{"id": "pubmed23n0014_0", "title": "The prevalence of Encephalitozoon antibodies in dogs and an evaluation of the indirect fluorescent antibody test.", "content": "Fifteen dogs which were serologically negative to the IFA test against Encephalitozoon developed antibodies in their sera following experimental infection. Six other dogs which were not tested prior to infection had titres to Encephalitozoon after experimental infection. In a sequential study in four dogs, antibodies first appeared between 32 and 39 days after infection. These results show that the IFA test would be suitable for epidemiological studies. Fifty serum samples collected from two kennels in which encephalitozoonosis had been confirmed showed an IFA test positive prevalence rate of 70%. In 220 serum samples submitted for various clinial pathological examinations the prevalence rate of antibodies to Ebcephalitozoon was 18%.", "contents": "The prevalence of Encephalitozoon antibodies in dogs and an evaluation of the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Fifteen dogs which were serologically negative to the IFA test against Encephalitozoon developed antibodies in their sera following experimental infection. Six other dogs which were not tested prior to infection had titres to Encephalitozoon after experimental infection. In a sequential study in four dogs, antibodies first appeared between 32 and 39 days after infection. These results show that the IFA test would be suitable for epidemiological studies. Fifty serum samples collected from two kennels in which encephalitozoonosis had been confirmed showed an IFA test positive prevalence rate of 70%. In 220 serum samples submitted for various clinial pathological examinations the prevalence rate of antibodies to Ebcephalitozoon was 18%.", "PMID": 399298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1", "title": "Effect of sodium azide on the ultrastructural preservation of tissues.", "content": "An electron microscopic study was carried out to examine the quality of ultrastructural preservation of parenchymatous and mesenchymatous tissues and isolated cells fixed in glutaraldehyde with sodium azide (NaN3) as an additive. The dense tissues fixed with conventional glutaraldehyde containing calcium chloride demonstrated only a narrow zone of good tissue preservation on the surface of the specimens. Addition of azide at a concentration of 0.1% greatly improved the cellular preservation in the deeper region of tissues, in particular with respect to the mitochondrial morphology. There was no adverse effect on other cell organelles. The improvement in mitochondrial preservation and the enhancement of penetration of the fixative is presumably due to selective and instantaneous inhibition of mitochondrial metabolic activity by the azide, thus retarding anoxic degenerative effects on cellular structures until permanent fixation is completed by the comparatively slow-acting aldehyde. However, the addition of azide offers no significant improvement in the ultrastructural preservation of isolated lymphocytes and liver cells, or fibroblasts maintained in culture.", "contents": "Effect of sodium azide on the ultrastructural preservation of tissues. An electron microscopic study was carried out to examine the quality of ultrastructural preservation of parenchymatous and mesenchymatous tissues and isolated cells fixed in glutaraldehyde with sodium azide (NaN3) as an additive. The dense tissues fixed with conventional glutaraldehyde containing calcium chloride demonstrated only a narrow zone of good tissue preservation on the surface of the specimens. Addition of azide at a concentration of 0.1% greatly improved the cellular preservation in the deeper region of tissues, in particular with respect to the mitochondrial morphology. There was no adverse effect on other cell organelles. The improvement in mitochondrial preservation and the enhancement of penetration of the fixative is presumably due to selective and instantaneous inhibition of mitochondrial metabolic activity by the azide, thus retarding anoxic degenerative effects on cellular structures until permanent fixation is completed by the comparatively slow-acting aldehyde. However, the addition of azide offers no significant improvement in the ultrastructural preservation of isolated lymphocytes and liver cells, or fibroblasts maintained in culture.", "PMID": 399299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2", "title": "Electron micropscopic appearances of rapidly frozen lung.", "content": "Analysis of pulmonary structure-function relationships by microscopy requires that the lung be fixed under carefully controlled physiological conditions, since lung structure is extremely responsive to the relationship between airway and vascular pressures. Unfortunately, standard post-mortem fixation techniques leave some doubt as to the exact relationship between these pressures during fixation. This problem can be circumvented by stabilizing lung structure by rapid freezing under carefully controlled physiologic conditions. Using ethylene glycol in a freeze substitution technique we have developed procedures which yield a degree of preservation compatible with the high degree of resolution of the electron microscope. These can be used to obtain a more detailed understanding of pulmonary structure-function relationships under well-defined physiological conditions.", "contents": "Electron micropscopic appearances of rapidly frozen lung. Analysis of pulmonary structure-function relationships by microscopy requires that the lung be fixed under carefully controlled physiological conditions, since lung structure is extremely responsive to the relationship between airway and vascular pressures. Unfortunately, standard post-mortem fixation techniques leave some doubt as to the exact relationship between these pressures during fixation. This problem can be circumvented by stabilizing lung structure by rapid freezing under carefully controlled physiologic conditions. Using ethylene glycol in a freeze substitution technique we have developed procedures which yield a degree of preservation compatible with the high degree of resolution of the electron microscope. These can be used to obtain a more detailed understanding of pulmonary structure-function relationships under well-defined physiological conditions.", "PMID": 399300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3", "title": "Irradiation effects in the electron microprobe quantitation of mineralized tissues.", "content": "The accuracy of absolute quantitation within thick, mineralized tissue specimens is influenced by count rate variations of characteristic X-rays during electron microprobe analysis. The variations occur for electron doses approximately greater than 10(-10) C/micrometer2 and are primarily dependent upon the light element fraction within the irradiated volume. Specimen preparation procedures affect both count rate dynamics and interpretatin of microanalytical results. X-ray intensity data acquird at initial electron exposure and utilized in standard matrix correction schemes will project valid elemental concentrations for known calcium compounds over wide ranges of specimen density. Measurement error could approach +/- 2-3% for the major elemental constituents in mineralized tissues, but only with appropriate control or interpretation of electron irradiation phenomena.", "contents": "Irradiation effects in the electron microprobe quantitation of mineralized tissues. The accuracy of absolute quantitation within thick, mineralized tissue specimens is influenced by count rate variations of characteristic X-rays during electron microprobe analysis. The variations occur for electron doses approximately greater than 10(-10) C/micrometer2 and are primarily dependent upon the light element fraction within the irradiated volume. Specimen preparation procedures affect both count rate dynamics and interpretatin of microanalytical results. X-ray intensity data acquird at initial electron exposure and utilized in standard matrix correction schemes will project valid elemental concentrations for known calcium compounds over wide ranges of specimen density. Measurement error could approach +/- 2-3% for the major elemental constituents in mineralized tissues, but only with appropriate control or interpretation of electron irradiation phenomena.", "PMID": 399301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4", "title": "Apparent holes in rotary shadowed proteins: dependence on angle of shadowing and replica thickness.", "content": "The influence of experimental conditions during rotary shadowing on the apparent particle size and the production of apparent holes or channels in the centre of a solid spherical particle are illustrated using ferritin.", "contents": "Apparent holes in rotary shadowed proteins: dependence on angle of shadowing and replica thickness. The influence of experimental conditions during rotary shadowing on the apparent particle size and the production of apparent holes or channels in the centre of a solid spherical particle are illustrated using ferritin.", "PMID": 399302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5", "title": "[Multiple clear cell acanthoma in a patient with psoriasis. Treatment with 5-fluorouracil].", "content": "Clear cell acanthoma (CCA) is a benign skin tumour, seldom multiple, perfectly individualized both clinically and histologically. The tumour is more usually mistaken for a seborrheic keratosis. There are large amounts of glycogen within the epidermal cells as can see upon staining with the PAS reaction. Melanogenesis is decreased. The enzymes characteristic of eccrine sweat glands are also decreased. The authors report a 67 years old psoriatic female with 15 C.C.A. They emphasize the treatment with topic 5FU particularly interesting in the multiple forms.", "contents": "[Multiple clear cell acanthoma in a patient with psoriasis. Treatment with 5-fluorouracil]. Clear cell acanthoma (CCA) is a benign skin tumour, seldom multiple, perfectly individualized both clinically and histologically. The tumour is more usually mistaken for a seborrheic keratosis. There are large amounts of glycogen within the epidermal cells as can see upon staining with the PAS reaction. Melanogenesis is decreased. The enzymes characteristic of eccrine sweat glands are also decreased. The authors report a 67 years old psoriatic female with 15 C.C.A. They emphasize the treatment with topic 5FU particularly interesting in the multiple forms.", "PMID": 399310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6", "title": "[Dermatozooiasis in a large tropical country (nomenclature--practical approach) dermatozoiases (dermatozooparasitosis)].", "content": "The author presents an extensive study of the \"Dermatozooparasitoses\" derived from his own personal experience and intends in this paper, to give practical directions in its therapeutics. Moreoever, he attempts to establish a nomenclature in a tropical and continental country like Brazil.", "contents": "[Dermatozooiasis in a large tropical country (nomenclature--practical approach) dermatozoiases (dermatozooparasitosis)]. The author presents an extensive study of the \"Dermatozooparasitoses\" derived from his own personal experience and intends in this paper, to give practical directions in its therapeutics. Moreoever, he attempts to establish a nomenclature in a tropical and continental country like Brazil.", "PMID": 399311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7", "title": "[Clinical and dermatological aspects of advanced breast cancer. Its relation with therapy and prognosis].", "content": "Seventy patients with locally progressive and/or recurrent mammary cancer or with metastatic lesions located on the area of the surgical procedure were evaluated. Several clinical parameters related to the natural history of the disease were outlined. Some of them kept a close link with the therapeutical results. A dermatological classification of the local recurrencies was made based on the clinical aspects. The improvement of the local recurrencies was classified as total or partial according to the response to the treatment. The association of chemotherapy, anabolic drugs and corticosteroids was the uniform treatment for all the cutaneous lesions. Some of these patients achieve a good therapeutical result. These were the patients with a free interval of more than two years and those with bilateral cancer who have had surgical excision. The other group formed by patients where adrenalectomy was performed or with local recurrencies before the two years period has developed a shorter survival time than the first group. The combined of chemotherapy and hormone treatment is useful in dealing with local recurrent or metastatic skin lesions of mammary cancer.", "contents": "[Clinical and dermatological aspects of advanced breast cancer. Its relation with therapy and prognosis]. Seventy patients with locally progressive and/or recurrent mammary cancer or with metastatic lesions located on the area of the surgical procedure were evaluated. Several clinical parameters related to the natural history of the disease were outlined. Some of them kept a close link with the therapeutical results. A dermatological classification of the local recurrencies was made based on the clinical aspects. The improvement of the local recurrencies was classified as total or partial according to the response to the treatment. The association of chemotherapy, anabolic drugs and corticosteroids was the uniform treatment for all the cutaneous lesions. Some of these patients achieve a good therapeutical result. These were the patients with a free interval of more than two years and those with bilateral cancer who have had surgical excision. The other group formed by patients where adrenalectomy was performed or with local recurrencies before the two years period has developed a shorter survival time than the first group. The combined of chemotherapy and hormone treatment is useful in dealing with local recurrent or metastatic skin lesions of mammary cancer.", "PMID": 399312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8", "title": "[Polymorphous light eruption: aspects of special interest].", "content": "The authors make the revision of all the characteristic aspects of various clinical pictures which they consider to belong to the group of the Polimorphous Light Eruption. In this revision they include epidemiological, clinical, histopathological, differential diagnosis, pathogenical and terapeutical data.", "contents": "[Polymorphous light eruption: aspects of special interest]. The authors make the revision of all the characteristic aspects of various clinical pictures which they consider to belong to the group of the Polimorphous Light Eruption. In this revision they include epidemiological, clinical, histopathological, differential diagnosis, pathogenical and terapeutical data.", "PMID": 399313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9", "title": "[Experience in the anatomopathological diagnosis of cutaneous melanomas].", "content": "The morphologic findings that allow the classification of human cutaneous malignant melanomas are presented. Their frequency, intensity and value in our series are discussed. The diagnosis of any kind of melanoma depends on multiple morphologic findings, Few of them have an absolute value. Morphologic findings with prognostic significance and the difficulties in the diagnosis of malignancy of cutaneous lesions and lymph nodes are also reviewed. The assessment of dermal invasion depends on anatomical and technical problems. Errors in tissue processing are stressed.", "contents": "[Experience in the anatomopathological diagnosis of cutaneous melanomas]. The morphologic findings that allow the classification of human cutaneous malignant melanomas are presented. Their frequency, intensity and value in our series are discussed. The diagnosis of any kind of melanoma depends on multiple morphologic findings, Few of them have an absolute value. Morphologic findings with prognostic significance and the difficulties in the diagnosis of malignancy of cutaneous lesions and lymph nodes are also reviewed. The assessment of dermal invasion depends on anatomical and technical problems. Errors in tissue processing are stressed.", "PMID": 399314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10", "title": "Hormone therapy and affect.", "content": "This study investigated the influence of hormone therapy on affect in a double blind crossover trail. The sample consisted of 49 women who had previously undergone hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy. Therapy consisted of 3 mth each of ethynyl oestradiol-50 micron/day, levonorgestrel-250 micron/day, \"Nordial\"-a combination of these two substances, and placebo. Affect was measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, verbal reports by women and self-ratings on visual analogue scales. Ethinyl oestradiol was found to have a beneficial influence on aspects of affect such as Hamilton scores, anxiety irritability and insomnia. The influence of hormones on Hamilton scores could be partly but not fully explained by the alleviation of hot flushes. Norgestrel showed less favourable changes initially but these tended to diminish by the third therapy month. Most of the women studied were not clinically depressed. Anxiety symptoms were the major features exhibited in the group of women investigated. The results of this study suggest that visual analogue rating scales are of questionable validity in assessing affect in patients without any appreciable psychiatric morbidity.", "contents": "Hormone therapy and affect. This study investigated the influence of hormone therapy on affect in a double blind crossover trail. The sample consisted of 49 women who had previously undergone hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy. Therapy consisted of 3 mth each of ethynyl oestradiol-50 micron/day, levonorgestrel-250 micron/day, \"Nordial\"-a combination of these two substances, and placebo. Affect was measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, verbal reports by women and self-ratings on visual analogue scales. Ethinyl oestradiol was found to have a beneficial influence on aspects of affect such as Hamilton scores, anxiety irritability and insomnia. The influence of hormones on Hamilton scores could be partly but not fully explained by the alleviation of hot flushes. Norgestrel showed less favourable changes initially but these tended to diminish by the third therapy month. Most of the women studied were not clinically depressed. Anxiety symptoms were the major features exhibited in the group of women investigated. The results of this study suggest that visual analogue rating scales are of questionable validity in assessing affect in patients without any appreciable psychiatric morbidity.", "PMID": 399315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11", "title": "Bone loss during oestriol therapy in postmenopausal women.", "content": "In contrast to all other oestrogens examined thus far oestriol hemisuccinate (12 mg/day) did not prevent bone loss in 28 postmenopausal women. The average bone loss, however, was somewhat less than expected from placebo studies, while the bone loss achieved by a group taking 4-6 mg/day was equal to that achieved by previous placebo groups. To be an effective agent for prevention of post-menopausal osteoporosis oestriol would have to be prescribed in daily doses considerably in excess of 12 mg.", "contents": "Bone loss during oestriol therapy in postmenopausal women. In contrast to all other oestrogens examined thus far oestriol hemisuccinate (12 mg/day) did not prevent bone loss in 28 postmenopausal women. The average bone loss, however, was somewhat less than expected from placebo studies, while the bone loss achieved by a group taking 4-6 mg/day was equal to that achieved by previous placebo groups. To be an effective agent for prevention of post-menopausal osteoporosis oestriol would have to be prescribed in daily doses considerably in excess of 12 mg.", "PMID": 399316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12", "title": "Protoplasts from Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "A very effective lytic enzyme system for massive micro/macro-scale production of protoplasts from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans is described. A striking coincidence was observed between maximal lytic activity towards Aspergillus mycelium and the presece of both chitinase and alpha-(1 leads to 3)-glucanase activities. The release of protoplasts was greatly enhanced by preincubating the mycelium with 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Furthermore, protoplast formation was influenced by fungal age, culture conditions, pH of incubation and the osmotic stabilizer used. From 40 mg of fresh mycelium, grown for 14--16 h on 1% glucose in a low phosphate-citrate medium, preincubated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose for 45 min, and then incubated with the lytic enzyme mixture at pH 6.5 in the presence of 0.3--0.4 M (NH4) SO4, 2.5 x 10(8) stable protoplasts were produced within 3 h of incubation at 30 degrees C. Comparable results were obtained with 40--50 g of mycelium. At low osmotic stabilizer concentrations a peculiar type of regeneration was observed in the presence of the lytic enzyme system; within 12 h of incubation aberrant hyphal structure emerged from the large vacuolated protoplasts.", "contents": "Protoplasts from Aspergillus nidulans. A very effective lytic enzyme system for massive micro/macro-scale production of protoplasts from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans is described. A striking coincidence was observed between maximal lytic activity towards Aspergillus mycelium and the presece of both chitinase and alpha-(1 leads to 3)-glucanase activities. The release of protoplasts was greatly enhanced by preincubating the mycelium with 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Furthermore, protoplast formation was influenced by fungal age, culture conditions, pH of incubation and the osmotic stabilizer used. From 40 mg of fresh mycelium, grown for 14--16 h on 1% glucose in a low phosphate-citrate medium, preincubated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose for 45 min, and then incubated with the lytic enzyme mixture at pH 6.5 in the presence of 0.3--0.4 M (NH4) SO4, 2.5 x 10(8) stable protoplasts were produced within 3 h of incubation at 30 degrees C. Comparable results were obtained with 40--50 g of mycelium. At low osmotic stabilizer concentrations a peculiar type of regeneration was observed in the presence of the lytic enzyme system; within 12 h of incubation aberrant hyphal structure emerged from the large vacuolated protoplasts.", "PMID": 399317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13", "title": "Mercurial toxicity in yeast: glucose uptake, glycolytic and fermentative functions remain unimpaired.", "content": "Yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were placed in association with sufficient concentrations of culture mercurials (as HgCl2) to arrest their uptake of culture dissolved O2. They were subsequently employed as substrates to test the status of membrane glucose transport mechanisms, the glycolytic-metabolic pathway, and the fermentative capabilities of mercury-stressed cells. It was discovered that these cells retain their glucose uptake capabilities as evidenced by their depletion of glucose in suspension fluids to levels similar to those of control cell suspensions, and that these cells could produce amounts of CO2 and ethanol which were similar to control cell productions. These data provide evidence that mercurial toxicity is not the result of an overall disruptive effect of cellular reactions or membrane functions but results from a specific lesion or lesions within the catabolic metabolism pathway inhibiting that normally occur after glycolysis.", "contents": "Mercurial toxicity in yeast: glucose uptake, glycolytic and fermentative functions remain unimpaired. Yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were placed in association with sufficient concentrations of culture mercurials (as HgCl2) to arrest their uptake of culture dissolved O2. They were subsequently employed as substrates to test the status of membrane glucose transport mechanisms, the glycolytic-metabolic pathway, and the fermentative capabilities of mercury-stressed cells. It was discovered that these cells retain their glucose uptake capabilities as evidenced by their depletion of glucose in suspension fluids to levels similar to those of control cell suspensions, and that these cells could produce amounts of CO2 and ethanol which were similar to control cell productions. These data provide evidence that mercurial toxicity is not the result of an overall disruptive effect of cellular reactions or membrane functions but results from a specific lesion or lesions within the catabolic metabolism pathway inhibiting that normally occur after glycolysis.", "PMID": 399318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14", "title": "[Controlled clinical trial of a new antibiotic \"CM 9164\" (Midecacin) in dental and stomatological practice].", "content": "The action of a new antibiotic identified as CM 9164 (\"Midecamycin\") and provisionally called \"Midecacin\", has been experimented on patients admitted for dental conditions. The research was carried out on an open basis and erythromycin was used as a comparison. After a short review of the chemicophysical properties and toxicological and pharmacological features of Midecamycin, the purpose, materials and methods of the research, which was done on two groups of patients, are presented. The results demonstrated the therapeutics usefulness of the new antibiotic as its activity is certainly on a par if not greater than that of erythromycin whether considered \"historically\" or from the viewpoint of the comparison group. The tolerance of the antibiotic was clinically better than that of the other substances. The doses used were much lower than those required with erythromycin. On the basis of these results, the use of Midecamycin is therefore recommended in the treatment of Gram-positive infections in the dental field.", "contents": "[Controlled clinical trial of a new antibiotic \"CM 9164\" (Midecacin) in dental and stomatological practice]. The action of a new antibiotic identified as CM 9164 (\"Midecamycin\") and provisionally called \"Midecacin\", has been experimented on patients admitted for dental conditions. The research was carried out on an open basis and erythromycin was used as a comparison. After a short review of the chemicophysical properties and toxicological and pharmacological features of Midecamycin, the purpose, materials and methods of the research, which was done on two groups of patients, are presented. The results demonstrated the therapeutics usefulness of the new antibiotic as its activity is certainly on a par if not greater than that of erythromycin whether considered \"historically\" or from the viewpoint of the comparison group. The tolerance of the antibiotic was clinically better than that of the other substances. The doses used were much lower than those required with erythromycin. On the basis of these results, the use of Midecamycin is therefore recommended in the treatment of Gram-positive infections in the dental field.", "PMID": 399319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_15", "title": "[Double-blind analysis of the possibilities of the use of trazodone in sedation of ambulatory dental patients].", "content": "The sedative properties of trazodone were the object of a double blind study in dental out-patients, comparison being made with diazepam. It was observed that oral trazodone possesses considerable tranquillizing activity. It has no side-effects either after intake or during return home. The use of capsules containing 50 mg of trazodone is recommended. At this dose, sympathetic hyperactivity is also inhibited. Diazepam doses of 15 mg lead to mental sedation and inhibition of symptoms due to sympathetic hyperactivity but, unlike trazodone, diazepam possesses hypnotic acitivity and side-effects that make its use dangerous in patients who cannot be taken home by somebody else, or who have to drive a car.", "contents": "[Double-blind analysis of the possibilities of the use of trazodone in sedation of ambulatory dental patients]. The sedative properties of trazodone were the object of a double blind study in dental out-patients, comparison being made with diazepam. It was observed that oral trazodone possesses considerable tranquillizing activity. It has no side-effects either after intake or during return home. The use of capsules containing 50 mg of trazodone is recommended. At this dose, sympathetic hyperactivity is also inhibited. Diazepam doses of 15 mg lead to mental sedation and inhibition of symptoms due to sympathetic hyperactivity but, unlike trazodone, diazepam possesses hypnotic acitivity and side-effects that make its use dangerous in patients who cannot be taken home by somebody else, or who have to drive a car.", "PMID": 399320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_16", "title": "The stereochemical course of amino acid activation by methionyl- and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases.", "content": "Stereochemical analysis has long been recognised as a powerful tool for elucidating the mechanisms of chemical and enzyme-catalysed reactions. Although much is known about the stereochemical course of reactions at saturated carbon, phosphate and thiophosphate esters whose ligands to phosphorus are also tetrahedrally disposed, are capable in principle of revealing sterochemical information about events at the active site of enzymes that transform such substrates. Nucleotidyl transferases are a group of enzymes which in general selectively use one of the diastereoisomers of a nucleoside 5'(1-thiotriphosphate), such as isomers A and B of adenosine 5'(1-thiotriphosphate), designated ATP alpha S-A and ATP alpha S-B, and allow investigation of the stereochemical course of nucleotidyl transfer. We have developed a simple method based on 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the stereochemical course of these reactions, and using this method show here that the nucleotidyl transfer step in two aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from Escherichia coli occurs with inversion of configuration at phosphorus. These observations greatly constrain the mechanistic possibilities for these enzymes, and are interpreted most simply as a direct 'in line' transfer from ATP to the amino acid.", "contents": "The stereochemical course of amino acid activation by methionyl- and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases. Stereochemical analysis has long been recognised as a powerful tool for elucidating the mechanisms of chemical and enzyme-catalysed reactions. Although much is known about the stereochemical course of reactions at saturated carbon, phosphate and thiophosphate esters whose ligands to phosphorus are also tetrahedrally disposed, are capable in principle of revealing sterochemical information about events at the active site of enzymes that transform such substrates. Nucleotidyl transferases are a group of enzymes which in general selectively use one of the diastereoisomers of a nucleoside 5'(1-thiotriphosphate), such as isomers A and B of adenosine 5'(1-thiotriphosphate), designated ATP alpha S-A and ATP alpha S-B, and allow investigation of the stereochemical course of nucleotidyl transfer. We have developed a simple method based on 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the stereochemical course of these reactions, and using this method show here that the nucleotidyl transfer step in two aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from Escherichia coli occurs with inversion of configuration at phosphorus. These observations greatly constrain the mechanistic possibilities for these enzymes, and are interpreted most simply as a direct 'in line' transfer from ATP to the amino acid.", "PMID": 399325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_17", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the hepatitis B virus genome (subtype ayw) cloned in E. coli.", "content": "The complete nucleotide sequence of hepatitis B virus genome (subtype ayw) cloned in Escherichia coli has been determined using the Maxam and Gilbert method and the dideoxynucleotide method. This sequence is 3,182 nucleotides long. Location of the nonsense codons shows that the coding capacity of the L chain is larger than the coding capacity of the S chain. Eight open regions, able to code for polypeptide chains larger than 100 amino acids, have been located. Region 6, which is the largest, covers more than 80% of the genome. The gene S which codes for polypeptide I of the Hbs Ag and was previously located between coordinates 95.1 and 73.6 is contained in region 7.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the hepatitis B virus genome (subtype ayw) cloned in E. coli. The complete nucleotide sequence of hepatitis B virus genome (subtype ayw) cloned in Escherichia coli has been determined using the Maxam and Gilbert method and the dideoxynucleotide method. This sequence is 3,182 nucleotides long. Location of the nonsense codons shows that the coding capacity of the L chain is larger than the coding capacity of the S chain. Eight open regions, able to code for polypeptide chains larger than 100 amino acids, have been located. Region 6, which is the largest, covers more than 80% of the genome. The gene S which codes for polypeptide I of the Hbs Ag and was previously located between coordinates 95.1 and 73.6 is contained in region 7.", "PMID": 399327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_18", "title": "Hepatitis B virus genes and their expression in E. coli.", "content": "A composite DNA sequence of regions of hepatitis B virus, determined from a series of recombinant plasmids, reveals the genes for the surface antigen and the core antigen of the virus. The sequence of the core antigen shows it to be a DNA binding protein. The core antigen gene is expressed in Escherichia coli and when injected into rabbits the bacterial product induces antibodies which react with core antigen isolated from human sources.", "contents": "Hepatitis B virus genes and their expression in E. coli. A composite DNA sequence of regions of hepatitis B virus, determined from a series of recombinant plasmids, reveals the genes for the surface antigen and the core antigen of the virus. The sequence of the core antigen shows it to be a DNA binding protein. The core antigen gene is expressed in Escherichia coli and when injected into rabbits the bacterial product induces antibodies which react with core antigen isolated from human sources.", "PMID": 399329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_19", "title": "Insulin binds to brain blood vessels in vivo.", "content": "The brain has generally been considered an insulin-independent organ, because insulin does not apparently exert a direct effect on brain glucose consumption. Recently, however, insulin receptors have been detected throughout the central nervous system (CNS) of several species. Since important insights into the functional significance of brain insulin receptors might be provided by identification of the cell type(s) possessing these receptors, we have attempted to localise them morphologically using light and electron microscope autoradiography. We report here results indicating that blood vessels throughout the CNS of the rat bind plasma insulin rapidly and with considerable specificity.", "contents": "Insulin binds to brain blood vessels in vivo. The brain has generally been considered an insulin-independent organ, because insulin does not apparently exert a direct effect on brain glucose consumption. Recently, however, insulin receptors have been detected throughout the central nervous system (CNS) of several species. Since important insights into the functional significance of brain insulin receptors might be provided by identification of the cell type(s) possessing these receptors, we have attempted to localise them morphologically using light and electron microscope autoradiography. We report here results indicating that blood vessels throughout the CNS of the rat bind plasma insulin rapidly and with considerable specificity.", "PMID": 399330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_20", "title": "Species specificity of the immediate hypersensitivity to schistosomal proteolytic enzyme.", "content": "An acidic proteolytic enzyme which digests host haemoglobin can be isolated and purified from schistosomes. This small glycoprotein is an allergen which sensitizes the host, as shown by immediate hypersensitivity reactions. These are specific for either Schistosoma haematobium or S. mansoni and can be demonstrated by mast cell degranulation in mice or by intradermal skin tests in monkeys. Although high levels of total IgE may be found in acute and chronic schistosomiasis, there was no evident relationship between the worm burden in monkeys and immediate hypersensitivity reactions to either purified enzyme or crude schistosomal extracts. It is suggested that an in vivo correlation between worm burden and manifestations of the allergic response may be perturbed by high titres of non-specific IgE or other homocytotropic antibodies, thus accounting for false negative skin test reactions. Alternatively, a return to low or subnormal IgE levels may allow the restoration of the allergic response, giving rise to false positive reactions. Purified schistosomal antigens offer certain advantages over crude skin test preparations in terms of uniformity of antigen content, dosage and specificity. In addition, the enzyme may represent a species-specific tool for new immunochemical analyses of schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Species specificity of the immediate hypersensitivity to schistosomal proteolytic enzyme. An acidic proteolytic enzyme which digests host haemoglobin can be isolated and purified from schistosomes. This small glycoprotein is an allergen which sensitizes the host, as shown by immediate hypersensitivity reactions. These are specific for either Schistosoma haematobium or S. mansoni and can be demonstrated by mast cell degranulation in mice or by intradermal skin tests in monkeys. Although high levels of total IgE may be found in acute and chronic schistosomiasis, there was no evident relationship between the worm burden in monkeys and immediate hypersensitivity reactions to either purified enzyme or crude schistosomal extracts. It is suggested that an in vivo correlation between worm burden and manifestations of the allergic response may be perturbed by high titres of non-specific IgE or other homocytotropic antibodies, thus accounting for false negative skin test reactions. Alternatively, a return to low or subnormal IgE levels may allow the restoration of the allergic response, giving rise to false positive reactions. Purified schistosomal antigens offer certain advantages over crude skin test preparations in terms of uniformity of antigen content, dosage and specificity. In addition, the enzyme may represent a species-specific tool for new immunochemical analyses of schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 399332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_21", "title": "The relevance to protection of three forms of delayed skin-test response evoked by m. leprae and other mycobacteria in mice. Correlation with the classical work in the guinea-pig.", "content": "The controversy surrounding the protective role of 'delayed hypersensitivity' in tuberculous guinea-pigs has never been resolved. This controversy has arisen because the term 'delayed hypersensitivity' is used indiscriminately to describe both a type of necrotic skin-test reactivity which does not appear until 4-6 weeks after infection, and also non-necrotic reactions which can be elicited within a few days. Responses closely analogous to both have been characterized in mice immunized with mycobacteria. Simple criteria are described which allow these responses to be distinguished from one another, and from the Jones-Mote phenomenon. The relevance of each type to protection, susceptibility and immunopathology in leprosy, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis and listeriosis is discussed.", "contents": "The relevance to protection of three forms of delayed skin-test response evoked by m. leprae and other mycobacteria in mice. Correlation with the classical work in the guinea-pig. The controversy surrounding the protective role of 'delayed hypersensitivity' in tuberculous guinea-pigs has never been resolved. This controversy has arisen because the term 'delayed hypersensitivity' is used indiscriminately to describe both a type of necrotic skin-test reactivity which does not appear until 4-6 weeks after infection, and also non-necrotic reactions which can be elicited within a few days. Responses closely analogous to both have been characterized in mice immunized with mycobacteria. Simple criteria are described which allow these responses to be distinguished from one another, and from the Jones-Mote phenomenon. The relevance of each type to protection, susceptibility and immunopathology in leprosy, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis and listeriosis is discussed.", "PMID": 399333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_22", "title": "Immunosuppression in murine malaria. IV. The secondary response to bovine serum albumin.", "content": "The anamnestic antibody response of CBA mice to bovine serum albumin was characterized by a rapid production of high-avidity antibody. After 3 weeks both the total amount of antibody and its avidity declined but still remained above those seen in the primary response for at least 6 weeks. The effects of acute Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii yoelii infections upon the induction and the expression of this anamnestic response were studied. Mice infected with these malaria parasites responded poorly to primary immunization and the immunological memory generated was quantitatively subnormal. In addition, presence of the infection during a period between approximately the second and third weeks of the primary response prejudiced the development of high-avidity memory. Optimally primed mice, challenged during a subsequent acute infection, responded well initially, but were unable to maintain the secondary response at a normal level in terms of both quantity and avidity of the antibody. However, if challenge was delayed until after recovery from the infection, a normal secondary response ensued. Antibody concentrations in the sera of primed animals declined rapidly during infection. This was at least partly due to increased catabolism.", "contents": "Immunosuppression in murine malaria. IV. The secondary response to bovine serum albumin. The anamnestic antibody response of CBA mice to bovine serum albumin was characterized by a rapid production of high-avidity antibody. After 3 weeks both the total amount of antibody and its avidity declined but still remained above those seen in the primary response for at least 6 weeks. The effects of acute Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii yoelii infections upon the induction and the expression of this anamnestic response were studied. Mice infected with these malaria parasites responded poorly to primary immunization and the immunological memory generated was quantitatively subnormal. In addition, presence of the infection during a period between approximately the second and third weeks of the primary response prejudiced the development of high-avidity memory. Optimally primed mice, challenged during a subsequent acute infection, responded well initially, but were unable to maintain the secondary response at a normal level in terms of both quantity and avidity of the antibody. However, if challenge was delayed until after recovery from the infection, a normal secondary response ensued. Antibody concentrations in the sera of primed animals declined rapidly during infection. This was at least partly due to increased catabolism.", "PMID": 399334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_23", "title": "Adoptive transfer of immunity and suppression by cells and serum in early Mycobacterium lepraemurium infections of mice.", "content": "The ability of lymphocytes and serum from mice infected with 10(7) Mycobacterium lepraemurium to adoptively transfer resistance to irradiated (600 rad 60 cobalt) syngeneic mice was studied. Two strains of mice were used: BALB/c mice, which are highly susceptible to moderate cutaneous infections with M. lepraemurium, and C57Bl mice, which are comparatively resistant. In both strains of mice recipients of nylon wool non-adherent spleen cells, and thus T lymphocyte recipients, demonstrated increased resistance to subcutaneous infection with 10(7) M. lepraemurium. Significantly increased susceptibility to infection was noted in the BALB/c recipients of nylon wool adherent spleen cells or serum. No suppressor activity could be demonstrated in the resistant C57Bl strain.", "contents": "Adoptive transfer of immunity and suppression by cells and serum in early Mycobacterium lepraemurium infections of mice. The ability of lymphocytes and serum from mice infected with 10(7) Mycobacterium lepraemurium to adoptively transfer resistance to irradiated (600 rad 60 cobalt) syngeneic mice was studied. Two strains of mice were used: BALB/c mice, which are highly susceptible to moderate cutaneous infections with M. lepraemurium, and C57Bl mice, which are comparatively resistant. In both strains of mice recipients of nylon wool non-adherent spleen cells, and thus T lymphocyte recipients, demonstrated increased resistance to subcutaneous infection with 10(7) M. lepraemurium. Significantly increased susceptibility to infection was noted in the BALB/c recipients of nylon wool adherent spleen cells or serum. No suppressor activity could be demonstrated in the resistant C57Bl strain.", "PMID": 399335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_24", "title": "Antibody responses in mice protected against malaria by vaccination.", "content": "Mice were vaccinated against lethal P. yoelii or P. berghei malaria and their immunofluorescent anti-parasite antibody levels followed after infection with live homologous parasites. There was a good correlation between antibody titres (especially IgG) and protection, under various experimental conditions, including: different doses of vaccine, different strains of mice, and increase or decrease of macrophage function. When antiserum was passively transferred to normal recipients, protection against challenge also correlated with antibody titre, though even with high titres only a small number of parasites could be completely eliminated. P. berghei was much more difficult to protect against than P. yoelii, despite similar antibody responses. We conclude that antibody is important in the protective effect of vaccination, but that other properties of both the host and the parasite influence its effectiveness.", "contents": "Antibody responses in mice protected against malaria by vaccination. Mice were vaccinated against lethal P. yoelii or P. berghei malaria and their immunofluorescent anti-parasite antibody levels followed after infection with live homologous parasites. There was a good correlation between antibody titres (especially IgG) and protection, under various experimental conditions, including: different doses of vaccine, different strains of mice, and increase or decrease of macrophage function. When antiserum was passively transferred to normal recipients, protection against challenge also correlated with antibody titre, though even with high titres only a small number of parasites could be completely eliminated. P. berghei was much more difficult to protect against than P. yoelii, despite similar antibody responses. We conclude that antibody is important in the protective effect of vaccination, but that other properties of both the host and the parasite influence its effectiveness.", "PMID": 399336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_25", "title": "Membrane fractions of trypanosomes mimic the immunosuppressive and mitogenic effects of living parasites on the host.", "content": "African trypanosomiasis in mice leads to profound changes in lymphoid tissues. In an attempt to define the nature of the trypanosome stimulus, we have studied the effect of radio-attenuated trypanosomes and their subcellular fractions in vivo. We find that relatively low doses of irradiated Trypanosoma brucei S42 injected into (CBA/H x C57B1/6)F1 mice mimicked the previously reported effects of infective parasites. 2 x 10(7) irradiated trypanosomes caused a greater than two-fold increase in spleen weight accompanied by a roughly 10-fold increase in background plaque forming cells (PFC) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The primary response to SRBC was significantly enhanced when priming was carried out on the day of trypanosome injection, but significantly suppressed when carried out 3 days later. Disruption of trypanosomes by freeze-thawing did not destroy their mitogenic or immunosuppressive activities. A membrane fraction collected by high speed centrifugation (150 000 x g) after removal of larger organelles at 12 000 x g retained both mitogenic and suppressive activities. The high speed supernatant lost the ability to enhance background PFC, but still caused partial immunosuppression with a much lower potency than the membrane pellet. Whether immunosuppression and enhanced PFC levels relate to the same parasite product is not clear as yet, but both effects can be ascribed to a membrane fraction of the parasite.", "contents": "Membrane fractions of trypanosomes mimic the immunosuppressive and mitogenic effects of living parasites on the host. African trypanosomiasis in mice leads to profound changes in lymphoid tissues. In an attempt to define the nature of the trypanosome stimulus, we have studied the effect of radio-attenuated trypanosomes and their subcellular fractions in vivo. We find that relatively low doses of irradiated Trypanosoma brucei S42 injected into (CBA/H x C57B1/6)F1 mice mimicked the previously reported effects of infective parasites. 2 x 10(7) irradiated trypanosomes caused a greater than two-fold increase in spleen weight accompanied by a roughly 10-fold increase in background plaque forming cells (PFC) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The primary response to SRBC was significantly enhanced when priming was carried out on the day of trypanosome injection, but significantly suppressed when carried out 3 days later. Disruption of trypanosomes by freeze-thawing did not destroy their mitogenic or immunosuppressive activities. A membrane fraction collected by high speed centrifugation (150 000 x g) after removal of larger organelles at 12 000 x g retained both mitogenic and suppressive activities. The high speed supernatant lost the ability to enhance background PFC, but still caused partial immunosuppression with a much lower potency than the membrane pellet. Whether immunosuppression and enhanced PFC levels relate to the same parasite product is not clear as yet, but both effects can be ascribed to a membrane fraction of the parasite.", "PMID": 399337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_26", "title": "Modulation by malaria infection of the induction of T lymphocyte-dependent delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody formation to sheep erythrocytes in mice.", "content": "A profound alteration of the inductive phase of delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody formation to SRBC was found in malaria infected mice when sensitization with this antigen was performed intravenously at a critical time of the disease, but not after subcutaneous immunization, suggesting a major role for the spleen in the mechanism of immunodepression.", "contents": "Modulation by malaria infection of the induction of T lymphocyte-dependent delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody formation to sheep erythrocytes in mice. A profound alteration of the inductive phase of delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody formation to SRBC was found in malaria infected mice when sensitization with this antigen was performed intravenously at a critical time of the disease, but not after subcutaneous immunization, suggesting a major role for the spleen in the mechanism of immunodepression.", "PMID": 399338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_27", "title": "Phagosome/lysosome fusion: a possible prerequisite for the enhancement of antibody responses in vitro by BCG, Mycobacterium leprae and Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "Primary in vitro antibody responses to SRBC were suppressed in cultures prepared from the spleens of CBA mice injected i.v. 20 days previously with 10(8) liver BCG. In contrast, cultures prepared from mice injected with dead BCG showed enhanced responses. In vitro spleen cell responses of the mice had returned to normal levels 4--6 weeks after their injection, but if dead BCG, M. leprae or C. parvum was added to the cultures, responses were enhanced. The enhancing effect of the added bacteria could be removed by adding also suramin, a drug known to inhibit in vitro fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes. It is suggested that the different in vivo effects of live and dead BCG may relate to differences in their handling by macrophages and more especially that the enhanced antibody forming cell response seen in the restimulated cultures of spleen cells from BCG primed mice, depends upon efficient intracellular fusion of lysosomes with the phagosomes containing the added dead bacteria.", "contents": "Phagosome/lysosome fusion: a possible prerequisite for the enhancement of antibody responses in vitro by BCG, Mycobacterium leprae and Corynebacterium parvum. Primary in vitro antibody responses to SRBC were suppressed in cultures prepared from the spleens of CBA mice injected i.v. 20 days previously with 10(8) liver BCG. In contrast, cultures prepared from mice injected with dead BCG showed enhanced responses. In vitro spleen cell responses of the mice had returned to normal levels 4--6 weeks after their injection, but if dead BCG, M. leprae or C. parvum was added to the cultures, responses were enhanced. The enhancing effect of the added bacteria could be removed by adding also suramin, a drug known to inhibit in vitro fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes. It is suggested that the different in vivo effects of live and dead BCG may relate to differences in their handling by macrophages and more especially that the enhanced antibody forming cell response seen in the restimulated cultures of spleen cells from BCG primed mice, depends upon efficient intracellular fusion of lysosomes with the phagosomes containing the added dead bacteria.", "PMID": 399339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_28", "title": "[Threedimensional reconstruction of odontogenic cysts and their relationship to teeth and bone (author's transl)].", "content": "This study reports on the first time three-dimensional presentation of odontogenic cysts demonstrated by means of a simple histological method. Histological sections of biopsy material having been embedded in paraffin were projected on cardboard. After the projections had been cut out, the single parts were arranged in a way to form a three-dimensional model. Radicular cysts are monolocular and exhibit a smooth surface. The individual cyst is surrounded unilaterally by epithelial cell remnants of Malassez opposite to the adhering tooth. The bone shows a reactive-inflammatory transformation. Keratocysts occur in connection with the Gorlin-Goltz-syndrome and reveal a primary multiple structure. Smaller cysts have a round and smooth appearance, whereas the larger ones show an irregular surface. Satellite cysts of various sizes which develop in the adjacent areas are connected with the primary cyst. We are therefore dealing with two different types of cysts: with monolocular cysts which show a complex network and are connected with satellite cysts on the one hand, and, on the other, with additional multiple cast systems including monolocular and multilocular cysts of various sizes. The surrounding bone shows the characteristics of compression atrophy rather than signs of an inflammation.", "contents": "[Threedimensional reconstruction of odontogenic cysts and their relationship to teeth and bone (author's transl)]. This study reports on the first time three-dimensional presentation of odontogenic cysts demonstrated by means of a simple histological method. Histological sections of biopsy material having been embedded in paraffin were projected on cardboard. After the projections had been cut out, the single parts were arranged in a way to form a three-dimensional model. Radicular cysts are monolocular and exhibit a smooth surface. The individual cyst is surrounded unilaterally by epithelial cell remnants of Malassez opposite to the adhering tooth. The bone shows a reactive-inflammatory transformation. Keratocysts occur in connection with the Gorlin-Goltz-syndrome and reveal a primary multiple structure. Smaller cysts have a round and smooth appearance, whereas the larger ones show an irregular surface. Satellite cysts of various sizes which develop in the adjacent areas are connected with the primary cyst. We are therefore dealing with two different types of cysts: with monolocular cysts which show a complex network and are connected with satellite cysts on the one hand, and, on the other, with additional multiple cast systems including monolocular and multilocular cysts of various sizes. The surrounding bone shows the characteristics of compression atrophy rather than signs of an inflammation.", "PMID": 399349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_29", "title": "The association of the temperature-sensitive phenotype with viral attenuation in animals and humans: implications for the development and use of live virus vaccines.", "content": "Viruses that possess temperature-sensitive mutations are consistently attenuated in vivo compared with the wild-type parental strains. Such temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants are currently used in several live attenuated virus vaccines and have been proposed for use against several additional viral diseases, including influenza. This paper reviews the following: (1) the evidence that the ts mutation itself is responsible for attenuation; (2) experimental infection of animals and humans with ts mutant viruses; (3) the experience of humans with naturally occurring ts mutants; and (4) the rationale for the use of ts mutants in live virus vaccines. In addition, the potential of ts mutants to produce altered patterns of disease is considered. After the known and potential benefits and possible risks involved in the use of ts mutant viruses are weighed, the continuing use and development of vaccines using live attenuated ts virus seems warranted.", "contents": "The association of the temperature-sensitive phenotype with viral attenuation in animals and humans: implications for the development and use of live virus vaccines. Viruses that possess temperature-sensitive mutations are consistently attenuated in vivo compared with the wild-type parental strains. Such temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants are currently used in several live attenuated virus vaccines and have been proposed for use against several additional viral diseases, including influenza. This paper reviews the following: (1) the evidence that the ts mutation itself is responsible for attenuation; (2) experimental infection of animals and humans with ts mutant viruses; (3) the experience of humans with naturally occurring ts mutants; and (4) the rationale for the use of ts mutants in live virus vaccines. In addition, the potential of ts mutants to produce altered patterns of disease is considered. After the known and potential benefits and possible risks involved in the use of ts mutant viruses are weighed, the continuing use and development of vaccines using live attenuated ts virus seems warranted.", "PMID": 399362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_30", "title": "Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis.", "content": "C. difficile was originally described in 1935 but was of minimal clinical interest until recently, when studies showed it to be the cause of antibiotic-associated PMC. Intestinal complications caused by C. difficile appear almost exclusively in conjunction with exposure to antibiotics. Evidence that supports the etiologic role of this organism in antibiotic-associated PMC comes from both bacteriological studies and tissue culture assays. Tissue culture assays have been used to demonstrate that the stool supernate from nearly all patients with anatomically confirmed PMC contains a cytotoxin that is neutralized with Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. The cytotoxin has rarely been found in persons without gastro-intestinal complications related to antibiotic usage. Cultures of stool from patients with anti-biotic-associated PMC usually yield C. difficile, which is encountered only infrequently in the fecal flora of healthy persons. Strains of C. difficile have been shown to cause a similar disease in experimental animals administered antibiotics or intracecal injections of broth cultures of C. difficile. According to the antitoxin neutralization tests and biochemical purification studies done to date, C. difficile is the only organism that produces a cytotoxin similar or identical to the cytotoxin encountered in stools of patients with PMC. The toxin is a high-molecular-weight protein that appears to cause changes in the permeability of cells in tissue culture. However, the mechanism of its action on intestinal mucosa and the cause of its production with antibiotic exposure in clinical settings have not been well defined.", "contents": "Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. C. difficile was originally described in 1935 but was of minimal clinical interest until recently, when studies showed it to be the cause of antibiotic-associated PMC. Intestinal complications caused by C. difficile appear almost exclusively in conjunction with exposure to antibiotics. Evidence that supports the etiologic role of this organism in antibiotic-associated PMC comes from both bacteriological studies and tissue culture assays. Tissue culture assays have been used to demonstrate that the stool supernate from nearly all patients with anatomically confirmed PMC contains a cytotoxin that is neutralized with Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. The cytotoxin has rarely been found in persons without gastro-intestinal complications related to antibiotic usage. Cultures of stool from patients with anti-biotic-associated PMC usually yield C. difficile, which is encountered only infrequently in the fecal flora of healthy persons. Strains of C. difficile have been shown to cause a similar disease in experimental animals administered antibiotics or intracecal injections of broth cultures of C. difficile. According to the antitoxin neutralization tests and biochemical purification studies done to date, C. difficile is the only organism that produces a cytotoxin similar or identical to the cytotoxin encountered in stools of patients with PMC. The toxin is a high-molecular-weight protein that appears to cause changes in the permeability of cells in tissue culture. However, the mechanism of its action on intestinal mucosa and the cause of its production with antibiotic exposure in clinical settings have not been well defined.", "PMID": 399365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_31", "title": "Hemorrhagic fevers, with special reference to recent outbreaks in southern Africa.", "content": "In considering the diagnosis of a patient admitted to the Johannesburg Hospital, suffering from an illness characterized by high fever and complicated by a hemorrhagic state from which he died, a list of possible causes of his illness was drawn up. This list included the arthropodborne viral infections prevalent in southern Africa, namely, chikungunya fever, Sindbis fever, West Nile fever, yellow fever, and Rift Valley fever; viral infections associated with rodents, such as Lassa fever; the viral infection associated with monkeys, Marburg virus disease; the rickettsial infections; tick-bite fever (the variety of spotted fever of tick typhus occurring in southern Africa) and Q fever; the bacterial infections, especially the coccal infections, plague septicemia, and meningococcal, staphylococcal, and streptococcal septicemia; and the blood protozoal infections malaria and trypanosomiasis. In addition, rubella, Gasser's syndrome, Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura, and viperine snakebite were briefly described in this review. All of these conditions may be complicated by the development of a hemorrhagic state. The circulation of large numbers of infecting organisms, by they viruses, rickettsiae, bacteria, or protozoa, may initiate the coagulation cascade, the formation of fibrin and its deposition in the finer blood vessels, and the aggregation and entanglement of platelets resulting in marked thrombocytopenia and bleeding. This bleeding tendency is greatly aggravated when the infection specifically involves the parenchymal cells of the liver; such a condition results in defective formation of coagulation factors such as prothrombin. The proper care of patients in whom a hemorrhagic state has developed requires urgent and accurate diagnosis followed by immediate and appropriate treatment that will combat the infection and alleviate the hemorrhagic state and liver disorder. If the hemorrhagic state is due to one of the dangerous infectious fevers, adequate protection of the medical, nursing, and laboratory staff concerned is also vital.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic fevers, with special reference to recent outbreaks in southern Africa. In considering the diagnosis of a patient admitted to the Johannesburg Hospital, suffering from an illness characterized by high fever and complicated by a hemorrhagic state from which he died, a list of possible causes of his illness was drawn up. This list included the arthropodborne viral infections prevalent in southern Africa, namely, chikungunya fever, Sindbis fever, West Nile fever, yellow fever, and Rift Valley fever; viral infections associated with rodents, such as Lassa fever; the viral infection associated with monkeys, Marburg virus disease; the rickettsial infections; tick-bite fever (the variety of spotted fever of tick typhus occurring in southern Africa) and Q fever; the bacterial infections, especially the coccal infections, plague septicemia, and meningococcal, staphylococcal, and streptococcal septicemia; and the blood protozoal infections malaria and trypanosomiasis. In addition, rubella, Gasser's syndrome, Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura, and viperine snakebite were briefly described in this review. All of these conditions may be complicated by the development of a hemorrhagic state. The circulation of large numbers of infecting organisms, by they viruses, rickettsiae, bacteria, or protozoa, may initiate the coagulation cascade, the formation of fibrin and its deposition in the finer blood vessels, and the aggregation and entanglement of platelets resulting in marked thrombocytopenia and bleeding. This bleeding tendency is greatly aggravated when the infection specifically involves the parenchymal cells of the liver; such a condition results in defective formation of coagulation factors such as prothrombin. The proper care of patients in whom a hemorrhagic state has developed requires urgent and accurate diagnosis followed by immediate and appropriate treatment that will combat the infection and alleviate the hemorrhagic state and liver disorder. If the hemorrhagic state is due to one of the dangerous infectious fevers, adequate protection of the medical, nursing, and laboratory staff concerned is also vital.", "PMID": 399369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_32", "title": "The sudden infant death syndrome and infant botulism.", "content": "Fecal and serum specimens taken from 30 cases of sudden infant death and from eight cases of nonsudden infant death that were diagnosed at a single facility in King County, Wash., were examined for the presence of Clostridium botulinum organisms and toxin. Organisms, but not toxin, were recovered from a fecal specimen in one case of sudden infant death, results that parallel those from studies previously reported by investigators in California. Studies made in our laboratory of a nonfatal case of infant botulism revealed that an estimated 366,000 mouse minimal lethal doses of toxin were excreted in feces collected by purging the infant. Organisms and toxin were excreted for at least 15 days after the infant was hospitalized. Observations made in our laboratory of atypical responses in mice to both fecal and serum extracts, coupled with recently described experiments in which mice were used as an animal model for infant botulism in humans, provide a biologically plausible foundation for the hypothesis that C. botulinum may be implicated etiologically in some sudden infant deaths. Additional microbiologic, physiologic, and toxicologic data are needed to adequately test this hypothesis.", "contents": "The sudden infant death syndrome and infant botulism. Fecal and serum specimens taken from 30 cases of sudden infant death and from eight cases of nonsudden infant death that were diagnosed at a single facility in King County, Wash., were examined for the presence of Clostridium botulinum organisms and toxin. Organisms, but not toxin, were recovered from a fecal specimen in one case of sudden infant death, results that parallel those from studies previously reported by investigators in California. Studies made in our laboratory of a nonfatal case of infant botulism revealed that an estimated 366,000 mouse minimal lethal doses of toxin were excreted in feces collected by purging the infant. Organisms and toxin were excreted for at least 15 days after the infant was hospitalized. Observations made in our laboratory of atypical responses in mice to both fecal and serum extracts, coupled with recently described experiments in which mice were used as an animal model for infant botulism in humans, provide a biologically plausible foundation for the hypothesis that C. botulinum may be implicated etiologically in some sudden infant deaths. Additional microbiologic, physiologic, and toxicologic data are needed to adequately test this hypothesis.", "PMID": 399370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_33", "title": "Clostridium botulinum: characteristics and occurrence.", "content": "Clostridium botulinum is not a well-defined species of bacterium. Instead, it is a conglomerate of four culturally distinct groups of organisms that, among them, produce seven serologically distinct toxins, all with similar pharmacological action. The principal habitat of C. botulinum is the soil, although its distribution in the soil is sometimes highly regional. Infant botulism is caused by two types of C. botulinum: type A and the proteolytic strains of type B. Type A strains, to whose toxin humans seem most susceptible, are found most frequently in the soil of the western United States; type B strains are somewhat more universally distributed, with a higher frequency of isolation from the soil of some Appalachian areas. The frequency of occurrence of type A and type B food-borne botulism parallels the distribution of these types in the soil.", "contents": "Clostridium botulinum: characteristics and occurrence. Clostridium botulinum is not a well-defined species of bacterium. Instead, it is a conglomerate of four culturally distinct groups of organisms that, among them, produce seven serologically distinct toxins, all with similar pharmacological action. The principal habitat of C. botulinum is the soil, although its distribution in the soil is sometimes highly regional. Infant botulism is caused by two types of C. botulinum: type A and the proteolytic strains of type B. Type A strains, to whose toxin humans seem most susceptible, are found most frequently in the soil of the western United States; type B strains are somewhat more universally distributed, with a higher frequency of isolation from the soil of some Appalachian areas. The frequency of occurrence of type A and type B food-borne botulism parallels the distribution of these types in the soil.", "PMID": 399371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_34", "title": "Laboratory aspects of infant botulism in California.", "content": "Infant botulism is the newly recognized form of the disease in which illness results from the production of toxin in the infant's intestines. Between the recognition of infant botulism as a distinct clinical entity in 1976 and the end of 1978, 50 cases were identified in California. The diagnosis of botulism was established by the identification of botulinal toxin in and the isolation of Clostridium botulinum from stool specimens of the affected infants. Thirty cases were type A and 20 were type B. Fecal excretion of toxin and organisms was monitored during hospitalization and after discharge from the hospital. Stools from family members and from 160 age-matched control infants did not contain botulinal toxin. A total of 396 food and drug samples, as well as 159 environmental and miscellaneous items, were examined. None of the foods or drugs tested contained preformed toxin. However, C. botulinum organisms were isolated from the nine samples of honey, five of soil, and one of vacuum cleaner dust.", "contents": "Laboratory aspects of infant botulism in California. Infant botulism is the newly recognized form of the disease in which illness results from the production of toxin in the infant's intestines. Between the recognition of infant botulism as a distinct clinical entity in 1976 and the end of 1978, 50 cases were identified in California. The diagnosis of botulism was established by the identification of botulinal toxin in and the isolation of Clostridium botulinum from stool specimens of the affected infants. Thirty cases were type A and 20 were type B. Fecal excretion of toxin and organisms was monitored during hospitalization and after discharge from the hospital. Stools from family members and from 160 age-matched control infants did not contain botulinal toxin. A total of 396 food and drug samples, as well as 159 environmental and miscellaneous items, were examined. None of the foods or drugs tested contained preformed toxin. However, C. botulinum organisms were isolated from the nine samples of honey, five of soil, and one of vacuum cleaner dust.", "PMID": 399372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_35", "title": "Absorption of botulinal toxin from the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Oral toxicity of botulinal toxin is manifested when the toxin is absorbed from one or more anatomic regions of the intestinal tract and reaches target neurons. Toxin is absorbed primarily in the small intestine, although in infants the large intestine may be a site of absorption. Nanogram amounts of toxin that escape proteolytic digestion in the intestine may be sufficient to produce neurologic symptoms. It is estimated that approximately 10(11) molecules of toxin reaching peripheral nerve endings is sufficient to cause clinical botulism in adults, although the amount required to cause infant botulism is probably less. Absorption of toxin from the intestine is achieved by means of an endocytic mechanism, as is the absorption of nutritional proteins. Specific toxin receptors may be involved in the movement of toxin from the gastro-intestinal epithelium to target neurons across cellular barriers.", "contents": "Absorption of botulinal toxin from the gastrointestinal tract. Oral toxicity of botulinal toxin is manifested when the toxin is absorbed from one or more anatomic regions of the intestinal tract and reaches target neurons. Toxin is absorbed primarily in the small intestine, although in infants the large intestine may be a site of absorption. Nanogram amounts of toxin that escape proteolytic digestion in the intestine may be sufficient to produce neurologic symptoms. It is estimated that approximately 10(11) molecules of toxin reaching peripheral nerve endings is sufficient to cause clinical botulism in adults, although the amount required to cause infant botulism is probably less. Absorption of toxin from the intestine is achieved by means of an endocytic mechanism, as is the absorption of nutritional proteins. Specific toxin receptors may be involved in the movement of toxin from the gastro-intestinal epithelium to target neurons across cellular barriers.", "PMID": 399373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_36", "title": "The intestinal flora and infant botulism.", "content": "The intestinal flora of experimental animals interferes with infection by species of Salmonella and Shigella. Protection against infection with these organisms appears to be related to high concentrations of volatile acids, low pH, and low oxidation-reduction potential of the intestinal contents of animals with an intact flora. There are no data to show that the flora influences colonization of the intestine with clostridial species, but indirect evidence suggests that the intestinal flora may be involved in this process. The impact of the intestinal flora on the ecology of the large intestine may be the most important determinant of resistance to infant botulism.", "contents": "The intestinal flora and infant botulism. The intestinal flora of experimental animals interferes with infection by species of Salmonella and Shigella. Protection against infection with these organisms appears to be related to high concentrations of volatile acids, low pH, and low oxidation-reduction potential of the intestinal contents of animals with an intact flora. There are no data to show that the flora influences colonization of the intestine with clostridial species, but indirect evidence suggests that the intestinal flora may be involved in this process. The impact of the intestinal flora on the ecology of the large intestine may be the most important determinant of resistance to infant botulism.", "PMID": 399374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_37", "title": "Animal models for the study of infant botulism.", "content": "Intestinal infection with Clostridium botulinum was produced by intragastric administration of C. botulinum spores in conventionally reared mice seven to 13 days old but not in younger or older mice. The 50% infective dose of one of the culture strains administered was 170 spores per nine-day-old mouse. Overt botulism did not develop in these animals, but infection with C. botulinum was evidenced by the presence of botulinal toxin in the colon for up to seven days after challenge. Infant mice were at least as sensitive to the lethal action of botulinal toxin as were adult mice, and evidence suggests that infant rats may have a similar age-related susceptibility to enteric botulinal infection. Germfree adult mice were very susceptible to infection with C. botulinum, acquiring intestinally infective doses of airborne spores. Within a few days after exposure to normal mice, the axenic mice became resistant to challenge with 10(5) C. botulinum spores.", "contents": "Animal models for the study of infant botulism. Intestinal infection with Clostridium botulinum was produced by intragastric administration of C. botulinum spores in conventionally reared mice seven to 13 days old but not in younger or older mice. The 50% infective dose of one of the culture strains administered was 170 spores per nine-day-old mouse. Overt botulism did not develop in these animals, but infection with C. botulinum was evidenced by the presence of botulinal toxin in the colon for up to seven days after challenge. Infant mice were at least as sensitive to the lethal action of botulinal toxin as were adult mice, and evidence suggests that infant rats may have a similar age-related susceptibility to enteric botulinal infection. Germfree adult mice were very susceptible to infection with C. botulinum, acquiring intestinally infective doses of airborne spores. Within a few days after exposure to normal mice, the axenic mice became resistant to challenge with 10(5) C. botulinum spores.", "PMID": 399375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_38", "title": "Human-derived immune globulins for the treatment of botulism.", "content": "The need for a human-derived immune globulin to replace the equine antitoxins currently used in the treatment of botulism is well recognized. A small group of individuals who had received multiple immunizations with pentavalent botulinal toxoid were plasmapheresed for the purpose of collecting a botulism-immune plasma of human origin to be fractionated for the production of immune globulin. Human-derived immune globulin will offer the advantage over equine antitoxins of not inducing reactions to foreign protein and of having a prolonged effective half-life.", "contents": "Human-derived immune globulins for the treatment of botulism. The need for a human-derived immune globulin to replace the equine antitoxins currently used in the treatment of botulism is well recognized. A small group of individuals who had received multiple immunizations with pentavalent botulinal toxoid were plasmapheresed for the purpose of collecting a botulism-immune plasma of human origin to be fractionated for the production of immune globulin. Human-derived immune globulin will offer the advantage over equine antitoxins of not inducing reactions to foreign protein and of having a prolonged effective half-life.", "PMID": 399376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_39", "title": "Food and environmental aspects of infant botulism in California.", "content": "In an effort to identify vehicles by which Clostridium botulinum spores might have reached the intestine of patients with infant botulism, 555 samples of foods, drugs, and environmental specimens were examined. Of the food items, C. botulinum was only found in nine of 90 (10%) honey specimens. Five patients had been exposed to honey that contained C. botulinum, and ingestion of honey was found to be a significant risk factor for type B infant botulism (P = 0.005). In addition, C. botulinum was isolated from five samples of soil (three from case homes, two from control homes) and from vacuum cleaner dust from one case home. In every instance in which C. botulinum was isolated from a specimen of honey, soil, or duct associated with a case of infant botulism, the type of toxin (A or B) in the honey, soil, or dust isolate matched the type of toxin of the organism recovered from the infant. Isolation of C. botulinum from the soil of homes of control infants emphasizes the ubiquitous distribution of and exposure to this organism and suggests that host factors are important in the development of illness. Prevention of infant botulism will depend on the identification of these host factors, as well as on the identification of other vehicles that, like honey, may convey C. botulinum spores to susceptible infants.", "contents": "Food and environmental aspects of infant botulism in California. In an effort to identify vehicles by which Clostridium botulinum spores might have reached the intestine of patients with infant botulism, 555 samples of foods, drugs, and environmental specimens were examined. Of the food items, C. botulinum was only found in nine of 90 (10%) honey specimens. Five patients had been exposed to honey that contained C. botulinum, and ingestion of honey was found to be a significant risk factor for type B infant botulism (P = 0.005). In addition, C. botulinum was isolated from five samples of soil (three from case homes, two from control homes) and from vacuum cleaner dust from one case home. In every instance in which C. botulinum was isolated from a specimen of honey, soil, or duct associated with a case of infant botulism, the type of toxin (A or B) in the honey, soil, or dust isolate matched the type of toxin of the organism recovered from the infant. Isolation of C. botulinum from the soil of homes of control infants emphasizes the ubiquitous distribution of and exposure to this organism and suggests that host factors are important in the development of illness. Prevention of infant botulism will depend on the identification of these host factors, as well as on the identification of other vehicles that, like honey, may convey C. botulinum spores to susceptible infants.", "PMID": 399377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_40", "title": "Antibodies to streptococcal carbohydrate: substitutes for the myeloma proteins.", "content": "Antibodies to streptococcal carbohydrates have been employed in a number of ways as substitutes for the myeloma proteins in studies of the structures of antibody molecules and the development of the immune response. This review concentrates on the chemical nature of the streptococcal polysaccharides and on structural studies of the variable regions of the light chains of rabbit anitbodies to the group A-variant polysaccharide produced by hyperimmunization. The chemistry of the group A-variant polysaccharide has now been clarified, and this information has explained the frequently reported difficulty in the preparation of precipitating antisera to this antigen. The group A-variant vaccine is a potent antigen, but the bulk of the antibody is nonprecipitating because it is directed against the noreducing terminal sugar of the nonbranched rhamnose polymer. Chemical studies of the light chains of homogeneous rabbit antibodies reveal two hypervariable regions and a J sequence that joins the variable region to the constant region. Although the precise topographic highlights of the antigen-binding site hae yet to be determined, these structural studies have extended our knowledge of the structure and diversity of antibody molecules.", "contents": "Antibodies to streptococcal carbohydrate: substitutes for the myeloma proteins. Antibodies to streptococcal carbohydrates have been employed in a number of ways as substitutes for the myeloma proteins in studies of the structures of antibody molecules and the development of the immune response. This review concentrates on the chemical nature of the streptococcal polysaccharides and on structural studies of the variable regions of the light chains of rabbit anitbodies to the group A-variant polysaccharide produced by hyperimmunization. The chemistry of the group A-variant polysaccharide has now been clarified, and this information has explained the frequently reported difficulty in the preparation of precipitating antisera to this antigen. The group A-variant vaccine is a potent antigen, but the bulk of the antibody is nonprecipitating because it is directed against the noreducing terminal sugar of the nonbranched rhamnose polymer. Chemical studies of the light chains of homogeneous rabbit antibodies reveal two hypervariable regions and a J sequence that joins the variable region to the constant region. Although the precise topographic highlights of the antigen-binding site hae yet to be determined, these structural studies have extended our knowledge of the structure and diversity of antibody molecules.", "PMID": 399382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_41", "title": "Modes of action of enterotoxins from Vibrio cholerae and EScherichia coli.", "content": "Current information on the intestinal secretory mechanism and on the actions of the enterotoxins from Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli are reviewed. These enterotoxins, through their effects on the metabolism of cyclic nucleotides, both inhibit active absorption and stimulate active secretion of water and electrolytes in the small intestine. the enterotoxin of V. chol erae and the heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli affect these activities by stimulating adenylate cyclase, and the heat-stable enterotoxin of E. coli does so by stimulating guanylate cyclase.", "contents": "Modes of action of enterotoxins from Vibrio cholerae and EScherichia coli. Current information on the intestinal secretory mechanism and on the actions of the enterotoxins from Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli are reviewed. These enterotoxins, through their effects on the metabolism of cyclic nucleotides, both inhibit active absorption and stimulate active secretion of water and electrolytes in the small intestine. the enterotoxin of V. chol erae and the heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli affect these activities by stimulating adenylate cyclase, and the heat-stable enterotoxin of E. coli does so by stimulating guanylate cyclase.", "PMID": 399384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_42", "title": "An evaluation of pertussis vaccine.", "content": "Infant mortality from pertussis in the United States was 4.5 deaths/1,000 in 1900 but decreased to 0.003 deaths/1,000 by 1974. The attribution of this decrease in mortality to the widespread use of pertussis vaccine, which began in the 1940s, has been questioned because death rates from pertussis in infants steadily declined by 70% between 1900-1904 and 1935-1939. Thes doubts are compounded by the uncertain frequency and significance of untoward reactions to the vaccine. An attempt was made to clarify this issue by statistical analysis. Because most deaths from pertussis occur in the young, death rates were determined for consecutive five-year periods from 1900 through 1974 among children younger than one year of age (infants) and among those from one to four years of age. there was an accelerated decline in mortality beginning in 1940, especially among infants (P < 0.01 vs. mortality in 1930-1939). On the basis of the rate of decline before 1940, 4,000-8,000 deaths from pertussis would be expected to hve occurred in 1970-1974; however, only 52 such deaths occurred. It is unlikely that factors other than pertussis vaccine caused this decline in mortality. Therefore, the vaccine's benefit-risk ratio probably is high.", "contents": "An evaluation of pertussis vaccine. Infant mortality from pertussis in the United States was 4.5 deaths/1,000 in 1900 but decreased to 0.003 deaths/1,000 by 1974. The attribution of this decrease in mortality to the widespread use of pertussis vaccine, which began in the 1940s, has been questioned because death rates from pertussis in infants steadily declined by 70% between 1900-1904 and 1935-1939. Thes doubts are compounded by the uncertain frequency and significance of untoward reactions to the vaccine. An attempt was made to clarify this issue by statistical analysis. Because most deaths from pertussis occur in the young, death rates were determined for consecutive five-year periods from 1900 through 1974 among children younger than one year of age (infants) and among those from one to four years of age. there was an accelerated decline in mortality beginning in 1940, especially among infants (P < 0.01 vs. mortality in 1930-1939). On the basis of the rate of decline before 1940, 4,000-8,000 deaths from pertussis would be expected to hve occurred in 1970-1974; however, only 52 such deaths occurred. It is unlikely that factors other than pertussis vaccine caused this decline in mortality. Therefore, the vaccine's benefit-risk ratio probably is high.", "PMID": 399385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_43", "title": "Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis following pyoderma.", "content": "Studies of the epidemiology of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) following pyoderma reported over the past 15 years have been reviewed. Investigations in Alabama, at Red Lake in Minnesota, and in Trinidad proved of special interest because they contribute new information concerning the natural history of streptococcal skin infections and the role of such infections in AGN. Interesting contrasts between streptococcal infections of the skin and those of the throat are now apparent. Compared with pharyngeal infections, skin infections are more common in young preschool children, are caused by different serotypes, and differ in the nature of the streptococcal antibody response. A number of new M-serotypes of group A streptococci, including several of importance in AGN, were found in studies of pyoderma. In contrast to M-types 1 and 12 (those of major importance in AGN followng pharyngitis), M-types 2, 49, 55, 57, and 60 are now recognized to be of major importance in AGN following pyoderma. Although streptococcal skin infections are quire important in AGN, they do not result in acute rheumatic fever.", "contents": "Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis following pyoderma. Studies of the epidemiology of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) following pyoderma reported over the past 15 years have been reviewed. Investigations in Alabama, at Red Lake in Minnesota, and in Trinidad proved of special interest because they contribute new information concerning the natural history of streptococcal skin infections and the role of such infections in AGN. Interesting contrasts between streptococcal infections of the skin and those of the throat are now apparent. Compared with pharyngeal infections, skin infections are more common in young preschool children, are caused by different serotypes, and differ in the nature of the streptococcal antibody response. A number of new M-serotypes of group A streptococci, including several of importance in AGN, were found in studies of pyoderma. In contrast to M-types 1 and 12 (those of major importance in AGN followng pharyngitis), M-types 2, 49, 55, 57, and 60 are now recognized to be of major importance in AGN following pyoderma. Although streptococcal skin infections are quire important in AGN, they do not result in acute rheumatic fever.", "PMID": 399386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_44", "title": "Hemolytic activity of plasma and urine from rabbits experimentally infected with Legionella pneumophila.", "content": "Rabbits were infected with Legionella pneumophila by intravenous administration of allantoic fluid from eggs infected with this organism. Heated plasma from animals with severe illness caused by L. pneumophila lysed erythrocytes from guinea pigs in a radial hemolysis assay. Plasma from control rabbits did not lyse guinea pig erythrocytes in parallel assays. Urine from two of the infected animals also showed hemolytic activity. Attempts to induce illness in rabbits by intranasal administration of L. pneumohpila were less successful. Allantoic fluid from embrynated hen eggs developed hemolytic activity when maintained eithr in vitro at room temperature or in eggs whose embryos were killed by refrigeration. Hemolytic activity in filtrates of allantoic fluid from eggs infected with L. pneumophila, as previously reported, may not be due to the presence of bacterial hemolysins in the fluid.", "contents": "Hemolytic activity of plasma and urine from rabbits experimentally infected with Legionella pneumophila. Rabbits were infected with Legionella pneumophila by intravenous administration of allantoic fluid from eggs infected with this organism. Heated plasma from animals with severe illness caused by L. pneumophila lysed erythrocytes from guinea pigs in a radial hemolysis assay. Plasma from control rabbits did not lyse guinea pig erythrocytes in parallel assays. Urine from two of the infected animals also showed hemolytic activity. Attempts to induce illness in rabbits by intranasal administration of L. pneumohpila were less successful. Allantoic fluid from embrynated hen eggs developed hemolytic activity when maintained eithr in vitro at room temperature or in eggs whose embryos were killed by refrigeration. Hemolytic activity in filtrates of allantoic fluid from eggs infected with L. pneumophila, as previously reported, may not be due to the presence of bacterial hemolysins in the fluid.", "PMID": 399383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_45", "title": "Comparison of sevral wild-type influenza viruses in the ferret tracheal organ culture system.", "content": "Several strains of wild-type influenza A virus were studied in the ferret tracheal organ culture system. Ciliary activity and viral replication were measured. Ciliary activity was reduced more rapidly by A/Hong Kong/45/68 (H3N2) (A/HK) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) (A/Vic) than by A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) (A/NJ), A/Scotland/840/74(3HN2) (A/Scot), or A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) (A/USSR). A/HK, A/Vic, and A/Scot produced titers of virus higher than A/USSR or A/NJ during the first three days after infection. Differences in effects of the five viruses on cilia were not related to history of egg passage. The two strains that destroyed ciliary activity rapidly had caused excess mortality in the United States, whereas the three that destroyed ciliary activity more slowly had not. A relationship may exist between the properties contributing to virulence in humans and the destruction of ciliary activity in vitro in this culture system.", "contents": "Comparison of sevral wild-type influenza viruses in the ferret tracheal organ culture system. Several strains of wild-type influenza A virus were studied in the ferret tracheal organ culture system. Ciliary activity and viral replication were measured. Ciliary activity was reduced more rapidly by A/Hong Kong/45/68 (H3N2) (A/HK) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) (A/Vic) than by A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) (A/NJ), A/Scotland/840/74(3HN2) (A/Scot), or A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) (A/USSR). A/HK, A/Vic, and A/Scot produced titers of virus higher than A/USSR or A/NJ during the first three days after infection. Differences in effects of the five viruses on cilia were not related to history of egg passage. The two strains that destroyed ciliary activity rapidly had caused excess mortality in the United States, whereas the three that destroyed ciliary activity more slowly had not. A relationship may exist between the properties contributing to virulence in humans and the destruction of ciliary activity in vitro in this culture system.", "PMID": 399387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_46", "title": "Changes and changing concepts in the biology of group A streptococci and in the epidemiology of streptococcal infections.", "content": "Concepts of the cellular structure of group A streptococci have been modified by the recognition of surface fimbriae and by problems with the older view of a layered arrangement of cell wall components. Evidence of genetic drift of serologic types and of some increase in the prevalence of erythromycin-resistant strains has appeared. A curiois bimodal age distribution for streptococcal pharyngitis and an increase in the prevalence of non-group A strains has been detected. Despite repeated challenges, the value of throat cultures for confirming the possibility of streptococcal pharyngitis remains firmly established; throat cultures are superior to saliva cultures, which more frequently detect non-group A streptococci. Difficulties in detecting subclinical steptococcal infections and in defining streptococcal infection in children in endemic situations (particularly in separating true streptococcal infection from carriage of streptococci in individuals whose illness is due to some other agent) continue to present problems to clinicians and epidemiologists. The value of school culture surveys and of treatment of asymptomatic family contacts of cases remains uncertain. A 20% bacteriologic failure rate has been reported after intramuscular treatment with benzathine penicillin, but no in vitro evidence of resistance to penicillin has appeared. No adequate explanations are available for the decline in the problem of rheumatic fever in industrialized countries, for its increased recognition in tropical countries, for the failure of rheumatic fever to occur after streptococcal pyoderma, or for the emergence of group B Streptococcus as a predominant bacterial pathogen in newborn infants.", "contents": "Changes and changing concepts in the biology of group A streptococci and in the epidemiology of streptococcal infections. Concepts of the cellular structure of group A streptococci have been modified by the recognition of surface fimbriae and by problems with the older view of a layered arrangement of cell wall components. Evidence of genetic drift of serologic types and of some increase in the prevalence of erythromycin-resistant strains has appeared. A curiois bimodal age distribution for streptococcal pharyngitis and an increase in the prevalence of non-group A strains has been detected. Despite repeated challenges, the value of throat cultures for confirming the possibility of streptococcal pharyngitis remains firmly established; throat cultures are superior to saliva cultures, which more frequently detect non-group A streptococci. Difficulties in detecting subclinical steptococcal infections and in defining streptococcal infection in children in endemic situations (particularly in separating true streptococcal infection from carriage of streptococci in individuals whose illness is due to some other agent) continue to present problems to clinicians and epidemiologists. The value of school culture surveys and of treatment of asymptomatic family contacts of cases remains uncertain. A 20% bacteriologic failure rate has been reported after intramuscular treatment with benzathine penicillin, but no in vitro evidence of resistance to penicillin has appeared. No adequate explanations are available for the decline in the problem of rheumatic fever in industrialized countries, for its increased recognition in tropical countries, for the failure of rheumatic fever to occur after streptococcal pyoderma, or for the emergence of group B Streptococcus as a predominant bacterial pathogen in newborn infants.", "PMID": 399388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_47", "title": "Rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, and the streptococcal connection: the role of streptococcal antigens cross-reactive with heart tissue.", "content": "The role of streptococcal infections in initiating the diverse clinical and pathological manifestations of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease is considered in relation to the multiple cross-reactive relations of group A Streptococcus and tissue antigens. Autoantibodies to the following shared antigens have been demonstrated in sera of patients wit rheumatic fever: (1) cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle; (2) heart valve fibroblasts; (3) neurons in basal ganglia; and (4) a group A carbohydrate-related determinant in connective tissues. Circulating autoantibodies to these different antigens were present in higher titer or occurred more frequently in patients with rheumatic fever than in those with uncomplicated streptococcal infections. A direct correlation of the presence of these autoantibodies with carditis could not be established. The pathogenetic mechanisms that link streptococcal infection to rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease are not yet clear. Among the possibilities to be considered within the above frame of reference are combined cell-mediated and humoral autoimmune mechanisms directed to one or more cross-reactive antigens in the tissues, selective binding of streptococci to tissues, role of circulating immune complexes, and linkage with histocompatibility antigens.", "contents": "Rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, and the streptococcal connection: the role of streptococcal antigens cross-reactive with heart tissue. The role of streptococcal infections in initiating the diverse clinical and pathological manifestations of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease is considered in relation to the multiple cross-reactive relations of group A Streptococcus and tissue antigens. Autoantibodies to the following shared antigens have been demonstrated in sera of patients wit rheumatic fever: (1) cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle; (2) heart valve fibroblasts; (3) neurons in basal ganglia; and (4) a group A carbohydrate-related determinant in connective tissues. Circulating autoantibodies to these different antigens were present in higher titer or occurred more frequently in patients with rheumatic fever than in those with uncomplicated streptococcal infections. A direct correlation of the presence of these autoantibodies with carditis could not be established. The pathogenetic mechanisms that link streptococcal infection to rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease are not yet clear. Among the possibilities to be considered within the above frame of reference are combined cell-mediated and humoral autoimmune mechanisms directed to one or more cross-reactive antigens in the tissues, selective binding of streptococci to tissues, role of circulating immune complexes, and linkage with histocompatibility antigens.", "PMID": 399389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_48", "title": "Practical problems in selection of spina bifida infants for treatment in the USA.", "content": "Seventy-five spina bifida infants were studied for results of selectin for treatment. The 31 nonoperated infants had a survival rate of 70% at 18 months, a figure higher than anticipated. Practical difficulties in adhering to the selectin protocol and controlling medical management in a large North American city were noted. Thirty-three surveyed parents of surgically repaired infants reported satisfaction with family function during the 18 months follow-up but discrepant scores increased with time.", "contents": "Practical problems in selection of spina bifida infants for treatment in the USA. Seventy-five spina bifida infants were studied for results of selectin for treatment. The 31 nonoperated infants had a survival rate of 70% at 18 months, a figure higher than anticipated. Practical difficulties in adhering to the selectin protocol and controlling medical management in a large North American city were noted. Thirty-three surveyed parents of surgically repaired infants reported satisfaction with family function during the 18 months follow-up but discrepant scores increased with time.", "PMID": 399409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_49", "title": "Immunological studies in neonates with spina bifida.", "content": "Fifteen neonates with spina bifida were investigated prior to surgery for T and B lymphocytes subpopulations and mitogen responsiveness to PHA. Results were compared to similar studies in 30 normal healthy neonates. The mean percentage of T-lymphocyes in spina bifida patients was 44.6% compared to 48.9% in normal neonates. A normal dose response to PHA was obtained in all patients. These results suggest no impairment of lymphocyte function in neonates born with spina bifida.", "contents": "Immunological studies in neonates with spina bifida. Fifteen neonates with spina bifida were investigated prior to surgery for T and B lymphocytes subpopulations and mitogen responsiveness to PHA. Results were compared to similar studies in 30 normal healthy neonates. The mean percentage of T-lymphocyes in spina bifida patients was 44.6% compared to 48.9% in normal neonates. A normal dose response to PHA was obtained in all patients. These results suggest no impairment of lymphocyte function in neonates born with spina bifida.", "PMID": 399410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_50", "title": "The clinical and psychological characteristics of children with the \"cocktail party\" syndrome.", "content": "40% of a group of children with spina bifida were identified as having the \"cocktail party\" syndrome at the age of 5. In comparison to spina bifida cases with meaningful speech, children with this syndrome tended to have more severe multiple physical handicaps and to be of significantly lower intelligence. At the age of 7 there were significant differences between the two groups in school performance. Reassessment at 10 showed that almost half of the children no longer showed this syndrome, but those who retained this behaviour were grossly retarded. The aetiology of the condition is discussed.", "contents": "The clinical and psychological characteristics of children with the \"cocktail party\" syndrome. 40% of a group of children with spina bifida were identified as having the \"cocktail party\" syndrome at the age of 5. In comparison to spina bifida cases with meaningful speech, children with this syndrome tended to have more severe multiple physical handicaps and to be of significantly lower intelligence. At the age of 7 there were significant differences between the two groups in school performance. Reassessment at 10 showed that almost half of the children no longer showed this syndrome, but those who retained this behaviour were grossly retarded. The aetiology of the condition is discussed.", "PMID": 399411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_51", "title": "The relationship between intellectual skills and the computerised axial tomograms of children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus.", "content": "Cranial CT-scans of 467 patients were graded in degrees of severity of hydrocephalus. The patients were aged from 2-22 years and had spina bifida and/or hydrocephalus or related disorders. Even large increases in the degree of hydrocephalus were found to have an insignificant effect upon verbal IQ, but there was a small but statistically significant effect upon performance scale IQ on the WISC. The abilities most affected were those involving the use of motor and perceptuo-motor skills. Assymetrical or other abnormal scans were found to be associated with lower IQ. Children with valves were only found to be substantially inferior in skills to those without valves when their ventricles were either very large, or abnormally small. The highest proportion of children with valves was found in the group with the smallest ventricles. Very small ventricles are known to be associated with an increased rate of valve complications, and this paper shows that there are psychological disadvantages also.", "contents": "The relationship between intellectual skills and the computerised axial tomograms of children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus. Cranial CT-scans of 467 patients were graded in degrees of severity of hydrocephalus. The patients were aged from 2-22 years and had spina bifida and/or hydrocephalus or related disorders. Even large increases in the degree of hydrocephalus were found to have an insignificant effect upon verbal IQ, but there was a small but statistically significant effect upon performance scale IQ on the WISC. The abilities most affected were those involving the use of motor and perceptuo-motor skills. Assymetrical or other abnormal scans were found to be associated with lower IQ. Children with valves were only found to be substantially inferior in skills to those without valves when their ventricles were either very large, or abnormally small. The highest proportion of children with valves was found in the group with the smallest ventricles. Very small ventricles are known to be associated with an increased rate of valve complications, and this paper shows that there are psychological disadvantages also.", "PMID": 399412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_52", "title": "How much value is muscle charting? A study of the relation between neonatal assessment of muscle power and later mobility in children with spina bifida defects.", "content": "95 syrviving children with spina bifida were examined between the age of 3 to 8 years and their mobility assessed in relation to the charting of muscle power in the neonatal period. There was no good correlation between these two methods of assessment and the value of repeated muscle charting by the physiotherapists is questioned.", "contents": "How much value is muscle charting? A study of the relation between neonatal assessment of muscle power and later mobility in children with spina bifida defects. 95 syrviving children with spina bifida were examined between the age of 3 to 8 years and their mobility assessed in relation to the charting of muscle power in the neonatal period. There was no good correlation between these two methods of assessment and the value of repeated muscle charting by the physiotherapists is questioned.", "PMID": 399413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_53", "title": "The spina bifida club foot.", "content": "A survey was conducted of 143 cases of equinovarus feet associated with myelomeningocele, most of which had been treated with the minimum of operative treatment, until the age of 6, when service and persistent deformities were corrected with the Dillwyn Evans collateral operation. The findings are discussed.", "contents": "The spina bifida club foot. A survey was conducted of 143 cases of equinovarus feet associated with myelomeningocele, most of which had been treated with the minimum of operative treatment, until the age of 6, when service and persistent deformities were corrected with the Dillwyn Evans collateral operation. The findings are discussed.", "PMID": 399414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_54", "title": "Accounting for changes in family life of families with spina bifida children.", "content": "The use of time, division of household chores, and the use of resources outside the immediate family has been studied in 22 families with a spina bifida child aged between 4-6 years and compared with 22 families having a normal child of the same age group. In the families with a spina bifida child, both parents spent more time in child care, and depended more upon friends and parents and neighours. The mothers experienced lack of sleep and increased stress.", "contents": "Accounting for changes in family life of families with spina bifida children. The use of time, division of household chores, and the use of resources outside the immediate family has been studied in 22 families with a spina bifida child aged between 4-6 years and compared with 22 families having a normal child of the same age group. In the families with a spina bifida child, both parents spent more time in child care, and depended more upon friends and parents and neighours. The mothers experienced lack of sleep and increased stress.", "PMID": 399415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_55", "title": "Parental coping in raising children who have spina bifida cystica.", "content": "In this study of 40 married couples who are rising a child with spina bifida cystica, the family stress theory was used to assess family regenerative power and vulnerability to stress. The reserach tested for differences between high and low stress families in the family environment, coping strategies, and severity of the child's problem. When compared with the high stress families, the low stress families appeared to be more cohesive, be better organised, have a more active recreation orientation, be lower in family conflict, utilise more family community relationships, and have children who have less severe physical problems. The practical implications of this study include the potentiality for applied usage of family diagnostic tests, the clinical and research application of the findings on family coping strategies for improved patient outcomes, and the need for additional social-medical research to assess accurately family concerns about health care policies.", "contents": "Parental coping in raising children who have spina bifida cystica. In this study of 40 married couples who are rising a child with spina bifida cystica, the family stress theory was used to assess family regenerative power and vulnerability to stress. The reserach tested for differences between high and low stress families in the family environment, coping strategies, and severity of the child's problem. When compared with the high stress families, the low stress families appeared to be more cohesive, be better organised, have a more active recreation orientation, be lower in family conflict, utilise more family community relationships, and have children who have less severe physical problems. The practical implications of this study include the potentiality for applied usage of family diagnostic tests, the clinical and research application of the findings on family coping strategies for improved patient outcomes, and the need for additional social-medical research to assess accurately family concerns about health care policies.", "PMID": 399416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_56", "title": "ASBAH-independence.", "content": "This paper describes the work done by ASBAH in the field of social independence training since November 1977. The aims of the training scheme are to encourage young people toward accepting responsibility for the course of their own lives, and to prepare them to take fuller advantage of the opportunities for further education and training and a wider range of leisure activities. Problems so far encountered - physical, vocational and emotional, are examined and proposals made for further development in this area of work.", "contents": "ASBAH-independence. This paper describes the work done by ASBAH in the field of social independence training since November 1977. The aims of the training scheme are to encourage young people toward accepting responsibility for the course of their own lives, and to prepare them to take fuller advantage of the opportunities for further education and training and a wider range of leisure activities. Problems so far encountered - physical, vocational and emotional, are examined and proposals made for further development in this area of work.", "PMID": 399417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_57", "title": "[Clinical and experimental results on the significance of kidney damage for long-term prognosis after kidney transplantation].", "content": "In the clinical study the influence of the differently long times of warm ischaemia and of the duration of the acute renal insufficiency post transplantationem on the late prognosis of the grafts and the survival of the patients as well as on the incidence of complications in 93 patients who first underwent a transplantation of the CD-kidney and who more than two months after the transplantation lived with a working kidney was examined. A direct relation between the duration up to the beginning of the function of the kidney and the long-term prognosis of the patients was proved. In the group with immediate beginning of the function of the kidney at an average WIZ of 13 minutes the creatinine clearance was significantly higher and the incidence of severe infections in the late phase was lower than in the groups with longer WIZ and very retarded beginning of the renal function. Haemodynamic investigations on the autograft model of the dog after 30 minutes WIZ resulted in a pathologically increased renal vascular resistance and in a restricted filtration function up to 4 weeks post transplantationem.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental results on the significance of kidney damage for long-term prognosis after kidney transplantation]. In the clinical study the influence of the differently long times of warm ischaemia and of the duration of the acute renal insufficiency post transplantationem on the late prognosis of the grafts and the survival of the patients as well as on the incidence of complications in 93 patients who first underwent a transplantation of the CD-kidney and who more than two months after the transplantation lived with a working kidney was examined. A direct relation between the duration up to the beginning of the function of the kidney and the long-term prognosis of the patients was proved. In the group with immediate beginning of the function of the kidney at an average WIZ of 13 minutes the creatinine clearance was significantly higher and the incidence of severe infections in the late phase was lower than in the groups with longer WIZ and very retarded beginning of the renal function. Haemodynamic investigations on the autograft model of the dog after 30 minutes WIZ resulted in a pathologically increased renal vascular resistance and in a restricted filtration function up to 4 weeks post transplantationem.", "PMID": 399418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_58", "title": "[Viability testing during preservation of dog kidneys with an albumin-containing perfusion solution].", "content": "In models experiments on kidneys of dogs the prognostic significance of hydrodynamic, metabolic and enzymatic parameters in the machine preservation with an oxygenated-albumin-containing solution was tested. While the hydrodynamic and metabolic measuring values did not give a clear reference to different ischaemic restrictions of the functional capacity after autotransplantation, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamidase in the perfusate proved to be suitable criteria of vitality. In this case the determination of lactate dehydrogenase is to be preferred on account of the smaller methodical expenditure.", "contents": "[Viability testing during preservation of dog kidneys with an albumin-containing perfusion solution]. In models experiments on kidneys of dogs the prognostic significance of hydrodynamic, metabolic and enzymatic parameters in the machine preservation with an oxygenated-albumin-containing solution was tested. While the hydrodynamic and metabolic measuring values did not give a clear reference to different ischaemic restrictions of the functional capacity after autotransplantation, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamidase in the perfusate proved to be suitable criteria of vitality. In this case the determination of lactate dehydrogenase is to be preferred on account of the smaller methodical expenditure.", "PMID": 399419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_59", "title": "[En bloc perfusion of donor kidneys--a report on 2 1/2 years' experience].", "content": "The methodology of the extracorporal en-bloc-perfusion of donor kidneys is described. After an application of nearly three years its advantages are explained and clearly confirmed on the basis of very good functional results after transplantation of kidneys preserved in such a way.", "contents": "[En bloc perfusion of donor kidneys--a report on 2 1/2 years' experience]. The methodology of the extracorporal en-bloc-perfusion of donor kidneys is described. After an application of nearly three years its advantages are explained and clearly confirmed on the basis of very good functional results after transplantation of kidneys preserved in such a way.", "PMID": 399420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_60", "title": "[Ensuring ureter viability: experimental study].", "content": "1. In experiments on dogs we observed that the remaining of the peripelvic and periureteral tissue in taking from the kidney is not decisive for the blood supply of the ureter. That these findings are important also for the clinic is confirmed by the following fact: in order to draw the ureter through the natireflux tunnel, 2-4 cm of the periureteral tissue must be removed. However, we never observed a necrosis restricted to this place. 2. In all experiments the blood supply of the upper half of the donor ureters was confirmed without any mistake. Therefore we recommend to shorten the ureter to this length for the UNC. 3. The preservation by means of hypothermy or permanent machine perfusion has no negative effect on the blood supply of the ureter.", "contents": "[Ensuring ureter viability: experimental study]. 1. In experiments on dogs we observed that the remaining of the peripelvic and periureteral tissue in taking from the kidney is not decisive for the blood supply of the ureter. That these findings are important also for the clinic is confirmed by the following fact: in order to draw the ureter through the natireflux tunnel, 2-4 cm of the periureteral tissue must be removed. However, we never observed a necrosis restricted to this place. 2. In all experiments the blood supply of the upper half of the donor ureters was confirmed without any mistake. Therefore we recommend to shorten the ureter to this length for the UNC. 3. The preservation by means of hypothermy or permanent machine perfusion has no negative effect on the blood supply of the ureter.", "PMID": 399421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_61", "title": "Effect of D,L-carnitine, acetyl-D,L-beta-methylcholine chloride and glycine betaine on some processes of carbohydrate metabolism of humans and goats.", "content": "Oral administration of carnitine in normal and diabetic subjects showed a marked decrease in the level of blood glucose during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) except for the three hour samples in diabetic subjects, while a decrease in the level of subsequent blood pyruvate samples was observed during the OGTT in normal and diabetic subjects after the administration of carnitine. During the OGTT, the peak of blood glucose and blood pyruvate level was generally delayed in the diabetic subjects. Furthermore, the mean blood pyruvate levels were elevated above those of normal subjects during the late stages of the test. The mean levels of blood glucose and blood pyruvate of all samples after the administration of carnitine were significantly higher in diabetics than the corresponding values in noramls. Carnitine administration decreased the total blood amino acid nitrogen level only in diabetic subjects. Carnitine caused a highly significant increase in the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase in normal and diabetic subjects, while it had no effect on the activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase. In goats, the level of blood glucose during the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was not affected by carnitine (1,3 or 6 mg/kg body weight). Carnitine in all doses used had no effect on the total blood amino acid nitrogen during the IVGTT, or on the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase and serum aspartate aminotransferase in the fasting samples. Acetyl-D,L-beta-methylcholine had no effect on the level of blood glucose, total blood amino acid nitrogen, the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase or serum aspartate aminotransferase in normal and diabetic subjects. The level of blood pyruvate decreased both in normal and diabetic subjects, in the samples that represented the peak of the curve. Glycine betaine had no effect on blood glucose, pyruvate, total blood amino acid nitrogen and the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase or serum aspartate amino transferase in normal and diabetic subjects or in goats.", "contents": "Effect of D,L-carnitine, acetyl-D,L-beta-methylcholine chloride and glycine betaine on some processes of carbohydrate metabolism of humans and goats. Oral administration of carnitine in normal and diabetic subjects showed a marked decrease in the level of blood glucose during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) except for the three hour samples in diabetic subjects, while a decrease in the level of subsequent blood pyruvate samples was observed during the OGTT in normal and diabetic subjects after the administration of carnitine. During the OGTT, the peak of blood glucose and blood pyruvate level was generally delayed in the diabetic subjects. Furthermore, the mean blood pyruvate levels were elevated above those of normal subjects during the late stages of the test. The mean levels of blood glucose and blood pyruvate of all samples after the administration of carnitine were significantly higher in diabetics than the corresponding values in noramls. Carnitine administration decreased the total blood amino acid nitrogen level only in diabetic subjects. Carnitine caused a highly significant increase in the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase in normal and diabetic subjects, while it had no effect on the activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase. In goats, the level of blood glucose during the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was not affected by carnitine (1,3 or 6 mg/kg body weight). Carnitine in all doses used had no effect on the total blood amino acid nitrogen during the IVGTT, or on the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase and serum aspartate aminotransferase in the fasting samples. Acetyl-D,L-beta-methylcholine had no effect on the level of blood glucose, total blood amino acid nitrogen, the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase or serum aspartate aminotransferase in normal and diabetic subjects. The level of blood pyruvate decreased both in normal and diabetic subjects, in the samples that represented the peak of the curve. Glycine betaine had no effect on blood glucose, pyruvate, total blood amino acid nitrogen and the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase or serum aspartate amino transferase in normal and diabetic subjects or in goats.", "PMID": 399422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_62", "title": "[Staphylococcus aureus infections in domestic fowls. 1. Ecology and epizootiology. (Review)].", "content": "The ecological and epizootiological aspects relating to Staphylococcus aureus in domestic fowl are expounded, on the basis of literature, with particular reference being made to five topics: occurrence of these conditionally pathogenic bacteria in domestic fowl, point of attack and routes of infection, conditions for possible occurrence of infections, reciprocal infection between man and animal, as well as aspects of therapy and prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Staphylococcus aureus infections in domestic fowls. 1. Ecology and epizootiology. (Review)]. The ecological and epizootiological aspects relating to Staphylococcus aureus in domestic fowl are expounded, on the basis of literature, with particular reference being made to five topics: occurrence of these conditionally pathogenic bacteria in domestic fowl, point of attack and routes of infection, conditions for possible occurrence of infections, reciprocal infection between man and animal, as well as aspects of therapy and prophylaxis.", "PMID": 399432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_63", "title": "[Use of infrared technic in veterinary medicine. (Review)].", "content": "More effectiveness of veterinary examination of the living animal is an important demand of socialist practice which applies equally to conditions of stepwise transition to industrialised production processes and to conventional production. The physiological and physico-technical prerequisites for possible use of infrared techniques in veterinary attention and production monitoring are discussed on the basis of available literature, with particular reference being made also to human medicine.", "contents": "[Use of infrared technic in veterinary medicine. (Review)]. More effectiveness of veterinary examination of the living animal is an important demand of socialist practice which applies equally to conditions of stepwise transition to industrialised production processes and to conventional production. The physiological and physico-technical prerequisites for possible use of infrared techniques in veterinary attention and production monitoring are discussed on the basis of available literature, with particular reference being made also to human medicine.", "PMID": 399434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_64", "title": "Studies on the identification of B lymphocytes using protein A. Lymphocytes of human palatine tonsil.", "content": "The prinicpal methods presently being applied to distinction of the subpopulations of lymphocytes consist in the E-rosette method for T cells and the EAC-rosette method for B cells. However, it has been learned that other cells have the ability to form rosettes. B cells are employed in various experiments due to the explicitly verifiable immunoglobulin on the surface of lymphocytes. However, as the fluorescent antibody method adopted as the method for verification has a number of difficulties, we tried to determine B cells by utilizing protein A, by combining protein A with SRBC (sheep red blood cells) and forming rosettes, both in human peripheral blood and in human intratonsillar lymphocytes. As a result, it was noted that lymphocytes indicating positivity existed at a level of 15-20% in human blood and 40-45% in the tonsil.", "contents": "Studies on the identification of B lymphocytes using protein A. Lymphocytes of human palatine tonsil. The prinicpal methods presently being applied to distinction of the subpopulations of lymphocytes consist in the E-rosette method for T cells and the EAC-rosette method for B cells. However, it has been learned that other cells have the ability to form rosettes. B cells are employed in various experiments due to the explicitly verifiable immunoglobulin on the surface of lymphocytes. However, as the fluorescent antibody method adopted as the method for verification has a number of difficulties, we tried to determine B cells by utilizing protein A, by combining protein A with SRBC (sheep red blood cells) and forming rosettes, both in human peripheral blood and in human intratonsillar lymphocytes. As a result, it was noted that lymphocytes indicating positivity existed at a level of 15-20% in human blood and 40-45% in the tonsil.", "PMID": 399435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_65", "title": "Coccinia indica in the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Coccinia indica is a creeper which grows wildly in Bangladesh and in many parts of the Indian sub-continent. The plant has been used since ancient times as an antidiabetic drug by physicians who practice the Indian system of medicine known as Ayurvedha. We have conducted a double blind control trial with preparation from the leaves of the plant on uncontrolled, maturity onset diabetics. The trial lasted for six weeks for an individual patient. Out of the 16 patients who received the experimental preparations 10 showed marked improvement in their glucose tolerance while none out of the 16 patients in the dummy group showed such a marked improvement. This difference is highly significant (kappa 2 with Yates' correction = 11.7, P < 0.001).", "contents": "Coccinia indica in the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus. Coccinia indica is a creeper which grows wildly in Bangladesh and in many parts of the Indian sub-continent. The plant has been used since ancient times as an antidiabetic drug by physicians who practice the Indian system of medicine known as Ayurvedha. We have conducted a double blind control trial with preparation from the leaves of the plant on uncontrolled, maturity onset diabetics. The trial lasted for six weeks for an individual patient. Out of the 16 patients who received the experimental preparations 10 showed marked improvement in their glucose tolerance while none out of the 16 patients in the dummy group showed such a marked improvement. This difference is highly significant (kappa 2 with Yates' correction = 11.7, P < 0.001).", "PMID": 399436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_66", "title": "[Influence of cimetidine on hypoglycemia-induced GH secretion].", "content": "Dopaminergic drugs inhibit prolactin and stimulate GH secretion. On the contrary antidopaminergic drugs stimulate prolactin and decrease hypoglycemia-induced GH secretion. According to the hypothesis that Cimetidine, an H2-receptor antagonist, decreases hypothalamic dopamine secretion, it was evaluated GH response to hypoglycemia after this drug. It was demonstrated that Cimetidine decreases hypoglycemia-induced GH secretion.", "contents": "[Influence of cimetidine on hypoglycemia-induced GH secretion]. Dopaminergic drugs inhibit prolactin and stimulate GH secretion. On the contrary antidopaminergic drugs stimulate prolactin and decrease hypoglycemia-induced GH secretion. According to the hypothesis that Cimetidine, an H2-receptor antagonist, decreases hypothalamic dopamine secretion, it was evaluated GH response to hypoglycemia after this drug. It was demonstrated that Cimetidine decreases hypoglycemia-induced GH secretion.", "PMID": 399438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_67", "title": "Ethnic differences in blood pressure with observations on noradrenaline and renin. 1. A working population.", "content": "115 factory workers (62 white, 53 black) were studied with measurements of blood pressure, plasma noradrenaline concentration, and plasma renin activity. Blood pressure was higher in blacks than in whites. There were no ethnic differences in plasma noradrenaline, which increased with age, but was not related to blood pressure. Mean plasma renin activity was 55% lower in blacks than whites and this difference was not related to differences in sodium intake. There were no associations between renin and noradrenaline, or between renin and blood pressure.", "contents": "Ethnic differences in blood pressure with observations on noradrenaline and renin. 1. A working population. 115 factory workers (62 white, 53 black) were studied with measurements of blood pressure, plasma noradrenaline concentration, and plasma renin activity. Blood pressure was higher in blacks than in whites. There were no ethnic differences in plasma noradrenaline, which increased with age, but was not related to blood pressure. Mean plasma renin activity was 55% lower in blacks than whites and this difference was not related to differences in sodium intake. There were no associations between renin and noradrenaline, or between renin and blood pressure.", "PMID": 399455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_68", "title": "Ethnic differences in blood pressure with observations on noradrenaline and renin. A hospital hypertensive population.", "content": "100 patients with essential hypertension (77 whites, 23 black) were studied with measurements of plasma noradrenaline concentration and plasma renin activity. Black patients had higher blood pressure than whites. There were no ethnic differences in mean plasma noradrenaline, but plasma renin activity was lower in blacks than whites, and this difference was not related to differences in sodium intake. Plasma noradrenaline increased with age in blacks, and in a white control group. Young white hypertensive patients (< 45 years) had higher plasma noradrenaline than controls, and in white hypertensives plasma noradrenaline was positively correlated with plasma renin.", "contents": "Ethnic differences in blood pressure with observations on noradrenaline and renin. A hospital hypertensive population. 100 patients with essential hypertension (77 whites, 23 black) were studied with measurements of plasma noradrenaline concentration and plasma renin activity. Black patients had higher blood pressure than whites. There were no ethnic differences in mean plasma noradrenaline, but plasma renin activity was lower in blacks than whites, and this difference was not related to differences in sodium intake. Plasma noradrenaline increased with age in blacks, and in a white control group. Young white hypertensive patients (< 45 years) had higher plasma noradrenaline than controls, and in white hypertensives plasma noradrenaline was positively correlated with plasma renin.", "PMID": 399456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_69", "title": "Nuclear activation of polycyclic hydrocarbons.", "content": "In this report the ability of nuclei to carry out mixed function oxidase activity has been discussed. The properties of the nuclear system have been contrasted with those of microsomes and the localization of the nuclear mixed function oxidase has been definitively established. In addition, the nuclei have been shown to contain an inducible O-deethylase and epoxide hydrase(s). Finally, nuclei have been demonstrated to catalyze the formation of benzo[a]pyrene syn- and anti-diolepoxides, ultimate carcinogenic forms of this polycyclic hydrocarbon.", "contents": "Nuclear activation of polycyclic hydrocarbons. In this report the ability of nuclei to carry out mixed function oxidase activity has been discussed. The properties of the nuclear system have been contrasted with those of microsomes and the localization of the nuclear mixed function oxidase has been definitively established. In addition, the nuclei have been shown to contain an inducible O-deethylase and epoxide hydrase(s). Finally, nuclei have been demonstrated to catalyze the formation of benzo[a]pyrene syn- and anti-diolepoxides, ultimate carcinogenic forms of this polycyclic hydrocarbon.", "PMID": 399458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_70", "title": "Spontaneous abortion rates, gravidity and neural tube defects.", "content": "Kline and her co-workers [20, 21] suggest that spontaneous abortions show no overall gravidity effect. However, spontaneous abortions seem to show a negative gravidity effect in some sibships (those containing an infant affected by anencephaly or spina bifida) [22]. It is inferred that there is a heterogeneity among spontaneous abortion sibships, and that there are other sibships in which spontaneous abortions show a positive gravidity effect (perhaps as a result of e.g. iso-immunization).", "contents": "Spontaneous abortion rates, gravidity and neural tube defects. Kline and her co-workers [20, 21] suggest that spontaneous abortions show no overall gravidity effect. However, spontaneous abortions seem to show a negative gravidity effect in some sibships (those containing an infant affected by anencephaly or spina bifida) [22]. It is inferred that there is a heterogeneity among spontaneous abortion sibships, and that there are other sibships in which spontaneous abortions show a positive gravidity effect (perhaps as a result of e.g. iso-immunization).", "PMID": 399462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_71", "title": "Historical development of abstracting.", "content": "The abstract, under a multitude of names, such as hypothesis, marginalia, abridgement, extract, digest, pr\u00e9cis, resum\u00e9, and summary, has a long history, one which is concomitant with advancing scholarship. The progression of this history from the Sumerian civilization ca. 3600 B.C., through the Egyptian and Greek civilizations, the Hellenistic period, the Dark Ages, Middle Ages, Renaissance, and into the modern period is reviewed.", "contents": "Historical development of abstracting. The abstract, under a multitude of names, such as hypothesis, marginalia, abridgement, extract, digest, pr\u00e9cis, resum\u00e9, and summary, has a long history, one which is concomitant with advancing scholarship. The progression of this history from the Sumerian civilization ca. 3600 B.C., through the Egyptian and Greek civilizations, the Hellenistic period, the Dark Ages, Middle Ages, Renaissance, and into the modern period is reviewed.", "PMID": 399482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_72", "title": "Using bibliometric analyses of patent literature for predicting the clinical fates of developing drugs.", "content": "Certain bibliometric features of the early literatures of developing drugs can be used to predict their ultimate clinical fates. The chronological sequence of publications is expressed as a binary vector with 1 for a patent and 0 for a nonpatent. The decimal equivalents for standardized vector lengths provide scalar values for comparing one drug with another. In order to incorporate concordant patents, fuzzy subsets are employed, with the number of attempts required to achieve transitive closure being the values for comparison. The methods involved are described using minoxidil as an example.", "contents": "Using bibliometric analyses of patent literature for predicting the clinical fates of developing drugs. Certain bibliometric features of the early literatures of developing drugs can be used to predict their ultimate clinical fates. The chronological sequence of publications is expressed as a binary vector with 1 for a patent and 0 for a nonpatent. The decimal equivalents for standardized vector lengths provide scalar values for comparing one drug with another. In order to incorporate concordant patents, fuzzy subsets are employed, with the number of attempts required to achieve transitive closure being the values for comparison. The methods involved are described using minoxidil as an example.", "PMID": 399483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_73", "title": "Automated scanning of 14C on polyacrylamide gel.", "content": "Cylindrical polyacrylamide gels were automatically analyzed for radioactive 14C using a commercially available radiochromatogram scanner. This method was capable of detecting peaks of [14C]protein containing 50 000--1 000 000 cpm. Under optimal conditions, gels could be scanned at a rate of 1 cm per min, allowing for analysis of 20--30 gels per day.", "contents": "Automated scanning of 14C on polyacrylamide gel. Cylindrical polyacrylamide gels were automatically analyzed for radioactive 14C using a commercially available radiochromatogram scanner. This method was capable of detecting peaks of [14C]protein containing 50 000--1 000 000 cpm. Under optimal conditions, gels could be scanned at a rate of 1 cm per min, allowing for analysis of 20--30 gels per day.", "PMID": 399485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_74", "title": "[Juvenile macula degeneration].", "content": "Among the various forms of juvenile macular degeneration, one can distinguish those that primarily involve: 1. The neuro-epithelium: Stargardt's disease; dominant juvenile degeneration; central or pericentral pigmentary retinopathy, progressive dystrophy of the cones and cystoid macular oedema. 2. The pigment epithelium: vitelliform degeneration of the macula, fundus flavimaculatus, Sj\u00f6gren's reticulated pigmentary dystrophy, butterfly shaped pigment dystrophy of the macula and grouped pigmentation of the macular region. 3. Bruch's membrane: the hyaline dystrophies or drusen of the lamina vitrea and dominant progressive foveal dystrophy. 4. The choroid: central areolar atrophy of the choroid and Sorsby's pseudo-inflammatory dystrophy. -- All these macular heredo-degenerations are characterized by the fact that they are bilateral and symmetrical. For diagnosis and differential diagnosis not only the ophthalmoscopic appearance is important, but also the examination of the visual functions, which must include an electroretinographic and electro-oculographic examination, as well as the genetic study of the affected families.", "contents": "[Juvenile macula degeneration]. Among the various forms of juvenile macular degeneration, one can distinguish those that primarily involve: 1. The neuro-epithelium: Stargardt's disease; dominant juvenile degeneration; central or pericentral pigmentary retinopathy, progressive dystrophy of the cones and cystoid macular oedema. 2. The pigment epithelium: vitelliform degeneration of the macula, fundus flavimaculatus, Sj\u00f6gren's reticulated pigmentary dystrophy, butterfly shaped pigment dystrophy of the macula and grouped pigmentation of the macular region. 3. Bruch's membrane: the hyaline dystrophies or drusen of the lamina vitrea and dominant progressive foveal dystrophy. 4. The choroid: central areolar atrophy of the choroid and Sorsby's pseudo-inflammatory dystrophy. -- All these macular heredo-degenerations are characterized by the fact that they are bilateral and symmetrical. For diagnosis and differential diagnosis not only the ophthalmoscopic appearance is important, but also the examination of the visual functions, which must include an electroretinographic and electro-oculographic examination, as well as the genetic study of the affected families.", "PMID": 399491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_75", "title": "[Ct-criteria of orbital hemangiomas and their importance in differential diagnosis of intraconal tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "CT-scans of 29 histologically proven cavernous hemangiomas were evaluated with respect to their location, shape, delineation from surrounding tissue, contrast-enhancement, and secondary changes of the bony orbit. Whenever a round or oval tumor, located in the outer upper muscle cone, sharply delineated from surrounding tissue, unattached to optic nerve and ocular muscles, spares a small triangular space in the orbital apex, it is in all probability a cavernous hemangioma. Evaluation of the tumors shape and its separation from surrounding tissues requires imaging in multiple sections in two planes oriented, if possible, at right angles. -- Changes in position of the optic nerve and eye muscles in different directions of gaze demonstrated by CT rule out significant tumor-attachments. The portion of the intraconal space least affected by optic nerve shifts and muscle contractions during eye movements, as demonstrated by CT, is the upper outer quadrant, the site preferred by the mobile tumor. -- Tumors which cannot be differentiated from cavernous hemangiomas by CT-criteria are rare usually benign. Reports of rare examples of well delineated or encapsulated malignant intraconal lesions indicate the possibility -- however remote -- of mistaking a malignant tumor for a cavernous hemangioma by CT.", "contents": "[Ct-criteria of orbital hemangiomas and their importance in differential diagnosis of intraconal tumors (author's transl)]. CT-scans of 29 histologically proven cavernous hemangiomas were evaluated with respect to their location, shape, delineation from surrounding tissue, contrast-enhancement, and secondary changes of the bony orbit. Whenever a round or oval tumor, located in the outer upper muscle cone, sharply delineated from surrounding tissue, unattached to optic nerve and ocular muscles, spares a small triangular space in the orbital apex, it is in all probability a cavernous hemangioma. Evaluation of the tumors shape and its separation from surrounding tissues requires imaging in multiple sections in two planes oriented, if possible, at right angles. -- Changes in position of the optic nerve and eye muscles in different directions of gaze demonstrated by CT rule out significant tumor-attachments. The portion of the intraconal space least affected by optic nerve shifts and muscle contractions during eye movements, as demonstrated by CT, is the upper outer quadrant, the site preferred by the mobile tumor. -- Tumors which cannot be differentiated from cavernous hemangiomas by CT-criteria are rare usually benign. Reports of rare examples of well delineated or encapsulated malignant intraconal lesions indicate the possibility -- however remote -- of mistaking a malignant tumor for a cavernous hemangioma by CT.", "PMID": 399492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_76", "title": "Ia antigen expression on the developing mouse embryo and placenta.", "content": "The expression of I region controlled antigens on the mouse embryo and placenta has been investigated using immuno-peroxidase labelling and a mixed haemadsorption assay. The results indicate that Ia antigens are absent from selected pre- and post-implantation embryonic and trophoblastic tissues and from the trophoblast of the definitive placenta. In contrast, cells derived from the peri-placental maternal decidual tissues are Ia antigen-positive. The findings are discussed in relation to the allograft status of the conceptus and the identity and functional significance of the Ia-bearing maternal cells at the foeto-maternal interface.", "contents": "Ia antigen expression on the developing mouse embryo and placenta. The expression of I region controlled antigens on the mouse embryo and placenta has been investigated using immuno-peroxidase labelling and a mixed haemadsorption assay. The results indicate that Ia antigens are absent from selected pre- and post-implantation embryonic and trophoblastic tissues and from the trophoblast of the definitive placenta. In contrast, cells derived from the peri-placental maternal decidual tissues are Ia antigen-positive. The findings are discussed in relation to the allograft status of the conceptus and the identity and functional significance of the Ia-bearing maternal cells at the foeto-maternal interface.", "PMID": 399488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_77", "title": "The effect on fertility of immunizing female sheep with ram sperm acrosin and hyaluronidase.", "content": "Female sheep were injected with highly purified and partially purified preparations of ram sperm acrosin and hyaluronidase. The fertility and immune response of the sheep were monitored. Fertility was not significantly reduced in any single group, though a positive correlation was observed between high antibody titres against acrosin and reduced fertility. Studies on the direct action of sera from the ewes on ejaculated ram spermatozoa did not show any evidence of sperm agglutination or immobilization. Similar studies with denuded spermatozoa (detergent induced 'acrosome reaction') sometimes resulted in agglutination and enzyme inhibition was also seen; there was no correlation between any of these parameters and pregnancy.", "contents": "The effect on fertility of immunizing female sheep with ram sperm acrosin and hyaluronidase. Female sheep were injected with highly purified and partially purified preparations of ram sperm acrosin and hyaluronidase. The fertility and immune response of the sheep were monitored. Fertility was not significantly reduced in any single group, though a positive correlation was observed between high antibody titres against acrosin and reduced fertility. Studies on the direct action of sera from the ewes on ejaculated ram spermatozoa did not show any evidence of sperm agglutination or immobilization. Similar studies with denuded spermatozoa (detergent induced 'acrosome reaction') sometimes resulted in agglutination and enzyme inhibition was also seen; there was no correlation between any of these parameters and pregnancy.", "PMID": 399489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_78", "title": "Alternate day prednisone treatment may increase kidney transplant rejection.", "content": "A retrospective study has been done to determine whether alternate day prednisone and daily prednisone are equally safe. A statistically significant increase in the number of rejection episodes are measured by rises in serum creatinine occurred in the alternate day steroid group. The reasons for the difference may rest in the inherent mechanism of steroid action. The use of alternate day prednisone in transplantation should be reserved for the situations where the potential benefit clearly outweighs the risk of loss of the transplanted kidney.", "contents": "Alternate day prednisone treatment may increase kidney transplant rejection. A retrospective study has been done to determine whether alternate day prednisone and daily prednisone are equally safe. A statistically significant increase in the number of rejection episodes are measured by rises in serum creatinine occurred in the alternate day steroid group. The reasons for the difference may rest in the inherent mechanism of steroid action. The use of alternate day prednisone in transplantation should be reserved for the situations where the potential benefit clearly outweighs the risk of loss of the transplanted kidney.", "PMID": 399501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_79", "title": "Elevated plasma adenine nucleotide levels in chronic renal failure and their possible significance.", "content": "Plasma ATP, ADP and AMP levels are increased in uremia. The elevation in plasma ATP level correlates with the serum creatinine in chronic renal failure patients not on dialysis. Successful renal transplantation is associated with the return of ATP, ADP and AMP levels to the normal range. Plasma ATP elevations may reflect sickness on the cellular level in uremia and measurement of plasma ATP may be a useful test to assess the need for dialysis. Plasma ATP elevations could also reflect underexcretion in the urine. Irrespective of the mechanism responsible for increased plasma ATP levels in uremia, an elevation of plasma ATP could have major physiological and metabolic consequences.", "contents": "Elevated plasma adenine nucleotide levels in chronic renal failure and their possible significance. Plasma ATP, ADP and AMP levels are increased in uremia. The elevation in plasma ATP level correlates with the serum creatinine in chronic renal failure patients not on dialysis. Successful renal transplantation is associated with the return of ATP, ADP and AMP levels to the normal range. Plasma ATP elevations may reflect sickness on the cellular level in uremia and measurement of plasma ATP may be a useful test to assess the need for dialysis. Plasma ATP elevations could also reflect underexcretion in the urine. Irrespective of the mechanism responsible for increased plasma ATP levels in uremia, an elevation of plasma ATP could have major physiological and metabolic consequences.", "PMID": 399505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_80", "title": "Improving graft and patient survival rates in renal transplantation.", "content": "This report illustrates the improving trend in patient survival of recipients of cadaver and living-related kidneys. Mortality has been less than 3% for living-related recipients and less than 8% at one year for recipients of cadaver kidneys excluding diabetic patients. Although mortality of the diabetic recipient group receiving cadaver kidneys remains a problem, it has decreased in the last year such that overall mortality of the entire diabetic group is 20% at one year. The various factors leading to improved graft function rate are also emphasized.", "contents": "Improving graft and patient survival rates in renal transplantation. This report illustrates the improving trend in patient survival of recipients of cadaver and living-related kidneys. Mortality has been less than 3% for living-related recipients and less than 8% at one year for recipients of cadaver kidneys excluding diabetic patients. Although mortality of the diabetic recipient group receiving cadaver kidneys remains a problem, it has decreased in the last year such that overall mortality of the entire diabetic group is 20% at one year. The various factors leading to improved graft function rate are also emphasized.", "PMID": 399510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_81", "title": "Plasmapheresis in the treatment of renal allograft rejection.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with renal allograft rejection unresponsive to conventional therapy underwent plasmapheresis. Twenty-four patients evidenced prompt and marked improvement and were discharged. Seventeen of these are presently stable off dialysis. Ten patients were not improved and required return to dialysis and/or transplant nephrectomy. Four hour warm, complement-dependent crossmatches which had become positive following transplant became negative following plasmapheresis in 3 patients who now have stable long-term function. Plasmapheresis appears promising in the treatment of refractory acute renal allograft rejection.", "contents": "Plasmapheresis in the treatment of renal allograft rejection. Thirty-four patients with renal allograft rejection unresponsive to conventional therapy underwent plasmapheresis. Twenty-four patients evidenced prompt and marked improvement and were discharged. Seventeen of these are presently stable off dialysis. Ten patients were not improved and required return to dialysis and/or transplant nephrectomy. Four hour warm, complement-dependent crossmatches which had become positive following transplant became negative following plasmapheresis in 3 patients who now have stable long-term function. Plasmapheresis appears promising in the treatment of refractory acute renal allograft rejection.", "PMID": 399516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_82", "title": "Effects of ticlopidine on platelet prostaglandin metabolism. Possible consequences for prostacyclin production.", "content": "Ticlopidine, known to inhibit the primary wave of ADP-induced platelet aggregation and to increase the bleeding time, can modify platelet prostaglandin metabolism. The basal level of platelet PGE1 is enhanced by the drug. Ticlopidine does not decrease biosynthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxides from arachidonic acid but increases production of primary prostaglandins, cheifly prostaglandin D2, and causes a slight diminution of thromboxane B2 formation. The excess of prostaglandin endoperoxides not converted to primary prostglandins may escape from platelets and produce more prostacyclin if endothelial cell microsomes are present in the incubate.", "contents": "Effects of ticlopidine on platelet prostaglandin metabolism. Possible consequences for prostacyclin production. Ticlopidine, known to inhibit the primary wave of ADP-induced platelet aggregation and to increase the bleeding time, can modify platelet prostaglandin metabolism. The basal level of platelet PGE1 is enhanced by the drug. Ticlopidine does not decrease biosynthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxides from arachidonic acid but increases production of primary prostaglandins, cheifly prostaglandin D2, and causes a slight diminution of thromboxane B2 formation. The excess of prostaglandin endoperoxides not converted to primary prostglandins may escape from platelets and produce more prostacyclin if endothelial cell microsomes are present in the incubate.", "PMID": 399526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_83", "title": "Effect of prostacyclin on antigen induced immediate bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients.", "content": "The effect of premedication with inhaled prostacyclin (PGI2) on the allergen induced immediate bronchoconstriction was investigated in 10 asthmatic patients, under single blind conditions, by means of a body plethysmograph. Statistical analysis (Dunnett's test) did not show any significant difference between PGI2 and placebo. The possible meaning of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of prostacyclin on antigen induced immediate bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients. The effect of premedication with inhaled prostacyclin (PGI2) on the allergen induced immediate bronchoconstriction was investigated in 10 asthmatic patients, under single blind conditions, by means of a body plethysmograph. Statistical analysis (Dunnett's test) did not show any significant difference between PGI2 and placebo. The possible meaning of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 399527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_84", "title": "Is low urinary prostaglandin concentration a stage in the development of essential hypertension?", "content": "Urinary prostaglandin E and F (PGE and PGF) concentrations, renal plasma flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), sodium excretion rate (UNaV), potassium excretion rate (UKV), urinary osmolarity (Uosm) and osmolar clearance (Cosm) were found to be higher, while mean blood pressure (MBP) was lower in a group of 15 normotensive subjects (15NS), compared to those values obtained in a group of 25 essential patients (25EHP) of the same mean age. After volume expansion, of the 25EHP, urinary PGE concentration, RPF, noncortical plasma flow (NCPF), UNaV, UKV, UNaV/UKV, Cosm and urine volume (UV) increased significantly, MBP, GFR, Uosm, free water reabsorption (Tc water) and urinary aldosterone concentration did not change, while plasma renin activity (PRA) decreased significantly. It was concluded that the deficiency in renomedullary PG synthesis in the EHP is accompanied by a decrease in RPF, NCPF and UNaV. This decrease in UNaV and renal hemodynamics could increase, in the long term, the BP in these patients. Nevertheless, these findings do not exclude the interpretation that the decrease in renomedullary PGE release in the EHP indicates an attempt to increase sodium excretion at the distal tubule by diminishing sodium reabsorption by this agent in order to prevent further increase in BP. In any case, it seems that renomedullary PGs play an important role in intra-renal control systems.", "contents": "Is low urinary prostaglandin concentration a stage in the development of essential hypertension? Urinary prostaglandin E and F (PGE and PGF) concentrations, renal plasma flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), sodium excretion rate (UNaV), potassium excretion rate (UKV), urinary osmolarity (Uosm) and osmolar clearance (Cosm) were found to be higher, while mean blood pressure (MBP) was lower in a group of 15 normotensive subjects (15NS), compared to those values obtained in a group of 25 essential patients (25EHP) of the same mean age. After volume expansion, of the 25EHP, urinary PGE concentration, RPF, noncortical plasma flow (NCPF), UNaV, UKV, UNaV/UKV, Cosm and urine volume (UV) increased significantly, MBP, GFR, Uosm, free water reabsorption (Tc water) and urinary aldosterone concentration did not change, while plasma renin activity (PRA) decreased significantly. It was concluded that the deficiency in renomedullary PG synthesis in the EHP is accompanied by a decrease in RPF, NCPF and UNaV. This decrease in UNaV and renal hemodynamics could increase, in the long term, the BP in these patients. Nevertheless, these findings do not exclude the interpretation that the decrease in renomedullary PGE release in the EHP indicates an attempt to increase sodium excretion at the distal tubule by diminishing sodium reabsorption by this agent in order to prevent further increase in BP. In any case, it seems that renomedullary PGs play an important role in intra-renal control systems.", "PMID": 399528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_85", "title": "Vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation by prostacyclins with modified omega-side chain.", "content": "Prostacyclin analogs with modified omega-side chain were synthetized in search of therapeutically useful agents. To characterize the vasodilator and platelet-antiaggregating properties, prostacyclin analogs were tested on systemic blood pressure in anesthetized rats, relaxation of bovine coronary artery and inhibition of arachidonic acid induced human platelet aggregation. The sodium salt of prostacyclin induced a dose dependent decrease of blood pressure with an ED25 of 0.23 microgram/kg i.v., a marked relaxation of bovine coronary artery with an IC50 of 5.9 ng/ml and a strong inhibition of platelet aggregation with an ED50 of 3x10(-9) M. Similar results were obtained with prostacyclin-methylester. Replacement of the n-pentyl moiety attached to C-15 of prostacyclin by cyclohexyl, 2-(2-furyl)ethyl, 2-(3-thienyl)ethyl and especially by 3-thienyl-oxymethyl yielded analogs with comparable prostacyclin properties, while substitution by 1,1-dimethyloxaalkyl residues was followed by a marked loss of activity. The order of potency among the analogs of the sodium salt and methylester of prostacyclin with strong vasodepressor and antiaggregatory properties was identical in all three models used. The three test systems used for evaluation have demonstrated that suitable modifications of the omega-side chain of prostacyclin result in potent vasodilator and platelet-antiaggregating agents.", "contents": "Vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation by prostacyclins with modified omega-side chain. Prostacyclin analogs with modified omega-side chain were synthetized in search of therapeutically useful agents. To characterize the vasodilator and platelet-antiaggregating properties, prostacyclin analogs were tested on systemic blood pressure in anesthetized rats, relaxation of bovine coronary artery and inhibition of arachidonic acid induced human platelet aggregation. The sodium salt of prostacyclin induced a dose dependent decrease of blood pressure with an ED25 of 0.23 microgram/kg i.v., a marked relaxation of bovine coronary artery with an IC50 of 5.9 ng/ml and a strong inhibition of platelet aggregation with an ED50 of 3x10(-9) M. Similar results were obtained with prostacyclin-methylester. Replacement of the n-pentyl moiety attached to C-15 of prostacyclin by cyclohexyl, 2-(2-furyl)ethyl, 2-(3-thienyl)ethyl and especially by 3-thienyl-oxymethyl yielded analogs with comparable prostacyclin properties, while substitution by 1,1-dimethyloxaalkyl residues was followed by a marked loss of activity. The order of potency among the analogs of the sodium salt and methylester of prostacyclin with strong vasodepressor and antiaggregatory properties was identical in all three models used. The three test systems used for evaluation have demonstrated that suitable modifications of the omega-side chain of prostacyclin result in potent vasodilator and platelet-antiaggregating agents.", "PMID": 399529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_86", "title": "Control of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance in neonatal swine with prostacyclin (PGI2).", "content": "Three groups of neonatal piglets were anesthetised and base-line hemodynamic measurements were made. The piglets were then subjected to hypoxia and hypercapnea to raise pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and further hemodynamic measurements were made over a period of at least 100 minutes. During the last 80 minutes of this period the control group received an infusion of 0.05M Tris buffer [the vehicle for prostacyclin (PGI2)], the second group received an infusion of 0.5 microgram/kg/min PGI2, and the third group received an infusion of 1.0 microgram/kg/min PGI2.", "contents": "Control of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance in neonatal swine with prostacyclin (PGI2). Three groups of neonatal piglets were anesthetised and base-line hemodynamic measurements were made. The piglets were then subjected to hypoxia and hypercapnea to raise pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and further hemodynamic measurements were made over a period of at least 100 minutes. During the last 80 minutes of this period the control group received an infusion of 0.05M Tris buffer [the vehicle for prostacyclin (PGI2)], the second group received an infusion of 0.5 microgram/kg/min PGI2, and the third group received an infusion of 1.0 microgram/kg/min PGI2.", "PMID": 399530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_87", "title": "Combined effect of prostaglandins and an aortic proteoglycan on platelet aggregation and plasma clotting.", "content": "The individual and combined effects of PGD2, PGI2 and an aortic proteoglycan on human platelet aggregation and plasma clotting were studied. PGI2 was at least 10 times more potent than PGD2 in inhibiting platelet aggregation. Small doses of prostaglandins inhibited ADP- and thrombin-induced aggregation, but only prolonged aggregation time without affecting the extent of arachidonic acid (AA)-induced aggregation. Small doses of prostaglandins did not affect thrombin-induced clotting of PRP. Large doses of prostaglandins abolished platelet aggregation and prolonged the onset of thrombin-induced clotting. The aortic proteoglycan (APG) had no appreciable effect on ADP- or AA-induced aggregation. Small doses of APG abolished thrombin-induced clotting, while large doses of APG suppressed both clotting and aggregation induced by thrombin. PGI2 and PGD2 showed additive inhibition of platelet aggregation regardless how the aggregation was induced. APG and prostaglandins showed additive inhibition of only thrombin-induced aggregation. APG, but not any of the prostaglandins, prolonged clotting time of PPP. This prolongation was not potentiated by PGI2 or PGD2.", "contents": "Combined effect of prostaglandins and an aortic proteoglycan on platelet aggregation and plasma clotting. The individual and combined effects of PGD2, PGI2 and an aortic proteoglycan on human platelet aggregation and plasma clotting were studied. PGI2 was at least 10 times more potent than PGD2 in inhibiting platelet aggregation. Small doses of prostaglandins inhibited ADP- and thrombin-induced aggregation, but only prolonged aggregation time without affecting the extent of arachidonic acid (AA)-induced aggregation. Small doses of prostaglandins did not affect thrombin-induced clotting of PRP. Large doses of prostaglandins abolished platelet aggregation and prolonged the onset of thrombin-induced clotting. The aortic proteoglycan (APG) had no appreciable effect on ADP- or AA-induced aggregation. Small doses of APG abolished thrombin-induced clotting, while large doses of APG suppressed both clotting and aggregation induced by thrombin. PGI2 and PGD2 showed additive inhibition of platelet aggregation regardless how the aggregation was induced. APG and prostaglandins showed additive inhibition of only thrombin-induced aggregation. APG, but not any of the prostaglandins, prolonged clotting time of PPP. This prolongation was not potentiated by PGI2 or PGD2.", "PMID": 399532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_88", "title": "The influence of prostacyclin on coronary occlusion induced arrhythmia in cats.", "content": "The present study examined the effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on ventricular arrhythmias following coronary artery occlusion in the cat. The left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded abruptly in 50 cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. The ECG (Lead II) along with arterial blood pressure were monitored before and for at least one hour after occlusion. Either vehicle or PGI2 was infused at a rate of 0.15 ml . min-1 into the left atrium 15 min before and 1 hour after LAD occlusion. PGI2 was infused at 4 doses: 2.7,27,270 and 2700 pmole . kg-1 . min-1. Infusion of PGI2 before occlusion produced a dose dependent decrease in mean arterial blood pressure with no significant change in heart rate. Abrupt occlusion of the LAD produced ventricular arrhythmia in all cats ranging from ventricular premature beats to ventricular fibrillation (VF). In cats infused with PGI2 the incidence of VF ranged from 30-40% at the low and middle doses to a maximum of 60% at the highest dose (2700 pmole . kg-1 . min-10. The incidence of VF in the latter group was two times greater than that observed in the control group (30%). In addition, the mean number of ventricular ectopic beats was greater at the 27 and 2700 pmole . kg-1 . min-1 doses of PGI2 than in the control group. An increase in ventricular ectopic beats was not observed at the 2.7 or 270 pmole . kg-1 . min-1 doses of PGI2. These data indicate the PGI2 can exert an arrhythmogenic effect following coronary artery occlusion and that this effect occurs in a biphasic manner i.e., the increase in arrhythmia observed at 27 did not occur at 270 but occurred again at the 10 fold higher dose (2700 pmole . kg-1 . min-1). At the lowest dose of PGI2 infarct size was approximately 14% less than in the control group while, at the highest dose, infarct size was 20% greater than control and approximatey 40% greater than the lowest dose of PGI2.", "contents": "The influence of prostacyclin on coronary occlusion induced arrhythmia in cats. The present study examined the effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on ventricular arrhythmias following coronary artery occlusion in the cat. The left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded abruptly in 50 cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. The ECG (Lead II) along with arterial blood pressure were monitored before and for at least one hour after occlusion. Either vehicle or PGI2 was infused at a rate of 0.15 ml . min-1 into the left atrium 15 min before and 1 hour after LAD occlusion. PGI2 was infused at 4 doses: 2.7,27,270 and 2700 pmole . kg-1 . min-1. Infusion of PGI2 before occlusion produced a dose dependent decrease in mean arterial blood pressure with no significant change in heart rate. Abrupt occlusion of the LAD produced ventricular arrhythmia in all cats ranging from ventricular premature beats to ventricular fibrillation (VF). In cats infused with PGI2 the incidence of VF ranged from 30-40% at the low and middle doses to a maximum of 60% at the highest dose (2700 pmole . kg-1 . min-10. The incidence of VF in the latter group was two times greater than that observed in the control group (30%). In addition, the mean number of ventricular ectopic beats was greater at the 27 and 2700 pmole . kg-1 . min-1 doses of PGI2 than in the control group. An increase in ventricular ectopic beats was not observed at the 2.7 or 270 pmole . kg-1 . min-1 doses of PGI2. These data indicate the PGI2 can exert an arrhythmogenic effect following coronary artery occlusion and that this effect occurs in a biphasic manner i.e., the increase in arrhythmia observed at 27 did not occur at 270 but occurred again at the 10 fold higher dose (2700 pmole . kg-1 . min-1). At the lowest dose of PGI2 infarct size was approximately 14% less than in the control group while, at the highest dose, infarct size was 20% greater than control and approximatey 40% greater than the lowest dose of PGI2.", "PMID": 399533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_89", "title": "[Jean-Baptiste Van Helmont (1579-1644), the baroque and teeth].", "content": "J. B. Van Helmont has been qualified as a medical exponent of the baroque spirit. This affirmation can only be accepted in the following sense: as Harvey, but in an other way. Van Helmont has prepared modern medicine notwithstanding their fidelity to the philosophy of nature (aristotelism or irrationalism) of the sixteenth century. Van Helmont, who believed in the occult forces of the teeth, was also the first to denounce the catarrhe as a cause of toothache.", "contents": "[Jean-Baptiste Van Helmont (1579-1644), the baroque and teeth]. J. B. Van Helmont has been qualified as a medical exponent of the baroque spirit. This affirmation can only be accepted in the following sense: as Harvey, but in an other way. Van Helmont has prepared modern medicine notwithstanding their fidelity to the philosophy of nature (aristotelism or irrationalism) of the sixteenth century. Van Helmont, who believed in the occult forces of the teeth, was also the first to denounce the catarrhe as a cause of toothache.", "PMID": 399546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_90", "title": "[Changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system during open heart surgery. I. Factors involved in renin secretion].", "content": "The endocrine, humoral and hemodynamic factors that affect renin secretion are studied during open-heart surgery in a group of 40 patients, 20 with mitral and 20 with aortic valve disease. During the incission period, the PRA (plasma renin activity) increases due to a sympatoadrenergic hyperactivity. These increase is noted also during bypass, and is closely related with the hypotension that extracorporeal circulation produces. It is also discussed the influence of the exclusion of pulmonary circulation, that decreases conversion of angiotensin I to II and catabolism of norepinephrine.", "contents": "[Changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system during open heart surgery. I. Factors involved in renin secretion]. The endocrine, humoral and hemodynamic factors that affect renin secretion are studied during open-heart surgery in a group of 40 patients, 20 with mitral and 20 with aortic valve disease. During the incission period, the PRA (plasma renin activity) increases due to a sympatoadrenergic hyperactivity. These increase is noted also during bypass, and is closely related with the hypotension that extracorporeal circulation produces. It is also discussed the influence of the exclusion of pulmonary circulation, that decreases conversion of angiotensin I to II and catabolism of norepinephrine.", "PMID": 399548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_91", "title": "[Postbronchographic cytological findings in lung (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of literature is given on histological reactions by bronchograpyhic agents. Description of cytological changes after using Visotrast \"B\" in biopsy materials of bronches and lungs. Cytological reactions are characteristical. Their intensity is dependent on several factors.", "contents": "[Postbronchographic cytological findings in lung (author's transl)]. A review of literature is given on histological reactions by bronchograpyhic agents. Description of cytological changes after using Visotrast \"B\" in biopsy materials of bronches and lungs. Cytological reactions are characteristical. Their intensity is dependent on several factors.", "PMID": 399575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_92", "title": "Hospital infections in Port Moresby General Hospital: studies in special care nursery.", "content": "Special Care Nursery of Port Moresby General Hospital has been experiencing too many infections particularly deaths from Septicaemia due to gram negative organisms. Bacteriological Survey in the Nursery reveals presence of too many pathogenic bacteria in the Nursery--in air, in beds, in incubators, in sinks--almost all over the Nursery. It also reveals that Nursing mothers and a good number of hospital workers are, in fact, carriers of dangerous pathogens. Proper cleaning and restructuring of the ward is essential. Based on the results of the study, measures have been recommended to deal with the situation.", "contents": "Hospital infections in Port Moresby General Hospital: studies in special care nursery. Special Care Nursery of Port Moresby General Hospital has been experiencing too many infections particularly deaths from Septicaemia due to gram negative organisms. Bacteriological Survey in the Nursery reveals presence of too many pathogenic bacteria in the Nursery--in air, in beds, in incubators, in sinks--almost all over the Nursery. It also reveals that Nursing mothers and a good number of hospital workers are, in fact, carriers of dangerous pathogens. Proper cleaning and restructuring of the ward is essential. Based on the results of the study, measures have been recommended to deal with the situation.", "PMID": 399577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_93", "title": "Studies on the carrier-state of haemolytic streptococci in iron-masters.", "content": "Throat swabs from 165 iron-masters and 160 control subjects were tested for the presence of group A, C and G haemolytic streptococci and other serological groups. The group-A streptococcus strains were serotyped. The study was extended to the evaluation of the state of health, analysis of the sanitary conditions at the working place as well as the analysis of the social, living and economic conditions. Carriers of group-A haemolytic streptococci were of approximately the same frequency in healthy iron-masters and healthy controls and the proportions of the carriers of streptococci of other serological groups were also comparable. On the other hand, some differences in the proportions of the carriers of groups A, C and G haemolytic streptococci in persons with respiratory tract disorders were found, affected iron-masters comprising twice as many carriers as affected controls. The differences are attributed to the different sanitary-hygienic conditions at the working places.", "contents": "Studies on the carrier-state of haemolytic streptococci in iron-masters. Throat swabs from 165 iron-masters and 160 control subjects were tested for the presence of group A, C and G haemolytic streptococci and other serological groups. The group-A streptococcus strains were serotyped. The study was extended to the evaluation of the state of health, analysis of the sanitary conditions at the working place as well as the analysis of the social, living and economic conditions. Carriers of group-A haemolytic streptococci were of approximately the same frequency in healthy iron-masters and healthy controls and the proportions of the carriers of streptococci of other serological groups were also comparable. On the other hand, some differences in the proportions of the carriers of groups A, C and G haemolytic streptococci in persons with respiratory tract disorders were found, affected iron-masters comprising twice as many carriers as affected controls. The differences are attributed to the different sanitary-hygienic conditions at the working places.", "PMID": 399580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_94", "title": "Enterotoxins of enteric bacteria--a review.", "content": "A review of the enterotoxins of enteric bacteria was compiled, taking into account recent developments of the field as well as results of the author's own research work. After characterization of enterotoxins of different origin, their pathogenic role is described, with special attention to the genetic background of these agents. The possible use of enterotoxins for active immunization purposes is also discussed.", "contents": "Enterotoxins of enteric bacteria--a review. A review of the enterotoxins of enteric bacteria was compiled, taking into account recent developments of the field as well as results of the author's own research work. After characterization of enterotoxins of different origin, their pathogenic role is described, with special attention to the genetic background of these agents. The possible use of enterotoxins for active immunization purposes is also discussed.", "PMID": 399581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_95", "title": "Electronmicroscopic observations on lysis of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote by normal rabbit serum.", "content": "The lytic effects of serum from a non-immunized rabbit on epimastigotes of Trypanosome cruzi were studied by electronmicroscopy. The first detectable change was the appearance of a fuzzy deposit over the whole surface of the epimastigote. Soon after this, pellicular microtubules disappeared without change of axonemal microtubules. Circular lesions were observed by negative staining, corresponding to the lesion of antibody-mediated lysis caused by complement.", "contents": "Electronmicroscopic observations on lysis of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote by normal rabbit serum. The lytic effects of serum from a non-immunized rabbit on epimastigotes of Trypanosome cruzi were studied by electronmicroscopy. The first detectable change was the appearance of a fuzzy deposit over the whole surface of the epimastigote. Soon after this, pellicular microtubules disappeared without change of axonemal microtubules. Circular lesions were observed by negative staining, corresponding to the lesion of antibody-mediated lysis caused by complement.", "PMID": 399585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_96", "title": "A modified PAP (peroxidase-anti-peroxidase) staining technique using sera from patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF): 4 step PAP staining technique.", "content": "BHK-21 cells infected with dengue virus type 1 were stained by a newly developed 4 step PAP (peroxidase-anti-peroxidase) technique using sera from patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever as anti-virus antibody. The intensity of staining of the sera was proportional to the hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization titers. With this new technique using sera from patients it should be possible to use the PAP technique of virus infections.", "contents": "A modified PAP (peroxidase-anti-peroxidase) staining technique using sera from patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF): 4 step PAP staining technique. BHK-21 cells infected with dengue virus type 1 were stained by a newly developed 4 step PAP (peroxidase-anti-peroxidase) technique using sera from patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever as anti-virus antibody. The intensity of staining of the sera was proportional to the hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization titers. With this new technique using sera from patients it should be possible to use the PAP technique of virus infections.", "PMID": 399586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_97", "title": "A new method for the study of lining-layer and pulmonary alveolar walls with electron microscope.", "content": "The authors describe an original method for the setting up of pulmonary parenchymal preparations to be observed with electron microscopy. The salient aspects of this method are: the material fixed with a supersaturated uranyl acetate solution and colored, after simple dehydration and inclusion in Epon 812, with bismuth subnitrate. With this method it is possible to obtain a good definition of the morphological aspects and a greater contrast of the phospholipidic structures of the pulmonary parenchyma.", "contents": "A new method for the study of lining-layer and pulmonary alveolar walls with electron microscope. The authors describe an original method for the setting up of pulmonary parenchymal preparations to be observed with electron microscopy. The salient aspects of this method are: the material fixed with a supersaturated uranyl acetate solution and colored, after simple dehydration and inclusion in Epon 812, with bismuth subnitrate. With this method it is possible to obtain a good definition of the morphological aspects and a greater contrast of the phospholipidic structures of the pulmonary parenchyma.", "PMID": 399587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_98", "title": "Effects of anaesthesia and surgery on immune status.", "content": "The immunological implications of anaesthetic practice relate to the possibility that exposure to anaesthesia and surgery, by depressing a variety of both non-specific resistance mechanisms and specific immune responses, renders patients more liable to infections and the spread of malignancy in the period after operation. A review of the literature suggests that, although various anaesthetic agents themselves depress immune responses, the effects are shortlived and of minor importance when compared with the effects of the hormonal aspects of the stress response. A more aggressive approach to relief of pain and anxiety may be beneficial from the immunological point of view.", "contents": "Effects of anaesthesia and surgery on immune status. The immunological implications of anaesthetic practice relate to the possibility that exposure to anaesthesia and surgery, by depressing a variety of both non-specific resistance mechanisms and specific immune responses, renders patients more liable to infections and the spread of malignancy in the period after operation. A review of the literature suggests that, although various anaesthetic agents themselves depress immune responses, the effects are shortlived and of minor importance when compared with the effects of the hormonal aspects of the stress response. A more aggressive approach to relief of pain and anxiety may be beneficial from the immunological point of view.", "PMID": 399589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_99", "title": "Sympathetic reflex responses during treatment of essential hypertension with hydrallazine and oxprenolol.", "content": "1. The short term effects of hydrallazine, oxprenolol and oxprenolol plus hydrallazine were studied in five patients with essential hypertension. 2. The increase in pulse rate caused by hydrallazine was prevented by combined treatment with oxprenolol, which also lowered the high plasma noradrenaline levels, associated with the use of hydrallazine. 3. Plasma renin activity was higher in the supine and standing positions with hydrallazine than with oxprenolol alone and with the patients standing this high renin level was prevented by simultaneous treatment with oxprenolol. With the patients supine, combination of oxprenolol with hydrallazine resulted in a mean plasma renin activity which was less than half that with hydrallazine alone, although this difference was not statistically significant. 4. The combination of oxprenolol with hydrallazine did not lower the blood pressure further, but reduced the increased sympathetic activity which occurred with hydrallazine alone.", "contents": "Sympathetic reflex responses during treatment of essential hypertension with hydrallazine and oxprenolol. 1. The short term effects of hydrallazine, oxprenolol and oxprenolol plus hydrallazine were studied in five patients with essential hypertension. 2. The increase in pulse rate caused by hydrallazine was prevented by combined treatment with oxprenolol, which also lowered the high plasma noradrenaline levels, associated with the use of hydrallazine. 3. Plasma renin activity was higher in the supine and standing positions with hydrallazine than with oxprenolol alone and with the patients standing this high renin level was prevented by simultaneous treatment with oxprenolol. With the patients supine, combination of oxprenolol with hydrallazine resulted in a mean plasma renin activity which was less than half that with hydrallazine alone, although this difference was not statistically significant. 4. The combination of oxprenolol with hydrallazine did not lower the blood pressure further, but reduced the increased sympathetic activity which occurred with hydrallazine alone.", "PMID": 399592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_100", "title": "An introduction to the evaluation of alcoholism outcome studies.", "content": "The results of outcome studies in the field of alcoholism have been challenged as not providing clear and definitive demonstrations of the effectiveness of alcoholism treatment. This has not been due to studies showing negative results, or to a lack of studies reporting positive results. The difficulty has been that the studies failed to satisfy the standards of experimentally minded methodologists. Many methodological problems with respect to patient, treatment, and criterion variables were described which will require a great deal of basic research for their solution. Others may not be soluble. Drawing a representative sample of alcoholics may not be feasible. Assigning patients at random to treatments and no treatment who are uninterested, who desire particular treatments, or who are in need of specific treatments is impractical and socially unacceptable. Matching or randomly assigning therapists to provide consistent, measured, and equal amounts of specific therapies is similarly unrealistic. Determining what constitutes a good therapeutic outcome may be more of a philosophic than a scientific issue. Applying experimental standards to human outcome studies is inappropriate. The state of the art with respect to evaluating the effectiveness of alcoholism treatment is not ready for experimental investigations or cost-benefits analyses. Despite all these problems, a review of 384 studies indicates that two-thirds of the patients improve following alcoholism treatment. Research studies are increasingly sophisticated. A great deal has been and is continuing to be learned about patient characteristics, treatment methods, and matching patients to treatments.", "contents": "An introduction to the evaluation of alcoholism outcome studies. The results of outcome studies in the field of alcoholism have been challenged as not providing clear and definitive demonstrations of the effectiveness of alcoholism treatment. This has not been due to studies showing negative results, or to a lack of studies reporting positive results. The difficulty has been that the studies failed to satisfy the standards of experimentally minded methodologists. Many methodological problems with respect to patient, treatment, and criterion variables were described which will require a great deal of basic research for their solution. Others may not be soluble. Drawing a representative sample of alcoholics may not be feasible. Assigning patients at random to treatments and no treatment who are uninterested, who desire particular treatments, or who are in need of specific treatments is impractical and socially unacceptable. Matching or randomly assigning therapists to provide consistent, measured, and equal amounts of specific therapies is similarly unrealistic. Determining what constitutes a good therapeutic outcome may be more of a philosophic than a scientific issue. Applying experimental standards to human outcome studies is inappropriate. The state of the art with respect to evaluating the effectiveness of alcoholism treatment is not ready for experimental investigations or cost-benefits analyses. Despite all these problems, a review of 384 studies indicates that two-thirds of the patients improve following alcoholism treatment. Research studies are increasingly sophisticated. A great deal has been and is continuing to be learned about patient characteristics, treatment methods, and matching patients to treatments.", "PMID": 399602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_101", "title": "Role of the sympatho-adrenal system in the control of endocrine pancreas during haemorrhage in cats.", "content": "Glucose, insulin and glucagon concentrations were determined before, during and after a 60-min period of haemorrhagic hypotension at 60 mm Hg in controls, adrenalectomized and splanchnicectomized cats. Peak increase of arterial plasma glucose concentration in response to haemorrhage was 13.7 +/- 4.3 mM in controls, 10.2 +/- 2.8 mM in adrenalectomized and 3.1 +/- 1.7 mM in splanchnicectomized cats, respectively. Peak portal insulin decrease was 58 +/- 8 and 36 +/- 14 pmol/l in controls and adrenalectomized cats, respectively, whereas insulin levels increased slightly in splanchnicectomized cats during hypovolaemia. Portal plasma glucagon concentration rose by about 250 pmol/l in response to bleeding in all groups of cats. We conclude that the prompt hyperglycaemic and hypoinsulinaemic response to haemorrhage in cats are caused by an adrenergic, 'non-medullary' mechanism, whereas the marked rise in pancreatic glucagon release seems due to factors unrelated to the sympatho-adrenal system.", "contents": "Role of the sympatho-adrenal system in the control of endocrine pancreas during haemorrhage in cats. Glucose, insulin and glucagon concentrations were determined before, during and after a 60-min period of haemorrhagic hypotension at 60 mm Hg in controls, adrenalectomized and splanchnicectomized cats. Peak increase of arterial plasma glucose concentration in response to haemorrhage was 13.7 +/- 4.3 mM in controls, 10.2 +/- 2.8 mM in adrenalectomized and 3.1 +/- 1.7 mM in splanchnicectomized cats, respectively. Peak portal insulin decrease was 58 +/- 8 and 36 +/- 14 pmol/l in controls and adrenalectomized cats, respectively, whereas insulin levels increased slightly in splanchnicectomized cats during hypovolaemia. Portal plasma glucagon concentration rose by about 250 pmol/l in response to bleeding in all groups of cats. We conclude that the prompt hyperglycaemic and hypoinsulinaemic response to haemorrhage in cats are caused by an adrenergic, 'non-medullary' mechanism, whereas the marked rise in pancreatic glucagon release seems due to factors unrelated to the sympatho-adrenal system.", "PMID": 399604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_102", "title": "Effect of stress and dietary fatty acids on allograft survival in the rat.", "content": "To determine the immunosuppressive effect of stress and a diet rich on linoleic acid on vascularized organ graft survival in the rat, a series of allogeneic heart and kidney grafts were carried out. Restraint stress resulted in a significant prolongation of the survival time. Although 5 days of postoperative stress gave the best results, 3 h of stress given on the first postoperative day already gave a marked prolongation of the survival time of kidney allografts. The beneficial effect of stress on heart survival was abolished when prior adrenalectomy was carried out. A diet high on polyunsaturated fatty acids gave significant prolongation of the survival times of kidney-grafted rats. A diet hgh on saturated fatty acids did not result in a statistical significant prolongation of the survival time, although the difference with the polyunsaturated fatty acid group was very small and not statistically significant. It was concluded that stress and diets high in certain types of fatty acids depress the immune response in rats, possibly via a mechanism which has some common pathways. The adrenal glands could play an important role in this immune inhibition.", "contents": "Effect of stress and dietary fatty acids on allograft survival in the rat. To determine the immunosuppressive effect of stress and a diet rich on linoleic acid on vascularized organ graft survival in the rat, a series of allogeneic heart and kidney grafts were carried out. Restraint stress resulted in a significant prolongation of the survival time. Although 5 days of postoperative stress gave the best results, 3 h of stress given on the first postoperative day already gave a marked prolongation of the survival time of kidney allografts. The beneficial effect of stress on heart survival was abolished when prior adrenalectomy was carried out. A diet high on polyunsaturated fatty acids gave significant prolongation of the survival times of kidney-grafted rats. A diet hgh on saturated fatty acids did not result in a statistical significant prolongation of the survival time, although the difference with the polyunsaturated fatty acid group was very small and not statistically significant. It was concluded that stress and diets high in certain types of fatty acids depress the immune response in rats, possibly via a mechanism which has some common pathways. The adrenal glands could play an important role in this immune inhibition.", "PMID": 399605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_103", "title": "An enzymatic method for distinguishing deoxyuridine and deoxythymidine nucleotide pools and its application for determining ribonucleotide reductase activity.", "content": "A method is described for distinguishing deoxyuridine and deoxythymidine di- and triphosphate pools. The method utilizes a DNA polymerase assay for triphosphate determination and a coupled assay in which the disphosphate is converted to its corresponding triphosphate by nucleoside-diphosphate kinase and the triphosphate is measured by the DNA polymerase assay. By including deoxyruidine-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase in the reaction mixture, dUTP is removed as a substrate for the polymerase. By determining differences in labelled acid-insoluble product formed in the reaction it is possible to determine dUTP, dUDP, dTDP and dTTP pools. Ribonucleotide reductase activity was determined by converting either CDP or ADP to its corresponding deoxyribonucleoside disphosphate and then using the diphosphate assay described for deoxyribonucleoside pools.", "contents": "An enzymatic method for distinguishing deoxyuridine and deoxythymidine nucleotide pools and its application for determining ribonucleotide reductase activity. A method is described for distinguishing deoxyuridine and deoxythymidine di- and triphosphate pools. The method utilizes a DNA polymerase assay for triphosphate determination and a coupled assay in which the disphosphate is converted to its corresponding triphosphate by nucleoside-diphosphate kinase and the triphosphate is measured by the DNA polymerase assay. By including deoxyruidine-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase in the reaction mixture, dUTP is removed as a substrate for the polymerase. By determining differences in labelled acid-insoluble product formed in the reaction it is possible to determine dUTP, dUDP, dTDP and dTTP pools. Ribonucleotide reductase activity was determined by converting either CDP or ADP to its corresponding deoxyribonucleoside disphosphate and then using the diphosphate assay described for deoxyribonucleoside pools.", "PMID": 399611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_104", "title": "Nitration of polypeptides using ethanol in reaction buffers minimizes crosslinking.", "content": "High concentrations of ethanol are effective in reducing the intermolecular cross-linking which predominates when the reactions of tetranitromethane with the carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes, a chymotrypsin inhibitor also from potatoes, and insulin are carried out under standard conditions. Including reagents such as ethanol may be of general utility in the preparation of monomeric nitro-derivatives of hydrophobic, low-molecular-weight proteins.", "contents": "Nitration of polypeptides using ethanol in reaction buffers minimizes crosslinking. High concentrations of ethanol are effective in reducing the intermolecular cross-linking which predominates when the reactions of tetranitromethane with the carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes, a chymotrypsin inhibitor also from potatoes, and insulin are carried out under standard conditions. Including reagents such as ethanol may be of general utility in the preparation of monomeric nitro-derivatives of hydrophobic, low-molecular-weight proteins.", "PMID": 399612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_105", "title": "Chromatographic fractionation of Escherichia coli transfer RNA on a new support, naphthoyl-Sepharose.", "content": "The noncharged naphthoyl-Sepharose CL-6B has been prepared. Escherichia coli tRNA binds to this new adsorbent in 0.75 M ammonium sulphate at neutral pH at room temperature. Using a negative salt gradient, the tRNAs are eluted in a defined order. The chromatographic pattern is clearly different from those of other commonly used tRNA separation techniques.", "contents": "Chromatographic fractionation of Escherichia coli transfer RNA on a new support, naphthoyl-Sepharose. The noncharged naphthoyl-Sepharose CL-6B has been prepared. Escherichia coli tRNA binds to this new adsorbent in 0.75 M ammonium sulphate at neutral pH at room temperature. Using a negative salt gradient, the tRNAs are eluted in a defined order. The chromatographic pattern is clearly different from those of other commonly used tRNA separation techniques.", "PMID": 399613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_106", "title": "A review of the renin-angiotensin system: historical and methodological perspectives.", "content": "It is apparent that early studies of the renin-AII system utilized measurement of blood pressure and organ bath techniques. More recent methods of electrophoresis, RIA and binding studies are continuing to add to our knowledge. Future studies will involve receptor isolation and understanding of the post-receptor mechanism of transduction of the AII response. With the recent advances in our knowledge of peptide hormone-receptor interaction, particularly new findings that peptide hormones can enter the cell, it is apparent that intracellular actions of AII will provide a new field of discovery.", "contents": "A review of the renin-angiotensin system: historical and methodological perspectives. It is apparent that early studies of the renin-AII system utilized measurement of blood pressure and organ bath techniques. More recent methods of electrophoresis, RIA and binding studies are continuing to add to our knowledge. Future studies will involve receptor isolation and understanding of the post-receptor mechanism of transduction of the AII response. With the recent advances in our knowledge of peptide hormone-receptor interaction, particularly new findings that peptide hormones can enter the cell, it is apparent that intracellular actions of AII will provide a new field of discovery.", "PMID": 399652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_107", "title": "Somatic and endocrine consequences of electrolytic lesions in the epi and subthalamus of weanling and mature rats.", "content": "Weanling rats received lesions in the zona incerta (ZIN). Sham-operated rats served as controls. Two experiments were performed several months apart. The animals were maintained on lab chow and tap water for 30 days and then sacrificed. Ponderal and linear growth, food and water intake, water/food-intake ratio, and pituitary weights were significantly reduced in rats with ZIN lesions. Plasma, growth hormone, insulin, glucose, and body composition were normal, however. Weanling and mature rats received lesions in the medial habenula (HAB). Sham-operated rats served as controls. The experiment lasted 44 days postoperatively. In the weanling Hab-lesioned rats, body weight changes, body composition pituitary, weight, food and water intake, water/food-intake ratio, and plasma insulin were normal. Linear growth was slightly (p < 0.05) reduced. In the mature HAB-lesioned rats, all the above parameters were normal except for water intake, which was slightly (p < 0.05) reduced. The pathways by which the epi- and subthalamus may influence the observed changes--or the lack thereof--are discussed.", "contents": "Somatic and endocrine consequences of electrolytic lesions in the epi and subthalamus of weanling and mature rats. Weanling rats received lesions in the zona incerta (ZIN). Sham-operated rats served as controls. Two experiments were performed several months apart. The animals were maintained on lab chow and tap water for 30 days and then sacrificed. Ponderal and linear growth, food and water intake, water/food-intake ratio, and pituitary weights were significantly reduced in rats with ZIN lesions. Plasma, growth hormone, insulin, glucose, and body composition were normal, however. Weanling and mature rats received lesions in the medial habenula (HAB). Sham-operated rats served as controls. The experiment lasted 44 days postoperatively. In the weanling Hab-lesioned rats, body weight changes, body composition pituitary, weight, food and water intake, water/food-intake ratio, and plasma insulin were normal. Linear growth was slightly (p < 0.05) reduced. In the mature HAB-lesioned rats, all the above parameters were normal except for water intake, which was slightly (p < 0.05) reduced. The pathways by which the epi- and subthalamus may influence the observed changes--or the lack thereof--are discussed.", "PMID": 399662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_108", "title": "[Current trends in medical and surgical treatment of epilepsy].", "content": "The AA., after a critical review of the literature, discuss the actual problems related to the various forms of the epilepsie susceptible of an appropriate surgical treatment. The AA. consider that the modern S.E.E.G. techniques, such as the formed in the highly specialized center of Bancaud and Talairach, open new perspectives particularly for the cases resistant to medical treatment and without evidence of focalisation. The AA. discuss the criteria, justifying such limitations and auspicate the institution of a much limited number of such centers, also in Italy.", "contents": "[Current trends in medical and surgical treatment of epilepsy]. The AA., after a critical review of the literature, discuss the actual problems related to the various forms of the epilepsie susceptible of an appropriate surgical treatment. The AA. consider that the modern S.E.E.G. techniques, such as the formed in the highly specialized center of Bancaud and Talairach, open new perspectives particularly for the cases resistant to medical treatment and without evidence of focalisation. The AA. discuss the criteria, justifying such limitations and auspicate the institution of a much limited number of such centers, also in Italy.", "PMID": 399701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_109", "title": "[Mutagenic action of platinum and palladium compounds on bacteria].", "content": "Platinum complex compounds are shown to cause mutations in S. typhimurium strains, TA-100 and TA-98 bearing plasmid pKM-101 but not in isogenic strains TA-1535 and TA-1538 lacking the plasmid. The mutagenic action depended on the ligand nature in the complex and did not depend on the extent of the central atom oxidation. No mutagenic activity of the palladium compounds tested was found.", "contents": "[Mutagenic action of platinum and palladium compounds on bacteria]. Platinum complex compounds are shown to cause mutations in S. typhimurium strains, TA-100 and TA-98 bearing plasmid pKM-101 but not in isogenic strains TA-1535 and TA-1538 lacking the plasmid. The mutagenic action depended on the ligand nature in the complex and did not depend on the extent of the central atom oxidation. No mutagenic activity of the palladium compounds tested was found.", "PMID": 399702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_110", "title": "[Use of mathematical recombination models for mapping Escherichia coli K-12 markers].", "content": "The possibility is discussed of mapping the E. coli K-12 markers on the basis of mathematical models of recombination previously developed by the authors. The analysis showed that it is advisable to use the symmetrical crossing-over model for mapping the genes close to the selective marker. The stochastic model of recombination gives good results also for genes located in the proximal part of the chromosome.", "contents": "[Use of mathematical recombination models for mapping Escherichia coli K-12 markers]. The possibility is discussed of mapping the E. coli K-12 markers on the basis of mathematical models of recombination previously developed by the authors. The analysis showed that it is advisable to use the symmetrical crossing-over model for mapping the genes close to the selective marker. The stochastic model of recombination gives good results also for genes located in the proximal part of the chromosome.", "PMID": 399703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_111", "title": "Combined ultrasound--radiographic detection of ureteral obstruction in renal transplants.", "content": "A case of renal transplantation is presented in which ultrasound was used to detect and control the puncture and aspiration of a renal abscess and a lymphocele. Subsequently, the combined sonographic-radiographic technique was used to diagnose and demonstrate the site of obstruction of the ureter. Ultrasound, in combination with fine-needle puncture when necessary, has many advantages in the management of renal transplantation.", "contents": "Combined ultrasound--radiographic detection of ureteral obstruction in renal transplants. A case of renal transplantation is presented in which ultrasound was used to detect and control the puncture and aspiration of a renal abscess and a lymphocele. Subsequently, the combined sonographic-radiographic technique was used to diagnose and demonstrate the site of obstruction of the ureter. Ultrasound, in combination with fine-needle puncture when necessary, has many advantages in the management of renal transplantation.", "PMID": 399706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_112", "title": "Escherichia coli diarrhoea in pigs with or without the K88 receptor.", "content": "There was a high incidence of neonatal scours in 38 litters of pigs born at Compton in a four month period during 1978. The most important cause of the disease was an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strain which possessed the K88 antigen. The Compton herd has been bred to produce pigs of three genotypes with respect to the presence or absence of the intestinal receptor for the K88 antigen. These are homozygous dominants (SS) and heterozygotes (Ss) susceptible to infection by virulent K88-positive E coli, and homozygous recessives (ss) resistant to the disease. The highest incidence of diarrhoea was in the susceptible progeny of resistant dams and susceptible sires. There was no K88 associated diarrhoea in resistant progeny or in susceptible progeny of susceptible dams.", "contents": "Escherichia coli diarrhoea in pigs with or without the K88 receptor. There was a high incidence of neonatal scours in 38 litters of pigs born at Compton in a four month period during 1978. The most important cause of the disease was an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strain which possessed the K88 antigen. The Compton herd has been bred to produce pigs of three genotypes with respect to the presence or absence of the intestinal receptor for the K88 antigen. These are homozygous dominants (SS) and heterozygotes (Ss) susceptible to infection by virulent K88-positive E coli, and homozygous recessives (ss) resistant to the disease. The highest incidence of diarrhoea was in the susceptible progeny of resistant dams and susceptible sires. There was no K88 associated diarrhoea in resistant progeny or in susceptible progeny of susceptible dams.", "PMID": 399711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_113", "title": "A review of olfactory dysfunctions in man.", "content": "Although a large number of individuals experience olfactory disorders following accidents, disease states, medical interventions, aging, and exposure to environmental chemicals and pollutants, few medical practitioners have the expertise or staff to provide appropriate clinical evaluation, treatment, counseling, or referral for such patients. The present review examines studies associated with the diagnosis and treatment of olfactory disorders, as well as ones noting olfactory signs as diagnostic markers for brain tumors and other serious problems. A basic taxonomy of smell dysfunctions is presented, along with a review of etiologic factors, including local diseases and mechanical obstruction of the airways, viral infections, trauma, congenital anomalies, endocrine disorders, tumors, psychiatric disorders, aging, drugs, environmental and industrial pollutants, iatrogenic factors, and miscellaneous diseases. A discussion of current disability compensation guidelines in the United States and Britain is also presented.", "contents": "A review of olfactory dysfunctions in man. Although a large number of individuals experience olfactory disorders following accidents, disease states, medical interventions, aging, and exposure to environmental chemicals and pollutants, few medical practitioners have the expertise or staff to provide appropriate clinical evaluation, treatment, counseling, or referral for such patients. The present review examines studies associated with the diagnosis and treatment of olfactory disorders, as well as ones noting olfactory signs as diagnostic markers for brain tumors and other serious problems. A basic taxonomy of smell dysfunctions is presented, along with a review of etiologic factors, including local diseases and mechanical obstruction of the airways, viral infections, trauma, congenital anomalies, endocrine disorders, tumors, psychiatric disorders, aging, drugs, environmental and industrial pollutants, iatrogenic factors, and miscellaneous diseases. A discussion of current disability compensation guidelines in the United States and Britain is also presented.", "PMID": 399716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_114", "title": "The effect of a plasmid on growth and survival of E. coli.", "content": "We studied the growth characteristics of a pair of Escherichia coli strains, isogenic apart from the possession of a nonconjugative plasmid. There was no difference between the two strains when they were grown separately. In mixed culture, a second slow phase of growth that normally occurred following the end of rapid exponential growth, was absent from the plasmid-carrying strain. This resulted in a considerable decrease in the proportion of the cells that carried the plasmid after overnight incubation. The effect of different conditions of growth is reported. The plasmid-carrying strain survived extended incubation (150 days at 37 degrees C) as well as did the plasmid free strain separately. In a mixture, the proportion of plasmid-carrying cells declined rapidly, and none was detected after 100 days.", "contents": "The effect of a plasmid on growth and survival of E. coli. We studied the growth characteristics of a pair of Escherichia coli strains, isogenic apart from the possession of a nonconjugative plasmid. There was no difference between the two strains when they were grown separately. In mixed culture, a second slow phase of growth that normally occurred following the end of rapid exponential growth, was absent from the plasmid-carrying strain. This resulted in a considerable decrease in the proportion of the cells that carried the plasmid after overnight incubation. The effect of different conditions of growth is reported. The plasmid-carrying strain survived extended incubation (150 days at 37 degrees C) as well as did the plasmid free strain separately. In a mixture, the proportion of plasmid-carrying cells declined rapidly, and none was detected after 100 days.", "PMID": 399717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_115", "title": "Activity of some enzymes during growth and sporulation of Clostridium botulinum type E.", "content": "The activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases, glucose dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase were assayed in cell-free extracts of sporogenic and asporogenic mutants of Clostridium botulinum. During growth of both mutants, the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases were relatively constant, but during sporulation of the sporogenic mutant, the alkaline phosphatase activity rose to a maximum of 70 mumol/min x mg protein whereas the acid phosphatase decreased rapidly before it increased, indicating a possible role in sporogenesis. Glucose dehydrogenase activity was detected only in cell-free extracts of the sporogenic mutant and reached a maximum of 7 mumol/min x mg protein during the endospore maturation stage. The NADH oxidase activity was detected in both mutants. The NADH oxidase seems to stimulate glucose oxidation in both mutants during growth and the dehydrogenation processes of the butyric type of fermentation during spore formation in the sporogenic mutant. The findings suggest that increased glucose dehydrogenase activity in C. botulinum, as in Bacillus species, may serve as a spore event marker and that alkaline and acid phosphatases may play a regulatory role in anaerobic sporulation metabolism.", "contents": "Activity of some enzymes during growth and sporulation of Clostridium botulinum type E. The activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases, glucose dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase were assayed in cell-free extracts of sporogenic and asporogenic mutants of Clostridium botulinum. During growth of both mutants, the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases were relatively constant, but during sporulation of the sporogenic mutant, the alkaline phosphatase activity rose to a maximum of 70 mumol/min x mg protein whereas the acid phosphatase decreased rapidly before it increased, indicating a possible role in sporogenesis. Glucose dehydrogenase activity was detected only in cell-free extracts of the sporogenic mutant and reached a maximum of 7 mumol/min x mg protein during the endospore maturation stage. The NADH oxidase activity was detected in both mutants. The NADH oxidase seems to stimulate glucose oxidation in both mutants during growth and the dehydrogenation processes of the butyric type of fermentation during spore formation in the sporogenic mutant. The findings suggest that increased glucose dehydrogenase activity in C. botulinum, as in Bacillus species, may serve as a spore event marker and that alkaline and acid phosphatases may play a regulatory role in anaerobic sporulation metabolism.", "PMID": 399719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_116", "title": "Colonization by Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexneri III of the gastrointestinal tract of mice treated with beta-2-thienylalanine and streptomycin.", "content": "Mice fed beta-2-thienylalanine (beta-2-T) by oesophageal tube were no more susceptible to gastrointestinal tract colonization by Salmonella typhimurium or Shigella flexneri III than control mice fed water. In both beta-2-T-fed and water-fed groups, the increasing dosage of S. typhimurium, in logarithmic increments to groups of mice, resulted in increasing numbers of these bacteria detectable on dilution plates from organ homogenates. Colonization by S. flexneri III only occurred at a dosage of 10(8) bacteria for both groups. Pretreatment with 50 mg streptomycin allowed 10(3) Salmonella or 10(4) Shigella to colonize both beta-2-T and water-fed groups. Coliforms, inhibited by beta-2-T under certain conditions in vitro, were found in equal numbers in both groups. No obvious differences were noted in either types of other bacteria detected or numbers recovered from the two groups. No gross behavioural changes were noted in mice fed beta-2-T and not challenged with pathogenic bacteria, and no pathological changes were noted in hepatic or splenic tissues. With increasing Salmonella dosage, collections of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which were almost focal, and increased numbers of giant cells were noted in splenic red pulp areas, in both groups.", "contents": "Colonization by Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexneri III of the gastrointestinal tract of mice treated with beta-2-thienylalanine and streptomycin. Mice fed beta-2-thienylalanine (beta-2-T) by oesophageal tube were no more susceptible to gastrointestinal tract colonization by Salmonella typhimurium or Shigella flexneri III than control mice fed water. In both beta-2-T-fed and water-fed groups, the increasing dosage of S. typhimurium, in logarithmic increments to groups of mice, resulted in increasing numbers of these bacteria detectable on dilution plates from organ homogenates. Colonization by S. flexneri III only occurred at a dosage of 10(8) bacteria for both groups. Pretreatment with 50 mg streptomycin allowed 10(3) Salmonella or 10(4) Shigella to colonize both beta-2-T and water-fed groups. Coliforms, inhibited by beta-2-T under certain conditions in vitro, were found in equal numbers in both groups. No obvious differences were noted in either types of other bacteria detected or numbers recovered from the two groups. No gross behavioural changes were noted in mice fed beta-2-T and not challenged with pathogenic bacteria, and no pathological changes were noted in hepatic or splenic tissues. With increasing Salmonella dosage, collections of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which were almost focal, and increased numbers of giant cells were noted in splenic red pulp areas, in both groups.", "PMID": 399720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_117", "title": "Cell cycle regulation in mammalian cells: hormones and commitment to DNA synthesis.", "content": "The growth regulation of cultured mouse fibroblasts and functional adrenal cells was studied. Variants of mutants from these cell lines were obtained. The effects of classical hormones (insulin, hydrocortisone and adrenocorticotropin) and of growth factors (EGF and PF) were analysed. These hormones stimulate or inhibit the entry of cells into S phase. However G1 cells become irreversibly committed to DNA synthesis 5 hours before entering S phase.", "contents": "Cell cycle regulation in mammalian cells: hormones and commitment to DNA synthesis. The growth regulation of cultured mouse fibroblasts and functional adrenal cells was studied. Variants of mutants from these cell lines were obtained. The effects of classical hormones (insulin, hydrocortisone and adrenocorticotropin) and of growth factors (EGF and PF) were analysed. These hormones stimulate or inhibit the entry of cells into S phase. However G1 cells become irreversibly committed to DNA synthesis 5 hours before entering S phase.", "PMID": 399721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_118", "title": "Relationship between basic proteins associated to DNA and replication during early development of Echinoderms.", "content": "A close relationship between histone synthesis and DNA replication has been suggested for many biological systems. The presence of histonic proteins has been demonstrated in practically all kinds of eukaryotic cells. During the clevage period of sea urchins it has been postulated that histones are not present in nuclei, and that only at blastula stage they do associate with DNA. Our results suggest that the failure to isolate histonic proteins from nuclei derived from cleavage cells might be caused by the presence in those cells of proteases activated by NaHSO3. This compound has being widely used to inhibit proteolytic action in other biological systems. By changing the method for chromatin isolation, we have been able to isolate basic proteins from nuclei of gametes, zygotes and 2-4 blastomeres. These proteins behave like calf thymus histones in urea-acetic acid polyacrylamide gels, and they do not show great differences from proteins isolated from nuclei of blastula, gastrula, prism, and pluteus. The electrophoretic patterns of basic proteins obtained from eggs and zygotes are practically identical, except for one protein moving like lysine-rich calf thymus histones. This protein appears in zygote nuclei at the beginning of the first replication wave.", "contents": "Relationship between basic proteins associated to DNA and replication during early development of Echinoderms. A close relationship between histone synthesis and DNA replication has been suggested for many biological systems. The presence of histonic proteins has been demonstrated in practically all kinds of eukaryotic cells. During the clevage period of sea urchins it has been postulated that histones are not present in nuclei, and that only at blastula stage they do associate with DNA. Our results suggest that the failure to isolate histonic proteins from nuclei derived from cleavage cells might be caused by the presence in those cells of proteases activated by NaHSO3. This compound has being widely used to inhibit proteolytic action in other biological systems. By changing the method for chromatin isolation, we have been able to isolate basic proteins from nuclei of gametes, zygotes and 2-4 blastomeres. These proteins behave like calf thymus histones in urea-acetic acid polyacrylamide gels, and they do not show great differences from proteins isolated from nuclei of blastula, gastrula, prism, and pluteus. The electrophoretic patterns of basic proteins obtained from eggs and zygotes are practically identical, except for one protein moving like lysine-rich calf thymus histones. This protein appears in zygote nuclei at the beginning of the first replication wave.", "PMID": 399724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_119", "title": "[Some parameters of cellular immunity in renal transplantation after more than three years].", "content": "This paper evaluates the cellular immune system of 16 cadaver kidney transplant recipients more than three years after transplantation. The number and percent of active E rosette forming cells, of E rosette forming cells and of IgG and IgM bearing lymphocytes were determined; the blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA and PWM was studied in homologous and autologous serum. Significant alterations of the tests performed were found in patients who had undergone kidney transplant, suggesting a pathogenetic role of chronic immunosuppressive therapy but not excluding other possible factors.", "contents": "[Some parameters of cellular immunity in renal transplantation after more than three years]. This paper evaluates the cellular immune system of 16 cadaver kidney transplant recipients more than three years after transplantation. The number and percent of active E rosette forming cells, of E rosette forming cells and of IgG and IgM bearing lymphocytes were determined; the blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA and PWM was studied in homologous and autologous serum. Significant alterations of the tests performed were found in patients who had undergone kidney transplant, suggesting a pathogenetic role of chronic immunosuppressive therapy but not excluding other possible factors.", "PMID": 399731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_120", "title": "Epidemiological survey of hepatitis B virus infections in various groups of population.", "content": "An epidemiological survey of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been carried out from 1974 up to 1978 in four laboratories, with the aim of identifying high-risk groups in the population. Radioimmunoassay procedures were used in order to detect the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and the corresponding antibody (anti-HBs) in serum samples from over 100,000 individuals of various geographical origin (mainly from Ligury or from other areas in Northern Italy). The groups of population under monitoring included: individuals without hepatic illness just after admittance into hospitals (these groups were found to be adequately representative of the corresponding open population), groups of children and boys from the open school population, individuals living in various communities (foundling hospital, children college, recruits, institutionalized old people, subnormal individuals and their assistance staff), non-assistance working categories (workers from metallurgical and chemical industries, shipped seamen), hospital assistance personnel, dialyzed and transplanted renal patients, blood donors. The results obtained showed a considerable variability of HBV infections among the examined groups of population. In particular, the frequency of HBsAg and/or anti-HBs detection appeared to be significantly affected by each of the following epidemiological parameters: geographical area, sex, age, pregnancy, life in communities and contacts with hepatitis patients, mental deficiency, non-assistance working activities, assistance activity in the hospital environment, hemodialysis and transplants, selection of population groups by HBsAg screening.", "contents": "Epidemiological survey of hepatitis B virus infections in various groups of population. An epidemiological survey of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been carried out from 1974 up to 1978 in four laboratories, with the aim of identifying high-risk groups in the population. Radioimmunoassay procedures were used in order to detect the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and the corresponding antibody (anti-HBs) in serum samples from over 100,000 individuals of various geographical origin (mainly from Ligury or from other areas in Northern Italy). The groups of population under monitoring included: individuals without hepatic illness just after admittance into hospitals (these groups were found to be adequately representative of the corresponding open population), groups of children and boys from the open school population, individuals living in various communities (foundling hospital, children college, recruits, institutionalized old people, subnormal individuals and their assistance staff), non-assistance working categories (workers from metallurgical and chemical industries, shipped seamen), hospital assistance personnel, dialyzed and transplanted renal patients, blood donors. The results obtained showed a considerable variability of HBV infections among the examined groups of population. In particular, the frequency of HBsAg and/or anti-HBs detection appeared to be significantly affected by each of the following epidemiological parameters: geographical area, sex, age, pregnancy, life in communities and contacts with hepatitis patients, mental deficiency, non-assistance working activities, assistance activity in the hospital environment, hemodialysis and transplants, selection of population groups by HBsAg screening.", "PMID": 399732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_121", "title": "[In vitro studies on megakaryocytes.-I-].", "content": "Normal rat's recent bone marrow has been suspended in an isoionic, oxygenated, warmed solution; platelets production by megakaryocytes has never been verified.", "contents": "[In vitro studies on megakaryocytes.-I-]. Normal rat's recent bone marrow has been suspended in an isoionic, oxygenated, warmed solution; platelets production by megakaryocytes has never been verified.", "PMID": 399733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_122", "title": "[Glucose tolerance and insulinemia in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension treated by portacaval anastomosis].", "content": "Development of diabetes mellitus is a common complication of side to side porta-caval anastomosis (PCA). Five patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension have been studied with intravehous (IVGTT, 0,5 g/Kg B.W.) and oral (OGTT, 1 g/Kg B.W.) glucose tolerance tests before and three weeks after PCA. Fasting plasma glucose was 84 +/- 7 before and 87 +/- 3 mg/dl after PCA. Fasting IRI increased from 17 +/- 3 to 31 +/- 6 microU/ml. The pattern of plasma glucose and IRI response to IVGTT did not change after PCA. Plasma glucose resonse to OGTT after PCA showed only an earlier rise at 60 instead of 90 minutes, whereas IRI resonse (area under the insulin curve) was significantly enhanced (from 12.4 to 19.8 U/l, p < 0.05). These data suggest a role of gut polipeptides in determining hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistence in PCA patients.", "contents": "[Glucose tolerance and insulinemia in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension treated by portacaval anastomosis]. Development of diabetes mellitus is a common complication of side to side porta-caval anastomosis (PCA). Five patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension have been studied with intravehous (IVGTT, 0,5 g/Kg B.W.) and oral (OGTT, 1 g/Kg B.W.) glucose tolerance tests before and three weeks after PCA. Fasting plasma glucose was 84 +/- 7 before and 87 +/- 3 mg/dl after PCA. Fasting IRI increased from 17 +/- 3 to 31 +/- 6 microU/ml. The pattern of plasma glucose and IRI response to IVGTT did not change after PCA. Plasma glucose resonse to OGTT after PCA showed only an earlier rise at 60 instead of 90 minutes, whereas IRI resonse (area under the insulin curve) was significantly enhanced (from 12.4 to 19.8 U/l, p < 0.05). These data suggest a role of gut polipeptides in determining hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistence in PCA patients.", "PMID": 399734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_123", "title": "The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase: problems in the interpretation of its ultrastructural aspects.", "content": "In this study we consider critically the use of HRP in research on the ultrastructure of the Central Nervous System. In fact, although controls make by optical microscope on semi-thin sections made us certain that some of the neurons were definitely marked with the enzyme, when the same specimen was observed by electron microscope, in no case was it possible for us to distinguish any particular aspect of the ultrastructural morphology of labelling within neurons.", "contents": "The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase: problems in the interpretation of its ultrastructural aspects. In this study we consider critically the use of HRP in research on the ultrastructure of the Central Nervous System. In fact, although controls make by optical microscope on semi-thin sections made us certain that some of the neurons were definitely marked with the enzyme, when the same specimen was observed by electron microscope, in no case was it possible for us to distinguish any particular aspect of the ultrastructural morphology of labelling within neurons.", "PMID": 399735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_124", "title": "The importance of K. E. Tsiolkovskii's ideas in the formation and development of space medicine.", "content": "The importance of K. E. Tsiolkovskii's ideas in the formation and development of space medicine is argued. The author analyzes K. E. Tsiolkovskii's science fiction writings and his basic researchs in aerodynamics and rocket techniques and shows that, besides the technical aspects of the problem, Tsiolkovskii penetrated deeply into the nature of the biological phenomena and revealed their essentials in a series of short descriptions. Tsiolkovskii argued convincingly in support of the view that man can withstand the action of factors of space flight and, step by step, can conquer cosmic space.", "contents": "The importance of K. E. Tsiolkovskii's ideas in the formation and development of space medicine. The importance of K. E. Tsiolkovskii's ideas in the formation and development of space medicine is argued. The author analyzes K. E. Tsiolkovskii's science fiction writings and his basic researchs in aerodynamics and rocket techniques and shows that, besides the technical aspects of the problem, Tsiolkovskii penetrated deeply into the nature of the biological phenomena and revealed their essentials in a series of short descriptions. Tsiolkovskii argued convincingly in support of the view that man can withstand the action of factors of space flight and, step by step, can conquer cosmic space.", "PMID": 399736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_125", "title": "Oxidation of tryptophan-P-1 and P-2 by beef liver catalase-H2O2 intermediate: comparison with horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Tryptophan-p-1 (trp-p-1) and p-2, which have high mutagenic and carcinogenic potential, are oxidized by catalase- and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-H2O2 intermediates with optimum pH 5.9 (0.2 M-acetate) in catalase and pH 5.0 (0.2 M-acetate), 8.0 (0.01 M-phosphate) in HRP. The rate constants (k4) of the oxidation in the catalase at pH 5.9 (0.2 M-acetate) were 2965 M-1 x sec-1 for trp-p-1 and 576 M-1 x sec-1 for trp-p-2. In the case of HRP, 1894 M-1 x sec-1, (pH 5.0, 0.2 M-acetate) for trp-p-1 and 705 M-1 x sec-1 (pH 8.0, 0.001 M-phosphate) for trp-p-2 under each optimum condition. The oxidation products of trp-p-1 and p-2 by catalase or HRP lost completely their mutagenic potential in the mutation assay.", "contents": "Oxidation of tryptophan-P-1 and P-2 by beef liver catalase-H2O2 intermediate: comparison with horseradish peroxidase. Tryptophan-p-1 (trp-p-1) and p-2, which have high mutagenic and carcinogenic potential, are oxidized by catalase- and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-H2O2 intermediates with optimum pH 5.9 (0.2 M-acetate) in catalase and pH 5.0 (0.2 M-acetate), 8.0 (0.01 M-phosphate) in HRP. The rate constants (k4) of the oxidation in the catalase at pH 5.9 (0.2 M-acetate) were 2965 M-1 x sec-1 for trp-p-1 and 576 M-1 x sec-1 for trp-p-2. In the case of HRP, 1894 M-1 x sec-1, (pH 5.0, 0.2 M-acetate) for trp-p-1 and 705 M-1 x sec-1 (pH 8.0, 0.001 M-phosphate) for trp-p-2 under each optimum condition. The oxidation products of trp-p-1 and p-2 by catalase or HRP lost completely their mutagenic potential in the mutation assay.", "PMID": 399746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_126", "title": "Single cell analysis of changes in electrokinetic properties of a growing ascitic tumor.", "content": "An ascitic tumor (SEWA) induced by polyoma virus in A.SW mice was analyzed in vivo as well as in vitro with regard to the electrophoretic mobility (EPM) which may be considered as a reliable criterion of surface charge. After the i.p. transplantation of 10(5) cells, the EPM decreased up to 14th day. Then, the mobility gradually increased with the age of the tumor. In the first phase of tumor growth, we have considered the possibility that immunoglobulin cell coating may be responsible for the decrease in EPM. In the late phase of SEWA growth, the progressive increase in EPM might be due to a rearrangement of sialic acids on the outer part of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Single cell analysis of changes in electrokinetic properties of a growing ascitic tumor. An ascitic tumor (SEWA) induced by polyoma virus in A.SW mice was analyzed in vivo as well as in vitro with regard to the electrophoretic mobility (EPM) which may be considered as a reliable criterion of surface charge. After the i.p. transplantation of 10(5) cells, the EPM decreased up to 14th day. Then, the mobility gradually increased with the age of the tumor. In the first phase of tumor growth, we have considered the possibility that immunoglobulin cell coating may be responsible for the decrease in EPM. In the late phase of SEWA growth, the progressive increase in EPM might be due to a rearrangement of sialic acids on the outer part of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 399747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_127", "title": "Studies of lymphocyte adenosine deaminase activity in patients with renal and transitional cell carcinoma.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a critical enzyme in purine metabolism and lymphocyte ADA activity is specifically related to immunocompetence in man. Since immunologic factors are relevant in patients with renal and transitional cell carcinoma, we studied lymphocyte ADA activity in these patients. In renal adenocarcinoma patients lymphocyte ADA activity was reduced. Such reductions were most marked in low-as compared to high-stage lesions. Nephrectomy resulted in a rise and disease progression in a decline in ADA activity. In contrast, bladder, carcinoma patients showed elevated lymphocyte ADA activity most marked in high-stage lesions. Disease progression was associated with a rise and tumor resection with a decline in lymphocyte ADA activity. Discordance in patterns of lymphocyte ADA activity when patients with renal and transitional cell carcinoma are compared suggests unique host-tumor interactions at the enzyme level. Studies of ADA may offer insight into molecular aspects of immune mechanisms.", "contents": "Studies of lymphocyte adenosine deaminase activity in patients with renal and transitional cell carcinoma. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a critical enzyme in purine metabolism and lymphocyte ADA activity is specifically related to immunocompetence in man. Since immunologic factors are relevant in patients with renal and transitional cell carcinoma, we studied lymphocyte ADA activity in these patients. In renal adenocarcinoma patients lymphocyte ADA activity was reduced. Such reductions were most marked in low-as compared to high-stage lesions. Nephrectomy resulted in a rise and disease progression in a decline in ADA activity. In contrast, bladder, carcinoma patients showed elevated lymphocyte ADA activity most marked in high-stage lesions. Disease progression was associated with a rise and tumor resection with a decline in lymphocyte ADA activity. Discordance in patterns of lymphocyte ADA activity when patients with renal and transitional cell carcinoma are compared suggests unique host-tumor interactions at the enzyme level. Studies of ADA may offer insight into molecular aspects of immune mechanisms.", "PMID": 399761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_128", "title": "Adjuvant immunotherapy.", "content": "Because systemic spread occurs early in the growth of many malignancies, control of occult micrometastases must be an integral part of cancer treatment. For this reason, surgery and radiation therapy alone may fail to achieve a cure despite eradication of the primary tumor. Chemotherapy is potent and systemic in its effects but kills tumor cells by first-order kinetics so the last cancer cell may not be eliminated. An agent is needed that can selectively attack and destroy small numbers of tumor cells on a systemic basis without a significant increase in toxicity. Experimental observations indicate that immunotherapy could fill this role. Immunotherapy has been tested as an adjuvant to surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, and is clearly beneficial for selected cancer patients. There are many unresolved questions regarding the underlying mechanisms as well as the practical application of adjuvant immunotherapy, but the initial investigations indicate that it could play a vital part in the treatment of cancer. There is evidence that stimulation of host resistance can result in control of systemic micrometastases.", "contents": "Adjuvant immunotherapy. Because systemic spread occurs early in the growth of many malignancies, control of occult micrometastases must be an integral part of cancer treatment. For this reason, surgery and radiation therapy alone may fail to achieve a cure despite eradication of the primary tumor. Chemotherapy is potent and systemic in its effects but kills tumor cells by first-order kinetics so the last cancer cell may not be eliminated. An agent is needed that can selectively attack and destroy small numbers of tumor cells on a systemic basis without a significant increase in toxicity. Experimental observations indicate that immunotherapy could fill this role. Immunotherapy has been tested as an adjuvant to surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, and is clearly beneficial for selected cancer patients. There are many unresolved questions regarding the underlying mechanisms as well as the practical application of adjuvant immunotherapy, but the initial investigations indicate that it could play a vital part in the treatment of cancer. There is evidence that stimulation of host resistance can result in control of systemic micrometastases.", "PMID": 399764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_129", "title": "Repeatability and validity of a modified activities of daily living (ADL) index in studies of chronic disability.", "content": "In order to measure disability in a randomised controlled trial of different intensities of rehabilitation following stroke, a modification of existing methods has been developed; it makes use of 17 items of activities of daily living (ADL) which are rated on a three-point scale, and it has been subjected to tests of repeatability and validity. While some activities (e.g. use of taps, ascending or descending stairs) are either redundant or repetitive, others provide independent measures of disability. There was no significant inter-observer variability; the assessors disagreed on 78 (3.7%) out of a total of 2,125 paired observations. In a study of short-term within-patient variability, different scores were assigned on 49 (14.4%) out of a total of 340 observations made on two separate occasions. Minor differences (mainly in activities involving equipment e.g. cookers) emerged when scores obtained in hospital were compared with those obtained at home, but the two sets of scores were still highly correlated (r = 0.962. There was, however, considerable discrepancy between the hospital scores and those derived from the patients' own estimates of their activities at home, the latter falling below actual capabilities as indicated by the hospital scores. A clinical validation of the index showed a significant association between the hospital ADL scores and the extent of cerebral lesions determined by the number of neurological deficits. This modified ADL index is sufficiently repeatable and valid for the assessment of patients with moderate disability as a result of stroke and other chronic diseases; in most circumstances, it can probably be simplified to include only five or six items.", "contents": "Repeatability and validity of a modified activities of daily living (ADL) index in studies of chronic disability. In order to measure disability in a randomised controlled trial of different intensities of rehabilitation following stroke, a modification of existing methods has been developed; it makes use of 17 items of activities of daily living (ADL) which are rated on a three-point scale, and it has been subjected to tests of repeatability and validity. While some activities (e.g. use of taps, ascending or descending stairs) are either redundant or repetitive, others provide independent measures of disability. There was no significant inter-observer variability; the assessors disagreed on 78 (3.7%) out of a total of 2,125 paired observations. In a study of short-term within-patient variability, different scores were assigned on 49 (14.4%) out of a total of 340 observations made on two separate occasions. Minor differences (mainly in activities involving equipment e.g. cookers) emerged when scores obtained in hospital were compared with those obtained at home, but the two sets of scores were still highly correlated (r = 0.962. There was, however, considerable discrepancy between the hospital scores and those derived from the patients' own estimates of their activities at home, the latter falling below actual capabilities as indicated by the hospital scores. A clinical validation of the index showed a significant association between the hospital ADL scores and the extent of cerebral lesions determined by the number of neurological deficits. This modified ADL index is sufficiently repeatable and valid for the assessment of patients with moderate disability as a result of stroke and other chronic diseases; in most circumstances, it can probably be simplified to include only five or six items.", "PMID": 399767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_130", "title": "Are hospital assessments of daily living activities valid?", "content": "The level of functional achievement gained during a rehabilitation programme provides the basis for supplying aids and requesting community services on discharge. In a study of follow up regimes for patients with rheumatoid arthritis a comparison was made between functional assessments in hospital before discharge and at home shortly after discharge. A small number of the activities assessed showed a significant change at home and these changes were all towards a lower level of independence.", "contents": "Are hospital assessments of daily living activities valid? The level of functional achievement gained during a rehabilitation programme provides the basis for supplying aids and requesting community services on discharge. In a study of follow up regimes for patients with rheumatoid arthritis a comparison was made between functional assessments in hospital before discharge and at home shortly after discharge. A small number of the activities assessed showed a significant change at home and these changes were all towards a lower level of independence.", "PMID": 399768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_131", "title": "Influence of the vagus and splanchnic nerves on insulin secretion and glycemia.", "content": "The role of the autonomic nervous system in control of the acute and the late-phase of insulin secretion was studied in mongrel dogs before and after bilateral severance of the vagus, splanchnic, and vagus plus splanchnic nerves. Glucose-stimulated acute insulin secretion increased after splanchnicotomy or transection of both autonomic nerves but remained unchanged after vagotomy alone. Late-phase insulin secretion was not altered by transection of any of the nerves alone or in combination; similar results were obtained as to fasting insulin levels. In contrast, fasting glycemia was increased after vagotomy and decreased after splanchnicotomy. These findings disclose tonic sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on blood glucose basal concentration and indicate an acute inhibitory role of the sympathetic system on insulin secretion.", "contents": "Influence of the vagus and splanchnic nerves on insulin secretion and glycemia. The role of the autonomic nervous system in control of the acute and the late-phase of insulin secretion was studied in mongrel dogs before and after bilateral severance of the vagus, splanchnic, and vagus plus splanchnic nerves. Glucose-stimulated acute insulin secretion increased after splanchnicotomy or transection of both autonomic nerves but remained unchanged after vagotomy alone. Late-phase insulin secretion was not altered by transection of any of the nerves alone or in combination; similar results were obtained as to fasting insulin levels. In contrast, fasting glycemia was increased after vagotomy and decreased after splanchnicotomy. These findings disclose tonic sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on blood glucose basal concentration and indicate an acute inhibitory role of the sympathetic system on insulin secretion.", "PMID": 399774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_132", "title": "Problems of reconstruction in neurosurgical patients. (The use of boiled bone in cranioplasty).", "content": "The authors report their experience in six cases of head surgery for the simultaneous reconstruction of skin, bone and dura mater. They recommend the use of teflon as a dural substitute and the autogenous bone opercolum, boiled to have it free from cancer cells or infection.", "contents": "Problems of reconstruction in neurosurgical patients. (The use of boiled bone in cranioplasty). The authors report their experience in six cases of head surgery for the simultaneous reconstruction of skin, bone and dura mater. They recommend the use of teflon as a dural substitute and the autogenous bone opercolum, boiled to have it free from cancer cells or infection.", "PMID": 399771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_133", "title": "Evidence for a role of exogenous or endogenous hyperlactatemia in insulin secretion in the dog.", "content": "Various types of experimental hyperlactatemia were induced in the normal anesthetized dog, and the changes in insulin secretion were measured in the pancreatico-duodenal vein. Hyperlactatemia was induced in the absence or in the presence of an infusion of sodium dichloroacetate (DCA), which activates pyruvate dehydrogenase. 1. Exogenous hyperlactatemia: The infusion of sodium L(+)lactate resulted in a strong increase in blood lactate level which was accompanied by a significant increase in the insulin output from the pancreatico-duodenal vein. The administration of DCA did not counteract the increase in lactate level and did not modify insulin output either. 2. Endogenous hyperlactatemia: This was induced either by pharmacological means: the subcutaneous injection of an antidiabetic biguanide, phenformin (20 mg/kg), or by physiological means: intense muscular work. In both cases an increase in the lactate level and in insulin output was recorded. The administration of DCA suppressed the hyperlactatemia and counteracted the increase in insulin output. These results show that there is a relationship between lactate level and insulin secretion, and give evidence for a role of endogenous lactate in the regulation of insulin secretion.", "contents": "Evidence for a role of exogenous or endogenous hyperlactatemia in insulin secretion in the dog. Various types of experimental hyperlactatemia were induced in the normal anesthetized dog, and the changes in insulin secretion were measured in the pancreatico-duodenal vein. Hyperlactatemia was induced in the absence or in the presence of an infusion of sodium dichloroacetate (DCA), which activates pyruvate dehydrogenase. 1. Exogenous hyperlactatemia: The infusion of sodium L(+)lactate resulted in a strong increase in blood lactate level which was accompanied by a significant increase in the insulin output from the pancreatico-duodenal vein. The administration of DCA did not counteract the increase in lactate level and did not modify insulin output either. 2. Endogenous hyperlactatemia: This was induced either by pharmacological means: the subcutaneous injection of an antidiabetic biguanide, phenformin (20 mg/kg), or by physiological means: intense muscular work. In both cases an increase in the lactate level and in insulin output was recorded. The administration of DCA suppressed the hyperlactatemia and counteracted the increase in insulin output. These results show that there is a relationship between lactate level and insulin secretion, and give evidence for a role of endogenous lactate in the regulation of insulin secretion.", "PMID": 399784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_134", "title": "The history of vocational training for general practice.", "content": "We feel that it is worth recording the story of how vocational training for general practice was first proposed, how the earliest experiments were started, and how this prolonged exercise in teamwork developed throughout the UK. It is appropriate to do this now that Parliament has recently voted that this training should be an obligation for all doctors who wish to work as general practitioner principals in the NHS. Moreover, the first person to exert a crucial influence, Henry Cohen (Lord Cohen of Birkenhead) has recently died.We write this account in historical sequence, not comprehensively, but selecting what in retrospect we believe to have been of chief importance. We describe initiatives at first unrelated to each other, but all contributing to one end. As the story unfolds, so does coordination in the common effort. The account ends at 1970.", "contents": "The history of vocational training for general practice. We feel that it is worth recording the story of how vocational training for general practice was first proposed, how the earliest experiments were started, and how this prolonged exercise in teamwork developed throughout the UK. It is appropriate to do this now that Parliament has recently voted that this training should be an obligation for all doctors who wish to work as general practitioner principals in the NHS. Moreover, the first person to exert a crucial influence, Henry Cohen (Lord Cohen of Birkenhead) has recently died.We write this account in historical sequence, not comprehensively, but selecting what in retrospect we believe to have been of chief importance. We describe initiatives at first unrelated to each other, but all contributing to one end. As the story unfolds, so does coordination in the common effort. The account ends at 1970.", "PMID": 399785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_135", "title": "Clinical assessment of laboratory rodents on long term bioassay studies.", "content": "The disease status of laboratory rodents should be clinically assessed before the animals are placed on toxicological bioassay programs. This is especially important when the stress of dietary or parenteral intake of toxic substances may trigger the clinical onset of latent diseases in research animals. In clinical evaluation of rodents, the environmental influence on biochemical, physiological and behavioral status of the animals must be continually monitored. Temperature, humidity, ventilation, lighting, and the microenvironment of the cage will all influence, independently or in consort, the response of the animal to various microbial or chemical insults. Unwanted variables in the diet can also markedly after the biological response of the animal and thus alter interpretation of experimental data. Adequately trained personnel, both professional and technical, must be available to provide daily care, clinical observation, and necessary treatment if signs of illness are noted in the laboratory rodent or bioassay experimentation. Clinical signs associated with commonly encountered diseases in laboratory rodents are briefly described. Clinical surveillance and assessment of rodents in part consists of recognition of and detailed recording of clinical signs, coupled with proper diagnostic resources to substantiate clinical observations. It is possible, with proper diagnosis, to evaluate the overall effect of a particular disease on the animal's health, the likelihood that the disease is jeopardizing the health of the other animals on test, and the effect of the disorder on interpretation of experimental results.", "contents": "Clinical assessment of laboratory rodents on long term bioassay studies. The disease status of laboratory rodents should be clinically assessed before the animals are placed on toxicological bioassay programs. This is especially important when the stress of dietary or parenteral intake of toxic substances may trigger the clinical onset of latent diseases in research animals. In clinical evaluation of rodents, the environmental influence on biochemical, physiological and behavioral status of the animals must be continually monitored. Temperature, humidity, ventilation, lighting, and the microenvironment of the cage will all influence, independently or in consort, the response of the animal to various microbial or chemical insults. Unwanted variables in the diet can also markedly after the biological response of the animal and thus alter interpretation of experimental data. Adequately trained personnel, both professional and technical, must be available to provide daily care, clinical observation, and necessary treatment if signs of illness are noted in the laboratory rodent or bioassay experimentation. Clinical signs associated with commonly encountered diseases in laboratory rodents are briefly described. Clinical surveillance and assessment of rodents in part consists of recognition of and detailed recording of clinical signs, coupled with proper diagnostic resources to substantiate clinical observations. It is possible, with proper diagnosis, to evaluate the overall effect of a particular disease on the animal's health, the likelihood that the disease is jeopardizing the health of the other animals on test, and the effect of the disorder on interpretation of experimental results.", "PMID": 399783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_136", "title": "[Use of simethicone in the prevention of postoperative abdominal discomfort and gastrointestinal distension after cesarean section].", "content": "A double blind trial was performed in patients with Cesarean section in order to study the effect of Simeticon (Stuart Pharmaceutical Company, Pasadena, California) on the occurrence of subjective and objective signs of gas distress during the immediate postoperative period. The results obtained with Simeticon show a highly significant reduction of the analysed subjective complaints (nausea, vomiting, meteorism, discomfort in the stomach, abdominal pains) in relation to placebo. Peristaltic movements in patients treated with Simeticon appeared in the first two days in 100% of cases and only in 30% in the placebo group. Flatulence also appeared in all the patients receiving Simeticon, in contrast to only 20% in the placebo group. There was no difference in spontanous defecation between the groups. On the basis of the results obtained, and considering the non-toxicity of the drug, its chemical inertnees, good tolerance, and simple use, the authors consider simeticon very useful for the prevention and therapy of postoperative discomfort due to gas accumulation and gastro-intestinal distention after Cesarean section.", "contents": "[Use of simethicone in the prevention of postoperative abdominal discomfort and gastrointestinal distension after cesarean section]. A double blind trial was performed in patients with Cesarean section in order to study the effect of Simeticon (Stuart Pharmaceutical Company, Pasadena, California) on the occurrence of subjective and objective signs of gas distress during the immediate postoperative period. The results obtained with Simeticon show a highly significant reduction of the analysed subjective complaints (nausea, vomiting, meteorism, discomfort in the stomach, abdominal pains) in relation to placebo. Peristaltic movements in patients treated with Simeticon appeared in the first two days in 100% of cases and only in 30% in the placebo group. Flatulence also appeared in all the patients receiving Simeticon, in contrast to only 20% in the placebo group. There was no difference in spontanous defecation between the groups. On the basis of the results obtained, and considering the non-toxicity of the drug, its chemical inertnees, good tolerance, and simple use, the authors consider simeticon very useful for the prevention and therapy of postoperative discomfort due to gas accumulation and gastro-intestinal distention after Cesarean section.", "PMID": 399787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_137", "title": "Endothelial cell density determined by specular microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Human eyes were photographed with a specular microscope and later examined wit a scanning electron microscope. Corneas from patients undergoing corneal transplantation in whom we were able to obtain preoperative specular micrographs were similarly analyzed. An attempt was made to correlate the counts obtained with both microscopic techniques by determining the amount of shrinkage the cornea undergoes while being processed for SEM. All specimens were counted with a planimeter. We found that the specular microscope adequately analyzes the endothelial cell density in the central and paracentral cornea of a normal eye, but because of its small sampling area specular microscopic counts are subject to significant error when dealing with nonhomogeneous populations such as postoperative cases. We found the peripheral corneal endothelial density to be less than the central endothelial density. Furthermore, we found that we could maximize the accuracy of counting by using a variable frame in a nonhomogeneous population, counting a minimum of four photographs per specimen, analyzing different areas, and analyzing larger areas.", "contents": "Endothelial cell density determined by specular microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Human eyes were photographed with a specular microscope and later examined wit a scanning electron microscope. Corneas from patients undergoing corneal transplantation in whom we were able to obtain preoperative specular micrographs were similarly analyzed. An attempt was made to correlate the counts obtained with both microscopic techniques by determining the amount of shrinkage the cornea undergoes while being processed for SEM. All specimens were counted with a planimeter. We found that the specular microscope adequately analyzes the endothelial cell density in the central and paracentral cornea of a normal eye, but because of its small sampling area specular microscopic counts are subject to significant error when dealing with nonhomogeneous populations such as postoperative cases. We found the peripheral corneal endothelial density to be less than the central endothelial density. Furthermore, we found that we could maximize the accuracy of counting by using a variable frame in a nonhomogeneous population, counting a minimum of four photographs per specimen, analyzing different areas, and analyzing larger areas.", "PMID": 399798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_138", "title": "Lateral canthal tendon tuck.", "content": "Senile and involutional entropion is occasionally associated with a marked relaxation of the canthal tendons. A simple adjunctive procedure to the imbrication of the lower lid retractors for the correction of senile entropion is described. This adjunctive procedure--the lateral canthal tendon tuck--should further reduce the remarkably low recurrence rate associated with the imbrication surgical procedure that directly corrects the pathophysiology of senile entropion.", "contents": "Lateral canthal tendon tuck. Senile and involutional entropion is occasionally associated with a marked relaxation of the canthal tendons. A simple adjunctive procedure to the imbrication of the lower lid retractors for the correction of senile entropion is described. This adjunctive procedure--the lateral canthal tendon tuck--should further reduce the remarkably low recurrence rate associated with the imbrication surgical procedure that directly corrects the pathophysiology of senile entropion.", "PMID": 399799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_139", "title": "Superior tarsal muscle resection to correct blepharoptosis.", "content": "Resection of the superior tarsal muscle (STM) is effective in correcting congenital or acquired blepharoptosis in patients who have satisfactory elevation of the eyelid with a preoperative phenylephrine eye drops test. Advantages of this procedure are that only the STM is resected, the conjunctiva and basic lacrimal secretors are preserved, tarsal stability is maintained, no special instruments are required, and the preoperative phenylephrine eye drops test reliably predicts the postoperative result.", "contents": "Superior tarsal muscle resection to correct blepharoptosis. Resection of the superior tarsal muscle (STM) is effective in correcting congenital or acquired blepharoptosis in patients who have satisfactory elevation of the eyelid with a preoperative phenylephrine eye drops test. Advantages of this procedure are that only the STM is resected, the conjunctiva and basic lacrimal secretors are preserved, tarsal stability is maintained, no special instruments are required, and the preoperative phenylephrine eye drops test reliably predicts the postoperative result.", "PMID": 399800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_140", "title": "Inheritance of Fuchs' combined dystrophy.", "content": "The inheritance pattern of Fuchs' combined corneal dystrophy is not confirmed. Published pedigrees fail to demonstrate a 50% segregation and sex ratio. They include no more than two generations of affected individuals and indicate a strong, female predilection. The pedigree we will present shows 16 affected persons in four generations. The ratio of affected to unaffected and men to women is 1:1. Penetrance is apparently 100%. Nine of the affected are under 50 years of age; four are subteen age. Light and electron micrographs of corneal tissue from three patients in three different generations are consistent with the diagnosis of Fuchs' dystrophy. Fuchs' dystrophy can therefore be established as a classic autosomal dominant pattern.", "contents": "Inheritance of Fuchs' combined dystrophy. The inheritance pattern of Fuchs' combined corneal dystrophy is not confirmed. Published pedigrees fail to demonstrate a 50% segregation and sex ratio. They include no more than two generations of affected individuals and indicate a strong, female predilection. The pedigree we will present shows 16 affected persons in four generations. The ratio of affected to unaffected and men to women is 1:1. Penetrance is apparently 100%. Nine of the affected are under 50 years of age; four are subteen age. Light and electron micrographs of corneal tissue from three patients in three different generations are consistent with the diagnosis of Fuchs' dystrophy. Fuchs' dystrophy can therefore be established as a classic autosomal dominant pattern.", "PMID": 399801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_141", "title": "[Geographical hematology and population dynamics].", "content": "Hemotypology, which is based on the study of a large number of immunological and enzyme systems in the blood, has shown the extraordinary polymorphism of the human species and the lack of a genetic barrier between groups once considered as separate races. The typological mode of thought predominated in anthropology until the middle of this century. Mankind was divided into races according to a theoretical profile characteristic of each one, the holotype, which all the members of the same race were thought to resemble. Today we tend toward the substitution of population thinking: the human species, like all the other animal or plant species, is made up of populations, reproductive units whose members are more likely to mate within the group than outside it. A population is never totally closed and it is the interpopulational genetic flux which assures the homogeneity of the species. Three factors play a fundamental role in the genetic structure of human populations: 1. An ancestral genetic heritage from the distant past is modified by external contribution such as genetic flux and hybridization; 2. Chance is an especially important factor in very isolated small groups; 3. Natural selection: the majority of all genetic factors are not neutral, as we used to think, but possess a certain selective value. This nonneutrality doubtless explains the maintenance of the hemotypological polymorphism in man, as in the model proposed by A.E. Mourant and J. Ruffi\u00e9. Following these ideas, sometimes it is possible to find the hemotypological traces of important events, especially of the great migrations of the beginning of the neolithic or the beginning of the historic period. Examples are cited which concern the peopling of sub-Saharan Africa, the western Mediterranean and western Europe, and of the continental Far East and Japan. This conceptual revolution, based on the dynamic idea of populations and not on that of the typological conception of race, has shed new light on the science of anthropology and has bridged the gap between hematology and history.", "contents": "[Geographical hematology and population dynamics]. Hemotypology, which is based on the study of a large number of immunological and enzyme systems in the blood, has shown the extraordinary polymorphism of the human species and the lack of a genetic barrier between groups once considered as separate races. The typological mode of thought predominated in anthropology until the middle of this century. Mankind was divided into races according to a theoretical profile characteristic of each one, the holotype, which all the members of the same race were thought to resemble. Today we tend toward the substitution of population thinking: the human species, like all the other animal or plant species, is made up of populations, reproductive units whose members are more likely to mate within the group than outside it. A population is never totally closed and it is the interpopulational genetic flux which assures the homogeneity of the species. Three factors play a fundamental role in the genetic structure of human populations: 1. An ancestral genetic heritage from the distant past is modified by external contribution such as genetic flux and hybridization; 2. Chance is an especially important factor in very isolated small groups; 3. Natural selection: the majority of all genetic factors are not neutral, as we used to think, but possess a certain selective value. This nonneutrality doubtless explains the maintenance of the hemotypological polymorphism in man, as in the model proposed by A.E. Mourant and J. Ruffi\u00e9. Following these ideas, sometimes it is possible to find the hemotypological traces of important events, especially of the great migrations of the beginning of the neolithic or the beginning of the historic period. Examples are cited which concern the peopling of sub-Saharan Africa, the western Mediterranean and western Europe, and of the continental Far East and Japan. This conceptual revolution, based on the dynamic idea of populations and not on that of the typological conception of race, has shed new light on the science of anthropology and has bridged the gap between hematology and history.", "PMID": 399803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_142", "title": "[The platelet membrane: some aspects of the pathophysiology of haemostasis].", "content": "Platelet membranes play a key role in all stages of the haemostatic mechanism. Four of these in particular are considered here: adhesion to subendothelium, which involves an interaction between the glycoprotein I complex in the platelet membrane (deficient in the Bernard-Soulier syndrome) and plasma factor VIII; aggregation, involving the membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex (deficient in thrombasthenia), plasma fibrinogen and divalent cations; platelet factor 3 availability, a function of surface membrane phospholipids; and thromboxane synthesis, a function of the phospholipids of the membrane of the dense tubular system. The glycoprotein I complex also carries binding sites for thrombin and for drug-dependent antibodies, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa is the site of the P1A1 antigen and of alpha-actinin.", "contents": "[The platelet membrane: some aspects of the pathophysiology of haemostasis]. Platelet membranes play a key role in all stages of the haemostatic mechanism. Four of these in particular are considered here: adhesion to subendothelium, which involves an interaction between the glycoprotein I complex in the platelet membrane (deficient in the Bernard-Soulier syndrome) and plasma factor VIII; aggregation, involving the membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex (deficient in thrombasthenia), plasma fibrinogen and divalent cations; platelet factor 3 availability, a function of surface membrane phospholipids; and thromboxane synthesis, a function of the phospholipids of the membrane of the dense tubular system. The glycoprotein I complex also carries binding sites for thrombin and for drug-dependent antibodies, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa is the site of the P1A1 antigen and of alpha-actinin.", "PMID": 399804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_143", "title": "[Immunologic factors and platelet vessel wall interactions (author's transl)].", "content": "Platelet subendothelium interaction is an essential step in thrombosis and hemostasis which can be modulated by immunoglobulins, immune complexes, complement, and leukocytes. Antiplatelet antibodies can induce thrombocytopenia which is accompanied by a reduced vascular wall thickness and an increased fenestration. Antigen-antibody complexes can activate platelets inducing platelet release and aggregation. This reaction is amplified by the first component of complement C1q. Cytotoxic antibodies directed against endothelial cells have been observed in transplantation. These antibodies can be directed against HL-A antigens or specific endothelial antigens. Anticollagen antibodies have been detected in patients with leprosy. The C1q component can inhibit adhesion of platelets to collagen and platelet aggregation induced by collagen. The association of acquired or congenital C1q deficiency and vasculitis has been reported. C3a is taken up by endothelial cells and metabolized. C3a and C5a can modify vessel wall permeability and activate granulocytes which can become toxic for endothelial cells. Leukocyte cationic protein can reduce platelet aggregation. An anti-von Willebrand antibody could be the origin of hemostatic abnormalities and endothelial lesions. The involvement of immunologic factors in platelet vessel wall interactions is complex. Immune complexes and some antibodies seem capable of promoting thrombosis, while a component of complement (C1q) may also have an antithrombotic role.", "contents": "[Immunologic factors and platelet vessel wall interactions (author's transl)]. Platelet subendothelium interaction is an essential step in thrombosis and hemostasis which can be modulated by immunoglobulins, immune complexes, complement, and leukocytes. Antiplatelet antibodies can induce thrombocytopenia which is accompanied by a reduced vascular wall thickness and an increased fenestration. Antigen-antibody complexes can activate platelets inducing platelet release and aggregation. This reaction is amplified by the first component of complement C1q. Cytotoxic antibodies directed against endothelial cells have been observed in transplantation. These antibodies can be directed against HL-A antigens or specific endothelial antigens. Anticollagen antibodies have been detected in patients with leprosy. The C1q component can inhibit adhesion of platelets to collagen and platelet aggregation induced by collagen. The association of acquired or congenital C1q deficiency and vasculitis has been reported. C3a is taken up by endothelial cells and metabolized. C3a and C5a can modify vessel wall permeability and activate granulocytes which can become toxic for endothelial cells. Leukocyte cationic protein can reduce platelet aggregation. An anti-von Willebrand antibody could be the origin of hemostatic abnormalities and endothelial lesions. The involvement of immunologic factors in platelet vessel wall interactions is complex. Immune complexes and some antibodies seem capable of promoting thrombosis, while a component of complement (C1q) may also have an antithrombotic role.", "PMID": 399805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_144", "title": "[Arterial subendothelial structures: anatomy, biochemistry, functions].", "content": "This review summarizes the main structural and biochemical features of the fibrillar constituents of the subendothelial layers of the arterial wall. Several constituents are directly identified by various histochemical methods and electron-microscopic studies. (1) The microfibrils (MF), stained by tannic acid, cationic stains such as ruthenium red, and various peroxidase-labeled lectins are mostly found in association with elastin within the internal elastic lamina (IEL). They have been characterized by chemical analysis as acidic glycoproteins, hydrolyzed by a variety of proteases, but resistant to collagenases. The endothelial cells seem to participate in their biosynthesis. (2) Elastin (El), which is the main constituent of the IEL, forms a wide, concentric, electron-lucent, tannic-acid-stainable zone. Fibrous El results from the association of tropoelastin (or proelastin) molecules by intermolecular cross-linkage. During the elastigenesis, this cross-linkage occurs directly between tropoelastin molecules which have been previously sterically oriented by the MF probably synthetized by the same cells (smooth muscle cells and possibly endothelial cells). (3) Interstitial collagen forms sparse fibers characterized by their cross-striation (with a periodicity of 640 A). They are relatively resistant to most proteolytic enzymes, except collagenases. They result from the intermolecular cross-linkage of rigid molecules, resulting themselves from the intramolecular cross-linkage of three helical alpha chains as a triple helix. The interstitial subendothelial collagen has been identified by indirect immunofluorescence as a type III collagen. The same technique has also been used to detect type IV collagen and fibronectin. This glycoprotein could play a role in the attachment of the endothelial cells to the fibrillar network of the subendothelium, despite an affinity which is greater toward denatured collagen than toward native collagen. One of the most important functions of the subendothelium is its role in thrombogenesis, in which both MF and collagen are involved. In type III collagen, this property is linked to the preservation of an ordered structure in which a 9-amino acids fragment, localized in the central part of each chain, could bear an adhesion site.", "contents": "[Arterial subendothelial structures: anatomy, biochemistry, functions]. This review summarizes the main structural and biochemical features of the fibrillar constituents of the subendothelial layers of the arterial wall. Several constituents are directly identified by various histochemical methods and electron-microscopic studies. (1) The microfibrils (MF), stained by tannic acid, cationic stains such as ruthenium red, and various peroxidase-labeled lectins are mostly found in association with elastin within the internal elastic lamina (IEL). They have been characterized by chemical analysis as acidic glycoproteins, hydrolyzed by a variety of proteases, but resistant to collagenases. The endothelial cells seem to participate in their biosynthesis. (2) Elastin (El), which is the main constituent of the IEL, forms a wide, concentric, electron-lucent, tannic-acid-stainable zone. Fibrous El results from the association of tropoelastin (or proelastin) molecules by intermolecular cross-linkage. During the elastigenesis, this cross-linkage occurs directly between tropoelastin molecules which have been previously sterically oriented by the MF probably synthetized by the same cells (smooth muscle cells and possibly endothelial cells). (3) Interstitial collagen forms sparse fibers characterized by their cross-striation (with a periodicity of 640 A). They are relatively resistant to most proteolytic enzymes, except collagenases. They result from the intermolecular cross-linkage of rigid molecules, resulting themselves from the intramolecular cross-linkage of three helical alpha chains as a triple helix. The interstitial subendothelial collagen has been identified by indirect immunofluorescence as a type III collagen. The same technique has also been used to detect type IV collagen and fibronectin. This glycoprotein could play a role in the attachment of the endothelial cells to the fibrillar network of the subendothelium, despite an affinity which is greater toward denatured collagen than toward native collagen. One of the most important functions of the subendothelium is its role in thrombogenesis, in which both MF and collagen are involved. In type III collagen, this property is linked to the preservation of an ordered structure in which a 9-amino acids fragment, localized in the central part of each chain, could bear an adhesion site.", "PMID": 399806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_145", "title": "Comparison of a high performance liquid chromatographic and an enzyme immunoassay technique for quantitation of theophylline in serum.", "content": "High performance liquid chromatograhic (HPLC) and enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) methods for quantitating theophylline concentrations in serum were evaluated. For both methods, standard curves were linear over the therapeutic range of serum concentrations. Precision was acceptable, with coefficients of variation being less than 9%. The HPLC assay was slightly, but not significantly, more precise. No interference was noted in either method by caffeine, theobromine, diphylline, 8-chlorotheophylline, or by metabolites such as 1-methylxanthine, and 3-methylxanthine, or by potentially interfering compounds such as urea and uric acid. The two methods correlated well, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98%. The enzyme immunoassay was superior in terms of lower costs, greater ease of performance, and potential for automation.", "contents": "Comparison of a high performance liquid chromatographic and an enzyme immunoassay technique for quantitation of theophylline in serum. High performance liquid chromatograhic (HPLC) and enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) methods for quantitating theophylline concentrations in serum were evaluated. For both methods, standard curves were linear over the therapeutic range of serum concentrations. Precision was acceptable, with coefficients of variation being less than 9%. The HPLC assay was slightly, but not significantly, more precise. No interference was noted in either method by caffeine, theobromine, diphylline, 8-chlorotheophylline, or by metabolites such as 1-methylxanthine, and 3-methylxanthine, or by potentially interfering compounds such as urea and uric acid. The two methods correlated well, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98%. The enzyme immunoassay was superior in terms of lower costs, greater ease of performance, and potential for automation.", "PMID": 399811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_146", "title": "Rotating grating treatment for amblyopia.", "content": "The recently published method of treatment of amblyopia by the use of rotating gratings is very similar to an older technique. Used apparently extensively during the 1930s in the United States, the method, called 'visual gyration' was based on use of a rotating disk pattern like a grating. Differences between the old and new procedures are described in this paper.", "contents": "Rotating grating treatment for amblyopia. The recently published method of treatment of amblyopia by the use of rotating gratings is very similar to an older technique. Used apparently extensively during the 1930s in the United States, the method, called 'visual gyration' was based on use of a rotating disk pattern like a grating. Differences between the old and new procedures are described in this paper.", "PMID": 399813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_147", "title": "Nonvisualized (\"phantom\") renal calyx: causes and radiological approach to diagnosis.", "content": "A calyx which fails completely to opacify on excretory urography (phantom calyx) is often the harbinger of serious underlying renal disease. Causes of a phantom calyx include tuberculosis, tumor, calculus, ischemia, trauma, and congenital anomaly. The pathologic basis for the radiographic findings in each of these entities is described and an overall approach to diagnosis is set forth.", "contents": "Nonvisualized (\"phantom\") renal calyx: causes and radiological approach to diagnosis. A calyx which fails completely to opacify on excretory urography (phantom calyx) is often the harbinger of serious underlying renal disease. Causes of a phantom calyx include tuberculosis, tumor, calculus, ischemia, trauma, and congenital anomaly. The pathologic basis for the radiographic findings in each of these entities is described and an overall approach to diagnosis is set forth.", "PMID": 399818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_148", "title": "Definitive identification methods: antibiotic sensitivity and microtube system.", "content": "The definite identification of species and subspecies of an anaerobe implies certain difficulties, such as the poor and slow fermentation of carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions and the fact of having many keys in common. As a result several tests are required and as the number of tests increases the chances of error and the number of variables also increase. Hence specific methods have been developed in order to try and obtain satisfactory results. The A. refers his experience and judgement on V.P.I. and A.P.I. and on identification based upon antibiotic sensitivity spectrum. When properly used, such techniques enable the species and subspecies of non-sporing anaerobes to be more easily identified.", "contents": "Definitive identification methods: antibiotic sensitivity and microtube system. The definite identification of species and subspecies of an anaerobe implies certain difficulties, such as the poor and slow fermentation of carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions and the fact of having many keys in common. As a result several tests are required and as the number of tests increases the chances of error and the number of variables also increase. Hence specific methods have been developed in order to try and obtain satisfactory results. The A. refers his experience and judgement on V.P.I. and A.P.I. and on identification based upon antibiotic sensitivity spectrum. When properly used, such techniques enable the species and subspecies of non-sporing anaerobes to be more easily identified.", "PMID": 399830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_149", "title": "Metronidazole in the prevention and treatment of anaerobic sepsis.", "content": "Clinical trials were carried out in order to determine the value of metronidazole in preventing the development of anaerobic infections after surgery. Following a successful controlled trial of hysterectomy patients, among whom the prophylactic use of oral metronidazole resulted in a reduction of the anaerobic sepsis rate from 25% to nil, further trials were carried out with patients having urgent appendicectomy, those having elective colonic surgery and pregnant women having delivery by the vaginal and caesarean routes. These studies were conducted as double-blind trials in which metronidazole was compared with a placebo; patients were randomly allocated to the two \"drug\" groups. Since completion of the hysterectomy trial over 618 hysterectomies have been performed under metronidazole cover, none of which were complicated by anaerobic sepsis. Among appendicectomy patients, anaerobic infection did not develop in any of the 49 patients who received prophylactic metronidazole, but bacteriologically confirmed clinical anaerobic infections developed in 9 (19%) of 46 control patients. Since completion of the trial over 1098 appendectomies have been performed under metronidazole cover, only two of which developed an anaerobic infection. Among colonic surgery patients, anaerobic infections did not develop in any of 27 patients who received prophylactic metronidazole, but bacteriologically confirmed clinical anaerobic infections developed in 11 (58%) of 19 control patients. Since completion of the trial over 126 colonic operations have been performed under metronidazole cover, none of which were complicated by anaerobic sepsis. Pregnant women having vaginal delivery were not especially prone to anaerobic infections so that metronidazole prophylaxis is not indicated in these patients. Delivery by caesarean section appears to carry a risk of post surgical anaerobic sepsis in about 20% of patients not protected with metronidazole prophylaxis. Metronidazole is regarded as the drug of choice for the treatment of those non-clostridial anaerobic infections that require antimicrobial therapy. It may be given orally, rectally, intravenously and topically, has virtually no side effects and its use is characterized by a strikingly rapid and sustained clinical and microbiological response.", "contents": "Metronidazole in the prevention and treatment of anaerobic sepsis. Clinical trials were carried out in order to determine the value of metronidazole in preventing the development of anaerobic infections after surgery. Following a successful controlled trial of hysterectomy patients, among whom the prophylactic use of oral metronidazole resulted in a reduction of the anaerobic sepsis rate from 25% to nil, further trials were carried out with patients having urgent appendicectomy, those having elective colonic surgery and pregnant women having delivery by the vaginal and caesarean routes. These studies were conducted as double-blind trials in which metronidazole was compared with a placebo; patients were randomly allocated to the two \"drug\" groups. Since completion of the hysterectomy trial over 618 hysterectomies have been performed under metronidazole cover, none of which were complicated by anaerobic sepsis. Among appendicectomy patients, anaerobic infection did not develop in any of the 49 patients who received prophylactic metronidazole, but bacteriologically confirmed clinical anaerobic infections developed in 9 (19%) of 46 control patients. Since completion of the trial over 1098 appendectomies have been performed under metronidazole cover, only two of which developed an anaerobic infection. Among colonic surgery patients, anaerobic infections did not develop in any of 27 patients who received prophylactic metronidazole, but bacteriologically confirmed clinical anaerobic infections developed in 11 (58%) of 19 control patients. Since completion of the trial over 126 colonic operations have been performed under metronidazole cover, none of which were complicated by anaerobic sepsis. Pregnant women having vaginal delivery were not especially prone to anaerobic infections so that metronidazole prophylaxis is not indicated in these patients. Delivery by caesarean section appears to carry a risk of post surgical anaerobic sepsis in about 20% of patients not protected with metronidazole prophylaxis. Metronidazole is regarded as the drug of choice for the treatment of those non-clostridial anaerobic infections that require antimicrobial therapy. It may be given orally, rectally, intravenously and topically, has virtually no side effects and its use is characterized by a strikingly rapid and sustained clinical and microbiological response.", "PMID": 399831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_150", "title": "[Intestinal bacterial flora in normal adults].", "content": "In this preliminary study we have examined 12 healthy men aged between 20-60 years, by three specimens each. All the isolated could be assigned to genera by biochemical tests and gas-liquid chromatography. The results showed a 10(8)/g concentration of aerobe bacteria in faeces and a 10(10)/g concentration of anaerobe non sporing bacteria. The results of the count of Clostridia showed a variability among the examined individuals. The predominant groups of aerobes in the faeces were found to be E. coli and S. faecalis spp. and the predominant group of non sporing anaerobes were Bacteroides and Bificobacteria. These results were similar to the data obtained from foreign AA., showing the predominance of anaerobes in the faeces and particularly of Bacteroides.", "contents": "[Intestinal bacterial flora in normal adults]. In this preliminary study we have examined 12 healthy men aged between 20-60 years, by three specimens each. All the isolated could be assigned to genera by biochemical tests and gas-liquid chromatography. The results showed a 10(8)/g concentration of aerobe bacteria in faeces and a 10(10)/g concentration of anaerobe non sporing bacteria. The results of the count of Clostridia showed a variability among the examined individuals. The predominant groups of aerobes in the faeces were found to be E. coli and S. faecalis spp. and the predominant group of non sporing anaerobes were Bacteroides and Bificobacteria. These results were similar to the data obtained from foreign AA., showing the predominance of anaerobes in the faeces and particularly of Bacteroides.", "PMID": 399832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_151", "title": "Anaerobic sepsis.", "content": "Anaerobic bacteria are the major residents of the skin and mucous-membrane surfaces, it is reasonable to suspect therefore, that these organisms play a part in the pathological processes associated with disturbances of these sites. The improvements in laboratory methods and the clarification of taxonomy have resulted in an increased awareness of the prevalence and virulence of the non-sporing anaerobic organisms in clinical infections. In this paper, only a brief outline of the types of infections associated with the normal flora and the types of bacteria isolated from these infections are given. Finally some of the pathogenetic mechanisms of anerobic infections are discussed.", "contents": "Anaerobic sepsis. Anaerobic bacteria are the major residents of the skin and mucous-membrane surfaces, it is reasonable to suspect therefore, that these organisms play a part in the pathological processes associated with disturbances of these sites. The improvements in laboratory methods and the clarification of taxonomy have resulted in an increased awareness of the prevalence and virulence of the non-sporing anaerobic organisms in clinical infections. In this paper, only a brief outline of the types of infections associated with the normal flora and the types of bacteria isolated from these infections are given. Finally some of the pathogenetic mechanisms of anerobic infections are discussed.", "PMID": 399833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_152", "title": "[Methods for collection, transport and culture media].", "content": "A crucial factor affecting the ultimate success of anaerobic cultures is a proper specimen collection, with care to avoid inclusion of normal flora often present on human mucosa. In general, material for anaerobic cultures is best obtained using a needle and syringe, from which the air must be expelled. Then the specimens should be placed immediately into an anaerobic transport broth and then in suitable culture pre-reduced media.", "contents": "[Methods for collection, transport and culture media]. A crucial factor affecting the ultimate success of anaerobic cultures is a proper specimen collection, with care to avoid inclusion of normal flora often present on human mucosa. In general, material for anaerobic cultures is best obtained using a needle and syringe, from which the air must be expelled. Then the specimens should be placed immediately into an anaerobic transport broth and then in suitable culture pre-reduced media.", "PMID": 399834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_153", "title": "[Technics for isolation, incubation and preliminary identification tests].", "content": "In this report the AA. emphasize the fact that anaerobes are mostly isolated from mixed cultures in which several bacteria are present. Therefore they suggest to grow all the bacteria under the best conditions and consequently to select the anaerobes from the aerobes. Furthermore they describe the selecting techniques used at Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 and Clinica Medica III, to attain this aim and enumerate the best methods used for anaerobic incubation.", "contents": "[Technics for isolation, incubation and preliminary identification tests]. In this report the AA. emphasize the fact that anaerobes are mostly isolated from mixed cultures in which several bacteria are present. Therefore they suggest to grow all the bacteria under the best conditions and consequently to select the anaerobes from the aerobes. Furthermore they describe the selecting techniques used at Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 and Clinica Medica III, to attain this aim and enumerate the best methods used for anaerobic incubation.", "PMID": 399835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_154", "title": "Intestinal bacterial flora in normal adults in the U.K.", "content": "The A. reports on the composition of the bacterial flora being present all through the intestine of normal adults in the United Kingdom, listing the number and families of the aerobes and anaerobes occupying the various portions of the alimentary tract. Emphasis is then laid on a comparison between the normal \"British\" flora in the colon and rectum, where the ratio of anaerobes to aerobes is 100 to 1, and the flora found in normal adults in Africa, India and Japan, stressing the major differences in the numbers of clostridia and non-sporing anaerobes. The A. finally highlights the importance of the factors governing the intestinal bacterial ecology, as well as the serious consequences likely to arise from the alteration of such flora.", "contents": "Intestinal bacterial flora in normal adults in the U.K. The A. reports on the composition of the bacterial flora being present all through the intestine of normal adults in the United Kingdom, listing the number and families of the aerobes and anaerobes occupying the various portions of the alimentary tract. Emphasis is then laid on a comparison between the normal \"British\" flora in the colon and rectum, where the ratio of anaerobes to aerobes is 100 to 1, and the flora found in normal adults in Africa, India and Japan, stressing the major differences in the numbers of clostridia and non-sporing anaerobes. The A. finally highlights the importance of the factors governing the intestinal bacterial ecology, as well as the serious consequences likely to arise from the alteration of such flora.", "PMID": 399836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_155", "title": "[A definitive identification method: gas-liquid chromatography].", "content": "The definitive identification of many anaerobes requires the use of gas-liquid chromatography to detect alcohol and volatile acids end-products of their metabolism. In this study we have used the gas-liquid chromatography for the identification of 360 non sporing anaerobes isolated from faeces of healthy individuals. These analyses were performed on a Variant-Aerograph mod. 2700 gas chromatography fitted with a column without phosphoric acid. The results showed a good percentage of typing (83%).", "contents": "[A definitive identification method: gas-liquid chromatography]. The definitive identification of many anaerobes requires the use of gas-liquid chromatography to detect alcohol and volatile acids end-products of their metabolism. In this study we have used the gas-liquid chromatography for the identification of 360 non sporing anaerobes isolated from faeces of healthy individuals. These analyses were performed on a Variant-Aerograph mod. 2700 gas chromatography fitted with a column without phosphoric acid. The results showed a good percentage of typing (83%).", "PMID": 399837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_156", "title": "[Modifications of the fluorescence method for detecting salmonella in feces].", "content": "The Authors illustrate two modifications of the indirect method for identifying Salmonellae on faeces using fluorescent antibodies. They compare a Commercial polyvalent serum with serum containing only the fundamental antigens of groups B, C and D of Kauffmann-White with the aim of reducing the phenomenon of aspecificity. In order to reduce the time required for this test they substitute the enrichment of the specimen in broth by filtering, first the specimen of faeces and then, successively, centrifuging the filtrate. These two modifications have been demonstrated satisfactorily when the test is carried out in children with active gastroenteritis.", "contents": "[Modifications of the fluorescence method for detecting salmonella in feces]. The Authors illustrate two modifications of the indirect method for identifying Salmonellae on faeces using fluorescent antibodies. They compare a Commercial polyvalent serum with serum containing only the fundamental antigens of groups B, C and D of Kauffmann-White with the aim of reducing the phenomenon of aspecificity. In order to reduce the time required for this test they substitute the enrichment of the specimen in broth by filtering, first the specimen of faeces and then, successively, centrifuging the filtrate. These two modifications have been demonstrated satisfactorily when the test is carried out in children with active gastroenteritis.", "PMID": 399842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_157", "title": "Immunological markers in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "Membrane markers of lymphomatous cells were studied in 33 patients with non Hodgkin's lymphoma and correlated with morphological diagnosis according to Rappaport's classification. Nodular lymphomas and the majority of lymphocytic lymphomas showed B cell characteristics, whereas only 6 out of 23 with diffuse pattern were B. None of the histiocytic lymphomas were B, 3 were T, and 4 non T-non B. Mixed lymphocytic/histiocytic lymphomas showed different immunological patterns (B, T, non T-non B, B and T). These results confirm the importance of functional classification, which can clarify the pathogenesis of lymphoma.", "contents": "Immunological markers in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Membrane markers of lymphomatous cells were studied in 33 patients with non Hodgkin's lymphoma and correlated with morphological diagnosis according to Rappaport's classification. Nodular lymphomas and the majority of lymphocytic lymphomas showed B cell characteristics, whereas only 6 out of 23 with diffuse pattern were B. None of the histiocytic lymphomas were B, 3 were T, and 4 non T-non B. Mixed lymphocytic/histiocytic lymphomas showed different immunological patterns (B, T, non T-non B, B and T). These results confirm the importance of functional classification, which can clarify the pathogenesis of lymphoma.", "PMID": 399843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_158", "title": "[Insulin response and NEFA behavior in volunteers with a flat response to oral glucose tolerance test].", "content": "The insulin response and the NEFA behaviour of 7 lean and 8 obese subjects with a flat response to an oral glucose tolerance test have been studied. A flat response has been defined as one in which the maximum glycemic increase and the area of increase does not exceed 32 mg% and 18 mg% respectively. The insulin response and the NEFA behaviour were similar both in lean and in obese subjects to controls with normal O.G.T.T. The glucose/I.R.I. ratios were increased. A possible physiopathological interpretation is proposed.", "contents": "[Insulin response and NEFA behavior in volunteers with a flat response to oral glucose tolerance test]. The insulin response and the NEFA behaviour of 7 lean and 8 obese subjects with a flat response to an oral glucose tolerance test have been studied. A flat response has been defined as one in which the maximum glycemic increase and the area of increase does not exceed 32 mg% and 18 mg% respectively. The insulin response and the NEFA behaviour were similar both in lean and in obese subjects to controls with normal O.G.T.T. The glucose/I.R.I. ratios were increased. A possible physiopathological interpretation is proposed.", "PMID": 399844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_159", "title": "Regulation of endogenous proteolysis in rat liver slices.", "content": "Methodological difficulties limit studies on cell protein catabolism both in intact animals and in vitro. We have studied the rate of protein degradation by measuring in vitro the release of acid-soluble radioactivity from rat liver slices and tested some factors that control the process. We found a rate of protein degradation of 6.5, or 2% per hr after 1 or 15 hrs of labelling in vivo during the first 90 min. These results indicate that a correlation exists between the rate of production of acid-soluble radioactivity by liver slices and the fast-or slow-turnover rate of the liver proteins. Cyanide and fluoride greatly inhibit the production of acid-soluble radioactivity from both slow- and fast-turnover proteins. Glucagon increases this production while insulin shows an opposite effect. Our preliminary investigations show that liver slices are a suitable surviving medium to study protein catabolism and its modifications under physiological and pathological stimuli.", "contents": "Regulation of endogenous proteolysis in rat liver slices. Methodological difficulties limit studies on cell protein catabolism both in intact animals and in vitro. We have studied the rate of protein degradation by measuring in vitro the release of acid-soluble radioactivity from rat liver slices and tested some factors that control the process. We found a rate of protein degradation of 6.5, or 2% per hr after 1 or 15 hrs of labelling in vivo during the first 90 min. These results indicate that a correlation exists between the rate of production of acid-soluble radioactivity by liver slices and the fast-or slow-turnover rate of the liver proteins. Cyanide and fluoride greatly inhibit the production of acid-soluble radioactivity from both slow- and fast-turnover proteins. Glucagon increases this production while insulin shows an opposite effect. Our preliminary investigations show that liver slices are a suitable surviving medium to study protein catabolism and its modifications under physiological and pathological stimuli.", "PMID": 399845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_160", "title": "[Lipids of Candida lipolytica cultivated in n-alkanes by the industrial method (\"Toprina\")].", "content": "The following lipidic classes are examined in the present study: Total Lipids, Phospholipids, Neutral Lipids, Sterols, and Carotenoid Pigments from dried biomasses of Candida lipolytica grown on n-alkanes by industrial process following the BP technique (\"Toprina\"). The composition of the lipid classes examined in \"Toprina\" agree generally with bibliographic data about n-alkanes grown Candida lipolytica in batch cultures.", "contents": "[Lipids of Candida lipolytica cultivated in n-alkanes by the industrial method (\"Toprina\")]. The following lipidic classes are examined in the present study: Total Lipids, Phospholipids, Neutral Lipids, Sterols, and Carotenoid Pigments from dried biomasses of Candida lipolytica grown on n-alkanes by industrial process following the BP technique (\"Toprina\"). The composition of the lipid classes examined in \"Toprina\" agree generally with bibliographic data about n-alkanes grown Candida lipolytica in batch cultures.", "PMID": 399846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_161", "title": "[Higher fatty acids of Candida lipolytica grown in n-alkanes by the industrial method (\"Toprina\")].", "content": "The present study deals with the composition of superior fatty acids of total lipids, polar lipids, and neutral lipids from dried biomass of Candida lipolytica grown by industrial process (\"Toprina\") on n-alkanes (C10-C20) extracted from petroleum. The data related to our knowledge about yeast and Candida lipolytica, lead to the conclusion that fatty acids feature of \"Toprina\" are similar to the Candida lipolytica ones grown in batch culture at the same conditions. In addition, a possible physiologic role of 17:1 and 17:2 is considered, in the perspective of the utilization of \"Toprina\" in animal food.", "contents": "[Higher fatty acids of Candida lipolytica grown in n-alkanes by the industrial method (\"Toprina\")]. The present study deals with the composition of superior fatty acids of total lipids, polar lipids, and neutral lipids from dried biomass of Candida lipolytica grown by industrial process (\"Toprina\") on n-alkanes (C10-C20) extracted from petroleum. The data related to our knowledge about yeast and Candida lipolytica, lead to the conclusion that fatty acids feature of \"Toprina\" are similar to the Candida lipolytica ones grown in batch culture at the same conditions. In addition, a possible physiologic role of 17:1 and 17:2 is considered, in the perspective of the utilization of \"Toprina\" in animal food.", "PMID": 399847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_162", "title": "[Unusual fatty acids in turkeys fed a diet containing \"Toprina\". I. Composition of the higher fatty acids in \"Toprina\", the diet, feces and blood].", "content": "Totals lipids (TL) phospholipids (PL) and fatty acid composition of TL and PL (the latter in blood only) were estimated in Candida lipolytica cultivated on n-alkanes by industrial method (\"Toprina\"), in 0%, 10% and 15% \"Toprina\" diets and in faeces and blood of turkeys, males and females, fed these diets. With increasing concentrations of dietary \"Toprina\" phospholipids and 15:0 and 17:0 fatty acids increased, 17:1 and 17:2, typical of the product, appeared and increased in diets and blood. Other lipid and fatty acids values were not affected by dietary yeast.", "contents": "[Unusual fatty acids in turkeys fed a diet containing \"Toprina\". I. Composition of the higher fatty acids in \"Toprina\", the diet, feces and blood]. Totals lipids (TL) phospholipids (PL) and fatty acid composition of TL and PL (the latter in blood only) were estimated in Candida lipolytica cultivated on n-alkanes by industrial method (\"Toprina\"), in 0%, 10% and 15% \"Toprina\" diets and in faeces and blood of turkeys, males and females, fed these diets. With increasing concentrations of dietary \"Toprina\" phospholipids and 15:0 and 17:0 fatty acids increased, 17:1 and 17:2, typical of the product, appeared and increased in diets and blood. Other lipid and fatty acids values were not affected by dietary yeast.", "PMID": 399848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_163", "title": "[Behavior of plasma cortisol during testing with insulin and with LVP in obese subjects compared to normal subjects after resperine administration].", "content": "The behaviour of plasma cortisol levels was studied in fifteen overweight subjects with comparison to normal subjects. In eight subjects the insulin hypoglycemic test was performed before and after medication with reserpine (4mg/24HR); the other seven subjects were tested with LVP before and after treatment with reserpine. In both cases, premedication with reserpine significantly reduce the cortisolemic response. This behaviour is similar to the response observed in normal subjects.", "contents": "[Behavior of plasma cortisol during testing with insulin and with LVP in obese subjects compared to normal subjects after resperine administration]. The behaviour of plasma cortisol levels was studied in fifteen overweight subjects with comparison to normal subjects. In eight subjects the insulin hypoglycemic test was performed before and after medication with reserpine (4mg/24HR); the other seven subjects were tested with LVP before and after treatment with reserpine. In both cases, premedication with reserpine significantly reduce the cortisolemic response. This behaviour is similar to the response observed in normal subjects.", "PMID": 399849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_164", "title": "[Acetylsalicylic acid and hormonal response in insulin induced hypoglycemia].", "content": "The influence of a short-term treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA 3,2 g/daily), an inhibitor of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis, on plasma glucose, glucagon and growth hormone responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, has been investigated in seven subjects. ASA caused a slight but significant reduction in basal glucose levels, but did not alter the pattern of glucagon and growth hormone secretion following hypoglycemia. On the basis of these results, it is hypothesized that endogenous prostaglandins are not implicated in the response of pancreatic alfa-cell to hypoglycemia.", "contents": "[Acetylsalicylic acid and hormonal response in insulin induced hypoglycemia]. The influence of a short-term treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA 3,2 g/daily), an inhibitor of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis, on plasma glucose, glucagon and growth hormone responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, has been investigated in seven subjects. ASA caused a slight but significant reduction in basal glucose levels, but did not alter the pattern of glucagon and growth hormone secretion following hypoglycemia. On the basis of these results, it is hypothesized that endogenous prostaglandins are not implicated in the response of pancreatic alfa-cell to hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 399850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_165", "title": "[Vascular alterations and GH secretion in latent chemical diabetes].", "content": "The AA. have investigated the relationship between the secretion of GH and diabetic angiopathy a group of 17 subjects with chemical diabetes during a standard dexamethasone os i.v. glucose test. The results show that functional subclinical microangiopathy was present in the majority of the diabetics studied, who also showed an exaggerated growth hormone response to glucose. Thus, these results suggest that a positive correlation exists between alterations in the secretion of growth hormone and the development of diabetic microangiopathy.", "contents": "[Vascular alterations and GH secretion in latent chemical diabetes]. The AA. have investigated the relationship between the secretion of GH and diabetic angiopathy a group of 17 subjects with chemical diabetes during a standard dexamethasone os i.v. glucose test. The results show that functional subclinical microangiopathy was present in the majority of the diabetics studied, who also showed an exaggerated growth hormone response to glucose. Thus, these results suggest that a positive correlation exists between alterations in the secretion of growth hormone and the development of diabetic microangiopathy.", "PMID": 399851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_166", "title": "[Surface immunoglobulins (SmIg) in human B-lymphocytes: effect of enzymatic digestion].", "content": "In order to determine the number of circulating B lymphocytes which can synthetize their surface membrane immunoglobulins, we have evaluated by immunofluorescence their presence before and after enzymatic exposure to pronase. After pronase treatment the majority of lymphocytes carrying SmIg has been disappeared (from 7.8% to 1.9%; p < .0.0005). After 18 hours incubaton only a small proportion (4.6%) of B lymphocytes risynthetized their SmIg. This observation support the hypothesis that a subset of lymphocytes present in the peripheral blood carries on its membrane only cytophilic SmIg and therefore may interfere in the determination of the number of B lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Surface immunoglobulins (SmIg) in human B-lymphocytes: effect of enzymatic digestion]. In order to determine the number of circulating B lymphocytes which can synthetize their surface membrane immunoglobulins, we have evaluated by immunofluorescence their presence before and after enzymatic exposure to pronase. After pronase treatment the majority of lymphocytes carrying SmIg has been disappeared (from 7.8% to 1.9%; p < .0.0005). After 18 hours incubaton only a small proportion (4.6%) of B lymphocytes risynthetized their SmIg. This observation support the hypothesis that a subset of lymphocytes present in the peripheral blood carries on its membrane only cytophilic SmIg and therefore may interfere in the determination of the number of B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 399852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_167", "title": "A trial of house dust mite extract in bronchial asthma. Mite Allergy Subcommittee of the Research Committee of the British Thoracic Association.", "content": "Patients with asthma considered to be due to house dust mite allergy were allocated at random to treatment with (a) increasing weekly injections of house dust mite extract for 18 weeks followed by monthly injections to complete 18 months of treatment; (b) similar injections for 18 weeks followed by placebo injections up to 18 months or (c) placebo injections for 18 months. Fifty-six patients completed at least six months of observation. In patients not on corticosteroids the treated group did a little better than the controls as judged by night asthma scores, discontinuation of bronchodilators and overall blind assessment of the records by a panel of independent physicians. No benefit was apparent by extending treatment from 18 weeks to 18 months. In contrast, patients on corticosteroids given placebo injections did a little better than the treated group. The extract used was stronger than the commercially available preparation and the injections had to be stopped in one-sixth of the patients because of side-effects. The improvement in patients not on corticosteroids in this trial was of doubtful clinical importance.", "contents": "A trial of house dust mite extract in bronchial asthma. Mite Allergy Subcommittee of the Research Committee of the British Thoracic Association. Patients with asthma considered to be due to house dust mite allergy were allocated at random to treatment with (a) increasing weekly injections of house dust mite extract for 18 weeks followed by monthly injections to complete 18 months of treatment; (b) similar injections for 18 weeks followed by placebo injections up to 18 months or (c) placebo injections for 18 months. Fifty-six patients completed at least six months of observation. In patients not on corticosteroids the treated group did a little better than the controls as judged by night asthma scores, discontinuation of bronchodilators and overall blind assessment of the records by a panel of independent physicians. No benefit was apparent by extending treatment from 18 weeks to 18 months. In contrast, patients on corticosteroids given placebo injections did a little better than the treated group. The extract used was stronger than the commercially available preparation and the injections had to be stopped in one-sixth of the patients because of side-effects. The improvement in patients not on corticosteroids in this trial was of doubtful clinical importance.", "PMID": 399857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_168", "title": "Long-term comparison of salbutamol powder with salbutamol aerosol in asthmatic out-patients.", "content": "Salbutamol dry powder was compared with salbutamol aerosol in 38 asthmatic patients. The study was double-blind and took place over six months. Salbutamol powder in a dose of 200 micrograms per capsule was able to control asthma as well as the aerosol, but some patients needed to increase the frequency of dosage when using the powder. The device used for powder administration, the Rotahaler, was well accepted and was preferred to the pressurized aerosol by one-third of patients. Dry powder administered by Rotahaler allows salbutamol to be given by inhalation to many patients previously using aerosols inefficiently.", "contents": "Long-term comparison of salbutamol powder with salbutamol aerosol in asthmatic out-patients. Salbutamol dry powder was compared with salbutamol aerosol in 38 asthmatic patients. The study was double-blind and took place over six months. Salbutamol powder in a dose of 200 micrograms per capsule was able to control asthma as well as the aerosol, but some patients needed to increase the frequency of dosage when using the powder. The device used for powder administration, the Rotahaler, was well accepted and was preferred to the pressurized aerosol by one-third of patients. Dry powder administered by Rotahaler allows salbutamol to be given by inhalation to many patients previously using aerosols inefficiently.", "PMID": 399858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_169", "title": "Continuous and intermittent salbutamol tablet administration in asthmatic children.", "content": "We studied 22 asthmatic children aged seven years two months to thirteen years eight months over a four-month period. Each child received two months continuous and two months intermittent salbutamol tablets using a double-blind cross-over technique. No significant clinical differences were found between the two treatment regimens as judged by daily diary card scores. Daily PEFRs (both a.m. and p.m.) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) when the children were receiving continuous salbutamol and this was more obvious in the eleven children under ten years old. Lung function tests performed monthly in hospital showed no significant differences between the two treatment regimens.", "contents": "Continuous and intermittent salbutamol tablet administration in asthmatic children. We studied 22 asthmatic children aged seven years two months to thirteen years eight months over a four-month period. Each child received two months continuous and two months intermittent salbutamol tablets using a double-blind cross-over technique. No significant clinical differences were found between the two treatment regimens as judged by daily diary card scores. Daily PEFRs (both a.m. and p.m.) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) when the children were receiving continuous salbutamol and this was more obvious in the eleven children under ten years old. Lung function tests performed monthly in hospital showed no significant differences between the two treatment regimens.", "PMID": 399859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_170", "title": "Primary culture of a primordial cyst from a case of Gorlin's syndrome.", "content": "The tissue culture characteristics of a primordial cyst are described and compared with normal oral mucosa. The potential application of this method to other aspects of oral biology is suggested.", "contents": "Primary culture of a primordial cyst from a case of Gorlin's syndrome. The tissue culture characteristics of a primordial cyst are described and compared with normal oral mucosa. The potential application of this method to other aspects of oral biology is suggested.", "PMID": 399860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_171", "title": "[Mitotic index modifications in a series of gliomas related to degree of malignancy].", "content": "We have measured on semi-thin sections, the mitotic index in 5 benign gliomas and 5 malignant gliomas among a whole of about 80,000 cells in each group, divided into fields of 750 cells on an average. We have differentiated between normal mitoses and abnormal mitoses on one hand, between viable and adequate mitoses and non-viable mitoses on the other. If we take into account the total number of mitoses, the mitotic index is not greatly different between the 2 groups of tumors (about 5 per thousand), although slightly superior in the benign gliomas. If we take into account the viable or adequate mitoses only, the mitotic index is greatly superior among the benign gliomas. These results are discussed according to other data related with the kinetics of proliferation of gliomas and according to the possibility of cellular fusions as a process of a minor spreading of malignant gliomas.", "contents": "[Mitotic index modifications in a series of gliomas related to degree of malignancy]. We have measured on semi-thin sections, the mitotic index in 5 benign gliomas and 5 malignant gliomas among a whole of about 80,000 cells in each group, divided into fields of 750 cells on an average. We have differentiated between normal mitoses and abnormal mitoses on one hand, between viable and adequate mitoses and non-viable mitoses on the other. If we take into account the total number of mitoses, the mitotic index is not greatly different between the 2 groups of tumors (about 5 per thousand), although slightly superior in the benign gliomas. If we take into account the viable or adequate mitoses only, the mitotic index is greatly superior among the benign gliomas. These results are discussed according to other data related with the kinetics of proliferation of gliomas and according to the possibility of cellular fusions as a process of a minor spreading of malignant gliomas.", "PMID": 399861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_172", "title": "[Applications of the urocytogram in primary-secondary amenorrhea in adolescents].", "content": "In the urinary sediment, the cellular material mainly originates from cells of the bladdertrigone. These cells are submitted to hormonal stimulation and their study constitutes the base of a cytological method called \"urocytogram\". The urinary sediment was examined in thirty-five young girls with backward puberty. The repeated examinations contribute to differential diagnosis and help in etiologic diagnosis. Whenever it is necessary to investigate adolescent's sex hormones, an urocytogram, a simple and painless method, is indicated.", "contents": "[Applications of the urocytogram in primary-secondary amenorrhea in adolescents]. In the urinary sediment, the cellular material mainly originates from cells of the bladdertrigone. These cells are submitted to hormonal stimulation and their study constitutes the base of a cytological method called \"urocytogram\". The urinary sediment was examined in thirty-five young girls with backward puberty. The repeated examinations contribute to differential diagnosis and help in etiologic diagnosis. Whenever it is necessary to investigate adolescent's sex hormones, an urocytogram, a simple and painless method, is indicated.", "PMID": 399862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_173", "title": "[Lymphatic system of the human testis].", "content": "The distribution of lymph vessels in the human testis was investigated using ink injection methods, light and electron microscopy. Lymph capillaries occur in the septula testis but are absent in the intertubular tissue. They consist of endothelial cells provided with an incomplete basal lamina and bound by anchoring filaments to the adjacent connective tissue. Frequently, the endothelial cells are separated by gaps (measuring up to 2 microns). The lymph capillaries of the septula testis are connected to lymph vessels in the rete testis and tunica albuginea. These vessels have occasional smooth muscle cells and valves. At the posterior margin of the testis, the network of lymphatics merges into collecting ducts that together with vessels derived from the rete testis are drained by lymphatics in the spermatic cord.", "contents": "[Lymphatic system of the human testis]. The distribution of lymph vessels in the human testis was investigated using ink injection methods, light and electron microscopy. Lymph capillaries occur in the septula testis but are absent in the intertubular tissue. They consist of endothelial cells provided with an incomplete basal lamina and bound by anchoring filaments to the adjacent connective tissue. Frequently, the endothelial cells are separated by gaps (measuring up to 2 microns). The lymph capillaries of the septula testis are connected to lymph vessels in the rete testis and tunica albuginea. These vessels have occasional smooth muscle cells and valves. At the posterior margin of the testis, the network of lymphatics merges into collecting ducts that together with vessels derived from the rete testis are drained by lymphatics in the spermatic cord.", "PMID": 399863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_174", "title": "[Advantage of phase contrast for the identification of the cellular constituents of urinary sediment].", "content": "Phase contrast microscopic observation of the urinary sediment has to be performed on freshly collected urine. This technique, which permits an excellent definition of the cells and the maintenance of intra cellular motility, gives therefore a great accuracy in differential diagnosis, especially for little round cells. Among these, polynuclear granulocytes are easily recognized, because of their lobulated nuclei and of their numerous intra cytoplasmic motile granulations. Lymphocytes and lymphoblasts have round, regular, homogeneous nuclei. Renal tubular cells exhibit eccentric nuclei, with smudged chromatine, and round, refringent cytoplasmic vacuoles. Rapid and easy, this technic should be used for routine microscopic study or urinary sediments.", "contents": "[Advantage of phase contrast for the identification of the cellular constituents of urinary sediment]. Phase contrast microscopic observation of the urinary sediment has to be performed on freshly collected urine. This technique, which permits an excellent definition of the cells and the maintenance of intra cellular motility, gives therefore a great accuracy in differential diagnosis, especially for little round cells. Among these, polynuclear granulocytes are easily recognized, because of their lobulated nuclei and of their numerous intra cytoplasmic motile granulations. Lymphocytes and lymphoblasts have round, regular, homogeneous nuclei. Renal tubular cells exhibit eccentric nuclei, with smudged chromatine, and round, refringent cytoplasmic vacuoles. Rapid and easy, this technic should be used for routine microscopic study or urinary sediments.", "PMID": 399864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_175", "title": "[Use of the intravisceral graft technic for the study of histologic changes in the skin after freezing].", "content": "The authors present their technique for freezing thin skin samples which may be used for intravisceral grafts in the testis, the liver and the kidney to test developing potentials for grafts conserved in this manner. In comparison with fresh grafts, they show that frozen samples not only retained their vitality, but the ability to multiply, differentiate and mature. They eliminate any ambiguities in the interpretation of the results. At the same time, they note that the period spent in liquid nitrogen does not prevent graft rejection in the case of allografts.", "contents": "[Use of the intravisceral graft technic for the study of histologic changes in the skin after freezing]. The authors present their technique for freezing thin skin samples which may be used for intravisceral grafts in the testis, the liver and the kidney to test developing potentials for grafts conserved in this manner. In comparison with fresh grafts, they show that frozen samples not only retained their vitality, but the ability to multiply, differentiate and mature. They eliminate any ambiguities in the interpretation of the results. At the same time, they note that the period spent in liquid nitrogen does not prevent graft rejection in the case of allografts.", "PMID": 399865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_176", "title": "[Exploration of possible associations of antineoplastic chemotherapeutic agents in view of their mechanisms of action (author's transl)].", "content": "A careful study of the principal multidrug regimes wil reveal in each case the criteria upon which the drug association was based. In this paper the authors emphasize the importance of correlating the parameter, point of attack of the drug, with the parameter, metabolism of the malignant cell, the latter being differentiated into different functions according to thermodynamic criteria and to the particular organization of enzyme systems in the cells. Thus a multidrug association will be the more rational, the greater the number of parameters taken into consideration in its engineering; in these terms the authors outline a method of drug association affording more and more complex combinations and also the replacement of one or more component drugs in the case of resistance phenomena.", "contents": "[Exploration of possible associations of antineoplastic chemotherapeutic agents in view of their mechanisms of action (author's transl)]. A careful study of the principal multidrug regimes wil reveal in each case the criteria upon which the drug association was based. In this paper the authors emphasize the importance of correlating the parameter, point of attack of the drug, with the parameter, metabolism of the malignant cell, the latter being differentiated into different functions according to thermodynamic criteria and to the particular organization of enzyme systems in the cells. Thus a multidrug association will be the more rational, the greater the number of parameters taken into consideration in its engineering; in these terms the authors outline a method of drug association affording more and more complex combinations and also the replacement of one or more component drugs in the case of resistance phenomena.", "PMID": 399870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_177", "title": "[Diagnostic picture of spinal tumors].", "content": "A correct classification both primary and secondary of the spinal tumour is given dealing with a present argument. The clinical aspect and The radiology of the different kinds of tumour are specified. Moreover they are classified according to their anatomo-pathological aspect. A complete analysis of the argument is the result of this work.", "contents": "[Diagnostic picture of spinal tumors]. A correct classification both primary and secondary of the spinal tumour is given dealing with a present argument. The clinical aspect and The radiology of the different kinds of tumour are specified. Moreover they are classified according to their anatomo-pathological aspect. A complete analysis of the argument is the result of this work.", "PMID": 399871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_178", "title": "[Anatomical and functional specialization of the cortex and the organization of gestures. An animal experimental contribution to the study of apraxia].", "content": "Apraxia has traditionally been considered the province of clinical investigation, but in recent years a series of animal studies have provided data that appear to be relevant to its interpretation. They are reviewed in the present paper with the aim to integrate and specify the classical model proposed by Liepmann, particularly as far as the roles of the inferior parietal lobe (area 40 in man and part of area 7 in the monkey) and of the motor association cortex (area 6 in man and periarcuate area in the monkey) are concerned. Monkey data suggest that the relation of the inferior parietal lobe to apraxia is not simply due to the interruption of the many sensory pathways that run in the subjacent white matter towards the frontal lobe, as implied by Liepmann's theorization, but rather to its being a center specialized in planning motor programs. Specifically, it would award the gesture with the spatial (directional) features needed to its proper execution. The periarcuate area, on the other hand, would participate in the organization of gesture, programming the temporal sequence of its component movements. It is in a favourable position to do this, because this receives information not only from the sensory association areas and the inferior parietal lobe, but also from the cortex of the depth and around the sulcus principalis, which is committed to keep record of the spatial characteristics of the stimulus as well as of the motor response. The implications of this dual system for the interpretation of apraxia in man are discussed.", "contents": "[Anatomical and functional specialization of the cortex and the organization of gestures. An animal experimental contribution to the study of apraxia]. Apraxia has traditionally been considered the province of clinical investigation, but in recent years a series of animal studies have provided data that appear to be relevant to its interpretation. They are reviewed in the present paper with the aim to integrate and specify the classical model proposed by Liepmann, particularly as far as the roles of the inferior parietal lobe (area 40 in man and part of area 7 in the monkey) and of the motor association cortex (area 6 in man and periarcuate area in the monkey) are concerned. Monkey data suggest that the relation of the inferior parietal lobe to apraxia is not simply due to the interruption of the many sensory pathways that run in the subjacent white matter towards the frontal lobe, as implied by Liepmann's theorization, but rather to its being a center specialized in planning motor programs. Specifically, it would award the gesture with the spatial (directional) features needed to its proper execution. The periarcuate area, on the other hand, would participate in the organization of gesture, programming the temporal sequence of its component movements. It is in a favourable position to do this, because this receives information not only from the sensory association areas and the inferior parietal lobe, but also from the cortex of the depth and around the sulcus principalis, which is committed to keep record of the spatial characteristics of the stimulus as well as of the motor response. The implications of this dual system for the interpretation of apraxia in man are discussed.", "PMID": 399881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_179", "title": "Cellular mechanisms of proteinase release from inflammatory cells and the degradation of extracellular proteins.", "content": "Neutrophils and macrophages produce, store and release large amounts of various acid and neutral proteinases. The two main proteinases of neutrophils are elastase and cathepsin G. They are localized in the azurophil granules, together with proteinase 3 and the acid cathepsins B and D. In addition neutrophils contain collagenase in the specific granules, acid proteinases in the C-particles and plasminogen activator in organelles with the characteristics of secretory vesicles. The granule-bound proteinases are released during phagocytosis while plasminogen activator is apparently secreted. In macrophages, the acid hydrolases are bound to lysosomes while the neutral proteinases are confined to secretory vesicles. The main mechanism of enzyme release in macrophages is secretion. Lysosomal hydrolases are also released by phagocytosis. Enzyme secretion is a characteristic property of activated or inflammatory macrophages. Macrophages become activated after phagocytosis of certain particles and the metabolic burst appears to be an initial event in the activation process. The action of neutrophils and of purified elastase or plasmin on cartilage was tested. These experiments indicate that neutrophil-mediated degradation of cartilage proteoglycans is largely dependent on elastase.", "contents": "Cellular mechanisms of proteinase release from inflammatory cells and the degradation of extracellular proteins. Neutrophils and macrophages produce, store and release large amounts of various acid and neutral proteinases. The two main proteinases of neutrophils are elastase and cathepsin G. They are localized in the azurophil granules, together with proteinase 3 and the acid cathepsins B and D. In addition neutrophils contain collagenase in the specific granules, acid proteinases in the C-particles and plasminogen activator in organelles with the characteristics of secretory vesicles. The granule-bound proteinases are released during phagocytosis while plasminogen activator is apparently secreted. In macrophages, the acid hydrolases are bound to lysosomes while the neutral proteinases are confined to secretory vesicles. The main mechanism of enzyme release in macrophages is secretion. Lysosomal hydrolases are also released by phagocytosis. Enzyme secretion is a characteristic property of activated or inflammatory macrophages. Macrophages become activated after phagocytosis of certain particles and the metabolic burst appears to be an initial event in the activation process. The action of neutrophils and of purified elastase or plasmin on cartilage was tested. These experiments indicate that neutrophil-mediated degradation of cartilage proteoglycans is largely dependent on elastase.", "PMID": 399884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_180", "title": "Inactivation of cytosol enzymes by a liver membrane protein.", "content": "Non-proteolytic inactivation reactions have been suggested to play an important role in determining the relative rates of enzyme degradation within cells. An inactivation factor is present at high specific activity in hepatocyte plasma membrane which inactivates cytosol enzymes at rates roughly proportional to their rates of degradation in vivo. This factor has been purified about 100-fold and has similar catalytic selectivity to the crude factor. The inactivation reaction is accelerated by disulphide compounds and can be partially reversed by thiols. Furthermore, inactivation of enzymes is accompanied by a loss of measurable thiols in the enzymes. From these experiments it is concluded that the inactivation factor carries out a disulphide attack on surface thiol groups in cytosol enzymes leading to the formation of mixed disulphides which have lost catalytic activity. The inactive enzymes may be substrates for lysosomal or non-lysosomal proteolysis.", "contents": "Inactivation of cytosol enzymes by a liver membrane protein. Non-proteolytic inactivation reactions have been suggested to play an important role in determining the relative rates of enzyme degradation within cells. An inactivation factor is present at high specific activity in hepatocyte plasma membrane which inactivates cytosol enzymes at rates roughly proportional to their rates of degradation in vivo. This factor has been purified about 100-fold and has similar catalytic selectivity to the crude factor. The inactivation reaction is accelerated by disulphide compounds and can be partially reversed by thiols. Furthermore, inactivation of enzymes is accompanied by a loss of measurable thiols in the enzymes. From these experiments it is concluded that the inactivation factor carries out a disulphide attack on surface thiol groups in cytosol enzymes leading to the formation of mixed disulphides which have lost catalytic activity. The inactive enzymes may be substrates for lysosomal or non-lysosomal proteolysis.", "PMID": 399885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_181", "title": "Lysosomes and protein degradation.", "content": "Considerable evidence from studies with group-specific proteinase inhibitors, in particular pepstatin, the aspartic proteinase inhibitor, implicates lysosomes in turnover of endogenous cellular proteins. Recent experiments using a new group-specific inhibitor of thiol (cysteine) proteinases, Z-Phe-Ala-diazomethyl ketone, are described. Lysosomal participation is most clearly established for the degradation of long half-life proteins in situations in which turnover is accelerated because of nutritional or hormonal deficiencies. Some evidence indicating their involvement in 'basal' proteolysis is also discussed. Whether lysosomal proteolysis is selective remains to be established, and possible approaches to this question are outlined.", "contents": "Lysosomes and protein degradation. Considerable evidence from studies with group-specific proteinase inhibitors, in particular pepstatin, the aspartic proteinase inhibitor, implicates lysosomes in turnover of endogenous cellular proteins. Recent experiments using a new group-specific inhibitor of thiol (cysteine) proteinases, Z-Phe-Ala-diazomethyl ketone, are described. Lysosomal participation is most clearly established for the degradation of long half-life proteins in situations in which turnover is accelerated because of nutritional or hormonal deficiencies. Some evidence indicating their involvement in 'basal' proteolysis is also discussed. Whether lysosomal proteolysis is selective remains to be established, and possible approaches to this question are outlined.", "PMID": 399886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_182", "title": "Lysosomal cysteine proteinases.", "content": "Cathepsin B has so far been the most investigated cysteine (thiol) proteinase of lysosomes. The use of cytosol proteins as substrates has allowed the detection of two new lysosomal cysteine proteinases from rat liver: the endoaminopeptidase cathepsin H and cathepsin L, which splits almost no synthetic substrates but has a more than 10-fold higher specific activity with proteins as substrates than other mammalian cysteine proteinases. The properties of cathepsin L are compared with those of other cysteine proteinases (cathepsin B,H,N,S and others) from different tissues in relation to substrate specificity and sensitivity to inhibitors. A new test system for determining cathepsin L allows us to investigate the distribution of this enzyme between different cell types and to speculate about the special role of cysteine proteinase in intracellular protein degradation.", "contents": "Lysosomal cysteine proteinases. Cathepsin B has so far been the most investigated cysteine (thiol) proteinase of lysosomes. The use of cytosol proteins as substrates has allowed the detection of two new lysosomal cysteine proteinases from rat liver: the endoaminopeptidase cathepsin H and cathepsin L, which splits almost no synthetic substrates but has a more than 10-fold higher specific activity with proteins as substrates than other mammalian cysteine proteinases. The properties of cathepsin L are compared with those of other cysteine proteinases (cathepsin B,H,N,S and others) from different tissues in relation to substrate specificity and sensitivity to inhibitors. A new test system for determining cathepsin L allows us to investigate the distribution of this enzyme between different cell types and to speculate about the special role of cysteine proteinase in intracellular protein degradation.", "PMID": 399887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_183", "title": "Insights into mechanisms of intracellular protein turnover from studies on pinocytosis.", "content": "Pinocytosis is a widespread phenomenon and involves the internalization of large amounts of plasma membrane. Much of this membrane is probably returned to the plasma membrane in vesicular form, and reasons are advanced why this recycling may occur chiefly before pinosome--lysosome fusion and may be related to vacuole fusion events. Some internalized membrane must nevertheless enter the lysosomal compartment and, in order to maintain a steady state, must be removed at the same rates as it enters. This constant lysosomal involution probably occurs by the budding of vesicles either inward (for digestion) or outward (for return to the plasma membrane). The former process allows for the transfer of cytosol components into the lysosome. Quantitative studies on pinocytosis have shown that selective substrate capture is commonly achieved by the adsorption of substances to the plasma membrane being internalized. In contrast the basal rate of uptake of liquid and membrane is not easily modified. If similar considerations apply to uptake by the quasi-pinocytic lysosomal involution, modification of proteins leading to adsorption to the cytoplasmic face of the lysosome could be the rate-determining step in the degradation of endogenous cytoplasmic proteins by lysosomes.", "contents": "Insights into mechanisms of intracellular protein turnover from studies on pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is a widespread phenomenon and involves the internalization of large amounts of plasma membrane. Much of this membrane is probably returned to the plasma membrane in vesicular form, and reasons are advanced why this recycling may occur chiefly before pinosome--lysosome fusion and may be related to vacuole fusion events. Some internalized membrane must nevertheless enter the lysosomal compartment and, in order to maintain a steady state, must be removed at the same rates as it enters. This constant lysosomal involution probably occurs by the budding of vesicles either inward (for digestion) or outward (for return to the plasma membrane). The former process allows for the transfer of cytosol components into the lysosome. Quantitative studies on pinocytosis have shown that selective substrate capture is commonly achieved by the adsorption of substances to the plasma membrane being internalized. In contrast the basal rate of uptake of liquid and membrane is not easily modified. If similar considerations apply to uptake by the quasi-pinocytic lysosomal involution, modification of proteins leading to adsorption to the cytoplasmic face of the lysosome could be the rate-determining step in the degradation of endogenous cytoplasmic proteins by lysosomes.", "PMID": 399888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_184", "title": "A possible role for neutral proteolysis in the degradation of intracellular proteins.", "content": "A neutral proteinase has been solubilized from rat intestinal muscle by extraction at low ionic strength. It has an apparent mol. wt. of 33,000 and is stable only around neutral pH. Characterization studies with specific inhibitors and substrates have shown it to be a trypsin-like serine proteinase. The rat proteinase and bovine pancreatic trypsin have equivalent activities as measured with peptide and denatured protein substrates but the rat proteinase is about 300 times more active than an equimolar amount of trypsin towards proteins in their native conformation. It has been shown that the activity of the rat proteinase can be modulated (1) by changing the conformation of the substrate protein(s) and (2) by means of an endogenous inhibitor. The inhibitor has been purified to homogeneity from rat intestinal muscle. It has a mol. wt. of 8,000 and binds only weakly to the rat proteinase (Ki approximately equal to 10(-6) M). It did not inhibit any of the other proteinases tested. The implications for such a proteinase--inhibitor system in the non-lysosomal pathway of intracellular protein degradation are considered.", "contents": "A possible role for neutral proteolysis in the degradation of intracellular proteins. A neutral proteinase has been solubilized from rat intestinal muscle by extraction at low ionic strength. It has an apparent mol. wt. of 33,000 and is stable only around neutral pH. Characterization studies with specific inhibitors and substrates have shown it to be a trypsin-like serine proteinase. The rat proteinase and bovine pancreatic trypsin have equivalent activities as measured with peptide and denatured protein substrates but the rat proteinase is about 300 times more active than an equimolar amount of trypsin towards proteins in their native conformation. It has been shown that the activity of the rat proteinase can be modulated (1) by changing the conformation of the substrate protein(s) and (2) by means of an endogenous inhibitor. The inhibitor has been purified to homogeneity from rat intestinal muscle. It has a mol. wt. of 8,000 and binds only weakly to the rat proteinase (Ki approximately equal to 10(-6) M). It did not inhibit any of the other proteinases tested. The implications for such a proteinase--inhibitor system in the non-lysosomal pathway of intracellular protein degradation are considered.", "PMID": 399889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_185", "title": "Studies of the ATP dependence of protein degradation in cells and cell extracts.", "content": "Experiments with metabolic inhibitors in vivo indicate that intracellular protein degradation requires the continuous production of ATP. We have established soluble cell-free preparations from rabbit reticulocytes, rat liver, and Escherichia coli that degrade abnormal protein in an ATP-dependent fashion. These enzymes appear to be responsible for the selective breakdown of abnormal protein that may result from mutations, biosynthetic errors or intracellular denaturation. Experiments with inhibitors indicate that this process and the degradation of many short-lived normal proteins does not occur in the lysosome. The cell-free extracts prepared from these crude extracts hydrolyse [14C] globin by a process stimulated 2--3-fold by ATP and to a lesser extent by GTP, CTP or UTP. These activities degrade globin to large peptides which are then cleaved by soluble peptidases. The ATP-stimulated protease that partially purified from rat liver cytoplasm is also stimulated by pyrophosphate. This protease has an apparent molecular weight of 480,000. In contrast, the E. coli enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 115,000 and is completely dependent on ATP, after partial purification by ion exchange and gel chromatography. This enzyme can be distinguished from six other proteolytic enzymes from E. coli active at pH 7.8. E. coli contains, in addition, four proteases that are not stimulated by ATP and degrade globin to acid-soluble material. We have also demonstrated in E. coli and reticulocytes other proteases that appear specific for small protein substrates and may play a role in the later steps in protein breakdown. The ATP-stimulated endoproteases appear to catalyse the rate-limiting steps in intracellular protein breakdown. However, the actual role of ATP in the degradative process is not known.", "contents": "Studies of the ATP dependence of protein degradation in cells and cell extracts. Experiments with metabolic inhibitors in vivo indicate that intracellular protein degradation requires the continuous production of ATP. We have established soluble cell-free preparations from rabbit reticulocytes, rat liver, and Escherichia coli that degrade abnormal protein in an ATP-dependent fashion. These enzymes appear to be responsible for the selective breakdown of abnormal protein that may result from mutations, biosynthetic errors or intracellular denaturation. Experiments with inhibitors indicate that this process and the degradation of many short-lived normal proteins does not occur in the lysosome. The cell-free extracts prepared from these crude extracts hydrolyse [14C] globin by a process stimulated 2--3-fold by ATP and to a lesser extent by GTP, CTP or UTP. These activities degrade globin to large peptides which are then cleaved by soluble peptidases. The ATP-stimulated protease that partially purified from rat liver cytoplasm is also stimulated by pyrophosphate. This protease has an apparent molecular weight of 480,000. In contrast, the E. coli enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 115,000 and is completely dependent on ATP, after partial purification by ion exchange and gel chromatography. This enzyme can be distinguished from six other proteolytic enzymes from E. coli active at pH 7.8. E. coli contains, in addition, four proteases that are not stimulated by ATP and degrade globin to acid-soluble material. We have also demonstrated in E. coli and reticulocytes other proteases that appear specific for small protein substrates and may play a role in the later steps in protein breakdown. The ATP-stimulated endoproteases appear to catalyse the rate-limiting steps in intracellular protein breakdown. However, the actual role of ATP in the degradative process is not known.", "PMID": 399890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_186", "title": "Coordination of protein synthesis and degradation.", "content": "The degree of coordination between protein synthesis and protein degradation in developing and mature cels is considered. Studies on specific enzyme and general protein turnover in developing liver and differentiating mammary gland are presented. In the mature liver mitochondrion average protein degradation rates are higher for outer membrane and intermembrane space proteins than for matrix and inner membrane proteins. Significant heterogeneity of protein degradation rates was observed only in the outer mitochondrial membrane. During postnatal development the rates of degradation of proteins in many liver cellular fractions are increased. In the mitochondrion only the average rates of degradation of proteins in the outer membrane and intermembrane space fractions increase during development. Evidence for hormonally regulated changes in both protein synthesis and degradation during mammary cell differentiation is given. The data indicate that a transitory decrease in protein degradation accompanies the increase in protein synthesis on hormonal stimulation of the tissue. The results from the two model systems are collated and used to formulate a phenomenological hypothesis of protein degradation and its integration with protein synthesis in steady-state and non-steady-state conditions.", "contents": "Coordination of protein synthesis and degradation. The degree of coordination between protein synthesis and protein degradation in developing and mature cels is considered. Studies on specific enzyme and general protein turnover in developing liver and differentiating mammary gland are presented. In the mature liver mitochondrion average protein degradation rates are higher for outer membrane and intermembrane space proteins than for matrix and inner membrane proteins. Significant heterogeneity of protein degradation rates was observed only in the outer mitochondrial membrane. During postnatal development the rates of degradation of proteins in many liver cellular fractions are increased. In the mitochondrion only the average rates of degradation of proteins in the outer membrane and intermembrane space fractions increase during development. Evidence for hormonally regulated changes in both protein synthesis and degradation during mammary cell differentiation is given. The data indicate that a transitory decrease in protein degradation accompanies the increase in protein synthesis on hormonal stimulation of the tissue. The results from the two model systems are collated and used to formulate a phenomenological hypothesis of protein degradation and its integration with protein synthesis in steady-state and non-steady-state conditions.", "PMID": 399891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_187", "title": "Application of liver perfusion as an in vitro model in studies of intracellular protein degradation.", "content": "Amino acids appear to be prime regulators of autophagy and proteolysis in liver. They both attain a maximum rapidly when livers from fed rats are perfused in the single-pass mode without amino acids and are suppressed to basal levels by amino acid additions. The fact that their greatest responsiveness to amino acids occurs slightly below normal plasma levels suggests that these cellular processes could play a role in regulating plasma amino acid concentrations in vivo. Autophagy and proteolysis are also inhibited by insulin and stimulated by glucagon. In the latter instance the hormonal action is not direct but mediated indirectly by depletion of intracellular glutamine, probably as a consequence of enhanced gluconeogenesis. Close correlations among (1) rates of intracellular proteolysis, (2) the aggregate volume of lysosomal elements, and (3) estimates of degradable protein internalized within lysosomes indicate that lysosomal function can explain total intracellular protein degradation (with the possible exception of rapidly turning over fractions) over the full range of proteolysis from maximum down to and including the basal state. Since ratios of degradable intralysosomal protein to corresponding rates of proteolysis in intact liver are constant over this range, protein internalization may be the rate-limiting step in lysosomal proteolysis.", "contents": "Application of liver perfusion as an in vitro model in studies of intracellular protein degradation. Amino acids appear to be prime regulators of autophagy and proteolysis in liver. They both attain a maximum rapidly when livers from fed rats are perfused in the single-pass mode without amino acids and are suppressed to basal levels by amino acid additions. The fact that their greatest responsiveness to amino acids occurs slightly below normal plasma levels suggests that these cellular processes could play a role in regulating plasma amino acid concentrations in vivo. Autophagy and proteolysis are also inhibited by insulin and stimulated by glucagon. In the latter instance the hormonal action is not direct but mediated indirectly by depletion of intracellular glutamine, probably as a consequence of enhanced gluconeogenesis. Close correlations among (1) rates of intracellular proteolysis, (2) the aggregate volume of lysosomal elements, and (3) estimates of degradable protein internalized within lysosomes indicate that lysosomal function can explain total intracellular protein degradation (with the possible exception of rapidly turning over fractions) over the full range of proteolysis from maximum down to and including the basal state. Since ratios of degradable intralysosomal protein to corresponding rates of proteolysis in intact liver are constant over this range, protein internalization may be the rate-limiting step in lysosomal proteolysis.", "PMID": 399892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_188", "title": "Protein degradation and the regulation of protein balance in muscle.", "content": "The rate of of protein degradation in muscle changes in many states but the nature of these changes is often paradoxical. Thus there can be increases during growth (anabolic increases) as well as during wasting (catabolic increases). Decreases can occur during growth (anabolic decreases) as well as during wasting (catabolic decreases). These changes are observed in man (as judged by changes in 3-methylhistidine excretion) and in experimental animals. The nature of the changes is not understood but it is possible that muscle growth induces increased degradation as part of the accompanying myofibre remodelling. The rate of protein degradation can also be influenced by thyroid status, since in thyroid deficiency degradation is reduced and can be stimulated by triiodothyronine. This response is independent of changes in muscle growth. Finally, acute exercise suppresses protein degradation in vivo in man as well as suppressing protein synthesis (in vivo in rats). When protein degradation rates change, acid proteinase activities also change in muscle. The anabolic increase in degradation appears to involve increases in mainly cathepsin D whereas catabolic increases in degradation are associated with an increase mainly in pepstatin-insensitive acid autolytic activity.", "contents": "Protein degradation and the regulation of protein balance in muscle. The rate of of protein degradation in muscle changes in many states but the nature of these changes is often paradoxical. Thus there can be increases during growth (anabolic increases) as well as during wasting (catabolic increases). Decreases can occur during growth (anabolic decreases) as well as during wasting (catabolic decreases). These changes are observed in man (as judged by changes in 3-methylhistidine excretion) and in experimental animals. The nature of the changes is not understood but it is possible that muscle growth induces increased degradation as part of the accompanying myofibre remodelling. The rate of protein degradation can also be influenced by thyroid status, since in thyroid deficiency degradation is reduced and can be stimulated by triiodothyronine. This response is independent of changes in muscle growth. Finally, acute exercise suppresses protein degradation in vivo in man as well as suppressing protein synthesis (in vivo in rats). When protein degradation rates change, acid proteinase activities also change in muscle. The anabolic increase in degradation appears to involve increases in mainly cathepsin D whereas catabolic increases in degradation are associated with an increase mainly in pepstatin-insensitive acid autolytic activity.", "PMID": 399893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_189", "title": "Protein degradation in metabolic and nutritional disorders.", "content": "The increased protein degradation associated with diabetes appears to be different in many respects from protein catabolism in normal, well-nourished cells. In all normal eukaryotic cells examined, degradation of cytosolic proteins exhibits several striking features. Large proteins tend to be degraded more rapidly than small proteins, acidic proteins tend to be degraded more rapidly than neutral or basic proteins, and glycoproteins are degraded more rapidly than non-glycoproteins. Furthermore, a general correlation exists between protein half-life in vivo and susceptibility to proteolytic attack in vitro. In streptozotocin-diabetic rats the relationships between degradative rate and protein size, net charge, and carbohydrate content are absent or markedly reduced among cytosolic proteins of the liver. However, the correlation between protein half-life and susceptibility to proteinase in vitro is unaltered. Therefore, the enhanced protein degradation in diabetes shows little or no selectivity towards large, acidic, glycoproteins but does show specificity for proteins than tend to be sensitive to proteinases. Similar studies using other tissues from diabetic rats are reported and general characteristics of the enhanced liver protein catabolism in starvation and hyperthyroidism are briefly discussed. The biochemical reasons for the increased protein catabolism in diabetes are unclear although several possible explanations are presented. The enhanced breakdown is probably not due to cellular proteins becoming more proteinase sensitive in diabetes since experiments with a variety of endoproteinases including pronase, chymotrypsin, pepsin, and lysosomal cathepsins have failed to demonstrate more rapid digestion of liver proteins from diabetic animals.", "contents": "Protein degradation in metabolic and nutritional disorders. The increased protein degradation associated with diabetes appears to be different in many respects from protein catabolism in normal, well-nourished cells. In all normal eukaryotic cells examined, degradation of cytosolic proteins exhibits several striking features. Large proteins tend to be degraded more rapidly than small proteins, acidic proteins tend to be degraded more rapidly than neutral or basic proteins, and glycoproteins are degraded more rapidly than non-glycoproteins. Furthermore, a general correlation exists between protein half-life in vivo and susceptibility to proteolytic attack in vitro. In streptozotocin-diabetic rats the relationships between degradative rate and protein size, net charge, and carbohydrate content are absent or markedly reduced among cytosolic proteins of the liver. However, the correlation between protein half-life and susceptibility to proteinase in vitro is unaltered. Therefore, the enhanced protein degradation in diabetes shows little or no selectivity towards large, acidic, glycoproteins but does show specificity for proteins than tend to be sensitive to proteinases. Similar studies using other tissues from diabetic rats are reported and general characteristics of the enhanced liver protein catabolism in starvation and hyperthyroidism are briefly discussed. The biochemical reasons for the increased protein catabolism in diabetes are unclear although several possible explanations are presented. The enhanced breakdown is probably not due to cellular proteins becoming more proteinase sensitive in diabetes since experiments with a variety of endoproteinases including pronase, chymotrypsin, pepsin, and lysosomal cathepsins have failed to demonstrate more rapid digestion of liver proteins from diabetic animals.", "PMID": 399894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_190", "title": "Proteinase inhibitors in severe inflammatory processes (septic shock and experimental endotoxaemia): biochemical, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects.", "content": "Plasma levels of antithrombin III, alpha 2-macroglobulin and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, as well as those of various clotting, complement and other plasma factors, were significantly decreased in 18 patients suffering from hyperdynamic septic shock. A similar statistically significant reduction of the concentrations of several plasma factors (prothrombin and antithrombin III, plasminogen and alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor, complement factor C3 and clotting factor XIII) was observed in experimental endotoxaemia. In this model the reduction in the plasma levels of these factors was considerably diminished by the intravenous injection of a granulocytic elastase--cathepsin G inhibitor of lower molecular weight from soybeans. The results of both studies indicate that consumption of plasma factors in the course of Gram-negative sepsis proceeds not only via the classical routes (by activation of the clotting, fibrinolytic and complement cascades by system-specific proteinases such as thrombokinase or the plasminogen activator) but also to an appreciable degree of unspecific degradation of plasma factors by neutral proteinases such as elastase and cathepsin G. The endotoxin-induced release of both sorts of proteinases, the system-specific ones and the unspecific lysosomal proteinases from leucocytes and other cells, is likely to be mainly responsible for the consumption of antithrombin III and alpha-2-macroglobulin via complex formation (followed by elimination of the complexes) and the increased turnover of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor as observed in the clinical study. The therapeutic use of an exogenous elastase--cathepsin G inhibitor in the experimental model was stimulated by the observation that human mucous secretions contain and acid-stable inhibitor of the neutral granulocytic proteinases, called HUSI-I or antileucoproteinase. This inhibitor protects mucous membranes and soluble proteins against proteolytic attack by leucocytic proteinases released in the course of a local inflammatory response. Preliminary results indicate that HUSI-I, which is produced by the epithelial cells of mucous membranes, does not belong to any known structural type of acid-stable proteinase inhibitor. The search for other candidates suitable for medication in humans led to the discovery of a potent elastase--cathepsin G inhibitor, called eglin, in the leech Hirudo medicinalis. This acid-stable inhibitor with a molecular weight close to 8100 has an unusual structural property in that the structure of the molecule is not stabilized by any disulphide bridge.", "contents": "Proteinase inhibitors in severe inflammatory processes (septic shock and experimental endotoxaemia): biochemical, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects. Plasma levels of antithrombin III, alpha 2-macroglobulin and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, as well as those of various clotting, complement and other plasma factors, were significantly decreased in 18 patients suffering from hyperdynamic septic shock. A similar statistically significant reduction of the concentrations of several plasma factors (prothrombin and antithrombin III, plasminogen and alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor, complement factor C3 and clotting factor XIII) was observed in experimental endotoxaemia. In this model the reduction in the plasma levels of these factors was considerably diminished by the intravenous injection of a granulocytic elastase--cathepsin G inhibitor of lower molecular weight from soybeans. The results of both studies indicate that consumption of plasma factors in the course of Gram-negative sepsis proceeds not only via the classical routes (by activation of the clotting, fibrinolytic and complement cascades by system-specific proteinases such as thrombokinase or the plasminogen activator) but also to an appreciable degree of unspecific degradation of plasma factors by neutral proteinases such as elastase and cathepsin G. The endotoxin-induced release of both sorts of proteinases, the system-specific ones and the unspecific lysosomal proteinases from leucocytes and other cells, is likely to be mainly responsible for the consumption of antithrombin III and alpha-2-macroglobulin via complex formation (followed by elimination of the complexes) and the increased turnover of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor as observed in the clinical study. The therapeutic use of an exogenous elastase--cathepsin G inhibitor in the experimental model was stimulated by the observation that human mucous secretions contain and acid-stable inhibitor of the neutral granulocytic proteinases, called HUSI-I or antileucoproteinase. This inhibitor protects mucous membranes and soluble proteins against proteolytic attack by leucocytic proteinases released in the course of a local inflammatory response. Preliminary results indicate that HUSI-I, which is produced by the epithelial cells of mucous membranes, does not belong to any known structural type of acid-stable proteinase inhibitor. The search for other candidates suitable for medication in humans led to the discovery of a potent elastase--cathepsin G inhibitor, called eglin, in the leech Hirudo medicinalis. This acid-stable inhibitor with a molecular weight close to 8100 has an unusual structural property in that the structure of the molecule is not stabilized by any disulphide bridge.", "PMID": 399895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_191", "title": "Cathepsin D: the lysosomal aspartic proteinase.", "content": "Cathepsin D was originally known simply as 'cathepsin' and was first purified in the late 1930s. Nowadays the enzyme is purified by conventional column chromatography, and by isoelectric focusing (which resolves isoforms), but affinity chromatography with pepstatin--Sepharose is also important. Cathepsin D is a glycoprotein of about 42,000 molecular weight; sometimes it comprises a single polypeptide chain but often this is found to have been 'nicked' about two-thirds of the way from one end. Cathepsin D is an 'aspartic proteinase' and may be one of the more primitive members of the family. The activity of cathepsin D is expressed exclusively at acidic pH values and the specificity shows a strong preference for cleavage near hydrophobic amino acids. Specific inhibition of cathepsin D with antibodies and pepstatin has provided strong evidence that the enzyme plays a part in intralysosomal proteolysis but there is as yet little evidence for extracellular activity.", "contents": "Cathepsin D: the lysosomal aspartic proteinase. Cathepsin D was originally known simply as 'cathepsin' and was first purified in the late 1930s. Nowadays the enzyme is purified by conventional column chromatography, and by isoelectric focusing (which resolves isoforms), but affinity chromatography with pepstatin--Sepharose is also important. Cathepsin D is a glycoprotein of about 42,000 molecular weight; sometimes it comprises a single polypeptide chain but often this is found to have been 'nicked' about two-thirds of the way from one end. Cathepsin D is an 'aspartic proteinase' and may be one of the more primitive members of the family. The activity of cathepsin D is expressed exclusively at acidic pH values and the specificity shows a strong preference for cleavage near hydrophobic amino acids. Specific inhibition of cathepsin D with antibodies and pepstatin has provided strong evidence that the enzyme plays a part in intralysosomal proteolysis but there is as yet little evidence for extracellular activity.", "PMID": 399896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_192", "title": "Neutral proteinases of leucocytes and the inflammatory process.", "content": "Plasminogen, the inactive precursor of plasmin, a general trypsin-like proteinase, is present at high concentration in blood and in body fluids. Most cells can recruit this proteolytic potential by secreting plasminogen activator (PA) to generate localized proteolysis in the surrounding microenvironment. PA and plasmin are serine enzymes whose pH optima match extracellular pH; further, in view of the large amount of circulating proenzyme and the broad substrate range of plasmin, the possibility that this proteolytic system can initiate a variety of proteolytic reactions or sequences should be kept in mind. PA production is precisely regulated by hormones, temporal programming, or both; and enzyme synthesis is correlated with some physiological and pathological processes requiring proteolysis. Thus PA production is coordinately regulated with ovulation, trophoblast implantation, spermatogenesis, polypeptide hormone synthesis, and some developmental phenomena; and with inflammation, tumour promotion, and neoplasia. Tissue remodelling and cell migration are common to many of these processes. Macrophage (monocyte) and polymorphonuclear leucocyte PA production is modulated by many biologically active substances. Enzyme synthesis is induced and stimulated by stimuli that recruit these cells to sites of inflammation, and it is repressed by anti-inflammatory agents, notably by glucocorticoids.", "contents": "Neutral proteinases of leucocytes and the inflammatory process. Plasminogen, the inactive precursor of plasmin, a general trypsin-like proteinase, is present at high concentration in blood and in body fluids. Most cells can recruit this proteolytic potential by secreting plasminogen activator (PA) to generate localized proteolysis in the surrounding microenvironment. PA and plasmin are serine enzymes whose pH optima match extracellular pH; further, in view of the large amount of circulating proenzyme and the broad substrate range of plasmin, the possibility that this proteolytic system can initiate a variety of proteolytic reactions or sequences should be kept in mind. PA production is precisely regulated by hormones, temporal programming, or both; and enzyme synthesis is correlated with some physiological and pathological processes requiring proteolysis. Thus PA production is coordinately regulated with ovulation, trophoblast implantation, spermatogenesis, polypeptide hormone synthesis, and some developmental phenomena; and with inflammation, tumour promotion, and neoplasia. Tissue remodelling and cell migration are common to many of these processes. Macrophage (monocyte) and polymorphonuclear leucocyte PA production is modulated by many biologically active substances. Enzyme synthesis is induced and stimulated by stimuli that recruit these cells to sites of inflammation, and it is repressed by anti-inflammatory agents, notably by glucocorticoids.", "PMID": 399897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_193", "title": "Human leucocyte elastase and cathepsin G: structural and functional characteristics.", "content": "Two of the major enzymes present in an released from neutrophil granulocytes are the endoproteinases elastase and cathepsin G. While the former is believed to be one of the major causative agents responsible for tissue destruction in emphysema and rheumatoid arthritis, little is known about the function of cathepsin G. We have recently developed simple procedures for isolating the isoenzymes of each type of proteinase as well as for their specific controlling plasma inhibitors. We have also prepared synthetic substrates and inhibitor analogues. Some sequence studies have been initiated and the results indicate homology of these enzymes not only with each other and with the pancreatic proteinases but also between cathepsin G and proteolytic enzymes present in muscle and mast cell tissue. Significantly, both types of enzyme can degrade the structural protein myosin, as well as elastin and proteoglycan. However, their relative importance in muscle protein turnover or muscle disease has not yet been clarified.", "contents": "Human leucocyte elastase and cathepsin G: structural and functional characteristics. Two of the major enzymes present in an released from neutrophil granulocytes are the endoproteinases elastase and cathepsin G. While the former is believed to be one of the major causative agents responsible for tissue destruction in emphysema and rheumatoid arthritis, little is known about the function of cathepsin G. We have recently developed simple procedures for isolating the isoenzymes of each type of proteinase as well as for their specific controlling plasma inhibitors. We have also prepared synthetic substrates and inhibitor analogues. Some sequence studies have been initiated and the results indicate homology of these enzymes not only with each other and with the pancreatic proteinases but also between cathepsin G and proteolytic enzymes present in muscle and mast cell tissue. Significantly, both types of enzyme can degrade the structural protein myosin, as well as elastin and proteoglycan. However, their relative importance in muscle protein turnover or muscle disease has not yet been clarified.", "PMID": 399898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_194", "title": "Escherichia coli and group B streptococcal infections in experimental animals.", "content": "Small doses of Escherichia coli endotoxin or of viable E. coli caused only a mild illness in pregnant mice but severely impaired fetal development. After intravenous injection and after experimental renal infection E. coli multiplied in placental tissue, causing resorption of the conceptuses and sometimes fetal infection. It is suggested that in humans coliform bacteraemia sometimes results in abortion and premature delivery because of the placental damage brought about by E. coli and its abortifacient endotoxin. Isolates of group B streptococci from various sites in 175 patients varied markedly in their pathogenicity for mice, and pregnant animals were less susceptible to infection than non-pregnant. In late pregnancy streptococci multiplied rapidly in placental tissue, suggesting that the placenta may be a significant focus of infection at the time of delivery. After antibiotic treatment the majority of mice infected with a highly pathogenic strain died but the majority of those infected with a strain of low pathogenicity survived. Preliminary experiments suggest that guinea-pigs and rabbits may be useful for studying the role of maternally derived antibodies in protecting the neonate against group B streptococci.", "contents": "Escherichia coli and group B streptococcal infections in experimental animals. Small doses of Escherichia coli endotoxin or of viable E. coli caused only a mild illness in pregnant mice but severely impaired fetal development. After intravenous injection and after experimental renal infection E. coli multiplied in placental tissue, causing resorption of the conceptuses and sometimes fetal infection. It is suggested that in humans coliform bacteraemia sometimes results in abortion and premature delivery because of the placental damage brought about by E. coli and its abortifacient endotoxin. Isolates of group B streptococci from various sites in 175 patients varied markedly in their pathogenicity for mice, and pregnant animals were less susceptible to infection than non-pregnant. In late pregnancy streptococci multiplied rapidly in placental tissue, suggesting that the placenta may be a significant focus of infection at the time of delivery. After antibiotic treatment the majority of mice infected with a highly pathogenic strain died but the majority of those infected with a strain of low pathogenicity survived. Preliminary experiments suggest that guinea-pigs and rabbits may be useful for studying the role of maternally derived antibodies in protecting the neonate against group B streptococci.", "PMID": 399899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_195", "title": "The secretory IgA system in the neonatal period.", "content": "It is still not known when the secretory IgA response, important for defence of the mucous membranes, becomes fully competent in the human infant. The infant is, however, provided with 0.25--0.5 g of secretory IgA/day via the maternal milk. The milk contains secretory IgA antibodies against a wide variety of antigens from microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses and parasites. Many of the antibodies are directed against important virulence factors such as bacterial pili, enterotoxins, capsular polysaccharides and endotoxic lipopolysaccharides. The passive transfer of antibodies through the milk may explain why breast-fed infants are resistant to enteric infections in particular. The antibodies in the milk are often directed against antigens in the mother's milieu and intestine. An entero-mammary gland link, possibly consisting of lymphoid cells homing from the Peyer's patches in the intestine to the mammary gland, has been suggested. A limited selective uptake of oligomeric IgA from serum in exocrine glands, including the mammary glands, has also been indicated. Whichever the mechanism, the antibodies transferred via breast milk are composed to meet the needs of the infant.", "contents": "The secretory IgA system in the neonatal period. It is still not known when the secretory IgA response, important for defence of the mucous membranes, becomes fully competent in the human infant. The infant is, however, provided with 0.25--0.5 g of secretory IgA/day via the maternal milk. The milk contains secretory IgA antibodies against a wide variety of antigens from microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses and parasites. Many of the antibodies are directed against important virulence factors such as bacterial pili, enterotoxins, capsular polysaccharides and endotoxic lipopolysaccharides. The passive transfer of antibodies through the milk may explain why breast-fed infants are resistant to enteric infections in particular. The antibodies in the milk are often directed against antigens in the mother's milieu and intestine. An entero-mammary gland link, possibly consisting of lymphoid cells homing from the Peyer's patches in the intestine to the mammary gland, has been suggested. A limited selective uptake of oligomeric IgA from serum in exocrine glands, including the mammary glands, has also been indicated. Whichever the mechanism, the antibodies transferred via breast milk are composed to meet the needs of the infant.", "PMID": 399900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_196", "title": "Perinatal implications of the lower genital tract flora.", "content": "In a longitudinal study of the microflora of the lower genital tract at three stages in pregnancy and once postnatally, 20 different groups or genera of microorganisms were isolated. No substantial change was demonstrated in the flora as pregnancy progressed, although there was a fall in the rate of isolation of organisms after delivery. Few infants acquired organisms from their mother's lower genital tract. Caucasian mothers colonized by genital ureaplasmas gave birth to infants with a higher mean birth weight for length of gestation than the infants of ureaplasma-negative mothers. There was no correlation between birth weight and maternal genital colonization with ureaplasmas in the infants of Asian mothers. Group B streptococci were recovered from the ano-rectum more frequently than from the posterior vaginal fornix during pregnancy and strains recovered from these sites in individual patients were indistinguishable by serotyping and phage typing, suggesting that the ano-rectum or bowel is the probable source of the organism. Group B streptococci were never recovered from Asian patients (16% of the study population). Sera of women colonized with group B streptococci and cord sera from their infants had higher levels of type-specific IgG antibody than non-colonized controls and their neonates.", "contents": "Perinatal implications of the lower genital tract flora. In a longitudinal study of the microflora of the lower genital tract at three stages in pregnancy and once postnatally, 20 different groups or genera of microorganisms were isolated. No substantial change was demonstrated in the flora as pregnancy progressed, although there was a fall in the rate of isolation of organisms after delivery. Few infants acquired organisms from their mother's lower genital tract. Caucasian mothers colonized by genital ureaplasmas gave birth to infants with a higher mean birth weight for length of gestation than the infants of ureaplasma-negative mothers. There was no correlation between birth weight and maternal genital colonization with ureaplasmas in the infants of Asian mothers. Group B streptococci were recovered from the ano-rectum more frequently than from the posterior vaginal fornix during pregnancy and strains recovered from these sites in individual patients were indistinguishable by serotyping and phage typing, suggesting that the ano-rectum or bowel is the probable source of the organism. Group B streptococci were never recovered from Asian patients (16% of the study population). Sera of women colonized with group B streptococci and cord sera from their infants had higher levels of type-specific IgG antibody than non-colonized controls and their neonates.", "PMID": 399901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_197", "title": "Neonatal group B streptococcal infection.", "content": "Group B streptococcus is now recognized as a major cause of serious neonatal infection. Between January 1973 and July 1979 35 infants with 'early onset' group B streptococcal infection were admitted to the Special Nursery, Aberdeen Maternity Hospital. Ten infants died, nine of whom were of low birth weight. Current research is directed towards defining 'high risk' groups and establishing an effective means of prevention. The concept of early administration of antibiotics to 'high risk' infants, particularly those of low birth weight, is recommended. While there is already evidence in support of the effectiveness of such an antibiotic policy, the nature of protective immunity and the place of immunoprophylaxis have yet to be clarified. Analysis of our data suggests that vaginal carriage of group B streptococcus is not associated with the mother's blood group but there appears to be an increased incidence of neonatal group B streptococcal infection in infants of mothers of blood group B.", "contents": "Neonatal group B streptococcal infection. Group B streptococcus is now recognized as a major cause of serious neonatal infection. Between January 1973 and July 1979 35 infants with 'early onset' group B streptococcal infection were admitted to the Special Nursery, Aberdeen Maternity Hospital. Ten infants died, nine of whom were of low birth weight. Current research is directed towards defining 'high risk' groups and establishing an effective means of prevention. The concept of early administration of antibiotics to 'high risk' infants, particularly those of low birth weight, is recommended. While there is already evidence in support of the effectiveness of such an antibiotic policy, the nature of protective immunity and the place of immunoprophylaxis have yet to be clarified. Analysis of our data suggests that vaginal carriage of group B streptococcus is not associated with the mother's blood group but there appears to be an increased incidence of neonatal group B streptococcal infection in infants of mothers of blood group B.", "PMID": 399902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_198", "title": "Mutagenicity of cross-links and monoadducts of furocoumarins (psoralen and angelicin) induced by 360-nm radiation in excision-repair-defective and radiation-insensitive strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The furocoumarin psoralen can form both monoadducts and cross-links with DNA when combined with 360-nm radiation, whereas the analog angelicin can form monoadducts only. Psoralen plus 360-nm radiation causes mutation induction with a slope of 2 (log-log plot) for a radiation-insensitive strain, whereas angelicin action with 360-nm radiation displays a slope of unity. For a radiation-sensitive mutant defective in the excision-repair pathway, the actions of both angelicin and psoralen plus 360-nm radiation exhibit one-target kinetics, but at higher exposures psoralen plus 360-nm radiation assumes a slope of 2. The excision-repair-defective strain is considerably more sensitive to the furocoumarins plus 360-nm radiation than is the radiation-insensitive strain, both for killing and mutation induction. The simplest explanation for the data is that both cross-links and monoadducts, formed by furocoumarins with DNA when exposed to 360-nm radiation, are capable of inducing mutations, and that monoadducts are repaired 20 times more efficiently than cross-links by the excision-repair pathway.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of cross-links and monoadducts of furocoumarins (psoralen and angelicin) induced by 360-nm radiation in excision-repair-defective and radiation-insensitive strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The furocoumarin psoralen can form both monoadducts and cross-links with DNA when combined with 360-nm radiation, whereas the analog angelicin can form monoadducts only. Psoralen plus 360-nm radiation causes mutation induction with a slope of 2 (log-log plot) for a radiation-insensitive strain, whereas angelicin action with 360-nm radiation displays a slope of unity. For a radiation-sensitive mutant defective in the excision-repair pathway, the actions of both angelicin and psoralen plus 360-nm radiation exhibit one-target kinetics, but at higher exposures psoralen plus 360-nm radiation assumes a slope of 2. The excision-repair-defective strain is considerably more sensitive to the furocoumarins plus 360-nm radiation than is the radiation-insensitive strain, both for killing and mutation induction. The simplest explanation for the data is that both cross-links and monoadducts, formed by furocoumarins with DNA when exposed to 360-nm radiation, are capable of inducing mutations, and that monoadducts are repaired 20 times more efficiently than cross-links by the excision-repair pathway.", "PMID": 399905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_199", "title": "Effect of the co-carcinogen benzo[e]pyrene on microsome-mediated chemical mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Chemical agents that possess the ability to alter tumorigenicity of carcinogens (administered at subthreshold dose) constitute a major health hazard. We have employed the Ames Salmonella assay to examine the effect of co-carcinogenic benzo[e]pyrene (B[e]P) on microsome-mediated chemical mutagenesis. B[e]P enhanced the mutagenic activity induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in strains TA1538 and TA98. Enhancement was also noted with N-hydroxy-2-AAF (the proximal metabolite of 2-AAF) but not with an ultimate carcinogenic form (N-acetoxy-2-AAF). These results suggest the use of this approach to detect chemical agents that possess the ability to alter the activity of mutagenic or carcinogenic chemicals.", "contents": "Effect of the co-carcinogen benzo[e]pyrene on microsome-mediated chemical mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium. Chemical agents that possess the ability to alter tumorigenicity of carcinogens (administered at subthreshold dose) constitute a major health hazard. We have employed the Ames Salmonella assay to examine the effect of co-carcinogenic benzo[e]pyrene (B[e]P) on microsome-mediated chemical mutagenesis. B[e]P enhanced the mutagenic activity induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in strains TA1538 and TA98. Enhancement was also noted with N-hydroxy-2-AAF (the proximal metabolite of 2-AAF) but not with an ultimate carcinogenic form (N-acetoxy-2-AAF). These results suggest the use of this approach to detect chemical agents that possess the ability to alter the activity of mutagenic or carcinogenic chemicals.", "PMID": 399907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_200", "title": "The mutagenicity of dialkyl nitrosamines in the Salmonella plate assay.", "content": "N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) is not mutagenic in the standard Salmonella plate incorporation assay (Ames test) in the presence of an in vitro metabolic activation system (S-9) derived from rat liver. When the S-9 was derived from Aroclor- or phenobarbital-induced mouse or hamster liver or from uninduced hamster liver, mutagenic activity was observed. Increasing the amount of S-9 above the usual maximum level of 50 microliter per plate increased the mutagenic response. Similarly, the mutagenicity of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and N-nitrosodi(n-butyl)amine (DBN) was greater in the presence of hamster liver S-9 than when mouse or rat liver was used. Data are also presented indicating that the ability of rat liver S-9 to mediate the mutagenic activity of DMN in the \"preincubation\" assay is due to the fact that the various components are present in this assay at several times the concentrations attained in the standard plate incorporation assay.", "contents": "The mutagenicity of dialkyl nitrosamines in the Salmonella plate assay. N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) is not mutagenic in the standard Salmonella plate incorporation assay (Ames test) in the presence of an in vitro metabolic activation system (S-9) derived from rat liver. When the S-9 was derived from Aroclor- or phenobarbital-induced mouse or hamster liver or from uninduced hamster liver, mutagenic activity was observed. Increasing the amount of S-9 above the usual maximum level of 50 microliter per plate increased the mutagenic response. Similarly, the mutagenicity of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and N-nitrosodi(n-butyl)amine (DBN) was greater in the presence of hamster liver S-9 than when mouse or rat liver was used. Data are also presented indicating that the ability of rat liver S-9 to mediate the mutagenic activity of DMN in the \"preincubation\" assay is due to the fact that the various components are present in this assay at several times the concentrations attained in the standard plate incorporation assay.", "PMID": 399908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_201", "title": "Problems associated with the application of short-term tests for mutagenicity in mass-screening programs.", "content": "The application of short-term tests for toxicological evaluation of environmental chemicals is certainly a reality in the near future as a result of the Toxic Substances Control Act, as well as other regulations under development [de Serres, 1977]. Many of the problems associated with this testing in the area of genetic toxicology are under study at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in our National Toxicology Program and at the Environmental Protection Agency in their Gene-Tox Program. The other problems that I have discussed in connection with standardization of protocols, protocol review and modification, and training of personnel are not being pursued aggressively. Perhaps with their definition and acceptance as meaningful problems, mechanisms will be established for their resolution. It is in these latter areas that I hope that this society can provide the forceful leadership that will result in their resolution in the near future.", "contents": "Problems associated with the application of short-term tests for mutagenicity in mass-screening programs. The application of short-term tests for toxicological evaluation of environmental chemicals is certainly a reality in the near future as a result of the Toxic Substances Control Act, as well as other regulations under development [de Serres, 1977]. Many of the problems associated with this testing in the area of genetic toxicology are under study at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in our National Toxicology Program and at the Environmental Protection Agency in their Gene-Tox Program. The other problems that I have discussed in connection with standardization of protocols, protocol review and modification, and training of personnel are not being pursued aggressively. Perhaps with their definition and acceptance as meaningful problems, mechanisms will be established for their resolution. It is in these latter areas that I hope that this society can provide the forceful leadership that will result in their resolution in the near future.", "PMID": 399909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_202", "title": "Bile as a source of mutagenic metabolites produced in vivo and detected by Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The in vivo metabolic activation of several mutagenic compounds was assayed in the bile of rats, with Salmonella typhimurium as the indicator organism. It was determined that for some compounds, particularly the aromatic amines, a substantial percentage of the compound was excreted into the bile as either a nonmutagenic glucuronide conjugate or a mutagenic metabolite of the compound. Relatively low doses of the chemical were detected, and it was possible to follow the excretion pattern of the compounds over the collection period.", "contents": "Bile as a source of mutagenic metabolites produced in vivo and detected by Salmonella typhimurium. The in vivo metabolic activation of several mutagenic compounds was assayed in the bile of rats, with Salmonella typhimurium as the indicator organism. It was determined that for some compounds, particularly the aromatic amines, a substantial percentage of the compound was excreted into the bile as either a nonmutagenic glucuronide conjugate or a mutagenic metabolite of the compound. Relatively low doses of the chemical were detected, and it was possible to follow the excretion pattern of the compounds over the collection period.", "PMID": 399910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_203", "title": "Mutagenicity detection of in vivo nitrosation of dimethylamine by nitrite.", "content": "In vivo nitrosation of dimethylamine by nitrite was measured with an intrahepatic host-mediated mutagenicity assay using Salmonella typhimurium as the detecting organism. It was possible to detect the product, N-nitrosodimethylamine, at much lower doses with this system than with previously reported in vivo systems. This and other improvements made it possible to detect the formation of nitrosodimethylamine from relatively low levels of gavaged precursors.", "contents": "Mutagenicity detection of in vivo nitrosation of dimethylamine by nitrite. In vivo nitrosation of dimethylamine by nitrite was measured with an intrahepatic host-mediated mutagenicity assay using Salmonella typhimurium as the detecting organism. It was possible to detect the product, N-nitrosodimethylamine, at much lower doses with this system than with previously reported in vivo systems. This and other improvements made it possible to detect the formation of nitrosodimethylamine from relatively low levels of gavaged precursors.", "PMID": 399911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_204", "title": "Mutagenic activity of epoxy embedding reagents employed in electron microscopy.", "content": "Components of epoxy-based embedding media used in electron microscopy were examined for their mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella system. The compounds, singly and in combination, were shown to be active with strain TA100 (base substitution indicator) but not with TA98 (frameshift indicator). When tested separately the epoxy resins Araldite, Epon, and vinyl cyclohexen dioxide (VCD) and the plasticizer diglycidyl ether of propylene glycol (DER-736) were found to be significantly mutagenic. These active compounds, in combination with liver mixed oxidase preparation (S9), showed increased mutagenicity over similar preparations in the absence of microsomal activation.", "contents": "Mutagenic activity of epoxy embedding reagents employed in electron microscopy. Components of epoxy-based embedding media used in electron microscopy were examined for their mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella system. The compounds, singly and in combination, were shown to be active with strain TA100 (base substitution indicator) but not with TA98 (frameshift indicator). When tested separately the epoxy resins Araldite, Epon, and vinyl cyclohexen dioxide (VCD) and the plasticizer diglycidyl ether of propylene glycol (DER-736) were found to be significantly mutagenic. These active compounds, in combination with liver mixed oxidase preparation (S9), showed increased mutagenicity over similar preparations in the absence of microsomal activation.", "PMID": 399914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_205", "title": "Phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia--a potential environmental health hazard to newborn infants: a review.", "content": "Phototherapy has been shown to be an effective therapy for severe neonatal jaundice. However, because of its seemingly innocuous effect on normal babies, this therapeutic modality has been widely used to prevent jaundice in circumstances where it may be neither necessary nor beneficial. The present report summarizes results which indicate that phototherapy is endowed with DNA-modifying properties and has therefore the potential for inducing genetic and carcinogenic effects. These disconcerting findings concerning the long-term hazardous consequences of an accepted therapeutic procedure require that the unique physiologic and pharmacologic characteristics of the newborn populations be recognized when assessing the risks and benefits of phototherapy.", "contents": "Phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia--a potential environmental health hazard to newborn infants: a review. Phototherapy has been shown to be an effective therapy for severe neonatal jaundice. However, because of its seemingly innocuous effect on normal babies, this therapeutic modality has been widely used to prevent jaundice in circumstances where it may be neither necessary nor beneficial. The present report summarizes results which indicate that phototherapy is endowed with DNA-modifying properties and has therefore the potential for inducing genetic and carcinogenic effects. These disconcerting findings concerning the long-term hazardous consequences of an accepted therapeutic procedure require that the unique physiologic and pharmacologic characteristics of the newborn populations be recognized when assessing the risks and benefits of phototherapy.", "PMID": 399916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_206", "title": "Mutagenicity of organic extracts from Canadian drinking water in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay.", "content": "Organic extracts of chlorinated Ontario drinking water samples have been found to induce mutation and lethality in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome histadine reversion assay. Collections of water were made at water treatment plants in five municipalities in June 1978. To determine the reproducibility of the positive mutagenic effects found, a second sampling at the same plants was performed in September 1978. Preparation of extracts involved passing 200 liter samples through XAD-2 resin columns which were eluted with a mixture of hexane and acetone, and the eluent was evaporated to dryness. For those extracts with sufficient organic matter, dose-related increases in mutagenicity were observed. Extracts of untreated water from a river and a well were weakly mutagenic.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of organic extracts from Canadian drinking water in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay. Organic extracts of chlorinated Ontario drinking water samples have been found to induce mutation and lethality in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome histadine reversion assay. Collections of water were made at water treatment plants in five municipalities in June 1978. To determine the reproducibility of the positive mutagenic effects found, a second sampling at the same plants was performed in September 1978. Preparation of extracts involved passing 200 liter samples through XAD-2 resin columns which were eluted with a mixture of hexane and acetone, and the eluent was evaporated to dryness. For those extracts with sufficient organic matter, dose-related increases in mutagenicity were observed. Extracts of untreated water from a river and a well were weakly mutagenic.", "PMID": 399917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_207", "title": "Mutagenicity of resin acids identified in pulp and paper mill effluents using the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay.", "content": "Ten resin acids which have been identified as constituents of pulp and paper mill effluents have been examined for potential mutagenicity in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay. Only neoabietic acid has been found to be mutagenic. Neoabietic acid showed dose-related increases in mutagenicity in strains TA1535, TA100, TA1538, and TA98, but not in strain TA1537. Metabolic activation with a preparation of Aroclor 1254-induced liver homogenate (S9) slightly reduced the mutagenic responses. Negative responses were found for abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, levopimaric acid, 7-oxodehydroabietic acid, monochlorodehydroabietic acid, dichlorodehydroabietic acid, pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, and sandaracopimaric acid.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of resin acids identified in pulp and paper mill effluents using the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay. Ten resin acids which have been identified as constituents of pulp and paper mill effluents have been examined for potential mutagenicity in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay. Only neoabietic acid has been found to be mutagenic. Neoabietic acid showed dose-related increases in mutagenicity in strains TA1535, TA100, TA1538, and TA98, but not in strain TA1537. Metabolic activation with a preparation of Aroclor 1254-induced liver homogenate (S9) slightly reduced the mutagenic responses. Negative responses were found for abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, levopimaric acid, 7-oxodehydroabietic acid, monochlorodehydroabietic acid, dichlorodehydroabietic acid, pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, and sandaracopimaric acid.", "PMID": 399918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_208", "title": "Mutagenic evaluation of nitroparaffins in the Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian-microsome test and the micronucleus test.", "content": "Three nitroparaffins (nitroethane, 1-nitropropane, and 2-nitropropane) were studied in the Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsome (Ames) test, with and without microsomal activation systems. Nitroethane and 2-nitropropane also were studied in an in vivo mutagenic (micronucleus) test. These studies were undertaken because these solvents are widely used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and 2-nitropropane was reported to cause liver cancer in rats exposed by the inhalation route. Neither nitroethane nor 1-nitropropane was active in the Ames test with Salmonella tester-strains TA1537, TA92, TA98, or TA100. However, 2-nitropropane produced a significant increase in revertants in all of these tester strains, particularly strain TA100, where 3 microliter/plate doubled the number of revertants in the presence of microsomal enzymes. Negative results were obtained with both nitroethane and 2-nitropropane in micronucleus tests. These studies have shown that 2-nitropropane has the potential for causing point mutations in a microbial test system. However, this compound probably will not cause a chromosome mutation of the clastogenic type.", "contents": "Mutagenic evaluation of nitroparaffins in the Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian-microsome test and the micronucleus test. Three nitroparaffins (nitroethane, 1-nitropropane, and 2-nitropropane) were studied in the Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsome (Ames) test, with and without microsomal activation systems. Nitroethane and 2-nitropropane also were studied in an in vivo mutagenic (micronucleus) test. These studies were undertaken because these solvents are widely used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and 2-nitropropane was reported to cause liver cancer in rats exposed by the inhalation route. Neither nitroethane nor 1-nitropropane was active in the Ames test with Salmonella tester-strains TA1537, TA92, TA98, or TA100. However, 2-nitropropane produced a significant increase in revertants in all of these tester strains, particularly strain TA100, where 3 microliter/plate doubled the number of revertants in the presence of microsomal enzymes. Negative results were obtained with both nitroethane and 2-nitropropane in micronucleus tests. These studies have shown that 2-nitropropane has the potential for causing point mutations in a microbial test system. However, this compound probably will not cause a chromosome mutation of the clastogenic type.", "PMID": 399919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_209", "title": "In vitro mutagenicity and cell transformation screening of caprolactam.", "content": "Caprolactam was tested for genetic activity in bacterial and mammalian screens. It was inactive in the following tests: a) Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity; b) Chinese hamster ovary cell mutagenicity (induction of 6-thioguanine mutants); c) Enhancement of SA7 virus transformation of primary hamster embryo cells, when administered before or after virus, and; d) Chemical transformation of secondary hamster embryo cells.", "contents": "In vitro mutagenicity and cell transformation screening of caprolactam. Caprolactam was tested for genetic activity in bacterial and mammalian screens. It was inactive in the following tests: a) Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity; b) Chinese hamster ovary cell mutagenicity (induction of 6-thioguanine mutants); c) Enhancement of SA7 virus transformation of primary hamster embryo cells, when administered before or after virus, and; d) Chemical transformation of secondary hamster embryo cells.", "PMID": 399920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_210", "title": "[S-Acyl derivatives of thiosalicylamides with antifungal activity. III].", "content": "Some S-acylderivatives of N-monosubstituted amides of thiosalicylic acid in which the N substituents were unsaturated alkyl groups, cyclic or branched saturated alkyl groups, aromatic or aralkyl groups, were prepared and tested for antifungal activity. The substances which were all new were prepared by condensation of 2-mercapto-N-alkylbenzamides with suitable acylating agents. The fungistatic activity of the products was tested in vitro against the following: Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The results reported in Table I underline the importance of the S-acylderivatives of N-monosubstituted amides of thiosalicylic acid as antifungal agents. Study of the results in Table I has also given some insight on the structure-activity relationships. The S-acyl-N-aralkylthiosalicylamides proved the most active of the compounds tested.", "contents": "[S-Acyl derivatives of thiosalicylamides with antifungal activity. III]. Some S-acylderivatives of N-monosubstituted amides of thiosalicylic acid in which the N substituents were unsaturated alkyl groups, cyclic or branched saturated alkyl groups, aromatic or aralkyl groups, were prepared and tested for antifungal activity. The substances which were all new were prepared by condensation of 2-mercapto-N-alkylbenzamides with suitable acylating agents. The fungistatic activity of the products was tested in vitro against the following: Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The results reported in Table I underline the importance of the S-acylderivatives of N-monosubstituted amides of thiosalicylic acid as antifungal agents. Study of the results in Table I has also given some insight on the structure-activity relationships. The S-acyl-N-aralkylthiosalicylamides proved the most active of the compounds tested.", "PMID": 399922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_211", "title": "QSAR in cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "Interest in the formulation of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) for antitumor drugs has begun to develop in the past decade. The work in this area has been reviewed briefly, using as examples studies on nitrosoureas, aniline mustards, and aryl triazenes. A salient conclusion from this analysis is that the present drugs in clinical use are more hydrophilic than one might expect. The reason for this may be that they have been developed using leukemia as the test system which may in part account for the fact that while the currently used drugs are effective against leukemia, they are not effective in general against solid tumors.", "contents": "QSAR in cancer chemotherapy. Interest in the formulation of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) for antitumor drugs has begun to develop in the past decade. The work in this area has been reviewed briefly, using as examples studies on nitrosoureas, aniline mustards, and aryl triazenes. A salient conclusion from this analysis is that the present drugs in clinical use are more hydrophilic than one might expect. The reason for this may be that they have been developed using leukemia as the test system which may in part account for the fact that while the currently used drugs are effective against leukemia, they are not effective in general against solid tumors.", "PMID": 399923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_212", "title": "Diethylaminoalkyloxycoumarin and -furocoumarin derivatives.", "content": "Four series of diethylaminoalkoxyderivatives of coumarin (at the positions 4 and 7) and furocoumarin (at the positions 5 and 8) have been prepared, in order to study their complexing capacity with DNA, these compounds having a double possibility of interaction, that is intercalation of the aromatic moiety between two base pairs and formation of an electrostatic bond between their terminal amino group and a phosphoric group of DNA. Some biological effects connected with the interaction with DNA have also been studied. The results obtained showed that coumarin derivatives have a low complexing capacity and lack any biological activity. The furocoumarin derivatives showed a markedly increased complexing capacity both in respect to the coumarin derivatives and to the parent furocoumarin (psoralen, as well as its 5- and 8-methoxy derivatives) and proved able to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, as well as the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and of various strains of Escherichia coli. This activity was generally low but was constantly higher in 5-than in 8-derivatives, the same behavior being found with regard to the complexing capacity with DNA. A good correlation between the ability to form complexes with DNA and the capacity to inhibit cells growth was clearly evidenced.", "contents": "Diethylaminoalkyloxycoumarin and -furocoumarin derivatives. Four series of diethylaminoalkoxyderivatives of coumarin (at the positions 4 and 7) and furocoumarin (at the positions 5 and 8) have been prepared, in order to study their complexing capacity with DNA, these compounds having a double possibility of interaction, that is intercalation of the aromatic moiety between two base pairs and formation of an electrostatic bond between their terminal amino group and a phosphoric group of DNA. Some biological effects connected with the interaction with DNA have also been studied. The results obtained showed that coumarin derivatives have a low complexing capacity and lack any biological activity. The furocoumarin derivatives showed a markedly increased complexing capacity both in respect to the coumarin derivatives and to the parent furocoumarin (psoralen, as well as its 5- and 8-methoxy derivatives) and proved able to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, as well as the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and of various strains of Escherichia coli. This activity was generally low but was constantly higher in 5-than in 8-derivatives, the same behavior being found with regard to the complexing capacity with DNA. A good correlation between the ability to form complexes with DNA and the capacity to inhibit cells growth was clearly evidenced.", "PMID": 399924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_213", "title": "Arguments for an inhibiting role of prostaglandin E1 on insulin secretion in man.", "content": "This study aimed at investigating the effect of exogenous prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) administration on both basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in normal man. For this purpose, six normal subjects were submitted to an infusion of PGE1 (0.2 microgram/kg/min) over a period of 75 min. Plasma glucose exhibited a progressive increase whereas insulin did not show any significant change. In order to exclude the participation of endogenously released catecholamines in these responses to PGE1, six additional subjects received PGE1 60 min after the start of the infusion of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine. Hyperglycemia developed during the combined infusion of phentolamine plus PGE1, but plasma insulin remained essentially unchanged. In other six normal volunteers, PGE1 (0.5 microgram/kg/min) significantly reduced both insulin response to intravenous glucose and glucose tolerance. These results seen to indicate that an intraislet synthesis of prostaglandins is involved in the beta-cell regulation of insulin release.", "contents": "Arguments for an inhibiting role of prostaglandin E1 on insulin secretion in man. This study aimed at investigating the effect of exogenous prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) administration on both basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in normal man. For this purpose, six normal subjects were submitted to an infusion of PGE1 (0.2 microgram/kg/min) over a period of 75 min. Plasma glucose exhibited a progressive increase whereas insulin did not show any significant change. In order to exclude the participation of endogenously released catecholamines in these responses to PGE1, six additional subjects received PGE1 60 min after the start of the infusion of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine. Hyperglycemia developed during the combined infusion of phentolamine plus PGE1, but plasma insulin remained essentially unchanged. In other six normal volunteers, PGE1 (0.5 microgram/kg/min) significantly reduced both insulin response to intravenous glucose and glucose tolerance. These results seen to indicate that an intraislet synthesis of prostaglandins is involved in the beta-cell regulation of insulin release.", "PMID": 399925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_214", "title": "[Synthesis and anti-fungal activity of 5-aminopyrazole derivatives].", "content": "4-Thiocyanato-5-amino or acylaminopyrazoles were prepared and their antifungal activity was tested against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes: the 4-thiocyanato-5-aminopyrazoles were the most effective in both tests.", "contents": "[Synthesis and anti-fungal activity of 5-aminopyrazole derivatives]. 4-Thiocyanato-5-amino or acylaminopyrazoles were prepared and their antifungal activity was tested against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes: the 4-thiocyanato-5-aminopyrazoles were the most effective in both tests.", "PMID": 399926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_215", "title": "[S-acyl derivatives of thiosalicylamides and their anti-fungal activity. IV].", "content": "Some S-acyl derivatives of N-alkylthiosalicylamides [Table I, II: substances (I leads to XXXIII)] in which the acyl group on S in a carbamic or thiocarbamic N-monosubstituted group were prepared and tested in vitro for antifungal activity. All the substances which are not previously recorded were prepared by condensation of 2-mercapto-N-alkylbenzamides with suitable isocyanates or isothiocyanates. The fungistatic activity of the products prepared was tested in vitro against the two strains: Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The results (Table I and II) show that the N-monosubstituted S-carbamoyl and S-thiocarbamoyl derivatives of N-monosubstituted amides of thiosalicyclic acid have marked in vitro antimycotic activity. Many derivatives have activity of the same order of magnitude as that of clotrimazole and of these the most active compound is 2-(N-phenylcarbamoylmercapto)-N,n-heptylbenzamide (XXVI).", "contents": "[S-acyl derivatives of thiosalicylamides and their anti-fungal activity. IV]. Some S-acyl derivatives of N-alkylthiosalicylamides [Table I, II: substances (I leads to XXXIII)] in which the acyl group on S in a carbamic or thiocarbamic N-monosubstituted group were prepared and tested in vitro for antifungal activity. All the substances which are not previously recorded were prepared by condensation of 2-mercapto-N-alkylbenzamides with suitable isocyanates or isothiocyanates. The fungistatic activity of the products prepared was tested in vitro against the two strains: Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The results (Table I and II) show that the N-monosubstituted S-carbamoyl and S-thiocarbamoyl derivatives of N-monosubstituted amides of thiosalicyclic acid have marked in vitro antimycotic activity. Many derivatives have activity of the same order of magnitude as that of clotrimazole and of these the most active compound is 2-(N-phenylcarbamoylmercapto)-N,n-heptylbenzamide (XXVI).", "PMID": 399927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_216", "title": "[The behavior of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in rats subject to audiogenic stress].", "content": "The behaviour of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in adult albino rats was studied during audiogenic stress (92 dB - 2000 Hz) for different experimental times (4-8-12-16-20-24-28 min). The results show the two-phase behaviour of PRA (plasma renin activity), which is related to aldosterone levels. These changes do not appear to depend on plasma electrolytes (sodium and potassium), while a possible role of ACTH is suggested.", "contents": "[The behavior of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in rats subject to audiogenic stress]. The behaviour of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in adult albino rats was studied during audiogenic stress (92 dB - 2000 Hz) for different experimental times (4-8-12-16-20-24-28 min). The results show the two-phase behaviour of PRA (plasma renin activity), which is related to aldosterone levels. These changes do not appear to depend on plasma electrolytes (sodium and potassium), while a possible role of ACTH is suggested.", "PMID": 399928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_217", "title": "[Long term treatment with acebutolol in hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Acebutolol, a new cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, has been studied in 40 hypertensive patients (pts.) for a period of 6 months, 25 patients (group A) had never taken any antihypertensive agent, 15 pts. (group B) were previously treated with antihypertensives. This two groups are statistically different for the age (39.8 y. group A; 49.6 y. group B) for the values of basal blood pressure (BP) (175/105 mmHg group A; 197/114 mmHg group B) and for disease duration (9.9 months group A; 39.0 months group B). A significant antihypertensive response was obtained already at the 15th therapy day for the two groups, treated with acebutolol. Further, a little reduction of BP was obtained at the 3rd month going on with therapy; then the BP values showed non significant variation till the end of the study. Orthostatic hypotension were not remarked. After 3 months, acebutolol treatment 41% pts. rised diastolic BP (DBP) below 90 mmHg and 35% pts. had a DBP between 90 and 100 mmHg. The average values of heart rate have been significantly reduced after 15 days of therapy with sligh variations during the following month. The optimal mean daily dosages of the drug were obtained with titration in three months (540 mg/day group A and 740 mg/day group B). Regarding side effects rised during therapy, one patient showed \"paradox hypertension\" and another bradycardia which justified the interruption of the treatment. In our opinion, on the basis of the results obtained acebutolol shows a good efficacy in the treatment of hypertension and a very high tollerability.", "contents": "[Long term treatment with acebutolol in hypertension (author's transl)]. Acebutolol, a new cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, has been studied in 40 hypertensive patients (pts.) for a period of 6 months, 25 patients (group A) had never taken any antihypertensive agent, 15 pts. (group B) were previously treated with antihypertensives. This two groups are statistically different for the age (39.8 y. group A; 49.6 y. group B) for the values of basal blood pressure (BP) (175/105 mmHg group A; 197/114 mmHg group B) and for disease duration (9.9 months group A; 39.0 months group B). A significant antihypertensive response was obtained already at the 15th therapy day for the two groups, treated with acebutolol. Further, a little reduction of BP was obtained at the 3rd month going on with therapy; then the BP values showed non significant variation till the end of the study. Orthostatic hypotension were not remarked. After 3 months, acebutolol treatment 41% pts. rised diastolic BP (DBP) below 90 mmHg and 35% pts. had a DBP between 90 and 100 mmHg. The average values of heart rate have been significantly reduced after 15 days of therapy with sligh variations during the following month. The optimal mean daily dosages of the drug were obtained with titration in three months (540 mg/day group A and 740 mg/day group B). Regarding side effects rised during therapy, one patient showed \"paradox hypertension\" and another bradycardia which justified the interruption of the treatment. In our opinion, on the basis of the results obtained acebutolol shows a good efficacy in the treatment of hypertension and a very high tollerability.", "PMID": 399933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_218", "title": "The treatment of infected pseudarthrosis.", "content": "Modern tendencies in the treatment of infected pseudarthrosis are discussed and compared with the methods of the recent past. Seventy four cases are analysed in detail. Fifty three were in the tibia, twenty six of which were treated by a standard modern technique consisting of osteomuscular decortication, excision of infected tissues and necrotic bone, external fixation and if necessary the addition of autoplastic cancellous grafts. The main purpose of this study was to analyse these results and assess the validity of this method.", "contents": "The treatment of infected pseudarthrosis. Modern tendencies in the treatment of infected pseudarthrosis are discussed and compared with the methods of the recent past. Seventy four cases are analysed in detail. Fifty three were in the tibia, twenty six of which were treated by a standard modern technique consisting of osteomuscular decortication, excision of infected tissues and necrotic bone, external fixation and if necessary the addition of autoplastic cancellous grafts. The main purpose of this study was to analyse these results and assess the validity of this method.", "PMID": 399934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_219", "title": "A case of tibial fracture with skin loss and bone infection treated by Papineau's method.", "content": "A case of open fracture of the tibia with skin loss and osteitis is reported. It was successfully treated by Papineau's method, which deals with the infection and bone loss before restoring the skin cover.", "contents": "A case of tibial fracture with skin loss and bone infection treated by Papineau's method. A case of open fracture of the tibia with skin loss and osteitis is reported. It was successfully treated by Papineau's method, which deals with the infection and bone loss before restoring the skin cover.", "PMID": 399935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_220", "title": "[Does an immune reactivity to human laryngeal cancer exist?].", "content": "Authors reconsider the present state of knowledge about immunology of laryngeal cancer. Authors, besides, analyse, in a critical way, problems concerning immunological monitoring of patients bearing solid carcinomas. They conclude that, up to date, it is impossible to have a biological test which can concretely show the patient's immune state.", "contents": "[Does an immune reactivity to human laryngeal cancer exist?]. Authors reconsider the present state of knowledge about immunology of laryngeal cancer. Authors, besides, analyse, in a critical way, problems concerning immunological monitoring of patients bearing solid carcinomas. They conclude that, up to date, it is impossible to have a biological test which can concretely show the patient's immune state.", "PMID": 399929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_221", "title": "[Toxic activity of Legionella pneumophila: current findings and prospects].", "content": "The AA. report the personal contributions and the recent findings of other investigators dealing with the toxic activities of Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' Disease. From the results of some tests (particularly Limulus endotoxin assay, pyrogenic reaction, skin Shwartzman reaction) there is an increasing evidence that Legionella pneumophila possesses some of the in vitro and in vivo biological properties associated with endotoxins of Gram negative bacteria, even if to a different of potency in different strains. However, the exact roles of an endotoxin and other bacterial products (e.g. haemolysins) as a pathogenetic mediators of the pathophysiological events of the disease remain to be determined.", "contents": "[Toxic activity of Legionella pneumophila: current findings and prospects]. The AA. report the personal contributions and the recent findings of other investigators dealing with the toxic activities of Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' Disease. From the results of some tests (particularly Limulus endotoxin assay, pyrogenic reaction, skin Shwartzman reaction) there is an increasing evidence that Legionella pneumophila possesses some of the in vitro and in vivo biological properties associated with endotoxins of Gram negative bacteria, even if to a different of potency in different strains. However, the exact roles of an endotoxin and other bacterial products (e.g. haemolysins) as a pathogenetic mediators of the pathophysiological events of the disease remain to be determined.", "PMID": 399930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_222", "title": "Micromethod for the assay of renin of seven species.", "content": "Renin was extracted and purified from human, dog, hog, rat, beef, rabbit and sheep kidneys. The renin \"concentration\" of these preparations was determined and expressed in international (Goldblatt) units by measuring the pressor effect produced by intravascular injection into normal dogs of a permanent colony. The renin \"activity\" was determined by bioassay, in the rat, of the angiotensin produced by incubation in vitro with renin substrate prepared from the serum of nephrectomized dogs. The rate of angiotensin formation was proportional to the concentration of renin, independent of the substrate concentration, and rather similar for renin of all seven species (mean rate = 55 x 10(4) ng angiotensin/unit renin/16 hrs). Due to this uniformity, either of the two international reference preparations of renin (human or hog) from the World Health Organization can serve as an internal standard in the assay of reninof each of the seven species, to express their concentration in terms of the international unit. Renin substrate from hog plasma was suitable for the assay of human, dog and hog renin (mean rate = 55 x 10(4)). However, it reacted much more slowly with the renin of rat, beef, rabbit and sheep (mean rate = 9 x 10(4)) and was, therefore, less suitable for their assay.", "contents": "Micromethod for the assay of renin of seven species. Renin was extracted and purified from human, dog, hog, rat, beef, rabbit and sheep kidneys. The renin \"concentration\" of these preparations was determined and expressed in international (Goldblatt) units by measuring the pressor effect produced by intravascular injection into normal dogs of a permanent colony. The renin \"activity\" was determined by bioassay, in the rat, of the angiotensin produced by incubation in vitro with renin substrate prepared from the serum of nephrectomized dogs. The rate of angiotensin formation was proportional to the concentration of renin, independent of the substrate concentration, and rather similar for renin of all seven species (mean rate = 55 x 10(4) ng angiotensin/unit renin/16 hrs). Due to this uniformity, either of the two international reference preparations of renin (human or hog) from the World Health Organization can serve as an internal standard in the assay of reninof each of the seven species, to express their concentration in terms of the international unit. Renin substrate from hog plasma was suitable for the assay of human, dog and hog renin (mean rate = 55 x 10(4)). However, it reacted much more slowly with the renin of rat, beef, rabbit and sheep (mean rate = 9 x 10(4)) and was, therefore, less suitable for their assay.", "PMID": 399936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_223", "title": "Changes in plasma renin activity in cirrhosis: a reappraisal based on studies in 67 patients and \"low-renin\" cirrhosis.", "content": "The generally held views that plasma renin activity (PRA) is increased in cirrhosis and that this is secondary to reductions in the \"effective\" blood or extracellular fluid (ECF) volumes, consequent on the effects of portal hypertension, were re-examined in the present study. Measurements of PRA in 67 patients representing different clinical stages of cirrhosis showed that the mean value in 15 patients without ascites was significantly reduced. In 21 of 35 with ascites, PRA was either reduced or within the normal range. A low plasma renin substrate concentration was not the cause for the low PRA. These findings are not in keeping with the concepts of reduced \"effective\" blood or ECF volumes at least for the majority of patients at these stages of cirrhosis under the conditions of the present study. The only group showing a significantly increased PRA had evidence of renal impairment. In these 17 patients the underlying reduction in renal perfusion may have been the stimulus to the kidney that led to an increase to renin secretion.", "contents": "Changes in plasma renin activity in cirrhosis: a reappraisal based on studies in 67 patients and \"low-renin\" cirrhosis. The generally held views that plasma renin activity (PRA) is increased in cirrhosis and that this is secondary to reductions in the \"effective\" blood or extracellular fluid (ECF) volumes, consequent on the effects of portal hypertension, were re-examined in the present study. Measurements of PRA in 67 patients representing different clinical stages of cirrhosis showed that the mean value in 15 patients without ascites was significantly reduced. In 21 of 35 with ascites, PRA was either reduced or within the normal range. A low plasma renin substrate concentration was not the cause for the low PRA. These findings are not in keeping with the concepts of reduced \"effective\" blood or ECF volumes at least for the majority of patients at these stages of cirrhosis under the conditions of the present study. The only group showing a significantly increased PRA had evidence of renal impairment. In these 17 patients the underlying reduction in renal perfusion may have been the stimulus to the kidney that led to an increase to renin secretion.", "PMID": 399938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_224", "title": "Adjuvant radiation therapy in colon cancer.", "content": "The overall five year survival of patients with colorectal cancer is excellent compared with other major visceral malignancies. This is attributable to effect surgical treatment, yet the death rate per 100,000 population has improved little in recent decades, stimulating a search for adjuvant treatment modalities until a better understanding of etiology and pathogenesis results in prevention of earlier diagnosis. Combination of the known cancerocidal effect of ionizing radiation and surgical excision has been used sporadically for over six decades, but only recently has this combined modality therapy been studied in a scientific manner. Numerous variables such as source of radiation, total tumor dose, dose-time factors, location of portals of treatment, size and shape of radiation fields, and the radiation-surgery sequence are now being studied. Current information leaves little doubt of the effectiveness of this combined modality therapy in selected patients. Controlled clinical trials must continue in order to obtain more solid data, which hopefully will eventually result in substantially improved survival.", "contents": "Adjuvant radiation therapy in colon cancer. The overall five year survival of patients with colorectal cancer is excellent compared with other major visceral malignancies. This is attributable to effect surgical treatment, yet the death rate per 100,000 population has improved little in recent decades, stimulating a search for adjuvant treatment modalities until a better understanding of etiology and pathogenesis results in prevention of earlier diagnosis. Combination of the known cancerocidal effect of ionizing radiation and surgical excision has been used sporadically for over six decades, but only recently has this combined modality therapy been studied in a scientific manner. Numerous variables such as source of radiation, total tumor dose, dose-time factors, location of portals of treatment, size and shape of radiation fields, and the radiation-surgery sequence are now being studied. Current information leaves little doubt of the effectiveness of this combined modality therapy in selected patients. Controlled clinical trials must continue in order to obtain more solid data, which hopefully will eventually result in substantially improved survival.", "PMID": 399943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_225", "title": "Racial differences in pressure, volume and renin interrelationships in essential hypertension.", "content": "The interrelationships of arterial pressure, plasma volume (PV), and plasma renin activity were studied in 152 consecutive male patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Of these, 22 (17 white and 5 black) subjects had normal plasma volumes and because of the small number were not included in the analysis of results. The remaining 130 (35 black and 95 white) patients were classified as having either expanded or contracted plasma volume. A higher percentage of black (43%) than white (21%) subjects were volume expanded (PV > 19 ml/cm) and a lower percentage of blacks (57%) than whites (79%) were volume contracted (PV < 17 ml/cm). There was not significant difference in mean arterial pressure and plasma renin activity between the volume expanded and contracted black patients. In contrast, the white patients with contracted plasma volume had significantly higher arterial pressures (p < 0.05) and plasma renin activity (p < 0.001) than those with expanded plasma volume. More blacks than whites had low plasma renin activity and did not manifest the inverse relationship of plasma renin activity to plasma volume as did the whites. These data confirm and extend previous observations that the relationship between plasma volume and plasma renin activity (PRA) in the male patient with essential hypertension seems to differ between the black and white race. Efforts to explain the low PRA in black patients might be best directed toward those patients with suppressed PRA and with contracted intravascular volume.", "contents": "Racial differences in pressure, volume and renin interrelationships in essential hypertension. The interrelationships of arterial pressure, plasma volume (PV), and plasma renin activity were studied in 152 consecutive male patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Of these, 22 (17 white and 5 black) subjects had normal plasma volumes and because of the small number were not included in the analysis of results. The remaining 130 (35 black and 95 white) patients were classified as having either expanded or contracted plasma volume. A higher percentage of black (43%) than white (21%) subjects were volume expanded (PV > 19 ml/cm) and a lower percentage of blacks (57%) than whites (79%) were volume contracted (PV < 17 ml/cm). There was not significant difference in mean arterial pressure and plasma renin activity between the volume expanded and contracted black patients. In contrast, the white patients with contracted plasma volume had significantly higher arterial pressures (p < 0.05) and plasma renin activity (p < 0.001) than those with expanded plasma volume. More blacks than whites had low plasma renin activity and did not manifest the inverse relationship of plasma renin activity to plasma volume as did the whites. These data confirm and extend previous observations that the relationship between plasma volume and plasma renin activity (PRA) in the male patient with essential hypertension seems to differ between the black and white race. Efforts to explain the low PRA in black patients might be best directed toward those patients with suppressed PRA and with contracted intravascular volume.", "PMID": 399939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_226", "title": "Alterations in the responses of the sympathetic nervous system and renin in borderline hypertension.", "content": "We investigated the effect of stimuli activate the sympathetic nervous system on plasma catecholamines, renin activity, urinary metanephrine and normetanephrine, and various hemodynamic parameters in normal subjects (NIs) and borderline hypertensive (BH) subjects. No differences were observed in sympathetic nervous system activity or renin activity when the subjects were in the resting state on a 150 mEq sodium diet. However, the BH group exhibited greater responses in terms of plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity in response to sodium deprivation and treadmill exercise. Although hemodynamic differences in the cold pressor test and handgrip exercise did not emerge, the radio of atrial size decrement to venous tone increment during the Valsalva maneuver was significantly reduced in the BH group. The investigations suggest that in the basal state, BH subjects have appropriate levels of activation of the sympathetic and renin systems for a normal level of pressure but that perturbations of pressure and volume factors lead to unmasking of abnormalities in regulation of both systems. The data are also consistent with the suggestion that venous compliance is reduced in these patients.", "contents": "Alterations in the responses of the sympathetic nervous system and renin in borderline hypertension. We investigated the effect of stimuli activate the sympathetic nervous system on plasma catecholamines, renin activity, urinary metanephrine and normetanephrine, and various hemodynamic parameters in normal subjects (NIs) and borderline hypertensive (BH) subjects. No differences were observed in sympathetic nervous system activity or renin activity when the subjects were in the resting state on a 150 mEq sodium diet. However, the BH group exhibited greater responses in terms of plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity in response to sodium deprivation and treadmill exercise. Although hemodynamic differences in the cold pressor test and handgrip exercise did not emerge, the radio of atrial size decrement to venous tone increment during the Valsalva maneuver was significantly reduced in the BH group. The investigations suggest that in the basal state, BH subjects have appropriate levels of activation of the sympathetic and renin systems for a normal level of pressure but that perturbations of pressure and volume factors lead to unmasking of abnormalities in regulation of both systems. The data are also consistent with the suggestion that venous compliance is reduced in these patients.", "PMID": 399937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_227", "title": "Osteogenic sarcoma: the past, present, and future.", "content": "The term osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma) is applied to malignant bone-forming tumors, identifiable by the matrix produced, though the histologic pattern may differ greatly. Ths more cellular (osteolytic) forms of the tumor have the poorer prognosis. Other prognostic factors are 1) site of the primary tumor; 2) duration of symptoms; and 3) extent of disease and tumor size. The site of tumor origin is the metaphyseal side of the epiphyseal line. The histogenesis of the tumors accounts for this distribution. Following a diagnostic biopsy, amputation of the extremities remains the treatment of choice. In selected cases, a limb-saving radical en bloc resection may surface. Radiotherapy plays a lesser but important role as adjunctive treatment, and as primary definitive treatment in certain types of bone sarcoma (Ewing sarcoma and primary reticulum cell sarcoma of bone). Until recently, chemotherapeutic agents have been used for late palliation only. Advances in treatment, however, have resulted from the application of innovative postsurgical adjuvant chemotherapy in children. The various chemotherapeutic regimens following amputation in adults and in children are discussed. In most such series of cases following amputation alone, five-year survivals have not exceeded 15-20%, with recurrent disease appearing within 18 months in fatal cases. Current studies reflect more effective regimens of adjuvant chemotherapy, with improved palliative results in metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. Although survival is much prolonged, however, many patients show a recurrence of the disease after long intervals of control, suggesting that five-year survival may not indicate a complete cure. At M.D. Anderson Hospital, th projected overall survival rate at three years is 79% of all patients with nonmetastatic disease. These results have accrued from the use of Compadri-I and Compadri-II regimens of chemotherapy. More intensive therapy may yield higher survival rates. It is known that the immunologic status of a patient definitely relates to prognosis. Although most of the investigations with immunotherapy are preliminary, emphasis is placed on improving the immune system in immunodeficient patients.", "contents": "Osteogenic sarcoma: the past, present, and future. The term osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma) is applied to malignant bone-forming tumors, identifiable by the matrix produced, though the histologic pattern may differ greatly. Ths more cellular (osteolytic) forms of the tumor have the poorer prognosis. Other prognostic factors are 1) site of the primary tumor; 2) duration of symptoms; and 3) extent of disease and tumor size. The site of tumor origin is the metaphyseal side of the epiphyseal line. The histogenesis of the tumors accounts for this distribution. Following a diagnostic biopsy, amputation of the extremities remains the treatment of choice. In selected cases, a limb-saving radical en bloc resection may surface. Radiotherapy plays a lesser but important role as adjunctive treatment, and as primary definitive treatment in certain types of bone sarcoma (Ewing sarcoma and primary reticulum cell sarcoma of bone). Until recently, chemotherapeutic agents have been used for late palliation only. Advances in treatment, however, have resulted from the application of innovative postsurgical adjuvant chemotherapy in children. The various chemotherapeutic regimens following amputation in adults and in children are discussed. In most such series of cases following amputation alone, five-year survivals have not exceeded 15-20%, with recurrent disease appearing within 18 months in fatal cases. Current studies reflect more effective regimens of adjuvant chemotherapy, with improved palliative results in metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. Although survival is much prolonged, however, many patients show a recurrence of the disease after long intervals of control, suggesting that five-year survival may not indicate a complete cure. At M.D. Anderson Hospital, th projected overall survival rate at three years is 79% of all patients with nonmetastatic disease. These results have accrued from the use of Compadri-I and Compadri-II regimens of chemotherapy. More intensive therapy may yield higher survival rates. It is known that the immunologic status of a patient definitely relates to prognosis. Although most of the investigations with immunotherapy are preliminary, emphasis is placed on improving the immune system in immunodeficient patients.", "PMID": 399944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_228", "title": "Carcinoma of the penis: analysis of 192 consecutive cases at the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas.", "content": "Between 1952 and 1976 192 consecutive cases of penile epidermoid carcinoma were seen at the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplascias of Lima, Peru. The mean age when the disease developed was 60.5 years, with a peak incidence between 60 and 64 years (32 patients). No correlation was observed between extensive lesions of the shaft of the penis to high pathological staging. Clinical examination of the inguino-crural nodes is not a good criterion for staging. We wait six weeks after eradication of primary lesion before lymphadenectomy. No correlation exists between grade and pathological stage. When no lymph node was positive, the overall survival rate over five years was 90.69%; when lymph nodes were metastasized there was an overall survival rate over five years of only 9.39 percent. The coefficient of cancer versus noncancer cause of death was 1.25 for pathological stage I, 3.09 for pathological stage II, 4.83 for pathological stage III, and 10.000 for pathological stage IV. Our patients did have advanced disease, as 57.14% of deaths occurred at two years and 25.21% more at five years.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the penis: analysis of 192 consecutive cases at the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas. Between 1952 and 1976 192 consecutive cases of penile epidermoid carcinoma were seen at the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplascias of Lima, Peru. The mean age when the disease developed was 60.5 years, with a peak incidence between 60 and 64 years (32 patients). No correlation was observed between extensive lesions of the shaft of the penis to high pathological staging. Clinical examination of the inguino-crural nodes is not a good criterion for staging. We wait six weeks after eradication of primary lesion before lymphadenectomy. No correlation exists between grade and pathological stage. When no lymph node was positive, the overall survival rate over five years was 90.69%; when lymph nodes were metastasized there was an overall survival rate over five years of only 9.39 percent. The coefficient of cancer versus noncancer cause of death was 1.25 for pathological stage I, 3.09 for pathological stage II, 4.83 for pathological stage III, and 10.000 for pathological stage IV. Our patients did have advanced disease, as 57.14% of deaths occurred at two years and 25.21% more at five years.", "PMID": 399945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_229", "title": "Circadian changes in plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in two-kidney hypertension rats.", "content": "Circadian changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) in normal and hypertensive rats were determined by measurements at 8 a.m., 4 p.m. and 12 midnight (MN). For the normals, PRA and PAC were highest at 4 p.m. Animals made hypertensive by constriction one renal artery with the other kidney intact were studied after 4, 5, 7 and 10 weeks; the clear-cut circadian rhythm for PRA in normals had disappeared but for PAC the circadian rhythm was present in the 4-, 5- and 10-week groups. Both PRA and PAC were elevated in all four hypertensive groups compared with the normal controls and there was a highly significant correlation between PRA and PAC. The 4 p.m. peak value for PAC was much higher in relation to the 8 a.m. and 12 MN values values in the hypertensive animals than in the normals. Sodium balance studies failed to demonstrate any appreciable differences among the groups. When the hypertensive animals were divided into two groups on the basis of the level of hypertension, the rats with moderate hypertension showed an average elevation in PRA which was significant in only the 4- and 7-week groups whereas PRA was elevated in all four groups with severe hypertension. Thus, the present data help to define the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in two-kidney, one clip hypertension in the rat.", "contents": "Circadian changes in plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in two-kidney hypertension rats. Circadian changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) in normal and hypertensive rats were determined by measurements at 8 a.m., 4 p.m. and 12 midnight (MN). For the normals, PRA and PAC were highest at 4 p.m. Animals made hypertensive by constriction one renal artery with the other kidney intact were studied after 4, 5, 7 and 10 weeks; the clear-cut circadian rhythm for PRA in normals had disappeared but for PAC the circadian rhythm was present in the 4-, 5- and 10-week groups. Both PRA and PAC were elevated in all four hypertensive groups compared with the normal controls and there was a highly significant correlation between PRA and PAC. The 4 p.m. peak value for PAC was much higher in relation to the 8 a.m. and 12 MN values values in the hypertensive animals than in the normals. Sodium balance studies failed to demonstrate any appreciable differences among the groups. When the hypertensive animals were divided into two groups on the basis of the level of hypertension, the rats with moderate hypertension showed an average elevation in PRA which was significant in only the 4- and 7-week groups whereas PRA was elevated in all four groups with severe hypertension. Thus, the present data help to define the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in two-kidney, one clip hypertension in the rat.", "PMID": 399940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_230", "title": "Combination of irradiation and surgery.", "content": "Irradiation can eradicate the microscopic disease that radical surgical procedures cannot remove, but high doses of irradiation fail to control large volumes of cancer. The concept \"either irradiation or surgery\" for all clinical situations should be eliminated. If irradiation has no place as the sole treatment for a disease, for example soft-tissue sarcomas or parotid tumors, it does not mean that it has no place in the management of the disease. Conservatism in both disciplines is to be preferred. Not only are the chances for cure increased, but also the quality of life is improved. On theoretical grounds, preoperative irradiation is to be preferred, but the sequence of te modalities of treatment depends upon the structures involved, the extent of the surgical procedure, the dose of irradiation, and the volume irradiated. Examples and results of the combined treatment in various disease areas are given.", "contents": "Combination of irradiation and surgery. Irradiation can eradicate the microscopic disease that radical surgical procedures cannot remove, but high doses of irradiation fail to control large volumes of cancer. The concept \"either irradiation or surgery\" for all clinical situations should be eliminated. If irradiation has no place as the sole treatment for a disease, for example soft-tissue sarcomas or parotid tumors, it does not mean that it has no place in the management of the disease. Conservatism in both disciplines is to be preferred. Not only are the chances for cure increased, but also the quality of life is improved. On theoretical grounds, preoperative irradiation is to be preferred, but the sequence of te modalities of treatment depends upon the structures involved, the extent of the surgical procedure, the dose of irradiation, and the volume irradiated. Examples and results of the combined treatment in various disease areas are given.", "PMID": 399946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_231", "title": "Perspectives on the surgical treatment of cancer.", "content": "The surgical treatment of carcinoma has been likened by some to \"a macroscopic attack on a microscopic disease.\" Until better alternatives of treatment emerge, our best hopes for cure and significant palliation lie in early detection of disease, accurate staging, and appropriate surgical intervention, the last selectively supplemented with irradiation or chemotherapy or both. Oncologic surgery must be guided by accurate staging. Radical resection is appropriate when performed to eradicate malignancy discovered early and when the surgery neither unnecessarily sacrifices organ function nor interferes with an acceptable quality of life. Radical surgery in the presence of distant spread of disease is not always warranted. Other choices exist that may better serve the interests of such direly affected patients.", "contents": "Perspectives on the surgical treatment of cancer. The surgical treatment of carcinoma has been likened by some to \"a macroscopic attack on a microscopic disease.\" Until better alternatives of treatment emerge, our best hopes for cure and significant palliation lie in early detection of disease, accurate staging, and appropriate surgical intervention, the last selectively supplemented with irradiation or chemotherapy or both. Oncologic surgery must be guided by accurate staging. Radical resection is appropriate when performed to eradicate malignancy discovered early and when the surgery neither unnecessarily sacrifices organ function nor interferes with an acceptable quality of life. Radical surgery in the presence of distant spread of disease is not always warranted. Other choices exist that may better serve the interests of such direly affected patients.", "PMID": 399947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_232", "title": "A quantitative study of muscle nerve sympathetic activity in resting normotensive and hypertensive subjects.", "content": "Recordings of multi-unit sympathetic activity were made from muscle branches of the peroneal or median nerves in 33 healthy and 12 hypertensive subjects resting in the recumbent position. Simultaneous recordings of intra-arterial blood pressure were made on 17 normotensive and all hypertensive subjects. The neural activity, quantified by counting the number of sympathetic pulse-synchronous impulse bursts in the mean voltage neurogram (burst incidence) was plotted against the age and the arterial blood pressure level of the subjects. Between different subjects there were marked differences in mean burst incidence, from less than 10 to more than 90 bursts/100 heart beats and there was a tendency for increasing values with increasing age. Taking the age differences into account there was no significant correlation between the amount of activity and the blood pressure level. The effect of spontaneous temporary blood pressure fluctuations was studied by correlation different pressure parameters of individual heart beats to the probability of occurrence of a sympathetic burst and to the mean voltage amplitude of the occurring burst. Irrespective of the mean burst incidence, the occurrence of the bursts and their mean voltage amplitudes were determined mainly by fluctuations of the diastolic blood pressure. The diastolic pressure threshold for sympathetic outflow was found to be reset to higher blood pressure values in the hypertensive subjects and the variability of their thresholds was also greater than for the normotensive controls. At a given diastolic blood pressure, more sympathetic activity occurred if diastolic blood pressure was falling than if it was rising, and this directional dependence was more pronounced in the hypertensive subjects. We suggest that the increased directional dependence accounts for the greater variability of the blood pressure threshold for sympathetic outflow in the hypertensive subjects. The differences can be expalined on the basis of findings in animals with experimental hypertension, and it appears that they are secondary to the hypertension.", "contents": "A quantitative study of muscle nerve sympathetic activity in resting normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Recordings of multi-unit sympathetic activity were made from muscle branches of the peroneal or median nerves in 33 healthy and 12 hypertensive subjects resting in the recumbent position. Simultaneous recordings of intra-arterial blood pressure were made on 17 normotensive and all hypertensive subjects. The neural activity, quantified by counting the number of sympathetic pulse-synchronous impulse bursts in the mean voltage neurogram (burst incidence) was plotted against the age and the arterial blood pressure level of the subjects. Between different subjects there were marked differences in mean burst incidence, from less than 10 to more than 90 bursts/100 heart beats and there was a tendency for increasing values with increasing age. Taking the age differences into account there was no significant correlation between the amount of activity and the blood pressure level. The effect of spontaneous temporary blood pressure fluctuations was studied by correlation different pressure parameters of individual heart beats to the probability of occurrence of a sympathetic burst and to the mean voltage amplitude of the occurring burst. Irrespective of the mean burst incidence, the occurrence of the bursts and their mean voltage amplitudes were determined mainly by fluctuations of the diastolic blood pressure. The diastolic pressure threshold for sympathetic outflow was found to be reset to higher blood pressure values in the hypertensive subjects and the variability of their thresholds was also greater than for the normotensive controls. At a given diastolic blood pressure, more sympathetic activity occurred if diastolic blood pressure was falling than if it was rising, and this directional dependence was more pronounced in the hypertensive subjects. We suggest that the increased directional dependence accounts for the greater variability of the blood pressure threshold for sympathetic outflow in the hypertensive subjects. The differences can be expalined on the basis of findings in animals with experimental hypertension, and it appears that they are secondary to the hypertension.", "PMID": 399941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_233", "title": "Evidence against acetone-soluble renin inhibitors in normal human plasma.", "content": "The presence of acetone-soluble renin inhibitors in normal plasma has been proposed to explain the variation of plasma reactivity (PRR) in samples from normotensive and hypertensive subjects. In our experience, acetone extraction decreased PRR in relation to unextracted control values, an observation which is not consistent with the circulating lipid-renin inhibitor hypothesis. Exposure to acetone at -40 degrees C for 1 minute invariably denatured some endogenous angiotensinogen. The PRR in extracted and unextracted plasma was positively correlated with the concentration of available angiotensinogen, r = 0.955 (p < 0.05), and r = 0.964 (p < 0.01), respectively, but the addition of exogenous substrate did not uniformly increase PRR in acetone-treated plasma above control values. These data argue against the use of acetone extraction to demonstrate the existence of circulating lipid-renin inhibitors. Acetone removed 14% to 25% of the normal plasma lipids and although the extract contained most of the major lipid classes, neutral lipids were the most abundant (73% by weight). The presence of acetone-soluble phospholipids appeared to increase angiotensin I formation in the partially purified renin-angiotensinogen system, but phospholipids interfered with the radioimmunoassay and resulted in an overestimation of angiotensin I. Plasma neutral lipids decreased in vitro renin activity by 13% (p < 0.025) but this degree of inhibition suggests that lipid-renin interactions may have minimal in vivo physiological significance. In contrast to previous reports, we found the correlation between PRR and endogenous angiotensinogen in normotensive and hypertensive plasmas to be statistically significant (r = 0.643, p < 0.01). Inactivated human angiotensinogen was also shown to be an inhibitor of renin in vitro. This effect could have possibly influenced PRR values that were determined by others in the presence of inactivated angiotensinogen.", "contents": "Evidence against acetone-soluble renin inhibitors in normal human plasma. The presence of acetone-soluble renin inhibitors in normal plasma has been proposed to explain the variation of plasma reactivity (PRR) in samples from normotensive and hypertensive subjects. In our experience, acetone extraction decreased PRR in relation to unextracted control values, an observation which is not consistent with the circulating lipid-renin inhibitor hypothesis. Exposure to acetone at -40 degrees C for 1 minute invariably denatured some endogenous angiotensinogen. The PRR in extracted and unextracted plasma was positively correlated with the concentration of available angiotensinogen, r = 0.955 (p < 0.05), and r = 0.964 (p < 0.01), respectively, but the addition of exogenous substrate did not uniformly increase PRR in acetone-treated plasma above control values. These data argue against the use of acetone extraction to demonstrate the existence of circulating lipid-renin inhibitors. Acetone removed 14% to 25% of the normal plasma lipids and although the extract contained most of the major lipid classes, neutral lipids were the most abundant (73% by weight). The presence of acetone-soluble phospholipids appeared to increase angiotensin I formation in the partially purified renin-angiotensinogen system, but phospholipids interfered with the radioimmunoassay and resulted in an overestimation of angiotensin I. Plasma neutral lipids decreased in vitro renin activity by 13% (p < 0.025) but this degree of inhibition suggests that lipid-renin interactions may have minimal in vivo physiological significance. In contrast to previous reports, we found the correlation between PRR and endogenous angiotensinogen in normotensive and hypertensive plasmas to be statistically significant (r = 0.643, p < 0.01). Inactivated human angiotensinogen was also shown to be an inhibitor of renin in vitro. This effect could have possibly influenced PRR values that were determined by others in the presence of inactivated angiotensinogen.", "PMID": 399942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_234", "title": "An oxygen dependent X-ray lesion in Escherichia coli strain B/r detected by penicillin.", "content": "Enhancement of lethal damage to E. coli B/r by penicillin was observed after X-irradiation under aerobic conditions but not after exposure to X-rays under anoxia or after U.V. (260 nm). No enhancement of damage occurred when incubation with penicillin was delayed for 2 hours after aerobic X-irradiation. This enhancing effect was only detected in this strain and not in the filamentous strain E. coli B. It is concluded that an X-ray induced lesion, sensitive to the presence of oxygen at the time of irradiation and probably located in the cell envelope, initiates filamentation in E. coli B/r, which results in lethal damage in this strain.", "contents": "An oxygen dependent X-ray lesion in Escherichia coli strain B/r detected by penicillin. Enhancement of lethal damage to E. coli B/r by penicillin was observed after X-irradiation under aerobic conditions but not after exposure to X-rays under anoxia or after U.V. (260 nm). No enhancement of damage occurred when incubation with penicillin was delayed for 2 hours after aerobic X-irradiation. This enhancing effect was only detected in this strain and not in the filamentous strain E. coli B. It is concluded that an X-ray induced lesion, sensitive to the presence of oxygen at the time of irradiation and probably located in the cell envelope, initiates filamentation in E. coli B/r, which results in lethal damage in this strain.", "PMID": 399950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_235", "title": "Oral decongestant in acute otitis media. Results of a double-blind trial.", "content": "In order to investigate the influence of an orally administered decongestant, norephedrine, upon the clinical course of acute otitis media and tubal function, a double-blind trial was performed in Copenhagen in December, 1976-February, 1977, in which 93 patients, aged 6 months to 10 years, with 135 ears with acute otitis media, were treated either with norephedrine or placebo in a randomized order. Most other treatment was avoided except for pain-relieving baby aspirins. The effect of norephedrine seemed to be no other than that of placebo. Because of this inefficacy of norephedrine the authors have, therefore, a material of patients with acute otitis media where the main treatment was pain-relieving aspirin. The use and abuse of antibiotics in the treatment of this disease are discussed, and the authors stress the necessity of performing controlled studies of the efficacy of antibiotics in acute otitis media, since such studies do not exist.", "contents": "Oral decongestant in acute otitis media. Results of a double-blind trial. In order to investigate the influence of an orally administered decongestant, norephedrine, upon the clinical course of acute otitis media and tubal function, a double-blind trial was performed in Copenhagen in December, 1976-February, 1977, in which 93 patients, aged 6 months to 10 years, with 135 ears with acute otitis media, were treated either with norephedrine or placebo in a randomized order. Most other treatment was avoided except for pain-relieving baby aspirins. The effect of norephedrine seemed to be no other than that of placebo. Because of this inefficacy of norephedrine the authors have, therefore, a material of patients with acute otitis media where the main treatment was pain-relieving aspirin. The use and abuse of antibiotics in the treatment of this disease are discussed, and the authors stress the necessity of performing controlled studies of the efficacy of antibiotics in acute otitis media, since such studies do not exist.", "PMID": 399953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_236", "title": "Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid: immunopathological study of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of benign mucous membrane pemphigoid were investigated by direct and indirect immunofluorescence. The findings of the direct immunofluorescent examination of perilesional tissue are studied in detail. Finally the relationships between bullous pemphigoid and benign mucous membrane pemphigoid are discussed.", "contents": "Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid: immunopathological study of three cases. Three cases of benign mucous membrane pemphigoid were investigated by direct and indirect immunofluorescence. The findings of the direct immunofluorescent examination of perilesional tissue are studied in detail. Finally the relationships between bullous pemphigoid and benign mucous membrane pemphigoid are discussed.", "PMID": 399954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_237", "title": "Results of surgical treatment of idiopathic pes plano-valgus by means of Grice's operation combined with reconstruction of the glenoid (accessory plantar) ligament and anterior transposition of tibialis posterior. (A review of 90 cases).", "content": "After an average follow up of six years, the writers reviewed the results of ninety operations for idiopathic flat foot treated by Grice's operation combined with reconstruction of the glenoid ligament and anterior transposition of the tibialis posterior. Eleven parameters (clinical, plantographic and radiographic) were used for objective assessment of the initial and residual deformity, a numerical code being given to each. The results were excellent or good in 88 per cent of the patients. The initial severity of the condition and the presence of ligamentous laxity either generalised or localised to the ankle joint, had an adverse effect on the results. The technique of Grice's operation is extremely important. The results are always excellent or good when the sinus tarsi is widely opened up and the bone graft correctly placed. Anterior transposition of the tibialis posterior improved the results in 26 per cent of cases: elongation of the Achilles tendon was only rarely necessary. The type of graft had no effect on the results: homoplastic grafts are therefore preferable since they cause less inconvenience. Surgical intervention before the age of four years is a mistake: the best results are obtained between nine and thirteen years.", "contents": "Results of surgical treatment of idiopathic pes plano-valgus by means of Grice's operation combined with reconstruction of the glenoid (accessory plantar) ligament and anterior transposition of tibialis posterior. (A review of 90 cases). After an average follow up of six years, the writers reviewed the results of ninety operations for idiopathic flat foot treated by Grice's operation combined with reconstruction of the glenoid ligament and anterior transposition of the tibialis posterior. Eleven parameters (clinical, plantographic and radiographic) were used for objective assessment of the initial and residual deformity, a numerical code being given to each. The results were excellent or good in 88 per cent of the patients. The initial severity of the condition and the presence of ligamentous laxity either generalised or localised to the ankle joint, had an adverse effect on the results. The technique of Grice's operation is extremely important. The results are always excellent or good when the sinus tarsi is widely opened up and the bone graft correctly placed. Anterior transposition of the tibialis posterior improved the results in 26 per cent of cases: elongation of the Achilles tendon was only rarely necessary. The type of graft had no effect on the results: homoplastic grafts are therefore preferable since they cause less inconvenience. Surgical intervention before the age of four years is a mistake: the best results are obtained between nine and thirteen years.", "PMID": 399958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_238", "title": "Metabolic activation and deactivation of mutagens and carcinogens.", "content": "The activity of some mutagens has been investigated in the Salmonella test either in the absence or in the presence of fortified rat liver microsomal fractions, together with an NADPH-generating system. With respect to their metabolic reactivity, the compounds tested could be distinguished according to four reproducible trends: (a) conversion of inert compounds into mutagenic metabolites (e.g. 2-aminofluorene and benzo(a)pyrene); (b) further enhancement of mutagenicity (e.g. 1,2-epoxybutane); (c) no effect on mutagenicity (e.g. glycidol, folpet, nitrofurantoin and 2-nitronaphtalene); (d) slight decrease (e.g. 1,1,1-trichlor 2,3-propenoxide), marked decrease (e.g. sodium nitrite, 5-nitro-2-furoic acid and captan) or even complete reversal of mutagenicity (e.g. styrene oxide, sodium azide, sodium dichromate and other Cr6+ compounds). The Salmonella/microsome test was effective in discriminating not only the mutagenic activity but also the metabolic reactivity of structurally related chemicals (e.g. the fungicides captan and folpet). In some cases, mutagens were tested also in the presence of other biological preparations (e.g. rat muscle or lung microsomal preparations, human gastric juice, serum, plasma or erythrocyte lysates). The mutagenic and metabolic properties of largely used products (e.g. an antibacterial drug containing nitrofurantoin and laboratory reagents containing sodium azide) have been also checked. The mechanisms underlying the metabolic behaviour of some of the mutagens tested have been reported. The results obtained have been correlated with the literature data on their carcinogenicity. Although these in vitro findings are only indicative of the possible metabolic fate of mutagens in the whole organism, the observed effects may be useful in order to explain the epidemiological data and the results of animal tests, and to assess the possible health hazards of mutagens.", "contents": "Metabolic activation and deactivation of mutagens and carcinogens. The activity of some mutagens has been investigated in the Salmonella test either in the absence or in the presence of fortified rat liver microsomal fractions, together with an NADPH-generating system. With respect to their metabolic reactivity, the compounds tested could be distinguished according to four reproducible trends: (a) conversion of inert compounds into mutagenic metabolites (e.g. 2-aminofluorene and benzo(a)pyrene); (b) further enhancement of mutagenicity (e.g. 1,2-epoxybutane); (c) no effect on mutagenicity (e.g. glycidol, folpet, nitrofurantoin and 2-nitronaphtalene); (d) slight decrease (e.g. 1,1,1-trichlor 2,3-propenoxide), marked decrease (e.g. sodium nitrite, 5-nitro-2-furoic acid and captan) or even complete reversal of mutagenicity (e.g. styrene oxide, sodium azide, sodium dichromate and other Cr6+ compounds). The Salmonella/microsome test was effective in discriminating not only the mutagenic activity but also the metabolic reactivity of structurally related chemicals (e.g. the fungicides captan and folpet). In some cases, mutagens were tested also in the presence of other biological preparations (e.g. rat muscle or lung microsomal preparations, human gastric juice, serum, plasma or erythrocyte lysates). The mutagenic and metabolic properties of largely used products (e.g. an antibacterial drug containing nitrofurantoin and laboratory reagents containing sodium azide) have been also checked. The mechanisms underlying the metabolic behaviour of some of the mutagens tested have been reported. The results obtained have been correlated with the literature data on their carcinogenicity. Although these in vitro findings are only indicative of the possible metabolic fate of mutagens in the whole organism, the observed effects may be useful in order to explain the epidemiological data and the results of animal tests, and to assess the possible health hazards of mutagens.", "PMID": 399955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_239", "title": "Monovalent cations requirement of the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-activated pyruvate kinase from E. coli.", "content": "The fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-activated pyruvate kinase from Escherichia coli has been purified by a simplified procedure, which gives a homogeneous enzyme in approximately half the working time required by other methods and is suitable for large scale preparations. The activity of the enzyme is strictly dependent on the presence of monovalent cations. Enzyme activity is elicited by K+ and NH4+, but not by Na+. Homotropic cooperativity is displayed in the activation by K+ and NH4+ and heterotropic effects are reciprocally exerted by monovalent cations and other ligands, such as phosphoenolpyruvate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The allosteric nature of such interactions is suggested by changes in heat stability of the enzyme induced by K+ and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. NH4+, but not K+, at high concentrations, cause an inhibition of enzyme activity.", "contents": "Monovalent cations requirement of the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-activated pyruvate kinase from E. coli. The fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-activated pyruvate kinase from Escherichia coli has been purified by a simplified procedure, which gives a homogeneous enzyme in approximately half the working time required by other methods and is suitable for large scale preparations. The activity of the enzyme is strictly dependent on the presence of monovalent cations. Enzyme activity is elicited by K+ and NH4+, but not by Na+. Homotropic cooperativity is displayed in the activation by K+ and NH4+ and heterotropic effects are reciprocally exerted by monovalent cations and other ligands, such as phosphoenolpyruvate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The allosteric nature of such interactions is suggested by changes in heat stability of the enzyme induced by K+ and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. NH4+, but not K+, at high concentrations, cause an inhibition of enzyme activity.", "PMID": 399956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_240", "title": "Ewing's sarcoma (a review of 195 cases).", "content": "The authors discuss their findings resulting from an analysis of a large series (195 cases) of Ewing's sarcoma. In particular they compare the clinical and radiographic pictures and prognosis prior to and after the introduction of adjuvant chemotherapy. This reveals such marked differences in the past and present features of this neoplasm that some of our previous criteria and attitudes to diagnosis and treatment have undergone radical reappraisal.", "contents": "Ewing's sarcoma (a review of 195 cases). The authors discuss their findings resulting from an analysis of a large series (195 cases) of Ewing's sarcoma. In particular they compare the clinical and radiographic pictures and prognosis prior to and after the introduction of adjuvant chemotherapy. This reveals such marked differences in the past and present features of this neoplasm that some of our previous criteria and attitudes to diagnosis and treatment have undergone radical reappraisal.", "PMID": 399959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_241", "title": "The primary structure of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart: peptides obtained by cleavage at basic residues.", "content": "Results obtained as part of a study of the primary structure of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart are described. In particular, the S-aminoethylated protein was digested with trypsin and with the lysine specific protease from A. mellea. In the first case peptides contained 221 out of the total of 401 amino acid residues in the protein were obtained. By contrast the digest with A. mellea protease was not examined exhaustively and six peptides containing 49 amino acid residues were isolated. Digestion of the trifluoroacetylated and S-aminoethylated protein with A. mellea protease yielded a mixture of large fragments three of which, containing 89 amino acid residues, are described here. The combined results of these three digests yielded 66.6% of the total structure, concentrated mainly in the N-terminal half of the protein.", "contents": "The primary structure of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart: peptides obtained by cleavage at basic residues. Results obtained as part of a study of the primary structure of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart are described. In particular, the S-aminoethylated protein was digested with trypsin and with the lysine specific protease from A. mellea. In the first case peptides contained 221 out of the total of 401 amino acid residues in the protein were obtained. By contrast the digest with A. mellea protease was not examined exhaustively and six peptides containing 49 amino acid residues were isolated. Digestion of the trifluoroacetylated and S-aminoethylated protein with A. mellea protease yielded a mixture of large fragments three of which, containing 89 amino acid residues, are described here. The combined results of these three digests yielded 66.6% of the total structure, concentrated mainly in the N-terminal half of the protein.", "PMID": 399957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_242", "title": "Lumbo-sacral radiculography with a new, water-soluble contrast medium: myelografin (meglumine ioserinate, SSH 239 AB).", "content": "The authors present the results of a clinical trial of a new water-soluble contrast medium for radiculography: meglumine ioserinate. This trial was conducted on eighty eight patients in the Orthopaedic Clinic of the University of Rome between 1975 and 1976. The patients were subdivided into two groups, one of fifty four in whom a single dose of 5 ml was injected, the other of thirty four who received a double dose of 10 ml of contrast medium. In the latter the medium was always injected undiluted. No disturbances following radiculography were reported by 58 per cent of the first group and 44 per cent of the second. The clinical side-effects encountered in the other patients are analysed. These side-effects were negligible in the majority of cases, and occurred less frequently than with meglumine iothalamate, and at least more often than with meglumine iocarmate. Finally, the findings in the cerebrospinal fluid are described, before and twenty four hours after the test, in a small group of these patients. The contrast and diffusibility were found to be excellent, as also was the tolerance, which has the advantage that the patient can be kept in the horizontal position after the examination. Despite this, because of some changes encountered in the cerebrospinal fluid, and because of a convulsive episode presented by one patient treated with the double dose, the authors advise diluting the contrast medium in distilled water, so as to lower the osmotic pressure.", "contents": "Lumbo-sacral radiculography with a new, water-soluble contrast medium: myelografin (meglumine ioserinate, SSH 239 AB). The authors present the results of a clinical trial of a new water-soluble contrast medium for radiculography: meglumine ioserinate. This trial was conducted on eighty eight patients in the Orthopaedic Clinic of the University of Rome between 1975 and 1976. The patients were subdivided into two groups, one of fifty four in whom a single dose of 5 ml was injected, the other of thirty four who received a double dose of 10 ml of contrast medium. In the latter the medium was always injected undiluted. No disturbances following radiculography were reported by 58 per cent of the first group and 44 per cent of the second. The clinical side-effects encountered in the other patients are analysed. These side-effects were negligible in the majority of cases, and occurred less frequently than with meglumine iothalamate, and at least more often than with meglumine iocarmate. Finally, the findings in the cerebrospinal fluid are described, before and twenty four hours after the test, in a small group of these patients. The contrast and diffusibility were found to be excellent, as also was the tolerance, which has the advantage that the patient can be kept in the horizontal position after the examination. Despite this, because of some changes encountered in the cerebrospinal fluid, and because of a convulsive episode presented by one patient treated with the double dose, the authors advise diluting the contrast medium in distilled water, so as to lower the osmotic pressure.", "PMID": 399960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_243", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin I2 on ovine placental vasculature.", "content": "The response of the placental circulations to prostaglandin I2 (maternal dose 20 microgram/kg, fetal dose 180 microgram/kg) was observed in 10 near-term sheep with chronically implanted vascular catheters. The blood flows before and 90 s after the injection of prostaglandin I2 were measured using radioactive microspheres. The injection of prostaglandin I2 to the mother decreased th blood pressure from 109 +/- 4 to 69 +/- 5 mmHg (P < 0.001) and increased the vascular resistance of the maternal cotyledons from 0.166 +/- 0.018 to 0.209 +/- 0.02 mmHg/(ml/min) (P < 0.001). The vascular bed of the non-cotyledonary uterus vasodilated as the resistance fell from 0.705 +/- 0.02 to 0.266 +/- 0.02 mmHg/(ml/min). (P < 0.001). Prostaglandin I2 caused the fetal arteriovenous pressure to fall from 37.6 +/- 1.35 to 26.0 +/- 1.6 mmHg. There was no significant change in the vascular resistance of the fetal cotyledons. We observed vasodilation in the fetal membranes as vascular resistance fell from 1.06 +/- 0.14 to 0.75 +/- 0.10 mmHg/(ml/min) (P < 0.001). The infusion of prostaglandin I2 significantly depressed the response of the placenta and uterus to norepinephrine. We have not proved that prostaglandin I2 plays a direct role in maintaining placental vascular homeostasis but it may modulate the response of this organ to exogenous vasoactive agents.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin I2 on ovine placental vasculature. The response of the placental circulations to prostaglandin I2 (maternal dose 20 microgram/kg, fetal dose 180 microgram/kg) was observed in 10 near-term sheep with chronically implanted vascular catheters. The blood flows before and 90 s after the injection of prostaglandin I2 were measured using radioactive microspheres. The injection of prostaglandin I2 to the mother decreased th blood pressure from 109 +/- 4 to 69 +/- 5 mmHg (P < 0.001) and increased the vascular resistance of the maternal cotyledons from 0.166 +/- 0.018 to 0.209 +/- 0.02 mmHg/(ml/min) (P < 0.001). The vascular bed of the non-cotyledonary uterus vasodilated as the resistance fell from 0.705 +/- 0.02 to 0.266 +/- 0.02 mmHg/(ml/min). (P < 0.001). Prostaglandin I2 caused the fetal arteriovenous pressure to fall from 37.6 +/- 1.35 to 26.0 +/- 1.6 mmHg. There was no significant change in the vascular resistance of the fetal cotyledons. We observed vasodilation in the fetal membranes as vascular resistance fell from 1.06 +/- 0.14 to 0.75 +/- 0.10 mmHg/(ml/min) (P < 0.001). The infusion of prostaglandin I2 significantly depressed the response of the placenta and uterus to norepinephrine. We have not proved that prostaglandin I2 plays a direct role in maintaining placental vascular homeostasis but it may modulate the response of this organ to exogenous vasoactive agents.", "PMID": 399970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_244", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation: a review of its pathogenesis, manifestations and treatment.", "content": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a clinicopathologic process of man and animals which occurs secondary to many diseases. The process may manifest in a variety of clinical syndromes including medical shock, haemorrhage, haemolysis and organ failure. A diagnosis can be confirmed by detecting a deficiency of several haemostatic components and the presence of raised levels of circulating fibrinogen (fibrin) degradation products. Therapy of the disorder includes the removal of the initiating factors which have provoked the clotting process together with the use of anticoagulants. The disease processes in which disseminated intravascular coagulation is implicated in the dog are enumerated.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation: a review of its pathogenesis, manifestations and treatment. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a clinicopathologic process of man and animals which occurs secondary to many diseases. The process may manifest in a variety of clinical syndromes including medical shock, haemorrhage, haemolysis and organ failure. A diagnosis can be confirmed by detecting a deficiency of several haemostatic components and the presence of raised levels of circulating fibrinogen (fibrin) degradation products. Therapy of the disorder includes the removal of the initiating factors which have provoked the clotting process together with the use of anticoagulants. The disease processes in which disseminated intravascular coagulation is implicated in the dog are enumerated.", "PMID": 399975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_245", "title": "Current anaplasmosis control techniques in the United States.", "content": "A card test for detecting anaplasmosis, along with the complement-fixation test, has proved useful in identifying carrier animals. This identification, associated with treatment with tetracyclines, has been a basis for control in the southeast where anaplasmosis is endemic. The tetracyclines are used parenterally (terramycin 11 mg/kg, 10-14 days) or orally (2,2 to 11 mg/kg, 45-60 days). Notwithstanding these methods, anaplasmosis remains a problem and many animals require treatment to moderate the course of acute infection. A new drug, T-200 (a long-lasting terramycin), has been tested and found effective in treating acute infections (20 mg/kg, 1 time) and in cleaning carrier infections (20 mg/kg, 2 times at a 7-day interval). For several years, a killed adjuvant vaccine was extensively used to control anaplasmosis. The occurrence of neonatal isohemolytic anaemia in association with this vaccine has discouraged its use. This vaccine is still being marketed, but is usually used on selected animals. An attenuated Anaplasma vaccine of ovine origin has been developed, but is not licensed for use in the United States although it has been successfully used elsewhere.", "contents": "Current anaplasmosis control techniques in the United States. A card test for detecting anaplasmosis, along with the complement-fixation test, has proved useful in identifying carrier animals. This identification, associated with treatment with tetracyclines, has been a basis for control in the southeast where anaplasmosis is endemic. The tetracyclines are used parenterally (terramycin 11 mg/kg, 10-14 days) or orally (2,2 to 11 mg/kg, 45-60 days). Notwithstanding these methods, anaplasmosis remains a problem and many animals require treatment to moderate the course of acute infection. A new drug, T-200 (a long-lasting terramycin), has been tested and found effective in treating acute infections (20 mg/kg, 1 time) and in cleaning carrier infections (20 mg/kg, 2 times at a 7-day interval). For several years, a killed adjuvant vaccine was extensively used to control anaplasmosis. The occurrence of neonatal isohemolytic anaemia in association with this vaccine has discouraged its use. This vaccine is still being marketed, but is usually used on selected animals. An attenuated Anaplasma vaccine of ovine origin has been developed, but is not licensed for use in the United States although it has been successfully used elsewhere.", "PMID": 399976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_246", "title": "Some aspects of the epidemiology and control of bovine babesiosis in Australia.", "content": "A short account of the epidemiology and control of babesiosis in Australia is presented. Epidemiological topics discussed include differences in the transmission of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina by the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus and the relative prevalence, disease incidence and pathogenicity of B. bovis and B. bigemina. Circumstances under which babesiosis occurs in Australia are described. In the Section on control, only vaccination is discussed. Changes in the preparation of babesial vaccines, particularly those resulting in a highly infective vaccine containing relatively avirulent B. bovis are described. Fluctuations in demand, such as the increase from about 100,000 to over 1,000,000 doses in 4 years in the mid-1960s are shown. An unexpected increase in the use of A. centrale in 1973 is discussed, and the supply of B. bigemina for cattle exported from Australia reported.", "contents": "Some aspects of the epidemiology and control of bovine babesiosis in Australia. A short account of the epidemiology and control of babesiosis in Australia is presented. Epidemiological topics discussed include differences in the transmission of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina by the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus and the relative prevalence, disease incidence and pathogenicity of B. bovis and B. bigemina. Circumstances under which babesiosis occurs in Australia are described. In the Section on control, only vaccination is discussed. Changes in the preparation of babesial vaccines, particularly those resulting in a highly infective vaccine containing relatively avirulent B. bovis are described. Fluctuations in demand, such as the increase from about 100,000 to over 1,000,000 doses in 4 years in the mid-1960s are shown. An unexpected increase in the use of A. centrale in 1973 is discussed, and the supply of B. bigemina for cattle exported from Australia reported.", "PMID": 399977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_247", "title": "Epizootiology and control of anaplasmosis in south africa.", "content": "The history of bovine anaplasmosis, or tick-born gallsickness, since the discovery of Anaplasma marginale by Sir Arnold Theiler is briefly reviewed. The development of the Anaplasma centrale vaccine by Theiler, up to the composition of the present vaccine issued by Onderstepoort in which the original isolate is still passaged, is discussed in detail. Recent transmission studies at Onderstepoort have shown that 5 tick species are capable of transmitting anaplasmosis intrastadially, and intrastadial transmission, especially by adult male ticks, it is believed, could play an important role in the epizootiology of bovine anaplasmosis in South Africa. Disease incidence and tick distribution are discussed in relation to enzootic and epizootic conditions. Investigations have proved that the Onderstepoort A. centrale vaccine is not as avirulent in adult cattle as it was previously thought to be. The results of a field trial undertaken to test the infectivity of the vaccine, are given.", "contents": "Epizootiology and control of anaplasmosis in south africa. The history of bovine anaplasmosis, or tick-born gallsickness, since the discovery of Anaplasma marginale by Sir Arnold Theiler is briefly reviewed. The development of the Anaplasma centrale vaccine by Theiler, up to the composition of the present vaccine issued by Onderstepoort in which the original isolate is still passaged, is discussed in detail. Recent transmission studies at Onderstepoort have shown that 5 tick species are capable of transmitting anaplasmosis intrastadially, and intrastadial transmission, especially by adult male ticks, it is believed, could play an important role in the epizootiology of bovine anaplasmosis in South Africa. Disease incidence and tick distribution are discussed in relation to enzootic and epizootic conditions. Investigations have proved that the Onderstepoort A. centrale vaccine is not as avirulent in adult cattle as it was previously thought to be. The results of a field trial undertaken to test the infectivity of the vaccine, are given.", "PMID": 399978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_248", "title": "Ultrastructure of cel organelles by scanning electron microscopy of thick sections surface-etched by an oxygen plasma.", "content": "Kidney tissue double fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and embedded in epoxy resin by standard techniques used for transmission electron microscopy was cut into section 1 micron or more thick and surface-etched by an oxygen plasma. Etching caused ash residues (possibly composed partly or organo-metallic complexes) of membranes and other etch resistant cell components to emerge as recognizable structures projecting upward from the surrounding embedment which was combusted and removed as volatile products. using the secondary electron mode for image formation, structural features of cells which could be imaged with clarity with the scanning electron microscopy included: profiles of peripheral and in-folded plasma membranes, the nuclear envelope and profiles of cut mitochondrial matrix granules, cristae and the outer limiting membranes. Resolution was better than that  obtainable from most other methods of specimen preparation currently being used in scanning electron microscopy for viewing the internal structures of cells or organelles in bulk samples of tissue.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of cel organelles by scanning electron microscopy of thick sections surface-etched by an oxygen plasma. Kidney tissue double fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and embedded in epoxy resin by standard techniques used for transmission electron microscopy was cut into section 1 micron or more thick and surface-etched by an oxygen plasma. Etching caused ash residues (possibly composed partly or organo-metallic complexes) of membranes and other etch resistant cell components to emerge as recognizable structures projecting upward from the surrounding embedment which was combusted and removed as volatile products. using the secondary electron mode for image formation, structural features of cells which could be imaged with clarity with the scanning electron microscopy included: profiles of peripheral and in-folded plasma membranes, the nuclear envelope and profiles of cut mitochondrial matrix granules, cristae and the outer limiting membranes. Resolution was better than that  obtainable from most other methods of specimen preparation currently being used in scanning electron microscopy for viewing the internal structures of cells or organelles in bulk samples of tissue.", "PMID": 399979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_249", "title": "A simple vacuum pipette for processing groups of specimens for electron microscopy.", "content": "A standard sink filter pump attached to a special glass adaptor, holding pipettes, enables groups of specimens to be fixed and dehydrated for electron microscopy with speed and safety.", "contents": "A simple vacuum pipette for processing groups of specimens for electron microscopy. A standard sink filter pump attached to a special glass adaptor, holding pipettes, enables groups of specimens to be fixed and dehydrated for electron microscopy with speed and safety.", "PMID": 399980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_250", "title": "A method for preparing and handling cross-sections from early chick embryos for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A method is described for processing multiple cross-sections from early chick embryos for scanning electron microscopy. Embryos are cut through the desired regions. Sections are affixed to a coverslip with Duco cement and critical point dried by Freon 13 or liquid CO2. This method provides a reliable means for preparing multiple cross-sections from single embryos and eliminates the need for direct handling of brittle tissues after drying.", "contents": "A method for preparing and handling cross-sections from early chick embryos for scanning electron microscopy. A method is described for processing multiple cross-sections from early chick embryos for scanning electron microscopy. Embryos are cut through the desired regions. Sections are affixed to a coverslip with Duco cement and critical point dried by Freon 13 or liquid CO2. This method provides a reliable means for preparing multiple cross-sections from single embryos and eliminates the need for direct handling of brittle tissues after drying.", "PMID": 399981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_251", "title": "[Skin tests with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis antigen in Turkey (author's transl)].", "content": "Intradermal reactions to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis antigen are investigated on 2759 persons in different regions of Turkey (Samsun, Antalya, Urfa, Diyarbakir, Hakk\u00e2ri, A\u011fri, Denizli and Ankara provinces). This test was found positive in 56 persons. The highest percentage of positive reactions was observed on the people from Samsun, Diyarbakir and Urfa. No positive tests were observed on the people from Hakk\u00e2ri. The skin test results were also investigated and observed considering the time of the reaction as 20 min., 24 hours and 48 hours after injection of the antigen on the people from Urfa, A\u011fri and Hakk\u00e2ri.", "contents": "[Skin tests with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis antigen in Turkey (author's transl)]. Intradermal reactions to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis antigen are investigated on 2759 persons in different regions of Turkey (Samsun, Antalya, Urfa, Diyarbakir, Hakk\u00e2ri, A\u011fri, Denizli and Ankara provinces). This test was found positive in 56 persons. The highest percentage of positive reactions was observed on the people from Samsun, Diyarbakir and Urfa. No positive tests were observed on the people from Hakk\u00e2ri. The skin test results were also investigated and observed considering the time of the reaction as 20 min., 24 hours and 48 hours after injection of the antigen on the people from Urfa, A\u011fri and Hakk\u00e2ri.", "PMID": 399991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_252", "title": "[Plasmodium malariae infection due to exchange transfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "A four month old baby with Plasmodium malariae infection thought to be due to exchange transfusion is presented.", "contents": "[Plasmodium malariae infection due to exchange transfusion (author's transl)]. A four month old baby with Plasmodium malariae infection thought to be due to exchange transfusion is presented.", "PMID": 399992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_253", "title": "[A Salmonella typhimurium epidemic in premature and newborn infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from a fatal epidemic among premature and newborn infants in the Children's Hospital of Hacettepe University. The epidemic showed gastroenteritis, sepsis and meningitis. Salmonella typhimurium were isolated from 17 of 65 infants. No salmonellae were isolated from the personnel of the unit and from the personnel of the related kitchen. The mothers could not be examined. Examinations are being continued with the collaboration of the said unit and a more detailed report is being prepared.", "contents": "[A Salmonella typhimurium epidemic in premature and newborn infants (author's transl)]. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from a fatal epidemic among premature and newborn infants in the Children's Hospital of Hacettepe University. The epidemic showed gastroenteritis, sepsis and meningitis. Salmonella typhimurium were isolated from 17 of 65 infants. No salmonellae were isolated from the personnel of the unit and from the personnel of the related kitchen. The mothers could not be examined. Examinations are being continued with the collaboration of the said unit and a more detailed report is being prepared.", "PMID": 399993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_254", "title": "[Intraoral support prosthesis of the laryngohyoid complex and of the chin after complete removal of the mandible].", "content": "The various methods proposed to date for supporting the glossohyoid-laryngeal complex after removal of the mandibular arch have been examined. A new type of intra-oral maxillofacial prosthesis for supporting the soft lining tissues of the lower 3rd of the face is then described. This has made it possible to avoid final tracheostomy in spite of total mandible removal.", "contents": "[Intraoral support prosthesis of the laryngohyoid complex and of the chin after complete removal of the mandible]. The various methods proposed to date for supporting the glossohyoid-laryngeal complex after removal of the mandibular arch have been examined. A new type of intra-oral maxillofacial prosthesis for supporting the soft lining tissues of the lower 3rd of the face is then described. This has made it possible to avoid final tracheostomy in spite of total mandible removal.", "PMID": 399994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_255", "title": "[Althesin or CT 1341 as a drug to induce balanced anesthesia with ethrane or fluothane associated with type II NLA in dental, maxillofacial and plastic surgery of the head area].", "content": "The Authors have tried Althesin as a medicine for the induction and maintainement of the narcosis in the stomatological, maxillo-facial and extra and intra-oral surgery. They have deduced that CT 1341 does not constitute to the anaesthetics Ethrane and Fluothane because of the anaesthetic-level instability (restlessness of the patient and clonic movements of the limbs during the most painful operations in particular). The Authors, supporters of the balanced anaesthesia, suggest using Althesin in the narcosis induction, the maintaining of which is carried on by the N.L.A. type II medicine and by the Ethrane or Fluothane. The latest ones are to be given in very small, not dangerous quantities. The Authors have so obtained a remarkable oxygenation of the patient, a ready, calm and lucid awakening without any collateral and dangerous consequences.", "contents": "[Althesin or CT 1341 as a drug to induce balanced anesthesia with ethrane or fluothane associated with type II NLA in dental, maxillofacial and plastic surgery of the head area]. The Authors have tried Althesin as a medicine for the induction and maintainement of the narcosis in the stomatological, maxillo-facial and extra and intra-oral surgery. They have deduced that CT 1341 does not constitute to the anaesthetics Ethrane and Fluothane because of the anaesthetic-level instability (restlessness of the patient and clonic movements of the limbs during the most painful operations in particular). The Authors, supporters of the balanced anaesthesia, suggest using Althesin in the narcosis induction, the maintaining of which is carried on by the N.L.A. type II medicine and by the Ethrane or Fluothane. The latest ones are to be given in very small, not dangerous quantities. The Authors have so obtained a remarkable oxygenation of the patient, a ready, calm and lucid awakening without any collateral and dangerous consequences.", "PMID": 399996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_256", "title": "[Initial clinical results from the use of a new antibiotic, Zimox, in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery].", "content": "Zimox (amoxicillin) has been experimented in a variety of stomatological inflammatory forms and in maxillo-facial surgery. Results with respect to the type of inflammation, pain response, impaired function oedema and trismus in various forms of dysodontiasis are reported.", "contents": "[Initial clinical results from the use of a new antibiotic, Zimox, in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery]. Zimox (amoxicillin) has been experimented in a variety of stomatological inflammatory forms and in maxillo-facial surgery. Results with respect to the type of inflammation, pain response, impaired function oedema and trismus in various forms of dysodontiasis are reported.", "PMID": 399997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_257", "title": "[Plasmodium ovale malaria in France. Probability of of genetic control of the incubation period (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasmodium ovale as the causative parasite in attacks of malaria is rare. Nevertheless, the number of cases seen in France would seem to be on the increase. In 137 attacks of malaria collected between 1967 and 1978, Plasmodium ovale was found on 13 occasions. The main characteristics of this form of malaria are, apart from its benign nature, the usual absence of any recurrence and a very variable incubation period, ranging from fifteen days to several months or even a year (with an average of 3.2 months). It is thus important to bear this diagnosis in mind, even if a long period elapsed since return from an endemic area, and it will be realised that adequate chemoprophylaxis using a schizonticide does not offer protection from forms with a long incubation period. Genetic control of the duration of the period of maturation of exo-erythrocytic forms, i.e. the incubation period, is suggested, identical to that recently advanced in the case of Plasmodium vivax. This would account for the variability and possible long duration of incubation periods. A usual monoclonal character of these infections could explain the virtual absence of recurrences.", "contents": "[Plasmodium ovale malaria in France. Probability of of genetic control of the incubation period (author's transl)]. Plasmodium ovale as the causative parasite in attacks of malaria is rare. Nevertheless, the number of cases seen in France would seem to be on the increase. In 137 attacks of malaria collected between 1967 and 1978, Plasmodium ovale was found on 13 occasions. The main characteristics of this form of malaria are, apart from its benign nature, the usual absence of any recurrence and a very variable incubation period, ranging from fifteen days to several months or even a year (with an average of 3.2 months). It is thus important to bear this diagnosis in mind, even if a long period elapsed since return from an endemic area, and it will be realised that adequate chemoprophylaxis using a schizonticide does not offer protection from forms with a long incubation period. Genetic control of the duration of the period of maturation of exo-erythrocytic forms, i.e. the incubation period, is suggested, identical to that recently advanced in the case of Plasmodium vivax. This would account for the variability and possible long duration of incubation periods. A usual monoclonal character of these infections could explain the virtual absence of recurrences.", "PMID": 400010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_258", "title": "[Acute respiratory failure: comparison of spontaneous ventilation with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and mechanical ventilation with positive and expiratory pressure (CPPV) in 6 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The hemodynamic and respiratory effects of spontaneous ventilation with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and mechanical ventilation with positive and expiratory pressure (CPPV) were compared in six patients with acute respiratory failure. Arterial and mixed venous gases, cardiac output, oxygen delivery and consumption, airway and oesophageal pressures were measured, with each patient on intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), CPAP and CPPV with the same level of positive and expiratory pressure (PEEP = 20 cmH2O). CPAP was as efficient as CPPV for improving arterial oxygenation. Cardiac output was higher on CPAP than on CPPV due to a lower intra-thoracic pressure with spontaneous ventilation, thus oxygene transport was higher with this methode. However total oxygene consumption and PaCO2 were slightly increased with CPAP due to a higher breathing's work. So, CPAP is as efficient as CPPV at the same level of PEEP in improving intra-pulmonary shunt and PaO2, without adversely affecting cardiac output.", "contents": "[Acute respiratory failure: comparison of spontaneous ventilation with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and mechanical ventilation with positive and expiratory pressure (CPPV) in 6 cases (author's transl)]. The hemodynamic and respiratory effects of spontaneous ventilation with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and mechanical ventilation with positive and expiratory pressure (CPPV) were compared in six patients with acute respiratory failure. Arterial and mixed venous gases, cardiac output, oxygen delivery and consumption, airway and oesophageal pressures were measured, with each patient on intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), CPAP and CPPV with the same level of positive and expiratory pressure (PEEP = 20 cmH2O). CPAP was as efficient as CPPV for improving arterial oxygenation. Cardiac output was higher on CPAP than on CPPV due to a lower intra-thoracic pressure with spontaneous ventilation, thus oxygene transport was higher with this methode. However total oxygene consumption and PaCO2 were slightly increased with CPAP due to a higher breathing's work. So, CPAP is as efficient as CPPV at the same level of PEEP in improving intra-pulmonary shunt and PaO2, without adversely affecting cardiac output.", "PMID": 400015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_259", "title": "[A new vascular shunt catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "For over 10 years, many authors have attempted to obtain vascular exclusion by intubation with rigid catheters: rubber tube, Argyle is catheter, special catheters with 1, 2 or several full balloons. Owing to this regidity, introduction is difficult and this calibre of the catheter is limited, with reduction of the flow. The authors have developed a supple multitoric catheter which takes on its final form only at the desired site, at the time of inflation.", "contents": "[A new vascular shunt catheter (author's transl)]. For over 10 years, many authors have attempted to obtain vascular exclusion by intubation with rigid catheters: rubber tube, Argyle is catheter, special catheters with 1, 2 or several full balloons. Owing to this regidity, introduction is difficult and this calibre of the catheter is limited, with reduction of the flow. The authors have developed a supple multitoric catheter which takes on its final form only at the desired site, at the time of inflation.", "PMID": 400016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_260", "title": "[Neonatal hyponatremia from maternal origin. Three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of the treatment was controlled by measurements of plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration. These observations concern maternal toxemia treated by diuretic and dietary sodium restriction two weeks before delivery. In two cases, labor was augmented with oxytocin infusion. These cases illustrate the respective role of sodium depletion and hemodilution in the occurrence of maternal and neonatal hyponatremia. They emphasize the amount of sodium supplementation in these newborn infants.", "contents": "[Neonatal hyponatremia from maternal origin. Three cases (author's transl)]. The effect of the treatment was controlled by measurements of plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration. These observations concern maternal toxemia treated by diuretic and dietary sodium restriction two weeks before delivery. In two cases, labor was augmented with oxytocin infusion. These cases illustrate the respective role of sodium depletion and hemodilution in the occurrence of maternal and neonatal hyponatremia. They emphasize the amount of sodium supplementation in these newborn infants.", "PMID": 400018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_261", "title": "[The detection of soluble immune complexes (author's transl)].", "content": "The detection and characterization of soluble immune complexes is complicated by the broad spectrum of complexes occurring in human pathology. Thus, differences in immune complex size, specificity and ability to interact with immunologic effector systems such as complement or cells, suggest variable pathogenic potential. Therefore, a variety of techniques for detection should be available. The introduction of radioimmunoassays and the recently improved knowledge of immune complex biochemistry have lead to the description of a large number of detection procedures, which in turn has widened the catalogue of diseases associated with immune complexes. Among 50 procedures known today, this article selects some pertinent tests which are critically discussed with respect to their specificity, sensitivity and possible interest in clinical medicine.", "contents": "[The detection of soluble immune complexes (author's transl)]. The detection and characterization of soluble immune complexes is complicated by the broad spectrum of complexes occurring in human pathology. Thus, differences in immune complex size, specificity and ability to interact with immunologic effector systems such as complement or cells, suggest variable pathogenic potential. Therefore, a variety of techniques for detection should be available. The introduction of radioimmunoassays and the recently improved knowledge of immune complex biochemistry have lead to the description of a large number of detection procedures, which in turn has widened the catalogue of diseases associated with immune complexes. Among 50 procedures known today, this article selects some pertinent tests which are critically discussed with respect to their specificity, sensitivity and possible interest in clinical medicine.", "PMID": 400019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_262", "title": "[Studies in the BALB/c mouse of the efficiency of spraying as compared to other inoculation ways for immunostimulant (author's transl)].", "content": "The of efficiency of spraying as compared to intranasal and digestive ways was tested on Balb/c mouse by using on the one hand an immunostimulant product and on the other various types of test : Myxovirus influenzae by aerosol, Streptococcus pyogenes intranasally, Klebsiella pneumoniae intraperitoneally. Results showed that in the case of influenza virus the immunostimulant inhaled as liquid aerosol or powder aerosol, or deposited on the nasal mucosa was very active. When the test germ was Streptococcus and the contamination intra-nasal, only the homologous way was efficient. When the test germ was Klebsiella pneumonia all inoculation forms except powder aerosol were effective. The comparative study of aerosols granulometry helps grasping this phenomenon.", "contents": "[Studies in the BALB/c mouse of the efficiency of spraying as compared to other inoculation ways for immunostimulant (author's transl)]. The of efficiency of spraying as compared to intranasal and digestive ways was tested on Balb/c mouse by using on the one hand an immunostimulant product and on the other various types of test : Myxovirus influenzae by aerosol, Streptococcus pyogenes intranasally, Klebsiella pneumoniae intraperitoneally. Results showed that in the case of influenza virus the immunostimulant inhaled as liquid aerosol or powder aerosol, or deposited on the nasal mucosa was very active. When the test germ was Streptococcus and the contamination intra-nasal, only the homologous way was efficient. When the test germ was Klebsiella pneumonia all inoculation forms except powder aerosol were effective. The comparative study of aerosols granulometry helps grasping this phenomenon.", "PMID": 400026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_263", "title": "[Bilateral primary pulmonary amyloidoma. Diagnostic contribution of subcutaneous needle-biopsy and of the digoxinemia test].", "content": "A case of bilateral neoplastic pulmonary amyloidosis is presented and discussed. The diagnosis was based on the results of a lung biopsy; and laboratory methods of great utility in this pathology were used. Of particular importance are the indications which can be obtained through subcutaneous biopsies and the biochemical test for digoxinemia.", "contents": "[Bilateral primary pulmonary amyloidoma. Diagnostic contribution of subcutaneous needle-biopsy and of the digoxinemia test]. A case of bilateral neoplastic pulmonary amyloidosis is presented and discussed. The diagnosis was based on the results of a lung biopsy; and laboratory methods of great utility in this pathology were used. Of particular importance are the indications which can be obtained through subcutaneous biopsies and the biochemical test for digoxinemia.", "PMID": 400029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_264", "title": "[Creatinine clearance: indirect estimate (author's transl)].", "content": "The validity of some formulas proposed to estimate the creatunine clearance by values of serum creatinine and others non analytical parameters (sex, age, weight and height) was tested in a group of 200 adults (100 males and 100 females) and in a group of 134 children (80 males and 54 females). The age ranged from 1 month to 78 years; the values of serum creatinine varied from 0.3 to 10.0 mg/dl; the clearance value was calculated also in the usual way by the AutoAnalyzer (N-11 a Technicon method). The statistical analysis and the comparison of the data show good correlation between the clearance values calculated either by the direct or the indirect method. However the frequency of inacceptable disagreements does not allow the use of these formulas to evaluate the renal function and to regulate the administration of some drugs.", "contents": "[Creatinine clearance: indirect estimate (author's transl)]. The validity of some formulas proposed to estimate the creatunine clearance by values of serum creatinine and others non analytical parameters (sex, age, weight and height) was tested in a group of 200 adults (100 males and 100 females) and in a group of 134 children (80 males and 54 females). The age ranged from 1 month to 78 years; the values of serum creatinine varied from 0.3 to 10.0 mg/dl; the clearance value was calculated also in the usual way by the AutoAnalyzer (N-11 a Technicon method). The statistical analysis and the comparison of the data show good correlation between the clearance values calculated either by the direct or the indirect method. However the frequency of inacceptable disagreements does not allow the use of these formulas to evaluate the renal function and to regulate the administration of some drugs.", "PMID": 400030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_265", "title": "[Fundamental studies for the development of pancreas scanning agents--preparation of radioactive iodine-labeled amino acids and peptides and their distribution (author's transl)].", "content": "75Se-Selenomethionine is often used for the isotope scanning of pancreas. However, it is desired to develop excellent pancreas scanning agens that give more specific distribution and less radiation hazards than the agents. Pancreas has a high ability to incorporate amino acids into its cells and to utilize the acids for the synthesis off proteins and enzymes. On the basis of this preferential uptake of amino acids, radioactive iodine-labeled amino acids and peptides, gamma-131I-iodo-alpha-aminobutyric acid, N-2-131I-monoiodoacetyl-L- and D-leucines, L- and D-leucine 2-131I-iodoethyl esters, 125I or 131I-labeled dipeptides, and insulin 125I-A and 131I-B chains, were prepared and assayed for their distribution in mouse organs and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Radioactivity of these labeled compounds incorporated into pancreas was almost the same as that of liver and spleen, and considerably smaller than that of stomach, duodenum and kidney. Since a high incorporation into stomach was seen also after the administration of 125I-sodium iodide, it was suggested that iodine ions were liberated in vivo from the labeled compounds within a short time.", "contents": "[Fundamental studies for the development of pancreas scanning agents--preparation of radioactive iodine-labeled amino acids and peptides and their distribution (author's transl)]. 75Se-Selenomethionine is often used for the isotope scanning of pancreas. However, it is desired to develop excellent pancreas scanning agens that give more specific distribution and less radiation hazards than the agents. Pancreas has a high ability to incorporate amino acids into its cells and to utilize the acids for the synthesis off proteins and enzymes. On the basis of this preferential uptake of amino acids, radioactive iodine-labeled amino acids and peptides, gamma-131I-iodo-alpha-aminobutyric acid, N-2-131I-monoiodoacetyl-L- and D-leucines, L- and D-leucine 2-131I-iodoethyl esters, 125I or 131I-labeled dipeptides, and insulin 125I-A and 131I-B chains, were prepared and assayed for their distribution in mouse organs and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Radioactivity of these labeled compounds incorporated into pancreas was almost the same as that of liver and spleen, and considerably smaller than that of stomach, duodenum and kidney. Since a high incorporation into stomach was seen also after the administration of 125I-sodium iodide, it was suggested that iodine ions were liberated in vivo from the labeled compounds within a short time.", "PMID": 400031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_266", "title": "[Multi-institution, multidisciplinary radiology and endoscopy trial of the diagnostic accuracy of the double contrast examination of the stomach surface].", "content": "In 12 X-ray and gastroenterology departments 1570 patients, clinically suspected to have a gastric pathology, have been examined by double contrast (surface) examination of the stomach followed by gastroscopy. Diagnostic accuracy was 93% in respect of endoscopic data, assumed correct by hypothesis. On the basis of a cost and benefit evaluation, made according to the well known criteria, a wider routine use of the double contrast technique is proposed.", "contents": "[Multi-institution, multidisciplinary radiology and endoscopy trial of the diagnostic accuracy of the double contrast examination of the stomach surface]. In 12 X-ray and gastroenterology departments 1570 patients, clinically suspected to have a gastric pathology, have been examined by double contrast (surface) examination of the stomach followed by gastroscopy. Diagnostic accuracy was 93% in respect of endoscopic data, assumed correct by hypothesis. On the basis of a cost and benefit evaluation, made according to the well known criteria, a wider routine use of the double contrast technique is proposed.", "PMID": 400034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_267", "title": "[Erythrocyte blood groups and geographic pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood groups are an obstacle to reproduction, transfusion and transplantation. There are immunological abortions due to the antibodies of \"p\" phenotype women; and Rh haemolytic disease of the new-born is in direct proportion to the frequency of the \"r\" gene in a given population; the problem of transfusional allo-immunisation is completely parallel. Certain membrane anomalies (due to exceptional erythrocyte blood groups--Rh null, Rh mod or McLeod, for example), can provoke hemolytic anaemias, but in these cases the subjects are scattered throughout the world. An important problem is that of the relationships between Duffy antigens and malaria: from what is known about plasmodium Knowlesi, Fya and Fyb antigens are related to the erythrocyte receptors for this plasmodium: the Fy(a-b-) red cells, even of exceptional non-blacks, are not infested with parasites. Two kinds of receptors are postulated: one for adherence and another for penetration. In contrast, plasmodium falciparum does not recognise the same receptors as plasmodium Knowlesi. Experiments carried out on man have led to the conclusion that plasmodium vivax also used Fya and Fyb antigens to penetrate the red cell. These recent facts give rise to the problem of a possible natural selection by plasmodium vivax, which would eradicate polymorphism, whilst until now, the facts concerning plasmodium falciparum have explained the balance of polymorphism.", "contents": "[Erythrocyte blood groups and geographic pathology (author's transl)]. Blood groups are an obstacle to reproduction, transfusion and transplantation. There are immunological abortions due to the antibodies of \"p\" phenotype women; and Rh haemolytic disease of the new-born is in direct proportion to the frequency of the \"r\" gene in a given population; the problem of transfusional allo-immunisation is completely parallel. Certain membrane anomalies (due to exceptional erythrocyte blood groups--Rh null, Rh mod or McLeod, for example), can provoke hemolytic anaemias, but in these cases the subjects are scattered throughout the world. An important problem is that of the relationships between Duffy antigens and malaria: from what is known about plasmodium Knowlesi, Fya and Fyb antigens are related to the erythrocyte receptors for this plasmodium: the Fy(a-b-) red cells, even of exceptional non-blacks, are not infested with parasites. Two kinds of receptors are postulated: one for adherence and another for penetration. In contrast, plasmodium falciparum does not recognise the same receptors as plasmodium Knowlesi. Experiments carried out on man have led to the conclusion that plasmodium vivax also used Fya and Fyb antigens to penetrate the red cell. These recent facts give rise to the problem of a possible natural selection by plasmodium vivax, which would eradicate polymorphism, whilst until now, the facts concerning plasmodium falciparum have explained the balance of polymorphism.", "PMID": 400037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_268", "title": "[Alertness and attention: recent theoretical perspectives and new areas of exploration (author's transl)].", "content": "Long considered only under the aspects of a level of alertness, attention has also to be considered under its directional aspects which imply attentive focalization and selection of information. The present paper reviews data and hypotheses concerning attention as a level of alertness, selective attention, slow cortical phenomena (negative contingent variation and evoked potentials), and attention as a motor program.", "contents": "[Alertness and attention: recent theoretical perspectives and new areas of exploration (author's transl)]. Long considered only under the aspects of a level of alertness, attention has also to be considered under its directional aspects which imply attentive focalization and selection of information. The present paper reviews data and hypotheses concerning attention as a level of alertness, selective attention, slow cortical phenomena (negative contingent variation and evoked potentials), and attention as a motor program.", "PMID": 400038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_269", "title": "[Event-related potentials and the evaluation of selective attention processes: a review of recent trends in this field (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of this paper was to briefly review the use of normal human Event Related Potentials (ERP) in the evaluation of processes of diffuse and selective attention. The reviewed results from recent experiments concern the exogeneous components of the evoked potential (in particular N120-P200), the endogeneous components N200-P300, P600 (or the so called \"Emitted Potentials\"), the motor related potentials and the CNV. The behavioural correlates of each of these components, as well as their relationships with the various stages of information processing during perceptivo-motor tasks implying decision making, were emphasized. As a conclusion, the psychiatric applications of this type of electrophysiological research was discussed; moreover the need of its development in the field of neuro-psychology was underlined.", "contents": "[Event-related potentials and the evaluation of selective attention processes: a review of recent trends in this field (author's transl)]. The aim of this paper was to briefly review the use of normal human Event Related Potentials (ERP) in the evaluation of processes of diffuse and selective attention. The reviewed results from recent experiments concern the exogeneous components of the evoked potential (in particular N120-P200), the endogeneous components N200-P300, P600 (or the so called \"Emitted Potentials\"), the motor related potentials and the CNV. The behavioural correlates of each of these components, as well as their relationships with the various stages of information processing during perceptivo-motor tasks implying decision making, were emphasized. As a conclusion, the psychiatric applications of this type of electrophysiological research was discussed; moreover the need of its development in the field of neuro-psychology was underlined.", "PMID": 400039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_270", "title": "[Smoking and the cardiovascular system].", "content": "In this brief review the results of the most important studies about smoking and cardiovascular diseases are referred. Epidemiological, pathological, and clinical data show an higher mortality from coronary heart diseases in smokers, and an higher frequency of atherosclerothic lesions, affecting all types of sistemic vessels. By an analysis of the tobacco smoke composition, some of the effects and acting mechanism of nicotine and Carbone Monoxideon the cardiocirculatory system are treated. It is remarkable that cigarette smoke is only a \"risk factor\" and overall together other conditions as hypertension or dyslipidamia.", "contents": "[Smoking and the cardiovascular system]. In this brief review the results of the most important studies about smoking and cardiovascular diseases are referred. Epidemiological, pathological, and clinical data show an higher mortality from coronary heart diseases in smokers, and an higher frequency of atherosclerothic lesions, affecting all types of sistemic vessels. By an analysis of the tobacco smoke composition, some of the effects and acting mechanism of nicotine and Carbone Monoxideon the cardiocirculatory system are treated. It is remarkable that cigarette smoke is only a \"risk factor\" and overall together other conditions as hypertension or dyslipidamia.", "PMID": 400049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_271", "title": "[Possibility of pulmonary circulation study with nongaseous radioactive isotopes].", "content": "This paper deales with the applications of radionuclides to the study of human pulmonary circulation for better knowledge of some morphological and dinamic functional aspects. At this time the methods used are divided in three groups in respect to the purpose. - Methods for static investigations of pulmonary perfusion, by scintigraphy with radioalbum aggregates. - Methods for dynamic investigation, general radiocardiography and selective right radiocardiography with radioalbum macroaggregates. - Methods for morpho-functional investigation, especially Isotopoangiocardiopneumography using gamma-camera and Tc99mO4. Here are treated the fields of applications, the purpose and the limits of these methods, used in a large number of and acquired pulmonary vascular diseases.", "contents": "[Possibility of pulmonary circulation study with nongaseous radioactive isotopes]. This paper deales with the applications of radionuclides to the study of human pulmonary circulation for better knowledge of some morphological and dinamic functional aspects. At this time the methods used are divided in three groups in respect to the purpose. - Methods for static investigations of pulmonary perfusion, by scintigraphy with radioalbum aggregates. - Methods for dynamic investigation, general radiocardiography and selective right radiocardiography with radioalbum macroaggregates. - Methods for morpho-functional investigation, especially Isotopoangiocardiopneumography using gamma-camera and Tc99mO4. Here are treated the fields of applications, the purpose and the limits of these methods, used in a large number of and acquired pulmonary vascular diseases.", "PMID": 400050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_272", "title": "[Morphofunctional aspects of the pulmonary circulation in kyphoscoliosis; angiocardiopneumographic, scintigraphic and hemodynamic characteristics].", "content": "In a group of 30 patients suffering from kypphoscoliosis of different degrew was effected a series of researchs (investigations to value the morphological functional behaviour of the pulmonary circle. The used ways were: angiopneumography, pulmonary perfusional scintigraphy, cardiac catheterisation and radiocardiography. The achieved results allowed to single out interesting aspects both of pulmonary vascular bed compromission and of some haemodynamic parameters. These alterations show different degrees according to seriousness of the deformation and the presence or not of broncopneumonia complications in these patients.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional aspects of the pulmonary circulation in kyphoscoliosis; angiocardiopneumographic, scintigraphic and hemodynamic characteristics]. In a group of 30 patients suffering from kypphoscoliosis of different degrew was effected a series of researchs (investigations to value the morphological functional behaviour of the pulmonary circle. The used ways were: angiopneumography, pulmonary perfusional scintigraphy, cardiac catheterisation and radiocardiography. The achieved results allowed to single out interesting aspects both of pulmonary vascular bed compromission and of some haemodynamic parameters. These alterations show different degrees according to seriousness of the deformation and the presence or not of broncopneumonia complications in these patients.", "PMID": 400051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_273", "title": "[Controlled clinical trial of nomifensine in treatment of depression (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapeutic efficacy of Nomifensine and Nortriptyline was compared with a double blind study on 29 patients suffering from several kinds of depression. The patients were admitted to the Institute of Nervous and Mental Diseases of the University of Florence. Drugs were administered according to a flexible dosage varying from 50 mg to 125 mg/day, subdivided in 2-3 doses. The experiment is referred to the first 15 days of treatment. In order to estimate the effect of the drugs, the Hamilton's scale for depression was used. This scale was administered before treatment and on the 5th, 10th, 15th, day of therapy. Scores of Hamilton's scale and of some \"Clusters\" were computerized. It was found that Nomifensine has an antidepressant effect comparable to that of Nortriptyline. No relevant differences were noted in the range of action of these drugs. No side-effects were detected in the doses employed.", "contents": "[Controlled clinical trial of nomifensine in treatment of depression (author's transl)]. Therapeutic efficacy of Nomifensine and Nortriptyline was compared with a double blind study on 29 patients suffering from several kinds of depression. The patients were admitted to the Institute of Nervous and Mental Diseases of the University of Florence. Drugs were administered according to a flexible dosage varying from 50 mg to 125 mg/day, subdivided in 2-3 doses. The experiment is referred to the first 15 days of treatment. In order to estimate the effect of the drugs, the Hamilton's scale for depression was used. This scale was administered before treatment and on the 5th, 10th, 15th, day of therapy. Scores of Hamilton's scale and of some \"Clusters\" were computerized. It was found that Nomifensine has an antidepressant effect comparable to that of Nortriptyline. No relevant differences were noted in the range of action of these drugs. No side-effects were detected in the doses employed.", "PMID": 400045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_274", "title": "Preservation of pancreas for transplantation.", "content": "For preservation of the pancreas, extracellular and intracellular solutions with aprotinin light microscopy showed both solutions to be suitable for a 3-hour preservation, though the intracellular solution appeared more suitable. Preservations for 6 and 24 hours have also been attempted, but these specimens showed fairly severe histological lesions.", "contents": "Preservation of pancreas for transplantation. For preservation of the pancreas, extracellular and intracellular solutions with aprotinin light microscopy showed both solutions to be suitable for a 3-hour preservation, though the intracellular solution appeared more suitable. Preservations for 6 and 24 hours have also been attempted, but these specimens showed fairly severe histological lesions.", "PMID": 400060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_275", "title": "Impaired plasms immunoreactive insulin response to glucose in elderly hypertensive patients with abnormal clucose tolerance.", "content": "Oral glucose tolerance and the plasma immunoreactive insulin response to oral glucose were measured in 42 elderly hypertensive patients. Twenty-four of these patients showed abnormal glucose tolerance curves an 18 had normal curves. Patients with abnormal glucose tolerance showed significantly lower plasms immunoreactive insulin concentrations at 30 min and 60 min after the glucose load compared with patients with normal glucose tolerance. The patients in the two groups did not appear to differ in any other clinical or biochemical characteristics.", "contents": "Impaired plasms immunoreactive insulin response to glucose in elderly hypertensive patients with abnormal clucose tolerance. Oral glucose tolerance and the plasma immunoreactive insulin response to oral glucose were measured in 42 elderly hypertensive patients. Twenty-four of these patients showed abnormal glucose tolerance curves an 18 had normal curves. Patients with abnormal glucose tolerance showed significantly lower plasms immunoreactive insulin concentrations at 30 min and 60 min after the glucose load compared with patients with normal glucose tolerance. The patients in the two groups did not appear to differ in any other clinical or biochemical characteristics.", "PMID": 400065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_276", "title": "Low plasma renin concentration in patients with Meniere's disease (preliminary report).", "content": "Endolymphatic hydrops is the histopathologic hallmark of Meniere's disease. The cause of excess inner ear fluid is unknown, but the possibility of a systemic abnormality of fluid-solute regulation has been considered. One indicator of systemic fluid and electrolyte balance is the enzyme renin. Plasma renin levels were measured in patients with a clinical diagnosis of Meniere's disease and compared to a group of patients who did not have Meniere's disease. The mean plasma renin concentration of patients with Meniere's disease was statistically lower than that of the other subjects. The study's results are consistent with a systemic abnormality in fluid and solute regulation in some patients with M eniere's disease, leading to abnormal expansion of the extracellular fluid volume, and possibly contributing to endolympathic hydrops.", "contents": "Low plasma renin concentration in patients with Meniere's disease (preliminary report). Endolymphatic hydrops is the histopathologic hallmark of Meniere's disease. The cause of excess inner ear fluid is unknown, but the possibility of a systemic abnormality of fluid-solute regulation has been considered. One indicator of systemic fluid and electrolyte balance is the enzyme renin. Plasma renin levels were measured in patients with a clinical diagnosis of Meniere's disease and compared to a group of patients who did not have Meniere's disease. The mean plasma renin concentration of patients with Meniere's disease was statistically lower than that of the other subjects. The study's results are consistent with a systemic abnormality in fluid and solute regulation in some patients with M eniere's disease, leading to abnormal expansion of the extracellular fluid volume, and possibly contributing to endolympathic hydrops.", "PMID": 400072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_277", "title": "[Temporal aspects of the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Contribution to the methodological standardization of explorative test (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this study is to throw further light on the problem of the methodological standardization in the study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Thus, in 10 normal volunteers and 33 patients with moderate, recent and uncomplicated essential hypertension, divided into the subtypes with normal, high and low renin, it has been performed a timing analysis of the behaviour of plasma renin (PRA) and aldosterone (PA). PRA and PA were measured by radioimmunological methods in blood samples simultaneously collected in steady state conditions (study of circadian rhythmicity) and during the course of manipulative tests (orthostatism, dietary sodium restriction, orthostatism associated with sodium restriction, furosemide administration). The study revealed that each category of the present series of healthy and hypertensive individuals has an own temporal organization in the entire function of RAAS. This finding allowed to standardize the RIA reference indices as chronocorrelated intervals of normality and to establish the optimal criteria for the assessment of biochemical data and methodological study of hypertensive patients.", "contents": "[Temporal aspects of the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Contribution to the methodological standardization of explorative test (author's transl)]. The purpose of this study is to throw further light on the problem of the methodological standardization in the study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Thus, in 10 normal volunteers and 33 patients with moderate, recent and uncomplicated essential hypertension, divided into the subtypes with normal, high and low renin, it has been performed a timing analysis of the behaviour of plasma renin (PRA) and aldosterone (PA). PRA and PA were measured by radioimmunological methods in blood samples simultaneously collected in steady state conditions (study of circadian rhythmicity) and during the course of manipulative tests (orthostatism, dietary sodium restriction, orthostatism associated with sodium restriction, furosemide administration). The study revealed that each category of the present series of healthy and hypertensive individuals has an own temporal organization in the entire function of RAAS. This finding allowed to standardize the RIA reference indices as chronocorrelated intervals of normality and to establish the optimal criteria for the assessment of biochemical data and methodological study of hypertensive patients.", "PMID": 400073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_278", "title": "Cockayne syndrome: unusual neuropathological findings and review of the literature.", "content": "Two siblings with Cockayne syndrome (CS) are described and the literature on the subject is briefly reviewed. Of particular interest were the unusual neuropathological findings in 1 of the patients. These included microcephaly, white matter atrophy with patchy loss of myelinated fibers, calcifications of the basal ganglia, occasional ferrugination of cerebral and cerebellar neurons, and severe cerebellar degeneration. Findings not previously reported in CS were proliferation of extremely bizarre astrocytes, neurofibrillary tnagles, and pigmentation of the globus pallidus. We conclude that brain involvement in CS is a result of primary degeneration in the central nervous system rather than being secondary to angiopathy or normal pressure hydrocephalus, as previously suggested.", "contents": "Cockayne syndrome: unusual neuropathological findings and review of the literature. Two siblings with Cockayne syndrome (CS) are described and the literature on the subject is briefly reviewed. Of particular interest were the unusual neuropathological findings in 1 of the patients. These included microcephaly, white matter atrophy with patchy loss of myelinated fibers, calcifications of the basal ganglia, occasional ferrugination of cerebral and cerebellar neurons, and severe cerebellar degeneration. Findings not previously reported in CS were proliferation of extremely bizarre astrocytes, neurofibrillary tnagles, and pigmentation of the globus pallidus. We conclude that brain involvement in CS is a result of primary degeneration in the central nervous system rather than being secondary to angiopathy or normal pressure hydrocephalus, as previously suggested.", "PMID": 400082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_279", "title": "Evaluation of some cold enrichment and isolation media for the recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "An evaluation of several cold enrichment media for Yersinia enterocolitica showed that the enrichment quotient achieved after 3 weeks at 4 degrees C was highly dependent on the initial cell concentration and the medium used. The latter should be of high nutritional value, in order to allow sufficient growth of Yersinia enterocolitica at a low temperature. Enrichment in typtone--soya broth yielded better results than in--frequently used--phosphate buffer, pH 7.6. While comparing isolation media for Yersinia enterocoliica to be used after cold enrichment, DHL agar was most satisfactory: after 20 h incubation at 29 degrees C, colonies of Yersinia enterocolitica are easily distinguishable and the organisms fully recovered. An urea medium, containing novobiocin as selective agent, also yielded good results. It must be stressed that only human strains of serotypes 0:3 and 0:9 of Yersinia enterocolitica were studied.", "contents": "Evaluation of some cold enrichment and isolation media for the recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica. An evaluation of several cold enrichment media for Yersinia enterocolitica showed that the enrichment quotient achieved after 3 weeks at 4 degrees C was highly dependent on the initial cell concentration and the medium used. The latter should be of high nutritional value, in order to allow sufficient growth of Yersinia enterocolitica at a low temperature. Enrichment in typtone--soya broth yielded better results than in--frequently used--phosphate buffer, pH 7.6. While comparing isolation media for Yersinia enterocoliica to be used after cold enrichment, DHL agar was most satisfactory: after 20 h incubation at 29 degrees C, colonies of Yersinia enterocolitica are easily distinguishable and the organisms fully recovered. An urea medium, containing novobiocin as selective agent, also yielded good results. It must be stressed that only human strains of serotypes 0:3 and 0:9 of Yersinia enterocolitica were studied.", "PMID": 400084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_280", "title": "Evaluation of the efficiency of extraction for the quantitative estimation of hydrogen bacteria in soil.", "content": "The efficiency of extraction of hydrogen bacteria from soil for plate counting was evaluated by using pure cultures adsorbed to sterilized soil. The utilization of model materials which interact with bacteria by adhesive, capillary or electrostatic forces and the use of extraction fluids with buffering, detergent or chelating activity demonstrated the major importance of capillary forces for the retention of hydrogen bacteria. Utilization of Tris buffer (pH 7.5) as extraction fluid and separation of extracted bacteria from soil particles by sedimentation for 15 min resulted in the highest recovery. A second extraction step including sonication did not increase the efficiency. The extraction efficiency of 8 different strains of hydrogen bacteria adsorbed to 3 different soils demonstrated a high degree of variation wih respect to bacterial strains, but not to soil types. The recovery was inversely related to cell parameters such as size, motility and slime formation.", "contents": "Evaluation of the efficiency of extraction for the quantitative estimation of hydrogen bacteria in soil. The efficiency of extraction of hydrogen bacteria from soil for plate counting was evaluated by using pure cultures adsorbed to sterilized soil. The utilization of model materials which interact with bacteria by adhesive, capillary or electrostatic forces and the use of extraction fluids with buffering, detergent or chelating activity demonstrated the major importance of capillary forces for the retention of hydrogen bacteria. Utilization of Tris buffer (pH 7.5) as extraction fluid and separation of extracted bacteria from soil particles by sedimentation for 15 min resulted in the highest recovery. A second extraction step including sonication did not increase the efficiency. The extraction efficiency of 8 different strains of hydrogen bacteria adsorbed to 3 different soils demonstrated a high degree of variation wih respect to bacterial strains, but not to soil types. The recovery was inversely related to cell parameters such as size, motility and slime formation.", "PMID": 400085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_281", "title": "[Researches on some biochemical and serological properties and on the sensitivity to antibiotics of L-forms of \"Proteus\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility to keep some biochemical reactions of the parent strains (urease-positive, glucose fermentation, phenylalanine-deaminase-positive, H2S but not indol production) was demonstrated in 5 L-forms, obtained from as many strains of Pr. mirabilis and in 1 L-form, isolated from a vaginal secretion and identified as belonging to the same species. The indirect hemagglutination technique, made by the sonicated antigen in 3 of the 6 L-forms with Proteus OXK antiserum, resulted positive in titers varying from 1:128 to 1:1024. Crossed tests made with antisera for different bacterial species (e. coli, Shigella, klebsiella, ecc.) and of Mycoplasma (M. hominis, M. orale, M. salivarium, M. fermentans, M. arthritidis) put in evidence aspecific reactions only in 1.3% of the bacterial antisera. On the contrary, all 5 antisera for Mycoplasma were able to agglutinate the sensitized erythrocytes at titers quite analogous to that of the homologous antiserum. The sensitivities to various antibiotics of the 6 L-forms and the parent strains has been determined. All of L-forms were more resistent to the tetracycline than L-forms of other bacterial species. On the basis of te results got by biochemical and serological tests, we confirm the necessity to make use of both the groups of tests, in order to identify the L-forms of recent isolation.", "contents": "[Researches on some biochemical and serological properties and on the sensitivity to antibiotics of L-forms of \"Proteus\" (author's transl)]. The possibility to keep some biochemical reactions of the parent strains (urease-positive, glucose fermentation, phenylalanine-deaminase-positive, H2S but not indol production) was demonstrated in 5 L-forms, obtained from as many strains of Pr. mirabilis and in 1 L-form, isolated from a vaginal secretion and identified as belonging to the same species. The indirect hemagglutination technique, made by the sonicated antigen in 3 of the 6 L-forms with Proteus OXK antiserum, resulted positive in titers varying from 1:128 to 1:1024. Crossed tests made with antisera for different bacterial species (e. coli, Shigella, klebsiella, ecc.) and of Mycoplasma (M. hominis, M. orale, M. salivarium, M. fermentans, M. arthritidis) put in evidence aspecific reactions only in 1.3% of the bacterial antisera. On the contrary, all 5 antisera for Mycoplasma were able to agglutinate the sensitized erythrocytes at titers quite analogous to that of the homologous antiserum. The sensitivities to various antibiotics of the 6 L-forms and the parent strains has been determined. All of L-forms were more resistent to the tetracycline than L-forms of other bacterial species. On the basis of te results got by biochemical and serological tests, we confirm the necessity to make use of both the groups of tests, in order to identify the L-forms of recent isolation.", "PMID": 400087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_282", "title": "[Observations about the use of different types of enzymes in immunohistological diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Comparative study with indirect immunofluorescence technique (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors have evaluated the use of anti-human immunoglobulins conjugated with peroxidase, alkaline-phosphatase, glucose-oxidase as a diagnostic tool for assaying autoantibodies. A comparison study was done using the classical indirect immunofluorescence technique. Immunoenzymatic techniques, of minor cost compared to immunofluorescence, have revealed a better appreciation of global and particular structure of the tissue in examination. From the three enzymes examined peroxidase revealed itself as first choice, because, other than having on overlapping sensitivity to immunofluorescence, it can allow a further ultrastructural study.", "contents": "[Observations about the use of different types of enzymes in immunohistological diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Comparative study with indirect immunofluorescence technique (author's transl)]. The Authors have evaluated the use of anti-human immunoglobulins conjugated with peroxidase, alkaline-phosphatase, glucose-oxidase as a diagnostic tool for assaying autoantibodies. A comparison study was done using the classical indirect immunofluorescence technique. Immunoenzymatic techniques, of minor cost compared to immunofluorescence, have revealed a better appreciation of global and particular structure of the tissue in examination. From the three enzymes examined peroxidase revealed itself as first choice, because, other than having on overlapping sensitivity to immunofluorescence, it can allow a further ultrastructural study.", "PMID": 400088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_283", "title": "[Pathogenicity and saprophytism of the \"Candida\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Many cases of bacterial turnover saprophyatism and pathogenicity are known in infectious clinic; these are variously explained on mutational basis or wandering conditions of the rapports host-agent. Transformation of Candida from saprophpyte to pathogenic organism seems, up to date, to be hardly explainable, and would represent an interesting research field.", "contents": "[Pathogenicity and saprophytism of the \"Candida\" (author's transl)]. Many cases of bacterial turnover saprophyatism and pathogenicity are known in infectious clinic; these are variously explained on mutational basis or wandering conditions of the rapports host-agent. Transformation of Candida from saprophpyte to pathogenic organism seems, up to date, to be hardly explainable, and would represent an interesting research field.", "PMID": 400089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_284", "title": "[Co-agglutination as an alternative to precipitin testing in streptococcal grouping (author's transl)].", "content": "Grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococcal strains was performed over a six months period on a total of 102 isolates. The purpose was to compare the Lancefield method with three different possibilities offered by the Co-agglutination technique. The results show that the Co-agglutination is as reliable as precipitin testing but it can be much more sensitive and rapid than any other method.", "contents": "[Co-agglutination as an alternative to precipitin testing in streptococcal grouping (author's transl)]. Grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococcal strains was performed over a six months period on a total of 102 isolates. The purpose was to compare the Lancefield method with three different possibilities offered by the Co-agglutination technique. The results show that the Co-agglutination is as reliable as precipitin testing but it can be much more sensitive and rapid than any other method.", "PMID": 400090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_285", "title": "The brain of the guinea pig in stereotaxic coordinates.", "content": "The brain of the guinea pig in stereotaxic coordinates is proposed as a tool for neurophysiologists who are interested in the guinea pig as an experimental animal. The frontal sections of guinea pig brain in stereotaxic coordinates extend from anterior (A) 17.0 to posterior (P) 5.0. The frontal sections of the brain are reproduced as drawings in which brain contours as well as nuclear and fibre structures are outlined. The procedure used for setting the stereotaxic coordinates and zero planes is reported and the limitation of the use of the tables is discussed.", "contents": "The brain of the guinea pig in stereotaxic coordinates. The brain of the guinea pig in stereotaxic coordinates is proposed as a tool for neurophysiologists who are interested in the guinea pig as an experimental animal. The frontal sections of guinea pig brain in stereotaxic coordinates extend from anterior (A) 17.0 to posterior (P) 5.0. The frontal sections of the brain are reproduced as drawings in which brain contours as well as nuclear and fibre structures are outlined. The procedure used for setting the stereotaxic coordinates and zero planes is reported and the limitation of the use of the tables is discussed.", "PMID": 400095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_286", "title": "[Use of saliva in the diagnosis of natural canine rabies].", "content": "Rabies virus isolation was demonstrated in all of the 55 saliva samples of 40 rabid dogs by intracerebral inoculation of young adult mice. Identification of cellular inclusions in the encephalic impressions of the 55 inoculated mice groups by means of the technics of Sellers and fluorescent antibodies revealed the rabies infection nature. Thirteen dogs (32,5%) of the studied cases showed rabies virus regular excretion in harvested samples in the same animals 2 (11 dogs) and 3 (2 dogs).", "contents": "[Use of saliva in the diagnosis of natural canine rabies]. Rabies virus isolation was demonstrated in all of the 55 saliva samples of 40 rabid dogs by intracerebral inoculation of young adult mice. Identification of cellular inclusions in the encephalic impressions of the 55 inoculated mice groups by means of the technics of Sellers and fluorescent antibodies revealed the rabies infection nature. Thirteen dogs (32,5%) of the studied cases showed rabies virus regular excretion in harvested samples in the same animals 2 (11 dogs) and 3 (2 dogs).", "PMID": 400097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_287", "title": "[Technic for studying antitetanus immunity].", "content": "The Authors carried out a research work on problems relating to technical aspects to the tetanus immunity tests. Some interesting conclusions have been reached: - Purified and diluted tetanus toxin is best preserved at - 20 degrees C, in pH 7.4 physiological salt solution added with 1% peptone. - Vaccination in small laboratory animals must be done injecting adsorbed anatoxin by a microsyringe, in order to avoid dilution of the original compound. - Protection test using low, i.v. toxin doses is more reliable than serological tests in assessing the acquired resistance level in immuno-prophylaxed animals. - Passive haemagglutination test is much more sensitive when done with turkey instead of sheep red blood cells.", "contents": "[Technic for studying antitetanus immunity]. The Authors carried out a research work on problems relating to technical aspects to the tetanus immunity tests. Some interesting conclusions have been reached: - Purified and diluted tetanus toxin is best preserved at - 20 degrees C, in pH 7.4 physiological salt solution added with 1% peptone. - Vaccination in small laboratory animals must be done injecting adsorbed anatoxin by a microsyringe, in order to avoid dilution of the original compound. - Protection test using low, i.v. toxin doses is more reliable than serological tests in assessing the acquired resistance level in immuno-prophylaxed animals. - Passive haemagglutination test is much more sensitive when done with turkey instead of sheep red blood cells.", "PMID": 400102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_288", "title": "[Indirect immunoperoxidase technic in the biological diagnosis of human parasitic disease].", "content": "Two serological techniques, immunoperoxidase (IP) and immunofluorescence (IFI), were used for the detection of specific antibodies in 60 sera from patients with schistosomiasis, in 44 sera from patients with hydatidosis, and 28 sera from patients with intestinal amebiasis or liver amebic abscess. The IP test correlated well with IFI. The advantage of IP technique compared to IFI are that it is more rapid, less laborious and is performed without technical equipment.", "contents": "[Indirect immunoperoxidase technic in the biological diagnosis of human parasitic disease]. Two serological techniques, immunoperoxidase (IP) and immunofluorescence (IFI), were used for the detection of specific antibodies in 60 sera from patients with schistosomiasis, in 44 sera from patients with hydatidosis, and 28 sera from patients with intestinal amebiasis or liver amebic abscess. The IP test correlated well with IFI. The advantage of IP technique compared to IFI are that it is more rapid, less laborious and is performed without technical equipment.", "PMID": 400103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_289", "title": "[Antimicrobial drugs in poultry nutrition: resistance levels in Escherichia coli].", "content": "In a battery experiment, a hundred of day old broiler chicks (Hubbard) divided into ten groups, were fed for eight weeks with 50, 75 or 100mg/Kg of ration of chloramphenicol and tetraciclyne; 40, 80 or 120mg/ 2 liters of drinking water of nitrofurazone. During three months defecated feces from each bird were sampled and analysed at intervals of 15 days for the isolation of Escherichia coli strains which were submitted to the determination of drug resistance. The results showed that utilization of antimicrobial drugs selected a resistant population of Escherichia coli at 300 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol tetraciclyne and 30 microgram/ml of nitrofurazone, during the dietary period. In addition the characterization of the R factor made by conjugation against apropriated recepient strains, demonstrated it's presence in some of the tested strains has only been noted the mobilization of the tetraciclyne marker.", "contents": "[Antimicrobial drugs in poultry nutrition: resistance levels in Escherichia coli]. In a battery experiment, a hundred of day old broiler chicks (Hubbard) divided into ten groups, were fed for eight weeks with 50, 75 or 100mg/Kg of ration of chloramphenicol and tetraciclyne; 40, 80 or 120mg/ 2 liters of drinking water of nitrofurazone. During three months defecated feces from each bird were sampled and analysed at intervals of 15 days for the isolation of Escherichia coli strains which were submitted to the determination of drug resistance. The results showed that utilization of antimicrobial drugs selected a resistant population of Escherichia coli at 300 microgram/ml of chloramphenicol tetraciclyne and 30 microgram/ml of nitrofurazone, during the dietary period. In addition the characterization of the R factor made by conjugation against apropriated recepient strains, demonstrated it's presence in some of the tested strains has only been noted the mobilization of the tetraciclyne marker.", "PMID": 400098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_290", "title": "Morphological, immunohistological and clinical findings in renal amyloidosis: correlations with prognosis in 16 patients.", "content": "Sixteen patients affected by renal amyloidosis (A.) and submitted to renal biopsy have been studied by light microscopy and immunofluorescence. Clinical manifestations at observation and follow up have been reviewed. Survival was 32% at ten years, lower than all other nephropathies except rapidly-progressive glomerulonephritis. Primary A. had a significantly worse survival rate than secondary A. An observation up to 6 years after biopsy allowed us to isolate a group of patients with a steady good renal function: this group is characterized by: a longer mean duration of nephropathy before observation, a lower incidence of nephrotic syndrome (NS), absence of renal failure at time of biopsy, a higher incidence of increased mesangial areas at light microscopy, a lower percentage of glomerular capillary walls thickening, a higher incidence of amyloid deposits on vessels but not on glomerular capillaries, a definite more elevated presence of Ig and C3 over mesangium and glomerular capillary walls. The possible role of the last findings is discussed.", "contents": "Morphological, immunohistological and clinical findings in renal amyloidosis: correlations with prognosis in 16 patients. Sixteen patients affected by renal amyloidosis (A.) and submitted to renal biopsy have been studied by light microscopy and immunofluorescence. Clinical manifestations at observation and follow up have been reviewed. Survival was 32% at ten years, lower than all other nephropathies except rapidly-progressive glomerulonephritis. Primary A. had a significantly worse survival rate than secondary A. An observation up to 6 years after biopsy allowed us to isolate a group of patients with a steady good renal function: this group is characterized by: a longer mean duration of nephropathy before observation, a lower incidence of nephrotic syndrome (NS), absence of renal failure at time of biopsy, a higher incidence of increased mesangial areas at light microscopy, a lower percentage of glomerular capillary walls thickening, a higher incidence of amyloid deposits on vessels but not on glomerular capillaries, a definite more elevated presence of Ig and C3 over mesangium and glomerular capillary walls. The possible role of the last findings is discussed.", "PMID": 400104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_291", "title": "[Hemodynamics in swine treated with PGI 2].", "content": "The hemodynamic response of pig perfused by PGI2 (2 micrograms/kg/mm/4 min) has been studied before and after vagosympathectomy. Prostacyclin produces hypotension, which depends to an reduction of total peripheral resistances, without cardiac involvement. A venous dilatation is also present with reduction of preload and of systolic volume. The authors conclude assessing that prostaciclyn act by peripheral mechanism.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics in swine treated with PGI 2]. The hemodynamic response of pig perfused by PGI2 (2 micrograms/kg/mm/4 min) has been studied before and after vagosympathectomy. Prostacyclin produces hypotension, which depends to an reduction of total peripheral resistances, without cardiac involvement. A venous dilatation is also present with reduction of preload and of systolic volume. The authors conclude assessing that prostaciclyn act by peripheral mechanism.", "PMID": 400106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_292", "title": "[Interaction between alkaloids of Claviceps purpurea and development of some bacteria and bacteriophages. Preliminary experiments].", "content": "It has been tested the bacteriolytic activity and the interaction among the development of the bacteriophage T4 and Ergot alkaloids. It has been determined a bacteriolytic action on the bacterial stub \"E. Coli host of bacteriophage T4. It exist an interaction also among such alkaloids and the development of the bacteriophage T4, which appears through an increase of the quantity of lysis areas, becoming evident in solid bodies containing the lysing bacterium. Further researches with other bacterial and virus stubs will be effected and mentioned afterward.", "contents": "[Interaction between alkaloids of Claviceps purpurea and development of some bacteria and bacteriophages. Preliminary experiments]. It has been tested the bacteriolytic activity and the interaction among the development of the bacteriophage T4 and Ergot alkaloids. It has been determined a bacteriolytic action on the bacterial stub \"E. Coli host of bacteriophage T4. It exist an interaction also among such alkaloids and the development of the bacteriophage T4, which appears through an increase of the quantity of lysis areas, becoming evident in solid bodies containing the lysing bacterium. Further researches with other bacterial and virus stubs will be effected and mentioned afterward.", "PMID": 400107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_293", "title": "Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Report to the Research Committee of the British Thoracic Association.", "content": "A double-blind multi-centre study was carried out to assess the effects of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol on the control of symptoms of asthma and on fungal colonization of the bronchi, in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis who had not been treated with an inhaled corticosteroid preparation for at least six months. Each of the 32 patients who completed the trial was treated with beclomethasone (100 microgram four times daily) or placebo aerosol for consecutive periods of six months without alteration of the pre-study maintenance therapy. Treatment of exacerbations of asthma and of pulmonary eosinophilia was left to the discretion of the participating physicians. The only statistically significant finding was an association between serum Aspergillus antibody levels and episodes of pulmonary eosinophilia diagnosed by radiography. During treatment with beclomethasone improvement occurred in ventilatory function and control of asthma, but Aspergillus fumigatus was detected in the sputum more frequently than during the placebo period. None of these trends attained statistical significance. Episodes of pulmonary eosinophilia were not reduced by beclomethasone and usually occurred without clinical deterioration of asthma.", "contents": "Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Report to the Research Committee of the British Thoracic Association. A double-blind multi-centre study was carried out to assess the effects of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol on the control of symptoms of asthma and on fungal colonization of the bronchi, in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis who had not been treated with an inhaled corticosteroid preparation for at least six months. Each of the 32 patients who completed the trial was treated with beclomethasone (100 microgram four times daily) or placebo aerosol for consecutive periods of six months without alteration of the pre-study maintenance therapy. Treatment of exacerbations of asthma and of pulmonary eosinophilia was left to the discretion of the participating physicians. The only statistically significant finding was an association between serum Aspergillus antibody levels and episodes of pulmonary eosinophilia diagnosed by radiography. During treatment with beclomethasone improvement occurred in ventilatory function and control of asthma, but Aspergillus fumigatus was detected in the sputum more frequently than during the placebo period. None of these trends attained statistical significance. Episodes of pulmonary eosinophilia were not reduced by beclomethasone and usually occurred without clinical deterioration of asthma.", "PMID": 400108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_294", "title": "Cefuroxime in severe respiratory infections: a double-blind comparison of two doses.", "content": "Cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin, was given in doses of 750 mg and 1000 mg three times daily for 10 days to 99 patients in a double-blind comparison. Patients were moderately or severely ill with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, often accompanied by pneumonia. Both doses were equally efficacious in improving the clinical state and sputum purulence and in maintaining the improvement.", "contents": "Cefuroxime in severe respiratory infections: a double-blind comparison of two doses. Cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin, was given in doses of 750 mg and 1000 mg three times daily for 10 days to 99 patients in a double-blind comparison. Patients were moderately or severely ill with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, often accompanied by pneumonia. Both doses were equally efficacious in improving the clinical state and sputum purulence and in maintaining the improvement.", "PMID": 400110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_295", "title": "[Acute renal insufficiency in elective surgery].", "content": "A summary of modern knowledge on etiopathogenesis; pathological anatomy and clinic of acute postoperative renal insufficiency. The results are further reported of an investigation of clearance of endogenous creatinine and of the number of cells in the sediment according the Addis during a normal postoperative course and after gastric resection (five cases) and cholecystectomy (five cases).", "contents": "[Acute renal insufficiency in elective surgery]. A summary of modern knowledge on etiopathogenesis; pathological anatomy and clinic of acute postoperative renal insufficiency. The results are further reported of an investigation of clearance of endogenous creatinine and of the number of cells in the sediment according the Addis during a normal postoperative course and after gastric resection (five cases) and cholecystectomy (five cases).", "PMID": 400117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_296", "title": "[Apropos of 80 cases of mesenteric infarction].", "content": "The Author considers 80 cases of mesenteric infarct which have been observed in the emergency Ward of the Milan Ospedale Maggiore. A discussion follows of the problem of etiology on hand of the literature and of the most recent views on the functional infarct. Attention is given to macroscopical and microscopical anatomy and pathogenetic interpretation is offered, basing upon the results of experimental investigation work. The Author underlines the most important characters of the clinical picture as derived from their experience, discusses the diagnosis and offers a schema for therapy on hand both of classical knowledge and of the new possibilities offered today by modern surgery and by the adoption of new drugs. It is concluded that the statistical data show a considerable decrease of recent operative mortality both compared to recent years and to percentages reported by other AA.", "contents": "[Apropos of 80 cases of mesenteric infarction]. The Author considers 80 cases of mesenteric infarct which have been observed in the emergency Ward of the Milan Ospedale Maggiore. A discussion follows of the problem of etiology on hand of the literature and of the most recent views on the functional infarct. Attention is given to macroscopical and microscopical anatomy and pathogenetic interpretation is offered, basing upon the results of experimental investigation work. The Author underlines the most important characters of the clinical picture as derived from their experience, discusses the diagnosis and offers a schema for therapy on hand both of classical knowledge and of the new possibilities offered today by modern surgery and by the adoption of new drugs. It is concluded that the statistical data show a considerable decrease of recent operative mortality both compared to recent years and to percentages reported by other AA.", "PMID": 400118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_297", "title": "[Chylous ascites].", "content": "Starting from one case of chylous ascites of their own observation, the authors attempt an etiological classification of this clinical entity, taking into account pertinent published material and the fact that in many instances chylous ascites is nothing more than a symptom. The authors then proceeds to a critical review of diagnostic and therapeutical resources; in that respect, they stress the extreme difficulties often encountered both in diagnosing the condition and in trying to correct it.", "contents": "[Chylous ascites]. Starting from one case of chylous ascites of their own observation, the authors attempt an etiological classification of this clinical entity, taking into account pertinent published material and the fact that in many instances chylous ascites is nothing more than a symptom. The authors then proceeds to a critical review of diagnostic and therapeutical resources; in that respect, they stress the extreme difficulties often encountered both in diagnosing the condition and in trying to correct it.", "PMID": 400119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_298", "title": "[Diffuse peritonitis caused by peptic ulcer perforation in patients previously gastrectomized].", "content": "The Authors have collected during 28 years 26 cases of acute perforation, in free peritoneum, of gastrojejune ulcers in subjects who, in precedent times, had been operated for gastro-duodenal ulcer. In 24 cases the rafia has been practised, with 5 deceased: in two cases immediate resection has been practised, with two recoveries. The Authors do some considerations about the aetiopathogenesis of peptic post-resection ulcer and about its perforative complication, and also about the urgent surgical therapy that, except exceptional cases for special anatomic-pathological conditions, must be limited to the simple rafia, referring to futher time radical gastro-jejune-resection.", "contents": "[Diffuse peritonitis caused by peptic ulcer perforation in patients previously gastrectomized]. The Authors have collected during 28 years 26 cases of acute perforation, in free peritoneum, of gastrojejune ulcers in subjects who, in precedent times, had been operated for gastro-duodenal ulcer. In 24 cases the rafia has been practised, with 5 deceased: in two cases immediate resection has been practised, with two recoveries. The Authors do some considerations about the aetiopathogenesis of peptic post-resection ulcer and about its perforative complication, and also about the urgent surgical therapy that, except exceptional cases for special anatomic-pathological conditions, must be limited to the simple rafia, referring to futher time radical gastro-jejune-resection.", "PMID": 400120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_299", "title": "[The sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination 1st survey into its in vitro activity in brazzaville, Congo Results of 780 bacterial strains isolated at the National Laboratory and the General Hospital in a single year].", "content": "The combination of SMZ-TMP has recently been introduced in Congo. This year (1978), it is very used by many Physicians. To help the congolese Physicians working without antibiogram frequently, we have tested 780 strains from August 1977 to August 78. The susceptibility of these strains was: for E. coli 90%, Klebsiella 69,20%, Staphylococcus 93% and for all strains studied Gram + and Gram - the percentage was 75,51. As many authors have showed, the strains of Pseudomonas, Streptococcus faecalis and Providencia are resistant. Our results remain similar to the results obtained by some french and african authors from 1970 to 1975.", "contents": "[The sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination 1st survey into its in vitro activity in brazzaville, Congo Results of 780 bacterial strains isolated at the National Laboratory and the General Hospital in a single year]. The combination of SMZ-TMP has recently been introduced in Congo. This year (1978), it is very used by many Physicians. To help the congolese Physicians working without antibiogram frequently, we have tested 780 strains from August 1977 to August 78. The susceptibility of these strains was: for E. coli 90%, Klebsiella 69,20%, Staphylococcus 93% and for all strains studied Gram + and Gram - the percentage was 75,51. As many authors have showed, the strains of Pseudomonas, Streptococcus faecalis and Providencia are resistant. Our results remain similar to the results obtained by some french and african authors from 1970 to 1975.", "PMID": 400121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_300", "title": "[Anti-malaria chemical prophylaxis in Europeans and anti-Plasmodium fluorescence antibodies].", "content": "The authors recorded clinical histories and tested serum for the presence of malaria fluorescent antibodies in 160 healthy Europeans who had been living for more than 4 weeks in West or Central Africa. Malaria or fever of unknown origin occurred in 37 of 50 subjects who were careless about taking prophylactic drugs while abroad. Out of 110 people regularly taking suppressive amino-4-quinoline therapy, 21 had presented febrile attacks but serological tests were only positive in 8 cases. Positive serological reactions at low titers were obtained in 3 subjects with no history of past infection and who had faithfully taken suppressive medications. These results confirm the value of the malaria immunofluorescence test for the detection of occult malaria in blood donors outside endemic areas, and explain the necessity to consider previous regular, irregular or absent chemoprophylaxis before interpreting the serological results of a febrile patient returning from overseas.", "contents": "[Anti-malaria chemical prophylaxis in Europeans and anti-Plasmodium fluorescence antibodies]. The authors recorded clinical histories and tested serum for the presence of malaria fluorescent antibodies in 160 healthy Europeans who had been living for more than 4 weeks in West or Central Africa. Malaria or fever of unknown origin occurred in 37 of 50 subjects who were careless about taking prophylactic drugs while abroad. Out of 110 people regularly taking suppressive amino-4-quinoline therapy, 21 had presented febrile attacks but serological tests were only positive in 8 cases. Positive serological reactions at low titers were obtained in 3 subjects with no history of past infection and who had faithfully taken suppressive medications. These results confirm the value of the malaria immunofluorescence test for the detection of occult malaria in blood donors outside endemic areas, and explain the necessity to consider previous regular, irregular or absent chemoprophylaxis before interpreting the serological results of a febrile patient returning from overseas.", "PMID": 400122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_301", "title": "[An ELISA technic for the diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis].", "content": "The authors studied several factor influencing the serodiagnosis of human african trypanosomiasis using the microplate enzyme immunoassay (\"micro E.L.I.S.A.\"). They used an antigenic extract obtained by sonic disruption of purified suspensions of trypanosomes of a Trypanosoma brucei brucei strain. the conjugate was a peroxidase-conjugate anti-human immunoglobulin and the chromogen was orthodianisidine. Spectrophotometric reading was used. Although this method may have some advantaged, its specificity needs further study because of few false positive and negative reactions. Moreover its reproducibility as quantitative reaction has proved to be delicate.", "contents": "[An ELISA technic for the diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis]. The authors studied several factor influencing the serodiagnosis of human african trypanosomiasis using the microplate enzyme immunoassay (\"micro E.L.I.S.A.\"). They used an antigenic extract obtained by sonic disruption of purified suspensions of trypanosomes of a Trypanosoma brucei brucei strain. the conjugate was a peroxidase-conjugate anti-human immunoglobulin and the chromogen was orthodianisidine. Spectrophotometric reading was used. Although this method may have some advantaged, its specificity needs further study because of few false positive and negative reactions. Moreover its reproducibility as quantitative reaction has proved to be delicate.", "PMID": 400123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_302", "title": "Long-term effects of pancreatic transplant function in patients with advanced juvenile-onset diabetes.", "content": "Present methods of management of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus do not prevent serious and debilitating complications affecting multiple organ systems. In an effort to reverse advanced forms of these complications, segmental transplantation of the pancreas has been performed on 10 patients, seven of whom simultaneously or subsequently received renal transplants. Long periods of normoglycemia (two to four and one-half years) were achieved in two patients who also maintained transplant kidney function. The course of these two patients is described to illustrate the possible value and limitations of the procedure. These patients had normal blood glucose levels, exhibited repeated normal intravenous glucose tolerance curves, and had repeated normal endogenous insulin levels. Their courses were characterized by (1) absence of problems related to pancreatic exocrine secretions into the bladder; (2) stable eye changes despite some episodes of hemorrhage from preexisting retinopathy; (3) vascular complications, including stroke and gangrene of extremities necessitating amputation despite successful femoropopliteal bypass grafting; (4) peripheral neuropathy; and (5) repeated infections. Both patients succumbed to vascular complications. Thus, pancreatic transplantation can maintain blood glucose and insulin at normal levels for extended periods of time. However, it does not reverse such complications as advanced retinopathy or atherosclerosis. Since the procedure may have value in preventing progression of these complications, it should be evaluated in patients with less advanced complications of diabetes.", "contents": "Long-term effects of pancreatic transplant function in patients with advanced juvenile-onset diabetes. Present methods of management of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus do not prevent serious and debilitating complications affecting multiple organ systems. In an effort to reverse advanced forms of these complications, segmental transplantation of the pancreas has been performed on 10 patients, seven of whom simultaneously or subsequently received renal transplants. Long periods of normoglycemia (two to four and one-half years) were achieved in two patients who also maintained transplant kidney function. The course of these two patients is described to illustrate the possible value and limitations of the procedure. These patients had normal blood glucose levels, exhibited repeated normal intravenous glucose tolerance curves, and had repeated normal endogenous insulin levels. Their courses were characterized by (1) absence of problems related to pancreatic exocrine secretions into the bladder; (2) stable eye changes despite some episodes of hemorrhage from preexisting retinopathy; (3) vascular complications, including stroke and gangrene of extremities necessitating amputation despite successful femoropopliteal bypass grafting; (4) peripheral neuropathy; and (5) repeated infections. Both patients succumbed to vascular complications. Thus, pancreatic transplantation can maintain blood glucose and insulin at normal levels for extended periods of time. However, it does not reverse such complications as advanced retinopathy or atherosclerosis. Since the procedure may have value in preventing progression of these complications, it should be evaluated in patients with less advanced complications of diabetes.", "PMID": 400124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_303", "title": "Urine glucose tests for diabetic patients with impaired vision.", "content": "A colorimetric test procedure called Mega-Diastix is described for detection and measurement of glucose in urine. The test is designed for use by diabetic patients with imparied vision. Data establishing the performance capabilities of this rapid, convenient test are presented. As an internal standard, the recommended procedure utilizes effervescent control tablets for preparation of simulated urine. Also described is a touch fermentation test for detection of urinary glucose by totally blind patients. Data are given that demonstrate the accuracy and ease of performance of this test, which entails a rapid yeast fermentation. An internal standard is also incorporated into the procedure for this test.", "contents": "Urine glucose tests for diabetic patients with impaired vision. A colorimetric test procedure called Mega-Diastix is described for detection and measurement of glucose in urine. The test is designed for use by diabetic patients with imparied vision. Data establishing the performance capabilities of this rapid, convenient test are presented. As an internal standard, the recommended procedure utilizes effervescent control tablets for preparation of simulated urine. Also described is a touch fermentation test for detection of urinary glucose by totally blind patients. Data are given that demonstrate the accuracy and ease of performance of this test, which entails a rapid yeast fermentation. An internal standard is also incorporated into the procedure for this test.", "PMID": 400125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_304", "title": "Performance of technical skills of diabetes management: increased independence after a camp experience.", "content": "This study examines some educational effects of a camp experience on independent performance of tasks in the management of diabetes mellitus. One hundred and eleven children were studied with regard to insulin administration, urine glucose testing, recognition of hypoglycemic reactions, adherence to diet, and over-all independence. There was a significant increase in independent measurement of insulin dose, administration of insulin injections, and urine glucose testing. No significant differences were seen in dietary adherence of ability to recognize hypoglycemic reactions. Precamp data indicated that returning campers demonstrated greater independence in insulin administration prior to camp than did new campers. After camp, both new and returning campers showed significant increases in independent performance of dose measurement and injection. It is concluded that a camp educational experience contributes to both the knowledge and performance of self-care techniques required in the management of diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Performance of technical skills of diabetes management: increased independence after a camp experience. This study examines some educational effects of a camp experience on independent performance of tasks in the management of diabetes mellitus. One hundred and eleven children were studied with regard to insulin administration, urine glucose testing, recognition of hypoglycemic reactions, adherence to diet, and over-all independence. There was a significant increase in independent measurement of insulin dose, administration of insulin injections, and urine glucose testing. No significant differences were seen in dietary adherence of ability to recognize hypoglycemic reactions. Precamp data indicated that returning campers demonstrated greater independence in insulin administration prior to camp than did new campers. After camp, both new and returning campers showed significant increases in independent performance of dose measurement and injection. It is concluded that a camp educational experience contributes to both the knowledge and performance of self-care techniques required in the management of diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 400126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_305", "title": "Jet injection of insulin during self-monitoring of blood glucose.", "content": "Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has been treated with four jet injections of insulin (regular insulin before each meal and intermediate insulin at bedtime) during self-monitoring of blood glucose levels. The blood glucose levels generally remain within 60 and 150 mg/dl.", "contents": "Jet injection of insulin during self-monitoring of blood glucose. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has been treated with four jet injections of insulin (regular insulin before each meal and intermediate insulin at bedtime) during self-monitoring of blood glucose levels. The blood glucose levels generally remain within 60 and 150 mg/dl.", "PMID": 400127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_306", "title": "Diabetic glucose control: matching plasma insulin concentration to dietary and stress hyperglycemia.", "content": "Optimal management of the diabetic patient includes normalization of plasma glucose concentration. Attainment of this goal is difficult because both food and stress result in acute elevations of blood glucose that cannot be matched with a single subcutaneous injection of NPH insulin. This paper examines the currently available methods for delivery of insulin to the diabetic subject and the degree of metabolic control attained. It suggests that optimal diabetic control will be achieved only when newer methods of insulin delivery are available to the clinician that match plasma insulin requirements to the simultaneous plasma glucose concentration.", "contents": "Diabetic glucose control: matching plasma insulin concentration to dietary and stress hyperglycemia. Optimal management of the diabetic patient includes normalization of plasma glucose concentration. Attainment of this goal is difficult because both food and stress result in acute elevations of blood glucose that cannot be matched with a single subcutaneous injection of NPH insulin. This paper examines the currently available methods for delivery of insulin to the diabetic subject and the degree of metabolic control attained. It suggests that optimal diabetic control will be achieved only when newer methods of insulin delivery are available to the clinician that match plasma insulin requirements to the simultaneous plasma glucose concentration.", "PMID": 400128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_307", "title": "The saccharin controversy.", "content": "Saccharin and its salts are the most extensively consumed artificial sweeteners in the United States today. The current controversy about the risks of their use to human health has surfaced from research findings that report an increased incidence of cancer, primarily of the urinary bladder, in certain animal species and man chronically exposed to these agents. The April 1977 proposal by the Food and Drug Administration to restrict use of saccharin was based on these investigations. The intense public response against any ban has led to Congressional deliberations over the fate of saccharin during the present moratorium and information-gathering period. Since diabetic patients are among the principal users of this compound, it appears timely to review the evidence for and against its carcinogenic potential.", "contents": "The saccharin controversy. Saccharin and its salts are the most extensively consumed artificial sweeteners in the United States today. The current controversy about the risks of their use to human health has surfaced from research findings that report an increased incidence of cancer, primarily of the urinary bladder, in certain animal species and man chronically exposed to these agents. The April 1977 proposal by the Food and Drug Administration to restrict use of saccharin was based on these investigations. The intense public response against any ban has led to Congressional deliberations over the fate of saccharin during the present moratorium and information-gathering period. Since diabetic patients are among the principal users of this compound, it appears timely to review the evidence for and against its carcinogenic potential.", "PMID": 400131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_308", "title": "Use of fructose, xylitol, or sorbitol as a sweetener in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Nonnutritive sweeteners have been utilized in the diet of diabetic patients an an agent to replace glucose and sucrose. Since saccharin might be removed from the marketplace, the nutritive sweeteners fructose, xylitol, and sorbitol are being considered as possible alternatives for glucose and sucrose. This review considers the effects of these nutritive sweeteners on the main dietary concerns in the diabetic diet--control of blood glucose levels, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. The potential side effects of these agents are also reviewed.", "contents": "Use of fructose, xylitol, or sorbitol as a sweetener in diabetes mellitus. Nonnutritive sweeteners have been utilized in the diet of diabetic patients an an agent to replace glucose and sucrose. Since saccharin might be removed from the marketplace, the nutritive sweeteners fructose, xylitol, and sorbitol are being considered as possible alternatives for glucose and sucrose. This review considers the effects of these nutritive sweeteners on the main dietary concerns in the diabetic diet--control of blood glucose levels, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. The potential side effects of these agents are also reviewed.", "PMID": 400132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_309", "title": "Fructose as a dietary sweetener in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Human beings, including those with diabetes, have a desire for sweetness in the diet that cannot be ignored. The Food and Drug Administration ban of cyclamates and possible ban of saccharin have raised the question of alternative sweeteners for diabetic persons. Considerable interest has been focused on fructose, and both basic and clinical research has delineated its metabolic effects. This paper reviews the characteristics of fructose, as well as its physiology and metabolism in both normal and diabetic man. Findings seems to indicate that, in controlled diabetes, chronic or limited consumption of fructose at moderate doses has no adverse effects on the levels of blood glucose, cholesterol, or tryglycerides.", "contents": "Fructose as a dietary sweetener in diabetes mellitus. Human beings, including those with diabetes, have a desire for sweetness in the diet that cannot be ignored. The Food and Drug Administration ban of cyclamates and possible ban of saccharin have raised the question of alternative sweeteners for diabetic persons. Considerable interest has been focused on fructose, and both basic and clinical research has delineated its metabolic effects. This paper reviews the characteristics of fructose, as well as its physiology and metabolism in both normal and diabetic man. Findings seems to indicate that, in controlled diabetes, chronic or limited consumption of fructose at moderate doses has no adverse effects on the levels of blood glucose, cholesterol, or tryglycerides.", "PMID": 400134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_310", "title": "Nutritional management in diabetes and pregnancy.", "content": "During pregnancy it is necessary for the mother with diabetes to maintain careful control of the diabetes in order to lessen both fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The diet must take into account not only the metabolic requirements of the mother, but also those of the developing fetus. A total weight gain of 22 to 26 pounds is recommended, with the pattern of weight gain being more important than the total amount. Pregnancy is not a time for weight reduction. Caloric requirements can be met by the addition of 300 kcal. per day to the prepregnancy meal plan, or about 36 kcal. per kilogram. This can be met by the addition of 50 gms., carbohydrate and 30 gms. protein. Diets will contain approximately 1800 to 2500 calories a day. Calcium, iron, folic acid, and sodium also require attention in meal planning. The importance of regular meals and snacks must be emphasized. In particular, bed-time snacks are important because of the tendency towards overnight hypoglycemia and ketosis.", "contents": "Nutritional management in diabetes and pregnancy. During pregnancy it is necessary for the mother with diabetes to maintain careful control of the diabetes in order to lessen both fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The diet must take into account not only the metabolic requirements of the mother, but also those of the developing fetus. A total weight gain of 22 to 26 pounds is recommended, with the pattern of weight gain being more important than the total amount. Pregnancy is not a time for weight reduction. Caloric requirements can be met by the addition of 300 kcal. per day to the prepregnancy meal plan, or about 36 kcal. per kilogram. This can be met by the addition of 50 gms., carbohydrate and 30 gms. protein. Diets will contain approximately 1800 to 2500 calories a day. Calcium, iron, folic acid, and sodium also require attention in meal planning. The importance of regular meals and snacks must be emphasized. In particular, bed-time snacks are important because of the tendency towards overnight hypoglycemia and ketosis.", "PMID": 400135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_311", "title": "The need for special foods and sugar substitutes by individuals with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The need for special dietary products marketed for use by individuals with diabetes mellitus and the safety and efficacy of certain nutritive sweetener substitutes for sucrose are reviewed. Special foods for individuals with diabetes mellitus are not necessary to achieve the dietary objectives recommended by leading United States and European authorities. They can be achieved conveniently and at minimum expense through enlightened choices of commonly available food items. At present, specific and unique characteristics of food products with special therapeutic properties for diets of diabetic individuals cannot be delineated or defined on rational nutritional grounds. Such terms as \"diet\", \"dietetic\", and \"diabetic\" on food labels have no uniform meaning for consumers, and diabetologists have observed that patients tend to consume such foods without regard to their energy content. Some consumers regard the reduced-calorie and low-calorie prepared food products as convenient in diets for weight reduction and diabetes although their use in dietary management of diabetes has no therapeutic basis other than weight reduction and maintenance. When fed as pure substances to fasted subjects, the nonglucose carbohydrate nutritive sweeteners, fructose, xylitol, and sorbitol, are absorbed relatively slowly and produce less postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin response than sucrose or glucose. Adequate studies of their long-term effectiveness when ingested as part of mixed meals have not been conducted. Although these sucrose substitutes are generally considered safe, the significance of recent information on possible carcinogenicity of oral xylitol in long-term feeding studies has not been fully evaluated. In view of the lack of certain essential information on the long-term effectiveness of various diets in preventing or mitigating the chronic debilitating complication of diabetes, suggestions for future research are included.", "contents": "The need for special foods and sugar substitutes by individuals with diabetes mellitus. The need for special dietary products marketed for use by individuals with diabetes mellitus and the safety and efficacy of certain nutritive sweetener substitutes for sucrose are reviewed. Special foods for individuals with diabetes mellitus are not necessary to achieve the dietary objectives recommended by leading United States and European authorities. They can be achieved conveniently and at minimum expense through enlightened choices of commonly available food items. At present, specific and unique characteristics of food products with special therapeutic properties for diets of diabetic individuals cannot be delineated or defined on rational nutritional grounds. Such terms as \"diet\", \"dietetic\", and \"diabetic\" on food labels have no uniform meaning for consumers, and diabetologists have observed that patients tend to consume such foods without regard to their energy content. Some consumers regard the reduced-calorie and low-calorie prepared food products as convenient in diets for weight reduction and diabetes although their use in dietary management of diabetes has no therapeutic basis other than weight reduction and maintenance. When fed as pure substances to fasted subjects, the nonglucose carbohydrate nutritive sweeteners, fructose, xylitol, and sorbitol, are absorbed relatively slowly and produce less postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin response than sucrose or glucose. Adequate studies of their long-term effectiveness when ingested as part of mixed meals have not been conducted. Although these sucrose substitutes are generally considered safe, the significance of recent information on possible carcinogenicity of oral xylitol in long-term feeding studies has not been fully evaluated. In view of the lack of certain essential information on the long-term effectiveness of various diets in preventing or mitigating the chronic debilitating complication of diabetes, suggestions for future research are included.", "PMID": 400133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_312", "title": "[Utilization of a microvascular synthetic prosthesis in microvascular surgery].", "content": "Both in replantation surgery and free vascular pedicled tissue transfer a vascular interposition graft is sometimes necessary. As an alternative to the vein a microvascular prosthesis for interposition is introduced. In rats the abdominal aorta was partly resected and the defect bridged by interposition of such a microvascular prosthesis. The technique of interposition and the results are shown.", "contents": "[Utilization of a microvascular synthetic prosthesis in microvascular surgery]. Both in replantation surgery and free vascular pedicled tissue transfer a vascular interposition graft is sometimes necessary. As an alternative to the vein a microvascular prosthesis for interposition is introduced. In rats the abdominal aorta was partly resected and the defect bridged by interposition of such a microvascular prosthesis. The technique of interposition and the results are shown.", "PMID": 400155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_313", "title": "[Bridge transplantation in \"no man's land\"].", "content": "From 1968 to 1976, 89 flexor tendon injuries were reconstructed with bridging (mini-)-tendon grafts. This technique was also applied to injuries in \"no-man's land\". The results were better than with traditional tendon grafts. According to the criteria of BUCK-GRAMCKO there were very good and good results in 65% as compared to 51% with traditional tendon grafting. The method is recommended only for experienced hand surgeons.", "contents": "[Bridge transplantation in \"no man's land\"]. From 1968 to 1976, 89 flexor tendon injuries were reconstructed with bridging (mini-)-tendon grafts. This technique was also applied to injuries in \"no-man's land\". The results were better than with traditional tendon grafts. According to the criteria of BUCK-GRAMCKO there were very good and good results in 65% as compared to 51% with traditional tendon grafting. The method is recommended only for experienced hand surgeons.", "PMID": 400156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_314", "title": "[Results of screw fixation of the scaphoid pseudarthrosis].", "content": "MATTI-RUSSE's cancellous graft is successful in the management of scaphoid pseudarthrosis. The necessity of post-operative immobilization of the wrist, usually previously immobilized, for up to 16 weeks is its disadvantage. Screw fixation including radial styloidectomy and a small cancellous graft is an alternative abbreviating immobilization to only 2 to 6 weeks. the follow-up of 26 patients thus operated revealed osseous union in 19 cases. The failures were due to lack of proper indication or faulty technique. In spite of the correct position of the scaphoid screw one pseudarthrosis did not heal, the clinical result being satisfactory. The procedure described permits early remobilization of the wrist. Failures, also described by other authors, can be avoided by proper indication and technique.", "contents": "[Results of screw fixation of the scaphoid pseudarthrosis]. MATTI-RUSSE's cancellous graft is successful in the management of scaphoid pseudarthrosis. The necessity of post-operative immobilization of the wrist, usually previously immobilized, for up to 16 weeks is its disadvantage. Screw fixation including radial styloidectomy and a small cancellous graft is an alternative abbreviating immobilization to only 2 to 6 weeks. the follow-up of 26 patients thus operated revealed osseous union in 19 cases. The failures were due to lack of proper indication or faulty technique. In spite of the correct position of the scaphoid screw one pseudarthrosis did not heal, the clinical result being satisfactory. The procedure described permits early remobilization of the wrist. Failures, also described by other authors, can be avoided by proper indication and technique.", "PMID": 400157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_315", "title": "[Complications after pacemaker-implantation and their treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Of the 1050 pacemaker-implantations in the German Heart Centre in Munich from April 1974 to December 1977 complications arose in 229 cases necessitating a renewed surgical intervention. In accordance with the literature the dislocation of electrodes was the most frequent complication in the first days and weeks after implantation in our patients wil 11,1%. In cases of electrode dislocation the repositioning of the electrode is necessary; in certain cases an epi-myocardial electrode must be substituted for the usual transvenous electrode. Essential causes of complications were disturbances in woundhealing, necrosis of the skin and infection of the pacemaker-system, which were seen in 3,7% of all cases. In the case of infection of therapy of choice is the explntation of the pacemaker and the implantation of a new system in another position. Technical complications due to material are electrode fractures and battery defects. Complications due to material defects necessitate the exchange of the pacemaker or the electrode. Rare indications for reoperation were increase in threshold, muscle stimulation and allergi reactions caused by pacemakers.", "contents": "[Complications after pacemaker-implantation and their treatment (author's transl)]. Of the 1050 pacemaker-implantations in the German Heart Centre in Munich from April 1974 to December 1977 complications arose in 229 cases necessitating a renewed surgical intervention. In accordance with the literature the dislocation of electrodes was the most frequent complication in the first days and weeks after implantation in our patients wil 11,1%. In cases of electrode dislocation the repositioning of the electrode is necessary; in certain cases an epi-myocardial electrode must be substituted for the usual transvenous electrode. Essential causes of complications were disturbances in woundhealing, necrosis of the skin and infection of the pacemaker-system, which were seen in 3,7% of all cases. In the case of infection of therapy of choice is the explntation of the pacemaker and the implantation of a new system in another position. Technical complications due to material are electrode fractures and battery defects. Complications due to material defects necessitate the exchange of the pacemaker or the electrode. Rare indications for reoperation were increase in threshold, muscle stimulation and allergi reactions caused by pacemakers.", "PMID": 400158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_316", "title": "[Contribution of Achille Breda to the understanding of American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis].", "content": "The majority of Parasitology textbooks and reference lists on Leishmaniasis do not quote the name of Achille Breda. This Italian dermatologist (1850-1934) however must be considered the first who clinically identified and carefully described the American muco-cutaneous Leishmaniasis, a disease for which some scientists proposed the name of \"Breda's disease\" (Jeanselme, 1910). Breda studied at the University of Padua, attending as postgraduate the famous Hebra's school of Wien. He became professor of \"Syphilodermatopathology\" in 1878 and during 47 years taught in Padua. He never was in South or Central America, but studied the illness in Padua itself, in 18 Italian emigrants who had come back ill from the S\u00e3o Paulo region, Brazil. At that time the agents of yaws, cutaneous and muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis and syphilis had not yet discovered and there was great confusion about the granulomatous lesions of the skin and mucosae seen in tropical areas. In this situation he exactly differentiated the condition from syphilis, yaws and lupus and could affirm, with the security of a highly skilled observer that it was an autonomous, different illness, peculiar to some rural areas of Brazil, non contagious directly, appearing in determinate season of the year but lasting for years and often conducting the subjects to the cachexia. His description of the symptomatology, post-morten anatomy, histology and his epidemiological observations, even nowadays represent one of the most accurate and complete pictures of this illesss. Breda's life and works are here reviewed and some passages of his papers on mucocutaneous leishmaniasis reported.", "contents": "[Contribution of Achille Breda to the understanding of American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis]. The majority of Parasitology textbooks and reference lists on Leishmaniasis do not quote the name of Achille Breda. This Italian dermatologist (1850-1934) however must be considered the first who clinically identified and carefully described the American muco-cutaneous Leishmaniasis, a disease for which some scientists proposed the name of \"Breda's disease\" (Jeanselme, 1910). Breda studied at the University of Padua, attending as postgraduate the famous Hebra's school of Wien. He became professor of \"Syphilodermatopathology\" in 1878 and during 47 years taught in Padua. He never was in South or Central America, but studied the illness in Padua itself, in 18 Italian emigrants who had come back ill from the S\u00e3o Paulo region, Brazil. At that time the agents of yaws, cutaneous and muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis and syphilis had not yet discovered and there was great confusion about the granulomatous lesions of the skin and mucosae seen in tropical areas. In this situation he exactly differentiated the condition from syphilis, yaws and lupus and could affirm, with the security of a highly skilled observer that it was an autonomous, different illness, peculiar to some rural areas of Brazil, non contagious directly, appearing in determinate season of the year but lasting for years and often conducting the subjects to the cachexia. His description of the symptomatology, post-morten anatomy, histology and his epidemiological observations, even nowadays represent one of the most accurate and complete pictures of this illesss. Breda's life and works are here reviewed and some passages of his papers on mucocutaneous leishmaniasis reported.", "PMID": 400183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_317", "title": "[Proteolytic activity of blood plasma and hemolysed blood in dogs after acute chlorophos poisoning].", "content": "On dogs under Eunarkon anesthesia (0,03 ml Eunarkon/kg body weight) after one intramuscular lethal injection of phoschlor (500 mg/lg body weight = LD100) the proteolytic activity (APR) was estimated in the blood plasma at pH 3,5-APR-3,5 and in the hemolyzed blood at pH-7,4-APR-7,4. The results showed that heavy poisoning with phoschlor led to metabolic disturbances in the proteolytic system of the blood plasma and blood, the expression of which was increasing in the course of time a statistically important increase (alpha = 0,001) of APR-3,5 and APR-7,4. APR induction in blood is not a result of direct activation of enzymes by pesticides. It takes place outside the circulation system.", "contents": "[Proteolytic activity of blood plasma and hemolysed blood in dogs after acute chlorophos poisoning]. On dogs under Eunarkon anesthesia (0,03 ml Eunarkon/kg body weight) after one intramuscular lethal injection of phoschlor (500 mg/lg body weight = LD100) the proteolytic activity (APR) was estimated in the blood plasma at pH 3,5-APR-3,5 and in the hemolyzed blood at pH-7,4-APR-7,4. The results showed that heavy poisoning with phoschlor led to metabolic disturbances in the proteolytic system of the blood plasma and blood, the expression of which was increasing in the course of time a statistically important increase (alpha = 0,001) of APR-3,5 and APR-7,4. APR induction in blood is not a result of direct activation of enzymes by pesticides. It takes place outside the circulation system.", "PMID": 400184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_318", "title": "[Activity of various enzymes in the blood, liver, intestines and kidneys in spontaneous colibacteriosis of piglets].", "content": "The purpose of the studies was to determine the activity of enzymes in the serum and pig organs with colibacteriosis in the form of oedema and stomach-intestines disease playing a diagnostic role in the determination of the organ damage degree. Studies were carried out on 29 pigs. The activity of LAP, GPT, GOT, AM, FDPA, Lp, AP and AcP was determined in the serum liver, empty intestines and kidneys of the diseased and control pigs. It resulted from the experiments that in the serum of all the diseased animals the activity of FDPA and GOT was considerably increased and that of AP decreased. So, activity determination does not allow to differentiate both forms of colibacteriosis. AM activity increases only in the serum of oedema pigs. In colibacteriosis of pigs the determination of FDPA activity is the most sensitive enzymatic test. In both diseases the activity of this enzyme increases considerable in the serum and all the studied organs. The activity of the studied enzymes shows that in both forms of collibacteriosis of pigs liver, intestines and kidneys are damaged.", "contents": "[Activity of various enzymes in the blood, liver, intestines and kidneys in spontaneous colibacteriosis of piglets]. The purpose of the studies was to determine the activity of enzymes in the serum and pig organs with colibacteriosis in the form of oedema and stomach-intestines disease playing a diagnostic role in the determination of the organ damage degree. Studies were carried out on 29 pigs. The activity of LAP, GPT, GOT, AM, FDPA, Lp, AP and AcP was determined in the serum liver, empty intestines and kidneys of the diseased and control pigs. It resulted from the experiments that in the serum of all the diseased animals the activity of FDPA and GOT was considerably increased and that of AP decreased. So, activity determination does not allow to differentiate both forms of colibacteriosis. AM activity increases only in the serum of oedema pigs. In colibacteriosis of pigs the determination of FDPA activity is the most sensitive enzymatic test. In both diseases the activity of this enzyme increases considerable in the serum and all the studied organs. The activity of the studied enzymes shows that in both forms of collibacteriosis of pigs liver, intestines and kidneys are damaged.", "PMID": 400185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_319", "title": "[Determining levels of bacteria present in urine by means of a gauged loop (author's transl)].", "content": "The loop method permits determining of bacteriuria without the necessity for serial dilution, and with a precision greater than that of the dip inoculum test. Results indicate that the method allows us to establish the level of bacteria present in infected urine (approximately 10(5) germs/ml) quite precisely, and furnishes reliable evaluation of high levels. Due to the small quantity removed by the loop, the possible presence of strong concentrations of chemobiotics does not influence the results, as subinhibiting concentrations easily occur with diffusion.", "contents": "[Determining levels of bacteria present in urine by means of a gauged loop (author's transl)]. The loop method permits determining of bacteriuria without the necessity for serial dilution, and with a precision greater than that of the dip inoculum test. Results indicate that the method allows us to establish the level of bacteria present in infected urine (approximately 10(5) germs/ml) quite precisely, and furnishes reliable evaluation of high levels. Due to the small quantity removed by the loop, the possible presence of strong concentrations of chemobiotics does not influence the results, as subinhibiting concentrations easily occur with diffusion.", "PMID": 400186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_320", "title": "[Preliminary results of postoperative trial therapy of epidermoid cancer of the lung (European Organization for Research on the Treatment of Cancer, Bronchus Group. Protocol 08741)].", "content": "650 patients entered the study between 5/74 and 4/79 and are currently evaluable. Prior to entry, all underwent complete resection of squamous cell bronchial carcinoma. Patients were initially randomized to receive radiotherapy versus no radiotherapy. Following that a second stage randomization ascribed patients to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, immunochemotherapy and observation. Current analysis of results shows that : 1. Patients with negative nodes did not benefit from post-operative radiotherapy; on such patients, survival was significantly shorter following radiotherapy. 2. In patients with positive nodes, post-operative radiotherapy prevented local recurrence, but did not prolong survival. The data from the second stage randomization are currently being analyzed.", "contents": "[Preliminary results of postoperative trial therapy of epidermoid cancer of the lung (European Organization for Research on the Treatment of Cancer, Bronchus Group. Protocol 08741)]. 650 patients entered the study between 5/74 and 4/79 and are currently evaluable. Prior to entry, all underwent complete resection of squamous cell bronchial carcinoma. Patients were initially randomized to receive radiotherapy versus no radiotherapy. Following that a second stage randomization ascribed patients to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, immunochemotherapy and observation. Current analysis of results shows that : 1. Patients with negative nodes did not benefit from post-operative radiotherapy; on such patients, survival was significantly shorter following radiotherapy. 2. In patients with positive nodes, post-operative radiotherapy prevented local recurrence, but did not prolong survival. The data from the second stage randomization are currently being analyzed.", "PMID": 400187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_321", "title": "A double-blind comparison of two bulk laxatives on geriatric patients.", "content": "Bulk laxatives have been said to have a good effect in normalizing both hard and loose stools in geriatric patients as concluded from some open studies. In a double-blind study Vi-Siblin, Lunelax and placebo were compared in the six weeks treatment of 29 patients (8 patients on Vi-Siblin, 8 patients on Lunelax, 13 patients on placebo). Two weeks prior to the study and the two last weeks of the study defecation frequency, consistency of stools and the use of additional laxatives were registered by the personnel. Results showed no significant differences between groups or between substances. From this controlled double-blind study it is not possible to draw any definite conclusions regarding the efficacy of bulk laxatives on geriatric patients.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of two bulk laxatives on geriatric patients. Bulk laxatives have been said to have a good effect in normalizing both hard and loose stools in geriatric patients as concluded from some open studies. In a double-blind study Vi-Siblin, Lunelax and placebo were compared in the six weeks treatment of 29 patients (8 patients on Vi-Siblin, 8 patients on Lunelax, 13 patients on placebo). Two weeks prior to the study and the two last weeks of the study defecation frequency, consistency of stools and the use of additional laxatives were registered by the personnel. Results showed no significant differences between groups or between substances. From this controlled double-blind study it is not possible to draw any definite conclusions regarding the efficacy of bulk laxatives on geriatric patients.", "PMID": 400192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_322", "title": "The contribution of medical missionaries to tropical medicine. Service-training-research.", "content": "Medical missionaries, historically the pioneers in introducing Western medicine into many tropical countries, are today responsible for a significant proportion of health care in several of those countries. Illustrating his theme with references to personal experiences in the former Belgian Congo, the author enlarges on the organization of a church-related comprehensive health care programme based on a chain of rural health centres and satellite dispensaries that brought curative and preventive medicine to the whole population within the area covered. Trypanosomiasis was eradicated, yaws and tuberculosis controlled, cerebral malaria eliminated, worm-loads reduced and nutrition improved. Leprosy was treated within the integrated service as soon as the sulphones became available. Medical auxiliaries and nurse-midwives were trained practically to tackle the local problems. Students from many missions over a wide area went into government, mission and company employ after training. Research concentrated mainly on the solution of pressing local problems, such as onchocerciasis and leprosy, but incidentally investigated interesting clinical phenomena.", "contents": "The contribution of medical missionaries to tropical medicine. Service-training-research. Medical missionaries, historically the pioneers in introducing Western medicine into many tropical countries, are today responsible for a significant proportion of health care in several of those countries. Illustrating his theme with references to personal experiences in the former Belgian Congo, the author enlarges on the organization of a church-related comprehensive health care programme based on a chain of rural health centres and satellite dispensaries that brought curative and preventive medicine to the whole population within the area covered. Trypanosomiasis was eradicated, yaws and tuberculosis controlled, cerebral malaria eliminated, worm-loads reduced and nutrition improved. Leprosy was treated within the integrated service as soon as the sulphones became available. Medical auxiliaries and nurse-midwives were trained practically to tackle the local problems. Students from many missions over a wide area went into government, mission and company employ after training. Research concentrated mainly on the solution of pressing local problems, such as onchocerciasis and leprosy, but incidentally investigated interesting clinical phenomena.", "PMID": 400201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_323", "title": "Studies on human filariasis in Malaysia: immunoglobulin and complement levels in persons infected with Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti.", "content": "Levels of immunoglobulins G, A, M and E as well as complement components C3c and C4 have been determined in populations in various endemic areas in Peninsular Malaysia and also in filariasis patients. High immunoglobulin levels were seen. In the microfilarial-negative group IgG was 2009 mg% while IgE was 3967 I.U./ml. In the filariasis group, Wuchereria bancrofti patients had significantly higher levels of IgG, IgM and IgE, namely, 3314 mg%, 804 mg% and 18400 I.U./ml respectively. The significance of these levels is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on human filariasis in Malaysia: immunoglobulin and complement levels in persons infected with Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti. Levels of immunoglobulins G, A, M and E as well as complement components C3c and C4 have been determined in populations in various endemic areas in Peninsular Malaysia and also in filariasis patients. High immunoglobulin levels were seen. In the microfilarial-negative group IgG was 2009 mg% while IgE was 3967 I.U./ml. In the filariasis group, Wuchereria bancrofti patients had significantly higher levels of IgG, IgM and IgE, namely, 3314 mg%, 804 mg% and 18400 I.U./ml respectively. The significance of these levels is discussed.", "PMID": 400204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_324", "title": "Falciparum malaria and pregnancy.", "content": "During pregnancy an increase occurs in the prevalence and density of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The increase relative to non-pregnant women remains fairly constant with age though there is an over-all decrease in prevalence and density in both groups with age. The increase is at a height relatively early in pregnancy and declines after mid-term. At the height of the malaria season in The Gambia less antimalarial antibody appears in cord bloods than in the early dry season when transmission is lower. Infants show an increase in malaria prevalence and density in the early dry season as compared to the mid-wet season while the remainder of the population shows a decrease.", "contents": "Falciparum malaria and pregnancy. During pregnancy an increase occurs in the prevalence and density of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The increase relative to non-pregnant women remains fairly constant with age though there is an over-all decrease in prevalence and density in both groups with age. The increase is at a height relatively early in pregnancy and declines after mid-term. At the height of the malaria season in The Gambia less antimalarial antibody appears in cord bloods than in the early dry season when transmission is lower. Infants show an increase in malaria prevalence and density in the early dry season as compared to the mid-wet season while the remainder of the population shows a decrease.", "PMID": 400205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_325", "title": "Relative cervical incompetence in twin pregnancy. Assessment and efficacy of cervical suture.", "content": "A total of 88 women with a twin pregnancy who had elective cervical suture were compared with 76 women with a twin pregnancy who had cervical assessment between the 13th and the 28th weeks of gestation but received no active treatment. The incidence of spontaneous onset of labour before 36 weeks was higher in the cervical suture group, and 53.4% of them sustained cervical damage.", "contents": "Relative cervical incompetence in twin pregnancy. Assessment and efficacy of cervical suture. A total of 88 women with a twin pregnancy who had elective cervical suture were compared with 76 women with a twin pregnancy who had cervical assessment between the 13th and the 28th weeks of gestation but received no active treatment. The incidence of spontaneous onset of labour before 36 weeks was higher in the cervical suture group, and 53.4% of them sustained cervical damage.", "PMID": 400212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_326", "title": "[Hemolysis after combined azathioprine and allopurinol therapy].", "content": "In a 37 year old renal transplant woman haemolytic anaemia was observed in the course of a combined azathioprine-allopurinol therapy. Azathioprine is converted to 6-mercaptopurine, which then catalyzed by xanthine oxidase is oxidized to 6-thiouric acid. When allopurinol and azathioprine are administered simultaneously, high 6-mercaptopurine concentrations in plasma may be expected because of inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity by allopurinol. We assume that elevated plasma 6-mercaptopurine concentration could possibly be responsible for haemolytic anaemia in this renal transplant patient.", "contents": "[Hemolysis after combined azathioprine and allopurinol therapy]. In a 37 year old renal transplant woman haemolytic anaemia was observed in the course of a combined azathioprine-allopurinol therapy. Azathioprine is converted to 6-mercaptopurine, which then catalyzed by xanthine oxidase is oxidized to 6-thiouric acid. When allopurinol and azathioprine are administered simultaneously, high 6-mercaptopurine concentrations in plasma may be expected because of inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity by allopurinol. We assume that elevated plasma 6-mercaptopurine concentration could possibly be responsible for haemolytic anaemia in this renal transplant patient.", "PMID": 400213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_327", "title": "[Endotoxin recognition with myelopoiesis of monocytes and macrophages].", "content": "Cells from the monocyte-macrophage pathway release colony-stimulating factors. The release of colony-stimulating activity is increased upon endotoxin activation in the presence of fresh serum. Heat-inactivation of serum (56 degrees C, 30 minutes) abolishes the endotoxin-mediated activation of macrophages. Decomplementation with zymosan, iodipamide and the use of commercially serum deficient in C3 provide indirect evidence for a complement dependence of the endotoxin-macrophage interaction, which leads to release of colony-stimulating activity.", "contents": "[Endotoxin recognition with myelopoiesis of monocytes and macrophages]. Cells from the monocyte-macrophage pathway release colony-stimulating factors. The release of colony-stimulating activity is increased upon endotoxin activation in the presence of fresh serum. Heat-inactivation of serum (56 degrees C, 30 minutes) abolishes the endotoxin-mediated activation of macrophages. Decomplementation with zymosan, iodipamide and the use of commercially serum deficient in C3 provide indirect evidence for a complement dependence of the endotoxin-macrophage interaction, which leads to release of colony-stimulating activity.", "PMID": 400214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_328", "title": "[Ixoten therapy in malignant lymphomas].", "content": "Clinical experience with Ixoten (trofosfamide), a derivative of cyclophosphamide, is reported in 29 patients with malignant lymphomas. Daily doses of 150-300 mg p.o. and 6.000-200.000 mg total dose respectively, resulted in an 80% complete or partial remission. In addition to a dose dependent haematotoxicity, other side effects (gastrointestinal and/or hair loss) were almost negligible.", "contents": "[Ixoten therapy in malignant lymphomas]. Clinical experience with Ixoten (trofosfamide), a derivative of cyclophosphamide, is reported in 29 patients with malignant lymphomas. Daily doses of 150-300 mg p.o. and 6.000-200.000 mg total dose respectively, resulted in an 80% complete or partial remission. In addition to a dose dependent haematotoxicity, other side effects (gastrointestinal and/or hair loss) were almost negligible.", "PMID": 400215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_329", "title": "The Ligurian coast: an example of data processing.", "content": "An attempt of computer data processing carried out on microbiological analysis of marine coastal waters is reported in the present paper. The Ligurian coast was chosen because of the extensive analyses executed by the Laboratori Provinciali di Igiene e Profilassi. These have supplied us with their results concerning the marine environment. The elaboration performed discriminates between those stations constantly polluted and the punctual pollution phenomena that seldom affect more than one station. Data obtained could be utilized for a correct management of the coast and of the adjacent land.", "contents": "The Ligurian coast: an example of data processing. An attempt of computer data processing carried out on microbiological analysis of marine coastal waters is reported in the present paper. The Ligurian coast was chosen because of the extensive analyses executed by the Laboratori Provinciali di Igiene e Profilassi. These have supplied us with their results concerning the marine environment. The elaboration performed discriminates between those stations constantly polluted and the punctual pollution phenomena that seldom affect more than one station. Data obtained could be utilized for a correct management of the coast and of the adjacent land.", "PMID": 400219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_330", "title": "Shellfish quality standards.", "content": "Total coliforms, faecal coliforms, enterococci and heterotrophic bacteria were determined in shellfish samples collected both in the marine environment (at Bacoli and Coroglio in the Bay of Naples) and from the local market. The same bacteriological analyses were carried out on water samples obtained from the shellfish growing areas. The results are considered in relation to standards applied in Italy and elsewhere to shellfish and shellfish cultures.", "contents": "Shellfish quality standards. Total coliforms, faecal coliforms, enterococci and heterotrophic bacteria were determined in shellfish samples collected both in the marine environment (at Bacoli and Coroglio in the Bay of Naples) and from the local market. The same bacteriological analyses were carried out on water samples obtained from the shellfish growing areas. The results are considered in relation to standards applied in Italy and elsewhere to shellfish and shellfish cultures.", "PMID": 400220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_331", "title": "[Serodiagnosis of 2,438 cases of toxoplasmosis by immunofluorescence at the Pasteur Institute of Algeria. Epidemiological and clinical corollaries].", "content": "2 438 sera from patients suspected of having toxoplasmosis, were tested by indirect immunofluorescence at the Pasteur Institute of Algeria between 1969 and 1973. 53,2% of the sera tested were shown to be positive. Although geographically limited, this investigation reveals the frequency of toxoplasmic infection in the Algiers region with a predominance of the polyadenopathic benign form. Moreover, the causative role of toxoplasmosis in repeated abortions is confirmed.", "contents": "[Serodiagnosis of 2,438 cases of toxoplasmosis by immunofluorescence at the Pasteur Institute of Algeria. Epidemiological and clinical corollaries]. 2 438 sera from patients suspected of having toxoplasmosis, were tested by indirect immunofluorescence at the Pasteur Institute of Algeria between 1969 and 1973. 53,2% of the sera tested were shown to be positive. Although geographically limited, this investigation reveals the frequency of toxoplasmic infection in the Algiers region with a predominance of the polyadenopathic benign form. Moreover, the causative role of toxoplasmosis in repeated abortions is confirmed.", "PMID": 400224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_332", "title": "[Bullous varicella. Association of varicella and a childhood scalded-skin syndrome].", "content": "A boy, aged 18 months, presented with bullous chickenpox due to simulutaneous skin infection with varicella and staphylococci. Two strains of staphylococci phage type II were identified. The child was treated with strict asepsis and antistaphylococcal therapy. Systematic steroids are contra-indicated.", "contents": "[Bullous varicella. Association of varicella and a childhood scalded-skin syndrome]. A boy, aged 18 months, presented with bullous chickenpox due to simulutaneous skin infection with varicella and staphylococci. Two strains of staphylococci phage type II were identified. The child was treated with strict asepsis and antistaphylococcal therapy. Systematic steroids are contra-indicated.", "PMID": 400228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_333", "title": "[Current developments on the physiology of the cardiac atrial pacemaker an excitation conduction of the left atrium].", "content": "According to recent developments the atrial pacemaker area and the right atrium show a peculiar morpho-functional organization, i.e.: 1) The pacemaker area is formed of clusters of cells containing relatively few myofibrils and showing embryologic characteristics. Such cells are known as nodal cells and between these and the atrial muscles are in general situated transitional cells. Each cluster is separated from the other by collagenous boundaries. The resistance of the membranes to the current flow seems to be relatively low between the cells of the same cluster but the collagenous boundaries are, according to TRAUTWEIN e UCHIZONO (1963), very poor conductors. The pacemaker activity seems to originate inside the various clusters. 2) The functional relationships between the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node as well as the interatrial relationship would take place through preferential pathways. These pathways corresponding approximately to the tracts described by JAMES (1966) (anterior, posterior and middle internodal tracts) and to the interatrial or Bachmann bundle, seems to show a higher velocity conduction. In general the fibres of which the tracts are composed are neither morphologically nor functionally isolated from the atrial muscle. The functional consequences of the above mentioned nodal and atrial organization seems to be: a) The possible conditioning of the pacemaker functions by the various clusters activity i.e. the dominance of one cluster over another. b) The shifting of the pacemaker activity from one cluster to anothr due to the arrival of nervous stimuli or chemical substances, etc. According to some Authors as a consequence of the shift the pacemaker area can sometimes move out side the nodal tissue and settle inside an area belonging to the internodal pathways. c) Another consequence of the shift can be the different involvement of the conducting pathways which can lead to a change in the dynamics of the atrial invasion by the excitement.", "contents": "[Current developments on the physiology of the cardiac atrial pacemaker an excitation conduction of the left atrium]. According to recent developments the atrial pacemaker area and the right atrium show a peculiar morpho-functional organization, i.e.: 1) The pacemaker area is formed of clusters of cells containing relatively few myofibrils and showing embryologic characteristics. Such cells are known as nodal cells and between these and the atrial muscles are in general situated transitional cells. Each cluster is separated from the other by collagenous boundaries. The resistance of the membranes to the current flow seems to be relatively low between the cells of the same cluster but the collagenous boundaries are, according to TRAUTWEIN e UCHIZONO (1963), very poor conductors. The pacemaker activity seems to originate inside the various clusters. 2) The functional relationships between the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node as well as the interatrial relationship would take place through preferential pathways. These pathways corresponding approximately to the tracts described by JAMES (1966) (anterior, posterior and middle internodal tracts) and to the interatrial or Bachmann bundle, seems to show a higher velocity conduction. In general the fibres of which the tracts are composed are neither morphologically nor functionally isolated from the atrial muscle. The functional consequences of the above mentioned nodal and atrial organization seems to be: a) The possible conditioning of the pacemaker functions by the various clusters activity i.e. the dominance of one cluster over another. b) The shifting of the pacemaker activity from one cluster to anothr due to the arrival of nervous stimuli or chemical substances, etc. According to some Authors as a consequence of the shift the pacemaker area can sometimes move out side the nodal tissue and settle inside an area belonging to the internodal pathways. c) Another consequence of the shift can be the different involvement of the conducting pathways which can lead to a change in the dynamics of the atrial invasion by the excitement.", "PMID": 400229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_334", "title": "Inhibition and potentiation of T lymphocyte response to mitogens. Studies using two mitogenic stimuli simultaneously.", "content": "Rat thymocytes were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or with mixtures of two of these mitogens, added simultaneously to in vitro cultures. Four-five concentrations of first mitogen were matched with four-five concentrations of second mitogen, in all possible combinations. Synergistic effects were observed with LPS plus PHA and LPS plus PWM and inhibitory effects with PHA plus Con A and LPS plus Con A. The hypothesis is discussed that an inhibitory effects occurs when two mitogens react with identical or very similar receptors on the lymphocyte surface, while a synergistic effect is produced by two mitogens reacting with different receptors.", "contents": "Inhibition and potentiation of T lymphocyte response to mitogens. Studies using two mitogenic stimuli simultaneously. Rat thymocytes were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or with mixtures of two of these mitogens, added simultaneously to in vitro cultures. Four-five concentrations of first mitogen were matched with four-five concentrations of second mitogen, in all possible combinations. Synergistic effects were observed with LPS plus PHA and LPS plus PWM and inhibitory effects with PHA plus Con A and LPS plus Con A. The hypothesis is discussed that an inhibitory effects occurs when two mitogens react with identical or very similar receptors on the lymphocyte surface, while a synergistic effect is produced by two mitogens reacting with different receptors.", "PMID": 400233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_335", "title": "Relaxation therapy for essential hypertension: a Veterans Administration Outpatient study.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients who had been treated with antihypertensive medication for at least the preceding 6 months were randomly assigned to (1) therapist-conducted, face-to-face progressive, deep-muscle relaxation training for 10 weekly sessions, or (2) progressive deep-muscle relaxation therapy conducted mainly by home use of audio cassettes, or (3) nonspecific individual psychotherapy for 10 weekly sessions. No differences between the groups were found immediately after therapy; however, the therapist-conducted relaxation therapy group showed the greatest changes: -17.8 mm Hg systolic, -9.7 mm Hg diastolic at 6 months follow-up. Some significant trends in results among the three therapists were also found. No correlation existed between blood pressure changes and changes in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DbH) levels.", "contents": "Relaxation therapy for essential hypertension: a Veterans Administration Outpatient study. Twenty-nine patients who had been treated with antihypertensive medication for at least the preceding 6 months were randomly assigned to (1) therapist-conducted, face-to-face progressive, deep-muscle relaxation training for 10 weekly sessions, or (2) progressive deep-muscle relaxation therapy conducted mainly by home use of audio cassettes, or (3) nonspecific individual psychotherapy for 10 weekly sessions. No differences between the groups were found immediately after therapy; however, the therapist-conducted relaxation therapy group showed the greatest changes: -17.8 mm Hg systolic, -9.7 mm Hg diastolic at 6 months follow-up. Some significant trends in results among the three therapists were also found. No correlation existed between blood pressure changes and changes in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DbH) levels.", "PMID": 400246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_336", "title": "Psychological development of the child with leukemia: a review.", "content": "With improvements in prognosis for children with leukemia, there has been a corresponding increase in degree of adverse psychological effects on the patient and his family. This review considers (1) the methods of coping adopted by parents, siblings, and the patient and (2) the possibility of damage to normal intellectual growth following the type of medical treatment involved. Implications of previous research in terms of practical help for the families and theoretical issues regarding normal brain development are discussed.", "contents": "Psychological development of the child with leukemia: a review. With improvements in prognosis for children with leukemia, there has been a corresponding increase in degree of adverse psychological effects on the patient and his family. This review considers (1) the methods of coping adopted by parents, siblings, and the patient and (2) the possibility of damage to normal intellectual growth following the type of medical treatment involved. Implications of previous research in terms of practical help for the families and theoretical issues regarding normal brain development are discussed.", "PMID": 400247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_337", "title": "[Research methods of R factors (author's transl)].", "content": "After having outlined the routine methods for the study of drug resistance plasmids used at highly specialized centres such as the London Enteric Reference Laboratory, the AA. examine the most practical methods of a pure and simple way of discovering R factors in enterobacteria. A brief reference is made to some of the in vivo transfer techniques before reducing the various possibilities of in vitro survey to essentials. The experimental conditions realized by some AA. for mating in liquid media which represent the most commonly used method for the study of R factors in enterobacteria are pointed out as an example. Finally, a brief reference is made to other technique such as the mating possibilities on membrane filter in solid media and \"facilitated mating\" in the cellophane device according to Chabbert.", "contents": "[Research methods of R factors (author's transl)]. After having outlined the routine methods for the study of drug resistance plasmids used at highly specialized centres such as the London Enteric Reference Laboratory, the AA. examine the most practical methods of a pure and simple way of discovering R factors in enterobacteria. A brief reference is made to some of the in vivo transfer techniques before reducing the various possibilities of in vitro survey to essentials. The experimental conditions realized by some AA. for mating in liquid media which represent the most commonly used method for the study of R factors in enterobacteria are pointed out as an example. Finally, a brief reference is made to other technique such as the mating possibilities on membrane filter in solid media and \"facilitated mating\" in the cellophane device according to Chabbert.", "PMID": 400251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_338", "title": "[Anticytogram (author's transl)].", "content": "In the last few years in an attempt to solve problems of antiblastic chemotherapy, the anticytogram has been developed to test in vitro sensitivity of human neoplastic cell cultures to antiproliferative agents. This method, although not without limitations and criticism, can be considered valid in particular tumor forms where these exists a histological type standardization and possibility of comparison with other known specifically active drugs. It may also be justified in the preclinical pharmacological phase, as the first stage in validity testing of new anticytoproliferative substances.", "contents": "[Anticytogram (author's transl)]. In the last few years in an attempt to solve problems of antiblastic chemotherapy, the anticytogram has been developed to test in vitro sensitivity of human neoplastic cell cultures to antiproliferative agents. This method, although not without limitations and criticism, can be considered valid in particular tumor forms where these exists a histological type standardization and possibility of comparison with other known specifically active drugs. It may also be justified in the preclinical pharmacological phase, as the first stage in validity testing of new anticytoproliferative substances.", "PMID": 400252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_339", "title": "[The incidence and variation of transferable antibiotic-resistance in Salmonella strains isolated in Modena in the years 1975-1977 (author's transl)].", "content": "The antibiotic-resistance of 450 strains of Salmonella isolated by the Microbiology Unit of the hospital of Modena during the years 1975-1977 was examined. During the study, the following antibiotics were assayed: ampicillin, kanamycine, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, tobramycin, gentamicin and nalidixic acid. The transfer capacity of antibiotic-resistance was measured by the double conjugation of E. coli K-12. During the period studied, a remarkable reduction was noted in those strains with multiple resistance (3 or more elements) decreasing from 72.9% in 1975 to 23.5% in 1977. These phenomena are due to the decrease of the serum-type wien during the years under study. Antibiotic-resistance demonstrated itself most frequently to streptomycin and tetracycline; and chloramphenicol-resistance showed the highest transfer capacity (97.2%).", "contents": "[The incidence and variation of transferable antibiotic-resistance in Salmonella strains isolated in Modena in the years 1975-1977 (author's transl)]. The antibiotic-resistance of 450 strains of Salmonella isolated by the Microbiology Unit of the hospital of Modena during the years 1975-1977 was examined. During the study, the following antibiotics were assayed: ampicillin, kanamycine, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, tobramycin, gentamicin and nalidixic acid. The transfer capacity of antibiotic-resistance was measured by the double conjugation of E. coli K-12. During the period studied, a remarkable reduction was noted in those strains with multiple resistance (3 or more elements) decreasing from 72.9% in 1975 to 23.5% in 1977. These phenomena are due to the decrease of the serum-type wien during the years under study. Antibiotic-resistance demonstrated itself most frequently to streptomycin and tetracycline; and chloramphenicol-resistance showed the highest transfer capacity (97.2%).", "PMID": 400253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_340", "title": "[Drug resistance of Shigella strains isolated in Central Italy during 1969-1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "Only ninety-three strains of Shigella, eightyseven of which have been identified as S. sonnei and six as S. flexneri were collected during 1969-1976 at the Pathogen Enterobacteria Centre of Pisa in Central Italy, as evidence of an epidemiological situation marked by a rare occurrence of syndromes related to these organisms. The collected strains were tested with disks of nine antibacterial drugs in common use: the survey detected sensitivity of all the strains to cephaloridine, ampicillin, carbenicillin, kanamycin and gentamicin, whereas a fair percentage of resistance appeared to streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole. Both within multiresistant strains and those characterized by single resistances (forty-three of them in all), were present strains capable of transferring different drug resistance patterns to E. coli K-12, as evidence of being under extrachromosomial genetic control.", "contents": "[Drug resistance of Shigella strains isolated in Central Italy during 1969-1976 (author's transl)]. Only ninety-three strains of Shigella, eightyseven of which have been identified as S. sonnei and six as S. flexneri were collected during 1969-1976 at the Pathogen Enterobacteria Centre of Pisa in Central Italy, as evidence of an epidemiological situation marked by a rare occurrence of syndromes related to these organisms. The collected strains were tested with disks of nine antibacterial drugs in common use: the survey detected sensitivity of all the strains to cephaloridine, ampicillin, carbenicillin, kanamycin and gentamicin, whereas a fair percentage of resistance appeared to streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole. Both within multiresistant strains and those characterized by single resistances (forty-three of them in all), were present strains capable of transferring different drug resistance patterns to E. coli K-12, as evidence of being under extrachromosomial genetic control.", "PMID": 400254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_341", "title": "[Bacterial resistance in the infections from gram-negative bacilli in a long-term hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "After considering the different reasons that make the problem of bacterial resistance of Gram-negative bacilli to antibiotics of great interest in a long-term hospital, the AA. present their cases. They point out how the strains isolated by them offer an antibiotic resistance which is decidedly superior to the one described in other researches. One thing seems to be noteworthy in their opinion: the bacterial resistance of the germs isolated from the urine is bigger than the one of the germs isolated from the respiratory apparatus.", "contents": "[Bacterial resistance in the infections from gram-negative bacilli in a long-term hospital (author's transl)]. After considering the different reasons that make the problem of bacterial resistance of Gram-negative bacilli to antibiotics of great interest in a long-term hospital, the AA. present their cases. They point out how the strains isolated by them offer an antibiotic resistance which is decidedly superior to the one described in other researches. One thing seems to be noteworthy in their opinion: the bacterial resistance of the germs isolated from the urine is bigger than the one of the germs isolated from the respiratory apparatus.", "PMID": 400255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_342", "title": "[\"S. wien\" and \"S. bredeney\" plasmidic resistance to disinfectant agents and antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "Several antiseptic and disinfectant compounds have been investigated for their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against antibiotic multiresistant strains of S. wien and S. bredeney as well as S. typhi and S. typhimurium strains characterized by wide spectrum of antibiotic sensitivity. The MICs of AgNO3, merthiolate, NaN3, phenol, Zephiran and Desogen were not substantially different for the former and the latter strains; on the contrary, the HgCl2 minimal inhibitory concentration was significantly higher against S. wien and S. bredeney than against the other strains. The mercury resistance appeared plasmid controlled and transferable to E. coli K-12, always associated with antibiotic resistance. The findings, which confirm the results of other AA., seem unrestrictive of the use of HgCl2, because its not probable selective role in the hospital environment.", "contents": "[\"S. wien\" and \"S. bredeney\" plasmidic resistance to disinfectant agents and antibiotics (author's transl)]. Several antiseptic and disinfectant compounds have been investigated for their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against antibiotic multiresistant strains of S. wien and S. bredeney as well as S. typhi and S. typhimurium strains characterized by wide spectrum of antibiotic sensitivity. The MICs of AgNO3, merthiolate, NaN3, phenol, Zephiran and Desogen were not substantially different for the former and the latter strains; on the contrary, the HgCl2 minimal inhibitory concentration was significantly higher against S. wien and S. bredeney than against the other strains. The mercury resistance appeared plasmid controlled and transferable to E. coli K-12, always associated with antibiotic resistance. The findings, which confirm the results of other AA., seem unrestrictive of the use of HgCl2, because its not probable selective role in the hospital environment.", "PMID": 400256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_343", "title": "[Correlation between antibacterial activity of some cephalosporins and pharmacokinetic properties \"in vitro\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A new apparatus is described which can be used to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of antibiotics as a function of different concentration-time curves. The apparatus can be adjusted to simulate the biexponential serum level curves observed in vivo after oral or intramuscular administration. Preliminary studies were carried out with cefazolin against an E. coli strain simulating initial concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/ml that decreased exponentially with half-lives of 30, 60 and 120 min. In all the situations tested there was an initial phase of rapid bactericidal activity followed by a phase of bacteriostatic activity, whose length depended on the drug elimination rate but was relactively independent of the initial concentrations. Bacterial regrowth occurred when the antibiotic concentration fell below the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drug. The antibacterial activity of cefazolin, cephacetrile, and cephradine against an E. coli strains was also investigated, in a medium containing 4% human albumin, simulating the serum level curves observed in humans after an intramuscular dose of 1 g. The results obtained confirm that, for cephalosporins, the dosage schedule should be adjusted taking into account the potency of the drug (MIC) and its rate of elimination.", "contents": "[Correlation between antibacterial activity of some cephalosporins and pharmacokinetic properties \"in vitro\" (author's transl)]. A new apparatus is described which can be used to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of antibiotics as a function of different concentration-time curves. The apparatus can be adjusted to simulate the biexponential serum level curves observed in vivo after oral or intramuscular administration. Preliminary studies were carried out with cefazolin against an E. coli strain simulating initial concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/ml that decreased exponentially with half-lives of 30, 60 and 120 min. In all the situations tested there was an initial phase of rapid bactericidal activity followed by a phase of bacteriostatic activity, whose length depended on the drug elimination rate but was relactively independent of the initial concentrations. Bacterial regrowth occurred when the antibiotic concentration fell below the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drug. The antibacterial activity of cefazolin, cephacetrile, and cephradine against an E. coli strains was also investigated, in a medium containing 4% human albumin, simulating the serum level curves observed in humans after an intramuscular dose of 1 g. The results obtained confirm that, for cephalosporins, the dosage schedule should be adjusted taking into account the potency of the drug (MIC) and its rate of elimination.", "PMID": 400257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_344", "title": "[Serological typing and antibiotic resistance in urinary \"E. coli\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of the O-groups of E. coli isolated in rivers (Arno, Serchio) and other surface waters is compared with the distribution of those isolated in urinary tract infections. The \"chi square\" test indicates a good correlation between the observed and expected frequencies in these two distributions, for all the O-groups, but six. Two of these (08 and 019) are significantly more frequent in the waters than in urinary isolates and four (02, 01, 018 and 075) viceversa. The O-group 6 its the most frequent in both, however the observed frequency in urine is greater than the expected one as regards the frequency in water isolates. These results would confirm, with the mentioned exceptions, the prevalence theory. The different patterns of resistance to the antibiotics suggest us to research a possible correlation between the antibotic resistance and the most frequent isolated O-groups. But no evidence of such correlation is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Serological typing and antibiotic resistance in urinary \"E. coli\" (author's transl)]. The distribution of the O-groups of E. coli isolated in rivers (Arno, Serchio) and other surface waters is compared with the distribution of those isolated in urinary tract infections. The \"chi square\" test indicates a good correlation between the observed and expected frequencies in these two distributions, for all the O-groups, but six. Two of these (08 and 019) are significantly more frequent in the waters than in urinary isolates and four (02, 01, 018 and 075) viceversa. The O-group 6 its the most frequent in both, however the observed frequency in urine is greater than the expected one as regards the frequency in water isolates. These results would confirm, with the mentioned exceptions, the prevalence theory. The different patterns of resistance to the antibiotics suggest us to research a possible correlation between the antibotic resistance and the most frequent isolated O-groups. But no evidence of such correlation is demonstrated.", "PMID": 400258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_345", "title": "[Continuing Education Course of the Swiss Society for Psychiatry. Biological aspects of psychiatry. Introduction].", "content": "The author traces the prestigious history of the Burgh\u00f6lzli, cradle of Swiss psychiatry. He also describes the outstanding role played by Zurich as the city in which integration took place between the developing psychiatry, psycho-analysis, psychodynamics and biological research. The author shows how psychiatry, which had been faced with the mechanistric and philosophical dilemma of an epoch, could disengage from the dangers of a reductive approach thanks to Freud's influence, as well as the knowledge produced by biological and psychopathological discoveries. A new equilibration was, thus, found and a multidimensional model came into being. Today psychiatrists may choose to become either clinicians, or psychoanalysts, or devote themselves to research. Contract has become essential as well as the recognition of these different domains, this in order to improve the understanding of mental disorder.", "contents": "[Continuing Education Course of the Swiss Society for Psychiatry. Biological aspects of psychiatry. Introduction]. The author traces the prestigious history of the Burgh\u00f6lzli, cradle of Swiss psychiatry. He also describes the outstanding role played by Zurich as the city in which integration took place between the developing psychiatry, psycho-analysis, psychodynamics and biological research. The author shows how psychiatry, which had been faced with the mechanistric and philosophical dilemma of an epoch, could disengage from the dangers of a reductive approach thanks to Freud's influence, as well as the knowledge produced by biological and psychopathological discoveries. A new equilibration was, thus, found and a multidimensional model came into being. Today psychiatrists may choose to become either clinicians, or psychoanalysts, or devote themselves to research. Contract has become essential as well as the recognition of these different domains, this in order to improve the understanding of mental disorder.", "PMID": 400261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_346", "title": "Comparison of three assay procedures for theophylline determination.", "content": "We examined 50 serum samples, submitted to our laboratories for theophylline levels, by the Enzyme Multiplied Immuno Technique (EMIT), by a radioimmunoassay procedure, and by a high pressure liquid chromatographic assay. All three procedures classified patients similarly into subtherapeutic, therapeutic, and toxic levels. Precision and recovery values showed no significant differences between the three procedures. Precision ranged from 3.24 to 13.66%, while recovery values were from 98.6 to 110.0%. Significant differences were observed in the cost per assay and rate of throughput. The EMIT procedure was most costly and required the greatest amount of time. The excellent correlation between the Syva EMIT assay and the other two procedures makes this a desirable method for those laboratories which lack the more expensive instruments required for the other two procedures.", "contents": "Comparison of three assay procedures for theophylline determination. We examined 50 serum samples, submitted to our laboratories for theophylline levels, by the Enzyme Multiplied Immuno Technique (EMIT), by a radioimmunoassay procedure, and by a high pressure liquid chromatographic assay. All three procedures classified patients similarly into subtherapeutic, therapeutic, and toxic levels. Precision and recovery values showed no significant differences between the three procedures. Precision ranged from 3.24 to 13.66%, while recovery values were from 98.6 to 110.0%. Significant differences were observed in the cost per assay and rate of throughput. The EMIT procedure was most costly and required the greatest amount of time. The excellent correlation between the Syva EMIT assay and the other two procedures makes this a desirable method for those laboratories which lack the more expensive instruments required for the other two procedures.", "PMID": 400262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_347", "title": "Results of a quality control scheme for the assay of theophylline in serum.", "content": "Twenty-eight laboratories in the United Kingdom, Europe, and Australia participated in pilot study to assess interlaboratory variability in determining serum theophylline levels. Each laboratory received two samples of pooled serum containing theophylline each month and was asked to report their results and method to us. Data obtained over a period of 12 months were collated, enabling certain conclusions to be drawn. Five methods of analysis were used: high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas--liquid chromatography, EMIT, thin-layer chromatography, and ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV). All of these methods, with the exception of UV, were found to be satisfactory, with HPLC marginally superior. Several laboratories improved their assay techniques over the period of operation of the scheme, and all found the scheme helpful in assessing the performance of their methods.", "contents": "Results of a quality control scheme for the assay of theophylline in serum. Twenty-eight laboratories in the United Kingdom, Europe, and Australia participated in pilot study to assess interlaboratory variability in determining serum theophylline levels. Each laboratory received two samples of pooled serum containing theophylline each month and was asked to report their results and method to us. Data obtained over a period of 12 months were collated, enabling certain conclusions to be drawn. Five methods of analysis were used: high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas--liquid chromatography, EMIT, thin-layer chromatography, and ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV). All of these methods, with the exception of UV, were found to be satisfactory, with HPLC marginally superior. Several laboratories improved their assay techniques over the period of operation of the scheme, and all found the scheme helpful in assessing the performance of their methods.", "PMID": 400263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_348", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatography for simultaneous analysis of anticonvulsants: comparison with EMIT system.", "content": "We present a new high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous analysis of primidone, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and carbamazepine in serum. The chromatographic separation is carried out using an Altex model 110-A pump, a 250 times 4.6 mm column containing 5 mum Spherisorb ODS particles and a variable wavelength ultraviolet detector set at 197 nm. The mobile phase is a mixture of acetonitrile, distilled water, and 1.75 M phosphoric acid (27:72.8:0.2). The flow rate is 1.5 ml/min, and the analysis time is 17 min. A 200 mul aliquot of serum is buffered at pH 5 and extracted with dichloromethane. The extract is evaporated to dryness and dissolved in methanol for chromatographic analysis. Cyclopal is used as the internal standard and quantification is achieved using peak height ratios. This HPLC method is evaluated for precision and accuracy with reference to the EMIT system. The least-squares regression analysis of comparison data for the drugs shows a favorable correlation. Also, a paired t-test indicates no significant difference for the HPLC and EMIT values for primidone, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and carbamazepine. From this study we conclude that this HPLC method could be successfully used for the simultaneous therapeutic monitoring of the four anticonvulsants.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatography for simultaneous analysis of anticonvulsants: comparison with EMIT system. We present a new high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous analysis of primidone, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and carbamazepine in serum. The chromatographic separation is carried out using an Altex model 110-A pump, a 250 times 4.6 mm column containing 5 mum Spherisorb ODS particles and a variable wavelength ultraviolet detector set at 197 nm. The mobile phase is a mixture of acetonitrile, distilled water, and 1.75 M phosphoric acid (27:72.8:0.2). The flow rate is 1.5 ml/min, and the analysis time is 17 min. A 200 mul aliquot of serum is buffered at pH 5 and extracted with dichloromethane. The extract is evaporated to dryness and dissolved in methanol for chromatographic analysis. Cyclopal is used as the internal standard and quantification is achieved using peak height ratios. This HPLC method is evaluated for precision and accuracy with reference to the EMIT system. The least-squares regression analysis of comparison data for the drugs shows a favorable correlation. Also, a paired t-test indicates no significant difference for the HPLC and EMIT values for primidone, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and carbamazepine. From this study we conclude that this HPLC method could be successfully used for the simultaneous therapeutic monitoring of the four anticonvulsants.", "PMID": 400264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_349", "title": "Comparison of radioimmunoassay with homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for the determination of theophylline concentration in serum.", "content": "The homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedures for the quantitation of theophylline concentrations in serum were evaluated and compared. Both methods exhibited curves linear over the therapeutic range (range of concentration, 2.0-33.0 microgram/ml). Precision was acceptable for both methods with the coefficient of variation being less than 8.3%. The RIA procedure was found to be slightly more precise. The correlations between the EMIT and RIA procedures was found to be sufficient to allow the procedures to be used interchangeably. This would facilitate the test availability on a 24 hr, 7 day basis.", "contents": "Comparison of radioimmunoassay with homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for the determination of theophylline concentration in serum. The homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedures for the quantitation of theophylline concentrations in serum were evaluated and compared. Both methods exhibited curves linear over the therapeutic range (range of concentration, 2.0-33.0 microgram/ml). Precision was acceptable for both methods with the coefficient of variation being less than 8.3%. The RIA procedure was found to be slightly more precise. The correlations between the EMIT and RIA procedures was found to be sufficient to allow the procedures to be used interchangeably. This would facilitate the test availability on a 24 hr, 7 day basis.", "PMID": 400265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_350", "title": "[Vitamin C and phagocytic system: present status and perspectives (author's transl)].", "content": "Host defence mechanisms against microbial invasion requires an adequate number and function of phagocytic cells. There is evidence that vitamin C, which has been claimed to play a role in several aspects of host defence mechanisms, is involved significantly at least in phagocytic function. Vitamin C has been shown to interfere with oxidative metabolism, bactericidal power and chemotaxis of neutrophil granulocytes. The authors present evidence that, in vitro, vitamin C stimulates the true chemotactic response of normal human granulocytes. In addition the results of clinical trials in patients with recurrent infections and primary deficiencies of neutrophil function are presented. In such patients vitamin C therapy induced the restoration of impaired functions. A significant clinical improvement was also seen in the majority of cases. Vitamin C represents the specific therapy for primary defects of phagocytic function in patients with recurrent infections.", "contents": "[Vitamin C and phagocytic system: present status and perspectives (author's transl)]. Host defence mechanisms against microbial invasion requires an adequate number and function of phagocytic cells. There is evidence that vitamin C, which has been claimed to play a role in several aspects of host defence mechanisms, is involved significantly at least in phagocytic function. Vitamin C has been shown to interfere with oxidative metabolism, bactericidal power and chemotaxis of neutrophil granulocytes. The authors present evidence that, in vitro, vitamin C stimulates the true chemotactic response of normal human granulocytes. In addition the results of clinical trials in patients with recurrent infections and primary deficiencies of neutrophil function are presented. In such patients vitamin C therapy induced the restoration of impaired functions. A significant clinical improvement was also seen in the majority of cases. Vitamin C represents the specific therapy for primary defects of phagocytic function in patients with recurrent infections.", "PMID": 400272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_351", "title": "The incidence of oral candidiasis with use of inhaled corticosteroids.", "content": "The incidence of thrush occurring among patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids as reported by various investigators is presented. The data were standardized according to diagnostic criteria, duration of treatment and size of patient population. Although proper assessment of the relative risk of thrush incurred with the use of aerosolized corticosteroids must await large-scale randomized, blind, comparative trials, these results of past studies give a general indication of what may be expected.", "contents": "The incidence of oral candidiasis with use of inhaled corticosteroids. The incidence of thrush occurring among patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids as reported by various investigators is presented. The data were standardized according to diagnostic criteria, duration of treatment and size of patient population. Although proper assessment of the relative risk of thrush incurred with the use of aerosolized corticosteroids must await large-scale randomized, blind, comparative trials, these results of past studies give a general indication of what may be expected.", "PMID": 400275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_352", "title": "Hyposensitisation in the management of recurring vaginal candidiasis.", "content": "Hyposensitisation with a commercially available antigen has been attempted in the treatment of women suffering from recurring monilial vaginitis. Ten women entered the trial, each being used as her own control. Eight of them showed undoubted improvement and the average interval between relapses increased from 5.1 to 15.7 months (p. less than .01). Reasons are given for believing that allergic reactions play a part in recurrent vaginal thrush.", "contents": "Hyposensitisation in the management of recurring vaginal candidiasis. Hyposensitisation with a commercially available antigen has been attempted in the treatment of women suffering from recurring monilial vaginitis. Ten women entered the trial, each being used as her own control. Eight of them showed undoubted improvement and the average interval between relapses increased from 5.1 to 15.7 months (p. less than .01). Reasons are given for believing that allergic reactions play a part in recurrent vaginal thrush.", "PMID": 400276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_353", "title": "[Autoplastic bone-grafting on repair of long bones of hands (author's transl)].", "content": "Cortico-spongious autoplastic bone grafts have in reconstructive hand surgery several precise indications. Bone infusion is certain if the technique used is appropriated permitting the cosmetic and functional recovery of the corresponding digital ray. The indications are: post-traumatic non-union, great loss of bone, bone neoplasm. The authors basing their causistic on 28 cases discuss the indications, surgical technique and results.", "contents": "[Autoplastic bone-grafting on repair of long bones of hands (author's transl)]. Cortico-spongious autoplastic bone grafts have in reconstructive hand surgery several precise indications. Bone infusion is certain if the technique used is appropriated permitting the cosmetic and functional recovery of the corresponding digital ray. The indications are: post-traumatic non-union, great loss of bone, bone neoplasm. The authors basing their causistic on 28 cases discuss the indications, surgical technique and results.", "PMID": 400282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_354", "title": "Maturation and regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis.", "content": "The in vitro cloning technique for detecting megakaryocyte precursor cells was employed to compare stimuli known to influence megakaryocytopoiesis. Preparations of thrombopoietic stimulating factor (TSF) did not directly stimulate the growth of megakaryocyte colonies (CFU-m) but increased the frequency of CFU-m when TSF was added to the cultures with a constant amount of megakaryocyte colony stimulating factor. Platelets or platelet homogenates did not influence the frequency of CFU-m or the size of individual colonies. Analysis of cell surface properties of megakaryocytes obtained either by isolation from bone marrow or from in vitro colonies revealed species differences. The possibility that megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet release are regulated both within the marrow as well as by humoral factors is discussed.", "contents": "Maturation and regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis. The in vitro cloning technique for detecting megakaryocyte precursor cells was employed to compare stimuli known to influence megakaryocytopoiesis. Preparations of thrombopoietic stimulating factor (TSF) did not directly stimulate the growth of megakaryocyte colonies (CFU-m) but increased the frequency of CFU-m when TSF was added to the cultures with a constant amount of megakaryocyte colony stimulating factor. Platelets or platelet homogenates did not influence the frequency of CFU-m or the size of individual colonies. Analysis of cell surface properties of megakaryocytes obtained either by isolation from bone marrow or from in vitro colonies revealed species differences. The possibility that megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet release are regulated both within the marrow as well as by humoral factors is discussed.", "PMID": 400284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_355", "title": "Antibodies against pluripotent stem cells: their use in studying stem cell function.", "content": "The biologic characteristics and specificity of rabbit anti-mouse brain (RAMB) serum for pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-s) is reviewed. The application of RAMB serum to the functional analysis of stem cell differentiation and self renewal characteristics is discussed. Preliminary data are presented which suggest the existence of two stem cell subcompartments. The majority of stem cells express membrane determinants that are detected by RAMB serum. A minor (5%-10%) stem cell subpopulation lacks the stem cell antigen and exhibits a greater self-renewal capacity than those cells expressing the antigen.", "contents": "Antibodies against pluripotent stem cells: their use in studying stem cell function. The biologic characteristics and specificity of rabbit anti-mouse brain (RAMB) serum for pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-s) is reviewed. The application of RAMB serum to the functional analysis of stem cell differentiation and self renewal characteristics is discussed. Preliminary data are presented which suggest the existence of two stem cell subcompartments. The majority of stem cells express membrane determinants that are detected by RAMB serum. A minor (5%-10%) stem cell subpopulation lacks the stem cell antigen and exhibits a greater self-renewal capacity than those cells expressing the antigen.", "PMID": 400286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_356", "title": "Transplantation of murine bone marrow without prior host irradiation.", "content": "The experiments presented test the hypothesis that pluripotential stem cells (assayed in the mouse as CFU-S) are normally not in cycle and that the failure of normal marrow transfusions to take in normal recipients is due to the absence of a stimulus to turn CFU-S into cycle. Following marrow transfusion from male donors into female isogeneic recipients, spleen, liver, and various parts of the skeleton were shielded to protect transfused donor cells from lethal doses of radiation gives to the rest of the body. Percentages of hemopoietic donor and host cells were subsequently determined by karyotyping C banded marrow and spleen metaphases and identifying of Y chromosome. The results support the notion that the failure of normal marrow to take in normal recipients is not due to inadequate numbers of transfused cells. Permanent colonization by donor cells, however, requires not only triggering CFU-S into cycle, but also emptying of 'niches' normally occupied by endogenous CFU-S. Partial body radiation meets both requirements. In addition, the results indicate that recently arrived donor cells, protected in the shielded portion of the body, seed more readily into the irradiated areas of the skeleton than do similarly protected host cells.", "contents": "Transplantation of murine bone marrow without prior host irradiation. The experiments presented test the hypothesis that pluripotential stem cells (assayed in the mouse as CFU-S) are normally not in cycle and that the failure of normal marrow transfusions to take in normal recipients is due to the absence of a stimulus to turn CFU-S into cycle. Following marrow transfusion from male donors into female isogeneic recipients, spleen, liver, and various parts of the skeleton were shielded to protect transfused donor cells from lethal doses of radiation gives to the rest of the body. Percentages of hemopoietic donor and host cells were subsequently determined by karyotyping C banded marrow and spleen metaphases and identifying of Y chromosome. The results support the notion that the failure of normal marrow to take in normal recipients is not due to inadequate numbers of transfused cells. Permanent colonization by donor cells, however, requires not only triggering CFU-S into cycle, but also emptying of 'niches' normally occupied by endogenous CFU-S. Partial body radiation meets both requirements. In addition, the results indicate that recently arrived donor cells, protected in the shielded portion of the body, seed more readily into the irradiated areas of the skeleton than do similarly protected host cells.", "PMID": 400287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_357", "title": "[Hepato-pulmonary Nocardia infections (report of one case) (author's transl)].", "content": "Actinomycosis due to Nocardia asteroides is a mainly pulmonary disease; the metastases are due to migration of the germ in the blood from the primary lung focus. The case reported here concerned a patient whose initial symptoms were mainly hepatic, suggesting an amoebic abscess of the liver. The pulmonary lesions appeared only secondarily with presence in the sputum of the nocardia which was responsible. Prolonged treatment with trimethoprime sulfamethazole led to complete and lasting cure of the lesions, confirmed radiographically and by a liver scan.", "contents": "[Hepato-pulmonary Nocardia infections (report of one case) (author's transl)]. Actinomycosis due to Nocardia asteroides is a mainly pulmonary disease; the metastases are due to migration of the germ in the blood from the primary lung focus. The case reported here concerned a patient whose initial symptoms were mainly hepatic, suggesting an amoebic abscess of the liver. The pulmonary lesions appeared only secondarily with presence in the sputum of the nocardia which was responsible. Prolonged treatment with trimethoprime sulfamethazole led to complete and lasting cure of the lesions, confirmed radiographically and by a liver scan.", "PMID": 400293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_358", "title": "[Spontaneous tolerance of liver allograft in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Several clinical and experimental arguments suggest that the liver has a privileged status regarding allograft rejection. The purpose of our study in inbred rats was to verify this notion in animals with precise histocompatibility relationships. Non auxiliary heterotopic liver transplantation, in which the graft ensures totally the hepatic function of the recipient, is equivalent in this view to orthotopic liver transplantation but has the major advantage to permit more easily the obtention of a low operative mortality. We compared the rejection of heterotopic heart allografts and heterotopic non auxiliary liver allografts in two semi-allogeneic donor-recipient combinations on inbred rats. Our main finding was that, contrasting with the constant acute rejection of heart allografts, about one-third of liver allografts were spontaneously tolerated. Test skin and heart allografts performed in rats with spontaneously tolerated liver allografts suggested that these animals were in a state of donor-specific non responsiveness. Spontaneous tolerance of organ allografts is very uncommon and our observation with liver allografts in inbred rats reinforce the concept that the liver has a privileged status facing rejection.", "contents": "[Spontaneous tolerance of liver allograft in the rat (author's transl)]. Several clinical and experimental arguments suggest that the liver has a privileged status regarding allograft rejection. The purpose of our study in inbred rats was to verify this notion in animals with precise histocompatibility relationships. Non auxiliary heterotopic liver transplantation, in which the graft ensures totally the hepatic function of the recipient, is equivalent in this view to orthotopic liver transplantation but has the major advantage to permit more easily the obtention of a low operative mortality. We compared the rejection of heterotopic heart allografts and heterotopic non auxiliary liver allografts in two semi-allogeneic donor-recipient combinations on inbred rats. Our main finding was that, contrasting with the constant acute rejection of heart allografts, about one-third of liver allografts were spontaneously tolerated. Test skin and heart allografts performed in rats with spontaneously tolerated liver allografts suggested that these animals were in a state of donor-specific non responsiveness. Spontaneous tolerance of organ allografts is very uncommon and our observation with liver allografts in inbred rats reinforce the concept that the liver has a privileged status facing rejection.", "PMID": 400294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_359", "title": "[Clinical trial of parenteral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole].", "content": "The combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been used successfully in various infections. However the use of the combination was limited, due to the lack of a parenteral form of the drug. In this study a parenteral (i.m.) form of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was given to 35 patients with various infections due to susceptible bacteria to the drug. Twenty-four patients had urinary tract infections, and 7 had various infections with gram negative organisms, and 4 had staphylococcal infections. In patients with urinary tract infection the cure rate was 62.5%. Twenty five per cent of the patients had persistent infection after treatment, and 12,5% had superinfection. The overall cure rate was 71,4% in 35 patients. No side effect was observed.", "contents": "[Clinical trial of parenteral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]. The combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been used successfully in various infections. However the use of the combination was limited, due to the lack of a parenteral form of the drug. In this study a parenteral (i.m.) form of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was given to 35 patients with various infections due to susceptible bacteria to the drug. Twenty-four patients had urinary tract infections, and 7 had various infections with gram negative organisms, and 4 had staphylococcal infections. In patients with urinary tract infection the cure rate was 62.5%. Twenty five per cent of the patients had persistent infection after treatment, and 12,5% had superinfection. The overall cure rate was 71,4% in 35 patients. No side effect was observed.", "PMID": 400298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_360", "title": "[Salmonella typhimurium isolated from a burn wound].", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium isolated from a burn wound, in Burn Unit of Hacattepe University Hospital, General Surgery Department.", "contents": "[Salmonella typhimurium isolated from a burn wound]. Salmonella typhimurium isolated from a burn wound, in Burn Unit of Hacattepe University Hospital, General Surgery Department.", "PMID": 400299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_361", "title": "[The antigenic relationships between Candida albicans, Salmonella cholerae suis, and Salmonella cholerae suis var. Kunzendorf O antigens].", "content": "In this study a common antigenic factor (s) between C. albicans CBS-562 and S. cholerae suis 211 (0:6(2),7) was shown with agglutination and absorption tests. This common antigenic factor (s) is different than previously shown Salmonella 0:7 antigen. This new factor (s) is not present in S. cholerae suis var. kunzendorf 1350 (0:6(1), 7) and S. cholerae suis var. kunzendorf 5210 (0:6(2),7) serotypes.", "contents": "[The antigenic relationships between Candida albicans, Salmonella cholerae suis, and Salmonella cholerae suis var. Kunzendorf O antigens]. In this study a common antigenic factor (s) between C. albicans CBS-562 and S. cholerae suis 211 (0:6(2),7) was shown with agglutination and absorption tests. This common antigenic factor (s) is different than previously shown Salmonella 0:7 antigen. This new factor (s) is not present in S. cholerae suis var. kunzendorf 1350 (0:6(1), 7) and S. cholerae suis var. kunzendorf 5210 (0:6(2),7) serotypes.", "PMID": 400300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_362", "title": "[Antibacterial effects of arsenic on pulp necrosis using the plate diffusion method].", "content": "The microorganisms which arrive in various ways to dental pulp causes the infections of pulp. The pulp is necrotised in cases it is not possible to keep it alive. In this study arsenic which is known an available material for devitalisation of pulp and its antibacterial effects on microorganisms which are the causes of the infections of pulp have been investigated.", "contents": "[Antibacterial effects of arsenic on pulp necrosis using the plate diffusion method]. The microorganisms which arrive in various ways to dental pulp causes the infections of pulp. The pulp is necrotised in cases it is not possible to keep it alive. In this study arsenic which is known an available material for devitalisation of pulp and its antibacterial effects on microorganisms which are the causes of the infections of pulp have been investigated.", "PMID": 400301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_363", "title": "Ninth Annual Richard G. Scobee Memorial Lecture. Sensory response in exotropia.", "content": "The characteristics, methods of clinical investigation, and incidence of amblyopia, suppression, and anomalous retinal correspondence in exotropia have been reviewed from the ophthalmic literature. It is hoped that reemphasizing the sensory anomalies in exotropia may lead to more sensitive clinical investigation in these areas and, ultimately, to a better understanding of the sensory system and some of its enigmatic responses.", "contents": "Ninth Annual Richard G. Scobee Memorial Lecture. Sensory response in exotropia. The characteristics, methods of clinical investigation, and incidence of amblyopia, suppression, and anomalous retinal correspondence in exotropia have been reviewed from the ophthalmic literature. It is hoped that reemphasizing the sensory anomalies in exotropia may lead to more sensitive clinical investigation in these areas and, ultimately, to a better understanding of the sensory system and some of its enigmatic responses.", "PMID": 400302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_364", "title": "The role of the lymphocyte in haemopoiesis.", "content": "According to current dogma, circulating blood cells are all derived from the same progenitor, which therefore must be both pluripotent and capable of prolific self-replication. In the irradiated mouse, such haemopoietic stem cells (HSC) give rise to splenic colonies, and thus are designated as CFU-S (colony forming units-spleen). Definitive identification of a similar entity in man so far has proved elusive. However, primitive unipotent cells, committed to development along a single pathway, can be detected in human blood-forming tissues under appropriate culture conditions. Operationally defined as CFU-E (erythrocyte), CFU-GM (granulocyte/macrophage) etc., the ontogenetic relationships of these cells to each other and to the HSC have been the objects of exhaustive study. A population of lymphocytes, classed as \"null\" cells, do not exhibit the surface membrane markers which characterize commitment to differentiation in the thymus-dependent (T-cell) or bursa- equivalent (B cell) lineages. Accumulating evidence points to the null lymphocyte as a potential precursor of haemopoietic tissue. In bone marrow, the activity of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is concentrated in null cells, but the relevance of this unique enzyme to lymphocytic differentiation remains uncertain. Nevertheless, it appears that the functional heterogeneity, expressed within the family of lymphocytes, extends to haemopoiesis. The roles of various lymphocyte populations, in the generation and functional control of blood-forming tissue, are examined in this review.", "contents": "The role of the lymphocyte in haemopoiesis. According to current dogma, circulating blood cells are all derived from the same progenitor, which therefore must be both pluripotent and capable of prolific self-replication. In the irradiated mouse, such haemopoietic stem cells (HSC) give rise to splenic colonies, and thus are designated as CFU-S (colony forming units-spleen). Definitive identification of a similar entity in man so far has proved elusive. However, primitive unipotent cells, committed to development along a single pathway, can be detected in human blood-forming tissues under appropriate culture conditions. Operationally defined as CFU-E (erythrocyte), CFU-GM (granulocyte/macrophage) etc., the ontogenetic relationships of these cells to each other and to the HSC have been the objects of exhaustive study. A population of lymphocytes, classed as \"null\" cells, do not exhibit the surface membrane markers which characterize commitment to differentiation in the thymus-dependent (T-cell) or bursa- equivalent (B cell) lineages. Accumulating evidence points to the null lymphocyte as a potential precursor of haemopoietic tissue. In bone marrow, the activity of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is concentrated in null cells, but the relevance of this unique enzyme to lymphocytic differentiation remains uncertain. Nevertheless, it appears that the functional heterogeneity, expressed within the family of lymphocytes, extends to haemopoiesis. The roles of various lymphocyte populations, in the generation and functional control of blood-forming tissue, are examined in this review.", "PMID": 400310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_365", "title": "The effect of treatment on the Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination test in early syphilis.", "content": "The response of the Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination Assay (TPHA) to treatment was studied in 61 cases of early infectious syphilis. In none of the 55 cases of early syphilis in which the pre-treatment TPHA was positive did the TPHA test become consistently negative after treatment. In primary and early latent syphilis it was not possible to demonstrate any significant changes, but in some cases of secondary syphilis a significant and rapid fall in TPHA titre occurred with treatment. It is suggested that the post-treatment TPHA titre need not necessarily reflect the stage at which the disease was arrested.", "contents": "The effect of treatment on the Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination test in early syphilis. The response of the Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination Assay (TPHA) to treatment was studied in 61 cases of early infectious syphilis. In none of the 55 cases of early syphilis in which the pre-treatment TPHA was positive did the TPHA test become consistently negative after treatment. In primary and early latent syphilis it was not possible to demonstrate any significant changes, but in some cases of secondary syphilis a significant and rapid fall in TPHA titre occurred with treatment. It is suggested that the post-treatment TPHA titre need not necessarily reflect the stage at which the disease was arrested.", "PMID": 400311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_366", "title": "Topical steroids in anterior uveitis.", "content": "The results are presented of a double-blind trial comparing the efficacy of betamethasone phosphate 0.1 per cent, clobetasone butyrate 0.1 per cent, and placebo in the treatment of acute unilateral non-granulomatous uveitis. The two steroids gave comparable results in improvement of the patients' symptoms, although betamethasone phosphate was significantly more effective than clobetasone butyrate in improving the ocular signs of uveitis. In comparing the placebo group of patients with those given topical steroids, the former group, though improving, appeared to lag behind by approximately 1 week. Four patients receiving placebo, however, had to be withdrawn because of worsening of the condition. Mild cases of anterior uveitis would probably resolve without using topical steroids.", "contents": "Topical steroids in anterior uveitis. The results are presented of a double-blind trial comparing the efficacy of betamethasone phosphate 0.1 per cent, clobetasone butyrate 0.1 per cent, and placebo in the treatment of acute unilateral non-granulomatous uveitis. The two steroids gave comparable results in improvement of the patients' symptoms, although betamethasone phosphate was significantly more effective than clobetasone butyrate in improving the ocular signs of uveitis. In comparing the placebo group of patients with those given topical steroids, the former group, though improving, appeared to lag behind by approximately 1 week. Four patients receiving placebo, however, had to be withdrawn because of worsening of the condition. Mild cases of anterior uveitis would probably resolve without using topical steroids.", "PMID": 400313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_367", "title": "Structural and evolution of chloroplast- and bacterial-type ferredoxins.", "content": "Comparisons have been made between amino acid sequences of 26 chloroplast-type ferredoxins and 16 bacterial-type ferredoxins. Their structural characteristics are described and related to a three-dimensional structure of a chloroplast-type ferredoxin. Aspects of molecular evolution of these ferredoxins are presented together with a phylogenetic tree including both chloroplast- and bacterial-type ferredoxins.", "contents": "Structural and evolution of chloroplast- and bacterial-type ferredoxins. Comparisons have been made between amino acid sequences of 26 chloroplast-type ferredoxins and 16 bacterial-type ferredoxins. Their structural characteristics are described and related to a three-dimensional structure of a chloroplast-type ferredoxin. Aspects of molecular evolution of these ferredoxins are presented together with a phylogenetic tree including both chloroplast- and bacterial-type ferredoxins.", "PMID": 400315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_368", "title": "Alterations in blood sugar, serum insulin and circulating free fatty acid responses to glucose load produced in dogs by chloralose anaesthesia.", "content": "The effects of chloralose anaesthesia on the BS, serum IRI and circulating FEA responses to glucose in dogs, in the course of glucose tolerance tests were studied. Chloralose induced a moderate glucose intolerance, and abolished both, the insulin response to hyperglycaemia in these animals and the lipolytic response at the end of the test. These effects indicate that chloralose anaesthesia is definitely improper for metabolic studied in experimental biology.", "contents": "Alterations in blood sugar, serum insulin and circulating free fatty acid responses to glucose load produced in dogs by chloralose anaesthesia. The effects of chloralose anaesthesia on the BS, serum IRI and circulating FEA responses to glucose in dogs, in the course of glucose tolerance tests were studied. Chloralose induced a moderate glucose intolerance, and abolished both, the insulin response to hyperglycaemia in these animals and the lipolytic response at the end of the test. These effects indicate that chloralose anaesthesia is definitely improper for metabolic studied in experimental biology.", "PMID": 400320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_369", "title": "Experience with the avulsion technique in pterygium surgery.", "content": "A technique for pterygium removal is described which combines the avulsion of the pterygium head off the corneal surface with a precise isolation and resection of the pterygium. The conjunctiva is resutured to allow the sclera to remain bare. B-radiation in 3 divided doses is administered in each case.", "contents": "Experience with the avulsion technique in pterygium surgery. A technique for pterygium removal is described which combines the avulsion of the pterygium head off the corneal surface with a precise isolation and resection of the pterygium. The conjunctiva is resutured to allow the sclera to remain bare. B-radiation in 3 divided doses is administered in each case.", "PMID": 400324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_370", "title": "Adjustable suture strabismus surgery.", "content": "The adjustable muscle recession procedure is described. The criteria for patient selection are reviewed as well as the surgical results during the past 5 years when the technique has been in active use. The philosophy behind the adjustable suture technique is the following: a procedure which would allow the surgeon to bring ocular alignment to a favorable position at the time of the first postoperative dressing change would be of significant value. Adjustable suture surgery is just such a technique. It does not insure a successful result. The ophthalmologist must still decide upon the preferred eye position. The surgeon is merely allowed to come closer to his desired immediate postoperative alignment by the ability to adjust muscle position after surgery.", "contents": "Adjustable suture strabismus surgery. The adjustable muscle recession procedure is described. The criteria for patient selection are reviewed as well as the surgical results during the past 5 years when the technique has been in active use. The philosophy behind the adjustable suture technique is the following: a procedure which would allow the surgeon to bring ocular alignment to a favorable position at the time of the first postoperative dressing change would be of significant value. Adjustable suture surgery is just such a technique. It does not insure a successful result. The ophthalmologist must still decide upon the preferred eye position. The surgeon is merely allowed to come closer to his desired immediate postoperative alignment by the ability to adjust muscle position after surgery.", "PMID": 400325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_371", "title": "[Thrombocyte function and systemic effect of prostaglandin I2 inhalation].", "content": "After inhalation of prostaglandin I2 minimal effects on lung function and the cardiovascular system could be observed in healthy volunteers. Platelet function, however, decreased significantly. In the future the application of the prostaglandin I2 may be a new approach in the treatment of thromboembolic disorders in man.", "contents": "[Thrombocyte function and systemic effect of prostaglandin I2 inhalation]. After inhalation of prostaglandin I2 minimal effects on lung function and the cardiovascular system could be observed in healthy volunteers. Platelet function, however, decreased significantly. In the future the application of the prostaglandin I2 may be a new approach in the treatment of thromboembolic disorders in man.", "PMID": 400370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_372", "title": "Fungal invasion of a therapeutic soft contact lens and cornea.", "content": "A fungal corneal infection occurred in a 66-year-old man who wore a therapeutic soft contact lens for 12 months during treatment for a metaherpetic corneal epithelial erosion. The infection was documented by finding positive cultures from both the contact lens and the cornea, and histologic evidence of fungal infiltration of the therapeutic soft lens. The fungus was identified as Cephalosporium acremonium. Pathogenic fungal invasion of soft lenses is unusual. Corneal infections associated with such conditions are rare. This case demonstrates histologically, a pathogenic fungal corneal infection arising from therapeutic contact lens wear. Factors that may influence soft lens infiltration by fungi are: (1) enzymatic activity produced by the fungus, and (2) lens material properties which provide a matrix and a nutrient source for fungal growth. Continuous-wear soft contact lens treatment with topical steroid and prophylactic antibiotics used in combination in an already compromised cornea were thought to be responsible in an already compromised cornea were thought to be responsible for this complication. A therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty was performed when the infection and its accompanying inflammation became clinically unresponsive to multifold therapy, and a corneal perforation was imminent. The eye was salvaged with a resulting clear graft and stable intraocular pressures.", "contents": "Fungal invasion of a therapeutic soft contact lens and cornea. A fungal corneal infection occurred in a 66-year-old man who wore a therapeutic soft contact lens for 12 months during treatment for a metaherpetic corneal epithelial erosion. The infection was documented by finding positive cultures from both the contact lens and the cornea, and histologic evidence of fungal infiltration of the therapeutic soft lens. The fungus was identified as Cephalosporium acremonium. Pathogenic fungal invasion of soft lenses is unusual. Corneal infections associated with such conditions are rare. This case demonstrates histologically, a pathogenic fungal corneal infection arising from therapeutic contact lens wear. Factors that may influence soft lens infiltration by fungi are: (1) enzymatic activity produced by the fungus, and (2) lens material properties which provide a matrix and a nutrient source for fungal growth. Continuous-wear soft contact lens treatment with topical steroid and prophylactic antibiotics used in combination in an already compromised cornea were thought to be responsible in an already compromised cornea were thought to be responsible for this complication. A therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty was performed when the infection and its accompanying inflammation became clinically unresponsive to multifold therapy, and a corneal perforation was imminent. The eye was salvaged with a resulting clear graft and stable intraocular pressures.", "PMID": 400372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_373", "title": "Corneal transplantation for endothelial pigmentation.", "content": "Endothelial pigmentation does not usually interfere with vision. This case report documents a dense and extensive deposition of uveal pigment in corneal endothelial cells of a patient who had undergone 2 previous grafts subsequent to an alkali burn injury. The previous graft in which the pigmentation occurred remained compensated, but vision was impaired secondary to dense endothelial pigmentation. A combination of the initial chemical injury, recurrent iritis, chronic glaucoma, and multiple intraocular procedures may have resulted in the stimulus for the uveal tract to disperse a large amount of pigment onto the cornea and its subsequent phagocytosis by the endothelium. Endothelial pigmentation may become a more commonly seen complication in attempts to treat the severely damaged anterior segment.", "contents": "Corneal transplantation for endothelial pigmentation. Endothelial pigmentation does not usually interfere with vision. This case report documents a dense and extensive deposition of uveal pigment in corneal endothelial cells of a patient who had undergone 2 previous grafts subsequent to an alkali burn injury. The previous graft in which the pigmentation occurred remained compensated, but vision was impaired secondary to dense endothelial pigmentation. A combination of the initial chemical injury, recurrent iritis, chronic glaucoma, and multiple intraocular procedures may have resulted in the stimulus for the uveal tract to disperse a large amount of pigment onto the cornea and its subsequent phagocytosis by the endothelium. Endothelial pigmentation may become a more commonly seen complication in attempts to treat the severely damaged anterior segment.", "PMID": 400373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_374", "title": "Donor eye contamination.", "content": "One hundred twenty-seven cultures were taken from donor eyes in McCarey Kaufman (M-K) media and 60 from anterior chamber cultures of whole eyes. From the 127 eyes, 17 positive culture were obtained, 13 of which came from anterior chamber cultures of the whole eye and 4 from the M-K media. Of the 16 eyes used for corneal transplantation, there was 1 successfully treated clinical corneal infection. It is concluded that patients with chronic debilitating disease possibly have terminal bacteremia and donor contamination. It is our current recommendations that all corneas obtained in tissue culture media be cultured by the eye bank upon arrival and that eyes prepared for M-K media and refrigerated whole eyes have an anterior chamber culture. Any positive results should then be sent to the primary surgeon as soon as the culture results are ascertained.", "contents": "Donor eye contamination. One hundred twenty-seven cultures were taken from donor eyes in McCarey Kaufman (M-K) media and 60 from anterior chamber cultures of whole eyes. From the 127 eyes, 17 positive culture were obtained, 13 of which came from anterior chamber cultures of the whole eye and 4 from the M-K media. Of the 16 eyes used for corneal transplantation, there was 1 successfully treated clinical corneal infection. It is concluded that patients with chronic debilitating disease possibly have terminal bacteremia and donor contamination. It is our current recommendations that all corneas obtained in tissue culture media be cultured by the eye bank upon arrival and that eyes prepared for M-K media and refrigerated whole eyes have an anterior chamber culture. Any positive results should then be sent to the primary surgeon as soon as the culture results are ascertained.", "PMID": 400374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_375", "title": "Thermal burns: the management of thermal burns of the lids and globes.", "content": "Our experience with 40 patients with eyelid and globe burns is reviewed. Initial emphasis should be placed on close monitoring, particularly of partially alert patients, debridement and treatment of corneal exposure with artificial tears and scleral shells when needed. The use of soft contact lenses in 2 patients with exposure was unsuccessful. Surgical treatment should be initiated when corneal exposure fails to respond to medical therapy. It is advisable to wait for the end stage of scarring so as to optimize chances for a single definitive correction. The use of retroauricular, supraclavicular or inner arm skin for grafting whenever possible is advised. The use of Frost sutures, tie-on dressings, and separate operations for upper and lower lids is recommended. Superficial wound sepsis is not a contraindication to grafting. Preoperative systemic or topical antibiotics do not seem to affect the outcome of the graft.", "contents": "Thermal burns: the management of thermal burns of the lids and globes. Our experience with 40 patients with eyelid and globe burns is reviewed. Initial emphasis should be placed on close monitoring, particularly of partially alert patients, debridement and treatment of corneal exposure with artificial tears and scleral shells when needed. The use of soft contact lenses in 2 patients with exposure was unsuccessful. Surgical treatment should be initiated when corneal exposure fails to respond to medical therapy. It is advisable to wait for the end stage of scarring so as to optimize chances for a single definitive correction. The use of retroauricular, supraclavicular or inner arm skin for grafting whenever possible is advised. The use of Frost sutures, tie-on dressings, and separate operations for upper and lower lids is recommended. Superficial wound sepsis is not a contraindication to grafting. Preoperative systemic or topical antibiotics do not seem to affect the outcome of the graft.", "PMID": 400375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_376", "title": "Electroencephalographic and histopathological correlations on Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease.", "content": "Three patients with Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease were studied. The clinical evolution was followed and several EEG controls were made. In all patients characteristic EEG abnormalities were present. Histopathological features in the cortical, subcortical grey matter and in the white matter were examined. Subcortical and cortical grey matter were involved while the white matter appeared intact. The results were compared with previous studies of other Authors and the correlation between the characteristic EEG alterations and the histopathological features was studied in order to explain the appearance of the paroxysmal EEG findings. In agreement with other studies, the Authors emphasized the cortical and subcortical grey matter involvement in the genesis of EEGraphic paroxysmal aspects. The intervention of other factors, possibly of histochemical nature, was postulated.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic and histopathological correlations on Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease. Three patients with Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease were studied. The clinical evolution was followed and several EEG controls were made. In all patients characteristic EEG abnormalities were present. Histopathological features in the cortical, subcortical grey matter and in the white matter were examined. Subcortical and cortical grey matter were involved while the white matter appeared intact. The results were compared with previous studies of other Authors and the correlation between the characteristic EEG alterations and the histopathological features was studied in order to explain the appearance of the paroxysmal EEG findings. In agreement with other studies, the Authors emphasized the cortical and subcortical grey matter involvement in the genesis of EEGraphic paroxysmal aspects. The intervention of other factors, possibly of histochemical nature, was postulated.", "PMID": 400366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_377", "title": "[Natural history, treatment and outcome of cerebellar softening (author's transl)].", "content": "21 adults with acute cerebellar softening were divided into two groups. In the first group (6 patients) the clinical course was progressive with deterioration of consciousness, signs of brain-stem compression and some degree of enlargement of ventricles (CT scan). Of these patients, three were treated surgically with success, one recovered spontaneously and two others died post-operatively. In the second group (15 patients) the course was much more favourable. Without surgery the cerebellar symptoms and signs improved, in spite of the persistence of discrete cerebellar signs one month after the onset of symptoms. Medical and/or surgical treatment of the disease are discussed, including the differential diagnostic aspects as well as the CT scan features.", "contents": "[Natural history, treatment and outcome of cerebellar softening (author's transl)]. 21 adults with acute cerebellar softening were divided into two groups. In the first group (6 patients) the clinical course was progressive with deterioration of consciousness, signs of brain-stem compression and some degree of enlargement of ventricles (CT scan). Of these patients, three were treated surgically with success, one recovered spontaneously and two others died post-operatively. In the second group (15 patients) the course was much more favourable. Without surgery the cerebellar symptoms and signs improved, in spite of the persistence of discrete cerebellar signs one month after the onset of symptoms. Medical and/or surgical treatment of the disease are discussed, including the differential diagnostic aspects as well as the CT scan features.", "PMID": 400367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_378", "title": "[Heterotopic transplantation of rat liver. Preliminary observations with the scanning electron microscope (SEM)].", "content": "An eterotopic grafting of their livers has been made between two inbred rats. From 30 to 50 days later the livers has been observed through OM or SEM. In the first case (OM) there was evidence of vacuolar degeneration of liver cells gradually decreasing on the 50th day. In the latter case (SEM) the morphological appearance remained unchanged.", "contents": "[Heterotopic transplantation of rat liver. Preliminary observations with the scanning electron microscope (SEM)]. An eterotopic grafting of their livers has been made between two inbred rats. From 30 to 50 days later the livers has been observed through OM or SEM. In the first case (OM) there was evidence of vacuolar degeneration of liver cells gradually decreasing on the 50th day. In the latter case (SEM) the morphological appearance remained unchanged.", "PMID": 400383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_379", "title": "[Effects of some prostaglandins on plasma levels of prolactin in the rat].", "content": "In ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol benzoate the ICV introduction of PGE1, 11-deoxy-13,14-didehydro-16S-methyl-PGE2, PGI2 or 6 H-PGI1 produces a marked increase of the plasma prolactin levels. These results suggest that the PGs play a role in the regulation of the prolactin secretion.", "contents": "[Effects of some prostaglandins on plasma levels of prolactin in the rat]. In ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol benzoate the ICV introduction of PGE1, 11-deoxy-13,14-didehydro-16S-methyl-PGE2, PGI2 or 6 H-PGI1 produces a marked increase of the plasma prolactin levels. These results suggest that the PGs play a role in the regulation of the prolactin secretion.", "PMID": 400384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_380", "title": "[Behavior of the plasma level of digoxin in the rat in induced experimental hyperreninemia].", "content": "PRA, plasma and urine aldosterone levels and plasma digoxin were measured in rats in which digoxin had been administered under conditions of high PRA and high aldosterone levels experimentally induced by administering distilled water load and in rats in which digoxin had been administered without distilled water load. Results show that under conditions of high PRA and high aldosterone levels, plasma digoxin concentrations as measured 6 h after treatment were higher (45,3%) than in rats having received digoxin without water load. In assays carried out on rats sacrificed 12 h after digoxin treatment (with or without water load) all values approach basic levels again, thus suggesting that in rats too aldosterone might compete with digoxin at the level of tubular excretion.", "contents": "[Behavior of the plasma level of digoxin in the rat in induced experimental hyperreninemia]. PRA, plasma and urine aldosterone levels and plasma digoxin were measured in rats in which digoxin had been administered under conditions of high PRA and high aldosterone levels experimentally induced by administering distilled water load and in rats in which digoxin had been administered without distilled water load. Results show that under conditions of high PRA and high aldosterone levels, plasma digoxin concentrations as measured 6 h after treatment were higher (45,3%) than in rats having received digoxin without water load. In assays carried out on rats sacrificed 12 h after digoxin treatment (with or without water load) all values approach basic levels again, thus suggesting that in rats too aldosterone might compete with digoxin at the level of tubular excretion.", "PMID": 400385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_381", "title": "Immunological analysis of human microglia: lack of monocytic and lymphoid membrane differentiation antigens.", "content": "While it is certain that reactive microglia (phagocytes in damaged brain tissue) originate from monocytes, the derivation of resting microglia (argentophilic cells in undamaged brain tissue) is not clear. In order to examine a possible lymphocytic and/or monocytic origin for resting microglia, cryostat sections of presumably normal human brain tissue were treated with anti-lymphocyte, anti-monocyte and anti-beta 2-microglobulin sera and then stained with the immunoperoxidase technique. No positive reaction was obtained. It must be concluded that resting microglia are not derived from mononuclear blood cells.", "contents": "Immunological analysis of human microglia: lack of monocytic and lymphoid membrane differentiation antigens. While it is certain that reactive microglia (phagocytes in damaged brain tissue) originate from monocytes, the derivation of resting microglia (argentophilic cells in undamaged brain tissue) is not clear. In order to examine a possible lymphocytic and/or monocytic origin for resting microglia, cryostat sections of presumably normal human brain tissue were treated with anti-lymphocyte, anti-monocyte and anti-beta 2-microglobulin sera and then stained with the immunoperoxidase technique. No positive reaction was obtained. It must be concluded that resting microglia are not derived from mononuclear blood cells.", "PMID": 400405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_382", "title": "Reduction of experimental myocardial infarct size by combined treatment with methylprednisolone sodium succinate and betahistine hydrochloride.", "content": "This laboratory and others have shown that methylprednisolone sodium succinate and betahistine hydrochloride can each reduce the size of experimental myocardial infarct in dogs at six hours. In light of the fact that these two agents probably act via different mechanisms, a study was carried out to determine if there would be cumulative effects of using these two agents together. Using a left anterior descending coronary artery ligation model to create an experimental myocardial infarction and an intracellular lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) stain to measure the infarct size, 66 dogs were studied. Nineteen dogs served as controls with no therapy; 20 received a continuous intravenous infusion of betahistine hydrochloride (0.24 mg/kg/min) for six hours following ligation; 10 dogs received methylprednisolone sodium succinate intravenously 30 mg/kg at one hour postligation; and 17 other dogs received betahistine hydrochloride intravenously (0.24 mg/kg/min) over six hours following ligation, plus methylprednisolone sodium succinate intravenously (30 mg/kg) at one hour postligation. At six hours, the combined treatment demonstrated no significant improvement over betahistine HCl alone (control, 16.0%; betahistine HCl, 11.4%; combined, 11.2% P less than 0.05). At 24 hours, only the combined treatment group demonstrated a significant infarct size reduction (control, 15.5%; methylprednisolone, 13.1%; betahistine--HCl, 14.2%; combined, 9.7%; P less than 0.0025). Other parameters that were evaluated and analyzed include mean aortic pressure, left atrial pressure, cardiac index, total peripheral resistance, arterial and coronary sinus pH, pCO2, pO2, hematocrit, O2 consumption, O2 content difference, and coronary sinus lactate and creatine phosphokinase (CPK). These results suggest a significant cumulative effect in reducing infarct size over that achieved with one agent alone; however, further studies are needed to determine the appropriate dosage and temporal factors.", "contents": "Reduction of experimental myocardial infarct size by combined treatment with methylprednisolone sodium succinate and betahistine hydrochloride. This laboratory and others have shown that methylprednisolone sodium succinate and betahistine hydrochloride can each reduce the size of experimental myocardial infarct in dogs at six hours. In light of the fact that these two agents probably act via different mechanisms, a study was carried out to determine if there would be cumulative effects of using these two agents together. Using a left anterior descending coronary artery ligation model to create an experimental myocardial infarction and an intracellular lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) stain to measure the infarct size, 66 dogs were studied. Nineteen dogs served as controls with no therapy; 20 received a continuous intravenous infusion of betahistine hydrochloride (0.24 mg/kg/min) for six hours following ligation; 10 dogs received methylprednisolone sodium succinate intravenously 30 mg/kg at one hour postligation; and 17 other dogs received betahistine hydrochloride intravenously (0.24 mg/kg/min) over six hours following ligation, plus methylprednisolone sodium succinate intravenously (30 mg/kg) at one hour postligation. At six hours, the combined treatment demonstrated no significant improvement over betahistine HCl alone (control, 16.0%; betahistine HCl, 11.4%; combined, 11.2% P less than 0.05). At 24 hours, only the combined treatment group demonstrated a significant infarct size reduction (control, 15.5%; methylprednisolone, 13.1%; betahistine--HCl, 14.2%; combined, 9.7%; P less than 0.0025). Other parameters that were evaluated and analyzed include mean aortic pressure, left atrial pressure, cardiac index, total peripheral resistance, arterial and coronary sinus pH, pCO2, pO2, hematocrit, O2 consumption, O2 content difference, and coronary sinus lactate and creatine phosphokinase (CPK). These results suggest a significant cumulative effect in reducing infarct size over that achieved with one agent alone; however, further studies are needed to determine the appropriate dosage and temporal factors.", "PMID": 400421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_383", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin E1 and steroid combination in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Prostaglandin E1 and methylprednisolone sodium succinate were administered simultaneously after shock in an intact canine hemorrhagic shock model and compared to treatment with each agent singly and with a 60 cc saline infusion. A detrimental effect of the prostaglandin E1/steroid combination was evidenced by decreased heart rate, mean arterial and central venous pressures, cardiac output, and arterial pH, and increased venous lactate. Survival was poor after the combined regimen. These changes may be related to vasodilation in the peripheral vascular system, causing pooling of blood. Lysosomal membranes were stabilized in spite of prolonged hypoperfusion.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin E1 and steroid combination in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock. Prostaglandin E1 and methylprednisolone sodium succinate were administered simultaneously after shock in an intact canine hemorrhagic shock model and compared to treatment with each agent singly and with a 60 cc saline infusion. A detrimental effect of the prostaglandin E1/steroid combination was evidenced by decreased heart rate, mean arterial and central venous pressures, cardiac output, and arterial pH, and increased venous lactate. Survival was poor after the combined regimen. These changes may be related to vasodilation in the peripheral vascular system, causing pooling of blood. Lysosomal membranes were stabilized in spite of prolonged hypoperfusion.", "PMID": 400422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_384", "title": "Roast pig and scientific discovery. Part II.", "content": "In Part I of \"Roast Pig and Scientific Discovery\" (American Review of Respiratory Disease, May 1977). I gave a classic instance of Chance, or Serendipity, as related by Charles Lamb in his \"Dissertation upon Roast Pig.\" In this essay, Lamb tells how many centuries ago Bo-Bo, the Chinese swine-herd's son, stumbled upon the delicacy of roast pork when he accidentally burned down his father's house and barn and in the process roasted (\"burnt\") nine newly farrowed pigs. I then gave (A) eight examples in which chance speeded or completed a scientist's ongoing work and (B) five examples in which chance changed the direction of a scientist's work and pointed him toward a new goal. In Part II, I will give more examples of a change in direction of a scientist's work that resulted from chance, and speculate on the role of chance in speeding the advance of science.", "contents": "Roast pig and scientific discovery. Part II. In Part I of \"Roast Pig and Scientific Discovery\" (American Review of Respiratory Disease, May 1977). I gave a classic instance of Chance, or Serendipity, as related by Charles Lamb in his \"Dissertation upon Roast Pig.\" In this essay, Lamb tells how many centuries ago Bo-Bo, the Chinese swine-herd's son, stumbled upon the delicacy of roast pork when he accidentally burned down his father's house and barn and in the process roasted (\"burnt\") nine newly farrowed pigs. I then gave (A) eight examples in which chance speeded or completed a scientist's ongoing work and (B) five examples in which chance changed the direction of a scientist's work and pointed him toward a new goal. In Part II, I will give more examples of a change in direction of a scientist's work that resulted from chance, and speculate on the role of chance in speeding the advance of science.", "PMID": 400425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_385", "title": "[Semi-automatic determination of blood lactate in the newborn infant of the insulin-dependent diabetic mother].", "content": "Blood lactate levels were determined by Lactate Analyzer 640 Kontron in 5 infants of diabetic mothers with pregestational insulin-dependent-diabetes, class B-C-D White, BPSP negative, in strict glycemic control all along the pregnancy. In the mothers blood lactate was found in a normal range after-delivery. In the absence of complications, the neonate of diabetic mother did not show blood lactate changes above the normal range. As well as in the neonate of non diabetic mother, blood lactate increases were found only in concomitance with respiratory acidosis. In the cases with favourable course, lactate values above 2 mmol/l were normalized in the first 24 hours after the birth. The semiautomatic determination of blood lactate supplies a good prognostic evaluation of the association between metabolic and respiratory acidosis in the neonate and should therefore be routinely used in centers for management of diabetic pregnancy.", "contents": "[Semi-automatic determination of blood lactate in the newborn infant of the insulin-dependent diabetic mother]. Blood lactate levels were determined by Lactate Analyzer 640 Kontron in 5 infants of diabetic mothers with pregestational insulin-dependent-diabetes, class B-C-D White, BPSP negative, in strict glycemic control all along the pregnancy. In the mothers blood lactate was found in a normal range after-delivery. In the absence of complications, the neonate of diabetic mother did not show blood lactate changes above the normal range. As well as in the neonate of non diabetic mother, blood lactate increases were found only in concomitance with respiratory acidosis. In the cases with favourable course, lactate values above 2 mmol/l were normalized in the first 24 hours after the birth. The semiautomatic determination of blood lactate supplies a good prognostic evaluation of the association between metabolic and respiratory acidosis in the neonate and should therefore be routinely used in centers for management of diabetic pregnancy.", "PMID": 400427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_386", "title": "Fluoroimmunoassay: present status and key problems.", "content": "Fluorescence immunoassay of biological fluids (for example, blood samples) is discussed. We attempt to chart present methods of assay as well as new possibilities. Different fluorescent probes, their detection limit, and methods for reduction of background are discussed; methods for separating the free and bound fraction are also reviewed. Special consideration is given to the possibilities of enhancing sensitivity by developing both instruments and chemical methods, and in particular to the possibilities inherent in time-resolved fluorometric applications and to the use of metal chelates in this application.", "contents": "Fluoroimmunoassay: present status and key problems. Fluorescence immunoassay of biological fluids (for example, blood samples) is discussed. We attempt to chart present methods of assay as well as new possibilities. Different fluorescent probes, their detection limit, and methods for reduction of background are discussed; methods for separating the free and bound fraction are also reviewed. Special consideration is given to the possibilities of enhancing sensitivity by developing both instruments and chemical methods, and in particular to the possibilities inherent in time-resolved fluorometric applications and to the use of metal chelates in this application.", "PMID": 400437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_387", "title": "Antibodies to native DNA: detection by immunoperoxidase assay and determination of their immunoglobulin classes.", "content": "Antinuclear antibodies are almost always found in sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. To differentiate antinuclear antibodies from antibodies to DNA in the recently described Crithidia luciliae assay, we developed an immunoperoxidase technique for detecting antibodies to native, double-stranded DNA and compared results by it with those by the Farr assay. Smears of cultured Crithidia luciliae were incubated with human sera, peroxidase-labeled anti-human IgG serum, and diaminobenzidine. The peroxidase stain was examined by conventional light microscopy, which facilitated differentiation between the kinetoplast and the nuclear staining. The Crithidia assay appeared to be specific for double-stranded DNA antibodies, seemed to be more sensitive than the Farr assay, and allowed us to determine the immunoglobulin classes of antibodies to native DNA. Some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus had only IgM or IgA antibodies to DNA.", "contents": "Antibodies to native DNA: detection by immunoperoxidase assay and determination of their immunoglobulin classes. Antinuclear antibodies are almost always found in sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. To differentiate antinuclear antibodies from antibodies to DNA in the recently described Crithidia luciliae assay, we developed an immunoperoxidase technique for detecting antibodies to native, double-stranded DNA and compared results by it with those by the Farr assay. Smears of cultured Crithidia luciliae were incubated with human sera, peroxidase-labeled anti-human IgG serum, and diaminobenzidine. The peroxidase stain was examined by conventional light microscopy, which facilitated differentiation between the kinetoplast and the nuclear staining. The Crithidia assay appeared to be specific for double-stranded DNA antibodies, seemed to be more sensitive than the Farr assay, and allowed us to determine the immunoglobulin classes of antibodies to native DNA. Some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus had only IgM or IgA antibodies to DNA.", "PMID": 400438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_388", "title": "Correlation between X-prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase and serum amine oxidase in serum of patients with post-burn keloids.", "content": "Activities of X-prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.14.1) and amine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6) in serum were assayed in two groups of patients, children two to nine years old and adults 23 to 60 years old, with hypertrophic scars after severe burn. The peptidase activity tended to be low initially for several months after the burn, but then returned to normal after six months. These changes were marked in the child group, less so in the adult group. Similar but less-pronounced changes were also observed in serum amino oxidase activity. The two serum enzyme activities showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.668, p less than 0.001, n = 27) in the patients.", "contents": "Correlation between X-prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase and serum amine oxidase in serum of patients with post-burn keloids. Activities of X-prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.14.1) and amine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6) in serum were assayed in two groups of patients, children two to nine years old and adults 23 to 60 years old, with hypertrophic scars after severe burn. The peptidase activity tended to be low initially for several months after the burn, but then returned to normal after six months. These changes were marked in the child group, less so in the adult group. Similar but less-pronounced changes were also observed in serum amino oxidase activity. The two serum enzyme activities showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.668, p less than 0.001, n = 27) in the patients.", "PMID": 400439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_389", "title": "Acetate intolerance and an inhibitor of acetate utilization in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Diminished ability to utilize acetate (acetate intolerance) developed in a male patient on chronic hemodialysis after five years of maintenance dialysis. His ability to utilize lactate was also subnormal. We studied acetate metabolism in vitro by isolating lymphocytes from the patient's blood before dialysis and measuring their ability to convert [1-14C]acetate to 14CO2. His cells metabolized acetate only 35% as well as did lymphocytes from normal adults. The inhibition appeared when the patient's lymphocytes were cultured, and the ability of normal lymphocytes to oxidize acetate decreased after they had been incubated in the patient's plasma. We conclude that an inhibitor of acetate utilization is present in the plasma and in (or on) the cells of this acetate-intolerant patient. The diminished ability of the patient to utilize lactate and the presence of normal concentrations of pyruvate, citrate, and ketone bodies in his blood suggest that the inhibitor functions at the cell surface to impede the entrance of acetate into the cells. The inhibitor appears to be dialyzable; its nature is unknown. Its accumulation in the plasma of chronic hemodialysis patients has not been thus far associated with any deleterious effects other than prolonging the metabolic acidosis of such patients.", "contents": "Acetate intolerance and an inhibitor of acetate utilization in hemodialysis patients. Diminished ability to utilize acetate (acetate intolerance) developed in a male patient on chronic hemodialysis after five years of maintenance dialysis. His ability to utilize lactate was also subnormal. We studied acetate metabolism in vitro by isolating lymphocytes from the patient's blood before dialysis and measuring their ability to convert [1-14C]acetate to 14CO2. His cells metabolized acetate only 35% as well as did lymphocytes from normal adults. The inhibition appeared when the patient's lymphocytes were cultured, and the ability of normal lymphocytes to oxidize acetate decreased after they had been incubated in the patient's plasma. We conclude that an inhibitor of acetate utilization is present in the plasma and in (or on) the cells of this acetate-intolerant patient. The diminished ability of the patient to utilize lactate and the presence of normal concentrations of pyruvate, citrate, and ketone bodies in his blood suggest that the inhibitor functions at the cell surface to impede the entrance of acetate into the cells. The inhibitor appears to be dialyzable; its nature is unknown. Its accumulation in the plasma of chronic hemodialysis patients has not been thus far associated with any deleterious effects other than prolonging the metabolic acidosis of such patients.", "PMID": 400440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_390", "title": "Incorporation of a SMAC analyzer into the data-processing procedures of a computer-assisted laboratory.", "content": "This paper describes the incorporation of a SMAC (Technicon) analyzer into data-processing techniques that have been developed on existing computer hardware during several years. The SMAC system is interfaced directly to a small computer, and suitable peripherals produce a manageable form of result tabulation for subsequent reporting, as well as provide quality-control information to the SMAC operators in real time. The design is such as to facilitate the performance analysis of the SMAC system during its initiation period and during normal service operation.", "contents": "Incorporation of a SMAC analyzer into the data-processing procedures of a computer-assisted laboratory. This paper describes the incorporation of a SMAC (Technicon) analyzer into data-processing techniques that have been developed on existing computer hardware during several years. The SMAC system is interfaced directly to a small computer, and suitable peripherals produce a manageable form of result tabulation for subsequent reporting, as well as provide quality-control information to the SMAC operators in real time. The design is such as to facilitate the performance analysis of the SMAC system during its initiation period and during normal service operation.", "PMID": 400441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_391", "title": "Short term in vitro cultivation of malaria parasites in Papua New Guinea for preparation of biosynthetically-labelled parasite antigens.", "content": "Short term in vitro cultivation has been used successfully for biosynthetic labelling of TCA precipitable macromolecules of Papua New guinean isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Conditions satisfactory for completion of the asexual erythrocytic cycle were achieved with aa minimum of sophisticated equipment. The techniques used are described in detail and mention is made of possible applications to assessment of chloroquine resistance and the mode of action of inhibitory antisera.", "contents": "Short term in vitro cultivation of malaria parasites in Papua New Guinea for preparation of biosynthetically-labelled parasite antigens. Short term in vitro cultivation has been used successfully for biosynthetic labelling of TCA precipitable macromolecules of Papua New guinean isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Conditions satisfactory for completion of the asexual erythrocytic cycle were achieved with aa minimum of sophisticated equipment. The techniques used are described in detail and mention is made of possible applications to assessment of chloroquine resistance and the mode of action of inhibitory antisera.", "PMID": 400462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_392", "title": "Studies of bacterial populations in the kitchens of the University of Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Washed cups, plates, forks, knives, spoons, utensils and table surfaces in the kitchens of the University of Papua New Guinea were assayed for total and coliform bacteria in 1976 and 1977. The total bacterial count per item for crockery and cutlery exceeded the desired limit by five to 6400 times, whilst the count for utensils was also exceeded by over 100 times in both years. Coliform and E. coli. were detected in all samples. Improper hygiene by kitchen staff and a lack of sufficient hot water were mainly responsible for the high counts. Recommendations are given for catering establishments.", "contents": "Studies of bacterial populations in the kitchens of the University of Papua New Guinea. Washed cups, plates, forks, knives, spoons, utensils and table surfaces in the kitchens of the University of Papua New Guinea were assayed for total and coliform bacteria in 1976 and 1977. The total bacterial count per item for crockery and cutlery exceeded the desired limit by five to 6400 times, whilst the count for utensils was also exceeded by over 100 times in both years. Coliform and E. coli. were detected in all samples. Improper hygiene by kitchen staff and a lack of sufficient hot water were mainly responsible for the high counts. Recommendations are given for catering establishments.", "PMID": 400463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_393", "title": "Metronidazole for chronic diarrhoea in children.", "content": "A double blind prospective controlled trial of metronidazole was performed on children admitted to Goroka Hospital with diarrhoea for seven days or more. There was no significant difference in the duration of diarrhoea after treatment began between children given metronidazole (4.3 days) and those given placebo (4.1 days).", "contents": "Metronidazole for chronic diarrhoea in children. A double blind prospective controlled trial of metronidazole was performed on children admitted to Goroka Hospital with diarrhoea for seven days or more. There was no significant difference in the duration of diarrhoea after treatment began between children given metronidazole (4.3 days) and those given placebo (4.1 days).", "PMID": 400464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_394", "title": "Spatio-temporal structure of migrating chemotactic band of Escherichia coli. I. Traveling band profile.", "content": "We developed a rapid-scanning, light-scattering densitometer by which extensive measurements of band migration speeds and band profiles of chemotactic bands of Escherichia coli in motility buffer both with and without serine have been made. The purpose is to test the applicability of the phenomenological model proposed by Keller and Segel (J. Theor. Biol. 1971. 30:235) and to determine the motility (mu) and chemotactic (delta) coefficients of the bacteria. We extend the previous analytical solution of the simplified Keller-Segel model by taking into account the substrate diffusion which turns out to be significant in the case of oxygen. We demonstrate that unique sets of values of mu and delta can be obtained for various samples at different stages of migration by comparing the numerical solution of the model equation and the experimental data. The rapid-scanning technique also reveals a hitherto unobserved time-dependent fine structure in the bacterial band. We give a qualitative argument to show that the fine structure is an example of the dissipative structure that arises from a nonlinear coupling between the bacterial density and the oxygen concentration gradient. Implications for a further study of the dissipative structure in testing the Keller-Segel model of chemotaxis are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Spatio-temporal structure of migrating chemotactic band of Escherichia coli. I. Traveling band profile. We developed a rapid-scanning, light-scattering densitometer by which extensive measurements of band migration speeds and band profiles of chemotactic bands of Escherichia coli in motility buffer both with and without serine have been made. The purpose is to test the applicability of the phenomenological model proposed by Keller and Segel (J. Theor. Biol. 1971. 30:235) and to determine the motility (mu) and chemotactic (delta) coefficients of the bacteria. We extend the previous analytical solution of the simplified Keller-Segel model by taking into account the substrate diffusion which turns out to be significant in the case of oxygen. We demonstrate that unique sets of values of mu and delta can be obtained for various samples at different stages of migration by comparing the numerical solution of the model equation and the experimental data. The rapid-scanning technique also reveals a hitherto unobserved time-dependent fine structure in the bacterial band. We give a qualitative argument to show that the fine structure is an example of the dissipative structure that arises from a nonlinear coupling between the bacterial density and the oxygen concentration gradient. Implications for a further study of the dissipative structure in testing the Keller-Segel model of chemotaxis are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 400469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_395", "title": "Characteristics of a simple, high-resolution flow cytometer based o a new flow configuration.", "content": "A new flow configuration allows a flow cytometer of high resolution and stability to be assembled from an inverted fluorescence microscope with incident illumination, a pulse photometer, and a multichannel pulse height analyzer. A nozzle produces a hydrodynamically focused sample stream in a liquid jet that id directed onto a microscope cover glass in front of the microscope objective. The microscope provides a mechanically stable optical system of high numerical aperture (N.A.) (oil immersion, N.A. = 1.3) for focusing the excitation light and collection of the fluorescence light. The instrument has wide optima with regard to the various characteristics of the flow configuration, such as the rate of sample analysis and sheath flow, and the angle of incidence of the liquid jet, thus making it easy to adjust for optimal performance. DNA histograms of rat thymocytes stained with ethidium bromide and mithramycin demonstrate that all angles of incidence can be used. Large-angle incidence (70 degrees) gives the best resolution, i.e., a coefficient of variance (CV) of 0.9% of the peak of the histogram. This is only slightly better than values obtained at other angles, e.g., CV = 1.3% at vertical (0 degrees) incidence. It is concluded that instrumental resolution is equal to or better than CV = 0.9%. Linearity (proportionality between channel number and fluorescence intensity) is within 1%, and instrumental drift over a 1-h period is normally less than 1-2%.", "contents": "Characteristics of a simple, high-resolution flow cytometer based o a new flow configuration. A new flow configuration allows a flow cytometer of high resolution and stability to be assembled from an inverted fluorescence microscope with incident illumination, a pulse photometer, and a multichannel pulse height analyzer. A nozzle produces a hydrodynamically focused sample stream in a liquid jet that id directed onto a microscope cover glass in front of the microscope objective. The microscope provides a mechanically stable optical system of high numerical aperture (N.A.) (oil immersion, N.A. = 1.3) for focusing the excitation light and collection of the fluorescence light. The instrument has wide optima with regard to the various characteristics of the flow configuration, such as the rate of sample analysis and sheath flow, and the angle of incidence of the liquid jet, thus making it easy to adjust for optimal performance. DNA histograms of rat thymocytes stained with ethidium bromide and mithramycin demonstrate that all angles of incidence can be used. Large-angle incidence (70 degrees) gives the best resolution, i.e., a coefficient of variance (CV) of 0.9% of the peak of the histogram. This is only slightly better than values obtained at other angles, e.g., CV = 1.3% at vertical (0 degrees) incidence. It is concluded that instrumental resolution is equal to or better than CV = 0.9%. Linearity (proportionality between channel number and fluorescence intensity) is within 1%, and instrumental drift over a 1-h period is normally less than 1-2%.", "PMID": 400470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_396", "title": "Deoxythymidine sugars are not direct precursors of DNA-thymine.", "content": "A theoretical model for the kinetics of uptake of a putative precursor molecule into nucleotide pools and into replicating DNA has been developed. The relationship between the accumulation of radioactively labeled precursors in the pool and the appearance of radioactivity in DNA is then derived. Experiments have been carried out in bacteria to compare the uptake of radioactive thymine into deoxythymidine triphosphate, deoxythymidine diphosphate sugars, and DNA to test the suitability of either compound as the direct precursor of thymine in DNA. New one-dimensional, thin-layer chromatographic procedures were used to determine the specific activity of deoxythymidine triphosphate and deoxythymidine triphosphate and deoxythymidine diphosphate sugars in growing cultures of 32PO4-labeled Escherichia coli during pulse labeling with [3H]-thymine. A comparison of the experimental data with our theoretical model supports the hypothesis that deoxythymidine triphosphate, but not deoxythymidine sugar, is the direct precursor of thymine in normally replicating DNA in vivo.", "contents": "Deoxythymidine sugars are not direct precursors of DNA-thymine. A theoretical model for the kinetics of uptake of a putative precursor molecule into nucleotide pools and into replicating DNA has been developed. The relationship between the accumulation of radioactively labeled precursors in the pool and the appearance of radioactivity in DNA is then derived. Experiments have been carried out in bacteria to compare the uptake of radioactive thymine into deoxythymidine triphosphate, deoxythymidine diphosphate sugars, and DNA to test the suitability of either compound as the direct precursor of thymine in DNA. New one-dimensional, thin-layer chromatographic procedures were used to determine the specific activity of deoxythymidine triphosphate and deoxythymidine triphosphate and deoxythymidine diphosphate sugars in growing cultures of 32PO4-labeled Escherichia coli during pulse labeling with [3H]-thymine. A comparison of the experimental data with our theoretical model supports the hypothesis that deoxythymidine triphosphate, but not deoxythymidine sugar, is the direct precursor of thymine in normally replicating DNA in vivo.", "PMID": 400471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_397", "title": "Effect of hormones on the killing by antibody and complement of tumor cells treated with proteolytic enzymes.", "content": "Line-10 guinea pig hepatoma cells are normally resistant to killing by antibody plus GPC but they are susceptible to killing by antibody plus HuC. Pretreatment of the cells with selected proteolytic enzymes renders the cells susceptible to killing by antibody plus GPC, whereas pretreatment with polypeptide, catecholamine, or steroid hormones renders the cells more resistant to killing by antibody plus HuC. Hormone pretreated tumor cells incubated with proteolytic enzymes remained resistant to antibody-GPC-mediated killing. Enzyme-pretreated cells incubated with hormones were either sensitive or resistant to antibody-GPC-mediated killing depending on the enzyme used to pretreat the cells, the enzyme concentration, the hormone class, and the specificity of the antibody used to sensitize the cells. The enzyme pretreated cells were able to bind amounts of hormone sufficient to render the cells resistant to humoral immune killing. These results suggest that the hormones exert their effects on certain areas of the tumor cell membrane rather than having a generalized effect on the cells. It is postulated that proteins, along with complex lipids, participate in the mechanism whereby tumor cells resist humoral immune killing.", "contents": "Effect of hormones on the killing by antibody and complement of tumor cells treated with proteolytic enzymes. Line-10 guinea pig hepatoma cells are normally resistant to killing by antibody plus GPC but they are susceptible to killing by antibody plus HuC. Pretreatment of the cells with selected proteolytic enzymes renders the cells susceptible to killing by antibody plus GPC, whereas pretreatment with polypeptide, catecholamine, or steroid hormones renders the cells more resistant to killing by antibody plus HuC. Hormone pretreated tumor cells incubated with proteolytic enzymes remained resistant to antibody-GPC-mediated killing. Enzyme-pretreated cells incubated with hormones were either sensitive or resistant to antibody-GPC-mediated killing depending on the enzyme used to pretreat the cells, the enzyme concentration, the hormone class, and the specificity of the antibody used to sensitize the cells. The enzyme pretreated cells were able to bind amounts of hormone sufficient to render the cells resistant to humoral immune killing. These results suggest that the hormones exert their effects on certain areas of the tumor cell membrane rather than having a generalized effect on the cells. It is postulated that proteins, along with complex lipids, participate in the mechanism whereby tumor cells resist humoral immune killing.", "PMID": 400472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_398", "title": "Role of complement in endotoxin initiated lethality in mice.", "content": "We have examined the role of complement in eliciting a lethal response in C3H/HeJ and C3H/St mice. The results reported here indicate that endotoxin-initiated complement activation, leading to significant drops in circulating C3 levels, is not sufficient to cause lethality. The complement system in both strains was demonstrated to be responsive in vitro to activation both by E. coli 0111:B4 LPS I, an alternative pathway activator in other systems, as well as S. minnesota R595 LPS, which activates almost exclusively the classical pathway. In vivo injection of high (lethal) doses of E. coli 0111:B4 LPS I and S. minnesota R595 LPS causes a significant decrease in the circulating C3 levels of both strains after 4 hr. In contrast, circulating C3 levels were not significantly different from normal values in either strain following injection with minimal (lethal) amounts of E. coli 0111:B4 LPS II, a weakly anticomplementary LPS preparation. In all cases, lethality was observed in only the C3H/St mice, indicating that neither complement activation, nor the lack of it, is responsible for lethality in mice.", "contents": "Role of complement in endotoxin initiated lethality in mice. We have examined the role of complement in eliciting a lethal response in C3H/HeJ and C3H/St mice. The results reported here indicate that endotoxin-initiated complement activation, leading to significant drops in circulating C3 levels, is not sufficient to cause lethality. The complement system in both strains was demonstrated to be responsive in vitro to activation both by E. coli 0111:B4 LPS I, an alternative pathway activator in other systems, as well as S. minnesota R595 LPS, which activates almost exclusively the classical pathway. In vivo injection of high (lethal) doses of E. coli 0111:B4 LPS I and S. minnesota R595 LPS causes a significant decrease in the circulating C3 levels of both strains after 4 hr. In contrast, circulating C3 levels were not significantly different from normal values in either strain following injection with minimal (lethal) amounts of E. coli 0111:B4 LPS II, a weakly anticomplementary LPS preparation. In all cases, lethality was observed in only the C3H/St mice, indicating that neither complement activation, nor the lack of it, is responsible for lethality in mice.", "PMID": 400473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_399", "title": "A new assay for the evaluation of antiplatelet antibody in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "A new approach to the study of antiplatelet antibodies is described. Purified IgG from sera or from the culture of splenic ells was radiolabeled with 125I. Incubation of radiolabeled splenic IgG from ITP patients showed significantly greater binding to target platelets when compared to control IgG samples; conversely, the binding to target platelets of 125I-labeled serum IgG from ITP patients did not differ from controls. In each of the six instances when the binding of splenic and serum IgG from the same ITP patients was compared, the splenic samples contained a much higher concentration of platelet-specific IgG. This suggests that intrasplenic platelets in ITP patients are exposed in vivo to high concentrations of antiplatelet antibody and may explain, in part, the importance of the spleen in platelet destruction in this disease. This assay should prove useful in the further study of immune thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "A new assay for the evaluation of antiplatelet antibody in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. A new approach to the study of antiplatelet antibodies is described. Purified IgG from sera or from the culture of splenic ells was radiolabeled with 125I. Incubation of radiolabeled splenic IgG from ITP patients showed significantly greater binding to target platelets when compared to control IgG samples; conversely, the binding to target platelets of 125I-labeled serum IgG from ITP patients did not differ from controls. In each of the six instances when the binding of splenic and serum IgG from the same ITP patients was compared, the splenic samples contained a much higher concentration of platelet-specific IgG. This suggests that intrasplenic platelets in ITP patients are exposed in vivo to high concentrations of antiplatelet antibody and may explain, in part, the importance of the spleen in platelet destruction in this disease. This assay should prove useful in the further study of immune thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 400474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_400", "title": "Acute endotoxin shock in the dog and an attempt at its therapy.", "content": "The present study aimed at monitoring of hemodynamic changes proceeding in a standard model of acute endotoxin shock in the dog, and mainly at an attempt at the therapy of its early phases. Acute endotoxin shock represents a grave state with rapidly advancing changes in blood circulation, therefore we studied the effects of selected drugs, intended to regulate the circulation conditions in the course of shock. In a standard model in the dog, in which endotoxin shock had been induced by intravenous injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin dosed 1.75 mg.kg-1, the effects of dopamine and hydrocortisone were investigated. The course of the hemodynamic changes can be divided into three phases, as follows. In the first phase, during endotoxin infusion, the blood pressure sank steeply, and the myocardial contractility, left ventricular pressure, and renal arterial blood flow decreased. The central venous pressure rose. After the conclusion of endotoxin infusion the second phase of shock began. It was characterized by a transitory partial correction of hemodynamics. In the third phase all hemodynamic indicators gradually worsened. An especially grave phenomenon was the reduction of renal arterial blood flow. The fatal effects of the administered endotoxin dose were preventable by infusion of dopamine, or hydrocortisone, or their combination. Dopamine plus hydrocortisone raised the survival quota of animals in endotoxin shock, enhanced the renal arterial blood flow, maintained the diuresis, enhanced myocardial contractility, and elevated left ventricular blood pressure.", "contents": "Acute endotoxin shock in the dog and an attempt at its therapy. The present study aimed at monitoring of hemodynamic changes proceeding in a standard model of acute endotoxin shock in the dog, and mainly at an attempt at the therapy of its early phases. Acute endotoxin shock represents a grave state with rapidly advancing changes in blood circulation, therefore we studied the effects of selected drugs, intended to regulate the circulation conditions in the course of shock. In a standard model in the dog, in which endotoxin shock had been induced by intravenous injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin dosed 1.75 mg.kg-1, the effects of dopamine and hydrocortisone were investigated. The course of the hemodynamic changes can be divided into three phases, as follows. In the first phase, during endotoxin infusion, the blood pressure sank steeply, and the myocardial contractility, left ventricular pressure, and renal arterial blood flow decreased. The central venous pressure rose. After the conclusion of endotoxin infusion the second phase of shock began. It was characterized by a transitory partial correction of hemodynamics. In the third phase all hemodynamic indicators gradually worsened. An especially grave phenomenon was the reduction of renal arterial blood flow. The fatal effects of the administered endotoxin dose were preventable by infusion of dopamine, or hydrocortisone, or their combination. Dopamine plus hydrocortisone raised the survival quota of animals in endotoxin shock, enhanced the renal arterial blood flow, maintained the diuresis, enhanced myocardial contractility, and elevated left ventricular blood pressure.", "PMID": 400547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_401", "title": "Hemoglobin AIc and red cell oxygen release capacity in relation to early retinal changes in newly discovered overt and chemical diabetics.", "content": "The average Hb A1c concentration in consecutive cases of newly discovered nonacidotic diabetics was 11.4% prior to diet and insulin, as compared to 5.5% following prolonged optimal control (p less than 0.001). Hemoglobin A1c was significantly correlated with fasting blood sugar. In a controlled study the average Hb A1c in 30 subjects with chemical diabetes was 5.8% as opposed to 5.3% in controls with normal OGTT (p less than 0.05). Thirty-seven percent of the chemical diabetics had Hb A1c values greater than or equal to 6.5%, while none in the control group showed such high values. Hb A1c in whole blood has increased oxygen affinity. A decrease in red-cell oxygen release was noted in some untreated nonacidotic diabetics, and an adverse effect of insulin on the oxygen release capacity was demonstrated in both newly diagnosed ketoacidotic and nonacidotic diabetics. The importance of this defect in red-cell oxygen-releasing capacity on the function of the microcirculation is discussed. Signs of an early breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier was demonstrated in 20% of the chemical diabetics by fluorescein angiography.", "contents": "Hemoglobin AIc and red cell oxygen release capacity in relation to early retinal changes in newly discovered overt and chemical diabetics. The average Hb A1c concentration in consecutive cases of newly discovered nonacidotic diabetics was 11.4% prior to diet and insulin, as compared to 5.5% following prolonged optimal control (p less than 0.001). Hemoglobin A1c was significantly correlated with fasting blood sugar. In a controlled study the average Hb A1c in 30 subjects with chemical diabetes was 5.8% as opposed to 5.3% in controls with normal OGTT (p less than 0.05). Thirty-seven percent of the chemical diabetics had Hb A1c values greater than or equal to 6.5%, while none in the control group showed such high values. Hb A1c in whole blood has increased oxygen affinity. A decrease in red-cell oxygen release was noted in some untreated nonacidotic diabetics, and an adverse effect of insulin on the oxygen release capacity was demonstrated in both newly diagnosed ketoacidotic and nonacidotic diabetics. The importance of this defect in red-cell oxygen-releasing capacity on the function of the microcirculation is discussed. Signs of an early breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier was demonstrated in 20% of the chemical diabetics by fluorescein angiography.", "PMID": 400564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_402", "title": "Metabolic control in diabetic patients: assessment by hemoglobin A1 values.", "content": "Hemoglobin A1 concentrations were measured in 230 patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients controlled by diet alone had significantly lower HbA1 levels compared to the insulin or oral hypoglycemic treated groups. Only 13% of insulin-treated patients had HbA1 levels below 10%, while 26% of the oral agent treated group and 70% of the diet treated group fell into this range. The HbA1 levels correlated with fasting and nonfasting plasma glucose concentrations. However, in certain patients, discrepant results between these two variables were found. Hemoglobin A1 was measured on three or more occasions in 60 patients over a 1-yr period. An improvement was noted in 40%, no change in 38%, and a deterioration in 22%. Hemoglobin A1 measurements have proved to be useful in the follow-up and treatment of diabetic patients.", "contents": "Metabolic control in diabetic patients: assessment by hemoglobin A1 values. Hemoglobin A1 concentrations were measured in 230 patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients controlled by diet alone had significantly lower HbA1 levels compared to the insulin or oral hypoglycemic treated groups. Only 13% of insulin-treated patients had HbA1 levels below 10%, while 26% of the oral agent treated group and 70% of the diet treated group fell into this range. The HbA1 levels correlated with fasting and nonfasting plasma glucose concentrations. However, in certain patients, discrepant results between these two variables were found. Hemoglobin A1 was measured on three or more occasions in 60 patients over a 1-yr period. An improvement was noted in 40%, no change in 38%, and a deterioration in 22%. Hemoglobin A1 measurements have proved to be useful in the follow-up and treatment of diabetic patients.", "PMID": 400565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_403", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in C3H/HeJ (nonresponder) mice during endotoxic shock.", "content": "This study was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of endotoxin in C3H/HeJ (nonresponder) mice. Endotoxin from Salmonella enteritidis ser Typhimurium strain SR-11 was used and the median lethal dosed (LD50) for random-outbred Swiss-Webster mice and C3H/HeJ mice were 450 microgram and 3,000 microgram, respectively. At intervals after intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin (1 LD50) animals were killed, and blood glucose, liver glucose, and liver glycogen levels were killed, and blood glucose, liver glucose, and liver glycogen levels were measured. The time course of carbohydrate depletion in both strains of mice was almost identical. Little change from controls was noted, however, in nonresponder mice given the LD50 dose for normal responder mice. Passive transfer of plasma from C3H/HeJ mice appeared to protect conventional responder mice from the carbohydrate-depleting effects of endotoxin; whereas, passive transfer of peritoneal cells from C3HeB/FeJ responder mice to nonresponders appeared to sensitize C3H/HeJ mice to this effect. In order to evaluate clearance and detoxification of endotoxin in non-responder mice, 14 C-labeled lipopolysaccharide was prepared from bacteria grown in broth containing D-glucose-14 C(U). Mice were injected intravenously with labeled endotoxin, and blood, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung, and brain were counted for radioactivity at intervals after injection. Results from these tracer studies indicate that the clearance of lipopolysaccharide in nonresponder mice is slower than that seen in conventional animals. The results of this study further support the suggestion that endotoxin exerts its effects on carbohydrate metabolism via mediators resulting from endotoxin-cell surface interactions.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in C3H/HeJ (nonresponder) mice during endotoxic shock. This study was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of endotoxin in C3H/HeJ (nonresponder) mice. Endotoxin from Salmonella enteritidis ser Typhimurium strain SR-11 was used and the median lethal dosed (LD50) for random-outbred Swiss-Webster mice and C3H/HeJ mice were 450 microgram and 3,000 microgram, respectively. At intervals after intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin (1 LD50) animals were killed, and blood glucose, liver glucose, and liver glycogen levels were killed, and blood glucose, liver glucose, and liver glycogen levels were measured. The time course of carbohydrate depletion in both strains of mice was almost identical. Little change from controls was noted, however, in nonresponder mice given the LD50 dose for normal responder mice. Passive transfer of plasma from C3H/HeJ mice appeared to protect conventional responder mice from the carbohydrate-depleting effects of endotoxin; whereas, passive transfer of peritoneal cells from C3HeB/FeJ responder mice to nonresponders appeared to sensitize C3H/HeJ mice to this effect. In order to evaluate clearance and detoxification of endotoxin in non-responder mice, 14 C-labeled lipopolysaccharide was prepared from bacteria grown in broth containing D-glucose-14 C(U). Mice were injected intravenously with labeled endotoxin, and blood, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung, and brain were counted for radioactivity at intervals after injection. Results from these tracer studies indicate that the clearance of lipopolysaccharide in nonresponder mice is slower than that seen in conventional animals. The results of this study further support the suggestion that endotoxin exerts its effects on carbohydrate metabolism via mediators resulting from endotoxin-cell surface interactions.", "PMID": 400573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_404", "title": "Alterations in insulin action by endotoxin in vitro.", "content": "Fat cells isolated from epididymal fat pads of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to E coli endotoxin in vitro, and after washing the ensuing alterations in glucose oxidation and antilipolysis were studied. Although endotoxin (500 microgram/ml) exhibited an insulin-like effect on basal glucose oxidation, it diminished insulin stimulation of glucose oxidation, seemingly inducing an insulin-resistant state. On the other hand, identical doses of insulin elicited significantly greater antilipolytic effects in endotoxin-treated cells, than in untreated cells. Thus, endotoxin exposure (in a range of 0.05-200 microgram/0.5 ml cell suspension) rendered adipocytes more sensitive to the antilipolytic effect of insulin. Results of this study indicate that the different physiologic actions of insulin on adipocytes are not affected in a uniform manner by endotoxin exposure in vitro.", "contents": "Alterations in insulin action by endotoxin in vitro. Fat cells isolated from epididymal fat pads of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to E coli endotoxin in vitro, and after washing the ensuing alterations in glucose oxidation and antilipolysis were studied. Although endotoxin (500 microgram/ml) exhibited an insulin-like effect on basal glucose oxidation, it diminished insulin stimulation of glucose oxidation, seemingly inducing an insulin-resistant state. On the other hand, identical doses of insulin elicited significantly greater antilipolytic effects in endotoxin-treated cells, than in untreated cells. Thus, endotoxin exposure (in a range of 0.05-200 microgram/0.5 ml cell suspension) rendered adipocytes more sensitive to the antilipolytic effect of insulin. Results of this study indicate that the different physiologic actions of insulin on adipocytes are not affected in a uniform manner by endotoxin exposure in vitro.", "PMID": 400574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_405", "title": "The pony as a model for septic shock.", "content": "This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using alert, conscious ponies as a model for septic shock in man. Ten ponies were given 0.7-5 X 10(9) organisms/kg of body weight of live E coli intravenously over one hour. All ponies died and exhibited signs of low cardiac output septic shock. significant decreases were found in cardiac index to 3.15 +/- 0.1 liters/min/m2 (P less than 0.05), white blood cell count to 1,930 +/- 100 cells/m3 (P less than 0.05), preterminal blood glucose to 75 +/- 5 mg/dl (P less than 0.05), PaO2 to 75.7 +/- 5.7 mm Hg (P less than 0.05), and pH to 7.15 +/- 0.5 (P less than 0.05). Increases were noted in systemic resistance to 3,869 +/- 322 dynes/dic/cm-5 (P less than 0.05), pulmonary resistance to 770.8 +/- 11.12 dynes/sec/cm-5 (P less than 0.05), pulmonary arterial pressure to 41 +/- 7 mm Hg (P less than 0.05), pulmonary wedge pressure to 19.5 +/- 2.5 mm Hg (P less than 0.05), intrapulmonary shunt to 16.43 +/- l.73% (P less than 0.05), early blood glucose to 204 +/- 9.0 mg/dl (P less than 0.05), and excess lactate concentration to 53.06 +/- 5.3 mg/dl (P less than 0.05). From these data it appears that the septic pony shows changes similar to low output septic shock documented in man.", "contents": "The pony as a model for septic shock. This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using alert, conscious ponies as a model for septic shock in man. Ten ponies were given 0.7-5 X 10(9) organisms/kg of body weight of live E coli intravenously over one hour. All ponies died and exhibited signs of low cardiac output septic shock. significant decreases were found in cardiac index to 3.15 +/- 0.1 liters/min/m2 (P less than 0.05), white blood cell count to 1,930 +/- 100 cells/m3 (P less than 0.05), preterminal blood glucose to 75 +/- 5 mg/dl (P less than 0.05), PaO2 to 75.7 +/- 5.7 mm Hg (P less than 0.05), and pH to 7.15 +/- 0.5 (P less than 0.05). Increases were noted in systemic resistance to 3,869 +/- 322 dynes/dic/cm-5 (P less than 0.05), pulmonary resistance to 770.8 +/- 11.12 dynes/sec/cm-5 (P less than 0.05), pulmonary arterial pressure to 41 +/- 7 mm Hg (P less than 0.05), pulmonary wedge pressure to 19.5 +/- 2.5 mm Hg (P less than 0.05), intrapulmonary shunt to 16.43 +/- l.73% (P less than 0.05), early blood glucose to 204 +/- 9.0 mg/dl (P less than 0.05), and excess lactate concentration to 53.06 +/- 5.3 mg/dl (P less than 0.05). From these data it appears that the septic pony shows changes similar to low output septic shock documented in man.", "PMID": 400575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_406", "title": "Myocardial effects of endotoxin shock: characterization of an isolated heart muscle model.", "content": "Atrial myocardium of guinea pigs was used to study effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin shock on inotropic characteristics of heart muscle free from noncardiac influences of the in vivo shock state. In vitro exposure of atrial muscle to large concentrations of endotoxin (10-1,000 microgram/ml, final concentration) for a prolonged period (90 minutes) had no effect on myocardial contractility. However, atrial muscle isolated from endotoxin-shocked guinea pigs exhibited clear evidence of mechanical depression, as reflected by markedly low values for both isometric contractile tension and maximal rate of tension development (dT/dt). Also, since systolic and diastolic time intervals of myocardial contractions were not discernibly affected by shock, the contractile deficit represented a true inotropic dys-function and was not due simply to a temporal change in the active state of the muscle. The shock-induced inotropic disorder was permanent enough to persist in vitro for several hours of observation. However, if the Ca++ concentration of the bathing medium was increased from 2.5 mM to maximally effective concentrations ( greater than 4.5 mM), contractile strength of heart muscle from the shocked group was equal to corresponding responses of control muscles. Present findings verify myocardial contractile dysfunction associated with in vivo endotoxin administration and provide characterization of a test system that should prove useful for further study of functional changes occurring to the heart in shock.", "contents": "Myocardial effects of endotoxin shock: characterization of an isolated heart muscle model. Atrial myocardium of guinea pigs was used to study effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin shock on inotropic characteristics of heart muscle free from noncardiac influences of the in vivo shock state. In vitro exposure of atrial muscle to large concentrations of endotoxin (10-1,000 microgram/ml, final concentration) for a prolonged period (90 minutes) had no effect on myocardial contractility. However, atrial muscle isolated from endotoxin-shocked guinea pigs exhibited clear evidence of mechanical depression, as reflected by markedly low values for both isometric contractile tension and maximal rate of tension development (dT/dt). Also, since systolic and diastolic time intervals of myocardial contractions were not discernibly affected by shock, the contractile deficit represented a true inotropic dys-function and was not due simply to a temporal change in the active state of the muscle. The shock-induced inotropic disorder was permanent enough to persist in vitro for several hours of observation. However, if the Ca++ concentration of the bathing medium was increased from 2.5 mM to maximally effective concentrations ( greater than 4.5 mM), contractile strength of heart muscle from the shocked group was equal to corresponding responses of control muscles. Present findings verify myocardial contractile dysfunction associated with in vivo endotoxin administration and provide characterization of a test system that should prove useful for further study of functional changes occurring to the heart in shock.", "PMID": 400576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_407", "title": "Biphasic alterations in glucose metabolism by soleus muscle from the burned limb.", "content": "Tissue temperature and in vitro glucose metabolism by rat soleus muscle were studied following a 3-second burn on one hind limb in 90 degrees C water. The injury increased the subcutaneous temperature in the calf of the burned limb to 53.4 +/- 0.7 (SE) degrees C and that between soleus muscle and fibula to 49.4 +/- 1.3 degrees C, both temperatures returning to normal at approximately 3 minutes postburn. The injury resulted in biphasic alterations in glucose metabolism by the soleus muscle from the burned limb; glucose uptake and lactate release were depressed at 4 hours but were elevated above control levels at 3 days postburn. The maintenance of an approximate 1:2 ratio of glucose uptake to lactate release suggested that changes in glucose uptake reflected primarily conversion to tricarbon units rather than changes in the rate of glucose oxidation. Since glucose metabolism by soleus muscle from contralateral unburned limb of injured animals did not differ from controls at any of the test times, the changes in the burned limb were not likely the result of systemic alterations in metabolic and endocrine environment. The biphasic alterations did not correlate with the degree of soleus muscle edema. It is concluded that proximity to the burn wound is a new determinant of abnormal glucose utilization by skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Biphasic alterations in glucose metabolism by soleus muscle from the burned limb. Tissue temperature and in vitro glucose metabolism by rat soleus muscle were studied following a 3-second burn on one hind limb in 90 degrees C water. The injury increased the subcutaneous temperature in the calf of the burned limb to 53.4 +/- 0.7 (SE) degrees C and that between soleus muscle and fibula to 49.4 +/- 1.3 degrees C, both temperatures returning to normal at approximately 3 minutes postburn. The injury resulted in biphasic alterations in glucose metabolism by the soleus muscle from the burned limb; glucose uptake and lactate release were depressed at 4 hours but were elevated above control levels at 3 days postburn. The maintenance of an approximate 1:2 ratio of glucose uptake to lactate release suggested that changes in glucose uptake reflected primarily conversion to tricarbon units rather than changes in the rate of glucose oxidation. Since glucose metabolism by soleus muscle from contralateral unburned limb of injured animals did not differ from controls at any of the test times, the changes in the burned limb were not likely the result of systemic alterations in metabolic and endocrine environment. The biphasic alterations did not correlate with the degree of soleus muscle edema. It is concluded that proximity to the burn wound is a new determinant of abnormal glucose utilization by skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 400577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_408", "title": "Effects of methylprednisolone sodium succinate on clearance of live E coli from the peripheral blood of dogs.", "content": "Corticosteroids have been reported to potentiate infections, and yet recent clinical and experimental studies have documented their therapeutic effectiveness in both septic and endotoxin shock. This study was designed to determine if methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MP) affects the clearance of live E coli organisms from peripheral blood of dogs. The experimental group was pretreated with 30 mg/kg of MP, and controls received equal volumes of saline. Both control and MP-pretreated dogs significantly reduced the number of E coli in peripheral blood by almost two orders of magnitude; however, there was no significant difference in clearance of E coli organisms between the two groups. An initial leukopenia occurred in both groups after E coli injections; however, the subsequent development of leukocytosis in the MP group was significantly greater at +6 hours. Rectal temperatures were higher in the MP group from +1 through +4 hours than in the controls. Hyperglycemia developed initially in both groups, followed by a progressive hypoglycemia, with survivors returning to near normal blood glucose concentrations. Hemoconcentration occurred in both groups, with higher hematocrits being associated with mortality. Results support the view that methylprednisolone sodium succinate does not affect the clearance of live E coli organisms.", "contents": "Effects of methylprednisolone sodium succinate on clearance of live E coli from the peripheral blood of dogs. Corticosteroids have been reported to potentiate infections, and yet recent clinical and experimental studies have documented their therapeutic effectiveness in both septic and endotoxin shock. This study was designed to determine if methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MP) affects the clearance of live E coli organisms from peripheral blood of dogs. The experimental group was pretreated with 30 mg/kg of MP, and controls received equal volumes of saline. Both control and MP-pretreated dogs significantly reduced the number of E coli in peripheral blood by almost two orders of magnitude; however, there was no significant difference in clearance of E coli organisms between the two groups. An initial leukopenia occurred in both groups after E coli injections; however, the subsequent development of leukocytosis in the MP group was significantly greater at +6 hours. Rectal temperatures were higher in the MP group from +1 through +4 hours than in the controls. Hyperglycemia developed initially in both groups, followed by a progressive hypoglycemia, with survivors returning to near normal blood glucose concentrations. Hemoconcentration occurred in both groups, with higher hematocrits being associated with mortality. Results support the view that methylprednisolone sodium succinate does not affect the clearance of live E coli organisms.", "PMID": 400578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_409", "title": "Effect of endotoxin on hepatic pyruvate kinase activity in normal and diabetic dogs.", "content": "The influence of endotoxic administration (0.5 mg/kg) on hepatic pyruvate kinase activity in normal (nondiabetic) and diabetic dogs was investigated. Pyruvate kinase activity was not affected four hours after endotoxin injection in nondiabetic dogs. However, it was stimulated by 288% in dogs that were made diabetic prior to the administration of endotoxin. Since pyruvate kinase activity in diabetic dogs without endotoxin treatment was not affected, these findings suggest that the stimulatory effect of endotoxin on pyruvate kinase activity in diabetic dogs may be associated with insulin deficiency and/or high ambient blood glucose level.", "contents": "Effect of endotoxin on hepatic pyruvate kinase activity in normal and diabetic dogs. The influence of endotoxic administration (0.5 mg/kg) on hepatic pyruvate kinase activity in normal (nondiabetic) and diabetic dogs was investigated. Pyruvate kinase activity was not affected four hours after endotoxin injection in nondiabetic dogs. However, it was stimulated by 288% in dogs that were made diabetic prior to the administration of endotoxin. Since pyruvate kinase activity in diabetic dogs without endotoxin treatment was not affected, these findings suggest that the stimulatory effect of endotoxin on pyruvate kinase activity in diabetic dogs may be associated with insulin deficiency and/or high ambient blood glucose level.", "PMID": 400579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_410", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid composition during endotoxin shock in the dog.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) electrolytes, lactate, pyruvate, total proteins, and osmolality, together with arterial plasma electrolytes, total proteins, osmolarity, and systemic arterial blood pressure were monitored during 2 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg E coli endotoxin shock in spontaneously breathing dogs. During four hours of shock, Na+, K+ osmolarity, and total proteins did not change in either plasma or CSF. CSF lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio were significantly elevated, whereas pyruvate was decreased throughout the four hours of shock. Systemic arterial blood pressure was below control during the entire shock period. Saline control experiments yielded no significant changes in all parameters monitored. These data show that during four hours of shock the brain has shifted form aerobic to anaerobic metabolism the degree of which is not sufficient to cause any detectable changes in membrane permeability or alterations in Na+/K+ active processes.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid composition during endotoxin shock in the dog. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) electrolytes, lactate, pyruvate, total proteins, and osmolality, together with arterial plasma electrolytes, total proteins, osmolarity, and systemic arterial blood pressure were monitored during 2 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg E coli endotoxin shock in spontaneously breathing dogs. During four hours of shock, Na+, K+ osmolarity, and total proteins did not change in either plasma or CSF. CSF lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio were significantly elevated, whereas pyruvate was decreased throughout the four hours of shock. Systemic arterial blood pressure was below control during the entire shock period. Saline control experiments yielded no significant changes in all parameters monitored. These data show that during four hours of shock the brain has shifted form aerobic to anaerobic metabolism the degree of which is not sufficient to cause any detectable changes in membrane permeability or alterations in Na+/K+ active processes.", "PMID": 400580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_411", "title": "Endotoxin-induced intravascular coagulation (DIC) and its therapy.", "content": "Anticoagulants in the form of heparin, dipyridimole, steroids, prostaglandin E1, Macrodex, and antithrombin III were administered in separate experiments prior to endotoxin infusion in the dog. The pattern of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) developed consistently when endotoxin alone was administered. Heparin dosages from 1 to 10 mg/kg did not influence the appearance of thrombocytopenia but effectively eliminated the decrease in fibrinogen levels ordinarily found. Antithrombin III (AT III), obtained from the National Red Cross, administered in a dose designed to provide a doubling of the circulating AT III, reduced the fibrinogen utilization to a similar degree as heparin without affecting the platelet loss. Dipyridimole, as administered, was ineffective in this model, and did not alter the development of thrombocytopenia or the hypofibrinogenemia. Steroids, Macrodex, and prostaglandin E1 had minimal effect on the coagulopathy. Our finding would suggest that the endotoxin effect on dog platelets id direct, and not mediated by thrombin, and that the role of heparin in the clinical management of DIC should be considered only in instances in which renal complications exist.", "contents": "Endotoxin-induced intravascular coagulation (DIC) and its therapy. Anticoagulants in the form of heparin, dipyridimole, steroids, prostaglandin E1, Macrodex, and antithrombin III were administered in separate experiments prior to endotoxin infusion in the dog. The pattern of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) developed consistently when endotoxin alone was administered. Heparin dosages from 1 to 10 mg/kg did not influence the appearance of thrombocytopenia but effectively eliminated the decrease in fibrinogen levels ordinarily found. Antithrombin III (AT III), obtained from the National Red Cross, administered in a dose designed to provide a doubling of the circulating AT III, reduced the fibrinogen utilization to a similar degree as heparin without affecting the platelet loss. Dipyridimole, as administered, was ineffective in this model, and did not alter the development of thrombocytopenia or the hypofibrinogenemia. Steroids, Macrodex, and prostaglandin E1 had minimal effect on the coagulopathy. Our finding would suggest that the endotoxin effect on dog platelets id direct, and not mediated by thrombin, and that the role of heparin in the clinical management of DIC should be considered only in instances in which renal complications exist.", "PMID": 400581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_412", "title": "[Detection of IgM by immunofluorescence: application to rubella].", "content": "Thirty couples of serum and thirty-five individual sera were tested for the presence of rubella-specific IgM by indirect immunofluorescence. BHK21 cells cultivated on \"Lab-tek\" were used as an antigenic support. Specific IgM were significantly high in subjects with increased antibody complement fixation or hemagglutination inhibition. Identical findings were observed in a pregnant women having contracted rubella during the seventh month of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Detection of IgM by immunofluorescence: application to rubella]. Thirty couples of serum and thirty-five individual sera were tested for the presence of rubella-specific IgM by indirect immunofluorescence. BHK21 cells cultivated on \"Lab-tek\" were used as an antigenic support. Specific IgM were significantly high in subjects with increased antibody complement fixation or hemagglutination inhibition. Identical findings were observed in a pregnant women having contracted rubella during the seventh month of pregnancy.", "PMID": 400604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_413", "title": "[Separation of immunoglobulins by ultracentrifugation in density gradients: application to rubella].", "content": "Ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradients was used to isolate rubella specific IgM. We have studied three individual sera and twenty one couples among which at least one of the sera was positive by indirect immunofluorescent. There was significant correlation between the two technics.", "contents": "[Separation of immunoglobulins by ultracentrifugation in density gradients: application to rubella]. Ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradients was used to isolate rubella specific IgM. We have studied three individual sera and twenty one couples among which at least one of the sera was positive by indirect immunofluorescent. There was significant correlation between the two technics.", "PMID": 400605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_414", "title": "The clinical psychology of Lightner Witmer: a case study of institutional innovation and intellectual change.", "content": "The name Lightner Witmer is rarely invoked in the historian's litany of psychological saints. Neither a grand systematizer nor an ardent experimentalist, the \"world's first clinical psychologist\" is even dismissed by contemporary clinicians because of his purported failure to achieve for psychologists professional hegemony over the \"problem child.\" Yet disciplinary ventures which in Joseph Ben-David's phrase fail to \"take off\" represent extremely illuminating indicators of a discipline's shifting ideas, roles, and aspirations. Explicitly urging that historians pay more attention to subgroups of larger disciplines, this paper constitutes an attempt to assess the impact of changing social roles upon psychologists' intellectual stances through an examination of Witmer's novel activities at the University of Pennsylvania.", "contents": "The clinical psychology of Lightner Witmer: a case study of institutional innovation and intellectual change. The name Lightner Witmer is rarely invoked in the historian's litany of psychological saints. Neither a grand systematizer nor an ardent experimentalist, the \"world's first clinical psychologist\" is even dismissed by contemporary clinicians because of his purported failure to achieve for psychologists professional hegemony over the \"problem child.\" Yet disciplinary ventures which in Joseph Ben-David's phrase fail to \"take off\" represent extremely illuminating indicators of a discipline's shifting ideas, roles, and aspirations. Explicitly urging that historians pay more attention to subgroups of larger disciplines, this paper constitutes an attempt to assess the impact of changing social roles upon psychologists' intellectual stances through an examination of Witmer's novel activities at the University of Pennsylvania.", "PMID": 400626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_415", "title": "From avant-garde to specialism: psychoanalysis in America.", "content": "Psychoanalysis in America functioned first largely as an avant-garde phenomenon. Later psychoanalysis became a specialty within a bureaucratic society. Both roles help explain the importance and the limitations of freud's impact on American culture.", "contents": "From avant-garde to specialism: psychoanalysis in America. Psychoanalysis in America functioned first largely as an avant-garde phenomenon. Later psychoanalysis became a specialty within a bureaucratic society. Both roles help explain the importance and the limitations of freud's impact on American culture.", "PMID": 400627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_416", "title": "Freud's Reich, the psychiatric establishment, and the founding of the American Psychoanalytic Association: professional styles in conflict.", "content": "Freud's vision of a unified theory of the neuroses has foundered on lack of agreed methods for settling scientific disputes in the field of psychotherapy. Clashes in professional styles and formation of self-validating sub groups have been the dominant trend, exemplified by the founding of psychoanalytic organizations.", "contents": "Freud's Reich, the psychiatric establishment, and the founding of the American Psychoanalytic Association: professional styles in conflict. Freud's vision of a unified theory of the neuroses has foundered on lack of agreed methods for settling scientific disputes in the field of psychotherapy. Clashes in professional styles and formation of self-validating sub groups have been the dominant trend, exemplified by the founding of psychoanalytic organizations.", "PMID": 400628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_417", "title": "The \"subliminal\" versus the \"subconscious\" in the American acceptance of psychoanalysis, 1906-1910.", "content": "Insofar as Frederic W. H. Myers' conceptions of the \"subliminal\" were spread by the Boston-based \"Emmanuel movement\" for medically supervised religious psychotherapy (fl. 1906-1910), the movement probably did more to help than to hinder American acceptance of Freudian ideas. Certainly, many academic psychologists' conceptions of the \"unconscious\" and \"subconscious\" were a hindrance.", "contents": "The \"subliminal\" versus the \"subconscious\" in the American acceptance of psychoanalysis, 1906-1910. Insofar as Frederic W. H. Myers' conceptions of the \"subliminal\" were spread by the Boston-based \"Emmanuel movement\" for medically supervised religious psychotherapy (fl. 1906-1910), the movement probably did more to help than to hinder American acceptance of Freudian ideas. Certainly, many academic psychologists' conceptions of the \"unconscious\" and \"subconscious\" were a hindrance.", "PMID": 400629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_418", "title": "Delboeuf and Janet as influences in Freud's treatment of Emmy von N.", "content": "An analysis is made of Freud's treatment of the patient known as Emmy von N. in which for the first time he used what he called \"Breuer's technique of investigation under hypnosis.\" It is shown that the main component of Freud's therapy owed nothing to Breuer: the patient's traumatic memories were altered by direct suggestion under hypnosis. The abreaction which did take place seems to have resulted from Freud's expectation that it should occur. Two cases published by Delboeuf and Janet in late 1888 and early 1889 were treated by a then unusual method which analysis demonstrates to have been virtually identical to the technique used by Freud. Evidence is presented that the Delboeuf and Janet cases could have been known to Freud before he began his treatment of Emmy von N.", "contents": "Delboeuf and Janet as influences in Freud's treatment of Emmy von N. An analysis is made of Freud's treatment of the patient known as Emmy von N. in which for the first time he used what he called \"Breuer's technique of investigation under hypnosis.\" It is shown that the main component of Freud's therapy owed nothing to Breuer: the patient's traumatic memories were altered by direct suggestion under hypnosis. The abreaction which did take place seems to have resulted from Freud's expectation that it should occur. Two cases published by Delboeuf and Janet in late 1888 and early 1889 were treated by a then unusual method which analysis demonstrates to have been virtually identical to the technique used by Freud. Evidence is presented that the Delboeuf and Janet cases could have been known to Freud before he began his treatment of Emmy von N.", "PMID": 400631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_419", "title": "Anterior colporrhaphy technique to shorten a pathologically long anterior vaginal wall.", "content": "Vaginal eversion is sometimes associated with an increase in length as well as in width of the anterior vaginal wall. Appropriate reconstruction to minimize the risk of postoperative recurrence of cystocele has been achieved by a technique described for full length anterior colporrhaphy embracing transverse plication of the bladder adventitia and reduction in vaginal length as well as width. Separate surgical support of the vesicourethral junction is recommended. Adequate vaginal depth can be provided if suitable attention is given to support of the vaginal vault. Synthetic polyglycolic acid-type suture material is used throughout.", "contents": "Anterior colporrhaphy technique to shorten a pathologically long anterior vaginal wall. Vaginal eversion is sometimes associated with an increase in length as well as in width of the anterior vaginal wall. Appropriate reconstruction to minimize the risk of postoperative recurrence of cystocele has been achieved by a technique described for full length anterior colporrhaphy embracing transverse plication of the bladder adventitia and reduction in vaginal length as well as width. Separate surgical support of the vesicourethral junction is recommended. Adequate vaginal depth can be provided if suitable attention is given to support of the vaginal vault. Synthetic polyglycolic acid-type suture material is used throughout.", "PMID": 400643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_420", "title": "The role of irradiation in the management of squamous-cell carcinomas of the mouth and throat.", "content": "Fundamental precepts of radiation biology are presented to provide a basis for the comprehension of radiotherapy. These precepts include cell viability, randomness of cell killing by radiation, the influence of molecular oxygen on radiosensitivity, phases of the cell cycle, and repopulation. The combined-treatment concept is developed, and preoperative and postoperative irradiation options, as well as the optimal extent of the surgical procedure, are discussed. These principles of combined treatment are first applied to the management of neck disease, which is a common denominator to all sites. The anatomic sites of the mouth and throat are then discussed. The capabilities of radiotherapy have greatly altered treatment planning for carcinomas of the mouth and throat; one must now develop an initial overall plan that varies with the extent and anatomic site of the primary lesion, the extent of neck disease, and the probability of spread to clinically uninvolved lymphatic areas.", "contents": "The role of irradiation in the management of squamous-cell carcinomas of the mouth and throat. Fundamental precepts of radiation biology are presented to provide a basis for the comprehension of radiotherapy. These precepts include cell viability, randomness of cell killing by radiation, the influence of molecular oxygen on radiosensitivity, phases of the cell cycle, and repopulation. The combined-treatment concept is developed, and preoperative and postoperative irradiation options, as well as the optimal extent of the surgical procedure, are discussed. These principles of combined treatment are first applied to the management of neck disease, which is a common denominator to all sites. The anatomic sites of the mouth and throat are then discussed. The capabilities of radiotherapy have greatly altered treatment planning for carcinomas of the mouth and throat; one must now develop an initial overall plan that varies with the extent and anatomic site of the primary lesion, the extent of neck disease, and the probability of spread to clinically uninvolved lymphatic areas.", "PMID": 400656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_421", "title": "Effects of radiation on the human gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Radiation therapy directed at the abdomen may damage the digestive tract, the type and extent of injury depending on the dose of the radiation and the radiation sensitivity of the gut. Characteristic early changes are manifest in the mucosa of the gut: for later ulceration, changes in the collagen tissues and particularly in the vascular channels occur. This paper describes and characterizes injuries to the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing radiation-induced damage to the gut which may occur early or late after radiation.", "contents": "Effects of radiation on the human gastrointestinal tract. Radiation therapy directed at the abdomen may damage the digestive tract, the type and extent of injury depending on the dose of the radiation and the radiation sensitivity of the gut. Characteristic early changes are manifest in the mucosa of the gut: for later ulceration, changes in the collagen tissues and particularly in the vascular channels occur. This paper describes and characterizes injuries to the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing radiation-induced damage to the gut which may occur early or late after radiation.", "PMID": 400660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_422", "title": "[Biochemistry of the life cycle of Triatoma infestans (vinchuca). 1. Lipids and fatty acids composition].", "content": "The lipid composition of Triatoma infestans (Vinchuca) was studied by thin layer chromatography and gas lipid chromatography. The main fatty acids found were oleic and palmitic followed by stearic, palmitoleic and linoleic. Only very small amounts of arachidonic and docosahexenoic acids were present. The composition depended on the incorporation of the fatty acids of the blood ingested, but it was modified in a small extent by the insect. The fatty acid composition changed during the development of the eggs to the following stages. The main lipids found were triacylglycerol, ph\u00f3sphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, cholesterol esters and cholesterol. The analysis of the fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline spots showed the presence of little amounts of palmityl and stearyl aldehydes, suggesting the existence of the corresponding plasmalogens.", "contents": "[Biochemistry of the life cycle of Triatoma infestans (vinchuca). 1. Lipids and fatty acids composition]. The lipid composition of Triatoma infestans (Vinchuca) was studied by thin layer chromatography and gas lipid chromatography. The main fatty acids found were oleic and palmitic followed by stearic, palmitoleic and linoleic. Only very small amounts of arachidonic and docosahexenoic acids were present. The composition depended on the incorporation of the fatty acids of the blood ingested, but it was modified in a small extent by the insect. The fatty acid composition changed during the development of the eggs to the following stages. The main lipids found were triacylglycerol, ph\u00f3sphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, cholesterol esters and cholesterol. The analysis of the fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline spots showed the presence of little amounts of palmityl and stearyl aldehydes, suggesting the existence of the corresponding plasmalogens.", "PMID": 400662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_423", "title": "Epidemiology of cancer of the nose and paranasal sinuses: current concepts.", "content": "Cancer of the nose and paranasal sinuses (SNC) has been attributed to occupational exposure to nickel, chromium, radium, dichlordiethyl sulphide, isopropyl oil, and hydrocarbons. Occupational groups with an increased SNC risk include furniture, boot and show workers, and workers in U.S. countries heavily involved in both petroleum and chemical manufacturing; specific agents have not been identified with certainty. In most of the studies, the risk for developing SNC in the exposed workers was 21 to 100+ times greater than the risk for SNC in those who were not exposed. Undifferentiated and squamous histologies are associated with nickel refining; adenocarcinomas are found in woodworkers, boot and show manufacturers, and textile workers. Most occupations at risk for SNC were also at risk for cancer of other sites, particularly lung and skin cancer. Study of the epidemiology of SNC may identify unrecognized carcinogens and occupational groups at increased cancer risk.", "contents": "Epidemiology of cancer of the nose and paranasal sinuses: current concepts. Cancer of the nose and paranasal sinuses (SNC) has been attributed to occupational exposure to nickel, chromium, radium, dichlordiethyl sulphide, isopropyl oil, and hydrocarbons. Occupational groups with an increased SNC risk include furniture, boot and show workers, and workers in U.S. countries heavily involved in both petroleum and chemical manufacturing; specific agents have not been identified with certainty. In most of the studies, the risk for developing SNC in the exposed workers was 21 to 100+ times greater than the risk for SNC in those who were not exposed. Undifferentiated and squamous histologies are associated with nickel refining; adenocarcinomas are found in woodworkers, boot and show manufacturers, and textile workers. Most occupations at risk for SNC were also at risk for cancer of other sites, particularly lung and skin cancer. Study of the epidemiology of SNC may identify unrecognized carcinogens and occupational groups at increased cancer risk.", "PMID": 400658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_424", "title": "Immunobiology of head and neck cancer: basic concepts.", "content": "Patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck have unique perturbations of the immune system. These patients have marked depression of cellular immunity even in the early stages of disease. The known facts about the immunobiology and the immunodeficiencies that commonly occur are discussed. Also reviewed are the relationships of the immunologic deficits to stage of disease, to prognosis, and to the suspected etiologic factors of smoking, alcoholism, and malnutrition. Highlights are given of current immunotherapeutic trials. To date, most of the successful efforts in both immunologic research and immunotherapy of head and neck cancer have dealt with general, rather than specific, immune reactions. Further development in the area of specific immune responses may permit more meaningful measurements of tumor-specific reactions, thus yielding useful tools for immunodiagnosis as well as providing more effective and precise methods of immunotherapy.", "contents": "Immunobiology of head and neck cancer: basic concepts. Patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck have unique perturbations of the immune system. These patients have marked depression of cellular immunity even in the early stages of disease. The known facts about the immunobiology and the immunodeficiencies that commonly occur are discussed. Also reviewed are the relationships of the immunologic deficits to stage of disease, to prognosis, and to the suspected etiologic factors of smoking, alcoholism, and malnutrition. Highlights are given of current immunotherapeutic trials. To date, most of the successful efforts in both immunologic research and immunotherapy of head and neck cancer have dealt with general, rather than specific, immune reactions. Further development in the area of specific immune responses may permit more meaningful measurements of tumor-specific reactions, thus yielding useful tools for immunodiagnosis as well as providing more effective and precise methods of immunotherapy.", "PMID": 400659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_425", "title": "Orbital diagnosis.", "content": "Accurate localization and diagnosis of orbital lesions is necessary to select the appropriate treatment. A systematic method of evaluating a patient with orbital disease is presented. The most common orbital lesions among children and adults are listed, and abnormalities that mimic exophthalmos are described. The tests that are most useful in evaluating orbital disease are described in detail. Several case reports illustrate the value of ultrasonography and three-dimensional computed tomography in the localization and diagnosis of space-occupying lesions of the orbit. Special tissue-processing techniques can be performed on some tumors to aid in establishing a diagnosis and in planning treatment.", "contents": "Orbital diagnosis. Accurate localization and diagnosis of orbital lesions is necessary to select the appropriate treatment. A systematic method of evaluating a patient with orbital disease is presented. The most common orbital lesions among children and adults are listed, and abnormalities that mimic exophthalmos are described. The tests that are most useful in evaluating orbital disease are described in detail. Several case reports illustrate the value of ultrasonography and three-dimensional computed tomography in the localization and diagnosis of space-occupying lesions of the orbit. Special tissue-processing techniques can be performed on some tumors to aid in establishing a diagnosis and in planning treatment.", "PMID": 400657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_426", "title": "[Biochemistry of the developmental cycle of Triatoma infestans (Vinchuca). 2. Biosynthesis of fatty acids].", "content": "The biosynthesis of fatty acids in Triatoma infestans was studied in all the nymph stages and adult insects by feeding experiments with 1-14C acetate. In other experiments labeled acetate, 1-14C palmitate or 1-14C stearate were injected in the abdomen. In another group of experiments the abdominal non intestinal tissue of adult insects was homogenized and the supernatants of 10 000 X g and 105 000 X g were incubated with 1-14C acetyl-CoA. The incorporation of the labeling in the fatty acids was studiel by gas liquid radiochromatography. It was proved that the supernatant of 105 000 X g possessed a fatty acid synthetase able to synthesize de novo the saturated fatty acids of 10 to 18 carbons with a maximal yield in the myristic and palmitic acids. The fatty acid synthetase was active from Nymph L stage. The supernatant of 10 000 X g was able to synthesize fatty acids tentatively identified as eicosenoic and eicosadienoic acids. The T. infestans has also an enzyme that elongated palmitate to stearate. In the fraction precipitable between 10 000 X g and 105 000 X g was apparently present a desaturating enzyme that converts saturated to monoethylenic acids. The enzyme was apparently only active from Nymph II stage.", "contents": "[Biochemistry of the developmental cycle of Triatoma infestans (Vinchuca). 2. Biosynthesis of fatty acids]. The biosynthesis of fatty acids in Triatoma infestans was studied in all the nymph stages and adult insects by feeding experiments with 1-14C acetate. In other experiments labeled acetate, 1-14C palmitate or 1-14C stearate were injected in the abdomen. In another group of experiments the abdominal non intestinal tissue of adult insects was homogenized and the supernatants of 10 000 X g and 105 000 X g were incubated with 1-14C acetyl-CoA. The incorporation of the labeling in the fatty acids was studiel by gas liquid radiochromatography. It was proved that the supernatant of 105 000 X g possessed a fatty acid synthetase able to synthesize de novo the saturated fatty acids of 10 to 18 carbons with a maximal yield in the myristic and palmitic acids. The fatty acid synthetase was active from Nymph L stage. The supernatant of 10 000 X g was able to synthesize fatty acids tentatively identified as eicosenoic and eicosadienoic acids. The T. infestans has also an enzyme that elongated palmitate to stearate. In the fraction precipitable between 10 000 X g and 105 000 X g was apparently present a desaturating enzyme that converts saturated to monoethylenic acids. The enzyme was apparently only active from Nymph II stage.", "PMID": 400672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_427", "title": "Techniques for the lesion of the vomeronasal organ of the rat.", "content": "Two technical procedures were developed in order to suppress the vomeronasal organ (V.O.) of the rat. The organ was approached through the nasal or oral cavity and electrolytic or thermic lesions were respectively performed. For electrolytic lesions the projection of the organ on the nasal bone was first determined. After opening the nasal bones, the Vs. Os. were lesioned by way of an electric current applied through an electrode introduced between the mucosa and nasal septum. For thermic lesions, the projection of the V.O. on the palate's surface was determined. After opening this area and the underlying part of the maxillary bone, both Vs. Os. were cauterized.", "contents": "Techniques for the lesion of the vomeronasal organ of the rat. Two technical procedures were developed in order to suppress the vomeronasal organ (V.O.) of the rat. The organ was approached through the nasal or oral cavity and electrolytic or thermic lesions were respectively performed. For electrolytic lesions the projection of the organ on the nasal bone was first determined. After opening the nasal bones, the Vs. Os. were lesioned by way of an electric current applied through an electrode introduced between the mucosa and nasal septum. For thermic lesions, the projection of the V.O. on the palate's surface was determined. After opening this area and the underlying part of the maxillary bone, both Vs. Os. were cauterized.", "PMID": 400673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_428", "title": "Culture characteristics of human granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells and their regulation in the context of bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "Aspects of the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell (CFU-GM) assay not previously used in the content of bone marrow transplantation were discussed in terms of the additional information which could be derived. This focused on the characteristics and responsiveness of the progenitor cells to regulatory activities and other agents. In addition, Ia-like antigenic determinants were demonstrated on human \"pre-CFU-GM\", an assay which can be used to assess what appears to be a more immature progenitor cell.", "contents": "Culture characteristics of human granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells and their regulation in the context of bone marrow transplantation. Aspects of the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell (CFU-GM) assay not previously used in the content of bone marrow transplantation were discussed in terms of the additional information which could be derived. This focused on the characteristics and responsiveness of the progenitor cells to regulatory activities and other agents. In addition, Ia-like antigenic determinants were demonstrated on human \"pre-CFU-GM\", an assay which can be used to assess what appears to be a more immature progenitor cell.", "PMID": 400682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_429", "title": "Total body irradiation and autologous marrow transplantation as consolidation therapy for spontaneous canine lymphoma in remission.", "content": "Seventeen dogs with spontaneous generalized lymphoma in complete clinical remission induced with combination chemotherapy were given 1100 R total body irradiation (TBI) and autologous marrow grafts as consolidation therapy. Marrow was obtained immediately before TBI, stored at 4 degrees C, and infused immediately after TBI. Two dogs died because of failure to regain adequate marrow function, 8 died after developing recurrent lymphoma and 2 died of miscellaneous causes. Five dogs are alive in unmaintained complete clinical remission 200-663 days after initiation of chemotherapy. In a comparable group of 8 dogs in complete remission after combination chemotherapy but not given consolidation therapy, none remained in remission beyond 113 days. These results indicate that high dose TBI in conjunction with autologous marrow grafting results in prolonged remission duration in dogs with spontaneous lymphoma.", "contents": "Total body irradiation and autologous marrow transplantation as consolidation therapy for spontaneous canine lymphoma in remission. Seventeen dogs with spontaneous generalized lymphoma in complete clinical remission induced with combination chemotherapy were given 1100 R total body irradiation (TBI) and autologous marrow grafts as consolidation therapy. Marrow was obtained immediately before TBI, stored at 4 degrees C, and infused immediately after TBI. Two dogs died because of failure to regain adequate marrow function, 8 died after developing recurrent lymphoma and 2 died of miscellaneous causes. Five dogs are alive in unmaintained complete clinical remission 200-663 days after initiation of chemotherapy. In a comparable group of 8 dogs in complete remission after combination chemotherapy but not given consolidation therapy, none remained in remission beyond 113 days. These results indicate that high dose TBI in conjunction with autologous marrow grafting results in prolonged remission duration in dogs with spontaneous lymphoma.", "PMID": 400683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_430", "title": "Autotransplantation after in vitro immunotherapy of lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "We have used in vitro immunotherapy before autologous bone marrow transplantation for three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Bone marrow was removed during remission, and mononuclear cells were separated by density-step centrifugation on Ficoll-Hypaque. The cells from each patient were treated with a heteroantiserum and complement to eliminate leukemic cells and were cryopreserved. Following chemotherapy and total body irradiation, the treated marrows were thawed and infused. All the patients showed positive evidence of returning marrow function before death. One patient who survived 4 months showed no evidence of leukemia at post mortem, and marrow sections demonstrated active hematopoiesis of all cell lines.", "contents": "Autotransplantation after in vitro immunotherapy of lymphoblastic leukemia. We have used in vitro immunotherapy before autologous bone marrow transplantation for three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Bone marrow was removed during remission, and mononuclear cells were separated by density-step centrifugation on Ficoll-Hypaque. The cells from each patient were treated with a heteroantiserum and complement to eliminate leukemic cells and were cryopreserved. Following chemotherapy and total body irradiation, the treated marrows were thawed and infused. All the patients showed positive evidence of returning marrow function before death. One patient who survived 4 months showed no evidence of leukemia at post mortem, and marrow sections demonstrated active hematopoiesis of all cell lines.", "PMID": 400684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_431", "title": "Autologous bone marrow transplantation in relapsed adult acute leukemia.", "content": "From March, 1976 to February, 1979, 28 cases of adult acute leukemia of which 24 were evaluable were treated in irreversible relapse with high dose chemotherapy (piperazinedione) and supra-lethal total body irradiation (TBI) in conjunction with autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). The marrow cells grafted were collected and stored in liquid nitrogen at the time of remission. In 12 patients the marrow cells were fractionated using discontinuous albumin gradients in an attempt to separate normal cells from residual leukemic cells. Twelve patients achieved complete remission (CR); in 9 additional patients signs of engraftment were evident but death occurred before achievement of CR. Seven of 12 AML patients, which were treated with bone marrow transplantation as first treatment of their relapse, achieved CR. Four of 5 patients with ALL, whose bone marrows were collected during first remission, reached CR. The median CR duration was 4+ months and the median survival of the patients reaching CR was 6+ months. Autologous bone marrow transplantation offers a good chance of CR (66%), when marrow is collected during first remission and used as first treatment for AML in third relapse and ALL in second relapse.", "contents": "Autologous bone marrow transplantation in relapsed adult acute leukemia. From March, 1976 to February, 1979, 28 cases of adult acute leukemia of which 24 were evaluable were treated in irreversible relapse with high dose chemotherapy (piperazinedione) and supra-lethal total body irradiation (TBI) in conjunction with autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). The marrow cells grafted were collected and stored in liquid nitrogen at the time of remission. In 12 patients the marrow cells were fractionated using discontinuous albumin gradients in an attempt to separate normal cells from residual leukemic cells. Twelve patients achieved complete remission (CR); in 9 additional patients signs of engraftment were evident but death occurred before achievement of CR. Seven of 12 AML patients, which were treated with bone marrow transplantation as first treatment of their relapse, achieved CR. Four of 5 patients with ALL, whose bone marrows were collected during first remission, reached CR. The median CR duration was 4+ months and the median survival of the patients reaching CR was 6+ months. Autologous bone marrow transplantation offers a good chance of CR (66%), when marrow is collected during first remission and used as first treatment for AML in third relapse and ALL in second relapse.", "PMID": 400685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_432", "title": "Stem cell kinetics in humans: studies during autologous nonfrozen bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "Multiple blood and bone marrow determinations of CFU-C were carried out during autologous bone marrow infusion in four patients treated with high dose chemotherapy. A rise in blood CFU-C was seen during the infusion while bone marrow CFU-C increased after several hours.", "contents": "Stem cell kinetics in humans: studies during autologous nonfrozen bone marrow transplantation. Multiple blood and bone marrow determinations of CFU-C were carried out during autologous bone marrow infusion in four patients treated with high dose chemotherapy. A rise in blood CFU-C was seen during the infusion while bone marrow CFU-C increased after several hours.", "PMID": 400686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_433", "title": "Myelopoietic enhancement by immunoadjuvants: in vitro studies for their rational use in neutropenic patients.", "content": "Following marrow transplantation, the clinical course of the patients is invariably complicated by severe infections due to neutropenia and immuno-incompetence. With a view to explore means of alleviating these complications, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), methanol extraction residue of BCG (MER), Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) and Pyran were examined for their myelopoietic activity on human marrow. Light density (less than or equal to 1.077 g/ml) unfractionated (UF) cells (2 X 10(6)/ml and 2ml/dish), and adherent (Ad) and non-adherent (N-Ad) cells alone (derived from 4 X 10(6) UF cells per dish) were incubated with and without the above agents. The conditioned media (CM) were harvested at 24, 72, 96, and 168 hours and colony stimulating activity (CSA) assayed against light density non-adherent human marrow cells using double layer agar-culture system. CSA was maximum at 72 and 96 hours followed by an invariable decline at 168 hours' incubation. The optimal concentrations releasing maximum CSA varied for each agent. CM prepared with higher concentrations were less active. CM prepared in the presence of Pyran had no CSA. Comparisons of the maximally released CSA by the optimal concentrations of these agents revealed BCG and MER to be the most active. The CSA elaborated by UF cells was more than the total combined activity from separately incubated Ad and N-Ad cells. Re-addition studies revealed that almost full CSA could be recovered when Ad and N-Ad cells were incubated together at a ratio of 1:3. Different immunoadjuvants have a differing capacity to elaborate CSA from human marrow cells and each has an optimal concentration for maximum CSA release. This may require a cell-cell and/or humoral interaction(s) between Ad and N-Ad cells.", "contents": "Myelopoietic enhancement by immunoadjuvants: in vitro studies for their rational use in neutropenic patients. Following marrow transplantation, the clinical course of the patients is invariably complicated by severe infections due to neutropenia and immuno-incompetence. With a view to explore means of alleviating these complications, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), methanol extraction residue of BCG (MER), Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) and Pyran were examined for their myelopoietic activity on human marrow. Light density (less than or equal to 1.077 g/ml) unfractionated (UF) cells (2 X 10(6)/ml and 2ml/dish), and adherent (Ad) and non-adherent (N-Ad) cells alone (derived from 4 X 10(6) UF cells per dish) were incubated with and without the above agents. The conditioned media (CM) were harvested at 24, 72, 96, and 168 hours and colony stimulating activity (CSA) assayed against light density non-adherent human marrow cells using double layer agar-culture system. CSA was maximum at 72 and 96 hours followed by an invariable decline at 168 hours' incubation. The optimal concentrations releasing maximum CSA varied for each agent. CM prepared with higher concentrations were less active. CM prepared in the presence of Pyran had no CSA. Comparisons of the maximally released CSA by the optimal concentrations of these agents revealed BCG and MER to be the most active. The CSA elaborated by UF cells was more than the total combined activity from separately incubated Ad and N-Ad cells. Re-addition studies revealed that almost full CSA could be recovered when Ad and N-Ad cells were incubated together at a ratio of 1:3. Different immunoadjuvants have a differing capacity to elaborate CSA from human marrow cells and each has an optimal concentration for maximum CSA release. This may require a cell-cell and/or humoral interaction(s) between Ad and N-Ad cells.", "PMID": 400687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_434", "title": "Antigenic characteristics of normal and malignant human hematopoietic cells. Potential use of antigenic differences in cell separation and marrow transplantation.", "content": "Recent studies using cytotoxic and cell separation techniques have identified differentiation-related antigens on human hematopoietic cells. These results, combined with bone marrow transplantation studies, have yielded a picture of antigenic modulation from the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell through the differentiated end cells.", "contents": "Antigenic characteristics of normal and malignant human hematopoietic cells. Potential use of antigenic differences in cell separation and marrow transplantation. Recent studies using cytotoxic and cell separation techniques have identified differentiation-related antigens on human hematopoietic cells. These results, combined with bone marrow transplantation studies, have yielded a picture of antigenic modulation from the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell through the differentiated end cells.", "PMID": 400688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_435", "title": "Recovery of CFU-C after freezing of normal and leukemic human bone marrow.", "content": "Studies have been carried out to determine the viability of leukemic and normal human bone marrow, cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees C, using changes in total cell numbers and granulocyte colony forming ability in vitro. These studies have shown that there is considerable variability in the recovery of CFU-C from individual specimens. When the overall recovery, in all patients, is taken into account, there is a gradual decline in CFU-C numbers to about 60% after 24 months of freezing. CFU-C recovery is closely correlated with recovery of total cell numbers.", "contents": "Recovery of CFU-C after freezing of normal and leukemic human bone marrow. Studies have been carried out to determine the viability of leukemic and normal human bone marrow, cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees C, using changes in total cell numbers and granulocyte colony forming ability in vitro. These studies have shown that there is considerable variability in the recovery of CFU-C from individual specimens. When the overall recovery, in all patients, is taken into account, there is a gradual decline in CFU-C numbers to about 60% after 24 months of freezing. CFU-C recovery is closely correlated with recovery of total cell numbers.", "PMID": 400689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_436", "title": "Cell biological effects of total body irradiation on growth and differentiation of acute myelogenous leukemia cells compared to normal bone marrow.", "content": "Radiation therapy is used as total body treatment in preparation of the acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patient for bone marrow transplantation. Many AML patients will have residual leukemia cells at the time of total body irradiation (TBI). In the present study, the effect of TBI on leukemic myeloid cells was compared to the effect on normal marrow granulocytic stem cells (CFUc) in vitro. Little difference from that of normal CFUc was found in the radiosensitivity of two mouse myeloid leukemia cell lines. The effect of TBI on growth of WEHI-3 or J774 cells in millipore diffusion chambers was stimulatory. These AML cell lines as well as others derived from Friend or Abelson virus infected in vitro long term mouse marrow cultures showed some morphologic differentiation by 7 days growth in diffusion chambers in irradiated heterologous rat hosts, but immature cells predominated by day 21. Thus, evidence in murine models of AML indicates that residual AML cells surviving chemotherapy will show no greater susceptibility to radiation killing compared to normal stem cells and will rapidly repopulate the irradiated host.", "contents": "Cell biological effects of total body irradiation on growth and differentiation of acute myelogenous leukemia cells compared to normal bone marrow. Radiation therapy is used as total body treatment in preparation of the acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patient for bone marrow transplantation. Many AML patients will have residual leukemia cells at the time of total body irradiation (TBI). In the present study, the effect of TBI on leukemic myeloid cells was compared to the effect on normal marrow granulocytic stem cells (CFUc) in vitro. Little difference from that of normal CFUc was found in the radiosensitivity of two mouse myeloid leukemia cell lines. The effect of TBI on growth of WEHI-3 or J774 cells in millipore diffusion chambers was stimulatory. These AML cell lines as well as others derived from Friend or Abelson virus infected in vitro long term mouse marrow cultures showed some morphologic differentiation by 7 days growth in diffusion chambers in irradiated heterologous rat hosts, but immature cells predominated by day 21. Thus, evidence in murine models of AML indicates that residual AML cells surviving chemotherapy will show no greater susceptibility to radiation killing compared to normal stem cells and will rapidly repopulate the irradiated host.", "PMID": 400690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_437", "title": "The critical influence of timing of combined modality cytoreductive regimens.", "content": "When sequential high dose drug-radiation cytoreductive regimens are employed, the interval between chemotherapy and total body irradiation (TBI) can markedly influence both toxicity in rapid cell renewal systems and the probability of successfully ablating normal and malignant hemopoietic stem cells. This is primarily due to the intense regenerative responses manifested by cells of these tissues that survive the first cytoreductive insult. Since the total doses of chemotherapy and radiation used are limited by toxicity to slowly or non-proliferating tissues, the best therapeutic effect should be obtained when the interval between chemotherapy and TBI is the shortest consistent with acceptable toxicity to rapid cell renewal systems, provided adequate time for drug metabolism and excretion is allowed to minimize the risk of interactive toxicity. In mice treated with piperazinedione 50 mg/m2 and fractionated TBI, the optimal interval between drug administration and irradiation is 3-4 days.", "contents": "The critical influence of timing of combined modality cytoreductive regimens. When sequential high dose drug-radiation cytoreductive regimens are employed, the interval between chemotherapy and total body irradiation (TBI) can markedly influence both toxicity in rapid cell renewal systems and the probability of successfully ablating normal and malignant hemopoietic stem cells. This is primarily due to the intense regenerative responses manifested by cells of these tissues that survive the first cytoreductive insult. Since the total doses of chemotherapy and radiation used are limited by toxicity to slowly or non-proliferating tissues, the best therapeutic effect should be obtained when the interval between chemotherapy and TBI is the shortest consistent with acceptable toxicity to rapid cell renewal systems, provided adequate time for drug metabolism and excretion is allowed to minimize the risk of interactive toxicity. In mice treated with piperazinedione 50 mg/m2 and fractionated TBI, the optimal interval between drug administration and irradiation is 3-4 days.", "PMID": 400691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_438", "title": "Accelerated hemopoietic recovery following the infusion of cryopreserved autologous bone marrow in humans.", "content": "High dose combination chemotherapy was given to 22 patients with malignant lymphoma resistant to conventional chemotherapy. This was followed in 12 patients by an infusion of their cryopreserved autologous bone marrow; 10 patients received chemotherapy alone and serve as controls. Patients receiving marrow recovered leukocyte, granulocyte, and platelet function significantly faster than controls demonstrating that cryopreserved autologous bone marrow infusions accelerate hemopoietic recovery. Four patients with Burkitt's lymphoma resistant to conventional chemotherapy appear cured of their disease following this single treatment with higher doses of chemotherapy.", "contents": "Accelerated hemopoietic recovery following the infusion of cryopreserved autologous bone marrow in humans. High dose combination chemotherapy was given to 22 patients with malignant lymphoma resistant to conventional chemotherapy. This was followed in 12 patients by an infusion of their cryopreserved autologous bone marrow; 10 patients received chemotherapy alone and serve as controls. Patients receiving marrow recovered leukocyte, granulocyte, and platelet function significantly faster than controls demonstrating that cryopreserved autologous bone marrow infusions accelerate hemopoietic recovery. Four patients with Burkitt's lymphoma resistant to conventional chemotherapy appear cured of their disease following this single treatment with higher doses of chemotherapy.", "PMID": 400692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_439", "title": "Autologous marrow transplantation for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia--a preliminary report.", "content": "Twelve consecutive adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia have been entered on a treatment protocol which examines the role of \"remission-intensification\" during maintenance using high-dose chemoradiotherapy and autologous remission marrow transplantation. Nine patients have achieved complete remission: 5/9 patients have had remission marrow stored followed by high-dose chemoradiotherapy and autologous marrow transfusion; two patients were removed from study because of excessive toxicity during remission-induction precluding high-dose therapy; two patients are currently ready for marrow storage; and two patients are receiving remission-induction therapy. Of the five transplanted patients, four experienced excellent return of blood counts and one patient has had prolonged pancytopenia and continues to require red cell and platelet transfusions. There have been no serious infectious or hemorrhagic problems associated with post-transplant period in any of the patients. Autologous remission bone marrow transplantation following lethal high-dose chemoradiotherapy results in effective restoration of normal hemopoiesis, is associated with acceptable toxicity and may be an effective means of increasing the numbers of acute leukemia patients having long-term complete remission.", "contents": "Autologous marrow transplantation for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia--a preliminary report. Twelve consecutive adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia have been entered on a treatment protocol which examines the role of \"remission-intensification\" during maintenance using high-dose chemoradiotherapy and autologous remission marrow transplantation. Nine patients have achieved complete remission: 5/9 patients have had remission marrow stored followed by high-dose chemoradiotherapy and autologous marrow transfusion; two patients were removed from study because of excessive toxicity during remission-induction precluding high-dose therapy; two patients are currently ready for marrow storage; and two patients are receiving remission-induction therapy. Of the five transplanted patients, four experienced excellent return of blood counts and one patient has had prolonged pancytopenia and continues to require red cell and platelet transfusions. There have been no serious infectious or hemorrhagic problems associated with post-transplant period in any of the patients. Autologous remission bone marrow transplantation following lethal high-dose chemoradiotherapy results in effective restoration of normal hemopoiesis, is associated with acceptable toxicity and may be an effective means of increasing the numbers of acute leukemia patients having long-term complete remission.", "PMID": 400693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_440", "title": "Autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of selected human malignancies: The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center Program.", "content": "Preliminary clinical trials using cryopreserved autologous bone marrow reinfusion have now been carried out at our institution in 5 children and 2 adults with advanced stages of neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and small cell carcinoma of the lung. Normal numbers of in vitro colony forming cells (CFU-C) were obtained from these patients despite prior courses of combination chemotherapy. The dose of marrow cells cryopreserved ranged from 1-6 X 10(8) cells/kg and recovery of CFU-C after thawing averaged 50%. Partial or complete hematologic reconstitution was achieved in all patients. The time for recovery ranged from 10-43 days for leukocytes (greater than 1000 cells/mm3) and 23-45 days for platelets (greater than 50,000/mm3). Two patients have died of interstitial pneumonitis due to cytomegalovirus. Three patients have died of recurrent tumor at 40, 48 and 156 days post-transplant. Two patients have had significant therapeutic benefit. One of these had a stable partial response permitting the use of further post-transplant therapy and is alive and well 16+ months post-transplant. The other patient had a complete response and remains tumor-free 25+ months following therapy. We conclude: 1) Autologous bone marrow reinfusion permits hematologic reconstitution following marrow-ablative therapy. 2) A quantity of marrow sufficient for this purpose remains viable following cryopreservation even when obtained from patients previously exposed to chemotherapy. 3) Autologous bone marrow reinfusion now allows the exploration of more intensive cytoreductive therapy in selected malignancies.", "contents": "Autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of selected human malignancies: The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center Program. Preliminary clinical trials using cryopreserved autologous bone marrow reinfusion have now been carried out at our institution in 5 children and 2 adults with advanced stages of neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and small cell carcinoma of the lung. Normal numbers of in vitro colony forming cells (CFU-C) were obtained from these patients despite prior courses of combination chemotherapy. The dose of marrow cells cryopreserved ranged from 1-6 X 10(8) cells/kg and recovery of CFU-C after thawing averaged 50%. Partial or complete hematologic reconstitution was achieved in all patients. The time for recovery ranged from 10-43 days for leukocytes (greater than 1000 cells/mm3) and 23-45 days for platelets (greater than 50,000/mm3). Two patients have died of interstitial pneumonitis due to cytomegalovirus. Three patients have died of recurrent tumor at 40, 48 and 156 days post-transplant. Two patients have had significant therapeutic benefit. One of these had a stable partial response permitting the use of further post-transplant therapy and is alive and well 16+ months post-transplant. The other patient had a complete response and remains tumor-free 25+ months following therapy. We conclude: 1) Autologous bone marrow reinfusion permits hematologic reconstitution following marrow-ablative therapy. 2) A quantity of marrow sufficient for this purpose remains viable following cryopreservation even when obtained from patients previously exposed to chemotherapy. 3) Autologous bone marrow reinfusion now allows the exploration of more intensive cytoreductive therapy in selected malignancies.", "PMID": 400694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_441", "title": "Autologous bone-marrow and peripheral blood buffy coat cell infusion in the treatment of chronic myeloid and acute leukemia.", "content": "Autologous marrow infusion has been attempted in three patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (two in blast crisis, one with severe myelofibrosis and pancytopenia) and one patient with acute lymphatic leukemia. One patient with blast crisis of CML expired prior to marrow infusion. One patient with myelofibrotic phase of CML is alive seven months post marrow infusion. The other two patients expired 6 and 16 days post marrow infusion. Bone-marrow repopulation is feasible in the face of severe myelofibrosis.", "contents": "Autologous bone-marrow and peripheral blood buffy coat cell infusion in the treatment of chronic myeloid and acute leukemia. Autologous marrow infusion has been attempted in three patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (two in blast crisis, one with severe myelofibrosis and pancytopenia) and one patient with acute lymphatic leukemia. One patient with blast crisis of CML expired prior to marrow infusion. One patient with myelofibrotic phase of CML is alive seven months post marrow infusion. The other two patients expired 6 and 16 days post marrow infusion. Bone-marrow repopulation is feasible in the face of severe myelofibrosis.", "PMID": 400695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_442", "title": "Autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with cancer.", "content": "Ten patients with non-leukemic neoplasms received intensive, marrow-lethal doses of drugs and radiation followed by rescue with autologous cryopreserved bone marrow (nine) or marrow from an identical twin as part of a phase 1-2 study. Nine patients had extensive disease that was unresponsive to conventional therapy. Marrow engraftment was documented in all evaluable cases and most patients had a substantial anti-tumor response. Three patients are alive from 4 to 10 months following transplantation without evidence of disease.", "contents": "Autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with cancer. Ten patients with non-leukemic neoplasms received intensive, marrow-lethal doses of drugs and radiation followed by rescue with autologous cryopreserved bone marrow (nine) or marrow from an identical twin as part of a phase 1-2 study. Nine patients had extensive disease that was unresponsive to conventional therapy. Marrow engraftment was documented in all evaluable cases and most patients had a substantial anti-tumor response. Three patients are alive from 4 to 10 months following transplantation without evidence of disease.", "PMID": 400697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_443", "title": "High dose melphalan and non-cryopreserved autologous bone marrow treatment of malignant melanoma and neuroblastoma.", "content": "Autologous non-cryopreserved bone marrow infused 8 hours after an intravenous injection of melphalan, 140 mg/m2, accelerates bone marrow recovery. This effect is most noticeable in the recovery of peripheral blood granulocytes. Twenty patients with disseminated malignant melanoma were treated with this regimen: there were 12 responses, two of them complete but the toxicity of the treatment was not sufficient to justify using this method of treatment routinely since survival was little influenced by treatment (4-11 months). In 8 patients with disseminated neuroblastoma, high dose melphalan/autograft was used in a program of combined modality treatment. Three of the patients are disease free at 16, 11 and 6 months and in one the disease is 'static', not having grown for 13 months. The treatment for this tumour deserves further exploration, and perhaps similar treatment ought to be explored for other tumours.", "contents": "High dose melphalan and non-cryopreserved autologous bone marrow treatment of malignant melanoma and neuroblastoma. Autologous non-cryopreserved bone marrow infused 8 hours after an intravenous injection of melphalan, 140 mg/m2, accelerates bone marrow recovery. This effect is most noticeable in the recovery of peripheral blood granulocytes. Twenty patients with disseminated malignant melanoma were treated with this regimen: there were 12 responses, two of them complete but the toxicity of the treatment was not sufficient to justify using this method of treatment routinely since survival was little influenced by treatment (4-11 months). In 8 patients with disseminated neuroblastoma, high dose melphalan/autograft was used in a program of combined modality treatment. Three of the patients are disease free at 16, 11 and 6 months and in one the disease is 'static', not having grown for 13 months. The treatment for this tumour deserves further exploration, and perhaps similar treatment ought to be explored for other tumours.", "PMID": 400698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_444", "title": "Intensive 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) autologous bone marrow transplantation therapy of refractory cancer: a preliminary report.", "content": "Eighteen patients with refractory malignancies were treated with escalating doses of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and autologous bone marrow transplants (BMTX). Hematopoietic recovery was similar with doses of 300mg/m2qd X 3 and 500mg/m2qd X 3 providing suggestive evidence of a myeloprotective effect of the BMTX. Extramedullary toxicity was sporadic but occasionally severe; pulmonary fibrosis and severe cholestatic jaundice were seen in one case each. Antitumor responses were noted in patients with brain tumors, melanoma, hematological neoplasms and lung cancer.", "contents": "Intensive 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) autologous bone marrow transplantation therapy of refractory cancer: a preliminary report. Eighteen patients with refractory malignancies were treated with escalating doses of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and autologous bone marrow transplants (BMTX). Hematopoietic recovery was similar with doses of 300mg/m2qd X 3 and 500mg/m2qd X 3 providing suggestive evidence of a myeloprotective effect of the BMTX. Extramedullary toxicity was sporadic but occasionally severe; pulmonary fibrosis and severe cholestatic jaundice were seen in one case each. Antitumor responses were noted in patients with brain tumors, melanoma, hematological neoplasms and lung cancer.", "PMID": 400699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_445", "title": "High dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transfusion.", "content": "Details are given of response and toxicity after high dose chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow infusion. High dose nitrosurea therapy (600-1000 mg/m2 BCNU) was predominantly associated with hematopoietic toxicity but recovery was within 4-5 weeks after BCNU therapy. High dose combination chemotherapy using cytoxan, VP-16-23 and +/- BCNU produced a response rate of approximately 80% (CR + PR + less than PR) of usually short duration in 18 evaluable patients, 17 of whom were previously treated. Hematopoietic recovery was usually complete in 4 weeks. Initial experience with the hematopoietic toxicity experienced after high dose mitomycin and ABMT is also detailed. Future proposals utilizing high dose chemotherapy with ABMT in selected tumors is presented with associated rationale.", "contents": "High dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transfusion. Details are given of response and toxicity after high dose chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow infusion. High dose nitrosurea therapy (600-1000 mg/m2 BCNU) was predominantly associated with hematopoietic toxicity but recovery was within 4-5 weeks after BCNU therapy. High dose combination chemotherapy using cytoxan, VP-16-23 and +/- BCNU produced a response rate of approximately 80% (CR + PR + less than PR) of usually short duration in 18 evaluable patients, 17 of whom were previously treated. Hematopoietic recovery was usually complete in 4 weeks. Initial experience with the hematopoietic toxicity experienced after high dose mitomycin and ABMT is also detailed. Future proposals utilizing high dose chemotherapy with ABMT in selected tumors is presented with associated rationale.", "PMID": 400700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_446", "title": "Clinical results of autotransplantation after nitrosourea therapy.", "content": "Bone marrow harvested from two previously treated patients was cryopreserved prior to their first dose of Methyl CCNU. The thawed bone marrow was reinfused 96 hours after a subsequent dose of MeCCNU in one patient after the previous dose caused severe myelosuppression. In the other patient, the bone marrow was given 96 hours after an escalation of the MeCCNU dose. In both patients, myelosuppression was abrogated and viable stem cells were recovered in the peripheral blood.", "contents": "Clinical results of autotransplantation after nitrosourea therapy. Bone marrow harvested from two previously treated patients was cryopreserved prior to their first dose of Methyl CCNU. The thawed bone marrow was reinfused 96 hours after a subsequent dose of MeCCNU in one patient after the previous dose caused severe myelosuppression. In the other patient, the bone marrow was given 96 hours after an escalation of the MeCCNU dose. In both patients, myelosuppression was abrogated and viable stem cells were recovered in the peripheral blood.", "PMID": 400701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_447", "title": "Modulation of hematopoiesis and survival after high-dose chemotherapy or radiotherapy: review and discussion of possible mechanisms.", "content": "This paper reviews ways by which growth of transplanted or surviving hematopoietic stem cells might be enhanced to improve survival in the case of autologous marrow transplantation. Most of the treatments known to have such effects have been used in isologous mouse models and improve animal survival by enhancing hematopoietic recovery after high doses of whole body irradiation or chemotherapy. Although some of these were studied 20 years ago, the use of such treatments in man has awaited the realization that some disseminated cancer can only be eliminated by use of various treatments where hematopoietic damage is the limiting factor. Although increasing the number of transplanted pluripotent stem cells is the most certain way to hasten return of needed blood cells in transplant patients, several of the treatments listed in the paper have growth enhancing effects on both surviving host stem cells and transplanted cells. There are recent studies which indicate that such priming treatments may also be effective in other normal tissues such as gut and bladder epithelium. At least one study in man has intentionally applied this approach with the expected benefit and others may have done so inadvertently. Much work remains to find new combinations to select the best priming treatments and intervals in man and to determine whether or not such treatments are effective against tumors.", "contents": "Modulation of hematopoiesis and survival after high-dose chemotherapy or radiotherapy: review and discussion of possible mechanisms. This paper reviews ways by which growth of transplanted or surviving hematopoietic stem cells might be enhanced to improve survival in the case of autologous marrow transplantation. Most of the treatments known to have such effects have been used in isologous mouse models and improve animal survival by enhancing hematopoietic recovery after high doses of whole body irradiation or chemotherapy. Although some of these were studied 20 years ago, the use of such treatments in man has awaited the realization that some disseminated cancer can only be eliminated by use of various treatments where hematopoietic damage is the limiting factor. Although increasing the number of transplanted pluripotent stem cells is the most certain way to hasten return of needed blood cells in transplant patients, several of the treatments listed in the paper have growth enhancing effects on both surviving host stem cells and transplanted cells. There are recent studies which indicate that such priming treatments may also be effective in other normal tissues such as gut and bladder epithelium. At least one study in man has intentionally applied this approach with the expected benefit and others may have done so inadvertently. Much work remains to find new combinations to select the best priming treatments and intervals in man and to determine whether or not such treatments are effective against tumors.", "PMID": 400702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_448", "title": "Hemopoietic reconstitution following autologous bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear cell infusions.", "content": "We have undertaken a series of experiments using a canine model to determine the minimal number of cryopreserved autologous bone marrow or peripheral blood mononuclear cells needed to protect animals from otherwise lethal total body irradiation. We further have compared the kinetics of engraftment using hemopoietic cells from these two sources. Animals engrafted with bone marrow required .25 X 10(8) nucleated bone marrow cells/kg to protect them; those engrafted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells required 6.0 X 10(8) cells/kg. Myeloid and platelet recovery appeared more rapid after bone marrow infusion while lymphoid recovery was more rapid when peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used.", "contents": "Hemopoietic reconstitution following autologous bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear cell infusions. We have undertaken a series of experiments using a canine model to determine the minimal number of cryopreserved autologous bone marrow or peripheral blood mononuclear cells needed to protect animals from otherwise lethal total body irradiation. We further have compared the kinetics of engraftment using hemopoietic cells from these two sources. Animals engrafted with bone marrow required .25 X 10(8) nucleated bone marrow cells/kg to protect them; those engrafted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells required 6.0 X 10(8) cells/kg. Myeloid and platelet recovery appeared more rapid after bone marrow infusion while lymphoid recovery was more rapid when peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used.", "PMID": 400703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_449", "title": "Liquid storage of bone marrow.", "content": "A program of nonfrozen autologous bone marrow rescue was used to treat patients with refractory nonhematological neoplasms. In vitro storage of bone marrow cells and CFU-C suggests that storage at 4 degrees or 10 degrees for periods up to five days can be undertaken with only minor loss of CFU-C. However, since the loss occurred in a gradual fashion, shorter duration of storage would probably be better. Hematological recovery after high dose chemotherapy occurred faster in patients given more CFU-C and those with shortest duration of storage prior to reinfusion.", "contents": "Liquid storage of bone marrow. A program of nonfrozen autologous bone marrow rescue was used to treat patients with refractory nonhematological neoplasms. In vitro storage of bone marrow cells and CFU-C suggests that storage at 4 degrees or 10 degrees for periods up to five days can be undertaken with only minor loss of CFU-C. However, since the loss occurred in a gradual fashion, shorter duration of storage would probably be better. Hematological recovery after high dose chemotherapy occurred faster in patients given more CFU-C and those with shortest duration of storage prior to reinfusion.", "PMID": 400704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_450", "title": "Psychological issues in bone marrow transplantation.", "content": "We studied the psychological and emotional problems experienced by seven children and their families who underwent bone marrow transplantation at the University of Colorado Medical Center from 1973 to 1975. These problems included (1) anxiety and depression relating to isolation, fear of death, and painful procedures; (2) an overdependence associated with a feeling of helplessness; (3) anger directed toward both the staff and the parents; (4) a reduced tolerance for medical procedures; and (5) periodic refusal to cooperate. Initially we had been concerned that patients might become agitated, psychotic, or even suicidal. These did not occur. Severe anxiety over bodily changes was not a problem. We did not encounter prolonged refusal to cooperate, refusal to remain in isolation, or drug addiction. Important aspects in management included an honest, straightforward, and direct discussion of all aspects of transplantation, including the potential complications and the risks of death from the underlying disease or from complications of transplantation. A firm but understanding approach to the patients appeared to be the most effective method to develop their continuing cooperation. The opportunity for patients to express verbally their fears of procedures and of death was essential. The donors needed help in working through their feelings of guilt if a transplant was not successful. The parents needed continuing psychological support for the many personal, social, and psychological difficulties which they had to face.", "contents": "Psychological issues in bone marrow transplantation. We studied the psychological and emotional problems experienced by seven children and their families who underwent bone marrow transplantation at the University of Colorado Medical Center from 1973 to 1975. These problems included (1) anxiety and depression relating to isolation, fear of death, and painful procedures; (2) an overdependence associated with a feeling of helplessness; (3) anger directed toward both the staff and the parents; (4) a reduced tolerance for medical procedures; and (5) periodic refusal to cooperate. Initially we had been concerned that patients might become agitated, psychotic, or even suicidal. These did not occur. Severe anxiety over bodily changes was not a problem. We did not encounter prolonged refusal to cooperate, refusal to remain in isolation, or drug addiction. Important aspects in management included an honest, straightforward, and direct discussion of all aspects of transplantation, including the potential complications and the risks of death from the underlying disease or from complications of transplantation. A firm but understanding approach to the patients appeared to be the most effective method to develop their continuing cooperation. The opportunity for patients to express verbally their fears of procedures and of death was essential. The donors needed help in working through their feelings of guilt if a transplant was not successful. The parents needed continuing psychological support for the many personal, social, and psychological difficulties which they had to face.", "PMID": 400708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_451", "title": "A large form of renin from normal human kidney.", "content": "The apparent molecular size of circulating human plasma renin is 43,000 daltons. In this report, the Stokes' radius of renin extracted from human kidney cortex in low ionic strength buffer in the presence of protease inhibitors was shown to correspond to an apparent molecular weight of 58,000 +/- 3,000. If protease inhibitors are omitted, if the kidney tissue is frozen and thawed multiple times, or if the kidney extract is acidified to pH 2.8, renin activity of an apparent molecular size of 42,000 +/- 3,000 can be identified. Both species of renin bind to an affinity support bearing the substrate analog inhibitor His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-D-Leu-Val-Tyr. Antibody raised to the higher molecular form of the enzyme inhibits the activity of both forms in an equivalent manner. These observations suggest that the larger form of renin may be a biosynthetic precursor of plasma renin, either in the form of a zymogen or an enzyme-binding protein complex.", "contents": "A large form of renin from normal human kidney. The apparent molecular size of circulating human plasma renin is 43,000 daltons. In this report, the Stokes' radius of renin extracted from human kidney cortex in low ionic strength buffer in the presence of protease inhibitors was shown to correspond to an apparent molecular weight of 58,000 +/- 3,000. If protease inhibitors are omitted, if the kidney tissue is frozen and thawed multiple times, or if the kidney extract is acidified to pH 2.8, renin activity of an apparent molecular size of 42,000 +/- 3,000 can be identified. Both species of renin bind to an affinity support bearing the substrate analog inhibitor His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-D-Leu-Val-Tyr. Antibody raised to the higher molecular form of the enzyme inhibits the activity of both forms in an equivalent manner. These observations suggest that the larger form of renin may be a biosynthetic precursor of plasma renin, either in the form of a zymogen or an enzyme-binding protein complex.", "PMID": 400710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_452", "title": "A specific radioimmunoassay for human beta-lipotropin.", "content": "A homologous RIA for human beta-lipotropin (beta hLPH) has been developed. At a final dilution of 1:24,000, the antiserum employed shows cross-reaction with beta hLPH but none with human beta-MSH (beta hMSH), and it is concluded that the antigenic determinant lies within the N-terminal 1-36 region of beta hLPH. With extraction of 3-ml plasma samples, the assay is sufficiently sensitive to measure circulating beta hLPH levels in normal individuals at 0900 h (25-200 pg/ml). There is a circadian variation with levels falling to (less than 20-80 pg/ml) at 2300 h. beta hLPH levels rise after metyrapone and after insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and fall after administration of dexamethasone. In patients with a variety of diseases of the pituitary-adrenal axis, levels of beta hLPH follow immunoreactive ACTH levels, although the two are not always secreted on a 1:1 molar basis.", "contents": "A specific radioimmunoassay for human beta-lipotropin. A homologous RIA for human beta-lipotropin (beta hLPH) has been developed. At a final dilution of 1:24,000, the antiserum employed shows cross-reaction with beta hLPH but none with human beta-MSH (beta hMSH), and it is concluded that the antigenic determinant lies within the N-terminal 1-36 region of beta hLPH. With extraction of 3-ml plasma samples, the assay is sufficiently sensitive to measure circulating beta hLPH levels in normal individuals at 0900 h (25-200 pg/ml). There is a circadian variation with levels falling to (less than 20-80 pg/ml) at 2300 h. beta hLPH levels rise after metyrapone and after insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and fall after administration of dexamethasone. In patients with a variety of diseases of the pituitary-adrenal axis, levels of beta hLPH follow immunoreactive ACTH levels, although the two are not always secreted on a 1:1 molar basis.", "PMID": 400711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_453", "title": "Increased insulin binding to monocytes after acute exercise in normal man.", "content": "The effect of exercise on 125I-insulin binding to monocytes was studied in 10 healthy subjects. We found that acute exercise (bicycle ergometer for 3 h) led to a significant increase (36%) in insulin binding to monocytes, which returned to basal levels by 24 h after exercise. The changes in insulin binding were mainly due to an increase in receptor affinity. The increase in insulin binding during exercise correlated with the fall in plasma glucose but not with the decrease in plasma insulin or increase in blood ketones. We conclude that acute exercise increases insulin binding which may contribute to augmented insulin sensitivity associated with exercise.", "contents": "Increased insulin binding to monocytes after acute exercise in normal man. The effect of exercise on 125I-insulin binding to monocytes was studied in 10 healthy subjects. We found that acute exercise (bicycle ergometer for 3 h) led to a significant increase (36%) in insulin binding to monocytes, which returned to basal levels by 24 h after exercise. The changes in insulin binding were mainly due to an increase in receptor affinity. The increase in insulin binding during exercise correlated with the fall in plasma glucose but not with the decrease in plasma insulin or increase in blood ketones. We conclude that acute exercise increases insulin binding which may contribute to augmented insulin sensitivity associated with exercise.", "PMID": 400712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_454", "title": "Glucose-lowering effect of insulin by different routes in obese and lean nonketotic diabetic patients.", "content": "The absorption of insulin and its glucose-lowering effect were compared after the administration of crystalline insulin by sc, im, and iv routes in 29 obese and 10 lean nonketotic diabetic patients, none of whom had consciously received insulin previously. Each of the patients received insulin in a dose of 0.1 U/kg BW by the im, sc, and iv routes in a randomized fashion on 3 different days. Plasma glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) were measured at intervals over the first 4 h. The t1/2 (mean +/- SEM) after iv administration of insulin in obese and lean diabetics was, respectively, 5.3 +/- 0.2 and 4.8 +/- 0.4 min; these were not significantly different. Intravenous injection produced its highest level of IRI in 2 min in both groups. Thereafter, a rapid drop was observed with return to the basal level by 90 min. Equivalent amounts of im and sc insulin produced a maximal increase in plasma IRI at 60 min in both groups. Plasma IRI after iv insulin injection was significantly higher than after sc and im insulin injections at 10 and 20 min (P less than 0.001) and significantly lower than the im and sc groups at 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 min (P less than 0.001). After iv insulin, plasma glucose at 30, 40, 50, and 60 min was significantly lower than after im and sc insulin (P less than 0.001), but over the 4-h study period, the glucose-lowering effect and the area under the curves for glucose response to IRI by the three routes were the same in both lean and obese diabetic subjects. The mean basal IRI in lean patients was 18 +/- 4 microU/ml, which was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than in obese patients (26 +/- 2 microU/ml). No significant difference was observed in fasting IRG in lean (96 +/- 12 pg/ml) vs. obese (108 +/- 10 pg/ml) patients. No significant increase in IRG was noted with equivalent amounts of sc, im, and iv injection in the lean and obese patients. These studies demonstrated that although iv injection of insulin produces a more rapid initial decline in plasma glucose, the overall glucose-lowering effect by insulin given iv, im or sc is similar in nonketotic lean or obese diabetic subjects.", "contents": "Glucose-lowering effect of insulin by different routes in obese and lean nonketotic diabetic patients. The absorption of insulin and its glucose-lowering effect were compared after the administration of crystalline insulin by sc, im, and iv routes in 29 obese and 10 lean nonketotic diabetic patients, none of whom had consciously received insulin previously. Each of the patients received insulin in a dose of 0.1 U/kg BW by the im, sc, and iv routes in a randomized fashion on 3 different days. Plasma glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) were measured at intervals over the first 4 h. The t1/2 (mean +/- SEM) after iv administration of insulin in obese and lean diabetics was, respectively, 5.3 +/- 0.2 and 4.8 +/- 0.4 min; these were not significantly different. Intravenous injection produced its highest level of IRI in 2 min in both groups. Thereafter, a rapid drop was observed with return to the basal level by 90 min. Equivalent amounts of im and sc insulin produced a maximal increase in plasma IRI at 60 min in both groups. Plasma IRI after iv insulin injection was significantly higher than after sc and im insulin injections at 10 and 20 min (P less than 0.001) and significantly lower than the im and sc groups at 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 min (P less than 0.001). After iv insulin, plasma glucose at 30, 40, 50, and 60 min was significantly lower than after im and sc insulin (P less than 0.001), but over the 4-h study period, the glucose-lowering effect and the area under the curves for glucose response to IRI by the three routes were the same in both lean and obese diabetic subjects. The mean basal IRI in lean patients was 18 +/- 4 microU/ml, which was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than in obese patients (26 +/- 2 microU/ml). No significant difference was observed in fasting IRG in lean (96 +/- 12 pg/ml) vs. obese (108 +/- 10 pg/ml) patients. No significant increase in IRG was noted with equivalent amounts of sc, im, and iv injection in the lean and obese patients. These studies demonstrated that although iv injection of insulin produces a more rapid initial decline in plasma glucose, the overall glucose-lowering effect by insulin given iv, im or sc is similar in nonketotic lean or obese diabetic subjects.", "PMID": 400713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_455", "title": "Studies of plasma aldosterone in anephric people: evidence for the fundamental role of the renin system in maintaining aldosterone secretion.", "content": "When plasma aldosterone (PA) was measured in 32 predialysis samples from 18 anephric subjects more than 3 months postnephrectomy, all but two values were subnormal, 16 measurements were undetectable, i.e. below 0.35 ng/100 ml, and PA averaged only 1.7 ng/100 ml +/- 0.5 (SE) in the remaining 16. In contrast, PA averaged 29.7 +/- 5.6 ng/100 ml in 12 dialysis patients with kidneys. Plasma renin activity was undetectable in 15 assays of anephric subjects and averaged 0.5 +/- 0.1 ng/ml/h in the remaining 17. However, these latter measurements appeared to be an artifact caused by the presence of plasma prorenin. Serum potassium fell during dialysis and appeared responsible for the concurrent 75% fall in PA observed in six nephric patients (delta 14 ng/100 ml), and in three anephric patients (delta 3.3 ng/100 ml) with low but measurable PA values. Overt hyperkalemia was required for potassium to stimulate aldosterone into the normal range in anephric subjects. The angiotensin II analog, saralasin, also increased PA slightly in five studies. Renin and PA fell after nephrectomy and increased after transplantation. Decreases and increases in renin always preceded those of aldosterone. Usually it took several weeks for aldosterone to fall to undetectable levels and several days to return to normal levels after renal transplantation. These observations suggest that the baseline plasma level of angiotensin determines both the baseline level of aldosterone secretion and its capacity to respond either to more angiotensin or to other stimuli. In the absence of renin, the adrenal almost loses its capacity to generate aldosterone. The data support the view that the renin system plays a fundamental role in maintaining aldosterone secretion in man.", "contents": "Studies of plasma aldosterone in anephric people: evidence for the fundamental role of the renin system in maintaining aldosterone secretion. When plasma aldosterone (PA) was measured in 32 predialysis samples from 18 anephric subjects more than 3 months postnephrectomy, all but two values were subnormal, 16 measurements were undetectable, i.e. below 0.35 ng/100 ml, and PA averaged only 1.7 ng/100 ml +/- 0.5 (SE) in the remaining 16. In contrast, PA averaged 29.7 +/- 5.6 ng/100 ml in 12 dialysis patients with kidneys. Plasma renin activity was undetectable in 15 assays of anephric subjects and averaged 0.5 +/- 0.1 ng/ml/h in the remaining 17. However, these latter measurements appeared to be an artifact caused by the presence of plasma prorenin. Serum potassium fell during dialysis and appeared responsible for the concurrent 75% fall in PA observed in six nephric patients (delta 14 ng/100 ml), and in three anephric patients (delta 3.3 ng/100 ml) with low but measurable PA values. Overt hyperkalemia was required for potassium to stimulate aldosterone into the normal range in anephric subjects. The angiotensin II analog, saralasin, also increased PA slightly in five studies. Renin and PA fell after nephrectomy and increased after transplantation. Decreases and increases in renin always preceded those of aldosterone. Usually it took several weeks for aldosterone to fall to undetectable levels and several days to return to normal levels after renal transplantation. These observations suggest that the baseline plasma level of angiotensin determines both the baseline level of aldosterone secretion and its capacity to respond either to more angiotensin or to other stimuli. In the absence of renin, the adrenal almost loses its capacity to generate aldosterone. The data support the view that the renin system plays a fundamental role in maintaining aldosterone secretion in man.", "PMID": 400714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_456", "title": "Effects of antiinsulin receptor autoantibody on the metabolism of rat adipocytes.", "content": "We have studied the effects of the serum from a patient with an unusual form of diabetic syndrome with extreme insulin resistance on the metabolism of rat adipocytes in vitro. This serum and IgG fractions from it inhibited the [125I]insulin binding to isolated adipocytes and stimulated the 2-deoxyglucose uptake, glucose oxidation, and the incorporation of amino acids into protein. In addition, these fractions inhibited the lipolysis induced by beta 1-24 ACTH in isolated adipocytes. The insulin-like effects of this serum and the effects of insulin were not additive at their maximal concentrations. The inhibition of [125I]insulin binding was due to a decrease in receptor affinity rather than to a change in receptor number by Scatchard plot analysis. Both the inhibition of insulin binding and the insulin-like effects on rat adipocytes were neutralized by antihuman IgG. In addition, these insulin-like effects were abolished by trypsin treatment of adipocytes. These facts suggest that this serum has a circulating antibody directed at or near the insulin receptor itself and that this antibody mimics the insulin effect on rat adipocytes by binding to the insulin receptor in vitro.", "contents": "Effects of antiinsulin receptor autoantibody on the metabolism of rat adipocytes. We have studied the effects of the serum from a patient with an unusual form of diabetic syndrome with extreme insulin resistance on the metabolism of rat adipocytes in vitro. This serum and IgG fractions from it inhibited the [125I]insulin binding to isolated adipocytes and stimulated the 2-deoxyglucose uptake, glucose oxidation, and the incorporation of amino acids into protein. In addition, these fractions inhibited the lipolysis induced by beta 1-24 ACTH in isolated adipocytes. The insulin-like effects of this serum and the effects of insulin were not additive at their maximal concentrations. The inhibition of [125I]insulin binding was due to a decrease in receptor affinity rather than to a change in receptor number by Scatchard plot analysis. Both the inhibition of insulin binding and the insulin-like effects on rat adipocytes were neutralized by antihuman IgG. In addition, these insulin-like effects were abolished by trypsin treatment of adipocytes. These facts suggest that this serum has a circulating antibody directed at or near the insulin receptor itself and that this antibody mimics the insulin effect on rat adipocytes by binding to the insulin receptor in vitro.", "PMID": 400715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_457", "title": "Presence of insulin-renin-aldosterone-potassium interrelationship in normal subjects, disrupted in chronic hemodialysis patients.", "content": "The factors regulating aldosterone secretion in normals and in patients on chronic hemodialysis were studied by the determination of the circadian rhythm of plasma aldosterone, renin, cortisol, insulin, potassium, sodium, and glucose. Four normal volunteers and eight normotensive patients on regular dialysis treatment (RDT) were studied during prolonged recumbency on low sodium diet. A definite circadian rhythm for renin could not be demonstrated in RDT patients. The significant simple and multiple correlation coefficients found in normal subjects suggest that insulin participates in the regulation of aldosterone together with the other known factors: ACTH, renin, and potassium. In chronic renal failure, however, when basal conditions were maintained during prolonged recumbency, the correlations of insulin and renin with aldosterone were not found, suggesting that in this condition aldosterone secretion is controlled by ACTH and potassium. As a direct influence of insulin on aldosterone could not be demonstrated by multiple variance analysis, it seems that insulin is related to aldosterone indirectly through renin and/or potassium. The presence of significant correlations between insulin-potassium and potassium-aldosterone in RDT patients, without a significant insulin-aldosterone correlation, suggest that in the normals insulin participates in aldosterone regulation through renin secretion and not through potassium. A correlation between potassium and renin was not found in normals or in RDT patients.", "contents": "Presence of insulin-renin-aldosterone-potassium interrelationship in normal subjects, disrupted in chronic hemodialysis patients. The factors regulating aldosterone secretion in normals and in patients on chronic hemodialysis were studied by the determination of the circadian rhythm of plasma aldosterone, renin, cortisol, insulin, potassium, sodium, and glucose. Four normal volunteers and eight normotensive patients on regular dialysis treatment (RDT) were studied during prolonged recumbency on low sodium diet. A definite circadian rhythm for renin could not be demonstrated in RDT patients. The significant simple and multiple correlation coefficients found in normal subjects suggest that insulin participates in the regulation of aldosterone together with the other known factors: ACTH, renin, and potassium. In chronic renal failure, however, when basal conditions were maintained during prolonged recumbency, the correlations of insulin and renin with aldosterone were not found, suggesting that in this condition aldosterone secretion is controlled by ACTH and potassium. As a direct influence of insulin on aldosterone could not be demonstrated by multiple variance analysis, it seems that insulin is related to aldosterone indirectly through renin and/or potassium. The presence of significant correlations between insulin-potassium and potassium-aldosterone in RDT patients, without a significant insulin-aldosterone correlation, suggest that in the normals insulin participates in aldosterone regulation through renin secretion and not through potassium. A correlation between potassium and renin was not found in normals or in RDT patients.", "PMID": 400716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_458", "title": "Normal pregnancies after treatment of hyperprolactinemia with bromoergocryptine, despite suspected pituitary tumors.", "content": "Bromocryptine treatment was administered to 15 patients with amenorrhea and galactorrhea (AG) and to 1 patient with amenorrhea. All of them had increased plasma PRL levels. Of these 16 patients, 4 had a normal sella turcica (ST; group STO), 4 had a slight enlargement (group ST+), and 7 had a clear enlargement of ST (ST++) but no evidence of suprasellar extension. Ovulation was restored in 15 patients by bromocryptine treatment only. In one patient, ovulation resumed only after human pituitary gonadotropin treatment in combination with bromocryptine. There was no correlation between basal prolactinemia, PRL stimulability or suppressibility, the size of ST, or the efficiency of bromocryptine treatment. Every patient with normal LH response to either LRH or clomiphene or both resumed ovulation. Ovulation resumed in 3 patients among the 4 with abnormal LH response to either LRH or clomiphene or both. Among the 14 who desired pregnancy, 13 became pregnant. To date, 12 patients (ST++, 5; ST+, 3; STO, 4) have delivered normal babies. The courses of pregnancy were normal. During pregnancy, no change of ST was noted on lateral and frontal skull x-ray performed in every patient at trimonthly intervals. There was no change in the sellar index in 10 patients after pregnancy, as compared to the pretreatment status. In the presence of a pituitary adenoma or in patients with hyperprolactinemia and amenorrhea and galactorrhea, bromocryptine treatment may cure sterility without pituitary complication during pregnancy.", "contents": "Normal pregnancies after treatment of hyperprolactinemia with bromoergocryptine, despite suspected pituitary tumors. Bromocryptine treatment was administered to 15 patients with amenorrhea and galactorrhea (AG) and to 1 patient with amenorrhea. All of them had increased plasma PRL levels. Of these 16 patients, 4 had a normal sella turcica (ST; group STO), 4 had a slight enlargement (group ST+), and 7 had a clear enlargement of ST (ST++) but no evidence of suprasellar extension. Ovulation was restored in 15 patients by bromocryptine treatment only. In one patient, ovulation resumed only after human pituitary gonadotropin treatment in combination with bromocryptine. There was no correlation between basal prolactinemia, PRL stimulability or suppressibility, the size of ST, or the efficiency of bromocryptine treatment. Every patient with normal LH response to either LRH or clomiphene or both resumed ovulation. Ovulation resumed in 3 patients among the 4 with abnormal LH response to either LRH or clomiphene or both. Among the 14 who desired pregnancy, 13 became pregnant. To date, 12 patients (ST++, 5; ST+, 3; STO, 4) have delivered normal babies. The courses of pregnancy were normal. During pregnancy, no change of ST was noted on lateral and frontal skull x-ray performed in every patient at trimonthly intervals. There was no change in the sellar index in 10 patients after pregnancy, as compared to the pretreatment status. In the presence of a pituitary adenoma or in patients with hyperprolactinemia and amenorrhea and galactorrhea, bromocryptine treatment may cure sterility without pituitary complication during pregnancy.", "PMID": 400717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_459", "title": "Stimulation of pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon secretion by 2-deoxy-D-glucose in man: evidence for cholinergic mediation.", "content": "Hypoglycemia is known to stimulate human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) secretion. To explore further the relationship between glucose availability and hPP release, we have examined the effect of tissue glucopenia induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on hPP plasma levels in normal subjects. As this glucose analogue activates the autonomic nervous system, we have also studied the influence of prior atropinization upon the hPP response to 2-DG. Moreover, we have tested the effects of iv epinephrine and norepinephrine on plasma hPP concentrations. Circulating glucagon was also measured. After the iv infusion of 2-DG (50 mg/kg), plasma hPP increased steeply from a fasting value of 104 +/- 24 pg/ml (SEM) to a peak of 2175 +/- 639 pg/ml at 45 min (P less than 0.01) and remained significantly elevated throughout the test. In contrast, prior injection of atropine (1 mg iv) lowered basal hPP levels and reduced conspicuously the hPP response to 2-DG. Epinephrine administration (6 micrograms/min for 60 min) did not significantly modify plasma hPP concentrations. However, 2 h after epinephrine withdrawal, circulating hPP showed a brisk elevation coinciding with the decline of glycemia to subbaseline values. During norepinephrine infusion (6 micrograms/min for 60 min), only a minor and transient increase of plasma hPP was found. Plasma glucagon rose significantly after 2-DG infusion, but this response was virtually absent in the atropine experiment. Whereas the well known glucagon tropic activity of epinephrine was evidenced, norepinephrine failed to exert an obvious effect on glucagonemia. Our data demonstrate that 2-DG induces a powerful stimulation of hPP secretion in normal subjects and suggest that this action is mediated in part, if not entirely, by the parasympathetic nervous system. On the other hand, a major role of the sympathoadrenal system in response of hPP to 2-DG or to hypoglycemia does not seem probable. Finally, the hyperglucagonemic effect of 2-DG seems also to be dependent on cholinergic transmission.", "contents": "Stimulation of pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon secretion by 2-deoxy-D-glucose in man: evidence for cholinergic mediation. Hypoglycemia is known to stimulate human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) secretion. To explore further the relationship between glucose availability and hPP release, we have examined the effect of tissue glucopenia induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on hPP plasma levels in normal subjects. As this glucose analogue activates the autonomic nervous system, we have also studied the influence of prior atropinization upon the hPP response to 2-DG. Moreover, we have tested the effects of iv epinephrine and norepinephrine on plasma hPP concentrations. Circulating glucagon was also measured. After the iv infusion of 2-DG (50 mg/kg), plasma hPP increased steeply from a fasting value of 104 +/- 24 pg/ml (SEM) to a peak of 2175 +/- 639 pg/ml at 45 min (P less than 0.01) and remained significantly elevated throughout the test. In contrast, prior injection of atropine (1 mg iv) lowered basal hPP levels and reduced conspicuously the hPP response to 2-DG. Epinephrine administration (6 micrograms/min for 60 min) did not significantly modify plasma hPP concentrations. However, 2 h after epinephrine withdrawal, circulating hPP showed a brisk elevation coinciding with the decline of glycemia to subbaseline values. During norepinephrine infusion (6 micrograms/min for 60 min), only a minor and transient increase of plasma hPP was found. Plasma glucagon rose significantly after 2-DG infusion, but this response was virtually absent in the atropine experiment. Whereas the well known glucagon tropic activity of epinephrine was evidenced, norepinephrine failed to exert an obvious effect on glucagonemia. Our data demonstrate that 2-DG induces a powerful stimulation of hPP secretion in normal subjects and suggest that this action is mediated in part, if not entirely, by the parasympathetic nervous system. On the other hand, a major role of the sympathoadrenal system in response of hPP to 2-DG or to hypoglycemia does not seem probable. Finally, the hyperglucagonemic effect of 2-DG seems also to be dependent on cholinergic transmission.", "PMID": 400718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_460", "title": "Diurnal variation in insulin binding to human monocytes.", "content": "We studied insulin binding to monocytes isolated from dieting and fasting young healthy persons during a 24-h period. In the persons who ate their usual food, we found a characteristic diurnal variation in the cellular insulin binding. Daytime insulin binding was low with a minimum in the afternoon; binding increased during the evening, reaching a maximum in the early morning. This variation seemed to be diet related, as total fasting abolished the circadian rhythm. Changes in cellular insulin binding were due to fluctuations in the binding affinity rather than alterations in receptor concentration. The circadian variation in insulin binding was grossly parallel to the well known variations in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance during the day.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in insulin binding to human monocytes. We studied insulin binding to monocytes isolated from dieting and fasting young healthy persons during a 24-h period. In the persons who ate their usual food, we found a characteristic diurnal variation in the cellular insulin binding. Daytime insulin binding was low with a minimum in the afternoon; binding increased during the evening, reaching a maximum in the early morning. This variation seemed to be diet related, as total fasting abolished the circadian rhythm. Changes in cellular insulin binding were due to fluctuations in the binding affinity rather than alterations in receptor concentration. The circadian variation in insulin binding was grossly parallel to the well known variations in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance during the day.", "PMID": 400719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_461", "title": "Induction of growth hormone and prolactin secretion by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and its blockade by bromoergocriptine in acromegalic patients.", "content": "In an attempt to evaluate the effect of LRH on GH and PRL secretion, LRH in a dose of 100 micrograms was injected iv to 22 patients with active acromegaly. A definite increase in both serum GH and PRL levels was observed in one patient, while four other subjects responded to LRH to secret either GH or PRL. The effectiveness of LRH on GH and PRL release was not correlated with the age or sex of patients, the basal levels of serum GH or PRL, the GH response to TRH administration, or the increase in serum gonadotropin concentrations after LRH injection. In three patients, this LRH-induced GH and PRL release was completely blocked by pretreatment with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine (CB154). The results suggest that elevations of GH and PRL after LRH occur rather sporadically in acromegalic patients and that the action of LRH on GH release is occasioned by a different mechanism from that of TRH.", "contents": "Induction of growth hormone and prolactin secretion by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and its blockade by bromoergocriptine in acromegalic patients. In an attempt to evaluate the effect of LRH on GH and PRL secretion, LRH in a dose of 100 micrograms was injected iv to 22 patients with active acromegaly. A definite increase in both serum GH and PRL levels was observed in one patient, while four other subjects responded to LRH to secret either GH or PRL. The effectiveness of LRH on GH and PRL release was not correlated with the age or sex of patients, the basal levels of serum GH or PRL, the GH response to TRH administration, or the increase in serum gonadotropin concentrations after LRH injection. In three patients, this LRH-induced GH and PRL release was completely blocked by pretreatment with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine (CB154). The results suggest that elevations of GH and PRL after LRH occur rather sporadically in acromegalic patients and that the action of LRH on GH release is occasioned by a different mechanism from that of TRH.", "PMID": 400720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_462", "title": "Demonstration by immunoperoxidase histochemistry of calcitonin in the anterior lobe of the rat pituitary.", "content": "We have demonstrated by a specific immunoperoxidase procedure the presence of calcitonin-containing cells in the rat pituitary gland. These cells are widely distributed throughout the anterior lobe and seem to constitute the entire population of cells of the intermediate lobe. No such cells were seen in the posterior lobe. The presence of calcitonin-containing cells in the pituitary provides novel implications about the physiological significance of this hormone.", "contents": "Demonstration by immunoperoxidase histochemistry of calcitonin in the anterior lobe of the rat pituitary. We have demonstrated by a specific immunoperoxidase procedure the presence of calcitonin-containing cells in the rat pituitary gland. These cells are widely distributed throughout the anterior lobe and seem to constitute the entire population of cells of the intermediate lobe. No such cells were seen in the posterior lobe. The presence of calcitonin-containing cells in the pituitary provides novel implications about the physiological significance of this hormone.", "PMID": 400721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_463", "title": "Direct effect of insulin on secretion of insulin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and gastrin during maintenance of normoglycemia.", "content": "The direct effect of insulin on the secretion of insulin (as measured by C-peptide), glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and gastrin was studied in normal subjects by infusing insulin while the plasma level of glucose was maintained in the normal fasting range (euglycemic clamp). Insulin-induced hypoglycemia resulted in increases in circulating glucagon and gastric inhibitory polypeptide, a decrease in C-peptide, and no change in gastrin levels. In contrast, during the euglycemic clamp, insulin was found to behave a direct suppressive effect on the secretion of glucagon, C-peptide, and gastrin, but no effect on levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide.", "contents": "Direct effect of insulin on secretion of insulin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and gastrin during maintenance of normoglycemia. The direct effect of insulin on the secretion of insulin (as measured by C-peptide), glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and gastrin was studied in normal subjects by infusing insulin while the plasma level of glucose was maintained in the normal fasting range (euglycemic clamp). Insulin-induced hypoglycemia resulted in increases in circulating glucagon and gastric inhibitory polypeptide, a decrease in C-peptide, and no change in gastrin levels. In contrast, during the euglycemic clamp, insulin was found to behave a direct suppressive effect on the secretion of glucagon, C-peptide, and gastrin, but no effect on levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide.", "PMID": 400722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_464", "title": "Evidence for a defect in pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone in chronic alcoholic men.", "content": "To characterize the defect in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of alcoholic men, acute and chronic LRF responses were evaluated in 22 chronic alcoholic men with varying degrees of biochemically and histologically confirmed liver disease. In addition, acute LRF responses in 14 normal men, before and at the end of 72 h of administration of 2 ml/kg/day 95% ethanol, were evaluated. The alcoholics hd significantly reduced basal testosterone and elevated gonadotropin levels (both FSH and LH) compared to the normal volunteers (P less than 0.02). Serum concentrations of estradiol and PRL did not differ between alcoholics and normal volunteers. A 100-micrograms bolus of LRF resulted in a 3-fold increase of LH in alcoholic men as compared to a 6-fold increase of serum LH in normal volunteers. No significant difference in the LRF-induced FSH responses was observed. When the response of normal volunteers to LRF before and after ethanol administration was evaluated, basal levels of both gonadotropins were increased after alcohol administration and a reduced LRF-induced LH response was observed. Based upon these results, we conclude that: 1) the central hypothalamic-pituitary defect known to exist for LH secretion is in part due to inadequate pituitary secretion and 2) acute alcohol ingestion in normal men suppresses the LRF-induced LH but not the FSH response.", "contents": "Evidence for a defect in pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone in chronic alcoholic men. To characterize the defect in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of alcoholic men, acute and chronic LRF responses were evaluated in 22 chronic alcoholic men with varying degrees of biochemically and histologically confirmed liver disease. In addition, acute LRF responses in 14 normal men, before and at the end of 72 h of administration of 2 ml/kg/day 95% ethanol, were evaluated. The alcoholics hd significantly reduced basal testosterone and elevated gonadotropin levels (both FSH and LH) compared to the normal volunteers (P less than 0.02). Serum concentrations of estradiol and PRL did not differ between alcoholics and normal volunteers. A 100-micrograms bolus of LRF resulted in a 3-fold increase of LH in alcoholic men as compared to a 6-fold increase of serum LH in normal volunteers. No significant difference in the LRF-induced FSH responses was observed. When the response of normal volunteers to LRF before and after ethanol administration was evaluated, basal levels of both gonadotropins were increased after alcohol administration and a reduced LRF-induced LH response was observed. Based upon these results, we conclude that: 1) the central hypothalamic-pituitary defect known to exist for LH secretion is in part due to inadequate pituitary secretion and 2) acute alcohol ingestion in normal men suppresses the LRF-induced LH but not the FSH response.", "PMID": 400723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_465", "title": "Modulation of basal ketone body concentration by cortisol in diabetic man.", "content": "This study explored the relationship between metyrapone blockade of endogenous cortisol secretion and the plasma concentration of basal ketone bodies in insulin-dependent diabetic man. Endogenous cortisol secretion was reduced with metyrapone administration (as assessed by a reduction in plasma cortisol and an increase in deoxycortisol concentration) and then simulated with two different schedules of exogenous cortisol administration. Our results demonstrate that administration of metyrapone suppresses plasma cortisol concentration which may then be elevated by the oral ingestion of cortisol. The suppression of endogenous cortisol secretion with metyrapone results in a 50% reduction in basal plasma ketone body concentration. When endogenous cortisol secretion was simulated with the oral administration of 30 mg cortisol, plasma ketone body concentration returned to that concentration observed in the control study. When 60 mg cortisol were administered in divided dosages to the diabetic subjects, hyperketonemia resulted. These results suggest that the normal diurnal variation in plasma cortisol concentration may modulate the basal plasma ketone body concentration in diabetic man. The mechanism of this modulation may be a direct effect of cortisol or may be secondary to cortisol's lipolytic activity and/or its effects on elevating plasma glucagon concentration.", "contents": "Modulation of basal ketone body concentration by cortisol in diabetic man. This study explored the relationship between metyrapone blockade of endogenous cortisol secretion and the plasma concentration of basal ketone bodies in insulin-dependent diabetic man. Endogenous cortisol secretion was reduced with metyrapone administration (as assessed by a reduction in plasma cortisol and an increase in deoxycortisol concentration) and then simulated with two different schedules of exogenous cortisol administration. Our results demonstrate that administration of metyrapone suppresses plasma cortisol concentration which may then be elevated by the oral ingestion of cortisol. The suppression of endogenous cortisol secretion with metyrapone results in a 50% reduction in basal plasma ketone body concentration. When endogenous cortisol secretion was simulated with the oral administration of 30 mg cortisol, plasma ketone body concentration returned to that concentration observed in the control study. When 60 mg cortisol were administered in divided dosages to the diabetic subjects, hyperketonemia resulted. These results suggest that the normal diurnal variation in plasma cortisol concentration may modulate the basal plasma ketone body concentration in diabetic man. The mechanism of this modulation may be a direct effect of cortisol or may be secondary to cortisol's lipolytic activity and/or its effects on elevating plasma glucagon concentration.", "PMID": 400724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_466", "title": "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide in acquired pancreatic diabetes: effects of insulin treatment.", "content": "Oral glucose tolerance tests were done in eight insulin-requiring pancreatic diabetic patients to study the effect of withdrawal of insulin treatment on gut hormone release. Basal levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like immunoreactivity, and immunoreactive glucagon levels rose on insulin withdrawal, more so in patients on short-acting insulin, and were lowered by insulin treatment. Insulin treatment did not affect the GIP, glucagon-like immunoreactivity, or IRG responses to oral glucose. Improved glucose tolerance was greater in patients receiving soluble insulin than in those receiving lente insulin, and there was a significant positive linear correlation between basal plasma GIP and blood glucose levels in these patients. Therefore, it is suggested that insulin treatment lowers basal hormones levels, possibly via a metabolic effect, whereas the hormone responses to oral glucose may be controlled by several factors unrelated to insulin administration or changes in glucose homeostasis.", "contents": "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide in acquired pancreatic diabetes: effects of insulin treatment. Oral glucose tolerance tests were done in eight insulin-requiring pancreatic diabetic patients to study the effect of withdrawal of insulin treatment on gut hormone release. Basal levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like immunoreactivity, and immunoreactive glucagon levels rose on insulin withdrawal, more so in patients on short-acting insulin, and were lowered by insulin treatment. Insulin treatment did not affect the GIP, glucagon-like immunoreactivity, or IRG responses to oral glucose. Improved glucose tolerance was greater in patients receiving soluble insulin than in those receiving lente insulin, and there was a significant positive linear correlation between basal plasma GIP and blood glucose levels in these patients. Therefore, it is suggested that insulin treatment lowers basal hormones levels, possibly via a metabolic effect, whereas the hormone responses to oral glucose may be controlled by several factors unrelated to insulin administration or changes in glucose homeostasis.", "PMID": 400725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_467", "title": "Increased monocyte receptor binding of [125I]insulin in infants of gestational diabetic mothers.", "content": "Monocyte insulin receptor binding has been shown to be inversely correlated with basal insulin concentrations in a variety of clinical conditions and is believed to reflect autoregulation of receptor properties of insulin. We examined the insulin receptor in the infant of the gestational diabetic mother (IGDM) where hyperinsulinism has been implicated in the attendant metabolical abnormalities. Insulin concentrations in plasma of cord blood of IGDM were significantly greater than in normals delivered between 36-38 weeks by elective cesarean section (101.3 +/- 9.8 vs. 59.9 +/- 9.4 microU/ml; P less than 0.005). [125I]Insulin binding to receptors of monocytes obtained from cord blood showed that IGDM had more receptor sites per monocyte than normal adults and normal infants. In normal infants of similar gestational age, a significant correlation was found between birthweight and binding which was not observed in IGDM. Monocytes from both normal infants and IGDM showed greater affinity for insulin than those from adults. At plasma insulin concentrations of 1 and 4 ng/ml, monocytes from IGDM had about 10 times and normal infants had about 4 times as many sites occupied as those from normal adults. Monocytes from IGDM seem to develop increased concentrations of insulin receptors with hyperinsulinemia. Thus, despite increased ambient levels of insulin, monocytes of IGDM seem to develop increased concentrations of insulin receptor as well as increased affinity for the hormone.", "contents": "Increased monocyte receptor binding of [125I]insulin in infants of gestational diabetic mothers. Monocyte insulin receptor binding has been shown to be inversely correlated with basal insulin concentrations in a variety of clinical conditions and is believed to reflect autoregulation of receptor properties of insulin. We examined the insulin receptor in the infant of the gestational diabetic mother (IGDM) where hyperinsulinism has been implicated in the attendant metabolical abnormalities. Insulin concentrations in plasma of cord blood of IGDM were significantly greater than in normals delivered between 36-38 weeks by elective cesarean section (101.3 +/- 9.8 vs. 59.9 +/- 9.4 microU/ml; P less than 0.005). [125I]Insulin binding to receptors of monocytes obtained from cord blood showed that IGDM had more receptor sites per monocyte than normal adults and normal infants. In normal infants of similar gestational age, a significant correlation was found between birthweight and binding which was not observed in IGDM. Monocytes from both normal infants and IGDM showed greater affinity for insulin than those from adults. At plasma insulin concentrations of 1 and 4 ng/ml, monocytes from IGDM had about 10 times and normal infants had about 4 times as many sites occupied as those from normal adults. Monocytes from IGDM seem to develop increased concentrations of insulin receptors with hyperinsulinemia. Thus, despite increased ambient levels of insulin, monocytes of IGDM seem to develop increased concentrations of insulin receptor as well as increased affinity for the hormone.", "PMID": 400726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_468", "title": "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and insulin release in duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "To investigate the role of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in the hypersecretion of glucose-stimulated insulin release in duodenal ulcer disease, serum glucose, insulin, and immunoreactive GIP (IR-GIP) were measured in 18 healthy subjects and 10 duodenal ulcer patients after glucose ingestion. Although the serum glucose and insulin were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) at 15 and 60 min in the ulcer group, the total integrated glucose areas were similar (20,552 +/- 837 vs. 19,154 +/- 745 mg-min/ml). In contrast, the total integrated insulin area was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the ulcer patients (12,873 +/- 2,082 vs. 8,216 +/- 1,072 micro U-min/ml). Mean IR-GIP levels were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the ulcer group at 15-120 min of the study, as was the total integrated area (244,755 +/- 34,934 vs. 126,595 +/- 17,468 pg-min/ml). The exaggerated insulin release to oral glucose may be due to the synergistic action of higher blood glucose and greater IR-GIP release in this disease.", "contents": "Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and insulin release in duodenal ulcer patients. To investigate the role of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in the hypersecretion of glucose-stimulated insulin release in duodenal ulcer disease, serum glucose, insulin, and immunoreactive GIP (IR-GIP) were measured in 18 healthy subjects and 10 duodenal ulcer patients after glucose ingestion. Although the serum glucose and insulin were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) at 15 and 60 min in the ulcer group, the total integrated glucose areas were similar (20,552 +/- 837 vs. 19,154 +/- 745 mg-min/ml). In contrast, the total integrated insulin area was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the ulcer patients (12,873 +/- 2,082 vs. 8,216 +/- 1,072 micro U-min/ml). Mean IR-GIP levels were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the ulcer group at 15-120 min of the study, as was the total integrated area (244,755 +/- 34,934 vs. 126,595 +/- 17,468 pg-min/ml). The exaggerated insulin release to oral glucose may be due to the synergistic action of higher blood glucose and greater IR-GIP release in this disease.", "PMID": 400727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_469", "title": "Insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans, and normal insulin receptors in a young woman: evidence for a postreceptor defect.", "content": "We have previously described a group of young females with virilization, acanthosis nigricans, insulin resistance, and markedly decreased binding of insulin to its receptor (syndrome of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans type A). The present report concerns a 15-yr-old female with clinical features indistinguishable from the type A patients, including virilization, acanthosis nigricans, and extreme resistance to endogenous and exogenous insulin. Insulin levels were 400-650 microU/ml while fasting and were over 2200 microU/ml when stimulated. Proinsulin was less than 10% of the total immunoassayable insulin. In distinct contrast to the type A patients, insulin receptors on cells from this patient were entirely normal on the basis of specificity, negative cooperativity, affinity, concentration, and interaction with antiinsulin receptor antibodies. These findings suggest the presence of an intracellular defect as the cause of the observed insulin resistance.", "contents": "Insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans, and normal insulin receptors in a young woman: evidence for a postreceptor defect. We have previously described a group of young females with virilization, acanthosis nigricans, insulin resistance, and markedly decreased binding of insulin to its receptor (syndrome of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans type A). The present report concerns a 15-yr-old female with clinical features indistinguishable from the type A patients, including virilization, acanthosis nigricans, and extreme resistance to endogenous and exogenous insulin. Insulin levels were 400-650 microU/ml while fasting and were over 2200 microU/ml when stimulated. Proinsulin was less than 10% of the total immunoassayable insulin. In distinct contrast to the type A patients, insulin receptors on cells from this patient were entirely normal on the basis of specificity, negative cooperativity, affinity, concentration, and interaction with antiinsulin receptor antibodies. These findings suggest the presence of an intracellular defect as the cause of the observed insulin resistance.", "PMID": 400728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_470", "title": "Correlations between plasma renin activity, angiotensin II, and aldosterone.", "content": "To obtain more information about the relationships of the components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, we measured plasma renin activity (PRA) and the concentrations of plasma angiotensin II (AII) and aldosterone (PA) in 36 healthy 19-22-yr-old students, both after a night's bed rest and after 2 h of ambulation. The correlations of these parameters were calculated. PRA, AII, and PA were determined by RIAs. The values of AII after rest correlated positively both with PRA (r = 0.80; P less than 0.001) and with PA (r = 0.51; P less than 0.01). AII also showed a good correlation with PRA (r = 0.77; P less than 0.001) and with PA (r = 0.67; P less than 0.01) after ambulation. The latter correlation was higher than that after rest. Positive correlations were also found between the increases in PRA and AII and between AII and PA. Further, a multiple regression analysis was carried out to calculate the regression equations for these parameters. The results support the view that PRA and AII parallel each other in normal physiological circumstances. They also seem to indicate that AII has an important role in the basal as well as in the posture-stimulated secretion of aldosterone in normal man.", "contents": "Correlations between plasma renin activity, angiotensin II, and aldosterone. To obtain more information about the relationships of the components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, we measured plasma renin activity (PRA) and the concentrations of plasma angiotensin II (AII) and aldosterone (PA) in 36 healthy 19-22-yr-old students, both after a night's bed rest and after 2 h of ambulation. The correlations of these parameters were calculated. PRA, AII, and PA were determined by RIAs. The values of AII after rest correlated positively both with PRA (r = 0.80; P less than 0.001) and with PA (r = 0.51; P less than 0.01). AII also showed a good correlation with PRA (r = 0.77; P less than 0.001) and with PA (r = 0.67; P less than 0.01) after ambulation. The latter correlation was higher than that after rest. Positive correlations were also found between the increases in PRA and AII and between AII and PA. Further, a multiple regression analysis was carried out to calculate the regression equations for these parameters. The results support the view that PRA and AII parallel each other in normal physiological circumstances. They also seem to indicate that AII has an important role in the basal as well as in the posture-stimulated secretion of aldosterone in normal man.", "PMID": 400729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_471", "title": "Insulin receptors in human endothelial cells: identification and characterization.", "content": "Specific binding of 125I-insulin was found in cultured human endothelial cells obtained from human umbilical veins. The binding reaction was rapid and reversible, demonstrated receptor site-site interactions of the negatively cooperative type, and was dependent on the temperature, pH and duration of incubation. At 21 degrees C, steady-state conditions of binding occurred in 90 minutes, the pH optimum was 7.8 and less than 10% of the labeled hormone was degraded. Binding of tracer amounts of 125I-insulin was inhibited by concentrations of unlabeled insulin as low as 0.2 ng/ml and 50% inhibition was obtained at 2-5 ng/ml of unlabeled insulin. Unlabeled porcine insulin, porcine proinsulin and desoctapeptide insulin inhibited the binding of 125I-porcine insulin in direct proportion to their biological potencies, whereas to the cells was inhibited by antibodies against insulin receptors. We conclude that human endothelial cells possess specific receptors for insulin whose physio-chemical properties are similar to those of insulin receptors in other tissues.", "contents": "Insulin receptors in human endothelial cells: identification and characterization. Specific binding of 125I-insulin was found in cultured human endothelial cells obtained from human umbilical veins. The binding reaction was rapid and reversible, demonstrated receptor site-site interactions of the negatively cooperative type, and was dependent on the temperature, pH and duration of incubation. At 21 degrees C, steady-state conditions of binding occurred in 90 minutes, the pH optimum was 7.8 and less than 10% of the labeled hormone was degraded. Binding of tracer amounts of 125I-insulin was inhibited by concentrations of unlabeled insulin as low as 0.2 ng/ml and 50% inhibition was obtained at 2-5 ng/ml of unlabeled insulin. Unlabeled porcine insulin, porcine proinsulin and desoctapeptide insulin inhibited the binding of 125I-porcine insulin in direct proportion to their biological potencies, whereas to the cells was inhibited by antibodies against insulin receptors. We conclude that human endothelial cells possess specific receptors for insulin whose physio-chemical properties are similar to those of insulin receptors in other tissues.", "PMID": 400730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_472", "title": "Adrenal responses to pharmacological interruption of the renin-angiotensin system in sodium-restricted normal man.", "content": "We assessed the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the control of aldosterone secretion in response to sodium restriction in 62 normal subjects. Both saralasin, an angiotensin II antagonist, and SQ 20881, a converting enzyme inhibitor, induced a dose-related decrease in plasma aldosterone levels when the renin-angiotensin system was activated by restriction of sodium intake. Two types of experiments were performed with saralasin. In the first set, a dose-response relationship was established 20 min after beginning infusions ranging from 0.03-1.0 microgram/kg/min. The optimal dose was 0.1 microgram/kg/min, with a reduction in aldosterone levels of -10.1 +/- 3.8 ng/dl (P less than 0.025). Higher doses induced smaller reductions in aldosterone levels. In the second set, a 3-h infusion was given. The results were qualitatively similar but the magnitude was greater (-15 +/- 4 ng/dl; P less than 0.01). The aldosterone response 20 min after administration of SQ 20881 paralleled the angiotensin II response, with the first significant decrement (-6.5 +/- 1.5 ng/dl; P less than 0.01) occurring at 0.1 mg/kg and maximum (-10 +/- 3 ng/dl) occurring at 0.3 mg/kg. Thus, both agents produced qualitatively similar changes in aldosterone secretion in sodium-restricted normal subjects. However, neither reduced sodium restricted aldosterone levels to that measured in sodium-loaded subjects because of the intrinsic limitation of each agent. Saralasin is a partial agonist. SQ 20881 induces an increase in plasma renin activity via interruption of the short feedback loop, which probably limits its action. Yet, these data do support the hypothesis that angiotensin mediates the adrenal's response to sodium restriction in normal man.", "contents": "Adrenal responses to pharmacological interruption of the renin-angiotensin system in sodium-restricted normal man. We assessed the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the control of aldosterone secretion in response to sodium restriction in 62 normal subjects. Both saralasin, an angiotensin II antagonist, and SQ 20881, a converting enzyme inhibitor, induced a dose-related decrease in plasma aldosterone levels when the renin-angiotensin system was activated by restriction of sodium intake. Two types of experiments were performed with saralasin. In the first set, a dose-response relationship was established 20 min after beginning infusions ranging from 0.03-1.0 microgram/kg/min. The optimal dose was 0.1 microgram/kg/min, with a reduction in aldosterone levels of -10.1 +/- 3.8 ng/dl (P less than 0.025). Higher doses induced smaller reductions in aldosterone levels. In the second set, a 3-h infusion was given. The results were qualitatively similar but the magnitude was greater (-15 +/- 4 ng/dl; P less than 0.01). The aldosterone response 20 min after administration of SQ 20881 paralleled the angiotensin II response, with the first significant decrement (-6.5 +/- 1.5 ng/dl; P less than 0.01) occurring at 0.1 mg/kg and maximum (-10 +/- 3 ng/dl) occurring at 0.3 mg/kg. Thus, both agents produced qualitatively similar changes in aldosterone secretion in sodium-restricted normal subjects. However, neither reduced sodium restricted aldosterone levels to that measured in sodium-loaded subjects because of the intrinsic limitation of each agent. Saralasin is a partial agonist. SQ 20881 induces an increase in plasma renin activity via interruption of the short feedback loop, which probably limits its action. Yet, these data do support the hypothesis that angiotensin mediates the adrenal's response to sodium restriction in normal man.", "PMID": 400731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_473", "title": "Degradation and secretion of insulin in hepatic cirrhosis.", "content": "To clarify the mechanism of hyperinsulinism of hepatic cirrhosis, plasma insulin and C-peptide levels before and after oral glucose loads were measured in 34 patients with cirrhosis, 15 patients with chronic hepatitis, and 25 normal subjects. While plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels during oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) were significantly increased in cirrhotics, plasma immunoreactive C-peptide (CPR) levels were elevated slightly. The C-peptide to insulin ratio throughout OGTT was significantly smaller in cirrhotics than in normal subjects (P less than 0.01). A decreased hepatic insulin degradation rate has been suggested to one of the main causes of hyperinsulinism in hepatic cirrhosis. The ratio of the difference between basal and 30-min CPR values and basal and 30-min OGTT blood glucose values [delta CPR: delta BS(30)'] as well as the  delta IRI: delta BS(30') ratio was significantly decreased in cirrhotics (P less than 0.01). These results indicate that insulin secretion in response to a glycemic stimulus is reduced in cirrhotics. Both the ratios of the sums of six IRS and CPR values of OGTT (sigma CPR: sigma IRI) and delta CPR: delta BS(30') and sigma CPR: sigma BS(30') were found in inverse relationship with indocyanine green retention rate in cirrhotics.", "contents": "Degradation and secretion of insulin in hepatic cirrhosis. To clarify the mechanism of hyperinsulinism of hepatic cirrhosis, plasma insulin and C-peptide levels before and after oral glucose loads were measured in 34 patients with cirrhosis, 15 patients with chronic hepatitis, and 25 normal subjects. While plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels during oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) were significantly increased in cirrhotics, plasma immunoreactive C-peptide (CPR) levels were elevated slightly. The C-peptide to insulin ratio throughout OGTT was significantly smaller in cirrhotics than in normal subjects (P less than 0.01). A decreased hepatic insulin degradation rate has been suggested to one of the main causes of hyperinsulinism in hepatic cirrhosis. The ratio of the difference between basal and 30-min CPR values and basal and 30-min OGTT blood glucose values [delta CPR: delta BS(30)'] as well as the  delta IRI: delta BS(30') ratio was significantly decreased in cirrhotics (P less than 0.01). These results indicate that insulin secretion in response to a glycemic stimulus is reduced in cirrhotics. Both the ratios of the sums of six IRS and CPR values of OGTT (sigma CPR: sigma IRI) and delta CPR: delta BS(30') and sigma CPR: sigma BS(30') were found in inverse relationship with indocyanine green retention rate in cirrhotics.", "PMID": 400732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_474", "title": "Diurnal 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone pattern in human stable hypertension.", "content": "Diurnal 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) pattern was studied with RIA technique in 33 hypertensive patients in supine position and on normal sodium diet. The compound was evaluated every 2 h from 0800-2000 h. Simultaneously, plasma aldosterone and cortisol were measured. Abnormal 18-OH-DOC behavior was observed in only 2 out of 4 patients with Cushing's disease, while sporadic and slight elevations, synchronous with F, were seen in 5 out of 24 stable essential hypertensive patients [1 with normal plasma renin activity (PRA), 1 with low PRA, and 3 with high PRA]. 18-OH-DOC was normal in 2 cases of hypertension due to renal artery stenosis, in 1 patient with nephrosclerosis, and in 1 patient with horseshoe kidney. From these results, 18-OH-DOC does not seem to play an important pathogenetic role in stable essential hypertension, considering also the low mineralocorticoid activity of the compound.", "contents": "Diurnal 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone pattern in human stable hypertension. Diurnal 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) pattern was studied with RIA technique in 33 hypertensive patients in supine position and on normal sodium diet. The compound was evaluated every 2 h from 0800-2000 h. Simultaneously, plasma aldosterone and cortisol were measured. Abnormal 18-OH-DOC behavior was observed in only 2 out of 4 patients with Cushing's disease, while sporadic and slight elevations, synchronous with F, were seen in 5 out of 24 stable essential hypertensive patients [1 with normal plasma renin activity (PRA), 1 with low PRA, and 3 with high PRA]. 18-OH-DOC was normal in 2 cases of hypertension due to renal artery stenosis, in 1 patient with nephrosclerosis, and in 1 patient with horseshoe kidney. From these results, 18-OH-DOC does not seem to play an important pathogenetic role in stable essential hypertension, considering also the low mineralocorticoid activity of the compound.", "PMID": 400733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_475", "title": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity does not reflect sympathetic activation during hypoglycemia.", "content": "The relationship between serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity and sympathetic nervous system activation in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was investigated in healthy young male and female volunteers. Serum DBH activity and glucose levels were measured in blood samples obtained 30 min before and 90 min after the iv administration of regular insulin or placebo. All subjects developed significant hypoglycemia in response to the insulin and manifested signs of sympathetic activation, including increased heart rate, diaphoresis, and lightheadedness. However, despite obvious clinical manifestations of increased sympathetic activity, none of the subjects exhibited a significant alteration in serum DBH activity either in comparison to baseline or placebo values. These data question the suitability of serum DBH measurements for assessing adrenomedullary function in man.", "contents": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity does not reflect sympathetic activation during hypoglycemia. The relationship between serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity and sympathetic nervous system activation in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was investigated in healthy young male and female volunteers. Serum DBH activity and glucose levels were measured in blood samples obtained 30 min before and 90 min after the iv administration of regular insulin or placebo. All subjects developed significant hypoglycemia in response to the insulin and manifested signs of sympathetic activation, including increased heart rate, diaphoresis, and lightheadedness. However, despite obvious clinical manifestations of increased sympathetic activity, none of the subjects exhibited a significant alteration in serum DBH activity either in comparison to baseline or placebo values. These data question the suitability of serum DBH measurements for assessing adrenomedullary function in man.", "PMID": 400734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_476", "title": "Release of immunoassayable prostaglandin E by the human ischemic kidney.", "content": "Immunoassayable prostaglandin E concentration in renal venous plasma was measured in eight patients with renovascular hypertension. Two subjects with bilateral renal artery stenosis had similar concentrations from both renal veins. The six subjects with unilateral artery stenosis had greater concentration on the stenotic side in each case, suggesting that the human ischemic kidney produces increased amounts of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Release of immunoassayable prostaglandin E by the human ischemic kidney. Immunoassayable prostaglandin E concentration in renal venous plasma was measured in eight patients with renovascular hypertension. Two subjects with bilateral renal artery stenosis had similar concentrations from both renal veins. The six subjects with unilateral artery stenosis had greater concentration on the stenotic side in each case, suggesting that the human ischemic kidney produces increased amounts of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 400735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_477", "title": "Intestinal nutrient influence on the enteroinsular axis.", "content": "The gastrointestinal contribution to carbohydrate metabolism includes carbohydrate absorption and the release of gastrointestinal hormones that interact with the endocrine pancreas. To learn the contributions to the enteroinsular axis from different levels of the gastrointestinal tract and different nutrients in chyme, we determined serum concentrations of glucose, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), insulin, and glucagon postprandially in six normal subjects who underwent diversion of chyme just proximal to an occlusive balloon at the ligament of Treitz and jejunal infusion of saline or chyme carbohydrate, protein, and lipid, separately or in combination. Postprandial elevations of serum glucose, GIP, and insulin and decrease of serum glucagon were elicited predominantly from the bowel and its contents distal to the ligament of Treitz. In this segment, each chyme nutrient (but especially carbohydrate) significantly stimulated factors affecting carbohydrate metabolism. Protein and lipid were able to block carbohydrate-induced glucagon inhibition. The gastroduodenal segment, although containing several proposed insulinotropic hormones (gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin), had no effect on serum glucose of glucagon and stimulated only small insulin and GIP responses.", "contents": "Intestinal nutrient influence on the enteroinsular axis. The gastrointestinal contribution to carbohydrate metabolism includes carbohydrate absorption and the release of gastrointestinal hormones that interact with the endocrine pancreas. To learn the contributions to the enteroinsular axis from different levels of the gastrointestinal tract and different nutrients in chyme, we determined serum concentrations of glucose, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), insulin, and glucagon postprandially in six normal subjects who underwent diversion of chyme just proximal to an occlusive balloon at the ligament of Treitz and jejunal infusion of saline or chyme carbohydrate, protein, and lipid, separately or in combination. Postprandial elevations of serum glucose, GIP, and insulin and decrease of serum glucagon were elicited predominantly from the bowel and its contents distal to the ligament of Treitz. In this segment, each chyme nutrient (but especially carbohydrate) significantly stimulated factors affecting carbohydrate metabolism. Protein and lipid were able to block carbohydrate-induced glucagon inhibition. The gastroduodenal segment, although containing several proposed insulinotropic hormones (gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin), had no effect on serum glucose of glucagon and stimulated only small insulin and GIP responses.", "PMID": 400736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_478", "title": "Hyperglycemia inhibits glucose production in man independent of changes in glucoregulatory hormones.", "content": "To evaluate the influence of hyperglycemia on hepatic glucose output in the absence of a rise in insulin, glucose was infused for 2 hours into six juvenile-onset diabetics receiving a constant infusion of insulin at a rate of 0.05-0.15 microM kg-1min-1. Prior to the infusion of glucose, insulin administration resulted in stable levels of plasma glucose (76 +/- 8 mg/dl) and glucose output (1.9 +/- 0.1 mg kg-1min-1). The addition of glucose produced a 2-3 fold rise in plasma glucose and a prompt fall in glucose output to 0.2-0.4 mg kg-1min-1, despite the unchanged rate of insulin infusion and the absence of a reduction in plasma glucagon or catecholamines. A similar decline in glucose output was observed when exogenous glucagon (1 ng kg-1-min-1) was added to the glucose infusion. We conclude that in the presence of basal insulin levels hyperglycemia inhibits glucose output independent of a rise in insulin or a fall in anti-insulin hormones.", "contents": "Hyperglycemia inhibits glucose production in man independent of changes in glucoregulatory hormones. To evaluate the influence of hyperglycemia on hepatic glucose output in the absence of a rise in insulin, glucose was infused for 2 hours into six juvenile-onset diabetics receiving a constant infusion of insulin at a rate of 0.05-0.15 microM kg-1min-1. Prior to the infusion of glucose, insulin administration resulted in stable levels of plasma glucose (76 +/- 8 mg/dl) and glucose output (1.9 +/- 0.1 mg kg-1min-1). The addition of glucose produced a 2-3 fold rise in plasma glucose and a prompt fall in glucose output to 0.2-0.4 mg kg-1min-1, despite the unchanged rate of insulin infusion and the absence of a reduction in plasma glucagon or catecholamines. A similar decline in glucose output was observed when exogenous glucagon (1 ng kg-1-min-1) was added to the glucose infusion. We conclude that in the presence of basal insulin levels hyperglycemia inhibits glucose output independent of a rise in insulin or a fall in anti-insulin hormones.", "PMID": 400737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_479", "title": "Increased adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II in idiopathic hyperaldosteronism.", "content": "Plasma aldosterone increases briskly during upright posture in patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, despite only small increases in PRA and presumably small increases in angiotensin II. To examine the postulate that small increments in angiotensin II mediate these brisk increases in aldosterone, we infused graded doses of angiotensin II into normal subjects and patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism and compared the changes in levels of plasma aldosterone in the two groups. Supplemental sodium and dexamethasone were given before the infusion to minimize the influence of endogenous angiotensin II and ACTH. In response to the infusion of angiotensin II, increases in the levels of plasma aldosterone of patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism were significantly greater than those of normal subjects. In addition, levels of plasma aldosterone increased at a lower rate of infusion of angiotensin II in patients than in normal subjects. It is concluded that patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism have increased adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II. This increased sensitivity may explain the brisk increases in aldosterone that occur during upright posture in these patients.", "contents": "Increased adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II in idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. Plasma aldosterone increases briskly during upright posture in patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, despite only small increases in PRA and presumably small increases in angiotensin II. To examine the postulate that small increments in angiotensin II mediate these brisk increases in aldosterone, we infused graded doses of angiotensin II into normal subjects and patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism and compared the changes in levels of plasma aldosterone in the two groups. Supplemental sodium and dexamethasone were given before the infusion to minimize the influence of endogenous angiotensin II and ACTH. In response to the infusion of angiotensin II, increases in the levels of plasma aldosterone of patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism were significantly greater than those of normal subjects. In addition, levels of plasma aldosterone increased at a lower rate of infusion of angiotensin II in patients than in normal subjects. It is concluded that patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism have increased adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II. This increased sensitivity may explain the brisk increases in aldosterone that occur during upright posture in these patients.", "PMID": 400738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_480", "title": "Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase in chronic hemodialysis: role in plasma triglyceride metabolism.", "content": "The role of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the pathogenesis of hypertriglyceridemia in uremic patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis was evaluated. The fasting level of adipose tissue LPL activity was reduced below normal (3.4 +/- 2.5 microU/106 cells; n = 23; mean +/- SD) in hypertriglyceridemic dialysis patients (1.5 +/- 0.8; P less than 0.01; n = 15) and did not differ from normal in normotriglyceridemic dialysis patients (2.5 +/- 2.4; P = NS; n = 13). The enzyme activity increased as a function of relative body weight in normotriglyceridemic hemodialysis patients (r = 0.21; P less than 0.05) but not in the hypertriglyceridemic group (r = 0.21; P = NS). There was an abnormal response of LPL to feeding in the hypertriglyceridemic dialysis patients. The postprandial level of LPL was significantly lower in hypertriglyceridemic dialysis patients (2.2 +/- 1.0; n = 9) than in normotriglyceridemic dialysis patients (3.9 +/- 1.9; P less than 0.05; n = 10) or normal controls (4.8 +/- 1.8; P less than 0.01; n = 12). Whereas the postprandial change in LPL was inversely related to the fasting enzyme activity in normotriglyceridemic dialysis patients (r = 0.74; P less than 0.02; n = 10) and in normal controls (r = 0.58; P less than 0.05; n = 12), no such relationship existed in hypertriglyceridemic dialysis patients (r = 0.17; P = NS; n = 9). Furthermore, fasting plasma triglyceride levels in the entire group of dialysis patients were a function of the postprandial level of LPL activity (rs = 0.574; P less than 0.02; n = 19). Since the level of LPL 1) is below normal in both the fasted and fed state in the hypertriglyceridemic hemodialysis patients, 2) is normal in both the fasted and fed state in the normotriglyceridemic hemodialysis patients, and 3) in the fed state is inversely correlated with the fasting plasma triglyceride concentration in the entire group of hemodialysis patients, it is proposed that adipose tissue LPL plays a role in the etiology of hypertriglyceridemia in hemodialysis patients.", "contents": "Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase in chronic hemodialysis: role in plasma triglyceride metabolism. The role of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the pathogenesis of hypertriglyceridemia in uremic patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis was evaluated. The fasting level of adipose tissue LPL activity was reduced below normal (3.4 +/- 2.5 microU/106 cells; n = 23; mean +/- SD) in hypertriglyceridemic dialysis patients (1.5 +/- 0.8; P less than 0.01; n = 15) and did not differ from normal in normotriglyceridemic dialysis patients (2.5 +/- 2.4; P = NS; n = 13). The enzyme activity increased as a function of relative body weight in normotriglyceridemic hemodialysis patients (r = 0.21; P less than 0.05) but not in the hypertriglyceridemic group (r = 0.21; P = NS). There was an abnormal response of LPL to feeding in the hypertriglyceridemic dialysis patients. The postprandial level of LPL was significantly lower in hypertriglyceridemic dialysis patients (2.2 +/- 1.0; n = 9) than in normotriglyceridemic dialysis patients (3.9 +/- 1.9; P less than 0.05; n = 10) or normal controls (4.8 +/- 1.8; P less than 0.01; n = 12). Whereas the postprandial change in LPL was inversely related to the fasting enzyme activity in normotriglyceridemic dialysis patients (r = 0.74; P less than 0.02; n = 10) and in normal controls (r = 0.58; P less than 0.05; n = 12), no such relationship existed in hypertriglyceridemic dialysis patients (r = 0.17; P = NS; n = 9). Furthermore, fasting plasma triglyceride levels in the entire group of dialysis patients were a function of the postprandial level of LPL activity (rs = 0.574; P less than 0.02; n = 19). Since the level of LPL 1) is below normal in both the fasted and fed state in the hypertriglyceridemic hemodialysis patients, 2) is normal in both the fasted and fed state in the normotriglyceridemic hemodialysis patients, and 3) in the fed state is inversely correlated with the fasting plasma triglyceride concentration in the entire group of hemodialysis patients, it is proposed that adipose tissue LPL plays a role in the etiology of hypertriglyceridemia in hemodialysis patients.", "PMID": 400739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_481", "title": "Effect of age on fasting plasma levels of pancreatic hormones in man.", "content": "The effect of age and adiposity on fasting plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide (HPP), glucagon (IRG), insulin (IRI) and glucose was examined in 263 healthy subjects between the ages of 20-69 yr. Mean plasma levels of hPP rose continuously from the third through the seventh decades. Mean plasma levels of IRG rose within the third and fourth decades but failed to rise further thereafter. Mean plasma levels of IRI did not change with age. Mean plasma levels of glucose rose by approximately 2 mg/dl . decade. The correlations of age with hPP, IRG, glucose, and adiposity were 0.47, 0.35, 0.25 (all P less than 0.01) and 0.15 (P less than 0.05), respectively. When adjustments were made for adiposity, the correlations of age with hPP, IRG, and glucose remained. Adiposity correlated with IRI, IRG, and glucose but when age correction was made, only the correlation of adiposity with IRI persisted. We conclude that: 1) age has a significant effect on fasting plasma levels of hPP and IRG; 2) the patterns of the age-related changes in hPP and IRG are not the same, suggesting that there are differences in the mechanism(s) by which age influences plasma levels of these two pancreatic hormones; and 3) age should be considered in the interpretation of fasting plasma levels of hPP and IRG.", "contents": "Effect of age on fasting plasma levels of pancreatic hormones in man. The effect of age and adiposity on fasting plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide (HPP), glucagon (IRG), insulin (IRI) and glucose was examined in 263 healthy subjects between the ages of 20-69 yr. Mean plasma levels of hPP rose continuously from the third through the seventh decades. Mean plasma levels of IRG rose within the third and fourth decades but failed to rise further thereafter. Mean plasma levels of IRI did not change with age. Mean plasma levels of glucose rose by approximately 2 mg/dl . decade. The correlations of age with hPP, IRG, glucose, and adiposity were 0.47, 0.35, 0.25 (all P less than 0.01) and 0.15 (P less than 0.05), respectively. When adjustments were made for adiposity, the correlations of age with hPP, IRG, and glucose remained. Adiposity correlated with IRI, IRG, and glucose but when age correction was made, only the correlation of adiposity with IRI persisted. We conclude that: 1) age has a significant effect on fasting plasma levels of hPP and IRG; 2) the patterns of the age-related changes in hPP and IRG are not the same, suggesting that there are differences in the mechanism(s) by which age influences plasma levels of these two pancreatic hormones; and 3) age should be considered in the interpretation of fasting plasma levels of hPP and IRG.", "PMID": 400740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_482", "title": "Partial purification, characterization, and assay of a slightly acidic insulin-like peptide (ILAs) from human plasma.", "content": "An insulin radioreceptor assay (RRA) using human placental microsomal membranes was used to measure insulin-like activity (ILA) extracted from human plasma concentrates (Cohn fraction IV-4) by acid ethanol. The soluble activity (ILAs), chromatographed on Sephadex G-75 in 1 M acetic acid, migrated as a small molecule (fractional elution volume, 0.56) ahead of insulin (fractional elution volume, 0.70), whereas at neutral pH, ILAs migrated as a large molecular weight species. The ILAs peak from acid gel filtration on Sephadex was further purified by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The ILAs peak from both Sephadex and CMC diluted parallel to the porcine insulin standard in the insulin RRA and was totally unreactive in an insulin RIA. The CMC-purified material was iodinated and purified by binding to and elution from human placental membranes. The binding of [125I]ILAs to human placental membranes was inhibited only minimally by insulin and proinsulin and not at all by epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor, glucagon, or lactogenic hormones, including human growth hormone. Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) inhibited in a manner parallel to ILAs. A Scatchard plot of the binding data was nonlinear. Sephadex ILAs was subjected to isoelectric focusing. The fractions assayed in both insulin and ILAs RRAs yielded comparable results. Peaks of ILA were observed at pHs 5.3, 6.6, and 8.4. When CMC-ILA was subjected to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide, a single peak of activity migrating between pH 6.2-6.8 was seen. [125I]ILAs focused at exactly the same pH. Electrophoresis of CMC-ILAs in acid-urea revealed a sharp peak of activity migrating with one of the five protein bands seen after staining. Again, [125I]ILAs comigrated with unlabeled ILAs. The molecular weight of ILAs, as determined on a calibrated Sephadex G-150 column at neutral pH, was 9,000-10,000 daltons. CMC-ILAs stimulated [14C]glucose incorporation into triglycerides of rat adipose tissue and augmented [3H]thymidine incorporation into human fibroblasts, chicken embryo fibroblasts, and BALB 3T3 cells as well as [35S]sulfate incorporation into macromolecules of rabbit chondrocyte culture medium. In summary, ILAs isolated on the basis of a RRA for insulin is a slightly acidic peptide with some of the biological activities expected of a somatomedin.", "contents": "Partial purification, characterization, and assay of a slightly acidic insulin-like peptide (ILAs) from human plasma. An insulin radioreceptor assay (RRA) using human placental microsomal membranes was used to measure insulin-like activity (ILA) extracted from human plasma concentrates (Cohn fraction IV-4) by acid ethanol. The soluble activity (ILAs), chromatographed on Sephadex G-75 in 1 M acetic acid, migrated as a small molecule (fractional elution volume, 0.56) ahead of insulin (fractional elution volume, 0.70), whereas at neutral pH, ILAs migrated as a large molecular weight species. The ILAs peak from acid gel filtration on Sephadex was further purified by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The ILAs peak from both Sephadex and CMC diluted parallel to the porcine insulin standard in the insulin RRA and was totally unreactive in an insulin RIA. The CMC-purified material was iodinated and purified by binding to and elution from human placental membranes. The binding of [125I]ILAs to human placental membranes was inhibited only minimally by insulin and proinsulin and not at all by epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor, glucagon, or lactogenic hormones, including human growth hormone. Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) inhibited in a manner parallel to ILAs. A Scatchard plot of the binding data was nonlinear. Sephadex ILAs was subjected to isoelectric focusing. The fractions assayed in both insulin and ILAs RRAs yielded comparable results. Peaks of ILA were observed at pHs 5.3, 6.6, and 8.4. When CMC-ILA was subjected to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide, a single peak of activity migrating between pH 6.2-6.8 was seen. [125I]ILAs focused at exactly the same pH. Electrophoresis of CMC-ILAs in acid-urea revealed a sharp peak of activity migrating with one of the five protein bands seen after staining. Again, [125I]ILAs comigrated with unlabeled ILAs. The molecular weight of ILAs, as determined on a calibrated Sephadex G-150 column at neutral pH, was 9,000-10,000 daltons. CMC-ILAs stimulated [14C]glucose incorporation into triglycerides of rat adipose tissue and augmented [3H]thymidine incorporation into human fibroblasts, chicken embryo fibroblasts, and BALB 3T3 cells as well as [35S]sulfate incorporation into macromolecules of rabbit chondrocyte culture medium. In summary, ILAs isolated on the basis of a RRA for insulin is a slightly acidic peptide with some of the biological activities expected of a somatomedin.", "PMID": 400741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_483", "title": "Insulin receptors during the menstrual cycle in normal women.", "content": "Specific binding of 125I-insulin to circulating monocytes from eight normal menstruating women, four postmenopausal women and four men were studied four times during a 28-day period (one sample at 7-day intervals). Data indicate the presence of a higher specific cell binding fraction in the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase due to changes in insulin receptor concentration. No changes were observed in men or postmenopausal women during the same period of time suggesting that sex hormones should be included among the factors influencing insulin receptors.", "contents": "Insulin receptors during the menstrual cycle in normal women. Specific binding of 125I-insulin to circulating monocytes from eight normal menstruating women, four postmenopausal women and four men were studied four times during a 28-day period (one sample at 7-day intervals). Data indicate the presence of a higher specific cell binding fraction in the follicular phase compared to the luteal phase due to changes in insulin receptor concentration. No changes were observed in men or postmenopausal women during the same period of time suggesting that sex hormones should be included among the factors influencing insulin receptors.", "PMID": 400742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_484", "title": "Effects of galactose, glucose and fructose on carbohydrate-lipid metabolism.", "content": "Doses of glucose, galactose and fructose were administered orally and intravenously, while monitoring the levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, free fatty acids, cholesterol and triglycerides. Blood glucose increases when glucose is administered orally or intravenously, but does not vary significantly with any other sugar. The increase in insulinemia only with oral and intravenous glucose and with oral galactose is in agreement with the participation of intestinal factors in the determination of insulin secretion. The results obtained for free fatty acids with the various sugars may be due to the metabolic properties of each sugar. We found no significant variations in the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, perhaps because of the short duration of the experiment.", "contents": "Effects of galactose, glucose and fructose on carbohydrate-lipid metabolism. Doses of glucose, galactose and fructose were administered orally and intravenously, while monitoring the levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, free fatty acids, cholesterol and triglycerides. Blood glucose increases when glucose is administered orally or intravenously, but does not vary significantly with any other sugar. The increase in insulinemia only with oral and intravenous glucose and with oral galactose is in agreement with the participation of intestinal factors in the determination of insulin secretion. The results obtained for free fatty acids with the various sugars may be due to the metabolic properties of each sugar. We found no significant variations in the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, perhaps because of the short duration of the experiment.", "PMID": 400743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_485", "title": "Burns: early shaving and immediate skin-grafting of dorsum of the hand.", "content": "Fourteen men with deep dermal burns of the dorsum of the hand treated by early excision and primary skin grafting are presented. Satisfactory functional and cosmetic results within two to three weeks were obtained in ten patients and in five to six weeks in the remaining four. Three patients who refused surgery developed contractures. The procedure is recommended as a routine.", "contents": "Burns: early shaving and immediate skin-grafting of dorsum of the hand. Fourteen men with deep dermal burns of the dorsum of the hand treated by early excision and primary skin grafting are presented. Satisfactory functional and cosmetic results within two to three weeks were obtained in ten patients and in five to six weeks in the remaining four. Three patients who refused surgery developed contractures. The procedure is recommended as a routine.", "PMID": 400744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_486", "title": "Neutrophil antigens: immunology and clinical implications.", "content": "Neutrophil antigens may be classified into two major categories: antigens shared with other cells and antigens specific for neutrophils. The first category includes the ABH, I, i, 5a,b and HLA determinants. Additional antigens with special characteristics in this category are the blood-group U, Kx, JkaJkb, and Ge determinants which apparently neutrophils share only with erythrocytes. Neutrophil-specific antigens include the NA1, NA2, NB1 and 9a. These specificities are detected by the agglutination test and have been shown to be present on mature neutrophils. Independent allospecificities, detectable by the granulocytotoxicity test, may also exist. In addition, neutrophil antigens, which are species-specific, have been identified by the use of xenogeneic antibodies. The EDTA-dependent agglutination test remains a most reliable assay for the study of neutrophil-specific antigens. The lack of reproducibility known in the leukoagglutination reaction does not pertain to the modification used in the assay of neutrophil-specific antibodies. It does apply, however, to those tests that were performed in the absence of EDTA, and in connection to the study of HLA-related antigens. For every pathophysiological state involving the erythrocyte antigens a neutrophil analogue is observed, the difference being in symptomatology which is related to the structural and functional characteristics of the cells: febrile and pulmonary transfusion reactions result from incompatibility neutrophils. It is found that similarity in the HLA antigens and nonreactivity in the MLC test do not preclude immunization against neutrophil-specific antigens. Therefore, it is probable that febrile and pulmonary reactions will occur in the recipients of multiple granulocyte transfusions, even though donors and recipients may be considered \"histocompatible\" by the HLA assays. It has been shown that fetal-maternal incompatibility can cause neonatal neutropenia, and several forms of autoimmune neutropenia are described: in \"idiopathic\" neutropenia of infancy, autoantibodies have been found to have specificity against NA1 and NA2 and in one adult, autoimmune neutropenia due to anti-NA1 antibody has been observed. Neutropenia also occurs due to idiopathic, cold-reacting antileukocyte antibodies, and with cold agglutinins associated with lymphoma, infectious mononucleosis, and Mycoplasma pneumonia. Although the role of neutrophil antigens in bone marrow transplantation has not as yet been determined, these antigens are undoubtedly immunogenic and potentially play an important role in neutrophil compatibility. It is obvious that neutrophils cannot survive in the presence of antineutrophil antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "Neutrophil antigens: immunology and clinical implications. Neutrophil antigens may be classified into two major categories: antigens shared with other cells and antigens specific for neutrophils. The first category includes the ABH, I, i, 5a,b and HLA determinants. Additional antigens with special characteristics in this category are the blood-group U, Kx, JkaJkb, and Ge determinants which apparently neutrophils share only with erythrocytes. Neutrophil-specific antigens include the NA1, NA2, NB1 and 9a. These specificities are detected by the agglutination test and have been shown to be present on mature neutrophils. Independent allospecificities, detectable by the granulocytotoxicity test, may also exist. In addition, neutrophil antigens, which are species-specific, have been identified by the use of xenogeneic antibodies. The EDTA-dependent agglutination test remains a most reliable assay for the study of neutrophil-specific antigens. The lack of reproducibility known in the leukoagglutination reaction does not pertain to the modification used in the assay of neutrophil-specific antibodies. It does apply, however, to those tests that were performed in the absence of EDTA, and in connection to the study of HLA-related antigens. For every pathophysiological state involving the erythrocyte antigens a neutrophil analogue is observed, the difference being in symptomatology which is related to the structural and functional characteristics of the cells: febrile and pulmonary transfusion reactions result from incompatibility neutrophils. It is found that similarity in the HLA antigens and nonreactivity in the MLC test do not preclude immunization against neutrophil-specific antigens. Therefore, it is probable that febrile and pulmonary reactions will occur in the recipients of multiple granulocyte transfusions, even though donors and recipients may be considered \"histocompatible\" by the HLA assays. It has been shown that fetal-maternal incompatibility can cause neonatal neutropenia, and several forms of autoimmune neutropenia are described: in \"idiopathic\" neutropenia of infancy, autoantibodies have been found to have specificity against NA1 and NA2 and in one adult, autoimmune neutropenia due to anti-NA1 antibody has been observed. Neutropenia also occurs due to idiopathic, cold-reacting antileukocyte antibodies, and with cold agglutinins associated with lymphoma, infectious mononucleosis, and Mycoplasma pneumonia. Although the role of neutrophil antigens in bone marrow transplantation has not as yet been determined, these antigens are undoubtedly immunogenic and potentially play an important role in neutrophil compatibility. It is obvious that neutrophils cannot survive in the presence of antineutrophil antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "PMID": 400755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_487", "title": "The regulation of the release of granulocytes from normal marrow.", "content": "Figure 16 synthesizes the various aspects of marrow egress. The central anatomical relationship of the hematopoietic compartment to vascular sinus is shown above. The hatched blocks represent the sinus wall, capable of developing narrow migration channels. In the marrow, immature granulocytes alter their biophysical characteristics by developing motility, nuclear and cytoplasmic deformability and surfaces which facilitate egress. Humoral factors contribute to proliferation and maturation. Also, other humoral agents, releasing factors, may act on mature cells, for example, as cytoattractants, and on the sinus wall to reduce its adventitial cover and thereby to enhance egress. In the sinus, flow or discharge of sinus contents may be regulated by humoral agents or neural messages which may affect terminal sphincters or other structures. Although the marrow in situ is a difficult organ to study, future innovations are to be expected and our understanding of the delicate balance between hematopoietic cells, stroma and vasculature will be enhanced. Corrections of inferential errors due in part to the semi-quantitative and qualitative nature of much of our current data should be expected.", "contents": "The regulation of the release of granulocytes from normal marrow. Figure 16 synthesizes the various aspects of marrow egress. The central anatomical relationship of the hematopoietic compartment to vascular sinus is shown above. The hatched blocks represent the sinus wall, capable of developing narrow migration channels. In the marrow, immature granulocytes alter their biophysical characteristics by developing motility, nuclear and cytoplasmic deformability and surfaces which facilitate egress. Humoral factors contribute to proliferation and maturation. Also, other humoral agents, releasing factors, may act on mature cells, for example, as cytoattractants, and on the sinus wall to reduce its adventitial cover and thereby to enhance egress. In the sinus, flow or discharge of sinus contents may be regulated by humoral agents or neural messages which may affect terminal sphincters or other structures. Although the marrow in situ is a difficult organ to study, future innovations are to be expected and our understanding of the delicate balance between hematopoietic cells, stroma and vasculature will be enhanced. Corrections of inferential errors due in part to the semi-quantitative and qualitative nature of much of our current data should be expected.", "PMID": 400761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_488", "title": "Mosaicism in amniotic fluid cell cultures: classification and significance.", "content": "The last decade has witnessed increasing application of human cytogenetic technology to prenatal chromosome analysis. However, unlike the rather uniform peripheral blood T-lymphocyte system which has provided most of our experience in human cytogenetics, long-term amniotic-fluid cell cultures display extreme cellular heterogeneity and disproportionate growth of certain cell types as a consequence of clonal amplification. When they enter cell culture, many of these cells are approaching the terminal stages of their respective, life spans and may have accumulated chromosomal aberrations. Concern about the possibility of true fetal mosaicism seems warranted chiefly in situations were multiple colonies display potentially viable aberrations. Clonal analysis, preferably of multiple clonal types, and attention to details of clonal morphology are likely to minimize diagnostic errors and undue apprehension resulting from mosaicism in amniotic-fluid cell cultures.", "contents": "Mosaicism in amniotic fluid cell cultures: classification and significance. The last decade has witnessed increasing application of human cytogenetic technology to prenatal chromosome analysis. However, unlike the rather uniform peripheral blood T-lymphocyte system which has provided most of our experience in human cytogenetics, long-term amniotic-fluid cell cultures display extreme cellular heterogeneity and disproportionate growth of certain cell types as a consequence of clonal amplification. When they enter cell culture, many of these cells are approaching the terminal stages of their respective, life spans and may have accumulated chromosomal aberrations. Concern about the possibility of true fetal mosaicism seems warranted chiefly in situations were multiple colonies display potentially viable aberrations. Clonal analysis, preferably of multiple clonal types, and attention to details of clonal morphology are likely to minimize diagnostic errors and undue apprehension resulting from mosaicism in amniotic-fluid cell cultures.", "PMID": 400764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_489", "title": "National Health Insurance: a political issue at the crossroads.", "content": "It is safe to assume that a comprehensive NHI plan will not be enacted prior to the next presidential election. In sum, immediate action on the NHI issue is unlikely. However, enactment of a mini-NHI plan, expanding the Medicare and Medicaid programs, providing catastrophic coverage and/or providing coverage for mothers and children, is possible--although not probable--prior to the next presidential election.", "contents": "National Health Insurance: a political issue at the crossroads. It is safe to assume that a comprehensive NHI plan will not be enacted prior to the next presidential election. In sum, immediate action on the NHI issue is unlikely. However, enactment of a mini-NHI plan, expanding the Medicare and Medicaid programs, providing catastrophic coverage and/or providing coverage for mothers and children, is possible--although not probable--prior to the next presidential election.", "PMID": 400767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_490", "title": "Mechanisms of impaired acute insulin release in adult onset diabetes: studies with isoproterenol and secretin.", "content": "Previous work has suggested that impaired islet glucose recognition occurs in patients with adult onset diabetes, as acute insulin release is absent after iv glucose but present after beta adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol (Iso). However, insulin responses to Iso were variably reduced as compared to normal in the diabetics. In order to evaluate the importance of the Iso dose, dose-response studies were performed in 9 diabetics (fasting plasma glucose greater than 150 mg/dl) and 10 age-matched controls. In both control subjects and diabetics, 0.5 microgram Iso produced no insulin response; 2 micrograms Iso produced an intermediate response; and 8 and 12 micrograms Iso produced a higher response. The insulin responses to the larger doses of Iso were lower in diabetics than control subjects (8 micrograms, 20 +/- 5 vs. 39 +/- 6 (P less than 0.025); 12 micrograms, 21 +/- 6 vs. 37 +/- 4 (P less than 0.05); means +/- SEM, microU/ml). Of 16 diabetics who received 12 micrograms Iso, 5 had insulin responses greater than 2 SD below the control mean, while others had responses that spanned the entire range of normal. Seven diabetics also were given iv secretin (150 U). Their insulin responses to secretin correlated with the responses to Iso (r = 0.83, P less than 0.02). Thus, patients with subnormal responses to Iso also had low secretion responses. The abnormalities of acute insulin secretion in diabetics can be explained by a lesion variably affecting islet membrane receptors; some patients may have glucose receptor damage, but intact responses to other stimuli, and others may have more widespread damage affecting beta-adrenergic and secretin responses as well. Alternatively, there may be heterogeneity in adult onset diabetes, as patients with low responses to all stimuli could have a qualitatively different lesion affecting insulin secretory capacity rather than membrane receptors.", "contents": "Mechanisms of impaired acute insulin release in adult onset diabetes: studies with isoproterenol and secretin. Previous work has suggested that impaired islet glucose recognition occurs in patients with adult onset diabetes, as acute insulin release is absent after iv glucose but present after beta adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol (Iso). However, insulin responses to Iso were variably reduced as compared to normal in the diabetics. In order to evaluate the importance of the Iso dose, dose-response studies were performed in 9 diabetics (fasting plasma glucose greater than 150 mg/dl) and 10 age-matched controls. In both control subjects and diabetics, 0.5 microgram Iso produced no insulin response; 2 micrograms Iso produced an intermediate response; and 8 and 12 micrograms Iso produced a higher response. The insulin responses to the larger doses of Iso were lower in diabetics than control subjects (8 micrograms, 20 +/- 5 vs. 39 +/- 6 (P less than 0.025); 12 micrograms, 21 +/- 6 vs. 37 +/- 4 (P less than 0.05); means +/- SEM, microU/ml). Of 16 diabetics who received 12 micrograms Iso, 5 had insulin responses greater than 2 SD below the control mean, while others had responses that spanned the entire range of normal. Seven diabetics also were given iv secretin (150 U). Their insulin responses to secretin correlated with the responses to Iso (r = 0.83, P less than 0.02). Thus, patients with subnormal responses to Iso also had low secretion responses. The abnormalities of acute insulin secretion in diabetics can be explained by a lesion variably affecting islet membrane receptors; some patients may have glucose receptor damage, but intact responses to other stimuli, and others may have more widespread damage affecting beta-adrenergic and secretin responses as well. Alternatively, there may be heterogeneity in adult onset diabetes, as patients with low responses to all stimuli could have a qualitatively different lesion affecting insulin secretory capacity rather than membrane receptors.", "PMID": 400768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_491", "title": "[General anesthesia in infants].", "content": "It is generally accepted, that the progress in surgical treatment of congenital malformation is closely related to the progress in highly-specialised methods of newborn anaesthesia. The safe methods of anaesthesia have to be adapted to anatomical and physiological peculiarities of the earliest days of life as well as to different reaction to drugs and anaesthetics. The preoperative preparation in newborns used to be often very short, because most of the problems of the neonatal period are emergency surgical interventions and there is no time for treatment even of the serious disturbances of basic physiological functions. The purpose of this study was to estimate methods of general anaesthesia in newborns, which have been introduced in the Anaesthesiology Department of the National Research Institute of Mother and Child. The main element of these methods was general anaesthesia with muscle relaxants and controlled ventilation as a routine. The estimation was based on general analysis of 10 years practice when these methods of anaesthesia were used. During this time 515 anaesthesias to 408 both-sex newborns were given (Tab. I, Fig. 1). 85% of anaesthetized newborns were operated because of congenital malformations (Tab. I); 46% of operations were performed during their first week of life, 21% were operated in first 24 hours of life, mostly as an emergency (Fig. 3). 10% of operations were performed is prematures (body weight below 2500 g) (Fig. 4). The \"routine\" anaesthesia was given in 82% cases. Awake intubation in unpremedicated newborns was performed. Anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture (1:1 or 2:1). D-tubocurarine in 95% of cases was used. The initial dose 0,5 with matures and 0,25 mg with premature babies was used. If necessary supplementary doses were given. During anaesthesia, intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) with frequency at least 60/min. was used. During this ventilation, hyperventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were obtained. Precordial stetoscope and thermometer probe was used as a routine. In some special cases eCG, end-expired CO2 (capnography), pletysmography were also recorded; blood gas analyses were checked. All intra- and postoperative complications as well as postoperative mortality have been analysed in details. During 3,3% of operations some complications had been observed. The total incidence of early psotoeprative complications was 20%. In this group the most frequent were respiratory complications (16,1%). Serious disturbances in pulmonary gas exchange during operation and early postoperative period were not found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "[General anesthesia in infants]. It is generally accepted, that the progress in surgical treatment of congenital malformation is closely related to the progress in highly-specialised methods of newborn anaesthesia. The safe methods of anaesthesia have to be adapted to anatomical and physiological peculiarities of the earliest days of life as well as to different reaction to drugs and anaesthetics. The preoperative preparation in newborns used to be often very short, because most of the problems of the neonatal period are emergency surgical interventions and there is no time for treatment even of the serious disturbances of basic physiological functions. The purpose of this study was to estimate methods of general anaesthesia in newborns, which have been introduced in the Anaesthesiology Department of the National Research Institute of Mother and Child. The main element of these methods was general anaesthesia with muscle relaxants and controlled ventilation as a routine. The estimation was based on general analysis of 10 years practice when these methods of anaesthesia were used. During this time 515 anaesthesias to 408 both-sex newborns were given (Tab. I, Fig. 1). 85% of anaesthetized newborns were operated because of congenital malformations (Tab. I); 46% of operations were performed during their first week of life, 21% were operated in first 24 hours of life, mostly as an emergency (Fig. 3). 10% of operations were performed is prematures (body weight below 2500 g) (Fig. 4). The \"routine\" anaesthesia was given in 82% cases. Awake intubation in unpremedicated newborns was performed. Anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture (1:1 or 2:1). D-tubocurarine in 95% of cases was used. The initial dose 0,5 with matures and 0,25 mg with premature babies was used. If necessary supplementary doses were given. During anaesthesia, intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) with frequency at least 60/min. was used. During this ventilation, hyperventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were obtained. Precordial stetoscope and thermometer probe was used as a routine. In some special cases eCG, end-expired CO2 (capnography), pletysmography were also recorded; blood gas analyses were checked. All intra- and postoperative complications as well as postoperative mortality have been analysed in details. During 3,3% of operations some complications had been observed. The total incidence of early psotoeprative complications was 20%. In this group the most frequent were respiratory complications (16,1%). Serious disturbances in pulmonary gas exchange during operation and early postoperative period were not found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "PMID": 400770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_492", "title": "[Chemotherapy of bladder and prostatic neoplasms in children].", "content": "The basic informations concerning pathology and clinical stagging of malignant tumours localized in urinary bladder and prostatic gland are introduction to proper presentation of own material collected and treated in the years 1962-1977. The material consists of 23 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma localized in minor basin. Formerly in the years 1962-1975, the basic form of treatment was surgery with/or radiotherapy. Chemotherapy that was given accidently in special indications as single dose or for a short time. Since 1975, we have started with systematic multidrug chemotherapy (VAC) used as an important part of complex therapy. Finally the authors discuss the place of chemotherapy in complementary treatment on the base of the literature and their own experience.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of bladder and prostatic neoplasms in children]. The basic informations concerning pathology and clinical stagging of malignant tumours localized in urinary bladder and prostatic gland are introduction to proper presentation of own material collected and treated in the years 1962-1977. The material consists of 23 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma localized in minor basin. Formerly in the years 1962-1975, the basic form of treatment was surgery with/or radiotherapy. Chemotherapy that was given accidently in special indications as single dose or for a short time. Since 1975, we have started with systematic multidrug chemotherapy (VAC) used as an important part of complex therapy. Finally the authors discuss the place of chemotherapy in complementary treatment on the base of the literature and their own experience.", "PMID": 400771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_493", "title": "Factors influencing the quantity and quality of semen harvested from bulls, rams, boars and stallions.", "content": "Several inherited conditions associated with testicular defects, abnormal spermatogenesis and morphologically abnormal sperm have been found. These usually are controlled by single gene pairs. A notable exception is testicular size, with heritability in young bulls ranging from .42 to .88. Testicular size directly affects sperm output potential. The major contributor to variation in semen quality is the environment. Environmental effects may be temporary or permanent. Permanent effects occurring during prenatal and prepubertal periods and temporary or permanent factors acting after spermatogenesis is initiated can alter semen quality. Semen quality improves during the first few months after puberty and declines in old age. Malnutrition and the ingestion of toxic materials can have a major effect on testicular development and spermatogenesis, but the reproductive system has considerable regenerative capacity unless the dietary deficiencies are severe and prolonged. Elevated testicular temperatures resulting from incomplete descent of the testes (cryptorchidism), high environmental temperatures or inflammation are detrimental to spermatogenesis in all scrotal mammals. Cold temperatures appear to be innocuous unless actual freezing of tissue occurs. During periods of decreasing daylight semen quality declines in stallions and improves in seasonally breeding sheep. The time required to form and transport sperm in bulls, rams, boars and stallions is about 64, 56, 47 and 59 days. Therefore, a considerable potential lag may exist between a testicular event responsible for a change in semen quality and the time that this change is evident in ejaculated semen. Conditions imposed at the time of semen collection such as frequency of ejaculation, degree of sexual preparation and type of semen collection may influence the quality of semen harvested. Finally, certain semen characteristics are more variable than others and investigators should utilize suitable existing data to design the most effective least-cost experiments.", "contents": "Factors influencing the quantity and quality of semen harvested from bulls, rams, boars and stallions. Several inherited conditions associated with testicular defects, abnormal spermatogenesis and morphologically abnormal sperm have been found. These usually are controlled by single gene pairs. A notable exception is testicular size, with heritability in young bulls ranging from .42 to .88. Testicular size directly affects sperm output potential. The major contributor to variation in semen quality is the environment. Environmental effects may be temporary or permanent. Permanent effects occurring during prenatal and prepubertal periods and temporary or permanent factors acting after spermatogenesis is initiated can alter semen quality. Semen quality improves during the first few months after puberty and declines in old age. Malnutrition and the ingestion of toxic materials can have a major effect on testicular development and spermatogenesis, but the reproductive system has considerable regenerative capacity unless the dietary deficiencies are severe and prolonged. Elevated testicular temperatures resulting from incomplete descent of the testes (cryptorchidism), high environmental temperatures or inflammation are detrimental to spermatogenesis in all scrotal mammals. Cold temperatures appear to be innocuous unless actual freezing of tissue occurs. During periods of decreasing daylight semen quality declines in stallions and improves in seasonally breeding sheep. The time required to form and transport sperm in bulls, rams, boars and stallions is about 64, 56, 47 and 59 days. Therefore, a considerable potential lag may exist between a testicular event responsible for a change in semen quality and the time that this change is evident in ejaculated semen. Conditions imposed at the time of semen collection such as frequency of ejaculation, degree of sexual preparation and type of semen collection may influence the quality of semen harvested. Finally, certain semen characteristics are more variable than others and investigators should utilize suitable existing data to design the most effective least-cost experiments.", "PMID": 400773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_494", "title": "Selection among males for the genetic improvement of female fertility.", "content": "The quantitative physiological study of genetic variation in reproductive performance has shown that differences in the litter size and incidence of lambing in sheep are associated with variation in the release of LH. This variation is detectable in young animals of both sexes, and the injection of LHRH may aid its recognition. In the male it is associated with variation in mating behavior and testis growth. The ovarian activity of both sheep and mice has been shown to change following selection for testis growth. The use of measures of testis growth as criteria for selection to improve the reproductive performance of females is discussed.", "contents": "Selection among males for the genetic improvement of female fertility. The quantitative physiological study of genetic variation in reproductive performance has shown that differences in the litter size and incidence of lambing in sheep are associated with variation in the release of LH. This variation is detectable in young animals of both sexes, and the injection of LHRH may aid its recognition. In the male it is associated with variation in mating behavior and testis growth. The ovarian activity of both sheep and mice has been shown to change following selection for testis growth. The use of measures of testis growth as criteria for selection to improve the reproductive performance of females is discussed.", "PMID": 400774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_495", "title": "Gametogenic processes and their relationship to normal and abnormal conceptus development.", "content": "The relationship between gametogenesis and conceptus development has been described in relation to recent experiments concerning selected aspects of the cellular and molecular basis of differentiation of female and male gametes. Evidence suggests that a variety of hormonal and nonhormonal mechanisms or combinations thereof have evolved and control distinct stages of oocyte maturation process. Analyses of the meiotic maturation process with particular emphasis on amphibians, indicate that distinct cytoplasmic factors are produced or activated in response to a hormonal stimulus which initiates germinal vesicle breakdown and reinitiates the meiotic maturation process. Evidence suggests that certain cytoplasmic factors originate in the nucleus and (or) cytoplasm and that considerable cytoplasmic maturation proceeds in the absence of the nucleus, or as a result of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. Cytoplasmic factor(s) or activities affect many aspects of oocyte function and structure, including the cell membrane, chromosomes, nucleus and meiotic spindle. Ions also play a crucial role in gamete differentiation either alone or in combination with hormones or these cytoplasmic factors. The relevance of these findings to oocyte maturation and fertilization, activation and embryonic development is discussed. In many cases, similar types of biological activities exist in widely separated species and (or) are effective in widely different species. The importance of synchronization of normal gametes to the development of the embryos is discussed. It is proposed, and the evidence suggests, that hormones, ions and cytoplasmic factors play a fundamental and variable role in the differentiation and function of \"fully\" mature oocytes of many species including mammals. Significantly, the data suggest that a \"fully\" mature oocyte occurs as a result of the expression of an underlying developmental program. Variations in these substances or the processes involved in their formation or actions appear to be relevant to understanding a wide variety of developmental abnormalities as well as to assessing the normality or abnormality of in vivo or in vitro maturation and differentiation.", "contents": "Gametogenic processes and their relationship to normal and abnormal conceptus development. The relationship between gametogenesis and conceptus development has been described in relation to recent experiments concerning selected aspects of the cellular and molecular basis of differentiation of female and male gametes. Evidence suggests that a variety of hormonal and nonhormonal mechanisms or combinations thereof have evolved and control distinct stages of oocyte maturation process. Analyses of the meiotic maturation process with particular emphasis on amphibians, indicate that distinct cytoplasmic factors are produced or activated in response to a hormonal stimulus which initiates germinal vesicle breakdown and reinitiates the meiotic maturation process. Evidence suggests that certain cytoplasmic factors originate in the nucleus and (or) cytoplasm and that considerable cytoplasmic maturation proceeds in the absence of the nucleus, or as a result of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. Cytoplasmic factor(s) or activities affect many aspects of oocyte function and structure, including the cell membrane, chromosomes, nucleus and meiotic spindle. Ions also play a crucial role in gamete differentiation either alone or in combination with hormones or these cytoplasmic factors. The relevance of these findings to oocyte maturation and fertilization, activation and embryonic development is discussed. In many cases, similar types of biological activities exist in widely separated species and (or) are effective in widely different species. The importance of synchronization of normal gametes to the development of the embryos is discussed. It is proposed, and the evidence suggests, that hormones, ions and cytoplasmic factors play a fundamental and variable role in the differentiation and function of \"fully\" mature oocytes of many species including mammals. Significantly, the data suggest that a \"fully\" mature oocyte occurs as a result of the expression of an underlying developmental program. Variations in these substances or the processes involved in their formation or actions appear to be relevant to understanding a wide variety of developmental abnormalities as well as to assessing the normality or abnormality of in vivo or in vitro maturation and differentiation.", "PMID": 400775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_496", "title": "Actions of hormones on the uterus and effect on conceptus development.", "content": "The process of reproduction in the mammalian female involves interactions between gonadal and placental steroids and, possibly, protein hormones such as placental lactogen, and the uterine endometrium. These interactions are discussed relative to available data from pigs and with the understanding that the concepts presented may not be directly applicable to other species. Swine embryos enter the uterus for continued development beyond the early blastocyst stage and, within the uterus, the spherical blastocyst, of about 2 mm diameter on day 12, undergoes rapid elongation to an organism of about 1 m in length by day 15 of pregnancy. During this period of elongation, the blastocyst appears to provide the chemical signal, presumably unconjugated estrogens, that allows for corpora lutea (CL) maintenance (luteostatic effect) and, therefore, continued production of progesterone by the CL which is essential for pregnancy. Estrogens from the blastocyst may exert their luteostatic effect on the uterus by causing prostaglandin F2 alpha, the presumed porcine uterine luteolysin, to be secreted in an exocrine (toward the uterine lumen) rather than an endocrine (toward the endometrial stroma and vasculature) direction during pregnancy. Consequently, prostaglandin F2 alpha is sequestered in the uterine lumen and does not become available, via the utero-ovarian vasculature, to exert its luteolytic effect. The potential steroid precursor(s) available to the trophoblast for estrogen synthesis appear to be produced through endometrial conversion of progesterone to unconjugated androgens, e.g., androstenedione and testosterone, and conjugated estrogens, e.g., estrone-sulfate and estradiol-sulfate. The estrogens may, in concert with progesterone and possibly other hormones, placental lactogen for example, act locally, i.e., at the site of placentation to: result in a luteostatic effect; increase uterine blood flow; enhance water, electrolyte and substrate (carbohydrate and amino acid) transport to the site of placentation and across the placenta; affect synthesis and secretion of macro-molecules (histotroph) by the uterine glands that serve as enzymes and (or) carrier molecules and control or modulate physiological and (or) biochemical events essential to placental and fetal development that are not understood.", "contents": "Actions of hormones on the uterus and effect on conceptus development. The process of reproduction in the mammalian female involves interactions between gonadal and placental steroids and, possibly, protein hormones such as placental lactogen, and the uterine endometrium. These interactions are discussed relative to available data from pigs and with the understanding that the concepts presented may not be directly applicable to other species. Swine embryos enter the uterus for continued development beyond the early blastocyst stage and, within the uterus, the spherical blastocyst, of about 2 mm diameter on day 12, undergoes rapid elongation to an organism of about 1 m in length by day 15 of pregnancy. During this period of elongation, the blastocyst appears to provide the chemical signal, presumably unconjugated estrogens, that allows for corpora lutea (CL) maintenance (luteostatic effect) and, therefore, continued production of progesterone by the CL which is essential for pregnancy. Estrogens from the blastocyst may exert their luteostatic effect on the uterus by causing prostaglandin F2 alpha, the presumed porcine uterine luteolysin, to be secreted in an exocrine (toward the uterine lumen) rather than an endocrine (toward the endometrial stroma and vasculature) direction during pregnancy. Consequently, prostaglandin F2 alpha is sequestered in the uterine lumen and does not become available, via the utero-ovarian vasculature, to exert its luteolytic effect. The potential steroid precursor(s) available to the trophoblast for estrogen synthesis appear to be produced through endometrial conversion of progesterone to unconjugated androgens, e.g., androstenedione and testosterone, and conjugated estrogens, e.g., estrone-sulfate and estradiol-sulfate. The estrogens may, in concert with progesterone and possibly other hormones, placental lactogen for example, act locally, i.e., at the site of placentation to: result in a luteostatic effect; increase uterine blood flow; enhance water, electrolyte and substrate (carbohydrate and amino acid) transport to the site of placentation and across the placenta; affect synthesis and secretion of macro-molecules (histotroph) by the uterine glands that serve as enzymes and (or) carrier molecules and control or modulate physiological and (or) biochemical events essential to placental and fetal development that are not understood.", "PMID": 400776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_497", "title": "Mechanism of action of estrogen agonists and antagonists.", "content": "The relationship between estrogen agonists and antagonists and the nuclear binding of the estrogen receptor was investigated in the immature rat uterus. Estriol (and other short acting estrogens) are antagonistic when administered as a single injection due to the inability of the receptor-estriol complex to be retained by uterine nuclei for a critical period necessary to stimulate true uterine growth. This failure of the receptor-estriol complex to be retained appears to be due to rapid clearance of estriol from uterine tissue following a single injection of the hormone. When estriol is present in a chronic fashion, it acts as an agonist because receptor estriol complex is retained at nuclear sites for long periods of time. Nonsteroid estrogen antagonists, such as Nafoxidine, also cause long term nuclear retention of the estrogen receptor and act as estrogen agonists after a single injection. However, after multiple injections these drugs are antagonistic and this effect is correlated with decrease availability of cytoplasmic estrogen receptors. In addition, these compounds appear to specifically stimulate the growth of uterine epithelial cells while minimally affecting other cell types which results in hyperestrogenization of the epithelium.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of estrogen agonists and antagonists. The relationship between estrogen agonists and antagonists and the nuclear binding of the estrogen receptor was investigated in the immature rat uterus. Estriol (and other short acting estrogens) are antagonistic when administered as a single injection due to the inability of the receptor-estriol complex to be retained by uterine nuclei for a critical period necessary to stimulate true uterine growth. This failure of the receptor-estriol complex to be retained appears to be due to rapid clearance of estriol from uterine tissue following a single injection of the hormone. When estriol is present in a chronic fashion, it acts as an agonist because receptor estriol complex is retained at nuclear sites for long periods of time. Nonsteroid estrogen antagonists, such as Nafoxidine, also cause long term nuclear retention of the estrogen receptor and act as estrogen agonists after a single injection. However, after multiple injections these drugs are antagonistic and this effect is correlated with decrease availability of cytoplasmic estrogen receptors. In addition, these compounds appear to specifically stimulate the growth of uterine epithelial cells while minimally affecting other cell types which results in hyperestrogenization of the epithelium.", "PMID": 400777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_498", "title": "Genetic variation in prenatal survival and litter size.", "content": "The nature of genetic variation in litter size and its components was examined using results of long term selection and of crossing selected lines of mice. Selection for small and for large litters produced strains with mean litter size of approximately 6 and 15, respectively. The large litter size line showed a period of renewed response after 45 generations of selection, following a period of 15 generations with no response. The relative contribution of genotype of the dam and of the embryo to prenatal survival was examined using results of selection, crossing and embryo transfer. Genotype of female carrying the litter was responsible for most of the observed differences. Genes for poor survival expressed by the embryo were present in some strains, but accounted for less variation than did maternal genotype. Information from the selected lines and from crosses among them provided evidence for dominance of genes affecting fertility and prenatal survival and additivity of genes affecting ovulation rate and body weight. The information was used to suggest a model for more effective exploitation of heterosis using breeds or strains of animals of known performance for different components. The extent of genetic variation for prenatal survival suggests that natural selection in this species may not always be for maximum survival. It is suggested that the ability to reduce litter size after conception, in response to nutritional or other stress, may at times be of selective advantage, contributing to maintenance of genetic variation in survival rate.", "contents": "Genetic variation in prenatal survival and litter size. The nature of genetic variation in litter size and its components was examined using results of long term selection and of crossing selected lines of mice. Selection for small and for large litters produced strains with mean litter size of approximately 6 and 15, respectively. The large litter size line showed a period of renewed response after 45 generations of selection, following a period of 15 generations with no response. The relative contribution of genotype of the dam and of the embryo to prenatal survival was examined using results of selection, crossing and embryo transfer. Genotype of female carrying the litter was responsible for most of the observed differences. Genes for poor survival expressed by the embryo were present in some strains, but accounted for less variation than did maternal genotype. Information from the selected lines and from crosses among them provided evidence for dominance of genes affecting fertility and prenatal survival and additivity of genes affecting ovulation rate and body weight. The information was used to suggest a model for more effective exploitation of heterosis using breeds or strains of animals of known performance for different components. The extent of genetic variation for prenatal survival suggests that natural selection in this species may not always be for maximum survival. It is suggested that the ability to reduce litter size after conception, in response to nutritional or other stress, may at times be of selective advantage, contributing to maintenance of genetic variation in survival rate.", "PMID": 400778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_499", "title": "Psychological treatment of cardiovascular disease.", "content": "Recent clinical research on the psychological treatment of cardiovascular diseases is reviewed in four categories: hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, and peripheral circulatory disease. In the treatment of hypertension biofeedback of blood pressure, electromyography and galvanic skin responses both seem useful, as does systematic relaxation training of either an active or passive-meditative nature. Biofeedback of heart rate has shown some utility in treating premature ventricular contractions and sinus tachycardia. Supportive and educational group therapy for patients recovering from myocardial infarctions has shown some utility. In the treatment of Raynaud's disease, biofeedback of skin temperature is helpful. In no area has a large scale clinical trial been conducted, and only three controlled group outcome studies have been reported (two in hypertension, one in coronary artery disease). Overall, the evidence is impressive enough to warrant more systematic controlled investigation in all four areas.", "contents": "Psychological treatment of cardiovascular disease. Recent clinical research on the psychological treatment of cardiovascular diseases is reviewed in four categories: hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, and peripheral circulatory disease. In the treatment of hypertension biofeedback of blood pressure, electromyography and galvanic skin responses both seem useful, as does systematic relaxation training of either an active or passive-meditative nature. Biofeedback of heart rate has shown some utility in treating premature ventricular contractions and sinus tachycardia. Supportive and educational group therapy for patients recovering from myocardial infarctions has shown some utility. In the treatment of Raynaud's disease, biofeedback of skin temperature is helpful. In no area has a large scale clinical trial been conducted, and only three controlled group outcome studies have been reported (two in hypertension, one in coronary artery disease). Overall, the evidence is impressive enough to warrant more systematic controlled investigation in all four areas.", "PMID": 400779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_500", "title": "Relaxation therapy in the treatment of hypertension. A review.", "content": "The literature on the use of relaxation or relaxation-like procedures (relaxation therapy) in the treatment of hypertension was critically reviewed. Relaxation therapy resulted in greater reduction of blood pressure than placebo or other control procedures. A positive relationship was found between the average blood pressure decrease and the average pretreatment pressure. Relaxation-like therapies shared the features of muscular relaxation, regular practice, mental focusing, and task awareness. Research on the relative contributions of these components indicated that task awareness adds to the treatment effect in the laboratory setting, and that regular practice is necessary for optimal results in the clinical setting. The role of muscular relaxation and mental focusing is unclear. We concluded that relaxation therapy may become a useful adjunct to medication in the clinical management of hypertension, especially for individuals whose blood pressures remain high despite pharmacological treatment.", "contents": "Relaxation therapy in the treatment of hypertension. A review. The literature on the use of relaxation or relaxation-like procedures (relaxation therapy) in the treatment of hypertension was critically reviewed. Relaxation therapy resulted in greater reduction of blood pressure than placebo or other control procedures. A positive relationship was found between the average blood pressure decrease and the average pretreatment pressure. Relaxation-like therapies shared the features of muscular relaxation, regular practice, mental focusing, and task awareness. Research on the relative contributions of these components indicated that task awareness adds to the treatment effect in the laboratory setting, and that regular practice is necessary for optimal results in the clinical setting. The role of muscular relaxation and mental focusing is unclear. We concluded that relaxation therapy may become a useful adjunct to medication in the clinical management of hypertension, especially for individuals whose blood pressures remain high despite pharmacological treatment.", "PMID": 400780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_501", "title": "Reactions of transcendental meditators and nonmeditators to stress films. A cognitive study.", "content": "To experimentally test the claimed stress-reducing effects of Transcendental Meditation (TM), two stress films were shown to a group of 60 meditators and nonmeditators. Stress response was observed through the use of cognitive and affective measures employing content analysis techniques and self-ratings. The meditators did not show less stress response than the nonmeditators. On several self-rating scales, a group of subjects who had signed up to be initiated into TM rated themselves significantly more stressed and emotionally distressed than either a control group or meditators. There was a trend for meditators who meditated during the experiment to show less stress response to the films than meditators who were told not to meditate; however, this difference was significant on only one measure, a subjective stress scale.", "contents": "Reactions of transcendental meditators and nonmeditators to stress films. A cognitive study. To experimentally test the claimed stress-reducing effects of Transcendental Meditation (TM), two stress films were shown to a group of 60 meditators and nonmeditators. Stress response was observed through the use of cognitive and affective measures employing content analysis techniques and self-ratings. The meditators did not show less stress response than the nonmeditators. On several self-rating scales, a group of subjects who had signed up to be initiated into TM rated themselves significantly more stressed and emotionally distressed than either a control group or meditators. There was a trend for meditators who meditated during the experiment to show less stress response to the films than meditators who were told not to meditate; however, this difference was significant on only one measure, a subjective stress scale.", "PMID": 400781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_502", "title": "Suppression of the DnaA phenotype by mutations in the rpoB cistron of ribonucleic acid polymerase in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli.", "content": "A class of mutations that confer resistance to rifampin in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli also suppresses the thermosensitivity of chromosome initiation in dnaA mutants. Ribonucleic acid polymerase is resistant to rifampin in vitro in these suppressive mutants, and the suppressors of dnaA cannot be separated from the rpoB mutations by transduction. It is concluded, therefore, that certain rpoB mutations may suppress the DnaA phenotype.", "contents": "Suppression of the DnaA phenotype by mutations in the rpoB cistron of ribonucleic acid polymerase in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. A class of mutations that confer resistance to rifampin in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli also suppresses the thermosensitivity of chromosome initiation in dnaA mutants. Ribonucleic acid polymerase is resistant to rifampin in vitro in these suppressive mutants, and the suppressors of dnaA cannot be separated from the rpoB mutations by transduction. It is concluded, therefore, that certain rpoB mutations may suppress the DnaA phenotype.", "PMID": 400782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_503", "title": "Influence on motility of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium by a naturally occurring conjugative plasmid.", "content": "In a collection of 45 R-plasmids, one was found to be associated with loss of motility of its Escherichia coli K-12 and Salmonella typhimurium host bacteria when tested in conventional motility agar. Genetic experiments, as well as analyses of deoxyribonucleic acid, showed that inhibition of motility was caused by a conjugative plasmid that was separate from the R-plasmid. This second plasmid, named pUM5, was fi- and mediated the same type of sex pilus (F-like) as the accompanying R-plasmid but lacked resistance determinants. Preliminary studies indicated that bacterial cells carrying the motility inhibition plasmid pUM5 were still equipped with flagella. The mechanism by which flagellar action is disturbed by the plasmid is presently not known.", "contents": "Influence on motility of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium by a naturally occurring conjugative plasmid. In a collection of 45 R-plasmids, one was found to be associated with loss of motility of its Escherichia coli K-12 and Salmonella typhimurium host bacteria when tested in conventional motility agar. Genetic experiments, as well as analyses of deoxyribonucleic acid, showed that inhibition of motility was caused by a conjugative plasmid that was separate from the R-plasmid. This second plasmid, named pUM5, was fi- and mediated the same type of sex pilus (F-like) as the accompanying R-plasmid but lacked resistance determinants. Preliminary studies indicated that bacterial cells carrying the motility inhibition plasmid pUM5 were still equipped with flagella. The mechanism by which flagellar action is disturbed by the plasmid is presently not known.", "PMID": 400783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_504", "title": "In vitro transcription of the Escherichia coli K-12 argA, argE, and argCBH operons.", "content": "Deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from argA and argECBH transducing phages was utilized to study the in vitro synthesis of argA, argE, and argCBH messenger ribonucleic acid. The specific regulation of these operons by the arginine holorepressor was demonstrated, providing evidence that the majority, if not all, of the control of these operons is exercised at the transcriptional level. Data are presented which indicate that the arginine holorepressor functions by binding to the operator region and concomitantly prevents the binding of ribonucleic acid polymerase to the corresponding promoter region.", "contents": "In vitro transcription of the Escherichia coli K-12 argA, argE, and argCBH operons. Deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from argA and argECBH transducing phages was utilized to study the in vitro synthesis of argA, argE, and argCBH messenger ribonucleic acid. The specific regulation of these operons by the arginine holorepressor was demonstrated, providing evidence that the majority, if not all, of the control of these operons is exercised at the transcriptional level. Data are presented which indicate that the arginine holorepressor functions by binding to the operator region and concomitantly prevents the binding of ribonucleic acid polymerase to the corresponding promoter region.", "PMID": 400784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_505", "title": "Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli O111:B4, a strain of medical and biochemical interest.", "content": "Procedures have been worked out which allow, for the first time, the genetic analysis of Escherichia coli O111:K58:H2 (O111:B4). The approximate map position of mutant loci was determined by mating with 15 Hfr strains of E. coli K-12. In addition, P1 transduction procedures were used for establishing relative gene order and linkage for any region of the E. coli O111:B4 chromosome. To obtain these, it was necessary to select for a rare P1 lysogen since E. coli O111:B4 is resistant to phage P1. Finally, genetic homology between E. coli strains K-12 and O111:B4 is suggested since they can form stable haploid hybrids, and several loci have similar map positions in the two strains.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli O111:B4, a strain of medical and biochemical interest. Procedures have been worked out which allow, for the first time, the genetic analysis of Escherichia coli O111:K58:H2 (O111:B4). The approximate map position of mutant loci was determined by mating with 15 Hfr strains of E. coli K-12. In addition, P1 transduction procedures were used for establishing relative gene order and linkage for any region of the E. coli O111:B4 chromosome. To obtain these, it was necessary to select for a rare P1 lysogen since E. coli O111:B4 is resistant to phage P1. Finally, genetic homology between E. coli strains K-12 and O111:B4 is suggested since they can form stable haploid hybrids, and several loci have similar map positions in the two strains.", "PMID": 400785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_506", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid repair in Escherichia coli mutants deficient in the 5'----3' exonuclease activity of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I and exonuclease VII.", "content": "A series of Escherichia coli strains deficient in the 5'----3' exonuclease activity associated with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase I (exonuclease VI) and exonuclease VII has been constructed. Both of these enzymes are capable of pyrimidine dimer excision in vitro. These strains were examined for conditional lethality, sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) and X-irradiation, postirradiation DNA degradation, and ability to excise pyrimidine dimers. It was found that strains deficient in both exonuclease VI (polAex-) and exonuclease VII (xseA-) are significantly reduced in their ability to survive incubation at elevated temperature (43 degrees C) beyond the reduction previously observed for the polAex single mutants. The UV and X-ray sensitivity of the exonuclease VI-deficient strains was not increased by the addition of the xseA7 mutation. Mutants deficient in both enzymes are about as efficient as wild-type strains at excising dimers produced by up to 40 J/m2 UV. At higher doses strains containing only polAex- mutations show reduced ability to excise dimers; however, the interpretation of dimer excision data at these doses is complicated by extreme postirradiation DNA degradation in these strains. The additional deficiency in the polAex xseA7 double-mutant strains has no significant effect on either postirradiation DNA degradation or the apparent deficiency in dimer excision at high UV doses observed in polAex single mutants.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid repair in Escherichia coli mutants deficient in the 5'----3' exonuclease activity of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I and exonuclease VII. A series of Escherichia coli strains deficient in the 5'----3' exonuclease activity associated with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase I (exonuclease VI) and exonuclease VII has been constructed. Both of these enzymes are capable of pyrimidine dimer excision in vitro. These strains were examined for conditional lethality, sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) and X-irradiation, postirradiation DNA degradation, and ability to excise pyrimidine dimers. It was found that strains deficient in both exonuclease VI (polAex-) and exonuclease VII (xseA-) are significantly reduced in their ability to survive incubation at elevated temperature (43 degrees C) beyond the reduction previously observed for the polAex single mutants. The UV and X-ray sensitivity of the exonuclease VI-deficient strains was not increased by the addition of the xseA7 mutation. Mutants deficient in both enzymes are about as efficient as wild-type strains at excising dimers produced by up to 40 J/m2 UV. At higher doses strains containing only polAex- mutations show reduced ability to excise dimers; however, the interpretation of dimer excision data at these doses is complicated by extreme postirradiation DNA degradation in these strains. The additional deficiency in the polAex xseA7 double-mutant strains has no significant effect on either postirradiation DNA degradation or the apparent deficiency in dimer excision at high UV doses observed in polAex single mutants.", "PMID": 400786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_507", "title": "Mutations in the L-arabinose operon of Escherichia coli B/r with reduced initiator function.", "content": "Partial reversion mutants derived from a strain containing a strongly polar initiator-defective mutation (araI1036) in the L-arabinose operon were found to have several characteristics expected of mutants with reduced initiator function. These reversion mutations are cotransduced with the ara region and are probably within the araI region. Furthermore, they permit induction of the L-arabinose operon to a level only one-third of the normal wild-type level. These partially functional initiator regions reduce the expression of structural genes in the cis position only; they function quite independently of wild-type or defective initiator regions in the trans position. These mutants exhibit a two- to threefold increase in the rate of expression of ara operon genes within one-tenth of a generation after a shift of the growth temperature from 28 to 42 degrees C. This suggests that the temperature optimum for initiation of operon expression is higher for the partial revertant strains than it is for strains containing a wild-type initiator region.", "contents": "Mutations in the L-arabinose operon of Escherichia coli B/r with reduced initiator function. Partial reversion mutants derived from a strain containing a strongly polar initiator-defective mutation (araI1036) in the L-arabinose operon were found to have several characteristics expected of mutants with reduced initiator function. These reversion mutations are cotransduced with the ara region and are probably within the araI region. Furthermore, they permit induction of the L-arabinose operon to a level only one-third of the normal wild-type level. These partially functional initiator regions reduce the expression of structural genes in the cis position only; they function quite independently of wild-type or defective initiator regions in the trans position. These mutants exhibit a two- to threefold increase in the rate of expression of ara operon genes within one-tenth of a generation after a shift of the growth temperature from 28 to 42 degrees C. This suggests that the temperature optimum for initiation of operon expression is higher for the partial revertant strains than it is for strains containing a wild-type initiator region.", "PMID": 400787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_508", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis after inhibition of initiation of rounds of replication in Escherichia coli B/r.", "content": "The theory describing the effect of inhibition of initiation of rounds of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication on the accumulation of DNA is derived, and an analysis is presented which allows the determination of the time C taken to replicate the bacterial chromosome from the kinetic changes in the accumulation of DNA. This analysis is applied to experiments in which inhibition of initiation was achieved by inhibiting protein or protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis with chloramphenicol or rifampin. The results for both antibiotics are identical and indicate that there is a delay of 6 to 11 min in the effect of the antibiotics on initiation of rounds of replication. If this delay is taken into account, then the value of the C period estimated from such experiments agrees with values obtained by other methods, whereas by conventional data evaluation of such experiments the C period would be overestimated. In the low thymine-requiring derivative of Escherichia coli B/r ATCC 12407 used here, the C period was found to be between 38 and 41 min for cultures growing with a mass doubling time of 29 min in glucose-amino acids medium, supplemented with 20 micrograms of thymine/ml.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis after inhibition of initiation of rounds of replication in Escherichia coli B/r. The theory describing the effect of inhibition of initiation of rounds of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication on the accumulation of DNA is derived, and an analysis is presented which allows the determination of the time C taken to replicate the bacterial chromosome from the kinetic changes in the accumulation of DNA. This analysis is applied to experiments in which inhibition of initiation was achieved by inhibiting protein or protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis with chloramphenicol or rifampin. The results for both antibiotics are identical and indicate that there is a delay of 6 to 11 min in the effect of the antibiotics on initiation of rounds of replication. If this delay is taken into account, then the value of the C period estimated from such experiments agrees with values obtained by other methods, whereas by conventional data evaluation of such experiments the C period would be overestimated. In the low thymine-requiring derivative of Escherichia coli B/r ATCC 12407 used here, the C period was found to be between 38 and 41 min for cultures growing with a mass doubling time of 29 min in glucose-amino acids medium, supplemented with 20 micrograms of thymine/ml.", "PMID": 400788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_509", "title": "Amino acid transport and metabolism in nitrogen-starved cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Nitrogen-starved yeast derepress a general amino acid permease which transports basic and hydrophobic amino acids. Although both groups of amino acids are metabolized, the derivatives of the basic amino acids are retained by the cells, whereas those of the hydrophobic amino acids are released as acidic and neutral deaminated derivatives. The release of the deaminated derivatives of the hydrophobic amino acids only occurs in the presence of glucose, which presumably produces amino acceptors. The accumulation of intracellular amino acids results in trans-inhibition of the uptake of exogenous amino acids whether the intracellular amino acid is a basic amino acid or the product of intracellular transamination from a hydrophobic amino acid. Variation of permease and transaminase activity was measured during growth under repressed (ammonia-grown) and derepressed (proline-grown) conditions. Maximum levels for both activities occurs at the mid-exponential phase.", "contents": "Amino acid transport and metabolism in nitrogen-starved cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nitrogen-starved yeast derepress a general amino acid permease which transports basic and hydrophobic amino acids. Although both groups of amino acids are metabolized, the derivatives of the basic amino acids are retained by the cells, whereas those of the hydrophobic amino acids are released as acidic and neutral deaminated derivatives. The release of the deaminated derivatives of the hydrophobic amino acids only occurs in the presence of glucose, which presumably produces amino acceptors. The accumulation of intracellular amino acids results in trans-inhibition of the uptake of exogenous amino acids whether the intracellular amino acid is a basic amino acid or the product of intracellular transamination from a hydrophobic amino acid. Variation of permease and transaminase activity was measured during growth under repressed (ammonia-grown) and derepressed (proline-grown) conditions. Maximum levels for both activities occurs at the mid-exponential phase.", "PMID": 400789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_510", "title": "Cell division in Escherichia coli BS-12 is hypersensitive to deoxyribonucleic acid damage by ultraviolet light.", "content": "Escherichia coli BS-12 uvrA lon is hypersensitive to ultraviolet light. On minimal agar plates at densities in excess of about 10(7) bacteria per plate, as few as one or two photoreversible pyrimidine dimers in the entire genome are sufficient to cause inhibition of cell division. Most of the resulting filaments are unable to divide or form a viable colony. Inhibition of cell division appears to be a rapid consequence of replication of deoxyribonucleic acid containing a pyrimidine dimer. Photoreversibility of the inhibition of cell division persists indefinitely, indicating that the continued presence of the pyrimidine dimers (or the continued generation of daughter strand gaps) is necessary to maintain the division-inhibited state. In view of the kinetics for the production of filamentation by ultraviolet light and the extremely low average inducing fluence (0.03 J/m2), it is concluded that the initiating signal is not the same as that causing other inducible phenomena such as prophage induction or Weigle reactivation.", "contents": "Cell division in Escherichia coli BS-12 is hypersensitive to deoxyribonucleic acid damage by ultraviolet light. Escherichia coli BS-12 uvrA lon is hypersensitive to ultraviolet light. On minimal agar plates at densities in excess of about 10(7) bacteria per plate, as few as one or two photoreversible pyrimidine dimers in the entire genome are sufficient to cause inhibition of cell division. Most of the resulting filaments are unable to divide or form a viable colony. Inhibition of cell division appears to be a rapid consequence of replication of deoxyribonucleic acid containing a pyrimidine dimer. Photoreversibility of the inhibition of cell division persists indefinitely, indicating that the continued presence of the pyrimidine dimers (or the continued generation of daughter strand gaps) is necessary to maintain the division-inhibited state. In view of the kinetics for the production of filamentation by ultraviolet light and the extremely low average inducing fluence (0.03 J/m2), it is concluded that the initiating signal is not the same as that causing other inducible phenomena such as prophage induction or Weigle reactivation.", "PMID": 400790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_511", "title": "Isolation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae glycolytic pathway mutants.", "content": "Yeast strains carrying recessive mutations representing four different loci that cause defects in pyruvate kinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, and 3-phosphoglycerate mutase were isolated and partially characterized. Cells carrying these mutations were unable to use glucose as a carbon source as measured in turbidimetric growth experiments. Tetrad analysis indicated that these mutations were not linked to each other; one of the mutations, that affecting phosphoglycerate kinase, was located on chromosome III.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae glycolytic pathway mutants. Yeast strains carrying recessive mutations representing four different loci that cause defects in pyruvate kinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, and 3-phosphoglycerate mutase were isolated and partially characterized. Cells carrying these mutations were unable to use glucose as a carbon source as measured in turbidimetric growth experiments. Tetrad analysis indicated that these mutations were not linked to each other; one of the mutations, that affecting phosphoglycerate kinase, was located on chromosome III.", "PMID": 400791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_512", "title": "Recovery of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating-type a cells from G1 arrest by alpha factor.", "content": "Mating-type a cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that had been specifically arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by alpha factor, an oligopeptide pheromone made by alpha cells, recovered and resumed cell division after a period of inhibition which was dependent on the concentration of alpha factor used. These treated a cells were more resistant to alpha factor than untreated a cells, but lost their resistance upon further cell division. However, cells arrested for 6 h were no more resistant to alpha factor than cells arrested for only 2.5 h. Mating-type a strains could inactivate or remove alpha factor from the culture fluid, but two a sterile (nonmating) mutants and an a/alpha diploid strain could not. These results suggest that a cells have a mechanism, which may involve uptake or inactivation of alpha factor, for recovering from alpha factor arrest. However, the results do not distinguish between a recovery mechanism which is constitutive and one which is induced by alpha factor. The loss of alpha factor activity during recovery appeared to be primarily cell contact mediated, although an extracellular, diffusible inhibitor of alpha factor that is labile or that functions stoichiometrically could not be ruled out.", "contents": "Recovery of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating-type a cells from G1 arrest by alpha factor. Mating-type a cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that had been specifically arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by alpha factor, an oligopeptide pheromone made by alpha cells, recovered and resumed cell division after a period of inhibition which was dependent on the concentration of alpha factor used. These treated a cells were more resistant to alpha factor than untreated a cells, but lost their resistance upon further cell division. However, cells arrested for 6 h were no more resistant to alpha factor than cells arrested for only 2.5 h. Mating-type a strains could inactivate or remove alpha factor from the culture fluid, but two a sterile (nonmating) mutants and an a/alpha diploid strain could not. These results suggest that a cells have a mechanism, which may involve uptake or inactivation of alpha factor, for recovering from alpha factor arrest. However, the results do not distinguish between a recovery mechanism which is constitutive and one which is induced by alpha factor. The loss of alpha factor activity during recovery appeared to be primarily cell contact mediated, although an extracellular, diffusible inhibitor of alpha factor that is labile or that functions stoichiometrically could not be ruled out.", "PMID": 400792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_513", "title": "Iodination of Escherichia coli with chloramine T: selective labeling of the outer membrane lipoprotein.", "content": "Iodination of Escherichia coli cells with chloramine T preferentially labels the free and murein-bound forms of the outer membrane lipoprotein. Iodination for 15 s at 15 degrees C labels the two forms of the lipoprotein almost exclusively, whereas iodination for 60 s at 25 degrees C also labels the other major outer membrane proteins. Chloramine T iodination is a rapid, simple technique for labeling the outer membrane lipoprotein.", "contents": "Iodination of Escherichia coli with chloramine T: selective labeling of the outer membrane lipoprotein. Iodination of Escherichia coli cells with chloramine T preferentially labels the free and murein-bound forms of the outer membrane lipoprotein. Iodination for 15 s at 15 degrees C labels the two forms of the lipoprotein almost exclusively, whereas iodination for 60 s at 25 degrees C also labels the other major outer membrane proteins. Chloramine T iodination is a rapid, simple technique for labeling the outer membrane lipoprotein.", "PMID": 400793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_514", "title": "Escherichia coli K-12 tolF mutants: alterations in protein composition of the outer membrane.", "content": "Outer membrane materials prepared from three independently isolated spontaneous Escherichia coli tolF mutants contained no detectable protein Ia. The loss of this protein was nearly completely compensated for by an increase in other major outer membrane proteins, Ib and II. Thus, the major outer membrane proteins accounted for 40% of the total cell envelope protein in both tol+ and tolF strains. No changes were found in the levels of inner membrane proteins prepared from tolF strains when compared with similar preparations from the tol+ strain. Phage-resistant mutants were selected starting with a tolF strain by using either phage TuIb or phage PA2. These phage-resistant tolF strains contained neither protein Ia nor protein Ib. The mutation leading to the loss of protein Ib in these strains is independent of the tolF mutation and is located near malP on the E. coli genetic map.", "contents": "Escherichia coli K-12 tolF mutants: alterations in protein composition of the outer membrane. Outer membrane materials prepared from three independently isolated spontaneous Escherichia coli tolF mutants contained no detectable protein Ia. The loss of this protein was nearly completely compensated for by an increase in other major outer membrane proteins, Ib and II. Thus, the major outer membrane proteins accounted for 40% of the total cell envelope protein in both tol+ and tolF strains. No changes were found in the levels of inner membrane proteins prepared from tolF strains when compared with similar preparations from the tol+ strain. Phage-resistant mutants were selected starting with a tolF strain by using either phage TuIb or phage PA2. These phage-resistant tolF strains contained neither protein Ia nor protein Ib. The mutation leading to the loss of protein Ib in these strains is independent of the tolF mutation and is located near malP on the E. coli genetic map.", "PMID": 400794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_515", "title": "Flagellar formation in Escherichia coli electron transport mutants.", "content": "Mutants of Escherichia coli lacking ubiquinone or heme have been tested for motility and found to be essentially immotile. The loss of motility is identified with the loss of flagellum synthesis.", "contents": "Flagellar formation in Escherichia coli electron transport mutants. Mutants of Escherichia coli lacking ubiquinone or heme have been tested for motility and found to be essentially immotile. The loss of motility is identified with the loss of flagellum synthesis.", "PMID": 400795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_516", "title": "Regulatory changes in the fucose system associated with the evolution of a catabolic pathway for propanediol in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Wild-type strains of Escherichia coli are unable to use L-1,2-propanediol as a carbon and energy source. Strain 3, a mutant selected for the ability to grow on this compound at progressively more rapid rates, synthesizes constitutively a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked propanediol oxidoreductase. This enzyme is normally synthesized during anaerobic growth on L-fucose when it functions as a lactaldehyde reductase. Propanediol, the end product of this fermentation process, escapes irretrievably into the medium. The propanediol-utilizing mutant can no longer grow on fucose in either the presence or absence of molecular oxygen. In the present study nine independent lines of propanediol-positive mutants were characterized. One mutant, strain 418, attained a propanediol growth rate close to that of strain 3 without loss of the ability to grow on fucose. In all cases examined, however, prolonged selection on propanediol did result in the emergence of fucose-negative mutants. All of these mutants had enzyme patterns similar to that of strain 3; namely, fucose permease, fucose isomerase, and fuculose kinase were noninducible, whereas fuculose 1-phosphate aldolase was constitutive. In strain 418 and in the fucose-positive predecessors of the other mutants, the first four enzymes in the pathway remained inducible, as in the wild-type strain. Improvements in the growth rate on propanediol appeared to reflect principally the increased activity level of the oxidoreductase during the early stages of evolution. According to transductional analysis, the mutations affecting the ability to grow on propanediol and those that affect the expression of the first enzymes in the fucose pathway were very closely linked. The loss of the ability to grow on fucose is thought to be a mechanistic consequence incidental to the remodeling of the regulatory system in favor of the utilization of the novel carbon source.", "contents": "Regulatory changes in the fucose system associated with the evolution of a catabolic pathway for propanediol in Escherichia coli. Wild-type strains of Escherichia coli are unable to use L-1,2-propanediol as a carbon and energy source. Strain 3, a mutant selected for the ability to grow on this compound at progressively more rapid rates, synthesizes constitutively a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked propanediol oxidoreductase. This enzyme is normally synthesized during anaerobic growth on L-fucose when it functions as a lactaldehyde reductase. Propanediol, the end product of this fermentation process, escapes irretrievably into the medium. The propanediol-utilizing mutant can no longer grow on fucose in either the presence or absence of molecular oxygen. In the present study nine independent lines of propanediol-positive mutants were characterized. One mutant, strain 418, attained a propanediol growth rate close to that of strain 3 without loss of the ability to grow on fucose. In all cases examined, however, prolonged selection on propanediol did result in the emergence of fucose-negative mutants. All of these mutants had enzyme patterns similar to that of strain 3; namely, fucose permease, fucose isomerase, and fuculose kinase were noninducible, whereas fuculose 1-phosphate aldolase was constitutive. In strain 418 and in the fucose-positive predecessors of the other mutants, the first four enzymes in the pathway remained inducible, as in the wild-type strain. Improvements in the growth rate on propanediol appeared to reflect principally the increased activity level of the oxidoreductase during the early stages of evolution. According to transductional analysis, the mutations affecting the ability to grow on propanediol and those that affect the expression of the first enzymes in the fucose pathway were very closely linked. The loss of the ability to grow on fucose is thought to be a mechanistic consequence incidental to the remodeling of the regulatory system in favor of the utilization of the novel carbon source.", "PMID": 400796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_517", "title": "Area of 16S ribonucleic acid at or near the interface between 30S and 50S ribosomes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "To determine the region of 16S ribonucleic acid (RNA) at the interface between 30 and 50S ribosomes of Escherichia coli, 30 and 70S ribosomes were treated with T1 ribonuclease (RNase). The accessibility of 16S RNA in the 5' half of the molecule is the same in 30 and 70S ribosomes. The interaction with 50S ribosomes decreases the sensitivity to T1 RNase of an area in the middle of 16S RNA. A large area near the 3' end of 16S RNA is completely protected in 70S ribosomes. The RNA near the 3' end of the molecule and an area of RNA in the middle of the molecule appear to be at the interface between 30 and 50S ribosomes. One site in 16S RNA, 13 to 15 nucleotides from the 3' end, normally inaccessible to T1 RNase in 30S ribosomes, becomes accessible to T1 RNase in 70S ribosomes. This indicates a conformational change at the 3' end of 16S RNA when 30S ribosomes are associated with 50S ribosomes.", "contents": "Area of 16S ribonucleic acid at or near the interface between 30S and 50S ribosomes of Escherichia coli. To determine the region of 16S ribonucleic acid (RNA) at the interface between 30 and 50S ribosomes of Escherichia coli, 30 and 70S ribosomes were treated with T1 ribonuclease (RNase). The accessibility of 16S RNA in the 5' half of the molecule is the same in 30 and 70S ribosomes. The interaction with 50S ribosomes decreases the sensitivity to T1 RNase of an area in the middle of 16S RNA. A large area near the 3' end of 16S RNA is completely protected in 70S ribosomes. The RNA near the 3' end of the molecule and an area of RNA in the middle of the molecule appear to be at the interface between 30 and 50S ribosomes. One site in 16S RNA, 13 to 15 nucleotides from the 3' end, normally inaccessible to T1 RNase in 30S ribosomes, becomes accessible to T1 RNase in 70S ribosomes. This indicates a conformational change at the 3' end of 16S RNA when 30S ribosomes are associated with 50S ribosomes.", "PMID": 400797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_518", "title": "Polysaccharide capsule of Escherichia coli: microscope study of its size, structure, and sites of synthesis.", "content": "This report describes the structure, size, and shape of the uncollapsed polysaccharide capsule of Escherichia coli strain Bi 161/42 [O9:K29(A):H-], its ultrastructural preservation as well as the filamentous components of the isolated capsular material. In a temperature-sensitive mutant, sites were localized at which capsular polysaccharide is \"exported\" to the cell surface. The highly hydrated capsule of the wild-type cells was visible in the uncollapsed state after freeze-etching, whereas dehydration in greater than or equal to 50% acetone or alcohol caused the capsule to collapse into thick bundles. This was prevented by pretreatment of the cell with capsule-specific immunoglobulin G; the capsule appeared as a homogeneous layer of 250- to 300-nm thickness. The structural preservation depended on the concentration of the anti-capsular immunoglobulin G. Temperature-sensitive mutants, unable to produce capsular antigen at elevated temperatures, showed, 10 to 15 min after shift down to permissive temperature, polysaccharide strands with K29 specificity appearing at the cell surface at roughly 20 sites per cell; concomitantly, capsule-directed antibody started to agglutinate the bacteria. The sites at which the new antigen emerged were found in random distribution over the entire surface of the organism. Spreading of purified polysaccharide was achieved on air-water interfaces; after subsequent shadow casting with heavy metal, filamentous elements were observed with a smallest class of filaments measuring 250 nm in length and 3 to 6 nm in width. At one end these fibers revealed a knoblike structure of about 10-nm diameter. The slimelike polysaccharides from mutants produced filamentous bundles of greater than 100-microns length, with antigenic and phage-receptor properties indistinguishable from those of the wild-type K29 capsule antigen.", "contents": "Polysaccharide capsule of Escherichia coli: microscope study of its size, structure, and sites of synthesis. This report describes the structure, size, and shape of the uncollapsed polysaccharide capsule of Escherichia coli strain Bi 161/42 [O9:K29(A):H-], its ultrastructural preservation as well as the filamentous components of the isolated capsular material. In a temperature-sensitive mutant, sites were localized at which capsular polysaccharide is \"exported\" to the cell surface. The highly hydrated capsule of the wild-type cells was visible in the uncollapsed state after freeze-etching, whereas dehydration in greater than or equal to 50% acetone or alcohol caused the capsule to collapse into thick bundles. This was prevented by pretreatment of the cell with capsule-specific immunoglobulin G; the capsule appeared as a homogeneous layer of 250- to 300-nm thickness. The structural preservation depended on the concentration of the anti-capsular immunoglobulin G. Temperature-sensitive mutants, unable to produce capsular antigen at elevated temperatures, showed, 10 to 15 min after shift down to permissive temperature, polysaccharide strands with K29 specificity appearing at the cell surface at roughly 20 sites per cell; concomitantly, capsule-directed antibody started to agglutinate the bacteria. The sites at which the new antigen emerged were found in random distribution over the entire surface of the organism. Spreading of purified polysaccharide was achieved on air-water interfaces; after subsequent shadow casting with heavy metal, filamentous elements were observed with a smallest class of filaments measuring 250 nm in length and 3 to 6 nm in width. At one end these fibers revealed a knoblike structure of about 10-nm diameter. The slimelike polysaccharides from mutants produced filamentous bundles of greater than 100-microns length, with antigenic and phage-receptor properties indistinguishable from those of the wild-type K29 capsule antigen.", "PMID": 400798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_519", "title": "Stepwise selection of defective nitrogen-fixing phenotypes in Escherichia coli K-12 by dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "Storage in dimethyl sulfoxide of Escherichia coli K-12 hybrids carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae nif+ genes can result in selection of a defective nitrogen-fixing phenotype. Dimethyl sulfoxide appears to affect particular inner membrane proteins associated with energy metabolism in E. coli K-12.", "contents": "Stepwise selection of defective nitrogen-fixing phenotypes in Escherichia coli K-12 by dimethyl sulfoxide. Storage in dimethyl sulfoxide of Escherichia coli K-12 hybrids carrying Klebsiella pneumoniae nif+ genes can result in selection of a defective nitrogen-fixing phenotype. Dimethyl sulfoxide appears to affect particular inner membrane proteins associated with energy metabolism in E. coli K-12.", "PMID": 400799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_520", "title": "Fusion of yeast spheroplasts.", "content": "Spheroplasts of two different auxotrophic strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, both of mating type a, were fused with the aid of polyethylene glycol and calcium ions. After reversion to vegetative cells in solid media, the resulting zygotes were shown to be diploid cells of mating type aa.", "contents": "Fusion of yeast spheroplasts. Spheroplasts of two different auxotrophic strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, both of mating type a, were fused with the aid of polyethylene glycol and calcium ions. After reversion to vegetative cells in solid media, the resulting zygotes were shown to be diploid cells of mating type aa.", "PMID": 400800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_521", "title": "Multivalent regulation of isoleucine-valine transaminase in an Escherichia coli K-12 ilvA deletion strain.", "content": "In a strain of Escherichia coli K-12 lacking threonine deaminase, the enzyme converting alpha-ketoisovalerate and alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate to valine and isoleucine, respectively, was multivalently repressed by valine, isoleucine, and leucine. This activity was due to transaminase B, specified by the ilvE structural gene.", "contents": "Multivalent regulation of isoleucine-valine transaminase in an Escherichia coli K-12 ilvA deletion strain. In a strain of Escherichia coli K-12 lacking threonine deaminase, the enzyme converting alpha-ketoisovalerate and alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate to valine and isoleucine, respectively, was multivalently repressed by valine, isoleucine, and leucine. This activity was due to transaminase B, specified by the ilvE structural gene.", "PMID": 400801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_522", "title": "Coordinate control of the synthesis of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase components in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase subunits B1 and B2 and ether-permeabilized cell activities of Escherichia coli increase in parallel during thymine deprivation. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase activities are not affected by thymine deprivation.", "contents": "Coordinate control of the synthesis of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase components in Escherichia coli. Ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase subunits B1 and B2 and ether-permeabilized cell activities of Escherichia coli increase in parallel during thymine deprivation. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase activities are not affected by thymine deprivation.", "PMID": 400802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_523", "title": "Nucleoside triphosphate pools in minicells of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The nucleoside triphosphate pools of Escherichia coli minicells are different from those in parental cells. The growth phase in which minicells accumulate significantly affects the pool sizes.", "contents": "Nucleoside triphosphate pools in minicells of Escherichia coli. The nucleoside triphosphate pools of Escherichia coli minicells are different from those in parental cells. The growth phase in which minicells accumulate significantly affects the pool sizes.", "PMID": 400803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_524", "title": "Transport of 3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate, an analogue of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.", "content": "3,4-Dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate (DHBP), an analogue of glycerol 3-phosphate, is actively transported by the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate transport system of Escherichia coli strain 8. The Km for the transport of DHBP is 200 microM.", "contents": "Transport of 3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate, an analogue of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. 3,4-Dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate (DHBP), an analogue of glycerol 3-phosphate, is actively transported by the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate transport system of Escherichia coli strain 8. The Km for the transport of DHBP is 200 microM.", "PMID": 400804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_525", "title": "Wechsler Memory Scale: a selective review of the literature.", "content": "Research on the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) is reviewed with respect to questions of its reliability, factor structure, construct validity, and utility. The relationship of Memory Quotient to Full Scale IQ is explored and the conditions under which disparity between the two scores may be clinically useful indicated. Despite its numerous limitations, the WMS has been a sensitive test of short-term verbal memory. As such, it may be helpful in identifying impairment of the dominant (left) temporal lobe and its medial hippocampal connections. The test is badly in need of re-standardization, however, and suggestions for improving the instrument are made.", "contents": "Wechsler Memory Scale: a selective review of the literature. Research on the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) is reviewed with respect to questions of its reliability, factor structure, construct validity, and utility. The relationship of Memory Quotient to Full Scale IQ is explored and the conditions under which disparity between the two scores may be clinically useful indicated. Despite its numerous limitations, the WMS has been a sensitive test of short-term verbal memory. As such, it may be helpful in identifying impairment of the dominant (left) temporal lobe and its medial hippocampal connections. The test is badly in need of re-standardization, however, and suggestions for improving the instrument are made.", "PMID": 400812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_526", "title": "Time-response analysis of the effect of stimulant medication on the learning ability of children referred for hyperactivity.", "content": "This report introduces a method for obtaining behavioral time-response information for a short-acting psychotropic drug (methylphenidate [Ritalin]) that is widely used to treat behaviorally hyperactive children. We used a laboratory learning task to document that between one and two hours after the administration of a single dose of methylphenidate, the drug exerts its maximum effect on performance in a learning task in the laboratory. This effect on cognitive performance dissipates within the same day. This rapid and transient effect of methylphenidate makes it possible to classify patients in a single day into those who respond favorably and those who respond adversely to the drug in terms of its effect on cognitive behavior.", "contents": "Time-response analysis of the effect of stimulant medication on the learning ability of children referred for hyperactivity. This report introduces a method for obtaining behavioral time-response information for a short-acting psychotropic drug (methylphenidate [Ritalin]) that is widely used to treat behaviorally hyperactive children. We used a laboratory learning task to document that between one and two hours after the administration of a single dose of methylphenidate, the drug exerts its maximum effect on performance in a learning task in the laboratory. This effect on cognitive performance dissipates within the same day. This rapid and transient effect of methylphenidate makes it possible to classify patients in a single day into those who respond favorably and those who respond adversely to the drug in terms of its effect on cognitive behavior.", "PMID": 400817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_527", "title": "Pneumocystis carinii infection: evidence for high prevalence in normal and immunosuppressed children.", "content": "Using Pneumocystis carinii organisms propagated through three passages in embryonic chick epithelial lung cultures, specific antigens and antisera were prepared for use in counterimmunoelectrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescent antibody techniques. These methods proved to be specific and sensitive for the detection of P. carinii antigen and antibody, respectively, in sera, and were applied to the study of cancer patients with P. carinii pneumonitis (PCP), cancer patients without pneumonitis, and normal children. Antigenemia was detected in 95% of patients with PCP, in 15% of cancer patients without pneumonitis, and in none of the normal children tested. In cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of normal infants and children, acquisition of serum antibody to P. carinii was demonstrated to occur progressively with increase in age. By 4 years of age two thirds of the normal children were found to have antibody to P. carinii in titers of 1:16 or greater. These studies indicate that subclinical P. carinii infection is highly prevalent in normal children, analogous to other opportunistic infections where active disease is manifest predominantly in the compromised host.", "contents": "Pneumocystis carinii infection: evidence for high prevalence in normal and immunosuppressed children. Using Pneumocystis carinii organisms propagated through three passages in embryonic chick epithelial lung cultures, specific antigens and antisera were prepared for use in counterimmunoelectrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescent antibody techniques. These methods proved to be specific and sensitive for the detection of P. carinii antigen and antibody, respectively, in sera, and were applied to the study of cancer patients with P. carinii pneumonitis (PCP), cancer patients without pneumonitis, and normal children. Antigenemia was detected in 95% of patients with PCP, in 15% of cancer patients without pneumonitis, and in none of the normal children tested. In cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of normal infants and children, acquisition of serum antibody to P. carinii was demonstrated to occur progressively with increase in age. By 4 years of age two thirds of the normal children were found to have antibody to P. carinii in titers of 1:16 or greater. These studies indicate that subclinical P. carinii infection is highly prevalent in normal children, analogous to other opportunistic infections where active disease is manifest predominantly in the compromised host.", "PMID": 400818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_528", "title": "Modified agar dilution method for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "A simplified method has been developed for agar dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria, designed to economize on time and money when only a few isolates need to be tested. The procedure is based on the principle of using filter paper disks as carriers of the antibiotic and 35- by 10-mm petri dishes which, when inoculated with the Steers replicator, can test up to four organisms per plate. The procedure was run in parallel with conventional agar dilution techniques and showed 95% agreement to within one dilution for all minimal inhibitory concentrations recorded on fresh anaerobic isolates from clinical specimens. The technique was further simplified by using commercially available antibiotic-containing disks, thereby alleviating the tedious and time-consuming procedure of preparing the disks. The data indicated that 48- to 72-h diffusion periods were sufficient to achieve a uniform concentration of the antibiotic in the petri plate and that the antibiotics were stable at room temperature for that period of time. In terms of applicability and relevance to the needs of the clinical microbiology laboratory, the modified agar dilution method for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing of individual anaerobic isolates was found to be superior to the broth dilution method since it was easier to read and required considerably less set up time.", "contents": "Modified agar dilution method for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria. A simplified method has been developed for agar dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria, designed to economize on time and money when only a few isolates need to be tested. The procedure is based on the principle of using filter paper disks as carriers of the antibiotic and 35- by 10-mm petri dishes which, when inoculated with the Steers replicator, can test up to four organisms per plate. The procedure was run in parallel with conventional agar dilution techniques and showed 95% agreement to within one dilution for all minimal inhibitory concentrations recorded on fresh anaerobic isolates from clinical specimens. The technique was further simplified by using commercially available antibiotic-containing disks, thereby alleviating the tedious and time-consuming procedure of preparing the disks. The data indicated that 48- to 72-h diffusion periods were sufficient to achieve a uniform concentration of the antibiotic in the petri plate and that the antibiotics were stable at room temperature for that period of time. In terms of applicability and relevance to the needs of the clinical microbiology laboratory, the modified agar dilution method for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing of individual anaerobic isolates was found to be superior to the broth dilution method since it was easier to read and required considerably less set up time.", "PMID": 400819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_529", "title": "Stepwise acquisition of multiple drug resistance by beta-hemolytic streptococci and difference in resistance pattern by type.", "content": "We collected 1,353 strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci of groups A, B, C, and G (1,176 strains of which were group A) isolated in 26 institutions throughout Japan in 1972-1974. The strains were grouped and T-typed by our specific group-and T-factor sera, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations of 10 antibiotics were assayed by the standard method. Resistant strains from the above collection were classified according to group, T-type, and drug resistance pattern. Our data on T-types for 1964-1971 and on drug resistance for 1966-1971 were used to interpret the detected long-term variations in T-type and drug resistance. The stepwise acquisition of multiple drug resistance, the difference in resistance pattern between predominant T-types, and the rarity of single-macrolide resistance were demonstrated.", "contents": "Stepwise acquisition of multiple drug resistance by beta-hemolytic streptococci and difference in resistance pattern by type. We collected 1,353 strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci of groups A, B, C, and G (1,176 strains of which were group A) isolated in 26 institutions throughout Japan in 1972-1974. The strains were grouped and T-typed by our specific group-and T-factor sera, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations of 10 antibiotics were assayed by the standard method. Resistant strains from the above collection were classified according to group, T-type, and drug resistance pattern. Our data on T-types for 1964-1971 and on drug resistance for 1966-1971 were used to interpret the detected long-term variations in T-type and drug resistance. The stepwise acquisition of multiple drug resistance, the difference in resistance pattern between predominant T-types, and the rarity of single-macrolide resistance were demonstrated.", "PMID": 400820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_530", "title": "In vitro and in vivo studies with BL-S786, cefoxitin, and cefamandole.", "content": "The in vitro antimicrobial activities of BL-S786, cefoxitin, and cefamandole against 90 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae and E. aerogenes, were studied by using an agar dilution procedure. Comparison of geometric mean minimal inhibitory concentrations showed that BL-S786 was half as active as cefamandole against Enterobacter species, 2 to 4 times more active than cefamandole against all other species, and 4 to 25 times more active than cefoxitin against all species. In vivo experiments employed acute protection tests in infected mice, using five isolates each of the five genera. Drugs were administered intramuscularly in two doses 3 h apart at dosages of 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg per mouse. In most instances, BL-S786 was the most efficacious drug, being some 1.3 to 9.1 times more active than cefoxitin in all experiments and 1.5 to 8.7 times more active than cefamandole in most experiments. BL-S786 and cefamandole were comparable in activity in experiments with E. aerogenes, whereas BL-S786 was superior in experiments with E. cloacae.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo studies with BL-S786, cefoxitin, and cefamandole. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of BL-S786, cefoxitin, and cefamandole against 90 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae and E. aerogenes, were studied by using an agar dilution procedure. Comparison of geometric mean minimal inhibitory concentrations showed that BL-S786 was half as active as cefamandole against Enterobacter species, 2 to 4 times more active than cefamandole against all other species, and 4 to 25 times more active than cefoxitin against all species. In vivo experiments employed acute protection tests in infected mice, using five isolates each of the five genera. Drugs were administered intramuscularly in two doses 3 h apart at dosages of 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg per mouse. In most instances, BL-S786 was the most efficacious drug, being some 1.3 to 9.1 times more active than cefoxitin in all experiments and 1.5 to 8.7 times more active than cefamandole in most experiments. BL-S786 and cefamandole were comparable in activity in experiments with E. aerogenes, whereas BL-S786 was superior in experiments with E. cloacae.", "PMID": 400821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_531", "title": "Protection by unsaturated lecithin against the imidazole antimycotics, clotrimazole and miconazole.", "content": "The activity of egg lecithin in preventing the antifungal action of the two imidazole antimycotics, clotrimazole and miconazole, was confirmed. However, addition of this phospholipid could not relieve an existing imidazole inhibition. Compared with egg lecithin, reduced egg lecithin showed no such protective effect. The addition of egg lecithin to an aqueous suspension of the imidazole drugs changed the absorption profile of the imidazole, suggesting a low solubility and, consequently, a lower effective concentration; however, the addition of reduced egg lecithin did not produce any change in the adsorption. These results indicate that the preventive effect of egg lecithin on imidazole inhibition may be a consequence of preferential in vitro interaction of the drug with unsaturated phospholipid to form a hydrophobic complex.", "contents": "Protection by unsaturated lecithin against the imidazole antimycotics, clotrimazole and miconazole. The activity of egg lecithin in preventing the antifungal action of the two imidazole antimycotics, clotrimazole and miconazole, was confirmed. However, addition of this phospholipid could not relieve an existing imidazole inhibition. Compared with egg lecithin, reduced egg lecithin showed no such protective effect. The addition of egg lecithin to an aqueous suspension of the imidazole drugs changed the absorption profile of the imidazole, suggesting a low solubility and, consequently, a lower effective concentration; however, the addition of reduced egg lecithin did not produce any change in the adsorption. These results indicate that the preventive effect of egg lecithin on imidazole inhibition may be a consequence of preferential in vitro interaction of the drug with unsaturated phospholipid to form a hydrophobic complex.", "PMID": 400822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_532", "title": "Central nervous system chloramphenicol concentration in premature infants.", "content": "Four premature infants under 1,500 g were treated with parenteral chloramphenicol for central nervous system infections due to organisms resistant to the penicillins. Serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and ventricular fluid concentrations of chloramphenicol were measured frequently during therapy and were used to maintain drug dosages in the safe and therapeutic range. Concentrations of chloramphenicol in the lumbar CSF and ventricular fluid had a mean of 23.3 +/- 7.7 micrograms/ml, consistently greater than 45% of peak serum levels. These data show that chloramphenicol enters the CSF in both ventricular and lumbar regions in therapeutic concentrations when administered intravenously. The clinical usefulness of this drug remains to be investigated. The importance of monitoring serum drug levels during therapy is emphasized.", "contents": "Central nervous system chloramphenicol concentration in premature infants. Four premature infants under 1,500 g were treated with parenteral chloramphenicol for central nervous system infections due to organisms resistant to the penicillins. Serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and ventricular fluid concentrations of chloramphenicol were measured frequently during therapy and were used to maintain drug dosages in the safe and therapeutic range. Concentrations of chloramphenicol in the lumbar CSF and ventricular fluid had a mean of 23.3 +/- 7.7 micrograms/ml, consistently greater than 45% of peak serum levels. These data show that chloramphenicol enters the CSF in both ventricular and lumbar regions in therapeutic concentrations when administered intravenously. The clinical usefulness of this drug remains to be investigated. The importance of monitoring serum drug levels during therapy is emphasized.", "PMID": 400823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_533", "title": "Target substances of some antifungal agents in the cell membrane.", "content": "Copiamycin, an antifungal antibiotic, exhibits antimicrobial activity against a few bacteria in addition to a wide variety of fungi. The methanol extract of Sarcina lutea, one of the most susceptible bacteria, was found to reverse the antimicrobial activity of copiamycin. The reversing activity was associated with the phospholipid fraction of the bacteria. The S. lutea phospholipids also reversed the activities of azalomycin F and miconazole, but not that of clotrimazole. The effects of authentic phospholipids and fatty acids were also investigated. As the antimicrobial activities of copiamycin and azalomycin F were most strongly reversed in the same manner by phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acids and basic hydrophilic groups, the sites on the cell membrane sensitive to both antibiotics are assumed to be identical. On the other hand, the activity of miconazole was affected by different phospholipids from those which affected these two antifungal antibiotics, and the activity of clotrimazole was not affected by any of the phospholipids and fatty acids. It was postulated that the sites on the cell membrane sensitive to miconazole and clotrimazole are different from those sensitive to copiamycin and azalomycin F.", "contents": "Target substances of some antifungal agents in the cell membrane. Copiamycin, an antifungal antibiotic, exhibits antimicrobial activity against a few bacteria in addition to a wide variety of fungi. The methanol extract of Sarcina lutea, one of the most susceptible bacteria, was found to reverse the antimicrobial activity of copiamycin. The reversing activity was associated with the phospholipid fraction of the bacteria. The S. lutea phospholipids also reversed the activities of azalomycin F and miconazole, but not that of clotrimazole. The effects of authentic phospholipids and fatty acids were also investigated. As the antimicrobial activities of copiamycin and azalomycin F were most strongly reversed in the same manner by phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acids and basic hydrophilic groups, the sites on the cell membrane sensitive to both antibiotics are assumed to be identical. On the other hand, the activity of miconazole was affected by different phospholipids from those which affected these two antifungal antibiotics, and the activity of clotrimazole was not affected by any of the phospholipids and fatty acids. It was postulated that the sites on the cell membrane sensitive to miconazole and clotrimazole are different from those sensitive to copiamycin and azalomycin F.", "PMID": 400824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_534", "title": "Activity of flumequine against Escherichia coli: in vitro comparison with nalidixic and oxolinic acids.", "content": "The in vitro activity of the new antibacterial agent, flumequine, against Escherichia coli was compared with those of oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid. As judged by turbidimetric criteria, flumequine was considerably more active than nalidixic acid and slightly less active than oxolinic acid against both nalidixic acid-susceptible and -resistant strains. Resistance to all three drugs could be easily induced in vitro. The comparative efficacy of flumequine, oxolinic acid, and nalidixic acid was also tested in an in vitro model of the treatment of bacterial cystitis. In this system, suppression of bacterial growth was obtained with markedly lower concentrations of flumequine and oxolinic acid than of nalidixic acid, but prevention of the emergence of bacterial populations that exhibited increased resistance to these compounds depended on the maintenance of adequate drug levels.", "contents": "Activity of flumequine against Escherichia coli: in vitro comparison with nalidixic and oxolinic acids. The in vitro activity of the new antibacterial agent, flumequine, against Escherichia coli was compared with those of oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid. As judged by turbidimetric criteria, flumequine was considerably more active than nalidixic acid and slightly less active than oxolinic acid against both nalidixic acid-susceptible and -resistant strains. Resistance to all three drugs could be easily induced in vitro. The comparative efficacy of flumequine, oxolinic acid, and nalidixic acid was also tested in an in vitro model of the treatment of bacterial cystitis. In this system, suppression of bacterial growth was obtained with markedly lower concentrations of flumequine and oxolinic acid than of nalidixic acid, but prevention of the emergence of bacterial populations that exhibited increased resistance to these compounds depended on the maintenance of adequate drug levels.", "PMID": 400825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_535", "title": "Comparative effects of sulfones and rifampin on growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in macrophage diffusion chamber cultures.", "content": "A cell-impermeable diffusion chamber technique has been developed that lends itself to growth studies of Mycobacterium lepraemurium. This technique, in which the organism grows within macrophage cultures inside the chambers that are maintained on monolayer cultures of macrophages, provides a method for a strict in vitro evaluation of antileprosy drugs without the influence of a multiplicity of host factors. This system was used to compare the effect of three sulfone derivatives and rifampin on the growth of M. lepraemurium within these diffusion chamber cultures. Two sulfones, 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone and 4,4'-diacetamidodiphenyl sulfone, as well as rifampin, suppressed the growth of M. lepraemurium, but monoacetyl sulfone 4-amino-4'acetamidodiphenyl sulfone had no effect. The results indicate that the diffusion chamber technique can be used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of antileprosy drugs on the growth of M. lepraemurium. Also, the method provides for the first time a relatively rapid in vitro method for directly comparing the effects of drugs or their analogs when outside the metabolic influence of an animal host. This technique may be a useful tool for chemotherapy studies with other antileprosy compounds.", "contents": "Comparative effects of sulfones and rifampin on growth of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in macrophage diffusion chamber cultures. A cell-impermeable diffusion chamber technique has been developed that lends itself to growth studies of Mycobacterium lepraemurium. This technique, in which the organism grows within macrophage cultures inside the chambers that are maintained on monolayer cultures of macrophages, provides a method for a strict in vitro evaluation of antileprosy drugs without the influence of a multiplicity of host factors. This system was used to compare the effect of three sulfone derivatives and rifampin on the growth of M. lepraemurium within these diffusion chamber cultures. Two sulfones, 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone and 4,4'-diacetamidodiphenyl sulfone, as well as rifampin, suppressed the growth of M. lepraemurium, but monoacetyl sulfone 4-amino-4'acetamidodiphenyl sulfone had no effect. The results indicate that the diffusion chamber technique can be used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of antileprosy drugs on the growth of M. lepraemurium. Also, the method provides for the first time a relatively rapid in vitro method for directly comparing the effects of drugs or their analogs when outside the metabolic influence of an animal host. This technique may be a useful tool for chemotherapy studies with other antileprosy compounds.", "PMID": 400826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_536", "title": "Mode of action of the Haemophilus bactericidal factor.", "content": "Haemocin, a bacteriocin produced by Haemophilus influenzae b, caused pronounced cell elongation of the sensitive strains H. influenzae Rd and Escherichia coli CR34 thyA. In the sensitive strains, haemocin markedly inhibited the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) but did not affect either ribonucleic acid or protein synthesis. The observed inhibition in synthesis of DNA was not due to degradation of preexisting DNA. The data suggest that haemocin may specifically inhibit DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Mode of action of the Haemophilus bactericidal factor. Haemocin, a bacteriocin produced by Haemophilus influenzae b, caused pronounced cell elongation of the sensitive strains H. influenzae Rd and Escherichia coli CR34 thyA. In the sensitive strains, haemocin markedly inhibited the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) but did not affect either ribonucleic acid or protein synthesis. The observed inhibition in synthesis of DNA was not due to degradation of preexisting DNA. The data suggest that haemocin may specifically inhibit DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 400827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_537", "title": "In vitro antimicrobial activity of some cyclic hydroxamic acids and related lactams.", "content": "Against Enterobacter aerogenes 13048, Serratia marcescens 13880, Klebsiella pneumoniae 10031, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145, Escherichia coli 9723, Lactobacillus casei 7469, Lactobacillus plantarum 8014, Leuconostoc dextranicum 8086, and Streptococcus faecalis 8043, the mean minimal inhibitory concentrations of three cyclic hydroxamic acids, 3-amino-3,4-dihydro-1-hydroxycarbostyril, the 6-chloro analog, and the 7-chloro analog, were 0.6, 0.6, and 0.2 micrograms/ml, and those of the corresponding lactams, 3-amino-3,4-dihydrocarbostyril, the 6-chloro analog, and the 7-chloro analog, were 60, 60, and 6 micrograms/ml, respectively. Under the same assay conditions the mean minimal inhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol and kanamycin were both 2 micrograms/ml. In addition, the cyclic hydroxamic acids but not the lactams inhibited the growth of Candida albicans at minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 20 to 200 micrograms/ml, at pH 7, as compared with that of amphotericin B, at 2 micrograms/ml.", "contents": "In vitro antimicrobial activity of some cyclic hydroxamic acids and related lactams. Against Enterobacter aerogenes 13048, Serratia marcescens 13880, Klebsiella pneumoniae 10031, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145, Escherichia coli 9723, Lactobacillus casei 7469, Lactobacillus plantarum 8014, Leuconostoc dextranicum 8086, and Streptococcus faecalis 8043, the mean minimal inhibitory concentrations of three cyclic hydroxamic acids, 3-amino-3,4-dihydro-1-hydroxycarbostyril, the 6-chloro analog, and the 7-chloro analog, were 0.6, 0.6, and 0.2 micrograms/ml, and those of the corresponding lactams, 3-amino-3,4-dihydrocarbostyril, the 6-chloro analog, and the 7-chloro analog, were 60, 60, and 6 micrograms/ml, respectively. Under the same assay conditions the mean minimal inhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol and kanamycin were both 2 micrograms/ml. In addition, the cyclic hydroxamic acids but not the lactams inhibited the growth of Candida albicans at minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 20 to 200 micrograms/ml, at pH 7, as compared with that of amphotericin B, at 2 micrograms/ml.", "PMID": 400828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_538", "title": "Genetics of rheumatic diseases.", "content": "Evidence favoring genetic predisposition to each of the major classes of rheumatic diseases is reviewed, including juvenile-onset rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, ankylosing spondylitis and other syndromes associated with spondylitis, adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis, gout and pseudogout, and systemic lupus erythematosus. In addition, simply inherited genetic diseases that may present with arthritis are noted for purposes of differential diagnosis. The importance of heterogeneous causes and mechanisms within each major class of disease is emphasized, both for patient care and for clinical investigation.", "contents": "Genetics of rheumatic diseases. Evidence favoring genetic predisposition to each of the major classes of rheumatic diseases is reviewed, including juvenile-onset rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, ankylosing spondylitis and other syndromes associated with spondylitis, adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis, gout and pseudogout, and systemic lupus erythematosus. In addition, simply inherited genetic diseases that may present with arthritis are noted for purposes of differential diagnosis. The importance of heterogeneous causes and mechanisms within each major class of disease is emphasized, both for patient care and for clinical investigation.", "PMID": 400831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_539", "title": "Significance of histocompatibility genes in rheumatology.", "content": "Because of the tremendous impact of recent findings of association between genes in the major histocompatibility system and certain rheumatic diseases, the genetics of this system and the methods of analyzing disease association are discussed in detail. These associations represent an important step forward in the search for basic causes and mechanisms of these diseases. Further analyses may permit better classification of diseases and increased understanding of the relationships between genetic and environmental factors in the susceptibility to specific disease.", "contents": "Significance of histocompatibility genes in rheumatology. Because of the tremendous impact of recent findings of association between genes in the major histocompatibility system and certain rheumatic diseases, the genetics of this system and the methods of analyzing disease association are discussed in detail. These associations represent an important step forward in the search for basic causes and mechanisms of these diseases. Further analyses may permit better classification of diseases and increased understanding of the relationships between genetic and environmental factors in the susceptibility to specific disease.", "PMID": 400832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_540", "title": "Pathophysiology of rheumatic diseases.", "content": "Current hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of rheumatic disease are depicted in Figure 1. Susceptible individuals, when exposed to microorganisms and/or drugs, can start the events depicted in Figure 1; the ability of the individual to respond to these exogenous agents is influenced by genetic factors including inherited deficiencies of the host's immune defense mechanisms. Microorganisms may then infect and/or effect mononuclear cells with persistence, or may be activated by environmental factors including UV light or other infections. If cell lysis results, antibodies can then be made to the cell (lymphocytotoxic antibodies) or cell products (ANA, etc.). The antibodies-to-lymphocyte membranes may interfere with lymphocyte function in a number of ways, including immunosuppression, and may also cause reactivation of this cycle. The antibodies may combine with antigens to form immune complexes that can be efficiently cleared by macrophages, have a feedback role in lymphocyte regulation, or in susceptible individuals deposit in tissue with subsequent inflammation. All or some of these steps or pathways may be under the influence of genetic factors.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of rheumatic diseases. Current hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of rheumatic disease are depicted in Figure 1. Susceptible individuals, when exposed to microorganisms and/or drugs, can start the events depicted in Figure 1; the ability of the individual to respond to these exogenous agents is influenced by genetic factors including inherited deficiencies of the host's immune defense mechanisms. Microorganisms may then infect and/or effect mononuclear cells with persistence, or may be activated by environmental factors including UV light or other infections. If cell lysis results, antibodies can then be made to the cell (lymphocytotoxic antibodies) or cell products (ANA, etc.). The antibodies-to-lymphocyte membranes may interfere with lymphocyte function in a number of ways, including immunosuppression, and may also cause reactivation of this cycle. The antibodies may combine with antigens to form immune complexes that can be efficiently cleared by macrophages, have a feedback role in lymphocyte regulation, or in susceptible individuals deposit in tissue with subsequent inflammation. All or some of these steps or pathways may be under the influence of genetic factors.", "PMID": 400833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_541", "title": "M\u00fcller's muscle-conjunctival resection ptosis procedure.", "content": "The M\u00fcller's muscle-conjunctival resection procedure is a relatively simple means of relieving ptosis in patients whose upper eyelids elevate to a normal level with phenylephrine instillation. The M\u00fcller's muscle-conjunctival resection procedure has advantages over the Fasanella operation because tarsus is preserved, and over the levator aponeurosis advancement and tuck operation because the results are more predictable.", "contents": "M\u00fcller's muscle-conjunctival resection ptosis procedure. The M\u00fcller's muscle-conjunctival resection procedure is a relatively simple means of relieving ptosis in patients whose upper eyelids elevate to a normal level with phenylephrine instillation. The M\u00fcller's muscle-conjunctival resection procedure has advantages over the Fasanella operation because tarsus is preserved, and over the levator aponeurosis advancement and tuck operation because the results are more predictable.", "PMID": 400835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_542", "title": "The effectiveness of the pigtail probe method of repairing canalicular lacerations.", "content": "The pigtail probe method of repairing canalicular lacerations is a widely used technique, however its long-range effectiveness has never been documented. By evaluating statistical data on 51 canalicular lacerations, and then examining 30 patients who had been repaired by the pigtail probe we were able to conclude that: a left inferior canalicular laceration, in a young male, following assault is the most common presentation; that this method objectively yields a 36.6% patency rate with a 10% incidence of iatrogenic damage to the uninvolved side; that 73.3% of the failures remained asymptomatic; secondary to keratitis sicca, a functioning conjunctival canalicular fistula, or the patent remaining canaliculus; and that the inferior canaliculus appears to be symptomatically more important than the superior canaliculus. It is suggested that all canalicular lacerations be repaired, but that the pigtail probe method be abandoned.", "contents": "The effectiveness of the pigtail probe method of repairing canalicular lacerations. The pigtail probe method of repairing canalicular lacerations is a widely used technique, however its long-range effectiveness has never been documented. By evaluating statistical data on 51 canalicular lacerations, and then examining 30 patients who had been repaired by the pigtail probe we were able to conclude that: a left inferior canalicular laceration, in a young male, following assault is the most common presentation; that this method objectively yields a 36.6% patency rate with a 10% incidence of iatrogenic damage to the uninvolved side; that 73.3% of the failures remained asymptomatic; secondary to keratitis sicca, a functioning conjunctival canalicular fistula, or the patent remaining canaliculus; and that the inferior canaliculus appears to be symptomatically more important than the superior canaliculus. It is suggested that all canalicular lacerations be repaired, but that the pigtail probe method be abandoned.", "PMID": 400836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_543", "title": "Lower eyelid retraction: management.", "content": "A surgical technique for the management of lower eyelid retraction caused by vertical shortening of the posterior layers of the lid is presented. This technique, developed during the course of our experience with 48 procedures on lower eyelids, is a modification of that originally proposed by Quickert and Dryden. Results have been satisfactory to date, with minimal morbidity and complications.", "contents": "Lower eyelid retraction: management. A surgical technique for the management of lower eyelid retraction caused by vertical shortening of the posterior layers of the lid is presented. This technique, developed during the course of our experience with 48 procedures on lower eyelids, is a modification of that originally proposed by Quickert and Dryden. Results have been satisfactory to date, with minimal morbidity and complications.", "PMID": 400837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_544", "title": "The Fasanella-Servat operation.", "content": "Indications, complications, surgical anatomy and the author's method of performing the FSO have been described. The procedure is an excellent and predictable operation if the criteria which have been advocated by many authors are carefully followed.", "contents": "The Fasanella-Servat operation. Indications, complications, surgical anatomy and the author's method of performing the FSO have been described. The procedure is an excellent and predictable operation if the criteria which have been advocated by many authors are carefully followed.", "PMID": 400838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_545", "title": "A combined lateral and medial orbitotomy for exposure of the optic nerve and orbital apex.", "content": "A technique for exposure and direct visualization of the optic nerve and medial apex of the orbit is presented. The technique involves an initial lateral orbitotomy or Kr\u00f6nlein procedure followed by a nasal conjunctival peritomy, detachment of the medial rectus muscle, and outward rotation of the globe to expose the optic nerve and apex of the orbit. With relaxing incisions in the conjunctiva, the globe can be rotated approximately 45 degrees with visualization of the optic nerve from its exit from the globe to its disappearance into the origin of the rectus muscles. This technique may be used for exposure of the optic nerve and orbital apex for the optic nerve decompression for chronic papilledema in indicated cases, biopsy of lesions of the orbital apex, or excisional biopsies of tumors of the optic nerve.", "contents": "A combined lateral and medial orbitotomy for exposure of the optic nerve and orbital apex. A technique for exposure and direct visualization of the optic nerve and medial apex of the orbit is presented. The technique involves an initial lateral orbitotomy or Kr\u00f6nlein procedure followed by a nasal conjunctival peritomy, detachment of the medial rectus muscle, and outward rotation of the globe to expose the optic nerve and apex of the orbit. With relaxing incisions in the conjunctiva, the globe can be rotated approximately 45 degrees with visualization of the optic nerve from its exit from the globe to its disappearance into the origin of the rectus muscles. This technique may be used for exposure of the optic nerve and orbital apex for the optic nerve decompression for chronic papilledema in indicated cases, biopsy of lesions of the orbital apex, or excisional biopsies of tumors of the optic nerve.", "PMID": 400839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_546", "title": "The pathogenesis of dialysis dementia.", "content": "There has been a recent increase in the number of literature reports describing a severe neurological syndrome (Dialysis Dementia) seen in a small number of dialysis patients. This article reviews the current literature on the disease and its possible causes.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of dialysis dementia. There has been a recent increase in the number of literature reports describing a severe neurological syndrome (Dialysis Dementia) seen in a small number of dialysis patients. This article reviews the current literature on the disease and its possible causes.", "PMID": 400841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_547", "title": "Prevalence of Aspergillus and Candida precipitins in renal dialysis and transplant patients.", "content": "Serum precipitin tests to Aspergillus and Candida antigens were used to define the rate of infectivity with these fungal organisms in patients on renal dialysis and after kidney transplantation. A total of 58 studies in 53 consecutive patients, of whom 41.5% were post-transplant an average of 14.6 months, failed to detect significantly more precipitin activity than in a normal population. The specificity of this non-immunoreactivity was supported by the absence of clinical or post-mortem evidence of fungal invasion. Since serum precipitins develop despite immunosuppressive therapy, and cases of fungal invasion in transplant recipients may occur sporadically in clusters, monitoring of renal transplant patients with these relatively simple tests should detect endemic occurrences of aspergillosis and candidiasis.", "contents": "Prevalence of Aspergillus and Candida precipitins in renal dialysis and transplant patients. Serum precipitin tests to Aspergillus and Candida antigens were used to define the rate of infectivity with these fungal organisms in patients on renal dialysis and after kidney transplantation. A total of 58 studies in 53 consecutive patients, of whom 41.5% were post-transplant an average of 14.6 months, failed to detect significantly more precipitin activity than in a normal population. The specificity of this non-immunoreactivity was supported by the absence of clinical or post-mortem evidence of fungal invasion. Since serum precipitins develop despite immunosuppressive therapy, and cases of fungal invasion in transplant recipients may occur sporadically in clusters, monitoring of renal transplant patients with these relatively simple tests should detect endemic occurrences of aspergillosis and candidiasis.", "PMID": 400842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_548", "title": "Determination of intraocular lens power: a comparison with and without ultrasound.", "content": "Two consecutive and sequential series of 100 pseudophakic patients were compared. In the first series intraocular lens power was determined by clinical means. In the second series axial length, using an easily operated commercially available A-scan unit, keratometry, and estimation of anterior chamber depth data were entered into an electronic calculator programmed to determine intraocular lens power. In the first series 47% of patients had a residual refractive error of 1 diopter or less, whereas 72% were within this range in the second series. With clinical lens power determination, there were three cases of residual deviation from emmetropia of more than 4 diopters; there was none greater than 3 diopters in the group using the A-scan. Lens power determination is more accurate using ultrasonography and the presently available instrumentation can be incorporated easily into a busy private practice.", "contents": "Determination of intraocular lens power: a comparison with and without ultrasound. Two consecutive and sequential series of 100 pseudophakic patients were compared. In the first series intraocular lens power was determined by clinical means. In the second series axial length, using an easily operated commercially available A-scan unit, keratometry, and estimation of anterior chamber depth data were entered into an electronic calculator programmed to determine intraocular lens power. In the first series 47% of patients had a residual refractive error of 1 diopter or less, whereas 72% were within this range in the second series. With clinical lens power determination, there were three cases of residual deviation from emmetropia of more than 4 diopters; there was none greater than 3 diopters in the group using the A-scan. Lens power determination is more accurate using ultrasonography and the presently available instrumentation can be incorporated easily into a busy private practice.", "PMID": 400844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_549", "title": "Supratarsal fixation in ophthalmic plastic surgery.", "content": "The use of supratarsal fixation in ophthalmic plastic surgery is discussed. New anatomical terms for the external upper eyelid are described. Technique, complications, and illustrative cases are presented.", "contents": "Supratarsal fixation in ophthalmic plastic surgery. The use of supratarsal fixation in ophthalmic plastic surgery is discussed. New anatomical terms for the external upper eyelid are described. Technique, complications, and illustrative cases are presented.", "PMID": 400846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_550", "title": "The McCarey-Kaufman medium and penicillin allergy.", "content": "Thirty-four donor corneas previously stored in McCarey-Kaufman medium containing 100 u/ml of penicillin G were transplanted into 32 recipients with a given history of penicillin allergy. There were no early or late ocular or systemic postoperative complications that could be related to a history of penicillin allergy. Thirty-two of the 34 grafts were clear on long-term follow-up, and penicillin allergy appeared to play no role in the grafts, either success or failure.", "contents": "The McCarey-Kaufman medium and penicillin allergy. Thirty-four donor corneas previously stored in McCarey-Kaufman medium containing 100 u/ml of penicillin G were transplanted into 32 recipients with a given history of penicillin allergy. There were no early or late ocular or systemic postoperative complications that could be related to a history of penicillin allergy. Thirty-two of the 34 grafts were clear on long-term follow-up, and penicillin allergy appeared to play no role in the grafts, either success or failure.", "PMID": 400847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_551", "title": "Thermal denaturation of donor cornea: an unusual complication of penetrating keratoplasty.", "content": "A most unusual complication of penetrating keratoplasty is the rapid thermal denaturation of a human donor cornea upon accidental exposure to temperature of 50 degrees to 60 degrees C, the result of inadequate cooling of a Teflon trephine block following autoclave sterilization.", "contents": "Thermal denaturation of donor cornea: an unusual complication of penetrating keratoplasty. A most unusual complication of penetrating keratoplasty is the rapid thermal denaturation of a human donor cornea upon accidental exposure to temperature of 50 degrees to 60 degrees C, the result of inadequate cooling of a Teflon trephine block following autoclave sterilization.", "PMID": 400848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_552", "title": "Keratoplasty with primary and secondary lens implantation.", "content": "Twenty-eight combined grafting and lens implantation operations were performed for patients with corneal disease plus cataract, or aphakia. Eighteen of these cases had cataract extraction at the time of surgery and ten had grafting, vitrectomy and secondary lens implantation in already aphakic eyes. The longest follow-up was forty-seven months; the shortest, six months with an average of 21 months. Complications included cystoid macular edema (five), transient rise in intraocular pressure, hemorrhage. One lens had to be removed, and one graft will have to be replaced with possible removal of the lens. Cystoid macular edema occurred in two cases of the 18 graft-cataract-implant cases (11%) and in three of the 10 cases of graft-vitrectomy-implant patients (30%), a total of 17.9%. Hemorrhage occurred in two cases (7%), and transient elevation of the intraocular pressure also in two cases (7%).", "contents": "Keratoplasty with primary and secondary lens implantation. Twenty-eight combined grafting and lens implantation operations were performed for patients with corneal disease plus cataract, or aphakia. Eighteen of these cases had cataract extraction at the time of surgery and ten had grafting, vitrectomy and secondary lens implantation in already aphakic eyes. The longest follow-up was forty-seven months; the shortest, six months with an average of 21 months. Complications included cystoid macular edema (five), transient rise in intraocular pressure, hemorrhage. One lens had to be removed, and one graft will have to be replaced with possible removal of the lens. Cystoid macular edema occurred in two cases of the 18 graft-cataract-implant cases (11%) and in three of the 10 cases of graft-vitrectomy-implant patients (30%), a total of 17.9%. Hemorrhage occurred in two cases (7%), and transient elevation of the intraocular pressure also in two cases (7%).", "PMID": 400849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_553", "title": "Neuromuscular circuits in affect-laden information processing.", "content": "Substantial evidence has accrued indicating the involvement of neuromuscular circuits in covert information processing. The physiological systems imparting emotional tone to covert processing, however, are less well understood. Reviewed here are findings from a variety of methodologies which suggest that somatic patterns, particularly in the face, reflect moment by moment emotional reactions. These findings imply neuromuscular involvement in affect-laden information processing; less conclusive, though suggestive, are data indicating that the proprioceptive feedback from these phasic and specific patterns of response are integrated cortically and influence covert processing and overt responding.", "contents": "Neuromuscular circuits in affect-laden information processing. Substantial evidence has accrued indicating the involvement of neuromuscular circuits in covert information processing. The physiological systems imparting emotional tone to covert processing, however, are less well understood. Reviewed here are findings from a variety of methodologies which suggest that somatic patterns, particularly in the face, reflect moment by moment emotional reactions. These findings imply neuromuscular involvement in affect-laden information processing; less conclusive, though suggestive, are data indicating that the proprioceptive feedback from these phasic and specific patterns of response are integrated cortically and influence covert processing and overt responding.", "PMID": 400850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_554", "title": "Hyperprolactinemia and hypogonadism in the human female.", "content": "Prolactin is a mammotropic hormone essential for the initiation of lactation. It also influences ovarian function; during hyperprolactinemia hypogonadism occurs. This is true for pathological forms of hyperprolactinemia but also for the early puerperium when there is physiological hyperprolactinemia. Amenorrhea is a better parameter of hyperprolactinemia than galactorrhea. The mechanisms by which prolactin disrupts ovarian function are not as yet fully understood; it probably alters hypothalamic neurotransmitter content through a direct feedback mechanism resulting in a decrease of Gn-RH. However, the direct effect of prolactin-producing pituitary tumors on the capacity of the gonadotrophs or a direct interference of prolactin at the gonadal level are also possibilities. Hyperprolactinemia can be treated very effectively with bromocriptine and this drug appears to have become the favorite form of treatment. In the case of obvious tumors hypophysectomy is indicated. When there are smaller tumors irradiation of the pituitary gland previous to bromocriptine treatment may prevent expansion of the gland during subsequent pregnancy.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinemia and hypogonadism in the human female. Prolactin is a mammotropic hormone essential for the initiation of lactation. It also influences ovarian function; during hyperprolactinemia hypogonadism occurs. This is true for pathological forms of hyperprolactinemia but also for the early puerperium when there is physiological hyperprolactinemia. Amenorrhea is a better parameter of hyperprolactinemia than galactorrhea. The mechanisms by which prolactin disrupts ovarian function are not as yet fully understood; it probably alters hypothalamic neurotransmitter content through a direct feedback mechanism resulting in a decrease of Gn-RH. However, the direct effect of prolactin-producing pituitary tumors on the capacity of the gonadotrophs or a direct interference of prolactin at the gonadal level are also possibilities. Hyperprolactinemia can be treated very effectively with bromocriptine and this drug appears to have become the favorite form of treatment. In the case of obvious tumors hypophysectomy is indicated. When there are smaller tumors irradiation of the pituitary gland previous to bromocriptine treatment may prevent expansion of the gland during subsequent pregnancy.", "PMID": 400856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_555", "title": "Measuring the height of a cephalic presentation: an objective assessment of station.", "content": "The authors have previously described a method of objectively assessing the height of the presentation, an ultrasonic echograph measuring the distance from the head to the sacral tip. They have now obtained 453 measurements made before and during labor; norms are given according to the clinical evaluation of the station. The usefulness of the method is discussed. It may make the Bishop's score more precise, permit a more accurate check of trial of labor and help to recognize a low station correctly before an application of forceps.", "contents": "Measuring the height of a cephalic presentation: an objective assessment of station. The authors have previously described a method of objectively assessing the height of the presentation, an ultrasonic echograph measuring the distance from the head to the sacral tip. They have now obtained 453 measurements made before and during labor; norms are given according to the clinical evaluation of the station. The usefulness of the method is discussed. It may make the Bishop's score more precise, permit a more accurate check of trial of labor and help to recognize a low station correctly before an application of forceps.", "PMID": 400857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_556", "title": "Fetal breathing movements in the normal and growth-retarded human fetus: a multiscan/M-mode echofetographic study.", "content": "52 women were examined, between the 25th and 40th wk of pregnancy, during the day-time, by the echographic multiscan/M-mode technique. Definitions of normal fetal breathing movements and singultus fetalis movements were determined. In normal pregnancies fetal breathing movements occurred during 12-19% of the total observation time before the 39th wk of pregnancy but only during 6-9% of the observation time in the 39th or 40th wk. In low birth weight pregnancies fetal breathing movements occurred during 8-13% of the total observation time, and the incidence was the same before and after the 39th wk. Singultus fetalis movements occurred in normal and low birth weight pregnancies.", "contents": "Fetal breathing movements in the normal and growth-retarded human fetus: a multiscan/M-mode echofetographic study. 52 women were examined, between the 25th and 40th wk of pregnancy, during the day-time, by the echographic multiscan/M-mode technique. Definitions of normal fetal breathing movements and singultus fetalis movements were determined. In normal pregnancies fetal breathing movements occurred during 12-19% of the total observation time before the 39th wk of pregnancy but only during 6-9% of the observation time in the 39th or 40th wk. In low birth weight pregnancies fetal breathing movements occurred during 8-13% of the total observation time, and the incidence was the same before and after the 39th wk. Singultus fetalis movements occurred in normal and low birth weight pregnancies.", "PMID": 400858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_557", "title": "Gray scale ultrasound for the investigation of early pregnancy.", "content": "73 early gestations (6-14 wk) were investigated with gray scale ultrasound. 7 of them ended in spontaneous first-trimester abortion, and in all of these the findings were characteristic for spontaneous interruption of pregnancy. The remaining 66 continued to term. Regression analysis was performed with respect to the diameter of the gestation sac, the fetal crown-rump length, and the placental surface and thickness. The method is considered appropriate for the diagnosis of early abortion and the study of placental morphology and morphometry. On the basis of the results obtained with gray scale techniques, various concepts derived from B-scan observations (e.g. implantation locus and early twin observation) will have to be corrected.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasound for the investigation of early pregnancy. 73 early gestations (6-14 wk) were investigated with gray scale ultrasound. 7 of them ended in spontaneous first-trimester abortion, and in all of these the findings were characteristic for spontaneous interruption of pregnancy. The remaining 66 continued to term. Regression analysis was performed with respect to the diameter of the gestation sac, the fetal crown-rump length, and the placental surface and thickness. The method is considered appropriate for the diagnosis of early abortion and the study of placental morphology and morphometry. On the basis of the results obtained with gray scale techniques, various concepts derived from B-scan observations (e.g. implantation locus and early twin observation) will have to be corrected.", "PMID": 400859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_558", "title": "Ultrasound assessment of puerperal uterine involution.", "content": "Echographic measurement of the early postpartum uterus was performed, mainly to investigate whether involution patterns correlate with parity, the administration of oxytocin during labor, and lactation. Our findings suggest that these factors do not have a marked effect on uterine involution.", "contents": "Ultrasound assessment of puerperal uterine involution. Echographic measurement of the early postpartum uterus was performed, mainly to investigate whether involution patterns correlate with parity, the administration of oxytocin during labor, and lactation. Our findings suggest that these factors do not have a marked effect on uterine involution.", "PMID": 400860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_559", "title": "Surfactant in the amniotic fluid and bromhexine metabolite VIII.", "content": "The effect of metabolite VIII of bromhexine on surfactant content in the amniotic fluid was investigated in a double blind study. Administration of 100 and 200 mg NA-872 daily for 5 days to pregnant women ranging in gestational age from 196 to 243 days was not followed by a significant rise in the L/S ratio.", "contents": "Surfactant in the amniotic fluid and bromhexine metabolite VIII. The effect of metabolite VIII of bromhexine on surfactant content in the amniotic fluid was investigated in a double blind study. Administration of 100 and 200 mg NA-872 daily for 5 days to pregnant women ranging in gestational age from 196 to 243 days was not followed by a significant rise in the L/S ratio.", "PMID": 400861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_560", "title": "A study of indomethacin combined with ritodrine in threatened preterm labor.", "content": "A prospective and double-blind study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of two different treatments on two randomized groups of patients with threatened preterm labor. The first treatment consisted of the administration of ritodrine and a placebo; in the second, ritodrine was combined with indomethacin. 22 patients were evaluated in each group. The results obtained for gain in days, number of patients delivered at term, weight of newborns and number of recurrences in each group suggest that treatment with ritodrine and indomethacin is slightly but significantly more effective than treatment with ritodrine and placebo in prolonging pregnancy. No evidence has been found of possible unfavorable vascular effects of indomethacin in the fetus or the newborn.", "contents": "A study of indomethacin combined with ritodrine in threatened preterm labor. A prospective and double-blind study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of two different treatments on two randomized groups of patients with threatened preterm labor. The first treatment consisted of the administration of ritodrine and a placebo; in the second, ritodrine was combined with indomethacin. 22 patients were evaluated in each group. The results obtained for gain in days, number of patients delivered at term, weight of newborns and number of recurrences in each group suggest that treatment with ritodrine and indomethacin is slightly but significantly more effective than treatment with ritodrine and placebo in prolonging pregnancy. No evidence has been found of possible unfavorable vascular effects of indomethacin in the fetus or the newborn.", "PMID": 400862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_561", "title": "Successful pregnancy after renal transplantation in a patient with a urinary diversion.", "content": "A successful pregnancy is reported in a patient following renal transplantation and urinary diversion. The second half of pregnancy was complicated by hypertension, impaired renal function and obstruction of the ureter in the 35th wk. The latter complication required early termination of pregnancy by cesarean section. A healthy infant was delivered who survived without complications. Maternal renal function returned to pre-pregnancy levels following delivery.", "contents": "Successful pregnancy after renal transplantation in a patient with a urinary diversion. A successful pregnancy is reported in a patient following renal transplantation and urinary diversion. The second half of pregnancy was complicated by hypertension, impaired renal function and obstruction of the ureter in the 35th wk. The latter complication required early termination of pregnancy by cesarean section. A healthy infant was delivered who survived without complications. Maternal renal function returned to pre-pregnancy levels following delivery.", "PMID": 400863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_562", "title": "Fetal deglutition: a study of the anencephalic fetus.", "content": "The deglutition of amniotic fluid in utero by the anencephalic fetus is a controversial subject. We have studied 7 anencephalic pregnancies complicated by hydramnion in their third trimester of gestation. Fetographies revealed that 6 out of 7 anencephalic monsters showed signs of swallowing of the contrast material after only 3 h. The baby which was born dead could not swallow at all. The fact that the babies studied swallowed amniotic fluid shortly after injection of contrast media seems to confirm the opinion that fetal deglutition contributes only little to the mechanism of amniotic fluid volume regulation.", "contents": "Fetal deglutition: a study of the anencephalic fetus. The deglutition of amniotic fluid in utero by the anencephalic fetus is a controversial subject. We have studied 7 anencephalic pregnancies complicated by hydramnion in their third trimester of gestation. Fetographies revealed that 6 out of 7 anencephalic monsters showed signs of swallowing of the contrast material after only 3 h. The baby which was born dead could not swallow at all. The fact that the babies studied swallowed amniotic fluid shortly after injection of contrast media seems to confirm the opinion that fetal deglutition contributes only little to the mechanism of amniotic fluid volume regulation.", "PMID": 400864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_563", "title": "A new treatment of vaginal candidiasis: three-day treatment with econazole.", "content": "From an open comparative multicentric trial it became clear that econazole was an active and well-tolerated agent for the treatment of vulvo-vaginal mycoses. Combined treatment with pessaries and econazole cream seems to be worthwhile in order to isolate the vagina from possible Candida reservoirs or to hasten symptomatic relief.", "contents": "A new treatment of vaginal candidiasis: three-day treatment with econazole. From an open comparative multicentric trial it became clear that econazole was an active and well-tolerated agent for the treatment of vulvo-vaginal mycoses. Combined treatment with pessaries and econazole cream seems to be worthwhile in order to isolate the vagina from possible Candida reservoirs or to hasten symptomatic relief.", "PMID": 400865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_564", "title": "Metabolic effects of intravenous ritodrine infusion during pregnancy.", "content": "The effect of intravenous administration of ritodrine on blood glucose, insulin, free fatty acids and electrolytes in 17 third-trimester gravidas was investigated. A highly significant increase in blood glucose, insulin and free fatty acids and a marked decrease in serum potassium levels were registered. No significant changes during ritodrine infusion were recorded in serum levels of sodium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. No cardiac arrhythmias or electrocardiographic deteriorations occurred. While intravenous ritodrine administration seems to be safe in normal pregnancy, there may be a risk in diabetic patients, digitalized cases and those patients being treated with diuretics.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of intravenous ritodrine infusion during pregnancy. The effect of intravenous administration of ritodrine on blood glucose, insulin, free fatty acids and electrolytes in 17 third-trimester gravidas was investigated. A highly significant increase in blood glucose, insulin and free fatty acids and a marked decrease in serum potassium levels were registered. No significant changes during ritodrine infusion were recorded in serum levels of sodium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. No cardiac arrhythmias or electrocardiographic deteriorations occurred. While intravenous ritodrine administration seems to be safe in normal pregnancy, there may be a risk in diabetic patients, digitalized cases and those patients being treated with diuretics.", "PMID": 400866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_565", "title": "A betamimetic drug and human fetal lung maturation.", "content": "In a double-blind and randomized study the administration of a betamimetic drug to the mother from week 33 to 35 produces a significant increase in amniotic fluid palmitic acid levels. We suggest that the administration of a betamimetic drug during pregnancy to the mother can be useful in producing an acceleration of the fetal lung maturation.", "contents": "A betamimetic drug and human fetal lung maturation. In a double-blind and randomized study the administration of a betamimetic drug to the mother from week 33 to 35 produces a significant increase in amniotic fluid palmitic acid levels. We suggest that the administration of a betamimetic drug during pregnancy to the mother can be useful in producing an acceleration of the fetal lung maturation.", "PMID": 400867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_566", "title": "Early human development and the chief sources of information on staged human embryos.", "content": "In a brief historical survey, the importance of Wilhelm His, senior, to human embryology is emphasized. He provided the impetus to Mall to establish the Carnegie Embryological Collection, which serves as a 'Bureau of Standards' for early human development. The Carnegie system of 23 stages for the embryonic period proper (first 8 postovulatory wk) is outlined, and some common misusages are noted. Finally, because of the difficulty in tracking down data based on staged human embryos, an annotated list of more than 40 key references is provided.", "contents": "Early human development and the chief sources of information on staged human embryos. In a brief historical survey, the importance of Wilhelm His, senior, to human embryology is emphasized. He provided the impetus to Mall to establish the Carnegie Embryological Collection, which serves as a 'Bureau of Standards' for early human development. The Carnegie system of 23 stages for the embryonic period proper (first 8 postovulatory wk) is outlined, and some common misusages are noted. Finally, because of the difficulty in tracking down data based on staged human embryos, an annotated list of more than 40 key references is provided.", "PMID": 400868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_567", "title": "Cellular hyperreactivity to placenta in toxemia of pregnancy.", "content": "It is generally assumed that maternal immune response may be involved in some pathological conditions of pregnancy, such as toxemia. The activity of cell-mediated immunity to placenta was studied in women with gestosis. The leucocyte inhibition technique was employed to test reactivity of peripheral blood leucocytes from postpartum women. The results indicated that leucocyte migration was significantly inhibited in the presence of placental microsomal fraction when blood from toxemic women was used. Thus, about 87% out of 30 studied cases of toxemia showed positive results. At the same time, in only 22% of women with uncomplicated pregnancy was such a positive leucocyte migration inhibition test found. There was no correlation between the severity of the toxemic symptoms and the extent of inhibition. In further experiments the leucocyte migration inhibition test with the microsomal fraction antigens from cadaver kidneys was performed; only 1 out of 6 patients showed positive leucocyte migration inhibition. These findings may suggest that the normal status of the mother is altered towards cellular hyperreactivity to placental antigens in toxemic pregnancy.", "contents": "Cellular hyperreactivity to placenta in toxemia of pregnancy. It is generally assumed that maternal immune response may be involved in some pathological conditions of pregnancy, such as toxemia. The activity of cell-mediated immunity to placenta was studied in women with gestosis. The leucocyte inhibition technique was employed to test reactivity of peripheral blood leucocytes from postpartum women. The results indicated that leucocyte migration was significantly inhibited in the presence of placental microsomal fraction when blood from toxemic women was used. Thus, about 87% out of 30 studied cases of toxemia showed positive results. At the same time, in only 22% of women with uncomplicated pregnancy was such a positive leucocyte migration inhibition test found. There was no correlation between the severity of the toxemic symptoms and the extent of inhibition. In further experiments the leucocyte migration inhibition test with the microsomal fraction antigens from cadaver kidneys was performed; only 1 out of 6 patients showed positive leucocyte migration inhibition. These findings may suggest that the normal status of the mother is altered towards cellular hyperreactivity to placental antigens in toxemic pregnancy.", "PMID": 400869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_568", "title": "Secondary cervical perforation by the Copper-T intrauterine device.", "content": "Five cases of cervical perforation have been observed in women with a Copper-T IUCD, over a period of 5 yr. In all cases, the distal end of the stem (vertical limb) of the T had perforated through the cervical wall into one of the fornices of the vagina. Only 2 cases had symptoms leading to the discovery of the device, while the other 3 were discovered accidentally or on routine examination.", "contents": "Secondary cervical perforation by the Copper-T intrauterine device. Five cases of cervical perforation have been observed in women with a Copper-T IUCD, over a period of 5 yr. In all cases, the distal end of the stem (vertical limb) of the T had perforated through the cervical wall into one of the fornices of the vagina. Only 2 cases had symptoms leading to the discovery of the device, while the other 3 were discovered accidentally or on routine examination.", "PMID": 400870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_569", "title": "Regulation of mating in the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The capacity of haploid a yeast cells to mate (fuse with a haploid strain of alpha mating type followed by nuclear fusion to produce a diploid cell) was assessed for a variety of temperature-sensitive cell division cycle (cdc) mutants at the permissive and restrictive temperatures. Asynchronous populations of some mutants do not mate at the restrictive temperature, and these mutants define genes (cdc 1, 4, 24, and 33) that are essential both for the cell cycle and for mating. For most cdc mutants, asynchronous populations mate well at the restrictive temperature while populations synchronized at the cdc block do not. Populations of a mutant carrying the cdc 28 mutation mate well at the restrictive temperature after synchronization at the cdc 28 step. These results suggest that mating can occur from the cdc 28 step, the same step at which mating factors arrest cell cycle progress. The cell cycle interval in which mating can occur may or may not extend to the immediately succeeding and diverging steps (cdc 4 and cdc 24). High frequency mating does not occur in the interval of the cell cycle extending from the step before the initiation of DNA synthesis (cdc 7) through DNA synthesis (cdc 2, 8, and 21), medial nuclear division (cdc 13), and late nuclear division (cdc 14 and 15).", "contents": "Regulation of mating in the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The capacity of haploid a yeast cells to mate (fuse with a haploid strain of alpha mating type followed by nuclear fusion to produce a diploid cell) was assessed for a variety of temperature-sensitive cell division cycle (cdc) mutants at the permissive and restrictive temperatures. Asynchronous populations of some mutants do not mate at the restrictive temperature, and these mutants define genes (cdc 1, 4, 24, and 33) that are essential both for the cell cycle and for mating. For most cdc mutants, asynchronous populations mate well at the restrictive temperature while populations synchronized at the cdc block do not. Populations of a mutant carrying the cdc 28 mutation mate well at the restrictive temperature after synchronization at the cdc 28 step. These results suggest that mating can occur from the cdc 28 step, the same step at which mating factors arrest cell cycle progress. The cell cycle interval in which mating can occur may or may not extend to the immediately succeeding and diverging steps (cdc 4 and cdc 24). High frequency mating does not occur in the interval of the cell cycle extending from the step before the initiation of DNA synthesis (cdc 7) through DNA synthesis (cdc 2, 8, and 21), medial nuclear division (cdc 13), and late nuclear division (cdc 14 and 15).", "PMID": 400872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_570", "title": "Cryosurgery: theory and application to head and neck neoplasia.", "content": "While surgery and radiation therapy remain the time-tested modalities for the treatment of cancer in the head and neck, recent experimental and clinical experience has documented the effectiveness of cryosurgery as an adjunct in the treatment of selected neoplasms in individual patients. A review is provided of the theory of freezing as a method of cell destruction, and experimental and clinical experience illustrate the principles and application of cryosurgery to head and neck tumors.", "contents": "Cryosurgery: theory and application to head and neck neoplasia. While surgery and radiation therapy remain the time-tested modalities for the treatment of cancer in the head and neck, recent experimental and clinical experience has documented the effectiveness of cryosurgery as an adjunct in the treatment of selected neoplasms in individual patients. A review is provided of the theory of freezing as a method of cell destruction, and experimental and clinical experience illustrate the principles and application of cryosurgery to head and neck tumors.", "PMID": 400871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_571", "title": "Unequal division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its implications for the control of cell division.", "content": "The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was grown exponentially at different rates in the presence of growth rate-limiting concentrations of a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. The volumes of the parent cell and the bud were determined as were the intervals of the cell cycle devoted to the unbudded and budded periods. We found that S. cerevisiae cells divide unequally. The daughter cell (the cell produced at division by the bud of the previous cycle) is smaller and has a longer subsequent cell cycle than the parent cell which produced it. During the budded period most of the volume increase occurs in the bud and very little in the parent cell, while during the unbudded period both the daughter and the parent cell increase significantly in volume. The length of the budded interval of the cell cycle varies little as a function of population doubling time; the unbudded interval of the parent cell varies moderately; and the unbudded interval for the daughter cell varies greatly (in the latter case an increase of 100 min in population doubling time results in an increase of 124 min in the daughter cell's unbudded interval). All of the increase in the unbudded period occurs in that interval of G1 that precedes the point of cell cycle arrest by the S. cerevisiae alpha-mating factor. These results are qualitatively consistent with and support the model for the coordination of growth and division (Johnston, G. C., J. R. Pringle, and L. H. Hartwell. 1977. Exp. Cell. Res. 105:79-98.) This model states that growth and not the events of the DNA division cycle are rate limiting for cellular proliferation and that the attainment of a critical cell size is a necessary prerequisite for the \"start\" event in the DNA-division cycle, the event that requires the cdc 28 gene product, is inhibited by mating factor and results in duplication of the spindle pole body.", "contents": "Unequal division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its implications for the control of cell division. The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was grown exponentially at different rates in the presence of growth rate-limiting concentrations of a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. The volumes of the parent cell and the bud were determined as were the intervals of the cell cycle devoted to the unbudded and budded periods. We found that S. cerevisiae cells divide unequally. The daughter cell (the cell produced at division by the bud of the previous cycle) is smaller and has a longer subsequent cell cycle than the parent cell which produced it. During the budded period most of the volume increase occurs in the bud and very little in the parent cell, while during the unbudded period both the daughter and the parent cell increase significantly in volume. The length of the budded interval of the cell cycle varies little as a function of population doubling time; the unbudded interval of the parent cell varies moderately; and the unbudded interval for the daughter cell varies greatly (in the latter case an increase of 100 min in population doubling time results in an increase of 124 min in the daughter cell's unbudded interval). All of the increase in the unbudded period occurs in that interval of G1 that precedes the point of cell cycle arrest by the S. cerevisiae alpha-mating factor. These results are qualitatively consistent with and support the model for the coordination of growth and division (Johnston, G. C., J. R. Pringle, and L. H. Hartwell. 1977. Exp. Cell. Res. 105:79-98.) This model states that growth and not the events of the DNA division cycle are rate limiting for cellular proliferation and that the attainment of a critical cell size is a necessary prerequisite for the \"start\" event in the DNA-division cycle, the event that requires the cdc 28 gene product, is inhibited by mating factor and results in duplication of the spindle pole body.", "PMID": 400873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_572", "title": "Electron microscope demonstration of tubulin in cilia and basal bodies of rat tracheal epithelium by the use of an antitubulin antibody.", "content": "It has been previously demonstrated that both cytoplasmic microtubules and the microtubules of cilia, flagella, and sperm tail contain tubulin. Although the morphology of cytoplasmic microtubules and that of axonemes differs in cells from which they have been isolated, the tubulin of the two structures shares physical and chemical properties. In some mammalian tissues, such as tracheal epithelium, cilia and basal bodies are difficult to isolate and characterize. The use of an enzyme-labeled immunoglobulin probe would facilitate identification and in situ localization of such proteins. Tubulin prepared from porcine brain by ion-exchange chromatography and from rat brain by the method of cyclic polymerization and depolymerization with subsequent disk gel electrophoresis with SDS were injected intravenously into rabbits. The animals were intermittently bled and the antisera extracted. The specificity of the antisera was proved by indirect immunofluorescence staining of the mitotic spindle, specific blocking of spindle staining by purified tubulin and not by other proteins, staining of 3T3 cytoplasmic microtubules, single line on immunoelectrophoresis, failure of control antisera to show any of these, and precipitation of antibody with all tubulin preparations and not with actin. We have shown by electron microscopy of ciliated cells of the tracheal epithelium stained with antitubulin by the indirect enzyme-labeled antibody method that the basal bodies, outer doublets, and central pair of the cilia contain tubulin. This indicates that tubulin in microtubules of cilia and basal bodies of rat tracheal epithelium is antigenically similar to tubulin extracted from cytoplasmic neurotubules of brains from the same species and from a different mammalian species. No other axonemal structures stained with the antitubulin. Three different preparations of tubulin from pigs and rats were used to immunize rabbits. All elicited similar antisera which gave identical staining patterns. The specificity of the staining was demonstrated by the absence of staining with immune serum absorbed with purified tubulin, the absence of staining with preimmune serum, and the absence of staining if any of the reagents were omitted during the staining reaction.", "contents": "Electron microscope demonstration of tubulin in cilia and basal bodies of rat tracheal epithelium by the use of an antitubulin antibody. It has been previously demonstrated that both cytoplasmic microtubules and the microtubules of cilia, flagella, and sperm tail contain tubulin. Although the morphology of cytoplasmic microtubules and that of axonemes differs in cells from which they have been isolated, the tubulin of the two structures shares physical and chemical properties. In some mammalian tissues, such as tracheal epithelium, cilia and basal bodies are difficult to isolate and characterize. The use of an enzyme-labeled immunoglobulin probe would facilitate identification and in situ localization of such proteins. Tubulin prepared from porcine brain by ion-exchange chromatography and from rat brain by the method of cyclic polymerization and depolymerization with subsequent disk gel electrophoresis with SDS were injected intravenously into rabbits. The animals were intermittently bled and the antisera extracted. The specificity of the antisera was proved by indirect immunofluorescence staining of the mitotic spindle, specific blocking of spindle staining by purified tubulin and not by other proteins, staining of 3T3 cytoplasmic microtubules, single line on immunoelectrophoresis, failure of control antisera to show any of these, and precipitation of antibody with all tubulin preparations and not with actin. We have shown by electron microscopy of ciliated cells of the tracheal epithelium stained with antitubulin by the indirect enzyme-labeled antibody method that the basal bodies, outer doublets, and central pair of the cilia contain tubulin. This indicates that tubulin in microtubules of cilia and basal bodies of rat tracheal epithelium is antigenically similar to tubulin extracted from cytoplasmic neurotubules of brains from the same species and from a different mammalian species. No other axonemal structures stained with the antitubulin. Three different preparations of tubulin from pigs and rats were used to immunize rabbits. All elicited similar antisera which gave identical staining patterns. The specificity of the staining was demonstrated by the absence of staining with immune serum absorbed with purified tubulin, the absence of staining with preimmune serum, and the absence of staining if any of the reagents were omitted during the staining reaction.", "PMID": 400874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_573", "title": "Estrogens delay the postpartum recovery of the LH-RH-induced gonadotropin release.", "content": "In 27 healthy postpartum women, who were neither lactating nor receiving any therapy, LH-RH stimulation tests (50 micrograms i.v.) were performed on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of the puerperium. In a second group of 9 postpartum women an i.m. injection of 10 mg estradiol valerianate was administered within the 3rd postpartum day, and an LH-RH stimulation test was performed on days 14 and 21 of the puerperium. Blood was withdrawn at standard intervals and LH and FSH measured by radioimmunoassay. No significant FSH and LH response was found on day 7. On day 14 there was a significant release of FSH but no LH was released. On days 21 and 28 there was a significant release of FSH and LH but the magnitude of the FSH response was greater than that of the LH release. The administration of estrogens did inhibit the recovery of the pituitary from its refractoriness: on day 14 no release of LH and FSH was observed; on day 21, only a significant release of FSH could be detected in the second group of postpartum women. This emphasizes the major role played by steroids in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal function.", "contents": "Estrogens delay the postpartum recovery of the LH-RH-induced gonadotropin release. In 27 healthy postpartum women, who were neither lactating nor receiving any therapy, LH-RH stimulation tests (50 micrograms i.v.) were performed on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of the puerperium. In a second group of 9 postpartum women an i.m. injection of 10 mg estradiol valerianate was administered within the 3rd postpartum day, and an LH-RH stimulation test was performed on days 14 and 21 of the puerperium. Blood was withdrawn at standard intervals and LH and FSH measured by radioimmunoassay. No significant FSH and LH response was found on day 7. On day 14 there was a significant release of FSH but no LH was released. On days 21 and 28 there was a significant release of FSH and LH but the magnitude of the FSH response was greater than that of the LH release. The administration of estrogens did inhibit the recovery of the pituitary from its refractoriness: on day 14 no release of LH and FSH was observed; on day 21, only a significant release of FSH could be detected in the second group of postpartum women. This emphasizes the major role played by steroids in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal function.", "PMID": 400876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_574", "title": "Ultrasound: an aid to diagnosing gallstones in the radiographically nonvisualized gallbladder.", "content": "The accuracy and reproducibility of ultrasound as a modality to identify gallstones were evaluated. A credible result raises the possibility of the use of ultrasound to diagnose gallstones in the radiographically nonvisualized gallbladder.", "contents": "Ultrasound: an aid to diagnosing gallstones in the radiographically nonvisualized gallbladder. The accuracy and reproducibility of ultrasound as a modality to identify gallstones were evaluated. A credible result raises the possibility of the use of ultrasound to diagnose gallstones in the radiographically nonvisualized gallbladder.", "PMID": 400875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_575", "title": "Immunocytochemical identification of abnormal polymorphonuclear neutrophils in patients with leukemia.", "content": "High titer, monospecific antibodies to human granulocyte myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G, elastase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin were conjugated with fluorescein and rhodamine and used for immunofluorescent staining of mature neutrophils obtained from 25 patients with acute and chronic leukemia. In 11 (44%) of the patients, two populations of mature neutrophils were detected. The abnormal cells were identified by complete deficiency of one or more markers and constituted 10%-100% of the total number of neutrophils. This immunocytochemical approach may permit recognition of mature cells derived from leukemic clones, and serial determinations of the ratio of normal to abnormal cells may be useful in the management of patients with leukemia.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical identification of abnormal polymorphonuclear neutrophils in patients with leukemia. High titer, monospecific antibodies to human granulocyte myeloperoxidase, cathepsin G, elastase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin were conjugated with fluorescein and rhodamine and used for immunofluorescent staining of mature neutrophils obtained from 25 patients with acute and chronic leukemia. In 11 (44%) of the patients, two populations of mature neutrophils were detected. The abnormal cells were identified by complete deficiency of one or more markers and constituted 10%-100% of the total number of neutrophils. This immunocytochemical approach may permit recognition of mature cells derived from leukemic clones, and serial determinations of the ratio of normal to abnormal cells may be useful in the management of patients with leukemia.", "PMID": 400891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_576", "title": "Are cytotoxic T cells a common homeostatic mechanism in responses to viruses, homografts and tumours?", "content": "Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) have been shown to be important in the rejection of histoincompatible tissue grafts. They are also generated in mice during infection with viruses that are known to express viral coded antigens at the infected cell surface, although their presence is much easier to demonstrate with some viral infections than with others. Cell-mediated lysis only occurs if the Tc and virus-infected target cells share gene products coded for in the K or D region of the H-2 complex. In the case of both ectromelia and influenza virus infection of mice, transfer of specific Tc to histocompatible, infected mice has been shown to significantly lower the virus titre in target organs (spleen and lungs respectively). In experimental animals with some tumours, there is increasingly good evidence for the expression of tumour specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) in the membrane of the malignant cells, yet there is little evidence for the presence of specific Tc which might control the growth of the tumour. Possible reasons for the lack of generation or expression of Tc in these situations are discussed.", "contents": "Are cytotoxic T cells a common homeostatic mechanism in responses to viruses, homografts and tumours? Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) have been shown to be important in the rejection of histoincompatible tissue grafts. They are also generated in mice during infection with viruses that are known to express viral coded antigens at the infected cell surface, although their presence is much easier to demonstrate with some viral infections than with others. Cell-mediated lysis only occurs if the Tc and virus-infected target cells share gene products coded for in the K or D region of the H-2 complex. In the case of both ectromelia and influenza virus infection of mice, transfer of specific Tc to histocompatible, infected mice has been shown to significantly lower the virus titre in target organs (spleen and lungs respectively). In experimental animals with some tumours, there is increasingly good evidence for the expression of tumour specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) in the membrane of the malignant cells, yet there is little evidence for the presence of specific Tc which might control the growth of the tumour. Possible reasons for the lack of generation or expression of Tc in these situations are discussed.", "PMID": 400892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_577", "title": "Long-term preservation of canine bone marrow: in vitro studies.", "content": "In vitro studies were performed on canine bone marrow frozen with DMSO and stored in liquid nitrogen for 2 to 6 months. The results are compared with previously reported parallel in vivo experiments that demonstrated no loss of stem cells. When studies were performed immediately after thawing, there was no substantial drop in the count of nucleated cells and, except for megakaryocytes, there was no alteration of the bone marrow morphology. After two washes, and removal of DMSO, the nucleated cell count dropped to 50% of its previous value. Optic and electron microscopy showed severe damage in mature myeloid elements. In some instances, the cells had a condensed nucleus similar to the red-purple inclusion body of LE cells (as observed in systemic lupus erythematosus), and electron microscopy showed heavy chromatin clumping. On the other hand, both optic and electron microscopy showed a good preservation of lymphocytes, plasmocytes, and erythroid precursors. Two-hour DNA synthesis slightly dropped after storage, and this drop appeared more consistent when related to a constant volume of bone marrow (50 microliters) rather than to a constant number of nucleated cells (10(6)). In five instances frozen and thawed bone marrow was grown in short-term cultures, and analysis of 98 metaphases showed no major aberrations of the chromosomes and only 2% of minor aberrations, such as breakages and fragments. These data, compared with the results of previous in vivo experiments that showed no loss of stem cells after 5 months storage, suggest that stem cells are less sensitive to freezing and thawing injury than myeloid elements and/or that it might be safer for the thawed bone marrow not to be manipulated before infusion.", "contents": "Long-term preservation of canine bone marrow: in vitro studies. In vitro studies were performed on canine bone marrow frozen with DMSO and stored in liquid nitrogen for 2 to 6 months. The results are compared with previously reported parallel in vivo experiments that demonstrated no loss of stem cells. When studies were performed immediately after thawing, there was no substantial drop in the count of nucleated cells and, except for megakaryocytes, there was no alteration of the bone marrow morphology. After two washes, and removal of DMSO, the nucleated cell count dropped to 50% of its previous value. Optic and electron microscopy showed severe damage in mature myeloid elements. In some instances, the cells had a condensed nucleus similar to the red-purple inclusion body of LE cells (as observed in systemic lupus erythematosus), and electron microscopy showed heavy chromatin clumping. On the other hand, both optic and electron microscopy showed a good preservation of lymphocytes, plasmocytes, and erythroid precursors. Two-hour DNA synthesis slightly dropped after storage, and this drop appeared more consistent when related to a constant volume of bone marrow (50 microliters) rather than to a constant number of nucleated cells (10(6)). In five instances frozen and thawed bone marrow was grown in short-term cultures, and analysis of 98 metaphases showed no major aberrations of the chromosomes and only 2% of minor aberrations, such as breakages and fragments. These data, compared with the results of previous in vivo experiments that showed no loss of stem cells after 5 months storage, suggest that stem cells are less sensitive to freezing and thawing injury than myeloid elements and/or that it might be safer for the thawed bone marrow not to be manipulated before infusion.", "PMID": 400893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_578", "title": "External validity in the assessment of intellectual development in adulthood.", "content": "The relation of intelligence and competence is discussed and external validity issues are examined for the dimensions of settings, measurement variables, treatment variables and experimental units. It is argued that external validity across situations and life stages cannot be obtained for any single measure of intellectual ability. External validity problems are exacerbated beyond young adulthood since single criterion goals comparable to that of educational aptitude in work with the young are not available, and tasks do not retain ecological validity when the situational context of the individual under study changes due to developmental progression and idiosyncratic modification of individual life situation and roles. External validity in adulthood must therefore be addressed by examining task-by-person-by-situation interfaces separately for different life stages and across cohort groupings. A major test construction and validation program is outlined, and examples are given showing how some of the aspects of such a program can be operationalized.", "contents": "External validity in the assessment of intellectual development in adulthood. The relation of intelligence and competence is discussed and external validity issues are examined for the dimensions of settings, measurement variables, treatment variables and experimental units. It is argued that external validity across situations and life stages cannot be obtained for any single measure of intellectual ability. External validity problems are exacerbated beyond young adulthood since single criterion goals comparable to that of educational aptitude in work with the young are not available, and tasks do not retain ecological validity when the situational context of the individual under study changes due to developmental progression and idiosyncratic modification of individual life situation and roles. External validity in adulthood must therefore be addressed by examining task-by-person-by-situation interfaces separately for different life stages and across cohort groupings. A major test construction and validation program is outlined, and examples are given showing how some of the aspects of such a program can be operationalized.", "PMID": 400894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_579", "title": "Methodological problems in the analysis of behavioral tolerance in toxicology.", "content": "The analysis of selected data on differential behavioral tolerance to drugs and other chemicals leads to a series of tentative methodological proposals with potential interest for the purposes of toxicology. These data show a wide range of different relations between tolerance induced by continued exposure to treatment per se and tolerance dependent on specific treatment-behavior interactions, such as behavioral testing in the treatment state and unfavorable consequences on reinforcement density of response changes induced by treatment. Consequently, when tolerance phenomena occurring with a particular type of treatment deserve an in-depth analysis, a sequential strategy should assess (i) critical factors in short-term compensation for behavioral deficits (acute behaviorally augmented tolerance), (ii) relations between sensitization and tolerance phenomena (particularly in the case of agents with long-lasting and/or cumulative physiological-biochemical effects), with special regard to tolerance development in the absence of measurable changes in the lower dosage ranges, and (iii) factors responsible for behaviorally augmented tolerance in medium-and long-term experiments. The latter analysis may require the investigation of different relations between time of treatment and time of testing, and different treatment-induced changes in reinforcement density. Specific and non-specific transfer of coping responses across situations must also be considered, as well as changes in response topographies, interindividual differences in rate of tolerance development as a function of size and direction of the original treatment changes, and several other cues which can facilitate the understanding of the phenomena observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "Methodological problems in the analysis of behavioral tolerance in toxicology. The analysis of selected data on differential behavioral tolerance to drugs and other chemicals leads to a series of tentative methodological proposals with potential interest for the purposes of toxicology. These data show a wide range of different relations between tolerance induced by continued exposure to treatment per se and tolerance dependent on specific treatment-behavior interactions, such as behavioral testing in the treatment state and unfavorable consequences on reinforcement density of response changes induced by treatment. Consequently, when tolerance phenomena occurring with a particular type of treatment deserve an in-depth analysis, a sequential strategy should assess (i) critical factors in short-term compensation for behavioral deficits (acute behaviorally augmented tolerance), (ii) relations between sensitization and tolerance phenomena (particularly in the case of agents with long-lasting and/or cumulative physiological-biochemical effects), with special regard to tolerance development in the absence of measurable changes in the lower dosage ranges, and (iii) factors responsible for behaviorally augmented tolerance in medium-and long-term experiments. The latter analysis may require the investigation of different relations between time of treatment and time of testing, and different treatment-induced changes in reinforcement density. Specific and non-specific transfer of coping responses across situations must also be considered, as well as changes in response topographies, interindividual differences in rate of tolerance development as a function of size and direction of the original treatment changes, and several other cues which can facilitate the understanding of the phenomena observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "PMID": 400896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_580", "title": "Motor activity: a survey of methods with potential use in toxicity testing.", "content": "Activity measurements are expected to have widespread use in toxicity testing. The multifaceted nature of motor activity will directly influence the selection of a measurement technique since the relative contribution of various motor acts to any particular measurement will depend upon the detection method. Because of the apparatus-dependent nature of motor activity measurements, it is recommended that consideration be given to how accurately the various devices measure locomotor activity. In the present paper, two types of body movement will be considered as locomotor activity: ambulation (horizontally directed movement) and rearing (vertically directed movement). Discussion focuses on the various methods currently used to record motor activity, the various components of motor activity which are likely to be recorded, and the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques for the measurement of locomotor activity. Finally, consideration is given to studies which have compared treatment effects on motor activity derived from two or more measurement techniques.", "contents": "Motor activity: a survey of methods with potential use in toxicity testing. Activity measurements are expected to have widespread use in toxicity testing. The multifaceted nature of motor activity will directly influence the selection of a measurement technique since the relative contribution of various motor acts to any particular measurement will depend upon the detection method. Because of the apparatus-dependent nature of motor activity measurements, it is recommended that consideration be given to how accurately the various devices measure locomotor activity. In the present paper, two types of body movement will be considered as locomotor activity: ambulation (horizontally directed movement) and rearing (vertically directed movement). Discussion focuses on the various methods currently used to record motor activity, the various components of motor activity which are likely to be recorded, and the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques for the measurement of locomotor activity. Finally, consideration is given to studies which have compared treatment effects on motor activity derived from two or more measurement techniques.", "PMID": 400897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_581", "title": "Reinforcing properties of inhaled substances.", "content": "Inhaled substances can support behavior by acting as reinforcing stimulus events. The deliberate inhalation of volatile materials is attributable to the positively reinforcing properties of these substances and can induce profound toxicity. On the other hand, inhaled substances can also be aversive, e.g., corrosives, certain solvents, and combustion products. Both positive and negative reinforcing properties of inhaled materials can be used to support the behavior of laboratory animals. Several rules of evidence should be met, however, to demonstrate conclusively that an inhalant has such properties. Such properties should be considered in industrial hygiene and environmental quality decisions.", "contents": "Reinforcing properties of inhaled substances. Inhaled substances can support behavior by acting as reinforcing stimulus events. The deliberate inhalation of volatile materials is attributable to the positively reinforcing properties of these substances and can induce profound toxicity. On the other hand, inhaled substances can also be aversive, e.g., corrosives, certain solvents, and combustion products. Both positive and negative reinforcing properties of inhaled materials can be used to support the behavior of laboratory animals. Several rules of evidence should be met, however, to demonstrate conclusively that an inhalant has such properties. Such properties should be considered in industrial hygiene and environmental quality decisions.", "PMID": 400898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_582", "title": "Myelography with metrizamide in occult spinal dysraphism.", "content": "The initial experiences with metrizamide (Amipaque) in cases of spinal dysraphism are described. The technique, myelographic appearance and adverse reactions are discussed. The results have been promising and it is believed that this contrast medium will provide more accurate diagnostic information. However, further experience is necessary and in particular correlation with surgical findings.", "contents": "Myelography with metrizamide in occult spinal dysraphism. The initial experiences with metrizamide (Amipaque) in cases of spinal dysraphism are described. The technique, myelographic appearance and adverse reactions are discussed. The results have been promising and it is believed that this contrast medium will provide more accurate diagnostic information. However, further experience is necessary and in particular correlation with surgical findings.", "PMID": 400905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_583", "title": "Adverse effects of water-soluble contrast media in myelography, cisternography and ventriculography. A review with special reference to metrizamide.", "content": "The adverse effects following lumbar myelography and ventriculography with meglumine iothalamate (Conray Meglumin), meglumine iocarmate (Dimer-X, Bis-Conray) and metrizamide (Amipaque), and after thoracic and cervical myelography and cisternography with metrizamide are reviewed. In addition to the published material information given to Nyegaard & Co. from several hospitals participating in clinical trials with metrizamide is also reported. The frequency of minor adverse effects (headache, nausea, vomiting) seems to be about the same with all the three water-soluble contrast media. Convulsions, either localized to the lower part of the body or generalized, may be a problem with meglumine iothalamate and meglumine iocarmate, while the epileptogenic effect is markedly lower with metrizamide. With a technique directed towards preventing contrast medium of high concentration from passing intracranially, the frequency of serious adverse effects may be kept at a very low level. Late adverse effects (adhesive arachnoiditis) occurring after all other water-soluble contrast media are a very minor problem after metrizamide. Serious complications have not been recorded following ventriculography and cisternography with metrizamide. Metrizamide is considered to be the water-soluble contrast medium best suited for use in the subarachnoid space and cerebral ventricles.", "contents": "Adverse effects of water-soluble contrast media in myelography, cisternography and ventriculography. A review with special reference to metrizamide. The adverse effects following lumbar myelography and ventriculography with meglumine iothalamate (Conray Meglumin), meglumine iocarmate (Dimer-X, Bis-Conray) and metrizamide (Amipaque), and after thoracic and cervical myelography and cisternography with metrizamide are reviewed. In addition to the published material information given to Nyegaard & Co. from several hospitals participating in clinical trials with metrizamide is also reported. The frequency of minor adverse effects (headache, nausea, vomiting) seems to be about the same with all the three water-soluble contrast media. Convulsions, either localized to the lower part of the body or generalized, may be a problem with meglumine iothalamate and meglumine iocarmate, while the epileptogenic effect is markedly lower with metrizamide. With a technique directed towards preventing contrast medium of high concentration from passing intracranially, the frequency of serious adverse effects may be kept at a very low level. Late adverse effects (adhesive arachnoiditis) occurring after all other water-soluble contrast media are a very minor problem after metrizamide. Serious complications have not been recorded following ventriculography and cisternography with metrizamide. Metrizamide is considered to be the water-soluble contrast medium best suited for use in the subarachnoid space and cerebral ventricles.", "PMID": 400906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_584", "title": "Angiography with metrizamide. Animal experiments and preliminary clinical experiences.", "content": "The non-ionic contrast medium metrizamide (Amipaque) was compared in animal experiments with diatrizoate, iothalamate and metrizoate. Vasodilatory effects, acute intravenous toxicity and effects on red blood cells, pulmonary arterial pressure, endothelium and heart were all less after metrizamide than after the ionic media. This motivated clinical trial of metrizamide for angiography, which demonstrated that metrizamide produced less pain than the ionic monomeric media in femoral as well as in other types of angiography.", "contents": "Angiography with metrizamide. Animal experiments and preliminary clinical experiences. The non-ionic contrast medium metrizamide (Amipaque) was compared in animal experiments with diatrizoate, iothalamate and metrizoate. Vasodilatory effects, acute intravenous toxicity and effects on red blood cells, pulmonary arterial pressure, endothelium and heart were all less after metrizamide than after the ionic media. This motivated clinical trial of metrizamide for angiography, which demonstrated that metrizamide produced less pain than the ionic monomeric media in femoral as well as in other types of angiography.", "PMID": 400907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_585", "title": "Metrizamide in cervical myelography. Survey and present state.", "content": "The total number of patients examined with metrizamide (Amipaque) for cervical myelography up to 31 December 1976, exceeds 2,000. Review of this series under more detailed analysis of the 365 examinations performed at the Ullev\u00e5l Sykehus indicate that such examinations can be performed safely and with excellent diagnostic results, provided the technique is satisfactory. Various techniques may be adequate. The injection of the contrast medium via a lateral C1-C2 puncture with the patient prone ensures optimum control of the contrast column to avoid intracranial flow, and therefore to give the lowest rate of side effects.", "contents": "Metrizamide in cervical myelography. Survey and present state. The total number of patients examined with metrizamide (Amipaque) for cervical myelography up to 31 December 1976, exceeds 2,000. Review of this series under more detailed analysis of the 365 examinations performed at the Ullev\u00e5l Sykehus indicate that such examinations can be performed safely and with excellent diagnostic results, provided the technique is satisfactory. Various techniques may be adequate. The injection of the contrast medium via a lateral C1-C2 puncture with the patient prone ensures optimum control of the contrast column to avoid intracranial flow, and therefore to give the lowest rate of side effects.", "PMID": 400908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_586", "title": "Experimental investigations with metrizamide with relevance to the myelographic use.", "content": "Recent animal experiments with metrizamide (Amipaque) in the subarachnoid space have essentially substantiated the low toxicity previously demonstrated. The interaction with neuroleptic drugs has been confirmed. Whether clinical doses of metrizamide may induce adhesive arachnoiditis is still unsettled.", "contents": "Experimental investigations with metrizamide with relevance to the myelographic use. Recent animal experiments with metrizamide (Amipaque) in the subarachnoid space have essentially substantiated the low toxicity previously demonstrated. The interaction with neuroleptic drugs has been confirmed. Whether clinical doses of metrizamide may induce adhesive arachnoiditis is still unsettled.", "PMID": 400909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_587", "title": "A study of the effect of ultraviolet light on the division potential of human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "Culture and UV (254 nm) irradiation conditions that are suggested as appropriate for a study of the effect of UV on the limited in vitro lifespan of a normal human diploid fibroblast (HDF) strain are first described. An inoculation density at each subcultivation of 1.8 x 10(4) viable cells/cm-2 permits the decline in proliferative capacity to occur with kinetics similar to that observed using a 1:2 split and prevents cell overlap at the time of irradiation. Doses of 5 and 10 J/m2 have only a slight effect on initial growth rates and little or no effect on cell density achieved at confluence. With these conditions populations can be irradiated several times throughout the in vitro lifespan. No effect of UV on the limited division potential was observed. In the extreme, a population irradiated 14 times, once every second passage starting at P-18 with doses of 5 or 10 J/m2 had the same lifespan as controls, as measured by lifespan determinations and thymidine labeling index. Transformed cells were not detected in the multi-irradiated populations. Evidently no accumulation in the populations of damage induced by UV that affected life span, thymidine labeling index, growth rates or confluent cell densities occurred. No selection of a population with altered sensitivity occurred. An argument that genome hits may not be a prime reason for the limited proliferative capacity of HDF populations is presented.", "contents": "A study of the effect of ultraviolet light on the division potential of human diploid fibroblasts. Culture and UV (254 nm) irradiation conditions that are suggested as appropriate for a study of the effect of UV on the limited in vitro lifespan of a normal human diploid fibroblast (HDF) strain are first described. An inoculation density at each subcultivation of 1.8 x 10(4) viable cells/cm-2 permits the decline in proliferative capacity to occur with kinetics similar to that observed using a 1:2 split and prevents cell overlap at the time of irradiation. Doses of 5 and 10 J/m2 have only a slight effect on initial growth rates and little or no effect on cell density achieved at confluence. With these conditions populations can be irradiated several times throughout the in vitro lifespan. No effect of UV on the limited division potential was observed. In the extreme, a population irradiated 14 times, once every second passage starting at P-18 with doses of 5 or 10 J/m2 had the same lifespan as controls, as measured by lifespan determinations and thymidine labeling index. Transformed cells were not detected in the multi-irradiated populations. Evidently no accumulation in the populations of damage induced by UV that affected life span, thymidine labeling index, growth rates or confluent cell densities occurred. No selection of a population with altered sensitivity occurred. An argument that genome hits may not be a prime reason for the limited proliferative capacity of HDF populations is presented.", "PMID": 400910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_588", "title": "Failure of reactivation of chick erythrocytes after fusion with temperature-sensitive mutants of mammalian cells arrested in G1.", "content": "Two temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of mammalian cell lines (AF8 and cs4D3) that arrest in G1 at the nonpermissive temperature were fused with chick erythrocytes and the induction of DNA synthesis was studied in the resulting heterokaryons. While both AF8 and cs4D3 could induce DNA synthesis in chick nuclei at the permissive temperature, they both failed to do so when arrested in G1 at the nonpermissive temperature. When S phase AF8 cells were fused with chick erythrocytes, chick nuclei were reactivated even if the heterokaryons were incubated at the temperature nonpermissive for AF8. A third ts mutant, ts111, that is blocked in cytokinesis but continues to synthesize DNA, reactivated chick nuclei at both permissive and nonpermissive temperature. It is concluded that chick erythrocyte reactivation depends on the presence of S phase-specific factors.", "contents": "Failure of reactivation of chick erythrocytes after fusion with temperature-sensitive mutants of mammalian cells arrested in G1. Two temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of mammalian cell lines (AF8 and cs4D3) that arrest in G1 at the nonpermissive temperature were fused with chick erythrocytes and the induction of DNA synthesis was studied in the resulting heterokaryons. While both AF8 and cs4D3 could induce DNA synthesis in chick nuclei at the permissive temperature, they both failed to do so when arrested in G1 at the nonpermissive temperature. When S phase AF8 cells were fused with chick erythrocytes, chick nuclei were reactivated even if the heterokaryons were incubated at the temperature nonpermissive for AF8. A third ts mutant, ts111, that is blocked in cytokinesis but continues to synthesize DNA, reactivated chick nuclei at both permissive and nonpermissive temperature. It is concluded that chick erythrocyte reactivation depends on the presence of S phase-specific factors.", "PMID": 400911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_589", "title": "Morphological differentiation of a murine neuroblastoma clone in monolayer culture induced by dexamethasone.", "content": "Dexamethasone induces morphological differentiation in murine neuroblastoma cells in culture. The percentage of differentiated cells depends on the concentration of dexamethasone in the medium and duration of treatment. After drug removal (with or without replating), many cells maintain their differentiated phenotype. Dexamethasone-treated cells have larger soma and contain more protein. Dexamethasone also produces a concentration-dependent inhibition of population growth. Growth inhibition is complete by 2 days following treatment with dexamethasone 50 micrograms/ml. Complete growth inhibition is achieved prior to the complete expression of morphological differentiation. Androstenedione, testosterone, and 17-beta-estradiol--all steroids without glucocorticoid activity--have no differentiating effect, although they inhibit growth or cause cell death at higher concentrations.", "contents": "Morphological differentiation of a murine neuroblastoma clone in monolayer culture induced by dexamethasone. Dexamethasone induces morphological differentiation in murine neuroblastoma cells in culture. The percentage of differentiated cells depends on the concentration of dexamethasone in the medium and duration of treatment. After drug removal (with or without replating), many cells maintain their differentiated phenotype. Dexamethasone-treated cells have larger soma and contain more protein. Dexamethasone also produces a concentration-dependent inhibition of population growth. Growth inhibition is complete by 2 days following treatment with dexamethasone 50 micrograms/ml. Complete growth inhibition is achieved prior to the complete expression of morphological differentiation. Androstenedione, testosterone, and 17-beta-estradiol--all steroids without glucocorticoid activity--have no differentiating effect, although they inhibit growth or cause cell death at higher concentrations.", "PMID": 400912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_590", "title": "An immunological approach to the isolation of factors with mitotic activity from the plasmodial stage of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Nuclear divisions in plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum were advanced by applying immunologically purified plasmodial extracts of late G2 phase on the surface of plasmodia which were 1.5 h before the third mitosis. The purification of G2 extracts was achieved by interaction of antibodies prepared against the antigens of early S phase plasmodia with the antigens of late G2 plasmodia. There was no advancement of mitosis by extracts prepared from early S phase plasmodia. Untreated G2 extracts did not accelerate mitosis with the same effectiveness as did antibody purified G2 extracts.", "contents": "An immunological approach to the isolation of factors with mitotic activity from the plasmodial stage of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum. Nuclear divisions in plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum were advanced by applying immunologically purified plasmodial extracts of late G2 phase on the surface of plasmodia which were 1.5 h before the third mitosis. The purification of G2 extracts was achieved by interaction of antibodies prepared against the antigens of early S phase plasmodia with the antigens of late G2 plasmodia. There was no advancement of mitosis by extracts prepared from early S phase plasmodia. Untreated G2 extracts did not accelerate mitosis with the same effectiveness as did antibody purified G2 extracts.", "PMID": 400913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_591", "title": "Some aspects of mediastinal anatomy and radiology.", "content": "High kilovoltage technique in chest radiography increases the visualization of the air-soft tissue boundaries of the mediastinum. The pulmonary-soft tissue interfaces account for pre- and paravertebral lines. The paravertebral and pleural-azygos-esophageal, central, posterior, and anterior lines of pleural contact are described, and displacement, deformities, and separation of the pleural reflections are illustrated.", "contents": "Some aspects of mediastinal anatomy and radiology. High kilovoltage technique in chest radiography increases the visualization of the air-soft tissue boundaries of the mediastinum. The pulmonary-soft tissue interfaces account for pre- and paravertebral lines. The paravertebral and pleural-azygos-esophageal, central, posterior, and anterior lines of pleural contact are described, and displacement, deformities, and separation of the pleural reflections are illustrated.", "PMID": 400914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_592", "title": "Sequelae of stomach surgery.", "content": "Gastric surgery has undergone continuous evolution since the 19th century. At present it is a highly sophisticated technique which provides symptomatic relief for the vast majority of patients operated upon for peptic ulcer disease. Although the overall incidence of complications has decreased, a variety of complications continues to occur and radiological examination plays a critical role in their detection, evaluation, and management. Knowledge of the variations in surgical terminology and commonly used eponyms provides the basic framework for discussion. Familiarity with the radiological appearance of the normal postoperative stomach together with an understanding of its physiology are essential prerequisites to the recognition of possible complications. Operative techniques may result in a radiographic appearance which simulates disease. Conditions as diverse as bezoars, afferent and efferent loop problems, marginal ulceration, anastomotic leakage, prolapse, and intussuception may all be characterized by distinct and highly specific radiographic changes. Physiologic problems such as dumping and malabsorption may also reflect their presence by X-ray changes. The radiographic features in a large number of surgical complications are discussed and illustrated. The importance of the radiographic examination in the postsurgical stomach is emphasized.", "contents": "Sequelae of stomach surgery. Gastric surgery has undergone continuous evolution since the 19th century. At present it is a highly sophisticated technique which provides symptomatic relief for the vast majority of patients operated upon for peptic ulcer disease. Although the overall incidence of complications has decreased, a variety of complications continues to occur and radiological examination plays a critical role in their detection, evaluation, and management. Knowledge of the variations in surgical terminology and commonly used eponyms provides the basic framework for discussion. Familiarity with the radiological appearance of the normal postoperative stomach together with an understanding of its physiology are essential prerequisites to the recognition of possible complications. Operative techniques may result in a radiographic appearance which simulates disease. Conditions as diverse as bezoars, afferent and efferent loop problems, marginal ulceration, anastomotic leakage, prolapse, and intussuception may all be characterized by distinct and highly specific radiographic changes. Physiologic problems such as dumping and malabsorption may also reflect their presence by X-ray changes. The radiographic features in a large number of surgical complications are discussed and illustrated. The importance of the radiographic examination in the postsurgical stomach is emphasized.", "PMID": 400915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_593", "title": "CNS 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol: its peripheral assessment by isotopic dilution and theoretical significance.", "content": "An isotope dilution model for the peripheral measurement of CNS catecholamine metabolism was examined in rabbits. 3H-norepinephrine (3H-norepinephrine (3H-NE) infusions were performed on rabbits before and after central sympathectomy via intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatment. Urine samples were obtained 72 hr after 3H-NE infusion and analysed for specific activities (SAs) of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA). The SA of MHPG was lower than that of VMA in all animals suggesting a source of unlabelled MHPG. The difference between the SAs of VMA and MHPG was abolished when the brain MHPG was markedly lowered by 6-OHDA injections. In animals which received 6-OHDA but retained moderate levels of brain MHPG, the difference between SAs of VMA and MHPG was maintained. The proposed model is able to predict and differentiate between rabbits that have severe depletion of CNS catecholamines and normal controls. The results suggest important relationships between CNS and peripheral NE metabolism and the compensatory capacity of the CNS to insult.", "contents": "CNS 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol: its peripheral assessment by isotopic dilution and theoretical significance. An isotope dilution model for the peripheral measurement of CNS catecholamine metabolism was examined in rabbits. 3H-norepinephrine (3H-norepinephrine (3H-NE) infusions were performed on rabbits before and after central sympathectomy via intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatment. Urine samples were obtained 72 hr after 3H-NE infusion and analysed for specific activities (SAs) of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA). The SA of MHPG was lower than that of VMA in all animals suggesting a source of unlabelled MHPG. The difference between the SAs of VMA and MHPG was abolished when the brain MHPG was markedly lowered by 6-OHDA injections. In animals which received 6-OHDA but retained moderate levels of brain MHPG, the difference between SAs of VMA and MHPG was maintained. The proposed model is able to predict and differentiate between rabbits that have severe depletion of CNS catecholamines and normal controls. The results suggest important relationships between CNS and peripheral NE metabolism and the compensatory capacity of the CNS to insult.", "PMID": 400926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_594", "title": "Simple template method for targeting brain loci in small animal stereotaxy.", "content": "A simple and reliable method for stereotaxic approach at any angle is described. The presentation of the coordinate on a template replaces calculation of stereotaxic coordinates.", "contents": "Simple template method for targeting brain loci in small animal stereotaxy. A simple and reliable method for stereotaxic approach at any angle is described. The presentation of the coordinate on a template replaces calculation of stereotaxic coordinates.", "PMID": 400928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_595", "title": "Method for effective rabbit head restraint during stereotaxic surgery.", "content": "A method for rigid head restraint during stereotaxic surgical procedures is described. The method is based on modifications of a conventional rabbit stereotaxic head holder and provides reliable head fixation for accurate implantation of depth and surface electrodes, cannulae, microelectrode wells, etc.", "contents": "Method for effective rabbit head restraint during stereotaxic surgery. A method for rigid head restraint during stereotaxic surgical procedures is described. The method is based on modifications of a conventional rabbit stereotaxic head holder and provides reliable head fixation for accurate implantation of depth and surface electrodes, cannulae, microelectrode wells, etc.", "PMID": 400929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_596", "title": "Penetration of cefoxitin into cerebrospinal fluid and treatment of meningitis caused by gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "Two patients with meningitis caused by antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were treated successfully with intravenous cefoxitin plus oral probenecid. A total of 25 patients with central nervous system disorders that required a diagnostic spinal tap were also given cefoxitin, with or without probenecid, for determination of the degree of penetration into cerebrospinal fluid. In patients with uninflamed meninges, little or no cefoxitin entered after a single dose of 4-6 g. After three doses of 4 g each over a 6-8-hr period, penetration was considerable (average, 7% of the simultaneous serum level). In patients with inflamed meninges, a similar concentration was achieved rapidly after a single 2-g dose. After a day of therapy, cerebrospinal fluid levels equivalent to 30%-70% of the simultaneous serum levels were found; as the inflammation subsided, cerebrospinal fluid levels fell to around 15% of those in serum. Probenecid did not appear to influence greatly the degree of penetration.", "contents": "Penetration of cefoxitin into cerebrospinal fluid and treatment of meningitis caused by gram-negative bacteria. Two patients with meningitis caused by antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were treated successfully with intravenous cefoxitin plus oral probenecid. A total of 25 patients with central nervous system disorders that required a diagnostic spinal tap were also given cefoxitin, with or without probenecid, for determination of the degree of penetration into cerebrospinal fluid. In patients with uninflamed meninges, little or no cefoxitin entered after a single dose of 4-6 g. After three doses of 4 g each over a 6-8-hr period, penetration was considerable (average, 7% of the simultaneous serum level). In patients with inflamed meninges, a similar concentration was achieved rapidly after a single 2-g dose. After a day of therapy, cerebrospinal fluid levels equivalent to 30%-70% of the simultaneous serum levels were found; as the inflammation subsided, cerebrospinal fluid levels fell to around 15% of those in serum. Probenecid did not appear to influence greatly the degree of penetration.", "PMID": 400930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_597", "title": "Metabolism of potent enkephalin analogs (FK 33-824, D-Ala2, pentafluorophenylalanine-4-enkephalinamide and a dimer of D-Ala2-enkephalin) and D-amino acid substituted derivatives of human beta-endorphin.", "content": "New analogs of the opiate peptides containing novel substitutions were compared in terms of their metabolic stability in the presence of an ultrafiltrate of mouse brain. The enkephalin analog FK 33-824 was more stable at short incubation periods (30 min) than Met-enkephalin but less stable than D-Ala2-enkephalinamide at longer periods (180 min) as shown by the complete release of N-terminal Tyr. In contrast, D-Ala2-enkephalinamide substituted in position 4 with pentafluorophenylalanine was completely stable at the time periods tested. A dimer of D-Ala2-enkephalin was relatively stable at short periods but subject to a 30% hydrolysis (vs. 100% for FK 33-824) in terms of Tyr release at longer periods of incubation. A doubly substituted human beta-endorphin (D-Leu17, D-Lys29-beta-endorphin) showed greater stability than the native peptide based on release of internal residues after incubation with the ultrafiltrate of brain. The presence of D-Leu17 blocked release of intermediate sized endorphins but did not affect liberation of Tyr. The additional presence of D-Thr in position 6 of a triply substituted beta-endorphin (D-Thr6, D-Leu17, D-Lys29-beta-endorphin) did not affect liberation of Tyr, indicating that formation of gamma-endorphin (cleavage of Leu17-Phe) and of enkephalin (cleavage of Met5-Thr) need not occur before the action of brain peptidases. The results demonstrate the feasibility of altering the resistance of analogs of enkephalin and endorphin to degradation by brain enzymes.", "contents": "Metabolism of potent enkephalin analogs (FK 33-824, D-Ala2, pentafluorophenylalanine-4-enkephalinamide and a dimer of D-Ala2-enkephalin) and D-amino acid substituted derivatives of human beta-endorphin. New analogs of the opiate peptides containing novel substitutions were compared in terms of their metabolic stability in the presence of an ultrafiltrate of mouse brain. The enkephalin analog FK 33-824 was more stable at short incubation periods (30 min) than Met-enkephalin but less stable than D-Ala2-enkephalinamide at longer periods (180 min) as shown by the complete release of N-terminal Tyr. In contrast, D-Ala2-enkephalinamide substituted in position 4 with pentafluorophenylalanine was completely stable at the time periods tested. A dimer of D-Ala2-enkephalin was relatively stable at short periods but subject to a 30% hydrolysis (vs. 100% for FK 33-824) in terms of Tyr release at longer periods of incubation. A doubly substituted human beta-endorphin (D-Leu17, D-Lys29-beta-endorphin) showed greater stability than the native peptide based on release of internal residues after incubation with the ultrafiltrate of brain. The presence of D-Leu17 blocked release of intermediate sized endorphins but did not affect liberation of Tyr. The additional presence of D-Thr in position 6 of a triply substituted beta-endorphin (D-Thr6, D-Leu17, D-Lys29-beta-endorphin) did not affect liberation of Tyr, indicating that formation of gamma-endorphin (cleavage of Leu17-Phe) and of enkephalin (cleavage of Met5-Thr) need not occur before the action of brain peptidases. The results demonstrate the feasibility of altering the resistance of analogs of enkephalin and endorphin to degradation by brain enzymes.", "PMID": 400927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_598", "title": "Treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis with cefoxitin: comparison with penicillin.", "content": "Cefoxitin is a semisynthetic cephamycin with good in vitro activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In a controlled clinical trial, 143 men with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis received either cefoxitin (2.0 g intramuscularly [im] with 1.0 g of oral probenecid) or aqueous procaine penicillin G (4.8 x 10(6) units im with 1.0 g of oral probenecid). Of the 117 patients who returned for follow-up on days 3-13 after treatment, only 1.8% in the group given cefoxitin and 3.6% in the group given penicillin were not cured. The incidence of pain at the site of injection and rates of adverse reactions were similar for both groups. No hematologic, renal, or hepatic toxicity could be ascribed to either treatment regimen. Although none of the infections were due to beta-lactamase-producing gonococci, the results provide a basis for additional studies of the efficacy of cefoxitin in treatment of infections due to penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis with cefoxitin: comparison with penicillin. Cefoxitin is a semisynthetic cephamycin with good in vitro activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In a controlled clinical trial, 143 men with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis received either cefoxitin (2.0 g intramuscularly [im] with 1.0 g of oral probenecid) or aqueous procaine penicillin G (4.8 x 10(6) units im with 1.0 g of oral probenecid). Of the 117 patients who returned for follow-up on days 3-13 after treatment, only 1.8% in the group given cefoxitin and 3.6% in the group given penicillin were not cured. The incidence of pain at the site of injection and rates of adverse reactions were similar for both groups. No hematologic, renal, or hepatic toxicity could be ascribed to either treatment regimen. Although none of the infections were due to beta-lactamase-producing gonococci, the results provide a basis for additional studies of the efficacy of cefoxitin in treatment of infections due to penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 400933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_599", "title": "Intramuscular cefoxitin.", "content": "Cefoxitin was administered by the intramuscular route to 102 patients who had infections of mild or moderate severity. The assessment of clinical and bacteriologic outcome was derived from data for 79 patients. Assessments of tolerance and safety were made for all patients who received 1 g of cefoxitin diluted in 1 ml of 0.5% or 1.0% lidocaine four times daily. Cure or improvement occurred in 45 of 47 patients with skin or soft tissue infections, in all of 16 patients with lower respiratory tract infections, and in 10 of 12 patients with urinary tract infections. One patient developed acute tubular necrosis. Eosinophilia was seen in 7% of patients treated with cefoxitin. The intramuscular preparation was not painful to 96% of the patients. Cefoxitin given by the intramuscular route can be used as an alternative to intravenous cefoxitin for treatment of mild or moderate infections, for continuation of treatment when the intravenous route is not appropriate, and for treatment of ulcers of polymicrobial etiology on ischemic extremities or on extremities of diabetic patients.", "contents": "Intramuscular cefoxitin. Cefoxitin was administered by the intramuscular route to 102 patients who had infections of mild or moderate severity. The assessment of clinical and bacteriologic outcome was derived from data for 79 patients. Assessments of tolerance and safety were made for all patients who received 1 g of cefoxitin diluted in 1 ml of 0.5% or 1.0% lidocaine four times daily. Cure or improvement occurred in 45 of 47 patients with skin or soft tissue infections, in all of 16 patients with lower respiratory tract infections, and in 10 of 12 patients with urinary tract infections. One patient developed acute tubular necrosis. Eosinophilia was seen in 7% of patients treated with cefoxitin. The intramuscular preparation was not painful to 96% of the patients. Cefoxitin given by the intramuscular route can be used as an alternative to intravenous cefoxitin for treatment of mild or moderate infections, for continuation of treatment when the intravenous route is not appropriate, and for treatment of ulcers of polymicrobial etiology on ischemic extremities or on extremities of diabetic patients.", "PMID": 400934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_600", "title": "Comparative studies of cefoxitin and cephalothin: an overview.", "content": "A comparative study of the efficacy and safety of cefoxitin and cephalothin in the treatment of serious infections was carried out by 21 investigators. A total of 320 patients were treated with cefoxitin, and 276 patients were treated with cephalothin. In each group 50% of patients could be evaluated. Patients were randomly allocated to groups in open fashion, and final analysis showed that the groups were comparable in terms of sex, age, severity of illness, and duration of therapy. The majority of pathogens isolated were susceptible to both agents, although 13% of gram-negative bacilli and anaerobes were susceptible to cefoxitin alone. The overall percentage of patients cured or improved by cephalothin was 93%; for cefoxitin the proportion was 91%. No statistical differences in response by type of organism or site of infection were shown. Cefoxitin was effective in treating infections and in eradicating the pathogenic bacteria. Cefoxitin was as well tolerated as cephalothin and produced no more adverse reactions or abnormal laboratory findings than did cephalothin. The results of this study demonstrate that cefoxitin is as effective in achieving bacteriologic and clinical cures as is cephalothin and also is effective in treatment of infections due to cephalothin-resistant bacteria.", "contents": "Comparative studies of cefoxitin and cephalothin: an overview. A comparative study of the efficacy and safety of cefoxitin and cephalothin in the treatment of serious infections was carried out by 21 investigators. A total of 320 patients were treated with cefoxitin, and 276 patients were treated with cephalothin. In each group 50% of patients could be evaluated. Patients were randomly allocated to groups in open fashion, and final analysis showed that the groups were comparable in terms of sex, age, severity of illness, and duration of therapy. The majority of pathogens isolated were susceptible to both agents, although 13% of gram-negative bacilli and anaerobes were susceptible to cefoxitin alone. The overall percentage of patients cured or improved by cephalothin was 93%; for cefoxitin the proportion was 91%. No statistical differences in response by type of organism or site of infection were shown. Cefoxitin was effective in treating infections and in eradicating the pathogenic bacteria. Cefoxitin was as well tolerated as cephalothin and produced no more adverse reactions or abnormal laboratory findings than did cephalothin. The results of this study demonstrate that cefoxitin is as effective in achieving bacteriologic and clinical cures as is cephalothin and also is effective in treatment of infections due to cephalothin-resistant bacteria.", "PMID": 400931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_601", "title": "Infections due to endemic, multiply resistant gram-negative rods: sensitivity to and therapy with cefoxitin.", "content": "A nosocomial outbreak of infections due to bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics evolved into an endemic prevalence of several antibiotic-resistant gram-negative rods. The resistance of these bacteria to available beta-lactam antibiotics, a variety of broad-spectrum agents, and available aminoglycosides other than amikacin led to an evaluation of cefoxitin, a beta-lactamase-resistant cephamycin. Most multiply resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Proteus mirabilis were sensitive to cefoxitin in vitro. Cefoxitin therapy of 11 severe nosocomial infections caused by multiply resistant K. pneumoniae resulted in clinical and bacteriologic cure in seven patients.", "contents": "Infections due to endemic, multiply resistant gram-negative rods: sensitivity to and therapy with cefoxitin. A nosocomial outbreak of infections due to bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics evolved into an endemic prevalence of several antibiotic-resistant gram-negative rods. The resistance of these bacteria to available beta-lactam antibiotics, a variety of broad-spectrum agents, and available aminoglycosides other than amikacin led to an evaluation of cefoxitin, a beta-lactamase-resistant cephamycin. Most multiply resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Proteus mirabilis were sensitive to cefoxitin in vitro. Cefoxitin therapy of 11 severe nosocomial infections caused by multiply resistant K. pneumoniae resulted in clinical and bacteriologic cure in seven patients.", "PMID": 400932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_602", "title": "Safety of cefoxitin: an approach to the analysis of laboratory data.", "content": "The safety of cefoxitin, in terms of values obtained in laboratory tests during and after therapy, was estimated by three methods for analysis of data derived from controlled clinical comparisons of cephalothin and cefoxitin. Both antibiotics were found to be safe with respect to hematologic, renal, and hepatic function and did not differ significantly from each other. Laboratory data confirmed by tests performed serially and by paired related tests were analyzed by a novel method of comparison.", "contents": "Safety of cefoxitin: an approach to the analysis of laboratory data. The safety of cefoxitin, in terms of values obtained in laboratory tests during and after therapy, was estimated by three methods for analysis of data derived from controlled clinical comparisons of cephalothin and cefoxitin. Both antibiotics were found to be safe with respect to hematologic, renal, and hepatic function and did not differ significantly from each other. Laboratory data confirmed by tests performed serially and by paired related tests were analyzed by a novel method of comparison.", "PMID": 400935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_603", "title": "General mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance.", "content": "Bacteria can become resistant to antimicrobial agents by two routes, either by mutation or by the inheritance of new genetic information in the form of resistance plasmids. The mechanisms by which bacteria express resistance are manyfold, and five different biochemical mechanisms have been demonstrated in clinical isolates. The most important mechanisms are alteration of the drug target site, interference with the transport of the antimicrobial agent into the cell, and detoxification (inactivation) of the drug in the immediate environment of the cell.", "contents": "General mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Bacteria can become resistant to antimicrobial agents by two routes, either by mutation or by the inheritance of new genetic information in the form of resistance plasmids. The mechanisms by which bacteria express resistance are manyfold, and five different biochemical mechanisms have been demonstrated in clinical isolates. The most important mechanisms are alteration of the drug target site, interference with the transport of the antimicrobial agent into the cell, and detoxification (inactivation) of the drug in the immediate environment of the cell.", "PMID": 400936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_604", "title": "Cefoxitin: an overview of clinical studies in the United States.", "content": "Cefoxitin, a new cephamycin antibiotic that is active against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, was studied by 35 investigators in the United States. Of 657 patients eligible for evaluation of efficacy of the compound, 69% were cured and 92% were cured or improved on clinical grounds. Bacteriologic response to therapy with cefoxitin was equally good for infections due to gram-positive cocci (94% cured), gram-negative bacilli (87% cured), and anaerobes (95% cured). Cefoxitin was effective clinically and bacteriologically in the eradication of infections due to organisms resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and aminoglycosides. Overall rates of favorable response to cefoxitin therapy by disease were: lower respiratory tract infections, 90%; urinary tract infections, 87%; intraabdominal infections, 90%; gynecologic infections, 94%; and septicemia, 84%. Cefoxitin was tolerated well, and major abnormalities of hematologic, hepatic, renal, or central nervous system function were encountered rarely. Resistance to cefoxitin did not develop among gram-negative cocci, anaerobes, or gram-negative bacilli in the medical centers in which the antibiotic was used.", "contents": "Cefoxitin: an overview of clinical studies in the United States. Cefoxitin, a new cephamycin antibiotic that is active against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, was studied by 35 investigators in the United States. Of 657 patients eligible for evaluation of efficacy of the compound, 69% were cured and 92% were cured or improved on clinical grounds. Bacteriologic response to therapy with cefoxitin was equally good for infections due to gram-positive cocci (94% cured), gram-negative bacilli (87% cured), and anaerobes (95% cured). Cefoxitin was effective clinically and bacteriologically in the eradication of infections due to organisms resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and aminoglycosides. Overall rates of favorable response to cefoxitin therapy by disease were: lower respiratory tract infections, 90%; urinary tract infections, 87%; intraabdominal infections, 90%; gynecologic infections, 94%; and septicemia, 84%. Cefoxitin was tolerated well, and major abnormalities of hematologic, hepatic, renal, or central nervous system function were encountered rarely. Resistance to cefoxitin did not develop among gram-negative cocci, anaerobes, or gram-negative bacilli in the medical centers in which the antibiotic was used.", "PMID": 400937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_605", "title": "Induction and effector phases of the immune response: physiological and pathophysiological features.", "content": "A review is given on the current state of knowledge about the induction and effector phases of the immune response. Physiological and pathophysiological features of the regulation of the immune response are discussed comparatively for both man and animals.", "contents": "Induction and effector phases of the immune response: physiological and pathophysiological features. A review is given on the current state of knowledge about the induction and effector phases of the immune response. Physiological and pathophysiological features of the regulation of the immune response are discussed comparatively for both man and animals.", "PMID": 400943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_606", "title": "Pseudotuberculosis in man: possible epidemiological role of the cats.", "content": "Human infection by Malassez and Vignal's bacillus (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) can take many clinical aspects, the most frequent of which is mesenteric adenitis with pseudoappendicular syndrome, but occasionally also appearing as a tumor of the right lower abdominal quadrant. In a subsequent stage this mesenteric adenitis is often accompanied by erythema nodosum. There also exist some septicemia-like forms, which have become more and more frequent of late, always appearing on a particular terrain (predisposed persons). These various forms all correspond to contamination via the digestive route. Other, more exceptional modes of contamination may result in much rarer forms, such as ocular or pulmonary forms. Diagnosis is based on: (a) demonstrating the presence of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, (b) serodiagnosis, (c) a positive intradermal reaction, (d) the characteristic aspect of lymph node lesions. Pseudotuberculosis is extremely frequent in animals. Many species, most of them rodents or birds, can serve as healthy carriers. This is how cats, through their access to this natural \"reservoir\", get contaminated and thus act as a \"conveyor belt\" in transmitting the disease to man.", "contents": "Pseudotuberculosis in man: possible epidemiological role of the cats. Human infection by Malassez and Vignal's bacillus (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) can take many clinical aspects, the most frequent of which is mesenteric adenitis with pseudoappendicular syndrome, but occasionally also appearing as a tumor of the right lower abdominal quadrant. In a subsequent stage this mesenteric adenitis is often accompanied by erythema nodosum. There also exist some septicemia-like forms, which have become more and more frequent of late, always appearing on a particular terrain (predisposed persons). These various forms all correspond to contamination via the digestive route. Other, more exceptional modes of contamination may result in much rarer forms, such as ocular or pulmonary forms. Diagnosis is based on: (a) demonstrating the presence of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, (b) serodiagnosis, (c) a positive intradermal reaction, (d) the characteristic aspect of lymph node lesions. Pseudotuberculosis is extremely frequent in animals. Many species, most of them rodents or birds, can serve as healthy carriers. This is how cats, through their access to this natural \"reservoir\", get contaminated and thus act as a \"conveyor belt\" in transmitting the disease to man.", "PMID": 400944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_607", "title": "Mode of action of beta-lactam antibiotics.", "content": "Biochemical investigations of the mode of action of beta-lactam antibiotics have focused on the interaction of these drugs with sensitive enzymes and penicillin-binding proteins in vitro and on the correlation of these data with physiological responses to the drugs. The classical response is inhibition of growth and cell death followed by lysis; however, the bacteriostatic response to penicillins, which is seen in certain bacterial species such as Streptococcus mutans and in mutants of species such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, is also described. The biochemical data remain consistent with the acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine donor substrate analogue theory, but multiple targets with differential sensitivity to different beta-lactam antibiotics exist. The relationship of these targets to penicillin-binding proteins and their possible functions in cell growth and division are discussed.", "contents": "Mode of action of beta-lactam antibiotics. Biochemical investigations of the mode of action of beta-lactam antibiotics have focused on the interaction of these drugs with sensitive enzymes and penicillin-binding proteins in vitro and on the correlation of these data with physiological responses to the drugs. The classical response is inhibition of growth and cell death followed by lysis; however, the bacteriostatic response to penicillins, which is seen in certain bacterial species such as Streptococcus mutans and in mutants of species such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, is also described. The biochemical data remain consistent with the acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine donor substrate analogue theory, but multiple targets with differential sensitivity to different beta-lactam antibiotics exist. The relationship of these targets to penicillin-binding proteins and their possible functions in cell growth and division are discussed.", "PMID": 400939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_608", "title": "Beta-lactam antibiotics and beta-lactamases: two sides of a continuing story.", "content": "The period since the introduction of beta-lactam antibiotics for therapeutic purposes has been characterized by a number of phases during which the incidence of resistant bacteria causing clinical infections has been high. Initially, penicillin-resistant staphylococci were the problem; more recently, it has been the resistant gram-negative bacteria, including anaerobes, that have given cause for concern. Thus novel beta-lactam antibiotics with activity against the resistant organisms have been developed. For the staphylococci methicillin, oxacillin, and cloxacillin were introduced, and for gram-negative species, cefuroxime and cefoxitin. Cefoxitin is particularly useful for treatment of infections due to anaerobes and ampicillin-resistant isolates of Escherichia coli. In all cases the best way to achieve efficacy against resistant bacteria seems to have been to design antibiotics that are insensitive to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.", "contents": "Beta-lactam antibiotics and beta-lactamases: two sides of a continuing story. The period since the introduction of beta-lactam antibiotics for therapeutic purposes has been characterized by a number of phases during which the incidence of resistant bacteria causing clinical infections has been high. Initially, penicillin-resistant staphylococci were the problem; more recently, it has been the resistant gram-negative bacteria, including anaerobes, that have given cause for concern. Thus novel beta-lactam antibiotics with activity against the resistant organisms have been developed. For the staphylococci methicillin, oxacillin, and cloxacillin were introduced, and for gram-negative species, cefuroxime and cefoxitin. Cefoxitin is particularly useful for treatment of infections due to anaerobes and ampicillin-resistant isolates of Escherichia coli. In all cases the best way to achieve efficacy against resistant bacteria seems to have been to design antibiotics that are insensitive to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.", "PMID": 400938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_609", "title": "The design of new drugs that resist microbial inactivation.", "content": "Several possible strategems for overcoming the development of bacterial resistance are discussed. The design of new drugs that resist microbial inactivation is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the aminoglycoside and beta-lactam antibiotics. Examples of alteration of the inactivation site, decreased enzyme affinity, steric hindrance of enzymic inactivation, and semiempirical systematic modification of the parent antibiotic are presented. The role of the 7-alpha-methoxy group in cefoxitin and the cephamycins in conferring stability in the presence of beta-lactamase is best rationalized by its steric bulk. The effects of other 7-alpha-substituents are also discussed.", "contents": "The design of new drugs that resist microbial inactivation. Several possible strategems for overcoming the development of bacterial resistance are discussed. The design of new drugs that resist microbial inactivation is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the aminoglycoside and beta-lactam antibiotics. Examples of alteration of the inactivation site, decreased enzyme affinity, steric hindrance of enzymic inactivation, and semiempirical systematic modification of the parent antibiotic are presented. The role of the 7-alpha-methoxy group in cefoxitin and the cephamycins in conferring stability in the presence of beta-lactamase is best rationalized by its steric bulk. The effects of other 7-alpha-substituents are also discussed.", "PMID": 400940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_610", "title": "[Benign inoculation lymphoreticulosis or cat-scratch disease].", "content": "Discovered in 1950-51 by two great parisian medical teams, inoculation lymphoreticulosis, also called cat's scratch disease, is locoregional adenitis whose aetiology is imperfectly determined. Following, often bu not always, cat's scratch, it may evolve to suppuration. Pus is always aseptic. Attributed to Bedsonia's family micro-organism, no cultivation was possible up to date. Evolution is as a rule favourable, but disease is poorly accessible to tetracycline family's antibiotics. Diagnosis is possible by intradermoreaction. The antigen used is tyndallised pus of homologous infection. The role of the cat, still healthy, has not yet been explained.", "contents": "[Benign inoculation lymphoreticulosis or cat-scratch disease]. Discovered in 1950-51 by two great parisian medical teams, inoculation lymphoreticulosis, also called cat's scratch disease, is locoregional adenitis whose aetiology is imperfectly determined. Following, often bu not always, cat's scratch, it may evolve to suppuration. Pus is always aseptic. Attributed to Bedsonia's family micro-organism, no cultivation was possible up to date. Evolution is as a rule favourable, but disease is poorly accessible to tetracycline family's antibiotics. Diagnosis is possible by intradermoreaction. The antigen used is tyndallised pus of homologous infection. The role of the cat, still healthy, has not yet been explained.", "PMID": 400945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_611", "title": "Cefoxitin and cephamycins: microbiological studies.", "content": "The cephamycins are a family of beta-lactam antibiotics that are produced by actinomycetes and are structurally similar to the cephalosporins. They are characterized by the presence of a 7-alpha-methoxyl group, which confers unusually high resistance to beta-lactamases. Cefoxitin, the first semisynthetic cephamycin, is resistant to almost all beta-lactamases. Cefoxitin retains the 3-carbamoyl group of cephamycin C and thus has excellent metabolic stability. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and almost devoid of any inoculum effect. Active against many cephalothin-resistant gram-negative bacteria, cefoxitin demonstrates a very broad spectrum that includes indole-positive Proteus and many strains of Serratia. In contrast to that of the cephalosporins, cefoxitin's spectrum of activity against anaerobic pathogens includes Bacteroides fragilis. The therapeutic effectiveness of cefoxitin in experimental infections in mice confirms the excellent characteristics of this semisynthetic cephamycin and indicates that it should be a very valuable agent for treatment of bacterial infections.", "contents": "Cefoxitin and cephamycins: microbiological studies. The cephamycins are a family of beta-lactam antibiotics that are produced by actinomycetes and are structurally similar to the cephalosporins. They are characterized by the presence of a 7-alpha-methoxyl group, which confers unusually high resistance to beta-lactamases. Cefoxitin, the first semisynthetic cephamycin, is resistant to almost all beta-lactamases. Cefoxitin retains the 3-carbamoyl group of cephamycin C and thus has excellent metabolic stability. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and almost devoid of any inoculum effect. Active against many cephalothin-resistant gram-negative bacteria, cefoxitin demonstrates a very broad spectrum that includes indole-positive Proteus and many strains of Serratia. In contrast to that of the cephalosporins, cefoxitin's spectrum of activity against anaerobic pathogens includes Bacteroides fragilis. The therapeutic effectiveness of cefoxitin in experimental infections in mice confirms the excellent characteristics of this semisynthetic cephamycin and indicates that it should be a very valuable agent for treatment of bacterial infections.", "PMID": 400941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_612", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica among small wild mammals in France.", "content": "A survey of Yersinia enterocolitica was made in two French areas (Indre and Alsace) in several components of the terrestrial ecosystem. Y. enterocolitica has been isolated from several habitats and from numerous species of small mammals. The trap line method enabled us to estimate the density of the two abundant small mammal species, Microtus arvalis and Apodemus sylvaticus, and the densities of Y. enterocolitica carriers. The frequency of isolation was high when temperatures were low, but did not seem to be in direct relationship with animal densities. Infectious lesions were never found in spleens or intestines of 1893 captured animals. Samples of fresh water, fresh-water fish, soil and earthworms were occasionally collected. A total of 163 strains were isolated. Of these, 99 were of biochemical type 1; 20 different 0 serogroups were found.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica among small wild mammals in France. A survey of Yersinia enterocolitica was made in two French areas (Indre and Alsace) in several components of the terrestrial ecosystem. Y. enterocolitica has been isolated from several habitats and from numerous species of small mammals. The trap line method enabled us to estimate the density of the two abundant small mammal species, Microtus arvalis and Apodemus sylvaticus, and the densities of Y. enterocolitica carriers. The frequency of isolation was high when temperatures were low, but did not seem to be in direct relationship with animal densities. Infectious lesions were never found in spleens or intestines of 1893 captured animals. Samples of fresh water, fresh-water fish, soil and earthworms were occasionally collected. A total of 163 strains were isolated. Of these, 99 were of biochemical type 1; 20 different 0 serogroups were found.", "PMID": 400946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_613", "title": "Glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase in Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "1. The cultured, epimastigote-form of Trypanosoma cruzi contains NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4), with a molecular weight of about 280,000, similar to the enzyme from Plasmodium chabaudi and different from the enzymes from higher animal sources. 2. T. cruzi also contains aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), with properties similar to those of the enzyme from mammals. 3. The concerted action of the transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase might be responsible for the production of NH3 which characterizes the protein catabolism in T. cruzi.", "contents": "Glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase in Trypanosoma cruzi. 1. The cultured, epimastigote-form of Trypanosoma cruzi contains NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4), with a molecular weight of about 280,000, similar to the enzyme from Plasmodium chabaudi and different from the enzymes from higher animal sources. 2. T. cruzi also contains aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), with properties similar to those of the enzyme from mammals. 3. The concerted action of the transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase might be responsible for the production of NH3 which characterizes the protein catabolism in T. cruzi.", "PMID": 400947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_614", "title": "Comparative solubilities and electrophoresis of microtine hemoglobins.", "content": "1. The electrophoretic mobilities of the hemoglobins of 7 taxa of microtines were compared. Microtus oeconomus, M. pennsylvanicus pullatus and M. xanthognatus showed identical 2-band patterns on electrophoresis of their hemoglobins while M. pennsylvanicus tananaensis showed only a single hemoglobin corresponding to the major band of the others. Dicrostonyx rubricatus and D. stevensoni exhibited identical patterns different from the Microtus species. Lemmus sibiricus had a slow hemoglobin component with mobility slightly different from the slow ones of the Microtus species while the fast component appeared the same. 2. Electrophoresis of individual globin chains from hemolysates, purified hemoglobins, and isolated chains indicated a large degree of similarity between the species studied, although there were significant differences in hemoglobin patterns. 3. The minor hemoglobin band in Microtus seems to be the result of a second alpha chain locus as determined from the hemoglobins from hybrids of two subspecies. 4. Salting-out studies indicated differences between hemoglobins that were not detectable by electrophoresis of either whole hemoglobins or isolated chains. 5. M. xanthognathus hemolysate was considerably less soluble than those of M. oeconomus and M. pennsylvanicus pullatus which had essentially the same solubility. 6. The major hemoglobin components of M. pennsylvanicus pullatus and M. xanthognathus were considerably less soluble than either the corresponding unfractionated hemolysates or purified minor components.", "contents": "Comparative solubilities and electrophoresis of microtine hemoglobins. 1. The electrophoretic mobilities of the hemoglobins of 7 taxa of microtines were compared. Microtus oeconomus, M. pennsylvanicus pullatus and M. xanthognatus showed identical 2-band patterns on electrophoresis of their hemoglobins while M. pennsylvanicus tananaensis showed only a single hemoglobin corresponding to the major band of the others. Dicrostonyx rubricatus and D. stevensoni exhibited identical patterns different from the Microtus species. Lemmus sibiricus had a slow hemoglobin component with mobility slightly different from the slow ones of the Microtus species while the fast component appeared the same. 2. Electrophoresis of individual globin chains from hemolysates, purified hemoglobins, and isolated chains indicated a large degree of similarity between the species studied, although there were significant differences in hemoglobin patterns. 3. The minor hemoglobin band in Microtus seems to be the result of a second alpha chain locus as determined from the hemoglobins from hybrids of two subspecies. 4. Salting-out studies indicated differences between hemoglobins that were not detectable by electrophoresis of either whole hemoglobins or isolated chains. 5. M. xanthognathus hemolysate was considerably less soluble than those of M. oeconomus and M. pennsylvanicus pullatus which had essentially the same solubility. 6. The major hemoglobin components of M. pennsylvanicus pullatus and M. xanthognathus were considerably less soluble than either the corresponding unfractionated hemolysates or purified minor components.", "PMID": 400948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_615", "title": "A glimpse of the early history of the cephalosporins.", "content": "The cephalosporins, like the penicillins, came from research that was partly academic but that led to results which found application in medicine. A number of events followed the isolation of a Cephalosporium in Sardinia in 1945. Research at Oxford resulted in the discovery of cephalosporin C in 1953, in the elucidation of its structure in 1959, and in the determination of many of its characteristic properties. Further work in the United States opened the way to large-scale production of a series of semisynthetic cephalosporins. A change in the attitude of the Government toward the application of academic research in the United Kingdom and the establishment of a National Research Development Corporation were responsible for certain differences between the commercial development of the cephalosporins and that of penicillin.", "contents": "A glimpse of the early history of the cephalosporins. The cephalosporins, like the penicillins, came from research that was partly academic but that led to results which found application in medicine. A number of events followed the isolation of a Cephalosporium in Sardinia in 1945. Research at Oxford resulted in the discovery of cephalosporin C in 1953, in the elucidation of its structure in 1959, and in the determination of many of its characteristic properties. Further work in the United States opened the way to large-scale production of a series of semisynthetic cephalosporins. A change in the attitude of the Government toward the application of academic research in the United Kingdom and the establishment of a National Research Development Corporation were responsible for certain differences between the commercial development of the cephalosporins and that of penicillin.", "PMID": 400942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_616", "title": "Evolution of ribosomal RNA.", "content": "1. The G + C content of ribosomal RNA of animals seems correlated with the length of periods required for maturation of those organisms. 2. In Protostomes of the animal kingdom, the size of the 28S rRNA molecule does not seem to correlate with the evolutionary stage of the organism. 3. Aphids and water-fleas as well as some protozoa have the 18S rRNA with mol. wt of 0.9 x 10(6) against an overwhelming pressure of evolution to conserve the rRNA molecule of 0.7 x 10(6) daltons. 4. All the Deuterostomes examined were distinguished from Protostomes by having the 28S rRNA's void of the hidden break at the central point. 5. Aphids and nematodes are exceptional Protostomes in that they have the 28S rRNA's without the hidden break. This was discussed in the light of the evolutionary stage of these organisms. 6. Molecular properties of chloroplast rRNA seem to evidence for endosymbiotic origin of this organelle. Mitochondrial rRNA differs considerably from prokaryotic rRNA with respect to molecular size and base composition.", "contents": "Evolution of ribosomal RNA. 1. The G + C content of ribosomal RNA of animals seems correlated with the length of periods required for maturation of those organisms. 2. In Protostomes of the animal kingdom, the size of the 28S rRNA molecule does not seem to correlate with the evolutionary stage of the organism. 3. Aphids and water-fleas as well as some protozoa have the 18S rRNA with mol. wt of 0.9 x 10(6) against an overwhelming pressure of evolution to conserve the rRNA molecule of 0.7 x 10(6) daltons. 4. All the Deuterostomes examined were distinguished from Protostomes by having the 28S rRNA's void of the hidden break at the central point. 5. Aphids and nematodes are exceptional Protostomes in that they have the 28S rRNA's without the hidden break. This was discussed in the light of the evolutionary stage of these organisms. 6. Molecular properties of chloroplast rRNA seem to evidence for endosymbiotic origin of this organelle. Mitochondrial rRNA differs considerably from prokaryotic rRNA with respect to molecular size and base composition.", "PMID": 400949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_617", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni: inhibition of cercarial \"penetration\" proteases by components of mammalian blood.", "content": "1. Normal human sera and plasma were fractionated in order to identify inhibitors of the \"penetration\" proteases of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. 2. The main inhibitor, accounting for 90% of the total activity of serum, appears to be alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) as identified by separation on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex, by immunoelectrophoresis and by anticercarial protease activity of purified alpha 1-AT preparations. 3. The inhibition profiles of purified preparations of the 6 known serum antiproteases suggest that the parasite protease is similar to vertebrate chymotrypsin. 4. On a molar basis, the order of inhibitory activity against the cercarial protease is: alpha 1-AT = alpha 2-macroglobulin; C'-1-inactivator; alpha 1-antichymotrypsin. No inhibition was obtained with inter-alpha-inhibitor or antithrombin III.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni: inhibition of cercarial \"penetration\" proteases by components of mammalian blood. 1. Normal human sera and plasma were fractionated in order to identify inhibitors of the \"penetration\" proteases of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. 2. The main inhibitor, accounting for 90% of the total activity of serum, appears to be alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) as identified by separation on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex, by immunoelectrophoresis and by anticercarial protease activity of purified alpha 1-AT preparations. 3. The inhibition profiles of purified preparations of the 6 known serum antiproteases suggest that the parasite protease is similar to vertebrate chymotrypsin. 4. On a molar basis, the order of inhibitory activity against the cercarial protease is: alpha 1-AT = alpha 2-macroglobulin; C'-1-inactivator; alpha 1-antichymotrypsin. No inhibition was obtained with inter-alpha-inhibitor or antithrombin III.", "PMID": 400950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_618", "title": "On the carbohydrate metabolism of pectoral muscle in the ontogeny of chicken.", "content": "1. Immediately after hatching, the pectoral muscle has a low glycogen content, and exhibits very low glycogen and high glucose and oxygen consumptions. 2. Drastic metabolic changes occur during the second day and again during the second week of life (\"critical periods of the ontogenesis\"); the above metabolic pattern is reversed. 3. The insulin sensitivity of the muscle is very low during these critical periods, and high between them. 4. The overall trend of metabolic ontogenesis in the pectoral muscle of the domestic fowl (non-flying bird) seems to have no functional but genetical determination.", "contents": "On the carbohydrate metabolism of pectoral muscle in the ontogeny of chicken. 1. Immediately after hatching, the pectoral muscle has a low glycogen content, and exhibits very low glycogen and high glucose and oxygen consumptions. 2. Drastic metabolic changes occur during the second day and again during the second week of life (\"critical periods of the ontogenesis\"); the above metabolic pattern is reversed. 3. The insulin sensitivity of the muscle is very low during these critical periods, and high between them. 4. The overall trend of metabolic ontogenesis in the pectoral muscle of the domestic fowl (non-flying bird) seems to have no functional but genetical determination.", "PMID": 400951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_619", "title": "Lipid composition of Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "1. Lipid composition of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote form in culture consist of 35% of phospholipids and 65% of neutral lipids. 2. Among the phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine is the more abundant (44%), followed by phosphatidylethanolamine (28%), phosphatidylinositol (12%), sphingomyelin (4%), and smaller amounts of cardiolipin, phosphatidic acid, lysolecithin, phosphatidylserine (traces), and an unidentified phospholipid (3%). 3. Pulse labeling with 32P showed highest specific incorporation in phosphatidylethanolamine, followed by phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine, suggesting a more active role for phosphatidylethanolamine in these organisms.", "contents": "Lipid composition of Trypanosoma cruzi. 1. Lipid composition of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote form in culture consist of 35% of phospholipids and 65% of neutral lipids. 2. Among the phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine is the more abundant (44%), followed by phosphatidylethanolamine (28%), phosphatidylinositol (12%), sphingomyelin (4%), and smaller amounts of cardiolipin, phosphatidic acid, lysolecithin, phosphatidylserine (traces), and an unidentified phospholipid (3%). 3. Pulse labeling with 32P showed highest specific incorporation in phosphatidylethanolamine, followed by phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine, suggesting a more active role for phosphatidylethanolamine in these organisms.", "PMID": 400952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_620", "title": "Comparative aspects of bile pigment formation and excretion.", "content": "Breakdown of haem which is of key importance in most organisms, involves oxidative CO-evolving cleavage of the macrocyclic ring with formation of biliverdin-IX. In two major pathways established so far formation of biliverdin-IX alpha is followed by (a) biliary secretion or (b) reduction to bilirubin-IX alpha, formation of more hydrophilic derivatives (usually glycosidic conjugates) and biliary secretion. The scattered comparative information available indicates marked species variation with regard to the methin-bridge carbon atom removed from haem and the metabolic site of cleavage, the nature of bilirubin conjugates and the developmental sequence of maturation of enzyme activities and transport proteins involved in the chain of events leading from breakdown of haem to the excretion of the final end products.", "contents": "Comparative aspects of bile pigment formation and excretion. Breakdown of haem which is of key importance in most organisms, involves oxidative CO-evolving cleavage of the macrocyclic ring with formation of biliverdin-IX. In two major pathways established so far formation of biliverdin-IX alpha is followed by (a) biliary secretion or (b) reduction to bilirubin-IX alpha, formation of more hydrophilic derivatives (usually glycosidic conjugates) and biliary secretion. The scattered comparative information available indicates marked species variation with regard to the methin-bridge carbon atom removed from haem and the metabolic site of cleavage, the nature of bilirubin conjugates and the developmental sequence of maturation of enzyme activities and transport proteins involved in the chain of events leading from breakdown of haem to the excretion of the final end products.", "PMID": 400953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_621", "title": "The effect of bile acids on liver alcohol dehydrogenase in different mammalian species.", "content": "1. The effect of bile acids on the activity of liver alcohol dehydrogenase (L-ADH, EC 1.1.1.1) from different mammalian organisms is species dependent. 2. The kinetic behaviour of purified L-ADH from rat and rabbit liver in presence of deoxycholic acid and with ethanol as substrate shows two rather different patterns: for rabbit enzyme deoxycholic acid acts as a full competitive inhibitor, while for rat enzyme an activation effect is observed, with an increase of both Km and Vmax. Similar patterns are obtained with the steroid substrate 3 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-androstane-17one. 3. These results show that in some species, including man, L-ADH activity can be regulated by bile acids, that could control both ethanol oxidation and their own biosynthesis since L-ADH is involved in both metabolic pathways in liver cell.", "contents": "The effect of bile acids on liver alcohol dehydrogenase in different mammalian species. 1. The effect of bile acids on the activity of liver alcohol dehydrogenase (L-ADH, EC 1.1.1.1) from different mammalian organisms is species dependent. 2. The kinetic behaviour of purified L-ADH from rat and rabbit liver in presence of deoxycholic acid and with ethanol as substrate shows two rather different patterns: for rabbit enzyme deoxycholic acid acts as a full competitive inhibitor, while for rat enzyme an activation effect is observed, with an increase of both Km and Vmax. Similar patterns are obtained with the steroid substrate 3 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-androstane-17one. 3. These results show that in some species, including man, L-ADH activity can be regulated by bile acids, that could control both ethanol oxidation and their own biosynthesis since L-ADH is involved in both metabolic pathways in liver cell.", "PMID": 400954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_622", "title": "Alcohol-oxidizing enzymes from various organisms.", "content": "1. Enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of aliphatic alcohols to aldehydes are reviewed. 2. Special attention is given to phenazine methosulphate-linked alcohol dehydrogenases from bacteria and to flavin-containing alcohol oxidases from yeasts, moulds and higher plants. 3. Some properties of the microsomal ethanol-oxidative system of rat liver are discussed.", "contents": "Alcohol-oxidizing enzymes from various organisms. 1. Enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of aliphatic alcohols to aldehydes are reviewed. 2. Special attention is given to phenazine methosulphate-linked alcohol dehydrogenases from bacteria and to flavin-containing alcohol oxidases from yeasts, moulds and higher plants. 3. Some properties of the microsomal ethanol-oxidative system of rat liver are discussed.", "PMID": 400956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_623", "title": "A comparative study of the tissue and species distribution of NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase.", "content": "1. NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase (AR) is widely distributed among animal species. It also occurs in flowering plants and fungi (yeast). 2. AR is located mainly in the kidney or renal tissue of all species examined, with the exception of fish where it occurs mainly in the liver. 3. The enzyme from each species is monomeric and has a molecular weight between 30,000 and 40,000 daltons. 4. The enzymes exhibit similar substrate specificities and pH profiles and are inhibited by barbiturates. 5. In the reduction of D-glyceraldehyde the monomeric AR of each species catalyzes the stereospecific transfer of the A hydrogen from NADPH.", "contents": "A comparative study of the tissue and species distribution of NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase. 1. NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase (AR) is widely distributed among animal species. It also occurs in flowering plants and fungi (yeast). 2. AR is located mainly in the kidney or renal tissue of all species examined, with the exception of fish where it occurs mainly in the liver. 3. The enzyme from each species is monomeric and has a molecular weight between 30,000 and 40,000 daltons. 4. The enzymes exhibit similar substrate specificities and pH profiles and are inhibited by barbiturates. 5. In the reduction of D-glyceraldehyde the monomeric AR of each species catalyzes the stereospecific transfer of the A hydrogen from NADPH.", "PMID": 400957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_624", "title": "Comparative study of alpha-glucosidase activities in liver, plasma and urine of carp, rat and dog.", "content": "1. pH profiles and activity levels of alpha-glucosidase from liver homogenate, plasma and urine of carp, rat and dog are investigated using a sensitive fluorometric method. 2. A strong \"neutral\" activity is found in the livers of all species, the significance of which is considered in the context of hydrolytic pathway for glycogen breakdown.", "contents": "Comparative study of alpha-glucosidase activities in liver, plasma and urine of carp, rat and dog. 1. pH profiles and activity levels of alpha-glucosidase from liver homogenate, plasma and urine of carp, rat and dog are investigated using a sensitive fluorometric method. 2. A strong \"neutral\" activity is found in the livers of all species, the significance of which is considered in the context of hydrolytic pathway for glycogen breakdown.", "PMID": 400958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_625", "title": "Amino acid differences between major and minor hemoglobins from lemmings (Lemmus and Dicrostonyx).", "content": "1. Dual hemoglobins were isolated from both Lemmus and Discrostonyx, two genera of microtine rodents of the tribe Lemmini. 2. The dual hemoglobins result from dual alpha-chains and the charge difference Asp----Ala at position alpha 5. 3. The beta-chains of Dicrostonyx and Lemmus hemoglobins differ in charge by Ala----Asp at beta 125. 4. Cladograms are presented for the hemoglobin chains of microtine rodents.", "contents": "Amino acid differences between major and minor hemoglobins from lemmings (Lemmus and Dicrostonyx). 1. Dual hemoglobins were isolated from both Lemmus and Discrostonyx, two genera of microtine rodents of the tribe Lemmini. 2. The dual hemoglobins result from dual alpha-chains and the charge difference Asp----Ala at position alpha 5. 3. The beta-chains of Dicrostonyx and Lemmus hemoglobins differ in charge by Ala----Asp at beta 125. 4. Cladograms are presented for the hemoglobin chains of microtine rodents.", "PMID": 400959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_626", "title": "Phylogenetic distribution of glutathione peroxidase.", "content": "1. The enzyme glutathione peroxidase (E.C.1.11.1.9), known to be a selenoprotein from mammalian sources, was detected in the following vertebrates: fish, frog, salamander, and turtle. 2. Among invertebrates, the enzyme was detected in crayfish and snail but not in insects or earthworm. 3. No plant tissues or microorganisms showed any evidence of the enzyme activity. 4. The presence of the enzyme activity in so many animal groups implies the widespread occurrence of genetic information for the specific assimilation of the selenium atom.", "contents": "Phylogenetic distribution of glutathione peroxidase. 1. The enzyme glutathione peroxidase (E.C.1.11.1.9), known to be a selenoprotein from mammalian sources, was detected in the following vertebrates: fish, frog, salamander, and turtle. 2. Among invertebrates, the enzyme was detected in crayfish and snail but not in insects or earthworm. 3. No plant tissues or microorganisms showed any evidence of the enzyme activity. 4. The presence of the enzyme activity in so many animal groups implies the widespread occurrence of genetic information for the specific assimilation of the selenium atom.", "PMID": 400960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_627", "title": "Purine biosynthesis in Helix aspersa: metabolic fate of labelled precursors.", "content": "1. The hepatopancreas of terrestial snails actively synthesizes purines from labelled formic acid. 2. The guanine nucleotides are initially labelled to the highest specific activity followed by adenine and hypoxanthine. 3. The labelling patterns suggest that uric acid synthesis is the primary catabolic process for nitrogen excretion while guanine excretion is due to an inability to reutilize the base.", "contents": "Purine biosynthesis in Helix aspersa: metabolic fate of labelled precursors. 1. The hepatopancreas of terrestial snails actively synthesizes purines from labelled formic acid. 2. The guanine nucleotides are initially labelled to the highest specific activity followed by adenine and hypoxanthine. 3. The labelling patterns suggest that uric acid synthesis is the primary catabolic process for nitrogen excretion while guanine excretion is due to an inability to reutilize the base.", "PMID": 400962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_628", "title": "Inhibition of the NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi by sulfhydryl reagents.", "content": "1. The NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase purified from epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi was strongly, but not completely, inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, in the presence of Tris-HCl or phosphate buffers. 2. The enzyme modified by preincubation with o-iodosobenzoate had a kinetic behaviour different from that shown by the enzyme modified with other inhibitors, such as N-ethylmaleimide or p-chloromercuribenzoate. 3. The inhibition by o-iodosobenzoate was additive with the inhibition by the other reagents tested. 4. It is suggested that two or more different sulfhydryl groups, placed probably near the active site, are involved in these effects.", "contents": "Inhibition of the NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi by sulfhydryl reagents. 1. The NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase purified from epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi was strongly, but not completely, inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, in the presence of Tris-HCl or phosphate buffers. 2. The enzyme modified by preincubation with o-iodosobenzoate had a kinetic behaviour different from that shown by the enzyme modified with other inhibitors, such as N-ethylmaleimide or p-chloromercuribenzoate. 3. The inhibition by o-iodosobenzoate was additive with the inhibition by the other reagents tested. 4. It is suggested that two or more different sulfhydryl groups, placed probably near the active site, are involved in these effects.", "PMID": 400963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_629", "title": "Evolution of homologous physiological mechanisms based on protein sequence data.", "content": "1. Genetic duplications can give rise to homologous physiological mechanisms that include structurally related protein components. There are many such examples of related proteins within the human body. 2. Evolutionary histories showing the origins and subsequent divergences of these distantly related proteins can be derived from the protein sequences and correlated with the functional characteristics of these proteins. 3. The hormones related to glucagon provide an example of homology of physiological mechanisms and emergence of new functions subsequent to gene duplications. 4. The proteins related to troponin C illustrate the participation of distantly related proteins in the same mechanism (muscle contraction), the relationship of proteins characteristic of a specialized tissue to proteins found in all eukaryote cells, and the correlation of genetic duplications with the evolutionary appearance of different types of muscle.", "contents": "Evolution of homologous physiological mechanisms based on protein sequence data. 1. Genetic duplications can give rise to homologous physiological mechanisms that include structurally related protein components. There are many such examples of related proteins within the human body. 2. Evolutionary histories showing the origins and subsequent divergences of these distantly related proteins can be derived from the protein sequences and correlated with the functional characteristics of these proteins. 3. The hormones related to glucagon provide an example of homology of physiological mechanisms and emergence of new functions subsequent to gene duplications. 4. The proteins related to troponin C illustrate the participation of distantly related proteins in the same mechanism (muscle contraction), the relationship of proteins characteristic of a specialized tissue to proteins found in all eukaryote cells, and the correlation of genetic duplications with the evolutionary appearance of different types of muscle.", "PMID": 400965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_630", "title": "Diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia (Shulman's disease).", "content": "A case of diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia (DFE, or Shulman's disease) is presented. A review of the literature of the condition is presented, and the salient features are summarized. Diagnostic criteria and the management of patients with this unusual condition are discussed.", "contents": "Diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia (Shulman's disease). A case of diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia (DFE, or Shulman's disease) is presented. A review of the literature of the condition is presented, and the salient features are summarized. Diagnostic criteria and the management of patients with this unusual condition are discussed.", "PMID": 400966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_631", "title": "Antenatal detection of fetal pleural effusions and neonatal management.", "content": "The ultrasonic findings in a living fetus with bilateral pleural effusions are described, and the possible lines of management are discussed.", "contents": "Antenatal detection of fetal pleural effusions and neonatal management. The ultrasonic findings in a living fetus with bilateral pleural effusions are described, and the possible lines of management are discussed.", "PMID": 400968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_632", "title": "Results of treatment of head and neck carcinoma with high dose methotrexate.", "content": "Forty four patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck from a variety of primary sites were treated with high dose methotrexate with folinic acid rescue from 1975 to 1977. The overall response rate was 66%. Response duration was short with a mean of 16 weeks. The usefulness of this technique in the treatment of head and neck cancer is discussed.", "contents": "Results of treatment of head and neck carcinoma with high dose methotrexate. Forty four patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck from a variety of primary sites were treated with high dose methotrexate with folinic acid rescue from 1975 to 1977. The overall response rate was 66%. Response duration was short with a mean of 16 weeks. The usefulness of this technique in the treatment of head and neck cancer is discussed.", "PMID": 400970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_633", "title": "Complications of tumour overkill when associated with high dose methotrexate therapy.", "content": "Three patients, in whom tumour overkill by cytotoxic treatment, including high dose methotrexate with folinic acid rescue, resulted in the 'phosphate shower syndrome' (hyper-uricaemia, hyperkalaemia and hyperphosphataemia with hypocalcaemia and tetany, with metabolic acidosis and acute renal impairment) are described. Severe methotrexate toxicity occurred in two of these patients. High dose methotrexate would appear contra-indicated in situations where massive tumour lysis is possible.", "contents": "Complications of tumour overkill when associated with high dose methotrexate therapy. Three patients, in whom tumour overkill by cytotoxic treatment, including high dose methotrexate with folinic acid rescue, resulted in the 'phosphate shower syndrome' (hyper-uricaemia, hyperkalaemia and hyperphosphataemia with hypocalcaemia and tetany, with metabolic acidosis and acute renal impairment) are described. Severe methotrexate toxicity occurred in two of these patients. High dose methotrexate would appear contra-indicated in situations where massive tumour lysis is possible.", "PMID": 400971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_634", "title": "Widening perspectives of lead toxicity. A review of health effects of lead exposure in adults.", "content": "Lead has a wide range of applications, and its production and use result in contamination of the environment, including food and drinking water. Geochemical studies indicate that the majority of lead in ecosystems originated from industrial operations, and that human lead intake has increased 100-fold above the \"natural\" level. Prehistoric human skeletons contain about two orders of magnitude less lead than present-day samples. Biochemical interference with heme biosynthesis can be detected as a result of current lead exposures, inhibition of aminolevulinate dehydratase and accumulation of zinc protoporphyrin in erythrocytes being the earliest effects. Anemia is uncommon except for cases of lead poisoning, but even slightly increased lead absorption results in a decrease in hemoglobin concentrations. Modern neurobehavioral test methods have disclosed increased prevalence of psychological dysfunction associated with augmented lead absorption. Biochemical and behavioral changes occur below the recommended limit for blood lead concentration of 60 micrograms/100 ml. Several diagnostic tests for lead toxicity are available. The protoporphyrin concentration in the blood seems to be the best risk indicator. The highest occupational lead exposures occur in lead smelters and storage battery plants, but several other industrial operations may result in high lead levels. As much as 1% of the working population may have a significantly increased lead absorption with possible adverse effects.", "contents": "Widening perspectives of lead toxicity. A review of health effects of lead exposure in adults. Lead has a wide range of applications, and its production and use result in contamination of the environment, including food and drinking water. Geochemical studies indicate that the majority of lead in ecosystems originated from industrial operations, and that human lead intake has increased 100-fold above the \"natural\" level. Prehistoric human skeletons contain about two orders of magnitude less lead than present-day samples. Biochemical interference with heme biosynthesis can be detected as a result of current lead exposures, inhibition of aminolevulinate dehydratase and accumulation of zinc protoporphyrin in erythrocytes being the earliest effects. Anemia is uncommon except for cases of lead poisoning, but even slightly increased lead absorption results in a decrease in hemoglobin concentrations. Modern neurobehavioral test methods have disclosed increased prevalence of psychological dysfunction associated with augmented lead absorption. Biochemical and behavioral changes occur below the recommended limit for blood lead concentration of 60 micrograms/100 ml. Several diagnostic tests for lead toxicity are available. The protoporphyrin concentration in the blood seems to be the best risk indicator. The highest occupational lead exposures occur in lead smelters and storage battery plants, but several other industrial operations may result in high lead levels. As much as 1% of the working population may have a significantly increased lead absorption with possible adverse effects.", "PMID": 400972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_635", "title": "A review of parameter values used to assess the transport of plutonium, uranium, and thorium in terrestrial food chains.", "content": "A general methodology of predicting the food chain transport of atmospherically deposited radionuclides is reviewed with an emphasis on variation in parameter values important for realistic behavioral characterization of environmental releases of plutonium, uranium, and thorium. Parameters important to generic simulations of food chain transport, given a known constant deposition onto vegetation, include: fractional interception of particulates by vegetation, vegetation density, effective half-life of contamination on vegetation, soil-to-plant transfer factors, consumption rates by cattle and man, and transfer of nuclides from forage to meat and from forage to milk. Variation in these parameters, which has been encountered in field studies, is summarized. A partial reduction in the variation of predicted concentrations of actinides in foods can be accomplished by more accurately determining critical parameter values like fractional interception of deposition by vegetation, vegetation biomass, and the effective half-life of contamination on vegetation. Field research describing the site dependency and time dependency of probability density functions for model parameter values is needed to make probabilistic predictions concerning Pu, U, and Th transport in food chains and to reduce the uncertainty associated with model predictions and generic assessments of environmental impact.", "contents": "A review of parameter values used to assess the transport of plutonium, uranium, and thorium in terrestrial food chains. A general methodology of predicting the food chain transport of atmospherically deposited radionuclides is reviewed with an emphasis on variation in parameter values important for realistic behavioral characterization of environmental releases of plutonium, uranium, and thorium. Parameters important to generic simulations of food chain transport, given a known constant deposition onto vegetation, include: fractional interception of particulates by vegetation, vegetation density, effective half-life of contamination on vegetation, soil-to-plant transfer factors, consumption rates by cattle and man, and transfer of nuclides from forage to meat and from forage to milk. Variation in these parameters, which has been encountered in field studies, is summarized. A partial reduction in the variation of predicted concentrations of actinides in foods can be accomplished by more accurately determining critical parameter values like fractional interception of deposition by vegetation, vegetation biomass, and the effective half-life of contamination on vegetation. Field research describing the site dependency and time dependency of probability density functions for model parameter values is needed to make probabilistic predictions concerning Pu, U, and Th transport in food chains and to reduce the uncertainty associated with model predictions and generic assessments of environmental impact.", "PMID": 400973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_636", "title": "Histopathological and enzymological studies on the effects of chronic lead nitrate intoxication in the digestive system of a freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus.", "content": "The effect of lead nitrate on the digestive system of a teleost fish, Channa punctatus has been studied after 125 days of exposure to a sublethal concentration (6.8 mg/liter). The results show that considerable degenerative changes are produced in the histological structure of liver, intestine, and pyloric caeca. In the liver, the damage is in the form of liver cord disarray, necrosis, inflammation of portal areas, hardening of connective tissue, shrinkage of nuclei, and septa formation around blood vessels. No fatty infiltration or glycogen depletion has been observed. Lipofuscin granules accumulated in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the intestine and pyloric caeca flattening of villi at a number of places, inflammation, and necrosis are the most conspicuous changes. The activities of alkaline phosphatase and aminotripeptidase are inhibited in the liver. In stomach, alkaline phosphatase is inhibited but an elevation in amylase activity was noted. Acid phosphatase showed an increase in the intestine and pyloric caeca while aminotripeptidase and glycylglycine dipeptidase were inhibited.", "contents": "Histopathological and enzymological studies on the effects of chronic lead nitrate intoxication in the digestive system of a freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus. The effect of lead nitrate on the digestive system of a teleost fish, Channa punctatus has been studied after 125 days of exposure to a sublethal concentration (6.8 mg/liter). The results show that considerable degenerative changes are produced in the histological structure of liver, intestine, and pyloric caeca. In the liver, the damage is in the form of liver cord disarray, necrosis, inflammation of portal areas, hardening of connective tissue, shrinkage of nuclei, and septa formation around blood vessels. No fatty infiltration or glycogen depletion has been observed. Lipofuscin granules accumulated in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In the intestine and pyloric caeca flattening of villi at a number of places, inflammation, and necrosis are the most conspicuous changes. The activities of alkaline phosphatase and aminotripeptidase are inhibited in the liver. In stomach, alkaline phosphatase is inhibited but an elevation in amylase activity was noted. Acid phosphatase showed an increase in the intestine and pyloric caeca while aminotripeptidase and glycylglycine dipeptidase were inhibited.", "PMID": 400974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_637", "title": "Convention on psychotropic substances, 1971. The role and responsibilities of the World Health Organization.", "content": "1. The world community has realized as early as the beginning of this century that collective action between nations is to be more effective in controlling drugs of abuse. A number of international drug control treaties including the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, controls drugs primarily obtained from plant material (opium, coca leaves and cannabis) and synthetic analogues of morphine. The Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971, is aimed at controlling psychotropic substances and was formulated in Vienna in 1971. 2. The Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971, lays a great responsibility on the World Health Organization to recommend to the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs notifications initiated by the World Health Organization, or by a party to the Convention, regarding international control.", "contents": "Convention on psychotropic substances, 1971. The role and responsibilities of the World Health Organization. 1. The world community has realized as early as the beginning of this century that collective action between nations is to be more effective in controlling drugs of abuse. A number of international drug control treaties including the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, controls drugs primarily obtained from plant material (opium, coca leaves and cannabis) and synthetic analogues of morphine. The Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971, is aimed at controlling psychotropic substances and was formulated in Vienna in 1971. 2. The Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971, lays a great responsibility on the World Health Organization to recommend to the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs notifications initiated by the World Health Organization, or by a party to the Convention, regarding international control.", "PMID": 400979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_638", "title": "The future of communication in psychopharmacotherapy.", "content": "1. Communication among scientists of similar professional interest is an often neglected but critical factor in medical research and practice. 2. Dissemination of information is vital for keeping abreast of one's field, for planning studies and treatment regimens, and for avoiding unnecessary research. 3. Today's communication channels by printed material, audio-visual equipment, satellite, and other traditional or innovative means aid the transferral of information; nevertheless, they are undergoing constant change to fill existing gaps. 4. The paper discusses present deficiencies in communication and proposes solutions to some of the problems.", "contents": "The future of communication in psychopharmacotherapy. 1. Communication among scientists of similar professional interest is an often neglected but critical factor in medical research and practice. 2. Dissemination of information is vital for keeping abreast of one's field, for planning studies and treatment regimens, and for avoiding unnecessary research. 3. Today's communication channels by printed material, audio-visual equipment, satellite, and other traditional or innovative means aid the transferral of information; nevertheless, they are undergoing constant change to fill existing gaps. 4. The paper discusses present deficiencies in communication and proposes solutions to some of the problems.", "PMID": 400980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_639", "title": "The future role of communications in psychopharmacological research and practice.", "content": "1. Communication of psychopharmacologic data is seen as a system whose structure should be determined by efficient information dissemination. Suggestions are made to improve the efficiency. 2. The author suggests ways to improve information accessibility for auxiliary medical personnel, medical personnel and for basic researchers. 3. The International Reference Centre for Information on Psychotropic Drugs is discussed with reference to a weakness in its function and corrective suggestions.", "contents": "The future role of communications in psychopharmacological research and practice. 1. Communication of psychopharmacologic data is seen as a system whose structure should be determined by efficient information dissemination. Suggestions are made to improve the efficiency. 2. The author suggests ways to improve information accessibility for auxiliary medical personnel, medical personnel and for basic researchers. 3. The International Reference Centre for Information on Psychotropic Drugs is discussed with reference to a weakness in its function and corrective suggestions.", "PMID": 400981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_640", "title": "Spina bifida children in ordinary schools.", "content": "When followed-up at 6 years, 62 of a cohort of 155 spina bifida children had been placed in ordinary schools. The children's handicaps were relatively mild overall, and placements were generally successful. However, discussions with school staff and parents indicated that not all placements had been trouble-free. In common with previous research, a need for better communication between schools, medical authorities and other support services was revealed, as was the desirability of welfare-assistant provision where handicaps were appreciable. Suggestions are made about the support education and community medical services will need to consider if they wish to implement a more radical integration policy. The appointment of an advisory teacher to effect liaison and to mobilize support for ordinary schools accepting a handicapped child would seem desirable, particularly to ensure that the resources and expertise concentrated in special schools would be made more-widely available.", "contents": "Spina bifida children in ordinary schools. When followed-up at 6 years, 62 of a cohort of 155 spina bifida children had been placed in ordinary schools. The children's handicaps were relatively mild overall, and placements were generally successful. However, discussions with school staff and parents indicated that not all placements had been trouble-free. In common with previous research, a need for better communication between schools, medical authorities and other support services was revealed, as was the desirability of welfare-assistant provision where handicaps were appreciable. Suggestions are made about the support education and community medical services will need to consider if they wish to implement a more radical integration policy. The appointment of an advisory teacher to effect liaison and to mobilize support for ordinary schools accepting a handicapped child would seem desirable, particularly to ensure that the resources and expertise concentrated in special schools would be made more-widely available.", "PMID": 400975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_641", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amitriptyline in depression.", "content": "1. The therapeutic effect and pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline were assessed in thirty-five patients suffering from primary depressive illness during inpatient treatment. 2. Contrary to our previous study, no significant correlation was obtained between the plasma concentrations of amitriptyline, nortriptyline or total tricyclics with Hamilton rating score at 6 weeks or percentage improvement after 6 weeks treatment. 3. There was also no correlation with the plasma concentrations of tricyclics with the corrected subjective side-effects score. 4. A linear correlation (rs = 0.80; p less than 0.001) was observed between the plasma concentration of nortriptyline and decreased tyramine sensitivity, an index of noradrenaline reuptake blocking effect. 5. The corrected side-effect score during the trial correlated (r = 0.64; p less than 0.001) with Hamilton rating score at week 6, i.e. the patients who complained of more side-effects had less clinical benefit during amitriptyline therapy.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amitriptyline in depression. 1. The therapeutic effect and pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline were assessed in thirty-five patients suffering from primary depressive illness during inpatient treatment. 2. Contrary to our previous study, no significant correlation was obtained between the plasma concentrations of amitriptyline, nortriptyline or total tricyclics with Hamilton rating score at 6 weeks or percentage improvement after 6 weeks treatment. 3. There was also no correlation with the plasma concentrations of tricyclics with the corrected subjective side-effects score. 4. A linear correlation (rs = 0.80; p less than 0.001) was observed between the plasma concentration of nortriptyline and decreased tyramine sensitivity, an index of noradrenaline reuptake blocking effect. 5. The corrected side-effect score during the trial correlated (r = 0.64; p less than 0.001) with Hamilton rating score at week 6, i.e. the patients who complained of more side-effects had less clinical benefit during amitriptyline therapy.", "PMID": 400982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_642", "title": "Problems with ethical aspects of psychotropic drug use.", "content": "1. Research is an important area within the purview of medical ethics. The Nuremberg Code and the Helsinki Declaration provide well established guidelines in this field. 2. Specific ethical issues still requiring clarification in psychopharmacological research are the informed consent, the benefit/risk ratio and the choice of placebo or standard. 3. Peer review committees, if well chosen for their objectivity, general competence and special expertise, are likely to be the best arbiters regarding such questions. 4. Legislation and other political interventions--unfortunately not always objective, competent or expert in the exercise of their powers--have recently developed into rampant paraethical problems that are plaguing medical treatment and research in many parts of the world and need to be dealt with urgently through internationally coordinated efforts. The WHO would appear to be the most appropriate agency for such action.", "contents": "Problems with ethical aspects of psychotropic drug use. 1. Research is an important area within the purview of medical ethics. The Nuremberg Code and the Helsinki Declaration provide well established guidelines in this field. 2. Specific ethical issues still requiring clarification in psychopharmacological research are the informed consent, the benefit/risk ratio and the choice of placebo or standard. 3. Peer review committees, if well chosen for their objectivity, general competence and special expertise, are likely to be the best arbiters regarding such questions. 4. Legislation and other political interventions--unfortunately not always objective, competent or expert in the exercise of their powers--have recently developed into rampant paraethical problems that are plaguing medical treatment and research in many parts of the world and need to be dealt with urgently through internationally coordinated efforts. The WHO would appear to be the most appropriate agency for such action.", "PMID": 400983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_643", "title": "Some ethical considerations in the development of psychopharmacological research and practice in the future.", "content": "1. The author sees this issue as philosophical with paradoxical moral overtones. Ethical questions may have an inhibiting effect on drug research. 2. The individual morals and professional ethics of physicians and researchers are seen as central to the conduct of psycho-pharmacotherapeutic research. 3. The effect on ethics of religion, culture and social setting is discussed. 4. Human subjects in drug research are discussed. 5. Control of the drug industry (research, quality control, distribution) is discussed and supra national control advocated.", "contents": "Some ethical considerations in the development of psychopharmacological research and practice in the future. 1. The author sees this issue as philosophical with paradoxical moral overtones. Ethical questions may have an inhibiting effect on drug research. 2. The individual morals and professional ethics of physicians and researchers are seen as central to the conduct of psycho-pharmacotherapeutic research. 3. The effect on ethics of religion, culture and social setting is discussed. 4. Human subjects in drug research are discussed. 5. Control of the drug industry (research, quality control, distribution) is discussed and supra national control advocated.", "PMID": 400984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_644", "title": "Persistence of the Fc cytophilic antibody receptor in macrophage hybrid cells.", "content": "Hybrid cell clones were obtained from mouse macrophase/Ehrlich ascites cell fusions which showed the 'Fc' cytophilic antibody receptor site, phagocytosis and motility typical of macrophages. With continued growth of the clones for 11 weeks, the receptor became undetectable but could be unmasked by dilute trypsin treatment; subsequent remasking of the receptor could be prevented with cycloheximide treatment of the hybrid cells. These hybrids produced cystic anaplastic tumours in neonatal irradiated mice. Chinese hamster/mouse interspecific macrophage hybrid cells did not show macrophage markers. This was probably due to rapid loss of macrophage chromosomes from the hybrid cells.", "contents": "Persistence of the Fc cytophilic antibody receptor in macrophage hybrid cells. Hybrid cell clones were obtained from mouse macrophase/Ehrlich ascites cell fusions which showed the 'Fc' cytophilic antibody receptor site, phagocytosis and motility typical of macrophages. With continued growth of the clones for 11 weeks, the receptor became undetectable but could be unmasked by dilute trypsin treatment; subsequent remasking of the receptor could be prevented with cycloheximide treatment of the hybrid cells. These hybrids produced cystic anaplastic tumours in neonatal irradiated mice. Chinese hamster/mouse interspecific macrophage hybrid cells did not show macrophage markers. This was probably due to rapid loss of macrophage chromosomes from the hybrid cells.", "PMID": 400978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_645", "title": "Ethics of psychopharmacological research.", "content": "1. Psychiatry is in dire need of research in all areas--from psychopharmacology to psychotherapy. 2. It is unethical not to undertake research as long as hundreds of thousands of patients suffer from incapacitating mental disorders. 3. It is unethical not to apply proper research principles to obtain maximal information from the observations of patients treated by different drugs or techniques. 4. The Tokyo (Helsinki II) declaration takes cognizance of the special problems in psychiatric (and certain other areas of) research, and should help to heighten the standard of all clinical research. 5. Psychopharmacology is based on the principles of the biological sciences. In the behavioral aspects of clinical psychopharmacological research non-objective observations cannot solely be based on these principles, but we should always be able to aim at: a. Description of spontaneous history. b. Description of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques and processes. c. Description of goals. d. Description of results (with as detailed information on treatment failures as on treatment successes). e. Prospective studies instead of retrospective ones. 6. Psychopharmacology is probably the area within psychiatry where the ethical issues have been most protected against the uncritical introduction of unproven therapeutic principles.", "contents": "Ethics of psychopharmacological research. 1. Psychiatry is in dire need of research in all areas--from psychopharmacology to psychotherapy. 2. It is unethical not to undertake research as long as hundreds of thousands of patients suffer from incapacitating mental disorders. 3. It is unethical not to apply proper research principles to obtain maximal information from the observations of patients treated by different drugs or techniques. 4. The Tokyo (Helsinki II) declaration takes cognizance of the special problems in psychiatric (and certain other areas of) research, and should help to heighten the standard of all clinical research. 5. Psychopharmacology is based on the principles of the biological sciences. In the behavioral aspects of clinical psychopharmacological research non-objective observations cannot solely be based on these principles, but we should always be able to aim at: a. Description of spontaneous history. b. Description of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques and processes. c. Description of goals. d. Description of results (with as detailed information on treatment failures as on treatment successes). e. Prospective studies instead of retrospective ones. 6. Psychopharmacology is probably the area within psychiatry where the ethical issues have been most protected against the uncritical introduction of unproven therapeutic principles.", "PMID": 400985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_646", "title": "Ethical problems in psychopharmacological research.", "content": "1. Scientific research poses considerable ethical problems which in human psychopharmacological studies are frequently faced by singling out consent as the only reliable source of human respect, although it is never free, spontaneous, or informed. 2. On the other hand, various ethical problems present in the \"life\" of a new substance in the case of industry and preclinical, clinical and mass experiments, are left behind. 3. Thus there arise justified protests which go so far as disowning science and technology. To criticize science and technology is of no use: incorrect use of them must be prevented. 4. Such a guarantee can only come from an international control committee, capable of coping with a multinational power such as industry, supported by peripheral elective committees, which grant the citizens a direct participation in the administration of health.", "contents": "Ethical problems in psychopharmacological research. 1. Scientific research poses considerable ethical problems which in human psychopharmacological studies are frequently faced by singling out consent as the only reliable source of human respect, although it is never free, spontaneous, or informed. 2. On the other hand, various ethical problems present in the \"life\" of a new substance in the case of industry and preclinical, clinical and mass experiments, are left behind. 3. Thus there arise justified protests which go so far as disowning science and technology. To criticize science and technology is of no use: incorrect use of them must be prevented. 4. Such a guarantee can only come from an international control committee, capable of coping with a multinational power such as industry, supported by peripheral elective committees, which grant the citizens a direct participation in the administration of health.", "PMID": 400986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_647", "title": "Clinical trials in psychopharmacology: scientific and ethical issues.", "content": "1. The ethical and scientific use of medicines for the treatment of illness rests upon proof that the medicines to be used are effective and safe for the condition to be treated. The use of the clinical trial is the method by which such evidence is produced. 2. Recent activities by some to decry clinical trials as unethical and restrict their conduct results in the totally unacceptable situation of withholding potentially valuable treatments from patients or subjecting patients to the unnecessary risks of treatments not proven safe and efficacious. These actions can lead to a new dark age of \"chemotherapeutic blood letting and purgatives\" under the guise of higher ethical purposes.", "contents": "Clinical trials in psychopharmacology: scientific and ethical issues. 1. The ethical and scientific use of medicines for the treatment of illness rests upon proof that the medicines to be used are effective and safe for the condition to be treated. The use of the clinical trial is the method by which such evidence is produced. 2. Recent activities by some to decry clinical trials as unethical and restrict their conduct results in the totally unacceptable situation of withholding potentially valuable treatments from patients or subjecting patients to the unnecessary risks of treatments not proven safe and efficacious. These actions can lead to a new dark age of \"chemotherapeutic blood letting and purgatives\" under the guise of higher ethical purposes.", "PMID": 400987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_648", "title": "Ethical aspects of psychopharmacology.", "content": "1. A series of topics are presented for the purpose of eliciting discussion and clarification of issues. These include parameters on the ethical implications of: a. Psychopharmacological research in human subjects with special emphasis on the use of placebo for drug trials and problems related to the choice of research methods. b. Prescription of psychotropic drugs, the role of physicians, and the problem of the delegation of functions to para-medical personnel. c. The administration of psychotropic drugs: Issues related to informed consent of the patient, side effects, and groups at special risk. d. Availability and cost of drugs, generic and trade name preparations, as well as selective use of drugs for different populations. 2. Special reference is made to points contained in the \"Declaration of Hawaii\" (1978).", "contents": "Ethical aspects of psychopharmacology. 1. A series of topics are presented for the purpose of eliciting discussion and clarification of issues. These include parameters on the ethical implications of: a. Psychopharmacological research in human subjects with special emphasis on the use of placebo for drug trials and problems related to the choice of research methods. b. Prescription of psychotropic drugs, the role of physicians, and the problem of the delegation of functions to para-medical personnel. c. The administration of psychotropic drugs: Issues related to informed consent of the patient, side effects, and groups at special risk. d. Availability and cost of drugs, generic and trade name preparations, as well as selective use of drugs for different populations. 2. Special reference is made to points contained in the \"Declaration of Hawaii\" (1978).", "PMID": 400988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_649", "title": "World Health Organization activity in psychopharmacotherapy.", "content": "1. The Division of Mental Health of the World Health Organization is developing a series of closely-linked activities concerned with research, information exchange and training in biological psychiatry, including psychopharmacology. One of the main mechanisms utilized in WHO programmes is joint work in a network of Collaborating Centres. These Collaborating Centres of WHO, which carry out projects on clinical psychopharmacology and biological psychiatry, are distributed over the different geographical regions of the world. 2. The successful development of these collaborative activities has permitted the rational integration of efforts of Collaborating Centres and the creation of optimal conditions for international collaboration towards rational treatment approaches of mental disorders.", "contents": "World Health Organization activity in psychopharmacotherapy. 1. The Division of Mental Health of the World Health Organization is developing a series of closely-linked activities concerned with research, information exchange and training in biological psychiatry, including psychopharmacology. One of the main mechanisms utilized in WHO programmes is joint work in a network of Collaborating Centres. These Collaborating Centres of WHO, which carry out projects on clinical psychopharmacology and biological psychiatry, are distributed over the different geographical regions of the world. 2. The successful development of these collaborative activities has permitted the rational integration of efforts of Collaborating Centres and the creation of optimal conditions for international collaboration towards rational treatment approaches of mental disorders.", "PMID": 400989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_650", "title": "Effects of GABA-mimetic agents on the cat spinal cord.", "content": "Muscimol, ibotenic acid, isoguvacine, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo [5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) injected intravenously exerted the following dose-dependent effects on the lumbosacral spinal cord of spinal cats: 1. The excitability of primary afferents and the amplitude of dorsal root reflexes were enhanced; segmental monosynaptic ventral root reflexes and dorsal root potentials as well as the spontaneous gamma-fibre activity and, to a smaller extent, the excitability of motoneurons and polysynaptic reflexes, were depressed. 2. Muscimol was the most potent compound (0.3-1 mg/kg produced significant effects), followed by ibotenic acid (3-10 mg/kg), isoguvacine and THIP (10-30 mg/kg) and GABA (100 mg/kg). 3. Most effects were reversibly antagonized by bicuculline, but not by strychnine, indicating that they were due to a specific interaction with GABA-receptors. 4. These results suggest that the systemic injection of GABA-mimetic agents affects spinal cord activities by actions related to GABA-receptors located on primary afferent endings, intrinsic spinal neurons, and motoneurons.", "contents": "Effects of GABA-mimetic agents on the cat spinal cord. Muscimol, ibotenic acid, isoguvacine, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo [5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) injected intravenously exerted the following dose-dependent effects on the lumbosacral spinal cord of spinal cats: 1. The excitability of primary afferents and the amplitude of dorsal root reflexes were enhanced; segmental monosynaptic ventral root reflexes and dorsal root potentials as well as the spontaneous gamma-fibre activity and, to a smaller extent, the excitability of motoneurons and polysynaptic reflexes, were depressed. 2. Muscimol was the most potent compound (0.3-1 mg/kg produced significant effects), followed by ibotenic acid (3-10 mg/kg), isoguvacine and THIP (10-30 mg/kg) and GABA (100 mg/kg). 3. Most effects were reversibly antagonized by bicuculline, but not by strychnine, indicating that they were due to a specific interaction with GABA-receptors. 4. These results suggest that the systemic injection of GABA-mimetic agents affects spinal cord activities by actions related to GABA-receptors located on primary afferent endings, intrinsic spinal neurons, and motoneurons.", "PMID": 400990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_651", "title": "Effects of cocaine on sensory evoked potentials recorded from hypothalamus and limbic structures.", "content": "1. The present investigation was intended to examine the effects of the acute administration of several doses of cocaine on sensory evoked responses of freely moving rats. 2. Each structure and each component of the average sensory evoked potentials were affected by cocaine differently. 3. The changes induced by cocaine differ from those observed following other drug treatments. Therefore, it may be assumed that the changes observed are related directly to cocaine. 4. The present observation demonstrated a greater degree of sensitivity to low doses of cocaine than other types of electrophysiological recordings. In general cocaine in the lower doses (0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg) induced an increase in the sensory amplitude response while in the highest dose (10.0 mg/kg) attenuation of the sensory responses was obtained. 5. We assume that the euphoric effect induced by cocaine is due to the potentiation of sensory input within the limbic-hypothalamic system. In higher doses, the fatality caused by the drug may be due to the depression of the sensory input.", "contents": "Effects of cocaine on sensory evoked potentials recorded from hypothalamus and limbic structures. 1. The present investigation was intended to examine the effects of the acute administration of several doses of cocaine on sensory evoked responses of freely moving rats. 2. Each structure and each component of the average sensory evoked potentials were affected by cocaine differently. 3. The changes induced by cocaine differ from those observed following other drug treatments. Therefore, it may be assumed that the changes observed are related directly to cocaine. 4. The present observation demonstrated a greater degree of sensitivity to low doses of cocaine than other types of electrophysiological recordings. In general cocaine in the lower doses (0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg) induced an increase in the sensory amplitude response while in the highest dose (10.0 mg/kg) attenuation of the sensory responses was obtained. 5. We assume that the euphoric effect induced by cocaine is due to the potentiation of sensory input within the limbic-hypothalamic system. In higher doses, the fatality caused by the drug may be due to the depression of the sensory input.", "PMID": 400991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_652", "title": "Metabolic interaction between amitriptyline and perphenazine in psychiatric patients.", "content": "1. Steady-state plasma level samples of sixty-five schizophrenic patients from two psychiatric hospitals assigned to three treatment groups (amitriptyline 150 mg/day, perphenazine 20 mg/day and a combination of amitriptyline and perphenazine at 150 mg and 20 mg/day) were assayed for amitriptyline (AT), endogenous nortriptyline (NT) and perphenazine (PPZ) using gas-liquid chromatography. 2. Results reveal that AT and NT levels are independent of sex and hospital environment. 3. PPZ significantly increased the steady-state NT plasma levels, probably through inhibition of the hydroxylation biotransformation pathway, but had no effect on AT levels, thus indicating that PPZ has no influence on the desmethylation pathway, or alternatively, the hydroxylation of AT.", "contents": "Metabolic interaction between amitriptyline and perphenazine in psychiatric patients. 1. Steady-state plasma level samples of sixty-five schizophrenic patients from two psychiatric hospitals assigned to three treatment groups (amitriptyline 150 mg/day, perphenazine 20 mg/day and a combination of amitriptyline and perphenazine at 150 mg and 20 mg/day) were assayed for amitriptyline (AT), endogenous nortriptyline (NT) and perphenazine (PPZ) using gas-liquid chromatography. 2. Results reveal that AT and NT levels are independent of sex and hospital environment. 3. PPZ significantly increased the steady-state NT plasma levels, probably through inhibition of the hydroxylation biotransformation pathway, but had no effect on AT levels, thus indicating that PPZ has no influence on the desmethylation pathway, or alternatively, the hydroxylation of AT.", "PMID": 400992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_653", "title": "Transport of neutral amino acids across the human red blood cell membrane.", "content": "1. Genetic markers are important in the search for genetically transmitted entities related to clinical nosology with implications for etiology, prophylaxis and treatment. 2. Rafaelsen (1976) has proposed a membrane transport model of affective disorders focusing on phase-independent transport deficiencies. 3. The transport of some neutral amino acids (L-leucine, L-phenylalanine and L-tryptophan) has been studied in the human erythrocyte at 25 degrees C. 4. A group- and a tryptophan-specific amino acid transport system have been described. 5. The relation to the model of Rafaelsen is discussed. 6. It is concluded that clinical studies should be undertaken to test whether these biological characteristics consistent with a specific theory are biological-etiological markers.", "contents": "Transport of neutral amino acids across the human red blood cell membrane. 1. Genetic markers are important in the search for genetically transmitted entities related to clinical nosology with implications for etiology, prophylaxis and treatment. 2. Rafaelsen (1976) has proposed a membrane transport model of affective disorders focusing on phase-independent transport deficiencies. 3. The transport of some neutral amino acids (L-leucine, L-phenylalanine and L-tryptophan) has been studied in the human erythrocyte at 25 degrees C. 4. A group- and a tryptophan-specific amino acid transport system have been described. 5. The relation to the model of Rafaelsen is discussed. 6. It is concluded that clinical studies should be undertaken to test whether these biological characteristics consistent with a specific theory are biological-etiological markers.", "PMID": 400993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_654", "title": "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and whole blood, platelet and plasma monoamine oxidase.", "content": "1. Whole lysed blood monoamine oxidase activity using benzylamine as substrate, represents an addition of platelet and plasma activity. 2. Enzyme activity measured in whole lysed blood in the presence of 10(-4)M pargyline gave a value equivalent to plasma monoamine oxidase, and by subtraction gives a value for platelet enzyme activity. 3. This method of measuring platelet and plasma monoamine oxidase activities from a single whole blood sample, has the advantage of not requiring physical separation of the blood fraction.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and whole blood, platelet and plasma monoamine oxidase. 1. Whole lysed blood monoamine oxidase activity using benzylamine as substrate, represents an addition of platelet and plasma activity. 2. Enzyme activity measured in whole lysed blood in the presence of 10(-4)M pargyline gave a value equivalent to plasma monoamine oxidase, and by subtraction gives a value for platelet enzyme activity. 3. This method of measuring platelet and plasma monoamine oxidase activities from a single whole blood sample, has the advantage of not requiring physical separation of the blood fraction.", "PMID": 400994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_655", "title": "The effects of two \"anti-aggressive\" compounds, an indenopyridine and a benzothiazepin, on shock-induced defensive fighting in rats.", "content": "1. An indenopyridine (YG19-256) and a benzothiazepin (thiazesim) were investigated in rats for possible effects on shock-induced defensive fighting, shock reactivity and locomotor activity. 2. YG19-256 significantly reduced aggression at the higher dose levels employed. Thiazesim produced no significant decrease in aggression at the dose levels used. 3. Neither compound produced any consistent effect on shock reactivity or locomotor activity.", "contents": "The effects of two \"anti-aggressive\" compounds, an indenopyridine and a benzothiazepin, on shock-induced defensive fighting in rats. 1. An indenopyridine (YG19-256) and a benzothiazepin (thiazesim) were investigated in rats for possible effects on shock-induced defensive fighting, shock reactivity and locomotor activity. 2. YG19-256 significantly reduced aggression at the higher dose levels employed. Thiazesim produced no significant decrease in aggression at the dose levels used. 3. Neither compound produced any consistent effect on shock reactivity or locomotor activity.", "PMID": 400995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_656", "title": "Construction of a new psychiatric rating instrument, the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS).", "content": "1. The CPRS (the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale) is a recently constructed rating instrument consisting of 65 scaled items, covering a wide range of psychiatric symptoms. Explicit definitions in a non-technical language are provided for items as well as scale steps. 2. The CPRS is mainly intended for evaluation of treatment effects, but due to the explicit descriptions, it has also been found useful for teaching purposes. It can be used in full, or as an item pool for which subscales for different psychiatric syndromes can be designed. Subscales exist, inter al., for depression, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, neurasthenic syndromes and mental distress in connection with severe physical illness. 3. The CPRS is available in parallel Swedish and English versions. It has been translated into all Scandinavian languages, and into German, Italian and Spanish. French and Russian versions are in preparation. 4. The rating is based on an interview which will require less than an hour in most cases if the scale is used in full. Due to the non-technical language used, raters without formal training in psychiatry (i.e. nurses, psychologists, general practitioners) can use the scale without reduction in reliability.", "contents": "Construction of a new psychiatric rating instrument, the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS). 1. The CPRS (the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale) is a recently constructed rating instrument consisting of 65 scaled items, covering a wide range of psychiatric symptoms. Explicit definitions in a non-technical language are provided for items as well as scale steps. 2. The CPRS is mainly intended for evaluation of treatment effects, but due to the explicit descriptions, it has also been found useful for teaching purposes. It can be used in full, or as an item pool for which subscales for different psychiatric syndromes can be designed. Subscales exist, inter al., for depression, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, neurasthenic syndromes and mental distress in connection with severe physical illness. 3. The CPRS is available in parallel Swedish and English versions. It has been translated into all Scandinavian languages, and into German, Italian and Spanish. French and Russian versions are in preparation. 4. The rating is based on an interview which will require less than an hour in most cases if the scale is used in full. Due to the non-technical language used, raters without formal training in psychiatry (i.e. nurses, psychologists, general practitioners) can use the scale without reduction in reliability.", "PMID": 400996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_657", "title": "Reliability and validity studies of the comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS).", "content": "1. The most important properties of a rating instrument aimed at detecting possible changes in psychopathology are as follows: a) communicability to not yet experienced raters; b) satisfactory levels of reliability and validity; and c) sensitivity to changes. Since its construction some years ago these properties of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) have been investigated in several sessions, both experimental, and in the course of clinical drug trials. 2. Raters with a different training background (physicians, psychologists, social workers, nurses), and a different level of experience in ratings have participated in the sessions. 3. In all instances the CPRS has proved to be highly reliable and highly sensitive. It appeared to be easily communicable, also in its international versions, and its content seems to fit very well with different cultural contexts. Information about its validity has been inferred from the studies mentioned above, and, also from correlations with other well known rating instruments.", "contents": "Reliability and validity studies of the comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS). 1. The most important properties of a rating instrument aimed at detecting possible changes in psychopathology are as follows: a) communicability to not yet experienced raters; b) satisfactory levels of reliability and validity; and c) sensitivity to changes. Since its construction some years ago these properties of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) have been investigated in several sessions, both experimental, and in the course of clinical drug trials. 2. Raters with a different training background (physicians, psychologists, social workers, nurses), and a different level of experience in ratings have participated in the sessions. 3. In all instances the CPRS has proved to be highly reliable and highly sensitive. It appeared to be easily communicable, also in its international versions, and its content seems to fit very well with different cultural contexts. Information about its validity has been inferred from the studies mentioned above, and, also from correlations with other well known rating instruments.", "PMID": 400997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_658", "title": "Comparison between Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) and association for methodology and documentation in psychiatry (AMP) system.", "content": "1. 5 AMP experienced raters examined 28 depressed and 22 psychotic patients. Symptoms were documented using the CPRS (preliminary German translation) and the AMP system. The two rating scales were compared from the raters point of views and using descriptive statistical methods. 2. The high number of CPRS symptoms showing significant correlations to AMP symptoms demonstrate a strong similarity between the two rating scales. 3. The AMP system gives a more differentiated and comprehensive picture of the psychopathology than the CPRS. 4. The CPRS seems to us to be easily communicable, mainly due to the exact description of the scale steps and the differentiation of reported and observed items. 5. For the measurement of changes during treatment half steps should be used to increase the sensitivity of the CPRS.", "contents": "Comparison between Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) and association for methodology and documentation in psychiatry (AMP) system. 1. 5 AMP experienced raters examined 28 depressed and 22 psychotic patients. Symptoms were documented using the CPRS (preliminary German translation) and the AMP system. The two rating scales were compared from the raters point of views and using descriptive statistical methods. 2. The high number of CPRS symptoms showing significant correlations to AMP symptoms demonstrate a strong similarity between the two rating scales. 3. The AMP system gives a more differentiated and comprehensive picture of the psychopathology than the CPRS. 4. The CPRS seems to us to be easily communicable, mainly due to the exact description of the scale steps and the differentiation of reported and observed items. 5. For the measurement of changes during treatment half steps should be used to increase the sensitivity of the CPRS.", "PMID": 400998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_659", "title": "Depressive symptoms in acute schizophrenia.", "content": "1. The incidence of psychopathological symptoms rated by the CPRS was compared in 54 English depressed patients and 52 Swedish depressed patients. 2. A new rating scale for depression was created from the 10 items shown to be most sensitive to treatment change. The Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) was found to be more sensitive to treatment change than the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS). 3. The incidence of psychopathological symptoms was assessed using the full Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) in 50 patients with unequivocal acute schizophrenia. 36 patients were rated again after treatment and a 12 item rating scale for schizophrenia was derived from the items best able to discriminate between responders and non responders. 4. The schizophrenia scale was found to be a more sensitive discriminator between responders and non responders than the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) in the 25 patients rated on both scales simultaneously. 5. There was a relatively high incidence of depressive symptoms rated on the MADRS in acute schizophrenia suggesting that depressive symptoms are a commoner presenting feature of acute unequivocal schizophrenia than is normally acknowledged.", "contents": "Depressive symptoms in acute schizophrenia. 1. The incidence of psychopathological symptoms rated by the CPRS was compared in 54 English depressed patients and 52 Swedish depressed patients. 2. A new rating scale for depression was created from the 10 items shown to be most sensitive to treatment change. The Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) was found to be more sensitive to treatment change than the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS). 3. The incidence of psychopathological symptoms was assessed using the full Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) in 50 patients with unequivocal acute schizophrenia. 36 patients were rated again after treatment and a 12 item rating scale for schizophrenia was derived from the items best able to discriminate between responders and non responders. 4. The schizophrenia scale was found to be a more sensitive discriminator between responders and non responders than the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) in the 25 patients rated on both scales simultaneously. 5. There was a relatively high incidence of depressive symptoms rated on the MADRS in acute schizophrenia suggesting that depressive symptoms are a commoner presenting feature of acute unequivocal schizophrenia than is normally acknowledged.", "PMID": 400999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_660", "title": "Depression and monoamine oxidase.", "content": "1. The first part of the paper is devoted to a critical review on the possible relationships between depression and monoamine oxidase. 2. This study describes the results of an investigation of MAO-activity in depression, using new approaches and methodology. This methodology was developed because the literature data indicated that a) previous results are difficult to compare because of varying methods and diverse target populations used; b) previous methodological deficiencies do not allow to draw definite conclusions about the relationship between MAO-activity and depression. 3. The present investigation selected 35 psychiatric patients according to clearly defined diagnostic criteria (20 endogenous depressive, 10 neurotic depressive, and 5 manic patients) matched to 25 healthy control-subjects. 4. The Michaelis-constant (Km), the maximum reaction speed (Vmax), and the 50% enzyme inhibition by tranylcypromine (IC50) of platelet-MAO were determined during and after recovery from the depressive or manic episode using 3 substrates (tyramine, tryptamine, and phenylethylamine). 5. The present investigation, in contrast to conventional methodology, utilized three different substrates at different concentrations. Significant correlations were demonstrated for the Vmax-values of each of the three substrates, whereas the Km and the IC50 (tranylcypromine)-values varied for each substrate. 6. The results show that there were no differences between the characteristics of the platelet-MAO in depressive or manic patients and those of normal subjects. Furthermore, treatment with tricyclic antidepressants had no effect on MAO-activity. A previous investigation indicated that the MAO-properties in human brain tissue were similar to that in human platelets.", "contents": "Depression and monoamine oxidase. 1. The first part of the paper is devoted to a critical review on the possible relationships between depression and monoamine oxidase. 2. This study describes the results of an investigation of MAO-activity in depression, using new approaches and methodology. This methodology was developed because the literature data indicated that a) previous results are difficult to compare because of varying methods and diverse target populations used; b) previous methodological deficiencies do not allow to draw definite conclusions about the relationship between MAO-activity and depression. 3. The present investigation selected 35 psychiatric patients according to clearly defined diagnostic criteria (20 endogenous depressive, 10 neurotic depressive, and 5 manic patients) matched to 25 healthy control-subjects. 4. The Michaelis-constant (Km), the maximum reaction speed (Vmax), and the 50% enzyme inhibition by tranylcypromine (IC50) of platelet-MAO were determined during and after recovery from the depressive or manic episode using 3 substrates (tyramine, tryptamine, and phenylethylamine). 5. The present investigation, in contrast to conventional methodology, utilized three different substrates at different concentrations. Significant correlations were demonstrated for the Vmax-values of each of the three substrates, whereas the Km and the IC50 (tranylcypromine)-values varied for each substrate. 6. The results show that there were no differences between the characteristics of the platelet-MAO in depressive or manic patients and those of normal subjects. Furthermore, treatment with tricyclic antidepressants had no effect on MAO-activity. A previous investigation indicated that the MAO-properties in human brain tissue were similar to that in human platelets.", "PMID": 401000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_661", "title": "A reexamination of apomorphine induced stereotypy in the rat in light of self administration experiments.", "content": "1. Apomorphine is known to both elicit stereotypy and to support behavioral self administration. The present report examined a possible contribution of stereotypy to self administration. 2. Non-contingent intraperitoneal injection of apomorphine in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats immediately prior to their placement in an experimental chamber significantly elevated barpressing above operant rates. 3. This indicates a novel dopamine induced behavior which may play a role in determining self administration behavior. 4. The data suggest three interpretations of previous self administration experiments.", "contents": "A reexamination of apomorphine induced stereotypy in the rat in light of self administration experiments. 1. Apomorphine is known to both elicit stereotypy and to support behavioral self administration. The present report examined a possible contribution of stereotypy to self administration. 2. Non-contingent intraperitoneal injection of apomorphine in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats immediately prior to their placement in an experimental chamber significantly elevated barpressing above operant rates. 3. This indicates a novel dopamine induced behavior which may play a role in determining self administration behavior. 4. The data suggest three interpretations of previous self administration experiments.", "PMID": 401001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_662", "title": "Potentiation of apomorphine-induced climbing behaviour in mice by d-LSD.", "content": "1. The climbing behaviour in mice was used for studying possible interaction(s) of d-LSD with dopamine receptors. 2. Doses of d-LSD ranging from 0.25 to 2.5 mg/kg injected intra-peritoneally constantly inhibited the climbing behaviour. 3. In contrast, when similar doses of d-LSD were injected 10 min before apomorphine (5 mg/kg), a constant potentiation of the apomorphine-induced climbing was observed. 4. Subsequent experiments performed with a neuroleptic (haloperidol) or a serotonin precursor (5-OH-tryptophan) compared to those of d-LSD with and without apomorphine would indicate that d-LSD alone displays typical serotoninergic syndrome (including inhibition of the climbing), whereas in the presence of apomorphine, an interaction at presynaptic receptors may possibly modulate dopaminergic activity.", "contents": "Potentiation of apomorphine-induced climbing behaviour in mice by d-LSD. 1. The climbing behaviour in mice was used for studying possible interaction(s) of d-LSD with dopamine receptors. 2. Doses of d-LSD ranging from 0.25 to 2.5 mg/kg injected intra-peritoneally constantly inhibited the climbing behaviour. 3. In contrast, when similar doses of d-LSD were injected 10 min before apomorphine (5 mg/kg), a constant potentiation of the apomorphine-induced climbing was observed. 4. Subsequent experiments performed with a neuroleptic (haloperidol) or a serotonin precursor (5-OH-tryptophan) compared to those of d-LSD with and without apomorphine would indicate that d-LSD alone displays typical serotoninergic syndrome (including inhibition of the climbing), whereas in the presence of apomorphine, an interaction at presynaptic receptors may possibly modulate dopaminergic activity.", "PMID": 401002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_663", "title": "Symptomatic volunteers in multicenter drug trials.", "content": "1. Symptomatic volunteers were recruited at two collaborating institutions for anti-anxiety and antidepressant drug trials. Advertisements were placed for volunteers with significant symptoms of anxiety, depression, or both, and who were not currently in treatment. 2. It was possible to recruit adequate numbers of volunteers who met the numerous criteria for severity of distress; and who were not ruled out by various exclusion criteria, such as medical contraindications, etc. 3. Acceptable homogeneity across the samples at the collaborating institutions was found for demographic characteristics, level of distress, duration of symptoms, etc. 4. Attrition rates for these volunteers were lower than for the typical anxiolytic and antidepressant trials using outpatients. 5. Symptomatic volunteers appear to present a feasible alternative to the increasingly diminishing pool of outpatients.", "contents": "Symptomatic volunteers in multicenter drug trials. 1. Symptomatic volunteers were recruited at two collaborating institutions for anti-anxiety and antidepressant drug trials. Advertisements were placed for volunteers with significant symptoms of anxiety, depression, or both, and who were not currently in treatment. 2. It was possible to recruit adequate numbers of volunteers who met the numerous criteria for severity of distress; and who were not ruled out by various exclusion criteria, such as medical contraindications, etc. 3. Acceptable homogeneity across the samples at the collaborating institutions was found for demographic characteristics, level of distress, duration of symptoms, etc. 4. Attrition rates for these volunteers were lower than for the typical anxiolytic and antidepressant trials using outpatients. 5. Symptomatic volunteers appear to present a feasible alternative to the increasingly diminishing pool of outpatients.", "PMID": 401003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_664", "title": "The central noradrenergic system and affective response to MAO inhibitors.", "content": "1. In humans, norepinephrine (NE) has been postulated to be involved in the regulation of mood and behavior and to be altered in patients with manic-depressive illness. 2. Recent methodological advances have made possible a more direct assessment of central noradrenergic activity by the accurate measurement of the small amounts of NE and of the enzyme responsible for the conversion of dopamine to NE, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 3. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained from depressed patients both before and after treatment with two monoamine oxidase-inhibiting antidepressant drugs, clorgyline and pargyline. 4. Patients were rated twice daily by nursing staff on a modified 15-point scale for severity of global depression and anxiety. Patients were also rated using the Hamilton depression rating scale. 5. High negative correlations were observed between the drug-related changes in CSF NE and the changes in depression ratings on both the global ratings (r = -.95, p less than .001) and the Hamilton rating scale (r = -.81, p less than .01). Changes in NE were also highly correlated with changes in global anxiety ratings (r = -.85, p less than .01) calculated on the basis of changes from baseline for each measurement. Drug-related changes in CSF DBH similarly showed negative correlations with clinical response (r = -.79, r = -.38, r = -.68 respectively). In contrast, no significant correlations were found when drug-related changes in CSF MHPG were compared to changes in clinical state.", "contents": "The central noradrenergic system and affective response to MAO inhibitors. 1. In humans, norepinephrine (NE) has been postulated to be involved in the regulation of mood and behavior and to be altered in patients with manic-depressive illness. 2. Recent methodological advances have made possible a more direct assessment of central noradrenergic activity by the accurate measurement of the small amounts of NE and of the enzyme responsible for the conversion of dopamine to NE, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 3. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained from depressed patients both before and after treatment with two monoamine oxidase-inhibiting antidepressant drugs, clorgyline and pargyline. 4. Patients were rated twice daily by nursing staff on a modified 15-point scale for severity of global depression and anxiety. Patients were also rated using the Hamilton depression rating scale. 5. High negative correlations were observed between the drug-related changes in CSF NE and the changes in depression ratings on both the global ratings (r = -.95, p less than .001) and the Hamilton rating scale (r = -.81, p less than .01). Changes in NE were also highly correlated with changes in global anxiety ratings (r = -.85, p less than .01) calculated on the basis of changes from baseline for each measurement. Drug-related changes in CSF DBH similarly showed negative correlations with clinical response (r = -.79, r = -.38, r = -.68 respectively). In contrast, no significant correlations were found when drug-related changes in CSF MHPG were compared to changes in clinical state.", "PMID": 401004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_665", "title": "The effects of papaverine in tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "1. The therapeutic efficacy of papaverine for tardive dyskinesia was tested in 23 psychogeriatric and 18 chronic schizophrenic patients. Papaverine was given in slow-release capsules at 150 mg BID for one week followed by 300 mg BID for five weeks. A single blind design was used with blind raters and a 6-week no drug control condition. 2. Oro-facial dyskinesia was significantly reduced by papaverine in the psychogeriatric group during the first six weeks. Only a few patients showed at least 50% improvement of dyskinesia scores. Overall the drug effects were modest. 3. Other findings of interest were a) EEG showed increased per cent time of alpha and reduced beta 1. b) Parkinsonian side effects tended to confirm dopamine antagonism by papaverine. c) No tolerance was seen after six weeks. d) Elderly female patients and those with oro-facial dyskinesia appeared to respond best to papaverine.", "contents": "The effects of papaverine in tardive dyskinesia. 1. The therapeutic efficacy of papaverine for tardive dyskinesia was tested in 23 psychogeriatric and 18 chronic schizophrenic patients. Papaverine was given in slow-release capsules at 150 mg BID for one week followed by 300 mg BID for five weeks. A single blind design was used with blind raters and a 6-week no drug control condition. 2. Oro-facial dyskinesia was significantly reduced by papaverine in the psychogeriatric group during the first six weeks. Only a few patients showed at least 50% improvement of dyskinesia scores. Overall the drug effects were modest. 3. Other findings of interest were a) EEG showed increased per cent time of alpha and reduced beta 1. b) Parkinsonian side effects tended to confirm dopamine antagonism by papaverine. c) No tolerance was seen after six weeks. d) Elderly female patients and those with oro-facial dyskinesia appeared to respond best to papaverine.", "PMID": 401005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_666", "title": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in serum of patients with hepatic damage.", "content": "1. The activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was assayed in the serum of 102 patients, mostly with varying degrees of hepatic dysfunction. 2. DBH activity was not elevated in those with liver disorder and did not correlate with serum bilirubin, transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase or creatine phosphokinase. 3. It is concluded that the liver is not necessarily involved in the inactivation of DBH.", "contents": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in serum of patients with hepatic damage. 1. The activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was assayed in the serum of 102 patients, mostly with varying degrees of hepatic dysfunction. 2. DBH activity was not elevated in those with liver disorder and did not correlate with serum bilirubin, transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase or creatine phosphokinase. 3. It is concluded that the liver is not necessarily involved in the inactivation of DBH.", "PMID": 401006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_667", "title": "Inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of developing rat brain by amphetamine treatment.", "content": "1. The incorporation of labelled thymidine into the brain of 10 day-old rats, used as the index of mitotic activity, was decreased two hours after administration of 20-40 mg/kg doses of amphetamine phosphate. 2. The entry of precursor from the blood to the brain tissue was not disturbed. 3. The observed elevation of plasma corticosterone levels did not appear to mediate the effect. 4. Changes in the normal balance of tissue norepinephrine and dopamine levels are considered as possible inhibitory factors in glial cell proliferation.", "contents": "Inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of developing rat brain by amphetamine treatment. 1. The incorporation of labelled thymidine into the brain of 10 day-old rats, used as the index of mitotic activity, was decreased two hours after administration of 20-40 mg/kg doses of amphetamine phosphate. 2. The entry of precursor from the blood to the brain tissue was not disturbed. 3. The observed elevation of plasma corticosterone levels did not appear to mediate the effect. 4. Changes in the normal balance of tissue norepinephrine and dopamine levels are considered as possible inhibitory factors in glial cell proliferation.", "PMID": 401007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_668", "title": "Clinical experience with fluotracen HCL: report of a case.", "content": "This article describes a depressed patient who experienced an excellent initial response to fluotracen, a new thymoneuroleptic. The patient then developed a syndrome of amphetamine-like hyperstimulation which necessitated discontinuance of the medication. Rapid, marked deterioration ensued. Hyperstimulation and agitation have not been described previously for fluotracen. Another group found that this drug is rapidly effective, even in treatment refractory patients, but that premature termination of therapy can provoke a rapid relapse; our experience confirms the earlier findings. We discuss fluotracen in relation to other neuroleptics and thymoleptics, and we suggest that comparative studies with thiothixene might be informative.", "contents": "Clinical experience with fluotracen HCL: report of a case. This article describes a depressed patient who experienced an excellent initial response to fluotracen, a new thymoneuroleptic. The patient then developed a syndrome of amphetamine-like hyperstimulation which necessitated discontinuance of the medication. Rapid, marked deterioration ensued. Hyperstimulation and agitation have not been described previously for fluotracen. Another group found that this drug is rapidly effective, even in treatment refractory patients, but that premature termination of therapy can provoke a rapid relapse; our experience confirms the earlier findings. We discuss fluotracen in relation to other neuroleptics and thymoleptics, and we suggest that comparative studies with thiothixene might be informative.", "PMID": 401008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_669", "title": "Glucocorticoid receptors and inhibition of bone cell growth in primary culture.", "content": "We have previously identified glucocorticoid binding proteins in cytosol of cells dispersed from fetal rat calvaria by collagenase digestion. The present study, employing primary culture of these cells, provides further evidence that these binding proteins represent glucocorticoid receptors. [3H]Dexamethasone bound to cytoplasmic extracts of cultured cells with an apparent Kdiss of 6.8 nM and exhibited approximately 8500 binding sites/cell. Nuclear translocation of [3H]dexamethasone was demonstrated with approximately 50% of bound steroid extractable from the nuclear pellet after incubation at 37 C; little nuclear transfer occurred at 0 C. The specificity of these binding site was characterized by competition studies with other steroids in whole cells, the order of affinities being: triamcinolone acetonide greater than dexamethasone greater than progesterone greater than cortisol greater than corticosterone = cortexolone. Non-glucocorticoids except progesterone competed only poorly. Sedimentation analysis of [3H]dexamethasone-protein complexes on sucrose gradients revealed a cytoplasmic peak of 6.5 S in salt-free gradients and 3.8 S in 0.3 M KCl gradients. Dexamethasone addition to the culture medium resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth with approximately 40% reduction in cell number at 13 nM. That this inhibition was receptor mediated was substantiated by the partial blockade of the dexamethasone effect in the presence 1.3 microM progesterone. Functionally, dexamethasone inhibits the growth of these cells. These data provide evidence for receptor mediated inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids directly at the level of the bone cell.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid receptors and inhibition of bone cell growth in primary culture. We have previously identified glucocorticoid binding proteins in cytosol of cells dispersed from fetal rat calvaria by collagenase digestion. The present study, employing primary culture of these cells, provides further evidence that these binding proteins represent glucocorticoid receptors. [3H]Dexamethasone bound to cytoplasmic extracts of cultured cells with an apparent Kdiss of 6.8 nM and exhibited approximately 8500 binding sites/cell. Nuclear translocation of [3H]dexamethasone was demonstrated with approximately 50% of bound steroid extractable from the nuclear pellet after incubation at 37 C; little nuclear transfer occurred at 0 C. The specificity of these binding site was characterized by competition studies with other steroids in whole cells, the order of affinities being: triamcinolone acetonide greater than dexamethasone greater than progesterone greater than cortisol greater than corticosterone = cortexolone. Non-glucocorticoids except progesterone competed only poorly. Sedimentation analysis of [3H]dexamethasone-protein complexes on sucrose gradients revealed a cytoplasmic peak of 6.5 S in salt-free gradients and 3.8 S in 0.3 M KCl gradients. Dexamethasone addition to the culture medium resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth with approximately 40% reduction in cell number at 13 nM. That this inhibition was receptor mediated was substantiated by the partial blockade of the dexamethasone effect in the presence 1.3 microM progesterone. Functionally, dexamethasone inhibits the growth of these cells. These data provide evidence for receptor mediated inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids directly at the level of the bone cell.", "PMID": 401016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_670", "title": "Effect of hydroxy-vitamin D3 derivatives on 45Ca release from rat fetal bones in vitro.", "content": "Several hydroxy vitamin D3 (OH-D3) derivatives were tested for biological activity by measuring 45Ca release from prelabeled rat fetal bones, in vitro. In a 72 h continuous culture, 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 produced a significant effect at 10 pg/ml. A similar effect was produced by 50 ng/ml of either 25-OH-D3 or 5,6-trans-25-OH-D3, and by 500 pg of 3 deoxy-1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3. 24R,25-(OH)2-D3 was more active than 24S,25-(OH)2-D3, and the R isomer had activity that more closely resembled the biosynthetic compound. 3-deoxy-1 alpha-OH-D3 was inactive at a concentration of up to 1 microgram/ml. Using a 24 h preincubation period with no added vitamin D3 derivative, a steep dose-response curve could be obtained with 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 over a range of 2-10 pg/ml during a subsequent 96 h incubation period, and 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 was found to have about 5000 times the activity of 25-OH-D3.", "contents": "Effect of hydroxy-vitamin D3 derivatives on 45Ca release from rat fetal bones in vitro. Several hydroxy vitamin D3 (OH-D3) derivatives were tested for biological activity by measuring 45Ca release from prelabeled rat fetal bones, in vitro. In a 72 h continuous culture, 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 produced a significant effect at 10 pg/ml. A similar effect was produced by 50 ng/ml of either 25-OH-D3 or 5,6-trans-25-OH-D3, and by 500 pg of 3 deoxy-1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3. 24R,25-(OH)2-D3 was more active than 24S,25-(OH)2-D3, and the R isomer had activity that more closely resembled the biosynthetic compound. 3-deoxy-1 alpha-OH-D3 was inactive at a concentration of up to 1 microgram/ml. Using a 24 h preincubation period with no added vitamin D3 derivative, a steep dose-response curve could be obtained with 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 over a range of 2-10 pg/ml during a subsequent 96 h incubation period, and 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-D3 was found to have about 5000 times the activity of 25-OH-D3.", "PMID": 401017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_671", "title": "The physiological release of specific individual neurophysins into the circulation of pigs.", "content": "Specific homologous radioimmunoassays for the two major porcine neurophysins have been developed and utilized to measure plasma neurophysins during events known to release vasopressin (dehydration and hemorrhage) and oxytocin (parturition and suckling). During hemorrhage plasma neurophysin I increased 2-25 times and decreased toward basal levels after reinfusion of the blood while plasma neurophysin II was low and showed only minor fluctuations. Neurophysin II was released during parturition and suckling in a pattern similar to that reported for oxytocin release during these events. A rise in plasma neurophysin II occurred towards the end of parturition and spurt release occurred in suckling. The function of neurophysins in the plasma is unknown but porcine neurophysin I has been shown to be released independently into the circulation in response to hemorrhage. Independent release of neurophysin II during parturition and suckling was not demonstrated. In the pig, release of neurophysin I may be associated with vasopressin release and neurophysin II associated with oxytocin release.", "contents": "The physiological release of specific individual neurophysins into the circulation of pigs. Specific homologous radioimmunoassays for the two major porcine neurophysins have been developed and utilized to measure plasma neurophysins during events known to release vasopressin (dehydration and hemorrhage) and oxytocin (parturition and suckling). During hemorrhage plasma neurophysin I increased 2-25 times and decreased toward basal levels after reinfusion of the blood while plasma neurophysin II was low and showed only minor fluctuations. Neurophysin II was released during parturition and suckling in a pattern similar to that reported for oxytocin release during these events. A rise in plasma neurophysin II occurred towards the end of parturition and spurt release occurred in suckling. The function of neurophysins in the plasma is unknown but porcine neurophysin I has been shown to be released independently into the circulation in response to hemorrhage. Independent release of neurophysin II during parturition and suckling was not demonstrated. In the pig, release of neurophysin I may be associated with vasopressin release and neurophysin II associated with oxytocin release.", "PMID": 401018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_672", "title": "Thyroid hormone receptors: release of receptor to the medium during in vitro incubation of isolated rat liver nuclei.", "content": "Isolated rat liver nuclei show a substantial amount of T3 receptor release to the medium during in vitro incubation. This has been shown to be a general feature of nuclei compared after several methods of isolation and incubation. About 50% of nuclear receptors are released to the medium when incubated in sucrose-MgCl2-Tris, pH 7.85, for 2 h at 20 C.DNA, histones, and non-histone proteins (NHP) are also released. CaCl2 inhibits about 90% of the release of DNA and histones, but has less effect on inhibiting leakage of NHP and nuclear T3-binding protein (NTBP). The highest leakage for each fraction was found when incubating nuclei in the presence of EDTA. The receptor released to the medium has an affinity virtually identical to the receptor remaining in the nuclei. At least 1 mM dithiothreitol is needed to avoid degradation of the receptor. The NTBP has a sedimentation constant of 4.5 S when studied in low ionic strength gradients. Increasing KCl concentration decreases progressively its sedimentation constant, and in gradients containing 0.4 M KCl the receptor sediments as a single peak of 3.4 S. Since release of receptor to incubation medium decreases free T3 concentration, it must be taken into account in calculating receptor affinity. Total nuclear capacity in vitro is obviously underestimated, unless receptor released to medium is measured. Receptor exchange between cytosol and nucleus may be of physiologic significance.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone receptors: release of receptor to the medium during in vitro incubation of isolated rat liver nuclei. Isolated rat liver nuclei show a substantial amount of T3 receptor release to the medium during in vitro incubation. This has been shown to be a general feature of nuclei compared after several methods of isolation and incubation. About 50% of nuclear receptors are released to the medium when incubated in sucrose-MgCl2-Tris, pH 7.85, for 2 h at 20 C.DNA, histones, and non-histone proteins (NHP) are also released. CaCl2 inhibits about 90% of the release of DNA and histones, but has less effect on inhibiting leakage of NHP and nuclear T3-binding protein (NTBP). The highest leakage for each fraction was found when incubating nuclei in the presence of EDTA. The receptor released to the medium has an affinity virtually identical to the receptor remaining in the nuclei. At least 1 mM dithiothreitol is needed to avoid degradation of the receptor. The NTBP has a sedimentation constant of 4.5 S when studied in low ionic strength gradients. Increasing KCl concentration decreases progressively its sedimentation constant, and in gradients containing 0.4 M KCl the receptor sediments as a single peak of 3.4 S. Since release of receptor to incubation medium decreases free T3 concentration, it must be taken into account in calculating receptor affinity. Total nuclear capacity in vitro is obviously underestimated, unless receptor released to medium is measured. Receptor exchange between cytosol and nucleus may be of physiologic significance.", "PMID": 401019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_673", "title": "The relative contribution of thyroxine and triiodothyronine to the hormone secretion from the perfused canine thyroid during various degrees of stimulation.", "content": "The effect of constant infusions of bovine TSH in different concentrations on the pattern of T4 and T3 secretion was examined in perfused canine thyroids isolated in situ. Each of the thyroid lobes was isolated and perfused in each animal. It was thus possible to examine the effect of two different concentrations of TSH in the same animal. The latency period was found to be shorter and the increase in hormone release was steeper when a high concentration of TSH (100 microU/ml) was infused than after a low concentration of TSH (2 microU/ml). The increase in T4 and T3 release started simultaneously; however, at all TSH concentrations employed a phase of relatively high secretion of T3 was induced. Despite continued infusion of TSH, the T4 T3 ratio in the effluent always returned to near prestimulation values at the end of the experiment. Accordingly, there was no support for a sustained enhancement of the preferential secretion of T3 from the thyroid during prolonged stimulation of the thyroid.", "contents": "The relative contribution of thyroxine and triiodothyronine to the hormone secretion from the perfused canine thyroid during various degrees of stimulation. The effect of constant infusions of bovine TSH in different concentrations on the pattern of T4 and T3 secretion was examined in perfused canine thyroids isolated in situ. Each of the thyroid lobes was isolated and perfused in each animal. It was thus possible to examine the effect of two different concentrations of TSH in the same animal. The latency period was found to be shorter and the increase in hormone release was steeper when a high concentration of TSH (100 microU/ml) was infused than after a low concentration of TSH (2 microU/ml). The increase in T4 and T3 release started simultaneously; however, at all TSH concentrations employed a phase of relatively high secretion of T3 was induced. Despite continued infusion of TSH, the T4 T3 ratio in the effluent always returned to near prestimulation values at the end of the experiment. Accordingly, there was no support for a sustained enhancement of the preferential secretion of T3 from the thyroid during prolonged stimulation of the thyroid.", "PMID": 401020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_674", "title": "Isolation of gamma-amino butyric acid from pig hypothalami and demonstration of its prolactin release-inhibiting (PIF) activity in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "A non-retarded fraction with prolactin-release inhibiting factor (PIF) activity obtained by chromatography of a concentrate of porcine hypothalami on carboxymethyl-cellulose was chromatographically distinct from catecholamines. This fraction was purified further by six steps involving chromatography on Sephadex G-25, countercurrent distribution, free-flow electrophoresis, and chromatography on triethylaminoethyl cellulose. The PIF-active substance was isolated and identified as gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) by: 1) amino acid analyses using sodium as well as lithium-based buffers for resolution of biological fluids, 2) thin-layer chromatography of underivatized material as well as phenylthiocarbamyl derivatives, and 3) mass spectroscopy. Natural and synthetic GABA inhibited prolactin, but not LH release in vitro from isolated rat pituitary halves at doses as low as 0.1 microgram/ml. The inhibition was proportional to the dose; natural and synthetic GABA possessed identical PIF activity. Synthetic GABA also decreased prolactin release in monolayer cultures of rat pituitary cells and inhibited TRH-stimulated prolactin release. The inhibition of prolactin release in vitro by GABA could not be blocked by perphenazine, which inhibits PIF activity of catecholamines. GABA also suppressed prolactin release in vivo, although large doses were needed. Either rapid iv injection or infusion of GABA in doses of 1 to 100 mg in rats significantly decreased serum prolactin levels, which were previously elevated by pretreatment with monoiodotyrosine perphenazine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, or sulpiride. beta-hydroxy GABA significantly depressed prolactin release, but beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-GABA (Lioresal, CIBA) and 4 other analogs of GABA were not effective in vivo and/or in vitro. The results indicate that GABA can inhibit prolactin release by a direct action on the pituitary gland, but whether this effect is physiologically meaningful still remains to be determined.", "contents": "Isolation of gamma-amino butyric acid from pig hypothalami and demonstration of its prolactin release-inhibiting (PIF) activity in vivo and in vitro. A non-retarded fraction with prolactin-release inhibiting factor (PIF) activity obtained by chromatography of a concentrate of porcine hypothalami on carboxymethyl-cellulose was chromatographically distinct from catecholamines. This fraction was purified further by six steps involving chromatography on Sephadex G-25, countercurrent distribution, free-flow electrophoresis, and chromatography on triethylaminoethyl cellulose. The PIF-active substance was isolated and identified as gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) by: 1) amino acid analyses using sodium as well as lithium-based buffers for resolution of biological fluids, 2) thin-layer chromatography of underivatized material as well as phenylthiocarbamyl derivatives, and 3) mass spectroscopy. Natural and synthetic GABA inhibited prolactin, but not LH release in vitro from isolated rat pituitary halves at doses as low as 0.1 microgram/ml. The inhibition was proportional to the dose; natural and synthetic GABA possessed identical PIF activity. Synthetic GABA also decreased prolactin release in monolayer cultures of rat pituitary cells and inhibited TRH-stimulated prolactin release. The inhibition of prolactin release in vitro by GABA could not be blocked by perphenazine, which inhibits PIF activity of catecholamines. GABA also suppressed prolactin release in vivo, although large doses were needed. Either rapid iv injection or infusion of GABA in doses of 1 to 100 mg in rats significantly decreased serum prolactin levels, which were previously elevated by pretreatment with monoiodotyrosine perphenazine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, or sulpiride. beta-hydroxy GABA significantly depressed prolactin release, but beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-GABA (Lioresal, CIBA) and 4 other analogs of GABA were not effective in vivo and/or in vitro. The results indicate that GABA can inhibit prolactin release by a direct action on the pituitary gland, but whether this effect is physiologically meaningful still remains to be determined.", "PMID": 401021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_675", "title": "Further evidence that serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in the control of prolactin secretion.", "content": "Administration of a new specific serotonin uptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, depressed the firing rate of raphe neurons. A highly significant increase in serum prolactin levels was observed after ip injection of 30 mg/kg of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in male or female rats pretreated with 10 mg/kg (ip) of fluoxetine. Neither 5-HTP nor fluoxetine given separately had any effect on serum prolactin levels. In animals pretreated with methysergide the combination of fluoxetine and 5-HTP did not increase significantly serum levels of prolactin. In addition, the serotonin agonist quipazine elevated significantly serum prolactin levels in male and female rats. The results of this study strengthen the idea that 5-HTP is acting via serotonin-containing neurons that influence anterior pituitary prolactin release, and that serotonin receptor activation leads to prolactin release.", "contents": "Further evidence that serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in the control of prolactin secretion. Administration of a new specific serotonin uptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, depressed the firing rate of raphe neurons. A highly significant increase in serum prolactin levels was observed after ip injection of 30 mg/kg of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in male or female rats pretreated with 10 mg/kg (ip) of fluoxetine. Neither 5-HTP nor fluoxetine given separately had any effect on serum prolactin levels. In animals pretreated with methysergide the combination of fluoxetine and 5-HTP did not increase significantly serum levels of prolactin. In addition, the serotonin agonist quipazine elevated significantly serum prolactin levels in male and female rats. The results of this study strengthen the idea that 5-HTP is acting via serotonin-containing neurons that influence anterior pituitary prolactin release, and that serotonin receptor activation leads to prolactin release.", "PMID": 401022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_676", "title": "Nuclear accumulation of androgens in perfused rat accessory sex organs and testes.", "content": "The uptake of androgens into the nuclei of caput epididymis, ventral prostate, seminal vesicle and testis was studied by recirculating physiological and pharmacological concentrations of [3H]testosterone in an artificial medium through the lower half (hemicorpus) of castrated or hypophysectomized rats. The accumulation of dihydrotestosterone in accessory sex organ nuclei was saturable, inhibited by perfusion of excess testosterone or cyproterone acetate, and associated with binding to 3S salt-extractable molecules. In castrated preparations the mean saturation levels (pmol/mg DNA) were different in the three organs: seminal vesicle, 2.8; ventral prostate, 1.8; caput epididymis, 0.9. The saturation level was significantly lower in ventral prostate of hypophysectomized rats (1.2) treated with testosterone to regenerate the accessory sex organs. Testosterone was the major nuclear androgen in the testes of mature hypophysectomized preparations perfused with testosterone. Although there was a large amount of nonspecific accumulation, testosterone binding to 3S molecules was shown by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Binding of dihydrotestosterone to 3S molecules in testicular nuclei was also demonstrated. The ratio of dihydrotestosterone to testosterone was different in immature and mature testicular nuclei and was altered by treatments known to affect testicular 5 alpha-reductase activity. The results suggest that in rat accessory sex organs and immature testis the major active androgen is dihydrotestosterone, whereas in mature testis it is testosterone. The shift in the predominant nuclear androgen in the testis from dihydrotestosterone to testosterone is most simply explained by the maturational change in 5 alpha-reductase activity.", "contents": "Nuclear accumulation of androgens in perfused rat accessory sex organs and testes. The uptake of androgens into the nuclei of caput epididymis, ventral prostate, seminal vesicle and testis was studied by recirculating physiological and pharmacological concentrations of [3H]testosterone in an artificial medium through the lower half (hemicorpus) of castrated or hypophysectomized rats. The accumulation of dihydrotestosterone in accessory sex organ nuclei was saturable, inhibited by perfusion of excess testosterone or cyproterone acetate, and associated with binding to 3S salt-extractable molecules. In castrated preparations the mean saturation levels (pmol/mg DNA) were different in the three organs: seminal vesicle, 2.8; ventral prostate, 1.8; caput epididymis, 0.9. The saturation level was significantly lower in ventral prostate of hypophysectomized rats (1.2) treated with testosterone to regenerate the accessory sex organs. Testosterone was the major nuclear androgen in the testes of mature hypophysectomized preparations perfused with testosterone. Although there was a large amount of nonspecific accumulation, testosterone binding to 3S molecules was shown by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Binding of dihydrotestosterone to 3S molecules in testicular nuclei was also demonstrated. The ratio of dihydrotestosterone to testosterone was different in immature and mature testicular nuclei and was altered by treatments known to affect testicular 5 alpha-reductase activity. The results suggest that in rat accessory sex organs and immature testis the major active androgen is dihydrotestosterone, whereas in mature testis it is testosterone. The shift in the predominant nuclear androgen in the testis from dihydrotestosterone to testosterone is most simply explained by the maturational change in 5 alpha-reductase activity.", "PMID": 401023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_677", "title": "Evidence for a role of prolactin in prostate and seminal vesicle growth in immature male rats.", "content": "To determine if prolactin secreted endogenously by anterior pituitary grafts could augment male accessory organ weights, single anterior pituitary grafts were placed under the kidney capsule of male rats, whereas control animals received a graft of muscle. Three weeks after transplantation, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation and a significant increase in plasma prolactin was observed, which was accompanied by a highly significant increase in the weights of seminal vesicles, ventral and dorsal prostates, and adrenals. To determine the importance of testicular steroids in the response, animals were castrated. The increases in prolactin, seminal vesicle and ventral and dorsal prostate weights still occurred whether or not a small dose of testosterone replacement therapy was employed. In the presence of the pituitary graft, adrenal weight usually increased in these animals as well. To rule out a requirement for adrenal steroids in the response, adrenalectomized-castrate animals were also studied, and the increases in prolactin and prostate weights still occurred although there was no significant increase in the size of the seminal vesicles. To rule out the participation of other pituitary hormones, pituitary grafts were also placed in hypophysectomized animals, and in these animals, there was also a significant increase in prolactin, accessory sex organ and testicular weights, but the adrenals did not increase in size. The grafts failed to alter gonadotropin titers in any experiment. It is concluded that single anterior pituitary grafts are capable of secreting sufficient prolactin to increase the size of the sex accessories and sometimes the testes and adrenals of the rat. Furthermore, the effects on the male sex accessory organs were demonstrable in the absence of testicular or both testicular and adrenal steroids. The data suggest that prolactin may play a physiological role in the growth of the testes, adrenals and sex accessories.", "contents": "Evidence for a role of prolactin in prostate and seminal vesicle growth in immature male rats. To determine if prolactin secreted endogenously by anterior pituitary grafts could augment male accessory organ weights, single anterior pituitary grafts were placed under the kidney capsule of male rats, whereas control animals received a graft of muscle. Three weeks after transplantation, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation and a significant increase in plasma prolactin was observed, which was accompanied by a highly significant increase in the weights of seminal vesicles, ventral and dorsal prostates, and adrenals. To determine the importance of testicular steroids in the response, animals were castrated. The increases in prolactin, seminal vesicle and ventral and dorsal prostate weights still occurred whether or not a small dose of testosterone replacement therapy was employed. In the presence of the pituitary graft, adrenal weight usually increased in these animals as well. To rule out a requirement for adrenal steroids in the response, adrenalectomized-castrate animals were also studied, and the increases in prolactin and prostate weights still occurred although there was no significant increase in the size of the seminal vesicles. To rule out the participation of other pituitary hormones, pituitary grafts were also placed in hypophysectomized animals, and in these animals, there was also a significant increase in prolactin, accessory sex organ and testicular weights, but the adrenals did not increase in size. The grafts failed to alter gonadotropin titers in any experiment. It is concluded that single anterior pituitary grafts are capable of secreting sufficient prolactin to increase the size of the sex accessories and sometimes the testes and adrenals of the rat. Furthermore, the effects on the male sex accessory organs were demonstrable in the absence of testicular or both testicular and adrenal steroids. The data suggest that prolactin may play a physiological role in the growth of the testes, adrenals and sex accessories.", "PMID": 401024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_678", "title": "The role of central noradrenergic neurons in the control of thyrotropin secretion in the rat.", "content": "To investigate the role played by hypothalamic noradrenaline (NE) in the regulation of TRH-TSH release during tonic and cold activated conditions, drugs and surgical procedures able to interfere with central NE tonus were utilized. The time course of the effect of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (alpha-MpT) on basal TSH secretion was followed. The tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) inhibitor was unable to modify TSH plasma levels, whereas NE hypothalamic content decreased beginning with the third hour. The acute release of TSH evoked by cold exposure (CE) was prevented by pretreatment with alpha-MpT 1 h before; when alpha-MpT was followed 40 min later by clonidine, a central noradrenergic stimulating agent, TSH response to cold, previously blocked by the TH inhibitor was restored. Intraventricular injection of 10 micrograms of clonidine hydrochloride in unstimulated rats caused a significant rise of basal TSH levels 3, but not 10 min after the administration. Complex deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), which destroys all the NE fibers afferent to this area, caused no change of thyrotropin secretion in basal conditions. Deafferented animals did not show any acute increase of TSH in response to CE. The results of this study provide evidence that NE may be the catecholamine (CA) mediating the rise in TSH following CE and that the direct stimulation of central NE receptors can evoke a massive TSH release from the anterior pituitary gland also in basal conditions.", "contents": "The role of central noradrenergic neurons in the control of thyrotropin secretion in the rat. To investigate the role played by hypothalamic noradrenaline (NE) in the regulation of TRH-TSH release during tonic and cold activated conditions, drugs and surgical procedures able to interfere with central NE tonus were utilized. The time course of the effect of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (alpha-MpT) on basal TSH secretion was followed. The tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) inhibitor was unable to modify TSH plasma levels, whereas NE hypothalamic content decreased beginning with the third hour. The acute release of TSH evoked by cold exposure (CE) was prevented by pretreatment with alpha-MpT 1 h before; when alpha-MpT was followed 40 min later by clonidine, a central noradrenergic stimulating agent, TSH response to cold, previously blocked by the TH inhibitor was restored. Intraventricular injection of 10 micrograms of clonidine hydrochloride in unstimulated rats caused a significant rise of basal TSH levels 3, but not 10 min after the administration. Complex deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), which destroys all the NE fibers afferent to this area, caused no change of thyrotropin secretion in basal conditions. Deafferented animals did not show any acute increase of TSH in response to CE. The results of this study provide evidence that NE may be the catecholamine (CA) mediating the rise in TSH following CE and that the direct stimulation of central NE receptors can evoke a massive TSH release from the anterior pituitary gland also in basal conditions.", "PMID": 401025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_679", "title": "Seasonal changes of plasma estradiol and progesterone in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata).", "content": "The plasma levels of estradiol and progesterone in 5 mature female Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata) throughout a breeding and nonbreeding season were measured by radioimmunoassay. As the breeding season approached, plasma estradiol levels started to increase and a few elevations were detected. However, neither a plasma progesterone rise nor menstrual bleeding was seen. Menstrual bleeding began in December and recurred regularly 4 or 5 times at 4 week intervals until April. During this period, cyclic estradiol elevations (150-250 pg/ml) and luteal progesterone rises (2.0-5.3 ng/ml) were observed. After the last menstruation in March or April, two animals showed an estradiol elevation, but progesterone levels remained in the basal range and amenorrhea persisted. These data indicated that female Japanese monkeys ovulate 4 or 5 times a year, i.e., their breeding season is definitely defined. The changes of both steroids in transitional periods between nonbreeding and breeding, and breeding and nonbreeding seasons, suggested that some follicle development occurred in these periods. The elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the seasonal variation of reproductive functions in the Japanese monkey may provide useful information concerning some aspects of amenorrhea in human females.", "contents": "Seasonal changes of plasma estradiol and progesterone in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata). The plasma levels of estradiol and progesterone in 5 mature female Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata) throughout a breeding and nonbreeding season were measured by radioimmunoassay. As the breeding season approached, plasma estradiol levels started to increase and a few elevations were detected. However, neither a plasma progesterone rise nor menstrual bleeding was seen. Menstrual bleeding began in December and recurred regularly 4 or 5 times at 4 week intervals until April. During this period, cyclic estradiol elevations (150-250 pg/ml) and luteal progesterone rises (2.0-5.3 ng/ml) were observed. After the last menstruation in March or April, two animals showed an estradiol elevation, but progesterone levels remained in the basal range and amenorrhea persisted. These data indicated that female Japanese monkeys ovulate 4 or 5 times a year, i.e., their breeding season is definitely defined. The changes of both steroids in transitional periods between nonbreeding and breeding, and breeding and nonbreeding seasons, suggested that some follicle development occurred in these periods. The elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the seasonal variation of reproductive functions in the Japanese monkey may provide useful information concerning some aspects of amenorrhea in human females.", "PMID": 401026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_680", "title": "Role of TSH in the changes in thyroidal metabolism of [35S]methimazole in phenobarbital and thyroxine-treated rats.", "content": "The effect of phenobarbital (PB) and/or thyroxine on the thyroidal accumulation and oxidation of [35S]methimazole (MMI) and serum TSH levels was studied in rats. PB treatment increased the accumulation of MMI and the serum TSH levels, but concurrent administration of T4 reversed these effects. It was concluded that increased TSH secretion in PB-treated animals was likely to be the major mechanism involved in the increased MMI accumulation. PB also increased the intrathyroidal oxidation of MMI to sulphate. However, in contrast to the PB effect on accumulation, concurrent T4 administration only partially reversed the effect on oxidation. The results suggested that the increased oxidation of MMI in PB-treated animals was due to a direct effect of PB or possibly a combination of this direct effect and the indirect TSH effect. Possible mechanisms postulated for a direct effect were thyroidal microsomal enzyme induction and/or changes in thyroidal protein binding of MMI.", "contents": "Role of TSH in the changes in thyroidal metabolism of [35S]methimazole in phenobarbital and thyroxine-treated rats. The effect of phenobarbital (PB) and/or thyroxine on the thyroidal accumulation and oxidation of [35S]methimazole (MMI) and serum TSH levels was studied in rats. PB treatment increased the accumulation of MMI and the serum TSH levels, but concurrent administration of T4 reversed these effects. It was concluded that increased TSH secretion in PB-treated animals was likely to be the major mechanism involved in the increased MMI accumulation. PB also increased the intrathyroidal oxidation of MMI to sulphate. However, in contrast to the PB effect on accumulation, concurrent T4 administration only partially reversed the effect on oxidation. The results suggested that the increased oxidation of MMI in PB-treated animals was due to a direct effect of PB or possibly a combination of this direct effect and the indirect TSH effect. Possible mechanisms postulated for a direct effect were thyroidal microsomal enzyme induction and/or changes in thyroidal protein binding of MMI.", "PMID": 401027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_681", "title": "Effect of testosterone propionate on levels of carnitine and testicular androgen binding protein (ABP) in rat epididymis.", "content": "Twenty-one day old rats were treated for 10 days with various doses of testosterone propionate (TP) (10 micrograms to 10 mg/day) and the levels of L-carnitine and testicular androgen binding protein (ABP) were measured in the 105,000 x g supernatant fractions of epididymis. Treatment with TP in increasing doses had a biphasic effect on the level of ABP in the epididymis; thus, with doses of TP of 10-100 micrograms/day, the ABP level was reduced in a dose-dependent way, whereas with higher doses of TP (0.2 to 1 mg/day) the extent of reduction of ABP levels was less as the dose of TP increased. Treatment with high doses (5 mg or 10 mg/day) did not change the ABP level compared with non-treated control rats. The concentration of carnitine increased linearly (log dose-response) with increasing doses of TP (10-200 micrograms/day) and there was no further increase after treatment with higher doses of TP. In adult rats TP (175 micrograms and 17.5 mg/day) reduced the level of ABP but not the level of carnitine in the epididymis. These studies suggest, therefore, that ABP is of minor importance for the supply of androgens to the carnitine-concentrating cells in the corpus and cauda epididymis.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone propionate on levels of carnitine and testicular androgen binding protein (ABP) in rat epididymis. Twenty-one day old rats were treated for 10 days with various doses of testosterone propionate (TP) (10 micrograms to 10 mg/day) and the levels of L-carnitine and testicular androgen binding protein (ABP) were measured in the 105,000 x g supernatant fractions of epididymis. Treatment with TP in increasing doses had a biphasic effect on the level of ABP in the epididymis; thus, with doses of TP of 10-100 micrograms/day, the ABP level was reduced in a dose-dependent way, whereas with higher doses of TP (0.2 to 1 mg/day) the extent of reduction of ABP levels was less as the dose of TP increased. Treatment with high doses (5 mg or 10 mg/day) did not change the ABP level compared with non-treated control rats. The concentration of carnitine increased linearly (log dose-response) with increasing doses of TP (10-200 micrograms/day) and there was no further increase after treatment with higher doses of TP. In adult rats TP (175 micrograms and 17.5 mg/day) reduced the level of ABP but not the level of carnitine in the epididymis. These studies suggest, therefore, that ABP is of minor importance for the supply of androgens to the carnitine-concentrating cells in the corpus and cauda epididymis.", "PMID": 401028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_682", "title": "Corpus luteum and fetoplacental functions in monkeys hypophysectomized during late pregnancy.", "content": "The hormonal regulation of corpus luteum (CL) function during late pregnancy was studied in hypophysectomized monkeys. Between days 149-154 of gestation, 9 days after hypophysectomy, progesterone in the uteroovarian vein (UOV), uterine vein (UV) and peripheral circulation (P) averaged 179.7 ng/ml, 38.9 ng/ml and 5.5 ng/ml, respectively. Amniotic fluid prolactin ranged from 2150-6700 ng/ml and monkey chorionic somatomammotropin (mCS) in mothers carrying live fetuses ranged from 11.4-30.8 micrograms/ml in the UV and P. Prolactin and monkey chorionic gonadotropin in the UV and P were low or nondetectable as was mCS in 2 mothers carrying dead fetuses. CL function was further studied 7 and 39 days after removal of the fetus alone or both the fetus and placenta. Placental delivery was extremely variable, ranging from 2-greater than 63 days post-fetectomy. Although progesterone was not detectable in the P7 days after cesarean section in those animals in which both fetus and placenta were absent, surprisingly, progesterone was measurable in the UOV (range 1.6-48.2 ng/ml). At 39 days, progesterone was either nondetectable or very low. We have interpreted these data to mean: 1) neither the maternal pituitary gland nor a live fetus is necessary for placental or corpus luteum production of progesterone during late pregnancy, 2) the presence of high levels of circulating prolactin and mCS are apparently not necessary for continued secretion of progesterone from the CL during late pregnancy, 3) the fetoplacental unit may be the source of the luteotropic stimulus of late pregnancy since progesterone in the UOV decreases markedly in the absence of the fetoplacental unit or disruption of the unit brought about by fetectomy, and 4) regression of the CL following cesarean section in hypophysectomized monkeys is exceedingly slow when compared to the precipitous regression characteristic of the CL of the nonfertile menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Corpus luteum and fetoplacental functions in monkeys hypophysectomized during late pregnancy. The hormonal regulation of corpus luteum (CL) function during late pregnancy was studied in hypophysectomized monkeys. Between days 149-154 of gestation, 9 days after hypophysectomy, progesterone in the uteroovarian vein (UOV), uterine vein (UV) and peripheral circulation (P) averaged 179.7 ng/ml, 38.9 ng/ml and 5.5 ng/ml, respectively. Amniotic fluid prolactin ranged from 2150-6700 ng/ml and monkey chorionic somatomammotropin (mCS) in mothers carrying live fetuses ranged from 11.4-30.8 micrograms/ml in the UV and P. Prolactin and monkey chorionic gonadotropin in the UV and P were low or nondetectable as was mCS in 2 mothers carrying dead fetuses. CL function was further studied 7 and 39 days after removal of the fetus alone or both the fetus and placenta. Placental delivery was extremely variable, ranging from 2-greater than 63 days post-fetectomy. Although progesterone was not detectable in the P7 days after cesarean section in those animals in which both fetus and placenta were absent, surprisingly, progesterone was measurable in the UOV (range 1.6-48.2 ng/ml). At 39 days, progesterone was either nondetectable or very low. We have interpreted these data to mean: 1) neither the maternal pituitary gland nor a live fetus is necessary for placental or corpus luteum production of progesterone during late pregnancy, 2) the presence of high levels of circulating prolactin and mCS are apparently not necessary for continued secretion of progesterone from the CL during late pregnancy, 3) the fetoplacental unit may be the source of the luteotropic stimulus of late pregnancy since progesterone in the UOV decreases markedly in the absence of the fetoplacental unit or disruption of the unit brought about by fetectomy, and 4) regression of the CL following cesarean section in hypophysectomized monkeys is exceedingly slow when compared to the precipitous regression characteristic of the CL of the nonfertile menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 401029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_683", "title": "Chorionic gonadotropin, chorionic somatomammotropin, and prolactin in the uterine vein and peripheral plasma of pregnant rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Seven adult female rhesus monkeys were laparotomized at days 22, 42, and 157 of pregnancy and blood was collected from the uterine vein and peripheral circulation. Plasma samples were analyzed for monkey chorionic gonadotropin (mCG), monkey chorionic somatomammotropin (mCS), and prolactin by radioimmunoassay. Levels of mCG at day 22 of pregnancy were approximately 250 ng/ml; however, during the later stages of gestation mCG was either nondetectable or less than 0.7 ng/ml. There was no statistical difference in prolactin concentrations between days 22 and 42 of pregnancy, mean levels being between 176-424 ng/ml, but by day 157 prolactin levels of greater than 2,000 ng/ml were recorded. No statistical difference existed between peripheral and uterine vein concentrations of either mCG or prolactin at any of the stages of gestation examined. At day 22, mCS was not detectable; however, at day 42 of gestation mCS titers averaged 1.5 micrograms/ml and 2.3 micrograms/ml in the peripheral and uterine vein plasma, respectively. A statistically significant mCS increase occurred by day 157, levels in the periphery and uterine vein averaging 11.0 micrograms/ml and 16.3 micrograms/ml, respectively. Uterine vein titers of mCS were significantly higher than peripheral titers at both days 42 and 157. Thus, the highest levels of mCG were present during early pregnancy, whereas the highest levels of mCS and prolactin were present during late pregnancy.", "contents": "Chorionic gonadotropin, chorionic somatomammotropin, and prolactin in the uterine vein and peripheral plasma of pregnant rhesus monkeys. Seven adult female rhesus monkeys were laparotomized at days 22, 42, and 157 of pregnancy and blood was collected from the uterine vein and peripheral circulation. Plasma samples were analyzed for monkey chorionic gonadotropin (mCG), monkey chorionic somatomammotropin (mCS), and prolactin by radioimmunoassay. Levels of mCG at day 22 of pregnancy were approximately 250 ng/ml; however, during the later stages of gestation mCG was either nondetectable or less than 0.7 ng/ml. There was no statistical difference in prolactin concentrations between days 22 and 42 of pregnancy, mean levels being between 176-424 ng/ml, but by day 157 prolactin levels of greater than 2,000 ng/ml were recorded. No statistical difference existed between peripheral and uterine vein concentrations of either mCG or prolactin at any of the stages of gestation examined. At day 22, mCS was not detectable; however, at day 42 of gestation mCS titers averaged 1.5 micrograms/ml and 2.3 micrograms/ml in the peripheral and uterine vein plasma, respectively. A statistically significant mCS increase occurred by day 157, levels in the periphery and uterine vein averaging 11.0 micrograms/ml and 16.3 micrograms/ml, respectively. Uterine vein titers of mCS were significantly higher than peripheral titers at both days 42 and 157. Thus, the highest levels of mCG were present during early pregnancy, whereas the highest levels of mCS and prolactin were present during late pregnancy.", "PMID": 401030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_684", "title": "Immunoreactive LH-like substances in serum of hypophysectomized and prepubertal monkeys: inactive in an in vitro LH bioassay.", "content": "Serum LH levels in rhesus monkeys are commonly measured by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) utilizing ovine LH as the radioligand and a novel antiserum to ovine LH. Although meeting most criteria of validity, this RIA cross-reacts with serum from demonstrably hypophysectomized monkeys as well as serum from pre-pubertal monkeys. We have utilized the recently developed rat interstitial cell-testosterone assay (RICT) for measurement of serum LH in rhesus monkeys during various endocrine states and have compared the results with those obtained by RIA. The RICT in vitro bioassay was as sensitive, precise, and accurate as the RIA. Partially purified pituitary monkey LH preparations, varying by as much as 100-fold in purity, had similar potency estimates by both assays. The expected biphasic pattern of serum LH levels during the menstrual cycle as well as the usual increase in serum LH levels after ovariectomy was observed with both assays. In each case, however, basal serum LH levels were overestimated by the RIA and peak serum LH levels were underestimated by the RIA as compared to results obtained by the RICT bioassay. The most striking differences between the two assays were observed with serum from hypophysectomized and prepubertal monkeys. Whereas LH-like activity in such samples was high when measured by the RIA, it was undetectable by the RICT bioassay. The ratios of serum LH (RIA/RICT) varied from greater than 7.2 to greater than 17.4 in such sera. These results demonstrate the serious limitations of the ovine LH RIA for measurement of serum LH in rhesus monkeys. It appears that the RICT bioassay may be a suitable alternative method, especially in circumstances other than the menstrual cycle and after ovariectomy.", "contents": "Immunoreactive LH-like substances in serum of hypophysectomized and prepubertal monkeys: inactive in an in vitro LH bioassay. Serum LH levels in rhesus monkeys are commonly measured by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) utilizing ovine LH as the radioligand and a novel antiserum to ovine LH. Although meeting most criteria of validity, this RIA cross-reacts with serum from demonstrably hypophysectomized monkeys as well as serum from pre-pubertal monkeys. We have utilized the recently developed rat interstitial cell-testosterone assay (RICT) for measurement of serum LH in rhesus monkeys during various endocrine states and have compared the results with those obtained by RIA. The RICT in vitro bioassay was as sensitive, precise, and accurate as the RIA. Partially purified pituitary monkey LH preparations, varying by as much as 100-fold in purity, had similar potency estimates by both assays. The expected biphasic pattern of serum LH levels during the menstrual cycle as well as the usual increase in serum LH levels after ovariectomy was observed with both assays. In each case, however, basal serum LH levels were overestimated by the RIA and peak serum LH levels were underestimated by the RIA as compared to results obtained by the RICT bioassay. The most striking differences between the two assays were observed with serum from hypophysectomized and prepubertal monkeys. Whereas LH-like activity in such samples was high when measured by the RIA, it was undetectable by the RICT bioassay. The ratios of serum LH (RIA/RICT) varied from greater than 7.2 to greater than 17.4 in such sera. These results demonstrate the serious limitations of the ovine LH RIA for measurement of serum LH in rhesus monkeys. It appears that the RICT bioassay may be a suitable alternative method, especially in circumstances other than the menstrual cycle and after ovariectomy.", "PMID": 401031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_685", "title": "New technique of injection of estradiol into preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area of newborn rats: technique limiting diffusion and duration, with preliminary results on postpuberal block of ovulation.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that sc administration of androgen or estrogen into newborn female rats will disturb postpuberal ovulatory function, as evidenced by a higher incidence of vaginal estrus, few ovarian corpora lutea, and the abolition of estrogen-induced luteinizing hormone surges after ovariectomy and chronic estrogen maintenance. Studies of the uptake of labeled estrogen and intracerebral lesion studies have indicated the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamic nuclei (POA-AH) as possible sites of steroid uptake and control of certain sexual functions in the rat. Attempts to localize the site of steroid effects to the POA-AH of newborn rats by chronic implants have been hampered by lack of definition of extent of localization in space and time. The present study introduces a microinjection technique for the delivery of subpicogram quantities of estradiol to these areas of the central nervous system in newborn rats, and statistically defines the extent of steroid localization in three dimensions as well as the duration of exposure. Delivery of estradiol by this method in the POA-AH region yielded an increased incidence of postpuberal vaginal estrus; a decrease in the number of corpora lutea; and in many but not all, led to abolition of estrogen-progesterone induced LH surges after castration and estrogen replacement. Injection 0.5 mm more caudad did not result in blockade of the estrous cycle.", "contents": "New technique of injection of estradiol into preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area of newborn rats: technique limiting diffusion and duration, with preliminary results on postpuberal block of ovulation. Previous studies have shown that sc administration of androgen or estrogen into newborn female rats will disturb postpuberal ovulatory function, as evidenced by a higher incidence of vaginal estrus, few ovarian corpora lutea, and the abolition of estrogen-induced luteinizing hormone surges after ovariectomy and chronic estrogen maintenance. Studies of the uptake of labeled estrogen and intracerebral lesion studies have indicated the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamic nuclei (POA-AH) as possible sites of steroid uptake and control of certain sexual functions in the rat. Attempts to localize the site of steroid effects to the POA-AH of newborn rats by chronic implants have been hampered by lack of definition of extent of localization in space and time. The present study introduces a microinjection technique for the delivery of subpicogram quantities of estradiol to these areas of the central nervous system in newborn rats, and statistically defines the extent of steroid localization in three dimensions as well as the duration of exposure. Delivery of estradiol by this method in the POA-AH region yielded an increased incidence of postpuberal vaginal estrus; a decrease in the number of corpora lutea; and in many but not all, led to abolition of estrogen-progesterone induced LH surges after castration and estrogen replacement. Injection 0.5 mm more caudad did not result in blockade of the estrous cycle.", "PMID": 401032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_686", "title": "Termination of pseudopregnancy following hypothalamic implantation of prolactin.", "content": "Pseudopregnancy (PP) in the rat is characterized by maintenance of the corpora lutea and twice daily surges of prolactin at 1500-2100 h and 0100-0900 h. Four days after PP was induced by cervical stimulation with a glass rod, rats were cannulated via the right carotid artery and one day later received an implant of ovine prolactin (200-250 mg) or albumin (controls) into the median eminence of the hypothalamus. Forty-five of 54 rats implanted with prolactin showed a termination of PP within 4 days. Ova were recovered from 19 of these rats whereas all of the controls remained pseudopregnant and did not ovulate. Ovarian and uterine weights were increased in rats implanted with prolactin. Plasma prolactin levels in the rats implanted with prolactin were lower each day (45-89%) at 0100, 0300 and 1800 h compared to controls. Plasma LH levels rose gradually after prolactin implantation, and in those rats in which ovulation occurred, a preovulatory LH rise was detected at 1800 h on the previous day. It is concluded that daily surges of prolactin play an essential role in maintaining PP in the rat, and that implantation of prolactin into the median eminence results in inhibition of prolactin. The stimulation of LH secretion, which led to ovulation, may be the result of a direct neural action of prolactin on the LH release mechanism or may simply result from the termination of PP.", "contents": "Termination of pseudopregnancy following hypothalamic implantation of prolactin. Pseudopregnancy (PP) in the rat is characterized by maintenance of the corpora lutea and twice daily surges of prolactin at 1500-2100 h and 0100-0900 h. Four days after PP was induced by cervical stimulation with a glass rod, rats were cannulated via the right carotid artery and one day later received an implant of ovine prolactin (200-250 mg) or albumin (controls) into the median eminence of the hypothalamus. Forty-five of 54 rats implanted with prolactin showed a termination of PP within 4 days. Ova were recovered from 19 of these rats whereas all of the controls remained pseudopregnant and did not ovulate. Ovarian and uterine weights were increased in rats implanted with prolactin. Plasma prolactin levels in the rats implanted with prolactin were lower each day (45-89%) at 0100, 0300 and 1800 h compared to controls. Plasma LH levels rose gradually after prolactin implantation, and in those rats in which ovulation occurred, a preovulatory LH rise was detected at 1800 h on the previous day. It is concluded that daily surges of prolactin play an essential role in maintaining PP in the rat, and that implantation of prolactin into the median eminence results in inhibition of prolactin. The stimulation of LH secretion, which led to ovulation, may be the result of a direct neural action of prolactin on the LH release mechanism or may simply result from the termination of PP.", "PMID": 401033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_687", "title": "Developmental patterns of plasma and pituitary growth hormone (GH) in the female rat.", "content": "Circulating GH levels measured by RIA in developing female rats were elevated between day 5 and 12. Titers declined by day 15, reaching a nadir at day 20 and by day 25 they began to increase again. During the pubertal period (days 32-38), plasma GH was elevated in the anestrous phase, reaching peak values in the afternoon of the early proestrous phase. Levels were also elevated the day of the first preovulatory discharge of gonadotropins, showing peak values in the afternoon of that day. Thereafter, plasma GH declined, reaching a nadir in the morning of diestrus 1 (day 2 after vaginal opening) and remained slightly more elevated during the afternoon of that day and throughout diestrus 2. Plasma GH levels at this time were similar to those of adult diestrus females. Pituitary GH concentration was low between days 5 and 15 and increased markedly thereafter, reaching adult concentrations by day 25. Body weight increased linearly between day 5 and 25. At this time, the slope of the curve of body weight gain increased significantly. Although the majority of animals revealed open vaginae only after they had reached a body weight of 100 g, a critical weight for vaginal opening could not be established. The pronounced changes in circulating GH levels which preceded by several days the surge in gonadotropin release that normally accompanies the onset of puberty in the rat suggest that GH may play a physiological role in the control of the pubertal process in this species.", "contents": "Developmental patterns of plasma and pituitary growth hormone (GH) in the female rat. Circulating GH levels measured by RIA in developing female rats were elevated between day 5 and 12. Titers declined by day 15, reaching a nadir at day 20 and by day 25 they began to increase again. During the pubertal period (days 32-38), plasma GH was elevated in the anestrous phase, reaching peak values in the afternoon of the early proestrous phase. Levels were also elevated the day of the first preovulatory discharge of gonadotropins, showing peak values in the afternoon of that day. Thereafter, plasma GH declined, reaching a nadir in the morning of diestrus 1 (day 2 after vaginal opening) and remained slightly more elevated during the afternoon of that day and throughout diestrus 2. Plasma GH levels at this time were similar to those of adult diestrus females. Pituitary GH concentration was low between days 5 and 15 and increased markedly thereafter, reaching adult concentrations by day 25. Body weight increased linearly between day 5 and 25. At this time, the slope of the curve of body weight gain increased significantly. Although the majority of animals revealed open vaginae only after they had reached a body weight of 100 g, a critical weight for vaginal opening could not be established. The pronounced changes in circulating GH levels which preceded by several days the surge in gonadotropin release that normally accompanies the onset of puberty in the rat suggest that GH may play a physiological role in the control of the pubertal process in this species.", "PMID": 401034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_688", "title": "H1 and H2 histamine receptor participation in the brain control of prolactin secretion in lactating rats.", "content": "The aim of the present research was to evaluate the histaminergic regulation of prolactin secretion in the lactating rat and the possible involvement of H1 and H2 histamine receptors in this control. Prolactin was measured by radioimmunoassay in blood samples withdrawn through an intrajugular silastic catheter from undisturbed lactating mothers 10 to 15 days after delivery. In some of those rats a stainless steel cannula was placed in the third ventricle. The tested drugs, H1 and H2 receptor agonists and antagonists, were injected either by the intrasilastic route or intraventricularly immediately before the onset of suckling and after a basal sample was taken. New samples were withdrawn 10, 20, 30 and 60 min thereafter. Suckling caused a 12- to 18-fold increase in serum prolactin by 10 min in control saline-injected mothers. In non-suckled mothers (NSM) injected with saline, prolactin levels were low at all times. Systemic or intraventricular diphenhydramine and mepyramine, H1 receptor antagonists, suppressed the increment in prolactin observed in suckled mothers (SM). Intraventricular metiamide, an H2 receptor antagonist, did not modify prolactin secretion in SM but drastically increased serum prolactin in NSM. A small but significant increase in prolactin titers was observed in NSM injected intraventricularly with histamine. 4-Methylhistamine, an H2 agonist, was ineffective when used intraventricularly in NSM, but clearly suppressed prolactin enhancement in SM. It is postulated that in lactating mothers, brain histamine has a dual control on prolactin secretion. H2 receptors mediate events related to inhibition of prolactin release, since the agonist 4-methylhistamine blocked the prolactin rise in SM, while the antagonist metiamide promoted release of the hormone in NSM. H1 receptors seem to be related to a facilitatory mechanism since classical antihistamines suppress the serum prolactin increase that follows the onset of suckling, while histamine itself is able to release prolactin in NSM.", "contents": "H1 and H2 histamine receptor participation in the brain control of prolactin secretion in lactating rats. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the histaminergic regulation of prolactin secretion in the lactating rat and the possible involvement of H1 and H2 histamine receptors in this control. Prolactin was measured by radioimmunoassay in blood samples withdrawn through an intrajugular silastic catheter from undisturbed lactating mothers 10 to 15 days after delivery. In some of those rats a stainless steel cannula was placed in the third ventricle. The tested drugs, H1 and H2 receptor agonists and antagonists, were injected either by the intrasilastic route or intraventricularly immediately before the onset of suckling and after a basal sample was taken. New samples were withdrawn 10, 20, 30 and 60 min thereafter. Suckling caused a 12- to 18-fold increase in serum prolactin by 10 min in control saline-injected mothers. In non-suckled mothers (NSM) injected with saline, prolactin levels were low at all times. Systemic or intraventricular diphenhydramine and mepyramine, H1 receptor antagonists, suppressed the increment in prolactin observed in suckled mothers (SM). Intraventricular metiamide, an H2 receptor antagonist, did not modify prolactin secretion in SM but drastically increased serum prolactin in NSM. A small but significant increase in prolactin titers was observed in NSM injected intraventricularly with histamine. 4-Methylhistamine, an H2 agonist, was ineffective when used intraventricularly in NSM, but clearly suppressed prolactin enhancement in SM. It is postulated that in lactating mothers, brain histamine has a dual control on prolactin secretion. H2 receptors mediate events related to inhibition of prolactin release, since the agonist 4-methylhistamine blocked the prolactin rise in SM, while the antagonist metiamide promoted release of the hormone in NSM. H1 receptors seem to be related to a facilitatory mechanism since classical antihistamines suppress the serum prolactin increase that follows the onset of suckling, while histamine itself is able to release prolactin in NSM.", "PMID": 401035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_689", "title": "Computerized tomography in the assessment of diseases of the thorax.", "content": "Many of the diseases of the chest wall, heart, mediastinum, pleura and lungs can be successfully imaged by computerized tomography. Radiation therapy ports can be calculated and transcutaneous biopsies monitored. This paper deals with the many uses that we have had for computerized tomography in assessing diseases within the chest and thorax.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in the assessment of diseases of the thorax. Many of the diseases of the chest wall, heart, mediastinum, pleura and lungs can be successfully imaged by computerized tomography. Radiation therapy ports can be calculated and transcutaneous biopsies monitored. This paper deals with the many uses that we have had for computerized tomography in assessing diseases within the chest and thorax.", "PMID": 401036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_690", "title": "Computerized tomography in pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "content": "Six patients with documented pulmonary sarcoidosis were selectively studied with the ACTA scanner. The CT scans were correlated with the standard chest radiographs of these patients. CT scans readily confirmed adenopathy, calcification, and pleural disease. Likewise, diffuse and isolated parenchymal disease was detected and in some cases unexpected lung involvement was noted.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Six patients with documented pulmonary sarcoidosis were selectively studied with the ACTA scanner. The CT scans were correlated with the standard chest radiographs of these patients. CT scans readily confirmed adenopathy, calcification, and pleural disease. Likewise, diffuse and isolated parenchymal disease was detected and in some cases unexpected lung involvement was noted.", "PMID": 401037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_691", "title": "Computed tomography of the skull and facial structures: preliminary evaluation of direct coronal sections.", "content": "Skull and facial structures may be evaluated on computed tomography (CT), as well as the brain. A valuable new dimension to the study has been added with the feasibility of obtaining direct coronal sections using a wide gantry aperture. The patho-anatomical details of bone and soft tissues including the orbit and paranasal sinuses are well demonstrated. Direct viewing on a display console of an enlarged quadrant of the scan is of prime importance in diagnosing fine changes involving the thin facial bones.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the skull and facial structures: preliminary evaluation of direct coronal sections. Skull and facial structures may be evaluated on computed tomography (CT), as well as the brain. A valuable new dimension to the study has been added with the feasibility of obtaining direct coronal sections using a wide gantry aperture. The patho-anatomical details of bone and soft tissues including the orbit and paranasal sinuses are well demonstrated. Direct viewing on a display console of an enlarged quadrant of the scan is of prime importance in diagnosing fine changes involving the thin facial bones.", "PMID": 401038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_692", "title": "CT studies of tumors of the skull base, facial skeleton and nasopharynx.", "content": "Fifty cases of tumors of the base of the skull, facial skeleton and nasopharynx were studied by CT. The tumoral densities were measured and compared to the pterygoid muscle density which was used as reference. Results showed no relationship between tumoral density and histology, and intravenous contrast medium injection was not useful. CT, however, does offer many advantages in the diagnosis of nasopharynx tumors, (5 cases) and in the determination of the extension of facial skeleton tumors.", "contents": "CT studies of tumors of the skull base, facial skeleton and nasopharynx. Fifty cases of tumors of the base of the skull, facial skeleton and nasopharynx were studied by CT. The tumoral densities were measured and compared to the pterygoid muscle density which was used as reference. Results showed no relationship between tumoral density and histology, and intravenous contrast medium injection was not useful. CT, however, does offer many advantages in the diagnosis of nasopharynx tumors, (5 cases) and in the determination of the extension of facial skeleton tumors.", "PMID": 401039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_693", "title": "Leukemic infiltration of the optic nerves: demonstration by computerized tomography.", "content": "Enlargement of the optic nerves by leukemic infiltration has been demonstrated by computerized tomography (CT) in two cases. A follow-up CT scan shows reduction in size of the optic nerve after central nervous system radiation in one case. The pathophysiology of central nervous system leukemia is discussed.", "contents": "Leukemic infiltration of the optic nerves: demonstration by computerized tomography. Enlargement of the optic nerves by leukemic infiltration has been demonstrated by computerized tomography (CT) in two cases. A follow-up CT scan shows reduction in size of the optic nerve after central nervous system radiation in one case. The pathophysiology of central nervous system leukemia is discussed.", "PMID": 401040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_694", "title": "Cerebral ischemia with CT.", "content": "One hundred fifty-eight patients with cerebral ischemia, and divided into four clinical groups were studied with CT. The results were correlated with those of angiography, scintigraphy and regional cerebral blood flow measurement. CT evolution was closely correlated with clinical and anatomical evolution. Changes in cerebral parenchyma density, in relation to the ischemic lesion, are the result of two phenomena: first, edema showing a fairly stable peak of intensity in the 2nd week and disappearing totally before the 20th day; and second, necrosis, variable in extent from patient to patient at the onset with subsequent evolution towards cavitation and thus a density similar to that of cerebro-spinal fluid.", "contents": "Cerebral ischemia with CT. One hundred fifty-eight patients with cerebral ischemia, and divided into four clinical groups were studied with CT. The results were correlated with those of angiography, scintigraphy and regional cerebral blood flow measurement. CT evolution was closely correlated with clinical and anatomical evolution. Changes in cerebral parenchyma density, in relation to the ischemic lesion, are the result of two phenomena: first, edema showing a fairly stable peak of intensity in the 2nd week and disappearing totally before the 20th day; and second, necrosis, variable in extent from patient to patient at the onset with subsequent evolution towards cavitation and thus a density similar to that of cerebro-spinal fluid.", "PMID": 401041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_695", "title": "Diagnosis of sellar and parasellar lesions by computed tomography and other diagnostic modalities.", "content": "A review of 5,000 computed tomographic (CT) brain scans revealed 76 patients with proved pathology involving the sellar and parasellar areas. The overall diagnostic accuracy of CT scanning was 93.4%, whereas the accuracy of isotope scanning, angiography, and pneumoencephalography was 55.4, 81 and 100% respectively. The criteria used in making the diagnosis with CT scanning are listed. The results indicate that CT scanning is the initial diagnostic procedure of choice, but that other modalities, particularly angiography, are still required for more accurate evaluation in the majority of cases.", "contents": "Diagnosis of sellar and parasellar lesions by computed tomography and other diagnostic modalities. A review of 5,000 computed tomographic (CT) brain scans revealed 76 patients with proved pathology involving the sellar and parasellar areas. The overall diagnostic accuracy of CT scanning was 93.4%, whereas the accuracy of isotope scanning, angiography, and pneumoencephalography was 55.4, 81 and 100% respectively. The criteria used in making the diagnosis with CT scanning are listed. The results indicate that CT scanning is the initial diagnostic procedure of choice, but that other modalities, particularly angiography, are still required for more accurate evaluation in the majority of cases.", "PMID": 401042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_696", "title": "Computed tomography of tumors of the pineal region.", "content": "Eight pathologically proven cases of pineal region tumors examined by computed tomography (CT) were found upon reviewing 11,000 consecutive CT studies at the Massachusetts General Hospital. The CT scan findings of the eight cases are described and related to a pathological classification of pineal tumors.", "contents": "Computed tomography of tumors of the pineal region. Eight pathologically proven cases of pineal region tumors examined by computed tomography (CT) were found upon reviewing 11,000 consecutive CT studies at the Massachusetts General Hospital. The CT scan findings of the eight cases are described and related to a pathological classification of pineal tumors.", "PMID": 401043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_697", "title": "Radiotherapy treatment planning using the ACTA-scanner.", "content": "Computerized tomography is useful in radiotherapy treatment planning in the following ways: (1) Its image provides the most accurate possible contour of the patient and demonstrates the internal structures in their proper relation to each other. (2) The tumor and its extension are accurately demonstrated. (3) Corrections for tissue heterogeneities can be accomplished in one of two ways, either by arbitrary assignment of densities to tissues or by direct scanning with a therapy source. This latter procedure is under investigation. (4) The computer can be programmed to demonstrate summations of dose delivered from multiple fields.", "contents": "Radiotherapy treatment planning using the ACTA-scanner. Computerized tomography is useful in radiotherapy treatment planning in the following ways: (1) Its image provides the most accurate possible contour of the patient and demonstrates the internal structures in their proper relation to each other. (2) The tumor and its extension are accurately demonstrated. (3) Corrections for tissue heterogeneities can be accomplished in one of two ways, either by arbitrary assignment of densities to tissues or by direct scanning with a therapy source. This latter procedure is under investigation. (4) The computer can be programmed to demonstrate summations of dose delivered from multiple fields.", "PMID": 401044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_698", "title": "A computerized tomographic evaluation of malignancies of the bladder and prostate.", "content": "Twenty cases of malignancies of the bladder and prostate were evaluated by computed tomography. This study was performed in a community hospital adjacent to a large retirement community in Southern California. Although the series was small, the results indicate that, for example, staging of carcinoma of the bladder malignancy beyond Jewitt-Marshall A can be accomplished with some ease using this modality. The extensive malignancies are easily demonstrated and their extents, in relationship to surrounding pelvic structures, are seen with considerable clarity. The use in radiation treatment planning is obvious.", "contents": "A computerized tomographic evaluation of malignancies of the bladder and prostate. Twenty cases of malignancies of the bladder and prostate were evaluated by computed tomography. This study was performed in a community hospital adjacent to a large retirement community in Southern California. Although the series was small, the results indicate that, for example, staging of carcinoma of the bladder malignancy beyond Jewitt-Marshall A can be accomplished with some ease using this modality. The extensive malignancies are easily demonstrated and their extents, in relationship to surrounding pelvic structures, are seen with considerable clarity. The use in radiation treatment planning is obvious.", "PMID": 401045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_699", "title": "Computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses and their adjacent structures.", "content": "Forty-five computed tomographic examinations were performed on 34 patients with diseases of the paranasal sinuses and their adjacent structures. Coronal sections were obtained in addition to transverse axial tomographic sections. Evaluation was made whether CT could provide more informations compared with plain roentgenography and whether there were additional informations on coronal sections. CT showed soft tissue abnormality and its extension to better advantage. Especially, involvement of the orbits, pterygoid fossa, nasopharynx, skull base and brain were shown well. Coronal sections were useful in evaluation of superior and inferior extension of the tumors such as involvement of the superior and inferior orbital walls and skull base as well as intracranial extension. Since CT has the ability to better define the total extent of the lesion, this technique should be added to the conventional roentgenologic techniques preferably with the use of coronal sections.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses and their adjacent structures. Forty-five computed tomographic examinations were performed on 34 patients with diseases of the paranasal sinuses and their adjacent structures. Coronal sections were obtained in addition to transverse axial tomographic sections. Evaluation was made whether CT could provide more informations compared with plain roentgenography and whether there were additional informations on coronal sections. CT showed soft tissue abnormality and its extension to better advantage. Especially, involvement of the orbits, pterygoid fossa, nasopharynx, skull base and brain were shown well. Coronal sections were useful in evaluation of superior and inferior extension of the tumors such as involvement of the superior and inferior orbital walls and skull base as well as intracranial extension. Since CT has the ability to better define the total extent of the lesion, this technique should be added to the conventional roentgenologic techniques preferably with the use of coronal sections.", "PMID": 401046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_700", "title": "Computed tomography of the head in children: experience with 1024 scans performed in an outpatient facility.", "content": "Our experience in 1,024 computed tomography examinations of the head in 954 infants and children performed in a private office is reported. Immobilization in infants was achieved using relatively large dosages of chloral hydrate (as high as 75 mg/kg) supplemented, when necessary, by I.M. Benadryl. The usual dose of chloral hydrate recommended for children is 25 mg/kg as a sedative and 50 mg/kg as a hypnotic. Satisfactory immobilization was accomplished in 350 of the 360 children under 6 years of age. Thus, routine general anesthesia was avoided. The wide spectrum of conditions demonstrated has been tabulated and selectively illustrated.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the head in children: experience with 1024 scans performed in an outpatient facility. Our experience in 1,024 computed tomography examinations of the head in 954 infants and children performed in a private office is reported. Immobilization in infants was achieved using relatively large dosages of chloral hydrate (as high as 75 mg/kg) supplemented, when necessary, by I.M. Benadryl. The usual dose of chloral hydrate recommended for children is 25 mg/kg as a sedative and 50 mg/kg as a hypnotic. Satisfactory immobilization was accomplished in 350 of the 360 children under 6 years of age. Thus, routine general anesthesia was avoided. The wide spectrum of conditions demonstrated has been tabulated and selectively illustrated.", "PMID": 401047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_701", "title": "Demonstration of a little known cause of infantile epilepsy, occipital porencephaly, by computerized tomography (CT).", "content": "Among 500 epileptic patients studied by Computerized Tomography, 11 patients presented an occipital porencephaly (or a dilation of the occipital horn with a \"porencephalic\" aspect) sometimes associated with a ventricular dilation. These 11 patients represented 2.2% of our patients and 5% of those less than 20 yr of age which is frequent in relation to lesions of the same type having a different topography. Clinical and EEG studies of these 11 patients revealed hemiplegia or hemiparesis in 8 cases, hemianopsia in 7 cases, a severe partial epilepsy in 6 cases which was temporal in 5 patients, a secondary generalized epilepsy in 3 cases, and an epilepsy unable to be classified in 2 cases. The \"porencephalies\" responsible for these clinical signs are most likely of encephalomalacic origin, secondary to circulatory troubles in the peri- or postnatal period. Remillard et al. maintain that perinatal occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery is responsible. However, in our personal series, the results obtained from CT, PEG and angiography do not permit us to be as affirmative as to the vascular etiology responsible.", "contents": "Demonstration of a little known cause of infantile epilepsy, occipital porencephaly, by computerized tomography (CT). Among 500 epileptic patients studied by Computerized Tomography, 11 patients presented an occipital porencephaly (or a dilation of the occipital horn with a \"porencephalic\" aspect) sometimes associated with a ventricular dilation. These 11 patients represented 2.2% of our patients and 5% of those less than 20 yr of age which is frequent in relation to lesions of the same type having a different topography. Clinical and EEG studies of these 11 patients revealed hemiplegia or hemiparesis in 8 cases, hemianopsia in 7 cases, a severe partial epilepsy in 6 cases which was temporal in 5 patients, a secondary generalized epilepsy in 3 cases, and an epilepsy unable to be classified in 2 cases. The \"porencephalies\" responsible for these clinical signs are most likely of encephalomalacic origin, secondary to circulatory troubles in the peri- or postnatal period. Remillard et al. maintain that perinatal occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery is responsible. However, in our personal series, the results obtained from CT, PEG and angiography do not permit us to be as affirmative as to the vascular etiology responsible.", "PMID": 401048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_702", "title": "New applications of old radiographic techniques applied to computed tomography.", "content": "Established techniques of routine radiography can be applied to a computed tomography (CT) examination of the body. The planned use of various positive and negative contrast agents placed intravascularly and intraluminally can yield important information not otherwise obtainable. When purposefully combined with selected positions, these agents allow the radiologist to tailor a CT examination to a specific clinical problem. Several combinations of these modalities which have been found useful in CT of the body, are described.", "contents": "New applications of old radiographic techniques applied to computed tomography. Established techniques of routine radiography can be applied to a computed tomography (CT) examination of the body. The planned use of various positive and negative contrast agents placed intravascularly and intraluminally can yield important information not otherwise obtainable. When purposefully combined with selected positions, these agents allow the radiologist to tailor a CT examination to a specific clinical problem. Several combinations of these modalities which have been found useful in CT of the body, are described.", "PMID": 401049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_703", "title": "Evaluation of intracerebral hematoma by computed tomography.", "content": "The CT scan appearances of acute intracerebral hematoma are usually diagnostic, and can be differentiated from hemorrhagic tumor and infarction. Some prognostic evaluations can be made, depending on the site and size of the hemorrhage. Sequential studies indicate resolution of the density of the hematoma over a period of approximately six weeks. This however does not appear to correlate with pathological resolution, but does reflect the hemoglobin concentration in the hematoma. Angiography is indicated when an underlying AVM or aneurysm is suspected, whereas contrast infusion studies are not of great value in detecting these lesions.", "contents": "Evaluation of intracerebral hematoma by computed tomography. The CT scan appearances of acute intracerebral hematoma are usually diagnostic, and can be differentiated from hemorrhagic tumor and infarction. Some prognostic evaluations can be made, depending on the site and size of the hemorrhage. Sequential studies indicate resolution of the density of the hematoma over a period of approximately six weeks. This however does not appear to correlate with pathological resolution, but does reflect the hemoglobin concentration in the hematoma. Angiography is indicated when an underlying AVM or aneurysm is suspected, whereas contrast infusion studies are not of great value in detecting these lesions.", "PMID": 401050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_704", "title": "Unexpected brain hemorrhages and the value of computerized tomography.", "content": "Intracerebral hemorrhage has been thought in the past to be manifested by sudden onset of hemiplegia, severe headache and deep coma proceeding to death in most cases. There are patients who present with less ominous symptoms who have heretofore been though to have cerebral infarction or transient ischemic attacks who in reality have intracerebral hemorrhages. Computerized tomography has allowed us to identify these patients and to separate them from the large group of patients with ischemic infarcts either due to thromboses or emboli. Six patients were reported with unexpected brain hemorrhages and their good prognosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Unexpected brain hemorrhages and the value of computerized tomography. Intracerebral hemorrhage has been thought in the past to be manifested by sudden onset of hemiplegia, severe headache and deep coma proceeding to death in most cases. There are patients who present with less ominous symptoms who have heretofore been though to have cerebral infarction or transient ischemic attacks who in reality have intracerebral hemorrhages. Computerized tomography has allowed us to identify these patients and to separate them from the large group of patients with ischemic infarcts either due to thromboses or emboli. Six patients were reported with unexpected brain hemorrhages and their good prognosis is emphasized.", "PMID": 401051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_705", "title": "Abortion in the United States, 1977-1978.", "content": "There were 1.32 million legal abortions in the United States in 1977 and a projected 1.37 million in 1978, an increase of four percent between 1977 and 1978 compared with one of 12 percent between 1976 and 1977. In 1978, 29 percent of pregnant women chose to terminate their pregnancies by abortion. Almost three percent of U.S. women of reproductive age obtained an abortion in 1978. From 1967 through 1978, approximately six million women obtained almost eight million legal abortions; about one in eight U.S. women of reproductive age has had a legal abortion. The number of hospitals reporting that they provided abortion services dropped slightly from 1,695 in 1976 to 1,661 in 1977, but the number of nonhospital abortion clinics increased from 448 to 522, and the number of physicians who reported performing abortions in their offices grew from 424 to 533. Between 1976 and 1977, the average number of abortions per hospital facility decreased from 246 to 237, while the average number per nonhospital provider increased from 875 to 879. The percentage of abortions performed in hospitals declined from 35 in 1976 to 30 in 1977, while the percentage reported by free-standing clinics increased from 61 to 66; the percentage performed in physicians' offices remained at four. Ninety-five percent of abortions in 1977 occurred in metropolitan areas, where 75 percent of the women in need of abortion services live. In 1977, there were identified abortion providers in only 23 percent of U.S. counties. Nine percent (more than 118,000) of the women who obtained abortions in 1977 had to travel to another state for services, and many traveled to other, often distant, counties in their home states. One in three abortions in 1977 were obtained by teenagers, and three in four were obtained by unmarried women. Twenty-eight percent of the women estimated to be in need of abortion services in 1977, and 26 percent in 1978, were unable to obtain them. In FY 1977, before Hyde amendment restrictions on government financing of abortions for poor women, 133,000 of the estimated 427,000 Medicaid-eligible women in need of publicly funded abortion services were unable to obtain them.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "Abortion in the United States, 1977-1978. There were 1.32 million legal abortions in the United States in 1977 and a projected 1.37 million in 1978, an increase of four percent between 1977 and 1978 compared with one of 12 percent between 1976 and 1977. In 1978, 29 percent of pregnant women chose to terminate their pregnancies by abortion. Almost three percent of U.S. women of reproductive age obtained an abortion in 1978. From 1967 through 1978, approximately six million women obtained almost eight million legal abortions; about one in eight U.S. women of reproductive age has had a legal abortion. The number of hospitals reporting that they provided abortion services dropped slightly from 1,695 in 1976 to 1,661 in 1977, but the number of nonhospital abortion clinics increased from 448 to 522, and the number of physicians who reported performing abortions in their offices grew from 424 to 533. Between 1976 and 1977, the average number of abortions per hospital facility decreased from 246 to 237, while the average number per nonhospital provider increased from 875 to 879. The percentage of abortions performed in hospitals declined from 35 in 1976 to 30 in 1977, while the percentage reported by free-standing clinics increased from 61 to 66; the percentage performed in physicians' offices remained at four. Ninety-five percent of abortions in 1977 occurred in metropolitan areas, where 75 percent of the women in need of abortion services live. In 1977, there were identified abortion providers in only 23 percent of U.S. counties. Nine percent (more than 118,000) of the women who obtained abortions in 1977 had to travel to another state for services, and many traveled to other, often distant, counties in their home states. One in three abortions in 1977 were obtained by teenagers, and three in four were obtained by unmarried women. Twenty-eight percent of the women estimated to be in need of abortion services in 1977, and 26 percent in 1978, were unable to obtain them. In FY 1977, before Hyde amendment restrictions on government financing of abortions for poor women, 133,000 of the estimated 427,000 Medicaid-eligible women in need of publicly funded abortion services were unable to obtain them.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "PMID": 401078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_706", "title": "Organized family planning services in the United States, 1976-1977.", "content": "In 1977, an estimated 4.2 million women received contraceptive services from organized family planning programs in the United States. The number of patients has grown each year since the late 1960s, but since 1973, growth has slowed concurrently with a diminished increase in the level of federal funding for family planning services. The proportion of clinic patients who are teenagers increased from 20 percent in 1969 to 31 percent in 1977. An estimated 1.3 million adolescents received services in 1977, compared with just 214,000 in 1969. Contraceptive services were provided during 1977 by 2,574 agencies at some 5,300 clinic sites. Health departments served 42 percent of all family planning patients; Planned Parenthood affiliates served 27 percent; hospitals served 13 percent; and community action groups, free clinics, neighborhood health centers and women's health programs together served 18 percent. Federal expenditures for medical family planning services provided by organized clinics and private physicians rose from an estimated $13.5 million in 1968 to $239.1 million in 1977. Estimated federal expenditures for clinic services were $192.5 million--three-quarters of the total $252.6 million in public and private expenditures for such programs. Federal project grant funds under Title X of the Public Health Services Act accounted for 42 percent of all medical family planning expenditures in clinics, and for 55 percent of all federal funds expended for this purpose. These findings are based on data from the most recent study of the organized family planning service network conducted by The Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) for 1977.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "Organized family planning services in the United States, 1976-1977. In 1977, an estimated 4.2 million women received contraceptive services from organized family planning programs in the United States. The number of patients has grown each year since the late 1960s, but since 1973, growth has slowed concurrently with a diminished increase in the level of federal funding for family planning services. The proportion of clinic patients who are teenagers increased from 20 percent in 1969 to 31 percent in 1977. An estimated 1.3 million adolescents received services in 1977, compared with just 214,000 in 1969. Contraceptive services were provided during 1977 by 2,574 agencies at some 5,300 clinic sites. Health departments served 42 percent of all family planning patients; Planned Parenthood affiliates served 27 percent; hospitals served 13 percent; and community action groups, free clinics, neighborhood health centers and women's health programs together served 18 percent. Federal expenditures for medical family planning services provided by organized clinics and private physicians rose from an estimated $13.5 million in 1968 to $239.1 million in 1977. Estimated federal expenditures for clinic services were $192.5 million--three-quarters of the total $252.6 million in public and private expenditures for such programs. Federal project grant funds under Title X of the Public Health Services Act accounted for 42 percent of all medical family planning expenditures in clinics, and for 55 percent of all federal funds expended for this purpose. These findings are based on data from the most recent study of the organized family planning service network conducted by The Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) for 1977.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "PMID": 401079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_707", "title": "Disulfiram hepatitis.", "content": "A case of an adult with disulfiram-induced hepatitis is presented. An etiological role for the drug was proved when the patient underwent a provocative challenge and developed evidence of hepatocellular damage, reversible on withdrawal of the drug. Disulfiram-induced liver injury is difficult to detect in a population with a high incidence of alcohol-related hepatic disease. Liver chemistries should be screened before beginning disulfiram therapy and periodically during treatment.", "contents": "Disulfiram hepatitis. A case of an adult with disulfiram-induced hepatitis is presented. An etiological role for the drug was proved when the patient underwent a provocative challenge and developed evidence of hepatocellular damage, reversible on withdrawal of the drug. Disulfiram-induced liver injury is difficult to detect in a population with a high incidence of alcohol-related hepatic disease. Liver chemistries should be screened before beginning disulfiram therapy and periodically during treatment.", "PMID": 401083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_708", "title": "Liver pathology in hycanthone hepatitis.", "content": "Histological examination of liver tissue from 3 patients who died 6, 4, and 9 days, respectively, after an intramuscular injection of 3 +/- 0.5 mg of hycanthone per kg of body weight for schistosomiasis, showed features of a toxic hepatitis with massive hepatic necrosis, many acidophil bodies and minimal inflammatory response in 2 patients, and confluent necrosis with early fibrosis in 1. Liver cells showed prominent fatty change. The former 2 patients had evidence of schistosomal granulomatous hepatitis. A follow-up liver biopsy in a 4th patient who had had hycanthone hepatitis with liver failure 1 year before showed good recovery with features of chronic persistent hepatitis.", "contents": "Liver pathology in hycanthone hepatitis. Histological examination of liver tissue from 3 patients who died 6, 4, and 9 days, respectively, after an intramuscular injection of 3 +/- 0.5 mg of hycanthone per kg of body weight for schistosomiasis, showed features of a toxic hepatitis with massive hepatic necrosis, many acidophil bodies and minimal inflammatory response in 2 patients, and confluent necrosis with early fibrosis in 1. Liver cells showed prominent fatty change. The former 2 patients had evidence of schistosomal granulomatous hepatitis. A follow-up liver biopsy in a 4th patient who had had hycanthone hepatitis with liver failure 1 year before showed good recovery with features of chronic persistent hepatitis.", "PMID": 401084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_709", "title": "Sex education and knowledge of pregnancy risk among U.S. teenage women.", "content": "Seven in 10 never-married U.S. women aged 15-19 have had a sex education course, almost all of them in school. Young black women are slightly more likely than whites to have had such a course. About half of all never-married teenagers have had courses which included some teaching about modern contraceptive methods; six in 10 have had some formal instruction about VD, and seven in 10 have had courses that included detailed instruction about the monthly menstrual cycle. Six in 10 of those who have had a course with information on the menstrual cycle claim to know the period of greatest pregnancy risk; but only one-third of those who have had such a course can in fact correctly identify the time when the risk of pregnancy is highest. Young white women are nearly two times more likely than blacks to identify the period of risk correctly. Knowledge of the period of risk is a particularly important issue in relation to teenage pregnancy, because many sexually active teenagers say that they do not use contraception because they believe they are protected from the risk of pregnancy by the time of month when they have intercourse. Among those who claim to know the period of greatest risk, a sex education course is the most common source of information for both blacks and whites, with home a distant second. Medical personnel and facilities convey information about pregnancy risk the most effectively, but they are the first source for only a tiny fraction of teenagers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "Sex education and knowledge of pregnancy risk among U.S. teenage women. Seven in 10 never-married U.S. women aged 15-19 have had a sex education course, almost all of them in school. Young black women are slightly more likely than whites to have had such a course. About half of all never-married teenagers have had courses which included some teaching about modern contraceptive methods; six in 10 have had some formal instruction about VD, and seven in 10 have had courses that included detailed instruction about the monthly menstrual cycle. Six in 10 of those who have had a course with information on the menstrual cycle claim to know the period of greatest pregnancy risk; but only one-third of those who have had such a course can in fact correctly identify the time when the risk of pregnancy is highest. Young white women are nearly two times more likely than blacks to identify the period of risk correctly. Knowledge of the period of risk is a particularly important issue in relation to teenage pregnancy, because many sexually active teenagers say that they do not use contraception because they believe they are protected from the risk of pregnancy by the time of month when they have intercourse. Among those who claim to know the period of greatest risk, a sex education course is the most common source of information for both blacks and whites, with home a distant second. Medical personnel and facilities convey information about pregnancy risk the most effectively, but they are the first source for only a tiny fraction of teenagers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "PMID": 401081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_710", "title": "Jejunal bleeding from a solitary large submucosal artery. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two young patients with massive intestinal bleeding resulting from a solitary submucosal arterial abnormality of the jejunum are reported. In one case, the bleeding lesion was localized only by emergency abdominal angiography, while a previous exploratory laparotomy proved negative. The vascular lesion encountered in both patients consisted of a wide caliber artery lying in the jejunal submucosa; there was no evidence of true aneurysm on serial sections. The clinicopathological picture closely resembles that of lesions previously described in the stomach under the name of \"gastric submucosal aneurysms\" in the English literature, or of \"gastric Dieulafoy's erosion\" in the French literature. It is suggested that the vascular lesions herein reported should be called \"solitary large submucosal artery\" or \"Dieulafoy-like erosion\" of the jejunum.", "contents": "Jejunal bleeding from a solitary large submucosal artery. Report of two cases. Two young patients with massive intestinal bleeding resulting from a solitary submucosal arterial abnormality of the jejunum are reported. In one case, the bleeding lesion was localized only by emergency abdominal angiography, while a previous exploratory laparotomy proved negative. The vascular lesion encountered in both patients consisted of a wide caliber artery lying in the jejunal submucosa; there was no evidence of true aneurysm on serial sections. The clinicopathological picture closely resembles that of lesions previously described in the stomach under the name of \"gastric submucosal aneurysms\" in the English literature, or of \"gastric Dieulafoy's erosion\" in the French literature. It is suggested that the vascular lesions herein reported should be called \"solitary large submucosal artery\" or \"Dieulafoy-like erosion\" of the jejunum.", "PMID": 401085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_711", "title": "Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with protein-losing enteropathy.", "content": "Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with protein-losing enteropathy is reported. A 26-year-old male suffered from ascites, edema in the lower extremities, and engorgement of ascending veins on the abdominal wall. The diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome was made by inferior vena cavography. The 131I-polyvinylpyrrolidone test showed the association of protein-losing enteropathy. The surgical operation was performed successfully, resulting in a marked improvement of signs and symptoms. To date, no similar case has yet been reported. There are, however, a number of reported cases of hypoproteinemia in Budd-Chiari syndrome, which might have been associated with a protein-losing enteropathy.", "contents": "Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with protein-losing enteropathy. Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with protein-losing enteropathy is reported. A 26-year-old male suffered from ascites, edema in the lower extremities, and engorgement of ascending veins on the abdominal wall. The diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome was made by inferior vena cavography. The 131I-polyvinylpyrrolidone test showed the association of protein-losing enteropathy. The surgical operation was performed successfully, resulting in a marked improvement of signs and symptoms. To date, no similar case has yet been reported. There are, however, a number of reported cases of hypoproteinemia in Budd-Chiari syndrome, which might have been associated with a protein-losing enteropathy.", "PMID": 401086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_712", "title": "A cell-mediated immune model of inflammatory bowel disease in the rabbit.", "content": "A model of ulcerative colitis related to cellular immunity has previously been produced by sensitization of the colon of guinea pigs with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). We have confirmed and extended these studies in rabbits. Rabbits were skin-sensitized to DNCB and challenged 10 days later with an intrarectal instillation of DNCB. The histology of the colon was examined at various time intervals. Three days after challenge the mucosa was ulcerated; there were crypt abscesses and epithelial basophilia with increased mitotic figures. The increased inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria contained polyps as well as mononuclear cells. Submucous edema was common in this phase. This was compatible with active ulcerative colitis. These lesions changed to those consistent with the healing phase of ulcerative colitis at 2 weeks, and at 5 weeks there was still mild crypt disorganization and loss along with a paucity of goblet cells and submucous fibrosis. Rabbits that received repeated instillations of DNCB converted from a negative delayed hypersensitivity skin response to rabbit-colon extract to a positive response. Thus, a nonspecific cellular immune reaction in the colon produces histological changes compatible with ulcerative colitis and leads to the production of lymphocytes which are sensitized to colonic antigen.", "contents": "A cell-mediated immune model of inflammatory bowel disease in the rabbit. A model of ulcerative colitis related to cellular immunity has previously been produced by sensitization of the colon of guinea pigs with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). We have confirmed and extended these studies in rabbits. Rabbits were skin-sensitized to DNCB and challenged 10 days later with an intrarectal instillation of DNCB. The histology of the colon was examined at various time intervals. Three days after challenge the mucosa was ulcerated; there were crypt abscesses and epithelial basophilia with increased mitotic figures. The increased inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria contained polyps as well as mononuclear cells. Submucous edema was common in this phase. This was compatible with active ulcerative colitis. These lesions changed to those consistent with the healing phase of ulcerative colitis at 2 weeks, and at 5 weeks there was still mild crypt disorganization and loss along with a paucity of goblet cells and submucous fibrosis. Rabbits that received repeated instillations of DNCB converted from a negative delayed hypersensitivity skin response to rabbit-colon extract to a positive response. Thus, a nonspecific cellular immune reaction in the colon produces histological changes compatible with ulcerative colitis and leads to the production of lymphocytes which are sensitized to colonic antigen.", "PMID": 401093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_713", "title": "Giardiasis in mice. I. Prolonged infections in certain mouse strains and hypothymic (nude) mice.", "content": "The natural history of Giardia muris has been studied in inbred mouse strains and hypothymic (nude) mice derived from a specific pathogen-free facility. Although giardiasis was readily established in several mouse strains, marked variation was observed in the time course of spontaneous elimination of the parasite. During a 10-week study, fecal excretion of Giardia cysts remained relatively constant in C3H/He mice, but decreased at a variable rate in other mouse strains. Resistance to reinfection was greater in strains in which the duration of primary infection was relatively short. Hypothymic (nude) mice derived from a strain showing a relatively rapid elimination of Giardia (BALB/c) maintained a stable infection with high cyst counts. Nude mice reconstituted with lymphoid cells from syngeneic thymus-intact mice showed a progressive reduction in cyst excretion and reconstitution with limited numbers of lymphoid cells from thymus-intact mice previously exposed to Giardia accelerated resolution of infection. In nude mice, giardiasis was associated with a reduction in the villus-crypt ratio of jejunal mucosa, but the degree of change was greater in nude mice reconstituted with lymphoid cells. This Giardia model involving inbred strains and nude mice permits further dissection of the function of thymus-derived cells in intestinal immune responses and induction of changes in small bowel morphology.", "contents": "Giardiasis in mice. I. Prolonged infections in certain mouse strains and hypothymic (nude) mice. The natural history of Giardia muris has been studied in inbred mouse strains and hypothymic (nude) mice derived from a specific pathogen-free facility. Although giardiasis was readily established in several mouse strains, marked variation was observed in the time course of spontaneous elimination of the parasite. During a 10-week study, fecal excretion of Giardia cysts remained relatively constant in C3H/He mice, but decreased at a variable rate in other mouse strains. Resistance to reinfection was greater in strains in which the duration of primary infection was relatively short. Hypothymic (nude) mice derived from a strain showing a relatively rapid elimination of Giardia (BALB/c) maintained a stable infection with high cyst counts. Nude mice reconstituted with lymphoid cells from syngeneic thymus-intact mice showed a progressive reduction in cyst excretion and reconstitution with limited numbers of lymphoid cells from thymus-intact mice previously exposed to Giardia accelerated resolution of infection. In nude mice, giardiasis was associated with a reduction in the villus-crypt ratio of jejunal mucosa, but the degree of change was greater in nude mice reconstituted with lymphoid cells. This Giardia model involving inbred strains and nude mice permits further dissection of the function of thymus-derived cells in intestinal immune responses and induction of changes in small bowel morphology.", "PMID": 401094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_714", "title": "Effects of intravenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on gallbladder function in the cat.", "content": "The influence of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the concentrating mechanism and the motility in the feline gallbladder has been studied in vivo. A perfusion technique made possible a simultaneous study of the motility and of the net transport of water and electrolytes across the gallbladder wall. It was found that an intravenous infusion of VIP relaxes the gallbladder and induces a net fluid secretion into its lumen. The net absorption of chloride ions was markedly reduced, whereas the net transport of sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate was reversed from an absorption into a secretion. Owing to the presence of VIP-containing nerve fibers in the gallbladder wall, a physiological significance for the secretory gallbladder response to VIP is suggested.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on gallbladder function in the cat. The influence of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the concentrating mechanism and the motility in the feline gallbladder has been studied in vivo. A perfusion technique made possible a simultaneous study of the motility and of the net transport of water and electrolytes across the gallbladder wall. It was found that an intravenous infusion of VIP relaxes the gallbladder and induces a net fluid secretion into its lumen. The net absorption of chloride ions was markedly reduced, whereas the net transport of sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate was reversed from an absorption into a secretion. Owing to the presence of VIP-containing nerve fibers in the gallbladder wall, a physiological significance for the secretory gallbladder response to VIP is suggested.", "PMID": 401095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_715", "title": "Peptidergic (VIP) innervation of the esophagus.", "content": "Nerves displaying vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactivity were demonstrated in the esophagus of rats, cats, and pigs. Furthermore, electron microscopy revealed the presence of nerve terminals displaying the features of peptidergic nerves. VIP nerves were abundant within the smooth muscle layer of the lower esophagus of cat and pig. Immunoreactive nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies were found in the plexuses of the esophageal wall. In pig fetuses VIP immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were observed already at crown-rump length of 4 cm. VIP nerves were also observed in human fetal esophagus. For recording of the motor effects of VIP, segments were taken from cat esophagus close to the esophagogastric junction. VIP induced a dose-dependent relaxation upon contraction by carbamylcholine.", "contents": "Peptidergic (VIP) innervation of the esophagus. Nerves displaying vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactivity were demonstrated in the esophagus of rats, cats, and pigs. Furthermore, electron microscopy revealed the presence of nerve terminals displaying the features of peptidergic nerves. VIP nerves were abundant within the smooth muscle layer of the lower esophagus of cat and pig. Immunoreactive nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies were found in the plexuses of the esophageal wall. In pig fetuses VIP immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were observed already at crown-rump length of 4 cm. VIP nerves were also observed in human fetal esophagus. For recording of the motor effects of VIP, segments were taken from cat esophagus close to the esophagogastric junction. VIP induced a dose-dependent relaxation upon contraction by carbamylcholine.", "PMID": 401096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_716", "title": "Morphological evaluation of opossum lower esophageal sphincter.", "content": "Studies were performed in the opossum to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the lower esophageal sphincter. The sphincter and the esophageal body were identified manometrically and fixed in situ by perfusion with aldehyde fixative. Light microscopy revealed that: (1) longitudinal muscle layers of the sphincter and the esophageal body were similar in thickness and compactness, and (2) circular muscle of the sphincter was thicker and was composed of muscle fasciculi with abundant intervening connective tissue as compared to the compact muscle fasciculi of the circular muscle of the esophageal body. Electron microscopy showed the circular muscle fibers of the sphincter to have irregular protuberances from their surfaces, whereas the circular muscle fibers of the esophageal body possessed smooth surfaces. Several types of junctional complexes between adjacent muscle fibers were observed; however, there was no difference in their distribution in the sphincter or esophageal body. The majority of the nerve varicosities contained a mixture of agranular (350 to 450 A) and large dense core vesicles (800 to 1600 A); varicosities containing small granular vesicles were not found in any area of the esophagus. When varicosities were cut along the longitudinal axis of the axon, they often showed grouping of similar vesicle types in different areas along the axon varicosities. There was no difference in the type of varicosities found in the sphincter or the esophageal body. These studies show that: (1) circular muscle of the sphincter can be morphologically distinguished from that of the esophageal body; (2) there is no difference in the morphology of the nerve terminals or the vesicle types in the two areas; and (3) classification of the varicosities based upon the predominance of the vesicle types may be artifactual because of sampling error.", "contents": "Morphological evaluation of opossum lower esophageal sphincter. Studies were performed in the opossum to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the lower esophageal sphincter. The sphincter and the esophageal body were identified manometrically and fixed in situ by perfusion with aldehyde fixative. Light microscopy revealed that: (1) longitudinal muscle layers of the sphincter and the esophageal body were similar in thickness and compactness, and (2) circular muscle of the sphincter was thicker and was composed of muscle fasciculi with abundant intervening connective tissue as compared to the compact muscle fasciculi of the circular muscle of the esophageal body. Electron microscopy showed the circular muscle fibers of the sphincter to have irregular protuberances from their surfaces, whereas the circular muscle fibers of the esophageal body possessed smooth surfaces. Several types of junctional complexes between adjacent muscle fibers were observed; however, there was no difference in their distribution in the sphincter or esophageal body. The majority of the nerve varicosities contained a mixture of agranular (350 to 450 A) and large dense core vesicles (800 to 1600 A); varicosities containing small granular vesicles were not found in any area of the esophagus. When varicosities were cut along the longitudinal axis of the axon, they often showed grouping of similar vesicle types in different areas along the axon varicosities. There was no difference in the type of varicosities found in the sphincter or the esophageal body. These studies show that: (1) circular muscle of the sphincter can be morphologically distinguished from that of the esophageal body; (2) there is no difference in the morphology of the nerve terminals or the vesicle types in the two areas; and (3) classification of the varicosities based upon the predominance of the vesicle types may be artifactual because of sampling error.", "PMID": 401097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_717", "title": "Lithium inhibits basal and food-stimulated gastrin secretion.", "content": "Ten psychiatric patients were given a protein-rich meal in periods on and off lithium administration. The concentrations of gastrin in serum were measured radioimmunochemically before and during the meal. The results show that lithium suppresses basal as well as food-stimulated gastrin secretion.", "contents": "Lithium inhibits basal and food-stimulated gastrin secretion. Ten psychiatric patients were given a protein-rich meal in periods on and off lithium administration. The concentrations of gastrin in serum were measured radioimmunochemically before and during the meal. The results show that lithium suppresses basal as well as food-stimulated gastrin secretion.", "PMID": 401098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_718", "title": "Hepatic taurine concentration and dietary taurine as regulators of bile acid conjugation with taurine.", "content": "Taurine concentration in liver biopsies taken from 20 patients undergoing cholecystectomy or laparotomy for obstructive jaundice correlated with percentage of taurine-conjugated bile acids in hepatic bile. In biliary obstruction, taurine concentrations in muscle did not parallel high hepatic taurine concentrations, suggesting selective hepatic taurine accumulation in biliary obstruction. In fasting subjects with an intact bile acid enterohepatic circulation, per cent taurine-conjugated bile acids in bile was the same as per cent taurine conjugation of bile acids by the liver. Ingestion of small amounts of taurine (250 mg) can increase the per cent taurine conjugation by the liver. Of 10 subjects, 7 increased per cent taurine conjugation of bile acids by the liver by 2.5 to 10% at 2 1/2 hr after intraduodenal taurine administration. We conclude that hepatic taurine concentration is a major determinant of per cent taurine conjugation of bile acids by the liver in man. In the fasting subject with an intact enterohepatic circulation, per cent taurine-conjugated bile acid in the bile acid pool is very close to the per cent taurine conjugation of bile acids by the liver. Hepatic bile acid conjugation pattern may differ from that of the bile acid pool as a result of taurine ingested with meals, but the deviation is small, and acute alteration of the per cent taurine conjugation in the bile acid pool does not occur.", "contents": "Hepatic taurine concentration and dietary taurine as regulators of bile acid conjugation with taurine. Taurine concentration in liver biopsies taken from 20 patients undergoing cholecystectomy or laparotomy for obstructive jaundice correlated with percentage of taurine-conjugated bile acids in hepatic bile. In biliary obstruction, taurine concentrations in muscle did not parallel high hepatic taurine concentrations, suggesting selective hepatic taurine accumulation in biliary obstruction. In fasting subjects with an intact bile acid enterohepatic circulation, per cent taurine-conjugated bile acids in bile was the same as per cent taurine conjugation of bile acids by the liver. Ingestion of small amounts of taurine (250 mg) can increase the per cent taurine conjugation by the liver. Of 10 subjects, 7 increased per cent taurine conjugation of bile acids by the liver by 2.5 to 10% at 2 1/2 hr after intraduodenal taurine administration. We conclude that hepatic taurine concentration is a major determinant of per cent taurine conjugation of bile acids by the liver in man. In the fasting subject with an intact enterohepatic circulation, per cent taurine-conjugated bile acid in the bile acid pool is very close to the per cent taurine conjugation of bile acids by the liver. Hepatic bile acid conjugation pattern may differ from that of the bile acid pool as a result of taurine ingested with meals, but the deviation is small, and acute alteration of the per cent taurine conjugation in the bile acid pool does not occur.", "PMID": 401099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_719", "title": "Estrogen enhances dietary cholesterol induction of saturated bile in the hamster.", "content": "The influence of ethinyl estradiol (EE) on the effects of dietary cholesterol on the biliary saturation index and on the rate-limiting hepatic enzymes of cholesterol synthesis, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-reductase, and bile acid synthesis, 7 alpha-hydroxylase, were determined. Four groups of 12 male hamsters were treated for 1 month with EE, 15 micrograms per kg per day, or placebo vehicle administered intraperitoneally and fed either a standard diet, 0.8 mg of cholesterol per g of food, or high cholesterol diet, 2.4 mg of cholesterol per g. The high cholesterol diet increased the saturation index to 1.00 +/- 0.03 (P less than 0.01) from 0.65 +/- 0.02 in untreated hamsters on the standard diet. EE treatment on the high cholesterol diet further increased (P less than 0.01) the saturation index to 1.15 +/- 0.02. The high cholesterol diet decreased (P less than 0.01) hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-reductase activity from 308 +/- 16 pmoles per mg per min in untreated hamsters on the standard diet. The addition of EE treatment had no effect on hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-reductase activity. The high cholesterol diet increased (P less than 0.01) 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity from 23 +/- 1.0 pmoles per mg per min in untreated hamsters on the standard diet. The addition of EE decreased (P less than 0.01) 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity from that in untreated hamsters on the standard diet. The conclusions are as follows: (1) EE prevented dietary cholesterol-induced stimulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity; (2) EE enhanced the ability of dietary cholesterol to induce saturated bile; and (3) gallstone formation in estrogen-treated women may result from impaired metabolism of dietary cholesterol.", "contents": "Estrogen enhances dietary cholesterol induction of saturated bile in the hamster. The influence of ethinyl estradiol (EE) on the effects of dietary cholesterol on the biliary saturation index and on the rate-limiting hepatic enzymes of cholesterol synthesis, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-reductase, and bile acid synthesis, 7 alpha-hydroxylase, were determined. Four groups of 12 male hamsters were treated for 1 month with EE, 15 micrograms per kg per day, or placebo vehicle administered intraperitoneally and fed either a standard diet, 0.8 mg of cholesterol per g of food, or high cholesterol diet, 2.4 mg of cholesterol per g. The high cholesterol diet increased the saturation index to 1.00 +/- 0.03 (P less than 0.01) from 0.65 +/- 0.02 in untreated hamsters on the standard diet. EE treatment on the high cholesterol diet further increased (P less than 0.01) the saturation index to 1.15 +/- 0.02. The high cholesterol diet decreased (P less than 0.01) hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-reductase activity from 308 +/- 16 pmoles per mg per min in untreated hamsters on the standard diet. The addition of EE treatment had no effect on hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-reductase activity. The high cholesterol diet increased (P less than 0.01) 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity from 23 +/- 1.0 pmoles per mg per min in untreated hamsters on the standard diet. The addition of EE decreased (P less than 0.01) 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity from that in untreated hamsters on the standard diet. The conclusions are as follows: (1) EE prevented dietary cholesterol-induced stimulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity; (2) EE enhanced the ability of dietary cholesterol to induce saturated bile; and (3) gallstone formation in estrogen-treated women may result from impaired metabolism of dietary cholesterol.", "PMID": 401100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_720", "title": "Morphological characterization of Kupffer and endothelial cells of rat liver isolated by counterflow elutriation.", "content": "Kupffer and endothelial cells of rat liver were purified by recirculating collagenase perfusion, metrizamide gradient, and counterflow elutriation. Every step of the isolation procedure was followed by light microscopy and histochemistry. The final fractions of purified sinusoidal cells were examined in their isolated state by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The scope of this manuscript is the detailed documentation and discussion of all technical aspects and problems of a rather new isolation technique, as well as the detailed description of the purified sinusoidal cells of the liver by scanning electron microscopy. Broader acceptance of this isolation procedure should lead to the specific characterization of biochemical and immunological functions of these cells and elucidate their pathophysiological significance.", "contents": "Morphological characterization of Kupffer and endothelial cells of rat liver isolated by counterflow elutriation. Kupffer and endothelial cells of rat liver were purified by recirculating collagenase perfusion, metrizamide gradient, and counterflow elutriation. Every step of the isolation procedure was followed by light microscopy and histochemistry. The final fractions of purified sinusoidal cells were examined in their isolated state by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The scope of this manuscript is the detailed documentation and discussion of all technical aspects and problems of a rather new isolation technique, as well as the detailed description of the purified sinusoidal cells of the liver by scanning electron microscopy. Broader acceptance of this isolation procedure should lead to the specific characterization of biochemical and immunological functions of these cells and elucidate their pathophysiological significance.", "PMID": 401101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_721", "title": "Hepatic extraction of long- and short-acting narcotics in the isolated perfused rabbit liver.", "content": "Hepatic extraction of the long-acting narcotic, methadone, was compared to that of the short-acting narcotics, morphine, diacetylmorphine, and meperidine, using an isolated perfused rabbit liver preparation. Methadone was avidly extracted from portal venous blood (86.1 +/- 0.81%) in a single pass through the liver after a bolus injection (1.5 mg) into a nonrecirculating perfusion system. Hepatic extraction of methadone was independent of rate of hepatic blood flow (0.59 to 1.53 ml per g of liver per min) but was altered by increasing the total amount of methadone injected. After a bolus injection of 15.0 and 75.0 mg, the proportions of methadone extracted were reduced to 75 and 56%, respectively. The hepatic extraction of morphine (1.5 mg) was 25%, of diacetylmorphine (1.5 mg) 59%, and of meperidine (1.5 mg) 66% in a single pass, all significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that of methadone. Subcellular fractionation of whole liver homogenates after a single pass of drug showed that methadone and its metabolites were localized primarily in the fractions containing nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes, and other membranes, whereas morphine was primarily localized in the supernatant cytosol. Unchanged methadone was shown to be slowly released from the liver into hepatic effluent blood along with small amounts of the inactive pyrrolidine and pyrroline metabolites (identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry). These findings suggest that the liver may serve not only as a site of biotransformation of methadone, but also as a major reservoir for storage and subsequent release of unchanged compound.", "contents": "Hepatic extraction of long- and short-acting narcotics in the isolated perfused rabbit liver. Hepatic extraction of the long-acting narcotic, methadone, was compared to that of the short-acting narcotics, morphine, diacetylmorphine, and meperidine, using an isolated perfused rabbit liver preparation. Methadone was avidly extracted from portal venous blood (86.1 +/- 0.81%) in a single pass through the liver after a bolus injection (1.5 mg) into a nonrecirculating perfusion system. Hepatic extraction of methadone was independent of rate of hepatic blood flow (0.59 to 1.53 ml per g of liver per min) but was altered by increasing the total amount of methadone injected. After a bolus injection of 15.0 and 75.0 mg, the proportions of methadone extracted were reduced to 75 and 56%, respectively. The hepatic extraction of morphine (1.5 mg) was 25%, of diacetylmorphine (1.5 mg) 59%, and of meperidine (1.5 mg) 66% in a single pass, all significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that of methadone. Subcellular fractionation of whole liver homogenates after a single pass of drug showed that methadone and its metabolites were localized primarily in the fractions containing nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes, and other membranes, whereas morphine was primarily localized in the supernatant cytosol. Unchanged methadone was shown to be slowly released from the liver into hepatic effluent blood along with small amounts of the inactive pyrrolidine and pyrroline metabolites (identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry). These findings suggest that the liver may serve not only as a site of biotransformation of methadone, but also as a major reservoir for storage and subsequent release of unchanged compound.", "PMID": 401102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_722", "title": "Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on resting and pentagastrin-stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure.", "content": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) administered as an intravenous infusion at different doses (0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 micrograms per kg per hr, respectively) inhibited dose-dependently the response of the lower esophageal sphincter to an intravenous injection of pentagastrin (0.6 microgram per kg) in 4 healthy volunteers. Inhibition ranged from about 20% (not significant) with the low dose to about 55% (P less than 0.05) with the high dose. On the other hand, the VIP doses employed did not substantially decrease basal lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Calculated on the basis of plasma levels of the respective peptides, the inhibitory effect of VIP was about one-third of that of secretin. Even at the smallest dose of VIP, plasma levels of radioimmunoassayable VIP (20 to 100 pmoles per liter) markedly exceeded those encountered normally (1 to 19 pmoles per liter). So, the data presented do not support the suggestion that normally circulating VIP essentially contributes to the physiological regulation of the lower esophageal sphincter pressure; they do not exclude, however, such a role for locally released VIP.", "contents": "Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on resting and pentagastrin-stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) administered as an intravenous infusion at different doses (0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 micrograms per kg per hr, respectively) inhibited dose-dependently the response of the lower esophageal sphincter to an intravenous injection of pentagastrin (0.6 microgram per kg) in 4 healthy volunteers. Inhibition ranged from about 20% (not significant) with the low dose to about 55% (P less than 0.05) with the high dose. On the other hand, the VIP doses employed did not substantially decrease basal lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Calculated on the basis of plasma levels of the respective peptides, the inhibitory effect of VIP was about one-third of that of secretin. Even at the smallest dose of VIP, plasma levels of radioimmunoassayable VIP (20 to 100 pmoles per liter) markedly exceeded those encountered normally (1 to 19 pmoles per liter). So, the data presented do not support the suggestion that normally circulating VIP essentially contributes to the physiological regulation of the lower esophageal sphincter pressure; they do not exclude, however, such a role for locally released VIP.", "PMID": 401103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_723", "title": "Monitoring of hormonal therapy in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma by plasma marker protein profiles.", "content": "Approximately 50% of the present patients with metastatic breast carcinoma, who were treated with hormonal therapy, had increased plasma levels of CEA or GCDFP. With therapy, serially decreasing plasma levels of these marker proteins appeared an accurate indicator of a favorable response, whereas increasing levels indicated disease progression.", "contents": "Monitoring of hormonal therapy in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma by plasma marker protein profiles. Approximately 50% of the present patients with metastatic breast carcinoma, who were treated with hormonal therapy, had increased plasma levels of CEA or GCDFP. With therapy, serially decreasing plasma levels of these marker proteins appeared an accurate indicator of a favorable response, whereas increasing levels indicated disease progression.", "PMID": 401123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_724", "title": "Randomized steroid therapy of human kidney transplant rejection.", "content": "This randomized, double-blind study failed to show any therapeutic benefit of a 30-mg/kg bolus over a 3-mg/kg bolus of methylprednisolone for the treatment of acute kidney transplant rejection. Since there was a slight associated increase in infections and septic mortality, routine use of high-dose methylprednisolone bolus therapy is not recommended or justified.", "contents": "Randomized steroid therapy of human kidney transplant rejection. This randomized, double-blind study failed to show any therapeutic benefit of a 30-mg/kg bolus over a 3-mg/kg bolus of methylprednisolone for the treatment of acute kidney transplant rejection. Since there was a slight associated increase in infections and septic mortality, routine use of high-dose methylprednisolone bolus therapy is not recommended or justified.", "PMID": 401194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_725", "title": "Prothesis cement envelope in femoral component total hips.", "content": "Loading tests showed wide stem-thin cement envelope systems in valgus orientation placed with distal plug to be significantly more stable at higher loads. Narrow stem-thick cement envelope systems in varus without plug were unstable within a marginal factor of safety for cyclic loading. Four cement failures occurred within the thin stem-thick cement system on the upper lateral aspect of the prosthesis cement envelope.", "contents": "Prothesis cement envelope in femoral component total hips. Loading tests showed wide stem-thin cement envelope systems in valgus orientation placed with distal plug to be significantly more stable at higher loads. Narrow stem-thick cement envelope systems in varus without plug were unstable within a marginal factor of safety for cyclic loading. Four cement failures occurred within the thin stem-thick cement system on the upper lateral aspect of the prosthesis cement envelope.", "PMID": 401259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_726", "title": "Preparation of allogeneic cartilage and bone for grafting.", "content": "Seroma formation was most apparent in the A-treated groups and was probably related to the continued leakage of methyl alcohol from the graft. Warping in the pinna, fibrosis around grafts, graft resorption, and cellular infiltration were least evident in the FZ and R groups. Both produced better results than storage in BSS or A, but because radiation is far more expensive and less convenient than FZ, the latter is the better preparation and preservation technique.", "contents": "Preparation of allogeneic cartilage and bone for grafting. Seroma formation was most apparent in the A-treated groups and was probably related to the continued leakage of methyl alcohol from the graft. Warping in the pinna, fibrosis around grafts, graft resorption, and cellular infiltration were least evident in the FZ and R groups. Both produced better results than storage in BSS or A, but because radiation is far more expensive and less convenient than FZ, the latter is the better preparation and preservation technique.", "PMID": 401270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_727", "title": "Preventing the prostaglandin effect on dermal ischemia in the burn wound.", "content": "The eventual depth of tissue necrosis after burning is not immediately apparent. In all burn wounds, there exists a zone of stasis which shows progressive microvascular deterioration. These progressive changes have been prevented by methylprednisolone acetate, indomethacin, and ASA. All of these agents are known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. These data suggest that prostaglandins have a role in the progressive dermal ischemia after thermal trauma and that their effect can be prevented by specific antiprostaglandins.", "contents": "Preventing the prostaglandin effect on dermal ischemia in the burn wound. The eventual depth of tissue necrosis after burning is not immediately apparent. In all burn wounds, there exists a zone of stasis which shows progressive microvascular deterioration. These progressive changes have been prevented by methylprednisolone acetate, indomethacin, and ASA. All of these agents are known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. These data suggest that prostaglandins have a role in the progressive dermal ischemia after thermal trauma and that their effect can be prevented by specific antiprostaglandins.", "PMID": 401278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_728", "title": "A new animal model for testing the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents on renal adenocarcinoma.", "content": "A renal cell endocarcinoma that arose spontaneously in a Wistar-Lewis rat has been used to screen various chemotherapeutic agents for effectiveness against this tumor. Of the agents so far tested, cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and vinblastine have displayed very considerable anti-tumor activity. Adriamycin was marginal, and fluorouracil (5-FU) and Cis-dichlorodiammine Platinum (II) were ineffective.", "contents": "A new animal model for testing the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents on renal adenocarcinoma. A renal cell endocarcinoma that arose spontaneously in a Wistar-Lewis rat has been used to screen various chemotherapeutic agents for effectiveness against this tumor. Of the agents so far tested, cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and vinblastine have displayed very considerable anti-tumor activity. Adriamycin was marginal, and fluorouracil (5-FU) and Cis-dichlorodiammine Platinum (II) were ineffective.", "PMID": 401284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_729", "title": "Comparative effects of azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and frentizole on humoral immunity in mice.", "content": "Data is presented comparing the activities of three immunosuppressive agents, cyclosphosphamide, frentizole and azathioprine in models of humoral immunity in mice. Cyclophosphamide and frentizole suppressed the primary and secondary plaque forming cell responses to sheep erythrocytes at lower doses than did azathioprine. Prolonged suppression of serum antibody titers occurred following short-term therapy with cyclophosphamide or frentizole, but not azathioprine. Azathioprine was also the least effective agent in suppressing a primary response to the T-independent antigen, trinitrophenylated lipopolysaccharide. All three agents were found to inhibit the induction and activity of suppressor cells at immunosuppressive doses.", "contents": "Comparative effects of azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and frentizole on humoral immunity in mice. Data is presented comparing the activities of three immunosuppressive agents, cyclosphosphamide, frentizole and azathioprine in models of humoral immunity in mice. Cyclophosphamide and frentizole suppressed the primary and secondary plaque forming cell responses to sheep erythrocytes at lower doses than did azathioprine. Prolonged suppression of serum antibody titers occurred following short-term therapy with cyclophosphamide or frentizole, but not azathioprine. Azathioprine was also the least effective agent in suppressing a primary response to the T-independent antigen, trinitrophenylated lipopolysaccharide. All three agents were found to inhibit the induction and activity of suppressor cells at immunosuppressive doses.", "PMID": 401316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_730", "title": "Effect of frentizole on mitogen-induced blastogenesis in human lymphocytes.", "content": "Frentizole is a new immunoregulatory agent developed as an alternative to cytotoxic agents. In human lymphocytes, Frentizole inhibits the response to various phytomitogens without decreasing cell viability. Frentizole (500 ng/ml) inhibited thymidine incorporation into DNA most effectively when added to lymphocyte cultures at the same time as the addition of the mitogen. Frentizole (500 ng/ml) markedly inhibited the response to Con A (% inhibition, corporation was dose dependent with 125 ng/ml of Frentizole sufficient to inhibit significantly the response of all three mitogens. Frentizole (62.5 ng/ml) maximally inhibited uridine incorporation, and inhibition of uridine incorporation was independent of the phytomitogen employed. Increasing concentrations of Frentizole were found to have no effect on thymidine or uridine incorporation into unstimulated normal lymphocytes.", "contents": "Effect of frentizole on mitogen-induced blastogenesis in human lymphocytes. Frentizole is a new immunoregulatory agent developed as an alternative to cytotoxic agents. In human lymphocytes, Frentizole inhibits the response to various phytomitogens without decreasing cell viability. Frentizole (500 ng/ml) inhibited thymidine incorporation into DNA most effectively when added to lymphocyte cultures at the same time as the addition of the mitogen. Frentizole (500 ng/ml) markedly inhibited the response to Con A (% inhibition, corporation was dose dependent with 125 ng/ml of Frentizole sufficient to inhibit significantly the response of all three mitogens. Frentizole (62.5 ng/ml) maximally inhibited uridine incorporation, and inhibition of uridine incorporation was independent of the phytomitogen employed. Increasing concentrations of Frentizole were found to have no effect on thymidine or uridine incorporation into unstimulated normal lymphocytes.", "PMID": 401317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_731", "title": "Azathioprine treatment of adjuvant arthritis.", "content": "Administration of azathioprine in the diet to Lewis rats reduced the lethality of this drug relative to various regimens by gavage. This mode of administration made it possible to administer effective doses with reduced toxicity. Azathioprine blocked the early development of adjuvant arthritis and decreased the joint scores of animals with established adjuvant disease. A combination of azathioprine and prednisolone produced an additive reduction of both developing and established joint scores. A 10 day pulse regimen of prednisolone resulted in a strong, rapid decrease in established joint scores. This decrease was sustained by continuous administration of azathioprine. In all cases removing azathioprine and/or prednisolone from the diet of animals with established adjuvant arthritis resulted in recurrence of disease. The results of these studies support the validity of the adjuvant model for prediction of anti-arthritic activity.", "contents": "Azathioprine treatment of adjuvant arthritis. Administration of azathioprine in the diet to Lewis rats reduced the lethality of this drug relative to various regimens by gavage. This mode of administration made it possible to administer effective doses with reduced toxicity. Azathioprine blocked the early development of adjuvant arthritis and decreased the joint scores of animals with established adjuvant disease. A combination of azathioprine and prednisolone produced an additive reduction of both developing and established joint scores. A 10 day pulse regimen of prednisolone resulted in a strong, rapid decrease in established joint scores. This decrease was sustained by continuous administration of azathioprine. In all cases removing azathioprine and/or prednisolone from the diet of animals with established adjuvant arthritis resulted in recurrence of disease. The results of these studies support the validity of the adjuvant model for prediction of anti-arthritic activity.", "PMID": 401318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_732", "title": "The modulatory effect of exogenously added prostaglandin E1 or E2 on the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction of normal or tumored mice.", "content": "The effect of exogenously added prostaglandin (PG) E1 or E2 over concentration ranges of from 1 x 10(-4) to 1 x 10(-9)M were studied in order to determine their effect on the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DtH) reaction of normal or tumored mice. PGE1 or PGE2 generally caused a stimulation over the control values of normal mice as detected by the footpad swelling assay. However, PGE1 or PGE2 at all concentrations tested were found to significantly inhibit the DtH reaction of CD2F1 tumored mice.", "contents": "The modulatory effect of exogenously added prostaglandin E1 or E2 on the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction of normal or tumored mice. The effect of exogenously added prostaglandin (PG) E1 or E2 over concentration ranges of from 1 x 10(-4) to 1 x 10(-9)M were studied in order to determine their effect on the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DtH) reaction of normal or tumored mice. PGE1 or PGE2 generally caused a stimulation over the control values of normal mice as detected by the footpad swelling assay. However, PGE1 or PGE2 at all concentrations tested were found to significantly inhibit the DtH reaction of CD2F1 tumored mice.", "PMID": 401319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_733", "title": "Drug induced modulation of immune responses in mice: effects of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) and cyclophosphamide (Cy).", "content": "Graded doses of Cyclophosphamide (Cy) or 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) were given to CD2F1 or C57Bl/6 mice. One, 45 or 60 days later the animals were tested for allograft responses, competence of producing cytotoxic lymphocytes in vitro and lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in vivo, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and humoral antibody responses against sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Both agents produced strong inhibitory effects, except for DTH, when given 1 day before the antigenic stimulus. However immunodepression lasted for at least 60 days after DTIC, whereas relatively rapid recovery of immune responsiveness was detected in mice treated with Cy. When Cy or DTIC were given to allogeneic donor mice 1 day before spleen cell transfer, immunodepressed recipients did not undergo GVHD. However when drugs were administered to recipient mice inoculated with allogeneic spleen cells, lethal GVHD occurred when Cy but not DTIC was given to the hosts. DTH responses were potentiated by Cy when the drug was given 1 day before sensitization. In contrast hypersensitivity reactions were not affected by DTIC treatment. It was concluded that DTIC is a potent and long-lasting immunodepressive agent, capable of affecting various T-cell subpopulations and possibly B lymphocytes in mice. Since the drug inhibits immune response when given before the antigenic stimulation, it was suggested that DTIC acts through a mechanism similar to that of alkylating non phase-specific agents.", "contents": "Drug induced modulation of immune responses in mice: effects of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) and cyclophosphamide (Cy). Graded doses of Cyclophosphamide (Cy) or 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) were given to CD2F1 or C57Bl/6 mice. One, 45 or 60 days later the animals were tested for allograft responses, competence of producing cytotoxic lymphocytes in vitro and lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in vivo, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and humoral antibody responses against sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Both agents produced strong inhibitory effects, except for DTH, when given 1 day before the antigenic stimulus. However immunodepression lasted for at least 60 days after DTIC, whereas relatively rapid recovery of immune responsiveness was detected in mice treated with Cy. When Cy or DTIC were given to allogeneic donor mice 1 day before spleen cell transfer, immunodepressed recipients did not undergo GVHD. However when drugs were administered to recipient mice inoculated with allogeneic spleen cells, lethal GVHD occurred when Cy but not DTIC was given to the hosts. DTH responses were potentiated by Cy when the drug was given 1 day before sensitization. In contrast hypersensitivity reactions were not affected by DTIC treatment. It was concluded that DTIC is a potent and long-lasting immunodepressive agent, capable of affecting various T-cell subpopulations and possibly B lymphocytes in mice. Since the drug inhibits immune response when given before the antigenic stimulation, it was suggested that DTIC acts through a mechanism similar to that of alkylating non phase-specific agents.", "PMID": 401314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_734", "title": "The effects of pharmacologic agents on mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity in guinea pigs.", "content": "Using pharmacologic agents as probes, three aspects of the mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity reaction (MICC) were evaluated. These included the requirement for a concomitant lymphoid DNA synthetic response, the role of microtubules and microfilaments in effecting target cell lysis, and the potential inhibitory activity of hydrocortisone. Results, using both PHA and Con A stimulated guinea pig lymph node cells, indicate that this form of cytotoxicity occurs as a phenomenon independent of 3H-Tdr incorporation. Animals treated with cyclophosphamide showed cytotoxic reactions equivalent to untreated controls whereas mitogen-induced proliferative responses were greatly impaired. Further studies indicated that the in vitro exposure of lymph node cells to either mitomycin or cytosine arabinoside markedly reduced DNA synthesis but did not depress the ability of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes to effect target cell lysis. The microtubular antagonists, vincristine, vinblastine and colchicine, inhibited cytotoxic reactions if the agents were present at the time that lymphocyte-target cell interaction was established. However, the antimicrofilament agent cytochalasin B was not inhibitory; this contrasts to this agent's ability to suppress antigen-induced cell-mediated cytotoxic reactions. In a third series of experiments, hydrocortisone showed a dose-related inhibition of MICC responses. The action of the steroid was apparent only if the drug was present at the onset of the culture; no suppression was observed if it was added after an initial one day incubation.", "contents": "The effects of pharmacologic agents on mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity in guinea pigs. Using pharmacologic agents as probes, three aspects of the mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity reaction (MICC) were evaluated. These included the requirement for a concomitant lymphoid DNA synthetic response, the role of microtubules and microfilaments in effecting target cell lysis, and the potential inhibitory activity of hydrocortisone. Results, using both PHA and Con A stimulated guinea pig lymph node cells, indicate that this form of cytotoxicity occurs as a phenomenon independent of 3H-Tdr incorporation. Animals treated with cyclophosphamide showed cytotoxic reactions equivalent to untreated controls whereas mitogen-induced proliferative responses were greatly impaired. Further studies indicated that the in vitro exposure of lymph node cells to either mitomycin or cytosine arabinoside markedly reduced DNA synthesis but did not depress the ability of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes to effect target cell lysis. The microtubular antagonists, vincristine, vinblastine and colchicine, inhibited cytotoxic reactions if the agents were present at the time that lymphocyte-target cell interaction was established. However, the antimicrofilament agent cytochalasin B was not inhibitory; this contrasts to this agent's ability to suppress antigen-induced cell-mediated cytotoxic reactions. In a third series of experiments, hydrocortisone showed a dose-related inhibition of MICC responses. The action of the steroid was apparent only if the drug was present at the onset of the culture; no suppression was observed if it was added after an initial one day incubation.", "PMID": 401315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_735", "title": "In vitro effect of an acute nonspecific inflammatory exudate on tritiated-thymidine incorporation by unstimulated and PHA-stimulated spleen cells.", "content": "The effect of an acute nonspecific inflammatory exudate with mitogenic activity for macrophages in culture has been tested on the spontaneous and PHA-induced DNA synthesis by spleen cells in vitro. Stimulatory effect of this exudate was observed on the spontaneous DNA synthesis which was detectable over a range of 1:4 to 1:4096 concentrations. After optimal PHA stimulation, an inhibition of mitogen-induced DNA synthesis was observed when the cells were exposed to the highest concentrations (up to 1:128) of the exudate. Thereafter, the phenomenon could be reversed and the stimulation was maximal at the concentration of 1:2048. When a suboptimal dose of PHA was used, the stimulatory effect was more pronounced and detected from 1:8 up to 1:4096 concentrations.", "contents": "In vitro effect of an acute nonspecific inflammatory exudate on tritiated-thymidine incorporation by unstimulated and PHA-stimulated spleen cells. The effect of an acute nonspecific inflammatory exudate with mitogenic activity for macrophages in culture has been tested on the spontaneous and PHA-induced DNA synthesis by spleen cells in vitro. Stimulatory effect of this exudate was observed on the spontaneous DNA synthesis which was detectable over a range of 1:4 to 1:4096 concentrations. After optimal PHA stimulation, an inhibition of mitogen-induced DNA synthesis was observed when the cells were exposed to the highest concentrations (up to 1:128) of the exudate. Thereafter, the phenomenon could be reversed and the stimulation was maximal at the concentration of 1:2048. When a suboptimal dose of PHA was used, the stimulatory effect was more pronounced and detected from 1:8 up to 1:4096 concentrations.", "PMID": 401320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_736", "title": "Regulation of the expression of autoimmunity in NZB x NZW F1 mice by sex hormones.", "content": "This study examines the role of sex hormones in modulating the expression of autoimmunity in NZB x NZW F1 mice. Male sex hormones were found to retard disease. Differences were noted between prepubertally and postpubertally altered males and females. The presence of male sex hormones prepubertally was associated with marked retardation of the development of antibodies to DNA. Prepubertal but not postpubertal castration of males led to significant acceleration in anti-DNA production. Nevertheless, administration of male sex hormones to females retarded the development of fatal glomerulonephritis, even when given postpubertally. These results suggest that manipulation of sex hormones may be used to modify the expression of autoimmunity.", "contents": "Regulation of the expression of autoimmunity in NZB x NZW F1 mice by sex hormones. This study examines the role of sex hormones in modulating the expression of autoimmunity in NZB x NZW F1 mice. Male sex hormones were found to retard disease. Differences were noted between prepubertally and postpubertally altered males and females. The presence of male sex hormones prepubertally was associated with marked retardation of the development of antibodies to DNA. Prepubertal but not postpubertal castration of males led to significant acceleration in anti-DNA production. Nevertheless, administration of male sex hormones to females retarded the development of fatal glomerulonephritis, even when given postpubertally. These results suggest that manipulation of sex hormones may be used to modify the expression of autoimmunity.", "PMID": 401312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_737", "title": "Increased susceptibility of tumor cells and chicken erythrocytes to lysis by antibody and complement after treatment with aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET).", "content": "After treatment with aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET), the ascites forms of the diethylnitrosamine-induced guinea pig hepatomas, line-1 and line-10, were susceptible or more susceptible to killing in vitro by certain combinations of tumor-specific or IgM anti-Forssman antibody and either human or guinea pig complement. Since AET could be toxic to either cell line, conditions of pH, concentration of AET, and duration of exposure of the cells to the reagent were determined that resulted in enhanced susceptibility without significantly affecting cell viability. Chicken erythrocytes (CE) also were tested and AET-treated cells found to be more susceptible to lysis by IgM anti-Forssman antibody and guinea pig complement. The enhancement apparently was not due to increased ability of AET-treated CE to fix antibody. In contrast to CE, the lytic susceptibility of sheep cells was not affected by AET treatment. In addition to AET, several drugs and enzymes that also can affect the susceptibility of the tumor cells to antibody and complement were tested and found to be ineffective against CE. Since AET reputedly acts directly on the cell surface, it seems reasonable to assume that the increased susceptibility of the tumor cells and CE to antibody and complement may result from a modification of the cell surface.", "contents": "Increased susceptibility of tumor cells and chicken erythrocytes to lysis by antibody and complement after treatment with aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET). After treatment with aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET), the ascites forms of the diethylnitrosamine-induced guinea pig hepatomas, line-1 and line-10, were susceptible or more susceptible to killing in vitro by certain combinations of tumor-specific or IgM anti-Forssman antibody and either human or guinea pig complement. Since AET could be toxic to either cell line, conditions of pH, concentration of AET, and duration of exposure of the cells to the reagent were determined that resulted in enhanced susceptibility without significantly affecting cell viability. Chicken erythrocytes (CE) also were tested and AET-treated cells found to be more susceptible to lysis by IgM anti-Forssman antibody and guinea pig complement. The enhancement apparently was not due to increased ability of AET-treated CE to fix antibody. In contrast to CE, the lytic susceptibility of sheep cells was not affected by AET treatment. In addition to AET, several drugs and enzymes that also can affect the susceptibility of the tumor cells to antibody and complement were tested and found to be ineffective against CE. Since AET reputedly acts directly on the cell surface, it seems reasonable to assume that the increased susceptibility of the tumor cells and CE to antibody and complement may result from a modification of the cell surface.", "PMID": 401313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_738", "title": "Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by EN3638: dependence on adjuvants and treatment schedules.", "content": "Oral administration of 2, 3 or 4 doses of 100 or 250 mg/kg of EN3638 during the incubation period of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis delayed the onset and reduced the incidence and severity of clinical signs and histological lesions. Five doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg effected virtually complete and permanent suppression of clinical signs even after cessation of therapy, and five doses of 250 mg/kg eliminated histological lesions as well. Optimum results required coverage of the entire incubation period regardless of dose level. These results were obtained only when carbonyl iron was used as the adjuvant for production of EAE. When complete Freund's adjuvant was used, EN3638 delayed the onset but had little or no influence on late-developing clinical signs and histologic lesions after cessation of therapy. The permanence of suppression when carbonyl iron was used is related to the absence of an oil depot. Carbonyl iron is a superior adjuvant for drug suppression studies.", "contents": "Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by EN3638: dependence on adjuvants and treatment schedules. Oral administration of 2, 3 or 4 doses of 100 or 250 mg/kg of EN3638 during the incubation period of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis delayed the onset and reduced the incidence and severity of clinical signs and histological lesions. Five doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg effected virtually complete and permanent suppression of clinical signs even after cessation of therapy, and five doses of 250 mg/kg eliminated histological lesions as well. Optimum results required coverage of the entire incubation period regardless of dose level. These results were obtained only when carbonyl iron was used as the adjuvant for production of EAE. When complete Freund's adjuvant was used, EN3638 delayed the onset but had little or no influence on late-developing clinical signs and histologic lesions after cessation of therapy. The permanence of suppression when carbonyl iron was used is related to the absence of an oil depot. Carbonyl iron is a superior adjuvant for drug suppression studies.", "PMID": 401321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_739", "title": "Intercellular adhesion and its role in epidermal differentiation.", "content": "The differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes is accompanied by a regular sequence of changes in the nature of their adhesive interactions. The basis of these changes is discussed with reference to the more detailed studies of intercellular adhesion of other tissue types. In the early stages, desmosome formation predominates. A sequence of molecular events which may underlie desmosome formation and junctional stability is constructed. At the later stages of differentiation, adhesive interactions between non-junctional membranes are of increasing importance, and cells undergo pronounced flattening. The involvement of the cytoskeleton in these processes is considered. Possibilities for further studies on keratinocyte adhesion in normal and pathological epidermis are suggested.", "contents": "Intercellular adhesion and its role in epidermal differentiation. The differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes is accompanied by a regular sequence of changes in the nature of their adhesive interactions. The basis of these changes is discussed with reference to the more detailed studies of intercellular adhesion of other tissue types. In the early stages, desmosome formation predominates. A sequence of molecular events which may underlie desmosome formation and junctional stability is constructed. At the later stages of differentiation, adhesive interactions between non-junctional membranes are of increasing importance, and cells undergo pronounced flattening. The involvement of the cytoskeleton in these processes is considered. Possibilities for further studies on keratinocyte adhesion in normal and pathological epidermis are suggested.", "PMID": 401326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_740", "title": "Teratomas, neoplasia and differentiation: a biological overview. I. The natural history of teratomas.", "content": "In this paper I have attempted to outline the natural history of spontaneously occurring teratomas and associated tumours, but without introducing any preconceptions or assumptions as to their histogenesis or mechanisms of internal differentiation. The justification for this omission is that there is presently no direct evidence in respect of either process in human tumours of this type, with the exception of recent work by LINDER et al. (1975a, b). The various histopathological classifications of teratoid lesions have not been discussed in detail either, because for the most part they have been evolved to serve a specific prognostic purpose on either an empirical basis or on certain histogenetic assumptions. In either case there is an inevitable tendency to emphasize extremes of morphological appearance at the expense of possible continuities of structure and behaviour across the spectrum of teratoid lesions. The purpose of this paper, on the contrary, has been to discern features common to these tumours whenever and wherever they occur. Thus, human teratomas are uniquely puritissular lesions composed, potentially at least, of virtually every recognizable (and probably some as yet unrecognizable), type of embryonic, foetal and adult cell and tissue, together with, in some cases, frankly malignant cells of no obvious derivation or differentiation. In spite of the occasional appearance of structures resembling pre-somite embryos (embryoid bodies), there is no compelling evidence that human teratomatous histogenesis recapitulates embryogenesis in any strict fashion. Histologically, the overwhelming impression is of a more or less random association of cells and tissues at different stages of development and differentiation that proceed up to but not beyond organogenesis. Such teratomas are found at a number of well-defined sites, of which the sacrococcyx is the most prominent in infancy and the gonads during adult life. Both gonadal and extragonadal sites are also associated with apparently homogeneous neoplasms containing cells with features reminiscent of early stages of germinal differentiation which evoke, in many cases, a marked stromal and lymphocytic response, the so-called germinomas. In 'mixed' tumours, which are recognized in an increasing proportion of cases, there is karyological evidence of a conjoint rather than separate origin of teratomatous and germinomatous elements in at least some tumours, challenging a long held belief in their invariably separate character (e.g. HALLEY, 1963).", "contents": "Teratomas, neoplasia and differentiation: a biological overview. I. The natural history of teratomas. In this paper I have attempted to outline the natural history of spontaneously occurring teratomas and associated tumours, but without introducing any preconceptions or assumptions as to their histogenesis or mechanisms of internal differentiation. The justification for this omission is that there is presently no direct evidence in respect of either process in human tumours of this type, with the exception of recent work by LINDER et al. (1975a, b). The various histopathological classifications of teratoid lesions have not been discussed in detail either, because for the most part they have been evolved to serve a specific prognostic purpose on either an empirical basis or on certain histogenetic assumptions. In either case there is an inevitable tendency to emphasize extremes of morphological appearance at the expense of possible continuities of structure and behaviour across the spectrum of teratoid lesions. The purpose of this paper, on the contrary, has been to discern features common to these tumours whenever and wherever they occur. Thus, human teratomas are uniquely puritissular lesions composed, potentially at least, of virtually every recognizable (and probably some as yet unrecognizable), type of embryonic, foetal and adult cell and tissue, together with, in some cases, frankly malignant cells of no obvious derivation or differentiation. In spite of the occasional appearance of structures resembling pre-somite embryos (embryoid bodies), there is no compelling evidence that human teratomatous histogenesis recapitulates embryogenesis in any strict fashion. Histologically, the overwhelming impression is of a more or less random association of cells and tissues at different stages of development and differentiation that proceed up to but not beyond organogenesis. Such teratomas are found at a number of well-defined sites, of which the sacrococcyx is the most prominent in infancy and the gonads during adult life. Both gonadal and extragonadal sites are also associated with apparently homogeneous neoplasms containing cells with features reminiscent of early stages of germinal differentiation which evoke, in many cases, a marked stromal and lymphocytic response, the so-called germinomas. In 'mixed' tumours, which are recognized in an increasing proportion of cases, there is karyological evidence of a conjoint rather than separate origin of teratomatous and germinomatous elements in at least some tumours, challenging a long held belief in their invariably separate character (e.g. HALLEY, 1963).", "PMID": 401327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_741", "title": "Milk proteins and mammary cancer: a review.", "content": "Milk proteins are of potential value in characterizing mammary carcinoma from a functional point of view. The major milk proteins are described with special reference to human milk. The caseins, whey proteins and membrane structures in the milk are discussed in terms of their chemical, biological and immunological properties. In vitro culture systems help to define the hormone dependency of normal mammary tissues and mammary carcinomas. The control of proliferation and milk protein production are partially independent, and this becomes especially evident in experimental tumours. Clinical samples of human tumours and plasma from patients with mammary carcinoma show differences in the level of certain milk proteins. These appear to relate to tumour spread, state of differentiation and the presence of hormone receptors.", "contents": "Milk proteins and mammary cancer: a review. Milk proteins are of potential value in characterizing mammary carcinoma from a functional point of view. The major milk proteins are described with special reference to human milk. The caseins, whey proteins and membrane structures in the milk are discussed in terms of their chemical, biological and immunological properties. In vitro culture systems help to define the hormone dependency of normal mammary tissues and mammary carcinomas. The control of proliferation and milk protein production are partially independent, and this becomes especially evident in experimental tumours. Clinical samples of human tumours and plasma from patients with mammary carcinoma show differences in the level of certain milk proteins. These appear to relate to tumour spread, state of differentiation and the presence of hormone receptors.", "PMID": 401328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_742", "title": "The nodular adrenal.", "content": "Nodules commonly occur in the human adrenal gland. They are best regarded as part of the ageing process, produced in response to adrenal vascular changes. Nodules exhibit a wide diversity of size and distribution and are seen not only in subjects with normal adrenal function but also in patients with hypercorticalism (Cushing's and Conn's syndromes). In these disorders, the nodules appear to be a consequence of the diseases, rather than being aetiological.", "contents": "The nodular adrenal. Nodules commonly occur in the human adrenal gland. They are best regarded as part of the ageing process, produced in response to adrenal vascular changes. Nodules exhibit a wide diversity of size and distribution and are seen not only in subjects with normal adrenal function but also in patients with hypercorticalism (Cushing's and Conn's syndromes). In these disorders, the nodules appear to be a consequence of the diseases, rather than being aetiological.", "PMID": 401329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_743", "title": "Treatment of mental disorders in India.", "content": "1. Mental health gets a low priority all over the world but much more so in developing countries. 2. In India, modern psychiatric facilities are available only in the cities. Mental hospitals are becoming modernized but the backbone of psychiatry is the psychiatric department in the General Hospital where treatment is out-patient and family based except short admissions for crisis intervention. 3. Psychotropic drugs are preferred both by psychiatrists and patients, next being electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and other physical treatments followed by psychotherapies. 4. In view of paucity of facilities, 80% of the population has to depend on indigenous treatments consisting of Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine, religious treatments consisting of prayers, fasting, etc. and various witchcraft and magical rituals.", "contents": "Treatment of mental disorders in India. 1. Mental health gets a low priority all over the world but much more so in developing countries. 2. In India, modern psychiatric facilities are available only in the cities. Mental hospitals are becoming modernized but the backbone of psychiatry is the psychiatric department in the General Hospital where treatment is out-patient and family based except short admissions for crisis intervention. 3. Psychotropic drugs are preferred both by psychiatrists and patients, next being electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and other physical treatments followed by psychotherapies. 4. In view of paucity of facilities, 80% of the population has to depend on indigenous treatments consisting of Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine, religious treatments consisting of prayers, fasting, etc. and various witchcraft and magical rituals.", "PMID": 401334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_744", "title": "HLA system, psychiatry and psychopharmacology.", "content": "1. A number of antigens of the HLA system showed significant associations with clinical phenotypes of schizophrenia and manic depressive disorders. Even though we emphasize the need to consider these results with caution, we suggest that the findings now available indicate that the chromosomal regions which control the HLA system also contain the genetic material related to schizophrenia. On the other hand, although initial results have been encouraging, more work is needed before we can draw definite conclusions about the relationships between HLA antigens and the genetics of manic depressive disorders. All this recently acquired information is discussed and new lines for research are also suggested, including linkage studies in families, which might offer a more precise understanding of the genetic contribution to psychopathology. 2. Stressed also is the possibility that HLA determinants interfere with the interaction between neurotransmitters and/or psychotropic drugs and specific receptors. In this light, the clinical implications of HLA-A1 reactions to chlorpromazine and haloperidol, and of the HLA-A1 cross-reacting antigens are analyzed. Such studies are as yet very preliminary; however they perhaps help to clarify both the real biological roles of these antigenic membrane structures and the mechanisms by which psychotropic drugs interact with membrane receptors.", "contents": "HLA system, psychiatry and psychopharmacology. 1. A number of antigens of the HLA system showed significant associations with clinical phenotypes of schizophrenia and manic depressive disorders. Even though we emphasize the need to consider these results with caution, we suggest that the findings now available indicate that the chromosomal regions which control the HLA system also contain the genetic material related to schizophrenia. On the other hand, although initial results have been encouraging, more work is needed before we can draw definite conclusions about the relationships between HLA antigens and the genetics of manic depressive disorders. All this recently acquired information is discussed and new lines for research are also suggested, including linkage studies in families, which might offer a more precise understanding of the genetic contribution to psychopathology. 2. Stressed also is the possibility that HLA determinants interfere with the interaction between neurotransmitters and/or psychotropic drugs and specific receptors. In this light, the clinical implications of HLA-A1 reactions to chlorpromazine and haloperidol, and of the HLA-A1 cross-reacting antigens are analyzed. Such studies are as yet very preliminary; however they perhaps help to clarify both the real biological roles of these antigenic membrane structures and the mechanisms by which psychotropic drugs interact with membrane receptors.", "PMID": 401335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_745", "title": "Psychopharmacological studies in genetically determined subgroups of psychiatric patients.", "content": "1. As a prerequisite for psychopharmacological studies in subgroups of psychiatric patients two approaches will be described: a. A multiaxial classification system for affective disorders (MULTI-CLAD). b. Studies of ABO- and HLA-systems in patients with affective disorders. HLA: In 107 manic-melancholic patients selected according to the very strict MULTI-CLAD criteria confirmatory evidence was obtained that there is a positive association between affective disorders and HLA-Bw 16; the results were also strongly suggestive of a positive association between HLA-7 and such disorders. ABO: In sixty-six manic-melancholic patients selected along the same criteria, the differences between all patients combined versus controls were not significant, but a significantly higher percentage of bipolar patients (70%) than of unipolar patients (22%) had blood group O, while a significantly higher percentage of unipolar patients (65%) than of bipolar patients (23%) had blood group A. 2. The findings are in the process of further study involving some 300 patients from the Psychochemistry out-patient-clinic. The purpose is to see whether less selected groups of patients with affective disorders show less marked profiles for ABO and HLA, as this will have importance for the selection of subgroups of patients for psychopharmacological studies.", "contents": "Psychopharmacological studies in genetically determined subgroups of psychiatric patients. 1. As a prerequisite for psychopharmacological studies in subgroups of psychiatric patients two approaches will be described: a. A multiaxial classification system for affective disorders (MULTI-CLAD). b. Studies of ABO- and HLA-systems in patients with affective disorders. HLA: In 107 manic-melancholic patients selected according to the very strict MULTI-CLAD criteria confirmatory evidence was obtained that there is a positive association between affective disorders and HLA-Bw 16; the results were also strongly suggestive of a positive association between HLA-7 and such disorders. ABO: In sixty-six manic-melancholic patients selected along the same criteria, the differences between all patients combined versus controls were not significant, but a significantly higher percentage of bipolar patients (70%) than of unipolar patients (22%) had blood group O, while a significantly higher percentage of unipolar patients (65%) than of bipolar patients (23%) had blood group A. 2. The findings are in the process of further study involving some 300 patients from the Psychochemistry out-patient-clinic. The purpose is to see whether less selected groups of patients with affective disorders show less marked profiles for ABO and HLA, as this will have importance for the selection of subgroups of patients for psychopharmacological studies.", "PMID": 401336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_746", "title": "Perspectives and practical applications in psychopharmacogenetics.", "content": "1. Individual response to drugs is to a great extent influenced by hereditary factors. 2. The interaction between genetic and environmental factors affecting drug metabolism in man is of crucial importance to the understanding of therapeutic response in psychopharmacology. This proposition is illustrated for various psychotropic drugs such as the monoamineoxydase inhibitors (MAOI), tricyclic drugs and lithium salts as well as for enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of biogenic amines. 3. New perspectives in pharmacogenetics and their relevance to psychopharmacology are discussed.", "contents": "Perspectives and practical applications in psychopharmacogenetics. 1. Individual response to drugs is to a great extent influenced by hereditary factors. 2. The interaction between genetic and environmental factors affecting drug metabolism in man is of crucial importance to the understanding of therapeutic response in psychopharmacology. This proposition is illustrated for various psychotropic drugs such as the monoamineoxydase inhibitors (MAOI), tricyclic drugs and lithium salts as well as for enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of biogenic amines. 3. New perspectives in pharmacogenetics and their relevance to psychopharmacology are discussed.", "PMID": 401337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_747", "title": "Drugs and the developing skeleton.", "content": "The skeleton develops from early embryonal stages until the end of the second decade. Normal morphogenesis requires integrated growth, differentiation and morphogenetic movement over prolonged periods of time. The complexity of the processes involved ensures that the potential for drugs to affect the system is very large, and that a number of metabolic pathways may be disturbed. Skeletal abnormalities are thus an important component of many malformation syndromes and are produced by varied genetic mechanisms combined with environmental effects.", "contents": "Drugs and the developing skeleton. The skeleton develops from early embryonal stages until the end of the second decade. Normal morphogenesis requires integrated growth, differentiation and morphogenetic movement over prolonged periods of time. The complexity of the processes involved ensures that the potential for drugs to affect the system is very large, and that a number of metabolic pathways may be disturbed. Skeletal abnormalities are thus an important component of many malformation syndromes and are produced by varied genetic mechanisms combined with environmental effects.", "PMID": 401330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_748", "title": "Genetic epidemiology and the prevention of functional mental disorders and alcoholism: family study and biological predictors.", "content": "1. This review intends to present some theoretical and practical considerations which appear essential for the development of rational research strategies in the field of primary and secondary prevention of mental disorders and alcoholism. 2. The various advances and trends regarding the nosology and diagnosis of these disorders are discussed. Integrative epidemiological models for relating the multifactorial causation and the heterogeneity (multidimensionality) of these disorders are presented. 3. It is emphasized that alcoholism and the functional mental disorders occur in families as shown by (i) the increased incidence of these disorders among relatives and (ii) the existence of various clinical categories genetically associated. 4. Current methodology in clinical diagnosis and genetic epidemiology represent powerful procedures for typing and subtyping of these disorders. Family studies could identify more homogeneous subgroups and generate hypotheses as to the mode of transmission of mental disorders and alcoholism. 5. Real progress could be made in prevention only if the search for predictors is carried out in homogeneous subgroups. 6. There is a lack of knowledge regarding biological predictors. An urgent need for association studies and linkage analysis should be carried out in order to identify genetic markers (causal relationship) and chromosomal markers. These could provide for the specification of a constellation of markers and the development of appropriate tests to identify subjects at risk likely to develop alcoholism and mental disorders. 7. The immediate issues in secondary prevention and the later outcomes in primary prevention are outlined.", "contents": "Genetic epidemiology and the prevention of functional mental disorders and alcoholism: family study and biological predictors. 1. This review intends to present some theoretical and practical considerations which appear essential for the development of rational research strategies in the field of primary and secondary prevention of mental disorders and alcoholism. 2. The various advances and trends regarding the nosology and diagnosis of these disorders are discussed. Integrative epidemiological models for relating the multifactorial causation and the heterogeneity (multidimensionality) of these disorders are presented. 3. It is emphasized that alcoholism and the functional mental disorders occur in families as shown by (i) the increased incidence of these disorders among relatives and (ii) the existence of various clinical categories genetically associated. 4. Current methodology in clinical diagnosis and genetic epidemiology represent powerful procedures for typing and subtyping of these disorders. Family studies could identify more homogeneous subgroups and generate hypotheses as to the mode of transmission of mental disorders and alcoholism. 5. Real progress could be made in prevention only if the search for predictors is carried out in homogeneous subgroups. 6. There is a lack of knowledge regarding biological predictors. An urgent need for association studies and linkage analysis should be carried out in order to identify genetic markers (causal relationship) and chromosomal markers. These could provide for the specification of a constellation of markers and the development of appropriate tests to identify subjects at risk likely to develop alcoholism and mental disorders. 7. The immediate issues in secondary prevention and the later outcomes in primary prevention are outlined.", "PMID": 401338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_749", "title": "Monitoring of antidepressant drug plasma levels: the next ten years.", "content": "Future studies of the relationship between plasma level and drug response in depressed patients ought to take the following facts into consideration: 1. Selective drug analytical methods must be used and subjected to quality control. Methods for the major urinary metabolite(s) of the parent drug should also be developed. 2. Each drug has individual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties--it is unlikely that one drug will be effective in all patients even under optimal kinetic conditions. 3. The pharmacologic and biochemical effects of hitherto investigated tricyclic antidepressants correlate significantly to the concentrations of parent drug and/or its active metabolite in plasma. 4. It is more likely that a significant correlation will be found between the total tricyclic antidepressant level in plasma and the therapeutic outcome in a patient sample if the range of plasma levels is large--in this case the relatively small interindividual differences in plasma protein binding play a minor role. 5. Concomitant somatic disease may change the kinetics of antidepressant drugs. 6. The clinical methods used for selecting and rating study patients with depressive disorders must be standardized. 7. Novel rapidly acting drugs are desirable because the slow onset of action of tricyclic antidepressant seriously hamper their clinical evaluation. 8. A strong correlation between plasma concentration of an antidepressant drug and clinical outcome is strong evidence that the clinical effect is due to the drug rather than nonpharmacological factors.", "contents": "Monitoring of antidepressant drug plasma levels: the next ten years. Future studies of the relationship between plasma level and drug response in depressed patients ought to take the following facts into consideration: 1. Selective drug analytical methods must be used and subjected to quality control. Methods for the major urinary metabolite(s) of the parent drug should also be developed. 2. Each drug has individual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties--it is unlikely that one drug will be effective in all patients even under optimal kinetic conditions. 3. The pharmacologic and biochemical effects of hitherto investigated tricyclic antidepressants correlate significantly to the concentrations of parent drug and/or its active metabolite in plasma. 4. It is more likely that a significant correlation will be found between the total tricyclic antidepressant level in plasma and the therapeutic outcome in a patient sample if the range of plasma levels is large--in this case the relatively small interindividual differences in plasma protein binding play a minor role. 5. Concomitant somatic disease may change the kinetics of antidepressant drugs. 6. The clinical methods used for selecting and rating study patients with depressive disorders must be standardized. 7. Novel rapidly acting drugs are desirable because the slow onset of action of tricyclic antidepressant seriously hamper their clinical evaluation. 8. A strong correlation between plasma concentration of an antidepressant drug and clinical outcome is strong evidence that the clinical effect is due to the drug rather than nonpharmacological factors.", "PMID": 401339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_750", "title": "The role of plasma concentrations in the use of tricyclic antidepressant drugs.", "content": "1. The range of tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels (or doses) needed for therapeutic response remains largely unresolved, since quantal plasma concentration (or dose)--response relationships have not been clearly defined for either therapeutic or nontherapeutic effects. 2. The fact that certain patients apparently became more depressed at higher plasma levels must be balanced against the facts that \"depression\" is a mixture of disorders as yet poorly distinguishable and that tricyclic antidepressants have multiple pharmacologic effects. 3. There is presently no justification for routinely monitoring tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels, even though, as for any drug, such determinations are justifiable in patients who are unresponsive or show signs of toxicity. 4. Plasma level determinations can never replace sound clinical judgment and dosage adjustment for individual patients.", "contents": "The role of plasma concentrations in the use of tricyclic antidepressant drugs. 1. The range of tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels (or doses) needed for therapeutic response remains largely unresolved, since quantal plasma concentration (or dose)--response relationships have not been clearly defined for either therapeutic or nontherapeutic effects. 2. The fact that certain patients apparently became more depressed at higher plasma levels must be balanced against the facts that \"depression\" is a mixture of disorders as yet poorly distinguishable and that tricyclic antidepressants have multiple pharmacologic effects. 3. There is presently no justification for routinely monitoring tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels, even though, as for any drug, such determinations are justifiable in patients who are unresponsive or show signs of toxicity. 4. Plasma level determinations can never replace sound clinical judgment and dosage adjustment for individual patients.", "PMID": 401340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_751", "title": "Negative aspects of psychotherapeutic drug treatment.", "content": "Negative effects of psychotropic substances may be divided into seven categories: 1. Physical symptoms, e.g. headache, dry mouth, etc. 2. Somatic complications, i.e. conditions which seriously impair the patient's health, e.g. choleostatic jaundice or tardive dyskinesia. 3. Behavioural toxicity, i.e. noxious modifications of the patient's behaviour as the result of the drug's action, e.g. drug-dependence, psycho-motor retardation, etc. 4. Compliance problems, i.e. irregular or unreliable adherence to the prescribed drug regime by the patient. 5. Restriction of the patient's learning capacity, which may represent an obstacle to the application of other treatment modalities, e.g. behaviour modification, or to the patient's social re-adaptation. 6. Psychodynamic interference with psychotherapy, e.g. by diminishing the patient's motivation to pursue this type of treatment or by disturbing the structure of his defences. 7. Reducing the physicians' therapeutic efficacy if he relies exclusively on psychotropic agents.", "contents": "Negative aspects of psychotherapeutic drug treatment. Negative effects of psychotropic substances may be divided into seven categories: 1. Physical symptoms, e.g. headache, dry mouth, etc. 2. Somatic complications, i.e. conditions which seriously impair the patient's health, e.g. choleostatic jaundice or tardive dyskinesia. 3. Behavioural toxicity, i.e. noxious modifications of the patient's behaviour as the result of the drug's action, e.g. drug-dependence, psycho-motor retardation, etc. 4. Compliance problems, i.e. irregular or unreliable adherence to the prescribed drug regime by the patient. 5. Restriction of the patient's learning capacity, which may represent an obstacle to the application of other treatment modalities, e.g. behaviour modification, or to the patient's social re-adaptation. 6. Psychodynamic interference with psychotherapy, e.g. by diminishing the patient's motivation to pursue this type of treatment or by disturbing the structure of his defences. 7. Reducing the physicians' therapeutic efficacy if he relies exclusively on psychotropic agents.", "PMID": 401341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_752", "title": "The pathogenesis of essential hypertension.", "content": "Essential hypertension is a quantitative abnormality, the pathological effects and risks increasing with the blood pressure level. In Western countries blood pressure rises with age in most individuals, so essential hypertension is more frequent in middle and older age groups. It is likely that an individual's blood pressure level is determined by many interacting factors. These include heredity, which probably acts multifactorially, and many environment influences, including psychological stress and obesity. Specific factors may be of varying importance in different individuals and in different populations. Several physiological mechanisms control the blood pressure level and may be altered in essential hypertension. In early hypertension sympathetic nervous activity is sometimes increased, although in long-standing hypertension this is less marked. Cardiac output may be increased in borderline hypertension but is normal in established hypertension, when total peripheral resistance is increased. Total exchangeable sodium is normal, while the renal pressure-natriuresis balance is altered, so that for a given pressure the hypertension kidney excretes less sodium. In some patients, plasma renin is low, probably as a result of renal adaption to prolonged hypertension. The pathogenic sequence in essential hypertension is uncertain. Increased autonomic activity may cause vasoconstriction in renal and other arterioles and increase cardiac output, leading to a rise in blood pressure. Elevated pressure itself produces structural changes in the resistance vessels, including those of the kidney, which eventually maintain the hypertension even when the initiating stimulus is removed. The way in which heredity and environment influence pathogenic mechanism is also uncertain. Heredity might, for example, influence the autonomic response to stress or the liability to irreversible changes in the resistance vessels or in the kidney. Environmental factors may also increase autonomic activity, enhance vascular reactivity or alter renal function.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Essential hypertension is a quantitative abnormality, the pathological effects and risks increasing with the blood pressure level. In Western countries blood pressure rises with age in most individuals, so essential hypertension is more frequent in middle and older age groups. It is likely that an individual's blood pressure level is determined by many interacting factors. These include heredity, which probably acts multifactorially, and many environment influences, including psychological stress and obesity. Specific factors may be of varying importance in different individuals and in different populations. Several physiological mechanisms control the blood pressure level and may be altered in essential hypertension. In early hypertension sympathetic nervous activity is sometimes increased, although in long-standing hypertension this is less marked. Cardiac output may be increased in borderline hypertension but is normal in established hypertension, when total peripheral resistance is increased. Total exchangeable sodium is normal, while the renal pressure-natriuresis balance is altered, so that for a given pressure the hypertension kidney excretes less sodium. In some patients, plasma renin is low, probably as a result of renal adaption to prolonged hypertension. The pathogenic sequence in essential hypertension is uncertain. Increased autonomic activity may cause vasoconstriction in renal and other arterioles and increase cardiac output, leading to a rise in blood pressure. Elevated pressure itself produces structural changes in the resistance vessels, including those of the kidney, which eventually maintain the hypertension even when the initiating stimulus is removed. The way in which heredity and environment influence pathogenic mechanism is also uncertain. Heredity might, for example, influence the autonomic response to stress or the liability to irreversible changes in the resistance vessels or in the kidney. Environmental factors may also increase autonomic activity, enhance vascular reactivity or alter renal function.", "PMID": 401333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_753", "title": "Endomyocardial biopsy.", "content": "Cardiac biopsies are being undertaken with increased frequency in recent years. The present review concentrates mainly upon the role of this technique in the more accurate classification and diagnosis of the cardiomyopathies. In addition the quality of biopsy material and the degree to which it represents the overall cardiac pathological changes are presented.", "contents": "Endomyocardial biopsy. Cardiac biopsies are being undertaken with increased frequency in recent years. The present review concentrates mainly upon the role of this technique in the more accurate classification and diagnosis of the cardiomyopathies. In addition the quality of biopsy material and the degree to which it represents the overall cardiac pathological changes are presented.", "PMID": 401331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_754", "title": "The relevance of the structural co-factor (chemogenic lesion) in adverse and toxic reactions of neuropsychotropic agents.", "content": "1. Multidisciplinary methodologies in human and experimental investigations revealed that neuropsychotropic agents display multiple neural and extraneural \"targets\" or bioreceptors. 2. The adverse and toxic reactions would be, in essence, the expression of a reversible or irreversible \"chemogenic lesion\" resulting from the molecular interactions among the chemical agents and the morpho-chemical correlates of the organism at any level of the structural organization. 3. In pathogenic terms, this \"chemogenic lesion\" appears as a patho-chemical condition or a dynamic state of interacting chemical and biological mechanisms rather than a single cause.", "contents": "The relevance of the structural co-factor (chemogenic lesion) in adverse and toxic reactions of neuropsychotropic agents. 1. Multidisciplinary methodologies in human and experimental investigations revealed that neuropsychotropic agents display multiple neural and extraneural \"targets\" or bioreceptors. 2. The adverse and toxic reactions would be, in essence, the expression of a reversible or irreversible \"chemogenic lesion\" resulting from the molecular interactions among the chemical agents and the morpho-chemical correlates of the organism at any level of the structural organization. 3. In pathogenic terms, this \"chemogenic lesion\" appears as a patho-chemical condition or a dynamic state of interacting chemical and biological mechanisms rather than a single cause.", "PMID": 401342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_755", "title": "The mechanisms of human tumour-induced osteolysis and hypercalcaemia.", "content": "This is a brief resume of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms whereby tumours may cause the breakdown or increase the turnover of bone matrix resulting in hypercalcaemia. The precise mechanisms and agents still remain to be ascertained. This would appear to be an investigative area worthy of significant research effort in view of the potential benefit to patient care which may then ensue.", "contents": "The mechanisms of human tumour-induced osteolysis and hypercalcaemia. This is a brief resume of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms whereby tumours may cause the breakdown or increase the turnover of bone matrix resulting in hypercalcaemia. The precise mechanisms and agents still remain to be ascertained. This would appear to be an investigative area worthy of significant research effort in view of the potential benefit to patient care which may then ensue.", "PMID": 401332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_756", "title": "Psychotropic drugs and their relationship with psychopathology of affective disorders.", "content": "In this paper we discuss the relationship between the psychopathology of depressive behavior and the effectiveness of drugs affecting mood. Particular emphasis is given to the recent contribution of the authors (1975-1977) to the specific items of: 1. non-psychological validation of diagnosis of primary affective disorders 2. predictability of the response to antidepressant drugs 3. factors involved in the effectiveness of long-term lithium treatment. Key words: depression, primary affective disorders, secondary affective disorders, unipolar depression, bipolar depression, N1-methylnicotinamide, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, tricyclic antidepressant drugs, lithium prophylaxis, intraerythrocyte/plasma lithium ratio. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF); intraerythrocyte/plasma lithium ratio (Li ratio); 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG): monoamine oxidase (MAO); morbidity risk (MR); N1-methylnicotinamide (N1-MN); norepinephrine (NE); primary affective disorders (PAD); secondary affective disorders (SAD).", "contents": "Psychotropic drugs and their relationship with psychopathology of affective disorders. In this paper we discuss the relationship between the psychopathology of depressive behavior and the effectiveness of drugs affecting mood. Particular emphasis is given to the recent contribution of the authors (1975-1977) to the specific items of: 1. non-psychological validation of diagnosis of primary affective disorders 2. predictability of the response to antidepressant drugs 3. factors involved in the effectiveness of long-term lithium treatment. Key words: depression, primary affective disorders, secondary affective disorders, unipolar depression, bipolar depression, N1-methylnicotinamide, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, tricyclic antidepressant drugs, lithium prophylaxis, intraerythrocyte/plasma lithium ratio. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF); intraerythrocyte/plasma lithium ratio (Li ratio); 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG): monoamine oxidase (MAO); morbidity risk (MR); N1-methylnicotinamide (N1-MN); norepinephrine (NE); primary affective disorders (PAD); secondary affective disorders (SAD).", "PMID": 401343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_757", "title": "The classification of depressions and the activity profile of the antidepressants.", "content": "1. Pre-requisiste for a successful treatment of depressions is an accurate diagnosis. 2. The nosological classification proposed by the WHO-ICD (International Classification of Diseases, 9th edn.) differentiates three main groups of depressive states, i.e. somatogenic, endogenous and psychogenic depressions. 3. In somatogenic depressive manifestations, first of all, the organic disease has to be treated. 4. In endogenous and psychogenic depressions, the kind of treatment and the indication for long-term therapy can be derivated by the nosological diagnosis. 5. The syndromal diagnosis determines the choice of the antidepressant with the correct activity pattern and gives also the indication for a combined treatment with beta-blockers. 6. Nosological classification, syndromal diagnosis, activity patterns of the antidepressants, the indication for long-term treatment and combined therapy are discussed.", "contents": "The classification of depressions and the activity profile of the antidepressants. 1. Pre-requisiste for a successful treatment of depressions is an accurate diagnosis. 2. The nosological classification proposed by the WHO-ICD (International Classification of Diseases, 9th edn.) differentiates three main groups of depressive states, i.e. somatogenic, endogenous and psychogenic depressions. 3. In somatogenic depressive manifestations, first of all, the organic disease has to be treated. 4. In endogenous and psychogenic depressions, the kind of treatment and the indication for long-term therapy can be derivated by the nosological diagnosis. 5. The syndromal diagnosis determines the choice of the antidepressant with the correct activity pattern and gives also the indication for a combined treatment with beta-blockers. 6. Nosological classification, syndromal diagnosis, activity patterns of the antidepressants, the indication for long-term treatment and combined therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 401344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_758", "title": "Psychopharmacological prospectives in the treatment of dementia.", "content": "1. Dementias have a complex etiology and pathogenesis which should be carefully evaluated in order to attempt a medical treatment. 2. Drugs are among the most frequent causes of dementias, particularly drugs with anticholinergic properties. 3. A similarity between the mental symptoms of anticholinergic poisoning and senile dementia has been observed. 4. Recent investigations have also presented a decrease of cholinergic activity in postmortem material of subjects with Alzheimer's disease. Also a number of data suggest that recent memory would be related to changes in the metabolism of brain acetylcholine (Ach). 5. The possibility that drugs stimulating brain cholinergic mechanisms might be used in the treatment of dementias is envisaged.", "contents": "Psychopharmacological prospectives in the treatment of dementia. 1. Dementias have a complex etiology and pathogenesis which should be carefully evaluated in order to attempt a medical treatment. 2. Drugs are among the most frequent causes of dementias, particularly drugs with anticholinergic properties. 3. A similarity between the mental symptoms of anticholinergic poisoning and senile dementia has been observed. 4. Recent investigations have also presented a decrease of cholinergic activity in postmortem material of subjects with Alzheimer's disease. Also a number of data suggest that recent memory would be related to changes in the metabolism of brain acetylcholine (Ach). 5. The possibility that drugs stimulating brain cholinergic mechanisms might be used in the treatment of dementias is envisaged.", "PMID": 401345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_759", "title": "Treatment of epilepsy: with special reference to developing countries.", "content": "1. Epilepsy, a common chronic neurological disorder, constitutes an important medical problem especially as in the developing countries there is a great dearth and shortage of health personnel, especially trained ones, in clinical neurosciences. The prevalence of epilepsy in developing countries is probably higher than in the Caucasians although accurate epidemiological data are lacking. 2. Epilepsy is discussed with special regard to the need for accurate diagnosis, and the difficulties encountered in developing countries. 3. Pharmacotherapy should be as simple as possible and suggestions are made on the essential drugs useful in the control of epilepsy with special reference to developing countries and in the context of economics and ready availability. Grand mal and focal epilepsies could be controlled by phenobarbitone, with phenytoin, sulthiame and carbamazepine kept as reserves or adjuncts. Minor (generalised) epilepsies could be controlled by ethosuximide, with clonazepam and sodium valproate (sodium dipropylacetate) as reserve drugs and adjuncts. For status epilepticus, diazepam is effective and readily available, with clonazepam and phenytoin as alternatives. 4. The problems in the management of epilepsy in the developing countries include lack of facilities and personnel to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment, inadequate supply or non-availability of drugs, high defaulting rate of patients, the adverse and often pernicious social stigmatisation of the epileptic. 5. Possible solutions to some of these problems include integration of management (in simple terms) of convulsive disorders into the basic health system of delivery of health care in developing countries, aggressive pursuit of health education of the public by governmental and non-governmental agencies, active, intensive and sustained promotion of training of health personnel in clinical neurosciences and research aimed at producing long-acting anticonvulsants.", "contents": "Treatment of epilepsy: with special reference to developing countries. 1. Epilepsy, a common chronic neurological disorder, constitutes an important medical problem especially as in the developing countries there is a great dearth and shortage of health personnel, especially trained ones, in clinical neurosciences. The prevalence of epilepsy in developing countries is probably higher than in the Caucasians although accurate epidemiological data are lacking. 2. Epilepsy is discussed with special regard to the need for accurate diagnosis, and the difficulties encountered in developing countries. 3. Pharmacotherapy should be as simple as possible and suggestions are made on the essential drugs useful in the control of epilepsy with special reference to developing countries and in the context of economics and ready availability. Grand mal and focal epilepsies could be controlled by phenobarbitone, with phenytoin, sulthiame and carbamazepine kept as reserves or adjuncts. Minor (generalised) epilepsies could be controlled by ethosuximide, with clonazepam and sodium valproate (sodium dipropylacetate) as reserve drugs and adjuncts. For status epilepticus, diazepam is effective and readily available, with clonazepam and phenytoin as alternatives. 4. The problems in the management of epilepsy in the developing countries include lack of facilities and personnel to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment, inadequate supply or non-availability of drugs, high defaulting rate of patients, the adverse and often pernicious social stigmatisation of the epileptic. 5. Possible solutions to some of these problems include integration of management (in simple terms) of convulsive disorders into the basic health system of delivery of health care in developing countries, aggressive pursuit of health education of the public by governmental and non-governmental agencies, active, intensive and sustained promotion of training of health personnel in clinical neurosciences and research aimed at producing long-acting anticonvulsants.", "PMID": 401346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_760", "title": "Sites of action of amphetamine intrinsic to catecholaminergic nuclei: catecholaminergic presynaptic dendrites and axons.", "content": "1. It is now well established that the behavioral actions of amphetamine, especially locomotor and stereotyped behaviors, are dependent in part upon the release of catecholamines in the central nervous system. 2. A variety of empirical evidence has established that the release of catecholamines by amphetamine leads to changes in neuronal activity in regions postsynaptic to catecholaminergic nerve terminals. In addition, release of catecholamines is accompanied by a marked inhibition of neuronal firing in catecholaminergic neurons. 3. At least two conceptions have been advanced to account for this marked decrease in catecholaminergic neuronal activity. (a) In one of these, release of catecholamines from presynaptic terminals is thought to lead to a compensatory decrease in neuronal firing rate by means of a postsynaptic neuronal feedback loop from regions innervated by catecholaminergic neurons. (b) In the other, decreased neuronal activity is hypothesized to result from local release of catecholamines onto or near catecholaminergic neuronal dendrites and somata, a phenomenon that has been characterized as self-inhibition. 4. For dopaminergic neurons, recent biochemical, neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical evidence suggests that the latter process could be subserved by dopamine released from dopaminergic neuronal dendrites, i.e., \"presynaptic\" dendrites.", "contents": "Sites of action of amphetamine intrinsic to catecholaminergic nuclei: catecholaminergic presynaptic dendrites and axons. 1. It is now well established that the behavioral actions of amphetamine, especially locomotor and stereotyped behaviors, are dependent in part upon the release of catecholamines in the central nervous system. 2. A variety of empirical evidence has established that the release of catecholamines by amphetamine leads to changes in neuronal activity in regions postsynaptic to catecholaminergic nerve terminals. In addition, release of catecholamines is accompanied by a marked inhibition of neuronal firing in catecholaminergic neurons. 3. At least two conceptions have been advanced to account for this marked decrease in catecholaminergic neuronal activity. (a) In one of these, release of catecholamines from presynaptic terminals is thought to lead to a compensatory decrease in neuronal firing rate by means of a postsynaptic neuronal feedback loop from regions innervated by catecholaminergic neurons. (b) In the other, decreased neuronal activity is hypothesized to result from local release of catecholamines onto or near catecholaminergic neuronal dendrites and somata, a phenomenon that has been characterized as self-inhibition. 4. For dopaminergic neurons, recent biochemical, neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical evidence suggests that the latter process could be subserved by dopamine released from dopaminergic neuronal dendrites, i.e., \"presynaptic\" dendrites.", "PMID": 401347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_761", "title": "Psychological performance in anxious patients treated with diazepam.", "content": "1. After each week of a flexible dosage treatment with either diazepam, amylobarbitone or placebo anxious patients were assessed by a comprehensive battery of psychiatrist's ratings, subjective tests and psychological performance tasks to detect the clinical and psychological effects of the drugs. 2. Self rated anxiety and insomnia were improved significantly by diazepam, while amylobarbitone improved only the self rated insomnia. 3. An impairment of performance relative to placebo was detected on two performance tasks after the barbiturate and on six performance tasks after the benzodiazepine. 4. The patient's reported level of anxiety under each treatment condition was related to the performance on the five tasks showing drug effects, thus confirming the postulated inverted U-shape relationship between drive and performance.", "contents": "Psychological performance in anxious patients treated with diazepam. 1. After each week of a flexible dosage treatment with either diazepam, amylobarbitone or placebo anxious patients were assessed by a comprehensive battery of psychiatrist's ratings, subjective tests and psychological performance tasks to detect the clinical and psychological effects of the drugs. 2. Self rated anxiety and insomnia were improved significantly by diazepam, while amylobarbitone improved only the self rated insomnia. 3. An impairment of performance relative to placebo was detected on two performance tasks after the barbiturate and on six performance tasks after the benzodiazepine. 4. The patient's reported level of anxiety under each treatment condition was related to the performance on the five tasks showing drug effects, thus confirming the postulated inverted U-shape relationship between drive and performance.", "PMID": 401348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_762", "title": "Medico-social evaluation of the long-term pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. Comparative study of fluphenazine and pimozide.", "content": "1. A controlled clinical trial has shown oral pimozide to be clinically at least as effective as fluphenazine decanoate in the continuation treatment of schizophrenia. 2. Pimozide was also associated with more favourable measures of social outcome. 3. Some implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Medico-social evaluation of the long-term pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. Comparative study of fluphenazine and pimozide. 1. A controlled clinical trial has shown oral pimozide to be clinically at least as effective as fluphenazine decanoate in the continuation treatment of schizophrenia. 2. Pimozide was also associated with more favourable measures of social outcome. 3. Some implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 401349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_763", "title": "Consequences of prenatal maternal alcohol exposure including the fetal alcohol syndrome.", "content": "1. Some recent findings on fetal alcohol effects are presented under the headings of introduction, classification--clinical signs and symptoms, epidemiology, etiology--possible pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, management, discussion and conclusions. 2. The present level of knowledge suggests that the toxic effects of alcohol on the fetus may be a health hazard of significant proportion and that further clinical investigation and basic science research studies are indicated.", "contents": "Consequences of prenatal maternal alcohol exposure including the fetal alcohol syndrome. 1. Some recent findings on fetal alcohol effects are presented under the headings of introduction, classification--clinical signs and symptoms, epidemiology, etiology--possible pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, management, discussion and conclusions. 2. The present level of knowledge suggests that the toxic effects of alcohol on the fetus may be a health hazard of significant proportion and that further clinical investigation and basic science research studies are indicated.", "PMID": 401350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_764", "title": "Genetic methods and preventive psychiatry.", "content": "1. The meaning of the consistently high estimates of heritability of psychiatric disorders such as affective disorders and schizophrenia is that a small proportion of families accounts for a very large proportion of the population diagnostic variance. 2. This implies that the classic community mental health services model of a randomly distributed risk in a geographically defined catchment area population is inappropriate, and that efficient case finding and follow-up would result from tracing illness within pedigrees of known cases. 3. Application to clinical practice of family study methods developed in genetic research enables efficient identification of unrecognized and untreated cases, and early provision of care (secondary prevention). The use of family study methods will also uncover milder and variant (\"spectrum\") forms of illness in relatives of known patients, which then become accessible to treatment. 4. A family study of affective illness at the United States National Institute of Mental Health, demonstrated how additional ill persons including previously untreated cases could be identified. Starting with 86 Bipolar probands, we interviewed all available first degree relatives, and saw second degree relatives if there was indicated psychopathology by history. 5. Of the 405 living first degree relatives of 86 Bipolar I patients, the study found 1.2% had lifetime diagnosis of untreated Bipolar illness, 2.7% had untreated Unipolar illness, 4% had less severe personality disorders and 2% suffered from behavioral disorders such as drug abuse or alcoholism.", "contents": "Genetic methods and preventive psychiatry. 1. The meaning of the consistently high estimates of heritability of psychiatric disorders such as affective disorders and schizophrenia is that a small proportion of families accounts for a very large proportion of the population diagnostic variance. 2. This implies that the classic community mental health services model of a randomly distributed risk in a geographically defined catchment area population is inappropriate, and that efficient case finding and follow-up would result from tracing illness within pedigrees of known cases. 3. Application to clinical practice of family study methods developed in genetic research enables efficient identification of unrecognized and untreated cases, and early provision of care (secondary prevention). The use of family study methods will also uncover milder and variant (\"spectrum\") forms of illness in relatives of known patients, which then become accessible to treatment. 4. A family study of affective illness at the United States National Institute of Mental Health, demonstrated how additional ill persons including previously untreated cases could be identified. Starting with 86 Bipolar probands, we interviewed all available first degree relatives, and saw second degree relatives if there was indicated psychopathology by history. 5. Of the 405 living first degree relatives of 86 Bipolar I patients, the study found 1.2% had lifetime diagnosis of untreated Bipolar illness, 2.7% had untreated Unipolar illness, 4% had less severe personality disorders and 2% suffered from behavioral disorders such as drug abuse or alcoholism.", "PMID": 401351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_765", "title": "Identification of high-risk criteria in the framework of W.H.O. collaborative research in the major mental disorders.", "content": "1. Primary prevention of psychiatric disorders from the point of view of WHO was discussed. 2. It was emphasized that in contrast to developed countries malnutrition and infection-induced secondary mental deficiencies are still prevalent in the developing world. 3. Some of the relevant WHO projects were briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Identification of high-risk criteria in the framework of W.H.O. collaborative research in the major mental disorders. 1. Primary prevention of psychiatric disorders from the point of view of WHO was discussed. 2. It was emphasized that in contrast to developed countries malnutrition and infection-induced secondary mental deficiencies are still prevalent in the developing world. 3. Some of the relevant WHO projects were briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 401352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_766", "title": "Primary and secondary prevention of alcoholism: emerging trends and research strategy.", "content": "1. The theoretical and empirical value of a \"level conceptualization in prevention\" as proposed by the classical 'public health' model is challenged. 2. Although prevention should be related only to reduction of incidence of the disease (new cases), for various reasons the authors also include secondary prevention in the prevention of alcoholism. 3. Two main strategies are proposed in the prevention of alcoholism: (a) the global prevention directed to the population at large, and (b) the oriented or selective prevention directed to specific target groups (high risk groups). 4. In primary prevention a theoretical model, based on system theory \"the ecogenetic wheel model\" is proposed which tries to integrate the multidimensional (dependent variables), multifactorial and family approaches (independent variables) involved in alcoholic-related problems. 5. The biological predictors (chromosomal and biochemical markers) and psychological predictors to be used in the early detection of alcoholism are discussed. 6. Two theories are suggested for detection of biochemical markers: direct detection in naive subjects and indirect detection (activating theory) in subjects exposed to ethanol. 7. Secondary prevention could presently benefit from a \"constellation\" of clearly identified biological markers which would allow for the early detection of initial alcoholics. Screening programs could be implemented for selected target groups such as (a) occupational alcoholism programs, (b) programs for alcoholics' families, (c) programs for specific hospitalized patients and (d) alcohol programs related to traffic accidents.", "contents": "Primary and secondary prevention of alcoholism: emerging trends and research strategy. 1. The theoretical and empirical value of a \"level conceptualization in prevention\" as proposed by the classical 'public health' model is challenged. 2. Although prevention should be related only to reduction of incidence of the disease (new cases), for various reasons the authors also include secondary prevention in the prevention of alcoholism. 3. Two main strategies are proposed in the prevention of alcoholism: (a) the global prevention directed to the population at large, and (b) the oriented or selective prevention directed to specific target groups (high risk groups). 4. In primary prevention a theoretical model, based on system theory \"the ecogenetic wheel model\" is proposed which tries to integrate the multidimensional (dependent variables), multifactorial and family approaches (independent variables) involved in alcoholic-related problems. 5. The biological predictors (chromosomal and biochemical markers) and psychological predictors to be used in the early detection of alcoholism are discussed. 6. Two theories are suggested for detection of biochemical markers: direct detection in naive subjects and indirect detection (activating theory) in subjects exposed to ethanol. 7. Secondary prevention could presently benefit from a \"constellation\" of clearly identified biological markers which would allow for the early detection of initial alcoholics. Screening programs could be implemented for selected target groups such as (a) occupational alcoholism programs, (b) programs for alcoholics' families, (c) programs for specific hospitalized patients and (d) alcohol programs related to traffic accidents.", "PMID": 401353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_767", "title": "Childhood family influences on risk of alcoholism.", "content": "1. The self-destructive behavior of chronic, excessive drinking is motivated by self-hatred in combination with ambivalent expressions of ambition and dependency. These sources of vulnerability to alcoholism develop in early childhood. 2. The protective influence of a favorable, stable self-evaluation is indicated by characteristics of occupational groups with a low incidence of alcoholism, such as monarchs and Presidents of the United States. 3. Characteristics of the personal name may influence development of self-esteem. In a small sample of Presidents and brothers of Presidents with drinking problems, most had a brother with the same first name as the admired, successful father. 4. Primary prevention should help parents to recognize the child's need for love, tolerance, and responsibility. These influences enable the child to develop autonomy and self-esteem.", "contents": "Childhood family influences on risk of alcoholism. 1. The self-destructive behavior of chronic, excessive drinking is motivated by self-hatred in combination with ambivalent expressions of ambition and dependency. These sources of vulnerability to alcoholism develop in early childhood. 2. The protective influence of a favorable, stable self-evaluation is indicated by characteristics of occupational groups with a low incidence of alcoholism, such as monarchs and Presidents of the United States. 3. Characteristics of the personal name may influence development of self-esteem. In a small sample of Presidents and brothers of Presidents with drinking problems, most had a brother with the same first name as the admired, successful father. 4. Primary prevention should help parents to recognize the child's need for love, tolerance, and responsibility. These influences enable the child to develop autonomy and self-esteem.", "PMID": 401354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_768", "title": "Early detection of high risk subjects in affective disorders.", "content": "1. Family, twin and linkage studies indicate that genetic factors are involved in the etiology of major affective disorders. 2. Recent clinical and biological research suggest that affective disorders are an heterogeneous group of illnesses, with variable genetic determination. 3. Since Lithium carbonate has been proven to be an effective prophylactic treatment in affective disorders, the question arises whether early detection of affective illness is possible and what are the implications for genetic counseling and primary prevention of affective illness.", "contents": "Early detection of high risk subjects in affective disorders. 1. Family, twin and linkage studies indicate that genetic factors are involved in the etiology of major affective disorders. 2. Recent clinical and biological research suggest that affective disorders are an heterogeneous group of illnesses, with variable genetic determination. 3. Since Lithium carbonate has been proven to be an effective prophylactic treatment in affective disorders, the question arises whether early detection of affective illness is possible and what are the implications for genetic counseling and primary prevention of affective illness.", "PMID": 401355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_769", "title": "Genetic markers in depressive disorders.", "content": "1. Association or linkage between a known genetic marker and an illness with a presumed genetic etiology supports two conclusions: a) The genetic etiology would be considered definite, and b) the illness should be considered a homogeneous disease. 2. After separating depressions on the basis of gross familial differences, a finding of linkage or association in any subgroup would indicate that the particular illness is autonomous. Data on association between bipolar and unipolar depression and subtypes of the ABO system are given. 3. Methodological problems in association studies are discussed. 4. Preliminary data suggest the possibility of linkage between the alpha-haptoglobin locus and third component of complement locus and depression spectrum disease, a depression which is familially defined by the presence of alcoholism in the first-degree family member.", "contents": "Genetic markers in depressive disorders. 1. Association or linkage between a known genetic marker and an illness with a presumed genetic etiology supports two conclusions: a) The genetic etiology would be considered definite, and b) the illness should be considered a homogeneous disease. 2. After separating depressions on the basis of gross familial differences, a finding of linkage or association in any subgroup would indicate that the particular illness is autonomous. Data on association between bipolar and unipolar depression and subtypes of the ABO system are given. 3. Methodological problems in association studies are discussed. 4. Preliminary data suggest the possibility of linkage between the alpha-haptoglobin locus and third component of complement locus and depression spectrum disease, a depression which is familially defined by the presence of alcoholism in the first-degree family member.", "PMID": 401356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_770", "title": "The coexistence of androgen and glucocorticoid receptors in the DDT1 cloned cell line.", "content": "The hamster ductus deferens cloned tumor cell line (DDT1) has been shown to contain both androgen and glucocorticoid binding activity. The androgen receptor binding site concentration is 1.07 x 10(-13) mol of testosterone/mg protein, and testosterone (T) binds with a Kd of 4.3 x 10(-10) M. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is also bound to the receptor with a Kd of 2.99 x 10(-10) M and the binding site concentration is 1.33 x 10(-13) mol/mg protein. The order of steroid binding affinity is DHT greater than T greater than Estradiol greater than Progesterone. Cortisol, dexamethasone, and triamcinolone acetonide do not inhibit the androgen binding in vivo or in vitro. In a cell free system antiandrogens inhibit the binding of DHT. The DDT1 cells have a separate receptor for cortisol which binds at saturation 3.44 x 10(-13) mol cortisol/mg protein and has a Kd of 4.54 x 10(-9) M. These studies provide evidence that these endocrine target cells contain specific high affinity receptors for more than one type of steroid. The glucocorticoid receptor may be important for maintaining essential undifferentiated functions while the DHT receptor gives the specific characteristics of sex hormone responsive tissues.", "contents": "The coexistence of androgen and glucocorticoid receptors in the DDT1 cloned cell line. The hamster ductus deferens cloned tumor cell line (DDT1) has been shown to contain both androgen and glucocorticoid binding activity. The androgen receptor binding site concentration is 1.07 x 10(-13) mol of testosterone/mg protein, and testosterone (T) binds with a Kd of 4.3 x 10(-10) M. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is also bound to the receptor with a Kd of 2.99 x 10(-10) M and the binding site concentration is 1.33 x 10(-13) mol/mg protein. The order of steroid binding affinity is DHT greater than T greater than Estradiol greater than Progesterone. Cortisol, dexamethasone, and triamcinolone acetonide do not inhibit the androgen binding in vivo or in vitro. In a cell free system antiandrogens inhibit the binding of DHT. The DDT1 cells have a separate receptor for cortisol which binds at saturation 3.44 x 10(-13) mol cortisol/mg protein and has a Kd of 4.54 x 10(-9) M. These studies provide evidence that these endocrine target cells contain specific high affinity receptors for more than one type of steroid. The glucocorticoid receptor may be important for maintaining essential undifferentiated functions while the DHT receptor gives the specific characteristics of sex hormone responsive tissues.", "PMID": 401358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_771", "title": "Hormonal control of bone collagen synthesis in vitro. Effects of insulin and glucagon.", "content": "The direct effects of porcine insulin and glucagon on bone collagen and non-collagen protein synthesis have been examined in cultures of calvaria obtained from 21-day fetal rats. Bones were incubated for 24 to 96 h and [3H]proline was added for the last 2 h of culture. Incorporation of the label into collagenase-digestible protein (CDP) and noncollagen protein (NCP) was determined using purified bacterial collagenase. Insulin increased the labeling of CDP by 60 to 115% at concentrations of 10(-9) to 10(-6) M. A smaller stimulatory effect was observed on NCP. The effect on CDP appeared after 12 to 24 h of culture, was maintained for 96 h in the continuous presence of the hormone, but was lost within 3 h of removal of insulin from the culture medium. Insulin appeared to have a direct effect on collagen synthesis and not on collagen breakdown. Insulin did not affect the incorporation of [3H]uridine or [3H]thymidine into the RNA and DNA fractions of bone at 24 h. Insulin opposed the inhibitory effects of parathyroid hormone and dibutyryl cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate and to a lesser extent, the inhibitory effect of isobutylmethylxanthine on the labeling of CDP. Glucagon did not affect the response to insulin and by itself had small and variable inhibitory effects on proline incorporation.", "contents": "Hormonal control of bone collagen synthesis in vitro. Effects of insulin and glucagon. The direct effects of porcine insulin and glucagon on bone collagen and non-collagen protein synthesis have been examined in cultures of calvaria obtained from 21-day fetal rats. Bones were incubated for 24 to 96 h and [3H]proline was added for the last 2 h of culture. Incorporation of the label into collagenase-digestible protein (CDP) and noncollagen protein (NCP) was determined using purified bacterial collagenase. Insulin increased the labeling of CDP by 60 to 115% at concentrations of 10(-9) to 10(-6) M. A smaller stimulatory effect was observed on NCP. The effect on CDP appeared after 12 to 24 h of culture, was maintained for 96 h in the continuous presence of the hormone, but was lost within 3 h of removal of insulin from the culture medium. Insulin appeared to have a direct effect on collagen synthesis and not on collagen breakdown. Insulin did not affect the incorporation of [3H]uridine or [3H]thymidine into the RNA and DNA fractions of bone at 24 h. Insulin opposed the inhibitory effects of parathyroid hormone and dibutyryl cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate and to a lesser extent, the inhibitory effect of isobutylmethylxanthine on the labeling of CDP. Glucagon did not affect the response to insulin and by itself had small and variable inhibitory effects on proline incorporation.", "PMID": 401359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_772", "title": "Inhibition of the in vitro pituitary response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone by melatonin, serotonin, and 5-methoxytryptamine.", "content": "The effects of pineal indole compounds on the response of the neonatal rat anterior pituitary gland to LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) were studied in organ culture. After 24 h of culture under control conditions, pituitary glands from 5-day-old female rats were routinely incubated for an additional 24 h with the test compounds. Medium LH content was determined by double antibody radioimmunoassay. LHRH (10(-9) M) induced a 10-fold increase in LH levels over control values. Melatonin at a concentration of 10(-9) M significantly reduced the LHRH-stimulated release of LH; maximal suppression to 14% was attained with 10(-8) M melatonin. Similarly, 10(-8) M LHRH caused a 26-fold elevation in medium LH which was suppressed to 62, 55, and 47% by 10(-9), 10(-8), and 10(-7) M melatonin, respectively. In short-term experiments, inhibition was evident within 30 min of treatment. A developmental study of the effect of melatonin on LH release revealed significant inhibition with pituitary glands from rats 2, 5, and 10 days of age but not with glands from animals 21 and 30 days of age. Other pineal indoles were tested for their effects on the LH response to a single dose of LHRH (3 x 10(-10) M). Serotonin at a concentration of 10(-9) M significantly suppressed LH release; maximal reduction to 37-53% occurred with 10(-8) to 10(-6) M serotonin. 5-Methoxytryptamine also produced an inhibition which was significant only at 10(-6) M, the highest concentration tested. N-Acetylserotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-methoxyindoleacetic acid, 5-hydroxytryptophol, and 5-methoxytryptophol showed no consistent inhibitory activity at doses up to 10(-7) M. These findings indicate that melatonin, serotonin, and 5-methoxytryptamine can act directly on the neonatal pituitary gland to suppress LHRH-induced release of LH.", "contents": "Inhibition of the in vitro pituitary response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone by melatonin, serotonin, and 5-methoxytryptamine. The effects of pineal indole compounds on the response of the neonatal rat anterior pituitary gland to LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) were studied in organ culture. After 24 h of culture under control conditions, pituitary glands from 5-day-old female rats were routinely incubated for an additional 24 h with the test compounds. Medium LH content was determined by double antibody radioimmunoassay. LHRH (10(-9) M) induced a 10-fold increase in LH levels over control values. Melatonin at a concentration of 10(-9) M significantly reduced the LHRH-stimulated release of LH; maximal suppression to 14% was attained with 10(-8) M melatonin. Similarly, 10(-8) M LHRH caused a 26-fold elevation in medium LH which was suppressed to 62, 55, and 47% by 10(-9), 10(-8), and 10(-7) M melatonin, respectively. In short-term experiments, inhibition was evident within 30 min of treatment. A developmental study of the effect of melatonin on LH release revealed significant inhibition with pituitary glands from rats 2, 5, and 10 days of age but not with glands from animals 21 and 30 days of age. Other pineal indoles were tested for their effects on the LH response to a single dose of LHRH (3 x 10(-10) M). Serotonin at a concentration of 10(-9) M significantly suppressed LH release; maximal reduction to 37-53% occurred with 10(-8) to 10(-6) M serotonin. 5-Methoxytryptamine also produced an inhibition which was significant only at 10(-6) M, the highest concentration tested. N-Acetylserotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-methoxyindoleacetic acid, 5-hydroxytryptophol, and 5-methoxytryptophol showed no consistent inhibitory activity at doses up to 10(-7) M. These findings indicate that melatonin, serotonin, and 5-methoxytryptamine can act directly on the neonatal pituitary gland to suppress LHRH-induced release of LH.", "PMID": 401360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_773", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of beta-lipotropic hormone in the pituitary gland.", "content": "Identification of the beta-lipotropic hormone (beta-LPH)-producing cells in several species, including man, was performed with the technique involving use of the unlabeled antibody and peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex. Serial paraffin and ultrathin sections were treated for detection of both beta-LPH and ACTH at the light and electron microscopic levels. It was clearly shown that beta-LPH could be found only in the corticotropic cells located in the pars intermedia and pars distalis of all species studied. At the electron microscope level, it could be established that beta-LPH is contained in all the secretory granules of positive cells. These results suggest that beta-LPH is stored in the same secretory granules as ACTH and that both hormones are released together during granule extrusion.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of beta-lipotropic hormone in the pituitary gland. Identification of the beta-lipotropic hormone (beta-LPH)-producing cells in several species, including man, was performed with the technique involving use of the unlabeled antibody and peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex. Serial paraffin and ultrathin sections were treated for detection of both beta-LPH and ACTH at the light and electron microscopic levels. It was clearly shown that beta-LPH could be found only in the corticotropic cells located in the pars intermedia and pars distalis of all species studied. At the electron microscope level, it could be established that beta-LPH is contained in all the secretory granules of positive cells. These results suggest that beta-LPH is stored in the same secretory granules as ACTH and that both hormones are released together during granule extrusion.", "PMID": 401361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_774", "title": "Stimulation of testosterone production in vivo and in vitro in the male rhesus monkey fetus in late gestation.", "content": "To assess intrauterine fetal testicular function, the carotid or femoral vessels of rhesus monkey fetuses, 129-145 days gestational age, were catheterized following hysterotomy of the mother. The fetus was returned to the uterus, the catheters were exteriorized through the mother's vagina and the pregnancy was allowed to continue. In this chronic preparation, basal levels of testosterone (measured with an RIA with 65% cross-reactivity with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone) in male fetal serum were 0.85 +/- 0.29 (SD) ng/ml. Administration of a 10 or 100 IU intra-arterial bolus of hCG into the fetal circulation stimulated in increase in fetal serum testosterone levels of 70 and 630%, respectively. Other fetuses were challenged with bolus infusions of 10 and 50 micrograms of synthetic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). The lower dose caused an increase in serum testosterone concentrations in only one of four fetuses, while the higher dose resulted in a positive response in all three experiments performed. With this dose, the mean increase in circulating testosterone concentration after 1 h was 105%. In vitro, specific binding of iodinated hCG was demonstrated in testicular homogenates from rhesus fetuses near term and hCG stimulated testosterone biosynthesis in testicular minces. Maximal stimulation was achieved at hCG concentrations between 5 and 50 ng/ml. The data indicate that the testes of fetal rhesus monkeys during late gestation are capable of androgen biosynthesis and can bind and respond to gonadotropin stimulation. Furthermore, the pituitary-gonadal axis in the fetal male monkey is capable of responding to GnRH stimulation at this stage of gestation.", "contents": "Stimulation of testosterone production in vivo and in vitro in the male rhesus monkey fetus in late gestation. To assess intrauterine fetal testicular function, the carotid or femoral vessels of rhesus monkey fetuses, 129-145 days gestational age, were catheterized following hysterotomy of the mother. The fetus was returned to the uterus, the catheters were exteriorized through the mother's vagina and the pregnancy was allowed to continue. In this chronic preparation, basal levels of testosterone (measured with an RIA with 65% cross-reactivity with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone) in male fetal serum were 0.85 +/- 0.29 (SD) ng/ml. Administration of a 10 or 100 IU intra-arterial bolus of hCG into the fetal circulation stimulated in increase in fetal serum testosterone levels of 70 and 630%, respectively. Other fetuses were challenged with bolus infusions of 10 and 50 micrograms of synthetic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). The lower dose caused an increase in serum testosterone concentrations in only one of four fetuses, while the higher dose resulted in a positive response in all three experiments performed. With this dose, the mean increase in circulating testosterone concentration after 1 h was 105%. In vitro, specific binding of iodinated hCG was demonstrated in testicular homogenates from rhesus fetuses near term and hCG stimulated testosterone biosynthesis in testicular minces. Maximal stimulation was achieved at hCG concentrations between 5 and 50 ng/ml. The data indicate that the testes of fetal rhesus monkeys during late gestation are capable of androgen biosynthesis and can bind and respond to gonadotropin stimulation. Furthermore, the pituitary-gonadal axis in the fetal male monkey is capable of responding to GnRH stimulation at this stage of gestation.", "PMID": 401362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_775", "title": "Newer aspects of pernicious anemia.", "content": "Although readily treatable with vitamin B12, pernicious anemia continues to captivate investigative endeavors of those interested in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of this disorder. Notable advances have been made in understanding properties of intrinsic factor, vitamin B12-binding proteins, structure and de novo synthesis of vitamin B12, mechanism of action of vitamin B12-dependent enzymes in man, and metabolic consequences of reduced activities of these enzymes in pernicious anemia. Similarly, newer morphological observations have given information regarding pathogenesis of some of the cytological abnormalities found in megaloblasts, and recent cytochemical studies have shed light on abnormalities of nuclear and cytoplasmic constituents in vitamin B12-deficient cells. Both cellular and humoral factors may contribute to immune-mediated processes in pernicious anemia, although as yet, it has not been established with certainty that pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder. As we look ahead, it will be important to define the process or processes responsible for atrophic gastritis, which is the pathophysiological basis of pernicious anemia. Likewise, advances in biophysics used in the study of cell membranes, cell surface phenomena, and metallic ion transport may find applicability in the study of pernicious anemia and perhaps provide further insights into metabolic abnormalities responsible for the development of megaloblastosis.", "contents": "Newer aspects of pernicious anemia. Although readily treatable with vitamin B12, pernicious anemia continues to captivate investigative endeavors of those interested in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of this disorder. Notable advances have been made in understanding properties of intrinsic factor, vitamin B12-binding proteins, structure and de novo synthesis of vitamin B12, mechanism of action of vitamin B12-dependent enzymes in man, and metabolic consequences of reduced activities of these enzymes in pernicious anemia. Similarly, newer morphological observations have given information regarding pathogenesis of some of the cytological abnormalities found in megaloblasts, and recent cytochemical studies have shed light on abnormalities of nuclear and cytoplasmic constituents in vitamin B12-deficient cells. Both cellular and humoral factors may contribute to immune-mediated processes in pernicious anemia, although as yet, it has not been established with certainty that pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder. As we look ahead, it will be important to define the process or processes responsible for atrophic gastritis, which is the pathophysiological basis of pernicious anemia. Likewise, advances in biophysics used in the study of cell membranes, cell surface phenomena, and metallic ion transport may find applicability in the study of pernicious anemia and perhaps provide further insights into metabolic abnormalities responsible for the development of megaloblastosis.", "PMID": 401364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_776", "title": "Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria.", "content": "The clinical and hematological features of a rare autoimmune disorder, PCH, are reviewed. Based on the case reports of 24 patients suffering from this disease, the presence of cold hemolysins in the sera of these patients as the main cause for the red cell destruction following exposure to cold is further discussed. However, recent electron microscope and biochemical studies suggest, in addition, that alterations of the red cells, and especially of their membranes, may play a role in the hemolytic process. The role of other factors, such as thermal range, specificity, and the immunological properties of the Donath-Landsteiner antibodies, as well as the role of the complement in the cold and warm phase of the Donath-Landsteiner reaction, is discussed. The differential diagnosis between PCH and the closely related CHD is outlined. While most of the reports deal with the mechanism of red cell destruction, relatively little attention is given to the treatment of the disease. It appears that the oldest remedy, i.e., warming of the patient and prevention of his exposure to cold, remains the best.", "contents": "Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. The clinical and hematological features of a rare autoimmune disorder, PCH, are reviewed. Based on the case reports of 24 patients suffering from this disease, the presence of cold hemolysins in the sera of these patients as the main cause for the red cell destruction following exposure to cold is further discussed. However, recent electron microscope and biochemical studies suggest, in addition, that alterations of the red cells, and especially of their membranes, may play a role in the hemolytic process. The role of other factors, such as thermal range, specificity, and the immunological properties of the Donath-Landsteiner antibodies, as well as the role of the complement in the cold and warm phase of the Donath-Landsteiner reaction, is discussed. The differential diagnosis between PCH and the closely related CHD is outlined. While most of the reports deal with the mechanism of red cell destruction, relatively little attention is given to the treatment of the disease. It appears that the oldest remedy, i.e., warming of the patient and prevention of his exposure to cold, remains the best.", "PMID": 401365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_777", "title": "The microbiology of paranasal sinus infections: diagnosis and management.", "content": "Study of the bacteriology of sinusitis and its diagnosis and treatment has been difficult. One problem is the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses; all communicate with a bacteriologically contaminated cavity. Access to all but the frontal sinus involves traversing either the nasal or oral cavity, both of which are teeming with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The criteria used to establish the diagnosis of sinusitis has varied widely. There are a number of examination techniques available, but none are foolproof. Therefore, patient populations may not be comparable. The absolute elimination of the possibility of contamination of culture specimens is impossible. Investigators have taken cultures in several ways: of the purulent secretions within the nose, of the contents lavaged from the sinus into the nose, of material aspirated from the sinus, and of tissue removed from the sinus. In most studies prior to 1974, anaerobic cultures were not performed. Studies of various treatment programs have used differing criteria to monitor the progress of treatment. No single method is completely reliable. Clinical signs and symptoms, radiologic appearance, the results of irrigation, and thermography have been used to follow patients. Many studies have used multiple therapeutic maneuvers concurrently, for example, antibiotics, lavage, and a decongestant. In some there were no controls. Because of these problems, as is true in many clinical areas of investigation, meaningful comparisons of various studies are difficult. Despite this, there are some areas of consensus in the literature.", "contents": "The microbiology of paranasal sinus infections: diagnosis and management. Study of the bacteriology of sinusitis and its diagnosis and treatment has been difficult. One problem is the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses; all communicate with a bacteriologically contaminated cavity. Access to all but the frontal sinus involves traversing either the nasal or oral cavity, both of which are teeming with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The criteria used to establish the diagnosis of sinusitis has varied widely. There are a number of examination techniques available, but none are foolproof. Therefore, patient populations may not be comparable. The absolute elimination of the possibility of contamination of culture specimens is impossible. Investigators have taken cultures in several ways: of the purulent secretions within the nose, of the contents lavaged from the sinus into the nose, of material aspirated from the sinus, and of tissue removed from the sinus. In most studies prior to 1974, anaerobic cultures were not performed. Studies of various treatment programs have used differing criteria to monitor the progress of treatment. No single method is completely reliable. Clinical signs and symptoms, radiologic appearance, the results of irrigation, and thermography have been used to follow patients. Many studies have used multiple therapeutic maneuvers concurrently, for example, antibiotics, lavage, and a decongestant. In some there were no controls. Because of these problems, as is true in many clinical areas of investigation, meaningful comparisons of various studies are difficult. Despite this, there are some areas of consensus in the literature.", "PMID": 401366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_778", "title": "Classification of lymphomas.", "content": "Malignant lymphomas are neoplasms of cells of the lymphoreticular or immune system. Classification of these neoplasms has long been controversial and confusing. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in establishing useful and prognostically significant classifications of lymphomas. Currently, lymphomas may be divided into two main groups: Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The Rye classification of Hodgkin's disease is now widely accepted and used throughout most of the world. In contrast, considerable conflict exists about the schemes of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The traditional classifications of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas currently used by most pathologists are based purely on morphologic grounds, and, despite the fact that they may be conceptually incorrect, they have often been shown to be useful for clinicopathologic studies. New or modern but yet untested schemes based not only on morphologic criteria, but also on recent immunologic techniques, have been proposed. This work will review the classifications of Hodgkin's disease and the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, emphasizing the currently used schemes, describe the major modern classifications of lymphomas, and discuss and illustrate the subclasses of lymphomas and the differential diagnoses of the various types of lymphomas from nonlymphomatous proliferations which may mimic them.", "contents": "Classification of lymphomas. Malignant lymphomas are neoplasms of cells of the lymphoreticular or immune system. Classification of these neoplasms has long been controversial and confusing. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in establishing useful and prognostically significant classifications of lymphomas. Currently, lymphomas may be divided into two main groups: Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The Rye classification of Hodgkin's disease is now widely accepted and used throughout most of the world. In contrast, considerable conflict exists about the schemes of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The traditional classifications of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas currently used by most pathologists are based purely on morphologic grounds, and, despite the fact that they may be conceptually incorrect, they have often been shown to be useful for clinicopathologic studies. New or modern but yet untested schemes based not only on morphologic criteria, but also on recent immunologic techniques, have been proposed. This work will review the classifications of Hodgkin's disease and the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, emphasizing the currently used schemes, describe the major modern classifications of lymphomas, and discuss and illustrate the subclasses of lymphomas and the differential diagnoses of the various types of lymphomas from nonlymphomatous proliferations which may mimic them.", "PMID": 401367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_779", "title": "Clinical enzymology in cancer.", "content": "It is fair to say that so far, and with few exceptions, the application of enzymology to clinical oncology has been disappointing. This is certainly true with regard to cancer screening and diagnosis. It is unlikely that any single enzyme or isoenzyme will emerge as a sufficiently sensitive or specific indicator of cancer, and it would seem more profitable to focus on multivariate or pattern analysis of several enzymes and other measurable body fluid constituents. Another suggested approach would be to establish the normal enzyme levels for individuals and then follow them for changes which might signal the development of a neoplasm. Finally, Weber's concept of key enzymes as the phenotypic markers of neoplasia and targets of chemotherapy would appear to open a new avenue for enzymology in clinical oncology.", "contents": "Clinical enzymology in cancer. It is fair to say that so far, and with few exceptions, the application of enzymology to clinical oncology has been disappointing. This is certainly true with regard to cancer screening and diagnosis. It is unlikely that any single enzyme or isoenzyme will emerge as a sufficiently sensitive or specific indicator of cancer, and it would seem more profitable to focus on multivariate or pattern analysis of several enzymes and other measurable body fluid constituents. Another suggested approach would be to establish the normal enzyme levels for individuals and then follow them for changes which might signal the development of a neoplasm. Finally, Weber's concept of key enzymes as the phenotypic markers of neoplasia and targets of chemotherapy would appear to open a new avenue for enzymology in clinical oncology.", "PMID": 401368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_780", "title": "Serum ferritin assay.", "content": "Ferritin is an iron storage protein of high-molecular weight which is primarily present in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. A very sensitive immunoradiometric assay has been developed which permits determination of serum concentrations in normal persons and in patients with a variety of different disorders. In normal subjects, the serum ferritin concentration correlates very well with total body iron stores as measured by phlebotomy. The serum ferritin concentration is reduced in patients with iron-deficient anemia and is significantly higher in patients who are anemic for other reasons. Subject areas discussed in this review include the details of the immunoradiometric procedure, the sensitivity and accuracy of the assay, factors influencing the assay, values characteristic of a variety of clinical disorders, and the utility of the assay in clinical medicine and public health.", "contents": "Serum ferritin assay. Ferritin is an iron storage protein of high-molecular weight which is primarily present in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. A very sensitive immunoradiometric assay has been developed which permits determination of serum concentrations in normal persons and in patients with a variety of different disorders. In normal subjects, the serum ferritin concentration correlates very well with total body iron stores as measured by phlebotomy. The serum ferritin concentration is reduced in patients with iron-deficient anemia and is significantly higher in patients who are anemic for other reasons. Subject areas discussed in this review include the details of the immunoradiometric procedure, the sensitivity and accuracy of the assay, factors influencing the assay, values characteristic of a variety of clinical disorders, and the utility of the assay in clinical medicine and public health.", "PMID": 401369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_781", "title": "Discriminant analysis.", "content": "Discriminant analysis (DA) is a pattern recognition technique that has been widely applied in medical studies. It allows multivariate observations (\"patterns\" or points in multidimensional space) to be allocated to previously defined groups (diagnostic categories). The relationships between DA and other multivariate statistical techniques of interest in medical studies will be briefly discussed. The main emphasis is on linear discriminant functions (LDF). The theoretic assumptions underlying DA using LDFs will be presented, and the effect of violations to these assumptions will be reviewed in detail. Alternative methods will be presented when violations cause serious problems. It has been shown that the familiar LDF is fairly robust to departures from the assumptions. The application of the LDF in less than ideal situations therefore often does not cause much harm (if the violations are not too grotesque). Another set of problems reviewed is how to estimate the misallocation probabilities when using discriminant functions. The selection of the \"best\" subset of variables out of the complete set will be discussed. Practical guide lines are given based on the theoretic studies reviewed. When possible, available computer programs for various problems of DA will be indicated. The review does not aim at covering all medical studies where DA has been applied, since emphasis is on the practical conclusions of the theory of DA.", "contents": "Discriminant analysis. Discriminant analysis (DA) is a pattern recognition technique that has been widely applied in medical studies. It allows multivariate observations (\"patterns\" or points in multidimensional space) to be allocated to previously defined groups (diagnostic categories). The relationships between DA and other multivariate statistical techniques of interest in medical studies will be briefly discussed. The main emphasis is on linear discriminant functions (LDF). The theoretic assumptions underlying DA using LDFs will be presented, and the effect of violations to these assumptions will be reviewed in detail. Alternative methods will be presented when violations cause serious problems. It has been shown that the familiar LDF is fairly robust to departures from the assumptions. The application of the LDF in less than ideal situations therefore often does not cause much harm (if the violations are not too grotesque). Another set of problems reviewed is how to estimate the misallocation probabilities when using discriminant functions. The selection of the \"best\" subset of variables out of the complete set will be discussed. Practical guide lines are given based on the theoretic studies reviewed. When possible, available computer programs for various problems of DA will be indicated. The review does not aim at covering all medical studies where DA has been applied, since emphasis is on the practical conclusions of the theory of DA.", "PMID": 401370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_782", "title": "Methods for detection of hemoglobin variants and hemoglobinopathies in the routine clinical laboratory.", "content": "Many mutant hemoglobins and hemoglobinopathies can be identified with a high degree of specificity in the routine clinical laboratory. The most frequent abnormalities--those involving Hb S or C--are usually easily detectable in small amounts of sample analyzed by two simple methods of electrophoresis: cellulose acetate at pH 8.5 and citrate agar at pH 6. Some rarer mutants, e.g., Hb O, Hope, and Camden, can also be recognized by these two methods. Presumptive identification of other relatively frequent mutants, such as Hb D Los Angeles (Punjab) and Hb G Philadelphia, can be accomplished with additional data obtained from globin electrophoresis on cellulose acetate in acidic and alkaline buffers containing urea and 2-mercaptoethanol (or dithioerythritol). Electrophoretic profiles are presented of about a dozen hemoglobins likely to be encountered in screening programs in the U.S. Methods are also presented for identifying other genetic hemoglobin abnormalities--various types of thalassemia, Hb M, unstable hemoglobins, and those of the newborn.", "contents": "Methods for detection of hemoglobin variants and hemoglobinopathies in the routine clinical laboratory. Many mutant hemoglobins and hemoglobinopathies can be identified with a high degree of specificity in the routine clinical laboratory. The most frequent abnormalities--those involving Hb S or C--are usually easily detectable in small amounts of sample analyzed by two simple methods of electrophoresis: cellulose acetate at pH 8.5 and citrate agar at pH 6. Some rarer mutants, e.g., Hb O, Hope, and Camden, can also be recognized by these two methods. Presumptive identification of other relatively frequent mutants, such as Hb D Los Angeles (Punjab) and Hb G Philadelphia, can be accomplished with additional data obtained from globin electrophoresis on cellulose acetate in acidic and alkaline buffers containing urea and 2-mercaptoethanol (or dithioerythritol). Electrophoretic profiles are presented of about a dozen hemoglobins likely to be encountered in screening programs in the U.S. Methods are also presented for identifying other genetic hemoglobin abnormalities--various types of thalassemia, Hb M, unstable hemoglobins, and those of the newborn.", "PMID": 401371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_783", "title": "Myoglobin: methods and diagnostic uses.", "content": "Myoglobin is the oxygen-binding protein characteristic of skeletal and cardiac muscle. With muscle disease or dysfunction, myoglobin may enter the circulation, and after renal clearance, it may also appear in the urine. Therefore, the presence of myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria may serve as indicators of the presence and severity of muscle disease. With newly developed methods of detection, myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria are now recognized as complications of trauma, ischemia, surgery, states of exertion and stress, metabolic abnormalities, inherited enzyme disorders, toxin and drug actions, and inflammatory states. Infarction of the heart muscle also can be detected by myoglobin assay. Persistent myoglobinuric states may be complicated by renal failure and electrolyte imbalance. The diagnosis of myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria can be now confirmed with the use of immunoassay techniques. Although not yet widely available, they offer the possibility of the specificity and sensitivity needed for clinical use.", "contents": "Myoglobin: methods and diagnostic uses. Myoglobin is the oxygen-binding protein characteristic of skeletal and cardiac muscle. With muscle disease or dysfunction, myoglobin may enter the circulation, and after renal clearance, it may also appear in the urine. Therefore, the presence of myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria may serve as indicators of the presence and severity of muscle disease. With newly developed methods of detection, myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria are now recognized as complications of trauma, ischemia, surgery, states of exertion and stress, metabolic abnormalities, inherited enzyme disorders, toxin and drug actions, and inflammatory states. Infarction of the heart muscle also can be detected by myoglobin assay. Persistent myoglobinuric states may be complicated by renal failure and electrolyte imbalance. The diagnosis of myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria can be now confirmed with the use of immunoassay techniques. Although not yet widely available, they offer the possibility of the specificity and sensitivity needed for clinical use.", "PMID": 401372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_784", "title": "Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique: a review.", "content": "A brief review of the various immunoassays is presented before the basic mechanism of the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) is described. This is followed by a presentation of the specific advantages and disadvantages of this method, as well as its correlation with other methods as applied to qualitative and quantitative determinations of each type of drug for which EMIT technology is available.", "contents": "Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique: a review. A brief review of the various immunoassays is presented before the basic mechanism of the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) is described. This is followed by a presentation of the specific advantages and disadvantages of this method, as well as its correlation with other methods as applied to qualitative and quantitative determinations of each type of drug for which EMIT technology is available.", "PMID": 401373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_785", "title": "Current considerations in digoxin usage.", "content": "Basic considerations in biotransformation and pharmacodynamics are presented as a basis for understanding clinical usage. The role of polarity in determining a given glycoside's duration of action and extent of biotransformation is emphasized. The pharmacokinetics are summarized emphasizing the fact that digoxin is not completely absorbed by oral administration. The important relationship of serum digoxin levels to myocardial content and apparently to myocardial response is reviewed. This relationship and the development of precise methods for measurement of digoxin in serum provide the clinician with accurate means to assess myocardial tolerance for digoxin under diverse clinical circumstances. This review includes discussion of methods of digitalization, appropriate use of serum levels, apparent and real resistance to digoxin, and apparent and real sensitivity to digoxin. The limitations of serum levels as a precise guide to toxicity are analyzed. Finally, new developments in use of immunologic therapy for digoxin intoxication are presented.", "contents": "Current considerations in digoxin usage. Basic considerations in biotransformation and pharmacodynamics are presented as a basis for understanding clinical usage. The role of polarity in determining a given glycoside's duration of action and extent of biotransformation is emphasized. The pharmacokinetics are summarized emphasizing the fact that digoxin is not completely absorbed by oral administration. The important relationship of serum digoxin levels to myocardial content and apparently to myocardial response is reviewed. This relationship and the development of precise methods for measurement of digoxin in serum provide the clinician with accurate means to assess myocardial tolerance for digoxin under diverse clinical circumstances. This review includes discussion of methods of digitalization, appropriate use of serum levels, apparent and real resistance to digoxin, and apparent and real sensitivity to digoxin. The limitations of serum levels as a precise guide to toxicity are analyzed. Finally, new developments in use of immunologic therapy for digoxin intoxication are presented.", "PMID": 401374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_786", "title": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in biology and medicine.", "content": "The review will initially focus on the historical development of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). A part of the manuscript will be devoted to methodological considerations of CIE as well as a discussion of the antisera used. The body of the review will detail each test procedure for which CIE is applicable and discuss unique elements of technique and limits of detection, as well as clinical interpretation of results. The final section will summarize potential applications of CIE in microbiology.", "contents": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in biology and medicine. The review will initially focus on the historical development of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). A part of the manuscript will be devoted to methodological considerations of CIE as well as a discussion of the antisera used. The body of the review will detail each test procedure for which CIE is applicable and discuss unique elements of technique and limits of detection, as well as clinical interpretation of results. The final section will summarize potential applications of CIE in microbiology.", "PMID": 401375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_787", "title": "Villous adenoma of the ampulla of Vater. An unusual cause of biliary colic and obstructive jaundice.", "content": "An unusual case of biliary obstruction caused by a benign villous adenoma of the ampulla of Vater is reported and the literature reviewed. Of the reported cases, 75% have jaundice or symptoms of cholecystitis. Rarely, gastrointestinal bleeding or pancreatic duct obstruction is a presenting symptom. The tumors are frequently small and can be overlooked. Operative treatment varies from excision of the tumor to pancreatoduodenal resection depending on histological evaluation, intraoperative findings, and the surgeon's philosophy.", "contents": "Villous adenoma of the ampulla of Vater. An unusual cause of biliary colic and obstructive jaundice. An unusual case of biliary obstruction caused by a benign villous adenoma of the ampulla of Vater is reported and the literature reviewed. Of the reported cases, 75% have jaundice or symptoms of cholecystitis. Rarely, gastrointestinal bleeding or pancreatic duct obstruction is a presenting symptom. The tumors are frequently small and can be overlooked. Operative treatment varies from excision of the tumor to pancreatoduodenal resection depending on histological evaluation, intraoperative findings, and the surgeon's philosophy.", "PMID": 401399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_788", "title": "Relationships between immunoglobulins and the intestinal epithelium.", "content": "The intestinal epithelium is intimately associated with immunoglobulins. This association may begin in neonatal life with the ingestion of large quantities of immunoglobulins in breast fluids. These ingested immunoglobulins probably have a local protective action in the intestinal lumen. In some mammalian species a large portion of the maternal immunoglobulins is translocated intact across the intestinal epithelium into the circulation, providing additional immunological protection. In rodents, the transepithelial translocation of IgG from breast fluids is initiated and critically dependent upon receptors on enterocyte surface membranes for the Fc region of IgG. Close epithelial-immunoglobulin relationships continue throughout life with the transfer of various classes of immunoglobulins across the epithelium into the intestinal fluids. In man and other mammalian species, IgA and IgM are selectively transported through enterocytes, principally in the crypts of intestinal glands. This transfer may involve binding of polymeric forms of these immunoglobulins to receptors on the abluminal surfaces of the enterocytes. The secretory component, a glycoprotein synthesized by enterocytes, may be such a receptor. IgE and IgG enter the gut lumen by mechanisms that are not defined but seem to be distinct from those involved in the translocation of IgA and IgM. Secreted antibodies in intestinal fluids and mucus bathe the luminal surfaces of intestinal epithelial cells but appear not to be firmly bound to their apical plasma membranes or glycocalyces. The intimate association of immunoglobulins with intestinal epithelial cells illustrates the close relationships that exist between the gut and lymphoid cells and their products. These relationships suggest the possibility that the gut epithelium is affected by a large variety of immunological reactions in health and disease; these possibilities, which have been explored only minimally, warrant much attention in the future. Studies on the binding, uptake, and intracellular transport of immunoglobulins by enterocytes could contribute much to the understanding of receptors for immunoglobulins on many other types of cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and the lining cells of placental or yolk sac membranes.", "contents": "Relationships between immunoglobulins and the intestinal epithelium. The intestinal epithelium is intimately associated with immunoglobulins. This association may begin in neonatal life with the ingestion of large quantities of immunoglobulins in breast fluids. These ingested immunoglobulins probably have a local protective action in the intestinal lumen. In some mammalian species a large portion of the maternal immunoglobulins is translocated intact across the intestinal epithelium into the circulation, providing additional immunological protection. In rodents, the transepithelial translocation of IgG from breast fluids is initiated and critically dependent upon receptors on enterocyte surface membranes for the Fc region of IgG. Close epithelial-immunoglobulin relationships continue throughout life with the transfer of various classes of immunoglobulins across the epithelium into the intestinal fluids. In man and other mammalian species, IgA and IgM are selectively transported through enterocytes, principally in the crypts of intestinal glands. This transfer may involve binding of polymeric forms of these immunoglobulins to receptors on the abluminal surfaces of the enterocytes. The secretory component, a glycoprotein synthesized by enterocytes, may be such a receptor. IgE and IgG enter the gut lumen by mechanisms that are not defined but seem to be distinct from those involved in the translocation of IgA and IgM. Secreted antibodies in intestinal fluids and mucus bathe the luminal surfaces of intestinal epithelial cells but appear not to be firmly bound to their apical plasma membranes or glycocalyces. The intimate association of immunoglobulins with intestinal epithelial cells illustrates the close relationships that exist between the gut and lymphoid cells and their products. These relationships suggest the possibility that the gut epithelium is affected by a large variety of immunological reactions in health and disease; these possibilities, which have been explored only minimally, warrant much attention in the future. Studies on the binding, uptake, and intracellular transport of immunoglobulins by enterocytes could contribute much to the understanding of receptors for immunoglobulins on many other types of cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and the lining cells of placental or yolk sac membranes.", "PMID": 401401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_789", "title": "Gastrin cell distribution in normal human stomachs and in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "Quantitative distribution of gastrin cells was evaluated in three normal human stomachs and in four stomachs from patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Cells identified by the immunoperoxidase method were counted along the entire length of five mucosal strips parallel to the axis of the lesser curvature and sampled from the posterior to the anterior walls. The number of cells per unit area (2300 microns2) decreased from the pylorus to the borderline of the gastric body from (mean +/- SEM) 50.9 +/- 12.0 to 24.2 +/- 13.0 and from 29.6 +/- 5.6 to 10.4 +/- 2.6 for control and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, respectively, with large interindividual variations. From factorial analysis no statistical difference was found between the two groups. It is therefore suggested that the number of gastrin cell in antral mucosa may not be a significant criteria in the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "contents": "Gastrin cell distribution in normal human stomachs and in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Quantitative distribution of gastrin cells was evaluated in three normal human stomachs and in four stomachs from patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Cells identified by the immunoperoxidase method were counted along the entire length of five mucosal strips parallel to the axis of the lesser curvature and sampled from the posterior to the anterior walls. The number of cells per unit area (2300 microns2) decreased from the pylorus to the borderline of the gastric body from (mean +/- SEM) 50.9 +/- 12.0 to 24.2 +/- 13.0 and from 29.6 +/- 5.6 to 10.4 +/- 2.6 for control and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, respectively, with large interindividual variations. From factorial analysis no statistical difference was found between the two groups. It is therefore suggested that the number of gastrin cell in antral mucosa may not be a significant criteria in the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "PMID": 401402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_790", "title": "Indomethacin in the treatment of ureteral colic.", "content": "Based on a theoretical analysis of the genesis of ureteral colic, it was assumed that indomethacin, a potent prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, ought to be useful in the treatment of patients with an obstructing ureteral stone. Experimental studies and clinical observations have verified this assumption.", "contents": "Indomethacin in the treatment of ureteral colic. Based on a theoretical analysis of the genesis of ureteral colic, it was assumed that indomethacin, a potent prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, ought to be useful in the treatment of patients with an obstructing ureteral stone. Experimental studies and clinical observations have verified this assumption.", "PMID": 401421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_791", "title": "The effects of azathioprine and 6 MP on immunity.", "content": "The thiopurines, azathioprine and 6 MP are potent inhibitors of both experimental and clinical immune responses. The primary pharmacological activities are mediated by competitive inhibition of enzymes concerned with de novo purine base synthesis; Immunosuppressive activities appear to result from cytotoxic activities directed against antigen-responsive lymphocytes; this inhibition is maximal when the treatment course coincides with the proliferative expansion phase of the response. By contrast, thiopurines are comparatively ineffective if used during an effector phase of an immune response. Furthermore, administration prior to antigenic challenge does not lead to immune inhibition; in fact, it may lead to augmentation of selected immune responses. Treatment with thiopurines does not result in acute lymphopenia; prolonged courses will cause a moderate decrease in circulating lymphocytes. The drug does not selectively deplete peripheral T or B cells but can acutely reduce K (killer) cells, which are effectors in ADCC responses. In addition, short-lived thymocytes and marrow lymphocytes are rapidly depleted by these anti-metabolites. Many in vitro functions of lymphocytes, from treated animals remain normal. Recent studies indicate that, in vitro, azathioprine is specifically able to bind murine T lymphocytes; this can be shown by their ability to inhibit their capacity to rosette with sheep erythrocytes. Azathioprine is also a potent inhibitor of mixed lymphocyte culture responses and can readily suppress the in vitro generation of cytotoxic T cells. These observations suggest that drugs exert preferential toxicities for murine T cells. B lymphocytes for mice appear to vary in their susceptibility for thiopurines. By contrast, the activity of human B cells can be readily suppressed with this drug whereas T helper function is comparatively resistant. In addition to immunosuppressive properties, thiopurines are capable of exerting anti-inflammatory activities, primarily by inhibiting the replication of hematopoietic precursors.", "contents": "The effects of azathioprine and 6 MP on immunity. The thiopurines, azathioprine and 6 MP are potent inhibitors of both experimental and clinical immune responses. The primary pharmacological activities are mediated by competitive inhibition of enzymes concerned with de novo purine base synthesis; Immunosuppressive activities appear to result from cytotoxic activities directed against antigen-responsive lymphocytes; this inhibition is maximal when the treatment course coincides with the proliferative expansion phase of the response. By contrast, thiopurines are comparatively ineffective if used during an effector phase of an immune response. Furthermore, administration prior to antigenic challenge does not lead to immune inhibition; in fact, it may lead to augmentation of selected immune responses. Treatment with thiopurines does not result in acute lymphopenia; prolonged courses will cause a moderate decrease in circulating lymphocytes. The drug does not selectively deplete peripheral T or B cells but can acutely reduce K (killer) cells, which are effectors in ADCC responses. In addition, short-lived thymocytes and marrow lymphocytes are rapidly depleted by these anti-metabolites. Many in vitro functions of lymphocytes, from treated animals remain normal. Recent studies indicate that, in vitro, azathioprine is specifically able to bind murine T lymphocytes; this can be shown by their ability to inhibit their capacity to rosette with sheep erythrocytes. Azathioprine is also a potent inhibitor of mixed lymphocyte culture responses and can readily suppress the in vitro generation of cytotoxic T cells. These observations suggest that drugs exert preferential toxicities for murine T cells. B lymphocytes for mice appear to vary in their susceptibility for thiopurines. By contrast, the activity of human B cells can be readily suppressed with this drug whereas T helper function is comparatively resistant. In addition to immunosuppressive properties, thiopurines are capable of exerting anti-inflammatory activities, primarily by inhibiting the replication of hematopoietic precursors.", "PMID": 401430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_792", "title": "Mechanisms of the immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticosteroids.", "content": "Corticosteroids have multifaceted effects on various phases of inflammatory and immunological activity. These include effects on vascular and tissue responses, effects on the movement or traffic of inflammatory or immunologically reactive cells, direct effects on functional capabilities of cells, and direct or indirect effects on various soluble factors mediating inflammation or immunologic activity. It is clear that there is a differential sensitivity of various populations and subpopulations of cells to the corticosteriod modulation of cellular kinetic patterns, cellular interactions, and functional capabilities. In general, corticosteroids have a much greater and more obvious effect on the traffic and kinetics than on the functional properties of cells involved in inflammation and immunologic activity. Hypotheses concerning the precise mechanisms of many of these effects have been proposed, but still await verification and possibly amplification.", "contents": "Mechanisms of the immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticosteroids. Corticosteroids have multifaceted effects on various phases of inflammatory and immunological activity. These include effects on vascular and tissue responses, effects on the movement or traffic of inflammatory or immunologically reactive cells, direct effects on functional capabilities of cells, and direct or indirect effects on various soluble factors mediating inflammation or immunologic activity. It is clear that there is a differential sensitivity of various populations and subpopulations of cells to the corticosteriod modulation of cellular kinetic patterns, cellular interactions, and functional capabilities. In general, corticosteroids have a much greater and more obvious effect on the traffic and kinetics than on the functional properties of cells involved in inflammation and immunologic activity. Hypotheses concerning the precise mechanisms of many of these effects have been proposed, but still await verification and possibly amplification.", "PMID": 401429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_793", "title": "DNA arrangement in isometric phage heads.", "content": "DNA is wound tightly into phage heads in such a way that it tends to form layers concentric with the rigid protein shell. In P22 and wild-type lambda, DNA completely fills the internal volume, with a highly uniform local packing of adjacent segments; in lambda deletion mutants containing less than a full genome, the local packing distance increases correspondingly.", "contents": "DNA arrangement in isometric phage heads. DNA is wound tightly into phage heads in such a way that it tends to form layers concentric with the rigid protein shell. In P22 and wild-type lambda, DNA completely fills the internal volume, with a highly uniform local packing of adjacent segments; in lambda deletion mutants containing less than a full genome, the local packing distance increases correspondingly.", "PMID": 401433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_794", "title": "Lysogeny associated with mucoid variation in Mycobacterium kansasii.", "content": "Ten of 200 strains of Mycobacterium kansasii were found to produce very mucoid growth on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium. By electronmicroscopy these 10 strains were found to be lysogenic, whereas no phage was observed in cultures of 30 non-mucoid strains. The cultural and biochemical properties of the lysogenic strains are compared with those of non-lysogenic strains, and the morphology of the phages is described.", "contents": "Lysogeny associated with mucoid variation in Mycobacterium kansasii. Ten of 200 strains of Mycobacterium kansasii were found to produce very mucoid growth on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium. By electronmicroscopy these 10 strains were found to be lysogenic, whereas no phage was observed in cultures of 30 non-mucoid strains. The cultural and biochemical properties of the lysogenic strains are compared with those of non-lysogenic strains, and the morphology of the phages is described.", "PMID": 401434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_795", "title": "Cutaneous monitoring of systemic PCO2 on patients in the respiratory intensive care unit being weaned from the ventilator.", "content": "A procedure for measuring the partial pressure of CO2 in equilibrium with the epidermis was developed at Hewlett--Packard Laboratories. It consists of determining by infra-red absorption techniques the concentration of CO2 inside a small (50 microliter) chamber applied hermetically over and around an epidermal window (2.25 cm2) stripped of its stratum corneum or horny layer. We have applied the procedure to 25 patients in the Respiratory Intensive Care Unit at Stanford Hospital. Only patients scheduled for weaning from the ventilator were selected for the study. The epidermal windows were on the medial aspect of the forearm and were monitored for 3--6 h. Arterial blood samples were periodically withdrawn from the catheterized radial artery and were analysed by conventional means for subsequent comparison with the cutaneous measurements which were recorded in real time at the rate of one a minute. The range of arterial PCO2 values that were measured varied from 3.33 to 9.30 kPa (25 to 70 mmHg) and correlated well with the corresponding cutaneous PCO2 values that were typically higher than the arterial values by 0.7 kPa (5.2 mmHg) with a standard deviation of 0.2 kPa (1.5 mmHg). Some recordings of cutaneous PCO2 are shown and discussed.", "contents": "Cutaneous monitoring of systemic PCO2 on patients in the respiratory intensive care unit being weaned from the ventilator. A procedure for measuring the partial pressure of CO2 in equilibrium with the epidermis was developed at Hewlett--Packard Laboratories. It consists of determining by infra-red absorption techniques the concentration of CO2 inside a small (50 microliter) chamber applied hermetically over and around an epidermal window (2.25 cm2) stripped of its stratum corneum or horny layer. We have applied the procedure to 25 patients in the Respiratory Intensive Care Unit at Stanford Hospital. Only patients scheduled for weaning from the ventilator were selected for the study. The epidermal windows were on the medial aspect of the forearm and were monitored for 3--6 h. Arterial blood samples were periodically withdrawn from the catheterized radial artery and were analysed by conventional means for subsequent comparison with the cutaneous measurements which were recorded in real time at the rate of one a minute. The range of arterial PCO2 values that were measured varied from 3.33 to 9.30 kPa (25 to 70 mmHg) and correlated well with the corresponding cutaneous PCO2 values that were typically higher than the arterial values by 0.7 kPa (5.2 mmHg) with a standard deviation of 0.2 kPa (1.5 mmHg). Some recordings of cutaneous PCO2 are shown and discussed.", "PMID": 401436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_796", "title": "Aneurysm of the membraous septum in ventricular septal defect.", "content": "An aneurysm of the membranous septum was found frequently in patients with ventricular septal defect; although appearance at catheterization during infancy was not common, aneurysms were detected in about half of the patients older than 2 years of age. A significant decrease in the left-to-right shunt occurred with the development of an aneurysm, but progression to complete spontaneous closure was not seen in any patient. In three older patients, an aneurysm of the membranous septum \"disappeared\" with time, even though complete spontaneous closure had not occurred.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the membraous septum in ventricular septal defect. An aneurysm of the membranous septum was found frequently in patients with ventricular septal defect; although appearance at catheterization during infancy was not common, aneurysms were detected in about half of the patients older than 2 years of age. A significant decrease in the left-to-right shunt occurred with the development of an aneurysm, but progression to complete spontaneous closure was not seen in any patient. In three older patients, an aneurysm of the membranous septum \"disappeared\" with time, even though complete spontaneous closure had not occurred.", "PMID": 401440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_797", "title": "Reoperation following direct myocardial revascularization.", "content": "Among the 5507 patients who underwent aortocoronary bypass between October 1969 and June 1975, 41 patients (0.007%) developed recurrent angina and required reoperation. The factors necessitating reoperation were graft thrombosis in 10 patients (24%), progression of disease in 12 (29%), graft thrombosis and critical unbypassed lesions in one (2.4%), graft failure and progression of disease in in 12 (29%), graft failure and critical unbypassed lesions in four (10%), and all three factors in two patients (4.8%). Among 10 patients with 50% lesions present but not bypassed at the initial operation, nine of these lesions progressed to significant stenosis and in five patients this was the sole reason for reoperation. At the second operation, total revascularization was achieved in 32 patients (78%). One patient (2%) experienced a perioperative myocardial infarction and one patient (2%) died. This study emphasizes the importance of \"complete\" revascularization at initial operation, the concept that arteries with 50% obstruction should be routinely bypassed, and the conclusion that risks of reoperation are comparable with those of initial aortocoronary bypass, but that long-term relief of angina is less favorable.", "contents": "Reoperation following direct myocardial revascularization. Among the 5507 patients who underwent aortocoronary bypass between October 1969 and June 1975, 41 patients (0.007%) developed recurrent angina and required reoperation. The factors necessitating reoperation were graft thrombosis in 10 patients (24%), progression of disease in 12 (29%), graft thrombosis and critical unbypassed lesions in one (2.4%), graft failure and progression of disease in in 12 (29%), graft failure and critical unbypassed lesions in four (10%), and all three factors in two patients (4.8%). Among 10 patients with 50% lesions present but not bypassed at the initial operation, nine of these lesions progressed to significant stenosis and in five patients this was the sole reason for reoperation. At the second operation, total revascularization was achieved in 32 patients (78%). One patient (2%) experienced a perioperative myocardial infarction and one patient (2%) died. This study emphasizes the importance of \"complete\" revascularization at initial operation, the concept that arteries with 50% obstruction should be routinely bypassed, and the conclusion that risks of reoperation are comparable with those of initial aortocoronary bypass, but that long-term relief of angina is less favorable.", "PMID": 401441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_798", "title": "Late development of severe pulmonary venous obstruction following the Mustard operation.", "content": "While four patients with d-transposition of the great arteries who had a Mustard operation before 2 years of age developed severe pulmonary venous obstruction 2, 3 1/2, 3 9/12, and 5 years following their operation, initial postoperative catheterization (less than 1 year) revealed only minimal pulmonary artery wedge and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure differences, with normal peak systolic pulmonary artery pressures. Serial clinical examination, including height and weight percentiles, chest X-rays, electrocardiograms, and the presence of a continuous murmur in one patient suggested development of pulmonary venous obstruction. Repeat catheterizations demonstrated pulmonary artery pressures greater than or equal to systemic and pulmonary artery wedge minus right ventricular end-diastolic differences greater than 13. Successful relief of the pulmonary venous obstruction included insertion of a Dacron patch to enlarge the pulmonary venous atrium, incision of the obstructing orifice, and repair of associated intra-atrial defects. Operation and postoperative course have been unremarkable. It is concluded that pulmonary venous obstruction can be both an early and progressively late sequela of the Mustard operation. Serial examinations with a high index of suspicion should allow repeated catheterizations to document the occurrence. Operative revision of the obstruction appears to be effective with minimal risk.", "contents": "Late development of severe pulmonary venous obstruction following the Mustard operation. While four patients with d-transposition of the great arteries who had a Mustard operation before 2 years of age developed severe pulmonary venous obstruction 2, 3 1/2, 3 9/12, and 5 years following their operation, initial postoperative catheterization (less than 1 year) revealed only minimal pulmonary artery wedge and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure differences, with normal peak systolic pulmonary artery pressures. Serial clinical examination, including height and weight percentiles, chest X-rays, electrocardiograms, and the presence of a continuous murmur in one patient suggested development of pulmonary venous obstruction. Repeat catheterizations demonstrated pulmonary artery pressures greater than or equal to systemic and pulmonary artery wedge minus right ventricular end-diastolic differences greater than 13. Successful relief of the pulmonary venous obstruction included insertion of a Dacron patch to enlarge the pulmonary venous atrium, incision of the obstructing orifice, and repair of associated intra-atrial defects. Operation and postoperative course have been unremarkable. It is concluded that pulmonary venous obstruction can be both an early and progressively late sequela of the Mustard operation. Serial examinations with a high index of suspicion should allow repeated catheterizations to document the occurrence. Operative revision of the obstruction appears to be effective with minimal risk.", "PMID": 401442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_799", "title": "Esophageal spasm: clinical and manometric response to nitroglycerine and long acting nitrites.", "content": "The effect of nitroglycerine and long acting nitrites was studied in a group of 8 normal control subjects and 12 patients with esophageal spasm. The objective response of the esophagus to these drugs was recorded by obtaining esophageal manometric studies and was correlated with response in clinical symptoms. In 7 patients who had significant gastroesophageal reflux associated with spasm, the response to nitroglycerine was unpredictable. But in the group of 5 patients with diffuse esophageal spasm without gastroesophageal reflux, the response was uniformly good. All of the patients who responded to nitroglycerine also responded to long acting nitrites. These 5 patients, who were placed on long term management with long acting nitrites, remained symptom-free from 6 months to 4 years. None of them had recurrence of symptoms while they were on long acting nitrite therapy. The study suggests that if esophageal spasm is associated with reflux, the use of nitrites is less effective in controlling spasm than it is in those who do not show this association, and that diffuse esophageal spasm can be effectively managed with long acting nitrites on a long term basis in the absence of reflux. If there is esophageal spasm associated with reflux esophagitis, nitrites may be beneficial as an adjunct to antireflux therapy.", "contents": "Esophageal spasm: clinical and manometric response to nitroglycerine and long acting nitrites. The effect of nitroglycerine and long acting nitrites was studied in a group of 8 normal control subjects and 12 patients with esophageal spasm. The objective response of the esophagus to these drugs was recorded by obtaining esophageal manometric studies and was correlated with response in clinical symptoms. In 7 patients who had significant gastroesophageal reflux associated with spasm, the response to nitroglycerine was unpredictable. But in the group of 5 patients with diffuse esophageal spasm without gastroesophageal reflux, the response was uniformly good. All of the patients who responded to nitroglycerine also responded to long acting nitrites. These 5 patients, who were placed on long term management with long acting nitrites, remained symptom-free from 6 months to 4 years. None of them had recurrence of symptoms while they were on long acting nitrite therapy. The study suggests that if esophageal spasm is associated with reflux, the use of nitrites is less effective in controlling spasm than it is in those who do not show this association, and that diffuse esophageal spasm can be effectively managed with long acting nitrites on a long term basis in the absence of reflux. If there is esophageal spasm associated with reflux esophagitis, nitrites may be beneficial as an adjunct to antireflux therapy.", "PMID": 401445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_800", "title": "The physical and behavioural complex of dementia.", "content": "An inquiry was made into the physical and behavioural problems presented by patients admitted to hospital because of dementia. 81 patients were studied over a period of 3 years, and a comparison was made between the 38 with idiopathic (Alzheimer's) dementia, and the others, most of whom suffered from focal cerebral arteriosclerosis or Parkinson's disease with dementia. The average age was between 70 and 80 years, and the hospital stay averaged 18-28 months. Nursing difficulties ranged from immobility of the patients on the one hand to wandering on the other, especially in the Alzheimer's group. Behaviour disturbances, shouting, incontinence and degenerate habits were found in a high proportion and the incidence of fractures reached 15%. Vascular incidents as complications or causes of death were relatively uncommon; in those who died, the cause was usually infection. The mainstays of treatment were tranquillising drugs, used only when necessary, and in minimal quantities, simple occupational activity, and an awareness by the staff of the high morbidity to which these patients were prone.", "contents": "The physical and behavioural complex of dementia. An inquiry was made into the physical and behavioural problems presented by patients admitted to hospital because of dementia. 81 patients were studied over a period of 3 years, and a comparison was made between the 38 with idiopathic (Alzheimer's) dementia, and the others, most of whom suffered from focal cerebral arteriosclerosis or Parkinson's disease with dementia. The average age was between 70 and 80 years, and the hospital stay averaged 18-28 months. Nursing difficulties ranged from immobility of the patients on the one hand to wandering on the other, especially in the Alzheimer's group. Behaviour disturbances, shouting, incontinence and degenerate habits were found in a high proportion and the incidence of fractures reached 15%. Vascular incidents as complications or causes of death were relatively uncommon; in those who died, the cause was usually infection. The mainstays of treatment were tranquillising drugs, used only when necessary, and in minimal quantities, simple occupational activity, and an awareness by the staff of the high morbidity to which these patients were prone.", "PMID": 401446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_801", "title": "Quantitation of blood flow after Le Fort I osteotomy.", "content": "Le Fort I maxillary osteotomies were performed on ten macaque monkeys. The particle distribution method (nondiffusible radioactive microspheres) was used to quantitate local blood flow before and after surgery. Significant reduction in blood flow to the osteotomized maxillary segment was noted in those animals (group S) where the descending palatine vessels were transected. Those animals in which the vascular pedicle was intact (group I) showed decreased blood flow to the attached gingiva and alveolar bone, but palatal tissue blood flow was unchanged or increased. The results reinforce the precept of the importance of maintaining an adequate nutrient pedicle when performing orthognathic surgical procedures.", "contents": "Quantitation of blood flow after Le Fort I osteotomy. Le Fort I maxillary osteotomies were performed on ten macaque monkeys. The particle distribution method (nondiffusible radioactive microspheres) was used to quantitate local blood flow before and after surgery. Significant reduction in blood flow to the osteotomized maxillary segment was noted in those animals (group S) where the descending palatine vessels were transected. Those animals in which the vascular pedicle was intact (group I) showed decreased blood flow to the attached gingiva and alveolar bone, but palatal tissue blood flow was unchanged or increased. The results reinforce the precept of the importance of maintaining an adequate nutrient pedicle when performing orthognathic surgical procedures.", "PMID": 401447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_802", "title": "Long-term therapy of myoclonus and other neurologic disorders with L-5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa.", "content": "We evaluated the therapeutic effect of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5HTP), the precursor of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), combined with carbidopa, a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, in patients with intention myoclonus and examined the serotonin metabolites in spinal fluid, blood and urine before and during therapy. In 18 patients with intention myoclonus due to anoxia or other brain damage, 11 derived more than 50% overall improvement during treatment with L-5HTP and carbidopa. Spinal-fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was 35% lower in patients with intention myoclonus than in controls (P less than 0.05). Therapy with L-5HTP and carbidopa increased the concentration of serotonin metabolites in urine and spinal fluid. We postulate that a deficiency of brain serotonin is causally related to intention myoclonus and that the therapeutic effect of L-5HTP and carbidopa may be due to the repletion of serotonin in regions of the brain where serotoninergic neurons have degenerated.", "contents": "Long-term therapy of myoclonus and other neurologic disorders with L-5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa. We evaluated the therapeutic effect of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5HTP), the precursor of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), combined with carbidopa, a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, in patients with intention myoclonus and examined the serotonin metabolites in spinal fluid, blood and urine before and during therapy. In 18 patients with intention myoclonus due to anoxia or other brain damage, 11 derived more than 50% overall improvement during treatment with L-5HTP and carbidopa. Spinal-fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was 35% lower in patients with intention myoclonus than in controls (P less than 0.05). Therapy with L-5HTP and carbidopa increased the concentration of serotonin metabolites in urine and spinal fluid. We postulate that a deficiency of brain serotonin is causally related to intention myoclonus and that the therapeutic effect of L-5HTP and carbidopa may be due to the repletion of serotonin in regions of the brain where serotoninergic neurons have degenerated.", "PMID": 401457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_803", "title": "Ankle arthrography and ankle distortion.", "content": "A ligament rupture is found in some 60% of patients with ankle distortion. The rupture usually involves the anterior talofibular ligament, and there may be associated ruptures of other ankle ligaments. Clinical findings and conventional radiological examination (including stress exposures) are insufficiently reliable for demonstration or exclusion of a ligament lesion. Ankle arthography is a relatively simple method of investigation; interpretation of the images obtained is generally no problem. Surgical exploration has nearly always confirmed the arthrographic diagnosis 'ligament lesion'.", "contents": "Ankle arthrography and ankle distortion. A ligament rupture is found in some 60% of patients with ankle distortion. The rupture usually involves the anterior talofibular ligament, and there may be associated ruptures of other ankle ligaments. Clinical findings and conventional radiological examination (including stress exposures) are insufficiently reliable for demonstration or exclusion of a ligament lesion. Ankle arthography is a relatively simple method of investigation; interpretation of the images obtained is generally no problem. Surgical exploration has nearly always confirmed the arthrographic diagnosis 'ligament lesion'.", "PMID": 401459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_804", "title": "Comparative study of superficial whole-body radiotherapeutic techniques using a 4-MeV nonangulated electron beam.", "content": "Various whole-body, multiple-field, electron-beam therapy techniques are analyzed. Accelerator characteristics, various dosimetric techniques, and experimental setup are described. A flattening filter was constructed which produced an uncollimated electron-beam profile (4 MeV) with a uniformity of +/- 8% across a 200-cm diameter area at 7 m from the source. Irradiation techniques include 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-field therapy and rotation. Conclusive evidence is presented to support adoption of either the 8-field technique or rotation as the methods of choice for superficial whole-body treatments.", "contents": "Comparative study of superficial whole-body radiotherapeutic techniques using a 4-MeV nonangulated electron beam. Various whole-body, multiple-field, electron-beam therapy techniques are analyzed. Accelerator characteristics, various dosimetric techniques, and experimental setup are described. A flattening filter was constructed which produced an uncollimated electron-beam profile (4 MeV) with a uniformity of +/- 8% across a 200-cm diameter area at 7 m from the source. Irradiation techniques include 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-field therapy and rotation. Conclusive evidence is presented to support adoption of either the 8-field technique or rotation as the methods of choice for superficial whole-body treatments.", "PMID": 401460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_805", "title": "An evaluation of the in vivo properties of 99mTc-HEDP.", "content": "The in vitro properties of lyophilized 99mTc stannous diphosphonate bone-scanning agent have been studied with particular reference to those properties which are of relevance to its routine clinical use. The results of quantitative studies in patients with bony tumors indicate that reliable reproducible bone scans will be obtained despite the variations in technetium presentation, labelling and injection procedures which may be anticipated in any department of nuclear medicine.", "contents": "An evaluation of the in vivo properties of 99mTc-HEDP. The in vitro properties of lyophilized 99mTc stannous diphosphonate bone-scanning agent have been studied with particular reference to those properties which are of relevance to its routine clinical use. The results of quantitative studies in patients with bony tumors indicate that reliable reproducible bone scans will be obtained despite the variations in technetium presentation, labelling and injection procedures which may be anticipated in any department of nuclear medicine.", "PMID": 401461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_806", "title": "Labeling of the releasable adenine nucleotides of washed human platelets.", "content": "In rabbit platelets, the metabolically active ATP pool equilibrates with the releasable ATP pool within 1 day. The studies showing this have now been extended to human platelets. Human platelets labeled with 14C-adenosine or 14C-adenine were incubated for up to 10 hr in vitro at 37 degrees C. After 10 hr, about 12% of the total platelet 14C-ATP and 14C-ADP had become releasable with thrombin (4.2 units/ml). Lysis of platelets did not occur, since less than 1% of the platelet-bound 51Cr from platelets labeled with this radioisotope appeared in the ambient fluid upon thrombin treatment. The 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the released adenine nucleotides (7.6) was similar to the 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the nonreleasable adenine nucleotides (7.1) 2 hr after the labeling with 14C-adenosine. However, upon prolonged incubation (10 hr) in vitro, the 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the releasable adenine nucleotides decreased to 2.7. The adenylate energy charge and the 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the metabolic adenine nucleotide pool did not change significantly during the time of observation. The 14C-ATP content of the platelets decreased by less than 1% hr of incubation at 37 degrees C. These observations are interpreted to mean that the 14C is transferred from the metabolically active, nonreleasable adenine nucleotide pool of human platelets into the releasable adenine nucleotide pool as ATP and is partially hydrolyzed there to yield ADP. The transfer of ATP across the storage organelle membrane of platelets may be similar to transport processes in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and may represent a general phenomenon in cells that possess storage organelles containing adenine nucleotides.", "contents": "Labeling of the releasable adenine nucleotides of washed human platelets. In rabbit platelets, the metabolically active ATP pool equilibrates with the releasable ATP pool within 1 day. The studies showing this have now been extended to human platelets. Human platelets labeled with 14C-adenosine or 14C-adenine were incubated for up to 10 hr in vitro at 37 degrees C. After 10 hr, about 12% of the total platelet 14C-ATP and 14C-ADP had become releasable with thrombin (4.2 units/ml). Lysis of platelets did not occur, since less than 1% of the platelet-bound 51Cr from platelets labeled with this radioisotope appeared in the ambient fluid upon thrombin treatment. The 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the released adenine nucleotides (7.6) was similar to the 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the nonreleasable adenine nucleotides (7.1) 2 hr after the labeling with 14C-adenosine. However, upon prolonged incubation (10 hr) in vitro, the 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the releasable adenine nucleotides decreased to 2.7. The adenylate energy charge and the 14C-ATP/14C-ADP ratio of the metabolic adenine nucleotide pool did not change significantly during the time of observation. The 14C-ATP content of the platelets decreased by less than 1% hr of incubation at 37 degrees C. These observations are interpreted to mean that the 14C is transferred from the metabolically active, nonreleasable adenine nucleotide pool of human platelets into the releasable adenine nucleotide pool as ATP and is partially hydrolyzed there to yield ADP. The transfer of ATP across the storage organelle membrane of platelets may be similar to transport processes in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and may represent a general phenomenon in cells that possess storage organelles containing adenine nucleotides.", "PMID": 401462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_807", "title": "Localization and characterization of phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase in the brain of various mammalian species.", "content": "The distribution of PNMT activity in various regions and nuclei of the rat, monkey and human brain was investigated. The distribution of PNMT activity in the rat brain correlates with the distribution of PNMT immunofluorescence. The PNMT activity in the primate brain is more widely distributed than in the rat brain. High and intermediate enzyme activity values were dound in the same regions of the primate brain as in the rat brain. Intermediate or low levels were also found in various other regions of the primate brain, e.g., basal ganglia, amygdala, septum, habenula. The brain PNMT has the same substrate specificity and similar kinetic properties as the adrenal enzyme. Immunotitration studies revealed cross-reactivity between the homologous adrenal and brain PNMT.", "contents": "Localization and characterization of phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase in the brain of various mammalian species. The distribution of PNMT activity in various regions and nuclei of the rat, monkey and human brain was investigated. The distribution of PNMT activity in the rat brain correlates with the distribution of PNMT immunofluorescence. The PNMT activity in the primate brain is more widely distributed than in the rat brain. High and intermediate enzyme activity values were dound in the same regions of the primate brain as in the rat brain. Intermediate or low levels were also found in various other regions of the primate brain, e.g., basal ganglia, amygdala, septum, habenula. The brain PNMT has the same substrate specificity and similar kinetic properties as the adrenal enzyme. Immunotitration studies revealed cross-reactivity between the homologous adrenal and brain PNMT.", "PMID": 401463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_808", "title": "Pathways in the forebrain of the rat concerned with the release of prolactin.", "content": "Circulating prolactin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay after electrical stimulation of discrete sites in the forebrain of 420 lactating rats. The animals were prepared under initial anaesthesia, were decorticated except for frontal cortex and their brain stems were transected at the mid-collicular level.", "contents": "Pathways in the forebrain of the rat concerned with the release of prolactin. Circulating prolactin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay after electrical stimulation of discrete sites in the forebrain of 420 lactating rats. The animals were prepared under initial anaesthesia, were decorticated except for frontal cortex and their brain stems were transected at the mid-collicular level.", "PMID": 401464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_809", "title": "Frontal decortication in rhesus monkeys: a test of the interference hypothesis.", "content": "Four monkeys with dorsolateral frontal ablations and 3 unoperated controls were run on discrimination problems which sequentially presented both relevant and irrelevant visual stimuli prior to the opportunity for a choice response. As previously reported, monkeys with undamaged brains performed significantly better on those problems presenting relevant information first, being unaffected by later occurring irrelevant stimuli. Contrary to the behavior of the normal monkeys, monkeys with lesions of the dorsolateral frontal cortex were severely impaired when irrelevant stimuli were presented after the relevant stimuli had been processed, but before the opportunity to respond had occurred. In other words, the frontal monkeys performed just the opposite of the normals in these procedures, even though the relevant and irrelevant stimuli were manipulated within the usual temporal definitions of the two-choice discrimination trial. These data demonstrate that the presentation of irrelevant stimuli before the choice response can significantly impair frontally decorticated monkeys and that this impairment does not require the use of a long temporal delay preceding the opportunity to respond. For this reason the data were interpreted as rather direct support of the interference hypothesis of frontal dysfunction. On the basis of these and other data discussed, it was concluded that one function of the dorsolated frontal cortex involves the suppression of interfering stimulus events interposed between the information necessary to guide behavior and the behavior itself.", "contents": "Frontal decortication in rhesus monkeys: a test of the interference hypothesis. Four monkeys with dorsolateral frontal ablations and 3 unoperated controls were run on discrimination problems which sequentially presented both relevant and irrelevant visual stimuli prior to the opportunity for a choice response. As previously reported, monkeys with undamaged brains performed significantly better on those problems presenting relevant information first, being unaffected by later occurring irrelevant stimuli. Contrary to the behavior of the normal monkeys, monkeys with lesions of the dorsolateral frontal cortex were severely impaired when irrelevant stimuli were presented after the relevant stimuli had been processed, but before the opportunity to respond had occurred. In other words, the frontal monkeys performed just the opposite of the normals in these procedures, even though the relevant and irrelevant stimuli were manipulated within the usual temporal definitions of the two-choice discrimination trial. These data demonstrate that the presentation of irrelevant stimuli before the choice response can significantly impair frontally decorticated monkeys and that this impairment does not require the use of a long temporal delay preceding the opportunity to respond. For this reason the data were interpreted as rather direct support of the interference hypothesis of frontal dysfunction. On the basis of these and other data discussed, it was concluded that one function of the dorsolated frontal cortex involves the suppression of interfering stimulus events interposed between the information necessary to guide behavior and the behavior itself.", "PMID": 401465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_810", "title": "Morphological organization of catecholamine terminals in the diencephalon of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The hypothalamus and thalamus of the rhesus monkey were investigated using the fluorescence histochemical method of Falck and Hillarp. The hypothalamus was found to be richly supplied with catecholamine fluorescent nerve terminals with many thick and a few varicosities, whereas nerve terminals with fine varicosities were found to be distributed over the thalamus except for the midline and medial nuclei which were innervated by nerve terminals with thicker and more intense fluorescent varicosities. The morphological characteristics and distribution pattern of catecholamine terminals were similar between the rhesus monkey and the rat. However, some species differences were noted in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, arcuate nucleus and internal layer of infundibulum in the hypothalamus. The pulvinar, which was nonexistent in the rat, had fine terminals.", "contents": "Morphological organization of catecholamine terminals in the diencephalon of the rhesus monkey. The hypothalamus and thalamus of the rhesus monkey were investigated using the fluorescence histochemical method of Falck and Hillarp. The hypothalamus was found to be richly supplied with catecholamine fluorescent nerve terminals with many thick and a few varicosities, whereas nerve terminals with fine varicosities were found to be distributed over the thalamus except for the midline and medial nuclei which were innervated by nerve terminals with thicker and more intense fluorescent varicosities. The morphological characteristics and distribution pattern of catecholamine terminals were similar between the rhesus monkey and the rat. However, some species differences were noted in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, arcuate nucleus and internal layer of infundibulum in the hypothalamus. The pulvinar, which was nonexistent in the rat, had fine terminals.", "PMID": 401466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_811", "title": "Central vision of man and macaque: cone and rod sensitivity.", "content": "The distribution of photopic and scotopic sensitivity of the rhesus monkey has been described for central vision and compared to sensitivities of human observers. For small, brief, greeen and red test flashes the monkey's sensitivity was comparable to man, but was considerably more sensitive than man's to small, blue (450 nm) test flashes. This superior photopic sensitivity to blue was correlated with a low density of macular pigment. The scotopic sensitivities of man and monkey were comparable with the distribution of central sensitivity of the monkey being demonstrated to be related to the density of rods around the center fovea.", "contents": "Central vision of man and macaque: cone and rod sensitivity. The distribution of photopic and scotopic sensitivity of the rhesus monkey has been described for central vision and compared to sensitivities of human observers. For small, brief, greeen and red test flashes the monkey's sensitivity was comparable to man, but was considerably more sensitive than man's to small, blue (450 nm) test flashes. This superior photopic sensitivity to blue was correlated with a low density of macular pigment. The scotopic sensitivities of man and monkey were comparable with the distribution of central sensitivity of the monkey being demonstrated to be related to the density of rods around the center fovea.", "PMID": 401467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_812", "title": "Inhibition of the tumor-initiating ability of the potent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene by the weak tumor initiator 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene.", "content": "ARyl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in mouse epidermis was inducible by topical application of several tumor-initiating polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons. The weak tumor initiator 1,2,3,4-dibenazanthracene (1,2,3,4-DBA), at dose level of 200 nmoles, increased AHH activity more than 10-fold over that of the acetone controls at 12 hr after treatment. Administration of the same quantity of the potent initiator 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) increased AHH activity approximately 4-fold over that of the control at 12 hr after treatment. Simultaneous treatment with 200 or 100 nmoles of DMBA and 1,2,3,4-DBA resulted in AHH activity that was 546 and 732% that of the controls, respectively, 12 hr after treatment: this was less AHH activity than was observed when 1,2,3,4-DBA was administered alone. Doses of 20 nmoles or more of 1,2,3,4-DBA, when given at about the same time as DMBA, effectively inhibited DMBA initiation of skin tumors in a two stage system of tumorigenesis. The results suggest that the weak initiator 1,2,3,4-DBA may program the epidermal AHH system to metabolize the strong carcinogen DMBA to noncarcinogenic intermediate(s).", "contents": "Inhibition of the tumor-initiating ability of the potent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene by the weak tumor initiator 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene. ARyl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in mouse epidermis was inducible by topical application of several tumor-initiating polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons. The weak tumor initiator 1,2,3,4-dibenazanthracene (1,2,3,4-DBA), at dose level of 200 nmoles, increased AHH activity more than 10-fold over that of the acetone controls at 12 hr after treatment. Administration of the same quantity of the potent initiator 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) increased AHH activity approximately 4-fold over that of the control at 12 hr after treatment. Simultaneous treatment with 200 or 100 nmoles of DMBA and 1,2,3,4-DBA resulted in AHH activity that was 546 and 732% that of the controls, respectively, 12 hr after treatment: this was less AHH activity than was observed when 1,2,3,4-DBA was administered alone. Doses of 20 nmoles or more of 1,2,3,4-DBA, when given at about the same time as DMBA, effectively inhibited DMBA initiation of skin tumors in a two stage system of tumorigenesis. The results suggest that the weak initiator 1,2,3,4-DBA may program the epidermal AHH system to metabolize the strong carcinogen DMBA to noncarcinogenic intermediate(s).", "PMID": 401469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_813", "title": "Distribution and degradation of [3H]methotrexate after intravenous and cerebral intraventricular injection in primates.", "content": "Four hr after either a single injection or continuous infusion of methotrexate (MTX) plus purified [3',5',9(n)-3H]MTX in cynomolgus or rhesus monkeys, 80 to 98% of the 3H radioactivity present in the plasma was found not to represent intact MTX. The percentage of 3H-containing MTX products in the urine after 4 hr was considerably less, although more variable. This variability seemed to be related to variability in the amount of the total dose excreted. Non-MTX products were also found in selected tissues and the percentage of intact MTX found 4 hr after i.v. injection varied from 2 to 26%. The percentage of intact MTX was routinely measured by comparing the values obtained using the dihydrofolate reductase assay with values based on the specific activity of [3',5',9(n)-3H]MTX. Results obtained by diethylaminoethyl column chromatography on a few samples, however, showed good agreement with results from the reductase assay. [3',5',9(n)-3H]MTX products appeared in peaks eluting from the diethylaminoethyl column both earlier and later than the MTX peak, with the earlier peaks being present in only small amounts in the urine. After continuous i.v. infusion, only 2% or less of the radioactivity found in the cerebrospinal fluid after 4 hr represented intact MTX, with the remaining radioactivity eluting much earlier than MTX. In contrast, after direct injection into the left lateral ventricel, all the 3H radioactivity in both cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue represented intact MTX for up to 4 hr after injection. The appearance of MTX products in the plasma and selected tissues of these primates a short time after i.v. injection is compared to other work in experimental animals and man and suggests a greater metabolism of MTX than was previously suspected.", "contents": "Distribution and degradation of [3H]methotrexate after intravenous and cerebral intraventricular injection in primates. Four hr after either a single injection or continuous infusion of methotrexate (MTX) plus purified [3',5',9(n)-3H]MTX in cynomolgus or rhesus monkeys, 80 to 98% of the 3H radioactivity present in the plasma was found not to represent intact MTX. The percentage of 3H-containing MTX products in the urine after 4 hr was considerably less, although more variable. This variability seemed to be related to variability in the amount of the total dose excreted. Non-MTX products were also found in selected tissues and the percentage of intact MTX found 4 hr after i.v. injection varied from 2 to 26%. The percentage of intact MTX was routinely measured by comparing the values obtained using the dihydrofolate reductase assay with values based on the specific activity of [3',5',9(n)-3H]MTX. Results obtained by diethylaminoethyl column chromatography on a few samples, however, showed good agreement with results from the reductase assay. [3',5',9(n)-3H]MTX products appeared in peaks eluting from the diethylaminoethyl column both earlier and later than the MTX peak, with the earlier peaks being present in only small amounts in the urine. After continuous i.v. infusion, only 2% or less of the radioactivity found in the cerebrospinal fluid after 4 hr represented intact MTX, with the remaining radioactivity eluting much earlier than MTX. In contrast, after direct injection into the left lateral ventricel, all the 3H radioactivity in both cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue represented intact MTX for up to 4 hr after injection. The appearance of MTX products in the plasma and selected tissues of these primates a short time after i.v. injection is compared to other work in experimental animals and man and suggests a greater metabolism of MTX than was previously suspected.", "PMID": 401470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_814", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis of benzo(a)pyrene metabolism by microsomal enzymes from rhesus liver and lung.", "content": "The metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene was determined, using rhesus monkey hepatic and pulmonary microsomal enzymes. Metabolites were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and identified using known reference standards. Metabolites were quantitated by scintillation spectrometry. Both liver and lung microsomes metabolized benzo(a)pyrene to the following metabolites: 9,10-, 7,8-, and 4,5-dihydrodihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene; benzo(a)pyrene-1,6-dione, -3,6-dione, and -6,12-dione; and 9- and 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. Two unidentified metabolites and one metabolite region which chromatographed prior to 9,10-dihydrodihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene were produced by both liver and lung microsomes. The two unknown peaks were located between, 9,10- and 4,5-dihydrohidroxybenzo(a)pyrene. Two additional unknown metabolites were produced only in the liver and had retention times slightly greater than the 4,5- and 7,8-dihydrodihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene metabolites, respectively. Quantitative determination of benzo(a)pyrene metabolism revealed large differences for the three monkeys and the respective tissue activities. Liver activity for each animal was substantially higher than lung activity for all benzo(a)pyrene metabolites. The ratio of the metabolites also differed between the liver and lung. 3-Hdyroxybenzo(a) pyrene represented over 60% of the total liver metabolite fraction and 30% of the total lung metabolite fraction. The total quinone fraction represented between 7 and 13% of the total metabolites in the liver and comprised over 40% of the total lung metabolites. The metabolite ratios for the dihydrodiols were very similar for both tissues.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis of benzo(a)pyrene metabolism by microsomal enzymes from rhesus liver and lung. The metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene was determined, using rhesus monkey hepatic and pulmonary microsomal enzymes. Metabolites were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and identified using known reference standards. Metabolites were quantitated by scintillation spectrometry. Both liver and lung microsomes metabolized benzo(a)pyrene to the following metabolites: 9,10-, 7,8-, and 4,5-dihydrodihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene; benzo(a)pyrene-1,6-dione, -3,6-dione, and -6,12-dione; and 9- and 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. Two unidentified metabolites and one metabolite region which chromatographed prior to 9,10-dihydrodihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene were produced by both liver and lung microsomes. The two unknown peaks were located between, 9,10- and 4,5-dihydrohidroxybenzo(a)pyrene. Two additional unknown metabolites were produced only in the liver and had retention times slightly greater than the 4,5- and 7,8-dihydrodihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene metabolites, respectively. Quantitative determination of benzo(a)pyrene metabolism revealed large differences for the three monkeys and the respective tissue activities. Liver activity for each animal was substantially higher than lung activity for all benzo(a)pyrene metabolites. The ratio of the metabolites also differed between the liver and lung. 3-Hdyroxybenzo(a) pyrene represented over 60% of the total liver metabolite fraction and 30% of the total lung metabolite fraction. The total quinone fraction represented between 7 and 13% of the total metabolites in the liver and comprised over 40% of the total lung metabolites. The metabolite ratios for the dihydrodiols were very similar for both tissues.", "PMID": 401471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_815", "title": "Stimulation of growth of carcinogen-induced mammary cancers in rats by thyrotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "Twice-daily injections of three different doses of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a hormone normally produced by the hypothalamus, produced significant increases in size and number of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary cancers over 0.87% NaCl solution-injected control rats. When thyroidectomized rats, bearing 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors were given the same twice-daily injections of TRH, mammary tumor growth was increased to the same extent as in intact rats given TRH, showing that the effects of TRH were not exerted via stimulation of thyroid function. The TRH-induced increments in mammary tumor growth were accompanied by significant increases in serum prolactin levels over 0.87% NaCl solution-injected controls. A single daily injection of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154), a prolactin-release inhibitor completely blocked TRH-induced mammary tumor growth and reduced serum prolactin values. These results indicate that a twice-daily pulse of TRH can stimulate mammary tumor growth by releasing prolactin from the anterior pituitary.", "contents": "Stimulation of growth of carcinogen-induced mammary cancers in rats by thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Twice-daily injections of three different doses of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a hormone normally produced by the hypothalamus, produced significant increases in size and number of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary cancers over 0.87% NaCl solution-injected control rats. When thyroidectomized rats, bearing 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors were given the same twice-daily injections of TRH, mammary tumor growth was increased to the same extent as in intact rats given TRH, showing that the effects of TRH were not exerted via stimulation of thyroid function. The TRH-induced increments in mammary tumor growth were accompanied by significant increases in serum prolactin levels over 0.87% NaCl solution-injected controls. A single daily injection of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154), a prolactin-release inhibitor completely blocked TRH-induced mammary tumor growth and reduced serum prolactin values. These results indicate that a twice-daily pulse of TRH can stimulate mammary tumor growth by releasing prolactin from the anterior pituitary.", "PMID": 401473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_816", "title": "Mitochondrial degeneration after organic phosphate poisoning in prosimian primates.", "content": "The degenerative reaction of mitochondria to tricresylphosphate (TCP) poisoning in spinal ganglion cells of Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang coucang) were studied with the electron microscope. In neurones of animals treated with TCP, mitochondria display various stages of alterations which confirm mitochondrial involvement in TCP poisoning. The role of degenerated mitochondria in the formation of neuronal lipofuscin is discussed. It is suggested that the lipofuscin granule is a metabolic product inherently related to mitochondrial degeneration, irrespective of the primary cause: ageing or intoxication.", "contents": "Mitochondrial degeneration after organic phosphate poisoning in prosimian primates. The degenerative reaction of mitochondria to tricresylphosphate (TCP) poisoning in spinal ganglion cells of Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang coucang) were studied with the electron microscope. In neurones of animals treated with TCP, mitochondria display various stages of alterations which confirm mitochondrial involvement in TCP poisoning. The role of degenerated mitochondria in the formation of neuronal lipofuscin is discussed. It is suggested that the lipofuscin granule is a metabolic product inherently related to mitochondrial degeneration, irrespective of the primary cause: ageing or intoxication.", "PMID": 401474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_817", "title": "Peroxisomes (microbodies) in the myocardium of rodents and primates. A comparative Ultrastructural cytochemical study.", "content": "The occurrence of peroxisomes (microbodies), their cytochemical characteristics and their ultrastructural relationship to the neighboring organelles were investigated in the ventricular myocardium of four rodent (rat, rabbit, gerbil, and guinea pig) and two primate (Macaca java and Tupaya) species. The hearts were fixed by vascular perfusion with glutaraldehyde and incubated in alkaline diaminobenzidine media for visualization of catalase. The electron-dense reaction product of catalase was found in the myocardium of all examined species and was localized in 0.2--0.5 mum oval particles, surrounded by a single limiting membrane and located usually at the junction of I and A bands. The peroxisomes in the hearts of gerbil and Macaca java were especially long and tortuous. A close spatial association was found between the myocardial peroxisomes and mitochondria, lipid droplets, and the membranes of sarcoplasmic reticulum, especially the so-called junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum. These observations demonstrate the consistent occurrence of peroxisomes in the heart of various mammalian species and suggest that peroxisomes have important metabolic and physiological functions in myocardium.", "contents": "Peroxisomes (microbodies) in the myocardium of rodents and primates. A comparative Ultrastructural cytochemical study. The occurrence of peroxisomes (microbodies), their cytochemical characteristics and their ultrastructural relationship to the neighboring organelles were investigated in the ventricular myocardium of four rodent (rat, rabbit, gerbil, and guinea pig) and two primate (Macaca java and Tupaya) species. The hearts were fixed by vascular perfusion with glutaraldehyde and incubated in alkaline diaminobenzidine media for visualization of catalase. The electron-dense reaction product of catalase was found in the myocardium of all examined species and was localized in 0.2--0.5 mum oval particles, surrounded by a single limiting membrane and located usually at the junction of I and A bands. The peroxisomes in the hearts of gerbil and Macaca java were especially long and tortuous. A close spatial association was found between the myocardial peroxisomes and mitochondria, lipid droplets, and the membranes of sarcoplasmic reticulum, especially the so-called junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum. These observations demonstrate the consistent occurrence of peroxisomes in the heart of various mammalian species and suggest that peroxisomes have important metabolic and physiological functions in myocardium.", "PMID": 401475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_818", "title": "Nager acrofacial dysostosis: early intervention and long-term planning.", "content": "Nager acrofacial dysostosis is an extremely rare syndrome combining craniofacial features similar to Treacher Collins mandibulofacial dysostosis with the additional features of thumb and radial bone hypoplasia. The clinical and prognostic aspects of two unrelated infants with Nager acrofacila dysostosis are presented. A vigorous early intervention program of habilitation is described with emphasis on the facilitation of speech and language development in children with multiple morphological and developmental problems.", "contents": "Nager acrofacial dysostosis: early intervention and long-term planning. Nager acrofacial dysostosis is an extremely rare syndrome combining craniofacial features similar to Treacher Collins mandibulofacial dysostosis with the additional features of thumb and radial bone hypoplasia. The clinical and prognostic aspects of two unrelated infants with Nager acrofacila dysostosis are presented. A vigorous early intervention program of habilitation is described with emphasis on the facilitation of speech and language development in children with multiple morphological and developmental problems.", "PMID": 401476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_819", "title": "Absence of clinical pneumonia following bronchoscopy with contaminated and clean bronchofiberscopes.", "content": "Two hundred forty-nine fiberoptic bronchoscopy procedures were surveyed for the presence of bronchoscopy-related pneumonia. The first 103 procedures were performed during a period when the fiberscope was presemably contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chart review of these 103 procedures and prospective epidemiologic surveillance of the remaining 146 procedures revealed no cases of bronchoscopy-related pneumonia.", "contents": "Absence of clinical pneumonia following bronchoscopy with contaminated and clean bronchofiberscopes. Two hundred forty-nine fiberoptic bronchoscopy procedures were surveyed for the presence of bronchoscopy-related pneumonia. The first 103 procedures were performed during a period when the fiberscope was presemably contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chart review of these 103 procedures and prospective epidemiologic surveillance of the remaining 146 procedures revealed no cases of bronchoscopy-related pneumonia.", "PMID": 401481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_820", "title": "Regulation of folliculogenesis in the cycling rhesus monkey: selection of the dominant follicle.", "content": "To identify factors regulating the initiation of follicle growth in adult primates, the ovarian cycle of sexually mature rhesus monkeys was interrupted by surgical ablation of the preovulatory follicle or functioning corpus luteum (CL). In 10 of 10 animals, cautery of the largest visible follicle on Day 8-12 of the cycle blocked ovulation, and in all but one abolished the expected midcycle surges of gonadotropin secretion. In 8 monkeys of this group, surges of LH and FSH release occurred 12.4 +/- 0.9 days (d) (mean +/- SE) after cautery, coincident with elevations in serum estrogens, and succeeded by typical luteal phase patterns of circulating progesterone (P). No gonadotropin or estrogen surges were observed during the next 32 days of sampling in the remaining pair, despite visible new vesicular follicles. Removal of the CL in 5 of 5 monkeys 4-6 days after the midcycle LH surge was followed by a reduction in serum P to less than 0.25 ng/ml within 24 h and by the onset of menses within 3-4 days. After luteectomy in 4 of the 5 animals, preoperative levels of LH and FSH were maintained until 12.8 +/- 0.9 days, when typical surges of gonadotropin secretion occurred, followed by a normal luteal phase pattern of P. The fifth luteectomized monkey menstruated again 25 days after ablation without intervening surges of estrogen or gonadotropin release and did not ovulate. Sham follicle cautery did not block ipsilaternal ovulation or impair progesterone secretion by the CL in 2 of 2 monkeys. These observations indicate that, by the middle of the follicular phase, the follicle destined to ovulate had been selected, and that no other follicles were soon competent to mature. That the interval from ablation, at either phase of the cycle, until the next ovulation was the same indicates: a) that the prevailing ovarian steroidal milieu at ablation had no discernible differential effect on the time-course of resumed ovarian activity, and b) that midcycle surges of estrogen or gonadotropin secretion were not required either to initiate or synchronize subsequent follicle growth.", "contents": "Regulation of folliculogenesis in the cycling rhesus monkey: selection of the dominant follicle. To identify factors regulating the initiation of follicle growth in adult primates, the ovarian cycle of sexually mature rhesus monkeys was interrupted by surgical ablation of the preovulatory follicle or functioning corpus luteum (CL). In 10 of 10 animals, cautery of the largest visible follicle on Day 8-12 of the cycle blocked ovulation, and in all but one abolished the expected midcycle surges of gonadotropin secretion. In 8 monkeys of this group, surges of LH and FSH release occurred 12.4 +/- 0.9 days (d) (mean +/- SE) after cautery, coincident with elevations in serum estrogens, and succeeded by typical luteal phase patterns of circulating progesterone (P). No gonadotropin or estrogen surges were observed during the next 32 days of sampling in the remaining pair, despite visible new vesicular follicles. Removal of the CL in 5 of 5 monkeys 4-6 days after the midcycle LH surge was followed by a reduction in serum P to less than 0.25 ng/ml within 24 h and by the onset of menses within 3-4 days. After luteectomy in 4 of the 5 animals, preoperative levels of LH and FSH were maintained until 12.8 +/- 0.9 days, when typical surges of gonadotropin secretion occurred, followed by a normal luteal phase pattern of P. The fifth luteectomized monkey menstruated again 25 days after ablation without intervening surges of estrogen or gonadotropin release and did not ovulate. Sham follicle cautery did not block ipsilaternal ovulation or impair progesterone secretion by the CL in 2 of 2 monkeys. These observations indicate that, by the middle of the follicular phase, the follicle destined to ovulate had been selected, and that no other follicles were soon competent to mature. That the interval from ablation, at either phase of the cycle, until the next ovulation was the same indicates: a) that the prevailing ovarian steroidal milieu at ablation had no discernible differential effect on the time-course of resumed ovarian activity, and b) that midcycle surges of estrogen or gonadotropin secretion were not required either to initiate or synchronize subsequent follicle growth.", "PMID": 401483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_821", "title": "Induction of hypothyroidism and hypoprolactinemia by growth hormone producing rat pituitary tumors.", "content": "The GH3 rat pituitary tumor cell line which secretes both growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) stopped releasing PRL when transplanted to animals; furthermore, it suppressed PRL production by the hosts' pituitary glands. When the same tumor was transferred back to cell culture, PRL production resumed. The PRL to GH ratio in cell culture medium and cells ranged from 5 to 1 while in the tumor and serum of the host animals it averaged 0.09 and 0.001, respectively. To investigate further this phenomenon, female rats were transplanted with GH3 tumors (T) and compared to intact normal (N) and to thyroidectomized (Tx) rats. T animals were larger and had splanchnomegaly but smaller pituitaries and thyroids. Serum PRL concentrations in the basal state were decreased, as were levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and free T4 index. Despite reduced serum thyroid hormone concentrations, and in contrast to Tx animals, the serum thyrotropin (TSH) level in T rats was not elevated and they did not show a supranormal TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) administration. The PRL response to TRH in T animals was completely abolished while all N and Tx animals responded by a significant increase in serum PRL. Serum corticosteroids and estrogens were normal in T rats. Pituitary content of PRL was decreased and that of TSH increased in T rats. Tx animals, however, had a reduced pituitary content of PRL, TSH, and GH. When GH3 cells were grown in cell culture media containing serum from T animals, there was a reduction of PRL content in cells and released in the medium. Addition of T3 to the T serum did not alter its suppressive effect on PRL nor did rat GH added to N serum alter PRL production and release in vitro. In a preliminary experiment, rats injected ip with 50 mug hGH in two divided doses for eighteen days, suppressed serum T4 and T3 concentrations; pituitary content of TSH was significantly increased and that of PRL slightly decreased. Injection with 250 mug oPRL or saline, on the same schedule and for the same length of time, had no significant effect on the levels of serum thyroid hormones. Thus, GH, but also possibly other substance(s) secreted by GH3 tumors in vivo a) suppress the production of tumor and pituitary PRL; b) suppress the release of TSH, causing mild hypothyroidism; c) inhibit the PRL and TSH responses to TRH; and d) decrease the production of PRL in tissue culture. Although no simple and unifying theory could explain these findings, an hypothesis implicating somatomedin is presented.", "contents": "Induction of hypothyroidism and hypoprolactinemia by growth hormone producing rat pituitary tumors. The GH3 rat pituitary tumor cell line which secretes both growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) stopped releasing PRL when transplanted to animals; furthermore, it suppressed PRL production by the hosts' pituitary glands. When the same tumor was transferred back to cell culture, PRL production resumed. The PRL to GH ratio in cell culture medium and cells ranged from 5 to 1 while in the tumor and serum of the host animals it averaged 0.09 and 0.001, respectively. To investigate further this phenomenon, female rats were transplanted with GH3 tumors (T) and compared to intact normal (N) and to thyroidectomized (Tx) rats. T animals were larger and had splanchnomegaly but smaller pituitaries and thyroids. Serum PRL concentrations in the basal state were decreased, as were levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and free T4 index. Despite reduced serum thyroid hormone concentrations, and in contrast to Tx animals, the serum thyrotropin (TSH) level in T rats was not elevated and they did not show a supranormal TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) administration. The PRL response to TRH in T animals was completely abolished while all N and Tx animals responded by a significant increase in serum PRL. Serum corticosteroids and estrogens were normal in T rats. Pituitary content of PRL was decreased and that of TSH increased in T rats. Tx animals, however, had a reduced pituitary content of PRL, TSH, and GH. When GH3 cells were grown in cell culture media containing serum from T animals, there was a reduction of PRL content in cells and released in the medium. Addition of T3 to the T serum did not alter its suppressive effect on PRL nor did rat GH added to N serum alter PRL production and release in vitro. In a preliminary experiment, rats injected ip with 50 mug hGH in two divided doses for eighteen days, suppressed serum T4 and T3 concentrations; pituitary content of TSH was significantly increased and that of PRL slightly decreased. Injection with 250 mug oPRL or saline, on the same schedule and for the same length of time, had no significant effect on the levels of serum thyroid hormones. Thus, GH, but also possibly other substance(s) secreted by GH3 tumors in vivo a) suppress the production of tumor and pituitary PRL; b) suppress the release of TSH, causing mild hypothyroidism; c) inhibit the PRL and TSH responses to TRH; and d) decrease the production of PRL in tissue culture. Although no simple and unifying theory could explain these findings, an hypothesis implicating somatomedin is presented.", "PMID": 401484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_822", "title": "Effects of estrogen on thyroxine-binding globulin metabolism in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "To investigate the effects of estrogen on thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) metabolism, 4 female Rhesus monkeys were studied before and 3-4 weeks after implantation of beta-estradiol (E2)-containing capsules. In addition, 2 of the animals were also studied for the first 7 days after the start of E2. Serum E2 increased 10-fold from 20 +/- 7 to 212 +/- 41 pg/ml. Serum TBG, initially 20.2 +/- 6 mug/ml, was elevated by 24 h after E2 implantation, and reached a steady level of 46.8 +/- 5.0 mug/ml by 7-10 days. For the turnover studies, highly purified [125I]iodo-TBG was injected iv and serum [125I]PBI and urinary 125I excretion were measured daily. TBG kinetics were evaluated by use of a compartmental model. Although a 2-compartment model was sufficient to fit the control and late E2 data, a 3-compartment model was developed in order to account for the modifications observed during the early E2 period. The final decay rate (k) of TBG was 0.26 +/- 0.01/day during the control period and was slightly lower after E2 (0.23 +/- 0.01/day). In the 2 monkeys studied during the early E2 period, the major effect of E2 was a stimulation of the TBG production rate. This was simulated in the model by a stepwise increase occurring in the last quarter of the first day after E2. There was also an abrupt redistribution of TBG in the compartments defined by the model. The total distribution or serum equivalent volume of TBG after 3-4 weeks of E2 increased 1.4-fold, from 338 +/- 37 ml to 458 +/- 22 ml, and the metabolic clearance rate increased 1.3-fold, from 90 +/- 10 ml/d to 113 +/- 12 ml/d. The increase in the final TBG production rate (2.9-fold) was only slightly greater than the rate calculated for the early E2 period, and was similar to the increase we have recently found in monkey hepatocytes studied in vitro after isolation from E2-treated animals. It appears that stimulation of hepatic synthesis of TBG accounts for the elevated serum levels of TBG observed after estrogen.", "contents": "Effects of estrogen on thyroxine-binding globulin metabolism in rhesus monkeys. To investigate the effects of estrogen on thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) metabolism, 4 female Rhesus monkeys were studied before and 3-4 weeks after implantation of beta-estradiol (E2)-containing capsules. In addition, 2 of the animals were also studied for the first 7 days after the start of E2. Serum E2 increased 10-fold from 20 +/- 7 to 212 +/- 41 pg/ml. Serum TBG, initially 20.2 +/- 6 mug/ml, was elevated by 24 h after E2 implantation, and reached a steady level of 46.8 +/- 5.0 mug/ml by 7-10 days. For the turnover studies, highly purified [125I]iodo-TBG was injected iv and serum [125I]PBI and urinary 125I excretion were measured daily. TBG kinetics were evaluated by use of a compartmental model. Although a 2-compartment model was sufficient to fit the control and late E2 data, a 3-compartment model was developed in order to account for the modifications observed during the early E2 period. The final decay rate (k) of TBG was 0.26 +/- 0.01/day during the control period and was slightly lower after E2 (0.23 +/- 0.01/day). In the 2 monkeys studied during the early E2 period, the major effect of E2 was a stimulation of the TBG production rate. This was simulated in the model by a stepwise increase occurring in the last quarter of the first day after E2. There was also an abrupt redistribution of TBG in the compartments defined by the model. The total distribution or serum equivalent volume of TBG after 3-4 weeks of E2 increased 1.4-fold, from 338 +/- 37 ml to 458 +/- 22 ml, and the metabolic clearance rate increased 1.3-fold, from 90 +/- 10 ml/d to 113 +/- 12 ml/d. The increase in the final TBG production rate (2.9-fold) was only slightly greater than the rate calculated for the early E2 period, and was similar to the increase we have recently found in monkey hepatocytes studied in vitro after isolation from E2-treated animals. It appears that stimulation of hepatic synthesis of TBG accounts for the elevated serum levels of TBG observed after estrogen.", "PMID": 401485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_823", "title": "Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in pineal and hypothalamus of the frog: effect of season and illumination.", "content": "The influence of photo-illumination and season on the pineal and hypothalamic content of TRH in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) was studied. Animals (4-6 in each group) were exposed to constant light or darkness for 72 h and then sacrificed. The pineal and hypothalamus from each frog were extracted for TRH measurement by radioimmunoassay. The experiment was performed in spring, autumn, early winter and mid-winter. In early winter, mid-winter and spring the pineal content of TRH ranged from 0.14-0.70 ng. Significant differences between groups due to season and illumination were recorded. In autumn, mean levels of TRH were 12.95 ng (dark exposed) and 4.19 ng (light exposed)-values 10-20 times higher than at other times of the year (P less than 0.001). The hypothalamic content of TRH ranged from 11.4 ng in spring to 19.5 ng in autumn. Seasonal differences were present, but no effect of light or darkness was found. There was no definite relation between the TRH levels in hypothalamus and pineal. The alteration in pineal and hypothalamic TRH produced by season, and the effect of illumination on pineal TRH content, support the view that TRH has a neuronal function in vertebrates, possibly as a neurotransmitter.", "contents": "Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in pineal and hypothalamus of the frog: effect of season and illumination. The influence of photo-illumination and season on the pineal and hypothalamic content of TRH in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) was studied. Animals (4-6 in each group) were exposed to constant light or darkness for 72 h and then sacrificed. The pineal and hypothalamus from each frog were extracted for TRH measurement by radioimmunoassay. The experiment was performed in spring, autumn, early winter and mid-winter. In early winter, mid-winter and spring the pineal content of TRH ranged from 0.14-0.70 ng. Significant differences between groups due to season and illumination were recorded. In autumn, mean levels of TRH were 12.95 ng (dark exposed) and 4.19 ng (light exposed)-values 10-20 times higher than at other times of the year (P less than 0.001). The hypothalamic content of TRH ranged from 11.4 ng in spring to 19.5 ng in autumn. Seasonal differences were present, but no effect of light or darkness was found. There was no definite relation between the TRH levels in hypothalamus and pineal. The alteration in pineal and hypothalamic TRH produced by season, and the effect of illumination on pineal TRH content, support the view that TRH has a neuronal function in vertebrates, possibly as a neurotransmitter.", "PMID": 401486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_824", "title": "Subtyping of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) has been shown to possess distinct subtypes adw, ayw, adr, and ayr). A commercially available solid phase radioimmunoassay for antibody to HBSAg (Ausab, Abbott Laboratories North Chicago, Ill.) has been modified to detect the subtypes of HBSAg as well as the subtype-specific anti-HBS reactivities to detect the subtypes of HBSAg as well as the subtype-specific anti-HBS reactivities (anti-d, anti-y, and anti-w). This method has the advantages of general availability, ease of performance, and increased sensitivity over conventional subtyping methods of agar gel diffusion and counterelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Subtyping of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody by radioimmunoassay. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) has been shown to possess distinct subtypes adw, ayw, adr, and ayr). A commercially available solid phase radioimmunoassay for antibody to HBSAg (Ausab, Abbott Laboratories North Chicago, Ill.) has been modified to detect the subtypes of HBSAg as well as the subtype-specific anti-HBS reactivities to detect the subtypes of HBSAg as well as the subtype-specific anti-HBS reactivities (anti-d, anti-y, and anti-w). This method has the advantages of general availability, ease of performance, and increased sensitivity over conventional subtyping methods of agar gel diffusion and counterelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 401489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_825", "title": "Amino acid chemoreceptors of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Specificities of chemoreceptors for the 20 common amino acids, toward which Bacillus subtilis shows chemotaxis, were assessed by competition (\"jamming\") experiments using a modification of the traditional capillary assay, called the \"sensitivity capillary assay.\" Many amino acids were sensed by at least two chemoreceptors. All the highest affinity chemoreceptors for the amino acids were distinct, except glutamate and aspartate, which may share one chemoreceptor, and tyrosine, for which the data could not be collected due to low solubility. The data suggest the hypothesis that each amino acid-chemoreceptor complex binds to a different signaler (from each amino acid-chemoreceptor complex binds to a different signaler (from which signals travel to the flagella to modify behavior appropriately), and that many of the signalers can also bind other attractant-chemoreceptor complexes as antagonists (no signals to flagella).", "contents": "Amino acid chemoreceptors of Bacillus subtilis. Specificities of chemoreceptors for the 20 common amino acids, toward which Bacillus subtilis shows chemotaxis, were assessed by competition (\"jamming\") experiments using a modification of the traditional capillary assay, called the \"sensitivity capillary assay.\" Many amino acids were sensed by at least two chemoreceptors. All the highest affinity chemoreceptors for the amino acids were distinct, except glutamate and aspartate, which may share one chemoreceptor, and tyrosine, for which the data could not be collected due to low solubility. The data suggest the hypothesis that each amino acid-chemoreceptor complex binds to a different signaler (from each amino acid-chemoreceptor complex binds to a different signaler (from which signals travel to the flagella to modify behavior appropriately), and that many of the signalers can also bind other attractant-chemoreceptor complexes as antagonists (no signals to flagella).", "PMID": 401491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_826", "title": "Role of sugar uptake and metabolic intermediates on catabolite repression in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Many phosphorylated intermediates exert catabolite repression on the enzyme acetoin dehydrogenase in Bacillus subtilis. This was shown with strains that are blocked at different positions in central metabolism when they receive sugars that cannot be metabolized past enzymatic block(s). In the case of sorbitol, transport events were not involved in catabolite repression, for this sugar cannot repress acetoin dehydrogenase in a strain lacking sorbitol dehydrogenase but otherwise able to take up sorbitol. The presence of glucose did not markedly influence the uptake of acetoin.", "contents": "Role of sugar uptake and metabolic intermediates on catabolite repression in Bacillus subtilis. Many phosphorylated intermediates exert catabolite repression on the enzyme acetoin dehydrogenase in Bacillus subtilis. This was shown with strains that are blocked at different positions in central metabolism when they receive sugars that cannot be metabolized past enzymatic block(s). In the case of sorbitol, transport events were not involved in catabolite repression, for this sugar cannot repress acetoin dehydrogenase in a strain lacking sorbitol dehydrogenase but otherwise able to take up sorbitol. The presence of glucose did not markedly influence the uptake of acetoin.", "PMID": 401492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_827", "title": "Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen: genetic and allosteric regulation of glycogen biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium LT-2.", "content": "Structural gene mutants of the glycogen biosynthetic enzymes adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (glgC) and glycogen synthase (glgA) were isolated and partially characterized. The cotransduction frequencies of these genes with the aspartic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glpD) genes suggested the unambiguous gene order of glpD glgA glgC asd. The results of the three-factor cross glpD- glgA- glgC+ X glpD+ glgA+ glgC- were consistent with the proposed order. A simultaneous and approximately equivalent derepression of the glgC, glgA, and glgB (branching enzyme) gene products was observed in the late logarithmic-early stationary phase of growth on enriched media. These results are consistent with the coordinately regulated synthesis of the three glycogen biosynthetic enzymes in Salmonella typhimurium.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen: genetic and allosteric regulation of glycogen biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium LT-2. Structural gene mutants of the glycogen biosynthetic enzymes adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (glgC) and glycogen synthase (glgA) were isolated and partially characterized. The cotransduction frequencies of these genes with the aspartic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glpD) genes suggested the unambiguous gene order of glpD glgA glgC asd. The results of the three-factor cross glpD- glgA- glgC+ X glpD+ glgA+ glgC- were consistent with the proposed order. A simultaneous and approximately equivalent derepression of the glgC, glgA, and glgB (branching enzyme) gene products was observed in the late logarithmic-early stationary phase of growth on enriched media. These results are consistent with the coordinately regulated synthesis of the three glycogen biosynthetic enzymes in Salmonella typhimurium.", "PMID": 401493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_828", "title": "Plasmid-determined resistance to tellurium compounds.", "content": "Transferable plasmids in gram-negative bacteria that confer resistance to potassium tellurite or tellurate were found. This re-istance was distinct from resistance to mercury, silver, or arsenic compounds and was unrelated to antibiotic resistance. In Escherichia coli, plasmids determine a 100-fold increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration for tellurite and a 10-fold increase in tellurate resistance. Many, but not all, of the plasmids belong to incompatibility group S. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, tellurium resistance is specifically associated with incompatibility group P-2 and involves a 5- to 10-fold increase in tellurite or tellurate resistance.", "contents": "Plasmid-determined resistance to tellurium compounds. Transferable plasmids in gram-negative bacteria that confer resistance to potassium tellurite or tellurate were found. This re-istance was distinct from resistance to mercury, silver, or arsenic compounds and was unrelated to antibiotic resistance. In Escherichia coli, plasmids determine a 100-fold increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration for tellurite and a 10-fold increase in tellurate resistance. Many, but not all, of the plasmids belong to incompatibility group S. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, tellurium resistance is specifically associated with incompatibility group P-2 and involves a 5- to 10-fold increase in tellurite or tellurate resistance.", "PMID": 401494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_829", "title": "Growth pattern and cell division in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The gram-negative coccus Neisseria gonorrhoeae was found to grow regularly in at least two dimensions. Growth proceeded at a linear rate sequentially in each dimension. Growth in the second dimension (former width) was initiated slightly before the pole-division plane distance equalled the cell width. Penicillin treatment localized presumptive growth zones to the existing septum region. It was suggested that new growth zones were always formed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis created in the incipient daughter cells of a dividing coccus. Neither penicillin nor nalidixic acid induced filaments of N. gonorrhoeae. Such structures could nevertheless be formed in the rod-shaped species Neisseria elongata. N. gonorrhoeae divides by septation; however, complete septal structures with separated cytoplasms were rather infrequent. It is proposed that N. gonorrhoeae be regarded as a short rod which always extends parallel to the actual longitudinal axis and which never undergoes a rod-sphere-rod transition.", "contents": "Growth pattern and cell division in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The gram-negative coccus Neisseria gonorrhoeae was found to grow regularly in at least two dimensions. Growth proceeded at a linear rate sequentially in each dimension. Growth in the second dimension (former width) was initiated slightly before the pole-division plane distance equalled the cell width. Penicillin treatment localized presumptive growth zones to the existing septum region. It was suggested that new growth zones were always formed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis created in the incipient daughter cells of a dividing coccus. Neither penicillin nor nalidixic acid induced filaments of N. gonorrhoeae. Such structures could nevertheless be formed in the rod-shaped species Neisseria elongata. N. gonorrhoeae divides by septation; however, complete septal structures with separated cytoplasms were rather infrequent. It is proposed that N. gonorrhoeae be regarded as a short rod which always extends parallel to the actual longitudinal axis and which never undergoes a rod-sphere-rod transition.", "PMID": 401495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_830", "title": "Identification and characterization of a small sequence located at two sites on the amplifiable tetracycline resistance plasmid pAMalpha1 in Streptococcus faecalis.", "content": "Streptococcus faecalis DT-11 harbors the 6.0-megadalton plasmid pAMalpha1, which determines resistance to tetracycline (TC). When this strain is grown in the presence of TC for a number of generations, a reversible gene amplification occurs, generating tandem repeats of a 2.65-megadalton segment of the plasmid. On the basis of heteroduplex studies between various forms of pAMalpha1 and fragments generated by the Escherichia coli restriction endonuclease EcoRI, we have obtained direct evidence for the presence of a small sequence designated RS1 (for recombination sequence) located on both sides of the TC resistance determinant. Corresponding points on the two sequences are separated by 2.65 megadaltons of deoxyribonucleic acid. The two RS1 sequences have the same polarity and are of a size corresponding to about 380 nucleotide base pairs. The data presented serve as strong support for amplification models that are based on recombinational events involving the RS1 sequences.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of a small sequence located at two sites on the amplifiable tetracycline resistance plasmid pAMalpha1 in Streptococcus faecalis. Streptococcus faecalis DT-11 harbors the 6.0-megadalton plasmid pAMalpha1, which determines resistance to tetracycline (TC). When this strain is grown in the presence of TC for a number of generations, a reversible gene amplification occurs, generating tandem repeats of a 2.65-megadalton segment of the plasmid. On the basis of heteroduplex studies between various forms of pAMalpha1 and fragments generated by the Escherichia coli restriction endonuclease EcoRI, we have obtained direct evidence for the presence of a small sequence designated RS1 (for recombination sequence) located on both sides of the TC resistance determinant. Corresponding points on the two sequences are separated by 2.65 megadaltons of deoxyribonucleic acid. The two RS1 sequences have the same polarity and are of a size corresponding to about 380 nucleotide base pairs. The data presented serve as strong support for amplification models that are based on recombinational events involving the RS1 sequences.", "PMID": 401496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_831", "title": "Quaternary structure and oxygenase activity of D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Hydrogenomonas eutropha.", "content": "Electrophoretically homogeneous ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase was obtained from autotropically grown Hydrogenomonas eutropha by sedimentation of the 105,000 X g supernatant in a discontinuous sucrose gradient and by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by another sucrose gradient centrifugation. The molecular weight of the enzyme determined by light scattering was 490,000 +/- 15,000. The enzyme could be dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulfate into three types of subunits, and the molecular weights (+/- 10%) could be measured. There were two species of large subunits, L and L' (molecular weight 56,000 and 52,000, respectively) and one species of small subunits (molecular weight, 15,000). The mole ratio of L to L' was 5:3, and the overall mole ratio of the small to large subunits was 1.08. The simplest quaternary structure of the enzyme is L5L'3S8. The enzyme contained RuBP oxygenase activity as evidenced by the O2-dependent production of phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglyceric acid in equimolar quantities from RuBP.", "contents": "Quaternary structure and oxygenase activity of D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Hydrogenomonas eutropha. Electrophoretically homogeneous ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase was obtained from autotropically grown Hydrogenomonas eutropha by sedimentation of the 105,000 X g supernatant in a discontinuous sucrose gradient and by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by another sucrose gradient centrifugation. The molecular weight of the enzyme determined by light scattering was 490,000 +/- 15,000. The enzyme could be dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulfate into three types of subunits, and the molecular weights (+/- 10%) could be measured. There were two species of large subunits, L and L' (molecular weight 56,000 and 52,000, respectively) and one species of small subunits (molecular weight, 15,000). The mole ratio of L to L' was 5:3, and the overall mole ratio of the small to large subunits was 1.08. The simplest quaternary structure of the enzyme is L5L'3S8. The enzyme contained RuBP oxygenase activity as evidenced by the O2-dependent production of phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglyceric acid in equimolar quantities from RuBP.", "PMID": 401497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_832", "title": "Two polypeptides associated with the ribonucleic acid polymerase core of Bacillus subtilis during sporulation.", "content": "The ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase from log-phase and sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis was analyzed to determine whether any structural changes occurred during sporulation. The elution pattern of RNA polymerase from a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-cellulose column revealed that sporulating cells at stages III and IV contained a new RNA polymerase fraction in addition to the vegetative holoenzyme (alpha2betabeta'sigma). Stage III cells contained the vegetative holoenzyme and a new enzyme with the composition alpha2betabeta'delta1; the molecular weight of delta1 was 28,000. Stage IV cells contained the vegetative holoenzyme, the delta1-containing enzyme, and another enzyme with the composition alpha2betabeta'delta2. The delta2 factor had a molecular weight of around 20,000. The delta-containing enzymes have a higher affinity for the DNA-cellulose column and a higher specific activity on various templates than vegetative holoenzyme. The simultaneous appearance of these enzymes with vegetative holoenzymes in sporulating cells is consistent with the data found previously with DNA-RNA hybridization studies, which showed that sporulating cells contained both vegetative and sporulation messenger RNAs.", "contents": "Two polypeptides associated with the ribonucleic acid polymerase core of Bacillus subtilis during sporulation. The ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase from log-phase and sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis was analyzed to determine whether any structural changes occurred during sporulation. The elution pattern of RNA polymerase from a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-cellulose column revealed that sporulating cells at stages III and IV contained a new RNA polymerase fraction in addition to the vegetative holoenzyme (alpha2betabeta'sigma). Stage III cells contained the vegetative holoenzyme and a new enzyme with the composition alpha2betabeta'delta1; the molecular weight of delta1 was 28,000. Stage IV cells contained the vegetative holoenzyme, the delta1-containing enzyme, and another enzyme with the composition alpha2betabeta'delta2. The delta2 factor had a molecular weight of around 20,000. The delta-containing enzymes have a higher affinity for the DNA-cellulose column and a higher specific activity on various templates than vegetative holoenzyme. The simultaneous appearance of these enzymes with vegetative holoenzymes in sporulating cells is consistent with the data found previously with DNA-RNA hybridization studies, which showed that sporulating cells contained both vegetative and sporulation messenger RNAs.", "PMID": 401498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_833", "title": "Bacillus subtilis ribonucleic acid polymerase mutants conditionally temperature sensitive at various stages of sporulation.", "content": "Rifampin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis that are conditionally temperature sensitive during sporulation have been isolated and characterized. The mutants can grow at the same rate as the wild type at the nonpermissive temperature but cannot sporulate. Depending on the mutation, they are blocked at either stage 0 to I, II, II to III, or IV of sporulation. The mutants showed an altered pattern of RNA synthesis after the stage at which they were blocked. The effect of rifampin on the activity of enzymes from mutant vegetative cells and sporulating cells was significantly different, suggesting that the RNA polymerase from sporulating cells was different from the RNA polymerase of vegetative cells. These results suggest that the conformation of the RNA polymerase core plays an important role in determining correct transcription during sporulation.", "contents": "Bacillus subtilis ribonucleic acid polymerase mutants conditionally temperature sensitive at various stages of sporulation. Rifampin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis that are conditionally temperature sensitive during sporulation have been isolated and characterized. The mutants can grow at the same rate as the wild type at the nonpermissive temperature but cannot sporulate. Depending on the mutation, they are blocked at either stage 0 to I, II, II to III, or IV of sporulation. The mutants showed an altered pattern of RNA synthesis after the stage at which they were blocked. The effect of rifampin on the activity of enzymes from mutant vegetative cells and sporulating cells was significantly different, suggesting that the RNA polymerase from sporulating cells was different from the RNA polymerase of vegetative cells. These results suggest that the conformation of the RNA polymerase core plays an important role in determining correct transcription during sporulation.", "PMID": 401499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_834", "title": "Two-dimensional restriction analysis of the Bacillus subtilis genome: gene purification and ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene organization.", "content": "With two-dimensional restriction enzyme analysis we have been able to cleave the Bacillus subtilis genome and resolve the resulting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) segments into discrete bands on agarose gels. A general procedure for gene purification has been developed by coupling multidimensional restriction analysis with a biological assay for gene detection. The organization of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes was studied by hybridizing 16S and 23S rRNA probes to the two-dimensional DNA banding patterns.", "contents": "Two-dimensional restriction analysis of the Bacillus subtilis genome: gene purification and ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene organization. With two-dimensional restriction enzyme analysis we have been able to cleave the Bacillus subtilis genome and resolve the resulting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) segments into discrete bands on agarose gels. A general procedure for gene purification has been developed by coupling multidimensional restriction analysis with a biological assay for gene detection. The organization of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes was studied by hybridizing 16S and 23S rRNA probes to the two-dimensional DNA banding patterns.", "PMID": 401500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_835", "title": "Electron microscope histochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase(s) in Bacillus licheniformis.", "content": "Sites of alkaline phosphatase (APase) activity in a facultative thermophilic strain of Bacillus licheniformis MC14 have been localized by electron microscope histochemistry, using a lead capture method. The effects of 3% glutaraldehyde and 3.0 mM lead on APase activity were investigated, and these compounds were found to significantly inhibit enzyme activity, 68 and 18%, respectively. A number of parameters were varied in studies to localize APase activity, including: growth temperature (55 and 37 degrees C); substrate concentration in the histochemical mixture (0.06, 0.15, 0.30, 1.00 mM); fixatives; protoplast preparations and whole cells; phosphate-repressed and -derepressed cells; and age of vegetative cells (mid-log and late log). These variations affected the number but not the location of lead phosphate deposits, which appeared at discrete sites along the inner side of the cytoplasmic membrane. Control cells incubated in histochemical mixtures lacking substrate, lead, or both exhibited no lead phosphate depositis. The histochemical localization at membrane sites correlated well with biochemical localization data, which indicated that greater than 80% of the APase activity was associated with the membrane fraction in logarithmically growing cells.", "contents": "Electron microscope histochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase(s) in Bacillus licheniformis. Sites of alkaline phosphatase (APase) activity in a facultative thermophilic strain of Bacillus licheniformis MC14 have been localized by electron microscope histochemistry, using a lead capture method. The effects of 3% glutaraldehyde and 3.0 mM lead on APase activity were investigated, and these compounds were found to significantly inhibit enzyme activity, 68 and 18%, respectively. A number of parameters were varied in studies to localize APase activity, including: growth temperature (55 and 37 degrees C); substrate concentration in the histochemical mixture (0.06, 0.15, 0.30, 1.00 mM); fixatives; protoplast preparations and whole cells; phosphate-repressed and -derepressed cells; and age of vegetative cells (mid-log and late log). These variations affected the number but not the location of lead phosphate deposits, which appeared at discrete sites along the inner side of the cytoplasmic membrane. Control cells incubated in histochemical mixtures lacking substrate, lead, or both exhibited no lead phosphate depositis. The histochemical localization at membrane sites correlated well with biochemical localization data, which indicated that greater than 80% of the APase activity was associated with the membrane fraction in logarithmically growing cells.", "PMID": 401501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_836", "title": "Appearance of straight flagellar filaments in the presence of p-fluorophenylalanine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "In the presence of p-fluorophenylalanine, a normally flagellated strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced straight flagellar filaments at the distal ends of preexisting flagella, indicating polar growth on its flagella.", "contents": "Appearance of straight flagellar filaments in the presence of p-fluorophenylalanine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the presence of p-fluorophenylalanine, a normally flagellated strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced straight flagellar filaments at the distal ends of preexisting flagella, indicating polar growth on its flagella.", "PMID": 401502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_837", "title": "Cell wall protein in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The cell wall of Bacillus subtilis 168 contains protein that is refractory to removal by salts, detergents, and denaturants.", "contents": "Cell wall protein in Bacillus subtilis. The cell wall of Bacillus subtilis 168 contains protein that is refractory to removal by salts, detergents, and denaturants.", "PMID": 401503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_838", "title": "Incorporation of 3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate, a glycerol 3-phosphate analogue, into the cell wall of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "3,4-Dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate, a bacteriostatic agent toward Bacillus subtilus 168 and a bactericidal agent toward strain W 23, is incorporated into cell walls and phospholipids of each strain.", "contents": "Incorporation of 3,4-dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate, a glycerol 3-phosphate analogue, into the cell wall of Bacillus subtilis. 3,4-Dihydroxybutyl-1-phosphonate, a bacteriostatic agent toward Bacillus subtilus 168 and a bactericidal agent toward strain W 23, is incorporated into cell walls and phospholipids of each strain.", "PMID": 401504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_839", "title": "Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPbeta: localization of the prophage attachment site, and specialized transduction.", "content": "The attachment site for the prophage of SPbeta lies between ilvA and kauA on the chromosome of Bacillus subtilis strain 168. Specialized transduction of citK and kauA can be carried out by certain lysates of SPbeta.", "contents": "Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPbeta: localization of the prophage attachment site, and specialized transduction. The attachment site for the prophage of SPbeta lies between ilvA and kauA on the chromosome of Bacillus subtilis strain 168. Specialized transduction of citK and kauA can be carried out by certain lysates of SPbeta.", "PMID": 401505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_840", "title": "Freeze-fracture studies of nexuses between smooth muscle cells. Close relationship to sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The freeze-fracture appearance of the nexus was compared in the smooth muscle of guinea pig sphincter pupillac, portal vein, pulmonary artery, taenia coli, uretzr, and vas diferens, mouse vas deferens, chicken gizzard and anterior mesenteric artery, and toad stomach. Nexuses are particularly numerous in the guinea pig sphincter pupillae; they are usually oval and their average area is 0.15 mum2, although some as large as 0.6 mum2 were seen. Small aggregations of particles were observed which would not be recognizable as nexuses in thin section. What constitutes the minimum size of a nexus is discussed. It is estimated that the number of nexuses per cell in this preparation is of the order of tens rather than hundreds. All nexuses examined had 6-9-nm particles in the PF face, with corresponding 3-4-nm pits on the EF face forming a polygonal tending towards a hexagonal lattice. The nexuses are arranged in rows parallel to the main axis of the cell, usually alternating with longitudinal rows of plasmalemmal vesicles. Many nexuses in the guinea pig sphincter pupillae, chicken gizzard, and toad stomach show a close relationship with sarcoplasmic reticulum. The possibility that this may have some role in current flow across this specialized junction is discussed.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture studies of nexuses between smooth muscle cells. Close relationship to sarcoplasmic reticulum. The freeze-fracture appearance of the nexus was compared in the smooth muscle of guinea pig sphincter pupillac, portal vein, pulmonary artery, taenia coli, uretzr, and vas diferens, mouse vas deferens, chicken gizzard and anterior mesenteric artery, and toad stomach. Nexuses are particularly numerous in the guinea pig sphincter pupillae; they are usually oval and their average area is 0.15 mum2, although some as large as 0.6 mum2 were seen. Small aggregations of particles were observed which would not be recognizable as nexuses in thin section. What constitutes the minimum size of a nexus is discussed. It is estimated that the number of nexuses per cell in this preparation is of the order of tens rather than hundreds. All nexuses examined had 6-9-nm particles in the PF face, with corresponding 3-4-nm pits on the EF face forming a polygonal tending towards a hexagonal lattice. The nexuses are arranged in rows parallel to the main axis of the cell, usually alternating with longitudinal rows of plasmalemmal vesicles. Many nexuses in the guinea pig sphincter pupillae, chicken gizzard, and toad stomach show a close relationship with sarcoplasmic reticulum. The possibility that this may have some role in current flow across this specialized junction is discussed.", "PMID": 401506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_841", "title": "Inhibition of adherence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by human genital secretions.", "content": "Local genital antibodies to the infecting strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence (binding antibody) and by their ability to inhibit the attachment of gonococci to epithelial cells (functional antibody). Both IgG and IgA classes of immunoglobulin were involved, and the IgA component were primarily of a secreting (11S) nature. The ability of local genital antibody to inhibit attachment appears to persist for at least a short period of time and to be relatively strain specific.", "contents": "Inhibition of adherence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by human genital secretions. Local genital antibodies to the infecting strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence (binding antibody) and by their ability to inhibit the attachment of gonococci to epithelial cells (functional antibody). Both IgG and IgA classes of immunoglobulin were involved, and the IgA component were primarily of a secreting (11S) nature. The ability of local genital antibody to inhibit attachment appears to persist for at least a short period of time and to be relatively strain specific.", "PMID": 401507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_842", "title": "Human beta-glucuronidase deficiency mucopolysaccharidosis: identification of cross-reactive antigen in cultured fibroblasts of deficient patients by enzyme immunoassay.", "content": "An enzyme immunoassay for human beta-glucuronidase was developed to determine the presence or absence of antigenically cross-reactive material (CRM) in patients with beta-glucuronidase deficiency mucopolysaccharidosis. This assay provided a sensitive means of measuring the primary interaction between the enzyme molecule and antibody but required neither pure antigen nor monospecific antiserum, an important consideration, since neither of these was available. Goat antiserum to partially purified human placenta beta-glucuronidase did not recognize differences in normal enzyme from human placenta, liver, fibroblasts, or blood platelets. CRM was identified in fibroblast extracts from all four of the unrelated beta-glucuronidase-deficient patients studied, but titration patterns indicated genetic heterogeneity among these four mutant proteins. Fibroblast enzymes from two obligate heterozygotes were distinguishable immunologically from normal enzyme. The enzyme immunoassay was also used to compare human enzyme with liver enzyme from other mammalian species. CRM was present in liver extracts of all species tested, but the liver enzymes, except for the rabbit, were weakly cross-reactive. We conclude that despite certain limitations, the enzyme immunoassay for human beta-glucuronidase is useful and that all four beta-glucuronidase-deficient patients studied possess CRM.", "contents": "Human beta-glucuronidase deficiency mucopolysaccharidosis: identification of cross-reactive antigen in cultured fibroblasts of deficient patients by enzyme immunoassay. An enzyme immunoassay for human beta-glucuronidase was developed to determine the presence or absence of antigenically cross-reactive material (CRM) in patients with beta-glucuronidase deficiency mucopolysaccharidosis. This assay provided a sensitive means of measuring the primary interaction between the enzyme molecule and antibody but required neither pure antigen nor monospecific antiserum, an important consideration, since neither of these was available. Goat antiserum to partially purified human placenta beta-glucuronidase did not recognize differences in normal enzyme from human placenta, liver, fibroblasts, or blood platelets. CRM was identified in fibroblast extracts from all four of the unrelated beta-glucuronidase-deficient patients studied, but titration patterns indicated genetic heterogeneity among these four mutant proteins. Fibroblast enzymes from two obligate heterozygotes were distinguishable immunologically from normal enzyme. The enzyme immunoassay was also used to compare human enzyme with liver enzyme from other mammalian species. CRM was present in liver extracts of all species tested, but the liver enzymes, except for the rabbit, were weakly cross-reactive. We conclude that despite certain limitations, the enzyme immunoassay for human beta-glucuronidase is useful and that all four beta-glucuronidase-deficient patients studied possess CRM.", "PMID": 401508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_843", "title": "Organization of auditory cortex in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus).", "content": "The region of cerebral cortex in the owl monkey that is responsive to acoustic stimulation is located on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the rostral half of the superior temporal gyrus. Systematic microelectrode mapping of this area has revealed multiple frequency representations. The boundaries of these fields determined electrophysiologically correlate with the architectural boundaries apparent in Nissl stained material. On the basis of combined cytoarchitectonic and electrophysiological maps we have divided auditory cortex into five fields. Two of them, the primary field (AI) and the field rostral to it (R) are somewhat similar architectonically and constitute the central core of auditory cortex. Each of these two fields has a complete and orderly representation of the audible frequency spectrum within it. Surrounding these fields is a belt of cortex in which units are generally less responsive to acoustic stimulation and the frequency organization is more complex than in AI or R. Electrophysiological and cytoarchitectonic evidence suggest that this belt is composed of at least three and possibly four separate auditory fields.", "contents": "Organization of auditory cortex in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). The region of cerebral cortex in the owl monkey that is responsive to acoustic stimulation is located on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the rostral half of the superior temporal gyrus. Systematic microelectrode mapping of this area has revealed multiple frequency representations. The boundaries of these fields determined electrophysiologically correlate with the architectural boundaries apparent in Nissl stained material. On the basis of combined cytoarchitectonic and electrophysiological maps we have divided auditory cortex into five fields. Two of them, the primary field (AI) and the field rostral to it (R) are somewhat similar architectonically and constitute the central core of auditory cortex. Each of these two fields has a complete and orderly representation of the audible frequency spectrum within it. Surrounding these fields is a belt of cortex in which units are generally less responsive to acoustic stimulation and the frequency organization is more complex than in AI or R. Electrophysiological and cytoarchitectonic evidence suggest that this belt is composed of at least three and possibly four separate auditory fields.", "PMID": 401509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_844", "title": "Effect of sensitization with Propionibacterium acnes on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Treponema pallidum in rabbits.", "content": "Sensitization of rabbits with Propionibacterium acnes, a nonspecific stimulant of the reticuloendothelial system, was investigated as a means of enhancing resistance to Treponema pallidum. A single i.v. dose of P. acnes given 3 or 7 days before challenge with Listeria monocytogenes was capable of suppressing the growth of the heterologous organism, whereas a single i.v. dose 24 hr or 14 days before challenge was not. Reactivation via i.v. elicitation with P. acnes 14 days after sensitization (1 day before challenge) caused significant suppression of listerial growth in the major organs 30 hr after i.v. challenge. A series of similar experiments was designed with T. pallidum as the challenge organism. Sensitization and repetitive elicitation with P. acnes did not change the time of appearance or progression of syphilitic chancres after i.v or i.d. challenge. Injection of P. acnes into sites of intradermal T. pallidum challenge in previously sensitized rabbits also failed to alter the evolution of syphilitic lesions. These results suggest that macrophage activation does not alter the host's ability to suppress the growth of T. pallidum.", "contents": "Effect of sensitization with Propionibacterium acnes on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Treponema pallidum in rabbits. Sensitization of rabbits with Propionibacterium acnes, a nonspecific stimulant of the reticuloendothelial system, was investigated as a means of enhancing resistance to Treponema pallidum. A single i.v. dose of P. acnes given 3 or 7 days before challenge with Listeria monocytogenes was capable of suppressing the growth of the heterologous organism, whereas a single i.v. dose 24 hr or 14 days before challenge was not. Reactivation via i.v. elicitation with P. acnes 14 days after sensitization (1 day before challenge) caused significant suppression of listerial growth in the major organs 30 hr after i.v. challenge. A series of similar experiments was designed with T. pallidum as the challenge organism. Sensitization and repetitive elicitation with P. acnes did not change the time of appearance or progression of syphilitic chancres after i.v or i.d. challenge. Injection of P. acnes into sites of intradermal T. pallidum challenge in previously sensitized rabbits also failed to alter the evolution of syphilitic lesions. These results suggest that macrophage activation does not alter the host's ability to suppress the growth of T. pallidum.", "PMID": 401511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_845", "title": "Defense mechanisms against primary influenza virus infection in mice. I. The roles of interferon and neutralizing antibodies and thymus dependence of interferon and antibody production.", "content": "To investigate the defensive roles and production of interferon and antibodies, C3H/He mice were subjected to various immunosuppressive treatments and infected with influenza virus. In infected normal control mice the pattern of pulmonary viral growth can be divided into three phases. The first phase is characterized by an exponential increase of virus titer, the second by a rapid decrease, and the third by a moderate decrease. At the time of transition from the first phase to the second in pulmonary virus growth, interferon could be detected in the tracheobronchial washings of infected mice, but neutralizing antibodies could not. In infected B cell-deprived mice and infected anti-mu-treated mice, the transition from the first phase to the second occurred without any detectable antibody production, and interferon could be induced in the early stage of infection. However, the pulmonary virus in these mice increased again exponentially until the death of the mice. In infected T cell-deprived mice which could not induce interferon, but produced IgM-neutralizing antibodies, the second phase was not observed after the first phase, but a transient plateau phase could be demonstrated, and then the pulmonary virus increased again exponentially until the death of the mice. In anti-gamma-treated infected mice, pulmonary virus growth and production of interferon and neutralizing antibody were almost similar to those of infected normal control mice except for the absence of IgG neutralizing antibody production. Although anti-alpha-treated infected mice produced interferon and no IgA antibody, the transition from the first exponential increase of pulmonary virus to the second rapid decrease was seen, but then the virus increased exponentially again until the death of the mice. These results suggest that interferon plays an important role in the transition from the first phase to the second, and that T cells are required for interferon induction in mice infected with influenza virus. These data also suggest that IgA antibodies play an important role in the inhibition of virus propagation in the lungs after the disappearance of interferon. Moreover, infected T cell-deprived mice could produce only IgM neutralizing antibodies, but not IgG and IgA antibodies. Therefore, T cells are required for the production of IgG and IgA antibodies and even", "contents": "Defense mechanisms against primary influenza virus infection in mice. I. The roles of interferon and neutralizing antibodies and thymus dependence of interferon and antibody production. To investigate the defensive roles and production of interferon and antibodies, C3H/He mice were subjected to various immunosuppressive treatments and infected with influenza virus. In infected normal control mice the pattern of pulmonary viral growth can be divided into three phases. The first phase is characterized by an exponential increase of virus titer, the second by a rapid decrease, and the third by a moderate decrease. At the time of transition from the first phase to the second in pulmonary virus growth, interferon could be detected in the tracheobronchial washings of infected mice, but neutralizing antibodies could not. In infected B cell-deprived mice and infected anti-mu-treated mice, the transition from the first phase to the second occurred without any detectable antibody production, and interferon could be induced in the early stage of infection. However, the pulmonary virus in these mice increased again exponentially until the death of the mice. In infected T cell-deprived mice which could not induce interferon, but produced IgM-neutralizing antibodies, the second phase was not observed after the first phase, but a transient plateau phase could be demonstrated, and then the pulmonary virus increased again exponentially until the death of the mice. In anti-gamma-treated infected mice, pulmonary virus growth and production of interferon and neutralizing antibody were almost similar to those of infected normal control mice except for the absence of IgG neutralizing antibody production. Although anti-alpha-treated infected mice produced interferon and no IgA antibody, the transition from the first exponential increase of pulmonary virus to the second rapid decrease was seen, but then the virus increased exponentially again until the death of the mice. These results suggest that interferon plays an important role in the transition from the first phase to the second, and that T cells are required for interferon induction in mice infected with influenza virus. These data also suggest that IgA antibodies play an important role in the inhibition of virus propagation in the lungs after the disappearance of interferon. Moreover, infected T cell-deprived mice could produce only IgM neutralizing antibodies, but not IgG and IgA antibodies. Therefore, T cells are required for the production of IgG and IgA antibodies and even", "PMID": 401512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_846", "title": "Generation of human plaque-forming cells in culture: tissue distribution, antigenic and cellular requirements.", "content": "A system for the induction of specific, hemolytic plaque-forming cells from normal human lymphocytes in vitro (HcPFC) has been established and cells from various normal lymphoid tissues have been investigated. Normal values for anti-SRBC HcPFC responses in cultures of 107 Ficoll-Hypaque separated lymphocytes range from 2000 (bone marrow) to 7000 (spleen) and 15,000 (tonsillar and peripheral blood lymphocytes). HcPFC responses to ovalbumin were lower by factor of 2 to 4. Anti-SRBC as well as anti-ovalbumin responses required the cooperation of T lymphocytes and IgM-bearing B lymphocytes and the magnitude of the response was antigen dose dependent. Addition of adherent cells as well as of 2-mercaptoethanol enhanced the response. On the basis of the data obtained in experiments examining the role of B and T lymphocytes, a tentative model of cellular interaction has been postulated, suggesting a major role for antigen concentration in the modulation of the response via reactive T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Generation of human plaque-forming cells in culture: tissue distribution, antigenic and cellular requirements. A system for the induction of specific, hemolytic plaque-forming cells from normal human lymphocytes in vitro (HcPFC) has been established and cells from various normal lymphoid tissues have been investigated. Normal values for anti-SRBC HcPFC responses in cultures of 107 Ficoll-Hypaque separated lymphocytes range from 2000 (bone marrow) to 7000 (spleen) and 15,000 (tonsillar and peripheral blood lymphocytes). HcPFC responses to ovalbumin were lower by factor of 2 to 4. Anti-SRBC as well as anti-ovalbumin responses required the cooperation of T lymphocytes and IgM-bearing B lymphocytes and the magnitude of the response was antigen dose dependent. Addition of adherent cells as well as of 2-mercaptoethanol enhanced the response. On the basis of the data obtained in experiments examining the role of B and T lymphocytes, a tentative model of cellular interaction has been postulated, suggesting a major role for antigen concentration in the modulation of the response via reactive T lymphocytes.", "PMID": 401513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_847", "title": "Structural analysis of the peptides derived from specific acid-catalyzed hydrolysis at aspartylprolyl peptide bonds in human J chain.", "content": "Human J chain from IgM has been selectively cleaved at three aspartylprolyl peptide bonds to yield four fragments containing 62, 20, 25, and 22 amino acids, respectively. The amino acid sequence of each peptide has been partially determined, (59 of a total of 129 residues) and its position in the J chain ascertained. There were no obvious similarities to known sequences in other immunoglobulin polypeptide chains.", "contents": "Structural analysis of the peptides derived from specific acid-catalyzed hydrolysis at aspartylprolyl peptide bonds in human J chain. Human J chain from IgM has been selectively cleaved at three aspartylprolyl peptide bonds to yield four fragments containing 62, 20, 25, and 22 amino acids, respectively. The amino acid sequence of each peptide has been partially determined, (59 of a total of 129 residues) and its position in the J chain ascertained. There were no obvious similarities to known sequences in other immunoglobulin polypeptide chains.", "PMID": 401514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_848", "title": "Hemoperfusion through albumin-conjugated agarose gel for the treatment of neonatal jaundice in premature rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Hemoperfusion through albumin-conjugated agarose gel (AAG) effectively removes bilirubin (BR) and other albumin-bound materials from whole blood or plasma. We have used this technique to treat neonatal jaundice in premature rhesus monkeys with a specially designated apparatus which permits continuous perfusion through one of four columns arranged in parallel while the others are sequentially washed with saline and regenerated with ethanol. Less than 15 per cent of the animal's blood volume is required in the extracorporeal circuit at any time. Results indicate that (1) compared with five control monkeys which had a peak BR concentration ([BR]) averaging approximately 4 mg./100 ml., six experimental monkeys showed a significant (p less than 0.01) reduction, averaging 60 per cent, in [BR] after each of two perfusions at approximately 20 and 26 hours of age; (2) AAG hemoperfusion was even more effective in lowering [BR] in monkeys with higher preperfusion concentrations produced by BR infusion (average reduction = 68 and 87 per cent at preperfusion concentrations of 11.9 and 24.2 mg./100 ml., respectively); and (3) overall, BR eluted from the column averaged 93 per cent of the estimated preperfusion plasma BR pool. Unlike previous studies in rats, perfused monkeys showed significant platelet losses, although it was possible to prevent these losses by the use of \"regional citrate\" during perfusion. These studies suggest that AAG hemoperfusion is effective in the treatment of neonatal jaundice, although potential problems such as sterility and platelet loss need further evaluation before it can be considered for human use.", "contents": "Hemoperfusion through albumin-conjugated agarose gel for the treatment of neonatal jaundice in premature rhesus monkeys. Hemoperfusion through albumin-conjugated agarose gel (AAG) effectively removes bilirubin (BR) and other albumin-bound materials from whole blood or plasma. We have used this technique to treat neonatal jaundice in premature rhesus monkeys with a specially designated apparatus which permits continuous perfusion through one of four columns arranged in parallel while the others are sequentially washed with saline and regenerated with ethanol. Less than 15 per cent of the animal's blood volume is required in the extracorporeal circuit at any time. Results indicate that (1) compared with five control monkeys which had a peak BR concentration ([BR]) averaging approximately 4 mg./100 ml., six experimental monkeys showed a significant (p less than 0.01) reduction, averaging 60 per cent, in [BR] after each of two perfusions at approximately 20 and 26 hours of age; (2) AAG hemoperfusion was even more effective in lowering [BR] in monkeys with higher preperfusion concentrations produced by BR infusion (average reduction = 68 and 87 per cent at preperfusion concentrations of 11.9 and 24.2 mg./100 ml., respectively); and (3) overall, BR eluted from the column averaged 93 per cent of the estimated preperfusion plasma BR pool. Unlike previous studies in rats, perfused monkeys showed significant platelet losses, although it was possible to prevent these losses by the use of \"regional citrate\" during perfusion. These studies suggest that AAG hemoperfusion is effective in the treatment of neonatal jaundice, although potential problems such as sterility and platelet loss need further evaluation before it can be considered for human use.", "PMID": 401515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_849", "title": "The use of calcium chelating agents and prostaglandin E to eliminate platelet and white blood cell losses resulting from hemoperfusion through uncoated charcoal, albumin-agarose gel, and neutral and cation exchange resins.", "content": "Hemoperfusion through adsorbents such as charcoal, cation exchange (e.g., AG 50W-X8) and uncharged (e.g., XAD-2) resins, and albumin-agarose gel (AAG) has been proposed for use in patients with hepatic failure. However, the loss of white blood cells and, particularly, platelets caused by each of these adsorbents remains a major deterrent to their clinical use. In vitro studies demonstrate that addition of citrate, ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), or oxalate to heparinized human blood eliminated this loss of formed blood elements during hemoperfusion. The improvement in postperfusion platelet counts (per cent of preperfusion values) produced by citrate were XAD-2, 13 leads to 95 per cent; AG 50W-X8, 10 leads to 94 per cent; AAG, 17 leads to 94 per cent; and charcoal, 44 leads to 96 per cent. Prostaglandin E1 in high doses (5 mug/ml.) markedly reduced platelet losses. Lower doses were less uniformly effective. Three young rhesus monkeys were hemoperfused for 160 minutes with columns containing AAG, XAD-2, and charcoal. During the first 80 minutes, citrate and calcium were infused into the column inflow and outflow lines respectively. For all three adsorbents, average platelet counts in the monkeys (115 per cent) and column effluent (95 per cent) were unchanged from preperfusion control values during the first 80 minutes but fell promptly to 13 and 7 per cent, respectively, after the citrate infusion was stopped. Each of the monkeys tolerated the procedure without ill effects. Use of a system analogous to that described here may facilitate clinical application of the technique of hemoperfusion through a variety of adsorbents.", "contents": "The use of calcium chelating agents and prostaglandin E to eliminate platelet and white blood cell losses resulting from hemoperfusion through uncoated charcoal, albumin-agarose gel, and neutral and cation exchange resins. Hemoperfusion through adsorbents such as charcoal, cation exchange (e.g., AG 50W-X8) and uncharged (e.g., XAD-2) resins, and albumin-agarose gel (AAG) has been proposed for use in patients with hepatic failure. However, the loss of white blood cells and, particularly, platelets caused by each of these adsorbents remains a major deterrent to their clinical use. In vitro studies demonstrate that addition of citrate, ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), or oxalate to heparinized human blood eliminated this loss of formed blood elements during hemoperfusion. The improvement in postperfusion platelet counts (per cent of preperfusion values) produced by citrate were XAD-2, 13 leads to 95 per cent; AG 50W-X8, 10 leads to 94 per cent; AAG, 17 leads to 94 per cent; and charcoal, 44 leads to 96 per cent. Prostaglandin E1 in high doses (5 mug/ml.) markedly reduced platelet losses. Lower doses were less uniformly effective. Three young rhesus monkeys were hemoperfused for 160 minutes with columns containing AAG, XAD-2, and charcoal. During the first 80 minutes, citrate and calcium were infused into the column inflow and outflow lines respectively. For all three adsorbents, average platelet counts in the monkeys (115 per cent) and column effluent (95 per cent) were unchanged from preperfusion control values during the first 80 minutes but fell promptly to 13 and 7 per cent, respectively, after the citrate infusion was stopped. Each of the monkeys tolerated the procedure without ill effects. Use of a system analogous to that described here may facilitate clinical application of the technique of hemoperfusion through a variety of adsorbents.", "PMID": 401516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_850", "title": "Comparison of  phagocytic and chemiluminescence response of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils.", "content": "The phagocytic activity and the chemiluminescence response of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils were studied with normal human serum used as opsonin for S. typhimurium and S. aureus. When serum was heated, chelated with ethyleneglycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), or absorbed with zymosan, there were reduction of phagocytic activity for S. aureus and a comparable reduction of chemiluminescence; a 50 per cent decrease in phagocytosis by neutrophils corresponded to a 50 per cent reduction in the chemiluminescence response. In contrast, S. typhimurium was successfully phagocytized in serum treated with MgEGTA (complement--alternate pathway intact; classic pathway blocked), and chemiluminescence was reduced by only 20 per cent  under the same conditions. Both neutrophil phagocytic and chemiluminescence responses for S. typhimurium were abolished when serum was heated at 56 degrees C. or adsorbed with zymosan. These findings suggest that both phagocytosis and chemiluminescence in neutrophils are interrelated, and the chemiluminescence response of neutrophils may be a reliable assay for measuring serum opsonic activity.", "contents": "Comparison of  phagocytic and chemiluminescence response of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The phagocytic activity and the chemiluminescence response of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils were studied with normal human serum used as opsonin for S. typhimurium and S. aureus. When serum was heated, chelated with ethyleneglycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), or absorbed with zymosan, there were reduction of phagocytic activity for S. aureus and a comparable reduction of chemiluminescence; a 50 per cent decrease in phagocytosis by neutrophils corresponded to a 50 per cent reduction in the chemiluminescence response. In contrast, S. typhimurium was successfully phagocytized in serum treated with MgEGTA (complement--alternate pathway intact; classic pathway blocked), and chemiluminescence was reduced by only 20 per cent  under the same conditions. Both neutrophil phagocytic and chemiluminescence responses for S. typhimurium were abolished when serum was heated at 56 degrees C. or adsorbed with zymosan. These findings suggest that both phagocytosis and chemiluminescence in neutrophils are interrelated, and the chemiluminescence response of neutrophils may be a reliable assay for measuring serum opsonic activity.", "PMID": 401517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_851", "title": "Glycoproteinuria as an indicator of glomerular basement membrane damage.", "content": "Urinary glycoprotein was isolated from human urine by the use of the same procedures as those used for isolation of human renal glycoprotein from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). In Ouchterlony plates and immunoelectrophoretically, human urinary glycoprotein has a common structural component with human renal glycoprotein isolated from GBM. Massive excretion of the glycoprotein in the urine was associated with only two diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (membranous type) and membranous glomerulonephritis, although it was isolated from the urine of patients with renal as well as nonrenal diseases and normal subjects. In these two membranous diseases, the glycoprotein of GBM could be intensively liberated into the urinary space, as the result of extensive damage of GBM that is initiated by immune-complex deposit. It is discussed that urinary content of this glycoprotein may indicate the degree of the GBM damage in these diseases.", "contents": "Glycoproteinuria as an indicator of glomerular basement membrane damage. Urinary glycoprotein was isolated from human urine by the use of the same procedures as those used for isolation of human renal glycoprotein from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). In Ouchterlony plates and immunoelectrophoretically, human urinary glycoprotein has a common structural component with human renal glycoprotein isolated from GBM. Massive excretion of the glycoprotein in the urine was associated with only two diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (membranous type) and membranous glomerulonephritis, although it was isolated from the urine of patients with renal as well as nonrenal diseases and normal subjects. In these two membranous diseases, the glycoprotein of GBM could be intensively liberated into the urinary space, as the result of extensive damage of GBM that is initiated by immune-complex deposit. It is discussed that urinary content of this glycoprotein may indicate the degree of the GBM damage in these diseases.", "PMID": 401518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_852", "title": "Indium-111-labeled leukocytes for the localization of abscesses: preparation, analysis, tissue distribution, and comparison with gallium-67 citrate in dogs.", "content": "Leukocytes have been labeled with indium-111-8-hydroxyquinoline complex. Seventy-five to 85 per cent of the initial activity has been obtained in the complex form of which 75 to 95 per cent is incorportaed with leukocytes. The polymophonuclear leukocytes are predominantly labeled, and the label has been found stable for at least 27 hours after invivo administration. The radioactivity clears from the circulating blood with a half time of 8 to 9-hours and accumulates in normal liver and spleen and in experimentally induced abscesses. The cells which have been labeled and damaged by heat concentrate mainly in the lungs. The in vivo distribution of the indium-111 labeled cells has been compared with the gallium-67 administered as citrate. The abscess to blood ratios of the indium-111 activity varied between 35 to 117, compared to 1.2 to 8 of the gallium-67. The abscess to liver, spleen, and kidney ratios are several fold higher with indium-111 leukocytes than with gallium=67 citrate. These results plus the suitable physical characteristics of indium-111 make the labeled leukocytes a better agent for the localization of abscesses.", "contents": "Indium-111-labeled leukocytes for the localization of abscesses: preparation, analysis, tissue distribution, and comparison with gallium-67 citrate in dogs. Leukocytes have been labeled with indium-111-8-hydroxyquinoline complex. Seventy-five to 85 per cent of the initial activity has been obtained in the complex form of which 75 to 95 per cent is incorportaed with leukocytes. The polymophonuclear leukocytes are predominantly labeled, and the label has been found stable for at least 27 hours after invivo administration. The radioactivity clears from the circulating blood with a half time of 8 to 9-hours and accumulates in normal liver and spleen and in experimentally induced abscesses. The cells which have been labeled and damaged by heat concentrate mainly in the lungs. The in vivo distribution of the indium-111 labeled cells has been compared with the gallium-67 administered as citrate. The abscess to blood ratios of the indium-111 activity varied between 35 to 117, compared to 1.2 to 8 of the gallium-67. The abscess to liver, spleen, and kidney ratios are several fold higher with indium-111 leukocytes than with gallium=67 citrate. These results plus the suitable physical characteristics of indium-111 make the labeled leukocytes a better agent for the localization of abscesses.", "PMID": 401519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_853", "title": "Experimental intraoperative localization of retained intracerebral bone fragments using transdural ultrasound.", "content": "Precise intraoperative localization of retained bone fragments and foreign bodies avoids extensive brain disseciton, cerebral edema, damage to vital structures, incomplete debridement, and prolonged surgical procedures. Such localization after head trauma is often hampered by cerebral distortion, previous incomplete debridement, fragment migration, and surgical draping. Our intraoperative technique of transdural A-scanning using aspiration-biopsy transducers precisely localized 3.5-mm fragments without damage to underlying cortical tissue and vessles. Transdural A-mode echoencephalography was found to be more reliable for intracerebral depth estimations but epidural B-mode sonography was more useful for determining the size of fragments. Transdural ultrasound offered an intraoperative alternative to stereotaxic localization of retained bone fragments in experimental head trauma.", "contents": "Experimental intraoperative localization of retained intracerebral bone fragments using transdural ultrasound. Precise intraoperative localization of retained bone fragments and foreign bodies avoids extensive brain disseciton, cerebral edema, damage to vital structures, incomplete debridement, and prolonged surgical procedures. Such localization after head trauma is often hampered by cerebral distortion, previous incomplete debridement, fragment migration, and surgical draping. Our intraoperative technique of transdural A-scanning using aspiration-biopsy transducers precisely localized 3.5-mm fragments without damage to underlying cortical tissue and vessles. Transdural A-mode echoencephalography was found to be more reliable for intracerebral depth estimations but epidural B-mode sonography was more useful for determining the size of fragments. Transdural ultrasound offered an intraoperative alternative to stereotaxic localization of retained bone fragments in experimental head trauma.", "PMID": 401520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_854", "title": "Treatment of pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis: a comparative study of ticarcillin and gentamicin.", "content": "The effectiveness of ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in acute exacerbations of pulmonary infection in patients with cystic fibrosis was evaluated. Seventy-one percent of patients treated with ticarcillin alone responded favorably. The response rate was similar in patients treated with a combination of ticarcillin plus gentamicin or with gentamicin alone. Severity of the underlying disease was the most important determinant of response to treatment. Ticarcillin-resistant organisms were recovered during treatment in 50% of patients who received this drug; recovery of them was not prevented by the inclusion of gentamicin in the therapeutic regimen nor did they interfere with clinical improvement. The ticarcillin-resistant strains persisted at follow-up, two to six months after completion of therapy, in only one of ten patients. No serious toxicity to ticarcillin was noted during the study period.", "contents": "Treatment of pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis: a comparative study of ticarcillin and gentamicin. The effectiveness of ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in acute exacerbations of pulmonary infection in patients with cystic fibrosis was evaluated. Seventy-one percent of patients treated with ticarcillin alone responded favorably. The response rate was similar in patients treated with a combination of ticarcillin plus gentamicin or with gentamicin alone. Severity of the underlying disease was the most important determinant of response to treatment. Ticarcillin-resistant organisms were recovered during treatment in 50% of patients who received this drug; recovery of them was not prevented by the inclusion of gentamicin in the therapeutic regimen nor did they interfere with clinical improvement. The ticarcillin-resistant strains persisted at follow-up, two to six months after completion of therapy, in only one of ten patients. No serious toxicity to ticarcillin was noted during the study period.", "PMID": 401521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_855", "title": "Delayed nerve conduction velocities in children with protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Protein-calorie malnutrition in human beings and animals affects the myelination and growth of the nervous system. The effects of PCM on the developing nervous system were evaluated by measuring the nerve conduction velocities in 93 (38 marasmus, 13 kwashiorkor, and 42 control) children in ulnar, median, peroneal, and posterior tibial nerves. The children were divided into three age groups: Group I, six to 12 months; Group II, 13 to 24 months; Group III, 25 to 48 months. All 13 children with kwashiorkor demonstrated irritability, delayed milestones, and muscular wasting; and six also had hypoactive muscle reflexes. Conduction velocities were reduced in each type of malnutrition, with statistically significant differences in the three groups of marasmic children and in Group III kwashiorkor children. Children with kwashiorkor in Group II had significantly reduced velocities only in the nerves of the lower extremities. These data suggest PCM, when it occurs during the development of the nervous system, affects myelination of the peripheral nerves.", "contents": "Delayed nerve conduction velocities in children with protein-calorie malnutrition. Protein-calorie malnutrition in human beings and animals affects the myelination and growth of the nervous system. The effects of PCM on the developing nervous system were evaluated by measuring the nerve conduction velocities in 93 (38 marasmus, 13 kwashiorkor, and 42 control) children in ulnar, median, peroneal, and posterior tibial nerves. The children were divided into three age groups: Group I, six to 12 months; Group II, 13 to 24 months; Group III, 25 to 48 months. All 13 children with kwashiorkor demonstrated irritability, delayed milestones, and muscular wasting; and six also had hypoactive muscle reflexes. Conduction velocities were reduced in each type of malnutrition, with statistically significant differences in the three groups of marasmic children and in Group III kwashiorkor children. Children with kwashiorkor in Group II had significantly reduced velocities only in the nerves of the lower extremities. These data suggest PCM, when it occurs during the development of the nervous system, affects myelination of the peripheral nerves.", "PMID": 401522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_856", "title": "Pulp response to Enamelite restorations in teeth of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The average magnitudes of cellular displacements, superficial responses, and deep responses were less for specimens restored with ZOE than for Enamelite specimens at the 1 week postoperative period. Of 20 teeth treated, three abscesses were found in the 1 week Enamelite postoperative period when the remaining dentin was 0.3 mm. or less. This indicates the presence of ingredients that are toxic to the pulp when there is little remaining dentin or when the material is placed directly over an exposure. Teeth restored with Enamelite in the 6 week group had values comparable to the ZOE teeth for the same time period.", "contents": "Pulp response to Enamelite restorations in teeth of rhesus monkeys. The average magnitudes of cellular displacements, superficial responses, and deep responses were less for specimens restored with ZOE than for Enamelite specimens at the 1 week postoperative period. Of 20 teeth treated, three abscesses were found in the 1 week Enamelite postoperative period when the remaining dentin was 0.3 mm. or less. This indicates the presence of ingredients that are toxic to the pulp when there is little remaining dentin or when the material is placed directly over an exposure. Teeth restored with Enamelite in the 6 week group had values comparable to the ZOE teeth for the same time period.", "PMID": 401527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_857", "title": "Short term morphologic effects of high ambient levels of ozone on lungs of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Groups of laboratory-reared, young adult rhesus monkeys were exposed to 0.8 p.p.m. or 0.5 p.p.m. of ozone for 8 hours a day on 7 consecutive days. Lesions were studied using correlated techniques which permitted examination of specified levels of airways and adjacent lung parenchyma by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Lesions were observed in the trachea and lungs of all exposed animals. The extent and severity of damage, but not its nature, varied with exposure concentration. Damage was most severe in respiratory bronchioles and more distal parenchymal regions were unaffected. Major features of the response within respiratory bronchioles were hyperplasia and hypertrophy of nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells and intraluminal accumulations of macrophages. Replacement of type 1 epithelium in alveoli by type 2 cells and forms intermediate between types 1 and 2 were also observed. In large conducting airways, damage to ciliated cells was observed but mlcus-producing cells were morphologically unaltered. Two gradients in severity of ozone-induced lesions were appreciable in the trachea and lungs. The most obvious gradient was in respiratory bronchioles where the degree of damage was most severe in proximal locations. A second gradient in severity was noted in conducting airways in which more severe and extensive lesions occurred in the trachea and major bronchi than in small bronchi and terminal bronchioles.", "contents": "Short term morphologic effects of high ambient levels of ozone on lungs of rhesus monkeys. Groups of laboratory-reared, young adult rhesus monkeys were exposed to 0.8 p.p.m. or 0.5 p.p.m. of ozone for 8 hours a day on 7 consecutive days. Lesions were studied using correlated techniques which permitted examination of specified levels of airways and adjacent lung parenchyma by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Lesions were observed in the trachea and lungs of all exposed animals. The extent and severity of damage, but not its nature, varied with exposure concentration. Damage was most severe in respiratory bronchioles and more distal parenchymal regions were unaffected. Major features of the response within respiratory bronchioles were hyperplasia and hypertrophy of nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells and intraluminal accumulations of macrophages. Replacement of type 1 epithelium in alveoli by type 2 cells and forms intermediate between types 1 and 2 were also observed. In large conducting airways, damage to ciliated cells was observed but mlcus-producing cells were morphologically unaltered. Two gradients in severity of ozone-induced lesions were appreciable in the trachea and lungs. The most obvious gradient was in respiratory bronchioles where the degree of damage was most severe in proximal locations. A second gradient in severity was noted in conducting airways in which more severe and extensive lesions occurred in the trachea and major bronchi than in small bronchi and terminal bronchioles.", "PMID": 401528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_858", "title": "Section of tissue or prosthetic valve. A five-year prospective, randomized comparison.", "content": "After considerable experience, controversy persists between the selection of a tissue or prosthetic valve. In order to provide a nonbiased comparison, we designed a prospective, randomized study in September of 1970. Ninety-nine consecutive patients with isolated primary single valve replacement were randomized to tissue or prosthetic valves. The Tissue Bank supplied homografts which were either mounted for mitral replacement or used as free grafts for patients with small aortic roots. Starr-Edwards clot-covered prostheses were used for comparison. There was an even distribution of patients by age, sex, valve lesion, and New York Heart Classification attesting to the accuracy of the random selection. Anticoagulants were used in 33 patients who had operative or embolic evidence of atrial cloth or else history of thromboembolism. Thirty-five patients have undergone postoperative catheterization. Causes of death and valve failure are presented on an actuarial basis. Death in the Starr-Edwards patient group was sudden or due to fabric wear with subsequent thromboembolism, hemorrhage, or infection. We conclude that the tissue valve is a better choice for valve replacement. While there is no significant functional or hemodynamic apparent difference between the tissue and prosthetic valve, there is improvement in patient morbidity and mortality rate with the use of homografts, particularly in the aortic position. The primary cause of complications in the homograft is tissue deterioration, and this problem has been markedly reduced with advent of glutaraldehyde fixation. No such advance in solving the problem of host incompatability with the prosthesis has been forthcoming.", "contents": "Section of tissue or prosthetic valve. A five-year prospective, randomized comparison. After considerable experience, controversy persists between the selection of a tissue or prosthetic valve. In order to provide a nonbiased comparison, we designed a prospective, randomized study in September of 1970. Ninety-nine consecutive patients with isolated primary single valve replacement were randomized to tissue or prosthetic valves. The Tissue Bank supplied homografts which were either mounted for mitral replacement or used as free grafts for patients with small aortic roots. Starr-Edwards clot-covered prostheses were used for comparison. There was an even distribution of patients by age, sex, valve lesion, and New York Heart Classification attesting to the accuracy of the random selection. Anticoagulants were used in 33 patients who had operative or embolic evidence of atrial cloth or else history of thromboembolism. Thirty-five patients have undergone postoperative catheterization. Causes of death and valve failure are presented on an actuarial basis. Death in the Starr-Edwards patient group was sudden or due to fabric wear with subsequent thromboembolism, hemorrhage, or infection. We conclude that the tissue valve is a better choice for valve replacement. While there is no significant functional or hemodynamic apparent difference between the tissue and prosthetic valve, there is improvement in patient morbidity and mortality rate with the use of homografts, particularly in the aortic position. The primary cause of complications in the homograft is tissue deterioration, and this problem has been markedly reduced with advent of glutaraldehyde fixation. No such advance in solving the problem of host incompatability with the prosthesis has been forthcoming.", "PMID": 401529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_859", "title": "Prolactin deficiency in pseudohypoparathyroidism.", "content": "Because thyrotropin deficiency may occur in pseudohypoparathyroidism, we studied pituitary function in two families with this condition. Six of eight patients had impaired pituitary prolactin secretion after administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and chlorpromazine, with preservation of other anterior pituitary functions. Peak serum prolactin levels after thyrotropin-releasing hormone and chlorpromazine in the prolactin-deficient patients were significantly lower than normal. Administration of diethylstilbestrol for five days, which normally enhances prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone, had no effect on prolactin secretion in these patients. Although antilactotroph antibodies were not demonstrable, hypothyroidism or decreased thyroid reserve in four and antithyroid and antiparietal-cell antibodies in several family members suggest that an associated autoimmune process may be responsible for the prolactin deficiency.", "contents": "Prolactin deficiency in pseudohypoparathyroidism. Because thyrotropin deficiency may occur in pseudohypoparathyroidism, we studied pituitary function in two families with this condition. Six of eight patients had impaired pituitary prolactin secretion after administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and chlorpromazine, with preservation of other anterior pituitary functions. Peak serum prolactin levels after thyrotropin-releasing hormone and chlorpromazine in the prolactin-deficient patients were significantly lower than normal. Administration of diethylstilbestrol for five days, which normally enhances prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone, had no effect on prolactin secretion in these patients. Although antilactotroph antibodies were not demonstrable, hypothyroidism or decreased thyroid reserve in four and antithyroid and antiparietal-cell antibodies in several family members suggest that an associated autoimmune process may be responsible for the prolactin deficiency.", "PMID": 401530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_860", "title": "Effect of amniotic fluid on bacterial growth.", "content": "The bacteriostatic effect of amniotic fluid was studied using four pathogenic organisms which are encountered in the perinatal period, E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and Group B beta hemolytic streptococci. Amniotic fluid inhibited the growth of all four organisms, with a wide degree of individual variation among specimens. The greatest degree of inhibition was noted for L. monocytogenes and the least for E. coli. The time in gestation in which the amniotic fluid sample was obtained did not appear to be related to its bacteriostatic capacity. The ability of amniotic fluid to inhibit the growth of certain pathogenic organisms may be significant in prevention of perinatal infection.", "contents": "Effect of amniotic fluid on bacterial growth. The bacteriostatic effect of amniotic fluid was studied using four pathogenic organisms which are encountered in the perinatal period, E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and Group B beta hemolytic streptococci. Amniotic fluid inhibited the growth of all four organisms, with a wide degree of individual variation among specimens. The greatest degree of inhibition was noted for L. monocytogenes and the least for E. coli. The time in gestation in which the amniotic fluid sample was obtained did not appear to be related to its bacteriostatic capacity. The ability of amniotic fluid to inhibit the growth of certain pathogenic organisms may be significant in prevention of perinatal infection.", "PMID": 401535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_861", "title": "Pathogenesis of Rh immunization in primigravidas. Fetomaternal versus maternofetal bleeding.", "content": "Rh immunization occurring during a first pregnancy with no history of preceding abortion or transfusion may result when Rh incompatible fetal to maternal bleeding ensues early enough in the gestation to initiate a maternal immune response before parturition. Alternatively, the initial antigenic stimulus could be the consequence of maternal to fetal transfer of Rh-incompatible erythrocytes while the patient herself was in utero or at the time of her own delivery. These hypotheses were tested by 1) analysis of the blood group and Rh of 22 Rh-immunized primigravidas, their infants, and their own mothers; 2) comparison of the number of fetal cells in the maternal circulation during the antepartum period in 20 women at high risk for fetal to maternal bleeding with their matched controls; and 3) Rho (D) antibody determinations in 70 Rh-negative infants born to Rh-positive mothers. The results indicate that antepartum fetal to maternal bleeding is the usual cause of Rh immunization in primigravidas, and the Rh-negative woman with blood group A, B, or AB who gestates an ABO-compatible Rh-positive male is at highest risk. The antepartum use of anti-Rho (D) immune globulin has potential prophylactic value in this situation.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of Rh immunization in primigravidas. Fetomaternal versus maternofetal bleeding. Rh immunization occurring during a first pregnancy with no history of preceding abortion or transfusion may result when Rh incompatible fetal to maternal bleeding ensues early enough in the gestation to initiate a maternal immune response before parturition. Alternatively, the initial antigenic stimulus could be the consequence of maternal to fetal transfer of Rh-incompatible erythrocytes while the patient herself was in utero or at the time of her own delivery. These hypotheses were tested by 1) analysis of the blood group and Rh of 22 Rh-immunized primigravidas, their infants, and their own mothers; 2) comparison of the number of fetal cells in the maternal circulation during the antepartum period in 20 women at high risk for fetal to maternal bleeding with their matched controls; and 3) Rho (D) antibody determinations in 70 Rh-negative infants born to Rh-positive mothers. The results indicate that antepartum fetal to maternal bleeding is the usual cause of Rh immunization in primigravidas, and the Rh-negative woman with blood group A, B, or AB who gestates an ABO-compatible Rh-positive male is at highest risk. The antepartum use of anti-Rho (D) immune globulin has potential prophylactic value in this situation.", "PMID": 401536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_862", "title": "Galactorrhea associated with primary hypothyroidism. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with primary hypothyroidism and galactorrhea are described. Elevated serum prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were present. Following adequate thyroid hormone replacement restoration of clinical euthyroidism and cessation of galactorrhea occurred with a fall of both TSH and prolactin levels to normal.", "contents": "Galactorrhea associated with primary hypothyroidism. Report of two cases. Two patients with primary hypothyroidism and galactorrhea are described. Elevated serum prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were present. Following adequate thyroid hormone replacement restoration of clinical euthyroidism and cessation of galactorrhea occurred with a fall of both TSH and prolactin levels to normal.", "PMID": 401537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_863", "title": "A special report: four-year study of a boy with combined immune deficiency maintained in strict reverse isolation from birth.", "content": "A 4-year study of a boy with combined immune deficiency is presented, and the impact of this disease on various aspects of his growth and development is examined. There is no evidence of immune deficiency in either parent or in the genetic background on the maternal side. Three children of a brother of the mother's father may have had immune deficiencies but two have grown to be teenagers with no problems. Another died. At autopsy, however, lymph nodes appeared normal. The deceased older brother had severe combined immune deficiency (SCID). The autopsy findings showed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia to be the direct cause of death and these findings contributed to the diagnosis of SCID. After a successful germ-free birth, the male infant (DV) was placed in the isolator. Laboratory tests were normal except that the x-rays showed no thymic shadow, his absolute lymphocyte count ranged from 399-440/mm and the lymphocytes showed no proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Specific tests showed the antibody-producing immune system and the cell-mediated immune system to be severely defective. The patient's lymphocytes elicited positive responses by lymphocytes from father, mother, and sister. Subsequent search in national and international tissue-typing laboratories has shown four HLA matches but none has been nonreactive in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). therefore, this patient has remained in isolation to the present; now he is 4 years old. Approximately 35 species of microorganisms, mostly transient contaminants, have been isolated, taking into account that the same organism may have been identified under different names in different laboratories. Those isolated frequently and in sufficiently high concentration to indicate colonization have been speciated as follows: anaerobes-Propionibacterium acnes, Lactobacillus catenaforme (disappeared spontaneously), Bacteroides oralis ss. elongatus, Clostridium (perenne, hastiforme, bifermentans), Bacteroides clostridiiformis ss. clostridiiformis; aerobes-Alcaligenes faecalis (eradicated by antibiotics), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter agglomerans, Microcossu sp. subgroup 1, Bacillus pulvifaciens (disappeared spontaneously); yeasts-Candida (tropicalis, parapsilosis). Seven are considered to be probable components of the current autoflora: P. acnes, C. bifermentans, B. clostridiiformis ss. clostridiiformis, S. epidermidis, Micrococcus sp. subgroup 1, E. agglomerans, C. parapsilosis. No viruses or protozoa have been isolated. At age 3 years, the mean quantitation of anaerobic cells was 7.9 X 10(7) viable cells/g feces; this falls short of the mean anaerobic load from normal children. The mean aerobic concentration was 1.2 X 10(8) viable cells/g feces, not unlike normal children. Qualitatively his flora has abnormally few species and lacks those most common in normal subjects. This child has had no evidence of infection and has always been in excellent health even though some organisms which could be pathogenic under some circumstances have been isolated...", "contents": "A special report: four-year study of a boy with combined immune deficiency maintained in strict reverse isolation from birth. A 4-year study of a boy with combined immune deficiency is presented, and the impact of this disease on various aspects of his growth and development is examined. There is no evidence of immune deficiency in either parent or in the genetic background on the maternal side. Three children of a brother of the mother's father may have had immune deficiencies but two have grown to be teenagers with no problems. Another died. At autopsy, however, lymph nodes appeared normal. The deceased older brother had severe combined immune deficiency (SCID). The autopsy findings showed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia to be the direct cause of death and these findings contributed to the diagnosis of SCID. After a successful germ-free birth, the male infant (DV) was placed in the isolator. Laboratory tests were normal except that the x-rays showed no thymic shadow, his absolute lymphocyte count ranged from 399-440/mm and the lymphocytes showed no proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Specific tests showed the antibody-producing immune system and the cell-mediated immune system to be severely defective. The patient's lymphocytes elicited positive responses by lymphocytes from father, mother, and sister. Subsequent search in national and international tissue-typing laboratories has shown four HLA matches but none has been nonreactive in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). therefore, this patient has remained in isolation to the present; now he is 4 years old. Approximately 35 species of microorganisms, mostly transient contaminants, have been isolated, taking into account that the same organism may have been identified under different names in different laboratories. Those isolated frequently and in sufficiently high concentration to indicate colonization have been speciated as follows: anaerobes-Propionibacterium acnes, Lactobacillus catenaforme (disappeared spontaneously), Bacteroides oralis ss. elongatus, Clostridium (perenne, hastiforme, bifermentans), Bacteroides clostridiiformis ss. clostridiiformis; aerobes-Alcaligenes faecalis (eradicated by antibiotics), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter agglomerans, Microcossu sp. subgroup 1, Bacillus pulvifaciens (disappeared spontaneously); yeasts-Candida (tropicalis, parapsilosis). Seven are considered to be probable components of the current autoflora: P. acnes, C. bifermentans, B. clostridiiformis ss. clostridiiformis, S. epidermidis, Micrococcus sp. subgroup 1, E. agglomerans, C. parapsilosis. No viruses or protozoa have been isolated. At age 3 years, the mean quantitation of anaerobic cells was 7.9 X 10(7) viable cells/g feces; this falls short of the mean anaerobic load from normal children. The mean aerobic concentration was 1.2 X 10(8) viable cells/g feces, not unlike normal children. Qualitatively his flora has abnormally few species and lacks those most common in normal subjects. This child has had no evidence of infection and has always been in excellent health even though some organisms which could be pathogenic under some circumstances have been isolated...", "PMID": 401538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_864", "title": "[Prevention of meningococcal meningitis].", "content": "Meningococcal meningitis as well as meningococcal sepsis must be regarded as complications of an otherwise mild meningococcal infection of the nasopharynx. Only individuals without antibodies against a given meningococcal type will contract the above-mentioned diseases. Causal prophylactic measures have proved to be ineffective because of the great number of \"carriers\" of meningococci. Immunprophylaxis with specific polysaccharides is effective and presently available for use against types A and C but not against type B. Chemoprophylaxis is most effective when administered to those living in close quarters. Sulfonamides are the prophylaxis of choice agianst meningococci sensitive to sulfonamides. With the appearance of sulfonamide-resistant meningococci, the sulfonamide must be replaced by rifamycin or minocyclin. Though treatment with penicillin gives protection against infection, it does not eradicate the carrier state.", "contents": "[Prevention of meningococcal meningitis]. Meningococcal meningitis as well as meningococcal sepsis must be regarded as complications of an otherwise mild meningococcal infection of the nasopharynx. Only individuals without antibodies against a given meningococcal type will contract the above-mentioned diseases. Causal prophylactic measures have proved to be ineffective because of the great number of \"carriers\" of meningococci. Immunprophylaxis with specific polysaccharides is effective and presently available for use against types A and C but not against type B. Chemoprophylaxis is most effective when administered to those living in close quarters. Sulfonamides are the prophylaxis of choice agianst meningococci sensitive to sulfonamides. With the appearance of sulfonamide-resistant meningococci, the sulfonamide must be replaced by rifamycin or minocyclin. Though treatment with penicillin gives protection against infection, it does not eradicate the carrier state.", "PMID": 401542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_865", "title": "Insulin, glucagon, and glucose exhibit synchronous, sustained oscillations in fasting monkeys.", "content": "In overnight fasted rhesus monkeys, synchronous, regular oscillations occurred in the plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and glucagon. The oscillations displayed a period averaging 9 minutes. The amplitudes for insulin and glucagon were ten and five times greater than for glucose. Insulin cycled in and glucagon out of phase with glucose. In baboons, oscillations of glucose and insulin were smaller than in rhesus monkeys, while in man, regular oscillations were not observed.", "contents": "Insulin, glucagon, and glucose exhibit synchronous, sustained oscillations in fasting monkeys. In overnight fasted rhesus monkeys, synchronous, regular oscillations occurred in the plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and glucagon. The oscillations displayed a period averaging 9 minutes. The amplitudes for insulin and glucagon were ten and five times greater than for glucose. Insulin cycled in and glucagon out of phase with glucose. In baboons, oscillations of glucose and insulin were smaller than in rhesus monkeys, while in man, regular oscillations were not observed.", "PMID": 401543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_866", "title": "Diabetic cataracts and flavonoids.", "content": "Oral administration of quercitrin, an inhibitor of aldose reductase, leads to a significant decrease in the accumulation of sorbitol in the lens of diabetic Octodon degus. The onset of cataract is effectively delayed when quercitrin is continuously administered. Thus in these diabetic animals, as in galactosemic rats, the use of an effective aldose reductase inhibitor impedes the course of cataract development. These observations support the hypothesis that in diabetes, as in galactosemia, aldose reductase plays a key role in initiating the formation of lens opacity.", "contents": "Diabetic cataracts and flavonoids. Oral administration of quercitrin, an inhibitor of aldose reductase, leads to a significant decrease in the accumulation of sorbitol in the lens of diabetic Octodon degus. The onset of cataract is effectively delayed when quercitrin is continuously administered. Thus in these diabetic animals, as in galactosemic rats, the use of an effective aldose reductase inhibitor impedes the course of cataract development. These observations support the hypothesis that in diabetes, as in galactosemia, aldose reductase plays a key role in initiating the formation of lens opacity.", "PMID": 401544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_867", "title": "Isolation of eukaryotic DNA fragments containing structural genes and the adjacent sequences.", "content": "In Drosophila melanogaster structural genes are located close to moderately reiterated sequences. One of the clones obtained contains the DNA related to intercalary heterochromatin of D. melanogaster. These are individual differences in the distribution of genetic material in polytenic chromosomes of different stocks of D. melanogaster. The techniques that allow isolation of DNA fragments containing structural genes at the beginning, in the middle, or the end of the coding strand have been elaborated.", "contents": "Isolation of eukaryotic DNA fragments containing structural genes and the adjacent sequences. In Drosophila melanogaster structural genes are located close to moderately reiterated sequences. One of the clones obtained contains the DNA related to intercalary heterochromatin of D. melanogaster. These are individual differences in the distribution of genetic material in polytenic chromosomes of different stocks of D. melanogaster. The techniques that allow isolation of DNA fragments containing structural genes at the beginning, in the middle, or the end of the coding strand have been elaborated.", "PMID": 401545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_868", "title": "The role of vasodilator therapy in heart failure.", "content": "This article has attempted to summarize the current status of the therapeutic use of vasodilator drugs in acute and chronic heart failure. It is apparent from the increasing number of publications in this area that this alternative to more standard forms of therapy is likely to find a permanent and important place in the management of patients with heart disease. It should also be apparent that ideal drugs for the therapy of chronic heart failure are not yet available. Nevertheless, it is probable that such drugs will emerge and become at least as important as the routine use of digitalis in such patients.", "contents": "The role of vasodilator therapy in heart failure. This article has attempted to summarize the current status of the therapeutic use of vasodilator drugs in acute and chronic heart failure. It is apparent from the increasing number of publications in this area that this alternative to more standard forms of therapy is likely to find a permanent and important place in the management of patients with heart disease. It should also be apparent that ideal drugs for the therapy of chronic heart failure are not yet available. Nevertheless, it is probable that such drugs will emerge and become at least as important as the routine use of digitalis in such patients.", "PMID": 401541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_869", "title": "Congenital transmission of a papovavirus of the stump-tailed macaque.", "content": "Stump-tailed macaque virus, a newly recognized papovavirus of the SV40 polyoma subgroup, was demonstrated in kidney cultures from each of five stump-tailed macaque fetuses in the second half of gestation and from six adult stump-tailed macaques. Such regular presence of virus in the fetus is an unusual feature for a papovavirus.", "contents": "Congenital transmission of a papovavirus of the stump-tailed macaque. Stump-tailed macaque virus, a newly recognized papovavirus of the SV40 polyoma subgroup, was demonstrated in kidney cultures from each of five stump-tailed macaque fetuses in the second half of gestation and from six adult stump-tailed macaques. Such regular presence of virus in the fetus is an unusual feature for a papovavirus.", "PMID": 401546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_870", "title": "Congenital anomalies induced in hamster embryos with ribavirin.", "content": "Ribavirin, when given to pregnant hamsters in relatively small single doses, induces congenital anomalies of limbs, ribs, eyes, and central nervous system, as well as fetal deaths. On the basis of these findings, caution should be used in giving ribavrin to women of child-bearing age.", "contents": "Congenital anomalies induced in hamster embryos with ribavirin. Ribavirin, when given to pregnant hamsters in relatively small single doses, induces congenital anomalies of limbs, ribs, eyes, and central nervous system, as well as fetal deaths. On the basis of these findings, caution should be used in giving ribavrin to women of child-bearing age.", "PMID": 401547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_871", "title": "Inhibition of nonspecific defenses by soil infection potentiating factors.", "content": "This study was undertaken to examine the effect of soil infection potentiating factors on the defense system of the tissue. Using an in vitro model, leukocyte phite. This damaging effect on leukocyte function was a result of an interaction between the leukocyte and the clay particles. Montmorillonite also interfered with nonspecific humoral defenses. Exposure of serum to clay rapidly eliminated its bactericidal bodies occurred without any damage to the serum opsonins.", "contents": "Inhibition of nonspecific defenses by soil infection potentiating factors. This study was undertaken to examine the effect of soil infection potentiating factors on the defense system of the tissue. Using an in vitro model, leukocyte phite. This damaging effect on leukocyte function was a result of an interaction between the leukocyte and the clay particles. Montmorillonite also interfered with nonspecific humoral defenses. Exposure of serum to clay rapidly eliminated its bactericidal bodies occurred without any damage to the serum opsonins.", "PMID": 401548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_872", "title": "[Pets and zoonoses (author's transl)].", "content": "What can be the views held by a veterinarain on zoonoses when he acknowledges that a relationship between man and pets has a definitely positive value? The first question is: is an animal suited to serve as a pet? This may be answered by the following question: which are the risks involved when man takes a pet into his home?", "contents": "[Pets and zoonoses (author's transl)]. What can be the views held by a veterinarain on zoonoses when he acknowledges that a relationship between man and pets has a definitely positive value? The first question is: is an animal suited to serve as a pet? This may be answered by the following question: which are the risks involved when man takes a pet into his home?", "PMID": 401549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_873", "title": "Serum thyrotrophin, prolactin and growth hormone, response to TRH during oestrogen treatment.", "content": "The serum levels of thyrotrophin (TSH), prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) and the response of these hormones to 500 mug thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) iv were studied in menstruating women, in post-menopausal women before and after 2 mg oestradiol valerate for 5 consecutive days, and in men on long term oestrogen treatment. Oestrogen treatment had no effect on basal serum TSH levels, which were within the normal range in all groups. The TSH response to TRH was not different in menstruating and post-menopausal women and was not changed in the latter group after oestrogen treatment. In men treated chronically with oestrogens, the TSH response to TRH was similar to that found in normal male subjects.", "contents": "Serum thyrotrophin, prolactin and growth hormone, response to TRH during oestrogen treatment. The serum levels of thyrotrophin (TSH), prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) and the response of these hormones to 500 mug thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) iv were studied in menstruating women, in post-menopausal women before and after 2 mg oestradiol valerate for 5 consecutive days, and in men on long term oestrogen treatment. Oestrogen treatment had no effect on basal serum TSH levels, which were within the normal range in all groups. The TSH response to TRH was not different in menstruating and post-menopausal women and was not changed in the latter group after oestrogen treatment. In men treated chronically with oestrogens, the TSH response to TRH was similar to that found in normal male subjects.", "PMID": 401551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_874", "title": "The pituitary-thyroid axis in Klinefelter's syndrome.", "content": "Conventional thyroid function indices (serum T4, T3, TSH and thyroidal RAIU before and after TSH) appeared to be normal in most of 25 clinically euthyroid patients with chromatine positive Klinefelter's syndrome. Administration of TRH, however, revealed a decreased TSH reserve in the Klinefelter patients, both off or on testosterone treatment, in comparison to euthyroidal eugondal male controls. Preliminary data suggest that this blunted TSH respnse to TRH is not a characteristic of Klinefelter's syndrome per se but might be caused by the concurrent hypergonadotrophism. Despite the blunted TSH response, the TRH mediated T3 response in the Klinefelter patients was about equal to that in the male controls.", "contents": "The pituitary-thyroid axis in Klinefelter's syndrome. Conventional thyroid function indices (serum T4, T3, TSH and thyroidal RAIU before and after TSH) appeared to be normal in most of 25 clinically euthyroid patients with chromatine positive Klinefelter's syndrome. Administration of TRH, however, revealed a decreased TSH reserve in the Klinefelter patients, both off or on testosterone treatment, in comparison to euthyroidal eugondal male controls. Preliminary data suggest that this blunted TSH respnse to TRH is not a characteristic of Klinefelter's syndrome per se but might be caused by the concurrent hypergonadotrophism. Despite the blunted TSH response, the TRH mediated T3 response in the Klinefelter patients was about equal to that in the male controls.", "PMID": 401552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_875", "title": "Medium chain triglycerides for treatment of spontaneous, neonatal chylothorax. Lipid analysis of the chyle.", "content": "Volume and contents of lipid and protein in the pleural fluid from a three weeks old girl with spontaneous chylothorax were studied (a) during parenteral, nonfatty nutrition and later (b) during administration of a formula (Biosorbin) containing medium chain triglycerides (MCT). The pleural fluid production could not be correlated to the treatment employed but suddenly ceased after 20 days management. Triglyceride and total esterified fatty acid concentrations in pleural fluid were high on admission when feeded with human milk, and chylomicrons and other lipoproteins were present in the chyle. During parenteral treatment a pronounced decrease in pleural fluid concentrations of triglyceride and total fatty acids occurred concomitant with a disappearance of the chylomicrons. During the following MCT diet a pronounced increase in triglyceride and total fatty acids concentrations appeared and the chylomicrons reappeared in the chyle. The cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in the pleural fluid showed only small changes during the different treatments. No significant changes in protein and albumin concentrations of chyle were observed. It is concluded, that administration of the Biosorbin MCT formula, containing 871/2% of the fat as MCT, seems without value ih the treatment of spontaneous, neonatal chylothorax.", "contents": "Medium chain triglycerides for treatment of spontaneous, neonatal chylothorax. Lipid analysis of the chyle. Volume and contents of lipid and protein in the pleural fluid from a three weeks old girl with spontaneous chylothorax were studied (a) during parenteral, nonfatty nutrition and later (b) during administration of a formula (Biosorbin) containing medium chain triglycerides (MCT). The pleural fluid production could not be correlated to the treatment employed but suddenly ceased after 20 days management. Triglyceride and total esterified fatty acid concentrations in pleural fluid were high on admission when feeded with human milk, and chylomicrons and other lipoproteins were present in the chyle. During parenteral treatment a pronounced decrease in pleural fluid concentrations of triglyceride and total fatty acids occurred concomitant with a disappearance of the chylomicrons. During the following MCT diet a pronounced increase in triglyceride and total fatty acids concentrations appeared and the chylomicrons reappeared in the chyle. The cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in the pleural fluid showed only small changes during the different treatments. No significant changes in protein and albumin concentrations of chyle were observed. It is concluded, that administration of the Biosorbin MCT formula, containing 871/2% of the fat as MCT, seems without value ih the treatment of spontaneous, neonatal chylothorax.", "PMID": 401553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_876", "title": "Effect of oral amino acid supplementation on liver disease after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity.", "content": "Previous work in our laboratory and others suggests that protein malnutrition plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and dysfunction which characteristically appears after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. Postoperative protein-calorie malnutrition is at least in part a consequence of diminished intestinal absorption of free amino acids. In an attempt to prevent liver disease, six morbidly obese patients were orally supplemented with essential amino acids for 4 months after surgery. Oral amino acid supplementation only partially influenced protein malnutrition and had no effect on deterioration of hepatic morphology and dysfunction. Although this mode of therapy appears to be ineffective in preventing postoperative liver abnormalities, other studies suggest that oral oligopeptide supplementation and parenteral administration of amino acids are beneficial. In addition to protein deificiency, other factors which may contribute to the development of liver disease are reviewed.", "contents": "Effect of oral amino acid supplementation on liver disease after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. Previous work in our laboratory and others suggests that protein malnutrition plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and dysfunction which characteristically appears after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. Postoperative protein-calorie malnutrition is at least in part a consequence of diminished intestinal absorption of free amino acids. In an attempt to prevent liver disease, six morbidly obese patients were orally supplemented with essential amino acids for 4 months after surgery. Oral amino acid supplementation only partially influenced protein malnutrition and had no effect on deterioration of hepatic morphology and dysfunction. Although this mode of therapy appears to be ineffective in preventing postoperative liver abnormalities, other studies suggest that oral oligopeptide supplementation and parenteral administration of amino acids are beneficial. In addition to protein deificiency, other factors which may contribute to the development of liver disease are reviewed.", "PMID": 401555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_877", "title": "The urometer as a reservoir of infectious organisms.", "content": "With the aid of epidemiologic tools such as serotyping and bacteriocin typing, organisms involved in hospital-acquired infections were traced to their hospital reservoir. One of these reservoirs was an instrument used to measure specific gravity of urine, the urometer.", "contents": "The urometer as a reservoir of infectious organisms. With the aid of epidemiologic tools such as serotyping and bacteriocin typing, organisms involved in hospital-acquired infections were traced to their hospital reservoir. One of these reservoirs was an instrument used to measure specific gravity of urine, the urometer.", "PMID": 401556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_878", "title": "Measurement of complement components in systemic lupus erythematosus by radial immunodiffusion.", "content": "Total hemolytic complement activity (CH50) and levels of C4, C5, and Factor B determined by commercially available radial immunodiffusion plates were compared in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. There was a significant correlation between CH50, C4 and C5, but no correlation between Factor B and any of the other indices of complement activity measured.", "contents": "Measurement of complement components in systemic lupus erythematosus by radial immunodiffusion. Total hemolytic complement activity (CH50) and levels of C4, C5, and Factor B determined by commercially available radial immunodiffusion plates were compared in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. There was a significant correlation between CH50, C4 and C5, but no correlation between Factor B and any of the other indices of complement activity measured.", "PMID": 401557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_879", "title": "A  comparison of serologic methods for diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "content": "Sera referred to the North Carolina Division of Health Services for rickettsial serology in 1974 were tested by complement fixation (CF), microimmunofluorescence (micro-IF), microagglutination (MA) and hemagglutination (HA) for antibodies against Rickettsia rickettsii. There was good agreement among micro-IF,MA and HA tests in detecting antibody responses to this agent, but the CF test was definitely less sensitive than the others, even in illnesses with classical clinical manifestations of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). Some variables that seemed to influence the CF result were the slow rate of increase in antibody titers, timing of serum collection, early antibiotic treatment and possibly, the particular association of CF antibody response with the IgG immunoliobulin class. Greater use of these newer, but relatively untried, serodiagnostic procedures is recommended infuture studies of RMSF.", "contents": "A  comparison of serologic methods for diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Sera referred to the North Carolina Division of Health Services for rickettsial serology in 1974 were tested by complement fixation (CF), microimmunofluorescence (micro-IF), microagglutination (MA) and hemagglutination (HA) for antibodies against Rickettsia rickettsii. There was good agreement among micro-IF,MA and HA tests in detecting antibody responses to this agent, but the CF test was definitely less sensitive than the others, even in illnesses with classical clinical manifestations of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). Some variables that seemed to influence the CF result were the slow rate of increase in antibody titers, timing of serum collection, early antibiotic treatment and possibly, the particular association of CF antibody response with the IgG immunoliobulin class. Greater use of these newer, but relatively untried, serodiagnostic procedures is recommended infuture studies of RMSF.", "PMID": 401558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_880", "title": "Problems in analyzing the comparative costs of private versus public psychiatric care.", "content": "The authors outline the difficulties in attempting to compare the costs of service in various mental health settings, especially private practice and community mental health centers. Contributing to the difficulties are the differences in the populations served, differences in treatment modalities employed, and the different economic incentives operating in each setting. The authors stress the need for research on cost effectiveness as the basis for valid comparisons of various care settings.", "contents": "Problems in analyzing the comparative costs of private versus public psychiatric care. The authors outline the difficulties in attempting to compare the costs of service in various mental health settings, especially private practice and community mental health centers. Contributing to the difficulties are the differences in the populations served, differences in treatment modalities employed, and the different economic incentives operating in each setting. The authors stress the need for research on cost effectiveness as the basis for valid comparisons of various care settings.", "PMID": 401560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_881", "title": "Peripheral opacities in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: the photographic negative of pulmonary edema.", "content": "To test whether there is a radiographic pattern diagnostic for chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP), radiographs of 591 patients with interstitial lung disease (2,852 films) were reviewed. A peripheral ground glass pattern was seen in 24 individuals (4.1%). Lung biopsies in 16 of these patients revealed CEP. The remaining eight bad all the clinical features of CEP. In a separate study, pathologic featues of 350 patients with interstitial disease were coded: CEP was the principal diagnosis in 21 (5.7%). Sixteen of the 21 had typical peripheral radiographic opacities. Review of published chest radiographs of 81 patients with CEP showed characteristic peripheral opacities in 53 cases (65%). Typically, dense opacities with ill-defined margins and without lobar or segmental distribution are seen arranged peripherally apposed to the pleura. The opacities are usually in an apical or axillary location, but are sometimes basal when they mimic loculated effusion. When the opacities surround the lung, the appearance is that of a photographic negative or reversal of the shadows usually seen in pulmonary edema. The opacities sometimes disappear and recur in exactly the same locations. Peculiar oblique or vertical lines without reference to hilus or anatomic divisions occasionally appear during resolution. Response to corticosteroid treatment is dramatic, with clinical improvement in hours and disappearance of radiographic shadows within a few days. The typical radiographic pattern is virtually diagnostic even without other information. In this series all patients with characteristic radiographs had CEP. Blood eosinophilia is confirmatory, but its absence does not exclude the diagnosis.", "contents": "Peripheral opacities in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: the photographic negative of pulmonary edema. To test whether there is a radiographic pattern diagnostic for chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP), radiographs of 591 patients with interstitial lung disease (2,852 films) were reviewed. A peripheral ground glass pattern was seen in 24 individuals (4.1%). Lung biopsies in 16 of these patients revealed CEP. The remaining eight bad all the clinical features of CEP. In a separate study, pathologic featues of 350 patients with interstitial disease were coded: CEP was the principal diagnosis in 21 (5.7%). Sixteen of the 21 had typical peripheral radiographic opacities. Review of published chest radiographs of 81 patients with CEP showed characteristic peripheral opacities in 53 cases (65%). Typically, dense opacities with ill-defined margins and without lobar or segmental distribution are seen arranged peripherally apposed to the pleura. The opacities are usually in an apical or axillary location, but are sometimes basal when they mimic loculated effusion. When the opacities surround the lung, the appearance is that of a photographic negative or reversal of the shadows usually seen in pulmonary edema. The opacities sometimes disappear and recur in exactly the same locations. Peculiar oblique or vertical lines without reference to hilus or anatomic divisions occasionally appear during resolution. Response to corticosteroid treatment is dramatic, with clinical improvement in hours and disappearance of radiographic shadows within a few days. The typical radiographic pattern is virtually diagnostic even without other information. In this series all patients with characteristic radiographs had CEP. Blood eosinophilia is confirmatory, but its absence does not exclude the diagnosis.", "PMID": 401562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_882", "title": "Macrodystrophia lipomatosa: radiographic diagnosis.", "content": "Macrodystrophia lipomatosa is a rare form of localized gigantism characterized by progressive overgrowth of all the mesenchymal elements with a disaproportionate increase in the fibroadipose tissues. This congenital abnormality occurs most frequently in the distribution of the median nerve in the upper extremity and in the distribution of the planter nerves in the lower extremity. It is usually recognized at birth or in the neonatal period. As the patient grows, the deformity begins to mechanically interfere with joint function, vascular supply, and innervation. Six cases are described with emphasis on the radiographic findings which differentiate this entity from other forms of local gigantism. These findings include a predominately distal involvement, enlargement of the phalanges and soft tissue elements of the digit, and lucencies within the soft tissues.", "contents": "Macrodystrophia lipomatosa: radiographic diagnosis. Macrodystrophia lipomatosa is a rare form of localized gigantism characterized by progressive overgrowth of all the mesenchymal elements with a disaproportionate increase in the fibroadipose tissues. This congenital abnormality occurs most frequently in the distribution of the median nerve in the upper extremity and in the distribution of the planter nerves in the lower extremity. It is usually recognized at birth or in the neonatal period. As the patient grows, the deformity begins to mechanically interfere with joint function, vascular supply, and innervation. Six cases are described with emphasis on the radiographic findings which differentiate this entity from other forms of local gigantism. These findings include a predominately distal involvement, enlargement of the phalanges and soft tissue elements of the digit, and lucencies within the soft tissues.", "PMID": 401563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_883", "title": "The Dyggve-Melchio-Clausen syndrome.", "content": "Two families with Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome are reported. In the first family, Jews from Morocco, six of 10 siblings are affected. In the second family, a consanguineous marriage of Arabs from Gaza, two of three children are affected. A description of the skeletal changes in patients ranging in age from 4 to 25 years is presented. The radiologic signs of generalized platyspondyly with double humped end plates and the lace-like appearance of thickened iliac crests are pathognomonic and distinctive of the syndrome. The diagnostic features of the disease are compared to those of Morguio's disease, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda, and spondylometaphyseal dysplasia.", "contents": "The Dyggve-Melchio-Clausen syndrome. Two families with Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome are reported. In the first family, Jews from Morocco, six of 10 siblings are affected. In the second family, a consanguineous marriage of Arabs from Gaza, two of three children are affected. A description of the skeletal changes in patients ranging in age from 4 to 25 years is presented. The radiologic signs of generalized platyspondyly with double humped end plates and the lace-like appearance of thickened iliac crests are pathognomonic and distinctive of the syndrome. The diagnostic features of the disease are compared to those of Morguio's disease, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda, and spondylometaphyseal dysplasia.", "PMID": 401564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_884", "title": "The anatomic splenic flexure: an ultrasonic renal impostor.", "content": "The anatomic splenic flexure of the colon occupies the left renal fossa in patients with agensis or ectopic of the left kidney. On ultrasonic scans, the colon filled with stool or fluid may simulate a kidney or mass. This mass is often comma shaped on the transverse scans and lacks good definition of its inferior margin on longitudinal scans. An evaluation of a patient with only right renal function should combine radiologic techniques with ultrasonography to establish the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "The anatomic splenic flexure: an ultrasonic renal impostor. The anatomic splenic flexure of the colon occupies the left renal fossa in patients with agensis or ectopic of the left kidney. On ultrasonic scans, the colon filled with stool or fluid may simulate a kidney or mass. This mass is often comma shaped on the transverse scans and lacks good definition of its inferior margin on longitudinal scans. An evaluation of a patient with only right renal function should combine radiologic techniques with ultrasonography to establish the correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 401565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_885", "title": "B-mode ultrasound and the nonvisualizing kidney in pediatrics.", "content": "Ultrasonic definition of the kidney is independent of renal function and therefore capable of imaging impaired or dysplastic renal tissue, In 28 cases, B-mode scanning delineated one or both kidneys which failed to visualize during intravenous pyelography. Similar imaging of both kidneys was obtained in 10 cases of renal failure in which intravenous pyelography was not attempted. The presence and relative severity of hydronephrosis was established. In three cases of multicystic kidney, a diagnostic appearance was elicited. In these instances, in one additional case of renal dysplasia, and in three cases of severe obstructive uropathy, sonography provided the only presurgical definition of the abnormal kidney. Suspected kidney enlargement was rapidly confirmed in a case of renal vein thrombosis and excluded in a case of chronic renal failure. In both instances hydronephrosis was excluded. In 12 of the 38 cases, ultrasonic guidance was utilized for percutaneous renal biopsy.", "contents": "B-mode ultrasound and the nonvisualizing kidney in pediatrics. Ultrasonic definition of the kidney is independent of renal function and therefore capable of imaging impaired or dysplastic renal tissue, In 28 cases, B-mode scanning delineated one or both kidneys which failed to visualize during intravenous pyelography. Similar imaging of both kidneys was obtained in 10 cases of renal failure in which intravenous pyelography was not attempted. The presence and relative severity of hydronephrosis was established. In three cases of multicystic kidney, a diagnostic appearance was elicited. In these instances, in one additional case of renal dysplasia, and in three cases of severe obstructive uropathy, sonography provided the only presurgical definition of the abnormal kidney. Suspected kidney enlargement was rapidly confirmed in a case of renal vein thrombosis and excluded in a case of chronic renal failure. In both instances hydronephrosis was excluded. In 12 of the 38 cases, ultrasonic guidance was utilized for percutaneous renal biopsy.", "PMID": 401566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_886", "title": "Differential diagnostic features of the radionuclide scrotal image.", "content": "Differential diagnosis of scrotal lesions is aided by correlating radionuclide images with clinical findings. Subacute torsion is associated with peripheral hyperemia and can be mistaken for an inflammatory process; however, in a review of 128 studies, torsion and orchiectomy were the only processes encountered which had a center truly devoid of activity on the tissue phase compared to the normal side. Other lesions such as acute inflammation, abscess, hematoma, and hemorrhagic tumor may superficially appear to lack central activity but invariably contain at least as much activity when compared to the normal side.", "contents": "Differential diagnostic features of the radionuclide scrotal image. Differential diagnosis of scrotal lesions is aided by correlating radionuclide images with clinical findings. Subacute torsion is associated with peripheral hyperemia and can be mistaken for an inflammatory process; however, in a review of 128 studies, torsion and orchiectomy were the only processes encountered which had a center truly devoid of activity on the tissue phase compared to the normal side. Other lesions such as acute inflammation, abscess, hematoma, and hemorrhagic tumor may superficially appear to lack central activity but invariably contain at least as much activity when compared to the normal side.", "PMID": 401567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_887", "title": "Fatal radiation pneumonia following subclinical busulfin injury.", "content": "A patient with polycythemia vera received a moderate dose (480 mg) of busulfan intermittently over a 6 year period and later developed Hodgkin's disease. Following split-course upper mantle, chest irradiation, he developed rapidly progressive, fatal pneumonia and bone marrow hypoplasia. It is postulated that the hyperacute organ failures (lung and bone marrow) resulted from augmentation of subclinical busulfan-induced damage of these organs by additive radiation effect. It is recommended that in patients who have had antineoplastic chemotherapy, major radiotherapy to the cervicothoracic region be accompanied by careful monitoring of respiratory and hematopoietic function, both before and during radiotherapy.", "contents": "Fatal radiation pneumonia following subclinical busulfin injury. A patient with polycythemia vera received a moderate dose (480 mg) of busulfan intermittently over a 6 year period and later developed Hodgkin's disease. Following split-course upper mantle, chest irradiation, he developed rapidly progressive, fatal pneumonia and bone marrow hypoplasia. It is postulated that the hyperacute organ failures (lung and bone marrow) resulted from augmentation of subclinical busulfan-induced damage of these organs by additive radiation effect. It is recommended that in patients who have had antineoplastic chemotherapy, major radiotherapy to the cervicothoracic region be accompanied by careful monitoring of respiratory and hematopoietic function, both before and during radiotherapy.", "PMID": 401575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_888", "title": "Passage of feeding catheters into the pleural space: a radiographic sign of trauma to the pharynx and esophagus in the newborn.", "content": "Although rarely recognized, traumatic pharyngeal and cervical esophageal pseudodiverticula are probably not infrequent in newborns who have undergone vigorous oropharyngeal suctioning and endotracheal intubation. This report describes four premature infants with clinically unsuspected retroesophageal false passages incidentally discovered on chest radiographs. Differentiation of pseudodiverticula from spontaneous rupture of the middle or distal esophagus can be achieved by careful inspection of the course of the feeding catheter in frontal and lateral projections and by partial withdrawal of the catheter to permit injection of the retroesophageal false passage with a small volume of water-soluble contrast material.", "contents": "Passage of feeding catheters into the pleural space: a radiographic sign of trauma to the pharynx and esophagus in the newborn. Although rarely recognized, traumatic pharyngeal and cervical esophageal pseudodiverticula are probably not infrequent in newborns who have undergone vigorous oropharyngeal suctioning and endotracheal intubation. This report describes four premature infants with clinically unsuspected retroesophageal false passages incidentally discovered on chest radiographs. Differentiation of pseudodiverticula from spontaneous rupture of the middle or distal esophagus can be achieved by careful inspection of the course of the feeding catheter in frontal and lateral projections and by partial withdrawal of the catheter to permit injection of the retroesophageal false passage with a small volume of water-soluble contrast material.", "PMID": 401580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_889", "title": "Diagnosis of pericardial effusion in children: a new radiographic sign.", "content": "A band of increased density paralleling the left lower border of the cardio-pericardial silhouette is seen on anteroposterior chest films in some children with pericardial effusions. To analyze the incidence and accuracy of this sign, films of children with pericardial effusions and controls were compared. Among 17 children with proved pericardial effusion, bands of density within the cardio-pericardial silhouette were seen in six films, while positive epicardial fat pad signs were seen on four. When three radiologists without experience in use of the sign evaluated radiographs of the six patients with the sign and six controls without pericardial effusion, the sign was detected in most instances in the children with effusions (specificity and sensitivity, 83%). In vitro studies of unpreserved hearts in baths of solutions of varying osmolarity failed to show detectable differences in density between myocardium and any of the solutions. We conclude that the new sign may be produced by epicardial fat adjacent to pericardial fluid.", "contents": "Diagnosis of pericardial effusion in children: a new radiographic sign. A band of increased density paralleling the left lower border of the cardio-pericardial silhouette is seen on anteroposterior chest films in some children with pericardial effusions. To analyze the incidence and accuracy of this sign, films of children with pericardial effusions and controls were compared. Among 17 children with proved pericardial effusion, bands of density within the cardio-pericardial silhouette were seen in six films, while positive epicardial fat pad signs were seen on four. When three radiologists without experience in use of the sign evaluated radiographs of the six patients with the sign and six controls without pericardial effusion, the sign was detected in most instances in the children with effusions (specificity and sensitivity, 83%). In vitro studies of unpreserved hearts in baths of solutions of varying osmolarity failed to show detectable differences in density between myocardium and any of the solutions. We conclude that the new sign may be produced by epicardial fat adjacent to pericardial fluid.", "PMID": 401581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_890", "title": "Eccentric pericardial effusion after radiation therapy of left breast carcinoma.", "content": "Pericardial damage is one of the consequences of cardiac radiation and may lead to chronic pericarditis and/or tamponade. In three patients treated with radiation for carcinoma of the left breast, the effusions were loculated on the right side of the pericardium resulting in a peculiar cardiac silhouette. The importance of recognizing this entity and possible treatment is stressed.", "contents": "Eccentric pericardial effusion after radiation therapy of left breast carcinoma. Pericardial damage is one of the consequences of cardiac radiation and may lead to chronic pericarditis and/or tamponade. In three patients treated with radiation for carcinoma of the left breast, the effusions were loculated on the right side of the pericardium resulting in a peculiar cardiac silhouette. The importance of recognizing this entity and possible treatment is stressed.", "PMID": 401582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_891", "title": "Use of Fogarty catheter tamponade for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "A simple rapid potentially life-serving aid in the treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms by the use of a Fogarty no. 8 French catheter is presented. In five cases at high surgical risk, further bleeding was successfully controlled by occluding the aorta proximal to the site of the ruptured aneurysm, making operative procedure easier. Four of the five patients survived the procedure. The technique of inserting the catheter via a left axillary arteriotomy and the solutions to certain technical difficulties are discussed.", "contents": "Use of Fogarty catheter tamponade for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. A simple rapid potentially life-serving aid in the treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms by the use of a Fogarty no. 8 French catheter is presented. In five cases at high surgical risk, further bleeding was successfully controlled by occluding the aorta proximal to the site of the ruptured aneurysm, making operative procedure easier. Four of the five patients survived the procedure. The technique of inserting the catheter via a left axillary arteriotomy and the solutions to certain technical difficulties are discussed.", "PMID": 401583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_892", "title": "The role of angiography in the diagnosis of tracheal--innominate artery fistula.", "content": "When a tracheal-innominate artery fistula is suspected, angiography is essential if the patient's condition is stable. An aggressive  angiographic approach is needed to demonstrate the fistulous tract. Multiple injections in different degrees of obliquity and subtraction views should be obtained for early accurate diagnosis and for optimal demonstration of the pathologic anatomy.", "contents": "The role of angiography in the diagnosis of tracheal--innominate artery fistula. When a tracheal-innominate artery fistula is suspected, angiography is essential if the patient's condition is stable. An aggressive  angiographic approach is needed to demonstrate the fistulous tract. Multiple injections in different degrees of obliquity and subtraction views should be obtained for early accurate diagnosis and for optimal demonstration of the pathologic anatomy.", "PMID": 401584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_893", "title": "Inferior vena caval occlusion: characteristic radiographic changes on excretory urography and barium enema examination.", "content": "Acute occlusion of the inferior vena cava produces characteristic radiographic findings on intravenous urogram and barium enema examination. The urinary bladder is compressed anteriorly  and superiorly giving an inverted pear-shaped appearance, and the distal ureters are medially displaced. Barium enema examinations demonstrate narrowing and elevation of the rectosigmoid region along with an increase in the presacral space. Four cases are described to illustrate the usefulness of these findings in suggesting the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Inferior vena caval occlusion: characteristic radiographic changes on excretory urography and barium enema examination. Acute occlusion of the inferior vena cava produces characteristic radiographic findings on intravenous urogram and barium enema examination. The urinary bladder is compressed anteriorly  and superiorly giving an inverted pear-shaped appearance, and the distal ureters are medially displaced. Barium enema examinations demonstrate narrowing and elevation of the rectosigmoid region along with an increase in the presacral space. Four cases are described to illustrate the usefulness of these findings in suggesting the correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 401585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_894", "title": "Complications of lymphangiography in patients of advanced age.", "content": "The case records of 81 patients over the age of 60 were reviewed with respect to complications following lymphangiography. Adverse prognostic factors and complications were studied. Of the 81 patients, 48 were 60-69 years old and 33 were 70 or older; 19 patients had mild risk factors and 16 had severe risk factors. There were only six complications secondary to lymphangiography--two moderate and four mild. No severe complications were noted. This study suggests that age in itself is not a contraindication to lymphangiography.", "contents": "Complications of lymphangiography in patients of advanced age. The case records of 81 patients over the age of 60 were reviewed with respect to complications following lymphangiography. Adverse prognostic factors and complications were studied. Of the 81 patients, 48 were 60-69 years old and 33 were 70 or older; 19 patients had mild risk factors and 16 had severe risk factors. There were only six complications secondary to lymphangiography--two moderate and four mild. No severe complications were noted. This study suggests that age in itself is not a contraindication to lymphangiography.", "PMID": 401586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_895", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde intrahepatic cholangiogram: radiographic findings in intrahepatic disease.", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde intrahepatic cholangiograms were evaluated in 107 patients and correlated with intrahepatic diagnoses determined by liver biopsy. Included were normal livers (six), cirrhosis (38) portal fibrosis (14), cholangitis (22), metastases (11), and miscellaneous diagnoses (16). Results suggest that differentiation of the normal from the abnormal intrahepatic biliary system using the endoscopic retrograde intrahepatic cholangiogram is possible, and that certain patterns of abnormality prevail within given disease categories. The cholangiogram in cirrhosis is marked by ductular stenosis, diminished arborization, tortuosity, and approximation of the intrahepatic ducts. Sclerosing cholangitis demonstrates focal stenoses with concomitant ectasias and frequent similar involvement of the extrahepatic system. Chronic cholangitis and portal fibrosis are frequently associated with extrahepatic obstructing lesions and increased intrahepatic ductal caliber, but demonstrate no distinguishing intrahepatic characteristics. Intrahepatic metastases, polycystic liver disease, and primary hepatic neoplasm produce mass effects consisting of ductal displacement, narrowing, and obstruction. The potential of endoscopic retrograde intrahepatic cholangiography in evaluating the intraheptic biliary tree is significant; specifically in separating normal from abnormal, in distinguishing between intrahepatic processes, and as an adjunct to liver biopsy in determining the extent and location of intrahepatic abnormalities.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde intrahepatic cholangiogram: radiographic findings in intrahepatic disease. Endoscopic retrograde intrahepatic cholangiograms were evaluated in 107 patients and correlated with intrahepatic diagnoses determined by liver biopsy. Included were normal livers (six), cirrhosis (38) portal fibrosis (14), cholangitis (22), metastases (11), and miscellaneous diagnoses (16). Results suggest that differentiation of the normal from the abnormal intrahepatic biliary system using the endoscopic retrograde intrahepatic cholangiogram is possible, and that certain patterns of abnormality prevail within given disease categories. The cholangiogram in cirrhosis is marked by ductular stenosis, diminished arborization, tortuosity, and approximation of the intrahepatic ducts. Sclerosing cholangitis demonstrates focal stenoses with concomitant ectasias and frequent similar involvement of the extrahepatic system. Chronic cholangitis and portal fibrosis are frequently associated with extrahepatic obstructing lesions and increased intrahepatic ductal caliber, but demonstrate no distinguishing intrahepatic characteristics. Intrahepatic metastases, polycystic liver disease, and primary hepatic neoplasm produce mass effects consisting of ductal displacement, narrowing, and obstruction. The potential of endoscopic retrograde intrahepatic cholangiography in evaluating the intraheptic biliary tree is significant; specifically in separating normal from abnormal, in distinguishing between intrahepatic processes, and as an adjunct to liver biopsy in determining the extent and location of intrahepatic abnormalities.", "PMID": 401587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_896", "title": "Fiberoptic endoscopy and upper gastrointestinal series: comparative analysis in infants and children.", "content": "Fiberoptic endoscopy is a new and highly efficient diagnostic tool which is being increasingly used in the pediatric age group. Its use in children requires general anesthesia, special facilities, and technical expertise. We have compared the results of upper gastrointestinal barium studies and fiberoptic endoscopy in 75 cases. Results agreed in approximately two-thirds of the cases; in one-third there was disagreement. Superficial lesions in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum were most often missed by conventional barium studies. False positive radiologic reports were primarily related to the region of the duodenum.", "contents": "Fiberoptic endoscopy and upper gastrointestinal series: comparative analysis in infants and children. Fiberoptic endoscopy is a new and highly efficient diagnostic tool which is being increasingly used in the pediatric age group. Its use in children requires general anesthesia, special facilities, and technical expertise. We have compared the results of upper gastrointestinal barium studies and fiberoptic endoscopy in 75 cases. Results agreed in approximately two-thirds of the cases; in one-third there was disagreement. Superficial lesions in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum were most often missed by conventional barium studies. False positive radiologic reports were primarily related to the region of the duodenum.", "PMID": 401588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_897", "title": "An evaluation of colon cleansing regimens.", "content": "To study the efficacy of colon cleansing regimens, 500 hospital outpatients were randomly assigned to one of four regimens. Two featured castor oil followed by phosphate enema and two used magnesium citrate and bisacodyl. For the 349 patients who completed all components of the regimens, quality of the subsequent barium enema examination was scored by three radiologists in a blind manner. Regimens featuring magnesium citrate and bisacodyl were found to be significantly superior to those featuring castor oil. Calcium bisdiocytl sulfosuccinate did not improve the quality of colon cleansing but appeared to decrease the incidence of abdominal cramping in patients receiving magnesium citrate and bisacodyl. It is hoped that the investigative approach used in this study may serve as a model for future testing of colon cleansing regimens.", "contents": "An evaluation of colon cleansing regimens. To study the efficacy of colon cleansing regimens, 500 hospital outpatients were randomly assigned to one of four regimens. Two featured castor oil followed by phosphate enema and two used magnesium citrate and bisacodyl. For the 349 patients who completed all components of the regimens, quality of the subsequent barium enema examination was scored by three radiologists in a blind manner. Regimens featuring magnesium citrate and bisacodyl were found to be significantly superior to those featuring castor oil. Calcium bisdiocytl sulfosuccinate did not improve the quality of colon cleansing but appeared to decrease the incidence of abdominal cramping in patients receiving magnesium citrate and bisacodyl. It is hoped that the investigative approach used in this study may serve as a model for future testing of colon cleansing regimens.", "PMID": 401589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_898", "title": "The neonatal colon: an anatomic approach to plain films.", "content": "An appreciation of haustral anatomy as well as the anatomic relationships of the colon serve as the basis of plain film colon identification in the patient beyond infancy. An evaluation of the newborn colon in the normal state and with low colonic obstruction indicates that these principles apply here as well. Newborns with suspected intestinal obstruction should be studied in multiple projections early in their clinical course. A search should be made for haustrations and characteristic anatomic relationships of the colon, as well as gas in the rectum. Although clear differentiation of large from small bowel obstruction may not always be possible, these principles should serve as a basis for a systematic approach to the newborn abdominal plain film.", "contents": "The neonatal colon: an anatomic approach to plain films. An appreciation of haustral anatomy as well as the anatomic relationships of the colon serve as the basis of plain film colon identification in the patient beyond infancy. An evaluation of the newborn colon in the normal state and with low colonic obstruction indicates that these principles apply here as well. Newborns with suspected intestinal obstruction should be studied in multiple projections early in their clinical course. A search should be made for haustrations and characteristic anatomic relationships of the colon, as well as gas in the rectum. Although clear differentiation of large from small bowel obstruction may not always be possible, these principles should serve as a basis for a systematic approach to the newborn abdominal plain film.", "PMID": 401590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_899", "title": "Megacolon associated with celiac sprue: report of four cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Four cases of megacolon associated with celiac sprue are described and the literature reviewed. On barium enema examination, the colon is dilated and redundant with normal evacuation. Dilatation may be related to increased stool bulk delivered to the colon and/or to an intrinsic colonic abnormality in celiac sprue.", "contents": "Megacolon associated with celiac sprue: report of four cases and review of the literature. Four cases of megacolon associated with celiac sprue are described and the literature reviewed. On barium enema examination, the colon is dilated and redundant with normal evacuation. Dilatation may be related to increased stool bulk delivered to the colon and/or to an intrinsic colonic abnormality in celiac sprue.", "PMID": 401591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_900", "title": "Transverse colon volvulus: case reports and review.", "content": "Volvulus of the transverse colon is an uncommon event but results in mortality or significant morbidity relatively more often than cecal or sigmoid volvulus. Two cases are presented with emphasis on incidence, predisposing factors, clinical presentation, and radiologic examination. The need for early diagnosis and surgical intervention is stressed.", "contents": "Transverse colon volvulus: case reports and review. Volvulus of the transverse colon is an uncommon event but results in mortality or significant morbidity relatively more often than cecal or sigmoid volvulus. Two cases are presented with emphasis on incidence, predisposing factors, clinical presentation, and radiologic examination. The need for early diagnosis and surgical intervention is stressed.", "PMID": 401592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_901", "title": "Radiographic features of gastric polyps in familial adenomatosis coli.", "content": "Recent reports have noted a high frequency of elevated mucosal lesions of the stomach in patients with familial adenomatosis coli. This paper describes an additional 10 cases from six different families. Nine patients had sessile polyps in various portions of the stomach. Six of these have been examined histologically; two were adenomatous and four hyperplastic. The need for meticulous examination of the stomach in patients with multiple colonic polyposis is emphasized.", "contents": "Radiographic features of gastric polyps in familial adenomatosis coli. Recent reports have noted a high frequency of elevated mucosal lesions of the stomach in patients with familial adenomatosis coli. This paper describes an additional 10 cases from six different families. Nine patients had sessile polyps in various portions of the stomach. Six of these have been examined histologically; two were adenomatous and four hyperplastic. The need for meticulous examination of the stomach in patients with multiple colonic polyposis is emphasized.", "PMID": 401593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_902", "title": "Ileocecocystoplasty: some radiologic observations.", "content": "Ileocecocystoplasty was used in eight carefully selected patients to enlarge diseases urinary bladders. Postoperative radiologic evaluation often demonstrates bizarre findings, requiring knowlege of the surgically created anatomy and physiology of the ileocecal segment for accurate interpretation. Details of the surgical manipulations and pertinent radiographic observations following this operation are presented.", "contents": "Ileocecocystoplasty: some radiologic observations. Ileocecocystoplasty was used in eight carefully selected patients to enlarge diseases urinary bladders. Postoperative radiologic evaluation often demonstrates bizarre findings, requiring knowlege of the surgically created anatomy and physiology of the ileocecal segment for accurate interpretation. Details of the surgical manipulations and pertinent radiographic observations following this operation are presented.", "PMID": 401594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_903", "title": "Lamellated periosteal reactions: a radiologic and histologic investigation.", "content": "The lamellated periosteal reaction produced in the hind limbs of seven beagle puppies following ligation of the femoral vein was used as a model for studying the mechanism of lamellated new bone formation. Rather than resulting from alternating periods of slow and fast growth, this lamellated periosteal reaction was caused by acceleration of the normal process of periosteal bone growth. This involvement is thought to explain the \"physiologic\" periosteal new bone of early infancy.", "contents": "Lamellated periosteal reactions: a radiologic and histologic investigation. The lamellated periosteal reaction produced in the hind limbs of seven beagle puppies following ligation of the femoral vein was used as a model for studying the mechanism of lamellated new bone formation. Rather than resulting from alternating periods of slow and fast growth, this lamellated periosteal reaction was caused by acceleration of the normal process of periosteal bone growth. This involvement is thought to explain the \"physiologic\" periosteal new bone of early infancy.", "PMID": 401595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_904", "title": "Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia.", "content": "A family is described in which the father, son, and daughter have spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, consistent with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Radiologic changes spanning a period from 4 months to 31 years are described. Platyspondyly and metaphyseal deformity predominate. The severity of the radiologic changes is variable.", "contents": "Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia. A family is described in which the father, son, and daughter have spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, consistent with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Radiologic changes spanning a period from 4 months to 31 years are described. Platyspondyly and metaphyseal deformity predominate. The severity of the radiologic changes is variable.", "PMID": 401596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_905", "title": "An anatomic-arthrographic study of the relationships of the lateral meniscus and the popliteus tendon.", "content": "The anatomy of the posterior lateral knee joint is studied through photography and radiography of plastic corrosion casts of the knee joint. The images thus obtained are compared to in vivo arthrograms. This anatomic-arthrographic correlation  clearly demonstrates how the bursal extensions of the joint space about the popliteus tendon dictate the location and arthrographic appearance of the peripheral attachments of the posterior lateral meniscus. The casts also serve to illustrate a discussion of anatomic variation, embryology, and function of the popliteus apparatus. The largely unappreciated direct action of the popliteus muscle on the lateral meniscus is emphasized.", "contents": "An anatomic-arthrographic study of the relationships of the lateral meniscus and the popliteus tendon. The anatomy of the posterior lateral knee joint is studied through photography and radiography of plastic corrosion casts of the knee joint. The images thus obtained are compared to in vivo arthrograms. This anatomic-arthrographic correlation  clearly demonstrates how the bursal extensions of the joint space about the popliteus tendon dictate the location and arthrographic appearance of the peripheral attachments of the posterior lateral meniscus. The casts also serve to illustrate a discussion of anatomic variation, embryology, and function of the popliteus apparatus. The largely unappreciated direct action of the popliteus muscle on the lateral meniscus is emphasized.", "PMID": 401598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_906", "title": "Comparison of radiographic abnormalities of the sacroiliac joint in degenerative disease and ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Degenerative disease of the sacroiliac joint is common in middle-aged and elderly patients. Its radiographic features simulate those of ankylosing spondylitis. Interosseous space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis, and osteophytosis are apparent. Although intraarticular bony ankylosis is generally absent, anterior paraarticular bridging osteophytes resemble true osseous fusion of the joint cavity on frontal radiographs. Focal sclerosis in degenerative disease is most common on the superior and inferior margins of the articular cavity and can usually be differentiated from that accompanying ankylosing spondylitis and osteitis condensans ilii.", "contents": "Comparison of radiographic abnormalities of the sacroiliac joint in degenerative disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Degenerative disease of the sacroiliac joint is common in middle-aged and elderly patients. Its radiographic features simulate those of ankylosing spondylitis. Interosseous space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis, and osteophytosis are apparent. Although intraarticular bony ankylosis is generally absent, anterior paraarticular bridging osteophytes resemble true osseous fusion of the joint cavity on frontal radiographs. Focal sclerosis in degenerative disease is most common on the superior and inferior margins of the articular cavity and can usually be differentiated from that accompanying ankylosing spondylitis and osteitis condensans ilii.", "PMID": 401599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_907", "title": "Double-blind evaluation of glucagon and propantheline bromide (pro-banthine) for hypotonic duodenography.", "content": "The hypotonic effect of glucagon (2 mg) and propantheline bromide (Pro-Banthine, 30 mg) on the upper gastrointestinal tract was compared in a double-blind study in 12 healthy volunteers and 36 patients. The solvent solution for the two drugs was used as a placebo. Both drugs and placebo were administered intramuscularly. The time of onset of the hypotonic effect was similar for both drugs, with maximum effect achieved 10 min after injection. Effects of glucagon dissapeared rapidly after 30 min, while Pro-Banthine still retained 50% of its maximum effect 2 1/2 hr after injection. Side effects of Pro-banthine were related to the long duration of the hypotonic effect (4-6 hr). A significant placebo effect on the duodenal C loop was observed. Glucagon appears to be the drug of choice since its hypotonic and hypomotile effects on the gastrointestinal tract are comparable to propantheline bromide while having the advantage of shorter duration and practically no side effects.", "contents": "Double-blind evaluation of glucagon and propantheline bromide (pro-banthine) for hypotonic duodenography. The hypotonic effect of glucagon (2 mg) and propantheline bromide (Pro-Banthine, 30 mg) on the upper gastrointestinal tract was compared in a double-blind study in 12 healthy volunteers and 36 patients. The solvent solution for the two drugs was used as a placebo. Both drugs and placebo were administered intramuscularly. The time of onset of the hypotonic effect was similar for both drugs, with maximum effect achieved 10 min after injection. Effects of glucagon dissapeared rapidly after 30 min, while Pro-Banthine still retained 50% of its maximum effect 2 1/2 hr after injection. Side effects of Pro-banthine were related to the long duration of the hypotonic effect (4-6 hr). A significant placebo effect on the duodenal C loop was observed. Glucagon appears to be the drug of choice since its hypotonic and hypomotile effects on the gastrointestinal tract are comparable to propantheline bromide while having the advantage of shorter duration and practically no side effects.", "PMID": 401600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_908", "title": "Invasion of the duodenum by carcinoma of the stomach.", "content": "It has frequently been stated that extension to the duodenum occurs commonly in patients with gastric lymphoma but almost never in those with carcinoma of the stomach. We found radiographically detectable invasion of the duodenum in six of 111 consecutive patients (5%) with gastric carcinoma. The duodenum was involved microscopically in 18%. Radiographic abnormalities in the duodenum in 11 patients with proven transpyloric spread of tumor varied from irregularity of the base of the bulb narrowing and distortion extending well into the second portion of the duodenum. On the basis of these data and the reported frequency of transpyloric extension in gastric lymphoma, carcinoma appears to be the more likely diagnosis in a patient with duodenal involvement by an antral tumor.", "contents": "Invasion of the duodenum by carcinoma of the stomach. It has frequently been stated that extension to the duodenum occurs commonly in patients with gastric lymphoma but almost never in those with carcinoma of the stomach. We found radiographically detectable invasion of the duodenum in six of 111 consecutive patients (5%) with gastric carcinoma. The duodenum was involved microscopically in 18%. Radiographic abnormalities in the duodenum in 11 patients with proven transpyloric spread of tumor varied from irregularity of the base of the bulb narrowing and distortion extending well into the second portion of the duodenum. On the basis of these data and the reported frequency of transpyloric extension in gastric lymphoma, carcinoma appears to be the more likely diagnosis in a patient with duodenal involvement by an antral tumor.", "PMID": 401601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_909", "title": "Bacteremia and the barium enema.", "content": "To investigate the possible association of bacteremia with barium enema examinations, blood samples were obtained from 42 patients before and at 5, 10, and 20 min after administration of the enema. Patients with fever or symptoms suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease were not included in the study; neither were patients who had received antimicrobiotic medication during the preceding 3 months. Pour-plate blood cultures showed no bacteremia due to enteric organism in the 42 patients-a result at variance with previously published reports.", "contents": "Bacteremia and the barium enema. To investigate the possible association of bacteremia with barium enema examinations, blood samples were obtained from 42 patients before and at 5, 10, and 20 min after administration of the enema. Patients with fever or symptoms suggestive of inflammatory bowel disease were not included in the study; neither were patients who had received antimicrobiotic medication during the preceding 3 months. Pour-plate blood cultures showed no bacteremia due to enteric organism in the 42 patients-a result at variance with previously published reports.", "PMID": 401602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_910", "title": "Gas-filled appendix: lack of diagnostic specificity.", "content": "Three patients with a gas-filled appendix in association with acute abdominal symptoms are described. In each case the gas-filled appendix was located in the right lower quadrant. None of the patients had appendicitis. It is emphasized that this combination of findings is not neccessarily diagnostic of appendicitis. Clinical evaluation is important in assessing the significance of this sign.", "contents": "Gas-filled appendix: lack of diagnostic specificity. Three patients with a gas-filled appendix in association with acute abdominal symptoms are described. In each case the gas-filled appendix was located in the right lower quadrant. None of the patients had appendicitis. It is emphasized that this combination of findings is not neccessarily diagnostic of appendicitis. Clinical evaluation is important in assessing the significance of this sign.", "PMID": 401603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_911", "title": "Double-blind comparison of meglumine iodamide and Renografin-60 for excretory urography.", "content": "A double blind comparison of meglumine iodamide and Renografin-60 in bolus intravenous pyelography, using 50 ml of contrast or less, was conducted in 78 patients. Meglumine iodamide produced more dense opacifications, but it also produced a greater number of laboratory abnormalities. All were transient and mild. No serious abnormalities resulted from the use of either agent.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of meglumine iodamide and Renografin-60 for excretory urography. A double blind comparison of meglumine iodamide and Renografin-60 in bolus intravenous pyelography, using 50 ml of contrast or less, was conducted in 78 patients. Meglumine iodamide produced more dense opacifications, but it also produced a greater number of laboratory abnormalities. All were transient and mild. No serious abnormalities resulted from the use of either agent.", "PMID": 401604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_912", "title": "The radiology of ex vivo renal perfusion and autotransplantation.", "content": "The radiologic findings in 16 patients subjected to ex vivo renal perfusion and autotransplantation are reviewed. Preoperative excretion urography and renal arteriography are essential to define ureteral and arterial anatomy; renal scintiangiography and renography are useful for baseline studies. Plain radiographs should be obtained during nephrolithotomy. Intraoperative renal arteriography should be reserved for patients who require more precise definition of vascular anatomy or verification of adequate repair after a difficult dissection. Postoperative scintiangiography is required on the first day to exclude arterial occlusion. Renography and urography to evaluate autotransplant anatomy and function should be deferred for about 3 weeks, unless there is clinical evidence of a complication.", "contents": "The radiology of ex vivo renal perfusion and autotransplantation. The radiologic findings in 16 patients subjected to ex vivo renal perfusion and autotransplantation are reviewed. Preoperative excretion urography and renal arteriography are essential to define ureteral and arterial anatomy; renal scintiangiography and renography are useful for baseline studies. Plain radiographs should be obtained during nephrolithotomy. Intraoperative renal arteriography should be reserved for patients who require more precise definition of vascular anatomy or verification of adequate repair after a difficult dissection. Postoperative scintiangiography is required on the first day to exclude arterial occlusion. Renography and urography to evaluate autotransplant anatomy and function should be deferred for about 3 weeks, unless there is clinical evidence of a complication.", "PMID": 401605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_913", "title": "Micro-balloon catheter for superselective angiography and therapeutic occlusion.", "content": "A miniature (0.5 mm) flow-directed balloon catheter with two different silastic balloon tips has been developed. One tip is used for perfusion; the other can be inflated and released to produce vascular occlusion. Examples of the developmental work in dogs and clinical use in patients are presented.", "contents": "Micro-balloon catheter for superselective angiography and therapeutic occlusion. A miniature (0.5 mm) flow-directed balloon catheter with two different silastic balloon tips has been developed. One tip is used for perfusion; the other can be inflated and released to produce vascular occlusion. Examples of the developmental work in dogs and clinical use in patients are presented.", "PMID": 401606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_914", "title": "Polarized projection of stereo cerebral angiograms for audience viewing.", "content": "A simple and inexpensive method for producing stereo angiographic images for projection to large audiences is presented. Two 35 mm images are produced using a conventional reflex camera and direct positive film. When properly taken, these film chips can be mounted in stereo mounts and projected using a polarized light stereo projector.", "contents": "Polarized projection of stereo cerebral angiograms for audience viewing. A simple and inexpensive method for producing stereo angiographic images for projection to large audiences is presented. Two 35 mm images are produced using a conventional reflex camera and direct positive film. When properly taken, these film chips can be mounted in stereo mounts and projected using a polarized light stereo projector.", "PMID": 401607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_915", "title": "Anatomic, clinical, surgical, and radiographic correlation of the zygomatic complex fracture.", "content": "Understanding the mechanisms by which clinical signs and symptoms are produced is a prerequisite to the correct appreciation of radiographic features. Radiographs of facial trauma are no different in this respect. This paper describes the specific clinical findings associated with each displaced bony fragment of the zygomatic complex fracture. Limitation of jaw movement and flattening of the cheek are produced by depressed fractures of the temporal process or zygomatic arch; unilateral epistaxis is a result of fractures of the zygomatic process of the maxilla or the floor of the orbit; paresthesia or anesthesia of the cheek results from fractures of the infraorbital process or orbital floor; unequal pupil heights is associated with fracture of the frontal process; and decreased extraocular muscle function with diplopia is caused by fractures of the orbital process, frontal process, or orbital floor. The clinical and radiographic findings are correlated with surgical management.", "contents": "Anatomic, clinical, surgical, and radiographic correlation of the zygomatic complex fracture. Understanding the mechanisms by which clinical signs and symptoms are produced is a prerequisite to the correct appreciation of radiographic features. Radiographs of facial trauma are no different in this respect. This paper describes the specific clinical findings associated with each displaced bony fragment of the zygomatic complex fracture. Limitation of jaw movement and flattening of the cheek are produced by depressed fractures of the temporal process or zygomatic arch; unilateral epistaxis is a result of fractures of the zygomatic process of the maxilla or the floor of the orbit; paresthesia or anesthesia of the cheek results from fractures of the infraorbital process or orbital floor; unequal pupil heights is associated with fracture of the frontal process; and decreased extraocular muscle function with diplopia is caused by fractures of the orbital process, frontal process, or orbital floor. The clinical and radiographic findings are correlated with surgical management.", "PMID": 401608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_916", "title": "Cardiopulmonary dimensions: stability over a long period.", "content": "The transverse diameter of the heart, diameters of the basal arteries, lung height and width, and diaphragm level were measured from two radiographs obtained 10-34years apart in 100 normal subjects. No difference was found in basal artery diameters, lung height, or diaphragm level. Lung width increased slightly. Transverse diameter of the heart increased slightly (0.43 cm) but significantly. This increase was not related to the age of the subject and had a low linear correlation with the interval between radiographs. In eight subjects, the heart diameter increased by more than 1.5 cm. Age is not an important factor in judging heart size from the transverse diameter on chest radiographs.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary dimensions: stability over a long period. The transverse diameter of the heart, diameters of the basal arteries, lung height and width, and diaphragm level were measured from two radiographs obtained 10-34years apart in 100 normal subjects. No difference was found in basal artery diameters, lung height, or diaphragm level. Lung width increased slightly. Transverse diameter of the heart increased slightly (0.43 cm) but significantly. This increase was not related to the age of the subject and had a low linear correlation with the interval between radiographs. In eight subjects, the heart diameter increased by more than 1.5 cm. Age is not an important factor in judging heart size from the transverse diameter on chest radiographs.", "PMID": 401609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_917", "title": "Angiocardiography after total correction of tetralogy of Fallot using large homograft arteries.", "content": "Postoperative angiocardiographic findings were examined in eight patients whose pulmonary artery was reconstructed using an aortic or pulmonary homograft with valve. Apparent dilatation of the outflow tract of the right ventricle was seen in three patients. Only four showed valve mobility, with function judged almost normal in two of them. Calcification in a valve was not seen. The pulmonary trunk showed three directional patters, and stenosis was clearly observed in two cases. calcification of the pulmonary trunk was seen in only one case. The most difficult problem in the reconstruction of the pulmonary artery is the high incidence of pulmonary stenosis.", "contents": "Angiocardiography after total correction of tetralogy of Fallot using large homograft arteries. Postoperative angiocardiographic findings were examined in eight patients whose pulmonary artery was reconstructed using an aortic or pulmonary homograft with valve. Apparent dilatation of the outflow tract of the right ventricle was seen in three patients. Only four showed valve mobility, with function judged almost normal in two of them. Calcification in a valve was not seen. The pulmonary trunk showed three directional patters, and stenosis was clearly observed in two cases. calcification of the pulmonary trunk was seen in only one case. The most difficult problem in the reconstruction of the pulmonary artery is the high incidence of pulmonary stenosis.", "PMID": 401610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_918", "title": "Angiocardiography of obstructing muscular bands of the right ventricle.", "content": "Two types of obstructing anomalous muscle bundle are described on the basis of right ventricular angiocardiographic analysis in 28 patients. In the low type the anomalous muscle bundle is located in the midsinus of the right ventricle; in the high type it lies at the subinfundibular level. Ocassionally, both forms of obstruction exist in the same individual. A ventricular septal defect was present in 24 of the 28 patients (85%). Serial catheterizations at a mean interval of 6.6 years demonstrated progession of the obstruction in eight of 15 patients. Differentiation of anomalous muscle bundle from tetralogy of Fallot is facilitated by clear angiographic delineation of the anomalous muscle and the position of the parietal band in most cases, but may not be possible when both anomalies occur together.", "contents": "Angiocardiography of obstructing muscular bands of the right ventricle. Two types of obstructing anomalous muscle bundle are described on the basis of right ventricular angiocardiographic analysis in 28 patients. In the low type the anomalous muscle bundle is located in the midsinus of the right ventricle; in the high type it lies at the subinfundibular level. Ocassionally, both forms of obstruction exist in the same individual. A ventricular septal defect was present in 24 of the 28 patients (85%). Serial catheterizations at a mean interval of 6.6 years demonstrated progession of the obstruction in eight of 15 patients. Differentiation of anomalous muscle bundle from tetralogy of Fallot is facilitated by clear angiographic delineation of the anomalous muscle and the position of the parietal band in most cases, but may not be possible when both anomalies occur together.", "PMID": 401611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_919", "title": "Single coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva: angiography, anatomy, and clinical significance.", "content": "A case of single coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva with a connecting branch passing between the aorta and right ventricular infundibulum is described. The anomaly was demonstrated at coronary arteriography and verified at surgery. This type of single coronary artery has been associated with sudden exertional death in young persons. The case prompted a review of the classification of single coronary artery with emphasis on clinical significance of the various subtypes and angiographic findings.", "contents": "Single coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva: angiography, anatomy, and clinical significance. A case of single coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva with a connecting branch passing between the aorta and right ventricular infundibulum is described. The anomaly was demonstrated at coronary arteriography and verified at surgery. This type of single coronary artery has been associated with sudden exertional death in young persons. The case prompted a review of the classification of single coronary artery with emphasis on clinical significance of the various subtypes and angiographic findings.", "PMID": 401612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_920", "title": "Effect of o-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside in lymphangiography.", "content": "In 30 patients who underwent lymphography of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes, the lymph vessels of one leg were pretreated with 5 ml of 10% o(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside (HR) prior to administration of Lipiodol Ultrafluid. There were no untoward clinical effects associated with the pretreatment. Legs pretreated with HR showed significantly fewer extravasations of contrast material than those untreated. HR appears to reduce the permeability of the lymph vessels, thus preventing or diminishing the occurrence of extravasations.", "contents": "Effect of o-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside in lymphangiography. In 30 patients who underwent lymphography of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes, the lymph vessels of one leg were pretreated with 5 ml of 10% o(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside (HR) prior to administration of Lipiodol Ultrafluid. There were no untoward clinical effects associated with the pretreatment. Legs pretreated with HR showed significantly fewer extravasations of contrast material than those untreated. HR appears to reduce the permeability of the lymph vessels, thus preventing or diminishing the occurrence of extravasations.", "PMID": 401613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_921", "title": "Ultrasonic aortography: unexpected findings.", "content": "In a series of 125 patients examined ultrasonically for suspected abdominal aortic aneurysms, 15 patients (12%) had intraabdominal abnormalities unrelated to the aorta. In 12 of these patients, a retroperitoneal malignancy clinically mimicked an aneurysm. In the remaining three, other abnormalities were discovered in addition to an aneurysm. In one patient, a large uterine myoma was visualized; in another, large retroperitoneal lymph nodes subsequently proved to be lymphoma; in the third, enlarged lymph nodes in association with a carcinoma of the colon were discovered. Because of the high incidence of unsuspected findings, ultrasonography should become an essential part of the evaluation of this group of patients.", "contents": "Ultrasonic aortography: unexpected findings. In a series of 125 patients examined ultrasonically for suspected abdominal aortic aneurysms, 15 patients (12%) had intraabdominal abnormalities unrelated to the aorta. In 12 of these patients, a retroperitoneal malignancy clinically mimicked an aneurysm. In the remaining three, other abnormalities were discovered in addition to an aneurysm. In one patient, a large uterine myoma was visualized; in another, large retroperitoneal lymph nodes subsequently proved to be lymphoma; in the third, enlarged lymph nodes in association with a carcinoma of the colon were discovered. Because of the high incidence of unsuspected findings, ultrasonography should become an essential part of the evaluation of this group of patients.", "PMID": 401614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_922", "title": "Gray scale ultrasound and isotope scanning: complementary techniques for imaging the liver.", "content": "Technical advances in gray scale ultrasound have led to better signal-to-noise ratios and improved resolution. A display of the texture of the liver is now possible, making ultrasound an important complementary technique to radioisotope scanning. In the positive radioisotope scan, ultrasound permits differentiation of isotopically cold areas into neoplasms, benign cysts, and abscesses. In addition, when the radioisotope scan is equivocal, ultrasound is invaluable in differentiating normal variants from disease states. Dilated intrahepatic ducts can also be identified. Examples of the use of ultrasound in defining radioisotope abnormalities are presented.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasound and isotope scanning: complementary techniques for imaging the liver. Technical advances in gray scale ultrasound have led to better signal-to-noise ratios and improved resolution. A display of the texture of the liver is now possible, making ultrasound an important complementary technique to radioisotope scanning. In the positive radioisotope scan, ultrasound permits differentiation of isotopically cold areas into neoplasms, benign cysts, and abscesses. In addition, when the radioisotope scan is equivocal, ultrasound is invaluable in differentiating normal variants from disease states. Dilated intrahepatic ducts can also be identified. Examples of the use of ultrasound in defining radioisotope abnormalities are presented.", "PMID": 401615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_923", "title": "New trends in the treatment of breast cancer at the Cancer Institute of Milan.", "content": "Preliminary results from three trials on breast cancer treatment carried on at the National Cancer Institute of Milan are presented. In the first trial, radical mastectomy (105 patients) was compared to a more conservative procedure consisting of breast resection, axillary dissection, and radiation therapy (125 patients). Axillary metastases were found in 22% and 25% of the two groups, respectively. After 30 months, two local recurrences have occurred, one in each group. Four patients in the radical mastectomy group have developed distant metastases. In the second trial, carried out on patients with nodal involvement, radical mastectomy (179 patients) was compared to radical mastectomy followed by a prolonged combination chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide-methotrexate-fluorouracil (207 patients). After 27 months, recurrences have occurred in 24% of the patients treated only with radical mastectomy compared to 5.3% in those treated with radical mastectomy plus chemotherapy. In the third trial, 67 patients with inoperable breast cancer were treated with chemotherapy plus radiation therapy. Recurrences occurred at a lower rate than observed in a previous series of patients treated with radiotherapy alone.", "contents": "New trends in the treatment of breast cancer at the Cancer Institute of Milan. Preliminary results from three trials on breast cancer treatment carried on at the National Cancer Institute of Milan are presented. In the first trial, radical mastectomy (105 patients) was compared to a more conservative procedure consisting of breast resection, axillary dissection, and radiation therapy (125 patients). Axillary metastases were found in 22% and 25% of the two groups, respectively. After 30 months, two local recurrences have occurred, one in each group. Four patients in the radical mastectomy group have developed distant metastases. In the second trial, carried out on patients with nodal involvement, radical mastectomy (179 patients) was compared to radical mastectomy followed by a prolonged combination chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide-methotrexate-fluorouracil (207 patients). After 27 months, recurrences have occurred in 24% of the patients treated only with radical mastectomy compared to 5.3% in those treated with radical mastectomy plus chemotherapy. In the third trial, 67 patients with inoperable breast cancer were treated with chemotherapy plus radiation therapy. Recurrences occurred at a lower rate than observed in a previous series of patients treated with radiotherapy alone.", "PMID": 401616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_924", "title": "The role of interstitial therapy in present day radiotherapy.", "content": "The role of interstitial therapy in the treatment of malignant tumors is discussed. With interstitial therapy, the tumor is accurately localized under general anesthesia, irradiation is limited to the tumor-bearing volume of tissues with minimal irradiation of normal structures, and treatment time is shorter than with external beam therapy. Disadvantages include its rather limited clinical application, more complicated dosimetry, the higher level of technical skill required in the surgical procedure, and radiation exposure of operator and personnel. Interstitial therapy is indicated for relatively small well differentiated primary tumors and in cases where the primary and lymph node metastases are in close proximity. A combination of interstitial and external beam therapy is recommended for advanced tumors and in cases of unsatisfactory implants. Seven illustrative cases are presented. It is recommended that improved afterloading techniques and surgical and nonsurgical procedures (e.g.,suspension laryngoscope) be developed so that this type of therapy can be extended to all cases requiring high doses and a small volume of radiation.", "contents": "The role of interstitial therapy in present day radiotherapy. The role of interstitial therapy in the treatment of malignant tumors is discussed. With interstitial therapy, the tumor is accurately localized under general anesthesia, irradiation is limited to the tumor-bearing volume of tissues with minimal irradiation of normal structures, and treatment time is shorter than with external beam therapy. Disadvantages include its rather limited clinical application, more complicated dosimetry, the higher level of technical skill required in the surgical procedure, and radiation exposure of operator and personnel. Interstitial therapy is indicated for relatively small well differentiated primary tumors and in cases where the primary and lymph node metastases are in close proximity. A combination of interstitial and external beam therapy is recommended for advanced tumors and in cases of unsatisfactory implants. Seven illustrative cases are presented. It is recommended that improved afterloading techniques and surgical and nonsurgical procedures (e.g.,suspension laryngoscope) be developed so that this type of therapy can be extended to all cases requiring high doses and a small volume of radiation.", "PMID": 401617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_925", "title": "IgD myeloma with myelofibrosis and amyloidosis.", "content": "Two patients with IgD myeloma protein and lambda light chains are described. They had marked Bence Jones proteinuria, were treated with melphalan, prednisone, and allopurinol and died in less than one year. At autopsy, there was extensive myelofibrosis associated with neoplastic infiltrates of plasma cells in both cases. On electrophoresis, the serum and urine Bence Jones protein of one patient migrated in the alpha2 region, and the blood vessels of the other patient contained many nodular deposits of amyloid. Because these findings are rare in multiple myeloma, they may be unique to IgD myeloma.", "contents": "IgD myeloma with myelofibrosis and amyloidosis. Two patients with IgD myeloma protein and lambda light chains are described. They had marked Bence Jones proteinuria, were treated with melphalan, prednisone, and allopurinol and died in less than one year. At autopsy, there was extensive myelofibrosis associated with neoplastic infiltrates of plasma cells in both cases. On electrophoresis, the serum and urine Bence Jones protein of one patient migrated in the alpha2 region, and the blood vessels of the other patient contained many nodular deposits of amyloid. Because these findings are rare in multiple myeloma, they may be unique to IgD myeloma.", "PMID": 401635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_926", "title": "Tuberculous infection in a vascular prosthesis: a case of aortic graft infection resulting from disseminated tuberculosis.", "content": "Insertion of an aortic prosthetic bypass graft in a patient with untreated disseminated tuberculosis resulted in graft infection with formation of a pseudoaneurysm. Microbiologic cultures implicated Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent, and a subsequent review of the literature indicated this report to be the first clinical demonstration of the susceptibility of vascular prosthesis to M tuberculosis infection to our knowledge.", "contents": "Tuberculous infection in a vascular prosthesis: a case of aortic graft infection resulting from disseminated tuberculosis. Insertion of an aortic prosthetic bypass graft in a patient with untreated disseminated tuberculosis resulted in graft infection with formation of a pseudoaneurysm. Microbiologic cultures implicated Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent, and a subsequent review of the literature indicated this report to be the first clinical demonstration of the susceptibility of vascular prosthesis to M tuberculosis infection to our knowledge.", "PMID": 401636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_927", "title": "Delayed perforation of the innominate vein during hyperalimentation.", "content": "Mechanical complications of central vein catheterization for hyperalimentation typically become manifest shortly after insertion. We present a case report describing a delayed innominate vein perforation by a central venous catheter. Use of the adult internal jugular vein for central venous catheterization should be limited to situations in which a subclavian vein is unavailable. Ongoing watchfulness and a vigorous diagnostic and therapeutic approach to such complications are mandatory in the treatment of patients receiving total parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Delayed perforation of the innominate vein during hyperalimentation. Mechanical complications of central vein catheterization for hyperalimentation typically become manifest shortly after insertion. We present a case report describing a delayed innominate vein perforation by a central venous catheter. Use of the adult internal jugular vein for central venous catheterization should be limited to situations in which a subclavian vein is unavailable. Ongoing watchfulness and a vigorous diagnostic and therapeutic approach to such complications are mandatory in the treatment of patients receiving total parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 401637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_928", "title": "Sodium valproate and clonazepam in the treatment of intractable epilepsy.", "content": "Of 88 patients with intractable epilepsy, 60 have been treated with clonazepam for up to three years and 60 have been treated with sodium valproate for up to 18 months. Each agent was used sequentially in an overlapping group of 32 patients. Both agents have proven effective in the control of petit mal absences and myoclonic jerks, although some patients responded to one and not to the other. Clonazepam has given better results than valproate in temporal lobe and other partial (focal) epilepsies, while valproate has given better results in grand mal seizures and atonic attacks. Both preparations were more effective in patients with spike and wave paroxysms in their EEG recordings, the correlation being more conspicuous with valproate. Both medications appear to be safe and useful additions to anticonvulsant therapy.", "contents": "Sodium valproate and clonazepam in the treatment of intractable epilepsy. Of 88 patients with intractable epilepsy, 60 have been treated with clonazepam for up to three years and 60 have been treated with sodium valproate for up to 18 months. Each agent was used sequentially in an overlapping group of 32 patients. Both agents have proven effective in the control of petit mal absences and myoclonic jerks, although some patients responded to one and not to the other. Clonazepam has given better results than valproate in temporal lobe and other partial (focal) epilepsies, while valproate has given better results in grand mal seizures and atonic attacks. Both preparations were more effective in patients with spike and wave paroxysms in their EEG recordings, the correlation being more conspicuous with valproate. Both medications appear to be safe and useful additions to anticonvulsant therapy.", "PMID": 401638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_929", "title": "Regeneration of cartilage in the monkey auricle after subperichondrial resection.", "content": "Cartilage regeneration was histologically evaluated in vivo in the squirrel monkey pinnae. Only 2 of 11 ears exhibited evidence of cartilage regeneration (Movat stain) within the subperichondrial area, eight to nine weeks postoperatively. The present experimental results in squirrel monkeys contradict the previously reported high incidence of ear cartilage regeneration in young rabbits and may reflect a difference in surgical technique, animal species, or animal age.", "contents": "Regeneration of cartilage in the monkey auricle after subperichondrial resection. Cartilage regeneration was histologically evaluated in vivo in the squirrel monkey pinnae. Only 2 of 11 ears exhibited evidence of cartilage regeneration (Movat stain) within the subperichondrial area, eight to nine weeks postoperatively. The present experimental results in squirrel monkeys contradict the previously reported high incidence of ear cartilage regeneration in young rabbits and may reflect a difference in surgical technique, animal species, or animal age.", "PMID": 401641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_930", "title": "Pericarditis in diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "A 25-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic man who was admitted to hospital with severe diabetic ketoacidosis and dehydration showed sequential electrocardiographic abnormalities of acute pericarditis. Though the patient had retrosternal chest pain, no pericardial friction rub was heard. None of the usual causes of pericarditis was found and the electrocardiographic abnormality may have been attributable to subepicardial injury caused by dehydration associated with the ketoacidosis. The abnormalities on the electrocardiogram were transient, returning to normal after 5 days. Whatever the exact underlying nature of the pericarditis, it is important to recognise that such transient changes may occur as, in the absence of other obvious causes of pericarditis, the condition is benign.", "contents": "Pericarditis in diabetic ketoacidosis. A 25-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic man who was admitted to hospital with severe diabetic ketoacidosis and dehydration showed sequential electrocardiographic abnormalities of acute pericarditis. Though the patient had retrosternal chest pain, no pericardial friction rub was heard. None of the usual causes of pericarditis was found and the electrocardiographic abnormality may have been attributable to subepicardial injury caused by dehydration associated with the ketoacidosis. The abnormalities on the electrocardiogram were transient, returning to normal after 5 days. Whatever the exact underlying nature of the pericarditis, it is important to recognise that such transient changes may occur as, in the absence of other obvious causes of pericarditis, the condition is benign.", "PMID": 401643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_931", "title": "Effects of nitroglycerin, postextrasystolic potentiation, and pacing-induced ischaemia on wall motion in patients with ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "The influence of nitroglycerin, postextrasystolic potentiation, and rapid ventricular pacing on total and regional ventricular function was studied in 32 patients with normal ventricular function and in 44 patients with left ventricular asynergy caused by obstructive coronary artery disease. Total ventricular function was assessed by ventriculography and regional ventricular function was analysed by use of 7 hemiaxes. Nitroglycerin increased ejection fraction and decreased left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures in the normally functioning ventricles; apical wall motion increased, while basal wall motion remained unchanged after nitroglycerin in these ventricles. Pressures fell significantly in ventricles with asynergy after nitroglycerin; ejection fraction decreased while wall motion in asynergic areas was inconsistently influenced. Postextrasystolic potentiation augmented ejection fraction by a powerful and homogeneous increase of wall motion in normally functioning ventricles. Asynergic areas and normal areas in diseased ventricles showed identical augmentation of wall motion after a premature beat. Rapid venticular pacing produced a significant increase in end-diastolic pressure and a fall in ejection fraction in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease. Wall motion in normal areas perfused by arteries with critical stenoses was dramatically depressed after pacing, while asynergic areas and normal areas perfused by normal arteries remained unchanged. The results show that normal contractile behaviour can be detected by postextrasystolic potentiation in asynergic areas, suggesting that some normally perfused muscle exists in these areas. Pacing stress does not further deteriorate function in asynergic areas, which suggests the presence of viable and well perfused muscle (within scar tissue) whose function may not profit from revascularization. Pacing-induced asynergy identifies the functional significance of coronary stenoses and suggests that bypass surgery might be beneficial.", "contents": "Effects of nitroglycerin, postextrasystolic potentiation, and pacing-induced ischaemia on wall motion in patients with ischaemic heart disease. The influence of nitroglycerin, postextrasystolic potentiation, and rapid ventricular pacing on total and regional ventricular function was studied in 32 patients with normal ventricular function and in 44 patients with left ventricular asynergy caused by obstructive coronary artery disease. Total ventricular function was assessed by ventriculography and regional ventricular function was analysed by use of 7 hemiaxes. Nitroglycerin increased ejection fraction and decreased left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures in the normally functioning ventricles; apical wall motion increased, while basal wall motion remained unchanged after nitroglycerin in these ventricles. Pressures fell significantly in ventricles with asynergy after nitroglycerin; ejection fraction decreased while wall motion in asynergic areas was inconsistently influenced. Postextrasystolic potentiation augmented ejection fraction by a powerful and homogeneous increase of wall motion in normally functioning ventricles. Asynergic areas and normal areas in diseased ventricles showed identical augmentation of wall motion after a premature beat. Rapid venticular pacing produced a significant increase in end-diastolic pressure and a fall in ejection fraction in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease. Wall motion in normal areas perfused by arteries with critical stenoses was dramatically depressed after pacing, while asynergic areas and normal areas perfused by normal arteries remained unchanged. The results show that normal contractile behaviour can be detected by postextrasystolic potentiation in asynergic areas, suggesting that some normally perfused muscle exists in these areas. Pacing stress does not further deteriorate function in asynergic areas, which suggests the presence of viable and well perfused muscle (within scar tissue) whose function may not profit from revascularization. Pacing-induced asynergy identifies the functional significance of coronary stenoses and suggests that bypass surgery might be beneficial.", "PMID": 401644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_932", "title": "Nitrite reductase system involved in the terminal oxidation of the Streptomyces griseus respiratory particle.", "content": "A nitrite reductase system which was associated with the electron transfer system of the respiratory particle in Streptomyces griseus was studied. The electron transfer pathway consisted of the cytochrome oxidase and the nitrite reductase systems under aerobic and anaerobic conditions respectively, and these systems showed the exact opposite response to 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide and azide. Azide inhibited specifically the nitrite reductase system. It seems that cytochrome d works as the nitrite reductase and the reduced cytochrome b works as an intermediate electron donor for cytochrome d respectively. The respiratory particle also had a hydroxylamine reductase activity and ammonia was identified as the product of hydroxylamine reduction by the respiratory particle. A terminal electron transfer pathway in Streptomyces griseus was proposed.", "contents": "Nitrite reductase system involved in the terminal oxidation of the Streptomyces griseus respiratory particle. A nitrite reductase system which was associated with the electron transfer system of the respiratory particle in Streptomyces griseus was studied. The electron transfer pathway consisted of the cytochrome oxidase and the nitrite reductase systems under aerobic and anaerobic conditions respectively, and these systems showed the exact opposite response to 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide and azide. Azide inhibited specifically the nitrite reductase system. It seems that cytochrome d works as the nitrite reductase and the reduced cytochrome b works as an intermediate electron donor for cytochrome d respectively. The respiratory particle also had a hydroxylamine reductase activity and ammonia was identified as the product of hydroxylamine reduction by the respiratory particle. A terminal electron transfer pathway in Streptomyces griseus was proposed.", "PMID": 401645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_933", "title": "The purification and characterization of Dictyostelium discoideum plasma membranes.", "content": "A new procedure for the purification of plasma membranes of Dictyostelium discoideum is described. Cells are broken by vigorously stirring in the presence of glass beads, and plasma membranes are isolated by equilibrium sucrose density centrifugation. The purified membranes are considerably enriched in alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase and contain very low levels of succinate dehydrogenase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. The purified membranes contain relatively high levels of phospholipid, sterol and carbohydrate. They appear as a relatively homogeneous population of membrane vesicles in the electron microscope. This new method of purification is compared to previously published procedures which have been found to be unsuitable for our purposes.", "contents": "The purification and characterization of Dictyostelium discoideum plasma membranes. A new procedure for the purification of plasma membranes of Dictyostelium discoideum is described. Cells are broken by vigorously stirring in the presence of glass beads, and plasma membranes are isolated by equilibrium sucrose density centrifugation. The purified membranes are considerably enriched in alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase and contain very low levels of succinate dehydrogenase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. The purified membranes contain relatively high levels of phospholipid, sterol and carbohydrate. They appear as a relatively homogeneous population of membrane vesicles in the electron microscope. This new method of purification is compared to previously published procedures which have been found to be unsuitable for our purposes.", "PMID": 401646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_934", "title": "Evidence for cycloheximide acting as a glutamine analogue in plant tissue.", "content": "In growing maize root tissue [14C]asparagine formation in inhibited and [14C]glutamine accumulation stimulated by treatment with cycloheximide or glutamine analogs such as azaserine. In contrast, puromycin enhances the accumulation of [14C]asparagine but not [14C]glutamine. Cycloheximide and puromycin alone inhibit protein synthesis. This is interpreted to mean that the alteration in amide metabolism following cycloheximide treatment is a direct result of the antibiotic acting as a glutamine analog. While cycloheximide is often the cytoplasmic protein synthesis inhibitor of choice due to its potency and rapid action, its assumed specificity of action of eukaryotes is doubtful.", "contents": "Evidence for cycloheximide acting as a glutamine analogue in plant tissue. In growing maize root tissue [14C]asparagine formation in inhibited and [14C]glutamine accumulation stimulated by treatment with cycloheximide or glutamine analogs such as azaserine. In contrast, puromycin enhances the accumulation of [14C]asparagine but not [14C]glutamine. Cycloheximide and puromycin alone inhibit protein synthesis. This is interpreted to mean that the alteration in amide metabolism following cycloheximide treatment is a direct result of the antibiotic acting as a glutamine analog. While cycloheximide is often the cytoplasmic protein synthesis inhibitor of choice due to its potency and rapid action, its assumed specificity of action of eukaryotes is doubtful.", "PMID": 401647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_935", "title": "Poly(A)-binding RNAs from nuclei and polysomes of BHK-21 cells.", "content": "The presence in nuclei and cytoplasm of cultured BHK-21/C13 cells (baby hamster fibroblasts) of RNA species with high affinity for poly(A) was detected using either a Millipore-poly(A)-binding assay or columns of poly(A)-Sepharose 4B. The nuclear species which labels rapidly is metabolically unstable and appears to be a specific subclass of heterogenous nuclear RNA. Digestion with T1 RNAase gives rise to a low level (1%) of oligonucleotide fragments of a disperse size range which are relatively rich in uridylate residues. The cytoplasmic species with affinity for poly(A) is similar in size to polyadenylated messenger RNAs and also associates with polysomes. However it appears to be distinct from the polyadenylated messenger RNAs by virtue of an unusual base composition and relative metabolic instability.", "contents": "Poly(A)-binding RNAs from nuclei and polysomes of BHK-21 cells. The presence in nuclei and cytoplasm of cultured BHK-21/C13 cells (baby hamster fibroblasts) of RNA species with high affinity for poly(A) was detected using either a Millipore-poly(A)-binding assay or columns of poly(A)-Sepharose 4B. The nuclear species which labels rapidly is metabolically unstable and appears to be a specific subclass of heterogenous nuclear RNA. Digestion with T1 RNAase gives rise to a low level (1%) of oligonucleotide fragments of a disperse size range which are relatively rich in uridylate residues. The cytoplasmic species with affinity for poly(A) is similar in size to polyadenylated messenger RNAs and also associates with polysomes. However it appears to be distinct from the polyadenylated messenger RNAs by virtue of an unusual base composition and relative metabolic instability.", "PMID": 401648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_936", "title": "Sbustrate specificity of the elastase and the chymotrypsin-like enzyme of the human granulocyte.", "content": "Human granulocyte elastase (EC 3.4.21.11) differs from hog pancreatic elastase in its specificity for synthetic substrates. Although hydrolyzing peptide bonds adjacent to the carboxyl group of alanine, the granulocyte enzyme prefers valine at the cleaved bond, in contrast to the pancreatic enzyme which prefers alanine. Peptide bonds involving the carboxyl group of isoleucine can be hydrolyzed by the granulocyte enzyme but are not hydrolyzed to any significant extent extent by pancreatic elastase. This difference in specificty could explain the lower sensitivity of the granulocyte enzyme to inhibitors containing alanine analogs, such as the peptide chloromethyl ketones and elastatinal. The human granulocyte chymotrypsin-like enzyme differs from pancreatic chymotrypsin by being able to cleave substrates containing leucine in addition to those containing the aromatic amino acids.", "contents": "Sbustrate specificity of the elastase and the chymotrypsin-like enzyme of the human granulocyte. Human granulocyte elastase (EC 3.4.21.11) differs from hog pancreatic elastase in its specificity for synthetic substrates. Although hydrolyzing peptide bonds adjacent to the carboxyl group of alanine, the granulocyte enzyme prefers valine at the cleaved bond, in contrast to the pancreatic enzyme which prefers alanine. Peptide bonds involving the carboxyl group of isoleucine can be hydrolyzed by the granulocyte enzyme but are not hydrolyzed to any significant extent extent by pancreatic elastase. This difference in specificty could explain the lower sensitivity of the granulocyte enzyme to inhibitors containing alanine analogs, such as the peptide chloromethyl ketones and elastatinal. The human granulocyte chymotrypsin-like enzyme differs from pancreatic chymotrypsin by being able to cleave substrates containing leucine in addition to those containing the aromatic amino acids.", "PMID": 401649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_937", "title": "L-Asparagainases from Citrobacter freundii.", "content": "Three enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of L-asparagine have been identified in extracts of Citrobacter freundii. One of these (asparaginase-glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.1) also shows substantial glutaminase activity. This enzyme is extremely labile, is sensitive to inactivation by p-chloromercuribenzoate, and is not protected by dithiothreitol. A second enzyme (asparaginase B) is also sensitive to mercurials but is protected from inactivation by dithiothreitol. This enzyme has a relatively low affinity for L-asparagine (Km = 1.7-10(-3) M). The third enzyme (asparaginase A) is insensitive to inactivation by mercurials, is stable upon long term storage and has a relatively high affinity for L-asparagine (Km = 2.9-10(-5) M). This enzyme has been purified to homogeneity and has a molecular weight of approx. 140 000; the subunit weight being approx. 33 000. The C. freundii asparaginase A produced significant increases in the survival time of C3H/HE mice carrying the 6C3HED lymphoma tumor.", "contents": "L-Asparagainases from Citrobacter freundii. Three enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of L-asparagine have been identified in extracts of Citrobacter freundii. One of these (asparaginase-glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.1) also shows substantial glutaminase activity. This enzyme is extremely labile, is sensitive to inactivation by p-chloromercuribenzoate, and is not protected by dithiothreitol. A second enzyme (asparaginase B) is also sensitive to mercurials but is protected from inactivation by dithiothreitol. This enzyme has a relatively low affinity for L-asparagine (Km = 1.7-10(-3) M). The third enzyme (asparaginase A) is insensitive to inactivation by mercurials, is stable upon long term storage and has a relatively high affinity for L-asparagine (Km = 2.9-10(-5) M). This enzyme has been purified to homogeneity and has a molecular weight of approx. 140 000; the subunit weight being approx. 33 000. The C. freundii asparaginase A produced significant increases in the survival time of C3H/HE mice carrying the 6C3HED lymphoma tumor.", "PMID": 401650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_938", "title": "A calorimetric investigation of the growth of the luminescent bacteria Beneckea harveyi and Photobacterium leiognathi.", "content": "Direct calorimetric determinations of the rate of heat production along with simultaneous determinations of the rate of photon emission and the number of viable cells have provided insight into the growth of Beneckea harveyi and Photobacterium leiognathi. These experiments were performed with a Tronac isothermal microcalorimeter modified with a fiber optic light guide to allow in situ detection of light. Escherichia coli and a dark variant of P. leiognathi were also examined to provide points of reference. It is demonstrated that B. harveyi seems to pause in the rate of metabolic heat production at the same point in time that the enzyme luciferase begins to be synthesized. This effect is not removed if B. harveyi is grown in conditioned medium. The thermograms for all species are correlated with cell generation time. The heat production per cell indicates that uncrowded cultures produce more heat than older, more crowded cultures, supporting the original observation of Bayne-Jones and Rhees (1929). These observations reopen for examination the suggestion that living systems tend toward a state of minimum metabolism per unit mass.", "contents": "A calorimetric investigation of the growth of the luminescent bacteria Beneckea harveyi and Photobacterium leiognathi. Direct calorimetric determinations of the rate of heat production along with simultaneous determinations of the rate of photon emission and the number of viable cells have provided insight into the growth of Beneckea harveyi and Photobacterium leiognathi. These experiments were performed with a Tronac isothermal microcalorimeter modified with a fiber optic light guide to allow in situ detection of light. Escherichia coli and a dark variant of P. leiognathi were also examined to provide points of reference. It is demonstrated that B. harveyi seems to pause in the rate of metabolic heat production at the same point in time that the enzyme luciferase begins to be synthesized. This effect is not removed if B. harveyi is grown in conditioned medium. The thermograms for all species are correlated with cell generation time. The heat production per cell indicates that uncrowded cultures produce more heat than older, more crowded cultures, supporting the original observation of Bayne-Jones and Rhees (1929). These observations reopen for examination the suggestion that living systems tend toward a state of minimum metabolism per unit mass.", "PMID": 401656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_939", "title": "Blood volume in monoclonal gammopathy.", "content": "The plasma volume, red cell volume, or both were measured in 170 normal, anemic, or polycythemic subjects. For anemic subjects without a serum protein abnormality or splenomegaly, the relationship between hematocrit and red cell volume was linear and predictable. In patients with a serum monoclonal globulin on electrophoresis, the plasma voluem was significantly increased for the hematocrit in 30%, and the total blood volume was increased in 45%. The frequency of an elevated plasma volume was higher in patients with a markedly increased level of monoclonal protein. Reductions of abnormal proteins with chemotherapy were associated with declines in plasma volume. For a specific concentration, the serum viscosity was highest in patients with IgM proteins and lowest in patients with IgG globulins. Marked elevations in viscosity were noted only in sera with macroglobulinemia or with more than 5 g/dl of IgG or IgA globulins.", "contents": "Blood volume in monoclonal gammopathy. The plasma volume, red cell volume, or both were measured in 170 normal, anemic, or polycythemic subjects. For anemic subjects without a serum protein abnormality or splenomegaly, the relationship between hematocrit and red cell volume was linear and predictable. In patients with a serum monoclonal globulin on electrophoresis, the plasma voluem was significantly increased for the hematocrit in 30%, and the total blood volume was increased in 45%. The frequency of an elevated plasma volume was higher in patients with a markedly increased level of monoclonal protein. Reductions of abnormal proteins with chemotherapy were associated with declines in plasma volume. For a specific concentration, the serum viscosity was highest in patients with IgM proteins and lowest in patients with IgG globulins. Marked elevations in viscosity were noted only in sera with macroglobulinemia or with more than 5 g/dl of IgG or IgA globulins.", "PMID": 401657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_940", "title": "Long-term haemodialysis and thyroid function.", "content": "Several indices of thyroid function were assessed in 74 patients with chronic renal failure. Sixty patients had undergone haemodialysis for varying periods. Within the first six months of haemodialysis treatment protein-bound iodine and total thyroxine (T4) levels rose, but after this T4 levels and the free thyroxine index fell progressively. Three out of the 12 patients who had undergone haemodialysis for longer than three years had subnormal T4 and supranormal thyrotrophin concentrations and a subnormal response to thyrotrophin stimulation. Lon-term haemodialysis may be a cause of biochemical hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Long-term haemodialysis and thyroid function. Several indices of thyroid function were assessed in 74 patients with chronic renal failure. Sixty patients had undergone haemodialysis for varying periods. Within the first six months of haemodialysis treatment protein-bound iodine and total thyroxine (T4) levels rose, but after this T4 levels and the free thyroxine index fell progressively. Three out of the 12 patients who had undergone haemodialysis for longer than three years had subnormal T4 and supranormal thyrotrophin concentrations and a subnormal response to thyrotrophin stimulation. Lon-term haemodialysis may be a cause of biochemical hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 401663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_941", "title": "Thyrotoxicosis: relations between clinical state and biochemical changes during carbimazole treatment.", "content": "The relation between clinical and biochemical changes in thyrotoxicosis were studied in 12 patients with Graves's disease who were being treated with carbimazole. Clinical assessment (using the Crooks-Wayne index) was combined with the measurement of free thyroxine and triiodothyronine indices (FT4I and FT3I) and the assessment of two tissue markers of thyroid hormone action--sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels and the thyrotrophin responses to TRH. In general the FT4I and FT3I fell rapidly once treatment was started, and returned to normal in one to four weeks, followed shortly by SHBG levels. The thyrotrophin response returned at this time in two patients, who still had borderline high levels of FT3I and SHBG. The clinical score fell more slowly and variably and was less closely related to any of the biochemical indices than these were to each other. During the early phase of treatment with antithyroid drug the clinical evaluation may be an unreliable indicator of persisting thyroid hormone excess, and when the patient seems clinically but not biochemically thyrotoxic the symptoms should be treated on their own merits with beta-blocking drugs and not with increased doses of antithyroid drugs.", "contents": "Thyrotoxicosis: relations between clinical state and biochemical changes during carbimazole treatment. The relation between clinical and biochemical changes in thyrotoxicosis were studied in 12 patients with Graves's disease who were being treated with carbimazole. Clinical assessment (using the Crooks-Wayne index) was combined with the measurement of free thyroxine and triiodothyronine indices (FT4I and FT3I) and the assessment of two tissue markers of thyroid hormone action--sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels and the thyrotrophin responses to TRH. In general the FT4I and FT3I fell rapidly once treatment was started, and returned to normal in one to four weeks, followed shortly by SHBG levels. The thyrotrophin response returned at this time in two patients, who still had borderline high levels of FT3I and SHBG. The clinical score fell more slowly and variably and was less closely related to any of the biochemical indices than these were to each other. During the early phase of treatment with antithyroid drug the clinical evaluation may be an unreliable indicator of persisting thyroid hormone excess, and when the patient seems clinically but not biochemically thyrotoxic the symptoms should be treated on their own merits with beta-blocking drugs and not with increased doses of antithyroid drugs.", "PMID": 401664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_942", "title": "Pattern discrimination thresholds after partial inferior temporal or lateral striate lesions in monkeys.", "content": "Ablation of inferior temporal (IT) cortex, particularly of the posterior region, produces severe impairment in pattern discrimination learning. The present study examined whether this impairment is associated with raised pattern discrimination thresholds. Groups of three monkeys each were given either anterior IT, posterior IT, or foveal striate lesions, or kept as controls. They were trained after surgery on a threshold task in which a 90 degrees white angle on a gray ground was the standard, and 15 angles ranging from 10 degrees through 88.5 degrees were the comparisons. As expected, monkeys with posterior IT lesions were the most severely impaired in learning the initial discrimination (90 degrees vs. 10 degrees). However, only the monkeys with foveal striate lesions showed significant impairment on the subsequent threshold determinations. The results indicate that raised pattern discrimination thresholds are not the cause of the pattern discrimination learning deficits produced by inferior temporal lesions. Data from additional visual discriminations presented after threshold testing was completed point, instead, to a loss of attention to stimulus features as the explanation for the learning deficit.", "contents": "Pattern discrimination thresholds after partial inferior temporal or lateral striate lesions in monkeys. Ablation of inferior temporal (IT) cortex, particularly of the posterior region, produces severe impairment in pattern discrimination learning. The present study examined whether this impairment is associated with raised pattern discrimination thresholds. Groups of three monkeys each were given either anterior IT, posterior IT, or foveal striate lesions, or kept as controls. They were trained after surgery on a threshold task in which a 90 degrees white angle on a gray ground was the standard, and 15 angles ranging from 10 degrees through 88.5 degrees were the comparisons. As expected, monkeys with posterior IT lesions were the most severely impaired in learning the initial discrimination (90 degrees vs. 10 degrees). However, only the monkeys with foveal striate lesions showed significant impairment on the subsequent threshold determinations. The results indicate that raised pattern discrimination thresholds are not the cause of the pattern discrimination learning deficits produced by inferior temporal lesions. Data from additional visual discriminations presented after threshold testing was completed point, instead, to a loss of attention to stimulus features as the explanation for the learning deficit.", "PMID": 401666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_943", "title": "Subcellular distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in rat brain and hypothalamus.", "content": "TRH localization in rat brain and hypothalamic tissue was studied by determination of immunoassayable TRH in subcellular fractions prepared from homogenates of these tissues. In both hypothalamus and brain, most of the TRH was found in a crude mitochondrial fraction and its concentration was higher in the synaptosomal fraction isolated by density gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopy was used to verify the composition of the fractions. Exposure of the brain crude mitochondrial fraction to osmotic shock resulted in solubilization of TRH which then was sedimented by centrifugation at 96,000 X g. TRH added to brain homogenates in vitro was rapidly destroyed by incubation at 37 degrees C, but no endogenouse TRH was lost by such incubation. The localization of TRH of hypothalamic and brain tissue to subcellular fractions consisting largely of synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles is compatible with a neurotransmitter function for this substance.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in rat brain and hypothalamus. TRH localization in rat brain and hypothalamic tissue was studied by determination of immunoassayable TRH in subcellular fractions prepared from homogenates of these tissues. In both hypothalamus and brain, most of the TRH was found in a crude mitochondrial fraction and its concentration was higher in the synaptosomal fraction isolated by density gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopy was used to verify the composition of the fractions. Exposure of the brain crude mitochondrial fraction to osmotic shock resulted in solubilization of TRH which then was sedimented by centrifugation at 96,000 X g. TRH added to brain homogenates in vitro was rapidly destroyed by incubation at 37 degrees C, but no endogenouse TRH was lost by such incubation. The localization of TRH of hypothalamic and brain tissue to subcellular fractions consisting largely of synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles is compatible with a neurotransmitter function for this substance.", "PMID": 401667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_944", "title": "Patients' compliance with follow-up after treatment of gonococcal urethritis.", "content": "By means of telephone tracing 96% follow-up was achieved in men treated for gonococcal urethritis. A large proportion (34.8%) of patients required one or more calls before follow-up could be obtained. Frequency of sexual re-exposure, proportion with persistent gonorrhea or reinfection, and interval between initial therapy and follow-up were greater in those who required telephone contact for follow-up than in the group who returned for follow-up. Failure to reappear for follow-up does not imply either bacteriologic cure or disappearance of symptoms. Control of gonococcal infection still depends largely upon aggressive methods of case finding, appropriate therapy and careful follow-up.", "contents": "Patients' compliance with follow-up after treatment of gonococcal urethritis. By means of telephone tracing 96% follow-up was achieved in men treated for gonococcal urethritis. A large proportion (34.8%) of patients required one or more calls before follow-up could be obtained. Frequency of sexual re-exposure, proportion with persistent gonorrhea or reinfection, and interval between initial therapy and follow-up were greater in those who required telephone contact for follow-up than in the group who returned for follow-up. Failure to reappear for follow-up does not imply either bacteriologic cure or disappearance of symptoms. Control of gonococcal infection still depends largely upon aggressive methods of case finding, appropriate therapy and careful follow-up.", "PMID": 401673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_945", "title": "Plasma cell granuloma of the lung, response to radiation therapy: report of a single case.", "content": "A benign, inflammatory lung mass was discovered in a healthy 15-year-old boy who had no chest symptoms. A biopsy was performed, but total removal was not attempted. The histologic diagnosis was plasma cell granuloma of the lung. Because of progressive enlargement of the lung mass, radiation therapy was given and the mass has slowly regressed. Although surgery of these lung lesions is the preferred treatment, radiation therapy should be considered if there is no regression or if the mass continues to enlarge.", "contents": "Plasma cell granuloma of the lung, response to radiation therapy: report of a single case. A benign, inflammatory lung mass was discovered in a healthy 15-year-old boy who had no chest symptoms. A biopsy was performed, but total removal was not attempted. The histologic diagnosis was plasma cell granuloma of the lung. Because of progressive enlargement of the lung mass, radiation therapy was given and the mass has slowly regressed. Although surgery of these lung lesions is the preferred treatment, radiation therapy should be considered if there is no regression or if the mass continues to enlarge.", "PMID": 401674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_946", "title": "Monoclonal macroglobulinemia with osteolytic lesions: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A patient with monoclonal macroglobulinemia and osteolytic lesions was studied and 24 previously reported closely related cases were reviewed. Cases studied by ultracentrifugation without an immunoelectrophoresis were not considered. Patients presenting with a primary increase in monoclonal IgM molecules may be divided into three groups: typical Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, macroglobulinemia with osteolytic lesions resembling multiple myeloma, and a group displaying features of both diseases. At present, cell morphology is not helpful in separating these groups, and a bone survey is recommended. The authors underscore the clinical importance of the early recognition of these entities since procedures such as plasmapheresis for the management of hyperviscosity syndrome, mobilization and local radiotherapy to symptomatic lytic lesions may be necessary for optimal management.", "contents": "Monoclonal macroglobulinemia with osteolytic lesions: a case report and review of the literature. A patient with monoclonal macroglobulinemia and osteolytic lesions was studied and 24 previously reported closely related cases were reviewed. Cases studied by ultracentrifugation without an immunoelectrophoresis were not considered. Patients presenting with a primary increase in monoclonal IgM molecules may be divided into three groups: typical Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, macroglobulinemia with osteolytic lesions resembling multiple myeloma, and a group displaying features of both diseases. At present, cell morphology is not helpful in separating these groups, and a bone survey is recommended. The authors underscore the clinical importance of the early recognition of these entities since procedures such as plasmapheresis for the management of hyperviscosity syndrome, mobilization and local radiotherapy to symptomatic lytic lesions may be necessary for optimal management.", "PMID": 401675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_947", "title": "Survival of patients with localized histiocytic lymphoma.", "content": "Twenty of 65 patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma were identified by staging laparotomy as being in pathologic stages (PS) I, I(E), II, II(E). Six of the 20 patients were treated with total nodal, 10 with extended mantle, and four with involved-field radiotherapy. The survival rate and relapse-free survival at five years were 71% and 78%, respectively. All relapses occurred within the first year and were confined to patients with PS II disease and four or more sites of involvement. Accurate pathologic staging identifies patients who are potentially curable with radiotherapy. Further studies are required to determine the treatment necessary to achieve cure in PS II patients with more than four sites of involvement.", "contents": "Survival of patients with localized histiocytic lymphoma. Twenty of 65 patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma were identified by staging laparotomy as being in pathologic stages (PS) I, I(E), II, II(E). Six of the 20 patients were treated with total nodal, 10 with extended mantle, and four with involved-field radiotherapy. The survival rate and relapse-free survival at five years were 71% and 78%, respectively. All relapses occurred within the first year and were confined to patients with PS II disease and four or more sites of involvement. Accurate pathologic staging identifies patients who are potentially curable with radiotherapy. Further studies are required to determine the treatment necessary to achieve cure in PS II patients with more than four sites of involvement.", "PMID": 401676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_948", "title": "The role of radiation therapy in localized resectable intestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children.", "content": "Forty children with localized resectable intestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were seen between 1948 and 1974. Survival was related to the extent of disease at presentation and to therapy. No deaths occurred after 15 months and no recurrences occurred after 13 months after diagnosis. Six of eight stage IE patients (75%) and nine of 29 stage IIE patients (31%) have survived a minimum of 2 years; one of the three stage IVE patients has survived 17 years. Unfavorable prognostic findings at surgery were serosal involvement, presence of tumor at the surgical margins, mesenteric nodal involvement, and the presence of abdominal fluid or blood. Paraortic nodal involvement or multiple primary foci were universally fatal. Eight of 11 patients (73%) treated with surgery and whole abdominal irradiation (greater than or equal 2000 rad) with or without chemotherapy have survived. Seven of 18 patients (39%) treated with surgery and low dose chemotherapy have survived. One of seven patients treated with surgery and localized or low dose radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy has survived. Four patients treated with surgery alone died. Bone marrow and central nervous system involvement occurred after previous disease relapse elsewhere.", "contents": "The role of radiation therapy in localized resectable intestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children. Forty children with localized resectable intestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were seen between 1948 and 1974. Survival was related to the extent of disease at presentation and to therapy. No deaths occurred after 15 months and no recurrences occurred after 13 months after diagnosis. Six of eight stage IE patients (75%) and nine of 29 stage IIE patients (31%) have survived a minimum of 2 years; one of the three stage IVE patients has survived 17 years. Unfavorable prognostic findings at surgery were serosal involvement, presence of tumor at the surgical margins, mesenteric nodal involvement, and the presence of abdominal fluid or blood. Paraortic nodal involvement or multiple primary foci were universally fatal. Eight of 11 patients (73%) treated with surgery and whole abdominal irradiation (greater than or equal 2000 rad) with or without chemotherapy have survived. Seven of 18 patients (39%) treated with surgery and low dose chemotherapy have survived. One of seven patients treated with surgery and localized or low dose radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy has survived. Four patients treated with surgery alone died. Bone marrow and central nervous system involvement occurred after previous disease relapse elsewhere.", "PMID": 401677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_949", "title": "Radiation therapy in the management of localized carcinoma of the prostate: a preliminary report.", "content": "Since 1970 a total of 107 patients has been treated radically with radiation therapy for carcinoma of the prostate. The local control with this form of treatment is over 90%. The five year actuarial survival is 74% and the disease-free survival 58%. Serious morbidity has been minimal. Survival is related to the extent of initial involvement and the histology of the tumor, but is not influenced by elevation of the acid phosphatase. Radical radiation therapy is an effective method of local control for carcinoma of the prostate and is potentially curative.", "contents": "Radiation therapy in the management of localized carcinoma of the prostate: a preliminary report. Since 1970 a total of 107 patients has been treated radically with radiation therapy for carcinoma of the prostate. The local control with this form of treatment is over 90%. The five year actuarial survival is 74% and the disease-free survival 58%. Serious morbidity has been minimal. Survival is related to the extent of initial involvement and the histology of the tumor, but is not influenced by elevation of the acid phosphatase. Radical radiation therapy is an effective method of local control for carcinoma of the prostate and is potentially curative.", "PMID": 401678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_950", "title": "Epidermal ribosome accumulation during two-stage skin tumorigenesis.", "content": "The increase in interfollicular epidermal ribosomes on the backs of mice initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene and promoted with 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate was disproportionate to the increase in epidermal wet weight, protein, and DNA. Whereas ribosome numbers increased five- to sixfold 48 hr after the first, fourth, or eight application of 12-3-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, epidermal tissue increased only two- to threefold at these times. This disproportionate increase was due to the fact that, concurrent with the increased amount of interfollicular epidermal tissue and cells, ribosomes per g epidermis and per mg DNA increased two to three times normal. The tissue concentration and cellular content of ribosomes were also increased in the epidermal component of induced squamous papillomas. The work of others has demonstrated that, during growth of other tissues and organs, ribosome accumulation is proportionate to accumulation of tissue and/or cells. The results of our study indicate that the epidermis may have unique kinetics of ribosome accumulation during induced growth. Furthermore, these findings suggest the interesting possibility that other tumor-prone surface epithelia, such as the linings of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, have similar kinetics of ribosome accumulation during induced growth.", "contents": "Epidermal ribosome accumulation during two-stage skin tumorigenesis. The increase in interfollicular epidermal ribosomes on the backs of mice initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene and promoted with 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate was disproportionate to the increase in epidermal wet weight, protein, and DNA. Whereas ribosome numbers increased five- to sixfold 48 hr after the first, fourth, or eight application of 12-3-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, epidermal tissue increased only two- to threefold at these times. This disproportionate increase was due to the fact that, concurrent with the increased amount of interfollicular epidermal tissue and cells, ribosomes per g epidermis and per mg DNA increased two to three times normal. The tissue concentration and cellular content of ribosomes were also increased in the epidermal component of induced squamous papillomas. The work of others has demonstrated that, during growth of other tissues and organs, ribosome accumulation is proportionate to accumulation of tissue and/or cells. The results of our study indicate that the epidermis may have unique kinetics of ribosome accumulation during induced growth. Furthermore, these findings suggest the interesting possibility that other tumor-prone surface epithelia, such as the linings of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, have similar kinetics of ribosome accumulation during induced growth.", "PMID": 401679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_951", "title": "Effects of serum concentration on the expression of carcinogen-induced transformation in the C3H/10T1/2 CL8 cell line.", "content": "The C3H/10T1/2 CL8 cell line (10T1/2) is being widely used as a quantitative assay system for chemical and physical carcinogens. 10T1/2 cells, but not their transformed counterparts, exhibit a decreased final saturation density with decreasing serum concentration. Exposure of carcinogen-treated cultures to 5% serum 8 days posttreatment led to a 2- to 6-fold enhancement in transformation frequency in comparison with cultures maintained in 10% serum throughout. Exposure 14,21, or 28 days posttreatment also caused enhancement of transformation frequency, provided a sufficient time for expression of the malignant phenotype was allowed. Exposure to 5% serum 1 or 2 days posttreatment did not lead to significant enhancement of transformation frequency. In contrast, exposure to 15 or 20% serum after 8 days virtually abolished the expression of malignancy; however, this inhibition could be reversed by 5% serum. Morphologically transformed foci isolated from cultures exposed to 5% serum produced clones in agarose with the same frequency as did foci isolated from cultures exposed to 10% serum. Reconstruction experiments, utilizing confluent monolayers of 10T1/2 cells overlaid with transformed cells, demonstrated that the growth of transformed cells decreased proportionally with the log of serum concentration. This effect was not caused by depletion of medium and was dependent upon the presence of 10T1/2 cells. It is concluded that the expression of malignancy in this system is governed by the serum-modulated cell density of the mass of non-transformed cells in the culture.", "contents": "Effects of serum concentration on the expression of carcinogen-induced transformation in the C3H/10T1/2 CL8 cell line. The C3H/10T1/2 CL8 cell line (10T1/2) is being widely used as a quantitative assay system for chemical and physical carcinogens. 10T1/2 cells, but not their transformed counterparts, exhibit a decreased final saturation density with decreasing serum concentration. Exposure of carcinogen-treated cultures to 5% serum 8 days posttreatment led to a 2- to 6-fold enhancement in transformation frequency in comparison with cultures maintained in 10% serum throughout. Exposure 14,21, or 28 days posttreatment also caused enhancement of transformation frequency, provided a sufficient time for expression of the malignant phenotype was allowed. Exposure to 5% serum 1 or 2 days posttreatment did not lead to significant enhancement of transformation frequency. In contrast, exposure to 15 or 20% serum after 8 days virtually abolished the expression of malignancy; however, this inhibition could be reversed by 5% serum. Morphologically transformed foci isolated from cultures exposed to 5% serum produced clones in agarose with the same frequency as did foci isolated from cultures exposed to 10% serum. Reconstruction experiments, utilizing confluent monolayers of 10T1/2 cells overlaid with transformed cells, demonstrated that the growth of transformed cells decreased proportionally with the log of serum concentration. This effect was not caused by depletion of medium and was dependent upon the presence of 10T1/2 cells. It is concluded that the expression of malignancy in this system is governed by the serum-modulated cell density of the mass of non-transformed cells in the culture.", "PMID": 401680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_952", "title": "Destruction of experimental malignant melanoma by mediators of cellular immunity.", "content": "Listeria monocytogenes (LM) in admixture with B-16 melanoma suppresses local tumor development in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. In vitro, LM-immune peritoneal and splenic cells are cytotoxic to B-16. Induction of cell-mediated immunity to LM antigens are required for the killing effect, since effector cells from LM-\"immune\" athymic nude mice are unable to kill tumor cells in vitro. Further, elimination of macrophages by a specific antiserum plus complement abrogates the cytotoxic effect of peritoneal cells. Peritoneal or splenic adherent or nonadherent cells are not cytotoxic, whereas combination of these two cell populations in the presence of the specific antigen can kill the B-16 target cells. A factor, probably lymphotoxin, released by the intact effector cells in the culture fluid mediates tumor cell destruction in vitro. Production of this factor requires cooperation of macrophages with specifically sensitized thymus-derived cells.", "contents": "Destruction of experimental malignant melanoma by mediators of cellular immunity. Listeria monocytogenes (LM) in admixture with B-16 melanoma suppresses local tumor development in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. In vitro, LM-immune peritoneal and splenic cells are cytotoxic to B-16. Induction of cell-mediated immunity to LM antigens are required for the killing effect, since effector cells from LM-\"immune\" athymic nude mice are unable to kill tumor cells in vitro. Further, elimination of macrophages by a specific antiserum plus complement abrogates the cytotoxic effect of peritoneal cells. Peritoneal or splenic adherent or nonadherent cells are not cytotoxic, whereas combination of these two cell populations in the presence of the specific antigen can kill the B-16 target cells. A factor, probably lymphotoxin, released by the intact effector cells in the culture fluid mediates tumor cell destruction in vitro. Production of this factor requires cooperation of macrophages with specifically sensitized thymus-derived cells.", "PMID": 401681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_953", "title": "Separation of lymphocytes and mast cells from the Furth transplantable mast cell tumor in an isokinetic gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium.", "content": "Cell suspensions of the transplantable Furth murine mast cell tumor were separated both by velocity sedimentation in an isokinetic gradient and by isopyknic sedimentation. Prior to separation, the suspension of tumor cells contained 60.3+/-13.1% (S.D.) malignant mast cells, 9.8+/-10.4% lymphocytes, 4.3+/-2.1% granulocytes, 1.7+/-1.9% macrophages, 0.6+/-0.4% unidentified cells, and 22.8+/-8.5% red blood cells. After either isokinetic or isopyknic sedimentation, more than 97% of the nucleated cells in the purest modal fraction were malignant mast cells. Velocity sedimentation in the isokinetic gradient offered several advantages over isopyknic separation of this tumor; namely, in isokinetic sedimentation, the cells are exposed to a lower centrifugal force for a shorter period of time; a much larger proportion of mast cells were in the highly purified zone of the gradient following velocity sedimentation; and lymphocytes were more highly purified (88.9+/-10.1% of the nucleated cells) following velocity sedimentation. Granulocytes and macrophages were purified more than 8-fold over the nucleated cells in the starting sample suspension. The purified cells from this tumor offer the opportunity to study the interactions between highly purified, easily identified, malignant cells and cells that may participate in the defense of the host against cancer.", "contents": "Separation of lymphocytes and mast cells from the Furth transplantable mast cell tumor in an isokinetic gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium. Cell suspensions of the transplantable Furth murine mast cell tumor were separated both by velocity sedimentation in an isokinetic gradient and by isopyknic sedimentation. Prior to separation, the suspension of tumor cells contained 60.3+/-13.1% (S.D.) malignant mast cells, 9.8+/-10.4% lymphocytes, 4.3+/-2.1% granulocytes, 1.7+/-1.9% macrophages, 0.6+/-0.4% unidentified cells, and 22.8+/-8.5% red blood cells. After either isokinetic or isopyknic sedimentation, more than 97% of the nucleated cells in the purest modal fraction were malignant mast cells. Velocity sedimentation in the isokinetic gradient offered several advantages over isopyknic separation of this tumor; namely, in isokinetic sedimentation, the cells are exposed to a lower centrifugal force for a shorter period of time; a much larger proportion of mast cells were in the highly purified zone of the gradient following velocity sedimentation; and lymphocytes were more highly purified (88.9+/-10.1% of the nucleated cells) following velocity sedimentation. Granulocytes and macrophages were purified more than 8-fold over the nucleated cells in the starting sample suspension. The purified cells from this tumor offer the opportunity to study the interactions between highly purified, easily identified, malignant cells and cells that may participate in the defense of the host against cancer.", "PMID": 401682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_954", "title": "Inhibition of mammary cancer by retinyl methyl ether.", "content": "Daily feeding of the synthetic retinoid, retinyl methyl ether, beginning one week after the oral administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to female Sprague-Dawley rats, inhibited the incidence of mammary cancer and diminished the number of mammary tumors, both malignant and benign, caused by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Retinyl methyl ether also markedly increased the latent period for appearance of mammary cancers. Retinyl methyl ether caused no evident toxicity and did not affect weight gain in these experiments. This synthetic retinoid was superior to the natural retinoid, retinyl acetate, for inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of mammary cancer by retinyl methyl ether. Daily feeding of the synthetic retinoid, retinyl methyl ether, beginning one week after the oral administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to female Sprague-Dawley rats, inhibited the incidence of mammary cancer and diminished the number of mammary tumors, both malignant and benign, caused by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Retinyl methyl ether also markedly increased the latent period for appearance of mammary cancers. Retinyl methyl ether caused no evident toxicity and did not affect weight gain in these experiments. This synthetic retinoid was superior to the natural retinoid, retinyl acetate, for inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 401683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_955", "title": "In vivo sterol biosynthesis by pea aphid symbiotes as determined by digitonin and electron microscopic autoradiography.", "content": "Pea aphid primary symbiotes have previously been shown to synthesize cholesterol in vitro. Two electron microscopic techniques were used here to determine whether the symbiotes also synthesize cholesterol in vivo and whether this cholesterol is made available to the aphid. We also inquired into a possible role of secondary symbiotes in chosesterol biosynthesis. Treatment of aphids with digitonin resulted in significant alteration of ultrastructural sites in primary and secondary symbiote membranes. We concluded that these sites are areas of high cholesterol concentration in the symbiotes. Electron microscopic autoradiography with 3H-mevalonate precursor indicated that both primary and secondary symbiotes synthesize cholesterol; in both cases, the majority of grains were associated with the symbiote membranes. While the frequency of grains on the symbiotes remained constant, irrespective of incubation time in labelled media, the frequency of grains over surrounding tissues increased exponentially as the time of incubation was increased from 30 min to 8 h, indicating that symbiote cholesterol is transported to other tissues. High voltage electron microscopic autoradiography permitted thick section autoradiography, reducing the time of emulsion exposure from 54 days (thin section) to 12 days (0.5 mum sections).", "contents": "In vivo sterol biosynthesis by pea aphid symbiotes as determined by digitonin and electron microscopic autoradiography. Pea aphid primary symbiotes have previously been shown to synthesize cholesterol in vitro. Two electron microscopic techniques were used here to determine whether the symbiotes also synthesize cholesterol in vivo and whether this cholesterol is made available to the aphid. We also inquired into a possible role of secondary symbiotes in chosesterol biosynthesis. Treatment of aphids with digitonin resulted in significant alteration of ultrastructural sites in primary and secondary symbiote membranes. We concluded that these sites are areas of high cholesterol concentration in the symbiotes. Electron microscopic autoradiography with 3H-mevalonate precursor indicated that both primary and secondary symbiotes synthesize cholesterol; in both cases, the majority of grains were associated with the symbiote membranes. While the frequency of grains on the symbiotes remained constant, irrespective of incubation time in labelled media, the frequency of grains over surrounding tissues increased exponentially as the time of incubation was increased from 30 min to 8 h, indicating that symbiote cholesterol is transported to other tissues. High voltage electron microscopic autoradiography permitted thick section autoradiography, reducing the time of emulsion exposure from 54 days (thin section) to 12 days (0.5 mum sections).", "PMID": 401684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_956", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of dissociated pancreatic acinar cell surfaces.", "content": "The pancreatic acinar cell surfaces have been studied by SEM with a dissection of technique and correlated with results obtained by TEM. The SEM results demonstrate characteristic arrangement of microplicae which in some areas are densely packed. In many areas, the microplicae are distributed in such a manner that they create zones with typical geometrical shapes and show a relatively smooth surface. These smooth areas may coincide, as indicated by correlated TEM results, with the limits of intimate contact between adjacent acinar cells which, in turn, represent part of the junctional complex.  Another aspect revealed by these SEM preparations concerns the presence of groups of densely packed microplicae, arranged in regular rows and distributed along some grooves and/or infoldings of the cellular surface. On the basis of SEM and TEM information, it is likely that these structures correspond to intercellular (and possibly, in some cases, intracellular) canaliculi which topographically form a kind of extensive microlabyrinthine arrangement running along all the cell sides. One final point revealed by fractured samples concerns the finding of spherical zymogen droplets within the vesicles of the Golgi complex. Because in many scanning images these vesicles appear connected by small openings, it is suggested that they may represent a system of intercommunicating chambers (vacuoles) through which the zymogen droplets can be continuously accumulated and discharged into the acinar lumen.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of dissociated pancreatic acinar cell surfaces. The pancreatic acinar cell surfaces have been studied by SEM with a dissection of technique and correlated with results obtained by TEM. The SEM results demonstrate characteristic arrangement of microplicae which in some areas are densely packed. In many areas, the microplicae are distributed in such a manner that they create zones with typical geometrical shapes and show a relatively smooth surface. These smooth areas may coincide, as indicated by correlated TEM results, with the limits of intimate contact between adjacent acinar cells which, in turn, represent part of the junctional complex.  Another aspect revealed by these SEM preparations concerns the presence of groups of densely packed microplicae, arranged in regular rows and distributed along some grooves and/or infoldings of the cellular surface. On the basis of SEM and TEM information, it is likely that these structures correspond to intercellular (and possibly, in some cases, intracellular) canaliculi which topographically form a kind of extensive microlabyrinthine arrangement running along all the cell sides. One final point revealed by fractured samples concerns the finding of spherical zymogen droplets within the vesicles of the Golgi complex. Because in many scanning images these vesicles appear connected by small openings, it is suggested that they may represent a system of intercommunicating chambers (vacuoles) through which the zymogen droplets can be continuously accumulated and discharged into the acinar lumen.", "PMID": 401685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_957", "title": "Sustained hemodynamic and antianginal effect of high dose oral isosorbide dinitrate.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with documented coronary atherosclerotic heart disease were studied to determine the effect of high dose oral isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) on heart rate, blood pressure, and exercise time until angina pectoris. Patients were tested in two phases, initially with 0.4 mg of sublingual nitroglycerin and with sublingual placebo, and then with oral ISDN, mean dose 29 mg, and oral placebo. Both phases of the study were conducted in a randomized, double-blind, crossover manner. After ISDN was compared to oral placebo, heart rate increased at 30 to 300 min (P less than 0.01) (peak increase 18 beats/min at 60 min), and systolic blood pressure decreased from 45 to 300 min (P less than 0.005) (peak decrease 18 mm Hg at 60 min). Exercise time at 2 min after sublingual nitroglycerin increased 51% as compared to oral placebo, exercise time increased 54% at 1 hr (P less than 0.005), 37% at 3 hr (P less than 0.01), and 12% at 5 hr (NS). Twelve of 21 patients (57%) improved their exercise time until angina larger than or equal to 25% at 1 hr after oral ISDN. The exercise response to sublingual nitroglycerin was a good predictor of this response to oral ISDN.", "contents": "Sustained hemodynamic and antianginal effect of high dose oral isosorbide dinitrate. Twenty-one patients with documented coronary atherosclerotic heart disease were studied to determine the effect of high dose oral isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) on heart rate, blood pressure, and exercise time until angina pectoris. Patients were tested in two phases, initially with 0.4 mg of sublingual nitroglycerin and with sublingual placebo, and then with oral ISDN, mean dose 29 mg, and oral placebo. Both phases of the study were conducted in a randomized, double-blind, crossover manner. After ISDN was compared to oral placebo, heart rate increased at 30 to 300 min (P less than 0.01) (peak increase 18 beats/min at 60 min), and systolic blood pressure decreased from 45 to 300 min (P less than 0.005) (peak decrease 18 mm Hg at 60 min). Exercise time at 2 min after sublingual nitroglycerin increased 51% as compared to oral placebo, exercise time increased 54% at 1 hr (P less than 0.005), 37% at 3 hr (P less than 0.01), and 12% at 5 hr (NS). Twelve of 21 patients (57%) improved their exercise time until angina larger than or equal to 25% at 1 hr after oral ISDN. The exercise response to sublingual nitroglycerin was a good predictor of this response to oral ISDN.", "PMID": 401690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_958", "title": "Long-lasting effect of oral molsydomine on exercise performance: a new antianginal agent.", "content": "This study examines whether the beneficial effects of molsydomine, a recently introduced antianginal agent, on exercise performance of patients with angina pectoris are long lasting. The hemodynamic effects are known to persist for several hours. The effects of molsydomine on the duration of exercise and the time to the onset of ST depression were compared to those of placebo during two hours after oral administration. Molsydomine prolonged the duration of exercise in all eight patients (average 2.8 min, P less than 0.001) and delayed the onset of ST depression (average 2.2 min, P less than 0.001), while the placebo failed to alter these measurements. The increment of the duration of exercise produced by 2 mg of molsydomine in two hours following oral administration was comparable to the increment produced in a few minutes after 0.3 mg of nitroglycerin given sublingually. The results indicate that molsydomine offers prophylasis for angina pectoris that lasts at least two hours after oral administration.", "contents": "Long-lasting effect of oral molsydomine on exercise performance: a new antianginal agent. This study examines whether the beneficial effects of molsydomine, a recently introduced antianginal agent, on exercise performance of patients with angina pectoris are long lasting. The hemodynamic effects are known to persist for several hours. The effects of molsydomine on the duration of exercise and the time to the onset of ST depression were compared to those of placebo during two hours after oral administration. Molsydomine prolonged the duration of exercise in all eight patients (average 2.8 min, P less than 0.001) and delayed the onset of ST depression (average 2.2 min, P less than 0.001), while the placebo failed to alter these measurements. The increment of the duration of exercise produced by 2 mg of molsydomine in two hours following oral administration was comparable to the increment produced in a few minutes after 0.3 mg of nitroglycerin given sublingually. The results indicate that molsydomine offers prophylasis for angina pectoris that lasts at least two hours after oral administration.", "PMID": 401691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_959", "title": "Erythrocyte porphobilinogen synthase (delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase) activity: a reliable and quantitative indicator of lead exposure in humans.", "content": "We assessed optimal conditions for assay of porphobillinogen synthase (EC 4.2.1.24) activity in human blood containing abnormally high concentrations of lead. Zn2+and -SH, both required for complete activation of the enzyme, had additive effects. Using a modified method based on these studies, we found blood lead concentration to be strictly proportional to ln(activated/nonactivated) enzyme activity. One brand of commercially available \"lead-free\" tubes contained a substance that interfered with this relationship. In vitro studies, with the modified assay, showed ALAD to be activated by low concentrations but inactivated by high concentrations of Hg2+, Cd2+, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate. We fouund no genetically influenced differences among unexposed individuals when in(activated/nonactivated) enzyme activities were compared. The technique is suitable for use in screening for lead poisoning in humans.", "contents": "Erythrocyte porphobilinogen synthase (delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase) activity: a reliable and quantitative indicator of lead exposure in humans. We assessed optimal conditions for assay of porphobillinogen synthase (EC 4.2.1.24) activity in human blood containing abnormally high concentrations of lead. Zn2+and -SH, both required for complete activation of the enzyme, had additive effects. Using a modified method based on these studies, we found blood lead concentration to be strictly proportional to ln(activated/nonactivated) enzyme activity. One brand of commercially available \"lead-free\" tubes contained a substance that interfered with this relationship. In vitro studies, with the modified assay, showed ALAD to be activated by low concentrations but inactivated by high concentrations of Hg2+, Cd2+, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate. We fouund no genetically influenced differences among unexposed individuals when in(activated/nonactivated) enzyme activities were compared. The technique is suitable for use in screening for lead poisoning in humans.", "PMID": 401692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_960", "title": "A simple ligand-binding assay for thyroxine-binding globulin on reusable Sephadex columns.", "content": "A method for the assay of thyroxine-binding globulin on reusable Sephadex G-25 (fine) columns is described. It depends upon elution by diluted iodothyronine-free serum of protein-bound [125 I]thyroxine from the columns under conditions where binding to thyroxine-binding prealbumin and albumin are abolished. It is simple, rapid and precise and permits determinations in large numbers of samples. Values (mg/l; mean +/- S.D.) were: normals 31.6 +/- 5.4, hyperthyroid 28.3 +/- 4.8, hypothyroid 40.6 +/- 7.5, oral contraceptives 40.1 +/- 6.8, pregnant 50.3 +/- 5.4, cirrhotics 20.7 +/- 4.3. Concentrations were reduced in serum heated at 56 degrees C, while the uptake of [125 I]triiodothyronine was increased. There was a significant negative correlation between thyroxine-binding globulin concentration and triiodothyronine uptake in the heated serum samples and in euthyroid subjects.", "contents": "A simple ligand-binding assay for thyroxine-binding globulin on reusable Sephadex columns. A method for the assay of thyroxine-binding globulin on reusable Sephadex G-25 (fine) columns is described. It depends upon elution by diluted iodothyronine-free serum of protein-bound [125 I]thyroxine from the columns under conditions where binding to thyroxine-binding prealbumin and albumin are abolished. It is simple, rapid and precise and permits determinations in large numbers of samples. Values (mg/l; mean +/- S.D.) were: normals 31.6 +/- 5.4, hyperthyroid 28.3 +/- 4.8, hypothyroid 40.6 +/- 7.5, oral contraceptives 40.1 +/- 6.8, pregnant 50.3 +/- 5.4, cirrhotics 20.7 +/- 4.3. Concentrations were reduced in serum heated at 56 degrees C, while the uptake of [125 I]triiodothyronine was increased. There was a significant negative correlation between thyroxine-binding globulin concentration and triiodothyronine uptake in the heated serum samples and in euthyroid subjects.", "PMID": 401694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_961", "title": "A study of enocrine function in protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "Serum concentration of cortisol, growth hormone, thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone, together with triiodothyronine uptake have been measured in Nigerian children with kwashiorkor and marasmus and compared with controls. In both types of malnutrition the cortisol and growth hormone concentrations are raised, whereas those of thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone are lowered compared with the controls. Triiodothyronine uptake is lowered in malnutrition but there is no apparent effect on follicle stimulating hormone or luteinising hormone in this age group.", "contents": "A study of enocrine function in protein-energy malnutrition. Serum concentration of cortisol, growth hormone, thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone, together with triiodothyronine uptake have been measured in Nigerian children with kwashiorkor and marasmus and compared with controls. In both types of malnutrition the cortisol and growth hormone concentrations are raised, whereas those of thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone are lowered compared with the controls. Triiodothyronine uptake is lowered in malnutrition but there is no apparent effect on follicle stimulating hormone or luteinising hormone in this age group.", "PMID": 401696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_962", "title": "A patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency: enzymological and metabolic aspects.", "content": "1. Enzymological and metabolic data in a patient with nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) deficiency are described. 2. Incubation of intact NP-deficient red cells with [14C]adenosine showed a rapid uptake and conversion to inosine. Almost no radioactivity was incorporated in the adenosine nucleotides and no hypoxanthine labeling could be detected. 3. Incubation with [14C]inosine resulted in a rapid conversion to IMP in the normal intact red cells but in an accumulation of inosine in the medium with the erythrocytes of the patient, proving again that a NP deficiency is present. 4. The high PRPP level found may result from impaired consumption due to lack of substrates for the salvage enzyme HGPRT. 5. Incubation with [14C]hypoxanthine and [14C]adenine showed that normal HGPRT and APRT activities were present in the NP-deficient red cells. 6. In serum and urine of the patient the levels of inosine and guanosine were considerably increased, while the serum and urinary levels of uric acid were very low. In the two deceased sisters NP deficiency was also strongly suggested by analyses of the serum purines, of stored deep frozen samples.", "contents": "A patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency: enzymological and metabolic aspects. 1. Enzymological and metabolic data in a patient with nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) deficiency are described. 2. Incubation of intact NP-deficient red cells with [14C]adenosine showed a rapid uptake and conversion to inosine. Almost no radioactivity was incorporated in the adenosine nucleotides and no hypoxanthine labeling could be detected. 3. Incubation with [14C]inosine resulted in a rapid conversion to IMP in the normal intact red cells but in an accumulation of inosine in the medium with the erythrocytes of the patient, proving again that a NP deficiency is present. 4. The high PRPP level found may result from impaired consumption due to lack of substrates for the salvage enzyme HGPRT. 5. Incubation with [14C]hypoxanthine and [14C]adenine showed that normal HGPRT and APRT activities were present in the NP-deficient red cells. 6. In serum and urine of the patient the levels of inosine and guanosine were considerably increased, while the serum and urinary levels of uric acid were very low. In the two deceased sisters NP deficiency was also strongly suggested by analyses of the serum purines, of stored deep frozen samples.", "PMID": 401697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_963", "title": "Fenoprofen, aspirin, and gold induction in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Fenoprofen calcium (2,400 mg/day) or aspirin (3,900 mg/day) was administered in double-blind fashion to 20 rheumatoid patients during 6 months of gold induction therapy, and to 20 rheumatoid patients not receiving gold. Among both the gold-treated and nongold-treated patients, the fenoprofen and aspirin groups improved equally in all but one parameter of disease activity. Fenoprofen and aspirin did not differ significantly in the observed prevalences of abdominal discomfort, guaiac-positive stools, or peptic ulcers. Aspirin was associated with significantly higher mean serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels than fenoprofen, but only among patients undergoing gold induction. Comparison of efficacy parameters between patients treated with gold and patients treated with oral drugs alone revealed significant differences favoring gold.", "contents": "Fenoprofen, aspirin, and gold induction in rheumatoid arthritis. Fenoprofen calcium (2,400 mg/day) or aspirin (3,900 mg/day) was administered in double-blind fashion to 20 rheumatoid patients during 6 months of gold induction therapy, and to 20 rheumatoid patients not receiving gold. Among both the gold-treated and nongold-treated patients, the fenoprofen and aspirin groups improved equally in all but one parameter of disease activity. Fenoprofen and aspirin did not differ significantly in the observed prevalences of abdominal discomfort, guaiac-positive stools, or peptic ulcers. Aspirin was associated with significantly higher mean serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels than fenoprofen, but only among patients undergoing gold induction. Comparison of efficacy parameters between patients treated with gold and patients treated with oral drugs alone revealed significant differences favoring gold.", "PMID": 401699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_964", "title": "Evolution of bacterial sensitivity to fosfomycin in the Cindad Sanitaria 'Francisco Franco' in Barcelona.", "content": "A revision was done of the sensitivity of isolated germs in urine cultures and various other cultures to fosfomycin from 1972 to the present in the Ciudad Sanitaria 'Francisco Franco' in Barcelona. The results obtained were analyzed. The general observation was that of a fairly uniform behavior in the majority of germs that had shown an increase in resistance in 1973, and a clear tendency to a decrease in resistance in 1974 and 1975 with the exception of P. rettgeri (Lact.+) and P. morganii.", "contents": "Evolution of bacterial sensitivity to fosfomycin in the Cindad Sanitaria 'Francisco Franco' in Barcelona. A revision was done of the sensitivity of isolated germs in urine cultures and various other cultures to fosfomycin from 1972 to the present in the Ciudad Sanitaria 'Francisco Franco' in Barcelona. The results obtained were analyzed. The general observation was that of a fairly uniform behavior in the majority of germs that had shown an increase in resistance in 1973, and a clear tendency to a decrease in resistance in 1974 and 1975 with the exception of P. rettgeri (Lact.+) and P. morganii.", "PMID": 401716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_965", "title": "Susceptibility to fosfomycin of hospital strains isolated in Nantes (France). Frequency of mutation to resistance.", "content": "Susceptibility of 760 bacterial isolates to fosfomycin has been determined by the agar dilution method. The MICs of 364 strains have been determined by comparison of agar alone and agar plus glucose-6-phosphate. This later enhances the activity of fosfomycin. Lastly, we studied frequency of mutation toward resistance for 109 susceptible strains. We obtained 88 stable mutants.", "contents": "Susceptibility to fosfomycin of hospital strains isolated in Nantes (France). Frequency of mutation to resistance. Susceptibility of 760 bacterial isolates to fosfomycin has been determined by the agar dilution method. The MICs of 364 strains have been determined by comparison of agar alone and agar plus glucose-6-phosphate. This later enhances the activity of fosfomycin. Lastly, we studied frequency of mutation toward resistance for 109 susceptible strains. We obtained 88 stable mutants.", "PMID": 401717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_966", "title": "R plasmids coding for gentamicin, tobramycin, and carbenicillin resistance in Serratia, Klebsiella and Escherichia coli strains from a single clinical source.", "content": "Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella sp. and Escherichia coli strains bearing transferable resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics, namely, gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, lividomycin, and carbenicillin, as well as to a series of more classical drugs, began to emerge in materials from the Frankfurt University Hospital. Plasmids from Serratia, Klebsiella, and E. coli exhibit a broad host range in that they are transferable to E. coli, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhimurium receipients. They are not transferable to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, although in that species plasmids of gentamicin and tobramycin resistance, was well as of resistance to further drugs, were detected in that area as early as in 1973. High-level carbenicillinase has been identified in Serratia and Klebsiella plasmids associated with drug resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "contents": "R plasmids coding for gentamicin, tobramycin, and carbenicillin resistance in Serratia, Klebsiella and Escherichia coli strains from a single clinical source. Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella sp. and Escherichia coli strains bearing transferable resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics, namely, gentamicin, tobramycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, lividomycin, and carbenicillin, as well as to a series of more classical drugs, began to emerge in materials from the Frankfurt University Hospital. Plasmids from Serratia, Klebsiella, and E. coli exhibit a broad host range in that they are transferable to E. coli, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhimurium receipients. They are not transferable to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, although in that species plasmids of gentamicin and tobramycin resistance, was well as of resistance to further drugs, were detected in that area as early as in 1973. High-level carbenicillinase has been identified in Serratia and Klebsiella plasmids associated with drug resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "PMID": 401718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_967", "title": "The action of fosfomycin on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A study was made of the effect of the inoculum size and the culture conditions on the MIC of a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that was sensitive to fosfomycin. The increase of the inoculum and the conditions which favour the cellular multiplication considerably increase the MIC. Phosphates inhibit the action of the antibiotic. Fosfomycin produces a logarithmic decrease in the number surviving 1 h after being added; the bacterial lysis measured by the decrease in the OD depends on the medium and is hardly noticeable in ordinary broth. In a minimum medium the antibiotic does not affect the growth. The determination of the variation in the consumption of oxygen is a rapid and accurate method of evaluating the effect of fosfomycin. A spontaneous mutant glpT was isolated which was more than 128 times more resistant than the isogenic parental strain. The growth curves of this mutant, the sensitive parental strain and a naturally resistant strain that was isolated in a patient were similar to each other in complex media. In synthetic media the naturally resistant strain shows shorter phases of latency, but the generation times are analogous. This would seem to indicate that the resistance to fosfomycin in P. aeruginosa has no influence on the speed of growth.", "contents": "The action of fosfomycin on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A study was made of the effect of the inoculum size and the culture conditions on the MIC of a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that was sensitive to fosfomycin. The increase of the inoculum and the conditions which favour the cellular multiplication considerably increase the MIC. Phosphates inhibit the action of the antibiotic. Fosfomycin produces a logarithmic decrease in the number surviving 1 h after being added; the bacterial lysis measured by the decrease in the OD depends on the medium and is hardly noticeable in ordinary broth. In a minimum medium the antibiotic does not affect the growth. The determination of the variation in the consumption of oxygen is a rapid and accurate method of evaluating the effect of fosfomycin. A spontaneous mutant glpT was isolated which was more than 128 times more resistant than the isogenic parental strain. The growth curves of this mutant, the sensitive parental strain and a naturally resistant strain that was isolated in a patient were similar to each other in complex media. In synthetic media the naturally resistant strain shows shorter phases of latency, but the generation times are analogous. This would seem to indicate that the resistance to fosfomycin in P. aeruginosa has no influence on the speed of growth.", "PMID": 401719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_968", "title": "Bacteraemia by P. aeruginosa associated with nephrotic syndrome after shunt operation for hydrocephalus.", "content": "One patient of sepsis by P. aeruginosa after the implanting of a ventriculoatrial valve following extirpation of an expansive intracranial process is studied. During the evolution of the septic process there appeared as associated nephrotic syndrome with histologic lesions corresponding to an acute exudative glomerular nephritis. The germ became resistant to the antibiotics used, carbenicillin plus gentamicin, being later sensitive only to fosfomycin with which finally complete cure was achieved.", "contents": "Bacteraemia by P. aeruginosa associated with nephrotic syndrome after shunt operation for hydrocephalus. One patient of sepsis by P. aeruginosa after the implanting of a ventriculoatrial valve following extirpation of an expansive intracranial process is studied. During the evolution of the septic process there appeared as associated nephrotic syndrome with histologic lesions corresponding to an acute exudative glomerular nephritis. The germ became resistant to the antibiotics used, carbenicillin plus gentamicin, being later sensitive only to fosfomycin with which finally complete cure was achieved.", "PMID": 401720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_969", "title": "Fosfomycin, antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Antibacterial activities of fosfomycin were investigated both in vitro and in vivo for the purpose of comparative evaluation on its fundamental properties with other antimicrobial agents. The MIC was determined with nutrient agar (Difco) inoculated with one loopful of 1,000-fold dilution (about 10(6) cells/ml) of bacterial suspension cultured overnight in nutrient broth. This substance showed antibacterial activity to most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, being strongest to Enterobacteriaceae with a peak of the MIC at 1.56 mug/ml in Salmonella. It was also active against P. aeruginosa with a peak of the MIC at 6.25 mug/ml in its sensitivity distribution. Intravenous and subcutaneous fosfomycin Na salt and oral fosfomycin Ca salt were given to 5-week-old ddN strain male mice challenged with clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, E. coli and P. mirabilis. Therapeutic effect was observed in all these test organisms. In P. aeruginosa, it was more effective than carbenicillin.", "contents": "Fosfomycin, antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo. Antibacterial activities of fosfomycin were investigated both in vitro and in vivo for the purpose of comparative evaluation on its fundamental properties with other antimicrobial agents. The MIC was determined with nutrient agar (Difco) inoculated with one loopful of 1,000-fold dilution (about 10(6) cells/ml) of bacterial suspension cultured overnight in nutrient broth. This substance showed antibacterial activity to most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, being strongest to Enterobacteriaceae with a peak of the MIC at 1.56 mug/ml in Salmonella. It was also active against P. aeruginosa with a peak of the MIC at 6.25 mug/ml in its sensitivity distribution. Intravenous and subcutaneous fosfomycin Na salt and oral fosfomycin Ca salt were given to 5-week-old ddN strain male mice challenged with clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, E. coli and P. mirabilis. Therapeutic effect was observed in all these test organisms. In P. aeruginosa, it was more effective than carbenicillin.", "PMID": 401721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_970", "title": "Evolution of sensitivity to fosfomycin at Jimenez Diaz Foundation.", "content": "The sensitivity to fosfomycin of more than 8,000 strains of bacteria isolated from products recevied by the laboratory between 1972 and 1974 has been studied. Some were studied by the dilution technique in a solid medium and the remainder was studied by diffusion. A single 50-mug disc was used and the strains inhibited by concentrations of less than 64 mug/ml or with inhibition halos of 15 mm diameter or more were considered sensitive. It is clear from this study that there are no significant changes in the sensitivity of the bacteria studied during the above-mentioned time, with the exception of a decrease in that of indole-positive Proteus, Providentia and Klebsiella.", "contents": "Evolution of sensitivity to fosfomycin at Jimenez Diaz Foundation. The sensitivity to fosfomycin of more than 8,000 strains of bacteria isolated from products recevied by the laboratory between 1972 and 1974 has been studied. Some were studied by the dilution technique in a solid medium and the remainder was studied by diffusion. A single 50-mug disc was used and the strains inhibited by concentrations of less than 64 mug/ml or with inhibition halos of 15 mm diameter or more were considered sensitive. It is clear from this study that there are no significant changes in the sensitivity of the bacteria studied during the above-mentioned time, with the exception of a decrease in that of indole-positive Proteus, Providentia and Klebsiella.", "PMID": 401722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_971", "title": "Potentiation of sulphamethoxazole by trimethoprim in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains.", "content": "Quantiative determinations of the sensitivity of 322 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains to sulphamethoxazole (Su), trimethoprim (Tr) and a combination of Su and Tr in a ratio of 5:1 are described. Data are also given on the potentiation of Su by tr. It was striking that the Su-sensitive N. gonorrheoeae strains showed no potentiation of Su by Tr when a Su/Tr ratio of 5:1 is used. The sensitivity to combinations of Su and Tr in various ratios was determined for seven N. gonorrhoeae strains with known senstivity to Su and Tr. On the basis of these data, the rules according to which Su is potentiated by Tr. could be formulated.", "contents": "Potentiation of sulphamethoxazole by trimethoprim in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains. Quantiative determinations of the sensitivity of 322 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains to sulphamethoxazole (Su), trimethoprim (Tr) and a combination of Su and Tr in a ratio of 5:1 are described. Data are also given on the potentiation of Su by tr. It was striking that the Su-sensitive N. gonorrheoeae strains showed no potentiation of Su by Tr when a Su/Tr ratio of 5:1 is used. The sensitivity to combinations of Su and Tr in various ratios was determined for seven N. gonorrhoeae strains with known senstivity to Su and Tr. On the basis of these data, the rules according to which Su is potentiated by Tr. could be formulated.", "PMID": 401723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_972", "title": "Sensitivity of Neisseria meningitidis to sulfonamides and antibiotics. In vitro trials on 302 strains isolated during the Brazilian epidemic of 1974.", "content": "During the recent epidemic of meningitis in Brazil, 1974, bacteriological and antibiotic sensitivity investigations were performed on 302 strains of Neisseria meningitidis, isolated from meningitis patients from the S\u00e3o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro districts in the first half of 1974. The experiments have shown that 58% of the strains belong to the serological type A, 25% belong to type C and the remaining 17% to a group designated 'untypable' in that they did not react with the diagnostic antisera A, B, C, and D. Antibiotic sensitivity tests in vitro have made evident that, independently of the serological type, 89.8% of the 302 strains were inhibited by 10 mug/ml of a long-acting sulfonamide (sulfamethoxypyrazine, SMP), that is, by levels easily reached in the CSF during a normal prophylactic or therapeutic treatment.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Neisseria meningitidis to sulfonamides and antibiotics. In vitro trials on 302 strains isolated during the Brazilian epidemic of 1974. During the recent epidemic of meningitis in Brazil, 1974, bacteriological and antibiotic sensitivity investigations were performed on 302 strains of Neisseria meningitidis, isolated from meningitis patients from the S\u00e3o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro districts in the first half of 1974. The experiments have shown that 58% of the strains belong to the serological type A, 25% belong to type C and the remaining 17% to a group designated 'untypable' in that they did not react with the diagnostic antisera A, B, C, and D. Antibiotic sensitivity tests in vitro have made evident that, independently of the serological type, 89.8% of the 302 strains were inhibited by 10 mug/ml of a long-acting sulfonamide (sulfamethoxypyrazine, SMP), that is, by levels easily reached in the CSF during a normal prophylactic or therapeutic treatment.", "PMID": 401724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_973", "title": "[Histomorphology of the sacroiliac joint in ankylosing spondylitis and relevance to treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The sacro-iliac joint of a patient who had been ill with ankylosing spondylitis for half a year was investigated histologically at necropsy. Two basic histological phenomena were apparent: inflammation and aggressive proliferating chondroid metaplasia at the chondro-osseous junction and in the subchondrium. Joint cartilage degeneration, joint cartilage fusion, capsule ossification and subchondral bone apposition were observed as epiphenomena at the sacro-iliac joint. Both basic morphological phenomena are due to the same cause which has not yet been clarified. They progress independently of each other with varying intensity. This assumption explains differing opinions and the relation of inflammation and pathological ossification of the skeletal axis as well as the unsatisfactory objective results of treatment. Only a combination therapy directed against both morphological basic phenomena will result in an objective therapeutic success and not only in a symptomatic improvement of ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "[Histomorphology of the sacroiliac joint in ankylosing spondylitis and relevance to treatment (author's transl)]. The sacro-iliac joint of a patient who had been ill with ankylosing spondylitis for half a year was investigated histologically at necropsy. Two basic histological phenomena were apparent: inflammation and aggressive proliferating chondroid metaplasia at the chondro-osseous junction and in the subchondrium. Joint cartilage degeneration, joint cartilage fusion, capsule ossification and subchondral bone apposition were observed as epiphenomena at the sacro-iliac joint. Both basic morphological phenomena are due to the same cause which has not yet been clarified. They progress independently of each other with varying intensity. This assumption explains differing opinions and the relation of inflammation and pathological ossification of the skeletal axis as well as the unsatisfactory objective results of treatment. Only a combination therapy directed against both morphological basic phenomena will result in an objective therapeutic success and not only in a symptomatic improvement of ankylosing spondylitis.", "PMID": 401726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_974", "title": "Drug interactions with oral sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic drugs.", "content": "The effect of the oral sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic drugs may be influenced by a large number of other drugs. Some of these combinations (e.g. phenylbutazone, sulphaphenazole) may result in cases of severe hypoglycaemic collapse. Tolbutamide and chlorpropamide should never be given to a patient without a prior careful check of which medicaments are already being given. Similarly, no drug should be given to a diabetic treated with tolbutamide and chlorpropamide without consideration of the possibility of interaction phenomena.", "contents": "Drug interactions with oral sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic drugs. The effect of the oral sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic drugs may be influenced by a large number of other drugs. Some of these combinations (e.g. phenylbutazone, sulphaphenazole) may result in cases of severe hypoglycaemic collapse. Tolbutamide and chlorpropamide should never be given to a patient without a prior careful check of which medicaments are already being given. Similarly, no drug should be given to a diabetic treated with tolbutamide and chlorpropamide without consideration of the possibility of interaction phenomena.", "PMID": 401727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_975", "title": "The difficult asthmatic.", "content": "The most common reason why asthma presents difficulties in management is the failure to treat it with drugs which are appropriate and taken in adequate dosage. An understanding of the pathophysiology and aetiology of asthma is essential if full advantage is to be taken of the wide range of drugs now available for treating it. Airflow obstruction due to bronchial muscle constriction is usually readily reversible by bronchodilators, whereas that due to the inflammatory component of asthma is refractory to the latter and can only be reversed by steroids. Refractory airflow obstruction is liable to be confused with irreversible obstruction which occurs in those patients whose asthma is complicated by chronic obstructive bronchitis or other lung disease. The choice between symptomatic, preventive and suppressive forms of treatment should be made only after a careful assessment has been carried out with objective measurement of airflow obstruction. The Wright peak flow meter is unsurpassed for this purpose. By its means it should be possible to estimate how much of a patient's airflow obstruction is readily reversible, how much is refractory and how much is irreversible. In general, the aim of treatment is to relieve airflow obstruction rather than to counteract supposed aetiological factors. Both doctor and patient must understand the purpose, limitations and possible dangers of any drug which is prescribed. Steroids are the only form of treatment which is effective in persistent refractory asthma. Prejudice against steroids has resulted in many patients being deprived of their benefit, but this situation may change with the recent introduction of steroid aerosols.", "contents": "The difficult asthmatic. The most common reason why asthma presents difficulties in management is the failure to treat it with drugs which are appropriate and taken in adequate dosage. An understanding of the pathophysiology and aetiology of asthma is essential if full advantage is to be taken of the wide range of drugs now available for treating it. Airflow obstruction due to bronchial muscle constriction is usually readily reversible by bronchodilators, whereas that due to the inflammatory component of asthma is refractory to the latter and can only be reversed by steroids. Refractory airflow obstruction is liable to be confused with irreversible obstruction which occurs in those patients whose asthma is complicated by chronic obstructive bronchitis or other lung disease. The choice between symptomatic, preventive and suppressive forms of treatment should be made only after a careful assessment has been carried out with objective measurement of airflow obstruction. The Wright peak flow meter is unsurpassed for this purpose. By its means it should be possible to estimate how much of a patient's airflow obstruction is readily reversible, how much is refractory and how much is irreversible. In general, the aim of treatment is to relieve airflow obstruction rather than to counteract supposed aetiological factors. Both doctor and patient must understand the purpose, limitations and possible dangers of any drug which is prescribed. Steroids are the only form of treatment which is effective in persistent refractory asthma. Prejudice against steroids has resulted in many patients being deprived of their benefit, but this situation may change with the recent introduction of steroid aerosols.", "PMID": 401728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_976", "title": "Prolactin release following electrical stimulation of the brain in ovarectomized and ovariectomized estrogen-treated rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Selected areas in the medial basal (MBH) and rostral (RH) hypothalamus and in the amygdala (AMYG) of long-term ovariectomized rhesus monkeys were electrically stimulated for 30 min through permanently implanted bilateral stainless steel electrodes. Stimulation of an area in the MBH extending from the dorsal part of the ventromedial nucleus through the arcurate nucleus to the upper median eminence resulted in a 200 to 400% increase within 5 min in 8 monkeys. In one monkey the elevated serum prolactin levels persisted after termination of stimulation and in 2 monkeys prolactin remained unchanged during the 30-min stimulation but increased after stimulation was discontinued. Stimulation of the paraventricular-dorsomedial nuclear area in one monkey had no effect on prolactin release. Prolactin responses to stimulation in the RH varied. In 2 monkeys the electrode tips extended into the optic chiasm but part of the uninsulated tips remained in contact with the RH; only one of these monkeys released prolactin in response to stimulation. In 4 monkeys the electrode tips were located in the suprachiasmatic-anterior hypothalamus area. Serum prolactin increased by 200 to 300% in response to stimulation in 2 of these monkeys but increased only slightly in the remaining 2 monkeys. Prolactin responses to stimulation of the AMYG varied with the location of the electrodes. Stimulation in the corticomedial region produced no change in serum prolactin but stimulation in the basal or basolateral area produced marked elevations. An increase in circulating levels of estradiol-17beta (E2) to 100 pg/ml by SC implantation of E2 capsules 72 h before stimulation had no significant effect on basal prolactin levels, but markedly enhanced the prolactin release induced by stimulation in both the MBH and RH. Sham-stimulation did not affect serum prolactin. We conclude that prolactin release in rhesus monkeys can be triggered by electrical stimulation of selected hypothalamic and amygdaloid areas and that stimulation-induced prolactin release in the RH and MBH can be enhanced by E2 pretreatment.", "contents": "Prolactin release following electrical stimulation of the brain in ovarectomized and ovariectomized estrogen-treated rhesus monkeys. Selected areas in the medial basal (MBH) and rostral (RH) hypothalamus and in the amygdala (AMYG) of long-term ovariectomized rhesus monkeys were electrically stimulated for 30 min through permanently implanted bilateral stainless steel electrodes. Stimulation of an area in the MBH extending from the dorsal part of the ventromedial nucleus through the arcurate nucleus to the upper median eminence resulted in a 200 to 400% increase within 5 min in 8 monkeys. In one monkey the elevated serum prolactin levels persisted after termination of stimulation and in 2 monkeys prolactin remained unchanged during the 30-min stimulation but increased after stimulation was discontinued. Stimulation of the paraventricular-dorsomedial nuclear area in one monkey had no effect on prolactin release. Prolactin responses to stimulation in the RH varied. In 2 monkeys the electrode tips extended into the optic chiasm but part of the uninsulated tips remained in contact with the RH; only one of these monkeys released prolactin in response to stimulation. In 4 monkeys the electrode tips were located in the suprachiasmatic-anterior hypothalamus area. Serum prolactin increased by 200 to 300% in response to stimulation in 2 of these monkeys but increased only slightly in the remaining 2 monkeys. Prolactin responses to stimulation of the AMYG varied with the location of the electrodes. Stimulation in the corticomedial region produced no change in serum prolactin but stimulation in the basal or basolateral area produced marked elevations. An increase in circulating levels of estradiol-17beta (E2) to 100 pg/ml by SC implantation of E2 capsules 72 h before stimulation had no significant effect on basal prolactin levels, but markedly enhanced the prolactin release induced by stimulation in both the MBH and RH. Sham-stimulation did not affect serum prolactin. We conclude that prolactin release in rhesus monkeys can be triggered by electrical stimulation of selected hypothalamic and amygdaloid areas and that stimulation-induced prolactin release in the RH and MBH can be enhanced by E2 pretreatment.", "PMID": 401729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_977", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity in Graves' disease and exophthalmos: identification of thyroglobulin in normal human orbital muscle.", "content": "Patients with Graves' disease and exophthalmos demonstrate delayed hypersensitivity to antigens present in extracts of certain normal human tissue; namely,thyroid gland and retroorbital tissue. The delayed hypersensitivity can be assayed in vitro by quantitating the amount of a lymphokine, migration inhibition factor (MIF), which is produced when T lymphocytes of patients with Graves' disease and exophthalmos are exposed to these antigens. In the present report, a partial purification is described for the retro-orbital tissue antigen which is responsible for the positive leucocyte migration inhibition factor assay (MIF assay) exhibited by a sensitized lymphocytes of these patients. The purified retro-orbital tissue antigen preparation demonstrates a 50- to 150-fold higher specific activity over crude homogenates in its ability to act as an antigen in the MIF assay of exophthalmic patients. Immunodiffusion, ultracentrifugation, and disc electrophoretic data indicate that this purified antigen preparation, obtained from normal human, retro-orbital tissue, contains thyroglobulin or a derivative of thyroglobulin; immunofluorescence studies localize the anti-thyroglobulin reactive material to the plasma membranes of extraocular muscle fibers of normal individuals. On the basis of these data it is concluded that thyroglobulin or a derivative of the thyroglobulin molecule is present in the orbital muscle of normal individuals. Since thyroglobulin purified from normal human thyroid glands and the purified retro-orbital tissue preparation are nearly equivalent as antigens in the MIF assay of exophthalmic patients, we conclude that thyroglobulin or an antigenic component of the thyroglobulin molecule is one of the antigens to which patients with Graves' disease and exophthalmos demonstrate delayed hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity in Graves' disease and exophthalmos: identification of thyroglobulin in normal human orbital muscle. Patients with Graves' disease and exophthalmos demonstrate delayed hypersensitivity to antigens present in extracts of certain normal human tissue; namely,thyroid gland and retroorbital tissue. The delayed hypersensitivity can be assayed in vitro by quantitating the amount of a lymphokine, migration inhibition factor (MIF), which is produced when T lymphocytes of patients with Graves' disease and exophthalmos are exposed to these antigens. In the present report, a partial purification is described for the retro-orbital tissue antigen which is responsible for the positive leucocyte migration inhibition factor assay (MIF assay) exhibited by a sensitized lymphocytes of these patients. The purified retro-orbital tissue antigen preparation demonstrates a 50- to 150-fold higher specific activity over crude homogenates in its ability to act as an antigen in the MIF assay of exophthalmic patients. Immunodiffusion, ultracentrifugation, and disc electrophoretic data indicate that this purified antigen preparation, obtained from normal human, retro-orbital tissue, contains thyroglobulin or a derivative of thyroglobulin; immunofluorescence studies localize the anti-thyroglobulin reactive material to the plasma membranes of extraocular muscle fibers of normal individuals. On the basis of these data it is concluded that thyroglobulin or a derivative of the thyroglobulin molecule is present in the orbital muscle of normal individuals. Since thyroglobulin purified from normal human thyroid glands and the purified retro-orbital tissue preparation are nearly equivalent as antigens in the MIF assay of exophthalmic patients, we conclude that thyroglobulin or an antigenic component of the thyroglobulin molecule is one of the antigens to which patients with Graves' disease and exophthalmos demonstrate delayed hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 401730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_978", "title": "Prolactin release in response to blockade of dopaminergic receptors and to TRH injection in developing and adult rats: role of estrogen in determining sex differences.", "content": "Female rats released more prolactin in response to blockade of dopaminergic receptors with Pimozide (P) than males at all ages studied (from day 15 to day 75). Testosterone propionate (Tp) administered during the neonatal period did not change the female response to P. The male response to P was not faciliated by neonatal orchidectomy, orchidectomy at day 21 or \"feminization\" of male fetuses, but it was enhanced by an injection of estradiol benzoate (Eb; 5 mug, SC, 48 h before P). Ovariectomy of adult androgenized or normal female rats blunted the prolactin response to P and an estrogen injection facilitated it. Pituitary prolactin reserve was evaluated by injecting TRH and measuring the resulting plasma prolactin levels. Adult males released less prolactin in response to TRH than females on proestrus or on diestrus day 1. The response of adult females to TRH varied during the cycle, being maximal on proestrus and minimal on diestrus day 2. In both sexes, castration suppressed the prolactin response to TRH and a single Eb injection restored it. Pituitary prolactin content was lower in males than in females and decreased following castration in both sexes. Eb partially restored it. The results indicate that a) the prolactin response to blockade of DA receptors is more pronounced in females than in males, b) this difference is not determined by a process of neonatal or fetal hypothalamic sexual differentiation, but rather is a consequence of a modulating action of estrogen at the hypothalamic-hypophyseal level during the coruse of sexual development, and c) the main site of action of estrogen in determining this sex difference appears to be the pituitary gland.", "contents": "Prolactin release in response to blockade of dopaminergic receptors and to TRH injection in developing and adult rats: role of estrogen in determining sex differences. Female rats released more prolactin in response to blockade of dopaminergic receptors with Pimozide (P) than males at all ages studied (from day 15 to day 75). Testosterone propionate (Tp) administered during the neonatal period did not change the female response to P. The male response to P was not faciliated by neonatal orchidectomy, orchidectomy at day 21 or \"feminization\" of male fetuses, but it was enhanced by an injection of estradiol benzoate (Eb; 5 mug, SC, 48 h before P). Ovariectomy of adult androgenized or normal female rats blunted the prolactin response to P and an estrogen injection facilitated it. Pituitary prolactin reserve was evaluated by injecting TRH and measuring the resulting plasma prolactin levels. Adult males released less prolactin in response to TRH than females on proestrus or on diestrus day 1. The response of adult females to TRH varied during the cycle, being maximal on proestrus and minimal on diestrus day 2. In both sexes, castration suppressed the prolactin response to TRH and a single Eb injection restored it. Pituitary prolactin content was lower in males than in females and decreased following castration in both sexes. Eb partially restored it. The results indicate that a) the prolactin response to blockade of DA receptors is more pronounced in females than in males, b) this difference is not determined by a process of neonatal or fetal hypothalamic sexual differentiation, but rather is a consequence of a modulating action of estrogen at the hypothalamic-hypophyseal level during the coruse of sexual development, and c) the main site of action of estrogen in determining this sex difference appears to be the pituitary gland.", "PMID": 401731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_979", "title": "Gonadotropin-sensitive progesterone production by rhesus monkey luteal cells in vitro: a function of age of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Progesterone production in vitro, in the presence and absence of exogenous gonadotropin, was examined in suspensions of luteal cells, isolated by collagenase digestion of rhesus monkeys corpus luteum at various stages of the menstrual cycle. Cells isolated during mid-luteal phase (days 15-19) of the cycle secreted progesterone for up to 6 h in vitro. Mid-luteal phase cells were responsive to physiologic concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), with progesterone production significantly (P less than 0.05) enhanced by as little as 0.1 ng hCG/ml. Maximal stimulation was obtained with 100 ng hCG/ml. Both macaque chorionic gonadotropin (mCG) and human luteinizing hormone (hLH) significantly (P less than 0.01) increased progesterone production, while human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH) did not. Under control conditions, in the presence of nutrient medium alone (no exogenous gonadotropin), the progesterone synthetic activity of mid-luteal phase cells was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than that of cells from late luteal phase (days 22-28) of the cycle. Moreover, progesterone production by mid-luteal phase cells was consistently stimulated (P less than 0.01) by the presence of 100 ng hCG/ml, whereas late luteal phase cells were less sensitive or unresponsive to exogenous gonadotropin. The progesterone synthetic activity of luteal cells in vitro correlated positively with both the wet weight of the excised corpus luteum (r = 0.82, P less than 0.01) and the peripheral serum progesterone concentration immediately preceding luteectomy (r = 0.66, P less than 0.01). These findings suggest that freshly isolated luteal cells reflect the functional capability of the corpus luteum in vivo. It is apparent that the age of the rhesus monkey corpus luteum of the non-fertile menstrual cycle is an important factor governing luteal cell progesterone synthetic capability and luteal cell responsiveness to gonadotropin in vitro.", "contents": "Gonadotropin-sensitive progesterone production by rhesus monkey luteal cells in vitro: a function of age of the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle. Progesterone production in vitro, in the presence and absence of exogenous gonadotropin, was examined in suspensions of luteal cells, isolated by collagenase digestion of rhesus monkeys corpus luteum at various stages of the menstrual cycle. Cells isolated during mid-luteal phase (days 15-19) of the cycle secreted progesterone for up to 6 h in vitro. Mid-luteal phase cells were responsive to physiologic concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), with progesterone production significantly (P less than 0.05) enhanced by as little as 0.1 ng hCG/ml. Maximal stimulation was obtained with 100 ng hCG/ml. Both macaque chorionic gonadotropin (mCG) and human luteinizing hormone (hLH) significantly (P less than 0.01) increased progesterone production, while human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH) did not. Under control conditions, in the presence of nutrient medium alone (no exogenous gonadotropin), the progesterone synthetic activity of mid-luteal phase cells was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than that of cells from late luteal phase (days 22-28) of the cycle. Moreover, progesterone production by mid-luteal phase cells was consistently stimulated (P less than 0.01) by the presence of 100 ng hCG/ml, whereas late luteal phase cells were less sensitive or unresponsive to exogenous gonadotropin. The progesterone synthetic activity of luteal cells in vitro correlated positively with both the wet weight of the excised corpus luteum (r = 0.82, P less than 0.01) and the peripheral serum progesterone concentration immediately preceding luteectomy (r = 0.66, P less than 0.01). These findings suggest that freshly isolated luteal cells reflect the functional capability of the corpus luteum in vivo. It is apparent that the age of the rhesus monkey corpus luteum of the non-fertile menstrual cycle is an important factor governing luteal cell progesterone synthetic capability and luteal cell responsiveness to gonadotropin in vitro.", "PMID": 401732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_980", "title": "Binding of prolactin by fetal rhesus cell membrane fractions.", "content": "Interest in possible physiologic roles of prolactin in the developing fetus led to the present study of affinity of human prolactin to fetal rhesus cell membrane fractions. The fractions were prepared by ultracentrifugation and their composition confirmed by electron microscopy. The cell membrane preparations were derived from the fetal placenta, liver, lung, myocardium and brain. Kinetic studies showed apparent binding affinity constants for 125I-labeled human prolactin (hPRL) of the order of 10(9)M-1 and capacities of from 3 ng to over a microgram per organ in late pregnancy for all of these tissues except brain. The calculated binding capacities, although probably underestimated, were found sufficiently high to insure that a portion of maternal and fetal prolactin exists in bound form to fetal tissues, consistent with possible roles in the regulation of fetal tissue cellular function, and provided they have access to circulating PRL.", "contents": "Binding of prolactin by fetal rhesus cell membrane fractions. Interest in possible physiologic roles of prolactin in the developing fetus led to the present study of affinity of human prolactin to fetal rhesus cell membrane fractions. The fractions were prepared by ultracentrifugation and their composition confirmed by electron microscopy. The cell membrane preparations were derived from the fetal placenta, liver, lung, myocardium and brain. Kinetic studies showed apparent binding affinity constants for 125I-labeled human prolactin (hPRL) of the order of 10(9)M-1 and capacities of from 3 ng to over a microgram per organ in late pregnancy for all of these tissues except brain. The calculated binding capacities, although probably underestimated, were found sufficiently high to insure that a portion of maternal and fetal prolactin exists in bound form to fetal tissues, consistent with possible roles in the regulation of fetal tissue cellular function, and provided they have access to circulating PRL.", "PMID": 401733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_981", "title": "Amniotic prolactin control over amniotic and fetal extracellular fluid water and electrolytes in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Administration of 1-10 mg ovine pituitary prolactin (oPRL) into the amniotic fluid of 10 rhesus monkeys in the last third of gestation consistently caused a decrease in amniotic fluid volume not seen when saline, vasopressin, or bovine serum albumin were injected into 9 other monkeys. The effects lasted for 24 h. Intraamniotic injection of 10 mg oPRL prevented or reversed a doubling of water and electrolyte content of the fetal extracellular fluid (ECF) volume in the face of hypertonic amniotic fluid. Efflux of these substances from the fetal ECF in the face of hypotonic amniotic fluid was similarly prevented or reversed by intraamniotic prolactin injection. Ovine PRL had no effect on fetal ECF water and electrolytes in the face of isotonic amniotic fluid. Possible sites of these oPRL effects were amnion, placenta, fetal lung and/or fetal gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Amniotic prolactin control over amniotic and fetal extracellular fluid water and electrolytes in the rhesus monkey. Administration of 1-10 mg ovine pituitary prolactin (oPRL) into the amniotic fluid of 10 rhesus monkeys in the last third of gestation consistently caused a decrease in amniotic fluid volume not seen when saline, vasopressin, or bovine serum albumin were injected into 9 other monkeys. The effects lasted for 24 h. Intraamniotic injection of 10 mg oPRL prevented or reversed a doubling of water and electrolyte content of the fetal extracellular fluid (ECF) volume in the face of hypertonic amniotic fluid. Efflux of these substances from the fetal ECF in the face of hypotonic amniotic fluid was similarly prevented or reversed by intraamniotic prolactin injection. Ovine PRL had no effect on fetal ECF water and electrolytes in the face of isotonic amniotic fluid. Possible sites of these oPRL effects were amnion, placenta, fetal lung and/or fetal gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 401734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_982", "title": "Effects of starvation in rats on serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyrotropin, growth hormone and prolactin; response to LH-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats averaging 300 g each were subjected to complete food removal for 7 days (acutely starved), 7 days complete food removal followed by 2 weeks of 1/4 ad libitum food intake (chronically strved), 7 days complete food removal and 2 weeks of 1/4 ad libitum intake followed by ad libitum feeding for 7 days (refed), or fed ad libitum throughout (controls). Serum LH, FSH, TSH, PRL, and GH levels were measured by radioimmunoassays for each group of rats. The in vivo response to the combination of synthetic LHRH and TRH also was tested in each group of rats. Circulating LH, TSH, GH, and PRL were significantly depressed in acutely and chronically starved rats, and FSH was lowered only in acutely starved rats. After 7 days of refeeding, serum levels of LH and FSH were significantly greater than in ad libitum fed controls, PRL returned to control levels, and TSH and GH increased but were still below control levels. After LHRH + TRH injection serum LH and TSH were increased significantly in all groups of rats, FSH and PRL rose in acutely but not in chronically starved rats, and GH was not elevated in any group. The increases in serum LH, FSH, TSH and prolactin in response to LHRH + TRH injection in acutely or chronically starved rats were equal to or greater than in the ad libitum fed controls. These data indicate that severe reductions in food intake result in decreased release of at least 5 anterior pituitary hormones, and this is due primarily to reduced hypothalamic stimulation rather than to inability of the pituitary to secrete hormones.", "contents": "Effects of starvation in rats on serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyrotropin, growth hormone and prolactin; response to LH-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats averaging 300 g each were subjected to complete food removal for 7 days (acutely starved), 7 days complete food removal followed by 2 weeks of 1/4 ad libitum food intake (chronically strved), 7 days complete food removal and 2 weeks of 1/4 ad libitum intake followed by ad libitum feeding for 7 days (refed), or fed ad libitum throughout (controls). Serum LH, FSH, TSH, PRL, and GH levels were measured by radioimmunoassays for each group of rats. The in vivo response to the combination of synthetic LHRH and TRH also was tested in each group of rats. Circulating LH, TSH, GH, and PRL were significantly depressed in acutely and chronically starved rats, and FSH was lowered only in acutely starved rats. After 7 days of refeeding, serum levels of LH and FSH were significantly greater than in ad libitum fed controls, PRL returned to control levels, and TSH and GH increased but were still below control levels. After LHRH + TRH injection serum LH and TSH were increased significantly in all groups of rats, FSH and PRL rose in acutely but not in chronically starved rats, and GH was not elevated in any group. The increases in serum LH, FSH, TSH and prolactin in response to LHRH + TRH injection in acutely or chronically starved rats were equal to or greater than in the ad libitum fed controls. These data indicate that severe reductions in food intake result in decreased release of at least 5 anterior pituitary hormones, and this is due primarily to reduced hypothalamic stimulation rather than to inability of the pituitary to secrete hormones.", "PMID": 401735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_983", "title": "The treatment of intractable diarrhea by the method of \"Baustein\" principle using a casein hydrolisate.", "content": "Ten infants with intractable diarrhea, celiac disease and small bowel resection were treated with a special dietetic regimen called \"Baustein\" principle. The three major food constituents were added to the formula stepwise: first glucose and maltodextrin followed by protein and vegetable oil or MCT oil. The protein source was a newly developed casein hydrolisate also containing minerals, trace elements and vitamins.", "contents": "The treatment of intractable diarrhea by the method of \"Baustein\" principle using a casein hydrolisate. Ten infants with intractable diarrhea, celiac disease and small bowel resection were treated with a special dietetic regimen called \"Baustein\" principle. The three major food constituents were added to the formula stepwise: first glucose and maltodextrin followed by protein and vegetable oil or MCT oil. The protein source was a newly developed casein hydrolisate also containing minerals, trace elements and vitamins.", "PMID": 401737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_984", "title": "Behaviour of glibenclamide on repeated administration to diabetic patients.", "content": "Six maturity onset diabetic patients took glibenclamide 5 mg by mouth, every morning 10 min before a standard breakfast. Serum levels of immunoreactive glibenclamide, glucose and immunoreactive insulin were measured repeatedly on the first and 15th days of treatment. Measured glibenclamide blood levels were in close agreement with an analogue computer simulation of data obtained from healthy volunteers: there was no accumulation of drug in the blood, but there was strong evidence for the existence of a slowly equilibrating \"deep\" compartment. Considerable insulin release and correction of the breakfast-induced hyperglycaemia were observed immediately after administration of the drug, as well as 5 h later, at lunch time. The clinical significance of blood levels of glibenclamide, as well as the correlation of pharmacokinetics with pharmacodynamics, are discussed in the light of these results.", "contents": "Behaviour of glibenclamide on repeated administration to diabetic patients. Six maturity onset diabetic patients took glibenclamide 5 mg by mouth, every morning 10 min before a standard breakfast. Serum levels of immunoreactive glibenclamide, glucose and immunoreactive insulin were measured repeatedly on the first and 15th days of treatment. Measured glibenclamide blood levels were in close agreement with an analogue computer simulation of data obtained from healthy volunteers: there was no accumulation of drug in the blood, but there was strong evidence for the existence of a slowly equilibrating \"deep\" compartment. Considerable insulin release and correction of the breakfast-induced hyperglycaemia were observed immediately after administration of the drug, as well as 5 h later, at lunch time. The clinical significance of blood levels of glibenclamide, as well as the correlation of pharmacokinetics with pharmacodynamics, are discussed in the light of these results.", "PMID": 401739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_985", "title": "Integration of cerebral and peripheral inputs by interpositus neurons in monkey.", "content": "The patterns of convergence of cerebral and peripheral nerve inputs onto interpositus neurons were studied in cebus monkeys. The strongest inputs to interpositus neurons are from motor and somatosensory cortex, with weaker inputs from peripheral nerves and cerebral area 6. The neurons in the anterior portion of interpositus receive cerebral and peripheral inputs primarily representing the hindlimb, while inputs to neurons in the posterior division represent forelimb or mixed forelimb and hindlimb. The hindlimb neurons integrate signals principally from motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, nerves, supplementary motor and medial pre-motor areas, while forelimb neurons receive inputs from motor, somatosensory, lateral premotor cortical areas and nerves. The results from this study are compared with those from studies of interpositus and dentate neurons in cat and monkey in order to determine the role of n. interpositus in movement. It is suggested that the inputs integrated by interpositus neurons are consistent with a role in up-dating skilled movements.", "contents": "Integration of cerebral and peripheral inputs by interpositus neurons in monkey. The patterns of convergence of cerebral and peripheral nerve inputs onto interpositus neurons were studied in cebus monkeys. The strongest inputs to interpositus neurons are from motor and somatosensory cortex, with weaker inputs from peripheral nerves and cerebral area 6. The neurons in the anterior portion of interpositus receive cerebral and peripheral inputs primarily representing the hindlimb, while inputs to neurons in the posterior division represent forelimb or mixed forelimb and hindlimb. The hindlimb neurons integrate signals principally from motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, nerves, supplementary motor and medial pre-motor areas, while forelimb neurons receive inputs from motor, somatosensory, lateral premotor cortical areas and nerves. The results from this study are compared with those from studies of interpositus and dentate neurons in cat and monkey in order to determine the role of n. interpositus in movement. It is suggested that the inputs integrated by interpositus neurons are consistent with a role in up-dating skilled movements.", "PMID": 401741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_986", "title": "Current concepts of prolacting physiology in normal and abnormal conditions.", "content": "Currently the physiology and pathophysiology of pituitary prolactin secretion are under intensive investigation. Development of sensitive, specific radioimmunoassays for hPRL and improved roentgenographic techniques have increased the diagnostic acumen for incipient pituitary microadenomas. Several modalities of treatment are available at the present time which can result in improvement in the clinical symptoms of the amenorrheagalactorrhea syndromes. Eponymic classification of amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndromes should be discarded and appropriate diagnostic studies initiated to determine the etiology of the inappropriate breast secretion and/or elevated serum hPRL level.", "contents": "Current concepts of prolacting physiology in normal and abnormal conditions. Currently the physiology and pathophysiology of pituitary prolactin secretion are under intensive investigation. Development of sensitive, specific radioimmunoassays for hPRL and improved roentgenographic techniques have increased the diagnostic acumen for incipient pituitary microadenomas. Several modalities of treatment are available at the present time which can result in improvement in the clinical symptoms of the amenorrheagalactorrhea syndromes. Eponymic classification of amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndromes should be discarded and appropriate diagnostic studies initiated to determine the etiology of the inappropriate breast secretion and/or elevated serum hPRL level.", "PMID": 401746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_987", "title": "Influence of vasopressin on colon blood flow in monkeys.", "content": "Inferior mesenteric arterial blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic blood flowmeter in five anesthetized rhesus monkeys. The effects of vasopressin on this vasculature were determined to evaluate the optimal, safe concentration of this agent during its clinical application in the management of hemorrhagic lesions of the colon. Control flow was 29 +/- 3 (SE) ml min-1; aortic pressure was 124 +/- 4 mm Hg. Intraarterial injections of vasopressin, in doses ranging logarithmically from 5 X 10(-5) to 5 X 10(-2) U kg-1, caused dose-dependent decreases in flow. At the highest dose, vasopressin reduced flow by 50% and increased arterial pressure by 9 mm Hg. When infused, at a rate of 5 X 10(-3) U kg-1 min-1, vasopressin produced a significant and sustained reduction in inferior mesenteric arterial blood flow. Autoregulatory escape was not observed. At this rate, vasopressin increased arterial pressure 10 mm Hg, by the 6th minute of infusion. This hypertension was unaccompanied by significant bradycardia. After cessation of the infusion, flow gradually returned to control values over a period of minutes. These observations indicate that vasopressin is a potent constrictor in the inferior mesenteric arterial circulation of the monkey, and support the use of this agent to control lower intestinal bleeding in man. At a dose of 5 X 10(-3) U kg-1 min-1, vasopressin causes a significant reduction in flow without adverse systemic side effects.", "contents": "Influence of vasopressin on colon blood flow in monkeys. Inferior mesenteric arterial blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic blood flowmeter in five anesthetized rhesus monkeys. The effects of vasopressin on this vasculature were determined to evaluate the optimal, safe concentration of this agent during its clinical application in the management of hemorrhagic lesions of the colon. Control flow was 29 +/- 3 (SE) ml min-1; aortic pressure was 124 +/- 4 mm Hg. Intraarterial injections of vasopressin, in doses ranging logarithmically from 5 X 10(-5) to 5 X 10(-2) U kg-1, caused dose-dependent decreases in flow. At the highest dose, vasopressin reduced flow by 50% and increased arterial pressure by 9 mm Hg. When infused, at a rate of 5 X 10(-3) U kg-1 min-1, vasopressin produced a significant and sustained reduction in inferior mesenteric arterial blood flow. Autoregulatory escape was not observed. At this rate, vasopressin increased arterial pressure 10 mm Hg, by the 6th minute of infusion. This hypertension was unaccompanied by significant bradycardia. After cessation of the infusion, flow gradually returned to control values over a period of minutes. These observations indicate that vasopressin is a potent constrictor in the inferior mesenteric arterial circulation of the monkey, and support the use of this agent to control lower intestinal bleeding in man. At a dose of 5 X 10(-3) U kg-1 min-1, vasopressin causes a significant reduction in flow without adverse systemic side effects.", "PMID": 401750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_988", "title": "Parenteral nutrition at home for 5 years via arteriovenous fistulae. Supplemental intravenous feedings for a patient with severe short bowel syndrome.", "content": "On March 26, 1970, a 33-year-old male suffered intestinal infarction which required total enterectomy and duodeno-transverse colostomy. Nutrition was maintained in the hospital by daily parenteral feeding for 2 months postoperatively, after which parenteral feedings were decreased and stopped for long periods. Various oral dietary regimens failed to provide adequate nutrition, and the patient lost 40 kg and became severely malnourished during the next 13 months. In June 1971, supplemental home parenteral nutrition (PN) via an arteriovenous fistula was instituted on a 3 or 4 nights per week basis. The patient's weight and strength increased markedly after institution of the home supplemental PN program. The first fistula became occluded after 9.5 months of home PN use and subsequent successive fistulae have remained patent for 31.3, 8.8, and 5.5 months of use. The patient prepares his own PN fluids at home, using a commercial device for filling plastic intravenous fluid bags. Although several different types of fluid have been used, the current mixture of 25% glucose and 2.75% amino acids with added vitamins, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and insulin plus simultaneously administered lipid emulsion has proven most effective. Only when the patient's low fat, low oxalate diet is supplemented with this parenteral mixture 4 nights each week is he in positive nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium balance. However, his negative calcium balance is only partially corrected. There has been no sepsis, embolism, or fistula infection during 5 years of home PN.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition at home for 5 years via arteriovenous fistulae. Supplemental intravenous feedings for a patient with severe short bowel syndrome. On March 26, 1970, a 33-year-old male suffered intestinal infarction which required total enterectomy and duodeno-transverse colostomy. Nutrition was maintained in the hospital by daily parenteral feeding for 2 months postoperatively, after which parenteral feedings were decreased and stopped for long periods. Various oral dietary regimens failed to provide adequate nutrition, and the patient lost 40 kg and became severely malnourished during the next 13 months. In June 1971, supplemental home parenteral nutrition (PN) via an arteriovenous fistula was instituted on a 3 or 4 nights per week basis. The patient's weight and strength increased markedly after institution of the home supplemental PN program. The first fistula became occluded after 9.5 months of home PN use and subsequent successive fistulae have remained patent for 31.3, 8.8, and 5.5 months of use. The patient prepares his own PN fluids at home, using a commercial device for filling plastic intravenous fluid bags. Although several different types of fluid have been used, the current mixture of 25% glucose and 2.75% amino acids with added vitamins, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and insulin plus simultaneously administered lipid emulsion has proven most effective. Only when the patient's low fat, low oxalate diet is supplemented with this parenteral mixture 4 nights each week is he in positive nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium balance. However, his negative calcium balance is only partially corrected. There has been no sepsis, embolism, or fistula infection during 5 years of home PN.", "PMID": 401751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_989", "title": "A quantitative analysis of the organization of a group of captive talapoin monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin).", "content": "Grooming and avoiding scores were used as measures of the attractive and repulsive forces operatinc in a group of eight monkeys. The results revealed: (1) three unisexual grooming subgroups; (2) two focal monkeys (one female and one male) which were each avoided by five animals, one female avoided by three animals, the rest avoided by one or none; (3) that each monkey was 'friendly' with one to three others and was 'antagonistic' toward all the rest; (4) that males were socially inactive, ranked below most females, associated primarily with each other, and, in this study, were killed by females during the mating period. The social organization of talapoins seem to differ from that of other Old World monkeys and may be similar to that of the New World squirrel monkeys.", "contents": "A quantitative analysis of the organization of a group of captive talapoin monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin). Grooming and avoiding scores were used as measures of the attractive and repulsive forces operatinc in a group of eight monkeys. The results revealed: (1) three unisexual grooming subgroups; (2) two focal monkeys (one female and one male) which were each avoided by five animals, one female avoided by three animals, the rest avoided by one or none; (3) that each monkey was 'friendly' with one to three others and was 'antagonistic' toward all the rest; (4) that males were socially inactive, ranked below most females, associated primarily with each other, and, in this study, were killed by females during the mating period. The social organization of talapoins seem to differ from that of other Old World monkeys and may be similar to that of the New World squirrel monkeys.", "PMID": 401754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_990", "title": "Factors influencing nursing in Macaca fascicularis.", "content": "Nursing by two mother-infant pairs in a caged colony of Macaca fascicularis was monitored at 1-min intervals for 8 h beginning 8:30 a.m. BST, once a week for 3 months in the summer of 1973. Nursing occupied about 210 min in 8 daylight hours for the infants at 10 weeks of age, and the time spent nursing decreased at the average rate of 9.4 min per week until the infants were about 6 months old. The time spent nursing by the infants studied here resembles closely the times spent nursing by some other macaques and by baboons. In the course of a day the amount of time spent nursing varies significantly with a diurnal peak. If nursing by one mother-infant pair is independent of nursing by the other pair, then the time the two pairs spend nursing together would be a function of the product of the frequencies of nursing by each pair. The expected times for the pairs nursing together based on the hypothesis of independent events were significantly less than the observed times the pairs nursed together. Nursing, therefore, involves a positive influence or imitation of one nursing pair by the other. Nursing sessions involving both mother-infant pairs were longer on the average than sessions involving only one pair.", "contents": "Factors influencing nursing in Macaca fascicularis. Nursing by two mother-infant pairs in a caged colony of Macaca fascicularis was monitored at 1-min intervals for 8 h beginning 8:30 a.m. BST, once a week for 3 months in the summer of 1973. Nursing occupied about 210 min in 8 daylight hours for the infants at 10 weeks of age, and the time spent nursing decreased at the average rate of 9.4 min per week until the infants were about 6 months old. The time spent nursing by the infants studied here resembles closely the times spent nursing by some other macaques and by baboons. In the course of a day the amount of time spent nursing varies significantly with a diurnal peak. If nursing by one mother-infant pair is independent of nursing by the other pair, then the time the two pairs spend nursing together would be a function of the product of the frequencies of nursing by each pair. The expected times for the pairs nursing together based on the hypothesis of independent events were significantly less than the observed times the pairs nursed together. Nursing, therefore, involves a positive influence or imitation of one nursing pair by the other. Nursing sessions involving both mother-infant pairs were longer on the average than sessions involving only one pair.", "PMID": 401755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_991", "title": "Tail carriage in baboons (Papio cynocephalus): relationship to dominance rank and age.", "content": "Several metric and categorical variables were used to assess tail carriage in 717 photographs of 54 yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) of known identity, sex, dominance rank, and estimated or known age. Analyses of these data demonstrated that age was the primary factor, influencing tail carriage of baboons not engaged in social interaction. Specifically, the proximal segment of the tail was carried increasingly close to the vertical with increasing age; other changes in tail angles and segment curvature were also correlated with age. There was no relationship between dominance rank and neutral tail carriage in adult male or female baboons, nor was the neutral tail carriage of the first-ranking male or female either distinctive or characteristic. The morphological basis of ontogenetic changes in neutral tail carriage in baboons is also discussed.", "contents": "Tail carriage in baboons (Papio cynocephalus): relationship to dominance rank and age. Several metric and categorical variables were used to assess tail carriage in 717 photographs of 54 yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) of known identity, sex, dominance rank, and estimated or known age. Analyses of these data demonstrated that age was the primary factor, influencing tail carriage of baboons not engaged in social interaction. Specifically, the proximal segment of the tail was carried increasingly close to the vertical with increasing age; other changes in tail angles and segment curvature were also correlated with age. There was no relationship between dominance rank and neutral tail carriage in adult male or female baboons, nor was the neutral tail carriage of the first-ranking male or female either distinctive or characteristic. The morphological basis of ontogenetic changes in neutral tail carriage in baboons is also discussed.", "PMID": 401756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_992", "title": "Why did the strepsirhine tooth comb evolve.", "content": "The hypothesis that the original strepsirhine tooth comb evolved for scraping gum is examined. The comparative morphology of the anterior dentition does not corroborate this view, and our study suggests that the primitive tooth comb, which was 6-toothed, evolved for the maintenance of the five, evenly distributed narrow spaces in between them. Unlike the incisors of other groups, platyrrhines or catarrhines, for example, the apical extremities in the primitive condition are not closer to one another than the basal portions of these teeth. The biological role responsible for the evolution of the function of the original tooth comb is believed to be fur-combing. Subsequent modifications in numerous lineages altered both morphology and function as a result of new roles, and this tended to obscure the cause of origin of this character complex.", "contents": "Why did the strepsirhine tooth comb evolve. The hypothesis that the original strepsirhine tooth comb evolved for scraping gum is examined. The comparative morphology of the anterior dentition does not corroborate this view, and our study suggests that the primitive tooth comb, which was 6-toothed, evolved for the maintenance of the five, evenly distributed narrow spaces in between them. Unlike the incisors of other groups, platyrrhines or catarrhines, for example, the apical extremities in the primitive condition are not closer to one another than the basal portions of these teeth. The biological role responsible for the evolution of the function of the original tooth comb is believed to be fur-combing. Subsequent modifications in numerous lineages altered both morphology and function as a result of new roles, and this tended to obscure the cause of origin of this character complex.", "PMID": 401757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_993", "title": "[Educational goals during the internship for general medicine].", "content": "The student is to be taught a wide spectrum of nonstationary practical care of sick and healthy people of every age and genus. He is to experience all daily events of a general practice and shall also become acquainted with the doctor, his assistants, and the doctor's family. The student ought to experience by his assistance in practice the increasing responsibility, the burden, and also the fulfillment of medical profession. General Medicine contributes to the education of the student by the famulature. Who chooses the medical profession, declares his readiness to help fellow-creatures and to accept medical responsibility for them. Medical education should intensify the readiness to help.", "contents": "[Educational goals during the internship for general medicine]. The student is to be taught a wide spectrum of nonstationary practical care of sick and healthy people of every age and genus. He is to experience all daily events of a general practice and shall also become acquainted with the doctor, his assistants, and the doctor's family. The student ought to experience by his assistance in practice the increasing responsibility, the burden, and also the fulfillment of medical profession. General Medicine contributes to the education of the student by the famulature. Who chooses the medical profession, declares his readiness to help fellow-creatures and to accept medical responsibility for them. Medical education should intensify the readiness to help.", "PMID": 401758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_994", "title": "[Assessment of the therapeutic effect of Trental 400. Double-blind study in geriatric patients with circulatory disorders].", "content": "A double blind trial was performed in a geriatric unit in order to evaluate efficacy and tolerability of Trental 400 (400 mg Pentoxifylline per tablet) against a comparative formulation (2,4 mg adenosine per tablet) in 36 patients displaying signs of peripheral vascular disease and in 16 patients with symptoms of cerebrovascular disorders. 3 tablets were administered daily over a period of three months. Trental 400 proved to be significantly more effective in either indication group. Based on the observed good tolerability and pronounced efficacy Trental 400 can be considered as an easy to handle therapeutic tool for the long term treatment of symptoms resulting from peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders.", "contents": "[Assessment of the therapeutic effect of Trental 400. Double-blind study in geriatric patients with circulatory disorders]. A double blind trial was performed in a geriatric unit in order to evaluate efficacy and tolerability of Trental 400 (400 mg Pentoxifylline per tablet) against a comparative formulation (2,4 mg adenosine per tablet) in 36 patients displaying signs of peripheral vascular disease and in 16 patients with symptoms of cerebrovascular disorders. 3 tablets were administered daily over a period of three months. Trental 400 proved to be significantly more effective in either indication group. Based on the observed good tolerability and pronounced efficacy Trental 400 can be considered as an easy to handle therapeutic tool for the long term treatment of symptoms resulting from peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders.", "PMID": 401759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_995", "title": "[The practicability of vaccinations].", "content": "Up to now there has been paid not much notice to the practicability of vaccinations: however, its influence on vaccination-participation should not be neglected. Examples for optimal and insufficient practicability are shown.", "contents": "[The practicability of vaccinations]. Up to now there has been paid not much notice to the practicability of vaccinations: however, its influence on vaccination-participation should not be neglected. Examples for optimal and insufficient practicability are shown.", "PMID": 401761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_996", "title": "In vivo distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa slime glycolipoprotein: association with leukocytes.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injection of slime glycolipoprotein (GLP) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced leukopenia and death of mice, similar to the effect of infection with viable organisms. Differential counts established that the leukopenia was characterized by a decrease in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, followed by death of mice. Mice immunized with GLP survived challenge and responded with a leukocytosis that had a substantial increase in circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Leukocytes from GLP-injected mice were agglutinated by anti-GLP serum, indicating an association between GLP and leukocytes. Other results indicated that 14C-labeled GLP is deposited mainly in the liver. Normal leukocytes labeled with 51Cr were injected intravenously into mice receiving an intraperitoneal injection of GLP. As with GLP, the 51Gr-labeled leukocytes were sequestered in the liver. These results indicate that GLP enters the blood stream and becomes associated mainly with neutrophils, and that the neutrophil-GLP complex is deposited in the liver, possibly accounting for the leukopenia in mice.", "contents": "In vivo distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa slime glycolipoprotein: association with leukocytes. Intraperitoneal injection of slime glycolipoprotein (GLP) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced leukopenia and death of mice, similar to the effect of infection with viable organisms. Differential counts established that the leukopenia was characterized by a decrease in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, followed by death of mice. Mice immunized with GLP survived challenge and responded with a leukocytosis that had a substantial increase in circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Leukocytes from GLP-injected mice were agglutinated by anti-GLP serum, indicating an association between GLP and leukocytes. Other results indicated that 14C-labeled GLP is deposited mainly in the liver. Normal leukocytes labeled with 51Cr were injected intravenously into mice receiving an intraperitoneal injection of GLP. As with GLP, the 51Gr-labeled leukocytes were sequestered in the liver. These results indicate that GLP enters the blood stream and becomes associated mainly with neutrophils, and that the neutrophil-GLP complex is deposited in the liver, possibly accounting for the leukopenia in mice.", "PMID": 401769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_997", "title": "Experimental scrub typhus immunogens: gamma-irradiated and formalinized rickettsiae.", "content": "Scrub typhus immunogens were prepared by exposing infected yolk sac suspensions of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi to various doses of gamma radiation. Mouse lethality was abolished at doses greater than 200 krads, whereas immunogenicity of the suspensions, as shown by mouse protection tests, was diminished relatively little by radiation doses in the 200- to 400-krad range. Using a 300-krad gamma dose to provide a safety factor, immunogens were prepared and their protective capacity was contrasted with formalinized scrub typhus immunogens prepared by conventional techniques. Formalinized suspensions afforded mice only partial protection against intraperitoneal challenge with 1,000 50% mouse lethal doses of the virulent homologous strain and no significant protection against similar challenge with an equally virulent heterologous strain. Using the same strains, radiation-inactivated preparations provided 100% protection against 10,000 50% mouse lethal doses of the homologous strain and 70% protection against challenge with the same doses of a heterologous strain. Neither immunogen was a potent stimulator of antibody production as measured by the complement-fixation test. Cell-transfer studies using inbred mice indicated a role for cell-mediated immunity after vaccination with gamma-irradiated immunogens, but no cell-mediated protection could be demonstrated after vaccination with formalin-inactivated rickettsiae.", "contents": "Experimental scrub typhus immunogens: gamma-irradiated and formalinized rickettsiae. Scrub typhus immunogens were prepared by exposing infected yolk sac suspensions of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi to various doses of gamma radiation. Mouse lethality was abolished at doses greater than 200 krads, whereas immunogenicity of the suspensions, as shown by mouse protection tests, was diminished relatively little by radiation doses in the 200- to 400-krad range. Using a 300-krad gamma dose to provide a safety factor, immunogens were prepared and their protective capacity was contrasted with formalinized scrub typhus immunogens prepared by conventional techniques. Formalinized suspensions afforded mice only partial protection against intraperitoneal challenge with 1,000 50% mouse lethal doses of the virulent homologous strain and no significant protection against similar challenge with an equally virulent heterologous strain. Using the same strains, radiation-inactivated preparations provided 100% protection against 10,000 50% mouse lethal doses of the homologous strain and 70% protection against challenge with the same doses of a heterologous strain. Neither immunogen was a potent stimulator of antibody production as measured by the complement-fixation test. Cell-transfer studies using inbred mice indicated a role for cell-mediated immunity after vaccination with gamma-irradiated immunogens, but no cell-mediated protection could be demonstrated after vaccination with formalin-inactivated rickettsiae.", "PMID": 401770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_998", "title": "Hemagglutinating activity of Fusobacterium nucleatum.", "content": "Gingival isolates of oral Fusobacterium nucleatum strains (gram-negative anaerobic fusiform bacilli) have shown the characteristic ability to hemagglutinate a variety of erythrocytes (RBC) of human and animal origin. Other members of the genus tested (F. necrophorus, F. varium, and F. mortiferum) displayed little if any ability to hemagglutinate RBC. The hemagglutination (HA) activity could be observed in the F. nucleatum strains with the whole cells and in most instances with sonicated preparations of the organisms. The HA activity was observed in cell wall preparations of the organism and appeared dependent upon a heat-labile protein component of the cell wall. In decreasing order, the RBC that would hemagglutinate with the smallest concentration of HA preparations were rabbit, monkey, human, sheep, horse, and ox. No differences in HA activity of the preparations with cells from the various human blood types were noted. Absorption of the HA preparation of one strain with human cells removed HA moiety was bound to the cells via a Ca2+ binding site interaction since ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and ethylene glycol-bis-N,N'-tetraacetic acid inhibited binding, and HA could be reestablished by the addition of Ca2+ but not Mg2+. Rabbit antisera to the F. nucleatum strains inhibited HA activity when tested with the HA preparation in the standard test, whereas anti-Leptotrichia buccalis sera or normal rabbit sera had no effect. A tanned-cell passive HA test with rabbit anti-F. nucleatum sera displayed reactivity between the homologous strains but little reactivity with the other Fusobacterium species tested.", "contents": "Hemagglutinating activity of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Gingival isolates of oral Fusobacterium nucleatum strains (gram-negative anaerobic fusiform bacilli) have shown the characteristic ability to hemagglutinate a variety of erythrocytes (RBC) of human and animal origin. Other members of the genus tested (F. necrophorus, F. varium, and F. mortiferum) displayed little if any ability to hemagglutinate RBC. The hemagglutination (HA) activity could be observed in the F. nucleatum strains with the whole cells and in most instances with sonicated preparations of the organisms. The HA activity was observed in cell wall preparations of the organism and appeared dependent upon a heat-labile protein component of the cell wall. In decreasing order, the RBC that would hemagglutinate with the smallest concentration of HA preparations were rabbit, monkey, human, sheep, horse, and ox. No differences in HA activity of the preparations with cells from the various human blood types were noted. Absorption of the HA preparation of one strain with human cells removed HA moiety was bound to the cells via a Ca2+ binding site interaction since ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and ethylene glycol-bis-N,N'-tetraacetic acid inhibited binding, and HA could be reestablished by the addition of Ca2+ but not Mg2+. Rabbit antisera to the F. nucleatum strains inhibited HA activity when tested with the HA preparation in the standard test, whereas anti-Leptotrichia buccalis sera or normal rabbit sera had no effect. A tanned-cell passive HA test with rabbit anti-F. nucleatum sera displayed reactivity between the homologous strains but little reactivity with the other Fusobacterium species tested.", "PMID": 401771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_999", "title": "K99 surface antigen of Escherichia coli: purification and partial characterization.", "content": "K99, a presumed colonizing factor of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of calf origin, has been purified. K99 was removed from K99+ bacteria by salt extraction and subsequently purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex. The purified material was homogenous in size, having an s20,w of 13 to 15 S. It was composed of two subunits: a major component with a molecular weight of 22,500 and a minor component of 29,500. When observed in the electron microscope, K99 appeared to be rod-shaped, with a strong tendency for self-aggregation. At concentrations where aggregation was minimized, individual rods were observed with diameters of 8.4 nm and mean lengths of 130 nm. Based on the subunit structure, exterior location, and rod-like shape of K99, it is concluded that K99 is a pilus or pilus-like structure. Chemically, K99 is composed primarily of protein and has an isoelectric point of greater than 10. Purified K99 did not hemagglutinate guinea pig erythrocytes.", "contents": "K99 surface antigen of Escherichia coli: purification and partial characterization. K99, a presumed colonizing factor of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of calf origin, has been purified. K99 was removed from K99+ bacteria by salt extraction and subsequently purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex. The purified material was homogenous in size, having an s20,w of 13 to 15 S. It was composed of two subunits: a major component with a molecular weight of 22,500 and a minor component of 29,500. When observed in the electron microscope, K99 appeared to be rod-shaped, with a strong tendency for self-aggregation. At concentrations where aggregation was minimized, individual rods were observed with diameters of 8.4 nm and mean lengths of 130 nm. Based on the subunit structure, exterior location, and rod-like shape of K99, it is concluded that K99 is a pilus or pilus-like structure. Chemically, K99 is composed primarily of protein and has an isoelectric point of greater than 10. Purified K99 did not hemagglutinate guinea pig erythrocytes.", "PMID": 401772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1000", "title": "Genetic association of the humoral and cellular immune responses of rats to Moloney sarcomas.", "content": "Brown Norway (BN), Lewis (Le), F1 hybrids of LexBN (LBN) and parent-to-LBN backcross rats were tested for cellular and humoral responses to a BN Moloney sarcoma. Regardless of AgB phenotype, BN backcrosses produced low levels of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) that were comparable to those of BN parents. Le backcrosses developed high levels of CMC similar to those produced in Le parents. An inverse relationship between levels of CMC and serum antibodies (cytotoxic for tumor cells and anti-p30 of MuLV) was observed; BN parents and backcrosses produced high levels of serum antibodies whereas levels in Le parents and backcrosses were low. LBN hybrids developed relatively high levels of CMC and serum antibodies. An additional finding was that the CMC response in Le parents and back-crosses was directed primarily against tumor-associated antigens rather than histocompatability antigens expressed on the tumor cells. The results suggest that humoral and cellular responses to Moloney sarcoma in rats are not determined solely by the major AgB histocompatibility locus but do have a genetic association. This genetic association was detected with a 51Cr release assay which detects T-cells, suggesting that select populations of effector T-cells may be genetically regulated.", "contents": "Genetic association of the humoral and cellular immune responses of rats to Moloney sarcomas. Brown Norway (BN), Lewis (Le), F1 hybrids of LexBN (LBN) and parent-to-LBN backcross rats were tested for cellular and humoral responses to a BN Moloney sarcoma. Regardless of AgB phenotype, BN backcrosses produced low levels of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) that were comparable to those of BN parents. Le backcrosses developed high levels of CMC similar to those produced in Le parents. An inverse relationship between levels of CMC and serum antibodies (cytotoxic for tumor cells and anti-p30 of MuLV) was observed; BN parents and backcrosses produced high levels of serum antibodies whereas levels in Le parents and backcrosses were low. LBN hybrids developed relatively high levels of CMC and serum antibodies. An additional finding was that the CMC response in Le parents and back-crosses was directed primarily against tumor-associated antigens rather than histocompatability antigens expressed on the tumor cells. The results suggest that humoral and cellular responses to Moloney sarcoma in rats are not determined solely by the major AgB histocompatibility locus but do have a genetic association. This genetic association was detected with a 51Cr release assay which detects T-cells, suggesting that select populations of effector T-cells may be genetically regulated.", "PMID": 401773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1001", "title": "Cytochalasin B reversibly increases outflow facility in the eye of the cynomolgus monkey.", "content": "In cynomolgus monkeys, intracameral infusion of 0.2 to 5.0 mug of cytochalasin B caused an increase in outflow facility, as measured by two-level constant pressure perfusion. Cytochalasin B had its full effect in eyes which had undergone surgical disinsertion of the ciliary muscle from the scleral spur, and were therefore insensitive to pilocarpine. The cytochalasin effect was apparent in less than 20 min. and was largely reversible over a few hours. Thirty to 50 days after the infusion, facility was normal, and a second reaction could be elicited. No early or late damage to anterior segment structures was apparent by routine biomicroscopy during or after the single administration.", "contents": "Cytochalasin B reversibly increases outflow facility in the eye of the cynomolgus monkey. In cynomolgus monkeys, intracameral infusion of 0.2 to 5.0 mug of cytochalasin B caused an increase in outflow facility, as measured by two-level constant pressure perfusion. Cytochalasin B had its full effect in eyes which had undergone surgical disinsertion of the ciliary muscle from the scleral spur, and were therefore insensitive to pilocarpine. The cytochalasin effect was apparent in less than 20 min. and was largely reversible over a few hours. Thirty to 50 days after the infusion, facility was normal, and a second reaction could be elicited. No early or late damage to anterior segment structures was apparent by routine biomicroscopy during or after the single administration.", "PMID": 401776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1002", "title": "Pathogenesis of corneal damage from pseudomonas exotoxin A.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A was injected into rabbit corneas. Death of epithelial, endothelial, and stromal cells resulted, and necrosis of the cornea followed. Control eyes with exotoxin neutralized by specific antitoxin showed minimal damage. A dose-response pattern was evident. Antitoxin neutralization of pseudomonas exotoxin A in corneal ulcers may have possible therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of corneal damage from pseudomonas exotoxin A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A was injected into rabbit corneas. Death of epithelial, endothelial, and stromal cells resulted, and necrosis of the cornea followed. Control eyes with exotoxin neutralized by specific antitoxin showed minimal damage. A dose-response pattern was evident. Antitoxin neutralization of pseudomonas exotoxin A in corneal ulcers may have possible therapeutic implications.", "PMID": 401777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1003", "title": "Influence of anesthetics, ethyl alcohol, and Freon on dark adaptation of monkey cone ERG.", "content": "Cone dark adaptation curves were measured in a rhesus monkey using the electroretinogram (ERG) response to a 40 Hz flickering stimulus. The influence of anesthetics on the time course of dark adaptation was studied. All volatile anesthetics tested (methoxyflurane, halothane, enflurane, ether, chloroform) retarded dark adaptation but to different degrees; urethane, ethyl alcohol, and Freon 11 also retarded dark adaptation. No effect was found for barbiturates and ketamine. It seems unlikely that metabolites play a role in the observed phenomena. A literature survey reveals that several studies on dark adaptation or visual pigment regeneration might have suffered from influences of the anesthetic used. The cause of the phenomenon might lie either in anesthetics-induced membrane changes or in hindrance of the isomeration of 11-trans retinal to 11-cis retinal.", "contents": "Influence of anesthetics, ethyl alcohol, and Freon on dark adaptation of monkey cone ERG. Cone dark adaptation curves were measured in a rhesus monkey using the electroretinogram (ERG) response to a 40 Hz flickering stimulus. The influence of anesthetics on the time course of dark adaptation was studied. All volatile anesthetics tested (methoxyflurane, halothane, enflurane, ether, chloroform) retarded dark adaptation but to different degrees; urethane, ethyl alcohol, and Freon 11 also retarded dark adaptation. No effect was found for barbiturates and ketamine. It seems unlikely that metabolites play a role in the observed phenomena. A literature survey reveals that several studies on dark adaptation or visual pigment regeneration might have suffered from influences of the anesthetic used. The cause of the phenomenon might lie either in anesthetics-induced membrane changes or in hindrance of the isomeration of 11-trans retinal to 11-cis retinal.", "PMID": 401778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1004", "title": "Displaced ganglion cells in the retina of the monkey.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase has been injected into the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque monkeys to label ganglion cells of the retina by retrograde axoplasmic transport. Displaced ganglion cells, with somata in the inner nuclear layer and dendrites in the inner plexiform layer, were detected by virtue of their filling with peroxidase-positive granules. These cells were numerous in the peripapillary region, but relatively uncommon elsewhere in the retina.", "contents": "Displaced ganglion cells in the retina of the monkey. Horseradish peroxidase has been injected into the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque monkeys to label ganglion cells of the retina by retrograde axoplasmic transport. Displaced ganglion cells, with somata in the inner nuclear layer and dendrites in the inner plexiform layer, were detected by virtue of their filling with peroxidase-positive granules. These cells were numerous in the peripapillary region, but relatively uncommon elsewhere in the retina.", "PMID": 401780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1005", "title": "Evaluation of a new gonorrhea culture detection system--Microcult G.C.", "content": "A new dehydrated test system (Microcult G.C.), developed by the Ames Company for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was evaluated with stock cultures and fresh isolates. When evaluated against fresh, modified Thayer-Martin (MTM) medium, the new test was slightly less sensitive (81.6% vs 84.2% detection); however, Microcult G.C. has the unique advantage of long room-temperature storage life without deterioration. Thus, it would probably not be used where fresh MTM is readily available, proving most useful in areas where laboratory services are less accessible.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new gonorrhea culture detection system--Microcult G.C. A new dehydrated test system (Microcult G.C.), developed by the Ames Company for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was evaluated with stock cultures and fresh isolates. When evaluated against fresh, modified Thayer-Martin (MTM) medium, the new test was slightly less sensitive (81.6% vs 84.2% detection); however, Microcult G.C. has the unique advantage of long room-temperature storage life without deterioration. Thus, it would probably not be used where fresh MTM is readily available, proving most useful in areas where laboratory services are less accessible.", "PMID": 401781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1006", "title": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae identification in carbohydrate medium containing guinea pig serum.", "content": "Clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Manitoba were tested for their carbohydrate degradation activity in Cystine Trypticase Agar (C.T.A) medium, Mueller-Hinton Agar and guinea pig serum agar. Each isolate was tested using 2 carbohydrates (e.g. glucose and maltose) in the above three media. Out of 661 isolates tested, only 80% were positively identified in C.T.A. medium. Mueller-Hinton agar allowed 88% identification while guinea pig serum agar yielded 100% identification. In a second series of experiments, 102 cultures of N. gonorrhoeae were used to compare Flynn & Waitkins medium with guinea pig serum agar. Only 91 of these were identified with Flynn and Waitkins medium while guinea pig serum agar identified all the 102 isolates. Guinea pig serum provides adequate growth of fastidious N. gonorrhoeae essential for detecting specific enzymes. Since guinea pig serum does not contain maltase activity, it does not interfere with the biochemical activities tested. Guinea pig serum agar is easy to prepare, does not require a heavy inoculum and gives definite color change in the medium.", "contents": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae identification in carbohydrate medium containing guinea pig serum. Clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Manitoba were tested for their carbohydrate degradation activity in Cystine Trypticase Agar (C.T.A) medium, Mueller-Hinton Agar and guinea pig serum agar. Each isolate was tested using 2 carbohydrates (e.g. glucose and maltose) in the above three media. Out of 661 isolates tested, only 80% were positively identified in C.T.A. medium. Mueller-Hinton agar allowed 88% identification while guinea pig serum agar yielded 100% identification. In a second series of experiments, 102 cultures of N. gonorrhoeae were used to compare Flynn & Waitkins medium with guinea pig serum agar. Only 91 of these were identified with Flynn and Waitkins medium while guinea pig serum agar identified all the 102 isolates. Guinea pig serum provides adequate growth of fastidious N. gonorrhoeae essential for detecting specific enzymes. Since guinea pig serum does not contain maltase activity, it does not interfere with the biochemical activities tested. Guinea pig serum agar is easy to prepare, does not require a heavy inoculum and gives definite color change in the medium.", "PMID": 401782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1007", "title": "An epizootiologic study of anthrax in Falls County, Texas.", "content": "In June and July, 1974, an anthrax epizootic in Falls County, Texas, resulted in the death of 236 animals (228 cattle, 5 horses, 2 mules, and 1 pig) on 48 premises. Death rates were highest for horses (18.2%) and bulls (16.8%). The epizootic was apparently precipitated by drought, and infection appeared to be the result of ingesting intrinsically contaminated soil and grass. Human illness was not associated with the epizootic.", "contents": "An epizootiologic study of anthrax in Falls County, Texas. In June and July, 1974, an anthrax epizootic in Falls County, Texas, resulted in the death of 236 animals (228 cattle, 5 horses, 2 mules, and 1 pig) on 48 premises. Death rates were highest for horses (18.2%) and bulls (16.8%). The epizootic was apparently precipitated by drought, and infection appeared to be the result of ingesting intrinsically contaminated soil and grass. Human illness was not associated with the epizootic.", "PMID": 401803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1008", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of 4,4'-(diazoamino)-dibenzenesulfonic acid in FD&C yellow no. 6.", "content": "Fourteen analysts from 9 laboratories evaluated a high pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of 4,4'-(diazoamino)-dibenzenesulfonic acid (DAADBSA) in FD&C Yellow No. 6. Each collaborator analyzed 5 samples nominally containing 0-0.050% DAADBSA. The repeatability and reproducibility of the method are estimated to be 0.003% and 0.020%, respectively. The method has been adopted as offical fist action.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of 4,4'-(diazoamino)-dibenzenesulfonic acid in FD&C yellow no. 6. Fourteen analysts from 9 laboratories evaluated a high pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of 4,4'-(diazoamino)-dibenzenesulfonic acid (DAADBSA) in FD&C Yellow No. 6. Each collaborator analyzed 5 samples nominally containing 0-0.050% DAADBSA. The repeatability and reproducibility of the method are estimated to be 0.003% and 0.020%, respectively. The method has been adopted as offical fist action.", "PMID": 401804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1009", "title": "Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "A technique is presented for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures by assigning 13C resonances to the observed peaks and matching these shifts to the shifts of known individual polychlorinated biphenyls. The technique has not proved to be as useful for heavily chlorinated mixtures.", "contents": "Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A technique is presented for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures by assigning 13C resonances to the observed peaks and matching these shifts to the shifts of known individual polychlorinated biphenyls. The technique has not proved to be as useful for heavily chlorinated mixtures.", "PMID": 401807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1010", "title": "Structure of tetanus toxin. I. Breakdown of the toxin molecule and discrimination between polypeptide fragments.", "content": "Tetanus toxin was digested with papain, yielding one major polypeptide (Fragment C) with a molecular weight corresponding to 47,000 +/- 5%, thus comprising about one-third of the toxin molecule. Fragment C was antigenically active, atoxic, and stimulated the formation of antibodies neutralizing the lethal action of tetanus toxin in vivo. Furthermore, a second split product (Fragment B) was isolated from the papain digest, containing two polypeptide chains linked together via a  disulfide bond. Fragment B (Mr = 95,000 +/- 5%) was atoxic and showed a reaction of nonidentity with Fragment C on immunodiffusion analysis against tetanus antitoxin. The basic two-chain structure (heavy and light chain polypeptide, cf. Matsuda, M., and Yoneda, M. (1975) Infect. Immun. 12, 1147-1153) of tetanus toxin has been confirmed and the relationship between Fragments B and C within this framework has been established. Fragment C was distinguished from the light chain by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and by immunodiffusion analysis, indicating that this fragment constitutes a portion of the heavy chain polypeptide. Fragment B showed a reaction of partial identity with the light as well as the heavy chain from tetanus toxin. Reduction of Fragment B with dithiothreitol followed by gel chromatography yielded a fraction which was indistinguishable from the light chain portion of the toxin molecule. It is concluded that Fragment B comprises the complementary portion of the heavy chain (remaining after scission of the polypeptide bond(s) releasing Fragment C) linked to the light chain by a disulfide bond.", "contents": "Structure of tetanus toxin. I. Breakdown of the toxin molecule and discrimination between polypeptide fragments. Tetanus toxin was digested with papain, yielding one major polypeptide (Fragment C) with a molecular weight corresponding to 47,000 +/- 5%, thus comprising about one-third of the toxin molecule. Fragment C was antigenically active, atoxic, and stimulated the formation of antibodies neutralizing the lethal action of tetanus toxin in vivo. Furthermore, a second split product (Fragment B) was isolated from the papain digest, containing two polypeptide chains linked together via a  disulfide bond. Fragment B (Mr = 95,000 +/- 5%) was atoxic and showed a reaction of nonidentity with Fragment C on immunodiffusion analysis against tetanus antitoxin. The basic two-chain structure (heavy and light chain polypeptide, cf. Matsuda, M., and Yoneda, M. (1975) Infect. Immun. 12, 1147-1153) of tetanus toxin has been confirmed and the relationship between Fragments B and C within this framework has been established. Fragment C was distinguished from the light chain by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and by immunodiffusion analysis, indicating that this fragment constitutes a portion of the heavy chain polypeptide. Fragment B showed a reaction of partial identity with the light as well as the heavy chain from tetanus toxin. Reduction of Fragment B with dithiothreitol followed by gel chromatography yielded a fraction which was indistinguishable from the light chain portion of the toxin molecule. It is concluded that Fragment B comprises the complementary portion of the heavy chain (remaining after scission of the polypeptide bond(s) releasing Fragment C) linked to the light chain by a disulfide bond.", "PMID": 401808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1011", "title": "Nitrogen 15 tracer studies on the pathway of denitrification in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The pathway of anaerobic reduction of nitrite to nitrogen gas (N2) by cell suspensions of the denitrifier, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was studied using the techniques of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. While release of nitrous oxide (N2O) is not normally detected during the reduction of nitrite to N2 by this organism, 15N from [15N]nitrite nevertheless can be trapped quantitatively as 15N2O in a pool of added N2O. In such experiments the abundance of 15N in N2O always exceeds that in product N2, consistent with the absence of a major reductive route from nitrite to N2 which by-passes N2O. During the reduction of a mixture of [15N]nitrite and nitric oxide (NO), 15NO produced at most only in trace amounts. The final products are chiefly 15N2 and 14N2 with only a small fraction of the scrambled product, 14N15N. Much of the 14N15N can be accounted for as an artifact caused by traces of molecular oxygen, which promote the conversion of NO to nitrite by autooxidation and thereby degrade slightly the isotopic purity of [15N]nitrite. Nitrous oxide shows all the properties of a free obligatory intermediate during the denitrification of nitrite to N2 by P. aeruginosa, whereas NO does not. The inability to trap 15NO in a pool of NO indicates that NO is not a free obligatory intermediate in the reduction of nitrite. The small mole fractions of 14N15N produced from a mixture of [15N]nitrite and NO require that the main reductive pathways for these nitrogen oxides cannot share any freely diffusible mono-nitrogen intermediate in common. The simplest interpretation is that nitrite and NO are denitrified by separate pathways, at least prior to the formation of the first bi-nitrogen compound.", "contents": "Nitrogen 15 tracer studies on the pathway of denitrification in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pathway of anaerobic reduction of nitrite to nitrogen gas (N2) by cell suspensions of the denitrifier, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was studied using the techniques of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. While release of nitrous oxide (N2O) is not normally detected during the reduction of nitrite to N2 by this organism, 15N from [15N]nitrite nevertheless can be trapped quantitatively as 15N2O in a pool of added N2O. In such experiments the abundance of 15N in N2O always exceeds that in product N2, consistent with the absence of a major reductive route from nitrite to N2 which by-passes N2O. During the reduction of a mixture of [15N]nitrite and nitric oxide (NO), 15NO produced at most only in trace amounts. The final products are chiefly 15N2 and 14N2 with only a small fraction of the scrambled product, 14N15N. Much of the 14N15N can be accounted for as an artifact caused by traces of molecular oxygen, which promote the conversion of NO to nitrite by autooxidation and thereby degrade slightly the isotopic purity of [15N]nitrite. Nitrous oxide shows all the properties of a free obligatory intermediate during the denitrification of nitrite to N2 by P. aeruginosa, whereas NO does not. The inability to trap 15NO in a pool of NO indicates that NO is not a free obligatory intermediate in the reduction of nitrite. The small mole fractions of 14N15N produced from a mixture of [15N]nitrite and NO require that the main reductive pathways for these nitrogen oxides cannot share any freely diffusible mono-nitrogen intermediate in common. The simplest interpretation is that nitrite and NO are denitrified by separate pathways, at least prior to the formation of the first bi-nitrogen compound.", "PMID": 401809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1012", "title": "A dimer of a single polypeptide chain catalyzes the terminal four reactions of the L-tryptophan pathway in Euglena gracilis.", "content": "In Euglena gracilis the terminal four enzyme activities of the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway were found to be associated with a protein with an estimated molecular weight of 325,000 +/- 20,000. The protein was purified approximately 2,000-fold with relatively proportional recoveries of all four enzyme activities. The purified material was homogeneous by the criteria of analytical disc gel electrophoresis and gel isoelectric focusing. Disc gel electrophoresis after denaturation with sodium dodecyl sulfate gave a single protein band with a molecular weight of 155,000 +/- 5,000. Disc gel electrophoresis in 8 M urea also gave rise to a single protein band. We interpret these results as evidence for a single species of subunit. The pathway in Euglena is the only one known to the present in which the terminal enzyme, tryptophan synthase, is not a separate molecular species.", "contents": "A dimer of a single polypeptide chain catalyzes the terminal four reactions of the L-tryptophan pathway in Euglena gracilis. In Euglena gracilis the terminal four enzyme activities of the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway were found to be associated with a protein with an estimated molecular weight of 325,000 +/- 20,000. The protein was purified approximately 2,000-fold with relatively proportional recoveries of all four enzyme activities. The purified material was homogeneous by the criteria of analytical disc gel electrophoresis and gel isoelectric focusing. Disc gel electrophoresis after denaturation with sodium dodecyl sulfate gave a single protein band with a molecular weight of 155,000 +/- 5,000. Disc gel electrophoresis in 8 M urea also gave rise to a single protein band. We interpret these results as evidence for a single species of subunit. The pathway in Euglena is the only one known to the present in which the terminal enzyme, tryptophan synthase, is not a separate molecular species.", "PMID": 401810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1013", "title": "New types of RNA polymerase mutations causing temperature-sensitive sporulation in bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A single site mutant of Bacillus subtilis with a streptovaricin-resistant RNA polymerase has been isolated; this mutation caused temperature-sensitive sporulation, but had no effect on vegetative growth. The mutant (ts710) temperature-sensitive period irreversibly affected the middle and late stages of sporulation. Mutant cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature exhibited abnormal serine protease accumulation, serine esterase accumulation, alkaline phosphatase accumulation, RNA polymerase template specificity changes, and pulse-labeled RNA synthesis profiles. The accumulation of metal protease was not affected at the nonpermissive temperature. Attempts to isolate single site mutants which were streptolydigin-resistant, and temperature-sensitive for sporulation, were unsuccessful.", "contents": "New types of RNA polymerase mutations causing temperature-sensitive sporulation in bacillus subtilis. A single site mutant of Bacillus subtilis with a streptovaricin-resistant RNA polymerase has been isolated; this mutation caused temperature-sensitive sporulation, but had no effect on vegetative growth. The mutant (ts710) temperature-sensitive period irreversibly affected the middle and late stages of sporulation. Mutant cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature exhibited abnormal serine protease accumulation, serine esterase accumulation, alkaline phosphatase accumulation, RNA polymerase template specificity changes, and pulse-labeled RNA synthesis profiles. The accumulation of metal protease was not affected at the nonpermissive temperature. Attempts to isolate single site mutants which were streptolydigin-resistant, and temperature-sensitive for sporulation, were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 401811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1014", "title": "Development of sarcoplasmic reticulum in cultured chicken muscle.", "content": "The development of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes was studied in vivo and in tissue culture in chicken pectoralis muscle cells. The concentration of the calcium- and magnesium-activated ATPase measured by selective labeling of the enzyme with [32P]ATP in whole muscle homogenates was found to increase in developing chicken pectoralis muscle in vivo from 0.01 nmol/mg of protein in 12-day embryos to 0.3 to 0.4 nmol/mg of protein in 1-month-old chicks, where it constitutes about 3% of the total protein content of muscle. In cultured muscle cells the concentration of calcium-sensitive phosphoprotein increased from 0.015 nmol/mg of protein at 2 days to 0.04 to 0.05 nmol/mg of protein after 5 days of culture. This amount represents about 0.5% of the protein content of the muscle cells. The accumulation of Ca2+ transport ATPase began during fusion and continued with a linear rate during 8 days of culture. The density of 75 A intramembranous particles seen by freeze-etch electron microscopy on fracture faces of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes is about 4,000/mum2 in adult chick pectoralis muscle but only 400/mum2 in cultured muscle cells in rough proportion to the concentration of Ca2+-sensitive phosphoprotein. The Ca2+, Na+, and K+ concentration of the medium and addition of ouabain, caffeine, or the calcium ionophores A23187 and X537A sharply influence the concentration of calcium transport ATPase in cultured muscle cells, parallel with their effect upon cell fusion and growth. These observations are consistent with the proposition that the gene expression leading to the accumulation of Ca2+ transport ATPase during development in culture may be regulated by intracellular ion concentrations.", "contents": "Development of sarcoplasmic reticulum in cultured chicken muscle. The development of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes was studied in vivo and in tissue culture in chicken pectoralis muscle cells. The concentration of the calcium- and magnesium-activated ATPase measured by selective labeling of the enzyme with [32P]ATP in whole muscle homogenates was found to increase in developing chicken pectoralis muscle in vivo from 0.01 nmol/mg of protein in 12-day embryos to 0.3 to 0.4 nmol/mg of protein in 1-month-old chicks, where it constitutes about 3% of the total protein content of muscle. In cultured muscle cells the concentration of calcium-sensitive phosphoprotein increased from 0.015 nmol/mg of protein at 2 days to 0.04 to 0.05 nmol/mg of protein after 5 days of culture. This amount represents about 0.5% of the protein content of the muscle cells. The accumulation of Ca2+ transport ATPase began during fusion and continued with a linear rate during 8 days of culture. The density of 75 A intramembranous particles seen by freeze-etch electron microscopy on fracture faces of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes is about 4,000/mum2 in adult chick pectoralis muscle but only 400/mum2 in cultured muscle cells in rough proportion to the concentration of Ca2+-sensitive phosphoprotein. The Ca2+, Na+, and K+ concentration of the medium and addition of ouabain, caffeine, or the calcium ionophores A23187 and X537A sharply influence the concentration of calcium transport ATPase in cultured muscle cells, parallel with their effect upon cell fusion and growth. These observations are consistent with the proposition that the gene expression leading to the accumulation of Ca2+ transport ATPase during development in culture may be regulated by intracellular ion concentrations.", "PMID": 401812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1015", "title": "Microtubular proteins of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. An immunochemical study based on the use of an antibody specific for the beta-tubulin subunit.", "content": "An immunochemical assay for tubulin subunits is described. The method is applied directly to homogenates of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate (Na dodecyl-SO4), and it makes use of a two-dimensional electrophoresis system; the first separation is carried out by Na dodecyl-SO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the second by electrophoresis into an agarose gel containing antibodies. Tubulin is precipitated in the form of a \"rocket\" and the method is made quantitative through the use of cells labeled with [35S]sulfate. The antiserum used in this assay was prepared in rabbits using beta subunit of tubulin purified from Chlamydomonas flagella by two preparative Na dodecyl-SO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses. This antiserum and an antiserum to alpha subunit of tubulin from porcine brain, prepared for comparative study, were extensively characterized. Both antisera show specificity for the polypeptide used as antigen and react with the native dimeric tubulin. The antiserum to beta subunit from Chlamydomonas flagella also forms immunoprecipitates with native brain tubulin and its beta subunit when used at high titer. In contrast, the antiserum to alpha subunit from porcine brain does not cross-react with Chlamydomonas tubulin. The immunochemical assay was applied to Chlamydomonas cells synchronized by a 12-h light/dark cycle. In cells collected during the light period (late G1), after removal of flagella, the content of tubulin is estimated to be 0.3% of total protein. As cells enter the dark period there is a striking increase in tubulin content which reaches a maximum just before cell division.", "contents": "Microtubular proteins of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. An immunochemical study based on the use of an antibody specific for the beta-tubulin subunit. An immunochemical assay for tubulin subunits is described. The method is applied directly to homogenates of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate (Na dodecyl-SO4), and it makes use of a two-dimensional electrophoresis system; the first separation is carried out by Na dodecyl-SO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the second by electrophoresis into an agarose gel containing antibodies. Tubulin is precipitated in the form of a \"rocket\" and the method is made quantitative through the use of cells labeled with [35S]sulfate. The antiserum used in this assay was prepared in rabbits using beta subunit of tubulin purified from Chlamydomonas flagella by two preparative Na dodecyl-SO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses. This antiserum and an antiserum to alpha subunit of tubulin from porcine brain, prepared for comparative study, were extensively characterized. Both antisera show specificity for the polypeptide used as antigen and react with the native dimeric tubulin. The antiserum to beta subunit from Chlamydomonas flagella also forms immunoprecipitates with native brain tubulin and its beta subunit when used at high titer. In contrast, the antiserum to alpha subunit from porcine brain does not cross-react with Chlamydomonas tubulin. The immunochemical assay was applied to Chlamydomonas cells synchronized by a 12-h light/dark cycle. In cells collected during the light period (late G1), after removal of flagella, the content of tubulin is estimated to be 0.3% of total protein. As cells enter the dark period there is a striking increase in tubulin content which reaches a maximum just before cell division.", "PMID": 401813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1016", "title": "Activation of rat adipocyte glycogen synthase by insulins.", "content": "Incubation of fat cells with insulin increased glycogen synthase I activity without changing total synthase activity. This effect of insulin was dependent upon the particular lot of albumin present in the medium and was abolished by incubating cells with trypsin. Half-maximal activation of glycogen synthase was obtained with 8 microunits/ml of insulin, a concentration very similar to that which half-maximally stimulated 3-O-methylglucose uptake. The basal percentage of phosphorylase a activity was not detectably altered by insulin, although it was decreased by incubating cells with 5 mM glucose. Insulin (50 microunits/ml) markedly opposed actions of epinephrine (0.05 to 10 muM) to increase phosphorylase a activity and decrease glycogen synthase I activity, effects which were observed without glucose. Partial activation of glycogen synthase by insulin was seen after 1 min and complete activation after 4 min. Glucose alone produced a transient increase in synthase I activity. When cells were incubated with insulin plus glucose for 4 min, the increase in the percent synthase I activity was much greater than the additive effects of insulin and glucose alone. This potentiation of the effect of insulin on glucogen synthase I activity depended on the time of incubation with glucose and on the concentration of the hexose. If  cells were incubated with cytochalasin B before insulin plus glucose, the effect of glucose was abolished. These results suggest that there are at least two mechanisms by which insulin can increase fat cell glycogen synthase I activity. One requires glucose and activation occurs secondary to an increase in glucose transport; where another mechanism(s) is operative even in the absence of glucose.", "contents": "Activation of rat adipocyte glycogen synthase by insulins. Incubation of fat cells with insulin increased glycogen synthase I activity without changing total synthase activity. This effect of insulin was dependent upon the particular lot of albumin present in the medium and was abolished by incubating cells with trypsin. Half-maximal activation of glycogen synthase was obtained with 8 microunits/ml of insulin, a concentration very similar to that which half-maximally stimulated 3-O-methylglucose uptake. The basal percentage of phosphorylase a activity was not detectably altered by insulin, although it was decreased by incubating cells with 5 mM glucose. Insulin (50 microunits/ml) markedly opposed actions of epinephrine (0.05 to 10 muM) to increase phosphorylase a activity and decrease glycogen synthase I activity, effects which were observed without glucose. Partial activation of glycogen synthase by insulin was seen after 1 min and complete activation after 4 min. Glucose alone produced a transient increase in synthase I activity. When cells were incubated with insulin plus glucose for 4 min, the increase in the percent synthase I activity was much greater than the additive effects of insulin and glucose alone. This potentiation of the effect of insulin on glucogen synthase I activity depended on the time of incubation with glucose and on the concentration of the hexose. If  cells were incubated with cytochalasin B before insulin plus glucose, the effect of glucose was abolished. These results suggest that there are at least two mechanisms by which insulin can increase fat cell glycogen synthase I activity. One requires glucose and activation occurs secondary to an increase in glucose transport; where another mechanism(s) is operative even in the absence of glucose.", "PMID": 401814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1017", "title": "Purification and properties of a polymorphic high activity equine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase.", "content": "A polymorphic form of the high activity or C-type of horse erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase has been isolated. It has been designated C2 and differs from the usual C1 form by having a cysteine replacement for arginine at residue 180. This second cysteine, unlike the other, is highly reactive. Isolation of the C2 isozyme by the usual methods results in most of it forming a mixed disulfide with glutathione and this product designated as C3 has an increased anodic mobility. The enzymatic activity and immunologic reactivity of both the C2 and C3 components are the same as for the usual C1 form of the enzyme. The C2 form can be stabilized by alkylation and the carboxamidomethyl derivative has been isolated in crystalline form.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a polymorphic high activity equine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase. A polymorphic form of the high activity or C-type of horse erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase has been isolated. It has been designated C2 and differs from the usual C1 form by having a cysteine replacement for arginine at residue 180. This second cysteine, unlike the other, is highly reactive. Isolation of the C2 isozyme by the usual methods results in most of it forming a mixed disulfide with glutathione and this product designated as C3 has an increased anodic mobility. The enzymatic activity and immunologic reactivity of both the C2 and C3 components are the same as for the usual C1 form of the enzyme. The C2 form can be stabilized by alkylation and the carboxamidomethyl derivative has been isolated in crystalline form.", "PMID": 401815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1018", "title": "Interspecies comparison of cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferases. Evidence for a more conservative evolution of the mitochondrial isoenzyme.", "content": "The degree of structural similarity between the mitochondrial isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart and chicken heart was determined by means of their immunological cross-reactivity and compared with the degree of similarity between the cytosolic isoenzymes from the same two species. Quantitative microcomplement fixation revealed a remarkable similarity of the two mitochondrial isoenzymes corresponding to an immunological distance of 104. The structures of the two cytosolic isoenzymes, on the other hand, diverge with an immunological distance of 203. The apparent conservatism of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase indicates additional evolutionary constraints on the structure of this organelle-confined isoenzyme.", "contents": "Interspecies comparison of cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferases. Evidence for a more conservative evolution of the mitochondrial isoenzyme. The degree of structural similarity between the mitochondrial isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart and chicken heart was determined by means of their immunological cross-reactivity and compared with the degree of similarity between the cytosolic isoenzymes from the same two species. Quantitative microcomplement fixation revealed a remarkable similarity of the two mitochondrial isoenzymes corresponding to an immunological distance of 104. The structures of the two cytosolic isoenzymes, on the other hand, diverge with an immunological distance of 203. The apparent conservatism of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase indicates additional evolutionary constraints on the structure of this organelle-confined isoenzyme.", "PMID": 401816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1019", "title": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase of rabbit liver. Mechanism of catalysis.", "content": "Initial velocity studies and product inhibition patterns for purine nucleoside phosphorylase from rabbit liver were examined in order to determine the predominant catalytic mechanism for the synthetic (forward) and phosphorolytic (reverse) reactions of the enzyme. Initial velocity studies in the absence of products gave intersecting or converging linear double reciprocal plots of the kinetic data for both the synthetic and phosphorolytic reactions of the enzyme. The observed kinetic pattern was consistent with a sequential mechanism, requiring that both substrates add to the enzyme before products may be released. The product inhibition patterns showed mutual competitive inhibition between guanine and guanosine as variable substrates and inhibitors. Ribose 1-phosphate and inorganic orthophosphate were also mutually competitive toward each other. Other combinations of substrates and products gave noncompetitive inhibition. Apparent inhibition constants calculated for guanine as competitive inhibitor and for ribose 1-phosphate as noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme, with guanosine as variable substrate, did not vary significantly with increasing concentrations of inorganic orthophosphate as fixed substrate. These results suggest that the mechanism was order and that substrates add to the enzyme in an obligatory order. Dead end inhibition studies carried out in the presence of the products guanine and ribose 1-phosphate, respectively, showed that the kinetically significant abortive ternary complexes of enzyme-guanine-inorganic orthophosphate (EQB) and enzyme-guanose-ribose 1-phosphate (EAP) are formed. The results of dead end inhibition studies are consistent with an obligatory order of substrate addition to the enzyme. The nucleoside or purine is probably the first substrate to form a binary complex with the enzyme, and with which inorganic orthophosphate or ribose 1-phosphate may interact as secondary substrates. The evidences presented in this investigation support an Ordered Theorell-Chance mechanism for the enzyme.", "contents": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase of rabbit liver. Mechanism of catalysis. Initial velocity studies and product inhibition patterns for purine nucleoside phosphorylase from rabbit liver were examined in order to determine the predominant catalytic mechanism for the synthetic (forward) and phosphorolytic (reverse) reactions of the enzyme. Initial velocity studies in the absence of products gave intersecting or converging linear double reciprocal plots of the kinetic data for both the synthetic and phosphorolytic reactions of the enzyme. The observed kinetic pattern was consistent with a sequential mechanism, requiring that both substrates add to the enzyme before products may be released. The product inhibition patterns showed mutual competitive inhibition between guanine and guanosine as variable substrates and inhibitors. Ribose 1-phosphate and inorganic orthophosphate were also mutually competitive toward each other. Other combinations of substrates and products gave noncompetitive inhibition. Apparent inhibition constants calculated for guanine as competitive inhibitor and for ribose 1-phosphate as noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme, with guanosine as variable substrate, did not vary significantly with increasing concentrations of inorganic orthophosphate as fixed substrate. These results suggest that the mechanism was order and that substrates add to the enzyme in an obligatory order. Dead end inhibition studies carried out in the presence of the products guanine and ribose 1-phosphate, respectively, showed that the kinetically significant abortive ternary complexes of enzyme-guanine-inorganic orthophosphate (EQB) and enzyme-guanose-ribose 1-phosphate (EAP) are formed. The results of dead end inhibition studies are consistent with an obligatory order of substrate addition to the enzyme. The nucleoside or purine is probably the first substrate to form a binary complex with the enzyme, and with which inorganic orthophosphate or ribose 1-phosphate may interact as secondary substrates. The evidences presented in this investigation support an Ordered Theorell-Chance mechanism for the enzyme.", "PMID": 401817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1020", "title": "Carchesium stalk fibrillar matrix as a highly filled polymer network.", "content": "Glycerolated stalks of the sessile peritrich ciliate Carchesium sp. were treated with 10(-6) g ion/1 Ca2+ to disrupt the contractile spasmoneme. The resulting preparation consisted primarily of the fibrillar matrix, a dense extra-cellular meshwork of microfibrils. Some mechanical properties of this preparation have been investigated. The matrix tensile force-extension ratio relation for an initial stretch was characteristic of a soft, swollen polymer network, elastic modulus in young stalks 1.7 X 10(5) Nm-2, in mature stalks 4.0 X 10(5) Nm-2. The higher elastic modulus in mature stalks implies an increase in the interchain cross-link frequency. In young stalks, elastic modulus was found to be independent of the ambient Ca2+ concentration in the threshold range for spasmonemal contraction. Stalk relaxation was pronouncedly irreversible, showing stress softening and permanent hysteresis on repeated loading. Hysteresis was time independent and stiffness was not recovered after four hours at zero strain. Hysteresis was enhanced by repeated loading to the same tensile force. Stress-strain hysteresis at a low extension is characteristic of highly filled polymer networks in which polymer chains are interconnected via rigid filler particles as well as directly cross-linked.", "contents": "Carchesium stalk fibrillar matrix as a highly filled polymer network. Glycerolated stalks of the sessile peritrich ciliate Carchesium sp. were treated with 10(-6) g ion/1 Ca2+ to disrupt the contractile spasmoneme. The resulting preparation consisted primarily of the fibrillar matrix, a dense extra-cellular meshwork of microfibrils. Some mechanical properties of this preparation have been investigated. The matrix tensile force-extension ratio relation for an initial stretch was characteristic of a soft, swollen polymer network, elastic modulus in young stalks 1.7 X 10(5) Nm-2, in mature stalks 4.0 X 10(5) Nm-2. The higher elastic modulus in mature stalks implies an increase in the interchain cross-link frequency. In young stalks, elastic modulus was found to be independent of the ambient Ca2+ concentration in the threshold range for spasmonemal contraction. Stalk relaxation was pronouncedly irreversible, showing stress softening and permanent hysteresis on repeated loading. Hysteresis was time independent and stiffness was not recovered after four hours at zero strain. Hysteresis was enhanced by repeated loading to the same tensile force. Stress-strain hysteresis at a low extension is characteristic of highly filled polymer networks in which polymer chains are interconnected via rigid filler particles as well as directly cross-linked.", "PMID": 401818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1021", "title": "Analysis of the proteins in sweat and urine by agarose-gel isotachophoresis.", "content": "A sensitive and practical method is described for the analysis of the proteins contained in human sweat and urine which does not require pre-concentration of the sample. Technical details are provided of the agarose-gel isotachophoresis and the proteinograms of normal and pathological urine samples, as well as proteinograms of human sweat. The method can also be applied as an electro-concentration system in a field-strength gradient. By means of this electro-concentration system, and in combination with immunodiffusion against monospecific antisera, a detection limit of albumin of 50 ng/ml has been obtained.", "contents": "Analysis of the proteins in sweat and urine by agarose-gel isotachophoresis. A sensitive and practical method is described for the analysis of the proteins contained in human sweat and urine which does not require pre-concentration of the sample. Technical details are provided of the agarose-gel isotachophoresis and the proteinograms of normal and pathological urine samples, as well as proteinograms of human sweat. The method can also be applied as an electro-concentration system in a field-strength gradient. By means of this electro-concentration system, and in combination with immunodiffusion against monospecific antisera, a detection limit of albumin of 50 ng/ml has been obtained.", "PMID": 401820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1022", "title": "Low serum triiodothyronine (T3) and hypothyroidism in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Measurements of serum thyroid hormones were compared in 22 patients with typical anorexia nervosa and 22 euthyroid control subjects. Serum total triiodothyronine (T3) was (mean +/- (SE) 62.1 +/- 7.1 ng/100 ml in anorexia patients and 115.2 +/- 8.4 ng/100 ml in control subjects (P less than 0.001). Serum adjusted thyroxine (T4Adj) was significantly different in the anorexia (7.1 +/- 0.4) and control (8.2 +/- 0.4) groups. Serum T3 was subnormal in 63% and T4Adj subnormal in 36% of the 22 anorexia patients. The mean serum T4/T3 in anorexia patients (158 +/- 19) was higher than that in the control subjects (88 +/- 5.5, P less than 0.005) or in 18 patients with hypothalamic or pituitary hypothyroidism (77.9 +/- 10.1, P less than 0.001). Following weight gain in 6 anorexia patients, there was a significant rise in serum T3 without change in T4Adj concentration. The Achilles reflex half-relaxation time (ART) in 38 anorexia patients was 348.6 +/- 10 msec compared with 280 +/- 30 msec in 168 normal age-matched subjects (P less than 0.001),  and was prolonged (greater than 340 msec) in 65% of these 38 patients. In 18 anorexia patients with measured ART, T3 and T4Adj, the mean ART was longer 376.1 +/- 20 msec) in 10 with subnormal T3 than in 8 patients with a normal T3 (294.7 +/- 13.2 msec, P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference in the mean ART between patients with a normal or low serum T4Adj. Administeration of oral T3 40 mug/day for 4 weeks to 11 anorexia patients caused a significant reduction (P less than 0.001) in mean ART of 108.7 +/- 9.6 msec compared with 17.7 +/- 3.3 msec in 18 normal subjects. There was a normal peak serum TSH and a rise in mean total serum T3 of 47 +/- 12 ng/100 ml (range 11-100 ng/ml) in 7 of 8 patients following 200 mug of iv thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). The fall in serum TSH was delayed in 6 patients. Assessment of hypothalamic control of thyroid function in 3 patients using the method of thyroidal iodide release (TIR) showed impairment of the normal diurnal variation and response to administered glucocorticoids. In the absence of a space-occupying pituitary lesion, the TRH and TIR data suggest a central inhibition of thyroid function, possibly by impairment of hypothalamic TRH release. In addition, a probable decrease of peripheral T4 to T3 conversion leads to low serum T3 concentrations. The prolonged basal ART and the marked ART reduction in response to T3 administration is attributed to correction of tissue thyroid hormone deficiency in the anorexia patients.", "contents": "Low serum triiodothyronine (T3) and hypothyroidism in anorexia nervosa. Measurements of serum thyroid hormones were compared in 22 patients with typical anorexia nervosa and 22 euthyroid control subjects. Serum total triiodothyronine (T3) was (mean +/- (SE) 62.1 +/- 7.1 ng/100 ml in anorexia patients and 115.2 +/- 8.4 ng/100 ml in control subjects (P less than 0.001). Serum adjusted thyroxine (T4Adj) was significantly different in the anorexia (7.1 +/- 0.4) and control (8.2 +/- 0.4) groups. Serum T3 was subnormal in 63% and T4Adj subnormal in 36% of the 22 anorexia patients. The mean serum T4/T3 in anorexia patients (158 +/- 19) was higher than that in the control subjects (88 +/- 5.5, P less than 0.005) or in 18 patients with hypothalamic or pituitary hypothyroidism (77.9 +/- 10.1, P less than 0.001). Following weight gain in 6 anorexia patients, there was a significant rise in serum T3 without change in T4Adj concentration. The Achilles reflex half-relaxation time (ART) in 38 anorexia patients was 348.6 +/- 10 msec compared with 280 +/- 30 msec in 168 normal age-matched subjects (P less than 0.001),  and was prolonged (greater than 340 msec) in 65% of these 38 patients. In 18 anorexia patients with measured ART, T3 and T4Adj, the mean ART was longer 376.1 +/- 20 msec) in 10 with subnormal T3 than in 8 patients with a normal T3 (294.7 +/- 13.2 msec, P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference in the mean ART between patients with a normal or low serum T4Adj. Administeration of oral T3 40 mug/day for 4 weeks to 11 anorexia patients caused a significant reduction (P less than 0.001) in mean ART of 108.7 +/- 9.6 msec compared with 17.7 +/- 3.3 msec in 18 normal subjects. There was a normal peak serum TSH and a rise in mean total serum T3 of 47 +/- 12 ng/100 ml (range 11-100 ng/ml) in 7 of 8 patients following 200 mug of iv thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). The fall in serum TSH was delayed in 6 patients. Assessment of hypothalamic control of thyroid function in 3 patients using the method of thyroidal iodide release (TIR) showed impairment of the normal diurnal variation and response to administered glucocorticoids. In the absence of a space-occupying pituitary lesion, the TRH and TIR data suggest a central inhibition of thyroid function, possibly by impairment of hypothalamic TRH release. In addition, a probable decrease of peripheral T4 to T3 conversion leads to low serum T3 concentrations. The prolonged basal ART and the marked ART reduction in response to T3 administration is attributed to correction of tissue thyroid hormone deficiency in the anorexia patients.", "PMID": 401822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1023", "title": "Failure of growth hormone-suppressing agents to affect TSH-releasing hormone- and LH-releasing hormone-induced growth hormone release in acromegaly.", "content": "In patients with acromegaly whose basal plasma GH levels were suppressed with 9 mg/day of dexamethasone for 2 days, TRH-(6 cases) and LHRH-(1 case) induced GH release were unaffected when the responses were compared to the basal levels. Phentolamine infusion, 70 mg in 150 min, or hyperglycemia induced by iv infusion of 700 ml of 50% glucose solution also did not suppress TRH-induced GH release in 2 acromegalic patients whose basal GH levels were lowered with these agents alone. These results seem to indicate that dexamethasone does not affect TRH- or LHRH-induced GH release per se, but affects the basal state which determines the absolute level of response. They also support the concept that TRH and LHRH act directly on pituitary tumor cells to release GH in acromegaly.", "contents": "Failure of growth hormone-suppressing agents to affect TSH-releasing hormone- and LH-releasing hormone-induced growth hormone release in acromegaly. In patients with acromegaly whose basal plasma GH levels were suppressed with 9 mg/day of dexamethasone for 2 days, TRH-(6 cases) and LHRH-(1 case) induced GH release were unaffected when the responses were compared to the basal levels. Phentolamine infusion, 70 mg in 150 min, or hyperglycemia induced by iv infusion of 700 ml of 50% glucose solution also did not suppress TRH-induced GH release in 2 acromegalic patients whose basal GH levels were lowered with these agents alone. These results seem to indicate that dexamethasone does not affect TRH- or LHRH-induced GH release per se, but affects the basal state which determines the absolute level of response. They also support the concept that TRH and LHRH act directly on pituitary tumor cells to release GH in acromegaly.", "PMID": 401823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1024", "title": "Effect of cyproheptadine on TRH-stimulated prolactin and TSH release in man.", "content": "TRH-stimulated prolactin release was determined in four male volunteers with and without pre-treatment with cyproheptadine. All showed a marked increase in the TRH-mediated prolactin rise and a marked decrease in the TRH-mediated TSH rise when receiving cyproheptadine pre-treatment.", "contents": "Effect of cyproheptadine on TRH-stimulated prolactin and TSH release in man. TRH-stimulated prolactin release was determined in four male volunteers with and without pre-treatment with cyproheptadine. All showed a marked increase in the TRH-mediated prolactin rise and a marked decrease in the TRH-mediated TSH rise when receiving cyproheptadine pre-treatment.", "PMID": 401824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1025", "title": "Effect of triiodothyronine treatment on prolactin secretion in patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea.", "content": "In order to determine the role of thyroid hormone in prolactin (PRL) secretion in patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhae, PRL response to 500 mug of iv thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was studied before and after the administration of triiodothyronine (T3) in 10 patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Seven of these patients were euthyroid and the other 3 had hypothyroidism. The patients in the euthyroid group received 50 mug of T3 daily for 7 days and 75 mug q.d. for the ensuing 14 days. The hypothyroid patients received T3 at progressively increasing doses from 10 mug q.d. to 75 mug q.d. during 34 to 68 days. In the initial test, the elevated basal levels of PRL, 61.9 +/- 9.8 ng/ml (Mean +/- SE) exhibited a slight but insignificant net increase (7.7 +/- 2.1 ng/ml) after TRH injection in the euthyroid group. However, a marked response to TRH with a net increase of 147.2 +/- 26.3 ng/ml from the basal level of 47.3 +/- 11.2 ng/ml was observed in the hypothyroid patients. After treatment with T3, both the basal level (56.9 +/- 8.3 ng/ml) and the net increase (9.9 +/- 3.6 ng/ml) of PRL following TRH stimulation remained virtually unchanged in the euthyroid group. The hypothyroid group, in contrast, displayed a significant depression of both the basal level (26.1 +/- 13.0 ng/ml) and the net increase (33.8 +/- 6.5 ng/ml) of PRL to TRH stimulation. The diminution of the basal levels and responses of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to TRH stimulation was observed in all cases of both groups. These results suggest that the level of thyroid hormone has little pathogenic role in PRL secretion in euthyroid patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea, in contrast to its marked effect in hypothyroid patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea.", "contents": "Effect of triiodothyronine treatment on prolactin secretion in patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea. In order to determine the role of thyroid hormone in prolactin (PRL) secretion in patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhae, PRL response to 500 mug of iv thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was studied before and after the administration of triiodothyronine (T3) in 10 patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea. Seven of these patients were euthyroid and the other 3 had hypothyroidism. The patients in the euthyroid group received 50 mug of T3 daily for 7 days and 75 mug q.d. for the ensuing 14 days. The hypothyroid patients received T3 at progressively increasing doses from 10 mug q.d. to 75 mug q.d. during 34 to 68 days. In the initial test, the elevated basal levels of PRL, 61.9 +/- 9.8 ng/ml (Mean +/- SE) exhibited a slight but insignificant net increase (7.7 +/- 2.1 ng/ml) after TRH injection in the euthyroid group. However, a marked response to TRH with a net increase of 147.2 +/- 26.3 ng/ml from the basal level of 47.3 +/- 11.2 ng/ml was observed in the hypothyroid patients. After treatment with T3, both the basal level (56.9 +/- 8.3 ng/ml) and the net increase (9.9 +/- 3.6 ng/ml) of PRL following TRH stimulation remained virtually unchanged in the euthyroid group. The hypothyroid group, in contrast, displayed a significant depression of both the basal level (26.1 +/- 13.0 ng/ml) and the net increase (33.8 +/- 6.5 ng/ml) of PRL to TRH stimulation. The diminution of the basal levels and responses of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to TRH stimulation was observed in all cases of both groups. These results suggest that the level of thyroid hormone has little pathogenic role in PRL secretion in euthyroid patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea, in contrast to its marked effect in hypothyroid patients with amenorrhea-galactorrhea.", "PMID": 401825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1026", "title": "Studies on the nature of thyroidal suppression during acute falciparum malaria: integrity of pituitary response to TRH and alterations in serum T3 and reverse T3.", "content": "The nature of the suppression of the pituitary-thyroid axis during infection was studied by testing the integrity of thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) during acute falciparum malaria in human volunteers. During infection, TSH responses to TRH were found to be intact while PRL secretion was slightly increased. That serum T3 levels abruptly declined during infection while serum T4 was stable or increasing suggested an alteration in peripheral degradative pathways and prompted the measuremnt of reverse T3. Changes in serum T3 concentration were found to be accompanied by reciprocal changes in reverse T3. These observations allow some clarification of previously unknown aspects of thyroidal economy during infection.", "contents": "Studies on the nature of thyroidal suppression during acute falciparum malaria: integrity of pituitary response to TRH and alterations in serum T3 and reverse T3. The nature of the suppression of the pituitary-thyroid axis during infection was studied by testing the integrity of thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) during acute falciparum malaria in human volunteers. During infection, TSH responses to TRH were found to be intact while PRL secretion was slightly increased. That serum T3 levels abruptly declined during infection while serum T4 was stable or increasing suggested an alteration in peripheral degradative pathways and prompted the measuremnt of reverse T3. Changes in serum T3 concentration were found to be accompanied by reciprocal changes in reverse T3. These observations allow some clarification of previously unknown aspects of thyroidal economy during infection.", "PMID": 401826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1027", "title": "Diphosphonate therapy of paget's disease of bone.", "content": "The use of disodium ethane-1 hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) therapy for Paget's disease of bone was examined in 75 affected patients. Forty-eight patients received randomly assigned oral doses of either 0, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day in a controlled, double-blind protocol, and the remainder received either 10 or 20 mg/kg/day in a non-random protocol. The clinical status of the patients and appropriate laboratory tests were evaluated before treatment and at frequent intervals during a six-month period of initial therapy. There were no significant changes in either urinary hydroxyproline or serum alkaline phosphatase in those patients receiving placebos, while both these parameters decreased significantly at all dose levels of EHDP, with the greatest decline noted in the highest dose group. However, statistical analysis of the data related to changes in symptoms in the double-blind study revealed that patients receiving the higher dose of EHDP (10 or 20 mg/kg/day) had less favorable outcomes than those receiving the lower doses (2.5 or 5 mg/kg/day). The high does group had a relatively lower rate of symptom improvement and a relatively greater rate of deterioration than did the low dose group. Twenty-one of forty-nine patients followed for at least 18 months have shown a sustained suppression of their serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline values for 12 months following cessation of EHDP, while therapy has been reinstituted for the other 28 patients because of increases in these measurements, with or without accompanying symptomatic deterioration. Eight patients sustained fractures through Pagetic bone during the period of study and all of these were treated with higher doses of EHDP. On the basis of the biochemical and clinical data in this study it appears that initial therapy of Paget's disease of bone with 5 mg EHDP/kg/day maximizes benefits while minimizing possible adverse effects.", "contents": "Diphosphonate therapy of paget's disease of bone. The use of disodium ethane-1 hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) therapy for Paget's disease of bone was examined in 75 affected patients. Forty-eight patients received randomly assigned oral doses of either 0, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day in a controlled, double-blind protocol, and the remainder received either 10 or 20 mg/kg/day in a non-random protocol. The clinical status of the patients and appropriate laboratory tests were evaluated before treatment and at frequent intervals during a six-month period of initial therapy. There were no significant changes in either urinary hydroxyproline or serum alkaline phosphatase in those patients receiving placebos, while both these parameters decreased significantly at all dose levels of EHDP, with the greatest decline noted in the highest dose group. However, statistical analysis of the data related to changes in symptoms in the double-blind study revealed that patients receiving the higher dose of EHDP (10 or 20 mg/kg/day) had less favorable outcomes than those receiving the lower doses (2.5 or 5 mg/kg/day). The high does group had a relatively lower rate of symptom improvement and a relatively greater rate of deterioration than did the low dose group. Twenty-one of forty-nine patients followed for at least 18 months have shown a sustained suppression of their serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline values for 12 months following cessation of EHDP, while therapy has been reinstituted for the other 28 patients because of increases in these measurements, with or without accompanying symptomatic deterioration. Eight patients sustained fractures through Pagetic bone during the period of study and all of these were treated with higher doses of EHDP. On the basis of the biochemical and clinical data in this study it appears that initial therapy of Paget's disease of bone with 5 mg EHDP/kg/day maximizes benefits while minimizing possible adverse effects.", "PMID": 401827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1028", "title": "Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by genetic transformation: a clinical laboratory evaluation.", "content": "Transformation of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae auxotroph (uracil and arginine deficient) to prototrophy was attempted with wild-type deoxyribonucleic acid from 71 random clinical N. gonorrhoeae cultures. Of these 71 cultures, 97.1% transformed the nutritionally deficient mutant to prototrophy. The procedure was reliable and economical and offered several distinct advantages over other methods used for the confirmation of N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by genetic transformation: a clinical laboratory evaluation. Transformation of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae auxotroph (uracil and arginine deficient) to prototrophy was attempted with wild-type deoxyribonucleic acid from 71 random clinical N. gonorrhoeae cultures. Of these 71 cultures, 97.1% transformed the nutritionally deficient mutant to prototrophy. The procedure was reliable and economical and offered several distinct advantages over other methods used for the confirmation of N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 401828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1029", "title": "Asymptomatic females: detection of antibody activity to gonococcal pili antigen by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A gonococcal pili antigen preparation was used to detect antibody activity sera obtained from 322 culture-positive asymptomatic females and 150 negative controls. Pili were obtained from a culture of type 2 Neisseria gonorrhoeae (strain 2686) and labeled with 125I for use in a double-antibody radioimmunoassay test system. Of the 322 sera obtained from culture-positive, asymptomatic females, 276 (85.7%) showed antibody activity greater than or equal to 1.8 mug/ml. Negative controls were obtained from three different groups of individuals, and 130 (86.7%) had undetectable antibody activity. Sera from asymptomatic, culture-positive females were absorbed with three different strains of N. gonorrhoeae, one of these strains being the organism used for pili antigen preparations. The absorbed sera were tested for antibody activity, and in each case the activity in the absorbed sera dropped to an undetectable level. When the same sera were absorbed with N. meningitidis, N. catarrhalis, N. perflava, Escherichia coli, Herellea vaginicola, Mima polymorpha, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, little, if any, decline in the level of anti-pili antibody activity was observed.", "contents": "Asymptomatic females: detection of antibody activity to gonococcal pili antigen by radioimmunoassay. A gonococcal pili antigen preparation was used to detect antibody activity sera obtained from 322 culture-positive asymptomatic females and 150 negative controls. Pili were obtained from a culture of type 2 Neisseria gonorrhoeae (strain 2686) and labeled with 125I for use in a double-antibody radioimmunoassay test system. Of the 322 sera obtained from culture-positive, asymptomatic females, 276 (85.7%) showed antibody activity greater than or equal to 1.8 mug/ml. Negative controls were obtained from three different groups of individuals, and 130 (86.7%) had undetectable antibody activity. Sera from asymptomatic, culture-positive females were absorbed with three different strains of N. gonorrhoeae, one of these strains being the organism used for pili antigen preparations. The absorbed sera were tested for antibody activity, and in each case the activity in the absorbed sera dropped to an undetectable level. When the same sera were absorbed with N. meningitidis, N. catarrhalis, N. perflava, Escherichia coli, Herellea vaginicola, Mima polymorpha, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, little, if any, decline in the level of anti-pili antibody activity was observed.", "PMID": 401829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1030", "title": "Failure of cyclophosphamide to significantly enhance isolation of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi from wild Philippine rats.", "content": "Treatment of wild rats from a known scrub typhus focus in the Philippines with cyclophosphamide did not significantly enhance the isolation rate of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi using mouse inoculation techniques. Similarly, cyclophosphamide treatment of mice inoculated with organs of wild rats did not increase the recovery of rickettsiae, and isolation of rickettsiae was about equal from biopsies obtained before and after immunosuppression of wild rats.", "contents": "Failure of cyclophosphamide to significantly enhance isolation of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi from wild Philippine rats. Treatment of wild rats from a known scrub typhus focus in the Philippines with cyclophosphamide did not significantly enhance the isolation rate of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi using mouse inoculation techniques. Similarly, cyclophosphamide treatment of mice inoculated with organs of wild rats did not increase the recovery of rickettsiae, and isolation of rickettsiae was about equal from biopsies obtained before and after immunosuppression of wild rats.", "PMID": 401830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1031", "title": "Effect of N-acetylcysteine on antibiotic activity and bacterial growth in vitro.", "content": "The antibiotic bacerial inactivity of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and its interaction with penicillin and aminocyclitol antibiotics was evaluated. NAC inhibited growth of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were more susceptible than other microorgainsms tested. P. aeruginosa strains were inhibited synergistically by NAC and carbenicillin or ticarcillin. However, NAC antagonized the activity of gentamicin and tobramycin. These findings have implications for the combined clinical use of NAC and aerosolized antibiotics and are also important for the processing of sputum specimens in the microbiology laboratory.", "contents": "Effect of N-acetylcysteine on antibiotic activity and bacterial growth in vitro. The antibiotic bacerial inactivity of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and its interaction with penicillin and aminocyclitol antibiotics was evaluated. NAC inhibited growth of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were more susceptible than other microorgainsms tested. P. aeruginosa strains were inhibited synergistically by NAC and carbenicillin or ticarcillin. However, NAC antagonized the activity of gentamicin and tobramycin. These findings have implications for the combined clinical use of NAC and aerosolized antibiotics and are also important for the processing of sputum specimens in the microbiology laboratory.", "PMID": 401831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1032", "title": "Simplified complete medium for the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "A complete medium for the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been developed, using the same basic ingredients contained in commercial media but with fewer supplements. Based on a comparison of plating efficiencies, this medium (designated TTU Complete Medium) supported the growth of laboratory strains of N. gonorrhoeae equal to that obtained on commercial GC agar base medium supplemented with Iso VitaleX. It was also equivalent to the commercial medium in supporting the growth of 67 clinical isolates and 6 auxotypes of N. gonorrhoeae when tested by the streak plate method. Based on turbidity measurements and viable plate counts, the liquid equivalent of TTU Complete Medium supported maximal growth yields of N. gonorrhoeae. The toxicity of different brands of agar appeared to be a major factor in preventing the growth of N. gonorrhoeae strains on solid media. The addition of starch neutralized the toxicity of some types of agar but not of others.", "contents": "Simplified complete medium for the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A complete medium for the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been developed, using the same basic ingredients contained in commercial media but with fewer supplements. Based on a comparison of plating efficiencies, this medium (designated TTU Complete Medium) supported the growth of laboratory strains of N. gonorrhoeae equal to that obtained on commercial GC agar base medium supplemented with Iso VitaleX. It was also equivalent to the commercial medium in supporting the growth of 67 clinical isolates and 6 auxotypes of N. gonorrhoeae when tested by the streak plate method. Based on turbidity measurements and viable plate counts, the liquid equivalent of TTU Complete Medium supported maximal growth yields of N. gonorrhoeae. The toxicity of different brands of agar appeared to be a major factor in preventing the growth of N. gonorrhoeae strains on solid media. The addition of starch neutralized the toxicity of some types of agar but not of others.", "PMID": 401832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1033", "title": "Comparative serological and cutaneous reactivity of candidal cytoplasmic proteins and mannan separated by affinity for concanavalin A.", "content": "Yeast-form Candida albicans cells were disrupted for 1.5 min in a Braun homogenizer and centrifuged at 100,000 X g. The supernatant was concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and then dialyzed. The resulting material (650 mg), containing 81.2% protein and 11.5% carbohydrate, was subjected to affinity chromatography on concanavalin A (Con A) linked to agarose. A protein fraction was eluted from the column with buffer, and a fraction containing mannan was eluted with 0.2 M alpha-methyl mannoside. The candidal soluble proteins had 19 components which were resolvable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The material with affinity for Con A contained mannan and 17% complexed protein. Antigenic differences between the soluble proteins and the mannan-protein complex were shown by lines of intersection in immunodiffusion. The soluble proteins devoid of mannan reacted in immunoelectrophoresis with sera from infected rabbits and patients with chronic candidiasis. These same sera also reacted with a mannan-protein complex eluted from the Con A column with alpha-methyl mannoside. The comparative ability of candidal proteins and cell wall-derived mannan to elicit skin test reactions in guinea pigs sensitized by infection or with formaldehyde-killed yeast was studied. Candidal proteins at a 10-mug dose elicited positive reactions at 6 and 21 days after sensitization. The reactions persisted for 48 h and showed minimal tendency to an arthus response, which was marked when mannan-containing antigens were used. The antigenicity of cell wall-derived mannans and candidal soluble proteins devoid of mannan was compared in immunodiffusion tests of sera from 39 patients with neoplastic disease. Of these patients with documented candidiasis, 13 of 20 reacted to one or more mannan antigens, and 3 of 20 reacted to candidal soluble proteins. In contrast, of those patients who were uninfected or had superficial Candida spp. infections, 5 of 19 reacted to candidal soluble proteins, and 16 of 19 reacted to one or more mannan antigens.", "contents": "Comparative serological and cutaneous reactivity of candidal cytoplasmic proteins and mannan separated by affinity for concanavalin A. Yeast-form Candida albicans cells were disrupted for 1.5 min in a Braun homogenizer and centrifuged at 100,000 X g. The supernatant was concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and then dialyzed. The resulting material (650 mg), containing 81.2% protein and 11.5% carbohydrate, was subjected to affinity chromatography on concanavalin A (Con A) linked to agarose. A protein fraction was eluted from the column with buffer, and a fraction containing mannan was eluted with 0.2 M alpha-methyl mannoside. The candidal soluble proteins had 19 components which were resolvable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The material with affinity for Con A contained mannan and 17% complexed protein. Antigenic differences between the soluble proteins and the mannan-protein complex were shown by lines of intersection in immunodiffusion. The soluble proteins devoid of mannan reacted in immunoelectrophoresis with sera from infected rabbits and patients with chronic candidiasis. These same sera also reacted with a mannan-protein complex eluted from the Con A column with alpha-methyl mannoside. The comparative ability of candidal proteins and cell wall-derived mannan to elicit skin test reactions in guinea pigs sensitized by infection or with formaldehyde-killed yeast was studied. Candidal proteins at a 10-mug dose elicited positive reactions at 6 and 21 days after sensitization. The reactions persisted for 48 h and showed minimal tendency to an arthus response, which was marked when mannan-containing antigens were used. The antigenicity of cell wall-derived mannans and candidal soluble proteins devoid of mannan was compared in immunodiffusion tests of sera from 39 patients with neoplastic disease. Of these patients with documented candidiasis, 13 of 20 reacted to one or more mannan antigens, and 3 of 20 reacted to candidal soluble proteins. In contrast, of those patients who were uninfected or had superficial Candida spp. infections, 5 of 19 reacted to candidal soluble proteins, and 16 of 19 reacted to one or more mannan antigens.", "PMID": 401833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1034", "title": "Mechanism for the inflammatory response in primate lungs. Demonstration and partial characterization of an alveolar macrophage-derived chemotactic factor with preferential activity for polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Approximately 4 h after an initial bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of a primate's lung, an appreciable number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were noted to accumulate in respiratory fluids when lavage was repeated. Whereas, alveolar macrophages (90%) and lymphocytes (7%) were the principal respiratory cells recovered initially from lavage fluid, later samples contained 45-90% PMNs To explain the observed ingress of PMNs into lung fluids, concentrated BAL fluid was tested for chemoattractant activity. Such fluid obtained 4 and 24 h after an initial lavage contained material that produced directed migration (chemotaxis) for PMNs and mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood of normal donors. Gel filtration chromatography of BAL disclosed two peaks of chemotactic activity in the effluent fractions. Material from the column with an estimated molecular weight of 15,000 daltons was chemotactic for both PMNs and mononuclear cells. Because it was susceptible to inactivation with antiserum against the fifth component of complement, resistant to heating, and unaffected by antiserum against C3, this factor was considered analogous to the cleavage product of the fifth component of complement. C5a. In addition chemotactic activity for PMNs only was contained in an effluent peak having a molecular weight of about 5,000 daltons. This material was heat labile but unaffected by antisera to complement components. To locate the possible source of these factors in respiratory fluid, in vitro cultures of alveolar macrophages were established. These cells, whether stimulated by phagocytosis of opsonized bacteria or merely by attachment to a glass surface, produced chemotactic material which had physical characteristics similar to the small molecular weight material in BAL. Moreover, it induced preferential chemotaxis for PMNs. Thus, in primate lungs, at least two chemotactic substances may generate an inflammatory response; one which is a fragment of the complement component C5 and another small molecular weight factor which is released from alveolar macrophages.", "contents": "Mechanism for the inflammatory response in primate lungs. Demonstration and partial characterization of an alveolar macrophage-derived chemotactic factor with preferential activity for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Approximately 4 h after an initial bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of a primate's lung, an appreciable number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were noted to accumulate in respiratory fluids when lavage was repeated. Whereas, alveolar macrophages (90%) and lymphocytes (7%) were the principal respiratory cells recovered initially from lavage fluid, later samples contained 45-90% PMNs To explain the observed ingress of PMNs into lung fluids, concentrated BAL fluid was tested for chemoattractant activity. Such fluid obtained 4 and 24 h after an initial lavage contained material that produced directed migration (chemotaxis) for PMNs and mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood of normal donors. Gel filtration chromatography of BAL disclosed two peaks of chemotactic activity in the effluent fractions. Material from the column with an estimated molecular weight of 15,000 daltons was chemotactic for both PMNs and mononuclear cells. Because it was susceptible to inactivation with antiserum against the fifth component of complement, resistant to heating, and unaffected by antiserum against C3, this factor was considered analogous to the cleavage product of the fifth component of complement. C5a. In addition chemotactic activity for PMNs only was contained in an effluent peak having a molecular weight of about 5,000 daltons. This material was heat labile but unaffected by antisera to complement components. To locate the possible source of these factors in respiratory fluid, in vitro cultures of alveolar macrophages were established. These cells, whether stimulated by phagocytosis of opsonized bacteria or merely by attachment to a glass surface, produced chemotactic material which had physical characteristics similar to the small molecular weight material in BAL. Moreover, it induced preferential chemotaxis for PMNs. Thus, in primate lungs, at least two chemotactic substances may generate an inflammatory response; one which is a fragment of the complement component C5 and another small molecular weight factor which is released from alveolar macrophages.", "PMID": 401834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1035", "title": "Age-related deterioration of pyramidal cell basal dendrites in rat auditory cortex.", "content": "The basal dendritic trees of layer V pyramidal cells in the rat auditory cortex were examined quantitatively in a group of 3-month-old and a group of 34- and 36-month-old rats. Two forms of analysis were used on the Golgi preparations: (1) the number of intersections between the basal dendrites and a series of concentric circles whose common center lies over the perikaryon center, and (2) the number of dendritic branches, by order, per neuron. The data indicate that in the old animals the density of the dendritic tree has decreased significantly within a radius of about 150mu of the perikaryon, yet the extent of the dendritic domain has not changed appreciably. Analysis of the dendritic branching suggests that there has been a deterioration not only in the peripheral branches of the dendritic tree, but also that entire dendrites have been lost. This loss of primary branches was confirmed through the reconstruction of layer V neuronal perikarya and their proximal dendrites from 1-mu plastic serial sections of auditory cortex. Concomitant with the loss of dendrites which accompanies advancing age is a tendency for the perikaryon to be smaller, but not distorted, in the old animals.", "contents": "Age-related deterioration of pyramidal cell basal dendrites in rat auditory cortex. The basal dendritic trees of layer V pyramidal cells in the rat auditory cortex were examined quantitatively in a group of 3-month-old and a group of 34- and 36-month-old rats. Two forms of analysis were used on the Golgi preparations: (1) the number of intersections between the basal dendrites and a series of concentric circles whose common center lies over the perikaryon center, and (2) the number of dendritic branches, by order, per neuron. The data indicate that in the old animals the density of the dendritic tree has decreased significantly within a radius of about 150mu of the perikaryon, yet the extent of the dendritic domain has not changed appreciably. Analysis of the dendritic branching suggests that there has been a deterioration not only in the peripheral branches of the dendritic tree, but also that entire dendrites have been lost. This loss of primary branches was confirmed through the reconstruction of layer V neuronal perikarya and their proximal dendrites from 1-mu plastic serial sections of auditory cortex. Concomitant with the loss of dendrites which accompanies advancing age is a tendency for the perikaryon to be smaller, but not distorted, in the old animals.", "PMID": 401835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1036", "title": "Demonstration of bilateral projection of the central retina of the monkey with horseradish peroxidase neuronography.", "content": "In the primate, ganglion cells of the temporal retina project ipsilaterally and those of the nasal retina, contralaterally into the optic tract. The vertical meridian passing through the fovea defines the border between these two populations of ganglion cells and has been demonstrated in four Macaque monkeys after unilateral injection of horseradish peroxidase into the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and examination of the pattern of retrograde labeling of those ganglion cells projecting to the injected side. A median 1 degree vertical strip in which ipsi- and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells intermingle was found, confirming the report by Stone et al. ('73). In addition, occasional extrafoveal labeled ganglion cells were found as far as 2 degrees from the vertical midline in the otherwise unlabeled hemiretinae. These ganglion cells were not numerous and had somata of all sizes, suggesting that they do not constitute a separate class of ganglion cells as found in the temporal retina of the cat. In contrast to the description by Stone et al. ('73), the strip of vertical overlap did not show a constant width through the fovea, since mixing of labeled and unlabeled ganglion cells was found in a band approximately 1/2 degree wide along both the nasal and temporal rims of the foveal pit which is 500 mum (2 degrees) in diameter. Beyond these 1/2 degree arcs, the appropriate hemiretina was either completely unlabeled, or contained virtually every ganglion cell labeled on the side projecting to the injected dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. The scattered labeled ganglion cells rimming an otherwise unlabeled hemifovea represent a possible anatomical basis for the phenomenon of \"macular\" or \"foveal sparing\" in which unilateral damage to the occipital cortex produces homonymous hemianopsia with sparing of a small island of centralmost vision extending about 1 degree from the foveal center. From this study, it is not possible to define the receptive fields or specific photoreceptor connections of the ganglion cells labeled with horseradish peroxidase, so that at the present time quantitative correlations cannot be made between the numbers of ganglion cells remaining on the affected side of the fovea and the extent of preservation of visual function in the spared zone. The presence of labeled ganglion cells rimming the fovea in its entirety is compatible with the sequence of foveal development in late prenatal life. After lateral displacement both nasally and temporally of ganglion cells which initially lay in the median vertical overlap strip of 1 degree, in the adult retina a strip approximately 1/2 degree wide around the perimeter of the foveola should contain a mixture of ipsi- and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells. The total population of ganglion cells beyond this 1/2 degree band should be completely ipsi- or contralateral in their projection patterns, as is observed...", "contents": "Demonstration of bilateral projection of the central retina of the monkey with horseradish peroxidase neuronography. In the primate, ganglion cells of the temporal retina project ipsilaterally and those of the nasal retina, contralaterally into the optic tract. The vertical meridian passing through the fovea defines the border between these two populations of ganglion cells and has been demonstrated in four Macaque monkeys after unilateral injection of horseradish peroxidase into the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and examination of the pattern of retrograde labeling of those ganglion cells projecting to the injected side. A median 1 degree vertical strip in which ipsi- and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells intermingle was found, confirming the report by Stone et al. ('73). In addition, occasional extrafoveal labeled ganglion cells were found as far as 2 degrees from the vertical midline in the otherwise unlabeled hemiretinae. These ganglion cells were not numerous and had somata of all sizes, suggesting that they do not constitute a separate class of ganglion cells as found in the temporal retina of the cat. In contrast to the description by Stone et al. ('73), the strip of vertical overlap did not show a constant width through the fovea, since mixing of labeled and unlabeled ganglion cells was found in a band approximately 1/2 degree wide along both the nasal and temporal rims of the foveal pit which is 500 mum (2 degrees) in diameter. Beyond these 1/2 degree arcs, the appropriate hemiretina was either completely unlabeled, or contained virtually every ganglion cell labeled on the side projecting to the injected dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. The scattered labeled ganglion cells rimming an otherwise unlabeled hemifovea represent a possible anatomical basis for the phenomenon of \"macular\" or \"foveal sparing\" in which unilateral damage to the occipital cortex produces homonymous hemianopsia with sparing of a small island of centralmost vision extending about 1 degree from the foveal center. From this study, it is not possible to define the receptive fields or specific photoreceptor connections of the ganglion cells labeled with horseradish peroxidase, so that at the present time quantitative correlations cannot be made between the numbers of ganglion cells remaining on the affected side of the fovea and the extent of preservation of visual function in the spared zone. The presence of labeled ganglion cells rimming the fovea in its entirety is compatible with the sequence of foveal development in late prenatal life. After lateral displacement both nasally and temporally of ganglion cells which initially lay in the median vertical overlap strip of 1 degree, in the adult retina a strip approximately 1/2 degree wide around the perimeter of the foveola should contain a mixture of ipsi- and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells. The total population of ganglion cells beyond this 1/2 degree band should be completely ipsi- or contralateral in their projection patterns, as is observed...", "PMID": 401836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1037", "title": "Thalamic projections of the superior colliculus in the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The projections of the superior colliculus to the thalamus have been studied in the monkey, Macaca mulatta, with anterograde degeneration techniques. The superior colliculus has been shown to project to the inferior nucleus of the pulvinar in a topographical manner with the lower visual field represented dorsomedially and the upper field ventrolaterally. The peripheral zone is located along the medial border and the fovea at the dorsolateral angle adjacent to the lateral geniculate nucleus. The superior colliculus also sends a dense projection to the ipsilateral intralaminar complex, i.e., to the parafascicular, central lateral and paracentral nuclei, and a lesser projection to the same contralateral nuclei. Degenerating tectal fibers were also found in the lateral geniculate nuclei. Four types of vesicle containing profiles were observed in the inferior pulvinar and paracentral nucleus. The large RL and small RS terminals contain round vesicles of uniform size and form asymmetric contacts mainly with large and small dendrites respectively. The F terminal contains a mixture of small round and flat vesicles. It forms symmetric contacts with dendrites and cell somata. The P profile is very pale and contains a relatively sparse population of vesicles showing a great variation in size. It forms symmetric contacts with medium to large dendrites. It is frequently found postsynaptic to the other types, especially the RL terminal, and is regularly seen as the intermediate element of serial and triadic synaptic arrangements. The experimental electron microscopic study has shown that many fibers from the superior colliculus terminate as RL profiles, undergoing direct dense degeneration, in both the inferior pulvinar and the paracentral nucleus. Others probably end as smaller RS terminals.", "contents": "Thalamic projections of the superior colliculus in the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta. A light and electron microscopic study. The projections of the superior colliculus to the thalamus have been studied in the monkey, Macaca mulatta, with anterograde degeneration techniques. The superior colliculus has been shown to project to the inferior nucleus of the pulvinar in a topographical manner with the lower visual field represented dorsomedially and the upper field ventrolaterally. The peripheral zone is located along the medial border and the fovea at the dorsolateral angle adjacent to the lateral geniculate nucleus. The superior colliculus also sends a dense projection to the ipsilateral intralaminar complex, i.e., to the parafascicular, central lateral and paracentral nuclei, and a lesser projection to the same contralateral nuclei. Degenerating tectal fibers were also found in the lateral geniculate nuclei. Four types of vesicle containing profiles were observed in the inferior pulvinar and paracentral nucleus. The large RL and small RS terminals contain round vesicles of uniform size and form asymmetric contacts mainly with large and small dendrites respectively. The F terminal contains a mixture of small round and flat vesicles. It forms symmetric contacts with dendrites and cell somata. The P profile is very pale and contains a relatively sparse population of vesicles showing a great variation in size. It forms symmetric contacts with medium to large dendrites. It is frequently found postsynaptic to the other types, especially the RL terminal, and is regularly seen as the intermediate element of serial and triadic synaptic arrangements. The experimental electron microscopic study has shown that many fibers from the superior colliculus terminate as RL profiles, undergoing direct dense degeneration, in both the inferior pulvinar and the paracentral nucleus. Others probably end as smaller RS terminals.", "PMID": 401837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1038", "title": "An intricately patterned prefronto-caudate projection in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The distribution of prefronto-caudate fibers in the caudate nucleus was studied autoradiographically in monkeys of various ages in which tritiated amino acids had been injected into the middle one-third of the length of the dorsal bank of the principal sulcus. The results indicate that, contrary to previous reports which had suggested a projection to only the head of the caudate nucleus, area 9 of Brodmann projects to the entire length of the nucleus. In the head of the caudate nucleus the cortico-caudate fibers are distributed in a pattern which is remarkable in two respects. First, the grains are not uniformly distributed but rather are segregated into clusters separated from one another by territories in which grain density does not exceed background. Second, individual clusters of grains, circular or elliptical in shape, surround grain free cores. These patterns of fiber distribution within the head of the nucleus are more sharply defined in newborn than in older monkeys. Our findings suggest that the caudate nucleus is organized more as an anatomic and functional mosaic than as the homogeneously organized structure that it is commonly considered to be.", "contents": "An intricately patterned prefronto-caudate projection in the rhesus monkey. The distribution of prefronto-caudate fibers in the caudate nucleus was studied autoradiographically in monkeys of various ages in which tritiated amino acids had been injected into the middle one-third of the length of the dorsal bank of the principal sulcus. The results indicate that, contrary to previous reports which had suggested a projection to only the head of the caudate nucleus, area 9 of Brodmann projects to the entire length of the nucleus. In the head of the caudate nucleus the cortico-caudate fibers are distributed in a pattern which is remarkable in two respects. First, the grains are not uniformly distributed but rather are segregated into clusters separated from one another by territories in which grain density does not exceed background. Second, individual clusters of grains, circular or elliptical in shape, surround grain free cores. These patterns of fiber distribution within the head of the nucleus are more sharply defined in newborn than in older monkeys. Our findings suggest that the caudate nucleus is organized more as an anatomic and functional mosaic than as the homogeneously organized structure that it is commonly considered to be.", "PMID": 401838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1039", "title": "Cortical projections of posterior parietal cortex in owl monkeys.", "content": "Efferent cortical projections of posterior parietal cortex were determined by degeneration and autoradiographic methods in owl monkeys. Intraregional connections were to the immediate surround of the injection or lesion site, and to distinct foci within the posterior parietal region. The extraregional ipsilateral connections were with (1) previously established subdivisions of visual association cortex (the Dorsomedial Area, the Medial Area, the Dorsolateral Area, and the Middle Temporal Area), (2) other locations in caudal neocortex, and (3) frontal cortex. The callosal projections were to separate foci in posterior parietal cortex of the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. The separate foci of both ipsilateral and contralateral terminations in posterior parietal cortex raise the possibility that this region contains more than one functional subdivision. The connections with visual association cortex suggest a role for parietal cortex in visual behavior. Other foci in caudal neocortex indicate the possible locations of additional subdivisions of association cortex.", "contents": "Cortical projections of posterior parietal cortex in owl monkeys. Efferent cortical projections of posterior parietal cortex were determined by degeneration and autoradiographic methods in owl monkeys. Intraregional connections were to the immediate surround of the injection or lesion site, and to distinct foci within the posterior parietal region. The extraregional ipsilateral connections were with (1) previously established subdivisions of visual association cortex (the Dorsomedial Area, the Medial Area, the Dorsolateral Area, and the Middle Temporal Area), (2) other locations in caudal neocortex, and (3) frontal cortex. The callosal projections were to separate foci in posterior parietal cortex of the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. The separate foci of both ipsilateral and contralateral terminations in posterior parietal cortex raise the possibility that this region contains more than one functional subdivision. The connections with visual association cortex suggest a role for parietal cortex in visual behavior. Other foci in caudal neocortex indicate the possible locations of additional subdivisions of association cortex.", "PMID": 401839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1040", "title": "Allergens in bee venom II. Two new high molecular weight allergenic specificities.", "content": "Two new allergenic specificites were detected in honeybee venom and the two corresponding protein substances isolated by gel filtration, immunoadsorption, and ion exchange chromatography. The first of these, allergen B, has a molecular weight ranging from 49,000 to more than 200,00 d and can be recognized by rabbit and guinea pig antisera as well as by human reaginic sera using the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Allergen B gives a single line in immunodiffusion distinct from hyaluronidase, phospholipase A, melittin, and the other high molecular weight substances described and gives a single band at 49,000 d in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel. The second substance, allergen C, has a molecular weight of 105,000 d and was separated from allergen B by immunoadsorption with insoluble antibody. Allergen C was shown to be distinct from the other sustances in bee venom by immunodiffusion with animal antisera. One human reaginic serum was monospecific for allergen C. Two other minor components of 86,000 and 71,000 d are present in bee venom; their allergenic activities are unknown. The two specifities, B and C, comprise most of the reactivity of the previously described Sephadex G-75 fraction 1 and clearly are important allergens, reacting with 98% of sera from bee venom-allergic individuals.", "contents": "Allergens in bee venom II. Two new high molecular weight allergenic specificities. Two new allergenic specificites were detected in honeybee venom and the two corresponding protein substances isolated by gel filtration, immunoadsorption, and ion exchange chromatography. The first of these, allergen B, has a molecular weight ranging from 49,000 to more than 200,00 d and can be recognized by rabbit and guinea pig antisera as well as by human reaginic sera using the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Allergen B gives a single line in immunodiffusion distinct from hyaluronidase, phospholipase A, melittin, and the other high molecular weight substances described and gives a single band at 49,000 d in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel. The second substance, allergen C, has a molecular weight of 105,000 d and was separated from allergen B by immunoadsorption with insoluble antibody. Allergen C was shown to be distinct from the other sustances in bee venom by immunodiffusion with animal antisera. One human reaginic serum was monospecific for allergen C. Two other minor components of 86,000 and 71,000 d are present in bee venom; their allergenic activities are unknown. The two specifities, B and C, comprise most of the reactivity of the previously described Sephadex G-75 fraction 1 and clearly are important allergens, reacting with 98% of sera from bee venom-allergic individuals.", "PMID": 401840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1041", "title": "Aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase distribution in rat kidney.", "content": "The sorbitol pathway catalyzes the conversion of glucose to fructose via the intermediate sorbitol. It consists of aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH). In adult (44 day) kidney zones, AR was highest in the outer medulla. In substructures AR was highest in distal convoluted tubule. The AR was greatest in newborn and 8-day zones of developing rat kidney. Acute alloxan diabetes was associated with decreased AR in small arteries, but not glomeruli. The SDH was lowest in outer medulla. It was most active in glomeruli and distal convoluted tubules. The diabetic state leads to no change of SDH in arteries but an increase in glomeruli. SDH increased with development. This study demonstrates AR and SDH in substructures of the kidney. The pathway is present in developing kidney. In diabetes the enzymatic changes would tend to decrease accumulation of sorbitol.", "contents": "Aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase distribution in rat kidney. The sorbitol pathway catalyzes the conversion of glucose to fructose via the intermediate sorbitol. It consists of aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH). In adult (44 day) kidney zones, AR was highest in the outer medulla. In substructures AR was highest in distal convoluted tubule. The AR was greatest in newborn and 8-day zones of developing rat kidney. Acute alloxan diabetes was associated with decreased AR in small arteries, but not glomeruli. The SDH was lowest in outer medulla. It was most active in glomeruli and distal convoluted tubules. The diabetic state leads to no change of SDH in arteries but an increase in glomeruli. SDH increased with development. This study demonstrates AR and SDH in substructures of the kidney. The pathway is present in developing kidney. In diabetes the enzymatic changes would tend to decrease accumulation of sorbitol.", "PMID": 401844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1042", "title": "Serotypes of Bacillus cereus from outbreaks of food poisoning and from routine foods.", "content": "A provisional serotyping scheme was used to type cultures of Bacillus cereus from 84 outbreaks of food poisoning in seven countries; 283 of the 337 (84%) cultures tested were typable. In 35 of the 61 outbreaks associated with a vomiting-type syndrome, foods, clinical specimens or both yielded H-serotype 1 only. Type 1 strains together with other sterotypes were isolated in seven outbreaks. In 14 outbreaks types 3, 4, 5, 8 or a mixture of serotypes were present. Untypable strains were isolated in five outbreaks. Two of the nine diarrhoeal-type outbreaks yielded serotype 1 only. Types 2, 6, 8, 9, 10 and a mixture of type 12 and an untypable strain appeared to be responsible for one outbreak each. Although 16 of the 18 recognized serotypes were present among cultures of B. cereus from various routine foods, only 156 of the 400 (39%) isolates tested were typable.", "contents": "Serotypes of Bacillus cereus from outbreaks of food poisoning and from routine foods. A provisional serotyping scheme was used to type cultures of Bacillus cereus from 84 outbreaks of food poisoning in seven countries; 283 of the 337 (84%) cultures tested were typable. In 35 of the 61 outbreaks associated with a vomiting-type syndrome, foods, clinical specimens or both yielded H-serotype 1 only. Type 1 strains together with other sterotypes were isolated in seven outbreaks. In 14 outbreaks types 3, 4, 5, 8 or a mixture of serotypes were present. Untypable strains were isolated in five outbreaks. Two of the nine diarrhoeal-type outbreaks yielded serotype 1 only. Types 2, 6, 8, 9, 10 and a mixture of type 12 and an untypable strain appeared to be responsible for one outbreak each. Although 16 of the 18 recognized serotypes were present among cultures of B. cereus from various routine foods, only 156 of the 400 (39%) isolates tested were typable.", "PMID": 401846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1043", "title": "Immunogenetic studies of rhesus monkeys. VII. A simple hemagglutination technique for blood typing.", "content": "A microtiter hemagglutination technique was adapted for routine blood typing of rhesus monkeys. The main advantage of the technique is economy of scarce reagents, since they can be used at greater dilutions and in smaller quantities than in the standard tube technique. Furthermore, the technique is sensitive, accurate, and easy to perform.", "contents": "Immunogenetic studies of rhesus monkeys. VII. A simple hemagglutination technique for blood typing. A microtiter hemagglutination technique was adapted for routine blood typing of rhesus monkeys. The main advantage of the technique is economy of scarce reagents, since they can be used at greater dilutions and in smaller quantities than in the standard tube technique. Furthermore, the technique is sensitive, accurate, and easy to perform.", "PMID": 401848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1044", "title": "Wheat grains: a substrate for the determination of gluten antibodies in serum of gluten-sensitive patients.", "content": "A simple method of detecting gluten antibodies in serum is described. Cryostat sections of wheat grains proved to be an excellent substrate in the immunofluorescence technique. Rabbit antisera to gliadin and alpha-gliadin, and high percentage of sera from patients with gluten-induced enteropathy had antibodies that reacted with an internal structure of wheat grains. These antibodies could be absorbed with gliadin and with alpha-gliadin.", "contents": "Wheat grains: a substrate for the determination of gluten antibodies in serum of gluten-sensitive patients. A simple method of detecting gluten antibodies in serum is described. Cryostat sections of wheat grains proved to be an excellent substrate in the immunofluorescence technique. Rabbit antisera to gliadin and alpha-gliadin, and high percentage of sera from patients with gluten-induced enteropathy had antibodies that reacted with an internal structure of wheat grains. These antibodies could be absorbed with gliadin and with alpha-gliadin.", "PMID": 401849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1045", "title": "Granule-bound tyrosinase: solubilization and its relation to the soluble form of tyrosinase.", "content": "Disc gel electrophoresis of tyrosinase solubilized by sodium deoxycholate (DOC) from the particle fraction of B16 mouse melanoma was carried out in the presence of DOC. A single tyrosinase band, considered to be T3, was detected at the Rx value of 0.60 against Coomassie brilliant blue. The T3 band which is located between T1 and T2 seems to be distinct from the soluble forms of tyrosinase. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 102,000. When treated with proteolytic enzymes or refrigerated, the T3 molecule converted into a molecule whose mobility was equivalent tothat of T1.", "contents": "Granule-bound tyrosinase: solubilization and its relation to the soluble form of tyrosinase. Disc gel electrophoresis of tyrosinase solubilized by sodium deoxycholate (DOC) from the particle fraction of B16 mouse melanoma was carried out in the presence of DOC. A single tyrosinase band, considered to be T3, was detected at the Rx value of 0.60 against Coomassie brilliant blue. The T3 band which is located between T1 and T2 seems to be distinct from the soluble forms of tyrosinase. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 102,000. When treated with proteolytic enzymes or refrigerated, the T3 molecule converted into a molecule whose mobility was equivalent tothat of T1.", "PMID": 401850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1046", "title": "Detection by immune electron microscopy of 26- to 27-nm viruslike particles associated with two family outbreaks of gastroenteritis.", "content": "Viruslike particles 26-27 nm in size were detected by immune electron microscopy in stools of volunteers who were ill after administration of bacteria-free fecal filtrates derived from two separate family outbreaks of acute epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Fluorocarbon treatment and concentration of the filtrates were necessary to provide enough antigen to test sera by immune electron microscopy. Serum antibody responses were detected in both naturally occurring and experimentally induced cases of illness. The Montgomery County viruslike particle appeared to be related to the previously described Norwalk particle, whereas the Hawaii particle appeared to be unrelated to the Norwalk particle.", "contents": "Detection by immune electron microscopy of 26- to 27-nm viruslike particles associated with two family outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Viruslike particles 26-27 nm in size were detected by immune electron microscopy in stools of volunteers who were ill after administration of bacteria-free fecal filtrates derived from two separate family outbreaks of acute epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Fluorocarbon treatment and concentration of the filtrates were necessary to provide enough antigen to test sera by immune electron microscopy. Serum antibody responses were detected in both naturally occurring and experimentally induced cases of illness. The Montgomery County viruslike particle appeared to be related to the previously described Norwalk particle, whereas the Hawaii particle appeared to be unrelated to the Norwalk particle.", "PMID": 401851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1047", "title": "Synergism of penicillin and gentamicin against Listeria monocytogenes in ex vivo hemodialysis culture.", "content": "A new technique of ex vivo hemodialysis culture was used to study the effects against Listeria monocytogenes of penicillin G and gentamicin administered intra-muscular, singly and in combination, in the goat. Bactericidal synergism of the combination was detected despite rapidly diminishing concentrations of the drugs in the blood plasma and dialysate.", "contents": "Synergism of penicillin and gentamicin against Listeria monocytogenes in ex vivo hemodialysis culture. A new technique of ex vivo hemodialysis culture was used to study the effects against Listeria monocytogenes of penicillin G and gentamicin administered intra-muscular, singly and in combination, in the goat. Bactericidal synergism of the combination was detected despite rapidly diminishing concentrations of the drugs in the blood plasma and dialysate.", "PMID": 401852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1048", "title": "Comparison of amikacin and tobramycin in the treatment of infection in patients with cancer.", "content": "Two new aminoglycoside antibiotics, tobramycin and amikacin, were compared in a randomized study of the treatment of infections in patients with cancer. For the identified infections, the response rate for tobramycin was 60% and for amikacin was 64%. Pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and septicemia were the most frequent infections. Most (78%) of the identified pathogens were gram-negative bacilli; Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most frequently isolated organisms. When only infections due to gram-negative bacilli were considered, 67% responded to tobramycin and 69% responded to amikacin. All infections except pneumonias had at least a 50% response rate to either antibiotic. The major form of toxicity of both antibiotics was azotemia and occurred in 22% of cases treated with tobramycin and in 20% treated with amikacin. Tobramycin and amikacin are equally effective in the treatment of gram-negative infections and have similar toxicity.", "contents": "Comparison of amikacin and tobramycin in the treatment of infection in patients with cancer. Two new aminoglycoside antibiotics, tobramycin and amikacin, were compared in a randomized study of the treatment of infections in patients with cancer. For the identified infections, the response rate for tobramycin was 60% and for amikacin was 64%. Pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and septicemia were the most frequent infections. Most (78%) of the identified pathogens were gram-negative bacilli; Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most frequently isolated organisms. When only infections due to gram-negative bacilli were considered, 67% responded to tobramycin and 69% responded to amikacin. All infections except pneumonias had at least a 50% response rate to either antibiotic. The major form of toxicity of both antibiotics was azotemia and occurred in 22% of cases treated with tobramycin and in 20% treated with amikacin. Tobramycin and amikacin are equally effective in the treatment of gram-negative infections and have similar toxicity.", "PMID": 401853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1049", "title": "Spleen function in quartan malaria (due to Plasmodium inui): evidence for both protective and suppressive roles in host defense.", "content": "For investigation of the role of the spleen in host defense and chronicity in quartan malaria, the course of Plasmodium inui infection was studied in 39 intact rhesus monkeys, 16 monkeys splenectomized before infection, and 22 monkeys splenectomized after infection. Splenectomized animals consistently had peak parasitemias greater than 10-fold higher than those of intact animals, but the mortality rate at peak parasitemia was only higher in monkeys splenectomized before infection. Whereas intact animals had persistent infections for one to 13 years, splenectomized animals achieved self-cure (persistently negative blood smears for three or more months) within less than a year. These observations suggest that the spleen exerts a protective role during the acute stage and a suppressive role during the chronic stage of quartan malarial infection.", "contents": "Spleen function in quartan malaria (due to Plasmodium inui): evidence for both protective and suppressive roles in host defense. For investigation of the role of the spleen in host defense and chronicity in quartan malaria, the course of Plasmodium inui infection was studied in 39 intact rhesus monkeys, 16 monkeys splenectomized before infection, and 22 monkeys splenectomized after infection. Splenectomized animals consistently had peak parasitemias greater than 10-fold higher than those of intact animals, but the mortality rate at peak parasitemia was only higher in monkeys splenectomized before infection. Whereas intact animals had persistent infections for one to 13 years, splenectomized animals achieved self-cure (persistently negative blood smears for three or more months) within less than a year. These observations suggest that the spleen exerts a protective role during the acute stage and a suppressive role during the chronic stage of quartan malarial infection.", "PMID": 401854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1050", "title": "Extraction and purification of specific antibody against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by immune affinity chromatography.", "content": "Immune affinity chromatography has been used to extract and purify specific immune antibody against P. aeruginosa immunotype 4 from hyperimmune gamma glubulin containing antibody against each of seven major immunotypes of P. aeruginosa. A column with a 4 ml. bed volume was construced which had a \"working capacity\" of approximately 1,680 agglutination units. With water used as the eluting agent, 100 percent yields of functionally active antibody were obtained when amounts equal to or less than the working capacity were loaded onto the column. The technique appears to be suitable for large scale extraction of specific immune antibody for therapeutic trials or investigative use.", "contents": "Extraction and purification of specific antibody against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by immune affinity chromatography. Immune affinity chromatography has been used to extract and purify specific immune antibody against P. aeruginosa immunotype 4 from hyperimmune gamma glubulin containing antibody against each of seven major immunotypes of P. aeruginosa. A column with a 4 ml. bed volume was construced which had a \"working capacity\" of approximately 1,680 agglutination units. With water used as the eluting agent, 100 percent yields of functionally active antibody were obtained when amounts equal to or less than the working capacity were loaded onto the column. The technique appears to be suitable for large scale extraction of specific immune antibody for therapeutic trials or investigative use.", "PMID": 401855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1051", "title": "Knee effusions.", "content": "There are many questions concerning knee effusions and the basic diagnostic approach to them. The case of a young female with gonococcal arthritis presenting to the Emergency Room with an isolated knee effusion is discussed. From the errors in diagnosis of this case, a basic outline in the approach and work-up of a knee effusion is detailed, including history and physical examination, and the use of synovial fluid analysis as a further diagnostic aid. Procedural instructions and contraindications for knee arthrocentesis are given, as well as data related to interpretation of pertinent laboratory findings of synovial fluid in disease states.", "contents": "Knee effusions. There are many questions concerning knee effusions and the basic diagnostic approach to them. The case of a young female with gonococcal arthritis presenting to the Emergency Room with an isolated knee effusion is discussed. From the errors in diagnosis of this case, a basic outline in the approach and work-up of a knee effusion is detailed, including history and physical examination, and the use of synovial fluid analysis as a further diagnostic aid. Procedural instructions and contraindications for knee arthrocentesis are given, as well as data related to interpretation of pertinent laboratory findings of synovial fluid in disease states.", "PMID": 401861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1052", "title": "T-cell-mediated concomitant immunity to syngeneic tumors. I. Activated macrophages as the expressors of nonspecific immunity to unrelated tumors and bacterial parasites.", "content": "Progressive growth of the SA1 sarcoma was shown to result in the generation of a state of concomitant resistance to growth of a second implant of the same tumor. The responding lymph nodes of concomitantly immune mice were shown to contain theta-positive T cells that could specifically neutralize the growth of tumor cells in a normal test recipient. Nevertheless, the concomitantly immune host itself was capable to a limited extent of suppressing the growth of unrelated tumors. The generation of immunity, moreover, was associated with the generation of a powerful state of macrophage-mediated, nonspecific resistance to the bacterial parasite, Listeria monocytogenes. It was concluded that systemic macrophage activation was the consequence of the generation of T-cell-mediated immunity to the progressively growing tumor, and that this not only gave the host the capacity to inhibit the growth of unrelated tumors, but also to protect itself against microbial infection. The results gives credence to the view that macrophages play a central role in defense against microbial and neoplastic growth.", "contents": "T-cell-mediated concomitant immunity to syngeneic tumors. I. Activated macrophages as the expressors of nonspecific immunity to unrelated tumors and bacterial parasites. Progressive growth of the SA1 sarcoma was shown to result in the generation of a state of concomitant resistance to growth of a second implant of the same tumor. The responding lymph nodes of concomitantly immune mice were shown to contain theta-positive T cells that could specifically neutralize the growth of tumor cells in a normal test recipient. Nevertheless, the concomitantly immune host itself was capable to a limited extent of suppressing the growth of unrelated tumors. The generation of immunity, moreover, was associated with the generation of a powerful state of macrophage-mediated, nonspecific resistance to the bacterial parasite, Listeria monocytogenes. It was concluded that systemic macrophage activation was the consequence of the generation of T-cell-mediated immunity to the progressively growing tumor, and that this not only gave the host the capacity to inhibit the growth of unrelated tumors, but also to protect itself against microbial infection. The results gives credence to the view that macrophages play a central role in defense against microbial and neoplastic growth.", "PMID": 401860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1053", "title": "Influence of magnesium on chloride-induced calcium release in skinned muscle fibers.", "content": "Chloride-induced Ca release in skinned muscle fibers was studied by measuring isometric force transients and 45Ca loss from fiber to washout solutions. Skinned fibers prepared from muscles soaked in normal Ringer solution made large force transients in 120 mM Cl solution with 5 mM ATP and 1 mM Mg, but 3 mM Mg was inhibitory. Mg inhibition was antagonized by low temperature and by Cd, agents which slow active Ca uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In low Mg++, Cl stimulated rapid 45Ca release from the SR in sufficient amounts to account for the force response. The increased 45Ca release was inhibited by EGTA, suggesting that release requires free Ca under these conditions. The 45Ca initially released was partially reaccumulated later. Reaccumulation was increased in higher Mg++. These results provide additional evidence that the Ca uptake rate is an important determinant of net release, and suggest that Mg++ acts primarily on this mechanism. Skinned fibers prepared from muscles soaked in low Cl solutions could give force responses to Cl solutions with 3 mM and 6 mM Mg. This observation suggests that the Cl stimulus varies with the [Cl] gradient across the internal membranes, and supports the hypothesis that applied Cl causes membrane depolarization.", "contents": "Influence of magnesium on chloride-induced calcium release in skinned muscle fibers. Chloride-induced Ca release in skinned muscle fibers was studied by measuring isometric force transients and 45Ca loss from fiber to washout solutions. Skinned fibers prepared from muscles soaked in normal Ringer solution made large force transients in 120 mM Cl solution with 5 mM ATP and 1 mM Mg, but 3 mM Mg was inhibitory. Mg inhibition was antagonized by low temperature and by Cd, agents which slow active Ca uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In low Mg++, Cl stimulated rapid 45Ca release from the SR in sufficient amounts to account for the force response. The increased 45Ca release was inhibited by EGTA, suggesting that release requires free Ca under these conditions. The 45Ca initially released was partially reaccumulated later. Reaccumulation was increased in higher Mg++. These results provide additional evidence that the Ca uptake rate is an important determinant of net release, and suggest that Mg++ acts primarily on this mechanism. Skinned fibers prepared from muscles soaked in low Cl solutions could give force responses to Cl solutions with 3 mM and 6 mM Mg. This observation suggests that the Cl stimulus varies with the [Cl] gradient across the internal membranes, and supports the hypothesis that applied Cl causes membrane depolarization.", "PMID": 401862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1054", "title": "Solid media containing carboxymethylcellulose to detect CX cellulose activity of micro-organisms.", "content": "Solid media containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were developed to detect CX cellulose-producing micro-organisms. Hydrolysis of CMC was seen as a clear zone around colonies after flooding plates with 1% aqueous hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide. Tests with ten bacterial and four fungal species showed that the degree of substitution (DS) of the CMC affects both growth and enzyme production. Most of the organisms produced more CX cellulase on CMC with a DS of 0-9, but CMC with a DS of 0-4 was better for one fungus. A qualitative measure of cellulase production may be obtained by calculating the ratio of zone size to colony diameter. Solid media containing CMC provided a more rapid assay of CX cellulose production than a medium containing native cellulose.", "contents": "Solid media containing carboxymethylcellulose to detect CX cellulose activity of micro-organisms. Solid media containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were developed to detect CX cellulose-producing micro-organisms. Hydrolysis of CMC was seen as a clear zone around colonies after flooding plates with 1% aqueous hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide. Tests with ten bacterial and four fungal species showed that the degree of substitution (DS) of the CMC affects both growth and enzyme production. Most of the organisms produced more CX cellulase on CMC with a DS of 0-9, but CMC with a DS of 0-4 was better for one fungus. A qualitative measure of cellulase production may be obtained by calculating the ratio of zone size to colony diameter. Solid media containing CMC provided a more rapid assay of CX cellulose production than a medium containing native cellulose.", "PMID": 401863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1055", "title": "Construction and properties of hybrids obtained in interspecific crosses between Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and Streptomyces griseus Kr-15.", "content": "Recombinants between Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and Streptomyces griseus Kr-15 were obtained using methods of hybrid construction. Recombinant Rcg1, obtained from a cross between S. griseus and a S. coelicolor UF (SCPI-) strain, phenotypically resembled S. coelicolor UF strains and in crosses with a S. coelicolor NF donor strin produced recombinatn progeny at a frequency of 100%. Recominant Rcg3, like SCP1-carrying S. coelicolor strains, inhibited SCP1-strains of S. coelicolor and in crosses with a UF recipient strain of S. coelicolor generated recombinants at high frequency. In crosses between S. griseus and Rcgi the frequency of recombinant formation was increased about 100-fold relative to crosses between S. griseus and S. coelicolor. Effective transfer of S. grieseus and Rcg3 chromosomal markers into Rcg1 and S. coelicolor, respectively, indicated that S. griseus had donor properties. Studies of the ability of recombinants to support phage growth indicated that parental chromosomal fragments containing genes involved in control of phage-receptor formation and intracellular growth were present in the hybrids. Grisin-producing recombinants, capable of restricting phages attacking S. coelicolor and S. griseus, were obtained.", "contents": "Construction and properties of hybrids obtained in interspecific crosses between Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and Streptomyces griseus Kr-15. Recombinants between Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and Streptomyces griseus Kr-15 were obtained using methods of hybrid construction. Recombinant Rcg1, obtained from a cross between S. griseus and a S. coelicolor UF (SCPI-) strain, phenotypically resembled S. coelicolor UF strains and in crosses with a S. coelicolor NF donor strin produced recombinatn progeny at a frequency of 100%. Recominant Rcg3, like SCP1-carrying S. coelicolor strains, inhibited SCP1-strains of S. coelicolor and in crosses with a UF recipient strain of S. coelicolor generated recombinants at high frequency. In crosses between S. griseus and Rcgi the frequency of recombinant formation was increased about 100-fold relative to crosses between S. griseus and S. coelicolor. Effective transfer of S. grieseus and Rcg3 chromosomal markers into Rcg1 and S. coelicolor, respectively, indicated that S. griseus had donor properties. Studies of the ability of recombinants to support phage growth indicated that parental chromosomal fragments containing genes involved in control of phage-receptor formation and intracellular growth were present in the hybrids. Grisin-producing recombinants, capable of restricting phages attacking S. coelicolor and S. griseus, were obtained.", "PMID": 401864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1056", "title": "Fatty and mycolic acid composition of Bacterionema matruchotii and related organisms.", "content": "Whole-organism methoanolysates of bacterionemae contained mycolic acids in addition to other long-chain fatty acids. These mycolic acids were similar in general structure and overall size to those found in strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium xerosis. The long-chain fatty acids of bacterionemae, mainly straight-chain saturated and unsaturated acids, were similar to those of certain coryneform bacteria including C. diphtheriae. On the basis of these lipid data, and results of earlier studies, we recommend that the genus Bacterionema be transferred from the family Actinomycetaceae to the Coryneform Group of Bacteria.", "contents": "Fatty and mycolic acid composition of Bacterionema matruchotii and related organisms. Whole-organism methoanolysates of bacterionemae contained mycolic acids in addition to other long-chain fatty acids. These mycolic acids were similar in general structure and overall size to those found in strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium xerosis. The long-chain fatty acids of bacterionemae, mainly straight-chain saturated and unsaturated acids, were similar to those of certain coryneform bacteria including C. diphtheriae. On the basis of these lipid data, and results of earlier studies, we recommend that the genus Bacterionema be transferred from the family Actinomycetaceae to the Coryneform Group of Bacteria.", "PMID": 401865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1057", "title": "Genetic transformation in Methylobacterium organophilum.", "content": "Several mutants have been isolated from the facultative methylotroph, Methylobacterium organophilum, using either N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or ultraviolet light as mutagens. One of these isolates, a glutamate auxotroph lacking isocitrate dehydrogenase, has been transformed to prototrophy, using wild-type DNA, at a frequency of 0-5%. Competence and DNA uptake occur only in cultures which are near the end of exponential growth, and maximal transformation requires a DNA concentration of 100 mug ml-1.", "contents": "Genetic transformation in Methylobacterium organophilum. Several mutants have been isolated from the facultative methylotroph, Methylobacterium organophilum, using either N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or ultraviolet light as mutagens. One of these isolates, a glutamate auxotroph lacking isocitrate dehydrogenase, has been transformed to prototrophy, using wild-type DNA, at a frequency of 0-5%. Competence and DNA uptake occur only in cultures which are near the end of exponential growth, and maximal transformation requires a DNA concentration of 100 mug ml-1.", "PMID": 401866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1058", "title": "The metabolism of starch, glucose, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines and bacteria by the rumen ciliate Polyplastron multivesiculatum.", "content": "The large rumen ciliate protozoon Polyplastron multivesiculatum grown in vitro engulfed a wide range of bacteria (from a population density of 10(9) bacteria ml(-1)) at a rate of 1500 to 137000 bacteria h(-1) protozoon(-1). No evidence was found for the preferential engulfment of bacteria of rumen origin. Except for Proteus mirabilis none of the bacteria were digested with the liberation of soluble materials into the medium. Glucose and amino acids were taken up rapidly by P. multivesiculatum compared with the rate of uptake by Entodinium caudatam. Glucose was incorporated into protozoal polysaccharide and into bacteria associated with the protozoa and was used for the synthesis of a wide range of amino acids. Evidence showed that bacteria and free amino acids at the concentrations found in the rumen could supply the protein requirements of the protozoa for division at least once each day.", "contents": "The metabolism of starch, glucose, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines and bacteria by the rumen ciliate Polyplastron multivesiculatum. The large rumen ciliate protozoon Polyplastron multivesiculatum grown in vitro engulfed a wide range of bacteria (from a population density of 10(9) bacteria ml(-1)) at a rate of 1500 to 137000 bacteria h(-1) protozoon(-1). No evidence was found for the preferential engulfment of bacteria of rumen origin. Except for Proteus mirabilis none of the bacteria were digested with the liberation of soluble materials into the medium. Glucose and amino acids were taken up rapidly by P. multivesiculatum compared with the rate of uptake by Entodinium caudatam. Glucose was incorporated into protozoal polysaccharide and into bacteria associated with the protozoa and was used for the synthesis of a wide range of amino acids. Evidence showed that bacteria and free amino acids at the concentrations found in the rumen could supply the protein requirements of the protozoa for division at least once each day.", "PMID": 401868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1059", "title": "Reversibility of the adsorption of bacteriophage PL-1 to the cell walls isolated from Lactobacillus casei.", "content": "Bacteriophage PL-1 adsorbed specifically to fragments of the isolated cell walls of its host Lactobacillus casei ATCC 27092 and failed to adsorb to cell wall fragments of resistant strains. Soon after mixing, an equilibrium situation of phage adsorption was attained. The equilibrium position was dependent on the cell wall concentration, but was not affected by the incubation temperature. The adsorbed phages were not inactivated by the cell wall fragments, but formed phage-cell wall complexes maintaining original phage infectivity. The infectivity of phage-cell wall complexes was neutralized by antiphage sera in the same manner as free phages. When the phage-cell wall complexes were repeatedly washed by centrifuging and resuspending in a fresh medium, the adsorbed phages were eluted as infective virions, confirming that phage adsorption was reversible. When the reactants concerned were allowed to approach equilibrium from the opposite direction, the same equilibrium state was achieved. The value of the euqilibrium constant (Keq) with respect to reversible adsorption was constant with various phage concentrations under the conditions used here. When a mixture of phages and cell walls at an equilibrium state was diluted, the unadsorbed phages increased in accordance with the decrease in the concentration of the reactants.", "contents": "Reversibility of the adsorption of bacteriophage PL-1 to the cell walls isolated from Lactobacillus casei. Bacteriophage PL-1 adsorbed specifically to fragments of the isolated cell walls of its host Lactobacillus casei ATCC 27092 and failed to adsorb to cell wall fragments of resistant strains. Soon after mixing, an equilibrium situation of phage adsorption was attained. The equilibrium position was dependent on the cell wall concentration, but was not affected by the incubation temperature. The adsorbed phages were not inactivated by the cell wall fragments, but formed phage-cell wall complexes maintaining original phage infectivity. The infectivity of phage-cell wall complexes was neutralized by antiphage sera in the same manner as free phages. When the phage-cell wall complexes were repeatedly washed by centrifuging and resuspending in a fresh medium, the adsorbed phages were eluted as infective virions, confirming that phage adsorption was reversible. When the reactants concerned were allowed to approach equilibrium from the opposite direction, the same equilibrium state was achieved. The value of the euqilibrium constant (Keq) with respect to reversible adsorption was constant with various phage concentrations under the conditions used here. When a mixture of phages and cell walls at an equilibrium state was diluted, the unadsorbed phages increased in accordance with the decrease in the concentration of the reactants.", "PMID": 401870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1060", "title": "Further observations on subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy in adults.", "content": "The clinical and neuropathlogical aspects of four cases of subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNEM) in adults, are described. In one, the disease was precipitated by a surgical procedure, and caused death; this resembled cases previously reported. In the other three, the disease was recognized as an incidental pathological finding, without apparent morbidity. In these, the pathologic lesions were few in number, but were characteristic in location and nature, most specifically in the preservation of neurons within the devasted tissues. The disease in adults is thought due to a less severe metabolic defect than that which causes death in infants, and may be more common. When extrinsic stress is superimposed, the disease may become severe and cause death as in the first case and those previously reported. This might be prevented by the prophylactic use of those therapeutic agents which have had a favorable effect in infants, particularly very high doses of thiamine. The prevelence of the disease in adults, including the incomplete cases included in this report, suggests that such prophylactic measures may be warranted when stress is anticipated, as with surgery.", "contents": "Further observations on subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy in adults. The clinical and neuropathlogical aspects of four cases of subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (SNEM) in adults, are described. In one, the disease was precipitated by a surgical procedure, and caused death; this resembled cases previously reported. In the other three, the disease was recognized as an incidental pathological finding, without apparent morbidity. In these, the pathologic lesions were few in number, but were characteristic in location and nature, most specifically in the preservation of neurons within the devasted tissues. The disease in adults is thought due to a less severe metabolic defect than that which causes death in infants, and may be more common. When extrinsic stress is superimposed, the disease may become severe and cause death as in the first case and those previously reported. This might be prevented by the prophylactic use of those therapeutic agents which have had a favorable effect in infants, particularly very high doses of thiamine. The prevelence of the disease in adults, including the incomplete cases included in this report, suggests that such prophylactic measures may be warranted when stress is anticipated, as with surgery.", "PMID": 401872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1061", "title": "Response of primate joint afferent neurons to mechanical stimulation of knee joint.", "content": "1. One hundred thirty-eight knee joint afferents from posterior articular nerve (PAN), in primates, were recorded in dorsal root filaments. Responses of afferents were studied in relation to both passive manipulations of the knee and active contractions of quadriceps, semimembranosus, and gastrocnemius muscles. 2. When the knee was passively rotated, most neurons discharged only when extreme angular displacements were achieved. Response of neurons responding to passive extensions was linearly related to the torque applied to the knee. With maintained extensions, discharge in extension neurons adapted slowly. Some of the time constants of adaptation were similar to those for simultaneously recorded torque relaxation. 3. Contractions of quadriceps, semimembranosus, or gastrocnemius muscles could activate many neurons in the absence of changes in joint angle. For quadriceps-activated neurons, rather high torques (mean = 2,450 g with cm) were required. 4. The results support the hypothesis that joint afferents function as capsullar stretch receptors, responding to those mechanical events which result in loading of the capsule.", "contents": "Response of primate joint afferent neurons to mechanical stimulation of knee joint. 1. One hundred thirty-eight knee joint afferents from posterior articular nerve (PAN), in primates, were recorded in dorsal root filaments. Responses of afferents were studied in relation to both passive manipulations of the knee and active contractions of quadriceps, semimembranosus, and gastrocnemius muscles. 2. When the knee was passively rotated, most neurons discharged only when extreme angular displacements were achieved. Response of neurons responding to passive extensions was linearly related to the torque applied to the knee. With maintained extensions, discharge in extension neurons adapted slowly. Some of the time constants of adaptation were similar to those for simultaneously recorded torque relaxation. 3. Contractions of quadriceps, semimembranosus, or gastrocnemius muscles could activate many neurons in the absence of changes in joint angle. For quadriceps-activated neurons, rather high torques (mean = 2,450 g with cm) were required. 4. The results support the hypothesis that joint afferents function as capsullar stretch receptors, responding to those mechanical events which result in loading of the capsule.", "PMID": 401873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1062", "title": "Role of striate cortex and superior colliculus in visual guidance of saccadic eye movements in monkeys.", "content": "1. We studied the effect of lesions placed in striate cortex or superior colliculus on the detection of visual stimuli and the accuracy of saccadic eye movements. The monkeys (Macaca mulatta) first learned to respond to a 0.25 degrees spot of light flashed for 150-200 ms in one part of the visual field while they were fixating in order to determine if they could detect the light. The monkeys also learned in a different task to make a saccade to the spot of light when the fixation point went out, and the accuracy of the saccades was measured. 2. Following a unilateral partial ablation of the striate cortex in two monkeys they could not detect the spot of light in the resulting scotoma or saccade to it. The deficit was only relative; if we increased the brightness of the stimulus from the usual 11 cd/m2 to 1,700 cd/m2 against a background of 1 cd/m2 the monkeys were able to detect and to make a saccade to the spot of light. 3. Following about 1 mo of practice on the detection and saccade tasks, the monkeys recovered the ability to detect the spots of light and to make saccades to them without gross errors (saccades made beyond an area of +/-3 average standard deviations). Lowering the stimulus intensity reinstated both the detection and saccadic errors...", "contents": "Role of striate cortex and superior colliculus in visual guidance of saccadic eye movements in monkeys. 1. We studied the effect of lesions placed in striate cortex or superior colliculus on the detection of visual stimuli and the accuracy of saccadic eye movements. The monkeys (Macaca mulatta) first learned to respond to a 0.25 degrees spot of light flashed for 150-200 ms in one part of the visual field while they were fixating in order to determine if they could detect the light. The monkeys also learned in a different task to make a saccade to the spot of light when the fixation point went out, and the accuracy of the saccades was measured. 2. Following a unilateral partial ablation of the striate cortex in two monkeys they could not detect the spot of light in the resulting scotoma or saccade to it. The deficit was only relative; if we increased the brightness of the stimulus from the usual 11 cd/m2 to 1,700 cd/m2 against a background of 1 cd/m2 the monkeys were able to detect and to make a saccade to the spot of light. 3. Following about 1 mo of practice on the detection and saccade tasks, the monkeys recovered the ability to detect the spots of light and to make saccades to them without gross errors (saccades made beyond an area of +/-3 average standard deviations). Lowering the stimulus intensity reinstated both the detection and saccadic errors...", "PMID": 401874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1063", "title": "Brain-tumor chemotherapy. Pharmacological principles derived from a monkey brain-tumor model.", "content": "An implnated choriocarcinoma growing inthe brains of monkeys was used as a brain-tumor model for the study of the cerebral distribution of two commonly used physiological markers, inulin and albumin; tissue samples were obtained from the tumor, adjacent brain, and distant brain. An extravascular inulin space was calculated by subtracting the albumin (plasma) space from the total inulin spaces. The extravascular inulin space in the tumor was found to be 24%, a value significantly larger than that in distant brain (0.6%). The large inulin space of the tumor was probably the result of increases on both capillary permeability and the extracellular space within this area. Determination of the inulin space in 1 to 2-mm thick samples of tissue taken serially from the tumor center to the distant brain indicated a gradual decline in inulin concentration from the tumor's edge to distant brain. This distribution pattern could be the result of either a continuous decrease, running from the tumor to distant brain, in capillary permeability to inulin, or a diffusional flow of inulin from the tumor into the adjacent tissue. The failure of drugs to inhibit such a tumor in view of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "Brain-tumor chemotherapy. Pharmacological principles derived from a monkey brain-tumor model. An implnated choriocarcinoma growing inthe brains of monkeys was used as a brain-tumor model for the study of the cerebral distribution of two commonly used physiological markers, inulin and albumin; tissue samples were obtained from the tumor, adjacent brain, and distant brain. An extravascular inulin space was calculated by subtracting the albumin (plasma) space from the total inulin spaces. The extravascular inulin space in the tumor was found to be 24%, a value significantly larger than that in distant brain (0.6%). The large inulin space of the tumor was probably the result of increases on both capillary permeability and the extracellular space within this area. Determination of the inulin space in 1 to 2-mm thick samples of tissue taken serially from the tumor center to the distant brain indicated a gradual decline in inulin concentration from the tumor's edge to distant brain. This distribution pattern could be the result of either a continuous decrease, running from the tumor to distant brain, in capillary permeability to inulin, or a diffusional flow of inulin from the tumor into the adjacent tissue. The failure of drugs to inhibit such a tumor in view of these observations is discussed.", "PMID": 401875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1064", "title": "A multidetector scintillation camera with 254 channels.", "content": "A computer-based scintillation camera has been designed for both dynamic and static radionuclide studies. The detecting head has 254 independent sodium iodide crystals, each with a photomultiplier and amplifier. In dynamic measurements simultaneous events can be recorded, and 1 million total counts per second can be accommodated with less than 0.5% loss in any one channel. This corresponds to a calculated deadtime of 5 nsec. The multidetector camera is being used for 133Xe dynamic studies of regional cerebral blood flow in man and for 99mTc and 197 Hg static imaging of the brain.", "contents": "A multidetector scintillation camera with 254 channels. A computer-based scintillation camera has been designed for both dynamic and static radionuclide studies. The detecting head has 254 independent sodium iodide crystals, each with a photomultiplier and amplifier. In dynamic measurements simultaneous events can be recorded, and 1 million total counts per second can be accommodated with less than 0.5% loss in any one channel. This corresponds to a calculated deadtime of 5 nsec. The multidetector camera is being used for 133Xe dynamic studies of regional cerebral blood flow in man and for 99mTc and 197 Hg static imaging of the brain.", "PMID": 401876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1065", "title": "Thyroid function in prenatally protein-deprived rats.", "content": "Thyroid function was examined in fetal and newborn young of dams fed diets containing 24% or 4% casein as the sole source of protein. Radioactive iodine uptake, as examined autoradiographically and by gamma counting, was significantly reduced in glands of progeny of deficient rats. Following injections of thyrotropin or thyrotropin releasing hormone, thyroid cells of newborn young of protein-deprived rats contained fewer colloid droplets than those of control pups. Circulating levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine were significantly reduced in the plasma of newborn young of protein-deprived females as compared with controls.", "contents": "Thyroid function in prenatally protein-deprived rats. Thyroid function was examined in fetal and newborn young of dams fed diets containing 24% or 4% casein as the sole source of protein. Radioactive iodine uptake, as examined autoradiographically and by gamma counting, was significantly reduced in glands of progeny of deficient rats. Following injections of thyrotropin or thyrotropin releasing hormone, thyroid cells of newborn young of protein-deprived rats contained fewer colloid droplets than those of control pups. Circulating levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine were significantly reduced in the plasma of newborn young of protein-deprived females as compared with controls.", "PMID": 401877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1066", "title": "Amino acid fortification of bread fed at varying levels during gestation and lactation in rats.", "content": "The effects of protein quality improvement of white bread fed to female rats during pregnancy and lactation, under varying degrees of adequacy in food energy, on growth and brain development of the offspring have been studied. Weaning weight and the weight, protein and DNA of whole brain and major regions of the brain at weaning were determined. Lysine addition significantly increased all parameters, and threonine addition gave additional significant increments. Restricting energy intake decreased most parameters independent of protein quality. Brain cellularity was significantly higher in offspring of dams fed lysine and threonine fortified bread than in offspring of dams fed casein. All parameters measured in the offspring of dams fed lysine and threonine fortified bread at 70% ad libitum consumption were significantly increased over the values obtained in the offspring of dams fed unfortified bread ad libitum even though they had consumed 13% less protein  and dietary energy during the pregnancy and lactation period. The implications of these findings for practical problems in human nutrition are considered.", "contents": "Amino acid fortification of bread fed at varying levels during gestation and lactation in rats. The effects of protein quality improvement of white bread fed to female rats during pregnancy and lactation, under varying degrees of adequacy in food energy, on growth and brain development of the offspring have been studied. Weaning weight and the weight, protein and DNA of whole brain and major regions of the brain at weaning were determined. Lysine addition significantly increased all parameters, and threonine addition gave additional significant increments. Restricting energy intake decreased most parameters independent of protein quality. Brain cellularity was significantly higher in offspring of dams fed lysine and threonine fortified bread than in offspring of dams fed casein. All parameters measured in the offspring of dams fed lysine and threonine fortified bread at 70% ad libitum consumption were significantly increased over the values obtained in the offspring of dams fed unfortified bread ad libitum even though they had consumed 13% less protein  and dietary energy during the pregnancy and lactation period. The implications of these findings for practical problems in human nutrition are considered.", "PMID": 401878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1067", "title": "Blood flow changes after sagittal split of the mandibular ramus.", "content": "Blood flows to various cephalic tissues were determined by the microsphere method before and after unilateral sagittal split of the mandible in macaque monkeys. Significant blood flow decreases were found in certain bony regions of the osteotomized mandible while blood flow to the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles on theosteotomized side was significantly increased. Judicious stripping of the mucoperiosteum and pterygomassteric sling may be an important consideration when planning the sagittal split approach to correct certain mandibular anomalies.", "contents": "Blood flow changes after sagittal split of the mandibular ramus. Blood flows to various cephalic tissues were determined by the microsphere method before and after unilateral sagittal split of the mandible in macaque monkeys. Significant blood flow decreases were found in certain bony regions of the osteotomized mandible while blood flow to the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles on theosteotomized side was significantly increased. Judicious stripping of the mucoperiosteum and pterygomassteric sling may be an important consideration when planning the sagittal split approach to correct certain mandibular anomalies.", "PMID": 401879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1068", "title": "Nonoperative treatment of duodenal hematomata in childhood.", "content": "Blunt abdominal trauma, often apparently trivial in nature, may produce intramural hematoma causing complete duodenal obstruction. A child with abdominal pain, persistent vomiting and upper abdominal tenderness should be carefully questioned for a history of trauma. Prompt upper gastrointestinal x-rays will allow early and definitive diagnosis. Previously recommended treatment varies from immediate surgical intervention to observation followed by exploratory laparotomy at a later date. We have treated nine patients with duodenal obstruction caused by intramural hematoma of which eight were successfully managed with nasogastric suction and parenteral fluid administration. One patient had the hematoma evacuated at surgery. This report reviews our experience.", "contents": "Nonoperative treatment of duodenal hematomata in childhood. Blunt abdominal trauma, often apparently trivial in nature, may produce intramural hematoma causing complete duodenal obstruction. A child with abdominal pain, persistent vomiting and upper abdominal tenderness should be carefully questioned for a history of trauma. Prompt upper gastrointestinal x-rays will allow early and definitive diagnosis. Previously recommended treatment varies from immediate surgical intervention to observation followed by exploratory laparotomy at a later date. We have treated nine patients with duodenal obstruction caused by intramural hematoma of which eight were successfully managed with nasogastric suction and parenteral fluid administration. One patient had the hematoma evacuated at surgery. This report reviews our experience.", "PMID": 401880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1069", "title": "Biological effects of cocaine derivatives I: Improved synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of norcocaine.", "content": "An improved synthesis of norcocaine, a metabolite of cocaine, is reported. Following intravenous administration to a rhesus monkey, respiratory effects were similar to those observed following cocaine treatment. In addition, clonic convulsions, hypothermia, and mydriasis resulted. Norcocaine could be responsible for part of the pharmacological activity of cocaine.", "contents": "Biological effects of cocaine derivatives I: Improved synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of norcocaine. An improved synthesis of norcocaine, a metabolite of cocaine, is reported. Following intravenous administration to a rhesus monkey, respiratory effects were similar to those observed following cocaine treatment. In addition, clonic convulsions, hypothermia, and mydriasis resulted. Norcocaine could be responsible for part of the pharmacological activity of cocaine.", "PMID": 401881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1070", "title": "Sodium cyanate-induced ocular lesions in the beagle.", "content": "Ocular lesions secondary to sodium cyanate administration in the beagle are described. Fifteen dogs were given sodium cyanate at doses of 30 to 170 mg/kg/day, 5 days per week. Fourteen developed cataracts which were generally posterior and subcapsular. Five animals developed corneal lesions. Control beagles and cyanate-treated rats and monkeys did not develop lesions. The one drug-treated beagle without ocular lesions received a maximum dose of 30 mg/kg/day of sodium cyanate for 19 months and achieved a mean carbamylatin of 0.39 residue of cyanate per mol of hemoglobin. Animals developing cataracts received a maximum dose of 119+/-23 mg/kg/day for 28+/-10 months and achieved a mean carbamylation of 0.69+/-0.13 residue/mol. Animals developing corneal lesions received a maximum dose of 113+/-22 mg/kg/day for 36+/-7 months and achieved a mean carbamylation of 0.78+/-0.09 residue/mol. Younger animals appeared more susceptible to the cataractogenic effects of the drug than older ones. Lens intracellular sodium was increased by 100% in the cataractous lenses while potassium was significantly decreased in the lenses with the greatest opacity. Extracellular space was increased in the cataractous lenses by 61%. Reduced glutathione levels were decreased by 34% and lactate leakage into the medium was increased by 12%. Rubidium-86 uptake was increased by 26% in the cataractous lenses, probably reflecting an inadequate compensatory response to increased passive fluxes of cations resulting from a structural or enzymatic lesion.", "contents": "Sodium cyanate-induced ocular lesions in the beagle. Ocular lesions secondary to sodium cyanate administration in the beagle are described. Fifteen dogs were given sodium cyanate at doses of 30 to 170 mg/kg/day, 5 days per week. Fourteen developed cataracts which were generally posterior and subcapsular. Five animals developed corneal lesions. Control beagles and cyanate-treated rats and monkeys did not develop lesions. The one drug-treated beagle without ocular lesions received a maximum dose of 30 mg/kg/day of sodium cyanate for 19 months and achieved a mean carbamylatin of 0.39 residue of cyanate per mol of hemoglobin. Animals developing cataracts received a maximum dose of 119+/-23 mg/kg/day for 28+/-10 months and achieved a mean carbamylation of 0.69+/-0.13 residue/mol. Animals developing corneal lesions received a maximum dose of 113+/-22 mg/kg/day for 36+/-7 months and achieved a mean carbamylation of 0.78+/-0.09 residue/mol. Younger animals appeared more susceptible to the cataractogenic effects of the drug than older ones. Lens intracellular sodium was increased by 100% in the cataractous lenses while potassium was significantly decreased in the lenses with the greatest opacity. Extracellular space was increased in the cataractous lenses by 61%. Reduced glutathione levels were decreased by 34% and lactate leakage into the medium was increased by 12%. Rubidium-86 uptake was increased by 26% in the cataractous lenses, probably reflecting an inadequate compensatory response to increased passive fluxes of cations resulting from a structural or enzymatic lesion.", "PMID": 401882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1071", "title": "Antiarrhythmic properties of MJ 9067 in acute animal models.", "content": "A novel benzanilide derivative, MJ 9067, has been shown to abolish experimental atrial and ventricular arrhythmiase effectively and promote the return of normal sinus rhythm in a variety of animal models. At intravenous dose levels ranging from 0.5 to 3.2 mg/kg, MJ 9067 successfully converted atrial fibrillation induced by either local application of aconitine or electrical stimulation, and ventricular tachycardia elicited by intravenous injection of ouabain or digoxin. The compound was equally effective in vagotomized or nonvagotomized dogs, and in intact cats and monkeys. The ventricular ectopic rate in conscious dogs 18 to 20 hours after two-stage ligation of a coronary artery was also markedly reduced by the drug at 2 mg/kg i.v. At antiarrhythmic dose levels, there were no undesirable effects noted on peripheral blood pressure, heart rate or the configuration of the electrocardiogram.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic properties of MJ 9067 in acute animal models. A novel benzanilide derivative, MJ 9067, has been shown to abolish experimental atrial and ventricular arrhythmiase effectively and promote the return of normal sinus rhythm in a variety of animal models. At intravenous dose levels ranging from 0.5 to 3.2 mg/kg, MJ 9067 successfully converted atrial fibrillation induced by either local application of aconitine or electrical stimulation, and ventricular tachycardia elicited by intravenous injection of ouabain or digoxin. The compound was equally effective in vagotomized or nonvagotomized dogs, and in intact cats and monkeys. The ventricular ectopic rate in conscious dogs 18 to 20 hours after two-stage ligation of a coronary artery was also markedly reduced by the drug at 2 mg/kg i.v. At antiarrhythmic dose levels, there were no undesirable effects noted on peripheral blood pressure, heart rate or the configuration of the electrocardiogram.", "PMID": 401883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1072", "title": "Phospholipids and phospholipid-bound fatty acids and aldehydes of spermatozoa and seminal plasma of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The major components of the phospholipids of rhesus monkey spermatozoa are phosphatidyl choline (33%), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (25%), ethanolamine plasmalogen (16-1%), sphingomyelin (8-1%), choline plasmalogen (6-9%) and cardiolipin (4-5%). The major phospholipid-bound fatty acids are 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 22:6; the major fatty aldehydes are 15:0, 16:0 and 18:2. The same phospholipids are also present in the seminal plasma.", "contents": "Phospholipids and phospholipid-bound fatty acids and aldehydes of spermatozoa and seminal plasma of rhesus monkeys. The major components of the phospholipids of rhesus monkey spermatozoa are phosphatidyl choline (33%), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (25%), ethanolamine plasmalogen (16-1%), sphingomyelin (8-1%), choline plasmalogen (6-9%) and cardiolipin (4-5%). The major phospholipid-bound fatty acids are 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 22:6; the major fatty aldehydes are 15:0, 16:0 and 18:2. The same phospholipids are also present in the seminal plasma.", "PMID": 401884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1073", "title": "Effect of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone on serum prolactin levels in men with azoospermia.", "content": "Infertile men with azoospermia and low testosterone levels because of Klinefelter's or Sertoli cell-only syndrome responded to a single injection of TRH by an increase in serum prolactin levels. The degree of this response was not as great as in fertile men with normospermia and normal testosterone levels, although initial prolactin levels had been similar in both groups. The results demonstrate a link between testosterone and prolactin levels in fertile and infertile men.", "contents": "Effect of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone on serum prolactin levels in men with azoospermia. Infertile men with azoospermia and low testosterone levels because of Klinefelter's or Sertoli cell-only syndrome responded to a single injection of TRH by an increase in serum prolactin levels. The degree of this response was not as great as in fertile men with normospermia and normal testosterone levels, although initial prolactin levels had been similar in both groups. The results demonstrate a link between testosterone and prolactin levels in fertile and infertile men.", "PMID": 401886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1074", "title": "Cytogenetic observations on XX/XY chimaeras and a reassessement of the evidence for germ cell chimaerism in heterosexual twin cattle and marmosets.", "content": "Testicular preparations were obtained from 7 bulls, twins of freemartins, and 1 male marmoset, all proved XX/XY chimaeras. X and Y sex chromosomes were confidently identified in nearly all the 87 spermatogonia at mitotic metaphase and 1052 primary spermatocytes at diakinesis-metaphase examined: no cell was identified as containing two X chromosomes. The germ cell chimaerism previously reported in these species is therefore not confirmed. Cultures grown from presumptive somatic these species is therefore not confirmed. Cultures grown from presumptive somatic cells in the testes of two of the bulls yielded 248 identifiable mitotic spreads, all XY-type; cultures from the gonads of their freemartin twins yielded 442 mitotic spreads, all XX-type. Direct preparations from one freemartin gonad, however, yielded 3 XY mitotic spreads out of 18 examined. The conflicting evidence concerning germ cell chimaerism in cattle and marmosets is discussed, particularly in relation to reports of XX/XY bulls that have sired a great excess of daughters. The possibility that XX germ cells contributed to the functional spermatozoa of these bulls is not favoured by present information, but is not excluded.", "contents": "Cytogenetic observations on XX/XY chimaeras and a reassessement of the evidence for germ cell chimaerism in heterosexual twin cattle and marmosets. Testicular preparations were obtained from 7 bulls, twins of freemartins, and 1 male marmoset, all proved XX/XY chimaeras. X and Y sex chromosomes were confidently identified in nearly all the 87 spermatogonia at mitotic metaphase and 1052 primary spermatocytes at diakinesis-metaphase examined: no cell was identified as containing two X chromosomes. The germ cell chimaerism previously reported in these species is therefore not confirmed. Cultures grown from presumptive somatic these species is therefore not confirmed. Cultures grown from presumptive somatic cells in the testes of two of the bulls yielded 248 identifiable mitotic spreads, all XY-type; cultures from the gonads of their freemartin twins yielded 442 mitotic spreads, all XX-type. Direct preparations from one freemartin gonad, however, yielded 3 XY mitotic spreads out of 18 examined. The conflicting evidence concerning germ cell chimaerism in cattle and marmosets is discussed, particularly in relation to reports of XX/XY bulls that have sired a great excess of daughters. The possibility that XX germ cells contributed to the functional spermatozoa of these bulls is not favoured by present information, but is not excluded.", "PMID": 401888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1075", "title": "Molecular conformation of ammonium 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate hemihydrate. A fluorescent probe for thyroxine binding to thyroxine binding globulin.", "content": "The crystal and molecular structure of the ammonium hemihydrate salt of the fluorescent dye, 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS), has been determined. There are two conformationally distinct molecules in the triclinic P1 lattice. The anilino nitrogen of one molecule has slightly distorted planar geometry, and the overall conformation of the molecule is similar to that observed for the potassium salt of the fluorescent dye 2-p-toluidinyl-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid (TNS). The anilino nitrogen of the other molecule has slightly distorted tetrahedral geometry and the overall conformation of the molecule is similar to that observed for the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. The observation of two distinct conformational modifications of ANS in this crystal structure determination has shed light on the conformational flexibility of the ANS molecule itself and on the mode by which its acts as a competitive inhibitor in thyroid hormone transport proteins and as a signal for hydrophobic areas in macromolecular systems.", "contents": "Molecular conformation of ammonium 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate hemihydrate. A fluorescent probe for thyroxine binding to thyroxine binding globulin. The crystal and molecular structure of the ammonium hemihydrate salt of the fluorescent dye, 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS), has been determined. There are two conformationally distinct molecules in the triclinic P1 lattice. The anilino nitrogen of one molecule has slightly distorted planar geometry, and the overall conformation of the molecule is similar to that observed for the potassium salt of the fluorescent dye 2-p-toluidinyl-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid (TNS). The anilino nitrogen of the other molecule has slightly distorted tetrahedral geometry and the overall conformation of the molecule is similar to that observed for the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. The observation of two distinct conformational modifications of ANS in this crystal structure determination has shed light on the conformational flexibility of the ANS molecule itself and on the mode by which its acts as a competitive inhibitor in thyroid hormone transport proteins and as a signal for hydrophobic areas in macromolecular systems.", "PMID": 401889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1076", "title": "Structure-carcinogenic activity relationships in the Benz [a] anthracene series.", "content": "The syntheses of 1,7,12-trimethyl- and 2,7,12-trimethylbenz[a]anthracenes are described. The lack of carcinogenic activity of these compounds is discussed in relationship to the carcinogenic activity of other substituted benz[a]anthracenes.", "contents": "Structure-carcinogenic activity relationships in the Benz [a] anthracene series. The syntheses of 1,7,12-trimethyl- and 2,7,12-trimethylbenz[a]anthracenes are described. The lack of carcinogenic activity of these compounds is discussed in relationship to the carcinogenic activity of other substituted benz[a]anthracenes.", "PMID": 401890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1077", "title": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships for 5-substituted 8-hydroxyquinolines as inhibitors of dental plaque.", "content": "Fourteen 8-hydroxyquinolines were tested for antiplaque activity by measuring their minimum inhibitory concentrations [MIC (M)] against Streptococcus mutans No. 6715. Linear regression analysis was conducted with the MIC (M) values and hydrophobic (log P), electronic (beta, pKaOH, pKaN), and steric [molar refractivity (MR), molecular weight (mol wt)] parameters. The best correlation (r2 = 0.90) was obtained with MR, log P, and beta. The smaller the steric contribution of the 5-substituent, the more active the compound. The parent 8-hydroxyquinoline was the most active. The negative contribution toward activity by 5-substituents larger than hydrogen can be overcome by the positive contributions of groups that are lipophilic and electron withdrawing; for example, the 5-chloro derivative is as active as the parent 8-hydroxyquinolines.", "contents": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships for 5-substituted 8-hydroxyquinolines as inhibitors of dental plaque. Fourteen 8-hydroxyquinolines were tested for antiplaque activity by measuring their minimum inhibitory concentrations [MIC (M)] against Streptococcus mutans No. 6715. Linear regression analysis was conducted with the MIC (M) values and hydrophobic (log P), electronic (beta, pKaOH, pKaN), and steric [molar refractivity (MR), molecular weight (mol wt)] parameters. The best correlation (r2 = 0.90) was obtained with MR, log P, and beta. The smaller the steric contribution of the 5-substituent, the more active the compound. The parent 8-hydroxyquinoline was the most active. The negative contribution toward activity by 5-substituents larger than hydrogen can be overcome by the positive contributions of groups that are lipophilic and electron withdrawing; for example, the 5-chloro derivative is as active as the parent 8-hydroxyquinolines.", "PMID": 401891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1078", "title": "Azabicycloalkanes as analgetics. 3. Structure-activity relationships of 1-phenyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes and absolute stereochemistry of (+)-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane and its 7-endo-methyl derivative.", "content": "A series of 53 1-phenyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes (1) has been tested for their analgetic and narcotic antagonist activities. Structure-activity relationships were investigated by varying the structural parameters. The most interesting compound in this series, the 1-(3-hydroxphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl derivative 8, shows the profile of a well-balanced antagonist-analgesic agent with a very mild physical dependence capacity. The absolute stereochemistry of its active enantiomer [(+)8] was established by the x-ray study and the chemical transformation to the phenylmorphan [(+)-II]. (+)-8 was stereochemically correlated also with the active enantiomer of the 7-demethyl derivatives [(+)-7] by chemical transformation and CD measurement. Certain structural and stereochemical correlations between these compounds (7 and 8) and other known antagonist-analgetics are discussed.", "contents": "Azabicycloalkanes as analgetics. 3. Structure-activity relationships of 1-phenyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes and absolute stereochemistry of (+)-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane and its 7-endo-methyl derivative. A series of 53 1-phenyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes (1) has been tested for their analgetic and narcotic antagonist activities. Structure-activity relationships were investigated by varying the structural parameters. The most interesting compound in this series, the 1-(3-hydroxphenyl)-6,7-dimethyl derivative 8, shows the profile of a well-balanced antagonist-analgesic agent with a very mild physical dependence capacity. The absolute stereochemistry of its active enantiomer [(+)8] was established by the x-ray study and the chemical transformation to the phenylmorphan [(+)-II]. (+)-8 was stereochemically correlated also with the active enantiomer of the 7-demethyl derivatives [(+)-7] by chemical transformation and CD measurement. Certain structural and stereochemical correlations between these compounds (7 and 8) and other known antagonist-analgetics are discussed.", "PMID": 401892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1079", "title": "2-cyano-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with antiallergic activity.", "content": "A number of 2-cyanoindan-1,3-diones and 3-cyano-4-hydroxycoumarins have been prepared and assessed for potential antiallergy activity as measured by their ability to inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat, mediated by rat serum containing antigen specific IgE. The structural requirements for activity were similar not only for both series of compounds but also for the analogous 2-nitroindan-1,3-diones and 4-hydroxy-3-nitrocoumarins previously reported. The most active compounds were 2-cyano-5,6-diethylindan-1,3-dione (4e) and 3-cyano-6,7-diethyl-4-hydroxycoumarin (11h).", "contents": "2-cyano-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with antiallergic activity. A number of 2-cyanoindan-1,3-diones and 3-cyano-4-hydroxycoumarins have been prepared and assessed for potential antiallergy activity as measured by their ability to inhibit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat, mediated by rat serum containing antigen specific IgE. The structural requirements for activity were similar not only for both series of compounds but also for the analogous 2-nitroindan-1,3-diones and 4-hydroxy-3-nitrocoumarins previously reported. The most active compounds were 2-cyano-5,6-diethylindan-1,3-dione (4e) and 3-cyano-6,7-diethyl-4-hydroxycoumarin (11h).", "PMID": 401893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1080", "title": "Inhibition of carcinogenic effects of polycyclic hydrocarbons by benzyl isothiocyanate and related compounds.", "content": "Benzyl isothiocyanate and phenethyl isothiocyanate, two compounds found in cruciferous plants, and phenyl isothiocyanate, a synthetic compound, all inhibit 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (CMBA)-induced mammary tumor formation in female Sprague-Dawley rats when administered 4 hours prior to the DMBA. Comparable studies in which benzyl isothiocyanate was administered 24 hours before or 4 hours after DMBA showed almost complete loss of inhibition. Additions of benzyl isothiocyanate or phenethyl isothiocyanate to a diet containing CMBA inhibited formation of neoplasms of the forestomach and pulmonary adenomas in female ICR/Ha mice. Addition of benzyl isothiocyanate to a diet containing benzo[a]pyrene also inhibited carcinogenesis of the mouse forestomach due to this carcinogen. The finding of two additional anutrient dietary compounds which inhibit chemical carcinogenesis focuses on the possibility that dietary constituents of this nature may diminish the impact of exposures to chemical carcinogens.", "contents": "Inhibition of carcinogenic effects of polycyclic hydrocarbons by benzyl isothiocyanate and related compounds. Benzyl isothiocyanate and phenethyl isothiocyanate, two compounds found in cruciferous plants, and phenyl isothiocyanate, a synthetic compound, all inhibit 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (CMBA)-induced mammary tumor formation in female Sprague-Dawley rats when administered 4 hours prior to the DMBA. Comparable studies in which benzyl isothiocyanate was administered 24 hours before or 4 hours after DMBA showed almost complete loss of inhibition. Additions of benzyl isothiocyanate or phenethyl isothiocyanate to a diet containing CMBA inhibited formation of neoplasms of the forestomach and pulmonary adenomas in female ICR/Ha mice. Addition of benzyl isothiocyanate to a diet containing benzo[a]pyrene also inhibited carcinogenesis of the mouse forestomach due to this carcinogen. The finding of two additional anutrient dietary compounds which inhibit chemical carcinogenesis focuses on the possibility that dietary constituents of this nature may diminish the impact of exposures to chemical carcinogens.", "PMID": 401894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1081", "title": "Initiation and termination mutants of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPO1.", "content": "Mutants affected in cistrons 21 and 32 of bacteriophage SPO1 are defective specifically in the initiation of DNA replication. Mutations in cistron 32 also specifically affect the termination of replication.", "contents": "Initiation and termination mutants of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPO1. Mutants affected in cistrons 21 and 32 of bacteriophage SPO1 are defective specifically in the initiation of DNA replication. Mutations in cistron 32 also specifically affect the termination of replication.", "PMID": 401896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1082", "title": "Selective screening procedure for the isolation of heat- and cold-sensitive, DNA replication-deficient mutants of bacteriophage SPO1 and preliminary characterization of the mutants isolated.", "content": "A procedure is described for the selective isolation of temperature-sensitive replication-deficient mutants of Bacillus subtilis phage SPO1. A modification of the procedure permits the isolation of temperature-sensitive mutants in specific cistrons of interest. The applicability of these procedures to other viral systems is discussed. The mutations isolated were assigned to eight replication-deficient cistrons, with the cold-sensitive mutations showing a distribution strikingly different from that of the heat-sensitive mutations. As a preliminary to the identification of initiation-deficient mutants, the mutants were divided into three classes on the basis of their ability to synthesize DNA after a shift to nonpermissive temperature. We also report two incidental results: (i) the SPO1 dUMP hydroxymethylase, like the T4 dCMP hydroxymethylase, may be part of a multifunctional complex; and (ii) mutants were isolated that were replication positive but lysis deficient and failed to complement one of the replication-deficient mutants.", "contents": "Selective screening procedure for the isolation of heat- and cold-sensitive, DNA replication-deficient mutants of bacteriophage SPO1 and preliminary characterization of the mutants isolated. A procedure is described for the selective isolation of temperature-sensitive replication-deficient mutants of Bacillus subtilis phage SPO1. A modification of the procedure permits the isolation of temperature-sensitive mutants in specific cistrons of interest. The applicability of these procedures to other viral systems is discussed. The mutations isolated were assigned to eight replication-deficient cistrons, with the cold-sensitive mutations showing a distribution strikingly different from that of the heat-sensitive mutations. As a preliminary to the identification of initiation-deficient mutants, the mutants were divided into three classes on the basis of their ability to synthesize DNA after a shift to nonpermissive temperature. We also report two incidental results: (i) the SPO1 dUMP hydroxymethylase, like the T4 dCMP hydroxymethylase, may be part of a multifunctional complex; and (ii) mutants were isolated that were replication positive but lysis deficient and failed to complement one of the replication-deficient mutants.", "PMID": 401897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1083", "title": "Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III is required for the replication of DNA of bacteriophages SPP-1 and phi 105.", "content": "The replication of the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages SPP-1 and phi 105 is sensitive to 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil (HPUra), a selective inhibitor of replicative DNA synthesis of B. subtilis which acts specifically at the levels of a replication-specific polymerase, DNA polymerase III (pol III). The origin of the HPUra-sensitive polymerase required for phage replication was examined by comparison of the drug sensitivity of phage development in a normosensitive host with that in a host carrying azp-12, a polC mutation that specifies production of an HPUra-resistant pol III. azp-12 specified HPUra-resistant phage host pol III. The host polIII requirement for SPP-1 replication also was confirmed by the demonstration that phage development was temperature sensitive in a host mutant carrying the polC mutation mut-1 (ts). Examination of the pol III activity of crude and purified cell-free preparations derived from phage-infected cells did not indicate any detectable changes in the specific activity, purification behavior, or drug sensitivity of the enzyme.", "contents": "Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III is required for the replication of DNA of bacteriophages SPP-1 and phi 105. The replication of the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages SPP-1 and phi 105 is sensitive to 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil (HPUra), a selective inhibitor of replicative DNA synthesis of B. subtilis which acts specifically at the levels of a replication-specific polymerase, DNA polymerase III (pol III). The origin of the HPUra-sensitive polymerase required for phage replication was examined by comparison of the drug sensitivity of phage development in a normosensitive host with that in a host carrying azp-12, a polC mutation that specifies production of an HPUra-resistant pol III. azp-12 specified HPUra-resistant phage host pol III. The host polIII requirement for SPP-1 replication also was confirmed by the demonstration that phage development was temperature sensitive in a host mutant carrying the polC mutation mut-1 (ts). Examination of the pol III activity of crude and purified cell-free preparations derived from phage-infected cells did not indicate any detectable changes in the specific activity, purification behavior, or drug sensitivity of the enzyme.", "PMID": 401898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1084", "title": "Temperate Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 3T: chromosomal attachment site and comparison with temperate bacteriophages phi 105 and SPO2.", "content": "The temperate Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 3T contains within its genome a locus, designated thyP3, that encodes for a protein with thymidylate synthetase activity. Bacteriophage phi 3T is different from the two previously characterized temperate phages, phi 105 and SPO2, in: heteroimmunity, response to bacteriophage antisera, endonuclease digestion pattern, induction in the presence of 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil, and effect on the lytic cycle of bacteriophage phi 1. The mean burst size of phi 3T is 56. The dose response curve with bacteriophage phi 3T DNA is linear for transfection and transformation to the Thy+ phenotype. The inserted prophage has been mapped by PBS1 transduction; it is between chromosomal markers ilvA8 and gltA in the terminus of the chromosome. Thus thyP3 maps at a site separate from, but between, the bacterial markers thyA and thyB when thyP3 is in the prophage state.", "contents": "Temperate Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 3T: chromosomal attachment site and comparison with temperate bacteriophages phi 105 and SPO2. The temperate Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 3T contains within its genome a locus, designated thyP3, that encodes for a protein with thymidylate synthetase activity. Bacteriophage phi 3T is different from the two previously characterized temperate phages, phi 105 and SPO2, in: heteroimmunity, response to bacteriophage antisera, endonuclease digestion pattern, induction in the presence of 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil, and effect on the lytic cycle of bacteriophage phi 1. The mean burst size of phi 3T is 56. The dose response curve with bacteriophage phi 3T DNA is linear for transfection and transformation to the Thy+ phenotype. The inserted prophage has been mapped by PBS1 transduction; it is between chromosomal markers ilvA8 and gltA in the terminus of the chromosome. Thus thyP3 maps at a site separate from, but between, the bacterial markers thyA and thyB when thyP3 is in the prophage state.", "PMID": 401899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1085", "title": "[TRH refractory TSH values, triiodothyronine levels and T3/T4 quotients in hypothyroid children treated with T3/T4 preparations (author's transl)].", "content": "TRH-tests, triiodothyronine (T3), TBI, and thyroxine (T4) determinations were carried out in 23 children with primary hypothyroidism treated with T3/T4-preparations. T3/T4 quotients were calculated. 7 out of 10 patients with TRH refractory TSH values and normal T4 levels had T3 values above normal range. In 6 of them pathologically elevated T3/T4 quotients could be observed. A TSH refractory TSH suppression was only found in patients with superior normal T4 values. After a reduction of the replacement doses the T3 values were normal. The findings show--that not only the T4 values should be controlled under treatment with thyroid preparations but also the T3 and TSH serum levels. The replacement therapy of hypothyroidism with T3/T4 preparations in proportion 1:4 should be revised.", "contents": "[TRH refractory TSH values, triiodothyronine levels and T3/T4 quotients in hypothyroid children treated with T3/T4 preparations (author's transl)]. TRH-tests, triiodothyronine (T3), TBI, and thyroxine (T4) determinations were carried out in 23 children with primary hypothyroidism treated with T3/T4-preparations. T3/T4 quotients were calculated. 7 out of 10 patients with TRH refractory TSH values and normal T4 levels had T3 values above normal range. In 6 of them pathologically elevated T3/T4 quotients could be observed. A TSH refractory TSH suppression was only found in patients with superior normal T4 values. After a reduction of the replacement doses the T3 values were normal. The findings show--that not only the T4 values should be controlled under treatment with thyroid preparations but also the T3 and TSH serum levels. The replacement therapy of hypothyroidism with T3/T4 preparations in proportion 1:4 should be revised.", "PMID": 401919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1086", "title": "Families in the treatment of alcoholism.", "content": "A review of the literature on family treatment of alcoholism suggests that although there is no single definition of family therapy, nor one single theory behind it, there is agreement that family therapy can be beneficial for both the alcoholic and the family.", "contents": "Families in the treatment of alcoholism. A review of the literature on family treatment of alcoholism suggests that although there is no single definition of family therapy, nor one single theory behind it, there is agreement that family therapy can be beneficial for both the alcoholic and the family.", "PMID": 401921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1087", "title": "Treat decision making in catastrophic illness.", "content": "Through conceptual discussion and consideration of a case study, this paper examines how physicians respond to the availability of an innovative treatment of a serious illness. It is argued that the unusual economic environment of the delivery of catastrophic illness care works with the \"social contract\" in medicine to encourage the use of innovative therapies, even before their efficacy has been demonstrated and often irrespective of their costs, in striking contrast with the conventional innovation adoption process. The primary constraint on catastrophic illness treatment may well be the technology or the state of knowledge. In the case of the management of leukemias in Connecticut, decisions to use drug therapies appear to have been based on a treatment trend rather than on the inherent merits of the therapies. The trend seems to have spread from the treatment of one leukemia, which responded significantly, to the management of three other leukemias. The influence on treatment decisions of a few indiviudal varibles differed across the leukemia. For example, treatment decisions in the acute leukemias were unrelated to the patient's economic status, whereas receipt of chemotherapy for one of the chronic leukemias was significantly positively correlated with economic status.", "contents": "Treat decision making in catastrophic illness. Through conceptual discussion and consideration of a case study, this paper examines how physicians respond to the availability of an innovative treatment of a serious illness. It is argued that the unusual economic environment of the delivery of catastrophic illness care works with the \"social contract\" in medicine to encourage the use of innovative therapies, even before their efficacy has been demonstrated and often irrespective of their costs, in striking contrast with the conventional innovation adoption process. The primary constraint on catastrophic illness treatment may well be the technology or the state of knowledge. In the case of the management of leukemias in Connecticut, decisions to use drug therapies appear to have been based on a treatment trend rather than on the inherent merits of the therapies. The trend seems to have spread from the treatment of one leukemia, which responded significantly, to the management of three other leukemias. The influence on treatment decisions of a few indiviudal varibles differed across the leukemia. For example, treatment decisions in the acute leukemias were unrelated to the patient's economic status, whereas receipt of chemotherapy for one of the chronic leukemias was significantly positively correlated with economic status.", "PMID": 401923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1088", "title": "Clinical use of the anion gap.", "content": "The concepts underlying the clinical use of the anion gap (AG) and those disorders associated with its alteration are reviewed. A substantial increase in the AG usually indicates the presence of a metabolic acidosis, unless large doses of certain antibiotics or sodium salts of organic acids are being used. The etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of high AG metabolic acidoses are discussed. Stress is placed upon the utility of the AG in defining the cause of the acidosis, and as a guide to therapy in certain organic acidoses. A decrease in the normal AG occurs in dilutional states, hypoalbuminemia, hypercalcemia, hypermagnesemia, hypernatremia, diseases associated with hyperviscosity, bromide intoxication, and in certain paraproteinemias. The important clue provided by a low or negative AG in the diagnosis of certain of these life-threatening disorders is emphasized.", "contents": "Clinical use of the anion gap. The concepts underlying the clinical use of the anion gap (AG) and those disorders associated with its alteration are reviewed. A substantial increase in the AG usually indicates the presence of a metabolic acidosis, unless large doses of certain antibiotics or sodium salts of organic acids are being used. The etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of high AG metabolic acidoses are discussed. Stress is placed upon the utility of the AG in defining the cause of the acidosis, and as a guide to therapy in certain organic acidoses. A decrease in the normal AG occurs in dilutional states, hypoalbuminemia, hypercalcemia, hypermagnesemia, hypernatremia, diseases associated with hyperviscosity, bromide intoxication, and in certain paraproteinemias. The important clue provided by a low or negative AG in the diagnosis of certain of these life-threatening disorders is emphasized.", "PMID": 401925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1089", "title": "Osmotic control of the release of prolactin and thyrotropin in euthyroid subjects and patients with pituitary tumors.", "content": "The effects of acute changes in serum osmolality on basal serum PRL and TSH levels and on responses of prolactin (PRL) and thyrotropin (TSH) to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, N3im-methyl-TRH, were studied in ten euthyroid subjects and in three patients with PRL-secreting pituitary tumors. An oral water load of 20 ml/kg had no effect on basal serum PRL or TSH levels but did result in an increased PRL response to methyl-TRH in the ten euthyroid patients. Intravenous infusion of 5% sodium chloride in the ten euthyroid subjects significantly depressed basal serum PRL levels but had no effect on the PRL response to methyl-TRH. Infusion of hypertonic saline significantly decreased the TSH response to methyl-TRH. In the three patients with pituitary tumors, oral water loading and hypertonic saline infusion had no significant effect on the basal serum PRL and TSH or the PRL and TSH responses to methyl-TRH. The patients with pituitary tumors had a higher basal serum osmolality and a proportionately higher serum concentration of arginine vasopressin than the euthyroid patients. These data suggest that changes in osmolality in euthyroid patients may have a direct effect on the anterior pituitary's PRL and TSH response to a releasing factor.", "contents": "Osmotic control of the release of prolactin and thyrotropin in euthyroid subjects and patients with pituitary tumors. The effects of acute changes in serum osmolality on basal serum PRL and TSH levels and on responses of prolactin (PRL) and thyrotropin (TSH) to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, N3im-methyl-TRH, were studied in ten euthyroid subjects and in three patients with PRL-secreting pituitary tumors. An oral water load of 20 ml/kg had no effect on basal serum PRL or TSH levels but did result in an increased PRL response to methyl-TRH in the ten euthyroid patients. Intravenous infusion of 5% sodium chloride in the ten euthyroid subjects significantly depressed basal serum PRL levels but had no effect on the PRL response to methyl-TRH. Infusion of hypertonic saline significantly decreased the TSH response to methyl-TRH. In the three patients with pituitary tumors, oral water loading and hypertonic saline infusion had no significant effect on the basal serum PRL and TSH or the PRL and TSH responses to methyl-TRH. The patients with pituitary tumors had a higher basal serum osmolality and a proportionately higher serum concentration of arginine vasopressin than the euthyroid patients. These data suggest that changes in osmolality in euthyroid patients may have a direct effect on the anterior pituitary's PRL and TSH response to a releasing factor.", "PMID": 401926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1090", "title": "Aldehyde oxidase distribution in haltere discs of homoeotic bithorax mutants in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Distribution of the enzyme aldehyde oxidase in transformed haltere discs from the homoeotic bithorax series of mutants was investigated by histochemical means. The bithorax (bx) mutant, which transforms the anterior part of the haltere into an anterior wing blade, possesses in the haltere disc an aldehyde oxidase staining pattern similar that of the anterior side of the wing disc. The postbithorax (pbx) mutant, which transforms the posterior haltere into a structure resembling the posterior wing blade, reveals an aldehyde oxidase staining pattern in the haltere disc characteristic of the posterior side of the wing disc pouch. When both (bx3 pbx) mutants are present the haltere develops into a metathoracic wing. It is shown here that the transformed haltere disc closely resembles the previously established pattern in the wing disc with respect to aldehyde oxidase distribution. Change in the pattern of aldehyde oxidase in bithorax mutants signals alteration in gene expression which at least for this particular enzyme correlates well with the morphological transformation from haltere to wing. A possible correlation between pattern of enzyme activity and developmental compartmentalization has been discussed.", "contents": "Aldehyde oxidase distribution in haltere discs of homoeotic bithorax mutants in Drosophila melanogaster. Distribution of the enzyme aldehyde oxidase in transformed haltere discs from the homoeotic bithorax series of mutants was investigated by histochemical means. The bithorax (bx) mutant, which transforms the anterior part of the haltere into an anterior wing blade, possesses in the haltere disc an aldehyde oxidase staining pattern similar that of the anterior side of the wing disc. The postbithorax (pbx) mutant, which transforms the posterior haltere into a structure resembling the posterior wing blade, reveals an aldehyde oxidase staining pattern in the haltere disc characteristic of the posterior side of the wing disc pouch. When both (bx3 pbx) mutants are present the haltere develops into a metathoracic wing. It is shown here that the transformed haltere disc closely resembles the previously established pattern in the wing disc with respect to aldehyde oxidase distribution. Change in the pattern of aldehyde oxidase in bithorax mutants signals alteration in gene expression which at least for this particular enzyme correlates well with the morphological transformation from haltere to wing. A possible correlation between pattern of enzyme activity and developmental compartmentalization has been discussed.", "PMID": 401930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1091", "title": "[The ECG on exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrocardiogram on exercise with a graduated load on the bicycle ergometer has proved of value as a screening method for coronary heart disease and arrhythmias. A horizontal or descending ST junction depression of 0.1 mv in the left precordial lead is considered a significant ischemic reaction. The present paper reports the practical performance and evaluation of findings of the method. The prognostic significance of a pathological ECG on exercise with regard to the occurrence of a coronary heart disease and the progression of the disease are pointed out.", "contents": "[The ECG on exercise (author's transl)]. The electrocardiogram on exercise with a graduated load on the bicycle ergometer has proved of value as a screening method for coronary heart disease and arrhythmias. A horizontal or descending ST junction depression of 0.1 mv in the left precordial lead is considered a significant ischemic reaction. The present paper reports the practical performance and evaluation of findings of the method. The prognostic significance of a pathological ECG on exercise with regard to the occurrence of a coronary heart disease and the progression of the disease are pointed out.", "PMID": 401932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1092", "title": "[Behaviour of the ST segment under stress by atrial frequency and digitalis in latent coronary insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapeutic doses of digitalis may give rise to depressions and abnormities of the ST segment. In coronary patients this is occasionally also associated with anginal complaints. In 7 patients the ST segment was investigated at rest and under increasing stress by atrial frequency without and with digitalis at increasing therapeutic dosage. In all patients a glycoside-induced, linearly intensifying depression of the ST segment was demonstrated as a regular and dose-dependent pattern the onset of which was already recognizable at an average effective level of 0,59 mg digoxin. The opinion is held that glycoside-induced ST depressions in the ECG are not in general of insignificant nature but may be the reflection of myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "[Behaviour of the ST segment under stress by atrial frequency and digitalis in latent coronary insufficiency (author's transl)]. Therapeutic doses of digitalis may give rise to depressions and abnormities of the ST segment. In coronary patients this is occasionally also associated with anginal complaints. In 7 patients the ST segment was investigated at rest and under increasing stress by atrial frequency without and with digitalis at increasing therapeutic dosage. In all patients a glycoside-induced, linearly intensifying depression of the ST segment was demonstrated as a regular and dose-dependent pattern the onset of which was already recognizable at an average effective level of 0,59 mg digoxin. The opinion is held that glycoside-induced ST depressions in the ECG are not in general of insignificant nature but may be the reflection of myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 401933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1093", "title": "[Scintigraphy of the myocardium. Comparative study between thallium and perfusion scintigrams (author's transl)].", "content": "In a total of 51 patients (26 with coronary heart diseases, 25 with primary myocardial diseases), the myocardial scintigrams after intracoronary particle injection (perfusion scintigraphy) and after intravenous nuclide injection with accumulation in the myocardium (thallium scintigraphy) were compared with each other and set against the coronary angiographic and levocardiographic findings. It was shown that extensive myocardial failures (aneurysms) can be represented by both nuclear medical procedures, but that perfusion scintigraphy is more sensitive and correlates more closely to the levocardiogram findings. Smaller abnormalities of contraction of the left ventricle (hypokinetic and akinetic areas) were always shown in the perfusion scintigram, more seldom in the thallium scintigram. The outstanding advantage of thallium scintigraphy is that it is non-invasive, it can be repeated as often as desired and is easily performed during ergometric stress.", "contents": "[Scintigraphy of the myocardium. Comparative study between thallium and perfusion scintigrams (author's transl)]. In a total of 51 patients (26 with coronary heart diseases, 25 with primary myocardial diseases), the myocardial scintigrams after intracoronary particle injection (perfusion scintigraphy) and after intravenous nuclide injection with accumulation in the myocardium (thallium scintigraphy) were compared with each other and set against the coronary angiographic and levocardiographic findings. It was shown that extensive myocardial failures (aneurysms) can be represented by both nuclear medical procedures, but that perfusion scintigraphy is more sensitive and correlates more closely to the levocardiogram findings. Smaller abnormalities of contraction of the left ventricle (hypokinetic and akinetic areas) were always shown in the perfusion scintigram, more seldom in the thallium scintigram. The outstanding advantage of thallium scintigraphy is that it is non-invasive, it can be repeated as often as desired and is easily performed during ergometric stress.", "PMID": 401934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1094", "title": "[Sources of error in the preparation and interpretation of echocardiograms (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnostic ultrasound is able to provide important information on cardiac structure and motion. Diagnostic errors and misinterpretations however are not uncommon, due to the manner in which data are acquired and recorded during the echocardiographic examination. This paper discusses the characteristic echocardiographic patterns of a variety of important changes in the mitral valve, the left ventricle, and the interventricular and interatrial septum as well as the influence of respiration on the performance of echocardiography. Essential pitfalls in establishing a correct diagnosis in each of these conditions are emphasized and supported by illustrations.", "contents": "[Sources of error in the preparation and interpretation of echocardiograms (author's transl)]. Diagnostic ultrasound is able to provide important information on cardiac structure and motion. Diagnostic errors and misinterpretations however are not uncommon, due to the manner in which data are acquired and recorded during the echocardiographic examination. This paper discusses the characteristic echocardiographic patterns of a variety of important changes in the mitral valve, the left ventricle, and the interventricular and interatrial septum as well as the influence of respiration on the performance of echocardiography. Essential pitfalls in establishing a correct diagnosis in each of these conditions are emphasized and supported by illustrations.", "PMID": 401935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1095", "title": "[Causes of death in lightning strokes (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of the literature and of their own investigations, including animal experimentation, the authors attempt to show the possible causes of death following lightning strokes. Animal experiments give evidence of the important role of cardiac arrhythmias, in particular of asystolia and ventricular fibrillation. Cardiac arrest, respiratory standstill, burns, fractures, mechanical lesions of internal organs and hemorrhages are stated as causes of death. Moreover, autopsy fails to reveal recognizable changes in some of the victims.", "contents": "[Causes of death in lightning strokes (author's transl)]. On the basis of the literature and of their own investigations, including animal experimentation, the authors attempt to show the possible causes of death following lightning strokes. Animal experiments give evidence of the important role of cardiac arrhythmias, in particular of asystolia and ventricular fibrillation. Cardiac arrest, respiratory standstill, burns, fractures, mechanical lesions of internal organs and hemorrhages are stated as causes of death. Moreover, autopsy fails to reveal recognizable changes in some of the victims.", "PMID": 401937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1096", "title": "[Treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda with and without phlebotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Extensive investigations form 1962 to 1973 on 23 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda are reported. Two collectives of patients with different treatments are compared. One collective was treated conventionally with \"liver therapy, abstinence from alcohol, and rest in bed\", the other collective with \"phlebotomy, abstinence from alcohol, and rest in bed\". Both collectives showed a nearly equal decrease of uroporphyrin excretion. The unfavourable effect of alcohol in this disease was confirmed. In the post-observation period, minimal excretion of uroporphyrin was found to be more frequent and to persist longer in the collective treated by phlebotomy. In this collective, abstinence from alcohol was more consistently adhered to.", "contents": "[Treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda with and without phlebotomy (author's transl)]. Extensive investigations form 1962 to 1973 on 23 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda are reported. Two collectives of patients with different treatments are compared. One collective was treated conventionally with \"liver therapy, abstinence from alcohol, and rest in bed\", the other collective with \"phlebotomy, abstinence from alcohol, and rest in bed\". Both collectives showed a nearly equal decrease of uroporphyrin excretion. The unfavourable effect of alcohol in this disease was confirmed. In the post-observation period, minimal excretion of uroporphyrin was found to be more frequent and to persist longer in the collective treated by phlebotomy. In this collective, abstinence from alcohol was more consistently adhered to.", "PMID": 401939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1097", "title": "[Restrictive bandages. Expert medical opinion (author's transl)].", "content": "The danger of pressure damage due to bandages is considerable. Plaster casts are incorrect immediately after accidents, repositioning of and operations on limbs. Complaints of circulatory disturbances and pains are to be taken very seriously. Pressure damage may occur not only after plaster casts, but also with elastic bandages. The urgent need to pay attention to undisturbed blood flow to the extremities after accidents and operations is emphasized with reference to 11 cases of various kinds.", "contents": "[Restrictive bandages. Expert medical opinion (author's transl)]. The danger of pressure damage due to bandages is considerable. Plaster casts are incorrect immediately after accidents, repositioning of and operations on limbs. Complaints of circulatory disturbances and pains are to be taken very seriously. Pressure damage may occur not only after plaster casts, but also with elastic bandages. The urgent need to pay attention to undisturbed blood flow to the extremities after accidents and operations is emphasized with reference to 11 cases of various kinds.", "PMID": 401941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1098", "title": "Molecular analysis of spontaneous somatic mutants.", "content": "Eukaryotic structural gene mutations occurring spontaneously in a mouse myeloma cell line offer the opportunity to study somatic mutation in animal cells at the molecular level. Studies on the myeloma protein and on mRNA have enabled us to characterise four such mutants representing four different mutation mechanisms. The results may have some bearing on the origin of antibody diversity.", "contents": "Molecular analysis of spontaneous somatic mutants. Eukaryotic structural gene mutations occurring spontaneously in a mouse myeloma cell line offer the opportunity to study somatic mutation in animal cells at the molecular level. Studies on the myeloma protein and on mRNA have enabled us to characterise four such mutants representing four different mutation mechanisms. The results may have some bearing on the origin of antibody diversity.", "PMID": 401950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1099", "title": "A fossil skull probably of the genus Homo from Sterkfontein, Transvaal.", "content": "A skull with numerous Homo features was discovered at Sterkfontein, near Krugersdorp, Transvaal, in August 1976. It stems from member 5 of the Sterkfontein Formation, with stone tools and with fauna pointing to an age of 2.0-1.5 Myr. The underlying member 4 contains Australopithecus africanus, no stone tools, and fauna dated 3.0-2.5 Myr. The new find supports the view that the Sterkfontein toolmaker was not the earlier A. africanus, but a later hominid related to Homo habilis. By a remarkable double coincidence, the first pieces of the new skull, Stw 53, were found on August 9, 1976, 40 years to the day after Robert Broom's first visit to Sterkfontein, while the last part came to light on August 17, the 40th anniversary of Broom's first discovery of a hominid cranium at Sterkfontein. Although most of the fragments were found in a decalcified pocket of cave earth, one large part of the calvaria was still present in the calcified wall of the pocket, thus establishing indisputably the provenance of the specimen.", "contents": "A fossil skull probably of the genus Homo from Sterkfontein, Transvaal. A skull with numerous Homo features was discovered at Sterkfontein, near Krugersdorp, Transvaal, in August 1976. It stems from member 5 of the Sterkfontein Formation, with stone tools and with fauna pointing to an age of 2.0-1.5 Myr. The underlying member 4 contains Australopithecus africanus, no stone tools, and fauna dated 3.0-2.5 Myr. The new find supports the view that the Sterkfontein toolmaker was not the earlier A. africanus, but a later hominid related to Homo habilis. By a remarkable double coincidence, the first pieces of the new skull, Stw 53, were found on August 9, 1976, 40 years to the day after Robert Broom's first visit to Sterkfontein, while the last part came to light on August 17, the 40th anniversary of Broom's first discovery of a hominid cranium at Sterkfontein. Although most of the fragments were found in a decalcified pocket of cave earth, one large part of the calvaria was still present in the calcified wall of the pocket, thus establishing indisputably the provenance of the specimen.", "PMID": 401951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1100", "title": "Oral manifestations of secondary hyperparathyroidism related to long-term hemodialysis therapy.", "content": "Patients on long-term hemodialysis therapy may develop secondary hyperparathyroidism with oral symptoms. As the life expectancy of the dialysis patient increases, the dentist is seeing these manifestations with increasing frequency. A review of the subject is presented along with a case illustrating dramatic roentgenographic changes in a patient who was placed on hemodialysis when the technique was in its infancy.", "contents": "Oral manifestations of secondary hyperparathyroidism related to long-term hemodialysis therapy. Patients on long-term hemodialysis therapy may develop secondary hyperparathyroidism with oral symptoms. As the life expectancy of the dialysis patient increases, the dentist is seeing these manifestations with increasing frequency. A review of the subject is presented along with a case illustrating dramatic roentgenographic changes in a patient who was placed on hemodialysis when the technique was in its infancy.", "PMID": 401975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1101", "title": "The effect of a proteolytic enzyem mixture (Orenzyme-Forte) on experimentally induced pulpitis.", "content": "A proteolytic enzyme mixture, Orenzyme-Forte, containing trypsin, chymotrypsin, and ribonuclease was used to treat experimentally induced pulpitis in the teeth of three monkeys. Assessment by means of the criteria of Stanley showed that the enzyme mixture induced better healing than a zinc oxide--eugenol dressing. When the two were used simultaneously, a synergistic effect was seen. We suggest that this enzyme mixture may be useful in clinical practice in the treatment of pulpitis.", "contents": "The effect of a proteolytic enzyem mixture (Orenzyme-Forte) on experimentally induced pulpitis. A proteolytic enzyme mixture, Orenzyme-Forte, containing trypsin, chymotrypsin, and ribonuclease was used to treat experimentally induced pulpitis in the teeth of three monkeys. Assessment by means of the criteria of Stanley showed that the enzyme mixture induced better healing than a zinc oxide--eugenol dressing. When the two were used simultaneously, a synergistic effect was seen. We suggest that this enzyme mixture may be useful in clinical practice in the treatment of pulpitis.", "PMID": 401976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1102", "title": "[Parenteral nutrition and nitrogen balances in low birth weight newborns in the adaptation period (author's transl)].", "content": "Nitrogen balance studies were performed in the course of parenteral nutrition in the first 5 days of life in three groups of low birth weight newborns (I. group = 12 premature, 27.--30. gestational week, b. w. M = 1298 g, II. group = a) 7 prematures, 27.--31.g.w.,b.w.M = 1295 g,b) 5 small for date prematures, 29.--32.g.w.,b.w.M = 1208 g, III. group = 10 prematures, 31.--36.g.w.,b.w. M = 1751 g). Losses of nitrogen via urine in extreme prematures during the adaptation period are higher than in full term or moderate prematures. Increased volume of parenteral nutrition (glucose, fat emulsion) and increased caloric quotient did not produce a significant restriction of N-losses via urine. No difference was found in N-losses between extreme prematures and small for date prematures of similar birth weight/group IIa): IIb)/. Aminoacids (cca 500 mg N/kg body weight/24 hrs) given on the second day of life were well retained; increased losses of N represented about 20% of N infused.", "contents": "[Parenteral nutrition and nitrogen balances in low birth weight newborns in the adaptation period (author's transl)]. Nitrogen balance studies were performed in the course of parenteral nutrition in the first 5 days of life in three groups of low birth weight newborns (I. group = 12 premature, 27.--30. gestational week, b. w. M = 1298 g, II. group = a) 7 prematures, 27.--31.g.w.,b.w.M = 1295 g,b) 5 small for date prematures, 29.--32.g.w.,b.w.M = 1208 g, III. group = 10 prematures, 31.--36.g.w.,b.w. M = 1751 g). Losses of nitrogen via urine in extreme prematures during the adaptation period are higher than in full term or moderate prematures. Increased volume of parenteral nutrition (glucose, fat emulsion) and increased caloric quotient did not produce a significant restriction of N-losses via urine. No difference was found in N-losses between extreme prematures and small for date prematures of similar birth weight/group IIa): IIb)/. Aminoacids (cca 500 mg N/kg body weight/24 hrs) given on the second day of life were well retained; increased losses of N represented about 20% of N infused.", "PMID": 401979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1103", "title": "[Vaccination against hepatitis B in man].", "content": "The preparation of a vaccine against hepatitis B is described. The vaccine is prepared from the HB viral coat (HBs Ag) purified and formalin inactivated. The HBs Ag is isolated and purified from the blood of healthy HBs Ag positive donors by means of an immunoadsorbent technique. The inocuity and efficacy were tested on chimpanzees. Vaccination was then applied in an attempt to protect patients and ward staff in a high risk haemodialysis unit. The efficacy of the vaccine was assessed by humoral and cellular anti-HBs immune reactions. The study of HBs antigenaemia in vaccinated and non-vaccinated subjects indicate that this vaccine protects against hepatitis B. Many arguments are in favor of aetiological role of the hepatitis B virus in the genesis of primary liver cancer in tropical areas. Immunization against hepatitis B could be the first example of prevention of a potentially oncogenic viral infection.", "contents": "[Vaccination against hepatitis B in man]. The preparation of a vaccine against hepatitis B is described. The vaccine is prepared from the HB viral coat (HBs Ag) purified and formalin inactivated. The HBs Ag is isolated and purified from the blood of healthy HBs Ag positive donors by means of an immunoadsorbent technique. The inocuity and efficacy were tested on chimpanzees. Vaccination was then applied in an attempt to protect patients and ward staff in a high risk haemodialysis unit. The efficacy of the vaccine was assessed by humoral and cellular anti-HBs immune reactions. The study of HBs antigenaemia in vaccinated and non-vaccinated subjects indicate that this vaccine protects against hepatitis B. Many arguments are in favor of aetiological role of the hepatitis B virus in the genesis of primary liver cancer in tropical areas. Immunization against hepatitis B could be the first example of prevention of a potentially oncogenic viral infection.", "PMID": 401985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1104", "title": "[Use of demeclotetracycline in the treatment of hyponatremia in cirrhotic ascitis].", "content": "The activity of demeclotetracyclin, and ADH antagonist, is studied in 11 ethylic patients with cirrhosis of the liver, under a large hydric diet (1500 cm3). The prescription of the cyclin (600 mg daily) is always determined by a fall of the urinary osmolarity (-36%) and by a dramatic improvement of the free water clearance (+ 60%); consecutively, we observe an increase of natremia in 8 out of 9 cases. Associated with Spironolactone (200 mg daily) the anti-ADH activity persists (the free water clearance becomes positive in 5 out of 10 patients), in spite of the natriuretic activity of anti-aldosterone ; a minimal fall of the natremia is observed in only 2 cases. The indication of Demeclotetracyclin in the curative or preventive treatment of the hyponatremia of the liver cirrhosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Use of demeclotetracycline in the treatment of hyponatremia in cirrhotic ascitis]. The activity of demeclotetracyclin, and ADH antagonist, is studied in 11 ethylic patients with cirrhosis of the liver, under a large hydric diet (1500 cm3). The prescription of the cyclin (600 mg daily) is always determined by a fall of the urinary osmolarity (-36%) and by a dramatic improvement of the free water clearance (+ 60%); consecutively, we observe an increase of natremia in 8 out of 9 cases. Associated with Spironolactone (200 mg daily) the anti-ADH activity persists (the free water clearance becomes positive in 5 out of 10 patients), in spite of the natriuretic activity of anti-aldosterone ; a minimal fall of the natremia is observed in only 2 cases. The indication of Demeclotetracyclin in the curative or preventive treatment of the hyponatremia of the liver cirrhosis is discussed.", "PMID": 401986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1105", "title": "Dysphagia and esophageal diverticula.", "content": "Normal swallowing depends on a highly integrated sequence of esophageal contractions and relaxations. When the upper or lower sphincter or the tubular esophagus in between fails to function properly, the abnormal pressures created may cause diverticula to form. Initial symptoms are mild and transitory, but severe obstruction and regurgitation may eventually occur, requiring surgery. Traction diverticula, resulting from an inflammatory process, occasionally develop, but their frequency has been overestimated.", "contents": "Dysphagia and esophageal diverticula. Normal swallowing depends on a highly integrated sequence of esophageal contractions and relaxations. When the upper or lower sphincter or the tubular esophagus in between fails to function properly, the abnormal pressures created may cause diverticula to form. Initial symptoms are mild and transitory, but severe obstruction and regurgitation may eventually occur, requiring surgery. Traction diverticula, resulting from an inflammatory process, occasionally develop, but their frequency has been overestimated.", "PMID": 401994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1106", "title": "Myeloma and other paraproteinemias.", "content": "The paraproteinemias, a large heterogeneous group of diseases, are best characterized by the type of immunoglobulin moiety (paraprotein) produced. For the most common disorder, myeloma, response to treatment with alkylating agents has been objectively shown. Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia and heavy-chain disease are more closely related to lymphoma than to myeloma. Some patients with paraproteinemia have a benign course with a constant, abnormal, immunoglobulin level.", "contents": "Myeloma and other paraproteinemias. The paraproteinemias, a large heterogeneous group of diseases, are best characterized by the type of immunoglobulin moiety (paraprotein) produced. For the most common disorder, myeloma, response to treatment with alkylating agents has been objectively shown. Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia and heavy-chain disease are more closely related to lymphoma than to myeloma. Some patients with paraproteinemia have a benign course with a constant, abnormal, immunoglobulin level.", "PMID": 401995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1107", "title": "Nutritional management of the patient with advanced cancer.", "content": "Protein-calorie malnutrition, vitamin and other deficiencies, and weight loss frequently develop in cancer patients. Although there is no evidence that aggressive nutritional management prolongs survival, it may improve the quality of life. Efforts should be made to maintain adequate daily caloric intake with appropriate food selection and with control of complications interfering with nutrition. In selected patients, intravenous hyperalimentation can provide adequate nutrition during potentially effective chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Elemental diets also may be a source of complete or supplemental nutrition. Further experience with both approaches will help to clarify their role in the nutritional management of the patient with advanced cancer.", "contents": "Nutritional management of the patient with advanced cancer. Protein-calorie malnutrition, vitamin and other deficiencies, and weight loss frequently develop in cancer patients. Although there is no evidence that aggressive nutritional management prolongs survival, it may improve the quality of life. Efforts should be made to maintain adequate daily caloric intake with appropriate food selection and with control of complications interfering with nutrition. In selected patients, intravenous hyperalimentation can provide adequate nutrition during potentially effective chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Elemental diets also may be a source of complete or supplemental nutrition. Further experience with both approaches will help to clarify their role in the nutritional management of the patient with advanced cancer.", "PMID": 401996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1108", "title": "Inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase by thiol analogues of prostaglandin.", "content": "A variety of thiol compounds inhibited the enzymatic bis-oxygenation of 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid to prostaglandin G1, as examined with a purified preparation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase (prostaglandin synthase; 8,11,14-eicosatrienoate, hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase; EC 1.14.99.1) from bovine vesicular gland. The hydroperoxide cleavage of prostaglandin G1 producing prostaglandin H1 was not affected by these thiol compounds. Several prostaglandin analogues with a thiol group (9,11-dihydroxy-15S- or 15R-mercaptoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid, 1-mercapto-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-diene, and 1-mercapto-9-oxo-11,15-dihydroxyprosta-5,13-diene) were most potent inhibitors, showing almost complete inhibition at concentrations on the order of 1 muM. Other thiol compounds, such as 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, dithiotherreitol, and dihydrolipoic acid, were also inhibitory but were much less effective. The inhibition, as examined with 9,11-dihydroxy-15S-mercaptoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, was noncompetitive.", "contents": "Inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase by thiol analogues of prostaglandin. A variety of thiol compounds inhibited the enzymatic bis-oxygenation of 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid to prostaglandin G1, as examined with a purified preparation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase (prostaglandin synthase; 8,11,14-eicosatrienoate, hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase; EC 1.14.99.1) from bovine vesicular gland. The hydroperoxide cleavage of prostaglandin G1 producing prostaglandin H1 was not affected by these thiol compounds. Several prostaglandin analogues with a thiol group (9,11-dihydroxy-15S- or 15R-mercaptoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid, 1-mercapto-9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-diene, and 1-mercapto-9-oxo-11,15-dihydroxyprosta-5,13-diene) were most potent inhibitors, showing almost complete inhibition at concentrations on the order of 1 muM. Other thiol compounds, such as 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, dithiotherreitol, and dihydrolipoic acid, were also inhibitory but were much less effective. The inhibition, as examined with 9,11-dihydroxy-15S-mercaptoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, was noncompetitive.", "PMID": 402003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1109", "title": "Partial inhibition of postreplication repair and enhanced frequency of chemical transformation in rat cells infected with leukemia virus.", "content": "Postreplication repair of DNA and chemical transformation with the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide were studied in rat cell lines either uninfected or infected with Rauscher leukemia virus. The results indicate that equivalent amounts of carcinogen are bound to the DNA initially and removed during excision repair. However, the lines differ in that the infected line alone exhibits both sensitivity to nitroquinoline-oxide-induced transformation and a partial inhibition of the postreplication repair process after notroquinoline oxide or UV treatment.", "contents": "Partial inhibition of postreplication repair and enhanced frequency of chemical transformation in rat cells infected with leukemia virus. Postreplication repair of DNA and chemical transformation with the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide were studied in rat cell lines either uninfected or infected with Rauscher leukemia virus. The results indicate that equivalent amounts of carcinogen are bound to the DNA initially and removed during excision repair. However, the lines differ in that the infected line alone exhibits both sensitivity to nitroquinoline-oxide-induced transformation and a partial inhibition of the postreplication repair process after notroquinoline oxide or UV treatment.", "PMID": 402004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1110", "title": "Mechanism of a case of genetic coadaptation in populations of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A cryptic polymorphism found in natrual populations of Drosophila melanogaster has been examined in an artificial population maintained for over 200 generations. The polymorphism is selected because it is insensitive to the segregation distorter phenomenon, and it thereby largely preserves the Mendelian rules of segregation. Segregation distorter chromosomes and the cryptic polymorphism form part of a coadapted complex which is associated with linkage disequilibrium in natrual populations.", "contents": "Mechanism of a case of genetic coadaptation in populations of Drosophila melanogaster. A cryptic polymorphism found in natrual populations of Drosophila melanogaster has been examined in an artificial population maintained for over 200 generations. The polymorphism is selected because it is insensitive to the segregation distorter phenomenon, and it thereby largely preserves the Mendelian rules of segregation. Segregation distorter chromosomes and the cryptic polymorphism form part of a coadapted complex which is associated with linkage disequilibrium in natrual populations.", "PMID": 402005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1111", "title": "Development of tumor cell resistance to syngeneic cell-mediated cytotoxicity during growth of ascitic mastocytoma P815Y.", "content": "The immune reactivity to tumor cells within a progressively growing tumor mass in the syngeneic host has been analyzed by studying the cell-mediated cytolytic response of DBA/2 mice to the ascitic mastocytoma P815Y. Peritoneal cells from P815Y tumor-bearing hosts were fractionated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity of fractionated and unfractionated cells was measured by 51Cr-release from tumor target cells. The cell separation procedure revealed significant levels of specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity to P815Y within peritoneal cell populations at 8-16 days after tumor cell inoculation. Tumor cells purified from the peritoneal cell populations of mice injected with 10(3) tumor cells 10 days previously were as susceptible to syngeneic and allogeneic cell-mediated cytotoxicity as P815Y grown in vitro. However, tumor cells obtained from mice 16 days after tumor inoculation were resistant to cytolysis by syngeneic, but not allogeneic, effector cells. In addition, day 16 tumor cells did not inhibit syngeneic cell-mediated cytotoxicity against P815Y grown in vitro. Immunoglobulin was not detected on day 16 tumor cells and no circulating antibody to P815Y was found in the ascitic fluid of day 16 tumor-bearing mice. These results indicate that tumor cells may escape immune attack by loss of expression of cell surface tumor-associated antigens in the absence of circulating antibody against tumor.", "contents": "Development of tumor cell resistance to syngeneic cell-mediated cytotoxicity during growth of ascitic mastocytoma P815Y. The immune reactivity to tumor cells within a progressively growing tumor mass in the syngeneic host has been analyzed by studying the cell-mediated cytolytic response of DBA/2 mice to the ascitic mastocytoma P815Y. Peritoneal cells from P815Y tumor-bearing hosts were fractionated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity of fractionated and unfractionated cells was measured by 51Cr-release from tumor target cells. The cell separation procedure revealed significant levels of specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity to P815Y within peritoneal cell populations at 8-16 days after tumor cell inoculation. Tumor cells purified from the peritoneal cell populations of mice injected with 10(3) tumor cells 10 days previously were as susceptible to syngeneic and allogeneic cell-mediated cytotoxicity as P815Y grown in vitro. However, tumor cells obtained from mice 16 days after tumor inoculation were resistant to cytolysis by syngeneic, but not allogeneic, effector cells. In addition, day 16 tumor cells did not inhibit syngeneic cell-mediated cytotoxicity against P815Y grown in vitro. Immunoglobulin was not detected on day 16 tumor cells and no circulating antibody to P815Y was found in the ascitic fluid of day 16 tumor-bearing mice. These results indicate that tumor cells may escape immune attack by loss of expression of cell surface tumor-associated antigens in the absence of circulating antibody against tumor.", "PMID": 402006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1112", "title": "Multiple sclerosis: a social-psychological perspective.", "content": "Many patients with multiple sclerosis experience strong feelings of alienation due to the nature of a disease with unknown etiology and largely ineffective treatment procedures. The familial and societal involvement in the process of alienation is discussed and some issues relating particularly to the institutionalized patient are identified.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis: a social-psychological perspective. Many patients with multiple sclerosis experience strong feelings of alienation due to the nature of a disease with unknown etiology and largely ineffective treatment procedures. The familial and societal involvement in the process of alienation is discussed and some issues relating particularly to the institutionalized patient are identified.", "PMID": 402007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1113", "title": "Median nerve compression and trigger finger in the mucopolysaccharidoses and related diseases.", "content": "Patients with Hurler's syndrome (MPS-1H), I-cell disease (ML-II) and pseudo-Hurler's  syndrome (ML-III) had median nerve compression and triggering of the fingers which limited finger extension. To our knowledge, this combination has not been reported previously in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses and related disorders. In all of our 3 cases the median nerve was compressed by thickened flexor tenosynovium. Synovectomy and resection of the volar carpal ligament improved the hand function in all, including the mentally retarded patient with Hurler's syndrome. Release of the fibroosseous tunnel in two patients was followed by an increased range of motion (but not full extension). A fourth patient, without a mucopolysaccharide storage disorder, also had the combination of trigger finger and carpal tunnel syndrome.", "contents": "Median nerve compression and trigger finger in the mucopolysaccharidoses and related diseases. Patients with Hurler's syndrome (MPS-1H), I-cell disease (ML-II) and pseudo-Hurler's  syndrome (ML-III) had median nerve compression and triggering of the fingers which limited finger extension. To our knowledge, this combination has not been reported previously in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses and related disorders. In all of our 3 cases the median nerve was compressed by thickened flexor tenosynovium. Synovectomy and resection of the volar carpal ligament improved the hand function in all, including the mentally retarded patient with Hurler's syndrome. Release of the fibroosseous tunnel in two patients was followed by an increased range of motion (but not full extension). A fourth patient, without a mucopolysaccharide storage disorder, also had the combination of trigger finger and carpal tunnel syndrome.", "PMID": 402008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1114", "title": "Fibrosing alveolitis in patients with neurofibromatosis.", "content": "Fibrosing alveolitis, or interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, is a common manifestation of neurofibromatosis, and was observed in 7 of 70 patients with the disease. Though neurofibromatosis is congenital, fibrosing alveolitis does not appear until adulthood, and occurs in 20% of patients with the disease who are over 30 years old. Characteristic radiographic findings include linear, interstitial density, and large upper lobe bullae; this combination limits the differential diagnosis. Pathological examination demonstrates alveolar wall thickening progressing to fibrosis and lung destruction. Pulmonary function tests can show obstructive or restrictive lung disease.", "contents": "Fibrosing alveolitis in patients with neurofibromatosis. Fibrosing alveolitis, or interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, is a common manifestation of neurofibromatosis, and was observed in 7 of 70 patients with the disease. Though neurofibromatosis is congenital, fibrosing alveolitis does not appear until adulthood, and occurs in 20% of patients with the disease who are over 30 years old. Characteristic radiographic findings include linear, interstitial density, and large upper lobe bullae; this combination limits the differential diagnosis. Pathological examination demonstrates alveolar wall thickening progressing to fibrosis and lung destruction. Pulmonary function tests can show obstructive or restrictive lung disease.", "PMID": 402016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1115", "title": "Massive subperiosteal hemorrhage in neurofibromatosis.", "content": "Neurofibromatosis is seen in association with elephantiasis neuromatosa and overgrowth of abnormal bones, but rarely with subperiosteal hemorrhage. This is a secondary finding after severe or minor trauma to the periosteum, which is abnormally loose from mesodermal dysplasia. The clinical, plain radiographic, and angiographic findings of 2 cases of massive subperiosteal hemorrhage are presented, and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "Massive subperiosteal hemorrhage in neurofibromatosis. Neurofibromatosis is seen in association with elephantiasis neuromatosa and overgrowth of abnormal bones, but rarely with subperiosteal hemorrhage. This is a secondary finding after severe or minor trauma to the periosteum, which is abnormally loose from mesodermal dysplasia. The clinical, plain radiographic, and angiographic findings of 2 cases of massive subperiosteal hemorrhage are presented, and the literature reviewed.", "PMID": 402017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1116", "title": "Radiation therapy of thalamic, midbrain and brain stem gliomas.", "content": "The case histories of 40 patients with gliomas of the thalamus and midbrain (Group I) or caudal brain stem (Group II) were reviewed to determine the effect of radiation therapy on neurologic functional status and survival. Nine of 14 (64%) patients in Group I demonstrated an improvement in functional status following radiotherapy, as did 19 of 26 (73%) patients in Group II. Eight (57%) patients in Group I and 10 (38%) patients in Group II are alive with no evidence of disease after periods of 12 to 65 months following completion of treatment. Acturial survival data indicate a better survival rate in Group I patients. Based on our findings, an aggressive and potentially curative attempt with use of radiation therapy for gliomas of the thalamus, midbrain, and brain stem is justified.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of thalamic, midbrain and brain stem gliomas. The case histories of 40 patients with gliomas of the thalamus and midbrain (Group I) or caudal brain stem (Group II) were reviewed to determine the effect of radiation therapy on neurologic functional status and survival. Nine of 14 (64%) patients in Group I demonstrated an improvement in functional status following radiotherapy, as did 19 of 26 (73%) patients in Group II. Eight (57%) patients in Group I and 10 (38%) patients in Group II are alive with no evidence of disease after periods of 12 to 65 months following completion of treatment. Acturial survival data indicate a better survival rate in Group I patients. Based on our findings, an aggressive and potentially curative attempt with use of radiation therapy for gliomas of the thalamus, midbrain, and brain stem is justified.", "PMID": 402018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1117", "title": "[Elementary diet as an alternative to parenteral feeding in severe gastrointestinal diseases].", "content": "21 patients with gastroenterological disease and indication for the use of intravenous nutrition received an elemental diet (ED) for 5-44 days. In 6 out of 8 patients with exacerbation of Crohn's disease remissions were achieved, apart from 3 persistent fistulas. In 5 out of 9 cases with various primary diseases and postoperative intestinal fistulas, spontaneous healing was observed. Furthermore, 2 patients with ulcerative colitis, 1 with radiation enteritis and 1 with pancreatitis were treated with ED. On ED, hemoglobin increased from 11.3 +/- 0.4 (m +/- SEM) to 12.0 +/- 0.5 g% (p less than 0.01) and serum albumin from 2.7 +/- 0.1 to 3.4 +/- 0.1 g% (p less than 0.001). Nitrogen requirements were studied in 11 patients receiving various quantities of ED. Nitrogen balance was found to be in equilibrium or positive in 7 patients, and negative in 4. In one patient with severe ulcerative colitis, fecal nitrogen losses were higher than urinary nitrogen losses. The unpleasant taste of ED resulting from free amino acids limited the ED supply in 3 patients and led to premature ending of ED administration in 3 other patients. In such cases ED may be given by nasogastric tube feeding. From the results presented it appears that ED is indicated in Crohn's disease and intestinal fistulas. However, the results obtained require confirmation by further observations and comparison with an intravenously fed control group.", "contents": "[Elementary diet as an alternative to parenteral feeding in severe gastrointestinal diseases]. 21 patients with gastroenterological disease and indication for the use of intravenous nutrition received an elemental diet (ED) for 5-44 days. In 6 out of 8 patients with exacerbation of Crohn's disease remissions were achieved, apart from 3 persistent fistulas. In 5 out of 9 cases with various primary diseases and postoperative intestinal fistulas, spontaneous healing was observed. Furthermore, 2 patients with ulcerative colitis, 1 with radiation enteritis and 1 with pancreatitis were treated with ED. On ED, hemoglobin increased from 11.3 +/- 0.4 (m +/- SEM) to 12.0 +/- 0.5 g% (p less than 0.01) and serum albumin from 2.7 +/- 0.1 to 3.4 +/- 0.1 g% (p less than 0.001). Nitrogen requirements were studied in 11 patients receiving various quantities of ED. Nitrogen balance was found to be in equilibrium or positive in 7 patients, and negative in 4. In one patient with severe ulcerative colitis, fecal nitrogen losses were higher than urinary nitrogen losses. The unpleasant taste of ED resulting from free amino acids limited the ED supply in 3 patients and led to premature ending of ED administration in 3 other patients. In such cases ED may be given by nasogastric tube feeding. From the results presented it appears that ED is indicated in Crohn's disease and intestinal fistulas. However, the results obtained require confirmation by further observations and comparison with an intravenously fed control group.", "PMID": 402020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1118", "title": "[Myasthenia gravis. New results on etiology, diagnosis and therapy].", "content": "Myasthenia gravis is discussed with reference to recent immunologic findings, improvements in diagnostic procedure, and therapy. Myasthenic reactions can be produced in animals by injection of receptor proteins. In addition, the injection of thymopoietin causes neuromuscular block. The majority of patients with myasthenia gravis have antibodies against acetylcholine receptors, and there is a markedly reduced number of bungarotoxin binding receptors at the endplates. Further, recent immunologic findings indicate that genetic factors may be involved in the etiology of myasthenia gravis. The recently developed single fiber electromyography is useful in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. New statistics demonstrate the value of thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Good results have been reported following treatment with corticosteroids and azathioprine.", "contents": "[Myasthenia gravis. New results on etiology, diagnosis and therapy]. Myasthenia gravis is discussed with reference to recent immunologic findings, improvements in diagnostic procedure, and therapy. Myasthenic reactions can be produced in animals by injection of receptor proteins. In addition, the injection of thymopoietin causes neuromuscular block. The majority of patients with myasthenia gravis have antibodies against acetylcholine receptors, and there is a markedly reduced number of bungarotoxin binding receptors at the endplates. Further, recent immunologic findings indicate that genetic factors may be involved in the etiology of myasthenia gravis. The recently developed single fiber electromyography is useful in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. New statistics demonstrate the value of thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Good results have been reported following treatment with corticosteroids and azathioprine.", "PMID": 402021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1119", "title": "[Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia with immunocytoma of the lung].", "content": "A case of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia in a 63-year-old man is presented. The clinical course was complicated by pulmonary infiltration classified by biopsy as immunocytoma. The clinical findings and therapeutic possibilities in this rare case of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia with with pulmonary complications are discussed in the light of the literature.", "contents": "[Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia with immunocytoma of the lung]. A case of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia in a 63-year-old man is presented. The clinical course was complicated by pulmonary infiltration classified by biopsy as immunocytoma. The clinical findings and therapeutic possibilities in this rare case of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia with with pulmonary complications are discussed in the light of the literature.", "PMID": 402022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1120", "title": "Persistence of a specific pseudomonas infection in a large general hospital.", "content": "Of at least 37 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa distinguishable by their pyocine production, Type 10 is noteworthy for its relative rarity and its virulence to man. Opportunistic infections by this organism occurring in a single hospital over 8 years are described, and its ecology discussed with reference to its possible control.", "contents": "Persistence of a specific pseudomonas infection in a large general hospital. Of at least 37 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa distinguishable by their pyocine production, Type 10 is noteworthy for its relative rarity and its virulence to man. Opportunistic infections by this organism occurring in a single hospital over 8 years are described, and its ecology discussed with reference to its possible control.", "PMID": 402023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1121", "title": "Elemental analysis of a tumor from a nocturnal prosimian with special emphasis on bromine.", "content": "Few natrually occurring tumors have been reported in primates. A spherical mass was noticed on the medial aspect of the thigh and caudal abdomen of a 15-year old female Perodicticus potto. The mass was surgically removed and the recovery was uneventful. Histological examination provided the diagnosis of myeloliposarcoma. Thirty-two elements were detected by chemical analysis. These are Na, K, Rb, Cs, Li, Cu, Ag, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Zn, Cd, Hg, B, Al, Ga, Si, Sn, Ti, P, Bi, V, S, Se, Mo, F, Cl, Br, Fe, Co and Ni. It has been proposed by some that tumor tissue tends to be chemically similar to embryonic tissue. Bromine is unexpectedly high in the potto tumor, in other tumor analyses reported in the literature, as well as in the only available embryonic tissue from the female potto, a placenta. Data are presented that lend credence to the speculation that Br may have a hitherto unexpected function in reproduction.", "contents": "Elemental analysis of a tumor from a nocturnal prosimian with special emphasis on bromine. Few natrually occurring tumors have been reported in primates. A spherical mass was noticed on the medial aspect of the thigh and caudal abdomen of a 15-year old female Perodicticus potto. The mass was surgically removed and the recovery was uneventful. Histological examination provided the diagnosis of myeloliposarcoma. Thirty-two elements were detected by chemical analysis. These are Na, K, Rb, Cs, Li, Cu, Ag, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Zn, Cd, Hg, B, Al, Ga, Si, Sn, Ti, P, Bi, V, S, Se, Mo, F, Cl, Br, Fe, Co and Ni. It has been proposed by some that tumor tissue tends to be chemically similar to embryonic tissue. Bromine is unexpectedly high in the potto tumor, in other tumor analyses reported in the literature, as well as in the only available embryonic tissue from the female potto, a placenta. Data are presented that lend credence to the speculation that Br may have a hitherto unexpected function in reproduction.", "PMID": 402025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1122", "title": "Primate model for long-term study of intraventricularly or intrathecally administered drugs and intracranial pressure.", "content": "Meaningful pharmacokinetic investigations require animal systems which approximate the human situation. This report describes a primate model in which silicone catheters are placed into the fourth ventricle and the spinal subarachnoid space and connected to subcutaneous cerebrospinal fluid without tissue damage, prod, enables spinoventricular perfusion, and permits ventricular cerebrospinal fluid sampling over extended periods in unanethetized rhesus monkeys. This animal system may provide intraventricular pressure recordings and pharmacokinetic data similar to that obtained in man.", "contents": "Primate model for long-term study of intraventricularly or intrathecally administered drugs and intracranial pressure. Meaningful pharmacokinetic investigations require animal systems which approximate the human situation. This report describes a primate model in which silicone catheters are placed into the fourth ventricle and the spinal subarachnoid space and connected to subcutaneous cerebrospinal fluid without tissue damage, prod, enables spinoventricular perfusion, and permits ventricular cerebrospinal fluid sampling over extended periods in unanethetized rhesus monkeys. This animal system may provide intraventricular pressure recordings and pharmacokinetic data similar to that obtained in man.", "PMID": 402027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1123", "title": "Basal ganglia cooling disables learned arm movements of monkeys in the absence of visual guidance.", "content": "Unilateral local cooling in the region of the globus pallidus of Cebus monkeys produced a severe breakdown in the performance of learned flexion-extension elbow movements when animals had no visual information about arm position but not when such information was displayed to them. This result indicates that visual information enables an animal to compensate to a large degree for the motor disorder produced by globus pallidus dysfunction, and it may explain why some previous workers have failed to see motor impairments in monkeys with lesions in the globus pallidus who were observed in their cages.", "contents": "Basal ganglia cooling disables learned arm movements of monkeys in the absence of visual guidance. Unilateral local cooling in the region of the globus pallidus of Cebus monkeys produced a severe breakdown in the performance of learned flexion-extension elbow movements when animals had no visual information about arm position but not when such information was displayed to them. This result indicates that visual information enables an animal to compensate to a large degree for the motor disorder produced by globus pallidus dysfunction, and it may explain why some previous workers have failed to see motor impairments in monkeys with lesions in the globus pallidus who were observed in their cages.", "PMID": 402029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1124", "title": "Membrane asymmetry.", "content": "The components of biological membranes are asymmetrically distributed between the membrane surfaces. Proteins are absolutely asymmetrical in that every copy of a polypeptide chain has the same orientation in the membrane, and lipids are nonabsolutely asymmetrical in that almost every type of lipid is present on both sides of the bilayer, but in different and highly variable amounts. Asymmetry is maintained by lack of transmembrane diffusion. Two types of membrane proteins, called ectoproteins and endoproteins, are distinguished. Biosynthetic pathways for both types of proteins and for membrane lipids are inferred from their topography and distribution in the formed cells. Note added in proof. A cell-free system has now been developed which permits the mechanisms of membrane protein assembly to be studied (108). The membrane glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus has been synthesized by wheat germ ribosomes in the presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum from pancreas. The resulting polypeptide is incorporated into the membrane, spans the lipid bilayer asymmetrically, and is glycosylated (108). The amino terminal portion of this transmembrane protein is found inside the endoplasmic reticulum vesicle, while the carboxyl terminal portion is exposed on the outer surface of the vesicle. Furthermore, addition of the glycoprotein to membranes after protein synthesis does not result in incorporation of the protein into the membrane in the manner described above (108). Consequently, protein synthesis and incorporation into the membrane must be closely coupled. Indeed, using techniques to synchronize the growth of nascent polypeptides, it has been shown (109) that no more than one-fourth of the glycoprotein chain can be made in the absence of membranes and still cross the lipid bilayer when chains are subsequently completed in the presence of membranes. These findings demonstrate directly that the extracytoplasmic portion of an ectoprotein can cross the membrane only during biosynthesis, and not after.", "contents": "Membrane asymmetry. The components of biological membranes are asymmetrically distributed between the membrane surfaces. Proteins are absolutely asymmetrical in that every copy of a polypeptide chain has the same orientation in the membrane, and lipids are nonabsolutely asymmetrical in that almost every type of lipid is present on both sides of the bilayer, but in different and highly variable amounts. Asymmetry is maintained by lack of transmembrane diffusion. Two types of membrane proteins, called ectoproteins and endoproteins, are distinguished. Biosynthetic pathways for both types of proteins and for membrane lipids are inferred from their topography and distribution in the formed cells. Note added in proof. A cell-free system has now been developed which permits the mechanisms of membrane protein assembly to be studied (108). The membrane glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus has been synthesized by wheat germ ribosomes in the presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum from pancreas. The resulting polypeptide is incorporated into the membrane, spans the lipid bilayer asymmetrically, and is glycosylated (108). The amino terminal portion of this transmembrane protein is found inside the endoplasmic reticulum vesicle, while the carboxyl terminal portion is exposed on the outer surface of the vesicle. Furthermore, addition of the glycoprotein to membranes after protein synthesis does not result in incorporation of the protein into the membrane in the manner described above (108). Consequently, protein synthesis and incorporation into the membrane must be closely coupled. Indeed, using techniques to synchronize the growth of nascent polypeptides, it has been shown (109) that no more than one-fourth of the glycoprotein chain can be made in the absence of membranes and still cross the lipid bilayer when chains are subsequently completed in the presence of membranes. These findings demonstrate directly that the extracytoplasmic portion of an ectoprotein can cross the membrane only during biosynthesis, and not after.", "PMID": 402030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1125", "title": "Bone marrow imaging with 59Fe.", "content": "Commerically available collimators are not suitable for the visual demonstration of the kinetics of 59Fe, because of its physical properties. A locally designed collimator, that provides integral visual information of the whole body distribution of erythropoietic marrow, is discussed. Wholebody scans of 4 individuals are also included to demonstrate the capabilities of the collimator.", "contents": "Bone marrow imaging with 59Fe. Commerically available collimators are not suitable for the visual demonstration of the kinetics of 59Fe, because of its physical properties. A locally designed collimator, that provides integral visual information of the whole body distribution of erythropoietic marrow, is discussed. Wholebody scans of 4 individuals are also included to demonstrate the capabilities of the collimator.", "PMID": 402032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1126", "title": "The effect of protein energy malnutrition on plasma renin and oedema in the pig.", "content": "Five litter-mate male pigs, aged 7 days and fed a standard Pig Industry Board diet containing 190 g/kg dry mass of digestible protein, were compared with 10 male pigs from two litters fed a protein-deficient diet (50 g/kg) for a period of 70 days. The 10 experimental animals developed oedema between the 42nd and 70th days of the study and 4 of them became lethargic. Although the 10 experimental animals showed the typical biochemical changes characteristic of protein energy malnutrition (PEM), including changes in muscle electrolytes, liver fat and plasma albumin, the 4 lethargic animals showed a significant increase in effective plasma renin activity (EPRA) only by the 70th day of the study. Since oedema preceded any increase in EPRA in some pigs and developed in others without any change in EPRA, it is suggested that the increased renin activity is not responsible for the initial fluid retention and oedema.", "contents": "The effect of protein energy malnutrition on plasma renin and oedema in the pig. Five litter-mate male pigs, aged 7 days and fed a standard Pig Industry Board diet containing 190 g/kg dry mass of digestible protein, were compared with 10 male pigs from two litters fed a protein-deficient diet (50 g/kg) for a period of 70 days. The 10 experimental animals developed oedema between the 42nd and 70th days of the study and 4 of them became lethargic. Although the 10 experimental animals showed the typical biochemical changes characteristic of protein energy malnutrition (PEM), including changes in muscle electrolytes, liver fat and plasma albumin, the 4 lethargic animals showed a significant increase in effective plasma renin activity (EPRA) only by the 70th day of the study. Since oedema preceded any increase in EPRA in some pigs and developed in others without any change in EPRA, it is suggested that the increased renin activity is not responsible for the initial fluid retention and oedema.", "PMID": 402033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1127", "title": "A study of the plasma free amino acids in infants of low birth weight, with a comparison of oral feeding with milk and total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "The plasma amino acid concentrations soon after birth, at 10 days and 1 month, were estimated in 25 infants of low birth weight (less than 1 500 g). Ten of these infants were fed with amino acids as casein hydrolysate, through the umbilical artery for the first 10 days. The normal range of plasma amino acid values for infants of low birth weight shows a wider range of concentrations than that of term infants. During total parenteral nutrition (TPN) the plasma amino acid values were generally elevated above those obtained in infants receiving conventional feeding with a \"humanised\" milk formula. In particular, the concentrations of aspartic acid, phenylalanine, cystine, leucine, isoleucine and glutamic acid were significantly higher. With the cessation of TPN, these levels returned to normal, so that no significant difference could be detected between the 2 groups after 1 month. The suitability of current amino acid solutions for paediatric use is discussed.", "contents": "A study of the plasma free amino acids in infants of low birth weight, with a comparison of oral feeding with milk and total parenteral nutrition. The plasma amino acid concentrations soon after birth, at 10 days and 1 month, were estimated in 25 infants of low birth weight (less than 1 500 g). Ten of these infants were fed with amino acids as casein hydrolysate, through the umbilical artery for the first 10 days. The normal range of plasma amino acid values for infants of low birth weight shows a wider range of concentrations than that of term infants. During total parenteral nutrition (TPN) the plasma amino acid values were generally elevated above those obtained in infants receiving conventional feeding with a \"humanised\" milk formula. In particular, the concentrations of aspartic acid, phenylalanine, cystine, leucine, isoleucine and glutamic acid were significantly higher. With the cessation of TPN, these levels returned to normal, so that no significant difference could be detected between the 2 groups after 1 month. The suitability of current amino acid solutions for paediatric use is discussed.", "PMID": 402034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1128", "title": "Effect of prolonged bacteremia on leukocyte bactericidal function.", "content": "Neutrophil bactericidal function (NBF) was studied in dogs during intravenous infusions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Administration of 10(6) bacteria per minute over 3 hours was associated with a bacteremia level of about 10(3) organisms per milliliter of blood without adverse effects on NBF. Infusion of 10(7) organisms per minute resulted in blood bacterial counts in the upper 10(4) range and significantly impaired NBF. To determine the relative contribution of the spleen in bacterial phagocytosis, splenectomies were performed in additional dogs immediately prior to 5 hour infusions of 10(6) Pseudomonas aeruginosa per minute. Results revealed that splenectomy did not influence the blood bacterial clearance. These experimental findings emphasize the dominant role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in bacterial defense.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged bacteremia on leukocyte bactericidal function. Neutrophil bactericidal function (NBF) was studied in dogs during intravenous infusions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Administration of 10(6) bacteria per minute over 3 hours was associated with a bacteremia level of about 10(3) organisms per milliliter of blood without adverse effects on NBF. Infusion of 10(7) organisms per minute resulted in blood bacterial counts in the upper 10(4) range and significantly impaired NBF. To determine the relative contribution of the spleen in bacterial phagocytosis, splenectomies were performed in additional dogs immediately prior to 5 hour infusions of 10(6) Pseudomonas aeruginosa per minute. Results revealed that splenectomy did not influence the blood bacterial clearance. These experimental findings emphasize the dominant role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in bacterial defense.", "PMID": 402038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1129", "title": "Isolation of drug-resistant bacteria from newborn infants.", "content": "The fetus is known to be bacteria-free and is contaminated with bacteria during birth. We examined drug-resistant bacteria in feces of new-born infants to know the distribution of drug-resistant bacteria in a hospital. Among 76 infants examined, we could isolate drug-resistant strains of bacteria from 65 infants (86%). We collected 110 drug-resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Klebisella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and could isolate 53 strains (48%) carrying R plasmids; they being 33R (TC.CM.SM.SA.APC) and 20R (TC.CM.SM.SA) plasmids. The data indicated that R plasmids with the same resistance patterns were distributed in a hospital, and new-born infants were contaminated with bacteria carrying R plasmids, although the contamination rate of drug-resistant bacteria in the intestinal flora was very low.", "contents": "Isolation of drug-resistant bacteria from newborn infants. The fetus is known to be bacteria-free and is contaminated with bacteria during birth. We examined drug-resistant bacteria in feces of new-born infants to know the distribution of drug-resistant bacteria in a hospital. Among 76 infants examined, we could isolate drug-resistant strains of bacteria from 65 infants (86%). We collected 110 drug-resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Klebisella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and could isolate 53 strains (48%) carrying R plasmids; they being 33R (TC.CM.SM.SA.APC) and 20R (TC.CM.SM.SA) plasmids. The data indicated that R plasmids with the same resistance patterns were distributed in a hospital, and new-born infants were contaminated with bacteria carrying R plasmids, although the contamination rate of drug-resistant bacteria in the intestinal flora was very low.", "PMID": 402039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1130", "title": "[Consideration of inhomogeneities in irradiation planning. 2. Influence of inhomogeneities on the shape of the depth dose curve in water with 42 MeV X-rays (author's transl)].", "content": "With 42 MeV high-energy radiation, inhomogeneities such as bones, fat, plaster or palacos have no particular influence upon the depth dose curve in water because of the relatively insignificant differences of their atomic numbers, and there is no need to consider them in calculation of the focal dose. Metallic inhomogeneities, however, their effective atomic numbers being relatively high, show a different behaviour in 42 MeV X-ray bremsstrahlung: Just behing the metallic inhomogeneity an increase of the dose as compared to water is to be seen (e.g. directly behind a metallic plate, 4.5 mm thick, the augmentation of the dose amounts to 17%). This difference between 42 MeV X-ray bremsstrahlung and 60Co gamma rays (see part I of the present study) in the shape of the depth dose curve following permeation of metal by the radiations is due to enhanced pair formation within the high-energy radiation of 42 MeV photons.", "contents": "[Consideration of inhomogeneities in irradiation planning. 2. Influence of inhomogeneities on the shape of the depth dose curve in water with 42 MeV X-rays (author's transl)]. With 42 MeV high-energy radiation, inhomogeneities such as bones, fat, plaster or palacos have no particular influence upon the depth dose curve in water because of the relatively insignificant differences of their atomic numbers, and there is no need to consider them in calculation of the focal dose. Metallic inhomogeneities, however, their effective atomic numbers being relatively high, show a different behaviour in 42 MeV X-ray bremsstrahlung: Just behing the metallic inhomogeneity an increase of the dose as compared to water is to be seen (e.g. directly behind a metallic plate, 4.5 mm thick, the augmentation of the dose amounts to 17%). This difference between 42 MeV X-ray bremsstrahlung and 60Co gamma rays (see part I of the present study) in the shape of the depth dose curve following permeation of metal by the radiations is due to enhanced pair formation within the high-energy radiation of 42 MeV photons.", "PMID": 402040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1131", "title": "Herpes simplex keratitis.", "content": "This article reviews the current concepts for the diagnosis and treatment of Herpes simplex keratitis and its complications, discussing characteristics of the virus, the prevalence of the disease, chemical and clinical differentiation between Types I and II Herpesvirus hominis, and the many clinical presentations of Type I disease. The antiviral agents commonly in use are reviewed, covering the historical development of the drugs, indications for their use and the associated toxic and untoward reactions. An outline for the medical treatment of the different forms of Herpes simplex keratitis is given, as well as the indications for surgical intervention in the treatment of the disease. The surgical complications and results following keratoplasty are discussed.", "contents": "Herpes simplex keratitis. This article reviews the current concepts for the diagnosis and treatment of Herpes simplex keratitis and its complications, discussing characteristics of the virus, the prevalence of the disease, chemical and clinical differentiation between Types I and II Herpesvirus hominis, and the many clinical presentations of Type I disease. The antiviral agents commonly in use are reviewed, covering the historical development of the drugs, indications for their use and the associated toxic and untoward reactions. An outline for the medical treatment of the different forms of Herpes simplex keratitis is given, as well as the indications for surgical intervention in the treatment of the disease. The surgical complications and results following keratoplasty are discussed.", "PMID": 402036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1132", "title": "Slow virus infections.", "content": "Slow viruses produce diseases whose incubation periods range from several months to many years. Because of this long latency period, the lack of inflammation produced by these diseases and the lack of recoverable virus particles, it is only recently that the association has been made between the viruses and the diseases they cause. The detailed study of kuru, a neurologic affliction of a remote tribe of cannibals in New Guinea, was responsible for the synthesis of new and previously gathered information into a unified framework to explain not only kuru but other diseases as well. Since then, animal models, transmission experiments and histologic and biochemical studies have unveiled new links connecting viruses to previously obscure neurologic, neurophthalmic and ophthalmic entities.", "contents": "Slow virus infections. Slow viruses produce diseases whose incubation periods range from several months to many years. Because of this long latency period, the lack of inflammation produced by these diseases and the lack of recoverable virus particles, it is only recently that the association has been made between the viruses and the diseases they cause. The detailed study of kuru, a neurologic affliction of a remote tribe of cannibals in New Guinea, was responsible for the synthesis of new and previously gathered information into a unified framework to explain not only kuru but other diseases as well. Since then, animal models, transmission experiments and histologic and biochemical studies have unveiled new links connecting viruses to previously obscure neurologic, neurophthalmic and ophthalmic entities.", "PMID": 402037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1133", "title": "Studies on the rosette inhibition assay. Results using monkey lymphocytes.", "content": "Results obtained using a modified rosette inhibition assay with human and monkey lymphocytes were compared. The monkey lymphocytes tended to yield lower titers against a series of antithymocyte globulin preparations. Titers or relative rosette inhibition activities obtained with monkey lymphocytes correlated more poorly with skin graft prolongation in monkeys than assays using human lymphocytes in previous studies.", "contents": "Studies on the rosette inhibition assay. Results using monkey lymphocytes. Results obtained using a modified rosette inhibition assay with human and monkey lymphocytes were compared. The monkey lymphocytes tended to yield lower titers against a series of antithymocyte globulin preparations. Titers or relative rosette inhibition activities obtained with monkey lymphocytes correlated more poorly with skin graft prolongation in monkeys than assays using human lymphocytes in previous studies.", "PMID": 402044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1134", "title": "Stability studies on horse antithymocyte globulin.", "content": "Two equine antithymocyte globulin preparations were studied with respect to their relative rosette inhibition activity after storage at 4 and 25 C. After storage at 4 C for 48 months no activity loss was observed; 25 C storage resulted in fragmentation and eventual loss of relative rosette inhibition activity. A third preparation was studied by monkey skin graft prolongation. During a 1-year period, there was no loss of immunosuppressive activity as measured by this method and the rosette inhibition assay.", "contents": "Stability studies on horse antithymocyte globulin. Two equine antithymocyte globulin preparations were studied with respect to their relative rosette inhibition activity after storage at 4 and 25 C. After storage at 4 C for 48 months no activity loss was observed; 25 C storage resulted in fragmentation and eventual loss of relative rosette inhibition activity. A third preparation was studied by monkey skin graft prolongation. During a 1-year period, there was no loss of immunosuppressive activity as measured by this method and the rosette inhibition assay.", "PMID": 402045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1135", "title": "Experimental regional cerebral ischemia in the middle cerebral artery territory in primates. Part 1: Angio-anatomy and description of an experimental model with selective embolization of the internal carotid artery bifurcation.", "content": "Selective embolization of the internal carotid artery bifurcation (ICA bifurcation) was performed in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to study acute regional cerebral ischemia in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory with minimum surgical intervention in the neck under sedated conditions. The anthropomorphic similarity in angio-anatomy of the carotid system of monkeys and the use of silastic spheres, as artificial emboli, of the critical diameter of 1.2 to 1.4 mm resulted in the overall success rate of 87% in localizing the site of embolization to the ICA bifurcation, producing ischemia in the whole middle cerebral artery territory. All the animals with ICA-bifurcation embolization had contralateral deep motor weakness and conjugate eye deviation with nystagmus toward the site of embolization. Simultaneous EEG recording showed flattening of the basic background activities over the affected MCA area and cerebral arteriograms showed definite retrograde filling of the proximally occluded MCA. Clinical recovery was observed in a few animals within two to five hours of embolization. Gross ischemic swelling in the affected MCA territory, particularly in the gray matter, became obvious in six of eight animals which were exposed to four to five hours of ischemia. The angio-anatomical study of the carotid system of this experimental animal as a background for this MCA stroke model confirmed the previous observations of other investigators that the extremely abundant leptomeningeal anastomoses would be one of the major factors leading to the variability in the clinicopathological pictures seen in the models of proximal MCA occlusion. In addition, the pre-parenchymal anastomoses in the base of brain between the medial striate arteries from the proximal anterior cerebral (ACA) and lateral lenticulostriate arteries from the MCA were observed and described as a possible functional collateral to the basal ganglia in case of proximal MCA occlusion.", "contents": "Experimental regional cerebral ischemia in the middle cerebral artery territory in primates. Part 1: Angio-anatomy and description of an experimental model with selective embolization of the internal carotid artery bifurcation. Selective embolization of the internal carotid artery bifurcation (ICA bifurcation) was performed in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to study acute regional cerebral ischemia in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory with minimum surgical intervention in the neck under sedated conditions. The anthropomorphic similarity in angio-anatomy of the carotid system of monkeys and the use of silastic spheres, as artificial emboli, of the critical diameter of 1.2 to 1.4 mm resulted in the overall success rate of 87% in localizing the site of embolization to the ICA bifurcation, producing ischemia in the whole middle cerebral artery territory. All the animals with ICA-bifurcation embolization had contralateral deep motor weakness and conjugate eye deviation with nystagmus toward the site of embolization. Simultaneous EEG recording showed flattening of the basic background activities over the affected MCA area and cerebral arteriograms showed definite retrograde filling of the proximally occluded MCA. Clinical recovery was observed in a few animals within two to five hours of embolization. Gross ischemic swelling in the affected MCA territory, particularly in the gray matter, became obvious in six of eight animals which were exposed to four to five hours of ischemia. The angio-anatomical study of the carotid system of this experimental animal as a background for this MCA stroke model confirmed the previous observations of other investigators that the extremely abundant leptomeningeal anastomoses would be one of the major factors leading to the variability in the clinicopathological pictures seen in the models of proximal MCA occlusion. In addition, the pre-parenchymal anastomoses in the base of brain between the medial striate arteries from the proximal anterior cerebral (ACA) and lateral lenticulostriate arteries from the MCA were observed and described as a possible functional collateral to the basal ganglia in case of proximal MCA occlusion.", "PMID": 402041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1136", "title": "Experimental regional cerebral ischemia in the middle cerebral artery territory in primates. Part 2: Effects on brain water and electrolytes in the early phase of MCA stroke.", "content": "Acute regional cerebral ischemia was produced in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by selective embolization of the internal carotid (ICA) bifurcation with minimum surgical intervention in the neck under sedated conditions. Two of five hours after embolization, brain water (measurement of dry weight) and tissue concentration of sodium and potassium were determined in the tissues of the sylvian cortex, putamen and subcortical white matter in the affected MCA territory. As early as three hours, initial increase in brain water was detected in the samples of the putament without noticeable change in tissue electrolytes in two of three animals. Gross ischemic swelling of the gray matter, in both the sylvian cortex and putamen, became obvious in six of eight animals after four to five hours. This swollen gray matter showed marked increase in brain water (up to 36% swelling), increase in tissue sodium (up to 100% of the control value), and decrease in tissue potassium (down to 55%). On the other hand, edema in the white matter, if present at all, was minimal without detectable change in tissue electrolytes and was always accompanied by much greater ( greater than two to seven times) edema in the gray matter. Thus, the gray matter edema, in both the deep subcortical structures and the cortex, appeared to play the major role in the development of hemispheric swelling of the brain which may begin within hours of the onset of the MCA stroke in monkeys. Microscopically, the swollen gray matter which showed more than 10% swelling with a definite shift of tissue sodium and potassium content appeared to be dead tissue. However, early edema in the gray matter which showed less than 10% swelling without detectable change in electrolytes might be caused by simple diffusion of water through the dysfunctional capillary wall or cell membrane with or without a permeability gradient between the intravascular cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral tissue compartment and might possibly be reversible.", "contents": "Experimental regional cerebral ischemia in the middle cerebral artery territory in primates. Part 2: Effects on brain water and electrolytes in the early phase of MCA stroke. Acute regional cerebral ischemia was produced in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by selective embolization of the internal carotid (ICA) bifurcation with minimum surgical intervention in the neck under sedated conditions. Two of five hours after embolization, brain water (measurement of dry weight) and tissue concentration of sodium and potassium were determined in the tissues of the sylvian cortex, putamen and subcortical white matter in the affected MCA territory. As early as three hours, initial increase in brain water was detected in the samples of the putament without noticeable change in tissue electrolytes in two of three animals. Gross ischemic swelling of the gray matter, in both the sylvian cortex and putamen, became obvious in six of eight animals after four to five hours. This swollen gray matter showed marked increase in brain water (up to 36% swelling), increase in tissue sodium (up to 100% of the control value), and decrease in tissue potassium (down to 55%). On the other hand, edema in the white matter, if present at all, was minimal without detectable change in tissue electrolytes and was always accompanied by much greater ( greater than two to seven times) edema in the gray matter. Thus, the gray matter edema, in both the deep subcortical structures and the cortex, appeared to play the major role in the development of hemispheric swelling of the brain which may begin within hours of the onset of the MCA stroke in monkeys. Microscopically, the swollen gray matter which showed more than 10% swelling with a definite shift of tissue sodium and potassium content appeared to be dead tissue. However, early edema in the gray matter which showed less than 10% swelling without detectable change in electrolytes might be caused by simple diffusion of water through the dysfunctional capillary wall or cell membrane with or without a permeability gradient between the intravascular cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral tissue compartment and might possibly be reversible.", "PMID": 402042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1137", "title": "Failure of prolonged hypocapnia, hypothermia, or hypertension to favorably alter acute stroke in primates.", "content": "The effects of induced hypocapnia, hypothermia, and hypertension were surveyed in a primate model of acute stroke during and following a 48-hour period of intensive care. The results were compared to a group of nine control animals previously studied. Hypocapnia (PaCO2=25 torr) was examined in five animals and did not appear to alter the expected mortality, degree of neurological deficit, or frequency of infarction. There was, however, a suggestion that the size of infarction may be reduced. Hypothermia (29 degrees C) in five animals had a detrimental effect in that no animals survived following the intensive care period and all had infarction with massive edema. We speculate that hypothermia caused a sufficient increase in blood viscosity as to compromise collateral flow, thereby accounting for this detrimental effect. Induced hypertension (to 20% above control levels) was abandoned after three animals because of severe systemic effects (cardiac failure and pulmonary edema) resulting in death during the period of intensive care.", "contents": "Failure of prolonged hypocapnia, hypothermia, or hypertension to favorably alter acute stroke in primates. The effects of induced hypocapnia, hypothermia, and hypertension were surveyed in a primate model of acute stroke during and following a 48-hour period of intensive care. The results were compared to a group of nine control animals previously studied. Hypocapnia (PaCO2=25 torr) was examined in five animals and did not appear to alter the expected mortality, degree of neurological deficit, or frequency of infarction. There was, however, a suggestion that the size of infarction may be reduced. Hypothermia (29 degrees C) in five animals had a detrimental effect in that no animals survived following the intensive care period and all had infarction with massive edema. We speculate that hypothermia caused a sufficient increase in blood viscosity as to compromise collateral flow, thereby accounting for this detrimental effect. Induced hypertension (to 20% above control levels) was abandoned after three animals because of severe systemic effects (cardiac failure and pulmonary edema) resulting in death during the period of intensive care.", "PMID": 402043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1138", "title": "[Thyroid function following thyroidectomy determined by the TRH-induced release of thyrotropin (author's transl)].", "content": "The response of hTSH to TRH (400 mug i.v.) was studied in 45 patients who underwent thyroid surgery for various reasons. Euthyroid values of T4 and ETI were observed in all but one patient. An increased response of hTSH to TRH (as compared with 15 control subjects) was observed in 12 out of 30 patients operated upon for non-toxic goitre, in one out of nine operated upon for toxic goitre and in three out of six patients who underwent thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma or proliferating adenoma of the thyroid. The necessity of specific replacement therapy in those individuals with increased release of hTSH upon TRH administration is discussed.", "contents": "[Thyroid function following thyroidectomy determined by the TRH-induced release of thyrotropin (author's transl)]. The response of hTSH to TRH (400 mug i.v.) was studied in 45 patients who underwent thyroid surgery for various reasons. Euthyroid values of T4 and ETI were observed in all but one patient. An increased response of hTSH to TRH (as compared with 15 control subjects) was observed in 12 out of 30 patients operated upon for non-toxic goitre, in one out of nine operated upon for toxic goitre and in three out of six patients who underwent thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma or proliferating adenoma of the thyroid. The necessity of specific replacement therapy in those individuals with increased release of hTSH upon TRH administration is discussed.", "PMID": 402051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1139", "title": "[Acute primary plasma cell leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The sudden onset of plasma cell leukemia with IgG-lambda-paraproteinaemia is reported in a 59-year-old patient. In the year before clinical manifestation of the disease the patient was examined and treated for a duodenal ulcer and a head injury on three separate occasions in different wards of the hospital without detection of any sign of disease of the haemopoetic system. The clinical features and course of the disease resembled those of acute leukaemia, the maximum percentage of plasma cells in the peripheral blood being 72 and in the bone marrow 98. Osteolytic bone lesions were not observed and there was no renal insufficiency. Therapy with mephelan-prednisolone and cyclophosphamide-prednisolone was not successful in influencing the fatal outcome of the disease.", "contents": "[Acute primary plasma cell leukemia (author's transl)]. The sudden onset of plasma cell leukemia with IgG-lambda-paraproteinaemia is reported in a 59-year-old patient. In the year before clinical manifestation of the disease the patient was examined and treated for a duodenal ulcer and a head injury on three separate occasions in different wards of the hospital without detection of any sign of disease of the haemopoetic system. The clinical features and course of the disease resembled those of acute leukaemia, the maximum percentage of plasma cells in the peripheral blood being 72 and in the bone marrow 98. Osteolytic bone lesions were not observed and there was no renal insufficiency. Therapy with mephelan-prednisolone and cyclophosphamide-prednisolone was not successful in influencing the fatal outcome of the disease.", "PMID": 402052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1140", "title": "[Epileptic manifestations following head injury (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis is presented of the findings in a group of 300 patients with head injury, aged 15 years or over at the time of the accident, who subsequently developed epileptic manifestations. Early fits (including one case of immediate onset) were found in 33% of the cases (99 patients). In contrast to post-traumatic late epilepsy (PTE), which is a manifestation of a static process, early fits are triggered off by a dynamic process (brain oedema, haemorrhage) and are a sign of cerebral irritation, but do not represent a true form of epilepsy. Early fits are related to the acute traumatic state; the time limit is flexible, but lies in the region of 4 weeks following injury. Conversion of early fits to PTE (with or without a latent interval) occurred in 72% of the cases. This percentage is higher than the average incidence quoted in the literature and presumably arises partly from the selection criteria applied in this study. The time of appearance of early fits following injury is one factor which determines the prognosis. Fits appearing on the first day carry a relatively favourable prognosis and do not proceed to PTE in 41% of the cases, whereas this percentage shrinks to 15% in the case of fits appearing from the second week onwards. Early fits are an isolated occurrence in one third of the cases; progression to PTE is less frequent in these patients than following frequent, repeated convulsions. Furthermore, the incidence of early fits is dependent, to a large extent, on traumatological and clinical factors: the combination of unconsciousness of over three hours' duration, neurological signs referable to the central nervous system, persistent organic psychotic syndrome and intracranial bleeding leads to a significantly higher incidence of early fits than unconsciousness of less than three hours' duration and absence of neurological signs in patients who, moreover, do not display features of the psychotic syndrome, and shows a greater tendency to early fits even than the combination of depressed fracture of the skull with penetration of the dura. Should, however, early fits occur in spite of a favourable assessment of the traumatological factors involved, then progression to PTE occurs in a higher percentage of such cases than in patients displaying signs of a serious import following injury. The transition to PTE is markedly higher following diffuse cerebral contusion (75% of cases) than in cases displaying signs of local contusion....", "contents": "[Epileptic manifestations following head injury (author's transl)]. An analysis is presented of the findings in a group of 300 patients with head injury, aged 15 years or over at the time of the accident, who subsequently developed epileptic manifestations. Early fits (including one case of immediate onset) were found in 33% of the cases (99 patients). In contrast to post-traumatic late epilepsy (PTE), which is a manifestation of a static process, early fits are triggered off by a dynamic process (brain oedema, haemorrhage) and are a sign of cerebral irritation, but do not represent a true form of epilepsy. Early fits are related to the acute traumatic state; the time limit is flexible, but lies in the region of 4 weeks following injury. Conversion of early fits to PTE (with or without a latent interval) occurred in 72% of the cases. This percentage is higher than the average incidence quoted in the literature and presumably arises partly from the selection criteria applied in this study. The time of appearance of early fits following injury is one factor which determines the prognosis. Fits appearing on the first day carry a relatively favourable prognosis and do not proceed to PTE in 41% of the cases, whereas this percentage shrinks to 15% in the case of fits appearing from the second week onwards. Early fits are an isolated occurrence in one third of the cases; progression to PTE is less frequent in these patients than following frequent, repeated convulsions. Furthermore, the incidence of early fits is dependent, to a large extent, on traumatological and clinical factors: the combination of unconsciousness of over three hours' duration, neurological signs referable to the central nervous system, persistent organic psychotic syndrome and intracranial bleeding leads to a significantly higher incidence of early fits than unconsciousness of less than three hours' duration and absence of neurological signs in patients who, moreover, do not display features of the psychotic syndrome, and shows a greater tendency to early fits even than the combination of depressed fracture of the skull with penetration of the dura. Should, however, early fits occur in spite of a favourable assessment of the traumatological factors involved, then progression to PTE occurs in a higher percentage of such cases than in patients displaying signs of a serious import following injury. The transition to PTE is markedly higher following diffuse cerebral contusion (75% of cases) than in cases displaying signs of local contusion....", "PMID": 402053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1141", "title": "[Effect of exchange transfusion on the plasma amino acid concentration in hepatic coma].", "content": "Exchange transfusion (ET) were made twice on a 22 year old patient with fulminant hepatitis and hepatic coma. The influence of the ET on the plasma amino acids (PAA) was examined. The 1. ET reduced the concentration of the total PAA from 10,023 to 7,152 mugmol/l (about 28.6%) and the 2. ET from 11,770 to 9,706 mugmol/l (about 17.5%). Three hours after the 1. ET the concentration of the total PAA has passed over the prevalue and after the 2. ET has nearly reached it. The influence of both ET on the concentration of the individual PAA was very different (- 47.9% to + 71.2% after the 1. ET and - 32.9% to + 41.8% after the 2. ET respectively). Therefor the ET seems to be not a suitable method to reduce the pathologic concentration of the PAA in the hepatic coma.", "contents": "[Effect of exchange transfusion on the plasma amino acid concentration in hepatic coma]. Exchange transfusion (ET) were made twice on a 22 year old patient with fulminant hepatitis and hepatic coma. The influence of the ET on the plasma amino acids (PAA) was examined. The 1. ET reduced the concentration of the total PAA from 10,023 to 7,152 mugmol/l (about 28.6%) and the 2. ET from 11,770 to 9,706 mugmol/l (about 17.5%). Three hours after the 1. ET the concentration of the total PAA has passed over the prevalue and after the 2. ET has nearly reached it. The influence of both ET on the concentration of the individual PAA was very different (- 47.9% to + 71.2% after the 1. ET and - 32.9% to + 41.8% after the 2. ET respectively). Therefor the ET seems to be not a suitable method to reduce the pathologic concentration of the PAA in the hepatic coma.", "PMID": 402054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1142", "title": "The relationship between expression of epithelial B-like blood group antigen, cell movement and cell proliferation.", "content": "Healing wounds in the oral mucosa of rhesus monkeys were examined by an immunofluorescence staining method to demonstrate the distribution of a blood group antigen cross reacting with human group B, and by labelling with tritiated thymidine to localize areas of cell proliferation. Within hours, blood group antigen reactivity was lost from epithelial cells adjacent to the wound margin. Reactivity was absent from the epithelial outgrowth into the wound, but returned with restoration of epithelial continuity. The zone of increased cell proliferation lay adjacent to, but outside of, the area of antigen loss. Antigen loss appeared to be associated with an area of increased cell movement, a finding of interest in relation to reports of antigen loss from epithelial tumors.", "contents": "The relationship between expression of epithelial B-like blood group antigen, cell movement and cell proliferation. Healing wounds in the oral mucosa of rhesus monkeys were examined by an immunofluorescence staining method to demonstrate the distribution of a blood group antigen cross reacting with human group B, and by labelling with tritiated thymidine to localize areas of cell proliferation. Within hours, blood group antigen reactivity was lost from epithelial cells adjacent to the wound margin. Reactivity was absent from the epithelial outgrowth into the wound, but returned with restoration of epithelial continuity. The zone of increased cell proliferation lay adjacent to, but outside of, the area of antigen loss. Antigen loss appeared to be associated with an area of increased cell movement, a finding of interest in relation to reports of antigen loss from epithelial tumors.", "PMID": 402062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1143", "title": "In vitro effects of prolactin and hydrocortisone on 7,12-DMBA-induced mammary tumour and virus-induced sarcoma in the rat.", "content": "The in vitro effect of prolactin and hydrocortisone, singly or in combination, on the DMBA-induced mammary tumour in the rat was investigated by organ cultures. Prolactin had a stimulating effect on the DNA synthesis in one out of five tumours. Hydrocortisone induced lobulo-alveolar differentiation but reduced the DNA synthesis or failed to affect it. The addition of prolactin to hydrocortisone did not alter this response. Virus induced rat sarcomas were studied as control tissue. Prolactin inhibited growth of one sarcoma. Hydrocortisone stimulated growth of sarcomas. The relevance of these findings in relation to similar in vitro experiments is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro effects of prolactin and hydrocortisone on 7,12-DMBA-induced mammary tumour and virus-induced sarcoma in the rat. The in vitro effect of prolactin and hydrocortisone, singly or in combination, on the DMBA-induced mammary tumour in the rat was investigated by organ cultures. Prolactin had a stimulating effect on the DNA synthesis in one out of five tumours. Hydrocortisone induced lobulo-alveolar differentiation but reduced the DNA synthesis or failed to affect it. The addition of prolactin to hydrocortisone did not alter this response. Virus induced rat sarcomas were studied as control tissue. Prolactin inhibited growth of one sarcoma. Hydrocortisone stimulated growth of sarcomas. The relevance of these findings in relation to similar in vitro experiments is discussed.", "PMID": 402063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1144", "title": "Renal anomalies and oligohydramnios in the cerebro-oculofacio-skeletal syndrome.", "content": "We describe two infants with the cerebro-oculofacio-skeletal syndrome in whom oligohydramnios is an additional finding. The oligohydramnios could be accounted for in one by renal agenesis but cannot in the other, who had a functioning and histologically normal kidney. The diagnosis of Potter syndrome was suspected in both patients. It is important in counseling to recognize the distinctive phenotype of this autosomal-recessive syndrome.", "contents": "Renal anomalies and oligohydramnios in the cerebro-oculofacio-skeletal syndrome. We describe two infants with the cerebro-oculofacio-skeletal syndrome in whom oligohydramnios is an additional finding. The oligohydramnios could be accounted for in one by renal agenesis but cannot in the other, who had a functioning and histologically normal kidney. The diagnosis of Potter syndrome was suspected in both patients. It is important in counseling to recognize the distinctive phenotype of this autosomal-recessive syndrome.", "PMID": 402067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1145", "title": "Chronic active hepatitis. Prolonged survival without treatment.", "content": "A case is presented of a patient with established HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis of at least 14 years duration. The disease, although untreated, has caused the patient relatively little disability. The implications of the patient's prolonged illness are discussed with reference to current knowledge of chronic active hepatitis. It is concluded that corticosteroid therapy may not be a mandatory requirement for all patients with this disease.", "contents": "Chronic active hepatitis. Prolonged survival without treatment. A case is presented of a patient with established HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis of at least 14 years duration. The disease, although untreated, has caused the patient relatively little disability. The implications of the patient's prolonged illness are discussed with reference to current knowledge of chronic active hepatitis. It is concluded that corticosteroid therapy may not be a mandatory requirement for all patients with this disease.", "PMID": 402068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1146", "title": "Mucosal eosinophilic gastroenteritis with systemic involvement.", "content": "The unusual features in a 46 year old white woman with mucosal eosinophilic gastroenteritis are described. In addition to involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, she had eosinophilic splenitis and hepatitis. She responded to corticosteroid therapy, but not to an elimination diet or to cromolyn sodium therapy. The possible role of various factors chemotactic for eosinophilia in the patient are reviewed, and the place of the disorder among the hypereosinophilic syndromes is discussed.", "contents": "Mucosal eosinophilic gastroenteritis with systemic involvement. The unusual features in a 46 year old white woman with mucosal eosinophilic gastroenteritis are described. In addition to involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, she had eosinophilic splenitis and hepatitis. She responded to corticosteroid therapy, but not to an elimination diet or to cromolyn sodium therapy. The possible role of various factors chemotactic for eosinophilia in the patient are reviewed, and the place of the disorder among the hypereosinophilic syndromes is discussed.", "PMID": 402070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1147", "title": "Fulminant sepsis after the successful treatment of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Of 14 splenectomized patients with Hodgkin's disease who were treated with total nodal irradiation and combination chemotherapy (MOPP), fulminant sepsis developed in three (21.4 per cent) while they were in remission; two died within hours. Similar cases were not observed in a larger group of 146 patients with Hodgkin's disease (including 104 splenectomized patients who were treated less intensely). Our experience indicates the need for caution when asplenic persons are aggressively treated with both radiation and drugs.", "contents": "Fulminant sepsis after the successful treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Of 14 splenectomized patients with Hodgkin's disease who were treated with total nodal irradiation and combination chemotherapy (MOPP), fulminant sepsis developed in three (21.4 per cent) while they were in remission; two died within hours. Similar cases were not observed in a larger group of 146 patients with Hodgkin's disease (including 104 splenectomized patients who were treated less intensely). Our experience indicates the need for caution when asplenic persons are aggressively treated with both radiation and drugs.", "PMID": 402071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1148", "title": "A review of serologic problems caused by polyagglutinable red cells.", "content": "Polyagglutination is a condition in which the erythrocyte membrane has been altered so that the red cell becomes agglutinable with the majority of adult serums. In many instances, it can be shown that the red cell membrane alteration has resulted in activation of one (or more) latent antigens, i.e. T, Tk, or Tn. Adult serums normally contain IgM antibodies directed against these hidden antigens. When these latent receptors are exposed, the cells will be found to be polyagglutinable upon subsequent testing with these serums. This review describes the serologic procedures applicable for identification and resolution of the problems each type of polyagglutinable cell creates for the blood bank.", "contents": "A review of serologic problems caused by polyagglutinable red cells. Polyagglutination is a condition in which the erythrocyte membrane has been altered so that the red cell becomes agglutinable with the majority of adult serums. In many instances, it can be shown that the red cell membrane alteration has resulted in activation of one (or more) latent antigens, i.e. T, Tk, or Tn. Adult serums normally contain IgM antibodies directed against these hidden antigens. When these latent receptors are exposed, the cells will be found to be polyagglutinable upon subsequent testing with these serums. This review describes the serologic procedures applicable for identification and resolution of the problems each type of polyagglutinable cell creates for the blood bank.", "PMID": 402072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1149", "title": "Maternal betamethasone and fetal growth and development in the monkey.", "content": "Bethamethasone was administered to pregnant rhesus monkeys of 134 to 150 days' gestation. At operative delivery, umbilical venous plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly lower in the treated group than in the control group, indicating that the agent crossed the placenta. In the treated group, accelerated differentiation was present in several fetal organs including lung, liver, kidney, and adrenal gland. Brain histologic changes suggestive of neuronal injury were found in some instances. There were no differences in the weights of these fetal organs except for liver. It was markedly increased in steroid-treated fetuses and this was accompanied by a fourfold rise in total hepatic glycogen content. These observations suggest that in the subhuman fetal primate, the differentiation of fetal organs in addition to lung is enhanced by short-term corticosteroid treatment while growth is not affected.", "contents": "Maternal betamethasone and fetal growth and development in the monkey. Bethamethasone was administered to pregnant rhesus monkeys of 134 to 150 days' gestation. At operative delivery, umbilical venous plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly lower in the treated group than in the control group, indicating that the agent crossed the placenta. In the treated group, accelerated differentiation was present in several fetal organs including lung, liver, kidney, and adrenal gland. Brain histologic changes suggestive of neuronal injury were found in some instances. There were no differences in the weights of these fetal organs except for liver. It was markedly increased in steroid-treated fetuses and this was accompanied by a fourfold rise in total hepatic glycogen content. These observations suggest that in the subhuman fetal primate, the differentiation of fetal organs in addition to lung is enhanced by short-term corticosteroid treatment while growth is not affected.", "PMID": 402074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1150", "title": "Effect of betamethasone on analysis of amniotic fluid in the rhesus-sensitized pregnancy.", "content": "Betamethasone was administered to six rhesus-sensitized pregnant women carrying seven fetuses in an attempt to accelerate fetal pulmonary maturation. A reduction in optical density of amniotic fluid at 450 mmu was observed in all cases following steroid therapy; however, only minimal changes were noted in the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio. The implications of these findings for the management of rhesus-sensitized pregnancies are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of betamethasone on analysis of amniotic fluid in the rhesus-sensitized pregnancy. Betamethasone was administered to six rhesus-sensitized pregnant women carrying seven fetuses in an attempt to accelerate fetal pulmonary maturation. A reduction in optical density of amniotic fluid at 450 mmu was observed in all cases following steroid therapy; however, only minimal changes were noted in the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio. The implications of these findings for the management of rhesus-sensitized pregnancies are discussed.", "PMID": 402075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1151", "title": "Ocular abnormalities in the median cleft face syndrome.", "content": "An 8-month-old infant boy with median facial cleft syndrome had eyelid coloboma, symblepharon, and a cytic mass in the left upper eyelid. The mass proved to be an ectatic cornea containing a large cystic lens. Maldevelopment of the entire anterior segment of the eye was also present, although the posterior globe was well formed. We postulate that an area of localized abnormal mesodermal differentiation and fusion at the 17- to 20-mm stage of development served as a common mechanism for all the defects noted.", "contents": "Ocular abnormalities in the median cleft face syndrome. An 8-month-old infant boy with median facial cleft syndrome had eyelid coloboma, symblepharon, and a cytic mass in the left upper eyelid. The mass proved to be an ectatic cornea containing a large cystic lens. Maldevelopment of the entire anterior segment of the eye was also present, although the posterior globe was well formed. We postulate that an area of localized abnormal mesodermal differentiation and fusion at the 17- to 20-mm stage of development served as a common mechanism for all the defects noted.", "PMID": 402078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1152", "title": "Identification of Rickettsia rickettsii in a guinea pig model by immunofluorescent and electron microscopic techniques.", "content": "Moribund guinea pigs infected with Richettsia rickettsii were examined by necropsy, histology, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and serology. Untreated animals died at 9 and 10 days after inoculation. Animals given saline subcutaneously survived from 1 to 4 days longer. Prolonged survival was accompanied by more severe lesions: scrotal necrosis; infarction of ears; and swollen, hemorrhagic footpads, epididymis, and cremaster muscle. Histopathologic examination demonstrated that acute, necrotizing vasculitis, perivascular hemorrhage, and focal necrosis were more extensive. Direct immunofluorescence indicated many more rickettsiae in endothelium and vascular wall of saline recipients. Ultrastructurally, typical rickettsiae were present focally in the cytoplasm of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Cytopathology in infected and adjacent cells included swelling, mitochondrial enlargement with decrease in matrix density and loss of cristae, and increased pinocytosis. In addition, treated animals had more cytonecrosis, thrombosis, extravascular fibrin deposition, prominent inflammatory cells with polymorphonuclear phagocytosis of rickettsiae, and antibody production.", "contents": "Identification of Rickettsia rickettsii in a guinea pig model by immunofluorescent and electron microscopic techniques. Moribund guinea pigs infected with Richettsia rickettsii were examined by necropsy, histology, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and serology. Untreated animals died at 9 and 10 days after inoculation. Animals given saline subcutaneously survived from 1 to 4 days longer. Prolonged survival was accompanied by more severe lesions: scrotal necrosis; infarction of ears; and swollen, hemorrhagic footpads, epididymis, and cremaster muscle. Histopathologic examination demonstrated that acute, necrotizing vasculitis, perivascular hemorrhage, and focal necrosis were more extensive. Direct immunofluorescence indicated many more rickettsiae in endothelium and vascular wall of saline recipients. Ultrastructurally, typical rickettsiae were present focally in the cytoplasm of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Cytopathology in infected and adjacent cells included swelling, mitochondrial enlargement with decrease in matrix density and loss of cristae, and increased pinocytosis. In addition, treated animals had more cytonecrosis, thrombosis, extravascular fibrin deposition, prominent inflammatory cells with polymorphonuclear phagocytosis of rickettsiae, and antibody production.", "PMID": 402079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1153", "title": "Metric dental change in the European upper paleolithic and mesolithic.", "content": "Evolutionary trends for dental reduction are presented for European Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic samples. The analysis demonstrates that the greatest decrease in tooth size occurs between the two divisions of the Upper Paleolithic, while little and insignificant change characterizes the Late Upper Paleolithic/Mesolithic transition. Trends for tooth size over this period indicate that (1) human evolution does not stop with the appearance of \"anatomically modern Homo sapiens,\" (2) changes in tooth size fluctuate with increases in the efficiency and complexity of cultural systems, and (3) the Early Upper Paleolithic sample should be considered transitional between Wurm II European Neanderthals and later Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic groups.", "contents": "Metric dental change in the European upper paleolithic and mesolithic. Evolutionary trends for dental reduction are presented for European Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic samples. The analysis demonstrates that the greatest decrease in tooth size occurs between the two divisions of the Upper Paleolithic, while little and insignificant change characterizes the Late Upper Paleolithic/Mesolithic transition. Trends for tooth size over this period indicate that (1) human evolution does not stop with the appearance of \"anatomically modern Homo sapiens,\" (2) changes in tooth size fluctuate with increases in the efficiency and complexity of cultural systems, and (3) the Early Upper Paleolithic sample should be considered transitional between Wurm II European Neanderthals and later Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic groups.", "PMID": 402080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1154", "title": "A gracile hominid cranium from upper member G of the Shungura formation, Ethiopia.", "content": "A fragmentary hominid cranium with teeth, specimen L.894-1, dating from 1.84 m.y. BP in the Shungura Formation at Omo, is described. From its dental and cranial morphology and because of similarities to Olduvai Hominids 24 and 13 and Sangiran 4, among others, it is concluded that the specimen represents a member of an early species of the genus Homo (Homo habilis or Homo modjokertensis). The specimen shows approximal grooving on the premolars, pre-mortem chipping of the molar enamel, foramina ovale and spinosum divided by the sphenosquamosal suture, limited pneumatization of the mastoid region, and a possible interparietal bone. Sedimentological, ostracod, pollen, macrofloral, and taphonomic data indicate that the paleo-environmental context was a savanna/grassland or savanna woodland on the margin of a saline lake.", "contents": "A gracile hominid cranium from upper member G of the Shungura formation, Ethiopia. A fragmentary hominid cranium with teeth, specimen L.894-1, dating from 1.84 m.y. BP in the Shungura Formation at Omo, is described. From its dental and cranial morphology and because of similarities to Olduvai Hominids 24 and 13 and Sangiran 4, among others, it is concluded that the specimen represents a member of an early species of the genus Homo (Homo habilis or Homo modjokertensis). The specimen shows approximal grooving on the premolars, pre-mortem chipping of the molar enamel, foramina ovale and spinosum divided by the sphenosquamosal suture, limited pneumatization of the mastoid region, and a possible interparietal bone. Sedimentological, ostracod, pollen, macrofloral, and taphonomic data indicate that the paleo-environmental context was a savanna/grassland or savanna woodland on the margin of a saline lake.", "PMID": 402081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1155", "title": "Reorientation of myofilaments during contraction of a vertebrate smooth muscle.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether filaments within smooth muscle cells changed their orientation (with respect to the main axis of the cell) during contraction. The stomach muscle of Bufo marinus was used, since its cells may be easily isolated, enabling direct observation in living cells. In addition to still micrography, cinemicrography was used to record continuously during contraction. Polarization microscopy revealed a change in birefringence after contraction, with relaxed cells exhibiting uniform birefringence while contracted cells displayed a discontinuous pattern. Movies revealed a progressive change in orientation of birefringent elements from nearly parallel to the cell's main axis in relaxed cells to increasingly larger angles to the cell's axis as contraction progressed. Phase-contrast microscopy revealed a change in filamentous components, from being parallel to the cell's axis in relaxed cells to being in an undulating or helical pattern during concentration. Cell shape tended to follow the configuration of the filamentous component. Electron microscopy of muscle strips corroborated the observations of living cells and substantiated the conclusion that filaments change their orientation from parallel to oblique (with respect to the cell's axis) during shortening with an undulating or helical pattern of filaments in shortened muscles.", "contents": "Reorientation of myofilaments during contraction of a vertebrate smooth muscle. The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether filaments within smooth muscle cells changed their orientation (with respect to the main axis of the cell) during contraction. The stomach muscle of Bufo marinus was used, since its cells may be easily isolated, enabling direct observation in living cells. In addition to still micrography, cinemicrography was used to record continuously during contraction. Polarization microscopy revealed a change in birefringence after contraction, with relaxed cells exhibiting uniform birefringence while contracted cells displayed a discontinuous pattern. Movies revealed a progressive change in orientation of birefringent elements from nearly parallel to the cell's main axis in relaxed cells to increasingly larger angles to the cell's axis as contraction progressed. Phase-contrast microscopy revealed a change in filamentous components, from being parallel to the cell's axis in relaxed cells to being in an undulating or helical pattern during concentration. Cell shape tended to follow the configuration of the filamentous component. Electron microscopy of muscle strips corroborated the observations of living cells and substantiated the conclusion that filaments change their orientation from parallel to oblique (with respect to the cell's axis) during shortening with an undulating or helical pattern of filaments in shortened muscles.", "PMID": 402082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1156", "title": "Effect of long-term parenteral feeding on gastric secretion in dogs.", "content": "Three dogs were surgically prepared with gastric fistulas and Heidenhain (vagally denervated) pouches. Acid and pepsin responses to pentagastrin and food were determined before, at the end of a 1-mo period of total parenteral feeding, and 1 mo after the resumption of a normal oral diet. Acid and pepsin output from the denervated pouch in response to pentagastrin and food decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) after parenteral feeding and returned to control levels after the dogs resumed a normal diet. Secretory outputs from the gastric fistula in response to pentagastrin remained unchanged throughout the experiment. Basal serum gastrin levels decreased 50% during the period of intravenous feeding and returned to levels approximately twice the control levels following resumption of normal oral food intake. Serum gastrin responses to a meal also decreased during intravenous alimentation and returned to higher than normal levels following a 1-mo period of oral intake. These studies indicate that the absence of oral food intake in the dog does not result in decreased acid secretion from the innervated stomach. Vagal innervation in some way is responsible for the preservation of normal secretion during the absence of food from the gastrointestinal tract of the dog.", "contents": "Effect of long-term parenteral feeding on gastric secretion in dogs. Three dogs were surgically prepared with gastric fistulas and Heidenhain (vagally denervated) pouches. Acid and pepsin responses to pentagastrin and food were determined before, at the end of a 1-mo period of total parenteral feeding, and 1 mo after the resumption of a normal oral diet. Acid and pepsin output from the denervated pouch in response to pentagastrin and food decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) after parenteral feeding and returned to control levels after the dogs resumed a normal diet. Secretory outputs from the gastric fistula in response to pentagastrin remained unchanged throughout the experiment. Basal serum gastrin levels decreased 50% during the period of intravenous feeding and returned to levels approximately twice the control levels following resumption of normal oral food intake. Serum gastrin responses to a meal also decreased during intravenous alimentation and returned to higher than normal levels following a 1-mo period of oral intake. These studies indicate that the absence of oral food intake in the dog does not result in decreased acid secretion from the innervated stomach. Vagal innervation in some way is responsible for the preservation of normal secretion during the absence of food from the gastrointestinal tract of the dog.", "PMID": 402083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1157", "title": "Transient circadian internal desynchronization after light-dark phase shift in monkeys.", "content": "In four conscious chair-acclimatized squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) studied with lights on (600 lx) from 0800 to 2000 h daily (LD 12:12), prominent 24-h rhythms in feeding, drinking, activity, body temperature, and urinary potassium, sodium, and water excretion were seen. When the monkeys were subjected to 36 h of darkness followed by 36 h of light each variable demonstrated a circadian rhythm which was not passively dependent on the light-dark cycle. After the 24-h light-dark cycle was abruptly phase-delayed by 8 h, all the rhythms resynchronized with the new light-dark cycle phase, demonstrating that light-dark cycles are an effective zeitgeber. However, the resynchronization of the rhythms of feeding, drinking, activity, and body temperature was 90% complete within approximately 2 days while the 90% resynchronization of the urinary rhythms took approximately 5 days. These results suggest that the circadian timing system in S. sciureus may consist of several spontaneously oscillating units which can become transiently uncoupled during pertubations of environmental time cues.", "contents": "Transient circadian internal desynchronization after light-dark phase shift in monkeys. In four conscious chair-acclimatized squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) studied with lights on (600 lx) from 0800 to 2000 h daily (LD 12:12), prominent 24-h rhythms in feeding, drinking, activity, body temperature, and urinary potassium, sodium, and water excretion were seen. When the monkeys were subjected to 36 h of darkness followed by 36 h of light each variable demonstrated a circadian rhythm which was not passively dependent on the light-dark cycle. After the 24-h light-dark cycle was abruptly phase-delayed by 8 h, all the rhythms resynchronized with the new light-dark cycle phase, demonstrating that light-dark cycles are an effective zeitgeber. However, the resynchronization of the rhythms of feeding, drinking, activity, and body temperature was 90% complete within approximately 2 days while the 90% resynchronization of the urinary rhythms took approximately 5 days. These results suggest that the circadian timing system in S. sciureus may consist of several spontaneously oscillating units which can become transiently uncoupled during pertubations of environmental time cues.", "PMID": 402084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1158", "title": "Evaluation and measurement: some dilemmas for health education.", "content": "Seven dilemmas of evaluation and measurement posed by the nature of health education are presented, together with suggestions for their resolution. These include the dilemmas of : 1) rigor of experimental design vs significance or program adaptability; 2) internal validity or \"true\" effectiveness vs external validity or feasibility; 3) experimental vs placebo effectsl 4) effectiveness vs economy of scale; 5) risk vs payoff; 6) measurement of long-term vs short-term out-comon. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop a more cumulative data base through standardization of measures, replication of experiments in different settings, and better documentation, reporting, and diffusion of experiences in practice.", "contents": "Evaluation and measurement: some dilemmas for health education. Seven dilemmas of evaluation and measurement posed by the nature of health education are presented, together with suggestions for their resolution. These include the dilemmas of : 1) rigor of experimental design vs significance or program adaptability; 2) internal validity or \"true\" effectiveness vs external validity or feasibility; 3) experimental vs placebo effectsl 4) effectiveness vs economy of scale; 5) risk vs payoff; 6) measurement of long-term vs short-term out-comon. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop a more cumulative data base through standardization of measures, replication of experiments in different settings, and better documentation, reporting, and diffusion of experiences in practice.", "PMID": 402085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1159", "title": "Effect of pentagastrin infusion on gastroesophageal manometry and reflux status before and after esophagogastrectomy.", "content": "The lower esophageal high pressure zone of eight Rhesus monkeys was characterized by manometry and reflux testing. It was found to respond characteristically to pentagastrin infusions. After excision of the lower esophageal segment and tis replacement by a stomach tube, an apparently normal, functional high pressure zone was demonstrable within the substitute.", "contents": "Effect of pentagastrin infusion on gastroesophageal manometry and reflux status before and after esophagogastrectomy. The lower esophageal high pressure zone of eight Rhesus monkeys was characterized by manometry and reflux testing. It was found to respond characteristically to pentagastrin infusions. After excision of the lower esophageal segment and tis replacement by a stomach tube, an apparently normal, functional high pressure zone was demonstrable within the substitute.", "PMID": 402086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1160", "title": "Caloric requirements of the critically ill patient receiving intravneous hyperalimentation.", "content": "The caloric requirements of the critically ill patient was defined by body composition measurements performed in thirty-five patients before and after a course of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). A positive and statistically significant (p less than 0.001) correlation was observed between the number of kcal/kg/day infused and the mean daily change in Ke, which is a measure of the body cell mass. The intercept of the regression line was 46 kcal/kg/day indicating that balance is achieved when calories are infused at this rate. Fifteen of the thirty-five patients studied received less than 46 kcal/kg/day. In this group an average of 38.1 +/- 1.5 kcal/kg/day of TPN was infused for 13.3 +/- 1.2 days. The body composition of these patients was unchanged after TPN and was characteristic of malnutrition both before and after TPN. TPN was administered at a mean rate of 57.2 +/- 2.0 kcal/kg/day for 16.7 +/- 1.8 days in the twenty patients who all received more than 46 kcal/kg/day. The body composition of these patients before TPN was also characteristic of malnutrition. However, a marked improvement of body composition was observed after the course of TPN. In all the patients in both groups the amino acids were infused at a rate that exceeded the minimal amount required to achieve nitrogen balance. The data indicate that the average patient receiving TPN requires at least 46 kcal/kg/day for balance. In the depleted patient infusion of calories in excess of this amount results in a rebuilding of the body cell mass.", "contents": "Caloric requirements of the critically ill patient receiving intravneous hyperalimentation. The caloric requirements of the critically ill patient was defined by body composition measurements performed in thirty-five patients before and after a course of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). A positive and statistically significant (p less than 0.001) correlation was observed between the number of kcal/kg/day infused and the mean daily change in Ke, which is a measure of the body cell mass. The intercept of the regression line was 46 kcal/kg/day indicating that balance is achieved when calories are infused at this rate. Fifteen of the thirty-five patients studied received less than 46 kcal/kg/day. In this group an average of 38.1 +/- 1.5 kcal/kg/day of TPN was infused for 13.3 +/- 1.2 days. The body composition of these patients was unchanged after TPN and was characteristic of malnutrition both before and after TPN. TPN was administered at a mean rate of 57.2 +/- 2.0 kcal/kg/day for 16.7 +/- 1.8 days in the twenty patients who all received more than 46 kcal/kg/day. The body composition of these patients before TPN was also characteristic of malnutrition. However, a marked improvement of body composition was observed after the course of TPN. In all the patients in both groups the amino acids were infused at a rate that exceeded the minimal amount required to achieve nitrogen balance. The data indicate that the average patient receiving TPN requires at least 46 kcal/kg/day for balance. In the depleted patient infusion of calories in excess of this amount results in a rebuilding of the body cell mass.", "PMID": 402087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1161", "title": "Comparison between glucose and a combination of glucose, fructose, and xylitol as carbohydrates for total parenteral nutrition of surgical intensive care patients.", "content": "The effects of four day periods of infusions of 600 gm/24 hours glucose and 600 gm/24 hours of a combination of glucose, fructose, and xylitol were compared. This study was performed during total parenteral nutrition of twelve postoperative patients with major complications. The mean plasma glucose level was significantly lower during the infusion of the combination of sugars (154.2+/-19.5 mg/100 ml versus 193.9+/-15.0 mg/100 ml[p is less than 0.005). Furthermore, the required dosage of exogenous insulin was significantly lower (18.9+/-12.3 units/day versus 43.7+/-19.7 units/day [p is less than 0.01). Mean renal carbohydrate losses were 0.85 per cent during glucose infusion and 1.7 per cent during infusion of the combination. The influence of both infusion regimes on values for pH, base excess, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, insulin, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, and SGPT 0.85 has been investigated. No clinical side effects were observed. It is concluded that the administration of the investigated combination of glucose, fructose, and xylitol is justified in patients in whom hyperglycemia during infusion of glucose alone is difficult to control with insulin.", "contents": "Comparison between glucose and a combination of glucose, fructose, and xylitol as carbohydrates for total parenteral nutrition of surgical intensive care patients. The effects of four day periods of infusions of 600 gm/24 hours glucose and 600 gm/24 hours of a combination of glucose, fructose, and xylitol were compared. This study was performed during total parenteral nutrition of twelve postoperative patients with major complications. The mean plasma glucose level was significantly lower during the infusion of the combination of sugars (154.2+/-19.5 mg/100 ml versus 193.9+/-15.0 mg/100 ml[p is less than 0.005). Furthermore, the required dosage of exogenous insulin was significantly lower (18.9+/-12.3 units/day versus 43.7+/-19.7 units/day [p is less than 0.01). Mean renal carbohydrate losses were 0.85 per cent during glucose infusion and 1.7 per cent during infusion of the combination. The influence of both infusion regimes on values for pH, base excess, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, insulin, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, and SGPT 0.85 has been investigated. No clinical side effects were observed. It is concluded that the administration of the investigated combination of glucose, fructose, and xylitol is justified in patients in whom hyperglycemia during infusion of glucose alone is difficult to control with insulin.", "PMID": 402088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1162", "title": "Fibers in monkey posterior articular nerves.", "content": "The distribution of axons in the posterior articular nerves in rhesus monkey has been studied in terms of ratio of myelinated to unmyelinated fibers, and size of myelinated fibers. Conduction velocity measurements were also made. The nerves contained 2,000 to 2,200 unmyelinated fibers of 0.2 to 1.2 mum diameter. They contained 399 to 478 myelinated fibers, varying in size from 1.4 to 12.3 mum. Thus 80 to 85% of fibers in these nerves were unmyelinated. The maximum conduction velocity of 70 to 80 meters per second corresponded to an initial small deflection, with most fibers conducting at slower rates. These results are compared to previous reports which severely underestimated the number of unmyelinated fibers because electron microscope counts were not utilized. It is suggested that pain fibers from the knee joint of monkey make up much of this large population of unmyelinated axons. An unknown number of post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers is also included in the unmyelinated fiber group.", "contents": "Fibers in monkey posterior articular nerves. The distribution of axons in the posterior articular nerves in rhesus monkey has been studied in terms of ratio of myelinated to unmyelinated fibers, and size of myelinated fibers. Conduction velocity measurements were also made. The nerves contained 2,000 to 2,200 unmyelinated fibers of 0.2 to 1.2 mum diameter. They contained 399 to 478 myelinated fibers, varying in size from 1.4 to 12.3 mum. Thus 80 to 85% of fibers in these nerves were unmyelinated. The maximum conduction velocity of 70 to 80 meters per second corresponded to an initial small deflection, with most fibers conducting at slower rates. These results are compared to previous reports which severely underestimated the number of unmyelinated fibers because electron microscope counts were not utilized. It is suggested that pain fibers from the knee joint of monkey make up much of this large population of unmyelinated axons. An unknown number of post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers is also included in the unmyelinated fiber group.", "PMID": 402090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1163", "title": "Efficacy double-blind, crossover study of sodium cromoglycate in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.", "content": "In a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study, consisting of 100 clinical trials, the active drug (sodium cromoglycate) was effective in 83.2%, while in 11.6% the placebo was judged more effective (p less than 0.0001). Four patients suffered minor side effects. No deleterious effect on the nasal mucosa was noticed and no one complained that the drug produced sedation.", "contents": "Efficacy double-blind, crossover study of sodium cromoglycate in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. In a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study, consisting of 100 clinical trials, the active drug (sodium cromoglycate) was effective in 83.2%, while in 11.6% the placebo was judged more effective (p less than 0.0001). Four patients suffered minor side effects. No deleterious effect on the nasal mucosa was noticed and no one complained that the drug produced sedation.", "PMID": 402093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1164", "title": "Experimental infection of cats with the liver fluke Platynosomum concinnum,.", "content": "The severity of Platynosomum concinnum infection in cats experimentally infected with 125 flukes (small dose) and 1,000 flukes (large dose) was determined by monitoring clinical signs and hematologic, serum biochemical, and pathologic changes during the infection. All cats (8/8) with a small fluke burden and 3 of 8 cats with a large burden remained clinically asymptomatic, whereas 60% of the cats given large doses had mild signs of inappetence and lethargy. Eosinophilia, peaking 4 to 5 months after infection, was present in all parasitized cats. During the early stages of platynosomiasis, a transient but substantial increase in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities was observed in cats given small and large doses. These observations agreed with gross and histopathologic observations, which included enlargement of the gallbladder and biliary ducts, with leukocyte infiltration, adenomatous hyperplasia, and fibrosis of the ductal areas.", "contents": "Experimental infection of cats with the liver fluke Platynosomum concinnum,. The severity of Platynosomum concinnum infection in cats experimentally infected with 125 flukes (small dose) and 1,000 flukes (large dose) was determined by monitoring clinical signs and hematologic, serum biochemical, and pathologic changes during the infection. All cats (8/8) with a small fluke burden and 3 of 8 cats with a large burden remained clinically asymptomatic, whereas 60% of the cats given large doses had mild signs of inappetence and lethargy. Eosinophilia, peaking 4 to 5 months after infection, was present in all parasitized cats. During the early stages of platynosomiasis, a transient but substantial increase in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities was observed in cats given small and large doses. These observations agreed with gross and histopathologic observations, which included enlargement of the gallbladder and biliary ducts, with leukocyte infiltration, adenomatous hyperplasia, and fibrosis of the ductal areas.", "PMID": 402094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1165", "title": "Preventing infection in intravenous therapy.", "content": "Any part of an infusion system--not just the cannula, its most distal portion--may be at fault when sepsis complicates IV therapy. Detailed here are both intrinsic and extrinsic meachanisms by which contamination may occur; recommendations such as more widespread use of steel scalp needles and early termination of infusions are given. The special requirements of total parenteral nutrition systems are defined.", "contents": "Preventing infection in intravenous therapy. Any part of an infusion system--not just the cannula, its most distal portion--may be at fault when sepsis complicates IV therapy. Detailed here are both intrinsic and extrinsic meachanisms by which contamination may occur; recommendations such as more widespread use of steel scalp needles and early termination of infusions are given. The special requirements of total parenteral nutrition systems are defined.", "PMID": 402091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1166", "title": "Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum without chest roentgenographic evidence of active disease.", "content": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been isolated consistently from sputum over an 11-year period in an asymptomatic 64-year-old man whose chest radiographs show evidence of healed primary tuberculosis (Ranke complex) but no evidence of parenchymal disease. A lymph node-bronchial fistula associated with the Ranke complex is the likely site of active tuberculosis; however, repeated examinations of the upper and lower respiratory tract have been normal. We attribute the persistence of infection in our patient to erratic usage of antituberculous drugs.", "contents": "Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum without chest roentgenographic evidence of active disease. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been isolated consistently from sputum over an 11-year period in an asymptomatic 64-year-old man whose chest radiographs show evidence of healed primary tuberculosis (Ranke complex) but no evidence of parenchymal disease. A lymph node-bronchial fistula associated with the Ranke complex is the likely site of active tuberculosis; however, repeated examinations of the upper and lower respiratory tract have been normal. We attribute the persistence of infection in our patient to erratic usage of antituberculous drugs.", "PMID": 402095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1167", "title": "Bacillus cereus pneumonia. Survival in a patient with cavitary disease treated with gentamicin.", "content": "Cavitary pneumonitis due to Bacillus cereus occurred in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pneumonia due to this organism is uncommon and recovery has not been previously reported. The present report is the first description of cavitary pneumonia due to B. cereus with a successful outcome. Recovery was attributed to appropriate antimicrobial therapy and induction of leukemic remission with chemotherapy.", "contents": "Bacillus cereus pneumonia. Survival in a patient with cavitary disease treated with gentamicin. Cavitary pneumonitis due to Bacillus cereus occurred in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pneumonia due to this organism is uncommon and recovery has not been previously reported. The present report is the first description of cavitary pneumonia due to B. cereus with a successful outcome. Recovery was attributed to appropriate antimicrobial therapy and induction of leukemic remission with chemotherapy.", "PMID": 402096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1168", "title": "Labyrinthitis ossificans.", "content": "Three cases with postinflammatory inner ear sequelae are presented to illustrate unusual histopathologic changes. Endolymphatic hydrops without changes in the perilymphatic system was present in one ear following \"influenza\" meningitis and labyrinthitis ossificans in the contralateral ear. The characteristic histopathological changes of the temporal bones with hematogenic bacterial infection were an extensive labyrinthine ossification associated with a generalized sclerotic change of the whole periotic bone. Bony fixation of the stapedial footplate occurred with the generalized inflammatory process of the otic capsule. Severe and diffuse labyrinthitis ossificans occurred in one case due to tympanogenic inflammation spreading through the round window membrane in the course of suppurative otitis media. A general immunosuppression leading to fatal termination was the apparent factor predisposing to the inner ear complication.", "contents": "Labyrinthitis ossificans. Three cases with postinflammatory inner ear sequelae are presented to illustrate unusual histopathologic changes. Endolymphatic hydrops without changes in the perilymphatic system was present in one ear following \"influenza\" meningitis and labyrinthitis ossificans in the contralateral ear. The characteristic histopathological changes of the temporal bones with hematogenic bacterial infection were an extensive labyrinthine ossification associated with a generalized sclerotic change of the whole periotic bone. Bony fixation of the stapedial footplate occurred with the generalized inflammatory process of the otic capsule. Severe and diffuse labyrinthitis ossificans occurred in one case due to tympanogenic inflammation spreading through the round window membrane in the course of suppurative otitis media. A general immunosuppression leading to fatal termination was the apparent factor predisposing to the inner ear complication.", "PMID": 402099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1169", "title": "In vitro activity of netilmicin, gentamicin, and amikacin.", "content": "The in vitro activity of netilmicin (Sch 20569), a new semisynthetic derivative of gentamicin, was compared with that of gentamicin and amikacin. One hundred and ninety-two clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were tested using both agar and broth dilution techniques. Netilmicin was comparable to gentamicin, with the following exceptions: (i) for Serratia marcescens and P. aeruginosa, gentamicin was more active than netilmicin; (ii) all strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii, which were resistant to gentamicin, were susceptible to netilmicin; (iii) some strains of S. marcescens, indole-positive Proteus, and Providencia, which were resistant to gentamicin, were susceptible to netilmicin. Netilmicin was more active than amikacin for all Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus and equal to amikacin in activity against gentamicin-susceptible strains of P. aeruginosa. All strains of P. aeruginosa, resistant to gentamicin, were also resistant to netilmicin but were susceptible to amikacin. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) obtained with broth and agar showed no significant differences except for P. mirabilis, where broth MICs were twofold greater than agar MICs, and for P. aeruginosa, where agar MICs were twofold higher than broth MICs. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was either identical to or within one twofold dilution of the MIC for the strains tested. A 100-fold increase in inoculum size produced less increase in MIC and MBC with netilmicin than with gentamicin or amikacin.", "contents": "In vitro activity of netilmicin, gentamicin, and amikacin. The in vitro activity of netilmicin (Sch 20569), a new semisynthetic derivative of gentamicin, was compared with that of gentamicin and amikacin. One hundred and ninety-two clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were tested using both agar and broth dilution techniques. Netilmicin was comparable to gentamicin, with the following exceptions: (i) for Serratia marcescens and P. aeruginosa, gentamicin was more active than netilmicin; (ii) all strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii, which were resistant to gentamicin, were susceptible to netilmicin; (iii) some strains of S. marcescens, indole-positive Proteus, and Providencia, which were resistant to gentamicin, were susceptible to netilmicin. Netilmicin was more active than amikacin for all Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus and equal to amikacin in activity against gentamicin-susceptible strains of P. aeruginosa. All strains of P. aeruginosa, resistant to gentamicin, were also resistant to netilmicin but were susceptible to amikacin. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) obtained with broth and agar showed no significant differences except for P. mirabilis, where broth MICs were twofold greater than agar MICs, and for P. aeruginosa, where agar MICs were twofold higher than broth MICs. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was either identical to or within one twofold dilution of the MIC for the strains tested. A 100-fold increase in inoculum size produced less increase in MIC and MBC with netilmicin than with gentamicin or amikacin.", "PMID": 402104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1170", "title": "Stability of cephalosporins in horse serum.", "content": "The antibiotic activity of cephalothin, cephaloridine, cephalexin, cephaloglycin, cefazolin, and cefamandole was determined after storage for up to 30 days in horse serum at -10 and 4 degrees C. Cephalothin, cefamandole, cefazolin, and cephalexin were stable for at least 30 days at -10 degrees C, whereas cephaloridine lost 29% of its initial activity and cephaloglycin lost more than 50%. Cefamandole, cefazolin, and cephalexin could only be stored for 3 days at 4 degrees C without significant loss in activity, whereas cephalothin, cephaloridine, and cephaloglycin could be stored for only 1 day. Repeated freezing and thawing had a detrimental effect on the stability of cephaloridine.", "contents": "Stability of cephalosporins in horse serum. The antibiotic activity of cephalothin, cephaloridine, cephalexin, cephaloglycin, cefazolin, and cefamandole was determined after storage for up to 30 days in horse serum at -10 and 4 degrees C. Cephalothin, cefamandole, cefazolin, and cephalexin were stable for at least 30 days at -10 degrees C, whereas cephaloridine lost 29% of its initial activity and cephaloglycin lost more than 50%. Cefamandole, cefazolin, and cephalexin could only be stored for 3 days at 4 degrees C without significant loss in activity, whereas cephalothin, cephaloridine, and cephaloglycin could be stored for only 1 day. Repeated freezing and thawing had a detrimental effect on the stability of cephaloridine.", "PMID": 402105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1171", "title": "Production of megacins C and Cx: presumptive evidence extrachromosomal control.", "content": "Exposure of growing cultures of Bacillus megaterium C4A(-) to ethidium bromide or an elevated growth temperature was found to eliminate megacin C production. Ethidium bromide resulted in a cure rate of up to 13%. Growth at 43 degrees C gave a cure rate of up to 99%. Megacin C production was lost spontaneously at a rate of 4% or less. There was a greater rate of spontaneous loss of megacin Cx production by B. megaterium 337, up to 14%. Growth at 43 degrees C resulted in a cure rate of up to 24% in this organism. Reversion to the Meg(+) state by cured clones has never been demonstrated. These observations support the hypothesis that production of megacins C and Cx is plasmid mediated. Meg(-) clones adsorbed more megacin than either parent strain and were more susceptible to megacin action.", "contents": "Production of megacins C and Cx: presumptive evidence extrachromosomal control. Exposure of growing cultures of Bacillus megaterium C4A(-) to ethidium bromide or an elevated growth temperature was found to eliminate megacin C production. Ethidium bromide resulted in a cure rate of up to 13%. Growth at 43 degrees C gave a cure rate of up to 99%. Megacin C production was lost spontaneously at a rate of 4% or less. There was a greater rate of spontaneous loss of megacin Cx production by B. megaterium 337, up to 14%. Growth at 43 degrees C resulted in a cure rate of up to 24% in this organism. Reversion to the Meg(+) state by cured clones has never been demonstrated. These observations support the hypothesis that production of megacins C and Cx is plasmid mediated. Meg(-) clones adsorbed more megacin than either parent strain and were more susceptible to megacin action.", "PMID": 402106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1172", "title": "Interferon induction in cynomolgus and rhesus monkey after repeated doses of a modified polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex.", "content": "Serum interferon activity was determined in 12 cynomolgus and 12 rhesus monkeys injected intravenously once daily for 10 days with from 0.1 to 6.0 mg of a stabilized polyriboinosinic acid . polyribocytidylic acid complex per kg, composed of polyriboinosinic acid . polyribocytidylic acid, poly-1-lysine, and carboxymethylcellulose [poly(ICLC)]. Interferon activity was detected 2 h after the first injection, with maximum activity occurring 8 h after the second injection. A period of hyporesponsiveness occurred after the third injection of poly(ICLC) in all monkeys and lasted until the sixth injection in the rhesus monkeys, when interferon activity again became more elevated. The delayed rebound was not as apparent in cynomolgus monkeys. Rhesus monkeys injected with 6 mg/kg did not exhibit serious side effects.", "contents": "Interferon induction in cynomolgus and rhesus monkey after repeated doses of a modified polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex. Serum interferon activity was determined in 12 cynomolgus and 12 rhesus monkeys injected intravenously once daily for 10 days with from 0.1 to 6.0 mg of a stabilized polyriboinosinic acid . polyribocytidylic acid complex per kg, composed of polyriboinosinic acid . polyribocytidylic acid, poly-1-lysine, and carboxymethylcellulose [poly(ICLC)]. Interferon activity was detected 2 h after the first injection, with maximum activity occurring 8 h after the second injection. A period of hyporesponsiveness occurred after the third injection of poly(ICLC) in all monkeys and lasted until the sixth injection in the rhesus monkeys, when interferon activity again became more elevated. The delayed rebound was not as apparent in cynomolgus monkeys. Rhesus monkeys injected with 6 mg/kg did not exhibit serious side effects.", "PMID": 402107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1173", "title": "Purification and specificity of bacteriolytic enzyme I from Hartmannella glebae.", "content": "A soil amoeba (Hartmannella glebae), when grown in conjunction with Enterobacter aerogenes and Alcaligenes faecalis, produced two enzymes. Enzyme I was purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. It is a basic protein. The analysis of the enzymic digest of the cell walls of Micrococcus lysodeikticus after reduction and acid hydrolysis showed that the enzyme cleaved the glycosidic bond between acetylmuramic acid and acetylglucosamine of the peptidoglycan moiety of the cell walls. The enzyme is identified as endo-beta-N-acetylmuramidase.", "contents": "Purification and specificity of bacteriolytic enzyme I from Hartmannella glebae. A soil amoeba (Hartmannella glebae), when grown in conjunction with Enterobacter aerogenes and Alcaligenes faecalis, produced two enzymes. Enzyme I was purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. It is a basic protein. The analysis of the enzymic digest of the cell walls of Micrococcus lysodeikticus after reduction and acid hydrolysis showed that the enzyme cleaved the glycosidic bond between acetylmuramic acid and acetylglucosamine of the peptidoglycan moiety of the cell walls. The enzyme is identified as endo-beta-N-acetylmuramidase.", "PMID": 402108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1174", "title": "Hydrogen production by nitrogen-starved cultures of Anabaena cylindrica.", "content": "Nitrogen-starved cultures of the alga Anabaena cylindrica 629 produced hydrogen and oxygen continuously for 7 to 19 days. Hydrogen production attained a maximum level after 1 to 2 days of starvation and was followed by a slow decline. The maximum rates were 30 ml of H2 evolved per liter of culture per h or 32 mul of H2 per mg of dry weight per h. In 5 to 7 days the rate of H2 evolution by the more productive cultures fell to one-half its maximum value. The addition of 10(-4) to 5 X 10(-4) M ammonium increased the rate of oxygen evolution and the total hydrogen production of the cultures. H2-O2 ratios were 4:1 under conditions of complete nitrogen starvation and about 1.7:1 after the addition of ammonium. Thus, oxygen evolution was affected by the extent of the nitrogen starvation. Thermodynamic efficiencies of converting incident light energy to free energy of hydrogen via algal photosynthesis were 0.4%. Possible factors limiting hydrogen production were decline of reductant supply and filament breakage. Hydrogen production by filamentous, heterocystous blue-green algae could be used for development of a biophotolysis system.", "contents": "Hydrogen production by nitrogen-starved cultures of Anabaena cylindrica. Nitrogen-starved cultures of the alga Anabaena cylindrica 629 produced hydrogen and oxygen continuously for 7 to 19 days. Hydrogen production attained a maximum level after 1 to 2 days of starvation and was followed by a slow decline. The maximum rates were 30 ml of H2 evolved per liter of culture per h or 32 mul of H2 per mg of dry weight per h. In 5 to 7 days the rate of H2 evolution by the more productive cultures fell to one-half its maximum value. The addition of 10(-4) to 5 X 10(-4) M ammonium increased the rate of oxygen evolution and the total hydrogen production of the cultures. H2-O2 ratios were 4:1 under conditions of complete nitrogen starvation and about 1.7:1 after the addition of ammonium. Thus, oxygen evolution was affected by the extent of the nitrogen starvation. Thermodynamic efficiencies of converting incident light energy to free energy of hydrogen via algal photosynthesis were 0.4%. Possible factors limiting hydrogen production were decline of reductant supply and filament breakage. Hydrogen production by filamentous, heterocystous blue-green algae could be used for development of a biophotolysis system.", "PMID": 402109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1175", "title": "Incidence and properties of temperate bacteriophages induced from lactic streptococci.", "content": "Sixty-three strains of lactic streptococci isolated from commercial lactic streptococcal starter cultures were examined for lysogeny by treatment with ultraviolet light or mitomycin C. After treatment with the inducing agent, all strains, whether or not they lysed, were examined for evidence of phage release by electron microscopy. Thirty-eight strains yielded intact phages or phage particles of varying morphology. All the temperate phages had isometric heads and noncontractile tails; some had collars and structurally distinctive baseplates. Indicator host strains were found for phages induced from seven different strains. Three strains that released phages spontaneously yielded titers of 10(3) to 10(4) plaque-forming units per ml. When strains that spontaneously released phages were grown in mixed culture with indicator strains, increased phage titers of 10(6) to 10(7) plaque-forming units per ml were observed. These findings indicate that lysogenic lactic streptococcal strains may serve as a reservoir for phages that attack sensitive strains in mixed- or multiple-strain lactic starter cultures.", "contents": "Incidence and properties of temperate bacteriophages induced from lactic streptococci. Sixty-three strains of lactic streptococci isolated from commercial lactic streptococcal starter cultures were examined for lysogeny by treatment with ultraviolet light or mitomycin C. After treatment with the inducing agent, all strains, whether or not they lysed, were examined for evidence of phage release by electron microscopy. Thirty-eight strains yielded intact phages or phage particles of varying morphology. All the temperate phages had isometric heads and noncontractile tails; some had collars and structurally distinctive baseplates. Indicator host strains were found for phages induced from seven different strains. Three strains that released phages spontaneously yielded titers of 10(3) to 10(4) plaque-forming units per ml. When strains that spontaneously released phages were grown in mixed culture with indicator strains, increased phage titers of 10(6) to 10(7) plaque-forming units per ml were observed. These findings indicate that lysogenic lactic streptococcal strains may serve as a reservoir for phages that attack sensitive strains in mixed- or multiple-strain lactic starter cultures.", "PMID": 402110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1176", "title": "Mutant of Aspergillus flavus producing more aflatoxin B2 than B1.", "content": "A mutant of Aspergillus flavus having a high and relatively stable aflatoxin B2/B1 ratio was recovered after treatment with nitrosoguanidine.", "contents": "Mutant of Aspergillus flavus producing more aflatoxin B2 than B1. A mutant of Aspergillus flavus having a high and relatively stable aflatoxin B2/B1 ratio was recovered after treatment with nitrosoguanidine.", "PMID": 402111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1177", "title": "Production of cyclopiazonic acid by Aspergillus flavus Link.", "content": "Production of cyclopiazonic acid by Aspergillus flavus is reported for the first time. A procedure for its production by agitated solid substrate fermentation on red wheat is described along with the isolation procedure and physical and chemical properties of this indole derivative. The compound has been found to exert antibacterial activity.", "contents": "Production of cyclopiazonic acid by Aspergillus flavus Link. Production of cyclopiazonic acid by Aspergillus flavus is reported for the first time. A procedure for its production by agitated solid substrate fermentation on red wheat is described along with the isolation procedure and physical and chemical properties of this indole derivative. The compound has been found to exert antibacterial activity.", "PMID": 402112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1178", "title": "Thermal resistance of Bacillus subtilis var. niger in a closed system.", "content": "The heat resistance of Bacillus subtilis var. niger has been measured from 85 to 125 degrees C using moisture levels of percent relative humidity (%RH) less than or equal to 0.001 to 100 in a closed system. Five curves have been presented to characterize the thermal destruction, using thermal death times defined as F values at a given combination of three moisture and temperature conditions. Reductions of 99.99% (4-log10 cycles) of the initial population were estimated for the three moisture conditions. At 110 degrees C, the expected time for a 4-log10 reduction was 1.1 h at %RH = 100, 3.1 h at %RH less than or equal to 0.1 and 54 h at %RH = 10.7. Goodness-of-fit tests to examine the adequacy of three polynomial models failed to indicate a trend. The linear model (from which estimates of D are obtained) was satisfactory for estimating the thermal death times (%RH less than or equal to 0.1) in the plate count range. The estimates based on observed thermal death times and D values for the %RH = 100 diverged so that D values generally gave a more conservative estimate over the temperature range 90 to 125 degrees C. Estimates of ZF and ZL ranged from 32.1 to 58.3 degrees C for the %RH less than or equal to 0.1 and 100. A ZD value of 30.0 was obtained for data observed at %RH less than or equal to 0.1. The ZF results were obtained from plotting observed log times to achieve a 99.99% reduction in the initial population versus temperature. Estimates of ZL and ZD were obtained by using linear estimates of L100 approximately equal to 4D and D values in a similar plot.", "contents": "Thermal resistance of Bacillus subtilis var. niger in a closed system. The heat resistance of Bacillus subtilis var. niger has been measured from 85 to 125 degrees C using moisture levels of percent relative humidity (%RH) less than or equal to 0.001 to 100 in a closed system. Five curves have been presented to characterize the thermal destruction, using thermal death times defined as F values at a given combination of three moisture and temperature conditions. Reductions of 99.99% (4-log10 cycles) of the initial population were estimated for the three moisture conditions. At 110 degrees C, the expected time for a 4-log10 reduction was 1.1 h at %RH = 100, 3.1 h at %RH less than or equal to 0.1 and 54 h at %RH = 10.7. Goodness-of-fit tests to examine the adequacy of three polynomial models failed to indicate a trend. The linear model (from which estimates of D are obtained) was satisfactory for estimating the thermal death times (%RH less than or equal to 0.1) in the plate count range. The estimates based on observed thermal death times and D values for the %RH = 100 diverged so that D values generally gave a more conservative estimate over the temperature range 90 to 125 degrees C. Estimates of ZF and ZL ranged from 32.1 to 58.3 degrees C for the %RH less than or equal to 0.1 and 100. A ZD value of 30.0 was obtained for data observed at %RH less than or equal to 0.1. The ZF results were obtained from plotting observed log times to achieve a 99.99% reduction in the initial population versus temperature. Estimates of ZL and ZD were obtained by using linear estimates of L100 approximately equal to 4D and D values in a similar plot.", "PMID": 402113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1179", "title": "Glutaraldehyde (pentanedial) allergic contact dermatitis. Usage test on sole and antecubital fossa: regional variations in response.", "content": "Glutaraldehyde (pentanedial) is an effective topical therapeutic agent for patients with hyperhidrosis of the soles. A usage test was performed on the soles and antecubital fossae of six previously documented glutaraldehyde-sensitive subjects. All had negative usage test reactions to 25% glutaraldehyde on the soles. But when tested on the antecubital fossae with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, they developed a severe dermatitis within 48 hours. These data demonstrate a striking variation by which glutaraldehyde-sensitive patients tolerate or react to its use in two diverse anatomic sites.", "contents": "Glutaraldehyde (pentanedial) allergic contact dermatitis. Usage test on sole and antecubital fossa: regional variations in response. Glutaraldehyde (pentanedial) is an effective topical therapeutic agent for patients with hyperhidrosis of the soles. A usage test was performed on the soles and antecubital fossae of six previously documented glutaraldehyde-sensitive subjects. All had negative usage test reactions to 25% glutaraldehyde on the soles. But when tested on the antecubital fossae with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, they developed a severe dermatitis within 48 hours. These data demonstrate a striking variation by which glutaraldehyde-sensitive patients tolerate or react to its use in two diverse anatomic sites.", "PMID": 402119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1180", "title": "Pyogenic meningitis in chronic gastroenteritis and marasmus.", "content": "Pyogenic meningitis occurred in 6 infants in the course of chronic gastroenteritis, in 5 of whom a normal CSF had been recorded earlier in the illness. Clinical signs of meningitis were often absent. The problems of diagnosis and management and of possible predisposition to pneumococcal meningitis in children suffering from chronic gastroenteritis are discussed.", "contents": "Pyogenic meningitis in chronic gastroenteritis and marasmus. Pyogenic meningitis occurred in 6 infants in the course of chronic gastroenteritis, in 5 of whom a normal CSF had been recorded earlier in the illness. Clinical signs of meningitis were often absent. The problems of diagnosis and management and of possible predisposition to pneumococcal meningitis in children suffering from chronic gastroenteritis are discussed.", "PMID": 402120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1181", "title": "Vitiliginous achromia with malignant melanoma. Tyrosinase activity and ultrastructural study of achromic and normal skin.", "content": "Vitiliginous achromia with malignant melanoma shows some discrepancies with vitiligo. In both achromic and normal skin, four bands A, B, C, D of tyrosinase activity are observed; in vitiligo only bands A and B appear. Ultrastructural findings in achromic skin are similar in both conditions. But in achromia with malignant melanoma, melanocyte abnormalities are also present in normal skin and the role of immunological factors is discussed.", "contents": "Vitiliginous achromia with malignant melanoma. Tyrosinase activity and ultrastructural study of achromic and normal skin. Vitiliginous achromia with malignant melanoma shows some discrepancies with vitiligo. In both achromic and normal skin, four bands A, B, C, D of tyrosinase activity are observed; in vitiligo only bands A and B appear. Ultrastructural findings in achromic skin are similar in both conditions. But in achromia with malignant melanoma, melanocyte abnormalities are also present in normal skin and the role of immunological factors is discussed.", "PMID": 402121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1182", "title": "Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum in the adult.", "content": "Four patients with intraluminal diverticulum of the duodenum are presented and compared with those reported previously. This lesion is a rare congenital disorder that usually becomes symptomatic in adult life. It is located in the second portion of the duodenum within the lumen, extending distally. It has the appearance of a \"thumb of a glove\" and it is lined by mucosa on both surfaces. It develops betweeen the fourth and eighth week of the embryo's life, but it increases in size during adult life. It usually presents with typical or atypical symptoms of peptic ulcer disease, but sometimes manifestations such as gastrointestinal bleeding, duodenal obstructions or pancreatitis may predominate and may be severe and life-threatening. The diagnosis is best made with hypotonic duodenography, which demonstrates the lesion as a barium coated pouch within the air filled duodenal lumen. The treatment of choice is duodenotomy and excision of the lesion. Proper identification of the papilla of the ampulla of Vater is important since this structure is often adjacent to the diverticulum. No recurrences have been noted in the three patients operated upon.", "contents": "Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum in the adult. Four patients with intraluminal diverticulum of the duodenum are presented and compared with those reported previously. This lesion is a rare congenital disorder that usually becomes symptomatic in adult life. It is located in the second portion of the duodenum within the lumen, extending distally. It has the appearance of a \"thumb of a glove\" and it is lined by mucosa on both surfaces. It develops betweeen the fourth and eighth week of the embryo's life, but it increases in size during adult life. It usually presents with typical or atypical symptoms of peptic ulcer disease, but sometimes manifestations such as gastrointestinal bleeding, duodenal obstructions or pancreatitis may predominate and may be severe and life-threatening. The diagnosis is best made with hypotonic duodenography, which demonstrates the lesion as a barium coated pouch within the air filled duodenal lumen. The treatment of choice is duodenotomy and excision of the lesion. Proper identification of the papilla of the ampulla of Vater is important since this structure is often adjacent to the diverticulum. No recurrences have been noted in the three patients operated upon.", "PMID": 402122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1183", "title": "Evaluation of a new amino acid source for use in parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Ninety-two patients, ranging from two days to 92 years of age, received parenteral nutrition using a new synthetic amino acid solution designed to provide optimal nitrogen retention and obviate metabolic complications. Weight gain and positive nitrogen balance were produced in the majority of patients. Hyperchloremic acidosis and hypophosphatemia did not occur. Hyperammonemia in infants was avoided with the exception of occasional, transient, asymptomatic elevations of blood ammonia in low birth weight infants. It was suspected that an inadequate nonprotein calorie/gram of nitrogen ratio may have been employed in these infants. Blood ammonia levels declined from initial levels in 80% of adult patient. Nitrogen retention was directly proportional to the supply of nonprotein calories.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new amino acid source for use in parenteral nutrition. Ninety-two patients, ranging from two days to 92 years of age, received parenteral nutrition using a new synthetic amino acid solution designed to provide optimal nitrogen retention and obviate metabolic complications. Weight gain and positive nitrogen balance were produced in the majority of patients. Hyperchloremic acidosis and hypophosphatemia did not occur. Hyperammonemia in infants was avoided with the exception of occasional, transient, asymptomatic elevations of blood ammonia in low birth weight infants. It was suspected that an inadequate nonprotein calorie/gram of nitrogen ratio may have been employed in these infants. Blood ammonia levels declined from initial levels in 80% of adult patient. Nitrogen retention was directly proportional to the supply of nonprotein calories.", "PMID": 402123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1184", "title": "Effect of 50% distal small bowel resection on gastric emptying in Rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The effect of bowel resection, sufficient to cause gastric secretory changes, on gastric emptying is unknown. Gastric evacuation was characterized in 8 Rhesus monkeys by a modification of George's double sampling test meal. Fifty per cent distal small bowel resection was then performed. Gastric emptying was again studied at 6 weeks and 6 months. The rate constant fell from -0.00289 +/- 0.000467 (+/-1 SEM) to -0.00232 +/- 0.00106 during the early phase, but role to -0.00308 +/- 0.00186 by 6 months, neither value being statistically different from the preoperative values. T1/2 rose from 125.2 +/- 19.2 mins to 367 +/- 173.4 mins by 6 weeks and to 380.9 +/- 161.6 mins by the end of the experiments. Corresponding values for T were: control period 425.8 +/- 63.2 mins, early phase 1223 +/- 589 mins and late phase 1245.9 +/- 529.6 mins. None of these changes were statistically significant. Alterations in emptying time within each animal were consistent at the two postoperative phases. Although the two animals showing acceleration of evacuation were those with least change in secretion, compensation for the observed increase in output of gastric juice did not materially alter the results.", "contents": "Effect of 50% distal small bowel resection on gastric emptying in Rhesus monkeys. The effect of bowel resection, sufficient to cause gastric secretory changes, on gastric emptying is unknown. Gastric evacuation was characterized in 8 Rhesus monkeys by a modification of George's double sampling test meal. Fifty per cent distal small bowel resection was then performed. Gastric emptying was again studied at 6 weeks and 6 months. The rate constant fell from -0.00289 +/- 0.000467 (+/-1 SEM) to -0.00232 +/- 0.00106 during the early phase, but role to -0.00308 +/- 0.00186 by 6 months, neither value being statistically different from the preoperative values. T1/2 rose from 125.2 +/- 19.2 mins to 367 +/- 173.4 mins by 6 weeks and to 380.9 +/- 161.6 mins by the end of the experiments. Corresponding values for T were: control period 425.8 +/- 63.2 mins, early phase 1223 +/- 589 mins and late phase 1245.9 +/- 529.6 mins. None of these changes were statistically significant. Alterations in emptying time within each animal were consistent at the two postoperative phases. Although the two animals showing acceleration of evacuation were those with least change in secretion, compensation for the observed increase in output of gastric juice did not materially alter the results.", "PMID": 402124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1185", "title": "Synchronization of Anacystis nidulans. Oxygen evolution during the cell cycle.", "content": "A new technique of short alternating light-dark periods was successfully used to synchronize the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. Oxygen evolution during the cell cycle is characterized by a maximum in the middle of the cycle and by a minimum at the time of division, a pattern very similar to that found in synchronized green algae.", "contents": "Synchronization of Anacystis nidulans. Oxygen evolution during the cell cycle. A new technique of short alternating light-dark periods was successfully used to synchronize the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. Oxygen evolution during the cell cycle is characterized by a maximum in the middle of the cycle and by a minimum at the time of division, a pattern very similar to that found in synchronized green algae.", "PMID": 402125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1186", "title": "Sporulation in the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. The course of spore formation.", "content": "Sporulation in the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica involves the transformation of a vegetative cell into a thick-walled resistant structure. Because this process occurs at predictable loci in each filament and involves a significant increase in cell size, the course of sporulation in a culture can be quantitatively determined. Sporulation occurs during the late logarithmic phase of a culture, a time of slow but unbalanced growth. Under the conditions employed here, sporulation is not a synchronous event either between or within filaments. The information in this paper provides as estimate of the rate of spore differentiation and supports the previous notion that in the formation of strings of more than one spore, a gradient of spore maturation exists.", "contents": "Sporulation in the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. The course of spore formation. Sporulation in the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica involves the transformation of a vegetative cell into a thick-walled resistant structure. Because this process occurs at predictable loci in each filament and involves a significant increase in cell size, the course of sporulation in a culture can be quantitatively determined. Sporulation occurs during the late logarithmic phase of a culture, a time of slow but unbalanced growth. Under the conditions employed here, sporulation is not a synchronous event either between or within filaments. The information in this paper provides as estimate of the rate of spore differentiation and supports the previous notion that in the formation of strings of more than one spore, a gradient of spore maturation exists.", "PMID": 402126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1187", "title": "Nervous system effects of cardiac arrest in monkeys. Preservation of vision.", "content": "Thirteen juvenile monkeys were taught two visual discrimination tasks. After 12 to 24 hours of food deprivation, ten underwent 14-minute episodes of cardiac arrest. Three served as controls. Five of the ten arrested animals survived and were tested in the discrimination box. All continued to perform color and pattern discrimination tasks with one to eight days' delay. All appeared neurologically intact, while brain pathologic examination after 11 to 64 days' survival showed either intact brains or injury restricted to nuclear structures in the brain stem, cerebellar Purkinje cells, and hippocampus. Five animals died 4 to 36 hours after they were resuscitated. Two required prolonged cardiac massage and, despite return of adequate cardiovascular function, died early. A third animal dislodged its arterial catheter and exsanguinated. The remaining two animals, who received infusions of glucose just prior to arrest, developed widespread fasciculations and myoclonic seizures. They became decerebrate and opisthotonic and were killed after 10 and 36 hours. Their brains showed mild edema and widespread necrosis of cortex and basal ganglia. Thus, food-deprived monkeys tolerate 14 minutes of circulatory arrest well and show minimal neurologic and pathologic changes, while administration of glucose just before arrest markedly augments the severity of brain injury and alters its distribution.", "contents": "Nervous system effects of cardiac arrest in monkeys. Preservation of vision. Thirteen juvenile monkeys were taught two visual discrimination tasks. After 12 to 24 hours of food deprivation, ten underwent 14-minute episodes of cardiac arrest. Three served as controls. Five of the ten arrested animals survived and were tested in the discrimination box. All continued to perform color and pattern discrimination tasks with one to eight days' delay. All appeared neurologically intact, while brain pathologic examination after 11 to 64 days' survival showed either intact brains or injury restricted to nuclear structures in the brain stem, cerebellar Purkinje cells, and hippocampus. Five animals died 4 to 36 hours after they were resuscitated. Two required prolonged cardiac massage and, despite return of adequate cardiovascular function, died early. A third animal dislodged its arterial catheter and exsanguinated. The remaining two animals, who received infusions of glucose just prior to arrest, developed widespread fasciculations and myoclonic seizures. They became decerebrate and opisthotonic and were killed after 10 and 36 hours. Their brains showed mild edema and widespread necrosis of cortex and basal ganglia. Thus, food-deprived monkeys tolerate 14 minutes of circulatory arrest well and show minimal neurologic and pathologic changes, while administration of glucose just before arrest markedly augments the severity of brain injury and alters its distribution.", "PMID": 402127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1188", "title": "Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous: roto-extraction and other surgical experience.", "content": "We discuss nine cases of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous seen recently, including mode of presentation, management and postsurgical follow-up. Emphasis is placed on early operative intervention in order to preserve the globe, as well as to prevent irremedial stimulus deprivation amblyopia. The advantages of roto-extraction in the surgical approach to this entity are considered, and the difficulties of postoperative visual rehabilitation are also discussed.", "contents": "Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous: roto-extraction and other surgical experience. We discuss nine cases of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous seen recently, including mode of presentation, management and postsurgical follow-up. Emphasis is placed on early operative intervention in order to preserve the globe, as well as to prevent irremedial stimulus deprivation amblyopia. The advantages of roto-extraction in the surgical approach to this entity are considered, and the difficulties of postoperative visual rehabilitation are also discussed.", "PMID": 402128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1189", "title": "Soluble artifical tear inserts.", "content": "This article reports a new concept in the treatment of tear film abnormalities. Solubilization of an artifical tear insert provides a continuous flow of polymer into the tear film in place of intermittent drop therapy. The physiochemical properties of succinylated collagen were studied in vitro and compared favorably with presently available tear substitutes. The use of this polymer as a solid solubilizable insert was evaluated in normal patients. It was found to be comfortable, resulted in no blurring of vision, and prolonged the tear film breakup time.", "contents": "Soluble artifical tear inserts. This article reports a new concept in the treatment of tear film abnormalities. Solubilization of an artifical tear insert provides a continuous flow of polymer into the tear film in place of intermittent drop therapy. The physiochemical properties of succinylated collagen were studied in vitro and compared favorably with presently available tear substitutes. The use of this polymer as a solid solubilizable insert was evaluated in normal patients. It was found to be comfortable, resulted in no blurring of vision, and prolonged the tear film breakup time.", "PMID": 402129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1190", "title": "Cyclocryotherapy: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Previous anatomic studies of the effects of cyclocryotherapy have produced confusing results because of variations in technique and instrumentation. Five eyes from three patients treated by a standard technique were compared to the eyes of rhesus monkeys that received identical treatment. The monkeys were given horseradish peroxidase intravenously 30 minutes before enucleation. Hemorrhage, edema, and epithelial disruption were characteristic of the acute lesions. Later, the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium disappeared, but by two months, normal morphology was restored. Normal peroxidase flow reappeared at a similar time. Anatomic changes in the human and monkey eyes were similar.", "contents": "Cyclocryotherapy: a light and electron microscopic study. Previous anatomic studies of the effects of cyclocryotherapy have produced confusing results because of variations in technique and instrumentation. Five eyes from three patients treated by a standard technique were compared to the eyes of rhesus monkeys that received identical treatment. The monkeys were given horseradish peroxidase intravenously 30 minutes before enucleation. Hemorrhage, edema, and epithelial disruption were characteristic of the acute lesions. Later, the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium disappeared, but by two months, normal morphology was restored. Normal peroxidase flow reappeared at a similar time. Anatomic changes in the human and monkey eyes were similar.", "PMID": 402130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1191", "title": "Relation of etidocaine and bupivacaine toxicity to rate of infusion in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The relationship between infusion rate of etidocaine and bupivacaine and central nervous system toxicity was studied in three rhesus monkeys. Increasing the infusion rate from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg.min-1 decreased the seizure dosage of etidocaine but had no effect on that of bupivacaine. Arterial plasma concentrations of etidocaine and bupivacaine that induced electrical seizure activity increased as the infusion rate was increased from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg. min-1. A plasma decay study in a fourth animal demonstrated that etidocaine decayed more rapidly than did bupivacaine. These results suggest that the rate of administration of these agents is important in determining central nervous system toxicity.", "contents": "Relation of etidocaine and bupivacaine toxicity to rate of infusion in rhesus monkeys. The relationship between infusion rate of etidocaine and bupivacaine and central nervous system toxicity was studied in three rhesus monkeys. Increasing the infusion rate from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg.min-1 decreased the seizure dosage of etidocaine but had no effect on that of bupivacaine. Arterial plasma concentrations of etidocaine and bupivacaine that induced electrical seizure activity increased as the infusion rate was increased from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg. min-1. A plasma decay study in a fourth animal demonstrated that etidocaine decayed more rapidly than did bupivacaine. These results suggest that the rate of administration of these agents is important in determining central nervous system toxicity.", "PMID": 402143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1192", "title": "Use of anaesthesia with ketamine HCl in assessing the emetic activity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in the rhesus monkey (Macacca mulatta).", "content": "Anaesthesia of rhesus monkeys with ketamine HCl which facilitated feeding them with staphylococcal enterotoxin B solutions was shown not to affect the ED50 of this toxin. Adoption of this anaesthetic procedure was found to make feeding studies with enterotoxins easier and safer.", "contents": "Use of anaesthesia with ketamine HCl in assessing the emetic activity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in the rhesus monkey (Macacca mulatta). Anaesthesia of rhesus monkeys with ketamine HCl which facilitated feeding them with staphylococcal enterotoxin B solutions was shown not to affect the ED50 of this toxin. Adoption of this anaesthetic procedure was found to make feeding studies with enterotoxins easier and safer.", "PMID": 402144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1193", "title": "Protein-energy malnutrition in infant non-human primates (Macaca nemestrina). I. Correlation of biochemical changes with fine structural alterations in the liver.", "content": "Male infant pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) aged 6-9 months and born in captivity were fed restricted amount of either an adequate protein diet (20% casein) or a protein-deficient diet (2% casein). After 3-5 months of receiving the low protein containing diet, ultrastructural evaluation of hepatic parenchymal cells revealed extensive fatty metamorphosis, marked fragmentation and vesiculation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, some evidence of distension of the nuclear membrane, variable degree of mitochondrial polymorphism and gigantism, increased intracytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen particles and enhanced prominence of collagen fibres in the intercellular and perisinusoidal spaces. Biochemical studies indicated severe distortion in the plasma profile of free amino acids by Week 10 of malnutrition, with a prominent decrease in valine/glycine ratio (9% in the malnourished animals compared to a ratio of 55-63% in the control group). While plasma concentration of glycine was elevated above baseline value throughout the period of malnutrition, the level of alanine showed an initial rise followed by a significant drop (-58% at Week 20). Although showing wide individual variation, plasma level of corticosteroid in general tended to increase with duration of protein malnutrition, an observation consistent with the accumulation of glycogen and enlargement of mitochondria in the hepatic cells.", "contents": "Protein-energy malnutrition in infant non-human primates (Macaca nemestrina). I. Correlation of biochemical changes with fine structural alterations in the liver. Male infant pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) aged 6-9 months and born in captivity were fed restricted amount of either an adequate protein diet (20% casein) or a protein-deficient diet (2% casein). After 3-5 months of receiving the low protein containing diet, ultrastructural evaluation of hepatic parenchymal cells revealed extensive fatty metamorphosis, marked fragmentation and vesiculation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, some evidence of distension of the nuclear membrane, variable degree of mitochondrial polymorphism and gigantism, increased intracytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen particles and enhanced prominence of collagen fibres in the intercellular and perisinusoidal spaces. Biochemical studies indicated severe distortion in the plasma profile of free amino acids by Week 10 of malnutrition, with a prominent decrease in valine/glycine ratio (9% in the malnourished animals compared to a ratio of 55-63% in the control group). While plasma concentration of glycine was elevated above baseline value throughout the period of malnutrition, the level of alanine showed an initial rise followed by a significant drop (-58% at Week 20). Although showing wide individual variation, plasma level of corticosteroid in general tended to increase with duration of protein malnutrition, an observation consistent with the accumulation of glycogen and enlargement of mitochondria in the hepatic cells.", "PMID": 402145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1194", "title": "Interactions of platinum complexes with the essential and nonessential sulfhydryl groups of thymidylate synthetate.", "content": "Thymidylate synthetase (methylenetetrahydrofolate:deoxyuridylate C-methyltransferase) from Lactobacillus casei was progressively inactivated when incubated at 25 degrees C, pH 6.8, in the presence of trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2. The inhibition appeared to be irreversible, and the rate ofa ctivity loss was dependent on the inhibitor concentration. The corresponding cis isomer was incapable of inhibiting the enzyme under the same conditions. The presence of 2-mercaptoethanol protected the enzyme from inhibition, but did not reactivate enzyme preparations which had been inhibited prior to the addition of the thiol. The interactions of cis- and trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 with the enzyme's sulfhydryl (-SH) groups were inferred from the results of spectrophotometric titrations of the enzyme with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The results suggested that the cis isomer reacted with an average of 1.3 of the enzyme's 4-SH groups and that these were not essential for catalysis. The trans isomer reacted with a total of approximately 2.5 -SH groups, 1.2 of which are essential for catalysis. Neither the trans isomer nor a combination of both isomers was able to react with 1.2 of the 4 -SH groups. Further evidence that the Pt complexes are interacting with enzyme's -SH groups was obtained by reversibly blocking the -SH groups of thymidylate synthetase, and demonstrating the resistance of these preparations to inhibition by the trans Pt complex. Possible explanations for the preferential inhibition of thymidylate synthetase by only one of the two geometric isomers of Pt(NH3)2Cl2 are considered.", "contents": "Interactions of platinum complexes with the essential and nonessential sulfhydryl groups of thymidylate synthetate. Thymidylate synthetase (methylenetetrahydrofolate:deoxyuridylate C-methyltransferase) from Lactobacillus casei was progressively inactivated when incubated at 25 degrees C, pH 6.8, in the presence of trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2. The inhibition appeared to be irreversible, and the rate ofa ctivity loss was dependent on the inhibitor concentration. The corresponding cis isomer was incapable of inhibiting the enzyme under the same conditions. The presence of 2-mercaptoethanol protected the enzyme from inhibition, but did not reactivate enzyme preparations which had been inhibited prior to the addition of the thiol. The interactions of cis- and trans-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 with the enzyme's sulfhydryl (-SH) groups were inferred from the results of spectrophotometric titrations of the enzyme with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The results suggested that the cis isomer reacted with an average of 1.3 of the enzyme's 4-SH groups and that these were not essential for catalysis. The trans isomer reacted with a total of approximately 2.5 -SH groups, 1.2 of which are essential for catalysis. Neither the trans isomer nor a combination of both isomers was able to react with 1.2 of the 4 -SH groups. Further evidence that the Pt complexes are interacting with enzyme's -SH groups was obtained by reversibly blocking the -SH groups of thymidylate synthetase, and demonstrating the resistance of these preparations to inhibition by the trans Pt complex. Possible explanations for the preferential inhibition of thymidylate synthetase by only one of the two geometric isomers of Pt(NH3)2Cl2 are considered.", "PMID": 402146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1195", "title": "Envelope glycoproteins of Rauscher murine leukemia virus: isolation and chemical characterization.", "content": "The envelope glycoproteins (designated gp70 and gp45) of the Rauscher strain of murine leukemia virus were solubilized by osmotic shock and freeze-thawing in chaotropic solutions. The viral glycoproteins were then purified by phosphocellulose chromatography and gel permeation chromatography on Bio-Gel A-1.5m. Yields by this procedure were 6.2% for gp70 and 1.3% for gp45 on a protein input basis. The apparent molecular weights were respectively 67 500 and 47 500 with a polypeptide chain molecular weight of approximately 45 000 for both glycoproteins. Amino acid analysis showed a high degree of similarity for both components, with some differences subject to further evaluation. The total carbohydrate content was approximately 32% for gp70 and 6-9% for gp45. In keeping with the amino acid compositional similarity suggesting relationships, alanine was found to ba the amino-terminal amino acid of both glycoproteins, and cross-reactivity was demonstrated by immunologic tests. The data suggest that the chief difference between gp70 and gp45 lies in the carbohydrate content.", "contents": "Envelope glycoproteins of Rauscher murine leukemia virus: isolation and chemical characterization. The envelope glycoproteins (designated gp70 and gp45) of the Rauscher strain of murine leukemia virus were solubilized by osmotic shock and freeze-thawing in chaotropic solutions. The viral glycoproteins were then purified by phosphocellulose chromatography and gel permeation chromatography on Bio-Gel A-1.5m. Yields by this procedure were 6.2% for gp70 and 1.3% for gp45 on a protein input basis. The apparent molecular weights were respectively 67 500 and 47 500 with a polypeptide chain molecular weight of approximately 45 000 for both glycoproteins. Amino acid analysis showed a high degree of similarity for both components, with some differences subject to further evaluation. The total carbohydrate content was approximately 32% for gp70 and 6-9% for gp45. In keeping with the amino acid compositional similarity suggesting relationships, alanine was found to ba the amino-terminal amino acid of both glycoproteins, and cross-reactivity was demonstrated by immunologic tests. The data suggest that the chief difference between gp70 and gp45 lies in the carbohydrate content.", "PMID": 402147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1196", "title": "Expression of the chloroplast ribosomal RNA genes of Euglena gracilis during chloroplast development.", "content": "The cellular content and transcription program of the chloroplast ribosomal RNA genes of Euglena gracilis Z have been determined during the light-induced development of chloroplasts by hybridization of total cell DNA or RNA to purified 3H-labeled chloroplast ribosomal DNA ([3H]ctrDNA). Pancreatic DNase activated, partially purified chloroplast rDNA was enzymatically labeled in vitro by E. coli DNA polymerase I with [3H]TTP as a substrate. The [3H] DNA was denatured and hybridized with a vast excess of purified chloroplast 16 and 23S rRNA. The rRNA-[3H]ct rCNA hybrid was isolated by chromatography on hydroxylapatite. The [3H]ct rDNA was purified and characterized by the kinetics of its renaturation with chloroplast DNA and rRNA, and by the thermal stability of [3H]DNA-DNA and [3H]DNA-RNA hybrids. [3H]ct rDNA was hybridized in trace amounts to cellular RNA or DNA isolated from Euglena cells 0,4,8,12,24,48, and 72 h after the onset of chloroplast development. From a comparison of the kinetics of hybridization with hybridization of standards of known kinetic complexity quantitative estimates of the cellular rRNA and rDNA gene content were made. Chloroplast rRNA increases from 2 to 26% of the cellular RNA during development, while the percentage of cellular DNA represented by ct rDNA increases two- to threefold. Correcting for the change in cellular RNA and DNA content during development, the number of copies of the rRNA gene increases less than twofold, while the number of copies of rRNA per cell increases sixfold. The results are consistent with either a transcriptional activation of the ribosomal genes or an increased rRNA stability during developmental.", "contents": "Expression of the chloroplast ribosomal RNA genes of Euglena gracilis during chloroplast development. The cellular content and transcription program of the chloroplast ribosomal RNA genes of Euglena gracilis Z have been determined during the light-induced development of chloroplasts by hybridization of total cell DNA or RNA to purified 3H-labeled chloroplast ribosomal DNA ([3H]ctrDNA). Pancreatic DNase activated, partially purified chloroplast rDNA was enzymatically labeled in vitro by E. coli DNA polymerase I with [3H]TTP as a substrate. The [3H] DNA was denatured and hybridized with a vast excess of purified chloroplast 16 and 23S rRNA. The rRNA-[3H]ct rCNA hybrid was isolated by chromatography on hydroxylapatite. The [3H]ct rDNA was purified and characterized by the kinetics of its renaturation with chloroplast DNA and rRNA, and by the thermal stability of [3H]DNA-DNA and [3H]DNA-RNA hybrids. [3H]ct rDNA was hybridized in trace amounts to cellular RNA or DNA isolated from Euglena cells 0,4,8,12,24,48, and 72 h after the onset of chloroplast development. From a comparison of the kinetics of hybridization with hybridization of standards of known kinetic complexity quantitative estimates of the cellular rRNA and rDNA gene content were made. Chloroplast rRNA increases from 2 to 26% of the cellular RNA during development, while the percentage of cellular DNA represented by ct rDNA increases two- to threefold. Correcting for the change in cellular RNA and DNA content during development, the number of copies of the rRNA gene increases less than twofold, while the number of copies of rRNA per cell increases sixfold. The results are consistent with either a transcriptional activation of the ribosomal genes or an increased rRNA stability during developmental.", "PMID": 402148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1197", "title": "Cellular content of chloroplast DNA and chloroplast ribosomal RNA genes in Euglena gracilis during chloroplast development.", "content": "The cellular content of chloroplast DNA in Euglena gracilis has been quantitatively determined. DNA was extracted from Euglena cells at various stages of chloroplast development and renatured in the presence of trace amounts of 3H-labeled chloroplast DNA. From the kinetics of renaturation of the 3H-labeled chloroplast DNA, compared with the kinetics of renaturation of excess nonradioactive chloroplast DNA, the fraction of cellular DNA represented by chloroplast DNA was calculated. The content of chloroplast DNA was found to increase from 4.9 to 14.6% of cellular DNA during light-induced chloroplast development. Correcting for the change in DNA mass per cell, the number of copies of chloroplast DNA is found to vary from 1400 to 2900 per cell. During this developmental transition, the cellular content of the chloroplast ribosomal RNA genes varies from 1900 to 5200 copies per cell. The ratio of the number of copies of rRNA genes to chloroplast genomes per cell remains in the range of 1-2 throughout chloroplast development, ruling out selective amplification of chloroplast rRNA genes as a means of regulation of rRNA gene expression. Direct measurement of the number of rRNA cistrons per 9.2 X 10(7) dalton genome yields a value of 1 or 2.", "contents": "Cellular content of chloroplast DNA and chloroplast ribosomal RNA genes in Euglena gracilis during chloroplast development. The cellular content of chloroplast DNA in Euglena gracilis has been quantitatively determined. DNA was extracted from Euglena cells at various stages of chloroplast development and renatured in the presence of trace amounts of 3H-labeled chloroplast DNA. From the kinetics of renaturation of the 3H-labeled chloroplast DNA, compared with the kinetics of renaturation of excess nonradioactive chloroplast DNA, the fraction of cellular DNA represented by chloroplast DNA was calculated. The content of chloroplast DNA was found to increase from 4.9 to 14.6% of cellular DNA during light-induced chloroplast development. Correcting for the change in DNA mass per cell, the number of copies of chloroplast DNA is found to vary from 1400 to 2900 per cell. During this developmental transition, the cellular content of the chloroplast ribosomal RNA genes varies from 1900 to 5200 copies per cell. The ratio of the number of copies of rRNA genes to chloroplast genomes per cell remains in the range of 1-2 throughout chloroplast development, ruling out selective amplification of chloroplast rRNA genes as a means of regulation of rRNA gene expression. Direct measurement of the number of rRNA cistrons per 9.2 X 10(7) dalton genome yields a value of 1 or 2.", "PMID": 402149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1198", "title": "The photochemical and fluorescence properties of whole cells, spheroplasts and spheroplast particles from the blue-green alga Phormidium luridum.", "content": "The photochemical activities and fluorescence properties of cells, spheroplasts and spheroplast particles from the blue-green alga Phormidium luridum were compared. The photochemical activities were measured in a whole range of wavelengths and expressed as quantum yield spectra (quantum yield vs. wavelength). The following reactions were measured. Photosynthesis (O2 evolution) in whole cells; Hill reaction (O2 evolution) with Fe(CN)63- and NADP as electron acceptors (Photosystem II and photosystem II + Photosystem I reactions); electron transfer from reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol to diquat (Photosystem I reaction). The fluorescence properties were emission spectra, quantum yield spectra and the induction pattern. On the basis of comparison between the quantum yield spectra and the pigments compositions the relative contribution of each pigment to each photosystem was estimated. In normal cells and spheroplasts it was found that Photosystem I (Photosystem II) contains about 90% (10%) of the chlorophyll a, 90% (10%) of the carotenoids and 15% (85%) of the phycocyanin. In spheroplast particles there is a reorganization of the pigments; they loose a certain fraction (about half) of the phycocyanin but the remaining phycocyanin attaches itself exclusively to Photosystem I (!). This is reflected by the loss of Photosystem II activity, a flat quantum yield vs. wavelength dependence and a loss of the fluorescence induction. The fluorescence quantum yield spectra conform qualitatively to the above conclusion. More quantitative estimation shows that only a fraction (20--40%) of the chlorophyll of Photosystem II is fluorescent. Total emission spectrum and the ratio of variable to constant fluorescence are in agreement with this conclusion. The fluorescence emission spectrum shows characteristic differences between the constant and variable components. The variable fluorescence comes exclusively from chlorophyll a; the constant fluorescence is contributed, in addition to chlorophyll a, by phycocyanine and an unidentified long wavelength component. The variable fluorescence does not change in the transition from whole cells to spheroplasts. However, the constant fluorescence increases considerably. This indicates the release of a small fraction of pigments from the photosynthetic photochemical apparatus which then become fluorescent.", "contents": "The photochemical and fluorescence properties of whole cells, spheroplasts and spheroplast particles from the blue-green alga Phormidium luridum. The photochemical activities and fluorescence properties of cells, spheroplasts and spheroplast particles from the blue-green alga Phormidium luridum were compared. The photochemical activities were measured in a whole range of wavelengths and expressed as quantum yield spectra (quantum yield vs. wavelength). The following reactions were measured. Photosynthesis (O2 evolution) in whole cells; Hill reaction (O2 evolution) with Fe(CN)63- and NADP as electron acceptors (Photosystem II and photosystem II + Photosystem I reactions); electron transfer from reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol to diquat (Photosystem I reaction). The fluorescence properties were emission spectra, quantum yield spectra and the induction pattern. On the basis of comparison between the quantum yield spectra and the pigments compositions the relative contribution of each pigment to each photosystem was estimated. In normal cells and spheroplasts it was found that Photosystem I (Photosystem II) contains about 90% (10%) of the chlorophyll a, 90% (10%) of the carotenoids and 15% (85%) of the phycocyanin. In spheroplast particles there is a reorganization of the pigments; they loose a certain fraction (about half) of the phycocyanin but the remaining phycocyanin attaches itself exclusively to Photosystem I (!). This is reflected by the loss of Photosystem II activity, a flat quantum yield vs. wavelength dependence and a loss of the fluorescence induction. The fluorescence quantum yield spectra conform qualitatively to the above conclusion. More quantitative estimation shows that only a fraction (20--40%) of the chlorophyll of Photosystem II is fluorescent. Total emission spectrum and the ratio of variable to constant fluorescence are in agreement with this conclusion. The fluorescence emission spectrum shows characteristic differences between the constant and variable components. The variable fluorescence comes exclusively from chlorophyll a; the constant fluorescence is contributed, in addition to chlorophyll a, by phycocyanine and an unidentified long wavelength component. The variable fluorescence does not change in the transition from whole cells to spheroplasts. However, the constant fluorescence increases considerably. This indicates the release of a small fraction of pigments from the photosynthetic photochemical apparatus which then become fluorescent.", "PMID": 402150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1199", "title": "Sodium transport and oxygen consumption in toad bladder. A thermodynamic approach.", "content": "The relationship between active sodium transport and oxygen consumption was investigated in toad urinary bladder exposed to identical sodium-Ringer's solution at each surface, while controlling the transepithelial electrical potential difference delta phi. Rates of sodium transport and oxygen consumption were measured simultaneously, both in the short-circuited state (delta phi = 0) and when delta phi was varied. Under short-circuit conditions, when the rates of active sodium transport changed spontaneously or were depressed with amiloride, the ratio of active sodium transport to the estimated suprabasal oxygen consumption Na/O2 was constant for each tissue, but varied among different tissues. Only when delta phi was varied did the ratio Na+/O2 change with the rate of active sodium transport; under these circumstances dNa+/dO2 was constant but exceeded the ratio measured at short-circuit [(Na+/O2)delta phi = 0[. This suggests that coupling between transport and metabolism is incomplete. The results are analyzed according to the principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, and intepreted in terms of a simple model of the transepithelial sodium transport system.", "contents": "Sodium transport and oxygen consumption in toad bladder. A thermodynamic approach. The relationship between active sodium transport and oxygen consumption was investigated in toad urinary bladder exposed to identical sodium-Ringer's solution at each surface, while controlling the transepithelial electrical potential difference delta phi. Rates of sodium transport and oxygen consumption were measured simultaneously, both in the short-circuited state (delta phi = 0) and when delta phi was varied. Under short-circuit conditions, when the rates of active sodium transport changed spontaneously or were depressed with amiloride, the ratio of active sodium transport to the estimated suprabasal oxygen consumption Na/O2 was constant for each tissue, but varied among different tissues. Only when delta phi was varied did the ratio Na+/O2 change with the rate of active sodium transport; under these circumstances dNa+/dO2 was constant but exceeded the ratio measured at short-circuit [(Na+/O2)delta phi = 0[. This suggests that coupling between transport and metabolism is incomplete. The results are analyzed according to the principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, and intepreted in terms of a simple model of the transepithelial sodium transport system.", "PMID": 402151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1200", "title": "Selective electrode for dibenzyl dimethyl ammonium cation as indicator of the membrane potential in biological systems.", "content": "The electrode sensitive to dibenzyl dimethyl ammonium (DDA+), which is considered to be an indicator of the membrane potential, was constructed by using tetraphenyl borone (TPB-) embedded in dichloroethane. Rapid and Nernstian responses were exhibited against DDA+ solutions ranging between 10(-2) and 3 - 10(-6) M in concentration. High selectivity for DDA+ was observed in the presence of various inorganis salts, ADP, ATP, oxidizable substrates and sugars. The electrode developed here was used to measure the DDA+ uptake in Streptococcus faecalis and the results agreed with those reported by Harold, F.M. and Papineau, D. ((1972) J. Membrane Biol. 8, 27-44 and 45-62). While they determined the DDA+ concentration in the medium by measuring the absorbance of the filtrate treated with the ion-exchangers, the electrode can measure directly the DDA+ concentration in the bacterial suspension without any any pretreatment. It was also shown that the electrode can measure the DDA+ uptake in mitochondria during energization.", "contents": "Selective electrode for dibenzyl dimethyl ammonium cation as indicator of the membrane potential in biological systems. The electrode sensitive to dibenzyl dimethyl ammonium (DDA+), which is considered to be an indicator of the membrane potential, was constructed by using tetraphenyl borone (TPB-) embedded in dichloroethane. Rapid and Nernstian responses were exhibited against DDA+ solutions ranging between 10(-2) and 3 - 10(-6) M in concentration. High selectivity for DDA+ was observed in the presence of various inorganis salts, ADP, ATP, oxidizable substrates and sugars. The electrode developed here was used to measure the DDA+ uptake in Streptococcus faecalis and the results agreed with those reported by Harold, F.M. and Papineau, D. ((1972) J. Membrane Biol. 8, 27-44 and 45-62). While they determined the DDA+ concentration in the medium by measuring the absorbance of the filtrate treated with the ion-exchangers, the electrode can measure directly the DDA+ concentration in the bacterial suspension without any any pretreatment. It was also shown that the electrode can measure the DDA+ uptake in mitochondria during energization.", "PMID": 402152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1201", "title": "Ribosomal RNA genes in Bacillus subtilis. Evidence for a cotranscription mechanism.", "content": "The analysis of the transcriptional mechanism of the ribosomal RNA genes in Bacillus subtilis was undertaken by a study of the rRNA chain elongation in the presence of rifampicin. The residual RNA synthesis after the addition of rifampicin and [3H] uridine to exponentially growing cells has shown that 56% of the radioactivity incorporated into total RNA belongs to the unstable fraction and 44% to the fraction containing mature rRNA and tRNA. Such study allowed an estimation of the half-life of messenger RNAs as being approximately 2 min. The analysis of the transcription pattern of the ribosomal RNA genes, as measured by the amount of radioactivity found in the ribosomal subunits, was complicated by a contamination of the 30 S subunits by 50 S subunits. A contamination of approximately 15% was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and competitive hybridization. The ratios of incorporated radioactivity at zero time when drug and label were concomitantly added ranged between 5.4-6.0, after correction for this contamination. The decay of the 23 S rRNA followed a straight line which became parabolic in its final portion. These results, and theoretical considerations on the lag of rifampicin action and on the variance of the specific activity of the nucleotide pool at the very early times of the experimental observation, favor the interpretation that the 16 and 23 S rRNA genes in B. subtilis belong to the same transcriptional unit, being cotranscribed, in that order, by the same molecule of RNA polymerase. The transcriptional times of the 16 and 23 S rRNA genes were estimated as being 30 and 60 s, respectively.", "contents": "Ribosomal RNA genes in Bacillus subtilis. Evidence for a cotranscription mechanism. The analysis of the transcriptional mechanism of the ribosomal RNA genes in Bacillus subtilis was undertaken by a study of the rRNA chain elongation in the presence of rifampicin. The residual RNA synthesis after the addition of rifampicin and [3H] uridine to exponentially growing cells has shown that 56% of the radioactivity incorporated into total RNA belongs to the unstable fraction and 44% to the fraction containing mature rRNA and tRNA. Such study allowed an estimation of the half-life of messenger RNAs as being approximately 2 min. The analysis of the transcription pattern of the ribosomal RNA genes, as measured by the amount of radioactivity found in the ribosomal subunits, was complicated by a contamination of the 30 S subunits by 50 S subunits. A contamination of approximately 15% was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and competitive hybridization. The ratios of incorporated radioactivity at zero time when drug and label were concomitantly added ranged between 5.4-6.0, after correction for this contamination. The decay of the 23 S rRNA followed a straight line which became parabolic in its final portion. These results, and theoretical considerations on the lag of rifampicin action and on the variance of the specific activity of the nucleotide pool at the very early times of the experimental observation, favor the interpretation that the 16 and 23 S rRNA genes in B. subtilis belong to the same transcriptional unit, being cotranscribed, in that order, by the same molecule of RNA polymerase. The transcriptional times of the 16 and 23 S rRNA genes were estimated as being 30 and 60 s, respectively.", "PMID": 402154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1202", "title": "Heterologous transfection with bacteriophage phiX174 DNA. Unusual heterogeneous products.", "content": "Hydroxylamine-resistant infectious materials (HARIM) synthesized in natural non-host and progeny phage low productive bacterial spheroplasts upon transfection with bacteriophage phiX174 DNA were found to be unusually heterogeneous in their forms. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a source of HARIM, it was shown that they have the following unusual features. (1) Almost all of the HARIM are denser than normal single-stranded (SS)- and double-stranded replicative form (RF)-DNAs of phiX174 found usually in the phage-infected host cells. (2) A great part of these heavy HARIM (approximately 84%) contain a variable length of single-stranded RNA associated with their infectious elements. (3) For most of the HARIM (approximately 80% of total molecules as the infectious elements of the heavy HARIM), the infectious elements are phiX-RFI-DNA. The wide-spread system for phiX-HARIM synthesis was shown to be present in many gram-negative bacterial cells.", "contents": "Heterologous transfection with bacteriophage phiX174 DNA. Unusual heterogeneous products. Hydroxylamine-resistant infectious materials (HARIM) synthesized in natural non-host and progeny phage low productive bacterial spheroplasts upon transfection with bacteriophage phiX174 DNA were found to be unusually heterogeneous in their forms. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a source of HARIM, it was shown that they have the following unusual features. (1) Almost all of the HARIM are denser than normal single-stranded (SS)- and double-stranded replicative form (RF)-DNAs of phiX174 found usually in the phage-infected host cells. (2) A great part of these heavy HARIM (approximately 84%) contain a variable length of single-stranded RNA associated with their infectious elements. (3) For most of the HARIM (approximately 80% of total molecules as the infectious elements of the heavy HARIM), the infectious elements are phiX-RFI-DNA. The wide-spread system for phiX-HARIM synthesis was shown to be present in many gram-negative bacterial cells.", "PMID": 402155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1203", "title": "Characterization of antibody to human phosphatidylcholine: cholesterol acyltransferase.", "content": "Purified preparations of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin): cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43), were injected into goats to produce antisera reacting with this enzyme. The antisera and the gamma-globulin derived thereform were examined by the technics of immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and immunoinhibition of the enzyme. The antisera gave no precipitation lines with human high density lipoproteins (HDL) and human low density lipoproteins (LDL). A weak antibody titer towards human serum albumin was noted only after prolonged immunization. The enzymatically active band isolated from acrylamide gels gave a single arc in immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. The gamma-globulin derived from the antisera inhibited human phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol acyltransferase activity.", "contents": "Characterization of antibody to human phosphatidylcholine: cholesterol acyltransferase. Purified preparations of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin): cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43), were injected into goats to produce antisera reacting with this enzyme. The antisera and the gamma-globulin derived thereform were examined by the technics of immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and immunoinhibition of the enzyme. The antisera gave no precipitation lines with human high density lipoproteins (HDL) and human low density lipoproteins (LDL). A weak antibody titer towards human serum albumin was noted only after prolonged immunization. The enzymatically active band isolated from acrylamide gels gave a single arc in immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. The gamma-globulin derived from the antisera inhibited human phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol acyltransferase activity.", "PMID": 402156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1204", "title": "Purification of the intestinal receptor for intrinsic factor by affinity chromatography.", "content": "The intestinal receptor for the intrinsic factor vitamin B-12 complex has been solubilized and then purified from the guinea pig ileum using a double structured affinity resin comprised of intrinsic factor coupled to vitamin B-12 which, in turn, was covalently linked to Sepharose 4B. The receptor purified approximately 57 000-fold from the crude homogenate, appears to be a homogenous protein which may be composed of two subunits which separated when the preparation was subjected to polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid induced dissociation of the complex between the purified receptor and intrinsic factor-B-12 could not be reversed by the addition of excess Ca2+, unlike the effect of EDTA with semipurified receptor or crude ileal homogenates. Calcium reversed the EDTA effect only after the mixture was subjected to extensive dialysis suggesting that the chelating agent interacts directly with the receptor protein. Intrinsic factor-vitamin B-12 competively inhibited the binding of intrinsic factor-[57Co] vitamin B-12 to the purified receptor whereas vitamin B-12 free intrinsic factor did not, even at a 100-fold greater concentration.", "contents": "Purification of the intestinal receptor for intrinsic factor by affinity chromatography. The intestinal receptor for the intrinsic factor vitamin B-12 complex has been solubilized and then purified from the guinea pig ileum using a double structured affinity resin comprised of intrinsic factor coupled to vitamin B-12 which, in turn, was covalently linked to Sepharose 4B. The receptor purified approximately 57 000-fold from the crude homogenate, appears to be a homogenous protein which may be composed of two subunits which separated when the preparation was subjected to polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid induced dissociation of the complex between the purified receptor and intrinsic factor-B-12 could not be reversed by the addition of excess Ca2+, unlike the effect of EDTA with semipurified receptor or crude ileal homogenates. Calcium reversed the EDTA effect only after the mixture was subjected to extensive dialysis suggesting that the chelating agent interacts directly with the receptor protein. Intrinsic factor-vitamin B-12 competively inhibited the binding of intrinsic factor-[57Co] vitamin B-12 to the purified receptor whereas vitamin B-12 free intrinsic factor did not, even at a 100-fold greater concentration.", "PMID": 402157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1205", "title": "Human pituitary thyrotropin. Characterization of five glycoproteins with thyrotropin activity.", "content": "Human pituitary thyrotropin prepared by chromatography on hydroxyapatite or on SP-Sephadex was fractionated into five active components by preparative poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The potency of the five components was 4-9 units human Research Standard A/mg. Examination of the components by analytical electrophoresis and by immunological methods revealed no heterogeneity. Ultracentrifugaiton of the three major components showed homogeneity with sedimentaiton coefficinets in the range of 2.4-3.0 S and a value for the molecular weight of about 33 000. Amino acid and carbohydrate analyses indicated close similarites between the five components.", "contents": "Human pituitary thyrotropin. Characterization of five glycoproteins with thyrotropin activity. Human pituitary thyrotropin prepared by chromatography on hydroxyapatite or on SP-Sephadex was fractionated into five active components by preparative poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The potency of the five components was 4-9 units human Research Standard A/mg. Examination of the components by analytical electrophoresis and by immunological methods revealed no heterogeneity. Ultracentrifugaiton of the three major components showed homogeneity with sedimentaiton coefficinets in the range of 2.4-3.0 S and a value for the molecular weight of about 33 000. Amino acid and carbohydrate analyses indicated close similarites between the five components.", "PMID": 402158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1206", "title": "Human pancreatic lipase: a glycoprotein.", "content": "Human lipase has been purified from pancreatic juice. The protein has a molecular weight of 48 000 and an N-terminal residue of lysine. It has been characterized as a glycoprotein containing 4.7 mol of glucosamine, 2.8 mol of mannose, 2.9 mol of fucose, 3.0 mol. of galactose and 1.1 mol of glucose per mol of protein. Two isolipases have been separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their isoelectric points are 5.80 and 5.85, respectively and both are glycoproteins. Immunological cross reactions have been obtained between human lipase and other mammalian lipases (porcine, bovine, ovine, canine and rat).", "contents": "Human pancreatic lipase: a glycoprotein. Human lipase has been purified from pancreatic juice. The protein has a molecular weight of 48 000 and an N-terminal residue of lysine. It has been characterized as a glycoprotein containing 4.7 mol of glucosamine, 2.8 mol of mannose, 2.9 mol of fucose, 3.0 mol. of galactose and 1.1 mol of glucose per mol of protein. Two isolipases have been separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their isoelectric points are 5.80 and 5.85, respectively and both are glycoproteins. Immunological cross reactions have been obtained between human lipase and other mammalian lipases (porcine, bovine, ovine, canine and rat).", "PMID": 402159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1207", "title": "Preparation and characterization of total, rough and smooth microsomes from the lung of control and methylcholanthrene-treated rats.", "content": "Optimal conditions for the preparation of relatively pure microsomes and microsomal subfractions from rat lung have been determined. The most importnat of these conditions is homogenization of a 20% (w/v) suspension of lung tissue in 0.44 M sucrose/1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin with four up-and-down strokes at 440 rev./min in a Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer. The 10000 X g supernatant prepared from this homogenate can be centrifuged at 105000 X g to obtain total microsomes or subfractionated into rough and smooth microsomes on a Cs+-containing discontinuous sucrose gradient. The total, rough and smooth microsomes have been characterized in terms of their chemical composition, enzymatic activity, and morphology. These preparations should prove useful in studies of various enzymes in lung (e.g. benzpyrene monooxygenase, epoxide hydrase, enzymes of phospholipid and ascorbic acid synthesis) and in subfractionations designed to reveal heterogeneites in the lateral plane of the lung endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of total, rough and smooth microsomes from the lung of control and methylcholanthrene-treated rats. Optimal conditions for the preparation of relatively pure microsomes and microsomal subfractions from rat lung have been determined. The most importnat of these conditions is homogenization of a 20% (w/v) suspension of lung tissue in 0.44 M sucrose/1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin with four up-and-down strokes at 440 rev./min in a Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer. The 10000 X g supernatant prepared from this homogenate can be centrifuged at 105000 X g to obtain total microsomes or subfractionated into rough and smooth microsomes on a Cs+-containing discontinuous sucrose gradient. The total, rough and smooth microsomes have been characterized in terms of their chemical composition, enzymatic activity, and morphology. These preparations should prove useful in studies of various enzymes in lung (e.g. benzpyrene monooxygenase, epoxide hydrase, enzymes of phospholipid and ascorbic acid synthesis) and in subfractionations designed to reveal heterogeneites in the lateral plane of the lung endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 402160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1208", "title": "The influence of diurnal rhythms of carbohydrate metabolism in adult rat liver on the metabolic characteristics of isolated liver parenchymal cells.", "content": "Rats trained to the \"8 + 16\" controlled feeding cycle where food is only available for the first 8 h of the 12 h dark period exhibit a pronounced diurnal rhythm of hepatic glycogen metabolism. Glycogen is stored within the liver parenchymal cells during the dark period and subsequently mobilized for energy production during the light period. Hepatocytes, isolated by collagenase perfusion, from livers of such animals have differing capacities for glycogen synthesis when incubated with glucose. Cells prepared at the end of the 16 h period without food have very little capacity for synthesis compared with much higher rates obtained in cells obtained during the feeding period. Cells obtained from liver containing a large glycogen concentration produce a net breakdown of glycogen during incubations with glucose, however experiments using radioactively labelled glucose indicate that synthesis does occur in these cells. The changes in the capacity of the cells for glycogen synthesis appear to be due, in part, to changes in the percentage of the cell population involved in synthesis and in the activity of glycogen synthetase a. Attempts of influence the rate of glycogen synthesis at any time of day with insulin or dexamethasone were unsuccessful.", "contents": "The influence of diurnal rhythms of carbohydrate metabolism in adult rat liver on the metabolic characteristics of isolated liver parenchymal cells. Rats trained to the \"8 + 16\" controlled feeding cycle where food is only available for the first 8 h of the 12 h dark period exhibit a pronounced diurnal rhythm of hepatic glycogen metabolism. Glycogen is stored within the liver parenchymal cells during the dark period and subsequently mobilized for energy production during the light period. Hepatocytes, isolated by collagenase perfusion, from livers of such animals have differing capacities for glycogen synthesis when incubated with glucose. Cells prepared at the end of the 16 h period without food have very little capacity for synthesis compared with much higher rates obtained in cells obtained during the feeding period. Cells obtained from liver containing a large glycogen concentration produce a net breakdown of glycogen during incubations with glucose, however experiments using radioactively labelled glucose indicate that synthesis does occur in these cells. The changes in the capacity of the cells for glycogen synthesis appear to be due, in part, to changes in the percentage of the cell population involved in synthesis and in the activity of glycogen synthetase a. Attempts of influence the rate of glycogen synthesis at any time of day with insulin or dexamethasone were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 402161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1209", "title": "Effect of glutaraldehyde treatment on enzyme-loaded erythrocytes.", "content": "In principle, enzyme-loaded erythrocytes can be used as a vehicle for enzyme replacement therapy in lysosomal storage diseases. Glutaraldehyde treatment renders these erythrocytes more resistant to lysis without inactivating the enzymes that have been entrapped inside them. Glutaraldehyde treatment does not prevent ingestion of enzyme-loaded erythrocytes by macrophages in vitro so that these cells can be used to deliver enzymes to lysosomes. In vivo, the glutaraldehyde-treated cells are quickly removed from the circulation by the spleen or liver. The degree of glutaraldehyde treatment allows the erythrocytes to be targeted either to the spleen (low glutaraldehyde concentrations) or to the liver (higher glutaraldehyde concentrations).", "contents": "Effect of glutaraldehyde treatment on enzyme-loaded erythrocytes. In principle, enzyme-loaded erythrocytes can be used as a vehicle for enzyme replacement therapy in lysosomal storage diseases. Glutaraldehyde treatment renders these erythrocytes more resistant to lysis without inactivating the enzymes that have been entrapped inside them. Glutaraldehyde treatment does not prevent ingestion of enzyme-loaded erythrocytes by macrophages in vitro so that these cells can be used to deliver enzymes to lysosomes. In vivo, the glutaraldehyde-treated cells are quickly removed from the circulation by the spleen or liver. The degree of glutaraldehyde treatment allows the erythrocytes to be targeted either to the spleen (low glutaraldehyde concentrations) or to the liver (higher glutaraldehyde concentrations).", "PMID": 402162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1210", "title": "In vitro stimulation of primate hemoglobin synthesis by L-thyroxine.", "content": "Bone marrow cells from adult and abortus primates (marmosets) were incubated in vitro to determine their responsiveness to L-thyroxine. 3H-leucine incorporation into purified globin chains was the parameter assayed to determine responsiveness. Bone marrow from spontaneously aborted animals consistently was stimulated by the presence of physiologic levels of L-thyroxine. Bone marrow cells from adult animals were unaffected by the hormone.", "contents": "In vitro stimulation of primate hemoglobin synthesis by L-thyroxine. Bone marrow cells from adult and abortus primates (marmosets) were incubated in vitro to determine their responsiveness to L-thyroxine. 3H-leucine incorporation into purified globin chains was the parameter assayed to determine responsiveness. Bone marrow from spontaneously aborted animals consistently was stimulated by the presence of physiologic levels of L-thyroxine. Bone marrow cells from adult animals were unaffected by the hormone.", "PMID": 402163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1211", "title": "The effects of EDTA and EGTA on renin secretion.", "content": "1 The effects of the disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (EDTA) and 1, 2, bis, 2 aminoethoxyethane-NNN'N'-tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) on renin secretion and vascular resistance were studied in the isolated perfused kidney of the rat. 2 Both substances produced a significant increase of renin release 3 In the absence of calcium and magnesium, EDTA still increased rein release and there was now a considerable increase of perfusion pressure. 4 The rise of pressure but not the rise of renin was inhibited by the removal of potassium from the perfusate when EDTA was administered in the absence of calcium. 5 Propranolol and phenoxybenzamine had no effect on the vasoconstrictor action of EDTA. 6 EGTA was less effective as a renin releaser than EDTA until magnesium was removed from the perfusate. Furter, it had only a small effect on perfusion pressure in contrast to EDTA.", "contents": "The effects of EDTA and EGTA on renin secretion. 1 The effects of the disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (EDTA) and 1, 2, bis, 2 aminoethoxyethane-NNN'N'-tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) on renin secretion and vascular resistance were studied in the isolated perfused kidney of the rat. 2 Both substances produced a significant increase of renin release 3 In the absence of calcium and magnesium, EDTA still increased rein release and there was now a considerable increase of perfusion pressure. 4 The rise of pressure but not the rise of renin was inhibited by the removal of potassium from the perfusate when EDTA was administered in the absence of calcium. 5 Propranolol and phenoxybenzamine had no effect on the vasoconstrictor action of EDTA. 6 EGTA was less effective as a renin releaser than EDTA until magnesium was removed from the perfusate. Furter, it had only a small effect on perfusion pressure in contrast to EDTA.", "PMID": 402166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1212", "title": "Effect of indomethacin and related drugs on the calcium ion-dependent secretion of lysosomal and other enzymes by neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes in vitro.", "content": "1 Rabbit isolated peritoneal neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes were depleted of calcium by exposure for 1 h to calcium-free bathing fluid at 4 degrees C. 2 Addition of calcium ions to the previously calcium-depleted calls during incubation at 37 degrees C stimulated the release of beta-glucuronidase and of lysozyme but not of lactate dehydrogenase. 3 Low concentrations of indomethacin, flufenamate or salicylate, such as those which occur in the blood plasma after therapeutic doses of these drugs, selectively inhibited the calcium-induced release of beta-glucuronidase. The slight release of this enzyme which occurred in the absence of added calcium ions was not altered by these drugs, neither was the  release of lactate dehydrogenase. 4 Release of lysozyme was inhibited by low concentrations of salicylate, amidopyrine or oxyphenbutazone, independent of the presence or absence of calcium ions. 5 Chloroquine, hydrocortisone or colchicine did not alter the release of leucocyte enzymes.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin and related drugs on the calcium ion-dependent secretion of lysosomal and other enzymes by neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes in vitro. 1 Rabbit isolated peritoneal neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes were depleted of calcium by exposure for 1 h to calcium-free bathing fluid at 4 degrees C. 2 Addition of calcium ions to the previously calcium-depleted calls during incubation at 37 degrees C stimulated the release of beta-glucuronidase and of lysozyme but not of lactate dehydrogenase. 3 Low concentrations of indomethacin, flufenamate or salicylate, such as those which occur in the blood plasma after therapeutic doses of these drugs, selectively inhibited the calcium-induced release of beta-glucuronidase. The slight release of this enzyme which occurred in the absence of added calcium ions was not altered by these drugs, neither was the  release of lactate dehydrogenase. 4 Release of lysozyme was inhibited by low concentrations of salicylate, amidopyrine or oxyphenbutazone, independent of the presence or absence of calcium ions. 5 Chloroquine, hydrocortisone or colchicine did not alter the release of leucocyte enzymes.", "PMID": 402167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1213", "title": "Deleterious effects of prolonged electrical excitation of striate cortex in macaques.", "content": "Macaques were trained to respond to electrical excitation applied through electrodes permanently implanted within or upon striate cortex. Threshold current for the animal to detect this stimulation was highly consistent from day to day and, in the absence of tissue encapsulation of the electrodes or deliberately inflicted damage, remained stable indefinitely, 38 months in the longest case so far. Stimulating continuously for 1-8h, however, produces an elevation of threshold, which may be permanent or temporary, depending upon a variety of conditions. A major cause of such injury is the hydrolysis commonly occurring consequent to passage of low-level currents between solutions and metal electrodes. Even when the hydrolytic reaction is eliminated by restricting the level of electrode polarization or by using capacitative stimulation with tantalum pentoxide electrodes, a rise in threshold often still occurs with protracted stimulation. With proper control in some instances, however, effective stimulation at 2-10 times the threshold level could be maintained indefinitely without apparent injury, e.g. in a blind monkey having a threshold of 290 muA that could respond immediately to an 80-muA diminution in 580-muA, 0.2-msec stimulus pulses which had been applied steadily for 1 h at 50 Hz.", "contents": "Deleterious effects of prolonged electrical excitation of striate cortex in macaques. Macaques were trained to respond to electrical excitation applied through electrodes permanently implanted within or upon striate cortex. Threshold current for the animal to detect this stimulation was highly consistent from day to day and, in the absence of tissue encapsulation of the electrodes or deliberately inflicted damage, remained stable indefinitely, 38 months in the longest case so far. Stimulating continuously for 1-8h, however, produces an elevation of threshold, which may be permanent or temporary, depending upon a variety of conditions. A major cause of such injury is the hydrolysis commonly occurring consequent to passage of low-level currents between solutions and metal electrodes. Even when the hydrolytic reaction is eliminated by restricting the level of electrode polarization or by using capacitative stimulation with tantalum pentoxide electrodes, a rise in threshold often still occurs with protracted stimulation. With proper control in some instances, however, effective stimulation at 2-10 times the threshold level could be maintained indefinitely without apparent injury, e.g. in a blind monkey having a threshold of 290 muA that could respond immediately to an 80-muA diminution in 580-muA, 0.2-msec stimulus pulses which had been applied steadily for 1 h at 50 Hz.", "PMID": 402170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1214", "title": "Action of inhibitors on monoamine and diamine metabolism in the rat.", "content": "The effects of a series of inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) and diamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6) and of two chelating agents were studied in rats, with respect to the catabolism of labeled pentylamine and putrescine to radioactive carbon dioxide. D-Tranylcypromine, clorgyline, and deprenyl inhibited oxidation of the monoamine, with essentially no effect on putrescine, under our test conditions. Aminoguanidine inhibited putrescine but not pentylamine oxidation. Iproniazid, isoniazid, and Lilly 51641 affected the catabolism of both amines. Pargyline inhibited putrescine oxidation, apparently in a reversible manner.", "contents": "Action of inhibitors on monoamine and diamine metabolism in the rat. The effects of a series of inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) and diamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6) and of two chelating agents were studied in rats, with respect to the catabolism of labeled pentylamine and putrescine to radioactive carbon dioxide. D-Tranylcypromine, clorgyline, and deprenyl inhibited oxidation of the monoamine, with essentially no effect on putrescine, under our test conditions. Aminoguanidine inhibited putrescine but not pentylamine oxidation. Iproniazid, isoniazid, and Lilly 51641 affected the catabolism of both amines. Pargyline inhibited putrescine oxidation, apparently in a reversible manner.", "PMID": 402175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1215", "title": "Serum effects on the response of mammalian cells to the exotoxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Corynebacterium diphtheriae.", "content": "The response of mammalian cells to Pseudomonas and diphtheria exotoxins was studied. A method was developed whereby the sensitivity of cells to these two toxins could be quantitated. The method is versatile and can be used to study the effects of toxins on many cellular metabolic or transport processes. The type of serum used in the culture medium significantly influenced the response of cells to the toxins. Calf, horse, and human sera protected cells while fetal calf serum did not. Precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 demonstrated the probable presence of toxin-specific antibody in the protective calf serum while none was detected in the nonprotective fetal calf serum. The level of antibody in calf serum, as titrated by hemagglutination, was sufficient to account for all the observed protection. It is suggested that fetal calf serum be used for all future cell culture studies of bacterial toxins.", "contents": "Serum effects on the response of mammalian cells to the exotoxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The response of mammalian cells to Pseudomonas and diphtheria exotoxins was studied. A method was developed whereby the sensitivity of cells to these two toxins could be quantitated. The method is versatile and can be used to study the effects of toxins on many cellular metabolic or transport processes. The type of serum used in the culture medium significantly influenced the response of cells to the toxins. Calf, horse, and human sera protected cells while fetal calf serum did not. Precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 demonstrated the probable presence of toxin-specific antibody in the protective calf serum while none was detected in the nonprotective fetal calf serum. The level of antibody in calf serum, as titrated by hemagglutination, was sufficient to account for all the observed protection. It is suggested that fetal calf serum be used for all future cell culture studies of bacterial toxins.", "PMID": 402176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1216", "title": "Rh isoimmunization, Manitoba, 1963-75.", "content": "The number of Rh-isoimmunized pregnancies in Manitoba has been reduced from 223 and 228 in the years ending Oct. 31, 1963 and 1964 to 60 and 62 in the years ending Oct. 31, 1974 and 1975. The number per 1000 total births in the same years has decreased from 10.0 and 10.6 to 3.4 and 3.5 Perinatal mortality rates in those years decreased from 13.8 amd 15.7% to 0 and 2.2%, respectively. The number of perinatal deaths has been reduced from 55 in the first 2 years reported to 1 in the last 2 years. Among the 121 isoimmunized women pregnant in the 2-year period ending Oct. 31, 1975, isoimmunization was due to failure to give Rh immune globulin after delivery in 33 and failure to give it during pregnancy in 48. Of the remaining 40, 37 were immunized before Rh immune globulin became available. Complete prevention of Rh isoimmunization and therefore of all perinatal deaths from Rh erythroblastosis can only be achieved through universal Rh testing prenatally and immediately after delivery, and institution of an antenatal Rh prophylaxis program.", "contents": "Rh isoimmunization, Manitoba, 1963-75. The number of Rh-isoimmunized pregnancies in Manitoba has been reduced from 223 and 228 in the years ending Oct. 31, 1963 and 1964 to 60 and 62 in the years ending Oct. 31, 1974 and 1975. The number per 1000 total births in the same years has decreased from 10.0 and 10.6 to 3.4 and 3.5 Perinatal mortality rates in those years decreased from 13.8 amd 15.7% to 0 and 2.2%, respectively. The number of perinatal deaths has been reduced from 55 in the first 2 years reported to 1 in the last 2 years. Among the 121 isoimmunized women pregnant in the 2-year period ending Oct. 31, 1975, isoimmunization was due to failure to give Rh immune globulin after delivery in 33 and failure to give it during pregnancy in 48. Of the remaining 40, 37 were immunized before Rh immune globulin became available. Complete prevention of Rh isoimmunization and therefore of all perinatal deaths from Rh erythroblastosis can only be achieved through universal Rh testing prenatally and immediately after delivery, and institution of an antenatal Rh prophylaxis program.", "PMID": 402178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1217", "title": "Isolated thyrotropin deficiency due to a pituitary tumour.", "content": "Hypothyroidism due to isolated deficiency of thyrotropin (TSH) associated with an enlarged sella turcica, presumably the result of a nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, occurred in a 58-year-old man. Low serum concentrations of TSH and thyroid hormones, together with the lack of TSH response to administration of thyroid releasing hormone, indicated a pituitary deficiency of TSH. Serum values of other pituitary hormones were normal.", "contents": "Isolated thyrotropin deficiency due to a pituitary tumour. Hypothyroidism due to isolated deficiency of thyrotropin (TSH) associated with an enlarged sella turcica, presumably the result of a nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, occurred in a 58-year-old man. Low serum concentrations of TSH and thyroid hormones, together with the lack of TSH response to administration of thyroid releasing hormone, indicated a pituitary deficiency of TSH. Serum values of other pituitary hormones were normal.", "PMID": 402180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1218", "title": "Intravenous hyperalimentation as an adjunct to colon interposition for carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "Ten consecutive malnourished patients with undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus underwent operation for colon interposition. They received intravenous hyperalimentation preoperatively and/or postoperatively for an average time of 21.5 days and had an average weight gain of 6.5 lb. There was no significant gastrointestinal morbidity, but one patient succumbed to aspiration pneumonia. All ten patients had postoperative gastrografin swallow radiography which showed no leaks in either anastomosis. With proper use of intravenous hyperalimentation, morbidity and mortality following colon interposition in the malnourished patient for either palliative or curative bypass can be decreased to acceptable levels.", "contents": "Intravenous hyperalimentation as an adjunct to colon interposition for carcinoma of the esophagus. Ten consecutive malnourished patients with undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus underwent operation for colon interposition. They received intravenous hyperalimentation preoperatively and/or postoperatively for an average time of 21.5 days and had an average weight gain of 6.5 lb. There was no significant gastrointestinal morbidity, but one patient succumbed to aspiration pneumonia. All ten patients had postoperative gastrografin swallow radiography which showed no leaks in either anastomosis. With proper use of intravenous hyperalimentation, morbidity and mortality following colon interposition in the malnourished patient for either palliative or curative bypass can be decreased to acceptable levels.", "PMID": 402182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1219", "title": "Stages I--III Hodgkin's disease in children: results of staging and treatment.", "content": "Fifty-two children with clinical stages I-III Hodgkin's disease were evaluated for disease extent between April 1969 and March 1975. All underwent laparotomy and splenectomy. Two patients with liver involvement were excluded. Thirty of 31 patients with pathologically staged IA-IIA disease have been continuous complete remission after mantle and para-aortic irradiation. There have been no extensions into the untreated pelvis. Fourteen of 15 patients with pathologic stages IIB and IIIB disease show no evidence of relapse after TNI and MOPP. Three of four patients with stage IIIA disease developed nodal relapse after irradiation; all are alive without evidence of disease after re-irradiation (3) and MOPP (2). Thus 45 of 50 patients (90%) have remained continuously free of disease after completion of the planned treatment, and overall 49 of 50 (98%) are alive, without evidence of disease. Such results justify continuation of our staging and treatment philosophy in children with Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Stages I--III Hodgkin's disease in children: results of staging and treatment. Fifty-two children with clinical stages I-III Hodgkin's disease were evaluated for disease extent between April 1969 and March 1975. All underwent laparotomy and splenectomy. Two patients with liver involvement were excluded. Thirty of 31 patients with pathologically staged IA-IIA disease have been continuous complete remission after mantle and para-aortic irradiation. There have been no extensions into the untreated pelvis. Fourteen of 15 patients with pathologic stages IIB and IIIB disease show no evidence of relapse after TNI and MOPP. Three of four patients with stage IIIA disease developed nodal relapse after irradiation; all are alive without evidence of disease after re-irradiation (3) and MOPP (2). Thus 45 of 50 patients (90%) have remained continuously free of disease after completion of the planned treatment, and overall 49 of 50 (98%) are alive, without evidence of disease. Such results justify continuation of our staging and treatment philosophy in children with Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 402183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1220", "title": "Radiation therapy of carcinoma of the tonsil.", "content": "The results of treatment with radiation therapy of 65 cases of epidermoid carcinoma of the palatine tonsil have been reviewed. The major determinant of prognosis is the stage of the primary lesion. Failure usually results from the inability to control local grossly detectable tumor. Thirteen of thirteen T1 lesions but only two of sixteen T3 lesions were locally cured with external beam radiation therapy. No difference in survival was noted between patients with no clinical adenopathy vs those with clinically involved movable ipsilateral adenopathy.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of carcinoma of the tonsil. The results of treatment with radiation therapy of 65 cases of epidermoid carcinoma of the palatine tonsil have been reviewed. The major determinant of prognosis is the stage of the primary lesion. Failure usually results from the inability to control local grossly detectable tumor. Thirteen of thirteen T1 lesions but only two of sixteen T3 lesions were locally cured with external beam radiation therapy. No difference in survival was noted between patients with no clinical adenopathy vs those with clinically involved movable ipsilateral adenopathy.", "PMID": 402184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1221", "title": "Intravenous hyperalimentation as an adjunct to radiation therapy.", "content": "Radiation therapy may induce anorexia with resultant weight loss and inanition that can limit the dose of radiation therapy administered. The purpose of this study was to evaluate 39 nutritionally-depleted patients who had a variety of malignant diseases treated with radiation therapy and concomitant nutritional support with intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH). The average dose of radiation delivered was 3827 rads in an average of 3.5 weeks. Ninety-five percent of the patients completed their planned course of radiation therapy and improved symptomatically. Fifty-four percent of the patients responded with a greater than 50% reduction in tumor size. Responding patients gained an average weight of 13.0 +/- 6.5 lbs. during IVH (av. 36.2 days) and radiation therapy (av. 3832 rads), whereas non-responding patients gained only 4.9 +/- 8.8 lbs. (p less than 0.001) during IVH (av. 42.8 days) and radiation therapy (av. 3819 rads). Serum albumin concentrations rose from 3.12 +/- 0.49 gm/100 ml to 3.51 +/- 0.68 gm/100 ml (p less than 0.05) during treatment in responding patients but did not rise significantly from 3.09 +/- 0.48 gm/100 ml in non-responding patients. In conclusion, IVH allowed a planned course of radiation therapy to be delivered to a group of poor-risk, malnourished cancer patients, and a positive correlation between tumor response and nutritional status was identified. Moreover, IVH was a valuable adjunct in the treatment of six patients who had enteric fistulas that originated from radiated bowel.", "contents": "Intravenous hyperalimentation as an adjunct to radiation therapy. Radiation therapy may induce anorexia with resultant weight loss and inanition that can limit the dose of radiation therapy administered. The purpose of this study was to evaluate 39 nutritionally-depleted patients who had a variety of malignant diseases treated with radiation therapy and concomitant nutritional support with intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH). The average dose of radiation delivered was 3827 rads in an average of 3.5 weeks. Ninety-five percent of the patients completed their planned course of radiation therapy and improved symptomatically. Fifty-four percent of the patients responded with a greater than 50% reduction in tumor size. Responding patients gained an average weight of 13.0 +/- 6.5 lbs. during IVH (av. 36.2 days) and radiation therapy (av. 3832 rads), whereas non-responding patients gained only 4.9 +/- 8.8 lbs. (p less than 0.001) during IVH (av. 42.8 days) and radiation therapy (av. 3819 rads). Serum albumin concentrations rose from 3.12 +/- 0.49 gm/100 ml to 3.51 +/- 0.68 gm/100 ml (p less than 0.05) during treatment in responding patients but did not rise significantly from 3.09 +/- 0.48 gm/100 ml in non-responding patients. In conclusion, IVH allowed a planned course of radiation therapy to be delivered to a group of poor-risk, malnourished cancer patients, and a positive correlation between tumor response and nutritional status was identified. Moreover, IVH was a valuable adjunct in the treatment of six patients who had enteric fistulas that originated from radiated bowel.", "PMID": 402185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1222", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen as a radiotherapeutic adjuvant in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix: preliminary results of a randomized trial.", "content": "From September 1968 to March 1974, a randomized clinical trial was carried out, using conventional fractionation, i.e., five treatments per week, in 233 patients with advanced cancers of the uterine cervix--Stages IIB, IIA, IIIB and IVA. The age limit was 70 years and all patients had medical clearance. Lymphangiography and, in some patients, an exploratory laparotomy with selective lymphadenectomy, were done prior to treatment to determine the extent of nodal disease. The staging has not been changed either by lymphangiogram or lymphadenectomy findings. A few patients with bulky Stage I and IIA lesions were entered into the trial because of extensive nodal disease demonstrated either by lymphangiogram and/or lymphadenectomy. First, the patients were grouped according to the clinical stage. The secondary stratification was according to the lymphangiogram and/or selective lymphadenectomy findings. The patients were then randomized to air or hyperbaric oxygen within each group. The patients were pressurized in a Vickers chamber at 3 atmosphere absolute, using a 20-minute soak time prior to the irradition. The size of the external beam portal was determined by the status of the nodes. The difference in absolute NED (no evidence of disease) survival rates for both groups as a whole and by stages is not statistically significant. There is no difference in the incidence of failures in the irradiated area between the HPO and air patients. There is no increase in distant metastases in the HP group. It does not seem that the HPO has had an effect on the major complications. However, there was an increase in the incidence of complications with extended fields. The addition of lymphadenectomy had increased the incidence of fatal complications, even with routine pelvic portals. The negative results of this trial with conventional fractioantion should not lead to the conclusion that HPO could not be useful with schemes using a few high dose fractions.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen as a radiotherapeutic adjuvant in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix: preliminary results of a randomized trial. From September 1968 to March 1974, a randomized clinical trial was carried out, using conventional fractionation, i.e., five treatments per week, in 233 patients with advanced cancers of the uterine cervix--Stages IIB, IIA, IIIB and IVA. The age limit was 70 years and all patients had medical clearance. Lymphangiography and, in some patients, an exploratory laparotomy with selective lymphadenectomy, were done prior to treatment to determine the extent of nodal disease. The staging has not been changed either by lymphangiogram or lymphadenectomy findings. A few patients with bulky Stage I and IIA lesions were entered into the trial because of extensive nodal disease demonstrated either by lymphangiogram and/or lymphadenectomy. First, the patients were grouped according to the clinical stage. The secondary stratification was according to the lymphangiogram and/or selective lymphadenectomy findings. The patients were then randomized to air or hyperbaric oxygen within each group. The patients were pressurized in a Vickers chamber at 3 atmosphere absolute, using a 20-minute soak time prior to the irradition. The size of the external beam portal was determined by the status of the nodes. The difference in absolute NED (no evidence of disease) survival rates for both groups as a whole and by stages is not statistically significant. There is no difference in the incidence of failures in the irradiated area between the HPO and air patients. There is no increase in distant metastases in the HP group. It does not seem that the HPO has had an effect on the major complications. However, there was an increase in the incidence of complications with extended fields. The addition of lymphadenectomy had increased the incidence of fatal complications, even with routine pelvic portals. The negative results of this trial with conventional fractioantion should not lead to the conclusion that HPO could not be useful with schemes using a few high dose fractions.", "PMID": 402186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1223", "title": "Effect of thymosin in vitro on T cell levels during radiation therapy: correlations with radiation portal and initial T cell levels.", "content": "The effect of thymosin in vitro on percent T cells was determined in 388 blood specimens from patients with head and neck, mediastinal, and pelvic malignancies during radiation therapy, in 94 untreated patients with these malignancies, and 277 normal adults. Changes in percent T cell levels after incubation of lymphocytes with thymosin did not correlate with tumor histology or cumulative radiation dose, but in all groups correlated with radiation portal and initial T cell levels. T cell levels increased by a similar increment in normals and in the untreated patients. During irradiation, the mean levels after incubation with thymosin did not change in patients with head and neck and pelvic malignancies, but in patients with mediastinal malignancies the levels increased significantly more than in normals. For a given T cell level, the increase in patients with mediastinal malignancies was greater than in patients with pelvic malignancies, and as a group was greater than in patients with head and neck malignancies. The results can be explained by an increase in circulating thymosin-responsive lymphocytes during mediastinal irradiation due to suppression of a function of the thymus important for maturation of these cells, and a decrease in these cells during pelvic irradiation due to a deleterious effect on precursors in pelvic bone marrow. The results thus provide a rationale for clinical trials to assess the efficacy of thymosin in averting declines of T cell levels in patients receiving mediastinal irradiation.", "contents": "Effect of thymosin in vitro on T cell levels during radiation therapy: correlations with radiation portal and initial T cell levels. The effect of thymosin in vitro on percent T cells was determined in 388 blood specimens from patients with head and neck, mediastinal, and pelvic malignancies during radiation therapy, in 94 untreated patients with these malignancies, and 277 normal adults. Changes in percent T cell levels after incubation of lymphocytes with thymosin did not correlate with tumor histology or cumulative radiation dose, but in all groups correlated with radiation portal and initial T cell levels. T cell levels increased by a similar increment in normals and in the untreated patients. During irradiation, the mean levels after incubation with thymosin did not change in patients with head and neck and pelvic malignancies, but in patients with mediastinal malignancies the levels increased significantly more than in normals. For a given T cell level, the increase in patients with mediastinal malignancies was greater than in patients with pelvic malignancies, and as a group was greater than in patients with head and neck malignancies. The results can be explained by an increase in circulating thymosin-responsive lymphocytes during mediastinal irradiation due to suppression of a function of the thymus important for maturation of these cells, and a decrease in these cells during pelvic irradiation due to a deleterious effect on precursors in pelvic bone marrow. The results thus provide a rationale for clinical trials to assess the efficacy of thymosin in averting declines of T cell levels in patients receiving mediastinal irradiation.", "PMID": 402187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1224", "title": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia: management of splenectomy in a high-risk population.", "content": "Splenectomies have been performed on 58 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) during the last 16 years. For the 27 patients operated upon during the first 12 years, the operative mortality was 26%. Four patients also had to be re-explored for bleeding and three required drainage of subphrenic abscesses. There has been no operative mortality in the 31 patients operated using a standardized procedure during the last four years but two had to be re-explored for bleeding and one required drainage of a subphrenic abscess. The operative risks for leukemic patients are infection, perhaps related to granulocyte abnormalities and hemorrhage in patients with thrombocytopenia or qualitative platelet abnormalities. When the splenectomy in patients with CML is timed with the patient's chemotherapy cycle, the use of local antibiotics and platelet concentrates should permit a safe operation. Survival rates were not comprised even when the patients had their splenectomy during CML-blast crisis.", "contents": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia: management of splenectomy in a high-risk population. Splenectomies have been performed on 58 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) during the last 16 years. For the 27 patients operated upon during the first 12 years, the operative mortality was 26%. Four patients also had to be re-explored for bleeding and three required drainage of subphrenic abscesses. There has been no operative mortality in the 31 patients operated using a standardized procedure during the last four years but two had to be re-explored for bleeding and one required drainage of a subphrenic abscess. The operative risks for leukemic patients are infection, perhaps related to granulocyte abnormalities and hemorrhage in patients with thrombocytopenia or qualitative platelet abnormalities. When the splenectomy in patients with CML is timed with the patient's chemotherapy cycle, the use of local antibiotics and platelet concentrates should permit a safe operation. Survival rates were not comprised even when the patients had their splenectomy during CML-blast crisis.", "PMID": 402188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1225", "title": "Combined therapy for endometrial carcinoma preoperative intracavitary irradiation followed promptly by hysterectomy.", "content": "A group of 99 patients with endometrial cancer clinically confined to the uterus has been treated with preoperative adjunctive intracavitary irradiation followed within 72 hours by total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingoophorectomy. Those patients with poorly differentiated tumors, deep myometrial invasion, cervical involvement, or pelvic metastasis were then considered for external beam radiotherapy to the whole pelvis because of the increased risk of involvement of pelvic nodes or other pelvic structures. Only one of 16 patients so treated has failed in the pelvis. The overall Berkson-Gage actuarial survival at 3 years, uncorrected for death from intercurrent disease, is 85.8%. No vaginal recurrences have been identified. Although this series has not been randomized, it appears that there has been a reduction in vaginal and pelvic recurrences when compared with patients reported by others who have received no adjuvant radiotherapy. The low recurrent rate and favorable survival in this group of patients was achieved with low morbidity from this treatment technique.", "contents": "Combined therapy for endometrial carcinoma preoperative intracavitary irradiation followed promptly by hysterectomy. A group of 99 patients with endometrial cancer clinically confined to the uterus has been treated with preoperative adjunctive intracavitary irradiation followed within 72 hours by total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingoophorectomy. Those patients with poorly differentiated tumors, deep myometrial invasion, cervical involvement, or pelvic metastasis were then considered for external beam radiotherapy to the whole pelvis because of the increased risk of involvement of pelvic nodes or other pelvic structures. Only one of 16 patients so treated has failed in the pelvis. The overall Berkson-Gage actuarial survival at 3 years, uncorrected for death from intercurrent disease, is 85.8%. No vaginal recurrences have been identified. Although this series has not been randomized, it appears that there has been a reduction in vaginal and pelvic recurrences when compared with patients reported by others who have received no adjuvant radiotherapy. The low recurrent rate and favorable survival in this group of patients was achieved with low morbidity from this treatment technique.", "PMID": 402189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1226", "title": "Management and results of endometrial carcinoma treated at Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Oncologia de Francisco Gentil.", "content": "The experience of 260 patients with endometrial carcinoma was reviewed. The influence of factors such as age, stage of disease, grade and degree of myometrial penetration on the survival was presented, showing that survival decreases in elderly patients, in patients with advanced stage of disease, when the tumor is undifferentiated, and when the tumor deeply penetrates the myometrium. The methods of therapy, fall into three main groups: surgery, radiotherapy, and combined therapy, the latter yielding the best 5-year survival rate, in all stages. The incidence of vaginal recurrences was low, probably due to the fact that 68.8% of the patients were treated by a combined therapeutic modality.", "contents": "Management and results of endometrial carcinoma treated at Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Oncologia de Francisco Gentil. The experience of 260 patients with endometrial carcinoma was reviewed. The influence of factors such as age, stage of disease, grade and degree of myometrial penetration on the survival was presented, showing that survival decreases in elderly patients, in patients with advanced stage of disease, when the tumor is undifferentiated, and when the tumor deeply penetrates the myometrium. The methods of therapy, fall into three main groups: surgery, radiotherapy, and combined therapy, the latter yielding the best 5-year survival rate, in all stages. The incidence of vaginal recurrences was low, probably due to the fact that 68.8% of the patients were treated by a combined therapeutic modality.", "PMID": 402190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1227", "title": "Radiation treatment planning.", "content": "Radiation treatment planning has developed into a substantial and effective component of the entire radiation treatment approach. Over the last 2 decades, with the development of high energy electron and x-ray sources, and also with the availability of new radionuclides and techniques for internally applied radiation, all of which permit a high degree of concentration of radiation, treatment planning has been developed to make best use of these modalities. The use of automatic computation has proved necessary in order to handle the large amounts of radiation data involved in treatment dose calculation. Tumor and anatomical localization has been carried out with increasing precision. Several cases are described which illustrate planning and in particular the use of computerized transverse tomography. The use of moving shadow-shields is also described. For internally applied radiation, the features of iodine-125 are illustrated.", "contents": "Radiation treatment planning. Radiation treatment planning has developed into a substantial and effective component of the entire radiation treatment approach. Over the last 2 decades, with the development of high energy electron and x-ray sources, and also with the availability of new radionuclides and techniques for internally applied radiation, all of which permit a high degree of concentration of radiation, treatment planning has been developed to make best use of these modalities. The use of automatic computation has proved necessary in order to handle the large amounts of radiation data involved in treatment dose calculation. Tumor and anatomical localization has been carried out with increasing precision. Several cases are described which illustrate planning and in particular the use of computerized transverse tomography. The use of moving shadow-shields is also described. For internally applied radiation, the features of iodine-125 are illustrated.", "PMID": 402192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1228", "title": "Supportive therapy in radiation oncology.", "content": "Measures for supportive care of the radiation therapy patient are presented. These include emotional support prior to and during the course of therapy facilitated by a written interview that allows the radiation oncologist to be a supportive communicator of realistic information. A discussion is made of the support of body tissues affected by combination radiation and chemotherapy. These tissues usually include skin, oral, esophageal and intestinal mucosa, and teeth. Means of maintaining nutritional support following weight loss of patients during therapy are described.", "contents": "Supportive therapy in radiation oncology. Measures for supportive care of the radiation therapy patient are presented. These include emotional support prior to and during the course of therapy facilitated by a written interview that allows the radiation oncologist to be a supportive communicator of realistic information. A discussion is made of the support of body tissues affected by combination radiation and chemotherapy. These tissues usually include skin, oral, esophageal and intestinal mucosa, and teeth. Means of maintaining nutritional support following weight loss of patients during therapy are described.", "PMID": 402193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1229", "title": "High-energy photon and electron beam.", "content": "The optimum radiation treatment plan for any given clinical situation can be achieved by combining various irradiation modalities and beam energies. The availability of equipment that provides photon and electron beams of energies from 4 MeV to 25 MeV permits optimal dose distribution throughout the treatment volume. Since no difference in the biological effectiveness of electrons compared with megavoltage photons has been demonstrated in laboratory studies, there is no hesitation in combining electrons with photons. The selection of the various energies, the combination of electrons with photons, and the ratio of the given doses of each beam depend on the location of the tumor and the maximum depth to be treated. With the use of one beam alone, a combination of 25 MeV and 4 to 6 MeV photon beams, or a combination of photons and electrons, the most effective treatment plan with the available beams can be designed for any clinical situation.", "contents": "High-energy photon and electron beam. The optimum radiation treatment plan for any given clinical situation can be achieved by combining various irradiation modalities and beam energies. The availability of equipment that provides photon and electron beams of energies from 4 MeV to 25 MeV permits optimal dose distribution throughout the treatment volume. Since no difference in the biological effectiveness of electrons compared with megavoltage photons has been demonstrated in laboratory studies, there is no hesitation in combining electrons with photons. The selection of the various energies, the combination of electrons with photons, and the ratio of the given doses of each beam depend on the location of the tumor and the maximum depth to be treated. With the use of one beam alone, a combination of 25 MeV and 4 to 6 MeV photon beams, or a combination of photons and electrons, the most effective treatment plan with the available beams can be designed for any clinical situation.", "PMID": 402195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1230", "title": "Particle radiation therapy: current status and future potential.", "content": "Radiation therapy with \"heavy\" particles offers potential biological and physical advantages compared to irradiation with low LET photons. Clinical studies are in progress with proton beams, which have dosimetric advantages, and fast neutron beams, which have potential biologic advantages. Clinical studies with negative pi mesons and heavy nuclei, which have combined dosimetric and biologic advantages are about to start.", "contents": "Particle radiation therapy: current status and future potential. Radiation therapy with \"heavy\" particles offers potential biological and physical advantages compared to irradiation with low LET photons. Clinical studies are in progress with proton beams, which have dosimetric advantages, and fast neutron beams, which have potential biologic advantages. Clinical studies with negative pi mesons and heavy nuclei, which have combined dosimetric and biologic advantages are about to start.", "PMID": 402196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1231", "title": "Soft part tumors.", "content": "Results of management of rhabdomyosarcoma of childhood have improved in a dramatic manner during the recent 10 years as a consequence of the treatment by three modality approach which relies on an intensive multi-drug multicycle chemotherapy regimen combined with radiation therapy and or surgery. Both local results and total disease-free survival rates are markedly better with this more comprehensive approach. A staging system for sarcoma of soft tissue has just been developed by the A.J.C. Histopathological grade is the important parameter: stage 1,2, and 3 are tumors of histological grades 1, 2, and 3 respectively (an outline of the system is presented). Treatment results of 100 patients with sarcoma of soft tissue (extremities 89, torso 11) treated by radical dose radiation therapy (less than 6300 rad) and limited surgery at M.D. Anderson Hospital are presented. For both local control and disease free survival, results decreased with advancing stage and anatomic site was not a factor per se. Radiation therapy under tourniquet induced hypoxia was not found to be significantly more effective than conventional radical dose therapy. The necessity of planning treatment such that if subsequent surgery is required, the fields will provide the best distribution of unirradiated or low dose tissue for preparation of flaps, etc.", "contents": "Soft part tumors. Results of management of rhabdomyosarcoma of childhood have improved in a dramatic manner during the recent 10 years as a consequence of the treatment by three modality approach which relies on an intensive multi-drug multicycle chemotherapy regimen combined with radiation therapy and or surgery. Both local results and total disease-free survival rates are markedly better with this more comprehensive approach. A staging system for sarcoma of soft tissue has just been developed by the A.J.C. Histopathological grade is the important parameter: stage 1,2, and 3 are tumors of histological grades 1, 2, and 3 respectively (an outline of the system is presented). Treatment results of 100 patients with sarcoma of soft tissue (extremities 89, torso 11) treated by radical dose radiation therapy (less than 6300 rad) and limited surgery at M.D. Anderson Hospital are presented. For both local control and disease free survival, results decreased with advancing stage and anatomic site was not a factor per se. Radiation therapy under tourniquet induced hypoxia was not found to be significantly more effective than conventional radical dose therapy. The necessity of planning treatment such that if subsequent surgery is required, the fields will provide the best distribution of unirradiated or low dose tissue for preparation of flaps, etc.", "PMID": 402198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1232", "title": "Radiation in bone sarcomas: a re-evaluation in the era of intensive systemic chemotherapy.", "content": "We have reviewed the literature and described experience in treating Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma before and during the era of intensive systemic chemotherapy. Local control of Ewing's sarcoma may relate to increasing doses of radiation, especially when intensive chemotherapy is administered also. Problems of radiation enhancement by chemotherapy have caused us to reconsider time-dose and volume parameters in treating these patients. The role of radiation in osteogenic sarcoma is limited to patients with inoperable lesions and metastases.", "contents": "Radiation in bone sarcomas: a re-evaluation in the era of intensive systemic chemotherapy. We have reviewed the literature and described experience in treating Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma before and during the era of intensive systemic chemotherapy. Local control of Ewing's sarcoma may relate to increasing doses of radiation, especially when intensive chemotherapy is administered also. Problems of radiation enhancement by chemotherapy have caused us to reconsider time-dose and volume parameters in treating these patients. The role of radiation in osteogenic sarcoma is limited to patients with inoperable lesions and metastases.", "PMID": 402197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1233", "title": "Radiotherapy in Hodgkin's disease: past achievements and future progress.", "content": "Improvements in results of treatment for Hodgkin's disease have been dramatic in the last 20 years. The results of high dose radiation therapy are reviewed in terms of the importance of the extent of the field of irradiation. The importance of adjuvant chemotherapy is also discussed. Problem areas both in staging and in general management of patients with Hodgkin's disease are emphasized. Long-term complications of treatment, both radiotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic are stressed. The excellent results of management for stage I, II (A and B), and IIIA Hodgkin's disease have reached a level at which future studies must aim at reducing the morbidity of treatment.", "contents": "Radiotherapy in Hodgkin's disease: past achievements and future progress. Improvements in results of treatment for Hodgkin's disease have been dramatic in the last 20 years. The results of high dose radiation therapy are reviewed in terms of the importance of the extent of the field of irradiation. The importance of adjuvant chemotherapy is also discussed. Problem areas both in staging and in general management of patients with Hodgkin's disease are emphasized. Long-term complications of treatment, both radiotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic are stressed. The excellent results of management for stage I, II (A and B), and IIIA Hodgkin's disease have reached a level at which future studies must aim at reducing the morbidity of treatment.", "PMID": 402199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1234", "title": "Radiation oncology: cancer of the prostate.", "content": "The role of palliative radiation treatment of prostate cancer is well recognized. Appreciation of the value of definitive radiation therapy in management of locally advanced prostate cancer is increasing. Optimal management requires careful patient selection with multidiscipline evaluation to provide accurate grading and staging, availability of adequate facilities, and careful planning the treatment. Definitive radiation therapy may be used as primary treatment, or in management of endocrine treatment failure, and in postoperative residual or recurrent cancers. Similar techniques may be employed in the management of locally symptomatic Stage D cancer. Definitive radiation therapy is useful management of some Stage B and many Stage C locally advanced and nonresectable cancers of the prostate.", "contents": "Radiation oncology: cancer of the prostate. The role of palliative radiation treatment of prostate cancer is well recognized. Appreciation of the value of definitive radiation therapy in management of locally advanced prostate cancer is increasing. Optimal management requires careful patient selection with multidiscipline evaluation to provide accurate grading and staging, availability of adequate facilities, and careful planning the treatment. Definitive radiation therapy may be used as primary treatment, or in management of endocrine treatment failure, and in postoperative residual or recurrent cancers. Similar techniques may be employed in the management of locally symptomatic Stage D cancer. Definitive radiation therapy is useful management of some Stage B and many Stage C locally advanced and nonresectable cancers of the prostate.", "PMID": 402200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1235", "title": "The present status and future potential of radiotherapy in the management of esophageal cancer.", "content": "The management of 2032 patients with squamous esophageal cancer seen in Edinburgh from 1931 to 1969 was studied. Since 1949 more radical surgical treatment has been offered and since 1956 more radical radiotherapy. From 1949 to 1969 there has been a  swing over from mainly surgical to mainly radiation treatment associated with a rise in the overall one and five-year survival rates to 32% and 9% respectively. The main reason for failure is the prevalence of disseminated disease. The significant mortality of surgical treatment limits its usefulness. Too often, radiotherapy fails because of recurrence of tumor within the irradiated volume. In the upper 2/3 of the esophagus irradiation is preferable to surgery because of better sirvoval. In the lower 1/3 the two methods achieve similar long term survival but following irradiation the short term survival is better and the patient retains a normal stomach. Improvement could be achieved by prevention, earlier diagnosis, improved tumor delineation and a wide range of measures to improve the local effectiveness of irradiation.", "contents": "The present status and future potential of radiotherapy in the management of esophageal cancer. The management of 2032 patients with squamous esophageal cancer seen in Edinburgh from 1931 to 1969 was studied. Since 1949 more radical surgical treatment has been offered and since 1956 more radical radiotherapy. From 1949 to 1969 there has been a  swing over from mainly surgical to mainly radiation treatment associated with a rise in the overall one and five-year survival rates to 32% and 9% respectively. The main reason for failure is the prevalence of disseminated disease. The significant mortality of surgical treatment limits its usefulness. Too often, radiotherapy fails because of recurrence of tumor within the irradiated volume. In the upper 2/3 of the esophagus irradiation is preferable to surgery because of better sirvoval. In the lower 1/3 the two methods achieve similar long term survival but following irradiation the short term survival is better and the patient retains a normal stomach. Improvement could be achieved by prevention, earlier diagnosis, improved tumor delineation and a wide range of measures to improve the local effectiveness of irradiation.", "PMID": 402201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1236", "title": "Radiation therapy as initial treatment for early stage cancer of the breast without mastectomy.", "content": "This report describes 150 patients with clinical stage I and II carcinoma of the breast treated at four institutions--Yale University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School-Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Hahnemann Medical College, Jefferson Medical College--with radiotherapy only following excisional biopsy. Closely similar treatment policies were followed at all four centers, 4500-5000 rads minimum tumor dose being delivered to the entire breast and axillary, supraclavicular and internal mammary nodes. Forty-six of 49 stage I patients treated are alive without disease, the actuarial relapse-free survival being 91% at 5 years. Of the 101 stage II patients, 75 are alive without disease with a relapse-free actuarial survival of 60% at 5 years. Local failure has occurred in 10 patients (9 stage II and 1 stage I, 6.6%) 5 of whom are disease-free following mastectomy. The results obtained in this study are comparable to those of conventional surgery. It is our conclusion that mastectomy is not a necessary part of the treatment of small breast cancers, that radiation without mastectomy is an acceptable alternative with far superior cosmetic and functional results. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered particularly in stage II patients in view of their 40% relapse rate.", "contents": "Radiation therapy as initial treatment for early stage cancer of the breast without mastectomy. This report describes 150 patients with clinical stage I and II carcinoma of the breast treated at four institutions--Yale University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School-Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Hahnemann Medical College, Jefferson Medical College--with radiotherapy only following excisional biopsy. Closely similar treatment policies were followed at all four centers, 4500-5000 rads minimum tumor dose being delivered to the entire breast and axillary, supraclavicular and internal mammary nodes. Forty-six of 49 stage I patients treated are alive without disease, the actuarial relapse-free survival being 91% at 5 years. Of the 101 stage II patients, 75 are alive without disease with a relapse-free actuarial survival of 60% at 5 years. Local failure has occurred in 10 patients (9 stage II and 1 stage I, 6.6%) 5 of whom are disease-free following mastectomy. The results obtained in this study are comparable to those of conventional surgery. It is our conclusion that mastectomy is not a necessary part of the treatment of small breast cancers, that radiation without mastectomy is an acceptable alternative with far superior cosmetic and functional results. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered particularly in stage II patients in view of their 40% relapse rate.", "PMID": 402202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1237", "title": "Radiotherapy in the postoperative treatment of operable cancer of the breast. Part I. Critique of the clinical and biometric aspects of the trials.", "content": "A statistical assessment of several \"randomized\" clinical trials was carried out and the following conclusions were noted. 1. There is no statistically significant evidence that radiation to the peripheral lymphatics and/or chest wall following radical mastectomy affects survival. 2. There is significant evidence that postoperative irradiation to the peripheral lymphatics and/or chest wall does decrease local recurrence rate. 3. There is reliable evidence that the treatment of local recurrence, once it develops, is successful in only 50% of the cases. 4. There is evidence that radiation plus simple mastectomy is as effective in the treatment of breast cancer as radical mastectomy alone. It is our considered opinion that radiation remains a useful adjuvant and complementary agent in the treatment of breast cancer, is not harmful vis a vis survival and should be used when and where indicated.", "contents": "Radiotherapy in the postoperative treatment of operable cancer of the breast. Part I. Critique of the clinical and biometric aspects of the trials. A statistical assessment of several \"randomized\" clinical trials was carried out and the following conclusions were noted. 1. There is no statistically significant evidence that radiation to the peripheral lymphatics and/or chest wall following radical mastectomy affects survival. 2. There is significant evidence that postoperative irradiation to the peripheral lymphatics and/or chest wall does decrease local recurrence rate. 3. There is reliable evidence that the treatment of local recurrence, once it develops, is successful in only 50% of the cases. 4. There is evidence that radiation plus simple mastectomy is as effective in the treatment of breast cancer as radical mastectomy alone. It is our considered opinion that radiation remains a useful adjuvant and complementary agent in the treatment of breast cancer, is not harmful vis a vis survival and should be used when and where indicated.", "PMID": 402203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1238", "title": "Carcinoma of the cervix: present status and future.", "content": "The incidence of invasive carcinoma of the cervix is decreasing in Puerto Rico and Continental U.S.A. This appears to be related to improvements in socioeconomic level and adequate utilization of the Pap smear in the population. Mortality from carcinoma of the cervix has shown a 60% reduction in the last 20 years. Most likely this is related to the observed reduction in the incidence  of the invasive forms of the disease, earlier diagnosis, and improvements in therapy. Optimal therapy of the clinically evident invasive forms of the disease is a combination of external irradiation and intracavitary brachytherapy. Surgery would be of value for specific clinical situations as an adjuvant to irradiation (barrel-shaped types), in post-irradiation recurrences, inadequate brachytherapy, etc. The yield in terms of survival and disease-free status in the pelvis is high for the early stages of the disease (approximately 90% 5-year survival and 97% control of pelvic tumor for stage I), but stage IIIB and IV cases show a failure rate of close to 50% or more in the irradiated volume and a high incidence of metastases to the para-aortic nodes and elsewhere.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the cervix: present status and future. The incidence of invasive carcinoma of the cervix is decreasing in Puerto Rico and Continental U.S.A. This appears to be related to improvements in socioeconomic level and adequate utilization of the Pap smear in the population. Mortality from carcinoma of the cervix has shown a 60% reduction in the last 20 years. Most likely this is related to the observed reduction in the incidence  of the invasive forms of the disease, earlier diagnosis, and improvements in therapy. Optimal therapy of the clinically evident invasive forms of the disease is a combination of external irradiation and intracavitary brachytherapy. Surgery would be of value for specific clinical situations as an adjuvant to irradiation (barrel-shaped types), in post-irradiation recurrences, inadequate brachytherapy, etc. The yield in terms of survival and disease-free status in the pelvis is high for the early stages of the disease (approximately 90% 5-year survival and 97% control of pelvic tumor for stage I), but stage IIIB and IV cases show a failure rate of close to 50% or more in the irradiated volume and a high incidence of metastases to the para-aortic nodes and elsewhere.", "PMID": 402204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1239", "title": "Carcinoma of the testis.", "content": "Patients with Stage I or II malignant testis germ cell tumors underwent a randomized prospective study at Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, D.C., from 1968 to 1973. Pure cell lines of seminoma or choriocarcinoma were excluded. Forty patients had inguinal orchiectomy followed by irradiation to the inguinal, iliac, lumbar para-aortic, mediastinal and supraclavicular lymph nodes. Thirty-four patients (85%) in this group are alive and free of tumor a minimum of 3 years. Fifty-one patients received pre- and postoperative irradiation to primary lymphatic pathways in association with bilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy as well as elective irradiation to the mediastinum and supraclavicular regions. Forty-six patients (90%) in this second group are alive and free of tumor a minimum of three years. Both treatment methods represent marked improvement in cure rates compared to lymphadenectomy and postoperative irradiation utilized prior to 1968, but no statistically significant difference from each other.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the testis. Patients with Stage I or II malignant testis germ cell tumors underwent a randomized prospective study at Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, D.C., from 1968 to 1973. Pure cell lines of seminoma or choriocarcinoma were excluded. Forty patients had inguinal orchiectomy followed by irradiation to the inguinal, iliac, lumbar para-aortic, mediastinal and supraclavicular lymph nodes. Thirty-four patients (85%) in this group are alive and free of tumor a minimum of 3 years. Fifty-one patients received pre- and postoperative irradiation to primary lymphatic pathways in association with bilateral retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy as well as elective irradiation to the mediastinum and supraclavicular regions. Forty-six patients (90%) in this second group are alive and free of tumor a minimum of three years. Both treatment methods represent marked improvement in cure rates compared to lymphadenectomy and postoperative irradiation utilized prior to 1968, but no statistically significant difference from each other.", "PMID": 402206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1240", "title": "Hyperplastic alveolar nodules of the rat mammary gland: tumor-producing capability in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Carcinogen-induced hyperplastic alveolar nodules failed to form tumors after transplantation into isologous female rats; instead they developed ductal or ductal-alveolar outgrowths. Mammary glands from mid-pregnant female rats showed similar outgrowths following transplantation to the isologous hosts. In vitro and in vivo studies failed to demonstrate that subcarcinogenic doses of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene can induce mammary tumorigenesis in the hyperplastic alveolar nodules. Our observations suggest that carcinogen-induced hyperplastic alveolar nodules are not 'preneoplastic' lesions in mammary carcinogenesis in the rat.", "contents": "Hyperplastic alveolar nodules of the rat mammary gland: tumor-producing capability in vivo and in vitro. Carcinogen-induced hyperplastic alveolar nodules failed to form tumors after transplantation into isologous female rats; instead they developed ductal or ductal-alveolar outgrowths. Mammary glands from mid-pregnant female rats showed similar outgrowths following transplantation to the isologous hosts. In vitro and in vivo studies failed to demonstrate that subcarcinogenic doses of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene can induce mammary tumorigenesis in the hyperplastic alveolar nodules. Our observations suggest that carcinogen-induced hyperplastic alveolar nodules are not 'preneoplastic' lesions in mammary carcinogenesis in the rat.", "PMID": 402207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1241", "title": "Molecular structure of the K-region cis-dihydrodiol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.", "content": "The molecular structure and conformation of the cis-5,6-dihydrodiol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene has been determined by an X-ray crystallographic analysis. The compound crystallizes in the space group P21/a with cell dimensions a equals 17.799(6), b equals 33.211(8), c equals 5.241(1) A, beta equals 91.88(2)degrees. There are two molecules, designated A and B in the asymmetrical unit, that are not related to each other by crystallographic symmetry. Their conformations are almost identical, and there are no significant differences in their bond lengths or angles. In both molecules the 5-hydroxyl group is equatorial while the 6-hydroxyl group is axial. This conformation is probably forced by steric hindrance between the hydroxyl group, 0-6, and the hydrogen atoms of the 7-methyl group. The molecules pack in the crystal by forming hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of adjacent molecules, A with A, B, with B, and A with B. The ring system of the cis-5,6-dihydrodiol is much more buckled than is that in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene itself. The angle between the two outermost rings is 36 degrees, the deviation from planarity being primarily a consequence of the partial saturation in the ring containing the two hydroxyl groups. Extrapolation of these results to other dihydrodiol derivatives of carcinogenic hydrocarbons permits some predictions of preferred molecular geometry. Thus, the 8,9-dihydrodiol-10,11-epoxide of 7,12-dimethylbenz]a[anthracene, analogous to the biologically active 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide of benzo]a[pyrene, a mutagen that is believed to be an active intermediate in carcinogenesis by benzo]a[pyrene, should probably exist preferentially in a conformation bearing the8-hydroxyl group in the axial orientation.", "contents": "Molecular structure of the K-region cis-dihydrodiol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The molecular structure and conformation of the cis-5,6-dihydrodiol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene has been determined by an X-ray crystallographic analysis. The compound crystallizes in the space group P21/a with cell dimensions a equals 17.799(6), b equals 33.211(8), c equals 5.241(1) A, beta equals 91.88(2)degrees. There are two molecules, designated A and B in the asymmetrical unit, that are not related to each other by crystallographic symmetry. Their conformations are almost identical, and there are no significant differences in their bond lengths or angles. In both molecules the 5-hydroxyl group is equatorial while the 6-hydroxyl group is axial. This conformation is probably forced by steric hindrance between the hydroxyl group, 0-6, and the hydrogen atoms of the 7-methyl group. The molecules pack in the crystal by forming hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of adjacent molecules, A with A, B, with B, and A with B. The ring system of the cis-5,6-dihydrodiol is much more buckled than is that in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene itself. The angle between the two outermost rings is 36 degrees, the deviation from planarity being primarily a consequence of the partial saturation in the ring containing the two hydroxyl groups. Extrapolation of these results to other dihydrodiol derivatives of carcinogenic hydrocarbons permits some predictions of preferred molecular geometry. Thus, the 8,9-dihydrodiol-10,11-epoxide of 7,12-dimethylbenz]a[anthracene, analogous to the biologically active 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide of benzo]a[pyrene, a mutagen that is believed to be an active intermediate in carcinogenesis by benzo]a[pyrene, should probably exist preferentially in a conformation bearing the8-hydroxyl group in the axial orientation.", "PMID": 402208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1242", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the glycoprotein (JBB5) in the urine of a patient with carcinoma of the colon.", "content": "Patient J. B. with metastatic carcinoma of the colon excreted 0.5 to 1.0 g protein daily, about one-third of which was in Molecular Weight Class 30,000 to 60,000. The major component of this class was isolated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The purified protein, labeled JBB5, contained about 11% sialic acid, 8% hexose, and 4% hexosamine. Its molecular weight was between 51,000 and 59,000. It did not react detectably with antisera to any of the recognized normal human plasma proteins. A specific antiserum to JBB5 was raised in the rabbit. Urine from 4% of subjects with nonneoplastic illnesses reacted in double immunodiffusion with anti-JBB5. Thirty-three % positive reactions were obtained with urines from patients with advanced neoplastic disease, the percentage varying from 64% in metastatic cancer of the pancreas to 15% in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the glycoprotein (JBB5) in the urine of a patient with carcinoma of the colon. Patient J. B. with metastatic carcinoma of the colon excreted 0.5 to 1.0 g protein daily, about one-third of which was in Molecular Weight Class 30,000 to 60,000. The major component of this class was isolated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The purified protein, labeled JBB5, contained about 11% sialic acid, 8% hexose, and 4% hexosamine. Its molecular weight was between 51,000 and 59,000. It did not react detectably with antisera to any of the recognized normal human plasma proteins. A specific antiserum to JBB5 was raised in the rabbit. Urine from 4% of subjects with nonneoplastic illnesses reacted in double immunodiffusion with anti-JBB5. Thirty-three % positive reactions were obtained with urines from patients with advanced neoplastic disease, the percentage varying from 64% in metastatic cancer of the pancreas to 15% in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 402209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1243", "title": "Immuno-cytochemical demonstration, in the external region of the amphibian median eminence, of separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres.", "content": "By means of single and double immuno-enzyme cytochemical staining techniques, it was shown that the external region of the amphibian median eminence contains separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the vasotocinergic fibres also contain neurophysin. In animals in which the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory preoptic nuclei had been completely removed, the immuno-reactive vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic fibres of the median eminence had disappeared. From this result, it is concluded that, at least the great majority of the vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic fibres of the external region of the amphibian median eminence are processes of neurosecretory perikarya located in the hypothalamic magnocellular preoptic nuclei. On the other hand, our results do not exclude the possibility that a minority of these neurosecretory fibres originate from small immuno-reactive perikarya which were found in the tuber cinereum. The observation that both kinds of processes accumulate around blood capillaries of the hypophysial portal system strongly suggests that they play a role in the control of the activity of the pars distalis of the hypophysis.", "contents": "Immuno-cytochemical demonstration, in the external region of the amphibian median eminence, of separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres. By means of single and double immuno-enzyme cytochemical staining techniques, it was shown that the external region of the amphibian median eminence contains separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic nerve fibres. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the vasotocinergic fibres also contain neurophysin. In animals in which the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory preoptic nuclei had been completely removed, the immuno-reactive vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic fibres of the median eminence had disappeared. From this result, it is concluded that, at least the great majority of the vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic fibres of the external region of the amphibian median eminence are processes of neurosecretory perikarya located in the hypothalamic magnocellular preoptic nuclei. On the other hand, our results do not exclude the possibility that a minority of these neurosecretory fibres originate from small immuno-reactive perikarya which were found in the tuber cinereum. The observation that both kinds of processes accumulate around blood capillaries of the hypophysial portal system strongly suggests that they play a role in the control of the activity of the pars distalis of the hypophysis.", "PMID": 402210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1244", "title": "Studies on the juxtaglomerular apparatus. V. The juxtaglomerular apparatus in Tupaia with special reference to intercellular contacts.", "content": "The vascular pole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in Tupaia belangeri was studied with special reference to the intercellular contacts of the periendothelial cells and the endothelium of the vas afferens. The periendothelial cells of the vascular pole of the glomerulum are connected by numerous gap junctions; and the granulated epithelial cells are suggested to form a functional unit. Probably there is a continuity of this system throughout the entire vascular pole including (1) all granulated cells, (2) all lacis cells, (3) the mesangium cells and (4) the adjacent smooth muscle cells of the vas afferens and vas efferens. Analysis of the endothelial junctions shows a zonular arrangement of tight junctions indicating a rather tight blood-tissue barrier next to the glomerular vascular pole; The ultrastructure of the different cell types of the vas afferens is also described, emphasizing the granulated epithelial cells and their innervation.", "contents": "Studies on the juxtaglomerular apparatus. V. The juxtaglomerular apparatus in Tupaia with special reference to intercellular contacts. The vascular pole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in Tupaia belangeri was studied with special reference to the intercellular contacts of the periendothelial cells and the endothelium of the vas afferens. The periendothelial cells of the vascular pole of the glomerulum are connected by numerous gap junctions; and the granulated epithelial cells are suggested to form a functional unit. Probably there is a continuity of this system throughout the entire vascular pole including (1) all granulated cells, (2) all lacis cells, (3) the mesangium cells and (4) the adjacent smooth muscle cells of the vas afferens and vas efferens. Analysis of the endothelial junctions shows a zonular arrangement of tight junctions indicating a rather tight blood-tissue barrier next to the glomerular vascular pole; The ultrastructure of the different cell types of the vas afferens is also described, emphasizing the granulated epithelial cells and their innervation.", "PMID": 402211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1245", "title": "The third ventricle of monkeys; Scanning electron microscopy of surface features in mature males and females.", "content": "Surface features of the ependymal lining of the third ventricle in mature male and female monkeys have been investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Broad aspects of third ventricular morphology from three species of monkey are similar regardless of sex. The lateral walls are heavily ciliated whereas the ventral floor and most ventral parts of the lateral walls are not. Clumps of cilia on the lateral walls are so dense that underlying surface details are usually obscured. There is a transition zone between the ciliated lateral wall and nonciliated ventral floor. The floor and lower part of the lateral walls of the third ventricule exhibit a characteristic polygonal pattern upon which surface specializations such as microvilli, blebs and polymorphous membrane protrusions are superimposed. Ependyma of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle also display membrane specializations. Supraependymal cells are more visible in nonciliated regions.", "contents": "The third ventricle of monkeys; Scanning electron microscopy of surface features in mature males and females. Surface features of the ependymal lining of the third ventricle in mature male and female monkeys have been investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Broad aspects of third ventricular morphology from three species of monkey are similar regardless of sex. The lateral walls are heavily ciliated whereas the ventral floor and most ventral parts of the lateral walls are not. Clumps of cilia on the lateral walls are so dense that underlying surface details are usually obscured. There is a transition zone between the ciliated lateral wall and nonciliated ventral floor. The floor and lower part of the lateral walls of the third ventricule exhibit a characteristic polygonal pattern upon which surface specializations such as microvilli, blebs and polymorphous membrane protrusions are superimposed. Ependyma of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle also display membrane specializations. Supraependymal cells are more visible in nonciliated regions.", "PMID": 402212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1246", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of thyrotropin-releasing factor in the rat median eminence.", "content": "Antibodies raised in rabbits against a synthetic preparation of thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) were used in association with the immunoperoxidase histochemical technique to localize TRF in the rat median eminence. Using coronal sections cut through the mid-arcuate region, specific immuno-reactive material was observed in the medial and lateral regions of the superficial layer of the external median eminence.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of thyrotropin-releasing factor in the rat median eminence. Antibodies raised in rabbits against a synthetic preparation of thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) were used in association with the immunoperoxidase histochemical technique to localize TRF in the rat median eminence. Using coronal sections cut through the mid-arcuate region, specific immuno-reactive material was observed in the medial and lateral regions of the superficial layer of the external median eminence.", "PMID": 402213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1247", "title": "Taste areas of the plica sublingualis of Alouatta and Aotus (Primates, Platyrrhini).", "content": "A conspicuous accumulation of taste buds occurs in the rostral part of the plica sublingualis (\"frenal lamella\") of Alouatta and Aotus forming taste areas (area gustatoria) superficially situated in the oral mucous membrane. They are found in close vicinity to the orifices of the sublingual salivary glands, but are lacking in the aboral part of the plica sublingualis. They do not occur in all primate species studied. A taste area does not projects above the surface of the surrounding tissue like a papilla. The taste buds open not in crypts of furrows of the oral mucosa, but directly into the spatium sublinguale of the oral cavity proper. In the anterior part of the cavum oris proprium different kinds and very differentiated qualities of sensoral information are perceived (touch, olfaction, temperature). It is conceivable that the taste areas play an important role in perceiving fresh saliva, together with the other sensorial structures in this part of the mouth. This problem can be solved experimentally and by behavioral studies, In addition to its topographical relation to the tongue, the organon sublinguale of Callicebus is structurally very similar to the plica sublingualis of Aotus and Alouatta. Since a sublingua does not occur in New World monkeys, it can be concluded that this organ represents a plica sublingualis which became adherent to the undersurface of the tongue.", "contents": "Taste areas of the plica sublingualis of Alouatta and Aotus (Primates, Platyrrhini). A conspicuous accumulation of taste buds occurs in the rostral part of the plica sublingualis (\"frenal lamella\") of Alouatta and Aotus forming taste areas (area gustatoria) superficially situated in the oral mucous membrane. They are found in close vicinity to the orifices of the sublingual salivary glands, but are lacking in the aboral part of the plica sublingualis. They do not occur in all primate species studied. A taste area does not projects above the surface of the surrounding tissue like a papilla. The taste buds open not in crypts of furrows of the oral mucosa, but directly into the spatium sublinguale of the oral cavity proper. In the anterior part of the cavum oris proprium different kinds and very differentiated qualities of sensoral information are perceived (touch, olfaction, temperature). It is conceivable that the taste areas play an important role in perceiving fresh saliva, together with the other sensorial structures in this part of the mouth. This problem can be solved experimentally and by behavioral studies, In addition to its topographical relation to the tongue, the organon sublinguale of Callicebus is structurally very similar to the plica sublingualis of Aotus and Alouatta. Since a sublingua does not occur in New World monkeys, it can be concluded that this organ represents a plica sublingualis which became adherent to the undersurface of the tongue.", "PMID": 402214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1248", "title": "Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical demonstration of pancreatic polypeptide-containing F-cells in the stomach and pancreas of Tupaia belangeri.", "content": "The gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) system in Tupaia belangeri contains a specific cell which reacts with antisera to pancreatic polypeptide (PP). The cells are scattered between exocrine pancreatic cells and also found in the pancreatic islets. Furthermore, they are also located in the fundic glands and to a very small extent in the corpus mucosa and in the glands of the upper duodenum. The cell reacting with antisera against PP is identified as the F-cell which has a specific ultrastructure especially with respect to its secretion. The present identification of the F-cell as the PP-cell in pancreas and stomach is discussed with respect to its possible functional implications.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical demonstration of pancreatic polypeptide-containing F-cells in the stomach and pancreas of Tupaia belangeri. The gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) system in Tupaia belangeri contains a specific cell which reacts with antisera to pancreatic polypeptide (PP). The cells are scattered between exocrine pancreatic cells and also found in the pancreatic islets. Furthermore, they are also located in the fundic glands and to a very small extent in the corpus mucosa and in the glands of the upper duodenum. The cell reacting with antisera against PP is identified as the F-cell which has a specific ultrastructure especially with respect to its secretion. The present identification of the F-cell as the PP-cell in pancreas and stomach is discussed with respect to its possible functional implications.", "PMID": 402215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1249", "title": "Differences in pulmonary microvascular anatomy between Bufo marinus and Xenopus laevis.", "content": "1. Histological and corrosion-casting techniques have been used to provide a comparison of lung structure between a terrestrial load (Bufo marinus) and an aquatic one (Xenopus laevis). The pulmonary microvascular anatomy is distinctly different in these two species and both differ from classical descriptions of other anuran lungs. 2. In X. laevis large peribronchial vessels form a number of direct connections between the pulmonary artery and vein at the base of the lung. As a result of their location these vessels could easily function as respiratory bypasses or shunts. No similar connections were found in B. marinus lungs, nor have they been previously described for any other anuran amphibians. Possible respiratory implications of their presence in X. laevis are discussed. 3. The patterns of major vessel distribution are markedly different in the two species. Despite these differences the appearance of the respiratory capillary beds and their patterns of supply and drainage are surprisingly similar, suggesting that common design problems have been encountered in the evolution of both lung types. 4. The lungs of X. laevis have considerably less septal and lung wall smooth muscle than is the case in B. marinus. However, Xenopus lungs are generally thicker-walled and of more solid construction. The differences are discussed in terms of the widely different habitats of the two species.", "contents": "Differences in pulmonary microvascular anatomy between Bufo marinus and Xenopus laevis. 1. Histological and corrosion-casting techniques have been used to provide a comparison of lung structure between a terrestrial load (Bufo marinus) and an aquatic one (Xenopus laevis). The pulmonary microvascular anatomy is distinctly different in these two species and both differ from classical descriptions of other anuran lungs. 2. In X. laevis large peribronchial vessels form a number of direct connections between the pulmonary artery and vein at the base of the lung. As a result of their location these vessels could easily function as respiratory bypasses or shunts. No similar connections were found in B. marinus lungs, nor have they been previously described for any other anuran amphibians. Possible respiratory implications of their presence in X. laevis are discussed. 3. The patterns of major vessel distribution are markedly different in the two species. Despite these differences the appearance of the respiratory capillary beds and their patterns of supply and drainage are surprisingly similar, suggesting that common design problems have been encountered in the evolution of both lung types. 4. The lungs of X. laevis have considerably less septal and lung wall smooth muscle than is the case in B. marinus. However, Xenopus lungs are generally thicker-walled and of more solid construction. The differences are discussed in terms of the widely different habitats of the two species.", "PMID": 402217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1250", "title": "Comparison of vascular smooth muscle cells from adult human, monkey and rabbit in primary culture and in subculture.", "content": "A method is presented for growing large numbers of pure isolated smooth muscle cells from adult human, monkey, and rabbit blood vessels in primary culture. In the first few days in culture these cells closely resembled those in vivo and could be induced to contract with angiotensin II, noradrenaline and mechanical stimulation. They stained intensely with antibodies against smooth muscle actin and myosin. Fibroblasts and endothelial cells did not stain with these antibodies thereby allowing the purity of each batch of cultures to be monitored. This was consistently found to be better than 99%. The smooth muscle cells modified or \"dedifferentiated\" after about 9 days in culture to morphologically resemble fibroblasts. At this stage cells could no longer be induced to contract and did not stain with the myosin antibodies. Intense proliferation of these cells soon resulted in a confluent monolayer being formed at which stage some differentiated characteristics returned. The modification of \"dedifferentiation\" process could be inhibited by the presence of a feeder layer of fibroblasts or endothelial cells, or the addition of cAMP to the culture medium. Smooth muscle cells which had migrated from explants in primary culture, and cells in subculture, had morphological and functional properties of \"dedifferentiated\" cells at all times. The advantages of differentiated rather than \"dedifferentiated\" smooth muscle cells in culture for the study of mitogenic agents in atherosclerosis is discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of vascular smooth muscle cells from adult human, monkey and rabbit in primary culture and in subculture. A method is presented for growing large numbers of pure isolated smooth muscle cells from adult human, monkey, and rabbit blood vessels in primary culture. In the first few days in culture these cells closely resembled those in vivo and could be induced to contract with angiotensin II, noradrenaline and mechanical stimulation. They stained intensely with antibodies against smooth muscle actin and myosin. Fibroblasts and endothelial cells did not stain with these antibodies thereby allowing the purity of each batch of cultures to be monitored. This was consistently found to be better than 99%. The smooth muscle cells modified or \"dedifferentiated\" after about 9 days in culture to morphologically resemble fibroblasts. At this stage cells could no longer be induced to contract and did not stain with the myosin antibodies. Intense proliferation of these cells soon resulted in a confluent monolayer being formed at which stage some differentiated characteristics returned. The modification of \"dedifferentiation\" process could be inhibited by the presence of a feeder layer of fibroblasts or endothelial cells, or the addition of cAMP to the culture medium. Smooth muscle cells which had migrated from explants in primary culture, and cells in subculture, had morphological and functional properties of \"dedifferentiated\" cells at all times. The advantages of differentiated rather than \"dedifferentiated\" smooth muscle cells in culture for the study of mitogenic agents in atherosclerosis is discussed.", "PMID": 402216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1251", "title": "Frequency of mast cells in the olfactory mucosa of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "During studies of the olfactory mucosa and its response to the different levels of circulating sex hormones, considerable numbers of mast cells have been observed in its epithelia and subepithelial regions. The number of these cells in the olfactory mucosa of male monkeys differs greatly from that found in females. The frequency of these cells in the olfactory mucosa of females fluctuates significantly during the menstrual cycle. These fluctations stimultaneously correspond to the well known changes in olfactory sensitivity: around ovulation, when the olfactory sensitivity for certain odorants is high, the number of mast cells in the olfactory mucosa also increases.", "contents": "Frequency of mast cells in the olfactory mucosa of rhesus monkeys. During studies of the olfactory mucosa and its response to the different levels of circulating sex hormones, considerable numbers of mast cells have been observed in its epithelia and subepithelial regions. The number of these cells in the olfactory mucosa of male monkeys differs greatly from that found in females. The frequency of these cells in the olfactory mucosa of females fluctuates significantly during the menstrual cycle. These fluctations stimultaneously correspond to the well known changes in olfactory sensitivity: around ovulation, when the olfactory sensitivity for certain odorants is high, the number of mast cells in the olfactory mucosa also increases.", "PMID": 402218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1252", "title": "Myocardial bridges in man: clinical correlations and angiographic accentuation with nitroglycerin.", "content": "Little is known of the clinical significance of myocardial bridges, which may be recognized angiographically as systolic coronary artery narrowing (SCAN). A retrospective review of a 1 year's experience (313 consecutive coronary arteriograms) revealed 5 patients with SCAN, an incidence of 1.6%. SCAN involved the proximal and/or middle segments of the left anterior descending coronary artery in all patients. It is of particular note that the administration of nitroglycerin noticeably accentuated the SCAN phenomenon in each of 3 patients to whom it was administered. Four of the 5 patients had left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (2), aortic stenosis (1), and hypertension (1). All 5 patients with the SCAN phenomenon had anginal chest pains, and critical obstructive coronary atherosclerosis was observed in only 2 cases. The other 3 patients showed, otherwise normal coronary arteriograms. Thus, myocardial bridges appear to be angiographically manifest predominantly in patients with cardiac hypertrophy. Nitroglycerin, which accentuates SCAN, might be useful as a provocative test to enhance the angiographic recognition of this phenomenon. The possible role of myocardial bridges in the production of myocardial ischemia warrants further investigation.", "contents": "Myocardial bridges in man: clinical correlations and angiographic accentuation with nitroglycerin. Little is known of the clinical significance of myocardial bridges, which may be recognized angiographically as systolic coronary artery narrowing (SCAN). A retrospective review of a 1 year's experience (313 consecutive coronary arteriograms) revealed 5 patients with SCAN, an incidence of 1.6%. SCAN involved the proximal and/or middle segments of the left anterior descending coronary artery in all patients. It is of particular note that the administration of nitroglycerin noticeably accentuated the SCAN phenomenon in each of 3 patients to whom it was administered. Four of the 5 patients had left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (2), aortic stenosis (1), and hypertension (1). All 5 patients with the SCAN phenomenon had anginal chest pains, and critical obstructive coronary atherosclerosis was observed in only 2 cases. The other 3 patients showed, otherwise normal coronary arteriograms. Thus, myocardial bridges appear to be angiographically manifest predominantly in patients with cardiac hypertrophy. Nitroglycerin, which accentuates SCAN, might be useful as a provocative test to enhance the angiographic recognition of this phenomenon. The possible role of myocardial bridges in the production of myocardial ischemia warrants further investigation.", "PMID": 402219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1253", "title": "A novel arrangement of the 18S and 28S sequences in a repeating unit of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA.", "content": "The sequences corresponding to the 18S and 28S rRNAs have been mapped within a cloned 17 kilobase (kb) fragment formed by Eco R1 cleavage of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA. This fragment, Dm103, represents the longer of two major types of repeating units that are present in the rDNA of this fly, and was cloned as a hybrid plasmid, pDm103, consisting of Dm103 inserted at the Eco R1 site of the pSC101 vector (Glover et al., 1975). Mapping of the 18S and 28S rDNA in Dm103 was accomplished by quantitative determination of the amount of these rDNAs in each member of an ordered set of restriction fragments obtained by Hind III and Eco R1 ccleavage of pDm103. The amounts of 18S and 28S rDNAs were determined by hybridization of the rRNAs to fragments that were purified by cloning, and an unambiguous order of the fragments within pDm103 was established by heteroduplex mapping and from the stoichiometry of the fragment lengths. The resulting map revealed that the 4 kb of 28S rDNA within the long repeating unit represented by Dm103 is divided into two blocks that are separated by 5.4 kb of DNA of unknown function. It is this unusual arrangement of the 28S rDNA that distinguishes the long repeating units (17 kb) from the short units (11.5) kb), whose 4 kb of 28S rDna is confined to a single block, as is shown in the accompanying paper (White and Hogness, 1977). The remainder of the DNA in this long unit appears to be typically arranged, with the 2 kb of 18S rDNA confined to a single block that is separated by about 1 kb from the closest block of 28S rDNA.", "contents": "A novel arrangement of the 18S and 28S sequences in a repeating unit of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA. The sequences corresponding to the 18S and 28S rRNAs have been mapped within a cloned 17 kilobase (kb) fragment formed by Eco R1 cleavage of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA. This fragment, Dm103, represents the longer of two major types of repeating units that are present in the rDNA of this fly, and was cloned as a hybrid plasmid, pDm103, consisting of Dm103 inserted at the Eco R1 site of the pSC101 vector (Glover et al., 1975). Mapping of the 18S and 28S rDNA in Dm103 was accomplished by quantitative determination of the amount of these rDNAs in each member of an ordered set of restriction fragments obtained by Hind III and Eco R1 ccleavage of pDm103. The amounts of 18S and 28S rDNAs were determined by hybridization of the rRNAs to fragments that were purified by cloning, and an unambiguous order of the fragments within pDm103 was established by heteroduplex mapping and from the stoichiometry of the fragment lengths. The resulting map revealed that the 4 kb of 28S rDNA within the long repeating unit represented by Dm103 is divided into two blocks that are separated by 5.4 kb of DNA of unknown function. It is this unusual arrangement of the 28S rDNA that distinguishes the long repeating units (17 kb) from the short units (11.5) kb), whose 4 kb of 28S rDna is confined to a single block, as is shown in the accompanying paper (White and Hogness, 1977). The remainder of the DNA in this long unit appears to be typically arranged, with the 2 kb of 18S rDNA confined to a single block that is separated by about 1 kb from the closest block of 28S rDNA.", "PMID": 402220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1254", "title": "R loop mapping of the 18S and 28S sequences in the long and short repeating units of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA.", "content": "Cleavage of D. melanogaster rDNA with the Eco R1 restriction endonuclease reveals two major classes of repeating units: a long class of 17 kilobases (kb) and a short class of 11.4 kb. R loop mapping has been used to determine the topography of the sequences corresponding to the 18S and 28S rRNAs in both classes, including a cloned member (Dm103) of the long class. This mapping procedure derives from a novel reaction that we discovered between single-stranded RNA and homologous regions in duplex DNA molecules. In high formamide and at an elevated temperature, the RNA pairs with one of the two DNA strands in the region of homology to form an R loop in which one element is an RNA/DNA duplex and the other is single-stranded DNA (Figure 1). Mapping is accomplished by visualization of R loops in the electron microscope. The R loop map of Dm103 parallels that determined independently by Glover and Hogness (1977) from an analysis of its restriction fragments. Both maps indicate that the 28S rDNA in this cloned unit is divided into two blocks by a 5 kb insertion segment. R loop mapping of a population of long units obtained directly from the rDNA (that is, without cloning) has demonstrated that this interruption of the sequence coding for the 28S rRNA is a characteristic of the long class. By contrast, the 28S rDNA in the short units that we examined is not interrupted by an insertion segment. Otherwise, the R loop maps of the long and short units do not differ significantly. The two classes therefore correspond to repeating units that do (IN+) or do not (IN-) contain an insertion segment. Models for the transcription and function of these two classes of repeating units are discussed.", "contents": "R loop mapping of the 18S and 28S sequences in the long and short repeating units of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA. Cleavage of D. melanogaster rDNA with the Eco R1 restriction endonuclease reveals two major classes of repeating units: a long class of 17 kilobases (kb) and a short class of 11.4 kb. R loop mapping has been used to determine the topography of the sequences corresponding to the 18S and 28S rRNAs in both classes, including a cloned member (Dm103) of the long class. This mapping procedure derives from a novel reaction that we discovered between single-stranded RNA and homologous regions in duplex DNA molecules. In high formamide and at an elevated temperature, the RNA pairs with one of the two DNA strands in the region of homology to form an R loop in which one element is an RNA/DNA duplex and the other is single-stranded DNA (Figure 1). Mapping is accomplished by visualization of R loops in the electron microscope. The R loop map of Dm103 parallels that determined independently by Glover and Hogness (1977) from an analysis of its restriction fragments. Both maps indicate that the 28S rDNA in this cloned unit is divided into two blocks by a 5 kb insertion segment. R loop mapping of a population of long units obtained directly from the rDNA (that is, without cloning) has demonstrated that this interruption of the sequence coding for the 28S rRNA is a characteristic of the long class. By contrast, the 28S rDNA in the short units that we examined is not interrupted by an insertion segment. Otherwise, the R loop maps of the long and short units do not differ significantly. The two classes therefore correspond to repeating units that do (IN+) or do not (IN-) contain an insertion segment. Models for the transcription and function of these two classes of repeating units are discussed.", "PMID": 402221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1255", "title": "The structural organization of ribosomal DNA in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The genes coding for the large rRNAs (rDNA) were purified from Drosophila melanogaster embryos by two different methods. Purified rDNA was analyzed by gel electrophoresis after digestion with restriction endonucleases and by electron microscopy. Each repeating unit of rDNA consists of a gene region that codes for a transcript which includes the 18S and 28S rRNA sequences plus a nontrascribed spacer. Analysis of rRNA/rDNA hybrids in the electron microscope reveals that two types of repeating units exist in the rDNA from this fly. One of these is characterized by insertions of various lengths within the 28S gene. Insertions range in size from about 0.5 kilo base pairs (kb) to 6.0 kb and occur in distinct size classes which are multiples of 0.5 kb. Figure 10 summarizes the structure of the rDNA repeating unit. Repeats with insertions constitute about two thirds, and repeats without insertions about one third of all repeating units in the sample studied where 86% of the rDNA is derived from the X chromosome nucleolus organizer. Statistical analysis of pairs of of nearest-neighbor repeats demonstrates that repeats with and without insertions are interspersed in the X chromosome nucleolus organizer, and that scrambling is close to that expected for random arrangement. Insertions are the major source of length heterogeneity in this rDNA. A minor length heterogeneity also exists in thie nontranscribed spacer of Drosophila rDNA as demonstrated by heteroduplex mapping of restriction fragments in the electron microscope.", "contents": "The structural organization of ribosomal DNA in Drosophila melanogaster. The genes coding for the large rRNAs (rDNA) were purified from Drosophila melanogaster embryos by two different methods. Purified rDNA was analyzed by gel electrophoresis after digestion with restriction endonucleases and by electron microscopy. Each repeating unit of rDNA consists of a gene region that codes for a transcript which includes the 18S and 28S rRNA sequences plus a nontrascribed spacer. Analysis of rRNA/rDNA hybrids in the electron microscope reveals that two types of repeating units exist in the rDNA from this fly. One of these is characterized by insertions of various lengths within the 28S gene. Insertions range in size from about 0.5 kilo base pairs (kb) to 6.0 kb and occur in distinct size classes which are multiples of 0.5 kb. Figure 10 summarizes the structure of the rDNA repeating unit. Repeats with insertions constitute about two thirds, and repeats without insertions about one third of all repeating units in the sample studied where 86% of the rDNA is derived from the X chromosome nucleolus organizer. Statistical analysis of pairs of of nearest-neighbor repeats demonstrates that repeats with and without insertions are interspersed in the X chromosome nucleolus organizer, and that scrambling is close to that expected for random arrangement. Insertions are the major source of length heterogeneity in this rDNA. A minor length heterogeneity also exists in thie nontranscribed spacer of Drosophila rDNA as demonstrated by heteroduplex mapping of restriction fragments in the electron microscope.", "PMID": 402222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1256", "title": "Sequence arrangement of the rDNA of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The sequence arrangement of genes coding for stable rRNA species and of the interspersed spacers on long single strands of rDNA purified from total chromosomal DNA of Drosophila melanogaster has been determined by a study of the structure of rRNA:DNA hybrids which were mounted for electron microscope observation by the gene 32-ethidium bromide technique. One repeat unit contains the following sequences in the order given. First, an 18 S gene of length 2.13 +/- 0.17 kb. Second, an internal transcribed spacer (Spl) of length 1.58 +/- 0.15 kb. A short sequence coding for the 5.8S and perhaps the 2S rRNA species is located within this spacer. Third, the 28S gene with a length of 4.36 +/- 0.23 kb. About 55% of the 28S genes are unbroken or continuous (C genes). However, about 45% of the 28S genes contain an insertion of an additional segment of DNA that is not complementary to rRNA (l genes). The insertion occurs at a reproducible point 2.99 +/- 0.26 kb from the junction with Spl. The insertions are heterogeneous in length and occur in three broad size classes: 1.42 +/- 0.47, 3.97 +/- 0.55, and 6.59 +/- 0.62 kb. Fourth, an external spacer between the 28S gene and the next 18S gene which is presumably mainly nontranscribed and which has a heterogeneous length distribution with a mean length and standard deviation of 5.67 +/- 1.92 kb. Short inverted repeat stems (100-400 nucleotide pairs) occur at the base of the insertion. It is known from other studies that I genes occur only on the X chromosome. The present study shows that the I and C genes on the X chromosomes are approximately randomly assorted. The sequence arrangement on the plasmid pDm103 containing one repeat of rDNA (Glover et al., 1975) has been determined by similar methods. The I gene on this plasmid contains an inverted repeat stem. The occurrence of inverted repeat sequences flanking the insertion supports the speculation that these sequences are translocatable elements similar to procaryotic translocons.", "contents": "Sequence arrangement of the rDNA of Drosophila melanogaster. The sequence arrangement of genes coding for stable rRNA species and of the interspersed spacers on long single strands of rDNA purified from total chromosomal DNA of Drosophila melanogaster has been determined by a study of the structure of rRNA:DNA hybrids which were mounted for electron microscope observation by the gene 32-ethidium bromide technique. One repeat unit contains the following sequences in the order given. First, an 18 S gene of length 2.13 +/- 0.17 kb. Second, an internal transcribed spacer (Spl) of length 1.58 +/- 0.15 kb. A short sequence coding for the 5.8S and perhaps the 2S rRNA species is located within this spacer. Third, the 28S gene with a length of 4.36 +/- 0.23 kb. About 55% of the 28S genes are unbroken or continuous (C genes). However, about 45% of the 28S genes contain an insertion of an additional segment of DNA that is not complementary to rRNA (l genes). The insertion occurs at a reproducible point 2.99 +/- 0.26 kb from the junction with Spl. The insertions are heterogeneous in length and occur in three broad size classes: 1.42 +/- 0.47, 3.97 +/- 0.55, and 6.59 +/- 0.62 kb. Fourth, an external spacer between the 28S gene and the next 18S gene which is presumably mainly nontranscribed and which has a heterogeneous length distribution with a mean length and standard deviation of 5.67 +/- 1.92 kb. Short inverted repeat stems (100-400 nucleotide pairs) occur at the base of the insertion. It is known from other studies that I genes occur only on the X chromosome. The present study shows that the I and C genes on the X chromosomes are approximately randomly assorted. The sequence arrangement on the plasmid pDm103 containing one repeat of rDNA (Glover et al., 1975) has been determined by similar methods. The I gene on this plasmid contains an inverted repeat stem. The occurrence of inverted repeat sequences flanking the insertion supports the speculation that these sequences are translocatable elements similar to procaryotic translocons.", "PMID": 402223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1257", "title": "[Isolation of a pathogenic rhabdovirus of brown trout (Salmo trutta L., 1766)].", "content": "A Rhabdovirus pathogenic both for Rainbow and Brown Trout has been isolated from Brown Trout suffering heavy mortalities associated with muscular haemorrages and necrotic lesions of kidney and spleen. According to seroneutralization tests and host range, this virus appears to be different from the other known salmonids rhabdoviruses. Upon the basis of its in vitro gross characteristics, it is identical to Viral Haemorragic Septicemia Virus (VHS), F1 serotype, but differs from Infectious Hematopo\u00efetic Necrosis and VHS type II viruses.", "contents": "[Isolation of a pathogenic rhabdovirus of brown trout (Salmo trutta L., 1766)]. A Rhabdovirus pathogenic both for Rainbow and Brown Trout has been isolated from Brown Trout suffering heavy mortalities associated with muscular haemorrages and necrotic lesions of kidney and spleen. According to seroneutralization tests and host range, this virus appears to be different from the other known salmonids rhabdoviruses. Upon the basis of its in vitro gross characteristics, it is identical to Viral Haemorragic Septicemia Virus (VHS), F1 serotype, but differs from Infectious Hematopo\u00efetic Necrosis and VHS type II viruses.", "PMID": 402225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1258", "title": "[Immunological demonstration of large quantities of glycogen or of a glycogen-like substance in human embryonic colon cells and in colon carcinomas by means of rabbit antisera raised against a strain of Escherichia coli 013].", "content": "Rabbit antisera raised against a strain of E. coli 013, with a strong antiglycogen activity, were tested on human fetal and normal adult colons, on colon carcinomas, and on colon tumor cells in culture (HT29). Only very rare granules were present in adult normal colons when tested with the immunofluorescence method. In faetal colons, in 12 out of 14 carcinomas, and on HT29 cells, the immunofluorescent reactions were similar to those observed in normal liver. The reactions were negative after previous treatment with alpha-amylase. They were inhibited with glycogen, with phenol-alcohol, perchloric, and trichloroacetic extracts from faetal colons, and with a tumor trichloroacetic extract. The extracts precipitated with anti-E. coli 013 antisera. They had a strong inhibiting activity in a radioimmunoassay test with labeled glycogen. The extracts from normal adult colons did not precipitate with the antisera and they had no inhibiting activity in either immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay tests.", "contents": "[Immunological demonstration of large quantities of glycogen or of a glycogen-like substance in human embryonic colon cells and in colon carcinomas by means of rabbit antisera raised against a strain of Escherichia coli 013]. Rabbit antisera raised against a strain of E. coli 013, with a strong antiglycogen activity, were tested on human fetal and normal adult colons, on colon carcinomas, and on colon tumor cells in culture (HT29). Only very rare granules were present in adult normal colons when tested with the immunofluorescence method. In faetal colons, in 12 out of 14 carcinomas, and on HT29 cells, the immunofluorescent reactions were similar to those observed in normal liver. The reactions were negative after previous treatment with alpha-amylase. They were inhibited with glycogen, with phenol-alcohol, perchloric, and trichloroacetic extracts from faetal colons, and with a tumor trichloroacetic extract. The extracts precipitated with anti-E. coli 013 antisera. They had a strong inhibiting activity in a radioimmunoassay test with labeled glycogen. The extracts from normal adult colons did not precipitate with the antisera and they had no inhibiting activity in either immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay tests.", "PMID": 402226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1259", "title": "[Protein synthesis in vivo in muscles of the growing lamb].", "content": "The relationship between incorporation of intravenously injected 14C lysine and specific radio-activity of precursor was used to estimate protein synthesis in muscle of growing lambs. The rate of protein synthesis per unit of muscle weight in Supraspinatus and Extensor digitorum longus decreased strongly from one week of age to puberty (10 weeks); afterwards it decreased in supraspinatus and increased slightly in Extensor digitorum longus. The rate of protein synthesis increase in muscle protein weight was constant during the whole experiment (1 week-16 weeks). In preruminant Lambs )1 week-5 weeks) the rate of protein synthesis per unit of muscle weight decreased; however, due to the increase in muscle weight, the rate of protein synthesis in whole muscle remained relatively constant. In order Lambs the rate of protein synthesis in whole muscle decreased. The turnover time of protein increased with age. These results give some explanation on muscular development of Lambs.", "contents": "[Protein synthesis in vivo in muscles of the growing lamb]. The relationship between incorporation of intravenously injected 14C lysine and specific radio-activity of precursor was used to estimate protein synthesis in muscle of growing lambs. The rate of protein synthesis per unit of muscle weight in Supraspinatus and Extensor digitorum longus decreased strongly from one week of age to puberty (10 weeks); afterwards it decreased in supraspinatus and increased slightly in Extensor digitorum longus. The rate of protein synthesis increase in muscle protein weight was constant during the whole experiment (1 week-16 weeks). In preruminant Lambs )1 week-5 weeks) the rate of protein synthesis per unit of muscle weight decreased; however, due to the increase in muscle weight, the rate of protein synthesis in whole muscle remained relatively constant. In order Lambs the rate of protein synthesis in whole muscle decreased. The turnover time of protein increased with age. These results give some explanation on muscular development of Lambs.", "PMID": 402227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1260", "title": "[Demonstration of exocytosis in the sinus gland of Astacus Leptodactylus (Nordmann) under the influence of serotonin injections].", "content": "Following a serotonin injection, a rise of exocytosis in the sinus gland of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus is observed together with an increase of the glucose level in the hemolymph. The phenomenon of exocytosis reaches a peak between 2 and 4 h after injection, wheras the highest glucose level in the hemolymph appears between 4 and 6 h after the same injection.", "contents": "[Demonstration of exocytosis in the sinus gland of Astacus Leptodactylus (Nordmann) under the influence of serotonin injections]. Following a serotonin injection, a rise of exocytosis in the sinus gland of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus is observed together with an increase of the glucose level in the hemolymph. The phenomenon of exocytosis reaches a peak between 2 and 4 h after injection, wheras the highest glucose level in the hemolymph appears between 4 and 6 h after the same injection.", "PMID": 402228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1261", "title": "[Effect of light on variations in blood testosterone in the ram: demonstration of a photosensitive phase in diurnal rhythm].", "content": "6 groups each of 5 adult rams were subjected in light controlled pens to a pretreatment of normal variations in daylength during May and June. Then one group followed the normal daylength and the other five different \"skeleton photoperiods\" of 8 hrs of light per day consisting of: 7 hrs continuous light (7 L) + 1 hr light (1 L) situated at different times of the dark period (D) according to groups. Blood samples were taken once each week and hourly during one 24 hr period in June, July and September. Peripheral plasma testosterone measured by radio-immunoassay was used as an index of testicular activity. There was increase in the level of testosterone resuting from a rise in the number of peak release during the 24 hrs. In the different light treatments tested, only the treatment (7L+9D+1L)+7D) stimulated testosterone secretion with the pattern of testosterone of this group being similar to that of the control group. This indicates that there exists a photosensitive phase at 16 to 17 hrs after the beginning of the principal light (the subjective dawn).", "contents": "[Effect of light on variations in blood testosterone in the ram: demonstration of a photosensitive phase in diurnal rhythm]. 6 groups each of 5 adult rams were subjected in light controlled pens to a pretreatment of normal variations in daylength during May and June. Then one group followed the normal daylength and the other five different \"skeleton photoperiods\" of 8 hrs of light per day consisting of: 7 hrs continuous light (7 L) + 1 hr light (1 L) situated at different times of the dark period (D) according to groups. Blood samples were taken once each week and hourly during one 24 hr period in June, July and September. Peripheral plasma testosterone measured by radio-immunoassay was used as an index of testicular activity. There was increase in the level of testosterone resuting from a rise in the number of peak release during the 24 hrs. In the different light treatments tested, only the treatment (7L+9D+1L)+7D) stimulated testosterone secretion with the pattern of testosterone of this group being similar to that of the control group. This indicates that there exists a photosensitive phase at 16 to 17 hrs after the beginning of the principal light (the subjective dawn).", "PMID": 402229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1262", "title": "[Respective effects on locomotor activity of injections of 5, 7-DHT in median raphe nucleus and of 6-OHDA in the mesolimbic dopaminergic group area in the rat].", "content": "This experiment was performed in order to demonstrate that the locomotor hyperactivity provoked by a radiofrequency lesion of the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum-A10 DA group area was not due to a 5-HT fiber damage. Four groups of Rats were used. First groups II and IV received a 5, 7-DHT injection in the median raphe; groups I and III received the vehicle. Locomotor activity was measured in a circular corridor 10 and 30 days; no hyperactivity was obtained. Then the same groups received a 6-OHDA injection, bilaterally in the A 10 area (groups III and IV) or the vehicle (groups I and II); the activity was measured 10 days later: significant hyperactivity was obtained with groups III and IV, without statistical differences between these two groups. In conclusion (i) 5-HT neurons are not directly involved in the VMT-hyperactivity, (ii) the DA A 10 neurons seem to be a critical anatomical target for this symptom.", "contents": "[Respective effects on locomotor activity of injections of 5, 7-DHT in median raphe nucleus and of 6-OHDA in the mesolimbic dopaminergic group area in the rat]. This experiment was performed in order to demonstrate that the locomotor hyperactivity provoked by a radiofrequency lesion of the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum-A10 DA group area was not due to a 5-HT fiber damage. Four groups of Rats were used. First groups II and IV received a 5, 7-DHT injection in the median raphe; groups I and III received the vehicle. Locomotor activity was measured in a circular corridor 10 and 30 days; no hyperactivity was obtained. Then the same groups received a 6-OHDA injection, bilaterally in the A 10 area (groups III and IV) or the vehicle (groups I and II); the activity was measured 10 days later: significant hyperactivity was obtained with groups III and IV, without statistical differences between these two groups. In conclusion (i) 5-HT neurons are not directly involved in the VMT-hyperactivity, (ii) the DA A 10 neurons seem to be a critical anatomical target for this symptom.", "PMID": 402230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1263", "title": "[Hemolymph coagulation in Macropipus puber (L.) Crustacea Decapoda. Respective roles of hemolymph and plasma].", "content": "The process of coagulation of the hemolymph in Macropipus puber (L.) Crustacea Decapod depends on one or several plasmatic factors and on a thermo-labile cellular factor which does not seem to be specific. The existence of these factors has been demonstrated.", "contents": "[Hemolymph coagulation in Macropipus puber (L.) Crustacea Decapoda. Respective roles of hemolymph and plasma]. The process of coagulation of the hemolymph in Macropipus puber (L.) Crustacea Decapod depends on one or several plasmatic factors and on a thermo-labile cellular factor which does not seem to be specific. The existence of these factors has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 402231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1264", "title": "[Binding sites for 3H-Leu-enkephalin in rat straitum].", "content": "The binding of 3H-Leu-Enkephalin to a particulate fraction from Rat striatum has been investigated in the presence of 20 mum bacitracin which prevents its hydrolysis. After deduction of a low-affinity, \"non-saturable\" component, the saturation kinetics at equilibrium provide evidence for two distinct saturable sites. The first exhibits Michaelis kinetics with a Kd value of 2.7 +/- 0.1 nM; both morphine and naloxone compete with the binding of 3H-Leu-Enkephalin on this site but not on the second one. The marked decrease in binding of 3H-Leu-Enkephalin observed in the presence of high concentration of sodium ions indicates that these two pentapeptides have the same properties as morphinomimetic analgesics. Taken together, these data indicate that the first site is identical to the \"opiate receptor\", while the nature of the second saturable site remains to be established.", "contents": "[Binding sites for 3H-Leu-enkephalin in rat straitum]. The binding of 3H-Leu-Enkephalin to a particulate fraction from Rat striatum has been investigated in the presence of 20 mum bacitracin which prevents its hydrolysis. After deduction of a low-affinity, \"non-saturable\" component, the saturation kinetics at equilibrium provide evidence for two distinct saturable sites. The first exhibits Michaelis kinetics with a Kd value of 2.7 +/- 0.1 nM; both morphine and naloxone compete with the binding of 3H-Leu-Enkephalin on this site but not on the second one. The marked decrease in binding of 3H-Leu-Enkephalin observed in the presence of high concentration of sodium ions indicates that these two pentapeptides have the same properties as morphinomimetic analgesics. Taken together, these data indicate that the first site is identical to the \"opiate receptor\", while the nature of the second saturable site remains to be established.", "PMID": 402232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1265", "title": "[DNA-polyintercalation compounds. Synthesis of ellipticine dimers].", "content": "Many symmetrical bis [9-methoxy 2-ellipticinium] dioxodiazaalkanes salts were synthesized from 9-methoxy ellipticine. An analog derivative of 9-hydroxy ellipticine was also prepared. Some of these dimers bind to DNA by a bifunctionnal mode of intercalation.", "contents": "[DNA-polyintercalation compounds. Synthesis of ellipticine dimers]. Many symmetrical bis [9-methoxy 2-ellipticinium] dioxodiazaalkanes salts were synthesized from 9-methoxy ellipticine. An analog derivative of 9-hydroxy ellipticine was also prepared. Some of these dimers bind to DNA by a bifunctionnal mode of intercalation.", "PMID": 402233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1266", "title": "[Activity of the principal alkaloids of Polyalthia oliveri Engler (Annonaceac) on the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system].", "content": "Polyalthia oliveri leaf alkaloid, oliveroline, shows in Mice antiparkinsonian properties which decrease or disappear with the alkalo\u00efds extracted from the bark of the trunk, oliveridine and oliverine. The latter alkaloid has an antihypertensive effect which is not found in oliveridine, only hypotensive by a relaxant close to papaverine action on vascular smooth muscles.", "contents": "[Activity of the principal alkaloids of Polyalthia oliveri Engler (Annonaceac) on the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system]. Polyalthia oliveri leaf alkaloid, oliveroline, shows in Mice antiparkinsonian properties which decrease or disappear with the alkalo\u00efds extracted from the bark of the trunk, oliveridine and oliverine. The latter alkaloid has an antihypertensive effect which is not found in oliveridine, only hypotensive by a relaxant close to papaverine action on vascular smooth muscles.", "PMID": 402235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1267", "title": "[Ultrastructure of neurosecretory granules in the sinus gland of Palaemon serratus Pennant].", "content": "Five types secretory granules are distinguished in the sinus gland of Palaemon serratus on the basis of differences in their diameter and their electron density. Variations in the density of the acoplasm and of the granules are observed for three of these granule types.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of neurosecretory granules in the sinus gland of Palaemon serratus Pennant]. Five types secretory granules are distinguished in the sinus gland of Palaemon serratus on the basis of differences in their diameter and their electron density. Variations in the density of the acoplasm and of the granules are observed for three of these granule types.", "PMID": 402236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1268", "title": "[Ultrastructure of epiphyseal cartilage after extraction on thin sections of \"Epon\" of proteoglycans by calcium chloride].", "content": "Dissociative methods are commonly used to extract proteoglycans. With a 2 M CaCl2 solution these components can be also extracted from thin sections of fixed, \"Epon\" included material. Secretory granules of the chondrocytes, granular components of extracellular matrix as matrix vesicles lost their electron density. Glycoproteins of the cell coat as non collagenous glycoproteins disappear. The method seems to be valuable for extracting proteoglycans from thin sections prepared for electron microscope investigations.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of epiphyseal cartilage after extraction on thin sections of \"Epon\" of proteoglycans by calcium chloride]. Dissociative methods are commonly used to extract proteoglycans. With a 2 M CaCl2 solution these components can be also extracted from thin sections of fixed, \"Epon\" included material. Secretory granules of the chondrocytes, granular components of extracellular matrix as matrix vesicles lost their electron density. Glycoproteins of the cell coat as non collagenous glycoproteins disappear. The method seems to be valuable for extracting proteoglycans from thin sections prepared for electron microscope investigations.", "PMID": 402237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1269", "title": "[Action of hyperoxia on hemolytic activity of the complement system].", "content": "Normobarie oxygen exposures momentarily raise by about 20% the haemolytic activity of the guinea pig complement likely by a rise of protein synthesis. About the end of this treatment the complement activity quickly decreases back to its initial value. Hyperbaric oxygen exposure immediately decreases the haemolytic activity. This shift might be result of a release in the serum of cytoplasmic elements bearing an anticomplementary activity or of an inactivation of the complement components involved in the stress reaction appearing in the treated animals. 2 days after the first exposure, during the resting phase, the complement rate increases by about 25% then decreases slowly back to normal.", "contents": "[Action of hyperoxia on hemolytic activity of the complement system]. Normobarie oxygen exposures momentarily raise by about 20% the haemolytic activity of the guinea pig complement likely by a rise of protein synthesis. About the end of this treatment the complement activity quickly decreases back to its initial value. Hyperbaric oxygen exposure immediately decreases the haemolytic activity. This shift might be result of a release in the serum of cytoplasmic elements bearing an anticomplementary activity or of an inactivation of the complement components involved in the stress reaction appearing in the treated animals. 2 days after the first exposure, during the resting phase, the complement rate increases by about 25% then decreases slowly back to normal.", "PMID": 402238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1270", "title": "[Characterization of the \"4 S-trypsin\" form of the cytosoluble estradiol receptor of calf uterus in a nondenaturing system].", "content": "The characterisation of the \"4 S-trypsin\" form of the estradiol-receptor from calf uterus cytosol was carried out by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions. In a multiphasic buffer system (upper buffer Tris-glycine pH25degrees C = 8,6, lower buffer Tris HCl pH25degrees C = 7,4), three radioactive estradiol peaks were observed. The first was free estradiol, the second estradiol initially complexed with a macromolecule and dissociated during electrophoresis, and the third the hormone-receptor complex. The sedimentation coefficient (4 S) of this complex was the same before and after electrophoresis. Its mean geometric radius is R = 2.53 + 0.08 nm and its molecular weight was estimated to be 55,000.", "contents": "[Characterization of the \"4 S-trypsin\" form of the cytosoluble estradiol receptor of calf uterus in a nondenaturing system]. The characterisation of the \"4 S-trypsin\" form of the estradiol-receptor from calf uterus cytosol was carried out by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions. In a multiphasic buffer system (upper buffer Tris-glycine pH25degrees C = 8,6, lower buffer Tris HCl pH25degrees C = 7,4), three radioactive estradiol peaks were observed. The first was free estradiol, the second estradiol initially complexed with a macromolecule and dissociated during electrophoresis, and the third the hormone-receptor complex. The sedimentation coefficient (4 S) of this complex was the same before and after electrophoresis. Its mean geometric radius is R = 2.53 + 0.08 nm and its molecular weight was estimated to be 55,000.", "PMID": 402239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1271", "title": "[Overlapping genes: a priority].", "content": "Three British biologists have discovered that in the \"bacteriophage phi X 174 genes D and E are translated from the same DNA sequence but in different reading frames.\" In 1973, the present author, on the basis of biological data and theoretical considerations, had foreseen existence of overlapping genes. The result of the British biologists confirms the hypothesis of P.-P. Grass\u00e9.", "contents": "[Overlapping genes: a priority]. Three British biologists have discovered that in the \"bacteriophage phi X 174 genes D and E are translated from the same DNA sequence but in different reading frames.\" In 1973, the present author, on the basis of biological data and theoretical considerations, had foreseen existence of overlapping genes. The result of the British biologists confirms the hypothesis of P.-P. Grass\u00e9.", "PMID": 402240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1272", "title": "[Facilitation of a stereotyped motor behavior (climbing behavior) by previous stimulation of dopaminergic receptors: hyposensitivity of autoreceptors?].", "content": "The sensitivity of dopamine receptors in Mouse striatum has been evaluated both behaviourally (responsiveness to apomorphine as regarviour) and biochemically (striatal level of homovanillic acid and its decrease induced by apomorphine) After a single administration of apomorphine (0.25 mg.kg-1 or 5 mg.kg-1) or piribedil, another dopamine agonist, a state of \"behavioural facilitation\" develops which differs from the state of hypersensitivity following blockade. This state of facilitation is characterized by a lower threshold dose of apomorphine eliciting the stereotyped behaviour, without modification of the response to higher doses. In contrast with the state of hypersensitivity, the level of homovanillic acid is not modified and the decrease of this level by a low dose of apomorphine is less important. The hypothesis is put forward that \"behavioural facilitation\" results from the hyposensitivity of a class of dopamine receptors, possibly autoreceptors, mediating an impaired activity of dopaminergic neurons and, consequently, inhibitory behavioural effects.", "contents": "[Facilitation of a stereotyped motor behavior (climbing behavior) by previous stimulation of dopaminergic receptors: hyposensitivity of autoreceptors?]. The sensitivity of dopamine receptors in Mouse striatum has been evaluated both behaviourally (responsiveness to apomorphine as regarviour) and biochemically (striatal level of homovanillic acid and its decrease induced by apomorphine) After a single administration of apomorphine (0.25 mg.kg-1 or 5 mg.kg-1) or piribedil, another dopamine agonist, a state of \"behavioural facilitation\" develops which differs from the state of hypersensitivity following blockade. This state of facilitation is characterized by a lower threshold dose of apomorphine eliciting the stereotyped behaviour, without modification of the response to higher doses. In contrast with the state of hypersensitivity, the level of homovanillic acid is not modified and the decrease of this level by a low dose of apomorphine is less important. The hypothesis is put forward that \"behavioural facilitation\" results from the hyposensitivity of a class of dopamine receptors, possibly autoreceptors, mediating an impaired activity of dopaminergic neurons and, consequently, inhibitory behavioural effects.", "PMID": 402241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1273", "title": "Extraction and measurement of circulating angiotensins I and II.", "content": "We describe a method for simultaneous extraction of angiotensins I and II from human blood. Blood was diluted with 10 volumes of isotonic saline containing ammonium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and the angiotensin peptides were extracted by cation-exchange chromatography. The dilution effectively inhibits in vitro production of angiotensin I, conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, and degradation of the peptides. Analytical recovery of exogenous angiotensin I or II added to whole blood in physiological concentrations was essentially complete. The extraction procedure removes blood and plasma components that interfere with radioimmunoassay of angiotensin, thus eliminating the need to correct for nonspecific interference. Circulating angiotensins I and II, measured in patients with essential hypertension before and after a week of diuretic administration, increased in parallel with plasma renin activity.", "contents": "Extraction and measurement of circulating angiotensins I and II. We describe a method for simultaneous extraction of angiotensins I and II from human blood. Blood was diluted with 10 volumes of isotonic saline containing ammonium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and the angiotensin peptides were extracted by cation-exchange chromatography. The dilution effectively inhibits in vitro production of angiotensin I, conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, and degradation of the peptides. Analytical recovery of exogenous angiotensin I or II added to whole blood in physiological concentrations was essentially complete. The extraction procedure removes blood and plasma components that interfere with radioimmunoassay of angiotensin, thus eliminating the need to correct for nonspecific interference. Circulating angiotensins I and II, measured in patients with essential hypertension before and after a week of diuretic administration, increased in parallel with plasma renin activity.", "PMID": 402242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1274", "title": "Evaluation of serum triiodothyronine and adjusted triiodothyronine (free triiodothyronine index) in pregnancy.", "content": "We measured serum thyroxine (free and total), triiodothyronine (free and total), thyroxine-binding globulin, and triiodothyronine uptake by talc in 97 normal men and 50 pregnant women. Mean serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations were higher in the pregnant subjects (104 vs. 78 mug/liter and 1.69 vs. 1.30 mug/liter) because of a higher mean thyroxine-binding globulin concentration (70 vs. 38 mg/liter). Mean triiodothyronine uptake by talc was lower in the pregnant subjects (0.82 vs. 1.03). Mean free thyroxine concentrations were similar in the two groups, but mean free triiodothyronine concentrations were 10% lower in the pregnant subjects. Triiodothyronine uptake by talc and the diayzable thyroxine and triiodothyronine fractions were highly correlated (r = 0.85 and r = 0.82, P less than 0.001). Calculated free thyroxine index and free triiodothyronine index values (hyroxine and triiodothyronine indirectly adjusted, using triiodothyronine talc uptake to compensate for differences in thyroxine-binding globulin concentration), were statistically similar (84 vs. 82 and 1.38 vs. 1.34) in pregnant and male subjects. The results indicate that the total triiodothyronine concentration can be normalized on the basis of the triiodothyronine uptake by talc to correct for variations in thyroxine-binding globulin concentration.", "contents": "Evaluation of serum triiodothyronine and adjusted triiodothyronine (free triiodothyronine index) in pregnancy. We measured serum thyroxine (free and total), triiodothyronine (free and total), thyroxine-binding globulin, and triiodothyronine uptake by talc in 97 normal men and 50 pregnant women. Mean serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations were higher in the pregnant subjects (104 vs. 78 mug/liter and 1.69 vs. 1.30 mug/liter) because of a higher mean thyroxine-binding globulin concentration (70 vs. 38 mg/liter). Mean triiodothyronine uptake by talc was lower in the pregnant subjects (0.82 vs. 1.03). Mean free thyroxine concentrations were similar in the two groups, but mean free triiodothyronine concentrations were 10% lower in the pregnant subjects. Triiodothyronine uptake by talc and the diayzable thyroxine and triiodothyronine fractions were highly correlated (r = 0.85 and r = 0.82, P less than 0.001). Calculated free thyroxine index and free triiodothyronine index values (hyroxine and triiodothyronine indirectly adjusted, using triiodothyronine talc uptake to compensate for differences in thyroxine-binding globulin concentration), were statistically similar (84 vs. 82 and 1.38 vs. 1.34) in pregnant and male subjects. The results indicate that the total triiodothyronine concentration can be normalized on the basis of the triiodothyronine uptake by talc to correct for variations in thyroxine-binding globulin concentration.", "PMID": 402243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1275", "title": "Intra-individual variation in the concentrations of IgA, IgG, IgM, and complement component C3 in serum of a normal adult population.", "content": "A recent study [Clin. Chem. 22, 1635 (1976)] reported intra-individual variation in 10 serum proteins to be much smaller than interindividual variation. We report results of a similar study involving about 700 apparently healthy adults in whom we estimated the relative magnitude of the intra- and interindividual variation in serum IgA, IgG, IgM and complement component C3. Specimens were collected from each subject weekly for as long as 10 weeks (average, four weeks). The four serum proteins were quantitated by radial immunodiffusion by the maximal-diffusion technique. Traditional 95% reference intervals were computed relative to WHO reference preparations for the immunoglobulins. For C3, the reference interval was computed relative to a commercial reference preparation. We, too, found the ratios of intra-individual to interindividual variation for adults to be so small that the traditional reference intervals do not have the assumed diagnostic sensitivities. Furthermore, these ratios did not change after dividing the study population into subgroups according to sex and age; evidently such subgrouping do not improve the diagnostic sensitivity. The relatively small intra-individual variations were also observed at the extremes of protein concentration ranges.", "contents": "Intra-individual variation in the concentrations of IgA, IgG, IgM, and complement component C3 in serum of a normal adult population. A recent study [Clin. Chem. 22, 1635 (1976)] reported intra-individual variation in 10 serum proteins to be much smaller than interindividual variation. We report results of a similar study involving about 700 apparently healthy adults in whom we estimated the relative magnitude of the intra- and interindividual variation in serum IgA, IgG, IgM and complement component C3. Specimens were collected from each subject weekly for as long as 10 weeks (average, four weeks). The four serum proteins were quantitated by radial immunodiffusion by the maximal-diffusion technique. Traditional 95% reference intervals were computed relative to WHO reference preparations for the immunoglobulins. For C3, the reference interval was computed relative to a commercial reference preparation. We, too, found the ratios of intra-individual to interindividual variation for adults to be so small that the traditional reference intervals do not have the assumed diagnostic sensitivities. Furthermore, these ratios did not change after dividing the study population into subgroups according to sex and age; evidently such subgrouping do not improve the diagnostic sensitivity. The relatively small intra-individual variations were also observed at the extremes of protein concentration ranges.", "PMID": 402244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1276", "title": "Evaluation of sodium etidronate in the treatment of Paget's disease of bone. Osteitis deformans.", "content": "Thirteen cases of advanced Paget's Disease of bone were treated with Sodium Etidronate (EHDP) at 20 mg/kg/day for 6 months and followed at 2 to 3-month intervals for 20 months with serum alkaline phosphatase, 24-hour urinary hydroxyproline, radiographic skeletal survey, whole-body scanning with Tc-99m-Sn-EHDP and F-18, external body counting with the same radiopharmaceuticals over preselected areas, skin temperature, densitometry of normal phalanges and bone biopsies. Sodium etidronate had a marked effect on Pagetoid bone in all cases with reduction of bone turnover demonstrated by the chemistries, scanning, external counting, skin temperature and X-ray diffraction studies of the bone biopsies. Normal bone did not appear to be materially affected by the drug. Complications drug dose-related included new pain in 6 cases, two fractures in Pagetoid areas and one case of severe demineralization. There was one case of spinal cord compression unlikely to be drug related. All complications cleared or were successfully treated by the end of the study. Some patients continued to show reduction in bone turnover to the end of the study, as long as 14 months after stopping EHDP. Long-term follow-up is needed for final evaluation of the efficacy of the drug. Sodium etidronate shows promise as an agent in the treatment of Paget's Disease. Smaller doses or shorter courses of therapy or combination of EHDP and calcitonin may be just as efficacious and may avoid complications.", "contents": "Evaluation of sodium etidronate in the treatment of Paget's disease of bone. Osteitis deformans. Thirteen cases of advanced Paget's Disease of bone were treated with Sodium Etidronate (EHDP) at 20 mg/kg/day for 6 months and followed at 2 to 3-month intervals for 20 months with serum alkaline phosphatase, 24-hour urinary hydroxyproline, radiographic skeletal survey, whole-body scanning with Tc-99m-Sn-EHDP and F-18, external body counting with the same radiopharmaceuticals over preselected areas, skin temperature, densitometry of normal phalanges and bone biopsies. Sodium etidronate had a marked effect on Pagetoid bone in all cases with reduction of bone turnover demonstrated by the chemistries, scanning, external counting, skin temperature and X-ray diffraction studies of the bone biopsies. Normal bone did not appear to be materially affected by the drug. Complications drug dose-related included new pain in 6 cases, two fractures in Pagetoid areas and one case of severe demineralization. There was one case of spinal cord compression unlikely to be drug related. All complications cleared or were successfully treated by the end of the study. Some patients continued to show reduction in bone turnover to the end of the study, as long as 14 months after stopping EHDP. Long-term follow-up is needed for final evaluation of the efficacy of the drug. Sodium etidronate shows promise as an agent in the treatment of Paget's Disease. Smaller doses or shorter courses of therapy or combination of EHDP and calcitonin may be just as efficacious and may avoid complications.", "PMID": 402246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1277", "title": "Trimalleolar fractures of the ankle. An end result study.", "content": "Fifty-one trimalleolar ankle fractures in 50 patients were evaluated subjectively, objectively, and roentgenographically at an average of 42 months following injury. Anatomic reduction of the posterior marginal fragment was achieved in 6 of 7 ankles treated by open reduction and internal fixation of the fragment. Anatomic reduction of the posterior marginal fragment was achieved in three of 44 ankles treated by closed reduction and in none of the eight with large fragments. End results rated as fair or poor occurred more frequently among those patients with large posterior lip fragments and those with residual subluxation of the talus. The incidence of moderate or marked post-traumatic arthritis was greatly increased in those patients with residual subluxation of the talus. Post-traumatic arthritis was present in 11 of 12 patients with moderate or severe pain and in 11 of 17 with moderate or marked restriction of motion. Failure to reduce a posterior lip fracture involving less than 25 per cent of the tibial articular surface did not affect the overall end result significantly. In ankles with a posterior marginal fragment involving 25 per cent or more of the articular surface, open treatment was associated with better subjective, objective, and roentgenographic end results than closed treatment.", "contents": "Trimalleolar fractures of the ankle. An end result study. Fifty-one trimalleolar ankle fractures in 50 patients were evaluated subjectively, objectively, and roentgenographically at an average of 42 months following injury. Anatomic reduction of the posterior marginal fragment was achieved in 6 of 7 ankles treated by open reduction and internal fixation of the fragment. Anatomic reduction of the posterior marginal fragment was achieved in three of 44 ankles treated by closed reduction and in none of the eight with large fragments. End results rated as fair or poor occurred more frequently among those patients with large posterior lip fragments and those with residual subluxation of the talus. The incidence of moderate or marked post-traumatic arthritis was greatly increased in those patients with residual subluxation of the talus. Post-traumatic arthritis was present in 11 of 12 patients with moderate or severe pain and in 11 of 17 with moderate or marked restriction of motion. Failure to reduce a posterior lip fracture involving less than 25 per cent of the tibial articular surface did not affect the overall end result significantly. In ankles with a posterior marginal fragment involving 25 per cent or more of the articular surface, open treatment was associated with better subjective, objective, and roentgenographic end results than closed treatment.", "PMID": 402247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1278", "title": "Acute renal failure in the newborn.", "content": "Recent advances in prenatal and neonatal care have increased the number of live births and extended the life expectancy of critically ill premature infants. These infants represent a formidable therapeutic challenge in that multisystem involvement and previously uncommon conditions, such as intravascular coagulation, acute tubular necrosis, and acute cortical necrosis are now seen with increased frequency. This review begins with a discussion of the development of renal function in the neonate followed by a description of the more common causes of acute renal failure (ARF) in this age group. Finally, the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of this condition are discussed.", "contents": "Acute renal failure in the newborn. Recent advances in prenatal and neonatal care have increased the number of live births and extended the life expectancy of critically ill premature infants. These infants represent a formidable therapeutic challenge in that multisystem involvement and previously uncommon conditions, such as intravascular coagulation, acute tubular necrosis, and acute cortical necrosis are now seen with increased frequency. This review begins with a discussion of the development of renal function in the neonate followed by a description of the more common causes of acute renal failure (ARF) in this age group. Finally, the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of this condition are discussed.", "PMID": 402250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1279", "title": "Fucosidosis.", "content": "Disseminated angiokeratomas can be seen in patients with an inherited deficiency of alpha-l-fucosidase as well as in patients with classic Fabry's disease. Patients with deficiency of this lysosomal enzyme, or fucosidosis, have spasticity, mental retardation, and retardation of growth in addition to angiokeratomas. We herein report three new cases of this rare syndrome.", "contents": "Fucosidosis. Disseminated angiokeratomas can be seen in patients with an inherited deficiency of alpha-l-fucosidase as well as in patients with classic Fabry's disease. Patients with deficiency of this lysosomal enzyme, or fucosidosis, have spasticity, mental retardation, and retardation of growth in addition to angiokeratomas. We herein report three new cases of this rare syndrome.", "PMID": 402253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1280", "title": "Kinetics of reduction in viability of cultured leukemia L1210 cells exposed to purine analogs.", "content": "Rates of reduction in viability and degree of cell killing were relatively independent of concentrations when replicating cultured L1210 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of 6-thioguanine, 6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-9H-purine-6-thiol, or 9-ethyl-6-thiopurine. The relative lack of dependence of cell killing rate on cytotoxic concentrations suggest (a) that these agents may be only effective aganinst proliferating cells, and (b) that only limited therapeutic advantage can be gainged by increasing their concentration beyond a minimum effective level. In contrast, the rate and degree of cell killing were dependent upon concentrations when cells were exposed to increasing amounts of 4-aminopyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine-beta-D-ribofuranoside or to 2-fluoroadenosine, indicating that these analogs are not cell-cycle-stage-specific and that nonreplicating cell populations may be sensitive to them.", "contents": "Kinetics of reduction in viability of cultured leukemia L1210 cells exposed to purine analogs. Rates of reduction in viability and degree of cell killing were relatively independent of concentrations when replicating cultured L1210 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of 6-thioguanine, 6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-9H-purine-6-thiol, or 9-ethyl-6-thiopurine. The relative lack of dependence of cell killing rate on cytotoxic concentrations suggest (a) that these agents may be only effective aganinst proliferating cells, and (b) that only limited therapeutic advantage can be gainged by increasing their concentration beyond a minimum effective level. In contrast, the rate and degree of cell killing were dependent upon concentrations when cells were exposed to increasing amounts of 4-aminopyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine-beta-D-ribofuranoside or to 2-fluoroadenosine, indicating that these analogs are not cell-cycle-stage-specific and that nonreplicating cell populations may be sensitive to them.", "PMID": 402255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1281", "title": "[Effect of nitroglycerin sublingually in the emergency management of \"classical\" pulmonary oedema (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 22 patients with the classical clinical signs of pulmonary oedema (orthopnoe, cyanosis, sweating and rales heard at a distance) 15 (Group A) were observed clinically, while seven (Group B) underwent haemodynamic studies. Those in Group A were given 0.8-2.4 mg nitroglycerin sublingually one to six times at 5--10 minute intervals. Within five minutes of nitroglycerin administration 7 of the 15 had their first signs of clinical improvement. In 11 patients the rales had disappeared after 15--20 minutes or had regressed. In the remainder the dyspnoea had decreased so that at this point in 14 of the 15 patients various degrees of improvement had occurred. Four patients were completely without clinical signs after 30 minutes. The increased arterial blood pressure and heart rate had fallen markedly. In the seven patients of Group B mean left ventricular filling pressure fell within ten minutes of nitroglycerin administration (1.6 mg) from 33 +/- 10 to 24 +/- 8 mmHg, cardiac output rising sifnificantly from 3.3 +/- 0.8 to 3.7 +/- 0.8 1/min. Such favourable results with nitroglycerin are to be expected only if the pulmonary oedema is of cardiac origin.", "contents": "[Effect of nitroglycerin sublingually in the emergency management of \"classical\" pulmonary oedema (author's transl)]. Of 22 patients with the classical clinical signs of pulmonary oedema (orthopnoe, cyanosis, sweating and rales heard at a distance) 15 (Group A) were observed clinically, while seven (Group B) underwent haemodynamic studies. Those in Group A were given 0.8-2.4 mg nitroglycerin sublingually one to six times at 5--10 minute intervals. Within five minutes of nitroglycerin administration 7 of the 15 had their first signs of clinical improvement. In 11 patients the rales had disappeared after 15--20 minutes or had regressed. In the remainder the dyspnoea had decreased so that at this point in 14 of the 15 patients various degrees of improvement had occurred. Four patients were completely without clinical signs after 30 minutes. The increased arterial blood pressure and heart rate had fallen markedly. In the seven patients of Group B mean left ventricular filling pressure fell within ten minutes of nitroglycerin administration (1.6 mg) from 33 +/- 10 to 24 +/- 8 mmHg, cardiac output rising sifnificantly from 3.3 +/- 0.8 to 3.7 +/- 0.8 1/min. Such favourable results with nitroglycerin are to be expected only if the pulmonary oedema is of cardiac origin.", "PMID": 402257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1282", "title": "Ontogeny of the subcellular compartmentalization of thyrotropin releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the rat hypothalamus.", "content": "The 900 x g supernatant fluid prepared from hypothalamic homogenates from male and female rats (ranging in age from -1 to 120 days) was fractionated by means of continuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and LH releasing hormone (LHRH) in the gradient fractions were quantified by radioimmunoassay. In adult hypothalamic homogenates, TRH and LHRH were associated with two populations of particles distinguishable by their sedimentation properties. Each peptide was in turn distributed in two subpopulations of parties differing in size but similar in density. The distribution of each peptide within its subpopulations of particles was found to be a function of age. In hypothalami of 22-day-old fetuses, TRH was associated almost entirely with the subpopulation of small particles. However, in the neonates, an age-dependent increase in the fractional amount of the TRH confined to the subpopulation of large particles was observed. By the 7th day of age, the peptide was equally distributed in the two subpopulations. The buoyant density of the 1-day-old neonatal particles and that of the adult small and large particles containing TRH was similar. The ontogeny of the subcellular compartmentalization of LHRH differed appreciably from that of TRH. LHRH was barely detectable in hypothalami of 22-day-old neonates. Nevertheless, at this age, the peptide was confined primarily to the subpopulation of large particles, and a similar compartmentalization was noted in hypothalami of 5- and 7-day-old neonates. However, in hypothalami of 14-day-old males and 21-day-old females, association of LHRH with the subpopulation of small particles was evident. It is concluded that 1) the nature of the hypothalamic subcellular compartmentalization of TRH and LHRH is age dependent, 2) the compartmentalization of each peptide in neonatal hypothalami differs from that in the adults, and 3) the development of the mature profile of subcellular compartmentalization of TRH and LHRH proceeds asynchronously.", "contents": "Ontogeny of the subcellular compartmentalization of thyrotropin releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the rat hypothalamus. The 900 x g supernatant fluid prepared from hypothalamic homogenates from male and female rats (ranging in age from -1 to 120 days) was fractionated by means of continuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and LH releasing hormone (LHRH) in the gradient fractions were quantified by radioimmunoassay. In adult hypothalamic homogenates, TRH and LHRH were associated with two populations of particles distinguishable by their sedimentation properties. Each peptide was in turn distributed in two subpopulations of parties differing in size but similar in density. The distribution of each peptide within its subpopulations of particles was found to be a function of age. In hypothalami of 22-day-old fetuses, TRH was associated almost entirely with the subpopulation of small particles. However, in the neonates, an age-dependent increase in the fractional amount of the TRH confined to the subpopulation of large particles was observed. By the 7th day of age, the peptide was equally distributed in the two subpopulations. The buoyant density of the 1-day-old neonatal particles and that of the adult small and large particles containing TRH was similar. The ontogeny of the subcellular compartmentalization of LHRH differed appreciably from that of TRH. LHRH was barely detectable in hypothalami of 22-day-old neonates. Nevertheless, at this age, the peptide was confined primarily to the subpopulation of large particles, and a similar compartmentalization was noted in hypothalami of 5- and 7-day-old neonates. However, in hypothalami of 14-day-old males and 21-day-old females, association of LHRH with the subpopulation of small particles was evident. It is concluded that 1) the nature of the hypothalamic subcellular compartmentalization of TRH and LHRH is age dependent, 2) the compartmentalization of each peptide in neonatal hypothalami differs from that in the adults, and 3) the development of the mature profile of subcellular compartmentalization of TRH and LHRH proceeds asynchronously.", "PMID": 402259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1283", "title": "Sodium valproate: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in epilepsy.", "content": "Sodium valproate has a broad spectrum of anticonvulsant activity, but is structurally unrelated to conventional antiepileptic drugs. Its proposed mode of action is mediated through effects on the function of brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). However, the elevations in brain and cerebellar GABA, and the concomitant reductions in levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, occur in animals at dose levels which are unlikely to be achieved during treatment of epileptic patients.", "contents": "Sodium valproate: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in epilepsy. Sodium valproate has a broad spectrum of anticonvulsant activity, but is structurally unrelated to conventional antiepileptic drugs. Its proposed mode of action is mediated through effects on the function of brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). However, the elevations in brain and cerebellar GABA, and the concomitant reductions in levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, occur in animals at dose levels which are unlikely to be achieved during treatment of epileptic patients.", "PMID": 402258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1284", "title": "The role of sulfhydryl groups in the binding of glucocorticoids by cytoplasmic receptors of lung and other mammalian tissues.", "content": "We examined the levels and stability of glucocorticoid receptor activity in cytosol preparations of rat lung and other tissues. [3H]Dexamethasome binding capacity at 2 C in lung cytosol decreases with a t1/2 of 40 min in the absence of steroid or a sulfhydryl compound. This rapid inactivation of unbound receptor is prevented and reversed by addition of a sulfhydryl compound (t1/2 = 22h); maximal binding occurs with 2 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), or with 20-25 mM mercaptoethanol, thioglycerol or glutathione. Binding activity is also stabilized by formation of the receptor-steroid complex; dissociation of the complex occurs at the same rate (t1/2 = 18.6h) in both the presence and absence of DTT. In the presence of DTT, cytosol of adult rat lung specifically binds 0.82 pmol of [3H]dexamethasone per mg protein (average 19,000 sites per cell) with an equilibrium dissociation contant of 2.5 nM at 2 C. At 37 C, dispersed lung cells show specific nuclear binding of hormone. DTT also increased dexamethasone binding activity in cytosol prepared from lung of adult hamster, adult mouse, fetal monkey and 11 of 15 tissues of adult rat. There was a minimal effect of DTT in reactions using cytosol of fetal rat lung, fetal and newborn human lung, rabbit lung, and liver, kidney, heart and testis of adult rat. Liver contains a heat-stable factor which mimics that stabilizing effect of DTT. The variable requirement for DTT may reflect in part tissue concentrations of endogenous sulfhydryl compounds. Our findings indicate that glucocorticoid binding activity of lung and many other tissues decays rapidly in vitro due to oxidation of receptor sulfhydryl groups. Maintenance of these groups in the reduced form by endogenous tissue factors, addition of sulfhydryl compounds, or binding of glucocorticoid stabilizes receptor and allows its detection in lung and other tissues previously found to contain little if any activity.", "contents": "The role of sulfhydryl groups in the binding of glucocorticoids by cytoplasmic receptors of lung and other mammalian tissues. We examined the levels and stability of glucocorticoid receptor activity in cytosol preparations of rat lung and other tissues. [3H]Dexamethasome binding capacity at 2 C in lung cytosol decreases with a t1/2 of 40 min in the absence of steroid or a sulfhydryl compound. This rapid inactivation of unbound receptor is prevented and reversed by addition of a sulfhydryl compound (t1/2 = 22h); maximal binding occurs with 2 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), or with 20-25 mM mercaptoethanol, thioglycerol or glutathione. Binding activity is also stabilized by formation of the receptor-steroid complex; dissociation of the complex occurs at the same rate (t1/2 = 18.6h) in both the presence and absence of DTT. In the presence of DTT, cytosol of adult rat lung specifically binds 0.82 pmol of [3H]dexamethasone per mg protein (average 19,000 sites per cell) with an equilibrium dissociation contant of 2.5 nM at 2 C. At 37 C, dispersed lung cells show specific nuclear binding of hormone. DTT also increased dexamethasone binding activity in cytosol prepared from lung of adult hamster, adult mouse, fetal monkey and 11 of 15 tissues of adult rat. There was a minimal effect of DTT in reactions using cytosol of fetal rat lung, fetal and newborn human lung, rabbit lung, and liver, kidney, heart and testis of adult rat. Liver contains a heat-stable factor which mimics that stabilizing effect of DTT. The variable requirement for DTT may reflect in part tissue concentrations of endogenous sulfhydryl compounds. Our findings indicate that glucocorticoid binding activity of lung and many other tissues decays rapidly in vitro due to oxidation of receptor sulfhydryl groups. Maintenance of these groups in the reduced form by endogenous tissue factors, addition of sulfhydryl compounds, or binding of glucocorticoid stabilizes receptor and allows its detection in lung and other tissues previously found to contain little if any activity.", "PMID": 402260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1285", "title": "The effect of basal hypothalamic isolation on pituitary-thyroid activity and the response to propylthiouracil.", "content": "Basal hypothalamic deafferentation extending from the posterior border of the optic chiasm to the mid-mammillary bodies resulted in depression of plasma TSH, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) concentration to 50% of normal controls within 7 days. Administration of 0.15% propylthiouracil (PTU) in the diet form postoperative day 26 caused a pronounced drop in the plasma T3 level and a rise in plasma TSH level within two days in the control animals, but had little effect during this interval in the deafferented animals. After 12 days of PTU, plasma T3 and T4 concentrations had dropped to undetectable concentrations in the control animals but both were still detectable in the deafferented animals. After 25 days of PTU, plasms T4 and T3 levels were undetectable and plasma TSH levels were significantly elevated above normal in all animals. Thyroid hypertrophy at that time was as great in the deafferented as in the control rats, although plasma TSH concentration was 50% lower in the former. Administration of 0.1 mug/100 g BW TRH iv on postoperative day 37, when plasma T4 and T3 were undetectable in the controls but still present in the deafferented animals, produced an equally high concentration of plasma TSH in all animals. We interpret these data to support the concepts that: 1) a major source of neural drive of that TRH which stimulates the secretion of TSH by the adenohypophysis lies outside the medial basal hypothalamus, 2) a decrease in TRH reaching the adenohypophysis causes a lower setting of the \"thyrostat\" sensitive to the concentration of circulating thyroid hormone, and 3) increased TSH secretion and resultant goitrogenesis is delayed in animals with impaired TRH secretion because of the slower rate of secretion of thyroid hormone than in intact controls and the longer time thus required to markedly reduce the concentration of circulating thyroid hormone.", "contents": "The effect of basal hypothalamic isolation on pituitary-thyroid activity and the response to propylthiouracil. Basal hypothalamic deafferentation extending from the posterior border of the optic chiasm to the mid-mammillary bodies resulted in depression of plasma TSH, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) concentration to 50% of normal controls within 7 days. Administration of 0.15% propylthiouracil (PTU) in the diet form postoperative day 26 caused a pronounced drop in the plasma T3 level and a rise in plasma TSH level within two days in the control animals, but had little effect during this interval in the deafferented animals. After 12 days of PTU, plasma T3 and T4 concentrations had dropped to undetectable concentrations in the control animals but both were still detectable in the deafferented animals. After 25 days of PTU, plasms T4 and T3 levels were undetectable and plasma TSH levels were significantly elevated above normal in all animals. Thyroid hypertrophy at that time was as great in the deafferented as in the control rats, although plasma TSH concentration was 50% lower in the former. Administration of 0.1 mug/100 g BW TRH iv on postoperative day 37, when plasma T4 and T3 were undetectable in the controls but still present in the deafferented animals, produced an equally high concentration of plasma TSH in all animals. We interpret these data to support the concepts that: 1) a major source of neural drive of that TRH which stimulates the secretion of TSH by the adenohypophysis lies outside the medial basal hypothalamus, 2) a decrease in TRH reaching the adenohypophysis causes a lower setting of the \"thyrostat\" sensitive to the concentration of circulating thyroid hormone, and 3) increased TSH secretion and resultant goitrogenesis is delayed in animals with impaired TRH secretion because of the slower rate of secretion of thyroid hormone than in intact controls and the longer time thus required to markedly reduce the concentration of circulating thyroid hormone.", "PMID": 402261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1286", "title": "Insensitivity of bonnet monkeys to (D-Ala6, Des-Gly10) LHRH ethylamide, a potent new luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue in rats and mice.", "content": "The Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH) activity of (D-Ala6, Des-Gly10) LHRH ethylamide was compared with that of LHRH in o\u00f6phorectomized bonnet monkeys by determining serum LH and FSH concentrations at various time intervals after a sc injection of 100 mug of LHRH and either 100 mug or 1 mg of the analogue. Following administration of synthetic LHRH, a significant rise in both serum LH and FSH was observed. In contrast, no discernible change in serum gonadotropin concentrations was noted following injection of the analogue (D-Ala6, Des-Gly10) LHRH ethylamide, previously reported to have greatly increased potency in rats and mice.", "contents": "Insensitivity of bonnet monkeys to (D-Ala6, Des-Gly10) LHRH ethylamide, a potent new luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue in rats and mice. The Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH) activity of (D-Ala6, Des-Gly10) LHRH ethylamide was compared with that of LHRH in o\u00f6phorectomized bonnet monkeys by determining serum LH and FSH concentrations at various time intervals after a sc injection of 100 mug of LHRH and either 100 mug or 1 mg of the analogue. Following administration of synthetic LHRH, a significant rise in both serum LH and FSH was observed. In contrast, no discernible change in serum gonadotropin concentrations was noted following injection of the analogue (D-Ala6, Des-Gly10) LHRH ethylamide, previously reported to have greatly increased potency in rats and mice.", "PMID": 402262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1287", "title": "Studies on the sequence of the 3'-terminal region of turnip-yellow-mosaic-virus RNA.", "content": "A fragment representing the 3'-terminal 'tRNA-like' region of turnip yellow mosaic (TYM) virus RNA has been purified following incubation of intact TYM virus RNA with Escherichia coli 'RNase P'. This fragment, which is 112+3-nucleotides long has been completely digested with T1 RNase and pancreatic RNase and all the oligonucleotides present in such digests have been sequenced using 32P-end labelling techniques in vitro. The TYM virus RNA fragment is free of modified nucleosides and does not contain a G-U-U-C-R sequence. Using nuclease P1 from Penicillium citrinum, the sequence of 26 nucleotides from the 5' end and 16 nucleotides from the 3' end of this fragment has been deduced. The nucleotide sequence at the 5' end of the TYM virus RNA fragment indicates that this fragment includes the end of the TYM virus coat protein gene.", "contents": "Studies on the sequence of the 3'-terminal region of turnip-yellow-mosaic-virus RNA. A fragment representing the 3'-terminal 'tRNA-like' region of turnip yellow mosaic (TYM) virus RNA has been purified following incubation of intact TYM virus RNA with Escherichia coli 'RNase P'. This fragment, which is 112+3-nucleotides long has been completely digested with T1 RNase and pancreatic RNase and all the oligonucleotides present in such digests have been sequenced using 32P-end labelling techniques in vitro. The TYM virus RNA fragment is free of modified nucleosides and does not contain a G-U-U-C-R sequence. Using nuclease P1 from Penicillium citrinum, the sequence of 26 nucleotides from the 5' end and 16 nucleotides from the 3' end of this fragment has been deduced. The nucleotide sequence at the 5' end of the TYM virus RNA fragment indicates that this fragment includes the end of the TYM virus coat protein gene.", "PMID": 402264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1288", "title": "Membrane fractions from the outer layers of spores of Bacillus thuringiensis with toxicity to lepidopterous larvae.", "content": "Two membrane fractions, F1 and F2, have been purified from the outer layers of spores of Bacillus thuringiensis. Both fractions contain 6-7% cysteine and appear to be similar in composition. Amino acids account for about 75% of the dry weight, carbohydrate for about 2% and lipids for about 25%. The fractions are both toxic to Pieris brassicae and the toxicity is inactivated by antiserum to the toxic crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis. The fractions can be distinguished by examination under the electron microscope; both fractions show similar hexagonal patterns but with different spacings. The same fractions from an acrystaliferous mutant (cr) were prepared. These were identical in density and in appearance under the electron microscope; the amino acid analysis of fraction F2 from both strains was identical. However, the spores and fractions F1 and F2 from this strain lacked toxicity. Fraction F2 from the cr strain was used to prepare antiserum specific to fraction F2. Using this anti-serum and anticrystal serum, crystal and F2 antigens were shown to appear simultaneously in sporulating cultures. Crystal and F2 antigens appeared some time before the maximum rate of uptake of [35s]cysteine. It is concluded that fraction F2 is derived from the exosporium and that fraction F1 probably originates from the spore coat. The exosporium in Bacillus thuringiensis appears to be synthesised during stages II and III of sporulation although uptake of [35S]cysteine occurs much later.", "contents": "Membrane fractions from the outer layers of spores of Bacillus thuringiensis with toxicity to lepidopterous larvae. Two membrane fractions, F1 and F2, have been purified from the outer layers of spores of Bacillus thuringiensis. Both fractions contain 6-7% cysteine and appear to be similar in composition. Amino acids account for about 75% of the dry weight, carbohydrate for about 2% and lipids for about 25%. The fractions are both toxic to Pieris brassicae and the toxicity is inactivated by antiserum to the toxic crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis. The fractions can be distinguished by examination under the electron microscope; both fractions show similar hexagonal patterns but with different spacings. The same fractions from an acrystaliferous mutant (cr) were prepared. These were identical in density and in appearance under the electron microscope; the amino acid analysis of fraction F2 from both strains was identical. However, the spores and fractions F1 and F2 from this strain lacked toxicity. Fraction F2 from the cr strain was used to prepare antiserum specific to fraction F2. Using this anti-serum and anticrystal serum, crystal and F2 antigens were shown to appear simultaneously in sporulating cultures. Crystal and F2 antigens appeared some time before the maximum rate of uptake of [35s]cysteine. It is concluded that fraction F2 is derived from the exosporium and that fraction F1 probably originates from the spore coat. The exosporium in Bacillus thuringiensis appears to be synthesised during stages II and III of sporulation although uptake of [35S]cysteine occurs much later.", "PMID": 402265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1289", "title": "The Euglena gracilis chloroplast genome: analysis by restriction enzymes.", "content": "1. Chloroplast DNA was isolated from autotrophically and mixotrophically grown Euglena gracilis cells. 2. Aliquots of chloroplast DNA were mechanically degraded to an average molecular weight of 4-7 X 10(6) and G+C-rich DNA fragments (density 1.701 g/cm3) were separated from the bulk DNA (density 1.685 g/cm3) using preparative CsCl density gradients. 3. Total chloroplast DNA and its DNA subfractions, which first were characterized with respect to average G+C content and hybridization capacity for chloroplast rRNA, were hydrolysed with restriction endonucleases (endo R-EcoRI, end R-HindII, endoR-HindIII, endo R-HindII+III, endoR-Hpal, endo R-HpaII and endoR-HaeIII). The fragments were separated on gels under a variety of electrophoretic conditions. 4. With each enzyme tested, a rather large number of bands was obtained. In all cases, different banding patterns were obtained for total DNA, and the DNA subfractions. 5. Chloroplast DNA from autotrophically and mixotrophically grown cells gave identical banding patterns. 6. Digestion of total DNA with the endoR-HaeIII yielded 51-52 fragments separated in the gels in a total of 36 bands of which 11-12 bands were composed of 2-3 fragments as estimated by densitometry. The molecular weights of all fragments combined was 87 X 10(6) or 95% of the genome (92 X 10(6)). 7. Chloroplast RNA hybridized to 5.1% with total chloroplast DNA, equal to three RNA cistrons per genome (Mr92 X 10(6)). These cistrons are located on seven different types of endo R-HaeIII fragments. The hybridising fragments are preferentially found in the G+C-rich subfraction and in bands which are composed of 2-3 fragments.", "contents": "The Euglena gracilis chloroplast genome: analysis by restriction enzymes. 1. Chloroplast DNA was isolated from autotrophically and mixotrophically grown Euglena gracilis cells. 2. Aliquots of chloroplast DNA were mechanically degraded to an average molecular weight of 4-7 X 10(6) and G+C-rich DNA fragments (density 1.701 g/cm3) were separated from the bulk DNA (density 1.685 g/cm3) using preparative CsCl density gradients. 3. Total chloroplast DNA and its DNA subfractions, which first were characterized with respect to average G+C content and hybridization capacity for chloroplast rRNA, were hydrolysed with restriction endonucleases (endo R-EcoRI, end R-HindII, endoR-HindIII, endo R-HindII+III, endoR-Hpal, endo R-HpaII and endoR-HaeIII). The fragments were separated on gels under a variety of electrophoretic conditions. 4. With each enzyme tested, a rather large number of bands was obtained. In all cases, different banding patterns were obtained for total DNA, and the DNA subfractions. 5. Chloroplast DNA from autotrophically and mixotrophically grown cells gave identical banding patterns. 6. Digestion of total DNA with the endoR-HaeIII yielded 51-52 fragments separated in the gels in a total of 36 bands of which 11-12 bands were composed of 2-3 fragments as estimated by densitometry. The molecular weights of all fragments combined was 87 X 10(6) or 95% of the genome (92 X 10(6)). 7. Chloroplast RNA hybridized to 5.1% with total chloroplast DNA, equal to three RNA cistrons per genome (Mr92 X 10(6)). These cistrons are located on seven different types of endo R-HaeIII fragments. The hybridising fragments are preferentially found in the G+C-rich subfraction and in bands which are composed of 2-3 fragments.", "PMID": 402266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1290", "title": "Purification and characterization of a complex between cloacin and its immunity protein isolated from Enterobacter cloacae (Clo DF13). Dissociation and reconstitution of the complex.", "content": "Cell of Enterobacter cloacae (Clo DF13) produce a bacteriocin which is characterized by its very effective killing activity against sensitive bacteria. Purification and characterization of the excreted bacteriocin has revealed that this bacteriocin consists of an equimolar complex of two plasmid-specific gene products: the cloacin and its inhibitor the immunity protein. Dissociation of the complex by treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate induces the endonucleolytic activity of the cloacin but strongly reduces the killing activity. The purified complex possesses no activity in vitro. Both cloacin and immunity protein isolated from the complex were functionally identical to cloacin and immunity protein purified from the bacteriocinogenic cells by other methods. Reconstitution of the complex results in a partial restoration of killing activity.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a complex between cloacin and its immunity protein isolated from Enterobacter cloacae (Clo DF13). Dissociation and reconstitution of the complex. Cell of Enterobacter cloacae (Clo DF13) produce a bacteriocin which is characterized by its very effective killing activity against sensitive bacteria. Purification and characterization of the excreted bacteriocin has revealed that this bacteriocin consists of an equimolar complex of two plasmid-specific gene products: the cloacin and its inhibitor the immunity protein. Dissociation of the complex by treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate induces the endonucleolytic activity of the cloacin but strongly reduces the killing activity. The purified complex possesses no activity in vitro. Both cloacin and immunity protein isolated from the complex were functionally identical to cloacin and immunity protein purified from the bacteriocinogenic cells by other methods. Reconstitution of the complex results in a partial restoration of killing activity.", "PMID": 402267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1291", "title": "Affinity chromatography of lipoxygenases.", "content": "A number of aminohexyl agarose derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids have been prepared and evaluated as materials for the affinity chromatography of soybean and pea lipoxygenases. A practical method for a one-stage purification of soybean lipoxygenase-1, with a purification factor of 16, is described, using either linolenate or docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoate as ligands. Results show that alleged competitive inhibitors do not cause sharp elution from the affinity column, and that there is an increasing specificity of binding and sharpness of elution as the proportion of unsaturation in the ligand is increased. These results are discussed in terms of the relative importance of the types of bonding involved in enzyme-substrate binding.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of lipoxygenases. A number of aminohexyl agarose derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids have been prepared and evaluated as materials for the affinity chromatography of soybean and pea lipoxygenases. A practical method for a one-stage purification of soybean lipoxygenase-1, with a purification factor of 16, is described, using either linolenate or docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoate as ligands. Results show that alleged competitive inhibitors do not cause sharp elution from the affinity column, and that there is an increasing specificity of binding and sharpness of elution as the proportion of unsaturation in the ligand is increased. These results are discussed in terms of the relative importance of the types of bonding involved in enzyme-substrate binding.", "PMID": 402268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1292", "title": "Assembly of Bacillus subtilis phage phi29. 1. Mutants in the cistrons coding for the structural proteins.", "content": "The effect of mutations in the cistrons coding for the phage structural proteins has been studied by analyzing the phage-related structures accumulated after restrictive infection. Infection with susmutants in cistron 8, lacking both the major head and the fiber protein, does not produce any phage-related structure, suggesting a single route for the assembly of phage phi29; infection with ts mutants in this cistron produces isometric particles. Mutants is cistron 9, coding for the tail protein, TP1, produce DNA-free prolate heads with an internal core; these particles are abortive and contain the head proteins HPO, HP1 and HP3, the upper collar protein NP2 and the nonstructural proteins p7, p15 and p16. Mutants in cistron 10, coding for the upper collar protein, NP2, produce DNA-free isometric heads also with an internal core; they contain the head proteins and the nonstructural protein p7, suggesting that this protein forms the internal core. Mutants in cistrons 11 and 12, coding for the lower collar protein, NP3, and the neck appendages, NP1, respectively, give rise to the formation of DNA-containing normal capsids and DNA-free prolate particles, more rounded at the corners than the normal capsids and with an internal core; the DNA-containing 11-particles are formed by the head proteins and the upper collar protein; the DNA-free 11-particles contain, besides these proteins, the nonstructural protein p7 and a small amount of proteins p15 and 16. The DNA-containing 12-particles have all the normal phage structural proteins except the neck appendages, formed by protein NP1; the DNA-free particles are similar to the DNA-free 11-particles. After restricitive infection mutant sus14(1241) has a delayed lysis phenotype and produces a phage burst higher than normal, after artificial lysis. It produces DNA-containing particles, identical to wild-type phage, which have all the normal phage structural proteins, and DNA-free prolate particles, more rounded at the corners than the final phage particles and with an internal core; the last particles contain the same proteins as the DNA-free 11 or 12-particles. These particles could represent a prohead state, ready for DNA encapsulation. None of the DNA-containing particles have the nonstructural proteins p7, p15 or p16, suggesting that these proteins are released from the proheads upon DNA encapsulation.", "contents": "Assembly of Bacillus subtilis phage phi29. 1. Mutants in the cistrons coding for the structural proteins. The effect of mutations in the cistrons coding for the phage structural proteins has been studied by analyzing the phage-related structures accumulated after restrictive infection. Infection with susmutants in cistron 8, lacking both the major head and the fiber protein, does not produce any phage-related structure, suggesting a single route for the assembly of phage phi29; infection with ts mutants in this cistron produces isometric particles. Mutants is cistron 9, coding for the tail protein, TP1, produce DNA-free prolate heads with an internal core; these particles are abortive and contain the head proteins HPO, HP1 and HP3, the upper collar protein NP2 and the nonstructural proteins p7, p15 and p16. Mutants in cistron 10, coding for the upper collar protein, NP2, produce DNA-free isometric heads also with an internal core; they contain the head proteins and the nonstructural protein p7, suggesting that this protein forms the internal core. Mutants in cistrons 11 and 12, coding for the lower collar protein, NP3, and the neck appendages, NP1, respectively, give rise to the formation of DNA-containing normal capsids and DNA-free prolate particles, more rounded at the corners than the normal capsids and with an internal core; the DNA-containing 11-particles are formed by the head proteins and the upper collar protein; the DNA-free 11-particles contain, besides these proteins, the nonstructural protein p7 and a small amount of proteins p15 and 16. The DNA-containing 12-particles have all the normal phage structural proteins except the neck appendages, formed by protein NP1; the DNA-free particles are similar to the DNA-free 11-particles. After restricitive infection mutant sus14(1241) has a delayed lysis phenotype and produces a phage burst higher than normal, after artificial lysis. It produces DNA-containing particles, identical to wild-type phage, which have all the normal phage structural proteins, and DNA-free prolate particles, more rounded at the corners than the final phage particles and with an internal core; the last particles contain the same proteins as the DNA-free 11 or 12-particles. These particles could represent a prohead state, ready for DNA encapsulation. None of the DNA-containing particles have the nonstructural proteins p7, p15 or p16, suggesting that these proteins are released from the proheads upon DNA encapsulation.", "PMID": 402269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1293", "title": "Assembly of Bacillus subtilis phage phe29. 2. Mutants in the cistrons coding for the non-structural proteins.", "content": "The effect on phage morphogenesis of sus mutations in the cistrons coding for nonstructural proteins has been studied. Mutants in three cistrons analyzed that are involved in phage DNA synthesis, as well as in cistron 16 which codes for a late nonstructural protein, produce prolate capsids which are more rounded at the corners than complete phage heads and have an internal core; they contain the head proteins, the upper collar protein and protein p7, not present in mature phage particles. Mutants in cistron 7 do not produce capsids nor other phage-related structures; this result and the presence of p7 in phage capsids suggest an essential role in capsid assembly for this protein. The protein product of cistron 13 is probably needed for a stable DNA encapsulation since mutants in this cistron produce mainly DNA-free complete phage particles and only about 10% of uninfective DNA-containing complete phage. Cistron 15 codes for a late, partially dispensable, nonstructural protein which is present in the DNA-free capsids produced after infection with the delayed-lysis mutant sus14(1242), used as the wild-type control, or with mutants in cistrons 9, 11,12 and 13. Proteins p15 and p16 are probably involved in the encapsulation of viral DNA in a prohead.", "contents": "Assembly of Bacillus subtilis phage phe29. 2. Mutants in the cistrons coding for the non-structural proteins. The effect on phage morphogenesis of sus mutations in the cistrons coding for nonstructural proteins has been studied. Mutants in three cistrons analyzed that are involved in phage DNA synthesis, as well as in cistron 16 which codes for a late nonstructural protein, produce prolate capsids which are more rounded at the corners than complete phage heads and have an internal core; they contain the head proteins, the upper collar protein and protein p7, not present in mature phage particles. Mutants in cistron 7 do not produce capsids nor other phage-related structures; this result and the presence of p7 in phage capsids suggest an essential role in capsid assembly for this protein. The protein product of cistron 13 is probably needed for a stable DNA encapsulation since mutants in this cistron produce mainly DNA-free complete phage particles and only about 10% of uninfective DNA-containing complete phage. Cistron 15 codes for a late, partially dispensable, nonstructural protein which is present in the DNA-free capsids produced after infection with the delayed-lysis mutant sus14(1242), used as the wild-type control, or with mutants in cistrons 9, 11,12 and 13. Proteins p15 and p16 are probably involved in the encapsulation of viral DNA in a prohead.", "PMID": 402270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1294", "title": "Eye findings in the 13 trisomy syndrome.", "content": "The gross and microscopic eye findings in the first historic case of the 13-trisomy syndrome included: severe microphthalmia, coloboma of the ciliary body, cataracts, detached retina, and retinal dysplasia.", "contents": "Eye findings in the 13 trisomy syndrome. The gross and microscopic eye findings in the first historic case of the 13-trisomy syndrome included: severe microphthalmia, coloboma of the ciliary body, cataracts, detached retina, and retinal dysplasia.", "PMID": 402271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1295", "title": "Characteristics and behaviour of arylesterase in human serum and liver.", "content": "Human arylesterase is localized in liver microsomes where the presence of different electrophoretic bands corresponding to the serum bands can be recognized. Serum arylesterase is mainly a result of liver activity and its high level might be explained by a low rate of elimination in urine. The behaviour of arylesterase towards inhibitors shows certain similarities to that of some of the proteases, such as trypsin. The clinical value of serum arylesterase determination in assessing liver function is confirmed by its isoenzyme behaviour in cirrhosis and porto-caval shunt.", "contents": "Characteristics and behaviour of arylesterase in human serum and liver. Human arylesterase is localized in liver microsomes where the presence of different electrophoretic bands corresponding to the serum bands can be recognized. Serum arylesterase is mainly a result of liver activity and its high level might be explained by a low rate of elimination in urine. The behaviour of arylesterase towards inhibitors shows certain similarities to that of some of the proteases, such as trypsin. The clinical value of serum arylesterase determination in assessing liver function is confirmed by its isoenzyme behaviour in cirrhosis and porto-caval shunt.", "PMID": 402272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1296", "title": "The effects of digoxin and beta-methyldigoxin on the heart rate of decompensated patients with atrial fibrillation.", "content": "Eighteen patients with atrial fibrillation were given digoxin 0.13 mg twice daily for 3 weeks and beta-methyldigoxin 0.10 mg twice daily for another 3 weeks. At the end of each 3 week period an exercise test was performed and the effects on the heart rate of the two drugs were compared. No difference in heart rate was obtained at rest, whereas the heart rate after 6 min of exercise was higher during treatment with digoxin (131 beats/min) than when the patients were taking beta-methyldigoxin (124 beats/min). There were no significant differences between digoxin and beta-methyldigoxin in their effects on the ECG (R-R intervals, T-wave, Q-T duration). The plasma concentrations of the two glycosides were determined by radioimmunoassay and by 86Rb-uptake inhibition assay. Comparable plasma concentration values (1.0 ng/ml for digoxin, 1.1 ng/ml for beta-methyldigoxin, mean values) were obtained by radioimmunoassay, but the 86Rb-technique gave significantly higher values (mean 1.5 ng/ml) for beta-methyldigoxin. It is concluded that beta-methyldigoxin is equal to digoxin for producing slowing of the heart rate in patients with atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "The effects of digoxin and beta-methyldigoxin on the heart rate of decompensated patients with atrial fibrillation. Eighteen patients with atrial fibrillation were given digoxin 0.13 mg twice daily for 3 weeks and beta-methyldigoxin 0.10 mg twice daily for another 3 weeks. At the end of each 3 week period an exercise test was performed and the effects on the heart rate of the two drugs were compared. No difference in heart rate was obtained at rest, whereas the heart rate after 6 min of exercise was higher during treatment with digoxin (131 beats/min) than when the patients were taking beta-methyldigoxin (124 beats/min). There were no significant differences between digoxin and beta-methyldigoxin in their effects on the ECG (R-R intervals, T-wave, Q-T duration). The plasma concentrations of the two glycosides were determined by radioimmunoassay and by 86Rb-uptake inhibition assay. Comparable plasma concentration values (1.0 ng/ml for digoxin, 1.1 ng/ml for beta-methyldigoxin, mean values) were obtained by radioimmunoassay, but the 86Rb-technique gave significantly higher values (mean 1.5 ng/ml) for beta-methyldigoxin. It is concluded that beta-methyldigoxin is equal to digoxin for producing slowing of the heart rate in patients with atrial fibrillation.", "PMID": 402273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1297", "title": "Biochemical measurements in Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "In a group of eighty-three patients with untreated Paget's disease of bone, plasma alkaline phosphatase activity (AP), plasma non-protein-bound hydroxyproline concentration (PHP) and urinary excretion rate of total hydroxyproline (THP) were closely correlated with each other but not with fasting plasma concentrations of calcium or inorganic phosphate. Probit plots of AP and THP showed log-normal distributions overlapping the normal ranges.", "contents": "Biochemical measurements in Paget's disease of bone. In a group of eighty-three patients with untreated Paget's disease of bone, plasma alkaline phosphatase activity (AP), plasma non-protein-bound hydroxyproline concentration (PHP) and urinary excretion rate of total hydroxyproline (THP) were closely correlated with each other but not with fasting plasma concentrations of calcium or inorganic phosphate. Probit plots of AP and THP showed log-normal distributions overlapping the normal ranges.", "PMID": 402274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1298", "title": "The influence of phentolamine, an adrenergic blocking agent, on insulin secretion during surgery.", "content": "A rapid intravenous glucose load (20 g) was given with a phentolamine infusion during and after elective abdominal surgery. Plasma levels of glucose, free fatty acids, and insulin were measured to investigate the influence of surgical stress on insulin secretion. When Ringer's lactate solution was infused into a control group of subjects during surgery, plasma levels of insulin did not change during and after the surgery while plasma levels of glucose and free fatty acids increased gradually during this period. Similar results were also noted in another control group in whom only Ringer's lactate solution and phentolamine had been infused. This evidence suggests that insulin secretion responding to endogenous hyperglycemia is suppressed during surgery. In the group which was given the glucose load during infusion of only Ringer's lactate solution, plasma levels of insulin significantly increased soon after the glucose load and the gradually decreased. In another group which was given the glucose load during infusion of Ringer's lactate and phentolamine, plasma levels of insulin also increased significantly after the glucose load and remained elevated during surgery. The maximum increment of plasma insulin after the glucose load in the latter group was significantly higher than that in the former group. From these results it is suggested that suppression of insulin secretion by surgical stress is inhibited by the alpha blocking agent phentolamine.", "contents": "The influence of phentolamine, an adrenergic blocking agent, on insulin secretion during surgery. A rapid intravenous glucose load (20 g) was given with a phentolamine infusion during and after elective abdominal surgery. Plasma levels of glucose, free fatty acids, and insulin were measured to investigate the influence of surgical stress on insulin secretion. When Ringer's lactate solution was infused into a control group of subjects during surgery, plasma levels of insulin did not change during and after the surgery while plasma levels of glucose and free fatty acids increased gradually during this period. Similar results were also noted in another control group in whom only Ringer's lactate solution and phentolamine had been infused. This evidence suggests that insulin secretion responding to endogenous hyperglycemia is suppressed during surgery. In the group which was given the glucose load during infusion of only Ringer's lactate solution, plasma levels of insulin significantly increased soon after the glucose load and the gradually decreased. In another group which was given the glucose load during infusion of Ringer's lactate and phentolamine, plasma levels of insulin also increased significantly after the glucose load and remained elevated during surgery. The maximum increment of plasma insulin after the glucose load in the latter group was significantly higher than that in the former group. From these results it is suggested that suppression of insulin secretion by surgical stress is inhibited by the alpha blocking agent phentolamine.", "PMID": 402275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1299", "title": "Insulin disappearance rate in pregnant and non-pregnant women, and in non-pregnant women given GHRIH.", "content": "The half-life of injected monocomponent insulin, as judged by radioimmunoassay, has been found to be 3-3 1/2 min in a group of healthy women. This value is unaffected by pregnancy. Tests were repeated in non-pregnant women during an infusion of GHRIH to ensure that endogenous insulin secretion was suppressed by the dose of insulin given. Similar values were obtained.", "contents": "Insulin disappearance rate in pregnant and non-pregnant women, and in non-pregnant women given GHRIH. The half-life of injected monocomponent insulin, as judged by radioimmunoassay, has been found to be 3-3 1/2 min in a group of healthy women. This value is unaffected by pregnancy. Tests were repeated in non-pregnant women during an infusion of GHRIH to ensure that endogenous insulin secretion was suppressed by the dose of insulin given. Similar values were obtained.", "PMID": 402276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1300", "title": "Cholesterol metabolism in Papua New Guineans.", "content": "Cholesterol metabolism has been studied in a group of healthy males drawn from a New Guinea highland population whose plasma cholesterol concentration is low by Western standards and does not rise with age. Mean values from compartmental studies in six subjects were: pool A mass 289 mg/kg; production rate 1069 mg/day or 17.4 mg kg-1 day-1. The average rate of endogenous synthesis measured by sterol balance in twelve men was 751 mg/day or 12.4 mg kg-1 day-1. There was evidence of probable suppression of synthesis by about 500 mg/day when 1 g/day of egg yolk cholesterol was added to the diet of six subjects for 5 weeks. In the latter group, mean cholesterol absorption was 39% (390 mg/day) but the plasma cholesterol concentration did not rise, possibly reflecting compensatory redution in synthesis. It is suggested that these results were unexceptional, except possibly for the failure of the plasma cholesterol concentration to rise when cholesterol was ingested, despite gross differences in diet and many other factors.", "contents": "Cholesterol metabolism in Papua New Guineans. Cholesterol metabolism has been studied in a group of healthy males drawn from a New Guinea highland population whose plasma cholesterol concentration is low by Western standards and does not rise with age. Mean values from compartmental studies in six subjects were: pool A mass 289 mg/kg; production rate 1069 mg/day or 17.4 mg kg-1 day-1. The average rate of endogenous synthesis measured by sterol balance in twelve men was 751 mg/day or 12.4 mg kg-1 day-1. There was evidence of probable suppression of synthesis by about 500 mg/day when 1 g/day of egg yolk cholesterol was added to the diet of six subjects for 5 weeks. In the latter group, mean cholesterol absorption was 39% (390 mg/day) but the plasma cholesterol concentration did not rise, possibly reflecting compensatory redution in synthesis. It is suggested that these results were unexceptional, except possibly for the failure of the plasma cholesterol concentration to rise when cholesterol was ingested, despite gross differences in diet and many other factors.", "PMID": 402277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1301", "title": "Plasma aldosterone during extracellular fluid volume expansion in patients on regular haemodialysis.", "content": "The influence of extracellular fluid volume expansion on the plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) was investigated in five anephric and six non-nephrectomized patients on regular haemodialysis, and compared to a control group of four anephric and four non-nephrectomized patients. Plasma-renin activity, cortisol, Na+, and K+ were measured together with the PAC during the investigation. In anephric patients the PAC remained constant during the control period as well as during extracellular fluid volume expansion by infusion of 350 mmol of 20% mannitol. In the non-nephrectomized patients PAC diminished after mannitol infusion. The decline in PAC was correlated with the basal levels of PAC and the plasma renin activity. It is concluded that 5% extracellular fluid volume expansion has no direct influence on the regulation of PAC in patients without the renal renin-angiotensin system and that the regulation of PAC in anephric patients in the present investigation is probably mediated by changes in potassium and ACTH.", "contents": "Plasma aldosterone during extracellular fluid volume expansion in patients on regular haemodialysis. The influence of extracellular fluid volume expansion on the plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) was investigated in five anephric and six non-nephrectomized patients on regular haemodialysis, and compared to a control group of four anephric and four non-nephrectomized patients. Plasma-renin activity, cortisol, Na+, and K+ were measured together with the PAC during the investigation. In anephric patients the PAC remained constant during the control period as well as during extracellular fluid volume expansion by infusion of 350 mmol of 20% mannitol. In the non-nephrectomized patients PAC diminished after mannitol infusion. The decline in PAC was correlated with the basal levels of PAC and the plasma renin activity. It is concluded that 5% extracellular fluid volume expansion has no direct influence on the regulation of PAC in patients without the renal renin-angiotensin system and that the regulation of PAC in anephric patients in the present investigation is probably mediated by changes in potassium and ACTH.", "PMID": 402278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1302", "title": "Regional vascular responses to asphyxia in the rabbit.", "content": "Organ blood flow was measured in eight spontaneously breathing male New Zealand white rabbits exposed to a 50 min period of asphyxia. The results were compared with eight control animals. Cardiac output and arterial pressure did not change. There was increased flow to the heart, brain and diaphragm. Flow to the kidneys and adipose tissue was reduced. Flow to the gastro-intestinal tract, liver, skeletal muscle and carcass was unchanged. Prolonged moderate asphyxia produces preferential blood supply to vital organs and maintains flow to the skeletal musculature and the gastro-intestinal tract; their blood supply is diverted mainly from the kidneys. These changes are similar to those seen in haemorrhagic and endotoxic shock in the rabbit.", "contents": "Regional vascular responses to asphyxia in the rabbit. Organ blood flow was measured in eight spontaneously breathing male New Zealand white rabbits exposed to a 50 min period of asphyxia. The results were compared with eight control animals. Cardiac output and arterial pressure did not change. There was increased flow to the heart, brain and diaphragm. Flow to the kidneys and adipose tissue was reduced. Flow to the gastro-intestinal tract, liver, skeletal muscle and carcass was unchanged. Prolonged moderate asphyxia produces preferential blood supply to vital organs and maintains flow to the skeletal musculature and the gastro-intestinal tract; their blood supply is diverted mainly from the kidneys. These changes are similar to those seen in haemorrhagic and endotoxic shock in the rabbit.", "PMID": 402279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1303", "title": "Screening for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid in families with Sipple's syndrome: evaluation of new stimulation tests.", "content": "In search of new practical diagnostic methods for the early diagnosis of hereditary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) calcitonin release has been studied following induction by pentagastrin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (the C-terminal octapeptide, C8-CCK, and the native swine extract), and ethanol in eighteen cases of MCT (all but one clinically occult), three 'borderline cases', seven first degree relatives of patients with hereditary MCT and thirty-five healthy controls. Pentagastrin, subcutaneous (s.c.) or intravenous (i.v.), induced a pronounced and rapid increase of serum calcitonin within 2-5 min. The elevation was roughly proportional to the tumour mass as estimated at operation. Seventeen out of eighteen MCT patients responded to s.c. pentagastrin with a significant increase in serum calcitonin and the response correlated well with that induced by calcium infusion test. Only two blood samples, at times 0 and 5 min, were necessary for diagnosis. In the MCT patients, i.v. pentagastrin produced more pronounced elevations of serum calcitonin than did s.c. pentagastrin, whereas no increase was seen in the control group. The subjective discomfort caused by i.v. pentagastrin was somewhat more intense but lasted shorter than that induced by s.c. administration. No serious complications were seen. All of nine MCT patients responded to C8-CCK with increments in serum calcitonin exceeding those of the control group and both of two responded similarly to the native cholecystokinin-pancreozymin extract. Generally the serum calcitonin response was lower and more variable after C8-CCK than after s.c. or i.v. pentagastrin, and the subjective discomfort was also more pronounced with abdominal cramps during the injection. Ethanol in the dose used was the least effective stimulator for serum calcitonin release. Clinically suspected MCT carriers with palpable tumours can be diagnosed by determination of the basal, i.e. non-stimulated serum calcitonin levels. Other possible Sipple genome carriers, who are at the time clinically healthy with normal basal serum calcitonin, should be subjected to a s.c. or i.v. pentagastrin stimulation test at each examination. These tests are much simpler to perform than a calcium infusion, test, but seem to have about the same sensitivity.", "contents": "Screening for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid in families with Sipple's syndrome: evaluation of new stimulation tests. In search of new practical diagnostic methods for the early diagnosis of hereditary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) calcitonin release has been studied following induction by pentagastrin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (the C-terminal octapeptide, C8-CCK, and the native swine extract), and ethanol in eighteen cases of MCT (all but one clinically occult), three 'borderline cases', seven first degree relatives of patients with hereditary MCT and thirty-five healthy controls. Pentagastrin, subcutaneous (s.c.) or intravenous (i.v.), induced a pronounced and rapid increase of serum calcitonin within 2-5 min. The elevation was roughly proportional to the tumour mass as estimated at operation. Seventeen out of eighteen MCT patients responded to s.c. pentagastrin with a significant increase in serum calcitonin and the response correlated well with that induced by calcium infusion test. Only two blood samples, at times 0 and 5 min, were necessary for diagnosis. In the MCT patients, i.v. pentagastrin produced more pronounced elevations of serum calcitonin than did s.c. pentagastrin, whereas no increase was seen in the control group. The subjective discomfort caused by i.v. pentagastrin was somewhat more intense but lasted shorter than that induced by s.c. administration. No serious complications were seen. All of nine MCT patients responded to C8-CCK with increments in serum calcitonin exceeding those of the control group and both of two responded similarly to the native cholecystokinin-pancreozymin extract. Generally the serum calcitonin response was lower and more variable after C8-CCK than after s.c. or i.v. pentagastrin, and the subjective discomfort was also more pronounced with abdominal cramps during the injection. Ethanol in the dose used was the least effective stimulator for serum calcitonin release. Clinically suspected MCT carriers with palpable tumours can be diagnosed by determination of the basal, i.e. non-stimulated serum calcitonin levels. Other possible Sipple genome carriers, who are at the time clinically healthy with normal basal serum calcitonin, should be subjected to a s.c. or i.v. pentagastrin stimulation test at each examination. These tests are much simpler to perform than a calcium infusion, test, but seem to have about the same sensitivity.", "PMID": 402280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1304", "title": "Reduced binding of added zinc in serum of patients with decompensated hepatic cirrhosis.", "content": "Binding of zinc to macromolecules when added to serum was measured by ultrafiltration. At a final ratio of 0.6 mol zinc per mol albumin, zinc dissociable by glycine was significantly greater in diluted serum from patients with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis than in normal serum samples similarly prepared. Low serum zinc concentrations, often observed in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, may be related in part to a reduced affinity of plasma albumin for exchangeable zinc.", "contents": "Reduced binding of added zinc in serum of patients with decompensated hepatic cirrhosis. Binding of zinc to macromolecules when added to serum was measured by ultrafiltration. At a final ratio of 0.6 mol zinc per mol albumin, zinc dissociable by glycine was significantly greater in diluted serum from patients with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis than in normal serum samples similarly prepared. Low serum zinc concentrations, often observed in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, may be related in part to a reduced affinity of plasma albumin for exchangeable zinc.", "PMID": 402281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1305", "title": "Induction of uterine protein synthesis by synthetic progestins.", "content": "The capacity of artificial progestins, each possessing a C-19 methyl group, to stimulate protein synthesis in the uteri of castrated New Zealand White rabbits was studied in an attempt to screen for this type of progestational activity. It is apparent that modifications of the 4-pregnen-3,20-dione molecule not only alter total protein production, but also effect changes in the synthesis of the uterine protein, blastokinin, in comparison with the effect of unaltered progesterone. This indicates that altering the molecular configuration of progesterone offers contraceptive potential through its ability to influence the preimplantation uterine environment.", "contents": "Induction of uterine protein synthesis by synthetic progestins. The capacity of artificial progestins, each possessing a C-19 methyl group, to stimulate protein synthesis in the uteri of castrated New Zealand White rabbits was studied in an attempt to screen for this type of progestational activity. It is apparent that modifications of the 4-pregnen-3,20-dione molecule not only alter total protein production, but also effect changes in the synthesis of the uterine protein, blastokinin, in comparison with the effect of unaltered progesterone. This indicates that altering the molecular configuration of progesterone offers contraceptive potential through its ability to influence the preimplantation uterine environment.", "PMID": 402294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1306", "title": "Adverse reactions and endotoxin content of polysaccharide vaccines.", "content": "Adverse reactions occurring when 1.5 million children and young adults were vaccinated with different lots of group A meningococcal and one lot of Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide vaccines were analyzed on the basis of records kept by local health personnel and 19,000 special questionnaires. The incidence of anaphylactic reactions was 0.8 per 100,000 injections. A pyrogen-like reaction--high fever appearing soon after injection and disappearing within six hours--was seen in 1.8% of children 3 months to 5 years old who received the meningococcal vaccine in the first vaccination project. This reaction was most common in children below three years. Its frequency varied with different vaccine lots and was found to be correlated with the endotoxin content of the vaccines estimated by either the limulus assay or by pyrogen test in rabbits. On the basis of these results we propose that capsular polysaccharide vaccines should pass the pyrogen test with a dose of one mug polysaccharide per kg of rabbit weight. With such vaccines, the incidence of high fever was reduced to 0.5% in children of the same age group.", "contents": "Adverse reactions and endotoxin content of polysaccharide vaccines. Adverse reactions occurring when 1.5 million children and young adults were vaccinated with different lots of group A meningococcal and one lot of Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide vaccines were analyzed on the basis of records kept by local health personnel and 19,000 special questionnaires. The incidence of anaphylactic reactions was 0.8 per 100,000 injections. A pyrogen-like reaction--high fever appearing soon after injection and disappearing within six hours--was seen in 1.8% of children 3 months to 5 years old who received the meningococcal vaccine in the first vaccination project. This reaction was most common in children below three years. Its frequency varied with different vaccine lots and was found to be correlated with the endotoxin content of the vaccines estimated by either the limulus assay or by pyrogen test in rabbits. On the basis of these results we propose that capsular polysaccharide vaccines should pass the pyrogen test with a dose of one mug polysaccharide per kg of rabbit weight. With such vaccines, the incidence of high fever was reduced to 0.5% in children of the same age group.", "PMID": 402298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1307", "title": "An audio urine-glucose analyzer for blind diabetics.", "content": "At the instigation of one of the authors (J.M.)--a young man whose blindness is due to diabetic retinopathy--a urine-glucose analyzer was designed and constructed. Its purpose and function enable him to test his urine himself (free of dependence on thers for this service) and, thereby, he can then determine and administer his doses of insulin. He and other young blind diabetics may value the degree of freedom from dependence on others than the analyzer provides and feel it helps them to be able to work and care for themselves. A description of the instrument instructions for its use, and a summary of about 20 months' experience with it are submitted.", "contents": "An audio urine-glucose analyzer for blind diabetics. At the instigation of one of the authors (J.M.)--a young man whose blindness is due to diabetic retinopathy--a urine-glucose analyzer was designed and constructed. Its purpose and function enable him to test his urine himself (free of dependence on thers for this service) and, thereby, he can then determine and administer his doses of insulin. He and other young blind diabetics may value the degree of freedom from dependence on others than the analyzer provides and feel it helps them to be able to work and care for themselves. A description of the instrument instructions for its use, and a summary of about 20 months' experience with it are submitted.", "PMID": 402299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1308", "title": "A morphologic study of intrahepatic portal-vein islet isografts.", "content": "Isologous pancreatic islets were implanted into the portal vein of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. At intervals of from one to 32 days after transplantation, the intrahepatic islet grafts were examined histologically and ultrastructurally, and their vascular supply was determined by later perfusion studies. Implanted islets were found widely dispersed throughout the liver in peripheral interlobular portal venules and surrounded by vacuolated liver cells containing large stores of glycogen. The endocrine cells were structurally normal in each interval examined. By the third day after transplantation the beta cells were depleted of secretory granules in aldehyde-fuchsin preparations. Regranulation returned by the 14th day and was associated with secretory organelle hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Islet cells were found outside the portal areas in direct apposition to hepatocytes forming distinct desmosomes by the first day. While hemoperfusion of the grafts occurred from the moment of implantation into the portal venule, a dual vascular supply derived from periportal arterial and venous sources developed by the 11th day after transplantation, establishing full vascularization of the grafts. Preliminary work is presented to show that an active ingrowth of nerves in the islet graft occurs in association with the process of vascularization.", "contents": "A morphologic study of intrahepatic portal-vein islet isografts. Isologous pancreatic islets were implanted into the portal vein of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. At intervals of from one to 32 days after transplantation, the intrahepatic islet grafts were examined histologically and ultrastructurally, and their vascular supply was determined by later perfusion studies. Implanted islets were found widely dispersed throughout the liver in peripheral interlobular portal venules and surrounded by vacuolated liver cells containing large stores of glycogen. The endocrine cells were structurally normal in each interval examined. By the third day after transplantation the beta cells were depleted of secretory granules in aldehyde-fuchsin preparations. Regranulation returned by the 14th day and was associated with secretory organelle hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Islet cells were found outside the portal areas in direct apposition to hepatocytes forming distinct desmosomes by the first day. While hemoperfusion of the grafts occurred from the moment of implantation into the portal venule, a dual vascular supply derived from periportal arterial and venous sources developed by the 11th day after transplantation, establishing full vascularization of the grafts. Preliminary work is presented to show that an active ingrowth of nerves in the islet graft occurs in association with the process of vascularization.", "PMID": 402300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1309", "title": "Accumulation of myocardial triglycerides ketotic diabetes; evidence for increased biosynthesis.", "content": "The accumulation of triglycerides in the myocardium of nonketotic and overtly ketotic diabetic rats was studied. There was no increase in heart triglycerides of nonketotic rats taken off insulin treatment, although the rats exhibited several indices of diabetes. In nonketotic diabetic rats untreated with insulin, myocardial triglycerides repeatedly increased and declined to control levels. In severely ketotic rats, heart triglycerides increased about threefold and did not decline with time. In order to understand the mechanism of increase in myocardial triglycerides in ketotic diabetes, the biosynthesis of triglycerides was studied with heart homogenates. The total esterification of sn-glycero-3-phosphate was unaltered, but the synthesis of diglycerides and triglycerides was increased in the myocardium of the ketotic rat. On treatment of the diabetic rats with insulin, the synthesis of di- and triglycerides in heart homogenates reverted to control values. Thus the results of the present study demonstrate that (1) a persistent increase in myocardial triglyceride content was observed only in the ketotic diabetic rat and (2) increased synthesis of triglycerides is a factor in its accumulation in the myocardium of the ketotic rat.", "contents": "Accumulation of myocardial triglycerides ketotic diabetes; evidence for increased biosynthesis. The accumulation of triglycerides in the myocardium of nonketotic and overtly ketotic diabetic rats was studied. There was no increase in heart triglycerides of nonketotic rats taken off insulin treatment, although the rats exhibited several indices of diabetes. In nonketotic diabetic rats untreated with insulin, myocardial triglycerides repeatedly increased and declined to control levels. In severely ketotic rats, heart triglycerides increased about threefold and did not decline with time. In order to understand the mechanism of increase in myocardial triglycerides in ketotic diabetes, the biosynthesis of triglycerides was studied with heart homogenates. The total esterification of sn-glycero-3-phosphate was unaltered, but the synthesis of diglycerides and triglycerides was increased in the myocardium of the ketotic rat. On treatment of the diabetic rats with insulin, the synthesis of di- and triglycerides in heart homogenates reverted to control values. Thus the results of the present study demonstrate that (1) a persistent increase in myocardial triglyceride content was observed only in the ketotic diabetic rat and (2) increased synthesis of triglycerides is a factor in its accumulation in the myocardium of the ketotic rat.", "PMID": 402301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1310", "title": "Recombination and response to selection in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Most biologists beleive that recombination speeds response to selection for traits determined by polygenic loci. To test this hypothesis, sixteen Drosophila melanogaster populations were selected for positive phototaxis for twenty-one generations. In some populations, balancer chromosomes were used to suppress autosomal recombination, and in others the autosomes were free to recombine. Suppression of recombination had no effect on mean rate of response to selection, though it may have increased variability in the rate of response among replicate lines. Suppressed recombination lines did not shift selection response to the freely recombining X chromosomes, despite fairly large increased in X chromosome recombination. The results suggest that in populations of moderate size, sex does not accelerate short term response to selection.", "contents": "Recombination and response to selection in Drosophila melanogaster. Most biologists beleive that recombination speeds response to selection for traits determined by polygenic loci. To test this hypothesis, sixteen Drosophila melanogaster populations were selected for positive phototaxis for twenty-one generations. In some populations, balancer chromosomes were used to suppress autosomal recombination, and in others the autosomes were free to recombine. Suppression of recombination had no effect on mean rate of response to selection, though it may have increased variability in the rate of response among replicate lines. Suppressed recombination lines did not shift selection response to the freely recombining X chromosomes, despite fairly large increased in X chromosome recombination. The results suggest that in populations of moderate size, sex does not accelerate short term response to selection.", "PMID": 402302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1311", "title": "Malnutrition: a poorly understood surgical risk factor in aged cardiac patients.", "content": "This feasibility report is based on the fact that malnutrition has been recognized but too little understood in connection with surgical risk. Patients with cardiac cachexia are remarkably similar to many patients with cachexia of the aged. Cachectic patients generally go through an operation well, but their condition often deteriorates slowly and they die a few days later; they behave as if they are running out of energy reserves. Malnourished people can be divided into three categories: kwashiorkorlike, marasmic, and marasmic-kwashiorkorlike. Recognition and classification of protein/calorie malnutrition into these categories directs treatment. Recognition is based on the usual physical and laboratory tests, plus triceps skinfold/arm circumference observations; leukocyte counts, with absolute and relative lymphocyte counts; serial transferrin, globulin, and albumin assessments; and, particularly, Candida and mumps skin testing to identify the anergic state. Intravenous and oral hyperalimentation can bring about conspicuous improvement in the appearance, attitude, and ability to withstand stress--including major heart surgery--of malnourished patients. However, astute clinical balance is essential, since either oral or intravenous hyperalimentation may cause renal nitrogen overload; moreover, if intravenous delivery is too rapid, congestive heart failure may be precipitated.", "contents": "Malnutrition: a poorly understood surgical risk factor in aged cardiac patients. This feasibility report is based on the fact that malnutrition has been recognized but too little understood in connection with surgical risk. Patients with cardiac cachexia are remarkably similar to many patients with cachexia of the aged. Cachectic patients generally go through an operation well, but their condition often deteriorates slowly and they die a few days later; they behave as if they are running out of energy reserves. Malnourished people can be divided into three categories: kwashiorkorlike, marasmic, and marasmic-kwashiorkorlike. Recognition and classification of protein/calorie malnutrition into these categories directs treatment. Recognition is based on the usual physical and laboratory tests, plus triceps skinfold/arm circumference observations; leukocyte counts, with absolute and relative lymphocyte counts; serial transferrin, globulin, and albumin assessments; and, particularly, Candida and mumps skin testing to identify the anergic state. Intravenous and oral hyperalimentation can bring about conspicuous improvement in the appearance, attitude, and ability to withstand stress--including major heart surgery--of malnourished patients. However, astute clinical balance is essential, since either oral or intravenous hyperalimentation may cause renal nitrogen overload; moreover, if intravenous delivery is too rapid, congestive heart failure may be precipitated.", "PMID": 402303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1312", "title": "Amylase creatinine clearance ratio after biliary surgery.", "content": "The amylase creatinine clearance ratio (ACCR) is considered to be a more sensitive index of acute pancreatitis than the serum amylase level. Serial ACCR estimations were undertaken in 25 patients undergoing an elective cholecystectomy. Using accepted criteria, 28% of these patients developed, in the postoperative period, biochemical evidence of pancreatic gland damage, although the serum amylase level remained normal. This raised ACCR was particularly noted in patients who had undergone an exploration of the common bile duct. The ACCR would appear to be a more sensitive index of pancreatic gland disruption secondary to biliary surgery than the serum amylase level.", "contents": "Amylase creatinine clearance ratio after biliary surgery. The amylase creatinine clearance ratio (ACCR) is considered to be a more sensitive index of acute pancreatitis than the serum amylase level. Serial ACCR estimations were undertaken in 25 patients undergoing an elective cholecystectomy. Using accepted criteria, 28% of these patients developed, in the postoperative period, biochemical evidence of pancreatic gland damage, although the serum amylase level remained normal. This raised ACCR was particularly noted in patients who had undergone an exploration of the common bile duct. The ACCR would appear to be a more sensitive index of pancreatic gland disruption secondary to biliary surgery than the serum amylase level.", "PMID": 402305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1313", "title": "Intracellular proteolytic activity during sporulation of Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "Intracellular proteolytic activity increased during incubation of the sporogenic strain of Bacillus megaterium KM in a sporulation medium together with excretion of an extracellular metalloprotease. The exocellular protease activity in a constant volume of the medium reached a 100-fold value with respect to the intracellular activity. Maximal values of the activity of both the extracellular and intracellular enzyme were reached after 3-5 h of incubation. After 7 h 20-50% cells formed refractile spores. The intracellular proteolytic system hydrolyzed denatured proteins in vitro at a rate up to 150 mug mg-1 h-1 and native proteins at a rate up to 70 mug mg-1 h-1. Degradation of proteins in vivo proceeded from the beginning of transfer to the sporulation medium at a constant rate of 40 mug mg-1 h-1 and the inactivation of beta-galactosidase at a rate of 70 mug mg-1 h-1. The intracellular proteolytic activity was inhibited to 65-88% by EDTA, to 23-76% by PMSF. Proteolysis of denatured proteins was inhibited both by EDTA and PMSF more pronouncedly than proteolysis of native proteins; 50-65% of the activity were localized in protoplasts. Another strain of Bacillus megaterium (J) characterized by a high (up to 90%) and synchronous sporulation activity was found to behave in a similar way, but the rate of protein turnover in this strain was almost twice as high. The asporogenic strain of Bacillus megaterium KM synthesized the exocellular protease in the sporulation medium, but its protein turnover was found to decrease substantially after 3-4 h. The intracellular proteolytic system of the sporogenic strain J and the asporogenic strain KM were also inhibited by EDTA and PMSF.", "contents": "Intracellular proteolytic activity during sporulation of Bacillus megaterium. Intracellular proteolytic activity increased during incubation of the sporogenic strain of Bacillus megaterium KM in a sporulation medium together with excretion of an extracellular metalloprotease. The exocellular protease activity in a constant volume of the medium reached a 100-fold value with respect to the intracellular activity. Maximal values of the activity of both the extracellular and intracellular enzyme were reached after 3-5 h of incubation. After 7 h 20-50% cells formed refractile spores. The intracellular proteolytic system hydrolyzed denatured proteins in vitro at a rate up to 150 mug mg-1 h-1 and native proteins at a rate up to 70 mug mg-1 h-1. Degradation of proteins in vivo proceeded from the beginning of transfer to the sporulation medium at a constant rate of 40 mug mg-1 h-1 and the inactivation of beta-galactosidase at a rate of 70 mug mg-1 h-1. The intracellular proteolytic activity was inhibited to 65-88% by EDTA, to 23-76% by PMSF. Proteolysis of denatured proteins was inhibited both by EDTA and PMSF more pronouncedly than proteolysis of native proteins; 50-65% of the activity were localized in protoplasts. Another strain of Bacillus megaterium (J) characterized by a high (up to 90%) and synchronous sporulation activity was found to behave in a similar way, but the rate of protein turnover in this strain was almost twice as high. The asporogenic strain of Bacillus megaterium KM synthesized the exocellular protease in the sporulation medium, but its protein turnover was found to decrease substantially after 3-4 h. The intracellular proteolytic system of the sporogenic strain J and the asporogenic strain KM were also inhibited by EDTA and PMSF.", "PMID": 402306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1314", "title": "Growth, glucose metabolism and melanin formation in biotin-deficient Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "Biotin deficiency resulted in an increased growth rate of Aspergillus nidulans. The activities of hexokinase and aldolase were not much changed during the growth cycle, but activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase increased significantly during the exponential phase. This change was remarkable during biotin deficiency. In contrast to the higher growth rate and respiration rate during biotin deficiency the activities of NAD(P)H oxidoreductases were low. An inverse relationship between the activity of tyrosinase and melanin content was observed. A role of the DOPA-DOPA-quinone system in maintaining culture growth is suggested.", "contents": "Growth, glucose metabolism and melanin formation in biotin-deficient Aspergillus nidulans. Biotin deficiency resulted in an increased growth rate of Aspergillus nidulans. The activities of hexokinase and aldolase were not much changed during the growth cycle, but activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase increased significantly during the exponential phase. This change was remarkable during biotin deficiency. In contrast to the higher growth rate and respiration rate during biotin deficiency the activities of NAD(P)H oxidoreductases were low. An inverse relationship between the activity of tyrosinase and melanin content was observed. A role of the DOPA-DOPA-quinone system in maintaining culture growth is suggested.", "PMID": 402307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1315", "title": "When to institutionalize the elderly.", "content": "Comprehensive evaluation and follow-up of the chronically ill aged patient may show that he can stay at home with support from family and community services. Guidelines are given for choosing a nursing home when necessary.", "contents": "When to institutionalize the elderly. Comprehensive evaluation and follow-up of the chronically ill aged patient may show that he can stay at home with support from family and community services. Guidelines are given for choosing a nursing home when necessary.", "PMID": 402310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1316", "title": "Phosphorus deficiency and hypophosphatemia.", "content": "Low serum phosphorus levels, sometimes associated with depletion of phosphorus stores, can engender a variety of serious, often life-threatening physiologic changes. The proximate cause of this dangerous situation is usually medical intervention in such conditions as alcoholism and diabetic ketoacidosis, which can produce a shift of phosphorus within the body unless preventive measures are instituted.", "contents": "Phosphorus deficiency and hypophosphatemia. Low serum phosphorus levels, sometimes associated with depletion of phosphorus stores, can engender a variety of serious, often life-threatening physiologic changes. The proximate cause of this dangerous situation is usually medical intervention in such conditions as alcoholism and diabetic ketoacidosis, which can produce a shift of phosphorus within the body unless preventive measures are instituted.", "PMID": 402311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1317", "title": "Evaluation of antigen-induced buffy coat leucocyte aggregation as a simple test of allergic reactivity.", "content": "The phenomenon of antigen-induced aggregation of human buffy coat leucocytes correlates well with skin testing using purified protein derivative of tuberculin as the antigen and in this system appears to be a simple, sensitive test of cell-mediated immunity. The same phenomenon may, however, be used as an indicator of humoral immunity. In addition antigen-induced buffy coat leucocyte aggregation is suppressed by serum from patients with Hodgkin's disease and sarcoidosis. The possible uses and also the limitations of this test are discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of antigen-induced buffy coat leucocyte aggregation as a simple test of allergic reactivity. The phenomenon of antigen-induced aggregation of human buffy coat leucocytes correlates well with skin testing using purified protein derivative of tuberculin as the antigen and in this system appears to be a simple, sensitive test of cell-mediated immunity. The same phenomenon may, however, be used as an indicator of humoral immunity. In addition antigen-induced buffy coat leucocyte aggregation is suppressed by serum from patients with Hodgkin's disease and sarcoidosis. The possible uses and also the limitations of this test are discussed.", "PMID": 402316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1318", "title": "Membrane associated antigens of human malignant melanoma. III. Specificity of human sera reacting with cultured melanoma cells.", "content": "Sera from melanoma patients, healthy donors, pregnant women and patients with types of tumors other than melanoma were tested on various melanoma lines as well as on a cultured brain tumor and adult skin fibroblasts, using a microimmune adherence test. Positive reactions against all cell lines were found in serum from each group of donors. The degree of reactivity was dependent on the cell line used. Sequential absorption with AB Rh+ and pooled platelets of more than 200 donors either reduced the titer of sera or rendered a great part of the sera negative, demonstrating that antibodies against HL-A antigens and other tissue antigens were involved. The remaining positive sera were further absorbed with pooled cells from 6- to 8-week-old fetuses. This step abolished the reactivity of most sera, indicating the relatively high frequency of antibodies in males and females against fetal antigens expressed also on melanoma and other cells. In order to determine the specificity of the few remaining positive sera, absorptions with three different melanoma cell lines, a brain tumor and fibroblasts were carried out. The results showed only partial cross-reactivity between different cell lines. No evidence was obtained from this study for the existence of a common cross-reacting membrane-associated antigen on human malignant melanoma. Antigens that could be readily detected seemed mostly to be tumor-associated fetal antigens.", "contents": "Membrane associated antigens of human malignant melanoma. III. Specificity of human sera reacting with cultured melanoma cells. Sera from melanoma patients, healthy donors, pregnant women and patients with types of tumors other than melanoma were tested on various melanoma lines as well as on a cultured brain tumor and adult skin fibroblasts, using a microimmune adherence test. Positive reactions against all cell lines were found in serum from each group of donors. The degree of reactivity was dependent on the cell line used. Sequential absorption with AB Rh+ and pooled platelets of more than 200 donors either reduced the titer of sera or rendered a great part of the sera negative, demonstrating that antibodies against HL-A antigens and other tissue antigens were involved. The remaining positive sera were further absorbed with pooled cells from 6- to 8-week-old fetuses. This step abolished the reactivity of most sera, indicating the relatively high frequency of antibodies in males and females against fetal antigens expressed also on melanoma and other cells. In order to determine the specificity of the few remaining positive sera, absorptions with three different melanoma cell lines, a brain tumor and fibroblasts were carried out. The results showed only partial cross-reactivity between different cell lines. No evidence was obtained from this study for the existence of a common cross-reacting membrane-associated antigen on human malignant melanoma. Antigens that could be readily detected seemed mostly to be tumor-associated fetal antigens.", "PMID": 402317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1319", "title": "Condylar fractures of the mandible. I. Classification and relation to age, occlusion, and concomitant injuries of teeth and teeth-supporting structures, and fractures of the mandibular body.", "content": "In 123 individuals, 138 fractures of the mandibular condyle were classified with respect to fracture level, dislocation at the fracture level, and condylar head relation to the articular fossa. The age of the patient and the location of the most distal occlusal contact were recorded as well as teeth injuries and concomitant fractures of the mandibular body. The position of the most distal occlusal contact did not influence the dislocation of the condylar fragment. Teeth injuries such as fractures and luxation were found to be associated with condylar head or neck fractures, whereas the concomitant fractures of the mandibular body were mostly seen with the subcondylar fractures. Teeth injuries as well as concomitant fractures of the mandibular body were found more frequently in patients with bilateral than unilateral condylar fractures. Fractures of teeth in the molar and bicuspid regions were most frequent on the condylar fracture side, while the concomitant fractures of the mandibular body were located to the contralateral side. Medial angulation of the condylar fragment with lateral override at the fracture level was the typical fracture in adults, and angulation without override the characteristic fracture in growing individuals. Medical override occurred both in children and in adults and seemed to be the result of more severe trauma to the chin.", "contents": "Condylar fractures of the mandible. I. Classification and relation to age, occlusion, and concomitant injuries of teeth and teeth-supporting structures, and fractures of the mandibular body. In 123 individuals, 138 fractures of the mandibular condyle were classified with respect to fracture level, dislocation at the fracture level, and condylar head relation to the articular fossa. The age of the patient and the location of the most distal occlusal contact were recorded as well as teeth injuries and concomitant fractures of the mandibular body. The position of the most distal occlusal contact did not influence the dislocation of the condylar fragment. Teeth injuries such as fractures and luxation were found to be associated with condylar head or neck fractures, whereas the concomitant fractures of the mandibular body were mostly seen with the subcondylar fractures. Teeth injuries as well as concomitant fractures of the mandibular body were found more frequently in patients with bilateral than unilateral condylar fractures. Fractures of teeth in the molar and bicuspid regions were most frequent on the condylar fracture side, while the concomitant fractures of the mandibular body were located to the contralateral side. Medial angulation of the condylar fragment with lateral override at the fracture level was the typical fracture in adults, and angulation without override the characteristic fracture in growing individuals. Medical override occurred both in children and in adults and seemed to be the result of more severe trauma to the chin.", "PMID": 402318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1320", "title": "The interrelation of postoperative complaints after removal of the mandibular third molar.", "content": "Quantitative data on pain, trismus, and swelling after removal of a mandibular third molar are presented. The population of 932 patients included both extractions and surgical removals. Frequency distributions of trismus and pain are given. For all complaints the behavior of the average value as a function of time is presented and these functions are compared with each other. For all values measured on the 3rd and 4th posttreatment days, correlation and regression coefficients for the effects were calculated. It is concluded that there exists a rather strong, but time-dependent, interrelationship between the complaints.", "contents": "The interrelation of postoperative complaints after removal of the mandibular third molar. Quantitative data on pain, trismus, and swelling after removal of a mandibular third molar are presented. The population of 932 patients included both extractions and surgical removals. Frequency distributions of trismus and pain are given. For all complaints the behavior of the average value as a function of time is presented and these functions are compared with each other. For all values measured on the 3rd and 4th posttreatment days, correlation and regression coefficients for the effects were calculated. It is concluded that there exists a rather strong, but time-dependent, interrelationship between the complaints.", "PMID": 402319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1321", "title": "Clinical consequences of complaints and complications after removal of the mandibular third molar.", "content": "Quantitative data on postoperative complaints and complications after removal of the mandibular third molar, especially in relation to the different methods of treatment, are scarce. Mostly an objective approach is lacking. The present study attempts to provide such data and their clinical consequences. Within 1 year, 932 mandibular third molars were removed; 430 extractions served as a control group for 502 surgical removals. The procedure was fully standardized and all measurements objectively obtained. A computer was used for statistical evaluation. It appeared from this study that the possibility of postoperative complaints and complications will be smaller if the wound is not packed, if tight suturing is not done and if reflection of the mucoperiosteum is avoided. If reflection is inevitable the oblique vertical relaxing incision is preferred. Prophylactic administration of antibiotics is rejected.", "contents": "Clinical consequences of complaints and complications after removal of the mandibular third molar. Quantitative data on postoperative complaints and complications after removal of the mandibular third molar, especially in relation to the different methods of treatment, are scarce. Mostly an objective approach is lacking. The present study attempts to provide such data and their clinical consequences. Within 1 year, 932 mandibular third molars were removed; 430 extractions served as a control group for 502 surgical removals. The procedure was fully standardized and all measurements objectively obtained. A computer was used for statistical evaluation. It appeared from this study that the possibility of postoperative complaints and complications will be smaller if the wound is not packed, if tight suturing is not done and if reflection of the mucoperiosteum is avoided. If reflection is inevitable the oblique vertical relaxing incision is preferred. Prophylactic administration of antibiotics is rejected.", "PMID": 402320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1322", "title": "The different patterns of fractures of the facial skeleton in four European countries.", "content": "A series of 1,420 Dutch patients with facial fractures was compared with series from three other European countries. Special attention is paid to the patterns of the facial fractures and the cause of those injuries. The majority of the fractures in all four countries were caused by traffic accidents. The age of the Dutch patients at the time of accident as well as the localization of the mandibular fractures differed from the ages and localizations of the patients in the other three countries. Manifold associated injuries occurred in combination with facial fractures. The need for treatment of facial fractures in well-equipped centers is important and cooperation with other specialiies is very often necessary.", "contents": "The different patterns of fractures of the facial skeleton in four European countries. A series of 1,420 Dutch patients with facial fractures was compared with series from three other European countries. Special attention is paid to the patterns of the facial fractures and the cause of those injuries. The majority of the fractures in all four countries were caused by traffic accidents. The age of the Dutch patients at the time of accident as well as the localization of the mandibular fractures differed from the ages and localizations of the patients in the other three countries. Manifold associated injuries occurred in combination with facial fractures. The need for treatment of facial fractures in well-equipped centers is important and cooperation with other specialiies is very often necessary.", "PMID": 402321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1323", "title": "A prosthetic view on vestibuloplasty with free mucosal graft.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-four edentulous patients underwent preprosthetic surgical treatment; a mandibular and/or maxillary vestibuloplasty, some of them in combination with a deepening of the floor of the mouth or a tuberoplasty. One-three years after operation vertical dimension, central relation, retention, and function of the complete dentures were evaluated. Attention was also paid to the scar region in cheek and vestibulum, to the aspect of the mucosal graft, the changes in sensibility of chin and lips, and the changes in physiognomy. The scar position in the sulcus was investigated. The patients were questioned about difficulties in speech and tongue movement, and pain experience after the operation. They were also asked whether they regarded the new denture as an improvement and the operation as successful, and whether they would recommend the operation to others.", "contents": "A prosthetic view on vestibuloplasty with free mucosal graft. One hundred and twenty-four edentulous patients underwent preprosthetic surgical treatment; a mandibular and/or maxillary vestibuloplasty, some of them in combination with a deepening of the floor of the mouth or a tuberoplasty. One-three years after operation vertical dimension, central relation, retention, and function of the complete dentures were evaluated. Attention was also paid to the scar region in cheek and vestibulum, to the aspect of the mucosal graft, the changes in sensibility of chin and lips, and the changes in physiognomy. The scar position in the sulcus was investigated. The patients were questioned about difficulties in speech and tongue movement, and pain experience after the operation. They were also asked whether they regarded the new denture as an improvement and the operation as successful, and whether they would recommend the operation to others.", "PMID": 402322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1324", "title": "Blood fibrinolytic activity before and after oral surgery.", "content": "Blood smaples were collected in cold O.1 M sodium citrate from 30 healthy young persons whose mandibular impacted molars were to be removed. Blood sampling was repeated immediately after operation. Fibrinolytic activity of the euglobin fraction, precipitated at pH 5.9, was measured by the fibrin plate method. Three different fibrinogen solutions were used: 1) bovine fibrinogen, 2) bovine plasminogen-free fibrinogen, and 3) human fibrinogen. The differences between preoperative and postoperative fibrinolytic activity were evaluated. No increase of fibrinolytic activity was seen in general, indicating that oral surgery does not necessarily influence the fibrinolytic activity of the blood. Dividing the patients according to sex or to a long/short surgical procedure did not influence the activity either. However, in four patients who developed alveolitis sicca (dry socket), a significant rise of activity on all the fibrin plats was seen (P less than 0.01) when compared with the variations measured in patients with normal healing. The result suggests that a rise of blood fibrinolytic activity of a certain magnitude during oral surgery may predispose to the devlopement of alveolitis sicca. Four females who took oral contraceptives showed a higher postoperative fibrinolytic activity (P less than 0.05) than the other females. The importance of this observation is to be investigated in further studies.", "contents": "Blood fibrinolytic activity before and after oral surgery. Blood smaples were collected in cold O.1 M sodium citrate from 30 healthy young persons whose mandibular impacted molars were to be removed. Blood sampling was repeated immediately after operation. Fibrinolytic activity of the euglobin fraction, precipitated at pH 5.9, was measured by the fibrin plate method. Three different fibrinogen solutions were used: 1) bovine fibrinogen, 2) bovine plasminogen-free fibrinogen, and 3) human fibrinogen. The differences between preoperative and postoperative fibrinolytic activity were evaluated. No increase of fibrinolytic activity was seen in general, indicating that oral surgery does not necessarily influence the fibrinolytic activity of the blood. Dividing the patients according to sex or to a long/short surgical procedure did not influence the activity either. However, in four patients who developed alveolitis sicca (dry socket), a significant rise of activity on all the fibrin plats was seen (P less than 0.01) when compared with the variations measured in patients with normal healing. The result suggests that a rise of blood fibrinolytic activity of a certain magnitude during oral surgery may predispose to the devlopement of alveolitis sicca. Four females who took oral contraceptives showed a higher postoperative fibrinolytic activity (P less than 0.05) than the other females. The importance of this observation is to be investigated in further studies.", "PMID": 402323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1325", "title": "Operative treatment of arthrosis deformans of the temporomandibular joint: a preliminary report.", "content": "If patients with arthrosis deformans of the temporomandibular joint are treated without success by conservative means, operative therapy may be indicated. The type of operation depends on the complaints: a)resection of the auriculotemporal nerve and superficial temporal artery; or b) the same operation in combination with condylar shaving. Twenty-four joints in 14 patients underwent a denervation. Thirty joints in 19 patients were also shaved. The results were very satisfactory.", "contents": "Operative treatment of arthrosis deformans of the temporomandibular joint: a preliminary report. If patients with arthrosis deformans of the temporomandibular joint are treated without success by conservative means, operative therapy may be indicated. The type of operation depends on the complaints: a)resection of the auriculotemporal nerve and superficial temporal artery; or b) the same operation in combination with condylar shaving. Twenty-four joints in 14 patients underwent a denervation. Thirty joints in 19 patients were also shaved. The results were very satisfactory.", "PMID": 402324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1326", "title": "A comparison of four commonly used local analgesics.", "content": "In a double-blind, cross-over, clinical study with nine probands, the efficiency parameters of four commonly used local analgesics were evaluated: 2% Carbocain with adrenaline 1:200,000, 3% Citanest with Octapressin 0.03 iu/mul, 3% Carbocain Dental, and 2% Xylocain with adrenaline 1:80,000. It was found that 3% Carbocain Dental (no vasoconstrictor content) demonstrated significantly shorter duration of analgesia than the other solutions in the soft tissues as well as in the dental pulp. 3% Citanest with Octapressin exhibited the longest soft tissue duration, but as far as duration of tooth analgesia was concerned there was no significant difference between 3% Carbocain Dental and 2% Carbocain with adrenaline. The longest duration of tooth analgesia was shown with 2% Xylocain with adrenaline; this solution also possessed the highest frequency of analgesia and extent of analgesia. All probands personally preferred injections with 3% Carbocain Dental as injection with this solution resulted in the least discomfort.", "contents": "A comparison of four commonly used local analgesics. In a double-blind, cross-over, clinical study with nine probands, the efficiency parameters of four commonly used local analgesics were evaluated: 2% Carbocain with adrenaline 1:200,000, 3% Citanest with Octapressin 0.03 iu/mul, 3% Carbocain Dental, and 2% Xylocain with adrenaline 1:80,000. It was found that 3% Carbocain Dental (no vasoconstrictor content) demonstrated significantly shorter duration of analgesia than the other solutions in the soft tissues as well as in the dental pulp. 3% Citanest with Octapressin exhibited the longest soft tissue duration, but as far as duration of tooth analgesia was concerned there was no significant difference between 3% Carbocain Dental and 2% Carbocain with adrenaline. The longest duration of tooth analgesia was shown with 2% Xylocain with adrenaline; this solution also possessed the highest frequency of analgesia and extent of analgesia. All probands personally preferred injections with 3% Carbocain Dental as injection with this solution resulted in the least discomfort.", "PMID": 402325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1327", "title": "Immunoelectrophoretic quantitation of antithrombin III. Electroimmunodiffusion in agarose gels containing heparin.", "content": "Antithrombin III (AT-III), being an alpha2-globulin, will have an electrophoretic mobility in the presence of heparin like prealbumin in agarose gels. This phenomenon was utilized to quantitate AT-III from serum and plasma by electroimmunodiffusion (EID) for 90 min agarose gels containing 75 USP units of heparin/ml gel. The method permits a rapid quantitation of AT-III from serum, citrated plasma and EDTA plasma, and a positive correlation was observed between these values and those obtained by single radial immunodiffusion (SRI). This is in contrast to quantitation of AT-III by EID in gels containing no heparin where the values for plasma showed poor correlation with those obtained by SRI.", "contents": "Immunoelectrophoretic quantitation of antithrombin III. Electroimmunodiffusion in agarose gels containing heparin. Antithrombin III (AT-III), being an alpha2-globulin, will have an electrophoretic mobility in the presence of heparin like prealbumin in agarose gels. This phenomenon was utilized to quantitate AT-III from serum and plasma by electroimmunodiffusion (EID) for 90 min agarose gels containing 75 USP units of heparin/ml gel. The method permits a rapid quantitation of AT-III from serum, citrated plasma and EDTA plasma, and a positive correlation was observed between these values and those obtained by single radial immunodiffusion (SRI). This is in contrast to quantitation of AT-III by EID in gels containing no heparin where the values for plasma showed poor correlation with those obtained by SRI.", "PMID": 402327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1328", "title": "Xenon inhalation as an adjunct to computerized tomography of the brain: preliminary study.", "content": "The purpose of this study is to determine whether computerized tomography can distinguish between brain tissue and brain tissue containing dissolved xenon at physiologic concentrations. Xenon is an inert gas of high atomic number (54), and is highly soluble in tissue, particularly in fat. Its presence in the brain after inhalation is manifested by well known anesthetic effects. Phantom studies using xenon in equilibrium at atomospheric pressure with water, corn oil, and milk samples of varying known fat content, demonstrate that xenon is detectable in all cases with a steep linear increase in change of attenuation factor (EMI number) with increasing fat content. In the rhesus monkey xenon is readily detectable at 20% inhaled gas concentration, with linear detectable at 20% inhaled gas concentration, with linear increase of attenuation factor with increasing concentration. The possible application of our findings to the study of brain pathophysiology is discussed. Since xenon is a potent although safe anesthestic, caution in clinical application is advised.", "contents": "Xenon inhalation as an adjunct to computerized tomography of the brain: preliminary study. The purpose of this study is to determine whether computerized tomography can distinguish between brain tissue and brain tissue containing dissolved xenon at physiologic concentrations. Xenon is an inert gas of high atomic number (54), and is highly soluble in tissue, particularly in fat. Its presence in the brain after inhalation is manifested by well known anesthetic effects. Phantom studies using xenon in equilibrium at atomospheric pressure with water, corn oil, and milk samples of varying known fat content, demonstrate that xenon is detectable in all cases with a steep linear increase in change of attenuation factor (EMI number) with increasing fat content. In the rhesus monkey xenon is readily detectable at 20% inhaled gas concentration, with linear detectable at 20% inhaled gas concentration, with linear increase of attenuation factor with increasing concentration. The possible application of our findings to the study of brain pathophysiology is discussed. Since xenon is a potent although safe anesthestic, caution in clinical application is advised.", "PMID": 402332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1329", "title": "Joint remodelling and the evolution of the human hand.", "content": "A funtional morphological study has been made of the joints of the primate hand, particular emphasis being placed upon the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints. The presumptive evolutionary history of these joints has been charted by reference to a comparative series of mammals. It has been demonstrated that the human joints have been quite strikingly modified in a number of ways, and that these evolutionary changes may be logically correlated with the refined functional attributes of the human hand. The morphological background thus established has been applied in a preliminary study of the hand bones of various fossil hominids.", "contents": "Joint remodelling and the evolution of the human hand. A funtional morphological study has been made of the joints of the primate hand, particular emphasis being placed upon the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints. The presumptive evolutionary history of these joints has been charted by reference to a comparative series of mammals. It has been demonstrated that the human joints have been quite strikingly modified in a number of ways, and that these evolutionary changes may be logically correlated with the refined functional attributes of the human hand. The morphological background thus established has been applied in a preliminary study of the hand bones of various fossil hominids.", "PMID": 402345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1330", "title": "A new type of inactivation of streptomycin by E. coli.", "content": "Previously described cases of streptomycin inactivation by R-factor carrying strains of E. coli have not lead to any measurable decrease in antimicrobial potency in the bulk substrate toward the culture. In these cases each cell inactivates only a few molecules. Out of 1,800 strains of E. coli we have isolated five strains which inactivate streptomycin in large amounts giving a final concentration of the inactivation product of 0.25 mg/ml in 36 hours. Unlike all other streptomycin-resistant strains in investigated these five strains were sensitive to butyl-streptomycylamine, a streptomycin derivative acting in the same way as streptomycin. The crude inactivation product has been isolated. Inorganic phosphate is liberated by treatment with alkaline phosphatase resulting in a streptomycin-like compound without any antimicrobial activity.", "contents": "A new type of inactivation of streptomycin by E. coli. Previously described cases of streptomycin inactivation by R-factor carrying strains of E. coli have not lead to any measurable decrease in antimicrobial potency in the bulk substrate toward the culture. In these cases each cell inactivates only a few molecules. Out of 1,800 strains of E. coli we have isolated five strains which inactivate streptomycin in large amounts giving a final concentration of the inactivation product of 0.25 mg/ml in 36 hours. Unlike all other streptomycin-resistant strains in investigated these five strains were sensitive to butyl-streptomycylamine, a streptomycin derivative acting in the same way as streptomycin. The crude inactivation product has been isolated. Inorganic phosphate is liberated by treatment with alkaline phosphatase resulting in a streptomycin-like compound without any antimicrobial activity.", "PMID": 402346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1331", "title": "Cardiac glycogen repletion after exercise: influence of synthase and glucose 6-phosphate.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that cardiac glycogen content is replenished to supranormal levels after exercise. To better understand this phenomenon glycogen synthase (GS) %I activity as well as glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P) and glycogen (G) concentrations were measured in hearts from normal and alloxan diabetic rats killed at various time intervals before or after a treadmill run to exhaustion. In normal animals at exhaustion G was reduced but GS %I and G-6-P were elevated. During 2-8 h of recovery G was elevated, %I depressed, and G-6-P unchanged when compared to their preexercise values. By contrast, diabetic hearts that had elevated G and low %I were characterized by abnormally high G-6-P concentrations. At exhaustion in these hearts %I increased significantly in response to a decrease in G. These findings suggest that glycogen repletion occurs in normal heart as a result of the combined increases in GS %I and G-6-P levels present at the cessation of work. In both normal and diabetic hearts there exists an inverse relationship between G content and GS %I activity.", "contents": "Cardiac glycogen repletion after exercise: influence of synthase and glucose 6-phosphate. Previous studies have shown that cardiac glycogen content is replenished to supranormal levels after exercise. To better understand this phenomenon glycogen synthase (GS) %I activity as well as glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P) and glycogen (G) concentrations were measured in hearts from normal and alloxan diabetic rats killed at various time intervals before or after a treadmill run to exhaustion. In normal animals at exhaustion G was reduced but GS %I and G-6-P were elevated. During 2-8 h of recovery G was elevated, %I depressed, and G-6-P unchanged when compared to their preexercise values. By contrast, diabetic hearts that had elevated G and low %I were characterized by abnormally high G-6-P concentrations. At exhaustion in these hearts %I increased significantly in response to a decrease in G. These findings suggest that glycogen repletion occurs in normal heart as a result of the combined increases in GS %I and G-6-P levels present at the cessation of work. In both normal and diabetic hearts there exists an inverse relationship between G content and GS %I activity.", "PMID": 402347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1332", "title": "Hypoxia-induced metabolic and core temperature changes in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "To identify components of reduced core temperature (Tre) with exposure to hypoxia, oxygen uptake (VO2) and skin temperatures were measured in chair-restrained squirrel monkeys during conditions of 21% O2, 11% O2, and 11% O2 + 5% CO2. Exposure to 11% O2 resulted in a 20% decrease in VO2 and a 1.8 degrees C reduction of Tre with skin temperatures closely paralleling Tre. The addition of 5% CO2 to 11% O2 effectively blocked the decrease of both VO2 and Tre. The responses of one monkey (LD) exhibiting decreased Tre (greater than 2.0 degrees C) and 20% decrease in VO2 were compared to those of another (SD) exhibiting decreased Tre (less than 0.5 degrees C) and little change of VO2 under the same experimental conditions. Increased mean arterial blood pressure (BPa) and heart rate (HR) occurred for monkey SD, while for monkey LD BPa decreased and HR increased slightly. Arterial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and calculated arterial saturation of oxygen (SaO2) were higher, while PaCO2 was lower for monkey SD than for monkey LD. When 5% CO2 was added to 11% O2 both animals exhibited decreased PaO2, little change of Tre, VO2, PaCO2, arterial pH, and calculated SaO2, and increased BPa and HR. These data suggest that decreased Tre resulted from reduced heat production and reduced oxygen transport was primarily responsible for reduction of heat production.", "contents": "Hypoxia-induced metabolic and core temperature changes in the squirrel monkey. To identify components of reduced core temperature (Tre) with exposure to hypoxia, oxygen uptake (VO2) and skin temperatures were measured in chair-restrained squirrel monkeys during conditions of 21% O2, 11% O2, and 11% O2 + 5% CO2. Exposure to 11% O2 resulted in a 20% decrease in VO2 and a 1.8 degrees C reduction of Tre with skin temperatures closely paralleling Tre. The addition of 5% CO2 to 11% O2 effectively blocked the decrease of both VO2 and Tre. The responses of one monkey (LD) exhibiting decreased Tre (greater than 2.0 degrees C) and 20% decrease in VO2 were compared to those of another (SD) exhibiting decreased Tre (less than 0.5 degrees C) and little change of VO2 under the same experimental conditions. Increased mean arterial blood pressure (BPa) and heart rate (HR) occurred for monkey SD, while for monkey LD BPa decreased and HR increased slightly. Arterial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and calculated arterial saturation of oxygen (SaO2) were higher, while PaCO2 was lower for monkey SD than for monkey LD. When 5% CO2 was added to 11% O2 both animals exhibited decreased PaO2, little change of Tre, VO2, PaCO2, arterial pH, and calculated SaO2, and increased BPa and HR. These data suggest that decreased Tre resulted from reduced heat production and reduced oxygen transport was primarily responsible for reduction of heat production.", "PMID": 402348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1333", "title": "Biochemical properties of Clostridium bifermentans spores.", "content": "As previously found for spores of Bacillus species, dormant spores of Clostridium bifermentans contained essentially no adenosine triphosphate, a high level of adenosine monophosphate, a high level of 3-phosphoglyceric acid, and much transfer ribonucleic acid lacking a 3'-terminal adenosine monophosphate residue. As in spores of Bacillus species, germination of C. bifermentans spores was accompanied by utilization of the 3-phosphoglyceric acid, a large increase in the adenosine triphosphate level, and the disappearance of defective transfer ribonucleic acid. In contrast to spores of Bacillus species, dormant spores of C. bifermentans contained little free amino acid.", "contents": "Biochemical properties of Clostridium bifermentans spores. As previously found for spores of Bacillus species, dormant spores of Clostridium bifermentans contained essentially no adenosine triphosphate, a high level of adenosine monophosphate, a high level of 3-phosphoglyceric acid, and much transfer ribonucleic acid lacking a 3'-terminal adenosine monophosphate residue. As in spores of Bacillus species, germination of C. bifermentans spores was accompanied by utilization of the 3-phosphoglyceric acid, a large increase in the adenosine triphosphate level, and the disappearance of defective transfer ribonucleic acid. In contrast to spores of Bacillus species, dormant spores of C. bifermentans contained little free amino acid.", "PMID": 402349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1334", "title": "Macromolecular composition of spores from the filamentous cyanobacterium A nabaena cylindrica.", "content": "Spores were isolated from the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica, and their deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein compositions were determined.", "contents": "Macromolecular composition of spores from the filamentous cyanobacterium A nabaena cylindrica. Spores were isolated from the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica, and their deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein compositions were determined.", "PMID": 402350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1335", "title": "Density, porosity, and structure of dried cell walls isolated from Bacillus megaterium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Helium displacement and nitrogen adsorption techniques were used to determine the density and porosity, respectively, of freeze-dried cell walls isolated from Bacillus megaterium KM and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The densities were 1.302 and 1.180 g/cm3, respectively, suggesting noncrystalline solids. The porosities were extremely small, indicating that the cell walls had collapsed and become essentially impervious upon lyophilization.", "contents": "Density, porosity, and structure of dried cell walls isolated from Bacillus megaterium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Helium displacement and nitrogen adsorption techniques were used to determine the density and porosity, respectively, of freeze-dried cell walls isolated from Bacillus megaterium KM and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The densities were 1.302 and 1.180 g/cm3, respectively, suggesting noncrystalline solids. The porosities were extremely small, indicating that the cell walls had collapsed and become essentially impervious upon lyophilization.", "PMID": 402351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1336", "title": "Metabolism of pyrimidine bases and nucleosides in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "In Bacillus subtilis, uracil (Ura), uridine (Urd), and deoxyuridine (dUrd) are metabolized through pathways similar to those of enteric bacteria. Ura is probably converted to uridine 5'-monophosphate by uridine 5'-monophosphate pyrophosphorylase. More than 95% of dUrd added to cultures is converted to Ura and deoxyribose-1-phosphate. Although dUrd kinase activity is detectable in vitro, this enzyme does not seem to play an important role in the metabolism of dUrd. The metabolism of cytosine (Cyt), cytidine (Cyd), and deoxycytidine (dCyd) in B. subtilis appears to be different from that in enteric bacteria. Cytosine cannot be used by Ura-requiring mutants as pyrimidine source. dCyd is deaminated by dCyd-Cyd deaminase or phosphorylated to dCyd nucleotides by dCyd kinase. Cyd is deaminated by dCyd-Cyd deaminase of phosphorylated by Cyd kinase. This Cyd kinase activity has never been reported for B. subtilis.", "contents": "Metabolism of pyrimidine bases and nucleosides in Bacillus subtilis. In Bacillus subtilis, uracil (Ura), uridine (Urd), and deoxyuridine (dUrd) are metabolized through pathways similar to those of enteric bacteria. Ura is probably converted to uridine 5'-monophosphate by uridine 5'-monophosphate pyrophosphorylase. More than 95% of dUrd added to cultures is converted to Ura and deoxyribose-1-phosphate. Although dUrd kinase activity is detectable in vitro, this enzyme does not seem to play an important role in the metabolism of dUrd. The metabolism of cytosine (Cyt), cytidine (Cyd), and deoxycytidine (dCyd) in B. subtilis appears to be different from that in enteric bacteria. Cytosine cannot be used by Ura-requiring mutants as pyrimidine source. dCyd is deaminated by dCyd-Cyd deaminase or phosphorylated to dCyd nucleotides by dCyd kinase. Cyd is deaminated by dCyd-Cyd deaminase of phosphorylated by Cyd kinase. This Cyd kinase activity has never been reported for B. subtilis.", "PMID": 402352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1337", "title": "Glucan common to the microcyst walls of cyst-forming bacteria.", "content": "Chemical analysis indicated that D-glucose is tha major neutral monosaccharide present in the microcysts of a range of gram-negative bacteria. Varying amounts of other neutral sugars were found. The glucose was mainly present as a glucan that could be extracted from microcysts of representative strains with alkali or mild acid treatment. The glucan could be identified as an alpha-1,3-linked polymer on the basis of (i) periodate resistance of the extracted polymer and the material present in microcysts; (ii) lectin agglutination of the microcysts; (iii) lectin precipitation of the extracted glucans; and (iv) susceptibility of the glucan either in the walls or after extraction to a specific alpha-1,3-glucanase from Aspergillus nidulans, yielding glucose as the sole hydrolysis product. The galactosamine found in microcysts of Myxococcus xanthus by other workers is clearly a component of another polymer, distinct from the glucan. The presence of an alpha 1,3-linked glucan, common to microcyst walls of various bacterial genera, probably contributes to the rigidity of the walls of these forms and, inter alia, to their resistance to ultrasonic treatment. Preliminary experiments indicate that the gulcan is discarded on germination of the microcysts rather than being broken down by specific enzymes.", "contents": "Glucan common to the microcyst walls of cyst-forming bacteria. Chemical analysis indicated that D-glucose is tha major neutral monosaccharide present in the microcysts of a range of gram-negative bacteria. Varying amounts of other neutral sugars were found. The glucose was mainly present as a glucan that could be extracted from microcysts of representative strains with alkali or mild acid treatment. The glucan could be identified as an alpha-1,3-linked polymer on the basis of (i) periodate resistance of the extracted polymer and the material present in microcysts; (ii) lectin agglutination of the microcysts; (iii) lectin precipitation of the extracted glucans; and (iv) susceptibility of the glucan either in the walls or after extraction to a specific alpha-1,3-glucanase from Aspergillus nidulans, yielding glucose as the sole hydrolysis product. The galactosamine found in microcysts of Myxococcus xanthus by other workers is clearly a component of another polymer, distinct from the glucan. The presence of an alpha 1,3-linked glucan, common to microcyst walls of various bacterial genera, probably contributes to the rigidity of the walls of these forms and, inter alia, to their resistance to ultrasonic treatment. Preliminary experiments indicate that the gulcan is discarded on germination of the microcysts rather than being broken down by specific enzymes.", "PMID": 402353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1338", "title": "Rate of ribonucleic acid chain growth in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.", "content": "Two methods were employed to measure the rate of ribonucleic acid (RNA) chain growth in vivo in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv cultures growing in Sauton medium at 37 degrees C, with a generation time of 10 h. In the first, the bacteria were allowed to assimilate [3H]uracil or [3H]guanine into their RNA for short time periods. The RNA was then extracted and hydrolyzed with alkali, and the radioactivity in the resulting nucleotides and nucleosides was measured. The data obtained by this method allowed the calculation of the individual nucleotide step times during the growth of RNA chains, from which the average rate of RNA chain elongation was estimated to be about 4 nucleotides per s. The second method employed the antibiotic rifampin, which specifically inhibits the initiation of RNA synthesis without interfering with the elongation and completion of nascent RNA chains. Usint this method, the transcription time of the 16S, 23S, and 5S ribosomal RNA genes was estimated to be 7.6 min, which corresponds to a ribosomal RNA chain growth rate of 10 nucleotides per s.", "contents": "Rate of ribonucleic acid chain growth in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Two methods were employed to measure the rate of ribonucleic acid (RNA) chain growth in vivo in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv cultures growing in Sauton medium at 37 degrees C, with a generation time of 10 h. In the first, the bacteria were allowed to assimilate [3H]uracil or [3H]guanine into their RNA for short time periods. The RNA was then extracted and hydrolyzed with alkali, and the radioactivity in the resulting nucleotides and nucleosides was measured. The data obtained by this method allowed the calculation of the individual nucleotide step times during the growth of RNA chains, from which the average rate of RNA chain elongation was estimated to be about 4 nucleotides per s. The second method employed the antibiotic rifampin, which specifically inhibits the initiation of RNA synthesis without interfering with the elongation and completion of nascent RNA chains. Usint this method, the transcription time of the 16S, 23S, and 5S ribosomal RNA genes was estimated to be 7.6 min, which corresponds to a ribosomal RNA chain growth rate of 10 nucleotides per s.", "PMID": 402354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1339", "title": "Occurrence of facultative anoxygenic photosynthesis among filamentous and unicellular cyanobacteria.", "content": "Eleven of 21 cyanobacteria strains examined are capable of facultative anoxygenic photosynthesis, as shown by their ability to photoassimilate CO2 in the presence of Na2S, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and 703-nm light. These include different cyanobacterial types (filamentous and unicellular) of different growth histories (aerobic, anaerobic, and marine and freshwater). Oscillatoria limnetica, Aphanothece halophytica (7418), and Lyngbya (7104) have different optimal concentrations of Na2S permitting CO2 photoassimilation, above which the rate decreases: 3.5, 0.7, and 0.1 mM, respectively. In A. halophytica, for each CO2 molecule photoassimilated two sulfide molecules are oxidized to elemental sulfur, which is excreted from the cells. The ecological and evolutionary significance of anoxygenic photosynthesis in the cyanobacteria is discussed.", "contents": "Occurrence of facultative anoxygenic photosynthesis among filamentous and unicellular cyanobacteria. Eleven of 21 cyanobacteria strains examined are capable of facultative anoxygenic photosynthesis, as shown by their ability to photoassimilate CO2 in the presence of Na2S, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and 703-nm light. These include different cyanobacterial types (filamentous and unicellular) of different growth histories (aerobic, anaerobic, and marine and freshwater). Oscillatoria limnetica, Aphanothece halophytica (7418), and Lyngbya (7104) have different optimal concentrations of Na2S permitting CO2 photoassimilation, above which the rate decreases: 3.5, 0.7, and 0.1 mM, respectively. In A. halophytica, for each CO2 molecule photoassimilated two sulfide molecules are oxidized to elemental sulfur, which is excreted from the cells. The ecological and evolutionary significance of anoxygenic photosynthesis in the cyanobacteria is discussed.", "PMID": 402355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1340", "title": "Inhibitory protein controls the reversion of protoplasts and L forms of Bacillus subtilis to the walled state.", "content": "When the cell wall of Bacillus subtilis is removed by lysozyme and the resultant protoplasts are plated on hypertonic soft agar medium, each protoplast forms an L colony. L bodies from such L colonies again plate as L-colony-forming units (CFU). However, if protoplasts or L bodies are \"conditioned\" by 1 h of incubation in 0.4% casein hydrolysate medium and then incubated in 25% gelatin medium for 1 h, 60 to 100% of the formerly naked cells give rist to bacillary colonies. The present experiments largely explain the mechanism responsible for the \"heritable\" persistence of the wall-less state in B. subtilis. It is shown that protoplasts produce a reversion inhibitory factor (RIF) which blocks reversion when the cell concentration exceeds 5 x 105 CFU/ml. This inhibitor is nondialyzable and sensitive to trypsin, heat, and detergent. Efficient reversion at 2 x 107 CFU/ml is obtained if the protoplasts are treated with trypsin after conditioning and chloramphenicol is incorporated into the gelatin reversion medium. In the presence of 500 mug of trypsin per ml, the requirement for gelatin is sharply reduced, and reversion occurs rapidly in liquid medium containing only 10% gelatin. Trypsin also stimulates reversion in L colonies growing on soft agar. Latent RIF is activated by beta-mercaptoethanol. This reagent blocks reversion of protoplast suspensions at densities of 5 x 105 CFU/ml. Comparison of the autolytic behavior of B. subtilis and of the RIF revealed that several or the properties of the two activities coincide: both are inhibited by high concentrations of gelatin, both are activated by beta-mercaptoethanol, and both have high affinity for cell wall. Going on the assumption that RIF is autolysin, models for protoplast reversion is suggested by the finding that mutants with altered teichoic acid show altered reversion behavior.", "contents": "Inhibitory protein controls the reversion of protoplasts and L forms of Bacillus subtilis to the walled state. When the cell wall of Bacillus subtilis is removed by lysozyme and the resultant protoplasts are plated on hypertonic soft agar medium, each protoplast forms an L colony. L bodies from such L colonies again plate as L-colony-forming units (CFU). However, if protoplasts or L bodies are \"conditioned\" by 1 h of incubation in 0.4% casein hydrolysate medium and then incubated in 25% gelatin medium for 1 h, 60 to 100% of the formerly naked cells give rist to bacillary colonies. The present experiments largely explain the mechanism responsible for the \"heritable\" persistence of the wall-less state in B. subtilis. It is shown that protoplasts produce a reversion inhibitory factor (RIF) which blocks reversion when the cell concentration exceeds 5 x 105 CFU/ml. This inhibitor is nondialyzable and sensitive to trypsin, heat, and detergent. Efficient reversion at 2 x 107 CFU/ml is obtained if the protoplasts are treated with trypsin after conditioning and chloramphenicol is incorporated into the gelatin reversion medium. In the presence of 500 mug of trypsin per ml, the requirement for gelatin is sharply reduced, and reversion occurs rapidly in liquid medium containing only 10% gelatin. Trypsin also stimulates reversion in L colonies growing on soft agar. Latent RIF is activated by beta-mercaptoethanol. This reagent blocks reversion of protoplast suspensions at densities of 5 x 105 CFU/ml. Comparison of the autolytic behavior of B. subtilis and of the RIF revealed that several or the properties of the two activities coincide: both are inhibited by high concentrations of gelatin, both are activated by beta-mercaptoethanol, and both have high affinity for cell wall. Going on the assumption that RIF is autolysin, models for protoplast reversion is suggested by the finding that mutants with altered teichoic acid show altered reversion behavior.", "PMID": 402356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1341", "title": "Cell density-dependent growth of Myxococcus xanthus on casein.", "content": "When Myxococcus xanthus FB was grown on 0.2% casein it exhibited a phenomenon we call cooperative growth. That is, above 104 cells per ml, both strains that were studied exhibited increasing growth rates as a function of increasing cell numbers. Between 104 and 107 cells per ml, the mean doubling times of strains YS and TNS decreased from 15.2 to 8 h and 26 to 8.5 h, respectively. The extracellular proteinase activity of the two strains was equivalent and directly proportional to cell number. Cooperative growth was correlated with increased concentration of hydrolyzed casein in the medium, suggesting cooperative hydrolysis of casein. At low cell densities neither strain was capable of measurable growth on casein in liquid media, and we have calculated that the average concentration of hydrolyzed casein in the medium was indeed too low to support growth. At low cell densities, growth on hydrolyzed casein (Casitone) was normal and independent of cell concentration. Demonstration of cooperative growth at higher cell densities supports the suggestion that the communal behavior of myxobacteria results in more efficient feeding.", "contents": "Cell density-dependent growth of Myxococcus xanthus on casein. When Myxococcus xanthus FB was grown on 0.2% casein it exhibited a phenomenon we call cooperative growth. That is, above 104 cells per ml, both strains that were studied exhibited increasing growth rates as a function of increasing cell numbers. Between 104 and 107 cells per ml, the mean doubling times of strains YS and TNS decreased from 15.2 to 8 h and 26 to 8.5 h, respectively. The extracellular proteinase activity of the two strains was equivalent and directly proportional to cell number. Cooperative growth was correlated with increased concentration of hydrolyzed casein in the medium, suggesting cooperative hydrolysis of casein. At low cell densities neither strain was capable of measurable growth on casein in liquid media, and we have calculated that the average concentration of hydrolyzed casein in the medium was indeed too low to support growth. At low cell densities, growth on hydrolyzed casein (Casitone) was normal and independent of cell concentration. Demonstration of cooperative growth at higher cell densities supports the suggestion that the communal behavior of myxobacteria results in more efficient feeding.", "PMID": 402357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1342", "title": "Some properties of a membrane-deoxyribonucleic acid complex isolated from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Membrane-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) complexes were isolated from Bacillus subtilis by affinity for magnesium-Sarkosyl crystals. These complexes (M-bands) contained greater than 80% of the total cellular DNA; little of the remaining portion could be recovered in a secondary isolation. Isotopic labeling of the origin of replication showed this region of the chromosome to be closely associated with the cell membrane. Interruption of protein or DNA synthesis did not result in detachment of the chromosome from the membrane. Interruption of ribonucleic acid synthesis by rifampin resulted in a decreased ability to isolate DNA in the M-band. Analysis of attachment of the chromosome to membrane during the cell and replication cycles indicated that the chromosome is not released from the membrane at any time during the cell cycle.", "contents": "Some properties of a membrane-deoxyribonucleic acid complex isolated from Bacillus subtilis. Membrane-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) complexes were isolated from Bacillus subtilis by affinity for magnesium-Sarkosyl crystals. These complexes (M-bands) contained greater than 80% of the total cellular DNA; little of the remaining portion could be recovered in a secondary isolation. Isotopic labeling of the origin of replication showed this region of the chromosome to be closely associated with the cell membrane. Interruption of protein or DNA synthesis did not result in detachment of the chromosome from the membrane. Interruption of ribonucleic acid synthesis by rifampin resulted in a decreased ability to isolate DNA in the M-band. Analysis of attachment of the chromosome to membrane during the cell and replication cycles indicated that the chromosome is not released from the membrane at any time during the cell cycle.", "PMID": 402358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1343", "title": "Developmentally induced autolysis during fruiting body formation by Myxococcus xanthus.", "content": "The developmental events during fruiting body construction by the myxobacterium M. xanthus is an orderly process characterized by several sequential stages: growth leads to aggregation leads to formation of raised, darkened mounds of cells leads to autolysis leads to myxospore induction. The temporal sequence of autolysis followed by myxospore induction is consistent with the interpretation that developmental autolysis provides essential requirements for the surviving cells to induce to myxospores. At intermediate developmental times on agar plates a fraction of the cell population is irreversibly committed to lyse; i.e., lysis continues in liquid growth medium or in magnesium-phosphate buffer. Lysis is cell concentration independent and is therefore likely to be by an autolytic mechanism. The lysis sequence can be preliminarily characterized as having an early stage during which deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis continues and a later irreversible stage during which deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis does not occur. Irreversible lysis in liquid growth medium or in magnesium-phosphate buffer is initiated on agar plates during nutrient deprivation and such lysis results in the induction of a fraction of the population to myxospores. This induction is dependent upon the concentration of lysis products, thus providing evidence that developmentally induced autolysis is required for myxospore induction.", "contents": "Developmentally induced autolysis during fruiting body formation by Myxococcus xanthus. The developmental events during fruiting body construction by the myxobacterium M. xanthus is an orderly process characterized by several sequential stages: growth leads to aggregation leads to formation of raised, darkened mounds of cells leads to autolysis leads to myxospore induction. The temporal sequence of autolysis followed by myxospore induction is consistent with the interpretation that developmental autolysis provides essential requirements for the surviving cells to induce to myxospores. At intermediate developmental times on agar plates a fraction of the cell population is irreversibly committed to lyse; i.e., lysis continues in liquid growth medium or in magnesium-phosphate buffer. Lysis is cell concentration independent and is therefore likely to be by an autolytic mechanism. The lysis sequence can be preliminarily characterized as having an early stage during which deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis continues and a later irreversible stage during which deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis does not occur. Irreversible lysis in liquid growth medium or in magnesium-phosphate buffer is initiated on agar plates during nutrient deprivation and such lysis results in the induction of a fraction of the population to myxospores. This induction is dependent upon the concentration of lysis products, thus providing evidence that developmentally induced autolysis is required for myxospore induction.", "PMID": 402359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1344", "title": "Media dependence of commitment in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "At some time during sporulation development, cells of Bacillus subtilis develop a commitment to continue sporulation even after addition of or dilution into a fresh nutrient. The extent of commitment was measured by the titer of spores produced at the time at which the original culture sporulated maximally. Since newly formed spores of B. subtilis soon germinate in the replenished medium, the measurement of their titer, especially of heat-resistant spores, gave low values. This problem was avoided by the germination-delaying effect of methyl anthranilate (1 mM) when added together with the fresh nutrients. In a given culture, the titer of committed cells was then independent of the method by which it was measured, i.e., by the phase-bright, octanol-resistant, or heat-resistant spore titer. The time of commitment depended on the type of nutrient added. Commitment occurred earlor casein hydrolysate. The rates at which non-metabolizable amino acid analogues or the 14C from an amino acid mixture were taken up by the cells increased toward the end of growth and later declined. This decline occurred slowly and was only weakly correlated with the commitment time of an analogous amino acid.", "contents": "Media dependence of commitment in Bacillus subtilis. At some time during sporulation development, cells of Bacillus subtilis develop a commitment to continue sporulation even after addition of or dilution into a fresh nutrient. The extent of commitment was measured by the titer of spores produced at the time at which the original culture sporulated maximally. Since newly formed spores of B. subtilis soon germinate in the replenished medium, the measurement of their titer, especially of heat-resistant spores, gave low values. This problem was avoided by the germination-delaying effect of methyl anthranilate (1 mM) when added together with the fresh nutrients. In a given culture, the titer of committed cells was then independent of the method by which it was measured, i.e., by the phase-bright, octanol-resistant, or heat-resistant spore titer. The time of commitment depended on the type of nutrient added. Commitment occurred earlor casein hydrolysate. The rates at which non-metabolizable amino acid analogues or the 14C from an amino acid mixture were taken up by the cells increased toward the end of growth and later declined. This decline occurred slowly and was only weakly correlated with the commitment time of an analogous amino acid.", "PMID": 402360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1345", "title": "Isolation of acetyl esterase mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168.", "content": "Five mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 defective in an intracellular esterase activity were identified. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, four of the mutants were shown to lack esterase B activity, and the fifth lacked esterase A activity. All of the back-crossed esterase mutants were able to sporulate at wild-type frequency and produce exoprotease(s) and antibiotic(s). No difference in motility could be attributed to the esterase mutation. PBS1 transduction analysis showed all the esterase B mutations to be linked to the hisA marker.", "contents": "Isolation of acetyl esterase mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168. Five mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 defective in an intracellular esterase activity were identified. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, four of the mutants were shown to lack esterase B activity, and the fifth lacked esterase A activity. All of the back-crossed esterase mutants were able to sporulate at wild-type frequency and produce exoprotease(s) and antibiotic(s). No difference in motility could be attributed to the esterase mutation. PBS1 transduction analysis showed all the esterase B mutations to be linked to the hisA marker.", "PMID": 402361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1346", "title": "A low molecular weight inhibitor of steroid receptor activation.", "content": "Dilution at 0 degrees of rat liver cytosol incubated with [3H]triamcinolone acetonide provoked an enhanced binding of steroid-receptor complexes to nuclei. The explanation of this phenomenon was found to be an \"activation\" of the complexes. Dilution acted by decreasing the concentration of a cytosol inhibitor. This reaction was irreversible at 0 degrees: once activated the complexes could not be reversed to the nonactivated state by the addition of inhibitor. The presence of hormone was necessary, since hormone-free receptor molecules could not be activated by dilution. Removal of the inhibitor did not lead to activation of all complexes: after 24 h a \"plateau\" was attained where 55 to 70% of the complexes were activated. The inhibitor was shown to be a low molecular weight molecule by dialysis, Sephadex G-25 chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ultrafiltration. Thus [3H]triamcinolone acetonide-receptor complexes present in a cytosol from which the inhibitor had been removed by Sephadex G-25 chromatography became spontaneously activated at low ionic strength and at 0 degrees. The inhibitor is not a steroid (at least of usual polarity) since it cannot be extracted by methylene chloride or adsorbed by activated charcoal. It is thermostable (resists to 30 min at 100 degrees). Its removal by incubation with a cation exchange resin suggests that it may be positively charged, however it is not complexed by EDTA. This inhibitor must be distinguished from a previously described inhibitor of steroid-receptor complexes binding to nuclei. The latter compound has been shown in various systems to be responsible for an artifactual saturation of nuclear acceptor by steroid-receptor complexes. It inhibits the binding to nuclear acceptors of already activated complexes and is probably a macromolecule. It is thus different from the low molecular weight activation inhibitor described in the present paper.", "contents": "A low molecular weight inhibitor of steroid receptor activation. Dilution at 0 degrees of rat liver cytosol incubated with [3H]triamcinolone acetonide provoked an enhanced binding of steroid-receptor complexes to nuclei. The explanation of this phenomenon was found to be an \"activation\" of the complexes. Dilution acted by decreasing the concentration of a cytosol inhibitor. This reaction was irreversible at 0 degrees: once activated the complexes could not be reversed to the nonactivated state by the addition of inhibitor. The presence of hormone was necessary, since hormone-free receptor molecules could not be activated by dilution. Removal of the inhibitor did not lead to activation of all complexes: after 24 h a \"plateau\" was attained where 55 to 70% of the complexes were activated. The inhibitor was shown to be a low molecular weight molecule by dialysis, Sephadex G-25 chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ultrafiltration. Thus [3H]triamcinolone acetonide-receptor complexes present in a cytosol from which the inhibitor had been removed by Sephadex G-25 chromatography became spontaneously activated at low ionic strength and at 0 degrees. The inhibitor is not a steroid (at least of usual polarity) since it cannot be extracted by methylene chloride or adsorbed by activated charcoal. It is thermostable (resists to 30 min at 100 degrees). Its removal by incubation with a cation exchange resin suggests that it may be positively charged, however it is not complexed by EDTA. This inhibitor must be distinguished from a previously described inhibitor of steroid-receptor complexes binding to nuclei. The latter compound has been shown in various systems to be responsible for an artifactual saturation of nuclear acceptor by steroid-receptor complexes. It inhibits the binding to nuclear acceptors of already activated complexes and is probably a macromolecule. It is thus different from the low molecular weight activation inhibitor described in the present paper.", "PMID": 402362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1347", "title": "Primary structure of the \"hinge\" region of human IgG3. Probable quadruplication of a 15-amino acid residue basic unit.", "content": "The middle part of the heavy chain of IgG3 (hinge region) which covalently links the two gamma3 chains to each other, is about 4 times larger than the same region in the three other human IgG subclasses. This is probably due to a quadruplication of a 45-nucleotide DNA segment resulting in a gamma3 hinge region which is 62 amino acid residues long and consists of an NH2-terminal 17-residue segment followed by a 15-residue segment which is identically and consecutively repeated three times. The NH2-terminal 17-residue segment shows 70% homology with the repetitive 15-residue segment and appears to be the result of a small insertion and several point mutations of the same 45-nucleotide DNA stretch. Since this unit of repetition shows 60 to 70% homology with the hinge of the other IgG subclasses, it may represent the primitive IgG hinge.", "contents": "Primary structure of the \"hinge\" region of human IgG3. Probable quadruplication of a 15-amino acid residue basic unit. The middle part of the heavy chain of IgG3 (hinge region) which covalently links the two gamma3 chains to each other, is about 4 times larger than the same region in the three other human IgG subclasses. This is probably due to a quadruplication of a 45-nucleotide DNA segment resulting in a gamma3 hinge region which is 62 amino acid residues long and consists of an NH2-terminal 17-residue segment followed by a 15-residue segment which is identically and consecutively repeated three times. The NH2-terminal 17-residue segment shows 70% homology with the repetitive 15-residue segment and appears to be the result of a small insertion and several point mutations of the same 45-nucleotide DNA stretch. Since this unit of repetition shows 60 to 70% homology with the hinge of the other IgG subclasses, it may represent the primitive IgG hinge.", "PMID": 402363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1348", "title": "Purification and properties of microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase from rat liver.", "content": "p-Nitrophenol conjugating activity associated with liver microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17) was purified 150- to 200-fold from cell-free homogenates. The purification scheme included solubilization with the nonionic detergent Lubrol WX, anion exchange chromatography at pH 6.0 and 7.5, and affinity chromatography with UDP-hexanolamine Sepharose 4B. The enzyme purified as a phospholipid-protein complex and was shown to consist of a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 59,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amino acid analysis indicated approximately 531 mol of amino acids/59,000 g of enzyme and a molar ratio of nonpolar to polar residues of 1.08. During fractionation, the enzyme displayed instability with such steps as gel filtration, dialysis, or ultrafiltration of dilute samples; however, upon adsorption to ion exchange resins or storage in concentrated form, the enzyme was reasonably stable. The active lipoprotein complex showed both size and charge heterogeneity as judged by gel filtration and electrofocusing. Three forms of the enzyme resolved by isoelectric focusing had isoelectric points which averaged pH 6.68, 6.56, and 6.31. Polypeptide compositions of these electrophoretically distinct phospholipid protein complexes were indistinguishable on the basis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the charge heterogeneity may be the result of differences in the phospholipid content of the lipoprotein complex.", "contents": "Purification and properties of microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase from rat liver. p-Nitrophenol conjugating activity associated with liver microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17) was purified 150- to 200-fold from cell-free homogenates. The purification scheme included solubilization with the nonionic detergent Lubrol WX, anion exchange chromatography at pH 6.0 and 7.5, and affinity chromatography with UDP-hexanolamine Sepharose 4B. The enzyme purified as a phospholipid-protein complex and was shown to consist of a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 59,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amino acid analysis indicated approximately 531 mol of amino acids/59,000 g of enzyme and a molar ratio of nonpolar to polar residues of 1.08. During fractionation, the enzyme displayed instability with such steps as gel filtration, dialysis, or ultrafiltration of dilute samples; however, upon adsorption to ion exchange resins or storage in concentrated form, the enzyme was reasonably stable. The active lipoprotein complex showed both size and charge heterogeneity as judged by gel filtration and electrofocusing. Three forms of the enzyme resolved by isoelectric focusing had isoelectric points which averaged pH 6.68, 6.56, and 6.31. Polypeptide compositions of these electrophoretically distinct phospholipid protein complexes were indistinguishable on the basis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the charge heterogeneity may be the result of differences in the phospholipid content of the lipoprotein complex.", "PMID": 402364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1349", "title": "Partial purification and properties of a ribosomal RNA maturation endonuclease from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Data are presented on the partial purification and properties of a 5 S ribosomal RNA maturation nuclease, termed RNase M5, from Bacillus subtillis 168. RNase M5 specifically cleaves 21 and 42 nucleotides, respectively, from the 5' and 3' termini of a 5 S rRNA precursor to yield the mature (116 nucleotides) 5 S rRNA. The cleavage is endonucleolytic with the formation of 5'-phosphoryl and 3'-hydroxyl groups. Enzyme action requires divalent cations, which may be furnished by either certain metals or by polyamines. The activity is separable into two components both of which are required for activity. It appears that the same nuclease excises the 5'- and 3'-terminal segments since preparations lose the capacity to modify the two termini with an identical first order thermal decay rate. Certain features of the rRNA precursor which may be involved in cognitive interaction with RNase M5 are discussed.", "contents": "Partial purification and properties of a ribosomal RNA maturation endonuclease from Bacillus subtilis. Data are presented on the partial purification and properties of a 5 S ribosomal RNA maturation nuclease, termed RNase M5, from Bacillus subtillis 168. RNase M5 specifically cleaves 21 and 42 nucleotides, respectively, from the 5' and 3' termini of a 5 S rRNA precursor to yield the mature (116 nucleotides) 5 S rRNA. The cleavage is endonucleolytic with the formation of 5'-phosphoryl and 3'-hydroxyl groups. Enzyme action requires divalent cations, which may be furnished by either certain metals or by polyamines. The activity is separable into two components both of which are required for activity. It appears that the same nuclease excises the 5'- and 3'-terminal segments since preparations lose the capacity to modify the two termini with an identical first order thermal decay rate. Certain features of the rRNA precursor which may be involved in cognitive interaction with RNase M5 are discussed.", "PMID": 402365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1350", "title": "Amino acid sequence of Desulfovibrio vulgaris flavodoxin.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence for the 148-amino acid flavodoxin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris was determined to be: H3N+-Met-Pro-Lys-Ala-Leu-Ile-Val-Tyr-Gly-Ser-Thr-Thr-Gly-Asn-Thr-Glu-Tyr-Thr-Ala-Glu-Thr-Ile-Ala-Arg-Glu-Leu-Ala-Asn-Ala-Gly-Tyr-Glu-Val-Asp-Ser-Arg-Asp-Ala-Ala-Ser-Val-Glu-Ala-Gly-Gly-Leu-Phe-Glu-Gly-Phe-Asp-Leu-Val-Leu-Leu-Gly-Cys-Ser-Thr-Trp-Gly-Asp-Asp-Ser-Ile-Glu-Leu-Gln-Asp-Asp-Phe-Ile-Pro-Leu-Phe-Asp-Ser-Leu-Glu-Glu-Thr-Gly-Ala-Gln-Gly-Arg-Lys-Val-Ala-Cys-Phe-Gly-Cys-Gly-Asp-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Glu-Tyr-Phe-Cys-Gly-Ala-Val-Asp-Ala-IleGlu-Glu-Lys-Leu-Lys-Asn-Leu-Gly-Ala-Glu-Ile-Val-Gln-Asp-Gly-Leu-Arg-Ile-Asp-Gly-Asp-Pro-Arg-Ala-Ala-Arg-Asp-Asp-Ile-Val-Gly-Try-Ala-His-Asp-Val-Arg-Gly-Ala-Ile-COO. This protein is of interest as it was the first flavoenzyme for which high resolution x-ray diffraction studies were published (Watenpaugh, K.D., Sieker, L.C., and Jensen, L.H. (1973) Proc. NAtl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 3857-3860). Ser(10), Thr(12), Asn(14), and Thr(15) were shown to bind the phosphate of the FMN while the isoalloxazine ring is positioned between Trp(60) and Tyr(98).", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of Desulfovibrio vulgaris flavodoxin. The complete amino acid sequence for the 148-amino acid flavodoxin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris was determined to be: H3N+-Met-Pro-Lys-Ala-Leu-Ile-Val-Tyr-Gly-Ser-Thr-Thr-Gly-Asn-Thr-Glu-Tyr-Thr-Ala-Glu-Thr-Ile-Ala-Arg-Glu-Leu-Ala-Asn-Ala-Gly-Tyr-Glu-Val-Asp-Ser-Arg-Asp-Ala-Ala-Ser-Val-Glu-Ala-Gly-Gly-Leu-Phe-Glu-Gly-Phe-Asp-Leu-Val-Leu-Leu-Gly-Cys-Ser-Thr-Trp-Gly-Asp-Asp-Ser-Ile-Glu-Leu-Gln-Asp-Asp-Phe-Ile-Pro-Leu-Phe-Asp-Ser-Leu-Glu-Glu-Thr-Gly-Ala-Gln-Gly-Arg-Lys-Val-Ala-Cys-Phe-Gly-Cys-Gly-Asp-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Glu-Tyr-Phe-Cys-Gly-Ala-Val-Asp-Ala-IleGlu-Glu-Lys-Leu-Lys-Asn-Leu-Gly-Ala-Glu-Ile-Val-Gln-Asp-Gly-Leu-Arg-Ile-Asp-Gly-Asp-Pro-Arg-Ala-Ala-Arg-Asp-Asp-Ile-Val-Gly-Try-Ala-His-Asp-Val-Arg-Gly-Ala-Ile-COO. This protein is of interest as it was the first flavoenzyme for which high resolution x-ray diffraction studies were published (Watenpaugh, K.D., Sieker, L.C., and Jensen, L.H. (1973) Proc. NAtl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 3857-3860). Ser(10), Thr(12), Asn(14), and Thr(15) were shown to bind the phosphate of the FMN while the isoalloxazine ring is positioned between Trp(60) and Tyr(98).", "PMID": 402366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1351", "title": "Inactivation of bacterial D-amino acid transaminases by the olefinic amino acid D-vinylglycine.", "content": "D-Vinylglycine (2-amino-3-butenoate) functions as a transamination substrate and irreversible inactivator of the homogeneous pyridoxal phosphate-dependent D-amino acid transaminases from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus sphaericus. In the absence of alpha-ketoglutarate as co-substrate, vinyl-glycine causes little if any inactivation of either enzyme; in the presence of excess alpha-ketoglutarate, both enzymes are inactivated with pseudo-first order kinetics. The limiting rate constant for inactivation of the B. sphaericus enzyme is 1.9 min-1, for the B. subilis enzyme it is 0.36 min-1. The number of catalytic events before inactivation is about 450 for the B. sphaericus enzyme and about 800 for the B. subtilis enzyme; that is, about 0.2% inactivation in each catalytic cycle for the former enzyme and 0.15% for the latter. Comparisons are made with the L-aspartate amino-transferase from pig heart which is inactivated completely in one catalytic cycle and the L-alanine aminotransferase which is not inactivated in many cycles. Comparisons are also made between the likely mode of D-transaminase inactivation produced by vinylglycine and the mode of inactivation induced by beta-chloro-D-alanine.", "contents": "Inactivation of bacterial D-amino acid transaminases by the olefinic amino acid D-vinylglycine. D-Vinylglycine (2-amino-3-butenoate) functions as a transamination substrate and irreversible inactivator of the homogeneous pyridoxal phosphate-dependent D-amino acid transaminases from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus sphaericus. In the absence of alpha-ketoglutarate as co-substrate, vinyl-glycine causes little if any inactivation of either enzyme; in the presence of excess alpha-ketoglutarate, both enzymes are inactivated with pseudo-first order kinetics. The limiting rate constant for inactivation of the B. sphaericus enzyme is 1.9 min-1, for the B. subilis enzyme it is 0.36 min-1. The number of catalytic events before inactivation is about 450 for the B. sphaericus enzyme and about 800 for the B. subtilis enzyme; that is, about 0.2% inactivation in each catalytic cycle for the former enzyme and 0.15% for the latter. Comparisons are made with the L-aspartate amino-transferase from pig heart which is inactivated completely in one catalytic cycle and the L-alanine aminotransferase which is not inactivated in many cycles. Comparisons are also made between the likely mode of D-transaminase inactivation produced by vinylglycine and the mode of inactivation induced by beta-chloro-D-alanine.", "PMID": 402367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1352", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the change of metabolite fluxes along the pentose phosphate and glycolytic pathways in Tetrahymena in response to carbohydrates.", "content": "A metabolic scheme of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway has been constructed, assuming that the reactions occur in a single compartment. From this scheme, equations are written for a system in metabolic and isotopic steady state. These allow computation of the specific activity of every carbon atom of all the intermediates of the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways and consequently of the flux of carbon along each step of these pathways. A sufficiently large number of well distributed measurements of incorporation of radioactive label from different positions of several substrates into intermediates or products must be made to determine all the fluxes. This is done by choosing a set of metabolic fluxes, calculating incorporation with the aid of a computer, and then manipulating the flux rates until the computed incorporations match the data. The model is used in this paper to analyze the metabolism of the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. The metabolic scheme of the model is consistent with all available information on the enzyme complement of this ciliate. Cells grown to transition phase in proteose/peptone medium were inoculated into a mixture of glucose (6 mM), fructose (6 mM), ribose (3 mM), and glycerol (3 mM) and incubated for 1 h. In each of these experiments, one of the following labeled substrates was present: [1-, 2-, 6-, or U-14C]glucose; [1- or U-14C]fructose; [1- or U-14C]ribose; [1(3)-or 2-14C]glycerol. The incorporation of label from these substrates into CO2, lipid, glycogen, and RNA was measured. In contrast to earlier studies on the metabolism of 2- and 3-carbon substrates by Tetrahymena, the rate of incorporation of label from some substrates into some products (e.g. from [1-14C]glucose into CO2) changed during the incubation. To treat these time-dependent data within the framework of the steady state model, the 1-h incubation was divided into three 20-min intervals; within each of these, the rates of incorporation were approximately constant, as required for a steady state system. Measurements of the pool sizes of glucose-6-P and fructose-6-P showed that only slow changes in pool sizes occurred after the first 5 min of incubation and indicated that the system was effectively in a metabolic and isotopic steady state throughout most of the incubation. The finding that a low concentration of cycloheximide prevented the acceleration of 14CO2 production from labeled glucose suggests a role for protein synthesis in the slow adaptation to carbohydrate addition and supports the quasi-steady state treatment of this system. The expected incorporation into each product was computed for trial sets of 1, independent flux rates. A set of flux values was found which yielded a good fit to the 29 measurements made for each interval. These flux values therefore constitute a quantitative description of temporal changes in carbon flow along the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways during the 1st h of adaptation to the carbohydrate mixture...", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the change of metabolite fluxes along the pentose phosphate and glycolytic pathways in Tetrahymena in response to carbohydrates. A metabolic scheme of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway has been constructed, assuming that the reactions occur in a single compartment. From this scheme, equations are written for a system in metabolic and isotopic steady state. These allow computation of the specific activity of every carbon atom of all the intermediates of the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways and consequently of the flux of carbon along each step of these pathways. A sufficiently large number of well distributed measurements of incorporation of radioactive label from different positions of several substrates into intermediates or products must be made to determine all the fluxes. This is done by choosing a set of metabolic fluxes, calculating incorporation with the aid of a computer, and then manipulating the flux rates until the computed incorporations match the data. The model is used in this paper to analyze the metabolism of the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. The metabolic scheme of the model is consistent with all available information on the enzyme complement of this ciliate. Cells grown to transition phase in proteose/peptone medium were inoculated into a mixture of glucose (6 mM), fructose (6 mM), ribose (3 mM), and glycerol (3 mM) and incubated for 1 h. In each of these experiments, one of the following labeled substrates was present: [1-, 2-, 6-, or U-14C]glucose; [1- or U-14C]fructose; [1- or U-14C]ribose; [1(3)-or 2-14C]glycerol. The incorporation of label from these substrates into CO2, lipid, glycogen, and RNA was measured. In contrast to earlier studies on the metabolism of 2- and 3-carbon substrates by Tetrahymena, the rate of incorporation of label from some substrates into some products (e.g. from [1-14C]glucose into CO2) changed during the incubation. To treat these time-dependent data within the framework of the steady state model, the 1-h incubation was divided into three 20-min intervals; within each of these, the rates of incorporation were approximately constant, as required for a steady state system. Measurements of the pool sizes of glucose-6-P and fructose-6-P showed that only slow changes in pool sizes occurred after the first 5 min of incubation and indicated that the system was effectively in a metabolic and isotopic steady state throughout most of the incubation. The finding that a low concentration of cycloheximide prevented the acceleration of 14CO2 production from labeled glucose suggests a role for protein synthesis in the slow adaptation to carbohydrate addition and supports the quasi-steady state treatment of this system. The expected incorporation into each product was computed for trial sets of 1, independent flux rates. A set of flux values was found which yielded a good fit to the 29 measurements made for each interval. These flux values therefore constitute a quantitative description of temporal changes in carbon flow along the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways during the 1st h of adaptation to the carbohydrate mixture...", "PMID": 402368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1353", "title": "Enzymic characteristics of fat globule membranes from bovine colostrum and bovine milk.", "content": "Fat globule membranes have been isolated from bovine colostrum and bovine milk by the dispersion of the fat in sucrose solutions at 4 degrees C and fractionation by centrifugation through discontinuous sucrose gradients. The morphology and enzymic characteristics of the separated fractions were examined. Fractions comprising a large proportion of the total extracted membrane were thus obtained having high levels of the Golgi marker enzymes UDP-galactose N-acetylglucosamine beta-4-galactosyltransferase and thiamine pyrophosphatase. A membrane-derived form of the galactosyltransferase has been solubilized from fat and purified to homogeneity. This enzyme is larger in molecular weight than previously studied soluble galactosyltransferases, but resembles in size the galactosyltransferase of lactating mammary Golgi membranes. In contrast, when fat globule membranes were prepared by traditional procedures, which involved washing the fat at higher temperatures, before extraction, galactosyltransferase was not present in the membranes, having been released into supernatant fractions, When the enzyme released by this procedure was partially purified and examined by gel filtration, it was found to be of a degraded form resembling in size the soluble galactosyltransferase of milk. The release is therefore attributed to the action of proteolytic enzymes. Our observations contrast with previous biochemical studies which suggested that Golgi membranes do not contribute to the milk fat globule membrane. They are, however, consistent with electron microscope studies of the fat secretion process, which indicate that secretory vesicle membranes, derived from the Golgi apparatus, may provide a large proportion of the fat globule membrane.", "contents": "Enzymic characteristics of fat globule membranes from bovine colostrum and bovine milk. Fat globule membranes have been isolated from bovine colostrum and bovine milk by the dispersion of the fat in sucrose solutions at 4 degrees C and fractionation by centrifugation through discontinuous sucrose gradients. The morphology and enzymic characteristics of the separated fractions were examined. Fractions comprising a large proportion of the total extracted membrane were thus obtained having high levels of the Golgi marker enzymes UDP-galactose N-acetylglucosamine beta-4-galactosyltransferase and thiamine pyrophosphatase. A membrane-derived form of the galactosyltransferase has been solubilized from fat and purified to homogeneity. This enzyme is larger in molecular weight than previously studied soluble galactosyltransferases, but resembles in size the galactosyltransferase of lactating mammary Golgi membranes. In contrast, when fat globule membranes were prepared by traditional procedures, which involved washing the fat at higher temperatures, before extraction, galactosyltransferase was not present in the membranes, having been released into supernatant fractions, When the enzyme released by this procedure was partially purified and examined by gel filtration, it was found to be of a degraded form resembling in size the soluble galactosyltransferase of milk. The release is therefore attributed to the action of proteolytic enzymes. Our observations contrast with previous biochemical studies which suggested that Golgi membranes do not contribute to the milk fat globule membrane. They are, however, consistent with electron microscope studies of the fat secretion process, which indicate that secretory vesicle membranes, derived from the Golgi apparatus, may provide a large proportion of the fat globule membrane.", "PMID": 402369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1354", "title": "Tetrahymena strives to maintain the fluidity interrelationships of all its membranes constant. Electron microscope evidence.", "content": "When cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain NT-1, were chilled from their growth temperature of 39.5 degrees C to lower temperatures, the plasma membrane, outer alveolar, nuclear, outer mitochondrial, food vacuolar, and endoplasmic reticulum membranes each responded in a fashion quite characteristic of the membrane type. In most cases a distinctive rearrangement of intramembrane particles, as discerned by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, began abruptly at a definitive temperature. By comparing the freeze-fracture patterns of membranes in cells grown at 39.5, 27, and 15 degrees C, it was shown that the initial particle rearrangement in a given membrane always occurred at a fixed number of degrees below the growth temperature of the cell. Gradual chilling of a cell grown at constant temperature induced these membrane changes first in the outer alveolar membrane, then, in order of decreasing response to temperature, in the endoplasmic reticulum, outer mitochondrial membrane, nuclear envelope, and vacuolar membrane. The normally stable relationships between the physical properties of the several membrane types could in some cases be reversed, but only temporarily, by fatty acid supplementation or during the initial phases of acclimation to growth at a different temperature. The system provides a unique opportunity to study the effects of environmental change upon the physical properties of several functionally distinct but metabolically interrelated membranes within a single cell.", "contents": "Tetrahymena strives to maintain the fluidity interrelationships of all its membranes constant. Electron microscope evidence. When cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain NT-1, were chilled from their growth temperature of 39.5 degrees C to lower temperatures, the plasma membrane, outer alveolar, nuclear, outer mitochondrial, food vacuolar, and endoplasmic reticulum membranes each responded in a fashion quite characteristic of the membrane type. In most cases a distinctive rearrangement of intramembrane particles, as discerned by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, began abruptly at a definitive temperature. By comparing the freeze-fracture patterns of membranes in cells grown at 39.5, 27, and 15 degrees C, it was shown that the initial particle rearrangement in a given membrane always occurred at a fixed number of degrees below the growth temperature of the cell. Gradual chilling of a cell grown at constant temperature induced these membrane changes first in the outer alveolar membrane, then, in order of decreasing response to temperature, in the endoplasmic reticulum, outer mitochondrial membrane, nuclear envelope, and vacuolar membrane. The normally stable relationships between the physical properties of the several membrane types could in some cases be reversed, but only temporarily, by fatty acid supplementation or during the initial phases of acclimation to growth at a different temperature. The system provides a unique opportunity to study the effects of environmental change upon the physical properties of several functionally distinct but metabolically interrelated membranes within a single cell.", "PMID": 402370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1355", "title": "Effect of dexamethasone on prolactin and TSH responses to TRH and metoclopramide in man.", "content": "We studied the effects of administration of dexamethasone, 2 mg orally every 6 h, for 5 days on the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced release of prolactin (PRL), thyrotropin (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in 9 normal men and on the metoclopramide-induced release of PRL in 7 normal men. Dexamethasone suppressed the baseline serum levels of PRL, TSH and T3. The administration of dexamethasone blunted the PRL and TSH response to TRH; the blunted TSH response resulted in a decreased T3 and T4 response to TRH after dexamethasone. Following dexamethasone administration, the PRL response to metoclopramide, a dopamine antagonist which acts at the hypothalamicpituitary level to stimulate PRL secretion, was blunted in 7 normal men. The data suggest that short-term administration of pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids suppress the secretion of PRL and TSH by a direct effect on the anterior pituitary gland.", "contents": "Effect of dexamethasone on prolactin and TSH responses to TRH and metoclopramide in man. We studied the effects of administration of dexamethasone, 2 mg orally every 6 h, for 5 days on the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced release of prolactin (PRL), thyrotropin (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in 9 normal men and on the metoclopramide-induced release of PRL in 7 normal men. Dexamethasone suppressed the baseline serum levels of PRL, TSH and T3. The administration of dexamethasone blunted the PRL and TSH response to TRH; the blunted TSH response resulted in a decreased T3 and T4 response to TRH after dexamethasone. Following dexamethasone administration, the PRL response to metoclopramide, a dopamine antagonist which acts at the hypothalamicpituitary level to stimulate PRL secretion, was blunted in 7 normal men. The data suggest that short-term administration of pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids suppress the secretion of PRL and TSH by a direct effect on the anterior pituitary gland.", "PMID": 402375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1356", "title": "Graves' disease associated with familial deficiency of thyroxine-binding globulin.", "content": "Five patients presented with symptoms of Graves' disease and a marked decrease in their thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) capacity. While thyrotoxic, mean values +/- SD for the 5 patients were: total thyroxine (TT4) 8.8+/-2.0 mug/100 ml (normal range 4.4-9.3); TBG capacity 6.1+/-1.1 mug T4/100 ml (normal range 16-24); free thyroxine index (FTI) 25.3+/-8.9 (normal range 3.6-9.3); and total triiodo-thyronine (TT3) 244+/-56 ng/100 ml (normal range 80-160). When euthyroid, both TT4 (2.8+/-0.8 mug/100 ml) and TT3 (68+/-12 ng/100 ml) were below the normal range and FTI (5.8+/-0.6) was normal. All patients were male, and family studies revealed decreased TBG capacity in blood relatives consistent with X-chromosome linked inheritance. All examined relatives relatives of the propositi, whether hemizygous or heterozygous, were euthyroid. Over the same period of time 7 additional patients (excluding family members of propositi) were found to be euthyroid but had decreased TBG capacity. The occurrence of thyrotoxicosis in 5 out of 12 patients with inherited TBG deficiency suggests an association rather than a coincidental finding, although initial tests were performed because of suspected thyroid dysfunction. The incidence of thyrotoxicosis in patients with inherited TBG deficiency is also high on the basis of the reported prevalence of the latter genetic abnormality. This study stresses the importance of determining TT3 and FTI on patients who are clinically thyrotoxic but have normal TT4.", "contents": "Graves' disease associated with familial deficiency of thyroxine-binding globulin. Five patients presented with symptoms of Graves' disease and a marked decrease in their thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) capacity. While thyrotoxic, mean values +/- SD for the 5 patients were: total thyroxine (TT4) 8.8+/-2.0 mug/100 ml (normal range 4.4-9.3); TBG capacity 6.1+/-1.1 mug T4/100 ml (normal range 16-24); free thyroxine index (FTI) 25.3+/-8.9 (normal range 3.6-9.3); and total triiodo-thyronine (TT3) 244+/-56 ng/100 ml (normal range 80-160). When euthyroid, both TT4 (2.8+/-0.8 mug/100 ml) and TT3 (68+/-12 ng/100 ml) were below the normal range and FTI (5.8+/-0.6) was normal. All patients were male, and family studies revealed decreased TBG capacity in blood relatives consistent with X-chromosome linked inheritance. All examined relatives relatives of the propositi, whether hemizygous or heterozygous, were euthyroid. Over the same period of time 7 additional patients (excluding family members of propositi) were found to be euthyroid but had decreased TBG capacity. The occurrence of thyrotoxicosis in 5 out of 12 patients with inherited TBG deficiency suggests an association rather than a coincidental finding, although initial tests were performed because of suspected thyroid dysfunction. The incidence of thyrotoxicosis in patients with inherited TBG deficiency is also high on the basis of the reported prevalence of the latter genetic abnormality. This study stresses the importance of determining TT3 and FTI on patients who are clinically thyrotoxic but have normal TT4.", "PMID": 402376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1357", "title": "An FSH and prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor: pituitary dynamics and testicular histology.", "content": "A man with normal-sizes testes and a chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary was found to have elevated plasma levels of FSH and prolactin and severe deficiencies of other trophic hormones. Plasma FSH values doubled after administration of LH-releasing hormone but were not suppressed by exogenous testosterone. Prolactin concentrations were increased by TRH and were suppressed by L-dopa. Testicular histology revealed sparse and apparently inactive Leydig cells. Seminiferous tubules and Sertoli cells were well preserved, but there were few late spermatids.", "contents": "An FSH and prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor: pituitary dynamics and testicular histology. A man with normal-sizes testes and a chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary was found to have elevated plasma levels of FSH and prolactin and severe deficiencies of other trophic hormones. Plasma FSH values doubled after administration of LH-releasing hormone but were not suppressed by exogenous testosterone. Prolactin concentrations were increased by TRH and were suppressed by L-dopa. Testicular histology revealed sparse and apparently inactive Leydig cells. Seminiferous tubules and Sertoli cells were well preserved, but there were few late spermatids.", "PMID": 402377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1358", "title": "Thyroid function in molar pregnancy.", "content": "Various aspects of thyroid hormone economy were examined in 15 patients with molar pregnancy and in 5 patients with choriocarcinoma. None of the patients with molar pregnancy was clinically thyrotoxic, though serum thyroxine (T4) was increased in 13 and free T4 concentrations were above normal in four of ten in whom measurements were made. In 2 patients with elevated serum T4 levels and in one patient with normal serum T4 levels, the daily rate of T4 disposal was increase, and most of 131I derived from 131I-T4 was excreted into urine in two patients in whom estimation of urinary excretion was made. Serum total triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations closely paralleled those of serum T4, but T3/T4 ratios were lower than those previously found in patients with toxic diffuse goiter of Graves' disease. Unresponsiveness to exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was observed in 5 patients with molar pregnancy whose serum total T4 and T3 levels were increased. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentrations in serum ranged from 0.5 to 2830 IU/ml and were less than 200 IU/ml in 36% of the patients, possibly because molar pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography, rather than high titers of urinary or serum hCG. Serum thyroid stimulating activity measured by the McKenzie bioassay closely paralleled values for hCG (r:+0.94). All thyroid abnormalities disappeared quickly after removal of the mole. In choriocarcinoma, no abnormality of thyroid function was found. These results suggest that: 1) some patients with molar pregnancy display a marked elevation of serum T4, T3, and free T4 concentrations, probably as a result of the action of a thyroid stimulator which is closely related to serum hCG or may be hCG itself; 2) T4 production rates are increased in these patients, and the pituitary responds to TRH in a manner similar to that found in thyrotoxicosis. Despite this, frank clinical thyrotoxicosis is usually absent, possibly because of relatively low serum T3/T4 ratios, possibly because of the limited duration of thyroid hyperfunction, and possibly because of other factors that for the present remain unknown.", "contents": "Thyroid function in molar pregnancy. Various aspects of thyroid hormone economy were examined in 15 patients with molar pregnancy and in 5 patients with choriocarcinoma. None of the patients with molar pregnancy was clinically thyrotoxic, though serum thyroxine (T4) was increased in 13 and free T4 concentrations were above normal in four of ten in whom measurements were made. In 2 patients with elevated serum T4 levels and in one patient with normal serum T4 levels, the daily rate of T4 disposal was increase, and most of 131I derived from 131I-T4 was excreted into urine in two patients in whom estimation of urinary excretion was made. Serum total triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations closely paralleled those of serum T4, but T3/T4 ratios were lower than those previously found in patients with toxic diffuse goiter of Graves' disease. Unresponsiveness to exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was observed in 5 patients with molar pregnancy whose serum total T4 and T3 levels were increased. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentrations in serum ranged from 0.5 to 2830 IU/ml and were less than 200 IU/ml in 36% of the patients, possibly because molar pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography, rather than high titers of urinary or serum hCG. Serum thyroid stimulating activity measured by the McKenzie bioassay closely paralleled values for hCG (r:+0.94). All thyroid abnormalities disappeared quickly after removal of the mole. In choriocarcinoma, no abnormality of thyroid function was found. These results suggest that: 1) some patients with molar pregnancy display a marked elevation of serum T4, T3, and free T4 concentrations, probably as a result of the action of a thyroid stimulator which is closely related to serum hCG or may be hCG itself; 2) T4 production rates are increased in these patients, and the pituitary responds to TRH in a manner similar to that found in thyrotoxicosis. Despite this, frank clinical thyrotoxicosis is usually absent, possibly because of relatively low serum T3/T4 ratios, possibly because of the limited duration of thyroid hyperfunction, and possibly because of other factors that for the present remain unknown.", "PMID": 402378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1359", "title": "The comparative effect of T4 and T3 on the TSH response to TRH in young adult men.", "content": "The effect of graded increments of chronically administered oral T4 or T3 on the TSH response to TRH was studied in normal young adult men. The TSH response was assessed in the baseline state and after each increment of each hormone (two weeks at each dose level) using both 30 mug and 500 mug doses of TRH. Each thyroid hormone caused a dose-related decrease in the TSH response to TRH; thus the TSH response could be used as a bioassay for the biologic activity of the thyroid hormones in man. The dose of thyroid hormone that caused a 50% suppression of the TSH response, or the SD50, was not different with either 30 mug or 500 mug of TRH indicating that thyroid hormone suppression of the TSH response is not more easily detected with a small dose of TRH. The mean SD50 for T4 was 115 mug/day, for T3 stopped 2 h before testing the mean SD50 was 29 mug/day, and for T3 stopped 24 h before testing it was 45 mug/day. Using the average SD50 for the two T3 regimens (37 mug/day), the calculated relative potency indicates that oral T3 is 3.3 times as potent as oral T4, a value in reasonable agreement with the value previously estimated with a calorigenic end-point. The mean dose of T4 needed to decrease the TSH response to TRH to below the normal range (max delta TSH of 2 muU/ml) was 150 mug/day; this value is probably more appropriate than the SD50 in the treatment of patients with primary hypothyroidism or goiter and was about the same (160 mug/day) using a peak TSH after TRH of 3 muU/ml as an end-point. Estimation of the SD50 in each subject showed a 2- to 3-fold range with all regimens of thyroid hormones; similarly there was a 2-fold in the dose of T4 needed to suppress the TSH response to TRH to below the normal range. Further, the difference in the mean SD50 for the two T3 regimens indicates that a single daily dose of oral T3 does not exert a constant biologic effect throughout the day. Thus, because of individual variation and, in the case of T3, because of changing activity during the day a given dose of thyroid hormone may have a widely varying biologic effect. There was also a 3-fold range in the relative potency of T3 to T4 in the four subjects treated with both hormones. This suggests that the therapeutic administration of a fixed ratio fo T3 to T4 may have a variable effect from patient to patient. Finally, the serum T4 rose while the serum T3 did not at a dose of T4 that abolished the TSH response to TRH, indicating that circulating T4 is a determinant of TSH secretion in normal man.", "contents": "The comparative effect of T4 and T3 on the TSH response to TRH in young adult men. The effect of graded increments of chronically administered oral T4 or T3 on the TSH response to TRH was studied in normal young adult men. The TSH response was assessed in the baseline state and after each increment of each hormone (two weeks at each dose level) using both 30 mug and 500 mug doses of TRH. Each thyroid hormone caused a dose-related decrease in the TSH response to TRH; thus the TSH response could be used as a bioassay for the biologic activity of the thyroid hormones in man. The dose of thyroid hormone that caused a 50% suppression of the TSH response, or the SD50, was not different with either 30 mug or 500 mug of TRH indicating that thyroid hormone suppression of the TSH response is not more easily detected with a small dose of TRH. The mean SD50 for T4 was 115 mug/day, for T3 stopped 2 h before testing the mean SD50 was 29 mug/day, and for T3 stopped 24 h before testing it was 45 mug/day. Using the average SD50 for the two T3 regimens (37 mug/day), the calculated relative potency indicates that oral T3 is 3.3 times as potent as oral T4, a value in reasonable agreement with the value previously estimated with a calorigenic end-point. The mean dose of T4 needed to decrease the TSH response to TRH to below the normal range (max delta TSH of 2 muU/ml) was 150 mug/day; this value is probably more appropriate than the SD50 in the treatment of patients with primary hypothyroidism or goiter and was about the same (160 mug/day) using a peak TSH after TRH of 3 muU/ml as an end-point. Estimation of the SD50 in each subject showed a 2- to 3-fold range with all regimens of thyroid hormones; similarly there was a 2-fold in the dose of T4 needed to suppress the TSH response to TRH to below the normal range. Further, the difference in the mean SD50 for the two T3 regimens indicates that a single daily dose of oral T3 does not exert a constant biologic effect throughout the day. Thus, because of individual variation and, in the case of T3, because of changing activity during the day a given dose of thyroid hormone may have a widely varying biologic effect. There was also a 3-fold range in the relative potency of T3 to T4 in the four subjects treated with both hormones. This suggests that the therapeutic administration of a fixed ratio fo T3 to T4 may have a variable effect from patient to patient. Finally, the serum T4 rose while the serum T3 did not at a dose of T4 that abolished the TSH response to TRH, indicating that circulating T4 is a determinant of TSH secretion in normal man.", "PMID": 402379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1360", "title": "Serum levels of thyrotropin, thyroid hormones and their response to thyrotropin releasing hormone in infective febrile illnesses.", "content": "In 25 patients suffering from fever of infection, serum levels of thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) were estimated on two consecutive days during the febrile period and again 3 to 10 days after the fever had subsided. The serum TSH and T3 responses to 100 mug iv TRH were also studied during fever. Hormones were estimated by specific radioimmunoassays and TBG by radioligand binding assay. As compared with age and sex matched normal controls, patients with fever of infection had significantly lowered levels of total serum T3 and TBG. The serum TSH and total T4 concentrations were not significantly altered. During fever both % FT4 and absolute FT4 were significantly elevated, whereas only % FT3 was significantly increased and due to lowered serum total T3 levels the absolute FT3 were not significantly altered as compared to that in normal subjects. After the fever had subsided, the serum T3 levels returned to normal and the serum TBG levels increased. There was no correlation between basal serum levels of T3 and TSH during fever. Although in response to iv TRH the mean rise in serum TSH during fever was comparable to that in normal subjects, the overall TSH response showed an inverse correlation with serum TT3 levels. Following iv TRH there was a significant increase in serum T3 levels and the T3 response in fever was comparable to that in normal subjects. These data suggest that hormone secretion by the thyroid and its responsiveness to endogenous TSH are maintained during fever. The lowered T3 levels are not suggestive of a hypothyroid state, but perhaps could be due to decreased peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 and to decreased binding of T3 to serum proteins. The exact mechanism or significance of these alterations in thyroid function during febrile illness remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Serum levels of thyrotropin, thyroid hormones and their response to thyrotropin releasing hormone in infective febrile illnesses. In 25 patients suffering from fever of infection, serum levels of thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) were estimated on two consecutive days during the febrile period and again 3 to 10 days after the fever had subsided. The serum TSH and T3 responses to 100 mug iv TRH were also studied during fever. Hormones were estimated by specific radioimmunoassays and TBG by radioligand binding assay. As compared with age and sex matched normal controls, patients with fever of infection had significantly lowered levels of total serum T3 and TBG. The serum TSH and total T4 concentrations were not significantly altered. During fever both % FT4 and absolute FT4 were significantly elevated, whereas only % FT3 was significantly increased and due to lowered serum total T3 levels the absolute FT3 were not significantly altered as compared to that in normal subjects. After the fever had subsided, the serum T3 levels returned to normal and the serum TBG levels increased. There was no correlation between basal serum levels of T3 and TSH during fever. Although in response to iv TRH the mean rise in serum TSH during fever was comparable to that in normal subjects, the overall TSH response showed an inverse correlation with serum TT3 levels. Following iv TRH there was a significant increase in serum T3 levels and the T3 response in fever was comparable to that in normal subjects. These data suggest that hormone secretion by the thyroid and its responsiveness to endogenous TSH are maintained during fever. The lowered T3 levels are not suggestive of a hypothyroid state, but perhaps could be due to decreased peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 and to decreased binding of T3 to serum proteins. The exact mechanism or significance of these alterations in thyroid function during febrile illness remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 402380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1361", "title": "Apomorpine inhibits the prolactin but not the TSH response to thyrotropin releasing hormone.", "content": "Pretreatment of normal subjects with apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, resulted in significant impairment of the  subsequent prolactin (PRL) response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). The mean maximal increment of PRL was 27.9+/-2.4 ng/ml after TRH alone, and 11.9+/-3.0 ng/ml (P less than 0.001) after apomorphine plus TRH. In contrast, the.thyrotropin (TSH) response to TRH was unaffected by apomorphine (10.5+/-2.9 vs. 9.5+/-1.8 muU/ml, P greater than 0.5). These results demonstrate that dopaminergic effects are capable of inhibiting PRL responses to TRH, probably via a direct effect on the lactotrope cell. They also suggest that dopaminergic influences are not important in the regulation of TSH secretion.", "contents": "Apomorpine inhibits the prolactin but not the TSH response to thyrotropin releasing hormone. Pretreatment of normal subjects with apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, resulted in significant impairment of the  subsequent prolactin (PRL) response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). The mean maximal increment of PRL was 27.9+/-2.4 ng/ml after TRH alone, and 11.9+/-3.0 ng/ml (P less than 0.001) after apomorphine plus TRH. In contrast, the.thyrotropin (TSH) response to TRH was unaffected by apomorphine (10.5+/-2.9 vs. 9.5+/-1.8 muU/ml, P greater than 0.5). These results demonstrate that dopaminergic effects are capable of inhibiting PRL responses to TRH, probably via a direct effect on the lactotrope cell. They also suggest that dopaminergic influences are not important in the regulation of TSH secretion.", "PMID": 402381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1362", "title": "Studies on human chorionic gonadotropin secretion: effects of EGTA, lanthanum, and the ionophore A23187.", "content": "Human malignant trophoblast cells that secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in culture were employed to assess the calcium requirement for hormone production. Cellular and secreted hCG was measured by radioimmunoassay. Cells cultured for 7 h in Ca2+- and Mg2-free medium or in Ca2+-free medium, secreted less hCG than cells cultured in medium containing Ca2+. Addition of ethylene glycol bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), or La2+ inhibited hCG release from the cells, but did not affect the amount of hCG in the cells. Inhibition of hCG release was dependent on time of incubation and on concentration of agent added. Inhibition of hCG secretion by EGTA was reversed upon removal of the EGTA from the culture fluid or by addition of equimolar Ca2+ to the fluid. These results demonstrated that divalent cations, probably Ca2+, are required for release and further synthesis of hCG. Addition of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 (0.1 to 10 muM) failed to increase hCG secretion by the malignant trophoblast, in contrast to the stimulatory effect of this agent in other secretory systems. Incubation of the cells for 15 to 60 min with 10 muM A23187 reduced hCG secretion, and this inhibition was reversed upon removal of the ionophore from the culture fluid. The studies with the ionophore supported other evidence indicating basic differences between hormone secretory mechanisms in the trophoblast compared to other endocrine tissues.", "contents": "Studies on human chorionic gonadotropin secretion: effects of EGTA, lanthanum, and the ionophore A23187. Human malignant trophoblast cells that secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in culture were employed to assess the calcium requirement for hormone production. Cellular and secreted hCG was measured by radioimmunoassay. Cells cultured for 7 h in Ca2+- and Mg2-free medium or in Ca2+-free medium, secreted less hCG than cells cultured in medium containing Ca2+. Addition of ethylene glycol bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), or La2+ inhibited hCG release from the cells, but did not affect the amount of hCG in the cells. Inhibition of hCG release was dependent on time of incubation and on concentration of agent added. Inhibition of hCG secretion by EGTA was reversed upon removal of the EGTA from the culture fluid or by addition of equimolar Ca2+ to the fluid. These results demonstrated that divalent cations, probably Ca2+, are required for release and further synthesis of hCG. Addition of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 (0.1 to 10 muM) failed to increase hCG secretion by the malignant trophoblast, in contrast to the stimulatory effect of this agent in other secretory systems. Incubation of the cells for 15 to 60 min with 10 muM A23187 reduced hCG secretion, and this inhibition was reversed upon removal of the ionophore from the culture fluid. The studies with the ionophore supported other evidence indicating basic differences between hormone secretory mechanisms in the trophoblast compared to other endocrine tissues.", "PMID": 402382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1363", "title": "Age-related change in pituitary threshold for TSH release during thyroxine replacement therapy for cretinism.", "content": "Nine patients with athyrotic or ectopic cretinism ages 6 mo.-17 yrs-were studied to examine the relation between age and the quantities of oral L-thyroxine (T4) adequate to restore TSH hypersecretion to normal levels by feedback control. All but one patient had very low levels of endogenous T4 (below 1.0 mug/100 ml) before treatment. However, based on clinical signs and serum T4-1 values, all were judged to be euthyroid or sub-clinically hyperthyroid by L-T4 replacement during the observation period. L-T4 dosage was increased or decreased by 25 or 50 mug/day at 2-12 mo. intervals, and the TSH response to exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was tested sequentially at each dose of L-T4 until a normal or slightly suppressed TSH response was obtained The L-T4 dosage which was associated with normal TSH responsiveness to TRH (the adequate L-T4 dose) was high in infancy (10 mug/kg/day), decreasing with age to a level of 3-4 mug/kg/day in pubertal children (correlation coefficient r=-0.820, P less than 0.01). The adequate L-T4 dose observed between 4 and 12 yrs of age was lower than the usually recommended dose (4-6 vs. 7-8 mug/kg/day). On these L-T4 doses, serum T4I concentrations were significantly higher in patients under 5 yrs of age than in older patients (8.3+/-1.5 vs. 6.5+/-0.7 mug/100 ml, P less than 0.02). Serum triiodothyronine (T3) values were also elevated in young children, decreasing with age to the normal range. TSH responses to TRH were completely suppressed at the serum T4-I levels of 9 mug/100 ml and T3 of 250 ng/100 ml or less in 7 patients over 4 yrs of age, but not in 2 younger patients. Although the number of patients examined was limited, these results suggest that the pituitary threshold for feedback regulation of TSH secretion by T4 decreases with age in children with cretinism and the usually recommended replacement doses of L-T4 between 4 and 12 yrs of age are probably overestimated.", "contents": "Age-related change in pituitary threshold for TSH release during thyroxine replacement therapy for cretinism. Nine patients with athyrotic or ectopic cretinism ages 6 mo.-17 yrs-were studied to examine the relation between age and the quantities of oral L-thyroxine (T4) adequate to restore TSH hypersecretion to normal levels by feedback control. All but one patient had very low levels of endogenous T4 (below 1.0 mug/100 ml) before treatment. However, based on clinical signs and serum T4-1 values, all were judged to be euthyroid or sub-clinically hyperthyroid by L-T4 replacement during the observation period. L-T4 dosage was increased or decreased by 25 or 50 mug/day at 2-12 mo. intervals, and the TSH response to exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was tested sequentially at each dose of L-T4 until a normal or slightly suppressed TSH response was obtained The L-T4 dosage which was associated with normal TSH responsiveness to TRH (the adequate L-T4 dose) was high in infancy (10 mug/kg/day), decreasing with age to a level of 3-4 mug/kg/day in pubertal children (correlation coefficient r=-0.820, P less than 0.01). The adequate L-T4 dose observed between 4 and 12 yrs of age was lower than the usually recommended dose (4-6 vs. 7-8 mug/kg/day). On these L-T4 doses, serum T4I concentrations were significantly higher in patients under 5 yrs of age than in older patients (8.3+/-1.5 vs. 6.5+/-0.7 mug/100 ml, P less than 0.02). Serum triiodothyronine (T3) values were also elevated in young children, decreasing with age to the normal range. TSH responses to TRH were completely suppressed at the serum T4-I levels of 9 mug/100 ml and T3 of 250 ng/100 ml or less in 7 patients over 4 yrs of age, but not in 2 younger patients. Although the number of patients examined was limited, these results suggest that the pituitary threshold for feedback regulation of TSH secretion by T4 decreases with age in children with cretinism and the usually recommended replacement doses of L-T4 between 4 and 12 yrs of age are probably overestimated.", "PMID": 402383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1364", "title": "Immunoreactivity and serum destruction of N3immethyl-trh.", "content": "Pyroglu-N3immethyl-histidyl-prolineamide (MeTRH) is a more potent stimulator of thyrotropin and prolactin secretion than thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). In this study, the immunoreactivity of MeTRH and its susceptibility to destruction by serum were investigated. When tested in radioimmunoassays employing four different anti-TRH sera. MeTRH had 25 to 60% of the immunoreactivity of TRH. Serum destroyed theimmunoreactivity of MeTRH at one-half of the rate at which TRH was destroyed. Slow degradation alone would not appear to explain the potency of MeTRH.", "contents": "Immunoreactivity and serum destruction of N3immethyl-trh. Pyroglu-N3immethyl-histidyl-prolineamide (MeTRH) is a more potent stimulator of thyrotropin and prolactin secretion than thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). In this study, the immunoreactivity of MeTRH and its susceptibility to destruction by serum were investigated. When tested in radioimmunoassays employing four different anti-TRH sera. MeTRH had 25 to 60% of the immunoreactivity of TRH. Serum destroyed theimmunoreactivity of MeTRH at one-half of the rate at which TRH was destroyed. Slow degradation alone would not appear to explain the potency of MeTRH.", "PMID": 402384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1365", "title": "Immunological and immunoassay studies of the binding protein for vitamin D and its metabolites in human serum.", "content": "This study reports the development of a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay and a simple and accurate radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay for the human serum-binding protein for vitamin D and its metabolites (DBP). These immunoassays employed a monospecific antiserum that was prepared in rabbits against human DBP. The radioimmunoassay effectively measured DBP in amounts of 1-10 ng, whereas the RID assay measured DBP accurately in amounts of 0.2-0.8 mug. The results obtained with the two immunoassays on the same samples of serum agreed well with each other. Using the RID assay, the mean (+/- SD) serum DBP concentration observed in 35 normal persons was 422 +/- 27 micrograms/ml. Generally similar levels were observed in 66 hyperlipidemic subjects. In molar terms, the mean DBP concentration (approximately 8 microgramsM) was of the order of 50 times the usual serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) plus vitamin D. Thus, most of plasma DBP circulates as apo-DBP, not containing a bound molecule of 25-OH-D or of vitamin D. DBP and 25-OH-D concentrations were measured in a limited number of patients with hypercalcemia, mild hypocalcemia, and markedly elevated serum 25-OH-D levels due to oral vitamin D supplementation. It was found that major changes can occur in the serum levels of 25-OH-D and of calcium with very little or no associated changes occurring in the serum concentration of DBP, The results suggest that neither serum 25-OH-D nor serum calcium plays an important role in the regulation of the metabolism of DBP. Data were obtained that confirmed and extended an earlier report on the identity of the group-specific component (Gc) protein in plasma with the plasma vitamin D-binding protein. On immunodiffusion against whole serum, the line formed with the anti-DBP antiserum showed a complete reaction-of-identity with the line formed with commercial antiserum against Gc protein. Furthermore, serum that had been depleted of DBP by treatment with Sepharose containing covalently coupled antibodies against DBP was found to be depleted also of immunoreactivity against anti-GC protein antiserum. In addition, the properties of the purified DBP preparation agreed closely with those previously reported by others for Gc protein. Finally, a comparative immunology study showed that sera from several different mammalian orders showed some immunoreactivity against the antihuman DBP antiserum. Thus, proteins immunologically similar to human DBP are present in sera from a number of mammalian species and orders.", "contents": "Immunological and immunoassay studies of the binding protein for vitamin D and its metabolites in human serum. This study reports the development of a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay and a simple and accurate radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay for the human serum-binding protein for vitamin D and its metabolites (DBP). These immunoassays employed a monospecific antiserum that was prepared in rabbits against human DBP. The radioimmunoassay effectively measured DBP in amounts of 1-10 ng, whereas the RID assay measured DBP accurately in amounts of 0.2-0.8 mug. The results obtained with the two immunoassays on the same samples of serum agreed well with each other. Using the RID assay, the mean (+/- SD) serum DBP concentration observed in 35 normal persons was 422 +/- 27 micrograms/ml. Generally similar levels were observed in 66 hyperlipidemic subjects. In molar terms, the mean DBP concentration (approximately 8 microgramsM) was of the order of 50 times the usual serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) plus vitamin D. Thus, most of plasma DBP circulates as apo-DBP, not containing a bound molecule of 25-OH-D or of vitamin D. DBP and 25-OH-D concentrations were measured in a limited number of patients with hypercalcemia, mild hypocalcemia, and markedly elevated serum 25-OH-D levels due to oral vitamin D supplementation. It was found that major changes can occur in the serum levels of 25-OH-D and of calcium with very little or no associated changes occurring in the serum concentration of DBP, The results suggest that neither serum 25-OH-D nor serum calcium plays an important role in the regulation of the metabolism of DBP. Data were obtained that confirmed and extended an earlier report on the identity of the group-specific component (Gc) protein in plasma with the plasma vitamin D-binding protein. On immunodiffusion against whole serum, the line formed with the anti-DBP antiserum showed a complete reaction-of-identity with the line formed with commercial antiserum against Gc protein. Furthermore, serum that had been depleted of DBP by treatment with Sepharose containing covalently coupled antibodies against DBP was found to be depleted also of immunoreactivity against anti-GC protein antiserum. In addition, the properties of the purified DBP preparation agreed closely with those previously reported by others for Gc protein. Finally, a comparative immunology study showed that sera from several different mammalian orders showed some immunoreactivity against the antihuman DBP antiserum. Thus, proteins immunologically similar to human DBP are present in sera from a number of mammalian species and orders.", "PMID": 402385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1366", "title": "Distribution of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenases in primate tissues.", "content": "The specific activity of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid (BCKA) dehydrogenases was measured in normal tissues of the rat, monkey, and man, and in cirrhotic human liver. In the rat, specific activity of the dehydrogenases in liver, kidney, and muscle averaged 33, 26, and 0.4 U/g wet tissue, respectively; proportion of the body's content of the enzyme located in these three organs was 70, 12, and 10%. In the monkey, specific activities in liver and kidney were only one-half to one-third as great as in the rat, whereas activity in muscle was the same; the monkey's body content of dehydrogenase was distributed 50% in liver, 13% in kidney, and 20% in muscle. In man, specific activities in liver and kidney were only 1/15th to 1/25th as great as in the rat, but activity in skeletal muscle was the same. Distribution of the dehydrogenases in man was 30% in liver, 2% in kidneys, and 60% in muscle. In six patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, specific activity of the dehydrogenase in liver was reduced to 20-50% of normal (average, 32%). This reduction may alter the efficiency of BCKA as substitutes for branched-chain amino acids when BCKA are administered orally, but will have little influence on efficiency when they are given intravenously.", "contents": "Distribution of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenases in primate tissues. The specific activity of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid (BCKA) dehydrogenases was measured in normal tissues of the rat, monkey, and man, and in cirrhotic human liver. In the rat, specific activity of the dehydrogenases in liver, kidney, and muscle averaged 33, 26, and 0.4 U/g wet tissue, respectively; proportion of the body's content of the enzyme located in these three organs was 70, 12, and 10%. In the monkey, specific activities in liver and kidney were only one-half to one-third as great as in the rat, whereas activity in muscle was the same; the monkey's body content of dehydrogenase was distributed 50% in liver, 13% in kidney, and 20% in muscle. In man, specific activities in liver and kidney were only 1/15th to 1/25th as great as in the rat, but activity in skeletal muscle was the same. Distribution of the dehydrogenases in man was 30% in liver, 2% in kidneys, and 60% in muscle. In six patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, specific activity of the dehydrogenase in liver was reduced to 20-50% of normal (average, 32%). This reduction may alter the efficiency of BCKA as substitutes for branched-chain amino acids when BCKA are administered orally, but will have little influence on efficiency when they are given intravenously.", "PMID": 402386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1367", "title": "Relationship of aggregated intramembranous particles to water permeability in vasopressin-treated toad urinary bladder.", "content": "It has been previously demonstrated with freeze-fracture electron microscopy that vasopressin induces specific structural alterations of the luminal membrane of granular cells from toad urinary bladder in a dose-dependent fashion. These alterations consist of aggregated intramembranous particles and are observed both in the presence and absence of an osmotic gradient. We examined the effect of methohexital, a selective inhibitor of vasopressin-stimulated water flow, and the effect of phloretin, a selective inhibitor of urea permeability, on the structure of the granular cell luminal membrane. Methohexital treatment of the vasopressin-stimulated toad bladder reduced both the osmotic water flow and vasopressin-induced alterations of membrane structure to the same extent. Phloretin reduced urea permeability but not water flow or particle aggregation. Since neither agent affects vasopressin-stimulated sodium movement, these findings indicate that the phenomenon of particle aggregation is specifically related to vasopressin-induced water permeability and not to changes in urea or sodium permeability.", "contents": "Relationship of aggregated intramembranous particles to water permeability in vasopressin-treated toad urinary bladder. It has been previously demonstrated with freeze-fracture electron microscopy that vasopressin induces specific structural alterations of the luminal membrane of granular cells from toad urinary bladder in a dose-dependent fashion. These alterations consist of aggregated intramembranous particles and are observed both in the presence and absence of an osmotic gradient. We examined the effect of methohexital, a selective inhibitor of vasopressin-stimulated water flow, and the effect of phloretin, a selective inhibitor of urea permeability, on the structure of the granular cell luminal membrane. Methohexital treatment of the vasopressin-stimulated toad bladder reduced both the osmotic water flow and vasopressin-induced alterations of membrane structure to the same extent. Phloretin reduced urea permeability but not water flow or particle aggregation. Since neither agent affects vasopressin-stimulated sodium movement, these findings indicate that the phenomenon of particle aggregation is specifically related to vasopressin-induced water permeability and not to changes in urea or sodium permeability.", "PMID": 402387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1368", "title": "An ultrasonic multitransducer scanner for real-time heart imaging.", "content": "An ultrasonic multitransducer scanner has been developed. It works in combination with a conventional echocardiograph and is capable of instant dynamic cross-sectional imaging of the heart. A 10 cm wide area is scanned by 50 parallel sound beams, spaced 2 mm apart, at a frame rate of 36 per second. The equipment is described and preliminary clinical experience is reported. The scanner has been used for routine heart examinations and for obstetrical and abdominal scanning as well.", "contents": "An ultrasonic multitransducer scanner for real-time heart imaging. An ultrasonic multitransducer scanner has been developed. It works in combination with a conventional echocardiograph and is capable of instant dynamic cross-sectional imaging of the heart. A 10 cm wide area is scanned by 50 parallel sound beams, spaced 2 mm apart, at a frame rate of 36 per second. The equipment is described and preliminary clinical experience is reported. The scanner has been used for routine heart examinations and for obstetrical and abdominal scanning as well.", "PMID": 402388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1369", "title": "Gray scale measurement of biparietal diameter.", "content": "Fetal biparietal diameter measurements were obtained simultaneously by gray scale and bistable ultrasonography. The bistable presentation was measured from leading edge to leading edge, while the gray scale presentation was measured from leading point to leading point and middle to middle of the band of echoes defining the fetal head. Statistical analysis of 50 patients demonstrated good reproducibility of the biparietal diameter measurement by each method and intraobserver variation fell well within the acceptable range. In all but one patient differences in measurements between observers and measurement methods were trivial and of no clinical significance. In the patients in whom there was a statistically significant difference, the variability was from 1 to 2 mm with the exception of one patient in whom the variability was about 4 mm.", "contents": "Gray scale measurement of biparietal diameter. Fetal biparietal diameter measurements were obtained simultaneously by gray scale and bistable ultrasonography. The bistable presentation was measured from leading edge to leading edge, while the gray scale presentation was measured from leading point to leading point and middle to middle of the band of echoes defining the fetal head. Statistical analysis of 50 patients demonstrated good reproducibility of the biparietal diameter measurement by each method and intraobserver variation fell well within the acceptable range. In all but one patient differences in measurements between observers and measurement methods were trivial and of no clinical significance. In the patients in whom there was a statistically significant difference, the variability was from 1 to 2 mm with the exception of one patient in whom the variability was about 4 mm.", "PMID": 402389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1370", "title": "Oscillation of left ventricular structures in aortic regurgitation.", "content": "High-frequency diastolic oscillation of the anterior mitral leaflet is a common echocardiographic feature in aortic regurgitation. We have studied a group of 56 patients with aortic regurgitation in whom oscillation of the anterior mitral leaflet was present. Thirty-one of these had similar diastolic oscillation of the posterior leaflet; occasional patients demonstrated oscillation of the interventricular septum or chordae tendineae. The presence of these diastolic oscillations did not correlate with the presence of the Austin-Flint murmur. We conclude that diastolic oscillation of left ventricular structures other than the anterior mitral leaflet can be recorded on echocardiograms of patients with aortic regurgiationmthe mechanism responsible for these oscillations is not known; several possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "Oscillation of left ventricular structures in aortic regurgitation. High-frequency diastolic oscillation of the anterior mitral leaflet is a common echocardiographic feature in aortic regurgitation. We have studied a group of 56 patients with aortic regurgitation in whom oscillation of the anterior mitral leaflet was present. Thirty-one of these had similar diastolic oscillation of the posterior leaflet; occasional patients demonstrated oscillation of the interventricular septum or chordae tendineae. The presence of these diastolic oscillations did not correlate with the presence of the Austin-Flint murmur. We conclude that diastolic oscillation of left ventricular structures other than the anterior mitral leaflet can be recorded on echocardiograms of patients with aortic regurgiationmthe mechanism responsible for these oscillations is not known; several possibilities are discussed.", "PMID": 402390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1371", "title": "Gray scale sonographic anatomy of the pancreas.", "content": "With the development of gray scale, the appearance of pancreatic anatomy and its relationship to surrounding structures can be demonstrated more effectively. Gray scale has made it possible to identify such vessels as the portal vein, superior mesenteric vein, superior mesenteric artery, splenic vein, etc. This makes it possible to identify the pancreas more precisely. The normal pancreas appears to have a fairly specific echo pattern. The pancreas scanning techniques used in this study include the oblique, transverse, and longitudinal sections. Oblique views are especially useful.", "contents": "Gray scale sonographic anatomy of the pancreas. With the development of gray scale, the appearance of pancreatic anatomy and its relationship to surrounding structures can be demonstrated more effectively. Gray scale has made it possible to identify such vessels as the portal vein, superior mesenteric vein, superior mesenteric artery, splenic vein, etc. This makes it possible to identify the pancreas more precisely. The normal pancreas appears to have a fairly specific echo pattern. The pancreas scanning techniques used in this study include the oblique, transverse, and longitudinal sections. Oblique views are especially useful.", "PMID": 402391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1372", "title": "Ultrasound in the evaluation of adrenal metastases.", "content": "Metastatic involvement of the adrenal glands is a frequent complication of bronchogenic carcinoma, occuring in up to 33% of these patients. Examination of ten patients with adrenal metastases revealed large adrenal masses, occuring bilaterally in five. Five of these patients were examined using the standard bistable technique. These patients demonstrated largely echofree masses with only occasional scattered internal echoes. The remaining five patients were examined with the gray scale technique. With the added resolution afforded by the use of gray scale, the masses in these patients showed a more uniform distribution of echoes. Presence of a margin between the kidney and the mass, and displacement of the kidney inferiorly, posteriorly, and laterally is used to differentiated between upper pole renal masses and those of adrenal origin. Autopsy confirmation was obtained in six of the patients.", "contents": "Ultrasound in the evaluation of adrenal metastases. Metastatic involvement of the adrenal glands is a frequent complication of bronchogenic carcinoma, occuring in up to 33% of these patients. Examination of ten patients with adrenal metastases revealed large adrenal masses, occuring bilaterally in five. Five of these patients were examined using the standard bistable technique. These patients demonstrated largely echofree masses with only occasional scattered internal echoes. The remaining five patients were examined with the gray scale technique. With the added resolution afforded by the use of gray scale, the masses in these patients showed a more uniform distribution of echoes. Presence of a margin between the kidney and the mass, and displacement of the kidney inferiorly, posteriorly, and laterally is used to differentiated between upper pole renal masses and those of adrenal origin. Autopsy confirmation was obtained in six of the patients.", "PMID": 402392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1373", "title": "The antepartum findings of conjoined twins.", "content": "Various estimates abound as to the incidence of conjoined (Siamese) twins, but they are indeed uncommon. The probability of their occurance has been calculated to be once in every 12,000 to once in every 100,000 deliveries. Although uncommon, the antepartum diagnosis can be extremely important to the twins and the mother, if only to spare the trauma of a trial by labor. The findings, both radiographic and ultrasonic, are presented herein.", "contents": "The antepartum findings of conjoined twins. Various estimates abound as to the incidence of conjoined (Siamese) twins, but they are indeed uncommon. The probability of their occurance has been calculated to be once in every 12,000 to once in every 100,000 deliveries. Although uncommon, the antepartum diagnosis can be extremely important to the twins and the mother, if only to spare the trauma of a trial by labor. The findings, both radiographic and ultrasonic, are presented herein.", "PMID": 402393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1374", "title": "Extra-amniotic blood clot simulating placenta previa on ultrasound scan.", "content": "The ultrasonic appearance of extra-amniotic blood clot simulating placenta previa is presented. The single case presented is the most illustrative and best documented example of this phenomenon in a series of 10 patients. The ultrasonic characteristics of this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "Extra-amniotic blood clot simulating placenta previa on ultrasound scan. The ultrasonic appearance of extra-amniotic blood clot simulating placenta previa is presented. The single case presented is the most illustrative and best documented example of this phenomenon in a series of 10 patients. The ultrasonic characteristics of this phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 402395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1375", "title": "Echocardiographic appearance of aortic valve vegetations in bacterial endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.", "content": "This report describes the echocardiographic features seen in a case of bacterial endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. The echocardiogram demonstrated large, bulky clusters of echoes filling the aortic root in diastole which extended to the subvalvular and supravalvular areas. The echocardiographic features mimicked those described in cases of Candida endocarditis. The morphologic appearance of vegetations at surgery correlated with the echocardiographic findings.", "contents": "Echocardiographic appearance of aortic valve vegetations in bacterial endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. This report describes the echocardiographic features seen in a case of bacterial endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. The echocardiogram demonstrated large, bulky clusters of echoes filling the aortic root in diastole which extended to the subvalvular and supravalvular areas. The echocardiographic features mimicked those described in cases of Candida endocarditis. The morphologic appearance of vegetations at surgery correlated with the echocardiographic findings.", "PMID": 402396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1376", "title": "Distribution of the tract of Lissauer and the dorsal root fibers in the primate spinal cord.", "content": "The tract of Lissauer receives small caliber dorsal root fibers in addition to axons arising from dorsal horn neurons. The termination of Lissauer's tract and dorsal root fibers was examined in the C7 segment of the rhesus monkey spinal cord. The distribution of normal dorsal root afferents was mapped by labelling the C7 dorsal root ganglion with tritiated amino acids, and then compared with the degeneration of C7 dorsal root fibers following an intradural dorsal rhizotomy. To focus on the distribution of the small afferents, the degeneration following a Lissauer tractotomy was compared with the degeneration following dorsal rhizotomy and following selected lesions involving the large afferents. The survival times following the lesions and rhizotomies were varied to facilitate identification of groups of fibers and terminals which might degenerate at different rates. Both large and small diameter dorsal root afferents were found to exhibit the same rostro-caudal topography within the dorsal horn. The C7 root axons and terminals distribute throughout the mid-C7 dorsal horn grey. Proceeding rostrally through C6, the majority of the C7 root fibers ending in laminae I-IV shift to a lateral position. Proceeding caudally through C8, the C7 root fibers shift medially. Few of the small diameter C7 afferents entering via Lissauer's tract extend above C6 or below C8. Large diameter C7 afferents, arising as dorsal column collaterals, can extend several segments above and below C7. Autoradiography revealed label in all dorsal horn laminae, the heaviest always occurring in the substantia gelatinosa. After one day, label was absent over dorsal column and Lissauer's tract axons, suggesting that the label was mainly associated with fine axonal branches or possibly terminals. After six to ten days many axons were labelled and could be traced into the dorsal and ventral horn. Degeneration from the rhizotomies and lesions, as demonstrated with Fink-Heimer and Nauta methods, depended on the survival time. No degeneration products were present before three days. The large afferents begin to degenerate within the dorsal horn after three to four days and mainly terminate in laminae IV-VI; by 12 days they can also be traced into the intermediate and ventral grey. The small afferents, which include those serving pain and temperature sensibility, arise from the tract of Lissauer and distribute to laminae I, II and III. The tract of Lissauer consists of two populations, each containing small afferents. One population degenerates at three to five days and distributes mainly to laminae II and III (substantia gelatinosa); the other degenerates around 12 days and distributes mainly to lamina I and the outer zone of II. It is suggested that the exclusive termination of the small afferents to laminae I, II and III may be correlated with certain unique histochemical properties (e.g., high substance P and high opiate receptor binding levels) of these same dorsal horn areas...", "contents": "Distribution of the tract of Lissauer and the dorsal root fibers in the primate spinal cord. The tract of Lissauer receives small caliber dorsal root fibers in addition to axons arising from dorsal horn neurons. The termination of Lissauer's tract and dorsal root fibers was examined in the C7 segment of the rhesus monkey spinal cord. The distribution of normal dorsal root afferents was mapped by labelling the C7 dorsal root ganglion with tritiated amino acids, and then compared with the degeneration of C7 dorsal root fibers following an intradural dorsal rhizotomy. To focus on the distribution of the small afferents, the degeneration following a Lissauer tractotomy was compared with the degeneration following dorsal rhizotomy and following selected lesions involving the large afferents. The survival times following the lesions and rhizotomies were varied to facilitate identification of groups of fibers and terminals which might degenerate at different rates. Both large and small diameter dorsal root afferents were found to exhibit the same rostro-caudal topography within the dorsal horn. The C7 root axons and terminals distribute throughout the mid-C7 dorsal horn grey. Proceeding rostrally through C6, the majority of the C7 root fibers ending in laminae I-IV shift to a lateral position. Proceeding caudally through C8, the C7 root fibers shift medially. Few of the small diameter C7 afferents entering via Lissauer's tract extend above C6 or below C8. Large diameter C7 afferents, arising as dorsal column collaterals, can extend several segments above and below C7. Autoradiography revealed label in all dorsal horn laminae, the heaviest always occurring in the substantia gelatinosa. After one day, label was absent over dorsal column and Lissauer's tract axons, suggesting that the label was mainly associated with fine axonal branches or possibly terminals. After six to ten days many axons were labelled and could be traced into the dorsal and ventral horn. Degeneration from the rhizotomies and lesions, as demonstrated with Fink-Heimer and Nauta methods, depended on the survival time. No degeneration products were present before three days. The large afferents begin to degenerate within the dorsal horn after three to four days and mainly terminate in laminae IV-VI; by 12 days they can also be traced into the intermediate and ventral grey. The small afferents, which include those serving pain and temperature sensibility, arise from the tract of Lissauer and distribute to laminae I, II and III. The tract of Lissauer consists of two populations, each containing small afferents. One population degenerates at three to five days and distributes mainly to laminae II and III (substantia gelatinosa); the other degenerates around 12 days and distributes mainly to lamina I and the outer zone of II. It is suggested that the exclusive termination of the small afferents to laminae I, II and III may be correlated with certain unique histochemical properties (e.g., high substance P and high opiate receptor binding levels) of these same dorsal horn areas...", "PMID": 402397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1377", "title": "Effects of ejaculation on levels of testosterone, cortisol, and luteinizing hormone in peripheral plasma of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Plasma levels of testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), and cortisol were measured in 10 adult male rhesus monkeys before and shortly after coitus. Mean levels of T and LH did not increase significantly after coitus or in control (no ejaculation) tests, but cortisol levels did in both cases. In 10 different males, no significant change was found in the plasma levels of T after electroejaculation; but in control tests (electric current withheld), the mean level of T was significantly lower at 80 and 140 min, but not at 50 min, after the test. According to present evidence, the effect of ejaculation on T levels differs in primate and nonprimate species. The effects on T levels produced by living with sexually receptive female rhesus monkeys may differ from those produced by intimate but brief contact with them.", "contents": "Effects of ejaculation on levels of testosterone, cortisol, and luteinizing hormone in peripheral plasma of rhesus monkeys. Plasma levels of testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), and cortisol were measured in 10 adult male rhesus monkeys before and shortly after coitus. Mean levels of T and LH did not increase significantly after coitus or in control (no ejaculation) tests, but cortisol levels did in both cases. In 10 different males, no significant change was found in the plasma levels of T after electroejaculation; but in control tests (electric current withheld), the mean level of T was significantly lower at 80 and 140 min, but not at 50 min, after the test. According to present evidence, the effect of ejaculation on T levels differs in primate and nonprimate species. The effects on T levels produced by living with sexually receptive female rhesus monkeys may differ from those produced by intimate but brief contact with them.", "PMID": 402399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1378", "title": "Medial preoptic area and onset of maternal behavior in the rat.", "content": "The present series of experiments examined whether the medial preoptic area (MPOA) is involved in the onset of maternal behavior in the rat. Previously, the MPOA had been shown to be important in the maintenance of maternal behavior in the lactating rat. The first experiment investigated whether estradiol benzoate (EB) acts on the MPOA to facilitate the onset of maternal behavior in the 16-day pregnant, hysterectomized, and ovariectomized female rat. Such rats when given EB implants in the MPOA had significantly shorter latencies for the onset of maternal behavior than had females implanted with cholesterol in the MPOA or with EB in the ventromedial hypothalamus, in mammillary bodies, or under the skin. A second experiment showed that estrogen-induced prolactin release was not involved in this facilitation. A third experiment indicated that MPOA lesions disrupt the onset of maternal behavior that is induced by pup stimulation in virgin females. It was concluded that the MPOA is involved not only in the maintenance of maternal behavior but in the hormonally mediated onset of maternal behavior and the onset of maternal behavior induced in virgin females by pup stimulation.", "contents": "Medial preoptic area and onset of maternal behavior in the rat. The present series of experiments examined whether the medial preoptic area (MPOA) is involved in the onset of maternal behavior in the rat. Previously, the MPOA had been shown to be important in the maintenance of maternal behavior in the lactating rat. The first experiment investigated whether estradiol benzoate (EB) acts on the MPOA to facilitate the onset of maternal behavior in the 16-day pregnant, hysterectomized, and ovariectomized female rat. Such rats when given EB implants in the MPOA had significantly shorter latencies for the onset of maternal behavior than had females implanted with cholesterol in the MPOA or with EB in the ventromedial hypothalamus, in mammillary bodies, or under the skin. A second experiment showed that estrogen-induced prolactin release was not involved in this facilitation. A third experiment indicated that MPOA lesions disrupt the onset of maternal behavior that is induced by pup stimulation in virgin females. It was concluded that the MPOA is involved not only in the maintenance of maternal behavior but in the hormonally mediated onset of maternal behavior and the onset of maternal behavior induced in virgin females by pup stimulation.", "PMID": 402400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1379", "title": "Hormonal control of mammogenesis and onset of lactation in cows--a review.", "content": "Estrogen stimulates development of mammary ducts, and progesterone and estrogen stimulate proliferation of secretory tissues. In vivo, sequential addition of insulin (step 1), glucocorticoid (step 2), and prolcatin (step 3) leads to biosynthesis of casein and lactose. In cows, mammogenesis continues until termination of pregnancy and overlaps onset of lactation. Progesterone probably inhibits differentiation of secretory cells at step 2 or step 3. Sensitivity of individual cells to progestational inhibition may decrease variably which may be interdependent upon relative increases in estrogen, prolactin, corticoids, and growth hormone to cause asynchronies among them at calving. Since prolactin in plasma is not correlated with progesterone or the estrogens, factors other than feed-back effects of ovarian steroids may be responsible for its sustained increase periparturiently. Also, elevated prolactin periparturiently may be unrelated to subsequent rates of lactation because its \"basal\" concentrations may meet requirements when inhibiting effects of progesterone are removed. This concept is attractive because mammary cells neither are synchronized highly for biosynthesis nor secrete normal milk for several days after calving. At the latter time, concentrations in plasma are low for progesterone and estrogen, similar to 3 days before calving for glucocoiticoids and prolactin, and increasing for insulin. Evidence of lactation under unusual circumstances was discussed.", "contents": "Hormonal control of mammogenesis and onset of lactation in cows--a review. Estrogen stimulates development of mammary ducts, and progesterone and estrogen stimulate proliferation of secretory tissues. In vivo, sequential addition of insulin (step 1), glucocorticoid (step 2), and prolcatin (step 3) leads to biosynthesis of casein and lactose. In cows, mammogenesis continues until termination of pregnancy and overlaps onset of lactation. Progesterone probably inhibits differentiation of secretory cells at step 2 or step 3. Sensitivity of individual cells to progestational inhibition may decrease variably which may be interdependent upon relative increases in estrogen, prolactin, corticoids, and growth hormone to cause asynchronies among them at calving. Since prolactin in plasma is not correlated with progesterone or the estrogens, factors other than feed-back effects of ovarian steroids may be responsible for its sustained increase periparturiently. Also, elevated prolactin periparturiently may be unrelated to subsequent rates of lactation because its \"basal\" concentrations may meet requirements when inhibiting effects of progesterone are removed. This concept is attractive because mammary cells neither are synchronized highly for biosynthesis nor secrete normal milk for several days after calving. At the latter time, concentrations in plasma are low for progesterone and estrogen, similar to 3 days before calving for glucocoiticoids and prolactin, and increasing for insulin. Evidence of lactation under unusual circumstances was discussed.", "PMID": 402401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1380", "title": "Lactose synthase activity of galactosyltransferase from human parotid saliva.", "content": "Galactosyltransferase is human parotid saliva catalyzed the transfer of galactose from uridine 5'-diphospho (UDP)-galactose to D-glucose in the presence of exogenous alpha-lactalbumin. Some albumins other than alpha-lactalbumin did not have an effect on the appearance of lactosesynthesizing activity.", "contents": "Lactose synthase activity of galactosyltransferase from human parotid saliva. Galactosyltransferase is human parotid saliva catalyzed the transfer of galactose from uridine 5'-diphospho (UDP)-galactose to D-glucose in the presence of exogenous alpha-lactalbumin. Some albumins other than alpha-lactalbumin did not have an effect on the appearance of lactosesynthesizing activity.", "PMID": 402403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1381", "title": "Cromolyn sodium nasal solution in the prophylactic treatment of pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis.", "content": "A large-scale multicenter investigation was undertaken in 3 cities with comparable pollen seasons and atmospheric pollen concentrations in order to obtain more definite information about the safety and efficacy of cromolyn sodium in the treatment of pollen-induced seasonal rhinitis. The 9-wk double-blind study was conducted in 104 patiets in Pittsburgh, Pa., Cleveland, Ohio, and Louisville, Ky., during the 1975 ragweed season. It indicated that a nebulized 4% aqueous solution of cromolyn sodium is effective in reducing sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and ocular irritation in ragweed hay fever patients. The efficacy of the drug was notable despite the fact that patients used an average of 52 mg instead of the recommended 62.4 mg daily. Cromolyn sodium did not appear to have a significant effect on transseasonal antiragweed IgE (IgEAR) levels. Patients acceptance of the cromolyn nasal solution was good, and there were no significant adverse reactions. The side effects, which were distributed equally between the drug and placebo groups, were mild and of limited duration.", "contents": "Cromolyn sodium nasal solution in the prophylactic treatment of pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis. A large-scale multicenter investigation was undertaken in 3 cities with comparable pollen seasons and atmospheric pollen concentrations in order to obtain more definite information about the safety and efficacy of cromolyn sodium in the treatment of pollen-induced seasonal rhinitis. The 9-wk double-blind study was conducted in 104 patiets in Pittsburgh, Pa., Cleveland, Ohio, and Louisville, Ky., during the 1975 ragweed season. It indicated that a nebulized 4% aqueous solution of cromolyn sodium is effective in reducing sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and ocular irritation in ragweed hay fever patients. The efficacy of the drug was notable despite the fact that patients used an average of 52 mg instead of the recommended 62.4 mg daily. Cromolyn sodium did not appear to have a significant effect on transseasonal antiragweed IgE (IgEAR) levels. Patients acceptance of the cromolyn nasal solution was good, and there were no significant adverse reactions. The side effects, which were distributed equally between the drug and placebo groups, were mild and of limited duration.", "PMID": 402406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1382", "title": "Economics, management, and public health nutrition.", "content": "Research has shown that including a nutritional functional area in comprehensive health care delivery can reduce the total cost per registrant. The savings occur when nutritionists substitute for more costly medical personnel in a team-care setting. Further research has demonstrated that the cost of nutritional care is related to the performance of nutritional staff, i.e., productivity, which may be improved as much as 25 to 70% through simple managerial techniques. The implications for nutritional planning and operations are discussed. Nevertheless, the greatest potential for improving nutritional health rests with the patient himself. Thus, the future orientation in public health nutrition must be directed toward the problems of shifting the major part of the responsibility from the provider to the patient, with accompanying competence in self-care and health maintenance. A promising approach to the idea of greater patient responsibility and autonomy is the so-called Vinland Center concept. Originally developed in Norway, a center incorporating the principles is now being planned in Minnesota and is expected to begin operation in 1979. Funds for the planning effort were given to the U.S. as a Bicentennial gift from Norway. The concept is explained.", "contents": "Economics, management, and public health nutrition. Research has shown that including a nutritional functional area in comprehensive health care delivery can reduce the total cost per registrant. The savings occur when nutritionists substitute for more costly medical personnel in a team-care setting. Further research has demonstrated that the cost of nutritional care is related to the performance of nutritional staff, i.e., productivity, which may be improved as much as 25 to 70% through simple managerial techniques. The implications for nutritional planning and operations are discussed. Nevertheless, the greatest potential for improving nutritional health rests with the patient himself. Thus, the future orientation in public health nutrition must be directed toward the problems of shifting the major part of the responsibility from the provider to the patient, with accompanying competence in self-care and health maintenance. A promising approach to the idea of greater patient responsibility and autonomy is the so-called Vinland Center concept. Originally developed in Norway, a center incorporating the principles is now being planned in Minnesota and is expected to begin operation in 1979. Funds for the planning effort were given to the U.S. as a Bicentennial gift from Norway. The concept is explained.", "PMID": 402409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1383", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition. A brief review.", "content": "The ideal solution for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) should contain nutrients equivalent to those of a well balanced, oral diet. With that goal in mind, available solutions usually provide adult patients with approximately 3,000 ml. solution daily, which supply about 12 gm. nitrogen and 2,400 kcal, with vitamins and minerals added as required. (Infants require relatively greater amounts of fluids and calories per kilogram.) The most critical concern in TPN is that of fluid and electrolyte balance, which varies with the patient. In this paper, the composition of four commercial TPN solutions is tabulated, as are recommendations for trace elements and vitamins which should be included.", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition. A brief review. The ideal solution for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) should contain nutrients equivalent to those of a well balanced, oral diet. With that goal in mind, available solutions usually provide adult patients with approximately 3,000 ml. solution daily, which supply about 12 gm. nitrogen and 2,400 kcal, with vitamins and minerals added as required. (Infants require relatively greater amounts of fluids and calories per kilogram.) The most critical concern in TPN is that of fluid and electrolyte balance, which varies with the patient. In this paper, the composition of four commercial TPN solutions is tabulated, as are recommendations for trace elements and vitamins which should be included.", "PMID": 402410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1384", "title": "Tourniquet ischemia: ultrastructural and histochemical observations of ischemic human muscle and of monkey muscle and nerve.", "content": "Biopsies of muscle from ten patients and of muscle and nerve from three monkeys were obtained during periods of continuous ischemia and studied by light and electron microscopy and by histochemical means. Between the third and fourth hours of ischemia, swelling of the mitochondria was noted in monkey muscle. One week later the appearance was normal. In the monkey nerves degenerated myelin was seen one week later but appeared to be normal at 2 weeks. If after 3 hours the tourniquet was deflated for 30 minutes and then reapplied for 2 additional hours, no changes were found. Succinic dehyrogenase analysis was used to identify swelling of the mitochondria. No mitochondrial changes were seen in human muscle made ischemic by a tourniquet for 2 hours.", "contents": "Tourniquet ischemia: ultrastructural and histochemical observations of ischemic human muscle and of monkey muscle and nerve. Biopsies of muscle from ten patients and of muscle and nerve from three monkeys were obtained during periods of continuous ischemia and studied by light and electron microscopy and by histochemical means. Between the third and fourth hours of ischemia, swelling of the mitochondria was noted in monkey muscle. One week later the appearance was normal. In the monkey nerves degenerated myelin was seen one week later but appeared to be normal at 2 weeks. If after 3 hours the tourniquet was deflated for 30 minutes and then reapplied for 2 additional hours, no changes were found. Succinic dehyrogenase analysis was used to identify swelling of the mitochondria. No mitochondrial changes were seen in human muscle made ischemic by a tourniquet for 2 hours.", "PMID": 402413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1385", "title": "Increased visualization of microtubules by an improved fixation procedure.", "content": "We have found that when a buffer utilized for in vitro polymerization of microtubules, i.e., 1 mM guanosine triphosphate, 1 mM MgSO4, 2 mM ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N, N'-tetraacetic acid 100 mM piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid), pH 6.9 polymerization mix, was used in the glutaraldehyde prefixation regimen instead of classical fixative buffers, i.e., isotonic cacodylate or phosphate buffer, the following features were observed in thin-sections of the cytoplasm of interphase HeLa cells: (a) a greater than 2-fold increase in total microtubule contour length, (b) a 2-fold increase in a number of microtubules greater than or equal to 1 mu long, (c) an enhanced association of microtubules with cytoplasmic organelles, and (d) an increased clustering of 100 A filaments located in a perinuclear region of the cell. Furthermore, we found that after we incubated purified chick brain microtubules on a Sephadex G-25 column pre-equilibrated with polymerization mix, cacodylate or phosphate buffer at 37 degrees C, and then eluted the microtubules at 37 degrees C, the exposure to cacodylate or phosphate buffer caused extensive depolymerization, but exposure to polymerization mix buffer allowed reisolation of highly polymerized microtubules. Our results imply that prefixation with cacodylate or phosphate buffered glutaraldenyde destabilizes microtubules leading to the decreased visualization of microtubules.", "contents": "Increased visualization of microtubules by an improved fixation procedure. We have found that when a buffer utilized for in vitro polymerization of microtubules, i.e., 1 mM guanosine triphosphate, 1 mM MgSO4, 2 mM ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N, N'-tetraacetic acid 100 mM piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid), pH 6.9 polymerization mix, was used in the glutaraldehyde prefixation regimen instead of classical fixative buffers, i.e., isotonic cacodylate or phosphate buffer, the following features were observed in thin-sections of the cytoplasm of interphase HeLa cells: (a) a greater than 2-fold increase in total microtubule contour length, (b) a 2-fold increase in a number of microtubules greater than or equal to 1 mu long, (c) an enhanced association of microtubules with cytoplasmic organelles, and (d) an increased clustering of 100 A filaments located in a perinuclear region of the cell. Furthermore, we found that after we incubated purified chick brain microtubules on a Sephadex G-25 column pre-equilibrated with polymerization mix, cacodylate or phosphate buffer at 37 degrees C, and then eluted the microtubules at 37 degrees C, the exposure to cacodylate or phosphate buffer caused extensive depolymerization, but exposure to polymerization mix buffer allowed reisolation of highly polymerized microtubules. Our results imply that prefixation with cacodylate or phosphate buffered glutaraldenyde destabilizes microtubules leading to the decreased visualization of microtubules.", "PMID": 402414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1386", "title": "Characterization of two species of Fc fragments obtained from rat IgG2a by prolonged papain digestion.", "content": "Prolonged papain digestion of rat IgG2a produced two molecular species of Fc fragments, termed Fc(I) and Fc(II). Studies by gel filtration chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS/urea indicated that the two subunit polypeptide chains in each Fc preparation were associated by non-covalent bonds only. By analytical ultracentrifugation Fc(I) was found to have a m.w. of 47,100 and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.08S. Fc(II) had a m.w. of 39,800 and a sedimentation coefficient of 3.83S. The m.w. for the subunit chains of Fc(I) and Fc(II) were 25,300 and 20,300, respectively, as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation under dissociating conditions. Calculation of the frictional coefficient ratios indicated that both Fc fragments possessed compact globular structures. The difference in size between these two Fc fragments probably was due to a loss of some carboxy-terminal residues in Fc(II). Both Fc fragments possessed nearly identical amino-terminal amino acid sequences. Papain cleavage occurred primarily between residues 233/234 and 234/235. The carbohydrate compositions of the two species of Fc fragments were similar. It was concluded that under acid and reducing conditions papain cleavage of rat IgG2a occurred to the carboxy-terminal side of the hinge region. Prolonged papain digestion led to secondary attack in the carboxy-terminal end of the CGAMMA3 domain at an unidentified site, or sites, producing a stable second species of Fc fragments.", "contents": "Characterization of two species of Fc fragments obtained from rat IgG2a by prolonged papain digestion. Prolonged papain digestion of rat IgG2a produced two molecular species of Fc fragments, termed Fc(I) and Fc(II). Studies by gel filtration chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS/urea indicated that the two subunit polypeptide chains in each Fc preparation were associated by non-covalent bonds only. By analytical ultracentrifugation Fc(I) was found to have a m.w. of 47,100 and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.08S. Fc(II) had a m.w. of 39,800 and a sedimentation coefficient of 3.83S. The m.w. for the subunit chains of Fc(I) and Fc(II) were 25,300 and 20,300, respectively, as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation under dissociating conditions. Calculation of the frictional coefficient ratios indicated that both Fc fragments possessed compact globular structures. The difference in size between these two Fc fragments probably was due to a loss of some carboxy-terminal residues in Fc(II). Both Fc fragments possessed nearly identical amino-terminal amino acid sequences. Papain cleavage occurred primarily between residues 233/234 and 234/235. The carbohydrate compositions of the two species of Fc fragments were similar. It was concluded that under acid and reducing conditions papain cleavage of rat IgG2a occurred to the carboxy-terminal side of the hinge region. Prolonged papain digestion led to secondary attack in the carboxy-terminal end of the CGAMMA3 domain at an unidentified site, or sites, producing a stable second species of Fc fragments.", "PMID": 402415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1387", "title": "Species specificity in the isoelectric spectra of immunoglobulin light chains.", "content": "Light chains isolated from normal immunoglobulin give rise to a finite number of discrete bands when analyzed by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. The positions and relative intensities of the bands were identical in light chains isolated from different individuals of a species, but clear differences were evident when light chains of several mammalian species were compared.", "contents": "Species specificity in the isoelectric spectra of immunoglobulin light chains. Light chains isolated from normal immunoglobulin give rise to a finite number of discrete bands when analyzed by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. The positions and relative intensities of the bands were identical in light chains isolated from different individuals of a species, but clear differences were evident when light chains of several mammalian species were compared.", "PMID": 402416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1388", "title": "Bullous pemphigoid antigen: isolation from normal human skin.", "content": "A protein moiety from epidermal PBS-soluble products was isolated by gel filtration (Bio-Gel A-1.5m) and ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-cellulose). This protein (A-1-Epid) was not retarded by DEAE-cellulose in Tris-HCl buffer, 15mM, pH 8.1. By IEP against an antiserum to epidermal antigens, it showed a single cathodal arc. On disc electrophoresis, at low pH (4.3) a single band was apparent. On SDS gels this protein demonstrated two bands, one with a molecular weight of 20,000, and the second with a molecular weight of 9,200. This purified antigen was able to block the staining of the basement membrane zone produced by bullous pemphigoid antibodies on monkey esophagus and normal human skin with the use of indirect immunofluorescence. This study also demonstrates that bullous pemphigoid antigen (A-1-Epid) and a second epidermal protein (A-2-Epid) are present in the PBS-soluble products of human esophageal mucosa, saliva, and urine. These antigens appear to be unrelated with the blood group substances or secretor status of the donors.", "contents": "Bullous pemphigoid antigen: isolation from normal human skin. A protein moiety from epidermal PBS-soluble products was isolated by gel filtration (Bio-Gel A-1.5m) and ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-cellulose). This protein (A-1-Epid) was not retarded by DEAE-cellulose in Tris-HCl buffer, 15mM, pH 8.1. By IEP against an antiserum to epidermal antigens, it showed a single cathodal arc. On disc electrophoresis, at low pH (4.3) a single band was apparent. On SDS gels this protein demonstrated two bands, one with a molecular weight of 20,000, and the second with a molecular weight of 9,200. This purified antigen was able to block the staining of the basement membrane zone produced by bullous pemphigoid antibodies on monkey esophagus and normal human skin with the use of indirect immunofluorescence. This study also demonstrates that bullous pemphigoid antigen (A-1-Epid) and a second epidermal protein (A-2-Epid) are present in the PBS-soluble products of human esophageal mucosa, saliva, and urine. These antigens appear to be unrelated with the blood group substances or secretor status of the donors.", "PMID": 402417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1389", "title": "Complement activation by measles virus cytotoxic antibodies: alternative pathway C activation by hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies but classical activation by hemolysin antibodies.", "content": "Antibodies against measles virus hemagglutinating (HA particles and hemolysin were shown to activate C differently. HA antibodies of rabbit or human origin activated C via the alternative pathway in cytotoxicity against chronically measles-infected cells. This cytotoxicity was expressed in C-4 deficient guinea-pig C or in rabbit C in the presence of 3 mM EGTA (ethylene-glycol-tetraacetic-acid) but not in 3 mM EDTA (ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic-acid). In contrast, human hemolysin antibodies activated C only via the classical way. F (ab')2 fragments from rabbit or human anti-HA IgG antibodies were as efficient in C activation via the alternative pathways as intact IgG antibodies with a corresponding hemagglutination-inhibition titer.", "contents": "Complement activation by measles virus cytotoxic antibodies: alternative pathway C activation by hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies but classical activation by hemolysin antibodies. Antibodies against measles virus hemagglutinating (HA particles and hemolysin were shown to activate C differently. HA antibodies of rabbit or human origin activated C via the alternative pathway in cytotoxicity against chronically measles-infected cells. This cytotoxicity was expressed in C-4 deficient guinea-pig C or in rabbit C in the presence of 3 mM EGTA (ethylene-glycol-tetraacetic-acid) but not in 3 mM EDTA (ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic-acid). In contrast, human hemolysin antibodies activated C only via the classical way. F (ab')2 fragments from rabbit or human anti-HA IgG antibodies were as efficient in C activation via the alternative pathways as intact IgG antibodies with a corresponding hemagglutination-inhibition titer.", "PMID": 402419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1390", "title": "Histaminase release from human eosinophils.", "content": "Phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan by human eosinophils results in a dose-dependent noncytotoxic release of histaminase as well as arylsulfatase and beta-glucuronidase. The calcium ionophore A23187 also stimulates release of eosinophil histaminase at concentrations of ionophore which barely release arylsulfatase and beta-glucuronidase. Zymosan-induced histaminase release from eosinophils but not from neutrophils was abolished or markedly reduced in the presence of cytochalasin B, suggesting a difference in the mechanisms of histaminase release from the two granulocyte cell types.", "contents": "Histaminase release from human eosinophils. Phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan by human eosinophils results in a dose-dependent noncytotoxic release of histaminase as well as arylsulfatase and beta-glucuronidase. The calcium ionophore A23187 also stimulates release of eosinophil histaminase at concentrations of ionophore which barely release arylsulfatase and beta-glucuronidase. Zymosan-induced histaminase release from eosinophils but not from neutrophils was abolished or markedly reduced in the presence of cytochalasin B, suggesting a difference in the mechanisms of histaminase release from the two granulocyte cell types.", "PMID": 402420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1391", "title": "Immunologic reactivity of purified human urinary kallikrein (urokallikrein) with antiserum directed against human pancreas.", "content": "Donkey antiserum to normal human pancreas absorbed with lyophilized human plasma recognized human urokallikrein in concentrated crude urine or after an approximately 500-fold purification. The urokallikrein antigen was associated with kinin-generating and alpha-N-p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAMe) cleaving activity on isoelectric focusing, with the isoelectric point being 3.8 to 4.4. Both kiningenerating and esterolytic activity were removed from the purified urokallikrein by an immunoadsorbent prepared by coupling the IgG fraction of the absorbed donkey antiserum to Sepharose 6B. The failure of anti-plasma kallikrein to react in immunodiffusion with purified urokallikrein indicates that urinary kallikrein is distinct from plasma kallikrein although antigenically related to glandular kallikreins.", "contents": "Immunologic reactivity of purified human urinary kallikrein (urokallikrein) with antiserum directed against human pancreas. Donkey antiserum to normal human pancreas absorbed with lyophilized human plasma recognized human urokallikrein in concentrated crude urine or after an approximately 500-fold purification. The urokallikrein antigen was associated with kinin-generating and alpha-N-p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAMe) cleaving activity on isoelectric focusing, with the isoelectric point being 3.8 to 4.4. Both kiningenerating and esterolytic activity were removed from the purified urokallikrein by an immunoadsorbent prepared by coupling the IgG fraction of the absorbed donkey antiserum to Sepharose 6B. The failure of anti-plasma kallikrein to react in immunodiffusion with purified urokallikrein indicates that urinary kallikrein is distinct from plasma kallikrein although antigenically related to glandular kallikreins.", "PMID": 402421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1392", "title": "Templates for antiserum application in immunoelectrophoresis and two-dimensional electroimmunodiffusion.", "content": "Two forms of template are described for use with flat-cast agarose gels to simplify and improve immunoelectrophoresis and two-dimensional electroimmunodiffusion tests.", "contents": "Templates for antiserum application in immunoelectrophoresis and two-dimensional electroimmunodiffusion. Two forms of template are described for use with flat-cast agarose gels to simplify and improve immunoelectrophoresis and two-dimensional electroimmunodiffusion tests.", "PMID": 402422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1393", "title": "Procedure for the isolation of mouse anti H-2 antibodies from complex alloantisera.", "content": "B6AF1-anti-B10.D2 ascites fluid was incubated with donor strain red blood cells to absorb the anti-H-2 antibodies. The antibody-coated RBC were then lysed, and from the ghosts the antibodies were eluted. This anti-H-2 preparation was further purified by affinity chromatography, using an immobilized anti IgG2 antiserum. Thus a pure anti-H-2 IgG2 was obtained for in vitro and in vivo testing.", "contents": "Procedure for the isolation of mouse anti H-2 antibodies from complex alloantisera. B6AF1-anti-B10.D2 ascites fluid was incubated with donor strain red blood cells to absorb the anti-H-2 antibodies. The antibody-coated RBC were then lysed, and from the ghosts the antibodies were eluted. This anti-H-2 preparation was further purified by affinity chromatography, using an immobilized anti IgG2 antiserum. Thus a pure anti-H-2 IgG2 was obtained for in vitro and in vivo testing.", "PMID": 402423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1394", "title": "Immuno-ultracentrifugation: a combination of density gradient centrifugation and immunodiffusion.", "content": "By incorporating acrylamide in a sucrose gradient and photopolymerizing the tubes at the end of the run, direct immunochemical and other analysis can be performed on the separated material in situ without recovering fractions from the centrifuge tube. Immunodiffusion performed on the sliced gel can be employed to locate antibody activity in the gel slice or determine the distribution of antigens in a sucrose gradient", "contents": "Immuno-ultracentrifugation: a combination of density gradient centrifugation and immunodiffusion. By incorporating acrylamide in a sucrose gradient and photopolymerizing the tubes at the end of the run, direct immunochemical and other analysis can be performed on the separated material in situ without recovering fractions from the centrifuge tube. Immunodiffusion performed on the sliced gel can be employed to locate antibody activity in the gel slice or determine the distribution of antigens in a sucrose gradient", "PMID": 402424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1395", "title": "Bactericidal antibody in genital infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "An assay of bactericidial antibody has been developed to study the host response to infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This test for antibody was performed on the sera of women who were exposed to N. gonorrhoeae but who did not become infected, of patients with various types of genital infection with N. gonorrhoeae, and of a small number of individuals with no history of gonorrhea. Antibody was found in the sera of less than 31% of men and women with uncomplicated gonococcal infection. Prolonged mucosal infection with the gonococcus (greater than 33 days) correlated with the presence of bactericidal antibody. Bactericidal antibody was not detected in 95% of the specimens of acute-phase serum obtained from women with gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease. The convalescent-phase sera of 70% of women with clinically severe pelvic inflammatory disease showed a rise in titer of bactericidal antibody to the infecting strain of N. gonorrhoeae, whereas only 11% of the convalescent-phase sera of women with mild or moderately severe disease showed a similar rise.", "contents": "Bactericidal antibody in genital infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. An assay of bactericidial antibody has been developed to study the host response to infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This test for antibody was performed on the sera of women who were exposed to N. gonorrhoeae but who did not become infected, of patients with various types of genital infection with N. gonorrhoeae, and of a small number of individuals with no history of gonorrhea. Antibody was found in the sera of less than 31% of men and women with uncomplicated gonococcal infection. Prolonged mucosal infection with the gonococcus (greater than 33 days) correlated with the presence of bactericidal antibody. Bactericidal antibody was not detected in 95% of the specimens of acute-phase serum obtained from women with gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease. The convalescent-phase sera of 70% of women with clinically severe pelvic inflammatory disease showed a rise in titer of bactericidal antibody to the infecting strain of N. gonorrhoeae, whereas only 11% of the convalescent-phase sera of women with mild or moderately severe disease showed a similar rise.", "PMID": 402426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1396", "title": "Reovirus-like agent in acute epidemic gastroenteritis in Japanese infants: fecal shedding and serologic response.", "content": "The reovirus-like agent, sometimes referred to as duovirus or rotavirus, was visualized by electron microscopy in stool extracts from Japanese infants and young children with acute epidemic gastroenteritis. The virus particles measured 70 nm in diameter and had double-shelled capsids. One hundred ten (89%) of 124 patients with the gastroenteritis had such virus particles in stools obtained during the acute phase. The virus particles were excreted in the stools usually during the first eight days of illness. Agglutination of virus particles by antibody present in convalescent-phase sera was demonstrated by immune electron microscopy. Complement-fixing antibody was detected as early as day 3 of illness, and antibody titers peaked during the second and third weeks of the disease. The antibody appearing in the acute and early convalescent phases was sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol. Antibody resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol was produced approximately 10 days after the onset of the symptoms. The serologic evidence suggests that a primary infection with the reovirus-like agent was responsible for the clinical attack of acute gastroenteritis.", "contents": "Reovirus-like agent in acute epidemic gastroenteritis in Japanese infants: fecal shedding and serologic response. The reovirus-like agent, sometimes referred to as duovirus or rotavirus, was visualized by electron microscopy in stool extracts from Japanese infants and young children with acute epidemic gastroenteritis. The virus particles measured 70 nm in diameter and had double-shelled capsids. One hundred ten (89%) of 124 patients with the gastroenteritis had such virus particles in stools obtained during the acute phase. The virus particles were excreted in the stools usually during the first eight days of illness. Agglutination of virus particles by antibody present in convalescent-phase sera was demonstrated by immune electron microscopy. Complement-fixing antibody was detected as early as day 3 of illness, and antibody titers peaked during the second and third weeks of the disease. The antibody appearing in the acute and early convalescent phases was sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol. Antibody resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol was produced approximately 10 days after the onset of the symptoms. The serologic evidence suggests that a primary infection with the reovirus-like agent was responsible for the clinical attack of acute gastroenteritis.", "PMID": 402427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1397", "title": "Immunity in plague: protection of the vervet (Cercopithecus aethips) against pneumonic plague by the oral administration of live attenuated Yersinia pestis.", "content": "Protection against pneumonic plague by the oral administration of a live, attenuated Yersinia pestis vaccine, EV76 (Paris) F, was evaluated in the vervet (Cercopithecus aethips). Six animals were vaccinated with a dose of 1.175 X 10(9) colony-forming units (cfu); all tolerated the dose and developed antibodies to Fraction I of Y. pestis. Three immunized animals were challenged with an inhaled dose of 3.2 X 10(6) cfu (160 LD50 [50% lethal dose]) of virulent Y. pestis strain 195/P and two survived; the other three received a challenge dose of 4.9 X 10(6) cfu (245 LD50) and one survived. The three surviving monkeys had high titers of antibody to Fraction I. At necropsy of the animals that succumbed to the challenge infection, almost complete consolidation of the lungs was apparent, and sizable effusions were present in the thoracic cavities. Indeed, the striking pathology indicated the severest form of pneumonic plague. Since it can be assumed that the animal surviving challenge with the larger inoculum would have survived the smaller dose, we conclude that the immunization procedure protected half of the vervets that were exposed to challenge.", "contents": "Immunity in plague: protection of the vervet (Cercopithecus aethips) against pneumonic plague by the oral administration of live attenuated Yersinia pestis. Protection against pneumonic plague by the oral administration of a live, attenuated Yersinia pestis vaccine, EV76 (Paris) F, was evaluated in the vervet (Cercopithecus aethips). Six animals were vaccinated with a dose of 1.175 X 10(9) colony-forming units (cfu); all tolerated the dose and developed antibodies to Fraction I of Y. pestis. Three immunized animals were challenged with an inhaled dose of 3.2 X 10(6) cfu (160 LD50 [50% lethal dose]) of virulent Y. pestis strain 195/P and two survived; the other three received a challenge dose of 4.9 X 10(6) cfu (245 LD50) and one survived. The three surviving monkeys had high titers of antibody to Fraction I. At necropsy of the animals that succumbed to the challenge infection, almost complete consolidation of the lungs was apparent, and sizable effusions were present in the thoracic cavities. Indeed, the striking pathology indicated the severest form of pneumonic plague. Since it can be assumed that the animal surviving challenge with the larger inoculum would have survived the smaller dose, we conclude that the immunization procedure protected half of the vervets that were exposed to challenge.", "PMID": 402428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1398", "title": "Cryoglobulinemia in a patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, and factors of cryoprecipitation.", "content": "The IgGK cryoglobulin in a patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome showed deviations from normal IgG involvine its amino acid composition as well as its carbohydrate components. The heavy chains showed abnormal numbers of arginine, threonine, valine and isoleucine residues, and there was an impressive reduction of fucose and hexose components. The carbohydrate deficits appear to be the reason for the incomplete solubility of the isolated IgGK(Ru) at 37 degrees C. with completion at 52 degrees C.", "contents": "Cryoglobulinemia in a patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, and factors of cryoprecipitation. The IgGK cryoglobulin in a patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome showed deviations from normal IgG involvine its amino acid composition as well as its carbohydrate components. The heavy chains showed abnormal numbers of arginine, threonine, valine and isoleucine residues, and there was an impressive reduction of fucose and hexose components. The carbohydrate deficits appear to be the reason for the incomplete solubility of the isolated IgGK(Ru) at 37 degrees C. with completion at 52 degrees C.", "PMID": 402431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1399", "title": "Indirect immunofluorescent detection of antibodies against thermophilic actinomycetes in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "content": "With slide culture preparations of Micropolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomyces candidus, and Thermoactinomyces vulgaris used as antigens, 59 sera from patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and 23 sera from normal controls were studied for the presence of specific antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion methods. Of the 82 sera, 31 showed precipitins to M. faeni, five to T. candidus, and four to T. vulgaris. A group of 19 sera positive to Aspergillus antigens showed questionable reactions to thermophilic actinomycetes. The 23 sera from normal individuals were negative for specific antibodies when tested by immunodiffusion. In indirect immunofluorescence studies, we found that IgG antibodies in high titers are present only in the precipitin-positive sera whereas other antibody classes either are negative or failed to show consistent differences in titers of the positive, questionable, and control groups. The titer of IgG antibodies varied from 0 to 1:20 in the normal control group, 0 to 1:40 to 1:640 in the precipitin-positive group.", "contents": "Indirect immunofluorescent detection of antibodies against thermophilic actinomycetes in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. With slide culture preparations of Micropolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomyces candidus, and Thermoactinomyces vulgaris used as antigens, 59 sera from patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and 23 sera from normal controls were studied for the presence of specific antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion methods. Of the 82 sera, 31 showed precipitins to M. faeni, five to T. candidus, and four to T. vulgaris. A group of 19 sera positive to Aspergillus antigens showed questionable reactions to thermophilic actinomycetes. The 23 sera from normal individuals were negative for specific antibodies when tested by immunodiffusion. In indirect immunofluorescence studies, we found that IgG antibodies in high titers are present only in the precipitin-positive sera whereas other antibody classes either are negative or failed to show consistent differences in titers of the positive, questionable, and control groups. The titer of IgG antibodies varied from 0 to 1:20 in the normal control group, 0 to 1:40 to 1:640 in the precipitin-positive group.", "PMID": 402432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1400", "title": "Quantitative relationships of the fourth complement component in human cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "A technique for the measurement of cerebrospinal fluid C4 concentration in unconcentrated specimens has been developed with the methods of electroimmunodiffusion and immunofixation. The method has proved to be reproducible and requires only microliter volumes of undiluted cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The mean value for CSF C4 concentrations in 16 neurologically normal individuals was 325 +/- 32 mug/100 ml. A positive correlation between CSF C4 concentration and the concentration of CSF albumin and total protein was observed. The positive correlation between the concentrations of CSF C4 and albumin was, however, more clearly defined than the relationship of CSF C4 to total CSF protein.", "contents": "Quantitative relationships of the fourth complement component in human cerebrospinal fluid. A technique for the measurement of cerebrospinal fluid C4 concentration in unconcentrated specimens has been developed with the methods of electroimmunodiffusion and immunofixation. The method has proved to be reproducible and requires only microliter volumes of undiluted cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The mean value for CSF C4 concentrations in 16 neurologically normal individuals was 325 +/- 32 mug/100 ml. A positive correlation between CSF C4 concentration and the concentration of CSF albumin and total protein was observed. The positive correlation between the concentrations of CSF C4 and albumin was, however, more clearly defined than the relationship of CSF C4 to total CSF protein.", "PMID": 402433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1401", "title": "[Evaluation of the diagnostic value of clinical chemical tests (author's transl)].", "content": "Little attention has been paid before to the diagnostic efficiency of clinical chemical tests. In view of the ever increasing number of clinical chemical analyses and the critical development of expenses in medical health care, an evaluation of this aspect of clinical chemical analyses seems to be urgently required. Various new methods, that might be used, are reviewed. Qualitative and quantiative tests, and the so-called multiple analysis are discussed as examples of clinical chemical methods. The necessary mathematical treatments (use of the Bayes theorem, information theory, likelihood ratio method, and others) are illustrated with the aid of worked examples. A new cost-effectiveness analysis of clinical chemical data is suggested.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the diagnostic value of clinical chemical tests (author's transl)]. Little attention has been paid before to the diagnostic efficiency of clinical chemical tests. In view of the ever increasing number of clinical chemical analyses and the critical development of expenses in medical health care, an evaluation of this aspect of clinical chemical analyses seems to be urgently required. Various new methods, that might be used, are reviewed. Qualitative and quantiative tests, and the so-called multiple analysis are discussed as examples of clinical chemical methods. The necessary mathematical treatments (use of the Bayes theorem, information theory, likelihood ratio method, and others) are illustrated with the aid of worked examples. A new cost-effectiveness analysis of clinical chemical data is suggested.", "PMID": 402435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1402", "title": "A new marker for neuraminidase-treated human serum glycoproteins from the haemolymph of Tridacna maxima (R\u00f6ding).", "content": "Highly purified human serum glycoproteins were treated with neuraminidase. The exposed subterminal carbohydrate structures reacted strongly with an anti-galactan precipitin from the haemolymph of Tridacna maxima which detects terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactoside residues. This invertebrate precipitin, Tridacnin, may be used as a marker for nearly two thirds of all asialo serum glycoproteins; A number of different cross-reactions with various other polysaccharides and galactans subdivides those neuraminidase-treated glycoproteins into several subgroups, indicating that the uncovered carbohydrate structures are not always completely identical. In this way, together with the cross-reacting precipitins from plant and invertebrate origin. Tridacnin may be a useful tool for elucidating and establishing the structure of the carbohydrate part of serum glycoproteins.", "contents": "A new marker for neuraminidase-treated human serum glycoproteins from the haemolymph of Tridacna maxima (R\u00f6ding). Highly purified human serum glycoproteins were treated with neuraminidase. The exposed subterminal carbohydrate structures reacted strongly with an anti-galactan precipitin from the haemolymph of Tridacna maxima which detects terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactoside residues. This invertebrate precipitin, Tridacnin, may be used as a marker for nearly two thirds of all asialo serum glycoproteins; A number of different cross-reactions with various other polysaccharides and galactans subdivides those neuraminidase-treated glycoproteins into several subgroups, indicating that the uncovered carbohydrate structures are not always completely identical. In this way, together with the cross-reacting precipitins from plant and invertebrate origin. Tridacnin may be a useful tool for elucidating and establishing the structure of the carbohydrate part of serum glycoproteins.", "PMID": 402436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1403", "title": "Developmental effects of exposing Drosophila embryos to ether vapour.", "content": "Drosophila embryos at precise developmental stages were exposed to ether vapour. The defects in the resulting embryos and adults were observed. Ether disrupted embroygenesis in specific ways, causing defects primarily at the anterior of the embryo and disorganizing the arrangement of the segments. Adults showed deficiencies and duplications of many imaginal disc and histoblast derivatives. Phenocopies of the bithorax mutation which transforms metathorax to mesothorax were observed. They were first induced at the syncytial blastoderm stage, had their peak of production at the cellular blastoderm, and were no longer observed after the anterior and posterior midgut were partially invaginated. It was observed that not only are the halter/wing transformations confined to the anterior compartment, but also leg 3 to leg 2 transformations only occurred in the anterior leg compartment.", "contents": "Developmental effects of exposing Drosophila embryos to ether vapour. Drosophila embryos at precise developmental stages were exposed to ether vapour. The defects in the resulting embryos and adults were observed. Ether disrupted embroygenesis in specific ways, causing defects primarily at the anterior of the embryo and disorganizing the arrangement of the segments. Adults showed deficiencies and duplications of many imaginal disc and histoblast derivatives. Phenocopies of the bithorax mutation which transforms metathorax to mesothorax were observed. They were first induced at the syncytial blastoderm stage, had their peak of production at the cellular blastoderm, and were no longer observed after the anterior and posterior midgut were partially invaginated. It was observed that not only are the halter/wing transformations confined to the anterior compartment, but also leg 3 to leg 2 transformations only occurred in the anterior leg compartment.", "PMID": 402437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1404", "title": "Calcium-activated conductance in skate electroreceptors: voltage clamp experiments.", "content": "Voltage clamp experiments allow further characterization of the calcium-dependent repolarizing process in skate electroreceptor epithelium. Four current components are described: a prolonged capacity current, a leakage current, an early active current which flows inward across the lumenal membranes of the receptor cells, and a late current which flows outward. The leakage and capacity currents are linear and may be substracted from the total current, giving net active currents. The early active current is carried by calcium and does not undergo inactivation for at least several seconds. When large stimuli exceed the reversal potential for the early calcium current, the late current is suppressed. Reduction of the ionized calcium concentration in the lumen lowers the reversal potential for the early current and the suppression potential for the late current by the same amount. We conclude that the late current is initiated by a calcium influx into the cytoplasm. During pulses of moderate duration, activation of the late current does not begin until a fixed amount of calcium has entered the receptor cells. The required amount of calcium is reduced if a recent calcium influx has occurred. We suggest that the calcium-activated outward current is mediated by a distinct macromolecule that is insensitive to voltage. Such macromolecules are likely to have an important role in the regulation of electrical activity in excitable cells.", "contents": "Calcium-activated conductance in skate electroreceptors: voltage clamp experiments. Voltage clamp experiments allow further characterization of the calcium-dependent repolarizing process in skate electroreceptor epithelium. Four current components are described: a prolonged capacity current, a leakage current, an early active current which flows inward across the lumenal membranes of the receptor cells, and a late current which flows outward. The leakage and capacity currents are linear and may be substracted from the total current, giving net active currents. The early active current is carried by calcium and does not undergo inactivation for at least several seconds. When large stimuli exceed the reversal potential for the early calcium current, the late current is suppressed. Reduction of the ionized calcium concentration in the lumen lowers the reversal potential for the early current and the suppression potential for the late current by the same amount. We conclude that the late current is initiated by a calcium influx into the cytoplasm. During pulses of moderate duration, activation of the late current does not begin until a fixed amount of calcium has entered the receptor cells. The required amount of calcium is reduced if a recent calcium influx has occurred. We suggest that the calcium-activated outward current is mediated by a distinct macromolecule that is insensitive to voltage. Such macromolecules are likely to have an important role in the regulation of electrical activity in excitable cells.", "PMID": 402438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1405", "title": "Characteristics of a short incubation model of scrapie in the golden hamster.", "content": "Repeated passage of the \"Chandler\" strain of scrapie in female golden hamsters using the intracerebral route of inoculation reduces the minimum incubation period to 60 days, about half of the minimum incubation period so far found in any of the mouse models of scrapie. The infectivity titres in brain in the clinical stage of the disease are considerably higher (greater than 8-0 -log10 LD50 i.c. units/0-05 g) than those found in mouse scrapie. The biological characteristics of this model of hamster scrapie are reported, including the effects on incubation period of route of inoculation, dose of agent, sex of hamster, ambient temperature (hibernation) and splenectomy. Some general and specific applications of this experimental model of scrapie are discussed.", "contents": "Characteristics of a short incubation model of scrapie in the golden hamster. Repeated passage of the \"Chandler\" strain of scrapie in female golden hamsters using the intracerebral route of inoculation reduces the minimum incubation period to 60 days, about half of the minimum incubation period so far found in any of the mouse models of scrapie. The infectivity titres in brain in the clinical stage of the disease are considerably higher (greater than 8-0 -log10 LD50 i.c. units/0-05 g) than those found in mouse scrapie. The biological characteristics of this model of hamster scrapie are reported, including the effects on incubation period of route of inoculation, dose of agent, sex of hamster, ambient temperature (hibernation) and splenectomy. Some general and specific applications of this experimental model of scrapie are discussed.", "PMID": 402439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1406", "title": "Intracellular calcium and extra-retinal photoreception of Aplysia Giant neurons.", "content": "The early or \"instantaneous\" current-voltage relationship for the light-activated potassium current in Aplysia giant neurons was linear during the first second of illumination. However, the light current was greatly reduced or abolished by prolonged hyperpolarization. It was also greatly reduced by the injection of calcium EGTA buffers having calcium activities of 5.6 X 10(-8) M and simulated by injecting buffers with calcium activities of 2.8-5.6 X 10(-7) M. Removal of calcium from the extracellular fluid had no effect. Both the light- and calcium-activated outward potassium currents were reduced by tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions. The light current was not affected by substituting rubidium for potassium nor by substituting either lithium or Tris for sodium. The calcium-activated potassium current persisted when the neuron was cooled to 5 degrees C. However, the light response could no longer be elicited. Light hyperpolarizes Aplysia neurons probably by increasing intracellular calcium activity two-to six-fold which activates a membrane potassium conductance. Calcium levels appear to be restored within the cell and are energy dependent. The light-activated release of calcium is inhibited by cooling. The body wall of Aplysia transmits enough visible or 500 nm light to hyperpolarize some Aplysia giant neurons under ambient conditons. These neurons may be involved in the extraretinal light entrainment that occurs in Aplysia.", "contents": "Intracellular calcium and extra-retinal photoreception of Aplysia Giant neurons. The early or \"instantaneous\" current-voltage relationship for the light-activated potassium current in Aplysia giant neurons was linear during the first second of illumination. However, the light current was greatly reduced or abolished by prolonged hyperpolarization. It was also greatly reduced by the injection of calcium EGTA buffers having calcium activities of 5.6 X 10(-8) M and simulated by injecting buffers with calcium activities of 2.8-5.6 X 10(-7) M. Removal of calcium from the extracellular fluid had no effect. Both the light- and calcium-activated outward potassium currents were reduced by tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions. The light current was not affected by substituting rubidium for potassium nor by substituting either lithium or Tris for sodium. The calcium-activated potassium current persisted when the neuron was cooled to 5 degrees C. However, the light response could no longer be elicited. Light hyperpolarizes Aplysia neurons probably by increasing intracellular calcium activity two-to six-fold which activates a membrane potassium conductance. Calcium levels appear to be restored within the cell and are energy dependent. The light-activated release of calcium is inhibited by cooling. The body wall of Aplysia transmits enough visible or 500 nm light to hyperpolarize some Aplysia giant neurons under ambient conditons. These neurons may be involved in the extraretinal light entrainment that occurs in Aplysia.", "PMID": 402440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1407", "title": "Lipochondria and the light response of Aplysia giant neurons,.", "content": "The ultrastructure, absorbance, and elemental content of lipochondria present in the cytoplasm of Aplysia giant neurons have been investigated before and after 30-1,200 sec doses of white light at intensities which produce saturated light responses. The effects of exposure to the calcium ionophore A-23187 and to EGTA were also examined. The lipochondria of nonilluminated neurons are membrane-bound, and contain lipids, protein, Na, K, Mg Ca, Si, Cl, Br, P, and a pigment which is probably beta-carotene. The cytoplasm appeared to have little pigment. When neurons were illuminated for 20 min, 60-70% of the lipochondria showed marked ultrastructural alterations, the most notable being the appearance of membranous material. Earlier changes which occur after 30 sec of illumination include the appearance of paracrystalline arrays and mottling. Less than 10% of lipochondria in nonilluminated neurons have a similar appearance. These effects were greatly enhanced in illuminated neurons exposed to the calcium ionophore or EGTA. In nonilluminated neurons, the ionophore also produced ultrastructural changes. In frozen specimens, the calcium content of the most electron dense lipochondria of illuminated neurons was reduced. Other elements which were counted were also reduced. The lipochondria are the main intracellular site of photopigment. They may also act as an intracellular source for calcium which, as the accompanying paper indicated, may mediate phototransduction in Aplysia neurons.", "contents": "Lipochondria and the light response of Aplysia giant neurons,. The ultrastructure, absorbance, and elemental content of lipochondria present in the cytoplasm of Aplysia giant neurons have been investigated before and after 30-1,200 sec doses of white light at intensities which produce saturated light responses. The effects of exposure to the calcium ionophore A-23187 and to EGTA were also examined. The lipochondria of nonilluminated neurons are membrane-bound, and contain lipids, protein, Na, K, Mg Ca, Si, Cl, Br, P, and a pigment which is probably beta-carotene. The cytoplasm appeared to have little pigment. When neurons were illuminated for 20 min, 60-70% of the lipochondria showed marked ultrastructural alterations, the most notable being the appearance of membranous material. Earlier changes which occur after 30 sec of illumination include the appearance of paracrystalline arrays and mottling. Less than 10% of lipochondria in nonilluminated neurons have a similar appearance. These effects were greatly enhanced in illuminated neurons exposed to the calcium ionophore or EGTA. In nonilluminated neurons, the ionophore also produced ultrastructural changes. In frozen specimens, the calcium content of the most electron dense lipochondria of illuminated neurons was reduced. Other elements which were counted were also reduced. The lipochondria are the main intracellular site of photopigment. They may also act as an intracellular source for calcium which, as the accompanying paper indicated, may mediate phototransduction in Aplysia neurons.", "PMID": 402441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1408", "title": "Morphological characteristics of the acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons in the CNS of DFP-treated monkeys.", "content": "The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC3.1.1.7) within extrapyramidal and related structures was studied in 4 monkeys following the i.m. administration of bis-(1-methylethyl) phosphorofluoridate (di-isopropylfluorophosphate: DFP). In 1 animal, sacrificed 4 hr after the injection of 0.43 mg/kg C, AChE is virtually absent in all structures. In the other 3 animals, which received 0.20 mg/kg DFP 10, 12 and 18 hr prior to sacrifice, AChE activity is greatly reduced in the neuropil of those structures which normally show intense AChE activity in pharmacologically unmanipulated monkeys. As a consequence of the lower background AChE activity in the latter 3 DFP-treated monkeys, the perikarya and processes of several groups of neurons can be readily identified. The perikarya and processes of two types of neurons of the neostriatum, representing a small percentage of all neurons in this structure, are intensely stained. They apparently correspond to the chromatic giant aspiny neurons and the achromatic medium-size \"spidery aspiny\" neurons. Most perikarya and processes of the neurons of the medial and lateral divisions of the pallidum, as well as the morphologically similar neurons of the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra, display light to moderate AChE activity. The pars compacta of the substantia nigra contains a small number of intensely stained elongated and triangular neurons and numerous moderately stained ovoid neurons whose processes are very lightly reactive. The cell bodies of the neurons of the subthalamic nucleus and associated groups of neurons (nucleus ansae peduncularis) are moderately stained whereas the perikarya and processes of the subnucleus compactus of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus are intensely and moderately stained, respectively. Numerous large and multipolar neurons associated with the lenticular nucleus (intralamellar groups) or the pallidum (peripallidal groups) including the nucleus ansae lenticularis have somata and processes which show an intense AChE activity. Certain of the latter groups of neurons, partially interspersed with the neurons of the substantia innominata, correspond in part to the nucleus basalis of Meynert. The present data are compatible with the idea that the large AChE neurons of the neostriatum may be the source of the acetylcholinesterasic striatopallidal and strionigral fibers. The similarity between the neurons of the pallidum and those of the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra suggests that the latter structure may represent a caudal extension of pallidal tissue. Therefore, the nigrothalamic projection, which has been claimed to originate in the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra, would correspond to pallidothalamic projections.", "contents": "Morphological characteristics of the acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons in the CNS of DFP-treated monkeys. The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC3.1.1.7) within extrapyramidal and related structures was studied in 4 monkeys following the i.m. administration of bis-(1-methylethyl) phosphorofluoridate (di-isopropylfluorophosphate: DFP). In 1 animal, sacrificed 4 hr after the injection of 0.43 mg/kg C, AChE is virtually absent in all structures. In the other 3 animals, which received 0.20 mg/kg DFP 10, 12 and 18 hr prior to sacrifice, AChE activity is greatly reduced in the neuropil of those structures which normally show intense AChE activity in pharmacologically unmanipulated monkeys. As a consequence of the lower background AChE activity in the latter 3 DFP-treated monkeys, the perikarya and processes of several groups of neurons can be readily identified. The perikarya and processes of two types of neurons of the neostriatum, representing a small percentage of all neurons in this structure, are intensely stained. They apparently correspond to the chromatic giant aspiny neurons and the achromatic medium-size \"spidery aspiny\" neurons. Most perikarya and processes of the neurons of the medial and lateral divisions of the pallidum, as well as the morphologically similar neurons of the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra, display light to moderate AChE activity. The pars compacta of the substantia nigra contains a small number of intensely stained elongated and triangular neurons and numerous moderately stained ovoid neurons whose processes are very lightly reactive. The cell bodies of the neurons of the subthalamic nucleus and associated groups of neurons (nucleus ansae peduncularis) are moderately stained whereas the perikarya and processes of the subnucleus compactus of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus are intensely and moderately stained, respectively. Numerous large and multipolar neurons associated with the lenticular nucleus (intralamellar groups) or the pallidum (peripallidal groups) including the nucleus ansae lenticularis have somata and processes which show an intense AChE activity. Certain of the latter groups of neurons, partially interspersed with the neurons of the substantia innominata, correspond in part to the nucleus basalis of Meynert. The present data are compatible with the idea that the large AChE neurons of the neostriatum may be the source of the acetylcholinesterasic striatopallidal and strionigral fibers. The similarity between the neurons of the pallidum and those of the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra suggests that the latter structure may represent a caudal extension of pallidal tissue. Therefore, the nigrothalamic projection, which has been claimed to originate in the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra, would correspond to pallidothalamic projections.", "PMID": 402443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1409", "title": "The effect of alpha adrenergic blockade on spinal cord autoregulation in the monkey.", "content": "Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) was measured over a wide range of artificially varied mean systemic arterial blood pressures (MAP) in a group of monkeys with alpha adrenergic receptors blocked by the intravenous administration of phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline). The SCBF was found to vary linearly with changes in MAP. Autoregulation appeared to have been abolished. These data are cited as evidence for a dominant role of the sympathetic nervous system in control of the spinal circulation.", "contents": "The effect of alpha adrenergic blockade on spinal cord autoregulation in the monkey. Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) was measured over a wide range of artificially varied mean systemic arterial blood pressures (MAP) in a group of monkeys with alpha adrenergic receptors blocked by the intravenous administration of phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline). The SCBF was found to vary linearly with changes in MAP. Autoregulation appeared to have been abolished. These data are cited as evidence for a dominant role of the sympathetic nervous system in control of the spinal circulation.", "PMID": 402444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1410", "title": "The value of preplacement medical examinations for nonhazardous light duty work.", "content": "A prospective study on 6,125 job applicants for light duty telephone company work is presented, which indicates that a preplacement medical evaluation is not predictive of risks relating to work attendance or job performance in nonhazardous assignments. Results show that between groups of employees, who were medically classified at the time of hire into categories with or without employment risk factors, there was no significant difference relative to sickness, accident or other absence, or to work performance during the first twelve months after hire. A work force loss of 25% is seen during the first year after hire without significant difference between groups for either numbers of employees lost or reason for loss. A cost-benefit analysis based on this study is presented, which demonstrates that the preplacement medical evaluation for light duty assignments is not cost effective. In addition, further unnecessary costs are incurred when job applicants are medically evaluated but not hired, which is shown to occur here for 27.5% of healthy applicants.", "contents": "The value of preplacement medical examinations for nonhazardous light duty work. A prospective study on 6,125 job applicants for light duty telephone company work is presented, which indicates that a preplacement medical evaluation is not predictive of risks relating to work attendance or job performance in nonhazardous assignments. Results show that between groups of employees, who were medically classified at the time of hire into categories with or without employment risk factors, there was no significant difference relative to sickness, accident or other absence, or to work performance during the first twelve months after hire. A work force loss of 25% is seen during the first year after hire without significant difference between groups for either numbers of employees lost or reason for loss. A cost-benefit analysis based on this study is presented, which demonstrates that the preplacement medical evaluation for light duty assignments is not cost effective. In addition, further unnecessary costs are incurred when job applicants are medically evaluated but not hired, which is shown to occur here for 27.5% of healthy applicants.", "PMID": 402445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1411", "title": "Occupational habituation to aliphatic nitrates and the withdrawal hazards of coronary disease and hypertension.", "content": "The symptoms of acute aliphatic nitrate toxicity are the same whether the exposure was to excess clinical medication or to percutaneous absorption during manufacture or packaging. In industrial exposures there is good evidence of chronic toxicity, with hazards of (a) increased risk of coronary pain and sudden death after withdrawal, and (b) increased risk of sustained hypertension in predisposed persons. On this basis we must suspect that certain types of therapy with aliphatic nitrate drugs might aggravate the course of coronary heart disease or hypertension. Should not these drugs be removed from the market until their long-term safety has been proved? Industrial experience with these chemicals has been incompletely reported, and more data are needed.", "contents": "Occupational habituation to aliphatic nitrates and the withdrawal hazards of coronary disease and hypertension. The symptoms of acute aliphatic nitrate toxicity are the same whether the exposure was to excess clinical medication or to percutaneous absorption during manufacture or packaging. In industrial exposures there is good evidence of chronic toxicity, with hazards of (a) increased risk of coronary pain and sudden death after withdrawal, and (b) increased risk of sustained hypertension in predisposed persons. On this basis we must suspect that certain types of therapy with aliphatic nitrate drugs might aggravate the course of coronary heart disease or hypertension. Should not these drugs be removed from the market until their long-term safety has been proved? Industrial experience with these chemicals has been incompletely reported, and more data are needed.", "PMID": 402446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1412", "title": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia in a group of south africans: Its clinical and microscopic features.", "content": "Thirty-seven cases of focal epithelial hyperplasia were discovered among pupils of reform schools and none among pupils of ordinary schools. This difference in occurrence was significant (P less than 0.01). Lesions were either discrete papules or clusters of papules; and the lining mucosa was the most affected part. Eighteen cases were examined microscopically revealing the typical features of the condition. The fact that these lesions occurred in a select group of pupils all of whom are classified as Cape Coloured points to either a selective distribution of the disease or a spread of the disease among people living in communal circumstances. This pattern of distribution coupled with the clinical and histological features would fit a disease of viral origin which is also communicable.", "contents": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia in a group of south africans: Its clinical and microscopic features. Thirty-seven cases of focal epithelial hyperplasia were discovered among pupils of reform schools and none among pupils of ordinary schools. This difference in occurrence was significant (P less than 0.01). Lesions were either discrete papules or clusters of papules; and the lining mucosa was the most affected part. Eighteen cases were examined microscopically revealing the typical features of the condition. The fact that these lesions occurred in a select group of pupils all of whom are classified as Cape Coloured points to either a selective distribution of the disease or a spread of the disease among people living in communal circumstances. This pattern of distribution coupled with the clinical and histological features would fit a disease of viral origin which is also communicable.", "PMID": 402448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1413", "title": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia in a group of South Africans: Its ultrastructural features.", "content": "Electron microscopic observation of samples of tissues from lesions diagnosed as focal epithelial hyperplasia revealed the presence of viral particles in six (possibly seven) of 13 cases examined. Viral particles were intranuclear and varied from sparsely scattered to densely packed. A crystalline arrangement was present in one case. The chromatin of affected cells was typically condensed into clumps and thick bands, and the nuclear membrane was usually absent in pronounced cases. The nuclei of the basal and prickle cells were frequently indented and the chromatin peripherally condensed. Numbers of lysosomal-like organelles were observed in many of these cells. The ballooning epithelial cells with their mitosis-like aberrations observed with light microscopy consisted of a rim of tonofilaments and organelles and a homogeneous granular center interspersed with dense areas. It is suggested that the nuclear characteristics and numerous lysosomes observed in basal and prickle cells are cellular changes induced by the viral infection and that the mitosis-like aberrations represent a bizarre and arrested form of mitosis.", "contents": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia in a group of South Africans: Its ultrastructural features. Electron microscopic observation of samples of tissues from lesions diagnosed as focal epithelial hyperplasia revealed the presence of viral particles in six (possibly seven) of 13 cases examined. Viral particles were intranuclear and varied from sparsely scattered to densely packed. A crystalline arrangement was present in one case. The chromatin of affected cells was typically condensed into clumps and thick bands, and the nuclear membrane was usually absent in pronounced cases. The nuclei of the basal and prickle cells were frequently indented and the chromatin peripherally condensed. Numbers of lysosomal-like organelles were observed in many of these cells. The ballooning epithelial cells with their mitosis-like aberrations observed with light microscopy consisted of a rim of tonofilaments and organelles and a homogeneous granular center interspersed with dense areas. It is suggested that the nuclear characteristics and numerous lysosomes observed in basal and prickle cells are cellular changes induced by the viral infection and that the mitosis-like aberrations represent a bizarre and arrested form of mitosis.", "PMID": 402449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1414", "title": "Intra-uterine healing of fetal rat oral mucosal, skin and cartilage wounds.", "content": "Orofacial wounds, including rupture of the palate, were surgically created in utero on 19 1/2 day Sprague Dawley rat fetuses. Six hours prior to sacrifice 0.1 mgm/100 gm maternal body weight of colchicine was injected subcutaneously. Five fetuses in each group of operated and unoperated controls were sacrificed at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h postoperatively. Serial histological sections in the frontal plane were stained with hemotoxylin and eosin and modified Mallory's. Rapid and complete epithelialization of oral and skin wounds was observed within the 72 h period. There was a complete lack of inflammatory response, scab formation and involvement of nasal epithelium in healing. Nasal cartilage wounds rapidly rounded off and the perichondrium reformed without evidence of callus formation. These findings are discussed in regard to the etiology of some congenital defects and the prospects of fetal surgical correction of orofacial deformity.", "contents": "Intra-uterine healing of fetal rat oral mucosal, skin and cartilage wounds. Orofacial wounds, including rupture of the palate, were surgically created in utero on 19 1/2 day Sprague Dawley rat fetuses. Six hours prior to sacrifice 0.1 mgm/100 gm maternal body weight of colchicine was injected subcutaneously. Five fetuses in each group of operated and unoperated controls were sacrificed at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h postoperatively. Serial histological sections in the frontal plane were stained with hemotoxylin and eosin and modified Mallory's. Rapid and complete epithelialization of oral and skin wounds was observed within the 72 h period. There was a complete lack of inflammatory response, scab formation and involvement of nasal epithelium in healing. Nasal cartilage wounds rapidly rounded off and the perichondrium reformed without evidence of callus formation. These findings are discussed in regard to the etiology of some congenital defects and the prospects of fetal surgical correction of orofacial deformity.", "PMID": 402451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1415", "title": "Pigmented cells in adenolymphoma (Warthin's tumor).", "content": "A study of a series of adenolymphomas showed the presence of pigmented cells in the lymphoid stroma in 85% of the cases. The pigmented cells contained light brown cytoplasmic pigment and manifested sudanophila, acid-fastness, silver reduction capacity, PAS positivity and yellow autofluorescence in ultraviolet light. The morphology, histochemical reactions and autofluorescence suggest that the pigmented cells are macrophages containing ceroid derived from breakdown of damaged organelles of the epithelial tumor cells. It is possible that these cells play a role in the elimination of undigestable pigment material present in the cystic spaces of the tumor.", "contents": "Pigmented cells in adenolymphoma (Warthin's tumor). A study of a series of adenolymphomas showed the presence of pigmented cells in the lymphoid stroma in 85% of the cases. The pigmented cells contained light brown cytoplasmic pigment and manifested sudanophila, acid-fastness, silver reduction capacity, PAS positivity and yellow autofluorescence in ultraviolet light. The morphology, histochemical reactions and autofluorescence suggest that the pigmented cells are macrophages containing ceroid derived from breakdown of damaged organelles of the epithelial tumor cells. It is possible that these cells play a role in the elimination of undigestable pigment material present in the cystic spaces of the tumor.", "PMID": 402453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1416", "title": "The histological effects of composite resin materials on the pulps of monkey teeth.", "content": "Pulpal response of three bis glycol methacrylate composite resins, Smile, Simulate and Experimental Composite no. 2 were tested on primary and permanent monkey teeth using zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) and silicate as controls. All materials were placed in Class V cavity preparations in Rhesus monkey teeth and evaluated at 3 days and 5 and 8 weeks. The materials were randomly placed in anterior and posterior teeth utilizing 75 primary and 75 permanent teeth. Following perfusion the teeth were prepared by routine histological procedures. The 3 day response of the composite resins was moderate, characterized by disruption of the odontoblasts, vacuolization and mild inflammatory response underlying the cavity. At 5 weeks the formation of reparative dentin and a decrease in the inflammatory response was similar for all resins observed. At 8 weeks a slight increase in reparative dentin and continued decrease in inflammation was noted when compared to the 5 weeks responses. At all time intervals ZOE produced the least pulpal response while silicate produced the most severe response.", "contents": "The histological effects of composite resin materials on the pulps of monkey teeth. Pulpal response of three bis glycol methacrylate composite resins, Smile, Simulate and Experimental Composite no. 2 were tested on primary and permanent monkey teeth using zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) and silicate as controls. All materials were placed in Class V cavity preparations in Rhesus monkey teeth and evaluated at 3 days and 5 and 8 weeks. The materials were randomly placed in anterior and posterior teeth utilizing 75 primary and 75 permanent teeth. Following perfusion the teeth were prepared by routine histological procedures. The 3 day response of the composite resins was moderate, characterized by disruption of the odontoblasts, vacuolization and mild inflammatory response underlying the cavity. At 5 weeks the formation of reparative dentin and a decrease in the inflammatory response was similar for all resins observed. At 8 weeks a slight increase in reparative dentin and continued decrease in inflammation was noted when compared to the 5 weeks responses. At all time intervals ZOE produced the least pulpal response while silicate produced the most severe response.", "PMID": 402454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1417", "title": "Changes in the fine structure of the human dental pulp subsequent to carious exposure.", "content": "Sections of human pulp tissue taken from the region of a carious exposure in four young patients each having a clinical history of spontaneous dental pain were examined with the electron microscope. All the tissues examined exhibited a generalized edema, and an infiltration with lymphocytes, plasma cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. Varying degree of lysis of pulp and inflammatory cells were evident. The unmyelinated nerve axons of the pulp appeared to be least affected. Extracellular lysosomes were present in many of the necrotic areas. Edematous vacuoles were noted in two of the pulp specimens. In some of the sections these vacuoles appeared to be responsible for a physical distortion of adjacent unmyelinated nerve axons. It was postulated that such distortion may be a contributing factor to the pain of pulpitis. In another of the pulp specimens, micro-organisms were found intracellularly and extracellularly. Intracellularly they were present within the cytoplasm of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages and exhibited evidence of lysis. Only two morphological forms, a gram positive rod, and a gram positive coccus were identified.", "contents": "Changes in the fine structure of the human dental pulp subsequent to carious exposure. Sections of human pulp tissue taken from the region of a carious exposure in four young patients each having a clinical history of spontaneous dental pain were examined with the electron microscope. All the tissues examined exhibited a generalized edema, and an infiltration with lymphocytes, plasma cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. Varying degree of lysis of pulp and inflammatory cells were evident. The unmyelinated nerve axons of the pulp appeared to be least affected. Extracellular lysosomes were present in many of the necrotic areas. Edematous vacuoles were noted in two of the pulp specimens. In some of the sections these vacuoles appeared to be responsible for a physical distortion of adjacent unmyelinated nerve axons. It was postulated that such distortion may be a contributing factor to the pain of pulpitis. In another of the pulp specimens, micro-organisms were found intracellularly and extracellularly. Intracellularly they were present within the cytoplasm of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages and exhibited evidence of lysis. Only two morphological forms, a gram positive rod, and a gram positive coccus were identified.", "PMID": 402455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1418", "title": "Experimental allergic sialoadenitis. X. Chronic destructive parotitis induced in immunized rats by daily intraductal challenges with antigen.", "content": "The right parotid duct of rats was instilled five to eight times with bovine serum albumin at daily intervals. Acute parotitis developed in non-sensitized animals, while chronic destructive sialoadenitis ensued in preimmunized rats. The morphological changes were reminiscent of those found in the salivary glands of patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "contents": "Experimental allergic sialoadenitis. X. Chronic destructive parotitis induced in immunized rats by daily intraductal challenges with antigen. The right parotid duct of rats was instilled five to eight times with bovine serum albumin at daily intervals. Acute parotitis developed in non-sensitized animals, while chronic destructive sialoadenitis ensued in preimmunized rats. The morphological changes were reminiscent of those found in the salivary glands of patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "PMID": 402456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1419", "title": "Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infancy associated with parenteral alimentation.", "content": "Liver biopsy was performed to exclude anatomic obstruction of the biliary tract in five prematurely born infants who had developed conjugated hyperbilirubinemia during intravenous alimentation with a protein hydrolysate. Each was being treated after having undergone a segmental intestinal resection for necrotizing enterocolitis. Bacterial and viral infections, metabolic disorders, and isoimmune hemolytic disease were excluded as possible causes of jaundice. Light microscopic and ultrastructural analysis disclosed cholestasis and hepatocellular injury without significant inflammatory reaction. Jaundice abated following permanent discontinuation of parenteral alimentation. The jaundice and cholestasis are interpreted to be hepatotoxic effects because of (1) their temporal relationship to the treatment and (2) the presence of hepatocellular damage.", "contents": "Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in infancy associated with parenteral alimentation. Liver biopsy was performed to exclude anatomic obstruction of the biliary tract in five prematurely born infants who had developed conjugated hyperbilirubinemia during intravenous alimentation with a protein hydrolysate. Each was being treated after having undergone a segmental intestinal resection for necrotizing enterocolitis. Bacterial and viral infections, metabolic disorders, and isoimmune hemolytic disease were excluded as possible causes of jaundice. Light microscopic and ultrastructural analysis disclosed cholestasis and hepatocellular injury without significant inflammatory reaction. Jaundice abated following permanent discontinuation of parenteral alimentation. The jaundice and cholestasis are interpreted to be hepatotoxic effects because of (1) their temporal relationship to the treatment and (2) the presence of hepatocellular damage.", "PMID": 402457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1420", "title": "Impaired assimilation of nasojejunal feeds in healthy low-birth-weight newborn infants.", "content": "We compared nasojejunal with nasogastric tube feeding in 18 healthy low-birth-weight infants from eight to 15 days of age. NJ-fed infants had significantly more stools and excreted significantly more fat and potassium in their stools. Growth and weight gain did not differ between the groups during the study period. Future use of NJ feeding in LBW infants should take into account the possibility of malabsorption associated with this technique.", "contents": "Impaired assimilation of nasojejunal feeds in healthy low-birth-weight newborn infants. We compared nasojejunal with nasogastric tube feeding in 18 healthy low-birth-weight infants from eight to 15 days of age. NJ-fed infants had significantly more stools and excreted significantly more fat and potassium in their stools. Growth and weight gain did not differ between the groups during the study period. Future use of NJ feeding in LBW infants should take into account the possibility of malabsorption associated with this technique.", "PMID": 402459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1421", "title": "Platelet dysfunction in the neonate with essential fatty acid deficiency.", "content": "Platelet aggregation in response to ADP was studied in five EFA-deficient sick premature newborn infants who were receiving fat-free parenteral nutrition. EFA deficiency was diagnosed by analysis of plasma lipid fatty acid values. The deficient infants had impaired platelet aggregation when compared to other low-birth-weight infants fed orally who served as control subjects (maximum 18.1% versus 43.4% at 2.5 muM ADP; 34.5% versus 52.2% at 5.0 muM ADP). In addition, the platelets from EFA-deficient infants demonstrated clearly evident disaggregation. On recovery from their deficient state, the low-birth-weight infants had platelet functions similar to those of apparently healthy premature infants. Clinical hemorrhage occurred in four of the EFA-deficient infants. Thus a deficiency of arachidonic acid, the precursor of thromboxane A2, is correlated with an impairment of the aggregation of platelets, a phenomenon mediated by thromboxane A2. This correlation provides the basis for a hypothesis that the observed EFA deficiency is causally related to the platelet dysfunction.", "contents": "Platelet dysfunction in the neonate with essential fatty acid deficiency. Platelet aggregation in response to ADP was studied in five EFA-deficient sick premature newborn infants who were receiving fat-free parenteral nutrition. EFA deficiency was diagnosed by analysis of plasma lipid fatty acid values. The deficient infants had impaired platelet aggregation when compared to other low-birth-weight infants fed orally who served as control subjects (maximum 18.1% versus 43.4% at 2.5 muM ADP; 34.5% versus 52.2% at 5.0 muM ADP). In addition, the platelets from EFA-deficient infants demonstrated clearly evident disaggregation. On recovery from their deficient state, the low-birth-weight infants had platelet functions similar to those of apparently healthy premature infants. Clinical hemorrhage occurred in four of the EFA-deficient infants. Thus a deficiency of arachidonic acid, the precursor of thromboxane A2, is correlated with an impairment of the aggregation of platelets, a phenomenon mediated by thromboxane A2. This correlation provides the basis for a hypothesis that the observed EFA deficiency is causally related to the platelet dysfunction.", "PMID": 402460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1422", "title": "Reservoirs of pseudomonas in an intensive care unit for newborn infants: mechanisms of control.", "content": "Potential reservoirs of pseudomonas within a neonatal ICU were evaluated. Colonization of infants by the same pseudomonas pyocin types could be classified as a cluster colonization (occurring over three to ten days), or serial colonization (occurring over longer times). Hands of personnel, sink surfaces, and solutions used to rinse nasopharyngeal catheters were identified as the principle reservoirs. Utilization of a liquid iodophor agent for hand washing and of acetic acid for rinsing suction catheters was associated with a significant reduction in the histologic evidence of sepsis and of pneumonia observed among autopsied infants.", "contents": "Reservoirs of pseudomonas in an intensive care unit for newborn infants: mechanisms of control. Potential reservoirs of pseudomonas within a neonatal ICU were evaluated. Colonization of infants by the same pseudomonas pyocin types could be classified as a cluster colonization (occurring over three to ten days), or serial colonization (occurring over longer times). Hands of personnel, sink surfaces, and solutions used to rinse nasopharyngeal catheters were identified as the principle reservoirs. Utilization of a liquid iodophor agent for hand washing and of acetic acid for rinsing suction catheters was associated with a significant reduction in the histologic evidence of sepsis and of pneumonia observed among autopsied infants.", "PMID": 402461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1423", "title": "Development of bilirubin transport and metabolism in the newborn rhesus monkey.", "content": "Hepatic transport and metabolism of bilirubin have been examined in term, premature, and postmature newborn Macaca mulatta (rhesus) monkeys with and without prior phenobarbital treatment of pregnant mother and neonate. In untreated neonates a biphasic pattern of physiologic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia has been observed. Phase I was characterized by a rapid increase in serum bilirubin concentration to 4.5 mg/dl by 19 hours and an equally rapid decline to 1.0 mg/dl by 48 hours of age. Phase II was characterized by a stable elevation at 1.0 mg/dl (four times greater than in the adult) from 48 to 96 hourse of age, followed by a decline to normal adult concentrations thereafter. An identical pattern was observed in 29 normal, term human neonates, but the duration of each phase was approximately three times as long as that in the monkey. Phase I hyperbilirubinemia appears to result from a sixfold increase in bilirubin load presented to the liver in the neonatal period, combined with marked deficieny in hepatic bilirubin conjugation, the rate-limiting step during Phase I. Hepatic uptake of bilirubin is not rate limiting during Phase I but may contribute to Phase II hyperbilirubinemia. An increased bilirubin load persists throughout the first 19 days of life in the monkey. Phase I physiologic jaundice in the monkey neonate was completely eliminated by prenatal maternal and neonatal administration of phenobarbital. A threefold enhancement of hepatic conjugation of bilirubin (glucuronyl transferase activity) during Phase I entirely accounted for the prevention of hyperbilirubinemia. The bilirubin load was unaffected by administration of phenobarbital. Whereas in control neonates the bilirubin load slightly exceeded hepatic bilirubin conjugating capacity and resulted in retention of bilirubin, in phenobarbital-treated neonates, hepatic conjugating capacity slightly exceeded that required for the bilirubin load. Administration of phenobarbital failed to alter Phase II hyperbilirubinemia and did not enhance either maximal hepatic uptake or excretion of bilirubin. Hepatic glucuronly transferase activity was increased threefold during Phase II and during the remainder of the neonatal period. Premature birth retarded maturation of hepatic glucuronyl transferase activity. In one phenobarbital-treated premature monkey neonate, there was no apparent response to treatment. Accelerated maturation of bilirubin uptake, conjugation, and excretion of bilirubin was observed in one postmature monkey neonate.", "contents": "Development of bilirubin transport and metabolism in the newborn rhesus monkey. Hepatic transport and metabolism of bilirubin have been examined in term, premature, and postmature newborn Macaca mulatta (rhesus) monkeys with and without prior phenobarbital treatment of pregnant mother and neonate. In untreated neonates a biphasic pattern of physiologic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia has been observed. Phase I was characterized by a rapid increase in serum bilirubin concentration to 4.5 mg/dl by 19 hours and an equally rapid decline to 1.0 mg/dl by 48 hours of age. Phase II was characterized by a stable elevation at 1.0 mg/dl (four times greater than in the adult) from 48 to 96 hourse of age, followed by a decline to normal adult concentrations thereafter. An identical pattern was observed in 29 normal, term human neonates, but the duration of each phase was approximately three times as long as that in the monkey. Phase I hyperbilirubinemia appears to result from a sixfold increase in bilirubin load presented to the liver in the neonatal period, combined with marked deficieny in hepatic bilirubin conjugation, the rate-limiting step during Phase I. Hepatic uptake of bilirubin is not rate limiting during Phase I but may contribute to Phase II hyperbilirubinemia. An increased bilirubin load persists throughout the first 19 days of life in the monkey. Phase I physiologic jaundice in the monkey neonate was completely eliminated by prenatal maternal and neonatal administration of phenobarbital. A threefold enhancement of hepatic conjugation of bilirubin (glucuronyl transferase activity) during Phase I entirely accounted for the prevention of hyperbilirubinemia. The bilirubin load was unaffected by administration of phenobarbital. Whereas in control neonates the bilirubin load slightly exceeded hepatic bilirubin conjugating capacity and resulted in retention of bilirubin, in phenobarbital-treated neonates, hepatic conjugating capacity slightly exceeded that required for the bilirubin load. Administration of phenobarbital failed to alter Phase II hyperbilirubinemia and did not enhance either maximal hepatic uptake or excretion of bilirubin. Hepatic glucuronly transferase activity was increased threefold during Phase II and during the remainder of the neonatal period. Premature birth retarded maturation of hepatic glucuronyl transferase activity. In one phenobarbital-treated premature monkey neonate, there was no apparent response to treatment. Accelerated maturation of bilirubin uptake, conjugation, and excretion of bilirubin was observed in one postmature monkey neonate.", "PMID": 402463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1424", "title": "Keratinizing potential of sulcular epithelium.", "content": "It has been shown that the connective tissue base determines the epithelial surface characteristics. Although there is no apparent difference between the connective tissues underlying the subcular and the surface gingival epithelium, the sulcular epithelium is not keratinized as is the gingival surface. The influence of the sulcular environment in determination of keratinization was explored in three adult Rhesus monkeys. Twenty-four intrasulcular mucoperiosteal flaps were elevated beyond the buccal mucogingival border, were turned inside out and sutured to leave the sulcular epithelium exposed on the surface. Short term speciments (1 hour to 7 days) were obtained from one monkey which received H3 thymidine 1 hour prior to sacrifice. Biopsies were obtained from the other two monkeys covering intervals of 1 week to 2 months. The findings indicate that the sulcular epithelium has potential for keratinization. The contact to the tooth appears to determine the lack of keratinization of the sulcular epithelium.", "contents": "Keratinizing potential of sulcular epithelium. It has been shown that the connective tissue base determines the epithelial surface characteristics. Although there is no apparent difference between the connective tissues underlying the subcular and the surface gingival epithelium, the sulcular epithelium is not keratinized as is the gingival surface. The influence of the sulcular environment in determination of keratinization was explored in three adult Rhesus monkeys. Twenty-four intrasulcular mucoperiosteal flaps were elevated beyond the buccal mucogingival border, were turned inside out and sutured to leave the sulcular epithelium exposed on the surface. Short term speciments (1 hour to 7 days) were obtained from one monkey which received H3 thymidine 1 hour prior to sacrifice. Biopsies were obtained from the other two monkeys covering intervals of 1 week to 2 months. The findings indicate that the sulcular epithelium has potential for keratinization. The contact to the tooth appears to determine the lack of keratinization of the sulcular epithelium.", "PMID": 402465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1425", "title": "Vaginal drug absorption in rhesus monkeys I: development of methodology.", "content": "Earlier reports from these laboratories described a procedure for determining vaginal drug absorption in the rabbit based upon a perfusion system, and data on the vaginal absorption of the straight-chain aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids were given. These studies have been extended to the rhesus monkey. Rib-cage-type cells were designed for intravaginal insertion through the vulval orifice and to fit the specific dimensions of the monkey vagina. The general design of the cell was similar to that used in the rabbit vaginal absorption studies. The persusion system was checked by using 3H-polyethylene glycol 4000, and no significant leaks from the cell were found. The absorption of the alcohols followed first-order kinetics. The computed apparent permeability coefficients for the alcohols were of comparable magnitude to those previously reported for the rabbit vaginal membrane.", "contents": "Vaginal drug absorption in rhesus monkeys I: development of methodology. Earlier reports from these laboratories described a procedure for determining vaginal drug absorption in the rabbit based upon a perfusion system, and data on the vaginal absorption of the straight-chain aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids were given. These studies have been extended to the rhesus monkey. Rib-cage-type cells were designed for intravaginal insertion through the vulval orifice and to fit the specific dimensions of the monkey vagina. The general design of the cell was similar to that used in the rabbit vaginal absorption studies. The persusion system was checked by using 3H-polyethylene glycol 4000, and no significant leaks from the cell were found. The absorption of the alcohols followed first-order kinetics. The computed apparent permeability coefficients for the alcohols were of comparable magnitude to those previously reported for the rabbit vaginal membrane.", "PMID": 402467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1426", "title": "Effects of long-term exposure to environmental levels of polychlorinated biphenyls on pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital in rats.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital, 30mg/kg iv, were studied in untreated rats and rats pretreated with 1,5, and 25 ppm of polychlorinated biphenyls in food for up to 140 days. Environmental contaminants may contribute to variations in metabolic rates of drugs by causing enzyme induction. The objective of this work was to quantitate the effects of environmental levels of the contaminant and enzyme inducer, a polychlorinated biphenyl, on the pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital, a drug whose primary elimination route is liver metabolism. The pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital in rats could be fit to a biexponential equation of the type Cp = Ae-alpha t+ Be-beta t. After 35 days of pretreatment, only the 25-ppm-treated rats showed any significant acceleration of pentobarbital elimination. At the 70- and 140-day samplings, both the 5- and 25-ppm pretreatments showed significant acceleration of pentobarbital elimination. There were no significant effects on A, alpha, B, and Vd for any pretreatment. The beta-values for the 25-ppm-pretreated rats reached a constant value from the 35-day pretreatment period onward. A calculation of total body clearance suggested that pentobarbital elimination in those rats had approached portal blood flow rate-limited metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of long-term exposure to environmental levels of polychlorinated biphenyls on pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital in rats. The pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital, 30mg/kg iv, were studied in untreated rats and rats pretreated with 1,5, and 25 ppm of polychlorinated biphenyls in food for up to 140 days. Environmental contaminants may contribute to variations in metabolic rates of drugs by causing enzyme induction. The objective of this work was to quantitate the effects of environmental levels of the contaminant and enzyme inducer, a polychlorinated biphenyl, on the pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital, a drug whose primary elimination route is liver metabolism. The pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital in rats could be fit to a biexponential equation of the type Cp = Ae-alpha t+ Be-beta t. After 35 days of pretreatment, only the 25-ppm-treated rats showed any significant acceleration of pentobarbital elimination. At the 70- and 140-day samplings, both the 5- and 25-ppm pretreatments showed significant acceleration of pentobarbital elimination. There were no significant effects on A, alpha, B, and Vd for any pretreatment. The beta-values for the 25-ppm-pretreated rats reached a constant value from the 35-day pretreatment period onward. A calculation of total body clearance suggested that pentobarbital elimination in those rats had approached portal blood flow rate-limited metabolism.", "PMID": 402468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1427", "title": "Rapid determination of nitroglycerin volatility using thermogravimetric analysis.", "content": "The effect of selected tablet components on the volatility of nitroglycerin from compressed sublingual tablets was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The results, confirmed by chemical analyses, showed that nitroglycerin volatility is significantly reduced by the use of povidone USP and microcrystalline cellulose NF in tablet formulations. In general, the stabilizing effect of these materials was dependent on the presence and the concentration of each other. These studies demonstrated the utility of thermogravimetric analysis as a rapid and reliable means of screening nitroglycerin formulations for stability purposes.", "contents": "Rapid determination of nitroglycerin volatility using thermogravimetric analysis. The effect of selected tablet components on the volatility of nitroglycerin from compressed sublingual tablets was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The results, confirmed by chemical analyses, showed that nitroglycerin volatility is significantly reduced by the use of povidone USP and microcrystalline cellulose NF in tablet formulations. In general, the stabilizing effect of these materials was dependent on the presence and the concentration of each other. These studies demonstrated the utility of thermogravimetric analysis as a rapid and reliable means of screening nitroglycerin formulations for stability purposes.", "PMID": 402469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1428", "title": "Chemistry and pharmacology of homologs of 6-acetyl-and 3,6-diacetylmorphine.", "content": "3,6-Diformyl- and 3,6-dipropanoylmorphine and 6-formyl- and 6-propanoylmorphine were prepared to obtain longer acting, heroin-like compounds. The 6-acylated compounds were more potent than heroin subcutaneously and were orally effective, and their duration of action was at least two to three times greater than that of heroin in monkey species.", "contents": "Chemistry and pharmacology of homologs of 6-acetyl-and 3,6-diacetylmorphine. 3,6-Diformyl- and 3,6-dipropanoylmorphine and 6-formyl- and 6-propanoylmorphine were prepared to obtain longer acting, heroin-like compounds. The 6-acylated compounds were more potent than heroin subcutaneously and were orally effective, and their duration of action was at least two to three times greater than that of heroin in monkey species.", "PMID": 402470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1429", "title": "Calcium absorption in diphosphonate-treated rats: effect of parathyroid function, dietary calcium and phosphorus.", "content": "1. The role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1, 25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) in modulation of intestinal Ca absorption was studied in rats, using disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), which is known to reduce 1,25-(OH)2D3 formation. 2. EHDP decreased intestinal Ca absorption. This effect could be abolished by small amounts of 1,25-(OH)2D3, whereas even large doses of PTH were ineffective. EHDP also decreased Ca absorption in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats. Therefore the effect of EHDP on 1,25-(OH)2D3 production is unlikely to be mediated through PTH. 3. The correction by PTH of the decreased Ca absorption in TPTX rats was inhibited by EHDP. Since EHDP inhibits formation of 1,25-(OH)2D3 the effect of PTH on Ca absorption is likely to be mediated through this vitamin D3 metabolite. 4. In normal rats both a low Ca and a low P diet stimulated Ca absorption. In EHDP-treated intact rats low Ca still stimulated Ca absorption, whereas the effect of low P abolished. This indicates that low Ca and low P diets affect Ca absorption through different mechanisms. 5. Intestinal adaptation to a low Ca diet was still observed in EHDP-treated TPTX rats. Thus, in the rat, intestinal adaptation to low Ca diet can occur without PTH.", "contents": "Calcium absorption in diphosphonate-treated rats: effect of parathyroid function, dietary calcium and phosphorus. 1. The role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1, 25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) in modulation of intestinal Ca absorption was studied in rats, using disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), which is known to reduce 1,25-(OH)2D3 formation. 2. EHDP decreased intestinal Ca absorption. This effect could be abolished by small amounts of 1,25-(OH)2D3, whereas even large doses of PTH were ineffective. EHDP also decreased Ca absorption in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats. Therefore the effect of EHDP on 1,25-(OH)2D3 production is unlikely to be mediated through PTH. 3. The correction by PTH of the decreased Ca absorption in TPTX rats was inhibited by EHDP. Since EHDP inhibits formation of 1,25-(OH)2D3 the effect of PTH on Ca absorption is likely to be mediated through this vitamin D3 metabolite. 4. In normal rats both a low Ca and a low P diet stimulated Ca absorption. In EHDP-treated intact rats low Ca still stimulated Ca absorption, whereas the effect of low P abolished. This indicates that low Ca and low P diets affect Ca absorption through different mechanisms. 5. Intestinal adaptation to a low Ca diet was still observed in EHDP-treated TPTX rats. Thus, in the rat, intestinal adaptation to low Ca diet can occur without PTH.", "PMID": 402471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1430", "title": "Diagnosis of rotavirus infection by cell culture.", "content": "Rotaviruses were detected by electronmicroscopy in 35 of 84 specimens of faeces from infants with diarrhoea, and in 31 by fluorescent staining of tissue cultures infected with help of centrifugation. LLC-MK2 cells were found to be the most sensitive, although primary and secondary human-embryo-kidney and primary calf-kidney cells could also be used. A micromodification of the tissue-culture method provides a relatively simple technique for the diagnosis of rotavirus infection, for the titration of virus infectivity and for estimating neutralising antibodies in serum.", "contents": "Diagnosis of rotavirus infection by cell culture. Rotaviruses were detected by electronmicroscopy in 35 of 84 specimens of faeces from infants with diarrhoea, and in 31 by fluorescent staining of tissue cultures infected with help of centrifugation. LLC-MK2 cells were found to be the most sensitive, although primary and secondary human-embryo-kidney and primary calf-kidney cells could also be used. A micromodification of the tissue-culture method provides a relatively simple technique for the diagnosis of rotavirus infection, for the titration of virus infectivity and for estimating neutralising antibodies in serum.", "PMID": 402472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1431", "title": "A new polyvalent Pseudomonas vaccine.", "content": "This paper describes the preparation, chemical characterisation and immunogenic properties of a new polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine. New cultural methods were devised which allowed a build-up of the immunogen in the cell wall of the bacteria, and mild extraction techniques were used to remove the immunogens from the cell wall of living bacteria without apparent physical or chemical change which might affect immunogenicity. The polyvalent vaccine comprised 16 component vaccines, each a lipid-protein-carbohydrate complex extracted from one of the 16 different serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Single injections into mice of each of the 16 component vaccines induced protection against several strains of homologous serotypes within 3 days of vaccination. The polyvalent vaccine induced similar protection against several strains of each of the 16 serotypes. We would like to thank R. E. Dyster, K. Digby and J. Simmonds for their technical assistance.", "contents": "A new polyvalent Pseudomonas vaccine. This paper describes the preparation, chemical characterisation and immunogenic properties of a new polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine. New cultural methods were devised which allowed a build-up of the immunogen in the cell wall of the bacteria, and mild extraction techniques were used to remove the immunogens from the cell wall of living bacteria without apparent physical or chemical change which might affect immunogenicity. The polyvalent vaccine comprised 16 component vaccines, each a lipid-protein-carbohydrate complex extracted from one of the 16 different serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Single injections into mice of each of the 16 component vaccines induced protection against several strains of homologous serotypes within 3 days of vaccination. The polyvalent vaccine induced similar protection against several strains of each of the 16 serotypes. We would like to thank R. E. Dyster, K. Digby and J. Simmonds for their technical assistance.", "PMID": 402473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1432", "title": "The survival of gonococci and meningococci in subcutaneous diffusion chambers in mice.", "content": "Studies are reported on the survival of gonococci and meningococci in Millipore diffusion chambers implanted subcutaneously in normal mice and in pre-immunised mice. The chambers allowed the passage of nutrients and humoral factors but excluded host cells. After an initial fall in the viable count--attributed to lysis by non-specific serum factors--there was evidence of multiplication of Neisseria gonorrhoeae; the subsequent development of specific antibody led to the disappearance of gonococci 16 days after the chambers were implanted. N. meningitidis behaved differently in the implanted chambers. Meningococci did not appear to be lysed by non-specific humoral factors and so the viable count showed no initial fall. The meningococci survived for 49 days, at which time the entire chamber was rejected.", "contents": "The survival of gonococci and meningococci in subcutaneous diffusion chambers in mice. Studies are reported on the survival of gonococci and meningococci in Millipore diffusion chambers implanted subcutaneously in normal mice and in pre-immunised mice. The chambers allowed the passage of nutrients and humoral factors but excluded host cells. After an initial fall in the viable count--attributed to lysis by non-specific serum factors--there was evidence of multiplication of Neisseria gonorrhoeae; the subsequent development of specific antibody led to the disappearance of gonococci 16 days after the chambers were implanted. N. meningitidis behaved differently in the implanted chambers. Meningococci did not appear to be lysed by non-specific humoral factors and so the viable count showed no initial fall. The meningococci survived for 49 days, at which time the entire chamber was rejected.", "PMID": 402474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1433", "title": "Sodium aurothiomalate, gold keratinate, and various tetracyclines in mycoplasma-induced arthritis of rodents.", "content": "Sodium aurothiomalate (ATM), gold keratinate and five different tetracyclines were investigated for activity against M. arthritidis strain ATCC 14124 and M. pulmonis strain JB, both in vitro and in rodents with arthritis caused by these mycoplasmas. In vitro, ATM had only slight activity against M. arthritidis and M. pulmonis, while gold keratinate was virtually inactive against M. pulmonis. In contrast, the tetracyclines were highly active against both mycoplasmas. The tetracyclines and the gold salts were both predominantly mycoplasmastatic. In both rats and mice, parenteral administration of ATM, begun shortly before or after infection of rodents with mycoplasmas, prevented the development of arthritis. ATM or gold keratinate, given subcutaneously to mice already arthritic from infection with M. pulmonis, reduced the severity of the arthritis, even although gold keratinate was inactive aganist this mycoplasma in vitro. Moreover, direct testing of serum, collected from mice treated with gold keratinate, failed to demonstrate antimycoplasmal activity in vitro. These results suggest that the action of gold-containing drugs in mycoplasmal arthritis is due to biological properties of gold other than antimycoplasmal activity. Tetracyclines were also found to be effective in preventing arthritis in rats and mice when given subcutaneously. With high doses, subcutaneous, but not oral, therapy significantly reduced the severity of established arthritis in mice infected with M. pulmonis. The blood levels achieved with the different tetracyclines, when related to their therapeutic activity, indicated that good antimycoplasmal activity and adequate absorption from the gut were not the only properties needed for optimal effectiveness. The results are discussed in relation to treatment of rheumatoid patients with tetracycline HCl.", "contents": "Sodium aurothiomalate, gold keratinate, and various tetracyclines in mycoplasma-induced arthritis of rodents. Sodium aurothiomalate (ATM), gold keratinate and five different tetracyclines were investigated for activity against M. arthritidis strain ATCC 14124 and M. pulmonis strain JB, both in vitro and in rodents with arthritis caused by these mycoplasmas. In vitro, ATM had only slight activity against M. arthritidis and M. pulmonis, while gold keratinate was virtually inactive against M. pulmonis. In contrast, the tetracyclines were highly active against both mycoplasmas. The tetracyclines and the gold salts were both predominantly mycoplasmastatic. In both rats and mice, parenteral administration of ATM, begun shortly before or after infection of rodents with mycoplasmas, prevented the development of arthritis. ATM or gold keratinate, given subcutaneously to mice already arthritic from infection with M. pulmonis, reduced the severity of the arthritis, even although gold keratinate was inactive aganist this mycoplasma in vitro. Moreover, direct testing of serum, collected from mice treated with gold keratinate, failed to demonstrate antimycoplasmal activity in vitro. These results suggest that the action of gold-containing drugs in mycoplasmal arthritis is due to biological properties of gold other than antimycoplasmal activity. Tetracyclines were also found to be effective in preventing arthritis in rats and mice when given subcutaneously. With high doses, subcutaneous, but not oral, therapy significantly reduced the severity of established arthritis in mice infected with M. pulmonis. The blood levels achieved with the different tetracyclines, when related to their therapeutic activity, indicated that good antimycoplasmal activity and adequate absorption from the gut were not the only properties needed for optimal effectiveness. The results are discussed in relation to treatment of rheumatoid patients with tetracycline HCl.", "PMID": 402475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1434", "title": "Thermodynamic analysis of active sodium transport and oxidative metabolism in toad urinary bladder.", "content": "Measurements of electrical current and oxygen consumption were carried out concurrently under voltage clamp conditions in 11 toad hemibladders. Inhibition of active transport with amiloride then permitted evaluation of the passive conductance and the rate of basal oxygen consumption Jbr, allowing the simultaneous determination of the rates of active sodium transport JaNa and suprabasal oxygen consumption Jsbr-JaNa and Jabr were linear functions of the electrical potential difference over a range of +/-  80 mV. This allowed the comprehensive application of a linear nonequilibrium thermodynamic formalism, leading to the evaluation of the affinity A (negative free energy) of the metabolic reaction driving transport, all phenomenological coefficients, and the degree of coupling q relating transport to metabolism. Values of A determined by two techniques were A1=56.0 +/- 5.8 and A2=58.2 +/- 6.5 kcal per mole. Values of q determined by two techniques agreed well and were less than 1, indicating incompleteness of coupling, and hence lack of fixed stoichiometry between Na transort and O2 consumption. The affinity and the electromotive force of sodium transport ENa are not closely correlated, reflecting the fact that ENa comprises both kinetic and energetic factors.", "contents": "Thermodynamic analysis of active sodium transport and oxidative metabolism in toad urinary bladder. Measurements of electrical current and oxygen consumption were carried out concurrently under voltage clamp conditions in 11 toad hemibladders. Inhibition of active transport with amiloride then permitted evaluation of the passive conductance and the rate of basal oxygen consumption Jbr, allowing the simultaneous determination of the rates of active sodium transport JaNa and suprabasal oxygen consumption Jsbr-JaNa and Jabr were linear functions of the electrical potential difference over a range of +/-  80 mV. This allowed the comprehensive application of a linear nonequilibrium thermodynamic formalism, leading to the evaluation of the affinity A (negative free energy) of the metabolic reaction driving transport, all phenomenological coefficients, and the degree of coupling q relating transport to metabolism. Values of A determined by two techniques were A1=56.0 +/- 5.8 and A2=58.2 +/- 6.5 kcal per mole. Values of q determined by two techniques agreed well and were less than 1, indicating incompleteness of coupling, and hence lack of fixed stoichiometry between Na transort and O2 consumption. The affinity and the electromotive force of sodium transport ENa are not closely correlated, reflecting the fact that ENa comprises both kinetic and energetic factors.", "PMID": 402477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1435", "title": "Gastric cancer: current status of treatment.", "content": "While carcinomas of the stomach is decreasing in incidence in the Dnited States, it is still a major cause of cancer death. But gastric neoplasms are not decreasing in some other geographic areas. According to some studies, 30% of all cancer in the U.S.S.R. originates in the stomach. The rate of gastric neoplasms is greatest in Japan, and over 54% of all cancer in the male population arises in the stomach. The peak age for development of stomach cancer is between 70 and 80 years; over 60% of all stomach cancer is diagnosed in patients between the ages of 60 and 70, while more than 10% is found in those over 80. The main hope for cure at this time rests with surgical treatment. However, despite increased use of surgery, the 5-year survival rate of approximately 13% for patients diagnosed during 1955-59 has not improved to any degree since that time. The major drugs commonly used to treat gastric cancer are 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin C. Controversy still exists concerning the optimum method for administering 5-FU, the most frequently used drug in the United States. The standard loading-course method was attended by a high risk of severe toxicity and drug-related deaths. Several variations of the loading course have evolved. Currently, the Mayo Clinic group uses a 5-day course of 13.5 mg 5-FU/kg repeated every 5 weeks, with therapy interrupted if stomatitis or diarrhea develops; with this regimen the drug-related mortality rate was reported to be less than 1%. Studies have shown that 5-FU plus radiotherapy can enhance survival in patients with locally unresectable diseases. The overall objective with 5-FU is 20-25% with an average of 4-5 months' duration of response. Despite the many patients treated with 5-FU, rarely has a systematic analysis been done of factors such as age, sex, disease-free interval, histologic grade of the tumor, or sites or metastases, which might predispose to a favourable or unfavorable response. In Japan the most commonly used drug for treatment of gastric cancer is mitomycin C, the second most frequently used drug in the United States. The overall objective response rate with mitomycin C is between 20 and 30%, with the higher response rates being reported in the Japanese data. The average duration of response ranges from 1 to 3 months. The nitrosoureas [1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), 1,3-cis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), and methyl CCNU (MeCCNU)] have shown some evidence of activity against gastric cancer. BCNU has yielded an objective response rate of 18% (6/33) and an average duration of response of 4.5 months in gastric cancer patients, most of whom had no prior therapy. Adriamycin recently has been shown to have some antitumor activity, with an approximate response rate of 25%. Combination approaches have been more successful in stomach cancer than in any other gastrointestinal neoplasm. The Japanese have reported higher response rates with a combination of 5-FU, mitomycin C, and cytosine arabinoside...", "contents": "Gastric cancer: current status of treatment. While carcinomas of the stomach is decreasing in incidence in the Dnited States, it is still a major cause of cancer death. But gastric neoplasms are not decreasing in some other geographic areas. According to some studies, 30% of all cancer in the U.S.S.R. originates in the stomach. The rate of gastric neoplasms is greatest in Japan, and over 54% of all cancer in the male population arises in the stomach. The peak age for development of stomach cancer is between 70 and 80 years; over 60% of all stomach cancer is diagnosed in patients between the ages of 60 and 70, while more than 10% is found in those over 80. The main hope for cure at this time rests with surgical treatment. However, despite increased use of surgery, the 5-year survival rate of approximately 13% for patients diagnosed during 1955-59 has not improved to any degree since that time. The major drugs commonly used to treat gastric cancer are 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin C. Controversy still exists concerning the optimum method for administering 5-FU, the most frequently used drug in the United States. The standard loading-course method was attended by a high risk of severe toxicity and drug-related deaths. Several variations of the loading course have evolved. Currently, the Mayo Clinic group uses a 5-day course of 13.5 mg 5-FU/kg repeated every 5 weeks, with therapy interrupted if stomatitis or diarrhea develops; with this regimen the drug-related mortality rate was reported to be less than 1%. Studies have shown that 5-FU plus radiotherapy can enhance survival in patients with locally unresectable diseases. The overall objective with 5-FU is 20-25% with an average of 4-5 months' duration of response. Despite the many patients treated with 5-FU, rarely has a systematic analysis been done of factors such as age, sex, disease-free interval, histologic grade of the tumor, or sites or metastases, which might predispose to a favourable or unfavorable response. In Japan the most commonly used drug for treatment of gastric cancer is mitomycin C, the second most frequently used drug in the United States. The overall objective response rate with mitomycin C is between 20 and 30%, with the higher response rates being reported in the Japanese data. The average duration of response ranges from 1 to 3 months. The nitrosoureas [1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), 1,3-cis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), and methyl CCNU (MeCCNU)] have shown some evidence of activity against gastric cancer. BCNU has yielded an objective response rate of 18% (6/33) and an average duration of response of 4.5 months in gastric cancer patients, most of whom had no prior therapy. Adriamycin recently has been shown to have some antitumor activity, with an approximate response rate of 25%. Combination approaches have been more successful in stomach cancer than in any other gastrointestinal neoplasm. The Japanese have reported higher response rates with a combination of 5-FU, mitomycin C, and cytosine arabinoside...", "PMID": 402478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1436", "title": "Potent inhibitory effect of a new antiestrogen (RU 16117) on the growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors.", "content": "At the daily dose of 24 mug for a period of 4 weeks, RU 16117 (11alpha-methoxyethinyl estradiol), a new antiestrogen, led to 65% reduction of the number of already established dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Not only the tumor number but also the tumor size was reduced by RU 16117 in a manner similar to that seen after ovariectomy. The absence of an inhibitory effect of doses of 0.1 to 12.5 mug 17beta-estradiol (E2) per day, a dose-range which covers the low estrogenic activity of the RU 16117 doses used, suggested that the inhibitory effect of RU 16117 was not due to its estrogenic activity. Decreased levels of receptors for E2, progesterone, and prolactin were found in the tumors remaining after ovariectomy; treatment with the dose of RU 16117 sufficient to inhibit tumor growth (24 mug) had a similar inhibitory effect on the levels of E2 and prolactin receptors. These data suggested that a reduction of hormone receptor levels in the tumor tissue could be a mechanism by which RU 16117 acts as a potent inhibitor of the growth of DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma.", "contents": "Potent inhibitory effect of a new antiestrogen (RU 16117) on the growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors. At the daily dose of 24 mug for a period of 4 weeks, RU 16117 (11alpha-methoxyethinyl estradiol), a new antiestrogen, led to 65% reduction of the number of already established dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Not only the tumor number but also the tumor size was reduced by RU 16117 in a manner similar to that seen after ovariectomy. The absence of an inhibitory effect of doses of 0.1 to 12.5 mug 17beta-estradiol (E2) per day, a dose-range which covers the low estrogenic activity of the RU 16117 doses used, suggested that the inhibitory effect of RU 16117 was not due to its estrogenic activity. Decreased levels of receptors for E2, progesterone, and prolactin were found in the tumors remaining after ovariectomy; treatment with the dose of RU 16117 sufficient to inhibit tumor growth (24 mug) had a similar inhibitory effect on the levels of E2 and prolactin receptors. These data suggested that a reduction of hormone receptor levels in the tumor tissue could be a mechanism by which RU 16117 acts as a potent inhibitor of the growth of DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma.", "PMID": 402479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1437", "title": "Treatment of recurrent and widespread testicular tumor by radical reductive surgery and multiple sequential chemotherapy.", "content": "There were 37 patients with stages II and III testicular tumors treated by a combination of multisequential chemotherapy and radical reductive surgery. Two protocols were used: 30 patients received bleomycin, vinblastine, platinum, doxorubicin hydrochloride, cyclophosphamide and actinomycin D (protocol A), and 7 patients received bleomycin, vinblastine, vincristine, platinum and actinomycin D (protocol B). A complete clinical remission was achieved in 19 of the 37 patients (51.3 per cent), for an average survival of 12.9 months to date. A partial clinical remission was obtained in 7 patients (18.9 per cent), for an average survival of 14.2 months. Eleven of the patients (29.7 per cent) escaped from therapeutic control. The collective response (complete and partial clinical remissions) represented 70.2 per cent of the patients (26 of 37), with an average survival of 14.8 months. A new approach for the simultaneous excision of metastases in the abdomen and the chest is described and the rational basis for the combination treatment of these tumors is discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of recurrent and widespread testicular tumor by radical reductive surgery and multiple sequential chemotherapy. There were 37 patients with stages II and III testicular tumors treated by a combination of multisequential chemotherapy and radical reductive surgery. Two protocols were used: 30 patients received bleomycin, vinblastine, platinum, doxorubicin hydrochloride, cyclophosphamide and actinomycin D (protocol A), and 7 patients received bleomycin, vinblastine, vincristine, platinum and actinomycin D (protocol B). A complete clinical remission was achieved in 19 of the 37 patients (51.3 per cent), for an average survival of 12.9 months to date. A partial clinical remission was obtained in 7 patients (18.9 per cent), for an average survival of 14.2 months. Eleven of the patients (29.7 per cent) escaped from therapeutic control. The collective response (complete and partial clinical remissions) represented 70.2 per cent of the patients (26 of 37), with an average survival of 14.8 months. A new approach for the simultaneous excision of metastases in the abdomen and the chest is described and the rational basis for the combination treatment of these tumors is discussed.", "PMID": 402482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1438", "title": "Studies of endoparasites of the mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) in the southeast United States.", "content": "From September, 1973, through November, 1974, 255 mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) were collected in the southeastern United States and examined for endoparasites. Thirteen species of endoparasites were found and included six species of protozoans, one trematode, two cestodes, and four nematodes. New host records included Sarcocystis sp., Echinostoma revolutum, Hymenolepis sp., Aproctella stoddardi, Ascaridia columbae, and Dispharynx nasuta.", "contents": "Studies of endoparasites of the mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) in the southeast United States. From September, 1973, through November, 1974, 255 mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) were collected in the southeastern United States and examined for endoparasites. Thirteen species of endoparasites were found and included six species of protozoans, one trematode, two cestodes, and four nematodes. New host records included Sarcocystis sp., Echinostoma revolutum, Hymenolepis sp., Aproctella stoddardi, Ascaridia columbae, and Dispharynx nasuta.", "PMID": 402483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1439", "title": "Avian hematozoa of some birds from Tchad.", "content": "A total of 389 birds of 32 species representing 14 families from Tchad were examined for blood parasites. Eighty-nine (22.9%) harbored infections of Haemoproteus (64%), Plasmodium (12.4%), Trypanosoma (1.1%), Atoxoplasma (=Lankesterella) (5.6%), and microfilaria (28.1%). Species of Leucocytozoon were not observed in the present study. The occurrence of the different genera differed markedly between bird families; members of the Ploceidae comprised 85% of the infected birds.", "contents": "Avian hematozoa of some birds from Tchad. A total of 389 birds of 32 species representing 14 families from Tchad were examined for blood parasites. Eighty-nine (22.9%) harbored infections of Haemoproteus (64%), Plasmodium (12.4%), Trypanosoma (1.1%), Atoxoplasma (=Lankesterella) (5.6%), and microfilaria (28.1%). Species of Leucocytozoon were not observed in the present study. The occurrence of the different genera differed markedly between bird families; members of the Ploceidae comprised 85% of the infected birds.", "PMID": 402484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1440", "title": "Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis (Sp. N.) life cycle in mule deer and coyotes.", "content": "Fifteen coyotes (Canis latrans) shed sporulated sporocysts in their feces after eating freshly ground skeletal muscles from a mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) infected with microscopic-sized cysts of Sarcocystis. Sporocysts were shed intermittently from 12 to 36 days after ingestion of the infected meat. Sporocyst size averaged 14.4 X 9.3 mum. Eleven mule deer fawns orally inoculated with these sporocysts became infected and 9 of 11 died between post-inoculation days (PID) 27 and 63. Clinical signs of anorexia, weight loss, pyrexia and weakness were evident prior to death. A calf (Bos taurus) and two lambs (Ovis aries) orally inoculated with these sporocysts did not become infected and remained healthy throughout the experiments. Similarly, uninoculated control animals consisting of three mule deer fawns, two lambs and one calf remained healthy during the experiment. Preliminary histologic examinations conducted on selected tissues from all animals revealed microscopic-sized schizogonous stages in macrophages, between muscle fibers and near blood vessels in the esophagus, heart, biceps femoris, semi-membranosus, diaphragm and tongue from seven of eight fawns which died between PID 27 and 39. Developing or mature muscle cysts were not found in fawn tissue until PID 60. Sarcocysts were found in the three infected fawns examined after this time. Muscle cysts or earlier schizont stages were not found in tissues from the inoculated or uninoculated calves and lambs. A single muscle cyst was found in one control fawn; the other two control fawns were negative for both muscle cysts and other schizogonous stages. These results established that the life cycle of this species of Sarcocystis can be completed with coyotes as the definitive host and mule deer as the intermediate host. Based on the demonstrated host specificity and earlier findings, the name Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis is proposed for this parasite of mule deer and coyotes.", "contents": "Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis (Sp. N.) life cycle in mule deer and coyotes. Fifteen coyotes (Canis latrans) shed sporulated sporocysts in their feces after eating freshly ground skeletal muscles from a mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) infected with microscopic-sized cysts of Sarcocystis. Sporocysts were shed intermittently from 12 to 36 days after ingestion of the infected meat. Sporocyst size averaged 14.4 X 9.3 mum. Eleven mule deer fawns orally inoculated with these sporocysts became infected and 9 of 11 died between post-inoculation days (PID) 27 and 63. Clinical signs of anorexia, weight loss, pyrexia and weakness were evident prior to death. A calf (Bos taurus) and two lambs (Ovis aries) orally inoculated with these sporocysts did not become infected and remained healthy throughout the experiments. Similarly, uninoculated control animals consisting of three mule deer fawns, two lambs and one calf remained healthy during the experiment. Preliminary histologic examinations conducted on selected tissues from all animals revealed microscopic-sized schizogonous stages in macrophages, between muscle fibers and near blood vessels in the esophagus, heart, biceps femoris, semi-membranosus, diaphragm and tongue from seven of eight fawns which died between PID 27 and 39. Developing or mature muscle cysts were not found in fawn tissue until PID 60. Sarcocysts were found in the three infected fawns examined after this time. Muscle cysts or earlier schizont stages were not found in tissues from the inoculated or uninoculated calves and lambs. A single muscle cyst was found in one control fawn; the other two control fawns were negative for both muscle cysts and other schizogonous stages. These results established that the life cycle of this species of Sarcocystis can be completed with coyotes as the definitive host and mule deer as the intermediate host. Based on the demonstrated host specificity and earlier findings, the name Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis is proposed for this parasite of mule deer and coyotes.", "PMID": 402485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1441", "title": "Blood parasites of some columbiform and passeriform birds from Chile.", "content": "Ninety-one birds of 23 species from Chile were examined for haematozoa; 13 birds of seven species harbored species of Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and microfilariae. Haemoproteids (representing four species) were the most common parasites and occurred in 10 of the 13 infected birds.", "contents": "Blood parasites of some columbiform and passeriform birds from Chile. Ninety-one birds of 23 species from Chile were examined for haematozoa; 13 birds of seven species harbored species of Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and microfilariae. Haemoproteids (representing four species) were the most common parasites and occurred in 10 of the 13 infected birds.", "PMID": 402486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1442", "title": "Coccidia of coyotes in eastern Colorado.", "content": "Eighty-two coyote fecal samples were collected from eastern Colorado and examined for coccidia. Sporocysts of Sarcocystis were observed in 17 of the samples and oocysts of Isospora ohioensis were observed in two samples. Ten fecal samples contained eimerian coccidia thought to be pseudoparasites of the coyote acquired while ingesting heavily infected rabbits.", "contents": "Coccidia of coyotes in eastern Colorado. Eighty-two coyote fecal samples were collected from eastern Colorado and examined for coccidia. Sporocysts of Sarcocystis were observed in 17 of the samples and oocysts of Isospora ohioensis were observed in two samples. Ten fecal samples contained eimerian coccidia thought to be pseudoparasites of the coyote acquired while ingesting heavily infected rabbits.", "PMID": 402487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1443", "title": "Mycotic tuberculous aneurysm of the thoracic aorta.", "content": "Tuberculous mycotic aneurysm has been reported with surprising frequency, especially in the aorta. Because the diagnosis can often be made on clinical and roentgenologic grounds, and because of the very poor prognosis if untreated and surgical curability if recognized, experience with three cases is reported. The aneurysm is generally of the false variety, representing a walled-off perforation of the aorta. Contiguous tuberculosis in the form of lymphadenitis or Pott abscess is generally responsible for the aortic involvement that results in the aneurysm. Miliary tuberculosis, which is often present, is probably a result rather than the cause.", "contents": "Mycotic tuberculous aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. Tuberculous mycotic aneurysm has been reported with surprising frequency, especially in the aorta. Because the diagnosis can often be made on clinical and roentgenologic grounds, and because of the very poor prognosis if untreated and surgical curability if recognized, experience with three cases is reported. The aneurysm is generally of the false variety, representing a walled-off perforation of the aorta. Contiguous tuberculosis in the form of lymphadenitis or Pott abscess is generally responsible for the aortic involvement that results in the aneurysm. Miliary tuberculosis, which is often present, is probably a result rather than the cause.", "PMID": 402488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1444", "title": "Minimizing the risk of amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis.", "content": "Although the risk of amniocentesis in the second trimester of pregnancy is small, untoward sequelae can be further reduced. One hundred twenty amniocenteses were attempted during a two-year period. In eight instances, the patient had to return for a second tap because of bacterial contamination, inadequate number of fetal cells, or inability to obtain amniotic fluid. These eight patients all underwent repated amniocentesis and successful karyotyping. There were no major complications and one minor complication. Two spontaneous abortions were not apparently related to the procedure. In both these cases, fluid could not be obtained because one patient had a blighted ovum with a small sac and the other had large uterine fibromyomas.", "contents": "Minimizing the risk of amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. Although the risk of amniocentesis in the second trimester of pregnancy is small, untoward sequelae can be further reduced. One hundred twenty amniocenteses were attempted during a two-year period. In eight instances, the patient had to return for a second tap because of bacterial contamination, inadequate number of fetal cells, or inability to obtain amniotic fluid. These eight patients all underwent repated amniocentesis and successful karyotyping. There were no major complications and one minor complication. Two spontaneous abortions were not apparently related to the procedure. In both these cases, fluid could not be obtained because one patient had a blighted ovum with a small sac and the other had large uterine fibromyomas.", "PMID": 402491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1445", "title": "[Effect of nitroglycerin on peripheral venous pressure at rest and during exercise in patients with heart diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "1) In \"left-sided\" cardiac diseases, the effects of nitroglycerin on arterial pressure and heart rate were noted to be modest and disappeared within 15 minutes whereas the effect upon venous pressure, measured on the median cubital vein, lasted for approximately 30 minutes. 2) At 30 minutes after a dose of nitroglycerin there occured a significant depression of venous pressure elevation on exertion in patients with such \"left-sided\" cardiac diseases as ischemic heart disease, arteriosclerotic heart disease and hypertensive cardiovascular disorder. In patients with mitral insufficiency and aortic stenosis, on the other hand, the exertional venous pressure elevation was significantly suppressed 7 minutes after nitroglycerin although the suppression did not longer exist 30 minutes after administration. 3) The arterial pressure, heart rate, resting venous pressure and venous pressure elevation on exertion were virtually not affected by the administration of nitroglycerin in \"right- or both-sided\" cardiac disorders. 4) There was no significant change in cardiac output 30 minutes after a sublingual dose of nitroglycerin. The data obtained seem to stress importance of the effect of dilating capacitance vessels in the mechanism of antianginal action of nitroglycerin.", "contents": "[Effect of nitroglycerin on peripheral venous pressure at rest and during exercise in patients with heart diseases (author's transl)]. 1) In \"left-sided\" cardiac diseases, the effects of nitroglycerin on arterial pressure and heart rate were noted to be modest and disappeared within 15 minutes whereas the effect upon venous pressure, measured on the median cubital vein, lasted for approximately 30 minutes. 2) At 30 minutes after a dose of nitroglycerin there occured a significant depression of venous pressure elevation on exertion in patients with such \"left-sided\" cardiac diseases as ischemic heart disease, arteriosclerotic heart disease and hypertensive cardiovascular disorder. In patients with mitral insufficiency and aortic stenosis, on the other hand, the exertional venous pressure elevation was significantly suppressed 7 minutes after nitroglycerin although the suppression did not longer exist 30 minutes after administration. 3) The arterial pressure, heart rate, resting venous pressure and venous pressure elevation on exertion were virtually not affected by the administration of nitroglycerin in \"right- or both-sided\" cardiac disorders. 4) There was no significant change in cardiac output 30 minutes after a sublingual dose of nitroglycerin. The data obtained seem to stress importance of the effect of dilating capacitance vessels in the mechanism of antianginal action of nitroglycerin.", "PMID": 402492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1446", "title": "Combined decrease of postheparin-diamine oxidase (histaminase) and postheparin-lipoproteinlipase in inflammatory diseases.", "content": "Diamine oxidase (DAO, histaminase), according to Schayer, is an essential enzyme in histamine metabolism. It metabolises also a variety of diamines such as putrescine and cadaverine and is generally accepted to be identical with histaminase. Lipoproteinlipase (LL) is assumed to play an essential role in lipid metabolism. In vertebrates, parenterally applied heparin causes a marked dose-dependent rise of the plasma level of both enzymes mainly due to the release from the enzyme containing organs. The plasmatic level changes of DAO and LL after heparin application (200 U/kg b.wt., i.v.) have been studied in 30 patients suffering from 20 different, predominantly inflammatory diseases. In all cases the release of postheparin diamine oxidase (PHD) and of post-heparin lipoproteinlipase (PHLA) was found to be markedly decreased. There existed a highly significant correlation between the degree of the release of both enzymes (r=0.843, p less than 0.0005). In all patients normal levels of plasma insulin were detected. No correlation was found between PHLA and plasma triglycerides levels. Decrease of PHD respectively PHLA was a more sensitive biochemical parameter than were changes of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase in acute hepatitis and of C reactive protein (CRP) in chronic inflammatory kidney diseases. This finding is most likely a general phenomenon in inflammatory diseases. Besides hormonal regulation inflammation-dependent effects on PHLA have to be discussed.", "contents": "Combined decrease of postheparin-diamine oxidase (histaminase) and postheparin-lipoproteinlipase in inflammatory diseases. Diamine oxidase (DAO, histaminase), according to Schayer, is an essential enzyme in histamine metabolism. It metabolises also a variety of diamines such as putrescine and cadaverine and is generally accepted to be identical with histaminase. Lipoproteinlipase (LL) is assumed to play an essential role in lipid metabolism. In vertebrates, parenterally applied heparin causes a marked dose-dependent rise of the plasma level of both enzymes mainly due to the release from the enzyme containing organs. The plasmatic level changes of DAO and LL after heparin application (200 U/kg b.wt., i.v.) have been studied in 30 patients suffering from 20 different, predominantly inflammatory diseases. In all cases the release of postheparin diamine oxidase (PHD) and of post-heparin lipoproteinlipase (PHLA) was found to be markedly decreased. There existed a highly significant correlation between the degree of the release of both enzymes (r=0.843, p less than 0.0005). In all patients normal levels of plasma insulin were detected. No correlation was found between PHLA and plasma triglycerides levels. Decrease of PHD respectively PHLA was a more sensitive biochemical parameter than were changes of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase in acute hepatitis and of C reactive protein (CRP) in chronic inflammatory kidney diseases. This finding is most likely a general phenomenon in inflammatory diseases. Besides hormonal regulation inflammation-dependent effects on PHLA have to be discussed.", "PMID": 402498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1447", "title": "The establishment of specified-pathogen-free marmosets, Callithrix jacchus.", "content": "The establishment of 3 specified-pathogen-free marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) during the period May 1969 to January 1973 is described. A brief history of the conventional breeding colony from which the animals were derived is given and hysterotomy and hand-rearing techniques are described.", "contents": "The establishment of specified-pathogen-free marmosets, Callithrix jacchus. The establishment of 3 specified-pathogen-free marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) during the period May 1969 to January 1973 is described. A brief history of the conventional breeding colony from which the animals were derived is given and hysterotomy and hand-rearing techniques are described.", "PMID": 402500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1448", "title": "Apparent resistance of the integument of the inverterbrate Lehmannia poireri to production of papillary tumors by a known chemical carcinogen.", "content": "Papillary tumors of the skin of the land invertebrate Lehmannia poireri (a gastropod) could not be induced by using a potent vertebrate carcinogen. With the same agent 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene papillary tumors can readily be induced in mice. The resistance of this invertebrate to a known vertebrate carcinogen is discussed and the ramifications are conjectured.", "contents": "Apparent resistance of the integument of the inverterbrate Lehmannia poireri to production of papillary tumors by a known chemical carcinogen. Papillary tumors of the skin of the land invertebrate Lehmannia poireri (a gastropod) could not be induced by using a potent vertebrate carcinogen. With the same agent 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene papillary tumors can readily be induced in mice. The resistance of this invertebrate to a known vertebrate carcinogen is discussed and the ramifications are conjectured.", "PMID": 402506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1449", "title": "Coronary artery spasm. medical management, surgical denervation, and autotransplantation.", "content": "Coronary artery spasm was induced by intravascular administration of ergonovine maleate (Ergotrate) during cardiac catheterization. In 78 patients suspected to have Prinzmetal's angina, no morbidity or death has resulted despite complete occlusive spasm in two and three coronary arteries. Typical EKG changes and akinesia of the myocardium in the distribution of the occluded vessels documented functional myocardial ischemia during spasm. The occlusive spasm is readily reversed by sublingual or intravascular nitroglycerin, and ventricular contractility returns to normal following relief of spasm. Occlusive spasm has been demonstrated in 15 patients with clinical evidence of Prinzmetal's angina. Symptoms have been effectively relieved by coronary vasodilators in 10 patients. Of the 5 patients in whom medical therapy failed, 4 were treated surgically. These 4 patients were in the intensive care unit with protracted, prolonged pain, subendocardial infarctions, and persistent failure of coronary vasodilators. Aorta-coronary bypass grafts have been combined with total cardiac denervation by autotransplantation (one patient) and total cardiac denervation by stripping of the great vessels (3 patients). Two of the patients treated by cardiac denervation died in the early postoperative period. The patient treated by autotransplantation has total relief of symptoms but persistent spasm on angiography. The angiographic demonstration of occlusive coronary spasm remains a valuable diagnostic tool to document definitively the presence of spasm. The surgical results question the value of surgical intervention in this disease.", "contents": "Coronary artery spasm. medical management, surgical denervation, and autotransplantation. Coronary artery spasm was induced by intravascular administration of ergonovine maleate (Ergotrate) during cardiac catheterization. In 78 patients suspected to have Prinzmetal's angina, no morbidity or death has resulted despite complete occlusive spasm in two and three coronary arteries. Typical EKG changes and akinesia of the myocardium in the distribution of the occluded vessels documented functional myocardial ischemia during spasm. The occlusive spasm is readily reversed by sublingual or intravascular nitroglycerin, and ventricular contractility returns to normal following relief of spasm. Occlusive spasm has been demonstrated in 15 patients with clinical evidence of Prinzmetal's angina. Symptoms have been effectively relieved by coronary vasodilators in 10 patients. Of the 5 patients in whom medical therapy failed, 4 were treated surgically. These 4 patients were in the intensive care unit with protracted, prolonged pain, subendocardial infarctions, and persistent failure of coronary vasodilators. Aorta-coronary bypass grafts have been combined with total cardiac denervation by autotransplantation (one patient) and total cardiac denervation by stripping of the great vessels (3 patients). Two of the patients treated by cardiac denervation died in the early postoperative period. The patient treated by autotransplantation has total relief of symptoms but persistent spasm on angiography. The angiographic demonstration of occlusive coronary spasm remains a valuable diagnostic tool to document definitively the presence of spasm. The surgical results question the value of surgical intervention in this disease.", "PMID": 402507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1450", "title": "Cephalothin prophylaxis in cardiac valve surgery. A prospective, double-blind comparison of two-day and six-day regimens.", "content": "A prospective, double-blind study comparing a 6 day with a 2 day regimen of cephalothin prophylaxis was conducted among 200 patients undergoing prosthetic valve replacement. No cases of endocarditis occurred during the 2 month follow-up. Sternal wound infection developed in 2.8 per cent of the 6 day group and 2.1 per cent of the 2 day group. Pneumonia developed in 8.5 per cent of the 6 day and 5.3 per cent of the 2 day group; most of the bacteria isolated were susceptible to cephalothin. Urinary tract infection developed more frequently in the 2 day group (17.0 versus 8.5 per cent), particularly during the first 6 postoperative days. Three of 11 patients with no detectable cephalothin in their sera at the close of operation developed staphylococcal wound infections, compared with 2 of 175 patients whose sera contained cephalothin at the close of surgery (p = 0.002, Fisher's exact test). A short course of prophylactic antibiotics is prudent, but there is no justification for prolonging their administration.", "contents": "Cephalothin prophylaxis in cardiac valve surgery. A prospective, double-blind comparison of two-day and six-day regimens. A prospective, double-blind study comparing a 6 day with a 2 day regimen of cephalothin prophylaxis was conducted among 200 patients undergoing prosthetic valve replacement. No cases of endocarditis occurred during the 2 month follow-up. Sternal wound infection developed in 2.8 per cent of the 6 day group and 2.1 per cent of the 2 day group. Pneumonia developed in 8.5 per cent of the 6 day and 5.3 per cent of the 2 day group; most of the bacteria isolated were susceptible to cephalothin. Urinary tract infection developed more frequently in the 2 day group (17.0 versus 8.5 per cent), particularly during the first 6 postoperative days. Three of 11 patients with no detectable cephalothin in their sera at the close of operation developed staphylococcal wound infections, compared with 2 of 175 patients whose sera contained cephalothin at the close of surgery (p = 0.002, Fisher's exact test). A short course of prophylactic antibiotics is prudent, but there is no justification for prolonging their administration.", "PMID": 402508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1451", "title": "Nutritional support in cardiac cachexia.", "content": "A nutritional survey of 350 hospital patients reveals 50 with cardiac disease who had clinically significant protein-calorie malnutrition. Assessment criteria of malnutrition (per cent normal) included triceps skin fold (52 per cent), arm muscle circumference (88 per cent), and impaired delayed hypersensitivity skin testing (i.e., deficiency in cell-mediated immunity), the latter frequently observed in patients with concurrent weight loss. The functional category of cardiac status was not precise in predictin the morbidity and mortality of 14 patients undergoing cardiac valvuloplasty. By contrast, a nutritional/metabolic profile using weight loss, triceps skin fold (35 per cent), arm muscle circumference (27 per cent), and cell-mediated immunity (29 per cent) did identify high-risk patients who could be expected to benefit by concurrent nutritional support (4/4). Further studies are indicated to determine if nutritional support for cardiac cachexia can reduce the levels of morbidity and mortality during mitral and tricuspid valve surgery.", "contents": "Nutritional support in cardiac cachexia. A nutritional survey of 350 hospital patients reveals 50 with cardiac disease who had clinically significant protein-calorie malnutrition. Assessment criteria of malnutrition (per cent normal) included triceps skin fold (52 per cent), arm muscle circumference (88 per cent), and impaired delayed hypersensitivity skin testing (i.e., deficiency in cell-mediated immunity), the latter frequently observed in patients with concurrent weight loss. The functional category of cardiac status was not precise in predictin the morbidity and mortality of 14 patients undergoing cardiac valvuloplasty. By contrast, a nutritional/metabolic profile using weight loss, triceps skin fold (35 per cent), arm muscle circumference (27 per cent), and cell-mediated immunity (29 per cent) did identify high-risk patients who could be expected to benefit by concurrent nutritional support (4/4). Further studies are indicated to determine if nutritional support for cardiac cachexia can reduce the levels of morbidity and mortality during mitral and tricuspid valve surgery.", "PMID": 402509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1452", "title": "Mapping assignment of the Rh and Duffy blood group genes to chromosome 1.", "content": "Blood group genes are inherited in a straightforward manner and their products are readily detectable. Because of this they are utilized over a wide area of scientific endeavor and provide excellent markers for use in gene mapping of the human chromosomes. Both the Rh and Duffy blood group genes have now been localized to the number 1 chromosome. Studies of a patient whose red cells exhibit mosaicism for the Rh blood group indicate that loss of the end of the short arm of chromosome number 1 is associated with loss of an Rh gene complex. The Rh gene can, therefore, be assigned with some precision to this region of the chromosome.", "contents": "Mapping assignment of the Rh and Duffy blood group genes to chromosome 1. Blood group genes are inherited in a straightforward manner and their products are readily detectable. Because of this they are utilized over a wide area of scientific endeavor and provide excellent markers for use in gene mapping of the human chromosomes. Both the Rh and Duffy blood group genes have now been localized to the number 1 chromosome. Studies of a patient whose red cells exhibit mosaicism for the Rh blood group indicate that loss of the end of the short arm of chromosome number 1 is associated with loss of an Rh gene complex. The Rh gene can, therefore, be assigned with some precision to this region of the chromosome.", "PMID": 402511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1453", "title": "Erythrocyte morphology in genetic defects of the Rh and Kell blood group systems.", "content": "Absence of KX antigen and of normal expression of the Kell system antigens is associated with bizarre red blood cell morphology when observed by either light or scanning electron microscopy. Numerous acanthocytes and dacryocytes have been observed in the peripheral blood smear of an apparently healthy individual with McLeod-phenotype blood, in a male patient with type II chronic granulomatous disease who had a shortened 51Cr red blood cell survival time, and in a minor population of the red blood cells of his carrier mother.", "contents": "Erythrocyte morphology in genetic defects of the Rh and Kell blood group systems. Absence of KX antigen and of normal expression of the Kell system antigens is associated with bizarre red blood cell morphology when observed by either light or scanning electron microscopy. Numerous acanthocytes and dacryocytes have been observed in the peripheral blood smear of an apparently healthy individual with McLeod-phenotype blood, in a male patient with type II chronic granulomatous disease who had a shortened 51Cr red blood cell survival time, and in a minor population of the red blood cells of his carrier mother.", "PMID": 402512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1454", "title": "A cost benefit analysis of continued stay certification.", "content": "A large portion of the resources of the Professional Standards Review Organization Program have been directed toward the review of inpatients to determine their need for continued hospitalization. The primary goal of this review process is the containment of hospital costs through the elimination of unnecessary patient hospitalization. A cost benefit analysis of this review process shows that the potential financial savings accrued are unlikely to offset the costs associated with the review procedure.", "contents": "A cost benefit analysis of continued stay certification. A large portion of the resources of the Professional Standards Review Organization Program have been directed toward the review of inpatients to determine their need for continued hospitalization. The primary goal of this review process is the containment of hospital costs through the elimination of unnecessary patient hospitalization. A cost benefit analysis of this review process shows that the potential financial savings accrued are unlikely to offset the costs associated with the review procedure.", "PMID": 402513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1455", "title": "Hypopharyngeal diverticulum.", "content": "The diagnosis and surgical management of 26 patients with hypopharyngeal diverticulum treated in the Department of Otolaryngology of the Washington University Medical School from 1961 to 1973 is discussed. The surgical technique for external excision of the diverticulum is described in detail. Results and complications are presented. The surgical excision of hypopharyngeal diverticulum is a standard, safe, and proven method of management which can be expected to result in satisfactory long-term results with minimal morbidity.", "contents": "Hypopharyngeal diverticulum. The diagnosis and surgical management of 26 patients with hypopharyngeal diverticulum treated in the Department of Otolaryngology of the Washington University Medical School from 1961 to 1973 is discussed. The surgical technique for external excision of the diverticulum is described in detail. Results and complications are presented. The surgical excision of hypopharyngeal diverticulum is a standard, safe, and proven method of management which can be expected to result in satisfactory long-term results with minimal morbidity.", "PMID": 402519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1456", "title": "Ossicular transplants: histologic findings in animals and man.", "content": "Numerous papers have been published in the past 15 years in which the authors attempted to predict the results of surgical procedures on humans by analyzing the findings in animals undergoing similar procedures. Our experience in analyzing animal and human temporal bones indicates that conclusions drawn on this basis are frequently invalid. We reviewed temporal bones of monkeys and cats that had had a variety of surgical procedures. There is much more middle ear fibrosis, particularly in the epithmpanum, in these animals than one finds in human temporal bones. In a number of animals in which middle ear procedures were performed, hydrops of the inner ear or labyrinthitis occurred. This has not been the experience in human middle ear surgical procedures. An extensive review of the literature indicates that most investigators are of the same opinion. However, there are still those who are performing experiments using ossicular transplants, stapedectomy techniques, etc., who attempt to correlate the findings in animals in anticipation of what the same procedures might do to the human middle and inner ear. It appears from our experience, and that of many other investigators, that the ultimate fate of ossicular repositioning and transplantation in various animals cannot be used to predict what might happen in human beings.", "contents": "Ossicular transplants: histologic findings in animals and man. Numerous papers have been published in the past 15 years in which the authors attempted to predict the results of surgical procedures on humans by analyzing the findings in animals undergoing similar procedures. Our experience in analyzing animal and human temporal bones indicates that conclusions drawn on this basis are frequently invalid. We reviewed temporal bones of monkeys and cats that had had a variety of surgical procedures. There is much more middle ear fibrosis, particularly in the epithmpanum, in these animals than one finds in human temporal bones. In a number of animals in which middle ear procedures were performed, hydrops of the inner ear or labyrinthitis occurred. This has not been the experience in human middle ear surgical procedures. An extensive review of the literature indicates that most investigators are of the same opinion. However, there are still those who are performing experiments using ossicular transplants, stapedectomy techniques, etc., who attempt to correlate the findings in animals in anticipation of what the same procedures might do to the human middle and inner ear. It appears from our experience, and that of many other investigators, that the ultimate fate of ossicular repositioning and transplantation in various animals cannot be used to predict what might happen in human beings.", "PMID": 402520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1457", "title": "Laryngeal involvement in Von Recklinghausen's disease: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of neurofibromatosis involving the larynx is added to the 19 previously reported cases; furthermore, it represents the only reported case of plexiform ganglioneurofibroma of the larynx in Von Recklinghausen's disease. The reported cases of neurofibromatosis with laryngeal involvement in the world literature are discussed and summarized. The main clinical symptoms are dyspnea, dysphonia and dysphagia which occasionally require tracheotomy when the condition is recognized. Elective surgical excision is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Laryngeal involvement in Von Recklinghausen's disease: a case report and review of the literature. A case of neurofibromatosis involving the larynx is added to the 19 previously reported cases; furthermore, it represents the only reported case of plexiform ganglioneurofibroma of the larynx in Von Recklinghausen's disease. The reported cases of neurofibromatosis with laryngeal involvement in the world literature are discussed and summarized. The main clinical symptoms are dyspnea, dysphonia and dysphagia which occasionally require tracheotomy when the condition is recognized. Elective surgical excision is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 402521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1458", "title": "Pseudomonas mastoiditis.", "content": "Opportunistic infections of the external auditory canal or the middle ear due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurring in patients with low resistance to infection have a 35 percent mortality rate. Once the process extends into the pneumatized temporal bone, eradication becomes more difficult and the mortality rate increases to 72 percent because of the high incidence of involvement of cranial nerves, adjacent intracranial vessels, and meningitis. Treatment is directed towards the underlying condition, administration of systemic carbenicillin and gentamicin, topical colistin therapy, and judicious surgical debridement. Pseudomonas vaccine may be of help. Fifteen cases are presented. Nine follow the pattern of malignant external otitis and six began as a primary acute otitis media.", "contents": "Pseudomonas mastoiditis. Opportunistic infections of the external auditory canal or the middle ear due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurring in patients with low resistance to infection have a 35 percent mortality rate. Once the process extends into the pneumatized temporal bone, eradication becomes more difficult and the mortality rate increases to 72 percent because of the high incidence of involvement of cranial nerves, adjacent intracranial vessels, and meningitis. Treatment is directed towards the underlying condition, administration of systemic carbenicillin and gentamicin, topical colistin therapy, and judicious surgical debridement. Pseudomonas vaccine may be of help. Fifteen cases are presented. Nine follow the pattern of malignant external otitis and six began as a primary acute otitis media.", "PMID": 402522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1459", "title": "Carcinoma of the tonsil: results of radical irradiation with surgery reserved for radiation failure.", "content": "This analysis reviews the treatment results of 58 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil who were treated by radical irradiation to the primary, with operation reserved for radiation failures. Postirradiation radical neck dissection was sometimes added as part of the initial treatment plan. The local control and absolute survival rates for T1-T2 lesions were quite good, and complications were minimal. On the other hand, the local control and absolute survival for T3-T4 lesions were only fair, and complications generally more severe, although mandibulectomy for osteonecrosis was not required in this small series. There appears to be no justification for combining operation with radiation in the initial attack for T1-T2 lesions. Although the T1-T2 lesions might as well be cured by operation alone, it would entail the loss of part of the mandible, pharyngeal wall, possibly some tongue and soft palate, and at least one radical neck dissection. At attempt at combining operation and irradiation for some T3 (T4) lesions appears justified by the high failure rate of radical irradiation alone. However, therapeutic zeal should be tempered by the realization that many of these patients are elderly or in poor general health, and an aggressive combined treatment approach may be unrealistic .", "contents": "Carcinoma of the tonsil: results of radical irradiation with surgery reserved for radiation failure. This analysis reviews the treatment results of 58 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil who were treated by radical irradiation to the primary, with operation reserved for radiation failures. Postirradiation radical neck dissection was sometimes added as part of the initial treatment plan. The local control and absolute survival rates for T1-T2 lesions were quite good, and complications were minimal. On the other hand, the local control and absolute survival for T3-T4 lesions were only fair, and complications generally more severe, although mandibulectomy for osteonecrosis was not required in this small series. There appears to be no justification for combining operation with radiation in the initial attack for T1-T2 lesions. Although the T1-T2 lesions might as well be cured by operation alone, it would entail the loss of part of the mandible, pharyngeal wall, possibly some tongue and soft palate, and at least one radical neck dissection. At attempt at combining operation and irradiation for some T3 (T4) lesions appears justified by the high failure rate of radical irradiation alone. However, therapeutic zeal should be tempered by the realization that many of these patients are elderly or in poor general health, and an aggressive combined treatment approach may be unrealistic .", "PMID": 402523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1460", "title": "[Pathophysiology and disgnosis of autonomous adenoma (author's transl)].", "content": "From personal experience in 200 patients and after a careful review of the literature autonomous adenoma of the thyroid is discussed under three aspects: 1. Different ways of its pathogenesis are possible. None of them has been sufficiently proven. 2. Differentiation by scintigraphy into a compensated, partially decompensated stage does not correlate sufficiently with the concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood and the overall clinical picture. The TRH test is negative in about 90% of patients independent of the stage evaluated by scintigraphy. 3. The diagnosis of the disease by modern tools is critically reviewed.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology and disgnosis of autonomous adenoma (author's transl)]. From personal experience in 200 patients and after a careful review of the literature autonomous adenoma of the thyroid is discussed under three aspects: 1. Different ways of its pathogenesis are possible. None of them has been sufficiently proven. 2. Differentiation by scintigraphy into a compensated, partially decompensated stage does not correlate sufficiently with the concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood and the overall clinical picture. The TRH test is negative in about 90% of patients independent of the stage evaluated by scintigraphy. 3. The diagnosis of the disease by modern tools is critically reviewed.", "PMID": 402542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1461", "title": "[Influence of vasoactive substances on blood sugar and serum insulin in normal and diabetic carbohydrate metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of the following vasoactive substances, which are used in the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases, was investigated in a randomized study in 36 patients with normal and 52 patients with diabetic carbohydrate metabolism by intravenous infusion on the behaviour of blood sugar and serum insulin (IMI) during simultaneous oral glucose tolerance tests (100 g oligosaccharides). The substances used and the doses given were as follows: protein-free calf-blood extract (Actihaemyl, 0,5 ml per kg body weight), bencyclane (Fludilat, 200 mg), naftidrofuryl (Dusodril, 200 mg, pentoxifyllin (Trenal, 200 mg). The results obtained with the simultaneous treatment and oral glucose tolerance test were compared with a second OGTT carried out at an interval of 3-4 days under the same conditions but without administration of the substances (in a cross-over procedure) and the results of these experiments were compared with those obtained from an untreated control group. In subjects with a diabetic metabolic state, Actihaemyl led to a significant reduction of the blood sugar after oral glucose load (p less than 0,05) without producing any change in serum insulin. The same behaviour was exhibited by Fludilat for the total area integral and by Trental for the first 60 min after the oral glucose load. The change in the blood sugar behaviour was only significantly different from the untreated controls with Actihaemyl (p less than 0,05). In subjects with a normal metabolic state neither blood sugar nor serum insulin (IMI) were altered by any of the substances investigated.", "contents": "[Influence of vasoactive substances on blood sugar and serum insulin in normal and diabetic carbohydrate metabolism (author's transl)]. The effect of the following vasoactive substances, which are used in the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases, was investigated in a randomized study in 36 patients with normal and 52 patients with diabetic carbohydrate metabolism by intravenous infusion on the behaviour of blood sugar and serum insulin (IMI) during simultaneous oral glucose tolerance tests (100 g oligosaccharides). The substances used and the doses given were as follows: protein-free calf-blood extract (Actihaemyl, 0,5 ml per kg body weight), bencyclane (Fludilat, 200 mg), naftidrofuryl (Dusodril, 200 mg, pentoxifyllin (Trenal, 200 mg). The results obtained with the simultaneous treatment and oral glucose tolerance test were compared with a second OGTT carried out at an interval of 3-4 days under the same conditions but without administration of the substances (in a cross-over procedure) and the results of these experiments were compared with those obtained from an untreated control group. In subjects with a diabetic metabolic state, Actihaemyl led to a significant reduction of the blood sugar after oral glucose load (p less than 0,05) without producing any change in serum insulin. The same behaviour was exhibited by Fludilat for the total area integral and by Trental for the first 60 min after the oral glucose load. The change in the blood sugar behaviour was only significantly different from the untreated controls with Actihaemyl (p less than 0,05). In subjects with a normal metabolic state neither blood sugar nor serum insulin (IMI) were altered by any of the substances investigated.", "PMID": 402543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1462", "title": "[Changes in male sexual function during hemodialysis and after renal transplantation under psychiatric aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "20 patients with well functioning kidneys were investigated psychiatrically and had to judge on their libido and potency prior to the onset of their illness under chronic hemodialysis and after transplantation. The psychometric instrument used was the FPI (Freiburger Pers\u00f6nlichkeits-Inventar). The sexual activity was found to be either significantly reduced or absent in 80% during hemodialysis. Following transplantation more than 50% sexually fully recovered. In patients with persistent sexual dysfunction in the post-transplant period depressive symptoms were found four times as much as in those with a complete recovery. Psychometrically the latter characterized themselves as more active, optimistic but even as less self-critical. Therapeutic aspects are being discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in male sexual function during hemodialysis and after renal transplantation under psychiatric aspects (author's transl)]. 20 patients with well functioning kidneys were investigated psychiatrically and had to judge on their libido and potency prior to the onset of their illness under chronic hemodialysis and after transplantation. The psychometric instrument used was the FPI (Freiburger Pers\u00f6nlichkeits-Inventar). The sexual activity was found to be either significantly reduced or absent in 80% during hemodialysis. Following transplantation more than 50% sexually fully recovered. In patients with persistent sexual dysfunction in the post-transplant period depressive symptoms were found four times as much as in those with a complete recovery. Psychometrically the latter characterized themselves as more active, optimistic but even as less self-critical. Therapeutic aspects are being discussed.", "PMID": 402544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1463", "title": "Erythromycin resistant mutations in Bacillus subtilis cause temperature sensitive sporulation.", "content": "All of several hundred erythromycin resistant single site mutants of Bacillus subtilis W168 are temperature senstive for sporulation. The mutants and wild type cells grow vegetatively at essentially the same rates at both permissive (30 degrees C) and nonpermissive (47 degrees C) temperatures. In addition cellular protein synthesis, cell mass increases and cell viabilities are similar in mutant and wild type strains for several hours after the end of vegetative growth (47 degrees C). in the mutants examined, the temperature sensitive periods begin when the sporulation process is approximately 40% completed, and end when the process is 90% completed. At nonpermissive temperatures, the mutants produce serine and metal proteases at 50% of the wild type rate, accumulate serine esterase at 16% of the wild type rate, and do not demonstrate a sporulation related increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. The eryR and spots phenotypes cotransform 100%, and cotransduce 100% using phage PBS1. Revertants selected for ability to sporulate normally at 47 degrees C (spot), simultaneously regain parental sensitivity to erthromycin. No second site revertants are found. Ribosomes from eryR spots strains bind erythromycin at less than 1% of the wild type rate. A single 50S protein (L17) from mutant ribosomes shows an altered electrophoretic mobility. Ribosomes from spo+ revertants bind erythromycin like parental ribosomes and their proteins are electrophoretically identical to wild type. These data indicate that the L17 protein of the 50S ribosomal subunit from Bacillus subtilis may participate specifically in the sporulation process.", "contents": "Erythromycin resistant mutations in Bacillus subtilis cause temperature sensitive sporulation. All of several hundred erythromycin resistant single site mutants of Bacillus subtilis W168 are temperature senstive for sporulation. The mutants and wild type cells grow vegetatively at essentially the same rates at both permissive (30 degrees C) and nonpermissive (47 degrees C) temperatures. In addition cellular protein synthesis, cell mass increases and cell viabilities are similar in mutant and wild type strains for several hours after the end of vegetative growth (47 degrees C). in the mutants examined, the temperature sensitive periods begin when the sporulation process is approximately 40% completed, and end when the process is 90% completed. At nonpermissive temperatures, the mutants produce serine and metal proteases at 50% of the wild type rate, accumulate serine esterase at 16% of the wild type rate, and do not demonstrate a sporulation related increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. The eryR and spots phenotypes cotransform 100%, and cotransduce 100% using phage PBS1. Revertants selected for ability to sporulate normally at 47 degrees C (spot), simultaneously regain parental sensitivity to erthromycin. No second site revertants are found. Ribosomes from eryR spots strains bind erythromycin at less than 1% of the wild type rate. A single 50S protein (L17) from mutant ribosomes shows an altered electrophoretic mobility. Ribosomes from spo+ revertants bind erythromycin like parental ribosomes and their proteins are electrophoretically identical to wild type. These data indicate that the L17 protein of the 50S ribosomal subunit from Bacillus subtilis may participate specifically in the sporulation process.", "PMID": 402547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1464", "title": "[The estimation of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyro-binding-index, and free-thyroxine-index in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of the importance of early diagnosis of hypothyroidism normal values of thyroxine (T4), thyro-binding-index (TBI), free thyroxine-index (FTI) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the serum of newborns were established. In extremely premature babies as in early fetal life the total thyroxine is relatively low. The lowest serum thyroxine in newborns without hypothyroidism was found in a premature infant with a birth weight of 750 g, i.e. 4.8 mug/100 ml on the 4th day of life. Otherwise the T4 values were quite high during the neonatal period, without signs of hyperthyroidism. Our hypothyroid patients scarcely had higher T4 values (0.8-5.1 mug/100 ml) within the first month of life than older hypothyroid patients. Healthy newborns had a mean T4 value of about 15 mug/100 ml during the first week of life (two standard deviations 6.4-23.6 mug/100 ml). Afterwards the T4 values slowly came down to a mean of about 12 mug/100 ml in the 4th week of life. During the first month of life the FTI of hypothyroid patients was below two standard deviations of normal newborn values, whereas TBI-values showed an overlap. During the first 3 days of life newborns with goiter had T4-values in the lower normal or hypothyroid range without obvious signs of hypothyroidism. FTI was quite low, too, and TBI relatively high (as in hypothyroidism). Within the second week of life all these values normalized mostly after treatment with KI ointment, occasionally without this treatment. Where these values did not normalize, hypohtyroidism was assumed. Triiodothyronine in cord blood was very low (0.47 ng/1.6 ng/ml) during the neonatal period (one to two days after birth almost 2.0 mg/ml). Values in our hypothyroid patients fluctuated widely (zero to slightly elevated values with a mean of 0.78 ng/ml). Therefore, T4 seemed more reliable than T3 for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism (the opposite was true for hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "[The estimation of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyro-binding-index, and free-thyroxine-index in the newborn (author's transl)]. Because of the importance of early diagnosis of hypothyroidism normal values of thyroxine (T4), thyro-binding-index (TBI), free thyroxine-index (FTI) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the serum of newborns were established. In extremely premature babies as in early fetal life the total thyroxine is relatively low. The lowest serum thyroxine in newborns without hypothyroidism was found in a premature infant with a birth weight of 750 g, i.e. 4.8 mug/100 ml on the 4th day of life. Otherwise the T4 values were quite high during the neonatal period, without signs of hyperthyroidism. Our hypothyroid patients scarcely had higher T4 values (0.8-5.1 mug/100 ml) within the first month of life than older hypothyroid patients. Healthy newborns had a mean T4 value of about 15 mug/100 ml during the first week of life (two standard deviations 6.4-23.6 mug/100 ml). Afterwards the T4 values slowly came down to a mean of about 12 mug/100 ml in the 4th week of life. During the first month of life the FTI of hypothyroid patients was below two standard deviations of normal newborn values, whereas TBI-values showed an overlap. During the first 3 days of life newborns with goiter had T4-values in the lower normal or hypothyroid range without obvious signs of hypothyroidism. FTI was quite low, too, and TBI relatively high (as in hypothyroidism). Within the second week of life all these values normalized mostly after treatment with KI ointment, occasionally without this treatment. Where these values did not normalize, hypohtyroidism was assumed. Triiodothyronine in cord blood was very low (0.47 ng/1.6 ng/ml) during the neonatal period (one to two days after birth almost 2.0 mg/ml). Values in our hypothyroid patients fluctuated widely (zero to slightly elevated values with a mean of 0.78 ng/ml). Therefore, T4 seemed more reliable than T3 for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism (the opposite was true for hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 402548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1465", "title": "[The value of xeroradiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Equally good pictures of the bone were proved in 2800 xeroradiographs as in roentgen film, but at the same time the soft parts around the bone and their pathological changes were well portrayed. Additional information is obtained in the radiodiagnosis of the nasal sinus system, the upper airways, the breast and the soft parts of the head, neck and extremities. Xerotomography of the skull and especially of the lungs is superior to film tomogoraphy.", "contents": "[The value of xeroradiography (author's transl)]. Equally good pictures of the bone were proved in 2800 xeroradiographs as in roentgen film, but at the same time the soft parts around the bone and their pathological changes were well portrayed. Additional information is obtained in the radiodiagnosis of the nasal sinus system, the upper airways, the breast and the soft parts of the head, neck and extremities. Xerotomography of the skull and especially of the lungs is superior to film tomogoraphy.", "PMID": 402550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1466", "title": "[Health education and personal therapy in self-provoked diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Diseases due to faulty behavior patterns injurious to health-- overeating, alcoholism and nicotine abuse -- are increasing ominously in our consumer society. Those with labile attitudes gather together in courses of treatment and in hospitals where they are usually treated symptomatically and perhaps also given more or less basic information on risk factors. A behavior-therapy effect is, however, only attainable in many cases through the additional longterm experience guidance in self-experienced groups. An appropriate motivation should be attempted by psychotherapeutic methods in the internist hospital treatment which so often comes first and by the occupational therapy institutions in the not frequent criminal offence. Prophylactically we need a medical pedagogic health education from infancy onwards.", "contents": "[Health education and personal therapy in self-provoked diseases (author's transl)]. Diseases due to faulty behavior patterns injurious to health-- overeating, alcoholism and nicotine abuse -- are increasing ominously in our consumer society. Those with labile attitudes gather together in courses of treatment and in hospitals where they are usually treated symptomatically and perhaps also given more or less basic information on risk factors. A behavior-therapy effect is, however, only attainable in many cases through the additional longterm experience guidance in self-experienced groups. An appropriate motivation should be attempted by psychotherapeutic methods in the internist hospital treatment which so often comes first and by the occupational therapy institutions in the not frequent criminal offence. Prophylactically we need a medical pedagogic health education from infancy onwards.", "PMID": 402554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1467", "title": "[Informative value of control methods for postoperative supervision of medication with aspirin and heparin (author's transl)].", "content": "Under the effect of acetylsalicyl lysin, a postoperative hypercoagulability was ascertained with regard to shortened antithrombin and partial prothrombin times. The inhibition of aggregation was easily demonstrable with a high concentration of collagen in the test batch and showed a striking relationship to the occurrence of thrombosis. Under heparin prophylaxis, normal coagulability was maintained. Since disorders of hemostasis due to therapy occur sporadically, early postoperative raising of the dose of heparin should only be done under regular laboratory controll, to which activated PTT and antithrombin time is well suited.", "contents": "[Informative value of control methods for postoperative supervision of medication with aspirin and heparin (author's transl)]. Under the effect of acetylsalicyl lysin, a postoperative hypercoagulability was ascertained with regard to shortened antithrombin and partial prothrombin times. The inhibition of aggregation was easily demonstrable with a high concentration of collagen in the test batch and showed a striking relationship to the occurrence of thrombosis. Under heparin prophylaxis, normal coagulability was maintained. Since disorders of hemostasis due to therapy occur sporadically, early postoperative raising of the dose of heparin should only be done under regular laboratory controll, to which activated PTT and antithrombin time is well suited.", "PMID": 402555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1468", "title": "[Prophylaxis of peritoneal adhesions with streptokinase and streptodornase (Varidase). An experimental study in animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Animal experiments on 40 Wistar rats show that intraperitoneal application of Varidase can reduce or prevent the formation of adhesions after intra-abdominal interventions. This effect is interpreted as the sequel to a local increase in fibrinolytic activity which leads to the accelerated breakdown of fibrinous pseudo-membranes. The healing of intestinal sutures appears not to be impaired by Varidase.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis of peritoneal adhesions with streptokinase and streptodornase (Varidase). An experimental study in animals (author's transl)]. Animal experiments on 40 Wistar rats show that intraperitoneal application of Varidase can reduce or prevent the formation of adhesions after intra-abdominal interventions. This effect is interpreted as the sequel to a local increase in fibrinolytic activity which leads to the accelerated breakdown of fibrinous pseudo-membranes. The healing of intestinal sutures appears not to be impaired by Varidase.", "PMID": 402556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1469", "title": "[Thoughts on the Future of Gastroenterology (author's transl)].", "content": "The rapid growth of knowledge and and the multiplicity of new diagnostic and therapeutic methods are forcing the internal medical specialty apart and compelling us to specialize. One exponent of this development is gastroenterology. With the introduction of fiberoptics, gastroenterological diagnosis was revolutionized. Endoscopic biopsy methods are dominating diagnosis, radiological examination of the digestive tract is mainly used for supplementation. Operative endoscopy with its diagnostic and therapeutic importance forces us to closer cooperation with pathologists and surgeons. The immediate objective most likely to do justice to the development is the gastroenterological department or center which permits optimal cooperation. The gastroenterologist of the future must be trained in pathological anatomy, surgery and internist gastroenterology.", "contents": "[Thoughts on the Future of Gastroenterology (author's transl)]. The rapid growth of knowledge and and the multiplicity of new diagnostic and therapeutic methods are forcing the internal medical specialty apart and compelling us to specialize. One exponent of this development is gastroenterology. With the introduction of fiberoptics, gastroenterological diagnosis was revolutionized. Endoscopic biopsy methods are dominating diagnosis, radiological examination of the digestive tract is mainly used for supplementation. Operative endoscopy with its diagnostic and therapeutic importance forces us to closer cooperation with pathologists and surgeons. The immediate objective most likely to do justice to the development is the gastroenterological department or center which permits optimal cooperation. The gastroenterologist of the future must be trained in pathological anatomy, surgery and internist gastroenterology.", "PMID": 402562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1470", "title": "[Diagnostic methods in the bulbus duodeni. Agreement and disagreement between endoscopic, roentgenological and histological examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "In a collective of 1012 patients (700 m., 312 f.), 346 (268 m., 78 f.) had pathological endoscopic findings in the bulbus. Diseases of the bulbus appeared in women about 10 years later than in men. In comparison to the endoscopic findings, roentgen findings showed disagreement in about 35% which mainly arose from contradictions in the assessment of cicatricial changes in the bulbus. False negative ulcer findings amounted to about 21%, the false positive to 19%. Endoscopic and histologically confirmed malignancies were not overlooked in a single case.", "contents": "[Diagnostic methods in the bulbus duodeni. Agreement and disagreement between endoscopic, roentgenological and histological examinations (author's transl)]. In a collective of 1012 patients (700 m., 312 f.), 346 (268 m., 78 f.) had pathological endoscopic findings in the bulbus. Diseases of the bulbus appeared in women about 10 years later than in men. In comparison to the endoscopic findings, roentgen findings showed disagreement in about 35% which mainly arose from contradictions in the assessment of cicatricial changes in the bulbus. False negative ulcer findings amounted to about 21%, the false positive to 19%. Endoscopic and histologically confirmed malignancies were not overlooked in a single case.", "PMID": 402563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1471", "title": "[Diagnostic Methods in the Bulbus Duodeni. Agreement and Disagreement between Endoscopic, Roentgenological and Histological Examination (author's transl)].", "content": "In a collective of 1012 patients (700 m., 312f.), 346 (268 m., 78 f.) had pathological endoscopic findings in the bulbus. Diseases of the bulbus appeared in women about 10 years later than in men. In comparison to the endoscopic findings, roentgen findings showed disagreement in about 35% which mainly arose from contradictions in the assessment of cicatricial changes in the bulbus. False negative ulcer findings amounted to about 21%, the false positive to 19%. Endoscopic and histologically confirmed malignancies were not overlooked in a single case.", "contents": "[Diagnostic Methods in the Bulbus Duodeni. Agreement and Disagreement between Endoscopic, Roentgenological and Histological Examination (author's transl)]. In a collective of 1012 patients (700 m., 312f.), 346 (268 m., 78 f.) had pathological endoscopic findings in the bulbus. Diseases of the bulbus appeared in women about 10 years later than in men. In comparison to the endoscopic findings, roentgen findings showed disagreement in about 35% which mainly arose from contradictions in the assessment of cicatricial changes in the bulbus. False negative ulcer findings amounted to about 21%, the false positive to 19%. Endoscopic and histologically confirmed malignancies were not overlooked in a single case.", "PMID": 402564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1472", "title": "[The position of gastrointestinal suture technique. Advances through mechanical suture methods (author's transl)].", "content": "At the present time various materials and methods of manually suturing the gastrointestinal tract are used in parallel. While these methods satisfy basic standards, there is scarcely any detectable difference in the results. Further development in manual suturing with reference to security from failure and reduction of the expenditure of time is unforeseeable. Adhesive methods cannot achieve any importance in the gastrointestinal tract. Presently only the fully mechanical suture methods described at the end of the sixties show promise of possible future development in the gastrointestinal tract. They are suitable for as much as 80% of plastic gastrointestinal operations, but still need statistical comparison of results.", "contents": "[The position of gastrointestinal suture technique. Advances through mechanical suture methods (author's transl)]. At the present time various materials and methods of manually suturing the gastrointestinal tract are used in parallel. While these methods satisfy basic standards, there is scarcely any detectable difference in the results. Further development in manual suturing with reference to security from failure and reduction of the expenditure of time is unforeseeable. Adhesive methods cannot achieve any importance in the gastrointestinal tract. Presently only the fully mechanical suture methods described at the end of the sixties show promise of possible future development in the gastrointestinal tract. They are suitable for as much as 80% of plastic gastrointestinal operations, but still need statistical comparison of results.", "PMID": 402565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1473", "title": "[The effect of antacids on stress-induced lesions of the gastric mucosa in the piglet (author's transl)].", "content": "After administration of antacids, gastric stress lesions due to hemorrhagic shock appear in the pig stomach quicker and more markedly than in animals which have been similarly treated with an indifferent substance or not at all. However, once treated, the administration of antacids seems to favor the healing of mucosal lesions after the end of the stress. At the same time it was observed that after administration of antacids in hemorrhagic shock, the serum gastrin level rises and does not remain  constant, as in the control group. An attempt is made to explain the favorable effect of antacids on the genesis of hemorrhagic stress lesions in the pig's stomach through this observation.", "contents": "[The effect of antacids on stress-induced lesions of the gastric mucosa in the piglet (author's transl)]. After administration of antacids, gastric stress lesions due to hemorrhagic shock appear in the pig stomach quicker and more markedly than in animals which have been similarly treated with an indifferent substance or not at all. However, once treated, the administration of antacids seems to favor the healing of mucosal lesions after the end of the stress. At the same time it was observed that after administration of antacids in hemorrhagic shock, the serum gastrin level rises and does not remain  constant, as in the control group. An attempt is made to explain the favorable effect of antacids on the genesis of hemorrhagic stress lesions in the pig's stomach through this observation.", "PMID": 402566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1474", "title": "[Tryptic enzymes in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the colon (author's transl)].", "content": "Inflammatory diseases of the colon can be differentiated by means of their chymotrypsin A excretion in the stool. In proctosigmoiditis and a group of comparable gastroenterological cases, the mean excretion level is between 170 and 200 mug per gram of stool. The chymotrypsin A level in proctocolitis, on the other hand, is significantly higher in all stages and increases with increasing activity of the disease. This brings a further diagnostic criterion to the clinical and endoscopic differences between proctosigmoiditis and proctocolitis (colitis ulcerosa). The fundamentally different behavior in the excretion of chymotrypsin A in the stool supports the hypothesis of two diseases differing from each other.", "contents": "[Tryptic enzymes in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the colon (author's transl)]. Inflammatory diseases of the colon can be differentiated by means of their chymotrypsin A excretion in the stool. In proctosigmoiditis and a group of comparable gastroenterological cases, the mean excretion level is between 170 and 200 mug per gram of stool. The chymotrypsin A level in proctocolitis, on the other hand, is significantly higher in all stages and increases with increasing activity of the disease. This brings a further diagnostic criterion to the clinical and endoscopic differences between proctosigmoiditis and proctocolitis (colitis ulcerosa). The fundamentally different behavior in the excretion of chymotrypsin A in the stool supports the hypothesis of two diseases differing from each other.", "PMID": 402567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1475", "title": "[Results of a double blind study with segontin--digoxin in coronary heart disease. (author's transl)].", "content": "Segontin-Digoxin and digoxin were tested in a cross-over double blind trial in 30 patients with coronary heart disease and concomitant organic insufficiency in a cardiological specialist practice. As far as the coronary symptoms were concerned, treatment with Segontin-Digoxin was clearly superior to digoxin therapy alone. With regard to the elimination or improvement of signs of myocardial insufficiency, no difference could be established between the two preparations. A distinct lowering of heart rate and blood pressure, especially in hypertensives, was observed with Segontin-Digoxin therapy compared with digoxin alone.", "contents": "[Results of a double blind study with segontin--digoxin in coronary heart disease. (author's transl)]. Segontin-Digoxin and digoxin were tested in a cross-over double blind trial in 30 patients with coronary heart disease and concomitant organic insufficiency in a cardiological specialist practice. As far as the coronary symptoms were concerned, treatment with Segontin-Digoxin was clearly superior to digoxin therapy alone. With regard to the elimination or improvement of signs of myocardial insufficiency, no difference could be established between the two preparations. A distinct lowering of heart rate and blood pressure, especially in hypertensives, was observed with Segontin-Digoxin therapy compared with digoxin alone.", "PMID": 402568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1476", "title": "[Results of a double blind study with Segontin-Digoxin in coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Segontin-Digoxin and digoxin were tested in a cross-over double blind trial in 30 patients with coronary heart disease and concomitant organic insufficiency in a cardiological specialist practice. As far as the coronary symptoms were concerned, treatment with Segontin-Digoxin was clearly superior to digoxin therapy alone. With regard to the elimination or improvement of signs of myocardial insufficiency, no difference could be established between the two preparations. A distinct lowering of heart rate and blood pressure, especially in hypertensives, was observed with Segontin-Digoxin therapy compared with digoxin alone.", "contents": "[Results of a double blind study with Segontin-Digoxin in coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. Segontin-Digoxin and digoxin were tested in a cross-over double blind trial in 30 patients with coronary heart disease and concomitant organic insufficiency in a cardiological specialist practice. As far as the coronary symptoms were concerned, treatment with Segontin-Digoxin was clearly superior to digoxin therapy alone. With regard to the elimination or improvement of signs of myocardial insufficiency, no difference could be established between the two preparations. A distinct lowering of heart rate and blood pressure, especially in hypertensives, was observed with Segontin-Digoxin therapy compared with digoxin alone.", "PMID": 402569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1477", "title": "Mutation induction by the direct treatment of Bacillus subtilis deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "A procedure was developed to select for specific mutations obtained by means of transformation with DNA previously exposed to potentially dangerous chemical compounds. The 70% co-transformation of hisB and trpC genes in Bacillus subtilis provided a convenient opportunity to select for new mutations. When purified DNA from wild type bacteria was treated with N(OH) acetyl aminofluorene or Hoechst dye 37 507 and used to transform a recipient bearing of a trpC2 mutaion, a high proportion of the Trp+ transformants had new hisB mutations.", "contents": "Mutation induction by the direct treatment of Bacillus subtilis deoxyribonucleic acid. A procedure was developed to select for specific mutations obtained by means of transformation with DNA previously exposed to potentially dangerous chemical compounds. The 70% co-transformation of hisB and trpC genes in Bacillus subtilis provided a convenient opportunity to select for new mutations. When purified DNA from wild type bacteria was treated with N(OH) acetyl aminofluorene or Hoechst dye 37 507 and used to transform a recipient bearing of a trpC2 mutaion, a high proportion of the Trp+ transformants had new hisB mutations.", "PMID": 402570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1478", "title": "The lifetime health-monitoring program. A practical approach to preventive medicine.", "content": "Current patterns of health care and its financing need to be improved by the incorporation of cost-effective and health-effective preventive measures. As a stimulus for further development, we propose a Lifetime Health-Monitoring Program that uses clinical and epidemiologic criteria to identify specific health goals and professional services appropriate for 10 different age groups. During infancy, for example, we recommend seven immunizations, tests to detect anemia, hemorrhagic diseases, phenylketonuria and developmental deficiencies, and routine prophylaxis of gonorrheal ophthalmia. In the age group 40 to 59, tests for hypertension, cervical, mammary, and gastrointestinal cancer, and control of obesity and smoking are in order. The cost of such preventive measures. which should not be prohibitive, must be covered by health-insurance programs, whether based on fee-for-service or capitation. The program suggested, by incorporating prevention into day-to-day care, should strengthen the patient-physician relation.", "contents": "The lifetime health-monitoring program. A practical approach to preventive medicine. Current patterns of health care and its financing need to be improved by the incorporation of cost-effective and health-effective preventive measures. As a stimulus for further development, we propose a Lifetime Health-Monitoring Program that uses clinical and epidemiologic criteria to identify specific health goals and professional services appropriate for 10 different age groups. During infancy, for example, we recommend seven immunizations, tests to detect anemia, hemorrhagic diseases, phenylketonuria and developmental deficiencies, and routine prophylaxis of gonorrheal ophthalmia. In the age group 40 to 59, tests for hypertension, cervical, mammary, and gastrointestinal cancer, and control of obesity and smoking are in order. The cost of such preventive measures. which should not be prohibitive, must be covered by health-insurance programs, whether based on fee-for-service or capitation. The program suggested, by incorporating prevention into day-to-day care, should strengthen the patient-physician relation.", "PMID": 402571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1479", "title": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency associated with selective cellular immunodeficiency.", "content": "We studied a 15-month-old girl who had normal T-cell and B-cell immunity at birth, after which a gradual decrease in T-cell immunity developed. This selective cellular immunodeficiency was inherited as an autosomal recessive trait: two older sisters had the same immunodeficiency. Adenosine deaminase activity was present in erythrocytes and lymphocytes of the patient, parents and a healthy brother. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity was not found in the patient's erythrocytes and lymphocytes (the parents and brother had intermediate values, indicating that the enzyme deficiency too was inherited as an autosomal recessive trait). Analysis of serum and urine from the patient and of serum from her two deceased sisters showed high levels of inosine and guanosine in addition to hypouricemia and hypouricosuria. The bone marrow was megaloblastic, and the blood hypochromic microcytic. The patient had spastic tetraparesis. Intoxication of the T lymphocytes after birth by metabolic products may explain the progressive cellular immunodeficiency.", "contents": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency associated with selective cellular immunodeficiency. We studied a 15-month-old girl who had normal T-cell and B-cell immunity at birth, after which a gradual decrease in T-cell immunity developed. This selective cellular immunodeficiency was inherited as an autosomal recessive trait: two older sisters had the same immunodeficiency. Adenosine deaminase activity was present in erythrocytes and lymphocytes of the patient, parents and a healthy brother. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity was not found in the patient's erythrocytes and lymphocytes (the parents and brother had intermediate values, indicating that the enzyme deficiency too was inherited as an autosomal recessive trait). Analysis of serum and urine from the patient and of serum from her two deceased sisters showed high levels of inosine and guanosine in addition to hypouricemia and hypouricosuria. The bone marrow was megaloblastic, and the blood hypochromic microcytic. The patient had spastic tetraparesis. Intoxication of the T lymphocytes after birth by metabolic products may explain the progressive cellular immunodeficiency.", "PMID": 402573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1480", "title": "Foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis for health and medical practices.", "content": "Limits on health-care resources mandate that resource-allocation decisions be guided by considerations of cost in relation to expected benefits. In cost-effectiveness analysis, the ratio of net health-care costs to net health benefits provides an index by which priorities may be set. Quality-of-life concerns, including both adverse and beneficial effects of therapy, may be incorporated in the calculation of health benefits as adjustments to life expectancy. The timing of future benefits and costs may be accounted for by the appropriate use of discounting. Current decisions must inevitably be based on imperfect information, but sensitivity analysis can increase the level of confidence in some decisions while suggesting areas where further research may be valuable in guiding others. Analyses should be adaptable to the needs of various health-care decision makers, including planners, administrators and providers.", "contents": "Foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis for health and medical practices. Limits on health-care resources mandate that resource-allocation decisions be guided by considerations of cost in relation to expected benefits. In cost-effectiveness analysis, the ratio of net health-care costs to net health benefits provides an index by which priorities may be set. Quality-of-life concerns, including both adverse and beneficial effects of therapy, may be incorporated in the calculation of health benefits as adjustments to life expectancy. The timing of future benefits and costs may be accounted for by the appropriate use of discounting. Current decisions must inevitably be based on imperfect information, but sensitivity analysis can increase the level of confidence in some decisions while suggesting areas where further research may be valuable in guiding others. Analyses should be adaptable to the needs of various health-care decision makers, including planners, administrators and providers.", "PMID": 402576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1481", "title": "UDP-glucuronyltransferase in perfused rat liver and in microsomes. Effects of CCl4 injury.", "content": "To elucidate the disparity between glucuronidation rates in vivo and UDP-glucuronyltransferase in vitro after CCl4 injury, the time course of the effects of CCl4 (0.25 ml/kg) on kinetic properties of UDP-glucuronyltransferase (l-naphthol as substrate) was examined in rat liver homogenates and microsomes. These experiments were compared with l-naphthol glucuronidation by the perfused liver which was studied at various time points after CCl4 administration. Phenobarbital-treated rats were used to enhance the hepatotoxicity of CCl4. 1. Within 24 h UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity increased 8-fold in liver homogenates and 3-fold in microsomes. During this time the allosteric activator, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, lost its effect whereas the inhibitor UPD showed greater inhibitory properties, thus counteracting the activation. 2. l-Naphthol glucuronidation in perfused livers was significantly decreased by 24 h. Sulfate ester formation was little affected. 3. The content of UDP-glucuronic acid was not significantly altered although liver histology revealed about 45% necrotic and prenecrotic cells and an uniform fatty degeneration of hepatocytes after 24 h. The results suggest that during CCl4 injury, UDP-glucuronyltransferase is activated. At the same time the kinetic properties of the enzyme are altered in a way leading to inefficient glucuronide synthesis, when assays are carried out under conditions presumed to exist in vivo. Nevertheless the capacity to form glucuronides is retained in the acutely injured liver.", "contents": "UDP-glucuronyltransferase in perfused rat liver and in microsomes. Effects of CCl4 injury. To elucidate the disparity between glucuronidation rates in vivo and UDP-glucuronyltransferase in vitro after CCl4 injury, the time course of the effects of CCl4 (0.25 ml/kg) on kinetic properties of UDP-glucuronyltransferase (l-naphthol as substrate) was examined in rat liver homogenates and microsomes. These experiments were compared with l-naphthol glucuronidation by the perfused liver which was studied at various time points after CCl4 administration. Phenobarbital-treated rats were used to enhance the hepatotoxicity of CCl4. 1. Within 24 h UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity increased 8-fold in liver homogenates and 3-fold in microsomes. During this time the allosteric activator, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, lost its effect whereas the inhibitor UPD showed greater inhibitory properties, thus counteracting the activation. 2. l-Naphthol glucuronidation in perfused livers was significantly decreased by 24 h. Sulfate ester formation was little affected. 3. The content of UDP-glucuronic acid was not significantly altered although liver histology revealed about 45% necrotic and prenecrotic cells and an uniform fatty degeneration of hepatocytes after 24 h. The results suggest that during CCl4 injury, UDP-glucuronyltransferase is activated. At the same time the kinetic properties of the enzyme are altered in a way leading to inefficient glucuronide synthesis, when assays are carried out under conditions presumed to exist in vivo. Nevertheless the capacity to form glucuronides is retained in the acutely injured liver.", "PMID": 402587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1482", "title": "[Effect of calcium ions on channels for entrance and exit of ionic currents in the membranes of mollusk neurons].", "content": "A newly developed method of internal dialysis was applied together with the voltage clamp method to the isolated neurons of molluscs Helix pomatia and Limnea stagnalis. Effect of Ca on the Ca inward and K delayed outward currents was investigated. Removal of Ca from the external medium was equivalent to 25-35 mV hyperpolarization of the membrane. Internal Ca in concentrations up to 3.5-10-(7)M caused insignificant depression of K outward current. 5.7-10-(8)M of internal Ca completely blocked Ca inward current. Ca-chelating agents applied either internally or externally caused an appearance of Na inward current transferred through the Ca channels.", "contents": "[Effect of calcium ions on channels for entrance and exit of ionic currents in the membranes of mollusk neurons]. A newly developed method of internal dialysis was applied together with the voltage clamp method to the isolated neurons of molluscs Helix pomatia and Limnea stagnalis. Effect of Ca on the Ca inward and K delayed outward currents was investigated. Removal of Ca from the external medium was equivalent to 25-35 mV hyperpolarization of the membrane. Internal Ca in concentrations up to 3.5-10-(7)M caused insignificant depression of K outward current. 5.7-10-(8)M of internal Ca completely blocked Ca inward current. Ca-chelating agents applied either internally or externally caused an appearance of Na inward current transferred through the Ca channels.", "PMID": 402588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1483", "title": "[Comparison of scintiscans and electroencephalograms in cases of suspected symptomatic epilepsy].", "content": "In 101 patients treated for epilepsy electroencephalographic and scintigraphic investigations were carried out. In 93 cases the results of EEG investigations were abnormal, in 8 normal. Scintiscanning demonstrated presence of focal pathological changes in 20 cases, in 81 cases the scans were normal. The highest proportion of concordant results was obtained in cases with focal EEG changes -- 50% while in all cases of symmetrical seizure activity in EEG the scientiscans were normal. The combination of both methods increases the possibility of early diagnosis in cases with symptomatic epilepsy.", "contents": "[Comparison of scintiscans and electroencephalograms in cases of suspected symptomatic epilepsy]. In 101 patients treated for epilepsy electroencephalographic and scintigraphic investigations were carried out. In 93 cases the results of EEG investigations were abnormal, in 8 normal. Scintiscanning demonstrated presence of focal pathological changes in 20 cases, in 81 cases the scans were normal. The highest proportion of concordant results was obtained in cases with focal EEG changes -- 50% while in all cases of symmetrical seizure activity in EEG the scientiscans were normal. The combination of both methods increases the possibility of early diagnosis in cases with symptomatic epilepsy.", "PMID": 402591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1484", "title": "Fetal cardiovascular responses to distress. A review.", "content": "This review is designed to provide a broad view of fetal cardiovascular response to fetal distress. The presentation focuses on data obtained from laboratories working with fetal sheep, or occasionally fetal monkeys, instead of attempting to interpret data resulting from human fetal studies. Human fetal studies are unsatisfactory for any detailed analysis other than discussions of an occasional case history because of the difficulty of identifying controls and because cardiovascular experimentation is not ethically possible.", "contents": "Fetal cardiovascular responses to distress. A review. This review is designed to provide a broad view of fetal cardiovascular response to fetal distress. The presentation focuses on data obtained from laboratories working with fetal sheep, or occasionally fetal monkeys, instead of attempting to interpret data resulting from human fetal studies. Human fetal studies are unsatisfactory for any detailed analysis other than discussions of an occasional case history because of the difficulty of identifying controls and because cardiovascular experimentation is not ethically possible.", "PMID": 402620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1485", "title": "The formation and turnover of the membranocalyx on the tegument of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The multilaminate vesicles present in the tegument cytoplasm appear to fuse with side channels projecting out into the cytoplasm from the base of the surface pits. Their lamellate contents then unroll and spread out to form a trilaminate membranocalyx lining the pits and covering the tegument surface. The plant lectin concanavalin A appears to stabilize the process of vesicle fusion leading to an aggregation of multilaminate vesicles trapped in the lumen of the surface pits. The membranocalyx can be labelled with cationized ferritin. Chase incubations in normal medium indicate that by 4 h most of the label and the membranocalyx to which it is bound have been lost to the medium. This suggests that under the conditions of these experiments the membranocalyx has a half-life of 2-3 h.", "contents": "The formation and turnover of the membranocalyx on the tegument of Schistosoma mansoni. The multilaminate vesicles present in the tegument cytoplasm appear to fuse with side channels projecting out into the cytoplasm from the base of the surface pits. Their lamellate contents then unroll and spread out to form a trilaminate membranocalyx lining the pits and covering the tegument surface. The plant lectin concanavalin A appears to stabilize the process of vesicle fusion leading to an aggregation of multilaminate vesicles trapped in the lumen of the surface pits. The membranocalyx can be labelled with cationized ferritin. Chase incubations in normal medium indicate that by 4 h most of the label and the membranocalyx to which it is bound have been lost to the medium. This suggests that under the conditions of these experiments the membranocalyx has a half-life of 2-3 h.", "PMID": 402626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1486", "title": "The immune response of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L) to the metacercariae of Cryptocotyle lingua and Rhipidocotyle johnstonei.", "content": "The humoral immune response of plaice to infestations of selected metacercariae was studied. Precipitating antibodies to both Cryptocotyle lingua and Rhipidocotyle johnstonei were demonstrated using agar gel diffusion techniques. Immunochemical investigations of these antibodies indicated they were macroglobulins, resembling immunoglobulin M (IgM) of mammals. The rate and magnitude of antibody production by the host was determined by the ambient temperature.", "contents": "The immune response of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L) to the metacercariae of Cryptocotyle lingua and Rhipidocotyle johnstonei. The humoral immune response of plaice to infestations of selected metacercariae was studied. Precipitating antibodies to both Cryptocotyle lingua and Rhipidocotyle johnstonei were demonstrated using agar gel diffusion techniques. Immunochemical investigations of these antibodies indicated they were macroglobulins, resembling immunoglobulin M (IgM) of mammals. The rate and magnitude of antibody production by the host was determined by the ambient temperature.", "PMID": 402627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1487", "title": "The biologic activities of cystic fibrosis serum. I. The effects of cystic fibrosis sera and calcium ionophore A 23187 on rabbit tracheal explants.", "content": "An ionophore A23187-induced increase in membrane permeability to calcium ions in culture medium produced a rabbit tracheal mucociliary response indistinguishable from that caused by cystic fibrosis (CF) sera on three different occasions. Specific chelation of calcium ions with EGTA in the basal medium Eagle (BME) media with no additive or in native CF sera abolished the mucociliary disturbances in all cases. Increased membrane permeability to calcium may be important in the production of the mucociliary response by CF serum factor(s) in the tracheal assay system.", "contents": "The biologic activities of cystic fibrosis serum. I. The effects of cystic fibrosis sera and calcium ionophore A 23187 on rabbit tracheal explants. An ionophore A23187-induced increase in membrane permeability to calcium ions in culture medium produced a rabbit tracheal mucociliary response indistinguishable from that caused by cystic fibrosis (CF) sera on three different occasions. Specific chelation of calcium ions with EGTA in the basal medium Eagle (BME) media with no additive or in native CF sera abolished the mucociliary disturbances in all cases. Increased membrane permeability to calcium may be important in the production of the mucociliary response by CF serum factor(s) in the tracheal assay system.", "PMID": 402628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1488", "title": "Influence of intravenous nutrients on bilirubin transport. I. Amino acid solutions.", "content": "The effects of synthetic amino acids on bilirubin transport were investigated with competitive binding assays, peroxidase assays, isotopic studies of bilirubin uptake by red cells, and difference spectroscopy. Results indicated that amino acids had no significant effect on the distribution of bilirubin at pigment to albumin molar ratios likely to be encountered in clinical situations.", "contents": "Influence of intravenous nutrients on bilirubin transport. I. Amino acid solutions. The effects of synthetic amino acids on bilirubin transport were investigated with competitive binding assays, peroxidase assays, isotopic studies of bilirubin uptake by red cells, and difference spectroscopy. Results indicated that amino acids had no significant effect on the distribution of bilirubin at pigment to albumin molar ratios likely to be encountered in clinical situations.", "PMID": 402629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1489", "title": "Influence of intravenous nutrients on bilirubin transport. II. Emulsified lipid solutions.", "content": "The effects of an emulsified intravenous fat preparation (Intralipid) on bilirubin transport were analyzed by cholestyramine extraction, spectrophotometric analysis, Sephadex gel filtration, peroxidase assay, bilirubin uptake by red blood cells, and by toxicity in tissue culture (L-929) cells. Intralipid is capable of binding bilirubin, but does not compete effectively with bilirubin bound to high affinity sites on albumin. The emulsified fat appears to have a higher affinity for bilirubin than for cell membranes. Red blood cells become coated with Intralipid, resulting in an increased association of bilirubin with the cell surface, but a decrease in pigment actually incorporated into the red cell membrane. In tissue culture experiments, Intralipid protected the cells from bilirubin toxicity. It is concluded that Intralipid may enhance the carrying capacity of serum for bilirubin, and thus exert a protective effect on tissues.", "contents": "Influence of intravenous nutrients on bilirubin transport. II. Emulsified lipid solutions. The effects of an emulsified intravenous fat preparation (Intralipid) on bilirubin transport were analyzed by cholestyramine extraction, spectrophotometric analysis, Sephadex gel filtration, peroxidase assay, bilirubin uptake by red blood cells, and by toxicity in tissue culture (L-929) cells. Intralipid is capable of binding bilirubin, but does not compete effectively with bilirubin bound to high affinity sites on albumin. The emulsified fat appears to have a higher affinity for bilirubin than for cell membranes. Red blood cells become coated with Intralipid, resulting in an increased association of bilirubin with the cell surface, but a decrease in pigment actually incorporated into the red cell membrane. In tissue culture experiments, Intralipid protected the cells from bilirubin toxicity. It is concluded that Intralipid may enhance the carrying capacity of serum for bilirubin, and thus exert a protective effect on tissues.", "PMID": 402630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1490", "title": "Influence of intravenous nutrients on bilirubin transport. III. Emulsified fat infusion.", "content": "Infusions and injections of Intralipid were administered to congenitally jaundiced rats (Gunn) in whom the total body bilirubin pool was uniformly labeled with radioactive bilirubin. These isotopic studies indicated that Intralipid treatment had no effect on the kinetics of bilirubin formation, transport, tissue distribution, and clearance. There were no significant differences between control and fat emulsion-treated animals in the total bilirubin pool, plasma bilirubin pool, biologic half-life of bilirubin, fractional turnover, and exponential decline in plasma bilirubin specific activity at steady state. Bilirubin concentrations in blood, plasma, liver, kidneys, brain, adipose tissue, and muscle were unaltered during the course of continuous infusions (up to 24 hr) of Intralipid. These results indicate that Intralipid administered in clinically applicable doses and regimens has no discernible effects on bilirubin metabolism in jaundiced rats.", "contents": "Influence of intravenous nutrients on bilirubin transport. III. Emulsified fat infusion. Infusions and injections of Intralipid were administered to congenitally jaundiced rats (Gunn) in whom the total body bilirubin pool was uniformly labeled with radioactive bilirubin. These isotopic studies indicated that Intralipid treatment had no effect on the kinetics of bilirubin formation, transport, tissue distribution, and clearance. There were no significant differences between control and fat emulsion-treated animals in the total bilirubin pool, plasma bilirubin pool, biologic half-life of bilirubin, fractional turnover, and exponential decline in plasma bilirubin specific activity at steady state. Bilirubin concentrations in blood, plasma, liver, kidneys, brain, adipose tissue, and muscle were unaltered during the course of continuous infusions (up to 24 hr) of Intralipid. These results indicate that Intralipid administered in clinically applicable doses and regimens has no discernible effects on bilirubin metabolism in jaundiced rats.", "PMID": 402631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1491", "title": "Computerized axial tomography in neurologic disorders of children.", "content": "Computerized axial tomography offers major advantages over air encephalography and angiography for studies of neurologic disorders in children. The low morbidity and the ease of the procedure permit the accurate diagnosis of intracranial pathology in situations where more invasive procedures would not be undertaken. The techniques of the procedure and its uses and limitations are emphasized in a number of neurologic problems of children.", "contents": "Computerized axial tomography in neurologic disorders of children. Computerized axial tomography offers major advantages over air encephalography and angiography for studies of neurologic disorders in children. The low morbidity and the ease of the procedure permit the accurate diagnosis of intracranial pathology in situations where more invasive procedures would not be undertaken. The techniques of the procedure and its uses and limitations are emphasized in a number of neurologic problems of children.", "PMID": 402634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1492", "title": "Effect of introducing novel configurational cues on a learned color discrimination in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "The study explored the effect of introducing novel cues on a learned color discrimination. 6 squirrel monkeys were initially trained to discriminate between plaques covered with green and brown construction paper. In a series of transfer tests, these color cues were then presented in 6 different patterns and varied in 4 sizes. The results indicate that some patterns will produce more disruption than others. Furthermore, reducing the size of the cues may also lead to a decrement in performance level. The outcome corresponds well with those of studies which show that contextual variables influence the acquisition of discriminative responses.", "contents": "Effect of introducing novel configurational cues on a learned color discrimination in squirrel monkeys. The study explored the effect of introducing novel cues on a learned color discrimination. 6 squirrel monkeys were initially trained to discriminate between plaques covered with green and brown construction paper. In a series of transfer tests, these color cues were then presented in 6 different patterns and varied in 4 sizes. The results indicate that some patterns will produce more disruption than others. Furthermore, reducing the size of the cues may also lead to a decrement in performance level. The outcome corresponds well with those of studies which show that contextual variables influence the acquisition of discriminative responses.", "PMID": 402636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1493", "title": "Serial adaptation to conflicting prismatic rearrangement effects in monkey and man.", "content": "Seven adult male squirrel monkeys adapted successfully to prisms displacing in equal and opposite directions. After protracted training under certain conditions, they succeeded in conserving adaptation to both prisms without benefit of readaptation trials. Results obtained with thirty-six undergraduates under similar conditions of test (although for a much shorter period) are also reported.", "contents": "Serial adaptation to conflicting prismatic rearrangement effects in monkey and man. Seven adult male squirrel monkeys adapted successfully to prisms displacing in equal and opposite directions. After protracted training under certain conditions, they succeeded in conserving adaptation to both prisms without benefit of readaptation trials. Results obtained with thirty-six undergraduates under similar conditions of test (although for a much shorter period) are also reported.", "PMID": 402637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1494", "title": "Do monkeys' subjective clocks run faster in red light than in blue?", "content": "When monkeys are given control of the illumination in a testing chamber, it has been found, under three conditions, that they spend less time with red light than with blue. But the results cannot easily be explained in terms of 'preference'. Rather, the results suggest that monkeys judge 'subjective time' to pass nearly twice as fast in red light as in blue.", "contents": "Do monkeys' subjective clocks run faster in red light than in blue? When monkeys are given control of the illumination in a testing chamber, it has been found, under three conditions, that they spend less time with red light than with blue. But the results cannot easily be explained in terms of 'preference'. Rather, the results suggest that monkeys judge 'subjective time' to pass nearly twice as fast in red light as in blue.", "PMID": 402638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1495", "title": "The control of bovine leukosis in denmark, Epidemiologic and diagnostic aspects.", "content": "The Danish programme to control bovine enzootic leukosis was initiated in 1959 and intensified in 1969. The programme has resulted in a sharp decline in total and relative numbers of leukotic tumor cases in adult animals. However, total eradication of bovine leukosis has not yet been achieved, and the statistics from recent years seem to indicate that the present programme based on haematological and histological examinations will control but not eradicate the disease. An immunodiffusion test based on an internal protein (p 24) antigen has been used experimentally. This test is a valuable tool in herd diagnosis, but it is not sensitive enough for accurate single animal diagnosis.", "contents": "The control of bovine leukosis in denmark, Epidemiologic and diagnostic aspects. The Danish programme to control bovine enzootic leukosis was initiated in 1959 and intensified in 1969. The programme has resulted in a sharp decline in total and relative numbers of leukotic tumor cases in adult animals. However, total eradication of bovine leukosis has not yet been achieved, and the statistics from recent years seem to indicate that the present programme based on haematological and histological examinations will control but not eradicate the disease. An immunodiffusion test based on an internal protein (p 24) antigen has been used experimentally. This test is a valuable tool in herd diagnosis, but it is not sensitive enough for accurate single animal diagnosis.", "PMID": 402641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1496", "title": "Frequency of latent bovine leukosis in Sweden.", "content": "The enzootic bovine leukosis occurs in Sweden especially in the south-eastern part of the country. An orientating serological survey was carried out on various categories of dairy cattle predominantly from this area. Serological and haematological examinations were also carried out on beef cattle herds connected to a volontary control program for bovine leukosis.", "contents": "Frequency of latent bovine leukosis in Sweden. The enzootic bovine leukosis occurs in Sweden especially in the south-eastern part of the country. An orientating serological survey was carried out on various categories of dairy cattle predominantly from this area. Serological and haematological examinations were also carried out on beef cattle herds connected to a volontary control program for bovine leukosis.", "PMID": 402642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1497", "title": "Intestinal absorption of 65 Zinc in A46 (Adema disease) after treatment with oxychinolines.", "content": "In two calves with the genetic defect A46 (Adema disease) intestinal absorption of 65Zn was increased during a period of oral treatment with oxychinolines. Oral supplementation with zinc oxide resulted in extremely high plasma zinc concentrations and a moderate increase in 65Zn absorption.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption of 65 Zinc in A46 (Adema disease) after treatment with oxychinolines. In two calves with the genetic defect A46 (Adema disease) intestinal absorption of 65Zn was increased during a period of oral treatment with oxychinolines. Oral supplementation with zinc oxide resulted in extremely high plasma zinc concentrations and a moderate increase in 65Zn absorption.", "PMID": 402643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1498", "title": "Medical management of angina pectoris.", "content": "Nitroglycerin should be the first agent prescribed for patients with angina pectoris. When nitroglycerin is used daily, a trial with longer-acting nitrates (eg, isosorbide dinitrate) is warranted. If angina persists, use of beta-adrenergic blocking agent (propranolol) should be considered. Appropriate use of nitrates and propranolol, singly or in combination, will relieve angina pectoris due to coronary heart disease in most patients.", "contents": "Medical management of angina pectoris. Nitroglycerin should be the first agent prescribed for patients with angina pectoris. When nitroglycerin is used daily, a trial with longer-acting nitrates (eg, isosorbide dinitrate) is warranted. If angina persists, use of beta-adrenergic blocking agent (propranolol) should be considered. Appropriate use of nitrates and propranolol, singly or in combination, will relieve angina pectoris due to coronary heart disease in most patients.", "PMID": 402651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1499", "title": "The sphiningolipidoses: an overview.", "content": "An outline of the pathways of catabolism of four sphingolipids to ceramide, along with structural details of a few constituents, serves as a framework for better understanding of the sphingolipidoses. The four sphingolipids are sulfatide, sphingomyelin, globoside, and ganglioside GM1. Diseases which can be incorporated into the scheme include Niemann-Pick disease, Gaucher disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbe disease, ceramide lactoside lipidosis, Tay-Sachs disease, generalized gangliosidosis, Fabry disease, and Sandhoff disease. Fucosidosis probably also belongs with this group. GM3 (hematoside) sphingolipodystrophy involves blocks in synthetic rather than catabolic pathways.", "contents": "The sphiningolipidoses: an overview. An outline of the pathways of catabolism of four sphingolipids to ceramide, along with structural details of a few constituents, serves as a framework for better understanding of the sphingolipidoses. The four sphingolipids are sulfatide, sphingomyelin, globoside, and ganglioside GM1. Diseases which can be incorporated into the scheme include Niemann-Pick disease, Gaucher disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbe disease, ceramide lactoside lipidosis, Tay-Sachs disease, generalized gangliosidosis, Fabry disease, and Sandhoff disease. Fucosidosis probably also belongs with this group. GM3 (hematoside) sphingolipodystrophy involves blocks in synthetic rather than catabolic pathways.", "PMID": 402652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1500", "title": "The effects of naloxone and nalorphine during the development of morphine dependence in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "A randomized and blind experimental design was used to study the effects of naloxone and nalorphine on the development of morphine dependence in monkeys. The results suggest: (a) that significant dose-related differences existed for combined numbers of withdrawal symptoms times frequency of occurrences; (b) that naloxone and nalorphine were qualitatively similar; (c) antagonists are more effective as dependence develops; (d) naloxone is approximately 10 times more potent than nalorphine, and (e) vomiting was the only withdrawal sign with which ED50s could be calculated. Dependence on morphine still increases up to 9 months after the commonly accepted 90-day stabilization period as measured by the ED50 for vomiting for naloxone.", "contents": "The effects of naloxone and nalorphine during the development of morphine dependence in rhesus monkeys. A randomized and blind experimental design was used to study the effects of naloxone and nalorphine on the development of morphine dependence in monkeys. The results suggest: (a) that significant dose-related differences existed for combined numbers of withdrawal symptoms times frequency of occurrences; (b) that naloxone and nalorphine were qualitatively similar; (c) antagonists are more effective as dependence develops; (d) naloxone is approximately 10 times more potent than nalorphine, and (e) vomiting was the only withdrawal sign with which ED50s could be calculated. Dependence on morphine still increases up to 9 months after the commonly accepted 90-day stabilization period as measured by the ED50 for vomiting for naloxone.", "PMID": 402658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1501", "title": "Performance parameters of the Hamburg 4 pi whole body radioactivity detector.", "content": "Large 4 pi whole body counters allow the use of very low doses of radioactivity in medical research and in routine diagnosis of patients. The electronics of the 4 pi whole body counter in Hamburg (HAMCO) have recently been updated. The detector contains 1360 I of liquid organic scintillator. Experiments combined with extensive computer simulations yielded quantitative information for whole body counters and comparable systems, (1) about physical parameters such as detection efficiency, energy resolution and background count rates which are important for practical performance, and (2) concerning the optical properties of the large volume scintillation counters employed here; these are of interest for the construction of future detectors of related types.", "contents": "Performance parameters of the Hamburg 4 pi whole body radioactivity detector. Large 4 pi whole body counters allow the use of very low doses of radioactivity in medical research and in routine diagnosis of patients. The electronics of the 4 pi whole body counter in Hamburg (HAMCO) have recently been updated. The detector contains 1360 I of liquid organic scintillator. Experiments combined with extensive computer simulations yielded quantitative information for whole body counters and comparable systems, (1) about physical parameters such as detection efficiency, energy resolution and background count rates which are important for practical performance, and (2) concerning the optical properties of the large volume scintillation counters employed here; these are of interest for the construction of future detectors of related types.", "PMID": 402659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1502", "title": "An evaluation of the local effects of triamcinolone acetonide on normal soft tissues in monkey digits.", "content": "The lack of quantitative information on the observed effects after subcutaneous injections of triamcinolone prompted a double blind, prospective study of the drug's effects. The results demonstrate that there are gross losses in the subcutaneous fat. No significant quantitative differences were observed in the collagen content (microscopic or biochemical) in these monkey digits.", "contents": "An evaluation of the local effects of triamcinolone acetonide on normal soft tissues in monkey digits. The lack of quantitative information on the observed effects after subcutaneous injections of triamcinolone prompted a double blind, prospective study of the drug's effects. The results demonstrate that there are gross losses in the subcutaneous fat. No significant quantitative differences were observed in the collagen content (microscopic or biochemical) in these monkey digits.", "PMID": 402661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1503", "title": "Pharmacological and biochemical studies with three metabolites of nomifensine.", "content": "Three major metabolites (M1, M2, M3) of nomifensine (8-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-phenyl-isoquinoline) are formed by hydroxylation and methoxylation of the phenyl ring. They were compared with nomifensine 1. in various psychopharmacological tests in vivo, carried out in mice after oral or i.p. treatment and 2. in neurochemical in vitro studies, measuring inhibition of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT) uptake in rat brain synaptosomes. M1 (4'-hydroxy-nomifensine) was the most active metabolite, while M2 and M3 had little or no effect in pharmacological tests. M1 reversed reserpine hypothermia in doses greater than 2.5 mg/kg, antagonized tetrabenazine catalepsy (ED50 68 mg/kg) and reversed oxotremorine hypothermia (ED50 33 mg/kg). In these tests nomifensine was also active, being about 3-10 times more potent than M1. In contrast to nomifensine M1 had also serotoninergic activity, potentiating both phenelzine-induced twitching (ED50 11 mg/kg) and the anticonvulsant effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan. Moreover, M1 prolonged the hexobarbital sleeping time in doses greater than 10 mg/kg, prevented nicotine-induced convulsions (ED50 58 mg/kg) and reduced the oxotremorine tremor (ED50 59 mg/kg). The LD50 of M1 was 1100 mg/kg orally. In vitro M1 was equipotent with nomifensine in inhibiting DA uptake (IC50 1.5 x 10(-7) M) and twice as active in inhibiting NA uptake (IC50 1.1 x 10(-8) M). In contrast to nomifensine M1 was also a potent inhibitor of 5-HT uptake (IC50 3.3 x 10(-7) M). M2 and M3 were less active than M1 in all experiments.", "contents": "Pharmacological and biochemical studies with three metabolites of nomifensine. Three major metabolites (M1, M2, M3) of nomifensine (8-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-phenyl-isoquinoline) are formed by hydroxylation and methoxylation of the phenyl ring. They were compared with nomifensine 1. in various psychopharmacological tests in vivo, carried out in mice after oral or i.p. treatment and 2. in neurochemical in vitro studies, measuring inhibition of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT) uptake in rat brain synaptosomes. M1 (4'-hydroxy-nomifensine) was the most active metabolite, while M2 and M3 had little or no effect in pharmacological tests. M1 reversed reserpine hypothermia in doses greater than 2.5 mg/kg, antagonized tetrabenazine catalepsy (ED50 68 mg/kg) and reversed oxotremorine hypothermia (ED50 33 mg/kg). In these tests nomifensine was also active, being about 3-10 times more potent than M1. In contrast to nomifensine M1 had also serotoninergic activity, potentiating both phenelzine-induced twitching (ED50 11 mg/kg) and the anticonvulsant effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan. Moreover, M1 prolonged the hexobarbital sleeping time in doses greater than 10 mg/kg, prevented nicotine-induced convulsions (ED50 58 mg/kg) and reduced the oxotremorine tremor (ED50 59 mg/kg). The LD50 of M1 was 1100 mg/kg orally. In vitro M1 was equipotent with nomifensine in inhibiting DA uptake (IC50 1.5 x 10(-7) M) and twice as active in inhibiting NA uptake (IC50 1.1 x 10(-8) M). In contrast to nomifensine M1 was also a potent inhibitor of 5-HT uptake (IC50 3.3 x 10(-7) M). M2 and M3 were less active than M1 in all experiments.", "PMID": 402662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1504", "title": "Individual differences in average evoked responses to d- and l-amphetamine with and without lithium carbonate in depressed patients.", "content": "Visual average evoked responses (AERs) to four intensities of light were studied in hospitalized depressed patients receiving placebo, d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, lithium and d- and l-amphetamine combined with lithium. For the assessment of the subjective effects of the drugs, the patients completed a 34-item mood and behavior self-rating scale. AER responses to repeated doses of the amphetamines were consistent within the same individual but varied greatly between different individuals. For the patient group considered as a whole, only minor AER changes occurred in response to either d- or l-amphetamine; nonetheless, these minor changes were attenuated by lithium co-administration. There were indications, however, that AER baseline measures could be used as predictors of change in self-rating due to both d- and l-amphetamine, as patients who had larger AER amplitudes on baseline also tended to have larger increases in activation ratings and reductions in depression ratings. The amount of increase in AER amplitude or amplitude/intensity slope seen with amphetamine was also significantly correlated with the amount of increase in activation or euphoria ratings with amphetamine administration. These effects were most prominent in the same P100 component that we have previously found to differentiate bipolar and unipolar depressed patient groups.", "contents": "Individual differences in average evoked responses to d- and l-amphetamine with and without lithium carbonate in depressed patients. Visual average evoked responses (AERs) to four intensities of light were studied in hospitalized depressed patients receiving placebo, d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, lithium and d- and l-amphetamine combined with lithium. For the assessment of the subjective effects of the drugs, the patients completed a 34-item mood and behavior self-rating scale. AER responses to repeated doses of the amphetamines were consistent within the same individual but varied greatly between different individuals. For the patient group considered as a whole, only minor AER changes occurred in response to either d- or l-amphetamine; nonetheless, these minor changes were attenuated by lithium co-administration. There were indications, however, that AER baseline measures could be used as predictors of change in self-rating due to both d- and l-amphetamine, as patients who had larger AER amplitudes on baseline also tended to have larger increases in activation ratings and reductions in depression ratings. The amount of increase in AER amplitude or amplitude/intensity slope seen with amphetamine was also significantly correlated with the amount of increase in activation or euphoria ratings with amphetamine administration. These effects were most prominent in the same P100 component that we have previously found to differentiate bipolar and unipolar depressed patient groups.", "PMID": 402663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1505", "title": "A comparative study of the behavioural responses induced by chronic administration of methamphetamine and amphetamine in mice.", "content": "The behavioural effects induced in mice by the chronic administration of (+)-methamphetamine (MA) and (+)-amphetamine (A) at three dosages were studied under identical research conditions. The results indicated that MA exerted greater central excitation than A. At the dosage 0.64 mg/kg quiescence was decreased and activity increased more by MA than A. Hyperactivity induced at the 2.5 mg/kg dosage was sustained over a longer time period with MA. Frenzied self-tearing emerged with repeated drug administration at the 10 mg/kg dose in more MA-treated than A-treated animals.", "contents": "A comparative study of the behavioural responses induced by chronic administration of methamphetamine and amphetamine in mice. The behavioural effects induced in mice by the chronic administration of (+)-methamphetamine (MA) and (+)-amphetamine (A) at three dosages were studied under identical research conditions. The results indicated that MA exerted greater central excitation than A. At the dosage 0.64 mg/kg quiescence was decreased and activity increased more by MA than A. Hyperactivity induced at the 2.5 mg/kg dosage was sustained over a longer time period with MA. Frenzied self-tearing emerged with repeated drug administration at the 10 mg/kg dose in more MA-treated than A-treated animals.", "PMID": 402664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1506", "title": "Is tolerance to delta-9-THC cellular or metabolic? The subcellular distribution of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolites in brains of tolerant and non-tolerant rats.", "content": "Rats were injected intraperitoneally once every 12 h with 10 mg/kg delta-9-THC and the time course of the depressant effect was determined after one and nine injections. The motor activity of naive rats was maximally depressed between 1 and 4 h and returned to control levels 8 h after treatment. After nine injections, the maximum intensity of the depressant effect was not different from that after one injection but had completely disappeared at an earlier time point (4 h p.i.) indicating the development of tolerance to the duration of effect on motor activity. The subcellular distribution studies in brains of tolerant and non-tolerant rats indicated that an accelerated shift in the concentrations of delta-9-THC and 11-OH-delta-9-THC towards highly polar metabolites in the brains, rather than an increased elimination of these cannabinoids or decreased sensitivity of the brain may be responsible for the development of tolerance to delta-9-THC.", "contents": "Is tolerance to delta-9-THC cellular or metabolic? The subcellular distribution of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolites in brains of tolerant and non-tolerant rats. Rats were injected intraperitoneally once every 12 h with 10 mg/kg delta-9-THC and the time course of the depressant effect was determined after one and nine injections. The motor activity of naive rats was maximally depressed between 1 and 4 h and returned to control levels 8 h after treatment. After nine injections, the maximum intensity of the depressant effect was not different from that after one injection but had completely disappeared at an earlier time point (4 h p.i.) indicating the development of tolerance to the duration of effect on motor activity. The subcellular distribution studies in brains of tolerant and non-tolerant rats indicated that an accelerated shift in the concentrations of delta-9-THC and 11-OH-delta-9-THC towards highly polar metabolites in the brains, rather than an increased elimination of these cannabinoids or decreased sensitivity of the brain may be responsible for the development of tolerance to delta-9-THC.", "PMID": 402665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1507", "title": "Effect of foot-shock intensity on amount of memory retrieval in rats by emotionally important stimuli in a drug-dependent learning escape design.", "content": "Drug-dependent learning (lack of transfer between drug states) was demonstrated and disrupted in an escape learning, forced choice T-maze task. A drug-dependent learning (DDL) group was trained to escape foot shock (0.65 mA) while in a drug (chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride) state. These rats subsequently responded randomly on non-shock test trials in the non-drug state, but continued to respond significantly (P less than 0.02) above random level when in the training drug state. Four transfer groups were also trained in the Drug state, but with a 1 kHz auditory tone simultaneously paired with foot shock. Each Transfer group received a different (0.10, 0.65, 3.5, and 4.5 mA) foot shock intensity during training. The auditory tone continued to be sounded during testing with no foot shock, and percentage correct turns, first-trial correct turns, and latency scores were significantly (P less than 0.01) different from the DDL group's performance. The results were interpreted as demonstrating that an emotionally-important auditory stimulus could initiate a memory retrieval process that could overcome a physiological state. This memory retrival process was not modified by wide variations in foot shock intensity.", "contents": "Effect of foot-shock intensity on amount of memory retrieval in rats by emotionally important stimuli in a drug-dependent learning escape design. Drug-dependent learning (lack of transfer between drug states) was demonstrated and disrupted in an escape learning, forced choice T-maze task. A drug-dependent learning (DDL) group was trained to escape foot shock (0.65 mA) while in a drug (chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride) state. These rats subsequently responded randomly on non-shock test trials in the non-drug state, but continued to respond significantly (P less than 0.02) above random level when in the training drug state. Four transfer groups were also trained in the Drug state, but with a 1 kHz auditory tone simultaneously paired with foot shock. Each Transfer group received a different (0.10, 0.65, 3.5, and 4.5 mA) foot shock intensity during training. The auditory tone continued to be sounded during testing with no foot shock, and percentage correct turns, first-trial correct turns, and latency scores were significantly (P less than 0.01) different from the DDL group's performance. The results were interpreted as demonstrating that an emotionally-important auditory stimulus could initiate a memory retrieval process that could overcome a physiological state. This memory retrival process was not modified by wide variations in foot shock intensity.", "PMID": 402666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1508", "title": "Seizure activity in photosensitive baboons following antidepressant drugs and the role of serotoninergic mechanisms.", "content": "Laboratroy and clinical evidence indicates that tricyclic antidepressants lower seizure threshold and in high doses may induce generalised seizures. In baboons with photosensitive epilepsy (Papio papio) the effects of 2 tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine and chlorimipramine) and of maprotiline and Nomi fensine have been studied (i.v. dose range 1-20 mg/kg. Imipramine, chlorimipramine and maprotiline (10 mg/kg i.v.) lowered seizure threshold to a comparable extent, whereas Nomifensine (10 mg/kg i.v-) did not enhance myoclinic responses to photic stimulation. Generalised seizures were seen 15-30 min after imipramine or chlorimipramine (20 mg/kg), and these two drugs showed no difference in their epileptogenicity. Administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (25 mg/kg i.v.) 90 min before chlorimipramine or imipramine (10 mg/kg) completely blocked the usual augmentation of photically-induced epileptic responses. It is concluded that enhancement of serotoninergic activity following blockade of 5-HT re-uptake within the brain is unlikely to be responsible for enhanced myoclonic responses and epileptogenic seizures seen after tricyclic antidepressants. Nomifensine is significantly less epileptogenic than imipramine or chlorimipramine.", "contents": "Seizure activity in photosensitive baboons following antidepressant drugs and the role of serotoninergic mechanisms. Laboratroy and clinical evidence indicates that tricyclic antidepressants lower seizure threshold and in high doses may induce generalised seizures. In baboons with photosensitive epilepsy (Papio papio) the effects of 2 tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine and chlorimipramine) and of maprotiline and Nomi fensine have been studied (i.v. dose range 1-20 mg/kg. Imipramine, chlorimipramine and maprotiline (10 mg/kg i.v.) lowered seizure threshold to a comparable extent, whereas Nomifensine (10 mg/kg i.v-) did not enhance myoclinic responses to photic stimulation. Generalised seizures were seen 15-30 min after imipramine or chlorimipramine (20 mg/kg), and these two drugs showed no difference in their epileptogenicity. Administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (25 mg/kg i.v.) 90 min before chlorimipramine or imipramine (10 mg/kg) completely blocked the usual augmentation of photically-induced epileptic responses. It is concluded that enhancement of serotoninergic activity following blockade of 5-HT re-uptake within the brain is unlikely to be responsible for enhanced myoclonic responses and epileptogenic seizures seen after tricyclic antidepressants. Nomifensine is significantly less epileptogenic than imipramine or chlorimipramine.", "PMID": 402667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1509", "title": "Effects of prior experience and 'functional disturbance' on acute and chronic tolerance to methylphenidate.", "content": "The degree of habituation or adaptation an animal has experienced prior to the administration of methylphenidate was found to be more crucial in determining the animal's response to the drug than chronic drug administration alone. Rats allowed to adapt in a Y-maze for 24 days showed less methylphenidate-induced activity than animals receiving chronic administration of saline or methylphenidate but no adaptation, when animals were injected with the drug and tested in the Y-maze on Day 25. Animals also were shown to develop tolerance to the methylphenidate-induced activity.", "contents": "Effects of prior experience and 'functional disturbance' on acute and chronic tolerance to methylphenidate. The degree of habituation or adaptation an animal has experienced prior to the administration of methylphenidate was found to be more crucial in determining the animal's response to the drug than chronic drug administration alone. Rats allowed to adapt in a Y-maze for 24 days showed less methylphenidate-induced activity than animals receiving chronic administration of saline or methylphenidate but no adaptation, when animals were injected with the drug and tested in the Y-maze on Day 25. Animals also were shown to develop tolerance to the methylphenidate-induced activity.", "PMID": 402668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1510", "title": "Behavioral comparisons of R-2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) butane (BL-3912A) with R-DOM and S-amphetamine.", "content": "The behavioral effects of R-2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) butane or BL-3912A were compared with those of S-Amphetamine and R-DOM. BL-3912A facilitated acquisition of shuttle box responding by rats without increasing noncontingent intertrial (ITI) activity, while S-Amphetamine increased both avoidance and ITI responding. R-DOM had a biphasic effect on avoidance responding, increasing it at low doses and disrupting at higher doses. At doses that facilitated shuttle box responding, BL-3912A had no effect on unacclimated motor activity of rats nor on the rate of continuous avoidance responding by rats. S-Amphetamine increased the frequency of both motor activity and operant avoidance responding, while R-DOM decreased motor activity and increased operant avoidance responding. By facilitating avoidance behavior without increasing othermeasures of psychomotor activity, BL-3912A represents a unique psychopharmacological agent clearly different from R-DOM and S-Amphetamine.", "contents": "Behavioral comparisons of R-2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) butane (BL-3912A) with R-DOM and S-amphetamine. The behavioral effects of R-2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) butane or BL-3912A were compared with those of S-Amphetamine and R-DOM. BL-3912A facilitated acquisition of shuttle box responding by rats without increasing noncontingent intertrial (ITI) activity, while S-Amphetamine increased both avoidance and ITI responding. R-DOM had a biphasic effect on avoidance responding, increasing it at low doses and disrupting at higher doses. At doses that facilitated shuttle box responding, BL-3912A had no effect on unacclimated motor activity of rats nor on the rate of continuous avoidance responding by rats. S-Amphetamine increased the frequency of both motor activity and operant avoidance responding, while R-DOM decreased motor activity and increased operant avoidance responding. By facilitating avoidance behavior without increasing othermeasures of psychomotor activity, BL-3912A represents a unique psychopharmacological agent clearly different from R-DOM and S-Amphetamine.", "PMID": 402669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1511", "title": "The effects of chronic administration and withdrawal of (+)-amphetamine on seizure threshold and endogenous catecholamine concentrations and their rates of biosynthesis in mice.", "content": "The i.v. pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold was increased by 2.5 mg/kg and decreased by 15 mg/kg of a single (+)-amphetamine dose. After 7 consecutive days of amphetamine administration, tolerance developed to the decrease but not to the increase in seizure threshold. At 12--48 h after the last dose of 2.5 mg/kg seizure threshold was decreased, and at 36--48 h after the last dose of 15 mg/kg seizure threshold was increased. After acute and chronic administration of (+)-amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) endogenous concentrations of whole brain dopamine (DA) were increased and returned to normal levels during the withdrawal period (12--48 h); endogenous norepinephrine (NE) levels were unchanged by acute and chronic drug treatment and during withdrawal. The rates of DA and NE synthesis were increased by chronic amphetamine administration at 24--48 h after drug withdrawal. An acute dose of (+)-amphetamine (15 mg/kg) decreased endogenous levels of DA and NE; normal levels of DA were detected with chronic drug treatment and during withdrawal, with NE remaining slightly depressed. The rates of synthesis of DA and NE were increased by acute and chronic amphetamine treatment and returned to normal 24--48 h after withdrawal. The rebound reversal in seizure threshold after (+)-amphetamine withdrawal suggests an abstinence syndrome that may be interpreted as evidence for the development of physical dependence to (+)-amphetamine after chronic drug administration.", "contents": "The effects of chronic administration and withdrawal of (+)-amphetamine on seizure threshold and endogenous catecholamine concentrations and their rates of biosynthesis in mice. The i.v. pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold was increased by 2.5 mg/kg and decreased by 15 mg/kg of a single (+)-amphetamine dose. After 7 consecutive days of amphetamine administration, tolerance developed to the decrease but not to the increase in seizure threshold. At 12--48 h after the last dose of 2.5 mg/kg seizure threshold was decreased, and at 36--48 h after the last dose of 15 mg/kg seizure threshold was increased. After acute and chronic administration of (+)-amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) endogenous concentrations of whole brain dopamine (DA) were increased and returned to normal levels during the withdrawal period (12--48 h); endogenous norepinephrine (NE) levels were unchanged by acute and chronic drug treatment and during withdrawal. The rates of DA and NE synthesis were increased by chronic amphetamine administration at 24--48 h after drug withdrawal. An acute dose of (+)-amphetamine (15 mg/kg) decreased endogenous levels of DA and NE; normal levels of DA were detected with chronic drug treatment and during withdrawal, with NE remaining slightly depressed. The rates of synthesis of DA and NE were increased by acute and chronic amphetamine treatment and returned to normal 24--48 h after withdrawal. The rebound reversal in seizure threshold after (+)-amphetamine withdrawal suggests an abstinence syndrome that may be interpreted as evidence for the development of physical dependence to (+)-amphetamine after chronic drug administration.", "PMID": 402670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1512", "title": "Lack of effect of tricyclic antidepressants on serum prolactin levels.", "content": "A previous report indicated that the tricyclic antidepressants imipramine and amitriptyline markedly increased plasma prolactin levels in man. We found no increases after acute or chronic treatment with either drug in usual clinical doses. The results indicate that blockade of serotonin reuptake does not affect basal prolactin levels in man.", "contents": "Lack of effect of tricyclic antidepressants on serum prolactin levels. A previous report indicated that the tricyclic antidepressants imipramine and amitriptyline markedly increased plasma prolactin levels in man. We found no increases after acute or chronic treatment with either drug in usual clinical doses. The results indicate that blockade of serotonin reuptake does not affect basal prolactin levels in man.", "PMID": 402671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1513", "title": "Intracranial reward after Lilly 110140 (fluoxetine HCl): evidence for an inhibitory role for serotonin.", "content": "The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) specific presynaptic reuptake inhibitor Lilly 110140 (fluoxetine hydroxhloride) was injected systemically in rats trained to bar-press for rewarding stimulation to the caudal portion of the medial forebrain bundle. Rates of self stimulation were reduced in proportion to drug dosage, and these reductions were partially reversible by methysergide. These findings are consistent with previous reports suggesting an inhibitory role for 5-HT in self stimulation.", "contents": "Intracranial reward after Lilly 110140 (fluoxetine HCl): evidence for an inhibitory role for serotonin. The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) specific presynaptic reuptake inhibitor Lilly 110140 (fluoxetine hydroxhloride) was injected systemically in rats trained to bar-press for rewarding stimulation to the caudal portion of the medial forebrain bundle. Rates of self stimulation were reduced in proportion to drug dosage, and these reductions were partially reversible by methysergide. These findings are consistent with previous reports suggesting an inhibitory role for 5-HT in self stimulation.", "PMID": 402672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1514", "title": "Barbiturate dependence in mice: effects of continuous vs. discontinuous drug administration.", "content": "Three groups of DBA/2J mice were continuously exposed for 3, 6 or 9 days to a milled diet containing phenobarbital. Two additional groups were given a discontinuous drug administration schedule with either one or two 24 h drug-free periods interpolated among the 6 or 9 days of phenobarbital consumption, respectively. The discontinuous schedule of drug administration significantly attenuated the development of physical dependence as determined by the severity of withdrawal symptoms. Functional tolerance development was also attenuated in a manner that closely paralleled the effects on physical dependence development. The 5 group means showed a perfect rank order correlation between functional tolerance and physical dependence development.", "contents": "Barbiturate dependence in mice: effects of continuous vs. discontinuous drug administration. Three groups of DBA/2J mice were continuously exposed for 3, 6 or 9 days to a milled diet containing phenobarbital. Two additional groups were given a discontinuous drug administration schedule with either one or two 24 h drug-free periods interpolated among the 6 or 9 days of phenobarbital consumption, respectively. The discontinuous schedule of drug administration significantly attenuated the development of physical dependence as determined by the severity of withdrawal symptoms. Functional tolerance development was also attenuated in a manner that closely paralleled the effects on physical dependence development. The 5 group means showed a perfect rank order correlation between functional tolerance and physical dependence development.", "PMID": 402673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1515", "title": "Changes in drug-induced stereotyped behavior after 6-OHDA lesions in noradrenaline neurons.", "content": "Drug-induced stereotyped behaviors are often assessed by rating scales where the eventual appearance of sniffing, licking, and biting are rated as increasing intensity of dopaminergic stimulation. A 6-OHDA induced bilateral lesion (4 X 3-8 mug/4 mul 6-OHDA) in the ascending noradrenaline neurons, lateral to the medial raphe nucleus, of 180 g Wistar rats, affecting selectively noradrenaline and not dopamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons, caused a change in the d-amphetamine sulphate (5-3 mg/kg s.c.) and phenethylamine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg) induced stereotyped sniffing behavior to the performance of discontinuous or continuous licking behavior; biting/gnawing was rarely induced. The site of the lesion and the partial antagonism of 6-OHDA by the uptake inhibitor protriptyline indicate a noradrenergic influence on the behavioral expression of the dopaminergically mediated stereotyped behavior.", "contents": "Changes in drug-induced stereotyped behavior after 6-OHDA lesions in noradrenaline neurons. Drug-induced stereotyped behaviors are often assessed by rating scales where the eventual appearance of sniffing, licking, and biting are rated as increasing intensity of dopaminergic stimulation. A 6-OHDA induced bilateral lesion (4 X 3-8 mug/4 mul 6-OHDA) in the ascending noradrenaline neurons, lateral to the medial raphe nucleus, of 180 g Wistar rats, affecting selectively noradrenaline and not dopamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons, caused a change in the d-amphetamine sulphate (5-3 mg/kg s.c.) and phenethylamine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg) induced stereotyped sniffing behavior to the performance of discontinuous or continuous licking behavior; biting/gnawing was rarely induced. The site of the lesion and the partial antagonism of 6-OHDA by the uptake inhibitor protriptyline indicate a noradrenergic influence on the behavioral expression of the dopaminergically mediated stereotyped behavior.", "PMID": 402674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1516", "title": "Interaction between yohimbine alkaloids and amphetamine in mice.", "content": "The toxicity (LD50) of the isomers yohimbine, beta-yohimbine, and corynanthine was determined in mice. The LD50 of amphetamine in the presence of a constant dose of a yohimbine isomer and that of the isomer in the presence of a constant dose of amphetamine were determined in aggregated mice. Isobolograms were constructed from these data and used to evaluate the interaction of the yohimbine alkaloids and amphetamine. Beta-yohimbine was found to be approximately twice as toxic as yohimbine and corynanthine about one fifth as toxic. There was a mutual potentiation between the toxicities of yohimbine and amphetamine. Potentiation of the toxicity of amphetamine occurred with beta-yohimbine but the effect was not as marked as with yohimbine. In contrast, corynanthine antagonized the toxicity of amphetamine. The interaction between yohimbine and amphetamine is unlikely to be due to noradrenergic mechanisms but could conceivably involve serotonergic or dopaminergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Interaction between yohimbine alkaloids and amphetamine in mice. The toxicity (LD50) of the isomers yohimbine, beta-yohimbine, and corynanthine was determined in mice. The LD50 of amphetamine in the presence of a constant dose of a yohimbine isomer and that of the isomer in the presence of a constant dose of amphetamine were determined in aggregated mice. Isobolograms were constructed from these data and used to evaluate the interaction of the yohimbine alkaloids and amphetamine. Beta-yohimbine was found to be approximately twice as toxic as yohimbine and corynanthine about one fifth as toxic. There was a mutual potentiation between the toxicities of yohimbine and amphetamine. Potentiation of the toxicity of amphetamine occurred with beta-yohimbine but the effect was not as marked as with yohimbine. In contrast, corynanthine antagonized the toxicity of amphetamine. The interaction between yohimbine and amphetamine is unlikely to be due to noradrenergic mechanisms but could conceivably involve serotonergic or dopaminergic mechanisms.", "PMID": 402675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1517", "title": "Enhancement of propoxyphene-induced analgesia by doxepin.", "content": "The activity of the centrally acting analgesic, propoxyphene, either alone or combined with the tricyclic antidepressant, doxepin, has been studied. Doses of doxepin, in themselves lacking any analgesic effect, remarkably enhanced the analgesic activity of propoxyphene, either by the oral or intraperitoneal route. On the other hand, oral toxicity data prove that doxepin does not alter significantly propoxyphene acute toxicity.", "contents": "Enhancement of propoxyphene-induced analgesia by doxepin. The activity of the centrally acting analgesic, propoxyphene, either alone or combined with the tricyclic antidepressant, doxepin, has been studied. Doses of doxepin, in themselves lacking any analgesic effect, remarkably enhanced the analgesic activity of propoxyphene, either by the oral or intraperitoneal route. On the other hand, oral toxicity data prove that doxepin does not alter significantly propoxyphene acute toxicity.", "PMID": 402676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1518", "title": "Angiographic abnormalities in partial Budd-Chiari syndrome.", "content": "Partial Budd-Chiari syndrome was produced in 8 monkeys by obstructing 2 or 3 lobar hepatic veins with a rapidly polymerizing plastic. Hepatic angiography done 1-3 months later revealed crowded tortuous arteries and a dense hepatogram in the lobe with venous occlusion. Unobstructed lobes were hypertrophied. Retrograde injection of persistently patent hepatic veins demonstrated a \"spiderweb\" collateral system. Retrograde venography to demonstrate this pathognomonic plexus is the procedure of choice when partial Budd-Chiari syndrome is suspected.", "contents": "Angiographic abnormalities in partial Budd-Chiari syndrome. Partial Budd-Chiari syndrome was produced in 8 monkeys by obstructing 2 or 3 lobar hepatic veins with a rapidly polymerizing plastic. Hepatic angiography done 1-3 months later revealed crowded tortuous arteries and a dense hepatogram in the lobe with venous occlusion. Unobstructed lobes were hypertrophied. Retrograde injection of persistently patent hepatic veins demonstrated a \"spiderweb\" collateral system. Retrograde venography to demonstrate this pathognomonic plexus is the procedure of choice when partial Budd-Chiari syndrome is suspected.", "PMID": 402680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1519", "title": "Internal auditory canal enlargement in neurofibromatosis without acoustic neuroma.", "content": "Acoustic neuroma has always been reported to accompany neurofibromatosis in patients with enlargement of the internal auditory canal. The authors describe a case in which the internal auditory canal was enlarged but there was no tumor. This may represent a normal variant or a manifestation of the bony dysplasia of neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "Internal auditory canal enlargement in neurofibromatosis without acoustic neuroma. Acoustic neuroma has always been reported to accompany neurofibromatosis in patients with enlargement of the internal auditory canal. The authors describe a case in which the internal auditory canal was enlarged but there was no tumor. This may represent a normal variant or a manifestation of the bony dysplasia of neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 402681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1520", "title": "Radiation therapy for exophthalmos: report of seven cases.", "content": "Five of 7 cases of exophthalmos showed improvement within three months with 2,000 rads of 6 MeV radiation. A new technique of X-ray beam localization employing a direct measurement 12 mm posterior to the anterior extent of the cornea was used and found more accurate than using a fixed point (external canthus). All cases should be treated bilaterally. Retreatment after radiation failure is not recommended. There were no complications. Improvement is usually rapid as orbital irradiation, not including the pituitary, causes rapid destruction of the massive collection of lymphocytes and a reduction in the bulky mass and edema of the orbit.", "contents": "Radiation therapy for exophthalmos: report of seven cases. Five of 7 cases of exophthalmos showed improvement within three months with 2,000 rads of 6 MeV radiation. A new technique of X-ray beam localization employing a direct measurement 12 mm posterior to the anterior extent of the cornea was used and found more accurate than using a fixed point (external canthus). All cases should be treated bilaterally. Retreatment after radiation failure is not recommended. There were no complications. Improvement is usually rapid as orbital irradiation, not including the pituitary, causes rapid destruction of the massive collection of lymphocytes and a reduction in the bulky mass and edema of the orbit.", "PMID": 402682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1521", "title": "Luteolytic action of 15-keto prostaglandin F2alpha in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The naturally-occurring metabolite of prostaglandin F2alpha, 15-keto prostaglandin F2alpha (15-keto PGF2alpha), elicited rapid and sustained declines in serum progesterone concentrations when administered to rhesus monkeys beginning on day 22 of normal menstrual cycles. Evidence for luteolysis of a more convincing nature was obtained in studies where a single dose of 15-keto PGF2alpha was given on day 20 of ovulatory menstrual cycles in which intramuscular injections of hCG were also given on days 18-20; serum progesterone concentrations fell precipitously in monkeys within 24 hours following intramuscular administration of 15-keto PGF2alpha. However, corpus luteum function was impaired in only 4 of 11 early pregnant monkeys when 15-keto PGF2alpha was administered on days 30 and 31 from the last menses, a time when the ovary is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. Gestation failed in 2 additional monkeys 32 and 60 days after treatment with 15-keto PGF2alpha, but progressed in an apparently normal manner in the remaining 5 animals. Two pregnant monkeys treated with 15-keto PGF2alpha on day 42 from the last menstrual period, a time when the ovary is no longer required for gestation, continued their pregnancies uneventfully. Corpus luteum function was not impaired in 9 control monkeys which received injections of vehicle or hCG at appropriate times during the menstrual cycle or pregnancy.", "contents": "Luteolytic action of 15-keto prostaglandin F2alpha in the rhesus monkey. The naturally-occurring metabolite of prostaglandin F2alpha, 15-keto prostaglandin F2alpha (15-keto PGF2alpha), elicited rapid and sustained declines in serum progesterone concentrations when administered to rhesus monkeys beginning on day 22 of normal menstrual cycles. Evidence for luteolysis of a more convincing nature was obtained in studies where a single dose of 15-keto PGF2alpha was given on day 20 of ovulatory menstrual cycles in which intramuscular injections of hCG were also given on days 18-20; serum progesterone concentrations fell precipitously in monkeys within 24 hours following intramuscular administration of 15-keto PGF2alpha. However, corpus luteum function was impaired in only 4 of 11 early pregnant monkeys when 15-keto PGF2alpha was administered on days 30 and 31 from the last menses, a time when the ovary is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. Gestation failed in 2 additional monkeys 32 and 60 days after treatment with 15-keto PGF2alpha, but progressed in an apparently normal manner in the remaining 5 animals. Two pregnant monkeys treated with 15-keto PGF2alpha on day 42 from the last menstrual period, a time when the ovary is no longer required for gestation, continued their pregnancies uneventfully. Corpus luteum function was not impaired in 9 control monkeys which received injections of vehicle or hCG at appropriate times during the menstrual cycle or pregnancy.", "PMID": 402683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1522", "title": "Improved port film quality with six megavolt linear accelerator.", "content": "This article introduces a new technique for accurate verification of therapy treatment sites with radiographs. It can be used not only on most linear accelerators, but also on cobalt treatment units, with slight variation in exposure technique. It can eliminate the poor image detail presently seen and accepted at various therapy instiutions with a new method of quality control.", "contents": "Improved port film quality with six megavolt linear accelerator. This article introduces a new technique for accurate verification of therapy treatment sites with radiographs. It can be used not only on most linear accelerators, but also on cobalt treatment units, with slight variation in exposure technique. It can eliminate the poor image detail presently seen and accepted at various therapy instiutions with a new method of quality control.", "PMID": 402679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1523", "title": "Rat liver post-microsomal D-T diaphorase: activation of the enzymes by two carcinogens.", "content": "The effects of two carcinogens (N-acetylaminofluorene and 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene) on the rat liver soluble D-T diaphorase are reported in this communication. The activity of the enzyme is increased in 24 hours by both compounds tested in this study.", "contents": "Rat liver post-microsomal D-T diaphorase: activation of the enzymes by two carcinogens. The effects of two carcinogens (N-acetylaminofluorene and 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene) on the rat liver soluble D-T diaphorase are reported in this communication. The activity of the enzyme is increased in 24 hours by both compounds tested in this study.", "PMID": 402684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1524", "title": "A potent antinociceptive cannabinoid which lacks opiate substitution properties in monkeys.", "content": "(-)-9-Nor-9beta-hydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol[(-)-9-nor-9beta-OH-HHC] produced hypotension and bradycardia in anesthetized dogs, was a potent antinociceptive agent in the mouse tail-flick and p-phenylquinone abdominal-stretching tests, but did not reverse the effects of morphine withdrawal in dependent monkeys.", "contents": "A potent antinociceptive cannabinoid which lacks opiate substitution properties in monkeys. (-)-9-Nor-9beta-hydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol[(-)-9-nor-9beta-OH-HHC] produced hypotension and bradycardia in anesthetized dogs, was a potent antinociceptive agent in the mouse tail-flick and p-phenylquinone abdominal-stretching tests, but did not reverse the effects of morphine withdrawal in dependent monkeys.", "PMID": 402685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1525", "title": "Experimental hepatic injury: the sequential changes in drug metabolizing enzyme activities after administration of acetaminophen.", "content": "Experimental hepatic necrosis was induced in phenobarbital pretreated rats by means of the intraperitoneal administration of an acetaminophen-dimethyl sulfixide (DMSO) mixture. Cytochrome P-450 content and the specific activities of aminopyrine demethylase, aniline hydroxylase and bilirubin glucuronyl transferase diminished over the three-day study period, as compared with control animals. The reductions, however, were generally modest; not uniform for all the enzymes assayed; and correlated poorly with histologic necrosis and standard liver function tests. It is concluded that in acute liver disease changes in the hepatic in vitro drug metabolizing enzyme capacity may not be closely related to cellular necrosis, per se, and the degree of change in enzyme activities will vary from one enzyme system to another. These findings may explain, in part, the often inconsistent alterations in the disposition and elimination of drugs described in associated liver disease.", "contents": "Experimental hepatic injury: the sequential changes in drug metabolizing enzyme activities after administration of acetaminophen. Experimental hepatic necrosis was induced in phenobarbital pretreated rats by means of the intraperitoneal administration of an acetaminophen-dimethyl sulfixide (DMSO) mixture. Cytochrome P-450 content and the specific activities of aminopyrine demethylase, aniline hydroxylase and bilirubin glucuronyl transferase diminished over the three-day study period, as compared with control animals. The reductions, however, were generally modest; not uniform for all the enzymes assayed; and correlated poorly with histologic necrosis and standard liver function tests. It is concluded that in acute liver disease changes in the hepatic in vitro drug metabolizing enzyme capacity may not be closely related to cellular necrosis, per se, and the degree of change in enzyme activities will vary from one enzyme system to another. These findings may explain, in part, the often inconsistent alterations in the disposition and elimination of drugs described in associated liver disease.", "PMID": 402686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1526", "title": "An evaluation of indirect immunofluorescence in the serological diagnosis of Nosema cuniculi infection.", "content": "An indirect immunofluorescence test for serum antibodies to Nosema cuniculi was evaluated in rabbits by comparison with established histopathological methods of diagnosis. Cell-culture isolation procedures and immunofluorescence and histological techniques designed to detect the parasite in urine or tissues were used to confirm the diagnosis. The serological diagnosis showed excellent correlation with presence of brain lesions characteristic of nosematosis, and N cuniculi were detected in 63 per cent of seropositive rabbits but in no seronegatives. Serum cross-reactivity tests between N cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii showed that these two protozoa are antigenically distinct. The technique offers a simple, sensitive and reliable procedure for diagnosis of nosematosis in a living animal.", "contents": "An evaluation of indirect immunofluorescence in the serological diagnosis of Nosema cuniculi infection. An indirect immunofluorescence test for serum antibodies to Nosema cuniculi was evaluated in rabbits by comparison with established histopathological methods of diagnosis. Cell-culture isolation procedures and immunofluorescence and histological techniques designed to detect the parasite in urine or tissues were used to confirm the diagnosis. The serological diagnosis showed excellent correlation with presence of brain lesions characteristic of nosematosis, and N cuniculi were detected in 63 per cent of seropositive rabbits but in no seronegatives. Serum cross-reactivity tests between N cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii showed that these two protozoa are antigenically distinct. The technique offers a simple, sensitive and reliable procedure for diagnosis of nosematosis in a living animal.", "PMID": 402687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1527", "title": "A material balance study of polychlorinated biphenyls in Lake Michigan.", "content": "This paper integrates the known chemical and physical properties of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) derived in the laboratory with a mathematical model describing their behavior in Lake Michigan. The conclusion that emerges is that the observed levels of PCB both in Lake Michigan and the fish biomass are consistent with these laboratory measurements. In addition, it is concluded that it will take several years for this ecosystem to cleanse itself of the compounds even if no new input is made. The final sink for PCB is predicted to be degradation in the atmosphere, with some fraction being buried in the underlying sediments of the lake.", "contents": "A material balance study of polychlorinated biphenyls in Lake Michigan. This paper integrates the known chemical and physical properties of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) derived in the laboratory with a mathematical model describing their behavior in Lake Michigan. The conclusion that emerges is that the observed levels of PCB both in Lake Michigan and the fish biomass are consistent with these laboratory measurements. In addition, it is concluded that it will take several years for this ecosystem to cleanse itself of the compounds even if no new input is made. The final sink for PCB is predicted to be degradation in the atmosphere, with some fraction being buried in the underlying sediments of the lake.", "PMID": 402690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1528", "title": "Lysis of human cultured lymphoblastoid cells by cell-induced activation of the properdin pathway.", "content": "Human cultured lymphoblastoid cells incubated in normal human serum activate the properdin complement pathway without antibody. However, only cells bearing C3b immune adherence receptors bind components of the properdin complement pathway and undergo lysis. A similar surveillance mechanism may exist in man to limit growth of malignant B cells bearing C3b immune adherence receptors.", "contents": "Lysis of human cultured lymphoblastoid cells by cell-induced activation of the properdin pathway. Human cultured lymphoblastoid cells incubated in normal human serum activate the properdin complement pathway without antibody. However, only cells bearing C3b immune adherence receptors bind components of the properdin complement pathway and undergo lysis. A similar surveillance mechanism may exist in man to limit growth of malignant B cells bearing C3b immune adherence receptors.", "PMID": 402691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1529", "title": "Angiogenesis: a marker for neoplastic transformation of mammary papillary hyperplasia.", "content": "Mouse mammary papillomas elicit new formation of vessels when transplanted onto the rabbit iris. This angiogenic capacity is a property of carcinomas but not of the resting mammary gland. In mouse papillary hyperplasias, however, this property appears much earlier than any morphological or clinical sign of carcinoma. A test for angiogenic capacity may reveal a step in the progression toward clinical malignancy and thus could be used to screen for neoplastic potential of hyperplastic epithelium in biopsy tissues.", "contents": "Angiogenesis: a marker for neoplastic transformation of mammary papillary hyperplasia. Mouse mammary papillomas elicit new formation of vessels when transplanted onto the rabbit iris. This angiogenic capacity is a property of carcinomas but not of the resting mammary gland. In mouse papillary hyperplasias, however, this property appears much earlier than any morphological or clinical sign of carcinoma. A test for angiogenic capacity may reveal a step in the progression toward clinical malignancy and thus could be used to screen for neoplastic potential of hyperplastic epithelium in biopsy tissues.", "PMID": 402692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1530", "title": "Effect of bacterial products on inflammatory reactions in the dental pulp.", "content": "Culture filtrates (extracellular components) and material obtained from disintegrated cells (intracellular components) of cultured plaque bacteria were studied for their capacity to induce inflammatory reactions in the dental pulp. Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of 94 teeth: 42 test and 52 control teeth in six adult monkeys. lyophilized bacterial components were sealed into the test cavities either alone or following an 8-h topical application of a solution of the same components in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Culture medium and PBS were applied in two sets of control cavities. A third set was restored with zinc oxide-eugenol cement. The animals were killed 32 h after the initiation of the experiment and the pulps were examined histologically. Teeth treated trophil leukocytes in the area of the pulp subjacent to the cut dentin tubules. Abscess formation was frequently found. The severe reactions which developed were independent of differences between individual animals and differences in thickness of the remaining dentin. The controls showed damage to the odontoblasts but little or no neutrophil infiltration. The findings confirm that products of bacteria applied to exposed dentin initiate inflammatory reactions in the dental pulp.", "contents": "Effect of bacterial products on inflammatory reactions in the dental pulp. Culture filtrates (extracellular components) and material obtained from disintegrated cells (intracellular components) of cultured plaque bacteria were studied for their capacity to induce inflammatory reactions in the dental pulp. Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of 94 teeth: 42 test and 52 control teeth in six adult monkeys. lyophilized bacterial components were sealed into the test cavities either alone or following an 8-h topical application of a solution of the same components in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Culture medium and PBS were applied in two sets of control cavities. A third set was restored with zinc oxide-eugenol cement. The animals were killed 32 h after the initiation of the experiment and the pulps were examined histologically. Teeth treated trophil leukocytes in the area of the pulp subjacent to the cut dentin tubules. Abscess formation was frequently found. The severe reactions which developed were independent of differences between individual animals and differences in thickness of the remaining dentin. The controls showed damage to the odontoblasts but little or no neutrophil infiltration. The findings confirm that products of bacteria applied to exposed dentin initiate inflammatory reactions in the dental pulp.", "PMID": 402688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1531", "title": "Conjugal transfer of the gonococcal penicillinase plasmid.", "content": "Certain gonococci, which heretofore have lacked a conjugal mating system, can sexually transfer a small plasmid (4.5 x 10)6) daltons) which carries the gene for beta-lactamase production. Frequencies of conjugal transfer were similar into diverse recipients (other gonococci, Neisseria flava, and Escherichia coli), which suggests that gonococci may transfer the plasmid promiscuously in nature.", "contents": "Conjugal transfer of the gonococcal penicillinase plasmid. Certain gonococci, which heretofore have lacked a conjugal mating system, can sexually transfer a small plasmid (4.5 x 10)6) daltons) which carries the gene for beta-lactamase production. Frequencies of conjugal transfer were similar into diverse recipients (other gonococci, Neisseria flava, and Escherichia coli), which suggests that gonococci may transfer the plasmid promiscuously in nature.", "PMID": 402693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1532", "title": "Experimental palatal candidosis and saliva flow in monkeys.", "content": "Maxillary acrylic plates, inoculated with Candida albicans, were inserted for 3 weeks in 10 monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) (Series I), and reinserted in five of the animals 8 weeks after removal (Series II). To suppress saliva flow oxyphencyclimine was injected intramuscularly (0.125 mg/kg) thrice daily for 3 weeks in six monkeys of Series I, while four controls received no drug. In Series II the oxyphencyclimine dose was doubled in three animals, and two controls were sham-treated with sodium chloride. Mean saliva flow was reduced to 58% after 1 week and to 63% after 3 weeks with the low dose of oxyphencyclimine. The values with the high dose were 56% and 64%, respectively. After 1 week thrush had developed beneath the plates of all monkeys. The patches were more extensive and regressed slower with oxyphencyclimine. Enlarged lesions were seen with the double dose. In Series I intraepithelial invasion by hyphae was detected more frequently and longer after inoculation in the oxyphencyclimine group. Such invasion was not found in biopsies from Series II. It is likely that saliva offers some protection against yeasts colonizing the fitting size of a denture.", "contents": "Experimental palatal candidosis and saliva flow in monkeys. Maxillary acrylic plates, inoculated with Candida albicans, were inserted for 3 weeks in 10 monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) (Series I), and reinserted in five of the animals 8 weeks after removal (Series II). To suppress saliva flow oxyphencyclimine was injected intramuscularly (0.125 mg/kg) thrice daily for 3 weeks in six monkeys of Series I, while four controls received no drug. In Series II the oxyphencyclimine dose was doubled in three animals, and two controls were sham-treated with sodium chloride. Mean saliva flow was reduced to 58% after 1 week and to 63% after 3 weeks with the low dose of oxyphencyclimine. The values with the high dose were 56% and 64%, respectively. After 1 week thrush had developed beneath the plates of all monkeys. The patches were more extensive and regressed slower with oxyphencyclimine. Enlarged lesions were seen with the double dose. In Series I intraepithelial invasion by hyphae was detected more frequently and longer after inoculation in the oxyphencyclimine group. Such invasion was not found in biopsies from Series II. It is likely that saliva offers some protection against yeasts colonizing the fitting size of a denture.", "PMID": 402689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1533", "title": "Sarcocystosis: a clinical outbreak in dairy calves.", "content": "Death and illness in a pen of eight yearling dairy heifers was caused by the protozoan parasite Sarcocystis. All animals had weight loss, weakness, marginal anemia, and elevated serum enzymes. Affected animals had high hemagglutinating antibody titers to Sarcocystis antigen. Affected tissues of the two animals that died demonstrated schizonits and young cysts during pathologic examination. The resident farm dog was shedding Sarcocystis sporocysts and was incriminated as the source of infection.", "contents": "Sarcocystosis: a clinical outbreak in dairy calves. Death and illness in a pen of eight yearling dairy heifers was caused by the protozoan parasite Sarcocystis. All animals had weight loss, weakness, marginal anemia, and elevated serum enzymes. Affected animals had high hemagglutinating antibody titers to Sarcocystis antigen. Affected tissues of the two animals that died demonstrated schizonits and young cysts during pathologic examination. The resident farm dog was shedding Sarcocystis sporocysts and was incriminated as the source of infection.", "PMID": 402695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1534", "title": "Angiotensin injected into the neostriatum after learning disrupts retention performance.", "content": "Angiotensin II, injected into the dorsal neostriatum of rats 5 minutes after they had learned a passive avoidance task, disrupted the retention of the task 24 hours later. Identical neostriatal injections given 22 hours after learning (2 hours before retention) were without effect on retention performance. Ventral neostriatum or posterior thalamus were ineffective sites for injection of angiotensin. Injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone or lysine-8-vasopressin into the dorsal neostriatum was ineffective. These findings indicate a possible role for endogenous angiotensin in the neostriatum on retention performance and suggest potential involvement in mnemonic processes.", "contents": "Angiotensin injected into the neostriatum after learning disrupts retention performance. Angiotensin II, injected into the dorsal neostriatum of rats 5 minutes after they had learned a passive avoidance task, disrupted the retention of the task 24 hours later. Identical neostriatal injections given 22 hours after learning (2 hours before retention) were without effect on retention performance. Ventral neostriatum or posterior thalamus were ineffective sites for injection of angiotensin. Injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone or lysine-8-vasopressin into the dorsal neostriatum was ineffective. These findings indicate a possible role for endogenous angiotensin in the neostriatum on retention performance and suggest potential involvement in mnemonic processes.", "PMID": 402696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1535", "title": "Penicillin V therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis: comparison of dosage schedules.", "content": "Two dosage regimens of penicillin V were compared in 327 patients with mild to moderately severe streptococcal pharyngitis. Patients fulfilling study criteria were randomly assigned to a b.i.d. or a t.i.d. dosage schedule. Those in the b.i.d. group were given 500 mg twice daily; those in the t.i.d. group were given 250 mg three times daily. Duration of therapy was ten days for both groups. Cure was based on prompt symptomatic improvement, subsidence of clinical signs, and negative throat cultures for group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Both dosage schedules yielded similar cure rates, indicating that with penicillin V, a b.i.d. regimen is as effective as a t.i.d. regimen in treating streptococcal pharyngitis.", "contents": "Penicillin V therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis: comparison of dosage schedules. Two dosage regimens of penicillin V were compared in 327 patients with mild to moderately severe streptococcal pharyngitis. Patients fulfilling study criteria were randomly assigned to a b.i.d. or a t.i.d. dosage schedule. Those in the b.i.d. group were given 500 mg twice daily; those in the t.i.d. group were given 250 mg three times daily. Duration of therapy was ten days for both groups. Cure was based on prompt symptomatic improvement, subsidence of clinical signs, and negative throat cultures for group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Both dosage schedules yielded similar cure rates, indicating that with penicillin V, a b.i.d. regimen is as effective as a t.i.d. regimen in treating streptococcal pharyngitis.", "PMID": 402697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1536", "title": "Free thyroxine index or effective thyroxine ratio?", "content": "The ability of the free thyroxine index (FTI) and the effective thyroxine ratio (ETR) to distinguish abnormal from normal thyroid function is compared in a series of 422 patients; they were equally successful in detecting hyperthyroidism. In hypothyroidism, however, the ETR values of 22% were within 95% 'normal' limits compared with 7,4% of the FTI values. Other authors have shown a similar poorer sensitivity of the ETR compared with the FTI.", "contents": "Free thyroxine index or effective thyroxine ratio? The ability of the free thyroxine index (FTI) and the effective thyroxine ratio (ETR) to distinguish abnormal from normal thyroid function is compared in a series of 422 patients; they were equally successful in detecting hyperthyroidism. In hypothyroidism, however, the ETR values of 22% were within 95% 'normal' limits compared with 7,4% of the FTI values. Other authors have shown a similar poorer sensitivity of the ETR compared with the FTI.", "PMID": 402701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1537", "title": "Rationale for seeking occult metastases in patients with bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "The usefulness of performing diagnostic staging tests on patients thought to have operable bronchial carcinoma was explored by modeling the diagnostic and therapeutic processes for patients with this disease. The availability of appropriate autopsy and survival data allowed this investigation. We analyzed the results of two diagnostic and therapeeutic strategies: a test strategy in which extensive staging tests are performed preoperatively on patients with Stage I or II disease and a no test strategy in which such examinations are not performed. Average survival times are little affected by the choice of the test or no test diagnostic strategy. The chance of an immediate postoperative death, of an unnecessary operation and of a long term cure are affected more. Within the error of measurement, financial costs for the two strategies are probably the same. This investigation is a prototype for estimating the value of diagnostic staging tests and the effects of consequent alternative methods of treatment for patients with known malignant conditions.", "contents": "Rationale for seeking occult metastases in patients with bronchial carcinoma. The usefulness of performing diagnostic staging tests on patients thought to have operable bronchial carcinoma was explored by modeling the diagnostic and therapeutic processes for patients with this disease. The availability of appropriate autopsy and survival data allowed this investigation. We analyzed the results of two diagnostic and therapeeutic strategies: a test strategy in which extensive staging tests are performed preoperatively on patients with Stage I or II disease and a no test strategy in which such examinations are not performed. Average survival times are little affected by the choice of the test or no test diagnostic strategy. The chance of an immediate postoperative death, of an unnecessary operation and of a long term cure are affected more. Within the error of measurement, financial costs for the two strategies are probably the same. This investigation is a prototype for estimating the value of diagnostic staging tests and the effects of consequent alternative methods of treatment for patients with known malignant conditions.", "PMID": 402703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1538", "title": "Teratogenicity studies on late blighted potatoes in nonhuman primates (Macaca mulatta and Saguinus labiatus).", "content": "Female rhesus monkeys and marmosets were fed a diet containing blighted potatoes (Phytophthora infestans) at a level of 10g/kg per day for at least two weeks prior to breeding and six weeks following conception in order to gain additional information on the association of blighted potatoes and the development of anencephaly and spina bifida in primate species. There was an absence of either of these neural-tube defects in 32 rhesus and 14 marmoset infants whose mothers had received a blighted potato diet. In addition there were no cranial osseous defects. There were, however, two rhesus monkey infants with internal hydrocephalus whose mothers had consumed blighted potatoes.", "contents": "Teratogenicity studies on late blighted potatoes in nonhuman primates (Macaca mulatta and Saguinus labiatus). Female rhesus monkeys and marmosets were fed a diet containing blighted potatoes (Phytophthora infestans) at a level of 10g/kg per day for at least two weeks prior to breeding and six weeks following conception in order to gain additional information on the association of blighted potatoes and the development of anencephaly and spina bifida in primate species. There was an absence of either of these neural-tube defects in 32 rhesus and 14 marmoset infants whose mothers had received a blighted potato diet. In addition there were no cranial osseous defects. There were, however, two rhesus monkey infants with internal hydrocephalus whose mothers had consumed blighted potatoes.", "PMID": 402704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1539", "title": "Teratogenic effects of retinoic acid in pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina). I. General features.", "content": "Daily oral administration of 10 mg/kg retinoic acid to pregnant Macaca nemestrina monkeys on days 20 to 44 resulted in a high frequency of craniofacial and musculoskeletal malformations. Craniofacial defects including cleft palate and anomalies of the prinna were common as were ectrodactyly, kyphosis, and muscular-joint contractures. Transposition of the great vessels of the heart occurred in one animal and polycystic kidney and associated urogenital anomalies in another. Shorter treatment periods with similar or higher dosages were not teratogenic and were less fetocidal. Although only relatively long treatment courses were teratogenic, the defects that resulted were morphologically similar to those induced with retinoic acid or other vitamin A compounds in other animal orders.", "contents": "Teratogenic effects of retinoic acid in pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina). I. General features. Daily oral administration of 10 mg/kg retinoic acid to pregnant Macaca nemestrina monkeys on days 20 to 44 resulted in a high frequency of craniofacial and musculoskeletal malformations. Craniofacial defects including cleft palate and anomalies of the prinna were common as were ectrodactyly, kyphosis, and muscular-joint contractures. Transposition of the great vessels of the heart occurred in one animal and polycystic kidney and associated urogenital anomalies in another. Shorter treatment periods with similar or higher dosages were not teratogenic and were less fetocidal. Although only relatively long treatment courses were teratogenic, the defects that resulted were morphologically similar to those induced with retinoic acid or other vitamin A compounds in other animal orders.", "PMID": 402705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1540", "title": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to rifampicin and ethambutol: a clinical survey.", "content": "Ninety-seven cultures of Myco, tuberculosis referred to the Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Cardiff during 1972-73 and found to be resistant to rifampicin or ethambutol were studied. Resistance to each drug appeared equally common. Few lower grades of rifampicin resistance occurred, cultures tending to be either fully sensitive or highly resistant. Intermediate grades of ethambutol resistance, however, were common, and a majority of highly resistant cultures were preceded by cultures showing lower grades of resistance. Case-notes were obtained on 84 patients (87%) and revealed no cases of primary resistance. In the three years since first developing resistance 36% of patients died: in the majority tuberculosis was a major cause of death. Half the patients had been prescribed unsatisfactory drug regimens containing rifampicin or ethambutol by their physicians, and only a small minority were considered to have co-operated well. One-third had discharged themselves from hospital against medical advice and only 21% attended clinics regularly. These two factors probably accounted for the development of resistance in most cases.", "contents": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to rifampicin and ethambutol: a clinical survey. Ninety-seven cultures of Myco, tuberculosis referred to the Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Cardiff during 1972-73 and found to be resistant to rifampicin or ethambutol were studied. Resistance to each drug appeared equally common. Few lower grades of rifampicin resistance occurred, cultures tending to be either fully sensitive or highly resistant. Intermediate grades of ethambutol resistance, however, were common, and a majority of highly resistant cultures were preceded by cultures showing lower grades of resistance. Case-notes were obtained on 84 patients (87%) and revealed no cases of primary resistance. In the three years since first developing resistance 36% of patients died: in the majority tuberculosis was a major cause of death. Half the patients had been prescribed unsatisfactory drug regimens containing rifampicin or ethambutol by their physicians, and only a small minority were considered to have co-operated well. One-third had discharged themselves from hospital against medical advice and only 21% attended clinics regularly. These two factors probably accounted for the development of resistance in most cases.", "PMID": 402706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1541", "title": "The effect of intravenous adenosine diphosphate on the number of circulating platelets in experimental animals: inhibition by prostaglandin E1, dipyridamole, SH-869 and VK-774.", "content": "The number of circulating platelets was monitored in anaesthetized animals by a continuous flow technique, using a Technicon Autocounter. Intravenous infusions of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) produced transient, dose-dependent falls in circulating platelet numbers in rabbits, dogs, rats, pigs and squirrel monkeys. The rat was the most sensitive of the species investigated. In the rabbit, the effect of a submaximal dose of ADP was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by intravenous infusions of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), dipyridamole, and two derivatives of dipyridamole (SH-869 and VK-774). The dose-response curves for PGE1, SH-869 and VK-774 were approximately parallel, whereas that for dipyridamole was considerably less steep. PGE1 was the most potent inhibitor, but the duration of action was very short. Dipyridamole and SH-869 produced inhibition of long duration. The duration of action of VK-774 was intermediate. All inhibitors produced marked and often long-lasting hypotension. The fact no inhibition of ADP effects could be demonstrated with dibenzyline and hexamethonium, which also produced marked hypotension of long duration, indicated that inhibition of the ADP effect by the four antagonists studied was not due to changes in blood pressure.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous adenosine diphosphate on the number of circulating platelets in experimental animals: inhibition by prostaglandin E1, dipyridamole, SH-869 and VK-774. The number of circulating platelets was monitored in anaesthetized animals by a continuous flow technique, using a Technicon Autocounter. Intravenous infusions of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) produced transient, dose-dependent falls in circulating platelet numbers in rabbits, dogs, rats, pigs and squirrel monkeys. The rat was the most sensitive of the species investigated. In the rabbit, the effect of a submaximal dose of ADP was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by intravenous infusions of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), dipyridamole, and two derivatives of dipyridamole (SH-869 and VK-774). The dose-response curves for PGE1, SH-869 and VK-774 were approximately parallel, whereas that for dipyridamole was considerably less steep. PGE1 was the most potent inhibitor, but the duration of action was very short. Dipyridamole and SH-869 produced inhibition of long duration. The duration of action of VK-774 was intermediate. All inhibitors produced marked and often long-lasting hypotension. The fact no inhibition of ADP effects could be demonstrated with dibenzyline and hexamethonium, which also produced marked hypotension of long duration, indicated that inhibition of the ADP effect by the four antagonists studied was not due to changes in blood pressure.", "PMID": 402707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1542", "title": "Half-life of platelet factor 4 (PF-4) in plasma and platelets from macaca mulatta.", "content": "Human platelet factor 4 (PF-4) showed a reaction of complete identity with PF-4 from Macaca mulatta when tested against rabbit anti-human-PF-4. Such immunoglobulin was used for quantitative precipitation of in vivo labelled PF-4 in monkey serum. The results suggest that the active protein had an intra-platelet half-life of about 21 hours. In vitro 125I-labelled human PF-4 was injected intravenously into two monkeys and isolated by immuno-precipitation from platelet-poor plasma and from platelets disrupted after gel-filtration. Plasma PF-4 was found to have a half-life of 7 to 11 hours. Some of the labelled PF-4 was associated with platelets and this fraction had a rapid initial disappearance rate and a subsequent half-life close to that of plasma PF-4. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that granular PF-4 belongs to a separate compartment, whereas membrane-bound PF-4 and plasma PF-4 may interchange.", "contents": "Half-life of platelet factor 4 (PF-4) in plasma and platelets from macaca mulatta. Human platelet factor 4 (PF-4) showed a reaction of complete identity with PF-4 from Macaca mulatta when tested against rabbit anti-human-PF-4. Such immunoglobulin was used for quantitative precipitation of in vivo labelled PF-4 in monkey serum. The results suggest that the active protein had an intra-platelet half-life of about 21 hours. In vitro 125I-labelled human PF-4 was injected intravenously into two monkeys and isolated by immuno-precipitation from platelet-poor plasma and from platelets disrupted after gel-filtration. Plasma PF-4 was found to have a half-life of 7 to 11 hours. Some of the labelled PF-4 was associated with platelets and this fraction had a rapid initial disappearance rate and a subsequent half-life close to that of plasma PF-4. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that granular PF-4 belongs to a separate compartment, whereas membrane-bound PF-4 and plasma PF-4 may interchange.", "PMID": 402708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1543", "title": "[Ulcerative tracheo-esophageal fistula--a complication of longterm respiratory support (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of ulcerative tracheoesophageal fistula following long term respiratory support is described. After establishing the diagnosis of TEF, an attempt at surgical repair should be made as quickly as patient's condition permits it, ideally immediately. We suggest right side thoracotomy with the resection of the fourth rib, thereby facilitating preparation of a pedicled flap which should be interponated between trachea and esophagus after the closure of the esophagus defect by sutures has been performed.", "contents": "[Ulcerative tracheo-esophageal fistula--a complication of longterm respiratory support (author's transl)]. A case of ulcerative tracheoesophageal fistula following long term respiratory support is described. After establishing the diagnosis of TEF, an attempt at surgical repair should be made as quickly as patient's condition permits it, ideally immediately. We suggest right side thoracotomy with the resection of the fourth rib, thereby facilitating preparation of a pedicled flap which should be interponated between trachea and esophagus after the closure of the esophagus defect by sutures has been performed.", "PMID": 402709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1544", "title": "Acute toxicity of the leaves and extracts of Dichapetalum barteri (Engl.) in mice, rabbits and goats.", "content": "Acute toxicity of the leaves and extracts of Dichapetalum barteri for mice, rabbits and goats was investigated. Consumption of 0.5 g/kg and 2.2 g/kg body weight of dried leaves was lethal to rabbits and goats, respectively, within 4 h. Plants collected in the dry season were more toxic than those collected during the wet season. Clinical signs observed were initial depression followed by restlessness, convulsions, and death. The main lesions observed were acute vasculitis and congestion of the liver, lung, kidney, spleen as well as extensive oedema and congestion of the myocardium. The water extract of the leaves was lethal to mice at 2.0 g/kg, to rabbits at 0.1 g/kg and toxic to isolated rabbit heart at 2 mg/ml of Locke's solution. Monofluoroacetate was detected in the plant material and is probably the toxic principle of D. barteri.", "contents": "Acute toxicity of the leaves and extracts of Dichapetalum barteri (Engl.) in mice, rabbits and goats. Acute toxicity of the leaves and extracts of Dichapetalum barteri for mice, rabbits and goats was investigated. Consumption of 0.5 g/kg and 2.2 g/kg body weight of dried leaves was lethal to rabbits and goats, respectively, within 4 h. Plants collected in the dry season were more toxic than those collected during the wet season. Clinical signs observed were initial depression followed by restlessness, convulsions, and death. The main lesions observed were acute vasculitis and congestion of the liver, lung, kidney, spleen as well as extensive oedema and congestion of the myocardium. The water extract of the leaves was lethal to mice at 2.0 g/kg, to rabbits at 0.1 g/kg and toxic to isolated rabbit heart at 2 mg/ml of Locke's solution. Monofluoroacetate was detected in the plant material and is probably the toxic principle of D. barteri.", "PMID": 402711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1545", "title": "[Optimation of the dose geometry during irradiation of the para-aortic lymph nodes with 42 MeV photons (author's transl)].", "content": "Different irradiation techniques for therapy of para-aortic lymph nodes are compared using fixed or pendulous fields of photons with the energy 42 MeV from a 42 MeV betatron. The techniques are estimated considering the load to the radio-vulnerable contiguous organs, especially to the spinal cord and kidneys. The findings presented, being founded on measurements and on computations resulting therefrom, show that the most satisfying dose distributions are obtained by the Y-shaped three-field technique, by the combination of telecentric-excentric dorso-ventral pendulous irradiation with a ventral irradiation by fixed fields, or be means of a biaxial excentric pendulous irradiation. By examples evidence is given of the possibility of delivering a focal dose of 6000 rd or more to the tissue within a large-sized target volume, whilst the radiation load to the contiguous radiosensitive organs, i.e. spinal cord and kidneys, does not exceed the tolerance dose.", "contents": "[Optimation of the dose geometry during irradiation of the para-aortic lymph nodes with 42 MeV photons (author's transl)]. Different irradiation techniques for therapy of para-aortic lymph nodes are compared using fixed or pendulous fields of photons with the energy 42 MeV from a 42 MeV betatron. The techniques are estimated considering the load to the radio-vulnerable contiguous organs, especially to the spinal cord and kidneys. The findings presented, being founded on measurements and on computations resulting therefrom, show that the most satisfying dose distributions are obtained by the Y-shaped three-field technique, by the combination of telecentric-excentric dorso-ventral pendulous irradiation with a ventral irradiation by fixed fields, or be means of a biaxial excentric pendulous irradiation. By examples evidence is given of the possibility of delivering a focal dose of 6000 rd or more to the tissue within a large-sized target volume, whilst the radiation load to the contiguous radiosensitive organs, i.e. spinal cord and kidneys, does not exceed the tolerance dose.", "PMID": 402713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1546", "title": "[Consideration of inhomogeneities in irradiation planning. 3. Influence of inhomogeneities on the shape of the depth dose curve in water with electronic radiation of different energies (author's transl)].", "content": "For electron beams the shift of the depth dose curve in water produced by an inhomogeneity with density rho2 and thickness d is to be calculated from Vcalc-d(rho1 -1). Because of additional energy losses by bremsstrahl production, this calculable value Vcalc has to be corrected by means of a factor K to be found experimentally. In the case of larger atomic numbers (metallic plate), and most intensely in the lower energy range from 10 to 20 MeV the loss of dosage on account of inhomogeneities is particularly high due to elastic scattering of electrons (e.g. 86% by a 4.5 mm metallic plate with 10 MeV electronic radiation).", "contents": "[Consideration of inhomogeneities in irradiation planning. 3. Influence of inhomogeneities on the shape of the depth dose curve in water with electronic radiation of different energies (author's transl)]. For electron beams the shift of the depth dose curve in water produced by an inhomogeneity with density rho2 and thickness d is to be calculated from Vcalc-d(rho1 -1). Because of additional energy losses by bremsstrahl production, this calculable value Vcalc has to be corrected by means of a factor K to be found experimentally. In the case of larger atomic numbers (metallic plate), and most intensely in the lower energy range from 10 to 20 MeV the loss of dosage on account of inhomogeneities is particularly high due to elastic scattering of electrons (e.g. 86% by a 4.5 mm metallic plate with 10 MeV electronic radiation).", "PMID": 402714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1547", "title": "[Electron therapy].", "content": "The limited range of electrons yields depth doses and dose distributions offering the possibility to spare the tissue situated behind the tumor and to deliver a smaller volume dose. Electrons, therefore, can produce dose distributions being more favorable than those to be obtained with X-rays. The general radiation responses to electronic treatment are feeble. Clinical experiences also have shown that electrons are doing less harm to normal tissues than do X-rays. This may be derived from more important beta-effects and lesser alpha-effects of the electronic irradiation. The normal cells have a capacity for repair following beta-lesions which surpasses that of tumor cells, and thus, the electivity of electronic irradiation will increase and the clinical results are being explained. Schumacher (Berlin) has developed an improved fractionation schedule for electrons, using higher single doses once a week. The new schedule diminishes the number of tumor cells much more effectively than the conventional scheme utilized until now, and brings about, moreover, an additional protection of normal cells. Reoxygenation of anoxic tumor cells is sponsored. The clinical results from the new schedule (4262 cases) are very good.", "contents": "[Electron therapy]. The limited range of electrons yields depth doses and dose distributions offering the possibility to spare the tissue situated behind the tumor and to deliver a smaller volume dose. Electrons, therefore, can produce dose distributions being more favorable than those to be obtained with X-rays. The general radiation responses to electronic treatment are feeble. Clinical experiences also have shown that electrons are doing less harm to normal tissues than do X-rays. This may be derived from more important beta-effects and lesser alpha-effects of the electronic irradiation. The normal cells have a capacity for repair following beta-lesions which surpasses that of tumor cells, and thus, the electivity of electronic irradiation will increase and the clinical results are being explained. Schumacher (Berlin) has developed an improved fractionation schedule for electrons, using higher single doses once a week. The new schedule diminishes the number of tumor cells much more effectively than the conventional scheme utilized until now, and brings about, moreover, an additional protection of normal cells. Reoxygenation of anoxic tumor cells is sponsored. The clinical results from the new schedule (4262 cases) are very good.", "PMID": 402715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1548", "title": "Diurnal variations of serum testosterone levels in intact and gonadectomized male and female rhesus monkeys.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for serum testosterone which does not require chromatographic separation was used to measure the diurnal variations in intact and orchidecomized males and intact and ovariectomized females. The intact male rhesus monkey shows a distinctive diurnal variation in serum levels of testosterone characterized by lower values during the day and a marked increase in the early evening (1900-2200 hr). The testosterone levels remain high throughout most of the lights-off period in the intact male. In contrast to the intact male, the markedly lowered serum levels of testosterone in the orchidectomized male were higher during the day and consistently showed a nadir during the early evening (2000-2200 hr). The evening nadir of testosterone levels was 51.0% lower than the 24-hr mean whereas the maximum serum level was 46.4% higher. A similar circadian pattern of testosterone was seen in both the intact and ovariectomized females. The testosterone values were higher during the day and consistently showed a nadir during the early evening. These results suggest that the adrenal secretion of testosterone varies in a diurnal pattern characterized by an early evening nadir. This adrenal pattern is overshadowed by a much larger gonadal rhythm in the intact male.", "contents": "Diurnal variations of serum testosterone levels in intact and gonadectomized male and female rhesus monkeys. A radioimmunoassay for serum testosterone which does not require chromatographic separation was used to measure the diurnal variations in intact and orchidecomized males and intact and ovariectomized females. The intact male rhesus monkey shows a distinctive diurnal variation in serum levels of testosterone characterized by lower values during the day and a marked increase in the early evening (1900-2200 hr). The testosterone levels remain high throughout most of the lights-off period in the intact male. In contrast to the intact male, the markedly lowered serum levels of testosterone in the orchidectomized male were higher during the day and consistently showed a nadir during the early evening (2000-2200 hr). The evening nadir of testosterone levels was 51.0% lower than the 24-hr mean whereas the maximum serum level was 46.4% higher. A similar circadian pattern of testosterone was seen in both the intact and ovariectomized females. The testosterone values were higher during the day and consistently showed a nadir during the early evening. These results suggest that the adrenal secretion of testosterone varies in a diurnal pattern characterized by an early evening nadir. This adrenal pattern is overshadowed by a much larger gonadal rhythm in the intact male.", "PMID": 402717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1549", "title": "Corpus luteum function during the early postpartum interval in lactating rhesus monkeys: in vivo and in vitro response to exogenous gonadotropin.", "content": "The response of the postpartum corpus luteum to exogenous gonadotropin was studied in 12 lactating rhesus monkeys given daily injections of either human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG, n = 6) or saline (control, n = 6) for 4 days immediately following parturition. Peripheral blood samples were collected daily. On the 5th day postpartum, luteectomy was performed progesterone production by dispersed luteal cells was examined. Whereas progesterone in the peripheral circulation of control monkeys progressively declined between days 1 and 5 postpartum, progesterone levels increased significantly (p less than 0.025) with the onset of HCG treatment and remained significantly (p less than 0.025) elevated above the controls throughout the period of HCG treatment. However, despite the daily administration of HCG, circulating progesterone levels declined (p less than 0.05) between days 3 and 5 postpartum. The weight of the corpus luteum excised from HCG-treated macaques was significantly (p less than 0.005) greater than that of the controls. Dispersed cells from corpora lutea of saline-treated monkeys produced progesterone in vitro under control conditions (nutrient medium alone) and responded to the addition of high (100 ng/ml), but not low (1 ng/ml), levels of HCG with increased steroidogenesis. Although luteal cells from HCG-treated macaques tended to produce more progesterone in vitro than cells from control monkeys, they also exhibited a 50-fold reduction in sensitivity to HCG in vitro. These data suggest that the corpus luteum of lactating postpartum rhesus monkeys exhibited steroidogenic function which was stimulated by exogenous gonadotropin. However, prolonged exposure of the corpus luteum to high levels of exogenous gonadotropin appeared to produce a state of refractoriness to additional gonadotropic stimuli.", "contents": "Corpus luteum function during the early postpartum interval in lactating rhesus monkeys: in vivo and in vitro response to exogenous gonadotropin. The response of the postpartum corpus luteum to exogenous gonadotropin was studied in 12 lactating rhesus monkeys given daily injections of either human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG, n = 6) or saline (control, n = 6) for 4 days immediately following parturition. Peripheral blood samples were collected daily. On the 5th day postpartum, luteectomy was performed progesterone production by dispersed luteal cells was examined. Whereas progesterone in the peripheral circulation of control monkeys progressively declined between days 1 and 5 postpartum, progesterone levels increased significantly (p less than 0.025) with the onset of HCG treatment and remained significantly (p less than 0.025) elevated above the controls throughout the period of HCG treatment. However, despite the daily administration of HCG, circulating progesterone levels declined (p less than 0.05) between days 3 and 5 postpartum. The weight of the corpus luteum excised from HCG-treated macaques was significantly (p less than 0.005) greater than that of the controls. Dispersed cells from corpora lutea of saline-treated monkeys produced progesterone in vitro under control conditions (nutrient medium alone) and responded to the addition of high (100 ng/ml), but not low (1 ng/ml), levels of HCG with increased steroidogenesis. Although luteal cells from HCG-treated macaques tended to produce more progesterone in vitro than cells from control monkeys, they also exhibited a 50-fold reduction in sensitivity to HCG in vitro. These data suggest that the corpus luteum of lactating postpartum rhesus monkeys exhibited steroidogenic function which was stimulated by exogenous gonadotropin. However, prolonged exposure of the corpus luteum to high levels of exogenous gonadotropin appeared to produce a state of refractoriness to additional gonadotropic stimuli.", "PMID": 402718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1550", "title": "Effect of estrogens on glucose phosphate dehydrogenase activity of liver and oviduct in the amphibian Bufo arenarum.", "content": "Glucose- 6phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PDH) stimulation by estradiol- 17beta has been studied in oviduct and liver of Bufa arenarum. OviducalG-6PDH has been found to be stimulated by a single dose of estradiol- 17beta (100 mug/100 g body weight), the stimulation being dependent on season. Hepatic G-6PDH of females is susceptible to hormonal stimulation, without seasonal variation, while in males the enzymatic activity is not modified under the same conditions. The stimulating effect of estrogen on oviducal and hepatic G- 6PDH was inhibited by Actynomicin D. The susceptibility of G- 6PDH to estrogenic action would assure NADPH production, indispensable for the biosynthesis of lipids which are required for cell growth and for hepatic vitellogenesis.", "contents": "Effect of estrogens on glucose phosphate dehydrogenase activity of liver and oviduct in the amphibian Bufo arenarum. Glucose- 6phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PDH) stimulation by estradiol- 17beta has been studied in oviduct and liver of Bufa arenarum. OviducalG-6PDH has been found to be stimulated by a single dose of estradiol- 17beta (100 mug/100 g body weight), the stimulation being dependent on season. Hepatic G-6PDH of females is susceptible to hormonal stimulation, without seasonal variation, while in males the enzymatic activity is not modified under the same conditions. The stimulating effect of estrogen on oviducal and hepatic G- 6PDH was inhibited by Actynomicin D. The susceptibility of G- 6PDH to estrogenic action would assure NADPH production, indispensable for the biosynthesis of lipids which are required for cell growth and for hepatic vitellogenesis.", "PMID": 402719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1551", "title": "Cholesterol side chain cleavage and aromatase activities in the corpus luteum of the pregnant rhesus monkey.", "content": "Cholesterol side-chain cleavage (CSCC) and aromatase activities were measured in luteal mitochondria and tissue pieces, respectively, from rhesus monkeys on days 22, 49, 128 and 160 of gestation. CSCC activity did not vary significantly during gestation and thus probably does not respond to chorionic gonadotropin which is elevated on day 22 of pregnancy. It is not known, however, whether CSCC can be stimulated prior to day 22 when the corpus luteum is steroidogenically more active. Both 3H-pregnenolone and 3H-progesterone were synthesized from [1,2-3/]cholesterol. Aromatase activity declined from high levels on days 22 and 49 to a nadir on day 128 of pregnancy. Utilizing either [1beta-3H]androstenedione or [1beta-3H]testosterone as substrate yielded comparable results throughout gestation.", "contents": "Cholesterol side chain cleavage and aromatase activities in the corpus luteum of the pregnant rhesus monkey. Cholesterol side-chain cleavage (CSCC) and aromatase activities were measured in luteal mitochondria and tissue pieces, respectively, from rhesus monkeys on days 22, 49, 128 and 160 of gestation. CSCC activity did not vary significantly during gestation and thus probably does not respond to chorionic gonadotropin which is elevated on day 22 of pregnancy. It is not known, however, whether CSCC can be stimulated prior to day 22 when the corpus luteum is steroidogenically more active. Both 3H-pregnenolone and 3H-progesterone were synthesized from [1,2-3/]cholesterol. Aromatase activity declined from high levels on days 22 and 49 to a nadir on day 128 of pregnancy. Utilizing either [1beta-3H]androstenedione or [1beta-3H]testosterone as substrate yielded comparable results throughout gestation.", "PMID": 402720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1552", "title": "Placental and luteal steroidogenesis in the pregnant rhesus monkey.", "content": "Progesterone, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, estrone and estradiol-17beta concentrations were estimated by radioimmunoassay in blood plasma from uterine, uteroovarian and femoral veins of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on days 22, 49, 128 and 160 of gestation. Steroids were consistently more concentrated in uterine and uteroovarian that in femoral venous plasma and in many cases levels in the uteroovarian vein were also higher than those in the uterine vein indicating luteal secretion of both progestins and estrogens thoughout gestation. In some animals, however, the corpus luteum appeared quiescent. As reflected in the decline in the uterine venous progesterone/estradiol-17beta concentration ratio, a shift in steroid contribution from the uterus and its contents occurred between days 22 and 49 of gestation with progesterone declining more rapidly than estradiol-17beta. Progesterone/20alpha-dihydroprogesterone was higher in both uterine and uteroovarian than in femoral venous plasma suggesting peripheral metabolism of progesterone to 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone.", "contents": "Placental and luteal steroidogenesis in the pregnant rhesus monkey. Progesterone, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, estrone and estradiol-17beta concentrations were estimated by radioimmunoassay in blood plasma from uterine, uteroovarian and femoral veins of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on days 22, 49, 128 and 160 of gestation. Steroids were consistently more concentrated in uterine and uteroovarian that in femoral venous plasma and in many cases levels in the uteroovarian vein were also higher than those in the uterine vein indicating luteal secretion of both progestins and estrogens thoughout gestation. In some animals, however, the corpus luteum appeared quiescent. As reflected in the decline in the uterine venous progesterone/estradiol-17beta concentration ratio, a shift in steroid contribution from the uterus and its contents occurred between days 22 and 49 of gestation with progesterone declining more rapidly than estradiol-17beta. Progesterone/20alpha-dihydroprogesterone was higher in both uterine and uteroovarian than in femoral venous plasma suggesting peripheral metabolism of progesterone to 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone.", "PMID": 402721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1553", "title": "Scrub typhus: a common cause of illness in indigenous populations.", "content": "An explanation was sought for the disparity between the low reported incidence of scrub typhus and the high prevalence of antibody to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in the rural population of Malaysia. A combination of isolation of the organism, titration of antibody by indirect immunofluorescence, and the Weil-Felix test was used to confirm infections. Scrub typhus was found to be very common, causing 23% of all febrile illnesses at one hospital. The infection was particularly prevalent in oil-palm workers, causing an estimated 400 cases annually in a population of 10,000 people living on one plantation. The clinical syndrome, whether mild or severe, was difficult to distinguish from that due to other infections. Eschars, rashes and adenopathy were uncommon. When used to examine early sera, the Weil-Felix test failed to confirm the diagnosis in most infections.20", "contents": "Scrub typhus: a common cause of illness in indigenous populations. An explanation was sought for the disparity between the low reported incidence of scrub typhus and the high prevalence of antibody to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in the rural population of Malaysia. A combination of isolation of the organism, titration of antibody by indirect immunofluorescence, and the Weil-Felix test was used to confirm infections. Scrub typhus was found to be very common, causing 23% of all febrile illnesses at one hospital. The infection was particularly prevalent in oil-palm workers, causing an estimated 400 cases annually in a population of 10,000 people living on one plantation. The clinical syndrome, whether mild or severe, was difficult to distinguish from that due to other infections. Eschars, rashes and adenopathy were uncommon. When used to examine early sera, the Weil-Felix test failed to confirm the diagnosis in most infections.20", "PMID": 402722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1554", "title": "Human behaviour and the propagation of Chaga\u015b disease.", "content": "During 12 months, 26 households with 172 residents in S\u00e3o Felipe, Bahia, Brazil, entertained 74 different guests who were potentially exposed to attack by Panstrongylus megistus for an average of about 23 nights per guest per year. During the same period 52 of the residents spent an average of about two weeks a year away from home. These exchanges established contact with 79 other households in the district. These and other observations reinforce the opinion that human behaviour plays an important role in propagating Chagas' disease.", "contents": "Human behaviour and the propagation of Chaga\u015b disease. During 12 months, 26 households with 172 residents in S\u00e3o Felipe, Bahia, Brazil, entertained 74 different guests who were potentially exposed to attack by Panstrongylus megistus for an average of about 23 nights per guest per year. During the same period 52 of the residents spent an average of about two weeks a year away from home. These exchanges established contact with 79 other households in the district. These and other observations reinforce the opinion that human behaviour plays an important role in propagating Chagas' disease.", "PMID": 402723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1555", "title": "Changes in blood catecholamine levels and ultrastructure of dog adrenal medullary cells during hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Blood catcholamine levels and ultrastructural changes in adrenal medullary cells were followed during the course of oligemic and normovolemic shock in dogs. Blood adrenaline concentration rose promptly after hemorrhage, reaching a maximum that was 10-fold greater than normal during the early period of hemorrhagic hypotension. Thereafter, adrenaline levels gradually declined until the end of the critical stage of hemorrhagic shock when the blood concentration rose to a level 8-fold that of normal. Following the critical stage, and throughout the irreversible stages of shock, adrenaline levels remained near normal. Noradrenaline, which was initially undetectable, first appeared in the impending stage of hemorrhagic hypotension and showed little change during the course of severe hemorrhagic hypotension. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated A-cell degranulation as early as 5 min after initiation of hemorrhage. Degranulation continued throughout the impending stage of hemorrhagic hypotension and was associated with an increasing number of autophagic vacuoles containing empty vesicles. At the end of the critical stage, all A cells showed complete degranulation and degenerative hydropic change. Progression to necrosis rather than arrest or reversal of hydropic change was observed after reinfusion of blood. In contrast to the marked alterations in A cells, most N cells were morphologically unchanged.", "contents": "Changes in blood catecholamine levels and ultrastructure of dog adrenal medullary cells during hemorrhagic shock. Blood catcholamine levels and ultrastructural changes in adrenal medullary cells were followed during the course of oligemic and normovolemic shock in dogs. Blood adrenaline concentration rose promptly after hemorrhage, reaching a maximum that was 10-fold greater than normal during the early period of hemorrhagic hypotension. Thereafter, adrenaline levels gradually declined until the end of the critical stage of hemorrhagic shock when the blood concentration rose to a level 8-fold that of normal. Following the critical stage, and throughout the irreversible stages of shock, adrenaline levels remained near normal. Noradrenaline, which was initially undetectable, first appeared in the impending stage of hemorrhagic hypotension and showed little change during the course of severe hemorrhagic hypotension. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated A-cell degranulation as early as 5 min after initiation of hemorrhage. Degranulation continued throughout the impending stage of hemorrhagic hypotension and was associated with an increasing number of autophagic vacuoles containing empty vesicles. At the end of the critical stage, all A cells showed complete degranulation and degenerative hydropic change. Progression to necrosis rather than arrest or reversal of hydropic change was observed after reinfusion of blood. In contrast to the marked alterations in A cells, most N cells were morphologically unchanged.", "PMID": 402730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1556", "title": "Induction of liver lysosomal enzymes during the autophagic phase following phenobarbital treatment of rat.", "content": "Phenobarbital was given to male rats as a single injection and as repetitive injections for 7 days. The effects of treatment on the lysosomal hydrolases acid phosphatase, cathepsin D, and aryl sulfatase were analyzed at different intervals ranging from 1 to 15 days after seven injections, and from 1 to 48 h after a single injection. In both cases, microsomal protein and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase were measured to ensure proper induction. After a single injection, a slight decrease in hydrolytic activities was observed. Repetitive administration of phenobarbital gave rise to a marked decrease of lysosomal enzyme activities 1 day after cessation of treatment. This decrease was followed by a continuous increase in activity up to day 3 and 4. One or 2 weeks after treatment, enzyme activities declined to control values. The increase in activity of lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes was correlated with the onset of induced autophagy of endoplasmic reticulum membranes described as occurring in liver upon cessation of phenobarbital exposure. It is concluded that phenobarbital treatment per se decreases lysosomal enzyme activities, whereas the induced autophagy following cessation of exposure is associated with enhanced levels of lysosomal hydrolases in rat liver.", "contents": "Induction of liver lysosomal enzymes during the autophagic phase following phenobarbital treatment of rat. Phenobarbital was given to male rats as a single injection and as repetitive injections for 7 days. The effects of treatment on the lysosomal hydrolases acid phosphatase, cathepsin D, and aryl sulfatase were analyzed at different intervals ranging from 1 to 15 days after seven injections, and from 1 to 48 h after a single injection. In both cases, microsomal protein and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase were measured to ensure proper induction. After a single injection, a slight decrease in hydrolytic activities was observed. Repetitive administration of phenobarbital gave rise to a marked decrease of lysosomal enzyme activities 1 day after cessation of treatment. This decrease was followed by a continuous increase in activity up to day 3 and 4. One or 2 weeks after treatment, enzyme activities declined to control values. The increase in activity of lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes was correlated with the onset of induced autophagy of endoplasmic reticulum membranes described as occurring in liver upon cessation of phenobarbital exposure. It is concluded that phenobarbital treatment per se decreases lysosomal enzyme activities, whereas the induced autophagy following cessation of exposure is associated with enhanced levels of lysosomal hydrolases in rat liver.", "PMID": 402731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1557", "title": "Annulate lamellae in rete ovarii of juvenile rabbits.", "content": "Annulate lamellae, though few, were observed in the epithelial cells of rete ovarii of 1-month-old rabbits, but not of other-aged juvenile rabbits examined. There were little differences in the fine structural details between the rete ovarii with annulate lamellae and those without annulate lamellae. Most rete ovarii cells were undergoing atrophy. This finding suggests that annulate lamellae may be quite ordinal, transitory organelles common to virtually all cell types.", "contents": "Annulate lamellae in rete ovarii of juvenile rabbits. Annulate lamellae, though few, were observed in the epithelial cells of rete ovarii of 1-month-old rabbits, but not of other-aged juvenile rabbits examined. There were little differences in the fine structural details between the rete ovarii with annulate lamellae and those without annulate lamellae. Most rete ovarii cells were undergoing atrophy. This finding suggests that annulate lamellae may be quite ordinal, transitory organelles common to virtually all cell types.", "PMID": 402732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1558", "title": "Freeze-fracture of the normal and pathological megakaryocyte lineage in chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis.", "content": "Freeze-fracture and thin sections were performed on human bone marrow of chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis (CMGM) to study the three-dimensional fine structure and maturation of normal and atypical megakaryocytes and thrombocytes. In the many normally maturing megakaryocytes the development of the demarcation membrane system (DMS) was best investigated by comparison of thin sections with freeze-fracture replicas. The DMS shows no connections with the Golgi apparatus or rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, but originates from tubular infoldings of the plasma membrane. These infoldings are always in continuity with the extracellular space and form an intracellular membranous pool by branching and coalescing of flattened tubules from which finally the perforated cisternae of the DMS arise. Freeze-fracture of the normal thrombocytes confirms earlier findings. The abnormal giant platelets seen in CMGM display extensive areas of smooth membranes of a spongy structure consisting of dense tubules surrounded by the labyrinth of the surface-connected system. Their physiological significance in these atypical platelets remains unsolved.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture of the normal and pathological megakaryocyte lineage in chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis. Freeze-fracture and thin sections were performed on human bone marrow of chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis (CMGM) to study the three-dimensional fine structure and maturation of normal and atypical megakaryocytes and thrombocytes. In the many normally maturing megakaryocytes the development of the demarcation membrane system (DMS) was best investigated by comparison of thin sections with freeze-fracture replicas. The DMS shows no connections with the Golgi apparatus or rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, but originates from tubular infoldings of the plasma membrane. These infoldings are always in continuity with the extracellular space and form an intracellular membranous pool by branching and coalescing of flattened tubules from which finally the perforated cisternae of the DMS arise. Freeze-fracture of the normal thrombocytes confirms earlier findings. The abnormal giant platelets seen in CMGM display extensive areas of smooth membranes of a spongy structure consisting of dense tubules surrounded by the labyrinth of the surface-connected system. Their physiological significance in these atypical platelets remains unsolved.", "PMID": 402733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1559", "title": "Sites of sulfatation in the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage of the rabbit. A study by quantitative radioautography of high resolution.", "content": "35S sulfate uptake by the articular cartilage chondrocytes, from biopsies of rabbit, have been studied by high resolution autoradiography. The Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol, cytoplasmic membrane and extracellular space were considered as cell compartments in the quantitative analysis of the autoradiograms. The results obtained show: 1) a high activity of radiosotope incorporation in the Golgi apparatus; 2) a fast rhythm of transfer of the substances labelled in the Golgi apparatus to the cell membrane; 3) significant labelling of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, throughout the experiment. It is concluded: 1) The grains observed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum show a significant radioisotope uptake on this level, and this evidence some sulfotransferase activity. 2) The high 35S sulfate uptake level which is observed in the Golgi apparatus demonstrates that the highest sulfotransferase enzyme activity is located in this cell area, thus showing that the \"early\" sulfation that began in the rough endoplasmic reticulum was completed by a \"late\" sulfation in the Golgi apparatus. It is here that complete chondromucoprotein building takes place before being excreted. 3) The high transfer level of the labelled substances from the Golgi apparatus shows that the sulfated product secretion for building the cartilage matrix takes place rapidly since a great label increase can be already observed at the beginning of the chase period in the outer surrounding area of the chondrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Sites of sulfatation in the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage of the rabbit. A study by quantitative radioautography of high resolution. 35S sulfate uptake by the articular cartilage chondrocytes, from biopsies of rabbit, have been studied by high resolution autoradiography. The Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol, cytoplasmic membrane and extracellular space were considered as cell compartments in the quantitative analysis of the autoradiograms. The results obtained show: 1) a high activity of radiosotope incorporation in the Golgi apparatus; 2) a fast rhythm of transfer of the substances labelled in the Golgi apparatus to the cell membrane; 3) significant labelling of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, throughout the experiment. It is concluded: 1) The grains observed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum show a significant radioisotope uptake on this level, and this evidence some sulfotransferase activity. 2) The high 35S sulfate uptake level which is observed in the Golgi apparatus demonstrates that the highest sulfotransferase enzyme activity is located in this cell area, thus showing that the \"early\" sulfation that began in the rough endoplasmic reticulum was completed by a \"late\" sulfation in the Golgi apparatus. It is here that complete chondromucoprotein building takes place before being excreted. 3) The high transfer level of the labelled substances from the Golgi apparatus shows that the sulfated product secretion for building the cartilage matrix takes place rapidly since a great label increase can be already observed at the beginning of the chase period in the outer surrounding area of the chondrocyte membrane.", "PMID": 402734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1560", "title": "Zinc distribution in injured myocardium. EMMA-4 examinations of dogs' hearts after coronary ligation.", "content": "Electron microscopic X-ray microanalysis and atomic absorption spectrophotometry were used to determine changes in zinc concentration after myocardial ischemic injury by coronary ligature in dogs. The zinc concentration increased in the damaged myocardium especially in specific intracellular locations identified by means of the microprobe. It was concluded that the selective zinc augmentation was related to proliferative and biosynthetic reactive processes in the myocardium.", "contents": "Zinc distribution in injured myocardium. EMMA-4 examinations of dogs' hearts after coronary ligation. Electron microscopic X-ray microanalysis and atomic absorption spectrophotometry were used to determine changes in zinc concentration after myocardial ischemic injury by coronary ligature in dogs. The zinc concentration increased in the damaged myocardium especially in specific intracellular locations identified by means of the microprobe. It was concluded that the selective zinc augmentation was related to proliferative and biosynthetic reactive processes in the myocardium.", "PMID": 402735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1561", "title": "Lipid pigment formation in cultures of chick hepatocytes. Effects of aging and of oxidizable agents.", "content": "Tissue cultures of hepatocytes were studied for the formation of lipid pigments as related to aging of the cultures and of the addition to them of: 1) colloidal iron; 2) L-ascorbic acid; and 3) tyrosine. The presence of lipid pigments was gauged by their sudanophilia after a light solvent extraction and yellow autofluorescence. It has been found that all the three agents enhanced pigmentogenesis. It has been concluded that both pro-oxidants and antioxidants may enhance lipid pigment formation: the first by enhancing lipid oxidation, the second by enhancing copolymerization which terminates the oxidative chain.", "contents": "Lipid pigment formation in cultures of chick hepatocytes. Effects of aging and of oxidizable agents. Tissue cultures of hepatocytes were studied for the formation of lipid pigments as related to aging of the cultures and of the addition to them of: 1) colloidal iron; 2) L-ascorbic acid; and 3) tyrosine. The presence of lipid pigments was gauged by their sudanophilia after a light solvent extraction and yellow autofluorescence. It has been found that all the three agents enhanced pigmentogenesis. It has been concluded that both pro-oxidants and antioxidants may enhance lipid pigment formation: the first by enhancing lipid oxidation, the second by enhancing copolymerization which terminates the oxidative chain.", "PMID": 402736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1562", "title": "Pathological changes of human sural nerves in Minamato disease (methylmercury poisoning). Light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Biopsy of the sural nerve was performed on six patients with relatively mild Minamata disease of 10-year or longer duration. All of the six patients presented characteristic pathologic changes. Light microscopy disclosed the formation of irregularly shaped myelin sheaths and fine axons, an increase in them, which is suggestive of incomplete regeneration, cicatrization following the loss of nerve fibers, increase in Schwann's nuclei, and formation of B\u00fcngner's bands. Electron microscopy revealed incomplete myelinated fibers and ultrafine unmyelinated fibers associated with incomplete regeneration, formation of regeneration units, and collagen increase. The laminar encapsulation with the processes of Schwann's cells were often observed in ultrafine fibers. In view of the fact that small quantities of mercury-contaminated fishes are still being caught in the Minamata district, myelin degeneration, glycogen deposits and appearance of dense bodies in axons, and vesiculation and fragmentation of endoplasmic reticulum were observed as degenerative changes due to the effects of mercury accumulation.", "contents": "Pathological changes of human sural nerves in Minamato disease (methylmercury poisoning). Light and electron microscopic studies. Biopsy of the sural nerve was performed on six patients with relatively mild Minamata disease of 10-year or longer duration. All of the six patients presented characteristic pathologic changes. Light microscopy disclosed the formation of irregularly shaped myelin sheaths and fine axons, an increase in them, which is suggestive of incomplete regeneration, cicatrization following the loss of nerve fibers, increase in Schwann's nuclei, and formation of B\u00fcngner's bands. Electron microscopy revealed incomplete myelinated fibers and ultrafine unmyelinated fibers associated with incomplete regeneration, formation of regeneration units, and collagen increase. The laminar encapsulation with the processes of Schwann's cells were often observed in ultrafine fibers. In view of the fact that small quantities of mercury-contaminated fishes are still being caught in the Minamata district, myelin degeneration, glycogen deposits and appearance of dense bodies in axons, and vesiculation and fragmentation of endoplasmic reticulum were observed as degenerative changes due to the effects of mercury accumulation.", "PMID": 402737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1563", "title": "Esterase activity in the guinea pig thyroid under normal and pathological conditions (vitamin A deficiency) with special regard to cyst-like structures.", "content": "By use of different activators and inhibitors, TOCP(tri-o-cresyl phosphate), PCMB (parachloromercury benzoate), NiCl2, Pb(NO3)2, HgCl2, Hg(NO3)2, eserine and sodium taurocholate, it is shown that the esterase in the cyst cells and in group I cells of the guinea pig thyroid probably are A-esterase isoenzymes. The activity in the majority of cyst cells is considerably stronger than in the other thyroid epithelial cells, and it is resistant to Hg inactivation. Neither esterase type nor intensity of the reaction product is altered in group I-II or cyst cells during vitamin A-deficiency. When a normal diet is given, the esterase in all thyroid epithelial cells is very sensitive to sodium taurocholate, while in cyst cells it is rather resistant to this inhibitor at vitamin-A-deficiency.", "contents": "Esterase activity in the guinea pig thyroid under normal and pathological conditions (vitamin A deficiency) with special regard to cyst-like structures. By use of different activators and inhibitors, TOCP(tri-o-cresyl phosphate), PCMB (parachloromercury benzoate), NiCl2, Pb(NO3)2, HgCl2, Hg(NO3)2, eserine and sodium taurocholate, it is shown that the esterase in the cyst cells and in group I cells of the guinea pig thyroid probably are A-esterase isoenzymes. The activity in the majority of cyst cells is considerably stronger than in the other thyroid epithelial cells, and it is resistant to Hg inactivation. Neither esterase type nor intensity of the reaction product is altered in group I-II or cyst cells during vitamin A-deficiency. When a normal diet is given, the esterase in all thyroid epithelial cells is very sensitive to sodium taurocholate, while in cyst cells it is rather resistant to this inhibitor at vitamin-A-deficiency.", "PMID": 402738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1564", "title": "Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) and DNA synthesis. I. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by ATA in Go cells stimulated to proliferate.", "content": "Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) at a concentration which produces 40% inhibition of protein synthesis, inhibits completely isoproterenol-stimulated DNA synthesis in mouse parotid glands. The drug was found to interfere with some essential changes occurring during the prereplicative phase of IPR-stimulated DNA synthesis. It inhibits the increase in ribosonal protein synthesis that takes place by 2 h after stimulation. The peak of ribosonal RNA that occurs 8 h after isoproterenol was also abolished by ATA. Since the drug completely inhibits isoproterenol-stimulated DNA synthesis, these results suggest that the control of ribosome production may be involved in cell growth activation. In view of the finding that ATA first inerferes with the binding of adenylate-rich RNA to polysomes, it was suggested that the drug may act by preferentially inhibiting that fraction of protein synthesis dependent on the newly transcribed messenger RNA.", "contents": "Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) and DNA synthesis. I. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by ATA in Go cells stimulated to proliferate. Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) at a concentration which produces 40% inhibition of protein synthesis, inhibits completely isoproterenol-stimulated DNA synthesis in mouse parotid glands. The drug was found to interfere with some essential changes occurring during the prereplicative phase of IPR-stimulated DNA synthesis. It inhibits the increase in ribosonal protein synthesis that takes place by 2 h after stimulation. The peak of ribosonal RNA that occurs 8 h after isoproterenol was also abolished by ATA. Since the drug completely inhibits isoproterenol-stimulated DNA synthesis, these results suggest that the control of ribosome production may be involved in cell growth activation. In view of the finding that ATA first inerferes with the binding of adenylate-rich RNA to polysomes, it was suggested that the drug may act by preferentially inhibiting that fraction of protein synthesis dependent on the newly transcribed messenger RNA.", "PMID": 402739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1565", "title": "Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) and DNA synthesis. II. Effect of ATA on structure and function of the crypts of the small intestine.", "content": "ATA affects only slightly DNA synthesis of continuously replicating cells. A single injection of the drug reduces the incorporation of (3H)-thymidine into DNA of crypt cells to only 62% of the control. The effect on DNA synthesis is preceded by a slight inhibition of protein synthesis, and by a partial decrease in the number of dividing cells. On the contrary, the incorporation of (3H)-uridine into RNA was enhanced. Electron microscopic studies revealed no cytologic abnormalities in ATA-treated animals. In view of the fact that ATA at the same concentration inhibits DNA synthesis of growth stimulated cells to 100% (Novi, 1976), it was suggested that the drug may become an useful tool in inducing a preferential inhibition of growth stimulation.", "contents": "Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) and DNA synthesis. II. Effect of ATA on structure and function of the crypts of the small intestine. ATA affects only slightly DNA synthesis of continuously replicating cells. A single injection of the drug reduces the incorporation of (3H)-thymidine into DNA of crypt cells to only 62% of the control. The effect on DNA synthesis is preceded by a slight inhibition of protein synthesis, and by a partial decrease in the number of dividing cells. On the contrary, the incorporation of (3H)-uridine into RNA was enhanced. Electron microscopic studies revealed no cytologic abnormalities in ATA-treated animals. In view of the fact that ATA at the same concentration inhibits DNA synthesis of growth stimulated cells to 100% (Novi, 1976), it was suggested that the drug may become an useful tool in inducing a preferential inhibition of growth stimulation.", "PMID": 402740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1566", "title": "Influence of L-thyroxine upon enzymatic activity in the renal tubular epithelium of the rat under normal conditions and mercury-induced lesions. II. Histochemical studies of lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, unspecific esterase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Mercury-induced renal tubular lesions in the rat present histochemically with a decrease of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), and unspecific esterase (UE), but with an increase of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicating a drop of energy supply as well as a switch from oxidative to glycolytic energy production. L-thyroxine has the same effect on SDH, G-6-PD, and LDH, but an inverse effect on MDH and UE, pointing to stimulation of gluconeogenesis. However, administration of L-thyroxine to animals which have been submitted to sublimate intoxication even further decreases the MDH and UE activity while raising or partly restoring the activity of LDH, SDH, and G-6-PD. This observation is interpreted as an attempt of the damaged epithelial cell, as the gluconeogenesis ceases, to gain relatively more energy supply for the benefit of the vitally indispensable tubular Na+ reabsorption.", "contents": "Influence of L-thyroxine upon enzymatic activity in the renal tubular epithelium of the rat under normal conditions and mercury-induced lesions. II. Histochemical studies of lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, unspecific esterase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Mercury-induced renal tubular lesions in the rat present histochemically with a decrease of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), and unspecific esterase (UE), but with an increase of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicating a drop of energy supply as well as a switch from oxidative to glycolytic energy production. L-thyroxine has the same effect on SDH, G-6-PD, and LDH, but an inverse effect on MDH and UE, pointing to stimulation of gluconeogenesis. However, administration of L-thyroxine to animals which have been submitted to sublimate intoxication even further decreases the MDH and UE activity while raising or partly restoring the activity of LDH, SDH, and G-6-PD. This observation is interpreted as an attempt of the damaged epithelial cell, as the gluconeogenesis ceases, to gain relatively more energy supply for the benefit of the vitally indispensable tubular Na+ reabsorption.", "PMID": 402741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1567", "title": "[Comparison of the nuclear alterations induced by actinomysin D and alpha-amantine in hapatocytes of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparing the morphological effects of actinomycin D and alpha amanitine on the rat liver, it can be seen that the nuclear alterations caused by actinomycin (=segregation of the nucleolus and condensation of all the chromatin) occur simultaneously. After treatment with amanitine, the lesions appear in two steps. First of all one sees condensation of only the extranucleolar chromatin and fragmentation of the nucleolus. These two phenomena are related to each other not only chronogically but also causetively. In our opinion the shrinkage of the extranucleolar parts of chromosones results in the individual nucleolus-organizers being removed into different quarters of the nucleoplasm. The fragments themselves must not be altered structurally and functionally, as Kedinger and Simard (1974) have already shown. We always observed changes of the nucleolar fragments 30-90 min after the fragmentation. These changes consisted of the condensation of the intranucleolar chromatin, and the segregation and degranulation of the nucleolus, in the same manner found directly after the actinomycin-poisoning in the whole nucleolus. The delay of the lesions observed on the dispersed nucleolar fragments indicates that is a consequence of the amanitine-poisoning -- probably the result of the disturbed protein synthesis and the inactivation of a hypothetical extranucleolar regulatorgene, which controls nucleolar function.", "contents": "[Comparison of the nuclear alterations induced by actinomysin D and alpha-amantine in hapatocytes of the rat (author's transl)]. Comparing the morphological effects of actinomycin D and alpha amanitine on the rat liver, it can be seen that the nuclear alterations caused by actinomycin (=segregation of the nucleolus and condensation of all the chromatin) occur simultaneously. After treatment with amanitine, the lesions appear in two steps. First of all one sees condensation of only the extranucleolar chromatin and fragmentation of the nucleolus. These two phenomena are related to each other not only chronogically but also causetively. In our opinion the shrinkage of the extranucleolar parts of chromosones results in the individual nucleolus-organizers being removed into different quarters of the nucleoplasm. The fragments themselves must not be altered structurally and functionally, as Kedinger and Simard (1974) have already shown. We always observed changes of the nucleolar fragments 30-90 min after the fragmentation. These changes consisted of the condensation of the intranucleolar chromatin, and the segregation and degranulation of the nucleolus, in the same manner found directly after the actinomycin-poisoning in the whole nucleolus. The delay of the lesions observed on the dispersed nucleolar fragments indicates that is a consequence of the amanitine-poisoning -- probably the result of the disturbed protein synthesis and the inactivation of a hypothetical extranucleolar regulatorgene, which controls nucleolar function.", "PMID": 402742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1568", "title": "Assembly site of cyanophage LPP-2-SPI in Plectonema boryanum.", "content": "Electron microscope studies of infection by the temperature cyanophage SPI show two possible assembly sites within the host Plectonema boryanum: the nucleoplasm and a phage-created space, the \"virogenic stroma\". Induced prophages appear to develop preferentially in the nucleoplasm.", "contents": "Assembly site of cyanophage LPP-2-SPI in Plectonema boryanum. Electron microscope studies of infection by the temperature cyanophage SPI show two possible assembly sites within the host Plectonema boryanum: the nucleoplasm and a phage-created space, the \"virogenic stroma\". Induced prophages appear to develop preferentially in the nucleoplasm.", "PMID": 402745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1569", "title": "[Parenteral hyperalimentation (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravenous hyperalimentation allows complete nutrition and anabolism in patients who cannot be fed by the oral route. However, several complications have been reported, e.g. septicaemia and hyperglycaemina. In 51 intensive-care patients receiving hyperalimentation, 18% were found to be hyperglycaemic in spite of insulin administration. Hyperglycaemia was frequently associated with stress. In 8 patients undergoing major surgery, which was chosen as a stress model, decreased insulin and increased glucagon, growth hormone and cortisone levels were observed. These findings could explain stress-induced glucose intolerance. In a further experiment, 8 intensive-care patients were given alternative intravenous feedings with either 600g of a mixture of glucose, fructose and xylitol in a ration of 1:2:1 or 600g glucose per day. During both regimens insulin administration was required in 4 patients, but the insulin dosage was lower with the mixture. Plasma glucose during glucose infusion was 205+/-25mg/100ml(M+/-SEM) and the sum of plasma glucose, fructose and xylitol during infusion of the mixture was 176+/-33mg/100ml, the difference being of borderline significance (p less than 0.05). The advantages and disadvantages of infusable substrates are summarized on the basis of the available literature and it is concluded that, in general, glucose is preferable. However, if hyperglycaemia is difficult to control, partial replacement of glucose by glucose substitutes or fat emulsions may be advantageous. A routine infusion programme for central venous feeding is suggested. Causes and prevention of side-effects are reviewed. In many patients receiving central venous nutrition less hazardous and less expensive methods could be used such as nasogastric tube feeding, elemental diet or peripheral venous nutrition.", "contents": "[Parenteral hyperalimentation (author's transl)]. Intravenous hyperalimentation allows complete nutrition and anabolism in patients who cannot be fed by the oral route. However, several complications have been reported, e.g. septicaemia and hyperglycaemina. In 51 intensive-care patients receiving hyperalimentation, 18% were found to be hyperglycaemic in spite of insulin administration. Hyperglycaemia was frequently associated with stress. In 8 patients undergoing major surgery, which was chosen as a stress model, decreased insulin and increased glucagon, growth hormone and cortisone levels were observed. These findings could explain stress-induced glucose intolerance. In a further experiment, 8 intensive-care patients were given alternative intravenous feedings with either 600g of a mixture of glucose, fructose and xylitol in a ration of 1:2:1 or 600g glucose per day. During both regimens insulin administration was required in 4 patients, but the insulin dosage was lower with the mixture. Plasma glucose during glucose infusion was 205+/-25mg/100ml(M+/-SEM) and the sum of plasma glucose, fructose and xylitol during infusion of the mixture was 176+/-33mg/100ml, the difference being of borderline significance (p less than 0.05). The advantages and disadvantages of infusable substrates are summarized on the basis of the available literature and it is concluded that, in general, glucose is preferable. However, if hyperglycaemia is difficult to control, partial replacement of glucose by glucose substitutes or fat emulsions may be advantageous. A routine infusion programme for central venous feeding is suggested. Causes and prevention of side-effects are reviewed. In many patients receiving central venous nutrition less hazardous and less expensive methods could be used such as nasogastric tube feeding, elemental diet or peripheral venous nutrition.", "PMID": 402748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1570", "title": "[Diabetic coma: incidence of infections and mortality (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of 752 cases of severe diabetic coma during the period 1931 to 1973 showed that infections were present in one or more organs in 58% of the cases. The incidence of infections showed an increase from 53% (1931 to 1940 to 57% (1961 to 1970), with a further rise to 61%(1971 to 1973). A decrease in pulmonary infections from 40% to 17% and a distinct increase in urogenitial tract infections from 6% to 20% and in multiple infective complications from 3% to 7% were the most striking findings. The incidence of infections in other organs (abdominal, dermatological, laryngological and miscellaneous) remained virtually constant over the individual decades. Mortality was altogether higher in patients with infections (30% versus 20% in patients without infections). The highest mortality (35%) was recorded in the period 1951 to 1960; THE latest figure was 29%(1971 to 1973). Antibiotics are presumeably responsible for the decrease in the initially high mortality rate of 41% to 50% in urogenitial tract infections to 23% for the decade 1961-1970, with a further drop to 18% in the most recent period (1971 to 1973). Similarly, with multiple infections the mortality of 100% up till 1950 decreased to a recent figure of 63%, partly on account of the introduction of intensive care therapy during the past years. In abdominal infections there was also a  distinct decrease in mortality form 43% to 14%, whilst in pulmonary infections the mortality remained at about the same level (24% to 28%).", "contents": "[Diabetic coma: incidence of infections and mortality (author's transl)]. An analysis of 752 cases of severe diabetic coma during the period 1931 to 1973 showed that infections were present in one or more organs in 58% of the cases. The incidence of infections showed an increase from 53% (1931 to 1940 to 57% (1961 to 1970), with a further rise to 61%(1971 to 1973). A decrease in pulmonary infections from 40% to 17% and a distinct increase in urogenitial tract infections from 6% to 20% and in multiple infective complications from 3% to 7% were the most striking findings. The incidence of infections in other organs (abdominal, dermatological, laryngological and miscellaneous) remained virtually constant over the individual decades. Mortality was altogether higher in patients with infections (30% versus 20% in patients without infections). The highest mortality (35%) was recorded in the period 1951 to 1960; THE latest figure was 29%(1971 to 1973). Antibiotics are presumeably responsible for the decrease in the initially high mortality rate of 41% to 50% in urogenitial tract infections to 23% for the decade 1961-1970, with a further drop to 18% in the most recent period (1971 to 1973). Similarly, with multiple infections the mortality of 100% up till 1950 decreased to a recent figure of 63%, partly on account of the introduction of intensive care therapy during the past years. In abdominal infections there was also a  distinct decrease in mortality form 43% to 14%, whilst in pulmonary infections the mortality remained at about the same level (24% to 28%).", "PMID": 402749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1571", "title": "[Light and electron microscope studies on two types of giant schizonts (globidial schizonts) in the small intestine of sheep (author's transl)].", "content": "The jujunum of sheep was investigated for globidial schizont infection. Two types of giant schizonts, which had a maximum diameter of about 500 mum, were observed. Each type was found to contain morphologically different parasites. In type 1 the parasites were hook-shaped with a length of about 15-18 mum. Often they had an additional tight lacing at the apcial pole. The merozoites of the second type were spindle-shaped, measuring only 9-12 mum in length. Both types of parasites had 22 subpellicular microtubles beneath their pellicle. The parasites observed here differed clearly from those of globidial schizonts from the abomasum as well as from those of sarcosporidian cysts of the same host. In light microscopy the globidial schizonts from the jejunum of sheep seemed to be covered by a thin, mono-layered wall. By means of electron microscopy, it was shown, that this layer is identical with the host-cell cytoplasm enclosing utricle-like a giant, membrane-bound parasitophorus vacuole, which in both types of schizonts was closely filled with parasites and an enclosing ground substance. The host cell of the second type of schizonts had always numerous microvilli at the outer surface. The inner surface of the host cell formed numerous intravacuolar tubules of about 50 nm in diameter and with a considerable length. The cytoplasm of the host cells appeared always very condensed. Summarizing it was shown that the globidial schizonts from the jejunum differed clearly from those in the abomasum as well as from the sarcosporidian cysts. Thus it can be stated that more species than supposed up to now form giant schizonts within the digestive system of sheep causing the lesions of high economical importance.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscope studies on two types of giant schizonts (globidial schizonts) in the small intestine of sheep (author's transl)]. The jujunum of sheep was investigated for globidial schizont infection. Two types of giant schizonts, which had a maximum diameter of about 500 mum, were observed. Each type was found to contain morphologically different parasites. In type 1 the parasites were hook-shaped with a length of about 15-18 mum. Often they had an additional tight lacing at the apcial pole. The merozoites of the second type were spindle-shaped, measuring only 9-12 mum in length. Both types of parasites had 22 subpellicular microtubles beneath their pellicle. The parasites observed here differed clearly from those of globidial schizonts from the abomasum as well as from those of sarcosporidian cysts of the same host. In light microscopy the globidial schizonts from the jejunum of sheep seemed to be covered by a thin, mono-layered wall. By means of electron microscopy, it was shown, that this layer is identical with the host-cell cytoplasm enclosing utricle-like a giant, membrane-bound parasitophorus vacuole, which in both types of schizonts was closely filled with parasites and an enclosing ground substance. The host cell of the second type of schizonts had always numerous microvilli at the outer surface. The inner surface of the host cell formed numerous intravacuolar tubules of about 50 nm in diameter and with a considerable length. The cytoplasm of the host cells appeared always very condensed. Summarizing it was shown that the globidial schizonts from the jejunum differed clearly from those in the abomasum as well as from the sarcosporidian cysts. Thus it can be stated that more species than supposed up to now form giant schizonts within the digestive system of sheep causing the lesions of high economical importance.", "PMID": 402752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1572", "title": "Identification of some Japanese leptospiral strains as serotypes copenhageni and icterohaemorrhagiae by preciptin-absorption test in gel.", "content": "Nine strains of Leptospira belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroups isolated in Japan were identified by the precipitin-absorption test in gel. The results of the precipitin-absorption test matched closely with those of the agglutinin-absorption test. Two strains were identified as serotype copenhageni and 7 were serotype icterohaemorrhagiae. Strain Shibaura, which was thought to belong to serotype icterohaemorrhagiae and used in many laboratories in Japan, was corrected as belonging to serotype copenhageni.", "contents": "Identification of some Japanese leptospiral strains as serotypes copenhageni and icterohaemorrhagiae by preciptin-absorption test in gel. Nine strains of Leptospira belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroups isolated in Japan were identified by the precipitin-absorption test in gel. The results of the precipitin-absorption test matched closely with those of the agglutinin-absorption test. Two strains were identified as serotype copenhageni and 7 were serotype icterohaemorrhagiae. Strain Shibaura, which was thought to belong to serotype icterohaemorrhagiae and used in many laboratories in Japan, was corrected as belonging to serotype copenhageni.", "PMID": 402753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1573", "title": "[Biological properties and ultrastructure of brucellae during L-transformation and reversion].", "content": "There was shown a difference in the biological properties and the ultrastructure of two strains of brucellae, spheroplasts obtained from them under the action of penicillin, L-form and revertants obtained from the L-form. Spheroplasts formation was characterized by a change of brucellae into R-form and some virulence reduction. The cells had an outer and a cytoplasmic membranes, and usually lost their capacity to binary division. L-forms were obtained during the 9th and the 35th passage on a medium with penicillin; their formation was accompanied by the change in serological properties of the culture and significant reduction of the virulence; the cells were characterized by a marked polymorphism and the capacity to budding; they had 2 membranes on the cell surface and an intensively developed system of intracytoplasmic membranes. The revertants formed on the medium without penicillin during the 16th-30th passage or spontaneously on the medium with penicillin. They differed from the initial strains of brucella culture by a marked increase in penicillin-resistance, by the changes in serological properties, and also by polymorphism of cells, capable, however, of binary division.", "contents": "[Biological properties and ultrastructure of brucellae during L-transformation and reversion]. There was shown a difference in the biological properties and the ultrastructure of two strains of brucellae, spheroplasts obtained from them under the action of penicillin, L-form and revertants obtained from the L-form. Spheroplasts formation was characterized by a change of brucellae into R-form and some virulence reduction. The cells had an outer and a cytoplasmic membranes, and usually lost their capacity to binary division. L-forms were obtained during the 9th and the 35th passage on a medium with penicillin; their formation was accompanied by the change in serological properties of the culture and significant reduction of the virulence; the cells were characterized by a marked polymorphism and the capacity to budding; they had 2 membranes on the cell surface and an intensively developed system of intracytoplasmic membranes. The revertants formed on the medium without penicillin during the 16th-30th passage or spontaneously on the medium with penicillin. They differed from the initial strains of brucella culture by a marked increase in penicillin-resistance, by the changes in serological properties, and also by polymorphism of cells, capable, however, of binary division.", "PMID": 402754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1574", "title": "[Rheoencephalographic method of of analyzing several risk factors for cerebrovascular disease (epidemiologic study)].", "content": "For the first time in mass studied of populations the author applied a REG method for the assessment of different risk factors in cerebrovascular disorders. REG changes were studied in 1446 individuals (males from 40-59 years and females from 50-59 years) living in 2 districts of Moscow in relation to the influence of age, sex, arterial hypertension, smoking, excessive weight and hypercholesterolemia. A certain specificity of changes depending upon the acting factors was established. The highest REG changes were connected with advent of age, arterial hypertension and smoking. The achieved results make it possible to recommend REG for use in epidemiological studies. This method may also facilitate a detection of pathological changes in the brain due to the action of unfavourable factors.", "contents": "[Rheoencephalographic method of of analyzing several risk factors for cerebrovascular disease (epidemiologic study)]. For the first time in mass studied of populations the author applied a REG method for the assessment of different risk factors in cerebrovascular disorders. REG changes were studied in 1446 individuals (males from 40-59 years and females from 50-59 years) living in 2 districts of Moscow in relation to the influence of age, sex, arterial hypertension, smoking, excessive weight and hypercholesterolemia. A certain specificity of changes depending upon the acting factors was established. The highest REG changes were connected with advent of age, arterial hypertension and smoking. The achieved results make it possible to recommend REG for use in epidemiological studies. This method may also facilitate a detection of pathological changes in the brain due to the action of unfavourable factors.", "PMID": 402755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1575", "title": "[Pathogenetic mechanisms of tick-borne encephalitis].", "content": "The main cause of progressive forms of tickborne encephalitis is a prolonged persistence of certain viral strains in the brain. Although there are no virals with a selective capability to lead only to an acute or chronic encephalitis, nevertheless in the epidemiological process there is a selection of virals capable of bringing on chronic forms of the disease. In cases of an incapacity of immunological factors bor a defence during the initial phase of the infectious process there may be prerequisites to a fixation of the virals in the brain and a chronic development of the neuroinfections. It is necessary to differentiate active neuroinfectious processes due to persistent virals and postencephalitic reparative-dystrophical syndromes. This permits to avoid a hyperdiagnosis and more reasonably select therapeutical measures in the evaluation of their effectivity.", "contents": "[Pathogenetic mechanisms of tick-borne encephalitis]. The main cause of progressive forms of tickborne encephalitis is a prolonged persistence of certain viral strains in the brain. Although there are no virals with a selective capability to lead only to an acute or chronic encephalitis, nevertheless in the epidemiological process there is a selection of virals capable of bringing on chronic forms of the disease. In cases of an incapacity of immunological factors bor a defence during the initial phase of the infectious process there may be prerequisites to a fixation of the virals in the brain and a chronic development of the neuroinfections. It is necessary to differentiate active neuroinfectious processes due to persistent virals and postencephalitic reparative-dystrophical syndromes. This permits to avoid a hyperdiagnosis and more reasonably select therapeutical measures in the evaluation of their effectivity.", "PMID": 402756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1576", "title": "Influence of anti-rheumatic drugs on human lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "Influence of anti-rheumatic drugs on human lymphocytes, especially T and B cell membranes, was studies with D-penicillamine, aurothiomalate, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, mitomycin C and aspirin. Peripheral blood obtained from five healthy individuals and lymphocytes were separated by centrifugation with Lymphoprep. The separated lymphocytes were adjusted to 5 X 10(6)/ml in PBS. The suspension of lymphocytes was mixed with equal volume of each concentration of the above drugs. After suspensions, we investigated the percentages of T -and B-cells, compared to control. The results are as follows: 1. Drugs which act only on the T cell membrane: D-penicillamine, aurothiomalate. 2. Drug which acts only on B cell membrane: dexamethasone. 3. Drugs which act on both T- and B-cell membrane: mitomycin C, cyclophosphamide and aspirin.", "contents": "Influence of anti-rheumatic drugs on human lymphocytes in vitro. Influence of anti-rheumatic drugs on human lymphocytes, especially T and B cell membranes, was studies with D-penicillamine, aurothiomalate, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, mitomycin C and aspirin. Peripheral blood obtained from five healthy individuals and lymphocytes were separated by centrifugation with Lymphoprep. The separated lymphocytes were adjusted to 5 X 10(6)/ml in PBS. The suspension of lymphocytes was mixed with equal volume of each concentration of the above drugs. After suspensions, we investigated the percentages of T -and B-cells, compared to control. The results are as follows: 1. Drugs which act only on the T cell membrane: D-penicillamine, aurothiomalate. 2. Drug which acts only on B cell membrane: dexamethasone. 3. Drugs which act on both T- and B-cell membrane: mitomycin C, cyclophosphamide and aspirin.", "PMID": 402750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1577", "title": "[Analysis of the causes of the predominant localization of macular cerebral vessel and tissue lesions following an acute rise in arterial pressure].", "content": "In acute experiment on rabbits a rise in arterial pressure was induced by intravenous administration of noradrenaline with simultaneous recording of the changes in the vessel diameter on the surface of the brain in arterial bordering zones and in the basin of the middle cerebral artery and permeability of the hematoencephalic barrier to Evans blue. Autoregulation disorder manifesting itself in dilatation of the arteries and spreading out of their enternal elastic membrane developed first of all in arterial bordering zones, appeared earlier and was marked mainly in the anastomoses of the major type and small arteries lying at an acute angle which are more often detected in the occipital regions of the blood supply area. Similar results were obtained with an analysis of 3-section cases of hypertensive encephalopathy.", "contents": "[Analysis of the causes of the predominant localization of macular cerebral vessel and tissue lesions following an acute rise in arterial pressure]. In acute experiment on rabbits a rise in arterial pressure was induced by intravenous administration of noradrenaline with simultaneous recording of the changes in the vessel diameter on the surface of the brain in arterial bordering zones and in the basin of the middle cerebral artery and permeability of the hematoencephalic barrier to Evans blue. Autoregulation disorder manifesting itself in dilatation of the arteries and spreading out of their enternal elastic membrane developed first of all in arterial bordering zones, appeared earlier and was marked mainly in the anastomoses of the major type and small arteries lying at an acute angle which are more often detected in the occipital regions of the blood supply area. Similar results were obtained with an analysis of 3-section cases of hypertensive encephalopathy.", "PMID": 402757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1578", "title": "Effect of alpha-MSH on the tyrosinase activity and the rate of melanin accumulation of melanoma cells in vitro.", "content": "A stimulation of the tyrosinase activity was observed when melanoma cells isolated from transplantable mouse melanomas were incubated at 37 degrees C for 6 h in the presence of 1-10 X 10(-6) M alpha-MSH. All strains of mouse melanomas studied (B-16, Cloudman S-91 and Harding-Passey), exhibited similar responses. It was also observed that the intact cellular structure of melanoma cells was not required for the ability to respond to alpha-MSH. The stimulation of the enzymic activity was accompanied by an increase of the rate of incorporation of radioactivity into melanin from L-[U-14C]tyrosine, indicating an enhanced melanogenesis of tumour cells under in vitro conditions.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-MSH on the tyrosinase activity and the rate of melanin accumulation of melanoma cells in vitro. A stimulation of the tyrosinase activity was observed when melanoma cells isolated from transplantable mouse melanomas were incubated at 37 degrees C for 6 h in the presence of 1-10 X 10(-6) M alpha-MSH. All strains of mouse melanomas studied (B-16, Cloudman S-91 and Harding-Passey), exhibited similar responses. It was also observed that the intact cellular structure of melanoma cells was not required for the ability to respond to alpha-MSH. The stimulation of the enzymic activity was accompanied by an increase of the rate of incorporation of radioactivity into melanin from L-[U-14C]tyrosine, indicating an enhanced melanogenesis of tumour cells under in vitro conditions.", "PMID": 402759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1579", "title": "Serum prolactin in patients with \"functionless\" chromophobe adenomas before and after therapy.", "content": "The immunoreactive serum human prolactin (PRL) level was measured before and after intravenous administration of 500 mug of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) in 11 patients with \"functionless\" chromophobe adenomas before and after surgery and after radiotherapy in 6 of these patients. The results were compared to other pituitary function tests. Two of the patients studied had recurrent disease after previous pituitary surgery and radiotherapy. Five patients had pituitary surgery through the transfrontal route, while 6 had adenoma removal via the transnasal transsplenoidal route. Before surgery, the serum PRL concentration was abnormally high in 4 patients, before and after TRH administration. It was normal in 6 and subnormal in 1 patient who had had previous therapy. Two of the patients studied showed high serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the presence of low serum T3 and T4 suggesting primary hypothyroidism with a secondary TSH-producing pituitary tumour. After surgery all patients showed a significant decrease of the serum PRL level. This contrasts with more variable results in the measurements of other pituitary hormones. Post-operative radiotherapy produced no significant additional change in serum PRL levels in 5 of the 6 patients measured 6 months to 4 years after radiotherapy. Five of the 6 patients who had adenoma removed via the transsphenoidal route required no cortisol replacement and 4 remained euthyroid, whereas all 5 patients after transfrontal surgery required both cortisol and thyroid hormone replacement. These results indicate: (1) that measurement of serum PRL levels at basal and after TRH administration in patients with \"functionless\" chromophobe adenomas before and after treatment may be the best index for evaluating the effect of therapy; (2) that adenoma removal may be followed by preservation of normal pituitary function, but this is more likely to occur if the transsphenoidal approach is used; and (3) that primary thyroid insufficiency may be associated with a pituitary adenoma.", "contents": "Serum prolactin in patients with \"functionless\" chromophobe adenomas before and after therapy. The immunoreactive serum human prolactin (PRL) level was measured before and after intravenous administration of 500 mug of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) in 11 patients with \"functionless\" chromophobe adenomas before and after surgery and after radiotherapy in 6 of these patients. The results were compared to other pituitary function tests. Two of the patients studied had recurrent disease after previous pituitary surgery and radiotherapy. Five patients had pituitary surgery through the transfrontal route, while 6 had adenoma removal via the transnasal transsplenoidal route. Before surgery, the serum PRL concentration was abnormally high in 4 patients, before and after TRH administration. It was normal in 6 and subnormal in 1 patient who had had previous therapy. Two of the patients studied showed high serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the presence of low serum T3 and T4 suggesting primary hypothyroidism with a secondary TSH-producing pituitary tumour. After surgery all patients showed a significant decrease of the serum PRL level. This contrasts with more variable results in the measurements of other pituitary hormones. Post-operative radiotherapy produced no significant additional change in serum PRL levels in 5 of the 6 patients measured 6 months to 4 years after radiotherapy. Five of the 6 patients who had adenoma removed via the transsphenoidal route required no cortisol replacement and 4 remained euthyroid, whereas all 5 patients after transfrontal surgery required both cortisol and thyroid hormone replacement. These results indicate: (1) that measurement of serum PRL levels at basal and after TRH administration in patients with \"functionless\" chromophobe adenomas before and after treatment may be the best index for evaluating the effect of therapy; (2) that adenoma removal may be followed by preservation of normal pituitary function, but this is more likely to occur if the transsphenoidal approach is used; and (3) that primary thyroid insufficiency may be associated with a pituitary adenoma.", "PMID": 402758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1580", "title": "Electron microscope and high resolution autoradiographic studies of megaloblastic erythropoiesis.", "content": "Bone marrow fragments from 10 patients with a megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency were studied by electron microscopy and electron microscope autoradiography. A proportion of the erythroblasts showed ultrastructural abnormalities. Some of the cells containing autophagic vacuoles, large siderosomes, iron-laden mitochondria, irregularly shaped nuclei, membrane-bound nuclear clefts, or incomplete nuclear membranes were found to be capable of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Other cells showed advanced degenerative changes such as the distension of the perinuclear space, the clumping of cytoplasmic organelles near the nucleus and a reduction in the electron density and ribosome content of the cytoplasm. Most of these grossly abnormal cells suffered from either a marked depression or an arrest in protein and RNA synthesis, and were presumably destined for phagocytosis by reticulum cells.", "contents": "Electron microscope and high resolution autoradiographic studies of megaloblastic erythropoiesis. Bone marrow fragments from 10 patients with a megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency were studied by electron microscopy and electron microscope autoradiography. A proportion of the erythroblasts showed ultrastructural abnormalities. Some of the cells containing autophagic vacuoles, large siderosomes, iron-laden mitochondria, irregularly shaped nuclei, membrane-bound nuclear clefts, or incomplete nuclear membranes were found to be capable of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Other cells showed advanced degenerative changes such as the distension of the perinuclear space, the clumping of cytoplasmic organelles near the nucleus and a reduction in the electron density and ribosome content of the cytoplasm. Most of these grossly abnormal cells suffered from either a marked depression or an arrest in protein and RNA synthesis, and were presumably destined for phagocytosis by reticulum cells.", "PMID": 402760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1581", "title": "Idiopathic acquired refractory sideroblastic anemia: Banded chromosome analysis in six patients.", "content": "Chromosome analyses with banding were performed on six patients with idiopathic acquired refractory sideroblastic anemia (IARSA). One patient was found to have an extra chromosome No. 8, but had a normal level of red cell glutathione reductase. Bone marrow chromosomes from the other patients showed a normal karyotype. 28 patients with IARSA, including our 6 patients, have had chromosomal analyses. Two consistent chromosomal abnormalities have been described: a + 8 in three patients and a 20q- in three others. Despite the presence of chromosomal abnormalities in abouut one half of the patients, no patients has yet developed acute myelogenous leukemia. Several have died of hemochromatosis. The presence of a chromosomal abnormality appears to have no influence on the early course of IARSA.", "contents": "Idiopathic acquired refractory sideroblastic anemia: Banded chromosome analysis in six patients. Chromosome analyses with banding were performed on six patients with idiopathic acquired refractory sideroblastic anemia (IARSA). One patient was found to have an extra chromosome No. 8, but had a normal level of red cell glutathione reductase. Bone marrow chromosomes from the other patients showed a normal karyotype. 28 patients with IARSA, including our 6 patients, have had chromosomal analyses. Two consistent chromosomal abnormalities have been described: a + 8 in three patients and a 20q- in three others. Despite the presence of chromosomal abnormalities in abouut one half of the patients, no patients has yet developed acute myelogenous leukemia. Several have died of hemochromatosis. The presence of a chromosomal abnormality appears to have no influence on the early course of IARSA.", "PMID": 402761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1582", "title": "Quantitation of Hb a2 with DE-52 microchromatography in whole blood as screening test for beta-thalassemia heterozygotes.", "content": "HB A2 was assayed by means of DE-52 microchromatography in hemolysates from 285 normal subjects and 223 beta-thalassemia heterozygotes. No overlap was found between both groups. Comparable results were observed analyzing whole blood samples collected in capillary tubes from 550 normal subjects and 295 beta-thalassemia heterozygotes. Our results demonstrate that this technique is useful in a screening program for beta-thalassemia trait.", "contents": "Quantitation of Hb a2 with DE-52 microchromatography in whole blood as screening test for beta-thalassemia heterozygotes. HB A2 was assayed by means of DE-52 microchromatography in hemolysates from 285 normal subjects and 223 beta-thalassemia heterozygotes. No overlap was found between both groups. Comparable results were observed analyzing whole blood samples collected in capillary tubes from 550 normal subjects and 295 beta-thalassemia heterozygotes. Our results demonstrate that this technique is useful in a screening program for beta-thalassemia trait.", "PMID": 402762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1583", "title": "Tetraploid cell line in a girl with acute leukaemia.", "content": "In a girl with atypical acute leukaemia the malignant cell line in peripheral blood and bone marrow during these relapses was found to be tetraploid. The abnormal cells were more proliferative than those usually present in acute leukaemia. The tetraploid DNA content of the blast cells distinguished them from other cells in blood and bone marrow from this patient and from the blast cells found in other instances of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "contents": "Tetraploid cell line in a girl with acute leukaemia. In a girl with atypical acute leukaemia the malignant cell line in peripheral blood and bone marrow during these relapses was found to be tetraploid. The abnormal cells were more proliferative than those usually present in acute leukaemia. The tetraploid DNA content of the blast cells distinguished them from other cells in blood and bone marrow from this patient and from the blast cells found in other instances of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "PMID": 402763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1584", "title": "Interaction of haemoglobin E with alpha-thalassaemia and haemoglobin Constant Spring.", "content": "The combination of Hb E,alpha-thalassaemia and Hb CoSp was found in a 20-year-old female Malay who presented with a moderately severe haemolytic anaemia. The findings in the patient and her family from which this diagnosis was arrived at are discussed. Although this is the first report of this condition in this country it is pointed out that one may see more such cases in the future if one is aware of this condition since Hb E, alpha-thalassaemia and Hb CoSp all occur at significant frequencies in this country.", "contents": "Interaction of haemoglobin E with alpha-thalassaemia and haemoglobin Constant Spring. The combination of Hb E,alpha-thalassaemia and Hb CoSp was found in a 20-year-old female Malay who presented with a moderately severe haemolytic anaemia. The findings in the patient and her family from which this diagnosis was arrived at are discussed. Although this is the first report of this condition in this country it is pointed out that one may see more such cases in the future if one is aware of this condition since Hb E, alpha-thalassaemia and Hb CoSp all occur at significant frequencies in this country.", "PMID": 402765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1585", "title": "Red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency: adverse effect of oral contraceptives.", "content": "Erythrocyte enzymopathies are being detected with increasing frequency. The homozygous state for pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency usually causes chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. Aggravation of the condition by a variety of extrinsic factors has been reported, but drugs have rarely been incriminated. A case of severe PK deficiency is presented in which an anovulant drug upsets the usual haematologic balance. This strengthens the suspicion that contraceptive pills may be hazardous in such patients.", "contents": "Red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency: adverse effect of oral contraceptives. Erythrocyte enzymopathies are being detected with increasing frequency. The homozygous state for pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency usually causes chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. Aggravation of the condition by a variety of extrinsic factors has been reported, but drugs have rarely been incriminated. A case of severe PK deficiency is presented in which an anovulant drug upsets the usual haematologic balance. This strengthens the suspicion that contraceptive pills may be hazardous in such patients.", "PMID": 402766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1586", "title": "Effect of blood transfusion on the immune response of children with thalassaemia.", "content": "The effect of blood transfusions on the immune response of 46 thalassaemic children was studied. Cell-mediated immune response was evaluated by performing skin tests to specific (streptokinase-streptodornase and candidin) and nonspecific (dinitrochlorobenzene and phytohaemagglutinin) antigens. Antibody response to specific antigen (tetanus toxoid) was estimated by measuring the tetanus antitoxin titre before and after vaccination. No gross impairment of cell-mediated immunity was elicited. The larger proportion of negative phytohaemagglutinin skin tests found in thalassaemic patients does not necessarily suggest a cell-mediated immunity impairment, since this skin reaction is also affected by other factors, especially the inflammatory skin response. The transfused antibodies may inhibit the recipient's sensitization and primary immune response to the homologous antigen, especially when the antibody level in the transfused blood is high whereas the secondary immune response is not affected.", "contents": "Effect of blood transfusion on the immune response of children with thalassaemia. The effect of blood transfusions on the immune response of 46 thalassaemic children was studied. Cell-mediated immune response was evaluated by performing skin tests to specific (streptokinase-streptodornase and candidin) and nonspecific (dinitrochlorobenzene and phytohaemagglutinin) antigens. Antibody response to specific antigen (tetanus toxoid) was estimated by measuring the tetanus antitoxin titre before and after vaccination. No gross impairment of cell-mediated immunity was elicited. The larger proportion of negative phytohaemagglutinin skin tests found in thalassaemic patients does not necessarily suggest a cell-mediated immunity impairment, since this skin reaction is also affected by other factors, especially the inflammatory skin response. The transfused antibodies may inhibit the recipient's sensitization and primary immune response to the homologous antigen, especially when the antibody level in the transfused blood is high whereas the secondary immune response is not affected.", "PMID": 402767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1587", "title": "A simplified one-step procedure for the simultaneous determination of complement receptor lymphocytes and lymphocytes with membrane-bound immunoglobulins.", "content": "A simple one-step procedure for the demonstration of complement receptor lymphocytes (CRL) with complement-coated bacteria (BC) as indicator particles is described. With this assay the percentage of CRL in normal peripheral blood ranged between 6 and 21% (mean 11%). In a separately performed combined assay for lymphocytes with membrane-bound immunoglobulins (M-Ig) and lymphocytes, which form rosettes with complement-coated bacteria (BC-RFC), four different fractions of lymphocytes could be detected: (M-Ig+-BC+, M-Ig+-BC-,M-Ig--BC+, M-Ig--BC-). These results suggest that the subpopulation of lymphocytes with complement receptor sites overlaps with, but is not totally identical with the lymphocyte subpopulation bearing Ig on the surface.", "contents": "A simplified one-step procedure for the simultaneous determination of complement receptor lymphocytes and lymphocytes with membrane-bound immunoglobulins. A simple one-step procedure for the demonstration of complement receptor lymphocytes (CRL) with complement-coated bacteria (BC) as indicator particles is described. With this assay the percentage of CRL in normal peripheral blood ranged between 6 and 21% (mean 11%). In a separately performed combined assay for lymphocytes with membrane-bound immunoglobulins (M-Ig) and lymphocytes, which form rosettes with complement-coated bacteria (BC-RFC), four different fractions of lymphocytes could be detected: (M-Ig+-BC+, M-Ig+-BC-,M-Ig--BC+, M-Ig--BC-). These results suggest that the subpopulation of lymphocytes with complement receptor sites overlaps with, but is not totally identical with the lymphocyte subpopulation bearing Ig on the surface.", "PMID": 402768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1588", "title": "Histogenesis of myeloid metaplasia in the spleen.", "content": "Hemopoietic activity in the spleen is caused by the proliferation of the RE cells of the red pulp, lining the sinusoids and the endothelial cells lining the venous channels and their vasa vasora. The RE cells of the marginal zone do not contribute. As the cells involved line blood spaces, and the immature cells are washed into the circulation hemopoiesis appears to be intravascular. Different agents produce different effect: copper sulphate an early proliferation of both the red pulp and venous cells, phenylhydrazine a red pulp proliferation and antiserum a high venous endothelial activity.", "contents": "Histogenesis of myeloid metaplasia in the spleen. Hemopoietic activity in the spleen is caused by the proliferation of the RE cells of the red pulp, lining the sinusoids and the endothelial cells lining the venous channels and their vasa vasora. The RE cells of the marginal zone do not contribute. As the cells involved line blood spaces, and the immature cells are washed into the circulation hemopoiesis appears to be intravascular. Different agents produce different effect: copper sulphate an early proliferation of both the red pulp and venous cells, phenylhydrazine a red pulp proliferation and antiserum a high venous endothelial activity.", "PMID": 402769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1589", "title": "Circulating platelet aggregates and thrombocytopenia induced by intravenous infusions of arachidonic and lauric acids in guinea pigs.", "content": "Slow intravenous infusion of Na laurate (NaL) into guinea pigs caused a rapid appearance of platelet aggregates in the arterial blood and a precipitous fall in platelet counts. During the infusion of Na arachidonate (NaA) thrombocytopenia developed slowly, and few and smaller platelet aggregates appeared in the arterial blood. Considerably more guinea pigs died during or after the NaA infusion than after administration of NaL. The possibility that arachidonic acid and other long-chain fatty acids may play a role in the development of thrombosis and thromboembolism is discussed.", "contents": "Circulating platelet aggregates and thrombocytopenia induced by intravenous infusions of arachidonic and lauric acids in guinea pigs. Slow intravenous infusion of Na laurate (NaL) into guinea pigs caused a rapid appearance of platelet aggregates in the arterial blood and a precipitous fall in platelet counts. During the infusion of Na arachidonate (NaA) thrombocytopenia developed slowly, and few and smaller platelet aggregates appeared in the arterial blood. Considerably more guinea pigs died during or after the NaA infusion than after administration of NaL. The possibility that arachidonic acid and other long-chain fatty acids may play a role in the development of thrombosis and thromboembolism is discussed.", "PMID": 402770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1590", "title": "Freeze-fracture of circulating human eosinophils.", "content": "Freeze-fracture has been carried out on peripheral blood from three patients with eosinophilia. Eosinophil granule membranes are characterized by intramembranous particles (IMP) with diameters of 80-150 A. These particles of the granule membrane are consistently larger than the IMP of the plasma membrane which are approximately 80 A in diameter. Cross-fractures of granules showed no evident subgranular inclusions. The difference in size between granule and plasma membrane particles observed in freeze-fracture suggests that studies of eosinophils may be an approach to membrane alterations during phagocytosis.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture of circulating human eosinophils. Freeze-fracture has been carried out on peripheral blood from three patients with eosinophilia. Eosinophil granule membranes are characterized by intramembranous particles (IMP) with diameters of 80-150 A. These particles of the granule membrane are consistently larger than the IMP of the plasma membrane which are approximately 80 A in diameter. Cross-fractures of granules showed no evident subgranular inclusions. The difference in size between granule and plasma membrane particles observed in freeze-fracture suggests that studies of eosinophils may be an approach to membrane alterations during phagocytosis.", "PMID": 402771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1591", "title": "A study of folic-acid-binding protein in normal subjects.", "content": "6 normal females were found to have a level of folic-acid-binding protein (FABP) in their sera (mean level 345 pg/ml). Lysates of their various leucocytes were assayed and FABP found exclusively in the polymorph fraction. The sera and lysates were fractionated by Sephadex G-200 gel column chromatography and the molecular weight of the FABP appeared to be approximately 40,000. A hitherto unreported inhibitory effect of heparin on folate binding was noticed. Studies have been performed on folic-acid-binding protein (FABP) in various pathological states, but the levels found in normal people are usually considered too low to permit investigation. In an earlier study [3], 6 normal females were found to have levels in excess of 300 pg/ml whilst the mean level of 94 controls was 76 pg/ml. Sera and leucocyte lysates from these people have been  used to estimate the molecular weight of FABP in normal people.", "contents": "A study of folic-acid-binding protein in normal subjects. 6 normal females were found to have a level of folic-acid-binding protein (FABP) in their sera (mean level 345 pg/ml). Lysates of their various leucocytes were assayed and FABP found exclusively in the polymorph fraction. The sera and lysates were fractionated by Sephadex G-200 gel column chromatography and the molecular weight of the FABP appeared to be approximately 40,000. A hitherto unreported inhibitory effect of heparin on folate binding was noticed. Studies have been performed on folic-acid-binding protein (FABP) in various pathological states, but the levels found in normal people are usually considered too low to permit investigation. In an earlier study [3], 6 normal females were found to have levels in excess of 300 pg/ml whilst the mean level of 94 controls was 76 pg/ml. Sera and leucocyte lysates from these people have been  used to estimate the molecular weight of FABP in normal people.", "PMID": 402775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1592", "title": "Membrane deformability of erythrocytes with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Hamburg.", "content": "Deformability of erythrocytes of a patient with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia caused by a G-6-PD variant (G-6-PD Hamburg) in red cells was studied. The flow rate of erythrocytes from this patient through 5 mum polycarbonate sieves was higher than that of red cells from healthy adults. Even under oxidative stress in vitro, the deformability of erythrocytes of the patient was only slightly decreased. The residual hemoglobin content of red cell membranes (ghosts) from this patient was lower than that of ghosts from healthy adults and of ghosts prepared from comparable reticulocyte-rich blood withoug G-6-PD deficiency. In contrast to the low enzymatic activity of G-6-PD Hamburg in the hemolysate, a high activity of this enzyme could be demonstrated in the ghosts from the patient. In view of the flexibility of this patient's erythrocytes splenectomy is not to be recommended.", "contents": "Membrane deformability of erythrocytes with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Hamburg. Deformability of erythrocytes of a patient with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia caused by a G-6-PD variant (G-6-PD Hamburg) in red cells was studied. The flow rate of erythrocytes from this patient through 5 mum polycarbonate sieves was higher than that of red cells from healthy adults. Even under oxidative stress in vitro, the deformability of erythrocytes of the patient was only slightly decreased. The residual hemoglobin content of red cell membranes (ghosts) from this patient was lower than that of ghosts from healthy adults and of ghosts prepared from comparable reticulocyte-rich blood withoug G-6-PD deficiency. In contrast to the low enzymatic activity of G-6-PD Hamburg in the hemolysate, a high activity of this enzyme could be demonstrated in the ghosts from the patient. In view of the flexibility of this patient's erythrocytes splenectomy is not to be recommended.", "PMID": 402776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1593", "title": "Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis. A reversible disease?.", "content": "A patient with chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis was subjected to splenectomy 1 year after diagnosis. As a clinically unexpected finding, lymph node biopsy suggested the presence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The patient was subjected to intensive combined cytostatic therapy. In the following months, signs and symptoms of myelofibrosis regressed remarkably. The patient died 31 months after splenectomy in massive gastrointestinal bleeding. At post-mortem, myelofibrosis could not be detected in three bone marrow areas and a regular, fat-containing, hypercellular marrow was present. The nature of the previous lymph noede pathology was reconsidered, and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy was diagnosed.", "contents": "Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis. A reversible disease?. A patient with chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis was subjected to splenectomy 1 year after diagnosis. As a clinically unexpected finding, lymph node biopsy suggested the presence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The patient was subjected to intensive combined cytostatic therapy. In the following months, signs and symptoms of myelofibrosis regressed remarkably. The patient died 31 months after splenectomy in massive gastrointestinal bleeding. At post-mortem, myelofibrosis could not be detected in three bone marrow areas and a regular, fat-containing, hypercellular marrow was present. The nature of the previous lymph noede pathology was reconsidered, and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy was diagnosed.", "PMID": 402778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1594", "title": "In vivo behaviour of neuraminidase-treated rabbit erythrocytes and reticulocytes.", "content": "51Cr rabbit erythrocytes were treated with different amount of neuraminidase and reinjected into the animal. The survival curves after the removal of more than 50% membrane sialic acid show a characteristic behaviour: after a rapid decrease, blood radioactivity increases again reaching a maximum level 50-80 h after reinjection, then tends to decrease with a slope similar to that of control curves. Liver radioactivity determined before the rise of blood radioactivity is evidently higher than the value determined after radioactivity elevation. Similar results were obtained with phenylhydrazine-induced young erythrocytes.", "contents": "In vivo behaviour of neuraminidase-treated rabbit erythrocytes and reticulocytes. 51Cr rabbit erythrocytes were treated with different amount of neuraminidase and reinjected into the animal. The survival curves after the removal of more than 50% membrane sialic acid show a characteristic behaviour: after a rapid decrease, blood radioactivity increases again reaching a maximum level 50-80 h after reinjection, then tends to decrease with a slope similar to that of control curves. Liver radioactivity determined before the rise of blood radioactivity is evidently higher than the value determined after radioactivity elevation. Similar results were obtained with phenylhydrazine-induced young erythrocytes.", "PMID": 402779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1595", "title": "Treatment of vasomotor rhinitis with intranasal disodium cromoglycate (SCG). Results from a double-blind cross-over study.", "content": "The effect of SCG powder (Lomudalr, Intalr) intranasally in vasomotor rhinitis has been studied on 49 adult volunteers in a double-blind cross-over study during 13 weeks in January--April 1973. The dose of SCG was 40 mg/day. Although a substantial number of results were obtained, no significant difference between the effects of SCG and placebo treatment, on variables measured, was detected. However, some patients experienced relief with, and preferred, the treatment with SCG. The results from this investigation are discussed in comparison with those from other studies including patients with vasomotor rhinitis.", "contents": "Treatment of vasomotor rhinitis with intranasal disodium cromoglycate (SCG). Results from a double-blind cross-over study. The effect of SCG powder (Lomudalr, Intalr) intranasally in vasomotor rhinitis has been studied on 49 adult volunteers in a double-blind cross-over study during 13 weeks in January--April 1973. The dose of SCG was 40 mg/day. Although a substantial number of results were obtained, no significant difference between the effects of SCG and placebo treatment, on variables measured, was detected. However, some patients experienced relief with, and preferred, the treatment with SCG. The results from this investigation are discussed in comparison with those from other studies including patients with vasomotor rhinitis.", "PMID": 402781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1596", "title": "The need for halothane supplementation of N2O-O2-relaxant anaesthesia in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "The demand for intermittant halothane supplementation during N2O-O2-relaxant anaesthesia was studied in 25 alcohlics (annual consumption over 15 1 pure alcohol) scheduled for biliary or gastric surgery. The controls were 45 non-alcoholics and 43 patients with an annual consumption of between 1 to 15 1. Thiopental (3 mg/kg/min) was given for induction. After intubation, halothane supplementation was given in 0.5% concentration for 10-min periods. Standardized criteria for halothane supplementation were various motor and autonomic responses to painful stimuli. Muscular relaxation was kept fairly constant (roughly 90%), as assessed visually with the aid of a peripheral nerve stimulator. The total time for which halothane supplementation was given, expressed as a percentage of the total anaesthesia time, was used as an indication of the need for halothane supplementation. The need for thiopental for induction was not increased to a statistically significant extent in alcoholics, but signs of excitation did occur in 40% as compared with 11% in non-alcoholics (P less than 0.01). The demand for halothane supplementation was higher in alcoholics (47 +/- 4.8%, s.e. mean) than in non-alcoholics (33 +/- 2.3%). This difference, however, was partly due to the higher incidence of gastric surgery, which required more supplementation than biliary surgery. Analysis of the different criteria indicating the need for halothane supplementation revealed that an increase in blood pressure or heart rate was more common in non-alcoholics, whereas motor irritability, sweating and lacrimation were more frequent in alcoholics. Management of the anaesthetic posed no special difficulties in the alcoholics with an estimated mean annual consumption of 32 +/- 4 (s.e. mean) litres of absolute alcohol. Three patients (5% of the alcohol consumers) reported dreams or recollections, suggesting that this mode of halothane supplementation does not guarantee an adequate anaesthetic depth. The difficulties and biases associated with this type of analysis are discussed.", "contents": "The need for halothane supplementation of N2O-O2-relaxant anaesthesia in chronic alcoholics. The demand for intermittant halothane supplementation during N2O-O2-relaxant anaesthesia was studied in 25 alcohlics (annual consumption over 15 1 pure alcohol) scheduled for biliary or gastric surgery. The controls were 45 non-alcoholics and 43 patients with an annual consumption of between 1 to 15 1. Thiopental (3 mg/kg/min) was given for induction. After intubation, halothane supplementation was given in 0.5% concentration for 10-min periods. Standardized criteria for halothane supplementation were various motor and autonomic responses to painful stimuli. Muscular relaxation was kept fairly constant (roughly 90%), as assessed visually with the aid of a peripheral nerve stimulator. The total time for which halothane supplementation was given, expressed as a percentage of the total anaesthesia time, was used as an indication of the need for halothane supplementation. The need for thiopental for induction was not increased to a statistically significant extent in alcoholics, but signs of excitation did occur in 40% as compared with 11% in non-alcoholics (P less than 0.01). The demand for halothane supplementation was higher in alcoholics (47 +/- 4.8%, s.e. mean) than in non-alcoholics (33 +/- 2.3%). This difference, however, was partly due to the higher incidence of gastric surgery, which required more supplementation than biliary surgery. Analysis of the different criteria indicating the need for halothane supplementation revealed that an increase in blood pressure or heart rate was more common in non-alcoholics, whereas motor irritability, sweating and lacrimation were more frequent in alcoholics. Management of the anaesthetic posed no special difficulties in the alcoholics with an estimated mean annual consumption of 32 +/- 4 (s.e. mean) litres of absolute alcohol. Three patients (5% of the alcohol consumers) reported dreams or recollections, suggesting that this mode of halothane supplementation does not guarantee an adequate anaesthetic depth. The difficulties and biases associated with this type of analysis are discussed.", "PMID": 402782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1597", "title": "The analysis of collagen in glutaraldehyde-fixed, osmicated peripheral nerve.", "content": "Glutaraldehyde fixation and osmication of rat sciatic nerve and human sural nerve did not appreciably alter the apparent weight of collagen in nerve fasciculi as determined by hydroxyproline analysis of hydrolysed samples. The collagen content of autopsied peripheral nerve is unaltered at least up to 24 h after death. The mean endoneurial weight of collagen per fascicle in rat sciatic nerve was 123 mug (all results expressed for 1 cm length). In human sural nerve the mean weight was 57 mug and the mean fascicular volume 1.75 mm3. Human endoneurial collagen fibrils gave a unimodal distribution of diameters with a peak at 40 nm.", "contents": "The analysis of collagen in glutaraldehyde-fixed, osmicated peripheral nerve. Glutaraldehyde fixation and osmication of rat sciatic nerve and human sural nerve did not appreciably alter the apparent weight of collagen in nerve fasciculi as determined by hydroxyproline analysis of hydrolysed samples. The collagen content of autopsied peripheral nerve is unaltered at least up to 24 h after death. The mean endoneurial weight of collagen per fascicle in rat sciatic nerve was 123 mug (all results expressed for 1 cm length). In human sural nerve the mean weight was 57 mug and the mean fascicular volume 1.75 mm3. Human endoneurial collagen fibrils gave a unimodal distribution of diameters with a peak at 40 nm.", "PMID": 402783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1598", "title": "Heterologous growth of human ovarian cancer. A new in vivo testing system.", "content": "Successful heterotransplantation of ovarian cancer in the mouse mutant, nude is described, with serial transmission, in one case to date. Light and electron microscopic examination of this tumour, a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, has not revealed any alteration in its morphology after six passages. Tumour-bearing mice have been treated with ThioTEPA or 5-Fluoro-Uracil, in an attempt to see if they show a similar effect to that seen in the patient. ThioTEPA resulted in a marked regression, whilst there was no effect from 5-Fluoro-Uracil, on tumour growth--confirming the ThioTEPA effect seen in the patient.", "contents": "Heterologous growth of human ovarian cancer. A new in vivo testing system. Successful heterotransplantation of ovarian cancer in the mouse mutant, nude is described, with serial transmission, in one case to date. Light and electron microscopic examination of this tumour, a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, has not revealed any alteration in its morphology after six passages. Tumour-bearing mice have been treated with ThioTEPA or 5-Fluoro-Uracil, in an attempt to see if they show a similar effect to that seen in the patient. ThioTEPA resulted in a marked regression, whilst there was no effect from 5-Fluoro-Uracil, on tumour growth--confirming the ThioTEPA effect seen in the patient.", "PMID": 402784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1599", "title": "Pilocarpine-induced subsensitivity to carbachol and pilocarpine of ciliary muscle in vervet and cynomolgus monkeys.", "content": "Vervet monkeys were given unilateral treatment for two weeks with one 2% pilocarpine eye drop three times daily between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. (night interval 14h) and were then subjected to anterior chamber perfusion 20 mug pilocarpine intracamerally caused similar and substantial increases in outflow facility in both eyes. Cynomolgus monkeys were unilaterally treated with continuous release of 33 mug/h of pilocarpine for 5-6 days. The facility response to 1 mg/kg pilocarpine iv was small or absent on the treated side. Iridectomized cynomolgus monkeys responded with 12.6+/-5.2 (SD) diopters accommodation to 1.5 mg/kg pilocarpine im, with very similar responses in the two eyes. During continuous release of 30 mug/h pilocarpine, accommodation of the treated eye dropped grdually and after 4-8 days treatment the accommodative response was markedly reduced to pilocarpine 1.5 mg/kg im or 100 mug topically. The degree of subsensitivity was much less when tested with either systemic or topical carbachol. This was also the case in a few vervet experiments. Recovery of full pilocarpine sensitivity took several weeks in the cynomolgus monkey. As an explanation for the excessive subsensitivity and large interindividual differences found with pilocarpine, an individually variable, nonmuscarinic relaxant action counteracting the muscarinic excitatory action is suggested. Clinical implications of this hypothesis are discussed.", "contents": "Pilocarpine-induced subsensitivity to carbachol and pilocarpine of ciliary muscle in vervet and cynomolgus monkeys. Vervet monkeys were given unilateral treatment for two weeks with one 2% pilocarpine eye drop three times daily between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. (night interval 14h) and were then subjected to anterior chamber perfusion 20 mug pilocarpine intracamerally caused similar and substantial increases in outflow facility in both eyes. Cynomolgus monkeys were unilaterally treated with continuous release of 33 mug/h of pilocarpine for 5-6 days. The facility response to 1 mg/kg pilocarpine iv was small or absent on the treated side. Iridectomized cynomolgus monkeys responded with 12.6+/-5.2 (SD) diopters accommodation to 1.5 mg/kg pilocarpine im, with very similar responses in the two eyes. During continuous release of 30 mug/h pilocarpine, accommodation of the treated eye dropped grdually and after 4-8 days treatment the accommodative response was markedly reduced to pilocarpine 1.5 mg/kg im or 100 mug topically. The degree of subsensitivity was much less when tested with either systemic or topical carbachol. This was also the case in a few vervet experiments. Recovery of full pilocarpine sensitivity took several weeks in the cynomolgus monkey. As an explanation for the excessive subsensitivity and large interindividual differences found with pilocarpine, an individually variable, nonmuscarinic relaxant action counteracting the muscarinic excitatory action is suggested. Clinical implications of this hypothesis are discussed.", "PMID": 402785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1600", "title": "Ultrastructure and distribution of intercellular junctions in corneal endothelium.", "content": "The intercellular junctions of the corneal endothelium has been studied in rabbit, monkey and human eyes. A union of apposing outer leaflets (tight junction) is usually found near the apical end of the intercellular clefts. However, evidence from lanthanum tracer studies indicates that the tight junctions do not seal the intercellular clefts completely. In addition to tight junctions, the presence of gap junctions or nexuses is demonstrated in all three species studied.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and distribution of intercellular junctions in corneal endothelium. The intercellular junctions of the corneal endothelium has been studied in rabbit, monkey and human eyes. A union of apposing outer leaflets (tight junction) is usually found near the apical end of the intercellular clefts. However, evidence from lanthanum tracer studies indicates that the tight junctions do not seal the intercellular clefts completely. In addition to tight junctions, the presence of gap junctions or nexuses is demonstrated in all three species studied.", "PMID": 402786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1601", "title": "C-peptide in juvenile diabetics beyond the postinitial remission period. Relation to clinical manifestations at onset of diabetes, remission and diabetic control.", "content": "A group of 58 diabetics, age 6-17 years and with a duration of diabetes of 3-14 years was studied in order to show whether the nature of the clinical manifestations and the treatment at the onset of the disease are related to the subsequent C-peptide production and also whether remaining C-peptide production is related to better diabetic control. The relations between a number of clinical and laboratory variables were analysed including the degree of ketosis and the insulin dose given at onset of diabetes, the incidence of postinitial remission period, the fasting C-peptide level after the remission period, the level of insulin antibodies and the actual diabetic control expressed as the degree of glucosuria in the patients' urine tests at home. Multiple regression analysis was the main method used. Postinitial remission was positively correlated to initial insulin dose and negatively correlated to duration of ketonuria at onset. C-peptide, which was found in 24.1% of the patients was positively correlated to age at onset and initial insulin dose, but negatively correlated to ketonuria at onset. Diabetic control was positively correlated to insulin dose at onset and to C-peptide level, but negatively correlated to insulin antibodies. It could further be shown that patients who had received a more vigorous treatment immediately at onset had both a higher incidence of postinitial remission and a better diabetic control. The results suggest that an early diagnosis followed by rapid normalization of the metabolism at the onset of juvenile diabetes increase the possibility of preservation of some of the endogenous insulin production, which seems to facilitate diabetic control.", "contents": "C-peptide in juvenile diabetics beyond the postinitial remission period. Relation to clinical manifestations at onset of diabetes, remission and diabetic control. A group of 58 diabetics, age 6-17 years and with a duration of diabetes of 3-14 years was studied in order to show whether the nature of the clinical manifestations and the treatment at the onset of the disease are related to the subsequent C-peptide production and also whether remaining C-peptide production is related to better diabetic control. The relations between a number of clinical and laboratory variables were analysed including the degree of ketosis and the insulin dose given at onset of diabetes, the incidence of postinitial remission period, the fasting C-peptide level after the remission period, the level of insulin antibodies and the actual diabetic control expressed as the degree of glucosuria in the patients' urine tests at home. Multiple regression analysis was the main method used. Postinitial remission was positively correlated to initial insulin dose and negatively correlated to duration of ketonuria at onset. C-peptide, which was found in 24.1% of the patients was positively correlated to age at onset and initial insulin dose, but negatively correlated to ketonuria at onset. Diabetic control was positively correlated to insulin dose at onset and to C-peptide level, but negatively correlated to insulin antibodies. It could further be shown that patients who had received a more vigorous treatment immediately at onset had both a higher incidence of postinitial remission and a better diabetic control. The results suggest that an early diagnosis followed by rapid normalization of the metabolism at the onset of juvenile diabetes increase the possibility of preservation of some of the endogenous insulin production, which seems to facilitate diabetic control.", "PMID": 402787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1602", "title": "Oxidase positive rods from cases of suspected gonorrhoea. A comparison of conventional, gas chromatographic and genetic methods of identification.", "content": "Genito-urethral specimens from 3260 women and 1170 men, with ailments suggestive of gonorrhoea, were examined for growth of oxidase positive rodshaped bacteria, as well as of gonococci. Moraxella osloensis was identified in 26 cases (0.64 per cent of women and 0.43 per cent of men). Three patients harboured phenylalanine negative (or weakly reacting) and tryptophan deaminase negative M. phenylpyrouvica and, in three cases, a Flavobacterium species was detected. Among six oropharyngeal specimens from patients suspected of gonorrhoea, two yielded growth of oxidase positive rods, Kingella kingae and Neisseria elongata, respectively, N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from 537 patients, i.e., 12.1 per cent of all cases. The isolates of oxidase positive rods were in most cases completely identified by streptomycin resistance transformation. On this basis, the diagnostic reliability of some morphological and cultural-biochemical tests and gas chromatography was examined. Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid and alcohol composition of whole cells proved distinctive of species defined genetically, irrespective of confusing behaviour of some strains in other tests.", "contents": "Oxidase positive rods from cases of suspected gonorrhoea. A comparison of conventional, gas chromatographic and genetic methods of identification. Genito-urethral specimens from 3260 women and 1170 men, with ailments suggestive of gonorrhoea, were examined for growth of oxidase positive rodshaped bacteria, as well as of gonococci. Moraxella osloensis was identified in 26 cases (0.64 per cent of women and 0.43 per cent of men). Three patients harboured phenylalanine negative (or weakly reacting) and tryptophan deaminase negative M. phenylpyrouvica and, in three cases, a Flavobacterium species was detected. Among six oropharyngeal specimens from patients suspected of gonorrhoea, two yielded growth of oxidase positive rods, Kingella kingae and Neisseria elongata, respectively, N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from 537 patients, i.e., 12.1 per cent of all cases. The isolates of oxidase positive rods were in most cases completely identified by streptomycin resistance transformation. On this basis, the diagnostic reliability of some morphological and cultural-biochemical tests and gas chromatography was examined. Gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid and alcohol composition of whole cells proved distinctive of species defined genetically, irrespective of confusing behaviour of some strains in other tests.", "PMID": 402788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1603", "title": "Sorption of Streptococcus faecium to glass.", "content": "A method has been developed by which to study the sorption of Streptococcus faecium to soda-lime cover glasses. Conditions were chosen to minimize the influence on sorption of bacterial polymer production, passive sorption being studied rather than attachment mediated by metabolic activities. Sorption of S. faecium increased with increasing temperature (to 50 degrees C), time, and cell concentration, but equilibrium apparently was not reached even after incubation for 8 hours or at a cell concentration of 3 X 10(10) per ml. Sorption increased with solute molarity up to 0.1 M concentration of NaCl and KCl, indicating an effect of the electrical double layers on the apposition of cells to the glass surface. Desorption of bacteria could be obtained after multiple washings of the glasses in buffer or by the action of Tween 80, but not if sorbed bacteria were left in distilled water, various salt solutions, urea, or in suspensions of unlabelled bacteria. It was concluded that sorption occurred as a result of chemical interactions between the glass and the cell surface. Tween 80 at a concentration of 1 per cent inhibited sorption to 26 per cent of buffer controls, 2 M urea was less effective, and 1 M NaCl was without effect. It is suggested that hydrophobic interactions may be of importance in the binding of S. faecium to glass.", "contents": "Sorption of Streptococcus faecium to glass. A method has been developed by which to study the sorption of Streptococcus faecium to soda-lime cover glasses. Conditions were chosen to minimize the influence on sorption of bacterial polymer production, passive sorption being studied rather than attachment mediated by metabolic activities. Sorption of S. faecium increased with increasing temperature (to 50 degrees C), time, and cell concentration, but equilibrium apparently was not reached even after incubation for 8 hours or at a cell concentration of 3 X 10(10) per ml. Sorption increased with solute molarity up to 0.1 M concentration of NaCl and KCl, indicating an effect of the electrical double layers on the apposition of cells to the glass surface. Desorption of bacteria could be obtained after multiple washings of the glasses in buffer or by the action of Tween 80, but not if sorbed bacteria were left in distilled water, various salt solutions, urea, or in suspensions of unlabelled bacteria. It was concluded that sorption occurred as a result of chemical interactions between the glass and the cell surface. Tween 80 at a concentration of 1 per cent inhibited sorption to 26 per cent of buffer controls, 2 M urea was less effective, and 1 M NaCl was without effect. It is suggested that hydrophobic interactions may be of importance in the binding of S. faecium to glass.", "PMID": 402789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1604", "title": "Sorption of Streptococci to glass: Effects of macromolecular solutes.", "content": "Macromolecular solutes (albumin, concanavalin A, whole saliva, serum) caused impaired sorption of Streptococcus faecium and Streptococcus sanguis to glass. The inhibitory effect resided chiefly with interactions of the solutes with the glass surface. In the case of sorption of S. sanguis to glass in the presence of parotid fluid, the inhibitory effect was counteracted by a specific attachment of S. sanguis cells mediated by some component(s) of the parotid fluid. Agglutination of the test organisms was in general accompanied by inhibition of sorption. However, when small or unstable aggregates were formed, the number of cells adhering on the glass surface was increased. The findings are discussed with reference to the colonization of teeth by oral bacteria.", "contents": "Sorption of Streptococci to glass: Effects of macromolecular solutes. Macromolecular solutes (albumin, concanavalin A, whole saliva, serum) caused impaired sorption of Streptococcus faecium and Streptococcus sanguis to glass. The inhibitory effect resided chiefly with interactions of the solutes with the glass surface. In the case of sorption of S. sanguis to glass in the presence of parotid fluid, the inhibitory effect was counteracted by a specific attachment of S. sanguis cells mediated by some component(s) of the parotid fluid. Agglutination of the test organisms was in general accompanied by inhibition of sorption. However, when small or unstable aggregates were formed, the number of cells adhering on the glass surface was increased. The findings are discussed with reference to the colonization of teeth by oral bacteria.", "PMID": 402790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1605", "title": "The pharmacology of a new hypoglycaemic agent N-[4-(2-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)furan-m-carboxamido)-ethyl)-benzenesulphonyl]-N'-cyclohexylurea (NOVO CS 476). I. Pharmacological studies on the hypoglycaemic effect.", "content": "The new sulphonylurea CS 476 has been shown to be a potent hypoglycaemic agent. In normal fasting dogs, rabbits, rats and mice the maximal hypoglycaemia produced by intravenous administration of CS 476 was comparable on a weight basis to that produced by glibenclamide. Randomized Latin square experiments in dogs showed that 0.03 mg/kg orally of CS 476 and of glibenclamide caused the same maximal decrease of blood glucose and that CS 476 had the shorter duration of action. CS 476 had no hypoglycaemic effect in totally pancreatectomized dogs nor in streptozotocin diabetic dogs and rats. The insulin releasing activity was studied in dogs after intravenous and oral administration of equipotent doses of CS 476, tolbutamide and glibenclamide. It was found that the insulin curves after CS 476 tended to have a plateau-like maximum like those after glibenclamide although the duration of effect was shorter.", "contents": "The pharmacology of a new hypoglycaemic agent N-[4-(2-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)furan-m-carboxamido)-ethyl)-benzenesulphonyl]-N'-cyclohexylurea (NOVO CS 476). I. Pharmacological studies on the hypoglycaemic effect. The new sulphonylurea CS 476 has been shown to be a potent hypoglycaemic agent. In normal fasting dogs, rabbits, rats and mice the maximal hypoglycaemia produced by intravenous administration of CS 476 was comparable on a weight basis to that produced by glibenclamide. Randomized Latin square experiments in dogs showed that 0.03 mg/kg orally of CS 476 and of glibenclamide caused the same maximal decrease of blood glucose and that CS 476 had the shorter duration of action. CS 476 had no hypoglycaemic effect in totally pancreatectomized dogs nor in streptozotocin diabetic dogs and rats. The insulin releasing activity was studied in dogs after intravenous and oral administration of equipotent doses of CS 476, tolbutamide and glibenclamide. It was found that the insulin curves after CS 476 tended to have a plateau-like maximum like those after glibenclamide although the duration of effect was shorter.", "PMID": 402791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1606", "title": "The pharmacology of a new hypoglycaemic agent N-[4-(2-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)furan-7-carboxamid o)-ethyl)-benzenesulphonyl]-N'-cyclohexlurea (NOVO CS 476). III. General pharmacological studies.", "content": "The new sulphonylurea CS 476 was tested for positive iontropic effect on the isolated cat papillary muscle. Unlike tolbutamide CS 476 had no positive inotropic effect. CS 476 had no adverse effect on blood pressure in dogs, cats and rats nor on the electrocardiogram of dogs in doses up to ten times the therapeutic dose. Unlike chlorpromide CS 476 did not potentiate the effect of exogenous antidiuretic hormone in hydrated dogs. In therapeutic concentrations the drug had no effect on smooth muscle preparations. 1,000-10,000 times therapeutic concentrations had a papaverine-like effect - similar to therapeutic concentrations of tolbutamide.", "contents": "The pharmacology of a new hypoglycaemic agent N-[4-(2-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)furan-7-carboxamid o)-ethyl)-benzenesulphonyl]-N'-cyclohexlurea (NOVO CS 476). III. General pharmacological studies. The new sulphonylurea CS 476 was tested for positive iontropic effect on the isolated cat papillary muscle. Unlike tolbutamide CS 476 had no positive inotropic effect. CS 476 had no adverse effect on blood pressure in dogs, cats and rats nor on the electrocardiogram of dogs in doses up to ten times the therapeutic dose. Unlike chlorpromide CS 476 did not potentiate the effect of exogenous antidiuretic hormone in hydrated dogs. In therapeutic concentrations the drug had no effect on smooth muscle preparations. 1,000-10,000 times therapeutic concentrations had a papaverine-like effect - similar to therapeutic concentrations of tolbutamide.", "PMID": 402792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1607", "title": "The in vivo toxicity of CS2 to liver microsomes: binding of labelled CS2 and changes of the microsomal enzyme activities.", "content": "The binding of 35S and 14C labelled CS2 to liver microsomes was studied in control and phenobarbitone pretreated rats 3 and 6 hrs after an intraperitoneal injection. The level of hepatic cytochrome P-450, the activities of epoxide hydratase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase were analyzed in the same animals. The binding of the sulphur label was considerably higher than that of carbon 3 hrs after the injection, the difference being less evident at 6 hrs.T he measurable P-450 declined after the CS2 injection. It was approximately 40% in the phenobarbitone pretreated rats and 60% in control rats of the values of animals which were not treated with CS2. CS2 did not affect microsomal epoxide hydratase activity, while it increased the measurable activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. The increase was evident 3 hrs after the injection of CS2 in the phenobarbitone pretreated rats. It could also be detected in the control animals 6 hrs after the injection. The present data suggest that the change in the measureble P-450 results from the binding of the metabolite(s) of CS2 to the cytochrome, and its subsequent degradation. The increase in measurable UDP-glycuronosyltransferase activity results probably from the activated perturbation of the structure of microsomal membrane by the metabolites of CS2 in vivo.", "contents": "The in vivo toxicity of CS2 to liver microsomes: binding of labelled CS2 and changes of the microsomal enzyme activities. The binding of 35S and 14C labelled CS2 to liver microsomes was studied in control and phenobarbitone pretreated rats 3 and 6 hrs after an intraperitoneal injection. The level of hepatic cytochrome P-450, the activities of epoxide hydratase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase were analyzed in the same animals. The binding of the sulphur label was considerably higher than that of carbon 3 hrs after the injection, the difference being less evident at 6 hrs.T he measurable P-450 declined after the CS2 injection. It was approximately 40% in the phenobarbitone pretreated rats and 60% in control rats of the values of animals which were not treated with CS2. CS2 did not affect microsomal epoxide hydratase activity, while it increased the measurable activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. The increase was evident 3 hrs after the injection of CS2 in the phenobarbitone pretreated rats. It could also be detected in the control animals 6 hrs after the injection. The present data suggest that the change in the measureble P-450 results from the binding of the metabolite(s) of CS2 to the cytochrome, and its subsequent degradation. The increase in measurable UDP-glycuronosyltransferase activity results probably from the activated perturbation of the structure of microsomal membrane by the metabolites of CS2 in vivo.", "PMID": 402793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1608", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) inchronic schizophrenia. A controlled study.", "content": "A controlled study on the effect of synthetic Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) versus placebo in 10 drug-free chronic schizophrenics is presented. TRH 600 mug or placebo was administered intravenously on 4 consecutive days in a double-blind cross-over design and the schizophrenic symptoms were scored daily by use of two rating scales (CPRS and NOSIE). Blood samples were taken before and 30 and 45 minutes after the first and the fourth injection and analyzed for TSH. No changes in symptom intensity were found during the TRH or placebo treatment period and no difference was obtained between the two treatments. The dose of TRH used caused a significant increase in the plasma level of TSH which indicated a normal pituitary responsiveness to TRH. The data do not support the notion that TRH has a beneficial effect in chronic schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) inchronic schizophrenia. A controlled study. A controlled study on the effect of synthetic Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) versus placebo in 10 drug-free chronic schizophrenics is presented. TRH 600 mug or placebo was administered intravenously on 4 consecutive days in a double-blind cross-over design and the schizophrenic symptoms were scored daily by use of two rating scales (CPRS and NOSIE). Blood samples were taken before and 30 and 45 minutes after the first and the fourth injection and analyzed for TSH. No changes in symptom intensity were found during the TRH or placebo treatment period and no difference was obtained between the two treatments. The dose of TRH used caused a significant increase in the plasma level of TSH which indicated a normal pituitary responsiveness to TRH. The data do not support the notion that TRH has a beneficial effect in chronic schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 402794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1609", "title": "Treatment of endogenous depressions with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) under oral administration.", "content": "In a double-blind study among six patients suffering from endogenous depression, three patients received thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) administered orally in doses of 20 mg three times a day for 3 weeks. In an open controlled study of three patients suffering from endogenous depression, two patients received oral TRH 20 mg four times a day for 2 weeks. Degree of depression according to Hamilton's Rating Scale measured during the study showed that TRH had no antidepressant effect. Thyroxine concentration in serum (T4) increased during the period of TRH treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of endogenous depressions with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) under oral administration. In a double-blind study among six patients suffering from endogenous depression, three patients received thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) administered orally in doses of 20 mg three times a day for 3 weeks. In an open controlled study of three patients suffering from endogenous depression, two patients received oral TRH 20 mg four times a day for 2 weeks. Degree of depression according to Hamilton's Rating Scale measured during the study showed that TRH had no antidepressant effect. Thyroxine concentration in serum (T4) increased during the period of TRH treatment.", "PMID": 402795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1610", "title": "Multidisciplinary meetings with relatives of elderly hospital patients in continuing-care wards.", "content": "A series of multidisciplinary meetings with the relatives of elderly patients in continuing-care wards is described. The enthusiasm engendered and the amount of useful information obtained left no doubt that the time was well spent. Meetings of this type are considered to be a valuable instrument for highlighting matters relevant to quality of care.", "contents": "Multidisciplinary meetings with relatives of elderly hospital patients in continuing-care wards. A series of multidisciplinary meetings with the relatives of elderly patients in continuing-care wards is described. The enthusiasm engendered and the amount of useful information obtained left no doubt that the time was well spent. Meetings of this type are considered to be a valuable instrument for highlighting matters relevant to quality of care.", "PMID": 402799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1611", "title": "The effects of discontinuing long-term diuretic therapy in the elderly.", "content": "The effects of discontinuing long-term diuretic therapy were investigated by means of a double-blind randomized controlled trial. A total of 141 elderly patients in the long-stay wards of six hospitals were found to be taking maintenance diuretics, and for 33 of these the drugs were judged to be mandatory. Of the remaining patients, 52 continued to receive diuretics while 54 were given matching placebo tablets. Eight in the latter group required diuretic therapy to be resumed during the following 12 weeks. The main change observed in patients who completed the trial was a slight increase of ankle oedema in the placebo group. Plasma potassium levels below 3.5 mEq/1 were found in some patients taking diuretics but not when the drugs had been withdrawn for 12 weeks. Blood pressure rose slightly in the placebo group and plasma urea rose slightly in the diuretic group. It was concluded that old people receiving long-term diuretic therapy without obvious current indication should have the drugs withdrawn under careful supervision so that those needing them could be identified.", "contents": "The effects of discontinuing long-term diuretic therapy in the elderly. The effects of discontinuing long-term diuretic therapy were investigated by means of a double-blind randomized controlled trial. A total of 141 elderly patients in the long-stay wards of six hospitals were found to be taking maintenance diuretics, and for 33 of these the drugs were judged to be mandatory. Of the remaining patients, 52 continued to receive diuretics while 54 were given matching placebo tablets. Eight in the latter group required diuretic therapy to be resumed during the following 12 weeks. The main change observed in patients who completed the trial was a slight increase of ankle oedema in the placebo group. Plasma potassium levels below 3.5 mEq/1 were found in some patients taking diuretics but not when the drugs had been withdrawn for 12 weeks. Blood pressure rose slightly in the placebo group and plasma urea rose slightly in the diuretic group. It was concluded that old people receiving long-term diuretic therapy without obvious current indication should have the drugs withdrawn under careful supervision so that those needing them could be identified.", "PMID": 402800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1612", "title": "Transient asymptomatic S-T segment depression during daily activity.", "content": "The significance of asymptomatic episodes of ischemic type S-T segment depression was studied in 20 patients with coronary heart disease. Continuous 10 hour electrocardiographic recordings accompanied by detailed daily diaries of activity and symptoms were obtained periodically during a mean time of 16 months. All patients had ischemic type S-T depression associated with angina pectoris during treadmill exercise. Measurements of heart rate, S-T depression and exercise level at the onset of angina obtained during repeated controlled exercise tests at the start of each study period were compared with the measurements recorded during daily activity. After 2,826 hours of recording, 411 transient epidsodes of ischemic type S-T depression were noted during usual daily activity. Only 101 (25 percent) of these episodes were associated with angina. The remaining episodes were unrelated to other symptoms or to posture. All occurred at heart rates significantly lower than those observed at the onset of angina during exercise testing. Of these episodes of asymptomatic S-T depression, 72 percent occurred only at rest or during very light activity such as slow walking or sitting. Nitroglycerin administered hourly significantly reduced the frequency of these episodes, thus supporting the concept that they represent painless ischemia. Because the episodes of asymptomatic ischemic type S-T depression occurred more frequently than angina during usual daily activity and were evident at heart rates and activity levels well below those expected to evoke ischemia, they may be caused by factors other than those that cause angina.", "contents": "Transient asymptomatic S-T segment depression during daily activity. The significance of asymptomatic episodes of ischemic type S-T segment depression was studied in 20 patients with coronary heart disease. Continuous 10 hour electrocardiographic recordings accompanied by detailed daily diaries of activity and symptoms were obtained periodically during a mean time of 16 months. All patients had ischemic type S-T depression associated with angina pectoris during treadmill exercise. Measurements of heart rate, S-T depression and exercise level at the onset of angina obtained during repeated controlled exercise tests at the start of each study period were compared with the measurements recorded during daily activity. After 2,826 hours of recording, 411 transient epidsodes of ischemic type S-T depression were noted during usual daily activity. Only 101 (25 percent) of these episodes were associated with angina. The remaining episodes were unrelated to other symptoms or to posture. All occurred at heart rates significantly lower than those observed at the onset of angina during exercise testing. Of these episodes of asymptomatic S-T depression, 72 percent occurred only at rest or during very light activity such as slow walking or sitting. Nitroglycerin administered hourly significantly reduced the frequency of these episodes, thus supporting the concept that they represent painless ischemia. Because the episodes of asymptomatic ischemic type S-T depression occurred more frequently than angina during usual daily activity and were evident at heart rates and activity levels well below those expected to evoke ischemia, they may be caused by factors other than those that cause angina.", "PMID": 402803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1613", "title": "Glutaraldehyde fixative tonicity for scanning electron microscopy of delicate chick embryos.", "content": "Fresh pullet eggs (White Leghorn strain) were incubated from 19-2ldium-gold and observed in a Cambridge S4 scanning electron microscope. Shrunken cells with intracellular yolk granules embossed on the surface are produced by the strongly hypertonic Karnovsky's fixer (Final: 2010 mOsm). Embryos fixed with modified Karnovsky's fixer (Final: 373 mOsm) possess surfaces with irregular microappendages. Swollen cells with few microappendages are observed when embryos are fixed in a hypotonic environment (Final: 250 mOsm or less). Ideal fixatives preserve a relatively flat surface, with cells bordered by smoothsurface microappendages. For adequate SEM fixation, fixative vehicle should be approximately isotonic for tissue, with aldehyde (2% or less) added to vehicle.", "contents": "Glutaraldehyde fixative tonicity for scanning electron microscopy of delicate chick embryos. Fresh pullet eggs (White Leghorn strain) were incubated from 19-2ldium-gold and observed in a Cambridge S4 scanning electron microscope. Shrunken cells with intracellular yolk granules embossed on the surface are produced by the strongly hypertonic Karnovsky's fixer (Final: 2010 mOsm). Embryos fixed with modified Karnovsky's fixer (Final: 373 mOsm) possess surfaces with irregular microappendages. Swollen cells with few microappendages are observed when embryos are fixed in a hypotonic environment (Final: 250 mOsm or less). Ideal fixatives preserve a relatively flat surface, with cells bordered by smoothsurface microappendages. For adequate SEM fixation, fixative vehicle should be approximately isotonic for tissue, with aldehyde (2% or less) added to vehicle.", "PMID": 402804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1614", "title": "3H-fucose incorporation into glycoproteins of toad bladder epithelial cells.", "content": "Electron microscope autoradiography was used to detect the incorporation of 3H-fucose into glycoproteins of toad bladder epithelial cells. After short exposure to 3H-fucose, without a chase period, the Golgi regions of all four cell types were labeled. When exposure to 3H-fucose was followed by chase periods (1,3,4 and 6 hours) the apical and basal-lateral plasma membranes of granular cells were heavily labeled. Apical granules and the cytoplasm of granular cells were also labeled, suggesting that they both provide the means for glycoprotein transfer from the Golgi to the plasma membranes. The heaviest labeling in mitochondria-rich cells, after the 1- and 3-hour chase periods, was over the apical tubules, although the apical and basal-lateral plasma membranes were also heavily labeled. After 4- and 6-hour chases, the labeling of the apical tubules decreased, whereas the labeling of the plasma membranes increased, strongly suggesting that in these cells apical tubules play a major role in the transfer of glycoproteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. Our results demonstrate that the route of 3H-fucose incorporation into plasma membrane glycoproteins and the rate of glycoprotein synthesis and breakdown are not the same in the two major epithelial cell types in toad bladder.", "contents": "3H-fucose incorporation into glycoproteins of toad bladder epithelial cells. Electron microscope autoradiography was used to detect the incorporation of 3H-fucose into glycoproteins of toad bladder epithelial cells. After short exposure to 3H-fucose, without a chase period, the Golgi regions of all four cell types were labeled. When exposure to 3H-fucose was followed by chase periods (1,3,4 and 6 hours) the apical and basal-lateral plasma membranes of granular cells were heavily labeled. Apical granules and the cytoplasm of granular cells were also labeled, suggesting that they both provide the means for glycoprotein transfer from the Golgi to the plasma membranes. The heaviest labeling in mitochondria-rich cells, after the 1- and 3-hour chase periods, was over the apical tubules, although the apical and basal-lateral plasma membranes were also heavily labeled. After 4- and 6-hour chases, the labeling of the apical tubules decreased, whereas the labeling of the plasma membranes increased, strongly suggesting that in these cells apical tubules play a major role in the transfer of glycoproteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. Our results demonstrate that the route of 3H-fucose incorporation into plasma membrane glycoproteins and the rate of glycoprotein synthesis and breakdown are not the same in the two major epithelial cell types in toad bladder.", "PMID": 402805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1615", "title": "Hemodynamic findings in servere protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "This study was undertaken because circulatory distrubances had been advanced as a possible cause of death during initial renourishing of protein-calorie deprived children. Body weight, plasma albumin concentration, intravascular volumes (radiochromium), cardiac index (dye dilution technique), intravascular pressures (flow-guided catheterization), and related hemodynamic parameters were determined at rest in 43 infection-free African children with a form of protein-calorie malnutrition known as marasmic kwashiokor, and were compared with values observed in 24 convalescent children. The malnourished children showed a prolonged circulation time with a tendency to bradycardia and hypotension; cardiac index, stroke index, and heart work were significantly reduced, as were the intravascular volumes. Hemodynamic data correlated with either body weight or plasma albumin and cardiac index bore a direct relation to red cell volume. In the most severely malnourished subjects, ventricle filling pressures were low and vascular resistances were high. It is inferred that most patients were in an adaptive hypocirculatory state comparable to hypothroidism, while the most severely malnourished children showed frank peripheral circulatory failure comparable to hypovolemic shock. Circulatory failure on admission was associated with high death rate during treatment but the relation between cause and effect could not be clearly demonstrated.", "contents": "Hemodynamic findings in servere protein-calorie malnutrition. This study was undertaken because circulatory distrubances had been advanced as a possible cause of death during initial renourishing of protein-calorie deprived children. Body weight, plasma albumin concentration, intravascular volumes (radiochromium), cardiac index (dye dilution technique), intravascular pressures (flow-guided catheterization), and related hemodynamic parameters were determined at rest in 43 infection-free African children with a form of protein-calorie malnutrition known as marasmic kwashiokor, and were compared with values observed in 24 convalescent children. The malnourished children showed a prolonged circulation time with a tendency to bradycardia and hypotension; cardiac index, stroke index, and heart work were significantly reduced, as were the intravascular volumes. Hemodynamic data correlated with either body weight or plasma albumin and cardiac index bore a direct relation to red cell volume. In the most severely malnourished subjects, ventricle filling pressures were low and vascular resistances were high. It is inferred that most patients were in an adaptive hypocirculatory state comparable to hypothroidism, while the most severely malnourished children showed frank peripheral circulatory failure comparable to hypovolemic shock. Circulatory failure on admission was associated with high death rate during treatment but the relation between cause and effect could not be clearly demonstrated.", "PMID": 402806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1616", "title": "Blood volume changes during treatment of protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Intravascular volmes were sequentially determined in 13 African children recovering from protein-calorie malnutrition. The red cell volume was measured by a radiochromium technique; the total blood volume and the plasma volume were calculated. The absolute volumes were related to body size and were compared with the control values. Before treatment, the total blood volume was low per unit of body size, the red cell volume was more reduced than the plasma volume. On the 20th realimentation day, the absolute red cell volume had increased less than the absolute plasma volume, the total blood volume was almost normal per unti of body size. On the 60th realimentation day, near recovery, the absolute red cell volume had again increased, but again less than the absolute plasma volume, and the venous hematocrit was lower than on admission; the total blood volume was normalized per unit of body size, the red cell volume was low with a supranormal plasma volume. The rehabilitation period was characterized by an aggravation of the hemodilution already present before treatment. The significance of the changes in volemia per unit of body size was unclear because of the changing body composition.", "contents": "Blood volume changes during treatment of protein-calorie malnutrition. Intravascular volmes were sequentially determined in 13 African children recovering from protein-calorie malnutrition. The red cell volume was measured by a radiochromium technique; the total blood volume and the plasma volume were calculated. The absolute volumes were related to body size and were compared with the control values. Before treatment, the total blood volume was low per unit of body size, the red cell volume was more reduced than the plasma volume. On the 20th realimentation day, the absolute red cell volume had increased less than the absolute plasma volume, the total blood volume was almost normal per unti of body size. On the 60th realimentation day, near recovery, the absolute red cell volume had again increased, but again less than the absolute plasma volume, and the venous hematocrit was lower than on admission; the total blood volume was normalized per unit of body size, the red cell volume was low with a supranormal plasma volume. The rehabilitation period was characterized by an aggravation of the hemodilution already present before treatment. The significance of the changes in volemia per unit of body size was unclear because of the changing body composition.", "PMID": 402807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1617", "title": "Protein and calorie malnutrition in infant cebus monkeys: growth and behavioral development during deprivation and rehabilitation.", "content": "The growth and development of 32 cebus monkeys were studied during a period of insult in nutritional or rearing conditions and after rehabilitation. Eight experimental groups of four animals each were subjected to one of four diets--control, protein restricted, calorie restricted, and protein-calorie restricted, and one of two rearing conditions-partial isolation or a comparatively enriched condition-in a 4 x 2 factorial design. The period of insult from 2 to 6 months of age was followed by 6 months of rehabilitation in both diet and rearing conditions. It was found that only diet affected physical growth, but both diet and rearing affected behavioral development and exploratory behavior. Whereas calorie deficiency produced a direct effect on behavior independent of rearing conditions, protein deficiency produced an effect only in combination with rearing restriction. The effect of protein-calorie deficiency had some characteristics in common with each of the other deficiencies. Retardation in rate of behavioral development was less severe than retardation in growth, most notably in the protein-restricted, enriched-rearing group, producing animals who were behaviorally mature for their size. All groups caught up in physical growth during rehabilitation but the protein-calorie restricted groups failed to recuperate completely in exploratory behavior.", "contents": "Protein and calorie malnutrition in infant cebus monkeys: growth and behavioral development during deprivation and rehabilitation. The growth and development of 32 cebus monkeys were studied during a period of insult in nutritional or rearing conditions and after rehabilitation. Eight experimental groups of four animals each were subjected to one of four diets--control, protein restricted, calorie restricted, and protein-calorie restricted, and one of two rearing conditions-partial isolation or a comparatively enriched condition-in a 4 x 2 factorial design. The period of insult from 2 to 6 months of age was followed by 6 months of rehabilitation in both diet and rearing conditions. It was found that only diet affected physical growth, but both diet and rearing affected behavioral development and exploratory behavior. Whereas calorie deficiency produced a direct effect on behavior independent of rearing conditions, protein deficiency produced an effect only in combination with rearing restriction. The effect of protein-calorie deficiency had some characteristics in common with each of the other deficiencies. Retardation in rate of behavioral development was less severe than retardation in growth, most notably in the protein-restricted, enriched-rearing group, producing animals who were behaviorally mature for their size. All groups caught up in physical growth during rehabilitation but the protein-calorie restricted groups failed to recuperate completely in exploratory behavior.", "PMID": 402808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1618", "title": "Absence of the biochemical symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency in surgical patients undergoing protein sparing therapy.", "content": "The biochemical symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency appear within 7 to 10 days of fat-free total parenteral nutrition using glucose-amino acid mixtures. The linoleic acid (C18:2W6) content of all plasma lipid fractions decreases greatly and plasma eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3W9) increases. We have measured the fatty acid composition of the plasma lipid fractions in six surgical patients receiving parenteral nutritional solutions containing only amino acids, and completely free of glucose, before and after 10 to 14 days of such therapy. Biochemical symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency did not occur. The fatty acid composition of all plasma lipid fractions remained unchanged after this time period. Mobilization of linoleic acid from the adipose tissue occurred with this treatment in contrast to the inhibition of lipolysis of adipose tissue triglyceride produced by continuous infusions of hypertonic glucose-amino acid mixtures.", "contents": "Absence of the biochemical symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency in surgical patients undergoing protein sparing therapy. The biochemical symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency appear within 7 to 10 days of fat-free total parenteral nutrition using glucose-amino acid mixtures. The linoleic acid (C18:2W6) content of all plasma lipid fractions decreases greatly and plasma eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3W9) increases. We have measured the fatty acid composition of the plasma lipid fractions in six surgical patients receiving parenteral nutritional solutions containing only amino acids, and completely free of glucose, before and after 10 to 14 days of such therapy. Biochemical symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency did not occur. The fatty acid composition of all plasma lipid fractions remained unchanged after this time period. Mobilization of linoleic acid from the adipose tissue occurred with this treatment in contrast to the inhibition of lipolysis of adipose tissue triglyceride produced by continuous infusions of hypertonic glucose-amino acid mixtures.", "PMID": 402809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1619", "title": "Low-dose intravenous insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis in children.", "content": "Fourteen pediatric patients were successfully treated for diabetic ketoacidosis with continuous low-dose intravenous insulin. The average admission blood glucose concentration was 717 mg/100 ml and the mean admission capillary blood pH was 7.13. The insulin dosage was 0.25 units/kg every four hours. The average total insulin dose for recovery was 0.6 units/kg. No complication was observed. The method is effective, safe, and simple to administer.", "contents": "Low-dose intravenous insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Fourteen pediatric patients were successfully treated for diabetic ketoacidosis with continuous low-dose intravenous insulin. The average admission blood glucose concentration was 717 mg/100 ml and the mean admission capillary blood pH was 7.13. The insulin dosage was 0.25 units/kg every four hours. The average total insulin dose for recovery was 0.6 units/kg. No complication was observed. The method is effective, safe, and simple to administer.", "PMID": 402811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1620", "title": "Menopause in rhesus monkeys: model for study of disorders in the human climacteric.", "content": "Hormonal and menstrual patterns were studied in rhesus monkeys 22 years of age or older. Sustained elevations of serum gonodotropins, low circulating levels of estradiol and progesterone, associated with oligomenorrhea or amneorrhea, were similar to changes reported for peri- and postmenopausal women. During the menopausal transition, pituitary FSH appears to be modulated independently of LH. These observations suggest that the rhesus monkey may be a suitable model for study of disorders afflicting women in the climacteric.", "contents": "Menopause in rhesus monkeys: model for study of disorders in the human climacteric. Hormonal and menstrual patterns were studied in rhesus monkeys 22 years of age or older. Sustained elevations of serum gonodotropins, low circulating levels of estradiol and progesterone, associated with oligomenorrhea or amneorrhea, were similar to changes reported for peri- and postmenopausal women. During the menopausal transition, pituitary FSH appears to be modulated independently of LH. These observations suggest that the rhesus monkey may be a suitable model for study of disorders afflicting women in the climacteric.", "PMID": 402812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1621", "title": "Dentofacial changes produced by extraoral forward force in the Macaca irus.", "content": "Eleven Macaca irus monkeys with a mixed or a permanent dentition were used in a study of the possible effects of extraoral forward force on the growth of the dentofacial skeleton. An intermittent forward force of 300 Gm. per side was applied, and the effects were analyzed by means of model casts, cephalometric radiographs, tetracycline bone marking, microradiographs, and histologic preparations. The results obtained were as follows: 1. An extraoral forward force caused significant changes in the circum-maxillary sutures and the maxillary tuberosity. 2. It was found that intermittent force of 300 Gm. per side resulted in desirable reactions in the sutures in young monkeys. 3. It was suggested that reactions in the suture might occur as a result of (1) an opening of the suture, (2) stretching of sutural connective tissue fibers, (3) new bone deposition along the stretched fibers, and (4) homeostasis which maintained the sutural width. 4. The maxillary complex showed a positional change with a little counterclockwise rotation. 5. A local reaction was observed histologically in the adult, but the degree was less than that seen in the young monkey. 6. It was considered that a forward movement of the maxillary complex would readily be accomplished by increasing sutural activity as early as possible. 7. Clinically, it was assumed that the hooks attached to the intraoral appliance should be placed as far frontally as possible. The present study seemed to indicate that forward movement of the maxillary complex would be performed with an extraoral anterior-pull appliance. Further investigation should be designed to evaluate a possible skeletal relapse after an orthopedic approach.", "contents": "Dentofacial changes produced by extraoral forward force in the Macaca irus. Eleven Macaca irus monkeys with a mixed or a permanent dentition were used in a study of the possible effects of extraoral forward force on the growth of the dentofacial skeleton. An intermittent forward force of 300 Gm. per side was applied, and the effects were analyzed by means of model casts, cephalometric radiographs, tetracycline bone marking, microradiographs, and histologic preparations. The results obtained were as follows: 1. An extraoral forward force caused significant changes in the circum-maxillary sutures and the maxillary tuberosity. 2. It was found that intermittent force of 300 Gm. per side resulted in desirable reactions in the sutures in young monkeys. 3. It was suggested that reactions in the suture might occur as a result of (1) an opening of the suture, (2) stretching of sutural connective tissue fibers, (3) new bone deposition along the stretched fibers, and (4) homeostasis which maintained the sutural width. 4. The maxillary complex showed a positional change with a little counterclockwise rotation. 5. A local reaction was observed histologically in the adult, but the degree was less than that seen in the young monkey. 6. It was considered that a forward movement of the maxillary complex would readily be accomplished by increasing sutural activity as early as possible. 7. Clinically, it was assumed that the hooks attached to the intraoral appliance should be placed as far frontally as possible. The present study seemed to indicate that forward movement of the maxillary complex would be performed with an extraoral anterior-pull appliance. Further investigation should be designed to evaluate a possible skeletal relapse after an orthopedic approach.", "PMID": 402814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1622", "title": "Chagasic cardiopathy. Immunopathologic and morphologic studies in myocardial biopsies.", "content": "Immunopathologic and morphologic studies at the light and transmission electron microscope levels were carried out in myocardial biopsies of 4 chagasic individuals with circulating antibodies reacting with plasma membrane of striated muscle and endothelial cells (EVI antibody). Two cases did not present clinical evidences of heart involvement, and 2 cases showed chronic heart disease. In viv deposits of immunoglobulins were found at the plasma membrane of working myocardial cells and endothelial cells. The cytologic location of the in vivo bound gamma-globulin was coincident with the specificity of the EVI antibody. Ultrastructural studies showed intracellular alterations compatible with hypoxia of the fibers; these lesions, although they were more severe in the 2 cases with heart disease, were also present in the asymptomatic individuals. These results are congruent with a possible pathogenic effect of the EVI antibody. In 2 patients with Chagas' heart disease, foci of mononuclear infiltrates were examined by transmission electron microscopy. At that level, a close relationship between lymphoctes and muscle cells was observed, with imbrication of the plasma membranes and disappearance of the basal laminae. In the neighborhood of the lymphocytes, definite muscle cell abnormalities were found. These observations are also congruent with the recently suggested possibility that a lymphocyte-mediated immune response against heart tissue may participate in some of the pathogenetic mechanisms of chronic chagasic cardiopathy.", "contents": "Chagasic cardiopathy. Immunopathologic and morphologic studies in myocardial biopsies. Immunopathologic and morphologic studies at the light and transmission electron microscope levels were carried out in myocardial biopsies of 4 chagasic individuals with circulating antibodies reacting with plasma membrane of striated muscle and endothelial cells (EVI antibody). Two cases did not present clinical evidences of heart involvement, and 2 cases showed chronic heart disease. In viv deposits of immunoglobulins were found at the plasma membrane of working myocardial cells and endothelial cells. The cytologic location of the in vivo bound gamma-globulin was coincident with the specificity of the EVI antibody. Ultrastructural studies showed intracellular alterations compatible with hypoxia of the fibers; these lesions, although they were more severe in the 2 cases with heart disease, were also present in the asymptomatic individuals. These results are congruent with a possible pathogenic effect of the EVI antibody. In 2 patients with Chagas' heart disease, foci of mononuclear infiltrates were examined by transmission electron microscopy. At that level, a close relationship between lymphoctes and muscle cells was observed, with imbrication of the plasma membranes and disappearance of the basal laminae. In the neighborhood of the lymphocytes, definite muscle cell abnormalities were found. These observations are also congruent with the recently suggested possibility that a lymphocyte-mediated immune response against heart tissue may participate in some of the pathogenetic mechanisms of chronic chagasic cardiopathy.", "PMID": 402815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1623", "title": "Experimental toxemia of pregnancy in the monkey, with a preliminary report on renin and aldosterone.", "content": "Experimental toxemia of pregnancy was induced in 8 pregnant monkeys (Macacamulatta) by reducing the abdomiinal aorta to one-third of its original diameter during the last month of gestation. It was characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. In the kidney, light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence revealed findings similar to those in human toxemia. Focal necrosis in the liver and diffuse hemorrhagic infarctions in the placenta were also observed. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels, as determined in blood from the uterine vein, were elevated. None of these changes were found in 4 control animals.", "contents": "Experimental toxemia of pregnancy in the monkey, with a preliminary report on renin and aldosterone. Experimental toxemia of pregnancy was induced in 8 pregnant monkeys (Macacamulatta) by reducing the abdomiinal aorta to one-third of its original diameter during the last month of gestation. It was characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. In the kidney, light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence revealed findings similar to those in human toxemia. Focal necrosis in the liver and diffuse hemorrhagic infarctions in the placenta were also observed. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels, as determined in blood from the uterine vein, were elevated. None of these changes were found in 4 control animals.", "PMID": 402816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1624", "title": "Patterns of cellular proliferation in normal and tumor cell populations.", "content": "Three types of cell mosaics have been used in mammalian studies: hemopoietic shimeras, mosaics formed by aggregation of preimplatation embryos, and mosaics resulting from X-chromosome inactivation. The problems investigated with these cell mosaics have included normal tissue orgaization, cell selection, primordial cell pool sizes, and tumor cell kinetics. The emphasis in this review is on the application of X-chromosome inactivation mosaics to the analysis of tumor cell proliferation. The first application of mosaicism to tumor ontogeny involved leiomyomas and demonstrated single cell and independent origin of the tumors. Other tumor studies are reviewed including those of presumed multiple cell origin, especially those of hereditary origin and viral  etiology. The concept of target size is invoked to explain these multiple cell origin tumors. The recent reports on the clonal nature of atherosclerotic plaques is also discussed. Emphasis is placed on resolving the relationship between the multiclonal underlying fatty streak and the clonal plaque in order to understand the implications of the clonal plaques.", "contents": "Patterns of cellular proliferation in normal and tumor cell populations. Three types of cell mosaics have been used in mammalian studies: hemopoietic shimeras, mosaics formed by aggregation of preimplatation embryos, and mosaics resulting from X-chromosome inactivation. The problems investigated with these cell mosaics have included normal tissue orgaization, cell selection, primordial cell pool sizes, and tumor cell kinetics. The emphasis in this review is on the application of X-chromosome inactivation mosaics to the analysis of tumor cell proliferation. The first application of mosaicism to tumor ontogeny involved leiomyomas and demonstrated single cell and independent origin of the tumors. Other tumor studies are reviewed including those of presumed multiple cell origin, especially those of hereditary origin and viral  etiology. The concept of target size is invoked to explain these multiple cell origin tumors. The recent reports on the clonal nature of atherosclerotic plaques is also discussed. Emphasis is placed on resolving the relationship between the multiclonal underlying fatty streak and the clonal plaque in order to understand the implications of the clonal plaques.", "PMID": 402817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1625", "title": "Renal electrolyte circadian rhythms: independence from feeding and activity patterns.", "content": "The interrelationships between urinary electrolyte circadian rhythms and rhythms of feeding, drinking and activity were studied in six conscious chair-acclimatized squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) kept in temperature-controlled isolation chambers on a light-dark (LD) 12:12 h cycle. With lights on (600 lx) from 0800 to 2000 h and off (less than 1 lx) from 2000 to 0800 h, renal potassium excretion in monkeys fed ad libitum fell to a daily minimum of 64 +/- 6 mueq/h at 0500 h and rose to a maximum of 274 +/- 13 mueq/h at 1700 h. Sodium excretion fell to a minimum of 13 +/- 2 mueq/h at 1000 h and rose to a maximum of 43 +/- 6 mueq/h at 2100 h, while water excretion fell to a minimum of 869 +/- 63 mul/h at 0500 h and rose to a maximum of 2,307 +/- 222 mul/h at 1700 h. Feeding, drinking, and activity occurred only during the lights-on period. Independence of the urinary rhythms from diurnal variations in feeding, drinking, and activity was established a) by depriving monkeys of food, b) by depriving monkeys of water, and c) by training monkeys to perform a 2-hourly schedule of feeding, drinking, and activity throughout day and night. None of these three regimens resulted in major reductions of the amplitude, or changes in the phase of the circadian rhythms of urinary electrolyte or water excretion. These findings indicate that the circadian rhythms of urinary potassium, sodium, and water excretion are controlled by mechanisms that are not passively dependent on the behavioral patterns of feeding, drinking, and activity.", "contents": "Renal electrolyte circadian rhythms: independence from feeding and activity patterns. The interrelationships between urinary electrolyte circadian rhythms and rhythms of feeding, drinking and activity were studied in six conscious chair-acclimatized squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) kept in temperature-controlled isolation chambers on a light-dark (LD) 12:12 h cycle. With lights on (600 lx) from 0800 to 2000 h and off (less than 1 lx) from 2000 to 0800 h, renal potassium excretion in monkeys fed ad libitum fell to a daily minimum of 64 +/- 6 mueq/h at 0500 h and rose to a maximum of 274 +/- 13 mueq/h at 1700 h. Sodium excretion fell to a minimum of 13 +/- 2 mueq/h at 1000 h and rose to a maximum of 43 +/- 6 mueq/h at 2100 h, while water excretion fell to a minimum of 869 +/- 63 mul/h at 0500 h and rose to a maximum of 2,307 +/- 222 mul/h at 1700 h. Feeding, drinking, and activity occurred only during the lights-on period. Independence of the urinary rhythms from diurnal variations in feeding, drinking, and activity was established a) by depriving monkeys of food, b) by depriving monkeys of water, and c) by training monkeys to perform a 2-hourly schedule of feeding, drinking, and activity throughout day and night. None of these three regimens resulted in major reductions of the amplitude, or changes in the phase of the circadian rhythms of urinary electrolyte or water excretion. These findings indicate that the circadian rhythms of urinary potassium, sodium, and water excretion are controlled by mechanisms that are not passively dependent on the behavioral patterns of feeding, drinking, and activity.", "PMID": 402818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1626", "title": "Simultaneous regional myocardial blood flows by tritiated water and microspheres.", "content": "Regional myocardial blood flow (RMF) was measured simultaneously by use of labeled 8-mum microspheres and the constant-rate infusion of 3H2O in 22 open-chest dogs (Na pentobarbital anesthesia) under markedly different hemodynamic conditions. Following cardiac excision, three adjacent 80-mg tissue samples were taken from the subendocardial, mid-wall, and subepicardial layers of quadrantal left ventricular (LV) segments of the basal and midventricular cardiac slices, and from one segment of the apical slice, totaling 81 samples per LV. RMF was calculated by the microsphere reference-flow technique and by two 3H2O tissue-uptake models. Good agreement between techniques (r=0.9-0.96) was found in comparing flows to the myocardial layers. Using Kety's \"single-mixer\" model of 3H2O tissue uptake, fairly good agreement was found between techniques in the 80-mg tissue samples; the cofficient of variation from regression was 18.5% which improved markedly to 12.3% when the flow values for each technique were averaged in the three adjacent samples. Analysis of variance showed that flow to the various LV subdivisions (layer, segment, slice) of control animals was heterogeneous.", "contents": "Simultaneous regional myocardial blood flows by tritiated water and microspheres. Regional myocardial blood flow (RMF) was measured simultaneously by use of labeled 8-mum microspheres and the constant-rate infusion of 3H2O in 22 open-chest dogs (Na pentobarbital anesthesia) under markedly different hemodynamic conditions. Following cardiac excision, three adjacent 80-mg tissue samples were taken from the subendocardial, mid-wall, and subepicardial layers of quadrantal left ventricular (LV) segments of the basal and midventricular cardiac slices, and from one segment of the apical slice, totaling 81 samples per LV. RMF was calculated by the microsphere reference-flow technique and by two 3H2O tissue-uptake models. Good agreement between techniques (r=0.9-0.96) was found in comparing flows to the myocardial layers. Using Kety's \"single-mixer\" model of 3H2O tissue uptake, fairly good agreement was found between techniques in the 80-mg tissue samples; the cofficient of variation from regression was 18.5% which improved markedly to 12.3% when the flow values for each technique were averaged in the three adjacent samples. Analysis of variance showed that flow to the various LV subdivisions (layer, segment, slice) of control animals was heterogeneous.", "PMID": 402819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1627", "title": "Detection of contraction of isolated smooth muscle cells in suspension.", "content": "A Coulter counter has been utilized to assess the contractile state of suspensions of isolated smooth muscle cells prepared by enzymatic digestion of stomach muscularis of Bufo marinus. Pulse-duration and pulse-hieght histograms were constructed from the pulses that occur as cells pass through the Coulter counter orifice. Contraction of cells in suspension causes shifts in these pulse histograms to a greater percent of shorter duration pulses and of larger pulse heights. These shifts are consistent with teh assumption made in out studies that the duration and amplitude of the pulses generated are related to the length and cross-sectional area (or square of the diameter), respectively, of the cell. Shifts in the pulse-height histogram were found to be more reliable. The results of a calibration experiment in which shifts in the histograms of pulse heights were linerrly related to shifts in the histograms of all lengths measured from photomicrographs suggested that the shifts in the pulse-height histogram could be used as a continuous index of changes in the contractile state of a population of cells in suspension.", "contents": "Detection of contraction of isolated smooth muscle cells in suspension. A Coulter counter has been utilized to assess the contractile state of suspensions of isolated smooth muscle cells prepared by enzymatic digestion of stomach muscularis of Bufo marinus. Pulse-duration and pulse-hieght histograms were constructed from the pulses that occur as cells pass through the Coulter counter orifice. Contraction of cells in suspension causes shifts in these pulse histograms to a greater percent of shorter duration pulses and of larger pulse heights. These shifts are consistent with teh assumption made in out studies that the duration and amplitude of the pulses generated are related to the length and cross-sectional area (or square of the diameter), respectively, of the cell. Shifts in the pulse-height histogram were found to be more reliable. The results of a calibration experiment in which shifts in the histograms of pulse heights were linerrly related to shifts in the histograms of all lengths measured from photomicrographs suggested that the shifts in the pulse-height histogram could be used as a continuous index of changes in the contractile state of a population of cells in suspension.", "PMID": 402820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1628", "title": "Characteristics of response of isolated smooth muscle cells to cholinergic drugs.", "content": "The contractile responses of suspensions of isolated smooth muscle cells from the stomach muscularis of Bufo marinus were assessed with a Coulter counter. Contractile responses of strips from the same tissue were recorded isotonically. Suspensions of isolated smooth muscle cells exhibit a dose-dependent graded response to cholinergic agonists. The intact tissue has a lower sensitivity than the isolated cells to acetycholine but a higher sensitivity to carbachol. The higher sensitivity of isolated cells to acetycholine probably reflected decreased efficiency of cholinesterases upon removal of diffusion barriers. Because the isolated smooth muscle cells have affinity constants for atropine (K1 equals 0.07 +/- 0.02NM) and carbachol (9.5 +/- 3.7 muM) similar to that in this and other intact tissues, the affinity of the cholinergic receptor appears unaffected by cell isolation. The rate constant for dissociation (k2) of atropine was estimated from the slowing of response to carbachol by atropine; k2 in the isolated cells is 100 times larger than seen in intact tissues. Further insight into the interaction of cholinergic substances with their smooth muscle receptors might by obtained using this system. The isolated cells contain intact receptors, and diffusion limitations inherent to intact tissue have been removed.", "contents": "Characteristics of response of isolated smooth muscle cells to cholinergic drugs. The contractile responses of suspensions of isolated smooth muscle cells from the stomach muscularis of Bufo marinus were assessed with a Coulter counter. Contractile responses of strips from the same tissue were recorded isotonically. Suspensions of isolated smooth muscle cells exhibit a dose-dependent graded response to cholinergic agonists. The intact tissue has a lower sensitivity than the isolated cells to acetycholine but a higher sensitivity to carbachol. The higher sensitivity of isolated cells to acetycholine probably reflected decreased efficiency of cholinesterases upon removal of diffusion barriers. Because the isolated smooth muscle cells have affinity constants for atropine (K1 equals 0.07 +/- 0.02NM) and carbachol (9.5 +/- 3.7 muM) similar to that in this and other intact tissues, the affinity of the cholinergic receptor appears unaffected by cell isolation. The rate constant for dissociation (k2) of atropine was estimated from the slowing of response to carbachol by atropine; k2 in the isolated cells is 100 times larger than seen in intact tissues. Further insight into the interaction of cholinergic substances with their smooth muscle receptors might by obtained using this system. The isolated cells contain intact receptors, and diffusion limitations inherent to intact tissue have been removed.", "PMID": 402821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1629", "title": "Converting enzyme activity in endothelial cells isolated from pig pulmonary artery and aorta.", "content": "Converting enzyme activity was studied in endothelial cells, isolated from pig pulmonary arteries and aorta by exposure to collagenase. The measure was based on the release of His-Leu from Z-Phe-His-Leu was related to the DNA content of the cellular suspension. The same activity was found in the two types of endothelium: 1 nmol His-Leu/mug DNA per 30 min. Subendothelial cells showed a very low activity, amounting to 10% of the value found for the endothelium. The enzyme activity was 2inhibited by the nonapeptide SQ 20881, EDTA, and the lack of Cl- in the same fashion for the two types of endothelium. The presence of another enzyme hydrolyzing His-Leu was detected in both endothelial populations. Isolated fragments of plasma membrane, however, exhibited only converting enzyme activity. It can be concluded that endothelial cells isolated from large vessels of the pulmonary and the systemic circulations have similar properties when dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase activity is measured.", "contents": "Converting enzyme activity in endothelial cells isolated from pig pulmonary artery and aorta. Converting enzyme activity was studied in endothelial cells, isolated from pig pulmonary arteries and aorta by exposure to collagenase. The measure was based on the release of His-Leu from Z-Phe-His-Leu was related to the DNA content of the cellular suspension. The same activity was found in the two types of endothelium: 1 nmol His-Leu/mug DNA per 30 min. Subendothelial cells showed a very low activity, amounting to 10% of the value found for the endothelium. The enzyme activity was 2inhibited by the nonapeptide SQ 20881, EDTA, and the lack of Cl- in the same fashion for the two types of endothelium. The presence of another enzyme hydrolyzing His-Leu was detected in both endothelial populations. Isolated fragments of plasma membrane, however, exhibited only converting enzyme activity. It can be concluded that endothelial cells isolated from large vessels of the pulmonary and the systemic circulations have similar properties when dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase activity is measured.", "PMID": 402822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1630", "title": "Relation between bone mineralization, Ca absorption, and plasma Ca in phosphonate-treated rats.", "content": "Disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) is known to inhibit the crystallization of calcium phosphate salts in vitro. Large doses of EHDP administered in vivo inhibit skeletal mineralization, decrease intestinal calcium absorption, and produce hypercalcemia. In the present study, EHDP or one of 13 other phosphonates were given to rats at 10 mg P/kg-day sc for 7 days in order to better define the nature of the relationship between bone mineralization, intestinal absorption, and plasma calcium in the regulation of calcium homeostasis. Each of the phosphonates which inhibited skeletal mineralization in vivo also inhibited crystallization in vitro, but the converse was not true. A very close correlation was found between inhibition of skeletal mineralization, decreased intestinal calcium absorption, and slight hypercalcemia. A dose-response study with two compounds also revealed the same close correlation. It is argued that the impairment of intestinal calcium absorption in phosphonate-treated rats may represent a secondary homeostatic response to the primary effect of the drugs on bone mineralization. This response may be mediated by an elevation of a fraction of plasma calcium.", "contents": "Relation between bone mineralization, Ca absorption, and plasma Ca in phosphonate-treated rats. Disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) is known to inhibit the crystallization of calcium phosphate salts in vitro. Large doses of EHDP administered in vivo inhibit skeletal mineralization, decrease intestinal calcium absorption, and produce hypercalcemia. In the present study, EHDP or one of 13 other phosphonates were given to rats at 10 mg P/kg-day sc for 7 days in order to better define the nature of the relationship between bone mineralization, intestinal absorption, and plasma calcium in the regulation of calcium homeostasis. Each of the phosphonates which inhibited skeletal mineralization in vivo also inhibited crystallization in vitro, but the converse was not true. A very close correlation was found between inhibition of skeletal mineralization, decreased intestinal calcium absorption, and slight hypercalcemia. A dose-response study with two compounds also revealed the same close correlation. It is argued that the impairment of intestinal calcium absorption in phosphonate-treated rats may represent a secondary homeostatic response to the primary effect of the drugs on bone mineralization. This response may be mediated by an elevation of a fraction of plasma calcium.", "PMID": 402823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1631", "title": "Potassium activity and plasma membrane potentials in epithelial cells of toad bladder.", "content": "Intracellular potassium activity (aki), mucosal and serosal membrane potential (mEm, sEm), short-circuit current (Isc), and transepithelial potential difference in the epithelium of the toad bladder were measured with a potassium-sensitive liquid ion exchanger and an ordinary microelectrode. Under basal conditions, aki was 41.2 +/- 0.5 mM, corresponding to 54.4 mM in free potassium concentration, so half or more of the intracellular potassium may be of bound form or sequestrated within subcellular organelles. The sEm cannot be explained by only the potassium equilibrium potential (Eeq), because the sEm was markedly lower than the Eeq and no relation was found between them. Ouabain and rotenone decreased the aki, but ethacrynic acid, which also inhibited the Isc and the membrane potentials, did not show any effect on aki. Vasopressin decreased aki with an elevation in mEm, whereas prostaglandin E1 increased the aki with elevation in the sEm. These characteristic changes may afford an insight into the mechanisms by which transcellular electrolyte transport occurs.", "contents": "Potassium activity and plasma membrane potentials in epithelial cells of toad bladder. Intracellular potassium activity (aki), mucosal and serosal membrane potential (mEm, sEm), short-circuit current (Isc), and transepithelial potential difference in the epithelium of the toad bladder were measured with a potassium-sensitive liquid ion exchanger and an ordinary microelectrode. Under basal conditions, aki was 41.2 +/- 0.5 mM, corresponding to 54.4 mM in free potassium concentration, so half or more of the intracellular potassium may be of bound form or sequestrated within subcellular organelles. The sEm cannot be explained by only the potassium equilibrium potential (Eeq), because the sEm was markedly lower than the Eeq and no relation was found between them. Ouabain and rotenone decreased the aki, but ethacrynic acid, which also inhibited the Isc and the membrane potentials, did not show any effect on aki. Vasopressin decreased aki with an elevation in mEm, whereas prostaglandin E1 increased the aki with elevation in the sEm. These characteristic changes may afford an insight into the mechanisms by which transcellular electrolyte transport occurs.", "PMID": 402824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1632", "title": "Bicarbonate ions in active sodium transport across toad bladder.", "content": "The conductance, ga, and electromotive force, E, of active ion transport across toad bladders mounted as sacs were estimated from electrical measurements made before and after addition of sufficient ouabain (1.89 X 10(-3) M) to eliminate spontaneous potential. The ratio of net sodium transport (estimated from bidirectional fluxes) to external current in bladders voltage clamped to 0 mV was significantly less than unity in a normal medium containing HCO3- and Cl- ions, and also when Cl- was replaced with SO42-. However, when acetazolamide was added or when HCO3- was replaced by phosphate, short-circuit current and net sodium transport became equal. Spontaneous potential, E, and ga were all reduced about 20% by these maneuvers. The response of bidirectional sodium fluxes to voltage clamping at 0 mV or 120 mV in a bicarbonate-free medium was otherwise similar to that observed in a normal medium: net flux varied linearly with potential and calculated fluxes in the active transport path indicated a value significantly greater than unity for the empirical constant Q in the equation for change in the flux ratio, f, with change in potential, psi, viz., delta ln f = Q(ZF/RT)delta psi, similar to the high value for this constant that we have found in a bicarbonate-containing medium. We conclude that bicarbonate ions facilitate active sodium transport and also may be actively transported from serosa to mucosa in Dominican toads. However, coupling between bicarbonate and sodium fluxes does not account for the high value for Q for sodium in the active transport path.", "contents": "Bicarbonate ions in active sodium transport across toad bladder. The conductance, ga, and electromotive force, E, of active ion transport across toad bladders mounted as sacs were estimated from electrical measurements made before and after addition of sufficient ouabain (1.89 X 10(-3) M) to eliminate spontaneous potential. The ratio of net sodium transport (estimated from bidirectional fluxes) to external current in bladders voltage clamped to 0 mV was significantly less than unity in a normal medium containing HCO3- and Cl- ions, and also when Cl- was replaced with SO42-. However, when acetazolamide was added or when HCO3- was replaced by phosphate, short-circuit current and net sodium transport became equal. Spontaneous potential, E, and ga were all reduced about 20% by these maneuvers. The response of bidirectional sodium fluxes to voltage clamping at 0 mV or 120 mV in a bicarbonate-free medium was otherwise similar to that observed in a normal medium: net flux varied linearly with potential and calculated fluxes in the active transport path indicated a value significantly greater than unity for the empirical constant Q in the equation for change in the flux ratio, f, with change in potential, psi, viz., delta ln f = Q(ZF/RT)delta psi, similar to the high value for this constant that we have found in a bicarbonate-containing medium. We conclude that bicarbonate ions facilitate active sodium transport and also may be actively transported from serosa to mucosa in Dominican toads. However, coupling between bicarbonate and sodium fluxes does not account for the high value for Q for sodium in the active transport path.", "PMID": 402825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1633", "title": "Insulin-mediated Na+ transport in the toad urinary bladder.", "content": "The characteristics of insulin-induced Na+ transport in the toad urinary bladder were determined and compared to those of aldosterone. Bladders were mounted in modified Ussing chambers, and standard short-circuit current techniques were employed to measure transepithelial Na+ transport. Insulin added to the serosal medium is much more effective than insulin added to the mucosal medium. Serosal insulin concentrations from 10(1) to 10(3) muU/ml increase both the initial rate and the final level of Na+ transport achieved, whereas concentrations from 10(3) to 10(5) muU/ml increase only the initial rate of Na+ transport. Insulin-induced Na+ transport probably does not require glucose. Both insulin- and aldosterone-induced Na+ transport are directly proportional to serosal (but not mucosal) K+ concentration over the physiologic range (2.0-7.0 meq/liter). However, cycloheximide abolishes aldosterone- but not insulin-induced Na+ transport. In addition, insulin stimulates Na+ transport after a maximal response to aldosterone, and aldosterone stimulates Na+ transport after a maximal response to insulin. Thus, although they have several similar characteristics, insulin and aldosterone have at least partially independent mechanisms of action on Na+ transport in the toad urinary bladder.", "contents": "Insulin-mediated Na+ transport in the toad urinary bladder. The characteristics of insulin-induced Na+ transport in the toad urinary bladder were determined and compared to those of aldosterone. Bladders were mounted in modified Ussing chambers, and standard short-circuit current techniques were employed to measure transepithelial Na+ transport. Insulin added to the serosal medium is much more effective than insulin added to the mucosal medium. Serosal insulin concentrations from 10(1) to 10(3) muU/ml increase both the initial rate and the final level of Na+ transport achieved, whereas concentrations from 10(3) to 10(5) muU/ml increase only the initial rate of Na+ transport. Insulin-induced Na+ transport probably does not require glucose. Both insulin- and aldosterone-induced Na+ transport are directly proportional to serosal (but not mucosal) K+ concentration over the physiologic range (2.0-7.0 meq/liter). However, cycloheximide abolishes aldosterone- but not insulin-induced Na+ transport. In addition, insulin stimulates Na+ transport after a maximal response to aldosterone, and aldosterone stimulates Na+ transport after a maximal response to insulin. Thus, although they have several similar characteristics, insulin and aldosterone have at least partially independent mechanisms of action on Na+ transport in the toad urinary bladder.", "PMID": 402826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1634", "title": "Bone extraction and blood clearance of diphosphonate in the dog.", "content": "The transcapillary extraction of diphosphonate, as [99mTc]EHDP, a substance used in bone scanning and for management of certain metabolic bone diseases, has been examined. The maximum instantaneous extraction for [99mTc]EHDP was 0.27 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- SD, N = 10) and the net extraction at 5 min was 0.18 +/- 0.05 (N = 10). The permeability ratio of [99mTc]EHDP to the freely diffusible compound, sucrose, using the formula PS = -Fs loge (1 - Emax), was 0.71. This is similar to the ratio of diffusion coefficients of EHDP to sucrose, which is estimated to be 0.78. These results suggest that the mechanism by which [99mTc]EHDP passes through the capillaries in bone is passive diffusion. Tissue level estimations of EHDP confirm a rapid blood clearance associated with an increase in the rate of urinary excretion; the level of [99mTc]EHDP in bone, however, remains constant. The fractional excretion of [99mTc]EHDP was 27.3 +/- 2.0% in control dogs and was unchanged by thyroparathyroidectomy and subsequent infusion of parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "Bone extraction and blood clearance of diphosphonate in the dog. The transcapillary extraction of diphosphonate, as [99mTc]EHDP, a substance used in bone scanning and for management of certain metabolic bone diseases, has been examined. The maximum instantaneous extraction for [99mTc]EHDP was 0.27 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- SD, N = 10) and the net extraction at 5 min was 0.18 +/- 0.05 (N = 10). The permeability ratio of [99mTc]EHDP to the freely diffusible compound, sucrose, using the formula PS = -Fs loge (1 - Emax), was 0.71. This is similar to the ratio of diffusion coefficients of EHDP to sucrose, which is estimated to be 0.78. These results suggest that the mechanism by which [99mTc]EHDP passes through the capillaries in bone is passive diffusion. Tissue level estimations of EHDP confirm a rapid blood clearance associated with an increase in the rate of urinary excretion; the level of [99mTc]EHDP in bone, however, remains constant. The fractional excretion of [99mTc]EHDP was 27.3 +/- 2.0% in control dogs and was unchanged by thyroparathyroidectomy and subsequent infusion of parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 402827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1635", "title": "Guide wire thrombogenicity measured by fibrinopeptide A radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for measurement of canine fibrinopeptide A, which provides a quantitative index of thrombin action on canine fibrinogen, was applied to measurements of the thrombogenicity of angiographic guide wires. Benzalkonium-heparin-treated Teflon-coated, untreated Teflon-coated, and uncoated stainless steel wires were compared in an experiment in dogs which closely simulated the use of these wires in humans. During the first 4 min after insertion, the benzalkonium-heparin-treated Teflon-coated wire was associated with significantly greater systemic levels of fibrinopeptide A than were either Teflon-coated or stainless steel wires. Beyond 10 min, markedly increased levels of fibrinopeptide A were measured in association with these latter two wires compared to the benzalkonium-heparin-treated Teflon-coated wire. Both the early rises in fibrinopeptide A associated with the benzalkonium-heparin-treated Teflon-coated wire and the late increases in fibrinopeptide A associated with the Teflon-coated and uncoated stainless steel wires could be eliminated by prior systemic administration of low dose heparin (40U/kg). These studies suggest that, at least in regard to activation of the plasma clotting system, the benzalkonium-heparin treatment offered no advantages over the other wires tested in terms of reduced thrombogenicity within the critical 10 min following insertion. No difference could be discerned between uncoated stainless steel wires and Teflon-coated stainless steel guide wires in this test.", "contents": "Guide wire thrombogenicity measured by fibrinopeptide A radioimmunoassay. A radioimmunoassay for measurement of canine fibrinopeptide A, which provides a quantitative index of thrombin action on canine fibrinogen, was applied to measurements of the thrombogenicity of angiographic guide wires. Benzalkonium-heparin-treated Teflon-coated, untreated Teflon-coated, and uncoated stainless steel wires were compared in an experiment in dogs which closely simulated the use of these wires in humans. During the first 4 min after insertion, the benzalkonium-heparin-treated Teflon-coated wire was associated with significantly greater systemic levels of fibrinopeptide A than were either Teflon-coated or stainless steel wires. Beyond 10 min, markedly increased levels of fibrinopeptide A were measured in association with these latter two wires compared to the benzalkonium-heparin-treated Teflon-coated wire. Both the early rises in fibrinopeptide A associated with the benzalkonium-heparin-treated Teflon-coated wire and the late increases in fibrinopeptide A associated with the Teflon-coated and uncoated stainless steel wires could be eliminated by prior systemic administration of low dose heparin (40U/kg). These studies suggest that, at least in regard to activation of the plasma clotting system, the benzalkonium-heparin treatment offered no advantages over the other wires tested in terms of reduced thrombogenicity within the critical 10 min following insertion. No difference could be discerned between uncoated stainless steel wires and Teflon-coated stainless steel guide wires in this test.", "PMID": 402829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1636", "title": "A new simple power injector.", "content": "A new simple pneumatic-hydraulic injection device has been constructed, tested, and used in clinical angiography. Is is the only injector which produces a square wave velocity curve with immediate rise time. Disposable plastic syringes are used which convert the velocity profile of the plunger into a smooth buildup time of the injectate, reducing recoil. The unit can be operated by both local or remote triggering. It has numerous advantages over commercially available devices, such as small size, simplicity of design, and safety features which eliminate shock hazards and reduce human error.", "contents": "A new simple power injector. A new simple pneumatic-hydraulic injection device has been constructed, tested, and used in clinical angiography. Is is the only injector which produces a square wave velocity curve with immediate rise time. Disposable plastic syringes are used which convert the velocity profile of the plunger into a smooth buildup time of the injectate, reducing recoil. The unit can be operated by both local or remote triggering. It has numerous advantages over commercially available devices, such as small size, simplicity of design, and safety features which eliminate shock hazards and reduce human error.", "PMID": 402830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1637", "title": "Left internal mammary artery--coronary artery bypass anatomy.", "content": "Bypass coronary surgery has made good use of the anatomic proximity of the internal mammary artery and the left anterior descending coronary artery. In preparing the internal mammary artery for bypass surgery, several of its proximal branches remain intact and are visualized during selective studies of the bypass graft. A brief description of these vessels is presented with specific attention to the branching and position of the pericardial vessels and their relationship to the grafted left anterior descending artery.", "contents": "Left internal mammary artery--coronary artery bypass anatomy. Bypass coronary surgery has made good use of the anatomic proximity of the internal mammary artery and the left anterior descending coronary artery. In preparing the internal mammary artery for bypass surgery, several of its proximal branches remain intact and are visualized during selective studies of the bypass graft. A brief description of these vessels is presented with specific attention to the branching and position of the pericardial vessels and their relationship to the grafted left anterior descending artery.", "PMID": 402832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1638", "title": "Peripheral arterial disease: assessment by arteriography and alternative noninvasive measurements.", "content": "In most centers arteriography is the sole method used to investigate peripheral arterial disease. In view of the availability of other noninvasive techniques, this practice must be reappraised. Among 3,000 patients with peripheral arterial disease, 40% of those undergoing arteriography were found unsuitable for reconstructive arterial surgery primarily because of poor arterial runoff. Noninvasive assessment techniques are discussed, including sequential arterial scanning with Doppler ultrasound. In a single-blind comparison of Doppler ultrasound scanning and arteriography, findings by ultrasound were confirmed by arteriography in 265 of 267 examinations. Blood pressure measurements in the limbs as well as fluorescence and radioisotope clearance studies also provide valuable information. It is recommended that a more rational approach to the assessment of peripheral arterial disease be considered, particularly in elderly patients, to safeguard against undue discomfort and risk. Arteriography should be reserved for patients undergoing reconstructive surgical procedures.", "contents": "Peripheral arterial disease: assessment by arteriography and alternative noninvasive measurements. In most centers arteriography is the sole method used to investigate peripheral arterial disease. In view of the availability of other noninvasive techniques, this practice must be reappraised. Among 3,000 patients with peripheral arterial disease, 40% of those undergoing arteriography were found unsuitable for reconstructive arterial surgery primarily because of poor arterial runoff. Noninvasive assessment techniques are discussed, including sequential arterial scanning with Doppler ultrasound. In a single-blind comparison of Doppler ultrasound scanning and arteriography, findings by ultrasound were confirmed by arteriography in 265 of 267 examinations. Blood pressure measurements in the limbs as well as fluorescence and radioisotope clearance studies also provide valuable information. It is recommended that a more rational approach to the assessment of peripheral arterial disease be considered, particularly in elderly patients, to safeguard against undue discomfort and risk. Arteriography should be reserved for patients undergoing reconstructive surgical procedures.", "PMID": 402831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1639", "title": "Combined mammographic-sonographic evaluation of breast masses.", "content": "Palpable breast masses which have a nondiagnostic appearance on the mammogram often require a biopsy to rule out malignancy. Contact B-scan ultrasonography of such masses were performed in an effort to improve the diagnostic accuracy of mammography and reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies. A total of 200 patients with breast masses of 1-8 cm were examined by both methods. The results of this combined evaluation were compared to those of mammography alone. Of 115 pathologically proven lesions, 44 were fluid-filled cysts. Sonography correctly diagnosed all 44 cysts, while mammography was equivocal in 27 (61%) of them. Of the remaining 71 solid masses, 38 were benign and 33 malignant. Mammography alone correctly diagnosed 31 carcinomas (94%), whereas sonography correctly diagnosed 26 (78.8%). While the infiltrating carcinomas have a typical sonographic appearance, circumscribed carcinomas may have the same sonographic features as fibroadenomas; the value of sonography here was to establish whether the mass was solid. In other solid masses such as those produced by dysplasias, abscesses, and mastitis, sonography was helpful in differentiating between diffuse and discrete lesions. The combined mammographic-sonographic evaluation of breast masses was more accurate than either method alone.", "contents": "Combined mammographic-sonographic evaluation of breast masses. Palpable breast masses which have a nondiagnostic appearance on the mammogram often require a biopsy to rule out malignancy. Contact B-scan ultrasonography of such masses were performed in an effort to improve the diagnostic accuracy of mammography and reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies. A total of 200 patients with breast masses of 1-8 cm were examined by both methods. The results of this combined evaluation were compared to those of mammography alone. Of 115 pathologically proven lesions, 44 were fluid-filled cysts. Sonography correctly diagnosed all 44 cysts, while mammography was equivocal in 27 (61%) of them. Of the remaining 71 solid masses, 38 were benign and 33 malignant. Mammography alone correctly diagnosed 31 carcinomas (94%), whereas sonography correctly diagnosed 26 (78.8%). While the infiltrating carcinomas have a typical sonographic appearance, circumscribed carcinomas may have the same sonographic features as fibroadenomas; the value of sonography here was to establish whether the mass was solid. In other solid masses such as those produced by dysplasias, abscesses, and mastitis, sonography was helpful in differentiating between diffuse and discrete lesions. The combined mammographic-sonographic evaluation of breast masses was more accurate than either method alone.", "PMID": 402833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1640", "title": "Thoracic and abdominal extravasation: a complication of hyperalimentation in infants.", "content": "Two infants with five separate episodes of extravasation from hyperalimentation catheters are described. Three were intrathoracic and two were retroperitoneal, one of the latter producing clinical ascites. Clinical respiratory distress or ascites developing in an infant undergoing hyperalimentation may indicate vein wall perforation with extravasation into the pleural or abdominal cavities or the retroperitoneum. Questionable situations may be readily resolved by contrast injection through the catheter. Suboptimal position of the catheter tip and venous thrombosis seem to be major contributors to this problem. Prompt recognition and removal of the catheter are generally sufficient to correct the situation.", "contents": "Thoracic and abdominal extravasation: a complication of hyperalimentation in infants. Two infants with five separate episodes of extravasation from hyperalimentation catheters are described. Three were intrathoracic and two were retroperitoneal, one of the latter producing clinical ascites. Clinical respiratory distress or ascites developing in an infant undergoing hyperalimentation may indicate vein wall perforation with extravasation into the pleural or abdominal cavities or the retroperitoneum. Questionable situations may be readily resolved by contrast injection through the catheter. Suboptimal position of the catheter tip and venous thrombosis seem to be major contributors to this problem. Prompt recognition and removal of the catheter are generally sufficient to correct the situation.", "PMID": 402834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1641", "title": "Posterior fossa extraaxial cyst: diagnosis with metrizamide CT cisternography.", "content": "This study describes a new technique for the study of posterior fossa extraaxial cysts. Using metrizamide (Amipaque) CT cisternography, a rapid, simple, low morbidity method is now available which gives both anatomic and physiologic information that may obviate the need for pneumoencephalography and angiography. Two cases are reported; in a third the diagnosis was definitively excluded. By doing serial CT scans following the intrathecal introduction of metrizamide, data concerning the diffusion characteristics of these cysts as well as the accompanying hydrocephalus are obtained.", "contents": "Posterior fossa extraaxial cyst: diagnosis with metrizamide CT cisternography. This study describes a new technique for the study of posterior fossa extraaxial cysts. Using metrizamide (Amipaque) CT cisternography, a rapid, simple, low morbidity method is now available which gives both anatomic and physiologic information that may obviate the need for pneumoencephalography and angiography. Two cases are reported; in a third the diagnosis was definitively excluded. By doing serial CT scans following the intrathecal introduction of metrizamide, data concerning the diffusion characteristics of these cysts as well as the accompanying hydrocephalus are obtained.", "PMID": 402836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1642", "title": "Ultrasonography in pediatric gynecology and obstetrics.", "content": "Sonograms were performed on 144 pediatric patients ranging in age from 2 months to 15 years during a recent 26 month period. The main indications for pelvic sonography were to confirm pregnancy prior to elective abortion; to exclude pregnancy in girls with pelvic masses and/or secondary amenorrhea prior to extensive radiographic studies; to confirm or rule out the presence of pelvic masses; to delineate the extent and internal structure of pelvic tumors; and to exclude ovarian tumors in girls with precocious sexual maturation. Normal sonograms in girls with suspected pelvic tumors usually eliminated the need for additional radiographic studies. Because of technical problems and inherent limitations of present imaging techniques, sonography has an ancillary role in the investigation of patients with abnormal or ambiguous genitalia.", "contents": "Ultrasonography in pediatric gynecology and obstetrics. Sonograms were performed on 144 pediatric patients ranging in age from 2 months to 15 years during a recent 26 month period. The main indications for pelvic sonography were to confirm pregnancy prior to elective abortion; to exclude pregnancy in girls with pelvic masses and/or secondary amenorrhea prior to extensive radiographic studies; to confirm or rule out the presence of pelvic masses; to delineate the extent and internal structure of pelvic tumors; and to exclude ovarian tumors in girls with precocious sexual maturation. Normal sonograms in girls with suspected pelvic tumors usually eliminated the need for additional radiographic studies. Because of technical problems and inherent limitations of present imaging techniques, sonography has an ancillary role in the investigation of patients with abnormal or ambiguous genitalia.", "PMID": 402835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1643", "title": "Plain film findings in massive gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "The admixture of blood clots and air in the lumen of the stomach or colon produces a bubbly radiolucency on plain films of the abdomen in some patients with massive gastrointestinal bleeding. In 10 patients this radiographic sign served as a clue to the site of bleeding. It is postulated that recognition of this sign on preliminary scout films may facilitate location of the bleeding vessel.", "contents": "Plain film findings in massive gastrointestinal bleeding. The admixture of blood clots and air in the lumen of the stomach or colon produces a bubbly radiolucency on plain films of the abdomen in some patients with massive gastrointestinal bleeding. In 10 patients this radiographic sign served as a clue to the site of bleeding. It is postulated that recognition of this sign on preliminary scout films may facilitate location of the bleeding vessel.", "PMID": 402837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1644", "title": "The radiographic spectrum of pulmonary complications in burn victims.", "content": "The spectrum of pulmonary complications in 28 of 66 burn victims is analyzed according to time of onset and resultant radiographic features. Immediately recognizable pulmonary abnormalities are usually due to chemical pulmonary edema and inhalation pneumonitis. Complications manifested 2-5 days after injury include pulmonary microembolism, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and atelectasis. Delayed complications are major pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. In this series, 25 patients (89%) developing pulmonary complications died. The critical role of serial chest radiographs in the evaluation and management of burn victims is emphasized.", "contents": "The radiographic spectrum of pulmonary complications in burn victims. The spectrum of pulmonary complications in 28 of 66 burn victims is analyzed according to time of onset and resultant radiographic features. Immediately recognizable pulmonary abnormalities are usually due to chemical pulmonary edema and inhalation pneumonitis. Complications manifested 2-5 days after injury include pulmonary microembolism, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and atelectasis. Delayed complications are major pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. In this series, 25 patients (89%) developing pulmonary complications died. The critical role of serial chest radiographs in the evaluation and management of burn victims is emphasized.", "PMID": 402838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1645", "title": "Glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome complicated by renal vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli: report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with membranous glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome developed renal vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli. Renal disease appears to be the initiating event in this syndrome complex. While intravenous urography and radionuclide venography are useful, inferior venacavography followed by pulmonary angiography are the definitive diagnostic procedures. Follow-up cavography is indicated to monitor progress of anticoagulant therapy in clot dissolution or recurrence.", "contents": "Glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome complicated by renal vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli: report of two cases. Two patients with membranous glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome developed renal vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli. Renal disease appears to be the initiating event in this syndrome complex. While intravenous urography and radionuclide venography are useful, inferior venacavography followed by pulmonary angiography are the definitive diagnostic procedures. Follow-up cavography is indicated to monitor progress of anticoagulant therapy in clot dissolution or recurrence.", "PMID": 402839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1646", "title": "Pneumothorax: a complication of percutaneous aspiration of upper pole renal masses.", "content": "Pneumothorax is a rare complication of percutaneous needle aspiration of suspected upper pole renal cysts. This complication is of particular concern in elderly patients with compromised cardiopulmonary reserve who undergo this procedure on an outpatient basis. An upright expiratory chest film is recommended following needle aspiration of upper pole lesions for detection of asymptomatic pneumothorax.", "contents": "Pneumothorax: a complication of percutaneous aspiration of upper pole renal masses. Pneumothorax is a rare complication of percutaneous needle aspiration of suspected upper pole renal cysts. This complication is of particular concern in elderly patients with compromised cardiopulmonary reserve who undergo this procedure on an outpatient basis. An upright expiratory chest film is recommended following needle aspiration of upper pole lesions for detection of asymptomatic pneumothorax.", "PMID": 402840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1647", "title": "Emergency percutaneous nephropyelostomy: experience with 34 patients and review of the literature.", "content": "Emergency temporary percutaneous nephrophelostomy was performed 35 times in 34 patients. This procedure was used to relieve urinary tract obstruction when azotemia, infection, sepsis, or associated medical conditions precluded surgical correction of a renal obstruction. In all patients there was excellent clinical response. Supine oblique positioning in ill patients facilitates placement of nephrophelostomy tubes.", "contents": "Emergency percutaneous nephropyelostomy: experience with 34 patients and review of the literature. Emergency temporary percutaneous nephrophelostomy was performed 35 times in 34 patients. This procedure was used to relieve urinary tract obstruction when azotemia, infection, sepsis, or associated medical conditions precluded surgical correction of a renal obstruction. In all patients there was excellent clinical response. Supine oblique positioning in ill patients facilitates placement of nephrophelostomy tubes.", "PMID": 402841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1648", "title": "Perinephric abscess aspiration using ultrasound guidance.", "content": "A perinephric is difficult to diagnose by clinical examination and traditional radiographic imaging techniques. Five cases are described in which the sonograms revealed a sonolucent perinephric collection suggestive of perinephric abscess. Diagnostic percutaneous aspiration performed under ultrasound guidance is a rapid, reliable, and safe means of distinguishing an abscess from a noninflammatory collection.", "contents": "Perinephric abscess aspiration using ultrasound guidance. A perinephric is difficult to diagnose by clinical examination and traditional radiographic imaging techniques. Five cases are described in which the sonograms revealed a sonolucent perinephric collection suggestive of perinephric abscess. Diagnostic percutaneous aspiration performed under ultrasound guidance is a rapid, reliable, and safe means of distinguishing an abscess from a noninflammatory collection.", "PMID": 402842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1649", "title": "CT detection and aspiration of abdominal abscesses.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) is effective in detecting intraabdominal abscesses. Loculations of fluid and extraluminal gas are clearly localized in relation to other organs. Of 22 abscess in this series, CT successfully detected 20; comparative information with gallium, techneticum, and ultrasound scans is presented. In addition to localizing these collections, CT can be used to guide needle aspiration and drainage procedures. Three sizes of needles were used to aspirate specimens and/or provide drainage. This was accomplished successfully in 12 of 14 CT-guided procedures.", "contents": "CT detection and aspiration of abdominal abscesses. Computed tomography (CT) is effective in detecting intraabdominal abscesses. Loculations of fluid and extraluminal gas are clearly localized in relation to other organs. Of 22 abscess in this series, CT successfully detected 20; comparative information with gallium, techneticum, and ultrasound scans is presented. In addition to localizing these collections, CT can be used to guide needle aspiration and drainage procedures. Three sizes of needles were used to aspirate specimens and/or provide drainage. This was accomplished successfully in 12 of 14 CT-guided procedures.", "PMID": 402843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1650", "title": "The African green monkey as an alternate primate host for studying Machupo virus infection.", "content": "African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) are highly susceptible to Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF). Six monkeys were inoculated with 1,000 plague-forming units of Machupo virus, the etiologic agent of BHF. They were observed and monitored for clinical signs, body temperature, viremia, hematologic changes, and virus neutralizing antibody. Onset of fever, anorexia, and depression was noted on days 3 to 6 postinoculation. These and other signs increased in severity and all monkeys died: 5 of 6 died by day 13 and one survived until day 24. The median time to death for the group was 12.5 days. The mean value for hematocrit determinations gradually decreased to 30 on day 10 but subsequently increased. Mean neutrophil and lymphocyte values increased slightly until day 3, and then decreased to minimal values of 3,000 and 2,000, respectively, on day 10. Four monkeys were viremic by day 7 and all were viremic on day 10. The monkey that survived until day 24 had a neutralizing antibody titer of 1:32 on day 14 and appeared to recover from the initial acute illness by day 16. It died following onset of severe neurologic signs on day 23. BHF in the African green monkey is similar to the disease described in two species of macaques.", "contents": "The African green monkey as an alternate primate host for studying Machupo virus infection. African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) are highly susceptible to Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF). Six monkeys were inoculated with 1,000 plague-forming units of Machupo virus, the etiologic agent of BHF. They were observed and monitored for clinical signs, body temperature, viremia, hematologic changes, and virus neutralizing antibody. Onset of fever, anorexia, and depression was noted on days 3 to 6 postinoculation. These and other signs increased in severity and all monkeys died: 5 of 6 died by day 13 and one survived until day 24. The median time to death for the group was 12.5 days. The mean value for hematocrit determinations gradually decreased to 30 on day 10 but subsequently increased. Mean neutrophil and lymphocyte values increased slightly until day 3, and then decreased to minimal values of 3,000 and 2,000, respectively, on day 10. Four monkeys were viremic by day 7 and all were viremic on day 10. The monkey that survived until day 24 had a neutralizing antibody titer of 1:32 on day 14 and appeared to recover from the initial acute illness by day 16. It died following onset of severe neurologic signs on day 23. BHF in the African green monkey is similar to the disease described in two species of macaques.", "PMID": 402863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1651", "title": "Sporozoite transmission of falciparum malaria (Burma-Thau. strain) from man to Aotus monkey.", "content": "A sporozoite-induced infection of Plasmodium falciparum (Burma-Thau. strain) was established in splenectomized Aotus trivirgatus which received prior treatment with dlmethionine as a dietary supplement. This is the first recorded instance of infection of an Aotus monkey with falciparum sporozoites of human origin.", "contents": "Sporozoite transmission of falciparum malaria (Burma-Thau. strain) from man to Aotus monkey. A sporozoite-induced infection of Plasmodium falciparum (Burma-Thau. strain) was established in splenectomized Aotus trivirgatus which received prior treatment with dlmethionine as a dietary supplement. This is the first recorded instance of infection of an Aotus monkey with falciparum sporozoites of human origin.", "PMID": 402864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1652", "title": "Bronchodilators and physiotherapy during long term mechanical ventilation of the lungs.", "content": "The effects of physiotherapy and hexaprenaline sulphate administration were studied on 10 patients requiring mechanical ventilation. No significant changes in arterial oxygen tensions were noted, but alveolar pressure fell significantly after treatment, indicating improvement in pulmonary compliance.", "contents": "Bronchodilators and physiotherapy during long term mechanical ventilation of the lungs. The effects of physiotherapy and hexaprenaline sulphate administration were studied on 10 patients requiring mechanical ventilation. No significant changes in arterial oxygen tensions were noted, but alveolar pressure fell significantly after treatment, indicating improvement in pulmonary compliance.", "PMID": 402865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1653", "title": "Central-nervous-system toxicity of local anesthetic mixtures in monkeys.", "content": "The central-nervous-system toxicities of local anesthetic mixtures consisting of lidocaine and etidocaine or lidocaine and tetracaine, administered intravenously to four healthy, non-medicated rhesus monkeys, were evaluated. Toxicities were compared by determining seizure dosages for each drug alone and then in a lidocaine-etidocaine-tetracaine mixture. Arterial plasma levels of lidocaine and etidocaine at which electrical seizure activity occurred also were measured when the drugs were administered alone and in combination. The seizure dosages and arterial plasma levels for the drug mixtures studied were equal to the sums of the dosages and thresholds for individual constituents of the mixtures. Under the conditions of this investigation local anesthetic toxicity was additive. (Key words: Anesthetics, local, lidocaine; Anesthetics, local, etidocaine; Anesthetics, local, tetracaine; Brain, seizure thresholds; Toxicity, convulsions.)", "contents": "Central-nervous-system toxicity of local anesthetic mixtures in monkeys. The central-nervous-system toxicities of local anesthetic mixtures consisting of lidocaine and etidocaine or lidocaine and tetracaine, administered intravenously to four healthy, non-medicated rhesus monkeys, were evaluated. Toxicities were compared by determining seizure dosages for each drug alone and then in a lidocaine-etidocaine-tetracaine mixture. Arterial plasma levels of lidocaine and etidocaine at which electrical seizure activity occurred also were measured when the drugs were administered alone and in combination. The seizure dosages and arterial plasma levels for the drug mixtures studied were equal to the sums of the dosages and thresholds for individual constituents of the mixtures. Under the conditions of this investigation local anesthetic toxicity was additive. (Key words: Anesthetics, local, lidocaine; Anesthetics, local, etidocaine; Anesthetics, local, tetracaine; Brain, seizure thresholds; Toxicity, convulsions.)", "PMID": 402868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1654", "title": "Anterior shift of the dominant EEG rhytham during anesthesia in the Java monkey: correlation with anesthetic potency.", "content": "EEG amplitude dominance in awake man is posterior. During EEG monitoring in patients, the authors observed the abrupt appearance of anterior amplitude dominance during induction of anesthesia with halothane, enflurane, or thiopental. This EEG change is coincident with loss of eyelid reflex and loss of ability to respond to command. This EEG change was studied with several anesthetics in five Java monkeys to determine alveolar anesthetic concentration at which it occurred and to observe the effects of various stimuli on it. EEG recordings were obtained after equilibration at each level with increasing concentrations of halothane, enflurane or isoflurane in oxygen and each agent again in 30 per cent N2O, in separate experiments in the same animals. EEG amplitude dominance became anterior in each animal with each anesthetic and combination at concentrations less than MAC, which was also determined in the same experiments. At lower concentrations, stimulation at equilibrated anesthetic concentrations resulted in abrupt EEG return to posterior amplitude dominance. The end-tidal anesthetic concentration at which persistence of anterior EEG dominance was seen after stimulation was approximately 0.4 MAC for each anesthetic and combination tested. This is interpreted as support for physical solution-lipid solubility theories of anesthetic action. In addition, an EEG change common to various anesthetics may increase the clinical usefulness of EEG monitoring. It is speculated that this EEG change may signal loss of awareness. If so, observance of sustained anterior EEG amplitude dominance may provide assurance of obliteration of awareness during anesthesia.", "contents": "Anterior shift of the dominant EEG rhytham during anesthesia in the Java monkey: correlation with anesthetic potency. EEG amplitude dominance in awake man is posterior. During EEG monitoring in patients, the authors observed the abrupt appearance of anterior amplitude dominance during induction of anesthesia with halothane, enflurane, or thiopental. This EEG change is coincident with loss of eyelid reflex and loss of ability to respond to command. This EEG change was studied with several anesthetics in five Java monkeys to determine alveolar anesthetic concentration at which it occurred and to observe the effects of various stimuli on it. EEG recordings were obtained after equilibration at each level with increasing concentrations of halothane, enflurane or isoflurane in oxygen and each agent again in 30 per cent N2O, in separate experiments in the same animals. EEG amplitude dominance became anterior in each animal with each anesthetic and combination at concentrations less than MAC, which was also determined in the same experiments. At lower concentrations, stimulation at equilibrated anesthetic concentrations resulted in abrupt EEG return to posterior amplitude dominance. The end-tidal anesthetic concentration at which persistence of anterior EEG dominance was seen after stimulation was approximately 0.4 MAC for each anesthetic and combination tested. This is interpreted as support for physical solution-lipid solubility theories of anesthetic action. In addition, an EEG change common to various anesthetics may increase the clinical usefulness of EEG monitoring. It is speculated that this EEG change may signal loss of awareness. If so, observance of sustained anterior EEG amplitude dominance may provide assurance of obliteration of awareness during anesthesia.", "PMID": 402870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1655", "title": "Animal models of hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a review.", "content": "The etiology of hypersensitivity pneumonitis has been ascribed to each major type of immune injury. Data obtained from animal models support the spontaneous human situation in which a contunuum of events results in disease. The major attempts at gaining insight into this disease spectrum through animal models are reviewed.", "contents": "Animal models of hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a review. The etiology of hypersensitivity pneumonitis has been ascribed to each major type of immune injury. Data obtained from animal models support the spontaneous human situation in which a contunuum of events results in disease. The major attempts at gaining insight into this disease spectrum through animal models are reviewed.", "PMID": 402871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1656", "title": "Differing patterns of pulmonary function response to bronchodilators in asthmatics.", "content": "An analysis of the patterns of pulmonary function response to bronchodilators in 20 adult asthmatics reveal distinct categories of response. It is suggested that the pattern of response is related primarily to the degree of baseline abnormality in pulmonary function rather than to other characteristics of the disease or patient. Thus, one may predict pulmonary function response to bronchodilators in adult asthmatics based solely upon baseline function.", "contents": "Differing patterns of pulmonary function response to bronchodilators in asthmatics. An analysis of the patterns of pulmonary function response to bronchodilators in 20 adult asthmatics reveal distinct categories of response. It is suggested that the pattern of response is related primarily to the degree of baseline abnormality in pulmonary function rather than to other characteristics of the disease or patient. Thus, one may predict pulmonary function response to bronchodilators in adult asthmatics based solely upon baseline function.", "PMID": 402872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1657", "title": "Fate and distribution of inhaled nitrogen dioxide in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The intra- and extrapulmonary distributions of inspired nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were studied by exposing rhesus monkeys to air mixtures containing concentrations slightly greater than ambient (0.56 to 1.71 mg per m3, or 0.30 to 0.91 ppm) of NO2 labeled with tracer quantities of NO2 containing nitrogen-13 dioxide (13NO2). The 13NO2 (half-time, 10 min) was synthesized by the oxygen-16 (P, alpha)13N nuclear reaction in an isochronous cyclotron. The intrapulmonary location and concentration of the inspired 13NO2 was detected continuously by external monitoring of the annihilation radiation consequent to positron emissions from disintegrating 13N. The 13N concentration of arterial blood was also measured at intervals, and the blood values were correlated with those from the lung. Chemical measurements of NO2 concentration in inspired and expired air were performed by the Saltman method. Control studies were performed with xenon-125 (125Xe) (halftime, 17 hours). The results demonstrated that 50 to 60% of the inspired pollutant was retained by the primate during quiet respiration; the gas was distributed throughout the lungs. Once absorbed, NO2 or chemical intermediates remained within the lungs for prolonged periods after cessation of exposure, and dissemination of the pollutant or its derivatives to extrapulmonary sites occurred via the blood stream. Indirect evidence indicated the probable reaction of NO2 with water in the nasopharynx and lungs to form nitric and nitrous acids. The reaction of these acids with pulmonary and extrapulmonary tissues probably accounts for the biologic toxicity of NO2.", "contents": "Fate and distribution of inhaled nitrogen dioxide in rhesus monkeys. The intra- and extrapulmonary distributions of inspired nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were studied by exposing rhesus monkeys to air mixtures containing concentrations slightly greater than ambient (0.56 to 1.71 mg per m3, or 0.30 to 0.91 ppm) of NO2 labeled with tracer quantities of NO2 containing nitrogen-13 dioxide (13NO2). The 13NO2 (half-time, 10 min) was synthesized by the oxygen-16 (P, alpha)13N nuclear reaction in an isochronous cyclotron. The intrapulmonary location and concentration of the inspired 13NO2 was detected continuously by external monitoring of the annihilation radiation consequent to positron emissions from disintegrating 13N. The 13N concentration of arterial blood was also measured at intervals, and the blood values were correlated with those from the lung. Chemical measurements of NO2 concentration in inspired and expired air were performed by the Saltman method. Control studies were performed with xenon-125 (125Xe) (halftime, 17 hours). The results demonstrated that 50 to 60% of the inspired pollutant was retained by the primate during quiet respiration; the gas was distributed throughout the lungs. Once absorbed, NO2 or chemical intermediates remained within the lungs for prolonged periods after cessation of exposure, and dissemination of the pollutant or its derivatives to extrapulmonary sites occurred via the blood stream. Indirect evidence indicated the probable reaction of NO2 with water in the nasopharynx and lungs to form nitric and nitrous acids. The reaction of these acids with pulmonary and extrapulmonary tissues probably accounts for the biologic toxicity of NO2.", "PMID": 402875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1658", "title": "Stability of bacteriophage type of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: absence of variation caused by experimental chemotherapy in mice and analysis of spontaneous variation.", "content": "The bacteriophage typing of 54 strains isolated from the tissues of mice infected with the strain H37Rv of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and treated with isonazid and rifampin showed that the bacteriophage type did not change. The fluctuation analysis of populations of the tubercle bacilli demonstrated that the rate of mutation from sensitivity to resistance in respect to the bacteriophage DS6A was less than 1.3 X 10(-8) mutations per bacterium per generation.", "contents": "Stability of bacteriophage type of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: absence of variation caused by experimental chemotherapy in mice and analysis of spontaneous variation. The bacteriophage typing of 54 strains isolated from the tissues of mice infected with the strain H37Rv of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and treated with isonazid and rifampin showed that the bacteriophage type did not change. The fluctuation analysis of populations of the tubercle bacilli demonstrated that the rate of mutation from sensitivity to resistance in respect to the bacteriophage DS6A was less than 1.3 X 10(-8) mutations per bacterium per generation.", "PMID": 402876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1659", "title": "Dose-related levodopa-induced haemolytic anaemia.", "content": "A 71-year-old white man developed direct antiglobulin positive haemolytic anaemia after 16 months of levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease. Immunoglobulin G autoantibodies directed against Rh antigens were found in the patient's serum and on his erythrocytes. Reduction of levodopa dosage to one sixth with the aid of a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (benserazide) largely eliminated autoimmune haemolysis while maintaining adequate control of neurologic symptoms.", "contents": "Dose-related levodopa-induced haemolytic anaemia. A 71-year-old white man developed direct antiglobulin positive haemolytic anaemia after 16 months of levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease. Immunoglobulin G autoantibodies directed against Rh antigens were found in the patient's serum and on his erythrocytes. Reduction of levodopa dosage to one sixth with the aid of a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (benserazide) largely eliminated autoimmune haemolysis while maintaining adequate control of neurologic symptoms.", "PMID": 402877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1660", "title": "Anorectal gonococcal infection.", "content": "Anorectal gonococcal infection is common in women and homosexual men. In women with uncomplicated gonorrhea, the mean prevalence rate of anorectal involvement is 44%, with lone involvement of the anorectum in 4%. Among homosexual men with gonorrhea, anorectal infection occurs in 45%, although more than 90% of all male patients with anorectal gonorrhea admit to homosexual rectal intercourse. This infection is usually asymptomatic but occasionally presents with acute or chronic symptoms that mimic other causes of proctitis. Whereas currently recommended regimens for uncomplicated gonorrhea appear effective for anorectal gonorrhea in women, results in men have not been adequately evaluated. Available data showed failure rates from 7% to 35%; however, only one study used a currently accepted regimen. Further controlled studies in male patients with anorectal gonorrhea are clearly needed to establish optimal therapeutic regimens. Diligent contact tracing of all male homose.xual cases appears to be the only effective means of control at present.", "contents": "Anorectal gonococcal infection. Anorectal gonococcal infection is common in women and homosexual men. In women with uncomplicated gonorrhea, the mean prevalence rate of anorectal involvement is 44%, with lone involvement of the anorectum in 4%. Among homosexual men with gonorrhea, anorectal infection occurs in 45%, although more than 90% of all male patients with anorectal gonorrhea admit to homosexual rectal intercourse. This infection is usually asymptomatic but occasionally presents with acute or chronic symptoms that mimic other causes of proctitis. Whereas currently recommended regimens for uncomplicated gonorrhea appear effective for anorectal gonorrhea in women, results in men have not been adequately evaluated. Available data showed failure rates from 7% to 35%; however, only one study used a currently accepted regimen. Further controlled studies in male patients with anorectal gonorrhea are clearly needed to establish optimal therapeutic regimens. Diligent contact tracing of all male homose.xual cases appears to be the only effective means of control at present.", "PMID": 402879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1661", "title": "Genetic and environmental determinants of growth of school-aged children in a rural Colombian population.", "content": "Parent-offspring correlations and heritabilities of body measurements from midparent-offspring regressions are presented for school-aged children from the village of Tenza, Colombia (N = 403 families). Parent-child correlations and midparent regressions in this subsistence farming sample, are similar in magnitude to those for well nourished, urban industrial samples, suggesting that the environmental component of variability in body size is the same regardless of the environment. Tenza children are significantly shorter and lighter than upper class Bogota children, and Tenza parents have mean heights and weights similar to those of other lower class Colombian samples. Thus, chronic undernutrition has affected the growth of parents and continues to affect the growth of the present generation. Although it has been hypothesized that heritability of growth might be reduced in samples experiencing malnutrition and its sequelae, such a reduction may only be observable where environment of parents during their development is different from that of their offspring, which is not the case here. The pattern of heritabilities with respect to different body measurements in Tenza, is similar to that seen in well nourished samples, except that measurements of breadth (biacromial, bicristal, bicondylar) have heritabilities similar in magnitude to those of linear measurements (height, sitting-height, subischial length) especially in males; and heritabilities of some measurements related to adiposity are significantly higher in daughters than in sons.", "contents": "Genetic and environmental determinants of growth of school-aged children in a rural Colombian population. Parent-offspring correlations and heritabilities of body measurements from midparent-offspring regressions are presented for school-aged children from the village of Tenza, Colombia (N = 403 families). Parent-child correlations and midparent regressions in this subsistence farming sample, are similar in magnitude to those for well nourished, urban industrial samples, suggesting that the environmental component of variability in body size is the same regardless of the environment. Tenza children are significantly shorter and lighter than upper class Bogota children, and Tenza parents have mean heights and weights similar to those of other lower class Colombian samples. Thus, chronic undernutrition has affected the growth of parents and continues to affect the growth of the present generation. Although it has been hypothesized that heritability of growth might be reduced in samples experiencing malnutrition and its sequelae, such a reduction may only be observable where environment of parents during their development is different from that of their offspring, which is not the case here. The pattern of heritabilities with respect to different body measurements in Tenza, is similar to that seen in well nourished samples, except that measurements of breadth (biacromial, bicristal, bicondylar) have heritabilities similar in magnitude to those of linear measurements (height, sitting-height, subischial length) especially in males; and heritabilities of some measurements related to adiposity are significantly higher in daughters than in sons.", "PMID": 402883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1662", "title": "Stature and age as factors in the growth of second metacarpal cortical bone in moderately malnourished children.", "content": "The association of stature and age with measures of second metacarpal cortical bone growth is investigated in a sample of 1586 radiographs taken from Guatemalan Ladino children aged 1-7 years in a setting of endemic mild-to-moderate malnutrition. For given stature, chronological age is positively associated with cortical thickness and cortical area and negatively associated with periosteal and medullary diameter. These different partial correlations are seen as evidence of different kinds of growth. Correlations of cortical bone variables with body size within a chronological age are shown to derive from the overall relationship between age, stature, and measures of cortical bone.", "contents": "Stature and age as factors in the growth of second metacarpal cortical bone in moderately malnourished children. The association of stature and age with measures of second metacarpal cortical bone growth is investigated in a sample of 1586 radiographs taken from Guatemalan Ladino children aged 1-7 years in a setting of endemic mild-to-moderate malnutrition. For given stature, chronological age is positively associated with cortical thickness and cortical area and negatively associated with periosteal and medullary diameter. These different partial correlations are seen as evidence of different kinds of growth. Correlations of cortical bone variables with body size within a chronological age are shown to derive from the overall relationship between age, stature, and measures of cortical bone.", "PMID": 402884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1663", "title": "[Antibacterial activity of rifampicin against the causative agents of suppurative, septic diseases].", "content": "The antibacterial activity of rifampicin was studied in comparison with other antibiotics with respect to clinical strains isolated from cases with various purulent inflammatory processes caused by Staphylococcus, E. coli, Ps. aeruginose, Proteus. The aim of the study was to define the role of rifampicin in the treatment of the above infections. No rifampicin resistant strains were found among staphylococci belonging to the phenotype carrying the determinants of resistance to 2-8 antibiotics. Rifampicin was less active against gramnegative organisms. High heterogeneity of the microbial population of rifampicin was shown with respect to all microbial strains tested. The rate of the spontaneous mutants was high. The average rate of the mutants was 1-7.7-10-8. The studies on the dynamics of the rifampicin resistance increase in the strains of Staphylococci, E. Coli, Ps. aeruginosa and Proteus showed that the resistance increased after 1-2 passages, which means that one-stage mutation was characteristic rifampicin.", "contents": "[Antibacterial activity of rifampicin against the causative agents of suppurative, septic diseases]. The antibacterial activity of rifampicin was studied in comparison with other antibiotics with respect to clinical strains isolated from cases with various purulent inflammatory processes caused by Staphylococcus, E. coli, Ps. aeruginose, Proteus. The aim of the study was to define the role of rifampicin in the treatment of the above infections. No rifampicin resistant strains were found among staphylococci belonging to the phenotype carrying the determinants of resistance to 2-8 antibiotics. Rifampicin was less active against gramnegative organisms. High heterogeneity of the microbial population of rifampicin was shown with respect to all microbial strains tested. The rate of the spontaneous mutants was high. The average rate of the mutants was 1-7.7-10-8. The studies on the dynamics of the rifampicin resistance increase in the strains of Staphylococci, E. Coli, Ps. aeruginosa and Proteus showed that the resistance increased after 1-2 passages, which means that one-stage mutation was characteristic rifampicin.", "PMID": 402885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1664", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic appearance of rat otocyst of the twelfth postcoital day: elaboration of a method.", "content": "A method for removal, fixation, microdissection, and drying of early rat otocyst for examination by the scanning electron microscope is elaborated. Tissues were dissected, fixed as for conventional transmission electron microscopy and dried by critical point evaporation using amylacetate as the transitional fluid and carbon dioxide as the pressure head. Otocysts were either dissected at the time of initial fixation, or subsequent to drying. The otocyst of the 12th postcoital day was used as a model system in this preliminary report. Critical point drying retained the overall configuration and the fine ultrastructural detail of the otocyst. The interior otocystic surface was visualized and cilia bearing cells of the luminal surface were identified. Most if not all of these cells had a comspicuous, but short kinocillum which terminated in an ovoid bulb. The scanning electron microscopic appearance was correlated to the transmission electron microscopic image seen in the second paper in this Supplement.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic appearance of rat otocyst of the twelfth postcoital day: elaboration of a method. A method for removal, fixation, microdissection, and drying of early rat otocyst for examination by the scanning electron microscope is elaborated. Tissues were dissected, fixed as for conventional transmission electron microscopy and dried by critical point evaporation using amylacetate as the transitional fluid and carbon dioxide as the pressure head. Otocysts were either dissected at the time of initial fixation, or subsequent to drying. The otocyst of the 12th postcoital day was used as a model system in this preliminary report. Critical point drying retained the overall configuration and the fine ultrastructural detail of the otocyst. The interior otocystic surface was visualized and cilia bearing cells of the luminal surface were identified. Most if not all of these cells had a comspicuous, but short kinocillum which terminated in an ovoid bulb. The scanning electron microscopic appearance was correlated to the transmission electron microscopic image seen in the second paper in this Supplement.", "PMID": 402880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1665", "title": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of Proteus, Pseudomonas pyocyanea and staphyloccoci isolated from scleroma and ozena patients].", "content": "Antibiotic sensitivity of 292 strains of Proteus, 60 strains of Ps, aeruginosa, 309 strains of S. aureus and 88 strains of S. epidermidis isolated from the upper respiratory tract of patients with scleroma and ozena was studied. The cultures of Pr. mirabilis were sensitive to aminoglucosides (54.9-96.2 per cent) and Pr. morganii were sensitive to levomycetin (81.5 per cent) and neomycin (92.6 per cnet). Sensitivity of Pr. vulgaris and Pr. morganii was reliably higher (p less than 0.001) than that of Pr. mirabilis. The strains of Pr. morganii were less sensitive to monomycin (P less than 0.001) and streptomycin (p less than 0.01) as compared to the cultures of other Proteus species tested. The strains of Ps. aeruginosa were sensitive only to gentamicin (90 per cent) and neomycin (81.1 per cent). Most of the strains of S. aureus (85.4-100 per cent) were sensitive to oleadomycin, erythromycin, olemorphocycline, tetraolean, oxacillin, methicillin ceporin, lincomycin, ristomycin, kanamycin, monomycin and gentamicin. Benzylpenicillin (90.8 per cent of the sensitive strains), ampicillin (67.1 per cent), tetracycline (66.7 per cent), levomycetin (68.6 per cent) and streptomycin (38.1 per cent) were less effective. Antibacterial therapy in cases with scleroma and ozena should be directed not only against causative agents of the diseases but also against the microbes developing due to disbacteriosis. Combination of parenteral and local use of the antibiotics in the treatment of chronic clebsiellesis decreased the isolation rate of Proteus and Ps. aeruginosa in the patients.", "contents": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of Proteus, Pseudomonas pyocyanea and staphyloccoci isolated from scleroma and ozena patients]. Antibiotic sensitivity of 292 strains of Proteus, 60 strains of Ps, aeruginosa, 309 strains of S. aureus and 88 strains of S. epidermidis isolated from the upper respiratory tract of patients with scleroma and ozena was studied. The cultures of Pr. mirabilis were sensitive to aminoglucosides (54.9-96.2 per cent) and Pr. morganii were sensitive to levomycetin (81.5 per cent) and neomycin (92.6 per cnet). Sensitivity of Pr. vulgaris and Pr. morganii was reliably higher (p less than 0.001) than that of Pr. mirabilis. The strains of Pr. morganii were less sensitive to monomycin (P less than 0.001) and streptomycin (p less than 0.01) as compared to the cultures of other Proteus species tested. The strains of Ps. aeruginosa were sensitive only to gentamicin (90 per cent) and neomycin (81.1 per cent). Most of the strains of S. aureus (85.4-100 per cent) were sensitive to oleadomycin, erythromycin, olemorphocycline, tetraolean, oxacillin, methicillin ceporin, lincomycin, ristomycin, kanamycin, monomycin and gentamicin. Benzylpenicillin (90.8 per cent of the sensitive strains), ampicillin (67.1 per cent), tetracycline (66.7 per cent), levomycetin (68.6 per cent) and streptomycin (38.1 per cent) were less effective. Antibacterial therapy in cases with scleroma and ozena should be directed not only against causative agents of the diseases but also against the microbes developing due to disbacteriosis. Combination of parenteral and local use of the antibiotics in the treatment of chronic clebsiellesis decreased the isolation rate of Proteus and Ps. aeruginosa in the patients.", "PMID": 402886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1666", "title": "Ultrastructural development of the early rat otocyst.", "content": "The ultrastructural development and differentiation of cells forming the rat otocyst were studied from the 9th to the 13th postcoital day (PCD). The earliest stage investigated was a simple ovoid structure with a connecting stalk to the surface ectoderm. A process of programmed cellular death involving surface ectoderm, connecting stalk, and lateral otocyst wall rapidly detached the otocyst. The cells forming the otocyst were roughly columnar, the organelles were polarized; mitochondria occurred in greatest number basally and in the supranuclear area; Golgi membranes when present were supranuclear. Luminal cells had many microvilli and cilia of various lengths were detected. The shorter, incompletely formed cilia terminated in small knob-like blebs. With each day the otocysts became more complicated and the endolymphatic duct made its appearance as an evagination of the otocyst. Many more cells were seen to have cilia in various stages of development, and by the 12th PCD possibly each cell of the main otocystic cavity had a kinocilium. Growth of the otocyst due to mitosis occurred to a great extent from a single ventromedial center. Cells in mitosis, although seen at other sites, were in greatest abundance in this area; cellular involution apparently was a related function. Together the process of over-production and programmed cellular involution of supranumerary cells not lost to other causes (e.g., environmental) may represent an evolutionary advantage.", "contents": "Ultrastructural development of the early rat otocyst. The ultrastructural development and differentiation of cells forming the rat otocyst were studied from the 9th to the 13th postcoital day (PCD). The earliest stage investigated was a simple ovoid structure with a connecting stalk to the surface ectoderm. A process of programmed cellular death involving surface ectoderm, connecting stalk, and lateral otocyst wall rapidly detached the otocyst. The cells forming the otocyst were roughly columnar, the organelles were polarized; mitochondria occurred in greatest number basally and in the supranuclear area; Golgi membranes when present were supranuclear. Luminal cells had many microvilli and cilia of various lengths were detected. The shorter, incompletely formed cilia terminated in small knob-like blebs. With each day the otocysts became more complicated and the endolymphatic duct made its appearance as an evagination of the otocyst. Many more cells were seen to have cilia in various stages of development, and by the 12th PCD possibly each cell of the main otocystic cavity had a kinocilium. Growth of the otocyst due to mitosis occurred to a great extent from a single ventromedial center. Cells in mitosis, although seen at other sites, were in greatest abundance in this area; cellular involution apparently was a related function. Together the process of over-production and programmed cellular involution of supranumerary cells not lost to other causes (e.g., environmental) may represent an evolutionary advantage.", "PMID": 402881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1667", "title": "Diving injuries to the inner ear.", "content": "Most of the previous literature concerning otologic problems in compressed gas environments has emphasized middle ear barotrauma. With recent increases in commercial, military, and sport diving to deeper depths, inner ear disturbances during these exposures have been noted more frequently. Studies of inner ear physiology and pathology during diving indicate that the causes and treatment of these problems differ depending upon the phase and type of diving. Humans exposed to simulated depths of up to 305 meters without barotrauma or decompression sickness develop transient, conductive hearing losses with no audiometric evidence of cochlear dysfunction. Transient vertigo and nystagmus during diving have been noted with caloric stimulation, resulting from the unequal entry of cold water into the external auditory canals, and with asymmetric middle ear pressure equilibration during ascent and descent (alternobaric vertigo). Equilibrium disturbances noted with nitrogen narcosis, oxygen toxicity, hypercarbia, or hypoxia appear primarily related to the effects of these conditions upon the central nervous system and not to specific vestibular end-organ dysfunction. Compression of humans in helium-oxygen at depths greater than 152.4 meters results in transient symptoms of tremor, dizziness, and nausea plus decrements in postural equilibrium and psychomotor performance, the high pressure nervous syndrome. Vestibular function studies during these conditions indicate that these problems are due to central dysfunction and not to vestibular end-organ dysfunction. Persistent inner ear injuries have been noted during several phases of diving: 1) Such injuries during compression (inner ear barotrauma) have been related to round window ruptures occurring with straining, or a Valsalva's maneuver during inadequate middle ear pressure equilibration. Divers who develop cochlear and/or vestibular symptoms during shallow diving in which decompression sickness is unlikely or during compression in deeper diving, should be placed on bed rest with head elevation and avoidance of maneuvers which result in increased cerebrospinal fluid and intralabyrinthine pressure. With no improvement in symptoms after 48 hours, exploratory tympanotomy and repair of a possible labyrinthine window fistula should be considered. Recompression therapy is contraindicated in these cases...", "contents": "Diving injuries to the inner ear. Most of the previous literature concerning otologic problems in compressed gas environments has emphasized middle ear barotrauma. With recent increases in commercial, military, and sport diving to deeper depths, inner ear disturbances during these exposures have been noted more frequently. Studies of inner ear physiology and pathology during diving indicate that the causes and treatment of these problems differ depending upon the phase and type of diving. Humans exposed to simulated depths of up to 305 meters without barotrauma or decompression sickness develop transient, conductive hearing losses with no audiometric evidence of cochlear dysfunction. Transient vertigo and nystagmus during diving have been noted with caloric stimulation, resulting from the unequal entry of cold water into the external auditory canals, and with asymmetric middle ear pressure equilibration during ascent and descent (alternobaric vertigo). Equilibrium disturbances noted with nitrogen narcosis, oxygen toxicity, hypercarbia, or hypoxia appear primarily related to the effects of these conditions upon the central nervous system and not to specific vestibular end-organ dysfunction. Compression of humans in helium-oxygen at depths greater than 152.4 meters results in transient symptoms of tremor, dizziness, and nausea plus decrements in postural equilibrium and psychomotor performance, the high pressure nervous syndrome. Vestibular function studies during these conditions indicate that these problems are due to central dysfunction and not to vestibular end-organ dysfunction. Persistent inner ear injuries have been noted during several phases of diving: 1) Such injuries during compression (inner ear barotrauma) have been related to round window ruptures occurring with straining, or a Valsalva's maneuver during inadequate middle ear pressure equilibration. Divers who develop cochlear and/or vestibular symptoms during shallow diving in which decompression sickness is unlikely or during compression in deeper diving, should be placed on bed rest with head elevation and avoidance of maneuvers which result in increased cerebrospinal fluid and intralabyrinthine pressure. With no improvement in symptoms after 48 hours, exploratory tympanotomy and repair of a possible labyrinthine window fistula should be considered. Recompression therapy is contraindicated in these cases...", "PMID": 402882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1668", "title": "Precipitation of 125I-labelled IgG aggregates by factors in sera of healthy individuals and of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Several factors in human serum are capable of precipitating soluble 125I-labelled heat aggregated IgG (agg IgG*). A study of the nature of these factors resulted in the development of two new methods for the detection and assay of anti-IgG-immunoglobulins (rheumatoid factors) in serum. One method detected rheumatoid factors of the IgG and the IgA classes which are capable of binding and coprecipitating with Clq and agg IgG* in an EDTA milieu. In a second method the serum was first heat inactivated and the assay was then made in a polymeric milieu where rheumatoid factors of the IgM as well as the IgG and IgA classes could be detected. 67 sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were tested with this method and rheumatoid factors were detected in all seropositive (as assayed with conventional rheumatoid factor tests) sera and in 58% of the seronegative sera. In the presence of certain anti-IgG-immunoglobulins or polymers, the precipitation of Clq and soluble agg IgG* is greatly enhanced, and we suggest that this can be used as a basis of a sensitive method for the assay of agg-IgG-binding activity of Clq.", "contents": "Precipitation of 125I-labelled IgG aggregates by factors in sera of healthy individuals and of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Several factors in human serum are capable of precipitating soluble 125I-labelled heat aggregated IgG (agg IgG*). A study of the nature of these factors resulted in the development of two new methods for the detection and assay of anti-IgG-immunoglobulins (rheumatoid factors) in serum. One method detected rheumatoid factors of the IgG and the IgA classes which are capable of binding and coprecipitating with Clq and agg IgG* in an EDTA milieu. In a second method the serum was first heat inactivated and the assay was then made in a polymeric milieu where rheumatoid factors of the IgM as well as the IgG and IgA classes could be detected. 67 sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were tested with this method and rheumatoid factors were detected in all seropositive (as assayed with conventional rheumatoid factor tests) sera and in 58% of the seronegative sera. In the presence of certain anti-IgG-immunoglobulins or polymers, the precipitation of Clq and soluble agg IgG* is greatly enhanced, and we suggest that this can be used as a basis of a sensitive method for the assay of agg-IgG-binding activity of Clq.", "PMID": 402889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1669", "title": "Effect of intra-articular corticosteroid injections on primate cartilage.", "content": "An attempt was made to ascertain whether intra-articular corticosteroids exert a harmful effect on primate cartilage. The knee joints of 10 Macaca irus monkeys were subjected to either one, two, or six injections of 20 mg methyl prednisolone or an equal number of control injections over a 12-week period. Minor degenerative changes of many femoral condyles were shown by India ink staining and by a system of histochemical grading. Changes in the joints injected with corticosteroid were not significantly different from those seen in control joints. The findings were in striking contrast to the severe degeneration reported by others in rabbit joints injected with corticosteroid. The experiment did not support the contention that intra-articular corticosteroids invariably have a deleterious effect on primate cartilage.", "contents": "Effect of intra-articular corticosteroid injections on primate cartilage. An attempt was made to ascertain whether intra-articular corticosteroids exert a harmful effect on primate cartilage. The knee joints of 10 Macaca irus monkeys were subjected to either one, two, or six injections of 20 mg methyl prednisolone or an equal number of control injections over a 12-week period. Minor degenerative changes of many femoral condyles were shown by India ink staining and by a system of histochemical grading. Changes in the joints injected with corticosteroid were not significantly different from those seen in control joints. The findings were in striking contrast to the severe degeneration reported by others in rabbit joints injected with corticosteroid. The experiment did not support the contention that intra-articular corticosteroids invariably have a deleterious effect on primate cartilage.", "PMID": 402890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1670", "title": "Evaluation of a new monkey model for the repeated study of bile secretory physiology.", "content": "An unchaired monkey model for the repeated long-term study of biliary secretory physiology is reported. Postoperative management with cholre recorded. Evaluation was performed by repeated measurement, over a period of months, of bile flow and 14C erythritol clearance at three rates of taurocholate infusion given intravenously in a random order. Response to secretin was tested at the final infusion rate of taurocholate for each experiment. The outcomes of 9 monkeys were described of which 5 were repeatedly studied. They demonstrated an increase in bile flow and 14C erythritol clearance with increasing bile salt output. A dramatic choleresis over a wide range of bile salt excretion was noted with secretin and a linear relationship between bile bicarbonate output and bile salt secretion rate was observed. The new model has several major advantages and gives higher bile flows than previously recorded in the chaired model.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new monkey model for the repeated study of bile secretory physiology. An unchaired monkey model for the repeated long-term study of biliary secretory physiology is reported. Postoperative management with cholre recorded. Evaluation was performed by repeated measurement, over a period of months, of bile flow and 14C erythritol clearance at three rates of taurocholate infusion given intravenously in a random order. Response to secretin was tested at the final infusion rate of taurocholate for each experiment. The outcomes of 9 monkeys were described of which 5 were repeatedly studied. They demonstrated an increase in bile flow and 14C erythritol clearance with increasing bile salt output. A dramatic choleresis over a wide range of bile salt excretion was noted with secretin and a linear relationship between bile bicarbonate output and bile salt secretion rate was observed. The new model has several major advantages and gives higher bile flows than previously recorded in the chaired model.", "PMID": 402891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1671", "title": "Effect of carbohydrate and fat intake on nitrogen excretion during total intravenous feeding.", "content": "Recent availability of intravenous soy bean oil emulsion for clinical trials in the United States prompted infusion of intravenous diets containing a constant nitrogen level (11.7 grams/m2/day) and 13 different combinations of carbohydrate (110-2300 kcal/m2/day) and fat (0-1100 kcal/m2/day) during 34 three-day studies in 5 patients who were clinically stable after injury or operation. Urea nitrogen excretion was inversely related to carbohydrate intake (P less than 0.01) and directly related to resting metabolic rate (P less than 0.01). Fat infusion did not affect nitrogen excretion at any level of carbohydrate intake. This study suggests that, when a primary clinical goal is nitrogen conservation, carbohydrate calories should be given in amounts approximating the resting metabolic rate. Additional calories and essential fatty acids now can be safely given as intravenous fat emulsion, but fat did not affect nitrogen conservation under the conditions of this study.", "contents": "Effect of carbohydrate and fat intake on nitrogen excretion during total intravenous feeding. Recent availability of intravenous soy bean oil emulsion for clinical trials in the United States prompted infusion of intravenous diets containing a constant nitrogen level (11.7 grams/m2/day) and 13 different combinations of carbohydrate (110-2300 kcal/m2/day) and fat (0-1100 kcal/m2/day) during 34 three-day studies in 5 patients who were clinically stable after injury or operation. Urea nitrogen excretion was inversely related to carbohydrate intake (P less than 0.01) and directly related to resting metabolic rate (P less than 0.01). Fat infusion did not affect nitrogen excretion at any level of carbohydrate intake. This study suggests that, when a primary clinical goal is nitrogen conservation, carbohydrate calories should be given in amounts approximating the resting metabolic rate. Additional calories and essential fatty acids now can be safely given as intravenous fat emulsion, but fat did not affect nitrogen conservation under the conditions of this study.", "PMID": 402892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1672", "title": "The effects of total parenteral nutrition on immunodepression due to malnutrition.", "content": "An experimental study was performed in 16 dogs to investigate the effects of sub-acute malnutrition on humoral and cellular immunity and phagocytic functions and, subsequently, to investigate the ability of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to restore abnormal immunological variables. Deficiencies of IgG, C3, primary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC),lymphocyte counts, lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and neutrophi chemotaxis were found to be caused by malnutrition. Nutritional repletion by means of TPN resulted in a return to normal or supranormal serum concentrations of IgG, IgM, and C3, and the primary immune response to SRVC was prompter and higher. Moreover, TPN resulted in restoration of normal neutrophil chemotactic responses. TPN did not improve lymphocyte response to PHA in these experiments. The study demonstrates that subacute malnutrition results in broad based deficiencies of the immunological response of the type that predispose to infection and that the proper use of TPN can correct most of these abnormalities.", "contents": "The effects of total parenteral nutrition on immunodepression due to malnutrition. An experimental study was performed in 16 dogs to investigate the effects of sub-acute malnutrition on humoral and cellular immunity and phagocytic functions and, subsequently, to investigate the ability of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to restore abnormal immunological variables. Deficiencies of IgG, C3, primary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC),lymphocyte counts, lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and neutrophi chemotaxis were found to be caused by malnutrition. Nutritional repletion by means of TPN resulted in a return to normal or supranormal serum concentrations of IgG, IgM, and C3, and the primary immune response to SRVC was prompter and higher. Moreover, TPN resulted in restoration of normal neutrophil chemotactic responses. TPN did not improve lymphocyte response to PHA in these experiments. The study demonstrates that subacute malnutrition results in broad based deficiencies of the immunological response of the type that predispose to infection and that the proper use of TPN can correct most of these abnormalities.", "PMID": 402893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1673", "title": "Metabolic effects of experimental bacteremia.", "content": "Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of a lethal 5-hour infusion of Ps. aeruginosa at a dose 10(8) organisms per ml per min were studied in 39 dogs. Blood glucose, insulin, catecholamines, body temperature, WBC, and hemodynamic parameters were measured before and at 1-hour intervals during controlled bacterial infusions. Induced bacteremia in the upper 10(4) range per ml of blood was accompanied by a decline of mean arterial blood presure from 130+/-6 mm Hg to 84+/-12 mm Hg at 4 hours, hypothermia, leukopenia, and hypoglycemia. Death within 24 hours was associated with hypoinsulinemia and increased blood catecholamines. Survival was characterized by maintenance of arterial blood pressure, only moderate decline in blood glucose levels, and normal plasma insulin concentrations with little change in plasma catecholamines. Mortality could be reduced significantly by glucose administration. This was associated with correction of hypoglycemia, rise in plasma insulin activity and increased energy production.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of experimental bacteremia. Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of a lethal 5-hour infusion of Ps. aeruginosa at a dose 10(8) organisms per ml per min were studied in 39 dogs. Blood glucose, insulin, catecholamines, body temperature, WBC, and hemodynamic parameters were measured before and at 1-hour intervals during controlled bacterial infusions. Induced bacteremia in the upper 10(4) range per ml of blood was accompanied by a decline of mean arterial blood presure from 130+/-6 mm Hg to 84+/-12 mm Hg at 4 hours, hypothermia, leukopenia, and hypoglycemia. Death within 24 hours was associated with hypoinsulinemia and increased blood catecholamines. Survival was characterized by maintenance of arterial blood pressure, only moderate decline in blood glucose levels, and normal plasma insulin concentrations with little change in plasma catecholamines. Mortality could be reduced significantly by glucose administration. This was associated with correction of hypoglycemia, rise in plasma insulin activity and increased energy production.", "PMID": 402894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1674", "title": "Acute erythroleukemia complicating prolonged chemotherapy for ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "Two patients with ovarian carcinoma developed acute erythroleukemia following prolonged chemotherapy with an alkylating agent. An analysis of our patients, together with literature review of similar cases, suggests that the duration of chemotherapy may have been the most important factor in the leukemogenesis. We suggest that the duration of chemotherapy required to achieve a cure in patients with ovarian carcinoma in complete remission can be determined only by prospective controlled trials.", "contents": "Acute erythroleukemia complicating prolonged chemotherapy for ovarian carcinoma. Two patients with ovarian carcinoma developed acute erythroleukemia following prolonged chemotherapy with an alkylating agent. An analysis of our patients, together with literature review of similar cases, suggests that the duration of chemotherapy may have been the most important factor in the leukemogenesis. We suggest that the duration of chemotherapy required to achieve a cure in patients with ovarian carcinoma in complete remission can be determined only by prospective controlled trials.", "PMID": 402895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1675", "title": "Mechanisms of CO2 fixation in bacterial photosynthesis studied by the carbon isotope fractionation technique.", "content": "The carbon isotope discrimination properties of a representative of each of the three types of photosynthetic bacteria Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum, Rhodospirillum rubrum and Chromatium and of the C3-alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii were determined by measuring the ratio of 13CO2 to 12CO2 incorporated during photoautotrophic growth. 2. Chromatium and R. rubrum had isotope selection properties similar to those of C3-plants, whereas Chlorobium was significantly different. 3. The results suggest that Chromatium and R. rubrum assimilate CO2 mainly via ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase and the associated reactions of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle, whereas Chlorobium utilizes other mechanisms. Such mechanisms would include the ferredoxin-linked carboxylation enzymes and associated reactions of the reductive carboxylic acid cycle.", "contents": "Mechanisms of CO2 fixation in bacterial photosynthesis studied by the carbon isotope fractionation technique. The carbon isotope discrimination properties of a representative of each of the three types of photosynthetic bacteria Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum, Rhodospirillum rubrum and Chromatium and of the C3-alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii were determined by measuring the ratio of 13CO2 to 12CO2 incorporated during photoautotrophic growth. 2. Chromatium and R. rubrum had isotope selection properties similar to those of C3-plants, whereas Chlorobium was significantly different. 3. The results suggest that Chromatium and R. rubrum assimilate CO2 mainly via ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase and the associated reactions of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle, whereas Chlorobium utilizes other mechanisms. Such mechanisms would include the ferredoxin-linked carboxylation enzymes and associated reactions of the reductive carboxylic acid cycle.", "PMID": 402896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1676", "title": "The cell content and secretion of water-soluble vitamins by several freshwater algae.", "content": "Three green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardii, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus, and one blue-green alga, Anabaena cyclindrica, were grown in chemically defined media. All the algae examined contained folates, beta-carotene and vitamins C and E; several of the B-vitamins and vitamin A were found in varying amounts in some but not in all the algae examined. All the green algae secreted significant amounts of folate and biotin and all but Scenedesmus secreted pantothenate into their growth medium; Anabaena secreted folate and pantothenate.", "contents": "The cell content and secretion of water-soluble vitamins by several freshwater algae. Three green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardii, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus, and one blue-green alga, Anabaena cyclindrica, were grown in chemically defined media. All the algae examined contained folates, beta-carotene and vitamins C and E; several of the B-vitamins and vitamin A were found in varying amounts in some but not in all the algae examined. All the green algae secreted significant amounts of folate and biotin and all but Scenedesmus secreted pantothenate into their growth medium; Anabaena secreted folate and pantothenate.", "PMID": 402897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1677", "title": "Coupling between the initiation of DNA replication and cell division in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "The effect of mitomycin C on cell mass increase, cell division, RNA synthesis and DNA synthesis in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans has been examined. Data suggests that the initiation of DNA replication, rather than its termination was the necessary event for cell division to occur.", "contents": "Coupling between the initiation of DNA replication and cell division in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. The effect of mitomycin C on cell mass increase, cell division, RNA synthesis and DNA synthesis in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans has been examined. Data suggests that the initiation of DNA replication, rather than its termination was the necessary event for cell division to occur.", "PMID": 402898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1678", "title": "Chimpanzee livers after infection with human hepatitis viruses A and B: Ultrastructural studies.", "content": "Electron microscopical studies were carried out on coded liver biopsy specimens from chimpanzees inoculated with human hepatitis A or B virus. Hepatitis B was recognized by the presence of hepatitis B core particles in hepatocellular nuclei. Hepatitis A was characterized by unidentified large, dense, and more irregular heterochromatin-like particles in hepatocellular nuclei coincidental with peak aminotransferase activities. As type A hepatitis illness became manifest in the chimpanzees, mitochondrial cristae were curled and attenuated, and clusters of endoplasmic reticulum were tightly packed. In contrast, the livers in viral hepatitis B showed mainly hypertrophy of tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This suggested different pathogenetic mechanisms in A and B chimpanzee viral hepatitis.", "contents": "Chimpanzee livers after infection with human hepatitis viruses A and B: Ultrastructural studies. Electron microscopical studies were carried out on coded liver biopsy specimens from chimpanzees inoculated with human hepatitis A or B virus. Hepatitis B was recognized by the presence of hepatitis B core particles in hepatocellular nuclei. Hepatitis A was characterized by unidentified large, dense, and more irregular heterochromatin-like particles in hepatocellular nuclei coincidental with peak aminotransferase activities. As type A hepatitis illness became manifest in the chimpanzees, mitochondrial cristae were curled and attenuated, and clusters of endoplasmic reticulum were tightly packed. In contrast, the livers in viral hepatitis B showed mainly hypertrophy of tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This suggested different pathogenetic mechanisms in A and B chimpanzee viral hepatitis.", "PMID": 402899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1679", "title": "[The epileptic crises of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. I. Convulsive forms].", "content": "Clinical and electroensephalographic aspects of twenty seven (27) patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were studied (20 without previous West syndrome, group A, and 7 with this antecedent, group B). The epileptic seizures were characterized through descriptions made by relatives who were in close contact with the patients, and also by direct observation by the author in the clinic. The direct observation was possible due to high frequency of the seizures. Denominations were given to the manifestations not previously mentioned in the literature, according to the quality and eventual sequence of observable phenomena, in agreement with the terminology used by the Clinical and EEG Classification of Epileptic Seizures. The incidence, prognostic, clinical and evolutive aspects of elementary forms of epileptic seizures were discussed. Great variability of the convulsive seizures was verified, permitting their division into simple, complex and mixed forms.", "contents": "[The epileptic crises of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. I. Convulsive forms]. Clinical and electroensephalographic aspects of twenty seven (27) patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were studied (20 without previous West syndrome, group A, and 7 with this antecedent, group B). The epileptic seizures were characterized through descriptions made by relatives who were in close contact with the patients, and also by direct observation by the author in the clinic. The direct observation was possible due to high frequency of the seizures. Denominations were given to the manifestations not previously mentioned in the literature, according to the quality and eventual sequence of observable phenomena, in agreement with the terminology used by the Clinical and EEG Classification of Epileptic Seizures. The incidence, prognostic, clinical and evolutive aspects of elementary forms of epileptic seizures were discussed. Great variability of the convulsive seizures was verified, permitting their division into simple, complex and mixed forms.", "PMID": 402901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1680", "title": "[Epileptic crises of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. II. Partial and nonconvulsive forms].", "content": "Clinical and electroencephalographic aspects of partial and non convulsive forms of epileptic seizures of twenty seven (27) patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were studied (20 without previous West syndrome, Group A, and 7 with this antecedent, group B). The epileptic seizures were characterized through descriptions made by relatives who were in close contact with the patients, and also by direct observation by the author in the clinic. The direct observation was possible due to high frequency rates of the seizures. Denominations were given to the manifestations not previously mentioned in the literature, according to the quality and eventual sequence of observable phenomena, in agreement with the terminology used by the Clinical and EEG Classification of Epileptic Seizures. The incidence and clinical aspects of elementary partial and non-convulsive forms of epileptic seizures were discussed. Great variability of the non-convulsive seizures was verified permiting their division into simple, complex and mixed forms, similarly to the absences. Unilateral forms of atonic seizures were identified.", "contents": "[Epileptic crises of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. II. Partial and nonconvulsive forms]. Clinical and electroencephalographic aspects of partial and non convulsive forms of epileptic seizures of twenty seven (27) patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were studied (20 without previous West syndrome, Group A, and 7 with this antecedent, group B). The epileptic seizures were characterized through descriptions made by relatives who were in close contact with the patients, and also by direct observation by the author in the clinic. The direct observation was possible due to high frequency rates of the seizures. Denominations were given to the manifestations not previously mentioned in the literature, according to the quality and eventual sequence of observable phenomena, in agreement with the terminology used by the Clinical and EEG Classification of Epileptic Seizures. The incidence and clinical aspects of elementary partial and non-convulsive forms of epileptic seizures were discussed. Great variability of the non-convulsive seizures was verified permiting their division into simple, complex and mixed forms, similarly to the absences. Unilateral forms of atonic seizures were identified.", "PMID": 402902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1681", "title": "Macular cherry-red spots and beta-galactosidase deficiency in an adult. An autopsy case with progressive cerebellar ataxia, myoclonus, thrombocytopathy, and accumulation of polysaccharide in liver.", "content": "An adult patient with macular cherry-red spots, a gargoyle-like physical appearance, cerebellar ataxia, myoclonus, convulsive seizures, and pyramidal tract signs showed a profound deficiency of beta-galactosidase in liver and brain. Thrombocytopathy of undetermined etiology was evident since childhood, and the patient died of intracranial bleeding at age 22. Cerebral ganglioside pattern was normal. Hepatic mucopolysaccharides were not increased. GM1-gangliosidosis and mucopolysaccharidosis were ruled out by those analytical data. However, a large amount of amylopectin-like polysaccharide was found to be accumulated in liver. Hepatocyte contained numerous inclusion bodies with granulofibrillary structure similar to Lafora bodies, corpora amylacea, and inclusion bodies in glycogenosis type IV. This case seems to represent a new inborn metabolic disease closely related to GM1-gangliosidosis and mucopolysaccharidosis. The primary metabolic defect is not known at present.", "contents": "Macular cherry-red spots and beta-galactosidase deficiency in an adult. An autopsy case with progressive cerebellar ataxia, myoclonus, thrombocytopathy, and accumulation of polysaccharide in liver. An adult patient with macular cherry-red spots, a gargoyle-like physical appearance, cerebellar ataxia, myoclonus, convulsive seizures, and pyramidal tract signs showed a profound deficiency of beta-galactosidase in liver and brain. Thrombocytopathy of undetermined etiology was evident since childhood, and the patient died of intracranial bleeding at age 22. Cerebral ganglioside pattern was normal. Hepatic mucopolysaccharides were not increased. GM1-gangliosidosis and mucopolysaccharidosis were ruled out by those analytical data. However, a large amount of amylopectin-like polysaccharide was found to be accumulated in liver. Hepatocyte contained numerous inclusion bodies with granulofibrillary structure similar to Lafora bodies, corpora amylacea, and inclusion bodies in glycogenosis type IV. This case seems to represent a new inborn metabolic disease closely related to GM1-gangliosidosis and mucopolysaccharidosis. The primary metabolic defect is not known at present.", "PMID": 402903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1682", "title": "Evoked potential in neglect.", "content": "The evoked potential was studied in Macaca speciosa before and after they received a lesion inducing neglect. Significant evoked potential changes associated with neglect were seen only in late components (N2, P3). These observations support the hypothesis of the arousal-attention mechanism of neglect.", "contents": "Evoked potential in neglect. The evoked potential was studied in Macaca speciosa before and after they received a lesion inducing neglect. Significant evoked potential changes associated with neglect were seen only in late components (N2, P3). These observations support the hypothesis of the arousal-attention mechanism of neglect.", "PMID": 402904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1683", "title": "Induction of subcapsular cataracts in cynomolgus monkeys by echothiophate.", "content": "Sixteen eyes of 13 cynomolgus monkeys were treated topically twice daily with echothiophate iodide. The dosages were increased gradually over several weeks to plateau levels ranging from 125 to 500 mug daily. The opposite eyes of the ten unilaterally treated monkeys received a control solution (DILUENT) identical save for the absence of echothiophate. All 16 echothiophate-treated eyes developed posterior subcapsular cataracts and 15 developed anterior subcapsular cataracts. The lenses in all ten DILUENT-treated eyes remained clear. The cataracts in the echothiophate-treated eyes strongly resembled those attributed to cholinesterase inhibitors in humans. They were first noted from 2 1/2 to 14 weeks after beginning echothiophate treatment. Prior total iridectomy caused a more rapid progression and/or greater severity of lens changes. Higher echothiophate dosages caused the cataracts to appear more rapidly.", "contents": "Induction of subcapsular cataracts in cynomolgus monkeys by echothiophate. Sixteen eyes of 13 cynomolgus monkeys were treated topically twice daily with echothiophate iodide. The dosages were increased gradually over several weeks to plateau levels ranging from 125 to 500 mug daily. The opposite eyes of the ten unilaterally treated monkeys received a control solution (DILUENT) identical save for the absence of echothiophate. All 16 echothiophate-treated eyes developed posterior subcapsular cataracts and 15 developed anterior subcapsular cataracts. The lenses in all ten DILUENT-treated eyes remained clear. The cataracts in the echothiophate-treated eyes strongly resembled those attributed to cholinesterase inhibitors in humans. They were first noted from 2 1/2 to 14 weeks after beginning echothiophate treatment. Prior total iridectomy caused a more rapid progression and/or greater severity of lens changes. Higher echothiophate dosages caused the cataracts to appear more rapidly.", "PMID": 402905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1684", "title": "Aeruginocine typing and antibiotic sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa of poultry origin.", "content": "Aeruginocine typing and an antibiotic sensitivity test were conducted on 277 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from dead-in-shell embryos and on water from waterers of a chick hatchery. Thirty different aeruginocine patterns were obtained using 8 Wahba indicator strains. Of the 277 strains, 129 were typable and 148 were not. The aeruginocine typing patterns of the strains isolated from dead-in-shell embryos and water were similar, suggesting that contaminated water may be the source of infection. Antibiogram revealed that all the strains were resistant to methicillin and tetracycline, and had varying degrees of resistance to other antibiotics tested.", "contents": "Aeruginocine typing and antibiotic sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa of poultry origin. Aeruginocine typing and an antibiotic sensitivity test were conducted on 277 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from dead-in-shell embryos and on water from waterers of a chick hatchery. Thirty different aeruginocine patterns were obtained using 8 Wahba indicator strains. Of the 277 strains, 129 were typable and 148 were not. The aeruginocine typing patterns of the strains isolated from dead-in-shell embryos and water were similar, suggesting that contaminated water may be the source of infection. Antibiogram revealed that all the strains were resistant to methicillin and tetracycline, and had varying degrees of resistance to other antibiotics tested.", "PMID": 402907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1685", "title": "Serologic response to Haemophilus gallinarum in artifically infected and vaccinated chickens.", "content": "Serologic responses to Haemophilus gallinarum (HG) were compared in chickens artifically inoculated with living HG and vaccinated with HG bacterin, using tube agglutination (AGG), hemagglutination-inhibition (HI), and agar-gel precipitation (AGP) tests. Infected and vaccinated chickens differed markedly, as did infection routes early after treatment. HI response was delayed and lower in chickens infected intranasally than in vaccinated chickens. Both AGG and AGP responses peaked sooner than HI. AGP response was earlier in infected chickens, but later in vaccinated chickens. A maximum of three lines were observed. All which appeared for vaccinated chickens were similar to those for inoculated ones. A residual line remaining for very long periods for inoculated and vaccinated chickens appeared near the side of well of the HG antigen. The duration of symptoms following HG infection had no correlation with HI, AGG, and AGP titers. From these results, the HI test seems not to be the only serological diagnosis of HG infection in the field.", "contents": "Serologic response to Haemophilus gallinarum in artifically infected and vaccinated chickens. Serologic responses to Haemophilus gallinarum (HG) were compared in chickens artifically inoculated with living HG and vaccinated with HG bacterin, using tube agglutination (AGG), hemagglutination-inhibition (HI), and agar-gel precipitation (AGP) tests. Infected and vaccinated chickens differed markedly, as did infection routes early after treatment. HI response was delayed and lower in chickens infected intranasally than in vaccinated chickens. Both AGG and AGP responses peaked sooner than HI. AGP response was earlier in infected chickens, but later in vaccinated chickens. A maximum of three lines were observed. All which appeared for vaccinated chickens were similar to those for inoculated ones. A residual line remaining for very long periods for inoculated and vaccinated chickens appeared near the side of well of the HG antigen. The duration of symptoms following HG infection had no correlation with HI, AGG, and AGP titers. From these results, the HI test seems not to be the only serological diagnosis of HG infection in the field.", "PMID": 402906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1686", "title": "Rapid fluorimetric assay of minocycline in plasma or serum: comparison with microbiological assay.", "content": "1. Plasma concentrations of minocycline were assayed by measuring the fluorescence emission of an aluminum-minocycline chelate in a spectrofluorimeter. 2. The assay gives reproducible results over the concentration range 0.05-5.0 mug ml-1, and compared favourably with results achieved using a conventional large plate agar diffusion microbiological assay in a double-blind comparison of the two methods. 3. Fluorimetric assay of minocycline in plasma was found to correlate closely with antibiotic activity (r = 0.95). The method is easy and economical to perform, results being obtained in 1 h.", "contents": "Rapid fluorimetric assay of minocycline in plasma or serum: comparison with microbiological assay. 1. Plasma concentrations of minocycline were assayed by measuring the fluorescence emission of an aluminum-minocycline chelate in a spectrofluorimeter. 2. The assay gives reproducible results over the concentration range 0.05-5.0 mug ml-1, and compared favourably with results achieved using a conventional large plate agar diffusion microbiological assay in a double-blind comparison of the two methods. 3. Fluorimetric assay of minocycline in plasma was found to correlate closely with antibiotic activity (r = 0.95). The method is easy and economical to perform, results being obtained in 1 h.", "PMID": 402926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1687", "title": "Biochemical characteristics of different forms of protein-energy malnutrition: an experimental model using young rats.", "content": "I. In three separate experiments, four groups of five to eight young male rats were fed either (i) a high-protein diet, for which the net dietary protein:total metabolizable energy ratio (NDp:E) was 0-1 (HP diet); or (ii) a low-protein diet, for which NDp:E was 0-04 (LP diet). In both these groups, food intake was ad lib. In group (iii) the HP diet was given in an amount approximately equal to that taken by the LP group fed ad lib. (HP-restricted). In group (iv) rats were fasted for 48 h after receiving the HP diet (HP-fasted). Each experiment lasted 4 weeks. 2. In the LP and HP-restricted groups, food intake was about 50% of that of the HP rats, while body-weight, after 4 weeks on diet was about 35% and 55% of that of HP rats, for LP and HP-restricted respectively. Both groups of malnourished rats gained some weight during the experiment. 3. Measurements of oral glucose tolerance and plasma insulin levels were made in the fourth week. LP and HP-restricted rats both showed low fasting insulin levels and low insulin to glucose ratios during the glucose tolerance tests; the LP rats were more seriously affected. 4. At the end of the fourth week the rats were killed and blood, liver and gastrocnemius muscle were analysed. LP rats showed specifically and consistently low values for haemoglobin and plasma protein concentration, and low activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3-1-3-9) and of alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) in liver and muscle. The activity of hepatic aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) was, if anything, increased. The plasma amino acid concentrations and ratios showed a specific fall in branched-chain amino acids. Liver fat concentration was consistently elevated. The HP-restricted rats had normal values for haemoglobin, plasma protein andliver fat, and near-normal values for plasma amino acids. Hepatic alanine aminotransferase showed increased activity compared with HP rats, but muscle alanine aminotransferase showed reduced activity. The HP-fasted rats had increased haemoglobin, plasma protein and liver fat concentration, and very low liver glycogen concentrations. Hepatic alanine aminotransferase activity was elevated. Plasma alanine concentration was specifically reduced. 5. The results are consistent with suppression of gluconeogenesis, liver dysfunction and essential amino acid deprivation in LP rats. These biochemical changes found in rats on a low intake of a diet of low protein and high carbohydrate value are similar to those found in kwashiorkor. An equally low intake of a diet of good protein value (HP-restricted) led to marginally better growth, accompanied by biochemical signs of increased gluconeogenesis, analogous to those reported for nutritional marasmus. This nutritional state was not biochemically identical with that of acute fasting. 6. The results are discussed in terms of the consistency of the rat model, and its contribution to understanding biochemical changes found in infant malnutrition.", "contents": "Biochemical characteristics of different forms of protein-energy malnutrition: an experimental model using young rats. I. In three separate experiments, four groups of five to eight young male rats were fed either (i) a high-protein diet, for which the net dietary protein:total metabolizable energy ratio (NDp:E) was 0-1 (HP diet); or (ii) a low-protein diet, for which NDp:E was 0-04 (LP diet). In both these groups, food intake was ad lib. In group (iii) the HP diet was given in an amount approximately equal to that taken by the LP group fed ad lib. (HP-restricted). In group (iv) rats were fasted for 48 h after receiving the HP diet (HP-fasted). Each experiment lasted 4 weeks. 2. In the LP and HP-restricted groups, food intake was about 50% of that of the HP rats, while body-weight, after 4 weeks on diet was about 35% and 55% of that of HP rats, for LP and HP-restricted respectively. Both groups of malnourished rats gained some weight during the experiment. 3. Measurements of oral glucose tolerance and plasma insulin levels were made in the fourth week. LP and HP-restricted rats both showed low fasting insulin levels and low insulin to glucose ratios during the glucose tolerance tests; the LP rats were more seriously affected. 4. At the end of the fourth week the rats were killed and blood, liver and gastrocnemius muscle were analysed. LP rats showed specifically and consistently low values for haemoglobin and plasma protein concentration, and low activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3-1-3-9) and of alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) in liver and muscle. The activity of hepatic aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) was, if anything, increased. The plasma amino acid concentrations and ratios showed a specific fall in branched-chain amino acids. Liver fat concentration was consistently elevated. The HP-restricted rats had normal values for haemoglobin, plasma protein andliver fat, and near-normal values for plasma amino acids. Hepatic alanine aminotransferase showed increased activity compared with HP rats, but muscle alanine aminotransferase showed reduced activity. The HP-fasted rats had increased haemoglobin, plasma protein and liver fat concentration, and very low liver glycogen concentrations. Hepatic alanine aminotransferase activity was elevated. Plasma alanine concentration was specifically reduced. 5. The results are consistent with suppression of gluconeogenesis, liver dysfunction and essential amino acid deprivation in LP rats. These biochemical changes found in rats on a low intake of a diet of low protein and high carbohydrate value are similar to those found in kwashiorkor. An equally low intake of a diet of good protein value (HP-restricted) led to marginally better growth, accompanied by biochemical signs of increased gluconeogenesis, analogous to those reported for nutritional marasmus. This nutritional state was not biochemically identical with that of acute fasting. 6. The results are discussed in terms of the consistency of the rat model, and its contribution to understanding biochemical changes found in infant malnutrition.", "PMID": 402928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1688", "title": "Balance study of twenty trace elements during total parenteral nutrition in man.", "content": "1. Balances of twenty trace elements (silver, arsenic, gold, bromine, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, caesium, copper, iron, mercury, lanthanum, molybdenum, rubidium, antimony, scandium, selenium, samarium, tungsten and zinc) have been determined in four male patients during total parenteral nutrition incliding fat emulsion and a special solution for addition of Fe, Zn, manganese, Cu, fluorine and iodine, besides calcium and magnesium, to the infusion solutions. 2. The analyses for trace elements were made with the aid of an ion-exchange technique based on neutron activation, and combined with subsequent gamma spectrometry. 3. The intended intravenous supply of trace elements correspond approximately to the analysed supply. However, all the other trace elements determined were found to be unintentionally administered in small amounts. 4. There was a substantial retention of Fe. Other elements retained were Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, Sb, Sc, and W. 5. Particularly Br and Rb were lost by the patients, but negative balances were also found for As, Au, Cd, Cs, Mo, Se and Zn. However, Zn was retained by one patient with short bowel syndrome. 6. The serum concentrations of thirteen (Ag, Br, Co, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Rb, Sc, Se, W and Zn) of the trace elements were found to have some decrease during the period of total parenteral nutrition, mostly in accordance with the corresponding balance values, Fe, in particular, was found to have the derectional change in concentration. 7. The administration of trace elements is recommended in long-term total parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Balance study of twenty trace elements during total parenteral nutrition in man. 1. Balances of twenty trace elements (silver, arsenic, gold, bromine, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, caesium, copper, iron, mercury, lanthanum, molybdenum, rubidium, antimony, scandium, selenium, samarium, tungsten and zinc) have been determined in four male patients during total parenteral nutrition incliding fat emulsion and a special solution for addition of Fe, Zn, manganese, Cu, fluorine and iodine, besides calcium and magnesium, to the infusion solutions. 2. The analyses for trace elements were made with the aid of an ion-exchange technique based on neutron activation, and combined with subsequent gamma spectrometry. 3. The intended intravenous supply of trace elements correspond approximately to the analysed supply. However, all the other trace elements determined were found to be unintentionally administered in small amounts. 4. There was a substantial retention of Fe. Other elements retained were Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, Sb, Sc, and W. 5. Particularly Br and Rb were lost by the patients, but negative balances were also found for As, Au, Cd, Cs, Mo, Se and Zn. However, Zn was retained by one patient with short bowel syndrome. 6. The serum concentrations of thirteen (Ag, Br, Co, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Rb, Sc, Se, W and Zn) of the trace elements were found to have some decrease during the period of total parenteral nutrition, mostly in accordance with the corresponding balance values, Fe, in particular, was found to have the derectional change in concentration. 7. The administration of trace elements is recommended in long-term total parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 402929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1689", "title": "[Nutritional evaluation and use of a nutritional complement in children undergoing periodical hemodialysis].", "content": "Six uremic dhildren in periodic hemodialysis with protein-calorie malnutrition were studied. Three of them were given diet supplementation with a compound constituted by carbohydrates and essential amino acids. Evaluation at ,3 and 6 months with somatometry, rutine laboratory analysis, intravenous glucose tolerance test and plasma amino acid determinations, showed that patients with diet supplementation had a slight increase in height and body weight, improved glucose in tolerance, that was initialy detected, and an abnormal pattern of plasma amino acids not modified during the study. Patients without diet supplementation showed no changes in height, body weight, glucose tolerance and plasma amino acids. These results suggest that diet supplementation with carbohydrates and amino acids is useful to improve nutrition in uremic children on hemodialysis, but it is neccesary to study more patients.", "contents": "[Nutritional evaluation and use of a nutritional complement in children undergoing periodical hemodialysis]. Six uremic dhildren in periodic hemodialysis with protein-calorie malnutrition were studied. Three of them were given diet supplementation with a compound constituted by carbohydrates and essential amino acids. Evaluation at ,3 and 6 months with somatometry, rutine laboratory analysis, intravenous glucose tolerance test and plasma amino acid determinations, showed that patients with diet supplementation had a slight increase in height and body weight, improved glucose in tolerance, that was initialy detected, and an abnormal pattern of plasma amino acids not modified during the study. Patients without diet supplementation showed no changes in height, body weight, glucose tolerance and plasma amino acids. These results suggest that diet supplementation with carbohydrates and amino acids is useful to improve nutrition in uremic children on hemodialysis, but it is neccesary to study more patients.", "PMID": 402925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1690", "title": "Isolation and characterization of an organic solvent soluble polypeptide component from photoreceptor complexes of Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "An organic solvent soluble polypeptide has been isolated from photoreceptor complexes and chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum. After extraction of the protein from lyophilized samples with 1:1 chloroform-methanol, it was purified by column chromatography. Its isoelectric point determined by isoelectric focusing was 7.10. When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the purified polypeptide ran as a single band of an apparent molecular weight of 12 000. However, according to amino acid analysis, the minimal molecular weight based on one histidine residue per polypeptide is 19 000. The polypeptide contains no cysteine and no tyrosine. Amino acid analysis indicated that three methionines were present per histidine residue and cyanogen bromide cleavage gave four smaller peptides which were isolated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and chromatography. Spectroscopic analysis indicated the presence of three tryptophan residues per histidine and N-bromosuccinamide cleavage also gave four smaller peptides which could be isolated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and chromatography. The C-terminal amino acid was shown to be glycine by two methods, while the N-terminal amino acid appears to be blocked. The organic solvent soluble polypeptide accounts for approximately 50% of the chromatophore protein and seems to bind the antenna bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid molecules. Using this procedure, organic solvent soluble polypeptides were isolated from several photosynthetic bacteria and were found to have substantially different amino acid contents.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of an organic solvent soluble polypeptide component from photoreceptor complexes of Rhodospirillum rubrum. An organic solvent soluble polypeptide has been isolated from photoreceptor complexes and chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum. After extraction of the protein from lyophilized samples with 1:1 chloroform-methanol, it was purified by column chromatography. Its isoelectric point determined by isoelectric focusing was 7.10. When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the purified polypeptide ran as a single band of an apparent molecular weight of 12 000. However, according to amino acid analysis, the minimal molecular weight based on one histidine residue per polypeptide is 19 000. The polypeptide contains no cysteine and no tyrosine. Amino acid analysis indicated that three methionines were present per histidine residue and cyanogen bromide cleavage gave four smaller peptides which were isolated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and chromatography. Spectroscopic analysis indicated the presence of three tryptophan residues per histidine and N-bromosuccinamide cleavage also gave four smaller peptides which could be isolated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and chromatography. The C-terminal amino acid was shown to be glycine by two methods, while the N-terminal amino acid appears to be blocked. The organic solvent soluble polypeptide accounts for approximately 50% of the chromatophore protein and seems to bind the antenna bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid molecules. Using this procedure, organic solvent soluble polypeptides were isolated from several photosynthetic bacteria and were found to have substantially different amino acid contents.", "PMID": 402930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1691", "title": "Tyrosine emission in the tryptophanless azurin from Pseudomonas fluorescens.", "content": "A strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens contains an azurin with no tryptophan and two tyrosines. This protein is interesting because it allows one to study both the structure of azurin and the emission of tyrosines in proteins. Comprehensive measurements were carried out including spectrophotometric and fluorimetric titration, fluorescence quantum yield, fluorescence polarization, and I- quenching. In the copper-containing protein, almost independent of the copper ion oxidation, the fluorescence quantum yield is approximately 60% of that of the apoprotein. The latter has the remarkable property that its quantum yield is even greater than free tyrosine. The two tyrosines in the metalloprotein have different pKa's, 10.75 and 12.78, but there is only one average pKa, 10.9 in the apoprotein. The polarization of the fluorescence at 310 nm (290-nm excitation) is 0.32 for the metalloproteins and 0.34 for the apoprotein. I- hardly quenches the fluorescence. The conclusion is that the two tyrosines are inaccesible to the solvent, located in nonpolar environments, larger than or equal to 20 A apart, and not adjacent to the disulfide bridge.", "contents": "Tyrosine emission in the tryptophanless azurin from Pseudomonas fluorescens. A strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens contains an azurin with no tryptophan and two tyrosines. This protein is interesting because it allows one to study both the structure of azurin and the emission of tyrosines in proteins. Comprehensive measurements were carried out including spectrophotometric and fluorimetric titration, fluorescence quantum yield, fluorescence polarization, and I- quenching. In the copper-containing protein, almost independent of the copper ion oxidation, the fluorescence quantum yield is approximately 60% of that of the apoprotein. The latter has the remarkable property that its quantum yield is even greater than free tyrosine. The two tyrosines in the metalloprotein have different pKa's, 10.75 and 12.78, but there is only one average pKa, 10.9 in the apoprotein. The polarization of the fluorescence at 310 nm (290-nm excitation) is 0.32 for the metalloproteins and 0.34 for the apoprotein. I- hardly quenches the fluorescence. The conclusion is that the two tyrosines are inaccesible to the solvent, located in nonpolar environments, larger than or equal to 20 A apart, and not adjacent to the disulfide bridge.", "PMID": 402931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1692", "title": "Study of the triplet state properties of tyrosines and tryptophan in azuring using optically detected magnetic resonance.", "content": "Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) signals and phosphorescence spectra were seen of tyrosine in the P. aeruginosa and tryptophanless P. fluorescens azurins and of tryptophan in the former. This confirmed a conclusion from other experiments that the tryptophan of P. aeruginosa cannot effectively quench the singlet energy of both tyrosines. The ODMR signals were all very narrow, additional evidence that the chromophores are buried in the interior of the protein. Accurate values of the zero-field coupling constants D and E lead to a tentative correlation of D values with the red shift of the 0 leads to 0 peak of the phosphorescence spectrum. The environment of tryptophan in P. aeruginosa is the most hydrocarbon like of any tryptophan so far observed. The experiments raise a number of unanswered questions concerning rate processes. The intensities of the 2E transition of tyrosine and the phosphorescence of both tyrosine and tryptophan are substantially reduced when the copper is oxidized. Nevertheless the phsphorescence lifetimes are unaffected. A hole cannot be burned in the ODMR resonances. The homogeneously broadened lines may conceivably be a result of low-temperature proton tunnelling.", "contents": "Study of the triplet state properties of tyrosines and tryptophan in azuring using optically detected magnetic resonance. Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) signals and phosphorescence spectra were seen of tyrosine in the P. aeruginosa and tryptophanless P. fluorescens azurins and of tryptophan in the former. This confirmed a conclusion from other experiments that the tryptophan of P. aeruginosa cannot effectively quench the singlet energy of both tyrosines. The ODMR signals were all very narrow, additional evidence that the chromophores are buried in the interior of the protein. Accurate values of the zero-field coupling constants D and E lead to a tentative correlation of D values with the red shift of the 0 leads to 0 peak of the phosphorescence spectrum. The environment of tryptophan in P. aeruginosa is the most hydrocarbon like of any tryptophan so far observed. The experiments raise a number of unanswered questions concerning rate processes. The intensities of the 2E transition of tyrosine and the phosphorescence of both tyrosine and tryptophan are substantially reduced when the copper is oxidized. Nevertheless the phsphorescence lifetimes are unaffected. A hole cannot be burned in the ODMR resonances. The homogeneously broadened lines may conceivably be a result of low-temperature proton tunnelling.", "PMID": 402932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1693", "title": "The photoaddition of trimethylpsoralen to Drosophila melanogaster nuclei: a probe for chromatin substructure.", "content": "Derivatives of the furocoumarin, psoralen, can penetrate intact cells or nuclei and cross-link opposite strands of the chromosomal DNA under the influence of long wave-length ultraviolet light. The potential of trioxsalen (4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen) as a probe for chromatin structure has been investigated. The DNA in both embryo nuclei and tissue culture cells from Drosophila melanogaster was found to be about 90% protected from trioxsalen binding relative to purified DNA. Digestion of trioxsalen-treated nuclei by micrococcal nuclease and gel electrophoresis of the resulting DNA gave the same type of band pattern that is characteristic of native, untreated nuclei are digestion. Nuclease digestion was therefore used to examine the distribution of bound trioxsalen in the DNA. The resulting DNA fragments were analyzed both by radioactivity measurements and quantitative electron microscopy. The nuclease cleaved intact photoreacted nuclei in such a way that preferential excision of trioxsalen containing regions of the DNA occurred, but, when acting upon purified DNA that contained bount trioxsalen, it attacked the trioxsalen-free regions preferentially. It was thus concluded that trixosalen binds at the sites corresponding to the regular nuclease-sensitive regions of the chromatin in nuclei.", "contents": "The photoaddition of trimethylpsoralen to Drosophila melanogaster nuclei: a probe for chromatin substructure. Derivatives of the furocoumarin, psoralen, can penetrate intact cells or nuclei and cross-link opposite strands of the chromosomal DNA under the influence of long wave-length ultraviolet light. The potential of trioxsalen (4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen) as a probe for chromatin structure has been investigated. The DNA in both embryo nuclei and tissue culture cells from Drosophila melanogaster was found to be about 90% protected from trioxsalen binding relative to purified DNA. Digestion of trioxsalen-treated nuclei by micrococcal nuclease and gel electrophoresis of the resulting DNA gave the same type of band pattern that is characteristic of native, untreated nuclei are digestion. Nuclease digestion was therefore used to examine the distribution of bound trioxsalen in the DNA. The resulting DNA fragments were analyzed both by radioactivity measurements and quantitative electron microscopy. The nuclease cleaved intact photoreacted nuclei in such a way that preferential excision of trioxsalen containing regions of the DNA occurred, but, when acting upon purified DNA that contained bount trioxsalen, it attacked the trioxsalen-free regions preferentially. It was thus concluded that trixosalen binds at the sites corresponding to the regular nuclease-sensitive regions of the chromatin in nuclei.", "PMID": 402933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1694", "title": "Transcription and translation of cloned Drosophila DNA fragments in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The expression of three unique DNA fragments from Drosophila melanogaster which have been inserted into Escherichia coli (E. coli) via the plasmid, pSC 101, was studied. The hybrid plasmid DNA molecules containing Drosophila DNA were transformed into the minicell producing strain of E. coli, X1411. Drosophila DNA-directed RNA synthesis was studied by hybridizing newly synthesized RNA isolated from the minicells with various DNA fragments which were immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. RNA was synthesized as readily from the inserted Drosophila DNA as from the original bacterial plasmid, pSC 101. In one case, transcription appeared to be initiated preferentially on one of the two strands of a Drosophila DNA fragment regardless of the orientation of that Drosophila DNA fragment with respect to the pSC 101 sequences. Two of the three Drosophila DNA fragments did not induce the synthesis of new polypeptides in minicells as detected by autoradiography of [35S]methionine-labeled polypeptides on polyacrylamide gels. The third Drosophila DNA fragment caused the synthesis of one additional polypeptide of 29 000 daltons. When an 8200 base pair portion of the third inserted Drosophila DNA (63% OF THE TOTAL Drosophila insertion) was removed by digestion with the restriction enzyme, Eco R1, this new polypeptide was no longer synthesized by minicells containing the remaining Drosophila DNA. When the 8200 base pair fragment was placed back into its parent plasmid as an inversion, the new polypeptide did not reappear. In addition, the presence of some, but not all, of the Drosophila DNA insertions affected the relative synthesis of the six polypeptides coded for by the parent plasmid, pSC 101.", "contents": "Transcription and translation of cloned Drosophila DNA fragments in Escherichia coli. The expression of three unique DNA fragments from Drosophila melanogaster which have been inserted into Escherichia coli (E. coli) via the plasmid, pSC 101, was studied. The hybrid plasmid DNA molecules containing Drosophila DNA were transformed into the minicell producing strain of E. coli, X1411. Drosophila DNA-directed RNA synthesis was studied by hybridizing newly synthesized RNA isolated from the minicells with various DNA fragments which were immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. RNA was synthesized as readily from the inserted Drosophila DNA as from the original bacterial plasmid, pSC 101. In one case, transcription appeared to be initiated preferentially on one of the two strands of a Drosophila DNA fragment regardless of the orientation of that Drosophila DNA fragment with respect to the pSC 101 sequences. Two of the three Drosophila DNA fragments did not induce the synthesis of new polypeptides in minicells as detected by autoradiography of [35S]methionine-labeled polypeptides on polyacrylamide gels. The third Drosophila DNA fragment caused the synthesis of one additional polypeptide of 29 000 daltons. When an 8200 base pair portion of the third inserted Drosophila DNA (63% OF THE TOTAL Drosophila insertion) was removed by digestion with the restriction enzyme, Eco R1, this new polypeptide was no longer synthesized by minicells containing the remaining Drosophila DNA. When the 8200 base pair fragment was placed back into its parent plasmid as an inversion, the new polypeptide did not reappear. In addition, the presence of some, but not all, of the Drosophila DNA insertions affected the relative synthesis of the six polypeptides coded for by the parent plasmid, pSC 101.", "PMID": 402934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1695", "title": "Kinetic properties of crystalline enzymes. Carboxypeptidase A.", "content": "Spectrochemical probes have demonstrated that the conformations of carboxypeptidase A differ in solution and in the crystalline state. Detailed kinetic studies of carboxypeptidase A crystals and solutions now show that the physical state of the enzyme is also a critical parameter that affects this enzyme's function. Thus, for all substrates examined, crystallization of the enzyme markedly reduces catalytic efficiency, kcat, from 20- to 1000-fold. In addition, substrate inhibition, apparent in solution for some di- and depsipeptides, is abolished with crystals, while longer substrates with normal kinetics in solution may exhibit activation with the crystals. The physical state of the enzyme also affects the mode of action of known modifiers of peptidase activity of the enzyme. In solution, addition of benzoylglycine or cinnamic acid markedly increases the rate of hydrolysis of CbzGly-Phe, but, with the crystalline enzyme, their addition hardly alters the activity. This is in accord with the weakening or absence of inhibitory enzyme-substrate binding modes. Kinetic studies on crystals were carried out over a range of enzyme concentrations, substrate concentrations, and crystal sizes, and in all instances the results are in good agreement with the theory developed by Katchalski for enzymes insolubilized by other means. Importantly, these kinetic parameters are determined under conditions which obviate artifacts due to diffusion limitation of substrates or products. The differences in the kinetic behavior of carboxypeptidase crystals, on the one hand, and of their solutions, on the other hand, bear importantly on efforts to interpret the function of the enzyme in structural terms. Hypothetical modes of substrate-enzyme interaction, generated by superimposing substrate models on the crystal structure of carboxypeptidase to stimulate kinetics in solution, have failed to detect all of these changes which affect inhibitory or activating binding modes.", "contents": "Kinetic properties of crystalline enzymes. Carboxypeptidase A. Spectrochemical probes have demonstrated that the conformations of carboxypeptidase A differ in solution and in the crystalline state. Detailed kinetic studies of carboxypeptidase A crystals and solutions now show that the physical state of the enzyme is also a critical parameter that affects this enzyme's function. Thus, for all substrates examined, crystallization of the enzyme markedly reduces catalytic efficiency, kcat, from 20- to 1000-fold. In addition, substrate inhibition, apparent in solution for some di- and depsipeptides, is abolished with crystals, while longer substrates with normal kinetics in solution may exhibit activation with the crystals. The physical state of the enzyme also affects the mode of action of known modifiers of peptidase activity of the enzyme. In solution, addition of benzoylglycine or cinnamic acid markedly increases the rate of hydrolysis of CbzGly-Phe, but, with the crystalline enzyme, their addition hardly alters the activity. This is in accord with the weakening or absence of inhibitory enzyme-substrate binding modes. Kinetic studies on crystals were carried out over a range of enzyme concentrations, substrate concentrations, and crystal sizes, and in all instances the results are in good agreement with the theory developed by Katchalski for enzymes insolubilized by other means. Importantly, these kinetic parameters are determined under conditions which obviate artifacts due to diffusion limitation of substrates or products. The differences in the kinetic behavior of carboxypeptidase crystals, on the one hand, and of their solutions, on the other hand, bear importantly on efforts to interpret the function of the enzyme in structural terms. Hypothetical modes of substrate-enzyme interaction, generated by superimposing substrate models on the crystal structure of carboxypeptidase to stimulate kinetics in solution, have failed to detect all of these changes which affect inhibitory or activating binding modes.", "PMID": 402935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1696", "title": "Heavy-chain variable-region sequence from an inulin-binding myeloma protein.", "content": "The entire variable-region sequence of the heavy chain from ABE-47N, a BALB/c inulin-binding myeloma protein, has been determined. This protein is unusual in that the third complementarity region (H3) is extremely short, consisting of at the most three and probably only one amino acid. A comparison of the heavy-chain hypervariable regions from mouse, human, and rabbit proteins shows that the variability in length of H3 is greater than that seen in the first or second hypervariable regions. This variability in H3 length suggests a specialized function for this region.", "contents": "Heavy-chain variable-region sequence from an inulin-binding myeloma protein. The entire variable-region sequence of the heavy chain from ABE-47N, a BALB/c inulin-binding myeloma protein, has been determined. This protein is unusual in that the third complementarity region (H3) is extremely short, consisting of at the most three and probably only one amino acid. A comparison of the heavy-chain hypervariable regions from mouse, human, and rabbit proteins shows that the variability in length of H3 is greater than that seen in the first or second hypervariable regions. This variability in H3 length suggests a specialized function for this region.", "PMID": 402936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1697", "title": "Characterization of dog small intestinal fucolipids with human blood group A activity. Differences in dog and human A-active fucolipids.", "content": "Glycolipids containing fucose (fucolipids) which carried human blood group A activity were isolated from a number of dog small intestines and analyzed. On the basis of sugar analysis, methylation, periodate oxidation, enzyme degradation, mass spectrometry, and immunologic studies, a structure is proposed for these substances. The ceramides of the dog fucolipids containing only hydroxylated fatty acids with 85% saturated and 15% monoenoic acids ranging from 16 to 25 carbon atoms. Sphingosine and phytosphingosine comprised 48% each of the long chain bases. An A-active fraction isolated from human small intestine was shown to have two components, one of which was immunologically distinct and the other identical with the dog intestinal fucolipids. The human fraction differed from the dog fucolipids in migration on thin-layer chromatography and contained two types of amino sugar substitution. It is proposed that the human fraction was composed of two fucolipids with incomplete structures.", "contents": "Characterization of dog small intestinal fucolipids with human blood group A activity. Differences in dog and human A-active fucolipids. Glycolipids containing fucose (fucolipids) which carried human blood group A activity were isolated from a number of dog small intestines and analyzed. On the basis of sugar analysis, methylation, periodate oxidation, enzyme degradation, mass spectrometry, and immunologic studies, a structure is proposed for these substances. The ceramides of the dog fucolipids containing only hydroxylated fatty acids with 85% saturated and 15% monoenoic acids ranging from 16 to 25 carbon atoms. Sphingosine and phytosphingosine comprised 48% each of the long chain bases. An A-active fraction isolated from human small intestine was shown to have two components, one of which was immunologically distinct and the other identical with the dog intestinal fucolipids. The human fraction differed from the dog fucolipids in migration on thin-layer chromatography and contained two types of amino sugar substitution. It is proposed that the human fraction was composed of two fucolipids with incomplete structures.", "PMID": 402937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1698", "title": "Isolation and identification of cytokinins from Euglena gracilis transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Three ribonucleosides responsible for cytokinin activity in Euglena gracilis var Bacillaris tRNA have been isolated and identified as 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine, 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-cis-2-butenylamino)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine, and 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-2-methylthio-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. The structures of these compounds were assigned on the basis of their chromatographic properties and ultraviolet and mass spectra which were identical with those of the corresponding synthetic compounds. The elution profiles of cytokinin bioassay activity and of 35S radioactivity suggest the presence of a trace amount of 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-2-methylthio-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of cytokinins from Euglena gracilis transfer ribonucleic acid. Three ribonucleosides responsible for cytokinin activity in Euglena gracilis var Bacillaris tRNA have been isolated and identified as 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine, 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-cis-2-butenylamino)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine, and 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-2-methylthio-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. The structures of these compounds were assigned on the basis of their chromatographic properties and ultraviolet and mass spectra which were identical with those of the corresponding synthetic compounds. The elution profiles of cytokinin bioassay activity and of 35S radioactivity suggest the presence of a trace amount of 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-2-methylthio-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine.", "PMID": 402938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1699", "title": "Specificity of the weak binding between the phage SPO1 transcription-inhibitory protein, TF1, and SPO1 DNA.", "content": "The interaction of the phage SPO1 protein transcription factor 1 (TF1), with DNA has been analyzed by membrane filter binding and by sedimentation methods. Substantially specific binding of TF1 to helical SPO1 DNA can be demonstrated by nitrocellulose filter-binding assays at relatively low ionic strength (0.08). However, TF1-DNA complexes dissociate and reequilibrate relatively rapidly and this makes filter-binding assays unsuitable for quantitative measurements of binding equilibra. Accordingly, the sedimentation properties of TF1-DNA complexes have been explored and a short-column centrifugation assay has been elaborated for quantitative measurements. Preferential binding of TF1 to the hydroxymethyluracil-containing SPO1 DNA has also been demonstrated by short-column centrifugation. TF1 binds relatively weakly and somewhat cooperatively to SPO1 DNA at many sites; TF1-DNA complexes dissociate and reequilibrate rapidly. At 20 degrees C in 0.01 M phosphate, pH 7.5, 0.15 KC1, one molecule of TF1 can bind to approximately every 60 nucleotide pairs of SPO1 DNA.", "contents": "Specificity of the weak binding between the phage SPO1 transcription-inhibitory protein, TF1, and SPO1 DNA. The interaction of the phage SPO1 protein transcription factor 1 (TF1), with DNA has been analyzed by membrane filter binding and by sedimentation methods. Substantially specific binding of TF1 to helical SPO1 DNA can be demonstrated by nitrocellulose filter-binding assays at relatively low ionic strength (0.08). However, TF1-DNA complexes dissociate and reequilibrate relatively rapidly and this makes filter-binding assays unsuitable for quantitative measurements of binding equilibra. Accordingly, the sedimentation properties of TF1-DNA complexes have been explored and a short-column centrifugation assay has been elaborated for quantitative measurements. Preferential binding of TF1 to the hydroxymethyluracil-containing SPO1 DNA has also been demonstrated by short-column centrifugation. TF1 binds relatively weakly and somewhat cooperatively to SPO1 DNA at many sites; TF1-DNA complexes dissociate and reequilibrate rapidly. At 20 degrees C in 0.01 M phosphate, pH 7.5, 0.15 KC1, one molecule of TF1 can bind to approximately every 60 nucleotide pairs of SPO1 DNA.", "PMID": 402939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1700", "title": "Purification, properties, and partial structure elucidation of a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein from cervical mucus of the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata).", "content": "A high-molecular-weight glycoprotein has been purified from the cervical mucus of the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata). The glycoprotein was shown to be homogeneous by electrophoresis, sedimentation equilibrium, and N-terminal group determination, and to contain 19% protein, 19% D-galactose, 18% N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, 15% N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, 11% L-fucose, 10% sialic acid, and 1% sulfate groups, corresponding to about 1800 amino acid residues and 400 carbohydrate side chains of about 9 monosaccharides. The carbohydrate chains are linked to the peptide backbone through N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and serine (or threonine) residues. Reduction with dithiothreitol and alkylation with iodoacetic acid reduced the molecular mass from 1 to 0.5 X 10(6) daltons and produced subunits having the same size, charge, and N-terminal amino acid. Electrophoretic studies suggested the presence of disulfide bonds between two chains of the glycoprotein. Degradation with alkaline borohydride gave, after fractionation on Bio-Gel P-2, fractions containing L-fucose, D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and sialic acid in the ratio of 1.0:3.0:1.0:1.0:1.3:1.0. Further fractionation by electrophoresis and paper chromatography gave a charged fraction representing 13% of the original glycoprotein. Enzymic degradation and methylation studies indicated the presence of the structure alpha-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-[Fuc(1 leads to 2)]-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-GlcNAc, linked to a core component containing N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol.", "contents": "Purification, properties, and partial structure elucidation of a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein from cervical mucus of the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata). A high-molecular-weight glycoprotein has been purified from the cervical mucus of the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata). The glycoprotein was shown to be homogeneous by electrophoresis, sedimentation equilibrium, and N-terminal group determination, and to contain 19% protein, 19% D-galactose, 18% N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, 15% N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, 11% L-fucose, 10% sialic acid, and 1% sulfate groups, corresponding to about 1800 amino acid residues and 400 carbohydrate side chains of about 9 monosaccharides. The carbohydrate chains are linked to the peptide backbone through N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and serine (or threonine) residues. Reduction with dithiothreitol and alkylation with iodoacetic acid reduced the molecular mass from 1 to 0.5 X 10(6) daltons and produced subunits having the same size, charge, and N-terminal amino acid. Electrophoretic studies suggested the presence of disulfide bonds between two chains of the glycoprotein. Degradation with alkaline borohydride gave, after fractionation on Bio-Gel P-2, fractions containing L-fucose, D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and sialic acid in the ratio of 1.0:3.0:1.0:1.0:1.3:1.0. Further fractionation by electrophoresis and paper chromatography gave a charged fraction representing 13% of the original glycoprotein. Enzymic degradation and methylation studies indicated the presence of the structure alpha-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-[Fuc(1 leads to 2)]-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-GlcNAc, linked to a core component containing N-acetyl-D-galactosaminitol.", "PMID": 402940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1701", "title": "Composition of a photosystem I chlorophyll protein complex from Anabaena flos-aquae.", "content": "The use of Triton X-100 to solubilize membrane fragments from Anabaena flos-aquae in conjunction with DEAE cellulose chromatography allows the separation of three green fractions. Fraction 1 is detergent-solubilized chlorophyll, and Fraction 2 contains one polypeptide in the 15 kdalton area. Fraction 3, which contains most of the chlorophyll and shows P-700 and photosystem I activity, shows by SDS gel electrophoresis varying polypeptide profiles which reflect the presence of four fundamental bands as well as varying amounts of other polypeptides which appear to be aggregates containing the 15 kdalton polypeptide. The four fundamental bands are designated Band I at 120, Band II at 52, Band III at 46, and Band IV at 15 kdaltons. Band I obtained using 0.1% SDS contains chlorophyll and P-700 associated with it. When this band is cut out and rerun, the 120 kdalton band is lost, but significant increases occur in the intensities of Bands II, III, and IV as well as other polypeptides in the 20-30 kdalton range. The use of 1% Triton X-100 coupled with sucrose density gradient centrifugation allows the separation of three green bands at 10, 25 and 40% sucrose. The 10% layer contains a major polypeptide which appears to be Band IV. The 25 and 40% layers show essentially similar polypeptide profiles, resembling Fraction 3 in this regard, except that the 40% layer shows a marked decrease in Band III. Treatment of the material layering at the 40% sucrose level with a higher (4%) concentration of Triton X-100 causes a loss (disaggregation) of the polypeptides occurring in the 60-80 kdalton region and in increase in the lower molecular weight polypeptides. Thus, aggregation of the lower molecular weight polypeptides accounts for the variability seen in the electrophoresis patterns. Possible relations of the principal polypeptides to the known photochemical functions in the original membrane are discussed.", "contents": "Composition of a photosystem I chlorophyll protein complex from Anabaena flos-aquae. The use of Triton X-100 to solubilize membrane fragments from Anabaena flos-aquae in conjunction with DEAE cellulose chromatography allows the separation of three green fractions. Fraction 1 is detergent-solubilized chlorophyll, and Fraction 2 contains one polypeptide in the 15 kdalton area. Fraction 3, which contains most of the chlorophyll and shows P-700 and photosystem I activity, shows by SDS gel electrophoresis varying polypeptide profiles which reflect the presence of four fundamental bands as well as varying amounts of other polypeptides which appear to be aggregates containing the 15 kdalton polypeptide. The four fundamental bands are designated Band I at 120, Band II at 52, Band III at 46, and Band IV at 15 kdaltons. Band I obtained using 0.1% SDS contains chlorophyll and P-700 associated with it. When this band is cut out and rerun, the 120 kdalton band is lost, but significant increases occur in the intensities of Bands II, III, and IV as well as other polypeptides in the 20-30 kdalton range. The use of 1% Triton X-100 coupled with sucrose density gradient centrifugation allows the separation of three green bands at 10, 25 and 40% sucrose. The 10% layer contains a major polypeptide which appears to be Band IV. The 25 and 40% layers show essentially similar polypeptide profiles, resembling Fraction 3 in this regard, except that the 40% layer shows a marked decrease in Band III. Treatment of the material layering at the 40% sucrose level with a higher (4%) concentration of Triton X-100 causes a loss (disaggregation) of the polypeptides occurring in the 60-80 kdalton region and in increase in the lower molecular weight polypeptides. Thus, aggregation of the lower molecular weight polypeptides accounts for the variability seen in the electrophoresis patterns. Possible relations of the principal polypeptides to the known photochemical functions in the original membrane are discussed.", "PMID": 402941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1702", "title": "Immobilised monomers of human liver arginase.", "content": "Human liver arginase (L-arginine amidinohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.1) was immobilised by attachment to nylon with glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. Incubation of the immobilised tetrameric enzyme with EDTA followed by dialysis resulted in the dissociation of the enzyme into inactive matrix-bound and solubilised subunits. Both species recovered enzymatic activity after incubation with Mn2+, and the activity of the reactivated matrix-bound subunits was nearly 25% of that shown by the enzyme initially attached to the support in the tetrameric form. When the reactivated bound subunits were incubated with soluble subunits in the presence of Mn2+, they 'picked-up' from the solution an amount of protein and enzymatic activity almost identical to that initially lost by the immobilised tetramer after the dissociating treatment with EDTA. This occurred only in the presence of Mn2+. It is suggested that the reactivation of the subunits of arginase involves the initial formation of an active monomer, which then acquires a conformation that favours a reassociation to the tetrameric state.", "contents": "Immobilised monomers of human liver arginase. Human liver arginase (L-arginine amidinohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.1) was immobilised by attachment to nylon with glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent. Incubation of the immobilised tetrameric enzyme with EDTA followed by dialysis resulted in the dissociation of the enzyme into inactive matrix-bound and solubilised subunits. Both species recovered enzymatic activity after incubation with Mn2+, and the activity of the reactivated matrix-bound subunits was nearly 25% of that shown by the enzyme initially attached to the support in the tetrameric form. When the reactivated bound subunits were incubated with soluble subunits in the presence of Mn2+, they 'picked-up' from the solution an amount of protein and enzymatic activity almost identical to that initially lost by the immobilised tetramer after the dissociating treatment with EDTA. This occurred only in the presence of Mn2+. It is suggested that the reactivation of the subunits of arginase involves the initial formation of an active monomer, which then acquires a conformation that favours a reassociation to the tetrameric state.", "PMID": 402942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1703", "title": "Selective tissue distribution of carbonic anhydrase isozymes in the ox.", "content": "By affinity chromatography the isozymic distribution of carbonic anhydrase (carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) has been studied in extract from various bovine tissues. Carbonic anhydrase II forms isolated from erythrocyte, kidney and brain are indistinguishable by specific activity, amino acid composition, fingerprint, electrophoretic and immunological behaviour. By these criteria they differ from carbonic anhydrase I isolated from rumen epithelium.", "contents": "Selective tissue distribution of carbonic anhydrase isozymes in the ox. By affinity chromatography the isozymic distribution of carbonic anhydrase (carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) has been studied in extract from various bovine tissues. Carbonic anhydrase II forms isolated from erythrocyte, kidney and brain are indistinguishable by specific activity, amino acid composition, fingerprint, electrophoretic and immunological behaviour. By these criteria they differ from carbonic anhydrase I isolated from rumen epithelium.", "PMID": 402943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1704", "title": "Soluble and microsomal forms of NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase from human placenta. Similarity with NADH-methemoglobin reductase from human erythrocytes.", "content": "In congenital methemoglobinemia associated with mental retardation a generalized deficiency of NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase (NADH : ferricytochrome beta 5 oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.2.2) has been found in soluble extracts of red blood cells, as well as in deoxycholate-treated extracts of leukocytes, muscle, liver and fibroblasts (Leroux et al. (1975) Nature 258, 619-620). In the present study the relationship between the microsomal (I) and the soluble (II) NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase was investigated, using human placenta as a source of enzyme. Both forms were compared to the human red-cell soluble NADH-methemoglobin reductase (III) and NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase (IV). The four entities exhibited great immunological similarities. It is concluded that the three soluble enzymes (II, III and IV) are identical. The detergent-solubilized microsomal NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase (I) is immunologically very similar to the soluble enzymes, but presents distinct features possibly due to the presence of a hydrophobic part.", "contents": "Soluble and microsomal forms of NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase from human placenta. Similarity with NADH-methemoglobin reductase from human erythrocytes. In congenital methemoglobinemia associated with mental retardation a generalized deficiency of NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase (NADH : ferricytochrome beta 5 oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.2.2) has been found in soluble extracts of red blood cells, as well as in deoxycholate-treated extracts of leukocytes, muscle, liver and fibroblasts (Leroux et al. (1975) Nature 258, 619-620). In the present study the relationship between the microsomal (I) and the soluble (II) NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase was investigated, using human placenta as a source of enzyme. Both forms were compared to the human red-cell soluble NADH-methemoglobin reductase (III) and NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase (IV). The four entities exhibited great immunological similarities. It is concluded that the three soluble enzymes (II, III and IV) are identical. The detergent-solubilized microsomal NADH-cytochrome beta 5 reductase (I) is immunologically very similar to the soluble enzymes, but presents distinct features possibly due to the presence of a hydrophobic part.", "PMID": 402944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1705", "title": "Inhibition of lysyl hydroxylase by catechol analogs.", "content": "Catechol analogs inhibit the activity of lysyl hydroxylase (peptidyllysine, 2-oxyglutarate: oxygen 5-oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.11.4), a microsomal enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of certain lysyl residues in collagen to hydroxylysine. Chick embryo lysyl hydroxylase activity was measured by specific tritium release as tritiated water from an L-[4,5-3H]lysine-labelled unhydroxylated collagen substrate prepared from chick calvaria. Catechol analogs did not bind irreversibly to either enzyme or substrate, as full activity was restored with dialysis. Addition of excess cofactor, Fe2+, ascorbic acid, or alpha-ketoglutarate, did not affect inhibition. Kinetic analysis revealed that with respect to collagen substrate, catechol demonstrated a noncompetitive type of inhibition with a Ki of 15 muM.", "contents": "Inhibition of lysyl hydroxylase by catechol analogs. Catechol analogs inhibit the activity of lysyl hydroxylase (peptidyllysine, 2-oxyglutarate: oxygen 5-oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.11.4), a microsomal enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of certain lysyl residues in collagen to hydroxylysine. Chick embryo lysyl hydroxylase activity was measured by specific tritium release as tritiated water from an L-[4,5-3H]lysine-labelled unhydroxylated collagen substrate prepared from chick calvaria. Catechol analogs did not bind irreversibly to either enzyme or substrate, as full activity was restored with dialysis. Addition of excess cofactor, Fe2+, ascorbic acid, or alpha-ketoglutarate, did not affect inhibition. Kinetic analysis revealed that with respect to collagen substrate, catechol demonstrated a noncompetitive type of inhibition with a Ki of 15 muM.", "PMID": 402945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1706", "title": "Human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase. Total purification and evidence for its antigenic identity with L-type enzyme.", "content": "Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2-0-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) has been purified 40 000 times from human erythrocytes, according to an original method. The whole purification procedure included toluene extraction, ammonium sulphate fractionation, DEAE-Sephadex batchwise chromatography and affinity chromatography on a Dextran Blue-Sepharose column with specific elution by fructose 1,6-diphosphate. The final preparation had specific activity of 290 I.U./mg of proteins and the overall yield was about 30%. Pyruvate kinase showed only one protein band as judged by sodium dodecyl sulphate acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Pure enzyme was injected into rabbits and monospecific antiserum was obtained able to neutralize, per ml, 150 I.U. of erythocyte-type pyruvate kinase as well as of L-type enzyme. L-type and erythrocyte-type pyruvate kinases showed reactions of complete identity when tested in immunodiffusion against anti-erythrocyte type pyruvate kinase sera; in all cases a single precipitation line could be detected. L-type pyruvate kinase when mixed with anti-erythocyte pyruvate kinase serum suppressed all ability of that antiserum to react immunological with erythocyte enzyme. Finally the microcomplement fixation curves using anti-erythrocyte pyruvate kinase serum were identical for erythrocyte and L-type enzymes. From these results it appeared that no antigenic difference between L-type and erythocyte enzyme could be detected. Consequently the most likely hypothesis is that both these enzymes are coded by  the same single gene, the slight electrophoretic differences between them being due to post-synthetic tissue-specific changes.", "contents": "Human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase. Total purification and evidence for its antigenic identity with L-type enzyme. Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2-0-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) has been purified 40 000 times from human erythrocytes, according to an original method. The whole purification procedure included toluene extraction, ammonium sulphate fractionation, DEAE-Sephadex batchwise chromatography and affinity chromatography on a Dextran Blue-Sepharose column with specific elution by fructose 1,6-diphosphate. The final preparation had specific activity of 290 I.U./mg of proteins and the overall yield was about 30%. Pyruvate kinase showed only one protein band as judged by sodium dodecyl sulphate acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Pure enzyme was injected into rabbits and monospecific antiserum was obtained able to neutralize, per ml, 150 I.U. of erythocyte-type pyruvate kinase as well as of L-type enzyme. L-type and erythrocyte-type pyruvate kinases showed reactions of complete identity when tested in immunodiffusion against anti-erythrocyte type pyruvate kinase sera; in all cases a single precipitation line could be detected. L-type pyruvate kinase when mixed with anti-erythocyte pyruvate kinase serum suppressed all ability of that antiserum to react immunological with erythocyte enzyme. Finally the microcomplement fixation curves using anti-erythrocyte pyruvate kinase serum were identical for erythrocyte and L-type enzymes. From these results it appeared that no antigenic difference between L-type and erythocyte enzyme could be detected. Consequently the most likely hypothesis is that both these enzymes are coded by  the same single gene, the slight electrophoretic differences between them being due to post-synthetic tissue-specific changes.", "PMID": 402946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1707", "title": "Retinol receptors in corneal epithelium, stroma and endothelium.", "content": "Specific receptors for retinol are present in the cytosol fraction of corneal epithelium as demonstrated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. These appear to be (1) protein in nature (2) of small molecular size (2 S) (3) specific for retinol and (4) present in several species. Assuming a receptor molecular weight of 15 000 and a single mole of retinol bound/mole of receptor protein, the association constant value is 5.26-10(7) with deltaG degrees = -8.53 kcal/mol. 2-S receptors are also observed in stroma and endothelium along with another binding species of approximately 8 S. Binding of [3H]retinol in bovine epithelial cytosol can also be demonstrated by disc gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. Immunodiffusion techniques demonstrate that monkey corneal epithelial and stromal cytosol samples do not contain contaminating serum retinol binding-protein.", "contents": "Retinol receptors in corneal epithelium, stroma and endothelium. Specific receptors for retinol are present in the cytosol fraction of corneal epithelium as demonstrated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. These appear to be (1) protein in nature (2) of small molecular size (2 S) (3) specific for retinol and (4) present in several species. Assuming a receptor molecular weight of 15 000 and a single mole of retinol bound/mole of receptor protein, the association constant value is 5.26-10(7) with deltaG degrees = -8.53 kcal/mol. 2-S receptors are also observed in stroma and endothelium along with another binding species of approximately 8 S. Binding of [3H]retinol in bovine epithelial cytosol can also be demonstrated by disc gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. Immunodiffusion techniques demonstrate that monkey corneal epithelial and stromal cytosol samples do not contain contaminating serum retinol binding-protein.", "PMID": 402947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1708", "title": "The fine structure of luminescence spectra of azurin.", "content": "The spectra of azurin absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence and fluorescence excitation have been measured in aqueous solutions at ordinary and liquid nitrogen temperatures. The fluorescence spectra of azurin even at ordinary temperatures have a well resolved fine vibrational structure. The frequency analysis reveals practically the same wave number distances between the main structure peaks in fluorescence spectra at room and low temperatures and in phosphorescence spectra. The comparison of the protein absorption and excitation spectra shows that all the energy absorbed by tyrosine residues is transferred onto indole chromophore. These data suggest an unusual tryptophan environment in this protein, which is characterized by the absence of any hydrogen bonding or other polar interaction of tryptophan with its environment. The problem of the possibility of contributions of two electronic transitions (1La in equilibrium A and 1Lb in equilibrium A) in absorption and emission spectra of azurin tryptophan arising from their mirror symmetry is discussed.", "contents": "The fine structure of luminescence spectra of azurin. The spectra of azurin absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence and fluorescence excitation have been measured in aqueous solutions at ordinary and liquid nitrogen temperatures. The fluorescence spectra of azurin even at ordinary temperatures have a well resolved fine vibrational structure. The frequency analysis reveals practically the same wave number distances between the main structure peaks in fluorescence spectra at room and low temperatures and in phosphorescence spectra. The comparison of the protein absorption and excitation spectra shows that all the energy absorbed by tyrosine residues is transferred onto indole chromophore. These data suggest an unusual tryptophan environment in this protein, which is characterized by the absence of any hydrogen bonding or other polar interaction of tryptophan with its environment. The problem of the possibility of contributions of two electronic transitions (1La in equilibrium A and 1Lb in equilibrium A) in absorption and emission spectra of azurin tryptophan arising from their mirror symmetry is discussed.", "PMID": 402948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1709", "title": "Fractionation of primary amyloid fibrils. Characterization and chemical interaction of the subunits.", "content": "Amyloid fibrils of kappa origin from a patient with primary amyloidosis are dissociated in various denaturants and fractionated into their subunit components on Sepharose 6B. Solubilization of the fibrils in 4 M guanidine-HCl followed by reduction and alkylation produced 22 000 and 17 000 dalton fractions. Without prior reduction and alkylation, these fractions exist as a high molecular weight protein which can be separated on Sepharose 6B. A high molecular weight protein can be directly dissociated from the amyloid fibril with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate or 1 M NaCl. Reduction and alkylation of this material produces the two lower molecular weight fractions, i.e., 22 000 and 17 000. These have in the first 20 residues identical N-terminal amino acid sequences; they share immunologic identity and have similar tryptic peptide map profiles. Amino acid analysis of the 22 000 dalton fraction is identical with the intact immunoglobulin light chain isolated from the patient's serum. These data suggest that the insoluble amyloid fibril is the result of aggregation by disulfide linkages between the 22 000 and 17 000 dalton fractions.", "contents": "Fractionation of primary amyloid fibrils. Characterization and chemical interaction of the subunits. Amyloid fibrils of kappa origin from a patient with primary amyloidosis are dissociated in various denaturants and fractionated into their subunit components on Sepharose 6B. Solubilization of the fibrils in 4 M guanidine-HCl followed by reduction and alkylation produced 22 000 and 17 000 dalton fractions. Without prior reduction and alkylation, these fractions exist as a high molecular weight protein which can be separated on Sepharose 6B. A high molecular weight protein can be directly dissociated from the amyloid fibril with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate or 1 M NaCl. Reduction and alkylation of this material produces the two lower molecular weight fractions, i.e., 22 000 and 17 000. These have in the first 20 residues identical N-terminal amino acid sequences; they share immunologic identity and have similar tryptic peptide map profiles. Amino acid analysis of the 22 000 dalton fraction is identical with the intact immunoglobulin light chain isolated from the patient's serum. These data suggest that the insoluble amyloid fibril is the result of aggregation by disulfide linkages between the 22 000 and 17 000 dalton fractions.", "PMID": 402949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1710", "title": "The N-terminal activation fragment of bovine prothrombin. Immunological studies leading to a one step purification.", "content": "Some immunological studies on prothrombin fragment 1 from bovine prothrombin and its warfarin-induced precursor acarboxyprothrombin are reported. Based on the results, a rapid and simple immunoadsorption method for the isolation of prothrombin fragment 1 in good yield has been established. The method exploits the conformational change induced in the fragment by removal of Ca2+. The principle may be applicable to other gamma-carboxyglutamyl-containing proteins or fragments therof.", "contents": "The N-terminal activation fragment of bovine prothrombin. Immunological studies leading to a one step purification. Some immunological studies on prothrombin fragment 1 from bovine prothrombin and its warfarin-induced precursor acarboxyprothrombin are reported. Based on the results, a rapid and simple immunoadsorption method for the isolation of prothrombin fragment 1 in good yield has been established. The method exploits the conformational change induced in the fragment by removal of Ca2+. The principle may be applicable to other gamma-carboxyglutamyl-containing proteins or fragments therof.", "PMID": 402950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1711", "title": "Temperature-dependent changes of myeloma immunoglobulin G (K) IVA, Bence-Jones protein (K-type) IVA and its fragments.", "content": "1. The temperature function of the myeloma IgG(K) IVA, Bence-Jones protein (K-type) IVA and its fragments (Fab(t), Fc'(t), VL and CL) was studied by thermal perturbation difference spectroscopy and circular dichroism. 2. The IgG and Bence-Jones protein studied were found to be capable of a fully reversible structural changes at temperatures between 25 and 35 degrees C. The changes occurring at the higher temperature are accompanied by the screening of the significant part of exposed tyrosine residues. The transition is not accompanied by an appreciable change in the main IgG secondary structure-beta-pleated sheet, according to the CD data. 3. It was found that the temperature-dependent changes of IgG occur in its Fab fragments, the changes of Bence-Jones protein occur in its variable part (VL domains). 4. The temperature changes in the interval 25-35 degrees C are explained by the flexibility of amino acid side chains composed hypervariable loops delineated the \"sides\" of cavity between variable domains.", "contents": "Temperature-dependent changes of myeloma immunoglobulin G (K) IVA, Bence-Jones protein (K-type) IVA and its fragments. 1. The temperature function of the myeloma IgG(K) IVA, Bence-Jones protein (K-type) IVA and its fragments (Fab(t), Fc'(t), VL and CL) was studied by thermal perturbation difference spectroscopy and circular dichroism. 2. The IgG and Bence-Jones protein studied were found to be capable of a fully reversible structural changes at temperatures between 25 and 35 degrees C. The changes occurring at the higher temperature are accompanied by the screening of the significant part of exposed tyrosine residues. The transition is not accompanied by an appreciable change in the main IgG secondary structure-beta-pleated sheet, according to the CD data. 3. It was found that the temperature-dependent changes of IgG occur in its Fab fragments, the changes of Bence-Jones protein occur in its variable part (VL domains). 4. The temperature changes in the interval 25-35 degrees C are explained by the flexibility of amino acid side chains composed hypervariable loops delineated the \"sides\" of cavity between variable domains.", "PMID": 402951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1712", "title": "Late hexokinase activity expression during Bufo bufo development.", "content": "Hexokinase activity was detected in cytosols and homogenates from different developmental stages of Bufo bufo embryos starting from stage 17. Free glucose was measured in the embryo cytosol and was detected at each stage tested. At stage 15, a large increase of glucose content of the embryo cytosol occurs. Hexokinase expression in the embryo thus occurs after the increase of cytosol glucose content occurring at stage 15. The findings rule out that glucose by itself is the hexokinase inducer in vivo. The very low glucose utilization found by many authors during early amphibian development may be related to the late hexokinase expression during Bufo bufo development.", "contents": "Late hexokinase activity expression during Bufo bufo development. Hexokinase activity was detected in cytosols and homogenates from different developmental stages of Bufo bufo embryos starting from stage 17. Free glucose was measured in the embryo cytosol and was detected at each stage tested. At stage 15, a large increase of glucose content of the embryo cytosol occurs. Hexokinase expression in the embryo thus occurs after the increase of cytosol glucose content occurring at stage 15. The findings rule out that glucose by itself is the hexokinase inducer in vivo. The very low glucose utilization found by many authors during early amphibian development may be related to the late hexokinase expression during Bufo bufo development.", "PMID": 402952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1713", "title": "Immunoreactive insulin in amniotic fluid from Rh-immunized women.", "content": "Immunoreactive insulin was measured in amniotic fluid from Rh-immunized women (anti-D antibody). The degree of immunization was expressed by the spectrophotometric index of the amniotic fluid and by the capillary hemoglobin concentration of the newborn. Higher levels of insulin were found in amniotic fluid from severely Rh-immunized mothers than from non-immunized, and a correlation between the degree of immunization and insulin concentration was indicated. To our knowledge this has not previously been demonstrated, and may justify some new hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of the observed higher frequency of hyperinsulinism in babies of Rh-immunized mothers.", "contents": "Immunoreactive insulin in amniotic fluid from Rh-immunized women. Immunoreactive insulin was measured in amniotic fluid from Rh-immunized women (anti-D antibody). The degree of immunization was expressed by the spectrophotometric index of the amniotic fluid and by the capillary hemoglobin concentration of the newborn. Higher levels of insulin were found in amniotic fluid from severely Rh-immunized mothers than from non-immunized, and a correlation between the degree of immunization and insulin concentration was indicated. To our knowledge this has not previously been demonstrated, and may justify some new hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of the observed higher frequency of hyperinsulinism in babies of Rh-immunized mothers.", "PMID": 402953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1714", "title": "Developmental pattern of hepatic uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase activity in growing male rats.", "content": "Hepatic uridine diphospho(UDP)glucuronosyl transferase activity was measured in growing male rats to gain the developmental activity pattern of this enzyme catalyzing conjugation of xenobiotics and endogenous substrates. The activity was at a very low level at the age of 14 days showing a 10-fold increase to the age of 72 days whereafter a slight decrease of activity was observed. Simultaneously there was about 30% increase in the hepatic postmitochondrial supernatant protein content. The highly enhanced UDPglucuronosyl transferase activity during the growth may be caused by increased synthesis of enzyme protein or by changes in the micro-environment of the enzyme.", "contents": "Developmental pattern of hepatic uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase activity in growing male rats. Hepatic uridine diphospho(UDP)glucuronosyl transferase activity was measured in growing male rats to gain the developmental activity pattern of this enzyme catalyzing conjugation of xenobiotics and endogenous substrates. The activity was at a very low level at the age of 14 days showing a 10-fold increase to the age of 72 days whereafter a slight decrease of activity was observed. Simultaneously there was about 30% increase in the hepatic postmitochondrial supernatant protein content. The highly enhanced UDPglucuronosyl transferase activity during the growth may be caused by increased synthesis of enzyme protein or by changes in the micro-environment of the enzyme.", "PMID": 402954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1715", "title": "Endocrine studies in the untreated F1 and F2 progeny of rats treated neonatally with thyroxine.", "content": "When neonatal rats are made hyperthyroid with large doses of thyroxine during the first 5 days of life, they develop hypothalamopituitary, thyroidal and gonadal abnormalities that persist through life. When female rats, which have been treated neonatally, are subsequently mated to normal males, their offspring show unexpected gonadal and thyroidal defects, such as reduced weaning weight and delayed vaginal opening and first estrus in females; males show a significant increase in relative thyroid weight and a significant decrease in ventral prostate weight. Cross-fostering was done to separate prenatal from postnatal influences. Even more surprising was the finding that when the untreated female F1 progeny were mated with normal males, the untreated F2 progeny showed more defects and to a greater degree than those present in the maternal parent.", "contents": "Endocrine studies in the untreated F1 and F2 progeny of rats treated neonatally with thyroxine. When neonatal rats are made hyperthyroid with large doses of thyroxine during the first 5 days of life, they develop hypothalamopituitary, thyroidal and gonadal abnormalities that persist through life. When female rats, which have been treated neonatally, are subsequently mated to normal males, their offspring show unexpected gonadal and thyroidal defects, such as reduced weaning weight and delayed vaginal opening and first estrus in females; males show a significant increase in relative thyroid weight and a significant decrease in ventral prostate weight. Cross-fostering was done to separate prenatal from postnatal influences. Even more surprising was the finding that when the untreated female F1 progeny were mated with normal males, the untreated F2 progeny showed more defects and to a greater degree than those present in the maternal parent.", "PMID": 402955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1716", "title": "A method using solubility to predict dry matter digestibility of cellulosic materials.", "content": "A rapid chemical procedure based on the solubility of a holocellulose sample in a system of dimethyl sulfoxide with paraformaldehyde has been developed to provide a laboratory method for predicting dry matter digestibility of cellulose containing samples. The amount of dry matter solubilized by the chemical procedure was closely correlated with anaerobic, in vitro, rumen fluid digestion and with digestibility as measured by aerobic Cellulomonas, sp. bacteria. The quantity of solvent and dissolving time had little effect on solubility over a wide range. The method is rapid, well suited for various cellulosic materials, and may be carried out with simple equipment and facilities.", "contents": "A method using solubility to predict dry matter digestibility of cellulosic materials. A rapid chemical procedure based on the solubility of a holocellulose sample in a system of dimethyl sulfoxide with paraformaldehyde has been developed to provide a laboratory method for predicting dry matter digestibility of cellulose containing samples. The amount of dry matter solubilized by the chemical procedure was closely correlated with anaerobic, in vitro, rumen fluid digestion and with digestibility as measured by aerobic Cellulomonas, sp. bacteria. The quantity of solvent and dissolving time had little effect on solubility over a wide range. The method is rapid, well suited for various cellulosic materials, and may be carried out with simple equipment and facilities.", "PMID": 402957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1717", "title": "The growth of L-cells and Vero cells on an autoclavable MEM-peptone medium.", "content": "The growth of L-60TM cells (a suspension culture adapted L-cell) on media composed of MEM (minimum essential medium (Eagle)) and bactopeptone autoclaved together or separately under a variety of conditions has veen determined. It has been found that MEM autoclaved with 0.5% bactopeptone at 15 psi for 20 min, cooled and then neutralized with NaHCO3, consistently supported good cell growth of L-60TM and L-929 cells. Similar results were obtained when the MEM and bactopeptone were autoclaved separately. The cells grew initially as a monolayer, subsequently becoming a stationary suspension. Some experiments were carried out with agitated suspension culture of L-60TM cells in the autoclaved MEM-bactopeptone combination with and without added methylcellulose and results were obtained which indicate that large scale suspension culture is possible in this system. Other peptones were also found to support cell growth. The autoclaved MEM-bactopeptone combination also supported the growth of Chang liver and Vero cells. The Chang liver cells rapidly dissociated from the plastic surface but the Vero cells remained sufficiently securely attached so that it was possible to grow them near to confluency in roller bottles.", "contents": "The growth of L-cells and Vero cells on an autoclavable MEM-peptone medium. The growth of L-60TM cells (a suspension culture adapted L-cell) on media composed of MEM (minimum essential medium (Eagle)) and bactopeptone autoclaved together or separately under a variety of conditions has veen determined. It has been found that MEM autoclaved with 0.5% bactopeptone at 15 psi for 20 min, cooled and then neutralized with NaHCO3, consistently supported good cell growth of L-60TM and L-929 cells. Similar results were obtained when the MEM and bactopeptone were autoclaved separately. The cells grew initially as a monolayer, subsequently becoming a stationary suspension. Some experiments were carried out with agitated suspension culture of L-60TM cells in the autoclaved MEM-bactopeptone combination with and without added methylcellulose and results were obtained which indicate that large scale suspension culture is possible in this system. Other peptones were also found to support cell growth. The autoclaved MEM-bactopeptone combination also supported the growth of Chang liver and Vero cells. The Chang liver cells rapidly dissociated from the plastic surface but the Vero cells remained sufficiently securely attached so that it was possible to grow them near to confluency in roller bottles.", "PMID": 402959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1718", "title": "Gamma heavy chain disease: clinical aspects and characterization of a deleted, noncovalently linked gamma1 heavy chain dimer (BAZ).", "content": "This report describes the clinical and immunoglobulin features of a patient with gamma heavy chain disease (HCD), who presented with a clinical picture suggestive of an underlying malignancy rather than the usual picture of lymphoma or granulomatous disease. A unique clinical feature was the nearly total replacement of the submaxillary glands by plasma cells. The patient's serum and urine contained a paraprotein, gammaHCD protein BAZ, which belongs to the gamma1 subclass and forms noncovalently linked dimers with a molecular weight of approximately 60,000 daltons. This mutant protein exhibited a deletion which encompassed most of the variable (V) region, the first constant domain (CH 1), and the hinge region. In addition, preliminary structural analyses demonstrated the replacement of alanine by glycine in position 431 of the carboxyterminal octadecapeptide. This substitution may possibly represent another allotypic marker on IgG1 proteins.", "contents": "Gamma heavy chain disease: clinical aspects and characterization of a deleted, noncovalently linked gamma1 heavy chain dimer (BAZ). This report describes the clinical and immunoglobulin features of a patient with gamma heavy chain disease (HCD), who presented with a clinical picture suggestive of an underlying malignancy rather than the usual picture of lymphoma or granulomatous disease. A unique clinical feature was the nearly total replacement of the submaxillary glands by plasma cells. The patient's serum and urine contained a paraprotein, gammaHCD protein BAZ, which belongs to the gamma1 subclass and forms noncovalently linked dimers with a molecular weight of approximately 60,000 daltons. This mutant protein exhibited a deletion which encompassed most of the variable (V) region, the first constant domain (CH 1), and the hinge region. In addition, preliminary structural analyses demonstrated the replacement of alanine by glycine in position 431 of the carboxyterminal octadecapeptide. This substitution may possibly represent another allotypic marker on IgG1 proteins.", "PMID": 402960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1719", "title": "Blood viscosity in Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia.", "content": "Patients with Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia were studied for the presence or absence of the hyperviscosity syndrome, the relative serum viscosity value, and the calculated whole blood viscosity to identify a level at which symptoms occurred. The majority of symptomatic patients had whole blood viscosity values above 8.0 centipoises. There was a direct correlation between whole blood viscosity and relative serum viscosity, r = 0.75. One patient with central nervous system abnormalities was identified as having a high whole blood viscosity but a low serum viscosity. It was concluded that the vast majority of patients with the hyperviscosity syndrome will be identified by measuring the relative serum viscosity. In patients with central nervous system findings and a low serum viscosity, the whole blood viscosity should be determined either by direct measurement or by calculation.", "contents": "Blood viscosity in Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia. Patients with Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia were studied for the presence or absence of the hyperviscosity syndrome, the relative serum viscosity value, and the calculated whole blood viscosity to identify a level at which symptoms occurred. The majority of symptomatic patients had whole blood viscosity values above 8.0 centipoises. There was a direct correlation between whole blood viscosity and relative serum viscosity, r = 0.75. One patient with central nervous system abnormalities was identified as having a high whole blood viscosity but a low serum viscosity. It was concluded that the vast majority of patients with the hyperviscosity syndrome will be identified by measuring the relative serum viscosity. In patients with central nervous system findings and a low serum viscosity, the whole blood viscosity should be determined either by direct measurement or by calculation.", "PMID": 402961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1720", "title": "Determination of the bacteriostatic capacity of neutrophils and monocytes in mixed cell populations.", "content": "Cline [1, 2] described a method of determining the phagocytic and bacteriostatic activity of individual types of leukocytes within mixed cell populations. We tried to improve the applicability of this method for the investigation of clinical problems.--Bacteria in the log-phase of growth were incubated in test tubes with leukocytes separated from venous blood. After a short period of phagocytosis 3H-thymidine was added to label DNA-synthesizing organisms. Smears were prepared and processed by autoradiography. The labeling indices of extracellular bacteria and of those phagocytized by neutrophils and monocytes were determined microscopically. The intracellular inhibition of DNA-synthesis was taken as indicative of the bacteriostatic activity of the leukocytes. The proposed modification of Cline's assay is suited to investigate clinical problems of phagocyte dysfunction.", "contents": "Determination of the bacteriostatic capacity of neutrophils and monocytes in mixed cell populations. Cline [1, 2] described a method of determining the phagocytic and bacteriostatic activity of individual types of leukocytes within mixed cell populations. We tried to improve the applicability of this method for the investigation of clinical problems.--Bacteria in the log-phase of growth were incubated in test tubes with leukocytes separated from venous blood. After a short period of phagocytosis 3H-thymidine was added to label DNA-synthesizing organisms. Smears were prepared and processed by autoradiography. The labeling indices of extracellular bacteria and of those phagocytized by neutrophils and monocytes were determined microscopically. The intracellular inhibition of DNA-synthesis was taken as indicative of the bacteriostatic activity of the leukocytes. The proposed modification of Cline's assay is suited to investigate clinical problems of phagocyte dysfunction.", "PMID": 402962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1721", "title": "The content of ward rating scales for long-stay patients.", "content": "Although ward behaviour rating scales for use with long-stay psychiatric patients by nurses have been in existence for many years, their content tends to reflect the opinions of psychiatrists and psychologists rather than those of nurses. An analysis of five commonly used rating scales illustrates the lack of agreement on what should be included. The opinions of 76 nurses from four separate hospitals were sought, using a 34-item questionnaire, to establish what areas of content were considered important in nursing practice. Apart from agreement on general content, consideration should also be given to the presentation of individual items of ward rating scales.", "contents": "The content of ward rating scales for long-stay patients. Although ward behaviour rating scales for use with long-stay psychiatric patients by nurses have been in existence for many years, their content tends to reflect the opinions of psychiatrists and psychologists rather than those of nurses. An analysis of five commonly used rating scales illustrates the lack of agreement on what should be included. The opinions of 76 nurses from four separate hospitals were sought, using a 34-item questionnaire, to establish what areas of content were considered important in nursing practice. Apart from agreement on general content, consideration should also be given to the presentation of individual items of ward rating scales.", "PMID": 402971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1722", "title": "Treatment tolerance and early complications with extended field irradiation in gynaecological cancer.", "content": "Treatment tolerance and early complications have been analysed in patients treated with extended field irradiation and pelvic irradiation alone. At the Centre Georges-Fran\u00e7ois Leclerc, 126 patients were treated for carcinoma of the uterine cervix and endometrium from May, 1972 to November, 1974. All patients received external irradiation using a 25 MV X-ray beam. Follow-up has been nearly complete in all patients with the minimum follow-up being 15 months and the average 24 months. Treatment tolerance was approximately the same for all field sizes except when the field was extended to the top of D12. In this situation the patients occasionally required a short rest during their irradiation. The age of the patient was found to contribute significantly to the tolerance, with 70% of the patients who experienced poor tolerance being older than 60 years. Complications were evenly distributed in all all catagories of field size and appeared to be affected only by age and previous surgery. Of the patients who experienced complications 68% were older than 60 years, and of the 37 patients who had previous surgery, 32% had a complication. With certain treatment modifications the treatment tolerance and early complications appear acceptable when using extended field irradiation for gynaecological cancer.", "contents": "Treatment tolerance and early complications with extended field irradiation in gynaecological cancer. Treatment tolerance and early complications have been analysed in patients treated with extended field irradiation and pelvic irradiation alone. At the Centre Georges-Fran\u00e7ois Leclerc, 126 patients were treated for carcinoma of the uterine cervix and endometrium from May, 1972 to November, 1974. All patients received external irradiation using a 25 MV X-ray beam. Follow-up has been nearly complete in all patients with the minimum follow-up being 15 months and the average 24 months. Treatment tolerance was approximately the same for all field sizes except when the field was extended to the top of D12. In this situation the patients occasionally required a short rest during their irradiation. The age of the patient was found to contribute significantly to the tolerance, with 70% of the patients who experienced poor tolerance being older than 60 years. Complications were evenly distributed in all all catagories of field size and appeared to be affected only by age and previous surgery. Of the patients who experienced complications 68% were older than 60 years, and of the 37 patients who had previous surgery, 32% had a complication. With certain treatment modifications the treatment tolerance and early complications appear acceptable when using extended field irradiation for gynaecological cancer.", "PMID": 402972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1723", "title": "[Secretory IgA and the antibacterial defenses of the respiratory tract (author's transl)].", "content": "The secretory IgA (IgA S) in bronchial mucus is produced by cells which are derived, at least in part, from the BALT (Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue). The physico-chemical characteristics of IgA S (the amino-acid structure of the alpha chain, the secretory component and the J chain) explain three properties of this antibody which enable it to play its part as the first line of defense on the surface of the mucus, namely its resistance to proteolysis, its adherence and its ability to penetrate mucus. The role of IgA S in the antibacterial defense of the respiratory tract has been in doubt for some time because it does not follow the usual processes of antibacterial action, having neither opsonising nor lytic activity. It is thought at present that IgA S exerts its action in an individual way, more directly and peculiar to the secretory immune-apparatus. It acts by 1) causing agglutination of bacteria and by inhibiting their adsorption on the mucous membranes, 2) inhibiting bacterial reproduction and 3) by inactivating bacterial toxins. The combination of these three processes produces a surface defense system which inhibits bacterial penetration of the mucus. Despite the uncertainties which still exist, it is essential that the fundamental immunological data should be included in the complex picture of the mechanisms of defense of the respiratory tract.", "contents": "[Secretory IgA and the antibacterial defenses of the respiratory tract (author's transl)]. The secretory IgA (IgA S) in bronchial mucus is produced by cells which are derived, at least in part, from the BALT (Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue). The physico-chemical characteristics of IgA S (the amino-acid structure of the alpha chain, the secretory component and the J chain) explain three properties of this antibody which enable it to play its part as the first line of defense on the surface of the mucus, namely its resistance to proteolysis, its adherence and its ability to penetrate mucus. The role of IgA S in the antibacterial defense of the respiratory tract has been in doubt for some time because it does not follow the usual processes of antibacterial action, having neither opsonising nor lytic activity. It is thought at present that IgA S exerts its action in an individual way, more directly and peculiar to the secretory immune-apparatus. It acts by 1) causing agglutination of bacteria and by inhibiting their adsorption on the mucous membranes, 2) inhibiting bacterial reproduction and 3) by inactivating bacterial toxins. The combination of these three processes produces a surface defense system which inhibits bacterial penetration of the mucus. Despite the uncertainties which still exist, it is essential that the fundamental immunological data should be included in the complex picture of the mechanisms of defense of the respiratory tract.", "PMID": 402966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1724", "title": "Immune responses to soluble antigens of treponemes.", "content": "Sonicates from five cultivable treponemes were used as antigens in delayed hypersensitivity tests and macrophage inhibition assays. Immunodiffusion analysis showed that the sonicate comprised two major antigenic components which were not distinguishable in the skin tests. The sonicate antigens elicited significant cell-mediated immunity in guinea-pigs. Treponema refringens biotype Nichols proved to induce the strongest delayed response. Delayed skin hypersensitivity to the antigens of Treponema pallidum was found in eight rabbits without orchitis, but not in six rabbits with T. pallidum orchitis. In contrast, the rabbits with syphilitic orchitis gave the strongest reactions with the non-pathogenic spirochetes. In terms of the cell-mediated immunity responses, Treponema phagedenis Reiter was found to be related to T. phagedenis Kazan 4 and Treponema denticola. Treponema scoliodontum was related to T. phagedenis Kazan 5, and T. refringens biotypes Nichols and refringens. The antigens of T. pallidum had the closest relationship to T. refringens biotypes refringens and Nichols ,T. phagedenis biotype Reiter, and T. scoliodontum. It was also demonstrated that some three of 12 human syphilitic sera reacted with the antigens of T. pallidum but not with control sera.", "contents": "Immune responses to soluble antigens of treponemes. Sonicates from five cultivable treponemes were used as antigens in delayed hypersensitivity tests and macrophage inhibition assays. Immunodiffusion analysis showed that the sonicate comprised two major antigenic components which were not distinguishable in the skin tests. The sonicate antigens elicited significant cell-mediated immunity in guinea-pigs. Treponema refringens biotype Nichols proved to induce the strongest delayed response. Delayed skin hypersensitivity to the antigens of Treponema pallidum was found in eight rabbits without orchitis, but not in six rabbits with T. pallidum orchitis. In contrast, the rabbits with syphilitic orchitis gave the strongest reactions with the non-pathogenic spirochetes. In terms of the cell-mediated immunity responses, Treponema phagedenis Reiter was found to be related to T. phagedenis Kazan 4 and Treponema denticola. Treponema scoliodontum was related to T. phagedenis Kazan 5, and T. refringens biotypes Nichols and refringens. The antigens of T. pallidum had the closest relationship to T. refringens biotypes refringens and Nichols ,T. phagedenis biotype Reiter, and T. scoliodontum. It was also demonstrated that some three of 12 human syphilitic sera reacted with the antigens of T. pallidum but not with control sera.", "PMID": 402976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1725", "title": "Scanning electron microscopical examination of gonococcal urethral exudate.", "content": "The relationship of gonococci and phagocytes in gonococcal urethral exudate was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Several stages in the phagocytic process were evident. These included pseudopodias, microvilli, and simple attachment of gonococci to phagocytic surfaces. Epithelial cells, also a part of the exudate, were examined in this study. Parallels are drawn between this and other phagocytic systems. The technique provides excellent preservation of phagocyte-bacterial interrelationships and offers a means of investigating the nature of the resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to phagocytosis.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopical examination of gonococcal urethral exudate. The relationship of gonococci and phagocytes in gonococcal urethral exudate was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Several stages in the phagocytic process were evident. These included pseudopodias, microvilli, and simple attachment of gonococci to phagocytic surfaces. Epithelial cells, also a part of the exudate, were examined in this study. Parallels are drawn between this and other phagocytic systems. The technique provides excellent preservation of phagocyte-bacterial interrelationships and offers a means of investigating the nature of the resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to phagocytosis.", "PMID": 402977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1726", "title": "Columnar distribution of cortico-cortical fibers in the frontal association, limbic, and motor cortex of the developing rhesus monkey.", "content": "The terminal distribution of cortico-cortical connections was examined by autoradiography 7-8 days following injections of tritium labeled amino acids into the dorsal bank of the principal sulcus, the posterior part of the medial orbital gyrus, or the hand and arm area of the primary motor cortex in monkeys ranging in age from 4 days to 5.5 months. Labeled axons originating in these various regions of the frontal lobe have topographically diverse ipsilateral and contralateral destinations but virtually all of these projections share a common mode of distribution: they terminate in distinct vertically oriented columns, 200-500 mum wide, that extend across all layers of cortex and alternate in regular sequence with columns of comparable width in which grains do not exceed background. Spatial periodicity in the pattern of transported label in such regions as the prefrontal association cortex, the retrosplenial limbic cortex and the motor cortex indicates that columination in the intracortical distribution of afferent fibers is not unique to sensory specific cortex but is instead a general feature of neocortical organization. A columnar mode of distribution of cortico-cortical projections is present in monkeys at all ages investigated but is especially well delineated in the youngest of them. Thus, grain concentrations within columns are very high in monkeys injected at 4 days of age, somewhat lower in monkeys injected at 39-45 days of age, and least dense in those injected at 5.5 months. The distinctness of the spatially segregated pattern of innervation in the cortex of neonates indicates that the columnar organization of association-fiber systems in the frontal and limbic cortex is achieved before or shortly after birth.", "contents": "Columnar distribution of cortico-cortical fibers in the frontal association, limbic, and motor cortex of the developing rhesus monkey. The terminal distribution of cortico-cortical connections was examined by autoradiography 7-8 days following injections of tritium labeled amino acids into the dorsal bank of the principal sulcus, the posterior part of the medial orbital gyrus, or the hand and arm area of the primary motor cortex in monkeys ranging in age from 4 days to 5.5 months. Labeled axons originating in these various regions of the frontal lobe have topographically diverse ipsilateral and contralateral destinations but virtually all of these projections share a common mode of distribution: they terminate in distinct vertically oriented columns, 200-500 mum wide, that extend across all layers of cortex and alternate in regular sequence with columns of comparable width in which grains do not exceed background. Spatial periodicity in the pattern of transported label in such regions as the prefrontal association cortex, the retrosplenial limbic cortex and the motor cortex indicates that columination in the intracortical distribution of afferent fibers is not unique to sensory specific cortex but is instead a general feature of neocortical organization. A columnar mode of distribution of cortico-cortical projections is present in monkeys at all ages investigated but is especially well delineated in the youngest of them. Thus, grain concentrations within columns are very high in monkeys injected at 4 days of age, somewhat lower in monkeys injected at 39-45 days of age, and least dense in those injected at 5.5 months. The distinctness of the spatially segregated pattern of innervation in the cortex of neonates indicates that the columnar organization of association-fiber systems in the frontal and limbic cortex is achieved before or shortly after birth.", "PMID": 402978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1727", "title": "Effect of lid suture on retinal ganglion cells in Macaca mulatta.", "content": "Previous work has established the pronounced effect of unilateral lid suture during visual immaturity on cell growth in the lateral geniculate nucleus of cats, dogs and monkeys. Most investigators have reported the retinas to be grossly normal but only a few quantitative studies are available and the results are contradictory. We have compared cell section diameters and cell density of parafoveal retinal ganglion cells in the deprived and non-deprived eye of Macaca mulatta after the lids of one eye were studied between the ages of 1-9 weeks for varying periods of time. The results show a decrease in the size and density of parafoveal retinal ganglion cells after long-term (24 months) visual deprivation. Lid suture of lesser duration (2-56 weeks) had no effect on the size of retinal ganglion cells.", "contents": "Effect of lid suture on retinal ganglion cells in Macaca mulatta. Previous work has established the pronounced effect of unilateral lid suture during visual immaturity on cell growth in the lateral geniculate nucleus of cats, dogs and monkeys. Most investigators have reported the retinas to be grossly normal but only a few quantitative studies are available and the results are contradictory. We have compared cell section diameters and cell density of parafoveal retinal ganglion cells in the deprived and non-deprived eye of Macaca mulatta after the lids of one eye were studied between the ages of 1-9 weeks for varying periods of time. The results show a decrease in the size and density of parafoveal retinal ganglion cells after long-term (24 months) visual deprivation. Lid suture of lesser duration (2-56 weeks) had no effect on the size of retinal ganglion cells.", "PMID": 402979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1728", "title": "Amino acid incorporation in medulla, pons, midbrain and cortex following spinal cord hemisection in the cebus monkey (Cebus apella).", "content": "The effects of spinal cord hemisection on protein labeling in the medulla, pons, midbrain, and cortex in the Cebus monkey were studied by measuring the uptake of [3H]lysine into the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitable and non-precipitable fractions of brain. Animals were sacrificed 3, 6 or 13 days after hemisection. Two normal animals and a 3-day sham operate were utilized as controls. Differences included individual animals, operated vs. unoperated animals, brain areas, and variation of brain areas over all postoperative days. The overall trend in brain radioactivity over postoperative days indicates stress and non-stress related components of brain response to spinal injury. Left-right side differences (L greater than R) were noted in the uptake of [3H]lysine into specific areas of brain over postoperative time, including leg areas of motor cortex, occipital cortex, and superior colliculus. A biphasic action of leg sensory cortical areas over time was noted, where L greater than R for the first 6 postoperative days and R greater than L at day 13. The factors possibly mediating radiolabeled amino acid uptake into protein are discussed in relation to demonstrated anatomical and neurochemical regenerative processes.", "contents": "Amino acid incorporation in medulla, pons, midbrain and cortex following spinal cord hemisection in the cebus monkey (Cebus apella). The effects of spinal cord hemisection on protein labeling in the medulla, pons, midbrain, and cortex in the Cebus monkey were studied by measuring the uptake of [3H]lysine into the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitable and non-precipitable fractions of brain. Animals were sacrificed 3, 6 or 13 days after hemisection. Two normal animals and a 3-day sham operate were utilized as controls. Differences included individual animals, operated vs. unoperated animals, brain areas, and variation of brain areas over all postoperative days. The overall trend in brain radioactivity over postoperative days indicates stress and non-stress related components of brain response to spinal injury. Left-right side differences (L greater than R) were noted in the uptake of [3H]lysine into specific areas of brain over postoperative time, including leg areas of motor cortex, occipital cortex, and superior colliculus. A biphasic action of leg sensory cortical areas over time was noted, where L greater than R for the first 6 postoperative days and R greater than L at day 13. The factors possibly mediating radiolabeled amino acid uptake into protein are discussed in relation to demonstrated anatomical and neurochemical regenerative processes.", "PMID": 402980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1729", "title": "Heterogeneous afferents to the inferior parietal lobule of the rhesus monkey revealed by the retrograde transport method.", "content": "The sources of afferent connections to the inferior parietal lobule (rostral part of the area 7 of Brodman; PF and rostral part of PG of von Bonin and Bailey) were examined with the retrograde transport method in infant and adult rhesus monkeys. Two to 3 days after injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the cortex, the animals were anesthetized, and the brains fixed and processed for the histochemical demonstration of the enzyme marker. Labeled neurons were found in layer III in the ipsilateral prefrontal, parietal, occipital and temporal cortices, notably in areas 5, 19, 22 and 46 of Brodmann, and in area 7 of the contralateral parietal cortex. In the thalamus, HRP-positive cells were located ipsilaterally in the medial pulvinar nucleus in the nuclei centrum medianum and parafascicularis, as well as in the rostral thalamus, lateral and medial to the mammillothalamic tract, in the nucleus ventralis anterior and nucleus paracentralis. Numerous labeled cells were also identified in the magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain, in the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei, and in the locus coeruleus. Most of the cells in these regions were located in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the injections, but a number of them were also found in the contralateral hemispher. In adult monkeys, brownish granules in the cytoplasm of some cells were interpreted as endogenous pigment or due to various pigment precursors. However, all 14 locations listed above were identified in the infant monkey in which endogenous pigment was not a confounding factor.", "contents": "Heterogeneous afferents to the inferior parietal lobule of the rhesus monkey revealed by the retrograde transport method. The sources of afferent connections to the inferior parietal lobule (rostral part of the area 7 of Brodman; PF and rostral part of PG of von Bonin and Bailey) were examined with the retrograde transport method in infant and adult rhesus monkeys. Two to 3 days after injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the cortex, the animals were anesthetized, and the brains fixed and processed for the histochemical demonstration of the enzyme marker. Labeled neurons were found in layer III in the ipsilateral prefrontal, parietal, occipital and temporal cortices, notably in areas 5, 19, 22 and 46 of Brodmann, and in area 7 of the contralateral parietal cortex. In the thalamus, HRP-positive cells were located ipsilaterally in the medial pulvinar nucleus in the nuclei centrum medianum and parafascicularis, as well as in the rostral thalamus, lateral and medial to the mammillothalamic tract, in the nucleus ventralis anterior and nucleus paracentralis. Numerous labeled cells were also identified in the magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain, in the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei, and in the locus coeruleus. Most of the cells in these regions were located in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the injections, but a number of them were also found in the contralateral hemispher. In adult monkeys, brownish granules in the cytoplasm of some cells were interpreted as endogenous pigment or due to various pigment precursors. However, all 14 locations listed above were identified in the infant monkey in which endogenous pigment was not a confounding factor.", "PMID": 402983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1730", "title": "Efferent connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat.", "content": "In this investigation the projections of the hippocampal formation to the septal area and hypothalamus were studied in the rat with the combined use of 3H-amino acid radioautography and horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. The results indicate that all of the fibers which project to the hypothalamus and the majority of fibers which project to the septum arise from the subicular cortex and not from hippocampal pyramidal cells. The projection to both of these areas are topographically organized along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampal formation. Specifically, fibers from subicular cortical cells situated at the septal end of the hippocampal formation which project through the medial part of the dorsal fornix terminate in the dorsomedial quadrant of the lateral septal nucleus and in the dorsal portion of the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus. Fibers from progressively more posteroventral levels of the hippocampal formation which project through more lateral portions of the dorsal fornix and fimbria terminate in progressively lateral and ventral quadrants of the lateral septal nucleus and in progressively more ventral portions of the pars posterior. Concerning the specific origin of the fornix system, fibers from only the prosubiculum and subiculum project through both the pre- and postcommissural fornix. Hippocampal pyramidal cells from all CA fields have a restricted projection through the precommissural fornix and terminate in the caudal half of the septum while the presubiculum projects solely through the postcommissural fornix. The medial corticohypothalamic tract (MCHT) was found to arise from cells located in anterior ventral levels of the subicular cortex. Fibers from this tract appeared to be distributed throughout the pericellular region of the entire ventromedial extent of the hypothalamus from the level of the suprachiasmatic nucleus through the level of the medial mammillary nucleus. In this way, the mammillary bodies receive input from the subicular cortex via two routes: the descending column of the fornix and the MCHT.", "contents": "Efferent connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat. In this investigation the projections of the hippocampal formation to the septal area and hypothalamus were studied in the rat with the combined use of 3H-amino acid radioautography and horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. The results indicate that all of the fibers which project to the hypothalamus and the majority of fibers which project to the septum arise from the subicular cortex and not from hippocampal pyramidal cells. The projection to both of these areas are topographically organized along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampal formation. Specifically, fibers from subicular cortical cells situated at the septal end of the hippocampal formation which project through the medial part of the dorsal fornix terminate in the dorsomedial quadrant of the lateral septal nucleus and in the dorsal portion of the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus. Fibers from progressively more posteroventral levels of the hippocampal formation which project through more lateral portions of the dorsal fornix and fimbria terminate in progressively lateral and ventral quadrants of the lateral septal nucleus and in progressively more ventral portions of the pars posterior. Concerning the specific origin of the fornix system, fibers from only the prosubiculum and subiculum project through both the pre- and postcommissural fornix. Hippocampal pyramidal cells from all CA fields have a restricted projection through the precommissural fornix and terminate in the caudal half of the septum while the presubiculum projects solely through the postcommissural fornix. The medial corticohypothalamic tract (MCHT) was found to arise from cells located in anterior ventral levels of the subicular cortex. Fibers from this tract appeared to be distributed throughout the pericellular region of the entire ventromedial extent of the hypothalamus from the level of the suprachiasmatic nucleus through the level of the medial mammillary nucleus. In this way, the mammillary bodies receive input from the subicular cortex via two routes: the descending column of the fornix and the MCHT.", "PMID": 402984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1731", "title": "Ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) effects on incorporation and accumulation of osteoclast nuclei.", "content": "Male rats weighing 100 g were injected with vehicle (control group), 0.4 or 4.0 mg/kg/day of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP). Beginning after 6 days of EHDP treatment all rats received six subcutaneous injections of 3H-thymidine at 8 h intervals. The multiple labeling index of autoradiographically defined labeled cells was determined for the osteoprogenitor cells of the primary spongiosa of the proximal tibial metaphysis. The osteoclasts in the proximal tibial metaphisis were assayed for population parameters and incorporation of labeled nuclei at sequential intervals after the administration of 3H-thymidine. After 6 days of EHDP pre-treatment the multiple labeling index of the osteoprogenitor cells was reduced with 4.0 mg/kg/day dose of EHDP. At the beginning of the experimental kinetic sampling period, after the 6 days of EHDP pre-treatment, EHDP treatment resulted in significant increases in the numbers of osteoclasts, nuclei per osteoclast profile, and total osteoclast nuclei. During the sampling period, the 4.0 mg/kg/day dose of EHDP caused further increases in the number of total osteoclasts. EHDP treatment caused a marked increase in the rate of incorporation and accumulation of 3H-thymidine-labeled nuclei in osteoclasts. Thus, EHDP causes an accelerated rate of osteoclast production from percursor cells in spite of its ability to slow bone resorption. Although the origin of osteoclast nuclei is not clear, the kinetic data from this study suggests that osteoclast nuclei are not arising from osteoprogenitor cells or osteocytes in the EHDP-treated animals.", "contents": "Ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) effects on incorporation and accumulation of osteoclast nuclei. Male rats weighing 100 g were injected with vehicle (control group), 0.4 or 4.0 mg/kg/day of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP). Beginning after 6 days of EHDP treatment all rats received six subcutaneous injections of 3H-thymidine at 8 h intervals. The multiple labeling index of autoradiographically defined labeled cells was determined for the osteoprogenitor cells of the primary spongiosa of the proximal tibial metaphysis. The osteoclasts in the proximal tibial metaphisis were assayed for population parameters and incorporation of labeled nuclei at sequential intervals after the administration of 3H-thymidine. After 6 days of EHDP pre-treatment the multiple labeling index of the osteoprogenitor cells was reduced with 4.0 mg/kg/day dose of EHDP. At the beginning of the experimental kinetic sampling period, after the 6 days of EHDP pre-treatment, EHDP treatment resulted in significant increases in the numbers of osteoclasts, nuclei per osteoclast profile, and total osteoclast nuclei. During the sampling period, the 4.0 mg/kg/day dose of EHDP caused further increases in the number of total osteoclasts. EHDP treatment caused a marked increase in the rate of incorporation and accumulation of 3H-thymidine-labeled nuclei in osteoclasts. Thus, EHDP causes an accelerated rate of osteoclast production from percursor cells in spite of its ability to slow bone resorption. Although the origin of osteoclast nuclei is not clear, the kinetic data from this study suggests that osteoclast nuclei are not arising from osteoprogenitor cells or osteocytes in the EHDP-treated animals.", "PMID": 402991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1732", "title": "A comparative study of peripherally inserted silicone catheters for parenteral nutrition.", "content": "One hundred patients receiving parenteral nutrition with lipids and hypertonic amino acids and glucose were divided into five groups of 20, depending on the type of intravenous catheter used for the infusion. Least satisfactory were the short Butterfly needles (average 3.3 days in place) and the long peripherally inserted polyvinyl central venous catheters (average 6.2 days in place). Subclavian catheters of polyvinyl (average 15.3 days) or silicone elastomer (average 17.5 days) were equally efficacious. A new long silicone elastomer catheter inserted peripherally was most satisfactory (average 29.5 days). Problems common with polyvinyl catheters (phlebitis, thrombosis, and sepsis) rarely occurred with either the long or short silicone elastomer catheter.", "contents": "A comparative study of peripherally inserted silicone catheters for parenteral nutrition. One hundred patients receiving parenteral nutrition with lipids and hypertonic amino acids and glucose were divided into five groups of 20, depending on the type of intravenous catheter used for the infusion. Least satisfactory were the short Butterfly needles (average 3.3 days in place) and the long peripherally inserted polyvinyl central venous catheters (average 6.2 days in place). Subclavian catheters of polyvinyl (average 15.3 days) or silicone elastomer (average 17.5 days) were equally efficacious. A new long silicone elastomer catheter inserted peripherally was most satisfactory (average 29.5 days). Problems common with polyvinyl catheters (phlebitis, thrombosis, and sepsis) rarely occurred with either the long or short silicone elastomer catheter.", "PMID": 402992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1733", "title": "Retinal tumours in neurofibromatosis.", "content": "A 45-year-old male with von Recklinghausen's disease was noted to have hamartomatous lesions of the retinae similar to those more commonly described in Bourneville's disease and von Hippel-Lindau's disease. These findings would appear to support the concept that the retinal changes in neurofibromatosis occupy an intermediate position between those seen in the other two phakomatoses.", "contents": "Retinal tumours in neurofibromatosis. A 45-year-old male with von Recklinghausen's disease was noted to have hamartomatous lesions of the retinae similar to those more commonly described in Bourneville's disease and von Hippel-Lindau's disease. These findings would appear to support the concept that the retinal changes in neurofibromatosis occupy an intermediate position between those seen in the other two phakomatoses.", "PMID": 402993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1734", "title": "Discrete-trial control of morphine self-injection behaviour in monkeys: effects of injection dose and trials per session.", "content": "Responding for intravenous injections of morphine was studied using a discrete-trials procedure in squirrel monkeys. For one group, each session consisted of 10 trials at an inter-trial interval of 15 min; for the second group, each session consisted of 100 trials at an inter-trial interval of 1.5 min. When different injection doses of morphine (1-1000 mug/kg per injection), including saline as a control procedure, were substituted at random for blocks of five consecutive sessions, the frequency of morphine self-administration was found to be an inverted U-shaped function of the injection dose. This relationship was observed in each group of monkeys, despite a 10-fold difference in the total amount of the drug which was available for self-administration per session when a given injection dose was substituted for both groups. The results show that the injection dose of morphine acted as a primary determinant of response probability, even under circumstances in which trial spacing imposed a significant delay between consecutive opportunities for drug self-administration,", "contents": "Discrete-trial control of morphine self-injection behaviour in monkeys: effects of injection dose and trials per session. Responding for intravenous injections of morphine was studied using a discrete-trials procedure in squirrel monkeys. For one group, each session consisted of 10 trials at an inter-trial interval of 15 min; for the second group, each session consisted of 100 trials at an inter-trial interval of 1.5 min. When different injection doses of morphine (1-1000 mug/kg per injection), including saline as a control procedure, were substituted at random for blocks of five consecutive sessions, the frequency of morphine self-administration was found to be an inverted U-shaped function of the injection dose. This relationship was observed in each group of monkeys, despite a 10-fold difference in the total amount of the drug which was available for self-administration per session when a given injection dose was substituted for both groups. The results show that the injection dose of morphine acted as a primary determinant of response probability, even under circumstances in which trial spacing imposed a significant delay between consecutive opportunities for drug self-administration,", "PMID": 402994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1735", "title": "Effects of chronic ethanol administration in the rat: relative dependency on dietary lipids. II. Paradoxical role of linoleate in the induction of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in vitro.", "content": "The effect of chronic ethanol administration on the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 content and activities of NADPH - cytochrome P-450 reductase (EC 1.6.2.4), benzphetamine demethylase, aniline hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.1), and of the microsomal ethanoloxidizing system were studied in various dietary models. When ethanol was given with linoleate as the only source of dietary lipid, the ethanol induction of these parameters was greater with diets containing 2 or 5% of total calories as linoleate than with diets containing 10% of total calories as linoleate. By contrast, when ethanol was given with high fat (35% of total calories) diets, the ethanol induction of these same parameters was slightly greater when linoleate provided 10% of total calories than when it provided 3% of calories. The apparent effect of dietary linoleate on the induction, by ethanol, of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes is markedly different when linoleate is given as the only source of dietary lipid as opposed to when it is given with other dietary lipids. Thus, conclusions on the effect of ethanol on hepatic microsomal drug-biotransformation enzymes, drawn from studies with dietary models in which linoleate provides the only source of dietary lipid, connot be extended to dietary modles of more complex lipid composition. When given as the only source of lipid, 2% of total calories in linoleate appears optimal for basal activity and inductibility, by ethanol, of mixed-function oxidases.", "contents": "Effects of chronic ethanol administration in the rat: relative dependency on dietary lipids. II. Paradoxical role of linoleate in the induction of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in vitro. The effect of chronic ethanol administration on the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 content and activities of NADPH - cytochrome P-450 reductase (EC 1.6.2.4), benzphetamine demethylase, aniline hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.1), and of the microsomal ethanoloxidizing system were studied in various dietary models. When ethanol was given with linoleate as the only source of dietary lipid, the ethanol induction of these parameters was greater with diets containing 2 or 5% of total calories as linoleate than with diets containing 10% of total calories as linoleate. By contrast, when ethanol was given with high fat (35% of total calories) diets, the ethanol induction of these same parameters was slightly greater when linoleate provided 10% of total calories than when it provided 3% of calories. The apparent effect of dietary linoleate on the induction, by ethanol, of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes is markedly different when linoleate is given as the only source of dietary lipid as opposed to when it is given with other dietary lipids. Thus, conclusions on the effect of ethanol on hepatic microsomal drug-biotransformation enzymes, drawn from studies with dietary models in which linoleate provides the only source of dietary lipid, connot be extended to dietary modles of more complex lipid composition. When given as the only source of lipid, 2% of total calories in linoleate appears optimal for basal activity and inductibility, by ethanol, of mixed-function oxidases.", "PMID": 402995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1736", "title": "Comparative in vitro metabolism of aflatoxicol by liver preparations from animals and humans.", "content": "The metabolism of [14C]aflatoxicol by liver postmitochondrial and microsomal fractions from humans and eight other species was compared. A major metabolic pathway involves the dehydrogenation of aflatoxicol yielding aflatoxin B1. Human liver preparations were more active in this regard than preparations from any of the other species tested. The aflatoxicol dehydrogenase activity was mainly associated with the microsomal fraction and required a hydrogen acceptor (e.g., nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), but was not inhibited by carbon monoxide, which implies that it was not dependent on the heme-containing microsomal drug-metabolizing system. It had a pH optimum of 8.0. Postmitochondrial liver fractions also oxidized aflatoxicol (and/or the aflatoxin B1 made from it) to at least five other metabolites that comigrated on thin-layer chromatography plates with authentic standards of aflatoxins Q1,P1,H1,M1, and B2a. None of these oxidative metabolites were formed in the presence of carbon monoxide. We also report on the in vitro reduction of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxicol by the cytosol fractions from eight species. Most active in this regard were rabbit and trout preparations, while this activity was almost absent in the guinea pig. Preparations from humans and four other species were intermediate between these extremes.", "contents": "Comparative in vitro metabolism of aflatoxicol by liver preparations from animals and humans. The metabolism of [14C]aflatoxicol by liver postmitochondrial and microsomal fractions from humans and eight other species was compared. A major metabolic pathway involves the dehydrogenation of aflatoxicol yielding aflatoxin B1. Human liver preparations were more active in this regard than preparations from any of the other species tested. The aflatoxicol dehydrogenase activity was mainly associated with the microsomal fraction and required a hydrogen acceptor (e.g., nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), but was not inhibited by carbon monoxide, which implies that it was not dependent on the heme-containing microsomal drug-metabolizing system. It had a pH optimum of 8.0. Postmitochondrial liver fractions also oxidized aflatoxicol (and/or the aflatoxin B1 made from it) to at least five other metabolites that comigrated on thin-layer chromatography plates with authentic standards of aflatoxins Q1,P1,H1,M1, and B2a. None of these oxidative metabolites were formed in the presence of carbon monoxide. We also report on the in vitro reduction of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxicol by the cytosol fractions from eight species. Most active in this regard were rabbit and trout preparations, while this activity was almost absent in the guinea pig. Preparations from humans and four other species were intermediate between these extremes.", "PMID": 402998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1737", "title": "Characterization of rat lung epoxide (styrene oxide) hydrase with a modified radioactive assay of improved sensitivity.", "content": "The epoxide hydrase assay developed by Oesch et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 227: 685-691, 1971) using [3H]styrene oxide as substrate was modified in three ways for use with rat lung microsomes: the substrate was purified before use, the volume of the incubation mixture was scaled down 4-fold, and the incubation time was extended to 45 min (activity was found to be linear for at least 60 min). These modifications increased the sensitivity of the assay procedure 75- to 150-fold. The procedure was found to be linear with lung microsomal protein up to at least 1.8 mg protein per incubation mixture. This modified assay for epoxide hydrase was used to characterize the enzyme in rat lung. Its apparent vmax is 0.5 nmole of styrene glycol formed per min per mg microsomal protein, and its apparent Km was 0.11 to 0.25 mM. The pH optimum is around 9.7. Upon subcellular fractionation of lung tissue, expoxide hydrase distributes in the same manner as a marker for the endoplasmic reticulum (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c reductase) and in a different way from markers for the nuclei, mitochondria, concentric lamellar organelles, lysosomes, Golgi membranes, plasma membrane and soluble cytoplasm. The specific activity of epoxide hydrase in rough and smooth lung microsomes is aobut the same. Treatment i.p. of rats with methylcholanthrene (3 injections of 20 mg/kg), phenobarbital (5 daily injections of 80 mg/kg) or styrene oxide (5 daily injections of 40 mg/kg), did not induce lung microsomal epoxide hydrase activity. 1,1,1-Trichloropropene 2,3-oxide was shown to be an uncompetitive inhibitor, and cyclohexene oxide was a noncompetitive inhibitor of this enzyme. Ethanol and butanol activate the epoxide hydrase of lung microsomes at low concentrations and inhibit it at higher concentrations.", "contents": "Characterization of rat lung epoxide (styrene oxide) hydrase with a modified radioactive assay of improved sensitivity. The epoxide hydrase assay developed by Oesch et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 227: 685-691, 1971) using [3H]styrene oxide as substrate was modified in three ways for use with rat lung microsomes: the substrate was purified before use, the volume of the incubation mixture was scaled down 4-fold, and the incubation time was extended to 45 min (activity was found to be linear for at least 60 min). These modifications increased the sensitivity of the assay procedure 75- to 150-fold. The procedure was found to be linear with lung microsomal protein up to at least 1.8 mg protein per incubation mixture. This modified assay for epoxide hydrase was used to characterize the enzyme in rat lung. Its apparent vmax is 0.5 nmole of styrene glycol formed per min per mg microsomal protein, and its apparent Km was 0.11 to 0.25 mM. The pH optimum is around 9.7. Upon subcellular fractionation of lung tissue, expoxide hydrase distributes in the same manner as a marker for the endoplasmic reticulum (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c reductase) and in a different way from markers for the nuclei, mitochondria, concentric lamellar organelles, lysosomes, Golgi membranes, plasma membrane and soluble cytoplasm. The specific activity of epoxide hydrase in rough and smooth lung microsomes is aobut the same. Treatment i.p. of rats with methylcholanthrene (3 injections of 20 mg/kg), phenobarbital (5 daily injections of 80 mg/kg) or styrene oxide (5 daily injections of 40 mg/kg), did not induce lung microsomal epoxide hydrase activity. 1,1,1-Trichloropropene 2,3-oxide was shown to be an uncompetitive inhibitor, and cyclohexene oxide was a noncompetitive inhibitor of this enzyme. Ethanol and butanol activate the epoxide hydrase of lung microsomes at low concentrations and inhibit it at higher concentrations.", "PMID": 402999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1738", "title": "gamma-L-Glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene, an inducer of cryptobiosis in Agaricus bisporus and a source of specific metabolic inhibitors for melanogenic cells.", "content": "A stable phenol, gamma-L-glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene (GHB), is oxidized by tyrosinase in the gill tissues of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus to a quinone and a second oxidation product which together suppress mitochondrial energy production and the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in the zygote, thus establishing dormancy in the spores. Brief incubation of cultured murine L1210 leukemia and B-16 melanoma cells with muM concentrations of the purified quinone notably prolonged survival times or blocked tumor growth in histocompatible mice inoculated i.p. with high concentrations of the exposed cells. The instability of the quinone precluded in vivo administration. The short incubation of cultured B-16 melanoma cells with mM concentrations of GHB markedly prolonged survival times or abolished tumor growth in histocompatible C57BL/6J mice inoculated i.p. with 5 X 10(6) exposed cells. This response did not occur with L1210 leukemia cells, which lack the enzyme tyrosinase. The survival times of mice bearing B-16 melanoma, but not of those with L1210 leukemia, were slightly prolonged by a single injection and were significantly extended by daily i.p. injections of GHB. Normal C57BL/6J mice, given GHB i.p. as single or multiple 400-mg/kg doses, manifested no systemic toxicity but showed depigmentation of the hair after 2 to 3 weeks. These studies provide evidence that GHB exerts cytotoxicity specifically for cells that by their content of tyrosinase convert the phenol to the quinone. This targeted response minimizes systemic toxocity and underscores the potential therapeutic application of this agent to melanocarcinoma.", "contents": "gamma-L-Glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene, an inducer of cryptobiosis in Agaricus bisporus and a source of specific metabolic inhibitors for melanogenic cells. A stable phenol, gamma-L-glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene (GHB), is oxidized by tyrosinase in the gill tissues of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus to a quinone and a second oxidation product which together suppress mitochondrial energy production and the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in the zygote, thus establishing dormancy in the spores. Brief incubation of cultured murine L1210 leukemia and B-16 melanoma cells with muM concentrations of the purified quinone notably prolonged survival times or blocked tumor growth in histocompatible mice inoculated i.p. with high concentrations of the exposed cells. The instability of the quinone precluded in vivo administration. The short incubation of cultured B-16 melanoma cells with mM concentrations of GHB markedly prolonged survival times or abolished tumor growth in histocompatible C57BL/6J mice inoculated i.p. with 5 X 10(6) exposed cells. This response did not occur with L1210 leukemia cells, which lack the enzyme tyrosinase. The survival times of mice bearing B-16 melanoma, but not of those with L1210 leukemia, were slightly prolonged by a single injection and were significantly extended by daily i.p. injections of GHB. Normal C57BL/6J mice, given GHB i.p. as single or multiple 400-mg/kg doses, manifested no systemic toxicity but showed depigmentation of the hair after 2 to 3 weeks. These studies provide evidence that GHB exerts cytotoxicity specifically for cells that by their content of tyrosinase convert the phenol to the quinone. This targeted response minimizes systemic toxocity and underscores the potential therapeutic application of this agent to melanocarcinoma.", "PMID": 403000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1739", "title": "Induction of resistance to L1210 leukemia in BALB/c X DBA/2Cr F1 mice, with L1210 cells treated with glutaraldehyde and concanavalin A.", "content": "Immunization with L1210 mouse leukemia cells treated with glutaraldehyde and concanavalin A resulted in the induction of leukemia-specific immune resistance in BALB/c X DBA/2Cr F1 mice. This was measured by survival of the mice after challenge either with the intact cells or with modified leukemia cells of less malignancy. Factors involved in the induction of immunoprophylaxis were analyzed. To produce an immune response against L1210 cells, preincubation with both glutaraldehyde and concanavalin A was required. Repeated sensitization with this combination produced higher incidences of survivors upon subsequent challenge with L1210 cells than did a single sensitization by equivalent or larger doses. However, the sensitization was rendered less effective by repetition of the immunization process five times.", "contents": "Induction of resistance to L1210 leukemia in BALB/c X DBA/2Cr F1 mice, with L1210 cells treated with glutaraldehyde and concanavalin A. Immunization with L1210 mouse leukemia cells treated with glutaraldehyde and concanavalin A resulted in the induction of leukemia-specific immune resistance in BALB/c X DBA/2Cr F1 mice. This was measured by survival of the mice after challenge either with the intact cells or with modified leukemia cells of less malignancy. Factors involved in the induction of immunoprophylaxis were analyzed. To produce an immune response against L1210 cells, preincubation with both glutaraldehyde and concanavalin A was required. Repeated sensitization with this combination produced higher incidences of survivors upon subsequent challenge with L1210 cells than did a single sensitization by equivalent or larger doses. However, the sensitization was rendered less effective by repetition of the immunization process five times.", "PMID": 403001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1740", "title": "Similarity of the mechanism of chemical carcinogen-initiated teratogenesis and carcinogenesis in mice.", "content": "A maximum tolerated dose (15 mug/g) of the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) induced neither fetal deaths nor malformations when given to pregnant ICR/Jcl mice at the sensitive stages (Days 9 to 11) for the induction of malformations, although these embryotoxicities were detected with urethan and X-ray. This may not be due to the lack of teratogenic actions of 4NQO, but to the difficulty this compound has in reaching the embryo, because direct injection of 4NQO into the amniotic cavity of the Day-11 embryo, so that exposure was more direct, induced a high incidence of malformations. Similarity of the mechanism of chemical carcinogen-initiated teratogenesis and carcinogenesis was also suggested by the following findings. Urethan-initiated teratogenesis was almost completely inhibited by posttreatment with caffeine during the period of 0 to 24 and 24 to 48 hr after urethan treatment, whereas it was not inhibited during the 48- to 72-hr post-urethan and the 6- to 30-hr pre-urethan period. The results are similar to those of 4NQO-initiated transformation in cultured mouse embryo cells and 4NQO- and urethan-initiated lung tumorigenesis in mice. Cells carrying preteratogenic or pretumorigenic damage produced by some chemical carcinogens may be extremely sensitive to caffeine treatment during and/or after the postcarcinogen DNA replication period, thus resulting in decrease of malformations and tumors. The process may be related to error-prone DNA repair, because caffeine is known to inhibit the postreplication repair in cultured mouse cells.", "contents": "Similarity of the mechanism of chemical carcinogen-initiated teratogenesis and carcinogenesis in mice. A maximum tolerated dose (15 mug/g) of the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) induced neither fetal deaths nor malformations when given to pregnant ICR/Jcl mice at the sensitive stages (Days 9 to 11) for the induction of malformations, although these embryotoxicities were detected with urethan and X-ray. This may not be due to the lack of teratogenic actions of 4NQO, but to the difficulty this compound has in reaching the embryo, because direct injection of 4NQO into the amniotic cavity of the Day-11 embryo, so that exposure was more direct, induced a high incidence of malformations. Similarity of the mechanism of chemical carcinogen-initiated teratogenesis and carcinogenesis was also suggested by the following findings. Urethan-initiated teratogenesis was almost completely inhibited by posttreatment with caffeine during the period of 0 to 24 and 24 to 48 hr after urethan treatment, whereas it was not inhibited during the 48- to 72-hr post-urethan and the 6- to 30-hr pre-urethan period. The results are similar to those of 4NQO-initiated transformation in cultured mouse embryo cells and 4NQO- and urethan-initiated lung tumorigenesis in mice. Cells carrying preteratogenic or pretumorigenic damage produced by some chemical carcinogens may be extremely sensitive to caffeine treatment during and/or after the postcarcinogen DNA replication period, thus resulting in decrease of malformations and tumors. The process may be related to error-prone DNA repair, because caffeine is known to inhibit the postreplication repair in cultured mouse cells.", "PMID": 403002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1741", "title": "Cooperation of immune lymphoid and reticuloendothelial cells during Listeria monocytogenes-mediated tumor immunity.", "content": "Listeria monocytogenes (LM) in admixture with cells from a murine, chemically induced tumor retarded local tumor development in the syngeneic host. Intra-footpad growth of 10(4) tumor cells was equally inhibited by 4 x 10(4) admixed LM in normal or LM-immune mice indicating that concomitant or prior immunity to LM was equally effective in suppressing tumor growth. Development of cellular immunity to viable LM was required for tumor rejection. Mice prevented from developing anti-LM immunity by inoculation of dead bacteria were also incapable of inhibiting tumor growth. Further, a functionally active reticuloendothelial system was essential for nonspecific inhibition of tumor development as temporary \"paralysis\" of the reticuloendothelial system by a prior injection of 10(9) heat-killed LM reduced the effectiveness of LM-mediated tumor suppression. Histological examination of LM or LM tumor-injected sites revealed a stepwise development of LM-mediated inflammatory reaction of delayed type associated with gradual degeneration of the adjacent tumor cells.", "contents": "Cooperation of immune lymphoid and reticuloendothelial cells during Listeria monocytogenes-mediated tumor immunity. Listeria monocytogenes (LM) in admixture with cells from a murine, chemically induced tumor retarded local tumor development in the syngeneic host. Intra-footpad growth of 10(4) tumor cells was equally inhibited by 4 x 10(4) admixed LM in normal or LM-immune mice indicating that concomitant or prior immunity to LM was equally effective in suppressing tumor growth. Development of cellular immunity to viable LM was required for tumor rejection. Mice prevented from developing anti-LM immunity by inoculation of dead bacteria were also incapable of inhibiting tumor growth. Further, a functionally active reticuloendothelial system was essential for nonspecific inhibition of tumor development as temporary \"paralysis\" of the reticuloendothelial system by a prior injection of 10(9) heat-killed LM reduced the effectiveness of LM-mediated tumor suppression. Histological examination of LM or LM tumor-injected sites revealed a stepwise development of LM-mediated inflammatory reaction of delayed type associated with gradual degeneration of the adjacent tumor cells.", "PMID": 403003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1742", "title": "Evidence for a functional role of RNA in centrioles.", "content": "Basal bodies, purified from Chlamydomonas and Tetrahymena, were exposed to various enzymatic treatments and then assayed for their ability to nucleate aster formation upon injection into eggs of Xenopus laevis. Untreated basal bodies injected into frog eggs act as centrioles and induce the formation of asters. The aster-inducing activity of basal bodies was eliminated by treatment with proteolytic enzymes and ribonucleases. Aster-inducing activity was not affected by DNAse and a number of other enzymes. The effect of proteolytic digestion on aster-inducing activity appeared to be directly correlated with the degree of structural damage to the basal body. Low concentrations of pancreatic ribonuclease A, ribonuclease T1, and S1 nuclease also completely abolished aster-inducing activity, although these enzymes had no effect on basal body structure. Ribonuclease-treated basal bodies remained capable of supporting microtubule elongation in vitro. Preliminary evidence indicates that basal bodies from Chlamydomonas and Tetrahymena contain about 5 x 10(-16) g of RNA which co-band with basal bodies and aster-inducing activity by equilibrium density gradient sedimentation. We conclude first, that centrioles contain RNA which is required for initiation of aster formation, and second, that the centriole activity or ability to assemble a mitotic aster is separable from the basal body activity, or ability to serve directly as a template for microtubule growth.", "contents": "Evidence for a functional role of RNA in centrioles. Basal bodies, purified from Chlamydomonas and Tetrahymena, were exposed to various enzymatic treatments and then assayed for their ability to nucleate aster formation upon injection into eggs of Xenopus laevis. Untreated basal bodies injected into frog eggs act as centrioles and induce the formation of asters. The aster-inducing activity of basal bodies was eliminated by treatment with proteolytic enzymes and ribonucleases. Aster-inducing activity was not affected by DNAse and a number of other enzymes. The effect of proteolytic digestion on aster-inducing activity appeared to be directly correlated with the degree of structural damage to the basal body. Low concentrations of pancreatic ribonuclease A, ribonuclease T1, and S1 nuclease also completely abolished aster-inducing activity, although these enzymes had no effect on basal body structure. Ribonuclease-treated basal bodies remained capable of supporting microtubule elongation in vitro. Preliminary evidence indicates that basal bodies from Chlamydomonas and Tetrahymena contain about 5 x 10(-16) g of RNA which co-band with basal bodies and aster-inducing activity by equilibrium density gradient sedimentation. We conclude first, that centrioles contain RNA which is required for initiation of aster formation, and second, that the centriole activity or ability to assemble a mitotic aster is separable from the basal body activity, or ability to serve directly as a template for microtubule growth.", "PMID": 403009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1743", "title": "Synthesis of hybrid bacterial plasmids containing highly repeated satellite DNA.", "content": "Hybrid plasmid molecules containing tandemly repeated Drosophila satellite DNA were constructed using a modification of the (dA)-(dT) homopolymer procedure of Lobban and Kaiser (1973). Recombinant plasmids recovered after transformation of recA bacteria contained 10% of the amount of satellite DNA present in the transforming molecules. The cloned plasmids were not homogenous in size. Recombinant plasmids isolated from a single colony contained populations of circular molecules which varied both in the length of the satellite region and in the poly(dA)-(dt) regions linking satellite and vector. While subcloning reduced the heterogeneity of these plasmid populations, continued cell growth caused further variations in the size of the repeated regions. Two different simple sequence satellites of Drosophila melanogaster (1.672 and 1.705 g/cm3) were unstable in both recA and recBC hosts and in both pSC101 and pCR1 vectors. We propose that this recA-independent instability of tandemly repeated sequences is due to unequal intramolecular recombination events in replicating DNA molecules, a mechanism analogous to sister chromatid exchange in eucaryotes.", "contents": "Synthesis of hybrid bacterial plasmids containing highly repeated satellite DNA. Hybrid plasmid molecules containing tandemly repeated Drosophila satellite DNA were constructed using a modification of the (dA)-(dT) homopolymer procedure of Lobban and Kaiser (1973). Recombinant plasmids recovered after transformation of recA bacteria contained 10% of the amount of satellite DNA present in the transforming molecules. The cloned plasmids were not homogenous in size. Recombinant plasmids isolated from a single colony contained populations of circular molecules which varied both in the length of the satellite region and in the poly(dA)-(dt) regions linking satellite and vector. While subcloning reduced the heterogeneity of these plasmid populations, continued cell growth caused further variations in the size of the repeated regions. Two different simple sequence satellites of Drosophila melanogaster (1.672 and 1.705 g/cm3) were unstable in both recA and recBC hosts and in both pSC101 and pCR1 vectors. We propose that this recA-independent instability of tandemly repeated sequences is due to unequal intramolecular recombination events in replicating DNA molecules, a mechanism analogous to sister chromatid exchange in eucaryotes.", "PMID": 403010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1744", "title": "Protein expression in E. coli minicells by recombinant plasmids.", "content": "The polypeptides synthesized in E. coli minicells from recombinant plasmids containing DNA fragments from cauliflower mosaic virus, Drosophila melanogaster, and mouse mitochondria were examined. Molecularly cloned fragments of cauliflower mosaic virus DNA directed the synthesis of high levels of three polypeptides, which were synthesized entirely from within the cloned virus DNA fragments independent of their insertion into the plasmid vehicles. Several fragments of D. melanogaster DNA were capable of initiating polypeptide synthesis; however, termination of these polypeptides was dependent upon the insertion into the plasmid vehicle. The majority of D. melanogaster DNA fragments examined did not direct the detectable synthesis of any polypeptides. Insertion of DNA into the Eco RI site of ColE1 and pSC101 plasmids resulted in the altered expression of plasmid-encoded polypeptides. In the case of ColE1, this site of insertion lies within the colicin E1 structural gene, and insertion of foreign DNA into the site results in the synthesis of an inactive truncated colicin E1 molecule. It is probable that the Eco RI site in pSC101 lies within the structural gene for a polypeptide involved in tetracycline resistance, and insertion of DNA into this site may also result in the synthesis of a truncated or elongated polypeptide.", "contents": "Protein expression in E. coli minicells by recombinant plasmids. The polypeptides synthesized in E. coli minicells from recombinant plasmids containing DNA fragments from cauliflower mosaic virus, Drosophila melanogaster, and mouse mitochondria were examined. Molecularly cloned fragments of cauliflower mosaic virus DNA directed the synthesis of high levels of three polypeptides, which were synthesized entirely from within the cloned virus DNA fragments independent of their insertion into the plasmid vehicles. Several fragments of D. melanogaster DNA were capable of initiating polypeptide synthesis; however, termination of these polypeptides was dependent upon the insertion into the plasmid vehicle. The majority of D. melanogaster DNA fragments examined did not direct the detectable synthesis of any polypeptides. Insertion of DNA into the Eco RI site of ColE1 and pSC101 plasmids resulted in the altered expression of plasmid-encoded polypeptides. In the case of ColE1, this site of insertion lies within the colicin E1 structural gene, and insertion of foreign DNA into the site results in the synthesis of an inactive truncated colicin E1 molecule. It is probable that the Eco RI site in pSC101 lies within the structural gene for a polypeptide involved in tetracycline resistance, and insertion of DNA into this site may also result in the synthesis of a truncated or elongated polypeptide.", "PMID": 403011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1745", "title": "Formation of lipid peroxides in isolated rat liver microsomes by singlet molecular oxygen.", "content": "Rat liver microsomes were incubated in neutral aqueous solution of potassium peroxychromate, a system which generates singlet molecular oxygen. Such incubation resulted both in a rapid decline in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity, and in an increase in formation of lipid peroxides. These reactions were not inhibited by either superoxide dismutase (SOD) or mannitol, nor were they entirely duplicated by incubating microsomes with hydrogen peroxide. However, a high concentration of 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2,2,2]octane (DABCO), a known scavenger of singlet oxygen, prevented both decline in reductase activity and formation of lipid peroxides. These results suggest that the observed effects are, in fact, attributable to singlet oxygen, and not to hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, or hydroxyl radical.", "contents": "Formation of lipid peroxides in isolated rat liver microsomes by singlet molecular oxygen. Rat liver microsomes were incubated in neutral aqueous solution of potassium peroxychromate, a system which generates singlet molecular oxygen. Such incubation resulted both in a rapid decline in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity, and in an increase in formation of lipid peroxides. These reactions were not inhibited by either superoxide dismutase (SOD) or mannitol, nor were they entirely duplicated by incubating microsomes with hydrogen peroxide. However, a high concentration of 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2,2,2]octane (DABCO), a known scavenger of singlet oxygen, prevented both decline in reductase activity and formation of lipid peroxides. These results suggest that the observed effects are, in fact, attributable to singlet oxygen, and not to hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, or hydroxyl radical.", "PMID": 403019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1746", "title": "On the inhibition of microsomal drug metabolism by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and related phenolic compounds.", "content": "The in vitro metabolism of p-nitroanisole, aminopyrine, and aniline by rat liver microsomal monoxygenases were studied in the presence of different polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures and some related hydroxybiphenyls. The tested PCB mixtures contained preferably dichloro- (di-CB), tetrachloro- (tetra-CB), or hexachlorobiphenyls (hexa-CB). All PCB were competitive inhibitors of only aminopyrine demethylation by normal microsomes (Ki 22-39 micron). In microsomes of PCB-pretreated rats the aminopyrine demethylation was inhibited noncompetitively by di-CB and hexa-CB whereas tetra-CB remained a competitive inhibitor (Ki 12 micron). Moreover, after PCB pretreatment all PCB were competitive inhibitors of p-nitroanisole demethylation. 2-OH-biphenyl and 4-OH-biphenyl caused competitive inhibition of aminopyrine demethylation and aniline hydroxylation but failed to inhibit p-nitroanisole metabolism by normal microsomes. Chlorinated 4-hydroxybiphenyls inhibited competitively the metabolism of both type I and type II substrates. However, after PCB pretreatment all phenolic compounds caused uncompetitive inhibition of aniline hydroxylation.", "contents": "On the inhibition of microsomal drug metabolism by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and related phenolic compounds. The in vitro metabolism of p-nitroanisole, aminopyrine, and aniline by rat liver microsomal monoxygenases were studied in the presence of different polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures and some related hydroxybiphenyls. The tested PCB mixtures contained preferably dichloro- (di-CB), tetrachloro- (tetra-CB), or hexachlorobiphenyls (hexa-CB). All PCB were competitive inhibitors of only aminopyrine demethylation by normal microsomes (Ki 22-39 micron). In microsomes of PCB-pretreated rats the aminopyrine demethylation was inhibited noncompetitively by di-CB and hexa-CB whereas tetra-CB remained a competitive inhibitor (Ki 12 micron). Moreover, after PCB pretreatment all PCB were competitive inhibitors of p-nitroanisole demethylation. 2-OH-biphenyl and 4-OH-biphenyl caused competitive inhibition of aminopyrine demethylation and aniline hydroxylation but failed to inhibit p-nitroanisole metabolism by normal microsomes. Chlorinated 4-hydroxybiphenyls inhibited competitively the metabolism of both type I and type II substrates. However, after PCB pretreatment all phenolic compounds caused uncompetitive inhibition of aniline hydroxylation.", "PMID": 403020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1747", "title": "Altered regulation of macromolecular synthesis in methionine-inhibited cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens UK1.", "content": "Effects of high methionine concentrations on growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens UK1 are reported. The following phenomena were observed: (i) Immediate inhibition of growth for a period corresponding to approximately half a generation. Steady-state conditions of growth were no more attained. (ii) In spite of stringency of the macromolecular synthesis in this organism, simultaneously with the growth inhibition, the rate of labelled leucine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-insoluble material was reduced 60% while the rate of labelled uracil incorporation remained constant. (iii) The organism began to liberate methanethiol half a generation after the methionine supplement. Demethiolating activity increased linearly with the cell mass. It is concluded that the inhibition of growth is not due to the liberation of methanethiol from methionine but the amino acid is able to uncouple the mechanism coordinating protein and RNA synthesis in P. fluorescens UK1.", "contents": "Altered regulation of macromolecular synthesis in methionine-inhibited cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens UK1. Effects of high methionine concentrations on growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens UK1 are reported. The following phenomena were observed: (i) Immediate inhibition of growth for a period corresponding to approximately half a generation. Steady-state conditions of growth were no more attained. (ii) In spite of stringency of the macromolecular synthesis in this organism, simultaneously with the growth inhibition, the rate of labelled leucine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-insoluble material was reduced 60% while the rate of labelled uracil incorporation remained constant. (iii) The organism began to liberate methanethiol half a generation after the methionine supplement. Demethiolating activity increased linearly with the cell mass. It is concluded that the inhibition of growth is not due to the liberation of methanethiol from methionine but the amino acid is able to uncouple the mechanism coordinating protein and RNA synthesis in P. fluorescens UK1.", "PMID": 403021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1748", "title": "[Formation of omega-muricholic acid and fecal excretion of biliary acids in rats].", "content": "Two groups of Rats which were fed the same diet, excreted fecal bile acids of different patterns: in one group, the feces contained a large amount of omega-muricholic acid and very little hydrodeoxycholic acid; in the other group the reversed composition was observed. The first group excreted more total bile acids than the second. This observation suggests that the formation of a large amount of omega-muricholic acid results in an increase in total bile acid fecal excretion.", "contents": "[Formation of omega-muricholic acid and fecal excretion of biliary acids in rats]. Two groups of Rats which were fed the same diet, excreted fecal bile acids of different patterns: in one group, the feces contained a large amount of omega-muricholic acid and very little hydrodeoxycholic acid; in the other group the reversed composition was observed. The first group excreted more total bile acids than the second. This observation suggests that the formation of a large amount of omega-muricholic acid results in an increase in total bile acid fecal excretion.", "PMID": 403022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1749", "title": "[Simultaneous isolation of rabbit glomerular and tubular basement membrane].", "content": "A method allowing simultaneous isolation of Rabbit alomerular and tubular basement membranes has been perfected. Rabbit tubular basement membrane has also been obtained by tryptic digestion of the renal cortex. Electron microscopic observation and biochemical analysis show that the contamination of the membrane preparations by cellular components is negligible.", "contents": "[Simultaneous isolation of rabbit glomerular and tubular basement membrane]. A method allowing simultaneous isolation of Rabbit alomerular and tubular basement membranes has been perfected. Rabbit tubular basement membrane has also been obtained by tryptic digestion of the renal cortex. Electron microscopic observation and biochemical analysis show that the contamination of the membrane preparations by cellular components is negligible.", "PMID": 403023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1750", "title": "[Fahraeus effect and Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect].", "content": "A series of experiments has been carried out on the flowing of suspended human erythrocytes into glass-tubes whose diameters varied between 30 mum and 1 mm. Thus, the Fahraeus and Fahraeus-Lindqvist effects emergence fields have been drawn, and it has been shown that, contrary to a widely admitted hypothesis, the Fahraeus effect does not account for the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect.", "contents": "[Fahraeus effect and Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect]. A series of experiments has been carried out on the flowing of suspended human erythrocytes into glass-tubes whose diameters varied between 30 mum and 1 mm. Thus, the Fahraeus and Fahraeus-Lindqvist effects emergence fields have been drawn, and it has been shown that, contrary to a widely admitted hypothesis, the Fahraeus effect does not account for the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect.", "PMID": 403024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1751", "title": "[Effect of ethanol on amino acid penetration in to mouse brain].", "content": "The uptake of large neutral aminoacids across the blood brain of mouse is increased by previously intraperitonealy given ethanol. The uptake of small neutral, acid and basic aminoacids is not modified. Observed increase is correlated with octanol-water istribution coefficient.", "contents": "[Effect of ethanol on amino acid penetration in to mouse brain]. The uptake of large neutral aminoacids across the blood brain of mouse is increased by previously intraperitonealy given ethanol. The uptake of small neutral, acid and basic aminoacids is not modified. Observed increase is correlated with octanol-water istribution coefficient.", "PMID": 403025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1752", "title": "[Chromatographic fractionation and studies on microheterogenity of cow lactotransferrin prepared by an original procedure].", "content": "Authors describe an original procedure to prepare pure lactotransferrin from cow milk. Physicochemical properties of this lactotransferrin have been studied and compared with results from others. New data are presented: presence of fucose and N-acetylgalactosamine; C-terminal amino-acid identified with threonine. On the other hand, 4 fractions have been obtained by \"DEAE-Sephadex\" chromatography, study of which demonstrates that the microheterogeneity of the lactotransferrin depends on the carbohydrate moiety and especially on the N-acetylneuraminic acid content which varies from 0 to 2 residues.", "contents": "[Chromatographic fractionation and studies on microheterogenity of cow lactotransferrin prepared by an original procedure]. Authors describe an original procedure to prepare pure lactotransferrin from cow milk. Physicochemical properties of this lactotransferrin have been studied and compared with results from others. New data are presented: presence of fucose and N-acetylgalactosamine; C-terminal amino-acid identified with threonine. On the other hand, 4 fractions have been obtained by \"DEAE-Sephadex\" chromatography, study of which demonstrates that the microheterogeneity of the lactotransferrin depends on the carbohydrate moiety and especially on the N-acetylneuraminic acid content which varies from 0 to 2 residues.", "PMID": 403026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1753", "title": "[Elective induction in mice of solid and ascitic carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas by the repeated doses of antibodies against a lipoprotein lipase fraction].", "content": "Small doses, repeated for months of anti-esterase-lipoprotein antibodies, from several antisera raised against a crude lipoprotein-lipase from Rabbit adipose tissue (2), induce exocrine pancreatic carcinomas in mice, without any specific barrier. This seems to be the first case of a quite elective carcinogenic process of the pancreas, by an immunological mechanism, with a very high incidence, up to 100%. Such carcinomas are highly metastatic, produce a pancreatic carcinomatous ascites, and are deadly. This immunological pathogeny is discussed., more particulary on an action of immuno-complexes in an abnormal physiological environment.", "contents": "[Elective induction in mice of solid and ascitic carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas by the repeated doses of antibodies against a lipoprotein lipase fraction]. Small doses, repeated for months of anti-esterase-lipoprotein antibodies, from several antisera raised against a crude lipoprotein-lipase from Rabbit adipose tissue (2), induce exocrine pancreatic carcinomas in mice, without any specific barrier. This seems to be the first case of a quite elective carcinogenic process of the pancreas, by an immunological mechanism, with a very high incidence, up to 100%. Such carcinomas are highly metastatic, produce a pancreatic carcinomatous ascites, and are deadly. This immunological pathogeny is discussed., more particulary on an action of immuno-complexes in an abnormal physiological environment.", "PMID": 403027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1754", "title": "Response of the cerebral circulation in baboons to changing perfusion pressure after indomethacin.", "content": "An earlier study has demonstrated that indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, blocks the cerebrovascular response to hypercapnia. This response is believed to be mediated by a lowering of pH in the cerebral interstitial fluid. Should autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to changing perfusion pressure also be mediated by a changing interstitial pH (the \"metabolic\" theory), then indomethacin should impair autoregulation. This hypothesis was tested in anesthetized baboons. CBF was measured by the intracarotid 133Xe clearance technique; the preparation and the indomethacin protocol were identical to those of our previous investigation. Arterial pressure was increased by the intravenous infusion of angiotensin and decreased by controlled hemorrhage. Indomethacin was given by continuous infusion into the internal carotid artery. Although it reduced resting CBF, the cerebrovascular response to changing perfusion pressure was unchanged. Because indomethacin affects the response to changing CO2 but not that to changing perfusion pressure, the mechanisms for these two reactions presumably are different and it is improbable that changing interstitial pH is responsible for autoregulation in the cerebral circulation.", "contents": "Response of the cerebral circulation in baboons to changing perfusion pressure after indomethacin. An earlier study has demonstrated that indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, blocks the cerebrovascular response to hypercapnia. This response is believed to be mediated by a lowering of pH in the cerebral interstitial fluid. Should autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to changing perfusion pressure also be mediated by a changing interstitial pH (the \"metabolic\" theory), then indomethacin should impair autoregulation. This hypothesis was tested in anesthetized baboons. CBF was measured by the intracarotid 133Xe clearance technique; the preparation and the indomethacin protocol were identical to those of our previous investigation. Arterial pressure was increased by the intravenous infusion of angiotensin and decreased by controlled hemorrhage. Indomethacin was given by continuous infusion into the internal carotid artery. Although it reduced resting CBF, the cerebrovascular response to changing perfusion pressure was unchanged. Because indomethacin affects the response to changing CO2 but not that to changing perfusion pressure, the mechanisms for these two reactions presumably are different and it is improbable that changing interstitial pH is responsible for autoregulation in the cerebral circulation.", "PMID": 403029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1755", "title": "Influence of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on renal vascular resistance and on renal vascular responses to vasopressor and vasodilator agents in the cat.", "content": "We determined the effects of indomethacin and meclofenamate, two inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, on renal vascular resistance and on renal responses to nerve stimulation, pressor and depressor hormones in the in situ feline kidney under conditions of controlled blood flow. Both inhibitors produced a gradual rise in renal vascular resistance which became maximal 15-20 minutes after administration. The increase in renal resistance after indomethacin was not attenuated during intrarenal infusion of either phentolamine or SQ 20881. Pretreatment with propranolol, in a dose sufficient to inhibit renin secretion, also did not attenuate the increase in renal resistance produced by indomethacin. However, infusion of [Sar1-, Ala8]angiotensin II, an angiotensin II antagonist, did attenuate the indomethacin-induced increase in renal vascular resistance. After indomethacin, the vasoconstrictor response to norepinephrine was enhanced, whereas responses to nerve stimulation and angiotensin were unaffected. Although meclofenamate enhanced renal vascular resistance, its effects on vasoconstrictor responses were inconsistent. After indomethacin, the renal dilator response to bradykinin was enhanced; however, dilator responses to nitroglycerin were unaltered. The present data indicate that the increase in renal vascular resistance after indomethacin does not depend on the adrenergic system but may be dependent on the renin-angiotensin system. The inconsistent effect of the inhibitors of synthesis on renal constrictor responses to nerve stimulation suggests that endogenous prostaglandins do not serve to modulate the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the feline renal vascular bed. These results also indicate that renal dilator responses to bradykninin are not mediated by prostaglandins in the cat.", "contents": "Influence of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on renal vascular resistance and on renal vascular responses to vasopressor and vasodilator agents in the cat. We determined the effects of indomethacin and meclofenamate, two inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, on renal vascular resistance and on renal responses to nerve stimulation, pressor and depressor hormones in the in situ feline kidney under conditions of controlled blood flow. Both inhibitors produced a gradual rise in renal vascular resistance which became maximal 15-20 minutes after administration. The increase in renal resistance after indomethacin was not attenuated during intrarenal infusion of either phentolamine or SQ 20881. Pretreatment with propranolol, in a dose sufficient to inhibit renin secretion, also did not attenuate the increase in renal resistance produced by indomethacin. However, infusion of [Sar1-, Ala8]angiotensin II, an angiotensin II antagonist, did attenuate the indomethacin-induced increase in renal vascular resistance. After indomethacin, the vasoconstrictor response to norepinephrine was enhanced, whereas responses to nerve stimulation and angiotensin were unaffected. Although meclofenamate enhanced renal vascular resistance, its effects on vasoconstrictor responses were inconsistent. After indomethacin, the renal dilator response to bradykinin was enhanced; however, dilator responses to nitroglycerin were unaltered. The present data indicate that the increase in renal vascular resistance after indomethacin does not depend on the adrenergic system but may be dependent on the renin-angiotensin system. The inconsistent effect of the inhibitors of synthesis on renal constrictor responses to nerve stimulation suggests that endogenous prostaglandins do not serve to modulate the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the feline renal vascular bed. These results also indicate that renal dilator responses to bradykninin are not mediated by prostaglandins in the cat.", "PMID": 403030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1756", "title": "Serial serum creatine phosphokinase MB isoenzyme activity after myocardial infarction. Studies in the baboon and man.", "content": "Serum CPK-MB iosenzyme activity was measured serially after mercury embolization of the left circumflex coronary artery in five baboons and after clinical acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 20 patients. The calculated amount of enzyme released into the baboons' circulation (CPK-MBR) correlated well (r = 0.991) with the amount of MB isoenzyme depleted from the myocardium (CPK-MBD) when a previously determined decay constant (Kd) was used, but not when Kd was calculated from individual curves or when CPK-MM values were used. In clinical AMI, CPK-MMR averaged 97% (0 to 350%) greater than CPK-MBR, probably because of release of MM isoenzyme from nonmyocardial sources. The mean Kd for CPK-MB in patients (0.0012 min-1) was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than that obtained in the baboon following bolus injections (0.0018 min-1), probably reflecting delayed myocardial release of enzyme. Therefore, in both experimental and clinical AMI, serial samples for CPK-MB activity, but not total or CPK-MM activity, could provide an accurate index of myocardial enzyme depletion.", "contents": "Serial serum creatine phosphokinase MB isoenzyme activity after myocardial infarction. Studies in the baboon and man. Serum CPK-MB iosenzyme activity was measured serially after mercury embolization of the left circumflex coronary artery in five baboons and after clinical acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 20 patients. The calculated amount of enzyme released into the baboons' circulation (CPK-MBR) correlated well (r = 0.991) with the amount of MB isoenzyme depleted from the myocardium (CPK-MBD) when a previously determined decay constant (Kd) was used, but not when Kd was calculated from individual curves or when CPK-MM values were used. In clinical AMI, CPK-MMR averaged 97% (0 to 350%) greater than CPK-MBR, probably because of release of MM isoenzyme from nonmyocardial sources. The mean Kd for CPK-MB in patients (0.0012 min-1) was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than that obtained in the baboon following bolus injections (0.0018 min-1), probably reflecting delayed myocardial release of enzyme. Therefore, in both experimental and clinical AMI, serial samples for CPK-MB activity, but not total or CPK-MM activity, could provide an accurate index of myocardial enzyme depletion.", "PMID": 403031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1757", "title": "Experiments on the influence of oriented stress on bone formation replacing bone grafts.", "content": "A cleft maxilla is healed when it has the attributes of a normal maxilla. Experimental and clinical observations suggest that bone perimeters can be extended by biophysical stimuli induced through functional forces when the tissue is under tension. An experiment was designed to test whether the establishment of bone across the cleft is similarly influenced. Bone most consistently replaced split-rib grafts when tension was applied to the segments of surgically produced maxillary clefts. Additional observations on this model indicate that a suture can be developed in the bone bridge across the cleft margins. While the parameters are not established, the hypothesis cannot be rejected that tension facilitates the extension of bone inducing stimuli and influences the differentiation of tissue in intra-alveolar transplants.", "contents": "Experiments on the influence of oriented stress on bone formation replacing bone grafts. A cleft maxilla is healed when it has the attributes of a normal maxilla. Experimental and clinical observations suggest that bone perimeters can be extended by biophysical stimuli induced through functional forces when the tissue is under tension. An experiment was designed to test whether the establishment of bone across the cleft is similarly influenced. Bone most consistently replaced split-rib grafts when tension was applied to the segments of surgically produced maxillary clefts. Additional observations on this model indicate that a suture can be developed in the bone bridge across the cleft margins. While the parameters are not established, the hypothesis cannot be rejected that tension facilitates the extension of bone inducing stimuli and influences the differentiation of tissue in intra-alveolar transplants.", "PMID": 403032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1758", "title": "Plasma carnitine levels in children with protein-calorie malnutrition before and after rehabilitation.", "content": "Plasma carnitine and albumin levels were measured in children suffering from protein-calorie malnutrition, before and after rehabilitation, and in apparently healthy controls. Both the constituents were lower in malnourished children and improved after treatment. Plasma carnitine showed significant positive correlation with plasma albumin.", "contents": "Plasma carnitine levels in children with protein-calorie malnutrition before and after rehabilitation. Plasma carnitine and albumin levels were measured in children suffering from protein-calorie malnutrition, before and after rehabilitation, and in apparently healthy controls. Both the constituents were lower in malnourished children and improved after treatment. Plasma carnitine showed significant positive correlation with plasma albumin.", "PMID": 403033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1759", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of pyruvate and ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiencies in platelet-enriched preparations from blood.", "content": "Radiochemical methods are described in detail to measure the activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and of the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in platelet-enriched fractions. Determinations can be completed in one day with as little as 5 ml of venous blood. Activities are proportional to the length of the incubation and the amount of tissue protein added, show appropriate dependence on added cofactors, are stable for up to 2 days at -20 degrees C, and do not appear to be affected by diet. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex appears to be fully activated (dephosphorylated) in these preparations. Activities were comparable in platelet-enriched fractions from 25 normal subjects and 25 patients with a variety of neurological and psychiatric diagnoses. Mean values (+/- S.E.M.) for these 50 individuals were 169+/-9 pmol/min per mg protein for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and 535+/-27 pmol/min per mg protein for the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. These values are comparable to those found in cultured skin fibroblast with similar techniques. Deficient pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (19+/-6 and 11+/-4 pmol/min per mg protein) was demonstrated in platelet-enriched preparations from two brothers whose fibroblasts had previously been shown to be deficient in pyruvate dehydrogenase and who responed to a ketogenic diet. Experimental detail critical to obtaining reproducible results with these methods are stressed (notably the crucial importance of maintaining the purity of the radioactive substrates). These techniques allow identification of patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiencies within one day without requiring liver or muscle biopsy.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of pyruvate and ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiencies in platelet-enriched preparations from blood. Radiochemical methods are described in detail to measure the activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and of the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in platelet-enriched fractions. Determinations can be completed in one day with as little as 5 ml of venous blood. Activities are proportional to the length of the incubation and the amount of tissue protein added, show appropriate dependence on added cofactors, are stable for up to 2 days at -20 degrees C, and do not appear to be affected by diet. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex appears to be fully activated (dephosphorylated) in these preparations. Activities were comparable in platelet-enriched fractions from 25 normal subjects and 25 patients with a variety of neurological and psychiatric diagnoses. Mean values (+/- S.E.M.) for these 50 individuals were 169+/-9 pmol/min per mg protein for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and 535+/-27 pmol/min per mg protein for the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. These values are comparable to those found in cultured skin fibroblast with similar techniques. Deficient pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (19+/-6 and 11+/-4 pmol/min per mg protein) was demonstrated in platelet-enriched preparations from two brothers whose fibroblasts had previously been shown to be deficient in pyruvate dehydrogenase and who responed to a ketogenic diet. Experimental detail critical to obtaining reproducible results with these methods are stressed (notably the crucial importance of maintaining the purity of the radioactive substrates). These techniques allow identification of patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiencies within one day without requiring liver or muscle biopsy.", "PMID": 403034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1760", "title": "A Spanish family with erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency: contribution of various immunologic methods in the study of the mutant enzyme.", "content": "Erythrocyte PK deficiency was detected in a 38-year-old man from Catalonia, in Spain. His father and his three children were proven to be heterozygous for the same mutant PK variant. This variant was characterized by low immunologic specific activity, normal (or slightly increased) stability to heat and to urea; normal isoelectric point, increased K0.5 for phosphoenolpyruvate, increased inhibition by ATP and normal activation by 0.35 mM fructose 1,6-diphosphate. The mutant PK variant was antigenically identical with wild enzyme as tested against anti wild erythrocyte PK serum by double immunodiffusion and micro complement fixation. The utility and the significance of the immunologic methods to be used in the study of mutant PK variants are discussed.", "contents": "A Spanish family with erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency: contribution of various immunologic methods in the study of the mutant enzyme. Erythrocyte PK deficiency was detected in a 38-year-old man from Catalonia, in Spain. His father and his three children were proven to be heterozygous for the same mutant PK variant. This variant was characterized by low immunologic specific activity, normal (or slightly increased) stability to heat and to urea; normal isoelectric point, increased K0.5 for phosphoenolpyruvate, increased inhibition by ATP and normal activation by 0.35 mM fructose 1,6-diphosphate. The mutant PK variant was antigenically identical with wild enzyme as tested against anti wild erythrocyte PK serum by double immunodiffusion and micro complement fixation. The utility and the significance of the immunologic methods to be used in the study of mutant PK variants are discussed.", "PMID": 403035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1761", "title": "beta-Galactosidase in mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses. Deficiency of GM1 beta-galactosidase in liver and leukocytes.", "content": "beta-Galactosidase activities were studied in livers and leukocytes of mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses (I-cell disease and adult \"beta-galactosidase deficiency\" with macular cherry-red spots). Marked deficiency of hepatic 4-methylumbelliferyl (4MU) and GM1 beta-galactosidases was demonstrated in these diseases. Leukocyte GM1 beta-galactosidase was also deficient in mucolipidoses. The parents of the patients with I-cell disease and \"beta-galactosidase deficiency\" had normal beta-galactosidase activity in plasma and leukocytes, compared to the low enzyme activity in heterozygous carriers of GM1-gangliosidosis. The cause of this enzyme deficiency in these diseases is not clear at present. It seems to be affected seondarily by exgenous factors such as unknown stored materials in the cells. Mucopolysaccharides were not increased in the livers of two cases of I-cell disease and a case of \"beta-galactosidase deficiency\".", "contents": "beta-Galactosidase in mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses. Deficiency of GM1 beta-galactosidase in liver and leukocytes. beta-Galactosidase activities were studied in livers and leukocytes of mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses (I-cell disease and adult \"beta-galactosidase deficiency\" with macular cherry-red spots). Marked deficiency of hepatic 4-methylumbelliferyl (4MU) and GM1 beta-galactosidases was demonstrated in these diseases. Leukocyte GM1 beta-galactosidase was also deficient in mucolipidoses. The parents of the patients with I-cell disease and \"beta-galactosidase deficiency\" had normal beta-galactosidase activity in plasma and leukocytes, compared to the low enzyme activity in heterozygous carriers of GM1-gangliosidosis. The cause of this enzyme deficiency in these diseases is not clear at present. It seems to be affected seondarily by exgenous factors such as unknown stored materials in the cells. Mucopolysaccharides were not increased in the livers of two cases of I-cell disease and a case of \"beta-galactosidase deficiency\".", "PMID": 403036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1762", "title": "Lactosylceramidase assays for diagnosis of globoid cell leukodystrophy and GM1-gangliosidosis.", "content": "An assay procedure was developed for accurate estimation of lactosylceramidase II in the presence of relatively high activity of lactosylceramidase I. The procedure involves determination of lactosylceramide-cleaving activities under two different assay conditions, and lactosylceramidase II activity is calculated by the difference. Applicability of the procedure was evaluated with separated soluble fractions of the two beta-galactosidases from normal human brains, and with whole homogenates of gray and white matter, liver and cultured fibroblasts from control individuals and from patients with globoid cell leukodystrophy or GM1-gangliosidosis. The use of the lactosylceramidase I assay procedure developed by Wenger, D.A., Sattler, M., Clark, C. and McKelvey, H. ((1974) Clin. Chim. Acta 56, 199-206) and of the present procedure permits accurate diagnosis of both globoid cell leukodystrophy and GM1-gangliosidosis with one natural substrate, lactosylceramide, irrespective of the relative proportion of the two beta-galactosidases in the tissue.", "contents": "Lactosylceramidase assays for diagnosis of globoid cell leukodystrophy and GM1-gangliosidosis. An assay procedure was developed for accurate estimation of lactosylceramidase II in the presence of relatively high activity of lactosylceramidase I. The procedure involves determination of lactosylceramide-cleaving activities under two different assay conditions, and lactosylceramidase II activity is calculated by the difference. Applicability of the procedure was evaluated with separated soluble fractions of the two beta-galactosidases from normal human brains, and with whole homogenates of gray and white matter, liver and cultured fibroblasts from control individuals and from patients with globoid cell leukodystrophy or GM1-gangliosidosis. The use of the lactosylceramidase I assay procedure developed by Wenger, D.A., Sattler, M., Clark, C. and McKelvey, H. ((1974) Clin. Chim. Acta 56, 199-206) and of the present procedure permits accurate diagnosis of both globoid cell leukodystrophy and GM1-gangliosidosis with one natural substrate, lactosylceramide, irrespective of the relative proportion of the two beta-galactosidases in the tissue.", "PMID": 403037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1763", "title": "Some properties of monoclonal cryoglobulin M appearing in the course of malignant lymphoma with macroglobulinemia.", "content": "Monoclonal cryoglobulin IgM was separated from the serum of a patient with malignant lymphoma and macroglobulinemia. The purified cryoglobulin in immunoelectrophoresis formed the precipitin lines with anti-mu and anti-kappa serum and showed an abnormal electrophoretic mobility due to large aggregate formation. In comparison to normal IgM preparations a significantly lower content of hydroxyproline was found in the cryoglobulin studied. The possible role of hydroxyproline-containing peptides in the formation of the oligomeric structure of the IgM molecule is discussed.", "contents": "Some properties of monoclonal cryoglobulin M appearing in the course of malignant lymphoma with macroglobulinemia. Monoclonal cryoglobulin IgM was separated from the serum of a patient with malignant lymphoma and macroglobulinemia. The purified cryoglobulin in immunoelectrophoresis formed the precipitin lines with anti-mu and anti-kappa serum and showed an abnormal electrophoretic mobility due to large aggregate formation. In comparison to normal IgM preparations a significantly lower content of hydroxyproline was found in the cryoglobulin studied. The possible role of hydroxyproline-containing peptides in the formation of the oligomeric structure of the IgM molecule is discussed.", "PMID": 403038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1764", "title": "Effect of stilboesterol therapy on thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) responsiveness in males.", "content": "TRH responsiveness was investigated in twenty-four males (aged 66-83 years) undergoing stilboesterol therapy for carcinoma of the prostrate. Twelve were taking 2-6 mg daily by mouth for periods of 5 days to 12 months (mean 5 months) (Group A) and the remainder were on daily i.v. doses of 250-500 mg for periods of 3-10 days (mean 8 days) (Group B). In the former group TRH responsiveness was enhanced compared to age matched controls. A contrary effect was observed in the latter group in that the group mean TRH response was significantly lower than that of Group A or of the control group. Basal serum TSH values were unchanged in Group A compared to controls, but a significant elevation in the basal mean value was observed in Group B. The mechanism of action of stilboesterol in the subjects studied remains to be elucidated. Our data are in keeping with either a hypothalamic or pituitary locus for such actions.", "contents": "Effect of stilboesterol therapy on thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) responsiveness in males. TRH responsiveness was investigated in twenty-four males (aged 66-83 years) undergoing stilboesterol therapy for carcinoma of the prostrate. Twelve were taking 2-6 mg daily by mouth for periods of 5 days to 12 months (mean 5 months) (Group A) and the remainder were on daily i.v. doses of 250-500 mg for periods of 3-10 days (mean 8 days) (Group B). In the former group TRH responsiveness was enhanced compared to age matched controls. A contrary effect was observed in the latter group in that the group mean TRH response was significantly lower than that of Group A or of the control group. Basal serum TSH values were unchanged in Group A compared to controls, but a significant elevation in the basal mean value was observed in Group B. The mechanism of action of stilboesterol in the subjects studied remains to be elucidated. Our data are in keeping with either a hypothalamic or pituitary locus for such actions.", "PMID": 403039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1765", "title": "Thyroid function and antibody studies in pernicious anaemia.", "content": "Thyroid antibodies were demonstrated in 57% of thirty pernicious anaemia patients without overt thyroid disease. Elevated basal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and an enhaced TSH response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) only occurred in thyroid antibody positive subjects; by contrast the thyroid antibody negative subjects in the older age group frequently and undetecable basal TSH levels and an impaired TRH response. Thyroid hormone concentrations provided no absolute evidence of hypothyroidism in any of the patients.", "contents": "Thyroid function and antibody studies in pernicious anaemia. Thyroid antibodies were demonstrated in 57% of thirty pernicious anaemia patients without overt thyroid disease. Elevated basal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and an enhaced TSH response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) only occurred in thyroid antibody positive subjects; by contrast the thyroid antibody negative subjects in the older age group frequently and undetecable basal TSH levels and an impaired TRH response. Thyroid hormone concentrations provided no absolute evidence of hypothyroidism in any of the patients.", "PMID": 403040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1766", "title": "A human immunoglobulin in myeloma protein with anti-gastric parietal cell autoantigen activity.", "content": "A previously characterised IgA Kappa myeloma protein was isolated and purified. The (Fab) alpha fragments of this immunoglobulin were obtained. The IgA and Fab fragments reacted in vitro with gastric parietal cells (GPC) using animal gastric sections and with smooth cytoplasmic membranes obtained from rabbit fundus (gastric) mucosa. This was seen macroscopically and by light and electron microscopy. Evidence is thus provided which supports the concept that this homogeneous immunoglobulin is a typical monoclonal autoantibody.", "contents": "A human immunoglobulin in myeloma protein with anti-gastric parietal cell autoantigen activity. A previously characterised IgA Kappa myeloma protein was isolated and purified. The (Fab) alpha fragments of this immunoglobulin were obtained. The IgA and Fab fragments reacted in vitro with gastric parietal cells (GPC) using animal gastric sections and with smooth cytoplasmic membranes obtained from rabbit fundus (gastric) mucosa. This was seen macroscopically and by light and electron microscopy. Evidence is thus provided which supports the concept that this homogeneous immunoglobulin is a typical monoclonal autoantibody.", "PMID": 403042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1767", "title": "Effects of a gold salt on lymphocyte responses.", "content": "The effects of sodium aurothiomalate (SATM) on certain lymphocyte functions in vitro were tested. Lymphocytes were obtained from both healthy donors and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). SATM depressed tritiated thymidine uptake in lymphocyte cultures stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin, and in a mixed lymphocyte response assay. Cytotoxic effector cell generation assayed by percentage specific 51Cr release was also depressed by SATM using lymphocytes from healthy donors, and from patients with RA. These effects imply that SATM inhibits both exogenous thymidine uptake, and blastogenesis, and suggest that gold salts may act in RA by interference with T-cell dependent functions.", "contents": "Effects of a gold salt on lymphocyte responses. The effects of sodium aurothiomalate (SATM) on certain lymphocyte functions in vitro were tested. Lymphocytes were obtained from both healthy donors and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). SATM depressed tritiated thymidine uptake in lymphocyte cultures stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin, and in a mixed lymphocyte response assay. Cytotoxic effector cell generation assayed by percentage specific 51Cr release was also depressed by SATM using lymphocytes from healthy donors, and from patients with RA. These effects imply that SATM inhibits both exogenous thymidine uptake, and blastogenesis, and suggest that gold salts may act in RA by interference with T-cell dependent functions.", "PMID": 403043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1768", "title": "Metabolism of intravenously administered dipeptides in rats: effects on amino acid pools, glucose concentration and insulin and glucagon secretion.", "content": "1. Studies were performed to investigate the metabolic fate of dipeptides when administered intravenously in rats. Glycyl-leucine, glycylglycine or glycylsarcosine was injected into the jugular vein. The plasma disappearance rate after the peak plasma concentrations was most rapid for glycyl-leucine and least rapid for glycylsarcosine. 2. During urine collection for 40 min, trace amounts of glycyl-leucine and glycylglycine and 13% of the injected glycylsarcosine were excreted. 3. Neither glycylglycine nor glycyl-leucine was detected in the liver, muscle, intestinal mucosa or renal cortex, but concentrations of glycine or leucine, or both, in these tissues were increased after each injection. In contrast, glycylsarcosine was recovered in all these tissues with concentrations in the renal cortex being far greater than in any other tissue, but sarcosine was found only in the renal cortex and intestinal mucosa. 4. The changes in plasma concentrations of free amino acids, glucose and glucagon, and tissue concentrations of free amino acids, were similar after the intravenous administration of glycyl-leucine and an equimolar mixture of free glycine and leucine. However, the amount of insulin secreted during the 40 min after glycyl-leucine injection was 1-6 times that produced after the injection of the corresponding amino acid mixture. 5. Results show that, within the present experimental conditions, the intravenous administration of dipeptides is as effective as that of the corresponding free amino acids in enriching the tissue pools of amino acids. It is suggested that efficient hydrolysis by cellular enzymes prohibits accumulation of intact dipeptides in body tissues.", "contents": "Metabolism of intravenously administered dipeptides in rats: effects on amino acid pools, glucose concentration and insulin and glucagon secretion. 1. Studies were performed to investigate the metabolic fate of dipeptides when administered intravenously in rats. Glycyl-leucine, glycylglycine or glycylsarcosine was injected into the jugular vein. The plasma disappearance rate after the peak plasma concentrations was most rapid for glycyl-leucine and least rapid for glycylsarcosine. 2. During urine collection for 40 min, trace amounts of glycyl-leucine and glycylglycine and 13% of the injected glycylsarcosine were excreted. 3. Neither glycylglycine nor glycyl-leucine was detected in the liver, muscle, intestinal mucosa or renal cortex, but concentrations of glycine or leucine, or both, in these tissues were increased after each injection. In contrast, glycylsarcosine was recovered in all these tissues with concentrations in the renal cortex being far greater than in any other tissue, but sarcosine was found only in the renal cortex and intestinal mucosa. 4. The changes in plasma concentrations of free amino acids, glucose and glucagon, and tissue concentrations of free amino acids, were similar after the intravenous administration of glycyl-leucine and an equimolar mixture of free glycine and leucine. However, the amount of insulin secreted during the 40 min after glycyl-leucine injection was 1-6 times that produced after the injection of the corresponding amino acid mixture. 5. Results show that, within the present experimental conditions, the intravenous administration of dipeptides is as effective as that of the corresponding free amino acids in enriching the tissue pools of amino acids. It is suggested that efficient hydrolysis by cellular enzymes prohibits accumulation of intact dipeptides in body tissues.", "PMID": 403046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1769", "title": "Spatial disorientation in the monkey.", "content": "The incidence of misdirected movements of the hand during tactile discrimination performance in the dark has been tabulated for monkeys with bilateral removals of parieto-prestriate cortex. The observations support the existence of a spatial disorientation (in addition to their inaccuracies of reaching) in these animals.", "contents": "Spatial disorientation in the monkey. The incidence of misdirected movements of the hand during tactile discrimination performance in the dark has been tabulated for monkeys with bilateral removals of parieto-prestriate cortex. The observations support the existence of a spatial disorientation (in addition to their inaccuracies of reaching) in these animals.", "PMID": 403047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1770", "title": "Correlation of the response of the flushing device to compression with the clinical picture in the evaluation of the functional status of the shunting system.", "content": "The functional status of cerebrospinal fluid shunting systems provided with flushing devices has commonly been assessed by the response of the flushing device to digital compression and a review of the clinical status of the patient. In order to study the reliability of the response of the flushing device as an indicator to shunt function, 47 hydrocephalic children with implanted shunts were studied. In 40% of these children, the flushing device was pumping well at the time of shunt obstruction, and in 50% it was not, although the patient's clinical status was perfectly normal. Accordingly, we conclude that the flushing device is a very poor indicator of shunt functioning.", "contents": "Correlation of the response of the flushing device to compression with the clinical picture in the evaluation of the functional status of the shunting system. The functional status of cerebrospinal fluid shunting systems provided with flushing devices has commonly been assessed by the response of the flushing device to digital compression and a review of the clinical status of the patient. In order to study the reliability of the response of the flushing device as an indicator to shunt function, 47 hydrocephalic children with implanted shunts were studied. In 40% of these children, the flushing device was pumping well at the time of shunt obstruction, and in 50% it was not, although the patient's clinical status was perfectly normal. Accordingly, we conclude that the flushing device is a very poor indicator of shunt functioning.", "PMID": 403062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1771", "title": "Focal seizure disorder secondary to multiple shunt revisions. A case report.", "content": "A case of focal seizure disorder secondary to multiple ventricular shunt revision is presented. The literature reviewed indicates this complication of shunting is probably due to low grade infections or bleeding at the puncture site at the time of shunt revisions.", "contents": "Focal seizure disorder secondary to multiple shunt revisions. A case report. A case of focal seizure disorder secondary to multiple ventricular shunt revision is presented. The literature reviewed indicates this complication of shunting is probably due to low grade infections or bleeding at the puncture site at the time of shunt revisions.", "PMID": 403063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1772", "title": "Acute schizophrenia: an efficacious outpatient treatment approach as an alternative to full-time hospitalization.", "content": "A research study was designed to test the hypothesis that acutely schizophrenic patients treated for a few minutes a day in a specially designed, city-county hospital outpatient clinic could remit as frequently, rapidly, and economically as a similar group managed on the ward of the same hospital. The results of the study permitted acceptance of the hypothesis. To wit, 90% of the clinic patients remitted in a median time of 12.5 days, as opposed to 70% of the ward patients remitting in a median time of 19.5 days and for approximately six times the cost.", "contents": "Acute schizophrenia: an efficacious outpatient treatment approach as an alternative to full-time hospitalization. A research study was designed to test the hypothesis that acutely schizophrenic patients treated for a few minutes a day in a specially designed, city-county hospital outpatient clinic could remit as frequently, rapidly, and economically as a similar group managed on the ward of the same hospital. The results of the study permitted acceptance of the hypothesis. To wit, 90% of the clinic patients remitted in a median time of 12.5 days, as opposed to 70% of the ward patients remitting in a median time of 19.5 days and for approximately six times the cost.", "PMID": 403064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1773", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in rat brain: nyctohemeral variations.", "content": "The concentration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was measured by specific radioimmunoassay in three different brain regions of rats sacrificed every 4 h over a 24 h period. TRH concentration reached a zenith at 1200 h both in the hypothalamus and  the amygdala but did not vary in the forebrain. These results indicate that a nyctohemaral variation of TRH levels exists in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain areas.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in rat brain: nyctohemeral variations. The concentration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was measured by specific radioimmunoassay in three different brain regions of rats sacrificed every 4 h over a 24 h period. TRH concentration reached a zenith at 1200 h both in the hypothalamus and  the amygdala but did not vary in the forebrain. These results indicate that a nyctohemaral variation of TRH levels exists in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain areas.", "PMID": 403068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1774", "title": "Suppression of prolactin and thyrotropin secretion in the rat by antiserum to thyrotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "Administration of antiserum to synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to male and female rats cause a 50% and a 70% suppression in serum levels of prolactin and thyrotropin, respectively, as compared with controls injected with normal rabbit serum. The degree of suppression was similar in diestrous and proestrous female rats and in male rats. These findings support the view that, in addition to its original designation, TRH also has a physiological role in regulating release of pituitary prolactin.", "contents": "Suppression of prolactin and thyrotropin secretion in the rat by antiserum to thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Administration of antiserum to synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to male and female rats cause a 50% and a 70% suppression in serum levels of prolactin and thyrotropin, respectively, as compared with controls injected with normal rabbit serum. The degree of suppression was similar in diestrous and proestrous female rats and in male rats. These findings support the view that, in addition to its original designation, TRH also has a physiological role in regulating release of pituitary prolactin.", "PMID": 403069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1775", "title": "5.9-S RNA, a new RNA characterized in several mammalian cell lines.", "content": "A new species of RNA has been isolated from several different cell lines, both oncornavirus producing and non-producing. This RNA, which we designate 5.9-S RNA is present in the cellular cytoplasmic fraction at very low concentration (approximately 1% of the quantity of 4-S RNA), but it accumulates to much higher levels in two murine oncornaviruses, Moloney murine sarcoma leukemia virus complex and Gross leukemia virus, where it represents as much as 10% of the low-molecular-weight RNA fraction associated with the 70-S RNA genome. The electrophoretic mobility and fingerprint analysis of T1 RNase digest products show that this species of RNA is approximately 160-165-residues long, and can be unequivocally distinguished from all previously described species of RNA in this size range.", "contents": "5.9-S RNA, a new RNA characterized in several mammalian cell lines. A new species of RNA has been isolated from several different cell lines, both oncornavirus producing and non-producing. This RNA, which we designate 5.9-S RNA is present in the cellular cytoplasmic fraction at very low concentration (approximately 1% of the quantity of 4-S RNA), but it accumulates to much higher levels in two murine oncornaviruses, Moloney murine sarcoma leukemia virus complex and Gross leukemia virus, where it represents as much as 10% of the low-molecular-weight RNA fraction associated with the 70-S RNA genome. The electrophoretic mobility and fingerprint analysis of T1 RNase digest products show that this species of RNA is approximately 160-165-residues long, and can be unequivocally distinguished from all previously described species of RNA in this size range.", "PMID": 403071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1776", "title": "Comparative analysis of three guinea pig satellite DNA's by restriction nucleases.", "content": "The structures of guinea pig satellite DNAs I, II, and III have been analyzed by digestion with seven restriction nucleases. From the cleavage patterns it is obvious that the long-range periodicities in these three satellites differ rather characteristically Satellite I is fairly resistant to six nucleases and gives only a number of weak discrete bands which do not show a simple regularity. By the restriction nuclease from Arthrobacter luteus, however, it is cleaved extensively and yields very heterogeneous breakdown products. This is consistent with the high extent of divergence previously found for this satellite, e. g. by sequence analysis. Satellite II is almost completely resistant to all nucleases, indicative of a high degree of sequence homogeneity of this satellite. Satellite III is completely broken by the restriction nuclease from Bacillus subtilis into fragments which form a novel, highly regular series of bands in gel electrophoresis. The patterns show that the satellite is composed of tandem repeats ofapproximately 215 nucleotide pairs length, each repeat unit containing two cleavage sites for this nuclease. The data are consistent with the assumption that 30--40% of all cleavage sites have been eliminated by a random process. Satellite III DNA yields weak degradation patterns of the same periodicity with a number of other restriction nucleases. Cleavage sites for these nuclease are clustered on separatesmall segments of the satellite DNA. In this respect, the satellite is similar to others, notably the mouse satellite DNA. The three guinea pig satellites are examples of more general types of satellite structures also found in othe organisms. Similarities and differences to other satellites are discussed with special consideration to theories on the evolution of this class of DNA.", "contents": "Comparative analysis of three guinea pig satellite DNA's by restriction nucleases. The structures of guinea pig satellite DNAs I, II, and III have been analyzed by digestion with seven restriction nucleases. From the cleavage patterns it is obvious that the long-range periodicities in these three satellites differ rather characteristically Satellite I is fairly resistant to six nucleases and gives only a number of weak discrete bands which do not show a simple regularity. By the restriction nuclease from Arthrobacter luteus, however, it is cleaved extensively and yields very heterogeneous breakdown products. This is consistent with the high extent of divergence previously found for this satellite, e. g. by sequence analysis. Satellite II is almost completely resistant to all nucleases, indicative of a high degree of sequence homogeneity of this satellite. Satellite III is completely broken by the restriction nuclease from Bacillus subtilis into fragments which form a novel, highly regular series of bands in gel electrophoresis. The patterns show that the satellite is composed of tandem repeats ofapproximately 215 nucleotide pairs length, each repeat unit containing two cleavage sites for this nuclease. The data are consistent with the assumption that 30--40% of all cleavage sites have been eliminated by a random process. Satellite III DNA yields weak degradation patterns of the same periodicity with a number of other restriction nucleases. Cleavage sites for these nuclease are clustered on separatesmall segments of the satellite DNA. In this respect, the satellite is similar to others, notably the mouse satellite DNA. The three guinea pig satellites are examples of more general types of satellite structures also found in othe organisms. Similarities and differences to other satellites are discussed with special consideration to theories on the evolution of this class of DNA.", "PMID": 403072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1777", "title": "Studies on a carboxypeptidase Y mutant of yeast and evidence for a second carboxypeptidase Activity.", "content": "Immunological studies on the carboxypeptidase Y mutant prcl-l of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed the origin of mutation in the structural gene of carboxypeptidase Y. The absence of carboxypeptidase Y has no effect on growth, even after drastic changes of growth conditions. A double mutant (prc 1- leu2-) lacking carboxypeptidase Y and auxotrophic for leucine is able to grow on the peptide benzyloxycarbonylglycylleucine (Cbz-Gly-Leu) as sole nitrogen source, indicating the existence of a second carboxypeptidase. Using a new peptidase test, the existence of this second enzyme, called carboxypeptidase S, was confirmed biochemically.", "contents": "Studies on a carboxypeptidase Y mutant of yeast and evidence for a second carboxypeptidase Activity. Immunological studies on the carboxypeptidase Y mutant prcl-l of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed the origin of mutation in the structural gene of carboxypeptidase Y. The absence of carboxypeptidase Y has no effect on growth, even after drastic changes of growth conditions. A double mutant (prc 1- leu2-) lacking carboxypeptidase Y and auxotrophic for leucine is able to grow on the peptide benzyloxycarbonylglycylleucine (Cbz-Gly-Leu) as sole nitrogen source, indicating the existence of a second carboxypeptidase. Using a new peptidase test, the existence of this second enzyme, called carboxypeptidase S, was confirmed biochemically.", "PMID": 403073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1778", "title": "Cortisone cataract in children with nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "In a group of 16 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome treated with corticosteroids for longer than 12 months, 9 developed a posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC). No correlation between the frequency of PSC and the duration of treatment and the total dose of treatment with steroids was demonstrable. However, the patients with PSC had received considerably higher average daily doses than those without PSC. Two patients with normal ophthalmologic findings at the end of treatment showed PSC 6 and 9 months later respectively. Only one patient acquired a significant impairment of visus.", "contents": "Cortisone cataract in children with nephrotic syndrome. In a group of 16 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome treated with corticosteroids for longer than 12 months, 9 developed a posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC). No correlation between the frequency of PSC and the duration of treatment and the total dose of treatment with steroids was demonstrable. However, the patients with PSC had received considerably higher average daily doses than those without PSC. Two patients with normal ophthalmologic findings at the end of treatment showed PSC 6 and 9 months later respectively. Only one patient acquired a significant impairment of visus.", "PMID": 403074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1779", "title": "Pharmacologic response to pentobarbital in actively immunized mice.", "content": "Mice were placed on an immunization schedule known to result in the production of antibodies directed against a variety of barbiturates (antibody binding capacity = 2.71 pmole 3H-phenobarbital bound/ml undiluted serum). The pharmacologic response to barbiturate in these actively immunized mice and suitably treated controls was investigates using rotarod apparatus for monitoring CNS depression. It was found that the response to pentobarbital in actively immunized mice was decreased, as reflected by an increase in the time the mice remained on the rotarod and a shift of the dose--response curve to the right. The decreased pharmacologic response to pentobarbital was not the result of changes in levels of the hepatic drug metabolism components. Furthermore, the alteration of pharmacologic response in actively immunized mice was selective for barbiturate and did not modify the ataxia produced by administration of another depressant agent, ethanol.", "contents": "Pharmacologic response to pentobarbital in actively immunized mice. Mice were placed on an immunization schedule known to result in the production of antibodies directed against a variety of barbiturates (antibody binding capacity = 2.71 pmole 3H-phenobarbital bound/ml undiluted serum). The pharmacologic response to barbiturate in these actively immunized mice and suitably treated controls was investigates using rotarod apparatus for monitoring CNS depression. It was found that the response to pentobarbital in actively immunized mice was decreased, as reflected by an increase in the time the mice remained on the rotarod and a shift of the dose--response curve to the right. The decreased pharmacologic response to pentobarbital was not the result of changes in levels of the hepatic drug metabolism components. Furthermore, the alteration of pharmacologic response in actively immunized mice was selective for barbiturate and did not modify the ataxia produced by administration of another depressant agent, ethanol.", "PMID": 403075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1780", "title": "Nitroglycerin and propranolol on myocardial O2 consumption during myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The effects of i.v. and intracoronary (i.c.) nitroglycerin, i.v. propranolol, and the combination of propranolol and nitroglycerin on myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and lactate utilization were studied in situ ischemic working dog hearts. I.v. nitroglycerin reduced MVO2 9% which was associated with the peripheral vasodilatory actions of the drug. I.c. nitroglycerin which had no detectable effects on the peripheral vasculature had no significant effect on MVO2. I.v. propranolol caused an 8% reduction in MVO2 and this action was associated with a negative chronotropic and a slight negative inotropic effect. However, the combination of propranolol and nitroglycerin which was more effective than either drug alone, reduced MVO2 18% thereby indicating that the effects of the two drugs on oxygen consumption are additive. These results support the concept that the reduction of MVO2 seen with nitroglycerin is principally due to peripheral vasodilatory actions of the drug while that seen with propranolol is due to that drug's effect on the heart and the effects of the two agents are complementary.", "contents": "Nitroglycerin and propranolol on myocardial O2 consumption during myocardial ischemia. The effects of i.v. and intracoronary (i.c.) nitroglycerin, i.v. propranolol, and the combination of propranolol and nitroglycerin on myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and lactate utilization were studied in situ ischemic working dog hearts. I.v. nitroglycerin reduced MVO2 9% which was associated with the peripheral vasodilatory actions of the drug. I.c. nitroglycerin which had no detectable effects on the peripheral vasculature had no significant effect on MVO2. I.v. propranolol caused an 8% reduction in MVO2 and this action was associated with a negative chronotropic and a slight negative inotropic effect. However, the combination of propranolol and nitroglycerin which was more effective than either drug alone, reduced MVO2 18% thereby indicating that the effects of the two drugs on oxygen consumption are additive. These results support the concept that the reduction of MVO2 seen with nitroglycerin is principally due to peripheral vasodilatory actions of the drug while that seen with propranolol is due to that drug's effect on the heart and the effects of the two agents are complementary.", "PMID": 403076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1781", "title": "Short-term benefits and costs of U.S. family planning programs, 1970-1975.", "content": "Between 1969 and 1975, the U.S. family planning program helped its patients avert 1.1 million unwanted and mistimed births. These averted births resulted in short-term savings to the government for health and social welfare services of $1.1 billion, compared to a federal investment in family planning of $584 million--a benefit/cost ratio of $1.80 for every federal dollar invested.", "contents": "Short-term benefits and costs of U.S. family planning programs, 1970-1975. Between 1969 and 1975, the U.S. family planning program helped its patients avert 1.1 million unwanted and mistimed births. These averted births resulted in short-term savings to the government for health and social welfare services of $1.1 billion, compared to a federal investment in family planning of $584 million--a benefit/cost ratio of $1.80 for every federal dollar invested.", "PMID": 403091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1782", "title": "Iatrogenic disease, drug metabolism, and cell injury: lethal synthesis in man.", "content": "One important consideration to be appreciated from the examples of \"lethal synthesis\" presented in this paper is that the mechanisms of toxic substances must be further explored, a true understanding of the complex modalities of cellular injury achieved, and the significance of cellular changes determined before we can preestablish the hazards of chemical or environmental contaminants. The identification of compounds that may modify the intracellular milieu by adduction of marcromolecules and those that may be activated to produce proximate toxins could be accomplished on the basis of their distinguishing structure and metabolism. Assaying for the levels and functions of xenobiotic systems may help us to preduct the potential risk to individuals. It is incumbent upon us now to become more critical of the side-effects of \"therapy\", to weigh the jeopardy against the benefits involved. And to do so, we must attain a better comprehension of the complicated mechanisms of cellular injury.", "contents": "Iatrogenic disease, drug metabolism, and cell injury: lethal synthesis in man. One important consideration to be appreciated from the examples of \"lethal synthesis\" presented in this paper is that the mechanisms of toxic substances must be further explored, a true understanding of the complex modalities of cellular injury achieved, and the significance of cellular changes determined before we can preestablish the hazards of chemical or environmental contaminants. The identification of compounds that may modify the intracellular milieu by adduction of marcromolecules and those that may be activated to produce proximate toxins could be accomplished on the basis of their distinguishing structure and metabolism. Assaying for the levels and functions of xenobiotic systems may help us to preduct the potential risk to individuals. It is incumbent upon us now to become more critical of the side-effects of \"therapy\", to weigh the jeopardy against the benefits involved. And to do so, we must attain a better comprehension of the complicated mechanisms of cellular injury.", "PMID": 403095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1783", "title": "Histology of the baboon endometrium during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.", "content": "The histologic characteristics of baboon endometrium during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy were studied and compared with those of human endometrium. Eight phases of endometrial change during the menstrual cycle are described. The samples were dated on the basis of sex skin changes. The basic histology of the baboon endometrium is similar to that of human endometrium, but some differences were observed. The growth of baboon endometrium is more sluggish, secretion is less intense, and many of the changes, especially in the stroma, are localized, less diffuse than they are in human endometrium. During pregnancy, decidual transformation in the baboon is much less intense than that in the human. No differences were observed between endometrium in association with preimplantation embryos and that from nonpregnant animals at comparable times following ovulation.", "contents": "Histology of the baboon endometrium during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. The histologic characteristics of baboon endometrium during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy were studied and compared with those of human endometrium. Eight phases of endometrial change during the menstrual cycle are described. The samples were dated on the basis of sex skin changes. The basic histology of the baboon endometrium is similar to that of human endometrium, but some differences were observed. The growth of baboon endometrium is more sluggish, secretion is less intense, and many of the changes, especially in the stroma, are localized, less diffuse than they are in human endometrium. During pregnancy, decidual transformation in the baboon is much less intense than that in the human. No differences were observed between endometrium in association with preimplantation embryos and that from nonpregnant animals at comparable times following ovulation.", "PMID": 403096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1784", "title": "Condyloma-like lesions possibly caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Report of a case.", "content": "A 2-year old girl suffered from continuous pyogenic inflammation in the anogenital region probably enhanced by neurological alterations. In one episode, the inflammatory process presented multiple moist papillomatous growths on the labia majora and along the anal margin which are thought to have been caused by gonococcal infection.", "contents": "Condyloma-like lesions possibly caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Report of a case. A 2-year old girl suffered from continuous pyogenic inflammation in the anogenital region probably enhanced by neurological alterations. In one episode, the inflammatory process presented multiple moist papillomatous growths on the labia majora and along the anal margin which are thought to have been caused by gonococcal infection.", "PMID": 403097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1785", "title": "Marked instability of character of cloned epithelial cells.", "content": "Cell lines derived from 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-induced rat mammary carcinomas show a marked drift in properties when cultured in vitro. The following characteristics alter progressively with the number of passages: cloning efficiency, requirement for hydrocortisone, requirement for fetal sera, growth response to conditioning factor(s) and ease of detachment from the culture vessel by trypsinization.", "contents": "Marked instability of character of cloned epithelial cells. Cell lines derived from 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-induced rat mammary carcinomas show a marked drift in properties when cultured in vitro. The following characteristics alter progressively with the number of passages: cloning efficiency, requirement for hydrocortisone, requirement for fetal sera, growth response to conditioning factor(s) and ease of detachment from the culture vessel by trypsinization.", "PMID": 403098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1786", "title": "Investigation of insulin sensitivity in treated subjects with ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Two similar intravenous infucion techniques have been utilized to investigate insulin sensitivity in young subjects with recent-onset ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus. All subjects presented initially with mild to moderately severe ketoacidosis and had been treated with daily insulin therapy for two to eight weeks at the time of study. Six diabetics and 10 normal subjects (group A) received intravenous infusions of glucose (6 mg./kg./min), insulin (80 mU./min.) for 150 minutes. Steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) and insulin levels (SSPI) were reached by 90 minutes and maintained through the end of the study. As all subjects achieve simolas SSPI while simultaneously receiving similar glucose loads, the SSPG can be used to measure individual insulin sensitivity. Under these conditions the diabetics in group A had a mean SSPG (+/-S.E.) of 99+/-26 mg./100ml., which was not different from the level of 98 +/-14mg./100 ml. for their control subjects. Six diabetics and six normal subjects  (group B) received infusions of only glucose (6 mg./kg./min.) and insulin (80 mU./min.). Similar SSPI levels were attained in both the diabetic and control subjects, and their mean SSPG (+/-S.E.) levels were not significantly different (83+/- 13 vs. 61 +/-6 mg./100 ml.). One diabetic in group A and two diabetics in group B had SSPG levels above the highest values measured in their control groups. However, all three had markedly elevated fasting plasma glucose levels on the day of study. In contrast, nine well-controlled diabetics had normal insulin sensitivity. These results suggest that well-controlled subjects with ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus have normal sensitivity to insulin.", "contents": "Investigation of insulin sensitivity in treated subjects with ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus. Two similar intravenous infucion techniques have been utilized to investigate insulin sensitivity in young subjects with recent-onset ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus. All subjects presented initially with mild to moderately severe ketoacidosis and had been treated with daily insulin therapy for two to eight weeks at the time of study. Six diabetics and 10 normal subjects (group A) received intravenous infusions of glucose (6 mg./kg./min), insulin (80 mU./min.) for 150 minutes. Steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) and insulin levels (SSPI) were reached by 90 minutes and maintained through the end of the study. As all subjects achieve simolas SSPI while simultaneously receiving similar glucose loads, the SSPG can be used to measure individual insulin sensitivity. Under these conditions the diabetics in group A had a mean SSPG (+/-S.E.) of 99+/-26 mg./100ml., which was not different from the level of 98 +/-14mg./100 ml. for their control subjects. Six diabetics and six normal subjects  (group B) received infusions of only glucose (6 mg./kg./min.) and insulin (80 mU./min.). Similar SSPI levels were attained in both the diabetic and control subjects, and their mean SSPG (+/-S.E.) levels were not significantly different (83+/- 13 vs. 61 +/-6 mg./100 ml.). One diabetic in group A and two diabetics in group B had SSPG levels above the highest values measured in their control groups. However, all three had markedly elevated fasting plasma glucose levels on the day of study. In contrast, nine well-controlled diabetics had normal insulin sensitivity. These results suggest that well-controlled subjects with ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus have normal sensitivity to insulin.", "PMID": 403100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1787", "title": "Nosological problems of myoclonic epilepsies in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "An attempt is made to clarify the confusion over the classification of the myoclonic epilepsies of childhood. Six types of seizure are described, the classification being based on clinical and electroencephalographic findings. The types of myoclonic epilepsy are infantile spasms, myoclonic astatic epilepsy, myoclonic absence, myoclonic epilepsy of childhood, myoclonic epilepsy of adolescence and photomyoclonic epilepsy, the last being subdivided into myoclonic jerks and eyelid myoclonia. Synonyms are given for all types, based on the major papers in the literature over the last 16 years. The similarity of infantile spasms and myoclonic astatic epilepsy is discussed, as are the so-called 'Lennox' and 'Lennox-Gastaut' syndromes.", "contents": "Nosological problems of myoclonic epilepsies in childhood and adolescence. An attempt is made to clarify the confusion over the classification of the myoclonic epilepsies of childhood. Six types of seizure are described, the classification being based on clinical and electroencephalographic findings. The types of myoclonic epilepsy are infantile spasms, myoclonic astatic epilepsy, myoclonic absence, myoclonic epilepsy of childhood, myoclonic epilepsy of adolescence and photomyoclonic epilepsy, the last being subdivided into myoclonic jerks and eyelid myoclonia. Synonyms are given for all types, based on the major papers in the literature over the last 16 years. The similarity of infantile spasms and myoclonic astatic epilepsy is discussed, as are the so-called 'Lennox' and 'Lennox-Gastaut' syndromes.", "PMID": 403103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1788", "title": "Treatment of generalized epilepsies of childhood and adolescence with sodium valproate (\"epilim\").", "content": "A total of 142 patients (84 per cent aged less than 20 years) with various forms of generalized epilepsy have been treated with sodium valproate alone or in combination with other drugs. The mean duration of symptoms was six years, and half the patients had daily seizures. Nine patients had typical absences, 33 had absences with automatisms, 28 had tonic-clonic seizures with or without photosensitivity, and 72 had various forms of myoclonic epilepsy. Dosage varied from 23 to 54mg/kg and twice-daily administration was usual. Estimation of serum levels did not assist in management. Fits ceased in 63 per cent of all cases and a further 18 per cent showed improvement greater than 50 per cent. Of the 69 with 3c/sec spike-and-wave discharges, 81 per cent became free from all fits, as did 77 percent of those with myoclonic jerks. Fits ceased in eight of the 32 patients with myoclonic astatic epilepsy and there was improvement greater than 50 per cent in a further eight patients. Other anticonvulsants were often withdrawn and always reduced. 21 patients received sodium valproate alone from the start of treatment and all other drugs were withdrawn in another 38. Sodium valproate alone controlled all fits in four children with absences, in 18 with absences with automatisms, 10 with tonic-clonic seizures and 22 with myoclonic epilepsy. Side-effects were rare, mild and often temporary. Potentiation of barbiturates and benzodiazepines occurred, especially clonazepam, which should be avoided. Many patients were more alert. Sodium valproate appears to be the drug of choice for epilepsies associated with generalized spike-and-wave discharges, myoclonic epilepsies or photosensitive epilepsies, and is of especial value in children and mentally retarded patients because it lacks sedating effects and often induces liveliness.", "contents": "Treatment of generalized epilepsies of childhood and adolescence with sodium valproate (\"epilim\"). A total of 142 patients (84 per cent aged less than 20 years) with various forms of generalized epilepsy have been treated with sodium valproate alone or in combination with other drugs. The mean duration of symptoms was six years, and half the patients had daily seizures. Nine patients had typical absences, 33 had absences with automatisms, 28 had tonic-clonic seizures with or without photosensitivity, and 72 had various forms of myoclonic epilepsy. Dosage varied from 23 to 54mg/kg and twice-daily administration was usual. Estimation of serum levels did not assist in management. Fits ceased in 63 per cent of all cases and a further 18 per cent showed improvement greater than 50 per cent. Of the 69 with 3c/sec spike-and-wave discharges, 81 per cent became free from all fits, as did 77 percent of those with myoclonic jerks. Fits ceased in eight of the 32 patients with myoclonic astatic epilepsy and there was improvement greater than 50 per cent in a further eight patients. Other anticonvulsants were often withdrawn and always reduced. 21 patients received sodium valproate alone from the start of treatment and all other drugs were withdrawn in another 38. Sodium valproate alone controlled all fits in four children with absences, in 18 with absences with automatisms, 10 with tonic-clonic seizures and 22 with myoclonic epilepsy. Side-effects were rare, mild and often temporary. Potentiation of barbiturates and benzodiazepines occurred, especially clonazepam, which should be avoided. Many patients were more alert. Sodium valproate appears to be the drug of choice for epilepsies associated with generalized spike-and-wave discharges, myoclonic epilepsies or photosensitive epilepsies, and is of especial value in children and mentally retarded patients because it lacks sedating effects and often induces liveliness.", "PMID": 403104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1789", "title": "Distribution of carbonic anhydrase within the gastric mucosa.", "content": "Bullfrog fundic mucosa was separated into fractions containing predominantly surface epithelial cells, mucous neck cells, and and oxyntic cells, respectively, and the carbonic anhydrase concentration of each fraction and of antral mucosa was measured. There were no significant differences between the enzyme concentrations of these fractions. The mean level was 12.4 units of activity per milligram of protein. The cellular localization of carbonic anhydrase in the gastric fundic and antral mucosa of the bullfrog, rat, rabbit, and dog was studied using a specific histochemical technique. The enzyme was shown to be present in both parietal and nonparietal epithelium of all species and to characterize a specific cell type in the dog antrum. The widespread distribution of high levels of carbonic anhydrase activity in both acid secreting and nonsecreting cells of the gastric mucosa suggests a possible role for the enzyme beyond one solely relating to acid secretion.", "contents": "Distribution of carbonic anhydrase within the gastric mucosa. Bullfrog fundic mucosa was separated into fractions containing predominantly surface epithelial cells, mucous neck cells, and and oxyntic cells, respectively, and the carbonic anhydrase concentration of each fraction and of antral mucosa was measured. There were no significant differences between the enzyme concentrations of these fractions. The mean level was 12.4 units of activity per milligram of protein. The cellular localization of carbonic anhydrase in the gastric fundic and antral mucosa of the bullfrog, rat, rabbit, and dog was studied using a specific histochemical technique. The enzyme was shown to be present in both parietal and nonparietal epithelium of all species and to characterize a specific cell type in the dog antrum. The widespread distribution of high levels of carbonic anhydrase activity in both acid secreting and nonsecreting cells of the gastric mucosa suggests a possible role for the enzyme beyond one solely relating to acid secretion.", "PMID": 403105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1790", "title": "Geographic distribution and habitat diversity of the Barbary Macaque sylvanus L.", "content": "During a 15-month behavioral study in Morocco and a 3-month survey in Morocco and Algeria, the present distribution of the Barbary macaque was determined. In Algeria, monkeys are found in seven constricted and disjunct localities in the Grande and Petite Kabylie mountain ranges. These localities are severely restricted in space and are located in remote or inaccessible areas which support only small populations. Their habitats include mixed cedar and holm oak forests, humid Portuguese and cork oak mixes and gorges dominated by scrub vegetation. In only two regions (Guerrouch and Agfadou) can population of reasonable size be found; even there they do not approach the abundance found in the central Middle Atlas zone of Morocco. Distribution was more extensive earlier in this century and some areas have become unoccupied within the past 15 years. Today, their absolute numbers and population densities are low in all but two locations. Algeria contains approximately 23% (5,500 maximum) of the total number of surviving Barbary macaques in North Africa. About 77% of the total number of Barbary macaques occur in Morocco. Moroccan habitats include high cedar forests, cedar/holm-oak mixtures and pure holm oak forests. Macaque distribution in the High Atlas is restricted to the Ourika valley where only a small relict population survives. There are between five and eight small, disjunct forest pockets in the Rif which support small groups of monkeys. In the Middle Atlas, monkeys are found in high numbers and in relatively wide stretches of distribution, although there are constricted areas of low densities in this region also. 65% (14,000 maximum) of the animals and their highest densities occur in the high mixed cedar forests of the Central zone, and mixed cedar forest appears to be the preferred habitat for the species. With the exception of the Central zone, their remaining distribution is typically disjunct and constricted, and population densities aer low. As in Algeria, distribution in Morocco was wider earlier this century, and several areas have recently become unoccupied.", "contents": "Geographic distribution and habitat diversity of the Barbary Macaque sylvanus L. During a 15-month behavioral study in Morocco and a 3-month survey in Morocco and Algeria, the present distribution of the Barbary macaque was determined. In Algeria, monkeys are found in seven constricted and disjunct localities in the Grande and Petite Kabylie mountain ranges. These localities are severely restricted in space and are located in remote or inaccessible areas which support only small populations. Their habitats include mixed cedar and holm oak forests, humid Portuguese and cork oak mixes and gorges dominated by scrub vegetation. In only two regions (Guerrouch and Agfadou) can population of reasonable size be found; even there they do not approach the abundance found in the central Middle Atlas zone of Morocco. Distribution was more extensive earlier in this century and some areas have become unoccupied within the past 15 years. Today, their absolute numbers and population densities are low in all but two locations. Algeria contains approximately 23% (5,500 maximum) of the total number of surviving Barbary macaques in North Africa. About 77% of the total number of Barbary macaques occur in Morocco. Moroccan habitats include high cedar forests, cedar/holm-oak mixtures and pure holm oak forests. Macaque distribution in the High Atlas is restricted to the Ourika valley where only a small relict population survives. There are between five and eight small, disjunct forest pockets in the Rif which support small groups of monkeys. In the Middle Atlas, monkeys are found in high numbers and in relatively wide stretches of distribution, although there are constricted areas of low densities in this region also. 65% (14,000 maximum) of the animals and their highest densities occur in the high mixed cedar forests of the Central zone, and mixed cedar forest appears to be the preferred habitat for the species. With the exception of the Central zone, their remaining distribution is typically disjunct and constricted, and population densities aer low. As in Algeria, distribution in Morocco was wider earlier this century, and several areas have recently become unoccupied.", "PMID": 403111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1791", "title": "Neonatal-maternal weight relationship in macaques: an example of intrageneric scaling.", "content": "In the genus Macaca, represented by seven species, neonatal weight scales at a power of maternal weight of a = 0.49. This value is lower than those for subordinal and ordinal scaling of neonatal weight in primates (a = 0.63-0.78), but it is higher than the value for intrageneric scaling of brain weight in Macaca (a = 0.18). A causal interpretation is attempted for differing values of a at different taxonomic levels and between different organ systems.", "contents": "Neonatal-maternal weight relationship in macaques: an example of intrageneric scaling. In the genus Macaca, represented by seven species, neonatal weight scales at a power of maternal weight of a = 0.49. This value is lower than those for subordinal and ordinal scaling of neonatal weight in primates (a = 0.63-0.78), but it is higher than the value for intrageneric scaling of brain weight in Macaca (a = 0.18). A causal interpretation is attempted for differing values of a at different taxonomic levels and between different organ systems.", "PMID": 403112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1792", "title": "Differential habitat utilizati of four Cercopithecidae in a Kenyan forest.", "content": "The presence of Papio cynocephalus, Cercopithecus mitis, Cercopithecus aethiops and Colobus angolensis in a small coastal forest is attributed to their differential habitat utilization. Data on diet, space-use patterns and polyspecific associations are given. Habitat partitioning is found to be resource-related and is accomplished through differential reliance on resources as well as different means of exploiting overlapping resources. The implications of the data for understanding the relationship between ecology and social structure are discussed.", "contents": "Differential habitat utilizati of four Cercopithecidae in a Kenyan forest. The presence of Papio cynocephalus, Cercopithecus mitis, Cercopithecus aethiops and Colobus angolensis in a small coastal forest is attributed to their differential habitat utilization. Data on diet, space-use patterns and polyspecific associations are given. Habitat partitioning is found to be resource-related and is accomplished through differential reliance on resources as well as different means of exploiting overlapping resources. The implications of the data for understanding the relationship between ecology and social structure are discussed.", "PMID": 403113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1793", "title": "[The treatment of primary generalized epilepsies with dipropyl acetate (DPA)].", "content": "79 patients with primary generalized epilepsies have been treated with DPA in a medium dosage of 51 mg/kg bodyweight/day, range 14 to 125 mg/kg/day, for a medium time of 22 months, range 2 to 49 months. 51 children out of this group had been treated previously and were therapy resistant to other medications. 27 children got DPA for their first medication. 34 patients were treated with DPA as a single drug, 45 were treated in combination with other medications. Therapeutic success was found to be remarkable good in impulsive petit mal (n = 4, all patients without any more seizures), in absences (n = 52, complete success in 84%), and in primary generalized grand mal seizures with spike-waves in the EEG alone or in combination with petit mal (n = 30, 87% success). However, centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic seizures (n = 17, no more seizures in 35%) were influenced significantly less. Side effects were rarely seen, mostly they could be observed in those patients treated with DPA and another medication. Side effects never induced interruption of treatment with DPA.", "contents": "[The treatment of primary generalized epilepsies with dipropyl acetate (DPA)]. 79 patients with primary generalized epilepsies have been treated with DPA in a medium dosage of 51 mg/kg bodyweight/day, range 14 to 125 mg/kg/day, for a medium time of 22 months, range 2 to 49 months. 51 children out of this group had been treated previously and were therapy resistant to other medications. 27 children got DPA for their first medication. 34 patients were treated with DPA as a single drug, 45 were treated in combination with other medications. Therapeutic success was found to be remarkable good in impulsive petit mal (n = 4, all patients without any more seizures), in absences (n = 52, complete success in 84%), and in primary generalized grand mal seizures with spike-waves in the EEG alone or in combination with petit mal (n = 30, 87% success). However, centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic seizures (n = 17, no more seizures in 35%) were influenced significantly less. Side effects were rarely seen, mostly they could be observed in those patients treated with DPA and another medication. Side effects never induced interruption of treatment with DPA.", "PMID": 403114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1794", "title": "Comparison of TRF, propranolol-glucagon, insulin and glucose stimulation tests in acromegaly.", "content": "In 7 acromegalic patients growth hormone responses were studied following administration of synthetic TRF, propranolol-glucagon, insulin, and glucose p.o. Except for the glucose tolerance test, a good reproducibility of the STH response was observed. In 5 out of the 7 patients, there was a distinct rise in the plasma STH level after TRF. All patients with a positive insulin tolerance test responded to TRF, as did the two late responders to glucagon; the early responder to the latter test did not respond to TRF. It has been suggested (Liuzzi et al. 1974a) that TRF might be used as a screening test for detecting hypothalamic dependency of the acromegaly. This study suggests that further study is required before accepting this hypothesis and that a response to a combination of tests (TRF, glucagon, insulin) might be a better screening method.", "contents": "Comparison of TRF, propranolol-glucagon, insulin and glucose stimulation tests in acromegaly. In 7 acromegalic patients growth hormone responses were studied following administration of synthetic TRF, propranolol-glucagon, insulin, and glucose p.o. Except for the glucose tolerance test, a good reproducibility of the STH response was observed. In 5 out of the 7 patients, there was a distinct rise in the plasma STH level after TRF. All patients with a positive insulin tolerance test responded to TRF, as did the two late responders to glucagon; the early responder to the latter test did not respond to TRF. It has been suggested (Liuzzi et al. 1974a) that TRF might be used as a screening test for detecting hypothalamic dependency of the acromegaly. This study suggests that further study is required before accepting this hypothesis and that a response to a combination of tests (TRF, glucagon, insulin) might be a better screening method.", "PMID": 403115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1795", "title": "Intrahepatic transplantation of pancreatic islets in the rat.", "content": "Islets of Langerhans from isogeneic donor rats were transplanted directly into the hepatic parenchyma of recipients which had been made severely diabetic by streptozotocin (glycaemia ranging between 400 and 1090 mg%). Complete control lasting up to 13 months was achieved in 65% of recipients by using 600-800 islets. Following intravenous glucose administration, each rat responded similarly to normal rats with a rapid but reduced release of insulin. Cytoimmunofluorescence and electron microscopic studies demonstrated the presence of both functional insulin and glucagon cells, within the transplanted islets. It is suggested that for various reasons direct intrahepatic transplantation might become the preferred method for islets.", "contents": "Intrahepatic transplantation of pancreatic islets in the rat. Islets of Langerhans from isogeneic donor rats were transplanted directly into the hepatic parenchyma of recipients which had been made severely diabetic by streptozotocin (glycaemia ranging between 400 and 1090 mg%). Complete control lasting up to 13 months was achieved in 65% of recipients by using 600-800 islets. Following intravenous glucose administration, each rat responded similarly to normal rats with a rapid but reduced release of insulin. Cytoimmunofluorescence and electron microscopic studies demonstrated the presence of both functional insulin and glucagon cells, within the transplanted islets. It is suggested that for various reasons direct intrahepatic transplantation might become the preferred method for islets.", "PMID": 403116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1796", "title": "Influence of D-thyroxine on plasma thyroid hormone levels and TSH secretion.", "content": "Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), basal TSH and TSH after stimulation with TRH were determined in healthy subjects and patients treated with D-thyroxine (DT4). After a dosage of 6 mg DT4 the D/L T4 plasma concentration rose about 4-fold 4 hours after application and was only moderately elevated 14 hours later. To achieve constantly elevated T4 levels 3 mg DT4 were applied in the further experiment every 12 hours. The D/L T4 plasma concentration rose 2.5-4-fold and there was a small but significant increase of the D/L T3 plasma concentration. 74 hours after onset of treatment basal TSH was below detectable limits and the increase of TSH 30 min after injection of 200 mug TRH (TRH test) was only about 15% compared to zero time. The time course of TSH suppression was investigated after treatment with DT4 and LT4 (single dosage of 3 mg). TRH-tests were performed before, 10, 26, 50 and 74 hours after the first dosage of D or LT4. There was no difference in the time course of basal TSH and TSH stimulated by TRH. In 10 patients on DT4 long-term therapy, basal and stimulated TSH were found to be below the detectable limits of 0.4 mug/ml. Our results show that (1) plasma half-life of DT4 is less than 1 day, (2) TSH suppression after D and LT4 treatment is very similar, and (3) in patients on long-term DT4 treatment, TSH plasma concentration is below detectable limits even after stimulation with TRH.", "contents": "Influence of D-thyroxine on plasma thyroid hormone levels and TSH secretion. Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), basal TSH and TSH after stimulation with TRH were determined in healthy subjects and patients treated with D-thyroxine (DT4). After a dosage of 6 mg DT4 the D/L T4 plasma concentration rose about 4-fold 4 hours after application and was only moderately elevated 14 hours later. To achieve constantly elevated T4 levels 3 mg DT4 were applied in the further experiment every 12 hours. The D/L T4 plasma concentration rose 2.5-4-fold and there was a small but significant increase of the D/L T3 plasma concentration. 74 hours after onset of treatment basal TSH was below detectable limits and the increase of TSH 30 min after injection of 200 mug TRH (TRH test) was only about 15% compared to zero time. The time course of TSH suppression was investigated after treatment with DT4 and LT4 (single dosage of 3 mg). TRH-tests were performed before, 10, 26, 50 and 74 hours after the first dosage of D or LT4. There was no difference in the time course of basal TSH and TSH stimulated by TRH. In 10 patients on DT4 long-term therapy, basal and stimulated TSH were found to be below the detectable limits of 0.4 mug/ml. Our results show that (1) plasma half-life of DT4 is less than 1 day, (2) TSH suppression after D and LT4 treatment is very similar, and (3) in patients on long-term DT4 treatment, TSH plasma concentration is below detectable limits even after stimulation with TRH.", "PMID": 403117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1797", "title": "The Tamang: a case of hybridization.", "content": "The Tamang, a Mongoloid and hybrid population of the eastern part of the cis-Himalayan region of West Bengal, have been studied for an estimation of the Tibetan and Nepalese components. The degree of admixture of the two parental stocks is found to be about 59 and 41%, respectively. The deviation between the observed and expected gene frequencies of the hybrid is insignificant.", "contents": "The Tamang: a case of hybridization. The Tamang, a Mongoloid and hybrid population of the eastern part of the cis-Himalayan region of West Bengal, have been studied for an estimation of the Tibetan and Nepalese components. The degree of admixture of the two parental stocks is found to be about 59 and 41%, respectively. The deviation between the observed and expected gene frequencies of the hybrid is insignificant.", "PMID": 403123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1798", "title": "Utilization of electron microscopy in the prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease.", "content": "The use of electron microscopy as a further method of diagnosis of disease in cultured skin fibroblasts and cultured amniotic fluid fibroblasts is presented. It was demonstrated that Tay-Sachs disease, Fabry's disease, and metachromatic leukodystrophy had distinctive abnormalities in both cultured skin fibroblasts and cultured amniotic fluid fibroblasts. It was shown that control of culturing conditions made it possible to distinguish normal cell lines from certain cell lines carrying known genetic diseases.", "contents": "Utilization of electron microscopy in the prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease. The use of electron microscopy as a further method of diagnosis of disease in cultured skin fibroblasts and cultured amniotic fluid fibroblasts is presented. It was demonstrated that Tay-Sachs disease, Fabry's disease, and metachromatic leukodystrophy had distinctive abnormalities in both cultured skin fibroblasts and cultured amniotic fluid fibroblasts. It was shown that control of culturing conditions made it possible to distinguish normal cell lines from certain cell lines carrying known genetic diseases.", "PMID": 403124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1799", "title": "[Monomeric IgM in lymphoproliferative, autoimmune and infectious diseases in man (author's transl)].", "content": "7S-IgM is the first specific antibody during evolution of vertebrates. The detection of monomeric IgM in monoclonal grammopathies, autoimmune and infectious diseases is believed to be an atavistic primary IgM response in cases of elevated humoral immune reactions and disorders of lymphatic tissues.", "contents": "[Monomeric IgM in lymphoproliferative, autoimmune and infectious diseases in man (author's transl)]. 7S-IgM is the first specific antibody during evolution of vertebrates. The detection of monomeric IgM in monoclonal grammopathies, autoimmune and infectious diseases is believed to be an atavistic primary IgM response in cases of elevated humoral immune reactions and disorders of lymphatic tissues.", "PMID": 403125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1800", "title": "Human eosinophils, acidic tetrapeptides (ECF-A) and histamine. Interactions in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The ECF-A acidic tetrapeptides Val-Gly-Ser-Glu, Ala-Gly-Ser-Glu and the analogue Val-Gly-Asp-Glu were selectively chemotactic for human eosinophils over a narrow dose range although eosinophils from different individuals varied in their dose-response pattern. Histamine abrogated the chemotactic properties of the individual tetrapeptides. When Val-Gly-Ser-Glu and Ala-Gly-Ser-Glu were combined in various concentrations the resultant chemotaxis was either negligible or no greater than that produced when each peptide was tested separately. Val-Gly-Ser-Glu and Ala-Gly-Ser-Glu both promoted eosinophil accumulation when applied to the abraded skin of man or i.d. to the marmoset. Biopsies of marmoset skin revealed that peptide-induced eosinophilia was not associated with mast-cell degranulation. Histamine, which was chemotactic in vitro, did not lead to appreciable eosinophil accumulation in vivo, and combinations of histamine and the acidic tetrapeptides evoked little or no cutaneous eosinophil infiltration either in man or the marmoset. These studies suggest that there is a complex interaction between histamine and the ECF-A tetrapeptides; however, the tetrapeptides alone can promote the recruitment and localization of eosinophils by a mechanism apparently independent of mast-cell degranulation.", "contents": "Human eosinophils, acidic tetrapeptides (ECF-A) and histamine. Interactions in vitro and in vivo. The ECF-A acidic tetrapeptides Val-Gly-Ser-Glu, Ala-Gly-Ser-Glu and the analogue Val-Gly-Asp-Glu were selectively chemotactic for human eosinophils over a narrow dose range although eosinophils from different individuals varied in their dose-response pattern. Histamine abrogated the chemotactic properties of the individual tetrapeptides. When Val-Gly-Ser-Glu and Ala-Gly-Ser-Glu were combined in various concentrations the resultant chemotaxis was either negligible or no greater than that produced when each peptide was tested separately. Val-Gly-Ser-Glu and Ala-Gly-Ser-Glu both promoted eosinophil accumulation when applied to the abraded skin of man or i.d. to the marmoset. Biopsies of marmoset skin revealed that peptide-induced eosinophilia was not associated with mast-cell degranulation. Histamine, which was chemotactic in vitro, did not lead to appreciable eosinophil accumulation in vivo, and combinations of histamine and the acidic tetrapeptides evoked little or no cutaneous eosinophil infiltration either in man or the marmoset. These studies suggest that there is a complex interaction between histamine and the ECF-A tetrapeptides; however, the tetrapeptides alone can promote the recruitment and localization of eosinophils by a mechanism apparently independent of mast-cell degranulation.", "PMID": 403129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1801", "title": "Depression of T-cell function and normality of B-cell response in protein calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Antibody response to a T-cell dependent antigen, sheep erythrocytes and to a B-cell mitogen, purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS), has been studied in mice kept on protein deficient (2 and 4 per cent casein) diets. The number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) to SRBC were 20-5 +/- 7-7 per million spleen cells in protein-deficient animals compared to 261-0 +/- 31-1 in parallel controls maintained on a protein rich diet (18 per cent casein). No difference was observed in number of PFC formed in controls and deficient animals to LPS, values were 161-4 +/- 19-7, 158-5 +/- 14-2, & 162-3 +/- 31-9 in control (18 per cent casein) and deficient groups (4 per cent and 2 per cent casein) respectively. The delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to SRBC measured in foot pads was significantly lower in mice on 4 per cent casein diet compared to controls. These studies suggest that the effect of protein deficiency is primarily on T-cell function and not on the B-cell response;", "contents": "Depression of T-cell function and normality of B-cell response in protein calorie malnutrition. Antibody response to a T-cell dependent antigen, sheep erythrocytes and to a B-cell mitogen, purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS), has been studied in mice kept on protein deficient (2 and 4 per cent casein) diets. The number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) to SRBC were 20-5 +/- 7-7 per million spleen cells in protein-deficient animals compared to 261-0 +/- 31-1 in parallel controls maintained on a protein rich diet (18 per cent casein). No difference was observed in number of PFC formed in controls and deficient animals to LPS, values were 161-4 +/- 19-7, 158-5 +/- 14-2, & 162-3 +/- 31-9 in control (18 per cent casein) and deficient groups (4 per cent and 2 per cent casein) respectively. The delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to SRBC measured in foot pads was significantly lower in mice on 4 per cent casein diet compared to controls. These studies suggest that the effect of protein deficiency is primarily on T-cell function and not on the B-cell response;", "PMID": 403130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1802", "title": "[Complete parenteral nutrition in childhood].", "content": "Complete parenteral nutrition by means of continuous intravenous drip into large veins, over a long period, has already shown itself to be of therapeutic use in the field of pediatrics. While the nutritional-physiological aspect of this therapeutic method is clear -- it depends on an accurate and sufficient supply of water, salts, glucose, amino-acids, triglycerides and essential fatty acids, vitamins and trace elements -- in practice it presents difficulties which though often serious are not insurmountable. Especially are to cite the septic complications, which are nearly imperceptible during their development. They are only to accept in view of the often almost hopeless condition of the child, who would be lost without complete parenteral feeding. Similar problems arise through metabolic complications which are caused non rarely only by insufficient dosages and lack of careful supervision but it is generally possible to correct these at an early stage. Complete parenteral nutrition must be exactly indicated. It is indeed a great therapeutic help, particularly when over a longer period -- at least a week or longer -- oral nutrition is impossible or insufficient. Practicall experiences will be reported. A retrospective assessment of 50 cases has shown the tendency (through taking too much care?) to hold the quantity of liquids and supply of calories too short and to administer too much carbohydrates and too little fat.", "contents": "[Complete parenteral nutrition in childhood]. Complete parenteral nutrition by means of continuous intravenous drip into large veins, over a long period, has already shown itself to be of therapeutic use in the field of pediatrics. While the nutritional-physiological aspect of this therapeutic method is clear -- it depends on an accurate and sufficient supply of water, salts, glucose, amino-acids, triglycerides and essential fatty acids, vitamins and trace elements -- in practice it presents difficulties which though often serious are not insurmountable. Especially are to cite the septic complications, which are nearly imperceptible during their development. They are only to accept in view of the often almost hopeless condition of the child, who would be lost without complete parenteral feeding. Similar problems arise through metabolic complications which are caused non rarely only by insufficient dosages and lack of careful supervision but it is generally possible to correct these at an early stage. Complete parenteral nutrition must be exactly indicated. It is indeed a great therapeutic help, particularly when over a longer period -- at least a week or longer -- oral nutrition is impossible or insufficient. Practicall experiences will be reported. A retrospective assessment of 50 cases has shown the tendency (through taking too much care?) to hold the quantity of liquids and supply of calories too short and to administer too much carbohydrates and too little fat.", "PMID": 403131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1803", "title": "[Starvation and surgical intervention].", "content": "The metabolic processes under conditions of stress and starvation are not identical. Moreover, they have to be differentiated, as far as carbohydrate-, fat- and amino-acid-metabolism are concerned, because both situations are not compatible. It is therefore required, to avoid any kind of starvation and particularly to substitute for adequate substrates during the pre- and postoperative period.", "contents": "[Starvation and surgical intervention]. The metabolic processes under conditions of stress and starvation are not identical. Moreover, they have to be differentiated, as far as carbohydrate-, fat- and amino-acid-metabolism are concerned, because both situations are not compatible. It is therefore required, to avoid any kind of starvation and particularly to substitute for adequate substrates during the pre- and postoperative period.", "PMID": 403132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1804", "title": "[Modification of immunoglobulins during combined peroral and parenteral nutrition in colitis, ileitis and rectal carcinoma].", "content": "Reaction of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) during a four week period under condition with a special parenteral and peroral alimentation was observed in three groups of patients (rectum neoplasm, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease) during a period of two weeks all patients received 150 g aminoacids and 510 g carbohydrates by central venous catheter. In the following 14 days parenteral nutrition was limited and oral alimentation began. All patients showed a remarkable approvment of recreation. Globulins rose in between normal spectrum. The most marked changes with a significant uprising of IgG showed patients with rectum carcinoma treated cryosurgically.", "contents": "[Modification of immunoglobulins during combined peroral and parenteral nutrition in colitis, ileitis and rectal carcinoma]. Reaction of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) during a four week period under condition with a special parenteral and peroral alimentation was observed in three groups of patients (rectum neoplasm, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease) during a period of two weeks all patients received 150 g aminoacids and 510 g carbohydrates by central venous catheter. In the following 14 days parenteral nutrition was limited and oral alimentation began. All patients showed a remarkable approvment of recreation. Globulins rose in between normal spectrum. The most marked changes with a significant uprising of IgG showed patients with rectum carcinoma treated cryosurgically.", "PMID": 403133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1805", "title": "[Specificity of ATP depletion in the liver following intravenous injection of energy yielding substrates].", "content": "The decrease of ATP-concentration in tissues after rapid intravenous injection is not specific, neither with regard to the organ nor with regard to the substrate. It can be achieved by any substrate which is channeled into metabolism by phosphorylation or activation using ATP, if the organ has the appropriate enzymatic outfit.", "contents": "[Specificity of ATP depletion in the liver following intravenous injection of energy yielding substrates]. The decrease of ATP-concentration in tissues after rapid intravenous injection is not specific, neither with regard to the organ nor with regard to the substrate. It can be achieved by any substrate which is channeled into metabolism by phosphorylation or activation using ATP, if the organ has the appropriate enzymatic outfit.", "PMID": 403134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1806", "title": "Cell-mediated resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes in nude mice.", "content": "Congenitally dysthymic nude (nu/nu) NMRI mice showed increased resistance to viable Listeria monocytogenes cells during the initial phase of infection as compared with euthymic control mice. The intravenous mean lethal dose (LD50), as determined for euthymic mice after an observation time of 7 and 14 days, amounted consistently to 6 X 10(4) Listeria. The corresponding values determined in nude mice were found to be increased by either 20-fold (1.2 X 10(6) Listeria after an observation time of 7 days) or 4-fold (2.4 X 10(5) Listeria after an observation time of 14 days). The transfer of spleen cells from immune euthymic donor mice into chronically infected nude mice caused almost complete elimination of Listeria within 1 week. The injection of dextran sulfate 24 h before a secondary infection with L. monocytogenes caused loss of antibacterial resistance in both chronically infected nude mice and Listeria-immune euthymic mice, this being expressed by a rapid increase in the numbers of bacteria in the spleens as well as the occurrence of serious signs of illness.", "contents": "Cell-mediated resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes in nude mice. Congenitally dysthymic nude (nu/nu) NMRI mice showed increased resistance to viable Listeria monocytogenes cells during the initial phase of infection as compared with euthymic control mice. The intravenous mean lethal dose (LD50), as determined for euthymic mice after an observation time of 7 and 14 days, amounted consistently to 6 X 10(4) Listeria. The corresponding values determined in nude mice were found to be increased by either 20-fold (1.2 X 10(6) Listeria after an observation time of 7 days) or 4-fold (2.4 X 10(5) Listeria after an observation time of 14 days). The transfer of spleen cells from immune euthymic donor mice into chronically infected nude mice caused almost complete elimination of Listeria within 1 week. The injection of dextran sulfate 24 h before a secondary infection with L. monocytogenes caused loss of antibacterial resistance in both chronically infected nude mice and Listeria-immune euthymic mice, this being expressed by a rapid increase in the numbers of bacteria in the spleens as well as the occurrence of serious signs of illness.", "PMID": 403135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1807", "title": "Long-term studies on rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) immunized against Plasmodium knowlesi.", "content": "Studies carried out on four rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) that had been vaccinated against Plasmodium knowlesi show that the immunized animals were protected against a challenge with a heterologous strain of P. knowlesi. This protection was shown to be present even 4 years after the immunization schedule has been completed. The effect could not be attributed toprevious infections with the parasite, since four control rhesus monkeys that had recovered from one to four challenges with P. knowlesi died when exposed to the heterologous strain. Data obtained from the lymphocyte transformation test and the radioimmunoassay are also presented.", "contents": "Long-term studies on rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) immunized against Plasmodium knowlesi. Studies carried out on four rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) that had been vaccinated against Plasmodium knowlesi show that the immunized animals were protected against a challenge with a heterologous strain of P. knowlesi. This protection was shown to be present even 4 years after the immunization schedule has been completed. The effect could not be attributed toprevious infections with the parasite, since four control rhesus monkeys that had recovered from one to four challenges with P. knowlesi died when exposed to the heterologous strain. Data obtained from the lymphocyte transformation test and the radioimmunoassay are also presented.", "PMID": 403136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1808", "title": "Purification of a monocytosis-producing activity from Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "The monocytosis-producing activity (MPA) from Listeria monocytogenes is shown to be associated with the cell envelope. Both MPA and immunosuppressive activity were readily extracted with aqueous solvents and separated as two independent activities by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. As little as 10 microng of the resulting MPA-containing fraction caused a ninefold elevation in the level of circulating monocytes. The molecular weight of the fraction was approximately 22,000, and it contained phosphorus and carbohydrate.", "contents": "Purification of a monocytosis-producing activity from Listeria monocytogenes. The monocytosis-producing activity (MPA) from Listeria monocytogenes is shown to be associated with the cell envelope. Both MPA and immunosuppressive activity were readily extracted with aqueous solvents and separated as two independent activities by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. As little as 10 microng of the resulting MPA-containing fraction caused a ninefold elevation in the level of circulating monocytes. The molecular weight of the fraction was approximately 22,000, and it contained phosphorus and carbohydrate.", "PMID": 403137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1809", "title": "Evaluation of experimentally induced Fusobacterium necrophorum infections in mice.", "content": "Two strains of mice, Swiss Webster and DBA/2Cr, were injected intraperitoneally or intravenously with varying dosages of Fusobacterium necrophorum. The ability to eliminate the infection was assessed by quantitative enumeration of the organisms present in the blood, liver, and spleen, Three- to 4-week-old DBA/2Cr mice were highly resistant to both routes of injection. The intraperitoneal injection of older mice failed to demonstrate a dose-effect relationship whereas an intravenous injection of as few as 10(4) cells of F. necrophorum produced progressively necrotic leg abscesses, apparently involving the lymphonodus ischiadicus which filters the site of injection. Mortality was increased with sensitization by a previous sublethal injection. Also, an ethanol-killed cell vaccine delayed the onset of lethal infection, whereas repeated sublethal live cell injections provided nonspecific protection since mice vaccinated with the growth medium were equally protected. The development of leg abscesses after intravenous injection visibly demonstrated the pathogenicity of F. necrophorum and may provide a suitable model for the evaluation of vaccines and the effectiveness of antibiotics.", "contents": "Evaluation of experimentally induced Fusobacterium necrophorum infections in mice. Two strains of mice, Swiss Webster and DBA/2Cr, were injected intraperitoneally or intravenously with varying dosages of Fusobacterium necrophorum. The ability to eliminate the infection was assessed by quantitative enumeration of the organisms present in the blood, liver, and spleen, Three- to 4-week-old DBA/2Cr mice were highly resistant to both routes of injection. The intraperitoneal injection of older mice failed to demonstrate a dose-effect relationship whereas an intravenous injection of as few as 10(4) cells of F. necrophorum produced progressively necrotic leg abscesses, apparently involving the lymphonodus ischiadicus which filters the site of injection. Mortality was increased with sensitization by a previous sublethal injection. Also, an ethanol-killed cell vaccine delayed the onset of lethal infection, whereas repeated sublethal live cell injections provided nonspecific protection since mice vaccinated with the growth medium were equally protected. The development of leg abscesses after intravenous injection visibly demonstrated the pathogenicity of F. necrophorum and may provide a suitable model for the evaluation of vaccines and the effectiveness of antibiotics.", "PMID": 403138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1810", "title": "In vitro interaction of Neisseria gonorrhoeae type 1 and type 4 with tissue culture cells.", "content": "As a basis for studies of gonococcal pathogenicity, tissue culture cells were infected with type 1 or type 4 Neisseria gonorrhoeae to determine intracellular viability. A simple and objective means of measurement was devised, based on the uptake of tritiated protein and deoxyribonucleic acid precursors by cycloheximide-inhibited cells infected with gonococci. Cycloheximide was found to inhibit protein synthesis by over 97% tissue culture cells at a concentration of 100 microng/ml. In contrast, N, gonorrhoeae was found to be highly resistant to this antibiotic, and protein synthesis was unaffected by concentrations up to 1,000 microng/ml. Extracellular gonococci were eliminated by treatment with high concentrations of penicillin during cycloheximide inhibition and prior to the addition of radioisotope. Levels of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by N. gonorrhoeae in the cycloheximide-treated cells were significantly higher in T1-infected cells (RE2, HeLa, or HEp-2) than in the corresponding T4-infected cells. No differences were observed in tissue cell susceptibility to gonococcal infection. Intracytoplasmic localization of N. gonorrhoeae was confirmed by electron microscopy.", "contents": "In vitro interaction of Neisseria gonorrhoeae type 1 and type 4 with tissue culture cells. As a basis for studies of gonococcal pathogenicity, tissue culture cells were infected with type 1 or type 4 Neisseria gonorrhoeae to determine intracellular viability. A simple and objective means of measurement was devised, based on the uptake of tritiated protein and deoxyribonucleic acid precursors by cycloheximide-inhibited cells infected with gonococci. Cycloheximide was found to inhibit protein synthesis by over 97% tissue culture cells at a concentration of 100 microng/ml. In contrast, N, gonorrhoeae was found to be highly resistant to this antibiotic, and protein synthesis was unaffected by concentrations up to 1,000 microng/ml. Extracellular gonococci were eliminated by treatment with high concentrations of penicillin during cycloheximide inhibition and prior to the addition of radioisotope. Levels of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by N. gonorrhoeae in the cycloheximide-treated cells were significantly higher in T1-infected cells (RE2, HeLa, or HEp-2) than in the corresponding T4-infected cells. No differences were observed in tissue cell susceptibility to gonococcal infection. Intracytoplasmic localization of N. gonorrhoeae was confirmed by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 403139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1811", "title": "Relationship of pili to colonial morphology among pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of Neisseria.", "content": "Growth in colonies with type 1 morphology and the presence of pili are characteristics that have been associated with virulence of gonococci for humans. To determine whether the presence of pili per se might be responsible for colony type 1 morphology, the relationship of pili to colony type was examined in various species of Neisseria. Short pili (175 to 210 nm in length) were seen only on nonpathogenic neisseria, whereas long pili (up to 4,300 nm) were seen on organisms of both nonpathogenic and pathogenic species. Although long pili, similar to those found on organisms from high-domed, type 1 colonies of gonococci, were observed on organisms from high-domed, type 1 colonies of nonpathogenic Neisseria species, they were also observed on low-convex, type 4 colonies of meningococci and nonpathogenic neisseria. Among meningococci there was no difference in the morphology of colonies consisting of organisms with many long pili and colonies consisting of organisms that completely lacked pili. Thus, there was no consistent relationship of pili to colonial morphology. Unless the pili of N. gonorrhoeae are unique among Neisseria species in their influence on colonial morphology, it is likely that factors other than pili determine colony type 1 morphology of gonococci. Whether these same factors, either alone or in conjunction with pili, are also responsible for gonococcal virulence warrants further investigation.", "contents": "Relationship of pili to colonial morphology among pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of Neisseria. Growth in colonies with type 1 morphology and the presence of pili are characteristics that have been associated with virulence of gonococci for humans. To determine whether the presence of pili per se might be responsible for colony type 1 morphology, the relationship of pili to colony type was examined in various species of Neisseria. Short pili (175 to 210 nm in length) were seen only on nonpathogenic neisseria, whereas long pili (up to 4,300 nm) were seen on organisms of both nonpathogenic and pathogenic species. Although long pili, similar to those found on organisms from high-domed, type 1 colonies of gonococci, were observed on organisms from high-domed, type 1 colonies of nonpathogenic Neisseria species, they were also observed on low-convex, type 4 colonies of meningococci and nonpathogenic neisseria. Among meningococci there was no difference in the morphology of colonies consisting of organisms with many long pili and colonies consisting of organisms that completely lacked pili. Thus, there was no consistent relationship of pili to colonial morphology. Unless the pili of N. gonorrhoeae are unique among Neisseria species in their influence on colonial morphology, it is likely that factors other than pili determine colony type 1 morphology of gonococci. Whether these same factors, either alone or in conjunction with pili, are also responsible for gonococcal virulence warrants further investigation.", "PMID": 403140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1812", "title": "Pyocin sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its feasibility as an epidemiological tool.", "content": "Pyocin inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its feasibility as a gonococcal typing scheme were examined. Mitomycin C-induced pyocin lysates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were able to selectively inhibit the growth of gonococcal strains. The particles associated with the inhibitory activity were non-dialyzable, heat labile, Pronase sensitive, trypsin resistant, and of large molecular weight by membrane and gel filtration techniques. The inhibitory activity was shown to be specific by absorption with sensitive and insensitive strains of N. gonorrhoeae and P. aeruginosa. Partial purification of pyocin lysates by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ultracentrifugation revealed phagelike particles consistent with high-molecular-weight R-type pyocines. These particles were associated with increased inhibitory activity and could be seen associated with the gonococcal cell surface. One hundred and six gonococcal strains could be differentiated on the basis of their sensitivity of 23 pyocin extracts. Thirty different patterns of pyocin inhibition were seen. Isolates from different body sites from the same patient could generally be identified as being similar strains. Strains isolated from known consorts had the same patterns. In general, agreement between pyocin typing and available epidemiological information was good.", "contents": "Pyocin sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its feasibility as an epidemiological tool. Pyocin inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its feasibility as a gonococcal typing scheme were examined. Mitomycin C-induced pyocin lysates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were able to selectively inhibit the growth of gonococcal strains. The particles associated with the inhibitory activity were non-dialyzable, heat labile, Pronase sensitive, trypsin resistant, and of large molecular weight by membrane and gel filtration techniques. The inhibitory activity was shown to be specific by absorption with sensitive and insensitive strains of N. gonorrhoeae and P. aeruginosa. Partial purification of pyocin lysates by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ultracentrifugation revealed phagelike particles consistent with high-molecular-weight R-type pyocines. These particles were associated with increased inhibitory activity and could be seen associated with the gonococcal cell surface. One hundred and six gonococcal strains could be differentiated on the basis of their sensitivity of 23 pyocin extracts. Thirty different patterns of pyocin inhibition were seen. Isolates from different body sites from the same patient could generally be identified as being similar strains. Strains isolated from known consorts had the same patterns. In general, agreement between pyocin typing and available epidemiological information was good.", "PMID": 403141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1813", "title": "Production of a capsule of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be induced to form a large capsule that can be visualized with India ink. Encapsulated gonococci appeared to be resistant to non-antibody-mediated phagocytosis compared with unencapsulated gonococci of the same strain and colony type.", "contents": "Production of a capsule of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be induced to form a large capsule that can be visualized with India ink. Encapsulated gonococci appeared to be resistant to non-antibody-mediated phagocytosis compared with unencapsulated gonococci of the same strain and colony type.", "PMID": 403142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1814", "title": "Reagin-like activity of serum in human peridonotal disease.", "content": "The serum from patients with periodontitis produced a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in monkeys when tested against subgingival plaque. This detection of reaginic antibodies shows that patients with periodontitis make immunoglobulin E antibodies to plaque constituents.", "contents": "Reagin-like activity of serum in human peridonotal disease. The serum from patients with periodontitis produced a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in monkeys when tested against subgingival plaque. This detection of reaginic antibodies shows that patients with periodontitis make immunoglobulin E antibodies to plaque constituents.", "PMID": 403143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1815", "title": "Differences in buoyant-density properties of Coxiella burnetii and Rickettsia rickettsii.", "content": "The pronounced change in the buoyant density of Coxiella burnetii in CsCl gradients that was caused by treatment with formalin or ultraviolet radiation was not observed with Rickettsia rickettsii.", "contents": "Differences in buoyant-density properties of Coxiella burnetii and Rickettsia rickettsii. The pronounced change in the buoyant density of Coxiella burnetii in CsCl gradients that was caused by treatment with formalin or ultraviolet radiation was not observed with Rickettsia rickettsii.", "PMID": 403144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1816", "title": "Genital inoculation of male baboons with Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Eight male baboons inoculated intraurethrally with Neisseria gonorrhoeae failed to shed gonococci or develop serum antibody. Urethral inoculation, preceded by epididymal inoculation, elicited an anamnestic antibody response.", "contents": "Genital inoculation of male baboons with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Eight male baboons inoculated intraurethrally with Neisseria gonorrhoeae failed to shed gonococci or develop serum antibody. Urethral inoculation, preceded by epididymal inoculation, elicited an anamnestic antibody response.", "PMID": 403145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1817", "title": "An immunological enhancement phenomenon in experimental brucella infection of the chicks.", "content": "The passive transfer of chicken anti-brucella immune globulins promote the survival of Brucella abortus in the spleen of chickens infected with this bacteria. This enhancing effect was reduced significantly when the immune globulins were absorbed with heat-killed brucella cells to remove all the anti-brucella agglutinins and immune adherence antibodies. Therefore, it is most probable that the enhancing effect is related to the presence of brucella antibodies.", "contents": "An immunological enhancement phenomenon in experimental brucella infection of the chicks. The passive transfer of chicken anti-brucella immune globulins promote the survival of Brucella abortus in the spleen of chickens infected with this bacteria. This enhancing effect was reduced significantly when the immune globulins were absorbed with heat-killed brucella cells to remove all the anti-brucella agglutinins and immune adherence antibodies. Therefore, it is most probable that the enhancing effect is related to the presence of brucella antibodies.", "PMID": 403146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1818", "title": "Vulnerability of specific rat chromosomes to in vitro chemically induced damage.", "content": "The treatment of rat embryo secondary cultures with DMBA or DMBA-3H for 5, 9, or 24 h resulted in chromosome damage consisting mainly of chromatid type aberrations. There was an increase in the percentage of labelled nuclei and metaphases with increasing length of exposure. In terms of incidence of chromatid lesions, the largest telocentric chromosome (No. 2) was the most susceptible of the autosomes. Banding pattern analysis demonstrated that the region associated with negative band 2q24 of the No. 2 chromosome had the highest number of lesions. An increased accumulation of DMBA-3H label occurred in approximately the same chromatid area of a small fraction of cells exposed for either 5 or 9 h prior to mitosis. The complete loss of DMBA-3H chromosomal labelling after DNAse treatment suggests that the visible grains represent carcinogen-bound DNA. After DMBA and BrdUrd, there was an increase in the number of sister chromatid exchanges compared to controls treated with BrdUrd only; the location of the exchange points on chromosome No. 2 was similar in samples treated with either DMBA and BrdUrd or BrdUrd alone. Additional experiments with thymidine-3H showed that the non-random chromatid lesions on chromosome No. 2 may result from endogenous radiation from the incorporated tritium. These studies demonstrate that a specific chromosome may be affected by diverse agents and that chromatid lesions frequently occur at the site of sister chromatid exchanges.", "contents": "Vulnerability of specific rat chromosomes to in vitro chemically induced damage. The treatment of rat embryo secondary cultures with DMBA or DMBA-3H for 5, 9, or 24 h resulted in chromosome damage consisting mainly of chromatid type aberrations. There was an increase in the percentage of labelled nuclei and metaphases with increasing length of exposure. In terms of incidence of chromatid lesions, the largest telocentric chromosome (No. 2) was the most susceptible of the autosomes. Banding pattern analysis demonstrated that the region associated with negative band 2q24 of the No. 2 chromosome had the highest number of lesions. An increased accumulation of DMBA-3H label occurred in approximately the same chromatid area of a small fraction of cells exposed for either 5 or 9 h prior to mitosis. The complete loss of DMBA-3H chromosomal labelling after DNAse treatment suggests that the visible grains represent carcinogen-bound DNA. After DMBA and BrdUrd, there was an increase in the number of sister chromatid exchanges compared to controls treated with BrdUrd only; the location of the exchange points on chromosome No. 2 was similar in samples treated with either DMBA and BrdUrd or BrdUrd alone. Additional experiments with thymidine-3H showed that the non-random chromatid lesions on chromosome No. 2 may result from endogenous radiation from the incorporated tritium. These studies demonstrate that a specific chromosome may be affected by diverse agents and that chromatid lesions frequently occur at the site of sister chromatid exchanges.", "PMID": 403147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1819", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for the major structural protein of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus: Attempts to detect the presence of antigen or antibody in humans.", "content": "The 25,000 dalton protein of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) was isolated by gel filtration chromatography. In agreement with results from other laboratories, antisera to type-C and the non-type-C bovine leukemia and equine infectious anemia viruses did not precipitate 125I-labelled MPMV p25. In addition, these viruses did not cross-react in a competition radioimmunoassay for MPMV p25. Twenty-one human tissues (15 breast carcinomas, 2 normal breasts, 3 acute myelogenous leukemias and 1 sarcoma) were fractionated by detergent solubilization, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and DE-52 anion exchange chromatography. These methods were shown to be highly effective for purification of MPMV p25. Under assay conditions which minimized incubation damage to the 125I-MPMV p25, all tissues failed to react in the competition radioimmunoassay (RIAT). Two hundred and two human sera or plasma specimens, including those from patients with breast cancer and 33 age-matched controls, from 50 patients with hematologic malignancies, from 12 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and from 14 patients with systemic lupus erythematosis, were examined for antibodies to MPMV p25. With the exception of two multiple myeloma plasma which produced artifactual false positive reactions based on hypergammaglobulinemia, a known complication of salt precipitation radioimmunoassays, the remainder of the specimens were negative for evidence of MPMV p25 antibodies.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for the major structural protein of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus: Attempts to detect the presence of antigen or antibody in humans. The 25,000 dalton protein of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) was isolated by gel filtration chromatography. In agreement with results from other laboratories, antisera to type-C and the non-type-C bovine leukemia and equine infectious anemia viruses did not precipitate 125I-labelled MPMV p25. In addition, these viruses did not cross-react in a competition radioimmunoassay for MPMV p25. Twenty-one human tissues (15 breast carcinomas, 2 normal breasts, 3 acute myelogenous leukemias and 1 sarcoma) were fractionated by detergent solubilization, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and DE-52 anion exchange chromatography. These methods were shown to be highly effective for purification of MPMV p25. Under assay conditions which minimized incubation damage to the 125I-MPMV p25, all tissues failed to react in the competition radioimmunoassay (RIAT). Two hundred and two human sera or plasma specimens, including those from patients with breast cancer and 33 age-matched controls, from 50 patients with hematologic malignancies, from 12 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and from 14 patients with systemic lupus erythematosis, were examined for antibodies to MPMV p25. With the exception of two multiple myeloma plasma which produced artifactual false positive reactions based on hypergammaglobulinemia, a known complication of salt precipitation radioimmunoassays, the remainder of the specimens were negative for evidence of MPMV p25 antibodies.", "PMID": 403148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1820", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetic investigations with tritium-labeled ergot alkaloids after oral and intravenous administration man.", "content": "Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out with nine tritium-labeled ergot alkaloids (dihydroergotmine, dihydroergotoxine, dihydroergostine, dihydroergocornine, dihydroergovaline, dihydroergonine, ergotamine, 1-methyl-ergotamine, and bromocriptine). Each drug was administered to 6 subjects in a randomized cross-over design as single oral and intravenous doses. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of tritium-labeled material were analyzed on a phenomenological basis by non-linear regression as a sum of exponentials. All substances showed the highest plasma concentration about 2 hours after oral administration (range 1.0-2.7 hours). The mean invasion half-life was 0.5 hours (range 0.32-1.12 hours). The mean elimination half-lives ranged from 1.4-6.2 hours for the alpha-phase and from 13 to 50 hours for the beta-phase, the longest values being observed with bromocriptine. From cumulative urinary excretion data after oral and after intravenous administration, a quotient of absorption was calculated. Values between 25 and 30% were found for most dihydrogenated drugs, namely dihydroergotamine, dihydroergotoxine, dihydroergostine, and dihydroergocornine, the only exceptions being dihydroergovaline and dihydroergonine, which were less well absorbed. Ergotamine and 1-methyl-ergotamine had an absorption quotient of about two-thirds and bromocriptine was nearly completely absorbed.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetic investigations with tritium-labeled ergot alkaloids after oral and intravenous administration man. Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out with nine tritium-labeled ergot alkaloids (dihydroergotmine, dihydroergotoxine, dihydroergostine, dihydroergocornine, dihydroergovaline, dihydroergonine, ergotamine, 1-methyl-ergotamine, and bromocriptine). Each drug was administered to 6 subjects in a randomized cross-over design as single oral and intravenous doses. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of tritium-labeled material were analyzed on a phenomenological basis by non-linear regression as a sum of exponentials. All substances showed the highest plasma concentration about 2 hours after oral administration (range 1.0-2.7 hours). The mean invasion half-life was 0.5 hours (range 0.32-1.12 hours). The mean elimination half-lives ranged from 1.4-6.2 hours for the alpha-phase and from 13 to 50 hours for the beta-phase, the longest values being observed with bromocriptine. From cumulative urinary excretion data after oral and after intravenous administration, a quotient of absorption was calculated. Values between 25 and 30% were found for most dihydrogenated drugs, namely dihydroergotamine, dihydroergotoxine, dihydroergostine, and dihydroergocornine, the only exceptions being dihydroergovaline and dihydroergonine, which were less well absorbed. Ergotamine and 1-methyl-ergotamine had an absorption quotient of about two-thirds and bromocriptine was nearly completely absorbed.", "PMID": 403149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1821", "title": "Light and electron microscopy of the anterior chamber angle structures following surgical disinsertion of the ciliary muscle in the cynomolgus monkey.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies were done on 11 cynomolgus monkey eyes which had undergone total iris removal followed by surgical disinsertion of the ciliary muscle from the scleral spur 4.7 to 14.4 months earlier. Anterior chamber perfusion to measure gross outflow facility had been performed one to nine times postoperatively. Over most of the circumference in most eyes (1) the ciliary muscle had been retrodisplaced from the scleral spur and had reattached to the sclera more posteriorly; (2) ciliary muscle, trabecular meshwork, and Schlemm's canal appeared normal. A cyclodialysis cleft was never seen. Fixation of some eyes in the in vivo and in vitro presence of pilocarpine demonstrated the contractibility of the retrodisplaced muscle. In isolated areas where the ciliary body had been surgically cut, scar tissue of varying thickness connected scleral spur, sclera, ciliary body, zonule, and lens capsule, but did not infiltrate trabecular meshwork or Schlemm's canal. In such sectors, plasma cell-like cells replaced trabecular endothelial cells and were also present in the scar tissue, ciliary muscle, and surrounding vessel walls in the scar and sclera. In sectors of two eyes, a previously existing trabecular operculum extended posteriorly and completely covered the meshwork. The meshwork in these sectors was poorly perfused by aqueous humor, and electron-dense deposits were present beneath the inner wall of Schlemm's canal. Four totally iridectomized and two unoperated eyes from these monkeys were also examined; ciliary muscle, trabecular meshwork, and Schlemm's canal appeared normal in all, despite the numerous anterior chamber perfusions.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopy of the anterior chamber angle structures following surgical disinsertion of the ciliary muscle in the cynomolgus monkey. Light and electron microscopic studies were done on 11 cynomolgus monkey eyes which had undergone total iris removal followed by surgical disinsertion of the ciliary muscle from the scleral spur 4.7 to 14.4 months earlier. Anterior chamber perfusion to measure gross outflow facility had been performed one to nine times postoperatively. Over most of the circumference in most eyes (1) the ciliary muscle had been retrodisplaced from the scleral spur and had reattached to the sclera more posteriorly; (2) ciliary muscle, trabecular meshwork, and Schlemm's canal appeared normal. A cyclodialysis cleft was never seen. Fixation of some eyes in the in vivo and in vitro presence of pilocarpine demonstrated the contractibility of the retrodisplaced muscle. In isolated areas where the ciliary body had been surgically cut, scar tissue of varying thickness connected scleral spur, sclera, ciliary body, zonule, and lens capsule, but did not infiltrate trabecular meshwork or Schlemm's canal. In such sectors, plasma cell-like cells replaced trabecular endothelial cells and were also present in the scar tissue, ciliary muscle, and surrounding vessel walls in the scar and sclera. In sectors of two eyes, a previously existing trabecular operculum extended posteriorly and completely covered the meshwork. The meshwork in these sectors was poorly perfused by aqueous humor, and electron-dense deposits were present beneath the inner wall of Schlemm's canal. Four totally iridectomized and two unoperated eyes from these monkeys were also examined; ciliary muscle, trabecular meshwork, and Schlemm's canal appeared normal in all, despite the numerous anterior chamber perfusions.", "PMID": 403150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1822", "title": "Formation and drainage of aqueous humor following total iris removal and ciliary muscle disinsertion in the cynomolgus monkey.", "content": "Aqueous humor formation (AHF), uveoscleral flow (U), gross outflow facility (Cg), true facility of outflow from the anterior chamber (Ct1), true facility of outflow from anterior chamber into the general circulation (Ct2), and the pressure sensitivity of AHF (pseudofacility; Cps) were determined in cynomologus monkey eyes which had undergone total iris removal or iris removal followed by ciliary muscle disinsertion. AHF was in the normal range in iridectomized-only eyes. AHF was present but reduced in \"disinserted\" eyes. U was markedly reduced and similar in both types of eyes. Cps was normal and Cg, Ct1, and Ct2 were low in \"disinserted\" eyes. Cg, Ct1, and Ct2 were nearly equal in the \"disinserted\" eyes, indicating that gross facility consisted almost entirely of pressure-dependent flow from anterior chamber into the general circulation, presumably via the conventional drainage routes.", "contents": "Formation and drainage of aqueous humor following total iris removal and ciliary muscle disinsertion in the cynomolgus monkey. Aqueous humor formation (AHF), uveoscleral flow (U), gross outflow facility (Cg), true facility of outflow from the anterior chamber (Ct1), true facility of outflow from anterior chamber into the general circulation (Ct2), and the pressure sensitivity of AHF (pseudofacility; Cps) were determined in cynomologus monkey eyes which had undergone total iris removal or iris removal followed by ciliary muscle disinsertion. AHF was in the normal range in iridectomized-only eyes. AHF was present but reduced in \"disinserted\" eyes. U was markedly reduced and similar in both types of eyes. Cps was normal and Cg, Ct1, and Ct2 were low in \"disinserted\" eyes. Cg, Ct1, and Ct2 were nearly equal in the \"disinserted\" eyes, indicating that gross facility consisted almost entirely of pressure-dependent flow from anterior chamber into the general circulation, presumably via the conventional drainage routes.", "PMID": 403151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1823", "title": "Aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase distribution in substructures of normal and diabetic rat lens.", "content": "Aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) make up the sorbitol pathway, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sugar cataracts. The levels of the two enzymes were determined with quantitative histochemical techniques in the epithelium, cortex, and nucleus of normal and diabetic rat lenses. The ratio of activity of AR to SDH was found to be nearly 50 to 1 in all substructures. This would strongly favor sorbitol accumulation and subsequent cataract formation.", "contents": "Aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase distribution in substructures of normal and diabetic rat lens. Aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) make up the sorbitol pathway, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sugar cataracts. The levels of the two enzymes were determined with quantitative histochemical techniques in the epithelium, cortex, and nucleus of normal and diabetic rat lenses. The ratio of activity of AR to SDH was found to be nearly 50 to 1 in all substructures. This would strongly favor sorbitol accumulation and subsequent cataract formation.", "PMID": 403152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1824", "title": "Regeneration of corneal epithelial basement membrane following thermal cauterization.", "content": "Thermal cauterization of the corneas of nine rhesus monkeys was performed by multiple thermokeratophore applications at temperatures of 90 degrees or 120 degrees C. Significant clinical observations included the resteepening of corneal curvature, delayed epithelial healing, stromal haze or scarring, and peripheral neovascularization. Reestablishment of tight adhesion of the regenerated epithelium to Bowman's layer required approximately 6 weeks. By transmission and scanning electron microscopy, the original basement membrane seemed relatively intact immediately following cauterization but disappeared within 1 week. The regeneration of new basement membrane complexes began at 1 week with the appearance of short discontinuous segments of basement material with hemidesmosomes and similarly required approximately 6 weeks for complete restoration.", "contents": "Regeneration of corneal epithelial basement membrane following thermal cauterization. Thermal cauterization of the corneas of nine rhesus monkeys was performed by multiple thermokeratophore applications at temperatures of 90 degrees or 120 degrees C. Significant clinical observations included the resteepening of corneal curvature, delayed epithelial healing, stromal haze or scarring, and peripheral neovascularization. Reestablishment of tight adhesion of the regenerated epithelium to Bowman's layer required approximately 6 weeks. By transmission and scanning electron microscopy, the original basement membrane seemed relatively intact immediately following cauterization but disappeared within 1 week. The regeneration of new basement membrane complexes began at 1 week with the appearance of short discontinuous segments of basement material with hemidesmosomes and similarly required approximately 6 weeks for complete restoration.", "PMID": 403153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1825", "title": "Experimental immunogenic rubeosis iridis.", "content": "We  have developed a primate model of rubeosis iridis in monkeys systemically sensitized to crystalline beef insulin. After intravitreal insulin injection, the dose-related immunogenic inflammation includes cells, flare, fibrin, and blood in the anterior chamber. With more severe inflammation, posterior synechiae, iris bomb\u00e9, and cataracts occur. Of particular importance, new blood vessels develop within the stroma and on the anterior surface of the iris. Following injection of small amounts of insulin, the anterior surface vessels may regress over time, and the iris regains its normal appearance and coloration. However, the new stromal vessels persist and are cuffed by inflammatory cells including plasma cells. After injection of large amounts of insulin, more extensive structural alterations develop as noted above in conjunction with persistent iris anterior surface and stromal neovascularization. The relationship of rubeosis iridis to clinical inflammatory syndromes and to previous laboratory studies is discussed. Stromal neovascularization was a consistent finding in this experimental model even when anterior surface vessels regressed. On the basis of these experimental data and a review of publications describing human pathology, we believe that a broadening of the classic definition of rubeosis iridis is waranted to include a recognition of the stromal component of the clinical and pathologic findings.", "contents": "Experimental immunogenic rubeosis iridis. We  have developed a primate model of rubeosis iridis in monkeys systemically sensitized to crystalline beef insulin. After intravitreal insulin injection, the dose-related immunogenic inflammation includes cells, flare, fibrin, and blood in the anterior chamber. With more severe inflammation, posterior synechiae, iris bomb\u00e9, and cataracts occur. Of particular importance, new blood vessels develop within the stroma and on the anterior surface of the iris. Following injection of small amounts of insulin, the anterior surface vessels may regress over time, and the iris regains its normal appearance and coloration. However, the new stromal vessels persist and are cuffed by inflammatory cells including plasma cells. After injection of large amounts of insulin, more extensive structural alterations develop as noted above in conjunction with persistent iris anterior surface and stromal neovascularization. The relationship of rubeosis iridis to clinical inflammatory syndromes and to previous laboratory studies is discussed. Stromal neovascularization was a consistent finding in this experimental model even when anterior surface vessels regressed. On the basis of these experimental data and a review of publications describing human pathology, we believe that a broadening of the classic definition of rubeosis iridis is waranted to include a recognition of the stromal component of the clinical and pathologic findings.", "PMID": 403154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1826", "title": "Paraureteral diverticula. Associated renal morphology and embryogenesis.", "content": "A study was made of paraureteric diverticula, the associated ureteric orifices, and the accompanying kidneys. It was shown that the kidney was more abnormal as the ureteric orifice position lay more laterally and into the diverticulum. The fascial arrangements of the terminal ureter and the related diverticulum were examined. When the ureter opened totally within the diverticulum, both structures showed a single investment of fascia, suggesting a common embryologic orgin of the two structures. When the ureter opened either separately into the bladder or on the verge of the diverticulum, the urter and the adjacent diverticulum each had separate fascial investment, suggesting a different etiology for the formation of this type of diverticulum. A total of 25 single-system specimens were employed for the above study. In the series there were an additional three duplex systems associated with paraureteric diverticula in shich the kidney morphology followed the above pattern but the fascial arrangements were different. Based on the observations of this investigation, it is suggested that the renal morphology is governed by the position of the ureteric orifice in the diverticulum and that the term vesical hiatal diverticula be used to denote those diverticula occurring in the vicinity of the ureteric orifice. It is further suggested that the diverticulum which engulfs the ureteric orifice be called paraureteral, and those with separate orifices in the bladder be termed periureteral to differentiate the embryologic from the pulsion etiologies.", "contents": "Paraureteral diverticula. Associated renal morphology and embryogenesis. A study was made of paraureteric diverticula, the associated ureteric orifices, and the accompanying kidneys. It was shown that the kidney was more abnormal as the ureteric orifice position lay more laterally and into the diverticulum. The fascial arrangements of the terminal ureter and the related diverticulum were examined. When the ureter opened totally within the diverticulum, both structures showed a single investment of fascia, suggesting a common embryologic orgin of the two structures. When the ureter opened either separately into the bladder or on the verge of the diverticulum, the urter and the adjacent diverticulum each had separate fascial investment, suggesting a different etiology for the formation of this type of diverticulum. A total of 25 single-system specimens were employed for the above study. In the series there were an additional three duplex systems associated with paraureteric diverticula in shich the kidney morphology followed the above pattern but the fascial arrangements were different. Based on the observations of this investigation, it is suggested that the renal morphology is governed by the position of the ureteric orifice in the diverticulum and that the term vesical hiatal diverticula be used to denote those diverticula occurring in the vicinity of the ureteric orifice. It is further suggested that the diverticulum which engulfs the ureteric orifice be called paraureteral, and those with separate orifices in the bladder be termed periureteral to differentiate the embryologic from the pulsion etiologies.", "PMID": 403155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1827", "title": "[Etiology of perioral dermatitis].", "content": "The studies of R\u00f6ckl und Schubert supported the theory that fusobacteria are often found in perioral dermatitis. When we characterize perioral dermatitis as fusobacteriosis, we do not have any doubt that fluorinated corticosteroids represent a very important pathogenetic factor. Corticoids enable opportune fusobacteria to become pathogenic. In our opinion without these bacteria the beginning of the perioral dermatitis seems impossible. Other supporting causes, which are relevant to sex distribution (oral contraceptives, moisturizing creams) are described.", "contents": "[Etiology of perioral dermatitis]. The studies of R\u00f6ckl und Schubert supported the theory that fusobacteria are often found in perioral dermatitis. When we characterize perioral dermatitis as fusobacteriosis, we do not have any doubt that fluorinated corticosteroids represent a very important pathogenetic factor. Corticoids enable opportune fusobacteria to become pathogenic. In our opinion without these bacteria the beginning of the perioral dermatitis seems impossible. Other supporting causes, which are relevant to sex distribution (oral contraceptives, moisturizing creams) are described.", "PMID": 403156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1828", "title": "[Histology of skin changes caused by external corticoid preparations].", "content": "Skin changes produced in 70 persons by prolonged topical application of corticosteroids were studied with light microscopy. Epidermal atrophy, alterations of the skin adnexa and changes in the dermal tissue are characterizing the so called corticosteroid-skin. It is suggested that the changes are dependent as well on duration and intensity of the corticosteroid treatment, as on individual factors.", "contents": "[Histology of skin changes caused by external corticoid preparations]. Skin changes produced in 70 persons by prolonged topical application of corticosteroids were studied with light microscopy. Epidermal atrophy, alterations of the skin adnexa and changes in the dermal tissue are characterizing the so called corticosteroid-skin. It is suggested that the changes are dependent as well on duration and intensity of the corticosteroid treatment, as on individual factors.", "PMID": 403157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1829", "title": "Monoclonal cryoglobulinemia with macroglobulinemia in a dog.", "content": "A 9-year old female Doberman Pinscher had a 5-month history of epistaxis. On routine testing of the dog's serum, blockage of the intake tubes of the equipment resulted. At this point, cryoglobulinemia was suspected and was later confirmed to be due to a monoclonal cryoglobulin (IgM), by means of immunochemical studies. Clinical recovery was achieved by use of cytotoxic drugs.", "contents": "Monoclonal cryoglobulinemia with macroglobulinemia in a dog. A 9-year old female Doberman Pinscher had a 5-month history of epistaxis. On routine testing of the dog's serum, blockage of the intake tubes of the equipment resulted. At this point, cryoglobulinemia was suspected and was later confirmed to be due to a monoclonal cryoglobulin (IgM), by means of immunochemical studies. Clinical recovery was achieved by use of cytotoxic drugs.", "PMID": 403167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1830", "title": "Preparation and properties of derivatives of virginiamycin S.", "content": "Reduction of virginiamycin S with sodium borohydride produces allo- and normal-dihydro-virginiamycin S. Reduction of the tosylhydrazone of virginiamycin S with sodium cyanoborohydride affords deoxyvirginiamycin S. These compounds are less active than virginiamycin S. Like virginiamycin S they enhance the activity of virginiamycin M1.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of derivatives of virginiamycin S. Reduction of virginiamycin S with sodium borohydride produces allo- and normal-dihydro-virginiamycin S. Reduction of the tosylhydrazone of virginiamycin S with sodium cyanoborohydride affords deoxyvirginiamycin S. These compounds are less active than virginiamycin S. Like virginiamycin S they enhance the activity of virginiamycin M1.", "PMID": 403168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1831", "title": "Synthesis of cell envelope components by anucleate cells (minicells) of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Minicells produced by Bacillus subtilis CU403 (divIVB1) are capable of mucopeptide biosynthesis as shown by the incorporation of L-alanine, D-alanine, and N-acetylglucosamine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material, which can be degraded to trichloroacetic acid-soluble material by lysozyme digestion. Incorporation of the precursors is sensitive to vancomycin and D-cycloserine and insensitive to chloramphenicol. Penicillin inhibits the incorporation of D- and L-alanine N-acetylglucosamine at concentrations in excess of 10 mug of penicillin per ml; however, minicells are insensitive to penicillin-induced lysis. The material synthesized in minicells from N-acetylglucosamine is not subject to turnover during a subsequent 6-h incubation period. [2-3H]glycerol is converted to a cold trichloroacetic acid-precipitable form by minicells. This synthesis is not inhibited by vancomycin, penicillin, D-cycloserine, or chloramphenicol. Fractionation of the material synthesized from glycerol into hot trichloroacetic acid-soluble material and chloroform/methanol-extractable material indicates that minicells convert glycerol into teichoic acid and lipid.", "contents": "Synthesis of cell envelope components by anucleate cells (minicells) of Bacillus subtilis. Minicells produced by Bacillus subtilis CU403 (divIVB1) are capable of mucopeptide biosynthesis as shown by the incorporation of L-alanine, D-alanine, and N-acetylglucosamine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material, which can be degraded to trichloroacetic acid-soluble material by lysozyme digestion. Incorporation of the precursors is sensitive to vancomycin and D-cycloserine and insensitive to chloramphenicol. Penicillin inhibits the incorporation of D- and L-alanine N-acetylglucosamine at concentrations in excess of 10 mug of penicillin per ml; however, minicells are insensitive to penicillin-induced lysis. The material synthesized in minicells from N-acetylglucosamine is not subject to turnover during a subsequent 6-h incubation period. [2-3H]glycerol is converted to a cold trichloroacetic acid-precipitable form by minicells. This synthesis is not inhibited by vancomycin, penicillin, D-cycloserine, or chloramphenicol. Fractionation of the material synthesized from glycerol into hot trichloroacetic acid-soluble material and chloroform/methanol-extractable material indicates that minicells convert glycerol into teichoic acid and lipid.", "PMID": 403171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1832", "title": "Selective inhibition of Bacillus subtilis sporulation by acridine orange and promethazine.", "content": "Two structurally similar compounds were found to inhibit sporulation in Bacillus subtilis 168. A dye, acridine orange, and an antischizophrenic drug, promethazine, blocked spore formation at concentrations subinhibitory to vegetative growth, while allowing synthesis of serine protease, antibiotic, and certain catabolite-repressed enzymes. The sporulation process was sensitive to promethazine through T2, whereas acridine orange was inhibitory until T4. The drug-treated cells were able to support the replication of phages phie and phi29, although the lytic cycles were altered slightly. The selective inhibition of sporulation by these compounds may be related to the affinity of some sporulation-specific genes to intercalating compounds.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of Bacillus subtilis sporulation by acridine orange and promethazine. Two structurally similar compounds were found to inhibit sporulation in Bacillus subtilis 168. A dye, acridine orange, and an antischizophrenic drug, promethazine, blocked spore formation at concentrations subinhibitory to vegetative growth, while allowing synthesis of serine protease, antibiotic, and certain catabolite-repressed enzymes. The sporulation process was sensitive to promethazine through T2, whereas acridine orange was inhibitory until T4. The drug-treated cells were able to support the replication of phages phie and phi29, although the lytic cycles were altered slightly. The selective inhibition of sporulation by these compounds may be related to the affinity of some sporulation-specific genes to intercalating compounds.", "PMID": 403172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1833", "title": "Characterization of a translocation unit encoding resistance to mercuric ions that occurs on a nonconjugative plasmid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The nonconjugative plasmid, pVS1, has a molecular weight of 18.5 X 10(6) and confers resistance to sulfonamides and to mercuric ions. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO, the transfer can be mobilized by a variety of conjugative plasmids, and the process does not require a functional recombination system in the donor. Hybrid plasmids that arise by the relocation of the mer gene onto the mobilizing plasmid can be isolated readily, and, as far as can be determined, these hybrids retain the genome of the conjugative plasmid in toto. The relocation of mer occurs by a Rec-independent process and leads to a constant increase (about 6 X 10(6) daltons) in the size of the recipient plasmid. This suggests that the mer gene in pVS1 is located on a translocation unit, designated Tn501, of a molecular weight of about 6 X 10(6). The translocation of Tn501 into RP1 is not usually associated with the loss of any known plasmid-mediated function, but transfer-defective or tetracycline-sensitive derivatives do occur at frequencies of about 4%, whereas carbenicillin-sensitive or kanamycin-sensitive variants arise with a frequency of about 0.2% each. It seems therefore that the integration of Tn501 can occur at any one of a minimum of five sites in RP1.", "contents": "Characterization of a translocation unit encoding resistance to mercuric ions that occurs on a nonconjugative plasmid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The nonconjugative plasmid, pVS1, has a molecular weight of 18.5 X 10(6) and confers resistance to sulfonamides and to mercuric ions. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO, the transfer can be mobilized by a variety of conjugative plasmids, and the process does not require a functional recombination system in the donor. Hybrid plasmids that arise by the relocation of the mer gene onto the mobilizing plasmid can be isolated readily, and, as far as can be determined, these hybrids retain the genome of the conjugative plasmid in toto. The relocation of mer occurs by a Rec-independent process and leads to a constant increase (about 6 X 10(6) daltons) in the size of the recipient plasmid. This suggests that the mer gene in pVS1 is located on a translocation unit, designated Tn501, of a molecular weight of about 6 X 10(6). The translocation of Tn501 into RP1 is not usually associated with the loss of any known plasmid-mediated function, but transfer-defective or tetracycline-sensitive derivatives do occur at frequencies of about 4%, whereas carbenicillin-sensitive or kanamycin-sensitive variants arise with a frequency of about 0.2% each. It seems therefore that the integration of Tn501 can occur at any one of a minimum of five sites in RP1.", "PMID": 403173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1834", "title": "Initiation of Bacillus spore germination by hydrostatic pressure: effect of temperature.", "content": "Suspensions of Bacillus cereus T, B. subtilis, and B. pumilus spores in water or potassium phosphate buffer were germinated by hydrostatic pressures of between 325 and 975 atm. Kinetics of germination at temperatures within the range of 25 to 44 degrees C were determined, and thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The optimum temperature for germination was dependent on pressure, species, suspending medium, and storage time after heat activation. Germination rates increased significantly with small increments of pressure, as indicated by high negative deltaV values of -230 +/- 5 cm3/mol for buffered B. subtilis (500 to 700 atm) and B. pumilus (500 atm) spores and -254 +/- 18 cm3/mol for aqueous B. subtilis (400 to 550 atm) spores at 40 degrees C and -612 +/- 41 cm3/mol for B. cereus (500 to 700 atm) spores at 25 degrees C. The ranges of thermodynamic constants calculated at 40 degrees C for buffered B. pumilus and B. subtilis spores at 500 and 600 atm and for aqueous B. subtilis spores at 500 atm were: Ea = 181,000 to 267,000 J/mol; deltaH = 178,000 to 264,000 J/mol; deltaG = 94,000 to 98,300 J/mol; deltaS = 264 to 544 J/mol per degree K. These values are consistent with the concept that the transformation of a dormant to a germinating spore induced by hydrostatic pressure involves either hydration or a reduction in the visocosity of the spore core and a conformational change of an enzyme.", "contents": "Initiation of Bacillus spore germination by hydrostatic pressure: effect of temperature. Suspensions of Bacillus cereus T, B. subtilis, and B. pumilus spores in water or potassium phosphate buffer were germinated by hydrostatic pressures of between 325 and 975 atm. Kinetics of germination at temperatures within the range of 25 to 44 degrees C were determined, and thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The optimum temperature for germination was dependent on pressure, species, suspending medium, and storage time after heat activation. Germination rates increased significantly with small increments of pressure, as indicated by high negative deltaV values of -230 +/- 5 cm3/mol for buffered B. subtilis (500 to 700 atm) and B. pumilus (500 atm) spores and -254 +/- 18 cm3/mol for aqueous B. subtilis (400 to 550 atm) spores at 40 degrees C and -612 +/- 41 cm3/mol for B. cereus (500 to 700 atm) spores at 25 degrees C. The ranges of thermodynamic constants calculated at 40 degrees C for buffered B. pumilus and B. subtilis spores at 500 and 600 atm and for aqueous B. subtilis spores at 500 atm were: Ea = 181,000 to 267,000 J/mol; deltaH = 178,000 to 264,000 J/mol; deltaG = 94,000 to 98,300 J/mol; deltaS = 264 to 544 J/mol per degree K. These values are consistent with the concept that the transformation of a dormant to a germinating spore induced by hydrostatic pressure involves either hydration or a reduction in the visocosity of the spore core and a conformational change of an enzyme.", "PMID": 403174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1835", "title": "Transitory germinative excision repair in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis strains UVSSP-42-1 (hcr42 ssp1) and UVSSP-1-1 (hcr1 ssp1) are ultraviolet (UV) radiation sensitive both as dormant spores and as vegetative cells. These strains are unable to excise cyclobutane-type dimers from the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of irradiated vegetative cells and fail to remove spore photoproduct from the DNA of irradiated spores either by excision (controlled by gene hcr) or by spore repair (controlled by gene ssp1). When irradiated soon after spore germination, these strains excise dimers, but not spore photoproduct, from their DNA. This process, termed germinative excision repair, functions only transiently in the germination phase and is responsible for the high UV resistance of germinated spores and for their temporary capacity to host cell reactivate irradiated phages infecting them. The recA1 mutation confers higher UV sensitivity to the germinated spores, but does not interfere with dimer removal by germinative excision repair.", "contents": "Transitory germinative excision repair in Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis strains UVSSP-42-1 (hcr42 ssp1) and UVSSP-1-1 (hcr1 ssp1) are ultraviolet (UV) radiation sensitive both as dormant spores and as vegetative cells. These strains are unable to excise cyclobutane-type dimers from the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of irradiated vegetative cells and fail to remove spore photoproduct from the DNA of irradiated spores either by excision (controlled by gene hcr) or by spore repair (controlled by gene ssp1). When irradiated soon after spore germination, these strains excise dimers, but not spore photoproduct, from their DNA. This process, termed germinative excision repair, functions only transiently in the germination phase and is responsible for the high UV resistance of germinated spores and for their temporary capacity to host cell reactivate irradiated phages infecting them. The recA1 mutation confers higher UV sensitivity to the germinated spores, but does not interfere with dimer removal by germinative excision repair.", "PMID": 403175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1836", "title": "Characterization of a lysine-specific active transport system in Rickettsia prowazeki.", "content": "Rickettsia prowazeki possesses an active transport system for lysine with a Kt of influx of 1 muM. Extraction and chromatographic analysis of the accumulated labeled material show the material to be lysine rather than a derivative. This intracellular lysine pool can be exchanged with external unlabeled substrates for at least 10 min; The lysine analogues L-aminoethyl cysteine, N-methyl lysine, hydroxylysine, and D-lysine competitively inhibit uptake of L-lysine, but cadaverine, diaminopimelate, arginine, ornithine, and epsilon-aminocaproate do not. Accumulation of lysine can be inhibited by the energy poisons potassium cyanide, triphenylmethyl phosphonium bromide, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The effect of potassium cyanide, but not 2,4-dinitrophenol or triphenylmethyl phosphonium bromide, can be overcome by adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Both energy-dependent influx and energy-independent efflux are inhibited by the sulfhydryl reagents N-ethyl maleimide and p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid.", "contents": "Characterization of a lysine-specific active transport system in Rickettsia prowazeki. Rickettsia prowazeki possesses an active transport system for lysine with a Kt of influx of 1 muM. Extraction and chromatographic analysis of the accumulated labeled material show the material to be lysine rather than a derivative. This intracellular lysine pool can be exchanged with external unlabeled substrates for at least 10 min; The lysine analogues L-aminoethyl cysteine, N-methyl lysine, hydroxylysine, and D-lysine competitively inhibit uptake of L-lysine, but cadaverine, diaminopimelate, arginine, ornithine, and epsilon-aminocaproate do not. Accumulation of lysine can be inhibited by the energy poisons potassium cyanide, triphenylmethyl phosphonium bromide, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The effect of potassium cyanide, but not 2,4-dinitrophenol or triphenylmethyl phosphonium bromide, can be overcome by adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Both energy-dependent influx and energy-independent efflux are inhibited by the sulfhydryl reagents N-ethyl maleimide and p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid.", "PMID": 403176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1837", "title": "Sodium effect of growth on aspartate and genetic analysis of a Bacillus subtilis mutant with high aspartase activity.", "content": "Most strains of Bacillus subtilis, dervied from the 168 (Marburg) strain, grow slowly on aspartate as sole carbon source. We isolated a mutant (aspH) that grows rapidly on aspartate because it produces aspartase constitutively. Thus, aspartase is needed for rapid growth on aspartate, whereas aspartate-alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase is not needed, as was demonstrated by a mutant lacking that enzyme activity. By two--and three-factor crosses using PBSl transduction, the aspH mutation was located between the aroD and the lys markers of the genetic map. Although sodium ions do not affect growth on glucose or L-malate, they specifically stimulate growth on aspartate in both the parent and the aspH mutant strains. Enzyme activities of crude aspartase and fumarase and of purified aspartase do not increase in the presence of sodium. These results show that stimulation by sodium involves some reaction other than the enzymes catabolizing aspartate. The ease of purification from the aspH strain and the stability of aspartase suggest that the B. subtilis enzyme is particularly useful for aspartate determinations.", "contents": "Sodium effect of growth on aspartate and genetic analysis of a Bacillus subtilis mutant with high aspartase activity. Most strains of Bacillus subtilis, dervied from the 168 (Marburg) strain, grow slowly on aspartate as sole carbon source. We isolated a mutant (aspH) that grows rapidly on aspartate because it produces aspartase constitutively. Thus, aspartase is needed for rapid growth on aspartate, whereas aspartate-alpha-ketoglutarate aminotransferase is not needed, as was demonstrated by a mutant lacking that enzyme activity. By two--and three-factor crosses using PBSl transduction, the aspH mutation was located between the aroD and the lys markers of the genetic map. Although sodium ions do not affect growth on glucose or L-malate, they specifically stimulate growth on aspartate in both the parent and the aspH mutant strains. Enzyme activities of crude aspartase and fumarase and of purified aspartase do not increase in the presence of sodium. These results show that stimulation by sodium involves some reaction other than the enzymes catabolizing aspartate. The ease of purification from the aspH strain and the stability of aspartase suggest that the B. subtilis enzyme is particularly useful for aspartate determinations.", "PMID": 403177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1838", "title": "Immunochemical comparison of phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase-indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase among the Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The bifunctional enzyme of the tryptophan operon, phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase-indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase (PRAI-InGPS;EC 4.1.1.48), was characterized by an immunochemical study of six representative members of the Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Erwinia carotovora, and Proteus vulgaris. PRAI-InGPS was purified from E. coli, and antisera were prepared in rabbits. These antisera were utilized in quantitative microcomplement fixation allowing for a comparison of the overall antigenic surface structure of the various homologous enzymes. These data showed E. coli PRAI-InGPS and S. marcescens and E. carotovora PRAI-InGPS (taken as a group) to have an index of dissimilarity of approximately 10, whereas the other organisms had values intermediate. In addition, antiserum to E. coli tryptophan synthetase beta2 subunit was used in microcomplement fixation to extend the previous comparison of this subunit (Rocha, Crawford, and Mills, 1972) to E. carotovora and P. vulgaris. Indexes of dissimilarity for E. coli compared to P. vulgaris of E. carotovora were 1.0 and 1.7, respectively. Agar immunodiffusion using PRAI-Ingps antisera showed significant cross-reaction among E. coli, E. aerogenes, S. typhimurium, and P. vulgaris whereas the enzymes from S. marcescens and E. carotovora cross-reacted to a lesser extent, with the latter reaction being quite weak. Comparative enzyme neutralization using E. coli PRAI-InGPS antisera showed significant cross-reactions among the enzymes in that all were neutralized at least 25%. The data taken together indicate that the trpC gene products in the Enterobacteriaceae are a homologous group of proteins, that the genetic divergene of the trpC gene is basically the same as the trpA gene, and that both are less conserved than the trpB gene. Furthermore, the PRAI-InGPS, enzyme active site appears to represent a more evolutionarily conserved region of the protein. These findings indicate that, with respect to PRAI-InGPS, similarity to E. coli among the organisms examined is in the following order: (E. aerogenes, S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris) greater than (S. marcescens, E. carotovora).", "contents": "Immunochemical comparison of phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase-indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase among the Enterobacteriaceae. The bifunctional enzyme of the tryptophan operon, phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase-indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase (PRAI-InGPS;EC 4.1.1.48), was characterized by an immunochemical study of six representative members of the Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Erwinia carotovora, and Proteus vulgaris. PRAI-InGPS was purified from E. coli, and antisera were prepared in rabbits. These antisera were utilized in quantitative microcomplement fixation allowing for a comparison of the overall antigenic surface structure of the various homologous enzymes. These data showed E. coli PRAI-InGPS and S. marcescens and E. carotovora PRAI-InGPS (taken as a group) to have an index of dissimilarity of approximately 10, whereas the other organisms had values intermediate. In addition, antiserum to E. coli tryptophan synthetase beta2 subunit was used in microcomplement fixation to extend the previous comparison of this subunit (Rocha, Crawford, and Mills, 1972) to E. carotovora and P. vulgaris. Indexes of dissimilarity for E. coli compared to P. vulgaris of E. carotovora were 1.0 and 1.7, respectively. Agar immunodiffusion using PRAI-Ingps antisera showed significant cross-reaction among E. coli, E. aerogenes, S. typhimurium, and P. vulgaris whereas the enzymes from S. marcescens and E. carotovora cross-reacted to a lesser extent, with the latter reaction being quite weak. Comparative enzyme neutralization using E. coli PRAI-InGPS antisera showed significant cross-reactions among the enzymes in that all were neutralized at least 25%. The data taken together indicate that the trpC gene products in the Enterobacteriaceae are a homologous group of proteins, that the genetic divergene of the trpC gene is basically the same as the trpA gene, and that both are less conserved than the trpB gene. Furthermore, the PRAI-InGPS, enzyme active site appears to represent a more evolutionarily conserved region of the protein. These findings indicate that, with respect to PRAI-InGPS, similarity to E. coli among the organisms examined is in the following order: (E. aerogenes, S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris) greater than (S. marcescens, E. carotovora).", "PMID": 403178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1839", "title": "Isolation and characterization of four plasmids from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Nineteen Bacillus subtilis isolates obtained from type culture collections were examined for the presence of covalently closed circular duplex deoxyribonucleic acid molecules by the technique of cesium chloride-ethidium bromide density gradient centrifugation. Four of the 19 strains tested carried covalently closed circular molecules. Two of these strains (IFO3022, IFO3215) harbored a similar plasmid with a molecular weight of 5.4 X 10(6). The other two strains (IAM1232, IAM1261) carried 4.9 C 10(6)-and 5.3 X 10(6)-dalton plasmids, respectively. These plasmid-harboring strains did not show phenotypic traits such as antibiotic resistance orbacteriocin production. The plasmid deoxyribonucleic acids were digested by three restriction endonucleases, EcoRI, HindIII, and BamNI, and were classified into three different types from their electrophoretic patterns in agarose gels.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of four plasmids from Bacillus subtilis. Nineteen Bacillus subtilis isolates obtained from type culture collections were examined for the presence of covalently closed circular duplex deoxyribonucleic acid molecules by the technique of cesium chloride-ethidium bromide density gradient centrifugation. Four of the 19 strains tested carried covalently closed circular molecules. Two of these strains (IFO3022, IFO3215) harbored a similar plasmid with a molecular weight of 5.4 X 10(6). The other two strains (IAM1232, IAM1261) carried 4.9 C 10(6)-and 5.3 X 10(6)-dalton plasmids, respectively. These plasmid-harboring strains did not show phenotypic traits such as antibiotic resistance orbacteriocin production. The plasmid deoxyribonucleic acids were digested by three restriction endonucleases, EcoRI, HindIII, and BamNI, and were classified into three different types from their electrophoretic patterns in agarose gels.", "PMID": 403179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1840", "title": "Isolation and preliminary characterization of auxotrophs of a filamentous Cyanobacterium.", "content": "Auxotrophic mutants of the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis were isolated by a method in which, after mutagenesis and before penicllin enrichment, mutant and wild-type cells were separated by cavitation. Auxotrophs were identified by their inability to grow on minimal medium, and they were partially characterized by replica plating to media supplemented with single nutrients or specific groups of nutrients. Of the 83 auxotrophs isolated, 65 required an inorganic source of nitrogen for growth. In addition, auxotrophs were isolated that required methionine (six), uracil (two), adenine (one), biotin (two), and nicotinic acid (two). (The number of isolates of each type is indicated in parentheses.) The nutrient requirements of five auxotrophs appeared complex and were not determined. A large proportion of the mutants requiring inorgainic fixed nitrogen was altered in the differentiation of heterocysts. The following morphological aberrancies were observed: abnormally high and abnormally low frequencies of heterocysts; thick, uneven heterocyst envelopes; incompletely developed pore regions; very distinct pore regions; and protoplasts separated from the envelope of the heterocyst. Spontaneously occurring, N2-fixing, prototrophic revertants of mutants with aberrant heterocysts have been isolated at a frequency of 2 X 10(-8) to 4 X 10(-8) of the cells plated. That most such revertants produced morphologically normal heterocysts is consisten with the idea that heterocysts play an essential role in aerobic N2 fixation.", "contents": "Isolation and preliminary characterization of auxotrophs of a filamentous Cyanobacterium. Auxotrophic mutants of the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis were isolated by a method in which, after mutagenesis and before penicllin enrichment, mutant and wild-type cells were separated by cavitation. Auxotrophs were identified by their inability to grow on minimal medium, and they were partially characterized by replica plating to media supplemented with single nutrients or specific groups of nutrients. Of the 83 auxotrophs isolated, 65 required an inorganic source of nitrogen for growth. In addition, auxotrophs were isolated that required methionine (six), uracil (two), adenine (one), biotin (two), and nicotinic acid (two). (The number of isolates of each type is indicated in parentheses.) The nutrient requirements of five auxotrophs appeared complex and were not determined. A large proportion of the mutants requiring inorgainic fixed nitrogen was altered in the differentiation of heterocysts. The following morphological aberrancies were observed: abnormally high and abnormally low frequencies of heterocysts; thick, uneven heterocyst envelopes; incompletely developed pore regions; very distinct pore regions; and protoplasts separated from the envelope of the heterocyst. Spontaneously occurring, N2-fixing, prototrophic revertants of mutants with aberrant heterocysts have been isolated at a frequency of 2 X 10(-8) to 4 X 10(-8) of the cells plated. That most such revertants produced morphologically normal heterocysts is consisten with the idea that heterocysts play an essential role in aerobic N2 fixation.", "PMID": 403180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1841", "title": "Altered outer membrane protein in different colonial types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Dark-colored colony types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (T3 and dark variants of T1 and T2) had markedly increased amounts of an approximately 28,000-dalton outer membrane protein, as compared with light-colored colony types (T4 and light variants of T1 and T2). The presence of this protein appeared to be unrelated to piliation. The apparent molecular weight of this protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels varied, depending on methods used to solubilize envelope proteins. In view of the location of this protein on the outer membrane, this protein could be important to the pathogenicity or antigenicity of the organism as well as to colonial characteristics in vitro.", "contents": "Altered outer membrane protein in different colonial types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Dark-colored colony types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (T3 and dark variants of T1 and T2) had markedly increased amounts of an approximately 28,000-dalton outer membrane protein, as compared with light-colored colony types (T4 and light variants of T1 and T2). The presence of this protein appeared to be unrelated to piliation. The apparent molecular weight of this protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels varied, depending on methods used to solubilize envelope proteins. In view of the location of this protein on the outer membrane, this protein could be important to the pathogenicity or antigenicity of the organism as well as to colonial characteristics in vitro.", "PMID": 403181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1842", "title": "Inhibition of iron uptake and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by Desferal in a mutant strain of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "In the Bacillus subtilis mutant 1D-4, the hydroxamate Desferal inhibited growth, iron uptake, and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis but did not quantitatively affect synthesis of ribonucleic acid and protein.", "contents": "Inhibition of iron uptake and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by Desferal in a mutant strain of Bacillus subtilis. In the Bacillus subtilis mutant 1D-4, the hydroxamate Desferal inhibited growth, iron uptake, and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis but did not quantitatively affect synthesis of ribonucleic acid and protein.", "PMID": 403182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1843", "title": "Properties of derivatives of the Pseudomonas plasmid pVS1 that have inherited carbenicillin resistance from RP1.", "content": "A procedure is described for the isolation, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO, of bacteria carrying derivatives of pVS1 that inherited the carbenicillin-resistance determinant from RP1 either alone or together with that for aeruginocin resistance. Such bacteria occur among the transconjugant progeny from both recombination-proficient or -deficient pVS1+ RP1+ donors, suggesting that the formation of these plasmids is due to the translocation of TnA from RP1 into pVS1. It is possible, therefore, that the aeruginocin-resistance determinant is part of TnA or is closely linked to it. Unexpectedly, none of these plasmids showed the 3 x 10(6)- to 4 x 10(6)-dalton increase in size predicted for TnA+ derivatives of PVS1. It is suggested that an interaction between TnA and the Tn501 translocation unit in pVS1 could account for this result.", "contents": "Properties of derivatives of the Pseudomonas plasmid pVS1 that have inherited carbenicillin resistance from RP1. A procedure is described for the isolation, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO, of bacteria carrying derivatives of pVS1 that inherited the carbenicillin-resistance determinant from RP1 either alone or together with that for aeruginocin resistance. Such bacteria occur among the transconjugant progeny from both recombination-proficient or -deficient pVS1+ RP1+ donors, suggesting that the formation of these plasmids is due to the translocation of TnA from RP1 into pVS1. It is possible, therefore, that the aeruginocin-resistance determinant is part of TnA or is closely linked to it. Unexpectedly, none of these plasmids showed the 3 x 10(6)- to 4 x 10(6)-dalton increase in size predicted for TnA+ derivatives of PVS1. It is suggested that an interaction between TnA and the Tn501 translocation unit in pVS1 could account for this result.", "PMID": 403183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1844", "title": "A fluorescent probe response to the interaction of pyocin R1 with sensitive cells.", "content": "Additon of pyocin R1, a bacteriocin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to sensitive cells caused a fluorescence increase of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) in the cell suspension. The reaction was rapid, starting with a short time lag after adsorption of pyocin onto the cells and finishing within several minutes. The fluorescence response was attributed to the interaction of the cell body and ANS, not to that of the medium outside the cells and ANS. The maximal amplitude of fluorescence after pyocin addition was dependent on temperature, and the relation appeared to be biphasic. Similarly, Arrhenius plots of the initial rate of fluorescence change were biphasic. The transition of slopes in both cases occurred in the temperature range between 18 and 19 degrees. These results suggest that ANS interacts with lipids in the cell envelope and that pyocin causes a structural change of the cell envelope leading to increased fluorescence of ANS.", "contents": "A fluorescent probe response to the interaction of pyocin R1 with sensitive cells. Additon of pyocin R1, a bacteriocin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to sensitive cells caused a fluorescence increase of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) in the cell suspension. The reaction was rapid, starting with a short time lag after adsorption of pyocin onto the cells and finishing within several minutes. The fluorescence response was attributed to the interaction of the cell body and ANS, not to that of the medium outside the cells and ANS. The maximal amplitude of fluorescence after pyocin addition was dependent on temperature, and the relation appeared to be biphasic. Similarly, Arrhenius plots of the initial rate of fluorescence change were biphasic. The transition of slopes in both cases occurred in the temperature range between 18 and 19 degrees. These results suggest that ANS interacts with lipids in the cell envelope and that pyocin causes a structural change of the cell envelope leading to increased fluorescence of ANS.", "PMID": 403184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1845", "title": "[Studies on the facial muscles in the aged].", "content": "The dissection of the facial musculature in the elderly made on 2 bodies, confirmed the mode of evolution noted earlier in the Primates. The reduction in the m. platysma myoides was confirmed; this muscle showed only two parts: a rudimentary pars buccalis and a relatively developed pars mentalis. This reduction was accompanied by fundamental transformations since the m. quadratus of the chin appeared at the anterior part of the pars mentalis of the platysma myoides. The derivatives of the deep m. sphincter coli showed an arrangement very similar to that of the Simians. However some modifications already observed became stronger, particularly the verticilisation of the m. caninus and the separation of the two m. zygomaticus. Curiously, the extrinsic ear musculature persisted and remained well developed despite its absence of activity.", "contents": "[Studies on the facial muscles in the aged]. The dissection of the facial musculature in the elderly made on 2 bodies, confirmed the mode of evolution noted earlier in the Primates. The reduction in the m. platysma myoides was confirmed; this muscle showed only two parts: a rudimentary pars buccalis and a relatively developed pars mentalis. This reduction was accompanied by fundamental transformations since the m. quadratus of the chin appeared at the anterior part of the pars mentalis of the platysma myoides. The derivatives of the deep m. sphincter coli showed an arrangement very similar to that of the Simians. However some modifications already observed became stronger, particularly the verticilisation of the m. caninus and the separation of the two m. zygomaticus. Curiously, the extrinsic ear musculature persisted and remained well developed despite its absence of activity.", "PMID": 403185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1846", "title": "Dependence of ionophore- and caffeine-induced calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles on external and internal calcium ion concentrations.", "content": "The effects of the ionophore, X537A, and caffeine on ATP-dependent calcium transport by fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum were studied in the absence (calcium storage) or presence (calcium uptake) of calcium-precipitating anions. The ionophore caused rapid calcium release after calcium storage, the final level of calcium storage being the same whether a given concentration of X537A was added prior to initiation of the reaction or after calcium storage had reached a steady state. Although 10 to 12 muM X537A caused approximately 90% inhibition of oxalate-supported calcium uptake when added prior to the start of the reaction, this ionophore concentration caused only a small calcium release when added after a calcium oxalate precipitate had formed within the vesicles, and only slight inhibition of calcium uptake velocity when added during the calcium uptake reaction. When low initial calcium loads limited calcium uptake to 0.4 mumol of calcium/mg of protein, subsequent calcium additions in the absence of the ionophore led to renewed calcium uptake. Uptake of the subsequent calcium additions was not significantly inhibited by 10 to 12 muM X537A. These phenomena are most readily understood in terms of constraints imposed by fixed Cai (calcium ion concentration inside the vesicles) on the pump-leak situation in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles containing a large amount of an insoluble calcium precipitate, where most of the calcium is within the vesicles and Cai is maintained at a relatively low level. These constraints restrict calcium loss after calcium permeability is increased because calcium release can end when the calcium pump is stimulated by the increased Cao (calcium concentration outside the vesicles) so as to compensate for the increased efflux rate. In contrast, an increased permeability in vesicles that have stored calcium in the absence of a calcium-precipitating ion causes a much larger portion of the internal calcium store to be released. Under these conditions calcium storage capacity is low so that release of stored calcium is less able to raise Cao to levels where the calcium pump can compensate for the increased efflux rate. The constraints imposed by anion-supported calcium uptake explain the finding that more calcium is released by X537A or caffeine when these agents are added at higher levels of Cao, and that more calcium leaves the vesicles in response to a given increase in calcium permeability at higher Cai. Although such calcium release is amplified by increased Cao, the amplification is attributable to the constraints described above and does not represent a \"calcium-triggered calcium release.\"", "contents": "Dependence of ionophore- and caffeine-induced calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles on external and internal calcium ion concentrations. The effects of the ionophore, X537A, and caffeine on ATP-dependent calcium transport by fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum were studied in the absence (calcium storage) or presence (calcium uptake) of calcium-precipitating anions. The ionophore caused rapid calcium release after calcium storage, the final level of calcium storage being the same whether a given concentration of X537A was added prior to initiation of the reaction or after calcium storage had reached a steady state. Although 10 to 12 muM X537A caused approximately 90% inhibition of oxalate-supported calcium uptake when added prior to the start of the reaction, this ionophore concentration caused only a small calcium release when added after a calcium oxalate precipitate had formed within the vesicles, and only slight inhibition of calcium uptake velocity when added during the calcium uptake reaction. When low initial calcium loads limited calcium uptake to 0.4 mumol of calcium/mg of protein, subsequent calcium additions in the absence of the ionophore led to renewed calcium uptake. Uptake of the subsequent calcium additions was not significantly inhibited by 10 to 12 muM X537A. These phenomena are most readily understood in terms of constraints imposed by fixed Cai (calcium ion concentration inside the vesicles) on the pump-leak situation in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles containing a large amount of an insoluble calcium precipitate, where most of the calcium is within the vesicles and Cai is maintained at a relatively low level. These constraints restrict calcium loss after calcium permeability is increased because calcium release can end when the calcium pump is stimulated by the increased Cao (calcium concentration outside the vesicles) so as to compensate for the increased efflux rate. In contrast, an increased permeability in vesicles that have stored calcium in the absence of a calcium-precipitating ion causes a much larger portion of the internal calcium store to be released. Under these conditions calcium storage capacity is low so that release of stored calcium is less able to raise Cao to levels where the calcium pump can compensate for the increased efflux rate. The constraints imposed by anion-supported calcium uptake explain the finding that more calcium is released by X537A or caffeine when these agents are added at higher levels of Cao, and that more calcium leaves the vesicles in response to a given increase in calcium permeability at higher Cai. Although such calcium release is amplified by increased Cao, the amplification is attributable to the constraints described above and does not represent a \"calcium-triggered calcium release.\"", "PMID": 403186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1847", "title": "Dependence of calcium permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles on external and internal calcium ion concentrations.", "content": "The ability of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles to retain calcium following ATP-supported calcium uptake in the presence of the calcium-precipitating anions oxalate and phosphate depends on Cao (calcium ion concentration outside the vesicles) and Cai (calcium ion concentration within the vesicles). Calcium efflux rates at any level of Cai are accelerated when Cao is increased. Higher Cao at the time that calcium uptake reactions reach steady state is associated with a spontaneous calcium release that reflects this effect of increased Cao. Increasing Cai at any level of Cao causes little or no acceleration of calcium efflux rate so that calcium permeability coefficients, estimated by dividing calcium efflux rates by Cai, the \"driving force\", are inversely proportional to Cai. Calcium permability coefficients thus correlate, as a first approximation, with the ratio Cai/Cao, decreasing 1000-fold as this ratio increases over a 3000-fold range (Cao = 0.1 to 3.3 muM, Cai =4 to 750 muM). Oscillations in both the calcium content of the vesicles and Cao are seen as calcium uptake reactions approach steady state, suggesting that calcium permeability undergoes time-dependent variations. Sudden reduction of Cao to levels that markedly inhibit calcium influx via the calcium pump unmasks a calcium efflux that decreases slowly over 60 to 90 s. The maximal calcium permeability observed in the present study would allow the calcium efflux rate from the sarcoplasmic reticulum at a Cai of 100 muM to be approximately 10(-10) mol/cm2/s, which is about 1 order of magnitude less than that estimated for the sarcoplasmic reticulum of activated skeletal muscle in vivo. The release of most of the stored calcium in some experiments indicates that the observed permeability changes can occur over a large portion of the surface of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Dependence of calcium permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles on external and internal calcium ion concentrations. The ability of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles to retain calcium following ATP-supported calcium uptake in the presence of the calcium-precipitating anions oxalate and phosphate depends on Cao (calcium ion concentration outside the vesicles) and Cai (calcium ion concentration within the vesicles). Calcium efflux rates at any level of Cai are accelerated when Cao is increased. Higher Cao at the time that calcium uptake reactions reach steady state is associated with a spontaneous calcium release that reflects this effect of increased Cao. Increasing Cai at any level of Cao causes little or no acceleration of calcium efflux rate so that calcium permeability coefficients, estimated by dividing calcium efflux rates by Cai, the \"driving force\", are inversely proportional to Cai. Calcium permability coefficients thus correlate, as a first approximation, with the ratio Cai/Cao, decreasing 1000-fold as this ratio increases over a 3000-fold range (Cao = 0.1 to 3.3 muM, Cai =4 to 750 muM). Oscillations in both the calcium content of the vesicles and Cao are seen as calcium uptake reactions approach steady state, suggesting that calcium permeability undergoes time-dependent variations. Sudden reduction of Cao to levels that markedly inhibit calcium influx via the calcium pump unmasks a calcium efflux that decreases slowly over 60 to 90 s. The maximal calcium permeability observed in the present study would allow the calcium efflux rate from the sarcoplasmic reticulum at a Cai of 100 muM to be approximately 10(-10) mol/cm2/s, which is about 1 order of magnitude less than that estimated for the sarcoplasmic reticulum of activated skeletal muscle in vivo. The release of most of the stored calcium in some experiments indicates that the observed permeability changes can occur over a large portion of the surface of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 403187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1848", "title": "Tonofilament protein from newborn rat epidermis. Isolation, localization, and biosynthesis of marker of epidermal differentiation.", "content": "A novel extraction procedure, previously used on the cell walls of dermatophytes, has been applied to the epidermis of newborn rat. A leucine-rich fraction was isolated which contained over 60% of the total epidermal radioactivity from [3H]leucine in 15 to 20% of the total protein. This fraction was further purified by chromatography in DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200. The protein with the highest specific activity from [3H]leucine was isolated and gave a single band in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels of molecular weight = 58,000. Antibody to this protein gave a single precipitin band by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis in agar with the purified protein. This antibody ultrastructurally immunolocalized specifically over tonofilaments in all layers of the epidermis, but showed no reaction in the dermis. The synthesis of this protein in vitro was inhibited by puromycin but not by actinomycin D, suggesting ribosomal synthesis involving a relatively long lived messenger.", "contents": "Tonofilament protein from newborn rat epidermis. Isolation, localization, and biosynthesis of marker of epidermal differentiation. A novel extraction procedure, previously used on the cell walls of dermatophytes, has been applied to the epidermis of newborn rat. A leucine-rich fraction was isolated which contained over 60% of the total epidermal radioactivity from [3H]leucine in 15 to 20% of the total protein. This fraction was further purified by chromatography in DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200. The protein with the highest specific activity from [3H]leucine was isolated and gave a single band in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels of molecular weight = 58,000. Antibody to this protein gave a single precipitin band by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis in agar with the purified protein. This antibody ultrastructurally immunolocalized specifically over tonofilaments in all layers of the epidermis, but showed no reaction in the dermis. The synthesis of this protein in vitro was inhibited by puromycin but not by actinomycin D, suggesting ribosomal synthesis involving a relatively long lived messenger.", "PMID": 403188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1849", "title": "Glycoprotein biosynthesis in myeloma cells. Characterization on nonglycosylated immunoglobulin light chain secreted in presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose.", "content": "The biosynthesis and secretion of a glycosylated, K-type immunoglobulin light chain (K-46) was studied in a mouse myeloma tumor, mineral oil plasmacytoma-46B. Viable single cell suspensions were prepared from excised tumors and optimal conditions were established for incorporation of amino acid and carbohydrate precursors into the protein synthesized and secreted by the cells. The glucose analog, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, was utilized as an inhibitor of glycosylation to determine the role of glycosylation in the biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and export of the protein from the cell. It was determined that 6 mM 2-deoxyglucose prevents the incorporation of glucosamine, mannose, and galactose into secreted protein, but permits the incorporation of leucine at approximately 40% of control values. The nonglycosylated protein, secreted in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose, was characterized as a nonglycosylated form of K-46 light chain by the following criteria: (a) electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, (b) reactivity of the nonglycosylated protein with antisera prepared against native, fully glycosylated, K-46 light chain, (c) analysis of the protein by gel filtration techniques, (d) behavior of the protein on lectin-derivatized Sepharose, and (e) analysis of tryptic peptides derived from the protein. We have concluded that 2-deoxyglucose-inhibited cells synthesize and secrete the normal polypeptide chain of K-46 devoid of its carbohydrate side chain indicating that glycosylation is not an essential step in the biosynthesis, intracellular transport, or export of this protein that is normally synthesized and secreted in a glycosylated form. Under conditions of 2-deoxyglucose inhibition, the nonglycosylated form of K-46 light chain constitutes a significantly greater proportion of accumulated intracellular protein, suggesting that the biosynthesis of the polypeptide chain of K-46 light chain proceeds at a nearly normal rate, but that the absence of the carbohydrate side chain of the protein retards, but does not prevent, the intracellular transport of the protein and its export from the tumor cell.", "contents": "Glycoprotein biosynthesis in myeloma cells. Characterization on nonglycosylated immunoglobulin light chain secreted in presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The biosynthesis and secretion of a glycosylated, K-type immunoglobulin light chain (K-46) was studied in a mouse myeloma tumor, mineral oil plasmacytoma-46B. Viable single cell suspensions were prepared from excised tumors and optimal conditions were established for incorporation of amino acid and carbohydrate precursors into the protein synthesized and secreted by the cells. The glucose analog, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, was utilized as an inhibitor of glycosylation to determine the role of glycosylation in the biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and export of the protein from the cell. It was determined that 6 mM 2-deoxyglucose prevents the incorporation of glucosamine, mannose, and galactose into secreted protein, but permits the incorporation of leucine at approximately 40% of control values. The nonglycosylated protein, secreted in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose, was characterized as a nonglycosylated form of K-46 light chain by the following criteria: (a) electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, (b) reactivity of the nonglycosylated protein with antisera prepared against native, fully glycosylated, K-46 light chain, (c) analysis of the protein by gel filtration techniques, (d) behavior of the protein on lectin-derivatized Sepharose, and (e) analysis of tryptic peptides derived from the protein. We have concluded that 2-deoxyglucose-inhibited cells synthesize and secrete the normal polypeptide chain of K-46 devoid of its carbohydrate side chain indicating that glycosylation is not an essential step in the biosynthesis, intracellular transport, or export of this protein that is normally synthesized and secreted in a glycosylated form. Under conditions of 2-deoxyglucose inhibition, the nonglycosylated form of K-46 light chain constitutes a significantly greater proportion of accumulated intracellular protein, suggesting that the biosynthesis of the polypeptide chain of K-46 light chain proceeds at a nearly normal rate, but that the absence of the carbohydrate side chain of the protein retards, but does not prevent, the intracellular transport of the protein and its export from the tumor cell.", "PMID": 403189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1850", "title": "Fatigue characteristics of posterior elements of vertebrae.", "content": "The fatigue strength of vertebral posterior elements was determined by applying repetitive forces to the inferior joints between the articular processes of human rhesus-monkey vertebrae. The results indicate that in vivo stresses resulting from unusual activities for sustained periods can induce fatigue fracture of the lumbar vertebrae. Comparison of these data with those of other investigators suggests the use of ultimate strength as a normalizing factor to correlate fatigue-strength data obtained under different test conditions.", "contents": "Fatigue characteristics of posterior elements of vertebrae. The fatigue strength of vertebral posterior elements was determined by applying repetitive forces to the inferior joints between the articular processes of human rhesus-monkey vertebrae. The results indicate that in vivo stresses resulting from unusual activities for sustained periods can induce fatigue fracture of the lumbar vertebrae. Comparison of these data with those of other investigators suggests the use of ultimate strength as a normalizing factor to correlate fatigue-strength data obtained under different test conditions.", "PMID": 403190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1851", "title": "The key role of the lateral malleolus in displaced fractures of the ankle.", "content": "The reason why late degenerative arthritis developed in some patients who had sustained displaced bimalleolar fractures of the ankle was investigated. The roentgenograms indicated that incomplete reduction of the lateral malleolus and a residual talar tilt were present. When bimalleolar fractures were created in cadavera the talus could be anatomically repositioned only when the lateral malleolus was accurately reduced. Fifty-three patients with bimalleolar fractures were treated by anatomically fixing the lateral malleolus with a four-hole plate. There was an anatomical reduction of the talus and medial malleolus in each instance and there were no late cases of degenerative arthritis when these patients were followed for from six months to nine years. We concluded that the lateral malleolus is the key to the anatomical reduction of bimalleolar fractures, because the displacement of the talus faithfully followed that of the lateral malleolus.", "contents": "The key role of the lateral malleolus in displaced fractures of the ankle. The reason why late degenerative arthritis developed in some patients who had sustained displaced bimalleolar fractures of the ankle was investigated. The roentgenograms indicated that incomplete reduction of the lateral malleolus and a residual talar tilt were present. When bimalleolar fractures were created in cadavera the talus could be anatomically repositioned only when the lateral malleolus was accurately reduced. Fifty-three patients with bimalleolar fractures were treated by anatomically fixing the lateral malleolus with a four-hole plate. There was an anatomical reduction of the talus and medial malleolus in each instance and there were no late cases of degenerative arthritis when these patients were followed for from six months to nine years. We concluded that the lateral malleolus is the key to the anatomical reduction of bimalleolar fractures, because the displacement of the talus faithfully followed that of the lateral malleolus.", "PMID": 403191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1852", "title": "Dysplasia of the odontoid process in Morquio's syndrome causing quadriparesis.", "content": "Eleven patients with documented Morquio's syndrome who had dysplasia of the odontoid process and resulting atlanto-axial instability were reviewed. They were found to be at risk for acute traumatic quadriparesis, chronic myelopathy of a variable and often rapid rate of progression, and sudden death by respiratory arrest. The evidence suggests that early prophylactic posterior cervical fusion is indicated for patients with this malformation and that once quadriparesis is established, recovery of function is limited.", "contents": "Dysplasia of the odontoid process in Morquio's syndrome causing quadriparesis. Eleven patients with documented Morquio's syndrome who had dysplasia of the odontoid process and resulting atlanto-axial instability were reviewed. They were found to be at risk for acute traumatic quadriparesis, chronic myelopathy of a variable and often rapid rate of progression, and sudden death by respiratory arrest. The evidence suggests that early prophylactic posterior cervical fusion is indicated for patients with this malformation and that once quadriparesis is established, recovery of function is limited.", "PMID": 403192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1853", "title": "Ectopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty. Predisposing factors, frequency, and effect on results.", "content": "In a statistical analysis of 398 consecutive patients with 507 total hip arthroplasties which was designed to identify factors predisposing to ectopic ossification and to determine the frequency of ossification and its effect on the results, it was found that male patients with considerable bilateral osteophytic osteoarthritis were statistically most likely to have ectopic ossification, especially if ossification had existed before arthroplasty consequent to previous surgery. Ectopic ossification which was first noted six weeks after total hip arthroplasty in 96 per cent of the cases did not change in amount thereafter, though the bone did mature. Both the range of motion of the hip and the function of the patient were affected by the ectopic bone during the first postoperative year, but after that only the range of hip motion was influenced.", "contents": "Ectopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty. Predisposing factors, frequency, and effect on results. In a statistical analysis of 398 consecutive patients with 507 total hip arthroplasties which was designed to identify factors predisposing to ectopic ossification and to determine the frequency of ossification and its effect on the results, it was found that male patients with considerable bilateral osteophytic osteoarthritis were statistically most likely to have ectopic ossification, especially if ossification had existed before arthroplasty consequent to previous surgery. Ectopic ossification which was first noted six weeks after total hip arthroplasty in 96 per cent of the cases did not change in amount thereafter, though the bone did mature. Both the range of motion of the hip and the function of the patient were affected by the ectopic bone during the first postoperative year, but after that only the range of hip motion was influenced.", "PMID": 403193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1854", "title": "Increase in plasma growth hormone levels following thyrotropin-releasing hormone injection in children with primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) induced a significant increase in plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in 4 of 8 children with primary hypothyroidism, while a slight decrease was observed in 8 control children. Base-line plasma prolactin (PRL) levels and peak responses to TRH were higher in hypothyroid children than in controls. These data may indicate the existence of dysfunction of central nervous system mechanisms of control of GH and PRL secretion in subjects with primary hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Increase in plasma growth hormone levels following thyrotropin-releasing hormone injection in children with primary hypothyroidism. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) induced a significant increase in plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in 4 of 8 children with primary hypothyroidism, while a slight decrease was observed in 8 control children. Base-line plasma prolactin (PRL) levels and peak responses to TRH were higher in hypothyroid children than in controls. These data may indicate the existence of dysfunction of central nervous system mechanisms of control of GH and PRL secretion in subjects with primary hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 403195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1855", "title": "Complement-fixing antibody response to rotavirus infection.", "content": "A human rotavirus complement-fixing (CF) antigen, prepared by purification of large volumes of fluid feces collected from children with winter diarrhea, was used to study the development and persistence of antibody in children with diarrhea and the prevalence of rotavirus antibody in Melbourne. In children with diarrhea, antibody rises were detectable within 4 to 6 weeks of the onset of illness, and the titers usually remained elevated for the next 1 to 2 years. CF antibody did not develop in two children with proven rotavirus infection aged less than 6 months, an age at which poor CF responses to other viruses have also been observed. A study of CF antibody levels in the general community showed that in Melbourne, most children have been infected with human rotavirus by the age of 3 years.", "contents": "Complement-fixing antibody response to rotavirus infection. A human rotavirus complement-fixing (CF) antigen, prepared by purification of large volumes of fluid feces collected from children with winter diarrhea, was used to study the development and persistence of antibody in children with diarrhea and the prevalence of rotavirus antibody in Melbourne. In children with diarrhea, antibody rises were detectable within 4 to 6 weeks of the onset of illness, and the titers usually remained elevated for the next 1 to 2 years. CF antibody did not develop in two children with proven rotavirus infection aged less than 6 months, an age at which poor CF responses to other viruses have also been observed. A study of CF antibody levels in the general community showed that in Melbourne, most children have been infected with human rotavirus by the age of 3 years.", "PMID": 403196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1856", "title": "Field evaluation of New York City medium in the biological environment-CO2 chamber in recovery of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and urogenital mycoplasmas.", "content": "The biological environment-CO2 chamber containing New York City (NYC) medium was evaluated in a clinical field trial in comparison with Transgrow and NYC medium in plates for the recovery of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and with NYC medium for urogenital mycoplasmas. The results of the study indicated that the biological environment chamber-CO2 culturing system with NYC medium is an effective method for the handling, transport, and culture of N. gonorrhoeae, large-colony mycoplasmas, and T-mycoplasmas if the delay in transport and incubation does not exceed 24 h.", "contents": "Field evaluation of New York City medium in the biological environment-CO2 chamber in recovery of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and urogenital mycoplasmas. The biological environment-CO2 chamber containing New York City (NYC) medium was evaluated in a clinical field trial in comparison with Transgrow and NYC medium in plates for the recovery of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and with NYC medium for urogenital mycoplasmas. The results of the study indicated that the biological environment chamber-CO2 culturing system with NYC medium is an effective method for the handling, transport, and culture of N. gonorrhoeae, large-colony mycoplasmas, and T-mycoplasmas if the delay in transport and incubation does not exceed 24 h.", "PMID": 403197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1857", "title": "Radiometric detection of bacteremia: requirement for terminal subcultures.", "content": "A radiometric procedure for rapid detection of bacteria in clinical blood specimens was utilized over a period of 1 year in this laboratory. Although in initial studies it was felt that all positive bacteremias would be detected by radiometric examination of cultures for 14CO2 evolution over a 7-day period, we found in the present study that a significant number of bacteria were not detected, except by blind subculturing on day 7 before discarding the culture sample. Microorganisms were detected in 490 individual specimens from 348 patients after examination of 6,200 individual blood specimens, both anaerobically and aerobically. All but 30 of the positive specimens were detected by the radiometric procedure, with an average detection time of 30.5 h. Thirty organisms, representing 6% of the total organisms isolated, were not detected by the BACTEC apparatus. The predominating organisms missed by the radiometric method were group D streptococci, both enterococcal and non-enterococcal species. These isolates represented two-thirds of the total number of organisms not detected by the radiometric procedure. A majority of bacteria detected only upon terminal subculture were isolates from a very small number of patients, suggesting that these organisms might have specific properties that preclude their detection by radiometric assay. Nevertheless, our study results indicate that it is essential that all radiometrically examined blood culture specimens be subcultured prior to discard in order to lessen the likelihood of missing a microbial pathogen.", "contents": "Radiometric detection of bacteremia: requirement for terminal subcultures. A radiometric procedure for rapid detection of bacteria in clinical blood specimens was utilized over a period of 1 year in this laboratory. Although in initial studies it was felt that all positive bacteremias would be detected by radiometric examination of cultures for 14CO2 evolution over a 7-day period, we found in the present study that a significant number of bacteria were not detected, except by blind subculturing on day 7 before discarding the culture sample. Microorganisms were detected in 490 individual specimens from 348 patients after examination of 6,200 individual blood specimens, both anaerobically and aerobically. All but 30 of the positive specimens were detected by the radiometric procedure, with an average detection time of 30.5 h. Thirty organisms, representing 6% of the total organisms isolated, were not detected by the BACTEC apparatus. The predominating organisms missed by the radiometric method were group D streptococci, both enterococcal and non-enterococcal species. These isolates represented two-thirds of the total number of organisms not detected by the radiometric procedure. A majority of bacteria detected only upon terminal subculture were isolates from a very small number of patients, suggesting that these organisms might have specific properties that preclude their detection by radiometric assay. Nevertheless, our study results indicate that it is essential that all radiometrically examined blood culture specimens be subcultured prior to discard in order to lessen the likelihood of missing a microbial pathogen.", "PMID": 403198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1858", "title": "Evaluation of a simple device for bacteriological sampling of respirator-generated aerosols.", "content": "The Aerotest sampler (Olympic Medical Corp., Seattle, Wash.) is designed to detect bacterial contamination of respirator-generated aerosols in a simple one-step process. The sampler was evaluated by controlled contamination of Bennett AP-5, PR-2, and MA-1 respirators with Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter. Bacteria present as viable 1.4 to 3.5-mum particles in each of 77 aerosols were quantitated by using the Andersen viable-particle sampler, and the results were compared with those of colonies obtained from 10-s or 15-cycle Aerotest samples. All aerosols containing counts greater than expected in hospital air were detected by the Aerotest method. Thirteen of 14 aerosols containing less than 20 bacteria/0.028 m3 showed fewer than 5 colonies, whereas all aerosols containing greater than 1,000 bacteria/0.028 m3 showed at least 40 colonies. Aerosols with intermediate counts fell in between. Under the conditions described here, the Aerotest sampler was able to discriminate between the low levels of bacteria commonly found in hospital air and the bacterial contamination associated with nosocomial pneumonia. The Aerotest sampler provides a practical method for surveillance sampling of respirator nebulizers.", "contents": "Evaluation of a simple device for bacteriological sampling of respirator-generated aerosols. The Aerotest sampler (Olympic Medical Corp., Seattle, Wash.) is designed to detect bacterial contamination of respirator-generated aerosols in a simple one-step process. The sampler was evaluated by controlled contamination of Bennett AP-5, PR-2, and MA-1 respirators with Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter. Bacteria present as viable 1.4 to 3.5-mum particles in each of 77 aerosols were quantitated by using the Andersen viable-particle sampler, and the results were compared with those of colonies obtained from 10-s or 15-cycle Aerotest samples. All aerosols containing counts greater than expected in hospital air were detected by the Aerotest method. Thirteen of 14 aerosols containing less than 20 bacteria/0.028 m3 showed fewer than 5 colonies, whereas all aerosols containing greater than 1,000 bacteria/0.028 m3 showed at least 40 colonies. Aerosols with intermediate counts fell in between. Under the conditions described here, the Aerotest sampler was able to discriminate between the low levels of bacteria commonly found in hospital air and the bacterial contamination associated with nosocomial pneumonia. The Aerotest sampler provides a practical method for surveillance sampling of respirator nebulizers.", "PMID": 403199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1859", "title": "Comparison of Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and electron microscopy for laboratory diagnosis of human reovirus-like agent-associated infantile gastroenteritis.", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was compared with electron microscopy for detection of human reovirus-like agent in fecal specimens. Both tests gave very similar results.", "contents": "Comparison of Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and electron microscopy for laboratory diagnosis of human reovirus-like agent-associated infantile gastroenteritis. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was compared with electron microscopy for detection of human reovirus-like agent in fecal specimens. Both tests gave very similar results.", "PMID": 403200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1860", "title": "Correlations between the detection of e antigen or antibody and electron microscopic pattern of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) associated particles in the serum of HBsAg carriers.", "content": "The distribution of HBsAg associated particles, especially the presence of Dane particles, was studied by electron microscopy in coded sera of 68 chronic HBsAg carriers. Results were correlated with the detection of eAg or Ab and clinical diagnosis. Sera from haemodialysis and chronic hepatitis patients showed a high prevalence of e antigenaemia (9/13, 69-2% and 8/19, 42-1%) and Dane particles (11 and 16 respectively, 84%). By contrast, out of 36 chronic asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg, 28 (77-7%) were positive for e antibody but only 1 (2-7%) had eAg. Dane particles were found in 13/36 (36-1%). A statistically significant correlation was observed between the detection of eAg and the presence of Dane particles (94-4%) in the serum. However, Dane particles were still observed in 10/28 (35-7%) of anti-e positive sera. The data suggest that eAg may be linked to complete HB virions.", "contents": "Correlations between the detection of e antigen or antibody and electron microscopic pattern of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) associated particles in the serum of HBsAg carriers. The distribution of HBsAg associated particles, especially the presence of Dane particles, was studied by electron microscopy in coded sera of 68 chronic HBsAg carriers. Results were correlated with the detection of eAg or Ab and clinical diagnosis. Sera from haemodialysis and chronic hepatitis patients showed a high prevalence of e antigenaemia (9/13, 69-2% and 8/19, 42-1%) and Dane particles (11 and 16 respectively, 84%). By contrast, out of 36 chronic asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg, 28 (77-7%) were positive for e antibody but only 1 (2-7%) had eAg. Dane particles were found in 13/36 (36-1%). A statistically significant correlation was observed between the detection of eAg and the presence of Dane particles (94-4%) in the serum. However, Dane particles were still observed in 10/28 (35-7%) of anti-e positive sera. The data suggest that eAg may be linked to complete HB virions.", "PMID": 403201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1861", "title": "A population of lymphocytes in human blood distinctive in morphology and other characteristics.", "content": "Evidence is presented that lymphocytes characterised by being large and having abundant feebly staining, and usually profusely granulated cytoplasm ('pale' cells) are a group which is distinct from the other small basophilic ('dark') cells. In patients with genetic storage disorders characterised by abnormalities of lymphocyte structure, the structural peculiarites were confined to the basophilic cells, and cytochemical differences were found between the 'pale' and 'dark' cells in normal subjects.", "contents": "A population of lymphocytes in human blood distinctive in morphology and other characteristics. Evidence is presented that lymphocytes characterised by being large and having abundant feebly staining, and usually profusely granulated cytoplasm ('pale' cells) are a group which is distinct from the other small basophilic ('dark') cells. In patients with genetic storage disorders characterised by abnormalities of lymphocyte structure, the structural peculiarites were confined to the basophilic cells, and cytochemical differences were found between the 'pale' and 'dark' cells in normal subjects.", "PMID": 403202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1862", "title": "Observations on the use of the double diffusion test in the diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis.", "content": "Precipitins to mannan and cytoplasmic antigens of three Candida species were determined in an unselected series of 289 non-pregnant women. Precipitins were present in 20% of sera of women with vaginal candidiasis, in 23% of women harbouring yeasts in the vagina without clinical signs of infection, and in 21% of women harbouring yeasts in sites other than the vagina. Of the 47 patients who reacted with Candida albicans mannan or cytoplasmic antigens, 98% reacted with mannan antigen but only 13% with cytoplasmic antigen. The inclusion of mannan and cytoplasmic antigens of C. guilliermondii and C. parapsilosis did not increase the specificity or sensitivity of the test in the diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis. It is suggested that the double diffusion test is of doubtful value as an adjunct to the diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis.", "contents": "Observations on the use of the double diffusion test in the diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis. Precipitins to mannan and cytoplasmic antigens of three Candida species were determined in an unselected series of 289 non-pregnant women. Precipitins were present in 20% of sera of women with vaginal candidiasis, in 23% of women harbouring yeasts in the vagina without clinical signs of infection, and in 21% of women harbouring yeasts in sites other than the vagina. Of the 47 patients who reacted with Candida albicans mannan or cytoplasmic antigens, 98% reacted with mannan antigen but only 13% with cytoplasmic antigen. The inclusion of mannan and cytoplasmic antigens of C. guilliermondii and C. parapsilosis did not increase the specificity or sensitivity of the test in the diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis. It is suggested that the double diffusion test is of doubtful value as an adjunct to the diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis.", "PMID": 403203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1863", "title": "Efferent connections of cortical, area 8 (frontal eye field) in Macaca fascicularis. A reinvestigation using the autoradiographic technique.", "content": "The efferent projections from the cortical area 8 (frontal eye field) have been re-examined in four adult monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) by injecting small amounts of H3-proline into the rostral bank of sulcus arcuatus and using the autoradiographic tracing technique. Ipsilateral cortical projections could be traced into specific areas of the depths of sulcus principalis, sulcus temporalis superior and sulcus intraparietalis. Label was found contralaterally in area 8. Subcortical connections were observed ipsilaterally to n. caudatus, putamen, claustrum, n. ventralis anterior pars magnocellularis, n. medialis dorsalis pars multiformis and pars densocellularis, n. centralis lateralis and paracentralis, n. parafascicularis, n. pulvinar oralis, zone incerta, n. subthalamicus, pretectal area, colliculus superior and griseum pontis as well as the ipsi- and contralateral n. reticularis tegmenti pontis. Negative results were obtained with respect to the oculomotor nuclei, n. interstitials and Darkschewitsch as well as to the paramedian pontine reticular formation.", "contents": "Efferent connections of cortical, area 8 (frontal eye field) in Macaca fascicularis. A reinvestigation using the autoradiographic technique. The efferent projections from the cortical area 8 (frontal eye field) have been re-examined in four adult monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) by injecting small amounts of H3-proline into the rostral bank of sulcus arcuatus and using the autoradiographic tracing technique. Ipsilateral cortical projections could be traced into specific areas of the depths of sulcus principalis, sulcus temporalis superior and sulcus intraparietalis. Label was found contralaterally in area 8. Subcortical connections were observed ipsilaterally to n. caudatus, putamen, claustrum, n. ventralis anterior pars magnocellularis, n. medialis dorsalis pars multiformis and pars densocellularis, n. centralis lateralis and paracentralis, n. parafascicularis, n. pulvinar oralis, zone incerta, n. subthalamicus, pretectal area, colliculus superior and griseum pontis as well as the ipsi- and contralateral n. reticularis tegmenti pontis. Negative results were obtained with respect to the oculomotor nuclei, n. interstitials and Darkschewitsch as well as to the paramedian pontine reticular formation.", "PMID": 403205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1864", "title": "Cells of origin and terminal distribution of corticostriatal fibers arising in the sensory-motor cortex of monkeys.", "content": "The cells of origin of the corticostriatal projection have been identified in squirrel monkeys by the use of the retrograde horseradish peroxidase method. In the subfields of the somatic sensory, motor, parietal and frontal areas of the cortex, cells projecting to the ipsilateral striatum are relatively sparsely distributed and form a group of small- to medium-sized pyramidal cells with an average somal diameter from area to area of 14-16 mum. Such cells are found only in layer V of the cortex (mainly in the more superficial parts of the layer). Since they are consistently smaller than the pyramidal cells of layer V that project to the brainstem and spinal cord and since they lie outside layer VI which gives rise to corticothalamic axons, the corticostriatal axons are unlikely to be collaterals of axons projecting to other sites. The cells of origin of the crossed corticostriatal projection are also found in layer V and are pyramidal cells with somal diameters in the same range as above. They are found only in areas 4, 8, and 6. Studies with the anterograde, autoradiographic method in rhesus, cynomologous and squirrel monkeys, indicate that the somatic sensory areas project to most of the antero-posterior extent of the ipsilateral putamen. Subareas 3a, 3b, 1 and 2 of the somatic sensory cortex project to the same region and the projection overlaps similarly extensive projections from the motor and certain other areas of the cortex. However, in each case the pattern of terminal labeling is in the form of interrupted clusters, strips and bands. A single small injection of the cortex is associated with only one or two such clusters of terminal labeling. This seems to imply that individual corticostriatal fibers end in a very restricted manner and that the terminal ramifications of fibers from one cortical area may alternate in the putamen with those arising in other areas.", "contents": "Cells of origin and terminal distribution of corticostriatal fibers arising in the sensory-motor cortex of monkeys. The cells of origin of the corticostriatal projection have been identified in squirrel monkeys by the use of the retrograde horseradish peroxidase method. In the subfields of the somatic sensory, motor, parietal and frontal areas of the cortex, cells projecting to the ipsilateral striatum are relatively sparsely distributed and form a group of small- to medium-sized pyramidal cells with an average somal diameter from area to area of 14-16 mum. Such cells are found only in layer V of the cortex (mainly in the more superficial parts of the layer). Since they are consistently smaller than the pyramidal cells of layer V that project to the brainstem and spinal cord and since they lie outside layer VI which gives rise to corticothalamic axons, the corticostriatal axons are unlikely to be collaterals of axons projecting to other sites. The cells of origin of the crossed corticostriatal projection are also found in layer V and are pyramidal cells with somal diameters in the same range as above. They are found only in areas 4, 8, and 6. Studies with the anterograde, autoradiographic method in rhesus, cynomologous and squirrel monkeys, indicate that the somatic sensory areas project to most of the antero-posterior extent of the ipsilateral putamen. Subareas 3a, 3b, 1 and 2 of the somatic sensory cortex project to the same region and the projection overlaps similarly extensive projections from the motor and certain other areas of the cortex. However, in each case the pattern of terminal labeling is in the form of interrupted clusters, strips and bands. A single small injection of the cortex is associated with only one or two such clusters of terminal labeling. This seems to imply that individual corticostriatal fibers end in a very restricted manner and that the terminal ramifications of fibers from one cortical area may alternate in the putamen with those arising in other areas.", "PMID": 403206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1865", "title": "Effect of cobalt-60 radiation on the pulp of restored teeth.", "content": "The effect of cobalt-60 teletherapy on the pulps of restored teeth of monkeys was studied. Gold crowns and amalgam and composite resin restorations were placed in 28 teeth of two Macaca speciosa monkeys. One monkey then received cobalt-60 radiation to both maxillary and mandibular teeth and bones, with a total dose of 7,600 rads. Decalcified semiserial paraffin sections, 7 mum thick, of the teeth and supporting tissues were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopically, there was no discernible difference between the irradiated and the non-irradiated pulps.", "contents": "Effect of cobalt-60 radiation on the pulp of restored teeth. The effect of cobalt-60 teletherapy on the pulps of restored teeth of monkeys was studied. Gold crowns and amalgam and composite resin restorations were placed in 28 teeth of two Macaca speciosa monkeys. One monkey then received cobalt-60 radiation to both maxillary and mandibular teeth and bones, with a total dose of 7,600 rads. Decalcified semiserial paraffin sections, 7 mum thick, of the teeth and supporting tissues were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopically, there was no discernible difference between the irradiated and the non-irradiated pulps.", "PMID": 403207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1866", "title": "Stool viruses in babies in Glasgow. I. Hospital admissions with diarrhoea.", "content": "Stools from 183 babies under 2 years of age admitted to Ruchill Hospital with diarrhoea were examined by electron microscopy, virus culture, bacterial culture and light microscopy. As far as possible, several stools were examined from each patient and the results showed rotaviruses, astroviruses and other viruses in association with symptoms, as well as the expected bacterial pathogens. Examination of several stools from the same patient also showed that in this age group the viral flora of the gut changes rapidly and that the viruses seen by electron microscopy were only rarely grown in cell culture and vice versa. This phenomenon was particularly noted with adenoviruses. In 30% of cases no microbial pathogen was identified and in the remainder the presence of the infecting organism did not always coincide with the symptoms. It is concluded that, with viruses at least, presence of the organism does not constitute proof of causation.", "contents": "Stool viruses in babies in Glasgow. I. Hospital admissions with diarrhoea. Stools from 183 babies under 2 years of age admitted to Ruchill Hospital with diarrhoea were examined by electron microscopy, virus culture, bacterial culture and light microscopy. As far as possible, several stools were examined from each patient and the results showed rotaviruses, astroviruses and other viruses in association with symptoms, as well as the expected bacterial pathogens. Examination of several stools from the same patient also showed that in this age group the viral flora of the gut changes rapidly and that the viruses seen by electron microscopy were only rarely grown in cell culture and vice versa. This phenomenon was particularly noted with adenoviruses. In 30% of cases no microbial pathogen was identified and in the remainder the presence of the infecting organism did not always coincide with the symptoms. It is concluded that, with viruses at least, presence of the organism does not constitute proof of causation.", "PMID": 403233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1867", "title": "Complete humoral immunosuppression of mice by rabbit anti-mu antibodies passing the murine placenta.", "content": "Female BALB/c mice were immunosuppressed with a series of neonatally initiated rabbit anti-mu serum injections, which eliminated serum IgM and greatly delayed production of antibodies against normal rabbit serum (anti-NRS). Females thus prepared maintained circulating anti-mu levels for several months. Study of the progeny from pregnancies completed during this maintenance period revealed that rabbit anti-mu antibodies readily cross the murine placenta but are not passed in murine colostrum at levels detectable by the technique used. Anti-NRS antibodies actively produced in NRS-injected control females do cross the placenta, but do so only irregularly and poorly; these antibodies may, however, be detected consistently at relatively low levels in colostrum. Suppression of humoral immunoglobulin synthesis in most mice prenatally exposed to anti-mu antibodies by transplacental passage appeared complete, even including loss of the remnant IgG levels which are consistently seen in mice first exposed to anti-mu at birth. The appearance of serum IgG and anti-NRS antibodies along with the complete absence of serum IgM in mice recovering from suppression suggests that active IgM synthesis and secretion may not be a prerequisite for the IgM to IgG \"switch\". Immune recovery occurred even in completely immunosuppressed mice after anti-mu injections were discontinued; the mechanism of recovery is not certain.", "contents": "Complete humoral immunosuppression of mice by rabbit anti-mu antibodies passing the murine placenta. Female BALB/c mice were immunosuppressed with a series of neonatally initiated rabbit anti-mu serum injections, which eliminated serum IgM and greatly delayed production of antibodies against normal rabbit serum (anti-NRS). Females thus prepared maintained circulating anti-mu levels for several months. Study of the progeny from pregnancies completed during this maintenance period revealed that rabbit anti-mu antibodies readily cross the murine placenta but are not passed in murine colostrum at levels detectable by the technique used. Anti-NRS antibodies actively produced in NRS-injected control females do cross the placenta, but do so only irregularly and poorly; these antibodies may, however, be detected consistently at relatively low levels in colostrum. Suppression of humoral immunoglobulin synthesis in most mice prenatally exposed to anti-mu antibodies by transplacental passage appeared complete, even including loss of the remnant IgG levels which are consistently seen in mice first exposed to anti-mu at birth. The appearance of serum IgG and anti-NRS antibodies along with the complete absence of serum IgM in mice recovering from suppression suggests that active IgM synthesis and secretion may not be a prerequisite for the IgM to IgG \"switch\". Immune recovery occurred even in completely immunosuppressed mice after anti-mu injections were discontinued; the mechanism of recovery is not certain.", "PMID": 403234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1868", "title": "Mitogen activation of human chronic lymphatic leukemia cells. I. Synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin.", "content": "The response of CLL (chronic lymphatic leukemia) lymphocytes to PHA, PWM, and Con A with respect to changes in surface markers and synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin were examined. After PHA stimulation the percentage of cells bearing readily detectable surface immunoglobulin (SmIg) diminished rapidly whereas cells forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E-rosettes) increased from less than 1% to 30 to 50%. The great majority of blast-transformed cells were E-rosette-positive cells with a small population of SmIg-positive blast cells also observed. Ig production in four of seven CLL lymphocyte populations was increased 2.5 to greater than 40-fold after 4 to 6 days of culture in the presence of PHA. In contrast, pokeweed mitogen did not affect Ig synthesis. Furthermore, the Ig secreted into the culture supernatant fluids from seven of eight CLL cases examined consisted almost entirely of free light chain molecules. In contrast, the cell lysates contained a significant proportion of intact Ig molecules. These results indicate that CLL cells can, under certain circumstances, be stimulated to synthesize and secrete increased amounts of Ig, but that there is a basic defect in the biosynthetic mechanism of these cells which result in the secretion of free light chains rather than intact immunoglobulin molecules.", "contents": "Mitogen activation of human chronic lymphatic leukemia cells. I. Synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin. The response of CLL (chronic lymphatic leukemia) lymphocytes to PHA, PWM, and Con A with respect to changes in surface markers and synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin were examined. After PHA stimulation the percentage of cells bearing readily detectable surface immunoglobulin (SmIg) diminished rapidly whereas cells forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E-rosettes) increased from less than 1% to 30 to 50%. The great majority of blast-transformed cells were E-rosette-positive cells with a small population of SmIg-positive blast cells also observed. Ig production in four of seven CLL lymphocyte populations was increased 2.5 to greater than 40-fold after 4 to 6 days of culture in the presence of PHA. In contrast, pokeweed mitogen did not affect Ig synthesis. Furthermore, the Ig secreted into the culture supernatant fluids from seven of eight CLL cases examined consisted almost entirely of free light chain molecules. In contrast, the cell lysates contained a significant proportion of intact Ig molecules. These results indicate that CLL cells can, under certain circumstances, be stimulated to synthesize and secrete increased amounts of Ig, but that there is a basic defect in the biosynthetic mechanism of these cells which result in the secretion of free light chains rather than intact immunoglobulin molecules.", "PMID": 403235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1869", "title": "Murine and rat IgE: relationships in terms of binding to cell receptors and to antibodies against rat epsilon chain.", "content": "The similarity between murine and rat IgE was examined in terms of their fixation to target cells and interaction with monospecific antibodies to rat epsilon-chain (anti-epsilon). Purified rat monoclonal IgE (IgEr) was found to block the fixation of murine reagin (IgEm) to mouse and rat skin and to rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells. The capacities of mouse reaginic serum (MRS), rat reaginic serum, and IgEr to inhibit the binding of radiolabeled 125I-IgEr to RBL cells were shown to be similar. These results suggest that the binding of IgE of either species occurs on the same or on adjacent receptor sites of mast cells and RBL cells. The antigenic cross-reactivity between IgEm and IgEr was established by depletion of the reaginic activity from MRS by treatment of MRS with anti-epsilon. The reaginic activity of MRS could be recovered by the addition of IgEr to anti-epsilon:IgEm complexes. From these findings it may be inferred that i) IgEm and IgEr share some antigenic determinants and ii) the regions of the immunoglobulins responsible for fixation to receptors on mast cells and RBL cells are identical or similar.", "contents": "Murine and rat IgE: relationships in terms of binding to cell receptors and to antibodies against rat epsilon chain. The similarity between murine and rat IgE was examined in terms of their fixation to target cells and interaction with monospecific antibodies to rat epsilon-chain (anti-epsilon). Purified rat monoclonal IgE (IgEr) was found to block the fixation of murine reagin (IgEm) to mouse and rat skin and to rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells. The capacities of mouse reaginic serum (MRS), rat reaginic serum, and IgEr to inhibit the binding of radiolabeled 125I-IgEr to RBL cells were shown to be similar. These results suggest that the binding of IgE of either species occurs on the same or on adjacent receptor sites of mast cells and RBL cells. The antigenic cross-reactivity between IgEm and IgEr was established by depletion of the reaginic activity from MRS by treatment of MRS with anti-epsilon. The reaginic activity of MRS could be recovered by the addition of IgEr to anti-epsilon:IgEm complexes. From these findings it may be inferred that i) IgEm and IgEr share some antigenic determinants and ii) the regions of the immunoglobulins responsible for fixation to receptors on mast cells and RBL cells are identical or similar.", "PMID": 403236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1870", "title": "B lymphocyte colony-forming cells in the SJL/J mouse.", "content": "Mercatoethanol-induced B lymphocyte cloning in semi-solid agar has been used to study lymphocyte colony formation by cells from the SJL/J mouse thymus. From the 3rd month of life, the SJL/J mouse thymus. From the 3rd month of life, the SJL thymus develops an increasing frequency of cells forming B lymphocyte colonies in agar. The peak frequency in 6- to 12-month-old mice was one colony per 1000 to 2000 cultured thymus cells. In contrast, 10 to 100 times lower frequencies were found in the thymus of five other inbred mouse strains. The rise in B lymphocyte colony-forming cells correlated well with the age-related rise in Ig-positive cells and approximately 50% of the colony cells reacted with anti-micron-serum indicating the B lymphocyte nature of the colony cells. Colony-forming cells from the thymus showed higher sensitivity than colony-forming spleen cells to cortisol and irradiation. Cell transfer experiments and thymus grafting suggested that the increased frequency of colony-forming cells in the thymus is caused by development of special thymus-seeking B lymphocytes in ageing SJL/J mice. Finally, B lymphocyte colony-forming cells were found to be more frequent in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes from healthy aged mice than in lymphoid organs from mice with spontaneous reticulum cell tumors.", "contents": "B lymphocyte colony-forming cells in the SJL/J mouse. Mercatoethanol-induced B lymphocyte cloning in semi-solid agar has been used to study lymphocyte colony formation by cells from the SJL/J mouse thymus. From the 3rd month of life, the SJL/J mouse thymus. From the 3rd month of life, the SJL thymus develops an increasing frequency of cells forming B lymphocyte colonies in agar. The peak frequency in 6- to 12-month-old mice was one colony per 1000 to 2000 cultured thymus cells. In contrast, 10 to 100 times lower frequencies were found in the thymus of five other inbred mouse strains. The rise in B lymphocyte colony-forming cells correlated well with the age-related rise in Ig-positive cells and approximately 50% of the colony cells reacted with anti-micron-serum indicating the B lymphocyte nature of the colony cells. Colony-forming cells from the thymus showed higher sensitivity than colony-forming spleen cells to cortisol and irradiation. Cell transfer experiments and thymus grafting suggested that the increased frequency of colony-forming cells in the thymus is caused by development of special thymus-seeking B lymphocytes in ageing SJL/J mice. Finally, B lymphocyte colony-forming cells were found to be more frequent in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes from healthy aged mice than in lymphoid organs from mice with spontaneous reticulum cell tumors.", "PMID": 403237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1871", "title": "Human autologous and allogeneic rosettes.", "content": "Human red blood cells can bind to human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The percentage of these rosette-forming cells (TEh) depends on various conditions including temperature and the use of selected foetal calf serum. It is improved by toluidine blue. Prior incubation at 37 degrees C is not necessary. ABO and rhesus antigen D have no influence on rosette formation. Analysis of human rosettes in T and B cell rich populations, in patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia or T cell lymphoma provides further evidence that human autologous and allogeneic rosette-forming cells belong to a T cell subpopulation.", "contents": "Human autologous and allogeneic rosettes. Human red blood cells can bind to human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The percentage of these rosette-forming cells (TEh) depends on various conditions including temperature and the use of selected foetal calf serum. It is improved by toluidine blue. Prior incubation at 37 degrees C is not necessary. ABO and rhesus antigen D have no influence on rosette formation. Analysis of human rosettes in T and B cell rich populations, in patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia or T cell lymphoma provides further evidence that human autologous and allogeneic rosette-forming cells belong to a T cell subpopulation.", "PMID": 403238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1872", "title": "Immunodiffusion and agglutination tests for Candida in patients with neoplastic disease: inconsistent correlation of results with invasive infections.", "content": "A serological study of candidiasis was conducted with use of (1) sera sent to the laboratory by clinicians who suspected infections due to various organisms including Candida species, and (2) sera available in our serum bank from patients with candidiasis proven at autopsy and from those with documented candidemia. With this population of patients, we were able to evaluate both potential false-negative and false-positive results. Microimmunodiffusion and slide agglutination tests were used. In many cases, serial specimens were available for measurement of rises or falls in titers of agglutinating antibody. Sera from less than one-half of the patients with disseminated or invasive gastrointestinal candidiasis exhibited positive immunodiffusion reactions, titers of agglutinating antibody of greater than 1:16, or fourfold rises in titer of agglutinins. Sera from several patients with pharyngitis due to Candida and from several who were only colonized with Candida or for whom clinical or cultural evidence of candidiasis was lacking showed positive immunodiffusion reactions or agglutinin titers of greater than 1:16, and some showed fourfold rises in titer. Conversions from negative to positive immunodiffusion reactions were not consistently correlated with invasive candida infection. Using the methods described, we have not found immunodiffusion tests and titers of agglutinating antibody to be reliable indicators of invasive candida infection, since false-positive as well as false-negative reactions occur. Greater specificity for invasiveness as well as greater sensitivity in immunosuppressed patients are necessary before these tests can become important adjuncts to the evaluation of patients with suspected invasive candidiasis.", "contents": "Immunodiffusion and agglutination tests for Candida in patients with neoplastic disease: inconsistent correlation of results with invasive infections. A serological study of candidiasis was conducted with use of (1) sera sent to the laboratory by clinicians who suspected infections due to various organisms including Candida species, and (2) sera available in our serum bank from patients with candidiasis proven at autopsy and from those with documented candidemia. With this population of patients, we were able to evaluate both potential false-negative and false-positive results. Microimmunodiffusion and slide agglutination tests were used. In many cases, serial specimens were available for measurement of rises or falls in titers of agglutinating antibody. Sera from less than one-half of the patients with disseminated or invasive gastrointestinal candidiasis exhibited positive immunodiffusion reactions, titers of agglutinating antibody of greater than 1:16, or fourfold rises in titer of agglutinins. Sera from several patients with pharyngitis due to Candida and from several who were only colonized with Candida or for whom clinical or cultural evidence of candidiasis was lacking showed positive immunodiffusion reactions or agglutinin titers of greater than 1:16, and some showed fourfold rises in titer. Conversions from negative to positive immunodiffusion reactions were not consistently correlated with invasive candida infection. Using the methods described, we have not found immunodiffusion tests and titers of agglutinating antibody to be reliable indicators of invasive candida infection, since false-positive as well as false-negative reactions occur. Greater specificity for invasiveness as well as greater sensitivity in immunosuppressed patients are necessary before these tests can become important adjuncts to the evaluation of patients with suspected invasive candidiasis.", "PMID": 403241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1873", "title": "Experimental pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in leukopenic dogs: prolongation of survival by combined treatment with passive antibody to Pseudomonas and granulocyte transfusions.", "content": "Treatment with type-specific IgG antibody to Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly increased rates of survival after experimental induction of pseudomonas pneumonia in leukopenic dogs. Longer survival times were correlated with higher titers of circulating antibody in serum; however, no animals treated with antibody alone were long-term survivors. Subsequent development of sepsis or the recovery of Pseudomonas from infected lung tissue was not altered by treatment with antibody. Therapy with granulocyte transfusions plus gentamicin was associated with a 27% rate of long-term survival. Passive immunization with IgG (reciprocal mean hemagglutination titer, 52) in addition to granulocyte transfusions and treatment with gentamicin resulted in a rate of long-term survival of 67% (P less than 0.05). Dogs that died while receiving this combination therapy still had a survival time significantly longer than those of controls or animals treated only with granulocytes and antibiotic.", "contents": "Experimental pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in leukopenic dogs: prolongation of survival by combined treatment with passive antibody to Pseudomonas and granulocyte transfusions. Treatment with type-specific IgG antibody to Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly increased rates of survival after experimental induction of pseudomonas pneumonia in leukopenic dogs. Longer survival times were correlated with higher titers of circulating antibody in serum; however, no animals treated with antibody alone were long-term survivors. Subsequent development of sepsis or the recovery of Pseudomonas from infected lung tissue was not altered by treatment with antibody. Therapy with granulocyte transfusions plus gentamicin was associated with a 27% rate of long-term survival. Passive immunization with IgG (reciprocal mean hemagglutination titer, 52) in addition to granulocyte transfusions and treatment with gentamicin resulted in a rate of long-term survival of 67% (P less than 0.05). Dogs that died while receiving this combination therapy still had a survival time significantly longer than those of controls or animals treated only with granulocytes and antibiotic.", "PMID": 403242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1874", "title": "Treatment of mixed bacterial infections with clindamycin and gentamicin.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with severe mixed bacterial infections were treated with clindamycin and gentamicin. In vitro, all staphylococci and streptococci (other than enterococci) and 96% of anaerobes were susceptible to clindamycin; all staphylococci and 92% of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were susceptible to gentamicin. Enterococci were usually resistant to both antibiotics. Significant synergy was only occasionally observed with this combination of antibiotics; there were no instances of antagonism. Among the patients treated with both drugs, there were four patients with pneumonia and empyema, 15 with infections of the skin, soft tissue, and/or bone, and 19 with intraabdominal infection. Nine patients had bacteremia, and 29 had failed to respond or had developed infections during previous antibiotic therapy. The results of treatment with clindamycin and gentamicin were considered to be excellent: 30 patients were cured, four improved, and four failed to respond. Concentrations of clindamycin in serum greatly surpassed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clindamycin-susceptible pathogens; these organisms were eradicated from foci of infection. Concentrations of gentamicin in serum did not consistently surpass MICs for gentamicin-susceptible pathogens; these organisms and enterococci often persisted in foci of infection. In patients with complicated infections that required prolonged courses of treatment, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and enterococci occasionally emerged as predominant pathogens. Adverse reactions frequently occurred but were mild and reversible; treatment was discontinued in only two patients who developed rashes.", "contents": "Treatment of mixed bacterial infections with clindamycin and gentamicin. Thirty-eight patients with severe mixed bacterial infections were treated with clindamycin and gentamicin. In vitro, all staphylococci and streptococci (other than enterococci) and 96% of anaerobes were susceptible to clindamycin; all staphylococci and 92% of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were susceptible to gentamicin. Enterococci were usually resistant to both antibiotics. Significant synergy was only occasionally observed with this combination of antibiotics; there were no instances of antagonism. Among the patients treated with both drugs, there were four patients with pneumonia and empyema, 15 with infections of the skin, soft tissue, and/or bone, and 19 with intraabdominal infection. Nine patients had bacteremia, and 29 had failed to respond or had developed infections during previous antibiotic therapy. The results of treatment with clindamycin and gentamicin were considered to be excellent: 30 patients were cured, four improved, and four failed to respond. Concentrations of clindamycin in serum greatly surpassed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clindamycin-susceptible pathogens; these organisms were eradicated from foci of infection. Concentrations of gentamicin in serum did not consistently surpass MICs for gentamicin-susceptible pathogens; these organisms and enterococci often persisted in foci of infection. In patients with complicated infections that required prolonged courses of treatment, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and enterococci occasionally emerged as predominant pathogens. Adverse reactions frequently occurred but were mild and reversible; treatment was discontinued in only two patients who developed rashes.", "PMID": 403243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1875", "title": "L-Dopa peroxidase activity of human erythrocyte catalase.", "content": "The human red cell hemolysate was found to have 3-(3',4'-dihydroxphenyl)-L-alanine (L-dopa) peroxidase activity. During the purification of glutathione peroxidase and catalase by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography. Sephadex gel filtration, and preparative polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, the L-dopa peroxidase activity was found to be associated with catalase. Both sodium azide, 8 mM, and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, 50 mM, besides inhibiting catalase, inhibited the L-dopa peroxidase activity in each fraction. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), 4 mM, had no effect on catalase or L-dopa peroxidase activity, indicating that the oxidation of L-dopa is not a nonenzymatic process mediated by metal ions. Although the electrophoretic mobility of catalase, L-dopa peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase are similar, a homogeneous preparation of glutathione peroxidase was free of L-dopa peroxidase activity. L-Dopa peroxidase in human red cells was co-purified with catalase.", "contents": "L-Dopa peroxidase activity of human erythrocyte catalase. The human red cell hemolysate was found to have 3-(3',4'-dihydroxphenyl)-L-alanine (L-dopa) peroxidase activity. During the purification of glutathione peroxidase and catalase by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography. Sephadex gel filtration, and preparative polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, the L-dopa peroxidase activity was found to be associated with catalase. Both sodium azide, 8 mM, and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, 50 mM, besides inhibiting catalase, inhibited the L-dopa peroxidase activity in each fraction. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), 4 mM, had no effect on catalase or L-dopa peroxidase activity, indicating that the oxidation of L-dopa is not a nonenzymatic process mediated by metal ions. Although the electrophoretic mobility of catalase, L-dopa peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase are similar, a homogeneous preparation of glutathione peroxidase was free of L-dopa peroxidase activity. L-Dopa peroxidase in human red cells was co-purified with catalase.", "PMID": 403244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1876", "title": "A rapid radiometric method for determining the sensitivity of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to several chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "Current methods of performing antibiotic susceptibility tests on M. tuberculosis require 4 to 6 weeks for completion and in some cases have a poor correlation with clinical results. We have developed a rapid radiometric method of sensitivity testing which utilizes the incorporation of 3H-uracil into ribonucleic acid (RNA) as a measure of mycobacterial growth. The radiometric method is sensitive and reproducible and the results are completed in 48 hours. An excellent correlation was found between the radiometric method of sensitivity testing and the traditional agar plate technique when the two were compared with respect to isoniazid, streptomycin, and rifampicin sensitivities. There was no correlation between the two methods when ethambutol was tested. These results have confirmed our previous experiments on the usefulness of the radiometric method for the rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of mycobacteria.", "contents": "A rapid radiometric method for determining the sensitivity of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to several chemotherapeutic agents. Current methods of performing antibiotic susceptibility tests on M. tuberculosis require 4 to 6 weeks for completion and in some cases have a poor correlation with clinical results. We have developed a rapid radiometric method of sensitivity testing which utilizes the incorporation of 3H-uracil into ribonucleic acid (RNA) as a measure of mycobacterial growth. The radiometric method is sensitive and reproducible and the results are completed in 48 hours. An excellent correlation was found between the radiometric method of sensitivity testing and the traditional agar plate technique when the two were compared with respect to isoniazid, streptomycin, and rifampicin sensitivities. There was no correlation between the two methods when ethambutol was tested. These results have confirmed our previous experiments on the usefulness of the radiometric method for the rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of mycobacteria.", "PMID": 403245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1877", "title": "Pulp changes after anterior mandibular subapical osteotomy in a primate model.", "content": "Subapical osteotomy of the anterior mandible was carried out on 10 adult Macaca Irus monkeys with and without open bite. Teeth were extracted at 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks and 1 year after surgery and the pulps examined histologically. No normal pulps were found. Progressive fibrosis and calcification was noted in all teeth. Patent pulp blood vessels were found up to 24 weeks after surgery. Pulp damage to teeth distal to the osteotomy site was found in 50% of cases. Control teeth extracted from the opposing jaw at the same intervals were all found to have normal pulps.", "contents": "Pulp changes after anterior mandibular subapical osteotomy in a primate model. Subapical osteotomy of the anterior mandible was carried out on 10 adult Macaca Irus monkeys with and without open bite. Teeth were extracted at 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks and 1 year after surgery and the pulps examined histologically. No normal pulps were found. Progressive fibrosis and calcification was noted in all teeth. Patent pulp blood vessels were found up to 24 weeks after surgery. Pulp damage to teeth distal to the osteotomy site was found in 50% of cases. Control teeth extracted from the opposing jaw at the same intervals were all found to have normal pulps.", "PMID": 403247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1878", "title": "[Artefacts of lipid electrophoresis: edge zoning effects in agarose gel (author's transl)].", "content": "The evaluation of lipid electropherograms obtained by electrophoresis in agarose gel is sometimes difficult owing to methodological errors, e. g. the artificial mal-formation of individual lipoprotein bands. It was shown that this \"edge zoning effect\", e. g. resulting from broadened bands with irregular boundries, can be abolished by the addition of EDTA (0,36 g/l buffer) to the gel.", "contents": "[Artefacts of lipid electrophoresis: edge zoning effects in agarose gel (author's transl)]. The evaluation of lipid electropherograms obtained by electrophoresis in agarose gel is sometimes difficult owing to methodological errors, e. g. the artificial mal-formation of individual lipoprotein bands. It was shown that this \"edge zoning effect\", e. g. resulting from broadened bands with irregular boundries, can be abolished by the addition of EDTA (0,36 g/l buffer) to the gel.", "PMID": 403248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1879", "title": "Spinal cord potentials evoked by cutaneous afferents in the monkey.", "content": "1. Negative intermediary cord potentials and the equivalent field potentials were recorded from the surface or within the monkey lumbosacral spinal cord in response to stimulation of myelinated afferent fibers in cutaneous or mixed nerves of the hindlimb. 2. Cord potentials resembling the N1 and N2 potentials described in the cat spinal cord were found but, in addition, activation of small myelinated fibers produced a later potential named here the N3-wave. By use of a subtraction technique, it is estimated that the N3-wave has a latency of 11.4 (+/- 3.5 SD) ms from the time of arrival of the volley in the largest affs at 9 (+/- 3) ms after its onset, and the wave lasts 23 (+/- 5.7) ms. 3. The N3-wave is not lost following spinal cord transection, but may instead be enhanced. It is thus due to neural circuitry intrinsic to the lumbosacral spinal cord. 4. The longitudinal distribution of the N3-wave is similar to that of the N1- and N2-waves. 5. The field potential associated with the N3-wave and recorded from within the spinal cord has two negative foci in some animals: near the dorsalmost part of the dorsal horn and in an area equivalent to Rexed's laminae IV-VI. The field potential reverses in sign in the ventral horn. 6. The N3-wave is evoked by Adelta fibers. This was shown by grading the stimulus strength, by measuring the conduction delay for producing the wave when stimuli are applied either proximally or distally on the sural nerve, and by showing that the N3-wave persists when the Aalphabeta fibers are anodally blocked. 7. There is often a late burst discharge in spinal neurons, including spinothalamic tract neurons, which can be attributed to Adelta fibers and which corresponds in time to the N3-wave. 8. It is proposed that the N3-wave can be used as a monitor of the central effects of Adelta fibers in the spinal cord.", "contents": "Spinal cord potentials evoked by cutaneous afferents in the monkey. 1. Negative intermediary cord potentials and the equivalent field potentials were recorded from the surface or within the monkey lumbosacral spinal cord in response to stimulation of myelinated afferent fibers in cutaneous or mixed nerves of the hindlimb. 2. Cord potentials resembling the N1 and N2 potentials described in the cat spinal cord were found but, in addition, activation of small myelinated fibers produced a later potential named here the N3-wave. By use of a subtraction technique, it is estimated that the N3-wave has a latency of 11.4 (+/- 3.5 SD) ms from the time of arrival of the volley in the largest affs at 9 (+/- 3) ms after its onset, and the wave lasts 23 (+/- 5.7) ms. 3. The N3-wave is not lost following spinal cord transection, but may instead be enhanced. It is thus due to neural circuitry intrinsic to the lumbosacral spinal cord. 4. The longitudinal distribution of the N3-wave is similar to that of the N1- and N2-waves. 5. The field potential associated with the N3-wave and recorded from within the spinal cord has two negative foci in some animals: near the dorsalmost part of the dorsal horn and in an area equivalent to Rexed's laminae IV-VI. The field potential reverses in sign in the ventral horn. 6. The N3-wave is evoked by Adelta fibers. This was shown by grading the stimulus strength, by measuring the conduction delay for producing the wave when stimuli are applied either proximally or distally on the sural nerve, and by showing that the N3-wave persists when the Aalphabeta fibers are anodally blocked. 7. There is often a late burst discharge in spinal neurons, including spinothalamic tract neurons, which can be attributed to Adelta fibers and which corresponds in time to the N3-wave. 8. It is proposed that the N3-wave can be used as a monitor of the central effects of Adelta fibers in the spinal cord.", "PMID": 403249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1880", "title": "Response characteristics of cutaneous cold receptors in the monkey.", "content": "1. The receptive fields of 48 specific cold units, located in the hairy and glaborous skin of fore- and hindlimbs of rhesus monkeys, were mapped and scale drawings made. Forty-five percent had single spotlike receptive fields of 1-2 mm diameter or were up to 2 mm wide and 3-5 mm long, and formed straight, crescent, or right-angle shapes. The remaining 55% had two to five discrete spots or small areas innervated by a single fiber. Area or number of receptive fields per unit did not vary significantly along the limb axis. 2. Of the 48 specific cold units, 15 were held sufficiently long to record their dynamic responses to intensity-rate series of temperature changes from several adapting temperatures (ATs) between 20 and 45 degrees C. Six cold units showed a paradoxical increase in the steady-state response at the 45 degrees C compared to that at the 40 degrees C AT. Of the 15 cold units, 7 discharged in bursts at the 35 degrees C or lower ATs. The proportion of short intervals (intraburst intervals) increased as the adapting temperature decreased. 3. Both the latency and the temperature change at the onset of the dynamic response to cooling remained relatively constant for ATs up to and including 35 degrees C. The response latencies were approximately 200-400 ms, while the temperature changes at response onset were -0.02 to -0.06 degrees C. Both increased sharply at the 40 degrees C and still more at the 45 degrees C ATs. 4. The rate of increase in the frequency of the dynamic response to cooling by the fast rate increased to maximum at the 30 degrees C AT and then decreased at the higher ATs. For the slow rate the highest rate of increase in frequency occurred at the 20 degrees C AT. The fast rate of cooling always induced a faster rate of increase in frequency than slow rate of cooling. 5. Four indices of response magnitude were used in the analysis of the dynamic responses. These were peak frequency, cumulative impulses in the first 4 s following stimulus onset, average frequency during stimulations plus 3 s, and the total impulses during stimulation. The first three indices gave similar representations of the dynamic responses to the rate and intensity of cooling and the effect of the AT. The slow rate of cooling invariably yielded a smaller index of response magnitude than the fast rate. The difference became more pronounced as the intensity of cooling increased. The stimulus intensity-response magnitude functions were nonlinear. This nonlinearity was more pronounced at the low than at the high ATs. As the AT was increased, the response indices approached linearity at the 35 and 40 degrees C ATs. The greatest sensitivity of cold units to cooling was from the 35 degrees C AT. The fourth index, total impulses during stimulation minus steady state, gave a different picture. This index of response magnitude was linearly related to stimulus intensity for both rates of cooling from all adapting temperatures except for the slow rate of cooling from the 45 degrees C AT...", "contents": "Response characteristics of cutaneous cold receptors in the monkey. 1. The receptive fields of 48 specific cold units, located in the hairy and glaborous skin of fore- and hindlimbs of rhesus monkeys, were mapped and scale drawings made. Forty-five percent had single spotlike receptive fields of 1-2 mm diameter or were up to 2 mm wide and 3-5 mm long, and formed straight, crescent, or right-angle shapes. The remaining 55% had two to five discrete spots or small areas innervated by a single fiber. Area or number of receptive fields per unit did not vary significantly along the limb axis. 2. Of the 48 specific cold units, 15 were held sufficiently long to record their dynamic responses to intensity-rate series of temperature changes from several adapting temperatures (ATs) between 20 and 45 degrees C. Six cold units showed a paradoxical increase in the steady-state response at the 45 degrees C compared to that at the 40 degrees C AT. Of the 15 cold units, 7 discharged in bursts at the 35 degrees C or lower ATs. The proportion of short intervals (intraburst intervals) increased as the adapting temperature decreased. 3. Both the latency and the temperature change at the onset of the dynamic response to cooling remained relatively constant for ATs up to and including 35 degrees C. The response latencies were approximately 200-400 ms, while the temperature changes at response onset were -0.02 to -0.06 degrees C. Both increased sharply at the 40 degrees C and still more at the 45 degrees C ATs. 4. The rate of increase in the frequency of the dynamic response to cooling by the fast rate increased to maximum at the 30 degrees C AT and then decreased at the higher ATs. For the slow rate the highest rate of increase in frequency occurred at the 20 degrees C AT. The fast rate of cooling always induced a faster rate of increase in frequency than slow rate of cooling. 5. Four indices of response magnitude were used in the analysis of the dynamic responses. These were peak frequency, cumulative impulses in the first 4 s following stimulus onset, average frequency during stimulations plus 3 s, and the total impulses during stimulation. The first three indices gave similar representations of the dynamic responses to the rate and intensity of cooling and the effect of the AT. The slow rate of cooling invariably yielded a smaller index of response magnitude than the fast rate. The difference became more pronounced as the intensity of cooling increased. The stimulus intensity-response magnitude functions were nonlinear. This nonlinearity was more pronounced at the low than at the high ATs. As the AT was increased, the response indices approached linearity at the 35 and 40 degrees C ATs. The greatest sensitivity of cold units to cooling was from the 35 degrees C AT. The fourth index, total impulses during stimulation minus steady state, gave a different picture. This index of response magnitude was linearly related to stimulus intensity for both rates of cooling from all adapting temperatures except for the slow rate of cooling from the 45 degrees C AT...", "PMID": 403250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1881", "title": "Parietal lobe mechanisms for directed visual attention.", "content": "1. Experiments were made on the cortex of the inferior parietal lobule in 10 hemispheres of six alert, behaving monkeys. The electrical signs of the impulse discharges of single cortical cells were recorded as the monkeys executed tasks requiring them to fixate stationary visual targets, track those which moved slowly, and to make saccadic movements to foveate those which suddenly jumped from one locus to another within the field of view. A total of 907 neurons of area 7 were identified in terms of their physiological properties, particularly the correlation of their activity with the oculomotor components of these behavioral acts of directed visual attention; 480 of these were located by cytoarchitectural layer. Most identifiable cells of area 7 are visuomotor neurons, in a special and conditional sense. Their discharge frequencies increase before and during those steady fixations and movements of the eyes which secure and maintain foveation of objects, but only if the visual targets engaged are linked by a strong motivational drive; in our experiments, one between thirst and the light whose dimming the animal has learned to detect for liquid reward. We have identified and studied three major classes of neurons in area 7. 2. The visual fixation neurons (57%) accelerate discharge synchronously with fixation of a visual object the animal desires. The incremented discharge continues until reward, but then declines abruptly even when there is no immediate shift of the line of gaze. Fixation neurons are relatively inactive during those casual fixations by which the animal insepcts the surrounding environment. Mist fixation neurons subtend gaze fields limited to one quadrant or half of the total gaze field. The sum of the gaze fields of the fixation neurons in one hemisphere is weighted moderately toward the contralateral side. Fixation cells also discharge during slow pursuit movements in any direction so long as the movement stays within the gaze field of the neuron under study. About 40% of fixation cells are suppressed before and during saccadic movements of the eyes to a new target within the gaze field of the fixation cell. Those suppressed are located preferentially in layer V of the cortex. Suppression is maximal for saccades directed contralaterally to the hemisphere under study. 3. Visual tracking neurons are active during oculomotor pursuit of slowly moving visual objects, not during steady fixations. They show a marked directional but no laterality relation, and are suppressed before and during a visually evoked saccade superimposed on the smooth pursuit movement. The rate of discharge is a flat function of tracking speed so that these cells do not appear to emit signals which specify the speed of smooth pursuit movements. 4. The saccade neurons are active before and during visually evoked saccadic movements of the eyes but not before spontaneous saccades, no matter whether made in light or near darkness. The discharge of saccade neurons leads the eye movement by as much as 150 ms (mean, 73 ms)...", "contents": "Parietal lobe mechanisms for directed visual attention. 1. Experiments were made on the cortex of the inferior parietal lobule in 10 hemispheres of six alert, behaving monkeys. The electrical signs of the impulse discharges of single cortical cells were recorded as the monkeys executed tasks requiring them to fixate stationary visual targets, track those which moved slowly, and to make saccadic movements to foveate those which suddenly jumped from one locus to another within the field of view. A total of 907 neurons of area 7 were identified in terms of their physiological properties, particularly the correlation of their activity with the oculomotor components of these behavioral acts of directed visual attention; 480 of these were located by cytoarchitectural layer. Most identifiable cells of area 7 are visuomotor neurons, in a special and conditional sense. Their discharge frequencies increase before and during those steady fixations and movements of the eyes which secure and maintain foveation of objects, but only if the visual targets engaged are linked by a strong motivational drive; in our experiments, one between thirst and the light whose dimming the animal has learned to detect for liquid reward. We have identified and studied three major classes of neurons in area 7. 2. The visual fixation neurons (57%) accelerate discharge synchronously with fixation of a visual object the animal desires. The incremented discharge continues until reward, but then declines abruptly even when there is no immediate shift of the line of gaze. Fixation neurons are relatively inactive during those casual fixations by which the animal insepcts the surrounding environment. Mist fixation neurons subtend gaze fields limited to one quadrant or half of the total gaze field. The sum of the gaze fields of the fixation neurons in one hemisphere is weighted moderately toward the contralateral side. Fixation cells also discharge during slow pursuit movements in any direction so long as the movement stays within the gaze field of the neuron under study. About 40% of fixation cells are suppressed before and during saccadic movements of the eyes to a new target within the gaze field of the fixation cell. Those suppressed are located preferentially in layer V of the cortex. Suppression is maximal for saccades directed contralaterally to the hemisphere under study. 3. Visual tracking neurons are active during oculomotor pursuit of slowly moving visual objects, not during steady fixations. They show a marked directional but no laterality relation, and are suppressed before and during a visually evoked saccade superimposed on the smooth pursuit movement. The rate of discharge is a flat function of tracking speed so that these cells do not appear to emit signals which specify the speed of smooth pursuit movements. 4. The saccade neurons are active before and during visually evoked saccadic movements of the eyes but not before spontaneous saccades, no matter whether made in light or near darkness. The discharge of saccade neurons leads the eye movement by as much as 150 ms (mean, 73 ms)...", "PMID": 403251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1882", "title": "Properties and tectal projections of monkey retinal ganglion cells.", "content": "1. Extracellular single-unit recordings were undertaken in the retina of the rhesus monkey in order to assess the receptive-field properties of those ganglion cells which project to the superior colliculus. Cells were tested for antidromic activation from the superior colliculus, lateral geniculate nucleus, and the optic chiasm. 2. The majority of retinal ganglion cells could be classified as color opponent or broad band. A small, heterogeneous group could not be so classified and were collectively referred to as \"rarely encountered\" cells. 3. Color-opponent cells responded in a sustained fashion and broad-band cells in a transient fashion to visual stimuli. Quantitative assessment of response transiency shows that this measure reliably differentiates these two classes. 4. To moving sinusoidal gratings broad-band cells responded more vigorously and with greater temporal modulation than did color-opponent cells. 5. The distributions of conduction velocities of different classes of neurons showed considerable overlap. On the average, axons of broadband neurons conducted most rapidly and rarely encountered types, most slowly. 6. The population of cells projecting to the superior colliculus does not contain color-opponent cells. The retinotectal cells respond predominantly in a transient fashion. Only 3.9% of broad-band cells (26 of 663) were antidromically driven from the superior colliculus, while 29% of the rarely encountered group (5 of 17) could be so activated. 7. The relative distribution of color-opponent and broad-band cells does not appear to change with retinal eccentricity within the central 20 degrees.", "contents": "Properties and tectal projections of monkey retinal ganglion cells. 1. Extracellular single-unit recordings were undertaken in the retina of the rhesus monkey in order to assess the receptive-field properties of those ganglion cells which project to the superior colliculus. Cells were tested for antidromic activation from the superior colliculus, lateral geniculate nucleus, and the optic chiasm. 2. The majority of retinal ganglion cells could be classified as color opponent or broad band. A small, heterogeneous group could not be so classified and were collectively referred to as \"rarely encountered\" cells. 3. Color-opponent cells responded in a sustained fashion and broad-band cells in a transient fashion to visual stimuli. Quantitative assessment of response transiency shows that this measure reliably differentiates these two classes. 4. To moving sinusoidal gratings broad-band cells responded more vigorously and with greater temporal modulation than did color-opponent cells. 5. The distributions of conduction velocities of different classes of neurons showed considerable overlap. On the average, axons of broadband neurons conducted most rapidly and rarely encountered types, most slowly. 6. The population of cells projecting to the superior colliculus does not contain color-opponent cells. The retinotectal cells respond predominantly in a transient fashion. Only 3.9% of broad-band cells (26 of 663) were antidromically driven from the superior colliculus, while 29% of the rarely encountered group (5 of 17) could be so activated. 7. The relative distribution of color-opponent and broad-band cells does not appear to change with retinal eccentricity within the central 20 degrees.", "PMID": 403252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1883", "title": "Release of antidiuretic hormone during mass-induced elevation of intracranial pressure.", "content": "There are complex osmotic and non-osmotic factors regulating release of antidiuretic hormone  (ADH). A wide variety of intracranial pathological processes may trigger ADH release sufficient to produce clinically recognizable hyponatremia, or the \"inappropriate ADH syndrome.\" We systematically studied one non-osmotic trigger, namely mass-induced elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Initial experiments established baseline data in normal rhesus monkeys: anesthetized animals displayed appropriate rises and falls in immunoreactive urinary ADH in response to intravenously administered hypertonic and hypotonic infusions. Next, ballon catherters were implanted subdurally over temporal lobes and the animals were allowed to recover. The final experiment consisted of anethetizing the animals, monitoring arterial blood pressure and blood gases, and retrieving timed urinary specimens while continuously recording ICP during infusion-pump expansion of the subdural ballon. A nonlethal and a lethal series of ballon-expansion experiments were done. Control values of urinary ADH were 783 +/- 125 muU/15 min, and ICP was less than 10 mm Hg. During nonlethal mass expansion ADH output rose of 3433 +/- 269 millimicronU/15 min while ICP averaged 65 mm Hg (measured at completion of mass expansion). While the mass was maintained, hypotonic infusion produced unchanged urinary ADH output of 3452 +/- 277 muU/15 min. During lethal experiments, urinary ADH rose still higher to 4339 +/- 1887 muU/15 min associated with ICP averaging 100 mm Hg. We concluded that there is a direct relationship between the magnitude of ICP and the amount of ADH release, and that during elevated ICP the ADH release is not suppressed by hypotonic infusion.", "contents": "Release of antidiuretic hormone during mass-induced elevation of intracranial pressure. There are complex osmotic and non-osmotic factors regulating release of antidiuretic hormone  (ADH). A wide variety of intracranial pathological processes may trigger ADH release sufficient to produce clinically recognizable hyponatremia, or the \"inappropriate ADH syndrome.\" We systematically studied one non-osmotic trigger, namely mass-induced elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Initial experiments established baseline data in normal rhesus monkeys: anesthetized animals displayed appropriate rises and falls in immunoreactive urinary ADH in response to intravenously administered hypertonic and hypotonic infusions. Next, ballon catherters were implanted subdurally over temporal lobes and the animals were allowed to recover. The final experiment consisted of anethetizing the animals, monitoring arterial blood pressure and blood gases, and retrieving timed urinary specimens while continuously recording ICP during infusion-pump expansion of the subdural ballon. A nonlethal and a lethal series of ballon-expansion experiments were done. Control values of urinary ADH were 783 +/- 125 muU/15 min, and ICP was less than 10 mm Hg. During nonlethal mass expansion ADH output rose of 3433 +/- 269 millimicronU/15 min while ICP averaged 65 mm Hg (measured at completion of mass expansion). While the mass was maintained, hypotonic infusion produced unchanged urinary ADH output of 3452 +/- 277 muU/15 min. During lethal experiments, urinary ADH rose still higher to 4339 +/- 1887 muU/15 min associated with ICP averaging 100 mm Hg. We concluded that there is a direct relationship between the magnitude of ICP and the amount of ADH release, and that during elevated ICP the ADH release is not suppressed by hypotonic infusion.", "PMID": 403253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1884", "title": "Orbital cortical influences on cardiovascular dynamics and myocardial structure in conscious monkeys.", "content": "The posterior orbital cortex of the frontal lobes in conscious monkeys was stimulated electrically to study the influence of this structure on cardiovascular hemodynamics and cardiac morphology. Stimulating electrodes, cardiac output flow probes, and arterial blood pressure transducers were chronically implanted by aseptic procedures into eight Macaca fascicularis monkeys. Cardiovascular changes induced by stimulating the orbital cortex included both biphasic and unidirectional alterations in cardiac output, blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, and total systemic resistance. Electrode position and the rate (Hz) of applied stimulation were the primary determinants of the direction and magnitude of the response. All animals stimulated demonstrated acute, discrete interventricular septal myocytolysis, characteristic of early ischemic lesions. Since the orbital cortex is a part of the limbic system, changes induced by its stimulation suggest a pathophysiological mechanism whereby emotional expression may effect dynamic shifts in cardiovascular functions and may thus induce permanent and manifest myocardial lesions.", "contents": "Orbital cortical influences on cardiovascular dynamics and myocardial structure in conscious monkeys. The posterior orbital cortex of the frontal lobes in conscious monkeys was stimulated electrically to study the influence of this structure on cardiovascular hemodynamics and cardiac morphology. Stimulating electrodes, cardiac output flow probes, and arterial blood pressure transducers were chronically implanted by aseptic procedures into eight Macaca fascicularis monkeys. Cardiovascular changes induced by stimulating the orbital cortex included both biphasic and unidirectional alterations in cardiac output, blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, and total systemic resistance. Electrode position and the rate (Hz) of applied stimulation were the primary determinants of the direction and magnitude of the response. All animals stimulated demonstrated acute, discrete interventricular septal myocytolysis, characteristic of early ischemic lesions. Since the orbital cortex is a part of the limbic system, changes induced by its stimulation suggest a pathophysiological mechanism whereby emotional expression may effect dynamic shifts in cardiovascular functions and may thus induce permanent and manifest myocardial lesions.", "PMID": 403254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1885", "title": "The effect of cerebellar stimulation on focal seizure activity and spasticity in monkeys.", "content": "Experiments were carried out in awake, unmedicated monkeys to determine the effect of application of current to the cerebellar hemispheres on electrically induced focal motor seizures and surgically induced spasticity. Application of current at various frequencies and pulse amplitudes did not significantly alter focal motor seizures but did significantly reduce spasticity. Analysis of evoked potential recordings carried out during various experimental procedures suggests that application of current to the cerebellar hemispheres may reduce cortical neuronal responsiveness.", "contents": "The effect of cerebellar stimulation on focal seizure activity and spasticity in monkeys. Experiments were carried out in awake, unmedicated monkeys to determine the effect of application of current to the cerebellar hemispheres on electrically induced focal motor seizures and surgically induced spasticity. Application of current at various frequencies and pulse amplitudes did not significantly alter focal motor seizures but did significantly reduce spasticity. Analysis of evoked potential recordings carried out during various experimental procedures suggests that application of current to the cerebellar hemispheres may reduce cortical neuronal responsiveness.", "PMID": 403255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1886", "title": "Site and extent of thiamin absorption in the rat.", "content": "The site and extent of absorption of thiamin hydrochloride was determined in rats using 51Cr-EDTA as a non-absorbed reference substance. The main site of absorption of thiamin was found to be the proximal 22 cm of the small intestine with relatively little absorption occurring distally, particularly at low dietary thiamine levels. Concentration of thiamin in the intestinal contents increased along the intestine reaching maximum levels in the distal small intestine. The results are compatible with two concurrent mechanisms of thiamin absorption with the active absorptive process being saturated at 0.5 to 1.0 muM.", "contents": "Site and extent of thiamin absorption in the rat. The site and extent of absorption of thiamin hydrochloride was determined in rats using 51Cr-EDTA as a non-absorbed reference substance. The main site of absorption of thiamin was found to be the proximal 22 cm of the small intestine with relatively little absorption occurring distally, particularly at low dietary thiamine levels. Concentration of thiamin in the intestinal contents increased along the intestine reaching maximum levels in the distal small intestine. The results are compatible with two concurrent mechanisms of thiamin absorption with the active absorptive process being saturated at 0.5 to 1.0 muM.", "PMID": 403258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1887", "title": "Use of EDTA to produce zinc deficiency in the pregnant rat.", "content": "The effectiveness of EDTA in reducing the endogenous zinc supply in pregnant rats was determined by two experiments. In experiment 1, a high level of zinc (100 ppm) was given to rats days 15 through 17 of gestation. In experiment 2, a low level of zinc (3 ppm) was given from days 1 through 17. On day 18, half the rats were given EDTA in two intraperitoneal injections 6 hours apart with or without zinc supplementation. The -Zn + EDTA group lost weight continuously after the injections, had increased hematocrit levels prior to parturition,and showed greater stress at parturition than did the -Zn group. Weight gains, hematocrit level, and parturition in the +Zn + EDTA group did not differ significantly from those of the +Zn controls. Spleen weights were decreased in the -Zn + EDTA and -Zn groups and zinc concentration in the spleen increased in the -Zn + EDTA group. Iron concentration decreased in the spleen and increased in the liver of EDTA-treated rats. Use of EDTA to remove endogenous zinc appears to offer a mechanism for study of the effects of short-term zinc supplementation at critical periods in the pregnant zinc-deficient rat.", "contents": "Use of EDTA to produce zinc deficiency in the pregnant rat. The effectiveness of EDTA in reducing the endogenous zinc supply in pregnant rats was determined by two experiments. In experiment 1, a high level of zinc (100 ppm) was given to rats days 15 through 17 of gestation. In experiment 2, a low level of zinc (3 ppm) was given from days 1 through 17. On day 18, half the rats were given EDTA in two intraperitoneal injections 6 hours apart with or without zinc supplementation. The -Zn + EDTA group lost weight continuously after the injections, had increased hematocrit levels prior to parturition,and showed greater stress at parturition than did the -Zn group. Weight gains, hematocrit level, and parturition in the +Zn + EDTA group did not differ significantly from those of the +Zn controls. Spleen weights were decreased in the -Zn + EDTA and -Zn groups and zinc concentration in the spleen increased in the -Zn + EDTA group. Iron concentration decreased in the spleen and increased in the liver of EDTA-treated rats. Use of EDTA to remove endogenous zinc appears to offer a mechanism for study of the effects of short-term zinc supplementation at critical periods in the pregnant zinc-deficient rat.", "PMID": 403259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1888", "title": "Incorporation of 15NH4Cl into histidine in adult man.", "content": "An adult male fed by parenteral alimentation for 48 days had successive intakes of a complete mixture of essential amino acids, and then lysine- and histidine deletion to test for the essentially of histidine. After 22 days of histidine-free-intake, 15NH4Cl was ingested orally with subsequent measurement of the time patterns for the appearance of 15N in total plasma proteins, globin from hemoglobin and urine. The 15N was incorporated into glutamate, aspartate, tyrosine, and histidine, but not lysine, of plasma proteins and globin. Urinary histidine and Ntau-methylhistidine, but not lysine, also contained 15N. Degradation of several histidine samples by two methods and two Ntau-methylhistidine samples demonstrated the presence of 15N in both the alpha-amino nitrogen and the imidazole ring. The incorporation of 15N into the ring indicates limited synthesis of histidine in an adult man under the above stated conditions.", "contents": "Incorporation of 15NH4Cl into histidine in adult man. An adult male fed by parenteral alimentation for 48 days had successive intakes of a complete mixture of essential amino acids, and then lysine- and histidine deletion to test for the essentially of histidine. After 22 days of histidine-free-intake, 15NH4Cl was ingested orally with subsequent measurement of the time patterns for the appearance of 15N in total plasma proteins, globin from hemoglobin and urine. The 15N was incorporated into glutamate, aspartate, tyrosine, and histidine, but not lysine, of plasma proteins and globin. Urinary histidine and Ntau-methylhistidine, but not lysine, also contained 15N. Degradation of several histidine samples by two methods and two Ntau-methylhistidine samples demonstrated the presence of 15N in both the alpha-amino nitrogen and the imidazole ring. The incorporation of 15N into the ring indicates limited synthesis of histidine in an adult man under the above stated conditions.", "PMID": 403260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1889", "title": "Metabolic and development changes in growing rats born to dams restricted in protein and/or energy intake.", "content": "During gestation and lactation, the food intake of female rats was restricted to 50% of the ad libitum stock diet intake of controls (C). One restricted group (M1) was fed stock diet while another restricted group (M2) was fed casein-supplemented stock diet containing 66% protein. Observations were directed to their progeny. After weaning at 21 days, all progeny were fed the stock diet ad libitum for 2 weeks. Mean birth weight of M2 was lower than M1 which was lower than C. Weight gain of progeny was faster in M2 than M1 but both were less than C. At 5 weeks, M2 had normal brain weight but lower mg protein/g brain than either M1 or C. M1 had the lowest brain weight. Livers of M1 and M2 were smaller than C, and M2 had higher RNA and protein, and lower DNA per g liver than either M1 or C. Both M1 and M2 had about three-fold elevation in hepatic serine dehydratase and slightly lower phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase than C. The lower birth weight and normal brain size of M2 suggested that some of the protein consumed by M2 dams was conserved for synthesis of vital components despite energy restriction.", "contents": "Metabolic and development changes in growing rats born to dams restricted in protein and/or energy intake. During gestation and lactation, the food intake of female rats was restricted to 50% of the ad libitum stock diet intake of controls (C). One restricted group (M1) was fed stock diet while another restricted group (M2) was fed casein-supplemented stock diet containing 66% protein. Observations were directed to their progeny. After weaning at 21 days, all progeny were fed the stock diet ad libitum for 2 weeks. Mean birth weight of M2 was lower than M1 which was lower than C. Weight gain of progeny was faster in M2 than M1 but both were less than C. At 5 weeks, M2 had normal brain weight but lower mg protein/g brain than either M1 or C. M1 had the lowest brain weight. Livers of M1 and M2 were smaller than C, and M2 had higher RNA and protein, and lower DNA per g liver than either M1 or C. Both M1 and M2 had about three-fold elevation in hepatic serine dehydratase and slightly lower phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase than C. The lower birth weight and normal brain size of M2 suggested that some of the protein consumed by M2 dams was conserved for synthesis of vital components despite energy restriction.", "PMID": 403261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1890", "title": "Biologic basis for modification of the sagittal ramus split operation.", "content": "Ten adult rhesus monkeys were used as experimental models to investigate revascularization and bone healing associated with sagittal splitting of the mandibular rami by two different techniques. Microangiographic and histologic studies showed intraosseous ischemia in the margins of the osteotomized segments and areas where the pterygomasseteric sling had been detached. When the mucoperiosteum and pterygomasseteric sling were minimally detached from the proximal segment, intraosseous ischemia and necrosis were significantly reduced. The results support the use of a clinical technique of sagittally splitting the mandibular ramus, which maximizes attachment of the pterygomasseteric sling and mucoperiosteum.", "contents": "Biologic basis for modification of the sagittal ramus split operation. Ten adult rhesus monkeys were used as experimental models to investigate revascularization and bone healing associated with sagittal splitting of the mandibular rami by two different techniques. Microangiographic and histologic studies showed intraosseous ischemia in the margins of the osteotomized segments and areas where the pterygomasseteric sling had been detached. When the mucoperiosteum and pterygomasseteric sling were minimally detached from the proximal segment, intraosseous ischemia and necrosis were significantly reduced. The results support the use of a clinical technique of sagittally splitting the mandibular ramus, which maximizes attachment of the pterygomasseteric sling and mucoperiosteum.", "PMID": 403263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1891", "title": "Host range characteristics of the primate coccidian, Isospora arctopitheci Rodhain 1933 (Protozoa: Eimeriidae).", "content": "Studies were conducted on 35 primates, 12 carnivores, and 2 marsupials to determine their susceptibility to the primate coccidian, Isospora arctopitheci. Patent oocyst infections resulted in 12 of the 14 species of animals investigated. These included 6 genera of New World primates native to Panama: Saguinus geoffroyi, Aotus trivirgatus, Ateles fusciceps, Cebus capucinus, Alouatta villosa, and Saimiri sciureus. In addition 4 families of carnivores (2 domestic and 2 sylvatic) and 1 species of marsupial became infected following experimental exposure. These animals are represented respectively by the following 6 genera and species: Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Nasua nasua, and Potos flavus; Eiria barbara; and Didelphis marsupialis. Four Old World rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta, and 1 carnivore, Bassaricyon gabbii, did not become oocyst positive. This unusually large host range makes this isosporan unique among the coccidia that have been investigated to date.", "contents": "Host range characteristics of the primate coccidian, Isospora arctopitheci Rodhain 1933 (Protozoa: Eimeriidae). Studies were conducted on 35 primates, 12 carnivores, and 2 marsupials to determine their susceptibility to the primate coccidian, Isospora arctopitheci. Patent oocyst infections resulted in 12 of the 14 species of animals investigated. These included 6 genera of New World primates native to Panama: Saguinus geoffroyi, Aotus trivirgatus, Ateles fusciceps, Cebus capucinus, Alouatta villosa, and Saimiri sciureus. In addition 4 families of carnivores (2 domestic and 2 sylvatic) and 1 species of marsupial became infected following experimental exposure. These animals are represented respectively by the following 6 genera and species: Canis familiaris; Felis catus; Nasua nasua, and Potos flavus; Eiria barbara; and Didelphis marsupialis. Four Old World rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta, and 1 carnivore, Bassaricyon gabbii, did not become oocyst positive. This unusually large host range makes this isosporan unique among the coccidia that have been investigated to date.", "PMID": 403270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1892", "title": "Nomenclature of Sarcocystis in the ox and sheep and of fecal Coccidia of the dog and cat.", "content": "The nomenclature of Sarcocystis and related protozoan genera is reviewed, and modern diagnoses of the genera Isospora, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis, and Frenkelia in the coccidian family Eimeriidae are given. S cruzi (Hasselmann 1926) comb. n., S. hirsuta Moul\u00e9 1888, and S. hominis (Railliet and Lucet 1891) comb. n. are recognized in the muscles of the ox Bos taurus; S. ovicanis Heydorn, Gestrich, Melhorn, and Rommel 1975, and S. tenella Railliet 1886 are recognized in the muscles of the sheep Ovis aries; S. bigemina (Stiles 1891) comb. n., S. cruzi, S. ovicanis, S. bertrami Doflein 1901, S. miescheriana (K\u00fchn 1865) Lankester 1882, I. ohioensis Dubey 1975, I. canis Nemes\u00e9ri 1959, Isospora sp. n. Dubey, and Isospora sp. n. Trayser and Todd are recognized in dog (Canis familiaris) feces; and S. hirsuta, S. tenella, S. muris (Blanchard 1885) Labb\u00e9 1899, B. besnoiti (Marotel 1912) Henry 1913, Besnoitia sp. n. Frenkel, T. gondii (Nicolle and Manceaus 1908) Nicolle and Manceaux 1909, T. hammondi (Frenkel 1974) Levine and Nye 1976, I. rivolta (Grassi 1879) Wenyon 1923, and I. felis Wenyon 1923 are recognized in cat (Felis catus) feces. Hoareosporidium Pande, Bhatia, and Chauhan 1972 is considered a synonym of Sarcocystis.", "contents": "Nomenclature of Sarcocystis in the ox and sheep and of fecal Coccidia of the dog and cat. The nomenclature of Sarcocystis and related protozoan genera is reviewed, and modern diagnoses of the genera Isospora, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis, and Frenkelia in the coccidian family Eimeriidae are given. S cruzi (Hasselmann 1926) comb. n., S. hirsuta Moul\u00e9 1888, and S. hominis (Railliet and Lucet 1891) comb. n. are recognized in the muscles of the ox Bos taurus; S. ovicanis Heydorn, Gestrich, Melhorn, and Rommel 1975, and S. tenella Railliet 1886 are recognized in the muscles of the sheep Ovis aries; S. bigemina (Stiles 1891) comb. n., S. cruzi, S. ovicanis, S. bertrami Doflein 1901, S. miescheriana (K\u00fchn 1865) Lankester 1882, I. ohioensis Dubey 1975, I. canis Nemes\u00e9ri 1959, Isospora sp. n. Dubey, and Isospora sp. n. Trayser and Todd are recognized in dog (Canis familiaris) feces; and S. hirsuta, S. tenella, S. muris (Blanchard 1885) Labb\u00e9 1899, B. besnoiti (Marotel 1912) Henry 1913, Besnoitia sp. n. Frenkel, T. gondii (Nicolle and Manceaus 1908) Nicolle and Manceaux 1909, T. hammondi (Frenkel 1974) Levine and Nye 1976, I. rivolta (Grassi 1879) Wenyon 1923, and I. felis Wenyon 1923 are recognized in cat (Felis catus) feces. Hoareosporidium Pande, Bhatia, and Chauhan 1972 is considered a synonym of Sarcocystis.", "PMID": 403271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1893", "title": "Studies on the Santa Lucia (El Salvador) strain of Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus trivirgatus monkeys.", "content": "The Santa Lucia strain of Plasmodium falciparum was isolated from El Salvador, Central America, and established in Aotus trivirgatus monkeys. Transmission from monkey to monkey via the bites of infected Anopheles freeborni, A. maculatus, and A, albimanus mosquitoes was obtained in 20 of 27 attempts. Prepatent periods in the monkeys ranged from 17 to 46 days with a mean of 24.3 days. Parasitemias and mortality were higher following sporozoite inoculation into animals which had been previously infected with P. vivax than in those with no previous malaria experience. Monkeys previously infected with P. vivax and P. cynomolgi had lower maximum parasitemias than those previously infected with P. vivax only.", "contents": "Studies on the Santa Lucia (El Salvador) strain of Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus trivirgatus monkeys. The Santa Lucia strain of Plasmodium falciparum was isolated from El Salvador, Central America, and established in Aotus trivirgatus monkeys. Transmission from monkey to monkey via the bites of infected Anopheles freeborni, A. maculatus, and A, albimanus mosquitoes was obtained in 20 of 27 attempts. Prepatent periods in the monkeys ranged from 17 to 46 days with a mean of 24.3 days. Parasitemias and mortality were higher following sporozoite inoculation into animals which had been previously infected with P. vivax than in those with no previous malaria experience. Monkeys previously infected with P. vivax and P. cynomolgi had lower maximum parasitemias than those previously infected with P. vivax only.", "PMID": 403272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1894", "title": "Infectivity of the Santa Lucia (El Salvador) strain of Plasmodium falciparum to different anophelines.", "content": "Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes were much more heavily infected with the Santa Lucia strain of Plasmodium falciparum from coastal El Salvador than were any of the other species tested. Of 5 strains of A. albimanus examined, the most heavily infected was the CA-109A and the least was the Melara, both of which come from coastal El Salvador. Of the exotic anophelines, the A. maculatus was infected at a slightly higher level than was the A. balabacensis. The incidence of highly infected individual mosquitoes was greatest in the Panama-Escobal strain of A. albimanus from the Republic of Panama; the incidence was lowest in the Melara strain from El Salvador. All strains of A. albimanus developed infected salivary glands, but the A. freeborni and A. maculatus mosquitoes appeared to develop infected glands more effeciently. Infection rates in A. freeborni mosquitoes were highest if mosquitoes were fed on Aotus trivirgatus monkeys between the 19th and 25th days of patent gametocytemia.", "contents": "Infectivity of the Santa Lucia (El Salvador) strain of Plasmodium falciparum to different anophelines. Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes were much more heavily infected with the Santa Lucia strain of Plasmodium falciparum from coastal El Salvador than were any of the other species tested. Of 5 strains of A. albimanus examined, the most heavily infected was the CA-109A and the least was the Melara, both of which come from coastal El Salvador. Of the exotic anophelines, the A. maculatus was infected at a slightly higher level than was the A. balabacensis. The incidence of highly infected individual mosquitoes was greatest in the Panama-Escobal strain of A. albimanus from the Republic of Panama; the incidence was lowest in the Melara strain from El Salvador. All strains of A. albimanus developed infected salivary glands, but the A. freeborni and A. maculatus mosquitoes appeared to develop infected glands more effeciently. Infection rates in A. freeborni mosquitoes were highest if mosquitoes were fed on Aotus trivirgatus monkeys between the 19th and 25th days of patent gametocytemia.", "PMID": 403273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1895", "title": "Computer utilization for intravenous nutrition in surgical neonates preliminary report.", "content": "A program was developed to store important numerical clinical data such as daily weights, intravenous caloric intake, and laboratory test results on surgical neonates who required total intravenous nutrition. Preliminary experience with the data from the first 5 surgical neonates requiring intravenous nutrition indicated that this data processing is easily achieved. Data retrieval by the development of output programs provided rapid access to stored records, rapid data tabulation, and graphic print-out of parameters, such as intravenous calories per kilogram per day and weight gain, that can be placed in the patient's record.", "contents": "Computer utilization for intravenous nutrition in surgical neonates preliminary report. A program was developed to store important numerical clinical data such as daily weights, intravenous caloric intake, and laboratory test results on surgical neonates who required total intravenous nutrition. Preliminary experience with the data from the first 5 surgical neonates requiring intravenous nutrition indicated that this data processing is easily achieved. Data retrieval by the development of output programs provided rapid access to stored records, rapid data tabulation, and graphic print-out of parameters, such as intravenous calories per kilogram per day and weight gain, that can be placed in the patient's record.", "PMID": 403274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1896", "title": "Peripheral intravenous nutrition without fat in neonatal surgery.", "content": "During a 1 yr period, 19 infants less than 2 mo of age were fed intravenously with an infusate composed of glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and vitamins. The solution was infused at a rate of 200 ml/kg/day or more for periods ranging from 5-247 days. No central venous catheters were utilized; the solutions were always administered through a needle in a peripheral vein. Weight gains similar to those seen with other techniques of intravenous nutrition were observed in all of the patients studied. No instance of fluid overload in the form of pulmonary edema, peripheral edema, or congestive heart failure was seen, and osmotic diuresis was not observed because of the lower tonicity of the infusate. Phlebitis was seen in 1/5 of the infusions, but was reversed by stopping the infusion and applying warm soaks. Three cases of skin slough were observed and two of these healed spontaneously without the need of skin grafting. The advantages of this technique over central venous nutrition are the elimination of the complications related to the central venous catheter, namely, sepsis and superior vena cava thrombosis.", "contents": "Peripheral intravenous nutrition without fat in neonatal surgery. During a 1 yr period, 19 infants less than 2 mo of age were fed intravenously with an infusate composed of glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and vitamins. The solution was infused at a rate of 200 ml/kg/day or more for periods ranging from 5-247 days. No central venous catheters were utilized; the solutions were always administered through a needle in a peripheral vein. Weight gains similar to those seen with other techniques of intravenous nutrition were observed in all of the patients studied. No instance of fluid overload in the form of pulmonary edema, peripheral edema, or congestive heart failure was seen, and osmotic diuresis was not observed because of the lower tonicity of the infusate. Phlebitis was seen in 1/5 of the infusions, but was reversed by stopping the infusion and applying warm soaks. Three cases of skin slough were observed and two of these healed spontaneously without the need of skin grafting. The advantages of this technique over central venous nutrition are the elimination of the complications related to the central venous catheter, namely, sepsis and superior vena cava thrombosis.", "PMID": 403275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1897", "title": "Use of chlorhexidine gluconate to inhibit dental plaque accumulation in Macaca speciosa.", "content": "Oral swabbing with 2% aqueous chlorhexidine gluconate together with thorough approximal flossing effectively reduce plaque accumulation to negligible levels in M. speciosa.", "contents": "Use of chlorhexidine gluconate to inhibit dental plaque accumulation in Macaca speciosa. Oral swabbing with 2% aqueous chlorhexidine gluconate together with thorough approximal flossing effectively reduce plaque accumulation to negligible levels in M. speciosa.", "PMID": 403276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1898", "title": "Fluorescent inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase.", "content": "Two fluorescent derivatives of 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine 5'-p-aminophenyl phosphate were prepared by treatment of this compound with fluorescein isothiocyanate in dimethyl sulfoxide or 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene sulfonyl chloride in pyridine. The products of the reactions were isolated by diethylaminoethylcellulose chromatography and were shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide electrophoresis and TLC. Confirmation of the structure was provided by elemental analysis, absorption and fluorescence spectra, PMR measurements, and liberation of nucleotide upon hydrolysis with snake venom phosphodiesterase. The fluorescent derivatives are good competitive inhibitors (Ki approximately10(-6) M) of thymidylate synthetase from a methotrexate-resistant strain of Lactobacillus casei.", "contents": "Fluorescent inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase. Two fluorescent derivatives of 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine 5'-p-aminophenyl phosphate were prepared by treatment of this compound with fluorescein isothiocyanate in dimethyl sulfoxide or 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene sulfonyl chloride in pyridine. The products of the reactions were isolated by diethylaminoethylcellulose chromatography and were shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide electrophoresis and TLC. Confirmation of the structure was provided by elemental analysis, absorption and fluorescence spectra, PMR measurements, and liberation of nucleotide upon hydrolysis with snake venom phosphodiesterase. The fluorescent derivatives are good competitive inhibitors (Ki approximately10(-6) M) of thymidylate synthetase from a methotrexate-resistant strain of Lactobacillus casei.", "PMID": 403277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1899", "title": "Concentration-time effects of quinidine disposition kinetics in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The effects of dose and duration of drug administration (time) on the disposition kinetics of quinidine were investigated in unanesthetized rhesus monkeys. A specific thin-layer chromatography-fluorometric assay was developed for the determination of quinidine in plasma, blood and urine. After the monkeys receive an i.v. bolus dose of 3 to 7 mg/kg, quinidine distributes rapidly in the body (T 1/2alpha = 2 minutes). The half-life associated with elimination (T 1/2 beta) was 27 to 35 minutes and primarily involved metabolic transformation. The volume of distribution varied between 0.2 and 0.65 liters/kg and total clearance between 4.8 and 13 ml/min/kg. Similar estimates of T 1/2 beta, clearance and volume of distribution were obtained following constant infusions producing steady-state concentrations less than 6 microng/ml. Prolonged infusion of quinidine at rates producing plasma concentrations in the range of 6 to 13 microng/ml resulted in increases in the elimination half-life whereas drug clearance remained constant. This observation suggests an increased volume of distribution. Both concentration and time were demonstrated to be important in producing changes in quinidine disposition kinetics. The precise mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unanswered.", "contents": "Concentration-time effects of quinidine disposition kinetics in rhesus monkeys. The effects of dose and duration of drug administration (time) on the disposition kinetics of quinidine were investigated in unanesthetized rhesus monkeys. A specific thin-layer chromatography-fluorometric assay was developed for the determination of quinidine in plasma, blood and urine. After the monkeys receive an i.v. bolus dose of 3 to 7 mg/kg, quinidine distributes rapidly in the body (T 1/2alpha = 2 minutes). The half-life associated with elimination (T 1/2 beta) was 27 to 35 minutes and primarily involved metabolic transformation. The volume of distribution varied between 0.2 and 0.65 liters/kg and total clearance between 4.8 and 13 ml/min/kg. Similar estimates of T 1/2 beta, clearance and volume of distribution were obtained following constant infusions producing steady-state concentrations less than 6 microng/ml. Prolonged infusion of quinidine at rates producing plasma concentrations in the range of 6 to 13 microng/ml resulted in increases in the elimination half-life whereas drug clearance remained constant. This observation suggests an increased volume of distribution. Both concentration and time were demonstrated to be important in producing changes in quinidine disposition kinetics. The precise mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unanswered.", "PMID": 403278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1900", "title": "Effects of morphine, methadone, nalorphine and naloxone on responding under schedules of electric shock titration.", "content": "Under two titration schedules, responses of squirrel monkeys adjusted the intensity of a continuous electric shock. In one schedule, responses produced food pellets but also increased a shock intensity which otherwise was decreased at a fixed rate (punishment titration). In another schedule, responses decreased a shock intensity which otherwise was increased at a fixed rate (escape titration). Responding maintained under the punishment titration schedule was only decreased by morphine, methadone, nalorphine and naloxone. This decrease in response rate was associated with a decrease in intensity of continous electric shock. Comparable rates of responding maintained under the escape titration schedule were either unaffected or increased over the same dose range of the same drugs. These effects on rate of responding were associated with either no effect or a slight decrease in intensity of continuous electric shock. When control rate of responding under the escape titration schedule was then increased by requiring five responses to decrease shock intensity, morphine, but not d-amphetamine, decreased responding at doses which had no effect or even increased responding when only one response was required to decrease shock intensity. These findings indicate that titration schedules are not always useful for studying the analgesic effects of drugs, but that specific effects of drugs are determined by specific details under which responding is maintained.", "contents": "Effects of morphine, methadone, nalorphine and naloxone on responding under schedules of electric shock titration. Under two titration schedules, responses of squirrel monkeys adjusted the intensity of a continuous electric shock. In one schedule, responses produced food pellets but also increased a shock intensity which otherwise was decreased at a fixed rate (punishment titration). In another schedule, responses decreased a shock intensity which otherwise was increased at a fixed rate (escape titration). Responding maintained under the punishment titration schedule was only decreased by morphine, methadone, nalorphine and naloxone. This decrease in response rate was associated with a decrease in intensity of continous electric shock. Comparable rates of responding maintained under the escape titration schedule were either unaffected or increased over the same dose range of the same drugs. These effects on rate of responding were associated with either no effect or a slight decrease in intensity of continuous electric shock. When control rate of responding under the escape titration schedule was then increased by requiring five responses to decrease shock intensity, morphine, but not d-amphetamine, decreased responding at doses which had no effect or even increased responding when only one response was required to decrease shock intensity. These findings indicate that titration schedules are not always useful for studying the analgesic effects of drugs, but that specific effects of drugs are determined by specific details under which responding is maintained.", "PMID": 403279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1901", "title": "Reinforcing properties of perphenazine, haloperidol and amitryptiline in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Possible negative reinforcing effects of perphenazine, haloperidol and amitryptiline were studied in rhesus monkeys previously trained to avoid electric shock by responding. Responding extinguished a light associated with an intravenous drug infusion scheduled to occur 30 seconds after the light was switched on. A response occurring when the light was on switched the light off for a period of 1 minute (time-out period). a response during the infusion terminated the infusion. Under these conditions, the monkeys tolerated a large number of saline infusions. Saline was replaced by different doses of perphenazine, haloperidol and amitryptiline, each for 12 successive daily 2-hour sessions. Infusions of perphenazine (0.50-1.6 microng/kg) and to a lesser extent infusions of haloperidol (2.5 microng/kg) generated and maintained responding. Most of the infusions of amitryptiline in the dose range of 1.0 to 10.0 microng/kg were tolerated. Haloperidol and perphenazine in doses higher than 10.0 micmitryptiline (500-3000 microng/kg i.v.) had no influence on shock avoidance behavior. Positive reinforcing effects of these compounds were studied in a group of monkeys trained to respond under a 10 response fixed ratio of intravenous infusions of codeine. None of the three compounds maintained responding previously engendered by codeine.", "contents": "Reinforcing properties of perphenazine, haloperidol and amitryptiline in rhesus monkeys. Possible negative reinforcing effects of perphenazine, haloperidol and amitryptiline were studied in rhesus monkeys previously trained to avoid electric shock by responding. Responding extinguished a light associated with an intravenous drug infusion scheduled to occur 30 seconds after the light was switched on. A response occurring when the light was on switched the light off for a period of 1 minute (time-out period). a response during the infusion terminated the infusion. Under these conditions, the monkeys tolerated a large number of saline infusions. Saline was replaced by different doses of perphenazine, haloperidol and amitryptiline, each for 12 successive daily 2-hour sessions. Infusions of perphenazine (0.50-1.6 microng/kg) and to a lesser extent infusions of haloperidol (2.5 microng/kg) generated and maintained responding. Most of the infusions of amitryptiline in the dose range of 1.0 to 10.0 microng/kg were tolerated. Haloperidol and perphenazine in doses higher than 10.0 micmitryptiline (500-3000 microng/kg i.v.) had no influence on shock avoidance behavior. Positive reinforcing effects of these compounds were studied in a group of monkeys trained to respond under a 10 response fixed ratio of intravenous infusions of codeine. None of the three compounds maintained responding previously engendered by codeine.", "PMID": 403280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1902", "title": "Effects of cocaine and d-amphetamine on behavior maintained under various schedules of food presentation in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "Dose-response functions were determined for the effects of cocaine and d-amphetamine on lever-pressing responses maintained under three schedules of food presentation: 1) a simple fixed-ratio schedule, 2) a multiple fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule and 3) a second-order fixed-interval schedule with fixed-ratio components. These schedules generated a variety of rates and patterns of responding. The effects of the drugs on response rate depended on the control rates of responding. The highest overall rates of responding were maintained under the fixed-ratio schedule and under the fixed-ratio component of the multiple schedule. Both cocaine and d-amphetamine produced dose-related decreases in these high response rates. Lower overall rates of responding were maintained under the second-order schedule and under the fixed-interval component of the multiple schedule. Intermediate doses of cocaine or d-amphetamine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) increased these lower rates of responding. Under the second-order schedule and the multiple schedule, local response rates during successive segments of the fixed-intervals were differentially affected by the drugs. Cocaine and d-amphetamine markedly increased low response rates that occurred during initial segments of the fixed intervals, but either had little effect on or decreased higher responses rates that occurred during later segments of the fixed intervals. Cocaine and d-amphetamine had similar qualitative and quantitative effects on responding, but d-amphetamine was longer lasting than cocaine.", "contents": "Effects of cocaine and d-amphetamine on behavior maintained under various schedules of food presentation in squirrel monkeys. Dose-response functions were determined for the effects of cocaine and d-amphetamine on lever-pressing responses maintained under three schedules of food presentation: 1) a simple fixed-ratio schedule, 2) a multiple fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedule and 3) a second-order fixed-interval schedule with fixed-ratio components. These schedules generated a variety of rates and patterns of responding. The effects of the drugs on response rate depended on the control rates of responding. The highest overall rates of responding were maintained under the fixed-ratio schedule and under the fixed-ratio component of the multiple schedule. Both cocaine and d-amphetamine produced dose-related decreases in these high response rates. Lower overall rates of responding were maintained under the second-order schedule and under the fixed-interval component of the multiple schedule. Intermediate doses of cocaine or d-amphetamine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) increased these lower rates of responding. Under the second-order schedule and the multiple schedule, local response rates during successive segments of the fixed-intervals were differentially affected by the drugs. Cocaine and d-amphetamine markedly increased low response rates that occurred during initial segments of the fixed intervals, but either had little effect on or decreased higher responses rates that occurred during later segments of the fixed intervals. Cocaine and d-amphetamine had similar qualitative and quantitative effects on responding, but d-amphetamine was longer lasting than cocaine.", "PMID": 403281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1903", "title": "Isolation, synthesis, and biological activity of five metabolites of danazol.", "content": "Metabolites of danazol (17 alpha-pregna-2,4-dien-20-yno[2,3-d]isoxazol-17-ol), an orally effective pituitary gonadotropin inhibitory agent devoid of estrogenic and progestational activites, were isolated from urine of a female subject who had taken danzol orally at a dose of 800 mg/day for 7 days, The metabolites isolated were 17-hydroxy-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one (11), 17-hydroxy-2alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-17alpha-pregn-4-3n-20-yn-3-one (5), 17-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-17alpha-pregna-1,4-dien-20-yn-3-one(7), 6beta,17-dihydroxy-2alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-17alphapregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one(8), and 6beta, 17-dihydroxy-2(hydroxymethyl)-17alphapregna-1,4-dien-20yn-3-one(10). None of these metabolites exhibited pituitary inhibiting activity comparable to danazol.", "contents": "Isolation, synthesis, and biological activity of five metabolites of danazol. Metabolites of danazol (17 alpha-pregna-2,4-dien-20-yno[2,3-d]isoxazol-17-ol), an orally effective pituitary gonadotropin inhibitory agent devoid of estrogenic and progestational activites, were isolated from urine of a female subject who had taken danzol orally at a dose of 800 mg/day for 7 days, The metabolites isolated were 17-hydroxy-17alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one (11), 17-hydroxy-2alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-17alpha-pregn-4-3n-20-yn-3-one (5), 17-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-17alpha-pregna-1,4-dien-20-yn-3-one(7), 6beta,17-dihydroxy-2alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-17alphapregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one(8), and 6beta, 17-dihydroxy-2(hydroxymethyl)-17alphapregna-1,4-dien-20yn-3-one(10). None of these metabolites exhibited pituitary inhibiting activity comparable to danazol.", "PMID": 403283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1904", "title": "3-Aminotetrahydrocarbazoles as a new series of central nervous system agents.", "content": "3-Dimethylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole, a structurally modified tryptamine, prevented amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in rats and prevented reserpine-induced ptosis in mice. Further study of this compound and a number of substituted derivatives indicated that either imipramine-like or chlorpromazine-like profiles were obtainable by changing substituents and their positions.", "contents": "3-Aminotetrahydrocarbazoles as a new series of central nervous system agents. 3-Dimethylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole, a structurally modified tryptamine, prevented amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in rats and prevented reserpine-induced ptosis in mice. Further study of this compound and a number of substituted derivatives indicated that either imipramine-like or chlorpromazine-like profiles were obtainable by changing substituents and their positions.", "PMID": 403284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1905", "title": "Beta-Lactam antibiotics derived from nitrogen heterocyclic acetic acids. 1. Penicillin derivatives.", "content": "In an attempt to synthesize antibacterial agents effective against gram-negative bacteria, penicillin derivatives were prepared from substituted and unsubstituted 1,4-dihyro-2-oxopyridine-1-acetic acids, 1,4-dihydro-4-oxopyridine-1-acetic acids, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,4-dioxopyrimidine-1-acetic acids. The unsubstituted derivatives displayed moderate activity against gram-negative bacteria; however, substitution (alkyl, chloro, nitro, acetyl, and cyano) on the heterocyclic ring of these acetic acids and (alkyl, phenyl) in the alpha position decreased the activity of the penicillin derivatives against gram-negative organisms.", "contents": "Beta-Lactam antibiotics derived from nitrogen heterocyclic acetic acids. 1. Penicillin derivatives. In an attempt to synthesize antibacterial agents effective against gram-negative bacteria, penicillin derivatives were prepared from substituted and unsubstituted 1,4-dihyro-2-oxopyridine-1-acetic acids, 1,4-dihydro-4-oxopyridine-1-acetic acids, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,4-dioxopyrimidine-1-acetic acids. The unsubstituted derivatives displayed moderate activity against gram-negative bacteria; however, substitution (alkyl, chloro, nitro, acetyl, and cyano) on the heterocyclic ring of these acetic acids and (alkyl, phenyl) in the alpha position decreased the activity of the penicillin derivatives against gram-negative organisms.", "PMID": 403285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1906", "title": "The oral apparatus of Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain WH-6. IV. Observations on the organization of microtubules and filaments in the isolated oral apparatus and the differential effect of potassium chloride on the stability of oral apparatus microtubules.", "content": "This report is an ultrastructural analysis of the organization of the isolated oral apparatus of Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain WH-6, syngen 1. Attention has been focused on the organization of microtubules and filaments in oral apparatus membranelles. Oral apparatus membranellar basal bodies were characterized with respect to structural differentiations at the distal and proximal ends. The distal region of membranellar basal bodies contains the basal plate, accessory microtubules and filaments. The proximal end contains a dense material from which emanate accessory microtubules and filaments. There are at least two possibly three different arrangements of accessory structures at the proximal end of membranellar basal bodies. All membranellar basal bodies appear to have a dense material at the proximal end from which filaments emanate. Some of these basal bodies have accessory microtubules and filaments emanating from this dense material. A possible third arrangement is represented by basal bodies which have lateral projections, from the proximal end, of accessory microtubules and filaments which constitute cross or peripheral connectives. There are at least three examples of direct associations between oral apparatus microtubules and filaments: (1) filaments which form links between basal body triplet microtubules, (2) filaments which link the material of the basal plate to internal basal body microtubules, (3) filaments which link together microtubule bundles from membranellar connectives. KCl extraction of the isolated oral apparatus resulted in the selective solubilization of oral apparatus basal bodies, remnants of ciliary axonemes and fused basal plates. Based on their response to KCl extraction two distinct sets of morphologically similar micro tubules can be identified: (a) microtubules which constitute the internal structure of basal bodies and ciliary axonemes, (b) microtubules which constitute the fiber connectives between basal bodies.", "contents": "The oral apparatus of Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain WH-6. IV. Observations on the organization of microtubules and filaments in the isolated oral apparatus and the differential effect of potassium chloride on the stability of oral apparatus microtubules. This report is an ultrastructural analysis of the organization of the isolated oral apparatus of Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain WH-6, syngen 1. Attention has been focused on the organization of microtubules and filaments in oral apparatus membranelles. Oral apparatus membranellar basal bodies were characterized with respect to structural differentiations at the distal and proximal ends. The distal region of membranellar basal bodies contains the basal plate, accessory microtubules and filaments. The proximal end contains a dense material from which emanate accessory microtubules and filaments. There are at least two possibly three different arrangements of accessory structures at the proximal end of membranellar basal bodies. All membranellar basal bodies appear to have a dense material at the proximal end from which filaments emanate. Some of these basal bodies have accessory microtubules and filaments emanating from this dense material. A possible third arrangement is represented by basal bodies which have lateral projections, from the proximal end, of accessory microtubules and filaments which constitute cross or peripheral connectives. There are at least three examples of direct associations between oral apparatus microtubules and filaments: (1) filaments which form links between basal body triplet microtubules, (2) filaments which link the material of the basal plate to internal basal body microtubules, (3) filaments which link together microtubule bundles from membranellar connectives. KCl extraction of the isolated oral apparatus resulted in the selective solubilization of oral apparatus basal bodies, remnants of ciliary axonemes and fused basal plates. Based on their response to KCl extraction two distinct sets of morphologically similar micro tubules can be identified: (a) microtubules which constitute the internal structure of basal bodies and ciliary axonemes, (b) microtubules which constitute the fiber connectives between basal bodies.", "PMID": 403291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1907", "title": "Effect of trichloropropene oxide on the ability of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and their \"K-region\" oxides to initiate skin tumors in mice and to bind to DNA in vitro.", "content": "The potent epoxide hydrase inhibitor, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,3-propene oxide (TCPO), enhanced the tumor-initiating ability of benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) but had no effect on 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-anthracene (DMBA) initiation in a two-stage system of tumorigenesis in female Charles River CD-1 mice. The tumor-initiating ability of dibenz[alpha,h]-anthracene (DBA) was decreased by prior topical treatment with 10 mumoles of TCPO. The tumor latency period of BP and MCA was decreased by TCPO but had no effect on DMBA or DBA. Topical treatment with 10 mumoles of TCPO did not initiate tumors in a two-stage system in mouse skin nor did it cause any histopathologic changes in the skin. The \"K-region\" epoxides of BP, DMBA, and MCA were weak tumor initiators when compared to the parent compounds. TCPO only slightly increased or had no effect on the tumor-initiating activity of the above epoxides. Pretreatment with Croton oil 18 hours prior to initiation with BP-4,5-epoxide also slightly enhanced the tumorigenic response in mouse skin. DBA-5,6-epoxide, when tested as a complete carcinogen at high doses (1 mg daily/10 days), was found to be a weak carcinogen but with activity comparable to that of DBA. TCPO only slightly increased the in vitro epidermally mediated covalent binding of the above parent polycyclic hydrocarbons to DNA.", "contents": "Effect of trichloropropene oxide on the ability of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and their \"K-region\" oxides to initiate skin tumors in mice and to bind to DNA in vitro. The potent epoxide hydrase inhibitor, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,3-propene oxide (TCPO), enhanced the tumor-initiating ability of benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) but had no effect on 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-anthracene (DMBA) initiation in a two-stage system of tumorigenesis in female Charles River CD-1 mice. The tumor-initiating ability of dibenz[alpha,h]-anthracene (DBA) was decreased by prior topical treatment with 10 mumoles of TCPO. The tumor latency period of BP and MCA was decreased by TCPO but had no effect on DMBA or DBA. Topical treatment with 10 mumoles of TCPO did not initiate tumors in a two-stage system in mouse skin nor did it cause any histopathologic changes in the skin. The \"K-region\" epoxides of BP, DMBA, and MCA were weak tumor initiators when compared to the parent compounds. TCPO only slightly increased or had no effect on the tumor-initiating activity of the above epoxides. Pretreatment with Croton oil 18 hours prior to initiation with BP-4,5-epoxide also slightly enhanced the tumorigenic response in mouse skin. DBA-5,6-epoxide, when tested as a complete carcinogen at high doses (1 mg daily/10 days), was found to be a weak carcinogen but with activity comparable to that of DBA. TCPO only slightly increased the in vitro epidermally mediated covalent binding of the above parent polycyclic hydrocarbons to DNA.", "PMID": 403293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1908", "title": "Effect of age of non-skin tissues on susceptibility of skin grafts to 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA) carcinogenesis in BALB/c mice, and effect of age of skin graft on susceptibility of surrounding recipient skin to DMBA.", "content": "The influence of age-dependent alterations in non-skin tissues on chemical carcinogen-induced skin papilloma development was studied by treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA) of 4-month-old skin grafts sewed onto 4- and 20-month-old syngeneic recipients. Skin of 4- and 20-month-old BALB/c female mice differed in susceptibility to DMBA carcinogenesis, but the 4-month-old grafts showed the same papilloma incidence independent of the age of the recipient mice. In a different experiment, the influence of age of skin grafts on papilloma development on DMBA-treated recipient skin was studied. Fourteen- and 26-month-old skin grafts were carried by 14-month-old recipients. Grafts of those two ages are known to differ in susceptibility to DMBA carcinogenesis, but no effect of the grafts on papilloma development on DMBA-treated recipients was detectable. It was concluded that certain age-dependent differences in skin susceptibility to chemical carcinogens are solely a reflection of alterations in the skin at the site of carcinogen treatment.", "contents": "Effect of age of non-skin tissues on susceptibility of skin grafts to 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA) carcinogenesis in BALB/c mice, and effect of age of skin graft on susceptibility of surrounding recipient skin to DMBA. The influence of age-dependent alterations in non-skin tissues on chemical carcinogen-induced skin papilloma development was studied by treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene (DMBA) of 4-month-old skin grafts sewed onto 4- and 20-month-old syngeneic recipients. Skin of 4- and 20-month-old BALB/c female mice differed in susceptibility to DMBA carcinogenesis, but the 4-month-old grafts showed the same papilloma incidence independent of the age of the recipient mice. In a different experiment, the influence of age of skin grafts on papilloma development on DMBA-treated recipient skin was studied. Fourteen- and 26-month-old skin grafts were carried by 14-month-old recipients. Grafts of those two ages are known to differ in susceptibility to DMBA carcinogenesis, but no effect of the grafts on papilloma development on DMBA-treated recipients was detectable. It was concluded that certain age-dependent differences in skin susceptibility to chemical carcinogens are solely a reflection of alterations in the skin at the site of carcinogen treatment.", "PMID": 403294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1909", "title": "Antimetastatic effects of N-diazoacetyl-glycine derivatives in C57BL mice.", "content": "When three diazoacetyl-glycine derivatives, N-diazoacetyl-glycine amide (DGA), N-diazoacetyl-glycine hydrazide (DGI), and N-diazoacetyl-glycine ethyl ester (DGE), were tested against Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL mice, DGA reduced sharply the number and weight of pulmonary metastases; the effects of DGI and DGE were less pronounced. The growth of the primary tumor was reduced slightly by DGA, but the greater effect was produced by DGI. The absence of correlation between the reduction of the growth of the primary implant and the number of lung secondary tumors for the tested compounds indicated that DGA possesses antimetastatic properties.", "contents": "Antimetastatic effects of N-diazoacetyl-glycine derivatives in C57BL mice. When three diazoacetyl-glycine derivatives, N-diazoacetyl-glycine amide (DGA), N-diazoacetyl-glycine hydrazide (DGI), and N-diazoacetyl-glycine ethyl ester (DGE), were tested against Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL mice, DGA reduced sharply the number and weight of pulmonary metastases; the effects of DGI and DGE were less pronounced. The growth of the primary tumor was reduced slightly by DGA, but the greater effect was produced by DGI. The absence of correlation between the reduction of the growth of the primary implant and the number of lung secondary tumors for the tested compounds indicated that DGA possesses antimetastatic properties.", "PMID": 403295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1910", "title": "A comparative study of experimental and spontaneous emphysema.", "content": "Normal lung architecture of the rat, mouse, hamster, horse, and human was compared to that of emphysematous lungs from the same species by utilizing a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results obtained by SEM examination of normal and emphysematous lungs corresponded to those obtained with the light microscope. However, the SEM provided a view of alveoli and airway morphology not obtainable with the light microscope. Because of the variability in pore size and number of pores per alveolus, a pore-to-alveolus ratio was determined with the SEM on the normal lungs of the above species plus the rabbit, dog, guinea pig, and rhesus monkey. Depending on the extent of other pathways for collateral ventilation, differences in number of pores per alveolus may affect a species' susceptibility to a given mechanism in the genesis of spontaneous or induced emphysema. The small number of pores per alveolus in the rat, mouse, rabbit, and hamster suggests that they would not be responsible for emphysematous changes. Pores do appear to be involved in human and horse emphysema.", "contents": "A comparative study of experimental and spontaneous emphysema. Normal lung architecture of the rat, mouse, hamster, horse, and human was compared to that of emphysematous lungs from the same species by utilizing a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results obtained by SEM examination of normal and emphysematous lungs corresponded to those obtained with the light microscope. However, the SEM provided a view of alveoli and airway morphology not obtainable with the light microscope. Because of the variability in pore size and number of pores per alveolus, a pore-to-alveolus ratio was determined with the SEM on the normal lungs of the above species plus the rabbit, dog, guinea pig, and rhesus monkey. Depending on the extent of other pathways for collateral ventilation, differences in number of pores per alveolus may affect a species' susceptibility to a given mechanism in the genesis of spontaneous or induced emphysema. The small number of pores per alveolus in the rat, mouse, rabbit, and hamster suggests that they would not be responsible for emphysematous changes. Pores do appear to be involved in human and horse emphysema.", "PMID": 403296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1911", "title": "Trichloroethylene. I. An overview.", "content": "Trichloroethylene (TCE) has been an industrial chemical of some importance for the past 50 years. First synthesized by Fischer in 1864, TCE has enjoyed considerable industrial usage as a degreaser and limited medical use as an inhalation anesthetic and analgesic. This TCE overview provides a narrative survey of the reference literature. Highlights include history, nomenclature, physical and chemical properties, manufacture, analysis, uses, metabolism, toxicology, carcinogenic potential, exposure routes, recommended standards, and conclusions. Chemically, TCE is a colorless, highly volatile liquid of molecular formula C2HCl3. Autoxidation of the unstable compound yields acidic products. Stabilizers are added to retard decomposition. TCE's multitude of industrial uses center around its highly effective fat-solvent properties. Metabolically, TCE is transformed in the liver to trichloroacetic acid, trichloroethanol, and trichloroethanol glucuronide; these breakdown products are excreted through the kidneys. Most toxic responses occur as a result of industrial exposures. TCE affects principally the central nervous system (CNS). Short exposures result in subjective symptoms such as headache, nausea, and incoordination. Longer exposures may result in CNS depression, hepatorenal failure, and increased cardiac output. Cases of sudden death following TCE exposure are generally attributed to ventricular fibrillation. Current interest in TCE has focused on recent experimental data that implicate TCE as a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. No epidemiological data are available that demonstrate a similar action in humans. The overall population may be exposed to TCE through household cleaning fluids, decaffeinated coffee, and some spice extracts. The NIOSH recommended standard for TCE is 100 ppm as a time-weighted average for an 8-hr day, with a maximum allowable peak concentration of 150 ppm for 10 min.", "contents": "Trichloroethylene. I. An overview. Trichloroethylene (TCE) has been an industrial chemical of some importance for the past 50 years. First synthesized by Fischer in 1864, TCE has enjoyed considerable industrial usage as a degreaser and limited medical use as an inhalation anesthetic and analgesic. This TCE overview provides a narrative survey of the reference literature. Highlights include history, nomenclature, physical and chemical properties, manufacture, analysis, uses, metabolism, toxicology, carcinogenic potential, exposure routes, recommended standards, and conclusions. Chemically, TCE is a colorless, highly volatile liquid of molecular formula C2HCl3. Autoxidation of the unstable compound yields acidic products. Stabilizers are added to retard decomposition. TCE's multitude of industrial uses center around its highly effective fat-solvent properties. Metabolically, TCE is transformed in the liver to trichloroacetic acid, trichloroethanol, and trichloroethanol glucuronide; these breakdown products are excreted through the kidneys. Most toxic responses occur as a result of industrial exposures. TCE affects principally the central nervous system (CNS). Short exposures result in subjective symptoms such as headache, nausea, and incoordination. Longer exposures may result in CNS depression, hepatorenal failure, and increased cardiac output. Cases of sudden death following TCE exposure are generally attributed to ventricular fibrillation. Current interest in TCE has focused on recent experimental data that implicate TCE as a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. No epidemiological data are available that demonstrate a similar action in humans. The overall population may be exposed to TCE through household cleaning fluids, decaffeinated coffee, and some spice extracts. The NIOSH recommended standard for TCE is 100 ppm as a time-weighted average for an 8-hr day, with a maximum allowable peak concentration of 150 ppm for 10 min.", "PMID": 403297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1912", "title": "Adsorption of bacteriophages phi 29 and 22a to protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis 168.", "content": "Adsorption of bacteriophages phi 29 and 22a to protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis 168 is described. The number of binding sites on bacilli and protoplasts is determined for each phage. Bacilli and protoplasts possess roughly the same number of sites per unit area for phi 29, i.e., approximately 700 sites per bacillus. There are also approximately 700 sites per bacillus for 22a, but only about one-third as many sites per unit area on the protoplast surface. A model for phi 29 adsorption is proposed.", "contents": "Adsorption of bacteriophages phi 29 and 22a to protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis 168. Adsorption of bacteriophages phi 29 and 22a to protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis 168 is described. The number of binding sites on bacilli and protoplasts is determined for each phage. Bacilli and protoplasts possess roughly the same number of sites per unit area for phi 29, i.e., approximately 700 sites per bacillus. There are also approximately 700 sites per bacillus for 22a, but only about one-third as many sites per unit area on the protoplast surface. A model for phi 29 adsorption is proposed.", "PMID": 403298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1913", "title": "Isolation of a variant of human adenovirus serotype 2 that multiplies efficiently on monkey cells.", "content": "A variant of adenovirus serotype 2 (Ad2) that overcomes the block to multiplication of the wild-type Ad2 on monkey cells is described. The variant was selected, after nitrous acid mutagenesis, by sequential passage on monkey cells. This variant forms plaques with similar efficiency on human and monkey cells cells. The kinetics of its growth and its burst size on human and monkey cells are similar. These growth properties are similar to those found for wild-type Ad2 on monkey cells when the block is overcome by coinfection with simian virus 40.", "contents": "Isolation of a variant of human adenovirus serotype 2 that multiplies efficiently on monkey cells. A variant of adenovirus serotype 2 (Ad2) that overcomes the block to multiplication of the wild-type Ad2 on monkey cells is described. The variant was selected, after nitrous acid mutagenesis, by sequential passage on monkey cells. This variant forms plaques with similar efficiency on human and monkey cells cells. The kinetics of its growth and its burst size on human and monkey cells are similar. These growth properties are similar to those found for wild-type Ad2 on monkey cells when the block is overcome by coinfection with simian virus 40.", "PMID": 403299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1914", "title": "Requirement of cell nucleus for African swine fever virus replication in Vero cells.", "content": "The role of the cell nucleus in the development of African swine fever virus in Vero cells has been studied. No viral growth could be detected in enucleated cells under conditions that allow normal development of Sindbis virus. Furthermore, African swine fever virus DNA synthesis was inhibited more than 95% after infection of enucleated Vero cells as compared with normal cells.", "contents": "Requirement of cell nucleus for African swine fever virus replication in Vero cells. The role of the cell nucleus in the development of African swine fever virus in Vero cells has been studied. No viral growth could be detected in enucleated cells under conditions that allow normal development of Sindbis virus. Furthermore, African swine fever virus DNA synthesis was inhibited more than 95% after infection of enucleated Vero cells as compared with normal cells.", "PMID": 403300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1915", "title": "Effect of antibiotics on certain aspects of bacteriophage SP-15 development in Bacillus subtilis W23.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis W23 was infected with bacteriophage SP-15. Two waves of phage-specific RNA synthesis were observed. Wave I was prereplicative, and wave II was coincident with replication of the viral genome. To determine the temporal appearance of general classes of phage-coded messengers and proteins, we studied the dependence of lysozyme synthesis, phage production, and DNA synthesis on time of addition of transcriptional and translational inhibitors. Lysozyme synthesis started to become refractile to a variety of transcriptional inhibitors (rifampin, streptolydigin, and actinomycin D) between 20 and 22 min postinfection and was completely refractile by 30 min. Nevertheless, functional enzyme did not appear until 45 to 47 min postinfection; lysozyme was maximal by 65 min. Rna isolated from SP-15 phage-infected cells was used to program the cell-free synthesis of lysozyme. The messenger was synthesized exclusively between 20 and 30 min postinfection. Lysozyme messengers were stable. The data imply that lysozyme messengers were present 52 min prior to their translation. Progeny virus formation remained sensitive to transcriptional inhibitors until 40 to 50 min postinfection, and sensitivity to chloramphenicol lasted 65 min. The first progeny viruses appeared at 75 min. Again, an unusually long lag between completion of functional messengers and their translation was evident. The aforementioned data indicated that transcription of lysozyme messengers and, at least, some messengers, whose products are essential for phage production, are uniquely associated with waves I and II of RNA synthesis, respectively. However, messengers whose products are essential for normal amounts of DNA synthesis were apparently synthesized during both waves; transcription of these messengers was transiently repressed (using the term broadly) between 30 and 40 min postinfection. Judging from the dependence of DNA synthesis on time of chloramphenicol addition, proteins essential for normal amounts of DNA synthesis were also synthesized in two discrete waves, each yielding sufficient protein for half-maximal levels of DNA synthesis. An hiatus in the synthesis of the proteins in question was evident between 45 and 65 min postinfection; evidence cited in this paper indicates that this hiatus did not result from messenger depletion, which, in turn, implied some type of translational-level control. This latter conclusion is substantiated by the lysozyme synthesis that occurred during the same interval when synthesis of certain proteins for DNA replication was transiently repressed.", "contents": "Effect of antibiotics on certain aspects of bacteriophage SP-15 development in Bacillus subtilis W23. Bacillus subtilis W23 was infected with bacteriophage SP-15. Two waves of phage-specific RNA synthesis were observed. Wave I was prereplicative, and wave II was coincident with replication of the viral genome. To determine the temporal appearance of general classes of phage-coded messengers and proteins, we studied the dependence of lysozyme synthesis, phage production, and DNA synthesis on time of addition of transcriptional and translational inhibitors. Lysozyme synthesis started to become refractile to a variety of transcriptional inhibitors (rifampin, streptolydigin, and actinomycin D) between 20 and 22 min postinfection and was completely refractile by 30 min. Nevertheless, functional enzyme did not appear until 45 to 47 min postinfection; lysozyme was maximal by 65 min. Rna isolated from SP-15 phage-infected cells was used to program the cell-free synthesis of lysozyme. The messenger was synthesized exclusively between 20 and 30 min postinfection. Lysozyme messengers were stable. The data imply that lysozyme messengers were present 52 min prior to their translation. Progeny virus formation remained sensitive to transcriptional inhibitors until 40 to 50 min postinfection, and sensitivity to chloramphenicol lasted 65 min. The first progeny viruses appeared at 75 min. Again, an unusually long lag between completion of functional messengers and their translation was evident. The aforementioned data indicated that transcription of lysozyme messengers and, at least, some messengers, whose products are essential for phage production, are uniquely associated with waves I and II of RNA synthesis, respectively. However, messengers whose products are essential for normal amounts of DNA synthesis were apparently synthesized during both waves; transcription of these messengers was transiently repressed (using the term broadly) between 30 and 40 min postinfection. Judging from the dependence of DNA synthesis on time of chloramphenicol addition, proteins essential for normal amounts of DNA synthesis were also synthesized in two discrete waves, each yielding sufficient protein for half-maximal levels of DNA synthesis. An hiatus in the synthesis of the proteins in question was evident between 45 and 65 min postinfection; evidence cited in this paper indicates that this hiatus did not result from messenger depletion, which, in turn, implied some type of translational-level control. This latter conclusion is substantiated by the lysozyme synthesis that occurred during the same interval when synthesis of certain proteins for DNA replication was transiently repressed.", "PMID": 403301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1916", "title": "One-stage radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma: operative mortality, cost/benefit analysis.", "content": "An analysis of cystectomies performed between September 1, 1969 and December 31, 1974 was conducted to determine the rates of morbidity (59 per cent) and operative mortality (4.1 per cent). Comparison of these figures for single operations with data published form other sources concerning staging of the therapeutic procedures suggests that there is no benefit for the patient relative to surgical morbidity or mortality if the latter course is followed. Conversely, prolongation of hospital experience, multiple operations, absence from productive activity and increased health care cost are associated with the staged procedures. Application of cost-benefit analysis suggests that this experience may act as a model to evaluate competing forms of therapy involving other disorders. When costs are not equivalent and benefits are the same the more expensive form of therapy should not be offered except for unusual circumstances.", "contents": "One-stage radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma: operative mortality, cost/benefit analysis. An analysis of cystectomies performed between September 1, 1969 and December 31, 1974 was conducted to determine the rates of morbidity (59 per cent) and operative mortality (4.1 per cent). Comparison of these figures for single operations with data published form other sources concerning staging of the therapeutic procedures suggests that there is no benefit for the patient relative to surgical morbidity or mortality if the latter course is followed. Conversely, prolongation of hospital experience, multiple operations, absence from productive activity and increased health care cost are associated with the staged procedures. Application of cost-benefit analysis suggests that this experience may act as a model to evaluate competing forms of therapy involving other disorders. When costs are not equivalent and benefits are the same the more expensive form of therapy should not be offered except for unusual circumstances.", "PMID": 403302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1917", "title": "Convulsions complicating colectomy in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Convulsions have complicated the surgical management of life-threatening inflammatory bowel disease in five patients. These patients experienced a transient, generalized convulsive disorder and toxic ambylopia. Results of neurological examination were unremarkable. Treatment included metabolic stabilization along with the administration of oxygen and anticonvulsive medication. Various factors, such as hypoxia, fluid overload, cerebral edema, steroid administration, and deficits in calcium, magnesium, and potassium, may have contributed to the cause of this complication.", "contents": "Convulsions complicating colectomy in inflammatory bowel disease. Convulsions have complicated the surgical management of life-threatening inflammatory bowel disease in five patients. These patients experienced a transient, generalized convulsive disorder and toxic ambylopia. Results of neurological examination were unremarkable. Treatment included metabolic stabilization along with the administration of oxygen and anticonvulsive medication. Various factors, such as hypoxia, fluid overload, cerebral edema, steroid administration, and deficits in calcium, magnesium, and potassium, may have contributed to the cause of this complication.", "PMID": 403303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1918", "title": "The changing American health scene. Sometimes things get better.", "content": "Since the increased efforts to improve medical care for Americans were initiated 15 years ago, it is generally believed they had little impact on the problems addressed. Review of national data suggests otherwise. American medical care and health status are getting better. We have improved the availability of physician services and largely eliminated the gap between visits made by rich and poor, or white and black citizens. We have greatly expanded the number of health professionals who provide medical care. Better organized programs to provide care to groups with special health problems have reduced both mortality and morbidity. Age-adjusted death rates, infant and maternal mortality, and death rates from coronary artery disease have fallen. While there remains an important agenda for the future, there seems room for cautious optimism about the abilities of American society to make forward progress.", "contents": "The changing American health scene. Sometimes things get better. Since the increased efforts to improve medical care for Americans were initiated 15 years ago, it is generally believed they had little impact on the problems addressed. Review of national data suggests otherwise. American medical care and health status are getting better. We have improved the availability of physician services and largely eliminated the gap between visits made by rich and poor, or white and black citizens. We have greatly expanded the number of health professionals who provide medical care. Better organized programs to provide care to groups with special health problems have reduced both mortality and morbidity. Age-adjusted death rates, infant and maternal mortality, and death rates from coronary artery disease have fallen. While there remains an important agenda for the future, there seems room for cautious optimism about the abilities of American society to make forward progress.", "PMID": 403305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1919", "title": "Industrial hypertension program in a rural state. Efficacy and cost effectiveness.", "content": "A program was designed to evaluate the efficacy and cost of detecting and treating hypertension in an industrial population of a rural state. Original screening and evaluation was initiated by a trained blood-pressure technician team, but initiation of therapy was the responsibility of the private physician. Follow-up data were obtained at one year by rescreening in 83% and by telephone contact in 91% of the original hypertensive patients. Eighty-three percent of those patients with moderate or severe hypertension complied with physician visits. The condition of 60% of the treated patients was controlled, and the condition of 74% was improved. The total cost per patient treated for one year was 250 dollars; per patient with controlled hypertension, 446 dollars; and per patient with controlled or improved hypertension, $362.", "contents": "Industrial hypertension program in a rural state. Efficacy and cost effectiveness. A program was designed to evaluate the efficacy and cost of detecting and treating hypertension in an industrial population of a rural state. Original screening and evaluation was initiated by a trained blood-pressure technician team, but initiation of therapy was the responsibility of the private physician. Follow-up data were obtained at one year by rescreening in 83% and by telephone contact in 91% of the original hypertensive patients. Eighty-three percent of those patients with moderate or severe hypertension complied with physician visits. The condition of 60% of the treated patients was controlled, and the condition of 74% was improved. The total cost per patient treated for one year was 250 dollars; per patient with controlled hypertension, 446 dollars; and per patient with controlled or improved hypertension, $362.", "PMID": 403306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1920", "title": "Continuous assessment of left ventricular volume by ultrasonic analogue conversion system.", "content": "Applicability of ultrasonic analogue conversion system devised by us for assessments of left ventricular volume was examined in patients with and without heart disease. The conversion system could sample the echoes from the endocardial surfaces of the interventricular septum and the posterior left ventricular wall. The conversion system could also calculate automatically the minor axis and volume of the left ventricle. End-diastolic, end-systolic, and stroke volumes calculated by the conversion system were close to those calculated from biplane ventriculograms and to those calculated from photographic records of B-mode echo-display. Change in left ventricular volume caused by respiration ranged up to 17.5%. Spontaneous variations in left ventricular volume during continuous monitoring was up to 7.5%. End-diastolic, end-systolic, and stroke volumes were reduced by sublingual administration of nitroglycerin. The results indicate applicability of the ultrasonic analogue conversion system for continuous assessments of left ventricular volume in man.", "contents": "Continuous assessment of left ventricular volume by ultrasonic analogue conversion system. Applicability of ultrasonic analogue conversion system devised by us for assessments of left ventricular volume was examined in patients with and without heart disease. The conversion system could sample the echoes from the endocardial surfaces of the interventricular septum and the posterior left ventricular wall. The conversion system could also calculate automatically the minor axis and volume of the left ventricle. End-diastolic, end-systolic, and stroke volumes calculated by the conversion system were close to those calculated from biplane ventriculograms and to those calculated from photographic records of B-mode echo-display. Change in left ventricular volume caused by respiration ranged up to 17.5%. Spontaneous variations in left ventricular volume during continuous monitoring was up to 7.5%. End-diastolic, end-systolic, and stroke volumes were reduced by sublingual administration of nitroglycerin. The results indicate applicability of the ultrasonic analogue conversion system for continuous assessments of left ventricular volume in man.", "PMID": 403307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1921", "title": "Effects of coronary vasodilators on large and small coronary arteries of dogs.", "content": "Using the isolated perfused heart preparation supported by a donor the effects of vasodilators on the large conductance artery were studied and were compared with those on the small resistive artery and arterioles. Nitroglycerin produced a preferential dilation of the large conductance artery, while dipyridamole produced a dilation only of the small resistive artery and arterioles. Among the \"calcium antagonistic\" vasodilators tested, only diltiazem produced a dilatation of the large conductance artery, verapamil and nifedipine producing a dilatation only of the small resistive artery and arterioles. These findings indicate that the mechanism of contraction of the large conductance artery is different from that of the small resistive artery and arterioles.", "contents": "Effects of coronary vasodilators on large and small coronary arteries of dogs. Using the isolated perfused heart preparation supported by a donor the effects of vasodilators on the large conductance artery were studied and were compared with those on the small resistive artery and arterioles. Nitroglycerin produced a preferential dilation of the large conductance artery, while dipyridamole produced a dilation only of the small resistive artery and arterioles. Among the \"calcium antagonistic\" vasodilators tested, only diltiazem produced a dilatation of the large conductance artery, verapamil and nifedipine producing a dilatation only of the small resistive artery and arterioles. These findings indicate that the mechanism of contraction of the large conductance artery is different from that of the small resistive artery and arterioles.", "PMID": 403308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1922", "title": "[Ocular involvement due to the juice of Dieffenbachia plants (author's transl)].", "content": "Upon breaking the stem or the branches of a Dieffenbachia plant juice is released in an explosive manner and may thus involve the eye. A myriad of fine calcium-oxalate crystals penetrate into all layers of the cornea, and an iritis can develop. The latter ceases within 6 days, the corneal cristals vanish within about three weeks.", "contents": "[Ocular involvement due to the juice of Dieffenbachia plants (author's transl)]. Upon breaking the stem or the branches of a Dieffenbachia plant juice is released in an explosive manner and may thus involve the eye. A myriad of fine calcium-oxalate crystals penetrate into all layers of the cornea, and an iritis can develop. The latter ceases within 6 days, the corneal cristals vanish within about three weeks.", "PMID": 403369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1923", "title": "Studies of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) hemoglobin.", "content": "One hemaglobin was found in the adult rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) by the technique of isoelectric focusing. In addition to the adult hemoglobin, one fetal hemaglobin was observed in neonates of the same species. The alpha and non-alpha globins of rhesus monkey hemoglobins showed similar electrophoretic mobilities as those of human hemoglobin A by cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. It appeared that the rhesus monkey hemoglobin system is a good model system for the study of human hemoglobin development.", "contents": "Studies of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) hemoglobin. One hemaglobin was found in the adult rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) by the technique of isoelectric focusing. In addition to the adult hemoglobin, one fetal hemaglobin was observed in neonates of the same species. The alpha and non-alpha globins of rhesus monkey hemoglobins showed similar electrophoretic mobilities as those of human hemoglobin A by cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. It appeared that the rhesus monkey hemoglobin system is a good model system for the study of human hemoglobin development.", "PMID": 403373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1924", "title": "Murine amyloid protein AA in casein-induced experimental amyloidosis.", "content": "Amyloidosis was induced in mice by 25 subcutaneous injections of casein. The splenic amyloid fibrils were identified by electron microscopy to be closely associated with reticular cells. After isolation of the fibrils by simple physical techniques, their ultrastructure revealed single filaments of 80 to 100 A width, which were rigid, nonbranching, and of indeterminate length. This is comparable to previous studies on human preparations. The amyloid fibrils were dissociated by solution in guanidine and chromatography. The resultant amyloid fibril protein was characterized as to its molecular weight, amino acid analysis, and amino-terminal sequence. It was thus definitely identified as protein AA, the major component of secondary amyloidosis. An antibody to this protein, murine AA, identified a cross-reacting mouse serum protein SAA and indicated a species specificity when tested against human preparations. A comparison is made with the AA protein in another murine model as well as AA proteins from human, guinea pig, monkey, and mink amyloidosis.", "contents": "Murine amyloid protein AA in casein-induced experimental amyloidosis. Amyloidosis was induced in mice by 25 subcutaneous injections of casein. The splenic amyloid fibrils were identified by electron microscopy to be closely associated with reticular cells. After isolation of the fibrils by simple physical techniques, their ultrastructure revealed single filaments of 80 to 100 A width, which were rigid, nonbranching, and of indeterminate length. This is comparable to previous studies on human preparations. The amyloid fibrils were dissociated by solution in guanidine and chromatography. The resultant amyloid fibril protein was characterized as to its molecular weight, amino acid analysis, and amino-terminal sequence. It was thus definitely identified as protein AA, the major component of secondary amyloidosis. An antibody to this protein, murine AA, identified a cross-reacting mouse serum protein SAA and indicated a species specificity when tested against human preparations. A comparison is made with the AA protein in another murine model as well as AA proteins from human, guinea pig, monkey, and mink amyloidosis.", "PMID": 403374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1925", "title": "Cost factors in urban telemedicine.", "content": "This paper reports on the cost effectiveness of a pediatric primary care system utilizing nurse practitioners (NPs) linked to a physician consultant through bidirectional interactive cable television. In addition, it discusses ways in which multiple uses enhance the economic feasibility of a telemedicine consultation link in a given geographic area. The overall consultation rate during periods of remote physician coverage was 21 per cent, compared with 24 per cent during on-site coverage. The telephone became a partial substitute for the TV for some uses but could not replace it in diagnostic decisions. As telemedicine is obviously underutilized in a one-satellite system, we compare a five-satellite network with other ways of delivering service. The resulting estimated cost of $18.50 an hour, or 2/3 of the cost of a physician providing direct care, includes a TV component of $5.30 an hour of use in a 1,750-hour year. The critical factor is that the NP can be a physician substitute if there is TV backup. The TV appears to prevent unnecessary referrals compared to a physician on site. Whether TV increases the length of the consult compared to the phone for conditions of equal severity is not entirely clear. If TV is compared to transporting a patient to a central place, the implicit value of transport time and disutility required to justify using TV is $7.55 per consult in a five-clinic network. Geographic and other barriers to physician availability enhance the potential for application fo telemedicine.", "contents": "Cost factors in urban telemedicine. This paper reports on the cost effectiveness of a pediatric primary care system utilizing nurse practitioners (NPs) linked to a physician consultant through bidirectional interactive cable television. In addition, it discusses ways in which multiple uses enhance the economic feasibility of a telemedicine consultation link in a given geographic area. The overall consultation rate during periods of remote physician coverage was 21 per cent, compared with 24 per cent during on-site coverage. The telephone became a partial substitute for the TV for some uses but could not replace it in diagnostic decisions. As telemedicine is obviously underutilized in a one-satellite system, we compare a five-satellite network with other ways of delivering service. The resulting estimated cost of $18.50 an hour, or 2/3 of the cost of a physician providing direct care, includes a TV component of $5.30 an hour of use in a 1,750-hour year. The critical factor is that the NP can be a physician substitute if there is TV backup. The TV appears to prevent unnecessary referrals compared to a physician on site. Whether TV increases the length of the consult compared to the phone for conditions of equal severity is not entirely clear. If TV is compared to transporting a patient to a central place, the implicit value of transport time and disutility required to justify using TV is $7.55 per consult in a five-clinic network. Geographic and other barriers to physician availability enhance the potential for application fo telemedicine.", "PMID": 403375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1926", "title": "[Current state of space biorhythm study].", "content": "The paper presents a review of the literature covering a new branch of science--space biorhythmology--that evolved in the 1960s. The paper surveys briefly publications on general biorhythmology that formed the basis for the new branch of science. The paper discusses specifically the investigations that formulated the basic concepts of space biorhythmology in theory and practice. It describes the problem of desynchronosis as one of the most important problems and outlines its involvement in the general adaptation syndrome as a necessary component. The paper gives a scheme of measures developed in the USSR with the purpose of preventing desynchronosis and stresses the advantages of further study of space biorhythmology.", "contents": "[Current state of space biorhythm study]. The paper presents a review of the literature covering a new branch of science--space biorhythmology--that evolved in the 1960s. The paper surveys briefly publications on general biorhythmology that formed the basis for the new branch of science. The paper discusses specifically the investigations that formulated the basic concepts of space biorhythmology in theory and practice. It describes the problem of desynchronosis as one of the most important problems and outlines its involvement in the general adaptation syndrome as a necessary component. The paper gives a scheme of measures developed in the USSR with the purpose of preventing desynchronosis and stresses the advantages of further study of space biorhythmology.", "PMID": 403370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1927", "title": "Evaluating cost-effectiveness using episodes of care.", "content": "To test the feasibility of defining episodes of care as a cost-effectiveness measure, a pilot study was carried out in conjunction with an ongoing quality assessment program which involved abstracting prospective data from charts of patients treated for hypertension in the Primary Care Clinic of Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital. For comparison, data were abstracted retrospectively on hypertensive patients treated by faculty general internists in a fee-for-service private practice. The 12-month course of each patient was divided into controlled and uncontrolled episodes for which visit frequency rate and mean laboratory test utilization was calculated. Patient cost for each type of episode in each setting was calculated using standard charges. Results indicate that the episode definition is feasible and provides a measure for comparing the cost-effectiveness of different delivery systems treating the same health care problem. Factors omitted from the study that could affect cost-effectiveness are also discussed.", "contents": "Evaluating cost-effectiveness using episodes of care. To test the feasibility of defining episodes of care as a cost-effectiveness measure, a pilot study was carried out in conjunction with an ongoing quality assessment program which involved abstracting prospective data from charts of patients treated for hypertension in the Primary Care Clinic of Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital. For comparison, data were abstracted retrospectively on hypertensive patients treated by faculty general internists in a fee-for-service private practice. The 12-month course of each patient was divided into controlled and uncontrolled episodes for which visit frequency rate and mean laboratory test utilization was calculated. Patient cost for each type of episode in each setting was calculated using standard charges. Results indicate that the episode definition is feasible and provides a measure for comparing the cost-effectiveness of different delivery systems treating the same health care problem. Factors omitted from the study that could affect cost-effectiveness are also discussed.", "PMID": 403376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1928", "title": "Lipid metabolism in early development using labeled precursors incorporated during oogenesis and in cell-free embryo homogenates.", "content": "Embryos of the toad, Bufo arenarum, Hensel, taken during early stages of development were used to survey the [U-14C]glycerol and 32P lipid labeling. When precursors were supplied at the time of oogenesis, large differences in specific activities of phospholipid were observed. Using 32P, a steep rise as a function of development was evidenced. Triglycerides contained much higher proportions of [U-14C] glycerol than phospholipids when administered to the female toad along with a pituitary homogenate. However, lack of [U-14 C] glycerol uptake into lipids was observed when cell-free homogenates of eggs at different stages of development ranging from unfertilized oocyte to midgastrula were incubated in unsupplemented amphibian Ringer. At the later stage, significant de novo biosynthesis of lipids from glycerol began to be measurable, whereas during cell cleavage intracellular redistribution of preformed phosphoglycerides was used for membrane assembly.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in early development using labeled precursors incorporated during oogenesis and in cell-free embryo homogenates. Embryos of the toad, Bufo arenarum, Hensel, taken during early stages of development were used to survey the [U-14C]glycerol and 32P lipid labeling. When precursors were supplied at the time of oogenesis, large differences in specific activities of phospholipid were observed. Using 32P, a steep rise as a function of development was evidenced. Triglycerides contained much higher proportions of [U-14C] glycerol than phospholipids when administered to the female toad along with a pituitary homogenate. However, lack of [U-14 C] glycerol uptake into lipids was observed when cell-free homogenates of eggs at different stages of development ranging from unfertilized oocyte to midgastrula were incubated in unsupplemented amphibian Ringer. At the later stage, significant de novo biosynthesis of lipids from glycerol began to be measurable, whereas during cell cleavage intracellular redistribution of preformed phosphoglycerides was used for membrane assembly.", "PMID": 403381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1929", "title": "A simple method for the preparation of pure 9-D-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid and methyl linoleate based on the positional specificity of lipoxygenase in tomato fruit.", "content": "Incubation of linoleic acid with crude homogenate of tomato fruit gave a high yield (69%) of linoleic acid hydroperoxides with a ratio of 9- to 13-hydroperoxide isomers of 96:4. After chromatography of the products, as free acids or methyl esters, hydroperoxides with 9- to 13-isomeric ratios of greater than 99:1 were obtained. The major product was characterized as 9-D-hydroperoxy-octadeca-trans-10,cis-12-dienoic acid. The results demonstrate the positional specificity of lipoxygenase from tomato fruit.", "contents": "A simple method for the preparation of pure 9-D-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid and methyl linoleate based on the positional specificity of lipoxygenase in tomato fruit. Incubation of linoleic acid with crude homogenate of tomato fruit gave a high yield (69%) of linoleic acid hydroperoxides with a ratio of 9- to 13-hydroperoxide isomers of 96:4. After chromatography of the products, as free acids or methyl esters, hydroperoxides with 9- to 13-isomeric ratios of greater than 99:1 were obtained. The major product was characterized as 9-D-hydroperoxy-octadeca-trans-10,cis-12-dienoic acid. The results demonstrate the positional specificity of lipoxygenase from tomato fruit.", "PMID": 403382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1930", "title": "Acute cerebral dysfunction in diabetic ketoacidosis: survivial followed by panhypopituitarism.", "content": "We report a unique case of a 15-yr-old diabetic patient who survived ketoacidosis complicated by acute severe encephalopathy, hypopituitarism, and optic atropy. We reviewed our 25-yr experience with fatal diabetic ketoacidosis; three additional cases resembled the \"cerebral edema\" syndrome. We observed that (1) cerebral edema is not often documented in this syndrome, (2) the cause of the acute neuronal disturbance in these patients may be hypoxic, with cerebral edema a secondary development, and (3) development of encephalopathy was probably unrelated to overvigorour correction of acidosis and hyperglycemia in our cases.", "contents": "Acute cerebral dysfunction in diabetic ketoacidosis: survivial followed by panhypopituitarism. We report a unique case of a 15-yr-old diabetic patient who survived ketoacidosis complicated by acute severe encephalopathy, hypopituitarism, and optic atropy. We reviewed our 25-yr experience with fatal diabetic ketoacidosis; three additional cases resembled the \"cerebral edema\" syndrome. We observed that (1) cerebral edema is not often documented in this syndrome, (2) the cause of the acute neuronal disturbance in these patients may be hypoxic, with cerebral edema a secondary development, and (3) development of encephalopathy was probably unrelated to overvigorour correction of acidosis and hyperglycemia in our cases.", "PMID": 403389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1931", "title": "Human splanchnic metabolism during diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "Splanchnic exchange rates of glucose, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, alanine, glutamine, glutamate, free fatty acids, and triglycerides were measured in eight patients during moderate to severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Their arterial glucose concentration was 20.68 (9.80-52.79) mumole/liter and tic glucose release was 0.77 (0.09-2.44) mmole/min. Gluconeogenesis accounted for about one-half of net splanchnic glucose release, assuming quantitative conversion of net splanchnic extracted lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, alanine, and alpha-ketoglutarate equivalents to glucose. Net splanchnic free fatty acid extraction was 0.24 (0.09-0.52) mmole/min. There was a positive correlation between free fatty acid uptake and ketone-body release. Net splanchnic acetoacetate release was 0.50 (0.05-0.92) mmole/min and beta-hydroxybutyrate release was 0.35 (-0.16 to 0.84) mmole/min. Total ketone-body release was 0.84 (0.37-1.61) mmole/min. The wide ranges of net splanchnic glucose and ketone-body production rates show the heterogeneous characteristics of the diabetic patient in ketoacidosis. It is concluded that the hyperglycemia and hyperketonemia of diabetic ketoacidosis is due to the lack of reciprocity among rates of hepatic glycogenlysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis resulting in inappropriate net splanchnic release of glucose and ketone bodies.", "contents": "Human splanchnic metabolism during diabetic ketoacidosis. Splanchnic exchange rates of glucose, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, alanine, glutamine, glutamate, free fatty acids, and triglycerides were measured in eight patients during moderate to severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Their arterial glucose concentration was 20.68 (9.80-52.79) mumole/liter and tic glucose release was 0.77 (0.09-2.44) mmole/min. Gluconeogenesis accounted for about one-half of net splanchnic glucose release, assuming quantitative conversion of net splanchnic extracted lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, alanine, and alpha-ketoglutarate equivalents to glucose. Net splanchnic free fatty acid extraction was 0.24 (0.09-0.52) mmole/min. There was a positive correlation between free fatty acid uptake and ketone-body release. Net splanchnic acetoacetate release was 0.50 (0.05-0.92) mmole/min and beta-hydroxybutyrate release was 0.35 (-0.16 to 0.84) mmole/min. Total ketone-body release was 0.84 (0.37-1.61) mmole/min. The wide ranges of net splanchnic glucose and ketone-body production rates show the heterogeneous characteristics of the diabetic patient in ketoacidosis. It is concluded that the hyperglycemia and hyperketonemia of diabetic ketoacidosis is due to the lack of reciprocity among rates of hepatic glycogenlysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis resulting in inappropriate net splanchnic release of glucose and ketone bodies.", "PMID": 403390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1932", "title": "Glucagon infusion in normal man: effects on 3-methylhistidine excretion and plasma amino acids.", "content": "In order to assess the role of glucagon in human protein metabolism and to examine its action as a \"catabolic\" hormone, studies were conducted in two normal male subjects over an 8-day period. After minimum and stable urinary nitrogen excretion had been produced by the continuous nasogastric administration of carbohydrate (720 g/day) for 8 consecutive days, a continuous intravenous infusion of glucagon (1.0 mg/24 hr) was superimposed on days 7 and 8. Excretion of total nitrogen (N) and urea-N increased significantly (p less than 0.05). Excretion of 3-methylhistidine was unaltered, suggesting that the source of the N losses produced by glucagon did not derive from increased muscle proteolysis. Although striking hypoaminoacidemia was produced, the reductions of extracellular amino acids alone could not account for all of the extra urea excreted. These data suggest that hyperglucagonemia in normal man induces mild nitrogen losses by stimulation of hepatic ureogenesis from free intracellular amino acid pools and not by increased rates of muscle protein breakdown.", "contents": "Glucagon infusion in normal man: effects on 3-methylhistidine excretion and plasma amino acids. In order to assess the role of glucagon in human protein metabolism and to examine its action as a \"catabolic\" hormone, studies were conducted in two normal male subjects over an 8-day period. After minimum and stable urinary nitrogen excretion had been produced by the continuous nasogastric administration of carbohydrate (720 g/day) for 8 consecutive days, a continuous intravenous infusion of glucagon (1.0 mg/24 hr) was superimposed on days 7 and 8. Excretion of total nitrogen (N) and urea-N increased significantly (p less than 0.05). Excretion of 3-methylhistidine was unaltered, suggesting that the source of the N losses produced by glucagon did not derive from increased muscle proteolysis. Although striking hypoaminoacidemia was produced, the reductions of extracellular amino acids alone could not account for all of the extra urea excreted. These data suggest that hyperglucagonemia in normal man induces mild nitrogen losses by stimulation of hepatic ureogenesis from free intracellular amino acid pools and not by increased rates of muscle protein breakdown.", "PMID": 403391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1933", "title": "Proinsulin and C-peptide: a review.", "content": "The recent work on proinsulin and C-peptide has been reviewed with major emphasis on the most significant findings since 1972. Proinsulin has now been established as the biosynthetic precursor of insulin in all species examined, including man, with a preproinsulin as a possible precursor of the prohormone. The conversion of proinsulin which appears to occur exclusively in the pancreas leads to equimolar production of insulin and C-peptide. Although proinsulin has a direct biologic effect which is one-tenth as much as that of insulin, C-peptide has no biologic activity on homologous or heterologous tissue and no ability to modify the action of insulin and/or proinsulin. Previous work on proinsulin immunoassay suggested that this prohormone, but not C-peptide, cross-reacts with insulin antiserum. On the other hand, in the C-peptide immunoassay, proinsulin but not insulin cross-reacts with the antiserum. Up to this time, therefore, it has not been possible to immunoassay human proinsulin or C-peptide specifically. The very recent work from the laboratory of Heding, however, has brought about major advances in this area in which human C-peptide and proinsulin can be separated in the plasma by the use of Sepharose particles. With this recent major advancement, it is now possible to measure human C-peptide specifically. This measurement has been shown to be a useful tool for the assessment of beta-cell function in diabetic patients treated with insulin and in insulinoma patients in whom endogenous C-peptide secretion is not suppressed with exogenous insulin-induced hypoglycemia. With the use of a specific enzyme which degrades insulin but not proinsulin, postprandial plasma proinsulin values have been measured in a large number of subjects under a variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions. These results, which are comparable to those obtained by the more laborious column chromatography, could be summarized as follows: (1) proinsulin values in lean, young normal subjects do not vary greatly in response to insulin secretagogues; (2) proinsulin secretion in response to glucose results in a greater percentage of proinsulin in the older age group than in the younger group; (3) in lean adult and juvenile diabetic patients, the percentage of proinsulin is not excessive, whereas obese diabetics and pregnant diabetics appear to secrete relatively greater proinsulin than their diabetic controls; and (4) whereas most hyperinsulinemic states (Cusing's syndrome, adult-onset diabetics, acromegaly, and glucocorticoid therapy) are not associated with an increase in percentage of proinsulin, hyperinsulinemia of insulinoma, selected cases of functional hypoglycemia, and genetic hyperproinsulinemia are associated with a greater percentage of proinsulin. Identification of a possible new proinsulin intermediate(s) in these conditions deserves further investigation...", "contents": "Proinsulin and C-peptide: a review. The recent work on proinsulin and C-peptide has been reviewed with major emphasis on the most significant findings since 1972. Proinsulin has now been established as the biosynthetic precursor of insulin in all species examined, including man, with a preproinsulin as a possible precursor of the prohormone. The conversion of proinsulin which appears to occur exclusively in the pancreas leads to equimolar production of insulin and C-peptide. Although proinsulin has a direct biologic effect which is one-tenth as much as that of insulin, C-peptide has no biologic activity on homologous or heterologous tissue and no ability to modify the action of insulin and/or proinsulin. Previous work on proinsulin immunoassay suggested that this prohormone, but not C-peptide, cross-reacts with insulin antiserum. On the other hand, in the C-peptide immunoassay, proinsulin but not insulin cross-reacts with the antiserum. Up to this time, therefore, it has not been possible to immunoassay human proinsulin or C-peptide specifically. The very recent work from the laboratory of Heding, however, has brought about major advances in this area in which human C-peptide and proinsulin can be separated in the plasma by the use of Sepharose particles. With this recent major advancement, it is now possible to measure human C-peptide specifically. This measurement has been shown to be a useful tool for the assessment of beta-cell function in diabetic patients treated with insulin and in insulinoma patients in whom endogenous C-peptide secretion is not suppressed with exogenous insulin-induced hypoglycemia. With the use of a specific enzyme which degrades insulin but not proinsulin, postprandial plasma proinsulin values have been measured in a large number of subjects under a variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions. These results, which are comparable to those obtained by the more laborious column chromatography, could be summarized as follows: (1) proinsulin values in lean, young normal subjects do not vary greatly in response to insulin secretagogues; (2) proinsulin secretion in response to glucose results in a greater percentage of proinsulin in the older age group than in the younger group; (3) in lean adult and juvenile diabetic patients, the percentage of proinsulin is not excessive, whereas obese diabetics and pregnant diabetics appear to secrete relatively greater proinsulin than their diabetic controls; and (4) whereas most hyperinsulinemic states (Cusing's syndrome, adult-onset diabetics, acromegaly, and glucocorticoid therapy) are not associated with an increase in percentage of proinsulin, hyperinsulinemia of insulinoma, selected cases of functional hypoglycemia, and genetic hyperproinsulinemia are associated with a greater percentage of proinsulin. Identification of a possible new proinsulin intermediate(s) in these conditions deserves further investigation...", "PMID": 403392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1934", "title": "Sodium valproate for the treatment of childhood epilepsies.", "content": "An uncontrolled trial of sodium valproate in 25 severe epileptics uncontrollable by conventional antiepileptic drugs is presented. Excellent control was achieved in petit mal, myoclonic and minor motor seizures. No serious side effects were encountered, but hyperactivity may be aggravated and interaction with other anticonvulsants does occur.", "contents": "Sodium valproate for the treatment of childhood epilepsies. An uncontrolled trial of sodium valproate in 25 severe epileptics uncontrollable by conventional antiepileptic drugs is presented. Excellent control was achieved in petit mal, myoclonic and minor motor seizures. No serious side effects were encountered, but hyperactivity may be aggravated and interaction with other anticonvulsants does occur.", "PMID": 403393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1935", "title": "Antibiotic sensitivity of gonococci in South Australia, 1974 to 1975.", "content": "Routine testing of gonococci isolated from patients attending the Venereal Diseases Control Centre in Adelaide during the year July, 1974 to June, 1975, with a plate dilution method, showed that 93-8% of the 947 infecting strains were relatively sensitive to penicillin at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0-12 units/ml or less, and that 90% of the 648 strains tested were relatively sensitive to tetracycline at an MIC of 1-0 mug/ml or less. A small proportion only of isolates were relatively insensitive to penicillin and/or tetracycline. The routine treatment schedules which were used at the Centre proved adequate for infections over the whole range of sensitivities encountered. A significant proportion of the less sensitive strains were isolated from people infected in South-East Asia, most of whom had been inadequately treated there.", "contents": "Antibiotic sensitivity of gonococci in South Australia, 1974 to 1975. Routine testing of gonococci isolated from patients attending the Venereal Diseases Control Centre in Adelaide during the year July, 1974 to June, 1975, with a plate dilution method, showed that 93-8% of the 947 infecting strains were relatively sensitive to penicillin at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0-12 units/ml or less, and that 90% of the 648 strains tested were relatively sensitive to tetracycline at an MIC of 1-0 mug/ml or less. A small proportion only of isolates were relatively insensitive to penicillin and/or tetracycline. The routine treatment schedules which were used at the Centre proved adequate for infections over the whole range of sensitivities encountered. A significant proportion of the less sensitive strains were isolated from people infected in South-East Asia, most of whom had been inadequately treated there.", "PMID": 403394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1936", "title": "[Combined treatment of lung carcinoma. Report on a prospective randomized study with radiotherapy and ICRF 159 (1,2-(3,5-dioxopiperazines-lyl)propane) (author's transl)].", "content": "In a clinical randomized trial of 40 patients with inoperable lung carcinoma the success of radiotherapy alone (5000 rads) was compared with a combined modality with radiotherapy (5000 rads) and ICRF 159 (250 mg p.d.). There was no difference in survival rates but haematological toxicity (leucocytes, erythrocytes, platelets and haemoglobin) was marked in patients with combined treatment. In patients with oat-cell-carcinoma survival rates seem to be better after combination therapy.", "contents": "[Combined treatment of lung carcinoma. Report on a prospective randomized study with radiotherapy and ICRF 159 (1,2-(3,5-dioxopiperazines-lyl)propane) (author's transl)]. In a clinical randomized trial of 40 patients with inoperable lung carcinoma the success of radiotherapy alone (5000 rads) was compared with a combined modality with radiotherapy (5000 rads) and ICRF 159 (250 mg p.d.). There was no difference in survival rates but haematological toxicity (leucocytes, erythrocytes, platelets and haemoglobin) was marked in patients with combined treatment. In patients with oat-cell-carcinoma survival rates seem to be better after combination therapy.", "PMID": 403395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1937", "title": "Corrections to megavoltage depth-dose values due to reduced backscatter thickness.", "content": "Multiplicative corrections for percent depth-dose values were measured for situations with nonmaximal backscatter because of reduced thickness of the irradiated phantom. Data were obtained for common clinical field sizes for a 60Co beam as well as beams from a 2.5-MV and a 4.0 MV generator. Functional forms, which summarize the results and include field size effects, depth, and thickness of the backscatter medium as variables, were obtained by regression analysis.", "contents": "Corrections to megavoltage depth-dose values due to reduced backscatter thickness. Multiplicative corrections for percent depth-dose values were measured for situations with nonmaximal backscatter because of reduced thickness of the irradiated phantom. Data were obtained for common clinical field sizes for a 60Co beam as well as beams from a 2.5-MV and a 4.0 MV generator. Functional forms, which summarize the results and include field size effects, depth, and thickness of the backscatter medium as variables, were obtained by regression analysis.", "PMID": 403397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1938", "title": "On the choice of material for half-value-layer measurements for megavoltage x rays.", "content": "The relative sensitivity of various materials for the measurement of half-value-layer thickness has been calculated for bremsstrahlung x ray spectra in the energy range 5-40 MeV. It is concluded that low-atomic-number materials such as water are more sensitive to changes in spectral quality of megavoltage x rays than high-atomic-number materials such as lead.", "contents": "On the choice of material for half-value-layer measurements for megavoltage x rays. The relative sensitivity of various materials for the measurement of half-value-layer thickness has been calculated for bremsstrahlung x ray spectra in the energy range 5-40 MeV. It is concluded that low-atomic-number materials such as water are more sensitive to changes in spectral quality of megavoltage x rays than high-atomic-number materials such as lead.", "PMID": 403398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1939", "title": "Physical characterization of 45-MV photon beams for use in treatment planning.", "content": "Central-axis percentage depth doses and tissue-maximum ratios (TMR) for 45-MV photon beams from a betatron have been measured in water. Also the influence of field size and collimator scatter on the dose in the buildup region have been investigated. The maximum dose for TMR has been shown to occur at a point about 2 cm deeper than the maximum dose for percentage depth dose. This difference is significant in the characterization of the photon beam at this high energy. The measured physical data have been computerized for use in routine treatment planning. Computer-gererated beams have been found to be in close agreement with measured isodose curves. Computer-generated isodose distributions for typical clinical irradiation techniques have been verified using RP/V film in an Alderson phantom.", "contents": "Physical characterization of 45-MV photon beams for use in treatment planning. Central-axis percentage depth doses and tissue-maximum ratios (TMR) for 45-MV photon beams from a betatron have been measured in water. Also the influence of field size and collimator scatter on the dose in the buildup region have been investigated. The maximum dose for TMR has been shown to occur at a point about 2 cm deeper than the maximum dose for percentage depth dose. This difference is significant in the characterization of the photon beam at this high energy. The measured physical data have been computerized for use in routine treatment planning. Computer-gererated beams have been found to be in close agreement with measured isodose curves. Computer-generated isodose distributions for typical clinical irradiation techniques have been verified using RP/V film in an Alderson phantom.", "PMID": 403399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1940", "title": "Practical dosimetric considerations of a 10-MV photon beam.", "content": "An overall practical dosimetric study of a 10-MV photon beam produced by a Varian Clinac-18 linear accelerator is presented. In particular measurements were made to provide data which could be utilized in computerized dosage calculations using the concept of dividing the radiation beam into primary and scatter components. From the measured percentage depth doses, tissue-phantom ratios are calculated. Special consideration is given to the derivation and mesurement of zero-area tissue-phantom ratios such that scatter-phantom ratios could be obtained. The computer techniques were tested under a number of specified conditions by comparing the calculated results to the measured data. The variation of dose with field size and distance is considered and attenuation data for shielding, wedge and compensating materials is provided.", "contents": "Practical dosimetric considerations of a 10-MV photon beam. An overall practical dosimetric study of a 10-MV photon beam produced by a Varian Clinac-18 linear accelerator is presented. In particular measurements were made to provide data which could be utilized in computerized dosage calculations using the concept of dividing the radiation beam into primary and scatter components. From the measured percentage depth doses, tissue-phantom ratios are calculated. Special consideration is given to the derivation and mesurement of zero-area tissue-phantom ratios such that scatter-phantom ratios could be obtained. The computer techniques were tested under a number of specified conditions by comparing the calculated results to the measured data. The variation of dose with field size and distance is considered and attenuation data for shielding, wedge and compensating materials is provided.", "PMID": 403400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1941", "title": "Characterization of a combined DNA initiation and cell division mutant of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The temperature-sensitive mutation in Bacillus subtilis 168-134ts, a conditional lethal DNA initiation mutant, was transferred to the minicell producing strain, CU 403 div IV-B1, to study he relationship of DNA synthesis to cell division. Markers in the combined mutant were verified by transduction. DNA replication kinetics, genome location by autoradiography, and clonal analysis of cell division patterns during spore outgrowths were investigated. Growth of the double mutant at the restrictive temperature results in an impressive reduction of the percentage cell length covered by DNA grain clusters (60.2% at 30 degrees C compared to 8.6% after 2 h at 45 degress C). The probability of a minicell producing division in double mutant clones is essentially the same at 30 degrees C and during the initial 2-3 h growth at 45 degrees C at which time lysis begins. Residual division at 45 degrees C is attributable to processes initiated at 30 degrees C. The CU 403 div IV-B1, 134ts, double mutant divides about 25% as frequently relative to growth as do wild type CU 403 clones when incubated at permissive temperature. This is approximately 15% greater division suppression than previously found in the CU 403 div IV-B1 mutant strain, and is presumably due to interactions of the mutant gene products both of which affect DNA.", "contents": "Characterization of a combined DNA initiation and cell division mutant of Bacillus subtilis. The temperature-sensitive mutation in Bacillus subtilis 168-134ts, a conditional lethal DNA initiation mutant, was transferred to the minicell producing strain, CU 403 div IV-B1, to study he relationship of DNA synthesis to cell division. Markers in the combined mutant were verified by transduction. DNA replication kinetics, genome location by autoradiography, and clonal analysis of cell division patterns during spore outgrowths were investigated. Growth of the double mutant at the restrictive temperature results in an impressive reduction of the percentage cell length covered by DNA grain clusters (60.2% at 30 degrees C compared to 8.6% after 2 h at 45 degress C). The probability of a minicell producing division in double mutant clones is essentially the same at 30 degrees C and during the initial 2-3 h growth at 45 degrees C at which time lysis begins. Residual division at 45 degrees C is attributable to processes initiated at 30 degrees C. The CU 403 div IV-B1, 134ts, double mutant divides about 25% as frequently relative to growth as do wild type CU 403 clones when incubated at permissive temperature. This is approximately 15% greater division suppression than previously found in the CU 403 div IV-B1 mutant strain, and is presumably due to interactions of the mutant gene products both of which affect DNA.", "PMID": 403403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1942", "title": "[Intracellular endosymbiose in lower animals - its dissemination and adaptation (author's transl)].", "content": "Numerous species of animal, both protozoa and metazoa, regularly with live intracellularly associated microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae). The metabolic and physiological dependence frequently goes so far that the one symbiosis partner is incapable of life without the other. Numerous mechanisms therefore take care of the adequate accomodation of the microorganisms and for the symbiosis partners to remain together from generation to generation. Selected examples show the wide dissemination of intracellular symbiosis in the animal kingdom and particular types of mutual adaptation. The cellular biological aspects permit comparisons with the behavior of pathological milcroorganisms.", "contents": "[Intracellular endosymbiose in lower animals - its dissemination and adaptation (author's transl)]. Numerous species of animal, both protozoa and metazoa, regularly with live intracellularly associated microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae). The metabolic and physiological dependence frequently goes so far that the one symbiosis partner is incapable of life without the other. Numerous mechanisms therefore take care of the adequate accomodation of the microorganisms and for the symbiosis partners to remain together from generation to generation. Selected examples show the wide dissemination of intracellular symbiosis in the animal kingdom and particular types of mutual adaptation. The cellular biological aspects permit comparisons with the behavior of pathological milcroorganisms.", "PMID": 403406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1943", "title": "[Types of sensitivity (author's transl)].", "content": "Pathogen-host relationships are interactions which, on the part of the host, in contrast to in vitro infections not only depend on the available substrate but require a specific sensitivity to the individual pathogen. According to the species of the pathogen, the host responds with either a local or generalized sensitivity. Whereas local sensitivity persists throughout life, a generalized sensitivity is changed to a local sensitivity after the initial manifestation, by the development of a general immunity. Phylogenetic arguments support the assumption that sensitivity and its differences are genetically determined.", "contents": "[Types of sensitivity (author's transl)]. Pathogen-host relationships are interactions which, on the part of the host, in contrast to in vitro infections not only depend on the available substrate but require a specific sensitivity to the individual pathogen. According to the species of the pathogen, the host responds with either a local or generalized sensitivity. Whereas local sensitivity persists throughout life, a generalized sensitivity is changed to a local sensitivity after the initial manifestation, by the development of a general immunity. Phylogenetic arguments support the assumption that sensitivity and its differences are genetically determined.", "PMID": 403410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1944", "title": "[Cephalexin levels in the bronchial secretion of children (author's transl)].", "content": "Cephalexin serum levels and its content in bronchial secretions have been studied in six children with pneumonia or chronic bronchitis following a single oral doses of 30 to 50 mug/kg body weight. The cephalexin content in bronchial secretions reached values between 0,47 and 2,3 mug/ml (on average 0,84 mug/ml). The percentage of the cephalexin content in bronchial secretions varied from 4,3 to 133 percent (on average 22,6%) as compared to the corresponding serum levels.", "contents": "[Cephalexin levels in the bronchial secretion of children (author's transl)]. Cephalexin serum levels and its content in bronchial secretions have been studied in six children with pneumonia or chronic bronchitis following a single oral doses of 30 to 50 mug/kg body weight. The cephalexin content in bronchial secretions reached values between 0,47 and 2,3 mug/ml (on average 0,84 mug/ml). The percentage of the cephalexin content in bronchial secretions varied from 4,3 to 133 percent (on average 22,6%) as compared to the corresponding serum levels.", "PMID": 403412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1945", "title": "[Health and disease. Critical thoughts on the health concept of the World Health Organisation (WHO) (author's transl)].", "content": "In recent times, health politics has crystallized more and more into a independent branch of social politics. Health as well as disease, have become a central topic of public and individual discussion. A elucidation of the relevant concepts seems to be urgently required. The article, starting from the well-known WHO definition of health, attempts a critical discussion of the concepts of \"health\" and \"disease\". It becomes apparent that, according to the present state of knowledge, neither can be conclusively defined, by either medical or psychic scientific methods. The material is subjected rather to a constant change decisively dependent on psychic currents at the time in question.", "contents": "[Health and disease. Critical thoughts on the health concept of the World Health Organisation (WHO) (author's transl)]. In recent times, health politics has crystallized more and more into a independent branch of social politics. Health as well as disease, have become a central topic of public and individual discussion. A elucidation of the relevant concepts seems to be urgently required. The article, starting from the well-known WHO definition of health, attempts a critical discussion of the concepts of \"health\" and \"disease\". It becomes apparent that, according to the present state of knowledge, neither can be conclusively defined, by either medical or psychic scientific methods. The material is subjected rather to a constant change decisively dependent on psychic currents at the time in question.", "PMID": 403414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1946", "title": "[Prognosis of occupational bronchial asthma after change of occupation and elimination of antigen (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to eliminate the antigen, 168 patients with metal dust allergy made a complete change of occupation, The number of those who were rehabilitated after change of occupation was in inverse proportion to the duration of exposure to the antigen. Subjects with persistent bronchial asthma showed an increase in the complaints which corresponded to the antigen exposure. So as to be able to detect secondary developments deriving from the allergic changes in the mucous membrane, a few parameters were examined after the change of occupation for their relationship to the duration of exposure. Such relationships were found for secondary inflammatory processes in the airways (detection of pathogenic organisms in the sputum, concomitant sinusitis and pleural residues from inflammatory processes). The duration of exposure to the antigen also affects the frequency of persistently increasing bronchospastic irritability after change of occupation.", "contents": "[Prognosis of occupational bronchial asthma after change of occupation and elimination of antigen (author's transl)]. In order to eliminate the antigen, 168 patients with metal dust allergy made a complete change of occupation, The number of those who were rehabilitated after change of occupation was in inverse proportion to the duration of exposure to the antigen. Subjects with persistent bronchial asthma showed an increase in the complaints which corresponded to the antigen exposure. So as to be able to detect secondary developments deriving from the allergic changes in the mucous membrane, a few parameters were examined after the change of occupation for their relationship to the duration of exposure. Such relationships were found for secondary inflammatory processes in the airways (detection of pathogenic organisms in the sputum, concomitant sinusitis and pleural residues from inflammatory processes). The duration of exposure to the antigen also affects the frequency of persistently increasing bronchospastic irritability after change of occupation.", "PMID": 403419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1947", "title": "[Success of physiotherapeutic interval training combined with standardized hemoderivative in intermittent claudication (author's transl)].", "content": "In a cross-over trial with 114 patients, intravenous Actovegin or an oral placebo were administered in addition to basic physiotherapy. In the evaluation 105 of the subjects were taken into consideration. It was shown that the test group (n = 53) achieved a 12% increase in walking distance (measured in the standardized walking distance test) compared with the placebo group (n = 52). The therapeutic success rate, i.e. the evaluation base for the efficacy of basic physiotherapy was comparatively good and statistically confirmed at 69.8% and 73.1% for the two groups. From this it may be concluded that basic physiotherapy can be effectively supported by Actovegin.", "contents": "[Success of physiotherapeutic interval training combined with standardized hemoderivative in intermittent claudication (author's transl)]. In a cross-over trial with 114 patients, intravenous Actovegin or an oral placebo were administered in addition to basic physiotherapy. In the evaluation 105 of the subjects were taken into consideration. It was shown that the test group (n = 53) achieved a 12% increase in walking distance (measured in the standardized walking distance test) compared with the placebo group (n = 52). The therapeutic success rate, i.e. the evaluation base for the efficacy of basic physiotherapy was comparatively good and statistically confirmed at 69.8% and 73.1% for the two groups. From this it may be concluded that basic physiotherapy can be effectively supported by Actovegin.", "PMID": 403421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1948", "title": "[Changes in the Conception of the Course of Tuberculosis: (author's transl)].", "content": "In our sphere of life the picture of tuberculosis has altered. Infections in children have become less severe and considerably rarer. The chronic tuberculosis of age is decreasing. The reasons for the change in the course of tuberculosis are to be found in an increasing power of resistance of the body produced by better social hygienic conditions, a better immunological defense and the institution of modern therapy. Tuberculosis should only be subdivided into primary and post-primary stages with the possibility of spreading through local progressiveness to lymphadenobronchogenic and hematogenic pathways.", "contents": "[Changes in the Conception of the Course of Tuberculosis: (author's transl)]. In our sphere of life the picture of tuberculosis has altered. Infections in children have become less severe and considerably rarer. The chronic tuberculosis of age is decreasing. The reasons for the change in the course of tuberculosis are to be found in an increasing power of resistance of the body produced by better social hygienic conditions, a better immunological defense and the institution of modern therapy. Tuberculosis should only be subdivided into primary and post-primary stages with the possibility of spreading through local progressiveness to lymphadenobronchogenic and hematogenic pathways.", "PMID": 403424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1949", "title": "[BCG Vaccination and Tuberculous Meningitis (author's transl)].", "content": "While BCG Vaccination of newborn infants has been carried out in North Germany for many years, in BadenWurttemberg and Bavaria it has only become standard practice in a few \"islands\" Nevertheless, tuberculosis, and especially tuberculosis of children, has regressed fairly uniformly in all the Federal States, as is shown by tuberculous meningitis, for example. In June 1975, the single modified serum used was withdrawn in the Federal Republic because of the increased complication rate. The point for discussion now is whether routine vaccination of the newborn should be started again as soon as a vaccine is available. Since the probability of a child falling ill with tuberculosis in the Republic nowadays is small and in addition the protection is not complete and of limited duration, the complications of the vaccination must be taken very seriously into consideration. But all children who are a high risk (e.g foreigners) should receive BCG vaccination in infancy even now.", "contents": "[BCG Vaccination and Tuberculous Meningitis (author's transl)]. While BCG Vaccination of newborn infants has been carried out in North Germany for many years, in BadenWurttemberg and Bavaria it has only become standard practice in a few \"islands\" Nevertheless, tuberculosis, and especially tuberculosis of children, has regressed fairly uniformly in all the Federal States, as is shown by tuberculous meningitis, for example. In June 1975, the single modified serum used was withdrawn in the Federal Republic because of the increased complication rate. The point for discussion now is whether routine vaccination of the newborn should be started again as soon as a vaccine is available. Since the probability of a child falling ill with tuberculosis in the Republic nowadays is small and in addition the protection is not complete and of limited duration, the complications of the vaccination must be taken very seriously into consideration. But all children who are a high risk (e.g foreigners) should receive BCG vaccination in infancy even now.", "PMID": 403425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1950", "title": "[Fungal spore content of the air in Munich (author's transl)].", "content": "A volumetric determination of seasonal variations in the fungal spore content of the air was carried out with Andersen samplers (culture plates) in the center of the City of Munich and 2.4 km (1.5 miles) west of it. Cladosporium spores were predominant (60% altogether), followed by those of penicillium and aspergillus. Up to 22 different genera were counted among the varieties. The spores of cladosporium, penicillium, aspergillus, botrytis, thysanophora and epicoccum are twice as densely represented 2.4 km west of the center of the City than in the center. The most frequent types of spore during the course of the year are described.", "contents": "[Fungal spore content of the air in Munich (author's transl)]. A volumetric determination of seasonal variations in the fungal spore content of the air was carried out with Andersen samplers (culture plates) in the center of the City of Munich and 2.4 km (1.5 miles) west of it. Cladosporium spores were predominant (60% altogether), followed by those of penicillium and aspergillus. Up to 22 different genera were counted among the varieties. The spores of cladosporium, penicillium, aspergillus, botrytis, thysanophora and epicoccum are twice as densely represented 2.4 km west of the center of the City than in the center. The most frequent types of spore during the course of the year are described.", "PMID": 403426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1951", "title": "[Safeguarding healthy living conditions-legal foundations of environmental hygiene (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of environmental hygiene is to maintain or regain healthy living conditions for man, animals and plants. An important area of environmental hygienic effort is the safeguarding of health as a state of optimal physical, psychic and social well-being. Man has a right to a healthy environment to live in in the fullest sense. It should be protected by a great number of provisions relating to health in environmental law. Meaningful provisions require careful preparation as is shown by the example of residues in foodstuffs.", "contents": "[Safeguarding healthy living conditions-legal foundations of environmental hygiene (author's transl)]. The aim of environmental hygiene is to maintain or regain healthy living conditions for man, animals and plants. An important area of environmental hygienic effort is the safeguarding of health as a state of optimal physical, psychic and social well-being. Man has a right to a healthy environment to live in in the fullest sense. It should be protected by a great number of provisions relating to health in environmental law. Meaningful provisions require careful preparation as is shown by the example of residues in foodstuffs.", "PMID": 403427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1952", "title": "[Rationalization of infusion therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Infusions are a principal cost factor for hospital dispensaries. The demands of modern infusion therapy are gone into from the point of view of the anesthesist. Opportunities for rationalization arise through producing them in the hospital dispensaries and their problems relating to GMP provisions are described. An alternative solution by reduction of the ready made supply from the industry is discussed.", "contents": "[Rationalization of infusion therapy (author's transl)]. Infusions are a principal cost factor for hospital dispensaries. The demands of modern infusion therapy are gone into from the point of view of the anesthesist. Opportunities for rationalization arise through producing them in the hospital dispensaries and their problems relating to GMP provisions are described. An alternative solution by reduction of the ready made supply from the industry is discussed.", "PMID": 403428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1953", "title": "[Benefits and dangers of sport for the postural and locomotor apparatus (author's transl)].", "content": "The possible prophylactic, rehabilitative and the, today often unjustly exaggerated harmful effects of sport on the locomotor apparatus are reviewed. Damage and dangers can be avoided if attention is paid to measured amounts appropriate to age, improved individual style of the type of sport practised, and to the biomechanical susceptibility of certain sections of our postural and locomotor apparatus due to recent developmental history.", "contents": "[Benefits and dangers of sport for the postural and locomotor apparatus (author's transl)]. The possible prophylactic, rehabilitative and the, today often unjustly exaggerated harmful effects of sport on the locomotor apparatus are reviewed. Damage and dangers can be avoided if attention is paid to measured amounts appropriate to age, improved individual style of the type of sport practised, and to the biomechanical susceptibility of certain sections of our postural and locomotor apparatus due to recent developmental history.", "PMID": 403433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1954", "title": "[Advertising and safety in skiing (author's transl)].", "content": "Pertinent accident statistics show that, opposed to the need for safety which ought to be expected, there is an insufficiently practiced safety consciousness. The objective probability of getting into danger rises with the increasing readiness to take risks. Advertising tries to influence the potential customer quantitatively and qualitatively in such a way that he believes that his secret desires will be fulfilled by the acquisition and use of certain products. The mechanism of character transference through paralogical conclusions required for this shows parallels to the logic schizophrenia. Both sponsors and ad-men can contribute decisively to safety in skiing if they dispense with the use of certain attributes in their advertisements.", "contents": "[Advertising and safety in skiing (author's transl)]. Pertinent accident statistics show that, opposed to the need for safety which ought to be expected, there is an insufficiently practiced safety consciousness. The objective probability of getting into danger rises with the increasing readiness to take risks. Advertising tries to influence the potential customer quantitatively and qualitatively in such a way that he believes that his secret desires will be fulfilled by the acquisition and use of certain products. The mechanism of character transference through paralogical conclusions required for this shows parallels to the logic schizophrenia. Both sponsors and ad-men can contribute decisively to safety in skiing if they dispense with the use of certain attributes in their advertisements.", "PMID": 403434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1955", "title": "[Osteosynthesis and plastic surgery of the visceral cranium (author's transl)].", "content": "The conservative treatment of fractures of the visceral cranium and the base of the skull has become separated to an increasing extent from the earlier reconstructive measures of the facial surgeon. The skull is restored with due consideration for the anatomical function and cosmetic factors. Wire osteosynthesis, maxillary and mandibular splinting, fixing to the skeleton by Adam's clasp, reconstruction of soft parts, filling of skin defects precede the subsequent functional follow-up therapy. Exact diagnosis and interdisciplinary planning of treatment before the early intervention are of more value for the patient with a damaged skull than precipitate emergency measures under conditions of inadequate equipment and personnel. A plan of treatment from a background of 230 of our own cases is presented.", "contents": "[Osteosynthesis and plastic surgery of the visceral cranium (author's transl)]. The conservative treatment of fractures of the visceral cranium and the base of the skull has become separated to an increasing extent from the earlier reconstructive measures of the facial surgeon. The skull is restored with due consideration for the anatomical function and cosmetic factors. Wire osteosynthesis, maxillary and mandibular splinting, fixing to the skeleton by Adam's clasp, reconstruction of soft parts, filling of skin defects precede the subsequent functional follow-up therapy. Exact diagnosis and interdisciplinary planning of treatment before the early intervention are of more value for the patient with a damaged skull than precipitate emergency measures under conditions of inadequate equipment and personnel. A plan of treatment from a background of 230 of our own cases is presented.", "PMID": 403435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1956", "title": "[Clinical aspects and therapy of extensor tendon avulsion in the distal phalanx of the finger (author's transl)].", "content": "Avulsion of the extensor tendon of the terminal phalanx of the finger is the most frequent form of all subcutaneous tendon ruptures. The rupture may occur in the tendinous part or cause a fracture of the bone in the region of the insertion. Healing requires at least 5-6 weeks conservative therapy with a Stack's splint being attempted first. Surgical fixation of the terminal joint with Kirschner wire should only be carried out in exceptional cases because of the risk of infection and damage to the joint. Operative union of the ends of the tendon is only immediately indicated with open tendon severance and in old injuries in which complete severing of the tendon can be recognized. If tendon regeneration is unsatisfactory, the Georg method of purse-string suture with temporary arthrodesis is recommended later.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and therapy of extensor tendon avulsion in the distal phalanx of the finger (author's transl)]. Avulsion of the extensor tendon of the terminal phalanx of the finger is the most frequent form of all subcutaneous tendon ruptures. The rupture may occur in the tendinous part or cause a fracture of the bone in the region of the insertion. Healing requires at least 5-6 weeks conservative therapy with a Stack's splint being attempted first. Surgical fixation of the terminal joint with Kirschner wire should only be carried out in exceptional cases because of the risk of infection and damage to the joint. Operative union of the ends of the tendon is only immediately indicated with open tendon severance and in old injuries in which complete severing of the tendon can be recognized. If tendon regeneration is unsatisfactory, the Georg method of purse-string suture with temporary arthrodesis is recommended later.", "PMID": 403436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1957", "title": "[Conservative and operative treatment of fractures in the region of the elbow joint in childhood. Comparative study of the late results (author's transl)].", "content": "The serious complications following fractures in the region of the elbow joint are frequently avoidable by selection of adequate methods of treatment. The advantages of operative in comparison with semi-conservative methods of treatment are presented here in relation to our own patients.", "contents": "[Conservative and operative treatment of fractures in the region of the elbow joint in childhood. Comparative study of the late results (author's transl)]. The serious complications following fractures in the region of the elbow joint are frequently avoidable by selection of adequate methods of treatment. The advantages of operative in comparison with semi-conservative methods of treatment are presented here in relation to our own patients.", "PMID": 403437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1958", "title": "[Anal and perianal complications of Crohn's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Anal and perianal lesions in Crohn's disease such as fistulae, fissures, abscesses and proliferative ulcerous proctitis are often misinterpreted and consequently unsatisfactorily treated. They always indicate a florid intestinal attack or a relapse after previous intestinal resection. Out of 153 patients with Crohn's disease in the last 11 years we have had 59 cases (= 38.6%) with a history of anal changes or such changes were demonstrable on admission to hospital. Only after subtle diagnosis in which the nature and extent of these complications and the location of the intestinal disease focus are determined, the most promising therapy, after all possibilities of conservative treatment have been exhausted, is intestinal resection. Local surgical measures which would often endanger continence, are reserved for the individual case.", "contents": "[Anal and perianal complications of Crohn's disease (author's transl)]. Anal and perianal lesions in Crohn's disease such as fistulae, fissures, abscesses and proliferative ulcerous proctitis are often misinterpreted and consequently unsatisfactorily treated. They always indicate a florid intestinal attack or a relapse after previous intestinal resection. Out of 153 patients with Crohn's disease in the last 11 years we have had 59 cases (= 38.6%) with a history of anal changes or such changes were demonstrable on admission to hospital. Only after subtle diagnosis in which the nature and extent of these complications and the location of the intestinal disease focus are determined, the most promising therapy, after all possibilities of conservative treatment have been exhausted, is intestinal resection. Local surgical measures which would often endanger continence, are reserved for the individual case.", "PMID": 403440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1959", "title": "[Value of diagnostic measures in blunt epigastric trauma with particular reference to peritoneal lavage (author's transl)].", "content": "In 95 patients suffering blunt abdominal trauma the diagnostic validity of abdominal exploration, blood pressure, pulse rate, leukocyte count, and hemoglobin was compared with the results of peritoneal lavage for the detection of intra-abdominal bleeding. Classical clinical symptoms alone are not reliable in evaluation of the patient with abdominal trauma, especially if there are associated multiple injuries. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage has the highest accuracy (more than 95%) and an early diagnosis of intraperitoneal bleeding by widespread use of this method improves the prognosis in these patients.", "contents": "[Value of diagnostic measures in blunt epigastric trauma with particular reference to peritoneal lavage (author's transl)]. In 95 patients suffering blunt abdominal trauma the diagnostic validity of abdominal exploration, blood pressure, pulse rate, leukocyte count, and hemoglobin was compared with the results of peritoneal lavage for the detection of intra-abdominal bleeding. Classical clinical symptoms alone are not reliable in evaluation of the patient with abdominal trauma, especially if there are associated multiple injuries. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage has the highest accuracy (more than 95%) and an early diagnosis of intraperitoneal bleeding by widespread use of this method improves the prognosis in these patients.", "PMID": 403441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1960", "title": "[The placebo effect (author's transl)].", "content": "Placebos are liable to affect most diseases, physiologically autonomic and emotional functions and types of performance and also to produce side effects. Types of reactions to placebos are highly dependent on suggestion. Tranquilizer properties are registered more frequently than those of stimulants, and placebos are taken for active drugs more often than vice versa. Type of application, personality of the therapist and intensity of the stress situation may potentiate or diminish the effects of placebos in a specific manner. Constancy of time and situation as a condition for the identification of a placebo reactor is demonstrable to a limited extent only.", "contents": "[The placebo effect (author's transl)]. Placebos are liable to affect most diseases, physiologically autonomic and emotional functions and types of performance and also to produce side effects. Types of reactions to placebos are highly dependent on suggestion. Tranquilizer properties are registered more frequently than those of stimulants, and placebos are taken for active drugs more often than vice versa. Type of application, personality of the therapist and intensity of the stress situation may potentiate or diminish the effects of placebos in a specific manner. Constancy of time and situation as a condition for the identification of a placebo reactor is demonstrable to a limited extent only.", "PMID": 403443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1961", "title": "[New aspects of the pathogenesis and therapy of alcoholic delirium (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinically, and especially biochemically, alcoholic delirium corresponds closely to an incipient but reversible exogenous hepatic coma. The blood levels of ammonia in particular, free phenols and lactate are greatly increased. These same metabolites increase slightly in the blood of persons with healthy livers after a single alcohol loading. The treatment of alcoholic delirium consists of optimal sedation with Distraneurin, which appears to have no side effects on the liver. There is even a lowering of the raised lactate level in the blood after a single administration of Distraneurin. Ammonia and phenols are reduced by ammonia-lowering aminoacids, lactulose and bifidum milk. Most important, however, is strict abstention from alcohol, which alone brings about a rapid improvement of pathological biochemical and morphological liver findings.", "contents": "[New aspects of the pathogenesis and therapy of alcoholic delirium (author's transl)]. Clinically, and especially biochemically, alcoholic delirium corresponds closely to an incipient but reversible exogenous hepatic coma. The blood levels of ammonia in particular, free phenols and lactate are greatly increased. These same metabolites increase slightly in the blood of persons with healthy livers after a single alcohol loading. The treatment of alcoholic delirium consists of optimal sedation with Distraneurin, which appears to have no side effects on the liver. There is even a lowering of the raised lactate level in the blood after a single administration of Distraneurin. Ammonia and phenols are reduced by ammonia-lowering aminoacids, lactulose and bifidum milk. Most important, however, is strict abstention from alcohol, which alone brings about a rapid improvement of pathological biochemical and morphological liver findings.", "PMID": 403444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1962", "title": "[Thalassemia minor in families of German descent in the Bergische Land (author's transl)].", "content": "Heterozygous classical beta-thalassemia was found in 13 subjects of pure German descent, 11 of them from the Bergische Land (NW Germany) during the past three years. Clinically it became manifest in a moderate degree of anemia with marked hypochromia and reduced mean corpuscular volume. The number of red blood corpuscles and the value for serum iron were ascertained to be in the upper limits of normal or raised. The diagnosis of Mediterranean anemia was confirmed by hemoglobin electrophoresis with a rise in HbA2 of more than 3%. A slight increase in HbF may also occur. The importance of genetic counseling of thalassemia patients is emphasized. The occurrence of thalassemia even in pure German populations must be increasingly reckoned with.", "contents": "[Thalassemia minor in families of German descent in the Bergische Land (author's transl)]. Heterozygous classical beta-thalassemia was found in 13 subjects of pure German descent, 11 of them from the Bergische Land (NW Germany) during the past three years. Clinically it became manifest in a moderate degree of anemia with marked hypochromia and reduced mean corpuscular volume. The number of red blood corpuscles and the value for serum iron were ascertained to be in the upper limits of normal or raised. The diagnosis of Mediterranean anemia was confirmed by hemoglobin electrophoresis with a rise in HbA2 of more than 3%. A slight increase in HbF may also occur. The importance of genetic counseling of thalassemia patients is emphasized. The occurrence of thalassemia even in pure German populations must be increasingly reckoned with.", "PMID": 403446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1963", "title": "[The determination of calcitonin for hospital use (author's transl)].", "content": "The significance of measuring calcitonin by biological and radioimmunological methods for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes is demonstrated in 18 cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The radioimmunoassay used permits the differentiation between normals (up to 0.5 ng/ml) and patients with MTC (3 to 120 ng/ml). As clinical symptomatology is often unspecific (tumor of the neck, perhaps in combination with diarrhea), the determination of calcitonin proved to be a useful preoperative diagnostic tool which can be improved by calcitonin stimulation tests (pentagastrin i.v.). Calcitonin values provide information on the completeness of surgical procedures or the recurrence of the tumor before clinical symptoms are manifest.", "contents": "[The determination of calcitonin for hospital use (author's transl)]. The significance of measuring calcitonin by biological and radioimmunological methods for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes is demonstrated in 18 cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The radioimmunoassay used permits the differentiation between normals (up to 0.5 ng/ml) and patients with MTC (3 to 120 ng/ml). As clinical symptomatology is often unspecific (tumor of the neck, perhaps in combination with diarrhea), the determination of calcitonin proved to be a useful preoperative diagnostic tool which can be improved by calcitonin stimulation tests (pentagastrin i.v.). Calcitonin values provide information on the completeness of surgical procedures or the recurrence of the tumor before clinical symptoms are manifest.", "PMID": 403447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1964", "title": "[Serotonin and the dumping syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The serotonin level in patients after a 2/3 resection of the stomach (Billroth II) is normal to moderately raised. Patients with a dumping syndrome show no significantly different figures for the excretion of free serotonin in the 24-hr urine. The level of serotonin in patients after gastric operation is regulated to normal or slightly raised values by increased serotonin production in the gastrointestinal tract whether a dumping syndrome develops or not. Knowledge of the serotonin levels is consequently of therapeutic significance because a dumping syndrome may exist with and without raised serotonin values.", "contents": "[Serotonin and the dumping syndrome (author's transl)]. The serotonin level in patients after a 2/3 resection of the stomach (Billroth II) is normal to moderately raised. Patients with a dumping syndrome show no significantly different figures for the excretion of free serotonin in the 24-hr urine. The level of serotonin in patients after gastric operation is regulated to normal or slightly raised values by increased serotonin production in the gastrointestinal tract whether a dumping syndrome develops or not. Knowledge of the serotonin levels is consequently of therapeutic significance because a dumping syndrome may exist with and without raised serotonin values.", "PMID": 403448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1965", "title": "[Fine needle biopsy of cold goiter nodules (author's transl)].", "content": "Fine needle biopsy of hypofunctional, scintigraphically detected cold goiter nodules is being increasingly applied as a diagnostic method. Its diagnostic value is estimated by the results gained from 4,555 punctured patients, 1,076 of these nodules were histologically proven, and from the literature. The most important indication for the application of this method is a neoplastic lesion of the thyroid. 6.8% of 20,384 nodules were cytologically suspicious or malignant. Of 2,412 surgically controlled patients 85.5% were correctly diagnosed. Among 490 malignancies 92.1% were correctly diagnosed and 7.9% were false negatives.", "contents": "[Fine needle biopsy of cold goiter nodules (author's transl)]. Fine needle biopsy of hypofunctional, scintigraphically detected cold goiter nodules is being increasingly applied as a diagnostic method. Its diagnostic value is estimated by the results gained from 4,555 punctured patients, 1,076 of these nodules were histologically proven, and from the literature. The most important indication for the application of this method is a neoplastic lesion of the thyroid. 6.8% of 20,384 nodules were cytologically suspicious or malignant. Of 2,412 surgically controlled patients 85.5% were correctly diagnosed. Among 490 malignancies 92.1% were correctly diagnosed and 7.9% were false negatives.", "PMID": 403450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1966", "title": "[Results of a trial of a coronary therapeutic agent, Adalat (author's transl)].", "content": "This report concerns data on 54 patients with coronary heart disease. With a 4-6 week treatment with 3 X 1 capsule Adalat daily, the attacks of angina pectoris fell from 1-7 daily to 1-2 per week. In more than 50% of the subjects, no more attacks occurred. Nitroglycerine consumption fell accordingly. Ergometry carried out on 12 patients at the end of the study showed an increased load resistance of 20 to 30 W in each case, compared with the initial value. The preparation was well tolerated.", "contents": "[Results of a trial of a coronary therapeutic agent, Adalat (author's transl)]. This report concerns data on 54 patients with coronary heart disease. With a 4-6 week treatment with 3 X 1 capsule Adalat daily, the attacks of angina pectoris fell from 1-7 daily to 1-2 per week. In more than 50% of the subjects, no more attacks occurred. Nitroglycerine consumption fell accordingly. Ergometry carried out on 12 patients at the end of the study showed an increased load resistance of 20 to 30 W in each case, compared with the initial value. The preparation was well tolerated.", "PMID": 403451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1967", "title": "[Modern principles of incorporation of total dental prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "A promising therapy with total prostheses is only possible if it is possible to incorporate the prostheses into the functional processes of the oral cavity without disturbance and to coordinate it with the functions of the mandibular joint and the musculature. Overemphasis of a measure does not ensure success, only the cooperation of physical biomechanical, functional and psychic factors.", "contents": "[Modern principles of incorporation of total dental prosthesis (author's transl)]. A promising therapy with total prostheses is only possible if it is possible to incorporate the prostheses into the functional processes of the oral cavity without disturbance and to coordinate it with the functions of the mandibular joint and the musculature. Overemphasis of a measure does not ensure success, only the cooperation of physical biomechanical, functional and psychic factors.", "PMID": 403452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1968", "title": "[Modern therapy of fractured jaws (author's transl)].", "content": "Modern treatment of fractured jaws includes the anatomical and functional restoration of the broken mandible and the middle part of the face. The central feature on the one hand, is the reposition and fixation of the fractured skeletal parts in the correct axial line, and on the other hand, occlusal rehabilitation, which is to be considered the criterion of a correct position for the dentigerous fragments. For this purpose, conservative and/or operative measures cone into question, according to the type of fracture and dislocation. The conservative methods enable reposition and fixation of fragments by means of dental fixation dressings. At the present time, wire suture and wire suspension which are always combined with conservative methods as well as plate osteosynthesis are to be mentioned as the most common operative procedures for fractures of the mandible and the middle part of the face.", "contents": "[Modern therapy of fractured jaws (author's transl)]. Modern treatment of fractured jaws includes the anatomical and functional restoration of the broken mandible and the middle part of the face. The central feature on the one hand, is the reposition and fixation of the fractured skeletal parts in the correct axial line, and on the other hand, occlusal rehabilitation, which is to be considered the criterion of a correct position for the dentigerous fragments. For this purpose, conservative and/or operative measures cone into question, according to the type of fracture and dislocation. The conservative methods enable reposition and fixation of fragments by means of dental fixation dressings. At the present time, wire suture and wire suspension which are always combined with conservative methods as well as plate osteosynthesis are to be mentioned as the most common operative procedures for fractures of the mandible and the middle part of the face.", "PMID": 403453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1969", "title": "Grafting in dentistry today (author's transl).", "content": "Enossal grafts are common practice in dentistry. The prognosis of such grafts fluctuates between primary failure and 10 years, and is largely determined by the indication: the more accurate the indication, the better the prognosis! In partial diastemata in the lower jaw, satisfactory results for a longer time are to be expected if the concurrently blocked remaining denture is periodontally sound.", "contents": "Grafting in dentistry today (author's transl). Enossal grafts are common practice in dentistry. The prognosis of such grafts fluctuates between primary failure and 10 years, and is largely determined by the indication: the more accurate the indication, the better the prognosis! In partial diastemata in the lower jaw, satisfactory results for a longer time are to be expected if the concurrently blocked remaining denture is periodontally sound.", "PMID": 403454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1970", "title": "[Gingival grafts as therapeutic measures for periodontal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Gingival grafts represent an operative intervention within the sphere of periodontal surgery which enable a widening of fixed gingiva. Carried out as an outpatient operation, it troubles the patient little. Supported by the oral hygiene of the patient, it creates the necessary conditions for the progression of the periodontal disease to be stopped by local therapy in the region of the gingival pocket.", "contents": "[Gingival grafts as therapeutic measures for periodontal diseases (author's transl)]. Gingival grafts represent an operative intervention within the sphere of periodontal surgery which enable a widening of fixed gingiva. Carried out as an outpatient operation, it troubles the patient little. Supported by the oral hygiene of the patient, it creates the necessary conditions for the progression of the periodontal disease to be stopped by local therapy in the region of the gingival pocket.", "PMID": 403455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1971", "title": "[The present position of cleft surgery (cheilognathopalatoschisis) (author's transl)].", "content": "The present state of cleft surgery enables optimal results to be obtained through operation appropriate to the tissue and development and a longterm treatment lasting until the end of growth. The great individual variation in the clefts demands from the operator exact knowledge of the atypical tissue formations and mastery of the most varied plastic surgical possibilities.", "contents": "[The present position of cleft surgery (cheilognathopalatoschisis) (author's transl)]. The present state of cleft surgery enables optimal results to be obtained through operation appropriate to the tissue and development and a longterm treatment lasting until the end of growth. The great individual variation in the clefts demands from the operator exact knowledge of the atypical tissue formations and mastery of the most varied plastic surgical possibilities.", "PMID": 403456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1972", "title": "[Allergic reactions to dental materials (author's transl)].", "content": "Contact and distant reactions of an allergic nature to dental materials are rarer than is generally assumed. This is explained by the anatomical and physiological peculiarities of the oral mucous membrane and the chemical and physical properties of the materials. Clinical phenotypic allergic reactions due to prosthetic and filling materials are discussed and special problems of diagnosis and differential diagnosis are emphasized.", "contents": "[Allergic reactions to dental materials (author's transl)]. Contact and distant reactions of an allergic nature to dental materials are rarer than is generally assumed. This is explained by the anatomical and physiological peculiarities of the oral mucous membrane and the chemical and physical properties of the materials. Clinical phenotypic allergic reactions due to prosthetic and filling materials are discussed and special problems of diagnosis and differential diagnosis are emphasized.", "PMID": 403457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1973", "title": "[Pattern of recurrence of surgically treated primary malignant melanomas of the skin. Therapeutic consequences (author's transl)].", "content": "Recurrences were observed within 2 years in 14 out of 169 operatively treated malignant melanomas of the skin (Stage I). Since it cannot be excluded that local remanifestation may be the starting point of proliferative metastasis formation, an extensive low-dose irradiation therapy limited to one day preoperatively is suggested, to prevent the appearance of prognostically unfavorable local recurrences of operatively treated malignant melanoma.", "contents": "[Pattern of recurrence of surgically treated primary malignant melanomas of the skin. Therapeutic consequences (author's transl)]. Recurrences were observed within 2 years in 14 out of 169 operatively treated malignant melanomas of the skin (Stage I). Since it cannot be excluded that local remanifestation may be the starting point of proliferative metastasis formation, an extensive low-dose irradiation therapy limited to one day preoperatively is suggested, to prevent the appearance of prognostically unfavorable local recurrences of operatively treated malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 403460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1974", "title": "[A modified guaiac test for the early detection of tumors of the intestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 1400 patients who were submitted to the Haemoccult test, 46 showed a postive result. Among other things there were 29 polyps, of which 3 already showed a focal carcinoma, and 5 carcinomata of the large intestine and 3 gastric carcinomata were also diagnosed. Over 70% of the tumor hosts had observed bleeding per anum at some time. In order to detect the number of false nagative results, patients were investigated in the same way even when the Haemoccult test had been negative three times. In this way 55 polyps were found as well as 7 partly advanced carcinomata of the large intestine. 35% of the Haemoccult-negative patients stated bleeding per anum in their history. The number of false negative findings must be considerably higher than previously estimated.", "contents": "[A modified guaiac test for the early detection of tumors of the intestinal tract (author's transl)]. Of 1400 patients who were submitted to the Haemoccult test, 46 showed a postive result. Among other things there were 29 polyps, of which 3 already showed a focal carcinoma, and 5 carcinomata of the large intestine and 3 gastric carcinomata were also diagnosed. Over 70% of the tumor hosts had observed bleeding per anum at some time. In order to detect the number of false nagative results, patients were investigated in the same way even when the Haemoccult test had been negative three times. In this way 55 polyps were found as well as 7 partly advanced carcinomata of the large intestine. 35% of the Haemoccult-negative patients stated bleeding per anum in their history. The number of false negative findings must be considerably higher than previously estimated.", "PMID": 403462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1975", "title": "[Particular aspects of testicular tumor in the elderly (author's transl)].", "content": "Malignant testicular tumors mainly occur in early adult life. 14 (7.8%) of our 180 patients with testicular tumors, treated from 1966 to 1976, were between 50 to 68 years of age. The pathological anatomical classification showed 9 germinal and 5 non-germinal tumors. To find out which tumor classification is the best for prognostic information and assessment of therapeutic consequences, we recommend setting up a central testicular tumor panel and register and refer to the multilateral study already initiated.", "contents": "[Particular aspects of testicular tumor in the elderly (author's transl)]. Malignant testicular tumors mainly occur in early adult life. 14 (7.8%) of our 180 patients with testicular tumors, treated from 1966 to 1976, were between 50 to 68 years of age. The pathological anatomical classification showed 9 germinal and 5 non-germinal tumors. To find out which tumor classification is the best for prognostic information and assessment of therapeutic consequences, we recommend setting up a central testicular tumor panel and register and refer to the multilateral study already initiated.", "PMID": 403464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1976", "title": "[Cryptogenic liver abscess (author's transl)].", "content": "The successful treatment of two patients with cryptogenic liver abscess, a special type of pyogenic abscess, is reported. Quick diagnosis by methods which do not distress the patient, e. g. scintigraphy and echography, leads to a decisive improvement in the prognosis. Opinions are given on the differential diagnosis of cryptogenic, pyogenic and parasitic (amebic) liver abscesses. The good chances for treatment of cryptogenic abscesses compared with the secondary pyogenic liver abscesses are to be found not least in their usually solitary appearance. This is shown particularly clearly in the classification of the patients operated on for pyogenic liver abscess in our hospital in the last ten years into multiple and solitary liver abscess. As in the pyogenic abscess, so in the primary cyptogenic liver abscess is transperitoneal open drainage the method of choice for treatment.", "contents": "[Cryptogenic liver abscess (author's transl)]. The successful treatment of two patients with cryptogenic liver abscess, a special type of pyogenic abscess, is reported. Quick diagnosis by methods which do not distress the patient, e. g. scintigraphy and echography, leads to a decisive improvement in the prognosis. Opinions are given on the differential diagnosis of cryptogenic, pyogenic and parasitic (amebic) liver abscesses. The good chances for treatment of cryptogenic abscesses compared with the secondary pyogenic liver abscesses are to be found not least in their usually solitary appearance. This is shown particularly clearly in the classification of the patients operated on for pyogenic liver abscess in our hospital in the last ten years into multiple and solitary liver abscess. As in the pyogenic abscess, so in the primary cyptogenic liver abscess is transperitoneal open drainage the method of choice for treatment.", "PMID": 403466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1977", "title": "Blastomycosis: specificity of antigens reflecting the mating types of Ajellomyces dermatitidis.", "content": "In a study of sera from patients with proven or suspected blastomycosis, positive immunodiffusion tests were obtained in all active cases when fresh sera were tested with a cell sap (CS) antigen. False negatives occurred on occasion when an ethanol precipitate (EPF) antigen was used alone. No false positives were found. The CS antigen from the (+) mating type had in common two lines of identity with the (CS) antigen of the (-) type. In addition, other lines were present when the patient was infected with the same mating type as was used for the preparation of the antigen. No differences in the electrophoretic patterns of the enzymes leucine amino peptidase or phosphatase were noted when preparations from the two mating types were compared. However, a distinct pattern was noted when the alpha esterases of the (+) and (-) mating types were examined. Specific alpha esterase antibodies were present in patients' sera.", "contents": "Blastomycosis: specificity of antigens reflecting the mating types of Ajellomyces dermatitidis. In a study of sera from patients with proven or suspected blastomycosis, positive immunodiffusion tests were obtained in all active cases when fresh sera were tested with a cell sap (CS) antigen. False negatives occurred on occasion when an ethanol precipitate (EPF) antigen was used alone. No false positives were found. The CS antigen from the (+) mating type had in common two lines of identity with the (CS) antigen of the (-) type. In addition, other lines were present when the patient was infected with the same mating type as was used for the preparation of the antigen. No differences in the electrophoretic patterns of the enzymes leucine amino peptidase or phosphatase were noted when preparations from the two mating types were compared. However, a distinct pattern was noted when the alpha esterases of the (+) and (-) mating types were examined. Specific alpha esterase antibodies were present in patients' sera.", "PMID": 403475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1978", "title": "Clinical manifestations of chronic thiamine deficiency in rhesus monkey.", "content": "In the course of multiple episodes of thiamine deficiency in the rhesus monkey, the triad of anorexia, apathy, and hind limb weakness is the earliest clinical manifestation. In later episodes, nystagmus, abducens paresis, midline ataxia, dysmetria, and congestive heart failure are also seen. With the exception of dysmetria, the neurologic signs promptly respond to thiamine administration. Pair-fed controls showed no clinical signs. Neither peripheral neuropathy nor edema was observed. Thiamine-deficiency in the experimental animals was confirmed by blood transketolase assays.", "contents": "Clinical manifestations of chronic thiamine deficiency in rhesus monkey. In the course of multiple episodes of thiamine deficiency in the rhesus monkey, the triad of anorexia, apathy, and hind limb weakness is the earliest clinical manifestation. In later episodes, nystagmus, abducens paresis, midline ataxia, dysmetria, and congestive heart failure are also seen. With the exception of dysmetria, the neurologic signs promptly respond to thiamine administration. Pair-fed controls showed no clinical signs. Neither peripheral neuropathy nor edema was observed. Thiamine-deficiency in the experimental animals was confirmed by blood transketolase assays.", "PMID": 403480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1979", "title": "Genetic factors in childhood epilepsy with focal sharp waves. II. EEG findings in patients and siblings.", "content": "Electroencephalographical investigations were performed in 203 epileptic children exhibiting focal sharp waves in the EEG and in 312 siblings. As controls served 685 brain-healthy children (Gerken 1971) as well as 252 children with spike wave absences and their 242 siblings (Doose et al. 1973). According to the EEG findings in probands so-called \"centrencephalic\" EEG-criteria (theta rhythms, spikes and waves, photosensitivity) as a symptom of a genetically determined seizure susceptibility can be expected in at least 60% of the probands. 18% of the siblings showed at least once one definite \"centrencephalic\" EEG pattern. These results must be regarded as minimal values, since in siblings only one electro-encephalographic study could be performed. The results make it evident, that in the pathogenesis of epilepsy with focal sharp waves a genetically determined seizure susceptibility plays a very important role. After comparison with the results of genetic investigations in patients with spike wave absences (Doose et al. 1973) the difference as for the genetic basis between \"centrencephalic\" and focal epilepsies apparently is only due to a different gene density.", "contents": "Genetic factors in childhood epilepsy with focal sharp waves. II. EEG findings in patients and siblings. Electroencephalographical investigations were performed in 203 epileptic children exhibiting focal sharp waves in the EEG and in 312 siblings. As controls served 685 brain-healthy children (Gerken 1971) as well as 252 children with spike wave absences and their 242 siblings (Doose et al. 1973). According to the EEG findings in probands so-called \"centrencephalic\" EEG-criteria (theta rhythms, spikes and waves, photosensitivity) as a symptom of a genetically determined seizure susceptibility can be expected in at least 60% of the probands. 18% of the siblings showed at least once one definite \"centrencephalic\" EEG pattern. These results must be regarded as minimal values, since in siblings only one electro-encephalographic study could be performed. The results make it evident, that in the pathogenesis of epilepsy with focal sharp waves a genetically determined seizure susceptibility plays a very important role. After comparison with the results of genetic investigations in patients with spike wave absences (Doose et al. 1973) the difference as for the genetic basis between \"centrencephalic\" and focal epilepsies apparently is only due to a different gene density.", "PMID": 403481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1980", "title": "Genetic factors in childhood epilepsy with focal sharp waves. I. Clinical data and familial morbidity for seizures.", "content": "203 epileptic children (127 boys, 76 girls), who had demonstrated at least once focal sharp waves in the EEG during the course were investigated regarding clinical and historical data as well as familial morbidity for seizures. Expectedly, the seizure symptomatology was multiform: focal seizures of different type, especially secondarily generalized, grand mal, psychomotor fits, infantile spasms etc. Organic brain lesions play an important role. In 23% of cases a familial seizure affliction can be registered. The morbidity (close family) is significantly lower than in families of patients with spike wave absences (2.5 and 4.4% resp., Doose et al. 1973). Like in spike wave absence epilepsies mothers and mothers' siblings are more often affected than fathers and fathers' siblings. Among the affected relatives grand mal epilepsies predominate. The increase of febrile convulsions and spike wave absences observed in the families of absence epileptics is not present. In probands with onset of epilepsy during early childhood a significantly increased familial affliction can be observed. A more extensive discussion of the results will follow in a second paper deeling with EEG findings in probands and siblings.", "contents": "Genetic factors in childhood epilepsy with focal sharp waves. I. Clinical data and familial morbidity for seizures. 203 epileptic children (127 boys, 76 girls), who had demonstrated at least once focal sharp waves in the EEG during the course were investigated regarding clinical and historical data as well as familial morbidity for seizures. Expectedly, the seizure symptomatology was multiform: focal seizures of different type, especially secondarily generalized, grand mal, psychomotor fits, infantile spasms etc. Organic brain lesions play an important role. In 23% of cases a familial seizure affliction can be registered. The morbidity (close family) is significantly lower than in families of patients with spike wave absences (2.5 and 4.4% resp., Doose et al. 1973). Like in spike wave absence epilepsies mothers and mothers' siblings are more often affected than fathers and fathers' siblings. Among the affected relatives grand mal epilepsies predominate. The increase of febrile convulsions and spike wave absences observed in the families of absence epileptics is not present. In probands with onset of epilepsy during early childhood a significantly increased familial affliction can be observed. A more extensive discussion of the results will follow in a second paper deeling with EEG findings in probands and siblings.", "PMID": 403482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1981", "title": "[Treatment of advanced breast cancer with alkylating agents].", "content": "The results obtained in 26 patients suffering from metastatic cancer of the breast no longer sensitive to hormone treatment are reported. The patients were treated with ciclophosphamide (CTX) (500 mg i.v.) once a week and triethylenethiophosphamide (20-30 mg i.m.) (TSPA) every 4 weeks associated with cyclophosphamide as follows: CTX--CTX--CTX--CTX+TSPA. 9 objective regressions (34.6%) were observed. Those with objective regression lived 28 months on average (SD 23.45) and those without lived on average 11.41 months (SD 9.89). The difference is statistically significant. Side effects of various types were observed in 7 patients (27%).", "contents": "[Treatment of advanced breast cancer with alkylating agents]. The results obtained in 26 patients suffering from metastatic cancer of the breast no longer sensitive to hormone treatment are reported. The patients were treated with ciclophosphamide (CTX) (500 mg i.v.) once a week and triethylenethiophosphamide (20-30 mg i.m.) (TSPA) every 4 weeks associated with cyclophosphamide as follows: CTX--CTX--CTX--CTX+TSPA. 9 objective regressions (34.6%) were observed. Those with objective regression lived 28 months on average (SD 23.45) and those without lived on average 11.41 months (SD 9.89). The difference is statistically significant. Side effects of various types were observed in 7 patients (27%).", "PMID": 403484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1982", "title": "Levamisole and hamster pouch carcinogenesis.", "content": "Seventy-five male and female Syrian hamsters (Cricetus auratus), 10 months of age, were studied for the effects of systemically administered levamisole upon the process of chemical carcinogenesis of buccal pouch mucosa. In twenty-five animals (Group II) the left buccal pouch was painted three times weekly with a 0.5 per cent solution of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) in heavy mineral oil. After each topical application of carcinogen to the buccal pouch, animals in Group II received approximately 0.7 mg. of levamisole hydrochloride orally by means of a pipette. In another twenty-five animals (Group I) the left buccal pouch was painted three times weekly with DMBA, but they were not given levamisole. The twenty-five animals in Group III served as untreated controls. In those animals which received levamisole chemical carcinogenesis of the buccal pouch was retarded. Fewer tumors developed, and they were of smaller size.", "contents": "Levamisole and hamster pouch carcinogenesis. Seventy-five male and female Syrian hamsters (Cricetus auratus), 10 months of age, were studied for the effects of systemically administered levamisole upon the process of chemical carcinogenesis of buccal pouch mucosa. In twenty-five animals (Group II) the left buccal pouch was painted three times weekly with a 0.5 per cent solution of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) in heavy mineral oil. After each topical application of carcinogen to the buccal pouch, animals in Group II received approximately 0.7 mg. of levamisole hydrochloride orally by means of a pipette. In another twenty-five animals (Group I) the left buccal pouch was painted three times weekly with DMBA, but they were not given levamisole. The twenty-five animals in Group III served as untreated controls. In those animals which received levamisole chemical carcinogenesis of the buccal pouch was retarded. Fewer tumors developed, and they were of smaller size.", "PMID": 403486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1983", "title": "Tissue response to silicone rubber when used as a root canal filling.", "content": "To test the tissue compatibility of silicone rubber when it is used as a root canal filler, excess material was intentionally forced into the apical tissues in primates. The tissue response was one of general acceptance, with the usual response being fibrotic encapsulation. A low degree of inflammation was noted. Further studies are in progress.", "contents": "Tissue response to silicone rubber when used as a root canal filling. To test the tissue compatibility of silicone rubber when it is used as a root canal filler, excess material was intentionally forced into the apical tissues in primates. The tissue response was one of general acceptance, with the usual response being fibrotic encapsulation. A low degree of inflammation was noted. Further studies are in progress.", "PMID": 403487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1984", "title": "Apical hard-tissue deposition in adult teeth of monkeys with use of calcium hydroxide.", "content": "The anterior teeth of five adult monkeys were divided into two groups. In one group the pulps were removed and the teeth were left open to oral fluids. The other group had vital pulps. Five teeth were designated as controls. The pulp canals of both groups were debrided, filed, and flushed thoroughly. In the two experimental groups (vital and pulpless), the apical third of the canal was filled with Ca(OH)2. In the control group no medication was placed in the canal. The coronal access of the canals of all groups was sealed with amalgam. After 270 to 330 days, the teeth were sectioned and examined histologically. No apical bridging was observed in any group.", "contents": "Apical hard-tissue deposition in adult teeth of monkeys with use of calcium hydroxide. The anterior teeth of five adult monkeys were divided into two groups. In one group the pulps were removed and the teeth were left open to oral fluids. The other group had vital pulps. Five teeth were designated as controls. The pulp canals of both groups were debrided, filed, and flushed thoroughly. In the two experimental groups (vital and pulpless), the apical third of the canal was filled with Ca(OH)2. In the control group no medication was placed in the canal. The coronal access of the canals of all groups was sealed with amalgam. After 270 to 330 days, the teeth were sectioned and examined histologically. No apical bridging was observed in any group.", "PMID": 403488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1985", "title": "Interaction of nutrition and infection in clinical practice.", "content": "Resistance to infection is determined by a great many interralted factors, but one of the most significant variables is nutritional status of the host. The interaction between nutrition and infection has been described as synergistic, with malnutrition reducing resistance to infection, and infection, in turn, negatively affecting nutritional status. There are qualitative if not quantitative similarities between the evidence that has been gathered from studies of children living in vast areas of the developing countries, in which high rates of both severe malnutrition and infectious diseases are linked with high mortality rates, and evidence from studies of disadvantages children living in the United States in economically depressed migrant camps, Indian reservations, or rural and urban poverty, or children compromised by debilitating chronic diseases. Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy must receive more attention as a factor in the newborn's resistance to infection. Intrauterine malnutrition may cause impaired cellular immune function in the small-for-date infant which persists throughout the first year of life. Further research is needed to clarify this relationship. The optimal management of infections includes management or maintenance of nutritional status, and, in turn, management of nutritional deficiencies include prevention and treatment of infections.", "contents": "Interaction of nutrition and infection in clinical practice. Resistance to infection is determined by a great many interralted factors, but one of the most significant variables is nutritional status of the host. The interaction between nutrition and infection has been described as synergistic, with malnutrition reducing resistance to infection, and infection, in turn, negatively affecting nutritional status. There are qualitative if not quantitative similarities between the evidence that has been gathered from studies of children living in vast areas of the developing countries, in which high rates of both severe malnutrition and infectious diseases are linked with high mortality rates, and evidence from studies of disadvantages children living in the United States in economically depressed migrant camps, Indian reservations, or rural and urban poverty, or children compromised by debilitating chronic diseases. Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy must receive more attention as a factor in the newborn's resistance to infection. Intrauterine malnutrition may cause impaired cellular immune function in the small-for-date infant which persists throughout the first year of life. Further research is needed to clarify this relationship. The optimal management of infections includes management or maintenance of nutritional status, and, in turn, management of nutritional deficiencies include prevention and treatment of infections.", "PMID": 403498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1986", "title": "Energy metabolism of brain in human protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and carbohydrate metabolism were studied in 5 normal children and 25 children, aged 40 months or less, with varying degrees of protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM). CBF in normal children and those suffering from grade I PCM was 90.3 +/- 5.7 ml/100 g/min, a value comparable with that obtained by other investigators, but the proportion of glucose taken up by the brain which combined with oxygen, the oxygen/glucose index (OGI), was 65.8%, indicating significant conversion of glucose into lactic acid. Cerebral lactic acid production was 45.3 micronM/100 g/min, and the respiratory quotient (R.Q.) was 1.00. With increasing severity of PCM, there was increased glucose utilization and a progressive reduction in the OGI. In grade IV PCM, CBF was 68.7 +/- 5.4ml/100g/min, and the OGI was 34.7%. Cerebral lactic acid production was 27.4 micronM/100 g/min, and the R.Q. rose to 1.52. These findings suggest that in severe human PCM the proportion of glucose undergoing aerobic oxidation is reduced, and that in addition to being converted to lactic acid, a significant proportion of glucose is transformed by the brain into long chain fatty acids.", "contents": "Energy metabolism of brain in human protein-calorie malnutrition. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and carbohydrate metabolism were studied in 5 normal children and 25 children, aged 40 months or less, with varying degrees of protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM). CBF in normal children and those suffering from grade I PCM was 90.3 +/- 5.7 ml/100 g/min, a value comparable with that obtained by other investigators, but the proportion of glucose taken up by the brain which combined with oxygen, the oxygen/glucose index (OGI), was 65.8%, indicating significant conversion of glucose into lactic acid. Cerebral lactic acid production was 45.3 micronM/100 g/min, and the respiratory quotient (R.Q.) was 1.00. With increasing severity of PCM, there was increased glucose utilization and a progressive reduction in the OGI. In grade IV PCM, CBF was 68.7 +/- 5.4ml/100g/min, and the OGI was 34.7%. Cerebral lactic acid production was 27.4 micronM/100 g/min, and the R.Q. rose to 1.52. These findings suggest that in severe human PCM the proportion of glucose undergoing aerobic oxidation is reduced, and that in addition to being converted to lactic acid, a significant proportion of glucose is transformed by the brain into long chain fatty acids.", "PMID": 403502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1987", "title": "Fasting plasma levels of glucose, acetoacetate, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, and lactate in the baboon infant: correlation with cerebral uptake of substrates and oxygen.", "content": "The energy-rich substrates available to the fasting stressed baboon neonate and infant are quantitatively similar to the metabolic fuels presented to the stressed low birth weight human newborn. Within a few hours after birth, fasting arterial plasma glucose levels in the baboon neonate approximate those of 4-6-week-old baboon infants after a 20-hr fast. Lactate levels are high and comparable for both age groups. In contrast, beta-hydroxybutyrate is quite low in the immediate neonatal period, but rises to significantly higher levels (P less than 0.001) after a fast at 4-6 weeks. In addition, glycerol levels are higher (P less than 0.02) in the fasted older infant compared with the fasting neonate. Computation of mean cerebral blood arteriovenous differences and oxygen equivalents for animals studied in the first 50 hr of life demonstrates that glucose uptake can account for 50% or less of cerebral oxygen consumption in the newborn period. In confirmation, the respiratory quotient in these animals is 0.52 +/- 0.06. Cerebral oxygen consumption in the immediate neonate is greater than can be explained by utilization of glucose and the small quantities of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate available at this time. At birth, cerebral uptake of lactate is noted, but this phenomenon is not observed at 6 and 12 weeks of age.", "contents": "Fasting plasma levels of glucose, acetoacetate, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, and lactate in the baboon infant: correlation with cerebral uptake of substrates and oxygen. The energy-rich substrates available to the fasting stressed baboon neonate and infant are quantitatively similar to the metabolic fuels presented to the stressed low birth weight human newborn. Within a few hours after birth, fasting arterial plasma glucose levels in the baboon neonate approximate those of 4-6-week-old baboon infants after a 20-hr fast. Lactate levels are high and comparable for both age groups. In contrast, beta-hydroxybutyrate is quite low in the immediate neonatal period, but rises to significantly higher levels (P less than 0.001) after a fast at 4-6 weeks. In addition, glycerol levels are higher (P less than 0.02) in the fasted older infant compared with the fasting neonate. Computation of mean cerebral blood arteriovenous differences and oxygen equivalents for animals studied in the first 50 hr of life demonstrates that glucose uptake can account for 50% or less of cerebral oxygen consumption in the newborn period. In confirmation, the respiratory quotient in these animals is 0.52 +/- 0.06. Cerebral oxygen consumption in the immediate neonate is greater than can be explained by utilization of glucose and the small quantities of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate available at this time. At birth, cerebral uptake of lactate is noted, but this phenomenon is not observed at 6 and 12 weeks of age.", "PMID": 403503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1988", "title": "Vesicoureteral reflux in the primate: II Maturation of the ureterovesical junction.", "content": "Infant rhesus monkeys frequently show vesicoureteral reflux unlike adults. We studied monkeys born of mothers who had been on normal or protein-deficient diets. Protein deficiency may influence the time that reflux continues, but this was not statistically proved. Reflux disappears over time. The time was influenced by when the pregnancy was initiated and the maturity of the infant. Maturation as measured by skeletal maturity scores correlated well with the time of reflux, but growth as measured by birth weight did not. Vesicoureteral reflux in the monkey is frequent, but maturation of the ureterovesical junction occurs by age 3 years and reflux disappears.", "contents": "Vesicoureteral reflux in the primate: II Maturation of the ureterovesical junction. Infant rhesus monkeys frequently show vesicoureteral reflux unlike adults. We studied monkeys born of mothers who had been on normal or protein-deficient diets. Protein deficiency may influence the time that reflux continues, but this was not statistically proved. Reflux disappears over time. The time was influenced by when the pregnancy was initiated and the maturity of the infant. Maturation as measured by skeletal maturity scores correlated well with the time of reflux, but growth as measured by birth weight did not. Vesicoureteral reflux in the monkey is frequent, but maturation of the ureterovesical junction occurs by age 3 years and reflux disappears.", "PMID": 403505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1989", "title": "Comparative labelling and biokinetic studies of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc-DTPA(Sn).", "content": "Gelchromatography column scanning has been used to study the fractions of 99mTc-pertechnetate, 99mTc-chelate and reduced hydrolyzed 99mTc in preparations  of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). The labelling yield of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) chelate was as high as 90--95% when 100 mumol EDTA-H4 and 0.5 mumol SnCl2 was incubated with 10 ml 99mTc-eluate for 30--60 min at room temperature. The study of the influence of the pH-value on the fraction of 99mTc-EDTA shows that pH 2.8--2.9 gave the best labelling yield. In a comparative study of the labelling kinetics of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc-DTPA(SN) at different temperatures (7, 22 and 37degreesC),  no significant influence on the reduction step was found. The rate constant for complex formation, however, increased more rapidly with increased temperature for 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). At room temperature only a few minutes was required to achieve a high labelling yield with 99mTc-DTPA(Sn) whereas about 60 min was required for 99mTc-EDTA(Sn). Comparative biokinetic studies in rabbits showed that the maximum activity in kidneys is achieved after 12 min with 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) but already after 6 min with 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). The long-term disappearance of 99mTc-DTPA(Sn) from the kidneys is about five times faster than that for 99mTc-EDTA(Sn).", "contents": "Comparative labelling and biokinetic studies of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). Gelchromatography column scanning has been used to study the fractions of 99mTc-pertechnetate, 99mTc-chelate and reduced hydrolyzed 99mTc in preparations  of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). The labelling yield of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) chelate was as high as 90--95% when 100 mumol EDTA-H4 and 0.5 mumol SnCl2 was incubated with 10 ml 99mTc-eluate for 30--60 min at room temperature. The study of the influence of the pH-value on the fraction of 99mTc-EDTA shows that pH 2.8--2.9 gave the best labelling yield. In a comparative study of the labelling kinetics of 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) and 99mTc-DTPA(SN) at different temperatures (7, 22 and 37degreesC),  no significant influence on the reduction step was found. The rate constant for complex formation, however, increased more rapidly with increased temperature for 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). At room temperature only a few minutes was required to achieve a high labelling yield with 99mTc-DTPA(Sn) whereas about 60 min was required for 99mTc-EDTA(Sn). Comparative biokinetic studies in rabbits showed that the maximum activity in kidneys is achieved after 12 min with 99mTc-EDTA(Sn) but already after 6 min with 99mTc-DTPA(Sn). The long-term disappearance of 99mTc-DTPA(Sn) from the kidneys is about five times faster than that for 99mTc-EDTA(Sn).", "PMID": 403509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1990", "title": "The patient with peripheral arterial occulsive disease.", "content": "Peripheral arterial occlusive disease predominantly involves the lower extremities. The greatest incidence occurs in males over 50 years of age. Manifestations include intermittent claudication, diminished or absent pulsations, pallor, and trophic changes. Patients are particularly vulnerable to infection, ulcer formation, and gangrene. The treatment program aims to promote circulation, and to prevent tissue damage and complications. Some patients have reconstructive surgery, which includes prosthetic grafts as well as bypass procedures.", "contents": "The patient with peripheral arterial occulsive disease. Peripheral arterial occlusive disease predominantly involves the lower extremities. The greatest incidence occurs in males over 50 years of age. Manifestations include intermittent claudication, diminished or absent pulsations, pallor, and trophic changes. Patients are particularly vulnerable to infection, ulcer formation, and gangrene. The treatment program aims to promote circulation, and to prevent tissue damage and complications. Some patients have reconstructive surgery, which includes prosthetic grafts as well as bypass procedures.", "PMID": 403510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1991", "title": "Immune thrombocytopenic purpura: an overview.", "content": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenia is one of the most common hematologic disorders. It has many causes, most of which precipitate an immunologic reaction that results in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. A systematic approach to diagnosis and therapy is important.", "contents": "Immune thrombocytopenic purpura: an overview. Idiopathic thrombocytopenia is one of the most common hematologic disorders. It has many causes, most of which precipitate an immunologic reaction that results in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. A systematic approach to diagnosis and therapy is important.", "PMID": 403515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1992", "title": "Neutropenia: when and when not to treat.", "content": "When the number of neutrophils is substantially lower than normal or their function is impaired, the patient is at increased risk of infection. Antibiotic therapy is indicated only when infection is apparent.", "contents": "Neutropenia: when and when not to treat. When the number of neutrophils is substantially lower than normal or their function is impaired, the patient is at increased risk of infection. Antibiotic therapy is indicated only when infection is apparent.", "PMID": 403516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1993", "title": "Investigations into the relationship between structure and function of diphtheria toxin.", "content": "Studies on the structure-function relationship of diphtheria toxin are reported. New methods are described for the preparation of pure intact (\"unnicked\") toxin and for the preparation of the individual A and B chains. A biological assay method for the B chain is also presented, as well as a method for the labelling of \"nicked\" (one peptide bond broken) diphtheria toxin with 131I such that the label is confined to only one of the two polypeptide chains. Alterations of diphtheria toxin with specific reagents reveal that modifications of the tryptophan, methionine, and arginine residues did not result in a significant loss in toxicity, whereas treatment of the toxin with omicron-phthalaldehyde or by photooxidation with rose bengal results in a complete loss of the toxic activity. Modification of tyrosine by iodination results in active toxin, whereas modification by tetranitromethane causes a loss in activity. Preliminary results also indicate that the isolated A chain is about an order of magnitude more active in incorporating adenosine diphosphoribose into translocase (elongation factor 2) than whole or nicked toxin is under identical conditions. The observed structural properties are discussed in view of the functional activity of diphtheria toxin in cell-free systems as well as in cell cultures. Evidence is presented indicating that the B chain binds to membranes: it inhibits the action of nicked toxin on HeLa cells.", "contents": "Investigations into the relationship between structure and function of diphtheria toxin. Studies on the structure-function relationship of diphtheria toxin are reported. New methods are described for the preparation of pure intact (\"unnicked\") toxin and for the preparation of the individual A and B chains. A biological assay method for the B chain is also presented, as well as a method for the labelling of \"nicked\" (one peptide bond broken) diphtheria toxin with 131I such that the label is confined to only one of the two polypeptide chains. Alterations of diphtheria toxin with specific reagents reveal that modifications of the tryptophan, methionine, and arginine residues did not result in a significant loss in toxicity, whereas treatment of the toxin with omicron-phthalaldehyde or by photooxidation with rose bengal results in a complete loss of the toxic activity. Modification of tyrosine by iodination results in active toxin, whereas modification by tetranitromethane causes a loss in activity. Preliminary results also indicate that the isolated A chain is about an order of magnitude more active in incorporating adenosine diphosphoribose into translocase (elongation factor 2) than whole or nicked toxin is under identical conditions. The observed structural properties are discussed in view of the functional activity of diphtheria toxin in cell-free systems as well as in cell cultures. Evidence is presented indicating that the B chain binds to membranes: it inhibits the action of nicked toxin on HeLa cells.", "PMID": 403520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1994", "title": "Microcomplement fixation studies on the evolution of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase within the genus Drosophila.", "content": "Antisera were prepared against purified alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) (alphaGPDH) from Drosophila melanogaster, D. virilis, and D. busckii. The immunological distances between the enzymes from the 3 species and those from 31 additional drosophilid species agree in general with the accepted phylogeny of the genus. These data permit an estimate that the subgenus Sophophora diverged 52 million years ago from the line leading to the subgenus Drosophila. The antiserum against melanogaster alphaGPDH was capable of distinguishing allelic variants of alphaGPDH. On the basis of presumed single amino acid substitutions, no drosophilid alphaGPDH tested differed from the melanogaster enzyme by more than eight or nine substitutions. The study was extended to include representatives of six other dipteran families. The immunological distances between alphaGPDH from Drosophila and alphaGPDH from these dipterans were reasonably consistent with a phylogeny of the order Diptera established by more conventional means. The unit evolutionary period of this enzyme was estimated to be 18 million years.", "contents": "Microcomplement fixation studies on the evolution of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase within the genus Drosophila. Antisera were prepared against purified alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) (alphaGPDH) from Drosophila melanogaster, D. virilis, and D. busckii. The immunological distances between the enzymes from the 3 species and those from 31 additional drosophilid species agree in general with the accepted phylogeny of the genus. These data permit an estimate that the subgenus Sophophora diverged 52 million years ago from the line leading to the subgenus Drosophila. The antiserum against melanogaster alphaGPDH was capable of distinguishing allelic variants of alphaGPDH. On the basis of presumed single amino acid substitutions, no drosophilid alphaGPDH tested differed from the melanogaster enzyme by more than eight or nine substitutions. The study was extended to include representatives of six other dipteran families. The immunological distances between alphaGPDH from Drosophila and alphaGPDH from these dipterans were reasonably consistent with a phylogeny of the order Diptera established by more conventional means. The unit evolutionary period of this enzyme was estimated to be 18 million years.", "PMID": 403521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1995", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the NH2-terminal extra piece segments of the precursors of mouse immunoglobulin lambda1-type and kappa-type light chains.", "content": "The mRNA molecules coding for mouse immunoglobulin light (L) chains direct the cell-free synthesis of precursors in which extra peptide segments precede the amino termini of the mature proteins. The results of amino acid sequence analyses of two precursors labeled with 20 radioactive amino acids enabled unambiguous determination of the complete primary structure of the extra piece segments. The complete sequences (and sizes) of the NH2-terminal extra pieces are: in MOPC-104E lambda1 L-chain precursor, Met-Ala-Trp-Ile-Ser-Leu-Ile-Leu-Ser-Leu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Ile-Ser (19 residues); in MOPC-41 kappa L-chain precursor, Met-Asp-Met-Arg-Ala-Pro-Ala-Gln-Ile-Phe-Gly-Phe-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Phe-Pro-Gly-Thr-Arg-Cys (22 residues). The extra pieces in the precursors of MOPC-104E (lambda1), MOPC-41 (kappa), and MOPC-321 (kappa) L-chains differ extensively from each other in their amino acid sequence (65-73%). In addition to this sequence heterogeneity, the extra pieces are characterized by a high percentage of hydrophobic residues: 69% in the MOPC-104E lambda1 L-chain precursor (this report), 73-75% in the kappa L-chain precursors [Schechter, I. & Burstein, Y. (1976) Proc, Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3273-3277]. The marked hydrophobicity of the extra piece suggests that it may favor interaction of the precursor with cell membranes, in a manner similar to the function of the \"hydrophobic domain\" of membrane-bound proteins. We propose two possible targets for interaction: (i) the endoplasmic membranes, where the NH2-terminal extra piece is cleaved from the precursor to yield mature protein destined for secretion; (ii) the cell surface membrane, where the intact precursor is anchored by virtue of the hydrophobic extra piece to serve as the antigen-recognizing receptor.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the NH2-terminal extra piece segments of the precursors of mouse immunoglobulin lambda1-type and kappa-type light chains. The mRNA molecules coding for mouse immunoglobulin light (L) chains direct the cell-free synthesis of precursors in which extra peptide segments precede the amino termini of the mature proteins. The results of amino acid sequence analyses of two precursors labeled with 20 radioactive amino acids enabled unambiguous determination of the complete primary structure of the extra piece segments. The complete sequences (and sizes) of the NH2-terminal extra pieces are: in MOPC-104E lambda1 L-chain precursor, Met-Ala-Trp-Ile-Ser-Leu-Ile-Leu-Ser-Leu-Leu-Ala-Leu-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Ile-Ser (19 residues); in MOPC-41 kappa L-chain precursor, Met-Asp-Met-Arg-Ala-Pro-Ala-Gln-Ile-Phe-Gly-Phe-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Phe-Pro-Gly-Thr-Arg-Cys (22 residues). The extra pieces in the precursors of MOPC-104E (lambda1), MOPC-41 (kappa), and MOPC-321 (kappa) L-chains differ extensively from each other in their amino acid sequence (65-73%). In addition to this sequence heterogeneity, the extra pieces are characterized by a high percentage of hydrophobic residues: 69% in the MOPC-104E lambda1 L-chain precursor (this report), 73-75% in the kappa L-chain precursors [Schechter, I. & Burstein, Y. (1976) Proc, Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3273-3277]. The marked hydrophobicity of the extra piece suggests that it may favor interaction of the precursor with cell membranes, in a manner similar to the function of the \"hydrophobic domain\" of membrane-bound proteins. We propose two possible targets for interaction: (i) the endoplasmic membranes, where the NH2-terminal extra piece is cleaved from the precursor to yield mature protein destined for secretion; (ii) the cell surface membrane, where the intact precursor is anchored by virtue of the hydrophobic extra piece to serve as the antigen-recognizing receptor.", "PMID": 403522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1996", "title": "Isolation of the penicillin-binding peptide from D-alanine carboxypeptidase of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The D-alanine carboxypeptidase of B. subtilis is a membrane-bound enzyme which is inhibited by penicillins and binds them covalently. The enzyme has been labeled with [14C]- or [35S]penicillin. After tryptic or Pronase digestion of the labeled, denatured, reduced, and carboxymethylated enzyme, a radioactive peptide was isolated in each case. The amino acid compositions of these two peptides are reported. The Pronase peptide was a subset of the tryptic peptide. Neither contained a cysteine residue and the only amino acid in the Pronase peptide to which the penicillin could be bound was a serine residue.", "contents": "Isolation of the penicillin-binding peptide from D-alanine carboxypeptidase of Bacillus subtilis. The D-alanine carboxypeptidase of B. subtilis is a membrane-bound enzyme which is inhibited by penicillins and binds them covalently. The enzyme has been labeled with [14C]- or [35S]penicillin. After tryptic or Pronase digestion of the labeled, denatured, reduced, and carboxymethylated enzyme, a radioactive peptide was isolated in each case. The amino acid compositions of these two peptides are reported. The Pronase peptide was a subset of the tryptic peptide. Neither contained a cysteine residue and the only amino acid in the Pronase peptide to which the penicillin could be bound was a serine residue.", "PMID": 403523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1997", "title": "180 degrees rotation of ciliary rows and its morphogenetic implications in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "With quasi-surgical techniques, longitudinal somatic ciliary rows in Tetrahymena pyriformis have been rotated 180 degrees. New structures formed in the rotated ciliary rows during growth and reproduction are disposed 180 degrees opposite to their normal positions or orientations, confirming the earlier findings of Beisson and Sonneborn on Paramecium. However, during cell fission the rotated ciliary rows exhibit abnormality in orientation along the fission zone; the configuration of these rows near the anterior end of the posterior product of fission is consequently affected. Rotated ciliary rows have been employed as a tool in the analysis of morphogenetic problems: (a) The contractile vacuole pore is normally located on the left side of a ciliary row; but it is on the right of inverted rows. Hence, the morphogenetic properties of the two sides of the ciliary row associated with the contractile vacuole pore are different and this difference is the sole determinative factor as to the side of the ciliary row on which the contractile vacuole pore is located. (b) The process that generates the rotated ciliary rows frequently also brings about the implantation of an extra band of longitudinal microtubules at a specific site on the cell surface. This extra structure is inheritable, which opens up opportunities for the study of microtubular assembly in vivo.", "contents": "180 degrees rotation of ciliary rows and its morphogenetic implications in Tetrahymena pyriformis. With quasi-surgical techniques, longitudinal somatic ciliary rows in Tetrahymena pyriformis have been rotated 180 degrees. New structures formed in the rotated ciliary rows during growth and reproduction are disposed 180 degrees opposite to their normal positions or orientations, confirming the earlier findings of Beisson and Sonneborn on Paramecium. However, during cell fission the rotated ciliary rows exhibit abnormality in orientation along the fission zone; the configuration of these rows near the anterior end of the posterior product of fission is consequently affected. Rotated ciliary rows have been employed as a tool in the analysis of morphogenetic problems: (a) The contractile vacuole pore is normally located on the left side of a ciliary row; but it is on the right of inverted rows. Hence, the morphogenetic properties of the two sides of the ciliary row associated with the contractile vacuole pore are different and this difference is the sole determinative factor as to the side of the ciliary row on which the contractile vacuole pore is located. (b) The process that generates the rotated ciliary rows frequently also brings about the implantation of an extra band of longitudinal microtubules at a specific site on the cell surface. This extra structure is inheritable, which opens up opportunities for the study of microtubular assembly in vivo.", "PMID": 403524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1998", "title": "Studies on the control of development: isolation of Bacillus subtilis mutants blocked early in sporulation and defective in synthesis of highly phosphorylated nucleotides.", "content": "To test our model on the mechanism of initiation of differentiation in Bacillus subtilis, we tested early blocked (stage 0) sporulation mutants for their ability to synthesize highly phosphorylated nucleotides. We also isolated early blocked asporogenous mutants with the aid of the intercalating drug tilorone. Among all mutants tested we found that the spo0F-bearing strain was unable to synthesize adenosine 3'(2')-triphosphate 5'-triphosphate, pppAppp. A revertant of this mutant regained the ability to both sporulate and synthesize pppAppp. Ribosomes of the asporogenous mutant isolated at T2 (2 hr after the end of logarithmic growth) of sporulation, in contrast to the wild type, do not synthesize adenosine 3'(2')-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate, ppApp, or adenosine 3'(2')-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate, pppApp, but synthesize guanosine 3'(2')-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate, ppGpp, and guanosine 3'(2')-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate, pppGpp. This behavior is characteristic of ribosomes from vegetative, not sporulating, cells. Ribosomes from the sporogenous revertant behave like those of the wild type. The results suggest that the spo0F mutation may be a mutation in the structural gene for pppAppp synthetase. The inability to synthesize pppAppp in this strain also prevents the formation of \"sporulation-specific ribosomes,\" i.e., ribosomes that synthetize ppApp and pppApp. The present experiments suggest that the nucleotide pppAppp participates in the initiation of sporulation by triggering a sequencies of events required for the production of heat-resistant spores.", "contents": "Studies on the control of development: isolation of Bacillus subtilis mutants blocked early in sporulation and defective in synthesis of highly phosphorylated nucleotides. To test our model on the mechanism of initiation of differentiation in Bacillus subtilis, we tested early blocked (stage 0) sporulation mutants for their ability to synthesize highly phosphorylated nucleotides. We also isolated early blocked asporogenous mutants with the aid of the intercalating drug tilorone. Among all mutants tested we found that the spo0F-bearing strain was unable to synthesize adenosine 3'(2')-triphosphate 5'-triphosphate, pppAppp. A revertant of this mutant regained the ability to both sporulate and synthesize pppAppp. Ribosomes of the asporogenous mutant isolated at T2 (2 hr after the end of logarithmic growth) of sporulation, in contrast to the wild type, do not synthesize adenosine 3'(2')-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate, ppApp, or adenosine 3'(2')-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate, pppApp, but synthesize guanosine 3'(2')-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate, ppGpp, and guanosine 3'(2')-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate, pppGpp. This behavior is characteristic of ribosomes from vegetative, not sporulating, cells. Ribosomes from the sporogenous revertant behave like those of the wild type. The results suggest that the spo0F mutation may be a mutation in the structural gene for pppAppp synthetase. The inability to synthesize pppAppp in this strain also prevents the formation of \"sporulation-specific ribosomes,\" i.e., ribosomes that synthetize ppApp and pppApp. The present experiments suggest that the nucleotide pppAppp participates in the initiation of sporulation by triggering a sequencies of events required for the production of heat-resistant spores.", "PMID": 403525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_1999", "title": "Partial amino-acid sequences of human and rabbit C-reactive proteins: homology with immunoglobulins and histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "Partial amino-acid sequence analyses of the amino terminus of rabbit C-reactive protein and of a peptide isolated from human C-reactive protein after cyanogen bromide cleavage show an extensive sequence homology between these proteins. Computer analysis detected a distant but significant homology between rabbit C-reactive protein and the CH3 domain of human IgG, In addition, an examination of the limited data available for the amino-acid sequences of human and mouse histocompatibility antigens revealed a similarity between these proteins and C-reactive protein and, therefore, immunoglobulins; These relationships are presented as evidence in support of the hypothesis that C-reactive protein and immunoglobulins share, in addition to functional similarities, a common evolutionary origin with the major histocompatibility antigens.", "contents": "Partial amino-acid sequences of human and rabbit C-reactive proteins: homology with immunoglobulins and histocompatibility antigens. Partial amino-acid sequence analyses of the amino terminus of rabbit C-reactive protein and of a peptide isolated from human C-reactive protein after cyanogen bromide cleavage show an extensive sequence homology between these proteins. Computer analysis detected a distant but significant homology between rabbit C-reactive protein and the CH3 domain of human IgG, In addition, an examination of the limited data available for the amino-acid sequences of human and mouse histocompatibility antigens revealed a similarity between these proteins and C-reactive protein and, therefore, immunoglobulins; These relationships are presented as evidence in support of the hypothesis that C-reactive protein and immunoglobulins share, in addition to functional similarities, a common evolutionary origin with the major histocompatibility antigens.", "PMID": 403526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2000", "title": "Purification of a carbonic anhydrase from the inner ear of the guinea pig.", "content": "A soluble carbonic anhydrase (carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) has been purified to homogeneity from the membranous lateral wall (stria vascularis, spiral ligament, spiral prominence, and outer sulcus) of the guinea-pig inner ear. About 1% of the protein of the membranous lateral wall is carbonic anhydrase. The specific activity of the enzyme in homogenates of the lateral wall is 1.6-1.8 times that of whole blood; for homogenates of the components, stria vascularis and the fraction containing the spiral ligament, the specific activities are 0.9 and 2.0 times the specific activity of whole blood, respectively. No other cochlear fraction examined contains appreciable carbonic anhydrase. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of about 30,000, a specific activity 60--80% that of carbonic anhydrase C from blood, and an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the blood enzyme. Cochlear carbonic anhydrase is half-maximally inhibited by 4 X 10(-9) M acetazolamide, is completely inhibited above 10(-5)M acetazolamide, and forms a fluorescent complex with 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide, by which it can be distinguished on polyacrylamide gels. This report describes both another isolation of a carbonic anhydrase from a source other than blood and the isolation of an inner-ear enzyme.", "contents": "Purification of a carbonic anhydrase from the inner ear of the guinea pig. A soluble carbonic anhydrase (carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) has been purified to homogeneity from the membranous lateral wall (stria vascularis, spiral ligament, spiral prominence, and outer sulcus) of the guinea-pig inner ear. About 1% of the protein of the membranous lateral wall is carbonic anhydrase. The specific activity of the enzyme in homogenates of the lateral wall is 1.6-1.8 times that of whole blood; for homogenates of the components, stria vascularis and the fraction containing the spiral ligament, the specific activities are 0.9 and 2.0 times the specific activity of whole blood, respectively. No other cochlear fraction examined contains appreciable carbonic anhydrase. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of about 30,000, a specific activity 60--80% that of carbonic anhydrase C from blood, and an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the blood enzyme. Cochlear carbonic anhydrase is half-maximally inhibited by 4 X 10(-9) M acetazolamide, is completely inhibited above 10(-5)M acetazolamide, and forms a fluorescent complex with 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide, by which it can be distinguished on polyacrylamide gels. This report describes both another isolation of a carbonic anhydrase from a source other than blood and the isolation of an inner-ear enzyme.", "PMID": 403527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2001", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: physiological concomitants of behavioral excitation.", "content": "Two doses (10 microng and 100 microng) of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or saline were injected intraventricularly in rabbits pretreated with either saline, pentobarbital or phenobarbital. Behavior, EEG patterns, respiration rate and heart rate were monitored for 100 min posttreatment. TRH significantly altered all physiological indices except heart rate in both barbiturate- and saline-pretreated animals. The results support the contention that TRH modified central functioning by direct action. Results are discussed in terms of barbiturate antagonism and excitatory effects of TRH.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: physiological concomitants of behavioral excitation. Two doses (10 microng and 100 microng) of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or saline were injected intraventricularly in rabbits pretreated with either saline, pentobarbital or phenobarbital. Behavior, EEG patterns, respiration rate and heart rate were monitored for 100 min posttreatment. TRH significantly altered all physiological indices except heart rate in both barbiturate- and saline-pretreated animals. The results support the contention that TRH modified central functioning by direct action. Results are discussed in terms of barbiturate antagonism and excitatory effects of TRH.", "PMID": 403528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2002", "title": "An investigation of nalorphine and perphenazine as negative reinforcers in an escape paradigm.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer morphine intravenously at dose levels sufficient to develop physical dependence. The monkeys were then trained to press a lever to escape a continuous infusion of the morphine antagonist, nalorphine. When saline was substituted for the nalorphine, escape responding extinguished. After morphine self-administration was eliminated, responding to escape from nalorphine was maintained in the postdependent monkeys, showing no difference from escape responding during morphine dependence. Finally, perphenazine was substituted for the nalorphine and the monkeys reliably escaped continuous infusions of this phenothiazine. The escape procedure appears useful for analyzing the aversive properties of drugs.", "contents": "An investigation of nalorphine and perphenazine as negative reinforcers in an escape paradigm. Rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer morphine intravenously at dose levels sufficient to develop physical dependence. The monkeys were then trained to press a lever to escape a continuous infusion of the morphine antagonist, nalorphine. When saline was substituted for the nalorphine, escape responding extinguished. After morphine self-administration was eliminated, responding to escape from nalorphine was maintained in the postdependent monkeys, showing no difference from escape responding during morphine dependence. Finally, perphenazine was substituted for the nalorphine and the monkeys reliably escaped continuous infusions of this phenothiazine. The escape procedure appears useful for analyzing the aversive properties of drugs.", "PMID": 403529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2003", "title": "Sudden toxicity of methadone in monkeys: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence.", "content": "A sudden and potentially lethal toxic reaction to a previously well-tolerated maintenance dose of methadone occurred in 4 of 6 monkeys. The reaction was characterized by gross behavioral and respiratory depression and a marked attenuation of both early and late components of the visual evoked response with an increase in most latencies. The nature of the evoked response alteration suggests a widespread central nervous system depressant effect of the drug during toxicity. Concomitant with the toxic reactions were dramatic increases in plasma methadone concentrations. Therefore the observed changes in sensitivity to methadone would appear to be the consequence of a sudden shift in pharmacokinetics resulting in toxic plasma concentrations.", "contents": "Sudden toxicity of methadone in monkeys: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. A sudden and potentially lethal toxic reaction to a previously well-tolerated maintenance dose of methadone occurred in 4 of 6 monkeys. The reaction was characterized by gross behavioral and respiratory depression and a marked attenuation of both early and late components of the visual evoked response with an increase in most latencies. The nature of the evoked response alteration suggests a widespread central nervous system depressant effect of the drug during toxicity. Concomitant with the toxic reactions were dramatic increases in plasma methadone concentrations. Therefore the observed changes in sensitivity to methadone would appear to be the consequence of a sudden shift in pharmacokinetics resulting in toxic plasma concentrations.", "PMID": 403530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2004", "title": "Results from tattooing port-wine hemangiomas. A long-term follow-up.", "content": "Nineteen patients who had completed their course of dermatattoo treatment for the camouflage of port-wine hemangioma were evaluated at an average of 3.1 years following completion of treatment. A panel of 7 people evaluated preoperative and postoperative photographs and judged that none of the patients were more than \"50 percent improved\" in the camouflaging of their hemangioma, and that most of them (15 out of 19) were either \"not improved\" or \"25 percent improved,\" as compared to their original photographs. We cannot rule out the possibility that this treatment may be effective in adults, as all of our patients at the time of their first treatment were between the ages of 4 and 20 years; and most of them were between 6 and 10 years old. On the basis of this evaluation, we no longer recommend the technique of dermatattoo for camouflage of port-wine hemangioma in patients in the younger age group.", "contents": "Results from tattooing port-wine hemangiomas. A long-term follow-up. Nineteen patients who had completed their course of dermatattoo treatment for the camouflage of port-wine hemangioma were evaluated at an average of 3.1 years following completion of treatment. A panel of 7 people evaluated preoperative and postoperative photographs and judged that none of the patients were more than \"50 percent improved\" in the camouflaging of their hemangioma, and that most of them (15 out of 19) were either \"not improved\" or \"25 percent improved,\" as compared to their original photographs. We cannot rule out the possibility that this treatment may be effective in adults, as all of our patients at the time of their first treatment were between the ages of 4 and 20 years; and most of them were between 6 and 10 years old. On the basis of this evaluation, we no longer recommend the technique of dermatattoo for camouflage of port-wine hemangioma in patients in the younger age group.", "PMID": 403534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2005", "title": "Neurochemical characterization of a new potent and selective serotonin uptake inhibitor: Lu 10-171.", "content": "The neurochemical characteristics of a new bicyclic phthalane derivative-Lu10-171 [1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(p-fluorophenyl)-5-phthalancarbonitrile; citalopram]-have been investigated. Lu 10-171 and its metabolites were compared with tricyclic thymoleptics in several tests for serotonin (5-HT),noradrenaline (NA), and dopamine (DA) uptake inhibiton in vitro and in vivo. Lu 10-171 is a very potent and completely selective inhibitor of the 5-HT reuptake mechanism, being 2-10 times as active as chlorimipramine. The metabolites of Lu 10-171 show weak 5-HT uptake inhibiting properties. Lu10-171 and its metabolites are devoid of NA uptake inhibiting properties and in this respect they clearly differ from the tricyclic antidepressants, which posses effects both on 5-HT and NA uptake. The inhibition of 5-HT uptake in vitro is competitive and not connected with an increased efflux of 5-HT. Lu10-171 and its metabolites only inhibit DA uptake in extremely high concentrations and in this respect they are even weaker than chlorimipramine and other tricyclic thymoleptics. Like the tricycle thymoleptics, Lu 10-171 is without effect on MAO and does not change the endogenous levels of brain monoamines. Due to the selective action on 5-HT uptake, Lu 10-171 seems to be a valuable tool in studying the role of central 5-HT neurone systems in experimental neuropharmacology as well as in the ethiology of depressive illness.", "contents": "Neurochemical characterization of a new potent and selective serotonin uptake inhibitor: Lu 10-171. The neurochemical characteristics of a new bicyclic phthalane derivative-Lu10-171 [1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(p-fluorophenyl)-5-phthalancarbonitrile; citalopram]-have been investigated. Lu 10-171 and its metabolites were compared with tricyclic thymoleptics in several tests for serotonin (5-HT),noradrenaline (NA), and dopamine (DA) uptake inhibiton in vitro and in vivo. Lu 10-171 is a very potent and completely selective inhibitor of the 5-HT reuptake mechanism, being 2-10 times as active as chlorimipramine. The metabolites of Lu 10-171 show weak 5-HT uptake inhibiting properties. Lu10-171 and its metabolites are devoid of NA uptake inhibiting properties and in this respect they clearly differ from the tricyclic antidepressants, which posses effects both on 5-HT and NA uptake. The inhibition of 5-HT uptake in vitro is competitive and not connected with an increased efflux of 5-HT. Lu10-171 and its metabolites only inhibit DA uptake in extremely high concentrations and in this respect they are even weaker than chlorimipramine and other tricyclic thymoleptics. Like the tricycle thymoleptics, Lu 10-171 is without effect on MAO and does not change the endogenous levels of brain monoamines. Due to the selective action on 5-HT uptake, Lu 10-171 seems to be a valuable tool in studying the role of central 5-HT neurone systems in experimental neuropharmacology as well as in the ethiology of depressive illness.", "PMID": 403537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2006", "title": "Behavior maintained under second-order schedules of intravenous morphine injection in squirrel and rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Under second-order schedules of morphine injection, high rates of responding by squirrel and rhesus monkeys were maintained when morphine was injected intravenously only at the end of each session. Every 30th key-pressing response during a 60-min interval produced a 2-s light; the first 30-response component completed after 60 min produced both the light and intravenous injection of morphine. A mean rate of approximately one response per second was maintained by doses of morphine ranging from 0.75-1.5 mg/kg. A pause in responding after each light presentation was followed by rapid responding until the light was produced again; pauses became shorter as the 60-min interval progressed. When brief light presentations were omitted, but morphine was still injected, response rates decreased and patterns of responding were altered. When saline injections were substituted for morphine injections, but the brief light was still presented, responding decreased markedly within three to five sessions and patterns of responding were altered.", "contents": "Behavior maintained under second-order schedules of intravenous morphine injection in squirrel and rhesus monkeys. Under second-order schedules of morphine injection, high rates of responding by squirrel and rhesus monkeys were maintained when morphine was injected intravenously only at the end of each session. Every 30th key-pressing response during a 60-min interval produced a 2-s light; the first 30-response component completed after 60 min produced both the light and intravenous injection of morphine. A mean rate of approximately one response per second was maintained by doses of morphine ranging from 0.75-1.5 mg/kg. A pause in responding after each light presentation was followed by rapid responding until the light was produced again; pauses became shorter as the 60-min interval progressed. When brief light presentations were omitted, but morphine was still injected, response rates decreased and patterns of responding were altered. When saline injections were substituted for morphine injections, but the brief light was still presented, responding decreased markedly within three to five sessions and patterns of responding were altered.", "PMID": 403538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2007", "title": "Effects of clonidine on habituation and sensitization of acoustic startle in normal, decerebrate and locus coeruleus lesioned rats.", "content": "Rats were presented with startle-eliciting tones after injection of clonidine (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg) or saline. Clonidine potently depressed startle amplitude and the effect was monotonically related todose. Pretreatment with piperoxane (10 mg/kg) antagonized this effect but pretreatment with phentolamine (10 mg/kg) did not. Clonidine still depressed startle in acutely decerebrate rats and in rats with bilateral ablation of the locus coeruleus. Clonidine did not interfere with sensitization to background noise and did not interfere with the ability to startle but instead improved within-session habituation. The results represent one of the few instances in the literature where a drug appears to improve habituation without directly interfering with the ability to respond. The possibility that clonidine might affect startle by stimulating central epinephrine rather than norepinephrine receptors is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of clonidine on habituation and sensitization of acoustic startle in normal, decerebrate and locus coeruleus lesioned rats. Rats were presented with startle-eliciting tones after injection of clonidine (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg) or saline. Clonidine potently depressed startle amplitude and the effect was monotonically related todose. Pretreatment with piperoxane (10 mg/kg) antagonized this effect but pretreatment with phentolamine (10 mg/kg) did not. Clonidine still depressed startle in acutely decerebrate rats and in rats with bilateral ablation of the locus coeruleus. Clonidine did not interfere with sensitization to background noise and did not interfere with the ability to startle but instead improved within-session habituation. The results represent one of the few instances in the literature where a drug appears to improve habituation without directly interfering with the ability to respond. The possibility that clonidine might affect startle by stimulating central epinephrine rather than norepinephrine receptors is discussed.", "PMID": 403539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2008", "title": "Effects of pre- and post-trial caffeine administrations on simultaneous visual discrimination in three inbred strains of mice.", "content": "BALB/cJ, DBA/2J, and C57BL/6J mice were injected with caffeine and tested, in the five choice Yerkes-Thompson Bryant-Bovt Nitti apparatus for patterns discrimination, in two sets of experiments. In the first the patterns were opposite oriented oblique bars, in the second U-shaped figures, one opened toward the right, the other toward the left. As concerns the saline injected animals in both sets of experiments, the BALB mice showed the highest learning abilities; in the second set the C57 strain, whose performance had not been different from that of the DBA mice in the first set, performed at the lowest level. Pre- and post-trial caffeine (5 mg/kg) administrations were followed by performance impairment in the BALB strain, while performance improvements were evident in the drugged animals belonging to the other two strains.", "contents": "Effects of pre- and post-trial caffeine administrations on simultaneous visual discrimination in three inbred strains of mice. BALB/cJ, DBA/2J, and C57BL/6J mice were injected with caffeine and tested, in the five choice Yerkes-Thompson Bryant-Bovt Nitti apparatus for patterns discrimination, in two sets of experiments. In the first the patterns were opposite oriented oblique bars, in the second U-shaped figures, one opened toward the right, the other toward the left. As concerns the saline injected animals in both sets of experiments, the BALB mice showed the highest learning abilities; in the second set the C57 strain, whose performance had not been different from that of the DBA mice in the first set, performed at the lowest level. Pre- and post-trial caffeine (5 mg/kg) administrations were followed by performance impairment in the BALB strain, while performance improvements were evident in the drugged animals belonging to the other two strains.", "PMID": 403540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2009", "title": "Relationship between tardive dyskinesia, L-Dopa-induced hyperkinesia and parkinsonism.", "content": "In a study of 16 psychotic patients with neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia and 16 patients with Parkinson's disease and L-Dopa-induced hyperkinesia it was found that (1) tardive dyskinesia, compared to L-Dopa hyperkinesia, was localized almost exclusively to the oral region (P mean value of 0.01), whereas theL-Dopa hyperkinesia was more pronounced in the neck (P mean value of 0.05) and the extremities (P mean value of 0.05); (2) L-Dopa hyperkinesia showed an increasing tendency to oral preponderance with age, irrespective of the severity ofParkinsonism and extra-oral hyperkinesia, while tardive dyskinesia only itensified with age, without any change in distribution; and (3) extra-oral L-Dopa hyperkinesia was related to the localization and severity of pretreatment Parkinsonism, and more to bradykinesia than to rigidity and tremor. It is concluded that the irreversible neurotoxic effect of neuroleptic drugs may be associated with age-related changes in the oral somatotopic region of the basal ganglia (to be given consideration in any future search for the pathogenetic process underlying irreversible tardive dyskinesia), and that the pathophysiology of involuntary hyperkinesia in neuroleptic-treated psychiatric patients and in L-Dopatreated parkinson patients may consist of a primary dopamine deficiency (pharmacological or structural), and a secondary relative hyperactivity in the dopaminergic system (\"dopaminergic hypersensitivity\") possibly corresponding to hypoactivity in the cholinergic system.", "contents": "Relationship between tardive dyskinesia, L-Dopa-induced hyperkinesia and parkinsonism. In a study of 16 psychotic patients with neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia and 16 patients with Parkinson's disease and L-Dopa-induced hyperkinesia it was found that (1) tardive dyskinesia, compared to L-Dopa hyperkinesia, was localized almost exclusively to the oral region (P mean value of 0.01), whereas theL-Dopa hyperkinesia was more pronounced in the neck (P mean value of 0.05) and the extremities (P mean value of 0.05); (2) L-Dopa hyperkinesia showed an increasing tendency to oral preponderance with age, irrespective of the severity ofParkinsonism and extra-oral hyperkinesia, while tardive dyskinesia only itensified with age, without any change in distribution; and (3) extra-oral L-Dopa hyperkinesia was related to the localization and severity of pretreatment Parkinsonism, and more to bradykinesia than to rigidity and tremor. It is concluded that the irreversible neurotoxic effect of neuroleptic drugs may be associated with age-related changes in the oral somatotopic region of the basal ganglia (to be given consideration in any future search for the pathogenetic process underlying irreversible tardive dyskinesia), and that the pathophysiology of involuntary hyperkinesia in neuroleptic-treated psychiatric patients and in L-Dopatreated parkinson patients may consist of a primary dopamine deficiency (pharmacological or structural), and a secondary relative hyperactivity in the dopaminergic system (\"dopaminergic hypersensitivity\") possibly corresponding to hypoactivity in the cholinergic system.", "PMID": 403541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2010", "title": "Parametric investigations of the effects of prior exposure to amphetamine and morphine on conditioned gustatory aversion.", "content": "Pretreatment by a psychoactive drug can greatly attenuate the conditioning of gustatory avoidance by that drug. Although such findings have been interpreted in terms of tolerance, alternative explanations are possible. In a series of experiments, it was found that pretreatments with morphine or amphetamine massed at 24-h intervals were no more effective in attenuating conditioning than pretreatments spaced at 120-h intervals, but pretreatment with morphine provided more persistent protection against subsequent conditioning by itself than did amphetamine in a comparable previous experiment. The similarity of massed and spaced pretreatment effects can be interpreted without appealing to tolerance as a factor, but the greater persistence of morphine pretreatment implicates tolerance as a mechanism.", "contents": "Parametric investigations of the effects of prior exposure to amphetamine and morphine on conditioned gustatory aversion. Pretreatment by a psychoactive drug can greatly attenuate the conditioning of gustatory avoidance by that drug. Although such findings have been interpreted in terms of tolerance, alternative explanations are possible. In a series of experiments, it was found that pretreatments with morphine or amphetamine massed at 24-h intervals were no more effective in attenuating conditioning than pretreatments spaced at 120-h intervals, but pretreatment with morphine provided more persistent protection against subsequent conditioning by itself than did amphetamine in a comparable previous experiment. The similarity of massed and spaced pretreatment effects can be interpreted without appealing to tolerance as a factor, but the greater persistence of morphine pretreatment implicates tolerance as a mechanism.", "PMID": 403542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2011", "title": "[Effects of methamphetamine and enriched experience on behavioral recovery after brain damage (author's transl)].", "content": "Two factorial experiments (brain status x environment x drug) were designed to measure the effects of methamphetamine and enriched experience on recovery after bilateral cortical lesions. Fisher male rats were operated or sham operated when 30 days old and thereafter raised in either an enriched (EC) or impoverished (IC) condition while daily injected with either methampheteamine (2 mg/kg) or saline. In EC, 12 rats lived together in a large cage with stimulus objects that were changed daily. In IC, a rat was kept alone in a small cage. The animals' performance was measured on a standard series of problems in a Hebb-Williams maze. The animals' scores were impaired by removal of tissue from the occipital cortex. Enriched experience, on the contrary, helped significantly in overcoming, at least partially, the effects of brain damage on problem-solving behavior regardless of whether this experience was given, for 2 h per day over a 60-day period (Expt. 1), or for 2 h per day over only a 30-day period (EXPT. 2). No drug effect was found in any of these experiments.", "contents": "[Effects of methamphetamine and enriched experience on behavioral recovery after brain damage (author's transl)]. Two factorial experiments (brain status x environment x drug) were designed to measure the effects of methamphetamine and enriched experience on recovery after bilateral cortical lesions. Fisher male rats were operated or sham operated when 30 days old and thereafter raised in either an enriched (EC) or impoverished (IC) condition while daily injected with either methampheteamine (2 mg/kg) or saline. In EC, 12 rats lived together in a large cage with stimulus objects that were changed daily. In IC, a rat was kept alone in a small cage. The animals' performance was measured on a standard series of problems in a Hebb-Williams maze. The animals' scores were impaired by removal of tissue from the occipital cortex. Enriched experience, on the contrary, helped significantly in overcoming, at least partially, the effects of brain damage on problem-solving behavior regardless of whether this experience was given, for 2 h per day over a 60-day period (Expt. 1), or for 2 h per day over only a 30-day period (EXPT. 2). No drug effect was found in any of these experiments.", "PMID": 403543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2012", "title": "Enduring effects of morphine pellets revealed by conditioned taste aversion.", "content": "Morphine pellets (75 mg) were implanted subcutaneously in albino rats. Three days later, following 24 h without water, these rats (Group MSN) were given access to a saccharin solution for 30 min, then injected with naloxone hydrochloride. The classical abstinence signs, including \"wet dog shakes\"and weight loss, were noted in these subjects, but not in controls given placebo pellets and /or saline injections. In addition, when given an opportunity to drink either saccharine solution or water 24 h later, Group MSN rats drank significantly less saccharin than any of the control groups. Similar drinking patterns were found even when naloxone injection was delayed as long as 3 weeks after pellet implantation, when none of the classical abstinence signs were seen and serum levels of morphine and its metabolites were 100 times lower according to radioimmunoassay. This simple and objective technique is thus more sensitive as a measure of prior morphine exposure than any of the commonly used indices. The continued utility of a dependent-nondependent dichotomy is also examined in light of these and other findings.", "contents": "Enduring effects of morphine pellets revealed by conditioned taste aversion. Morphine pellets (75 mg) were implanted subcutaneously in albino rats. Three days later, following 24 h without water, these rats (Group MSN) were given access to a saccharin solution for 30 min, then injected with naloxone hydrochloride. The classical abstinence signs, including \"wet dog shakes\"and weight loss, were noted in these subjects, but not in controls given placebo pellets and /or saline injections. In addition, when given an opportunity to drink either saccharine solution or water 24 h later, Group MSN rats drank significantly less saccharin than any of the control groups. Similar drinking patterns were found even when naloxone injection was delayed as long as 3 weeks after pellet implantation, when none of the classical abstinence signs were seen and serum levels of morphine and its metabolites were 100 times lower according to radioimmunoassay. This simple and objective technique is thus more sensitive as a measure of prior morphine exposure than any of the commonly used indices. The continued utility of a dependent-nondependent dichotomy is also examined in light of these and other findings.", "PMID": 403544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2013", "title": "The effects of d-amphetamine on the automaintained key pecking of pigeons.", "content": "Three food-deprived pigeons were initially exposed to an automaintenance procedure in which 8-s response key illuminations were followed by food delivery without regard to the subject's behavior. The percentage of occasions on which key illumination was followed by food delivery was then successively reduced from 100 to 50, 25, 10, and 2.5%. Despite the lack of a programmed contingency between key pecking and food delivery or key illumination, key pecking occurred under all automaintenance conditions. Mean responses per 8-s key illumination during non-drug sessions varied from over 15 to less than one, with the 100 and 50% pairing conditions engendering the highest rates and the 2.5% pairing condition the lowest. Under all automaintenance conditions, d-amphetamine in does of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg decreased responding in a dose-dependent fashion. Rate-dependent effects were not evident despite the appreciable differences in mean response rates engendered by the various conditions.", "contents": "The effects of d-amphetamine on the automaintained key pecking of pigeons. Three food-deprived pigeons were initially exposed to an automaintenance procedure in which 8-s response key illuminations were followed by food delivery without regard to the subject's behavior. The percentage of occasions on which key illumination was followed by food delivery was then successively reduced from 100 to 50, 25, 10, and 2.5%. Despite the lack of a programmed contingency between key pecking and food delivery or key illumination, key pecking occurred under all automaintenance conditions. Mean responses per 8-s key illumination during non-drug sessions varied from over 15 to less than one, with the 100 and 50% pairing conditions engendering the highest rates and the 2.5% pairing condition the lowest. Under all automaintenance conditions, d-amphetamine in does of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg decreased responding in a dose-dependent fashion. Rate-dependent effects were not evident despite the appreciable differences in mean response rates engendered by the various conditions.", "PMID": 403545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2014", "title": "Effects of delaying food availability contingent on ethanol-maintained lever pressing.", "content": "The effects of delaying food availability 8 s contingent on every, every second, and every fourth lever press maintained by 4,8, and 16% (v/v) ethanol solutions were examined when food was initially available to rats on a fixed-interval 26-s schedule. The delay contingency decreased ethanol-maintained responding at all ethanol concentrations, with the degree of decrease inversely related to the intermittency of the delay schedule and to the ethanol concentration. Such decreases were not evident in the performance of yoked-control animals which received food coincidentally with experimental animals. Temporal changes in food presentation alone therefore could not account for the decreases produced by the delay contingency.", "contents": "Effects of delaying food availability contingent on ethanol-maintained lever pressing. The effects of delaying food availability 8 s contingent on every, every second, and every fourth lever press maintained by 4,8, and 16% (v/v) ethanol solutions were examined when food was initially available to rats on a fixed-interval 26-s schedule. The delay contingency decreased ethanol-maintained responding at all ethanol concentrations, with the degree of decrease inversely related to the intermittency of the delay schedule and to the ethanol concentration. Such decreases were not evident in the performance of yoked-control animals which received food coincidentally with experimental animals. Temporal changes in food presentation alone therefore could not account for the decreases produced by the delay contingency.", "PMID": 403546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2015", "title": "Antagonism of ethanol's central stimulation in mice by small doses of catecholamine-receptor agonists.", "content": "Small doses of apomorphine (0.03-0.25 mg/kg i.p.) caused a dose-dependent suppression of the ethanol-induced (2.36 g/kg, 15% v/v, i.p.) locomotor stimulation in mice and higher doses (0.5--2 mg/kg i.p.) caused a delayed suppression. The delay increased with increased doses. Very small doses of clonidine (0.025 or 0.05 mg/kg i.p.), which per se did not or only slightly affect the activity of control mice, also markedly suppressed the ethanol-induced motor stimulation. Ethanol alone (2.36 g/kg i.p.) did not significantly affect the amount of Dopa accumulating in various mouse brain regions (limbic system, corpus striatum, hemispheres and brain stem) during 30 min following administration of 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD 1015), an inhibitor of aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase. Both the hypothermia and the locomotor stimulation by ethanol were antagonized by NSD 1015. The reduction in Dopa accumulation induced by a small dose of apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg i.p.) in the dopamine-rich regions in the mouse brain was slightly enhanced by ethanol, whereas the clonidine-induced decrease in Dopa accumulation was, if anything, reduced. In conclusion, ethanol's behavioural stimulant action in mice can be largely suppressed by apomorphine or clonidine, drugs which in the small doses used probably inhibit central catecholamine (CA) neurons.", "contents": "Antagonism of ethanol's central stimulation in mice by small doses of catecholamine-receptor agonists. Small doses of apomorphine (0.03-0.25 mg/kg i.p.) caused a dose-dependent suppression of the ethanol-induced (2.36 g/kg, 15% v/v, i.p.) locomotor stimulation in mice and higher doses (0.5--2 mg/kg i.p.) caused a delayed suppression. The delay increased with increased doses. Very small doses of clonidine (0.025 or 0.05 mg/kg i.p.), which per se did not or only slightly affect the activity of control mice, also markedly suppressed the ethanol-induced motor stimulation. Ethanol alone (2.36 g/kg i.p.) did not significantly affect the amount of Dopa accumulating in various mouse brain regions (limbic system, corpus striatum, hemispheres and brain stem) during 30 min following administration of 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD 1015), an inhibitor of aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase. Both the hypothermia and the locomotor stimulation by ethanol were antagonized by NSD 1015. The reduction in Dopa accumulation induced by a small dose of apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg i.p.) in the dopamine-rich regions in the mouse brain was slightly enhanced by ethanol, whereas the clonidine-induced decrease in Dopa accumulation was, if anything, reduced. In conclusion, ethanol's behavioural stimulant action in mice can be largely suppressed by apomorphine or clonidine, drugs which in the small doses used probably inhibit central catecholamine (CA) neurons.", "PMID": 403547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2016", "title": "The interaction of some kynurenine pathway metabolites with 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "The kynurenine pathway metabolites kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid have been tested against 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-induced head twitches in the mouse in a dose-range of 0.5--5.0 mg/kg. Kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine were highly active. Low doses caused marked potentiation of the twitch response to both 5-HT and 5-HTP with increased toxicity of 5-HT. High doses caused antagonism of both responses. Xanthurenic acid was inactive over the same dose range. The effects of kynurenine could not be duplicated in the guinea-pig ileum. The relevance of these results to the involvement of kynurenine pathway metabolites in depressive illness is discussed.", "contents": "The interaction of some kynurenine pathway metabolites with 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine. The kynurenine pathway metabolites kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid have been tested against 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-induced head twitches in the mouse in a dose-range of 0.5--5.0 mg/kg. Kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine were highly active. Low doses caused marked potentiation of the twitch response to both 5-HT and 5-HTP with increased toxicity of 5-HT. High doses caused antagonism of both responses. Xanthurenic acid was inactive over the same dose range. The effects of kynurenine could not be duplicated in the guinea-pig ileum. The relevance of these results to the involvement of kynurenine pathway metabolites in depressive illness is discussed.", "PMID": 403548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2017", "title": "Marijuana: effects on storage and retrieval of prose material.", "content": "In a two phase design, an attempt was made to differentiate the effect of marijuana on the storage and retrieval of prose material. In the first phase, 40 male subjects were administered a single 500 mg marijuana cigarette containing 2.1%delta9-THC or a placebo cigarette. Fifteen minutes after smoking, they listened to and at the same time read a narrative passage of approximately 200 words in length. Subsequently, an immediate free recall test was given in which subjects were required to write down as much of the story as they could remember. The second phase was conducted 24h later. Marijuana and placebo subjects were randomly subdivided into four groups with half of the subjects participating in the same drug condition as occurred on day one while the others switched drug state. Fifteen minutes after smoking, all subjects recalled the passage presented on day one and then were given 24 questions concerning facts and events in the story which could be answered in a few words. These questions served as retrieval cues. Following this, a new passage was presented in the same manner as occurred on day one. After an immediate free recall test, another cued recall test was administered. Results indicated that marijuana reduced immediate recall under both cued and uncued conditions incomparison to placebo. No relative cued recall advantage was found in the marijuana groups for the old or new story and marijuana produced only a moderate decrement in recall of the old story on day two. However, marijuana given in the second phase significantly reduced memory for items recalled in the initial phase irrespective of drug or cueing condition in phase one, suggesting that retrieval was also affected. Some decrement in recall of the new story did occur as a function of drug state change in group M-P. This effect was related to the serial position of input items. Serial position did not interact with drug state under any other recall condition.", "contents": "Marijuana: effects on storage and retrieval of prose material. In a two phase design, an attempt was made to differentiate the effect of marijuana on the storage and retrieval of prose material. In the first phase, 40 male subjects were administered a single 500 mg marijuana cigarette containing 2.1%delta9-THC or a placebo cigarette. Fifteen minutes after smoking, they listened to and at the same time read a narrative passage of approximately 200 words in length. Subsequently, an immediate free recall test was given in which subjects were required to write down as much of the story as they could remember. The second phase was conducted 24h later. Marijuana and placebo subjects were randomly subdivided into four groups with half of the subjects participating in the same drug condition as occurred on day one while the others switched drug state. Fifteen minutes after smoking, all subjects recalled the passage presented on day one and then were given 24 questions concerning facts and events in the story which could be answered in a few words. These questions served as retrieval cues. Following this, a new passage was presented in the same manner as occurred on day one. After an immediate free recall test, another cued recall test was administered. Results indicated that marijuana reduced immediate recall under both cued and uncued conditions incomparison to placebo. No relative cued recall advantage was found in the marijuana groups for the old or new story and marijuana produced only a moderate decrement in recall of the old story on day two. However, marijuana given in the second phase significantly reduced memory for items recalled in the initial phase irrespective of drug or cueing condition in phase one, suggesting that retrieval was also affected. Some decrement in recall of the new story did occur as a function of drug state change in group M-P. This effect was related to the serial position of input items. Serial position did not interact with drug state under any other recall condition.", "PMID": 403549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2018", "title": "[Effects of diazepam on exploratory behavior of pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "The exploratory behavior of pigs was studied in two successive daily 20-mn sessions in a two-compartment box by counting the number of crossings from one compartment to the other and observing the activity patterns. Injection of 1 mg/kg diazepam before the first session increased the number of crossings without affecting the temporal decline of activity within the session; treated pigs did not attempt to escape the experimental situation and tended to be more perseverative in their activity patterns than control pigs. Injected before the second session, diazepam did not modify the exploratory behavior. There was no evidence of a state-dissociation effect in experimental groups for which the treatment condition differed from one session to the other. These results are discussed with respect to current theories about the behavioral effects of benzodiazepines.", "contents": "[Effects of diazepam on exploratory behavior of pigs (author's transl)]. The exploratory behavior of pigs was studied in two successive daily 20-mn sessions in a two-compartment box by counting the number of crossings from one compartment to the other and observing the activity patterns. Injection of 1 mg/kg diazepam before the first session increased the number of crossings without affecting the temporal decline of activity within the session; treated pigs did not attempt to escape the experimental situation and tended to be more perseverative in their activity patterns than control pigs. Injected before the second session, diazepam did not modify the exploratory behavior. There was no evidence of a state-dissociation effect in experimental groups for which the treatment condition differed from one session to the other. These results are discussed with respect to current theories about the behavioral effects of benzodiazepines.", "PMID": 403550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2019", "title": "Studies on human memory: the interactions of diazepam, scopolamine, and physostigmine.", "content": "Seventy volunteers were injected with diazepam (0.3 mg/kg), scopolamine (8 mug/kg), or placebo, followed 70 min later by another injection of physostigmine, physostigmine and methscopolamine (in case of diazepam treatment), or placebo. Physostigmine was given in two doses, 16 and 32 mug/kg; methscopolamine, 8 and 16 mug/kg. Subjects (Ss) were tested in groups of 5 in a double blind procedure with treatments distributed according to a Latin square design. Prior to treatment, Ss heard a series of lists of words, followed by an immediate recall test. Following the first injection, delayed free recall and recognition tests were given. The second drug was then injected, followed by a presentation of another two sets of lists which were tested similarly. Subjective feelings were also evaluated with a rating questionnaire. Diazepam and scopolamine did not affect recall of information which had been learned prior to drug injection. However, both drugs impaired the learning or acquisition of new information. Physostigmine, especially in its high dose, antagonized most of the memory deficits produced by scopolamine while those of diazepam remained. This is a strong indication that scopolamine acts centrally through an anticholinergic mechanism while diazepam may act through a different system.", "contents": "Studies on human memory: the interactions of diazepam, scopolamine, and physostigmine. Seventy volunteers were injected with diazepam (0.3 mg/kg), scopolamine (8 mug/kg), or placebo, followed 70 min later by another injection of physostigmine, physostigmine and methscopolamine (in case of diazepam treatment), or placebo. Physostigmine was given in two doses, 16 and 32 mug/kg; methscopolamine, 8 and 16 mug/kg. Subjects (Ss) were tested in groups of 5 in a double blind procedure with treatments distributed according to a Latin square design. Prior to treatment, Ss heard a series of lists of words, followed by an immediate recall test. Following the first injection, delayed free recall and recognition tests were given. The second drug was then injected, followed by a presentation of another two sets of lists which were tested similarly. Subjective feelings were also evaluated with a rating questionnaire. Diazepam and scopolamine did not affect recall of information which had been learned prior to drug injection. However, both drugs impaired the learning or acquisition of new information. Physostigmine, especially in its high dose, antagonized most of the memory deficits produced by scopolamine while those of diazepam remained. This is a strong indication that scopolamine acts centrally through an anticholinergic mechanism while diazepam may act through a different system.", "PMID": 403551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2020", "title": "Open-field behaviour in sheep following treatment with the neuroleptics azaperone and acetylpromazine.", "content": "The behavior of individual Romney ewes in an open field was observed after intramuscular injection of isotonic saline or two doses of azaperone (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) or acetylpromazine (0.1, 0.25 mg/kg). Azaperone significantly reduced the distance travelled, urination, and the time spent walking. However it increased nosing of the walls and floor (investigation). Azaperone also increased the numbers of sheep seen grazing and pawing and decreased the number heart vocalizing at least once. The only effect acetylpromazine had was to reduce the number of sheep heart vocalizing. The main results were interpreted as supporting a superior reduction of emotional behaviour by azaperone. It was therefore suggested that, as with pigs, azaperone might be useful for treating stress in sheep.", "contents": "Open-field behaviour in sheep following treatment with the neuroleptics azaperone and acetylpromazine. The behavior of individual Romney ewes in an open field was observed after intramuscular injection of isotonic saline or two doses of azaperone (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) or acetylpromazine (0.1, 0.25 mg/kg). Azaperone significantly reduced the distance travelled, urination, and the time spent walking. However it increased nosing of the walls and floor (investigation). Azaperone also increased the numbers of sheep seen grazing and pawing and decreased the number heart vocalizing at least once. The only effect acetylpromazine had was to reduce the number of sheep heart vocalizing. The main results were interpreted as supporting a superior reduction of emotional behaviour by azaperone. It was therefore suggested that, as with pigs, azaperone might be useful for treating stress in sheep.", "PMID": 403552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2021", "title": "Mass fragmentographic analysis of clomipramine and its mono-demethylated metabolite in human plasma.", "content": "A mass fragmentographic method for the quantification of clomipramine (CIM) and monodemethyl-clomipramine (DCIM) in human plasma was developed. The deuterium labelled analogues of the compounds were used as internal standards. The sensitivity of the method allows the determination of CIM and DCIM in plasma after oral doses with a standard deviation less than 7% at concentrations of 25 ng/ml. The method was applied to the analysis of drug concentrations in plasma of clomipramine treated healthy volunteers and depressed patients. After acute treatment the level of DCIM in plasma was low as compared to chronical treatment.", "contents": "Mass fragmentographic analysis of clomipramine and its mono-demethylated metabolite in human plasma. A mass fragmentographic method for the quantification of clomipramine (CIM) and monodemethyl-clomipramine (DCIM) in human plasma was developed. The deuterium labelled analogues of the compounds were used as internal standards. The sensitivity of the method allows the determination of CIM and DCIM in plasma after oral doses with a standard deviation less than 7% at concentrations of 25 ng/ml. The method was applied to the analysis of drug concentrations in plasma of clomipramine treated healthy volunteers and depressed patients. After acute treatment the level of DCIM in plasma was low as compared to chronical treatment.", "PMID": 403553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2022", "title": "Long term reduction of male agonistic behavior in mice following early exposure to ethanol.", "content": "A system was developed to study the ability of early (pre- and neonatal) ethanol input to induce long lasting neural and behavioral changes. Ethanol was administered to E7b1/10bg and DBA/1Bg offspring through their parents who received 10% ethanol as their only liquid supply either before and during pregnancy, or from delivery until 14 days post partum, or during both periods. Thus, the offspring received ethanol transplacentally and/or through the mother's milk. The present paper is concerned with the male agonistic behavior at age 50 days of the treated offspring as compared with their pair fed controls. Early ethanol input resulted in a 23% increase in latency to attack in C57 mice and 58% in DBA, as well as a 49% (C57) and 38% (DBA) decrease in time spent fighting. The sensitive period to ethanol effect was apparently postnatal. Prenatal administration had no effect on agonistic behavior. DBA offspring were more aggressive than C57 and the scores of C57 offspring were more variable, thus indicating a lower phenotypic buffering in this strain.", "contents": "Long term reduction of male agonistic behavior in mice following early exposure to ethanol. A system was developed to study the ability of early (pre- and neonatal) ethanol input to induce long lasting neural and behavioral changes. Ethanol was administered to E7b1/10bg and DBA/1Bg offspring through their parents who received 10% ethanol as their only liquid supply either before and during pregnancy, or from delivery until 14 days post partum, or during both periods. Thus, the offspring received ethanol transplacentally and/or through the mother's milk. The present paper is concerned with the male agonistic behavior at age 50 days of the treated offspring as compared with their pair fed controls. Early ethanol input resulted in a 23% increase in latency to attack in C57 mice and 58% in DBA, as well as a 49% (C57) and 38% (DBA) decrease in time spent fighting. The sensitive period to ethanol effect was apparently postnatal. Prenatal administration had no effect on agonistic behavior. DBA offspring were more aggressive than C57 and the scores of C57 offspring were more variable, thus indicating a lower phenotypic buffering in this strain.", "PMID": 403554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2023", "title": "Evidence for a probenecid-sensitive transport system of acid monoamine metabolites from the spinal subarachnoid space.", "content": "The location of probenecid-sensitive elimination mechanisms of monoamine metabolites from the cerebrospinal fluid of the cat was determined with ventriculo-cisternal or ventriculo-lumbar perfusion techniques. These techniques were described in detail. Levels of endogenous homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were assayed in the perfusate. Probenecid administration induced the most marked increase of the levels of the monoamine metabolites in the ventriculo-lumbar perfusates. It was concluded that probenecid blocked the transport of both metabolites from the spinal subarachnoid space.", "contents": "Evidence for a probenecid-sensitive transport system of acid monoamine metabolites from the spinal subarachnoid space. The location of probenecid-sensitive elimination mechanisms of monoamine metabolites from the cerebrospinal fluid of the cat was determined with ventriculo-cisternal or ventriculo-lumbar perfusion techniques. These techniques were described in detail. Levels of endogenous homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were assayed in the perfusate. Probenecid administration induced the most marked increase of the levels of the monoamine metabolites in the ventriculo-lumbar perfusates. It was concluded that probenecid blocked the transport of both metabolites from the spinal subarachnoid space.", "PMID": 403555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2024", "title": "Circadian rhythms of ethanol consumption by mice: a simple computer analysis for chronopharmacology.", "content": "On the assumption that a sinusoidal curve adequately described the circadian rhythm of food or fluid consumption by mice, the whole daily pattern can be derived from a few observations. Examples are presented to show that the assumption is valid. This simple curve-fitting by computer is also applicable to analysis of blood levels of drugs administered in the food or drinking fluid. The method should be useful for estimating the magnitude of daily fluctuations in pharmacological variables, including drug intake rates and circulating drug levels.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms of ethanol consumption by mice: a simple computer analysis for chronopharmacology. On the assumption that a sinusoidal curve adequately described the circadian rhythm of food or fluid consumption by mice, the whole daily pattern can be derived from a few observations. Examples are presented to show that the assumption is valid. This simple curve-fitting by computer is also applicable to analysis of blood levels of drugs administered in the food or drinking fluid. The method should be useful for estimating the magnitude of daily fluctuations in pharmacological variables, including drug intake rates and circulating drug levels.", "PMID": 403556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2025", "title": "Propranolol effects on acute marihuana intoxication in man.", "content": "To investigate the possible interaction of a beta adrenergic blocking agent and marihuana, six healthy experienced marihuana smokers received the two drugs separately and in combination. Propranolol (120 mg per os) reduced resting HR and BP; there were no changes in performance on tasks designed to test psychomotor speed, attention, memory and learning. Marihuana (10 mg delta9-THC), administered in smoke, induced the typical subjective state (\"high\") with marked increases in HR, BP and conjunctival injection; it impaired performance on a learning test without significantly affecting attention. Pre-treatment with propranolol blocked effectively the cardiovascular effects of marihuana; it prevented the learning impairment and, to a lesser degree, the characteristic subjective experience.", "contents": "Propranolol effects on acute marihuana intoxication in man. To investigate the possible interaction of a beta adrenergic blocking agent and marihuana, six healthy experienced marihuana smokers received the two drugs separately and in combination. Propranolol (120 mg per os) reduced resting HR and BP; there were no changes in performance on tasks designed to test psychomotor speed, attention, memory and learning. Marihuana (10 mg delta9-THC), administered in smoke, induced the typical subjective state (\"high\") with marked increases in HR, BP and conjunctival injection; it impaired performance on a learning test without significantly affecting attention. Pre-treatment with propranolol blocked effectively the cardiovascular effects of marihuana; it prevented the learning impairment and, to a lesser degree, the characteristic subjective experience.", "PMID": 403557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2026", "title": "Rapid induction and quantitation of morphine dependence in the rat by pellet implantation.", "content": "Four schedules of subcutaneous morphine pellet implantation were developed to render rats rapidly physically dependent on morphine. The schedules included implantation of four morphine pellets over a 3-day period (schedule 1), six morphine pellets over a 3-day period (schedule 2), six pellets over a 7-day period (schedule 3), and ten pellets over a 10-day period (schedule 4). Each morphine pellet contained 75 mg of morphine base. The degree of morphine dependence was quantitated by determining the median effective dose (ED50) of naloxone required to induce the stereotyped jumping response. Hypothermia and weight loss, during abrupt and naloxone-induced withdrawal, were also measured. Rats on schedule 4 exhibited a high degree of dependence on morphine as evidenced by an extremely low naloxone ED50 for the precipitated withdrawal jumping response, whereas schedules 1 and 2 produced a low degree of dependence as shown by high naloxone ED50's. Further evidence for a high degree of physical dependence on morphine is schedule 4 rats was indicated by their greater loss in body weight and greater hypothermic response after abrupt and after naloxone precipitated withdrawal compared with these responsed in the rats in the other three schedules. A correlation was found to exist between naloxone ED50 for the jumping response, body weight loss, and hypothermia observed during naloxone-induced withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats. These studies suggest that the implantation of four morphine pellets in the rat produces a mild degree of dependence and that caution should be exercised when making generalized conclusions about the biochemical correlations involved when four or less number of pellets, each containing 75 mg of morphine base, are used to induce morphine dependence in the rat.", "contents": "Rapid induction and quantitation of morphine dependence in the rat by pellet implantation. Four schedules of subcutaneous morphine pellet implantation were developed to render rats rapidly physically dependent on morphine. The schedules included implantation of four morphine pellets over a 3-day period (schedule 1), six morphine pellets over a 3-day period (schedule 2), six pellets over a 7-day period (schedule 3), and ten pellets over a 10-day period (schedule 4). Each morphine pellet contained 75 mg of morphine base. The degree of morphine dependence was quantitated by determining the median effective dose (ED50) of naloxone required to induce the stereotyped jumping response. Hypothermia and weight loss, during abrupt and naloxone-induced withdrawal, were also measured. Rats on schedule 4 exhibited a high degree of dependence on morphine as evidenced by an extremely low naloxone ED50 for the precipitated withdrawal jumping response, whereas schedules 1 and 2 produced a low degree of dependence as shown by high naloxone ED50's. Further evidence for a high degree of physical dependence on morphine is schedule 4 rats was indicated by their greater loss in body weight and greater hypothermic response after abrupt and after naloxone precipitated withdrawal compared with these responsed in the rats in the other three schedules. A correlation was found to exist between naloxone ED50 for the jumping response, body weight loss, and hypothermia observed during naloxone-induced withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats. These studies suggest that the implantation of four morphine pellets in the rat produces a mild degree of dependence and that caution should be exercised when making generalized conclusions about the biochemical correlations involved when four or less number of pellets, each containing 75 mg of morphine base, are used to induce morphine dependence in the rat.", "PMID": 403558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2027", "title": "The reinforcing action of morphine and its paradoxical side effect.", "content": "Rats were trained to run down a runway for food in the goal box, and were then tested with one trial per day for 5 days. After running in the runway and eating in the goal box each rat was injected with a drug and returned to the empty goal box for 50 min. Over the 5 trials, rats that received morphine sulphate increased their running speed approximately 400% while the amount of food they ate in the goal box decreased to about 70% of baseline values. The running speed of rats that received lithium chloride decreased to about 30%, while the amount of food they ate decreased to less than 10% of baseline. These two variables did not change for rats that received saline injections. The large increases in running speed observed in the rats that received morphine injections were attributed to an interaction (but not simple summation) between the positive reinforcing effects of morphine and food. The accompanying paradoxical decrease in amount eaten was discussed in terms of the complex pharmacological properties of morphine and it was suggested that morphine may have a reinforcing effect on behavior that is independent of its affective properties.", "contents": "The reinforcing action of morphine and its paradoxical side effect. Rats were trained to run down a runway for food in the goal box, and were then tested with one trial per day for 5 days. After running in the runway and eating in the goal box each rat was injected with a drug and returned to the empty goal box for 50 min. Over the 5 trials, rats that received morphine sulphate increased their running speed approximately 400% while the amount of food they ate in the goal box decreased to about 70% of baseline values. The running speed of rats that received lithium chloride decreased to about 30%, while the amount of food they ate decreased to less than 10% of baseline. These two variables did not change for rats that received saline injections. The large increases in running speed observed in the rats that received morphine injections were attributed to an interaction (but not simple summation) between the positive reinforcing effects of morphine and food. The accompanying paradoxical decrease in amount eaten was discussed in terms of the complex pharmacological properties of morphine and it was suggested that morphine may have a reinforcing effect on behavior that is independent of its affective properties.", "PMID": 403559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2028", "title": "Facilitation by dexamethasone of tolerance to ethanol in the rat.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the development of tolerance to ethanol and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex (H-P-AC) system by modifying the H-P-AC system through the use of a synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone. Also this study determined whether repeated drug administration and environmental adaptation would facilitate development of tolerance. Rats injected daily with dexamethasone and ethanol showed an antagonism to the acute effects of ethanol and a higher rate of tolerance development to the depressant effect of ethanol than animals administered ethanol only. These results were discussed in relation to a possible stimulant effect of dexamethasone on behavior, an increase in the metabolism of ethanol, and a possible accumulation of dexamethasone in the brain, affecting an organism's response to ethanol. It also was shown that daily ethanol administration and adaptation to the testing environment facilitated the development of tolerance, compared to ethanol administration only.", "contents": "Facilitation by dexamethasone of tolerance to ethanol in the rat. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the development of tolerance to ethanol and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex (H-P-AC) system by modifying the H-P-AC system through the use of a synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone. Also this study determined whether repeated drug administration and environmental adaptation would facilitate development of tolerance. Rats injected daily with dexamethasone and ethanol showed an antagonism to the acute effects of ethanol and a higher rate of tolerance development to the depressant effect of ethanol than animals administered ethanol only. These results were discussed in relation to a possible stimulant effect of dexamethasone on behavior, an increase in the metabolism of ethanol, and a possible accumulation of dexamethasone in the brain, affecting an organism's response to ethanol. It also was shown that daily ethanol administration and adaptation to the testing environment facilitated the development of tolerance, compared to ethanol administration only.", "PMID": 403560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2029", "title": "Effect of muscarinic cholinergic drugs on morphine-induced catalepsy, antinociception and changes in brain dopamine metabolism.", "content": "The effects of drugs acting on muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the catalepsy, antinociception and changes in rectal temperature and in brain dopamine metabolism induced by morphine were studied in Wistar rats. Scopolamine (0.3 - 30 mg/kg) was about three times as potent as atropine (1 - 30 mg/kg) in potentiating the cataleptic effect of morphine. Methylscopolamine and methylatropine did not alter the cataleptic effect of morphine. Pilocarpine (100 mg/kg) and arecoline (10 mg/kg) slightly but significantly and RS86 (20 - 40 mg/kg) clearly antagonized the morphine-catalepsy. RS86 antagonized the atropine-induced potentiation of morphine catalepsy. The antinociceptive effect of pilocarpine was additive and that of RS86 less than additive with morphine. The antimuscarinic compounds did not alter the antinociceptive effect of morphine. Antimuscarinic compounds enhanced the hypothermic effect of morphine, but none of the compounds studied altered the hyperthermic effect of morphine. The antimuscarinic drugs reduced the concentration of striatal homovanillic acid (HVA) in about same proportion in control and morphine-treated rats. Both the muscarinic compounds and morphine increased the concentration of striatal HVA, but when combined their effects were not significantly different from those of morphine alone. Scopolamine antagonized and pilocarpine accelerated the morphine-induced increase in the rate of depletion of cerebral dopamine content. The present results show that the effects of muscarinic aand antimuscarinic cholinergic drugs on the cataleptic effect of morphine were opposite to their effects on the catalepsy induced by neuroleptic compounds.", "contents": "Effect of muscarinic cholinergic drugs on morphine-induced catalepsy, antinociception and changes in brain dopamine metabolism. The effects of drugs acting on muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the catalepsy, antinociception and changes in rectal temperature and in brain dopamine metabolism induced by morphine were studied in Wistar rats. Scopolamine (0.3 - 30 mg/kg) was about three times as potent as atropine (1 - 30 mg/kg) in potentiating the cataleptic effect of morphine. Methylscopolamine and methylatropine did not alter the cataleptic effect of morphine. Pilocarpine (100 mg/kg) and arecoline (10 mg/kg) slightly but significantly and RS86 (20 - 40 mg/kg) clearly antagonized the morphine-catalepsy. RS86 antagonized the atropine-induced potentiation of morphine catalepsy. The antinociceptive effect of pilocarpine was additive and that of RS86 less than additive with morphine. The antimuscarinic compounds did not alter the antinociceptive effect of morphine. Antimuscarinic compounds enhanced the hypothermic effect of morphine, but none of the compounds studied altered the hyperthermic effect of morphine. The antimuscarinic drugs reduced the concentration of striatal homovanillic acid (HVA) in about same proportion in control and morphine-treated rats. Both the muscarinic compounds and morphine increased the concentration of striatal HVA, but when combined their effects were not significantly different from those of morphine alone. Scopolamine antagonized and pilocarpine accelerated the morphine-induced increase in the rate of depletion of cerebral dopamine content. The present results show that the effects of muscarinic aand antimuscarinic cholinergic drugs on the cataleptic effect of morphine were opposite to their effects on the catalepsy induced by neuroleptic compounds.", "PMID": 403561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2030", "title": "Clinical pharmacological studies of tandamine, a potential antidepressive drug.", "content": "Tandamine hydrochloride, a thiopyranoindole, was more active than desmethylimipramine in inhibiting the tyramine pressor response after single oral doses in human volunteers. When compared with a placebo, tandamine was found to possess significant anticholinergic activity, to reduce appetite and to produce sedation. Compared with clomipramine, it caused a smaller inhibition of 5-HT but a more marked inhibition of dopamine uptake into human platelets. Further clinical and pharmacological studies with tandamine may help to elucidate the respective roles of different monoamines in depression, sedation and appetite.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacological studies of tandamine, a potential antidepressive drug. Tandamine hydrochloride, a thiopyranoindole, was more active than desmethylimipramine in inhibiting the tyramine pressor response after single oral doses in human volunteers. When compared with a placebo, tandamine was found to possess significant anticholinergic activity, to reduce appetite and to produce sedation. Compared with clomipramine, it caused a smaller inhibition of 5-HT but a more marked inhibition of dopamine uptake into human platelets. Further clinical and pharmacological studies with tandamine may help to elucidate the respective roles of different monoamines in depression, sedation and appetite.", "PMID": 403562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2031", "title": "Effect of tryptamine antagonists on self-stimulation. Interaction with amphetamine.", "content": "In order to investigate the role played by serotonergic mechanisms in self-stimulation (SS) behavior, the effects of two tryptamine antagonists, cyproheptadine and methysergide on SS were measured. Also the influence of antitryptaminic drug pre-treatment on the facilitatory effect of amphetamine, a pro-adrenergic drug, on SS was studied. Rats with brain electrodes permanently implanted at the lateral hypothalamus and trained to lever-press for response-contingent brain electric stimulus presentation were used. Stimulus current was maintained at threshold level. Both tryptamine antagonists used potentiated the enhancing effect of amphetamine on low SS rates, displacing to the left its dose-effect curve; cyproheptadine was at least three times more potent than methysergide. In addition, cyproheptadine, but not methysergide, caused dose-related increases in SS rate, when given alone. These results suggest that brain serotonergic systems play an inhibitory role in SS, opposing the facilitatory influence of adrenergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Effect of tryptamine antagonists on self-stimulation. Interaction with amphetamine. In order to investigate the role played by serotonergic mechanisms in self-stimulation (SS) behavior, the effects of two tryptamine antagonists, cyproheptadine and methysergide on SS were measured. Also the influence of antitryptaminic drug pre-treatment on the facilitatory effect of amphetamine, a pro-adrenergic drug, on SS was studied. Rats with brain electrodes permanently implanted at the lateral hypothalamus and trained to lever-press for response-contingent brain electric stimulus presentation were used. Stimulus current was maintained at threshold level. Both tryptamine antagonists used potentiated the enhancing effect of amphetamine on low SS rates, displacing to the left its dose-effect curve; cyproheptadine was at least three times more potent than methysergide. In addition, cyproheptadine, but not methysergide, caused dose-related increases in SS rate, when given alone. These results suggest that brain serotonergic systems play an inhibitory role in SS, opposing the facilitatory influence of adrenergic mechanisms.", "PMID": 403563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2032", "title": "Dissociation of the anti-punishment activities of chlordiazepoxide and atropine using two heterogeneous passive avoidance tasks.", "content": "The effects of chlordiazepoxide and atropine on the acquisition of passive avoidance learning in rats were compared in two superficially similar but theoretically distinct forms of the step down task in an attempt to dissociate behaviourally the disinhibiting effects of these two classes of drug. In a discrete trial procedure both chlordiazepoxide and atropine significantly retarded acquisition; on retention testing under saline treatment alone, the initial chlordiazepoxide group showed no change in behaviour while the initial atropine group showed a facilitation. In a continuous trial procedure, however, atropine but not chlordiazepoxide produced an increase in the total number of step downs; despite this, these groups showed acquisition at similar rates, though learning was not shown on retention testing under saline alone. These results enabled the two classes of drug to be distinguished. The nature of the heterogeneity between the two test paradigms is discussed, and results interpreted in terms of possible differential drug effects on punishment and escape components of the tasks.", "contents": "Dissociation of the anti-punishment activities of chlordiazepoxide and atropine using two heterogeneous passive avoidance tasks. The effects of chlordiazepoxide and atropine on the acquisition of passive avoidance learning in rats were compared in two superficially similar but theoretically distinct forms of the step down task in an attempt to dissociate behaviourally the disinhibiting effects of these two classes of drug. In a discrete trial procedure both chlordiazepoxide and atropine significantly retarded acquisition; on retention testing under saline treatment alone, the initial chlordiazepoxide group showed no change in behaviour while the initial atropine group showed a facilitation. In a continuous trial procedure, however, atropine but not chlordiazepoxide produced an increase in the total number of step downs; despite this, these groups showed acquisition at similar rates, though learning was not shown on retention testing under saline alone. These results enabled the two classes of drug to be distinguished. The nature of the heterogeneity between the two test paradigms is discussed, and results interpreted in terms of possible differential drug effects on punishment and escape components of the tasks.", "PMID": 403564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2033", "title": "Pargyline-induced increases in sensitivity to the effects of drugs on operant behavior in pigeons.", "content": "Pigeons responded under a multiple fixed-interval 5-min, 30-response fixed-ratio schedule of food reinforcement. Acute pargyline doses between 10.0 and 50.0 mg/kg (i.m.); given immediately prior to the session, decreased responding. Daily administration of 50 mg/kg pargyline (24 mg/kg, every 12 hr) initially decreased responding. Tolerance developed so that after 4 days of daily pargyline, responding had returned to control values. Chronic pargyline resulted in an enhanced sensitivity to the effects of d-amphetamine, ephedrine, tyramine, and morphine on schedule-controlled responding. Both d-amphetamine and pentobarbital increased fixed-interval responding at relatively low doses, while higher doses decreased responding. Daily pargyline resulted in an increased sensitivity to both the increases and decreases in response rates produced by d-amphetamine. In contrast, sensitivity to pentobarbital was not changed after daily pargyline, Ephedrine, tyramine, and morphine only decreased fixed-interval responding. Chronic pargyline resulted in an increased sensitivity to the response-rate decreasing effects of ephedrine, tyramine, and morphine. In addition to the increased sensitivity of fixed-interval responding to the effects of tyramine, the dose-effect curve for fixed-ratio responding was also a shifted to the left. Daily pargyline did not result in changes in sensitivity of fixed-ratio responding to the effects of the other drugs tested.", "contents": "Pargyline-induced increases in sensitivity to the effects of drugs on operant behavior in pigeons. Pigeons responded under a multiple fixed-interval 5-min, 30-response fixed-ratio schedule of food reinforcement. Acute pargyline doses between 10.0 and 50.0 mg/kg (i.m.); given immediately prior to the session, decreased responding. Daily administration of 50 mg/kg pargyline (24 mg/kg, every 12 hr) initially decreased responding. Tolerance developed so that after 4 days of daily pargyline, responding had returned to control values. Chronic pargyline resulted in an enhanced sensitivity to the effects of d-amphetamine, ephedrine, tyramine, and morphine on schedule-controlled responding. Both d-amphetamine and pentobarbital increased fixed-interval responding at relatively low doses, while higher doses decreased responding. Daily pargyline resulted in an increased sensitivity to both the increases and decreases in response rates produced by d-amphetamine. In contrast, sensitivity to pentobarbital was not changed after daily pargyline, Ephedrine, tyramine, and morphine only decreased fixed-interval responding. Chronic pargyline resulted in an increased sensitivity to the response-rate decreasing effects of ephedrine, tyramine, and morphine. In addition to the increased sensitivity of fixed-interval responding to the effects of tyramine, the dose-effect curve for fixed-ratio responding was also a shifted to the left. Daily pargyline did not result in changes in sensitivity of fixed-ratio responding to the effects of the other drugs tested.", "PMID": 403565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2034", "title": "[Multiple vascular stenoses in neurofibromatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Vascular lesions due to neurofibromatosis have been predominantly reported in the renal arteries as cause of arterial hypertension, but they can occur everywhere. The angiography shows a smoothly bordered stenosis at the origin of the artery with an elongated funnel shaped poststenotic deformity. Collateral vessels are often present. Reconstructive arterial surgery is in a high percentage successful. The main differential diagnosis includes fibromuscular dysplasia. Arterial hypertension in a young person with neurofibromatosis should suggest the presence of pheochromocytoma or renovascular disease.", "contents": "[Multiple vascular stenoses in neurofibromatosis (author's transl)]. Vascular lesions due to neurofibromatosis have been predominantly reported in the renal arteries as cause of arterial hypertension, but they can occur everywhere. The angiography shows a smoothly bordered stenosis at the origin of the artery with an elongated funnel shaped poststenotic deformity. Collateral vessels are often present. Reconstructive arterial surgery is in a high percentage successful. The main differential diagnosis includes fibromuscular dysplasia. Arterial hypertension in a young person with neurofibromatosis should suggest the presence of pheochromocytoma or renovascular disease.", "PMID": 403567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2035", "title": "An improved 191Os-191mIr generator for radionuclide angiocardiography.", "content": "191mIr is a useful tracer for radionuclide angiocardiography and may be of particular value in the evaluation of heart disease in children. It has a short half-life, a suitable photon energy, and may be obtained as a generator product by decay of its long-lived parent 191Os. A 191Os-191mIr generator capable of providing at least 18 mCi of 191mIr in 1.5 ml of eluant is described. 191mIr is separated from 191Os by absorbing 191OsCl6(-2) on an ion exchange resin and eluting with a solution of 8.7% NaCl at a pH of 2.2. The generator employs an additional resin column which is replaced to minimize 191Os breakthrough.", "contents": "An improved 191Os-191mIr generator for radionuclide angiocardiography. 191mIr is a useful tracer for radionuclide angiocardiography and may be of particular value in the evaluation of heart disease in children. It has a short half-life, a suitable photon energy, and may be obtained as a generator product by decay of its long-lived parent 191Os. A 191Os-191mIr generator capable of providing at least 18 mCi of 191mIr in 1.5 ml of eluant is described. 191mIr is separated from 191Os by absorbing 191OsCl6(-2) on an ion exchange resin and eluting with a solution of 8.7% NaCl at a pH of 2.2. The generator employs an additional resin column which is replaced to minimize 191Os breakthrough.", "PMID": 403568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2036", "title": "Cure of EMT-6 tumors by X rays or neutrons: effect of mixed-fractionation schemes.", "content": "EMT-6 mouse tumors were treated with (a) 1 or 5 fractions of either x rays or neutrons or (b) a mixture of both in which 2 fractions of neutrons (n) plus 3 fraction of x rays (x) were given in 5 days in the sequence n-n-x-x-x or n-x-x-x-n. Using local tumor control as an end point, neutron RBEs of 1.7 for single fractions and 2.6 for 5 fractions were obtained. The two mixed schemes yielded RBEs of 1.5 and 1.4, respectively. Therapeutic gain factors, calculated as the ratio of tumor to skin RBE with neutrons or mixed radiations, were highest for the mixed fractionation schemes. These results are due to an apparent enhancement of the neutron effect in the tumor but not in the skin with these regimens. Other normal tissues must be irradiated with mixed schemes to determine whether this phenomenon is limited to the skin.", "contents": "Cure of EMT-6 tumors by X rays or neutrons: effect of mixed-fractionation schemes. EMT-6 mouse tumors were treated with (a) 1 or 5 fractions of either x rays or neutrons or (b) a mixture of both in which 2 fractions of neutrons (n) plus 3 fraction of x rays (x) were given in 5 days in the sequence n-n-x-x-x or n-x-x-x-n. Using local tumor control as an end point, neutron RBEs of 1.7 for single fractions and 2.6 for 5 fractions were obtained. The two mixed schemes yielded RBEs of 1.5 and 1.4, respectively. Therapeutic gain factors, calculated as the ratio of tumor to skin RBE with neutrons or mixed radiations, were highest for the mixed fractionation schemes. These results are due to an apparent enhancement of the neutron effect in the tumor but not in the skin with these regimens. Other normal tissues must be irradiated with mixed schemes to determine whether this phenomenon is limited to the skin.", "PMID": 403569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2037", "title": "Quantitative assessment of para-osteo-arthropathy and its maturation on serial radionuclide bone images.", "content": "Paraplegics whose range of motion is limited by para-osteo-arthropathy (POA) may have difficulty in becoming independent unless the heterotopic bone mass is removed. The recurrence rate is high if the bony mass is not mature at the time of surgery. Radiography and alkaline phosphatase correlations are not trustworthy. In 3 paraplegics with POA, radiolabeled osteotropic agents demonstrated a steady decrease in the uptake ratio (heterotopic/normal bone) followed by a steady-state plateau, reflecting the most useful index of maturation and allowing surgical removal of bone without recurrence.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of para-osteo-arthropathy and its maturation on serial radionuclide bone images. Paraplegics whose range of motion is limited by para-osteo-arthropathy (POA) may have difficulty in becoming independent unless the heterotopic bone mass is removed. The recurrence rate is high if the bony mass is not mature at the time of surgery. Radiography and alkaline phosphatase correlations are not trustworthy. In 3 paraplegics with POA, radiolabeled osteotropic agents demonstrated a steady decrease in the uptake ratio (heterotopic/normal bone) followed by a steady-state plateau, reflecting the most useful index of maturation and allowing surgical removal of bone without recurrence.", "PMID": 403570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2038", "title": "A computer-assisted method to determine the diagnostic efficacy of computed tomography of the body.", "content": "A computer-assisted system has been devised to provide objective measurements of the diagnostic efficacy of CT of the body. The diagnostic efficacy of CT is compared with that of UGI examinations for 574 patients. The potential usefulness of this system in cost effectiveness studies, diagnostic efficacy studies, and clinical efficacy studies is examined.", "contents": "A computer-assisted method to determine the diagnostic efficacy of computed tomography of the body. A computer-assisted system has been devised to provide objective measurements of the diagnostic efficacy of CT of the body. The diagnostic efficacy of CT is compared with that of UGI examinations for 574 patients. The potential usefulness of this system in cost effectiveness studies, diagnostic efficacy studies, and clinical efficacy studies is examined.", "PMID": 403571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2039", "title": "Obervations on subjective symptomatology, coping behavior, and medical decisions is asthma.", "content": "The Asthma Symptom Checklist (ASC), describing the subjective symptoms reported to occur during asthmatic attacks, has been developed previously. In the present study, the ASC key cluster solution was replicated and refined within a sample of 374 asthmatic inpatients. All of the original symptom categories were reporduced, including two mood categories, Panic-Fear and Irritability, a Fatigue category, and two somatic categories. Hyperventilation-Hypocapnia and Airway Obstruction. Two refinements were notable: (1) The Airway Obstruction category was empirically divided into two conceptually clear components, Dyspnea anc Congestion, and (2) three secondary mood categories, Worry, Loneliness, and Anger, were identified, which describe a continuum of mood between the polar extremes of panic and irritability. Of the symptom categories, only Panic-Fear was related to the intensity of the discharge drug regimens recommended 2 to 6 mouths after ASC administration. Panic-Fear scores were independent of pulmonary function measurements. A combined index based on pulmonary functions and panic-fear yielded the best prediction of discharge steroid regiments. Finally, those physicians rated highest in \"sensitivity\" to their patients by their supervisors prescribed less steroids overall, but most frequently prescribed discharge steriod regimens in relation to their patients' Panic-Fear scores. In contrast, physicians rated lower on sensitivity prescribed higher steroid regimens overall, but based these drug recommendations more cleary on objective pulmonary functioning, and not in relation to their patients' Panic-Fear scores. The results strongly suggest that the ASC Panic-Fear scale is associated with coping behaviors that importantly affect the patient's overall clinical picture by increasing the apparent severity of the asthma, thereby leading to intensified treatment. The findings stress the need to evaluate independently the objective medical condition and subjective symptomatology with its related coping behavior, in order to direct appropriate modes of therapy to each.", "contents": "Obervations on subjective symptomatology, coping behavior, and medical decisions is asthma. The Asthma Symptom Checklist (ASC), describing the subjective symptoms reported to occur during asthmatic attacks, has been developed previously. In the present study, the ASC key cluster solution was replicated and refined within a sample of 374 asthmatic inpatients. All of the original symptom categories were reporduced, including two mood categories, Panic-Fear and Irritability, a Fatigue category, and two somatic categories. Hyperventilation-Hypocapnia and Airway Obstruction. Two refinements were notable: (1) The Airway Obstruction category was empirically divided into two conceptually clear components, Dyspnea anc Congestion, and (2) three secondary mood categories, Worry, Loneliness, and Anger, were identified, which describe a continuum of mood between the polar extremes of panic and irritability. Of the symptom categories, only Panic-Fear was related to the intensity of the discharge drug regimens recommended 2 to 6 mouths after ASC administration. Panic-Fear scores were independent of pulmonary function measurements. A combined index based on pulmonary functions and panic-fear yielded the best prediction of discharge steroid regiments. Finally, those physicians rated highest in \"sensitivity\" to their patients by their supervisors prescribed less steroids overall, but most frequently prescribed discharge steriod regimens in relation to their patients' Panic-Fear scores. In contrast, physicians rated lower on sensitivity prescribed higher steroid regimens overall, but based these drug recommendations more cleary on objective pulmonary functioning, and not in relation to their patients' Panic-Fear scores. The results strongly suggest that the ASC Panic-Fear scale is associated with coping behaviors that importantly affect the patient's overall clinical picture by increasing the apparent severity of the asthma, thereby leading to intensified treatment. The findings stress the need to evaluate independently the objective medical condition and subjective symptomatology with its related coping behavior, in order to direct appropriate modes of therapy to each.", "PMID": 403566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2040", "title": "Elevated prostaglandins synthetase activity in methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse BALB/3T3.", "content": "Cell lines transformed from 3T3 spontaneously, by radiation, or by treatment with chemical carcinogens, polyoma and SV40 virus produce up to 5 times more prostaglandins than their untransformed parent line. Several aspects of prostaglandin biosynthesis by MC5-5 and 3T3 were compared. When stimulated by serum, bradykinin, or thrombin, MC5-5 cells labeled with radioactive arachidonic acid in their cellular lipids, these higher levels were shown not to be due to increased availability of the prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid. Prostaglandin synthetase activity in microsomal fractions prepared from MC5-5 was 6 times higher than that of microsomes of untransformed cells. The increased prostaglandin levels produced by transformed cells therefore appear to be the result of elevated prostaglandin synthetase activity.", "contents": "Elevated prostaglandins synthetase activity in methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse BALB/3T3. Cell lines transformed from 3T3 spontaneously, by radiation, or by treatment with chemical carcinogens, polyoma and SV40 virus produce up to 5 times more prostaglandins than their untransformed parent line. Several aspects of prostaglandin biosynthesis by MC5-5 and 3T3 were compared. When stimulated by serum, bradykinin, or thrombin, MC5-5 cells labeled with radioactive arachidonic acid in their cellular lipids, these higher levels were shown not to be due to increased availability of the prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid. Prostaglandin synthetase activity in microsomal fractions prepared from MC5-5 was 6 times higher than that of microsomes of untransformed cells. The increased prostaglandin levels produced by transformed cells therefore appear to be the result of elevated prostaglandin synthetase activity.", "PMID": 403574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2041", "title": "On the mode of action and biochemical properties of anti-inflammatory drugs-II.", "content": "The inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthetase by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is not well understood. Co-factors (glutathione and hydroquinone) are needed for maximum enzymatic activity in vitro, and we suggest that NSAID might inhibit PG synthetase partly by interfering with co-factor induced stimulation of the enzyme. This hypothesis was tested by: A) Examining the effect of glutathione, noradrenaline and hydroquinone on bull seminal vesicle (BSV) PG synthetase in vitro. The stimulatory effects were concentration-dependent. B) Three structurally distinct NSAID, indomethacin, aspirin and paracetamol, inhibited the stimulation by each co-factor in a concentration-related manner. Drug effectiveness also depended on the concentration of co-factor.", "contents": "On the mode of action and biochemical properties of anti-inflammatory drugs-II. The inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthetase by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is not well understood. Co-factors (glutathione and hydroquinone) are needed for maximum enzymatic activity in vitro, and we suggest that NSAID might inhibit PG synthetase partly by interfering with co-factor induced stimulation of the enzyme. This hypothesis was tested by: A) Examining the effect of glutathione, noradrenaline and hydroquinone on bull seminal vesicle (BSV) PG synthetase in vitro. The stimulatory effects were concentration-dependent. B) Three structurally distinct NSAID, indomethacin, aspirin and paracetamol, inhibited the stimulation by each co-factor in a concentration-related manner. Drug effectiveness also depended on the concentration of co-factor.", "PMID": 403575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2042", "title": "Effects of bilirubin on glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol and morphine.", "content": "Addition of bilirubin in vitro to hepatic microsomes or 9,333 g supernatant activated UDP glucuronyltransferase activity (UDPGT) for p-nitrophenol of livers from Sprague-Dawley rats, Wistar rats, icteric Gunn rats and nonicteric Gunn rats. However, injection of bilirubin at subtoxic doses using a variety of regimens failed to produce detectable activation of UDPGT in intact or bile duct-ligated rats. Pretreatment with intraperitoneal injections of bilirubin increased the rate of morphine glucuronide excretion in both Sprague-Dawley and icteric Gunn rats. Sulfadimethoxine did not affect morphin e excretion in Gunn rats. The data suggest that activation of UDPGT is of little, if any, significance in hyperbilirubinemia although the basis for increased excretion of morphine following bilirubin pretreatment has not been established.", "contents": "Effects of bilirubin on glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol and morphine. Addition of bilirubin in vitro to hepatic microsomes or 9,333 g supernatant activated UDP glucuronyltransferase activity (UDPGT) for p-nitrophenol of livers from Sprague-Dawley rats, Wistar rats, icteric Gunn rats and nonicteric Gunn rats. However, injection of bilirubin at subtoxic doses using a variety of regimens failed to produce detectable activation of UDPGT in intact or bile duct-ligated rats. Pretreatment with intraperitoneal injections of bilirubin increased the rate of morphine glucuronide excretion in both Sprague-Dawley and icteric Gunn rats. Sulfadimethoxine did not affect morphin e excretion in Gunn rats. The data suggest that activation of UDPGT is of little, if any, significance in hyperbilirubinemia although the basis for increased excretion of morphine following bilirubin pretreatment has not been established.", "PMID": 403586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2043", "title": "A theoretical analysis of the distribution of thyroxine among sites on thyroid binding globulin, thyroid binding prealbumin, and serum albumin.", "content": "A mathematical analysis was made of the distribution of free and bound thyroxine among the following: one site on thyroid binding globulin, and two sets of sites on thyroid binding prealbumin and human serum albumin. Computations were carried out using reported association constants and binding capacities as input values for a recently developed computer program. Most of the thyroxine was bound by thyroid binding globulin and the high affinity sites on thyroid binding prealbumin and human serum albumin. Computations were carried out for normal and abnormal levels of thyroxine and the binding proteins.", "contents": "A theoretical analysis of the distribution of thyroxine among sites on thyroid binding globulin, thyroid binding prealbumin, and serum albumin. A mathematical analysis was made of the distribution of free and bound thyroxine among the following: one site on thyroid binding globulin, and two sets of sites on thyroid binding prealbumin and human serum albumin. Computations were carried out using reported association constants and binding capacities as input values for a recently developed computer program. Most of the thyroxine was bound by thyroid binding globulin and the high affinity sites on thyroid binding prealbumin and human serum albumin. Computations were carried out for normal and abnormal levels of thyroxine and the binding proteins.", "PMID": 403587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2044", "title": "[Transverse axial computerised tomography of the brain in partial epilepsy].", "content": "Two hundred epileptics presenting with partial epileptic attacks were subjected to investigation by Acta-Scanner. Results were normal in 100 cases. Also found were 20 tumours (13 of them astrocytomas), 7 epileptogenic softenings, 41 cerebral atrophies, 8 of which were porencephalies, 5 calcifications (3 isolated, 2 multiple, connected with Bourneville's disease), 5 post-operative lesions and 22 dubious conditions. Various correlations between the results of scanning, the clinical findings and the E.E.G. are considered. The value of scanning in screening for tumours developing under the cloak of isolated epilepsy is emphasized and attention is drawn to certain difficulties of interpretation.", "contents": "[Transverse axial computerised tomography of the brain in partial epilepsy]. Two hundred epileptics presenting with partial epileptic attacks were subjected to investigation by Acta-Scanner. Results were normal in 100 cases. Also found were 20 tumours (13 of them astrocytomas), 7 epileptogenic softenings, 41 cerebral atrophies, 8 of which were porencephalies, 5 calcifications (3 isolated, 2 multiple, connected with Bourneville's disease), 5 post-operative lesions and 22 dubious conditions. Various correlations between the results of scanning, the clinical findings and the E.E.G. are considered. The value of scanning in screening for tumours developing under the cloak of isolated epilepsy is emphasized and attention is drawn to certain difficulties of interpretation.", "PMID": 403588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2045", "title": "[Partial epilepsy with complex symptoms and atrophic occipito-parietal lesions. Value of tachoencephalographic examination].", "content": "Eleven of the first 500 epileptics examined by axial tomography presented pseudo-porencephalic dilation (cavitary atrophy) of an occipital horn, associated or not with more extensive ventricular dilation. This lesion was found in 2.2% of all the epileptics and in 5% of the epileptics under the age of 20 in this group, a high incidence when compared with that of lesions of the same type located elsewhere. Clinical investigation and E.E.G. carried out on these 11 children showed that they were suffering from either hemiphegia or hemiparesis (8 out of 11 cases) and hemianopsia (7 out of 11 cases), and had serious epilepsy with partial fits (6 cases), usual temporal lobe epilepsy (5 cases), generalized secondary epilepsy (3 cases) or epilepsy defying classification (2 cases). These cases are compared with those recently published by Remillard, Ethier and Anderman. These authors consider that these cerebral lesions are the result of peri-natal thrombosis of the posterior cerebral artery. But in our group of cases, angiographic results do not appear to justify this claim.", "contents": "[Partial epilepsy with complex symptoms and atrophic occipito-parietal lesions. Value of tachoencephalographic examination]. Eleven of the first 500 epileptics examined by axial tomography presented pseudo-porencephalic dilation (cavitary atrophy) of an occipital horn, associated or not with more extensive ventricular dilation. This lesion was found in 2.2% of all the epileptics and in 5% of the epileptics under the age of 20 in this group, a high incidence when compared with that of lesions of the same type located elsewhere. Clinical investigation and E.E.G. carried out on these 11 children showed that they were suffering from either hemiphegia or hemiparesis (8 out of 11 cases) and hemianopsia (7 out of 11 cases), and had serious epilepsy with partial fits (6 cases), usual temporal lobe epilepsy (5 cases), generalized secondary epilepsy (3 cases) or epilepsy defying classification (2 cases). These cases are compared with those recently published by Remillard, Ethier and Anderman. These authors consider that these cerebral lesions are the result of peri-natal thrombosis of the posterior cerebral artery. But in our group of cases, angiographic results do not appear to justify this claim.", "PMID": 403589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2046", "title": "Effect of drying on viability of periodontal membrane.", "content": "The influence of a dry extra-alveolar period on the viability of cells in the periodontal membrane of human and monkey teeth was examined in vitro. Extracted mature teeth were allowed to dry for 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Cell viability was examined with the following methods: 1) Culturing the teeth with subsequent typsination and counting of viable cells. 2) Culturing the teeth with subsequent vital staining of the root surface with neutral red and estimation of the vital stained periodontal membrane area in percentage of the total root surface. Both methods revealed that the number of viable cells in the period declines very rapidly with an increase in drying time. After 2 h it was not possible to demonstrate cell viability using tissue cultrue technique.", "contents": "Effect of drying on viability of periodontal membrane. The influence of a dry extra-alveolar period on the viability of cells in the periodontal membrane of human and monkey teeth was examined in vitro. Extracted mature teeth were allowed to dry for 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Cell viability was examined with the following methods: 1) Culturing the teeth with subsequent typsination and counting of viable cells. 2) Culturing the teeth with subsequent vital staining of the root surface with neutral red and estimation of the vital stained periodontal membrane area in percentage of the total root surface. Both methods revealed that the number of viable cells in the period declines very rapidly with an increase in drying time. After 2 h it was not possible to demonstrate cell viability using tissue cultrue technique.", "PMID": 403591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2047", "title": "VH subgroup restriction in human erythrocyte antibodies: studies of anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Duffy antibodies.", "content": "IgG from 13 anti-A, 26 anti-B, and 10 anti-Duffy antisera were used to coat human erythrocytes. With antisera specific for each of the three VH subgroups, VHI, VHII, and VHIII, a clear VH subgroup restriction was shown in these antibody preparations. Of the 26 IgG anti-Bcoated cell preparations, 21 were agglutinated exclusively by the anti-VHIII antiserum, and 5 were agglutinated mainly by the anti-VHIII antiserum but showed also some reactions using anti-VHI or anti-VHII antiserum, or both. Similarly, 11 out of the 13 IgG anti-A antibodies belonged to VHI, and only 2 to VHIII. The 6 Igg anti-Fy(a)antibodies were restricted to subgroups VHI and VHII, and of the 4 IgG anti-Fy(b) antibodies, 3 belonged to subgroup VHIII and one to VHII. Additional experiments indicated that IgM anti-A and IgM anti-B antibodies showed the same type of restriction to VH subgroups as the corresponding IgG antibody preparations.", "contents": "VH subgroup restriction in human erythrocyte antibodies: studies of anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Duffy antibodies. IgG from 13 anti-A, 26 anti-B, and 10 anti-Duffy antisera were used to coat human erythrocytes. With antisera specific for each of the three VH subgroups, VHI, VHII, and VHIII, a clear VH subgroup restriction was shown in these antibody preparations. Of the 26 IgG anti-Bcoated cell preparations, 21 were agglutinated exclusively by the anti-VHIII antiserum, and 5 were agglutinated mainly by the anti-VHIII antiserum but showed also some reactions using anti-VHI or anti-VHII antiserum, or both. Similarly, 11 out of the 13 IgG anti-A antibodies belonged to VHI, and only 2 to VHIII. The 6 Igg anti-Fy(a)antibodies were restricted to subgroups VHI and VHII, and of the 4 IgG anti-Fy(b) antibodies, 3 belonged to subgroup VHIII and one to VHII. Additional experiments indicated that IgM anti-A and IgM anti-B antibodies showed the same type of restriction to VH subgroups as the corresponding IgG antibody preparations.", "PMID": 403592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2048", "title": "VH subgroup restriction in human erythrocyte antibodies: Studies of anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Duffy antibodies.", "content": "IgG from 13 anti-A, 26 anti-B, and 10 anti-Duffy antisera were used to coat human erythrocytes. With antisera specific for each of the three VH subgroups, VHI, VHII, and VHIII, a clear VH subgroup restriction was shown in these antibody preparations. Of the 26 IgG anti-B-coated cell preparations, 21 were agglutinated exclusively by the anti-VHIII antiserum, and 5 were agglutinated mainly by the anti-VHIII antiserum but showed also some reactions using anti-VHI or anti-VHII antiserum, or both. Similarly, 11 out of the 13 IgG anti-A antibodies belonged to VHI, and only 2 to VHIII. The 6 IgG anti-Fy(a) antibodies were restricted to subgroups VHI and VHII, and of the 4 IgG anti-Fy(b) antibodies, 3 belonged to subgroup VHIII and one to VHII. Additional experiments indicated that IgM anti-A and IgM anti-B antibodies showed the same type of restriction to VH subgroups as the corresponding IgG antibody preparations.", "contents": "VH subgroup restriction in human erythrocyte antibodies: Studies of anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Duffy antibodies. IgG from 13 anti-A, 26 anti-B, and 10 anti-Duffy antisera were used to coat human erythrocytes. With antisera specific for each of the three VH subgroups, VHI, VHII, and VHIII, a clear VH subgroup restriction was shown in these antibody preparations. Of the 26 IgG anti-B-coated cell preparations, 21 were agglutinated exclusively by the anti-VHIII antiserum, and 5 were agglutinated mainly by the anti-VHIII antiserum but showed also some reactions using anti-VHI or anti-VHII antiserum, or both. Similarly, 11 out of the 13 IgG anti-A antibodies belonged to VHI, and only 2 to VHIII. The 6 IgG anti-Fy(a) antibodies were restricted to subgroups VHI and VHII, and of the 4 IgG anti-Fy(b) antibodies, 3 belonged to subgroup VHIII and one to VHII. Additional experiments indicated that IgM anti-A and IgM anti-B antibodies showed the same type of restriction to VH subgroups as the corresponding IgG antibody preparations.", "PMID": 403593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2049", "title": "Ligand-induced redistribution and augmentation of surface-bound myeloma protein on MOPC 315 plasmacytoma cells.", "content": "The dinitrophenyl (DNP)- and trinitrophenyl (TNP)-binding IgA(lambda2) myeloma protein M315, bound on the surface of MOPC315 mouse plasmacytoma cells, was redistributed into spots, patches, and, more rarely, into caps by TNP14-BSA and by divalent but not monovalent anti-M315 antibodies. Antiserum to the L-chain of M315 (L315) induced similar redistribution of L315 bound on the surface of variant cells that only produced L315. The spots were much larger and more brilliant when the cells were incubated with the ligands at 37 degrees C than at 4 degrees C. Redistribution of M315 also occurred on M315-producing cells in peritoneal diffusion chambers incubated in BALB/c mice producing antibodies against the M315 idiotype. The clearance of immune aggregates and the regeneration of new surface-bound M315 in diffusion chambers were much slower for MOPC315 cells than that reported for B lymphocytes. The total pool of M315 was 1.9 pg per cell (about 8 x 10(6) 7S molecules), but only an average of 6 x 10(3) [125I]TNP-BSA molecules were bound on the surface of each MOPC cell at 4 degrees C. The amount of surface-bound TNP-BSA increased eightfold when the cells were preincubated at 37 degrees C with rabbit anti-mouse IgA; at 4 degrees C the increase was only twofold. The data indicate that multivalent ligands specific for M315 induce an accumulation of M315 on the cell surface that correlates with secretion; the immediate precursors of secreted myeloma protein may be arrested in their transit through the membrane by the ligands.", "contents": "Ligand-induced redistribution and augmentation of surface-bound myeloma protein on MOPC 315 plasmacytoma cells. The dinitrophenyl (DNP)- and trinitrophenyl (TNP)-binding IgA(lambda2) myeloma protein M315, bound on the surface of MOPC315 mouse plasmacytoma cells, was redistributed into spots, patches, and, more rarely, into caps by TNP14-BSA and by divalent but not monovalent anti-M315 antibodies. Antiserum to the L-chain of M315 (L315) induced similar redistribution of L315 bound on the surface of variant cells that only produced L315. The spots were much larger and more brilliant when the cells were incubated with the ligands at 37 degrees C than at 4 degrees C. Redistribution of M315 also occurred on M315-producing cells in peritoneal diffusion chambers incubated in BALB/c mice producing antibodies against the M315 idiotype. The clearance of immune aggregates and the regeneration of new surface-bound M315 in diffusion chambers were much slower for MOPC315 cells than that reported for B lymphocytes. The total pool of M315 was 1.9 pg per cell (about 8 x 10(6) 7S molecules), but only an average of 6 x 10(3) [125I]TNP-BSA molecules were bound on the surface of each MOPC cell at 4 degrees C. The amount of surface-bound TNP-BSA increased eightfold when the cells were preincubated at 37 degrees C with rabbit anti-mouse IgA; at 4 degrees C the increase was only twofold. The data indicate that multivalent ligands specific for M315 induce an accumulation of M315 on the cell surface that correlates with secretion; the immediate precursors of secreted myeloma protein may be arrested in their transit through the membrane by the ligands.", "PMID": 403594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2050", "title": "The effect of various metal ions and chelating agents on the formation of noncovalently and covalently linked IgM polymers.", "content": "The influence of various concentrations of Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, EDTA, or 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid on the formation in vitro of polymeric IgM from reduced and dissociated IgM has been investigated. 4-200muM Zn, Cd, or Hg ions in the dialysis buffer used for reassociation resulted in the formation of a homogeneous polymer peak sedimenting as 19S IgM, whereas the other metal ions resulted in the formation of polymers sedimenting mostly as tetramers, pentamers (19S IgM), and hexamers. Dialysis in the presence of 1 and 3mM EDTA or 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid gave slight polymer formation; 10 mM of the agents gave none. Ca, Mg, Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd, or Hg ions regularly gave only noncovalently linked polymers, whereas Cu ions in particular, but also Co and, to a minor extent, Mn ions catalyzed the formation of covalently linked polymers. Experiments performed with Mg, Ca, Ni, and Zn ions or with Cu and Zn ions in the same buffer during reassociation showed that Zn ions inhibit the effect of the other ions on polymer assembly and covalent stabilization.", "contents": "The effect of various metal ions and chelating agents on the formation of noncovalently and covalently linked IgM polymers. The influence of various concentrations of Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, EDTA, or 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid on the formation in vitro of polymeric IgM from reduced and dissociated IgM has been investigated. 4-200muM Zn, Cd, or Hg ions in the dialysis buffer used for reassociation resulted in the formation of a homogeneous polymer peak sedimenting as 19S IgM, whereas the other metal ions resulted in the formation of polymers sedimenting mostly as tetramers, pentamers (19S IgM), and hexamers. Dialysis in the presence of 1 and 3mM EDTA or 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid gave slight polymer formation; 10 mM of the agents gave none. Ca, Mg, Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd, or Hg ions regularly gave only noncovalently linked polymers, whereas Cu ions in particular, but also Co and, to a minor extent, Mn ions catalyzed the formation of covalently linked polymers. Experiments performed with Mg, Ca, Ni, and Zn ions or with Cu and Zn ions in the same buffer during reassociation showed that Zn ions inhibit the effect of the other ions on polymer assembly and covalent stabilization.", "PMID": 403595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2051", "title": "A new specific quantitation-in-gel method differentiating commercial human serum standards intended for RID analyses.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive technique is described which measures small amounts of protein applied on agarose gel containing specific antibody. Alternating current through the gel reduces the influence of diffusion, and specific immunoprecipitate spots are formed. Their density after staining is proportional to applied protein. Quantitation of IgG and IgA in human serum standards was highly reproducible (P less than 0.001, Spearman coefficient of rank correlation test), and as little as about 35 ng Ig could be detected. Results are available within hours. Human sera and some purified preparations of 7S IgG and secretory IgA were grouped according to immuno-gel filtration findings. The group of samples containing fragments, aggregates, or unusually small amounts of monomeric IgG or IgA was also differentiated by specific immunoprecipitate spot (SIS) analysis from those mainly monomeric in character (Wilcoxon rank test, P less than 0.02). A World Health Organization reference serum (67/97) was used as standard. The study indicates that a human serum pool stored in aliquots at -20 degrees C is a good standard for quantitating serum IgG and IgA and that purified preparations are no better. It is suggested that the SIS assay could be advantageously applied to screening biologic fluids for unusual amounts or types of IgG and IgA.", "contents": "A new specific quantitation-in-gel method differentiating commercial human serum standards intended for RID analyses. A rapid, sensitive technique is described which measures small amounts of protein applied on agarose gel containing specific antibody. Alternating current through the gel reduces the influence of diffusion, and specific immunoprecipitate spots are formed. Their density after staining is proportional to applied protein. Quantitation of IgG and IgA in human serum standards was highly reproducible (P less than 0.001, Spearman coefficient of rank correlation test), and as little as about 35 ng Ig could be detected. Results are available within hours. Human sera and some purified preparations of 7S IgG and secretory IgA were grouped according to immuno-gel filtration findings. The group of samples containing fragments, aggregates, or unusually small amounts of monomeric IgG or IgA was also differentiated by specific immunoprecipitate spot (SIS) analysis from those mainly monomeric in character (Wilcoxon rank test, P less than 0.02). A World Health Organization reference serum (67/97) was used as standard. The study indicates that a human serum pool stored in aliquots at -20 degrees C is a good standard for quantitating serum IgG and IgA and that purified preparations are no better. It is suggested that the SIS assay could be advantageously applied to screening biologic fluids for unusual amounts or types of IgG and IgA.", "PMID": 403596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2052", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase in the developing bursa of Fabricius. A comparative study of the cyclophosphamide- and testosterone-induced immunodeficiencies in the chick embryo.", "content": "The ontogeny of alkaline phosphatase in the bursa of Fabricius was studied by histochemical and biochemical methods. According to the quantitative determinations, the activity of alkaline phosphatase increased from the 11th to 17th day of incubation--that is, during the time of the lymphoid follicle formation in the developing bursa. The activity was localized in the mesenchymal tissue surrounding the lymphoid follicles. Testosterone given in ovo prevented the appearance of alkaline phosphatase in the bursal mesenchyme but had no effect on the activity of the embryonic liver. In contrast, in ovo treatment with cyclophosphamide had no effect on the alkaline phosphatase in the bursa. By using transplantation of embryonic bursal stem cells, it was further shown that, in contrast to cyclophosphamide, testosterone destroys the capacity of the bursa to serve as a differentiation site for the B-cell lineage. The results indicate that testosterone affects the stromal cells of the bursa, whereas cyclophosphamide destroys only the lymphoid population undergoing differentiation and leaves the bursal stroma intact.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase in the developing bursa of Fabricius. A comparative study of the cyclophosphamide- and testosterone-induced immunodeficiencies in the chick embryo. The ontogeny of alkaline phosphatase in the bursa of Fabricius was studied by histochemical and biochemical methods. According to the quantitative determinations, the activity of alkaline phosphatase increased from the 11th to 17th day of incubation--that is, during the time of the lymphoid follicle formation in the developing bursa. The activity was localized in the mesenchymal tissue surrounding the lymphoid follicles. Testosterone given in ovo prevented the appearance of alkaline phosphatase in the bursal mesenchyme but had no effect on the activity of the embryonic liver. In contrast, in ovo treatment with cyclophosphamide had no effect on the alkaline phosphatase in the bursa. By using transplantation of embryonic bursal stem cells, it was further shown that, in contrast to cyclophosphamide, testosterone destroys the capacity of the bursa to serve as a differentiation site for the B-cell lineage. The results indicate that testosterone affects the stromal cells of the bursa, whereas cyclophosphamide destroys only the lymphoid population undergoing differentiation and leaves the bursal stroma intact.", "PMID": 403597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2053", "title": "Urinary excretion of ten plasma proteins in patients with renal carcinoma.", "content": "Urinary and serum proteins were studied preoperatively in 48 patients with renal carcinoma, using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction. The 24 h excretion and the renal clearance of albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, and IgM and the 24 h excretion of the immunoglobulin lambda and kappa free light chains and beta2-microglobulin were significantly increased compared with a control group. The excretion of lysozyme was also increased, but not significantly. Increased protein excretion was the most common urinary finding in patients with renal carcinoma. The protein excretion was predominantly of the glomerular type, implying a glomerular injury. The serum concentrations of albumin and transferrin were significantly decreased and the serum concentration of haptoglobin significantly increased in patients with stage III and IV tumours compared with patients with stage I and II tumours. Abnormal serum concentrations of albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin were indicative for advanced renal carcinoma.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of ten plasma proteins in patients with renal carcinoma. Urinary and serum proteins were studied preoperatively in 48 patients with renal carcinoma, using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction. The 24 h excretion and the renal clearance of albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, and IgM and the 24 h excretion of the immunoglobulin lambda and kappa free light chains and beta2-microglobulin were significantly increased compared with a control group. The excretion of lysozyme was also increased, but not significantly. Increased protein excretion was the most common urinary finding in patients with renal carcinoma. The protein excretion was predominantly of the glomerular type, implying a glomerular injury. The serum concentrations of albumin and transferrin were significantly decreased and the serum concentration of haptoglobin significantly increased in patients with stage III and IV tumours compared with patients with stage I and II tumours. Abnormal serum concentrations of albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin were indicative for advanced renal carcinoma.", "PMID": 403598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2054", "title": "[Loss of insulin during the infusion of insulin in glucose and nutrient solutions].", "content": "Controversial results of previous investigations prompted us to reassess the adsorptive loss of insulin to infusion bottles and tubings. An experimental array was chosen which was in strict accordance with the infusion technique used for the high-caloric parenteral nutrition of severely ill patients. The insulin concentrations were determined by a radioimmunoassay method. As in pure glucose solutions of various concentrations a loss of insulin amounting to about 30% was determined in high-caloric solutions containing aminoacids. The protective effect of human serum albumin, gelatine (Physiogel), and Rheomakrodex, all three of which diminish the insulin loss by about 50%, could be confirmed. The varying results obtained by different investigators may be attributable mainly to technical factors such as different surface properties of the infusion material, differences of the experimental array and analytical methods. Accordingly, variable losses of insulin may also occur in clinical practice. For daily routine an exact knowledge of these losses is irrelevant, since the insulin dosage is adjusted to the blood sugar level. However, if the insulin requirement is used as an index of the metabolic condition of the patient, precise determination of the actual loss is mandatory.", "contents": "[Loss of insulin during the infusion of insulin in glucose and nutrient solutions]. Controversial results of previous investigations prompted us to reassess the adsorptive loss of insulin to infusion bottles and tubings. An experimental array was chosen which was in strict accordance with the infusion technique used for the high-caloric parenteral nutrition of severely ill patients. The insulin concentrations were determined by a radioimmunoassay method. As in pure glucose solutions of various concentrations a loss of insulin amounting to about 30% was determined in high-caloric solutions containing aminoacids. The protective effect of human serum albumin, gelatine (Physiogel), and Rheomakrodex, all three of which diminish the insulin loss by about 50%, could be confirmed. The varying results obtained by different investigators may be attributable mainly to technical factors such as different surface properties of the infusion material, differences of the experimental array and analytical methods. Accordingly, variable losses of insulin may also occur in clinical practice. For daily routine an exact knowledge of these losses is irrelevant, since the insulin dosage is adjusted to the blood sugar level. However, if the insulin requirement is used as an index of the metabolic condition of the patient, precise determination of the actual loss is mandatory.", "PMID": 403600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2055", "title": "[Diphtheria epidemic in eastern Switzerland in 1974].", "content": "A diphtheria epidemic in the eastern part of Switzerland in 1974 and the measures which were taken for its management and eradication are described. In particular it is pointed out that at present diphtheria displays atypical clinical symptoms in Europe, a fact that renders the diagnosis very difficult in many cases. Therefore, it is important to perform a throat swab in every patient with suspected diphtheria; it is also necessary to explicitly require a search for C. diphtheriae. The early recognition and early treatment of diphtheria with penicillin or erythromycin is of the utmost importance in order to avoid neurological and cardiac complications. With regard to the management and eradication of a diphtheria epidemic, the most important measures are rapid antibiotic protection of all contacts and a widespread immunization of the population. Vaccination of adults with a DiTe vaccine containing a reduced amount of Di-toxoid is recommanded.", "contents": "[Diphtheria epidemic in eastern Switzerland in 1974]. A diphtheria epidemic in the eastern part of Switzerland in 1974 and the measures which were taken for its management and eradication are described. In particular it is pointed out that at present diphtheria displays atypical clinical symptoms in Europe, a fact that renders the diagnosis very difficult in many cases. Therefore, it is important to perform a throat swab in every patient with suspected diphtheria; it is also necessary to explicitly require a search for C. diphtheriae. The early recognition and early treatment of diphtheria with penicillin or erythromycin is of the utmost importance in order to avoid neurological and cardiac complications. With regard to the management and eradication of a diphtheria epidemic, the most important measures are rapid antibiotic protection of all contacts and a widespread immunization of the population. Vaccination of adults with a DiTe vaccine containing a reduced amount of Di-toxoid is recommanded.", "PMID": 403601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2056", "title": "[The ossification of the ear cartilage in Addison's disease].", "content": "Stiffening and tenderness of the helix of the ear, with radiologically demonstrable calcific deposits, has been reported in various conditions such as frostbite, and also in Addison's disease. To a total of 14 clinical observations with only 4 well documented cases, a first autopsy report of the disorder in a case of tuberculosus Addison's disease is added. It is shown that the elastic cartilage of the pinna, of the epiglottis and of the trachea undergoes ossification without preceding dystrophic or metastatic calcification. The ossification has been observed only in males with longstanding Addison's disease treated exclusively with mineralocorticoids over a long period. The possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. An important factor seems to be the long-standing glucocorticoid deficiency.", "contents": "[The ossification of the ear cartilage in Addison's disease]. Stiffening and tenderness of the helix of the ear, with radiologically demonstrable calcific deposits, has been reported in various conditions such as frostbite, and also in Addison's disease. To a total of 14 clinical observations with only 4 well documented cases, a first autopsy report of the disorder in a case of tuberculosus Addison's disease is added. It is shown that the elastic cartilage of the pinna, of the epiglottis and of the trachea undergoes ossification without preceding dystrophic or metastatic calcification. The ossification has been observed only in males with longstanding Addison's disease treated exclusively with mineralocorticoids over a long period. The possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. An important factor seems to be the long-standing glucocorticoid deficiency.", "PMID": 403602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2057", "title": "Cloned ribosomal RNA genes from chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis.", "content": "Fragments of Euglena chloroplast DNA generated by endonuclease R-Eco RI were separated by agarose-gel electrophoresis into 24 distinct bands. At least five fragments contain sequences complementary to chloroplast ribosomal RNA, Most of the Eco RI fragments have been cloned in a plasmid of Escherichia coli. Three of the cloned fragments were shown to contain chloroplast ribosomal RNA sequences by DNA-RNA hybridization.", "contents": "Cloned ribosomal RNA genes from chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis. Fragments of Euglena chloroplast DNA generated by endonuclease R-Eco RI were separated by agarose-gel electrophoresis into 24 distinct bands. At least five fragments contain sequences complementary to chloroplast ribosomal RNA, Most of the Eco RI fragments have been cloned in a plasmid of Escherichia coli. Three of the cloned fragments were shown to contain chloroplast ribosomal RNA sequences by DNA-RNA hybridization.", "PMID": 403604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2058", "title": "Interbacterial transfer of Escherichia coli--Drosophila melanogaster Recombinant plasmids.", "content": "Recombinants were constructed between various Escherichia coli plasmids and fragments of Drosophila melanogaster DNA. These recombinant plasmids are nonconjugative, but can be mobilized from one cell to another by conjugative sex factors. Of 47 recombinants studied, 46 were mobilized at approximately the same or slightly lower frequencies than the parental plasmids, whereas one was mobilized 1000 times less efficiently.", "contents": "Interbacterial transfer of Escherichia coli--Drosophila melanogaster Recombinant plasmids. Recombinants were constructed between various Escherichia coli plasmids and fragments of Drosophila melanogaster DNA. These recombinant plasmids are nonconjugative, but can be mobilized from one cell to another by conjugative sex factors. Of 47 recombinants studied, 46 were mobilized at approximately the same or slightly lower frequencies than the parental plasmids, whereas one was mobilized 1000 times less efficiently.", "PMID": 403605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2059", "title": "In vitro growth of imaginal disks from Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Imaginal disks were cultured in a new medium in vitrol Optimal growth occurred when the medium was supplemented with insulin and a juvenile hormone analog and conditioned by larval fat body. The disks grow in vitro by normal cell division and maintain their capacity to differentiate into normal patterns of adult cuticular structures.", "contents": "In vitro growth of imaginal disks from Drosophila melanogaster. Imaginal disks were cultured in a new medium in vitrol Optimal growth occurred when the medium was supplemented with insulin and a juvenile hormone analog and conditioned by larval fat body. The disks grow in vitro by normal cell division and maintain their capacity to differentiate into normal patterns of adult cuticular structures.", "PMID": 403606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2060", "title": "Chromatic organization of primate cones.", "content": "The distribution of baboon retinal cones were mapped histochemically by light-stimulated reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium chloride. Blue cones were distributed regularly in the periphery: red and green cones were distributed randomly everywhere. The ordering of cone densities was green > red > blue.", "contents": "Chromatic organization of primate cones. The distribution of baboon retinal cones were mapped histochemically by light-stimulated reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium chloride. Blue cones were distributed regularly in the periphery: red and green cones were distributed randomly everywhere. The ordering of cone densities was green > red > blue.", "PMID": 403607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2061", "title": "Antileukemia activity in the Osillatoriaceae: isolation of Debromoaplysiatoxin from Lyngbya.", "content": "Chloroform extracts of several seaweeds, of the family Oscillatoriaceae, from Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, display activity against P-388 lymphocytic mouse leukemia. A P-388 active compound, debromoaplysiatoxin, has been isolated from Lyngbya gracilis and characterized. This compound also has dermonecrotic activity and may be the dermatitis-producing substance in L. majuscula, the causative agent of \"swimmers' itch\" outbreaks in Hawaiian waters.", "contents": "Antileukemia activity in the Osillatoriaceae: isolation of Debromoaplysiatoxin from Lyngbya. Chloroform extracts of several seaweeds, of the family Oscillatoriaceae, from Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, display activity against P-388 lymphocytic mouse leukemia. A P-388 active compound, debromoaplysiatoxin, has been isolated from Lyngbya gracilis and characterized. This compound also has dermonecrotic activity and may be the dermatitis-producing substance in L. majuscula, the causative agent of \"swimmers' itch\" outbreaks in Hawaiian waters.", "PMID": 403608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2062", "title": "Hydrogen peroxide induces spawning in mollusks, with activation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase.", "content": "Addition of hydrogen peroxide to seawater causes synchronous spawning in gravid male and female abalones, and certain other mollusks as well. This effect is blocked by exposure of the animals to aspirin, an inhibitor of the enzyme catalyzing oxidative synthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxide. Hydrogen peroxide activates this enzymatic reaction in cell-free extracts prepared from abalone eggs (a very rich source of the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase); this effect appears to reveal a fundamental property of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthesis. Applicability of these findings to both mariculture and medical purposes is suggested.", "contents": "Hydrogen peroxide induces spawning in mollusks, with activation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase. Addition of hydrogen peroxide to seawater causes synchronous spawning in gravid male and female abalones, and certain other mollusks as well. This effect is blocked by exposure of the animals to aspirin, an inhibitor of the enzyme catalyzing oxidative synthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxide. Hydrogen peroxide activates this enzymatic reaction in cell-free extracts prepared from abalone eggs (a very rich source of the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase); this effect appears to reveal a fundamental property of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthesis. Applicability of these findings to both mariculture and medical purposes is suggested.", "PMID": 403609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2063", "title": "Scotopic vision deficits in young monkeys exposed to lead.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were reared on diets designed to produce blood lead concentrations of 14 (untreated), 55, or 85 micrograms per 100 milliliters for the first year of life. Eighteen months later, blood lead levels were normal in all animals. At this time, however, visual discrimination performance in the 85-microgram group was impaired under dim light relative both to their own performance under bright light and to the performance of the other groups under all light levels used. We interpret these results to reflect a deleterious, enduring impairment of scotopic visual function (night blindness) as a result of early lead intoxication.", "contents": "Scotopic vision deficits in young monkeys exposed to lead. Rhesus monkeys were reared on diets designed to produce blood lead concentrations of 14 (untreated), 55, or 85 micrograms per 100 milliliters for the first year of life. Eighteen months later, blood lead levels were normal in all animals. At this time, however, visual discrimination performance in the 85-microgram group was impaired under dim light relative both to their own performance under bright light and to the performance of the other groups under all light levels used. We interpret these results to reflect a deleterious, enduring impairment of scotopic visual function (night blindness) as a result of early lead intoxication.", "PMID": 403610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2064", "title": "Evaluation of a serologic test for gonorrhea in a low-risk female population.", "content": "This is a report of an evaluation of a new serologic test for gonorrhea--the Gonosticon Dri-Dot Test--as compared to the standard Thayer-Martin culturing technics in a low-risk female population. The Gonosticon Dri-Dot Test detected only 50% of the gonorrhea cases discovered by the conventional culture method. Furthermore, the serologic technic accounted for 17% false-positives, indicating that a reactive Gonosticon test is not necessarily consistent with active gonococcal infection. The efficacy of the Thayer-Martin culture plate diagnostic procedure for uncomplicated gonorrhea in women was reaffirmed by this study.", "contents": "Evaluation of a serologic test for gonorrhea in a low-risk female population. This is a report of an evaluation of a new serologic test for gonorrhea--the Gonosticon Dri-Dot Test--as compared to the standard Thayer-Martin culturing technics in a low-risk female population. The Gonosticon Dri-Dot Test detected only 50% of the gonorrhea cases discovered by the conventional culture method. Furthermore, the serologic technic accounted for 17% false-positives, indicating that a reactive Gonosticon test is not necessarily consistent with active gonococcal infection. The efficacy of the Thayer-Martin culture plate diagnostic procedure for uncomplicated gonorrhea in women was reaffirmed by this study.", "PMID": 403611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2065", "title": "The psychiatrist's management of patients with undiagnosed brain neoplasm.", "content": "Of 679 patients with brain neoplasms admitted to either a medical school center or a community hospital during a nine-year period, 24 had been examined by a psychiatrist before definitive diagnosis of brain neoplasm. These 24 cases were studied to evaluate the role of the psychiatrist in the management of the patients before the neoplasm was diagnosed. Such cases pose many subtle problems for psychiatrists. However, ten of the 24 patients either were sent for definitive tests by the psychiatrist with the tentative diagnosis of brain neoplasm or were triaged to other consultants to pursue that diagnosis.", "contents": "The psychiatrist's management of patients with undiagnosed brain neoplasm. Of 679 patients with brain neoplasms admitted to either a medical school center or a community hospital during a nine-year period, 24 had been examined by a psychiatrist before definitive diagnosis of brain neoplasm. These 24 cases were studied to evaluate the role of the psychiatrist in the management of the patients before the neoplasm was diagnosed. Such cases pose many subtle problems for psychiatrists. However, ten of the 24 patients either were sent for definitive tests by the psychiatrist with the tentative diagnosis of brain neoplasm or were triaged to other consultants to pursue that diagnosis.", "PMID": 403612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2066", "title": "Gamma heavy chain disease--presenting as pancytopenia and splenomegaly.", "content": "A patient with gamma heavy chain disease (Franklin's disease) was discovered during evaluation for pancytopenia and splenomegaly. Lymphadenopathy, palatal edema, and infiltration of the bone marrow palatal edema, and infiltration of the bone marrow with abnormal cells were all absent. Serum and urine protein electrophoresis demonstrated a monoclonal protein migrating in the beta region. Immunoelectrophoresis showed that it reacted with antibodies against the Fc fragment of IgG heavy chains (gamma chains) but not with antibodies against kappa and lambda but not with antibodies against kappa and lambda light chains of Fab fragments. In the first year after detection of the disease, the patient had acute cholecystitis and disseminated herpes zoster. Sixteen months after diagnosis he died of overwhelming pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and lebsiella neumoniae. A striking feature of his illness was his asymptomatic presentation, with pancytophenia and splenomegaly the only indication of this disease.", "contents": "Gamma heavy chain disease--presenting as pancytopenia and splenomegaly. A patient with gamma heavy chain disease (Franklin's disease) was discovered during evaluation for pancytopenia and splenomegaly. Lymphadenopathy, palatal edema, and infiltration of the bone marrow palatal edema, and infiltration of the bone marrow with abnormal cells were all absent. Serum and urine protein electrophoresis demonstrated a monoclonal protein migrating in the beta region. Immunoelectrophoresis showed that it reacted with antibodies against the Fc fragment of IgG heavy chains (gamma chains) but not with antibodies against kappa and lambda but not with antibodies against kappa and lambda light chains of Fab fragments. In the first year after detection of the disease, the patient had acute cholecystitis and disseminated herpes zoster. Sixteen months after diagnosis he died of overwhelming pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and lebsiella neumoniae. A striking feature of his illness was his asymptomatic presentation, with pancytophenia and splenomegaly the only indication of this disease.", "PMID": 403613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2067", "title": "Malignant lymphoma of thenasopharyns in waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia: report of a case with severe epistaxis.", "content": "An elderly woman with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia of four years' duration developed repeated severe epistaxis. This led to the discovery of a large malignant lymphoma of the nasopharynx. The clinical features of this rare case are discussed in relation to our present understanding of WM. Epistaxis in macroglobulinemic  patients may be associated with anatomic lesions of the nasopharynx.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma of thenasopharyns in waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia: report of a case with severe epistaxis. An elderly woman with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia of four years' duration developed repeated severe epistaxis. This led to the discovery of a large malignant lymphoma of the nasopharynx. The clinical features of this rare case are discussed in relation to our present understanding of WM. Epistaxis in macroglobulinemic  patients may be associated with anatomic lesions of the nasopharynx.", "PMID": 403614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2068", "title": "The need to repeat lumbar puncture.", "content": "Four patients with bacterial meningitis are reported. On initial examination 1 patient had a slightly abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and in the other 3 patients the CSF was completely normal. An obviously purulent CSF was obtained when lumbar puncture was repeated 14-48 hours later. All 4 patients presented initially with pyrexia, and either neck stiffness or convulsions. In 3 of the 4 patients a cause for pyrexia was found on initial examination but lumbar punctures were done for neck stiffness or convulsions to exclude meningitis. The problems and the need to repeat a lumbar puncture, as well as the importance of blood cultures in a patient with suspected meningitis, are discussed. The fact that a normal specimen of CSF does not exclude meningitis is stressed.", "contents": "The need to repeat lumbar puncture. Four patients with bacterial meningitis are reported. On initial examination 1 patient had a slightly abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and in the other 3 patients the CSF was completely normal. An obviously purulent CSF was obtained when lumbar puncture was repeated 14-48 hours later. All 4 patients presented initially with pyrexia, and either neck stiffness or convulsions. In 3 of the 4 patients a cause for pyrexia was found on initial examination but lumbar punctures were done for neck stiffness or convulsions to exclude meningitis. The problems and the need to repeat a lumbar puncture, as well as the importance of blood cultures in a patient with suspected meningitis, are discussed. The fact that a normal specimen of CSF does not exclude meningitis is stressed.", "PMID": 403617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2069", "title": "Antenatal diagnosis of Hurler's syndrome.", "content": "Hurler's syndrome was diagnosed antenatally in the two consecutive pregnancies of a mother with one affected child. In both instances, diagnosis was based upon a demonstration of the presence of unusual glycosaminoglycan components in the amniotic fluid, of abnormal metabolic activity in cultured amniotic fluid cells, and a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase in these cell homogenates. Bothe pregnancies were terminated before the 24th week and the diagnosis was confirmed by biochemical studies of the fetal livers.", "contents": "Antenatal diagnosis of Hurler's syndrome. Hurler's syndrome was diagnosed antenatally in the two consecutive pregnancies of a mother with one affected child. In both instances, diagnosis was based upon a demonstration of the presence of unusual glycosaminoglycan components in the amniotic fluid, of abnormal metabolic activity in cultured amniotic fluid cells, and a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase in these cell homogenates. Bothe pregnancies were terminated before the 24th week and the diagnosis was confirmed by biochemical studies of the fetal livers.", "PMID": 403618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2070", "title": "Sputum induction by saline aerosol.", "content": "A simple technique for inducing sputum production with vaporized 15% aqueous NaCl is described. Fifteen inhalations of saline aerosol, followed by a waiting period of 15-30 minutes, were sufficient to induce a productive cough in 93% of the persons tested. The apparatus is portable, cheap, easily maintained and suitable for use under field or hospital conditions.", "contents": "Sputum induction by saline aerosol. A simple technique for inducing sputum production with vaporized 15% aqueous NaCl is described. Fifteen inhalations of saline aerosol, followed by a waiting period of 15-30 minutes, were sufficient to induce a productive cough in 93% of the persons tested. The apparatus is portable, cheap, easily maintained and suitable for use under field or hospital conditions.", "PMID": 403619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2071", "title": "Social welfare expenditures, fiscal year 1976.", "content": "In 1976, for the second fiscal year in a row, public expenditures for social welfare purposes expanded at an abnormally high rate. Even after adjusting the 16-percent increase in aggregate expenditures for price and population changes, the 8-percent real growth rate proves to be the highest since 1971. The $45 billion rise in social welfare expenditures to a total of $331 billion reflects the effects of both recession and inflation. Benefits for the needy and the unemployed continued to expand at the same time that higher prices triggered cost-of-living adjustments in cash benefit programs and helped swell the cost of furnishing other social welfare services. A further reflection of this growth is the rise in the proportion of the Nation's gross national product devoted to social welfare expenditures from 19.7 percent in 1975 to 20.6 percent in 1976. The latter proportion becomes 27.5 percent when private social welfare spending is included.", "contents": "Social welfare expenditures, fiscal year 1976. In 1976, for the second fiscal year in a row, public expenditures for social welfare purposes expanded at an abnormally high rate. Even after adjusting the 16-percent increase in aggregate expenditures for price and population changes, the 8-percent real growth rate proves to be the highest since 1971. The $45 billion rise in social welfare expenditures to a total of $331 billion reflects the effects of both recession and inflation. Benefits for the needy and the unemployed continued to expand at the same time that higher prices triggered cost-of-living adjustments in cash benefit programs and helped swell the cost of furnishing other social welfare services. A further reflection of this growth is the rise in the proportion of the Nation's gross national product devoted to social welfare expenditures from 19.7 percent in 1975 to 20.6 percent in 1976. The latter proportion becomes 27.5 percent when private social welfare spending is included.", "PMID": 403620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2072", "title": "National health expenditures, fiscal year 1976.", "content": "The Nation's spending for health in fiscal year 1976 reached $139.3 billion, or $638 per person, according to preliminary figures. This total was 14 percent higher than the $122.2 billion spent for health in 1975. In the 2 years since price controls on the health industry were lifted, expenditures have risen $33.0 billion (31 percent). During this period, the economy has grown at a relatively slow pace with the gross national product increasing 18 percent. Thus, the percentage of the GNP attributed to health care reached 8.6 percent in 1976. Public and private spending rose 16 percent and 13 percent, respectively, in 1976, with the rise in public expenditures appreciably below the 22-percent increase of 1975. Third-party financing affected slightly more than two-thirds of all personal health care--the private insurance share at 26 percent and that of government 40 percent.", "contents": "National health expenditures, fiscal year 1976. The Nation's spending for health in fiscal year 1976 reached $139.3 billion, or $638 per person, according to preliminary figures. This total was 14 percent higher than the $122.2 billion spent for health in 1975. In the 2 years since price controls on the health industry were lifted, expenditures have risen $33.0 billion (31 percent). During this period, the economy has grown at a relatively slow pace with the gross national product increasing 18 percent. Thus, the percentage of the GNP attributed to health care reached 8.6 percent in 1976. Public and private spending rose 16 percent and 13 percent, respectively, in 1976, with the rise in public expenditures appreciably below the 22-percent increase of 1975. Third-party financing affected slightly more than two-thirds of all personal health care--the private insurance share at 26 percent and that of government 40 percent.", "PMID": 403621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2073", "title": "Conservative treatment of gastrointestinal fistulas.", "content": "Conservative measures were instituted as the primary treatment of 39 consecutive patients with high output fistulas of the gastrointestinal tract and related organs. Nutritional status was maintained by an intravenous feeding regimen, using peripheral vein infusion sites and supplying 60% of the calorie intake by a fat emulsion. This regimen had no serious complications. These patients died during treatment. The fistulas healed spontaneously in 35 of the remaining 36 patients. None of these patients had obstruction distally or other factors tending to prevent spontaneous closure. Under these circumstances, nonoperative treatment is safest and best. Surgical closure was necessary in one patient after two months of conservative treatment and was successful.", "contents": "Conservative treatment of gastrointestinal fistulas. Conservative measures were instituted as the primary treatment of 39 consecutive patients with high output fistulas of the gastrointestinal tract and related organs. Nutritional status was maintained by an intravenous feeding regimen, using peripheral vein infusion sites and supplying 60% of the calorie intake by a fat emulsion. This regimen had no serious complications. These patients died during treatment. The fistulas healed spontaneously in 35 of the remaining 36 patients. None of these patients had obstruction distally or other factors tending to prevent spontaneous closure. Under these circumstances, nonoperative treatment is safest and best. Surgical closure was necessary in one patient after two months of conservative treatment and was successful.", "PMID": 403624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2074", "title": "Essential fatty acid deficiency associated with total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Essential fatty acid deficiency is a clinical and biochemical entity encountered in both adults and children. Especially at risk are those patients maintained by fat-free total parenteral nutrition. Linoleic acid is the substance most responsible for the deficien state and essential to its correction. A ratio of trienoic-tetraenoic fatty acids of 0.4 or greater is diagnositc of a chemical deficiency. A severe deficiency affects polyunsatured fatty acids, in both plasma and tissues and, thus, many systems of the body. Mulitple blood transfusions have not proved sufficient to correct chemical deficiency. A recently marketed, commercially available fat supplement, however, may be useful in preventing the problem.", "contents": "Essential fatty acid deficiency associated with total parenteral nutrition. Essential fatty acid deficiency is a clinical and biochemical entity encountered in both adults and children. Especially at risk are those patients maintained by fat-free total parenteral nutrition. Linoleic acid is the substance most responsible for the deficien state and essential to its correction. A ratio of trienoic-tetraenoic fatty acids of 0.4 or greater is diagnositc of a chemical deficiency. A severe deficiency affects polyunsatured fatty acids, in both plasma and tissues and, thus, many systems of the body. Mulitple blood transfusions have not proved sufficient to correct chemical deficiency. A recently marketed, commercially available fat supplement, however, may be useful in preventing the problem.", "PMID": 403626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2075", "title": "Biliary lipid metabolism in the pregnant baboon.", "content": "The serum cholesterol value, bile acid pool size and kinetics as well as lipid composition of gallbladder bile have been studied in seven baboons during nine pregnancies. During pregnancy, the per cent decrease in the average serum cholesterol value ranged from 25.6 to 74.4 per cent, mean 54.5 +/- 14.3 per cent, compared with that of antepartum averages. In seven of the nine pregnancies, chenodeoxycholic acid pool size decreased in the range of 40.1 to 86.6 per cent. In two pregnancies, the pool size of this bile acid was essentially unchanged. Total bile acid pool size also decreased from a mean of 990 +/- 260 milligrams antepartum to 520 +/- 200 milligrams in the third trimester, p less than 0.01. With regard to the cholesterol, phospholipid and bile salt content of gallbladder bile, cholesterol value decreased from an antepartum mean of 19.1 +/- 3.9 to 14.1 +/- 4.5 micromoles per milliliter in the third trimester. As a consequence, the lithogenic index of gallbladder bile decreased during pregnancy. The changes in chenodeoxycholic and total bile acid pool size are qualitatively similar to those reported by other investigators following the administration of estrogens to both baboons and other animal species. In the pregnant baboon, the decrease in pool size and in synthesis rate of bile acids is accompanied by a decrease in the cholesterol content of gallbladder bile. These changes in the lipid content of gallbladder bile are reflected in a decrease in the mean lithogenic index. These data suggest that the baboon may be an inappropriate model for studies of the relationship of pregnancy to cholesterol cholelithiasis in humans. In the baboon, both serum and biliary cholesterol values decrease during pregnancy. In humans, serum cholesterol levels increase during pregnancy. If the content of biliary cholesterol is a reflection of the serum concentration of this lipid, as has been suggested in recent studies, human bile may be more lithogenic during pregnancy. Additional studies are necessary to define the role of gallbladder contractility and bile stasis to gallstone formation during pregnancy.", "contents": "Biliary lipid metabolism in the pregnant baboon. The serum cholesterol value, bile acid pool size and kinetics as well as lipid composition of gallbladder bile have been studied in seven baboons during nine pregnancies. During pregnancy, the per cent decrease in the average serum cholesterol value ranged from 25.6 to 74.4 per cent, mean 54.5 +/- 14.3 per cent, compared with that of antepartum averages. In seven of the nine pregnancies, chenodeoxycholic acid pool size decreased in the range of 40.1 to 86.6 per cent. In two pregnancies, the pool size of this bile acid was essentially unchanged. Total bile acid pool size also decreased from a mean of 990 +/- 260 milligrams antepartum to 520 +/- 200 milligrams in the third trimester, p less than 0.01. With regard to the cholesterol, phospholipid and bile salt content of gallbladder bile, cholesterol value decreased from an antepartum mean of 19.1 +/- 3.9 to 14.1 +/- 4.5 micromoles per milliliter in the third trimester. As a consequence, the lithogenic index of gallbladder bile decreased during pregnancy. The changes in chenodeoxycholic and total bile acid pool size are qualitatively similar to those reported by other investigators following the administration of estrogens to both baboons and other animal species. In the pregnant baboon, the decrease in pool size and in synthesis rate of bile acids is accompanied by a decrease in the cholesterol content of gallbladder bile. These changes in the lipid content of gallbladder bile are reflected in a decrease in the mean lithogenic index. These data suggest that the baboon may be an inappropriate model for studies of the relationship of pregnancy to cholesterol cholelithiasis in humans. In the baboon, both serum and biliary cholesterol values decrease during pregnancy. In humans, serum cholesterol levels increase during pregnancy. If the content of biliary cholesterol is a reflection of the serum concentration of this lipid, as has been suggested in recent studies, human bile may be more lithogenic during pregnancy. Additional studies are necessary to define the role of gallbladder contractility and bile stasis to gallstone formation during pregnancy.", "PMID": 403627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2076", "title": "Renal failure and the surgeon.", "content": "Surgical procedures can be accomplished successfully in patients with uremia provided certain principles of perioperative management are observed. Preoperative dialysis minimizes the biochemical derangements and improves fluid balance, hypertension and hemostasis. Drug schedules are adjusted in consideration of abnormal metabolism in renal disease. Anesthetic management is modified in recognition of potentially adverse or altered activity of anesthetic agents and neuromuscular relaxants. The lightest plane of anesthesia consistent with expeditious operative technique is maintained, since adequate tissue oxygenation is dependent upon increased cardiac output in these invariably anemic patients. Intraoperative hyperventilation sustains the usual compensatory mechanism for uremic metabolic acidosis in the conscious patient, thereby averting increments in serum potassium levels associated with increasing acidosis. Postoperative morbidity may include shunt thrombosis, infection, impaired wound healing, bleeding, pericarditis, pleuritis and pancreatitis. Hypervolemia and hyperkalemia are best managed by early postoperative dialysis. A period of nutritional support using intravenous essential L-amino acids and hypertonic glucose appears promising, especially when gastrointestinal dysfunction exists.", "contents": "Renal failure and the surgeon. Surgical procedures can be accomplished successfully in patients with uremia provided certain principles of perioperative management are observed. Preoperative dialysis minimizes the biochemical derangements and improves fluid balance, hypertension and hemostasis. Drug schedules are adjusted in consideration of abnormal metabolism in renal disease. Anesthetic management is modified in recognition of potentially adverse or altered activity of anesthetic agents and neuromuscular relaxants. The lightest plane of anesthesia consistent with expeditious operative technique is maintained, since adequate tissue oxygenation is dependent upon increased cardiac output in these invariably anemic patients. Intraoperative hyperventilation sustains the usual compensatory mechanism for uremic metabolic acidosis in the conscious patient, thereby averting increments in serum potassium levels associated with increasing acidosis. Postoperative morbidity may include shunt thrombosis, infection, impaired wound healing, bleeding, pericarditis, pleuritis and pancreatitis. Hypervolemia and hyperkalemia are best managed by early postoperative dialysis. A period of nutritional support using intravenous essential L-amino acids and hypertonic glucose appears promising, especially when gastrointestinal dysfunction exists.", "PMID": 403628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2077", "title": "Ossifying fibroma of the occipital bone.", "content": "A rare ossifying fibroma in the occipital bone is described, and the available literature reviewed. The rapid growth seen in this case was remarkable and led us to believe this was a malignant osteogenic tumor. Full knowledge and the correct diagnosis of ossifying fibroma should have prevented an unnecessarily extensive operation for this benign lesion.", "contents": "Ossifying fibroma of the occipital bone. A rare ossifying fibroma in the occipital bone is described, and the available literature reviewed. The rapid growth seen in this case was remarkable and led us to believe this was a malignant osteogenic tumor. Full knowledge and the correct diagnosis of ossifying fibroma should have prevented an unnecessarily extensive operation for this benign lesion.", "PMID": 403629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2078", "title": "The major histocompatibility complex of rhesus monkeys, RhL--A. VII. Identification of five new serologically defined antigens.", "content": "Five new serologically defined (SD) tissue antigens of rhesus monkeys are described. Results of a population study and a segregation analysis in families were consistent with their control by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), as alleles of the two previously established SD loci of RhL--A. The number of identifiable SD specificities of the rhesus monkeys' MHC is now twenty-five, thirteen controlled by the SD1 locus and twelve by SD2. The recombination frequency between SD1 and SD2 is estimated to be 0.3%. No evidence of a third SD series, as analogue of the human HLA--C locus, has yet been found.", "contents": "The major histocompatibility complex of rhesus monkeys, RhL--A. VII. Identification of five new serologically defined antigens. Five new serologically defined (SD) tissue antigens of rhesus monkeys are described. Results of a population study and a segregation analysis in families were consistent with their control by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), as alleles of the two previously established SD loci of RhL--A. The number of identifiable SD specificities of the rhesus monkeys' MHC is now twenty-five, thirteen controlled by the SD1 locus and twelve by SD2. The recombination frequency between SD1 and SD2 is estimated to be 0.3%. No evidence of a third SD series, as analogue of the human HLA--C locus, has yet been found.", "PMID": 403633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2079", "title": "The Euiryong experiment: a Korean innovation in household contraceptive distribution.", "content": "Although contraceptive practice has increased substantially in Korea as a result of a strong national family planning program, surveys indicate the existence of an additional unmet demand. A number of obstacles tend to limit availability of family planning services and supplies. The effects of total availability are being tested in a three-year experiment in household contraceptive distribution, for which an exploratory study was carried out in 1975 in Euiryong gun. Three distribution systems were tried in three areas of Euiryong, each enlisting local women to canvass and distribute pills and condoms (and refer those desiring IUDs or sterilization to physician). Results of the preliminary test showed that household distribution was culturally acceptable and administratively feasible and that it did increase contraceptive use. Cost-effectiveness was considered to be within the range of the national program. The most successful of the three distribution systems is being applied in the main study, begun late in 1976 in Cheju province.", "contents": "The Euiryong experiment: a Korean innovation in household contraceptive distribution. Although contraceptive practice has increased substantially in Korea as a result of a strong national family planning program, surveys indicate the existence of an additional unmet demand. A number of obstacles tend to limit availability of family planning services and supplies. The effects of total availability are being tested in a three-year experiment in household contraceptive distribution, for which an exploratory study was carried out in 1975 in Euiryong gun. Three distribution systems were tried in three areas of Euiryong, each enlisting local women to canvass and distribute pills and condoms (and refer those desiring IUDs or sterilization to physician). Results of the preliminary test showed that household distribution was culturally acceptable and administratively feasible and that it did increase contraceptive use. Cost-effectiveness was considered to be within the range of the national program. The most successful of the three distribution systems is being applied in the main study, begun late in 1976 in Cheju province.", "PMID": 403640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2080", "title": "Measuring the effectiveness of contraceptive marketing programs: Preethi in Sri Lanka.", "content": "The Preethi marketing program resulted in sales of more than 11 million condoms during its first 33 months, multiplying Sri Lanka's annual per capita condom use by a factor of five. Estimates for 1974 show 144,000 new acceptors (8% of married women of reproductive age), totaling 50,000 couple-years of protection. It is also estimated that more than half of the nation's 1.8 million couples of childbearing age were educated about the function of a condom. Unit costs were low for this new, nationwide program: about US $2.00 for each new acceptor; 6.00 dollars for each couple-year of protection; and 0.09 dollars for each couple educated. The program's success suggests that a social marketing approach can advance family planning at a relatively low cost.", "contents": "Measuring the effectiveness of contraceptive marketing programs: Preethi in Sri Lanka. The Preethi marketing program resulted in sales of more than 11 million condoms during its first 33 months, multiplying Sri Lanka's annual per capita condom use by a factor of five. Estimates for 1974 show 144,000 new acceptors (8% of married women of reproductive age), totaling 50,000 couple-years of protection. It is also estimated that more than half of the nation's 1.8 million couples of childbearing age were educated about the function of a condom. Unit costs were low for this new, nationwide program: about US $2.00 for each new acceptor; 6.00 dollars for each couple-year of protection; and 0.09 dollars for each couple educated. The program's success suggests that a social marketing approach can advance family planning at a relatively low cost.", "PMID": 403641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2081", "title": "Sympathetic regulation of cephalic blood flow.", "content": "Blood flow to bilateral tissues (cranial and extracranial) was studied by means of the particle distribution method in two groups of anesthetized dogs (five using 25-mu radioactive microspheres, six using 15-mu microspheres) and five anesthetized stumptail Macaques monkeys (8-mj spheres) during unilateral sympathetic stimulation. The stimulatory parameters were adjusted to produce maximum pupillary dilatation. In the five dogs hemispheric and regional cerebral blood flow decreased but not significantly. Flow to the extracranial tissues decreased 82%. Hemispheric brain blood flow averaged 0.70 ml/min/gm for Paco2 of 40 mm Hg. In the six dogs sympathetic stimulation did not significantly decrease cerebral blood flow but decreased flow to extracranial tissues (72.3%). At an average Paco2 of 33.2 mm Hg, hemispheric blood flow to the unstimulated side averaged 0.51 ml/min/gm. In the five monkeys findings were essentially the same as those observed in the dogs. The hemispheric blood flow averaged 0.36 ml/min/gm on the nonstimulated side for an average Paco2 of 36.6 mm Hg. Under the conditions studied, electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves does not appear to modify regional or total brain blood flow in dogs and Macaques monkeys. The vascular response in oral and other extracranial tissues is very dramatic, however.", "contents": "Sympathetic regulation of cephalic blood flow. Blood flow to bilateral tissues (cranial and extracranial) was studied by means of the particle distribution method in two groups of anesthetized dogs (five using 25-mu radioactive microspheres, six using 15-mu microspheres) and five anesthetized stumptail Macaques monkeys (8-mj spheres) during unilateral sympathetic stimulation. The stimulatory parameters were adjusted to produce maximum pupillary dilatation. In the five dogs hemispheric and regional cerebral blood flow decreased but not significantly. Flow to the extracranial tissues decreased 82%. Hemispheric brain blood flow averaged 0.70 ml/min/gm for Paco2 of 40 mm Hg. In the six dogs sympathetic stimulation did not significantly decrease cerebral blood flow but decreased flow to extracranial tissues (72.3%). At an average Paco2 of 33.2 mm Hg, hemispheric blood flow to the unstimulated side averaged 0.51 ml/min/gm. In the five monkeys findings were essentially the same as those observed in the dogs. The hemispheric blood flow averaged 0.36 ml/min/gm on the nonstimulated side for an average Paco2 of 36.6 mm Hg. Under the conditions studied, electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves does not appear to modify regional or total brain blood flow in dogs and Macaques monkeys. The vascular response in oral and other extracranial tissues is very dramatic, however.", "PMID": 403638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2082", "title": "Stochastic analysis of 133xe clearance for determining regional cerebral blood flow in a primate model.", "content": "A technique for stochastic analysis of 133Xe washout using a computer-assisted Anger camera is described. The technique produces functional maps of both regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and error in rCBF. The calculational limitations of the technique are discussed and an experimental estimate made of the physical limitations associated with the low energy photon emitted by 133Xe. The method is demonstrated in a rhesus monkey model before and after surgical occlusion of the middle cerebral artery.", "contents": "Stochastic analysis of 133xe clearance for determining regional cerebral blood flow in a primate model. A technique for stochastic analysis of 133Xe washout using a computer-assisted Anger camera is described. The technique produces functional maps of both regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and error in rCBF. The calculational limitations of the technique are discussed and an experimental estimate made of the physical limitations associated with the low energy photon emitted by 133Xe. The method is demonstrated in a rhesus monkey model before and after surgical occlusion of the middle cerebral artery.", "PMID": 403639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2083", "title": "The type and screen: a safe alternative and supplement in selected surgical procedures.", "content": "For the year 1975, we examined 12,848 blood specimens using the type and screen as well as the crossmatch and detected 283 antibodies in 247 patients. Our screening reagent red blood cells were able to detect 96.11 per cent of these antibodies. If the antigen frequencies corresponding to those antibodies not detectable by our screening reagent red blood cells are taken into consideration. i.e., the incompatibility frequencies, the type and screen can be shown to be 99.99 per cent effective in preventing the transfusion of incompatible blood. Therefore, we believe that the type and screen may be safey substituted for the routine two-unit crossmatch in those operative procedures usually not requiring transfusions. Adoption of this approach would reduce patient charges, provide for more efficient distribution of our limited blood supplies, and allow for more effective utilization of blood-bank technologist time.", "contents": "The type and screen: a safe alternative and supplement in selected surgical procedures. For the year 1975, we examined 12,848 blood specimens using the type and screen as well as the crossmatch and detected 283 antibodies in 247 patients. Our screening reagent red blood cells were able to detect 96.11 per cent of these antibodies. If the antigen frequencies corresponding to those antibodies not detectable by our screening reagent red blood cells are taken into consideration. i.e., the incompatibility frequencies, the type and screen can be shown to be 99.99 per cent effective in preventing the transfusion of incompatible blood. Therefore, we believe that the type and screen may be safey substituted for the routine two-unit crossmatch in those operative procedures usually not requiring transfusions. Adoption of this approach would reduce patient charges, provide for more efficient distribution of our limited blood supplies, and allow for more effective utilization of blood-bank technologist time.", "PMID": 403642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2084", "title": "Cell cycle distributions, growth characteristics, and variation in prolactin and growth hormone production in cultured rat pituitary cells.", "content": "Clonal strains of rat pituitary tumour cells (GH3 cells) spontaneously produce and secrete prolactin and growth hormone. Chromosome analysis and DNA ploidy measurements revealed that the GH3 cells in the present study were triploid and had a decreased chromosome number compared to the parent strain. Monolayer cultures of these cells grow exponentially for 6-7 days with a mean doubling time of 54 h. Cell cycle distributions and phase durations were determined by micro-flow fluorometric measurements of cellular DNA content combined with computer calculations. During exponential growth the cell cycle distribution did not change (65.4% cells with a G1 phase DNA  content, 24.9% with an S phase DNA content, and 9.7% with a (G2 + M) phase DNA content). Counting of mitoses gave 1.4% cells in M phase. The 3H-Tdr labeling indices were determined by autoradiography, and the results were in good agreement with the number of cells in S phase as calculated by micro-flow fluorometry. The phase durations were: Ts=15.9 h, TG2=6.2 h, TM=1.1 h, and TG1=30.9 h. TS and TM calculated from 3H-Tdr labeled and Colcemid treated cultures gave corresponding results. In plateau phase cultures the number of cells with a G1 DNA content increased to 80% and the number of cells with an S phase DNA content decreased to between 5% and 10%. The specific production of prolactin and growth hormone determined by radioimmunoassay showed two and four-fold increases respectively, during exponential growth. The hormone values decreased to initial or subinitial values (day 2 values) when approaching plateau phase. We conclude: that changes in the cell cycle distribution of the cell population cannot be responsible for the spontaneous alterations in hormone production during growth and that most of the hormone-producing cells must be in the G1 phase.", "contents": "Cell cycle distributions, growth characteristics, and variation in prolactin and growth hormone production in cultured rat pituitary cells. Clonal strains of rat pituitary tumour cells (GH3 cells) spontaneously produce and secrete prolactin and growth hormone. Chromosome analysis and DNA ploidy measurements revealed that the GH3 cells in the present study were triploid and had a decreased chromosome number compared to the parent strain. Monolayer cultures of these cells grow exponentially for 6-7 days with a mean doubling time of 54 h. Cell cycle distributions and phase durations were determined by micro-flow fluorometric measurements of cellular DNA content combined with computer calculations. During exponential growth the cell cycle distribution did not change (65.4% cells with a G1 phase DNA  content, 24.9% with an S phase DNA content, and 9.7% with a (G2 + M) phase DNA content). Counting of mitoses gave 1.4% cells in M phase. The 3H-Tdr labeling indices were determined by autoradiography, and the results were in good agreement with the number of cells in S phase as calculated by micro-flow fluorometry. The phase durations were: Ts=15.9 h, TG2=6.2 h, TM=1.1 h, and TG1=30.9 h. TS and TM calculated from 3H-Tdr labeled and Colcemid treated cultures gave corresponding results. In plateau phase cultures the number of cells with a G1 DNA content increased to 80% and the number of cells with an S phase DNA content decreased to between 5% and 10%. The specific production of prolactin and growth hormone determined by radioimmunoassay showed two and four-fold increases respectively, during exponential growth. The hormone values decreased to initial or subinitial values (day 2 values) when approaching plateau phase. We conclude: that changes in the cell cycle distribution of the cell population cannot be responsible for the spontaneous alterations in hormone production during growth and that most of the hormone-producing cells must be in the G1 phase.", "PMID": 403669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2085", "title": "Mitosis of type B alveolar cells in the early hyperplastic response to Freund's adjuvant.", "content": "Numerous areas of granulomatous inflammation develop in the lungs of rabbits following the intravenous injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Within a few days after FCA injection, hyperplasia of type B (type I) alveolar cells is present on the surface of the septa in which an inflammatory reaction is developing. Mitosis of type B cells is detected 12 h after FCA injection and is common over the next 120 h. In addition, there are morphologic changes that are consistent with migration of these cells. The type B cells in mitosis extend across alveolar septa as well as along the alveolar surface. The extension of type B cells through alveolar septa is not limited to cells in mitosis, but is also observed in non-mitotic type B cells. Stimulation of mitosis and hyperplasia of type B cells is discussed in relation to the focal tissue injury and inflammatory response.", "contents": "Mitosis of type B alveolar cells in the early hyperplastic response to Freund's adjuvant. Numerous areas of granulomatous inflammation develop in the lungs of rabbits following the intravenous injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Within a few days after FCA injection, hyperplasia of type B (type I) alveolar cells is present on the surface of the septa in which an inflammatory reaction is developing. Mitosis of type B cells is detected 12 h after FCA injection and is common over the next 120 h. In addition, there are morphologic changes that are consistent with migration of these cells. The type B cells in mitosis extend across alveolar septa as well as along the alveolar surface. The extension of type B cells through alveolar septa is not limited to cells in mitosis, but is also observed in non-mitotic type B cells. Stimulation of mitosis and hyperplasia of type B cells is discussed in relation to the focal tissue injury and inflammatory response.", "PMID": 403670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2086", "title": "Pancreatic islets subjected to different concentrations of glucose in vitro. A study with special regard to mitochondrial changes.", "content": "Isolated pancreatic islets of mice and gerbils were cultured for 6 days at low (2mM) or high (20mM) concentrations of glucose after which they were studied using qualitative and quantitative electron microscopy, histo- and microchemistry, and X-ray microanalysis. Compared with the islets cultured at high glucose, those subjected to low glucose exhibited enhanced succinate dehydrogenase activity, a decreased content of adenosine triphosphate, and an increased volume of B-cell mitochondria which often were rounded or oval.", "contents": "Pancreatic islets subjected to different concentrations of glucose in vitro. A study with special regard to mitochondrial changes. Isolated pancreatic islets of mice and gerbils were cultured for 6 days at low (2mM) or high (20mM) concentrations of glucose after which they were studied using qualitative and quantitative electron microscopy, histo- and microchemistry, and X-ray microanalysis. Compared with the islets cultured at high glucose, those subjected to low glucose exhibited enhanced succinate dehydrogenase activity, a decreased content of adenosine triphosphate, and an increased volume of B-cell mitochondria which often were rounded or oval.", "PMID": 403671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2087", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic investigations of acute leukemia.", "content": "Twenty cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children and adults were investigated at different tissue localizations by scanning electron microscopy. ALL was divided into cases with or without strong paranuclear acid phosphatase activity. ALL showed very similar surface morphology irrespective of the type of ALL or the tissue localization. ALL is, however, strikingly different in some from other childhood leukemias and lymphomas, as well as from activated T-lymphocytes in infectious mononucleosis. The results indicate that the surface morphology of leukemic cells is a stable cytologic parameter, if certain technical prerequisits are fulfilled. Further criteria may thus be added to the panel of known cytologic, cytochemical and functional parameters.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic investigations of acute leukemia. Twenty cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children and adults were investigated at different tissue localizations by scanning electron microscopy. ALL was divided into cases with or without strong paranuclear acid phosphatase activity. ALL showed very similar surface morphology irrespective of the type of ALL or the tissue localization. ALL is, however, strikingly different in some from other childhood leukemias and lymphomas, as well as from activated T-lymphocytes in infectious mononucleosis. The results indicate that the surface morphology of leukemic cells is a stable cytologic parameter, if certain technical prerequisits are fulfilled. Further criteria may thus be added to the panel of known cytologic, cytochemical and functional parameters.", "PMID": 403672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2088", "title": "High-dose irradiation in the pig small intestine. Histoenzymology and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The early and late effects of a single high-dose irradiation (100 rad) in the pig small intestine have been studied by histoenzymology and electron microscopy and related to some functional data. 1) The initial atrophy induced by the irradiation appears late (on the 6th day), compared to other species. This is due to the fairly long regeneration time of the villi epithelium in the pig. 2) The initial lesions are similar to those observed in different experimental models (nuclear alterations, karyolytic bodies, etc.). They particularly involve the crypts, and are specially focused in the undifferentiated cells of GS phase or mitosis, but also in goblet and Paneth's cells. 3) The villi regeneration, over on the 23rd day, is preceeded by an active mitotic phase which first renews the undifferentiated cells. This mitotic activity, reaching its highest value on the 16th day, goes on during the whole regeneration period itself. 4) At the beginning, this regeneration is denoted by the high esterase activity of the crypt collar. It appears in many goblet cells and also in some absorptive cells which show, at once, some of the enzymatic activities of the striated border. However, for a short period, lipid absorption is quantitatively reduced. This is connected with the temporary cell immaturity (up to the 20th day) and to the poorly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. 5) Further on, the persistence of a malabsorption syndrome (lipids, calcium) is not connected, for the main point, with modifications of the morphology or the cytology of the villi (in spite of the abnormally high number of goblet cells and the presence of few pathologic absorptive cells). It is, in fact, related to the persistence of an inflammatory state of the lamina propria associated with an exudative enteropathy. The meaning of this last finding is not clear: it could depend on a primary infectious state due to the modifications of the endoluminal intestinal flora, or, rather, on a secondary infection supported by the trophic epithelial disturbances induced by a continuous vascular dyshoria due to the irradiation.", "contents": "High-dose irradiation in the pig small intestine. Histoenzymology and electron microscopic study. The early and late effects of a single high-dose irradiation (100 rad) in the pig small intestine have been studied by histoenzymology and electron microscopy and related to some functional data. 1) The initial atrophy induced by the irradiation appears late (on the 6th day), compared to other species. This is due to the fairly long regeneration time of the villi epithelium in the pig. 2) The initial lesions are similar to those observed in different experimental models (nuclear alterations, karyolytic bodies, etc.). They particularly involve the crypts, and are specially focused in the undifferentiated cells of GS phase or mitosis, but also in goblet and Paneth's cells. 3) The villi regeneration, over on the 23rd day, is preceeded by an active mitotic phase which first renews the undifferentiated cells. This mitotic activity, reaching its highest value on the 16th day, goes on during the whole regeneration period itself. 4) At the beginning, this regeneration is denoted by the high esterase activity of the crypt collar. It appears in many goblet cells and also in some absorptive cells which show, at once, some of the enzymatic activities of the striated border. However, for a short period, lipid absorption is quantitatively reduced. This is connected with the temporary cell immaturity (up to the 20th day) and to the poorly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. 5) Further on, the persistence of a malabsorption syndrome (lipids, calcium) is not connected, for the main point, with modifications of the morphology or the cytology of the villi (in spite of the abnormally high number of goblet cells and the presence of few pathologic absorptive cells). It is, in fact, related to the persistence of an inflammatory state of the lamina propria associated with an exudative enteropathy. The meaning of this last finding is not clear: it could depend on a primary infectious state due to the modifications of the endoluminal intestinal flora, or, rather, on a secondary infection supported by the trophic epithelial disturbances induced by a continuous vascular dyshoria due to the irradiation.", "PMID": 403673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2089", "title": "The role of cellular locomotion in leukemic infiltration. An organ culture study on penetration of L 5222 rat leukemia cells into the chick embryo mesonephros.", "content": "The significance of cellular locomotion for leukemic infiltration was investigated using L 5222 rat leukemia cells. Previous cinemicrographic studies have shown that these cells are able to locomote only after formation of a uropod-like posterior extension. This characteristic locomotive configuration of L 5222 cells is easily recognizable in scanning electron micrographs and appropriate sections. Leukemia cells were inoculated on slices of chick embryo mesonephros incubated for 24h; at this time the fragments are completely encapsulated. Leukemic infiltration is found to begin within the first 2 h and to increase gradually up to the end of the observation period at 72 h. Spread of leukemia cells occurs mainly in the intertubular spaces; the tubular epithelium is only rarely affected. In all stages of infiltration, L5222 cells with the characteristic locomotive configuration are frequently recorded. Besides this strong although indirect indication for the significance of locomotion, further evidence was provided by experiments performed at 25 degrees C and 18 degrees C. In accordance with the previous cinemicrographic finding that at these temperatures L 5222 cells are unable to produce their posterior extension, no leukemic infiltration mesonephros fragments is recognizable at subnormal temperatures.", "contents": "The role of cellular locomotion in leukemic infiltration. An organ culture study on penetration of L 5222 rat leukemia cells into the chick embryo mesonephros. The significance of cellular locomotion for leukemic infiltration was investigated using L 5222 rat leukemia cells. Previous cinemicrographic studies have shown that these cells are able to locomote only after formation of a uropod-like posterior extension. This characteristic locomotive configuration of L 5222 cells is easily recognizable in scanning electron micrographs and appropriate sections. Leukemia cells were inoculated on slices of chick embryo mesonephros incubated for 24h; at this time the fragments are completely encapsulated. Leukemic infiltration is found to begin within the first 2 h and to increase gradually up to the end of the observation period at 72 h. Spread of leukemia cells occurs mainly in the intertubular spaces; the tubular epithelium is only rarely affected. In all stages of infiltration, L5222 cells with the characteristic locomotive configuration are frequently recorded. Besides this strong although indirect indication for the significance of locomotion, further evidence was provided by experiments performed at 25 degrees C and 18 degrees C. In accordance with the previous cinemicrographic finding that at these temperatures L 5222 cells are unable to produce their posterior extension, no leukemic infiltration mesonephros fragments is recognizable at subnormal temperatures.", "PMID": 403674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2090", "title": "[Inhibition of cell viability by cellular debris. Model experiments to study tissue damage (author's transl)].", "content": "Some aspects of tissue damage as it may accompany shock are investigated in an in vitro model system. Some effects of cell debris obtained by sonication of BHK 21 cells on viable cultures of freshly dissociated cells of the same line are evaluated. After 24 h incubation on a coverglass, the area covered by cell nuclei per square millimeter was determined. Spreading of viable cells is inhibited by the cell debris. In this way, growth and viability are also impeded. After 24 h the mitotic index in controls and treated cell-cultures is the same. The inhibition is exhibited as well by the supernatant as the pellet of a centrifuged suspension of sonicated cells. The growth retardation is counteracted by the polyvalent protease inhibitor Trasylol (50 KIE/ml), when the whole suspension or its pellet are added to the culture, but not when the supernatant affects the cells. These results indicate that the injurious substance is not a protease. The protective action of Trasylol may be due to a stabilisation of lysosomes. Tissue injury is often accompanied by alterations in cellular adhesiveness to substrate and in growth rate. The system used here offers a simple model to study the influence of necrotic tissue on cell viability as well as its pharmacological susceptibility.", "contents": "[Inhibition of cell viability by cellular debris. Model experiments to study tissue damage (author's transl)]. Some aspects of tissue damage as it may accompany shock are investigated in an in vitro model system. Some effects of cell debris obtained by sonication of BHK 21 cells on viable cultures of freshly dissociated cells of the same line are evaluated. After 24 h incubation on a coverglass, the area covered by cell nuclei per square millimeter was determined. Spreading of viable cells is inhibited by the cell debris. In this way, growth and viability are also impeded. After 24 h the mitotic index in controls and treated cell-cultures is the same. The inhibition is exhibited as well by the supernatant as the pellet of a centrifuged suspension of sonicated cells. The growth retardation is counteracted by the polyvalent protease inhibitor Trasylol (50 KIE/ml), when the whole suspension or its pellet are added to the culture, but not when the supernatant affects the cells. These results indicate that the injurious substance is not a protease. The protective action of Trasylol may be due to a stabilisation of lysosomes. Tissue injury is often accompanied by alterations in cellular adhesiveness to substrate and in growth rate. The system used here offers a simple model to study the influence of necrotic tissue on cell viability as well as its pharmacological susceptibility.", "PMID": 403675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2091", "title": "Naturally occurring human antibodies with specificity for light chains of immunoglobulins.", "content": "Human sera of different categories were screened for antibodies against IgA. A surprisingly high incidence of antibodies was observed. All of these antibodies were of restricted specificity, i.e. able to react with one or a few individual IgAs from a panel of eight myeloma proteins used in the screening. In one serum of a patient with selective IgA deficiency an antibody against the allotype A2m(1) was found. Some of the antibodies were shown to belong to the IgG class. The IgA, IgG and IgM content of the antibody-containing sera was generally increased. Two different antibodies which both reacted with the same individual IgA were studied in detail. The antigen involved could not be detected in normal Caucasian sera but was detectable in some sera of patients with IgA, IgG, IgM or IgD paraproteinemia. The antigenic site was located on the light chain of the Ig molecule but no correlation with either the light chain type or the genetically determined Inv factor was evident.", "contents": "Naturally occurring human antibodies with specificity for light chains of immunoglobulins. Human sera of different categories were screened for antibodies against IgA. A surprisingly high incidence of antibodies was observed. All of these antibodies were of restricted specificity, i.e. able to react with one or a few individual IgAs from a panel of eight myeloma proteins used in the screening. In one serum of a patient with selective IgA deficiency an antibody against the allotype A2m(1) was found. Some of the antibodies were shown to belong to the IgG class. The IgA, IgG and IgM content of the antibody-containing sera was generally increased. Two different antibodies which both reacted with the same individual IgA were studied in detail. The antigen involved could not be detected in normal Caucasian sera but was detectable in some sera of patients with IgA, IgG, IgM or IgD paraproteinemia. The antigenic site was located on the light chain of the Ig molecule but no correlation with either the light chain type or the genetically determined Inv factor was evident.", "PMID": 403678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2092", "title": "Investigations of the antiviral activity of some nitroso-urea derivatives. Inhibitory action of the IOB-252 nitroso-urea derivative on vaccinia virus incell cultures.", "content": "The nitroso-urea derivative IOB-252 was administrered in monkey kidney cell cultures in a concentration of 40 mug/ml 24 hours before inoculation of vaccinia virus and maintained afterwards in a concentration of 25 mug/ml. The drug inhibited vaccinia virus multiplication, hemagglutinin synthesis and late cytopathic effect, but did not prevent early cytopathic lesions. IOB-252 inhibited the synthesis of interferon initiated by a viral inductor and blocked the antiviral effect of an exogeneous interferon. The mechanism of action of the drug is discussed.", "contents": "Investigations of the antiviral activity of some nitroso-urea derivatives. Inhibitory action of the IOB-252 nitroso-urea derivative on vaccinia virus incell cultures. The nitroso-urea derivative IOB-252 was administrered in monkey kidney cell cultures in a concentration of 40 mug/ml 24 hours before inoculation of vaccinia virus and maintained afterwards in a concentration of 25 mug/ml. The drug inhibited vaccinia virus multiplication, hemagglutinin synthesis and late cytopathic effect, but did not prevent early cytopathic lesions. IOB-252 inhibited the synthesis of interferon initiated by a viral inductor and blocked the antiviral effect of an exogeneous interferon. The mechanism of action of the drug is discussed.", "PMID": 403676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2093", "title": "Use of discriminant analysis in relating maternal anti-D levels to the severity of haemolytic disease of the Newborn.", "content": "The automated assay of maternal anit-D levels has been compared with manual methods and correlated with the severity of haemolytic disease of the newborn using discriminant analysis. The automated assay of anti-D proved to be marginally better than manual techniques in predicting the need for amniocentesis. The level at which amniocentesis should be considered has been calculated to be 4IU/ml of maternal serum.", "contents": "Use of discriminant analysis in relating maternal anti-D levels to the severity of haemolytic disease of the Newborn. The automated assay of maternal anit-D levels has been compared with manual methods and correlated with the severity of haemolytic disease of the newborn using discriminant analysis. The automated assay of anti-D proved to be marginally better than manual techniques in predicting the need for amniocentesis. The level at which amniocentesis should be considered has been calculated to be 4IU/ml of maternal serum.", "PMID": 403679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2094", "title": "Selective depression of blood group antigens associated with hereditary ovalocytosis among melanesians.", "content": "Recessively inherited ovalocytosis in coastal Melanesians is associated with widespread, but selective, depression of blood group antigens in homozygotes, who comprise about 15% of these populations. It is suggested that a membrane anomaly exists, and that the series of depressed determinants all depend, for their full expression, upon the same membrane component(s), the proper synthesis of which is being genetically affected. Affected antigens would thus be associated by position and/or structure. Antigens subject to depression include IT, IF, LW,D,C,e,S,s,U,Kpb,JKa,JKb,Xga,Wrb,Scl and Ena, which are simultaneously affected when present on oval cells. Reactivity of A1,ID,i,P1,M,N,Lub,k,Fya,Coa, Vel and Gea appears to be within the normal range on depressed cells, as does sialic acid content. Indirect evidence suggests that Z (associated with S and s) is among the depressed series, while NA and Leb are not. High H variants, common among Melanesians, seem absent among depressed bloods, and when such variants were excluded, H, A and B did not appear subject to depression. The distribution pattern of ovalocytosis suggests that it may confer some selective advantage in the tropical coastal environment. The findings also have implications concerning population genetic work in New Guinea.", "contents": "Selective depression of blood group antigens associated with hereditary ovalocytosis among melanesians. Recessively inherited ovalocytosis in coastal Melanesians is associated with widespread, but selective, depression of blood group antigens in homozygotes, who comprise about 15% of these populations. It is suggested that a membrane anomaly exists, and that the series of depressed determinants all depend, for their full expression, upon the same membrane component(s), the proper synthesis of which is being genetically affected. Affected antigens would thus be associated by position and/or structure. Antigens subject to depression include IT, IF, LW,D,C,e,S,s,U,Kpb,JKa,JKb,Xga,Wrb,Scl and Ena, which are simultaneously affected when present on oval cells. Reactivity of A1,ID,i,P1,M,N,Lub,k,Fya,Coa, Vel and Gea appears to be within the normal range on depressed cells, as does sialic acid content. Indirect evidence suggests that Z (associated with S and s) is among the depressed series, while NA and Leb are not. High H variants, common among Melanesians, seem absent among depressed bloods, and when such variants were excluded, H, A and B did not appear subject to depression. The distribution pattern of ovalocytosis suggests that it may confer some selective advantage in the tropical coastal environment. The findings also have implications concerning population genetic work in New Guinea.", "PMID": 403680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2095", "title": "[Clinical, histological and electron microscopic findings in neurofibromatosis (Recklinghausen's disease) occurring in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "A follow-up study was carried out of the clinical symptoms and the radiological and histological alterations in five cases of neurofibromatosis (Recklinghausen's disease) with onset during early childhood. The clinical manifestation of the disease was predominantly restricted to the face. In the histological ultrastructural investigation different types of neurofibroma were detected (plexiform neurofibroma, argyrophilic neurofibroma and diffuse neurofibrma). Preliminary results are presented on the basis of a correlation between the clinical findings and the histological types of neurofibroma with special reference to the demarcation of the tumours, recurrence following surgical removal and the prognosis as to the clinical course of the disease. Nevertheless, definite conclusions will be possible only by continuous observation of a larger number of patients by means of standardized clinical, radiological and histological methods of investigation.", "contents": "[Clinical, histological and electron microscopic findings in neurofibromatosis (Recklinghausen's disease) occurring in childhood (author's transl)]. A follow-up study was carried out of the clinical symptoms and the radiological and histological alterations in five cases of neurofibromatosis (Recklinghausen's disease) with onset during early childhood. The clinical manifestation of the disease was predominantly restricted to the face. In the histological ultrastructural investigation different types of neurofibroma were detected (plexiform neurofibroma, argyrophilic neurofibroma and diffuse neurofibrma). Preliminary results are presented on the basis of a correlation between the clinical findings and the histological types of neurofibroma with special reference to the demarcation of the tumours, recurrence following surgical removal and the prognosis as to the clinical course of the disease. Nevertheless, definite conclusions will be possible only by continuous observation of a larger number of patients by means of standardized clinical, radiological and histological methods of investigation.", "PMID": 403684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2096", "title": "Metabolic disposition of 6-chloro-5-cyclohexyl-1-indancarboxylic acid (TAI-284), a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "1. After oral administration of 6-chloro-5-cyclohexyl-1-indan[14C]carboxylic acid (TAI-284) to rhesus monkeys, the plasma concn. reached a plateau at 2 h, which persisted for 4 h and then declined with an approximate half-life of 24 h. More than 92% of the plasma radioactivity was derived from unchanged TAI-284. The plasma concn. of the ulcerogenic metabolite, 6-chloro-5-(cis-3'-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1-indancarboxylic acid (metabolite IIb), was much lower in monkeys than in rats. 2. In monkeys, elimination of the ingested radioactivity was complete in 96 h, the excretion being almost equally divided between urine and faeces. This excretory pattern was similar to that in rats. The major urinary metabolites in monkeys  were TAI-284, 6-chloro-5-(trans-4'-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1-indancarboxylic acid (metablite III) and glucuronides of TAI-284 and its oxo or hydroxy derivatives (metabolite VI), whereas those in rats were dihydroxy derivatives of TAI-284 (metabolite V) and VI. Unchanged TAI-284 accounted for only a small part of the faecal radioactivity in monkeys and rats. 3. Both in monkeys and rats, some of the dose of radioactivity was excreted in bile to enter into entero-hepatic cycling. Biliary excretion of metabolite IIb was markedly smaller in monkeys than in rats. 4. These metabolic findings are discussed in relation to the variation in the TAI-284-induced intestinal ulceration between monkeys and rats.", "contents": "Metabolic disposition of 6-chloro-5-cyclohexyl-1-indancarboxylic acid (TAI-284), a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, in rhesus monkeys. 1. After oral administration of 6-chloro-5-cyclohexyl-1-indan[14C]carboxylic acid (TAI-284) to rhesus monkeys, the plasma concn. reached a plateau at 2 h, which persisted for 4 h and then declined with an approximate half-life of 24 h. More than 92% of the plasma radioactivity was derived from unchanged TAI-284. The plasma concn. of the ulcerogenic metabolite, 6-chloro-5-(cis-3'-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1-indancarboxylic acid (metabolite IIb), was much lower in monkeys than in rats. 2. In monkeys, elimination of the ingested radioactivity was complete in 96 h, the excretion being almost equally divided between urine and faeces. This excretory pattern was similar to that in rats. The major urinary metabolites in monkeys  were TAI-284, 6-chloro-5-(trans-4'-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1-indancarboxylic acid (metablite III) and glucuronides of TAI-284 and its oxo or hydroxy derivatives (metabolite VI), whereas those in rats were dihydroxy derivatives of TAI-284 (metabolite V) and VI. Unchanged TAI-284 accounted for only a small part of the faecal radioactivity in monkeys and rats. 3. Both in monkeys and rats, some of the dose of radioactivity was excreted in bile to enter into entero-hepatic cycling. Biliary excretion of metabolite IIb was markedly smaller in monkeys than in rats. 4. These metabolic findings are discussed in relation to the variation in the TAI-284-induced intestinal ulceration between monkeys and rats.", "PMID": 403686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2097", "title": "[Standard methods of blood group serology--state and trends of development].", "content": "The notion of transfusion serology comprises also serologic examinations in connection with transfusions of thrombocytes and leucocytes. The minimum demands of serological methods in the German Pharmacopoeia 7 (DAB 7) obligatory nowadays before transfusions of full blood and concentrates of erythrocytes should be changed and enlarged as follows: Obligatory carrying-through of the bed-side-test, inclusion of the ferment- and/or Coombs-test as major test into the cross typing, abolition of the minor test. In connection with the transfusions of leucocytes and thrombocytes determinations of the HLA-antibodies and cross typings are practicable in the institutions of the transfusion service. Transfusion must principally be striven for, taking into consideration the HLA-typing, but at present it is only limitedly possible. The search for donors among relations by blood increases the chances of the serological compatibility. Necessity and scale of an \"emergency serology\" still need discussion. Optimum haemotherapy is possible only then, when clinics and transfusion service work together in very close coordination.", "contents": "[Standard methods of blood group serology--state and trends of development]. The notion of transfusion serology comprises also serologic examinations in connection with transfusions of thrombocytes and leucocytes. The minimum demands of serological methods in the German Pharmacopoeia 7 (DAB 7) obligatory nowadays before transfusions of full blood and concentrates of erythrocytes should be changed and enlarged as follows: Obligatory carrying-through of the bed-side-test, inclusion of the ferment- and/or Coombs-test as major test into the cross typing, abolition of the minor test. In connection with the transfusions of leucocytes and thrombocytes determinations of the HLA-antibodies and cross typings are practicable in the institutions of the transfusion service. Transfusion must principally be striven for, taking into consideration the HLA-typing, but at present it is only limitedly possible. The search for donors among relations by blood increases the chances of the serological compatibility. Necessity and scale of an \"emergency serology\" still need discussion. Optimum haemotherapy is possible only then, when clinics and transfusion service work together in very close coordination.", "PMID": 403690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2098", "title": "[Hemobilia, a rare and dangerous postoperative complication].", "content": "3 cases of severe postoperative hemobilia are reported, one patient with an echinococcus cysticus of the liver, two others after surgical procedures on biliary tract. Diagnostic means as cholangiography, coeliacography, scanning of the liver and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography were not possible because of the massive bleeding. In those cases, if no other sources of bleeding are found, only esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy can leed to the correct diagnosis. In gastrointestinal bleeding after surgical manipulation on the biliary tract, the duodenum and the pancreas, hemobilia is a possible cause.", "contents": "[Hemobilia, a rare and dangerous postoperative complication]. 3 cases of severe postoperative hemobilia are reported, one patient with an echinococcus cysticus of the liver, two others after surgical procedures on biliary tract. Diagnostic means as cholangiography, coeliacography, scanning of the liver and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography were not possible because of the massive bleeding. In those cases, if no other sources of bleeding are found, only esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy can leed to the correct diagnosis. In gastrointestinal bleeding after surgical manipulation on the biliary tract, the duodenum and the pancreas, hemobilia is a possible cause.", "PMID": 403691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2099", "title": "The function of the epiglottis in monkey and man.", "content": "In stumptail monkeys from birth to adulthood, and in very young human infants, the epiglottis serves to guide the larynx upwardly behind the soft palate so it can lock into the nasopharynx and remain there during respiration. After early infancy in man the attainment of a larynx-nasopharynx connection is uniquely lost, causing the epiglottis to have no essential function.", "contents": "The function of the epiglottis in monkey and man. In stumptail monkeys from birth to adulthood, and in very young human infants, the epiglottis serves to guide the larynx upwardly behind the soft palate so it can lock into the nasopharynx and remain there during respiration. After early infancy in man the attainment of a larynx-nasopharynx connection is uniquely lost, causing the epiglottis to have no essential function.", "PMID": 403687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2100", "title": "[Acute pancreatitis--the current state of surgical treatment].", "content": "In the beginning of this century the \"early operation\" in acute pancreatitis was widely used. The irreversibility of the local necrosis and the failure of conservative treatment again lead to the application of this procedure. Early operation is indicated when the pancreatitis shows a more severe degree and when there is no success on conservative therapy or even deterioration in the patient's condition. Early operation means digital removal of the necrosis and/or resection of the pancreas, procedures on the biliary tract, methods for suppression of the secretory activity and installation of jejunal fistulas for external feeding. The mortality rate of partial necrotizing pancreatitis was lowered by this means. In case of total necrosis the mortality was still about 100%. In the postacute stage complications such as sequestration, abscess formation, sepsis, hemorrhage, fistulas can arise. In some of these complications only a \"delayed operation\" is successful. If a biliary acute pancreatitis was not early and definitively treated, the causative diseases of the biliary tract have to be cured in the postacute stage.", "contents": "[Acute pancreatitis--the current state of surgical treatment]. In the beginning of this century the \"early operation\" in acute pancreatitis was widely used. The irreversibility of the local necrosis and the failure of conservative treatment again lead to the application of this procedure. Early operation is indicated when the pancreatitis shows a more severe degree and when there is no success on conservative therapy or even deterioration in the patient's condition. Early operation means digital removal of the necrosis and/or resection of the pancreas, procedures on the biliary tract, methods for suppression of the secretory activity and installation of jejunal fistulas for external feeding. The mortality rate of partial necrotizing pancreatitis was lowered by this means. In case of total necrosis the mortality was still about 100%. In the postacute stage complications such as sequestration, abscess formation, sepsis, hemorrhage, fistulas can arise. In some of these complications only a \"delayed operation\" is successful. If a biliary acute pancreatitis was not early and definitively treated, the causative diseases of the biliary tract have to be cured in the postacute stage.", "PMID": 403692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2101", "title": "[Ultrasonic study of fetal dysmaturity: hypertension, diabetes and Rhesus-immunization (author's transl)].", "content": "Using ultrasonic A- and B-scan equipment (Kretz-Technik), 80 pregnancies with chronic placental dysfunction were investigated: 34 cases with hypertension, 24 cases with diabetes and 22 cases with rhesus immunization. In addition to biparietal diameter (A-scan), the direct and transverse diameter, the circumference and the area were estimated on B-scan displays of the occipito-frontal plane and the largest cross-sectional plane of the abdomen. 15 parameters of fetal growth and body composition were compared with normal standards. The significance of the different methods in the diagnosis of fetal dysmaturity was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic study of fetal dysmaturity: hypertension, diabetes and Rhesus-immunization (author's transl)]. Using ultrasonic A- and B-scan equipment (Kretz-Technik), 80 pregnancies with chronic placental dysfunction were investigated: 34 cases with hypertension, 24 cases with diabetes and 22 cases with rhesus immunization. In addition to biparietal diameter (A-scan), the direct and transverse diameter, the circumference and the area were estimated on B-scan displays of the occipito-frontal plane and the largest cross-sectional plane of the abdomen. 15 parameters of fetal growth and body composition were compared with normal standards. The significance of the different methods in the diagnosis of fetal dysmaturity was demonstrated.", "PMID": 403693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2102", "title": "[Contributions to the life-cycle of Frenkelia. III. The sexual development of F. clethrionomyobuteonis in the buzzard (author's transl)].", "content": "8 buzzards (Buteo buteo) were infected orally with cysts of Frenkelia clethrionomyobuteonis of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). Their intestines were searched for developmental stages of Frenkelia 21 and 24 h and 2, 3, 4, and 5 days post infection. After 21 and 24 h male and female gamonts could be detected within epithelial cells of the villi of the first half of the small intestine. The microgamonts contained 10-14 microgametes. The macrogamonts which measured on an average 11,1 X 9,8 mum in Giemsa stained smears developed into very thin-walled oocysts measuring in fresh preparations on an average 15,8 X 11,7 mum on day 3 after infection. The oocysts were located between the lamina propria and the epithelial lining of the distal third of the villi. They began to sporulate on day 5 and the first sporocysts were excreted 7 and 8 days post infection. Schizonts and schizont-like stages could not be observed in the developmental cycle in Buteo buteo.", "contents": "[Contributions to the life-cycle of Frenkelia. III. The sexual development of F. clethrionomyobuteonis in the buzzard (author's transl)]. 8 buzzards (Buteo buteo) were infected orally with cysts of Frenkelia clethrionomyobuteonis of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). Their intestines were searched for developmental stages of Frenkelia 21 and 24 h and 2, 3, 4, and 5 days post infection. After 21 and 24 h male and female gamonts could be detected within epithelial cells of the villi of the first half of the small intestine. The microgamonts contained 10-14 microgametes. The macrogamonts which measured on an average 11,1 X 9,8 mum in Giemsa stained smears developed into very thin-walled oocysts measuring in fresh preparations on an average 15,8 X 11,7 mum on day 3 after infection. The oocysts were located between the lamina propria and the epithelial lining of the distal third of the villi. They began to sporulate on day 5 and the first sporocysts were excreted 7 and 8 days post infection. Schizonts and schizont-like stages could not be observed in the developmental cycle in Buteo buteo.", "PMID": 403694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2103", "title": "Light and electron microscopical study on sarcocysts from muscles of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), Baboon (Papio cynocephalus) and Tamarin (Saguinus(=Oedipomidas) oedipus).", "content": "Sarcocystis cysts from muscles of monkeys (baboon, tamarin and rhesus monkey) were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The differences in the morphology of the cyst wall and parasites clearly indicate that the three monkey species examined were each parasitized by at least a specific Sarcocystis species being not identical with S. nesbitti or S. kortei. The large numbers of cysts found within the muscle fibres point out the important role that have these monkeys as intermediate hosts in the life cycle of Sarcocystis species, where the final hosts are still unknown.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopical study on sarcocysts from muscles of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), Baboon (Papio cynocephalus) and Tamarin (Saguinus(=Oedipomidas) oedipus). Sarcocystis cysts from muscles of monkeys (baboon, tamarin and rhesus monkey) were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The differences in the morphology of the cyst wall and parasites clearly indicate that the three monkey species examined were each parasitized by at least a specific Sarcocystis species being not identical with S. nesbitti or S. kortei. The large numbers of cysts found within the muscle fibres point out the important role that have these monkeys as intermediate hosts in the life cycle of Sarcocystis species, where the final hosts are still unknown.", "PMID": 403695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2104", "title": "[On the transplacental induction of tumours by N-ethyl--N-nitrosourea in different species (author's transl)].", "content": "The transplacental activity of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) was tested in rats, rabbits, Syrian golden hamsters, Dzungarian dwarf hamsters, guinea pigs, dogs, and rhesus monkeys. In the offspring of rats, multiple tumours of the central and peripheral nervous system were found in 100 per cent, whereas in rabbits kidney tumours developed. In Syrian golden hamsters, the application led mostly to neoplasms of the thyroid gland. Dzungarian dwarf hamsters and monkeys prooved to be resistant. 9 out of 15 dogs died shortly after birth. In two dogs a carcinoma of the thyreoid gland and one of an ovary were found. Because of an infection, the experiments with guinea pigs were to be interrupted untimely. Therefore, a final answer is impossible. Own results were compared with the findings of other authors. The significance of the different susceptibility in distinct species is discussed.", "contents": "[On the transplacental induction of tumours by N-ethyl--N-nitrosourea in different species (author's transl)]. The transplacental activity of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) was tested in rats, rabbits, Syrian golden hamsters, Dzungarian dwarf hamsters, guinea pigs, dogs, and rhesus monkeys. In the offspring of rats, multiple tumours of the central and peripheral nervous system were found in 100 per cent, whereas in rabbits kidney tumours developed. In Syrian golden hamsters, the application led mostly to neoplasms of the thyroid gland. Dzungarian dwarf hamsters and monkeys prooved to be resistant. 9 out of 15 dogs died shortly after birth. In two dogs a carcinoma of the thyreoid gland and one of an ovary were found. Because of an infection, the experiments with guinea pigs were to be interrupted untimely. Therefore, a final answer is impossible. Own results were compared with the findings of other authors. The significance of the different susceptibility in distinct species is discussed.", "PMID": 403705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2105", "title": "[Absorbable suture material in the surgery of the biliary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Conventional unabsorbable suture material can lead to gall salt precipitation and thus to gall stone formation. Catgut segments may cause identical sequelae if they are displaced into the lumen of the biliary tract under certain conditions. The reaction of polyglycolic acid (PGA) as well as of polyglactin material was tested under in-vitro conditions. PGA material disintegrated within 9 weeks; precipitation of gall salts was not observed. Polyglactin samples showed stable durability up to 22 weeks under the same conditions; firmly adherent small concrements could be demonstrated. In accordance with these observations, PGA material seems to be the most appropriate suture material for the surgery of the biliary tract at the time being.", "contents": "[Absorbable suture material in the surgery of the biliary tract (author's transl)]. Conventional unabsorbable suture material can lead to gall salt precipitation and thus to gall stone formation. Catgut segments may cause identical sequelae if they are displaced into the lumen of the biliary tract under certain conditions. The reaction of polyglycolic acid (PGA) as well as of polyglactin material was tested under in-vitro conditions. PGA material disintegrated within 9 weeks; precipitation of gall salts was not observed. Polyglactin samples showed stable durability up to 22 weeks under the same conditions; firmly adherent small concrements could be demonstrated. In accordance with these observations, PGA material seems to be the most appropriate suture material for the surgery of the biliary tract at the time being.", "PMID": 403706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2106", "title": "[Treatment results in supervoltage therapy of malignomas of the collum uteri].", "content": "Based on a material of 136 patients with cervix cancer the results of radiation therapy partially combined with intracavitary radiotherapy are discussed. The 5-year survival rates are accordanted with good results of other authors. The 5-year survival rate is 17,6% in progressive cases with tumour invasion in the urinary bladder, from has to derived, that by application of megavolt therapy this group of patients is an indication for radiation therapy under curative terms.", "contents": "[Treatment results in supervoltage therapy of malignomas of the collum uteri]. Based on a material of 136 patients with cervix cancer the results of radiation therapy partially combined with intracavitary radiotherapy are discussed. The 5-year survival rates are accordanted with good results of other authors. The 5-year survival rate is 17,6% in progressive cases with tumour invasion in the urinary bladder, from has to derived, that by application of megavolt therapy this group of patients is an indication for radiation therapy under curative terms.", "PMID": 403708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2107", "title": "[Results of phage typing of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-B in the years 1970-1973 (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1.1.1970 and 31.12.1973 3639 strains were typed with the aid of phage typing. Of these strains 1793 belonged to S. typhi and 1846 to S. parathyphi-B. 40 S. typhi phage types were found. 9 of these occurred in a frequency of more than 1% (relevant to foci). These were E1 (25.7%) (of this E1a 19.7%, E1b 5.9%), A (16.6%), F1 (7.5%), D1 (59%), C1 (5.4%) D2 (2.3%), 46 (2.1%), 28 (1.9%). Among S. paratyphi-B 24 phage types resp. varieties were found, 14 of these occurred in a frequency of more than 1% (relevant to foci). The phage types comprised Taunton (36.8%), 1 m.c. (10.3%), 3aI m.c. (7.5%), B.A.O.R. (6.8%), 3 a m.c. (4.9%), Dundee (4.6%), 3 aI var. 1 (4.6%), Beccles m.c. (2.4%), 3 b m.c. (2.3%), 3 aI var. (2%), 1 var. (1.8%), 3 aI var. 4 (1.1%). As far as it came to be known the epidemiological relations and particularities of the different S. typhi and S. paratyphi-B phage types are discussed. In th period of this report only one larger epidemic outbreak of S. paratyphi-B (type Taunton) occurred. Possibly the cause of this was contaminated milk.", "contents": "[Results of phage typing of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-B in the years 1970-1973 (author's transl)]. Between 1.1.1970 and 31.12.1973 3639 strains were typed with the aid of phage typing. Of these strains 1793 belonged to S. typhi and 1846 to S. parathyphi-B. 40 S. typhi phage types were found. 9 of these occurred in a frequency of more than 1% (relevant to foci). These were E1 (25.7%) (of this E1a 19.7%, E1b 5.9%), A (16.6%), F1 (7.5%), D1 (59%), C1 (5.4%) D2 (2.3%), 46 (2.1%), 28 (1.9%). Among S. paratyphi-B 24 phage types resp. varieties were found, 14 of these occurred in a frequency of more than 1% (relevant to foci). The phage types comprised Taunton (36.8%), 1 m.c. (10.3%), 3aI m.c. (7.5%), B.A.O.R. (6.8%), 3 a m.c. (4.9%), Dundee (4.6%), 3 aI var. 1 (4.6%), Beccles m.c. (2.4%), 3 b m.c. (2.3%), 3 aI var. (2%), 1 var. (1.8%), 3 aI var. 4 (1.1%). As far as it came to be known the epidemiological relations and particularities of the different S. typhi and S. paratyphi-B phage types are discussed. In th period of this report only one larger epidemic outbreak of S. paratyphi-B (type Taunton) occurred. Possibly the cause of this was contaminated milk.", "PMID": 403709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2108", "title": "Immunosuppressive effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin on lymphocyte transformation in vitro.", "content": "In order to prove the immunosuppressive activity of an endotoxic fraction from pathogenic Ps. aeruginosa, the lymphoblastic transformation test was used. The results have shown that lymphocytes cultured in presence of PHA and endotoxin have a decreased rate of DNA synthesis and oxygen uptake. On the contrary, there seemed to be a slight relative increase of RNA and protein synthesis as compared with PHA-transformed cells.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin on lymphocyte transformation in vitro. In order to prove the immunosuppressive activity of an endotoxic fraction from pathogenic Ps. aeruginosa, the lymphoblastic transformation test was used. The results have shown that lymphocytes cultured in presence of PHA and endotoxin have a decreased rate of DNA synthesis and oxygen uptake. On the contrary, there seemed to be a slight relative increase of RNA and protein synthesis as compared with PHA-transformed cells.", "PMID": 403710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2109", "title": "[Studies on serological classification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique (author's transl)].", "content": "An application mode of the indirect fluorescent antibody technique is described which allows the differentiation of soma and flagella of Ps. aeruginosa cells on the morphological and serological level simultaneously and the determination of the topic specificity of Ps. aeruginosa antisera. Antisera prepared by immunization of rabbits with formalinized semisolid agar cultures react with somatic and flagellar antigens (anti-OH-sera), while antisera made with heated cultures strain somatic antigens exclusively (anti-O-sera). Anti-OH-sera absorbed by heated cultures of the strain used for immunization lead to selective fluorescent staining of flagellar antigens (anti-H-sera). The reaction between somatic antigens and antisomatic antibodies is inhibited by coating substances which are removed by washing the cells. The masking effects of thermovariable and correlates with the viscosity of the cell suspension. The somatic antigens of washed cells are thermostabile, whereas the flagellar antigens are destroyed after heating at 60 degrees C. The strains representative of serogroups 0:1-0:12 of Habs show numerous uni- and bilateral relationships of the somatic antigens. However, group-specific reacting anti-O-sera are obtained by dilution of absorption of the overlapping antisomatic antibodies. The flagellae of the representative strains belong to two flagellae types: one type shows a complex, the other a uniform antigen structure. They do not include all flagellar antigens existing in Ps; aeruginosa;", "contents": "[Studies on serological classification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique (author's transl)]. An application mode of the indirect fluorescent antibody technique is described which allows the differentiation of soma and flagella of Ps. aeruginosa cells on the morphological and serological level simultaneously and the determination of the topic specificity of Ps. aeruginosa antisera. Antisera prepared by immunization of rabbits with formalinized semisolid agar cultures react with somatic and flagellar antigens (anti-OH-sera), while antisera made with heated cultures strain somatic antigens exclusively (anti-O-sera). Anti-OH-sera absorbed by heated cultures of the strain used for immunization lead to selective fluorescent staining of flagellar antigens (anti-H-sera). The reaction between somatic antigens and antisomatic antibodies is inhibited by coating substances which are removed by washing the cells. The masking effects of thermovariable and correlates with the viscosity of the cell suspension. The somatic antigens of washed cells are thermostabile, whereas the flagellar antigens are destroyed after heating at 60 degrees C. The strains representative of serogroups 0:1-0:12 of Habs show numerous uni- and bilateral relationships of the somatic antigens. However, group-specific reacting anti-O-sera are obtained by dilution of absorption of the overlapping antisomatic antibodies. The flagellae of the representative strains belong to two flagellae types: one type shows a complex, the other a uniform antigen structure. They do not include all flagellar antigens existing in Ps; aeruginosa;", "PMID": 403711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2110", "title": "Effects of the common protective antigen (OEP) and toxoids of protease and elastase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on protection against hemorrhagic pneumonia in mink.", "content": "The effects of common protective antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain N10 (serotype 5) and OEP plus toxoids of protease and elastase from P. aeruginosa strains IFO 3080 and IFO 3455 were studied during an enzootic of hemorrhagic pneumonia caused by P. aeruginosa serotype 3 in mink. The overall mortality rate in non-vaccinated mink was 24.8% (524 mink). It was highest in male kittens, followed by female kittens and adults. OEP (1,000 millimicrong) plus toxoids (each 1,000 millimicrong of protease toxoid and elastase toxoid) was significantly protective in every stable or farm regardless of sex or age. It was also effective in a stable where the vaccine was administered 12 days after the onset of the disease. OEP (1,500 millimicrong) alone produced a similar effect in a majority of mink, but was less effective in some stables. OEP plus toxoids was significantly more effective than OEP alone in protecting mink against hemorrhagic pneumonia due to P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Effects of the common protective antigen (OEP) and toxoids of protease and elastase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on protection against hemorrhagic pneumonia in mink. The effects of common protective antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain N10 (serotype 5) and OEP plus toxoids of protease and elastase from P. aeruginosa strains IFO 3080 and IFO 3455 were studied during an enzootic of hemorrhagic pneumonia caused by P. aeruginosa serotype 3 in mink. The overall mortality rate in non-vaccinated mink was 24.8% (524 mink). It was highest in male kittens, followed by female kittens and adults. OEP (1,000 millimicrong) plus toxoids (each 1,000 millimicrong of protease toxoid and elastase toxoid) was significantly protective in every stable or farm regardless of sex or age. It was also effective in a stable where the vaccine was administered 12 days after the onset of the disease. OEP (1,500 millimicrong) alone produced a similar effect in a majority of mink, but was less effective in some stables. OEP plus toxoids was significantly more effective than OEP alone in protecting mink against hemorrhagic pneumonia due to P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 403712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2111", "title": "[Electronenmicroscopic Studies on Cells of Listeria monocytogenes Treated with Enterocin (author's transl)].", "content": "Purified enterocin E1A, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus faecium E1, had a strong bactericidal activity on susceptible cells of Listeria monocytogenes. Electronmicroscopic observation of thin sections of L. monocytogenes, treated with enterocin E1A at a concentration that gave 0.1% survivors, revealed that the predominant features of morphological alterations concern the partial dissolution of the cell content and the damage of the cell envelope which enabled an efflux of cell-material. Not frequently intact protoplasts and greatly elongated cells were observed.", "contents": "[Electronenmicroscopic Studies on Cells of Listeria monocytogenes Treated with Enterocin (author's transl)]. Purified enterocin E1A, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus faecium E1, had a strong bactericidal activity on susceptible cells of Listeria monocytogenes. Electronmicroscopic observation of thin sections of L. monocytogenes, treated with enterocin E1A at a concentration that gave 0.1% survivors, revealed that the predominant features of morphological alterations concern the partial dissolution of the cell content and the damage of the cell envelope which enabled an efflux of cell-material. Not frequently intact protoplasts and greatly elongated cells were observed.", "PMID": 403713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2112", "title": "On the growth of Brucella species in presence of erythritol in defined and undefined media and amniotic fluid of human, cow and sheep.", "content": "Different concentrations of erythritol (25-1000 microng/ml) in defined medium were shown to enhance the growth of 75.00 to 91.66 per cent of Brucella abortus and 69.23 to 100.00 per cent of Brucella melitensis strains studied. Compared to these figures only 13.04 to 60.86% (in tryptose broth), and 41.40 to 62.50% (in glycerol dextrose broth), of Brucella abortus strains, 25.00 to 83.30 per cent (in tryptose broth) and 83.30 to 100.00 per cent (in glycerol dextrose broth) of Brucella melitensis strains showed increased growth over the control. 82.20 per cent of amniotic fluid samples from humans showed anti-brucella activity with lytic zones varying from 7-19 mm. Amniotic fluid from cows and sheep had no antibrucella activity.", "contents": "On the growth of Brucella species in presence of erythritol in defined and undefined media and amniotic fluid of human, cow and sheep. Different concentrations of erythritol (25-1000 microng/ml) in defined medium were shown to enhance the growth of 75.00 to 91.66 per cent of Brucella abortus and 69.23 to 100.00 per cent of Brucella melitensis strains studied. Compared to these figures only 13.04 to 60.86% (in tryptose broth), and 41.40 to 62.50% (in glycerol dextrose broth), of Brucella abortus strains, 25.00 to 83.30 per cent (in tryptose broth) and 83.30 to 100.00 per cent (in glycerol dextrose broth) of Brucella melitensis strains showed increased growth over the control. 82.20 per cent of amniotic fluid samples from humans showed anti-brucella activity with lytic zones varying from 7-19 mm. Amniotic fluid from cows and sheep had no antibrucella activity.", "PMID": 403714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2113", "title": "Comparative analysis of the antigens of M. tuberculosis H37RV with various mycobacterial antigens.", "content": "Comparative immunoelectrophoretic and immunodiffusion analyses have indicated that H37Rv shares a number of antigens with other mycobacteria. Some of these shared antigens are polysaccharide in nature wheras others are proteins. The two antigens that this organism shares with M. smegmatis are primarily polysaccharides and so is the antigen that it shares with BCG ribosomal fraction. With M. kansasii, the H36Rv shares both polysaccharide and protein antigens, the polysaccharide antigens being the same ones that are shared by M. smegmatis and BCG. On the other hand, the H37Rv appears to share only protein antigens with M. marinum and none with M. leprae. It is suggested that the antigen that is shared between M. kansasii and H37Rv could be specific to these two strains and the one that is shared between M. kansaii, H37Rv and BCG ribosomal fraction could be related to the virulence potential of the individual species.", "contents": "Comparative analysis of the antigens of M. tuberculosis H37RV with various mycobacterial antigens. Comparative immunoelectrophoretic and immunodiffusion analyses have indicated that H37Rv shares a number of antigens with other mycobacteria. Some of these shared antigens are polysaccharide in nature wheras others are proteins. The two antigens that this organism shares with M. smegmatis are primarily polysaccharides and so is the antigen that it shares with BCG ribosomal fraction. With M. kansasii, the H36Rv shares both polysaccharide and protein antigens, the polysaccharide antigens being the same ones that are shared by M. smegmatis and BCG. On the other hand, the H37Rv appears to share only protein antigens with M. marinum and none with M. leprae. It is suggested that the antigen that is shared between M. kansasii and H37Rv could be specific to these two strains and the one that is shared between M. kansaii, H37Rv and BCG ribosomal fraction could be related to the virulence potential of the individual species.", "PMID": 403715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2114", "title": "Endocrine morbidity in adults treated with cerebral irradiation for brain tumours during childhood.", "content": "Hypothalamic-pituitary function was assessed in 20 adult subjects who were treated with cerebral irradiation for brain tumours during childhood between 8 and 32 years earlier. Nine patients showed impaired growth hormone (GH) responses to hypoglycaemia, of whom, 7 are below the third centile for standing height. All GH deficient subjects received more than 2950 rads to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis with a maximum dose of approximately 5000 rads being used in one case. Three subjects have an elevated basal serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level and 2 of these show an exaggerated TSH response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) but no patient was clinically or biochemically hypothyroid. The rest of hypothalamic-pituitary function was essentially normal. This study shows that multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies do no develop with time when the radiation dose is below a critical level. Thus it appears that there is a gradation of radiation damage to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis which is dependent primarily on the dose received rather than the time interval after radiotherapy.", "contents": "Endocrine morbidity in adults treated with cerebral irradiation for brain tumours during childhood. Hypothalamic-pituitary function was assessed in 20 adult subjects who were treated with cerebral irradiation for brain tumours during childhood between 8 and 32 years earlier. Nine patients showed impaired growth hormone (GH) responses to hypoglycaemia, of whom, 7 are below the third centile for standing height. All GH deficient subjects received more than 2950 rads to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis with a maximum dose of approximately 5000 rads being used in one case. Three subjects have an elevated basal serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level and 2 of these show an exaggerated TSH response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) but no patient was clinically or biochemically hypothyroid. The rest of hypothalamic-pituitary function was essentially normal. This study shows that multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies do no develop with time when the radiation dose is below a critical level. Thus it appears that there is a gradation of radiation damage to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis which is dependent primarily on the dose received rather than the time interval after radiotherapy.", "PMID": 403723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2115", "title": "Effects of dipyridamole on sodium and potassium content of human red blood cells.", "content": "The effects of dipyridamole on potassium and sodium content of human red blood cells from normals or from patients with hypochromic anaemia, and of normal red cells pretreated with menadione, have been studied. Dipyridamole added to the incubation medium decreases the loss of potassium and the accumulation of sodium in all three types of red cells incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h, either with or without calcium. The possible mechanism underlying these effects of dipyridamole is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of dipyridamole on sodium and potassium content of human red blood cells. The effects of dipyridamole on potassium and sodium content of human red blood cells from normals or from patients with hypochromic anaemia, and of normal red cells pretreated with menadione, have been studied. Dipyridamole added to the incubation medium decreases the loss of potassium and the accumulation of sodium in all three types of red cells incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h, either with or without calcium. The possible mechanism underlying these effects of dipyridamole is discussed.", "PMID": 403724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2116", "title": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Relation to activity.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 20 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 3 patients with drug-induced lupus and 20 normal controls were studied. The absolute number of E-rosette-forming cells (ERFC) and surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells were determined during active and inactive stages of the disease. An attempt was made to establish the relationship between the number of ERFC and the clinical stages of the disease on one hand and treatment on the other. A decrease in ERFC was observed in all SLE patients, but it was most prominent in patients with active disease. No correlation was found between treatment and the decreased numbers of ERFC.", "contents": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Relation to activity. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 20 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 3 patients with drug-induced lupus and 20 normal controls were studied. The absolute number of E-rosette-forming cells (ERFC) and surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells were determined during active and inactive stages of the disease. An attempt was made to establish the relationship between the number of ERFC and the clinical stages of the disease on one hand and treatment on the other. A decrease in ERFC was observed in all SLE patients, but it was most prominent in patients with active disease. No correlation was found between treatment and the decreased numbers of ERFC.", "PMID": 403725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2117", "title": "Cold agglutinins in a case of chronic lymphatic leukaemia. A study of the lymphocyte surface.", "content": "A case of chronic lymphatic leukaemia with cold agglutinins is presented in which peripheral blood lymphocytes of varying maturity appeared to possess T- and B-cell markers. A cold agglutinin IgM in type is identified in the serum and at the cell surface. This seems to be responsible for the spontaneous rosetting of sheep red blood cells (SRBC); A single clonal origin of these cells is suggested with maturation arrest. It is also suggested that with configurational change in lymphocyte surface cryoglobulins may sometimes produce spontaneous rosetting with SRBC.", "contents": "Cold agglutinins in a case of chronic lymphatic leukaemia. A study of the lymphocyte surface. A case of chronic lymphatic leukaemia with cold agglutinins is presented in which peripheral blood lymphocytes of varying maturity appeared to possess T- and B-cell markers. A cold agglutinin IgM in type is identified in the serum and at the cell surface. This seems to be responsible for the spontaneous rosetting of sheep red blood cells (SRBC); A single clonal origin of these cells is suggested with maturation arrest. It is also suggested that with configurational change in lymphocyte surface cryoglobulins may sometimes produce spontaneous rosetting with SRBC.", "PMID": 403726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2118", "title": "Peptichemio: A new oncolytic drug in combination with vincristine and prednisolone in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas.", "content": "Peptichemio, a new oncolytic drug with alkylating and antimetabolic properties was employed in combination with vincristine and 6-methylprednisolone (PVP) for the treatment of diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), stages III and IV. 52 of 66 patients who entered the PVP protocol were considered evaluable: the overall remission rate in diffuse lymphocytic poorly differentiated lymphomas (DLPD) was 56.6 and 55% in diffuse histiocytic lymphomas (DHL). Median duration of complete remission was 16 months in DLPD and 13 months in DHL. Dramatic results were obtained in \"oncologic emergencies,\" such as mediastinal involvement and spinal cord compression. Bone marrow depression from PVP was moderate and never caused discontinuation of therapy. According to these results the PVP protocol would appear susceptible of offering a major contribution to the chemotherapy of diffuse NHL.", "contents": "Peptichemio: A new oncolytic drug in combination with vincristine and prednisolone in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Peptichemio, a new oncolytic drug with alkylating and antimetabolic properties was employed in combination with vincristine and 6-methylprednisolone (PVP) for the treatment of diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), stages III and IV. 52 of 66 patients who entered the PVP protocol were considered evaluable: the overall remission rate in diffuse lymphocytic poorly differentiated lymphomas (DLPD) was 56.6 and 55% in diffuse histiocytic lymphomas (DHL). Median duration of complete remission was 16 months in DLPD and 13 months in DHL. Dramatic results were obtained in \"oncologic emergencies,\" such as mediastinal involvement and spinal cord compression. Bone marrow depression from PVP was moderate and never caused discontinuation of therapy. According to these results the PVP protocol would appear susceptible of offering a major contribution to the chemotherapy of diffuse NHL.", "PMID": 403727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2119", "title": "Inherited platelet abnormalities associated with low factor VIII activity in the same family.", "content": "Six of eight examined members belonging to two generations of the same (NEG-TUR) family were shown to have functional changes in platelets and/or a moderate decrease of factor VIII activity (FVIII:C) in plasma, with normal values of factor VIII-related antigen (VIII R:AG). Platelet defects (mainly a reduced PF3 availability, present in five patients) and factor VIII decrease were combined differently in individual members. Only two male members with both the PF 3 and FVIII:C defects had moderate haemorrhagic symptoms following traumatic injuries. One of them had also an absent adhesiveness to glass, the other one an absent adhesiveness to collagen and a reduced platelet aggregation by ADP and by collagen. Bleeding time, platelet function tests (in the other members), and routine coagulation tests were within normal range; ristocetin aggregation was also normal in all members. We think that two inherited defects, a mild haemophilia A and a \"sui generis\" thrombocytopathy, co-exist in this family.", "contents": "Inherited platelet abnormalities associated with low factor VIII activity in the same family. Six of eight examined members belonging to two generations of the same (NEG-TUR) family were shown to have functional changes in platelets and/or a moderate decrease of factor VIII activity (FVIII:C) in plasma, with normal values of factor VIII-related antigen (VIII R:AG). Platelet defects (mainly a reduced PF3 availability, present in five patients) and factor VIII decrease were combined differently in individual members. Only two male members with both the PF 3 and FVIII:C defects had moderate haemorrhagic symptoms following traumatic injuries. One of them had also an absent adhesiveness to glass, the other one an absent adhesiveness to collagen and a reduced platelet aggregation by ADP and by collagen. Bleeding time, platelet function tests (in the other members), and routine coagulation tests were within normal range; ristocetin aggregation was also normal in all members. We think that two inherited defects, a mild haemophilia A and a \"sui generis\" thrombocytopathy, co-exist in this family.", "PMID": 403728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2120", "title": "Influence of cytostatics on some platelet functions in vitro. V. Hydroxyurea.", "content": "Hydroxyurea added to citrated platelet-rich plasma in vitro did not influence the aggregation of the platelets, their adhesion to glass, their release of aggregating activity, platelet factor 4 or availability of platelet factor 3. Neither did it have any effect on the uptake of 14C-serotonin, the reptilase clot retraction or the coagulation system.", "contents": "Influence of cytostatics on some platelet functions in vitro. V. Hydroxyurea. Hydroxyurea added to citrated platelet-rich plasma in vitro did not influence the aggregation of the platelets, their adhesion to glass, their release of aggregating activity, platelet factor 4 or availability of platelet factor 3. Neither did it have any effect on the uptake of 14C-serotonin, the reptilase clot retraction or the coagulation system.", "PMID": 403729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2121", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of leukemic human B lymphocytes.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma, centrocytic lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In general, SEM revealed rather homogenous cell populations. Most lymphocytes displayed a moderately villous surface architecture, although smooth surfaces predominated in 3 cases with CLL and in 1 case with lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma. Hairy cells showed surface features of both lymphocytes and monocytes. The results indicate that leukemic B and T lymphocytes cannot be distinguished by SEM alone.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of leukemic human B lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma, centrocytic lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In general, SEM revealed rather homogenous cell populations. Most lymphocytes displayed a moderately villous surface architecture, although smooth surfaces predominated in 3 cases with CLL and in 1 case with lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma. Hairy cells showed surface features of both lymphocytes and monocytes. The results indicate that leukemic B and T lymphocytes cannot be distinguished by SEM alone.", "PMID": 403730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2122", "title": "Postoperative platelet function in patients on small subcutaneous doses of heparin.", "content": "Several platelet function tests were performed on 31 patients undergoing major operations, who recieved prophylactically small subcutaneous doses of heparin. A group of 15 similar patients without heparin served as controls. It was found that postoperatively in both groups (a) the platelet retention in glass bead column was significantly increased (p less than 0.001), (b) the platelet aggregation by ADP 1 micronM was slightly increased, (c) the collagen-induced aggregation, ADP release and the bleeding time remained unchanged and (d) the platelet counts decreased in the first 2 postoperative days and increased thereafter. There was no difference between patients on heparin and controls.", "contents": "Postoperative platelet function in patients on small subcutaneous doses of heparin. Several platelet function tests were performed on 31 patients undergoing major operations, who recieved prophylactically small subcutaneous doses of heparin. A group of 15 similar patients without heparin served as controls. It was found that postoperatively in both groups (a) the platelet retention in glass bead column was significantly increased (p less than 0.001), (b) the platelet aggregation by ADP 1 micronM was slightly increased, (c) the collagen-induced aggregation, ADP release and the bleeding time remained unchanged and (d) the platelet counts decreased in the first 2 postoperative days and increased thereafter. There was no difference between patients on heparin and controls.", "PMID": 403731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2123", "title": "Antihaemophilic factor A activity, F VIII-related antigen and von Wilebrand factor in hepatic cirrhosis.", "content": "F VIII activity, F VIII-related antigen and von Willebrand factor were measured in 46 patients with hepatic cirrhosis and in 30 normal individuals. These parameters were significantly higher in hepatic cirrhosis than in the controls. Linear relationships between F VIII activity and F VIII-related antigen and between F VIII-related antigen and von Willebrand factor were found in patients with hepatic cirrhosis as well as in normal individuals. However, in both groups no relationship between F VIII activity and von Willebrand factor was present. The existence of a low-grade intravascular coagulation in hepatic cirrhosis may be postulated but more information about the metabolism of F VIII protein is needed before such a statement can be proven.", "contents": "Antihaemophilic factor A activity, F VIII-related antigen and von Wilebrand factor in hepatic cirrhosis. F VIII activity, F VIII-related antigen and von Willebrand factor were measured in 46 patients with hepatic cirrhosis and in 30 normal individuals. These parameters were significantly higher in hepatic cirrhosis than in the controls. Linear relationships between F VIII activity and F VIII-related antigen and between F VIII-related antigen and von Willebrand factor were found in patients with hepatic cirrhosis as well as in normal individuals. However, in both groups no relationship between F VIII activity and von Willebrand factor was present. The existence of a low-grade intravascular coagulation in hepatic cirrhosis may be postulated but more information about the metabolism of F VIII protein is needed before such a statement can be proven.", "PMID": 403732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2124", "title": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia with elevated leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, positive indirect Coombs' test, neutrophilic leukocytosis and unusual cytogenetical findings.", "content": "An unusual case of chronic myelogeous leukemia (CML) is reported which was characterized by leukocytosis without a shift to the left, elevated leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, positive indirect Coombs' test, anemia and thrombocytosis, as well as the absence of hepatosplenomegaly. The diagnosis of CML was ascertained by the presence of Philadelphia chromosome with translocation of its deleted arms on the short arms on the short arms of a chromosome No. 6. The possible relationship between the chromosomal aberration and the unusual hematological and clinical features of this case is discussed.", "contents": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia with elevated leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, positive indirect Coombs' test, neutrophilic leukocytosis and unusual cytogenetical findings. An unusual case of chronic myelogeous leukemia (CML) is reported which was characterized by leukocytosis without a shift to the left, elevated leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, positive indirect Coombs' test, anemia and thrombocytosis, as well as the absence of hepatosplenomegaly. The diagnosis of CML was ascertained by the presence of Philadelphia chromosome with translocation of its deleted arms on the short arms on the short arms of a chromosome No. 6. The possible relationship between the chromosomal aberration and the unusual hematological and clinical features of this case is discussed.", "PMID": 403733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2125", "title": "Erythrocyte delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase, urinary porphyrins and porphyrin precursors in iron deficiency anaemia.", "content": "In 20 iron deficient patients and 21 normal controls the activity of the enzyme delta-ALA dehydratase of erythrocytes was assayed. In addition the urine porphyrins and porphyrin precursor excretions were measured. It was found that in sideropenic patients the erythrocyte delta-ALA dehydratase activity was almost constantly higher than in normals; the difference of the mean values being statistically significant (p less than 0.005). A significant diminution of delta-ALA (p less than 0.0025) urine excretion was observed, whereas the urine excretion of PBG, CP and UP was found within the normal limits. The results are compared to those reported by other authors.", "contents": "Erythrocyte delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase, urinary porphyrins and porphyrin precursors in iron deficiency anaemia. In 20 iron deficient patients and 21 normal controls the activity of the enzyme delta-ALA dehydratase of erythrocytes was assayed. In addition the urine porphyrins and porphyrin precursor excretions were measured. It was found that in sideropenic patients the erythrocyte delta-ALA dehydratase activity was almost constantly higher than in normals; the difference of the mean values being statistically significant (p less than 0.005). A significant diminution of delta-ALA (p less than 0.0025) urine excretion was observed, whereas the urine excretion of PBG, CP and UP was found within the normal limits. The results are compared to those reported by other authors.", "PMID": 403734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2126", "title": "Loss of the Y chromosome from bone marrow cells of males with myeloproliferative disorders. Report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Two additional cases of myeloproliferative disorders are described showing as the only chromosome abnormality a loss of the Y chromosome. Comparing these cases with cases reviewed from the literature indicates that a loss of the Y chromosome in Ph1-positive and Ph1-negative CML may cause only a somewhat longer life expectancy following diagnosis. The exact role of the Y chromosome, however, in the initiation or progression of a malignant disorder cannot be stated at this time.", "contents": "Loss of the Y chromosome from bone marrow cells of males with myeloproliferative disorders. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Two additional cases of myeloproliferative disorders are described showing as the only chromosome abnormality a loss of the Y chromosome. Comparing these cases with cases reviewed from the literature indicates that a loss of the Y chromosome in Ph1-positive and Ph1-negative CML may cause only a somewhat longer life expectancy following diagnosis. The exact role of the Y chromosome, however, in the initiation or progression of a malignant disorder cannot be stated at this time.", "PMID": 403735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2127", "title": "Infant primate larynx: developmental histology.", "content": "Laryngeal epithelium of monkeys (M. mulatta, M. nemestrina) ranging in age from late fetal to adult was found to undergo the following developmental changes: (1) progressive elaboration of commissural epithelium prenatally, reaching the adult form of pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium early in the postnatal period;(2) vocal process epithelium changing from cuboid to stratified squamous tissue during the late prenatal period, and (3) progressive increments in overall epithelial thicknees during development, reaching a maximum in the early postnatal period. Chondrocyte density of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage decreased during the late prenatal period, reaching the adult form at the neonatal stage. The evidence suggests that mechanical or metaplastic stresses do not determine the observed tissue changes.", "contents": "Infant primate larynx: developmental histology. Laryngeal epithelium of monkeys (M. mulatta, M. nemestrina) ranging in age from late fetal to adult was found to undergo the following developmental changes: (1) progressive elaboration of commissural epithelium prenatally, reaching the adult form of pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium early in the postnatal period;(2) vocal process epithelium changing from cuboid to stratified squamous tissue during the late prenatal period, and (3) progressive increments in overall epithelial thicknees during development, reaching a maximum in the early postnatal period. Chondrocyte density of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage decreased during the late prenatal period, reaching the adult form at the neonatal stage. The evidence suggests that mechanical or metaplastic stresses do not determine the observed tissue changes.", "PMID": 403736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2128", "title": "Non-human primate dental arch form.", "content": "Multivariate statistical analysis, based upon a number of dimensions, showed significant contrasts in dental arch form between four primate groups, which was difficult to identify from subjective visual inspection. Furthermore, analysis of dental arch size was shown to differ from dental arch shape, although whether this reflected predominantly genetic or environmental factors, requires further research.", "contents": "Non-human primate dental arch form. Multivariate statistical analysis, based upon a number of dimensions, showed significant contrasts in dental arch form between four primate groups, which was difficult to identify from subjective visual inspection. Furthermore, analysis of dental arch size was shown to differ from dental arch shape, although whether this reflected predominantly genetic or environmental factors, requires further research.", "PMID": 403737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2129", "title": "Macroglobulinemia Waldenstr\u00f6m and motor neuron syndrome.", "content": "One patient suffering from macroglobulinemia Waldenstr\u00f6m developed a neurological disease which may be a previously unrecognized paramalignant phenomenon in this disorder. The clinical symptoms and signs indicate a motor neuron syndrome and autopsy revealed degeneration of ventral and lateral funicles in the spinal cord, loss of ventral motor neurons, degeneration of ventral nerve roots and muscular atrophy. The rather low incidence of macroglobulinemia and motor neuron disease suggest some causal relationship rather than a sporadic occurrence of two disorders in the same patient.", "contents": "Macroglobulinemia Waldenstr\u00f6m and motor neuron syndrome. One patient suffering from macroglobulinemia Waldenstr\u00f6m developed a neurological disease which may be a previously unrecognized paramalignant phenomenon in this disorder. The clinical symptoms and signs indicate a motor neuron syndrome and autopsy revealed degeneration of ventral and lateral funicles in the spinal cord, loss of ventral motor neurons, degeneration of ventral nerve roots and muscular atrophy. The rather low incidence of macroglobulinemia and motor neuron disease suggest some causal relationship rather than a sporadic occurrence of two disorders in the same patient.", "PMID": 403738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2130", "title": "Changes in the ultrastructure of satellite cells of slow loris in tricresylphosphate poisoning.", "content": "Toxic reaction of satellite cells from posterior root ganglia of slow loris in TCP poisoning is described. The satellite cells in experimental animals show a marked increase in the rough ER, Golgi complex, microvesicles and filaments. Furthermore there is also an increase in the number of dense bodies and mitochondrial density in these cells. The significance of these changes are discussed and it is concluded that in TCP poisoning not only the neurons but the supporting cells are also affected.", "contents": "Changes in the ultrastructure of satellite cells of slow loris in tricresylphosphate poisoning. Toxic reaction of satellite cells from posterior root ganglia of slow loris in TCP poisoning is described. The satellite cells in experimental animals show a marked increase in the rough ER, Golgi complex, microvesicles and filaments. Furthermore there is also an increase in the number of dense bodies and mitochondrial density in these cells. The significance of these changes are discussed and it is concluded that in TCP poisoning not only the neurons but the supporting cells are also affected.", "PMID": 403739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2131", "title": "A comparison of the effects of three widely used glutaraldehyde fixatives on cellular volume and structure. A TEM, SEM, Volumetric and Cytochemical Study.", "content": "The effects of three widely used glutaraldehyde-based fixatives on cellular volume and structure have been studied utilizing TEM, SEM, time-lapse micrography during the fixation procedure, volumetry and demonstration of the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase. The cells used were in vitro cultivated human glia and glioma cells and suspensions of isolated rat liver parenchymal cells. The fixatives compared were the following: 2 per cent glutaraldehyde (GA) in 0.1 M Na-cacodylate-HCL buffer (cac) with 0.1 M sucrose (pH 7.2); total osmolality (T) 510 mOsmol; vehicle osmolality (V) 300 mOsm, 2 per cent GA in 0.1 M cac (pH 7.2; T = 410 mOsmol; V = 200 mOsmol) and 1.5 per cent GA in 0.067 M cac with 0.033 M sucrose (pH 7.2; T = 320 mOsmol; V = 170 mOsmol). It was found that the fixative with a vehicle osmolality of 300 mOsmol gave results which were interpreted as ideal while the two fixatives were hypotonic vehicles resulted in changes which were easily demonstrated during volumetry, time-lapse micrography, SEM and cytochemistry. However, the differences observed in the TEM were less obvious and difficult to interpret, the major alternations being changes in the configuration of the ER in the liver cells. In conclusion, our findings show that even small variations in the composition of a glutaraldehyde fixative can result in structural changes which do not correspond to the functional morphology of a living cell. Such changes make correct interpretation of micrographs difficult.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of three widely used glutaraldehyde fixatives on cellular volume and structure. A TEM, SEM, Volumetric and Cytochemical Study. The effects of three widely used glutaraldehyde-based fixatives on cellular volume and structure have been studied utilizing TEM, SEM, time-lapse micrography during the fixation procedure, volumetry and demonstration of the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase. The cells used were in vitro cultivated human glia and glioma cells and suspensions of isolated rat liver parenchymal cells. The fixatives compared were the following: 2 per cent glutaraldehyde (GA) in 0.1 M Na-cacodylate-HCL buffer (cac) with 0.1 M sucrose (pH 7.2); total osmolality (T) 510 mOsmol; vehicle osmolality (V) 300 mOsm, 2 per cent GA in 0.1 M cac (pH 7.2; T = 410 mOsmol; V = 200 mOsmol) and 1.5 per cent GA in 0.067 M cac with 0.033 M sucrose (pH 7.2; T = 320 mOsmol; V = 170 mOsmol). It was found that the fixative with a vehicle osmolality of 300 mOsmol gave results which were interpreted as ideal while the two fixatives were hypotonic vehicles resulted in changes which were easily demonstrated during volumetry, time-lapse micrography, SEM and cytochemistry. However, the differences observed in the TEM were less obvious and difficult to interpret, the major alternations being changes in the configuration of the ER in the liver cells. In conclusion, our findings show that even small variations in the composition of a glutaraldehyde fixative can result in structural changes which do not correspond to the functional morphology of a living cell. Such changes make correct interpretation of micrographs difficult.", "PMID": 403740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2132", "title": "The effects of variations in extracellular magnesium concentration on electrical and mechanical activity in rat portal vein.", "content": "The effects of various concentrations of extracellular Mg2+ on electrical and mechanical activity of the rat portal vein were studied. The integrated spontaneous contractile activity in the preparation was largest in Mg2+-free solution, decreased to about 50% at 1.2 mM Mg2+ and was almost completely abolished at 10 mM Mg2+. Each spontaneous contraction became smaller whereas contraction frequency was less affected. Sucrose gap recordings showed that the reduced spontaneous mechanical output was associated with decreased electrical activity on increasing [Mg2+]0. Increasing [K+]0 from 6 to 12 mM normalized the spontaneous mechanical activity in 10 mM Mg2+ solution. Local registration of electrical activity with 3 extracellular glass capillary electrodes showed that inactive areas developed at the high Mg2+ concentrations. These findings indicate that Mg2+ exerts a hyperpolarizing action on the smooth muscle cell membrane and, at the highest concentration, interferes with intercellular propagation. [Mg2+]0 in the range of 0-10 mM had no effect on the amplitude of K+ (122 mM) contractures at [Ca2+]0 greater than 0.5 mM. At [Ca2+]0 less than or equal to 0.5 the amplitude diminished with increasing [Mg2+]0. The latter observation indicates that Mg2+ can interfere with the Ca2+-permeability of the depolarized cell membrane. 1 mM EDTA in Na-tris 0 mM Mg2+ and 0 mM Ca2+ seemed to lower intracellular Mg2+ below the minimum concentration needed for contractile activity.", "contents": "The effects of variations in extracellular magnesium concentration on electrical and mechanical activity in rat portal vein. The effects of various concentrations of extracellular Mg2+ on electrical and mechanical activity of the rat portal vein were studied. The integrated spontaneous contractile activity in the preparation was largest in Mg2+-free solution, decreased to about 50% at 1.2 mM Mg2+ and was almost completely abolished at 10 mM Mg2+. Each spontaneous contraction became smaller whereas contraction frequency was less affected. Sucrose gap recordings showed that the reduced spontaneous mechanical output was associated with decreased electrical activity on increasing [Mg2+]0. Increasing [K+]0 from 6 to 12 mM normalized the spontaneous mechanical activity in 10 mM Mg2+ solution. Local registration of electrical activity with 3 extracellular glass capillary electrodes showed that inactive areas developed at the high Mg2+ concentrations. These findings indicate that Mg2+ exerts a hyperpolarizing action on the smooth muscle cell membrane and, at the highest concentration, interferes with intercellular propagation. [Mg2+]0 in the range of 0-10 mM had no effect on the amplitude of K+ (122 mM) contractures at [Ca2+]0 greater than 0.5 mM. At [Ca2+]0 less than or equal to 0.5 the amplitude diminished with increasing [Mg2+]0. The latter observation indicates that Mg2+ can interfere with the Ca2+-permeability of the depolarized cell membrane. 1 mM EDTA in Na-tris 0 mM Mg2+ and 0 mM Ca2+ seemed to lower intracellular Mg2+ below the minimum concentration needed for contractile activity.", "PMID": 403741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2133", "title": "Determination of 58Co-vitamin B12 absorption in pernicious anemia by use of whole-body counting: Reproducibility and control of gut transit time.", "content": "In 15 patients with pernicious anemia, the fractional retention of 58Co-cyanocobalamin (FRB12) without administration of intrinsic factor (IF) averaged 4.9% (range 0-12.7). With administration of IF, FRB12 averaged 32.7% (range 26.6--42.3) in the patients and 65.6% (range 38.8--84.6) in 16 control subjects. The gut transit time for vitamin B12 was evaluated from the excretion of radiopaque pellets given concomitantly with the 58Co-vitamin B12. The retention of the pellets was positively correlated to that of the non-absorbed 58Co-B12. Control of the gut transit time is recommended at each examination of FRB12 in order to avoid falsely high values due to the retention of non-absorbed 58Co-B12. We found a good reproducibility of FRB12 when determined in fasting subjects, and it is therefore unnecessary to give the patients a B12-free meal prior to the examination. As the FRB12 in all probability is only a little lower than the fractional absorption, the present method is applicalble for the determination of B12 absorption.", "contents": "Determination of 58Co-vitamin B12 absorption in pernicious anemia by use of whole-body counting: Reproducibility and control of gut transit time. In 15 patients with pernicious anemia, the fractional retention of 58Co-cyanocobalamin (FRB12) without administration of intrinsic factor (IF) averaged 4.9% (range 0-12.7). With administration of IF, FRB12 averaged 32.7% (range 26.6--42.3) in the patients and 65.6% (range 38.8--84.6) in 16 control subjects. The gut transit time for vitamin B12 was evaluated from the excretion of radiopaque pellets given concomitantly with the 58Co-vitamin B12. The retention of the pellets was positively correlated to that of the non-absorbed 58Co-B12. Control of the gut transit time is recommended at each examination of FRB12 in order to avoid falsely high values due to the retention of non-absorbed 58Co-B12. We found a good reproducibility of FRB12 when determined in fasting subjects, and it is therefore unnecessary to give the patients a B12-free meal prior to the examination. As the FRB12 in all probability is only a little lower than the fractional absorption, the present method is applicalble for the determination of B12 absorption.", "PMID": 403742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2134", "title": "Choreoathetosis during phenytoin treatment.", "content": "A patient with symptomatic epilepsy receiving only phenytoin developed choreoathetosis and orofacial dyskinesias. These movement disorders disappeared when the drug was stopped and reappeared when the patient was challenged. Throughout the period of treatment, concentrations of phenytoin in serum were consistently low within the therapeutic range. Interfering symptoms from the cardiovascular system and the absence of some classic symptoms of phenytoin intoxication (nystagmus and dysarthria) contributed to delay the diagnosis. The patient died in hospital and autopsy of the brain showed rather localized encephalomalacies of corpus striatum. The pathogenic action of phenytoin and the role of preexisting brain lesions are discussed. Phenytoin must be suspected as the cause, when patients on this drug present with uncontrolllable epilepsy or neurological or mental deterioration.", "contents": "Choreoathetosis during phenytoin treatment. A patient with symptomatic epilepsy receiving only phenytoin developed choreoathetosis and orofacial dyskinesias. These movement disorders disappeared when the drug was stopped and reappeared when the patient was challenged. Throughout the period of treatment, concentrations of phenytoin in serum were consistently low within the therapeutic range. Interfering symptoms from the cardiovascular system and the absence of some classic symptoms of phenytoin intoxication (nystagmus and dysarthria) contributed to delay the diagnosis. The patient died in hospital and autopsy of the brain showed rather localized encephalomalacies of corpus striatum. The pathogenic action of phenytoin and the role of preexisting brain lesions are discussed. Phenytoin must be suspected as the cause, when patients on this drug present with uncontrolllable epilepsy or neurological or mental deterioration.", "PMID": 403743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2135", "title": "Comparison between serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine estimation and the TRH test in the routine diagnosis of hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Serum T3 and T4 levels have been determined by a radioimmunoassay technique and the TRH test has been performed in 50 patients in whom hyperthyroidism could not be ruled out by the first clinical examination alone. Each patient was then further evaluated in order to establish the state of the thyroid function. The extent to which the determination of T3 or T4 could replace the TRH test in the routine diagnosis of hyperthyroisism was evaluated. The results showed that 26 of the 50 patients had normal thyroid function and 24 had hyperthyroidism. No patient in the normal groups and all but one in the hyperthyroid group had T3 levels above the upper normal limit (2 S.D.). Two of the patients in the normal group and 19 in the hyperthyroid group had T4 levels above the upper normal limit (2 S.D.). Twenty of the patients in the normal group showed a normal TSH response to TRH (increment is greater than 3.0 micronU/ml); the remaining 6 showed an impaired or absent response. Twenty of the hyperthyroid patients had no response and four had a slightly positive response to TRH. No hyperthyroid patient had a TSH response exceeding 3.0 micronU/ml. It is concluded that the determination of T3 is superior to both the determination of T4 and the TRH test for the laboratory discrimination between eu- and hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Comparison between serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine estimation and the TRH test in the routine diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Serum T3 and T4 levels have been determined by a radioimmunoassay technique and the TRH test has been performed in 50 patients in whom hyperthyroidism could not be ruled out by the first clinical examination alone. Each patient was then further evaluated in order to establish the state of the thyroid function. The extent to which the determination of T3 or T4 could replace the TRH test in the routine diagnosis of hyperthyroisism was evaluated. The results showed that 26 of the 50 patients had normal thyroid function and 24 had hyperthyroidism. No patient in the normal groups and all but one in the hyperthyroid group had T3 levels above the upper normal limit (2 S.D.). Two of the patients in the normal group and 19 in the hyperthyroid group had T4 levels above the upper normal limit (2 S.D.). Twenty of the patients in the normal group showed a normal TSH response to TRH (increment is greater than 3.0 micronU/ml); the remaining 6 showed an impaired or absent response. Twenty of the hyperthyroid patients had no response and four had a slightly positive response to TRH. No hyperthyroid patient had a TSH response exceeding 3.0 micronU/ml. It is concluded that the determination of T3 is superior to both the determination of T4 and the TRH test for the laboratory discrimination between eu- and hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 403744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2136", "title": "Divergent changes of serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The serum levels of thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3), thyroxine-binding globulin and thyroid-stimulating hormone have been monitored in 13 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The major changes recorded were a transient decrease in T3 and a transient increase in rT3. They reached a nadir and a peak, respectively, within three days. A conceivable explanation for these alterations is that the monodeiodination of T4 is diverted from the activating pathway (T4 to T3) to the inactivating pathway (T4 to rT3).", "contents": "Divergent changes of serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The serum levels of thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3), thyroxine-binding globulin and thyroid-stimulating hormone have been monitored in 13 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The major changes recorded were a transient decrease in T3 and a transient increase in rT3. They reached a nadir and a peak, respectively, within three days. A conceivable explanation for these alterations is that the monodeiodination of T4 is diverted from the activating pathway (T4 to T3) to the inactivating pathway (T4 to rT3).", "PMID": 403745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2137", "title": "Urinary excretion of ten plasma proteins in patients with febrile diseases.", "content": "The 24-hour urinary excretion of albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, IgM, free lambda and kappa light chains from immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and beta2-microglobulin has been investigated in 22 patients with febrile diseases, using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction. The average excretion of the 10 proteins was significantly increased in the patients compared with a control group. In patients with body temperature is greater than or equal to 38.5 degrees C the tubular type of proteinuria was significantly increased compared with those with body temperature is less than 38.5 degrees C. Sequential studies in 10 patients showed that the tubular type of proteinuria occurred in all, whereas the glomerular type was demonstrated in 8. when the fever had subsided, the tubular proteinuria disappeared rapidly i in all patients, while the glomerular proteinuria disappeared in only 4 out of 8. It was shown that tubular proteinuria was caused by fever per se, and it is suggested that glomerular prteinuria might be due to an immue response to antigens, derived from the infectious agents, producing a transient or permanent glomerular injury.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of ten plasma proteins in patients with febrile diseases. The 24-hour urinary excretion of albumin, transferrin, haptoglobin, IgG, IgA, IgM, free lambda and kappa light chains from immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and beta2-microglobulin has been investigated in 22 patients with febrile diseases, using an automated immunoprecipitin reaction. The average excretion of the 10 proteins was significantly increased in the patients compared with a control group. In patients with body temperature is greater than or equal to 38.5 degrees C the tubular type of proteinuria was significantly increased compared with those with body temperature is less than 38.5 degrees C. Sequential studies in 10 patients showed that the tubular type of proteinuria occurred in all, whereas the glomerular type was demonstrated in 8. when the fever had subsided, the tubular proteinuria disappeared rapidly i in all patients, while the glomerular proteinuria disappeared in only 4 out of 8. It was shown that tubular proteinuria was caused by fever per se, and it is suggested that glomerular prteinuria might be due to an immue response to antigens, derived from the infectious agents, producing a transient or permanent glomerular injury.", "PMID": 403746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2138", "title": "Role of the Hancock \"stabilized glutaraldehyde process\" bioprosthesis in the management of mitral valve disease.", "content": "The low mortality of isolated mitral valve (MV) replacement permits attention to be focused on those valve-related factors which affect the quality of life after operation. Comparison of a number of MV prostheses indicates that all perform satisfactorily from the hemodynamic standpoint. An asset of the \"stabilized glutaraldehyde process\" (SGP) Hancock bioprosthesis (H-B) is the significantly lower incidence of thromboembolism encountered in patients who have not been permanently anticoagulated. While additional time is required before meaningful durability comparisons can be made, the absence of valve failure and the low incidence of tissue dysfunction in H-B over 6 1/2 years is encouraging. Although the ideal device for replacing the MV is not yet available, the Hancock SGP bioprostheses represent the best compromise of available choices.", "contents": "Role of the Hancock \"stabilized glutaraldehyde process\" bioprosthesis in the management of mitral valve disease. The low mortality of isolated mitral valve (MV) replacement permits attention to be focused on those valve-related factors which affect the quality of life after operation. Comparison of a number of MV prostheses indicates that all perform satisfactorily from the hemodynamic standpoint. An asset of the \"stabilized glutaraldehyde process\" (SGP) Hancock bioprosthesis (H-B) is the significantly lower incidence of thromboembolism encountered in patients who have not been permanently anticoagulated. While additional time is required before meaningful durability comparisons can be made, the absence of valve failure and the low incidence of tissue dysfunction in H-B over 6 1/2 years is encouraging. Although the ideal device for replacing the MV is not yet available, the Hancock SGP bioprostheses represent the best compromise of available choices.", "PMID": 403748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2139", "title": "Severe papillary muscle dysfunction substantiated by atrial pacing during cardiac catheterization.", "content": "A patient experienced episodic pulmonary edema accompanying nocturnal angina pectoris. The symptoms were provoked at cardiac catheterization by atrial pacing. Simultaneous onset of chest pain, shortness of breath, and sudden appearance of a large V wave in the pulmonary artery wedge pressure contour confirmed acute mitral valve regurgitation. Rapid reversal of these changes after nitroglycerin administration supported \"papillary muscle dysfunction\" as the explanation for these hemodynamic changes.", "contents": "Severe papillary muscle dysfunction substantiated by atrial pacing during cardiac catheterization. A patient experienced episodic pulmonary edema accompanying nocturnal angina pectoris. The symptoms were provoked at cardiac catheterization by atrial pacing. Simultaneous onset of chest pain, shortness of breath, and sudden appearance of a large V wave in the pulmonary artery wedge pressure contour confirmed acute mitral valve regurgitation. Rapid reversal of these changes after nitroglycerin administration supported \"papillary muscle dysfunction\" as the explanation for these hemodynamic changes.", "PMID": 403754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2140", "title": "Parenteral nutrition of adults with a 900 milliosmolar solution via peripheral veins.", "content": "The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional value of three parenteral fluids: a conventional solution (400 milliosmoles/liter, containing Na, K, and Cl in 5% glucose); the concentrated hyperalimentation solution of Dudrick (1,800 milliosmoles/liter, containing Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca, P, and amino acids in 20% glucose); and an experimental solution (900 millisomoles/liter, containing Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca, P, and amino acids in 6.5% glucose). These three solutions are termed P400, C1,800, and P900, respectively. Preliminary studies showed that when 5 mg of cortisol/liter were added to P900, this fluid could be infused through peripheral veins for as long a time (average 114 hr) as P400 before local reaction necessitated changing the site. When P400 was infused in undernourished subjects without oral intake, balances of N, P, Mg, and Ca/70 kg of body weight per day were strongly negative (-4 g, -0.4 g, -6 mEq, and -0.2 g, respectively), whereas balances of K were about zero and those of Na and Cl were positive. Weight loss occurred. In the same patients, P900 containing 5 mg of cortisol/liter converted balances of N, P, Mg, and K to positive, and stimulated weight gain. Comparison of P900 (containing cortisol) and C1,800 in three emaciated subjects showed that the latter fluid caused a 2 to 4 times greater degree of positive balance in N, P, K, and Mg than the former. Comparison of P900 (containing cortisol) + 670-1700 cal by mouth with C1,800 in four undernourished subjects showed no statistically significant difference between these two programs. by adding 5 mg of cortisol/liter to P900, the fluid can be infused through peripheral veins. P900 is intermediate in nutritional value between P400 and C1,800. P900 without oral supplement prevents negative balance of all elements except Ca. P900 + daily oral intake of 670-1700 cal is nutritionally equivalent to C1,800.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition of adults with a 900 milliosmolar solution via peripheral veins. The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional value of three parenteral fluids: a conventional solution (400 milliosmoles/liter, containing Na, K, and Cl in 5% glucose); the concentrated hyperalimentation solution of Dudrick (1,800 milliosmoles/liter, containing Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca, P, and amino acids in 20% glucose); and an experimental solution (900 millisomoles/liter, containing Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca, P, and amino acids in 6.5% glucose). These three solutions are termed P400, C1,800, and P900, respectively. Preliminary studies showed that when 5 mg of cortisol/liter were added to P900, this fluid could be infused through peripheral veins for as long a time (average 114 hr) as P400 before local reaction necessitated changing the site. When P400 was infused in undernourished subjects without oral intake, balances of N, P, Mg, and Ca/70 kg of body weight per day were strongly negative (-4 g, -0.4 g, -6 mEq, and -0.2 g, respectively), whereas balances of K were about zero and those of Na and Cl were positive. Weight loss occurred. In the same patients, P900 containing 5 mg of cortisol/liter converted balances of N, P, Mg, and K to positive, and stimulated weight gain. Comparison of P900 (containing cortisol) and C1,800 in three emaciated subjects showed that the latter fluid caused a 2 to 4 times greater degree of positive balance in N, P, K, and Mg than the former. Comparison of P900 (containing cortisol) + 670-1700 cal by mouth with C1,800 in four undernourished subjects showed no statistically significant difference between these two programs. by adding 5 mg of cortisol/liter to P900, the fluid can be infused through peripheral veins. P900 is intermediate in nutritional value between P400 and C1,800. P900 without oral supplement prevents negative balance of all elements except Ca. P900 + daily oral intake of 670-1700 cal is nutritionally equivalent to C1,800.", "PMID": 403755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2141", "title": "Effect of glucose infusion on the concentration of individual serum free amino acids during sandfly fever in man.", "content": "After an intravenous glucose load in man, total serum amino acid concentrations are rapidly depressed and remain below baseline values for at least 2 to 3 hr after serum glucose and insulin have returned to preload concentrations. Despite the presence of basal hypoaminoacidemia, a decreased glucose disappearance rate, and hyperinsulinemia in volunteers who were ill with sandfly fever, an intravenous glucose load resulted in a further depression of serum amino acids which was equal to or slightly greater than that observed in the same individuals before exposure to the virus. Although the infectious process may have some effect on insulin-stimulated hepatic disposal of a glucose load, it does not appear to influence the ability on insulin to decrease the rate of release of certain amino acids from skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Effect of glucose infusion on the concentration of individual serum free amino acids during sandfly fever in man. After an intravenous glucose load in man, total serum amino acid concentrations are rapidly depressed and remain below baseline values for at least 2 to 3 hr after serum glucose and insulin have returned to preload concentrations. Despite the presence of basal hypoaminoacidemia, a decreased glucose disappearance rate, and hyperinsulinemia in volunteers who were ill with sandfly fever, an intravenous glucose load resulted in a further depression of serum amino acids which was equal to or slightly greater than that observed in the same individuals before exposure to the virus. Although the infectious process may have some effect on insulin-stimulated hepatic disposal of a glucose load, it does not appear to influence the ability on insulin to decrease the rate of release of certain amino acids from skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 403756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2142", "title": "Cellular and humoral immunity in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: correlation of immunodeficiencies with clinicopathologic factors.", "content": "Immune function was evaluated in 28 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients in an attempt to correlate the occurrence of immunodeficiency with the prognostic clinicopathologic factors, lymph-node histology, and clinical stage of disease. Anergy to a battery of recall antigens occurred infrequently (4/28) and only in patients who had Stage IV disease (4/8) (p = less than .004), but did not correlate with lymph-node histology. In contrast to anergy, cellular immunodeficiencies were often detected by lack of response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunization in patients regardless of stage. Reductions in at least two of three Ig fractions were found in a third of the patients, with, again, a significantly greater incidence in Stage IV patients (p = less than .005). No significant correlation with histologic type was possible. The response to phytohemagglutinin in vitro was reduced in the patients, but this was of no correlative value.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral immunity in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: correlation of immunodeficiencies with clinicopathologic factors. Immune function was evaluated in 28 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients in an attempt to correlate the occurrence of immunodeficiency with the prognostic clinicopathologic factors, lymph-node histology, and clinical stage of disease. Anergy to a battery of recall antigens occurred infrequently (4/28) and only in patients who had Stage IV disease (4/8) (p = less than .004), but did not correlate with lymph-node histology. In contrast to anergy, cellular immunodeficiencies were often detected by lack of response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunization in patients regardless of stage. Reductions in at least two of three Ig fractions were found in a third of the patients, with, again, a significantly greater incidence in Stage IV patients (p = less than .005). No significant correlation with histologic type was possible. The response to phytohemagglutinin in vitro was reduced in the patients, but this was of no correlative value.", "PMID": 403757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2143", "title": "Abnormal genitalia as a presenting sign in two male infants with hydantoin embryopathy syndrome.", "content": "Abnormal genitalia was a salient clinical finding in two unrelated male infants with the hydantoin embryopathy syndrome. Both infants also exhibited hypoplastic nails of fingers and toes, hypertelorism, and a flat nasal bridge, and one had severe developmental retardation. We review previously reported cases of the hydantoin embrypathy syndrome and discuss factors possibly affecting the teratogenicity of phenytoin. Male infants with findings such as the patients of this report need to be differentiated from patients with Noonan syndrome and Aarskog syndrome. We suggest that mothers receiving phenytoin who have given birth to one affected infant should be given a different anticonvulsant for future pregnancies.", "contents": "Abnormal genitalia as a presenting sign in two male infants with hydantoin embryopathy syndrome. Abnormal genitalia was a salient clinical finding in two unrelated male infants with the hydantoin embryopathy syndrome. Both infants also exhibited hypoplastic nails of fingers and toes, hypertelorism, and a flat nasal bridge, and one had severe developmental retardation. We review previously reported cases of the hydantoin embrypathy syndrome and discuss factors possibly affecting the teratogenicity of phenytoin. Male infants with findings such as the patients of this report need to be differentiated from patients with Noonan syndrome and Aarskog syndrome. We suggest that mothers receiving phenytoin who have given birth to one affected infant should be given a different anticonvulsant for future pregnancies.", "PMID": 403759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2144", "title": "Trends of brucellosis in Florida. An epidemiologic review.", "content": "Human brucellosis in Florida is documented for the 47-year period 1928-1975. Of the 936 cases reported in 1930-1975, more than half (505) occurred in the decade 1940-1949. The incidence declined rapidly to an average rate of five cases per year, although there was an increase in 1974 and 1975. The analysis is mainly concerned with the years 1961-1975, since more complete epidemiologic data are available for this period. Cases occurred throughout the year, with the highest incidence being between May and August. White males in the 25-35 and 35-44 deciles were most affected. Of occupations identified between 1963-1975, 44% were related to the livestock-producing industry, 16% to the meat processing industry and 28% to hunters, housewives, students and children. Twelve per cent of the cases did not fall in any of these categories. Cattle were the most probable source of human infection in the livestock industry, and swine were associated with most non-industry cases. In 1963-1975, B. suis was isolated from 10 cases and B. canis from one case; one other isolate was not identified beyond genus. Of the 27 human cases recorded during 1974-1975, 15 (56%) involved swine contact (five livestock industry, four consumers and six hunters), 11 (41%) involved cattle contact (all from the livestock and meat packing industries), and one involved contact (with both cattle and swine (livestock industry). Human cases contracted from swine were scattered statewide, whereas cases associated with cattle only occurred in counties that had )( high densities of cattle and 2) modified-certified ratings in the Brucellosis Eradication Program.", "contents": "Trends of brucellosis in Florida. An epidemiologic review. Human brucellosis in Florida is documented for the 47-year period 1928-1975. Of the 936 cases reported in 1930-1975, more than half (505) occurred in the decade 1940-1949. The incidence declined rapidly to an average rate of five cases per year, although there was an increase in 1974 and 1975. The analysis is mainly concerned with the years 1961-1975, since more complete epidemiologic data are available for this period. Cases occurred throughout the year, with the highest incidence being between May and August. White males in the 25-35 and 35-44 deciles were most affected. Of occupations identified between 1963-1975, 44% were related to the livestock-producing industry, 16% to the meat processing industry and 28% to hunters, housewives, students and children. Twelve per cent of the cases did not fall in any of these categories. Cattle were the most probable source of human infection in the livestock industry, and swine were associated with most non-industry cases. In 1963-1975, B. suis was isolated from 10 cases and B. canis from one case; one other isolate was not identified beyond genus. Of the 27 human cases recorded during 1974-1975, 15 (56%) involved swine contact (five livestock industry, four consumers and six hunters), 11 (41%) involved cattle contact (all from the livestock and meat packing industries), and one involved contact (with both cattle and swine (livestock industry). Human cases contracted from swine were scattered statewide, whereas cases associated with cattle only occurred in counties that had )( high densities of cattle and 2) modified-certified ratings in the Brucellosis Eradication Program.", "PMID": 403760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2145", "title": "Serologic diagnosis of epidemic typhus fever.", "content": "Microagglutination (MA), microcomplement-fixation (CF), indirect microimmunofluorescence (micro-IF) and Weil-Felix (WF) tests were compared for sensitivity and specificity in detection of antibodies against Rickettsia prowazekii and for serologic diagnosis of epidemic typhus fever. Paired sera from hospitalized Ethiopian patients suffering from febrile illness were examined. Purified particulate rickettsial antigens used in MA, CF and micro-IF tests were made from infected yolk sacs by differential centrifugation from molar NaCl and from NaCl-sucrose, D20=1.1491, pH 5.5. In sensitivity the tests ranked micro-IF greater than MA greater than CF greater than WF. Use of specific anti-IgG and anti-IgM sera in parallel micro-IF tests made it possible to differentiate cases of recrudescent epidemic typhus (Brill-Zinsser disease) from primary epidemic typhus cases. Antibodies reacting in high titer with R. canada were produced by 86% of patients with rising antibody titers against R. prowazekii.", "contents": "Serologic diagnosis of epidemic typhus fever. Microagglutination (MA), microcomplement-fixation (CF), indirect microimmunofluorescence (micro-IF) and Weil-Felix (WF) tests were compared for sensitivity and specificity in detection of antibodies against Rickettsia prowazekii and for serologic diagnosis of epidemic typhus fever. Paired sera from hospitalized Ethiopian patients suffering from febrile illness were examined. Purified particulate rickettsial antigens used in MA, CF and micro-IF tests were made from infected yolk sacs by differential centrifugation from molar NaCl and from NaCl-sucrose, D20=1.1491, pH 5.5. In sensitivity the tests ranked micro-IF greater than MA greater than CF greater than WF. Use of specific anti-IgG and anti-IgM sera in parallel micro-IF tests made it possible to differentiate cases of recrudescent epidemic typhus (Brill-Zinsser disease) from primary epidemic typhus cases. Antibodies reacting in high titer with R. canada were produced by 86% of patients with rising antibody titers against R. prowazekii.", "PMID": 403761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2146", "title": "Population genetics in the province of Ferrara. I. Genetic distances and geographic distances.", "content": "The ABO and Rh systems of the population in 26 residential units in the province of Ferrara were studied to detect the effect of genetic drift on the differentiation of gene frequencies. Results obtained from principal components analysis and dendrograms were similar. A significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance was found. It was therefore hypothesized that in the area of Ferrara children born to parents originating from different communes were heterozygous at more loci than children born to parents originating from the same commune. It was also thought that it may be possible to use geographic distance between birthplaces of parents as an indicator of hybridity in their children.", "contents": "Population genetics in the province of Ferrara. I. Genetic distances and geographic distances. The ABO and Rh systems of the population in 26 residential units in the province of Ferrara were studied to detect the effect of genetic drift on the differentiation of gene frequencies. Results obtained from principal components analysis and dendrograms were similar. A significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance was found. It was therefore hypothesized that in the area of Ferrara children born to parents originating from different communes were heterozygous at more loci than children born to parents originating from the same commune. It was also thought that it may be possible to use geographic distance between birthplaces of parents as an indicator of hybridity in their children.", "PMID": 403762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2147", "title": "Identification of a bactericidal factor (B-lysin) in amnionic fluid at 14 and 40 weeks' gestation.", "content": "Amnionic fluid (AF) specimens from 40 normal obstetric patients at 14 to 16 weeks' gestation and at 37 to 40 weeks' gestation were found to contain both lysozyme and a bactericidal substance identified as B-lysin. The concentrations of both lysozyme and B-lysin were significantly higher in the AF at 40 weeks' than at 14 weeks' gestation. B-lysin concentration in AF were also found to be significantly higher than in either cord or maternal blood.", "contents": "Identification of a bactericidal factor (B-lysin) in amnionic fluid at 14 and 40 weeks' gestation. Amnionic fluid (AF) specimens from 40 normal obstetric patients at 14 to 16 weeks' gestation and at 37 to 40 weeks' gestation were found to contain both lysozyme and a bactericidal substance identified as B-lysin. The concentrations of both lysozyme and B-lysin were significantly higher in the AF at 40 weeks' than at 14 weeks' gestation. B-lysin concentration in AF were also found to be significantly higher than in either cord or maternal blood.", "PMID": 403764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2148", "title": "The effect of contraceptive steroids on hypothalamic-pituitary function.", "content": "A study was performed to obtain additional information about the effects of oral contraceptives on pituitary function. A sequential pituitary stimulation test (SST) was used to study normal control women who then received either a combination pill with 50 mug of ethinyl estradiol or an injectable or oral progestin for three weeks, after which the test was repeated. The same test was also performed on five long-term oral contraceptive users. The SST consists of measurement of growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) at frequent intervals after stimulation by hypoglycemia, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. GH and TSH release following stimulation were unaffected by the use of contraceptive steroids, while PRL release was increased by both the combination pill and the progestin alone. LH and FSH release was decreased in the three short-term and most of the long-term users of the combination pills but was not decreased in two of the long-term users as well as in those receiving the progestin alone. These results indicate that the combination oral contraceptives have a direct effect upon the pituitary gland, causing an increase in prolactin release and a decrease in gonadotropin release. This effect varies among individuals receiving the same formulation and may be related to the development of syndrome of postpill amenorrhea-galactorrhea.", "contents": "The effect of contraceptive steroids on hypothalamic-pituitary function. A study was performed to obtain additional information about the effects of oral contraceptives on pituitary function. A sequential pituitary stimulation test (SST) was used to study normal control women who then received either a combination pill with 50 mug of ethinyl estradiol or an injectable or oral progestin for three weeks, after which the test was repeated. The same test was also performed on five long-term oral contraceptive users. The SST consists of measurement of growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) at frequent intervals after stimulation by hypoglycemia, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. GH and TSH release following stimulation were unaffected by the use of contraceptive steroids, while PRL release was increased by both the combination pill and the progestin alone. LH and FSH release was decreased in the three short-term and most of the long-term users of the combination pills but was not decreased in two of the long-term users as well as in those receiving the progestin alone. These results indicate that the combination oral contraceptives have a direct effect upon the pituitary gland, causing an increase in prolactin release and a decrease in gonadotropin release. This effect varies among individuals receiving the same formulation and may be related to the development of syndrome of postpill amenorrhea-galactorrhea.", "PMID": 403765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2149", "title": "Experimental toxemia in the pregnant primate.", "content": "In order to develop a model for the study of eclamptogenic toxemia, a series of experiments were carried out on 31 female baboons. In Group 1, consisting of 10 animals, metal clips were placed around the uterine arteries in order to partially occlude them, and the ovarian vessels were transected. The animals were subsequently mated. Nine developed hypertension and proteinuria, and one aborted. The renal lesions in these animals were indistinguishable from those described in human toxemia. Group 2 consisted of three of the 10 baboons from Group 1, which became pregnant a second time. They again developed hypertension and proteinuria. In Group 3, three baboons at 100 days of gestation were treated as in Group 1 with similar results. Groups 4 and 5 served as pregnant (3) and nonpregnant (15) controls. It is concluded that a toxemia model has been developed in a subhuman primate. This model will prove useful in the further study of eclamptogenic toxemia.", "contents": "Experimental toxemia in the pregnant primate. In order to develop a model for the study of eclamptogenic toxemia, a series of experiments were carried out on 31 female baboons. In Group 1, consisting of 10 animals, metal clips were placed around the uterine arteries in order to partially occlude them, and the ovarian vessels were transected. The animals were subsequently mated. Nine developed hypertension and proteinuria, and one aborted. The renal lesions in these animals were indistinguishable from those described in human toxemia. Group 2 consisted of three of the 10 baboons from Group 1, which became pregnant a second time. They again developed hypertension and proteinuria. In Group 3, three baboons at 100 days of gestation were treated as in Group 1 with similar results. Groups 4 and 5 served as pregnant (3) and nonpregnant (15) controls. It is concluded that a toxemia model has been developed in a subhuman primate. This model will prove useful in the further study of eclamptogenic toxemia.", "PMID": 403766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2150", "title": "A comparison of two radiation therapy--treatment plans for carcinoma of the cervix. II. Complications and survival rates.", "content": "One hundred and one cases of cervical cancer were randomized by a card selection system into two treatment groups. Group A patients (48) were treated according to the radiotherapy plans used at the University of Mississippi Medical Center. Group B patients (53) were treated according to the radiotherapy plan used at the M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Insitute. The purpose was to evaluate these two different therapy programs in terms of survival, complications, and physician radiation exposure. The latter has been reported. Life-table techniques revealed an over-all five-year survival rate of 68.6 per cent in Group A and 86.7 per cent in Group B (statistically significant to P = 0.05). Over-all radiation complication rates were similar although there were four radiation-induced vaginal fistulas in Group A and one in Group B. Our institution has converted to the treatment plan represented in Group B.", "contents": "A comparison of two radiation therapy--treatment plans for carcinoma of the cervix. II. Complications and survival rates. One hundred and one cases of cervical cancer were randomized by a card selection system into two treatment groups. Group A patients (48) were treated according to the radiotherapy plans used at the University of Mississippi Medical Center. Group B patients (53) were treated according to the radiotherapy plan used at the M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Insitute. The purpose was to evaluate these two different therapy programs in terms of survival, complications, and physician radiation exposure. The latter has been reported. Life-table techniques revealed an over-all five-year survival rate of 68.6 per cent in Group A and 86.7 per cent in Group B (statistically significant to P = 0.05). Over-all radiation complication rates were similar although there were four radiation-induced vaginal fistulas in Group A and one in Group B. Our institution has converted to the treatment plan represented in Group B.", "PMID": 403767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2151", "title": "An experimental study of increased vertical dimension in the growing face.", "content": "Five juvenile rhesus monkeys were used in an experiment designed to study the structural adaptations in the craniofacial complex that resulted from increases in vertical dimension. The bite was opened 2,3,10, or 15 mm. by means of cast bite splints cemented on the maxillary arch. Adaptations were monitored in these animals by means of serial cephalometric radiography with metallic implants. The results of this study indicate that any change in the vertical dimension of the face results in specific structural adaptations throughout the craniofacial complex. The most significant adaptation occurred in the maxillary region, in which the normal downward displacement of this region was decrease and the anterior displacement was increased. Adaptation were less evident in the mandible, except in those animals in which a severe bite opening was produced; resorption in the region of the gonial angle was evident. Dentitional adaptations were of secondary importance. This study demonstrates that the maxillary complex is a very plastic structure which responds to changes in bite opening and altered muscle length. The clinician should be aware of the changes that result from various alterations of vertical dimension to make sure that these changes are not antagonistic to his over-all treatment goal. He may also take advantage of these changes when designing treatment strategies for certain clinical cases.", "contents": "An experimental study of increased vertical dimension in the growing face. Five juvenile rhesus monkeys were used in an experiment designed to study the structural adaptations in the craniofacial complex that resulted from increases in vertical dimension. The bite was opened 2,3,10, or 15 mm. by means of cast bite splints cemented on the maxillary arch. Adaptations were monitored in these animals by means of serial cephalometric radiography with metallic implants. The results of this study indicate that any change in the vertical dimension of the face results in specific structural adaptations throughout the craniofacial complex. The most significant adaptation occurred in the maxillary region, in which the normal downward displacement of this region was decrease and the anterior displacement was increased. Adaptation were less evident in the mandible, except in those animals in which a severe bite opening was produced; resorption in the region of the gonial angle was evident. Dentitional adaptations were of secondary importance. This study demonstrates that the maxillary complex is a very plastic structure which responds to changes in bite opening and altered muscle length. The clinician should be aware of the changes that result from various alterations of vertical dimension to make sure that these changes are not antagonistic to his over-all treatment goal. He may also take advantage of these changes when designing treatment strategies for certain clinical cases.", "PMID": 403768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2152", "title": "Specific identification of intracellular immunoglobulin in paraffin sections of multiple myeloma and macroglobulinemia using an immunoperoxidase technique.", "content": "Paraffin-embedded tissues of 47 cases of multiple myeloma and 4 cases of macroglobulinemia were studied by the immunoperoxidase indirect sandwich technique for identification of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin. Specific immunoglobulin with a single heavy and/or light chain was readily detected in the neoplastic cells. Studies were performed on iliac crest bone marrow biopsies which had been fixed and decalcified using Zenker's-acetic acid solution and on tissues from various sites which had been fixed in formalin. An excellent correlation was obtained between the specific immunoglobulin detected intracellularly in the plasma cells or lymphoplasmacytic cells and the monoclonal immunoglobulin found in serum or urine of these cases. The immunoperoxidase technique represents a sensitive and specific method for identifying intracellular immunoglobulin in paraffin-embedded tissues.", "contents": "Specific identification of intracellular immunoglobulin in paraffin sections of multiple myeloma and macroglobulinemia using an immunoperoxidase technique. Paraffin-embedded tissues of 47 cases of multiple myeloma and 4 cases of macroglobulinemia were studied by the immunoperoxidase indirect sandwich technique for identification of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin. Specific immunoglobulin with a single heavy and/or light chain was readily detected in the neoplastic cells. Studies were performed on iliac crest bone marrow biopsies which had been fixed and decalcified using Zenker's-acetic acid solution and on tissues from various sites which had been fixed in formalin. An excellent correlation was obtained between the specific immunoglobulin detected intracellularly in the plasma cells or lymphoplasmacytic cells and the monoclonal immunoglobulin found in serum or urine of these cases. The immunoperoxidase technique represents a sensitive and specific method for identifying intracellular immunoglobulin in paraffin-embedded tissues.", "PMID": 403769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2153", "title": "New fossil hominids from Laetolil, Tanzania.", "content": "New fossil hominid specimens from the Laetolili fossil locality in Tanzania are described. The material includes mandibles and teeth derived from reliably-dated deposits of Pliocene age. Preliminary descriptions, measurements and illustrations are presented.", "contents": "New fossil hominids from Laetolil, Tanzania. New fossil hominid specimens from the Laetolili fossil locality in Tanzania are described. The material includes mandibles and teeth derived from reliably-dated deposits of Pliocene age. Preliminary descriptions, measurements and illustrations are presented.", "PMID": 403770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2154", "title": "Social organization and food resources availability in primates: a socio-bioenergetic analysis of diet and disease hypotheses.", "content": "Data obtained during a field study of two species of nonhuman primates (Alouatta villosa and Ateles geoffroyi) living in the Tikal National Park in Guatemala are used to suggest an answer to the question: To what extent is the existence of a particular form of social organization (group size, structure, and composition) an indication of the amount of energy in the form of food resources available to animals in a particular habitat? Seven researchers working in teams spent 2,318 hours in the field, 1,145 hours of which were in contact with the monkeys. Comparisons of dietary data, estimated energy expenditures, and habitat productivity provide indications of the degree to which a habitat is capable of supporting the energy and other nutritional requirements of howler and spider monkeys living within the study area. These data suggest that much larger populations and different forms of social organizations can be supported by resources available within the habitat.", "contents": "Social organization and food resources availability in primates: a socio-bioenergetic analysis of diet and disease hypotheses. Data obtained during a field study of two species of nonhuman primates (Alouatta villosa and Ateles geoffroyi) living in the Tikal National Park in Guatemala are used to suggest an answer to the question: To what extent is the existence of a particular form of social organization (group size, structure, and composition) an indication of the amount of energy in the form of food resources available to animals in a particular habitat? Seven researchers working in teams spent 2,318 hours in the field, 1,145 hours of which were in contact with the monkeys. Comparisons of dietary data, estimated energy expenditures, and habitat productivity provide indications of the degree to which a habitat is capable of supporting the energy and other nutritional requirements of howler and spider monkeys living within the study area. These data suggest that much larger populations and different forms of social organizations can be supported by resources available within the habitat.", "PMID": 403771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2155", "title": "Size and shape of the hominoid distal femur: fourier analysis.", "content": "A quantitative description of the shape of the distal femur is provided by Fourier analysis. Fourier analysis also facilitates the separation of the size and shape components which allows the removal of the distorting effect of size. Hence, comparisons between the hominoid groups can be based solely on shape. A sample of 91 hominoid distal femora from the Cleveland Museum of Natural History was used to make comparisons based on size and shape as well as shape only. It is suggested that unless the effect of size is minimized or removed, generally not possible with the traditional metrical approach, measures of biological distance will be distorted.", "contents": "Size and shape of the hominoid distal femur: fourier analysis. A quantitative description of the shape of the distal femur is provided by Fourier analysis. Fourier analysis also facilitates the separation of the size and shape components which allows the removal of the distorting effect of size. Hence, comparisons between the hominoid groups can be based solely on shape. A sample of 91 hominoid distal femora from the Cleveland Museum of Natural History was used to make comparisons based on size and shape as well as shape only. It is suggested that unless the effect of size is minimized or removed, generally not possible with the traditional metrical approach, measures of biological distance will be distorted.", "PMID": 403772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2156", "title": "Locomotor behavior and muscular anatomy of sympatric Malaysian leaf-monkeys (Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos).", "content": "Sympatric Malaysian leaf-monkeys, Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos show quantitative differences in their use of different locomotor patterns during daily activities. P. obscura primarily moves quadrupedally along large boughs; P. melalophos relies more on leaping between smaller supports. P. melalophos also uses forelimb suspension more than does P. obscura. Comparison of the muscular anatomy of the shoulder, arm, trunk, hip and thigh show numerous statistically significant differences between the two species in relative mass of individual muscles and in details of muscular origin and insertion. In almost all instances these differences accord with the types of differences in muscular anatomy predictable from either biomechanical analyses of locomotor behavior or comparative anatomical studies of other mammalian species.", "contents": "Locomotor behavior and muscular anatomy of sympatric Malaysian leaf-monkeys (Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos). Sympatric Malaysian leaf-monkeys, Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos show quantitative differences in their use of different locomotor patterns during daily activities. P. obscura primarily moves quadrupedally along large boughs; P. melalophos relies more on leaping between smaller supports. P. melalophos also uses forelimb suspension more than does P. obscura. Comparison of the muscular anatomy of the shoulder, arm, trunk, hip and thigh show numerous statistically significant differences between the two species in relative mass of individual muscles and in details of muscular origin and insertion. In almost all instances these differences accord with the types of differences in muscular anatomy predictable from either biomechanical analyses of locomotor behavior or comparative anatomical studies of other mammalian species.", "PMID": 403773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2157", "title": "In vivo bone strain in the mandible of Galago crassicaudatus.", "content": "Single element foil strain gages were bonded to mandibular cortical bone in eight specimens of Galago crassicaudatus. The gage was bonded below the Pm4 or M2 adjacent to the lower border of the mandible. The bonded strain gage was connected to form one arm of a Wheatstone bridge. Following recovery from the general anesthetic, the restrained Galago bit either a piece of wood, a food object, or a bite force transducer. During these biting episodes, mandibular bone strain deformed the strain gage and the resulting change in electrical resistance of the gage caused voltage changes across the Wheatstone bridge. These changes, directly proportional to the amount of bone strain along the gage site, were recovered by a strip chart recorder. Bone strain was measured on both the working and balancing sides of the jaws. Maximum values of bone strain and bite force were 435 microstrain (compression) and 8.2 kilograms respectively. During bending of the mandible, the correlation between bone strain (tension or compression) and bite force ranged from -0.893 (tension) to 0.997 (compression). The experiments reported here demonstrate that only a small percentage of the Galago bite force is due to balancing side muscle force during isometric unilateral molar biting. In addition, these experiments demonstrate that the Galago mandible is bent in a predictable manner during biting. The amount of apparent mandibular bone strain is dependent on (1) the magnitude of the bite force and (2) the position of the bite point.", "contents": "In vivo bone strain in the mandible of Galago crassicaudatus. Single element foil strain gages were bonded to mandibular cortical bone in eight specimens of Galago crassicaudatus. The gage was bonded below the Pm4 or M2 adjacent to the lower border of the mandible. The bonded strain gage was connected to form one arm of a Wheatstone bridge. Following recovery from the general anesthetic, the restrained Galago bit either a piece of wood, a food object, or a bite force transducer. During these biting episodes, mandibular bone strain deformed the strain gage and the resulting change in electrical resistance of the gage caused voltage changes across the Wheatstone bridge. These changes, directly proportional to the amount of bone strain along the gage site, were recovered by a strip chart recorder. Bone strain was measured on both the working and balancing sides of the jaws. Maximum values of bone strain and bite force were 435 microstrain (compression) and 8.2 kilograms respectively. During bending of the mandible, the correlation between bone strain (tension or compression) and bite force ranged from -0.893 (tension) to 0.997 (compression). The experiments reported here demonstrate that only a small percentage of the Galago bite force is due to balancing side muscle force during isometric unilateral molar biting. In addition, these experiments demonstrate that the Galago mandible is bent in a predictable manner during biting. The amount of apparent mandibular bone strain is dependent on (1) the magnitude of the bite force and (2) the position of the bite point.", "PMID": 403774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2158", "title": "Morphometric affinities of the human shoulder.", "content": "A recent discussion by Corruccini and Ciochon ('76) implies that previous multivariate morphometric studies of the shoulder, reviewed in Oxnard ('73), have been misinterpreted because due allowance was not made for the overall sizes of the specimens. Results that were given functional significance in the earlier investigations are cited as being due at least in part to overall bodily size. Although examination of the range of genera selected for mention by corruccini and Ciochon seems superficially to support this view, it is demonstrated here that examination of the full range of genera in the earlier studies refutes, unequivocally, that suggestion. The discussion by Corruccini and Ciochon ('76) also implies that the more complex size correction applied in their study produces a result different from that of the previous workers. Again, although perusal of the particular part of the earlier study selected for discussion by Corruccini and Ciochon would appear to bear that out, it is demonstrated here that comparisons with all parts of the earlier results provide a different picture. Thus the main result of Corruccini and Ciochon replicates rather closely a more restricted part of the earlier result not mentioned by Corruccini and Ciochon. The difference between Corruccini and Ciochon's principal result and the main result of the prior authors is shown to rest upon the difference between the more restricted earlier study of \"residual\" shoulder dimensions and the other broader studies; i.e., not upon any multivariate manipulation, but upon the inclusion in the broader study of a wider range of information about the shape of the primate shoulder. Knowledge of these and other points is important in assessing the overall contribution of the discussion of Corruccini and Ciochon.", "contents": "Morphometric affinities of the human shoulder. A recent discussion by Corruccini and Ciochon ('76) implies that previous multivariate morphometric studies of the shoulder, reviewed in Oxnard ('73), have been misinterpreted because due allowance was not made for the overall sizes of the specimens. Results that were given functional significance in the earlier investigations are cited as being due at least in part to overall bodily size. Although examination of the range of genera selected for mention by corruccini and Ciochon seems superficially to support this view, it is demonstrated here that examination of the full range of genera in the earlier studies refutes, unequivocally, that suggestion. The discussion by Corruccini and Ciochon ('76) also implies that the more complex size correction applied in their study produces a result different from that of the previous workers. Again, although perusal of the particular part of the earlier study selected for discussion by Corruccini and Ciochon would appear to bear that out, it is demonstrated here that comparisons with all parts of the earlier results provide a different picture. Thus the main result of Corruccini and Ciochon replicates rather closely a more restricted part of the earlier result not mentioned by Corruccini and Ciochon. The difference between Corruccini and Ciochon's principal result and the main result of the prior authors is shown to rest upon the difference between the more restricted earlier study of \"residual\" shoulder dimensions and the other broader studies; i.e., not upon any multivariate manipulation, but upon the inclusion in the broader study of a wider range of information about the shape of the primate shoulder. Knowledge of these and other points is important in assessing the overall contribution of the discussion of Corruccini and Ciochon.", "PMID": 403775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2159", "title": "Calcium transport across avian uterus. III. Comparison of laying and nonlaying birds.", "content": "Transepithelial calcium fluxes were measured across isolated uterus of laying, nonlaying, and molting quail under conditions where no electrochemical difference existed across the tissue. Net uterine transfer of calcium in molting and nonlaying birds occurs in the secretory direction and is approximately one-fifth the value obtained for laying birds. The carbonic anhydrase enzyme activity of uteri from laying birds is twice that of uteri from molting birds and five times greater than that of uteri from nonlaying birds. When measured in the presence and absence of 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol, no statistical difference exists in uterine carbonic anhydrase activities of laying birds or the inhibitory effect of acetazolamide. These results indicate that nonlaying and molting quail secrete calcium at a rate much lower than that of laying quail and that net uterine transfer of calcium exhibits varing degrees of dependence on bicarbonate ion in laying, nonlaying, and molting birds. Carbonic anhydrase data sugges that the activtiy of this enzyme in the quail uterus may be related to uterine calcium secretion.", "contents": "Calcium transport across avian uterus. III. Comparison of laying and nonlaying birds. Transepithelial calcium fluxes were measured across isolated uterus of laying, nonlaying, and molting quail under conditions where no electrochemical difference existed across the tissue. Net uterine transfer of calcium in molting and nonlaying birds occurs in the secretory direction and is approximately one-fifth the value obtained for laying birds. The carbonic anhydrase enzyme activity of uteri from laying birds is twice that of uteri from molting birds and five times greater than that of uteri from nonlaying birds. When measured in the presence and absence of 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol, no statistical difference exists in uterine carbonic anhydrase activities of laying birds or the inhibitory effect of acetazolamide. These results indicate that nonlaying and molting quail secrete calcium at a rate much lower than that of laying quail and that net uterine transfer of calcium exhibits varing degrees of dependence on bicarbonate ion in laying, nonlaying, and molting birds. Carbonic anhydrase data sugges that the activtiy of this enzyme in the quail uterus may be related to uterine calcium secretion.", "PMID": 403776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2160", "title": "Use of inhibitors in physiological studies of carbonic anhydrase.", "content": "The appropriate use of acetazolamide in examining physiological function is based on the following: 1) the dissociation constant of the drug-carbonic anhydrase complex (10(-8) M); 2) the concentration needed to eliminate the catalyzed reaction (10(-4) M can be achieved readily in tissues by giving 20 mg/kg at no toxicity; and 4) the lack of known effects on any other systems at concentrations below 10(-3) M. Several problems have been identified and are analyzed concerning the use of acetazolamide and allied drugs. Concentrations greater than 10(-3) M have been used in vitro and occasionally in vivo, generating nonspecific effects. Experiments in which the substrate (CO2) is varied over a large range have been interpreted without regard to alteration in both the catalyzed and uncatalyzed rates, leading to conclusions that acetazolamide acts on a transport system other than carbonic anhydrase, while in reality the drug is acting on carbonic anhydrase at different levels of its catalytic rate. Since calculation of the uncatalyzed hydration of CO2 or dehydration of HCO3-in tissues involves some uncertainty, these rates are generally best defined by studying the dose-response curves of inhibitors and observing the residual activity after full inhibition. The kidney is an exception, since here the residual rate also involves an entirely separate process. Inhibitors other than acetazolamide are useful in ruling out nonspecific effects, and in gaining certainty of access to cells. Compounds closely akin to the inhibitors, but lacking action upon carbonic anhydrase, are also available as controls. It is emphasized that acetazolamide and other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, when properly used, are highly specific probes of a single enzyme that has a wide variety of physiological functions.", "contents": "Use of inhibitors in physiological studies of carbonic anhydrase. The appropriate use of acetazolamide in examining physiological function is based on the following: 1) the dissociation constant of the drug-carbonic anhydrase complex (10(-8) M); 2) the concentration needed to eliminate the catalyzed reaction (10(-4) M can be achieved readily in tissues by giving 20 mg/kg at no toxicity; and 4) the lack of known effects on any other systems at concentrations below 10(-3) M. Several problems have been identified and are analyzed concerning the use of acetazolamide and allied drugs. Concentrations greater than 10(-3) M have been used in vitro and occasionally in vivo, generating nonspecific effects. Experiments in which the substrate (CO2) is varied over a large range have been interpreted without regard to alteration in both the catalyzed and uncatalyzed rates, leading to conclusions that acetazolamide acts on a transport system other than carbonic anhydrase, while in reality the drug is acting on carbonic anhydrase at different levels of its catalytic rate. Since calculation of the uncatalyzed hydration of CO2 or dehydration of HCO3-in tissues involves some uncertainty, these rates are generally best defined by studying the dose-response curves of inhibitors and observing the residual activity after full inhibition. The kidney is an exception, since here the residual rate also involves an entirely separate process. Inhibitors other than acetazolamide are useful in ruling out nonspecific effects, and in gaining certainty of access to cells. Compounds closely akin to the inhibitors, but lacking action upon carbonic anhydrase, are also available as controls. It is emphasized that acetazolamide and other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, when properly used, are highly specific probes of a single enzyme that has a wide variety of physiological functions.", "PMID": 403777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2161", "title": "Are breast patterns a risk index for breast cancer? A reappraisal.", "content": "A retrospective study was designed to test J.N. Wolfe's theory that xeromammographic breast patterns can be used as a risk index for breast cancer. After analyzing breast types of all breast cancer patients over a 4 year period at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, who had xeromammography prior to surgery, we were unable to support Wolfe's hypothesis. We conclude that an inherent bias in the design of his experiment led to erroneous conclusions.", "contents": "Are breast patterns a risk index for breast cancer? A reappraisal. A retrospective study was designed to test J.N. Wolfe's theory that xeromammographic breast patterns can be used as a risk index for breast cancer. After analyzing breast types of all breast cancer patients over a 4 year period at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, who had xeromammography prior to surgery, we were unable to support Wolfe's hypothesis. We conclude that an inherent bias in the design of his experiment led to erroneous conclusions.", "PMID": 403779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2162", "title": "Diffuse finely nodular lesions of the esophagus.", "content": "Double contrast study of the esophagus revealed a variety of diffuse finely nodular lesions, some of which have not been adequately reported. Acanthosis nigricans, superficial spreading esophageal cancer, leukoplakia, moniliasis, and esophagitis were found to produce this appearance. Typical cases of the first three diseases are demonstrated and the differential diagnosis discussed.", "contents": "Diffuse finely nodular lesions of the esophagus. Double contrast study of the esophagus revealed a variety of diffuse finely nodular lesions, some of which have not been adequately reported. Acanthosis nigricans, superficial spreading esophageal cancer, leukoplakia, moniliasis, and esophagitis were found to produce this appearance. Typical cases of the first three diseases are demonstrated and the differential diagnosis discussed.", "PMID": 403781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2163", "title": "Control of variceal bleeding by superior mesenteric artery vasopressin infusion.", "content": "Liver function and clotting tests were evaluated in 39 patients with variceal bleeding prior to superior mesenteric artery vasopressin infusion. In six patients with mild hepatic dysfunction (Child's class A), permanent control of hemorrhage was achieved in all six and all survived the hospitalization. In 21 patients with moderate dysfunction (Child's class B), permanent control of hemorrhage was achieved in 13 (62%) and temporary control for 24 hr or longer in the remaining eight (38%). Survival in class B was 67% (14 of 21). In only four of 12 patients with severe hepatic dysfunction (Child's class C) was control of hemorrhage achieved (33 percent). None of these patients survived. Therapeutic failure also was associated with clotting derangements and the initial bleeding rate. It is concluded that the effectiveness of vasopressin in variceal hemorrhage is a function of the underlying liver disease and derangements in clotting function.", "contents": "Control of variceal bleeding by superior mesenteric artery vasopressin infusion. Liver function and clotting tests were evaluated in 39 patients with variceal bleeding prior to superior mesenteric artery vasopressin infusion. In six patients with mild hepatic dysfunction (Child's class A), permanent control of hemorrhage was achieved in all six and all survived the hospitalization. In 21 patients with moderate dysfunction (Child's class B), permanent control of hemorrhage was achieved in 13 (62%) and temporary control for 24 hr or longer in the remaining eight (38%). Survival in class B was 67% (14 of 21). In only four of 12 patients with severe hepatic dysfunction (Child's class C) was control of hemorrhage achieved (33 percent). None of these patients survived. Therapeutic failure also was associated with clotting derangements and the initial bleeding rate. It is concluded that the effectiveness of vasopressin in variceal hemorrhage is a function of the underlying liver disease and derangements in clotting function.", "PMID": 403782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2164", "title": "Congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct: relationship to anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union.", "content": "Thirty patients from 15 to 69 years of age with congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct were studied. The diagnosis was made by intravenous cholangiography in 70% of the patients and by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and/or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatiography in the entire group. Cystic dilatation was also noted in the intraphepatic bile ducts in 12 patients. A union between the common bile and main pancreatic ducts occurred at a high position in 17 of 18 patients in whom both ducts were adequately opacified, forming an abnormally long common channel. One patient with choledochodele had a normal union. The anomalous unions were of two types: the pancreatic duct entering the common duct and the common duct entering the pancreatic duct. The mode of union was correlated with the degree of extrahepatic bile duct dilatation, age of onset, and frequency and severity of symptoms. It is postulated that the congenital anomaly in the union of the two duct systems is the cause of the disease and the congenital choledochocele has a different etiology.", "contents": "Congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct: relationship to anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union. Thirty patients from 15 to 69 years of age with congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct were studied. The diagnosis was made by intravenous cholangiography in 70% of the patients and by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and/or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatiography in the entire group. Cystic dilatation was also noted in the intraphepatic bile ducts in 12 patients. A union between the common bile and main pancreatic ducts occurred at a high position in 17 of 18 patients in whom both ducts were adequately opacified, forming an abnormally long common channel. One patient with choledochodele had a normal union. The anomalous unions were of two types: the pancreatic duct entering the common duct and the common duct entering the pancreatic duct. The mode of union was correlated with the degree of extrahepatic bile duct dilatation, age of onset, and frequency and severity of symptoms. It is postulated that the congenital anomaly in the union of the two duct systems is the cause of the disease and the congenital choledochocele has a different etiology.", "PMID": 403783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2165", "title": "Computed tomography of the liver.", "content": "The diagnostic value of computed tomography (CT) of the liver depends on proper conduct of the examination, knowledgeable interpretation of findings, and an appreciation of the capabilities and limitations of the method. This report documents 10 months of experience with abdominal CT in more than 600 liver examinations using a system fast enough to eliminate respiratory motion. This experience supplied data on the CT appearance of the normal liver and its variations and of various hepatic abnormalities, on the conduct of the examination, including the appropriate of contrast material, and on some of the problems that reduce the technical quality of the examination. CT was highly accurate, but not infallible, in detecting and defining space-occupying lesions and in detecting fatty infiltration; it was less helpful in detecting diffuse hepatic disease. In bile duct obstruction, CT displayed not only the dilated ducts but often the obstructing lesion.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the liver. The diagnostic value of computed tomography (CT) of the liver depends on proper conduct of the examination, knowledgeable interpretation of findings, and an appreciation of the capabilities and limitations of the method. This report documents 10 months of experience with abdominal CT in more than 600 liver examinations using a system fast enough to eliminate respiratory motion. This experience supplied data on the CT appearance of the normal liver and its variations and of various hepatic abnormalities, on the conduct of the examination, including the appropriate of contrast material, and on some of the problems that reduce the technical quality of the examination. CT was highly accurate, but not infallible, in detecting and defining space-occupying lesions and in detecting fatty infiltration; it was less helpful in detecting diffuse hepatic disease. In bile duct obstruction, CT displayed not only the dilated ducts but often the obstructing lesion.", "PMID": 403784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2166", "title": "Ischemic colitis associated with sigmoid volvulus: new observations.", "content": "Ischemic colitis following conservative management of sigmoid volvulus is documented in four cases. Repeat barium enema studies in these patients showed characteristic \"thumbprinting\", transverse ridging, and mucosal ulcerations within a segment or the entire length of the sigmoid, lasting up to 7 days after nonoperative decompression. The development, extent, and severity of the ischemic changes seem to correlate with the degree of volvulus, blockage of venous and arterial circulation in the sigmoid mesocolon, and increased intraluminal pressure.", "contents": "Ischemic colitis associated with sigmoid volvulus: new observations. Ischemic colitis following conservative management of sigmoid volvulus is documented in four cases. Repeat barium enema studies in these patients showed characteristic \"thumbprinting\", transverse ridging, and mucosal ulcerations within a segment or the entire length of the sigmoid, lasting up to 7 days after nonoperative decompression. The development, extent, and severity of the ischemic changes seem to correlate with the degree of volvulus, blockage of venous and arterial circulation in the sigmoid mesocolon, and increased intraluminal pressure.", "PMID": 403785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2167", "title": "Radiographic appearance of lliac marrow biopsy sites.", "content": "Following biopsy of marrow from the iliac bone, a lytic lesion, circular and with a sclerotic border, will be seen at the site of the biopsy in the posterior-superior iliac spine. Knowledge of this iatrogenic lesion permits its differentiation from more significant conditions.", "contents": "Radiographic appearance of lliac marrow biopsy sites. Following biopsy of marrow from the iliac bone, a lytic lesion, circular and with a sclerotic border, will be seen at the site of the biopsy in the posterior-superior iliac spine. Knowledge of this iatrogenic lesion permits its differentiation from more significant conditions.", "PMID": 403786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2168", "title": "Vertebral end-plate depression: report of two patients without hemoglobinopathy.", "content": "Center vertebral end-plate depression was originally reported to be pathognomonic for sickle cell disease. Two patients without hemoglobinopathy were found to have this deformity. One patient has congenital hereditary spherocytosis; the other has no blood dyscrasia but is osteopenic. Therefore, although this deformity is usually due to sickle cell disease, it is not pathognomonic.", "contents": "Vertebral end-plate depression: report of two patients without hemoglobinopathy. Center vertebral end-plate depression was originally reported to be pathognomonic for sickle cell disease. Two patients without hemoglobinopathy were found to have this deformity. One patient has congenital hereditary spherocytosis; the other has no blood dyscrasia but is osteopenic. Therefore, although this deformity is usually due to sickle cell disease, it is not pathognomonic.", "PMID": 403787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2169", "title": "Osteitis deformans of the hip joint.", "content": "It is estimated that 66% of patients with Paget's disease have involvement of the pelvis and 46% of the proximal femur. Therefore, it is not unexpected that hip pain is one of the major presenting complaints. Analysis of the radiographs of 25 hips with one or more articular sufaces involved by Paget's disease demonstrated narrowing in 24. Unlike the findings in primary degenerative joint disease, the majority of cases had a radiographic pattern characterized by uniform narrowing of the articular cartilage and minimal hypertrophic changes. Pathologic correlation was obtained from specimens of four patients who underwent total hip replacements. The pathogenesis of arthritic changes associated with osteitis deformans is not established. The evidence presented suggest that cartilagenous narrowing results from a disturbance in endochondral bone formation related to the hyperemia of Paget's disease. Secondary deformities of bone produce further derangement of joint mechanics. The secondary degenerative changes which ensue differ mechanically, and therefore radiographically, from primary degenerative joint disease.", "contents": "Osteitis deformans of the hip joint. It is estimated that 66% of patients with Paget's disease have involvement of the pelvis and 46% of the proximal femur. Therefore, it is not unexpected that hip pain is one of the major presenting complaints. Analysis of the radiographs of 25 hips with one or more articular sufaces involved by Paget's disease demonstrated narrowing in 24. Unlike the findings in primary degenerative joint disease, the majority of cases had a radiographic pattern characterized by uniform narrowing of the articular cartilage and minimal hypertrophic changes. Pathologic correlation was obtained from specimens of four patients who underwent total hip replacements. The pathogenesis of arthritic changes associated with osteitis deformans is not established. The evidence presented suggest that cartilagenous narrowing results from a disturbance in endochondral bone formation related to the hyperemia of Paget's disease. Secondary deformities of bone produce further derangement of joint mechanics. The secondary degenerative changes which ensue differ mechanically, and therefore radiographically, from primary degenerative joint disease.", "PMID": 403788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2170", "title": "Pseudofracture of the dens: Mach bands.", "content": "Mach bands are an optical phenomenon in which dark and light lines appear at the borders of structures of different radiodensity on radiographs. In most instances they do not cause a diagnostic dilemma. However, in a patient who has sustained trauma to the cervical spine, the commonly occuring negative Mach band across the base of the dens may be mistaken for a fracture. Failure to recognize this optical illusion may result in unnecessary treatment by skeletal traction. The production of Mach bands, methods of proving their illusory nature, and several illustrative cases are presented.", "contents": "Pseudofracture of the dens: Mach bands. Mach bands are an optical phenomenon in which dark and light lines appear at the borders of structures of different radiodensity on radiographs. In most instances they do not cause a diagnostic dilemma. However, in a patient who has sustained trauma to the cervical spine, the commonly occuring negative Mach band across the base of the dens may be mistaken for a fracture. Failure to recognize this optical illusion may result in unnecessary treatment by skeletal traction. The production of Mach bands, methods of proving their illusory nature, and several illustrative cases are presented.", "PMID": 403789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2171", "title": "Chondroblastoma of the calcaneus: radiographic features with emphasis on location.", "content": "Fourteen cases of chondroblastoma of the calcaneus have been examined and the radiographic features described. Thirteen occured in males. In all but one case the location was either at the talocalcaneal articulation or adjacent to the posterior calcaneal cortex. A sclerotic margin was present in all instances. Occasionally calcifications and septations were seen.", "contents": "Chondroblastoma of the calcaneus: radiographic features with emphasis on location. Fourteen cases of chondroblastoma of the calcaneus have been examined and the radiographic features described. Thirteen occured in males. In all but one case the location was either at the talocalcaneal articulation or adjacent to the posterior calcaneal cortex. A sclerotic margin was present in all instances. Occasionally calcifications and septations were seen.", "PMID": 403790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2172", "title": "The application of fast screen-film systems to excretory urography.", "content": "Rare earth and barium fluorochloride screen-film combinations of different relative speeds were compared to conventional calcium tungstate systems in patients undergoing excretory urography under controlled conditions. Radiographs were ranked by subjective impressions of detail, contrast, mottle, motion unsharpness, overall quality, and acceptablility. Compared to a medium speed calcium tungstate screen/film combination (assigned a speed of 1), screen-film systems in the 2-5 speed range offered improvement in overall quality due to diminished respiratory motion unsharpness at the cost of some loss of detail and increase in mottle. Other advantages and disadvantages of fast screen-film systems are discussed.", "contents": "The application of fast screen-film systems to excretory urography. Rare earth and barium fluorochloride screen-film combinations of different relative speeds were compared to conventional calcium tungstate systems in patients undergoing excretory urography under controlled conditions. Radiographs were ranked by subjective impressions of detail, contrast, mottle, motion unsharpness, overall quality, and acceptablility. Compared to a medium speed calcium tungstate screen/film combination (assigned a speed of 1), screen-film systems in the 2-5 speed range offered improvement in overall quality due to diminished respiratory motion unsharpness at the cost of some loss of detail and increase in mottle. Other advantages and disadvantages of fast screen-film systems are discussed.", "PMID": 403791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2173", "title": "CT-guided antegrade pyelography and percutaneous nephrostomy.", "content": "Percutaneous antegrade pyelography and percutaneous nephrostomy can be easily performed using CT guidance. CT provides cross-sectional images which facilitate accurate needle placement into the renal pelvis. CT is capable of detecting subtle density differences within the tissues so that even renal pelvises which do not contain contrast material and are not dilated can be accurately punctured. In addition to these procedures, CT accurately displays the perinephric space so that assessment of complications is possible. Four of five attempted percutaneous nephrostomies and two antegrade pyelograms were successfully performed using CT gudance.", "contents": "CT-guided antegrade pyelography and percutaneous nephrostomy. Percutaneous antegrade pyelography and percutaneous nephrostomy can be easily performed using CT guidance. CT provides cross-sectional images which facilitate accurate needle placement into the renal pelvis. CT is capable of detecting subtle density differences within the tissues so that even renal pelvises which do not contain contrast material and are not dilated can be accurately punctured. In addition to these procedures, CT accurately displays the perinephric space so that assessment of complications is possible. Four of five attempted percutaneous nephrostomies and two antegrade pyelograms were successfully performed using CT gudance.", "PMID": 403792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2174", "title": "Differentiation between renal allograft rejection and acute tubular necrosis by renal scan.", "content": "The usefulness of the renal scan in diagnosing technical complications in the transplant patient is well established. However, the ability of the renal scan to differentiate between acute rejection and acute tubular necrosis has remained uncertain. We have evaluated the effectiveness of the 99mTc DTPA computer-derived time-activity curve of renal cortical perfusion, as well as data obtained from scintillation camera images, in making such diagnoses. Fifteen patients with a clinical diagnosis of either acute rejection or acute tubular necrosis, or both, were studied retrospectively. Technetium scan diagnoses did not agree with the clinical assessment in nine of the patients. Thus selection of a course of treatment should not be based on data obtained from the scan alone.", "contents": "Differentiation between renal allograft rejection and acute tubular necrosis by renal scan. The usefulness of the renal scan in diagnosing technical complications in the transplant patient is well established. However, the ability of the renal scan to differentiate between acute rejection and acute tubular necrosis has remained uncertain. We have evaluated the effectiveness of the 99mTc DTPA computer-derived time-activity curve of renal cortical perfusion, as well as data obtained from scintillation camera images, in making such diagnoses. Fifteen patients with a clinical diagnosis of either acute rejection or acute tubular necrosis, or both, were studied retrospectively. Technetium scan diagnoses did not agree with the clinical assessment in nine of the patients. Thus selection of a course of treatment should not be based on data obtained from the scan alone.", "PMID": 403793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2175", "title": "Supracristal ventricular septal defects: spectrum of associated lesions and complications.", "content": "The clinical records and radiographs of 46 patients with a supracristal ventricular septal defect are reviewed to illustrate the spectrum of associated lesions and complications seen with this defect. The presence of a supracristal ventricular septal defect compromises the normal conal muscular support of the aortic valve, usually in the region of the right sinus of Valsalva, and, consequently, complications involving the aortic valve are frequently noted. Decreased sinus support may lead progressively to prolapse of the right aortic cusp through the supracristal ventricular septal defect into the right ventricular infundibulum effecting sequentially aortic regurgitation, right ventricular outflow obstruction, and ultimately right sinus of Valsalva-right ventricular fistula. This potential progression is an indication for early recognition and repair of the supracristal ventricular septal defect. A supracristal ventricular septal defect is also an integral component of the Taussig-Bing malformation, is present in the majority of patients with aortic arch interruption, and may be seen in as many as 25% of Oriental patients with tetralogy of Fallot.", "contents": "Supracristal ventricular septal defects: spectrum of associated lesions and complications. The clinical records and radiographs of 46 patients with a supracristal ventricular septal defect are reviewed to illustrate the spectrum of associated lesions and complications seen with this defect. The presence of a supracristal ventricular septal defect compromises the normal conal muscular support of the aortic valve, usually in the region of the right sinus of Valsalva, and, consequently, complications involving the aortic valve are frequently noted. Decreased sinus support may lead progressively to prolapse of the right aortic cusp through the supracristal ventricular septal defect into the right ventricular infundibulum effecting sequentially aortic regurgitation, right ventricular outflow obstruction, and ultimately right sinus of Valsalva-right ventricular fistula. This potential progression is an indication for early recognition and repair of the supracristal ventricular septal defect. A supracristal ventricular septal defect is also an integral component of the Taussig-Bing malformation, is present in the majority of patients with aortic arch interruption, and may be seen in as many as 25% of Oriental patients with tetralogy of Fallot.", "PMID": 403794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2176", "title": "Intrapericardial installation of radioactive chromic phosphate in malignant effusion.", "content": "Treatment of 28 patients with malignant pericardial effusion was accomplished primarily by intrapericardial instillation of radioactive chromic phosphate. At time of diagnosis of pericardial disease, 14 patients had major manifestations of tamponade; the rest had little or no clinical evidence of effusion. Only eight of the 28 patients had further problems with effusion after the initial pericardiocentesis and 32P instillation. Additional aspirations were done on those patients 2 weeks to 5 months later. The average survival was 9 months; seven patients lived more than 1 year.", "contents": "Intrapericardial installation of radioactive chromic phosphate in malignant effusion. Treatment of 28 patients with malignant pericardial effusion was accomplished primarily by intrapericardial instillation of radioactive chromic phosphate. At time of diagnosis of pericardial disease, 14 patients had major manifestations of tamponade; the rest had little or no clinical evidence of effusion. Only eight of the 28 patients had further problems with effusion after the initial pericardiocentesis and 32P instillation. Additional aspirations were done on those patients 2 weeks to 5 months later. The average survival was 9 months; seven patients lived more than 1 year.", "PMID": 403795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2177", "title": "Pulmonary venoocclusive disease: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A fatal case of pulmonary venoocclusive disease in a 4-year-old boy is reported, with emphasis on the radiologic features of this condition. The disease is characterized by fibrous intimal obliteration of the lumina of small pulmonary veins and venules leading to severe secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension. The clinical picture is usually indistinguishable from that of other forms of pulmonary arterial hypertnesion, but radiologic features of postcapillary pulmonary hypertension, in conjunction with a normal venoocclusive disease. The diagnosis is definitively established by lung biopsy.", "contents": "Pulmonary venoocclusive disease: case report and review of the literature. A fatal case of pulmonary venoocclusive disease in a 4-year-old boy is reported, with emphasis on the radiologic features of this condition. The disease is characterized by fibrous intimal obliteration of the lumina of small pulmonary veins and venules leading to severe secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension. The clinical picture is usually indistinguishable from that of other forms of pulmonary arterial hypertnesion, but radiologic features of postcapillary pulmonary hypertension, in conjunction with a normal venoocclusive disease. The diagnosis is definitively established by lung biopsy.", "PMID": 403796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2178", "title": "Vocal cord paralysis: radiologic observations in 21 infants and young children.", "content": "The diagnosis of vocal cord paralysis or paresis was made on direct laryngoscopic examination in 34 infants and children during the past 4 years. Twenty-one of the children were first examined radiographically and fluoroscopically, and the initial diagnosis of cord paralysis was suggested by the radiologist. Our experience suggest that vocal cord paralysis or paresis in an infant or young child is not the rare entity previously reported. In more than half of the children the vocal cord dysfuction was of a transient nature. Awareness of the radiographic and fluoroscopic signs that suggest the diagnosis will aid in the early institution of appropriate supportive therapy.", "contents": "Vocal cord paralysis: radiologic observations in 21 infants and young children. The diagnosis of vocal cord paralysis or paresis was made on direct laryngoscopic examination in 34 infants and children during the past 4 years. Twenty-one of the children were first examined radiographically and fluoroscopically, and the initial diagnosis of cord paralysis was suggested by the radiologist. Our experience suggest that vocal cord paralysis or paresis in an infant or young child is not the rare entity previously reported. In more than half of the children the vocal cord dysfuction was of a transient nature. Awareness of the radiographic and fluoroscopic signs that suggest the diagnosis will aid in the early institution of appropriate supportive therapy.", "PMID": 403797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2179", "title": "Intracranial cavernous angioma.", "content": "Cavernous angiomas are a rare but important clinical entity because of their potential curability. Three patients who had intracranial cavernous angiomas confirmed at surgery are presented. Preoperative recognition is greatly aided by a tendency to calcify, as identified both by skull films and more sensitively by computed tomography. A well demarcated collection of rounded densities of CT scanning, showing mild contrast enhancement and no significant mass effect, should suggest the possibility of cavernous angioma. Conventional angiography characteristically reveals a hypovascular appearance without abnormal arterial feeding vessels. On films of high technical quality, a subtle vascular stain, possibly associated with a few large draining veins, may be detected. There is usually no mass effect unless there has been a previous episode of hemorrhage. Cavernous angiomas may manifest a pronounced increase in activity on radionuclide brain scanning.", "contents": "Intracranial cavernous angioma. Cavernous angiomas are a rare but important clinical entity because of their potential curability. Three patients who had intracranial cavernous angiomas confirmed at surgery are presented. Preoperative recognition is greatly aided by a tendency to calcify, as identified both by skull films and more sensitively by computed tomography. A well demarcated collection of rounded densities of CT scanning, showing mild contrast enhancement and no significant mass effect, should suggest the possibility of cavernous angioma. Conventional angiography characteristically reveals a hypovascular appearance without abnormal arterial feeding vessels. On films of high technical quality, a subtle vascular stain, possibly associated with a few large draining veins, may be detected. There is usually no mass effect unless there has been a previous episode of hemorrhage. Cavernous angiomas may manifest a pronounced increase in activity on radionuclide brain scanning.", "PMID": 403798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2180", "title": "Normal and abnormal upper abdominal venous structures as seen by ultrasound.", "content": "Recent B-scan ultrasonic techniques have made possible the routine visualization of the major upper abdominal venous structures. Real-time scanning permits in vivo dynamic assessment of the upper abdominal veins. B-scan ultrasound allows optimal anatomic resolution and is superior for the establishment of intraluminal pathology and anatomic relationships with adjacent organs. The anatomic localization of the upper abdominal veins has proved of practical importance in several ways. Identification of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins allows localization of the pancreas and the enlarged common bile duct. Increased size of the upper abdominal venous structures can indicate certain pathological conditions, notably raised right heart pressure and portal hypertension. Intrinsic pathology within the inferior vena cava may be detected. Extrinsic distortion of veins by adjacent mass lesions is not uncommon, and if the venous structure is recognized, more precise anatomic localization of the mass is possible.", "contents": "Normal and abnormal upper abdominal venous structures as seen by ultrasound. Recent B-scan ultrasonic techniques have made possible the routine visualization of the major upper abdominal venous structures. Real-time scanning permits in vivo dynamic assessment of the upper abdominal veins. B-scan ultrasound allows optimal anatomic resolution and is superior for the establishment of intraluminal pathology and anatomic relationships with adjacent organs. The anatomic localization of the upper abdominal veins has proved of practical importance in several ways. Identification of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins allows localization of the pancreas and the enlarged common bile duct. Increased size of the upper abdominal venous structures can indicate certain pathological conditions, notably raised right heart pressure and portal hypertension. Intrinsic pathology within the inferior vena cava may be detected. Extrinsic distortion of veins by adjacent mass lesions is not uncommon, and if the venous structure is recognized, more precise anatomic localization of the mass is possible.", "PMID": 403799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2181", "title": "Further evidence for the parasitic origin of the surface coat on Malaria merozoites.", "content": "It has been observed that a surface coat, 20 nm in thickness, extends from the plasma membrane of extracellular merozoites and that this coat contains strain-specific antigens. In the present study we determined the possible effect of protein in the culture medium on this structure. The surface coat on merozoites in culture medium devoid of protein was indistinguishable by transmission electron microscopy from the coat in a protein-containing medium. This supports the hypothesis that the surface coat originates from the parasite rather than from adsorbed serum protein.", "contents": "Further evidence for the parasitic origin of the surface coat on Malaria merozoites. It has been observed that a surface coat, 20 nm in thickness, extends from the plasma membrane of extracellular merozoites and that this coat contains strain-specific antigens. In the present study we determined the possible effect of protein in the culture medium on this structure. The surface coat on merozoites in culture medium devoid of protein was indistinguishable by transmission electron microscopy from the coat in a protein-containing medium. This supports the hypothesis that the surface coat originates from the parasite rather than from adsorbed serum protein.", "PMID": 403820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2182", "title": "Studies on the epidemiology of sandfly fever in Iran. III. Host-feeding patterns of Phlebotomus papatasi in an endemic area of the disease.", "content": "Blood meals from 575 Phlebotomus papatasi collected in an Iranian village were identified by precipitin test. The majority of sandfly feedings (57.5%) were on birds, mainly chickens and pigeons. The remaining 42.5% were on mammals (humans, cows, mules, sheep, and goats) or were non-reactive. Calculation of forage ratios of each host species indicated that chickens, equines, and bovines were the preferred hosts of P. papatasi in the village. Results of this study demonstrate that P. papatasi has a much wider natural host range than indicated previously and suggest that this species is an opporunistic feeder and is not strongly anthropophilic. Observations on the diurnal activity of P. papatasi are also presented.", "contents": "Studies on the epidemiology of sandfly fever in Iran. III. Host-feeding patterns of Phlebotomus papatasi in an endemic area of the disease. Blood meals from 575 Phlebotomus papatasi collected in an Iranian village were identified by precipitin test. The majority of sandfly feedings (57.5%) were on birds, mainly chickens and pigeons. The remaining 42.5% were on mammals (humans, cows, mules, sheep, and goats) or were non-reactive. Calculation of forage ratios of each host species indicated that chickens, equines, and bovines were the preferred hosts of P. papatasi in the village. Results of this study demonstrate that P. papatasi has a much wider natural host range than indicated previously and suggest that this species is an opporunistic feeder and is not strongly anthropophilic. Observations on the diurnal activity of P. papatasi are also presented.", "PMID": 403821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2183", "title": "Survival of arboviruses in trypanosome-infected triatomines.", "content": "The potential of triatomines to maintain arboviruses was demonstrated by the ability of Rhodinius prolixus with experimentally punctured abdomen to harbor Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus for at least 4 months and St. Louis encephalitis virus for 1 month. At 30 days after infection VEE virus was found at low titers in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected R. prolixus and at moderate titers in T. rangeli-infected R. neglectus. Transmission of VEE virus by bite of punctured bugs was successful 2 weeks after virus ingestion; attempts at 30 days failed.", "contents": "Survival of arboviruses in trypanosome-infected triatomines. The potential of triatomines to maintain arboviruses was demonstrated by the ability of Rhodinius prolixus with experimentally punctured abdomen to harbor Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus for at least 4 months and St. Louis encephalitis virus for 1 month. At 30 days after infection VEE virus was found at low titers in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected R. prolixus and at moderate titers in T. rangeli-infected R. neglectus. Transmission of VEE virus by bite of punctured bugs was successful 2 weeks after virus ingestion; attempts at 30 days failed.", "PMID": 403822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2184", "title": "Dislocation of the peroneal tendons.", "content": "It is our opinion that acute luxation of the peroneal tendons must be operated to prevent future disability. Chronic luxations of the peroneal tendons may be treated with a modified Kelly procedure, with anticipated excellent results. The diagnosis of acute luxations of the peroneal tendons continues to be difficult, and we hope that the guidelines listed in this paper will enable the clinician to be aware of this injury.", "contents": "Dislocation of the peroneal tendons. It is our opinion that acute luxation of the peroneal tendons must be operated to prevent future disability. Chronic luxations of the peroneal tendons may be treated with a modified Kelly procedure, with anticipated excellent results. The diagnosis of acute luxations of the peroneal tendons continues to be difficult, and we hope that the guidelines listed in this paper will enable the clinician to be aware of this injury.", "PMID": 403818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2185", "title": "Parenteral solutions for nutritional support in surgical patients. A comparison of nitrogen gains employing 5 per cent and 10 per cent amino acid solutions.", "content": "A 10 per cent amino acid solution accompanied by 10 per cent Intralipid and 50 per cent glucose could be infused by peripheral veins. This safe and practical method induced positive nitrogen balance of 7 to 8 gm daily in five of six septic patients.", "contents": "Parenteral solutions for nutritional support in surgical patients. A comparison of nitrogen gains employing 5 per cent and 10 per cent amino acid solutions. A 10 per cent amino acid solution accompanied by 10 per cent Intralipid and 50 per cent glucose could be infused by peripheral veins. This safe and practical method induced positive nitrogen balance of 7 to 8 gm daily in five of six septic patients.", "PMID": 403823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2186", "title": "Cost-benefit analysis of surgery. Current accomplishments and limitations.", "content": "The general principles of cost-benefit analysis are applicable to health care issues, which are in particular need of carefully detailed study at a time when health care expenditures are increasing and when there is competition for scarce resources. There are limitations to such analyses, particularly in the evaluation of the many intangible values so important in the costs and benefits of health care. As examples of the methodology, a simplified cost-benefit analysis is presented for cholecystectomy for silent gallstones in terms of an individual patient, and a more complex analysis is presented for a national program for renal transplantation or chronic hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. Finally, costs of intensive care support are presented. These examples illustrate advantages and disavantages of a revealing type of analysis that will be applied with increasing frequency to future health care issues.", "contents": "Cost-benefit analysis of surgery. Current accomplishments and limitations. The general principles of cost-benefit analysis are applicable to health care issues, which are in particular need of carefully detailed study at a time when health care expenditures are increasing and when there is competition for scarce resources. There are limitations to such analyses, particularly in the evaluation of the many intangible values so important in the costs and benefits of health care. As examples of the methodology, a simplified cost-benefit analysis is presented for cholecystectomy for silent gallstones in terms of an individual patient, and a more complex analysis is presented for a national program for renal transplantation or chronic hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. Finally, costs of intensive care support are presented. These examples illustrate advantages and disavantages of a revealing type of analysis that will be applied with increasing frequency to future health care issues.", "PMID": 403824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2187", "title": "Lateral ligamentous instability of the ankle: a method of surgical reconstruction by a modified Watson-Jones technique.", "content": "Forty-nine cases of lateral ligamentous instability of the ankle have been reviewed. Forty-one have been personally examined. Eight have been evaluated by questionnaire follow-up. The end results have been universally good. The results have been based on a subjective evaluation by the patient, 92% regarding the end results of the procedure to be excellent. In regard to function, 92% of the patients have been able to resume their preinjury activity. The evidence of instability of the ankle joint can be determined by preoperative x-ray examination. However, careful history and physical examination obviate the need for x-ray studies in most cases. Operative findings have confirmed our preoperative evaluation in all cases. The modification of the Watson-Jones procedure, using the peroneus longus, enables the operating surgeon use of a much greater tendon in reconstruction of the lateral ligamentous structures. No change in the function of the foot has been noted in the reported cases.", "contents": "Lateral ligamentous instability of the ankle: a method of surgical reconstruction by a modified Watson-Jones technique. Forty-nine cases of lateral ligamentous instability of the ankle have been reviewed. Forty-one have been personally examined. Eight have been evaluated by questionnaire follow-up. The end results have been universally good. The results have been based on a subjective evaluation by the patient, 92% regarding the end results of the procedure to be excellent. In regard to function, 92% of the patients have been able to resume their preinjury activity. The evidence of instability of the ankle joint can be determined by preoperative x-ray examination. However, careful history and physical examination obviate the need for x-ray studies in most cases. Operative findings have confirmed our preoperative evaluation in all cases. The modification of the Watson-Jones procedure, using the peroneus longus, enables the operating surgeon use of a much greater tendon in reconstruction of the lateral ligamentous structures. No change in the function of the foot has been noted in the reported cases.", "PMID": 403819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2188", "title": "Phenol oxidase activity of the iris and the ciliary body in rats.", "content": "Phenol oxidase activity of the iris and the ciliary body in normal young rats of three differently pigmented strains, Lewis (albino), E3 (light brown, hooded), and BDE (black, hooded), was studied using DL-Dopa. Applicability of the histochemical method was controlled with skin samples taken from the necks of the animals. In the pigmented strains, the appearance of newly formed pigment at the pigmented epithelium and stroma of the iris and ciliary body was observed. In the E3 animals, the reaction was slightly positive, while in the BDE rats it was more pronounced. No phenol oxidase activity was detected in the ocular structures of the albinotic rats.", "contents": "Phenol oxidase activity of the iris and the ciliary body in rats. Phenol oxidase activity of the iris and the ciliary body in normal young rats of three differently pigmented strains, Lewis (albino), E3 (light brown, hooded), and BDE (black, hooded), was studied using DL-Dopa. Applicability of the histochemical method was controlled with skin samples taken from the necks of the animals. In the pigmented strains, the appearance of newly formed pigment at the pigmented epithelium and stroma of the iris and ciliary body was observed. In the E3 animals, the reaction was slightly positive, while in the BDE rats it was more pronounced. No phenol oxidase activity was detected in the ocular structures of the albinotic rats.", "PMID": 403825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2189", "title": "Dissociation of the vitreo-retinal junction following experimental embolization of retinal circulation.", "content": "Spheric plastic beads (7-25 mu in diameter) were injected into the central retinal artery of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) using a micro-surgical technique. The occlusion of retinal arteriolar branches resulted in posterior vitreous detachment and microcystoid degeneration in inner retinal layers. The dissociation of the vitreoretinal junction showed three different entities: detachment of the vitreous from the basal lamina (inner limiting lamina of the retina), separation of the basal lamina from the retina, and detachment of shreds of glial cells and other degenerated retinal tissue (intraretinal schisis).", "contents": "Dissociation of the vitreo-retinal junction following experimental embolization of retinal circulation. Spheric plastic beads (7-25 mu in diameter) were injected into the central retinal artery of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) using a micro-surgical technique. The occlusion of retinal arteriolar branches resulted in posterior vitreous detachment and microcystoid degeneration in inner retinal layers. The dissociation of the vitreoretinal junction showed three different entities: detachment of the vitreous from the basal lamina (inner limiting lamina of the retina), separation of the basal lamina from the retina, and detachment of shreds of glial cells and other degenerated retinal tissue (intraretinal schisis).", "PMID": 403826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2190", "title": "Myelinated granule cell bodies in the cerebellum of the monkey (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "Electronmicrographs of both the vermis and hemisphere of the cerebellum of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) show numerous granule cell bodies partially or completely surrounded by myelin. The myelin is of the compact type and consists of 1 to 13 lamellae. In several cases of partially ensheathed cells the myelin is clearly derived from extensions of myelin sheaths that surround small caliber axons. Either all or only the outer lamellae surrounding the axon contribute to the extensions. In the first instance the myelin buckles at its mesaxon pole and the resulting doubled flap extends for a variable distance along the cell surface.", "contents": "Myelinated granule cell bodies in the cerebellum of the monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Electronmicrographs of both the vermis and hemisphere of the cerebellum of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) show numerous granule cell bodies partially or completely surrounded by myelin. The myelin is of the compact type and consists of 1 to 13 lamellae. In several cases of partially ensheathed cells the myelin is clearly derived from extensions of myelin sheaths that surround small caliber axons. Either all or only the outer lamellae surrounding the axon contribute to the extensions. In the first instance the myelin buckles at its mesaxon pole and the resulting doubled flap extends for a variable distance along the cell surface.", "PMID": 403832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2191", "title": "Enamel rod formation in the monkey observed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of permanent tooth buds of the monkey confirmed that mineralizing interrod enamel surrounds Tomes' processes on three sides, forming pits that restrict enamel rod formation. The forming face of the enamel rod, which is the floor of the pit, angled toward the tooth surface at the apical edge of the pit, the side nearest the cervical region of the tooth. Consequently, the apical edge of each pit was the only site where both rod and interrod enamel were formed at the nascent tooth surface. The ameloblasts had two secretory surfaces. One was the microvillous surface of the short Tomes' process abutting the forming face of the enamel rod. The other surface, closer to the ameloblast, was between Tomes' processes, abutting the crests of interrod enamel which formed the pits. At each site forming enamel crystallites had specific orientations. Due to the angle of the forming face of the rod and the short Tomes' process, crystallites with both rod and interrod orientation form at the same time and the same plane within the apical (cervical) margin of each rod. It is hypothesized that indistinct boundaries between rod and interrod enamel at the apical margin of each rod are due to both secretory surfaces of ameloblasts secreting at the same time and at the same site.", "contents": "Enamel rod formation in the monkey observed by scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy of permanent tooth buds of the monkey confirmed that mineralizing interrod enamel surrounds Tomes' processes on three sides, forming pits that restrict enamel rod formation. The forming face of the enamel rod, which is the floor of the pit, angled toward the tooth surface at the apical edge of the pit, the side nearest the cervical region of the tooth. Consequently, the apical edge of each pit was the only site where both rod and interrod enamel were formed at the nascent tooth surface. The ameloblasts had two secretory surfaces. One was the microvillous surface of the short Tomes' process abutting the forming face of the enamel rod. The other surface, closer to the ameloblast, was between Tomes' processes, abutting the crests of interrod enamel which formed the pits. At each site forming enamel crystallites had specific orientations. Due to the angle of the forming face of the rod and the short Tomes' process, crystallites with both rod and interrod orientation form at the same time and the same plane within the apical (cervical) margin of each rod. It is hypothesized that indistinct boundaries between rod and interrod enamel at the apical margin of each rod are due to both secretory surfaces of ameloblasts secreting at the same time and at the same site.", "PMID": 403833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2192", "title": "Comparative clinical pharmacology of amikacin and kanamycin in dairy calves.", "content": "The in vitro susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp, Pasteurella multocida, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from young calves and their environment to kanamycin and its semisynthetic derivative--amikacin, was compared by the tube dilution method. The minimal inhibitory concentration of amikacin was two- to fourfold lower than the minimal inhibitory concentration of kanamycin for the Salmonella group B, Ps aeruginosa and P multocida strains examined, whereas the E coli and Salmonella group D strains were eqaully susceptible to the 2 antibiotics. The concentrations of amikacin and kanamycin in the serum of calves after single intramuscular injections at 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg were determined, and differences between the 2 antibiotics were not observed. Intramuscular dosage schedules were calculated, based on the sensitivity of the different bacterial strains and the duration of effective serum drug concentrations.", "contents": "Comparative clinical pharmacology of amikacin and kanamycin in dairy calves. The in vitro susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp, Pasteurella multocida, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from young calves and their environment to kanamycin and its semisynthetic derivative--amikacin, was compared by the tube dilution method. The minimal inhibitory concentration of amikacin was two- to fourfold lower than the minimal inhibitory concentration of kanamycin for the Salmonella group B, Ps aeruginosa and P multocida strains examined, whereas the E coli and Salmonella group D strains were eqaully susceptible to the 2 antibiotics. The concentrations of amikacin and kanamycin in the serum of calves after single intramuscular injections at 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg were determined, and differences between the 2 antibiotics were not observed. Intramuscular dosage schedules were calculated, based on the sensitivity of the different bacterial strains and the duration of effective serum drug concentrations.", "PMID": 403834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2193", "title": "Alternative complement pathway in bovine serum: lysis of human erythrocytes.", "content": "The hemolysis of unsensitized human erythrocytes by fresh bovine serums was investigated. Lysis occurred in ethylene glycol bis-amino tetraacetate buffers and with serums depleted of Clq. Serums extensively absorbed with packed human erythrocytes at 0 C effectively lysed human erythrocytes, but optimal lytic capacity required target cells \"sensitized\" with a heat-stable serum factor. Lysis did not occur with serums absorbed with zymosan at 17 C or heat inactivated at 50 C. These results indicate that human erythrocytes can activate the alternative pathway of complement in bovine serums. Lysis can proceed in the apparent absence of antibodies, although their presence may enhance the reaction.", "contents": "Alternative complement pathway in bovine serum: lysis of human erythrocytes. The hemolysis of unsensitized human erythrocytes by fresh bovine serums was investigated. Lysis occurred in ethylene glycol bis-amino tetraacetate buffers and with serums depleted of Clq. Serums extensively absorbed with packed human erythrocytes at 0 C effectively lysed human erythrocytes, but optimal lytic capacity required target cells \"sensitized\" with a heat-stable serum factor. Lysis did not occur with serums absorbed with zymosan at 17 C or heat inactivated at 50 C. These results indicate that human erythrocytes can activate the alternative pathway of complement in bovine serums. Lysis can proceed in the apparent absence of antibodies, although their presence may enhance the reaction.", "PMID": 403835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2194", "title": "Specific in vitro lymphocyte response of chickens injected with killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis.", "content": "An in vitro microassay for lymphocyte transformation, using 3H-thymidine incorporated into avian peripheral blood leukocytes, is described. The transformation responses of 1 X 10(6) leukocytes stimulated by the nonspecific mitogen, phytohemagglutinin-M (PHA-M), were equivalent with 68- and 92-hour incubation durations. The PHA-M in concentration of 50 micronl/ml produced greater stimulation than did that of 25 or 100 micronl/ml. The transformation response to PHA-M was significantly affected by the lot of bovine fetal serum used to supplement the RPMI 1640 culture medium. The specific antigen, purified protein derivative (PPD) of tuberculin, stimulated significant transformation in cultures of 1 X 10(6) leukocytes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-sensitized fowl. The PPD at concentration of 50 microng/ml was superior to 100 or 150 microng/ml, and 68-hour incubation was significantly better than 92-hour incubation. The magnitude of the in vitro transformation response to PPD was greater at 6 weeks after sensitization than at 2 or 4 weeks, and it was not directly related to the magnitude of the in vivo wattle test response in sensitized chickens.", "contents": "Specific in vitro lymphocyte response of chickens injected with killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An in vitro microassay for lymphocyte transformation, using 3H-thymidine incorporated into avian peripheral blood leukocytes, is described. The transformation responses of 1 X 10(6) leukocytes stimulated by the nonspecific mitogen, phytohemagglutinin-M (PHA-M), were equivalent with 68- and 92-hour incubation durations. The PHA-M in concentration of 50 micronl/ml produced greater stimulation than did that of 25 or 100 micronl/ml. The transformation response to PHA-M was significantly affected by the lot of bovine fetal serum used to supplement the RPMI 1640 culture medium. The specific antigen, purified protein derivative (PPD) of tuberculin, stimulated significant transformation in cultures of 1 X 10(6) leukocytes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-sensitized fowl. The PPD at concentration of 50 microng/ml was superior to 100 or 150 microng/ml, and 68-hour incubation was significantly better than 92-hour incubation. The magnitude of the in vitro transformation response to PPD was greater at 6 weeks after sensitization than at 2 or 4 weeks, and it was not directly related to the magnitude of the in vivo wattle test response in sensitized chickens.", "PMID": 403836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2195", "title": "Lymphoma associated with an epizootic of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).", "content": "A hamster-associated epizootic of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection in medical center personnel at the University of Rochester in 1973 necessitated prompt termination of the Syrain hamster colony. Necropsies were performed on 130 hamsters, blood speciments were obtained from 60 for serotest, and viral isolation procedures were done on 47. Active virus infection, as shown by virus isolation, was associated with the presence of lymphoreticular infiltrate in liver and kidney. Intraabdominal lymphoma was seen only in groups of hamsters from which LCM virus was isolated, but LCM virus was not isolated from many of the hamsters with lymphoma. Although frequency of intraabdominal lymphoma could be markedly increased in LCM-positive hamsters treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, lymphoma was not induced in LCM-negative hamsters with this carcinogen.", "contents": "Lymphoma associated with an epizootic of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). A hamster-associated epizootic of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection in medical center personnel at the University of Rochester in 1973 necessitated prompt termination of the Syrain hamster colony. Necropsies were performed on 130 hamsters, blood speciments were obtained from 60 for serotest, and viral isolation procedures were done on 47. Active virus infection, as shown by virus isolation, was associated with the presence of lymphoreticular infiltrate in liver and kidney. Intraabdominal lymphoma was seen only in groups of hamsters from which LCM virus was isolated, but LCM virus was not isolated from many of the hamsters with lymphoma. Although frequency of intraabdominal lymphoma could be markedly increased in LCM-positive hamsters treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, lymphoma was not induced in LCM-negative hamsters with this carcinogen.", "PMID": 403837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2196", "title": "Mycobacterial antigens relating to experimental pulmonary cavity formation.", "content": "Lipid-protein mixtures were obtained from 2 strains of mycobacteria, and their cavity-forming activities were examined in rabbit lungs. The mixtures were separated into lipid and protein fractions by gel filtration on Sephadex LH-20 column. Neither lipid nor protein fraction alone had cavity-forming activity; however, restoration of the cavity-forming activity was observed by recombining the fractions. The activity was also reconstructed by combining the protein fraction with cell walls of bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. The protein fraction from Mycobacterium phlei was further separated into 2 fragments. The larger molecular fragment with a molecular weight of 10,000 daltons consisted of 60% protein and 40% carbohydrate and had cavity-forming activity in combination with the cell walls. The roles of lipid and protein of mycobacteria in cavity formation are discussed.", "contents": "Mycobacterial antigens relating to experimental pulmonary cavity formation. Lipid-protein mixtures were obtained from 2 strains of mycobacteria, and their cavity-forming activities were examined in rabbit lungs. The mixtures were separated into lipid and protein fractions by gel filtration on Sephadex LH-20 column. Neither lipid nor protein fraction alone had cavity-forming activity; however, restoration of the cavity-forming activity was observed by recombining the fractions. The activity was also reconstructed by combining the protein fraction with cell walls of bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. The protein fraction from Mycobacterium phlei was further separated into 2 fragments. The larger molecular fragment with a molecular weight of 10,000 daltons consisted of 60% protein and 40% carbohydrate and had cavity-forming activity in combination with the cell walls. The roles of lipid and protein of mycobacteria in cavity formation are discussed.", "PMID": 403839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2197", "title": "Acute leukemia in multiple myeloma.", "content": "Of 476 patients with multiple myeloma treated during a 9-year period, 11 developed acute myelogenous leukemia or sideroblastic anemia. In all, the myeloma was in remission from chemotherapy with melphalan-prednisone combinations that had been continued for a median duration of 3 years. The incidence of acute leukemia or sideroblastic anemia was about 100 times higher than found in normal individuals of the same age. In all patients studied, major cytogenetic abnormalities were present, with hypodiploidy and evidence of chromosomal damage being noted most frequently. The frequency and nature of the chromosome changes were attributed to effects resulting from the prolonged drug therapy. These findings supported the long-term follow-up of selected patients with myeloma without any chemotherapy when marked degrees of remission followed the initial treatment courses.", "contents": "Acute leukemia in multiple myeloma. Of 476 patients with multiple myeloma treated during a 9-year period, 11 developed acute myelogenous leukemia or sideroblastic anemia. In all, the myeloma was in remission from chemotherapy with melphalan-prednisone combinations that had been continued for a median duration of 3 years. The incidence of acute leukemia or sideroblastic anemia was about 100 times higher than found in normal individuals of the same age. In all patients studied, major cytogenetic abnormalities were present, with hypodiploidy and evidence of chromosomal damage being noted most frequently. The frequency and nature of the chromosome changes were attributed to effects resulting from the prolonged drug therapy. These findings supported the long-term follow-up of selected patients with myeloma without any chemotherapy when marked degrees of remission followed the initial treatment courses.", "PMID": 403840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2198", "title": "Gram-negative rod bacteremia: microbiologic, immunologic, and therapeutic considerations.", "content": "During the last 2 decades, Gram-negative rod bacteremia has become the leading infectious disease problem in American hospitals. With improvements in conventional microbiologic techniques, bacteremic infection can be diagnosed reliably within 3 days using only three sets of cultures. Clinical management still requires aggressive, presumptive use of antimicrobials in patients with the most adverse host factors. In the latter group, the use of combinations of antibiotics that interact synergistically in vitro has improved clinical results. In bacteremia due to anaerobes, particularly Bacteroides species, drainage of infected sites is probably more important than specific drug therapy. Various host defects have been associated with Gram-negative bacteremia; the most common in the nonleukopenic patient is impaired opsonization. The evidence that endotoxins are involved in the pathophysiology of Gram-negative bacillemia is inferential. Nevertheless, both clinical and experimental evidence suggest that active or passive immunization with endotoxin components or antigens similar to Gram-negative polysaccharides may be protective.", "contents": "Gram-negative rod bacteremia: microbiologic, immunologic, and therapeutic considerations. During the last 2 decades, Gram-negative rod bacteremia has become the leading infectious disease problem in American hospitals. With improvements in conventional microbiologic techniques, bacteremic infection can be diagnosed reliably within 3 days using only three sets of cultures. Clinical management still requires aggressive, presumptive use of antimicrobials in patients with the most adverse host factors. In the latter group, the use of combinations of antibiotics that interact synergistically in vitro has improved clinical results. In bacteremia due to anaerobes, particularly Bacteroides species, drainage of infected sites is probably more important than specific drug therapy. Various host defects have been associated with Gram-negative bacteremia; the most common in the nonleukopenic patient is impaired opsonization. The evidence that endotoxins are involved in the pathophysiology of Gram-negative bacillemia is inferential. Nevertheless, both clinical and experimental evidence suggest that active or passive immunization with endotoxin components or antigens similar to Gram-negative polysaccharides may be protective.", "PMID": 403841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2199", "title": "An analysis of the cost-effectiveness of pharyngitis management and acute rheumatic fever prevention.", "content": "The cost-effectivness of preventing primary acute rheumatic fever attacks by oral or benzathine penicillin treatment was analyzed for both epidemic and endemic streptococcal pharyngitis situations. Decision analysis was used: the probabilities and the outcome values were calculated from published data. Three penicillin strategies were compared: (A) treating only patients with group A streptococci-positive throat cultures; (B) treating all patients; (C) treating none of the patients. In the epidemic situation it is medically most effective and least costly to treat all patients with penicillin (Strategy B). In the endemic situation, Strategy B is also most cost-effective when oral penicillin is used in patient populations where the positive throat culture yield is at least 20%. Strategy A is optimal when the yield is between 5% and 20%; below a 5% yield, Strategy C is appropriate. For any individual patient, it is possible that choice of the most cost-effective treatment strategy could be based on the patient's clinical findings.", "contents": "An analysis of the cost-effectiveness of pharyngitis management and acute rheumatic fever prevention. The cost-effectivness of preventing primary acute rheumatic fever attacks by oral or benzathine penicillin treatment was analyzed for both epidemic and endemic streptococcal pharyngitis situations. Decision analysis was used: the probabilities and the outcome values were calculated from published data. Three penicillin strategies were compared: (A) treating only patients with group A streptococci-positive throat cultures; (B) treating all patients; (C) treating none of the patients. In the epidemic situation it is medically most effective and least costly to treat all patients with penicillin (Strategy B). In the endemic situation, Strategy B is also most cost-effective when oral penicillin is used in patient populations where the positive throat culture yield is at least 20%. Strategy A is optimal when the yield is between 5% and 20%; below a 5% yield, Strategy C is appropriate. For any individual patient, it is possible that choice of the most cost-effective treatment strategy could be based on the patient's clinical findings.", "PMID": 403842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2200", "title": "Plasma cell leukemia with excretion of half-molecules of immunoglobulin A (alpha1 lambda1).", "content": "A patient with plasma cell leukemia and myelofibrosis excreted free immunoglobulin light chains and an abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) A in her urine. The IgA that was present in serum and urine had a sedimentation coefficient of 4.0 S. The molecule was comprised of both heavy and light chains but was antigenically deficient compared to normal IgA. As excreted in the urine, the protein appeared to be a half-molecule of IgA, with a partial deletion in the heavy chain, probably involving part or all of the C-terminal domain.", "contents": "Plasma cell leukemia with excretion of half-molecules of immunoglobulin A (alpha1 lambda1). A patient with plasma cell leukemia and myelofibrosis excreted free immunoglobulin light chains and an abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) A in her urine. The IgA that was present in serum and urine had a sedimentation coefficient of 4.0 S. The molecule was comprised of both heavy and light chains but was antigenically deficient compared to normal IgA. As excreted in the urine, the protein appeared to be a half-molecule of IgA, with a partial deletion in the heavy chain, probably involving part or all of the C-terminal domain.", "PMID": 403845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2201", "title": "Twenty-five years of tympanoplasty: a critical evaluation.", "content": "Twenty-five years of experience with tympanoplasty have demonstrated that the operation is not as safe as it is generally thought. Serious complications do occur. Many problems of middle ear reconstruction remain unsolved and more often than not results have not withstood the test of time. This paper attempts to answer the following questions. 1) What are the hazards in tympanoplasty surgery? 2) What are the complications of tympanoplasty? 3) What can tympanoplasty do for the welfare of the patient with reasonable certainty? 4) What has tympanoplasty been unable to do in spite of continued attempts and experimentation? 5) Why is tympanoplasty successful or unsuccessful in seemingly similar cases?", "contents": "Twenty-five years of tympanoplasty: a critical evaluation. Twenty-five years of experience with tympanoplasty have demonstrated that the operation is not as safe as it is generally thought. Serious complications do occur. Many problems of middle ear reconstruction remain unsolved and more often than not results have not withstood the test of time. This paper attempts to answer the following questions. 1) What are the hazards in tympanoplasty surgery? 2) What are the complications of tympanoplasty? 3) What can tympanoplasty do for the welfare of the patient with reasonable certainty? 4) What has tympanoplasty been unable to do in spite of continued attempts and experimentation? 5) Why is tympanoplasty successful or unsuccessful in seemingly similar cases?", "PMID": 403846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2202", "title": "Enzymological approaches to the lipidoses.", "content": "There are now ten known heritable disorders of lipid metabolism for which the nature of the underlying enzymological defect is conclusively established. In addition to devising procedures for successful enzyme replacement therapy, much current work deals with the development of convenient, effective methods for the rapid diagnosis of patients with these disorders, the detection of heterozygous carriers of these diseases, and the monitoring of pregnancies at risk for these conditions. Clinical enzymologists are required to assume increasing responsibilities in the performance of these tests, and the present contribution describes the application of fundamental principles and discusses recent developments along this line. In particular, the development of facile chromogenic reagents for the diagnosis of patients with Niemann-Pick disease and Krabbe's disease is delineated. Previously, the diagnosis of such patients required the use of radioactivity labeled compounds and such testing was limited to relatively few research laboratories. The novelty of these reagents and their application comprise the major aspect of this presentation.", "contents": "Enzymological approaches to the lipidoses. There are now ten known heritable disorders of lipid metabolism for which the nature of the underlying enzymological defect is conclusively established. In addition to devising procedures for successful enzyme replacement therapy, much current work deals with the development of convenient, effective methods for the rapid diagnosis of patients with these disorders, the detection of heterozygous carriers of these diseases, and the monitoring of pregnancies at risk for these conditions. Clinical enzymologists are required to assume increasing responsibilities in the performance of these tests, and the present contribution describes the application of fundamental principles and discusses recent developments along this line. In particular, the development of facile chromogenic reagents for the diagnosis of patients with Niemann-Pick disease and Krabbe's disease is delineated. Previously, the diagnosis of such patients required the use of radioactivity labeled compounds and such testing was limited to relatively few research laboratories. The novelty of these reagents and their application comprise the major aspect of this presentation.", "PMID": 403847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2203", "title": "[An immunological enhancement phenomenon in different experimental bacterial infections].", "content": "To demonstrate that an enhancement phenomenon might be involved during the development of bacterial infections, one has to establish that specific humoral antibodies protect, in some way, microorganisms against the defence reations of the host. This report presents the evidence that specific antibodies could be evolved in assuming a certain survival of bacterial cells in host's tissue. (1) Homologues antistaphylococcal sera passively potentiated the development of experimental staphylococcal synovitis infection of chickens. The enhancement activity of the antisera was associated with a relatively high level of immune adherence antibodies and seemed not be correlated with their agglutinin titers. (2) The passive transfer of chicken anti-Brucella immune globulins promote the survival of B. abortus in the spleen of chickens infected with these bacteria. This enhancing effect was reduced significantly when the immune globulins were absorbed with heat-killed Brucella cells to remove all the anti-Brucella agglutinins and immune adherence antibodies. (3) The passive transfer of rabbit antimycobacterial immunoglobulins directed against either living or soluble extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv, promotes the multiplication of the BCG stain of M. tuberculosis in the spleen of mice infected with low doses of this latter strain. This enhancing effect was reduced significantly when antisera were absorbed with living BCG. Morever, such treatment led to the removal of all haemagglutinating antibodies when antisera were tested aganist either BCG or H37Rv soluble extracts.", "contents": "[An immunological enhancement phenomenon in different experimental bacterial infections]. To demonstrate that an enhancement phenomenon might be involved during the development of bacterial infections, one has to establish that specific humoral antibodies protect, in some way, microorganisms against the defence reations of the host. This report presents the evidence that specific antibodies could be evolved in assuming a certain survival of bacterial cells in host's tissue. (1) Homologues antistaphylococcal sera passively potentiated the development of experimental staphylococcal synovitis infection of chickens. The enhancement activity of the antisera was associated with a relatively high level of immune adherence antibodies and seemed not be correlated with their agglutinin titers. (2) The passive transfer of chicken anti-Brucella immune globulins promote the survival of B. abortus in the spleen of chickens infected with these bacteria. This enhancing effect was reduced significantly when the immune globulins were absorbed with heat-killed Brucella cells to remove all the anti-Brucella agglutinins and immune adherence antibodies. (3) The passive transfer of rabbit antimycobacterial immunoglobulins directed against either living or soluble extracts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv, promotes the multiplication of the BCG stain of M. tuberculosis in the spleen of mice infected with low doses of this latter strain. This enhancing effect was reduced significantly when antisera were absorbed with living BCG. Morever, such treatment led to the removal of all haemagglutinating antibodies when antisera were tested aganist either BCG or H37Rv soluble extracts.", "PMID": 403848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2204", "title": "[Characteristics of determining the microbial contamination of penicillin series antibiotic powders and tablets].", "content": "Optimal conditions for determination of microbial contamination of drugs were studied on artificially contaminated powders and tablets of phenoxymethylpenicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin and dicloxacillin. The method of membrane filtration was the best for determination of the microbial contamination of the powders. However, it was not possible to wash out completely the antibiotic from the membrane filter. To prevent this it was necessary to add penicillinase into the nutrient medium onto which the filter was put for providing the microbial growth. For determination of microbial contamination of tablets direct plating of 3 per cent suspension of the tablet mass onto the surface of the nutrient medium with penicillinase was the best.", "contents": "[Characteristics of determining the microbial contamination of penicillin series antibiotic powders and tablets]. Optimal conditions for determination of microbial contamination of drugs were studied on artificially contaminated powders and tablets of phenoxymethylpenicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin and dicloxacillin. The method of membrane filtration was the best for determination of the microbial contamination of the powders. However, it was not possible to wash out completely the antibiotic from the membrane filter. To prevent this it was necessary to add penicillinase into the nutrient medium onto which the filter was put for providing the microbial growth. For determination of microbial contamination of tablets direct plating of 3 per cent suspension of the tablet mass onto the surface of the nutrient medium with penicillinase was the best.", "PMID": 403853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2205", "title": "[Sensitivity of the wound microflora of oncological patients to some new antibiotics].", "content": "Sensitivity of the microflora of the oncological patients' wounds to the new antibiotics, such as gentamicin, kanamycin, oxacillin, ampicillin and lincomycin was studied with the help of the disc method. The discs with the above antibiotics were prepared under laboratory conditions in accordance with the respective instructions in the WHO. Sensitivity of 429 bacterial cultures, including 98 cultures of pathogenic staphylocci, 45 cultures of Enterococci, 43 hemolytic streptococci, 143 cultures of Escherichia, 50 cultures of Ps. aeruginosa and 50 cultures of Proteus was determined. The studies showed that gentamicin was the most active antibiotic aganist all the microbial species isolated from the surgical and other wounds of oncological patients. It may be used in treatment of the infections caused by association of the microbes belonging to different species, as well as in treatment of purulent processes before elucidating their etiology, 16.7 per cent of the Enterococcal isolates were resistant to gentamicin. Monomycin, kanamycin, oxacillin, lincomycin and macrolide antibiotics at present are sufficiently active against pathogenic staphylococci and hemolytic streptococci.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of the wound microflora of oncological patients to some new antibiotics]. Sensitivity of the microflora of the oncological patients' wounds to the new antibiotics, such as gentamicin, kanamycin, oxacillin, ampicillin and lincomycin was studied with the help of the disc method. The discs with the above antibiotics were prepared under laboratory conditions in accordance with the respective instructions in the WHO. Sensitivity of 429 bacterial cultures, including 98 cultures of pathogenic staphylocci, 45 cultures of Enterococci, 43 hemolytic streptococci, 143 cultures of Escherichia, 50 cultures of Ps. aeruginosa and 50 cultures of Proteus was determined. The studies showed that gentamicin was the most active antibiotic aganist all the microbial species isolated from the surgical and other wounds of oncological patients. It may be used in treatment of the infections caused by association of the microbes belonging to different species, as well as in treatment of purulent processes before elucidating their etiology, 16.7 per cent of the Enterococcal isolates were resistant to gentamicin. Monomycin, kanamycin, oxacillin, lincomycin and macrolide antibiotics at present are sufficiently active against pathogenic staphylococci and hemolytic streptococci.", "PMID": 403854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2206", "title": "[Insertion of mouse kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene sequences into a bacterial plasmid].", "content": "The 14S mRNA from MOPC 173 tumour has been transcribed into cDNA by AMV DNA polymerase and converted into a double stranded form by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. After addition of oligo-dG tracts at the 3'-OH ends by calf thymus terminal transferase this DNA was hybridized to an E. coli plasmid (pCR1) to which oligo-dG tracts had been similarly added. Circular molecules resulting from GC base pairing have been used to transform C 600 E. coli cells and to confer kanamycine resistance. Several recombinants have  been obtained containing the V+C regions and the C or V region alone. These recombinant molecules are being used to analyse the translocation of V and C genes and to purify V and C genes from DNA of germ line cells and of differentiated tumour.", "contents": "[Insertion of mouse kappa light chain immunoglobulin gene sequences into a bacterial plasmid]. The 14S mRNA from MOPC 173 tumour has been transcribed into cDNA by AMV DNA polymerase and converted into a double stranded form by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. After addition of oligo-dG tracts at the 3'-OH ends by calf thymus terminal transferase this DNA was hybridized to an E. coli plasmid (pCR1) to which oligo-dG tracts had been similarly added. Circular molecules resulting from GC base pairing have been used to transform C 600 E. coli cells and to confer kanamycine resistance. Several recombinants have  been obtained containing the V+C regions and the C or V region alone. These recombinant molecules are being used to analyse the translocation of V and C genes and to purify V and C genes from DNA of germ line cells and of differentiated tumour.", "PMID": 403850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2207", "title": "[Heterogeneity of antibodies produced by individual cells].", "content": "Recent experimental findings indicate that individual B cells can produce simultaneously heterogeneous Ig molecules. Three orders of heterogeneity have been described. (1) In two published cases of human myeloma, individual malignant cells produced Igkappa and Iglambda (case Im) or IgMlambda and IgGkappa (case Br). (2) Immunofluorescence studies repeatedly showed that normal B cells may bear surface Ig of two different classes or cytoplasmic Ig of one class and surface Ig of another class. However, simultaneous production of two different CH chains by immunized B cells or myeloma cells appeared to be rather rare (1-3%). (3) Immunization of mice with two different antigens regularly results in the appearance of cells (1-3%) simultaneously reacting with both antigens. Specific inhibition of the one activity does not interfere with the other. Furthermore, bispecific cells cultured individually generate daughter cells, each producing antibody of only the one or the other specificity. It can be inferred from these findings that early B lymphocytes are pluripotential and that differentiation involves a process of phenotypical restriction directing the cell (plasma cell) to produce high quantities of one type of Ig molecule.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of antibodies produced by individual cells]. Recent experimental findings indicate that individual B cells can produce simultaneously heterogeneous Ig molecules. Three orders of heterogeneity have been described. (1) In two published cases of human myeloma, individual malignant cells produced Igkappa and Iglambda (case Im) or IgMlambda and IgGkappa (case Br). (2) Immunofluorescence studies repeatedly showed that normal B cells may bear surface Ig of two different classes or cytoplasmic Ig of one class and surface Ig of another class. However, simultaneous production of two different CH chains by immunized B cells or myeloma cells appeared to be rather rare (1-3%). (3) Immunization of mice with two different antigens regularly results in the appearance of cells (1-3%) simultaneously reacting with both antigens. Specific inhibition of the one activity does not interfere with the other. Furthermore, bispecific cells cultured individually generate daughter cells, each producing antibody of only the one or the other specificity. It can be inferred from these findings that early B lymphocytes are pluripotential and that differentiation involves a process of phenotypical restriction directing the cell (plasma cell) to produce high quantities of one type of Ig molecule.", "PMID": 403851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2208", "title": "Tetracycline inhibits propagation of deoxyribonucleic acid replication and alters membrane properties.", "content": "Tetracycline, at concentrations greater than required for inhibition of protein synthesis, rapidly and completely inhibits replication of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. At these concentrations of tetracycline, synthesis of ribonucleic acid is not appreciably altered. In addition to inhibiting DNA replication, tetracycline causes alterations of the cytoplasmic membrane resulting in leakage of intracellular pools of nucleotides, amino acids, and the non-metabolizable sugar analogue, thiomethylgalactoside. As DNA is synthesized at a site on the membrane, alterations of membrane structure by tetracycline may be responsible for the observed inhibition of DNA replication.", "contents": "Tetracycline inhibits propagation of deoxyribonucleic acid replication and alters membrane properties. Tetracycline, at concentrations greater than required for inhibition of protein synthesis, rapidly and completely inhibits replication of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. At these concentrations of tetracycline, synthesis of ribonucleic acid is not appreciably altered. In addition to inhibiting DNA replication, tetracycline causes alterations of the cytoplasmic membrane resulting in leakage of intracellular pools of nucleotides, amino acids, and the non-metabolizable sugar analogue, thiomethylgalactoside. As DNA is synthesized at a site on the membrane, alterations of membrane structure by tetracycline may be responsible for the observed inhibition of DNA replication.", "PMID": 403855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2209", "title": "[Evolution of the rabbit kappa light chain: multiple substitutions between allelic forms].", "content": "The partial amino acid sequence of the rabbit IgG light chain constant region of allotype b6 was determined by analyzing tryptic digests. The comparison of available data on b4, b5, b6 and b9 constant region sequences reveal multiple differences ranging from 35% between b4 and b9 or between b6 and b9 chains, to 24% between b4 and b6 chains. This large number of substitutions suggests an early divergence of the b constant region structural genes into to-day's four polymorphic forms.", "contents": "[Evolution of the rabbit kappa light chain: multiple substitutions between allelic forms]. The partial amino acid sequence of the rabbit IgG light chain constant region of allotype b6 was determined by analyzing tryptic digests. The comparison of available data on b4, b5, b6 and b9 constant region sequences reveal multiple differences ranging from 35% between b4 and b9 or between b6 and b9 chains, to 24% between b4 and b6 chains. This large number of substitutions suggests an early divergence of the b constant region structural genes into to-day's four polymorphic forms.", "PMID": 403852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2210", "title": "Transfer of a plasmid-specified beta-lactamase gene from Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "A number of ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae could donate a gene specifying the type IIIa (TEM) beta-lactamase to Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Donor strains rapidly lost their ability to transfer ampicillin resistance on storage or subculture. Such strains also apparently contained a single species of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid of contour length 1.2 mum, equivalent to about 2.5 x 10(6) daltons. No species of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid large enough to encode sex factor activity was detected. Despite this, transfer occurred to several bacterial genera in the presence of deoxyribonuclease, suggesting that transmissibility was by conjugation. The beta-lactamase gene was generally unstable after transfer and was lost in the absence of selection. Where stable transcipients were found, this was evidently by insertion of the beta-lactamase gene into the host chromosome. In P. aeruginosa insertion was always accompanied by induction of auxotrophy for adenine, suggesting insertion at a specific site. It is believed that insertion also occurred at one site on the chromosome of Escherichia coli. Crypticity measurements for beta-lactamase activity showed that there was little or no penetration barrier to beta-lactam drugs in Haemophilus. This may explain the long delay in the acquisition of ampicillin resistance by this organism.", "contents": "Transfer of a plasmid-specified beta-lactamase gene from Haemophilus influenzae. A number of ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae could donate a gene specifying the type IIIa (TEM) beta-lactamase to Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Donor strains rapidly lost their ability to transfer ampicillin resistance on storage or subculture. Such strains also apparently contained a single species of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid of contour length 1.2 mum, equivalent to about 2.5 x 10(6) daltons. No species of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid large enough to encode sex factor activity was detected. Despite this, transfer occurred to several bacterial genera in the presence of deoxyribonuclease, suggesting that transmissibility was by conjugation. The beta-lactamase gene was generally unstable after transfer and was lost in the absence of selection. Where stable transcipients were found, this was evidently by insertion of the beta-lactamase gene into the host chromosome. In P. aeruginosa insertion was always accompanied by induction of auxotrophy for adenine, suggesting insertion at a specific site. It is believed that insertion also occurred at one site on the chromosome of Escherichia coli. Crypticity measurements for beta-lactamase activity showed that there was little or no penetration barrier to beta-lactam drugs in Haemophilus. This may explain the long delay in the acquisition of ampicillin resistance by this organism.", "PMID": 403856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2211", "title": "Comparison of colicins B-K260 and D-CA23: purification and characterization of the colicins and examination of colicin immunity in the producing strains.", "content": "Colicins B-K260 and D-CA23 were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography and were compared with respect to a number of physical and chemical properties. Both colicins were shown to be proteins and were found to have similar molecular weights, isoelectric points and amino acid compositions. The two colicins also have substantial antigenic similarities but are distinguished by the presence of non-cross-reacting antigens and by differences in stability and in sensitivity to heat and reducing conditions. In addition, strains of Escherichia coli K-12 producing colicins B-K260 and D-CA23 are not cross-immune. The similarities noted between the two colicins are compatible with their use of a common cell surface receptor while having different modes of action.", "contents": "Comparison of colicins B-K260 and D-CA23: purification and characterization of the colicins and examination of colicin immunity in the producing strains. Colicins B-K260 and D-CA23 were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography and were compared with respect to a number of physical and chemical properties. Both colicins were shown to be proteins and were found to have similar molecular weights, isoelectric points and amino acid compositions. The two colicins also have substantial antigenic similarities but are distinguished by the presence of non-cross-reacting antigens and by differences in stability and in sensitivity to heat and reducing conditions. In addition, strains of Escherichia coli K-12 producing colicins B-K260 and D-CA23 are not cross-immune. The similarities noted between the two colicins are compatible with their use of a common cell surface receptor while having different modes of action.", "PMID": 403857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2212", "title": "Confirmation of the single-step membrane filtration procedure for estimating Pseudomonas aeruginosa densities in water.", "content": "The efficiency of two procedures, membrane filtration and most probable number, to resuscitate and enumerate Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been compared at two temperatures and varying incubation periods. Data indicate that the membrane filtration procedure using mPA or mPA medium B is more efficient than the most-probable-number procedure in estimating P. aeruginosa populations. It was also found that the specificity of the membrane filtration procedure was such that 92 to 99% of the colonies counted as P. aeruginosa were confirmed, whereas only 2.7 to 10% of the nontypical colonies were confirmed as P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, the data indicate that mPA medium B combined with a 3- to 4-day incubation period at 4.15 degrees C is slightly more specific than mPA medium and is a valid single-step procedure for the resuscitation and enumeration of P. aeruginosa from water or sewage effluent.", "contents": "Confirmation of the single-step membrane filtration procedure for estimating Pseudomonas aeruginosa densities in water. The efficiency of two procedures, membrane filtration and most probable number, to resuscitate and enumerate Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been compared at two temperatures and varying incubation periods. Data indicate that the membrane filtration procedure using mPA or mPA medium B is more efficient than the most-probable-number procedure in estimating P. aeruginosa populations. It was also found that the specificity of the membrane filtration procedure was such that 92 to 99% of the colonies counted as P. aeruginosa were confirmed, whereas only 2.7 to 10% of the nontypical colonies were confirmed as P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, the data indicate that mPA medium B combined with a 3- to 4-day incubation period at 4.15 degrees C is slightly more specific than mPA medium and is a valid single-step procedure for the resuscitation and enumeration of P. aeruginosa from water or sewage effluent.", "PMID": 403858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2213", "title": "Radiolabeling of and macromolecular syntheses in Neisseria gonorrhoeae types 1 and 4.", "content": "Type 1 and type 4 cells of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were grown in a liquid medium that maintained colony type for several hours. Organisms from both types of colonies incorporated labeled glucose, as well as nucleic acid and protein precursors, into specific cellular fractions during growth in the medium. Ribonucleic acid and protein were synthesized actively by the bacteria, with incorporation of label chased by the addition of unlabeled precursors. The method can be used to label type 1 and type 4 cells of gonococci with specific isotopes for studies of metabolic and biochemical changes.", "contents": "Radiolabeling of and macromolecular syntheses in Neisseria gonorrhoeae types 1 and 4. Type 1 and type 4 cells of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were grown in a liquid medium that maintained colony type for several hours. Organisms from both types of colonies incorporated labeled glucose, as well as nucleic acid and protein precursors, into specific cellular fractions during growth in the medium. Ribonucleic acid and protein were synthesized actively by the bacteria, with incorporation of label chased by the addition of unlabeled precursors. The method can be used to label type 1 and type 4 cells of gonococci with specific isotopes for studies of metabolic and biochemical changes.", "PMID": 403859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2214", "title": "Effect of beef broth protein on the thermal inactivation of staphylococcal enterotoxin B1.", "content": "Enterotoxin B produced by Staphylococus aureus 243 in brain heart infusion broth was concentrated by dialysis against 40% polyethylene glycol (20 M), partially purified on a Sephadex G-100 column and heated at 110 degrees C in thermal death time cans. Various heating menstrua included 0.04 M Veronal buffer (pH 7.4), beef broth, and fractions of beef broth obtained by ultrafiltration or precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The toxin was assayed serologically using the microslide gel double-diffusion method. The time requiring for 90% inactivation at 110 degrees C (D110 value) obtained in buffer and in beef broth was 18 and 60 min, respectively. When the concentration of beef broth was increased fivefold, the D110 increased to 78 min. The apparent protective effect or protein was further investigated using beef broth protein obtained by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. The D110 values were 51 and 70 min when the protein concentration in the heating menstruum was 3.8 and 7.7 mg/ml, respectively. However, when the beef broth protein was dialyzed against buffer before use as a heating menstrum, the D110 was only 39 or 41 min at comparable protein concentrations. Results indicated a dialyzable factor, whose protective effect was partially destroyed by trypsin and chymotrypsin but did not by disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, was involved in the protection of enterotoxin B during heating.", "contents": "Effect of beef broth protein on the thermal inactivation of staphylococcal enterotoxin B1. Enterotoxin B produced by Staphylococus aureus 243 in brain heart infusion broth was concentrated by dialysis against 40% polyethylene glycol (20 M), partially purified on a Sephadex G-100 column and heated at 110 degrees C in thermal death time cans. Various heating menstrua included 0.04 M Veronal buffer (pH 7.4), beef broth, and fractions of beef broth obtained by ultrafiltration or precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The toxin was assayed serologically using the microslide gel double-diffusion method. The time requiring for 90% inactivation at 110 degrees C (D110 value) obtained in buffer and in beef broth was 18 and 60 min, respectively. When the concentration of beef broth was increased fivefold, the D110 increased to 78 min. The apparent protective effect or protein was further investigated using beef broth protein obtained by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. The D110 values were 51 and 70 min when the protein concentration in the heating menstruum was 3.8 and 7.7 mg/ml, respectively. However, when the beef broth protein was dialyzed against buffer before use as a heating menstrum, the D110 was only 39 or 41 min at comparable protein concentrations. Results indicated a dialyzable factor, whose protective effect was partially destroyed by trypsin and chymotrypsin but did not by disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, was involved in the protection of enterotoxin B during heating.", "PMID": 403860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2215", "title": "Isolation and molecular size of Clostridium botulinum type C toxin.", "content": "A procedure is described for the purification of hemagglutinin-free Clostridium botulinum type C toxin. The toxin was purified approximately 1,000-fold from the original culture supernatant in an overall yield of 60% to a final specific toxicity of 4.4 x 10(7) minimal lethal doses/mg of protein. The toxin had a molecular weight of 141,000 and consisted of a heavy and a light chain. The molecular weights of the subunits were approximately 98,000 and 53,000. When comparing the molecular size and composition of type C toxin to that of botulinum toxins of different types, some common features may be suggested; i.e., the toxin has a molecular weight between 141,000 to 160,000 and is comprised of a heavy and a light chain linked by disulfide bonds (or bond).", "contents": "Isolation and molecular size of Clostridium botulinum type C toxin. A procedure is described for the purification of hemagglutinin-free Clostridium botulinum type C toxin. The toxin was purified approximately 1,000-fold from the original culture supernatant in an overall yield of 60% to a final specific toxicity of 4.4 x 10(7) minimal lethal doses/mg of protein. The toxin had a molecular weight of 141,000 and consisted of a heavy and a light chain. The molecular weights of the subunits were approximately 98,000 and 53,000. When comparing the molecular size and composition of type C toxin to that of botulinum toxins of different types, some common features may be suggested; i.e., the toxin has a molecular weight between 141,000 to 160,000 and is comprised of a heavy and a light chain linked by disulfide bonds (or bond).", "PMID": 403861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2216", "title": "Spontaneous fits after convulsions with fever.", "content": "112 of an original sample of 134 children with febrile convulsions were reviewed between 8 years and 9 years 10 months after their initial attack. 17% of those followed up had had at least one spontaneous fit. A significant correlation was found with perinatal abnormalities. 12% had continuing recurrent fits. Persisting grand mal occurred most commonly in lower social class children who had had perinatal abnormalities and continued to have long-term neurological disorders. Psychomotor epilepsy correlated significantly with a prolonged or repeated initial convulsion with unilateral features. It is suggested that the development of grand mal and temporal lobe epilepsies after convulsions with fever are determined by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Spontaneous fits after convulsions with fever. 112 of an original sample of 134 children with febrile convulsions were reviewed between 8 years and 9 years 10 months after their initial attack. 17% of those followed up had had at least one spontaneous fit. A significant correlation was found with perinatal abnormalities. 12% had continuing recurrent fits. Persisting grand mal occurred most commonly in lower social class children who had had perinatal abnormalities and continued to have long-term neurological disorders. Psychomotor epilepsy correlated significantly with a prolonged or repeated initial convulsion with unilateral features. It is suggested that the development of grand mal and temporal lobe epilepsies after convulsions with fever are determined by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 403865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2217", "title": "Cephalothin Prophylaxis and valve replacement.", "content": "In a study of antibiotic prophylaxis in adults undergoing heart valve replacement, we found that a 2 gm dose of cephalothin given intraoperatively produced adequate antimicrobial activity in the bloodstream throughout the period of cardiopulmonary bypass. A dosage of 1 gm every four hours postoperatively did not lead to significant accumulation of the antibiotic. With prophylaxis restricted to the intraoperative and early postoperative period, adverse drug reactions and superinfections were not a problem. Further, no cases of prosthetic valvulitis were encountered.", "contents": "Cephalothin Prophylaxis and valve replacement. In a study of antibiotic prophylaxis in adults undergoing heart valve replacement, we found that a 2 gm dose of cephalothin given intraoperatively produced adequate antimicrobial activity in the bloodstream throughout the period of cardiopulmonary bypass. A dosage of 1 gm every four hours postoperatively did not lead to significant accumulation of the antibiotic. With prophylaxis restricted to the intraoperative and early postoperative period, adverse drug reactions and superinfections were not a problem. Further, no cases of prosthetic valvulitis were encountered.", "PMID": 403867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2218", "title": "Local specificity in responses of canine coronary vessels to oxygen deficiency and antianginal drugs.", "content": "Influence of oxygen deficiency and vasodilating drugs on coronary arterial tonus was investigated. In the fibrillating heart, hypoxia initially decreased total coronary resistance, later increased it, and exerted little effect on large coronary arteries. Dilation of helically cut specimens of the small coronary arteries occurred more readily than observed in large arteries in response to N2 bubbling or KCN. In the small arteries, the mitochondrial population was more numerous in cellular units and succinic dehydrogenase activity was greater, suggesting that these vessels are more dependent on aerobic metabolism for the maintenance of integrity. Nitrate vasodilators relaxed selectively the large arteries, while adenosine, prenylamine and carbochromen dilated preferentially the small arteries. Dipyridamole, iproveratril, papaverine and propranolol relaxed both arteries equally; however, except for propranolol, these drugs produced preferential relaxation of the small vessels in the fibrillating hearts.", "contents": "Local specificity in responses of canine coronary vessels to oxygen deficiency and antianginal drugs. Influence of oxygen deficiency and vasodilating drugs on coronary arterial tonus was investigated. In the fibrillating heart, hypoxia initially decreased total coronary resistance, later increased it, and exerted little effect on large coronary arteries. Dilation of helically cut specimens of the small coronary arteries occurred more readily than observed in large arteries in response to N2 bubbling or KCN. In the small arteries, the mitochondrial population was more numerous in cellular units and succinic dehydrogenase activity was greater, suggesting that these vessels are more dependent on aerobic metabolism for the maintenance of integrity. Nitrate vasodilators relaxed selectively the large arteries, while adenosine, prenylamine and carbochromen dilated preferentially the small arteries. Dipyridamole, iproveratril, papaverine and propranolol relaxed both arteries equally; however, except for propranolol, these drugs produced preferential relaxation of the small vessels in the fibrillating hearts.", "PMID": 403868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2219", "title": "Role of glucagon in diabetes.", "content": "The glucagon-secreting A cell is a vital component of the organ system which regulates the distribution of fuel--the islets of Langerhans. Bihormonal control of glucoregulation through a push-pull system maintains the glucose concentration of extracellular fluid within narrow limits irrespective of glucose flux rates through relative equality of glucose influx and efflux. This equality requires appropriate secretion mixtures of the biologic antagonists, insulin and glucagon, directed by a glucose sensor. In severe diabetes, there are virtually no B cells and A cells are in contact largely with other A cells and their glucose-sensing capacity is lost. The A cell hypersecretes and in most juvenile type diabetics aggressive therapy with insulin fails to restore it to normal. Glucagon is a factor in the development of endogenous hyperglycemia, and ketoacidosis. Its suppression may provide a possible approach in the future pharmacologic management of diabetic hyperglycemia.", "contents": "Role of glucagon in diabetes. The glucagon-secreting A cell is a vital component of the organ system which regulates the distribution of fuel--the islets of Langerhans. Bihormonal control of glucoregulation through a push-pull system maintains the glucose concentration of extracellular fluid within narrow limits irrespective of glucose flux rates through relative equality of glucose influx and efflux. This equality requires appropriate secretion mixtures of the biologic antagonists, insulin and glucagon, directed by a glucose sensor. In severe diabetes, there are virtually no B cells and A cells are in contact largely with other A cells and their glucose-sensing capacity is lost. The A cell hypersecretes and in most juvenile type diabetics aggressive therapy with insulin fails to restore it to normal. Glucagon is a factor in the development of endogenous hyperglycemia, and ketoacidosis. Its suppression may provide a possible approach in the future pharmacologic management of diabetic hyperglycemia.", "PMID": 403869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2220", "title": "Hormonal control of ketogenesis. Biochemical considerations.", "content": "A two-site, bihormonal concept for the control of ketone body production is proposed. Thus, ketosis is viewed as the result of increased mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue (site 1) to the liver (site 2), coupled with simultaneous enhancement of the liver's capacity to convert these substrates into acetoacetic and beta-hydroxybutyric acids. The former event is believed to be triggered by a fall in plasma insulin levels while the latter is considered to be effected primarily by the concomitant glucagon excess characteristic of the ketotic state. Although the precise mechanism whereby elevation of the circulating [glucagon]:[insulin] ratio stimulates hepatic ketogenic potential is not known, activation of the carnitine acyltransferase reaction, the first step in the oxidation of fatty acids, is an essential feature. Two prerequisites for this metabolic adaptation in liver appear to be an elevation in its carnitine content and depletion of its glycogen stores. Despite present limitations the model (evolved mainly from rat studies) provides a framework for the description of various types of clinical ketosis in biochemical terms and may be useful for future studies.", "contents": "Hormonal control of ketogenesis. Biochemical considerations. A two-site, bihormonal concept for the control of ketone body production is proposed. Thus, ketosis is viewed as the result of increased mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue (site 1) to the liver (site 2), coupled with simultaneous enhancement of the liver's capacity to convert these substrates into acetoacetic and beta-hydroxybutyric acids. The former event is believed to be triggered by a fall in plasma insulin levels while the latter is considered to be effected primarily by the concomitant glucagon excess characteristic of the ketotic state. Although the precise mechanism whereby elevation of the circulating [glucagon]:[insulin] ratio stimulates hepatic ketogenic potential is not known, activation of the carnitine acyltransferase reaction, the first step in the oxidation of fatty acids, is an essential feature. Two prerequisites for this metabolic adaptation in liver appear to be an elevation in its carnitine content and depletion of its glycogen stores. Despite present limitations the model (evolved mainly from rat studies) provides a framework for the description of various types of clinical ketosis in biochemical terms and may be useful for future studies.", "PMID": 403870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2221", "title": "Amino acid and protein metabolism in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In normal man, the fasting state is characterized by release of alanine and glutamine from muscle and in situ muscle catabolism of branched chain amino acids (lecucine, isoleucine, and valine). The alanine released by muscle is utilized by the liver for gluconeogenesis. Muscle nitrogen repletion occurs during protein feeding primarily by means of selective hepatic escape and muscle uptake of branched chain amino acids in ingested protein. In the diabetic, amino acid catabolism is exaggerated in the fasting state as reflected by increased uptake of alanine by the liver for gluconeogenesis and accelerated branched chain amino acid catabolism in muscle. After protein feeding, uptake of branched chain amino acids by muscle is reduced and these amino acids accumulate in increased amounts in arterial blood. Protein feeding also exaggerates the hyperglycemia of diabetes by causing an increase in hepatic glucose production. Diabetes is thus characterized by accelerated protein catabolism during fasting as well as diminished nitrogen repletion and hyperglycemia after protein feeding. The hyperketonemia of diabetes may however, have a restraining influence on protein catabolism thereby reducing alanine availability for gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Amino acid and protein metabolism in diabetes mellitus. In normal man, the fasting state is characterized by release of alanine and glutamine from muscle and in situ muscle catabolism of branched chain amino acids (lecucine, isoleucine, and valine). The alanine released by muscle is utilized by the liver for gluconeogenesis. Muscle nitrogen repletion occurs during protein feeding primarily by means of selective hepatic escape and muscle uptake of branched chain amino acids in ingested protein. In the diabetic, amino acid catabolism is exaggerated in the fasting state as reflected by increased uptake of alanine by the liver for gluconeogenesis and accelerated branched chain amino acid catabolism in muscle. After protein feeding, uptake of branched chain amino acids by muscle is reduced and these amino acids accumulate in increased amounts in arterial blood. Protein feeding also exaggerates the hyperglycemia of diabetes by causing an increase in hepatic glucose production. Diabetes is thus characterized by accelerated protein catabolism during fasting as well as diminished nitrogen repletion and hyperglycemia after protein feeding. The hyperketonemia of diabetes may however, have a restraining influence on protein catabolism thereby reducing alanine availability for gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 403871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2222", "title": "Monomyelocytic leukemia in an untreated case of Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia.", "content": "The development of acute leukemia occurring in the presence of Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia has been reported only twice, occurring once after many years of treatment, and on the second occasion, simultaneously. The intention of this report is to record a case of spontaneous onset of acute monomyelocytic leukemia occurring in an untreated patient with Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia after four years of observation without intervening chemotherapy or radioactive therapy, and without the influence of any known carcinogens.", "contents": "Monomyelocytic leukemia in an untreated case of Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia. The development of acute leukemia occurring in the presence of Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia has been reported only twice, occurring once after many years of treatment, and on the second occasion, simultaneously. The intention of this report is to record a case of spontaneous onset of acute monomyelocytic leukemia occurring in an untreated patient with Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia after four years of observation without intervening chemotherapy or radioactive therapy, and without the influence of any known carcinogens.", "PMID": 403872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2223", "title": "Diffuse pulmonary ossification.", "content": "Diffuse pulmonary ossification (DPO) was a complication of \"shock lung\" after aortic valve replacement in a 52-year-old man. The relationship of DPO to shock lung is discussed. A possible mechanism for this complication is based on the development of a fibrin-platelet-fibroblastic interaction that may establish an intraalveolar lattice for collagen deposition by the fibroblast. The development of acidosis and mechanical forcer may potentiate fibroblastic transformation into an osteoblast. The mechanical forcer may influence the shape of the bone in the lung.", "contents": "Diffuse pulmonary ossification. Diffuse pulmonary ossification (DPO) was a complication of \"shock lung\" after aortic valve replacement in a 52-year-old man. The relationship of DPO to shock lung is discussed. A possible mechanism for this complication is based on the development of a fibrin-platelet-fibroblastic interaction that may establish an intraalveolar lattice for collagen deposition by the fibroblast. The development of acidosis and mechanical forcer may potentiate fibroblastic transformation into an osteoblast. The mechanical forcer may influence the shape of the bone in the lung.", "PMID": 403873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2224", "title": "[Integral intravenous feeding in pediatric surgery].", "content": "Forty newborns bearing several gastrointestinal conditions (congenital malformations, intestinal bypass, postinflammatory obstruction, malabsorption and enteritis) were treated with long-term integral parenteral nutrition. A solution made up of synthetic aminoacids, emulsion of lipids, glucose, electrolytes, vitamins, plasma and whole blood was perfused through a catheter introduced into central or peripheral veins. Temporal glucosuria and anemia were observed in some cases. In all but three cases urinary alpha amino nitrogen was normal. In some infected patients leucocytosis or leucopenia was found. After treatment, all patients showed adequate nutritional conditions, manifested by increase in body weight and healing of damaged tissues.", "contents": "[Integral intravenous feeding in pediatric surgery]. Forty newborns bearing several gastrointestinal conditions (congenital malformations, intestinal bypass, postinflammatory obstruction, malabsorption and enteritis) were treated with long-term integral parenteral nutrition. A solution made up of synthetic aminoacids, emulsion of lipids, glucose, electrolytes, vitamins, plasma and whole blood was perfused through a catheter introduced into central or peripheral veins. Temporal glucosuria and anemia were observed in some cases. In all but three cases urinary alpha amino nitrogen was normal. In some infected patients leucocytosis or leucopenia was found. After treatment, all patients showed adequate nutritional conditions, manifested by increase in body weight and healing of damaged tissues.", "PMID": 403874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2225", "title": "[Fatty infiltration of the heart and Uhl's disease. Apropos of a case of cardiac lipomatosis].", "content": "A case is reported of gross lipomatosis of the heart which caused death by gross circulatory failure. The clinical, haemodynamic and angiographic diagnosis was Uhl's disease, and it was the post mortem examination which revealed the massive fatty infiltration of the heart; this involved mainly the right ventricle, but also affected the left ventricle to a major degree. Although fatty deposits in the heart have been recognised for some time, it is surprising to find that there have been extremely few publications on this subject during the last ten years; It is possible that a certain number of case reports of Uhl's disease in adults are really cases of lipomatosis of the heart which have not been recognised as such.", "contents": "[Fatty infiltration of the heart and Uhl's disease. Apropos of a case of cardiac lipomatosis]. A case is reported of gross lipomatosis of the heart which caused death by gross circulatory failure. The clinical, haemodynamic and angiographic diagnosis was Uhl's disease, and it was the post mortem examination which revealed the massive fatty infiltration of the heart; this involved mainly the right ventricle, but also affected the left ventricle to a major degree. Although fatty deposits in the heart have been recognised for some time, it is surprising to find that there have been extremely few publications on this subject during the last ten years; It is possible that a certain number of case reports of Uhl's disease in adults are really cases of lipomatosis of the heart which have not been recognised as such.", "PMID": 403876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2226", "title": "[Atrioventricular blocks of bacterial endocarditis. 8 cases comprising histological study of the conduction system].", "content": "The authors report 8 cases of complete atrio-ventricular block (AVB) which came on during bacterial endocarditis. The aortic valve was more frequently affected (6/8). The conduction disorder is necessarily unstable. The prognostic significance of AVB is always very grave--all the patients have died. The valve lesions are often severe. A histological study of the conducting pathways has been carried out. The classically described aneurysm of the membranous septum was not responsable for any cases of AVB in this series. The most frequent cause of the AVB (5/8) was an infiltration of the prenodal area and the A-V nod itself, starting from the posterior aortic cusp and, in one case, from the tricuspid valve. The bundle of His is affected either by extension of the A-V node lesion or by the focus on the right cusp. Strings of inflammatory cells may follow the sheath of the bundle branches. Haematogenous micro-abscesses are sometimes found in the conducting tissues.", "contents": "[Atrioventricular blocks of bacterial endocarditis. 8 cases comprising histological study of the conduction system]. The authors report 8 cases of complete atrio-ventricular block (AVB) which came on during bacterial endocarditis. The aortic valve was more frequently affected (6/8). The conduction disorder is necessarily unstable. The prognostic significance of AVB is always very grave--all the patients have died. The valve lesions are often severe. A histological study of the conducting pathways has been carried out. The classically described aneurysm of the membranous septum was not responsable for any cases of AVB in this series. The most frequent cause of the AVB (5/8) was an infiltration of the prenodal area and the A-V nod itself, starting from the posterior aortic cusp and, in one case, from the tricuspid valve. The bundle of His is affected either by extension of the A-V node lesion or by the focus on the right cusp. Strings of inflammatory cells may follow the sheath of the bundle branches. Haematogenous micro-abscesses are sometimes found in the conducting tissues.", "PMID": 403877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2227", "title": "[Changes in myocardial metabolism during atrial pacing and catecholamine stimulation in normal subjects and patients with angina].", "content": "5 patients with angina had their threshold for angina evaluated by atrial pacing and by stimulation with catecholamine (dopamine). The authors then studied the metabolic changes induced by the two types of anginogenic load (AP and D-test) applied successively, and compared them with the post-ergometry ECG changes (lowering of the ST segment by at least 2 mm) and the findings on coronary arteriography (complete obstruction of at least 75% stenosis of a major branch vessel). The metabolic measurements were controlled against those of 5 normal subjects after standard ergometry. In the patients with angina, the AP test led to a constantly negative value for %. L. By contrast, the values of D(a-v)c and % O2 which were reduced in the normals, as indirect evidence of an increased coronary flow, remained practically static. During the dopamine infusion, although the % L was reduced, it remained essentially positive, while the D(a-v)c and % O2 were consistantly lowered.", "contents": "[Changes in myocardial metabolism during atrial pacing and catecholamine stimulation in normal subjects and patients with angina]. 5 patients with angina had their threshold for angina evaluated by atrial pacing and by stimulation with catecholamine (dopamine). The authors then studied the metabolic changes induced by the two types of anginogenic load (AP and D-test) applied successively, and compared them with the post-ergometry ECG changes (lowering of the ST segment by at least 2 mm) and the findings on coronary arteriography (complete obstruction of at least 75% stenosis of a major branch vessel). The metabolic measurements were controlled against those of 5 normal subjects after standard ergometry. In the patients with angina, the AP test led to a constantly negative value for %. L. By contrast, the values of D(a-v)c and % O2 which were reduced in the normals, as indirect evidence of an increased coronary flow, remained practically static. During the dopamine infusion, although the % L was reduced, it remained essentially positive, while the D(a-v)c and % O2 were consistantly lowered.", "PMID": 403878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2228", "title": "[Orientation of indications for renal arteriography from arterial time in intravenous urography].", "content": "Measurement of the circulation time using dycholium allows us to estimate the arrival time of the opaque medium at the renal pedicle. Xrays taken at a very early stage will show up the abdominal aorta and renal arteries. The pictures can then be greatly clarified by a subtraction technique. In this way we have a method which, with but little change in the traditional technique for intravenous pyelography, enters into the question of whether renal arteriography is justified when it is required to demonstrate only the major arterial vessels.", "contents": "[Orientation of indications for renal arteriography from arterial time in intravenous urography]. Measurement of the circulation time using dycholium allows us to estimate the arrival time of the opaque medium at the renal pedicle. Xrays taken at a very early stage will show up the abdominal aorta and renal arteries. The pictures can then be greatly clarified by a subtraction technique. In this way we have a method which, with but little change in the traditional technique for intravenous pyelography, enters into the question of whether renal arteriography is justified when it is required to demonstrate only the major arterial vessels.", "PMID": 403879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2229", "title": "[Applications of a minicomputer in an electrocadiography department].", "content": "The wide potential of minicomputers and their versatility have modified the traditional image of the computer, allowing it to gain a real foothold in a cardiological service. Examples of some original programmes are: the automatic assessment of a pacemaker on the test bench, the formation of programmed impulses for electrocardiographic investigation, the analysis of arrhythmias by a histogram of the RR interval of frequency analysis, the recording of isochrones in pericardial cartography.", "contents": "[Applications of a minicomputer in an electrocadiography department]. The wide potential of minicomputers and their versatility have modified the traditional image of the computer, allowing it to gain a real foothold in a cardiological service. Examples of some original programmes are: the automatic assessment of a pacemaker on the test bench, the formation of programmed impulses for electrocardiographic investigation, the analysis of arrhythmias by a histogram of the RR interval of frequency analysis, the recording of isochrones in pericardial cartography.", "PMID": 403880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2230", "title": "[Negative retrograde P wave in D1, sign of left postero-lateral Kent bundle].", "content": "A negative P wave in D1 with a mean atrial vector which is horizontal or descending in the frontal plane, occurring during paroxysmal tachycardial due to reciprocal rhythm or after ventricular stimulation suggests atrial depolarisation which starts in the left auricle at some distance from the A-V node and near the pulmonary veins. In the absence of an external anterograde ventricular pre-excitation, such P waves may indicate the presence of a hidden bundle of Kent posterolaterally on the left, allowing retrograde conduction during the tachycardia by a reciprocal rhythm.", "contents": "[Negative retrograde P wave in D1, sign of left postero-lateral Kent bundle]. A negative P wave in D1 with a mean atrial vector which is horizontal or descending in the frontal plane, occurring during paroxysmal tachycardial due to reciprocal rhythm or after ventricular stimulation suggests atrial depolarisation which starts in the left auricle at some distance from the A-V node and near the pulmonary veins. In the absence of an external anterograde ventricular pre-excitation, such P waves may indicate the presence of a hidden bundle of Kent posterolaterally on the left, allowing retrograde conduction during the tachycardia by a reciprocal rhythm.", "PMID": 403881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2231", "title": "[Concealed permanent ventricular reentry and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia by circulatory movement].", "content": "Endocavitary recording in a patient with attacks of ventricular tachycardia demonstrated a late potential which activated the bundle of His in a retrograde fashion, and the right bundle branch in a forwards direction. This late potential is evidence of a persistant ventricular microeentry which cannot be seen on the peripheral leads. In certain conditions which have been studied, this localised microreentry leads to ventricular tachycardia by macroreentry using the branches of the bundle of His. Tanks to this unusual case, we were able to study the effects of certain anti-arrhythmic drugs on the micro- and macroreentry circuits. By these means a therapeutic solution has been found for paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia.", "contents": "[Concealed permanent ventricular reentry and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia by circulatory movement]. Endocavitary recording in a patient with attacks of ventricular tachycardia demonstrated a late potential which activated the bundle of His in a retrograde fashion, and the right bundle branch in a forwards direction. This late potential is evidence of a persistant ventricular microeentry which cannot be seen on the peripheral leads. In certain conditions which have been studied, this localised microreentry leads to ventricular tachycardia by macroreentry using the branches of the bundle of His. Tanks to this unusual case, we were able to study the effects of certain anti-arrhythmic drugs on the micro- and macroreentry circuits. By these means a therapeutic solution has been found for paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia.", "PMID": 403882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2232", "title": "[Corrected transposition of the great vessels and preexcitation syndrome (apropos of 2 cases)].", "content": "Two cases with treated transposition of the great vessels and incompetence of the left atrioventricular valve showed a type B preexcitation syndrome. In one case, this consisted of a typical W.P.W. syndrome in which the second PR interval was not shortened, but rather consisted of a delta wave and a widened QRS complex. Post mortem examination showed an abnormal connection between the bundle of His and the ventricular septum, and a low insertion of the inverted tricuspid valve. The published cases of W.P.W. syndrome in cases with treated transposition are reviewed, and the mechanism of preexciation discussed in the light of the anatomical peculiarities of the malformation and of the abnormalities which are a feature of Ebstein's syndrome.", "contents": "[Corrected transposition of the great vessels and preexcitation syndrome (apropos of 2 cases)]. Two cases with treated transposition of the great vessels and incompetence of the left atrioventricular valve showed a type B preexcitation syndrome. In one case, this consisted of a typical W.P.W. syndrome in which the second PR interval was not shortened, but rather consisted of a delta wave and a widened QRS complex. Post mortem examination showed an abnormal connection between the bundle of His and the ventricular septum, and a low insertion of the inverted tricuspid valve. The published cases of W.P.W. syndrome in cases with treated transposition are reviewed, and the mechanism of preexciation discussed in the light of the anatomical peculiarities of the malformation and of the abnormalities which are a feature of Ebstein's syndrome.", "PMID": 403883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2233", "title": "[Aortic valve replacement. Apropos of a series of 117 patients].", "content": "With a series of 117 aortic valve replacements, the authors have examined the results in relation to the method of protecting the myocardium while the aorta is clamped off. There does not appear to be much difference between coronary perfusion and the technique of profound local hypothermia by the perfusion of a chilled solution into the pericardium. Because of this, the authors remain in favour of the latter technique, which provides effective protection of the myocardium during periods of aortic occlusion sufficient for monovalvular replacements. An occlusion time of up to 90 minutes has been achieved without any major problems. Nevertheless, perfusion of the two coronary arteries is sometimes indicated, notably when profound local hypothermia cannot be employed at revision surgery, feeling of the pericardial cavity being neither possible nor desirable.", "contents": "[Aortic valve replacement. Apropos of a series of 117 patients]. With a series of 117 aortic valve replacements, the authors have examined the results in relation to the method of protecting the myocardium while the aorta is clamped off. There does not appear to be much difference between coronary perfusion and the technique of profound local hypothermia by the perfusion of a chilled solution into the pericardium. Because of this, the authors remain in favour of the latter technique, which provides effective protection of the myocardium during periods of aortic occlusion sufficient for monovalvular replacements. An occlusion time of up to 90 minutes has been achieved without any major problems. Nevertheless, perfusion of the two coronary arteries is sometimes indicated, notably when profound local hypothermia cannot be employed at revision surgery, feeling of the pericardial cavity being neither possible nor desirable.", "PMID": 403884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2234", "title": "[Familial mitral valve prolapse and syncopes caused by ventricular tachycardia].", "content": "The authors report the case of a female aged 40 who was subject to syncopal attacks, and had an apical end-systolic murmur. The presence of an idiopathic prolapse of the mitral valve was demonstrated, as well as the familial nature of the condition, and the fact that the syncopal attacks were caused by ventricular tachycardia, The case report is followed by a discussion of the cardiac arrhythmias which are likely to accompany this particular mitral lesion, the difficulties in treatment which arise, and finally the danger of sudden death by ventricular fibrillation inherent in this condition, a danger which it is stille difficult to quantify.", "contents": "[Familial mitral valve prolapse and syncopes caused by ventricular tachycardia]. The authors report the case of a female aged 40 who was subject to syncopal attacks, and had an apical end-systolic murmur. The presence of an idiopathic prolapse of the mitral valve was demonstrated, as well as the familial nature of the condition, and the fact that the syncopal attacks were caused by ventricular tachycardia, The case report is followed by a discussion of the cardiac arrhythmias which are likely to accompany this particular mitral lesion, the difficulties in treatment which arise, and finally the danger of sudden death by ventricular fibrillation inherent in this condition, a danger which it is stille difficult to quantify.", "PMID": 403885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2235", "title": "[Lesions of the right branch of the bundle of His. Clinical, electrocardiographic and histologic study of 33 cases].", "content": "The topography and severity of lesions of the right branch of the bundle of His have been studied as a function of the electrocardiographie changes and the associated heart disorder in 33 cases with more than 50% of the fibres destroyed. It appears that lesions of the right branch of the bundle of His, while severe and diffuse in cases of chronic complete right branch block, were severe but localised in 5 of the 6 cases with a stable incomplete right block. Total, subtotal or partial destruction of the right branch of the bundle of His was associated with lesions of the A-V node and/or the main truck of the bundle of His in the five cases with a complete atrio-ventricular block. The lesions of the right bundle branch involved the superior, middle and inferior portions in the case of aortic valve lesions, the middle portion in mitral valve disease, and the inferior portion in those with myocardial infarction. Ventricular hypertrophy seems to play an important in deciding whether the axis of the QRS, complex is left or right.", "contents": "[Lesions of the right branch of the bundle of His. Clinical, electrocardiographic and histologic study of 33 cases]. The topography and severity of lesions of the right branch of the bundle of His have been studied as a function of the electrocardiographie changes and the associated heart disorder in 33 cases with more than 50% of the fibres destroyed. It appears that lesions of the right branch of the bundle of His, while severe and diffuse in cases of chronic complete right branch block, were severe but localised in 5 of the 6 cases with a stable incomplete right block. Total, subtotal or partial destruction of the right branch of the bundle of His was associated with lesions of the A-V node and/or the main truck of the bundle of His in the five cases with a complete atrio-ventricular block. The lesions of the right bundle branch involved the superior, middle and inferior portions in the case of aortic valve lesions, the middle portion in mitral valve disease, and the inferior portion in those with myocardial infarction. Ventricular hypertrophy seems to play an important in deciding whether the axis of the QRS, complex is left or right.", "PMID": 403886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2236", "title": "[Interventricular communication, aneurysm of the membranous septum and acquired atrioventricular block].", "content": "Over a ten year period of a man 40 had a progressively increasing atrioventricular conduction defect, resulting from a ventricular septal defect with eventual cardlac failure due to persistant bradycardia. Intracavitary recordings showed the block to be situated distally, below the bundle of His. Cineaarteriography, and subsequent operation, showed an aneurysm of the membranous septum lying above a fibrous-edged ventricular septal defect. The aetiology of the block is discussed in the light of these defects; Haemodynamic trauma to the conduction pathways exposed in the inferior edge of the septal defect seems to be the most likely cause.", "contents": "[Interventricular communication, aneurysm of the membranous septum and acquired atrioventricular block]. Over a ten year period of a man 40 had a progressively increasing atrioventricular conduction defect, resulting from a ventricular septal defect with eventual cardlac failure due to persistant bradycardia. Intracavitary recordings showed the block to be situated distally, below the bundle of His. Cineaarteriography, and subsequent operation, showed an aneurysm of the membranous septum lying above a fibrous-edged ventricular septal defect. The aetiology of the block is discussed in the light of these defects; Haemodynamic trauma to the conduction pathways exposed in the inferior edge of the septal defect seems to be the most likely cause.", "PMID": 403887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2237", "title": "[Hydatid cyst of the heart. Apropos of 9 cases].", "content": "The authors report 9 cases of hydatic cyst of the heart which they have encountered over an 8 year period. They illustrate the variable nature of  this parastic illness, which may stimulate almost and cardiovascular disorder. The various clinical presentations and the methods of diagnosis and treatment are presented: the clinical picture is of little help in establishing the diagnosis. This is made at three levels: the history (country of origin where the disease is endemic, or other associated cyst), the presence of Xray of a swelling of the heart which is later calcified, and the presence on the electrocardiograph of ischaemic changes, which may be severe enough for necrosis. They emphasise the importance of serological tests to make a formal diagnosis of the condition, and a repetition of such tests as part of the postoperative follow-up. Surgical treatment (usually by an open heart technique) is the rule. It may be coupled with medical treatment with anti-malarials (paludrin of flavoquin).", "contents": "[Hydatid cyst of the heart. Apropos of 9 cases]. The authors report 9 cases of hydatic cyst of the heart which they have encountered over an 8 year period. They illustrate the variable nature of  this parastic illness, which may stimulate almost and cardiovascular disorder. The various clinical presentations and the methods of diagnosis and treatment are presented: the clinical picture is of little help in establishing the diagnosis. This is made at three levels: the history (country of origin where the disease is endemic, or other associated cyst), the presence of Xray of a swelling of the heart which is later calcified, and the presence on the electrocardiograph of ischaemic changes, which may be severe enough for necrosis. They emphasise the importance of serological tests to make a formal diagnosis of the condition, and a repetition of such tests as part of the postoperative follow-up. Surgical treatment (usually by an open heart technique) is the rule. It may be coupled with medical treatment with anti-malarials (paludrin of flavoquin).", "PMID": 403888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2238", "title": "[Left ventricular aneurysm in the young African. Apropos of 23 cases].", "content": "A retrospective study allowed us to examine 23 cases with aneurysm of the left ventricle. The aneurysm was discovered incidentally in 6 patients, and as a result of cardiac symptoms in an other 14. The diagnosis made following a cerebrovascular accident and an episode of ventricular tachycardia respectively in two cases. Radiological and electrocardiographical investigation revealed the classical findings in 21 cases, while inflammatory changes were also present in 19. Tuberculosis was found to coexist in 4 patients, and was suspected in a further 4. The aetiology of these aneurysms has remained obscure until now. We feel that a debilitating conditions such as tuberculosis or late pregnancy, or perhaps a change in cardiac function, might lead to the development or enlargement of a sub-annular aneurysm in a predisposed subject. One of our patients presented with an apical aneurysm of the left ventricle in association with a complete situs inversus. A further patient had sustained a severe precordial ingiury 10 years previously, and 2 others had a past history of rheumatic joint disease many years previously. It appears to us that cases with calcification have a better prognosis.", "contents": "[Left ventricular aneurysm in the young African. Apropos of 23 cases]. A retrospective study allowed us to examine 23 cases with aneurysm of the left ventricle. The aneurysm was discovered incidentally in 6 patients, and as a result of cardiac symptoms in an other 14. The diagnosis made following a cerebrovascular accident and an episode of ventricular tachycardia respectively in two cases. Radiological and electrocardiographical investigation revealed the classical findings in 21 cases, while inflammatory changes were also present in 19. Tuberculosis was found to coexist in 4 patients, and was suspected in a further 4. The aetiology of these aneurysms has remained obscure until now. We feel that a debilitating conditions such as tuberculosis or late pregnancy, or perhaps a change in cardiac function, might lead to the development or enlargement of a sub-annular aneurysm in a predisposed subject. One of our patients presented with an apical aneurysm of the left ventricle in association with a complete situs inversus. A further patient had sustained a severe precordial ingiury 10 years previously, and 2 others had a past history of rheumatic joint disease many years previously. It appears to us that cases with calcification have a better prognosis.", "PMID": 403889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2239", "title": "[Myocardial infarction and heterozygous sickle cell anemia. Apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "Thromboses are a classical complication of sickle cell disease in the severe homozygous form. In the heterozygous individual, although the risk of severe thromobotic episodes is small, it must nevertheless be recognised. The authors report two cases of myocardial infarction in patients whose coronary arteries were relatively free from atherosclerosis; they were young men, with the heterozygous form of sickle cell disease AS. The part played by inheritance, the factors favouring vascular occlusion, and the possibility of preventing such episodes are all discussed.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarction and heterozygous sickle cell anemia. Apropos of 2 cases]. Thromboses are a classical complication of sickle cell disease in the severe homozygous form. In the heterozygous individual, although the risk of severe thromobotic episodes is small, it must nevertheless be recognised. The authors report two cases of myocardial infarction in patients whose coronary arteries were relatively free from atherosclerosis; they were young men, with the heterozygous form of sickle cell disease AS. The part played by inheritance, the factors favouring vascular occlusion, and the possibility of preventing such episodes are all discussed.", "PMID": 403890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2240", "title": "[Fatal emboligenic ulcerative endomyocardial fibrosis in filariasis].", "content": "A man of 54 had been treated over a 15 month period for pulmonary tuberculosis when aged 41, and had lived on the Ivory Coast and then in the Cameroons for 20 years. Eye signs were discovered in January 1971, and these, together with an eosinophilia, pointed to a possible filariasis which was later confirmed by immunofluorescence and the fixation of complement. Three months later, the patient developed congestive cardiac failure. On the 4th day of treatment with Notizine, multiple systemic emboli occurred, leading to death. Autopsy showed endomyocardial fibrosis with multiple ulceration of the left ventricle, the site of the emboli. The aetiology from filariasis and the mechanism of ulceration of the parietal endocarditis are discussed.", "contents": "[Fatal emboligenic ulcerative endomyocardial fibrosis in filariasis]. A man of 54 had been treated over a 15 month period for pulmonary tuberculosis when aged 41, and had lived on the Ivory Coast and then in the Cameroons for 20 years. Eye signs were discovered in January 1971, and these, together with an eosinophilia, pointed to a possible filariasis which was later confirmed by immunofluorescence and the fixation of complement. Three months later, the patient developed congestive cardiac failure. On the 4th day of treatment with Notizine, multiple systemic emboli occurred, leading to death. Autopsy showed endomyocardial fibrosis with multiple ulceration of the left ventricle, the site of the emboli. The aetiology from filariasis and the mechanism of ulceration of the parietal endocarditis are discussed.", "PMID": 403891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2241", "title": "[Constrictive fibrous endocarditis. Surgical treatment].", "content": "An anatomo-clinical entity, fibrous constrictive endocarditis can betreated srugically, and we carried out this procedure for the first time in 1971, since when we have used it seven times; it consists of an internal stripping of one or both centricles, with removal of one or both the mitral and tricuspid valves. The results were encouraging in the first two cases, and so good in the succeeding ones that this endocardial resection could be put forward as the treatment of choice for a condition whose aetiology is still unclear.", "contents": "[Constrictive fibrous endocarditis. Surgical treatment]. An anatomo-clinical entity, fibrous constrictive endocarditis can betreated srugically, and we carried out this procedure for the first time in 1971, since when we have used it seven times; it consists of an internal stripping of one or both centricles, with removal of one or both the mitral and tricuspid valves. The results were encouraging in the first two cases, and so good in the succeeding ones that this endocardial resection could be put forward as the treatment of choice for a condition whose aetiology is still unclear.", "PMID": 403892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2242", "title": "[Fibroblastic constrictive endocarditis. Apropos of a form localized in the left ventricle].", "content": "The authors report a case of a localised form of this strange disorder which was confined to the left ventricle, and in which the diagnosis was tentative for a long time. In this case it was possible to carry out a removal of the fibrous plaque after opening the apex of the left ventricle, the mitral valve being preserved, as described by Dubost; the functional and haemodynamic results of this procedure were very satisfactory.", "contents": "[Fibroblastic constrictive endocarditis. Apropos of a form localized in the left ventricle]. The authors report a case of a localised form of this strange disorder which was confined to the left ventricle, and in which the diagnosis was tentative for a long time. In this case it was possible to carry out a removal of the fibrous plaque after opening the apex of the left ventricle, the mitral valve being preserved, as described by Dubost; the functional and haemodynamic results of this procedure were very satisfactory.", "PMID": 403893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2243", "title": "[Endomyocardial biopsy: its value in tropical pathology. Apropos of 3 new cases].", "content": "The authors report their experience with three endomyocardial biopsies in cases of endomyocardial fibrosis; two of them were successful. The light and electron microscopical changes found were of two types: one showed the classical appearances of pure fibrosis, which was acellular and associated with degenerative changes in the heart muscle cell; the other type consisted of young fibrous tissue with numerous fibroblasts secreting a copious fibrillary substance which may have been the precursor of collagen fibres. Endomyocardial biopsy is, in experienced hand, a useful means of diagnosis in the field of tropical heart disease: it can be helpful in diagnosis, provided that the biopsy site is carefully controlled by anteriography and cathereisation; additionally, the opportunity to study the histological and electron microscopical changes which this technique affords should lead to a better understanding of  the pathogenesis of those tropical cardiac disorders whose aetiology is yet to be established.", "contents": "[Endomyocardial biopsy: its value in tropical pathology. Apropos of 3 new cases]. The authors report their experience with three endomyocardial biopsies in cases of endomyocardial fibrosis; two of them were successful. The light and electron microscopical changes found were of two types: one showed the classical appearances of pure fibrosis, which was acellular and associated with degenerative changes in the heart muscle cell; the other type consisted of young fibrous tissue with numerous fibroblasts secreting a copious fibrillary substance which may have been the precursor of collagen fibres. Endomyocardial biopsy is, in experienced hand, a useful means of diagnosis in the field of tropical heart disease: it can be helpful in diagnosis, provided that the biopsy site is carefully controlled by anteriography and cathereisation; additionally, the opportunity to study the histological and electron microscopical changes which this technique affords should lead to a better understanding of  the pathogenesis of those tropical cardiac disorders whose aetiology is yet to be established.", "PMID": 403894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2244", "title": "[Rickettsial arteritis due to Coxiella Burnetii].", "content": "Case of an 48 year old man who has presented from 1968 to 1973 a lot of diseases such as: --mitral incompletence discovered in 1968 in Madagascar island in spite of many previous clinical examinations; --acute pneumonia and heart failure in January 1973. Serological reactions of Ricketsia were quite positive; --acute thrombosis of right humeral artery in May 1973. It has been treated by surgical way, bay \"desobstruction\" and by pass and medical treatment chloramphenicol). Pathologic endartery has been inoculated to an hamster, cobaye. These animal became feverish, and presented an inflammation of testis. A least serological reaction of Ricketsia became positive for all of them; --few weeks, thrombosis of left femoral and posterior tibial arteries treated by surgical and medical ways. Some commens are exposed about evolution of Coxiella Burneti infections, about the frequency of arterial and cardiac lesions, and about the effect of tifomycine which seems to be decreasing and the action of cycline (doxicycline).", "contents": "[Rickettsial arteritis due to Coxiella Burnetii]. Case of an 48 year old man who has presented from 1968 to 1973 a lot of diseases such as: --mitral incompletence discovered in 1968 in Madagascar island in spite of many previous clinical examinations; --acute pneumonia and heart failure in January 1973. Serological reactions of Ricketsia were quite positive; --acute thrombosis of right humeral artery in May 1973. It has been treated by surgical way, bay \"desobstruction\" and by pass and medical treatment chloramphenicol). Pathologic endartery has been inoculated to an hamster, cobaye. These animal became feverish, and presented an inflammation of testis. A least serological reaction of Ricketsia became positive for all of them; --few weeks, thrombosis of left femoral and posterior tibial arteries treated by surgical and medical ways. Some commens are exposed about evolution of Coxiella Burneti infections, about the frequency of arterial and cardiac lesions, and about the effect of tifomycine which seems to be decreasing and the action of cycline (doxicycline).", "PMID": 403895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2245", "title": "[Study of 20 cases of apparently primary pulmonary arterial hypertension].", "content": "The authors have studied the clinical, electrocardiographic, radiological, phonomechanographic and haemodynamic features of 20 cases of apparently primary pulmonary hypertension of fairly severe degree. An attempt has been made to correlate on the one hand the haemodynamic values, and on the other the clinical findings, ECG signs of right-sided preponderance, the size of the artery to the right lower lobe on X ray, and the phonomechanographic results. Particular importance is given to a discussion on the aetiology. It is recalled that syphilis can be excluded, that it is possible the operate on thromboses, and that bilharzia and the haemoglobinopathies may play a part which is yet to be defined.", "contents": "[Study of 20 cases of apparently primary pulmonary arterial hypertension]. The authors have studied the clinical, electrocardiographic, radiological, phonomechanographic and haemodynamic features of 20 cases of apparently primary pulmonary hypertension of fairly severe degree. An attempt has been made to correlate on the one hand the haemodynamic values, and on the other the clinical findings, ECG signs of right-sided preponderance, the size of the artery to the right lower lobe on X ray, and the phonomechanographic results. Particular importance is given to a discussion on the aetiology. It is recalled that syphilis can be excluded, that it is possible the operate on thromboses, and that bilharzia and the haemoglobinopathies may play a part which is yet to be defined.", "PMID": 403896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2246", "title": "[Bouillaud's disease in Martinique. Epidemiological and nosological features].", "content": "From the epidemiological point of view there does not appear to be any particular geographical pattern of this disease. Indeed, it is poor living conditions, low family income, large family size and poor oro-dental hygiene which are responsable for the outbreak of small familial epidemics of acute rheumatic disease of the joints; from the clinical point of view, acute rheumatic joint disease presents no particular features in the Antilles. All the characteristics described in the classical works are found, including the malignant form, whose rarity is emphasised. A programme of prevention of rheumatic disease has yet to be started in the Antilles, and we feel that it should be a three-pronged attack: 1. More information to the general public on the necessity for rapid treatment of the symptoms; 2. Increased vigilance by the medical services in the fight against this disease of deprivation, and close collaboration with the social services; 3. Finally, the setting up of a specialised social cardiology service to supervise the young rheumatic patients, and to ensure that they are educated. Such arrangements would avoid the disorganisation sometimes experienced by the families and friends; it must be admitted that we sometimes have to prevail upon the family to allow the child to be transferred to a centre of social cardiology on the continent so that the young rheumatic patient may receive training for a career which is compatible with his or her handicap.", "contents": "[Bouillaud's disease in Martinique. Epidemiological and nosological features]. From the epidemiological point of view there does not appear to be any particular geographical pattern of this disease. Indeed, it is poor living conditions, low family income, large family size and poor oro-dental hygiene which are responsable for the outbreak of small familial epidemics of acute rheumatic disease of the joints; from the clinical point of view, acute rheumatic joint disease presents no particular features in the Antilles. All the characteristics described in the classical works are found, including the malignant form, whose rarity is emphasised. A programme of prevention of rheumatic disease has yet to be started in the Antilles, and we feel that it should be a three-pronged attack: 1. More information to the general public on the necessity for rapid treatment of the symptoms; 2. Increased vigilance by the medical services in the fight against this disease of deprivation, and close collaboration with the social services; 3. Finally, the setting up of a specialised social cardiology service to supervise the young rheumatic patients, and to ensure that they are educated. Such arrangements would avoid the disorganisation sometimes experienced by the families and friends; it must be admitted that we sometimes have to prevail upon the family to allow the child to be transferred to a centre of social cardiology on the continent so that the young rheumatic patient may receive training for a career which is compatible with his or her handicap.", "PMID": 403897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2247", "title": "Isolation and characterization of gas vesicles from Microcyclus aquaticus.", "content": "Intact gas vesicles of Microcyclus aquaticus S1 were isolated by using centrifugally accelerated flotation of vesicles and molecular sieve chromatography. Isolated gas vesicles were cylindrical organelles with biconical ends and measured 250x100nm. The gas vesicle membrane was composed almost entirely of protein; neither lipid nor carbohydrate was detected, although one mole of phosphate per mole of protein was found. Amino acid analysis indicated that the protein contained 54.6% hydrophobic amino acid residues, lacked sulfur-containing amino acids, and had a low aromatic amino acid content. The protein subunit composition of the vesicles was determined by gel electrophoresis in (i) 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at pH 9.0 and (ii) 5 M urea at pH 2.0. The membrane appeared to consist of one protein subunit of MW 50000 daltons. Charge isomers of this subunit were not detected on urea gels. Antiserum prepared against purified gas vesicles of M. aquaticus S1 crossreacted with the gas vesicles of all other gas vacuolate strains of M. aquaticus, as well as those of Prosthecomicrobium pneumaticum, Nostoc muscorum, and Anabaena flos-aquae, indicating that the gas vesicles of these widely divergent organisms have some antigenic determinants in common.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of gas vesicles from Microcyclus aquaticus. Intact gas vesicles of Microcyclus aquaticus S1 were isolated by using centrifugally accelerated flotation of vesicles and molecular sieve chromatography. Isolated gas vesicles were cylindrical organelles with biconical ends and measured 250x100nm. The gas vesicle membrane was composed almost entirely of protein; neither lipid nor carbohydrate was detected, although one mole of phosphate per mole of protein was found. Amino acid analysis indicated that the protein contained 54.6% hydrophobic amino acid residues, lacked sulfur-containing amino acids, and had a low aromatic amino acid content. The protein subunit composition of the vesicles was determined by gel electrophoresis in (i) 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at pH 9.0 and (ii) 5 M urea at pH 2.0. The membrane appeared to consist of one protein subunit of MW 50000 daltons. Charge isomers of this subunit were not detected on urea gels. Antiserum prepared against purified gas vesicles of M. aquaticus S1 crossreacted with the gas vesicles of all other gas vacuolate strains of M. aquaticus, as well as those of Prosthecomicrobium pneumaticum, Nostoc muscorum, and Anabaena flos-aquae, indicating that the gas vesicles of these widely divergent organisms have some antigenic determinants in common.", "PMID": 403898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2248", "title": "Stability of symptom ratings for schizophrenic men.", "content": "The long form of the Wittenborn Psychiatric Rating Scale was used every six months to rate the symptoms of a sample of 75 schizophrenic men during the 24-month period following their admission to the hospital. The greatest diminution of symptoms assessed in this manner occurred during the first six months of treatment, and rated symptom severity at the time of admission showed relatively little predictive promise for ratings of the respective symptoms at the end of six months. After the initial six-month period, however, the symptoms became increasingly stable and symptom ratings at 12 and 18 months had substantial predictive implications for respective symptom ratings for 24 months. Factor analyses of the intercorrelated scores showed that two transcending patterns were conspicuous throughout the 24-month period.", "contents": "Stability of symptom ratings for schizophrenic men. The long form of the Wittenborn Psychiatric Rating Scale was used every six months to rate the symptoms of a sample of 75 schizophrenic men during the 24-month period following their admission to the hospital. The greatest diminution of symptoms assessed in this manner occurred during the first six months of treatment, and rated symptom severity at the time of admission showed relatively little predictive promise for ratings of the respective symptoms at the end of six months. After the initial six-month period, however, the symptoms became increasingly stable and symptom ratings at 12 and 18 months had substantial predictive implications for respective symptom ratings for 24 months. Factor analyses of the intercorrelated scores showed that two transcending patterns were conspicuous throughout the 24-month period.", "PMID": 403899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2249", "title": "Experimental repair of orbital floor fractures.", "content": "Eight rhesus monkeys (16 orbits) were used to evaluate the treatment of experimentally created orbital floor fractures. The fractures were repaired with antral bone, Silastic, and gelatin film implants and studied clinically and histologically. Four orbits were used as controls. All implants appeared to favorably influence healing by preventing entrapment of the orbital contents within the reparative tissue. Autogenous bone appeared to be the best implant. Silastic and gelatin film were also effective and well tolerated.", "contents": "Experimental repair of orbital floor fractures. Eight rhesus monkeys (16 orbits) were used to evaluate the treatment of experimentally created orbital floor fractures. The fractures were repaired with antral bone, Silastic, and gelatin film implants and studied clinically and histologically. Four orbits were used as controls. All implants appeared to favorably influence healing by preventing entrapment of the orbital contents within the reparative tissue. Autogenous bone appeared to be the best implant. Silastic and gelatin film were also effective and well tolerated.", "PMID": 403901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2250", "title": "Selection against homozygotes in the ADH polymorphic system of Drosophila melanogaster associated with the lethal factor l(2) Stm.", "content": "In the natrual populations +T\u00fcb, +Prov, and +Rov, similar AdhF allele frequencies occur (qF = 0.11, 0.18, AND 0.08, respectively). However, there is a discrepancy in that the AdhF allele in +T\u00fcb is closely linked to the lethal factor l(2)Stm, which reduces relative fitness of the F phenotype to zero. In spite of this, polymorphism is maintained also in +T\u00fcb, because the heterozygotes are superior to the homozygous S type (relative fitness = 0.88). Under laboratory culture conditions, in +T\u00fcb the relative fitness of the S genotype further decreases to 0.6. After outcrossing the lethal factor, relative fitnesses for S, FS, and F become 0.6, 1, and 0.48, respectively, implying that fitness for S remains the same. Relative values for S, FS, and F in +Prov, not affected by the lethal factor, are calculated by the maximum average fitness method to be 1, 1.2, and 0.2 under the assumption that heterozyglous FS are similarly superior to S as in the natural +T\u00fcb population and all allele frequencies found are stable equilibrium values.", "contents": "Selection against homozygotes in the ADH polymorphic system of Drosophila melanogaster associated with the lethal factor l(2) Stm. In the natrual populations +T\u00fcb, +Prov, and +Rov, similar AdhF allele frequencies occur (qF = 0.11, 0.18, AND 0.08, respectively). However, there is a discrepancy in that the AdhF allele in +T\u00fcb is closely linked to the lethal factor l(2)Stm, which reduces relative fitness of the F phenotype to zero. In spite of this, polymorphism is maintained also in +T\u00fcb, because the heterozygotes are superior to the homozygous S type (relative fitness = 0.88). Under laboratory culture conditions, in +T\u00fcb the relative fitness of the S genotype further decreases to 0.6. After outcrossing the lethal factor, relative fitnesses for S, FS, and F become 0.6, 1, and 0.48, respectively, implying that fitness for S remains the same. Relative values for S, FS, and F in +Prov, not affected by the lethal factor, are calculated by the maximum average fitness method to be 1, 1.2, and 0.2 under the assumption that heterozyglous FS are similarly superior to S as in the natural +T\u00fcb population and all allele frequencies found are stable equilibrium values.", "PMID": 403905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2251", "title": "Amino components of the lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa N.C.T.C. 8505. Presence of 2,4-diamino-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-glucose.", "content": "Configurations were determined for previously identified amino components of the lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa N.C.T.C. 8505. Glucosamine and galactosamine belong to the D-series, and alanine and aminogalacturonic acid to the L-series. An additional amino component was identified as 2,4-diamino-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-glucose. This compound may be a characteristic component of the O-specific chain in lipopolysaccharides of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa belonging to Habs sero-group 3.", "contents": "Amino components of the lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa N.C.T.C. 8505. Presence of 2,4-diamino-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-glucose. Configurations were determined for previously identified amino components of the lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa N.C.T.C. 8505. Glucosamine and galactosamine belong to the D-series, and alanine and aminogalacturonic acid to the L-series. An additional amino component was identified as 2,4-diamino-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-glucose. This compound may be a characteristic component of the O-specific chain in lipopolysaccharides of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa belonging to Habs sero-group 3.", "PMID": 403906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2252", "title": "Phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus. Evidence for essential lysine residues.", "content": "1. Phospholipase C was inactivated by exposure to the three amino-group reagents, ethyl acetamidate, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulphonic acid and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate plus reduction. 2. Inactivation by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate showed the characteristics of Schiff's base formation with the enzyme. The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-treated enzyme after reduction had an absorbance maximum at 325 mm and 6-N-pyridoxyl-lysine was the only fluorescent component after acid hydrolysis. 3. For complete inactivation, 2 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate or 7 mol of 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl were incorporated/mol of enzyme. 4. The two apparently essential lysine residues were much more reactive to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate than the other 19 lysine residues in the enzyme. 5. Binding of phospholipase C to a substrate-based affinity gel caused marked protection against inactivation by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. For complete inactivation of the gel-bound enzyme, 5 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate were incorporated/mol of enzyme and there was no evidence of two especially reactive lysine residues. 6. On application of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-treated enzyme (remaining activity 30% of original) to a column of the affinity gel, some material bound and some did not. The latter contained very little enzyme activity and was heavily incorporated with reagent (9.06 mol/mol of enzyme). The former had a specific activity of 34% of that of the control and contained 1.29 mol of reagent/mol of enzyme. 7. Thus phospholipase C appears to contain two lysine residues that are essential for enzyme activity, but probably not for substrate binding.", "contents": "Phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus. Evidence for essential lysine residues. 1. Phospholipase C was inactivated by exposure to the three amino-group reagents, ethyl acetamidate, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulphonic acid and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate plus reduction. 2. Inactivation by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate showed the characteristics of Schiff's base formation with the enzyme. The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-treated enzyme after reduction had an absorbance maximum at 325 mm and 6-N-pyridoxyl-lysine was the only fluorescent component after acid hydrolysis. 3. For complete inactivation, 2 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate or 7 mol of 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl were incorporated/mol of enzyme. 4. The two apparently essential lysine residues were much more reactive to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate than the other 19 lysine residues in the enzyme. 5. Binding of phospholipase C to a substrate-based affinity gel caused marked protection against inactivation by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. For complete inactivation of the gel-bound enzyme, 5 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate were incorporated/mol of enzyme and there was no evidence of two especially reactive lysine residues. 6. On application of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-treated enzyme (remaining activity 30% of original) to a column of the affinity gel, some material bound and some did not. The latter contained very little enzyme activity and was heavily incorporated with reagent (9.06 mol/mol of enzyme). The former had a specific activity of 34% of that of the control and contained 1.29 mol of reagent/mol of enzyme. 7. Thus phospholipase C appears to contain two lysine residues that are essential for enzyme activity, but probably not for substrate binding.", "PMID": 403907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2253", "title": "Alternobaric effects on the endolymph.", "content": "Hearing loss and vertigo experienced as a result of environmental pressure change has been the subject of many superficial inquiries. The mechanism of these conditions remains obscure. In human volunteers and a rhesus monkey, the effects of intratympanic as well as ear canal pressure changes on the endolymphatic system were measured using electronystagmography (ENG). For the monkey histological evaluation of the pressure effects on auditory structures was performed. We were unable to cause any ENG effects on the monkey neither did we produce intracochlear pathology. The data obtained in humans using a similar approach are presented and explanations for the mechanism related to hearing loss and vertigo in barotrauma are discussed.", "contents": "Alternobaric effects on the endolymph. Hearing loss and vertigo experienced as a result of environmental pressure change has been the subject of many superficial inquiries. The mechanism of these conditions remains obscure. In human volunteers and a rhesus monkey, the effects of intratympanic as well as ear canal pressure changes on the endolymphatic system were measured using electronystagmography (ENG). For the monkey histological evaluation of the pressure effects on auditory structures was performed. We were unable to cause any ENG effects on the monkey neither did we produce intracochlear pathology. The data obtained in humans using a similar approach are presented and explanations for the mechanism related to hearing loss and vertigo in barotrauma are discussed.", "PMID": 403903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2254", "title": "An addition at the C-terminus of water-buffalo immunoglobin lambda chains.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the C-terminal tryptic peptide of pooled water-buffalo immunoglobulin lambda chains was determined as Thr-Val-Lys-Pro-Ser-Glu-Cys-Pro-Ser. This sequence is closely homologous to equivalent sequences from other species, but shows an additional amino acid on the C-terminal side of the interchain half-cystine residue.", "contents": "An addition at the C-terminus of water-buffalo immunoglobin lambda chains. The amino acid sequence of the C-terminal tryptic peptide of pooled water-buffalo immunoglobulin lambda chains was determined as Thr-Val-Lys-Pro-Ser-Glu-Cys-Pro-Ser. This sequence is closely homologous to equivalent sequences from other species, but shows an additional amino acid on the C-terminal side of the interchain half-cystine residue.", "PMID": 403908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2255", "title": "A new amino acid, 3-(2,5-SS-dicysteinyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine, from the tapetum lucidum of the gar (Lepisosteidae) and its enzymic synthesis.", "content": "The tapetum lucidum of the alligator gar Lepisosteus was shown by t.l.c. to contain a new phenolic amino acid, which is apparently a major constituent of the reflecting material. It was isolated in a yield of 0.5 mg/eye and its physical and chemical characteristics, especially reductive hydrolysis with hydriodic acid giving dopa (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and cysteine, suggested that it might to SS-dicysteinyldopa. Tyrosinase oxidation of L-dopa in the presence of an excess of L-cysteine yielded, in addition to known 5- and 2-S-cysteinyldopa, the same amino acid as that isolated from the eye of the gar, thus confirming the gross structure. The position of the two cysteine residues was established by the fact that tyrosinase oxidation of catechol and cyteine gave 3-S-cysteinylcatechol and 3,6-SS-dicysteinylcatechol. The natural amino acid is therefore formulated as 3-(2,5-SS-dicysteinyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine (2,5-SS-dicysteinyldopa), which may be formed by two consecutive additions of cysteine, first to dopaquinone and then to 5-S-cysteinyldopaquinone. The enzymic synthesis of 2,5-SS-dicysteinyldopa in vitro suggests that it may also be involved in the biosynthesis of phaeomelanin.", "contents": "A new amino acid, 3-(2,5-SS-dicysteinyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine, from the tapetum lucidum of the gar (Lepisosteidae) and its enzymic synthesis. The tapetum lucidum of the alligator gar Lepisosteus was shown by t.l.c. to contain a new phenolic amino acid, which is apparently a major constituent of the reflecting material. It was isolated in a yield of 0.5 mg/eye and its physical and chemical characteristics, especially reductive hydrolysis with hydriodic acid giving dopa (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and cysteine, suggested that it might to SS-dicysteinyldopa. Tyrosinase oxidation of L-dopa in the presence of an excess of L-cysteine yielded, in addition to known 5- and 2-S-cysteinyldopa, the same amino acid as that isolated from the eye of the gar, thus confirming the gross structure. The position of the two cysteine residues was established by the fact that tyrosinase oxidation of catechol and cyteine gave 3-S-cysteinylcatechol and 3,6-SS-dicysteinylcatechol. The natural amino acid is therefore formulated as 3-(2,5-SS-dicysteinyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine (2,5-SS-dicysteinyldopa), which may be formed by two consecutive additions of cysteine, first to dopaquinone and then to 5-S-cysteinyldopaquinone. The enzymic synthesis of 2,5-SS-dicysteinyldopa in vitro suggests that it may also be involved in the biosynthesis of phaeomelanin.", "PMID": 403909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2256", "title": "Studies on the purification of rat liver uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase.", "content": "1. A stable, more highly purified, preparation of UDP-glucuronyltransferase was obtained than previously reported. 2. Enzyme activity towards o-aminophenyl and p-nitrophenyl was increased 43- and 46-fold respectively. 3. The final preparation contains only three staining polypeptide bands visible after sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 4. The only known major accompanying protein appears to be epoxide hydratase. 5. The purified enzyme activity towards o-aminophenol can still be activated 3 fold by diethylnitrosamine. 6. On evidence from purification, o-aminophenol and p-nitrophenol appear to be glucuronidated by the same enzyme protein. The possible recognition of the UDP-glucuronyltransferase enzyme is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the purification of rat liver uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase. 1. A stable, more highly purified, preparation of UDP-glucuronyltransferase was obtained than previously reported. 2. Enzyme activity towards o-aminophenyl and p-nitrophenyl was increased 43- and 46-fold respectively. 3. The final preparation contains only three staining polypeptide bands visible after sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 4. The only known major accompanying protein appears to be epoxide hydratase. 5. The purified enzyme activity towards o-aminophenol can still be activated 3 fold by diethylnitrosamine. 6. On evidence from purification, o-aminophenol and p-nitrophenol appear to be glucuronidated by the same enzyme protein. The possible recognition of the UDP-glucuronyltransferase enzyme is discussed.", "PMID": 403910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2257", "title": "Cinnabarinate synthase from baboon (Papio ursinus) liver. Identity with catalase.", "content": "The enzyme chinnabarinate synthase was purified from the nuclei of baboon liver. Two purified fractions were obtained that exhibited a typical haem protein absorption spectrum; a probable identity with catalase was demonstrated. It was confirmed that catalase in the presence of Mn2+ produces cinnabarinate from 3-hydroxyanthranilate. Doubt is expressed on the existence of a distinct cinnabarinate synthase enzyme.", "contents": "Cinnabarinate synthase from baboon (Papio ursinus) liver. Identity with catalase. The enzyme chinnabarinate synthase was purified from the nuclei of baboon liver. Two purified fractions were obtained that exhibited a typical haem protein absorption spectrum; a probable identity with catalase was demonstrated. It was confirmed that catalase in the presence of Mn2+ produces cinnabarinate from 3-hydroxyanthranilate. Doubt is expressed on the existence of a distinct cinnabarinate synthase enzyme.", "PMID": 403911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2258", "title": "Enzymic assays for isomers of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in walls of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "An enzymic assay for individual isomers (meso-, LL- and DD-) of 2,6-diaminopimelate was developed. The enzyme 2,6-diaminopimelate decarboxylase specifically attacked meso-diaminopimelate and was used to measure this isomer manometrically. The meso- and LL-isomers were measured together manometrically in a coupled assay with diaminopimelate decarboxylase and diaminopimelate epimerase (which converts LL-diaminopimelate into meso-diaminopimelate). The DD-isomer was not attacked by either enzyme and was measured, as residual diaminopimelate after the coupled assay, by a colorimetric method, which was also used to measure total diaminopimelate before enzymic treatments. The coupled enzymes were also used to prepare pure DD-isomer from chemically synthesized diaminopimelate. A mixture of diaminopimelate isomers was present in walls of four strains of Bacillus megaterium [in each about 75% (w/w) meso-, 18% LL- and 7% DD-] and in walls of two strains of Bacillus cereus (about 85% meso-, 8% LL- and 7% DD-). One strain of B. cereus contained at least 95% meso-diaminopimelate, with only traces of LL- and DD-isomers. Peptidoglycan from Escherichia coli was assayed as containing at least 95% meso-isomer. The proportion of isomers in the wall of a strain of B. megaterium remained constant after growth in a variety of different media.", "contents": "Enzymic assays for isomers of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in walls of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium. An enzymic assay for individual isomers (meso-, LL- and DD-) of 2,6-diaminopimelate was developed. The enzyme 2,6-diaminopimelate decarboxylase specifically attacked meso-diaminopimelate and was used to measure this isomer manometrically. The meso- and LL-isomers were measured together manometrically in a coupled assay with diaminopimelate decarboxylase and diaminopimelate epimerase (which converts LL-diaminopimelate into meso-diaminopimelate). The DD-isomer was not attacked by either enzyme and was measured, as residual diaminopimelate after the coupled assay, by a colorimetric method, which was also used to measure total diaminopimelate before enzymic treatments. The coupled enzymes were also used to prepare pure DD-isomer from chemically synthesized diaminopimelate. A mixture of diaminopimelate isomers was present in walls of four strains of Bacillus megaterium [in each about 75% (w/w) meso-, 18% LL- and 7% DD-] and in walls of two strains of Bacillus cereus (about 85% meso-, 8% LL- and 7% DD-). One strain of B. cereus contained at least 95% meso-diaminopimelate, with only traces of LL- and DD-isomers. Peptidoglycan from Escherichia coli was assayed as containing at least 95% meso-isomer. The proportion of isomers in the wall of a strain of B. megaterium remained constant after growth in a variety of different media.", "PMID": 403912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2259", "title": "Azathioprine in early rheumatoid arthritis. Comparison with gold and chloroquine.", "content": "This study compares the effect of azathioprine with those of gold and chloroquine in early (Class II) rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thirty-three similar patients with classic or definite RA of less than 5 years duration were randomly entered, 11 into each drug group. Assessment of standard clinical and laboratory measures at 12 and 24 weeks showed significant improvement in all three groups. In general, all three drugs were effective antirheumatic agents with low toxicity. However, because of serious potential toxicity, azathioprine could not be recommended over gold and chloroquine in early RA therapy.", "contents": "Azathioprine in early rheumatoid arthritis. Comparison with gold and chloroquine. This study compares the effect of azathioprine with those of gold and chloroquine in early (Class II) rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thirty-three similar patients with classic or definite RA of less than 5 years duration were randomly entered, 11 into each drug group. Assessment of standard clinical and laboratory measures at 12 and 24 weeks showed significant improvement in all three groups. In general, all three drugs were effective antirheumatic agents with low toxicity. However, because of serious potential toxicity, azathioprine could not be recommended over gold and chloroquine in early RA therapy.", "PMID": 403921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2260", "title": "Comparative study of immunologic methods for demonstration of antibodies to soluble nuclear antigens. Immunofluorescence, hemagglutination, complement fixation, and immunodiffusion.", "content": "Four methods to detect antibodies reactive with soluble nuclear antigens were compared-the fluorescent antibody technique, hemagglutination, complement fixation, and immunodiffusion. Centain advantages and disadvantages of each method are described. The first three methods have greater sensitivity than immunodiffusion, but immunodiffusion discriminates most reliably between different antibodies.", "contents": "Comparative study of immunologic methods for demonstration of antibodies to soluble nuclear antigens. Immunofluorescence, hemagglutination, complement fixation, and immunodiffusion. Four methods to detect antibodies reactive with soluble nuclear antigens were compared-the fluorescent antibody technique, hemagglutination, complement fixation, and immunodiffusion. Centain advantages and disadvantages of each method are described. The first three methods have greater sensitivity than immunodiffusion, but immunodiffusion discriminates most reliably between different antibodies.", "PMID": 403922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2261", "title": "Absorption, distribution and excretion of a dihydroxydibutyl ether labelled with 14C in animals.", "content": "Kinetic studies were performed in rats, dogs and monkeys after oral administration of 14C-labelled dihydroxy-dibutyl ether (DHBE; Discinil), a known choleretic agent. The data presented indicate that the compound was intirely and readily absorbed and that it was excreted mainly with the urine in all the three species. The complete distribution pattern was investigated in rats. In most tissues high levels of radioactivity were already present after 10 min and the peak concentration was reached within the first 30 min. The decay was rapid and at the fourth hour only traces of radioactivity could be still detected in the tissues. Liver and kidney were the target organs for the radioactive material (which is in accordance with the activity and the excretory route of DHBE). The blood levels paralleled the general tissue distribution. The excretion of radioactivity was completed within 24 h in the three animal species and it took place by the urinary route, mainly witin the first 7--8 h.", "contents": "Absorption, distribution and excretion of a dihydroxydibutyl ether labelled with 14C in animals. Kinetic studies were performed in rats, dogs and monkeys after oral administration of 14C-labelled dihydroxy-dibutyl ether (DHBE; Discinil), a known choleretic agent. The data presented indicate that the compound was intirely and readily absorbed and that it was excreted mainly with the urine in all the three species. The complete distribution pattern was investigated in rats. In most tissues high levels of radioactivity were already present after 10 min and the peak concentration was reached within the first 30 min. The decay was rapid and at the fourth hour only traces of radioactivity could be still detected in the tissues. Liver and kidney were the target organs for the radioactive material (which is in accordance with the activity and the excretory route of DHBE). The blood levels paralleled the general tissue distribution. The excretion of radioactivity was completed within 24 h in the three animal species and it took place by the urinary route, mainly witin the first 7--8 h.", "PMID": 403923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2262", "title": "Combined T and B lymphocyte marker test in lymphoproliferative disorders.", "content": "The combined T and B lymphocyte marker test of Mendes et al (1974) has been developed to provide an easy, reproducible test for clinical practice. It has been used to study subpopulations of peripheral lymphocytes in patients with lymphoid malignancies. Significant increases in the numbers of lymphocytes which bind both sheep erythrocytes (E) and the fixed, third component of complement (C3) have been found using this test, in the peripheral blood of all untreated lymphosarcoma (L/SA) patients and T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) patients. Such increases were not found in blood from patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL), other non-lymphoid malignancies, null-cell ALL or normal individuals. These mixed E and C3 receptor bearing cells may be Fc receptor positive and represent a separate subpopulation of lymphocytes.", "contents": "Combined T and B lymphocyte marker test in lymphoproliferative disorders. The combined T and B lymphocyte marker test of Mendes et al (1974) has been developed to provide an easy, reproducible test for clinical practice. It has been used to study subpopulations of peripheral lymphocytes in patients with lymphoid malignancies. Significant increases in the numbers of lymphocytes which bind both sheep erythrocytes (E) and the fixed, third component of complement (C3) have been found using this test, in the peripheral blood of all untreated lymphosarcoma (L/SA) patients and T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) patients. Such increases were not found in blood from patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL), other non-lymphoid malignancies, null-cell ALL or normal individuals. These mixed E and C3 receptor bearing cells may be Fc receptor positive and represent a separate subpopulation of lymphocytes.", "PMID": 403927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2263", "title": "Immunoglobulins in human aqueous humour.", "content": "The immunoglobulin concentrations in human aqueous humour from 44 patients aged 35 to 85 years with cataracts were measured by a standard immunodiffusion method. IgG was found in all the samples (mean level 7-0 mg/100 ml. IgD, IgA or IgM could not be detected. There was no significant difference in IgG levels in aqueous humour between the two sexes, in different age groups, and in the different types of cataracts.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in human aqueous humour. The immunoglobulin concentrations in human aqueous humour from 44 patients aged 35 to 85 years with cataracts were measured by a standard immunodiffusion method. IgG was found in all the samples (mean level 7-0 mg/100 ml. IgD, IgA or IgM could not be detected. There was no significant difference in IgG levels in aqueous humour between the two sexes, in different age groups, and in the different types of cataracts.", "PMID": 403928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2264", "title": "Experimental internuclear ophthalmoplegia.", "content": "A midline experimental lesion separating the medial longitudinal fasciculi at and below the level of the abducens nuclei without damaging either fasciculus at the level of the nuclei has produced defects of ocular motility resembling those of clinical internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Electromyographic recordings during lateral gaze demonstrate: (1) lack of inhibition of the lateral rectus muscle in the adducting eye, (2) delayed inhibition of the medial rectus muscle in the abducting eye, and (3) occasional evidence of excitation of the medial rectus muscle of the abducting eye probably associated with pupillary constriction. The presumed physiologic mechanisms involved in conjugate gaze movements are discussed in the light of the experimental findings.", "contents": "Experimental internuclear ophthalmoplegia. A midline experimental lesion separating the medial longitudinal fasciculi at and below the level of the abducens nuclei without damaging either fasciculus at the level of the nuclei has produced defects of ocular motility resembling those of clinical internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Electromyographic recordings during lateral gaze demonstrate: (1) lack of inhibition of the lateral rectus muscle in the adducting eye, (2) delayed inhibition of the medial rectus muscle in the abducting eye, and (3) occasional evidence of excitation of the medial rectus muscle of the abducting eye probably associated with pupillary constriction. The presumed physiologic mechanisms involved in conjugate gaze movements are discussed in the light of the experimental findings.", "PMID": 403929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2265", "title": "Optic nerve glioma and phaeochromocytoma associated with von Recklinghausen's disease: A case report.", "content": "A 32-year-old woman who died suddenly during pregnancy as a result of an adrenal phaeochromocytoma also suffered from von Recklinghausen's disease. 21 years earlier she had an optic nerve glioma successfully removed. The association between von Reckinghausen's disease and optic nerve glioma/phaeochromocytoma is well established. So far as is known, the present case is the first ever published with the triad: von Recklinghausen's disease, optic nerve glioma, and phaeochromocytoma.", "contents": "Optic nerve glioma and phaeochromocytoma associated with von Recklinghausen's disease: A case report. A 32-year-old woman who died suddenly during pregnancy as a result of an adrenal phaeochromocytoma also suffered from von Recklinghausen's disease. 21 years earlier she had an optic nerve glioma successfully removed. The association between von Reckinghausen's disease and optic nerve glioma/phaeochromocytoma is well established. So far as is known, the present case is the first ever published with the triad: von Recklinghausen's disease, optic nerve glioma, and phaeochromocytoma.", "PMID": 403930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2266", "title": "Infective keratitis in soft contact lens wearers.", "content": "Eight cases of infective keratitis are reported in wearers of soft contact lenses. Four of them had normal eyes and were wearing lenses on a continual basis. One was wearing a lens continually for therapeutic reasons. Three others were wearing lenses daily or intermittently. The four latter cases were using contaminated lens solutions. Two of the continual lens wearers lost vision to the point of blindness. A significant factor in their bad outcome was the fact that both lived in areas remote from adequate ophthalmic services. Serratia liquefaciens was implicated in one case. This is thought to be the only reported case of corneal abscess due to this organism in the past 16 years. S. marcescens was grown in another case from the lens solutions and carrying case.", "contents": "Infective keratitis in soft contact lens wearers. Eight cases of infective keratitis are reported in wearers of soft contact lenses. Four of them had normal eyes and were wearing lenses on a continual basis. One was wearing a lens continually for therapeutic reasons. Three others were wearing lenses daily or intermittently. The four latter cases were using contaminated lens solutions. Two of the continual lens wearers lost vision to the point of blindness. A significant factor in their bad outcome was the fact that both lived in areas remote from adequate ophthalmic services. Serratia liquefaciens was implicated in one case. This is thought to be the only reported case of corneal abscess due to this organism in the past 16 years. S. marcescens was grown in another case from the lens solutions and carrying case.", "PMID": 403931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2267", "title": "Characterization of N-polyhedrin of two baculovirus strains pathogenic for Orgyia pseudotsugata.", "content": "N-polyhedrin of inclusion bodies of two nucleopolyhedrosis viruses of Orgyia pseudotsugata was characterized. Alkali-dissolved N-polyhedrin from both virus strains was of similar size and consisted of 12S molecule of 209 000 daltons. Eight subunits of approximately 26 000 daltons were found to form the 12S molecules. N-polyhedrin from both viruses showed two main antigens by immunodiffusion. The subunits appear to possess one antigen and, upon formation of the 12S molecule, a new antigen is created. Both the subunit and 12S antigens from the two virus strains were shown to be antigenically related. The 12S molecule of both viruses also appears to possess a minor antigen unique to each virus.", "contents": "Characterization of N-polyhedrin of two baculovirus strains pathogenic for Orgyia pseudotsugata. N-polyhedrin of inclusion bodies of two nucleopolyhedrosis viruses of Orgyia pseudotsugata was characterized. Alkali-dissolved N-polyhedrin from both virus strains was of similar size and consisted of 12S molecule of 209 000 daltons. Eight subunits of approximately 26 000 daltons were found to form the 12S molecules. N-polyhedrin from both viruses showed two main antigens by immunodiffusion. The subunits appear to possess one antigen and, upon formation of the 12S molecule, a new antigen is created. Both the subunit and 12S antigens from the two virus strains were shown to be antigenically related. The 12S molecule of both viruses also appears to possess a minor antigen unique to each virus.", "PMID": 403932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2268", "title": "Restriction endonuclease map of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA.", "content": "A physical map of the Euglena gracilis chloroplast genome has been constructed, based on cleavage sites of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA treated with bacterial restriction endonucleases. Covalently close, circular chloroplast DNA is cleaved by restriction endonuclease SalI into three fragments and by restriction endonuclease BamHI into six fragments. These nine cleavage sites have been ordered by fragment molecular weight analysis, double digestions, partial digestions, and by digestion studies of isolated DNA fragments. A fragment pattern of the products of EcoRI restriction endonuclease digestion of Euglena chloroplast DNA is also described. One of these fragments has been located on the cleavage site map.", "contents": "Restriction endonuclease map of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA. A physical map of the Euglena gracilis chloroplast genome has been constructed, based on cleavage sites of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA treated with bacterial restriction endonucleases. Covalently close, circular chloroplast DNA is cleaved by restriction endonuclease SalI into three fragments and by restriction endonuclease BamHI into six fragments. These nine cleavage sites have been ordered by fragment molecular weight analysis, double digestions, partial digestions, and by digestion studies of isolated DNA fragments. A fragment pattern of the products of EcoRI restriction endonuclease digestion of Euglena chloroplast DNA is also described. One of these fragments has been located on the cleavage site map.", "PMID": 403933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2269", "title": "Kinetics and mechanism of refolding of bovine carbonic anhydrase. A probe study of the formation of the active site.", "content": "In kinetic studies of the folding of bovine carbonic anhydrase from disorganized to native structure, an azosulfonamide, 2-(4-sulfomylphenylazo)-7-acetamido-1-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonate (I), has been used as a probe to follow the dynamics of formation of the active site region. The probe is a specific inhibitor of the native enzyme that binds in the active site crevice. The experiments, with previous data (Yazgan, A., and Henkens, R. W. (1972), Biochemistry 11, 1314), show that a tight binding site for I forms at an intermediate stage in the folding process. A subsequent conformational change perturbs the visible absorption and circular dichroism of bound I and could result in even tighter binding. The subsequent change completes formation of the active site. This is shown by results from separate experiments on the kinetics of recovery of activity (p-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate). Similar probe methods could be used with other proteins and enzymes to study the kinetics and mechanism of regeneration of specific sites--for example, the active site.", "contents": "Kinetics and mechanism of refolding of bovine carbonic anhydrase. A probe study of the formation of the active site. In kinetic studies of the folding of bovine carbonic anhydrase from disorganized to native structure, an azosulfonamide, 2-(4-sulfomylphenylazo)-7-acetamido-1-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonate (I), has been used as a probe to follow the dynamics of formation of the active site region. The probe is a specific inhibitor of the native enzyme that binds in the active site crevice. The experiments, with previous data (Yazgan, A., and Henkens, R. W. (1972), Biochemistry 11, 1314), show that a tight binding site for I forms at an intermediate stage in the folding process. A subsequent conformational change perturbs the visible absorption and circular dichroism of bound I and could result in even tighter binding. The subsequent change completes formation of the active site. This is shown by results from separate experiments on the kinetics of recovery of activity (p-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate). Similar probe methods could be used with other proteins and enzymes to study the kinetics and mechanism of regeneration of specific sites--for example, the active site.", "PMID": 403934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2270", "title": "Antisera to poly(A)-poly(U)-poly(I) contain antibody subpopulations specific for different aspects of the triple helix.", "content": "Rabbit antibodies to the triple-helical polynucleotide poly(A)-poly(U)-poly(I) were fractionated into three major antibody populations, each recognizing a different conformational feature of the triple-helical immunogen. Two distinct populations were purified from precipitates made with poly(A)-poly(U)-poly(U) and poly(A)-poly(I)-poly(I). The former reacted with double-stranded poly(A)-poly(U) or poly(I)-poly(C), and similar populations could be purified with either double-stranded form. The second population recognized the poly(A)-poly(I) region of the triple helix, and the third required all three strands for reactivity. These immunochemical studies suggest that the poly(A) and poly(U) have the same orientation in the triple-helicical poly(A)-poly(U)-poly(I) as in the double-helical poly(A)-poly(U), in which they have Watson-Crick base pairing.", "contents": "Antisera to poly(A)-poly(U)-poly(I) contain antibody subpopulations specific for different aspects of the triple helix. Rabbit antibodies to the triple-helical polynucleotide poly(A)-poly(U)-poly(I) were fractionated into three major antibody populations, each recognizing a different conformational feature of the triple-helical immunogen. Two distinct populations were purified from precipitates made with poly(A)-poly(U)-poly(U) and poly(A)-poly(I)-poly(I). The former reacted with double-stranded poly(A)-poly(U) or poly(I)-poly(C), and similar populations could be purified with either double-stranded form. The second population recognized the poly(A)-poly(I) region of the triple helix, and the third required all three strands for reactivity. These immunochemical studies suggest that the poly(A) and poly(U) have the same orientation in the triple-helicical poly(A)-poly(U)-poly(I) as in the double-helical poly(A)-poly(U), in which they have Watson-Crick base pairing.", "PMID": 403935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2271", "title": "Acquisition of the covalent quaternary structure of an immunoglobulin G molecule. Reoxidative assembly in vitro.", "content": "We recently reported results of an investigation of the reoxidation of a human, monoclonal immunoglobulin G, following selective reduction of its interchain disulfides by dithiothreitol (Sears, D.W., et al. (1975), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 353). In that work, we described the reoxidative behavior of the molecule under nondissociating conditions. In the present paper, results are presented of the reoxidation of heavy (H) and light (L) chains of this protein alone, or mixed in varying proportions after separation, or mixed with the L chains modified prior to recombination and reoxidation. The overall reoxidative asembly patterns in experiments with H and L separated prior to recombination are similar to those observed when the chains remain noncovalently associated throughout. With equimolar mixtures of H and L, the reoxidation rates also are similar to those of unseparated chains. However, when L chains are present in excess, the overall in vitro rates of covalent assembly are generally diminished, probably indicating transient nonproductive interactions. At the highest molar excesses of L (3:1), the assembly pathways may also be modified. In all experiments with excess L chains, covalent L2 dimers form at rates which are comparatively slow relative to the H2L2 assembly rates. Two kinds of reoxidation experiments with modified L chains are described here for the first time. In the first, the free half-cystine of L is irreversibly blocked by reaction with iodoacetamide, and the alkylated L chains are recombined with reduced H chains. This experiment isolates the reactions in which H2 disulfides are formed without the accompanying formation of HL bonds. Although the alkylated L chains do not play a direct role in the reoxidation, their presence is required to inhibit aggregation and precipitation of high-molecular-weight products which otherwise ensue; this suggests a possible biological role for excess L in vivo. In the second kind of experiment, covalent L2 dimers are mixed with reduced H chains. L2 rapidly disappears with the concurrent appearance of HL, H2L, and fully assembled H2L. H2 dimers are also reactive in this process. Special procedures were developed for analyzing the data from these experiments. A complete format is given for the quantitative determination of the concentration of each of the molecular components directly from spectroscopic scans of the gels. The computational methods solve the general analytical problem posed when staining is not proportional to mass and are applicable to a wide variety of systems utilizing gel electrophoresis to study subunit interactions. A theoretical analysis of pathway and kinetic cooperatively in this system is presented in the following paper (Sears, D.W., and Beychok, S. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (following paper in this issue)).", "contents": "Acquisition of the covalent quaternary structure of an immunoglobulin G molecule. Reoxidative assembly in vitro. We recently reported results of an investigation of the reoxidation of a human, monoclonal immunoglobulin G, following selective reduction of its interchain disulfides by dithiothreitol (Sears, D.W., et al. (1975), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 353). In that work, we described the reoxidative behavior of the molecule under nondissociating conditions. In the present paper, results are presented of the reoxidation of heavy (H) and light (L) chains of this protein alone, or mixed in varying proportions after separation, or mixed with the L chains modified prior to recombination and reoxidation. The overall reoxidative asembly patterns in experiments with H and L separated prior to recombination are similar to those observed when the chains remain noncovalently associated throughout. With equimolar mixtures of H and L, the reoxidation rates also are similar to those of unseparated chains. However, when L chains are present in excess, the overall in vitro rates of covalent assembly are generally diminished, probably indicating transient nonproductive interactions. At the highest molar excesses of L (3:1), the assembly pathways may also be modified. In all experiments with excess L chains, covalent L2 dimers form at rates which are comparatively slow relative to the H2L2 assembly rates. Two kinds of reoxidation experiments with modified L chains are described here for the first time. In the first, the free half-cystine of L is irreversibly blocked by reaction with iodoacetamide, and the alkylated L chains are recombined with reduced H chains. This experiment isolates the reactions in which H2 disulfides are formed without the accompanying formation of HL bonds. Although the alkylated L chains do not play a direct role in the reoxidation, their presence is required to inhibit aggregation and precipitation of high-molecular-weight products which otherwise ensue; this suggests a possible biological role for excess L in vivo. In the second kind of experiment, covalent L2 dimers are mixed with reduced H chains. L2 rapidly disappears with the concurrent appearance of HL, H2L, and fully assembled H2L. H2 dimers are also reactive in this process. Special procedures were developed for analyzing the data from these experiments. A complete format is given for the quantitative determination of the concentration of each of the molecular components directly from spectroscopic scans of the gels. The computational methods solve the general analytical problem posed when staining is not proportional to mass and are applicable to a wide variety of systems utilizing gel electrophoresis to study subunit interactions. A theoretical analysis of pathway and kinetic cooperatively in this system is presented in the following paper (Sears, D.W., and Beychok, S. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (following paper in this issue)).", "PMID": 403936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2272", "title": "Acquisition of the covalent quaternary structure of an immunoglobulin G molecule. Theoretical reoxidation models.", "content": "A theoretical format suitable for analyzing diverse complex kinetic systems where reaction pathways may exhibit cooperativity, is developed to account for the in vitro kinetics of air reoxidation of a human IgGlkappa immunoglobulin, in which the four interchain disulfide bonds have been reduced (Sears, D.W., et al. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (preceding paper in this issue)). The equations relate experimentally determined concentrations of the reactants, product, and macroscopic intermediates to the probability of occurrence of any of 12 distinct microscopic states. The concentrations of the macroscopic species--light chains (L), heavy chains (H), covalently associated intermediates HL, H2, H2L, and product H2L2--are also explicitly related to an observable function of those concentrations, the sulfhydryl titer, r. Since values of r can be calculated for any microscopic state of the system, the theory is in principle capable of a complete description of the experimental reaction course. In practice, limited experimental information precludes a unique solution of the equations at present, and it was not judged worthwhile to attempt curve fitting or approximation of probability terms with adjustable parameters of unknown physical significance. Certain special cases of the theory are, however, readily and exactly solved. These include models in which reoxidation is a random process and others in which the probabilities for inter-HL and inter-HH bond formation are different but independent of one another. The experimental results in the case of the IgGlkappa studied here clearly depart form the predicted behavior in either of these models. The initial probability for formation of a bond between a heavy and light chain is 1.5 to 2 times greater than for a bond between heavy chains. From the fact that this ratio changes as the reaction proceeds, and from the pattern of variation in concentration of intermediates during the reaction, it is concluded that the reoxidation process is not random, and that the bonds do not form independently, exhibiting instead kinetic cooperativity. The results are discussed in terms of assembly pathways in this and related systems. A novel feature of the theory is that it eliminates time as an explicit variable in the treatment of the kinetic process. This makes it especially useful for discerning whether the formation of one bond influences the reaction probability of another in a system where several similar or intrinsically identical reactions occur, and where kinetic order is difficult to establish. While the theory here is formulated in terms of the reoxidation reactions, it is, for example, equally applicable to the reduction process described (Sears, D.W., et al. (1977b), Biochemistry 16 (following paper in this issue)).", "contents": "Acquisition of the covalent quaternary structure of an immunoglobulin G molecule. Theoretical reoxidation models. A theoretical format suitable for analyzing diverse complex kinetic systems where reaction pathways may exhibit cooperativity, is developed to account for the in vitro kinetics of air reoxidation of a human IgGlkappa immunoglobulin, in which the four interchain disulfide bonds have been reduced (Sears, D.W., et al. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (preceding paper in this issue)). The equations relate experimentally determined concentrations of the reactants, product, and macroscopic intermediates to the probability of occurrence of any of 12 distinct microscopic states. The concentrations of the macroscopic species--light chains (L), heavy chains (H), covalently associated intermediates HL, H2, H2L, and product H2L2--are also explicitly related to an observable function of those concentrations, the sulfhydryl titer, r. Since values of r can be calculated for any microscopic state of the system, the theory is in principle capable of a complete description of the experimental reaction course. In practice, limited experimental information precludes a unique solution of the equations at present, and it was not judged worthwhile to attempt curve fitting or approximation of probability terms with adjustable parameters of unknown physical significance. Certain special cases of the theory are, however, readily and exactly solved. These include models in which reoxidation is a random process and others in which the probabilities for inter-HL and inter-HH bond formation are different but independent of one another. The experimental results in the case of the IgGlkappa studied here clearly depart form the predicted behavior in either of these models. The initial probability for formation of a bond between a heavy and light chain is 1.5 to 2 times greater than for a bond between heavy chains. From the fact that this ratio changes as the reaction proceeds, and from the pattern of variation in concentration of intermediates during the reaction, it is concluded that the reoxidation process is not random, and that the bonds do not form independently, exhibiting instead kinetic cooperativity. The results are discussed in terms of assembly pathways in this and related systems. A novel feature of the theory is that it eliminates time as an explicit variable in the treatment of the kinetic process. This makes it especially useful for discerning whether the formation of one bond influences the reaction probability of another in a system where several similar or intrinsically identical reactions occur, and where kinetic order is difficult to establish. While the theory here is formulated in terms of the reoxidation reactions, it is, for example, equally applicable to the reduction process described (Sears, D.W., et al. (1977b), Biochemistry 16 (following paper in this issue)).", "PMID": 403937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2273", "title": "Relative susceptibilities of the interchain disulfides of an immunoglobulin G molecule to reduction by dithiothreitol.", "content": "The reduction by dithiothreitol (DTT) of the four interchain disulfides of a human IgGlkappa immunoglobulin has been studied by two methods: variation of the concentration of DTT relative to the protein concentration (incremental reduction); and variation of the time of reduction at fixed levels of DTT and protein (kinetic reduction). In both cases, the results depend on whether the reduction is carried out aerobically or anaerobically. Under aerobic conditions, the relative levels of intermediates (HL, H2, and H2L) which are generated as native molecules (H2L2) are converted to reduced heavy (H) and light (L) chains depend on the concentrations of protein and DTT as well as on the exposure time to DTT; no stable equilibrium is reached between reduced and oxidized states and conditions gradually revert from those favoring reduction to those favoring reoxidation. By contrast, anaerobic reduction is independent of protein concentration or time of exposure to DTT, beyond about 30 min, indicating that an equilibrium between partially reduced and oxidized states is achieved. The distribution of intermediates observed under anaerobic conditions has been analyzed according to theoretical models (Sears, D.W., and Beychok, S. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (second in a series of three articles in this issue)). Within experimental error, both kinds of anaerobic experiments resemble a random reduction process wherein the four disulfides are equivalent and independent of each other with respect to rate and extent of reduction by D. It is concluded that there are no readily detected pathways in the process, as would occur if the intrinsic reactivities of the bonds were distinct, and no marked cooperatively between the four reaction sites, as would be observed if reduction of one bond materially facilitated or hampered reactivity at another site. Both of these characteristics of the reduction are in direct contrast to those of the reoxidative process, which is marked by the initial preference for formation of a bond between heavy and light chains, and by kinetic cooperativity in bond formation during the course of the reaction (Sears, D.W., et al. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (first in a series of three articles in this issue); Sears, D.W., and Beychok, S. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (second in this series)).", "contents": "Relative susceptibilities of the interchain disulfides of an immunoglobulin G molecule to reduction by dithiothreitol. The reduction by dithiothreitol (DTT) of the four interchain disulfides of a human IgGlkappa immunoglobulin has been studied by two methods: variation of the concentration of DTT relative to the protein concentration (incremental reduction); and variation of the time of reduction at fixed levels of DTT and protein (kinetic reduction). In both cases, the results depend on whether the reduction is carried out aerobically or anaerobically. Under aerobic conditions, the relative levels of intermediates (HL, H2, and H2L) which are generated as native molecules (H2L2) are converted to reduced heavy (H) and light (L) chains depend on the concentrations of protein and DTT as well as on the exposure time to DTT; no stable equilibrium is reached between reduced and oxidized states and conditions gradually revert from those favoring reduction to those favoring reoxidation. By contrast, anaerobic reduction is independent of protein concentration or time of exposure to DTT, beyond about 30 min, indicating that an equilibrium between partially reduced and oxidized states is achieved. The distribution of intermediates observed under anaerobic conditions has been analyzed according to theoretical models (Sears, D.W., and Beychok, S. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (second in a series of three articles in this issue)). Within experimental error, both kinds of anaerobic experiments resemble a random reduction process wherein the four disulfides are equivalent and independent of each other with respect to rate and extent of reduction by D. It is concluded that there are no readily detected pathways in the process, as would occur if the intrinsic reactivities of the bonds were distinct, and no marked cooperatively between the four reaction sites, as would be observed if reduction of one bond materially facilitated or hampered reactivity at another site. Both of these characteristics of the reduction are in direct contrast to those of the reoxidative process, which is marked by the initial preference for formation of a bond between heavy and light chains, and by kinetic cooperativity in bond formation during the course of the reaction (Sears, D.W., et al. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (first in a series of three articles in this issue); Sears, D.W., and Beychok, S. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (second in this series)).", "PMID": 403938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2274", "title": "Evidence for two types of P-700 in membrane fragments from a blue-green alga.", "content": "The mathematical analysis described in the preceding paper (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1977) 460, 65-75), in which the steady-state photooxidation of P-700 was compared with overall electron flux in Photosystem I chloroplast fragments, was applied to membrane fragments from the blue-gree alga Nostoc muscorum (Strain 7119) noted for their high activity of both Photosystem I and Photosystem II. The same analysis, which gave good agreement between the photooxidation of P-700 and the overall light-induced electron flux (measured as NADP+ reduction) in Photosystem I chloroplast fragments, revealed in the algal membrane fragments two P-700 components: one responding to high light intensity (P-700 HI), the photooxidation of which was in good agreement with the overall electron flux (measured as NADP+ reduction by reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol), and the other component responding to low light intensity (P-700 LI), the photooxidation of which was not correlated with the reduction of NADP+ by reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol.", "contents": "Evidence for two types of P-700 in membrane fragments from a blue-green alga. The mathematical analysis described in the preceding paper (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1977) 460, 65-75), in which the steady-state photooxidation of P-700 was compared with overall electron flux in Photosystem I chloroplast fragments, was applied to membrane fragments from the blue-gree alga Nostoc muscorum (Strain 7119) noted for their high activity of both Photosystem I and Photosystem II. The same analysis, which gave good agreement between the photooxidation of P-700 and the overall light-induced electron flux (measured as NADP+ reduction) in Photosystem I chloroplast fragments, revealed in the algal membrane fragments two P-700 components: one responding to high light intensity (P-700 HI), the photooxidation of which was in good agreement with the overall electron flux (measured as NADP+ reduction by reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol), and the other component responding to low light intensity (P-700 LI), the photooxidation of which was not correlated with the reduction of NADP+ by reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol.", "PMID": 403940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2275", "title": "Two plant-type ferredoxins from a blue-green alga, Nostoc verrucosum.", "content": "Two plant-type ferredoxins were isolated and purified from a blue-green alga, Nostoc verrucosum. They were separable by chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column. The slow-moving band was designated ferredoxin I (Fd I) and the fast-moving band was ferredoxin II (Fd II). The ratio of the yield of ferredoxins I and II was about 1 : 0.84. Both ferredoxins had absorption spectra similar to those of plant-type ferredoxins. Two atoms of non-heme iron and two of labile sulfur were found per mol of both ferredoxin I and ferredoxin II. Their molecular weights were identical and estimated to be about 18 000 by a gel filtration method. The biochemical activities of these Nostoc ferredoxins were studied: the NADP photoreduction activity on one hand and the NADP-cytochrome c reductase activity on the other.", "contents": "Two plant-type ferredoxins from a blue-green alga, Nostoc verrucosum. Two plant-type ferredoxins were isolated and purified from a blue-green alga, Nostoc verrucosum. They were separable by chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column. The slow-moving band was designated ferredoxin I (Fd I) and the fast-moving band was ferredoxin II (Fd II). The ratio of the yield of ferredoxins I and II was about 1 : 0.84. Both ferredoxins had absorption spectra similar to those of plant-type ferredoxins. Two atoms of non-heme iron and two of labile sulfur were found per mol of both ferredoxin I and ferredoxin II. Their molecular weights were identical and estimated to be about 18 000 by a gel filtration method. The biochemical activities of these Nostoc ferredoxins were studied: the NADP photoreduction activity on one hand and the NADP-cytochrome c reductase activity on the other.", "PMID": 403941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2276", "title": "Involvement of iron in the biogenesis of the cyanide-insensitive respiration in the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica.", "content": "The involvement of iron in the biogenesis of the cyanide-insensitive respiration in the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica has been established on the following basis: (1) endogenous metal chelation by either benzyl- or salicylhydroxamic acid, EDTA or nitrilotriacetate prevented the biogenesis of the cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway in S. lipolytica. (2) Addition of Fe(III) during the biogenesis increased both the rate of the appearance of the alternative respiratory pathway and its extent. Neither Fe(II), nor Co(II), Cu(II), Al(III), La(III), Mn(II) or Mg(II) could substitute for Fe(III). (3) The biogenesis of the alternative respiratory pathway could be dissociated into two steps: (a) a first one, slow, cycloheximide-sensitive, temperature-dependent, iron-independent, leading to cells still fully cyanide-sensitive, presumably involving the de novo biosynthesis of an inactive protein moiety and (b) a second step, fast, iron-dependent, temperature-independent, cycloheximide-insensitive, leading to cells with a cyanide-insensitive respiration, presumably the activation by iron of the inactive precursor.", "contents": "Involvement of iron in the biogenesis of the cyanide-insensitive respiration in the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. The involvement of iron in the biogenesis of the cyanide-insensitive respiration in the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica has been established on the following basis: (1) endogenous metal chelation by either benzyl- or salicylhydroxamic acid, EDTA or nitrilotriacetate prevented the biogenesis of the cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway in S. lipolytica. (2) Addition of Fe(III) during the biogenesis increased both the rate of the appearance of the alternative respiratory pathway and its extent. Neither Fe(II), nor Co(II), Cu(II), Al(III), La(III), Mn(II) or Mg(II) could substitute for Fe(III). (3) The biogenesis of the alternative respiratory pathway could be dissociated into two steps: (a) a first one, slow, cycloheximide-sensitive, temperature-dependent, iron-independent, leading to cells still fully cyanide-sensitive, presumably involving the de novo biosynthesis of an inactive protein moiety and (b) a second step, fast, iron-dependent, temperature-independent, cycloheximide-insensitive, leading to cells with a cyanide-insensitive respiration, presumably the activation by iron of the inactive precursor.", "PMID": 403942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2277", "title": "Temperature dependence on the delayed fluorescence of chlorophyll a in blue-green algae.", "content": "1. The delayed fluorescence of chlorophyll a was measured with a phosphoroscope by changing the temperature in a range of room temperatures in intact cells of blue-green algae, Anacystis nidulans, two strains of Anabaena variabilis and Plectonema boryanum, and other kinds of algae, Cyanidium caldarium and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The induction of delayed fluorescence remarkably depended on the temperature of measurment. Nevertheless, the induction pattern was characterized by three levels of intensity; the initial rise level at the onset of excitation light, the maximum level after a period of excitation and the steady-state level after 10 min of excitation. 2. In A. nidulans and a strain of A. variabilis grown at various temperatures, close relationship was found between the phase transition of membrane lipids and the initial rise and the steady-state levels of delayed fluorescence. The initial rise level showed the maximum at the temperature of phase transition between the liquid crystalline and the mixed solid-liquid crystalline states, The steady-state levels showed a remarkable change from a high in the liquid crystalline state to a low level in the mixed solid-liquid crystalline state. 3. The millisecond decay kinetics of the delayed fluorescence measured at the steady-state level in A. nidulans grown at 38 degrees C consisted of two components with different decay rates. The half-decay time of the fast component was about 0.17 ms and was constant throughout the temperature range of measurement. The half decay time of slow component ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 ms, depending on the temperature of measurment.", "contents": "Temperature dependence on the delayed fluorescence of chlorophyll a in blue-green algae. 1. The delayed fluorescence of chlorophyll a was measured with a phosphoroscope by changing the temperature in a range of room temperatures in intact cells of blue-green algae, Anacystis nidulans, two strains of Anabaena variabilis and Plectonema boryanum, and other kinds of algae, Cyanidium caldarium and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The induction of delayed fluorescence remarkably depended on the temperature of measurment. Nevertheless, the induction pattern was characterized by three levels of intensity; the initial rise level at the onset of excitation light, the maximum level after a period of excitation and the steady-state level after 10 min of excitation. 2. In A. nidulans and a strain of A. variabilis grown at various temperatures, close relationship was found between the phase transition of membrane lipids and the initial rise and the steady-state levels of delayed fluorescence. The initial rise level showed the maximum at the temperature of phase transition between the liquid crystalline and the mixed solid-liquid crystalline states, The steady-state levels showed a remarkable change from a high in the liquid crystalline state to a low level in the mixed solid-liquid crystalline state. 3. The millisecond decay kinetics of the delayed fluorescence measured at the steady-state level in A. nidulans grown at 38 degrees C consisted of two components with different decay rates. The half-decay time of the fast component was about 0.17 ms and was constant throughout the temperature range of measurement. The half decay time of slow component ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 ms, depending on the temperature of measurment.", "PMID": 403943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2278", "title": "Evidence for monomeric bacteriochlorophyll in P800 of the photoreaction center from Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "To find out whether weak or strong coupling exists between the bacteriochlorophyll molecules of the photoreaction center, the relative efficiency of energy transfer to P870 was measured at 795 nm and at 808 nm, at room temperature and at 77 degrees K. At room temperature, both relative efficiencies are close to 100%. However, at 77 degrees K, 795 nm light has a quantum efficiency of 76% and 808 nm light has an efficiency of 87%. These results confirm the fact that P800 is formed of at least one short wavelength component and one long wavelength component. Moreover, the short wavelength component is weakly coupled to both P870 and to the long wavelength component of P800. The conclusion is that the short wavelength component is due to monomeric bacteriochlorophyll. By comparison with other data, all four bacteriochlorophyll molecules of the photoreaction center are inferred to be monomeric.", "contents": "Evidence for monomeric bacteriochlorophyll in P800 of the photoreaction center from Rhodospirillum rubrum. To find out whether weak or strong coupling exists between the bacteriochlorophyll molecules of the photoreaction center, the relative efficiency of energy transfer to P870 was measured at 795 nm and at 808 nm, at room temperature and at 77 degrees K. At room temperature, both relative efficiencies are close to 100%. However, at 77 degrees K, 795 nm light has a quantum efficiency of 76% and 808 nm light has an efficiency of 87%. These results confirm the fact that P800 is formed of at least one short wavelength component and one long wavelength component. Moreover, the short wavelength component is weakly coupled to both P870 and to the long wavelength component of P800. The conclusion is that the short wavelength component is due to monomeric bacteriochlorophyll. By comparison with other data, all four bacteriochlorophyll molecules of the photoreaction center are inferred to be monomeric.", "PMID": 403944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2279", "title": "Localisation of the subunits of the photosynthetic reaction centers in the chromatophore membrane of Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "Reaction centers were isolated with the detergent lauryl dimethyl amine oxide from chromatophore membranes of Rhodospirillum rubrum. The subunit composition of these reaction centers is similar to the one obtained from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides: three subunits with the molecular weights of 21 000, 24 000 and 29 000. Reaction centers prepared from chromatophores labeled with 131I were heavely labeled in their large subunit (H). The smaller subunits (L and M) contained only little label. Sonication during labeling yielded a slightly higher incorporation of 131I in subunit H compared to the smaller ones. It is concluded that the H protein is largely exposed at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane but might also be accessible for iodination on the inside of the membrane while the L and M proteins are almost completely embedded in the membrane. Iodination of spheroplasts results in only a slight binding of 131I to chromatophores and reaction centers.", "contents": "Localisation of the subunits of the photosynthetic reaction centers in the chromatophore membrane of Rhodospirillum rubrum. Reaction centers were isolated with the detergent lauryl dimethyl amine oxide from chromatophore membranes of Rhodospirillum rubrum. The subunit composition of these reaction centers is similar to the one obtained from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides: three subunits with the molecular weights of 21 000, 24 000 and 29 000. Reaction centers prepared from chromatophores labeled with 131I were heavely labeled in their large subunit (H). The smaller subunits (L and M) contained only little label. Sonication during labeling yielded a slightly higher incorporation of 131I in subunit H compared to the smaller ones. It is concluded that the H protein is largely exposed at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane but might also be accessible for iodination on the inside of the membrane while the L and M proteins are almost completely embedded in the membrane. Iodination of spheroplasts results in only a slight binding of 131I to chromatophores and reaction centers.", "PMID": 403945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2280", "title": "Mitochondrial respiratory chain of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The thermodynamic and spectral properties.", "content": "The mitochondria isolated from the ciliate protozoon Tetrahymena pyriformis carry an oxidative phosphorylation with P/O ratio of 2 for succinate oxidation and P/O ratio of 3 for the oxidation of the NAD-linked substrates. The respiration is more than 90% inhibited with 1 mM cyanide while antimycin A and rotenone inhibit at concentrations of 1000-fold higher than those effective in mammalian mitochondria. Using a combination of spectral studies and potentiometric titrations, the components of the respiratory chain were identified and characterized with respect to the values of their half-reduction potentials. In the cytochrome bc1 region of the chain a cytochrome c was present with an Em7.2 of 0.225 V and two components with absorption maxima at 560 nm and the half-reduction potential values of -0.065 and -0.15 V at pH 7.2. The cytochrome with the more positive half-reduction potential was identified as the analogue of the cytochrome(s) b present in mitochondria of higher organisms, while the cytochrome with the more negative half-reduction potential was tentatively identified as cytochrome o. In addition ubiquinone was present at a concentration of approx. 4 nmol per mg mitochondrial protein. In the spectral region where cytochromes a absorb at least three cytochromes were found. A cytochrome with an absorption maximum at 593 nm and a midpoint potential of -0.085 V at pH 7.2 was identified as cytochrome a1. The absorption change at 615-640 nm, attributed usually to cytochrome a2, was resolved into two components with Em7,2 values of 0,245 and 0.345 V. It is concluded that the terminal oxidase in Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondria is cytochrome a2 which in its two component structure resembles cytochrome aa3.", "contents": "Mitochondrial respiratory chain of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The thermodynamic and spectral properties. The mitochondria isolated from the ciliate protozoon Tetrahymena pyriformis carry an oxidative phosphorylation with P/O ratio of 2 for succinate oxidation and P/O ratio of 3 for the oxidation of the NAD-linked substrates. The respiration is more than 90% inhibited with 1 mM cyanide while antimycin A and rotenone inhibit at concentrations of 1000-fold higher than those effective in mammalian mitochondria. Using a combination of spectral studies and potentiometric titrations, the components of the respiratory chain were identified and characterized with respect to the values of their half-reduction potentials. In the cytochrome bc1 region of the chain a cytochrome c was present with an Em7.2 of 0.225 V and two components with absorption maxima at 560 nm and the half-reduction potential values of -0.065 and -0.15 V at pH 7.2. The cytochrome with the more positive half-reduction potential was identified as the analogue of the cytochrome(s) b present in mitochondria of higher organisms, while the cytochrome with the more negative half-reduction potential was tentatively identified as cytochrome o. In addition ubiquinone was present at a concentration of approx. 4 nmol per mg mitochondrial protein. In the spectral region where cytochromes a absorb at least three cytochromes were found. A cytochrome with an absorption maximum at 593 nm and a midpoint potential of -0.085 V at pH 7.2 was identified as cytochrome a1. The absorption change at 615-640 nm, attributed usually to cytochrome a2, was resolved into two components with Em7,2 values of 0,245 and 0.345 V. It is concluded that the terminal oxidase in Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondria is cytochrome a2 which in its two component structure resembles cytochrome aa3.", "PMID": 403946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2281", "title": "Spin label studies on the human erythrocyte membrane. Two sites and two phases for fatty acid spin labels.", "content": "Human erythrocytes, untreated and glutaraldehyde-treated, were spin labeled with three kinds of fatty acid labels, and their electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra were studied in detail at various temperatures. 1. The better spectral resolution could be obtained by packing the erythrocytes in a hematocrit capillary tube, because of the preferential parallel orientation of the cylindrical axes of erythrocyte-disc to the centrifugal axis. 2. It was demonstrated by the incorporation and the release of the labels that the membrane possessed two kinds of the fatty acid \"sites\": the tightly and weakly binding \"sites\" at the approximate molar ratio of 1:1. The rough estimates of the binding constants were obtained, which reproducibly varied with the blood donors over a period of a year. 3. The temperature dependency of the ESR spectra revealed the presence of two distinct phases, perhaps the solid and fluid phases. With lowering of the temperature, the fluid phase became more solid but the solid phase unchanged. The pretreatment of the erythrocytes with glutaraldehyde increased the amount of the frozen phase, corresponding to the decrease of the membrane flexibility.", "contents": "Spin label studies on the human erythrocyte membrane. Two sites and two phases for fatty acid spin labels. Human erythrocytes, untreated and glutaraldehyde-treated, were spin labeled with three kinds of fatty acid labels, and their electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra were studied in detail at various temperatures. 1. The better spectral resolution could be obtained by packing the erythrocytes in a hematocrit capillary tube, because of the preferential parallel orientation of the cylindrical axes of erythrocyte-disc to the centrifugal axis. 2. It was demonstrated by the incorporation and the release of the labels that the membrane possessed two kinds of the fatty acid \"sites\": the tightly and weakly binding \"sites\" at the approximate molar ratio of 1:1. The rough estimates of the binding constants were obtained, which reproducibly varied with the blood donors over a period of a year. 3. The temperature dependency of the ESR spectra revealed the presence of two distinct phases, perhaps the solid and fluid phases. With lowering of the temperature, the fluid phase became more solid but the solid phase unchanged. The pretreatment of the erythrocytes with glutaraldehyde increased the amount of the frozen phase, corresponding to the decrease of the membrane flexibility.", "PMID": 403947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2282", "title": "Architecture of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K12. II. Freeze fracture morphology of wild type and mutant strains.", "content": "Freeze fracturing electron microscopy of Escherichia coli K12 cells showed that the outer fracture face of the outer membrane is densily occupied with particles. On the inner fracture face of the outer membrane, pits are visible, which are probably complementary to the particles at opposite fracture face. This observation suggests that the particles are micelle-like. In some mutants which lack one or more major outer membrane proteins the density of particles is reduced. The loss of protein d appeared to a prerequisite for this phenomenon. However, mutants which lack all glucose and heptose-bound phosphate in their lipopolysaccharide also have a reduction in particle density whereas, the amount of protein d is normal. Moreover, loss of lipopolysaccharide by EDTA treatment also caused a reduction in the density of particles. From these results it is hypothesized that the particles consist of lipopolysaccharide aggregates stabilized by divalent cations and probably complexed with protein and/or phospholipid.", "contents": "Architecture of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K12. II. Freeze fracture morphology of wild type and mutant strains. Freeze fracturing electron microscopy of Escherichia coli K12 cells showed that the outer fracture face of the outer membrane is densily occupied with particles. On the inner fracture face of the outer membrane, pits are visible, which are probably complementary to the particles at opposite fracture face. This observation suggests that the particles are micelle-like. In some mutants which lack one or more major outer membrane proteins the density of particles is reduced. The loss of protein d appeared to a prerequisite for this phenomenon. However, mutants which lack all glucose and heptose-bound phosphate in their lipopolysaccharide also have a reduction in particle density whereas, the amount of protein d is normal. Moreover, loss of lipopolysaccharide by EDTA treatment also caused a reduction in the density of particles. From these results it is hypothesized that the particles consist of lipopolysaccharide aggregates stabilized by divalent cations and probably complexed with protein and/or phospholipid.", "PMID": 403948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2283", "title": "Interaction of ethidium bromide with ribosomes. Absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism and sedimentation studies.", "content": "It is shown in this work that the binding of ethidium bromide to yeast ribosomes occurs through intercalation in the double-stranded rRNA regions and produces changes in the ribosomes structure, yielding unfolded subparticles, and even partial separation of proteins from rRNA at very high binding ratios. The addition of Mg2+ prevents these structural changes, probably by partial inhibition of the dye binding.", "contents": "Interaction of ethidium bromide with ribosomes. Absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism and sedimentation studies. It is shown in this work that the binding of ethidium bromide to yeast ribosomes occurs through intercalation in the double-stranded rRNA regions and produces changes in the ribosomes structure, yielding unfolded subparticles, and even partial separation of proteins from rRNA at very high binding ratios. The addition of Mg2+ prevents these structural changes, probably by partial inhibition of the dye binding.", "PMID": 403949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2284", "title": "Initiation of protein synthesis in bacillus subtilis in the presence of trimethoprim or aminopterin.", "content": "Initiation of protein synthesis has been studied in the presence of the tetrahydrofolic acid analogues trimethoprim or aminopterin in Bacillus subtilis. This bacterium can grow in the presence of the inhibitors, when the medium is supplemented with the low molecular weight products of tetrahydrofolate-dependent pathways. In an attempt to show whether formylation of initiator tRNA is a prerequisite for the iniation of protein synthesis in procaryotic cells, the amount of N-formylmethionine in tRNA and in protein has been determined. The level of formylation of methionyl-tRNA was found to be 70% in control cells and approximately 2% in inhibitor-treated cells. The content of formyl groups in protein has also been found to be drastically reduced. Trimethoprim or aminopterin did not alter the amount of tRNAMet nor the degree of aminoacylation of tRNAMet in vivo. These results indicate that in B. subtilis inititation of protein synthesis is possible without prior formylation of initiator tRNA.", "contents": "Initiation of protein synthesis in bacillus subtilis in the presence of trimethoprim or aminopterin. Initiation of protein synthesis has been studied in the presence of the tetrahydrofolic acid analogues trimethoprim or aminopterin in Bacillus subtilis. This bacterium can grow in the presence of the inhibitors, when the medium is supplemented with the low molecular weight products of tetrahydrofolate-dependent pathways. In an attempt to show whether formylation of initiator tRNA is a prerequisite for the iniation of protein synthesis in procaryotic cells, the amount of N-formylmethionine in tRNA and in protein has been determined. The level of formylation of methionyl-tRNA was found to be 70% in control cells and approximately 2% in inhibitor-treated cells. The content of formyl groups in protein has also been found to be drastically reduced. Trimethoprim or aminopterin did not alter the amount of tRNAMet nor the degree of aminoacylation of tRNAMet in vivo. These results indicate that in B. subtilis inititation of protein synthesis is possible without prior formylation of initiator tRNA.", "PMID": 403950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2285", "title": "Rat renal and erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases. Purification and properties.", "content": "Rat renal and erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases (carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) were isolated by affinity chromatography. The erythrocytes contain two major forms of the enzyme. One of the forms has a specific activity (towards CO2) 30 times higher than the other and constitutes the major part of the total cellular carbonic anhydrase. The amino acid compositions of this high-activity type and of the low-activity type are similar to the compositions reported for these types in other species. The kidney appears to have only one high-activity form of carbonic anhydrase which is very similar to and probably identical with the erythrocyte high-activity form.", "contents": "Rat renal and erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases. Purification and properties. Rat renal and erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases (carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) were isolated by affinity chromatography. The erythrocytes contain two major forms of the enzyme. One of the forms has a specific activity (towards CO2) 30 times higher than the other and constitutes the major part of the total cellular carbonic anhydrase. The amino acid compositions of this high-activity type and of the low-activity type are similar to the compositions reported for these types in other species. The kidney appears to have only one high-activity form of carbonic anhydrase which is very similar to and probably identical with the erythrocyte high-activity form.", "PMID": 403951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2286", "title": "Involvement of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the rat liver squalene epoxidase system.", "content": "Microsomal squalene epoxidase has previously been solubilized with Triton X-100 and resolved into fractions, FA and FB, by DEAE-cellulose chromatography (Ono T. and Bloch K (1975) J biol. Chem. 250, 1571-1579). It has now been found that FB is identical with NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (denoted FPT, EC 1.6.2.3). Although both NADPH and NADH served as electron donors, the former was preferred for squalene epoxidase activity in the reconstituted system of FA and FB. FB is characterized by its ability to reduce cytochrome c by NADPH. In place of FB, partially purified FPT was tested for its ability to support squalene epoxidation in the presence of FA. A stepwise purification of the deoxycholate-solubilized FPT yielded an increase in specific FPT activity with a parallel increase in squalene epoxidase activity. Bromelain-solubilized FPT was less effective. Rabbit antisera preparations to the purified FPT solubilized with trypsin were shown to inhibit concomitantly FPT activity and squalene epoxidase activity. These observations support the concept that squalene epoxidation is primarily mediated via a flavoprotein, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and a terminal oxidase, squalene epoxidase, which is distinct from cytochrome P-450.", "contents": "Involvement of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the rat liver squalene epoxidase system. Microsomal squalene epoxidase has previously been solubilized with Triton X-100 and resolved into fractions, FA and FB, by DEAE-cellulose chromatography (Ono T. and Bloch K (1975) J biol. Chem. 250, 1571-1579). It has now been found that FB is identical with NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (denoted FPT, EC 1.6.2.3). Although both NADPH and NADH served as electron donors, the former was preferred for squalene epoxidase activity in the reconstituted system of FA and FB. FB is characterized by its ability to reduce cytochrome c by NADPH. In place of FB, partially purified FPT was tested for its ability to support squalene epoxidation in the presence of FA. A stepwise purification of the deoxycholate-solubilized FPT yielded an increase in specific FPT activity with a parallel increase in squalene epoxidase activity. Bromelain-solubilized FPT was less effective. Rabbit antisera preparations to the purified FPT solubilized with trypsin were shown to inhibit concomitantly FPT activity and squalene epoxidase activity. These observations support the concept that squalene epoxidation is primarily mediated via a flavoprotein, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and a terminal oxidase, squalene epoxidase, which is distinct from cytochrome P-450.", "PMID": 403952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2287", "title": "Stimulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis by lipoic acid.", "content": "Enzyme preparations from sheep seminal vesicles display an enhanced ability to synthesize prostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin F from polyunsaturated fatty acids if alpha-lipoic acid is present in the incubation mixture prior to the addition of fatty acid. The stimulation by lipoate is reversible, time dependent, and involves modifications of V and Km for oxygenase activity. Product studies, structure vs. activity studies, and purification data indicate that lipoate exerts it effect by a mechanism distinct from a glutathione-like metabolism of the endoperoxide linkage in prostaglandin G and prostaglandin H. In addition, product studies suggest that lipoate is not a cofactor for the endoperoxide isomerase component of prostaglandin synthetase. Purification of the endoperoxide synthesizing activity by ion-exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing yields preparations which are more responsive to lipoate than microsomal preparations.", "contents": "Stimulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis by lipoic acid. Enzyme preparations from sheep seminal vesicles display an enhanced ability to synthesize prostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin F from polyunsaturated fatty acids if alpha-lipoic acid is present in the incubation mixture prior to the addition of fatty acid. The stimulation by lipoate is reversible, time dependent, and involves modifications of V and Km for oxygenase activity. Product studies, structure vs. activity studies, and purification data indicate that lipoate exerts it effect by a mechanism distinct from a glutathione-like metabolism of the endoperoxide linkage in prostaglandin G and prostaglandin H. In addition, product studies suggest that lipoate is not a cofactor for the endoperoxide isomerase component of prostaglandin synthetase. Purification of the endoperoxide synthesizing activity by ion-exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing yields preparations which are more responsive to lipoate than microsomal preparations.", "PMID": 403953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2288", "title": "The influence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate on white skeletal muscle myosin.", "content": "Myosin from rabbit white skeletal muscle was treated with 10 mM EDTA in 150 mM phosphate buffer. After precipitation of myosin by dialysis against a 14-fold volume of water, EDTA-treated myosin, myosin before treatment and the supernatant from the treatment of myosin with EDTA were examined on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels by electrophoresis. It has been found that the quantity of LC2 light chains diminished after treatment with EDTA, and the supernatant contained the LC2 light chains. Treatment of myosin with EDTA in the presence of Mg2+ does not change the stoichiometry of the LC2 light chain and the supernatant is free from LC2 light chains. The treatment of myosin with p-chloromercuri-benzoate leads to dissociation of the same amount of LC2 light chains. It is suggested that divalent cations and thiol groups are engaged in the attachment of LC2 light chain to the myosin molecule.", "contents": "The influence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate on white skeletal muscle myosin. Myosin from rabbit white skeletal muscle was treated with 10 mM EDTA in 150 mM phosphate buffer. After precipitation of myosin by dialysis against a 14-fold volume of water, EDTA-treated myosin, myosin before treatment and the supernatant from the treatment of myosin with EDTA were examined on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels by electrophoresis. It has been found that the quantity of LC2 light chains diminished after treatment with EDTA, and the supernatant contained the LC2 light chains. Treatment of myosin with EDTA in the presence of Mg2+ does not change the stoichiometry of the LC2 light chain and the supernatant is free from LC2 light chains. The treatment of myosin with p-chloromercuri-benzoate leads to dissociation of the same amount of LC2 light chains. It is suggested that divalent cations and thiol groups are engaged in the attachment of LC2 light chain to the myosin molecule.", "PMID": 403954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2289", "title": "The binding of calcium to glycerinated muscle fibers in rigor. The effect of filament overlap.", "content": "The binding of Ca2+ to glycerinated rabbit psoas fibers of varying sarcomere length was measured with a double isotope technique and ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid buffers. Experiments were carried out under rigor conditions with fiber bundles pre-set at different lengths prior to extraction with detergent and glycerol. These experiments were designed to test whether rigor complex formation, determined by the degree of filament overlap, enhances Ca2+-receptor affinity in the intact filament lattice, as it does in reconstituted actomyosin systems. The Ca2+-receptor affinity, as indicated by the free Ca2+ concentration at half-saturation and by the slopes of Scatchard plots, was found to be relatively unaffected by variations in filament overlap. However, the maximum bound Ca2+ was significantly reduced in stretched fibers. With maximum filament overlap the bound Ca2+ was equivalent to 4 mol per mol troponin. When stretched to zero overlap the fibers bound a maximum of 3 mol Ca2+ per mol troponin. When fibers with maximum overlap were incubated in the presence of 5 mM MgATP there was a reduction in the number of Ca2+-binding sites equivalent to that caused by stretching the fibers. These findings, taken together with other data in the literature, suggest that in the intact filament lattice at least one of the Ca2+-binding sites is present only when cross-bridge attachments are formed.", "contents": "The binding of calcium to glycerinated muscle fibers in rigor. The effect of filament overlap. The binding of Ca2+ to glycerinated rabbit psoas fibers of varying sarcomere length was measured with a double isotope technique and ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid buffers. Experiments were carried out under rigor conditions with fiber bundles pre-set at different lengths prior to extraction with detergent and glycerol. These experiments were designed to test whether rigor complex formation, determined by the degree of filament overlap, enhances Ca2+-receptor affinity in the intact filament lattice, as it does in reconstituted actomyosin systems. The Ca2+-receptor affinity, as indicated by the free Ca2+ concentration at half-saturation and by the slopes of Scatchard plots, was found to be relatively unaffected by variations in filament overlap. However, the maximum bound Ca2+ was significantly reduced in stretched fibers. With maximum filament overlap the bound Ca2+ was equivalent to 4 mol per mol troponin. When stretched to zero overlap the fibers bound a maximum of 3 mol Ca2+ per mol troponin. When fibers with maximum overlap were incubated in the presence of 5 mM MgATP there was a reduction in the number of Ca2+-binding sites equivalent to that caused by stretching the fibers. These findings, taken together with other data in the literature, suggest that in the intact filament lattice at least one of the Ca2+-binding sites is present only when cross-bridge attachments are formed.", "PMID": 403955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2290", "title": "The modification of tryptophan in bovine thrombin.", "content": "2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide, at a 100-fold molar excess, was observed to react withthrombin at pH 4.0 to give a modified enzyme which possessed 20% of the fibrinogen clotting activity and 80% of the esterase activity compared to a control preparation. Spectrophotometric analysis of the modified protein indicated that this effect on catalytic activity was associated with the incorporation of 1 mol of reagent per mol of thrombin. Amino acid analysis showed no loss of amino acids other than tryptophan. The reaction of N-bromosuccinimide with thrombin at 2-fold molar excess resulted in the modification of one tryptophan per mol of enzyme with the loss of 80% of the fibrinogen clotting activity with, as above, a considerably smaller loss of esterase activity. Oxidation of thrombin with N-bromosuccinimide decreased the extent of subsequent tryptophan modification with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide. Thrombin modified with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide showed a 3-4 fold increase in Km and a decrease in V for the ester substrate. The reaction of thrombin with 2-acetoxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide, a substrate analogue, also resulted in the inactivation of the enzyme. The data are interpreted to show the presence of a tryptophan residue at or near the enzyme's substrate binding site.", "contents": "The modification of tryptophan in bovine thrombin. 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide, at a 100-fold molar excess, was observed to react withthrombin at pH 4.0 to give a modified enzyme which possessed 20% of the fibrinogen clotting activity and 80% of the esterase activity compared to a control preparation. Spectrophotometric analysis of the modified protein indicated that this effect on catalytic activity was associated with the incorporation of 1 mol of reagent per mol of thrombin. Amino acid analysis showed no loss of amino acids other than tryptophan. The reaction of N-bromosuccinimide with thrombin at 2-fold molar excess resulted in the modification of one tryptophan per mol of enzyme with the loss of 80% of the fibrinogen clotting activity with, as above, a considerably smaller loss of esterase activity. Oxidation of thrombin with N-bromosuccinimide decreased the extent of subsequent tryptophan modification with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide. Thrombin modified with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide showed a 3-4 fold increase in Km and a decrease in V for the ester substrate. The reaction of thrombin with 2-acetoxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide, a substrate analogue, also resulted in the inactivation of the enzyme. The data are interpreted to show the presence of a tryptophan residue at or near the enzyme's substrate binding site.", "PMID": 403956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2291", "title": "Some properties of a glycoprotein with calcium binding ability found in human biological fluids in macroglobulinaemia IgM.", "content": "An acidic glycoprotein with calcium-binding properties was isolated from the urine of patients with severe macroglobulinaemia IgM. The molecular weight of this protein determined by Sephadex gel filtration was found to be 62 000 +/- 2800 in Tris - HCl buffer and 21 000 +/- 1000 in 6 M guanidine - HCl. The amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the isolated glycoprotein is presented. Electrophoretic migration of this protein was observed to be greatly affected by calcium ions present in the buffer in a concentration of 10(-3) M. At least two sets of binding sites seem to participate in binding calcium. The values 2.2 - 10(6) M-1 for the apparent association constant and 4.4 - 10(-4) mol of Ca2+ bound per g of protein for high affinity bindings sites were estimated, on the basis of data from the equilibrium dialysis. The origin and possible biological role of this protein is discussed.", "contents": "Some properties of a glycoprotein with calcium binding ability found in human biological fluids in macroglobulinaemia IgM. An acidic glycoprotein with calcium-binding properties was isolated from the urine of patients with severe macroglobulinaemia IgM. The molecular weight of this protein determined by Sephadex gel filtration was found to be 62 000 +/- 2800 in Tris - HCl buffer and 21 000 +/- 1000 in 6 M guanidine - HCl. The amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the isolated glycoprotein is presented. Electrophoretic migration of this protein was observed to be greatly affected by calcium ions present in the buffer in a concentration of 10(-3) M. At least two sets of binding sites seem to participate in binding calcium. The values 2.2 - 10(6) M-1 for the apparent association constant and 4.4 - 10(-4) mol of Ca2+ bound per g of protein for high affinity bindings sites were estimated, on the basis of data from the equilibrium dialysis. The origin and possible biological role of this protein is discussed.", "PMID": 403957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2292", "title": "Plant glycoprotein biosynthesis. Uridine diphosphate N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase from horseradish root.", "content": "A particulate enzyme preparation from horseradish root tissue was shown to catalyze the transfer of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-[14C1]glucose from uridine diphosphate 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-[14C1]glucose to an exogenous acceptor molecule derived from horseradish peroxidase. The acceptor was produced from purified peroxidase by the action of a mixture of glycoside hydrolases covalently bound to Sepharose. The membrane preparation containing the transferase was purified approximately 12-fold by aqueous two phase distribution and by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Hydrolysis of the reaction product yielded glucosamine as the only radio-labeled substance. Precipitation of the reaction product by antiserum against peroxidase showed that the label was incorporated into peroxidase. The transferase utilized the acceptor most efficiently when only 12% of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose was removed from the acceptor. The acceptor lost no accepting capabilities when heated to 100 degrees C for 3 min prior to assay. Trypsin treatment caused a 14% decrease in label incorporated while pronase treatment caused a 93% decrease,", "contents": "Plant glycoprotein biosynthesis. Uridine diphosphate N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase from horseradish root. A particulate enzyme preparation from horseradish root tissue was shown to catalyze the transfer of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-[14C1]glucose from uridine diphosphate 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-[14C1]glucose to an exogenous acceptor molecule derived from horseradish peroxidase. The acceptor was produced from purified peroxidase by the action of a mixture of glycoside hydrolases covalently bound to Sepharose. The membrane preparation containing the transferase was purified approximately 12-fold by aqueous two phase distribution and by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Hydrolysis of the reaction product yielded glucosamine as the only radio-labeled substance. Precipitation of the reaction product by antiserum against peroxidase showed that the label was incorporated into peroxidase. The transferase utilized the acceptor most efficiently when only 12% of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose was removed from the acceptor. The acceptor lost no accepting capabilities when heated to 100 degrees C for 3 min prior to assay. Trypsin treatment caused a 14% decrease in label incorporated while pronase treatment caused a 93% decrease,", "PMID": 403958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2293", "title": "Purification and specificity of antibodies to adenosine.", "content": "Antibodies to adenosine were elicited in rabbits by immunization with bovine serum albumin-adenosine conjugate. The antibodies were purified and fractionated on two affinity columns (Sepharose-oligo(A) and Sepharose-AMP). Two families of antibodies have been obtained. The antibodies purified on the Sepharose-oligo(A) column react with poly(A) while those purified on the Sepharose-AMP column do not, as shown by gel diffusion. The association constants for the binding of Fab fragments or IgG purified on the Sepharose-oligo(A) column and several haptens were deduced from dialysis equilibrium, fluorescence quenching and displacement of AMP-fluorescein conjugate. The antibodies mainly recognize adenine, and the ribose or the phosphate group of (or AMP derivatives) do not play a critical role in the interaction. Thermodynamic parameters for adenosine-Fab fragments complexes have been determined deltaH degrees = 16 kcal/mole and deltaS degrees = - 15 cal. degree-1 mole-1. Circular dichroism studies indicate that about three nucleotide residues penetrate the binding site of Fab fragments.", "contents": "Purification and specificity of antibodies to adenosine. Antibodies to adenosine were elicited in rabbits by immunization with bovine serum albumin-adenosine conjugate. The antibodies were purified and fractionated on two affinity columns (Sepharose-oligo(A) and Sepharose-AMP). Two families of antibodies have been obtained. The antibodies purified on the Sepharose-oligo(A) column react with poly(A) while those purified on the Sepharose-AMP column do not, as shown by gel diffusion. The association constants for the binding of Fab fragments or IgG purified on the Sepharose-oligo(A) column and several haptens were deduced from dialysis equilibrium, fluorescence quenching and displacement of AMP-fluorescein conjugate. The antibodies mainly recognize adenine, and the ribose or the phosphate group of (or AMP derivatives) do not play a critical role in the interaction. Thermodynamic parameters for adenosine-Fab fragments complexes have been determined deltaH degrees = 16 kcal/mole and deltaS degrees = - 15 cal. degree-1 mole-1. Circular dichroism studies indicate that about three nucleotide residues penetrate the binding site of Fab fragments.", "PMID": 403959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2294", "title": "[Quaternary structure of oligomeric immunoglobulin A forms from human blood serum].", "content": "A character of forces stabilyzing quaternary structure of dimer and more high molecular human immunoglobulin A oligomers is found to be different. Quaternary structure of IgA dimer is formed when joining subunits with disulfide bonds and is stabilized by non-covalent interactions between them. Disulfide bonds play a main part in the formation of trimers and tetramers. Dimer IgA reconstructs by 40% from subunits with intact interchain S--S bonds. The addition of exogenous J-chain does not significantly affect the process of dimer self-assembling from subunits with recovered and intact interchain disulfide bonds.", "contents": "[Quaternary structure of oligomeric immunoglobulin A forms from human blood serum]. A character of forces stabilyzing quaternary structure of dimer and more high molecular human immunoglobulin A oligomers is found to be different. Quaternary structure of IgA dimer is formed when joining subunits with disulfide bonds and is stabilized by non-covalent interactions between them. Disulfide bonds play a main part in the formation of trimers and tetramers. Dimer IgA reconstructs by 40% from subunits with intact interchain S--S bonds. The addition of exogenous J-chain does not significantly affect the process of dimer self-assembling from subunits with recovered and intact interchain disulfide bonds.", "PMID": 403960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2295", "title": "[Metabolism of phenolic compounds in plants].", "content": "A review is given on mechanisms of hydroxylation (the introduction of the first hydroxyl group into C-2 and C-4 positions of cinnamic and benzoic acids; the introduction of the second and the third hydroxyl groups into molecules of phenolcarboxylic acids and flavonoids), dehydrogenation (with participation of phenol oxydase and peroxydase) and deep oxidative degradation of phenolic compounds in plant tissues and cell cultures. Data on compartmentation of respective enzyme systems are also considered.", "contents": "[Metabolism of phenolic compounds in plants]. A review is given on mechanisms of hydroxylation (the introduction of the first hydroxyl group into C-2 and C-4 positions of cinnamic and benzoic acids; the introduction of the second and the third hydroxyl groups into molecules of phenolcarboxylic acids and flavonoids), dehydrogenation (with participation of phenol oxydase and peroxydase) and deep oxidative degradation of phenolic compounds in plant tissues and cell cultures. Data on compartmentation of respective enzyme systems are also considered.", "PMID": 403961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2296", "title": "[Multiple forms of Bacillus subtilis subtilisin and effects of mutations on the distribution of its molecular forms].", "content": "Using polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and gel-filtration it was demonstrated that the auxotrophic mutant strains of Bac. subtilis A-50 and their prototrophic revertant strains produce multiple molecular forms of subtilisin. Three of them are the same as the corresponding molecular forms of subtilisin from the wild strain A-50. In different mutant strains the relative amounts of the main three forms varies considerably resulting in the absence of certain forms in several strains. There is the additional minor form of subtilisin possessing high electrophoretic mobility in four prototrophic revertant strains and one Arg--auxotrophic strain of Bac. subtilis A-50. It would be reasonable to suppose that different molecular forms of subtilisin derive from the product of its single structural gene as a result of post-translational modifications (limited proteolysis). This enzyme and probably most, if not all secretory proteins may be synthesised as larger precursors and then specifically modified in the bacterial cell membranes. Thus, certain mutations, without affecting the structural gene of this secretory protein -- subtilisin -- have pronounced effects on this structural gene expression, varying the degree of its product modification and the amount of resulting secretory molecular forms of subtilisin.", "contents": "[Multiple forms of Bacillus subtilis subtilisin and effects of mutations on the distribution of its molecular forms]. Using polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and gel-filtration it was demonstrated that the auxotrophic mutant strains of Bac. subtilis A-50 and their prototrophic revertant strains produce multiple molecular forms of subtilisin. Three of them are the same as the corresponding molecular forms of subtilisin from the wild strain A-50. In different mutant strains the relative amounts of the main three forms varies considerably resulting in the absence of certain forms in several strains. There is the additional minor form of subtilisin possessing high electrophoretic mobility in four prototrophic revertant strains and one Arg--auxotrophic strain of Bac. subtilis A-50. It would be reasonable to suppose that different molecular forms of subtilisin derive from the product of its single structural gene as a result of post-translational modifications (limited proteolysis). This enzyme and probably most, if not all secretory proteins may be synthesised as larger precursors and then specifically modified in the bacterial cell membranes. Thus, certain mutations, without affecting the structural gene of this secretory protein -- subtilisin -- have pronounced effects on this structural gene expression, varying the degree of its product modification and the amount of resulting secretory molecular forms of subtilisin.", "PMID": 403962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2297", "title": "[Effect of metalloproteins on the photochemical activity of chloroplasts treated with polyene antibiotics].", "content": "The effects of various metall-containing proteins (plastocyanin, plantacyanin, azurine and cytochromes of the f type) on the activity of photosystem I of chloroplasts, treated with polyene antibiotics, were studied. The inhibiting effect of the polyenes, surgumycin and philipin, was completely removed by an addition of copper-containing protein plastocyanin. No similar effect was exerted by other Cu-containing proteins--azurine and plantacyanin. The cytochromes of the f type isolated from the green algae chlorella, blue-green algae spiruline and aphanezomenone, having different electrophoretic properties, restored the activity of photosystem I of chloroplasts incubated with antibiotics in a different degree. Acid cytochrome f of chlorella restored the activity by 80--100%; less acid cytochrome f from spiruline-only by 50%. The least restoring effect was exerted by aphanezomenone cytochrome, which possesses some basic properties. The chloroplasts treatment with surgumycin did not affect the isolation of the terminal enzyme of the chloroplast electron-transporting chain of ferredoxin--NADP--reductase. Possible environment of plastocyanin in the chloroplast membrane and the mechanism of photosystem I restoration are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of metalloproteins on the photochemical activity of chloroplasts treated with polyene antibiotics]. The effects of various metall-containing proteins (plastocyanin, plantacyanin, azurine and cytochromes of the f type) on the activity of photosystem I of chloroplasts, treated with polyene antibiotics, were studied. The inhibiting effect of the polyenes, surgumycin and philipin, was completely removed by an addition of copper-containing protein plastocyanin. No similar effect was exerted by other Cu-containing proteins--azurine and plantacyanin. The cytochromes of the f type isolated from the green algae chlorella, blue-green algae spiruline and aphanezomenone, having different electrophoretic properties, restored the activity of photosystem I of chloroplasts incubated with antibiotics in a different degree. Acid cytochrome f of chlorella restored the activity by 80--100%; less acid cytochrome f from spiruline-only by 50%. The least restoring effect was exerted by aphanezomenone cytochrome, which possesses some basic properties. The chloroplasts treatment with surgumycin did not affect the isolation of the terminal enzyme of the chloroplast electron-transporting chain of ferredoxin--NADP--reductase. Possible environment of plastocyanin in the chloroplast membrane and the mechanism of photosystem I restoration are discussed.", "PMID": 403963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2298", "title": "Considerations of species-related hematological differences on the evaluation of biomaterials.", "content": "Species-related hematological differences of experimental animals are important in the proper assessment of biomaterials intended for human use. This area, which has received less than adequate attention in the past, requires the development of new test methodologies with blood of primates and humans, under conditions that better simulate the physiological environment.", "contents": "Considerations of species-related hematological differences on the evaluation of biomaterials. Species-related hematological differences of experimental animals are important in the proper assessment of biomaterials intended for human use. This area, which has received less than adequate attention in the past, requires the development of new test methodologies with blood of primates and humans, under conditions that better simulate the physiological environment.", "PMID": 403967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2299", "title": "Preparation of specific immune sera against rabbit skeletal, pig and human cardiac heavy meromyosins.", "content": "Antibodies were produced in guinea-pigs against heavy-meromyosin (HMM) and tested by immunodiffusion and microcomplement fixation (MCF). A similar response was obtained for HMM extracted either from human and pig left ventricles, or from rabbit white skeletal muscles. For each muscle, the antisera cross-react quantitatively with the native intact myosin and are highly specific. Thus, this procedure permits the preparation of muscle type-specific anti myosin antibodies, by a simpler means than those previously published.", "contents": "Preparation of specific immune sera against rabbit skeletal, pig and human cardiac heavy meromyosins. Antibodies were produced in guinea-pigs against heavy-meromyosin (HMM) and tested by immunodiffusion and microcomplement fixation (MCF). A similar response was obtained for HMM extracted either from human and pig left ventricles, or from rabbit white skeletal muscles. For each muscle, the antisera cross-react quantitatively with the native intact myosin and are highly specific. Thus, this procedure permits the preparation of muscle type-specific anti myosin antibodies, by a simpler means than those previously published.", "PMID": 403969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2300", "title": "[Antigens common to Mycobacterium bovis (BTsZh) and several malignant and normal tissues of laboratory animals].", "content": "Agglutination, gel precipitation and immunoelectrophoresis tests demonstrated the presence of antigens common for the Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) and some malignant and normal rat tissue cells. The method of absorption of immune sera in the agglutination test showed that this antigen was specific for the BCG microorganisms and cells of primary induced tumours of rat muscle tissue. This antigen had the electrophoretic mobility in the beta-globulin zone.", "contents": "[Antigens common to Mycobacterium bovis (BTsZh) and several malignant and normal tissues of laboratory animals]. Agglutination, gel precipitation and immunoelectrophoresis tests demonstrated the presence of antigens common for the Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) and some malignant and normal rat tissue cells. The method of absorption of immune sera in the agglutination test showed that this antigen was specific for the BCG microorganisms and cells of primary induced tumours of rat muscle tissue. This antigen had the electrophoretic mobility in the beta-globulin zone.", "PMID": 403974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2301", "title": "[Changes in the immunologis status of the body during carcinogenesis detected by the physico-chemical characteristics of cells of the immunocompetent system].", "content": "The state of cell population of the lymph nodes and the thymus was studied on a model of rat sarcoma of the hip(induced by dimethlbenzanthracene) by the method of fluorescent sounds. Statistically significant changes of incorporation of the negatively charged sound 1-anilino-8-naphthalinosulfonate (ANS) into cell suspension, depending on the stage of sarcoma development, were detected. The appearance of cell forms with a lesser hydrophobic character of the surface and with less binding points for the ANS were noted at the early carcinogenesis periods. It is supposed that these cells were referred to immature ones. A conclusion was drawn on the applicability of the method of fluorescent sound for recording changes in the immunological state of the organism in carcinogenesis.", "contents": "[Changes in the immunologis status of the body during carcinogenesis detected by the physico-chemical characteristics of cells of the immunocompetent system]. The state of cell population of the lymph nodes and the thymus was studied on a model of rat sarcoma of the hip(induced by dimethlbenzanthracene) by the method of fluorescent sounds. Statistically significant changes of incorporation of the negatively charged sound 1-anilino-8-naphthalinosulfonate (ANS) into cell suspension, depending on the stage of sarcoma development, were detected. The appearance of cell forms with a lesser hydrophobic character of the surface and with less binding points for the ANS were noted at the early carcinogenesis periods. It is supposed that these cells were referred to immature ones. A conclusion was drawn on the applicability of the method of fluorescent sound for recording changes in the immunological state of the organism in carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 403975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2302", "title": "[Change in the distribution of rat liver and myocardial carbonic anhydras activity in acute dichloroethane pisoning (histophotometric study)].", "content": "A study was made of the histochemical changes in the distribution of the carboanhydrase activity in the myocardium and the liver of rats in acute oral dichlorethane poisoning. Kurate's method modified by Hausler was used. The histophotometric method was applied for the semiquantitative assessment of the changes in the enzyme activity. The majority of the experimental animals displayed a distinct increase in the activity of carboanhydrase in the myocardium and the liver, the correlation of these changes remained the same as in the intact rats.", "contents": "[Change in the distribution of rat liver and myocardial carbonic anhydras activity in acute dichloroethane pisoning (histophotometric study)]. A study was made of the histochemical changes in the distribution of the carboanhydrase activity in the myocardium and the liver of rats in acute oral dichlorethane poisoning. Kurate's method modified by Hausler was used. The histophotometric method was applied for the semiquantitative assessment of the changes in the enzyme activity. The majority of the experimental animals displayed a distinct increase in the activity of carboanhydrase in the myocardium and the liver, the correlation of these changes remained the same as in the intact rats.", "PMID": 403976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2303", "title": "[Immunochemical analysis of glial and neuronal fractions of rat brain].", "content": "A method of obtaining antineuronal and antiglial immune sera is described. Data of the quantitative immunochemical analysis of the antigens of the neuronal and glial fractions of the rat brain are presented. The neurons proved to contain 4, and the glia--3 brain-specific proteins; one or two of them are common for these cell fractions.", "contents": "[Immunochemical analysis of glial and neuronal fractions of rat brain]. A method of obtaining antineuronal and antiglial immune sera is described. Data of the quantitative immunochemical analysis of the antigens of the neuronal and glial fractions of the rat brain are presented. The neurons proved to contain 4, and the glia--3 brain-specific proteins; one or two of them are common for these cell fractions.", "PMID": 403977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2304", "title": "[Opsonizing activity of the serum of gnotobiotic guinea pigs contaminated with individual representatives of intestinal microflora].", "content": "The influence of contamination of germfree guinea pigs with individual representatives of the intestinal microflora (Bac. mesentericus, Bac. subtilis, S. albus, and S. faecalis) on the formation of the serum opsonic activity was studied. An increase of the opsonic activity to all the microorganisms on the 11th day after a corresponding monocontamination and a stimulating influence of the serum on the intracellular digestion of Bac. mesentericus and Bac. subtilis microbes was noted. As to the pathogenic microorganisms (E. coli 055), S. Faecalis only were capable of stimulating the serum opsonic activity. The results indicated the presence of an association between the microflora composition and the opsonic activity of the animal blood serum. The value of this index also depended on the properties of the phagocytosis object.", "contents": "[Opsonizing activity of the serum of gnotobiotic guinea pigs contaminated with individual representatives of intestinal microflora]. The influence of contamination of germfree guinea pigs with individual representatives of the intestinal microflora (Bac. mesentericus, Bac. subtilis, S. albus, and S. faecalis) on the formation of the serum opsonic activity was studied. An increase of the opsonic activity to all the microorganisms on the 11th day after a corresponding monocontamination and a stimulating influence of the serum on the intracellular digestion of Bac. mesentericus and Bac. subtilis microbes was noted. As to the pathogenic microorganisms (E. coli 055), S. Faecalis only were capable of stimulating the serum opsonic activity. The results indicated the presence of an association between the microflora composition and the opsonic activity of the animal blood serum. The value of this index also depended on the properties of the phagocytosis object.", "PMID": 403978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2305", "title": "[Effect of Sonne shigella endotoxin on cholinergic regulation of intestinal circulation].", "content": "A method of extracorporeal autoperfusion and resistography of the intestinal vessels and synchronous multichannal recording the systemic blood circulation were applied to the study of the influence of the Sh. sonnei endotoxin on the cholinergic regulation of the cardiovascular system in Macacus rhesus. It was shown that development of intoxication was accompanied by the changes in the cholinergic regulation of the intestinal and systemic circulation leading to its disturbance. Possibly affection of the cholinergic control structures and disturbances of the circulation determined the development and the course of the infectious process.", "contents": "[Effect of Sonne shigella endotoxin on cholinergic regulation of intestinal circulation]. A method of extracorporeal autoperfusion and resistography of the intestinal vessels and synchronous multichannal recording the systemic blood circulation were applied to the study of the influence of the Sh. sonnei endotoxin on the cholinergic regulation of the cardiovascular system in Macacus rhesus. It was shown that development of intoxication was accompanied by the changes in the cholinergic regulation of the intestinal and systemic circulation leading to its disturbance. Possibly affection of the cholinergic control structures and disturbances of the circulation determined the development and the course of the infectious process.", "PMID": 403979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2306", "title": "[Protective effect of chloramphenicol and dextramycin following the adrenocorticolytic action of 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene].", "content": "The influence of chloramphenicol (CAP) and dextramycine (DMC) on the adrenocorticolytic action of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was studied in rats. It appeared that CAP in doses of 1.0-0.1 mg/g and DMC in doses of 1.0-0.05 mg/g completely prevented the development of necroses of the adrenal glands in administration 1.5 hours before the carcinogen. With lower doses of CAP and DMC and also when they were administered 48 hours before or 1.5 hours after the carcinogen the protective effect was retained only partially. The toxic action of the carcinogen remained unchanged when CAP and DMC were administered 3, 6 or 24 hours after DMBA.", "contents": "[Protective effect of chloramphenicol and dextramycin following the adrenocorticolytic action of 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene]. The influence of chloramphenicol (CAP) and dextramycine (DMC) on the adrenocorticolytic action of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was studied in rats. It appeared that CAP in doses of 1.0-0.1 mg/g and DMC in doses of 1.0-0.05 mg/g completely prevented the development of necroses of the adrenal glands in administration 1.5 hours before the carcinogen. With lower doses of CAP and DMC and also when they were administered 48 hours before or 1.5 hours after the carcinogen the protective effect was retained only partially. The toxic action of the carcinogen remained unchanged when CAP and DMC were administered 3, 6 or 24 hours after DMBA.", "PMID": 403980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2307", "title": "[Changes in the hypothalamus, reticular formation and pituitary of rats during development of subcutaneous tumors].", "content": "Dynamics of structural changes was studied in the hypothalamus, reticular formation and the hypophysis of rats, depending on the phases of development in them of 9m10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene-induced tumours. The phase of subcutaneous tumours appearance proved to be accompanied by structural and functional changes in the hypothalamus, reticular formation and the hypophysis.", "contents": "[Changes in the hypothalamus, reticular formation and pituitary of rats during development of subcutaneous tumors]. Dynamics of structural changes was studied in the hypothalamus, reticular formation and the hypophysis of rats, depending on the phases of development in them of 9m10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene-induced tumours. The phase of subcutaneous tumours appearance proved to be accompanied by structural and functional changes in the hypothalamus, reticular formation and the hypophysis.", "PMID": 403981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2308", "title": "[Micro-quantitative determination of alpha1-antitrypsin by unidimensional capillary counter-immunodiffusion].", "content": "The immunoprecipitation reaction for the determination of microamounts of alpha1-antitrypsin was conducted in the capillaries filled with a microvolume of a 1% agarose gel (the gel length was 7--8 mm, and the diameter--0.6 mm). Microamounts of the antigen and antiserum were applied to the surface of the opposite ends of the gel. Precision control of these manipulations was carried out by means of an ocular micrometer of a binocular lens. The amount of the formed immunoprecipitate in gel was calculated by the summated optic density after staining with amido black recorded by the method of double-wave microspectrophotometry. Sensitivity of the method was 0.3--1.0 ng of alpha1-antitrypsin. The linear plot between the amount of alpha1-antitrypsin and the amount of the precipitate formed was found within the range of 1--25 ng of protein. The error was about 10%.", "contents": "[Micro-quantitative determination of alpha1-antitrypsin by unidimensional capillary counter-immunodiffusion]. The immunoprecipitation reaction for the determination of microamounts of alpha1-antitrypsin was conducted in the capillaries filled with a microvolume of a 1% agarose gel (the gel length was 7--8 mm, and the diameter--0.6 mm). Microamounts of the antigen and antiserum were applied to the surface of the opposite ends of the gel. Precision control of these manipulations was carried out by means of an ocular micrometer of a binocular lens. The amount of the formed immunoprecipitate in gel was calculated by the summated optic density after staining with amido black recorded by the method of double-wave microspectrophotometry. Sensitivity of the method was 0.3--1.0 ng of alpha1-antitrypsin. The linear plot between the amount of alpha1-antitrypsin and the amount of the precipitate formed was found within the range of 1--25 ng of protein. The error was about 10%.", "PMID": 403982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2309", "title": "[Use of a highly-sensitive method of electrophoresis-precipitation for detecting hepatitis B virus antigen in human serum].", "content": "A modification of the highly-sensitive method of electrophoresis-precipitation in polyacrylamide gel used for detection of the virus hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) and the anti-HBsAg is described. The method completely retains the specificity of the gel immunodiffusion test, but is 100--2000 times more sensitive in HBsAg detection. The sera of patients with different pathology were checked by this method. In comparison with the methods used before the HBsAg determination by the mentioned method proved to be more effective.", "contents": "[Use of a highly-sensitive method of electrophoresis-precipitation for detecting hepatitis B virus antigen in human serum]. A modification of the highly-sensitive method of electrophoresis-precipitation in polyacrylamide gel used for detection of the virus hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) and the anti-HBsAg is described. The method completely retains the specificity of the gel immunodiffusion test, but is 100--2000 times more sensitive in HBsAg detection. The sera of patients with different pathology were checked by this method. In comparison with the methods used before the HBsAg determination by the mentioned method proved to be more effective.", "PMID": 403983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2310", "title": "Heterogeneity of factor VIII antibodies: further immunochemical and biologic studies.", "content": "Previous studies using immunoneutralization techniques have shown that many factor VIII inhibitors are IgG antibodies of a single light chain type. We have investigated this apparent homogeneity by immunoneutralization assay and liquid isoelectric focusing of inhibitor fractions from five hemophiliacs and two nonhemophiliacs. By immunoneutralization assay, inhibitors from four hemophiliacs and one nonhemophiliac were exclusively k light chain type: the fifth hemophilic inhibitor was predominantly k1 and the second nonhemophilic inhibitor was a mixture of k and gamma. However, heavy chain subtyping of the six predominantly or exclusively k inhibitors showed all to be mixtures of IgG4 and IgG1. By isoelectric focusing, two inhibitors showed multiple peaks of activity between pH 5 and 9. The remaining five showed predominant peaks of activity, which were solely IgGk1 between pH 5.8 and 7, with smaller peaks between pH 7 and 9. The most acidic major peak, focusing at pH 6, was IgG4 in the three cases tested. Two of these acidic peaks neutralized factor VIII more efficiently than other peaks in the same focusing profiles, suggesting greater affinity for factor VIII. These studies demonstrate that factor VIII inhibitors are composed of heterogenous subpopulations of immunoglobulins which can be separated by isoelectric focusing.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of factor VIII antibodies: further immunochemical and biologic studies. Previous studies using immunoneutralization techniques have shown that many factor VIII inhibitors are IgG antibodies of a single light chain type. We have investigated this apparent homogeneity by immunoneutralization assay and liquid isoelectric focusing of inhibitor fractions from five hemophiliacs and two nonhemophiliacs. By immunoneutralization assay, inhibitors from four hemophiliacs and one nonhemophiliac were exclusively k light chain type: the fifth hemophilic inhibitor was predominantly k1 and the second nonhemophilic inhibitor was a mixture of k and gamma. However, heavy chain subtyping of the six predominantly or exclusively k inhibitors showed all to be mixtures of IgG4 and IgG1. By isoelectric focusing, two inhibitors showed multiple peaks of activity between pH 5 and 9. The remaining five showed predominant peaks of activity, which were solely IgGk1 between pH 5.8 and 7, with smaller peaks between pH 7 and 9. The most acidic major peak, focusing at pH 6, was IgG4 in the three cases tested. Two of these acidic peaks neutralized factor VIII more efficiently than other peaks in the same focusing profiles, suggesting greater affinity for factor VIII. These studies demonstrate that factor VIII inhibitors are composed of heterogenous subpopulations of immunoglobulins which can be separated by isoelectric focusing.", "PMID": 403984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2311", "title": "Immunochemical and ultrastructural investigations in a patient with cold-agglutinine-active monoclonal IgMK-gammopathy.", "content": "A patient with \"chronic cold-agglutinin disease\" is described. Initially, the process was a benign monoclonal gammopathy. After an intervall of 6 years clinical, cytomorphological and immunochemical studies showed progress towards malignancy. In the bone marrow intranuclear lipid-like inclusions appeared in the plasma cells.", "contents": "Immunochemical and ultrastructural investigations in a patient with cold-agglutinine-active monoclonal IgMK-gammopathy. A patient with \"chronic cold-agglutinin disease\" is described. Initially, the process was a benign monoclonal gammopathy. After an intervall of 6 years clinical, cytomorphological and immunochemical studies showed progress towards malignancy. In the bone marrow intranuclear lipid-like inclusions appeared in the plasma cells.", "PMID": 403985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2312", "title": "The prolonged exposure of Japanese quail to carbaryl and its effects on growth and reproductive parameters.", "content": "Carbaryl fed to Japanese quail over a 14 week period resulted in decreased body weight, increased relative brain, liver and kidney weights in one or both sexes at levels of 900 ppm or higher. Significant differences were not found in the F1 birds at the same levels after 6 weeks. It appears that the time of exposure is critical and that parental diet is not. There were no significant differences in egg production, hatchability or fertility although trends toward reduction of these parameters were developing at the 900 and 1200 ppm levels.", "contents": "The prolonged exposure of Japanese quail to carbaryl and its effects on growth and reproductive parameters. Carbaryl fed to Japanese quail over a 14 week period resulted in decreased body weight, increased relative brain, liver and kidney weights in one or both sexes at levels of 900 ppm or higher. Significant differences were not found in the F1 birds at the same levels after 6 weeks. It appears that the time of exposure is critical and that parental diet is not. There were no significant differences in egg production, hatchability or fertility although trends toward reduction of these parameters were developing at the 900 and 1200 ppm levels.", "PMID": 403986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2313", "title": "The influence of gastric emptying on plasma concentrations of the analgesic, meptazinol.", "content": "1. The influence of gastric emptying on the rate of absorption and peak plasma concentrations of meptazinol was studied in monkeys by comparison of the plasma concentrations of the drug achieved after intragastric and intraduodenal administration of the compound. Absorption was much more rapid and plasma concentrations were very much higher after intraduodenal than after intragastric dosage. 2. Determination of the 'normal' gastric emptying time in rats and monkeys showed that this was much longer in the monkey than in the rat. In addition, meptazinol was shown to have a pronounced retarding action on gastric emptying in the monkey, an effect which was not apparent in the rat. 3. The significance of these observations in relation to the species difference in oral potency of the drug is discussed.", "contents": "The influence of gastric emptying on plasma concentrations of the analgesic, meptazinol. 1. The influence of gastric emptying on the rate of absorption and peak plasma concentrations of meptazinol was studied in monkeys by comparison of the plasma concentrations of the drug achieved after intragastric and intraduodenal administration of the compound. Absorption was much more rapid and plasma concentrations were very much higher after intraduodenal than after intragastric dosage. 2. Determination of the 'normal' gastric emptying time in rats and monkeys showed that this was much longer in the monkey than in the rat. In addition, meptazinol was shown to have a pronounced retarding action on gastric emptying in the monkey, an effect which was not apparent in the rat. 3. The significance of these observations in relation to the species difference in oral potency of the drug is discussed.", "PMID": 403989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2314", "title": "Comparative physical and immunological aspects of the chimpanzee and guinea-pig subcutaneous chamber models of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection.", "content": "Physical and immunological characteristics of the chimpanzee and guinea-pig subcutaneous chamber models for Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection were compared to evaluate their usefulness for gonococcal research. Urethral infection in chimpanzees anatomically resembled the human infection; however, individual variation in response, limited availability, and the presence of interfering micro-organisms in the urethra were found to limit the usefulness of the chimpanzee in immunological research. Although the guinea-pig subcutaneous chamber model may not be suitable for studying the attachment of gonococci to host cells or for the local production of IgA, it does have the immunological advantages of being more sensitive to infection, less variable in response, free of interfering micro-organisms, and is readily available to investigators. Except for differences in sensitivity and variability, results with the guinea-pig model paralleled results obtained in experiments with chimpanzees. Unlike chimpanzees, guinea-pigs are a comparatively inexpensive, rapidly replenishable animal, which after subcutaneous implantation with small porous chambers provide a convenient model for studying most immunological aspects of gonococcal infections.", "contents": "Comparative physical and immunological aspects of the chimpanzee and guinea-pig subcutaneous chamber models of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. Physical and immunological characteristics of the chimpanzee and guinea-pig subcutaneous chamber models for Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection were compared to evaluate their usefulness for gonococcal research. Urethral infection in chimpanzees anatomically resembled the human infection; however, individual variation in response, limited availability, and the presence of interfering micro-organisms in the urethra were found to limit the usefulness of the chimpanzee in immunological research. Although the guinea-pig subcutaneous chamber model may not be suitable for studying the attachment of gonococci to host cells or for the local production of IgA, it does have the immunological advantages of being more sensitive to infection, less variable in response, free of interfering micro-organisms, and is readily available to investigators. Except for differences in sensitivity and variability, results with the guinea-pig model paralleled results obtained in experiments with chimpanzees. Unlike chimpanzees, guinea-pigs are a comparatively inexpensive, rapidly replenishable animal, which after subcutaneous implantation with small porous chambers provide a convenient model for studying most immunological aspects of gonococcal infections.", "PMID": 403994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2315", "title": "Isolation of Neisseria meningitidis from the urethra, cervix, and anal canal: further observations.", "content": "Neisseria meningitidis was recovered from the urethra of nine and from the anal canal of seven men, and from the cervix of two women. Twelve of the 16 men were admitted homosexuals. Seven men had no symptoms, while the remainder had mild to moderate symptoms. One woman was asymptomatic and the other was in hospital with acute salpingitis. Reports of previous isolations of meningococci from the urethra, cervix, or anal canal are reviewed. It is concluded that in men, these infections are usually mild and self-limited, but in women, meningococcal genital infections frequently proceed to severe disease.", "contents": "Isolation of Neisseria meningitidis from the urethra, cervix, and anal canal: further observations. Neisseria meningitidis was recovered from the urethra of nine and from the anal canal of seven men, and from the cervix of two women. Twelve of the 16 men were admitted homosexuals. Seven men had no symptoms, while the remainder had mild to moderate symptoms. One woman was asymptomatic and the other was in hospital with acute salpingitis. Reports of previous isolations of meningococci from the urethra, cervix, or anal canal are reviewed. It is concluded that in men, these infections are usually mild and self-limited, but in women, meningococcal genital infections frequently proceed to severe disease.", "PMID": 403995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2316", "title": "Triple tetracycline (Deteclo) in the treatment of chlamydial infection of the female genital tract.", "content": "The efficacy of treating genital Chlamydia in women using Deteclo 300 mg twice daily for seven and 21 days has been studied. Forty-four patients were treated for seven days and 20 for 21 days. Seven days of treatment was as effective in eliminating Chlamydia trachomatis from the female genital tract as 21 days. The reproducibility of the technique of isolation of C. trachomatis was assessed by delaying treatment in 10 patients for up to 156 days and find C. trachomatis still present.", "contents": "Triple tetracycline (Deteclo) in the treatment of chlamydial infection of the female genital tract. The efficacy of treating genital Chlamydia in women using Deteclo 300 mg twice daily for seven and 21 days has been studied. Forty-four patients were treated for seven days and 20 for 21 days. Seven days of treatment was as effective in eliminating Chlamydia trachomatis from the female genital tract as 21 days. The reproducibility of the technique of isolation of C. trachomatis was assessed by delaying treatment in 10 patients for up to 156 days and find C. trachomatis still present.", "PMID": 403996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2317", "title": "Preparation and properties of the brain specific protein 14-3-2.", "content": "A brain specific protein, 14-3-2, has been isolated from bovine brain by the use of ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex. It is an acidic protein, in agreement with the high content of glutamic and aspartic acid, that is composed of a single polypeptide chain of mol. wt. 50,000. Immunochemical tests using antiserum to purified 14-3-2 showed that the protein is present in at least 100-fold greater amounts in brain than in any other rat tissue. Furthermore, 14-3-2 was found in brains of a number of vertebrate species, although the antigen is apparently not entirely identical in all species tested. The protein 14-3-2 can be considered to be a species non-specific protein which is neuronal in origin.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of the brain specific protein 14-3-2. A brain specific protein, 14-3-2, has been isolated from bovine brain by the use of ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex. It is an acidic protein, in agreement with the high content of glutamic and aspartic acid, that is composed of a single polypeptide chain of mol. wt. 50,000. Immunochemical tests using antiserum to purified 14-3-2 showed that the protein is present in at least 100-fold greater amounts in brain than in any other rat tissue. Furthermore, 14-3-2 was found in brains of a number of vertebrate species, although the antigen is apparently not entirely identical in all species tested. The protein 14-3-2 can be considered to be a species non-specific protein which is neuronal in origin.", "PMID": 403997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2318", "title": "Anatomic localization of topically applied [14C]penicillin during experimental focal epilepsy in cat neocortex.", "content": "14C-labeled penicillin was topically applied to the suprasylvian gyri of adult cats in order to study the distribution of the convulsant agent at the onset of focal epileptogenesis. Using radioassay and autoradiographic techniques, a steep gradient of penicillin was found. At the time interictal EEG spike discharges appeared, 95% of the labeled drug was in the uppermost cortical layers (laminae I-III). Analysis of the concentration profiles obtained by scintillation counting showed that penetration of penicillin into brain occurs primarily by passive diffusion. An apparent diffusion coefficient for penicillin in neocortex of 1.5 sq. mm/h was calculated using modifications of standard diffusion equations. It is apparent that with a rapidly acting topical convulsant such as penicillin, the dimensions of the neuronal pool actually in contact with the drug will change significantly over time. The changing boundaries of the epileptic neuronal aggregate must be taken into account when interpreting observations made within and around such experimentally produced epileptic foci.", "contents": "Anatomic localization of topically applied [14C]penicillin during experimental focal epilepsy in cat neocortex. 14C-labeled penicillin was topically applied to the suprasylvian gyri of adult cats in order to study the distribution of the convulsant agent at the onset of focal epileptogenesis. Using radioassay and autoradiographic techniques, a steep gradient of penicillin was found. At the time interictal EEG spike discharges appeared, 95% of the labeled drug was in the uppermost cortical layers (laminae I-III). Analysis of the concentration profiles obtained by scintillation counting showed that penetration of penicillin into brain occurs primarily by passive diffusion. An apparent diffusion coefficient for penicillin in neocortex of 1.5 sq. mm/h was calculated using modifications of standard diffusion equations. It is apparent that with a rapidly acting topical convulsant such as penicillin, the dimensions of the neuronal pool actually in contact with the drug will change significantly over time. The changing boundaries of the epileptic neuronal aggregate must be taken into account when interpreting observations made within and around such experimentally produced epileptic foci.", "PMID": 404001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2319", "title": "Identification by microinjection of TRH-sensitive sites in the cat's brain stem that mediate respiratory, temperature and other autonomic changes.", "content": "Cats were prepared with an array of stereotaxically implanted guide tubes, the tips of which rested just above selected structures in the brain stem. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was microinjected in a volume of 0.5 micronl at 347 individual sites scattered throughout the hypothalamus and mesencephalon Polypnea, hypothermia, vocalization, salivation, defecation and vasodilation were evoked by 10-20 ng of TRH injected only at loci in the mesencephalon, principally in the reticular substance. TRH failed to lower body temperature when it was infused at the same sites in the anterior hypothalamus at which norepinephrine produced its characteristic hypothermia. These results suggest that the TRH-induced hypothermia is a secondary effect of tachypnea which results from the action of the tripeptide on the mesencephalic respiratory-autonomic mechanism.", "contents": "Identification by microinjection of TRH-sensitive sites in the cat's brain stem that mediate respiratory, temperature and other autonomic changes. Cats were prepared with an array of stereotaxically implanted guide tubes, the tips of which rested just above selected structures in the brain stem. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was microinjected in a volume of 0.5 micronl at 347 individual sites scattered throughout the hypothalamus and mesencephalon Polypnea, hypothermia, vocalization, salivation, defecation and vasodilation were evoked by 10-20 ng of TRH injected only at loci in the mesencephalon, principally in the reticular substance. TRH failed to lower body temperature when it was infused at the same sites in the anterior hypothalamus at which norepinephrine produced its characteristic hypothermia. These results suggest that the TRH-induced hypothermia is a secondary effect of tachypnea which results from the action of the tripeptide on the mesencephalic respiratory-autonomic mechanism.", "PMID": 404002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2320", "title": "Purification and characterization of human muscle pyruvate kinase.", "content": "The M1 isozyme of pyruvate kinase has been purified from human psoas muscle in a seven-step procedure. Fractionation by ammonium sulfate precipitation, heat treatment, acetone precipitation, diethylaminoethyl cellulose batchwise treatment followed by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose and Sephadex G-200 gave a product with a specific activity of 383 U/mg representing a 294-fold purification with a yield of 11%. The product formed orthorhombic crystals and was homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with and without sodium dodecyl sulfate, sedimentation velocity, sedimentation equilibrium, and immunodiffusion. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 240700 and has a sedimentation coefficient (S20,W) of 10.04S. It contains four subunits with identical molecular weights of 61000. No free N-terminal amino acids could be detected. Antibody prepared against the purified human M1 isozyme does not cross-react by immunodiffusion or enzyme inactivation with the human erythrocyte isozyme and in the reverse experiment antibody prepared against human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase does not cross-react with the purified M1 isozyme. The amino acid composition of the M1 isozyme is presented.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of human muscle pyruvate kinase. The M1 isozyme of pyruvate kinase has been purified from human psoas muscle in a seven-step procedure. Fractionation by ammonium sulfate precipitation, heat treatment, acetone precipitation, diethylaminoethyl cellulose batchwise treatment followed by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose and Sephadex G-200 gave a product with a specific activity of 383 U/mg representing a 294-fold purification with a yield of 11%. The product formed orthorhombic crystals and was homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with and without sodium dodecyl sulfate, sedimentation velocity, sedimentation equilibrium, and immunodiffusion. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 240700 and has a sedimentation coefficient (S20,W) of 10.04S. It contains four subunits with identical molecular weights of 61000. No free N-terminal amino acids could be detected. Antibody prepared against the purified human M1 isozyme does not cross-react by immunodiffusion or enzyme inactivation with the human erythrocyte isozyme and in the reverse experiment antibody prepared against human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase does not cross-react with the purified M1 isozyme. The amino acid composition of the M1 isozyme is presented.", "PMID": 404004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2321", "title": "The attachment of bacterial spinae.", "content": "Spinae are attached to protease-sensitive structural proteins in the external surface of the outer membrane. Agents and (or) treatments affecting ionic, hydrophobic, or hydorgen bonds are ineffective in releasing spinae from bacteria. As judged by thin-sectioning and freeze-fracturing techniques, the outer membrane is not modified at the attachment site to a detectable extent, and the other surface layers are not involved. The attachment of spinae is thus differentiated from that of flagella.", "contents": "The attachment of bacterial spinae. Spinae are attached to protease-sensitive structural proteins in the external surface of the outer membrane. Agents and (or) treatments affecting ionic, hydrophobic, or hydorgen bonds are ineffective in releasing spinae from bacteria. As judged by thin-sectioning and freeze-fracturing techniques, the outer membrane is not modified at the attachment site to a detectable extent, and the other surface layers are not involved. The attachment of spinae is thus differentiated from that of flagella.", "PMID": 404005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2322", "title": "Outer-membrane damage in sublethally heated Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "Exponentially grown cells of Escherichia coli K-12 heated at 48 degrees C in potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 were structrually injured before death. During heating for 60 min about 20% of the cellular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was released from the outer membrane into the heating medium. Removal of 30% of the cellular LPS, by washing the cells in buffer containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), caused no significant increase in the rate of death and structural injury produced by heating. The addition of EDTA to the heating medium produced only a slight increase in the rate of thermal death but  a large increase in the rate of structural injury. By a combination of heating at 48 degrees C and washing with EDTA, a maximum of 50% of the LPS was released from cells. These results taken together suggest that structural injury and loss of LPS are not the direct causes of death. The addition of 5 m M Mg2+ to the heating medium protected the cells from death and structural injury caused by heating at 48 degrees C.", "contents": "Outer-membrane damage in sublethally heated Escherichia coli K-12. Exponentially grown cells of Escherichia coli K-12 heated at 48 degrees C in potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 were structrually injured before death. During heating for 60 min about 20% of the cellular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was released from the outer membrane into the heating medium. Removal of 30% of the cellular LPS, by washing the cells in buffer containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), caused no significant increase in the rate of death and structural injury produced by heating. The addition of EDTA to the heating medium produced only a slight increase in the rate of thermal death but  a large increase in the rate of structural injury. By a combination of heating at 48 degrees C and washing with EDTA, a maximum of 50% of the LPS was released from cells. These results taken together suggest that structural injury and loss of LPS are not the direct causes of death. The addition of 5 m M Mg2+ to the heating medium protected the cells from death and structural injury caused by heating at 48 degrees C.", "PMID": 404006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2323", "title": "The effect of hyperimmunization with Neisseria gonorrhoeae on the presence of gonococcal antibody in serum, tissues, and secretions of the rabbit.", "content": "Antibody responses in sera, tissues, and secretions of the urogenital tract and lower respiratory tract of rabbits hyperimmunized with Neisseria gonorrhoeae were examined. Antibody was detected by passive hemagglutination, whole-cell agglutination, bentonite flocculation, and in some cases immunodiffusion-in-gel. Immunization of rabbits either intravenously or intramuscularly resulted in the presence of gonococcal antibodies in the sera, spleens, and tissue of the urogenital tract (vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes). Gonococcal antibody was also found in secretions bathing the mucosa of the urogenital tract and lower respiratory tract. Antibodies were not detected in sera, tissues, and secretions of non-immunized rabbits. The spleen was shown to synthesize gonococcal antibody in vitro in response to hyperimmunization. Tissues of the urogenital tract did not appear to synthesize gonococcal antibody thus suggesting and antibodies present in secretions of the urogenital tract were derived mainly from serum.", "contents": "The effect of hyperimmunization with Neisseria gonorrhoeae on the presence of gonococcal antibody in serum, tissues, and secretions of the rabbit. Antibody responses in sera, tissues, and secretions of the urogenital tract and lower respiratory tract of rabbits hyperimmunized with Neisseria gonorrhoeae were examined. Antibody was detected by passive hemagglutination, whole-cell agglutination, bentonite flocculation, and in some cases immunodiffusion-in-gel. Immunization of rabbits either intravenously or intramuscularly resulted in the presence of gonococcal antibodies in the sera, spleens, and tissue of the urogenital tract (vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes). Gonococcal antibody was also found in secretions bathing the mucosa of the urogenital tract and lower respiratory tract. Antibodies were not detected in sera, tissues, and secretions of non-immunized rabbits. The spleen was shown to synthesize gonococcal antibody in vitro in response to hyperimmunization. Tissues of the urogenital tract did not appear to synthesize gonococcal antibody thus suggesting and antibodies present in secretions of the urogenital tract were derived mainly from serum.", "PMID": 404007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2324", "title": "Distribution of anticonvulsant drugs in gray and white matter of human brain.", "content": "Gray and white matter were obtained during neurosurgical therapy of focal epilepsy from 17 patients. In 10 patients, receiving only phenobarbital, the drug was uniformly distributed between gray and white matter. Phenytoin concentrations averaged 1.4-fold greater in white matter than in gray matter when expressed per gram wet weight of tissue. The gray matter/plasma ratio of phenytoin was approximately 2-fold greater than that of phenobarbital. Carbamazepine levels were also slightly greater in white matter. The data revealed wide differences between drugs in the relative concentrations in gray and white matter, which must be taken into account in any quantitative studies of anticonvulsant drug levels in the brain.", "contents": "Distribution of anticonvulsant drugs in gray and white matter of human brain. Gray and white matter were obtained during neurosurgical therapy of focal epilepsy from 17 patients. In 10 patients, receiving only phenobarbital, the drug was uniformly distributed between gray and white matter. Phenytoin concentrations averaged 1.4-fold greater in white matter than in gray matter when expressed per gram wet weight of tissue. The gray matter/plasma ratio of phenytoin was approximately 2-fold greater than that of phenobarbital. Carbamazepine levels were also slightly greater in white matter. The data revealed wide differences between drugs in the relative concentrations in gray and white matter, which must be taken into account in any quantitative studies of anticonvulsant drug levels in the brain.", "PMID": 404008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2325", "title": "Effects of antihypertensive drugs on blood velocity: implications for prevention of cerebral vascular disease.", "content": "The treatment of high blood pressure prevents death from congestive heart failure, hypertensive nephropathy, and encephalopathy, and strokes from cerebral arteriolar disease (lacunes, hemorrhage from microaneurysms). However, atherosclerosis, manifested as coronary artery disease is just as frequent a cause of death in well-controlled hypertensives as in poorly-controlled patients. Increasing evidence suggests that increased blood velocity, by causing turbulence and high shear rates at the endothelial surface of arteries, may be important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Turbulence has been observed in cerebral berry aneurysms. In order to measure the effects of antihypertensive agents on blood velocity, a new method of analysing Doppler ultrasound velocity recordings has been developed. Studies in Rhesus monkeys show the following: In doses which reduce diastolic pressure by 13-28%, propranolol decreased mean blood velocity (MV) by 17%, clonidine decreased MV by 14%, while methyldopa increased MV 12%, and hydralazine increased MV by 52%. (p less than .00001). It is hypothesized that enlargement of berry aneurysms, the progression of cerebral atherosclerosis, and embolism from carotid lesions might all be decreased by the selection of antihypertensive agents which decrease blood velocity.", "contents": "Effects of antihypertensive drugs on blood velocity: implications for prevention of cerebral vascular disease. The treatment of high blood pressure prevents death from congestive heart failure, hypertensive nephropathy, and encephalopathy, and strokes from cerebral arteriolar disease (lacunes, hemorrhage from microaneurysms). However, atherosclerosis, manifested as coronary artery disease is just as frequent a cause of death in well-controlled hypertensives as in poorly-controlled patients. Increasing evidence suggests that increased blood velocity, by causing turbulence and high shear rates at the endothelial surface of arteries, may be important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Turbulence has been observed in cerebral berry aneurysms. In order to measure the effects of antihypertensive agents on blood velocity, a new method of analysing Doppler ultrasound velocity recordings has been developed. Studies in Rhesus monkeys show the following: In doses which reduce diastolic pressure by 13-28%, propranolol decreased mean blood velocity (MV) by 17%, clonidine decreased MV by 14%, while methyldopa increased MV 12%, and hydralazine increased MV by 52%. (p less than .00001). It is hypothesized that enlargement of berry aneurysms, the progression of cerebral atherosclerosis, and embolism from carotid lesions might all be decreased by the selection of antihypertensive agents which decrease blood velocity.", "PMID": 404009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2326", "title": "Lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis: biochemical and clinical implications.", "content": "A case of lactic acidosis presented the opportunity for review of the association between lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis. The diagnosis of lactic acidosis or the combination of lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis is established clinically by the detection of a metabolic acidosis of the \"unmeasured anion gap\" type in the absence of significant renal failure, poison intake or a strongly positive clinical test for ketones. Before treatment can be planned the biochemical basis of lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis must be understood -- especially the fact that lactic acidosis is not a single disease entity but has many possible causes. Among important considerations is the relation between the blood concentrations of bicarbonate and organic acid anions. After recovery from metabolic acidosis of the unmeasured anion gap type, metabolic alkalosis is common. Decreased bicarbonate excretion plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the latter and may be the result of potassium or chloride loss, or both. The deficits, if present, should be corrected with appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis: biochemical and clinical implications. A case of lactic acidosis presented the opportunity for review of the association between lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis. The diagnosis of lactic acidosis or the combination of lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis is established clinically by the detection of a metabolic acidosis of the \"unmeasured anion gap\" type in the absence of significant renal failure, poison intake or a strongly positive clinical test for ketones. Before treatment can be planned the biochemical basis of lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis must be understood -- especially the fact that lactic acidosis is not a single disease entity but has many possible causes. Among important considerations is the relation between the blood concentrations of bicarbonate and organic acid anions. After recovery from metabolic acidosis of the unmeasured anion gap type, metabolic alkalosis is common. Decreased bicarbonate excretion plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the latter and may be the result of potassium or chloride loss, or both. The deficits, if present, should be corrected with appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 404010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2327", "title": "Total body irradiation with 8 MeV X-rays in generalized malignant disease.", "content": "The authors describe their experience with total body irradiation (TBI) with 8 MeV-x rays in the treatment of disseminated tumors. With a dose of 125 rad, given three times with 2-week intervals, some objective remissions (6/26) were obtained, especially in patients with lymphomas. For solid tumors only subjective improvement could be achieved. The side-effects were acceptable. The authors came to the conclusion that total body irradiation may be an alternative to chemotherapy for certain cases of generalized cancer.", "contents": "Total body irradiation with 8 MeV X-rays in generalized malignant disease. The authors describe their experience with total body irradiation (TBI) with 8 MeV-x rays in the treatment of disseminated tumors. With a dose of 125 rad, given three times with 2-week intervals, some objective remissions (6/26) were obtained, especially in patients with lymphomas. For solid tumors only subjective improvement could be achieved. The side-effects were acceptable. The authors came to the conclusion that total body irradiation may be an alternative to chemotherapy for certain cases of generalized cancer.", "PMID": 404020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2328", "title": "Ultrastructure of myeloma cells in a case with crystalcryoglobulinemia.", "content": "The bone marrow of a patient with multiple myeloma of the IgG2 Kappa type with spontaneously crystallizing cryoglobulin was studied by electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the myeloma cells disclosed the presence of a crystalline material in the cytoplasm within the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) as well as in extracisternal sites. The crystalline material was also seen extracellulary with a distinctly unique subunit structure. The tubular units measured 200 +/- A (SEM) externally with an internal diameter of 100 +/- A (SEM). The intracellular distribution did not indicate a characteristic organelle association usually observed in protein synthesizing cells. It is suggested, based on the present observations and the findings of others, that the crystalline material may represent polymerized protein synthesized by free ribosomes mostly in extracisternal locations, a pattern often seen in neoplastic plasma cells. Diffusion to extracisternal sites of precrystalline material through the membranes of the RER is a possible alternative mechanism.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of myeloma cells in a case with crystalcryoglobulinemia. The bone marrow of a patient with multiple myeloma of the IgG2 Kappa type with spontaneously crystallizing cryoglobulin was studied by electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the myeloma cells disclosed the presence of a crystalline material in the cytoplasm within the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) as well as in extracisternal sites. The crystalline material was also seen extracellulary with a distinctly unique subunit structure. The tubular units measured 200 +/- A (SEM) externally with an internal diameter of 100 +/- A (SEM). The intracellular distribution did not indicate a characteristic organelle association usually observed in protein synthesizing cells. It is suggested, based on the present observations and the findings of others, that the crystalline material may represent polymerized protein synthesized by free ribosomes mostly in extracisternal locations, a pattern often seen in neoplastic plasma cells. Diffusion to extracisternal sites of precrystalline material through the membranes of the RER is a possible alternative mechanism.", "PMID": 404021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2329", "title": "Familial cancer syndromes: a survey.", "content": "Several pre-malignant diseases are known to have a genetic etiology. This study focuses attention upon precancerous disorders wherein the mode of inheritance is either well established or wherein it remains unclear even though familial aggregation of the particular diseases have been amply documented. These conditions will be discussed as useful models for systematic investigations of the host etiologic component in carcinogenesis. Our survey of hereditary precancerous syndromes includes multiple polyposis of the coli, the multiple mucosal neuroma syndrome, the Cancer Family Syndrome, Sipple's syndrome, Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosus, the multiple nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, familial cutaneous malignant melanoma, and carcinoma of the breast. We have emphasized the heterogeneous character of many forms of familial cancer. Familial breast cancer associations clearly show such heterogeneity, as do colon cancer syndromes. Certain of these precancerous states are characterized by phenotypes which are clinically apparent, polyposis coli being the classic example. Others, such as Sipple's syndrome are amenable to routine screening for biochemical markers. The bulk of putative genetic cancer-predisposing problems require further basic investigation of modes of inheritance. Cancer control may be enhanced through communication of useful genetic and diagnostic information to primary care physicians. Referral of cancer clusters of possible genetic etiology from clinicians to human geneticists facilitates the necessary basic research.", "contents": "Familial cancer syndromes: a survey. Several pre-malignant diseases are known to have a genetic etiology. This study focuses attention upon precancerous disorders wherein the mode of inheritance is either well established or wherein it remains unclear even though familial aggregation of the particular diseases have been amply documented. These conditions will be discussed as useful models for systematic investigations of the host etiologic component in carcinogenesis. Our survey of hereditary precancerous syndromes includes multiple polyposis of the coli, the multiple mucosal neuroma syndrome, the Cancer Family Syndrome, Sipple's syndrome, Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosus, the multiple nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, familial cutaneous malignant melanoma, and carcinoma of the breast. We have emphasized the heterogeneous character of many forms of familial cancer. Familial breast cancer associations clearly show such heterogeneity, as do colon cancer syndromes. Certain of these precancerous states are characterized by phenotypes which are clinically apparent, polyposis coli being the classic example. Others, such as Sipple's syndrome are amenable to routine screening for biochemical markers. The bulk of putative genetic cancer-predisposing problems require further basic investigation of modes of inheritance. Cancer control may be enhanced through communication of useful genetic and diagnostic information to primary care physicians. Referral of cancer clusters of possible genetic etiology from clinicians to human geneticists facilitates the necessary basic research.", "PMID": 404022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2330", "title": "Leukemia and other cancers following radiation treatment of pelvic disease.", "content": "Follow-up studies of patients treated for cancer of the cervix with radiotherapy have shown such women to be at little or no increased risk of leukemia subsequent to the radiation exposure. However, women exposed to lower doses of radiation in the pelvic area, in the induction of an artificial menopause, appear to show increased risks of both leukemia and cancers of those sites directly in the radiation field. The studies of these two types of radiation exposure are reviewed. The findings may possibly be reconciled with each other on the basis of the distribution of radiation dose to the bone marrow. Irradiation for cancer of the cervix delivers radiation doses to a small portion of the marrow which are probably lethal for most marrow cells. The mean dose to cells distant from the cervix may be too small to produce a detectable increase in leukaemia incidence. The lower and more uniformly distributed radiation dose used to induce an artificial menopause will be less lethal for marrow cells and may consequently deliver a higher \"effective\" marrow dose to surviving--cells, resulting in an increased leukemia risk.", "contents": "Leukemia and other cancers following radiation treatment of pelvic disease. Follow-up studies of patients treated for cancer of the cervix with radiotherapy have shown such women to be at little or no increased risk of leukemia subsequent to the radiation exposure. However, women exposed to lower doses of radiation in the pelvic area, in the induction of an artificial menopause, appear to show increased risks of both leukemia and cancers of those sites directly in the radiation field. The studies of these two types of radiation exposure are reviewed. The findings may possibly be reconciled with each other on the basis of the distribution of radiation dose to the bone marrow. Irradiation for cancer of the cervix delivers radiation doses to a small portion of the marrow which are probably lethal for most marrow cells. The mean dose to cells distant from the cervix may be too small to produce a detectable increase in leukaemia incidence. The lower and more uniformly distributed radiation dose used to induce an artificial menopause will be less lethal for marrow cells and may consequently deliver a higher \"effective\" marrow dose to surviving--cells, resulting in an increased leukemia risk.", "PMID": 404023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2331", "title": "Long bone ossifying fibromas.", "content": "Ossifying fibromas involving the tibia were seen in two patients. In both patients, the radiographic appearance of the lesions suggested fibrous dysplasia, but histopathologic evaluation demonstrated findings similar to ossifying fibroma of the mandible and facial bones. Radiologic and pathologic recognition of this entity is necessary for proper treatment.", "contents": "Long bone ossifying fibromas. Ossifying fibromas involving the tibia were seen in two patients. In both patients, the radiographic appearance of the lesions suggested fibrous dysplasia, but histopathologic evaluation demonstrated findings similar to ossifying fibroma of the mandible and facial bones. Radiologic and pathologic recognition of this entity is necessary for proper treatment.", "PMID": 404024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2332", "title": "Crystalloids of prostatic carcinoma: relationship to Bence-Jones crystals.", "content": "Previously undemonstrated protein crystalloid structures were found to occur in the malignant acini of prostatic carcinomas in 23% of cases systematically reviewed. Histochemically and immunohistochemically, they appear closely related, if not identical, to Bence-Jones crystals. Thus, the prostatic carcinoma cell is the first neoplastic cell besides those of the lymphocytic-plasmacytic series shown to produce such crystalline structures. Like the proteolytic splitting of amyloid from Bence-Jones proteins, it is postulated that prostatic epithelium may enzymatically split corpora amylacea from a Bence-Jones-like protein which it synthesizes. It is further postulated that malignant prostatic cells may lack the necessary enzymatic machinery to accomplish this with resultant accumulation of crystalloids within their acini. Prostatic crystalloids were never found in benign glands with rare exceptions and then were limited to benign appearing glands adjacent to carcinoma. The presence of such crystalloids in microscopic sections of prostate may be of diagnostic aid in determining the presence of malignancy or of a premalignant state.", "contents": "Crystalloids of prostatic carcinoma: relationship to Bence-Jones crystals. Previously undemonstrated protein crystalloid structures were found to occur in the malignant acini of prostatic carcinomas in 23% of cases systematically reviewed. Histochemically and immunohistochemically, they appear closely related, if not identical, to Bence-Jones crystals. Thus, the prostatic carcinoma cell is the first neoplastic cell besides those of the lymphocytic-plasmacytic series shown to produce such crystalline structures. Like the proteolytic splitting of amyloid from Bence-Jones proteins, it is postulated that prostatic epithelium may enzymatically split corpora amylacea from a Bence-Jones-like protein which it synthesizes. It is further postulated that malignant prostatic cells may lack the necessary enzymatic machinery to accomplish this with resultant accumulation of crystalloids within their acini. Prostatic crystalloids were never found in benign glands with rare exceptions and then were limited to benign appearing glands adjacent to carcinoma. The presence of such crystalloids in microscopic sections of prostate may be of diagnostic aid in determining the presence of malignancy or of a premalignant state.", "PMID": 404025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2333", "title": "Pathological study of alpha-chain disease, with special emphasis on evolution.", "content": "The pathology of six cases of alpha-chain disease (alpha-CD), four of which were followed until complete remission or death, was studied by histologic, immunofluorescence and ultrastructural techniques. The lesions could be classified in three histopographical stages. The late stage C is an immunoblastic sarcoma probably deriving from the same clone as the initial plasmacytic stage A, stage B being a transitional one between A and C. The asynchronism of the lesions in different organs in the same patient requires a laparotomy for an accurate staging which determines the prognosis and the treatment. Complete and prolonged remissions have been observed at stage A only, sometimes with oral antibiotic treatment alone. At all stages, alpha-CD and the \"Mediterranean lymphoma\" share identical aetiological, clinical and pathological features. Accurate immunological studies will determine the precise-frequency of alpha-CD protein synthesis in the latter syndrome.", "contents": "Pathological study of alpha-chain disease, with special emphasis on evolution. The pathology of six cases of alpha-chain disease (alpha-CD), four of which were followed until complete remission or death, was studied by histologic, immunofluorescence and ultrastructural techniques. The lesions could be classified in three histopographical stages. The late stage C is an immunoblastic sarcoma probably deriving from the same clone as the initial plasmacytic stage A, stage B being a transitional one between A and C. The asynchronism of the lesions in different organs in the same patient requires a laparotomy for an accurate staging which determines the prognosis and the treatment. Complete and prolonged remissions have been observed at stage A only, sometimes with oral antibiotic treatment alone. At all stages, alpha-CD and the \"Mediterranean lymphoma\" share identical aetiological, clinical and pathological features. Accurate immunological studies will determine the precise-frequency of alpha-CD protein synthesis in the latter syndrome.", "PMID": 404026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2334", "title": "The therapeutic implications of splenic involvement in stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "In an effort to determine the most appropriate initial therapy for patients with stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease, a comparative analysis was undertaken of 13 pathologically staged IIIA Hodgkin's disease patients whose abdominal disease was localized to the spleen (IIIsA); 17 IIIA patients with spleen and abdominal lymph node involvement (IIIs+n+A) and 44 stage IIA patients. The three groups were treated concurrently with either extended field irradiation alone or limited field irradiation followed by MOPP chemotherapy. Relapse rates after irradiation alone were 17% for the IIIsA patients; 63% for the IIIs+n+A patients and 25% for the stage IIA patients. Following therapy with irradiation and chemotherapy no relapses occurred among the IIIsA and IIIs+n+A patients while 2/16 (13%) stage IIA patients relapsed. After irradiation alone stage IIIs+n+A patients had a significantly shorter remission duration and survival than the stage IIA patients (p = 0.03 and 0.002, respectively) but remission duration and survival were similar for the IIIsA and IIA patients. When therapy was irradiation and chemotherapy no significant differences in remission duration or survival were noted for the three groups. The most common sites of relapse for the IIIs+n+A patients were extralymphatic (60%) while no extralymphatic relapse have occurred among the IIIA patients (p less than 0.02). The only relapse among the IIIsA patients was at an extralymphatic site. These data have shown that patients with IIIsA Hodgkin's disease have a similar prognosis to stage IIIA disease but after therapy with irradiation along stage IIIs+n+A patients have a poorer prognosis. Combined irradiation and chemotherapy should, therefore, be considered for stage IIIs+n+A Hodgkin's disease when abdominal nodal disease cannot be included in the initial radiation port.", "contents": "The therapeutic implications of splenic involvement in stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease. In an effort to determine the most appropriate initial therapy for patients with stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease, a comparative analysis was undertaken of 13 pathologically staged IIIA Hodgkin's disease patients whose abdominal disease was localized to the spleen (IIIsA); 17 IIIA patients with spleen and abdominal lymph node involvement (IIIs+n+A) and 44 stage IIA patients. The three groups were treated concurrently with either extended field irradiation alone or limited field irradiation followed by MOPP chemotherapy. Relapse rates after irradiation alone were 17% for the IIIsA patients; 63% for the IIIs+n+A patients and 25% for the stage IIA patients. Following therapy with irradiation and chemotherapy no relapses occurred among the IIIsA and IIIs+n+A patients while 2/16 (13%) stage IIA patients relapsed. After irradiation alone stage IIIs+n+A patients had a significantly shorter remission duration and survival than the stage IIA patients (p = 0.03 and 0.002, respectively) but remission duration and survival were similar for the IIIsA and IIA patients. When therapy was irradiation and chemotherapy no significant differences in remission duration or survival were noted for the three groups. The most common sites of relapse for the IIIs+n+A patients were extralymphatic (60%) while no extralymphatic relapse have occurred among the IIIA patients (p less than 0.02). The only relapse among the IIIsA patients was at an extralymphatic site. These data have shown that patients with IIIsA Hodgkin's disease have a similar prognosis to stage IIIA disease but after therapy with irradiation along stage IIIs+n+A patients have a poorer prognosis. Combined irradiation and chemotherapy should, therefore, be considered for stage IIIs+n+A Hodgkin's disease when abdominal nodal disease cannot be included in the initial radiation port.", "PMID": 404027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2335", "title": "New assessment of the prognostic significance of histopathology in Hodgkin's disease for laparotomy-negative stage I and stage II patients.", "content": "This paper describes preliminary radiotherapy results in 90 patients with Stage I and II Hodgkin's disease who were evaluated by laparotomy, including splenectomy, and liver and bone marrow biopsies. As a result of selection by laparotomy, the estimated five-year survival rate for these patients was 96%. No statistically significant differences were detected in the disease-free survival for patients with mixed cellularity, nodular sclerosis, and lymphocytic predominance disease. Since only one patient with lymphocytic depletion was in this series, no statement can be made regarding this rare histopathology. Patterns of new disease differed for Stage I and II patients. The major difference was that patients with nodular sclerosing Stage II presentations involving the mediastinum were at considerable risk of developing subsequent disease in the pulmonary parenchyma or the pleura. This finding, together with the demonstration that a histologic diagnosis of mixed cellularity did not carry an inferior prognosis, indicates the need for reassessment of the appropriateness of applying treatment programs based on results of lymphangiographically staged patients to Stage I and II patients evaluated by laparotomy.", "contents": "New assessment of the prognostic significance of histopathology in Hodgkin's disease for laparotomy-negative stage I and stage II patients. This paper describes preliminary radiotherapy results in 90 patients with Stage I and II Hodgkin's disease who were evaluated by laparotomy, including splenectomy, and liver and bone marrow biopsies. As a result of selection by laparotomy, the estimated five-year survival rate for these patients was 96%. No statistically significant differences were detected in the disease-free survival for patients with mixed cellularity, nodular sclerosis, and lymphocytic predominance disease. Since only one patient with lymphocytic depletion was in this series, no statement can be made regarding this rare histopathology. Patterns of new disease differed for Stage I and II patients. The major difference was that patients with nodular sclerosing Stage II presentations involving the mediastinum were at considerable risk of developing subsequent disease in the pulmonary parenchyma or the pleura. This finding, together with the demonstration that a histologic diagnosis of mixed cellularity did not carry an inferior prognosis, indicates the need for reassessment of the appropriateness of applying treatment programs based on results of lymphangiographically staged patients to Stage I and II patients evaluated by laparotomy.", "PMID": 404028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2336", "title": "Asynchronous development of two monoclonal proteins (IgM lambda and delta 1 chains) in a patient with abdominal lymphoma.", "content": "An IgM paraprotein was detected in a patient with abdominal lymphoma. Due to some doubts about the malignant nature of the situation, no cytostatic drugs were administered. When seen two years later the patient had considerably deteriorated in clinical status, with evidence of extra-abdominal involvement. At this time he presented a second paraprotein of low of molecular weight (74,000 to 80,000), consisting of two covalently linked delta1-chain fragments.", "contents": "Asynchronous development of two monoclonal proteins (IgM lambda and delta 1 chains) in a patient with abdominal lymphoma. An IgM paraprotein was detected in a patient with abdominal lymphoma. Due to some doubts about the malignant nature of the situation, no cytostatic drugs were administered. When seen two years later the patient had considerably deteriorated in clinical status, with evidence of extra-abdominal involvement. At this time he presented a second paraprotein of low of molecular weight (74,000 to 80,000), consisting of two covalently linked delta1-chain fragments.", "PMID": 404029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2337", "title": "Prolactin dynamics following transphenoidal hypophysectomy for metastatic carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "In nine patients who had undergone trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy, prolactin dynamics were studied with intravenous thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Residual prolactin secretory reserve was demonstrated in seven. Five patients were TRH tested both before and after trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy. Hypophysectomy did not alter base line prolactin concentration but did decrease prolactin response to TRH from 55 ng/ml to 21 ng/ml (p less than 0.001). Post-hypophysectomy L-Dopa suppressed baseline prolactin concentrations to undetectable levels. There was no correlation between alterations in prolactin dynamics and tumor response to hypophysectomy. Trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy is not effective in ablating prolactin secretion and serious doubts are raised about the role of altered prolactin dynamics in inducing breast cancer remission.", "contents": "Prolactin dynamics following transphenoidal hypophysectomy for metastatic carcinoma of the breast. In nine patients who had undergone trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy, prolactin dynamics were studied with intravenous thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Residual prolactin secretory reserve was demonstrated in seven. Five patients were TRH tested both before and after trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy. Hypophysectomy did not alter base line prolactin concentration but did decrease prolactin response to TRH from 55 ng/ml to 21 ng/ml (p less than 0.001). Post-hypophysectomy L-Dopa suppressed baseline prolactin concentrations to undetectable levels. There was no correlation between alterations in prolactin dynamics and tumor response to hypophysectomy. Trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy is not effective in ablating prolactin secretion and serious doubts are raised about the role of altered prolactin dynamics in inducing breast cancer remission.", "PMID": 404030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2338", "title": "Quantitative exposure of grafted rat tracheas to 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.", "content": "A method was developed for continuously exposing tracheal epithelium to measured amounts of carcinogen. Beeswax was the vehicle for sustained release of carcinogen, and tracheas transplanted to s.c. sites were target tissues. In the experiment reported here, transplanted rat tracheas were exposed to a potent carcinogen, 7,12-di-methyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA). The rate of release of DMBA from the beeswax carrier within the tracheal lumen approached first order when the initial concentration of carcinogen was high (3200 to 325 microng in a 24.45-mg pellet). With lower concentrations, where the carcinogen was dissolved in the beeswax, initial release was rapid, and most of the carcinogen was delivered within 4 weeks. At high DMBA dose levels, the entire tracheal epithelium was uniformly replaced by keratinizing squamous metaplasia after 1 week of exposure, and after 2 months, when from 280 to 910 microng DMBA had been delivered, all transplants had developed invasive squamous carcinomas. Sarcomas also developed in 19% of the transplants. At lower dose levels the epithelial reactions were more varied, and tumor development was more protracted. The lowest DMBA dose presently known to diduce carcinomas in this experimental model is 40 microng, which is in the dose range used for tumor initiation in skin carcinogenesis studies in mice.", "contents": "Quantitative exposure of grafted rat tracheas to 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. A method was developed for continuously exposing tracheal epithelium to measured amounts of carcinogen. Beeswax was the vehicle for sustained release of carcinogen, and tracheas transplanted to s.c. sites were target tissues. In the experiment reported here, transplanted rat tracheas were exposed to a potent carcinogen, 7,12-di-methyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA). The rate of release of DMBA from the beeswax carrier within the tracheal lumen approached first order when the initial concentration of carcinogen was high (3200 to 325 microng in a 24.45-mg pellet). With lower concentrations, where the carcinogen was dissolved in the beeswax, initial release was rapid, and most of the carcinogen was delivered within 4 weeks. At high DMBA dose levels, the entire tracheal epithelium was uniformly replaced by keratinizing squamous metaplasia after 1 week of exposure, and after 2 months, when from 280 to 910 microng DMBA had been delivered, all transplants had developed invasive squamous carcinomas. Sarcomas also developed in 19% of the transplants. At lower dose levels the epithelial reactions were more varied, and tumor development was more protracted. The lowest DMBA dose presently known to diduce carcinomas in this experimental model is 40 microng, which is in the dose range used for tumor initiation in skin carcinogenesis studies in mice.", "PMID": 404031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2339", "title": "Antagonism of development and growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors by the antiestrogen U 23,469 and effects on estrogen and progesterone receptors.", "content": "This study analyzed the effectiveness of a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, cis-(3-[p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-naphthyl)phenoxy]-1,2-propanediol (U 23,469) previously shown to be potent in antagonizing estrogen-induced uterine growth, in preventing the development of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumors and in eliciting the regression of established tumors; the study also attempts to elucidate the mechanisms of the tumor antagonism of U 23,469. Virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats that receive DMBA at 47 to 50 days of age and then receive U 23,469 (250 micrograms s.c. in 0.15 M NaCl daily) have a greatly reduced number of mammary tumors and a markedly decreased tumor area. Treatment with U 23,469 for increasing time periods (3, 6, or 12 weeks) beginning 2 weeks after DMBA results in a progressive delay in onset of tumor appearance. U 23,469 treatment beginning 1 week after DMBA or given prior to DMBA is even more effective. The time course of tumor regression (3 months after DMBA) by U 23,469 or ovariectomy is similar, with 50% regression in ca. 2 weeks, and both elicit regression of almost all tumors (greater than 90%). After ovariectomy, cytosol progesterone receptor levels are greatly diminished in tumors and uteri, while cytosol estrogen receptor (ER) levels are high; in both tissues little (ca. one-third) of ER is in the nucleus. During U 23,469 treatment, cytosol ER content is very low in regressing tumor and uterus and over 90% of ER is in the nucleus; cytosol progesterone receptor is slightly depressed in the uterus but is at the untreated level in mammary tumor. These receptor studies suggest that the effectiveness of this antiestrogen in antagonizing mammary tumor development and growth may reside in its ability markedly to perturb the distribution of ER, maintaining over 90% of ER in the nucleus with concomitant low levels of cytoplasmic ER, a situation that may render the mammary tissue insensitive to the animal's own endogenous estrogens.", "contents": "Antagonism of development and growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors by the antiestrogen U 23,469 and effects on estrogen and progesterone receptors. This study analyzed the effectiveness of a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, cis-(3-[p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-naphthyl)phenoxy]-1,2-propanediol (U 23,469) previously shown to be potent in antagonizing estrogen-induced uterine growth, in preventing the development of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumors and in eliciting the regression of established tumors; the study also attempts to elucidate the mechanisms of the tumor antagonism of U 23,469. Virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats that receive DMBA at 47 to 50 days of age and then receive U 23,469 (250 micrograms s.c. in 0.15 M NaCl daily) have a greatly reduced number of mammary tumors and a markedly decreased tumor area. Treatment with U 23,469 for increasing time periods (3, 6, or 12 weeks) beginning 2 weeks after DMBA results in a progressive delay in onset of tumor appearance. U 23,469 treatment beginning 1 week after DMBA or given prior to DMBA is even more effective. The time course of tumor regression (3 months after DMBA) by U 23,469 or ovariectomy is similar, with 50% regression in ca. 2 weeks, and both elicit regression of almost all tumors (greater than 90%). After ovariectomy, cytosol progesterone receptor levels are greatly diminished in tumors and uteri, while cytosol estrogen receptor (ER) levels are high; in both tissues little (ca. one-third) of ER is in the nucleus. During U 23,469 treatment, cytosol ER content is very low in regressing tumor and uterus and over 90% of ER is in the nucleus; cytosol progesterone receptor is slightly depressed in the uterus but is at the untreated level in mammary tumor. These receptor studies suggest that the effectiveness of this antiestrogen in antagonizing mammary tumor development and growth may reside in its ability markedly to perturb the distribution of ER, maintaining over 90% of ER in the nucleus with concomitant low levels of cytoplasmic ER, a situation that may render the mammary tissue insensitive to the animal's own endogenous estrogens.", "PMID": 404032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2340", "title": "The effects of antioxidants on skin tumor initiation and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase.", "content": "Butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, and vitamins C and E are effective inhibitors of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene tumor initiation in a two-stage system of tumorigenesis. These antioxidants did not significantly induce epidermal aryl hydrocarbon [benzo(a)pyrene]hydroxylase, nor did they have any effect when added directly to the in vitro aryl hydrocarbon [benzo(a)pyrene]hydroxylase assay. However, butylated hydroxytolene and butylated hydroxyanisole, when topically to mice, inhibited the in vitro, epidermally mediated, covalent binding of radioactive benzo(a)pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to DNA. When butylated hydroxytolene and butylated hydroxyanisole were added in vitro, they did not inhibit the epidermally mediated covalent binding of the hydrocarbons to DNA. The inhibition of polycyclic hydrocarbon tumorigenesis by antioxidants may be related to the ability of antioxidants to prevent the in vivo activation of hydrocarbons to carcinogenic epoxides and/or other electrophilic intermediates or may be related to their ability to increase detoxification of the reactive intermediate that requires intact cells to be operational. In any event, the results suggest that the antioxidants have an indirect effect on the epidermal metabolizing system which leads to a decrease in covalent binding to DNA.", "contents": "The effects of antioxidants on skin tumor initiation and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, and vitamins C and E are effective inhibitors of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene tumor initiation in a two-stage system of tumorigenesis. These antioxidants did not significantly induce epidermal aryl hydrocarbon [benzo(a)pyrene]hydroxylase, nor did they have any effect when added directly to the in vitro aryl hydrocarbon [benzo(a)pyrene]hydroxylase assay. However, butylated hydroxytolene and butylated hydroxyanisole, when topically to mice, inhibited the in vitro, epidermally mediated, covalent binding of radioactive benzo(a)pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to DNA. When butylated hydroxytolene and butylated hydroxyanisole were added in vitro, they did not inhibit the epidermally mediated covalent binding of the hydrocarbons to DNA. The inhibition of polycyclic hydrocarbon tumorigenesis by antioxidants may be related to the ability of antioxidants to prevent the in vivo activation of hydrocarbons to carcinogenic epoxides and/or other electrophilic intermediates or may be related to their ability to increase detoxification of the reactive intermediate that requires intact cells to be operational. In any event, the results suggest that the antioxidants have an indirect effect on the epidermal metabolizing system which leads to a decrease in covalent binding to DNA.", "PMID": 404033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2341", "title": "Species comparison of in vitro metabolism of aflatoxin B1.", "content": "The metabolism of [14C]aflatoxin B1 by 9000 X g supernatant fraction of livers of duck, rat, mouse, monkey, and humans was compared by incubating the compound and liver fractions in the presence of cofactors and air for 30 min. The incubation medium was extracted with chloroform, and the soluble metabolites were separated on thinlayer plates and quantified; radioactivity remaining in the aqueous phase was determined in order to quantify metabolism to water-soluble derivatives. Duck, monkey, and human livers were most active in total conversion, each metabolizing approximately 80% of available substrate in 30 min. Rat and mouse livers had lower activites, metabolizing 15 to 20%. Duck liver produced mainly (60%) chloroform-insoluble derivatives, but all other species produced larger quantities of chloroform-soluble than insoluble metabolites. Aflatoxin Q1 was the principle chloroform-soluble metabolite produced by monkey, human, and rat liver, whereas duck liver produced mainly aflatoxicol in that fraction. Aflatoxin P1 was produced by monkey, human, and mouse liver, but not by duck and rat. The chromatographic region containing M1 and B2alpha contained low levels of radioactivity in all species except human. No consistent pattern of metabolism emerged which could be correlated with species differences in response to aflatoxin B1 toxicity or carcinogenicity.", "contents": "Species comparison of in vitro metabolism of aflatoxin B1. The metabolism of [14C]aflatoxin B1 by 9000 X g supernatant fraction of livers of duck, rat, mouse, monkey, and humans was compared by incubating the compound and liver fractions in the presence of cofactors and air for 30 min. The incubation medium was extracted with chloroform, and the soluble metabolites were separated on thinlayer plates and quantified; radioactivity remaining in the aqueous phase was determined in order to quantify metabolism to water-soluble derivatives. Duck, monkey, and human livers were most active in total conversion, each metabolizing approximately 80% of available substrate in 30 min. Rat and mouse livers had lower activites, metabolizing 15 to 20%. Duck liver produced mainly (60%) chloroform-insoluble derivatives, but all other species produced larger quantities of chloroform-soluble than insoluble metabolites. Aflatoxin Q1 was the principle chloroform-soluble metabolite produced by monkey, human, and rat liver, whereas duck liver produced mainly aflatoxicol in that fraction. Aflatoxin P1 was produced by monkey, human, and mouse liver, but not by duck and rat. The chromatographic region containing M1 and B2alpha contained low levels of radioactivity in all species except human. No consistent pattern of metabolism emerged which could be correlated with species differences in response to aflatoxin B1 toxicity or carcinogenicity.", "PMID": 404034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2342", "title": "Enumeration and identification of human leukemic lymphocytes by their natural binding of bacteria.", "content": "The recently described property of bacteria to bind to human lymphocytes was used to distinguish between normal and chronic leukemic lymphocyte (CLL) populations. Strains of the following bacteria were used in this study: Arizona hinshawii, Escherichia coli strains 1 and 2, Bacillus globigii, Brucella melitensis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains 1 and 2, Corynebacterium xerosis, Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. For identification of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes, a strain of E. coli that did not bind to human lymphocytes was coated with anti-human light-chain antibody. Labeling of lymphocytes with bacteria was promoted by centrifugation. In the eight CLL patients studied, in which greater than 90% of the lymphocytes were leukemic cells, 52 to 77% were labeled by anti-human light-chain antibody-E. coli, 80 to 93% were labeled by Br. melitensis, and 78 to 95% were labeled by E. coli 1 compared to 11 to 24, 11 to 22, and 30 to 44%, respectively, in normal individuals, Thus, Br. melitensis, E. coli 1, and the anti-human light-chain antibody-E. coli may have diagnostic value for CLL. The percentage of the lymphocyte population that bound each of the other bacteria varied from patient to patient. Preliminary results obtained by studying the pattern of binding of E. coli 2, B. globigii, Sa. lutea, or S. aureus by leukemic lymphocytes suggest that categories of CLL patients may be distinguished by this method.", "contents": "Enumeration and identification of human leukemic lymphocytes by their natural binding of bacteria. The recently described property of bacteria to bind to human lymphocytes was used to distinguish between normal and chronic leukemic lymphocyte (CLL) populations. Strains of the following bacteria were used in this study: Arizona hinshawii, Escherichia coli strains 1 and 2, Bacillus globigii, Brucella melitensis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains 1 and 2, Corynebacterium xerosis, Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. For identification of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes, a strain of E. coli that did not bind to human lymphocytes was coated with anti-human light-chain antibody. Labeling of lymphocytes with bacteria was promoted by centrifugation. In the eight CLL patients studied, in which greater than 90% of the lymphocytes were leukemic cells, 52 to 77% were labeled by anti-human light-chain antibody-E. coli, 80 to 93% were labeled by Br. melitensis, and 78 to 95% were labeled by E. coli 1 compared to 11 to 24, 11 to 22, and 30 to 44%, respectively, in normal individuals, Thus, Br. melitensis, E. coli 1, and the anti-human light-chain antibody-E. coli may have diagnostic value for CLL. The percentage of the lymphocyte population that bound each of the other bacteria varied from patient to patient. Preliminary results obtained by studying the pattern of binding of E. coli 2, B. globigii, Sa. lutea, or S. aureus by leukemic lymphocytes suggest that categories of CLL patients may be distinguished by this method.", "PMID": 404035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2343", "title": "Increased in vitro growth capacity of tracheal epithelium exposed in vivo to 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.", "content": "Heterotopic tracheal transplants of rats were exposed in vivo to 150 or 640 microng of 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) delivered over 2 weeks, and the epithelium was studied in vitro in an attempt to identify changes in growth behavior during early phases of neoplastic development. Explants were made from the exposed tracheas, as well as from a series of controls, and the rate of epithelial outgrowth from the explants was measured. Secondly, the capacity of the outgrowths to survive as primary cultures and their ability to survive multiple in vitro passages were studied. During the initial planting, the rate of outgrowth was by far the greatest from the explants preexposed to 150 microng DMBA. Outgrowth from explants preexposed to 640 microng DMBA was sparse during the first planting but increased markedly during repeated planting when insulin- and hydrocortisone-supplemented medium was used. Establishment of outgrowth during repeated planting of carcinogen-exposed tracheal pieces was clearly hormone dependent. Control explants did not exhibit this hormone dependency. Primary cultures could be established from only three of six explants preexposed to 150 microng DMBA. These explants had been initiated in insulin- and hydrocortisone-supplemented medium. The primary cultures were successfully subcultured. Primary cultures were also established from five of five explants preexposed to 640 microng DMBA and cultured in hormone-supplemented medium. At least one cell line was obtained from each of the explants. To establish and maintain primary cultures from control tracheas required an enriched medium containing amino acid supplements, sodium pyruvate, and putrescine, as well as the hormone supplements. However, such cultures could not be subcultured. The primary cultures from the carcinogen-exposed explants and the subsequently developed cell lines all exhibited morphological characteristics of keratinizing squamous epithelium. These characteristics include: epithelioid cell morphology, multilayering and sloughing of orangeophilic squamous cells, and the presence of keratohyalin granules. These experiments demonstrate a markedly increased in vitro growth capacity of tracheal epithelium after a short in vivo exposure to carcinogen.", "contents": "Increased in vitro growth capacity of tracheal epithelium exposed in vivo to 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Heterotopic tracheal transplants of rats were exposed in vivo to 150 or 640 microng of 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) delivered over 2 weeks, and the epithelium was studied in vitro in an attempt to identify changes in growth behavior during early phases of neoplastic development. Explants were made from the exposed tracheas, as well as from a series of controls, and the rate of epithelial outgrowth from the explants was measured. Secondly, the capacity of the outgrowths to survive as primary cultures and their ability to survive multiple in vitro passages were studied. During the initial planting, the rate of outgrowth was by far the greatest from the explants preexposed to 150 microng DMBA. Outgrowth from explants preexposed to 640 microng DMBA was sparse during the first planting but increased markedly during repeated planting when insulin- and hydrocortisone-supplemented medium was used. Establishment of outgrowth during repeated planting of carcinogen-exposed tracheal pieces was clearly hormone dependent. Control explants did not exhibit this hormone dependency. Primary cultures could be established from only three of six explants preexposed to 150 microng DMBA. These explants had been initiated in insulin- and hydrocortisone-supplemented medium. The primary cultures were successfully subcultured. Primary cultures were also established from five of five explants preexposed to 640 microng DMBA and cultured in hormone-supplemented medium. At least one cell line was obtained from each of the explants. To establish and maintain primary cultures from control tracheas required an enriched medium containing amino acid supplements, sodium pyruvate, and putrescine, as well as the hormone supplements. However, such cultures could not be subcultured. The primary cultures from the carcinogen-exposed explants and the subsequently developed cell lines all exhibited morphological characteristics of keratinizing squamous epithelium. These characteristics include: epithelioid cell morphology, multilayering and sloughing of orangeophilic squamous cells, and the presence of keratohyalin granules. These experiments demonstrate a markedly increased in vitro growth capacity of tracheal epithelium after a short in vivo exposure to carcinogen.", "PMID": 404037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2344", "title": "Detection of chemical carcinogens by unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat liver primary cell cultures.", "content": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed in primary rat liver cell cultures treated with members of five different classes of chemical procarcinogens requiring enzymatic activation as well as with a direct-acting carcinogen. In total, ten carcinogens and one related analog not commonly accepted as carcinogenic were active, while one weak carcinogen and four noncarcinogens were inactive. The production of unscheduled DNA synthesis by this spectrum of chemical carcinogens indicates that these cultures have substantially retained the metabolic capability of liver for activating diverse procarcinogens. Thus, such cultures may be useful for detecting the ability of chemicals to interact with DNA and, thereby, assigning them priority for consideration as potential cancer-causing agents.", "contents": "Detection of chemical carcinogens by unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat liver primary cell cultures. Unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed in primary rat liver cell cultures treated with members of five different classes of chemical procarcinogens requiring enzymatic activation as well as with a direct-acting carcinogen. In total, ten carcinogens and one related analog not commonly accepted as carcinogenic were active, while one weak carcinogen and four noncarcinogens were inactive. The production of unscheduled DNA synthesis by this spectrum of chemical carcinogens indicates that these cultures have substantially retained the metabolic capability of liver for activating diverse procarcinogens. Thus, such cultures may be useful for detecting the ability of chemicals to interact with DNA and, thereby, assigning them priority for consideration as potential cancer-causing agents.", "PMID": 404038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2345", "title": "Chemical modification of neamine.", "content": "The aminocyclitol antibiotic neamine has been modified chemically by removing one or two hydroxyl groups from the 2-deoxystreptamine moiety to give 5- and 6- deoxyneamines (5 and 10), as well as 5,6-dideoxyneamine (15). Their antimicrobial activities were determined against several microorganisms, including kanamycin-resistant strains.", "contents": "Chemical modification of neamine. The aminocyclitol antibiotic neamine has been modified chemically by removing one or two hydroxyl groups from the 2-deoxystreptamine moiety to give 5- and 6- deoxyneamines (5 and 10), as well as 5,6-dideoxyneamine (15). Their antimicrobial activities were determined against several microorganisms, including kanamycin-resistant strains.", "PMID": 404040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2346", "title": "Vascularization of the pars distalis of the hypophysis in the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) (Amphibia, Anura). A comparative light microscopical and scanning electron microscopical study. I.", "content": "The vascularization of the pars distalis of the hypophysis of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.), was studied by the traditional method of injecting a mixture of India-ink and gelatine into the circulatory system of the head via the arteria coratis communis. Further, methyl-methacrylate corrosion casts of the brains were made; the hypothalamo-adenohypophysial region of these corrosion casts was studied with the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the portal vessels which arise from the median eminence do not supply distinct areas in the pars distalis as is supposed by the point-to-point-hypothesis. The portal vessels enter the ventro-median region of the pars distalis and branch off into a three-dimensional network of the secondary capillary plexus of the pars distalis. The plexus is made up mostly by four- to six-sided meshes. This angioarchitecture guarantees an optimal supply of the glandular cells of the pars distalis with nutritional factors and releasing hormones, on the one hand, and facilitates the removal of the hormones which are released by these cells, on the other hand. The venous drainage of the pars distalis is exerted mainly by two large veins, which bilaterally leave  the dorso-lateral region (venous pole) of the pars distalis and by a few small veins, which drain into the wide, sinus-like vessel, which curves around the dorso-caudal region of the pars distalis and joins bilaterally the vena hypophysea transversa.", "contents": "Vascularization of the pars distalis of the hypophysis in the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) (Amphibia, Anura). A comparative light microscopical and scanning electron microscopical study. I. The vascularization of the pars distalis of the hypophysis of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.), was studied by the traditional method of injecting a mixture of India-ink and gelatine into the circulatory system of the head via the arteria coratis communis. Further, methyl-methacrylate corrosion casts of the brains were made; the hypothalamo-adenohypophysial region of these corrosion casts was studied with the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the portal vessels which arise from the median eminence do not supply distinct areas in the pars distalis as is supposed by the point-to-point-hypothesis. The portal vessels enter the ventro-median region of the pars distalis and branch off into a three-dimensional network of the secondary capillary plexus of the pars distalis. The plexus is made up mostly by four- to six-sided meshes. This angioarchitecture guarantees an optimal supply of the glandular cells of the pars distalis with nutritional factors and releasing hormones, on the one hand, and facilitates the removal of the hormones which are released by these cells, on the other hand. The venous drainage of the pars distalis is exerted mainly by two large veins, which bilaterally leave  the dorso-lateral region (venous pole) of the pars distalis and by a few small veins, which drain into the wide, sinus-like vessel, which curves around the dorso-caudal region of the pars distalis and joins bilaterally the vena hypophysea transversa.", "PMID": 404041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2347", "title": "Vascularization of the pars intermedia of the hypophysis in the toad, , Bufo bufo (L.) (Amphibia, Anura). A comparative light microscopical and scanning electron microscopical study. II.", "content": "The vascularization of the pars intermedia of the hypophysis of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) was studied by injection of a mixture of India-ink and gelatine into the circulatory system of the head via the arteria carotis communis. Further methyl-methacrylate corrosion casts of brains were made and the hypophysial region of the corrosion casts was examined with the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the vascularization of the pars intermedia of the toad hypophysis consists of a single-layered vascular network, which is located on the ventral surface of the pars intermedia. The network is formed by capillaries, which primarily run caudally in a fan-like manner and which show only a few cross-connections. In the rostral region of the pars intermedia this network lies rather superficially, while in the caudal region it slightly penetrates the parenchyma. The vascular network originates from vessels of the neural stalk and from wide capillaries of the rostro-ventral region of the neurointermediate junction. The venous drainage of the pars intermedia is exerted by veins, which leave the caudal region and drain into the veins leaving the venous pole of the pars distalis. The flat, wide meshed vascular net on the ventral side of the pars intermedia, demonstrated in this study, fits into the concept that the pars intermedia of the anuran hypophysis is under the control of nerve fibers coming from the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Vascularization of the pars intermedia of the hypophysis in the toad, , Bufo bufo (L.) (Amphibia, Anura). A comparative light microscopical and scanning electron microscopical study. II. The vascularization of the pars intermedia of the hypophysis of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) was studied by injection of a mixture of India-ink and gelatine into the circulatory system of the head via the arteria carotis communis. Further methyl-methacrylate corrosion casts of brains were made and the hypophysial region of the corrosion casts was examined with the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the vascularization of the pars intermedia of the toad hypophysis consists of a single-layered vascular network, which is located on the ventral surface of the pars intermedia. The network is formed by capillaries, which primarily run caudally in a fan-like manner and which show only a few cross-connections. In the rostral region of the pars intermedia this network lies rather superficially, while in the caudal region it slightly penetrates the parenchyma. The vascular network originates from vessels of the neural stalk and from wide capillaries of the rostro-ventral region of the neurointermediate junction. The venous drainage of the pars intermedia is exerted by veins, which leave the caudal region and drain into the veins leaving the venous pole of the pars distalis. The flat, wide meshed vascular net on the ventral side of the pars intermedia, demonstrated in this study, fits into the concept that the pars intermedia of the anuran hypophysis is under the control of nerve fibers coming from the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 404042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2348", "title": "The ventricular system in neuroendocrine mechanisms. III. Supraependymal neuronal networks in the primate brain.", "content": "This investigation has utilized a correlative scanning-transmission electron microscopic technique in the analysis of the primate cerebral ventricular system. This approach has demonstrated a complex network of supraependymal cellular elements upon the walls of the third cerebral ventricle in direct contact with the ventricular lumen. Type I neuronal-like cells and type II histiocytic-like cells with potential phagocytic capabilities have been observed in large numbers throughout the third ventricle. Type I neuron-like cells are discussed in the context that they may represent a population of receptor-cells which serve to assess ambient changes in the composition of bioactive peptides in the cerebrospinal fluid and may serve as a  supraependymal network that integrates the endocrine hypothalamus with other circumventricular organs which may also be sites of neuroendocrine transduction.", "contents": "The ventricular system in neuroendocrine mechanisms. III. Supraependymal neuronal networks in the primate brain. This investigation has utilized a correlative scanning-transmission electron microscopic technique in the analysis of the primate cerebral ventricular system. This approach has demonstrated a complex network of supraependymal cellular elements upon the walls of the third cerebral ventricle in direct contact with the ventricular lumen. Type I neuronal-like cells and type II histiocytic-like cells with potential phagocytic capabilities have been observed in large numbers throughout the third ventricle. Type I neuron-like cells are discussed in the context that they may represent a population of receptor-cells which serve to assess ambient changes in the composition of bioactive peptides in the cerebrospinal fluid and may serve as a  supraependymal network that integrates the endocrine hypothalamus with other circumventricular organs which may also be sites of neuroendocrine transduction.", "PMID": 404043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2349", "title": "Conformational difference in the polar groups of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in aqueous phase.", "content": "Proton and phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance was used to investigate conformations of o-phosphorylcholine(OPC), o-phosphorylethanolamine(OPE) and L-alpha-glycerophosphorylethanolamine in aqueous solution, and the conformations of dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine from E. coli in methanol and chloroform solutions. It has been shown that in every case the O-C-C-N system prefers a gauche conformations, but in the choline moiety the dihedral angle around the C-C bond is distorted from the usual gauche angle, 60 degrees, to a larger one. The dihedral angle of OPC is shown to be more variable than that of OPE. This may be due to the curvature of its potential curve, i.e. asymmetrical curvature around the gauche minima. This property of the phosphatidylcholine molecule may be partly responsible for the flexibility of the phosphatidylcholine bilayer. The coupling is dominant in the P-O-C-C systems of the 5 compounds examined. The results also indicated that the two hydrocarbon chains in phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine are apt to take nearly parallel orientation in methanol solution. This characteristic is favourable for the formation of the bilayer structure.", "contents": "Conformational difference in the polar groups of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in aqueous phase. Proton and phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance was used to investigate conformations of o-phosphorylcholine(OPC), o-phosphorylethanolamine(OPE) and L-alpha-glycerophosphorylethanolamine in aqueous solution, and the conformations of dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine from E. coli in methanol and chloroform solutions. It has been shown that in every case the O-C-C-N system prefers a gauche conformations, but in the choline moiety the dihedral angle around the C-C bond is distorted from the usual gauche angle, 60 degrees, to a larger one. The dihedral angle of OPC is shown to be more variable than that of OPE. This may be due to the curvature of its potential curve, i.e. asymmetrical curvature around the gauche minima. This property of the phosphatidylcholine molecule may be partly responsible for the flexibility of the phosphatidylcholine bilayer. The coupling is dominant in the P-O-C-C systems of the 5 compounds examined. The results also indicated that the two hydrocarbon chains in phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine are apt to take nearly parallel orientation in methanol solution. This characteristic is favourable for the formation of the bilayer structure.", "PMID": 404047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2350", "title": "[Coexistence of neoteny and an internal cycle a polystomatid (Monogenea)].", "content": "Metapolystoma cachani a parasite of Ptychadena longirostris (Peters) has been discovered in the Ivory coast. Its life cycle is the first to involve both the possibility of an internal cycle in the bladder of the adult Amphibian and a neotenical reproduction on the gills of the Tadpole. This double process is the link between the Monogeneans which are only parasites of aquatic hosts and those which are adapted to terrestrial hosts. Its place is therefore essential in the phylogeny of Polystomatidae.", "contents": "[Coexistence of neoteny and an internal cycle a polystomatid (Monogenea)]. Metapolystoma cachani a parasite of Ptychadena longirostris (Peters) has been discovered in the Ivory coast. Its life cycle is the first to involve both the possibility of an internal cycle in the bladder of the adult Amphibian and a neotenical reproduction on the gills of the Tadpole. This double process is the link between the Monogeneans which are only parasites of aquatic hosts and those which are adapted to terrestrial hosts. Its place is therefore essential in the phylogeny of Polystomatidae.", "PMID": 404048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2351", "title": "[Differences in the sensilla of African and American cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni, the agent of human intestinal bilharziasis].", "content": "Schistosoma mansoni parasite of the human intestinal bilharziasis is frequently transmitted in Africa by the Snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi and in America by Biomphalaria glabrata. The comparison between four African strains of cercariae obtained from Biomphalaria pfeifferi and five American strains from Biomphalaria glabrata points out variations in the number and arrangement of the sensory receptors.", "contents": "[Differences in the sensilla of African and American cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni, the agent of human intestinal bilharziasis]. Schistosoma mansoni parasite of the human intestinal bilharziasis is frequently transmitted in Africa by the Snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi and in America by Biomphalaria glabrata. The comparison between four African strains of cercariae obtained from Biomphalaria pfeifferi and five American strains from Biomphalaria glabrata points out variations in the number and arrangement of the sensory receptors.", "PMID": 404049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2352", "title": "[The effect of eating behavior on the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone in growing rats].", "content": "The circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone was studied in growing Rats fed on an ad libitum or controlled feeding schedule (six meals per day). Circadian plasma corticosterone rhythm was conventional in ad libitum Rats. Increases of circulating hormone occurred during the last light hours and the first dark hours. Plasma corticosterone rhythm was modified by controlled feeding. Meal feeders exhibited a high value during the last light hours and a secondary hump at midnight. Feeding schedule was not the main synchronizing factor in rat circadian corticosterone rhythm.", "contents": "[The effect of eating behavior on the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone in growing rats]. The circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone was studied in growing Rats fed on an ad libitum or controlled feeding schedule (six meals per day). Circadian plasma corticosterone rhythm was conventional in ad libitum Rats. Increases of circulating hormone occurred during the last light hours and the first dark hours. Plasma corticosterone rhythm was modified by controlled feeding. Meal feeders exhibited a high value during the last light hours and a secondary hump at midnight. Feeding schedule was not the main synchronizing factor in rat circadian corticosterone rhythm.", "PMID": 404050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2353", "title": "[Pituitary control of androgen synthesis in the rat embryo].", "content": "Removal of the hypophysis by decapitation of the 19--or 20 days--old Rat embryo is followed by a significant decrease in the ability of the embryonic testis to synthesize testosterone and androstenedione from acetate in vitro. It is concluded that pituitary-testis relationships first appear at 19 days of intrauterine life.", "contents": "[Pituitary control of androgen synthesis in the rat embryo]. Removal of the hypophysis by decapitation of the 19--or 20 days--old Rat embryo is followed by a significant decrease in the ability of the embryonic testis to synthesize testosterone and androstenedione from acetate in vitro. It is concluded that pituitary-testis relationships first appear at 19 days of intrauterine life.", "PMID": 404051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2354", "title": "[The presence of para-esophageal bodies in Nematophora Lysiopetalidae (Myriapoda, Diplopoda)].", "content": "Demonstration of paraoesophageal bodies presence in the Millipede Nematophora Lysiopetalidae, Callipus foetidissimus (Savi, 1819). As in the Iulidae, Blaniulidae, Strongylosomidae and Glomeridia the paraoesophageal bodies are neurohemal organs having their own secretory cells. Different hypothesies on the origin of secretions in the paraoesophageal bodies of Lysiopetalidae are proposed.", "contents": "[The presence of para-esophageal bodies in Nematophora Lysiopetalidae (Myriapoda, Diplopoda)]. Demonstration of paraoesophageal bodies presence in the Millipede Nematophora Lysiopetalidae, Callipus foetidissimus (Savi, 1819). As in the Iulidae, Blaniulidae, Strongylosomidae and Glomeridia the paraoesophageal bodies are neurohemal organs having their own secretory cells. Different hypothesies on the origin of secretions in the paraoesophageal bodies of Lysiopetalidae are proposed.", "PMID": 404052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2355", "title": "[Cytoplasmic control of cell division in amphibians: changes in the timing of egg cleavage after injection of heterospecific cytoplasm].", "content": "Cytoplasm of Xenopus laevis virgin eggs is injected into fertilized eggs of Pleurodeles waltlii, species characterized by an initial development slower than that of Xenopus. The cytoplasm introduced into eggs at the 2 or 4 cell stages accelerates the division of cells in the site of injection, Later on synchronism of cleavage for the different blastomers of operated eggs reappears. The effects of an heterologous cytoplasm on mitosis and endogenic rhythm of cleavage are discussed.", "contents": "[Cytoplasmic control of cell division in amphibians: changes in the timing of egg cleavage after injection of heterospecific cytoplasm]. Cytoplasm of Xenopus laevis virgin eggs is injected into fertilized eggs of Pleurodeles waltlii, species characterized by an initial development slower than that of Xenopus. The cytoplasm introduced into eggs at the 2 or 4 cell stages accelerates the division of cells in the site of injection, Later on synchronism of cleavage for the different blastomers of operated eggs reappears. The effects of an heterologous cytoplasm on mitosis and endogenic rhythm of cleavage are discussed.", "PMID": 404053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2356", "title": "[Scanning microscopy of the early stages of embryonic development of baboons (Papio cynocephalus): oocyte, penetration of the zona pellucida, and morula].", "content": "The surface of ovarian oocytes is evenly covered with finger-like microvilli about 1 micron long. Penetration of capcitated spermatozoa in the zona pellucida apparently occurs after acrosome reaction and though a narrow slitmmorulae are constituted of rounded blastomeres, usually of similar size and microvillous covering. A few blastomeres may be smaller than others, probably as a result of faster mitotic rate in one of the blastomeres compared to adjacent ones. Microvilli are numerous in the interblastomeric furrows where junctional ridges are not observed at the 30-40 cell stage.", "contents": "[Scanning microscopy of the early stages of embryonic development of baboons (Papio cynocephalus): oocyte, penetration of the zona pellucida, and morula]. The surface of ovarian oocytes is evenly covered with finger-like microvilli about 1 micron long. Penetration of capcitated spermatozoa in the zona pellucida apparently occurs after acrosome reaction and though a narrow slitmmorulae are constituted of rounded blastomeres, usually of similar size and microvillous covering. A few blastomeres may be smaller than others, probably as a result of faster mitotic rate in one of the blastomeres compared to adjacent ones. Microvilli are numerous in the interblastomeric furrows where junctional ridges are not observed at the 30-40 cell stage.", "PMID": 404054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2357", "title": "[Demonstration of a change in the frequency of the characteristic \"gonadal atrophy\" as a function of the rank of egg-laying in Drosophila melanogaster].", "content": "The frequency of gonadic atrophy of Drosophila melanogaster depends on the day of emergence. This variation is related to the rank of egg-laying, the eggs laid down during both first days giving imagoes with a gonadic atrophy more often.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a change in the frequency of the characteristic \"gonadal atrophy\" as a function of the rank of egg-laying in Drosophila melanogaster]. The frequency of gonadic atrophy of Drosophila melanogaster depends on the day of emergence. This variation is related to the rank of egg-laying, the eggs laid down during both first days giving imagoes with a gonadic atrophy more often.", "PMID": 404055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2358", "title": "[Presence of a protein disulfide isomerase (EC 5.3.4.1) in wheat germ].", "content": "The presence of a protein disulfide isomerase (rearrangease) in wheat embryo has been demonstrated by its ability in reactivating randomly cross-linked ribonuclease. This activity requires a dialysable cofactor; after dialysis, the activity is recovered by addition of reduced glutathione. The enzyme can be precipitated by 70% saturation ammonium sulfate.", "contents": "[Presence of a protein disulfide isomerase (EC 5.3.4.1) in wheat germ]. The presence of a protein disulfide isomerase (rearrangease) in wheat embryo has been demonstrated by its ability in reactivating randomly cross-linked ribonuclease. This activity requires a dialysable cofactor; after dialysis, the activity is recovered by addition of reduced glutathione. The enzyme can be precipitated by 70% saturation ammonium sulfate.", "PMID": 404057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2359", "title": "[The effects of a heterologous antibody against a crude lipoprotein lipase fraction in mice].", "content": "The antigens contained in a crude lipoprotein-lipase fraction from the Rabbit adipose tissue have no effect on Mice, even after daily injections for several months. But they induce an immune reaction in Sheep, allowing one to produce several immune sera with a high physiological activity, without any specific barrier between Rabbit and Mouse. After total absorption of these immune sera by normal Rabbit serum, the remaining antibodies have an activity against esterasic lipoproteins. Small doses of these antibodies induce in Mice marked hyperplastic and degenerative reactions of the adipose tissue and an extensive lysis of the pancreas. A correlative high lymphocytic activation, producing B and T immunoblasts, is induced.", "contents": "[The effects of a heterologous antibody against a crude lipoprotein lipase fraction in mice]. The antigens contained in a crude lipoprotein-lipase fraction from the Rabbit adipose tissue have no effect on Mice, even after daily injections for several months. But they induce an immune reaction in Sheep, allowing one to produce several immune sera with a high physiological activity, without any specific barrier between Rabbit and Mouse. After total absorption of these immune sera by normal Rabbit serum, the remaining antibodies have an activity against esterasic lipoproteins. Small doses of these antibodies induce in Mice marked hyperplastic and degenerative reactions of the adipose tissue and an extensive lysis of the pancreas. A correlative high lymphocytic activation, producing B and T immunoblasts, is induced.", "PMID": 404058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2360", "title": "[Trial selection of 2 sub-strains of NZB mice based on the level of chromosome aberrations].", "content": "Increased chromosomal breakage is observed in NZB mice. Breeding experiments with mice selected according to breakage frequencies provide evidence that the proportion of animals with high and low breakage figures in the first and second generation progeny depends on the phenotype of the parents.", "contents": "[Trial selection of 2 sub-strains of NZB mice based on the level of chromosome aberrations]. Increased chromosomal breakage is observed in NZB mice. Breeding experiments with mice selected according to breakage frequencies provide evidence that the proportion of animals with high and low breakage figures in the first and second generation progeny depends on the phenotype of the parents.", "PMID": 404059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2361", "title": "[The effect of dietary lactose on the ileal absorption of sodium taurocholate in rats].", "content": "When Rats were fed a lactose containing diet, both the absorption rate of sodium taurocholate at the level of ileum and the contents of bile acids of the small intestine were increased. On the contrary, feeding of lactose did not modify the daily fecal excretion of bile acids. It therefore appears that dietary lactose increases the intestinal pool of bile acids by increasing their ileal absorption rate and that this effect of lactose is not subordinated to a modification of bile acid synthesis.", "contents": "[The effect of dietary lactose on the ileal absorption of sodium taurocholate in rats]. When Rats were fed a lactose containing diet, both the absorption rate of sodium taurocholate at the level of ileum and the contents of bile acids of the small intestine were increased. On the contrary, feeding of lactose did not modify the daily fecal excretion of bile acids. It therefore appears that dietary lactose increases the intestinal pool of bile acids by increasing their ileal absorption rate and that this effect of lactose is not subordinated to a modification of bile acid synthesis.", "PMID": 404060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2362", "title": "[Comparison of the morphogenic effects of JH-I and JH-III during the solitary phase of Locusta migratoria].", "content": "After injection of oiled solutions of JH-I metamorphosis was much more disturbed than following the same treatment with JH-III. The two hormones reduced in the same way the mortality which occurred after injection of pure peanut oil in the first hours of a larval stage. JH-1 and JH-III seemed to have the same effect on the two phases of Locusta.", "contents": "[Comparison of the morphogenic effects of JH-I and JH-III during the solitary phase of Locusta migratoria]. After injection of oiled solutions of JH-I metamorphosis was much more disturbed than following the same treatment with JH-III. The two hormones reduced in the same way the mortality which occurred after injection of pure peanut oil in the first hours of a larval stage. JH-1 and JH-III seemed to have the same effect on the two phases of Locusta.", "PMID": 404061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2363", "title": "[Inhibition of the reinitiation of meiosis in Xenopus laevis oocytes by three natural antiproteases: antipain, chymostatin, and leupeptin].", "content": "Oocytes incubated for 1 hr. in saline containing 1 mg/ml of antipain, leupeptin or chymostatin do not reinstate meiosis when progesterone or ionophore A 23187 are added. On the contrary such oocytes remain able to undergo meiosis when injected with cytoplasm of maturing oocytes (MPF), with Rabbit phosphorylase kinase or with Beef protein kinase. These results demonstrate that the loss of responsiveness to progesterone or ionophore is not due to toxic effects but rather to some interference with a key event which occurs prior to MPF action.", "contents": "[Inhibition of the reinitiation of meiosis in Xenopus laevis oocytes by three natural antiproteases: antipain, chymostatin, and leupeptin]. Oocytes incubated for 1 hr. in saline containing 1 mg/ml of antipain, leupeptin or chymostatin do not reinstate meiosis when progesterone or ionophore A 23187 are added. On the contrary such oocytes remain able to undergo meiosis when injected with cytoplasm of maturing oocytes (MPF), with Rabbit phosphorylase kinase or with Beef protein kinase. These results demonstrate that the loss of responsiveness to progesterone or ionophore is not due to toxic effects but rather to some interference with a key event which occurs prior to MPF action.", "PMID": 404062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2364", "title": "[Immunohistologic study of the chicken kidney].", "content": "After absorption with adult Chicken liver homogenate, antisera produced in Rabbits against the DOC-soluble fractions of the sediments obtained after centrifugation of adult Chicken kidney homogenates, react with at least two types of antigens. One, found to be kidney-specific, is localised at the apical part of the cells of the proximal segment of the secretory tubules. The other, also present in the digestive tract, is detectable in the ureter and its derivatives, the collecting tubules by which it seems to be excreted. Despite the lack of organ specificity the latter represents an interesting marker for studying the early steps of the development of the renal collecting system.", "contents": "[Immunohistologic study of the chicken kidney]. After absorption with adult Chicken liver homogenate, antisera produced in Rabbits against the DOC-soluble fractions of the sediments obtained after centrifugation of adult Chicken kidney homogenates, react with at least two types of antigens. One, found to be kidney-specific, is localised at the apical part of the cells of the proximal segment of the secretory tubules. The other, also present in the digestive tract, is detectable in the ureter and its derivatives, the collecting tubules by which it seems to be excreted. Despite the lack of organ specificity the latter represents an interesting marker for studying the early steps of the development of the renal collecting system.", "PMID": 404063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2365", "title": "[Cell kinetics and experimental rearrangement of daughter chromosomes at the end of mitotic division].", "content": "The action of hexamethylene-tetramine (HMT), which causes a late disorientation of the two sets of chromosomes during telophase in Allium sativum L. meristematic root cells, has not been found again, in the same material after synchronization by hydroxyurea. The explanation put forward takes into account the special feature of cells synchronized by chemical methods. Besides, the toxicity of HMT is not the same according to the stage of the cell cycle during the treatment.", "contents": "[Cell kinetics and experimental rearrangement of daughter chromosomes at the end of mitotic division]. The action of hexamethylene-tetramine (HMT), which causes a late disorientation of the two sets of chromosomes during telophase in Allium sativum L. meristematic root cells, has not been found again, in the same material after synchronization by hydroxyurea. The explanation put forward takes into account the special feature of cells synchronized by chemical methods. Besides, the toxicity of HMT is not the same according to the stage of the cell cycle during the treatment.", "PMID": 404064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2366", "title": "[Metabolic activity of goat adipose tissue at the end of gestation and at the beginning of lactation: level of deoxyribouncleic acid content and lipoprotein lipase activity].", "content": "In the goat the passage from late pregnancy to early lactation is accompanied by a decrease of the epiploon lipoprotein lipase activity and an increase in the epiploon DNA content. The between-goat variations allow us to emphasize a linear relation between the lipoprotein lipase activity decrease and the reduction of the epiploon volume, expressed on a DNA basis. These parameters, used as indicators of the adipose tissue metabolic status, could contribue to the determination of a feeding strategy adapted to high yield milking Ruminants.", "contents": "[Metabolic activity of goat adipose tissue at the end of gestation and at the beginning of lactation: level of deoxyribouncleic acid content and lipoprotein lipase activity]. In the goat the passage from late pregnancy to early lactation is accompanied by a decrease of the epiploon lipoprotein lipase activity and an increase in the epiploon DNA content. The between-goat variations allow us to emphasize a linear relation between the lipoprotein lipase activity decrease and the reduction of the epiploon volume, expressed on a DNA basis. These parameters, used as indicators of the adipose tissue metabolic status, could contribue to the determination of a feeding strategy adapted to high yield milking Ruminants.", "PMID": 404065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2367", "title": "[Fluorimetric assay of 3-o-methyldopamine and 4-0-methyldopamine in rat urine and o-methylation of dopamine].", "content": "A new method for the isolation and determination of 3-O-methyldopamine (3 MD) and 4-O-methyldopamine (4 MD) in the urine of Rat has been described. The administration of L-dopa enabled us to detect 4 MD in the urine with a molar ratio 4 MD/3 MD = 0.07. This ratio decreased with the simultaneous treatment of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). This result might explain the therapeutic L-dopa+SAM in the treatment of parkinsonism, 4 MD being neurotoxic. The low level of 4 MD compared with the level of isovanillic acid, found by other authors, seems to indicate that the 4-O-methylation pathway takes place via dihydroxyphenylacetic acid.", "contents": "[Fluorimetric assay of 3-o-methyldopamine and 4-0-methyldopamine in rat urine and o-methylation of dopamine]. A new method for the isolation and determination of 3-O-methyldopamine (3 MD) and 4-O-methyldopamine (4 MD) in the urine of Rat has been described. The administration of L-dopa enabled us to detect 4 MD in the urine with a molar ratio 4 MD/3 MD = 0.07. This ratio decreased with the simultaneous treatment of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). This result might explain the therapeutic L-dopa+SAM in the treatment of parkinsonism, 4 MD being neurotoxic. The low level of 4 MD compared with the level of isovanillic acid, found by other authors, seems to indicate that the 4-O-methylation pathway takes place via dihydroxyphenylacetic acid.", "PMID": 404066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2368", "title": "[Response of the brown trout (Salmo trutta, L. 1766) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson, 1836) to infection by a new rhabdovirus].", "content": "Intra peritoneal injection of 200 g Trout hold at + 12 degrees C with 2x10(8) p.f.u. of a new Rhabdovirus (strain 23.75) induces an interferon synthesis within 2 days. (IF titres reaching 2,000 units/ml). 1 month later, the surviving Fish exhibit a specific anti 23.75 neutralizing serum activity (titre 40 to 80) which has been demonstrated to be due to immunoglobulins. This seroneutralization is also recorded in 1/3 of the survivors of natural infection.", "contents": "[Response of the brown trout (Salmo trutta, L. 1766) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson, 1836) to infection by a new rhabdovirus]. Intra peritoneal injection of 200 g Trout hold at + 12 degrees C with 2x10(8) p.f.u. of a new Rhabdovirus (strain 23.75) induces an interferon synthesis within 2 days. (IF titres reaching 2,000 units/ml). 1 month later, the surviving Fish exhibit a specific anti 23.75 neutralizing serum activity (titre 40 to 80) which has been demonstrated to be due to immunoglobulins. This seroneutralization is also recorded in 1/3 of the survivors of natural infection.", "PMID": 404069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2369", "title": "[Increase in the non-specific resistance to infection in mice after oral administration of 2 synthetic glycopeptides with adjuvant activity].", "content": "Two synthetic glycopeptides (MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln and MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu), having adjuvant activity, were shown to enhance non-specific resistance to infection against K. pneumoniae. These compounds were active by various routes including oral administration and even if administered after the challenge. Two steroisomers lacking adjuvant activity did not protect the infected Mice.", "contents": "[Increase in the non-specific resistance to infection in mice after oral administration of 2 synthetic glycopeptides with adjuvant activity]. Two synthetic glycopeptides (MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln and MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu), having adjuvant activity, were shown to enhance non-specific resistance to infection against K. pneumoniae. These compounds were active by various routes including oral administration and even if administered after the challenge. Two steroisomers lacking adjuvant activity did not protect the infected Mice.", "PMID": 404070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2370", "title": "[The benthic red alga Ceramium ciliatum var. robustum (J.Ag.) G. Mazoyer is a remarkable biological indicator of littoral mercury pollution].", "content": "The study of mercury composition of red Algae Ceranium ciliatum var. robustum, comparatively with other marine organisms and considering its growth and the extent of pollution at various harvesting points: reveals that this seaweed constitutes a conspicuous biological indicator for the littoral mercury pollution.", "contents": "[The benthic red alga Ceramium ciliatum var. robustum (J.Ag.) G. Mazoyer is a remarkable biological indicator of littoral mercury pollution]. The study of mercury composition of red Algae Ceranium ciliatum var. robustum, comparatively with other marine organisms and considering its growth and the extent of pollution at various harvesting points: reveals that this seaweed constitutes a conspicuous biological indicator for the littoral mercury pollution.", "PMID": 404071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2371", "title": "[Maturation of the female Tetrix undulata (Swrb) (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae): influence of the male and copulation:parthenogenetic egg-laying].", "content": "The percentage of laying females and laying time, are compared between mature females (diapause break by chilling) and diapause strain females (diapause not broken by chilling) reared with mature male or diapause male or without male. For the same physiological state of the females (mature or diapause) there is no difference in the percentage of females laying, when they are reared with mature male or with diapause one or none; but the laying time is shortest with mature male, longer with male in diapause, even longer without male. Parthenogenetic egg-pods can be obtain. Rearing with mature males does not break the reproductive diapause of females. In parthenogenetic egg-pods the number of eggs is short for low diapause females; greater for mature ones and greatest for females with strong diapause broken by a corpus allatum implant of mature female of Locusta migratoria. Corpus allatum of the low diapause strain of females of Tetrix undulata have less activity than that of mature females. Few parthenogenetic eggs develop, even less hatch. In Tetrix undulata parthenogenesis is accidental.", "contents": "[Maturation of the female Tetrix undulata (Swrb) (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae): influence of the male and copulation:parthenogenetic egg-laying]. The percentage of laying females and laying time, are compared between mature females (diapause break by chilling) and diapause strain females (diapause not broken by chilling) reared with mature male or diapause male or without male. For the same physiological state of the females (mature or diapause) there is no difference in the percentage of females laying, when they are reared with mature male or with diapause one or none; but the laying time is shortest with mature male, longer with male in diapause, even longer without male. Parthenogenetic egg-pods can be obtain. Rearing with mature males does not break the reproductive diapause of females. In parthenogenetic egg-pods the number of eggs is short for low diapause females; greater for mature ones and greatest for females with strong diapause broken by a corpus allatum implant of mature female of Locusta migratoria. Corpus allatum of the low diapause strain of females of Tetrix undulata have less activity than that of mature females. Few parthenogenetic eggs develop, even less hatch. In Tetrix undulata parthenogenesis is accidental.", "PMID": 404073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2372", "title": "[Morphogenesis and hormonogenesis in vitro of granulosa cells of the European badger Meles meles L].", "content": "Granulosa cells harvested from follicles of Badger during inactive luteal phaseluteinize in vitro. The results demonstrate that the serum's origin influence progesteron production of Badger's granulosa cells in culture. LH appears equally to be stimulating.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis and hormonogenesis in vitro of granulosa cells of the European badger Meles meles L]. Granulosa cells harvested from follicles of Badger during inactive luteal phaseluteinize in vitro. The results demonstrate that the serum's origin influence progesteron production of Badger's granulosa cells in culture. LH appears equally to be stimulating.", "PMID": 404074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2373", "title": "[Existence of cholinergic receptors in the very young chick embryo].", "content": "The injection of certain cholinergic agents in the yolk sac of young Chick embryos (40 to 48 hrs. of incubation) gives rise to a twisting of the cervical notochord and spinal cord and contraction of the cervical somites. These morphogenetic changes result in spinal column malformations in older embryos. The effects of the cholinergic agents are inhibited by simultaneous treatments with a cholinergic agonist and an antagonist or a cholinergic receptor ligand. The results lead to the assumption that the early embryos already possess cholinergic receptors, probably located in the notochord.", "contents": "[Existence of cholinergic receptors in the very young chick embryo]. The injection of certain cholinergic agents in the yolk sac of young Chick embryos (40 to 48 hrs. of incubation) gives rise to a twisting of the cervical notochord and spinal cord and contraction of the cervical somites. These morphogenetic changes result in spinal column malformations in older embryos. The effects of the cholinergic agents are inhibited by simultaneous treatments with a cholinergic agonist and an antagonist or a cholinergic receptor ligand. The results lead to the assumption that the early embryos already possess cholinergic receptors, probably located in the notochord.", "PMID": 404075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2374", "title": "[Latent differentiation in the endoderm of the young chick embryo].", "content": "Initiation and localization of the capacity of self-differentiation in the 1-2 day old chick embryo were studied by means of culturing endoderm fragments, wrapped in a piece of viteline membrane and completely deprived of mesenchyme.", "contents": "[Latent differentiation in the endoderm of the young chick embryo]. Initiation and localization of the capacity of self-differentiation in the 1-2 day old chick embryo were studied by means of culturing endoderm fragments, wrapped in a piece of viteline membrane and completely deprived of mesenchyme.", "PMID": 404076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2375", "title": "[Use of the method of correspondance analysis to study the pigmentation of the Malagasy migratory cricket during its solitary phase in nature].", "content": "The elaboration of an original system of codification and the utilization of the correspondance analysis method makes it possible to draw up an identity card, based on promotal pigmentation, for a natural solitary population of the malagasy migratory Locust. The method leads the way to the study of geographical and temporal variations of the pigmentation.", "contents": "[Use of the method of correspondance analysis to study the pigmentation of the Malagasy migratory cricket during its solitary phase in nature]. The elaboration of an original system of codification and the utilization of the correspondance analysis method makes it possible to draw up an identity card, based on promotal pigmentation, for a natural solitary population of the malagasy migratory Locust. The method leads the way to the study of geographical and temporal variations of the pigmentation.", "PMID": 404077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2376", "title": "[Inactivation by 4,6 disubstituted pyrazolo (3,4-d) pyrimidines of the arsenolysis of guanosine by erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase].", "content": "New drugs are proposed in an attempt to reduce the overformation of uric acid in man. The procedure is based on the inhibition of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase selectively investigated in its phosphorolytic sequence. But for technical reasons, analogous inactivation of the enzyme in its comparative guanosine arsenolysis is subject to experimentation.", "contents": "[Inactivation by 4,6 disubstituted pyrazolo (3,4-d) pyrimidines of the arsenolysis of guanosine by erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase]. New drugs are proposed in an attempt to reduce the overformation of uric acid in man. The procedure is based on the inhibition of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase selectively investigated in its phosphorolytic sequence. But for technical reasons, analogous inactivation of the enzyme in its comparative guanosine arsenolysis is subject to experimentation.", "PMID": 404078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2377", "title": "[Effect of benzatropine on the O-methylation of striatal dopamine].", "content": "After treatment by nialamid, benztropine administered to Rats produced an increase in the level of 3-O-methyldopamine in the corpus striatum. It produced a slight increase in the level of striatal dopamine and no change in the level of norepinephrine. The monoamine oxydase and catechol-O-methyltransferase activities of remaining brain showed no variations by benztropine. The results suggest the possible involvement of striatal dopamine and its extraneuronally catabolism in the antiparkinsonian effect of benztropine.", "contents": "[Effect of benzatropine on the O-methylation of striatal dopamine]. After treatment by nialamid, benztropine administered to Rats produced an increase in the level of 3-O-methyldopamine in the corpus striatum. It produced a slight increase in the level of striatal dopamine and no change in the level of norepinephrine. The monoamine oxydase and catechol-O-methyltransferase activities of remaining brain showed no variations by benztropine. The results suggest the possible involvement of striatal dopamine and its extraneuronally catabolism in the antiparkinsonian effect of benztropine.", "PMID": 404079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2378", "title": "[Partial characterization of the histones of the hepatopancreas and testis of the shrimp Palaemon serratus].", "content": "The chromatin of Palaemon serratus hepatopancreas and testes has been isolated. All the classes of histones are present in the fractions studied so far. However, F1 harbors some characteristics different from that of Calf thymus F1. Moreover a supplementary fraction of low molecular weight can be detected in the testes.", "contents": "[Partial characterization of the histones of the hepatopancreas and testis of the shrimp Palaemon serratus]. The chromatin of Palaemon serratus hepatopancreas and testes has been isolated. All the classes of histones are present in the fractions studied so far. However, F1 harbors some characteristics different from that of Calf thymus F1. Moreover a supplementary fraction of low molecular weight can be detected in the testes.", "PMID": 404080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2379", "title": "[The presence of an endogenous peroxidase activity in hairy cell leukemia cells].", "content": "Mononuclear cells from hairy cell leukemia have been studied in three cases by ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. Cells have fairly detectable surface immunoglobulins, without monoclonal distribution however. In addition these cells have a peroxidatic activity which is revealed in the perinuclear space and strands of endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "[The presence of an endogenous peroxidase activity in hairy cell leukemia cells]. Mononuclear cells from hairy cell leukemia have been studied in three cases by ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. Cells have fairly detectable surface immunoglobulins, without monoclonal distribution however. In addition these cells have a peroxidatic activity which is revealed in the perinuclear space and strands of endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 404081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2380", "title": "[Antibody-dependent adherence of peritoneal cells of the rat to Trichinella spiralis larvae].", "content": "Washed peritoneal exudate cells from normal Rats firmly adhere to Trichinella spiralis larvae in the presence of serum containing anti-Trichinella antibodies. This effect is observed when muscle larvae, cells and dilutions of anti-sera are incubated for 1 hr. at 37 degrees C. No adherence takes place at 4 degrees C. Whole serum or its gammaglobulin fraction are active and effect is inhibited by the addition of Trichinella antigens. Complement is not essential since antiserum heated for 2 hrs. at 56 degrees C is active. Washed cells from infested animals do not adhere to the larvae in the absence of antiserum.", "contents": "[Antibody-dependent adherence of peritoneal cells of the rat to Trichinella spiralis larvae]. Washed peritoneal exudate cells from normal Rats firmly adhere to Trichinella spiralis larvae in the presence of serum containing anti-Trichinella antibodies. This effect is observed when muscle larvae, cells and dilutions of anti-sera are incubated for 1 hr. at 37 degrees C. No adherence takes place at 4 degrees C. Whole serum or its gammaglobulin fraction are active and effect is inhibited by the addition of Trichinella antigens. Complement is not essential since antiserum heated for 2 hrs. at 56 degrees C is active. Washed cells from infested animals do not adhere to the larvae in the absence of antiserum.", "PMID": 404082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2381", "title": "[Cytochemical analysis of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in fibroblasts treated in vitro by trimethoprim].", "content": "Chick embryo fibroblasts cultivated in vitro are treated with trimethoprim. The mitotic activity is strongly depressed. DNA and overall RNA and protein syntheses are inhibited. However, these effects are observed only when the concentration of the drug in the culture medium is relatively high.", "contents": "[Cytochemical analysis of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in fibroblasts treated in vitro by trimethoprim]. Chick embryo fibroblasts cultivated in vitro are treated with trimethoprim. The mitotic activity is strongly depressed. DNA and overall RNA and protein syntheses are inhibited. However, these effects are observed only when the concentration of the drug in the culture medium is relatively high.", "PMID": 404083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2382", "title": "[Eyestalk removal and intensive regeneration: joint effects on the molting cycle of Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Crustacea, Decapoda), variability of the critical regeneration stage].", "content": "When eyestalk-removal and pereiopod-removal, followed by intensive regeneration, are realized together on the same animal, their accelerative effect on the moulting rate is lower than the effect of only one of these two processes. The critical stage of pereiopod regeneration varies between the moulting stages C4 to D1 according to the physiological state of the Crab.", "contents": "[Eyestalk removal and intensive regeneration: joint effects on the molting cycle of Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Crustacea, Decapoda), variability of the critical regeneration stage]. When eyestalk-removal and pereiopod-removal, followed by intensive regeneration, are realized together on the same animal, their accelerative effect on the moulting rate is lower than the effect of only one of these two processes. The critical stage of pereiopod regeneration varies between the moulting stages C4 to D1 according to the physiological state of the Crab.", "PMID": 404084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2383", "title": "[Dual activity of the pars intercerebralis of Panstrongylus megisturs (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) in the control of oogenesis and molting].", "content": "The action of A and A' cells of the pars intercerebralis of P. megistus on female gonial mitosis and meiosis is established experimentally by selective ablations and by implantations of brains devoid of their A cells. Molting is dependent on two factors originating in each neurosecretory cell type.", "contents": "[Dual activity of the pars intercerebralis of Panstrongylus megisturs (Heteroptera, Reduviidae) in the control of oogenesis and molting]. The action of A and A' cells of the pars intercerebralis of P. megistus on female gonial mitosis and meiosis is established experimentally by selective ablations and by implantations of brains devoid of their A cells. Molting is dependent on two factors originating in each neurosecretory cell type.", "PMID": 404085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2384", "title": "[Transcription complexes in subnuclear fractions isolated from mammalian cells: ultrastructural study].", "content": "Miller Beatty's technique was adapted to the study of definite chromatin fractions (nucleolar and nonnucleolar chromatin) isolated from Mammalian cells. The ultrastructural organization of the transcriptional complexes obtained depended on the nuclear compartment studied. In isolated nucleoli, there were \"Christmas-tree\"-like figures. In nonnucleolar chromatin, the figures were different from the former by the internal structure of the RNP fibrils being synthesized.", "contents": "[Transcription complexes in subnuclear fractions isolated from mammalian cells: ultrastructural study]. Miller Beatty's technique was adapted to the study of definite chromatin fractions (nucleolar and nonnucleolar chromatin) isolated from Mammalian cells. The ultrastructural organization of the transcriptional complexes obtained depended on the nuclear compartment studied. In isolated nucleoli, there were \"Christmas-tree\"-like figures. In nonnucleolar chromatin, the figures were different from the former by the internal structure of the RNP fibrils being synthesized.", "PMID": 404086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2385", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the first stages of ovarian post-embryonic differentiation of the paludin Viviparus viviparus L. (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Prosobranch of separate sexes)].", "content": "The young Paludin ovary, characterized by its tubular morphology, contains at birth two types of cells: the germinal ones, and others which give later follicular cells. There is no significant cytological difference between the primordial germinal cells of female and male gonad. Among the several cytologic criteria that allow one to distinguish the germinal line from the non germinal one, the most constant is the presence of septate junction between the non germinal cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the first stages of ovarian post-embryonic differentiation of the paludin Viviparus viviparus L. (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Prosobranch of separate sexes)]. The young Paludin ovary, characterized by its tubular morphology, contains at birth two types of cells: the germinal ones, and others which give later follicular cells. There is no significant cytological difference between the primordial germinal cells of female and male gonad. Among the several cytologic criteria that allow one to distinguish the germinal line from the non germinal one, the most constant is the presence of septate junction between the non germinal cells.", "PMID": 404087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2386", "title": "[Somatic and germinal chimerism after the intracoelomic graft of quail splanchnic mesoderm to chick embryos].", "content": "The splanchnic mesoderm of the genital area can develop in coelomic graftings as soon as it is colonized by the primordial germ cells (stage 15 of H. and H.). Heterospecific associations between Chick and Quail embryos lead to the differentiation of gonads showing more or less pronounced somatic and germinal chimerisms.", "contents": "[Somatic and germinal chimerism after the intracoelomic graft of quail splanchnic mesoderm to chick embryos]. The splanchnic mesoderm of the genital area can develop in coelomic graftings as soon as it is colonized by the primordial germ cells (stage 15 of H. and H.). Heterospecific associations between Chick and Quail embryos lead to the differentiation of gonads showing more or less pronounced somatic and germinal chimerisms.", "PMID": 404088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2387", "title": "[Lipid content of ischemic bone].", "content": "The amount of lipids in fragments of human bones reveals a difference in the composition of the sound and the ill-irrigated parts. Specifying the cause of these variations is rather difficult.", "contents": "[Lipid content of ischemic bone]. The amount of lipids in fragments of human bones reveals a difference in the composition of the sound and the ill-irrigated parts. Specifying the cause of these variations is rather difficult.", "PMID": 404089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2388", "title": "[Synergism between aggregation mutants of Dictyostelium discoideum].", "content": "The cells of an aggregateless mutant of Dictyostelium disco\u00efdeum, agip 235, can cooperate with other aggregateless or wild strains to form differentiated aggregates. A soluble mediator liberated by the coaggregating cells seems responsible for the development of agip 235. In most cases, the development of mutant agip 235 stops at the aggregation stage; however, its coaggregation with the mutant 518 results in cosporulation, with the production of viable spores of each genotype, effecting a phenotypic suppression of both mutations.", "contents": "[Synergism between aggregation mutants of Dictyostelium discoideum]. The cells of an aggregateless mutant of Dictyostelium disco\u00efdeum, agip 235, can cooperate with other aggregateless or wild strains to form differentiated aggregates. A soluble mediator liberated by the coaggregating cells seems responsible for the development of agip 235. In most cases, the development of mutant agip 235 stops at the aggregation stage; however, its coaggregation with the mutant 518 results in cosporulation, with the production of viable spores of each genotype, effecting a phenotypic suppression of both mutations.", "PMID": 404091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2389", "title": "[Reactivity in vitro of the leukocytes of the earthworm Eisenia foetida Sav. to several mitogenic substances].", "content": "Earthworm leukocytes were stimulated by various mitogens including LPS, PHA and Con A. Con A could stimulate leukocytes when they were cultivated in totality. After separation into sub-populations, small-non-adherent-leukocytes and large-adherent ones showed specific reactions with mitogens. Both PHA and LPS reacted with small leukocytes but LPS had no action on large adherent leukocytes.", "contents": "[Reactivity in vitro of the leukocytes of the earthworm Eisenia foetida Sav. to several mitogenic substances]. Earthworm leukocytes were stimulated by various mitogens including LPS, PHA and Con A. Con A could stimulate leukocytes when they were cultivated in totality. After separation into sub-populations, small-non-adherent-leukocytes and large-adherent ones showed specific reactions with mitogens. Both PHA and LPS reacted with small leukocytes but LPS had no action on large adherent leukocytes.", "PMID": 404092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2390", "title": "Contribution of prostaglandins to the renal circulation in conscious, anesthetized, and laparotomized dogs.", "content": "The effects of an inhibitor of prostaglandin (PG) synthetase, indomethacin, were studied on renal blood flow (RBF) and mean aortic blood pressure (MABP) and related to changes in concentrations of PGs in renal venous blood under widely different experimental conditions. Although levels of PGE-like material (\"PGE\") in renal venous blood of the chloralose-anesthetized-laparotomized dog were 8-fold greater than in conscious dogs, viz., 0.39 vs. 0.05 ng/ml of blood, respectively, RBF and MABP were similar for each group. Indomethacin in doses as high as 10 mg/kg, iv, affected neither RBF, MABP, nor PG levels either in the conscious dog or in the anesthetized dog. However, in the anesthetized-laparotomized dog, smaller doses of indomethacin (2 mg/kg, iv) decreased RBF by more than 40% and increased MABP by 15%. This was associated with a decline in concentration of renal venous PGs to those levels observed in conscious dogs. The principal renal PG varied according to the experimental conditions. The venous levels of \"PGF\" were greater than \"PGE\" in conscious dogs, whereas in acutely stressed dogs the renal venous concentrations of \"PGE\" were more than 2-fold those of \"PGF\". Plasma renin activity was highly correlated with \"PGE\" levels in renal venous blood, but not with \"PGF\" levels. Thus, in the acutely stressed dog, the renal circulation is supported by a major PG component, withdrawal of which results in a decline in RBF. In contrast, in the conscious dog at rest, renal PGs do not appear to contribute significantly to RBF. The significance of the small basal release of PGs into the renal venous effluent of the conscious dog, which is not affected by indomethacin, remains to be determined.", "contents": "Contribution of prostaglandins to the renal circulation in conscious, anesthetized, and laparotomized dogs. The effects of an inhibitor of prostaglandin (PG) synthetase, indomethacin, were studied on renal blood flow (RBF) and mean aortic blood pressure (MABP) and related to changes in concentrations of PGs in renal venous blood under widely different experimental conditions. Although levels of PGE-like material (\"PGE\") in renal venous blood of the chloralose-anesthetized-laparotomized dog were 8-fold greater than in conscious dogs, viz., 0.39 vs. 0.05 ng/ml of blood, respectively, RBF and MABP were similar for each group. Indomethacin in doses as high as 10 mg/kg, iv, affected neither RBF, MABP, nor PG levels either in the conscious dog or in the anesthetized dog. However, in the anesthetized-laparotomized dog, smaller doses of indomethacin (2 mg/kg, iv) decreased RBF by more than 40% and increased MABP by 15%. This was associated with a decline in concentration of renal venous PGs to those levels observed in conscious dogs. The principal renal PG varied according to the experimental conditions. The venous levels of \"PGF\" were greater than \"PGE\" in conscious dogs, whereas in acutely stressed dogs the renal venous concentrations of \"PGE\" were more than 2-fold those of \"PGF\". Plasma renin activity was highly correlated with \"PGE\" levels in renal venous blood, but not with \"PGF\" levels. Thus, in the acutely stressed dog, the renal circulation is supported by a major PG component, withdrawal of which results in a decline in RBF. In contrast, in the conscious dog at rest, renal PGs do not appear to contribute significantly to RBF. The significance of the small basal release of PGs into the renal venous effluent of the conscious dog, which is not affected by indomethacin, remains to be determined.", "PMID": 404093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2391", "title": "Triiodothyronine uptake assay with immobilized triiodothyronine antibody as the bound-free separating agent.", "content": "Available systems for evaluation of degree of unsaturation of thyroxine-binding globulin are hampered at the bound-free separation step. In current assays, inorganic sorbants or ion-exchange resins are used to separate free 125I-labeled triiodothyronine from that bound to thyroxine-binding globulin. The techniques are laborious, time consuming, and not readily adaptable to total automation. In the assay we describe, triiodothyronine antibody, immobilized on the walls of polypropylene test tubes, is used as the bound-free separating agent in the evaluation of degree of unsaturation of thyroxine-binding globulin. The assay is simplified to four steps; washing, centrifugation, and use of columns are eliminated; and the procedure is readily automatable with existing pipetting equipment. Correlation with existing methods is excellent.", "contents": "Triiodothyronine uptake assay with immobilized triiodothyronine antibody as the bound-free separating agent. Available systems for evaluation of degree of unsaturation of thyroxine-binding globulin are hampered at the bound-free separation step. In current assays, inorganic sorbants or ion-exchange resins are used to separate free 125I-labeled triiodothyronine from that bound to thyroxine-binding globulin. The techniques are laborious, time consuming, and not readily adaptable to total automation. In the assay we describe, triiodothyronine antibody, immobilized on the walls of polypropylene test tubes, is used as the bound-free separating agent in the evaluation of degree of unsaturation of thyroxine-binding globulin. The assay is simplified to four steps; washing, centrifugation, and use of columns are eliminated; and the procedure is readily automatable with existing pipetting equipment. Correlation with existing methods is excellent.", "PMID": 404094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2392", "title": "Immunochemical determination of human lysozyme by laser nephelometry.", "content": "The methods currently available for quantitative determination of lysozyme are based on the capacity of the enzyme to lyse Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Previous attempts to develop immunochemical assays have been reported, but the sensitivity was inferior to that of the most widely used lysoplate method. We describe the development of a sensitive immunochemical method for lysozyme assay in which the recently developed laser nephelometer is used. The sensitivity so achieved is at least comparable to that of the lysoplate method, and in some circumstances better. Results obtained by the lysoplate assay and the nephelometric assay correlate well. Among the advantages of our method are easier handling of larger numbers of samples, quicker results, and the possibility of assaying enzymatically inactive forms of the enzyme.", "contents": "Immunochemical determination of human lysozyme by laser nephelometry. The methods currently available for quantitative determination of lysozyme are based on the capacity of the enzyme to lyse Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Previous attempts to develop immunochemical assays have been reported, but the sensitivity was inferior to that of the most widely used lysoplate method. We describe the development of a sensitive immunochemical method for lysozyme assay in which the recently developed laser nephelometer is used. The sensitivity so achieved is at least comparable to that of the lysoplate method, and in some circumstances better. Results obtained by the lysoplate assay and the nephelometric assay correlate well. Among the advantages of our method are easier handling of larger numbers of samples, quicker results, and the possibility of assaying enzymatically inactive forms of the enzyme.", "PMID": 404095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2393", "title": "Effect of analytical factors on immunochemical reference limits for complement component C3 in serum of a reference pediatric population.", "content": "We evaluated analytical factors such as antibody specificity, standard materials, and methodology for the measurement of C3. Mancini-type radial immunodiffusion and immunonephelometry were shown to give comparable data if variables other than procedural variables are eliminated. The most significant analytical factors affecting the measurement were antiserum specificity and source of standard material.", "contents": "Effect of analytical factors on immunochemical reference limits for complement component C3 in serum of a reference pediatric population. We evaluated analytical factors such as antibody specificity, standard materials, and methodology for the measurement of C3. Mancini-type radial immunodiffusion and immunonephelometry were shown to give comparable data if variables other than procedural variables are eliminated. The most significant analytical factors affecting the measurement were antiserum specificity and source of standard material.", "PMID": 404096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2394", "title": "Mechanism of interference by chelating agents and sucrose in radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I.", "content": "EDTA, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol and sucrose were shown by Scatchard analysis to interfere in the radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I by altering the affinity, but not the capacity, of antibody for antigen. It is stressed that when interfering reagents are present in samples the assay result must be obtained from a standard curve in which each standard contains the interfering reagent(s) at a similar concentration as present in each sample mixture.", "contents": "Mechanism of interference by chelating agents and sucrose in radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I. EDTA, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol and sucrose were shown by Scatchard analysis to interfere in the radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I by altering the affinity, but not the capacity, of antibody for antigen. It is stressed that when interfering reagents are present in samples the assay result must be obtained from a standard curve in which each standard contains the interfering reagent(s) at a similar concentration as present in each sample mixture.", "PMID": 404097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2395", "title": "A simple automated method for the fluorometric titration of calcium in biological fluids,.", "content": "A new automatic device has been developed for the determination of the calcium content in biological fluids. The method is based on a fluorometric titration technique, in which calcium is titrated with ethyleneglycolbis-(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). The end-point of the titration is indicated by quenching of the fluorescence of a calcium-calcein complex, in which calcein is the fluorescein-complexone indicator. To obtain proper results we found it necessary to use a 1 molar potassium hydroxide solution as titration medium. The results are printed out directly in concentration units (mmol/l). In order to carry out these determinations, several electronic and mechanical devices, including a sample-changer, titration cabinet with built-in fluorometer, control unit and electron titrator, were developed. Together they form the new calcium automatic device of which several qualitites such as precision, recovery and correlation have been studied. The disturbing influence of bilirubin has been minimized by using an excitation wavelength of 492 nm, at which there is nearly no absorption by bilirubin. At a concentration of bilirubin of as much as 500 micronmol/l, the recovery of calcium is still about 96%.", "contents": "A simple automated method for the fluorometric titration of calcium in biological fluids,. A new automatic device has been developed for the determination of the calcium content in biological fluids. The method is based on a fluorometric titration technique, in which calcium is titrated with ethyleneglycolbis-(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). The end-point of the titration is indicated by quenching of the fluorescence of a calcium-calcein complex, in which calcein is the fluorescein-complexone indicator. To obtain proper results we found it necessary to use a 1 molar potassium hydroxide solution as titration medium. The results are printed out directly in concentration units (mmol/l). In order to carry out these determinations, several electronic and mechanical devices, including a sample-changer, titration cabinet with built-in fluorometer, control unit and electron titrator, were developed. Together they form the new calcium automatic device of which several qualitites such as precision, recovery and correlation have been studied. The disturbing influence of bilirubin has been minimized by using an excitation wavelength of 492 nm, at which there is nearly no absorption by bilirubin. At a concentration of bilirubin of as much as 500 micronmol/l, the recovery of calcium is still about 96%.", "PMID": 404098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2396", "title": "The laboratory diagnosis of Sanfilippo disease.", "content": "The biochemical findings in 29 patients with Sanfilippo disease are reported and a scheme for laboratory diagnosis is outlined. A grossly elevated urinary excretion of heparan sulphate was a consistent and diagnostic finding, even at birth. The excretion of heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate was quantitatively similar in types A and B of the condition. Modifications of previously described methods for the determination of heparin sulphamidase in leucocytes or skin fibroblasts and N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase in plasma or fibroblasts facilitated the measurement of specific activities. Sanfilippo A disease appeared to be the commonest mucopolysaccharidosis occurring in England and Sanfilippo B disease, one of the rarest forms.", "contents": "The laboratory diagnosis of Sanfilippo disease. The biochemical findings in 29 patients with Sanfilippo disease are reported and a scheme for laboratory diagnosis is outlined. A grossly elevated urinary excretion of heparan sulphate was a consistent and diagnostic finding, even at birth. The excretion of heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate was quantitatively similar in types A and B of the condition. Modifications of previously described methods for the determination of heparin sulphamidase in leucocytes or skin fibroblasts and N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase in plasma or fibroblasts facilitated the measurement of specific activities. Sanfilippo A disease appeared to be the commonest mucopolysaccharidosis occurring in England and Sanfilippo B disease, one of the rarest forms.", "PMID": 404099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2397", "title": "N-Acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase isoenzymes of amniotic fluid and maternal serum. Their relevance to prenatal diagnosis of the GM2 gangliosidoses.", "content": "The isoenzymes of N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase were quantitated in 30 amniotic fluid and 13 maternal serum samples collected between 11 and 40 weeks of gestation using DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography. Isoenzymes A and B consitituted the major components of most amniotic fluids but seven samples characterized by high N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase activities contained high proportion of an isoenzyme apparently identical to isoenzyme P of maternal serum. This passage of maternal serum N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase into the amniotic cavity could lead to false negative diagnosis  of type B and type O GM2 gangliosidoses if the diagnosis rely solely upon isoenzyme analysis in amniotic fluid. However, the release of maternal enzyme into amniotic fluid seems to be restricted to the third trimester of gestation and should not interfere with prenatal diagnosis of the GM2 gangliosidoses ususally performed at an earlier stage of gestation.", "contents": "N-Acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase isoenzymes of amniotic fluid and maternal serum. Their relevance to prenatal diagnosis of the GM2 gangliosidoses. The isoenzymes of N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase were quantitated in 30 amniotic fluid and 13 maternal serum samples collected between 11 and 40 weeks of gestation using DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography. Isoenzymes A and B consitituted the major components of most amniotic fluids but seven samples characterized by high N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase activities contained high proportion of an isoenzyme apparently identical to isoenzyme P of maternal serum. This passage of maternal serum N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase into the amniotic cavity could lead to false negative diagnosis  of type B and type O GM2 gangliosidoses if the diagnosis rely solely upon isoenzyme analysis in amniotic fluid. However, the release of maternal enzyme into amniotic fluid seems to be restricted to the third trimester of gestation and should not interfere with prenatal diagnosis of the GM2 gangliosidoses ususally performed at an earlier stage of gestation.", "PMID": 404100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2398", "title": "Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins in ophthalmic Graves' disease.", "content": "Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) have been detected by receptor assay in the sera of 43% of patients with ophthalmic Graves' disease. Comparison of the receptor assay studies with thyroid function tests indicated that in several patients the antibodies detected by receptor assay were biologically inactive. In other patients, thyroid function appeared to be under TSI control with hyperthyroidism prevented by autoimmune destruction of the thyroid.", "contents": "Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins in ophthalmic Graves' disease. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) have been detected by receptor assay in the sera of 43% of patients with ophthalmic Graves' disease. Comparison of the receptor assay studies with thyroid function tests indicated that in several patients the antibodies detected by receptor assay were biologically inactive. In other patients, thyroid function appeared to be under TSI control with hyperthyroidism prevented by autoimmune destruction of the thyroid.", "PMID": 404101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2399", "title": "Hypophosphatemia.", "content": "Hypophosphatemia, with or without phosphorus deficiency, is found commonly in patients with a variety of disease states. Severe hypophosphatemia is most often observed in chronic alcoholics, patients recovering from diabetic ketoacidosis and those being therapeutically re-fed after severe weight loss. Its consequences may be severe. In this review, an attempt is made to examine mechanisms by which hypophosphatemia and phosphorus depletion probably occur, to outline the resulting clinical disturbances and to suggest a plan of treatment.", "contents": "Hypophosphatemia. Hypophosphatemia, with or without phosphorus deficiency, is found commonly in patients with a variety of disease states. Severe hypophosphatemia is most often observed in chronic alcoholics, patients recovering from diabetic ketoacidosis and those being therapeutically re-fed after severe weight loss. Its consequences may be severe. In this review, an attempt is made to examine mechanisms by which hypophosphatemia and phosphorus depletion probably occur, to outline the resulting clinical disturbances and to suggest a plan of treatment.", "PMID": 404107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2400", "title": "Atypical manifestations of spinal infections.", "content": "Because of alarming delays in the diagnosis and treatment of vertebral osteomyelitis we have reviewed our experience over the past 15 years. Of the 36 cases, 25 were pyogenic and 11 tuberculous. Because of late referral there was a delay from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of at least three months in 13 patients. The reason for this was the failure of the initial physician to consider osteomyelitis in the differential diagnosis of a febrile illness associated with back pain. The majority of our patients from the onset did not have intense localized pain, tenderness and a high fever which is the classical clinical picture in this condition. Seven patients with a long history required surgical exploration and debridement of the lesion in order to eradicate the infection. The remainder did well on 6 to 12 weeks of antibiotic therapy. None required spinal fusion. Ten of 11 patients with spinal tuberculosis had curettage of the lesion and spinal fusion. Patients with diabetes, malignancy, alcoholism, corticosteroid therapy and recent lower urinary tract surgery were found to be at particular risk of developing spinal osteomyelitis. Very often it was difficult to identify differences in the presentation of pyogenic and tuberculous infections.", "contents": "Atypical manifestations of spinal infections. Because of alarming delays in the diagnosis and treatment of vertebral osteomyelitis we have reviewed our experience over the past 15 years. Of the 36 cases, 25 were pyogenic and 11 tuberculous. Because of late referral there was a delay from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of at least three months in 13 patients. The reason for this was the failure of the initial physician to consider osteomyelitis in the differential diagnosis of a febrile illness associated with back pain. The majority of our patients from the onset did not have intense localized pain, tenderness and a high fever which is the classical clinical picture in this condition. Seven patients with a long history required surgical exploration and debridement of the lesion in order to eradicate the infection. The remainder did well on 6 to 12 weeks of antibiotic therapy. None required spinal fusion. Ten of 11 patients with spinal tuberculosis had curettage of the lesion and spinal fusion. Patients with diabetes, malignancy, alcoholism, corticosteroid therapy and recent lower urinary tract surgery were found to be at particular risk of developing spinal osteomyelitis. Very often it was difficult to identify differences in the presentation of pyogenic and tuberculous infections.", "PMID": 404108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2401", "title": "Effect of intra-articular corticosteroids on ligament properties: a biomechanical and histological study in rhesus knees.", "content": "The effect of intra-articular corticosteroid injections (methylprednisolone acetate) on the mechanical properties of anterior cruciate bone-ligament-bone units was determined. Fifty-one wild rhesus animals provided 88 knee ligaments units that were loaded in tension to failure under fast strain-rate conditions. Alterations in ligament strength and load-elongation properties were found to depend upon corticosteroid dosage and time after injection. Fifteen weeks after the higher drug dosage (methylprednisolone acetate, 6 mg/kg; three injections, spaced weekly) significant decreases occurred in the maximum failure load (20%), energy absorption prior to failure (11%) and linear stiffness (11%) of the ligament unit. In contrast, only minimal non-significant alterations in ligament strength properties occurred at the higher drug usage after 6 weeks in a second group of animals. this strong time-dependence may partially explain the negative findings reported in short term studies. The higher drug dosage used is approximately 10 times an equivalent human dose on a body mass basis and indicates the ability of this class of drugs to significantly alter the mechanical properties of a ligament unity. A third group of animals received a total of two intra-articular coticosteroid injections (single injections spaced two weeks apart) at a dosage (0.6 mg/kg) equivalent to that commonly used clinically in humans. Statistically significant decreases occurred in maximum failure load (9%) and energy absorption (8%); however, this change is believed of little importance to the projected functional capacity of the ligament unit. No detectable systemic effect of the intra-articular corticosteroid injections was found on the mechanical properties of the ligament unit in the extremity opposite to that which received the drug injection. Histological examination after failure showed normal cellularity and staining characteristics of the ligament, fibrocartilage junction and underlying bone. No bone resorptive changes were observed beneath the ligament insertion site. Failure by a ligamentous mode remained the most common mechanism of specimen failure. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed failure of collagen fibers at multiple levels throughout the ligament indicative of a serial pull-apart failure process. A rich supply of vessels to the anterior cruciate ligament was demonstrated and failure of the vessels occured by a necking down process. Insofar as the results apply to humans, they infer the potential for high and frequent doses of intra-articular slightly soluble corticosteroids to produce alterations in ligament strength and function. A single intra-articular injection or one repeated at intervals of several months probably carries little risk to ligament properties.", "contents": "Effect of intra-articular corticosteroids on ligament properties: a biomechanical and histological study in rhesus knees. The effect of intra-articular corticosteroid injections (methylprednisolone acetate) on the mechanical properties of anterior cruciate bone-ligament-bone units was determined. Fifty-one wild rhesus animals provided 88 knee ligaments units that were loaded in tension to failure under fast strain-rate conditions. Alterations in ligament strength and load-elongation properties were found to depend upon corticosteroid dosage and time after injection. Fifteen weeks after the higher drug dosage (methylprednisolone acetate, 6 mg/kg; three injections, spaced weekly) significant decreases occurred in the maximum failure load (20%), energy absorption prior to failure (11%) and linear stiffness (11%) of the ligament unit. In contrast, only minimal non-significant alterations in ligament strength properties occurred at the higher drug usage after 6 weeks in a second group of animals. this strong time-dependence may partially explain the negative findings reported in short term studies. The higher drug dosage used is approximately 10 times an equivalent human dose on a body mass basis and indicates the ability of this class of drugs to significantly alter the mechanical properties of a ligament unity. A third group of animals received a total of two intra-articular coticosteroid injections (single injections spaced two weeks apart) at a dosage (0.6 mg/kg) equivalent to that commonly used clinically in humans. Statistically significant decreases occurred in maximum failure load (9%) and energy absorption (8%); however, this change is believed of little importance to the projected functional capacity of the ligament unit. No detectable systemic effect of the intra-articular corticosteroid injections was found on the mechanical properties of the ligament unit in the extremity opposite to that which received the drug injection. Histological examination after failure showed normal cellularity and staining characteristics of the ligament, fibrocartilage junction and underlying bone. No bone resorptive changes were observed beneath the ligament insertion site. Failure by a ligamentous mode remained the most common mechanism of specimen failure. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed failure of collagen fibers at multiple levels throughout the ligament indicative of a serial pull-apart failure process. A rich supply of vessels to the anterior cruciate ligament was demonstrated and failure of the vessels occured by a necking down process. Insofar as the results apply to humans, they infer the potential for high and frequent doses of intra-articular slightly soluble corticosteroids to produce alterations in ligament strength and function. A single intra-articular injection or one repeated at intervals of several months probably carries little risk to ligament properties.", "PMID": 404109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2402", "title": "In vitro mutagenesis assays as predictors of chemical carcinogenesis in mammals.", "content": "In vitro microbial mutagenesis assays coupled with mammalian activation systems offer promising technique to screen chemicals for their potential carcinogenic activity. The correlation between mutagenic and carcinogenic properties for a large array of chemicals is approximately 0.9. The best correlation exists for those carcinogens which are themselves highly electrophilic or produce electrophilic metabolites. Correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity for hormonal, metallic, or physical carcinogens has been disappointing but not unexpected based on their proposed mechanisms of action. In addition to the application of in vitro mutagenesis techniques to screening chemicals for the identification of potential carcinogens, they are useful tools for investigating genetic, biochemical, and pharmacologic properties of different animal species. Studies with the chemical carcinogen dimethylnitrosamine have been conducted and show a functional relationship between mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. The assays can also be conducted using activation systems prepared from the tissues of any mammalian species. This permits a direct assessment of phylogenic extrapolation by comparing the metabolic activation capabilities of tissues from several mammalian species, including human samples. The advantages of mutagenicity testing are the short period of time required for results, the high sensitivity of the assay (microgram of nanogram quantities of chemicals can be used), and the fact that the ultimate agent can be detected biologically without first necessitating chemical identification and isolation. It appears from current studies that in vitro mutagenesis techniques may well open new avenues of investigation into some old toxicologic problems.", "contents": "In vitro mutagenesis assays as predictors of chemical carcinogenesis in mammals. In vitro microbial mutagenesis assays coupled with mammalian activation systems offer promising technique to screen chemicals for their potential carcinogenic activity. The correlation between mutagenic and carcinogenic properties for a large array of chemicals is approximately 0.9. The best correlation exists for those carcinogens which are themselves highly electrophilic or produce electrophilic metabolites. Correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity for hormonal, metallic, or physical carcinogens has been disappointing but not unexpected based on their proposed mechanisms of action. In addition to the application of in vitro mutagenesis techniques to screening chemicals for the identification of potential carcinogens, they are useful tools for investigating genetic, biochemical, and pharmacologic properties of different animal species. Studies with the chemical carcinogen dimethylnitrosamine have been conducted and show a functional relationship between mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. The assays can also be conducted using activation systems prepared from the tissues of any mammalian species. This permits a direct assessment of phylogenic extrapolation by comparing the metabolic activation capabilities of tissues from several mammalian species, including human samples. The advantages of mutagenicity testing are the short period of time required for results, the high sensitivity of the assay (microgram of nanogram quantities of chemicals can be used), and the fact that the ultimate agent can be detected biologically without first necessitating chemical identification and isolation. It appears from current studies that in vitro mutagenesis techniques may well open new avenues of investigation into some old toxicologic problems.", "PMID": 404113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2403", "title": "Functional properties of knee ligaments and alterations induced by immobilization: a correlative biomechanical and histological study in primates.", "content": "The effect of immobility on the biomechanical properties of an anterior cruciate bone-ligament-bone unit of rhesus monkey is reported. Wild primates were used and the captivity time was minimized to lessen disuse changes from cage confinement. The ligament-bone specimens were tested in tension to failure under high strain-rate conditions. After 8-weeks total-body plaster immobilization of the primate, the ligament units showed significant decreases in maximum failure load and energy absorbed to failure (39 per cent and 32 per cent respectively). A dramatic change in ligament load-elongation behavior occurred. There was a statistically significant decrease in stiffness (slope of the load-deformation curve) of the ligament unit which may also be expressed as an increase in ligament compliance (elongation per unit load). The change in mechanical properties following immobility indicated a significant alteration in the projected functional capacity of the ligament unit to resist loading and to resist elongation; factors which relate directly to the ligament's ability to provide joint stability. The mechanisms of failure of the ligament unit, where an increase in osseous avulsion fractures occurred after immobilization correlated with histological changes of bone resorption in the cortex immediately beneath the ligament insertion site. Ultimate failure occurred in many, but not in all specimens, through the weakened bone. This emphasizes the potential for such effects in clinical conditions characterized by reduced bone mass. Alterations in the strength of the cortical bone may affect the integrity of ligament units as a whole. The effect of immobility on ligament units about the knee depended on histological characteristics of the ligament-bone attachment. The anterior cruciate ligament-bond junction, through zones of fibrocartilage, was little affected. In contrast, the tibial insertion of the superficial tibial collateral ligament, directely into bone in relation to the periosteum without well-defined zones of catilage, showed marked interruption after immobility due to bone resorption in the subperiosteal and outer cortical regions. In places the ligament was attached only to the overlying periosteum. In a second and third group of animals, the long-term effects of disuse were investigated. After 5 months' resumed activity following total-body-immobilization, there was only partial recovery in ligament strength although ligament stiffness and compliance parameters had returned to control values. It required up to 12 months for the complete recovery of ligament strength parameters.", "contents": "Functional properties of knee ligaments and alterations induced by immobilization: a correlative biomechanical and histological study in primates. The effect of immobility on the biomechanical properties of an anterior cruciate bone-ligament-bone unit of rhesus monkey is reported. Wild primates were used and the captivity time was minimized to lessen disuse changes from cage confinement. The ligament-bone specimens were tested in tension to failure under high strain-rate conditions. After 8-weeks total-body plaster immobilization of the primate, the ligament units showed significant decreases in maximum failure load and energy absorbed to failure (39 per cent and 32 per cent respectively). A dramatic change in ligament load-elongation behavior occurred. There was a statistically significant decrease in stiffness (slope of the load-deformation curve) of the ligament unit which may also be expressed as an increase in ligament compliance (elongation per unit load). The change in mechanical properties following immobility indicated a significant alteration in the projected functional capacity of the ligament unit to resist loading and to resist elongation; factors which relate directly to the ligament's ability to provide joint stability. The mechanisms of failure of the ligament unit, where an increase in osseous avulsion fractures occurred after immobilization correlated with histological changes of bone resorption in the cortex immediately beneath the ligament insertion site. Ultimate failure occurred in many, but not in all specimens, through the weakened bone. This emphasizes the potential for such effects in clinical conditions characterized by reduced bone mass. Alterations in the strength of the cortical bone may affect the integrity of ligament units as a whole. The effect of immobility on ligament units about the knee depended on histological characteristics of the ligament-bone attachment. The anterior cruciate ligament-bond junction, through zones of fibrocartilage, was little affected. In contrast, the tibial insertion of the superficial tibial collateral ligament, directely into bone in relation to the periosteum without well-defined zones of catilage, showed marked interruption after immobility due to bone resorption in the subperiosteal and outer cortical regions. In places the ligament was attached only to the overlying periosteum. In a second and third group of animals, the long-term effects of disuse were investigated. After 5 months' resumed activity following total-body-immobilization, there was only partial recovery in ligament strength although ligament stiffness and compliance parameters had returned to control values. It required up to 12 months for the complete recovery of ligament strength parameters.", "PMID": 404110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2404", "title": "Immunochemical characterization and quantitation of the human glomerular basement membrane antigen from the urine of patients with glomerular diseases.", "content": "A soluble glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigen was detected in the urines of patients with various glomerular diseases including chronic glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency, and lupus nephropathy. The urinary GBM antigen (u-GBM) was immunochemically distinct from other renal antigens and other serum components, but it was cross-reactive with trypsinized human GBM antigen (t-GBM). The molecular size of u-GBM was approximately the same as human serum albumin as estimated by elution patterns on Sephadex G-200. The concentration of u-GBM was estimated quantitatively by a single radial radioimmunodiffusion. Although differed from case to case, a rough correlation with the type and/or stage of nephrotic syndrom existed. It was also demonstrated that the amounts of u-GBM decreased in response to steroid therapy of nephrotic syndrome. It was further shown that in a case of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, anti-GBM antibody could be eluted from the kidney removed from the patient. These findings imply that the GBM antigen plays an important role in the pathogenesis of human renal diseases. The pathophysiological significance of urinary GBM excretion in renal diseases is also discussed here.", "contents": "Immunochemical characterization and quantitation of the human glomerular basement membrane antigen from the urine of patients with glomerular diseases. A soluble glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigen was detected in the urines of patients with various glomerular diseases including chronic glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency, and lupus nephropathy. The urinary GBM antigen (u-GBM) was immunochemically distinct from other renal antigens and other serum components, but it was cross-reactive with trypsinized human GBM antigen (t-GBM). The molecular size of u-GBM was approximately the same as human serum albumin as estimated by elution patterns on Sephadex G-200. The concentration of u-GBM was estimated quantitatively by a single radial radioimmunodiffusion. Although differed from case to case, a rough correlation with the type and/or stage of nephrotic syndrom existed. It was also demonstrated that the amounts of u-GBM decreased in response to steroid therapy of nephrotic syndrome. It was further shown that in a case of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, anti-GBM antibody could be eluted from the kidney removed from the patient. These findings imply that the GBM antigen plays an important role in the pathogenesis of human renal diseases. The pathophysiological significance of urinary GBM excretion in renal diseases is also discussed here.", "PMID": 404115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2405", "title": "Chronic ankle \"sprain\" secondary to anomalous peroneal tendon: a case report.", "content": "This is an anomaly of the peroneus brevis in a 51-year-old woman that seems not to have been reported previously. Significant functional disability followed a seemingly innocuous ligamentous sprain of the ankle. Persistent ankle pain following minimal trauma should alert the surgeon to the anomalous peroneus brevis symptom complex.", "contents": "Chronic ankle \"sprain\" secondary to anomalous peroneal tendon: a case report. This is an anomaly of the peroneus brevis in a 51-year-old woman that seems not to have been reported previously. Significant functional disability followed a seemingly innocuous ligamentous sprain of the ankle. Persistent ankle pain following minimal trauma should alert the surgeon to the anomalous peroneus brevis symptom complex.", "PMID": 404111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2406", "title": "Fatal bilateral pneumothoraces complicating subclavian vein catheterization.", "content": "Bilateral pneumothoraces complicating attempted bilateral subclavian vein catheterization culminated in the iatrogenic death of the patient. Complications of subclavian vein catheterization are reviewed briefly. This procedure should be limited to patients in whom its use is clearly indicated and should be performed only by individuals who are experienced in the anatomy of the region, who are trained in the technique of subclavian puncture, and who have the means and ability to perform immediate tube thoracostomy should pneumothorax occur.", "contents": "Fatal bilateral pneumothoraces complicating subclavian vein catheterization. Bilateral pneumothoraces complicating attempted bilateral subclavian vein catheterization culminated in the iatrogenic death of the patient. Complications of subclavian vein catheterization are reviewed briefly. This procedure should be limited to patients in whom its use is clearly indicated and should be performed only by individuals who are experienced in the anatomy of the region, who are trained in the technique of subclavian puncture, and who have the means and ability to perform immediate tube thoracostomy should pneumothorax occur.", "PMID": 404118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2407", "title": "Unequal distribution of DNA in the macronuclear division of the ciliate Euplotes eurystomus.", "content": "During asexual fission in the ciliate Euplotes eurystomus, the macronucleus divides amitotically. The macronucleus was found to divide unequally, yielding sister pairs having a mean difference in DNA content of 11.6% DNA content was determined by the Feulgen reaction using a fluorescent Schiff's reagent, and measuring fluorescence by cytophotometry. Variability in macronuclear DNA content was also examined in randomly-paired non-sister cells, and found to be greater than in sister cells. This greater variability could be due to accumulation of differences over a number of divisions, or to interclonal differences in equality of division. Two categories of non-sister cells were examined: recently divided, and \"parents\" constructed by averaging the DNA contents of progeny. Both showed similar variability in quantity of macronuclear DNA. The fact that cells surviving to divide showed no less variability in amount of DNA than cells immediately after division suggests that extremes in amounts of DNA resulting from unequal division are not selected against.", "contents": "Unequal distribution of DNA in the macronuclear division of the ciliate Euplotes eurystomus. During asexual fission in the ciliate Euplotes eurystomus, the macronucleus divides amitotically. The macronucleus was found to divide unequally, yielding sister pairs having a mean difference in DNA content of 11.6% DNA content was determined by the Feulgen reaction using a fluorescent Schiff's reagent, and measuring fluorescence by cytophotometry. Variability in macronuclear DNA content was also examined in randomly-paired non-sister cells, and found to be greater than in sister cells. This greater variability could be due to accumulation of differences over a number of divisions, or to interclonal differences in equality of division. Two categories of non-sister cells were examined: recently divided, and \"parents\" constructed by averaging the DNA contents of progeny. Both showed similar variability in quantity of macronuclear DNA. The fact that cells surviving to divide showed no less variability in amount of DNA than cells immediately after division suggests that extremes in amounts of DNA resulting from unequal division are not selected against.", "PMID": 404121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2408", "title": "Genetic dissection of heterochromatin in Drosophila: the role of basal X heterochromatin in meiotic sex chromosome behaviour.", "content": "We have examined the female meiotic behaviour of three X-chromosomes which have large deletions of the basal heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster. We find that most of this heterochromatin can be removed without substantially altering pairing and segregation of the two Xs. To compare the role of heterochromatin in male meiosis we have constructed individuals which carry two extra identical heterochromatic mini X chromosomes. These minis behave as univalents even though their heterochromatin is known to contain satellite DNA. We conclude therefore that this satellite DNA is not sufficient to allow effectively normal meiotic behaviour. In all other respects our results in the male extend and confirm Cooper's postulate that there exist specific pairing sites in the X heterochromatin. Thus we find no support in either female or male meiosis for the concenpt that satellite DNA is involved in meiotic chromosome pairing of either a chiasmate or an achiasmate kind.", "contents": "Genetic dissection of heterochromatin in Drosophila: the role of basal X heterochromatin in meiotic sex chromosome behaviour. We have examined the female meiotic behaviour of three X-chromosomes which have large deletions of the basal heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster. We find that most of this heterochromatin can be removed without substantially altering pairing and segregation of the two Xs. To compare the role of heterochromatin in male meiosis we have constructed individuals which carry two extra identical heterochromatic mini X chromosomes. These minis behave as univalents even though their heterochromatin is known to contain satellite DNA. We conclude therefore that this satellite DNA is not sufficient to allow effectively normal meiotic behaviour. In all other respects our results in the male extend and confirm Cooper's postulate that there exist specific pairing sites in the X heterochromatin. Thus we find no support in either female or male meiosis for the concenpt that satellite DNA is involved in meiotic chromosome pairing of either a chiasmate or an achiasmate kind.", "PMID": 404122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2409", "title": "Imipramine and children: a review and some speculations about the mechanism of drug action.", "content": "Although the FDA recommends imipramine hydrochloride (IMI) only for temporary relief of symptoms of enuresis nocturna (EN), the drug has been applied to a number of other pediatric situations, including the Hyperkinetic Syndrome (HS), childhood depression, somnambulism and pavor nocturnus, school phobia, petit mal epilepsy, allergies, autism, encorpresis and head-banging. We have reviewed the literature, with particular attention to the pharmacokinetics of IMI in children, and its putative mechanisms of action. The drug probably works through a number of different actions, and the futher delineation of these will be of considerable heuristic value. We review the toxic effects of IMI treatment and IMI poisoning in children, and the pediatric literature concerning other antidepressant drugs and lithium carbonate (Li).", "contents": "Imipramine and children: a review and some speculations about the mechanism of drug action. Although the FDA recommends imipramine hydrochloride (IMI) only for temporary relief of symptoms of enuresis nocturna (EN), the drug has been applied to a number of other pediatric situations, including the Hyperkinetic Syndrome (HS), childhood depression, somnambulism and pavor nocturnus, school phobia, petit mal epilepsy, allergies, autism, encorpresis and head-banging. We have reviewed the literature, with particular attention to the pharmacokinetics of IMI in children, and its putative mechanisms of action. The drug probably works through a number of different actions, and the futher delineation of these will be of considerable heuristic value. We review the toxic effects of IMI treatment and IMI poisoning in children, and the pediatric literature concerning other antidepressant drugs and lithium carbonate (Li).", "PMID": 404123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2410", "title": "[Bacterial endocarditis. Clinical picture, treatment and course in 37 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Between March 1971 and April 1976 37 patients were seen with manifest bacterial endocarditis. The main signs were high temperature and cardiac murmurs whereas other \"classical\" signs such as splenomegaly, anaemia, leucocytosis, and positive anti-streptolysin titres were much less frequent. In 35 cases bacteriological proof was possible. As causative organism a total of 30 gram-positive organisms (of which 15 were Streptococcus viridans and 8 were Staphylococcus species) and 10 gram-negative bacteria (4 of which were Pseudomonas aeruginosa) could be demonstrated. Treatment was mainly with beta-lactam and/or aminoglycoside antibiotics. Use of the combination of penicillin and streptomycin or gentamicin was based on the results of in-vitro bactericidal activity. The main complications were emboli, penicillin allergies, pulmonary involvement and cardiac complications. 13 patients died; the main cause was cardiac failure which was irreversible even despite operative valve replacement during the acute infection in two cases.", "contents": "[Bacterial endocarditis. Clinical picture, treatment and course in 37 patients (author's transl)]. Between March 1971 and April 1976 37 patients were seen with manifest bacterial endocarditis. The main signs were high temperature and cardiac murmurs whereas other \"classical\" signs such as splenomegaly, anaemia, leucocytosis, and positive anti-streptolysin titres were much less frequent. In 35 cases bacteriological proof was possible. As causative organism a total of 30 gram-positive organisms (of which 15 were Streptococcus viridans and 8 were Staphylococcus species) and 10 gram-negative bacteria (4 of which were Pseudomonas aeruginosa) could be demonstrated. Treatment was mainly with beta-lactam and/or aminoglycoside antibiotics. Use of the combination of penicillin and streptomycin or gentamicin was based on the results of in-vitro bactericidal activity. The main complications were emboli, penicillin allergies, pulmonary involvement and cardiac complications. 13 patients died; the main cause was cardiac failure which was irreversible even despite operative valve replacement during the acute infection in two cases.", "PMID": 404127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2411", "title": "The response of newborn sheep to TRH with and without somatostatin.", "content": "Hormone responses to a bolus injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) were studied in 8 newborn lambs between 6 and 19 hours of age. The effect of a bolus injection and 45 min infusion of somatostatin (SRIF) on these responses was studied in 2 other animals. Serial measurements of serum TSH, prolactin, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were conducted for 2 to 6 h in all animals. Mean baseline T4 and T3 concentrations were 12.6 microng/dl and 221 ng/dl, respectively, both significantly higher than values in fetal or adult animals. These high values were due to the events of parturition. In spite of the high baseline T4 and T3 levels, there were rapid and significant increases in both TSH and prolactin concentrations in response to TRH alone. The TSH response evoked further increments in serum T3 and T4 concentrations observed at 30 min and 60 min, respectively, both subsequently increasing progressively through 6 h. During the 45 min period of SRIF infusion, the TSH T4 and T3 responses to the zero time TRH injection were minimal. However, after discontinuing SRIF, late increases in TSH, T4 and T3 were observed. The results indicate that the hyperiodothyroninemia characteristic of the newborn period does not block the response to exogenous TRH, whereas the inhibitory effect of exogenous SRIF is observed in the newborn as in the adult. The increased endogenous TRH secretion presumably responsible for the neonatal TSH surge may be overriding the negative feedback effect of thyroid hormones.", "contents": "The response of newborn sheep to TRH with and without somatostatin. Hormone responses to a bolus injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) were studied in 8 newborn lambs between 6 and 19 hours of age. The effect of a bolus injection and 45 min infusion of somatostatin (SRIF) on these responses was studied in 2 other animals. Serial measurements of serum TSH, prolactin, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were conducted for 2 to 6 h in all animals. Mean baseline T4 and T3 concentrations were 12.6 microng/dl and 221 ng/dl, respectively, both significantly higher than values in fetal or adult animals. These high values were due to the events of parturition. In spite of the high baseline T4 and T3 levels, there were rapid and significant increases in both TSH and prolactin concentrations in response to TRH alone. The TSH response evoked further increments in serum T3 and T4 concentrations observed at 30 min and 60 min, respectively, both subsequently increasing progressively through 6 h. During the 45 min period of SRIF infusion, the TSH T4 and T3 responses to the zero time TRH injection were minimal. However, after discontinuing SRIF, late increases in TSH, T4 and T3 were observed. The results indicate that the hyperiodothyroninemia characteristic of the newborn period does not block the response to exogenous TRH, whereas the inhibitory effect of exogenous SRIF is observed in the newborn as in the adult. The increased endogenous TRH secretion presumably responsible for the neonatal TSH surge may be overriding the negative feedback effect of thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 404129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2412", "title": "Bioassay of circulating luteinizing hormone in the rhesus monkey: comparison with radioimmunoassay during physiological changes.", "content": "The concentration of biologically active LH in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) serum was measured by a highly sensitive bioassay based upon testosterone production by dispersed rat interstitial cells. The sensitivity of the in vitro bioassay was equal to or higher than that of radioimmunoassay, with detection limits of 0.1 mIU of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) or 10 ng of a rhesus pituitary gonadotropin preparation (LER-1909-2). Parallel dose-response curves were obtained for hMG and rhesus monkey pituitary gonadotropin. The method permits bioassy of LH in 20-100 micronl of serum from adult male monkeys, and from female monkeys during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Bioactive LH concentrations could be assayed in 0.25 to 5 micronl of serum from mid-cycle, postmenopausal, and castrated female monkeys. Serum LH was undetectable in two hypophysectomized adult female monkeys and six intact immature animals, and was 13+/-6 (SD) mIU/ml in adult male monkeys. In adult females, follicular phase LH levels ranged from 17 to 169 mIU/ml, with a mean of 76+/-52 mIU/ml. The midcycle LH peak was 1738+/-742 mIU/ml and the luteal phase values ranged from 6-47 mIU/ml, with a mean of 35+/-5 mIU/ml. Serum LH concentrations ranged from 100 to 900 mIU/ml in two menopausal females, and from 590-1480 mIU/ml in castrated females. Treatment of castrated female monkeys with estrogen plus progesterone produced an initial two-fold rise in serum LH within 3 days, followed by a gradual decline to one-fourth to one-tenth of the initial levels after 10 days of treatment. Serum LH was suppressed to undetectable levels during the third week, and remained so for the duration of the 60-day treatment period. Bioactive serum LH levels were comparable to levels determined by radioimmunoassay during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, with increased bio-immunoratio at the midcycle peak. The concentrations of biologically active serum LH in rhesus monkeys were similar to those in the human female during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, and were higher at midcycle and after castration. Serum LH levels measured by the interstitial cell bioassay in the rhesus monkey showed appropriate physiological changes and responses to gonadal steroid administration. Furthermore, the bioassay did not detect the LH-like material measured by heterologous radioimmunoassay in the serum of hypophysectomized, immature and steroid-suppressed monkeys. Thus, the rat interstitial cell assay provides a sensitive and valid procedure for measurement of biologically active LH in the serum of these non-human primates.", "contents": "Bioassay of circulating luteinizing hormone in the rhesus monkey: comparison with radioimmunoassay during physiological changes. The concentration of biologically active LH in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) serum was measured by a highly sensitive bioassay based upon testosterone production by dispersed rat interstitial cells. The sensitivity of the in vitro bioassay was equal to or higher than that of radioimmunoassay, with detection limits of 0.1 mIU of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) or 10 ng of a rhesus pituitary gonadotropin preparation (LER-1909-2). Parallel dose-response curves were obtained for hMG and rhesus monkey pituitary gonadotropin. The method permits bioassy of LH in 20-100 micronl of serum from adult male monkeys, and from female monkeys during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Bioactive LH concentrations could be assayed in 0.25 to 5 micronl of serum from mid-cycle, postmenopausal, and castrated female monkeys. Serum LH was undetectable in two hypophysectomized adult female monkeys and six intact immature animals, and was 13+/-6 (SD) mIU/ml in adult male monkeys. In adult females, follicular phase LH levels ranged from 17 to 169 mIU/ml, with a mean of 76+/-52 mIU/ml. The midcycle LH peak was 1738+/-742 mIU/ml and the luteal phase values ranged from 6-47 mIU/ml, with a mean of 35+/-5 mIU/ml. Serum LH concentrations ranged from 100 to 900 mIU/ml in two menopausal females, and from 590-1480 mIU/ml in castrated females. Treatment of castrated female monkeys with estrogen plus progesterone produced an initial two-fold rise in serum LH within 3 days, followed by a gradual decline to one-fourth to one-tenth of the initial levels after 10 days of treatment. Serum LH was suppressed to undetectable levels during the third week, and remained so for the duration of the 60-day treatment period. Bioactive serum LH levels were comparable to levels determined by radioimmunoassay during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, with increased bio-immunoratio at the midcycle peak. The concentrations of biologically active serum LH in rhesus monkeys were similar to those in the human female during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, and were higher at midcycle and after castration. Serum LH levels measured by the interstitial cell bioassay in the rhesus monkey showed appropriate physiological changes and responses to gonadal steroid administration. Furthermore, the bioassay did not detect the LH-like material measured by heterologous radioimmunoassay in the serum of hypophysectomized, immature and steroid-suppressed monkeys. Thus, the rat interstitial cell assay provides a sensitive and valid procedure for measurement of biologically active LH in the serum of these non-human primates.", "PMID": 404130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2413", "title": "Growth hormone releasing activity of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in rats with hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "The growth hormone (GH)-releasing effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was investigated in rats in which central nervous system (CNS)-anterior pituitary (AP) connections had been experimentally interrupted. Sprague-Dawley (SD) female and male rats, underwent bilateral electrolytic lesions in the median eminence (ME) or the ventromedial nuclei (VMN) or were sham-operated (sham-op). Fifteen days after surgery, 0.9% NAACl or TRH was injected iv into sham-op rats or those with lesions in the CNS, anesthetized with urethane, and blood was drawn at 5 and 10 min posttreatment. In the rats with ME lesions, TRH at all the doses used (0.1, 0.4 and 0.8 microng/100 g BW) induced a marked, although not dose-related GH rise, which was not present in sham-op rats after TRH, or after NaCl administration to either rats with ME lesions or sham-op rats. In SD male rats lesioned in the VMN, TRH at doses of 0.4 and 0.8 microng/100 g BW induced significant GH rises, while the lowest TRH dose (0.1 microng/100 g BW) was ineffective; again, TRH was ineffective at all doses used in sham-op rats. Concomitant evaluation of the prolactin (PRL)-releasing effect of TRH (0.1-0.8 microng/100 g BW), showed a striking elevation of plasma PRL in both female and male sham-op controls, but no PRL rise in the rats with ME lesions. The results reveal that in the rat with surgical separation of the anterior pituitary from the CNS, a direct GH-releasing effect of TRH can be obtained, whereas its PRL-releasing effect is no longer observed, and suggest that, by analogy, the GH-releasing effect of TRH present in some disease states of the human may be due to an impairment of CNS-AP connections.", "contents": "Growth hormone releasing activity of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in rats with hypothalamic lesions. The growth hormone (GH)-releasing effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was investigated in rats in which central nervous system (CNS)-anterior pituitary (AP) connections had been experimentally interrupted. Sprague-Dawley (SD) female and male rats, underwent bilateral electrolytic lesions in the median eminence (ME) or the ventromedial nuclei (VMN) or were sham-operated (sham-op). Fifteen days after surgery, 0.9% NAACl or TRH was injected iv into sham-op rats or those with lesions in the CNS, anesthetized with urethane, and blood was drawn at 5 and 10 min posttreatment. In the rats with ME lesions, TRH at all the doses used (0.1, 0.4 and 0.8 microng/100 g BW) induced a marked, although not dose-related GH rise, which was not present in sham-op rats after TRH, or after NaCl administration to either rats with ME lesions or sham-op rats. In SD male rats lesioned in the VMN, TRH at doses of 0.4 and 0.8 microng/100 g BW induced significant GH rises, while the lowest TRH dose (0.1 microng/100 g BW) was ineffective; again, TRH was ineffective at all doses used in sham-op rats. Concomitant evaluation of the prolactin (PRL)-releasing effect of TRH (0.1-0.8 microng/100 g BW), showed a striking elevation of plasma PRL in both female and male sham-op controls, but no PRL rise in the rats with ME lesions. The results reveal that in the rat with surgical separation of the anterior pituitary from the CNS, a direct GH-releasing effect of TRH can be obtained, whereas its PRL-releasing effect is no longer observed, and suggest that, by analogy, the GH-releasing effect of TRH present in some disease states of the human may be due to an impairment of CNS-AP connections.", "PMID": 404131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2414", "title": "The effect of an aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione, on estrogen-dependent processes in reproduction and breast cancer.", "content": "4-Hydroxy-f-androstene-3,17-dione (4-OH-A) when tested at various concentrations was found to inhibit markedly the conversion of 4-andorstene-3,17-dione to estrogens inhuman placental and rat ovarian microsomes. To obtain evidence that estrogen biosynthesis could also be reduced in vivo with 4-OH-A, rats were treated sc at a dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight. After 3 h the ovarian veins were cannulated and blood collected. Estradiol concentrations in the plasma were reduced by 80% compared to control values during the proestrous surge and on Day 4 of pregnancy. 4-OH-A was also found to be effective in controlling estrogen-dependent reproductive and neoplastic processes. In rats treated from Day 2-7 of pregnancy, implantation of fertilized ova was completely prevented in some rats, while in others either implantation was delayed or the development of implants was retarded. 4-OH-A treatment of rats having estrogen-dependent breast tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene caused 80% of the tumors to regress significantly in 4 weeks of treatment; 42% of these regressed completely.", "contents": "The effect of an aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione, on estrogen-dependent processes in reproduction and breast cancer. 4-Hydroxy-f-androstene-3,17-dione (4-OH-A) when tested at various concentrations was found to inhibit markedly the conversion of 4-andorstene-3,17-dione to estrogens inhuman placental and rat ovarian microsomes. To obtain evidence that estrogen biosynthesis could also be reduced in vivo with 4-OH-A, rats were treated sc at a dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight. After 3 h the ovarian veins were cannulated and blood collected. Estradiol concentrations in the plasma were reduced by 80% compared to control values during the proestrous surge and on Day 4 of pregnancy. 4-OH-A was also found to be effective in controlling estrogen-dependent reproductive and neoplastic processes. In rats treated from Day 2-7 of pregnancy, implantation of fertilized ova was completely prevented in some rats, while in others either implantation was delayed or the development of implants was retarded. 4-OH-A treatment of rats having estrogen-dependent breast tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene caused 80% of the tumors to regress significantly in 4 weeks of treatment; 42% of these regressed completely.", "PMID": 404132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2415", "title": "Suppression of feeding and drinking activity in rats following intraventricular injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH).", "content": "Since both TRH and somatostatin (SRIF) are localized to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, a region known to be involved in control of food intake, the possibility that these peptides might alter food intake was evaluated. The peptides were dissolved in 0.9% NaCl and injected into the 3d ventricle in a volume of 2 micron1 in animals bearing 3d ventricular cannulae. Food and water had been removed from the cages the night before and the intake was measured at 1 and 6 h after injection. Control injections of 0.15M NaCl or glutathione (3 nmoles) had no effect on food or water intake. At a dose of 3 nmoles, LHRH, SRIF, and TRH suppressed water intake alh. Lowering the dose of LHRH and SRIF to 0.6 nmoles led to loss of this inhibition but the suppressive effect of TRH, which was more pronounced at the higher dose than that of the other two peptides, persisted. Lowering the dose of TRH to 0.3 nmoles led to loss of the inhibitory effect. The dose of 3 nmoles of LHRH did not suppress food intake but this dose of both SRIF and TRH had a significant suppressive effect on food intake at 1 h. There was no suppressive action of a lower dose of 0.6 nmoles of SRIF, but TRH was still effective to suppress food intake at this dose. A dose of 0.3 nmoles of TRH had no effect on food intake. It is suggested that TRH, and possibly SRIF may play a physiological role in control of food intake, perhaps by altering the neural activity within the ventromedial nucleus.", "contents": "Suppression of feeding and drinking activity in rats following intraventricular injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Since both TRH and somatostatin (SRIF) are localized to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, a region known to be involved in control of food intake, the possibility that these peptides might alter food intake was evaluated. The peptides were dissolved in 0.9% NaCl and injected into the 3d ventricle in a volume of 2 micron1 in animals bearing 3d ventricular cannulae. Food and water had been removed from the cages the night before and the intake was measured at 1 and 6 h after injection. Control injections of 0.15M NaCl or glutathione (3 nmoles) had no effect on food or water intake. At a dose of 3 nmoles, LHRH, SRIF, and TRH suppressed water intake alh. Lowering the dose of LHRH and SRIF to 0.6 nmoles led to loss of this inhibition but the suppressive effect of TRH, which was more pronounced at the higher dose than that of the other two peptides, persisted. Lowering the dose of TRH to 0.3 nmoles led to loss of the inhibitory effect. The dose of 3 nmoles of LHRH did not suppress food intake but this dose of both SRIF and TRH had a significant suppressive effect on food intake at 1 h. There was no suppressive action of a lower dose of 0.6 nmoles of SRIF, but TRH was still effective to suppress food intake at this dose. A dose of 0.3 nmoles of TRH had no effect on food intake. It is suggested that TRH, and possibly SRIF may play a physiological role in control of food intake, perhaps by altering the neural activity within the ventromedial nucleus.", "PMID": 404133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2416", "title": "Seizure severity and acquisition and performance of operant tasks in a monkey model.", "content": "Several studies utilizing an alumina-gel monkey model demonstrated a relationship between degree of epileptic activity and learning difficulty. Three operant tasks were employed: single-unit, gross-motor positive reinforcement, and avoidance conditioning. The data indicated that the number of hours needed to learn any one of the tasks increased with seizure frequency and/or number of EEG interictal bursts. The learning impairment appeared to be a function of the relevance of the required response to the site of the epileptogenic focus.", "contents": "Seizure severity and acquisition and performance of operant tasks in a monkey model. Several studies utilizing an alumina-gel monkey model demonstrated a relationship between degree of epileptic activity and learning difficulty. Three operant tasks were employed: single-unit, gross-motor positive reinforcement, and avoidance conditioning. The data indicated that the number of hours needed to learn any one of the tasks increased with seizure frequency and/or number of EEG interictal bursts. The learning impairment appeared to be a function of the relevance of the required response to the site of the epileptogenic focus.", "PMID": 404135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2417", "title": "Epilepsies with astatic seizures of late onset.", "content": "In 17 patients with a long course of epilepsy astatic seizures became apparent after the age of 14 years. In the patients' childhood astatic seizures had not been observed. The patients suffered from epilepsies with absences and awakening grand mal or psychomotor fits and sleeping grand mal. The EEG revealed spike-wave variant and spike-and-wave complexes as in the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Age dependency of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is discussed. The described type of epilepsy can be understood as a \"Lennox-Gastaut syndrome of late onset\".", "contents": "Epilepsies with astatic seizures of late onset. In 17 patients with a long course of epilepsy astatic seizures became apparent after the age of 14 years. In the patients' childhood astatic seizures had not been observed. The patients suffered from epilepsies with absences and awakening grand mal or psychomotor fits and sleeping grand mal. The EEG revealed spike-wave variant and spike-and-wave complexes as in the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Age dependency of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is discussed. The described type of epilepsy can be understood as a \"Lennox-Gastaut syndrome of late onset\".", "PMID": 404136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2418", "title": "Effect of major motor seizure frequency upon cognitive-intellectual functions in adults.", "content": "Wechsler Aandult Intelligence Scale and Halstead neuropsychological performances were investigated in three groups of adult subjects with major motor epilepsy classified according to low, moderate, and high seizure frequency. The groups were equated on seizure duration and age at onset variables. On 7 of the 14 psychological measures employed, significant between-group differences were obtained, with poorest, intermediate, and best test scores associated with the high, moderate, and low seizure frequency groups, respectively. Similar performance comparisons were made on two additional groups: a \"high risk\" group characterized by early onset age, long seizure duration, and high seizure frequency, and a \"low risk\" group characterized by late onset age, short seizure duration, and low seizure frequency. Highly significant differences were obtained between the high risk and low risk groups on 12 of 14 variables, with the high risk subjects demonstrating severe cognitive and adaptive impairment in comparison to the low risk subjects. The results support the conclusion that increased frequency of major motor seizures is associated with increasing levels of adaptive impairment, and that the probability of severe cognitive-adaptive dysfunction is further and substantially increased when high seizure frequency is accompanied by a history of early onset and long duration of the disorder.", "contents": "Effect of major motor seizure frequency upon cognitive-intellectual functions in adults. Wechsler Aandult Intelligence Scale and Halstead neuropsychological performances were investigated in three groups of adult subjects with major motor epilepsy classified according to low, moderate, and high seizure frequency. The groups were equated on seizure duration and age at onset variables. On 7 of the 14 psychological measures employed, significant between-group differences were obtained, with poorest, intermediate, and best test scores associated with the high, moderate, and low seizure frequency groups, respectively. Similar performance comparisons were made on two additional groups: a \"high risk\" group characterized by early onset age, long seizure duration, and high seizure frequency, and a \"low risk\" group characterized by late onset age, short seizure duration, and low seizure frequency. Highly significant differences were obtained between the high risk and low risk groups on 12 of 14 variables, with the high risk subjects demonstrating severe cognitive and adaptive impairment in comparison to the low risk subjects. The results support the conclusion that increased frequency of major motor seizures is associated with increasing levels of adaptive impairment, and that the probability of severe cognitive-adaptive dysfunction is further and substantially increased when high seizure frequency is accompanied by a history of early onset and long duration of the disorder.", "PMID": 404137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2419", "title": "Effect of early versus late onset of major motor epilepsy on cognitive-intellectual performance: further considerations.", "content": "Two groups of adult patients, one with early (0-5 years), the other with late (10-15 years) age of seizure onset, were compared on 14 variables derived from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Halstead's neuropsychological measures. The groups were matched for duration of the disorder and seizure frequency, and all subjects (Ss) had unequivocal histories of major motor seizures. The group with early age of onset obtained significantly lower WAIS, Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ values than the group with late age of onset. No significant intergroup differences were obtained on Halstead's measures, although the performances of both groups were impaired vis-a-vis non-neurological control expectancy. The results suggest that early onset age, as operationally defined in this study, has a specifc differential influence which is restricted to psychometric intellectual functions as measured by the WAIS in groups matched for seizure duration and seizure frequency.", "contents": "Effect of early versus late onset of major motor epilepsy on cognitive-intellectual performance: further considerations. Two groups of adult patients, one with early (0-5 years), the other with late (10-15 years) age of seizure onset, were compared on 14 variables derived from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Halstead's neuropsychological measures. The groups were matched for duration of the disorder and seizure frequency, and all subjects (Ss) had unequivocal histories of major motor seizures. The group with early age of onset obtained significantly lower WAIS, Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ values than the group with late age of onset. No significant intergroup differences were obtained on Halstead's measures, although the performances of both groups were impaired vis-a-vis non-neurological control expectancy. The results suggest that early onset age, as operationally defined in this study, has a specifc differential influence which is restricted to psychometric intellectual functions as measured by the WAIS in groups matched for seizure duration and seizure frequency.", "PMID": 404138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2420", "title": "Taurine treatment of spontaneous chronic epilepsy in a cat.", "content": "Administration of taurine to a cat suffering from naturally occurring chronic (about 3 years) epilepsy caused disappearance of the clinical manifestation of the seizures as well as a marked improvement in the previously grossly abnormal EEG. The treatment consisted of injections of taurine initially, followed by a more prolonged administration of the amino acid by mouth. The combined methods of administration seemed essential for the success of the trial. To date (5 months post-taurine) the animal has suffered only one \"grand mal\" type seizure which occurred 3 months after the last dose of taurine was administered. Disappearance of the seizures preceded by several weeks the improvement in the EEG. In accordance with previous findings by a number of investigators, the results of this study suggest an immediate depressant action of taurine on hyperexcitable cortical neurons, followed by a more long-lasting, ameliorative influence on cerebral metabolism contributing to an increased resistance to epileptic discharge.", "contents": "Taurine treatment of spontaneous chronic epilepsy in a cat. Administration of taurine to a cat suffering from naturally occurring chronic (about 3 years) epilepsy caused disappearance of the clinical manifestation of the seizures as well as a marked improvement in the previously grossly abnormal EEG. The treatment consisted of injections of taurine initially, followed by a more prolonged administration of the amino acid by mouth. The combined methods of administration seemed essential for the success of the trial. To date (5 months post-taurine) the animal has suffered only one \"grand mal\" type seizure which occurred 3 months after the last dose of taurine was administered. Disappearance of the seizures preceded by several weeks the improvement in the EEG. In accordance with previous findings by a number of investigators, the results of this study suggest an immediate depressant action of taurine on hyperexcitable cortical neurons, followed by a more long-lasting, ameliorative influence on cerebral metabolism contributing to an increased resistance to epileptic discharge.", "PMID": 404139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2421", "title": "Effect of anticonvulsants on cortical focal seizure in cats.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the visual cortex evoked the cortical focal seizure restricted in the neighbor cortex of the stimulated area in gallamine-immobilized cats. The present experiment was performed to clarify the participation of anticonvulsants in the cortex itself. Phenytoin and carbamazepine depressed the focal seizure, as indicated by the shortening of seizure duration and the suppression of spreading. In addition, the high-frequency components in seizure disappeared with the use of these drugs. Phenobarbital and diazepam also shortened the seizure duration. However, the high-frequency components did not disappear although seizure amplitude was depressed. Trimethadione, acetazolamide, and dipropylacetate facilitated the focal seizure. From these results, the participation of the drugs affecting grand mal and partial epilepsies in the cortex is suggested. In addition, this experimental model is though to be useful in elucidating possible modes or mechanisms of anticonvulsant action on cortical neurons by analyzing, after drug administration, the changes in seizure patterns which seem to reflect underlying neuronal changes.", "contents": "Effect of anticonvulsants on cortical focal seizure in cats. Electrical stimulation of the visual cortex evoked the cortical focal seizure restricted in the neighbor cortex of the stimulated area in gallamine-immobilized cats. The present experiment was performed to clarify the participation of anticonvulsants in the cortex itself. Phenytoin and carbamazepine depressed the focal seizure, as indicated by the shortening of seizure duration and the suppression of spreading. In addition, the high-frequency components in seizure disappeared with the use of these drugs. Phenobarbital and diazepam also shortened the seizure duration. However, the high-frequency components did not disappear although seizure amplitude was depressed. Trimethadione, acetazolamide, and dipropylacetate facilitated the focal seizure. From these results, the participation of the drugs affecting grand mal and partial epilepsies in the cortex is suggested. In addition, this experimental model is though to be useful in elucidating possible modes or mechanisms of anticonvulsant action on cortical neurons by analyzing, after drug administration, the changes in seizure patterns which seem to reflect underlying neuronal changes.", "PMID": 404140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2422", "title": "Increased histaminase activity in the atrophic muscle of denervated frog.", "content": "Sciatic denervation for 1 month in the frog Rana hexadactyla resulted in progressive atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle without any change in the total DNA content of the whole muscle. Histamine content of the muscle decreased; glutamic and acid content increased and histidine level remained unaltered on denervation. Histaminase activity localized in the muscle decreased; glutamic acid content increased and histidine level remained unaltered on denervation. Histaminase activity localized in the muscle mitochondria increased on denervation. The histidine-degrading enzymes, histidine ammonia lyase, urocanate hydratase and imidazol-5yl lactate dehydrogenase, are localized in the sarcoplasm of the muscle and their activities are not altered on denervation. The histidine decarboxylase activity localized in the mitochondria is not altered on denervation. The reduction in the histamine content of the atrophied muscle may be due to increased mitochondrial histaminase activity but not due to increased decarboxylation of histidine. The loss of 'trophic influence' due to denervation may be manifested in the impairment of mitochondrial histaminase activity.", "contents": "Increased histaminase activity in the atrophic muscle of denervated frog. Sciatic denervation for 1 month in the frog Rana hexadactyla resulted in progressive atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle without any change in the total DNA content of the whole muscle. Histamine content of the muscle decreased; glutamic and acid content increased and histidine level remained unaltered on denervation. Histaminase activity localized in the muscle decreased; glutamic acid content increased and histidine level remained unaltered on denervation. Histaminase activity localized in the muscle mitochondria increased on denervation. The histidine-degrading enzymes, histidine ammonia lyase, urocanate hydratase and imidazol-5yl lactate dehydrogenase, are localized in the sarcoplasm of the muscle and their activities are not altered on denervation. The histidine decarboxylase activity localized in the mitochondria is not altered on denervation. The reduction in the histamine content of the atrophied muscle may be due to increased mitochondrial histaminase activity but not due to increased decarboxylation of histidine. The loss of 'trophic influence' due to denervation may be manifested in the impairment of mitochondrial histaminase activity.", "PMID": 404141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2423", "title": "Purification and comparative properties of the delta and sigma subunits of RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis delta protein is a 21 500-Mr polypeptide that can be isolated in association with RNA polymerase holoenzyme from uninfected bacteria and with modified forms of RNA polymerase from cells infected with phage SP01 [Pero, J., Nelson, J. and Fox, T. (1975) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72,1589]. Although no function has been assigned to delta protein in uninfected cells, this host polypeptide enhances the specificity of transcription by phage-modified forms of RNA polymerase that contain SP01-coded regulatory subunits. This report describes the purification of delta and sigma proteins from uninfected B. subtilis and examines the comparative effects of these polypeptides on transcription by core RNA polymerase. Purified sigma polypeptide was found to stimulate the transcription of phage DNA while having little effect on RNA synthesis with the synthetic DNA poly(dA-dT) as template. In contrast, purified delta protein markedly depressed the transcription of poly(dA-dT) while having little effect on enzyme activity with phage DNA as template. The inhibitory effect of delta protein on poly (dA-dT) transcription was strongly dependent on the presence of KC1 in the RNA synthesis reaction mixture.", "contents": "Purification and comparative properties of the delta and sigma subunits of RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis delta protein is a 21 500-Mr polypeptide that can be isolated in association with RNA polymerase holoenzyme from uninfected bacteria and with modified forms of RNA polymerase from cells infected with phage SP01 [Pero, J., Nelson, J. and Fox, T. (1975) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72,1589]. Although no function has been assigned to delta protein in uninfected cells, this host polypeptide enhances the specificity of transcription by phage-modified forms of RNA polymerase that contain SP01-coded regulatory subunits. This report describes the purification of delta and sigma proteins from uninfected B. subtilis and examines the comparative effects of these polypeptides on transcription by core RNA polymerase. Purified sigma polypeptide was found to stimulate the transcription of phage DNA while having little effect on RNA synthesis with the synthetic DNA poly(dA-dT) as template. In contrast, purified delta protein markedly depressed the transcription of poly(dA-dT) while having little effect on enzyme activity with phage DNA as template. The inhibitory effect of delta protein on poly (dA-dT) transcription was strongly dependent on the presence of KC1 in the RNA synthesis reaction mixture.", "PMID": 404142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2424", "title": "RNA sequences in ribonucleoprotein fragments of the complex formed from ribosomal 23-S RNA and ribosomal protein L24 of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Upon digestion of the complex formed from the 23-S ribosomal RNA and the 50-S ribosomal protein L24 of Escherichia coli, two fragments resistant to ribonuclease were recovered; these fragments contained RNA sections belonging to the 480 nucleotides at the 5' end of 23-S RNA. By determining the sequence of 70% of this latter region we were able to localise the sections which, in the presence of the protein, are resistant to ribonuclease. Our results suggest that the region encompassing the 480 nucleotides starting at the 9th nucleotide from the 5' end of 23-S RNA has a compact tertiary structure, which is stabilised by protein L24.", "contents": "RNA sequences in ribonucleoprotein fragments of the complex formed from ribosomal 23-S RNA and ribosomal protein L24 of Escherichia coli. Upon digestion of the complex formed from the 23-S ribosomal RNA and the 50-S ribosomal protein L24 of Escherichia coli, two fragments resistant to ribonuclease were recovered; these fragments contained RNA sections belonging to the 480 nucleotides at the 5' end of 23-S RNA. By determining the sequence of 70% of this latter region we were able to localise the sections which, in the presence of the protein, are resistant to ribonuclease. Our results suggest that the region encompassing the 480 nucleotides starting at the 9th nucleotide from the 5' end of 23-S RNA has a compact tertiary structure, which is stabilised by protein L24.", "PMID": 404143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2425", "title": "The \"b5-like\" domain from chicken-liver sulfite oxidase: a new case of common ancestral origin with liver cytochrome b5 and bakers' yeast cytochrome b2 core.", "content": "Limited chymotryptic digestion of chicken-liver sulfite oxidase destroys its ability to oxidize sulfite. From the digest can be isolated a heme-binding fragment of molecular weight about 11 000. Its purification is described, as well as its characterization by a number of methods (absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism, electrophoretic mobility, immunochemical reactivity, amino acid analysis). The heme spectrum shows no detectable difference with that of the native enzyme. The N-terminal sequence of this sulfite oxidase core is reported (34 residues). It shows a strong similarity to that of liver microsomal cytochrome b5 and bakers' yeast cytochrome b2 core. The sequence comparison is discussed in terms of structural similarity to cytochrome b5. Our data suggest a common evolutionary origin for the three b-type cytochromes.", "contents": "The \"b5-like\" domain from chicken-liver sulfite oxidase: a new case of common ancestral origin with liver cytochrome b5 and bakers' yeast cytochrome b2 core. Limited chymotryptic digestion of chicken-liver sulfite oxidase destroys its ability to oxidize sulfite. From the digest can be isolated a heme-binding fragment of molecular weight about 11 000. Its purification is described, as well as its characterization by a number of methods (absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism, electrophoretic mobility, immunochemical reactivity, amino acid analysis). The heme spectrum shows no detectable difference with that of the native enzyme. The N-terminal sequence of this sulfite oxidase core is reported (34 residues). It shows a strong similarity to that of liver microsomal cytochrome b5 and bakers' yeast cytochrome b2 core. The sequence comparison is discussed in terms of structural similarity to cytochrome b5. Our data suggest a common evolutionary origin for the three b-type cytochromes.", "PMID": 404144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2426", "title": "A correlation between glutathione levels and cellular damage in isolated hepatocytes.", "content": "To obtain high levels of glutathione in isolated hepatocytes an isolation procedure shorter than 16 min was used. This procedure gave a moderately high yield of viable cells (200--300 X 10(6) cells/10 g liver) with 44 +/- 3 nmol of glutathione/10(6) cells. Incubation in Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 2% albumin resulted in a continuous loss of reduced glutathione from the cells, while incubation in a medium containing amino acids and horse serum resulted in increased levels, suggesting active synthesis for 5 h. A short and apparently harmless depletion of reduced glutathione was induced by diethylmaleate or cumene hydroperoxide. A depletion of reduced glutathione lasting more than 1 h was accompanied by an increased cellular leakage. The depletion was induced by either diethylmaleate plus paracetamol or diethylmaleate alone in higher concentrations. A common mechanism for these toxic responses is suggested.", "contents": "A correlation between glutathione levels and cellular damage in isolated hepatocytes. To obtain high levels of glutathione in isolated hepatocytes an isolation procedure shorter than 16 min was used. This procedure gave a moderately high yield of viable cells (200--300 X 10(6) cells/10 g liver) with 44 +/- 3 nmol of glutathione/10(6) cells. Incubation in Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 2% albumin resulted in a continuous loss of reduced glutathione from the cells, while incubation in a medium containing amino acids and horse serum resulted in increased levels, suggesting active synthesis for 5 h. A short and apparently harmless depletion of reduced glutathione was induced by diethylmaleate or cumene hydroperoxide. A depletion of reduced glutathione lasting more than 1 h was accompanied by an increased cellular leakage. The depletion was induced by either diethylmaleate plus paracetamol or diethylmaleate alone in higher concentrations. A common mechanism for these toxic responses is suggested.", "PMID": 404145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2427", "title": "Association kinetics and binding constants of nucleoside triphosphates with G-actin.", "content": "The dissociation of the complex between 1:N6-ethenoadenosine, 5'-triphosphate (xiATP) and G-actin was initiated by dilution to concentrations between 1 micronM and 5 nM and monitored by the fluorescence change of xiATP. The results were quantitatively explained by a two-step mechanism: a reversible dissociation of the actin-nucleotide complex followed by a fast irreversible inactivation of nucleotide-free G-actin. Under normal conditions (0.8 mM CaCl2, pH 8.2,21 degrees C), the rate-limiting step was the dissociation of the nucleotide-G-actin complex. The half-time of the dissociation of xiATP from G-actin was 290 s as compared to only 13 s for the following denaturation step of nucleotide-free actin. 1 mM EDTA highly accelerated the dissociation step and, regardless of its concentration, the complex dissociated quantitatively within 1 min. Addition of Ca2+ within 20 s after EDTA addition induced a re-association of xiATP with nucleotide-free but still native G-actin. This reversal was kinetically resolved by means of a multimixing stopped-flow apparatus. The association rate constant was 6 X 10(6) M-1s-1. From the association and dissociation rate constant, a value of 2.5 X (10(9) M-1 was calculated for the binding constant of xiATP to G-actin. The binding constant of ATP (1.4 X 10(10) M-1) was derived from the relative binding constant of xiATP and ATP as determined by fluorescence titration of xiATP-G-actin with ATP. These binding constants are 10(3)-10(4) times higher than values reported earlier on the basis of more indirect data.", "contents": "Association kinetics and binding constants of nucleoside triphosphates with G-actin. The dissociation of the complex between 1:N6-ethenoadenosine, 5'-triphosphate (xiATP) and G-actin was initiated by dilution to concentrations between 1 micronM and 5 nM and monitored by the fluorescence change of xiATP. The results were quantitatively explained by a two-step mechanism: a reversible dissociation of the actin-nucleotide complex followed by a fast irreversible inactivation of nucleotide-free G-actin. Under normal conditions (0.8 mM CaCl2, pH 8.2,21 degrees C), the rate-limiting step was the dissociation of the nucleotide-G-actin complex. The half-time of the dissociation of xiATP from G-actin was 290 s as compared to only 13 s for the following denaturation step of nucleotide-free actin. 1 mM EDTA highly accelerated the dissociation step and, regardless of its concentration, the complex dissociated quantitatively within 1 min. Addition of Ca2+ within 20 s after EDTA addition induced a re-association of xiATP with nucleotide-free but still native G-actin. This reversal was kinetically resolved by means of a multimixing stopped-flow apparatus. The association rate constant was 6 X 10(6) M-1s-1. From the association and dissociation rate constant, a value of 2.5 X (10(9) M-1 was calculated for the binding constant of xiATP to G-actin. The binding constant of ATP (1.4 X 10(10) M-1) was derived from the relative binding constant of xiATP and ATP as determined by fluorescence titration of xiATP-G-actin with ATP. These binding constants are 10(3)-10(4) times higher than values reported earlier on the basis of more indirect data.", "PMID": 404146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2428", "title": "The molecular defect in a case of (cystathionine beta-synthase)-deficient homocystinuria.", "content": "1. Cystathionine beta-synthase activity isolated from fibroblast cultures obtained from the skin of a normal and a homocystinuric individual were both cross-reactive with normal human liver cystathionine beta-synthase antibody. 2. Isoelectric focusing revealed a substantial difference in the isoelectric points of the normal and abnormal fibroblast enzymes. 3. Treatment of purified samples of normal and abnormal fibroblast enzymes with sodium dodecylsulphate followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that both normal and abnormal enzymes were composed of two sub-units of molecular weights 53000 and 70000. 4. A combination of urea and sodium dodecylsulphate treatment revealed that the respective 53000 molecular weight sub-units were different. 5. It has been concluded that the molecular defect in the case of pyridoxine non-responsive homocystinuria examined in the present investigation arises as a result of an alteration in the structural gene which codes for the lower molecular weight sub-unit of cystathionine beta-synthase.", "contents": "The molecular defect in a case of (cystathionine beta-synthase)-deficient homocystinuria. 1. Cystathionine beta-synthase activity isolated from fibroblast cultures obtained from the skin of a normal and a homocystinuric individual were both cross-reactive with normal human liver cystathionine beta-synthase antibody. 2. Isoelectric focusing revealed a substantial difference in the isoelectric points of the normal and abnormal fibroblast enzymes. 3. Treatment of purified samples of normal and abnormal fibroblast enzymes with sodium dodecylsulphate followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that both normal and abnormal enzymes were composed of two sub-units of molecular weights 53000 and 70000. 4. A combination of urea and sodium dodecylsulphate treatment revealed that the respective 53000 molecular weight sub-units were different. 5. It has been concluded that the molecular defect in the case of pyridoxine non-responsive homocystinuria examined in the present investigation arises as a result of an alteration in the structural gene which codes for the lower molecular weight sub-unit of cystathionine beta-synthase.", "PMID": 404147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2429", "title": "Thymidine uptake in bacteria: the effect of purine nucleosides.", "content": "The kinetics of thymidine uptake by Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis cells in the presence of adenine and guanine nucleosides was investigated. The initial concentration of thymidine in the growth medium was 0.35 microng/ml while the initial concentration of purine nucleosides ranged from 25 to 250 microng/ml. Adenine nucleosides when present at a concentration more than 50 microng/ml strongly inhibit thymidine uptake by the bacteria. The duration of the inhibition depends on the initial concentration of adenine nucleoside in the growth medium. At an initial concentration of deoxyadenosine (or adenosine) of 250 microng/ml the time of inhibition of thymidine uptake was about 60 min. During this period thymidine is almost completely preserved from the action of bacterial thymidine phosphorylase. Guanine nucleosides (guanosine or deoxyguanosine) do not markedly inhibit thymidine uptake by bacteria even at a concentration of 250 microng/ml. It is shown that they do protect thymidine from the phosphorolytic action of the thymidine phosphorylase although much less effectively than adenine nucleosides. It is suggested that some areas in the bacterial membrane where thymidine phosphorylase is located are not available to guanine nucleosides.", "contents": "Thymidine uptake in bacteria: the effect of purine nucleosides. The kinetics of thymidine uptake by Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis cells in the presence of adenine and guanine nucleosides was investigated. The initial concentration of thymidine in the growth medium was 0.35 microng/ml while the initial concentration of purine nucleosides ranged from 25 to 250 microng/ml. Adenine nucleosides when present at a concentration more than 50 microng/ml strongly inhibit thymidine uptake by the bacteria. The duration of the inhibition depends on the initial concentration of adenine nucleoside in the growth medium. At an initial concentration of deoxyadenosine (or adenosine) of 250 microng/ml the time of inhibition of thymidine uptake was about 60 min. During this period thymidine is almost completely preserved from the action of bacterial thymidine phosphorylase. Guanine nucleosides (guanosine or deoxyguanosine) do not markedly inhibit thymidine uptake by bacteria even at a concentration of 250 microng/ml. It is shown that they do protect thymidine from the phosphorolytic action of the thymidine phosphorylase although much less effectively than adenine nucleosides. It is suggested that some areas in the bacterial membrane where thymidine phosphorylase is located are not available to guanine nucleosides.", "PMID": 404148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2430", "title": "Analysis of the alpha-satellite DNA from African green monkey cells by restriction nucleases.", "content": "By the use of restriction endonucleases the organization of the alpha-satellite DNA from African green monkey cells (Cercopithecus aethiops) has been analyzed. With endo R-HindIII, endo R-AluI and with endo R-EcoRI at conditions of low salt and high pH (endo R-EcoRI) all of the satellite was digested while only a part of the satellite was cleaved with endo R-Bsu and endo R-EcoRI under standard conditions. With each of the four nucleases a series of fragments was formed which were multiplies in size of a basic repeat unit linked in tandem arrays in the intact satellite. The quantitative evaluation of the digestion with each nuclease as well as with combinations of two nucleases yielded information about the distribution of the cleavage sites. While the arrangement of the endo R-HindIII cleavage sites conforms to a random distribution across the entire satellite, the results from the endo R-Bsu and endo R-EcoRI cleavage patterns are consistent with a picture where the cleavage sites are clustered in fractions of the satellite. Since endo R-AluI recognizes the central four nucleotide pairs of the endo R-HindIII cleavage site, the redigestion of the endo R-HindIII dimer with endo R-AluI gave information about the distribution of mutations in the satellite. The results of these experiments together with the comparison of the sequence divergence determined from digestion with endo R-HindIII and endo R-EcoRI lend support to the hypothesis that mutations have affected all bases in the satellite evenly. The gamma-satellite, another fraction of the African green monkey DNA, could be separated by Ag+/CsSO4 density gradient centrifugation into two components. With the three restriction nucleases used both components gave a background of fragments of heterogenous length on gel electrophoresis with some faint bands of no apparent regularity in one case.", "contents": "Analysis of the alpha-satellite DNA from African green monkey cells by restriction nucleases. By the use of restriction endonucleases the organization of the alpha-satellite DNA from African green monkey cells (Cercopithecus aethiops) has been analyzed. With endo R-HindIII, endo R-AluI and with endo R-EcoRI at conditions of low salt and high pH (endo R-EcoRI) all of the satellite was digested while only a part of the satellite was cleaved with endo R-Bsu and endo R-EcoRI under standard conditions. With each of the four nucleases a series of fragments was formed which were multiplies in size of a basic repeat unit linked in tandem arrays in the intact satellite. The quantitative evaluation of the digestion with each nuclease as well as with combinations of two nucleases yielded information about the distribution of the cleavage sites. While the arrangement of the endo R-HindIII cleavage sites conforms to a random distribution across the entire satellite, the results from the endo R-Bsu and endo R-EcoRI cleavage patterns are consistent with a picture where the cleavage sites are clustered in fractions of the satellite. Since endo R-AluI recognizes the central four nucleotide pairs of the endo R-HindIII cleavage site, the redigestion of the endo R-HindIII dimer with endo R-AluI gave information about the distribution of mutations in the satellite. The results of these experiments together with the comparison of the sequence divergence determined from digestion with endo R-HindIII and endo R-EcoRI lend support to the hypothesis that mutations have affected all bases in the satellite evenly. The gamma-satellite, another fraction of the African green monkey DNA, could be separated by Ag+/CsSO4 density gradient centrifugation into two components. With the three restriction nucleases used both components gave a background of fragments of heterogenous length on gel electrophoresis with some faint bands of no apparent regularity in one case.", "PMID": 404149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2431", "title": "Snake venom toxins. The amino-acid sequences of three toxins (9B, 11 and 12A) from Hemachatus haemachatus (Ringhals) venom.", "content": "Three toxins (9B, 11 and 12A) were purified from the venom of Hemachtus haemachatus as described previously. Whereas toxin 11 and 12A comprise 61 amino acid residues, toxin 9B contains 63 residues. All three toxins are cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete amino acid sequences of these toxins have elucidated. The properties of the toxins were compared with those of the cytotoxin group. The toxicities, the sequences and some of the invariant residues of toxin 11 and 12A resemble the corresponding properties of the cytotoxin group. However their immunochemical properties indicate that they are distinct from both the cytotoxin and neurotoxin groups. The sequence of toxin 9B shows that it is related to the cytotoxins, but its toxicity is much lower than those encountered among members of this group.", "contents": "Snake venom toxins. The amino-acid sequences of three toxins (9B, 11 and 12A) from Hemachatus haemachatus (Ringhals) venom. Three toxins (9B, 11 and 12A) were purified from the venom of Hemachtus haemachatus as described previously. Whereas toxin 11 and 12A comprise 61 amino acid residues, toxin 9B contains 63 residues. All three toxins are cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete amino acid sequences of these toxins have elucidated. The properties of the toxins were compared with those of the cytotoxin group. The toxicities, the sequences and some of the invariant residues of toxin 11 and 12A resemble the corresponding properties of the cytotoxin group. However their immunochemical properties indicate that they are distinct from both the cytotoxin and neurotoxin groups. The sequence of toxin 9B shows that it is related to the cytotoxins, but its toxicity is much lower than those encountered among members of this group.", "PMID": 404150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2432", "title": "On the nature of chromophore in pig kidney diamine oxidase.", "content": "The nature of the 500-nm chromophore in pig kidney diamine oxidase was investigated by absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence in the presence of various chelating or carbonyl-specific reagents. From the spectroscopic measurements the following conclusions can be drawn. First, the 500-nm absorption band is not due to copper, the reduction of which is not related to the disappearance of this band. Second, phenylhydrazine and cycloserine give rise, upon reaction with the enzyme, to absorptions very similar to those of a pyridoxal enzyme, aspartate aminotransferase. Third, these enzyme derivatives are unexpectedly non-fluorescent. Copper removal, obtained after prolonged incubation of cycloserine-treated enzyme in the presence of reducing and chelating agents, leads to a fluorescence similar to that of cycloserine-aspartate transminase. It is proposed that copper is coordinated to the postulated pyridoxal phosphate of diamine oxidase through the pyridine nitrogen.", "contents": "On the nature of chromophore in pig kidney diamine oxidase. The nature of the 500-nm chromophore in pig kidney diamine oxidase was investigated by absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence in the presence of various chelating or carbonyl-specific reagents. From the spectroscopic measurements the following conclusions can be drawn. First, the 500-nm absorption band is not due to copper, the reduction of which is not related to the disappearance of this band. Second, phenylhydrazine and cycloserine give rise, upon reaction with the enzyme, to absorptions very similar to those of a pyridoxal enzyme, aspartate aminotransferase. Third, these enzyme derivatives are unexpectedly non-fluorescent. Copper removal, obtained after prolonged incubation of cycloserine-treated enzyme in the presence of reducing and chelating agents, leads to a fluorescence similar to that of cycloserine-aspartate transminase. It is proposed that copper is coordinated to the postulated pyridoxal phosphate of diamine oxidase through the pyridine nitrogen.", "PMID": 404151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2433", "title": "Computerized transverse axial tomography (CTAT) in the diagnosis of epilepsy.", "content": "99 patients with late epilepsy were investigated in our EEG laboratory. In intervals of maximal 100 days (averaged 23 days) a waking EEG recording and a CTAT were carried out. The average age was 43. 62.5% of the pathological CTATs were found in partial seizures with elementary symptomatology. In patients with generalized seizures the diagnosis of symptomatic epilepsy could be made in 20 cases (34%) with the help of computerized tomography. Generalized seizures were related to tumors only in 8.5% in our case material. In 20 of 99 EEGs in our patients there was a continuous delta wave focus, 12 of these with epileptogenic activity. Of these 20 patients, 18 showed a pathological result in computerized tomography. Eight tumors or metastases, 8 cases of atrophy (7 local and 1 diffuse) as well as 1 case of encephalitis could be diagnosed. 12 EEGs showed continuous or intermittent theta wave foci. Computerized tomography never gave a pathological finding in these patients. If one compares the results of CTAT and EEG in cases of tumor, the agreement between positive tomography and the pathological EEG is very high (97%): 33 positive CTATs comapred with 31 positive EEGs. Our investigations with computerized tomography show organic findings in 34 of 99 epilepsies, that is about 34%.", "contents": "Computerized transverse axial tomography (CTAT) in the diagnosis of epilepsy. 99 patients with late epilepsy were investigated in our EEG laboratory. In intervals of maximal 100 days (averaged 23 days) a waking EEG recording and a CTAT were carried out. The average age was 43. 62.5% of the pathological CTATs were found in partial seizures with elementary symptomatology. In patients with generalized seizures the diagnosis of symptomatic epilepsy could be made in 20 cases (34%) with the help of computerized tomography. Generalized seizures were related to tumors only in 8.5% in our case material. In 20 of 99 EEGs in our patients there was a continuous delta wave focus, 12 of these with epileptogenic activity. Of these 20 patients, 18 showed a pathological result in computerized tomography. Eight tumors or metastases, 8 cases of atrophy (7 local and 1 diffuse) as well as 1 case of encephalitis could be diagnosed. 12 EEGs showed continuous or intermittent theta wave foci. Computerized tomography never gave a pathological finding in these patients. If one compares the results of CTAT and EEG in cases of tumor, the agreement between positive tomography and the pathological EEG is very high (97%): 33 positive CTATs comapred with 31 positive EEGs. Our investigations with computerized tomography show organic findings in 34 of 99 epilepsies, that is about 34%.", "PMID": 404152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2434", "title": "Metabolic and clinical studies on patients with acromegaly treated with bromocriptine over 22 months.", "content": "In twenty-two patients with active acromegaly who were untreated or unsuccessfully operated or irradiated (mean growth hormone (GH) values greater than 4 ng/ml) the following investigations were performed: routine laboratory tests, tomography of pituitary fossa, oral glucose tolerance tests, TRH and other pituitary function tests and GH profiles over 5-10 h before and during bromocriptine treatment with daily doses between 7.5 and 50 mg. In seventeen patients GH was suppressed to less than 50% by bromocriptine, in thirteen of them it was normalized on at least one occasion. A TRH induced GH release was observed in all but two responders to bromocriptine before therapy. This effect of TRH was not blunted during treatment with bromocriptine and also in the two patients with negative tests before therapy a significant GH increase was observed. In no non-responder to bromocriptine was a significant increase of GH after TRH observed. One patient showed a secondary resistance to bromocriptine during a period of treatment with griseofulvin. In the remaining sixteen patients the GH suppression has been consistent for between 3 and 22 months. A single dose of pimozide abolished the bromocriptine effect on GH totally in one patient; in others a slight or no significant effect was observed. Tissue swelling and sweating decreased in all bromocriptine responders and glucose tolerance improved in five patients. In four diabetic patients a partial or full remission of diabetes occurred. Apart from postural hypotension after the first administration in two patients no other severe side effects have been observed. Sella size and the other pituitary functions did not change during the time of the study. It seems that a high percentage of acromegalics may be successfully treated with bromocriptine.", "contents": "Metabolic and clinical studies on patients with acromegaly treated with bromocriptine over 22 months. In twenty-two patients with active acromegaly who were untreated or unsuccessfully operated or irradiated (mean growth hormone (GH) values greater than 4 ng/ml) the following investigations were performed: routine laboratory tests, tomography of pituitary fossa, oral glucose tolerance tests, TRH and other pituitary function tests and GH profiles over 5-10 h before and during bromocriptine treatment with daily doses between 7.5 and 50 mg. In seventeen patients GH was suppressed to less than 50% by bromocriptine, in thirteen of them it was normalized on at least one occasion. A TRH induced GH release was observed in all but two responders to bromocriptine before therapy. This effect of TRH was not blunted during treatment with bromocriptine and also in the two patients with negative tests before therapy a significant GH increase was observed. In no non-responder to bromocriptine was a significant increase of GH after TRH observed. One patient showed a secondary resistance to bromocriptine during a period of treatment with griseofulvin. In the remaining sixteen patients the GH suppression has been consistent for between 3 and 22 months. A single dose of pimozide abolished the bromocriptine effect on GH totally in one patient; in others a slight or no significant effect was observed. Tissue swelling and sweating decreased in all bromocriptine responders and glucose tolerance improved in five patients. In four diabetic patients a partial or full remission of diabetes occurred. Apart from postural hypotension after the first administration in two patients no other severe side effects have been observed. Sella size and the other pituitary functions did not change during the time of the study. It seems that a high percentage of acromegalics may be successfully treated with bromocriptine.", "PMID": 404154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2435", "title": "Blood pressure in subjects with hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism detected in a health screening programme.", "content": "Primary hyperparathyroidism was the most likely diagnosis in sixty-eight non-thiazide treated patients with hypercalcaemia detected in a health screening. The group included fifty-five females and thirteen males with a mean +/- SEM age of 55.0 +/- 0.7 years. On a pair basis, these patients were compared with a series of sixty-eight age- and sex-matched normocalcaemic subjects selected from the health screening register. Five subjects in each group were receiving medication for hypertension. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher in the hypercalcaemic subjects in the remaining fifty-eight pairs (P less than 0.001). This difference was unrelated to impaired renal filtration and many other factors associated with hypertension. It is concluded that hypercalcaemia and/or other effects of deranged parathyroid function per se may result in a blood pressure elevation on which need not necessarily attain the level of hypertension.", "contents": "Blood pressure in subjects with hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism detected in a health screening programme. Primary hyperparathyroidism was the most likely diagnosis in sixty-eight non-thiazide treated patients with hypercalcaemia detected in a health screening. The group included fifty-five females and thirteen males with a mean +/- SEM age of 55.0 +/- 0.7 years. On a pair basis, these patients were compared with a series of sixty-eight age- and sex-matched normocalcaemic subjects selected from the health screening register. Five subjects in each group were receiving medication for hypertension. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher in the hypercalcaemic subjects in the remaining fifty-eight pairs (P less than 0.001). This difference was unrelated to impaired renal filtration and many other factors associated with hypertension. It is concluded that hypercalcaemia and/or other effects of deranged parathyroid function per se may result in a blood pressure elevation on which need not necessarily attain the level of hypertension.", "PMID": 404155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2436", "title": "Immunoglobulins in myasthenia gravis: effect of human lymph IgG 3 and F (ab')2 fragments on a cholinergic receptor preparation from Torpedo marmorata.", "content": "Lymph IgG from patients with myasthenia gravis was shown to inhibit the binding of radio-labelled Naja naja siamensis alpha-neurotoxin to membrane fragments from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. This effect could be related to IgG subclass 3 and to the F(ab')2 fragment. These findings confirm the involvement of antibodies of postsynaptic structures in myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in myasthenia gravis: effect of human lymph IgG 3 and F (ab')2 fragments on a cholinergic receptor preparation from Torpedo marmorata. Lymph IgG from patients with myasthenia gravis was shown to inhibit the binding of radio-labelled Naja naja siamensis alpha-neurotoxin to membrane fragments from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. This effect could be related to IgG subclass 3 and to the F(ab')2 fragment. These findings confirm the involvement of antibodies of postsynaptic structures in myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 404156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2437", "title": "Effects of parathyroid hormone on total protein, calcium magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium concentrations of normal human parotid saliva.", "content": "The effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) administered to six young normal adult subjects on protein, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium concentrations in parotid saliva have been studied in relation to the salivary flow rate. Stensen's duct was cannulated and excretion patterns of the constituents determined before and after stimulation of saliva production by lemon juice. After a control period (period 1), 50 U of PTH were given i.v. followed by an infusion of 2 U/min for 60-90 min (period 2). In the absence of any detectable changes in plasma, PTH induced a significant rise of salivary protein, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations at rest and following lemon juice stimulation, and of sodium concentration, but only at high flow rates for the latter. PTH did not change magnesium and potassium excretions significantly. Control experiments without PTH were performed on five other subjects. Protein, phosphorus and potassium concentrations did not change significantly between period 1 and period 2. Calcium and sodium excretions were reduced and magnesium excretion increased during period 2. These results provide evidence that PTH acts on the parotid gland by affecting protein secretion and electrolyte transport. Possible mechanisms of these changes are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of parathyroid hormone on total protein, calcium magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium concentrations of normal human parotid saliva. The effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) administered to six young normal adult subjects on protein, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium concentrations in parotid saliva have been studied in relation to the salivary flow rate. Stensen's duct was cannulated and excretion patterns of the constituents determined before and after stimulation of saliva production by lemon juice. After a control period (period 1), 50 U of PTH were given i.v. followed by an infusion of 2 U/min for 60-90 min (period 2). In the absence of any detectable changes in plasma, PTH induced a significant rise of salivary protein, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations at rest and following lemon juice stimulation, and of sodium concentration, but only at high flow rates for the latter. PTH did not change magnesium and potassium excretions significantly. Control experiments without PTH were performed on five other subjects. Protein, phosphorus and potassium concentrations did not change significantly between period 1 and period 2. Calcium and sodium excretions were reduced and magnesium excretion increased during period 2. These results provide evidence that PTH acts on the parotid gland by affecting protein secretion and electrolyte transport. Possible mechanisms of these changes are discussed.", "PMID": 404157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2438", "title": "Sex differences in serum lipids and lipoproteins at birth.", "content": "In a study of 1426 males and 1391 females at birth the mean concentrations of cholesterol in total serum, in the sum of very low density and low density lipoproteins and in high density lipoprotein were significantly higher in females than in males. No sex difference was present in the concentration of triglycerides either in total serum or in the lipoprotein fractions.", "contents": "Sex differences in serum lipids and lipoproteins at birth. In a study of 1426 males and 1391 females at birth the mean concentrations of cholesterol in total serum, in the sum of very low density and low density lipoproteins and in high density lipoprotein were significantly higher in females than in males. No sex difference was present in the concentration of triglycerides either in total serum or in the lipoprotein fractions.", "PMID": 404158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2439", "title": "Bile acid metabolism in ileostomy patients.", "content": "In ten ileostomy patients, a 14C-cholylglycine breath test was performed. The 14CO2 in the exhaled air and the 14C bile acid quantity and composition and fat content in the subsequent 24 h ileostomy effluent were determined and compared to the values in twenty healthy controls. The results show that in ileostomy patients only minor bile acid-deconjugation occurs in vivo. Deconjugation in the ileostomy bags was found to be mainly responsible for the absence of conjugated bile acids in many of the ileostomy effluent samples. Secondary bile acids were not present in these patients, as determined by TLC. The fecal fat and bile acid excretion was found to be in the normal range in ileostomy patients provided no concomitant ileum resection was present.", "contents": "Bile acid metabolism in ileostomy patients. In ten ileostomy patients, a 14C-cholylglycine breath test was performed. The 14CO2 in the exhaled air and the 14C bile acid quantity and composition and fat content in the subsequent 24 h ileostomy effluent were determined and compared to the values in twenty healthy controls. The results show that in ileostomy patients only minor bile acid-deconjugation occurs in vivo. Deconjugation in the ileostomy bags was found to be mainly responsible for the absence of conjugated bile acids in many of the ileostomy effluent samples. Secondary bile acids were not present in these patients, as determined by TLC. The fecal fat and bile acid excretion was found to be in the normal range in ileostomy patients provided no concomitant ileum resection was present.", "PMID": 404159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2440", "title": "Pituitary-testicular function in acromegalic and hypophysectomized patients.", "content": "Serum testosterone, LH, and FSH before and after i.v. injection of LHRH were studied in ten acromegalic men and in twenty-one males after hypophysectomy. Controls were normal men matched according to age. Compared to the controls, basal FSH was slightly higher and basal LGH slightly lower in the untreated acromegalics. The differences were not statistically significant. Serum testosterone and the ratio between basal FSH and LH were significantly lower in the patients. Following hypophysectomy because of acromegaly, the values were essentially unchanged. Hypophysectomy because of a functionless chromophobe adenoma resulted in a significantly lower maximum value of LH but not of FSH after LHRH. The results show that hypogonadism in acromegaly might be a result of imbalance between LH and FSH. They furthermore demonstrate that testing the pituitary-testicular function with LHRH in patients with pituitary disorders seems to be of limited value.", "contents": "Pituitary-testicular function in acromegalic and hypophysectomized patients. Serum testosterone, LH, and FSH before and after i.v. injection of LHRH were studied in ten acromegalic men and in twenty-one males after hypophysectomy. Controls were normal men matched according to age. Compared to the controls, basal FSH was slightly higher and basal LGH slightly lower in the untreated acromegalics. The differences were not statistically significant. Serum testosterone and the ratio between basal FSH and LH were significantly lower in the patients. Following hypophysectomy because of acromegaly, the values were essentially unchanged. Hypophysectomy because of a functionless chromophobe adenoma resulted in a significantly lower maximum value of LH but not of FSH after LHRH. The results show that hypogonadism in acromegaly might be a result of imbalance between LH and FSH. They furthermore demonstrate that testing the pituitary-testicular function with LHRH in patients with pituitary disorders seems to be of limited value.", "PMID": 404160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2441", "title": "Influence of sex, testicular development and liver function on the bioavailability of oral testosterone.", "content": "The bioavailability of orally administered testosterone was investigated in normal and hypogonadal men, prepubertal boys, normal women, and in patients with fatty liver, liver cirrhosis and surgical portocaval shunts. Peripheral testosterone concentrations remained unchanged in normal men and men with fatty liver, whereas a steep increase was observed in all other groups. The greatest increase was seen in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis and with portocaval shunts. The steep increase of peripheral testosterone in boys, women and hypogonadal men is attributed to their having a lower activity of androgen-metabolizing liver enzymes than normal men. The increase in patients with cirrhosis is most likely caused by intra- and extra-hepatic portocaval shunts.", "contents": "Influence of sex, testicular development and liver function on the bioavailability of oral testosterone. The bioavailability of orally administered testosterone was investigated in normal and hypogonadal men, prepubertal boys, normal women, and in patients with fatty liver, liver cirrhosis and surgical portocaval shunts. Peripheral testosterone concentrations remained unchanged in normal men and men with fatty liver, whereas a steep increase was observed in all other groups. The greatest increase was seen in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis and with portocaval shunts. The steep increase of peripheral testosterone in boys, women and hypogonadal men is attributed to their having a lower activity of androgen-metabolizing liver enzymes than normal men. The increase in patients with cirrhosis is most likely caused by intra- and extra-hepatic portocaval shunts.", "PMID": 404161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2442", "title": "Treatment of experimental murine amyloidosis with dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "Dimethyl sulfoxide was administered intravenously for 60 days to twenty mice with casein-induced amyloidosis. Partial or total disappearance of amyloid deposits occurred in all treated animals. The urine of these animals contained a substance from which amyloid fibrils could be synthesized. A control group of mice with casein-induced amyloidosis given saline injections showed massive amyloid deposition in the liver and in the spleen at the end of the experiment. Neither the urine of these mice nor the urine of normal control mice treated with dimethyl sulfoxide contained substances from which amyloid fibrils could be synthesized. It is our assumption that dimethyl sulfoxide treatment of mice with amyloidosis resulted in a break up of amyloid fibres into small subunits which were excreted in the urine.", "contents": "Treatment of experimental murine amyloidosis with dimethyl sulfoxide. Dimethyl sulfoxide was administered intravenously for 60 days to twenty mice with casein-induced amyloidosis. Partial or total disappearance of amyloid deposits occurred in all treated animals. The urine of these animals contained a substance from which amyloid fibrils could be synthesized. A control group of mice with casein-induced amyloidosis given saline injections showed massive amyloid deposition in the liver and in the spleen at the end of the experiment. Neither the urine of these mice nor the urine of normal control mice treated with dimethyl sulfoxide contained substances from which amyloid fibrils could be synthesized. It is our assumption that dimethyl sulfoxide treatment of mice with amyloidosis resulted in a break up of amyloid fibres into small subunits which were excreted in the urine.", "PMID": 404162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2443", "title": "Motility- and blood flow-dependent absorption of amino acids in canine small intestine.", "content": "A relationship between L-phenylalanine and L-serine absorption, intestinal motility and blood flow has been studied with a canine in situ isolated jejunal loop in acute experiments and in chronic preparations in conscious dogs. During spontaneous rhythmic contractions, as well as after mechanical and pharmacological stimuli, rhythmic changes in blood flow, related to intestinal contractions, were observed. They had no bearing on mean blood flow or absorption as long as they did not occur together with tonic contractions. The tonic contractions resulted in a prolonged decrease in jejunal blood flow ano diminished amino acid absorption rate. Absorption and motility index, as well as blood flow and motility were negatively correlated. There was a positive rectlinear correlation between intestinal blood flow and absorption, regardless of whether changes in blood flow resulted from the increase in motility or were induced by intestinal artery occlusion. These correlations suggest that changes in amino acid absorption during increased motility depend on changes in blood flow. This relationship may be important in clinical syndromes with hypermotility.", "contents": "Motility- and blood flow-dependent absorption of amino acids in canine small intestine. A relationship between L-phenylalanine and L-serine absorption, intestinal motility and blood flow has been studied with a canine in situ isolated jejunal loop in acute experiments and in chronic preparations in conscious dogs. During spontaneous rhythmic contractions, as well as after mechanical and pharmacological stimuli, rhythmic changes in blood flow, related to intestinal contractions, were observed. They had no bearing on mean blood flow or absorption as long as they did not occur together with tonic contractions. The tonic contractions resulted in a prolonged decrease in jejunal blood flow ano diminished amino acid absorption rate. Absorption and motility index, as well as blood flow and motility were negatively correlated. There was a positive rectlinear correlation between intestinal blood flow and absorption, regardless of whether changes in blood flow resulted from the increase in motility or were induced by intestinal artery occlusion. These correlations suggest that changes in amino acid absorption during increased motility depend on changes in blood flow. This relationship may be important in clinical syndromes with hypermotility.", "PMID": 404163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2444", "title": "The permeability of the blood-brain barrier during electrically induced seizures in man.", "content": "The blood-brain barrier (BBB) in man was studied during various conditions using the indicator dilution method of Crone [8]. Using 113m In-DTPA as reference substance the extraction, E, of the small test substances 24Na+, 36Cl-, 14C-urea and 14C-thiourea was estimated from the areas under the venous outflow curves following intracarotid slug injection of tracers. Interlaminar diffusion and red cell carriage were taken into consideration when calculating E. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using the intra-arterial 133Xe-injection method. Twenty-two patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were studied before and during seizures and during hypercapnia. Before seizures the extraction values in % were as follows: ENa+ 1.6, ECl- 1.9, Eurea 3.9 and Ethiourea 7.8; the corresponding values for the permeability-surface area products (PS) in ml/100 g x min were 0.5, 0.3, 0.7, 4.1, respectively. During seizure a decrease of Ethiourea and an increase of PSurea were significant. During hypercapnia PSNa and PSthiourea rose significantly. Due to the similarity of the findings in those two high flow situations it is suggested that the changes of CBF and not the epileptic activity are responsible for the changes in permeability. The mechanism of action may be a stretching of endothelial cells in the cerebral vessels or an opening up of new capillaries, or a combination of both.", "contents": "The permeability of the blood-brain barrier during electrically induced seizures in man. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) in man was studied during various conditions using the indicator dilution method of Crone [8]. Using 113m In-DTPA as reference substance the extraction, E, of the small test substances 24Na+, 36Cl-, 14C-urea and 14C-thiourea was estimated from the areas under the venous outflow curves following intracarotid slug injection of tracers. Interlaminar diffusion and red cell carriage were taken into consideration when calculating E. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using the intra-arterial 133Xe-injection method. Twenty-two patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were studied before and during seizures and during hypercapnia. Before seizures the extraction values in % were as follows: ENa+ 1.6, ECl- 1.9, Eurea 3.9 and Ethiourea 7.8; the corresponding values for the permeability-surface area products (PS) in ml/100 g x min were 0.5, 0.3, 0.7, 4.1, respectively. During seizure a decrease of Ethiourea and an increase of PSurea were significant. During hypercapnia PSNa and PSthiourea rose significantly. Due to the similarity of the findings in those two high flow situations it is suggested that the changes of CBF and not the epileptic activity are responsible for the changes in permeability. The mechanism of action may be a stretching of endothelial cells in the cerebral vessels or an opening up of new capillaries, or a combination of both.", "PMID": 404164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2445", "title": "Blood-brain barrier during electroshock seizures in the rat.", "content": "The effect of electrically induced seizures on the permeability of the rat blood-brain barrier was investigated. The small radioactive tracers sodium (24Na+), chloride (36Cl-) carbon labelled thiourea (14C-thiourea) and glucose (14C-D-glucose) were studied in indicator dilution experiments with indium labelled diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (113mIn-DTPA) as reference substance. This method allows a quantitative estimate of the transcapillary loss of solutes, the extraction (E), during a single passage through the brain. Passage of macromolecules was studied using as marker substance Evans Blue which binds to plasma albumin. In the resting state ENa, ECl, Ethiourea and Eglucose were 2.9, 4.8, 9.3 and 12.5%, respectively. During seizures and during shortlasting hypercapnia E glucose decreased while E for the other tracers was unchanged. As cerebral blood flow increased, there must be an increased transfer of test substances into the brain. This finding is in agreement with recent human studies [15]. When Evans Blue was injected intravenously prior to electroshock, there was no staining of brain tissue after one electroshock but following repeated electroshocks some staining was observed. In an attempt quantify this transcapillary loss of albumin by means of indicator dilution, 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes were used as intravascular reference substance against 113mIn-DTPA (a plasma tracer). However, the albumin loss (by pinocytosis or otherwise) occurring after ten electroshocks could not be detected during a single passage through the brain.", "contents": "Blood-brain barrier during electroshock seizures in the rat. The effect of electrically induced seizures on the permeability of the rat blood-brain barrier was investigated. The small radioactive tracers sodium (24Na+), chloride (36Cl-) carbon labelled thiourea (14C-thiourea) and glucose (14C-D-glucose) were studied in indicator dilution experiments with indium labelled diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (113mIn-DTPA) as reference substance. This method allows a quantitative estimate of the transcapillary loss of solutes, the extraction (E), during a single passage through the brain. Passage of macromolecules was studied using as marker substance Evans Blue which binds to plasma albumin. In the resting state ENa, ECl, Ethiourea and Eglucose were 2.9, 4.8, 9.3 and 12.5%, respectively. During seizures and during shortlasting hypercapnia E glucose decreased while E for the other tracers was unchanged. As cerebral blood flow increased, there must be an increased transfer of test substances into the brain. This finding is in agreement with recent human studies [15]. When Evans Blue was injected intravenously prior to electroshock, there was no staining of brain tissue after one electroshock but following repeated electroshocks some staining was observed. In an attempt quantify this transcapillary loss of albumin by means of indicator dilution, 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes were used as intravascular reference substance against 113mIn-DTPA (a plasma tracer). However, the albumin loss (by pinocytosis or otherwise) occurring after ten electroshocks could not be detected during a single passage through the brain.", "PMID": 404165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2446", "title": "[Changes of the uterine size during pregnancy in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper describes changes in the uterine size during the normal course of pregnancy in cynomolgus monkeys. Twenty-four females which had conceived by 3-day individual mating with a male were laparotomized 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,15 and 20 weeks after conception. The width, thickness and length of uterus were measured by a pair of callipers. Them, the uterine volume was estimated by the formula, V = 4/3 piab2 (a, b: uterine length x 1/2, uterine width x 1/2). The increase in the uterine width (y) during pregnancy could be expressed as a linear equation: y = 0.35x + 1.48 (x: weeks after conception). The thickness of pregnant uteri could be represented by a a linear equation: y = 0.36x + 1.40. From the 4th to the 20th week of pregnancy, the uterine length increased along a straight line expressed as a linear equation: y = 0.58x + 1.14. Except for nonpregnant uteri, the change in the uterine volume after pregnancy could be expressed as a linear logarithmic equation: log y = 2.319 log x -0.315. These 24 pregnant monkeys had followed the normal course of gestation until the time of laparotomy without any abnormality in their fetuses of their placentas, indicating that the values obtained throughout this study are of practical use for taking care of pregnant cynomolgus monkeys.", "contents": "[Changes of the uterine size during pregnancy in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) (author's transl)]. This paper describes changes in the uterine size during the normal course of pregnancy in cynomolgus monkeys. Twenty-four females which had conceived by 3-day individual mating with a male were laparotomized 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,15 and 20 weeks after conception. The width, thickness and length of uterus were measured by a pair of callipers. Them, the uterine volume was estimated by the formula, V = 4/3 piab2 (a, b: uterine length x 1/2, uterine width x 1/2). The increase in the uterine width (y) during pregnancy could be expressed as a linear equation: y = 0.35x + 1.48 (x: weeks after conception). The thickness of pregnant uteri could be represented by a a linear equation: y = 0.36x + 1.40. From the 4th to the 20th week of pregnancy, the uterine length increased along a straight line expressed as a linear equation: y = 0.58x + 1.14. Except for nonpregnant uteri, the change in the uterine volume after pregnancy could be expressed as a linear logarithmic equation: log y = 2.319 log x -0.315. These 24 pregnant monkeys had followed the normal course of gestation until the time of laparotomy without any abnormality in their fetuses of their placentas, indicating that the values obtained throughout this study are of practical use for taking care of pregnant cynomolgus monkeys.", "PMID": 404166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2447", "title": "Pulvinar-latero posterior afferents to cortical area 7 in monkeys demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase tracing technique.", "content": "Pulvinar-latero posterior afferents to the parietal cortical area 7 of the monkey have been demonstrated by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing technique. Following HRP injection of area 7, labelled neurons have been found in the pulvinar medialis and the nucleus lateralis posterior. The role of these pulvinar projection fibers is discussed with reference to the \"visual neurons\" of area 7 recently recorded from.", "contents": "Pulvinar-latero posterior afferents to cortical area 7 in monkeys demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase tracing technique. Pulvinar-latero posterior afferents to the parietal cortical area 7 of the monkey have been demonstrated by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing technique. Following HRP injection of area 7, labelled neurons have been found in the pulvinar medialis and the nucleus lateralis posterior. The role of these pulvinar projection fibers is discussed with reference to the \"visual neurons\" of area 7 recently recorded from.", "PMID": 404172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2448", "title": "Neuronal activity in the vestibular nuclei of the alert monkey during vestibular and optokinetic stimulation.", "content": "Recordings from neurons of the vestibular nuclei were performed in  alert monkeys. Type I and type II units were identified by rotating the monkey about a vertical axis. Al neurons responded also when only the visual surround was rotated around the stationary monkey. The combination of visual and vestibular stimulation points towards non-algebraic summation characteristics for the two inputs, with each input dominating the response over a certain range.", "contents": "Neuronal activity in the vestibular nuclei of the alert monkey during vestibular and optokinetic stimulation. Recordings from neurons of the vestibular nuclei were performed in  alert monkeys. Type I and type II units were identified by rotating the monkey about a vertical axis. Al neurons responded also when only the visual surround was rotated around the stationary monkey. The combination of visual and vestibular stimulation points towards non-algebraic summation characteristics for the two inputs, with each input dominating the response over a certain range.", "PMID": 404173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2449", "title": "Stimulus- and response-dependent units from the occipital and temporal lobes of the unanaesthetized monkey performing learnt visual tasks.", "content": "43% of units recorded from the foveal prestriate cortex, inferotemporal cortex or amygdala of 15 rhesus monkeys performing visual discrimination or serial reversal tasks were responsive to all or some visual stimuli or other aspects of the task. Six units showed activity during movements required for performance of the task. It was not possible to determine whether unit activity could be related to the learnt association of the visual stimuli with reward.", "contents": "Stimulus- and response-dependent units from the occipital and temporal lobes of the unanaesthetized monkey performing learnt visual tasks. 43% of units recorded from the foveal prestriate cortex, inferotemporal cortex or amygdala of 15 rhesus monkeys performing visual discrimination or serial reversal tasks were responsive to all or some visual stimuli or other aspects of the task. Six units showed activity during movements required for performance of the task. It was not possible to determine whether unit activity could be related to the learnt association of the visual stimuli with reward.", "PMID": 404174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2450", "title": "Topographically organized reciprocal connections between areas 17 and MT (visual area of superior temporal sulcus) in the marmoset Callithrix jacchus.", "content": "With the aid of the techniques of tracing axonal pathways by anterograde fiber degeneration, and by anterograde (autoradiography) and retrograde (HRP-histochemistry) axoplasmic transport, it could be shown that area 17 projects in a topographically and visuotopically organized manner onto the temporal visual area MT. The fibers of this association system originate from pyramidal cells in layer IIIc, and from the solitary cells of Meynert; they terminate in layers IV and III of area MT. A correspondingly organized system of countercurrent fibers originates from  pyramidal cells in layers III/II and V/VI of area MT and terminates separately in layers VI, IIIc and I of area 17.", "contents": "Topographically organized reciprocal connections between areas 17 and MT (visual area of superior temporal sulcus) in the marmoset Callithrix jacchus. With the aid of the techniques of tracing axonal pathways by anterograde fiber degeneration, and by anterograde (autoradiography) and retrograde (HRP-histochemistry) axoplasmic transport, it could be shown that area 17 projects in a topographically and visuotopically organized manner onto the temporal visual area MT. The fibers of this association system originate from pyramidal cells in layer IIIc, and from the solitary cells of Meynert; they terminate in layers IV and III of area MT. A correspondingly organized system of countercurrent fibers originates from  pyramidal cells in layers III/II and V/VI of area MT and terminates separately in layers VI, IIIc and I of area 17.", "PMID": 404175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2451", "title": "Immunological sensitization following inapparent infection with dengue virus type 3 in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys previously given dengue virus type 3, without apparent viremia or antibody response, exhibited a secondary-type response upon reinoculation. These data suggest that monkeys can be immunologically sensitized to dengue virus without detectable antibody production.", "contents": "Immunological sensitization following inapparent infection with dengue virus type 3 in rhesus monkeys. Rhesus monkeys previously given dengue virus type 3, without apparent viremia or antibody response, exhibited a secondary-type response upon reinoculation. These data suggest that monkeys can be immunologically sensitized to dengue virus without detectable antibody production.", "PMID": 404181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2452", "title": "[Strophanthin sensitivity in disorders of cardiac blood supply, altered immunologic reactivity and under the influence of several pharmacologic agents].", "content": "Tests conducted with 125 cats demonstrated that occlusion of the coronary artery causes a higher sensitivity to the bathmotropic action of strophanthin, but does not have any effect on the magnitude of its lethal dose. The efficaciousness of potassium orotate and also of Na2EDTA in combinations with anapriline and isadrine, as regulators of the sensitivity to the toxic effect of strophanthin, was investigated. Immunization of cats with a homocardiac antigen was found to produce biphasic changes in the sensitivity to the toxic effect of strophanthin associated with the duration of antigenic stimulation.", "contents": "[Strophanthin sensitivity in disorders of cardiac blood supply, altered immunologic reactivity and under the influence of several pharmacologic agents]. Tests conducted with 125 cats demonstrated that occlusion of the coronary artery causes a higher sensitivity to the bathmotropic action of strophanthin, but does not have any effect on the magnitude of its lethal dose. The efficaciousness of potassium orotate and also of Na2EDTA in combinations with anapriline and isadrine, as regulators of the sensitivity to the toxic effect of strophanthin, was investigated. Immunization of cats with a homocardiac antigen was found to produce biphasic changes in the sensitivity to the toxic effect of strophanthin associated with the duration of antigenic stimulation.", "PMID": 404183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2453", "title": "Effects of PCBs, DDT, and mercury compounds in chickens and Japanese quail.", "content": "In well-controlled experiments using white leghorn chickens and Japanese quail, dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT and related compounds produced no detrimental effects on eggshell quality. A drastic reduction in hatchability of chicks occurred with 10-20 ppm PCBs, but no detrimental effects on eggshell quality, egg production or hatchability were found with 0.5 and 1.0 ppm PCBs, or DDT up to 100 ppm. Dietary PCBs potentiated a vitamin E-selenium deficiency in the chick, increased exudative diathesis, and decreased plasma glutathione peroxidase levels. Dietary PCBs induced hepatic microsomal benzopyrine hydroxylase. Dietary levles of 100 or 200 ppm inorganic mercury as HgSO4 or HgCl2 had little effect on egg production, hatchability, shell quality, morbidity and mortality. Methylmercury chloride, however, at levels providing 10 or 20 mg Hg/kg of diet, severely affected all of these parameters. Even though the present experiments demonstrate that neither DDT nor PCBs has any effect on eggshell quality in chickens and Japanese quail, they may cause thinning of eggshells in other species. Controlled experiments are lacking. Eagles, ospreys and pelicans all consume fish which in many areas of the world are known to contain methyl mercury. The thinning of eggshells in the species in the wild may have been due, at least in part, to environmental contamination with methylmercury rather than DDT, DDE or PCBs, as has been claimed.", "contents": "Effects of PCBs, DDT, and mercury compounds in chickens and Japanese quail. In well-controlled experiments using white leghorn chickens and Japanese quail, dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT and related compounds produced no detrimental effects on eggshell quality. A drastic reduction in hatchability of chicks occurred with 10-20 ppm PCBs, but no detrimental effects on eggshell quality, egg production or hatchability were found with 0.5 and 1.0 ppm PCBs, or DDT up to 100 ppm. Dietary PCBs potentiated a vitamin E-selenium deficiency in the chick, increased exudative diathesis, and decreased plasma glutathione peroxidase levels. Dietary PCBs induced hepatic microsomal benzopyrine hydroxylase. Dietary levles of 100 or 200 ppm inorganic mercury as HgSO4 or HgCl2 had little effect on egg production, hatchability, shell quality, morbidity and mortality. Methylmercury chloride, however, at levels providing 10 or 20 mg Hg/kg of diet, severely affected all of these parameters. Even though the present experiments demonstrate that neither DDT nor PCBs has any effect on eggshell quality in chickens and Japanese quail, they may cause thinning of eggshells in other species. Controlled experiments are lacking. Eagles, ospreys and pelicans all consume fish which in many areas of the world are known to contain methyl mercury. The thinning of eggshells in the species in the wild may have been due, at least in part, to environmental contamination with methylmercury rather than DDT, DDE or PCBs, as has been claimed.", "PMID": 404195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2454", "title": "Clinical response to CB-154 and the pituitary response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone-gonadotropin-releasing hormone in patients with galactorrhea-amenorrhea.", "content": "Ten patients with galactorrhea and amenorrhea were treated with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154). All patients had normal anteroposterior and lateral x-rays of the sella turcica and normal or low gonadotropin levels. Before treatment, serum prolactin (PRL) levels were between 80 and 1575 ng/ml. Prior to initiating therapy, six patients were further evaluated by the intravenous administration of thyrotropin-releasing of a pituitary etiology in all patients. During treatment, PRL levels were measured at monthly intervals. After 1 month, serum PRL concentrations were reduced between 13% and 99%. In eight subjects there was complete cessation of galactorrhea. During treatment, nine patients resumed ovulatory menstrual cycles and three patients conceived. After discontinuing therapy, five of seven subjects had a recurrence of galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia.", "contents": "Clinical response to CB-154 and the pituitary response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone-gonadotropin-releasing hormone in patients with galactorrhea-amenorrhea. Ten patients with galactorrhea and amenorrhea were treated with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154). All patients had normal anteroposterior and lateral x-rays of the sella turcica and normal or low gonadotropin levels. Before treatment, serum prolactin (PRL) levels were between 80 and 1575 ng/ml. Prior to initiating therapy, six patients were further evaluated by the intravenous administration of thyrotropin-releasing of a pituitary etiology in all patients. During treatment, PRL levels were measured at monthly intervals. After 1 month, serum PRL concentrations were reduced between 13% and 99%. In eight subjects there was complete cessation of galactorrhea. During treatment, nine patients resumed ovulatory menstrual cycles and three patients conceived. After discontinuing therapy, five of seven subjects had a recurrence of galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia.", "PMID": 404198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2455", "title": "The risks and prevention of Neisseria gonorrhoeae transfer in fresh ejaculate donor insemination.", "content": "The risk of transferring gonorrhea with donor insemination was investigated in this study. Thirteen semen specimens contaminated by Neisseria gonorrhoeae were placed in containers as used in donor artificial insemination (AID) and cultured serially. Since most fresh ejaculates are used rapidly, a 2-hour peroid was used as the end-point. Ten of the thirteen ejaculates were positive on initial and 2-hour delay cultures. Three were negative by both cultures. The epidemiology of gonorrhea is reviewed, and those cases of gonorrhea reported following AID are discussed. The use of frozen semen as advocated by some is compared with the use of fresh ejaculates. It is shown that fresh ejaculates, which are more practical for many physicians and have better fertilizing capacity, can be used if proper cultures are obtained at the time of insemination. It is suggested that either frozen ejaculates with negative culture or fresh ejaculates screened by smear and cultured at the time of insemination be utilized. The use of fresh semen is possible, since results of appropriate cultures could be available and treatment instituted before clinical disease occurs.", "contents": "The risks and prevention of Neisseria gonorrhoeae transfer in fresh ejaculate donor insemination. The risk of transferring gonorrhea with donor insemination was investigated in this study. Thirteen semen specimens contaminated by Neisseria gonorrhoeae were placed in containers as used in donor artificial insemination (AID) and cultured serially. Since most fresh ejaculates are used rapidly, a 2-hour peroid was used as the end-point. Ten of the thirteen ejaculates were positive on initial and 2-hour delay cultures. Three were negative by both cultures. The epidemiology of gonorrhea is reviewed, and those cases of gonorrhea reported following AID are discussed. The use of frozen semen as advocated by some is compared with the use of fresh ejaculates. It is shown that fresh ejaculates, which are more practical for many physicians and have better fertilizing capacity, can be used if proper cultures are obtained at the time of insemination. It is suggested that either frozen ejaculates with negative culture or fresh ejaculates screened by smear and cultured at the time of insemination be utilized. The use of fresh semen is possible, since results of appropriate cultures could be available and treatment instituted before clinical disease occurs.", "PMID": 404199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2456", "title": "Vasectomy and vasovasostomy in rhesus monkeys: the effect of circulating antisperm antibodies on fertility.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys develop agglutinating and complement-dependent antisperm antibodies after vasectomy. In order to study whether these antibodies affect fertility after vasovasostomy, 15 animals were given vasectomies and 6 months later vasovasostomies. Subsequently, each was mated with females of proven fertility. Five controls were given sham operations and similarly treated. During this period, each aimal was bled for serum to monitor the humoral immune response, ejaculated for semen analyses, and palpated for granuloma or fistula development. All control animals had a transient decrease in sperm density after sham vasectomy and vasovasostomy operations. The surgical procedures of vasectomy and subsequent vasovasostomy resulted in more animals having sperm of poor motility and quality. All of vasovasostomies were surgically successful in that sperm were again present in the ejaculate of each animal. The amount of sperm in the ejaculate could not be correlated with the ease of surgical procedure, presence or absence of macrophages in the ejaculum, motility, or forward progression. Only animals that had been vasectomized developed circulating antisperm antibodies. Sustained, elevated levels of antisperm antibodies most commonly occurred in monkeys that had high initial total sperm counts. Six of the experimental animals retained high levels of sperm-immobilizing antibodies after vasovasostomy. Of these, two were found to be infertile and two were classed as subfertile. Of the nine experimental animals without sustained antisperm antibody production, only one was classed as subfertile. This suggests that antisperm antibodies may in some cases impair the restoration of fertility after vasovasostomy.", "contents": "Vasectomy and vasovasostomy in rhesus monkeys: the effect of circulating antisperm antibodies on fertility. Rhesus monkeys develop agglutinating and complement-dependent antisperm antibodies after vasectomy. In order to study whether these antibodies affect fertility after vasovasostomy, 15 animals were given vasectomies and 6 months later vasovasostomies. Subsequently, each was mated with females of proven fertility. Five controls were given sham operations and similarly treated. During this period, each aimal was bled for serum to monitor the humoral immune response, ejaculated for semen analyses, and palpated for granuloma or fistula development. All control animals had a transient decrease in sperm density after sham vasectomy and vasovasostomy operations. The surgical procedures of vasectomy and subsequent vasovasostomy resulted in more animals having sperm of poor motility and quality. All of vasovasostomies were surgically successful in that sperm were again present in the ejaculate of each animal. The amount of sperm in the ejaculate could not be correlated with the ease of surgical procedure, presence or absence of macrophages in the ejaculum, motility, or forward progression. Only animals that had been vasectomized developed circulating antisperm antibodies. Sustained, elevated levels of antisperm antibodies most commonly occurred in monkeys that had high initial total sperm counts. Six of the experimental animals retained high levels of sperm-immobilizing antibodies after vasovasostomy. Of these, two were found to be infertile and two were classed as subfertile. Of the nine experimental animals without sustained antisperm antibody production, only one was classed as subfertile. This suggests that antisperm antibodies may in some cases impair the restoration of fertility after vasovasostomy.", "PMID": 404200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2457", "title": "Lactic acidosis complicating diabetic ketosis in a patient with hyperthyroidism.", "content": "The present report describes a patient with insulin-dependent diabetes who developed simultaneously lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis following insulin deprivation. Administration of insulin at low doses rapidly corrected both ketosis and lactic acidosis. There had been neither circulatory collapse, nor phenformin intake, and hepatic function was normal. The development of lactic acidosis in this case was possibly precipitated by hyperthyroidism. A review of the literature indicates that lactic acidosis is a very rare complication of diabetic ketosis per se.", "contents": "Lactic acidosis complicating diabetic ketosis in a patient with hyperthyroidism. The present report describes a patient with insulin-dependent diabetes who developed simultaneously lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis following insulin deprivation. Administration of insulin at low doses rapidly corrected both ketosis and lactic acidosis. There had been neither circulatory collapse, nor phenformin intake, and hepatic function was normal. The development of lactic acidosis in this case was possibly precipitated by hyperthyroidism. A review of the literature indicates that lactic acidosis is a very rare complication of diabetic ketosis per se.", "PMID": 404202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2458", "title": "Ethology and man: science or myth?", "content": "What is known of human evolution gives us little help in describing the biological nature of man: even our fossil history is obscure, and most statements on the evolution of human behaviour are guesses. The fact that primitive man was a predator on other species does not signify that man is \"naturally aggressive\" to his own kind. The notion of an inherent drive to aggression has no scientific foundation. Knowledge of the conduct of other species can lead to no valid conclusions about human behaviour. The same limitations apply to interpretations of modern man based on what is known of human hunter-gatherers. Ethology can contribute to human studies (1) by providing methods of observing and analysing behaviour, and (2) by providing hypotheses that can be tested. Zoologically-based hypotheses on the ill effects of crowding have been useful but have proved to be wrong. Others on the effects of stimulation in early life, and on breast-feeding and milk composition, have been more fruitful. Abnormal conduct, such as that of Kanner's syndrome, can be usefully studied by ethological methods. Man is a learner and a teacher, whose knowledge of himself increases slowly with the growth of critical research.", "contents": "Ethology and man: science or myth? What is known of human evolution gives us little help in describing the biological nature of man: even our fossil history is obscure, and most statements on the evolution of human behaviour are guesses. The fact that primitive man was a predator on other species does not signify that man is \"naturally aggressive\" to his own kind. The notion of an inherent drive to aggression has no scientific foundation. Knowledge of the conduct of other species can lead to no valid conclusions about human behaviour. The same limitations apply to interpretations of modern man based on what is known of human hunter-gatherers. Ethology can contribute to human studies (1) by providing methods of observing and analysing behaviour, and (2) by providing hypotheses that can be tested. Zoologically-based hypotheses on the ill effects of crowding have been useful but have proved to be wrong. Others on the effects of stimulation in early life, and on breast-feeding and milk composition, have been more fruitful. Abnormal conduct, such as that of Kanner's syndrome, can be usefully studied by ethological methods. Man is a learner and a teacher, whose knowledge of himself increases slowly with the growth of critical research.", "PMID": 404203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2459", "title": "Accumulation of dopamine in mouse pancreatic B-cells following injection of L-DOPA. Localization to secretory granules and inhibition of insulin secretion.", "content": "Accumulation and subcellular localization of dopamine (DA) in pancreatic B-cells and its effects on insulin secretion were investigated in mice following a single injection of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Electron microscopic autoradiography showed that 3H-DA formed from administered 3H-DOPA was present over B-cells as well as over other types of islet cells. Pretreatment of the animals with a decarboxylase inhibitor greatly reduced the number of autoradiographic grains. In the B-cells the 3H-DA-grains were associated with the secretory granules. The location of the label may suggest an incorporation in the periphery of the beta-granule, rather than in the dense core, supposed to contain insulin. Accumulation of DA in the B-cells following L-DOPA administration was found to inhibit partially the insulin secretory response to different insulin secretagogues (glucose, glibenclamide and L-isopropylnoradrenaline (L-IPNA). Treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitor + L-DOPA induced an almost total suppression of L-IPNA-stimulated insulin secretion, whereas glucose-induced insulin release was still only partially inhibited. Pretreatment with a decarboxylase inhibitor abolished the effects of L-DOPA. It is suggested that intracellularly accumulated DA in the B-cell exerts an inhibitory action on insulin releasing mechanisms induced by different secretagogues and that this action might involve interference with a calcium translocation process at the level of the secretory granule.", "contents": "Accumulation of dopamine in mouse pancreatic B-cells following injection of L-DOPA. Localization to secretory granules and inhibition of insulin secretion. Accumulation and subcellular localization of dopamine (DA) in pancreatic B-cells and its effects on insulin secretion were investigated in mice following a single injection of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). Electron microscopic autoradiography showed that 3H-DA formed from administered 3H-DOPA was present over B-cells as well as over other types of islet cells. Pretreatment of the animals with a decarboxylase inhibitor greatly reduced the number of autoradiographic grains. In the B-cells the 3H-DA-grains were associated with the secretory granules. The location of the label may suggest an incorporation in the periphery of the beta-granule, rather than in the dense core, supposed to contain insulin. Accumulation of DA in the B-cells following L-DOPA administration was found to inhibit partially the insulin secretory response to different insulin secretagogues (glucose, glibenclamide and L-isopropylnoradrenaline (L-IPNA). Treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitor + L-DOPA induced an almost total suppression of L-IPNA-stimulated insulin secretion, whereas glucose-induced insulin release was still only partially inhibited. Pretreatment with a decarboxylase inhibitor abolished the effects of L-DOPA. It is suggested that intracellularly accumulated DA in the B-cell exerts an inhibitory action on insulin releasing mechanisms induced by different secretagogues and that this action might involve interference with a calcium translocation process at the level of the secretory granule.", "PMID": 404204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2460", "title": "Comparative effects of phenformin, metformin and glibenclamide on metabolic rhythms in maturity-onset diabetics.", "content": "Twelve hour metabolic rhythms have been performed on six maturity-onset diabetic subjects during successive periods of therapy with phenformin, metformin, and glibenclamide. Moderate control of blood glucose concentration was achieved with phenformin and  metformin, the lowest concentrations being found with glibenclamide. Mean blood lactate concentration was grossly elevated during phenformin therapy, moderately elevated with metformin and normal during glibenclamide treatment. Similar patterns were found for the lactate/pyruvate ratio, alanine, glycerol and ketone bodies. Serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher during phenformin treatment than with the other two regimes. Serum insulin concentration was higher on glibenclamide than with either biguanide. Most of these effects of the biguanides could be accounted for by an inhibitory effect on hepatic gluconeogenesis. It is concluded that the use of biguanides as hypoglycaemic agents in diabetes is associated with the production of multiple metabolic abnormalities.", "contents": "Comparative effects of phenformin, metformin and glibenclamide on metabolic rhythms in maturity-onset diabetics. Twelve hour metabolic rhythms have been performed on six maturity-onset diabetic subjects during successive periods of therapy with phenformin, metformin, and glibenclamide. Moderate control of blood glucose concentration was achieved with phenformin and  metformin, the lowest concentrations being found with glibenclamide. Mean blood lactate concentration was grossly elevated during phenformin therapy, moderately elevated with metformin and normal during glibenclamide treatment. Similar patterns were found for the lactate/pyruvate ratio, alanine, glycerol and ketone bodies. Serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher during phenformin treatment than with the other two regimes. Serum insulin concentration was higher on glibenclamide than with either biguanide. Most of these effects of the biguanides could be accounted for by an inhibitory effect on hepatic gluconeogenesis. It is concluded that the use of biguanides as hypoglycaemic agents in diabetes is associated with the production of multiple metabolic abnormalities.", "PMID": 404205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2461", "title": "Extrapancreatic effect of glibenclamide: stimulation of duodenal insulin-releasing activity (DIRA) in man.", "content": "Experiments were performed in order to study a possible participation of gastrointestinal factors in the insulinotrophic action of glibenclamide in man. Six healthy volunteers received 5 mg glibenclamide in 50 ml saline orally. Biopsies were taken from the duodenal mucosa before and after administration of the drug. The duodenal insulin-releasing activity (DIRA) was assayed in the extracts of the biopsy material by using an in situ pancreas preparation of rat. The corresponding drug, IRI and glucose levels were measured in peripheral blood. The values of IRI correlated with both the prior elevation of DIRA and the increasing levels of the drug in the blood. These data indicate that glibenclamide might stimulate the release of gut factor(s) which, in turn, could possibly sensitize the pancrease response to the drug.", "contents": "Extrapancreatic effect of glibenclamide: stimulation of duodenal insulin-releasing activity (DIRA) in man. Experiments were performed in order to study a possible participation of gastrointestinal factors in the insulinotrophic action of glibenclamide in man. Six healthy volunteers received 5 mg glibenclamide in 50 ml saline orally. Biopsies were taken from the duodenal mucosa before and after administration of the drug. The duodenal insulin-releasing activity (DIRA) was assayed in the extracts of the biopsy material by using an in situ pancreas preparation of rat. The corresponding drug, IRI and glucose levels were measured in peripheral blood. The values of IRI correlated with both the prior elevation of DIRA and the increasing levels of the drug in the blood. These data indicate that glibenclamide might stimulate the release of gut factor(s) which, in turn, could possibly sensitize the pancrease response to the drug.", "PMID": 404206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2462", "title": "[An evaluation of ventricular function in coronary artery disease patients using the isometric (handgrip) test (author's transl)].", "content": "Left ventricular contractile function was evaluated in twenty patients with coronary artery disease before and during handgrip by use of Vpm, VCEIO and Vmax (obtained with a simplified calculation) from high-fidelity pressure measurements. In eight patients the response to handgrip was characterized by an increase of the contractile indices accompanied by small changes of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (not exceeding + 4 mm Hg) and was considered normal. Twelve patients who showed abnormal or pathologic reaction to isometric exercise repeated handgrip after administration of 0.4 mg of spray nitroglycerin. Thus eight patients normalized their response to exercise, while in four we observed again a pathologic reaction to handgrip. It is concluded that is a useful and simple manoeuvre for a better evaluation of left centricular function in patients with coronary artery disease; the repetition of the test after administration of nitroglycerin can be useful in identifying those patients with greatest contractile reserve.", "contents": "[An evaluation of ventricular function in coronary artery disease patients using the isometric (handgrip) test (author's transl)]. Left ventricular contractile function was evaluated in twenty patients with coronary artery disease before and during handgrip by use of Vpm, VCEIO and Vmax (obtained with a simplified calculation) from high-fidelity pressure measurements. In eight patients the response to handgrip was characterized by an increase of the contractile indices accompanied by small changes of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (not exceeding + 4 mm Hg) and was considered normal. Twelve patients who showed abnormal or pathologic reaction to isometric exercise repeated handgrip after administration of 0.4 mg of spray nitroglycerin. Thus eight patients normalized their response to exercise, while in four we observed again a pathologic reaction to handgrip. It is concluded that is a useful and simple manoeuvre for a better evaluation of left centricular function in patients with coronary artery disease; the repetition of the test after administration of nitroglycerin can be useful in identifying those patients with greatest contractile reserve.", "PMID": 404207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2463", "title": "Drug metabolism in adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture.", "content": "Primary monolayer culture of adult rat hepatocytes represents a novel and potentially useful technique to study many aspects of hepatic physiology for extended periods of time in vitro (J Cell Biol 59:722-734, 1973). In examining the hepatic drug-metabolizing system in these cells, we have discovered that the conditions of cell culture exert rapid, selective, and reproducible changes in microsomal enzymes. In the 24- to 48-hr period immediately following preparation and culture of the isolated parenchymal cells, the level of the drug-binding microsomal hemoprotein, cytochrome P-450, measured in extracts of cell homogenates, declined to less than 20% of its in vivo level, whereas NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity was only moderately reduced and glucose-6-phosphatase activity remained unchanged. The activity of aminopyrine-N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase also fell, paralleling the level of cytochrome P-450. By contrast, p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activity was unchanged in the cultured hepatocytes despite evidence (type I binding spectrum, NADPH requirement, inhibition by carbon monoxide or by SKF 525A) that p-nitroanisole O-demethylase is a cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme. In culture, as in vivo, aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons stimulated p-nitroanisole O-demethylase and aryl hydrocarbon (benzo [a] pyrene) hydroxylase activities; however, this effect was unaccompanied by a detectable increase in total carbon monoxide-binding hemoprotein. The data indicate that the profile of microsomal oxidase enzymes and their control undergo striking changes as hepatocytes adapt to cell culture.", "contents": "Drug metabolism in adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. Primary monolayer culture of adult rat hepatocytes represents a novel and potentially useful technique to study many aspects of hepatic physiology for extended periods of time in vitro (J Cell Biol 59:722-734, 1973). In examining the hepatic drug-metabolizing system in these cells, we have discovered that the conditions of cell culture exert rapid, selective, and reproducible changes in microsomal enzymes. In the 24- to 48-hr period immediately following preparation and culture of the isolated parenchymal cells, the level of the drug-binding microsomal hemoprotein, cytochrome P-450, measured in extracts of cell homogenates, declined to less than 20% of its in vivo level, whereas NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity was only moderately reduced and glucose-6-phosphatase activity remained unchanged. The activity of aminopyrine-N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase also fell, paralleling the level of cytochrome P-450. By contrast, p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activity was unchanged in the cultured hepatocytes despite evidence (type I binding spectrum, NADPH requirement, inhibition by carbon monoxide or by SKF 525A) that p-nitroanisole O-demethylase is a cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme. In culture, as in vivo, aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons stimulated p-nitroanisole O-demethylase and aryl hydrocarbon (benzo [a] pyrene) hydroxylase activities; however, this effect was unaccompanied by a detectable increase in total carbon monoxide-binding hemoprotein. The data indicate that the profile of microsomal oxidase enzymes and their control undergo striking changes as hepatocytes adapt to cell culture.", "PMID": 404208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2464", "title": "Treatment of Crohn's disease with home parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Home parenteral nutrition was used to treat 9 patients with severe Crohn's enterocolitis. Seven patients had a short bowel syndrome after multiple resections of bowel. In 2 patients home parenteral nutrition was used as primary therapy. The treatment was well tolerated and proved successful in 8 of 9 patients. Three patients have been able to discontinue parenteral infusions and currently are in remission. The main complications were associated with the access device which was replaced in 3 patients. Five patients currently have abnormal liver function tests without progressive liver disease. It is concluded that home parenteral nutrition is an important new therapeutic modality which can reduce or even eliminate the need for repeated or prolonged hospitalization of patients with short bowel syndrome complicating severe Crohn's disease. In addition, the technique of home parenteral nutrition, because it is relatively simple and safe, lends itself to early intervention in severe fulminant cases of Crohn's disease. This approach can result in healing of fistulae and abscesses and greatly shortening the period of hospitalization. The patient is more rapidly rehabilitated, and his fear of early relapse and recurrent malnutrition is minimized, thus facilitating a prolonged period of bowel rest which can lead to eventual remission. Home parenteral nutrition should be kept in mind as a possible alternative to early surgical intervention in selected cases of severe Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Treatment of Crohn's disease with home parenteral nutrition. Home parenteral nutrition was used to treat 9 patients with severe Crohn's enterocolitis. Seven patients had a short bowel syndrome after multiple resections of bowel. In 2 patients home parenteral nutrition was used as primary therapy. The treatment was well tolerated and proved successful in 8 of 9 patients. Three patients have been able to discontinue parenteral infusions and currently are in remission. The main complications were associated with the access device which was replaced in 3 patients. Five patients currently have abnormal liver function tests without progressive liver disease. It is concluded that home parenteral nutrition is an important new therapeutic modality which can reduce or even eliminate the need for repeated or prolonged hospitalization of patients with short bowel syndrome complicating severe Crohn's disease. In addition, the technique of home parenteral nutrition, because it is relatively simple and safe, lends itself to early intervention in severe fulminant cases of Crohn's disease. This approach can result in healing of fistulae and abscesses and greatly shortening the period of hospitalization. The patient is more rapidly rehabilitated, and his fear of early relapse and recurrent malnutrition is minimized, thus facilitating a prolonged period of bowel rest which can lead to eventual remission. Home parenteral nutrition should be kept in mind as a possible alternative to early surgical intervention in selected cases of severe Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 404209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2465", "title": "[Antibacterial and antimycotic activity of the amniotic fluid against selected germs (author's transl)].", "content": "60 samples of amniotic fluid from 60 patients were obtained between 14 and 42 weeks gestation by dates and tested for their antibacterial activity against staphlococcus aureus strains and brucella abortus and their antimycotic activity against Candida albicans. The antibacterial and antimycotic activity of the amniotic fluid was confirmed. This activity increases steadily from the 15th week and reaches its maximum around term between 36 and 42 weeks. The amniotic samples obtained at 20 weeks gestation showed a weak antibacterial activity especially against staphlococcus aureus of human origin. The above results are important because of the increasing frequency of early and late diagnostic amniocentesis in pregnancy.", "contents": "[Antibacterial and antimycotic activity of the amniotic fluid against selected germs (author's transl)]. 60 samples of amniotic fluid from 60 patients were obtained between 14 and 42 weeks gestation by dates and tested for their antibacterial activity against staphlococcus aureus strains and brucella abortus and their antimycotic activity against Candida albicans. The antibacterial and antimycotic activity of the amniotic fluid was confirmed. This activity increases steadily from the 15th week and reaches its maximum around term between 36 and 42 weeks. The amniotic samples obtained at 20 weeks gestation showed a weak antibacterial activity especially against staphlococcus aureus of human origin. The above results are important because of the increasing frequency of early and late diagnostic amniocentesis in pregnancy.", "PMID": 404210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2466", "title": "The importance of nutritional support for the geriatric surgical patient.", "content": "An appropriately designed program of nutritional support will allow the geriatric  patient to undergo necessary surgical therapy with fewer risks and improved results. The selection of the route of administration and the specific agent(s) will depend on the functional status of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the patient's protein and calorie requirements. Table 6 summarizes our recommendations in the delection process. Our obvious preference is the gastrointestinal tract route if possible. When this optimum method of nutritional management is not available, sequential or concurrent supplemented feedings or intravenous hyperalimentation may be required to achieve adequate protein calorie intake. Regardless of the route chosen, careful monitoring of the geriatric patient's response to nutritional therapy is required. Only through careful planning and execution of nutritional therapy can optimum results be achieved in this group of patients.", "contents": "The importance of nutritional support for the geriatric surgical patient. An appropriately designed program of nutritional support will allow the geriatric  patient to undergo necessary surgical therapy with fewer risks and improved results. The selection of the route of administration and the specific agent(s) will depend on the functional status of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the patient's protein and calorie requirements. Table 6 summarizes our recommendations in the delection process. Our obvious preference is the gastrointestinal tract route if possible. When this optimum method of nutritional management is not available, sequential or concurrent supplemented feedings or intravenous hyperalimentation may be required to achieve adequate protein calorie intake. Regardless of the route chosen, careful monitoring of the geriatric patient's response to nutritional therapy is required. Only through careful planning and execution of nutritional therapy can optimum results be achieved in this group of patients.", "PMID": 404212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2467", "title": "Influence of sex on the radiation-induced life span modifications in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Drosophila melanogaster is exposed to 0, 25, 50, 75 kr of 60Co gamma-irradiation at 1,000 r/min, on the 4th day of its imaginal life. As a result, the life span of the flies is reduced for both sexes. Females, however, are more radiosensitive than males. In females, the radiation-induced life span shortening does not vary with the doses administered; in males, on the contrary, the life expectancy decreases as the dose is increased.", "contents": "Influence of sex on the radiation-induced life span modifications in Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila melanogaster is exposed to 0, 25, 50, 75 kr of 60Co gamma-irradiation at 1,000 r/min, on the 4th day of its imaginal life. As a result, the life span of the flies is reduced for both sexes. Females, however, are more radiosensitive than males. In females, the radiation-induced life span shortening does not vary with the doses administered; in males, on the contrary, the life expectancy decreases as the dose is increased.", "PMID": 404213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2468", "title": "Polyphenol oxidase as a factor in aging.", "content": "Polyphenol oxidase oxidizes several proteins that contain tyrosine. During aging, when synthesis and replacement of catabolized proteins are lagging, the relative proportion of oxidized species might reach high values, thus impairing physiological function. A mathematical analysis verifies this assumption.", "contents": "Polyphenol oxidase as a factor in aging. Polyphenol oxidase oxidizes several proteins that contain tyrosine. During aging, when synthesis and replacement of catabolized proteins are lagging, the relative proportion of oxidized species might reach high values, thus impairing physiological function. A mathematical analysis verifies this assumption.", "PMID": 404214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2469", "title": "Wyatt v. Stickney: assessing the impact in Alabama.", "content": "In 1971 U.S. District Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., ruled that patients involuntarily committed to Alabama mental institutions have a constitutional right to treatment. The following year he issued a court order containing 35 minimum constitutional standards for adequate treatment of the mentally ill and appointed human rights committees at the institutions to oversee their implementation. Focusing primarily on Bryce Hospital in Tuscaloosa, the author examines the extent to which compliance with the standards has been achieved, problems that have arisen in implementing the standards, and issues that still must be dealt with. He briefly discusses changes in the state's mental health system that preceded the filing of the case, and he emphasizes that those changes may have contributed significantly to the improvements that have occurred in mental health care in Alabama after Wyatt.", "contents": "Wyatt v. Stickney: assessing the impact in Alabama. In 1971 U.S. District Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr., ruled that patients involuntarily committed to Alabama mental institutions have a constitutional right to treatment. The following year he issued a court order containing 35 minimum constitutional standards for adequate treatment of the mentally ill and appointed human rights committees at the institutions to oversee their implementation. Focusing primarily on Bryce Hospital in Tuscaloosa, the author examines the extent to which compliance with the standards has been achieved, problems that have arisen in implementing the standards, and issues that still must be dealt with. He briefly discusses changes in the state's mental health system that preceded the filing of the case, and he emphasizes that those changes may have contributed significantly to the improvements that have occurred in mental health care in Alabama after Wyatt.", "PMID": 404228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2470", "title": "Incidence of seizures and EEG abnormalities among offspring of epileptic patients.", "content": "The marriage rate of epileptic patients was 62% in males and 78% in females. Compared with the rates in the general population, the male patients had a 15% lower rate, but there was no difference in females. There were 263 patients with at least one offspring selected for the study. There were 234 sons and 272 daughters (506 total, 1.9 per patient). Distribution by types of seizure was awakening grand mal, absence or myoclonic petit mal in 24%, grand mal with no aura in 21%, grand mal during sleep in 23%, diffuse grand mal in 7%, grand mal with aura in 13%, psychomotor seizure in 9%, and focal seizure in 3%. The probands were composed of 79% idiopathic and 21% symptomatic in pathogenetic classification. An epileptic EEG abnormality was demonstrated in 22% of male and 44% of female probands. The incidence of seizures among offspring was 2.4% (4.2% age-corrected) in a narrow sense (epilepsy) and 9.1% in a broad sense including febrile convulsions. The latter morbidity was 11.0% for the idopathic and 3.2% for the symptomatic group; 11.0% for female and 6.9% for male probands; 10.2% for sons and 8.1% for daughters. The figure was higher for the probands with the age range at onset of seizure of 0--4 years (20.6%) and 20--29 years (12.6%) than for those with other age ranges; higher for those with awakening grand mal, absence, myoclonic petit mal, for those with family history of epilepsy than those without it. Possible correlation of types of seizure between probands and offspring was demonstrated. Thirty-seven percent of offspring exhibited epileptic EEG abnormalities, and the ratio of epileptic EEG abnormalities to clinical manifestation is about 4:1. Possible existence of familial aggregation of EGG abnormalities and of two kinds of families with large or small epileptic predisposition was indicated. The importance of the role of hereditary and environmental factors in epileptic pathogenesis is proved, and the results of an investigation of congenital malformation among offspring of epileptic mothers are presented. These results were considered to be useful for genetic counseling of epileptic patients.", "contents": "Incidence of seizures and EEG abnormalities among offspring of epileptic patients. The marriage rate of epileptic patients was 62% in males and 78% in females. Compared with the rates in the general population, the male patients had a 15% lower rate, but there was no difference in females. There were 263 patients with at least one offspring selected for the study. There were 234 sons and 272 daughters (506 total, 1.9 per patient). Distribution by types of seizure was awakening grand mal, absence or myoclonic petit mal in 24%, grand mal with no aura in 21%, grand mal during sleep in 23%, diffuse grand mal in 7%, grand mal with aura in 13%, psychomotor seizure in 9%, and focal seizure in 3%. The probands were composed of 79% idiopathic and 21% symptomatic in pathogenetic classification. An epileptic EEG abnormality was demonstrated in 22% of male and 44% of female probands. The incidence of seizures among offspring was 2.4% (4.2% age-corrected) in a narrow sense (epilepsy) and 9.1% in a broad sense including febrile convulsions. The latter morbidity was 11.0% for the idopathic and 3.2% for the symptomatic group; 11.0% for female and 6.9% for male probands; 10.2% for sons and 8.1% for daughters. The figure was higher for the probands with the age range at onset of seizure of 0--4 years (20.6%) and 20--29 years (12.6%) than for those with other age ranges; higher for those with awakening grand mal, absence, myoclonic petit mal, for those with family history of epilepsy than those without it. Possible correlation of types of seizure between probands and offspring was demonstrated. Thirty-seven percent of offspring exhibited epileptic EEG abnormalities, and the ratio of epileptic EEG abnormalities to clinical manifestation is about 4:1. Possible existence of familial aggregation of EGG abnormalities and of two kinds of families with large or small epileptic predisposition was indicated. The importance of the role of hereditary and environmental factors in epileptic pathogenesis is proved, and the results of an investigation of congenital malformation among offspring of epileptic mothers are presented. These results were considered to be useful for genetic counseling of epileptic patients.", "PMID": 404230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2471", "title": "beta-Galactosidase deficiency in juvenile and adult patients. Report of six Japanese cases and review of literature.", "content": "Six juvenile and adult patients with progressive neurological diseases and beta-galactosidase deficiency were reported. Any diseases known to date were denied. These cases together with ten case reports in the literature were reviewed and were classified into three groups from clinical and biochemical points. Group 1 patients were characterized by progressive ataxia and myoclonus with gargoyl changes and macular cherry-red spots. In this syndrome beta-galactosidase activity seems to be secondarily affected by other biochemical defects. A group 2 patient showed similar neurological manifestations without gargoyle changes or macular cherry-red spots. Patients with these clinical features not associated with beta-galactosidase deficiency have also been described in the literature. Group 3 patients had progressive pyramidal and extrapyramidal disease without gargoyl changes or macular cherry-red spots. These cases may represent juvenile and adult type GM1-gangliosidosis. Accumulation of GM1 has not yet been demonstrated.", "contents": "beta-Galactosidase deficiency in juvenile and adult patients. Report of six Japanese cases and review of literature. Six juvenile and adult patients with progressive neurological diseases and beta-galactosidase deficiency were reported. Any diseases known to date were denied. These cases together with ten case reports in the literature were reviewed and were classified into three groups from clinical and biochemical points. Group 1 patients were characterized by progressive ataxia and myoclonus with gargoyl changes and macular cherry-red spots. In this syndrome beta-galactosidase activity seems to be secondarily affected by other biochemical defects. A group 2 patient showed similar neurological manifestations without gargoyle changes or macular cherry-red spots. Patients with these clinical features not associated with beta-galactosidase deficiency have also been described in the literature. Group 3 patients had progressive pyramidal and extrapyramidal disease without gargoyl changes or macular cherry-red spots. These cases may represent juvenile and adult type GM1-gangliosidosis. Accumulation of GM1 has not yet been demonstrated.", "PMID": 404231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2472", "title": "Characterization of alpha-galactosidase isoenzymes in normal and Fabry human-Chinese Hamster somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "The alpha-galactosidases in normal man-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids were investigation with antibodies specific for human alpha-galactosidase A and antibodies specific for Chinese hamster alpha-galactosidase. It was found that an isoenzyme in hybrid cells, which has an electrophoretic mobility between that of human alpha-galactosidase A and Chinese hamster alpha-galactosidase, contains immunologic determinants of both human and Chinese hamster origin, suggesting that it is a heteropolymeric molecule. Moreover, the locus for human alpha-galactosidase, which was found to be X-linked, is the locus coding for alpha-galactosidase A. Hybrids isolated after fusion of Chinese hamster cells with cells of a patient with Fabry's disease did not express human alpha-galactosidase A or the heteropolymeric molecule even in the presence of the active human X chromosome, indicating that the deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A in Fabry's disease is probably due to a mutation in a structural gene resulting in the inability to form immunologically detectable and functionally active molecules of alpha-galactosidase A.", "contents": "Characterization of alpha-galactosidase isoenzymes in normal and Fabry human-Chinese Hamster somatic cell hybrids. The alpha-galactosidases in normal man-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids were investigation with antibodies specific for human alpha-galactosidase A and antibodies specific for Chinese hamster alpha-galactosidase. It was found that an isoenzyme in hybrid cells, which has an electrophoretic mobility between that of human alpha-galactosidase A and Chinese hamster alpha-galactosidase, contains immunologic determinants of both human and Chinese hamster origin, suggesting that it is a heteropolymeric molecule. Moreover, the locus for human alpha-galactosidase, which was found to be X-linked, is the locus coding for alpha-galactosidase A. Hybrids isolated after fusion of Chinese hamster cells with cells of a patient with Fabry's disease did not express human alpha-galactosidase A or the heteropolymeric molecule even in the presence of the active human X chromosome, indicating that the deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A in Fabry's disease is probably due to a mutation in a structural gene resulting in the inability to form immunologically detectable and functionally active molecules of alpha-galactosidase A.", "PMID": 404232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2473", "title": "A method for establishing cell lines from Drosophila melanogaster embryos.", "content": "A simple method is presented for establishing continuous cell lines from Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Subculturing is performed after the first 8 weeks and at 2-week intervals thereafter. Initial plating densities of 5 x 10(4) to 5 x 10(5) cells per cm2 are required for maintaining the subcultures. Cell lines were established from wild-type embryos, from embryos bearing chromosomal rearrangements and from embryos bearing recessive mutations. Permanent lines have doubling times of 24 to 48 hr and have been maintained for as long as 13 months and 25 subcultures.", "contents": "A method for establishing cell lines from Drosophila melanogaster embryos. A simple method is presented for establishing continuous cell lines from Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Subculturing is performed after the first 8 weeks and at 2-week intervals thereafter. Initial plating densities of 5 x 10(4) to 5 x 10(5) cells per cm2 are required for maintaining the subcultures. Cell lines were established from wild-type embryos, from embryos bearing chromosomal rearrangements and from embryos bearing recessive mutations. Permanent lines have doubling times of 24 to 48 hr and have been maintained for as long as 13 months and 25 subcultures.", "PMID": 404233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2474", "title": "[Reservoir for bacteria of urinary tract infections in urologic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Many infections of the urinary tract, especially after surgical treatment are nosocomial infections. The etiological bacteria could only be found in the urine of the infected patients and in the faecal flora of nearly 40% of all stationary patients. The so called \"problem bacteria\": Klebsiella, Proteus rettgeri, pseudomonas showed increasing drug resistance during the observed period between 1972-1975. The bacteria isolated from the faecal flora also showed multiple drug resistance. Thus we concluded that the antibiotic regime in these patients is very important for the selection and the increase of the problem bacteria both in urine and in the faecal flora.", "contents": "[Reservoir for bacteria of urinary tract infections in urologic patients (author's transl)]. Many infections of the urinary tract, especially after surgical treatment are nosocomial infections. The etiological bacteria could only be found in the urine of the infected patients and in the faecal flora of nearly 40% of all stationary patients. The so called \"problem bacteria\": Klebsiella, Proteus rettgeri, pseudomonas showed increasing drug resistance during the observed period between 1972-1975. The bacteria isolated from the faecal flora also showed multiple drug resistance. Thus we concluded that the antibiotic regime in these patients is very important for the selection and the increase of the problem bacteria both in urine and in the faecal flora.", "PMID": 404234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2475", "title": "[Change of germs in several wards of hospital during the last twenty years under the therapy with antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "Statistical examinations concerning the change of germs and their resistance against antibiotics during the last twenty years were performed. The examinations dealed with the material of a bacteriological institute, the material of a department for nephrology and extracorporal dialysis, the material of a center for reanimation, and the material of an urological clinic.", "contents": "[Change of germs in several wards of hospital during the last twenty years under the therapy with antibiotics (author's transl)]. Statistical examinations concerning the change of germs and their resistance against antibiotics during the last twenty years were performed. The examinations dealed with the material of a bacteriological institute, the material of a department for nephrology and extracorporal dialysis, the material of a center for reanimation, and the material of an urological clinic.", "PMID": 404235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2476", "title": "[Human blood fractionation and the risk of hepatitis].", "content": "Surveying the development of plasma fractionation the measures to minimize the hazard of transmitting viral hepatitis through plasma fractions are reviewed.", "contents": "[Human blood fractionation and the risk of hepatitis]. Surveying the development of plasma fractionation the measures to minimize the hazard of transmitting viral hepatitis through plasma fractions are reviewed.", "PMID": 404237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2477", "title": "[Blood group compatibility testing for blood transfusions].", "content": "Acute and chronic dangers of blood-transfusion are listed. Three serologic demands in selecting donorblood are identity in the ABO-system compatibility in the Rh-system and a negative cross-match in the mode of a three-step Coombs-test. The often claimed consideration of the Kell-system is shown to be numerical in the background of transfusion-practice. The highest responsibility is taken by the physician in transfusing patients with Coombs-positive auto-immune-diseases in which the cross-match is positive and so present antibodies could be hidden.", "contents": "[Blood group compatibility testing for blood transfusions]. Acute and chronic dangers of blood-transfusion are listed. Three serologic demands in selecting donorblood are identity in the ABO-system compatibility in the Rh-system and a negative cross-match in the mode of a three-step Coombs-test. The often claimed consideration of the Kell-system is shown to be numerical in the background of transfusion-practice. The highest responsibility is taken by the physician in transfusing patients with Coombs-positive auto-immune-diseases in which the cross-match is positive and so present antibodies could be hidden.", "PMID": 404238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2478", "title": "Relationship between Habs serotypes and 2-amino sugar composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Thirteen Habs-serotype strains could be classified into 11 groups depending on the characteristic patterns of 2-amino sugar composition; strains of serotypes 2, 5, and 7 had the same pattern, and each other serotype strain had its own distinctive pattern. In our classification, fucosamine and quinovosamine were of importance. We found that fucosamine from strain P14 (Habs serotype 1) was of the D configuration only, unlike DL-fucosamine from strain N10 (Habs serotype 11).", "contents": "Relationship between Habs serotypes and 2-amino sugar composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thirteen Habs-serotype strains could be classified into 11 groups depending on the characteristic patterns of 2-amino sugar composition; strains of serotypes 2, 5, and 7 had the same pattern, and each other serotype strain had its own distinctive pattern. In our classification, fucosamine and quinovosamine were of importance. We found that fucosamine from strain P14 (Habs serotype 1) was of the D configuration only, unlike DL-fucosamine from strain N10 (Habs serotype 11).", "PMID": 404240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2479", "title": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae and ABO isohemagglutinins.", "content": "Depending on the ABO blood group, gonorrhea may affect the titers of isohemagglutinins compared with those of uninfected controls. The isohemagglutinin titers in group O patients were significantly increased (P less than 0.001) against erythrocytes A, B, and AB. In group A patients, only the titer against AB erythrocytes was significantly increased. In group B patients, the titer against AB erythrocytes was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) as compared with that in sera of healthy persons. In six of eight volunteers, an increase in isohemagglutinin titer was observed after an injection of small doses of killed gonococci. However, guinea pigs, rabbit, or small monkeys, i.e., species for which gonococci are not apthogenic, when immunized with gonococci either did not form ABO hemagglutinins or did so with very low titers. In white gonorrhea patients, there was a significantly higher frequency of group B individuals over those with group A, AB, or O. No such correlation was found in black patients. Isohemagglutinins from human sera could be absorbed by cultured gonococci. The implications of these findings in the pathogenesis of gonococcus infection and the problems associated with vaccine development are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae and ABO isohemagglutinins. Depending on the ABO blood group, gonorrhea may affect the titers of isohemagglutinins compared with those of uninfected controls. The isohemagglutinin titers in group O patients were significantly increased (P less than 0.001) against erythrocytes A, B, and AB. In group A patients, only the titer against AB erythrocytes was significantly increased. In group B patients, the titer against AB erythrocytes was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) as compared with that in sera of healthy persons. In six of eight volunteers, an increase in isohemagglutinin titer was observed after an injection of small doses of killed gonococci. However, guinea pigs, rabbit, or small monkeys, i.e., species for which gonococci are not apthogenic, when immunized with gonococci either did not form ABO hemagglutinins or did so with very low titers. In white gonorrhea patients, there was a significantly higher frequency of group B individuals over those with group A, AB, or O. No such correlation was found in black patients. Isohemagglutinins from human sera could be absorbed by cultured gonococci. The implications of these findings in the pathogenesis of gonococcus infection and the problems associated with vaccine development are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 404241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2480", "title": "Lack of protection afforded by ribonucleic acid preparations from Mycobacterium tuberculosis against Mycobacterium leprae infections in mice.", "content": "Mycobacterial ribonucleic acid preparations from H37Ra, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, provide their usual marked protection against M. tuberculosis challenge; however, they provided no protection against Mycobacterium leprae challenge. Suspensions of intact H37Ra were not effective against M. leprae. Suspensions of BCG gave their usual distinct protection against M. leprae challenge.", "contents": "Lack of protection afforded by ribonucleic acid preparations from Mycobacterium tuberculosis against Mycobacterium leprae infections in mice. Mycobacterial ribonucleic acid preparations from H37Ra, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, provide their usual marked protection against M. tuberculosis challenge; however, they provided no protection against Mycobacterium leprae challenge. Suspensions of intact H37Ra were not effective against M. leprae. Suspensions of BCG gave their usual distinct protection against M. leprae challenge.", "PMID": 404242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2481", "title": "Partial purification and properties of an antibacterial product of peritoneal exudate cell cultures from BCG-infected guinea pigs.", "content": "Peritoneal exudates elicited in BCG-infected guinea pigs with caseinate yield cell cultures that have been shown to produce soluble material capable of sterilizing certain bacteria if the cultures are incubated with the specific antigen purified protein derivative or the lectin phytohemagglutinin. This material is now shown to have the following properties: (i) strongly adsorbable to glass; (ii) strongly adsorbable to cation- and not to anion-exchange resins but not elutable with mineral acid or solutions of high ionic strength; (iii) strongly adsorbable to cellulose nitrate membrane filter materials and quantitatively elutable with dilute HCl, providing a convenient method for partial purification; (iv) relatively stable over a wide range of pH and temperature; (v) antagonized by polyanions and by iron ions; (vi) active against the three gram-positive bacilli tested and not against the other organisms tested: (vii) more active in alkaline than in acidic media; and (viii) inactivated by proteolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Partial purification and properties of an antibacterial product of peritoneal exudate cell cultures from BCG-infected guinea pigs. Peritoneal exudates elicited in BCG-infected guinea pigs with caseinate yield cell cultures that have been shown to produce soluble material capable of sterilizing certain bacteria if the cultures are incubated with the specific antigen purified protein derivative or the lectin phytohemagglutinin. This material is now shown to have the following properties: (i) strongly adsorbable to glass; (ii) strongly adsorbable to cation- and not to anion-exchange resins but not elutable with mineral acid or solutions of high ionic strength; (iii) strongly adsorbable to cellulose nitrate membrane filter materials and quantitatively elutable with dilute HCl, providing a convenient method for partial purification; (iv) relatively stable over a wide range of pH and temperature; (v) antagonized by polyanions and by iron ions; (vi) active against the three gram-positive bacilli tested and not against the other organisms tested: (vii) more active in alkaline than in acidic media; and (viii) inactivated by proteolytic enzymes.", "PMID": 404243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2482", "title": "Exotoxin production by clinical isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Seventy-five consecutive clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were tested for in vitro exotoxin production. Exotoxin was demonstrated in culture filtrates biologically, by its ability to produce characteristic dermonecrotic lesions in guinea pigs, and seriologically, by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) with rabbit antiserum elicited with purified exotoxin. By these two methods, exotoxin was detected in 87 and 89% of P. aeruginosa strains, respectively (r = 0.48, P less than 0.001). Although less sensitive than CIE in detecting exotoxin immunodiffusion demonstrated a reaction of antigenic identity in most cases. Exotoxin was produced by all seven Fisher-Devlin immunotypes and by untypable strains. In contrast, exotoxin was not detected in the culture filtrates of 16 non-aeruginosa pseudomonas isolates and 48 non-pseudomonas organisms. The production of biologically similar antigenically closely related exotoxins is thus a characteristic of the majority of P. aeruginosa strains derived from diverse clinical sources.", "contents": "Exotoxin production by clinical isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa. Seventy-five consecutive clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were tested for in vitro exotoxin production. Exotoxin was demonstrated in culture filtrates biologically, by its ability to produce characteristic dermonecrotic lesions in guinea pigs, and seriologically, by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) with rabbit antiserum elicited with purified exotoxin. By these two methods, exotoxin was detected in 87 and 89% of P. aeruginosa strains, respectively (r = 0.48, P less than 0.001). Although less sensitive than CIE in detecting exotoxin immunodiffusion demonstrated a reaction of antigenic identity in most cases. Exotoxin was produced by all seven Fisher-Devlin immunotypes and by untypable strains. In contrast, exotoxin was not detected in the culture filtrates of 16 non-aeruginosa pseudomonas isolates and 48 non-pseudomonas organisms. The production of biologically similar antigenically closely related exotoxins is thus a characteristic of the majority of P. aeruginosa strains derived from diverse clinical sources.", "PMID": 404244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2483", "title": "Indirect immunofluorescence antibodies in natural and acquired Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections of Philippine rodents.", "content": "Antibodies against Rickettsia tsutsugamushi detected by the indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFAT) were present in most rats trapped from a human focus of scrub typhus in the Philippines. Rickettsiae were isolated only from rats with positive IFATs. Naturally acquired antibodies persisted for at least 11 months, and antibodies resulting from experimental infections of rats persisted for at least 7 months. A common Philippine rodent, Rattus mindanensis, tolerated experimental infections with both local and standard Karp strains of R. tsutsugamushi, and such infections always produced a positive IFAT.", "contents": "Indirect immunofluorescence antibodies in natural and acquired Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infections of Philippine rodents. Antibodies against Rickettsia tsutsugamushi detected by the indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFAT) were present in most rats trapped from a human focus of scrub typhus in the Philippines. Rickettsiae were isolated only from rats with positive IFATs. Naturally acquired antibodies persisted for at least 11 months, and antibodies resulting from experimental infections of rats persisted for at least 7 months. A common Philippine rodent, Rattus mindanensis, tolerated experimental infections with both local and standard Karp strains of R. tsutsugamushi, and such infections always produced a positive IFAT.", "PMID": 404245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2484", "title": "Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-sensitive antiphagocytic activity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Colonial types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were examined for the presence of pilus-independent antiphagocytic activity. Type 3 and depiliated type 1 gonococci had a shearing- and protease-resistant antiphagocytic activity that was eliminated by treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and that was not present on type 4 bacteria. Incubation of EDTA-treated bacteria 37 degrees C for 90 min resulted in fas prevented by antibiotics that block the final assembly of cell wall macromolecules that depend on the C55-isoprenoid carrier for export. These include both lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. Restoration was, however, unaffected by drugs that interfere with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, but not that of lipopolysaccharide, and by inhibitors of protein synthesis. These data suggested that gonococci have an antiphagocytic mechanism in addition to the previously described determinant (presumably pili) that was removed by blending or by treatment with proteases. Of the two antiphagocytic activities, type 1 had both, type 3 had only the EDTA-sensitive component, and type 4 had neither.", "contents": "Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-sensitive antiphagocytic activity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Colonial types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were examined for the presence of pilus-independent antiphagocytic activity. Type 3 and depiliated type 1 gonococci had a shearing- and protease-resistant antiphagocytic activity that was eliminated by treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and that was not present on type 4 bacteria. Incubation of EDTA-treated bacteria 37 degrees C for 90 min resulted in fas prevented by antibiotics that block the final assembly of cell wall macromolecules that depend on the C55-isoprenoid carrier for export. These include both lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. Restoration was, however, unaffected by drugs that interfere with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, but not that of lipopolysaccharide, and by inhibitors of protein synthesis. These data suggested that gonococci have an antiphagocytic mechanism in addition to the previously described determinant (presumably pili) that was removed by blending or by treatment with proteases. Of the two antiphagocytic activities, type 1 had both, type 3 had only the EDTA-sensitive component, and type 4 had neither.", "PMID": 404246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2485", "title": "Penicillin sensitivity and serum resistance are independent attributes of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae causing disseminated gonococcal infection.", "content": "We have determined that isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from patients with disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) are different from randomly collected isolates from patients with uncomplicated (local) disease. Our comparison was based on the six phenotypic properties of: sensitivity to penicillin (PenS), erythromycin, and streptomycin; resistance to the bactericidal effects of pooled human sera; requirements for arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil (AHU-); and sensitivity to toxic agar. Although the marked association among these traits made analysis difficult, several factors independently related to virulence were defined. The DGI isolates were significnatly more PenS and resistant to serum, even when the other variables were held constant. An apparent correlation between AHU- auxotype and virulence was shown to be due to the PenS property of most AHU- isolates. Thus, certain mutations to antibiotic resistance as well as susceptibility to sera, may result in loss of virulence in the gonococcus, perhaps through alteration of cell envelope structure.", "contents": "Penicillin sensitivity and serum resistance are independent attributes of strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae causing disseminated gonococcal infection. We have determined that isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from patients with disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) are different from randomly collected isolates from patients with uncomplicated (local) disease. Our comparison was based on the six phenotypic properties of: sensitivity to penicillin (PenS), erythromycin, and streptomycin; resistance to the bactericidal effects of pooled human sera; requirements for arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil (AHU-); and sensitivity to toxic agar. Although the marked association among these traits made analysis difficult, several factors independently related to virulence were defined. The DGI isolates were significnatly more PenS and resistant to serum, even when the other variables were held constant. An apparent correlation between AHU- auxotype and virulence was shown to be due to the PenS property of most AHU- isolates. Thus, certain mutations to antibiotic resistance as well as susceptibility to sera, may result in loss of virulence in the gonococcus, perhaps through alteration of cell envelope structure.", "PMID": 404247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2486", "title": "Mitogenic activity of cell wall components from smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus.", "content": "On the basis of [3H]thymidine incorporation by normal mouse spleen cell cultures, cell wall preparations from a smooth (45/0) strain and a rough (45/20) strain of Brucella abortus were strongly mitogenic. On the other hand, none of several subcomponents extracted from the cell wall preparations, including aqueous and phenolic lipopolysaccharides, was active. These results contrast with the marked mitogenic activity of lipopolysaccharides isolated from other gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium.", "contents": "Mitogenic activity of cell wall components from smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus. On the basis of [3H]thymidine incorporation by normal mouse spleen cell cultures, cell wall preparations from a smooth (45/0) strain and a rough (45/20) strain of Brucella abortus were strongly mitogenic. On the other hand, none of several subcomponents extracted from the cell wall preparations, including aqueous and phenolic lipopolysaccharides, was active. These results contrast with the marked mitogenic activity of lipopolysaccharides isolated from other gram-negative bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium.", "PMID": 404248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2487", "title": "Antitumor activity of a Brucella abortus preparation.", "content": "Mice injected intraperitoneally with sarcoma-180 cells develop ascites and eventually die. Intraperitoneal injection of a nonviable, aqueous... ether-extracted Brucella abortus preparation (BRU-PEL) as early as 7 days before or as late as 7 days after injection of tumor cells significantly inhibited development of ascites and protected against death. BRU-PEL was not effective if injected after ascites was grossly apparent. BRU-PEL was significantly more active than a Corynebacterium parvum preparation administered in the same way.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of a Brucella abortus preparation. Mice injected intraperitoneally with sarcoma-180 cells develop ascites and eventually die. Intraperitoneal injection of a nonviable, aqueous... ether-extracted Brucella abortus preparation (BRU-PEL) as early as 7 days before or as late as 7 days after injection of tumor cells significantly inhibited development of ascites and protected against death. BRU-PEL was not effective if injected after ascites was grossly apparent. BRU-PEL was significantly more active than a Corynebacterium parvum preparation administered in the same way.", "PMID": 404249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2488", "title": "Cellular immunity to toxoplasma and besnoitia in hamsters: specificity and the effects of cortisol.", "content": "The inhibitory effects of cortisol on cellular immunity were studied in vitro by using hamster peritoneal exudate cells. Two obligate, intracellular protozoa--Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia jellisoni-- were used to control for specificity of effects. Results indicate that immune lymphocytes specifically confer immunity to (or \"arm\") macrophages that specifically express immunity. This arming can be inhibited by 5 microng of cortisol per ml. Macrophages that have been armed already will continue to express immunity (by limiting parasite growth specifically) in the presence of 5 microng of cortisol per ml. Cortisol levels of 20 microng/ml are required to inhibit the expression of immunity by armed macrophages. It was also found that lymphocytes, from hamsters given 20 mg of cortisol subcutaneously 2 days before the harvest of cells, did not arm macrophages, whereas macrophages from these same animals could be armed by immune lymphocytes from untreated hamsters. Therefore, it was concluded that in relation to cellular immunity, lymphocytes are more sensitive to cortisol than are macrophages. Since antibody to these parasites is almost always present in vivo, we also tested the effects of cortisol on the disposition of antibody-modified organisms by activated (not armed) macrophages, and found that 50 microng of cortisol per ml was needed to inhibit macrophage effects on antibody-treated organisms.", "contents": "Cellular immunity to toxoplasma and besnoitia in hamsters: specificity and the effects of cortisol. The inhibitory effects of cortisol on cellular immunity were studied in vitro by using hamster peritoneal exudate cells. Two obligate, intracellular protozoa--Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia jellisoni-- were used to control for specificity of effects. Results indicate that immune lymphocytes specifically confer immunity to (or \"arm\") macrophages that specifically express immunity. This arming can be inhibited by 5 microng of cortisol per ml. Macrophages that have been armed already will continue to express immunity (by limiting parasite growth specifically) in the presence of 5 microng of cortisol per ml. Cortisol levels of 20 microng/ml are required to inhibit the expression of immunity by armed macrophages. It was also found that lymphocytes, from hamsters given 20 mg of cortisol subcutaneously 2 days before the harvest of cells, did not arm macrophages, whereas macrophages from these same animals could be armed by immune lymphocytes from untreated hamsters. Therefore, it was concluded that in relation to cellular immunity, lymphocytes are more sensitive to cortisol than are macrophages. Since antibody to these parasites is almost always present in vivo, we also tested the effects of cortisol on the disposition of antibody-modified organisms by activated (not armed) macrophages, and found that 50 microng of cortisol per ml was needed to inhibit macrophage effects on antibody-treated organisms.", "PMID": 404250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2489", "title": "Ultrastructural investigations on surface structures involved in Coxiella burnetii phase variation.", "content": "By using the cytochemical staining procedure with concanavalin A, horseradish peroxidase, and diaminobenzidine, no surface carbohydrates with terminal alpha-glucosyl or sterically closely related residues could be detected on the cell walls of Coxiella burnetii phases I and II. Using a polycationized ferritin derivative as a cytochemical probe, anionic binding sites were visualized in the electron microscope on cell membranes of C. burnetii phase II, but not on phase I organisms. The sites appeared to be masked in phase I particles. Anionic sites could be demonstrated on phase I organisms after treatment with NaIO4 or dimethyl sulfoxide. A number of different biological properties of C. burnetii phases I and II may depend on the presence or absence of a net negative charge on the surface of the cell walls of these organisms.", "contents": "Ultrastructural investigations on surface structures involved in Coxiella burnetii phase variation. By using the cytochemical staining procedure with concanavalin A, horseradish peroxidase, and diaminobenzidine, no surface carbohydrates with terminal alpha-glucosyl or sterically closely related residues could be detected on the cell walls of Coxiella burnetii phases I and II. Using a polycationized ferritin derivative as a cytochemical probe, anionic binding sites were visualized in the electron microscope on cell membranes of C. burnetii phase II, but not on phase I organisms. The sites appeared to be masked in phase I particles. Anionic sites could be demonstrated on phase I organisms after treatment with NaIO4 or dimethyl sulfoxide. A number of different biological properties of C. burnetii phases I and II may depend on the presence or absence of a net negative charge on the surface of the cell walls of these organisms.", "PMID": 404251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2490", "title": "Additional evidence that a new virulence-associated antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is not of pilus origin.", "content": "Triton-X-100-treated pilus suspensions prepared from Neisseria gonorrhoeae produced a single line of precipitate in immunodiffusion tests. This line was distinct from that of the virulence-associated antigen.", "contents": "Additional evidence that a new virulence-associated antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is not of pilus origin. Triton-X-100-treated pilus suspensions prepared from Neisseria gonorrhoeae produced a single line of precipitate in immunodiffusion tests. This line was distinct from that of the virulence-associated antigen.", "PMID": 404252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2491", "title": "[The agar diffusion method round table discussion on the methods and indications for determining blood levels of aminoglycosides (author's transl)].", "content": "The present-day technique of determining the concentration of aminoglycosides in blood by agar diffusion is described including the apparatuses, set-up, and reliability tests. The results of comparative investigations showed a higher degree of conformity in Mueller-Hinton agar than in standard agar. Due to its accuracy the agar diffusion method is especially suited for the calculation of dosage recommendations and for the prediction of the maximal and minimal blood levels during treatment with aminoglycosides.", "contents": "[The agar diffusion method round table discussion on the methods and indications for determining blood levels of aminoglycosides (author's transl)]. The present-day technique of determining the concentration of aminoglycosides in blood by agar diffusion is described including the apparatuses, set-up, and reliability tests. The results of comparative investigations showed a higher degree of conformity in Mueller-Hinton agar than in standard agar. Due to its accuracy the agar diffusion method is especially suited for the calculation of dosage recommendations and for the prediction of the maximal and minimal blood levels during treatment with aminoglycosides.", "PMID": 404253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2492", "title": "Sensitivity of gram-negative bacteria to six aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "An in vitro study of the susceptibility of 201 newly isolated strains of gramnegative bacteria to six aminoglycoside antibiotics (kanamycin, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin and netilmicin) was performed by the twofold dilution method in fluid medium. Both the minimal inhibitory concentration and the minimal bacteridical concentration were determined. Overall, tobramycin seemed the most effective of the drugs studied. Netilmicin, the new derivative from sisomicin, compared favourably with the other drugs tested, but may, on theoretical grounds, offer the additional advantage of retained efficacy in the face of developing bacterial resistance. Not unexpectedly, amikacin appeared to be the most promising of the drugs studied in its action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Amikacin and netilmicin appeared to be the most effective of this group of antibiotics against Klebsiella species.", "contents": "Sensitivity of gram-negative bacteria to six aminoglycoside antibiotics. An in vitro study of the susceptibility of 201 newly isolated strains of gramnegative bacteria to six aminoglycoside antibiotics (kanamycin, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin and netilmicin) was performed by the twofold dilution method in fluid medium. Both the minimal inhibitory concentration and the minimal bacteridical concentration were determined. Overall, tobramycin seemed the most effective of the drugs studied. Netilmicin, the new derivative from sisomicin, compared favourably with the other drugs tested, but may, on theoretical grounds, offer the additional advantage of retained efficacy in the face of developing bacterial resistance. Not unexpectedly, amikacin appeared to be the most promising of the drugs studied in its action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Amikacin and netilmicin appeared to be the most effective of this group of antibiotics against Klebsiella species.", "PMID": 404254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2493", "title": "The antigens of pigeon breeder's disease. I. Studies on unfractionated pigeon dropping extracts.", "content": "Approximately 6% of the dry organic dust from pigeon coops was extracted in the form of soluble, nondialyzable components. These pigeon dropping extracts contain a number of stable protein and glycoprotein antigens together with pigments and other components that cause nonspecific precipitation of normal and immune sera. Based on their migration in immunoelectrophoresis, the antigens have been designated PDEB, 1, 2, 3 or 4.", "contents": "The antigens of pigeon breeder's disease. I. Studies on unfractionated pigeon dropping extracts. Approximately 6% of the dry organic dust from pigeon coops was extracted in the form of soluble, nondialyzable components. These pigeon dropping extracts contain a number of stable protein and glycoprotein antigens together with pigments and other components that cause nonspecific precipitation of normal and immune sera. Based on their migration in immunoelectrophoresis, the antigens have been designated PDEB, 1, 2, 3 or 4.", "PMID": 404255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2494", "title": "Quantitation of beta 1c/1A globulin (C3) in inbred mice: variation dependent upon strain, age, sex and environment.", "content": "The effect of age, sex, genetic backgrounds and environmental factors on mouse C3 level was studied. In general, C3 level increased as a mouse became older. Little difference in C3 level was observed between male and female of all ages. C3 level was found in a great variation from strain to strain, but we could not demonstrate any major role of H-2 in determining serum C3 level. Serum C3 level is not shown to be linked to the serum level of H-2 linked serum protein Ss (C4). On the other hand a close correlation between C3 level and C5 level was demonstrated. Serum C3 markedly increased, along with C5, when mice were injected with turpentine oil, suggesting both components are acute phase reactants. The degree of increase in C3 level in response to turpentine oil injection appeared to be controlled by a single or a very few genes probably not linked to H-2.", "contents": "Quantitation of beta 1c/1A globulin (C3) in inbred mice: variation dependent upon strain, age, sex and environment. The effect of age, sex, genetic backgrounds and environmental factors on mouse C3 level was studied. In general, C3 level increased as a mouse became older. Little difference in C3 level was observed between male and female of all ages. C3 level was found in a great variation from strain to strain, but we could not demonstrate any major role of H-2 in determining serum C3 level. Serum C3 level is not shown to be linked to the serum level of H-2 linked serum protein Ss (C4). On the other hand a close correlation between C3 level and C5 level was demonstrated. Serum C3 markedly increased, along with C5, when mice were injected with turpentine oil, suggesting both components are acute phase reactants. The degree of increase in C3 level in response to turpentine oil injection appeared to be controlled by a single or a very few genes probably not linked to H-2.", "PMID": 404256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2495", "title": "Differential airway reactivity to carbachol and physostigmine sulfate in rhesus monkeys with and without reagin-mediated respiratory responses.", "content": "Bronchial airway reactivity to carbachol (CAR) and physostigmine (PHY) was individually measured in three rhesus monkeys with and three rhesus monkeys without reagin-mediated respiratory responses (RR). The three monkeys with reagin-mediated RR demonstrated bronchial hyperreactivity to CAR (p less than 0.25) but not PHY when compared with the three control monkeys. No correlation between airway reactivity to CAR and PHY was noted in all six monkeys. We conclude that monkeys with reagin-mediated RR possess airway hyperreactivity to the exogenously administered acetylcholine analogue CAR, but not to the endogenous acetylcholine which is released in vivo by PHY.", "contents": "Differential airway reactivity to carbachol and physostigmine sulfate in rhesus monkeys with and without reagin-mediated respiratory responses. Bronchial airway reactivity to carbachol (CAR) and physostigmine (PHY) was individually measured in three rhesus monkeys with and three rhesus monkeys without reagin-mediated respiratory responses (RR). The three monkeys with reagin-mediated RR demonstrated bronchial hyperreactivity to CAR (p less than 0.25) but not PHY when compared with the three control monkeys. No correlation between airway reactivity to CAR and PHY was noted in all six monkeys. We conclude that monkeys with reagin-mediated RR possess airway hyperreactivity to the exogenously administered acetylcholine analogue CAR, but not to the endogenous acetylcholine which is released in vivo by PHY.", "PMID": 404257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2496", "title": "Three immunoglobulin classes in the pigeon (Columbia livia).", "content": "Three classes of immunoglobulins have been identified in the pigeon. IgG and IgM were purified from pigeon serum whereas IgA was isolated from pigeon hepatic bile. Pigeon IgG and IgM had the same properties and immunohistological distribution as their chicken homologues. Pigeon IgA was identified on the following grounds: (1) it contains the same light chains as pigeon IgM and IgG; (2) it is relatively abundant in exocrine secretions such as bile, egg white, cropmilk and intestinal fluid, whereas it is present only in small amounts in serum; (3) it occurs in the cytoplasm of the majority of the immunocytes from the intestinal mucosa; (4) its electrophoretic mobility and molecular size are similar to those of chicken IgA. Surprisingly, no immunoglobulin-containing cells could be detected in sections of the wall of the cropmilk gland, despite the high IgA content of the cropmilk.", "contents": "Three immunoglobulin classes in the pigeon (Columbia livia). Three classes of immunoglobulins have been identified in the pigeon. IgG and IgM were purified from pigeon serum whereas IgA was isolated from pigeon hepatic bile. Pigeon IgG and IgM had the same properties and immunohistological distribution as their chicken homologues. Pigeon IgA was identified on the following grounds: (1) it contains the same light chains as pigeon IgM and IgG; (2) it is relatively abundant in exocrine secretions such as bile, egg white, cropmilk and intestinal fluid, whereas it is present only in small amounts in serum; (3) it occurs in the cytoplasm of the majority of the immunocytes from the intestinal mucosa; (4) its electrophoretic mobility and molecular size are similar to those of chicken IgA. Surprisingly, no immunoglobulin-containing cells could be detected in sections of the wall of the cropmilk gland, despite the high IgA content of the cropmilk.", "PMID": 404258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2497", "title": "Avarice, inefficiency, and inequality: an international health care tale.", "content": "The paper is concerned with impact of a medical profession, physicians, on the delivery of health care. The basic economic motivation of self-interest and avarice has led this profession to produce health care outcomes which are inequitable and inefficient. In the first section of the paper the regional geographical distribution of physicians in four disparate health systems--England, Ireland, France, and West Germany-is analyzed and found to be highly unequal. The next section is concerned with the efficacy of therapies and the cost-effectiveness of health care delivery systems in a variety of countries. The final section discusses how health care can be more equitably and more efficiently delivered. It is argued that both markets and bureaucaracies are likely to be inadequate unless carefully monitored. In particular, there is a great need to investigate the cost-effectiveness of therapies and then persuade physicians, via pecuniary and nonpecuniary incentives, to behave in a manner which leads to  more equitable and efficient health care outcomes.", "contents": "Avarice, inefficiency, and inequality: an international health care tale. The paper is concerned with impact of a medical profession, physicians, on the delivery of health care. The basic economic motivation of self-interest and avarice has led this profession to produce health care outcomes which are inequitable and inefficient. In the first section of the paper the regional geographical distribution of physicians in four disparate health systems--England, Ireland, France, and West Germany-is analyzed and found to be highly unequal. The next section is concerned with the efficacy of therapies and the cost-effectiveness of health care delivery systems in a variety of countries. The final section discusses how health care can be more equitably and more efficiently delivered. It is argued that both markets and bureaucaracies are likely to be inadequate unless carefully monitored. In particular, there is a great need to investigate the cost-effectiveness of therapies and then persuade physicians, via pecuniary and nonpecuniary incentives, to behave in a manner which leads to  more equitable and efficient health care outcomes.", "PMID": 404261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2498", "title": "Rational prescribing of drugs.", "content": "A rational prescription is defined as one which proposes the best pharmacological approach to obtain the therapeutic objective. To achieve this goal requires a careful consideration of factors related to: patient, disease, medication, and doctor. Concepts of risk/benefit and cost/benefit are of relevance for the therapeutic decision. The doctor also has to make an effort to assure the compliance of his patients. This requires a good understanding of the personality and of the socio-cultural background of the patient. Social pharmacology helps to appreciate and understand the role of these factors and to use them for improvement of therapeutic results.", "contents": "Rational prescribing of drugs. A rational prescription is defined as one which proposes the best pharmacological approach to obtain the therapeutic objective. To achieve this goal requires a careful consideration of factors related to: patient, disease, medication, and doctor. Concepts of risk/benefit and cost/benefit are of relevance for the therapeutic decision. The doctor also has to make an effort to assure the compliance of his patients. This requires a good understanding of the personality and of the socio-cultural background of the patient. Social pharmacology helps to appreciate and understand the role of these factors and to use them for improvement of therapeutic results.", "PMID": 404263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2499", "title": "External biliary-pancreatic fistulas.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients treated for pancreatic and/or biliary-cutaneous fistulas have been reviewed. Four patients died mainly because of cardiopulmonary and septic complications. Spontaneous sealing of the fistula occurred in 81% of the conservatively treated cases (48% of all cases). All the LO fistulas but only 68% of the HO fistulas treated conservatively sealed spontaneously. Eleven patients were treated surgically. There were three deaths and three failures (reappearance of fistula). All the patients who died had been operated on within three months after the appearance of HO fistulas. There was no mortality among the patients with LO fistulas or among patients operated on at a later stage. We have reached the following conclusions: 1. There is a significant difference in prognosis between low output and high output fistulas. 2. In LO fistulas, there is no need for a surgical intervention aimed to close the fistula unless it persists for at least one year. 3. In HO fistulas, if a corrective operation is necessary, it should be withheld for at least three months whenever possible. 4. Roux-en-Y fistulojejunostomy is considered to be the procedure of choice. 5. Infection and premature colsure of the external part of the fistulous tract should be avoided by insertion of drains and repeated surgical drainage, where necessary. 6. High caloric feeding, elemental diet and intravenous hyperalimentation are very important factors that enhance recovery in the surgically and conservatively treated patients.", "contents": "External biliary-pancreatic fistulas. Twenty-seven patients treated for pancreatic and/or biliary-cutaneous fistulas have been reviewed. Four patients died mainly because of cardiopulmonary and septic complications. Spontaneous sealing of the fistula occurred in 81% of the conservatively treated cases (48% of all cases). All the LO fistulas but only 68% of the HO fistulas treated conservatively sealed spontaneously. Eleven patients were treated surgically. There were three deaths and three failures (reappearance of fistula). All the patients who died had been operated on within three months after the appearance of HO fistulas. There was no mortality among the patients with LO fistulas or among patients operated on at a later stage. We have reached the following conclusions: 1. There is a significant difference in prognosis between low output and high output fistulas. 2. In LO fistulas, there is no need for a surgical intervention aimed to close the fistula unless it persists for at least one year. 3. In HO fistulas, if a corrective operation is necessary, it should be withheld for at least three months whenever possible. 4. Roux-en-Y fistulojejunostomy is considered to be the procedure of choice. 5. Infection and premature colsure of the external part of the fistulous tract should be avoided by insertion of drains and repeated surgical drainage, where necessary. 6. High caloric feeding, elemental diet and intravenous hyperalimentation are very important factors that enhance recovery in the surgically and conservatively treated patients.", "PMID": 404266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2500", "title": "Experimental macular edema after lens extraction.", "content": "Macular edema has been observed frequently in man after cataract extraction, but pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. Seven eyes of four young adult rhesus monkeys underwent lens extraction. The retinas and maculae of these eyes were examined by ophthalmoscopy fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, light and electron microscopy, and the horseradish peroxidase tracer technique. In the macular region, the blood-retinal barrier at the retinal vasculature was disrupted in three of the seven eyes. All three eyes had had vitreous loss during lens extraction. Horseradish peroxidase was observed both intracellularly and extracellularly in the maculae. In contrast, the blood-retinal barrier at both the retinal pigment epithelium and the retinal vasculature of the peripheral retina in most eyes was intact. We conclude that macular edema secondary to lens extraction is due to disruption of the blood-retinal barrier at the levels of the retinal vasculature and the retinal pigment epithelium.", "contents": "Experimental macular edema after lens extraction. Macular edema has been observed frequently in man after cataract extraction, but pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. Seven eyes of four young adult rhesus monkeys underwent lens extraction. The retinas and maculae of these eyes were examined by ophthalmoscopy fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, light and electron microscopy, and the horseradish peroxidase tracer technique. In the macular region, the blood-retinal barrier at the retinal vasculature was disrupted in three of the seven eyes. All three eyes had had vitreous loss during lens extraction. Horseradish peroxidase was observed both intracellularly and extracellularly in the maculae. In contrast, the blood-retinal barrier at both the retinal pigment epithelium and the retinal vasculature of the peripheral retina in most eyes was intact. We conclude that macular edema secondary to lens extraction is due to disruption of the blood-retinal barrier at the levels of the retinal vasculature and the retinal pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 404267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2501", "title": "Aldose reductase in retinal mural cells.", "content": "Cultured mural cells (intramural pericytes) from adult rhesus retinal capillaries were examined for the presence of the sorbitol pathway. A radioimmunoassay for human aldose reductase, cross-reactive with rhesus lens aldose reductase, showed the presence of this enzyme in our cultured cells. Mural cells grown in culture media containing normal (10 mM) and high (40 mM) levels of glucose were examined for polyol accumulation by gas-liquid chromatography. Cells incubated in high glucose medium showed a threefold increase in sorbitol concentration over cells grown at low glucose levels. After 30 days in high glucose medium, mural cells formed dense multilayered areas with extensive cellular debris. These findings suggest the presence of the sorbitol pathway in cultured retinal mural cells and cellular degeneration in high glucose medium; this may have possible implications in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "Aldose reductase in retinal mural cells. Cultured mural cells (intramural pericytes) from adult rhesus retinal capillaries were examined for the presence of the sorbitol pathway. A radioimmunoassay for human aldose reductase, cross-reactive with rhesus lens aldose reductase, showed the presence of this enzyme in our cultured cells. Mural cells grown in culture media containing normal (10 mM) and high (40 mM) levels of glucose were examined for polyol accumulation by gas-liquid chromatography. Cells incubated in high glucose medium showed a threefold increase in sorbitol concentration over cells grown at low glucose levels. After 30 days in high glucose medium, mural cells formed dense multilayered areas with extensive cellular debris. These findings suggest the presence of the sorbitol pathway in cultured retinal mural cells and cellular degeneration in high glucose medium; this may have possible implications in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.", "PMID": 404268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2502", "title": "Ultrastructure of the hyaloid vasculature in primates.", "content": "The histology and ultrastructure of the hyaloid vascular system was studied in 16 monkeys, ages 85 days in utero to 3 years old. The well-developed hyaloid artery is identifiable ultrastructurally as an arteriole consisting of a nonfenestrated intima, a multilayered smooth muscular media, a connective tissue adventitia, and a perivascular sheath. By the fourth week after birth, the vessel walls appear hyalinized and acellular; the lumen is occluded by a thrombus. The time of the complete disappearance of the hyaloid artery varied considerably in individual monkeys; remnants of the hyaloid artery were often present on the disc (Bergmeister's papilla) in adult life. The vasa hyaloidea propria and tunica vasculosa lentis are small branches of the hyaloid artery which fill the primary vitreous. Ultrastructurally, they are Type A-1-alpha capillaries having a nonfenestrated endothelium, incomplete pericyte layer, and basement membranes surrounding each. Fluorescein angiography of several newborn monkeys revealed nonleakage of dye from the hyaloid artery and its branches, thus correlating with the presence of endothelial tight functions.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the hyaloid vasculature in primates. The histology and ultrastructure of the hyaloid vascular system was studied in 16 monkeys, ages 85 days in utero to 3 years old. The well-developed hyaloid artery is identifiable ultrastructurally as an arteriole consisting of a nonfenestrated intima, a multilayered smooth muscular media, a connective tissue adventitia, and a perivascular sheath. By the fourth week after birth, the vessel walls appear hyalinized and acellular; the lumen is occluded by a thrombus. The time of the complete disappearance of the hyaloid artery varied considerably in individual monkeys; remnants of the hyaloid artery were often present on the disc (Bergmeister's papilla) in adult life. The vasa hyaloidea propria and tunica vasculosa lentis are small branches of the hyaloid artery which fill the primary vitreous. Ultrastructurally, they are Type A-1-alpha capillaries having a nonfenestrated endothelium, incomplete pericyte layer, and basement membranes surrounding each. Fluorescein angiography of several newborn monkeys revealed nonleakage of dye from the hyaloid artery and its branches, thus correlating with the presence of endothelial tight functions.", "PMID": 404269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2503", "title": "Experimental myelin intrusion in the nerve head.", "content": "On the assumption that myelin intrusion into the papilla and peripapillary region might occur with traumatic lesions of the optic nerve, a study was made of the clinical and histopathologic changes that might be expected. Nine monkey eyes were subjected to hemostat compression of the nerve close to the globe and studied over variable periods up to 28 days. Myelin was demonstrable ophthalmoscopically, followed by variable and increasing amounts of hemorrhage. The myelin was demonstrable histopathologically only during the first 2 weeks after the manipulation and was then masked by the associated hemorrhage and gliosis. The optic nerve showed expected myelinolytic reactions.", "contents": "Experimental myelin intrusion in the nerve head. On the assumption that myelin intrusion into the papilla and peripapillary region might occur with traumatic lesions of the optic nerve, a study was made of the clinical and histopathologic changes that might be expected. Nine monkey eyes were subjected to hemostat compression of the nerve close to the globe and studied over variable periods up to 28 days. Myelin was demonstrable ophthalmoscopically, followed by variable and increasing amounts of hemorrhage. The myelin was demonstrable histopathologically only during the first 2 weeks after the manipulation and was then masked by the associated hemorrhage and gliosis. The optic nerve showed expected myelinolytic reactions.", "PMID": 404270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2504", "title": "Visual acuity and behavior of monocularly deprived monkeys after retinal lesions.", "content": "One eyelid of each of three Macaca nemestrina monkeys was sutured shut at 3 weeks of age. One animal had the central 10 degrees of the open eye retina lesioned at 3 weeks of age (EL1), a second at 9 months of age (LL1), and the third had no lesion (MD1). After a reverse suture at 9 months of age, the deprived eye was tested for grating acuity, visual behavior, and visual field. EL1 tested positively on all behavioral tasks by 1 month and showed good visual ability to negotiate a playroom but never performed better than 20/1,250 on grating acuity. MD1 showed little visual behavior in the playroom but tested at 20/400 acuity. LL1 rapidly recovered all aspects of visual behavior and tested at 20/80 visual acuity. Perimetry shows that LL1 and EL1 respond mainly in the central portion of the deprived eye visual field but not to the periphery or the monocular segment. We conclude that removal of the open eye retina after the critical period allows much visual recovery by the deprived eye but that removal of the open eye retina within the critical period does not prevent many of the effects of monocular deprivation.", "contents": "Visual acuity and behavior of monocularly deprived monkeys after retinal lesions. One eyelid of each of three Macaca nemestrina monkeys was sutured shut at 3 weeks of age. One animal had the central 10 degrees of the open eye retina lesioned at 3 weeks of age (EL1), a second at 9 months of age (LL1), and the third had no lesion (MD1). After a reverse suture at 9 months of age, the deprived eye was tested for grating acuity, visual behavior, and visual field. EL1 tested positively on all behavioral tasks by 1 month and showed good visual ability to negotiate a playroom but never performed better than 20/1,250 on grating acuity. MD1 showed little visual behavior in the playroom but tested at 20/400 acuity. LL1 rapidly recovered all aspects of visual behavior and tested at 20/80 visual acuity. Perimetry shows that LL1 and EL1 respond mainly in the central portion of the deprived eye visual field but not to the periphery or the monocular segment. We conclude that removal of the open eye retina after the critical period allows much visual recovery by the deprived eye but that removal of the open eye retina within the critical period does not prevent many of the effects of monocular deprivation.", "PMID": 404271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2505", "title": "The effect of Candida albicans on the isolation of N. gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Recently, several studies have reported that strains of Candida albicans and perhaps other noraml bacterial flora are capable of inhibiting the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in vitro, and it is possible that this may occur in vivo as well. This possible antagonism between N. gonorrhoeae and normal flora microorganisms poses many questions regarding the reliable laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhea. Mixed cultures of C. albicans and N. gonorrhoeae were grown together on GC base agar plates with varying concentrations of nystatin. Recovery of N. gonorrhoeae was improved as nystatin concentration was increased to 25 IU/ml, while growth of C. albicans was effectively inhibited. At concentrations of 50 and 100 IU/ml nystatin also began to inhibit N. gonorrhoeae. There was a noticeable decrease of nystatin bioactivity against C. albicans when the GC plates were stored at 4 C, thus making it more difficult to isolate N. gonorrhoeae. Growth curves of C. albicans and N. gonorrhoeae grown together in liquid medium did not significantly differ from growth curves of the individual organisms. Statistical analysis of our findings does not support the theory that strains of C. albicans produce a soluble diffusible factor that is inhibitory to N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "The effect of Candida albicans on the isolation of N. gonorrhoeae. Recently, several studies have reported that strains of Candida albicans and perhaps other noraml bacterial flora are capable of inhibiting the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in vitro, and it is possible that this may occur in vivo as well. This possible antagonism between N. gonorrhoeae and normal flora microorganisms poses many questions regarding the reliable laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhea. Mixed cultures of C. albicans and N. gonorrhoeae were grown together on GC base agar plates with varying concentrations of nystatin. Recovery of N. gonorrhoeae was improved as nystatin concentration was increased to 25 IU/ml, while growth of C. albicans was effectively inhibited. At concentrations of 50 and 100 IU/ml nystatin also began to inhibit N. gonorrhoeae. There was a noticeable decrease of nystatin bioactivity against C. albicans when the GC plates were stored at 4 C, thus making it more difficult to isolate N. gonorrhoeae. Growth curves of C. albicans and N. gonorrhoeae grown together in liquid medium did not significantly differ from growth curves of the individual organisms. Statistical analysis of our findings does not support the theory that strains of C. albicans produce a soluble diffusible factor that is inhibitory to N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 404273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2506", "title": "Uridine diphosphate galactose 4'-epimerase deficiency. IV. Report of eight cases in three families.", "content": "Eight persons who had no activity of uridine diphosphate galactose 4'-epimerase in their circulating blood cells are known today. They were healthy members of three different families. Propositi were newborns discovered in a mass screening test for blood galactose which registered high levels of erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate. Epimerase deficiency was restricted to circulating blood cells, but in liver biopsy specimens, in cultured skin fibroblasts and in activated lymphocytes epimerase was found to be normally active. Heterozygotes had intermediate red cell epimerase activity. There were no symptoms of galactose intolerance and no pathology related to the enzyme defect. All 8 epimerase deficient persons had a ccdee Rhesus genotype. Attempts at demonstrating genetic linkage between the epimerase and Rhesus loci were unsuccessful because of the difficulty encountered in ascertaining epimerase heterozygosity. Individuals with hereditary UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase deficiency appear to produce an unstable mutant enzyme requiring higher NAD concentration for maximum activity.", "contents": "Uridine diphosphate galactose 4'-epimerase deficiency. IV. Report of eight cases in three families. Eight persons who had no activity of uridine diphosphate galactose 4'-epimerase in their circulating blood cells are known today. They were healthy members of three different families. Propositi were newborns discovered in a mass screening test for blood galactose which registered high levels of erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate. Epimerase deficiency was restricted to circulating blood cells, but in liver biopsy specimens, in cultured skin fibroblasts and in activated lymphocytes epimerase was found to be normally active. Heterozygotes had intermediate red cell epimerase activity. There were no symptoms of galactose intolerance and no pathology related to the enzyme defect. All 8 epimerase deficient persons had a ccdee Rhesus genotype. Attempts at demonstrating genetic linkage between the epimerase and Rhesus loci were unsuccessful because of the difficulty encountered in ascertaining epimerase heterozygosity. Individuals with hereditary UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase deficiency appear to produce an unstable mutant enzyme requiring higher NAD concentration for maximum activity.", "PMID": 404274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2507", "title": "Isolation and characterization of lipopolysaccharides from cell walls of blue-green algae of the genus Phormidium.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fractions were isolated from three species of blue-green algae of the genus Phormidium, namely, P. africanum, P. laminosum, and P. uncinatum, by using a phenol-water procedure followed by exhaustive extraction with ammonium oxalate. The materials obtained were shown to be closely related biochemically. Nearly 60% of the LPS consisted of the polysaccharides galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, and rhamnose and an unidentified, fast-moving sugar residue. In addition, glucosamine, galactosamine, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate were detected. Oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids were found in the hydrolysate of the lipid component, which averaged 1.5% of the LPS. Concomitantly, the protein component (7 to 20%) was shown to contain the following amino acids: aspartic acid, threonine, serine glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, and arginine. Whole cells, as well as the LPS, of Phormidium possessed antigenic properties.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of lipopolysaccharides from cell walls of blue-green algae of the genus Phormidium. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fractions were isolated from three species of blue-green algae of the genus Phormidium, namely, P. africanum, P. laminosum, and P. uncinatum, by using a phenol-water procedure followed by exhaustive extraction with ammonium oxalate. The materials obtained were shown to be closely related biochemically. Nearly 60% of the LPS consisted of the polysaccharides galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, and rhamnose and an unidentified, fast-moving sugar residue. In addition, glucosamine, galactosamine, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate were detected. Oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids were found in the hydrolysate of the lipid component, which averaged 1.5% of the LPS. Concomitantly, the protein component (7 to 20%) was shown to contain the following amino acids: aspartic acid, threonine, serine glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, and arginine. Whole cells, as well as the LPS, of Phormidium possessed antigenic properties.", "PMID": 404280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2508", "title": "Specificity of siderophore receptors in membrane vesicles of Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "Membrane vesicles of Bacillus megaterium strains SK11 and Ard1 bound the ferrischizokinen and ferriferrioxamine B siderhores (iron transport cofactors). An approximately equimolar uptake of both labels of [3H, 59Fe]ferrischizokinen indicated binding of the intact chelate. Binding reached equilibrium in 2 to 5 min, was temperature independent, and was unaltered by the addition of several energy sources. A 91% dissociation of bound [Fe]ferrischizokinen was achieved in 60 s by the addition of excess ferrischizokinen. Ferriaerobactin, a siderophore which is structurally related to ferrischizokinen, caused no detectable release of bound [59Fe]ferrischizokinen. Of several other ferrigydroxamates tested, only ferriferrichrome A achieved the release (11%) of [Fe]ferrischizokinen. Rapid dissociation (92%) of bound [59Fe]ferriferrioxamine B by the addition of ferriferrioxamine B was observed, and a 67% release of [59Fe]ferriferrioxamine B was caused by ferriA2265, its structural relative. Ferrischizokinen, ferriferrichrome A, and ferrirhodotorulic acid produced a 6, 25, and 29% dissociation, respectively, of [59Fe]ferriferrioxamine B; ferriaerobactin caused no dissociation. [59Fe]ferriaerobactin was bound by the membranes, but its dissociation was not effected by unlabeled ferriaerobactin, suggesting no specific receptors for this chelate. The respective binding affinity constants and maximal binding capacities of membrane vesicles of strain SK11 were 2 x 10(7) M-1 and 280 pmol per mg of protein for ferrischizokinen and 7 x 10(7) M-1 and 37 pmol per mg of protein for ferriferrioxamine B. These values in strain Ard1 were, respectively, 1.4 x 10(7) M-1 and 186 pmol per mg of protein for ferrischizokinen and 11 x 10(7) M-1 and 23 pmol per mg of protein for ferriferrioxamine B. Separate, specific binding sites (receptors) for ferrischizokinen and ferriferrioxamine B exist on the vesicles. The ferrischizokinen receptors have a lower affinity but a higher binding capacity (eightfold) than that shown by the ferriferrioxamine B receptor. These receptors may be components of independent transport systems.", "contents": "Specificity of siderophore receptors in membrane vesicles of Bacillus megaterium. Membrane vesicles of Bacillus megaterium strains SK11 and Ard1 bound the ferrischizokinen and ferriferrioxamine B siderhores (iron transport cofactors). An approximately equimolar uptake of both labels of [3H, 59Fe]ferrischizokinen indicated binding of the intact chelate. Binding reached equilibrium in 2 to 5 min, was temperature independent, and was unaltered by the addition of several energy sources. A 91% dissociation of bound [Fe]ferrischizokinen was achieved in 60 s by the addition of excess ferrischizokinen. Ferriaerobactin, a siderophore which is structurally related to ferrischizokinen, caused no detectable release of bound [59Fe]ferrischizokinen. Of several other ferrigydroxamates tested, only ferriferrichrome A achieved the release (11%) of [Fe]ferrischizokinen. Rapid dissociation (92%) of bound [59Fe]ferriferrioxamine B by the addition of ferriferrioxamine B was observed, and a 67% release of [59Fe]ferriferrioxamine B was caused by ferriA2265, its structural relative. Ferrischizokinen, ferriferrichrome A, and ferrirhodotorulic acid produced a 6, 25, and 29% dissociation, respectively, of [59Fe]ferriferrioxamine B; ferriaerobactin caused no dissociation. [59Fe]ferriaerobactin was bound by the membranes, but its dissociation was not effected by unlabeled ferriaerobactin, suggesting no specific receptors for this chelate. The respective binding affinity constants and maximal binding capacities of membrane vesicles of strain SK11 were 2 x 10(7) M-1 and 280 pmol per mg of protein for ferrischizokinen and 7 x 10(7) M-1 and 37 pmol per mg of protein for ferriferrioxamine B. These values in strain Ard1 were, respectively, 1.4 x 10(7) M-1 and 186 pmol per mg of protein for ferrischizokinen and 11 x 10(7) M-1 and 23 pmol per mg of protein for ferriferrioxamine B. Separate, specific binding sites (receptors) for ferrischizokinen and ferriferrioxamine B exist on the vesicles. The ferrischizokinen receptors have a lower affinity but a higher binding capacity (eightfold) than that shown by the ferriferrioxamine B receptor. These receptors may be components of independent transport systems.", "PMID": 404281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2509", "title": "Classification of Bacillus subtilis flagellins.", "content": "Purified flagellins derived from 16 strains of Bacillus subtilis were classified into at least five distinct groups on the basis of their reaction with antiflagellar filament antibody and antiflagellin antibody. This classification was in good accord with that derived independently on the basis of amino acid analyses of the flagellins. Flagellar antigenicity appears to provide a useful typological character in classifying B. subtilis strains.", "contents": "Classification of Bacillus subtilis flagellins. Purified flagellins derived from 16 strains of Bacillus subtilis were classified into at least five distinct groups on the basis of their reaction with antiflagellar filament antibody and antiflagellin antibody. This classification was in good accord with that derived independently on the basis of amino acid analyses of the flagellins. Flagellar antigenicity appears to provide a useful typological character in classifying B. subtilis strains.", "PMID": 404282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2510", "title": "Role of glutamate in the sporogenesis of Bacillus cereus.", "content": "Bacillus cereus T, sporulating in a chemically defined medium under optimum conditions, requires substrate quantities of glutamate during the first 4 h of sporogenesis. Seventy percent of the glutamate utilized was catabolized to CO2 during this period, with the remaining glutamate carbon assimilated into various spore constituents, principally protein and nucleic acid. The importance of glutamate as the primary source of reducing potential and energy for early stages of spore formation was investigated. Although the relative efficiency at which tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates substituted for glutamate was suggestive of oxidation via the tricarboxylic acid cycle, only partial inhibition of glutamate oxidation by fluoroacetate was observed.", "contents": "Role of glutamate in the sporogenesis of Bacillus cereus. Bacillus cereus T, sporulating in a chemically defined medium under optimum conditions, requires substrate quantities of glutamate during the first 4 h of sporogenesis. Seventy percent of the glutamate utilized was catabolized to CO2 during this period, with the remaining glutamate carbon assimilated into various spore constituents, principally protein and nucleic acid. The importance of glutamate as the primary source of reducing potential and energy for early stages of spore formation was investigated. Although the relative efficiency at which tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates substituted for glutamate was suggestive of oxidation via the tricarboxylic acid cycle, only partial inhibition of glutamate oxidation by fluoroacetate was observed.", "PMID": 404283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2511", "title": "Inorganic salts resistance associated with a lactose-fermenting plasmid in Streptococcus lactis.", "content": "Present evidence indicates that lactose metabolism in group N streptococci is linked to plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid. Lactose-positive (Lac+) Streptococcus lactis and lactose-negative (Lac-) derivatives were examined for their resistance to various inorganic ions. Lac+ S. lactis strains ML3, M18, and C2 were found more resistant to arsenate (7.5- to 60.2-fold), arsenite (2.25- to 3.0-fold), and chromate (6.6- to 9.4-fold), but more sensitive to copper (10.0- to 13.3-fold) than their Lac- derivatives. These results suggested that genetic information for resistance and/or sensitivity to these ions resides on the \"lactose plasmid.\" Kinetics of ultraviolet irradiation inactivation of transducing ability for lactose metabolism and arsenate resistance confirmed the plasmid location of the two markers. Lac+ transductants from S. lactis C2 received genetic determinants for resistance to arsenate, arsenite, and chromate but not for copper sensitivity. In this case, resistance markers were lost when the transductants became Lac- but the derivatives remained copper resistant. The resistant markers for arsenate and arsenite could not be identified as separate genetic loci, but chromate resistance and copper sensitivity markers were found to be independent genetic loci. The \"lactose plasmid\" from S. lactis C10 possessed the genetic loci for arsenate and arsenite resistance but not for chromate resistance or copper sensitivity.", "contents": "Inorganic salts resistance associated with a lactose-fermenting plasmid in Streptococcus lactis. Present evidence indicates that lactose metabolism in group N streptococci is linked to plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid. Lactose-positive (Lac+) Streptococcus lactis and lactose-negative (Lac-) derivatives were examined for their resistance to various inorganic ions. Lac+ S. lactis strains ML3, M18, and C2 were found more resistant to arsenate (7.5- to 60.2-fold), arsenite (2.25- to 3.0-fold), and chromate (6.6- to 9.4-fold), but more sensitive to copper (10.0- to 13.3-fold) than their Lac- derivatives. These results suggested that genetic information for resistance and/or sensitivity to these ions resides on the \"lactose plasmid.\" Kinetics of ultraviolet irradiation inactivation of transducing ability for lactose metabolism and arsenate resistance confirmed the plasmid location of the two markers. Lac+ transductants from S. lactis C2 received genetic determinants for resistance to arsenate, arsenite, and chromate but not for copper sensitivity. In this case, resistance markers were lost when the transductants became Lac- but the derivatives remained copper resistant. The resistant markers for arsenate and arsenite could not be identified as separate genetic loci, but chromate resistance and copper sensitivity markers were found to be independent genetic loci. The \"lactose plasmid\" from S. lactis C10 possessed the genetic loci for arsenate and arsenite resistance but not for chromate resistance or copper sensitivity.", "PMID": 404284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2512", "title": "Initiation and termination of chromosome replication at 45 degree C in a temperature-sensitive deoxyribonucleic acid initiation mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168, TsB134.", "content": "Deoxyribose nucleic acid transfer experiments showed that upon shifting Bacillus subtilis TsB134 to 45 degree C, initiation of new rounds of replication was effectively blocked and the majority of existing rounds terminated.", "contents": "Initiation and termination of chromosome replication at 45 degree C in a temperature-sensitive deoxyribonucleic acid initiation mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168, TsB134. Deoxyribose nucleic acid transfer experiments showed that upon shifting Bacillus subtilis TsB134 to 45 degree C, initiation of new rounds of replication was effectively blocked and the majority of existing rounds terminated.", "PMID": 404285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2513", "title": "Hydrolysis of lithocholate sulfate by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be able to hydrolyze bile sulfate. This property was observed when lithocholate sulfate was substituted for the sulfur source in the culture medium. The addition of MgSO4 to the medium inhibited the hydrolysis of the bile sulfate.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of lithocholate sulfate by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be able to hydrolyze bile sulfate. This property was observed when lithocholate sulfate was substituted for the sulfur source in the culture medium. The addition of MgSO4 to the medium inhibited the hydrolysis of the bile sulfate.", "PMID": 404286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2514", "title": "Chemical analysis of the phenol-water-extractable materials from Anabaena flos-aquae.", "content": "The high molecular-weight carbohydrate substances extracted in the aqueous and phenol phases by phenol-water extraction of Anabaena flos-aquae A-37 were found to be polysaccharides without lipid attached.", "contents": "Chemical analysis of the phenol-water-extractable materials from Anabaena flos-aquae. The high molecular-weight carbohydrate substances extracted in the aqueous and phenol phases by phenol-water extraction of Anabaena flos-aquae A-37 were found to be polysaccharides without lipid attached.", "PMID": 404287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2515", "title": "Effect of temperature on the growth of Myxococcus xanthus.", "content": "The cardinal growth characteristics of Myxococcus xanthus were examined from 14 to 40 degree C, and the examinations indicated that the organism is mesophilic in character. The maximum growth rate (0,3 doublings per h) was between 34 and 36 degree C and the temperature characteristic (micron) is 17,000 cal/mol (71,162 J/mol).", "contents": "Effect of temperature on the growth of Myxococcus xanthus. The cardinal growth characteristics of Myxococcus xanthus were examined from 14 to 40 degree C, and the examinations indicated that the organism is mesophilic in character. The maximum growth rate (0,3 doublings per h) was between 34 and 36 degree C and the temperature characteristic (micron) is 17,000 cal/mol (71,162 J/mol).", "PMID": 404288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2516", "title": "Metabolic role of free mycolic acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.", "content": "Small amounts of free mycolic acids and trehalose dimycolate that are rapidly formed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra are probably derived from mycolyl acetyl trehalose and transferred to the cell wall. However, the transfer of mycolic acids from mycolyl acetyl trehalose to the cell wall still appears to be the more prominent route.", "contents": "Metabolic role of free mycolic acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Small amounts of free mycolic acids and trehalose dimycolate that are rapidly formed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra are probably derived from mycolyl acetyl trehalose and transferred to the cell wall. However, the transfer of mycolic acids from mycolyl acetyl trehalose to the cell wall still appears to be the more prominent route.", "PMID": 404289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2517", "title": "Acetylated methylmannose polysaccharide of Streptomyces.", "content": "A polysaccharide composed of 3-O-methyl-D-mannose and D-mannose in a molar ratio of approximately 10:1 and containing 3 to 4 esterified acetyl residues has been isolated from Streptomyces griseus. This acetylated methylmannose polysaccharide (AMMP) is similar to the methylmannose polysaccharide (MMP) of Mycobacterium smegmatis (Gray, G. R., and Ballou, C. E. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 6835-6842) in its size and composition, the absence of acidic or basic groups, and the lack of a reducing end. It is different, however, in its content of esterified acetyl residues, and it is slightly different in its structure and in its gel filtration properties. The structure of AMMP has been established by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and by combinations of methylation analysis and Smith degradation utilizing non-radioactively labeled polysaccharide and [3H]methyl-labeled polysaccharide obtained from cells grown in the presence of L-[methyl-3H]methionine. It is concluded that AMMP is a linear, nonreducing, neutral polysaccharide composed of a terminal D-mannose residue linked alpha(1 leads to 4) to a chain of 10 consecutive alpha(1 leads to 4)-linked 3-O-methyl-D-mannose residues. The reducing terminal 3-O-methyl-D-mannose residue exists, at least in part, as its alpha-methyl glycoside. The positions of attachment of the ester residues have not been established.", "contents": "Acetylated methylmannose polysaccharide of Streptomyces. A polysaccharide composed of 3-O-methyl-D-mannose and D-mannose in a molar ratio of approximately 10:1 and containing 3 to 4 esterified acetyl residues has been isolated from Streptomyces griseus. This acetylated methylmannose polysaccharide (AMMP) is similar to the methylmannose polysaccharide (MMP) of Mycobacterium smegmatis (Gray, G. R., and Ballou, C. E. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 6835-6842) in its size and composition, the absence of acidic or basic groups, and the lack of a reducing end. It is different, however, in its content of esterified acetyl residues, and it is slightly different in its structure and in its gel filtration properties. The structure of AMMP has been established by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and by combinations of methylation analysis and Smith degradation utilizing non-radioactively labeled polysaccharide and [3H]methyl-labeled polysaccharide obtained from cells grown in the presence of L-[methyl-3H]methionine. It is concluded that AMMP is a linear, nonreducing, neutral polysaccharide composed of a terminal D-mannose residue linked alpha(1 leads to 4) to a chain of 10 consecutive alpha(1 leads to 4)-linked 3-O-methyl-D-mannose residues. The reducing terminal 3-O-methyl-D-mannose residue exists, at least in part, as its alpha-methyl glycoside. The positions of attachment of the ester residues have not been established.", "PMID": 404290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2518", "title": "Enzymatic transfer of mannose from mannosyl-phosphoryl-polyprenol to lipid-linked oligosaccharides by pig aorta.", "content": "A particulate enzyme preparation prepared from the intimal layer of pig aorta catalyzed the transfer of mannose from mannosyl-phosphoryl-polyprenol (MPP) into a series of oligosaccharides that were linked to lipid. The reaction required detergent with Triton X-100 and NP-40 being best at a concentration of 0.5%. Several other detergents were inactive or only slightly active. The pH optima for this activity was about 7 to 7.5 in Tris buffer and the apparent Km for MPP was about 2 x 10(-7) M. The reaction was not stimulated by the addition of divalent cation and, in fact, was inhibited by the high concentrations of cation. The addition of EDTA did not inhibit the transfer of mannose from MPP and was somewhat stimulatory. The transferase(s) activity was \"solubilized\" from the particles by treatment with Triton X-100. This solubilized enzyme still formed a series of lipid-linked oligosaccharides from either MPP or GDP-mannose. The oligosaccharides were released from the lipid by mild acid hydrolysis and were separated by paper chromatography. Some five or six radioactive oligosaccharides were formed from either MPP or from GDP-mannose and these oligosaccharides had similar mobilities upon paper chromatography. However, MPP was a better donor for the larger oligosaccharides (i.e. those containing 8, 9, or 10 sugar residues), whereas GDP-mannose was better for formation of the oligosaccharide containing 7 sugar residues. In the presence of EDTA and detergent no MPP was formed from GDP-mannose, but radioactivity was still incorporated into the lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Under these conditions essentially all of the radioactivity was in the oligosaccharide containing 7 sugar residues. Since much of this activity could be released as mannose by acetolysis, GDP-mannose may be the direct mannosyl donor for formation of 1 leads to 6 branches. Oligosaccharides 7, 8, 9, and 10 were isolated and partially characterized in terms of their molecular weights, sugar composition, susceptibility to alpha-mannosidase, and 14C products formed by acetolysis and periodate oxidation. The molecular weights ranged from 1310 for oligosaccharide 7 to 1750 for oligosaccharide 10. Hydrolysis of each oligosaccharide and reduction with NaB3H4 gave the expected ratio of [3H]hexitol to [3H]hexosaminitol based on the molecular weight of the oligosaccharide. However, the hexitol fraction contained [3H]mannitol and [3H]glucitol. Since the amount of radioactivity in glucitol was 2 to 4 times that in mannitol and since only glucosaminitol was found in the amino sugar peak, it seems likely that each 14C-oligosaccharide was contaminated with an unlabeled oligosaccharide of equal molecular weight containing glucose and GlcNAc. Acetolysis of the 14C-oligosaccharides gave rise to 14C peaks of mannose, mannobiose, and mannotriose. In the larger oligosaccharides, most of the radioactivity was in mannobiose whereas in oligosaccharide 7 most of the radioactivity was in mannose...", "contents": "Enzymatic transfer of mannose from mannosyl-phosphoryl-polyprenol to lipid-linked oligosaccharides by pig aorta. A particulate enzyme preparation prepared from the intimal layer of pig aorta catalyzed the transfer of mannose from mannosyl-phosphoryl-polyprenol (MPP) into a series of oligosaccharides that were linked to lipid. The reaction required detergent with Triton X-100 and NP-40 being best at a concentration of 0.5%. Several other detergents were inactive or only slightly active. The pH optima for this activity was about 7 to 7.5 in Tris buffer and the apparent Km for MPP was about 2 x 10(-7) M. The reaction was not stimulated by the addition of divalent cation and, in fact, was inhibited by the high concentrations of cation. The addition of EDTA did not inhibit the transfer of mannose from MPP and was somewhat stimulatory. The transferase(s) activity was \"solubilized\" from the particles by treatment with Triton X-100. This solubilized enzyme still formed a series of lipid-linked oligosaccharides from either MPP or GDP-mannose. The oligosaccharides were released from the lipid by mild acid hydrolysis and were separated by paper chromatography. Some five or six radioactive oligosaccharides were formed from either MPP or from GDP-mannose and these oligosaccharides had similar mobilities upon paper chromatography. However, MPP was a better donor for the larger oligosaccharides (i.e. those containing 8, 9, or 10 sugar residues), whereas GDP-mannose was better for formation of the oligosaccharide containing 7 sugar residues. In the presence of EDTA and detergent no MPP was formed from GDP-mannose, but radioactivity was still incorporated into the lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Under these conditions essentially all of the radioactivity was in the oligosaccharide containing 7 sugar residues. Since much of this activity could be released as mannose by acetolysis, GDP-mannose may be the direct mannosyl donor for formation of 1 leads to 6 branches. Oligosaccharides 7, 8, 9, and 10 were isolated and partially characterized in terms of their molecular weights, sugar composition, susceptibility to alpha-mannosidase, and 14C products formed by acetolysis and periodate oxidation. The molecular weights ranged from 1310 for oligosaccharide 7 to 1750 for oligosaccharide 10. Hydrolysis of each oligosaccharide and reduction with NaB3H4 gave the expected ratio of [3H]hexitol to [3H]hexosaminitol based on the molecular weight of the oligosaccharide. However, the hexitol fraction contained [3H]mannitol and [3H]glucitol. Since the amount of radioactivity in glucitol was 2 to 4 times that in mannitol and since only glucosaminitol was found in the amino sugar peak, it seems likely that each 14C-oligosaccharide was contaminated with an unlabeled oligosaccharide of equal molecular weight containing glucose and GlcNAc. Acetolysis of the 14C-oligosaccharides gave rise to 14C peaks of mannose, mannobiose, and mannotriose. In the larger oligosaccharides, most of the radioactivity was in mannobiose whereas in oligosaccharide 7 most of the radioactivity was in mannose...", "PMID": 404291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2519", "title": "Bisulfite-induced C changed to U transitions in yeast alanine tRNA.", "content": "The reaction of yeast tRNAAla1ab with NaHSO3 at 25 degrees and pH 5.8 has been studied. Five reactive residues have been located. Four of these (C-17 in Loop I, C-36 in the anticodon, C-74 and C-75 near the acceptor end) react to the same extent (42%) under the conditions of the experiment. The other (C-72 in the first base pair of the acceptor stem) reacts much more slowly (8%). No other changes were detected, but kinetic data suggest two or more additional residues may react very slowly. The C changed to U change in the anticodon (igc changed to igu) is a missense change (Ala changed to Thr). Both mechanistic considerations and experimental data from the literature show that HSO3--induced deamination of cytosine residues occurs only at unstacked residues. The quantitative changes for tRNAAla indicate that the stacking lifetimes of C-17, C-36, C-74, and C-75 are about equal. All other cytidine residues are much more tightly stacked. These results are consistent with the folded cloverleaf models that have been proposed from x-ray diffraction studies of yeast tRNAPhe. Residues 48 and 56, which are in single-stranded regions in the unfolded cloverleaf structure, do not react suggesting that they are tightly stacked in solution under the conditions of this experiment. The data also indicate that the anticodon loop is flexible in solution.", "contents": "Bisulfite-induced C changed to U transitions in yeast alanine tRNA. The reaction of yeast tRNAAla1ab with NaHSO3 at 25 degrees and pH 5.8 has been studied. Five reactive residues have been located. Four of these (C-17 in Loop I, C-36 in the anticodon, C-74 and C-75 near the acceptor end) react to the same extent (42%) under the conditions of the experiment. The other (C-72 in the first base pair of the acceptor stem) reacts much more slowly (8%). No other changes were detected, but kinetic data suggest two or more additional residues may react very slowly. The C changed to U change in the anticodon (igc changed to igu) is a missense change (Ala changed to Thr). Both mechanistic considerations and experimental data from the literature show that HSO3--induced deamination of cytosine residues occurs only at unstacked residues. The quantitative changes for tRNAAla indicate that the stacking lifetimes of C-17, C-36, C-74, and C-75 are about equal. All other cytidine residues are much more tightly stacked. These results are consistent with the folded cloverleaf models that have been proposed from x-ray diffraction studies of yeast tRNAPhe. Residues 48 and 56, which are in single-stranded regions in the unfolded cloverleaf structure, do not react suggesting that they are tightly stacked in solution under the conditions of this experiment. The data also indicate that the anticodon loop is flexible in solution.", "PMID": 404292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2520", "title": "Bisulfite-induced C changed to U transitions in yeast valine tRNA.", "content": "The reaction of yeast tRNAVallab with NaHSO3 at 25 degrees and pH 5.8 has been studied. Six reactive residues have been located. C-17 in loop I is the most reactive (51% conversion) and C-73 in the first base pair of the acceptor stem the least reactive (8%). Three of the remaining reactive residues (C-39 in loop II, C-75 and C-76 near the acceptor stem) react to the same extent (36 to 38%) under the conditions of the experiment. C-37 in the anticodon reacted to a lesser extent (28%) than C-39 (36%), located just 2 residues away in the anticodon loop. No other changes were detected, but kinetic data suggest one or more additional residues may react very slowly. The C changed to U change in the anticodon (iac changed to iau) is a missense change (Val changed to Ile). Both mechanistic considerations and experimental data from the literature show that HSO3--induced deamination of cytosine residues occurs only at unstacked residues. We interpret the quantitative changes in tRNAVal to indicate that C-17 spends a large portion of its lifetime in an unstacked conformation. The stacking lifetimes of C-37, C-39, C-75, and C-76 seem to be similar but not identical. All other cytidine residues are much more tightly stacked. These results are consistent with the folded cloverleaf models that have been proposed from x-ray diffraction studies of yeast tRNAPhe. Residues C-46, C-49, C-57, and C-61, which are present in the single-stranded regions of the unfolded cloverleaf structure, do not react, suggesting that they are tightly stacked in solution under the conditions of this experiment. The data also suggest that anticodon-loop conformations other than the extremes with five bases stacked on either the 3' or 5' portion of the anticodon stem exist in solution and that the anticodon loop is flexible.", "contents": "Bisulfite-induced C changed to U transitions in yeast valine tRNA. The reaction of yeast tRNAVallab with NaHSO3 at 25 degrees and pH 5.8 has been studied. Six reactive residues have been located. C-17 in loop I is the most reactive (51% conversion) and C-73 in the first base pair of the acceptor stem the least reactive (8%). Three of the remaining reactive residues (C-39 in loop II, C-75 and C-76 near the acceptor stem) react to the same extent (36 to 38%) under the conditions of the experiment. C-37 in the anticodon reacted to a lesser extent (28%) than C-39 (36%), located just 2 residues away in the anticodon loop. No other changes were detected, but kinetic data suggest one or more additional residues may react very slowly. The C changed to U change in the anticodon (iac changed to iau) is a missense change (Val changed to Ile). Both mechanistic considerations and experimental data from the literature show that HSO3--induced deamination of cytosine residues occurs only at unstacked residues. We interpret the quantitative changes in tRNAVal to indicate that C-17 spends a large portion of its lifetime in an unstacked conformation. The stacking lifetimes of C-37, C-39, C-75, and C-76 seem to be similar but not identical. All other cytidine residues are much more tightly stacked. These results are consistent with the folded cloverleaf models that have been proposed from x-ray diffraction studies of yeast tRNAPhe. Residues C-46, C-49, C-57, and C-61, which are present in the single-stranded regions of the unfolded cloverleaf structure, do not react, suggesting that they are tightly stacked in solution under the conditions of this experiment. The data also suggest that anticodon-loop conformations other than the extremes with five bases stacked on either the 3' or 5' portion of the anticodon stem exist in solution and that the anticodon loop is flexible.", "PMID": 404293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2521", "title": "Initiation and translation in vitro of mRNA for MOPC 315 immunoglobulin heavy chain and characterization of translation product.", "content": "An initiation study of mineral oil-induced plasmacytoma (MOPC) 315 heavy chain immunoglobulin (H315) in vitro has been conducted using formyl-[35S]methionyl-tRNAfMet and a highly purified 18 S message from MOPC 315 solid tumor in a crude rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. The product was specifically precipitated by antibodies directed against MOPC 315 immunoglobulin and H315. The in vitro H315 products terminally labeled with formyl-[35S]methionine or internally labeled with [3H]leucine were electrophoretically identical with in vivo H315 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. All of the [35S]-methionine was incorporated at the NH2 terminus, not internally, since there is a near complete recovery of [35S]methionine following one cycle of Edman degradation. The NH2-terminal cyanogen bromide peptide, CN2, of in vivo and in vitro H315 co-migrated exactly on gel electrophoresis under conditions which completely resolved two proteins differing in size by only 14 amino acids. These data strongly suggest that there is no NH2-terminal precursor of H315 in this system. Cyanogen bromide peptide profiles of in vivo and in vitro H315 were chromatographically indistinguishable. Three peptides, CN1, CN2, and CN4, which represent approximately 85% of the total amino acids of H315 were isolated and further characterized by electrophoresis and paper chromatography. All were very similar to the corresponding peptides of authentic H315. We conclude that the fidelity of H315 translation is preserved in vitro.", "contents": "Initiation and translation in vitro of mRNA for MOPC 315 immunoglobulin heavy chain and characterization of translation product. An initiation study of mineral oil-induced plasmacytoma (MOPC) 315 heavy chain immunoglobulin (H315) in vitro has been conducted using formyl-[35S]methionyl-tRNAfMet and a highly purified 18 S message from MOPC 315 solid tumor in a crude rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. The product was specifically precipitated by antibodies directed against MOPC 315 immunoglobulin and H315. The in vitro H315 products terminally labeled with formyl-[35S]methionine or internally labeled with [3H]leucine were electrophoretically identical with in vivo H315 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. All of the [35S]-methionine was incorporated at the NH2 terminus, not internally, since there is a near complete recovery of [35S]methionine following one cycle of Edman degradation. The NH2-terminal cyanogen bromide peptide, CN2, of in vivo and in vitro H315 co-migrated exactly on gel electrophoresis under conditions which completely resolved two proteins differing in size by only 14 amino acids. These data strongly suggest that there is no NH2-terminal precursor of H315 in this system. Cyanogen bromide peptide profiles of in vivo and in vitro H315 were chromatographically indistinguishable. Three peptides, CN1, CN2, and CN4, which represent approximately 85% of the total amino acids of H315 were isolated and further characterized by electrophoresis and paper chromatography. All were very similar to the corresponding peptides of authentic H315. We conclude that the fidelity of H315 translation is preserved in vitro.", "PMID": 404294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2522", "title": "Sindbis envelope proteins as endogenous acceptors in reactions of guanosine diphosphate-[14C]Mannose with preparations of infected chicken embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "Preparations of Sindbis-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts incubated with GDP-[14C]mannose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine catalyze the glycosylation of endogenous phospholipids and membrane-associated proteins. The proteins are identified as the viral envelope proteins by precipitation with anti-Sindbis antiserum, by comparison with authentic virion glycoproteins on sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by comparison of the glycopeptides of the membrane-associated glycoproteins with the glycopeptides from Sindbis virions on gel filtration chromatography. Our results indicate that glycophospholipid participates in the mannosylation of the viral proteins since an inhibitor of oligosaccharide-lipid synthesis also inhibits the labeling of the glycoproteins.", "contents": "Sindbis envelope proteins as endogenous acceptors in reactions of guanosine diphosphate-[14C]Mannose with preparations of infected chicken embryo fibroblasts. Preparations of Sindbis-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts incubated with GDP-[14C]mannose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine catalyze the glycosylation of endogenous phospholipids and membrane-associated proteins. The proteins are identified as the viral envelope proteins by precipitation with anti-Sindbis antiserum, by comparison with authentic virion glycoproteins on sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by comparison of the glycopeptides of the membrane-associated glycoproteins with the glycopeptides from Sindbis virions on gel filtration chromatography. Our results indicate that glycophospholipid participates in the mannosylation of the viral proteins since an inhibitor of oligosaccharide-lipid synthesis also inhibits the labeling of the glycoproteins.", "PMID": 404295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2523", "title": "Resolution of two forms of cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes of rabbit treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.", "content": "Two forms of cytochrome P-450 with different substrate specificities were isolated from liver microsomes of rabbits treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). A specific antibody was produced toward the major form of the cytochrome. The antibody inhibits microsomal acetanilide hydroxylation (80%). It does not cross-react with the minor fraction of the cytochrome or inhibit the hydroxylation of 3,4-benzpyrene or coumarin, the N-demethylation of aminopyrine or the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin catalyzed by rabbit liver microsomes. The major form has an estimated Mr = 54,000 and displays an n-octylamine difference spectrum with an absorption maximum at 426 nm and a minimum at 391 nm. When reconstituted, this cytochrome catalyzes acetanilide hydroxylation at a higher rate than microsomes or the minor fraction. The n-octylamine difference spectrum of the minor fraction displays an absorption maximum at 431 nm and a minimum at 410 nm. When reconstituted, this fraction catalyzes the hydroxylation of 3,4-benzpyrene and the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin. The two cytochromes appear to be distinct entities and function in different catalytic pathways.", "contents": "Resolution of two forms of cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes of rabbit treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Two forms of cytochrome P-450 with different substrate specificities were isolated from liver microsomes of rabbits treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). A specific antibody was produced toward the major form of the cytochrome. The antibody inhibits microsomal acetanilide hydroxylation (80%). It does not cross-react with the minor fraction of the cytochrome or inhibit the hydroxylation of 3,4-benzpyrene or coumarin, the N-demethylation of aminopyrine or the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin catalyzed by rabbit liver microsomes. The major form has an estimated Mr = 54,000 and displays an n-octylamine difference spectrum with an absorption maximum at 426 nm and a minimum at 391 nm. When reconstituted, this cytochrome catalyzes acetanilide hydroxylation at a higher rate than microsomes or the minor fraction. The n-octylamine difference spectrum of the minor fraction displays an absorption maximum at 431 nm and a minimum at 410 nm. When reconstituted, this fraction catalyzes the hydroxylation of 3,4-benzpyrene and the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin. The two cytochromes appear to be distinct entities and function in different catalytic pathways.", "PMID": 404296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2524", "title": "Kinetic evidence for an acyl-enzyme intermediate in D-alanine carboxypeptidases of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "The kinetics of hydrolysis and transpeptidation of the synthetic substrate diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine and of the natural substrate UDP-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide and related compounds catalyzed by the D-alanine carboxypeptidases of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus stearothermophilus in the presence of the nucleophiles hydroxylamine or glycine have been examined. These kinetic data suggest that an acyl-enzyme intermediate is formed in the first step of the reaction and that the transpeptidation is the consequence of the partitioning of this intermediate between water and the nucleophile in the second step.", "contents": "Kinetic evidence for an acyl-enzyme intermediate in D-alanine carboxypeptidases of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus stearothermophilus. The kinetics of hydrolysis and transpeptidation of the synthetic substrate diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine and of the natural substrate UDP-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide and related compounds catalyzed by the D-alanine carboxypeptidases of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus stearothermophilus in the presence of the nucleophiles hydroxylamine or glycine have been examined. These kinetic data suggest that an acyl-enzyme intermediate is formed in the first step of the reaction and that the transpeptidation is the consequence of the partitioning of this intermediate between water and the nucleophile in the second step.", "PMID": 404297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2525", "title": "Analysis of bioglass fixation of hip prostheses.", "content": "The analysis of the bonding interface between hip prostheses and bone after functional use in animals was carried out. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive analysis (EDX), and Auger electron spectroscopy were used to evaluate the bonding interface. Various methods of postsacrifice sample preparation were used to evaluate the effect of such different methods on the analysis of the bonding interface. Comparison of the results with several rat tibia implant experiments is also presented.", "contents": "Analysis of bioglass fixation of hip prostheses. The analysis of the bonding interface between hip prostheses and bone after functional use in animals was carried out. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive analysis (EDX), and Auger electron spectroscopy were used to evaluate the bonding interface. Various methods of postsacrifice sample preparation were used to evaluate the effect of such different methods on the analysis of the bonding interface. Comparison of the results with several rat tibia implant experiments is also presented.", "PMID": 404298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2526", "title": "Reversibly contractile nuclear matrix. Its isolation, structure, and composition.", "content": "From Tetrahymena macronuclei we have isolated a reversibly contractile nucleo-skeleton, i.e., an \"expanded\" nuclear matrix which reversibly contracts when the total concentration of the bivalent cations, Ca and Mg (3:2), is decreased to 5 mM or increased to 125 mM. During contraction the average diameter of the expanded matrix becomes reduced by about 24%; this corresponds to a volume contraction of about 55%. The reversible contraction of the nuclear matrix does not depend on ATP and cannot be inhibited by salygran. The expanded matrix is obtained by removing carefully from the macronuclei 89.7% of the phospholipid, 99.6% of the DNA, 98.5% of the RNA, and 74.8% of the protein by treatment with Triton X-100 and digestion with DNase and RNase followed by an extraction with 2 M NaCl. Electron microscopy reveals, within the expanded matrix, residual equivalents to the structures characteristic for macronuclei: (a) a residual nuclear envelope with nuclear pore complexes; (b) residual nucleoli at the periphery; (c) a fibrillar internal network. The expanded matrix is essentially composed of proteins (96.2%) and traces of DNA (0.8%), RNA (0.5%), phospholipid (1.6%), and carbohydrates (0.9%). The last, which have been determined by gas chromatography, contain glucose, mannose, and an unidentified sugar in the ratio 1:5.4:5.7. The ratio of acidic to basic amino acids of the expanded matrix is 1.55. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis reveals a predominant protein with a mol wt of 18,000 which is apparently involved in the reversible contractile process. The mechanism of this reversible contraction of the expanded matrix remains to be elucidated, but it differs both from actin-myosin contraction systems and from the contractile spasmoneme system in vorticellids.", "contents": "Reversibly contractile nuclear matrix. Its isolation, structure, and composition. From Tetrahymena macronuclei we have isolated a reversibly contractile nucleo-skeleton, i.e., an \"expanded\" nuclear matrix which reversibly contracts when the total concentration of the bivalent cations, Ca and Mg (3:2), is decreased to 5 mM or increased to 125 mM. During contraction the average diameter of the expanded matrix becomes reduced by about 24%; this corresponds to a volume contraction of about 55%. The reversible contraction of the nuclear matrix does not depend on ATP and cannot be inhibited by salygran. The expanded matrix is obtained by removing carefully from the macronuclei 89.7% of the phospholipid, 99.6% of the DNA, 98.5% of the RNA, and 74.8% of the protein by treatment with Triton X-100 and digestion with DNase and RNase followed by an extraction with 2 M NaCl. Electron microscopy reveals, within the expanded matrix, residual equivalents to the structures characteristic for macronuclei: (a) a residual nuclear envelope with nuclear pore complexes; (b) residual nucleoli at the periphery; (c) a fibrillar internal network. The expanded matrix is essentially composed of proteins (96.2%) and traces of DNA (0.8%), RNA (0.5%), phospholipid (1.6%), and carbohydrates (0.9%). The last, which have been determined by gas chromatography, contain glucose, mannose, and an unidentified sugar in the ratio 1:5.4:5.7. The ratio of acidic to basic amino acids of the expanded matrix is 1.55. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis reveals a predominant protein with a mol wt of 18,000 which is apparently involved in the reversible contractile process. The mechanism of this reversible contraction of the expanded matrix remains to be elucidated, but it differs both from actin-myosin contraction systems and from the contractile spasmoneme system in vorticellids.", "PMID": 404299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2527", "title": "Intramolecular heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "DNA from purified mitochondria of Drosophila melanogaster can be isolated as supercoiled molecules which when nicked have a contour length of 5.9 micron. Partial denaturation mapping shows regional heterogeneity of base composition with one early denaturing region, with a calculated GC content close to zero, extending over 20% of the genome. DNA isolated from unfertilized eggs shows nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in equal proportions; we found no evidence of other cytoplasmic species.", "contents": "Intramolecular heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA of Drosophila melanogaster. DNA from purified mitochondria of Drosophila melanogaster can be isolated as supercoiled molecules which when nicked have a contour length of 5.9 micron. Partial denaturation mapping shows regional heterogeneity of base composition with one early denaturing region, with a calculated GC content close to zero, extending over 20% of the genome. DNA isolated from unfertilized eggs shows nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in equal proportions; we found no evidence of other cytoplasmic species.", "PMID": 404300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2528", "title": "Sulphonated polystyrene as an optimal substratum for the adhesion and spreading of mesenchymal cells in monovalent and divalent saline solutions.", "content": "Cell adhesion and spreading were studied on sulphonated polystyrene dishes in serum-free saline (Mn, Na, Cl, buffer) i.e., without an intervening protein layer. Spreading as a function of surface charge density, SCD, peaked around 2-10 negative charges per square nanometer, corresponding to a monomolecular layer of sulphonate ions. At optimal SCD, macrophages, BHK-C13 and whole mouse embryo secondary cells all showed considerable spreading, even in monovalent saline-more so than on a conventional tissue-culture surface. But outside this narrow range of SCD, or on protein-coated surfaces, the divalent cation was indispensable. The biphasic effect of sulphonation on cell adhesion is consistent with the theory that a substratum need not be biochemically specific, provided it is physiochemically polar, rigid and dense. According to this theory, polystyrene of sub-optimal SCD would not be sufficiently polar, while supra-optimal sulphonation would produce a hydrogel surface, lacking in local rigidity and density, due to osmotic swelling. The principle of polymer exclusion, by a surface hydrogel layer, is also consistent with observations on the inhibitory effects of adsorbed proteins-viz., albumin, collagen, serum and cellular exudate, respectively-contrasted with the ready attachment of cells to a bare, optimally charged substratum, in this minimal in vitro system.", "contents": "Sulphonated polystyrene as an optimal substratum for the adhesion and spreading of mesenchymal cells in monovalent and divalent saline solutions. Cell adhesion and spreading were studied on sulphonated polystyrene dishes in serum-free saline (Mn, Na, Cl, buffer) i.e., without an intervening protein layer. Spreading as a function of surface charge density, SCD, peaked around 2-10 negative charges per square nanometer, corresponding to a monomolecular layer of sulphonate ions. At optimal SCD, macrophages, BHK-C13 and whole mouse embryo secondary cells all showed considerable spreading, even in monovalent saline-more so than on a conventional tissue-culture surface. But outside this narrow range of SCD, or on protein-coated surfaces, the divalent cation was indispensable. The biphasic effect of sulphonation on cell adhesion is consistent with the theory that a substratum need not be biochemically specific, provided it is physiochemically polar, rigid and dense. According to this theory, polystyrene of sub-optimal SCD would not be sufficiently polar, while supra-optimal sulphonation would produce a hydrogel surface, lacking in local rigidity and density, due to osmotic swelling. The principle of polymer exclusion, by a surface hydrogel layer, is also consistent with observations on the inhibitory effects of adsorbed proteins-viz., albumin, collagen, serum and cellular exudate, respectively-contrasted with the ready attachment of cells to a bare, optimally charged substratum, in this minimal in vitro system.", "PMID": 404301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2529", "title": "Variations in prolactin and growth hormone production during cellular growth in clonal strains of rat pituitary cells.", "content": "A permanent, clonal strain of rat pituitary tumor cells (GH3-cells) spontaneously synthesizes and secretes prolactin (rPRL) and growth hormone (rGH) into the culture medium. The rates of hormone production (microng extracellular hormone/mg cell protein/24 hours) and synthesis (vida infra) as well as the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA (DNA synthesis) have been studied. During logarithmic growth rPRL and rGH production increased to 160 and 250% of the value at day 2 after plating, while during the plateau phase of cell growth hormone production decreased to initial values. The fluctuations in rPRL production could be fully explained by variations in the rate of rPRL synthesis: [3H]eucine incorporated into rPRL as measured with immunoprecipitation and polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis. Also the rates of synthesis and production of rGH showed parallel changes during exponential and plateau phase of growth, but this hormone was probably degraded intracellularly. The relative reduction in the rate of synthesis of rPRL and rGH during the plateau of growth corresponded closely to the fall in the rate of DNA synthesis. The reduction in rPRL synthesis could not be explained through an inhibition by extra-cellular rPRL accumulation or by cell to cell interaction occurring in dense cultures. The intracellular concentrations of both hormones were unaltered during logarithmic growth, but rose to 500% for rPRL and 200% for rGH during the plateau phase. In spite of the marked variations in basal rPRL and rGH production the GH3 cultures of different ages were equally able to increase rPRL and decrease rGH production in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (3 X 10(-7) M) and 17beta-estradiol (10(-8)M).", "contents": "Variations in prolactin and growth hormone production during cellular growth in clonal strains of rat pituitary cells. A permanent, clonal strain of rat pituitary tumor cells (GH3-cells) spontaneously synthesizes and secretes prolactin (rPRL) and growth hormone (rGH) into the culture medium. The rates of hormone production (microng extracellular hormone/mg cell protein/24 hours) and synthesis (vida infra) as well as the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA (DNA synthesis) have been studied. During logarithmic growth rPRL and rGH production increased to 160 and 250% of the value at day 2 after plating, while during the plateau phase of cell growth hormone production decreased to initial values. The fluctuations in rPRL production could be fully explained by variations in the rate of rPRL synthesis: [3H]eucine incorporated into rPRL as measured with immunoprecipitation and polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis. Also the rates of synthesis and production of rGH showed parallel changes during exponential and plateau phase of growth, but this hormone was probably degraded intracellularly. The relative reduction in the rate of synthesis of rPRL and rGH during the plateau of growth corresponded closely to the fall in the rate of DNA synthesis. The reduction in rPRL synthesis could not be explained through an inhibition by extra-cellular rPRL accumulation or by cell to cell interaction occurring in dense cultures. The intracellular concentrations of both hormones were unaltered during logarithmic growth, but rose to 500% for rPRL and 200% for rGH during the plateau phase. In spite of the marked variations in basal rPRL and rGH production the GH3 cultures of different ages were equally able to increase rPRL and decrease rGH production in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (3 X 10(-7) M) and 17beta-estradiol (10(-8)M).", "PMID": 404302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2530", "title": "Cell density-dependent secretion of plasminogen activator by 3T3 cells.", "content": "The expression of extracellular fibrinolytic activity in untransformed 3T3 cell cultures depends on the growth state of the cells. Actively growing 3T3 cultures exhibit a relatively high level of fibrinolysis, which decreases progressively as the cells become confluent and density-inhibited. The low level of fibrinolytic activity in confluent 3T3 cultures is due to a diminution in secretion of plasminogen activator since the intracellular level of plasminogen activator remains high. The amount of plasminogen activator observed in growing 3T3 cultures varies depending upon whether the cells are passaged with trypsin/EDTA solution, or with Ca++ selective chelating agent, ethylene-bis (oxyethylenenitrilo) tetraacetic acid (EGTA). However, in cells passaged using either agent, the amount of plasminogen activator secreted is always greatest when the cells are actively growing and decreases thereafter. In contrast to confluent 3T3 cultures, dense cultures of SV40-virus transformed 3T3 cells continued to secrete relatively large amounts of plasminogen activator. The ability to decrease secretion of plasminogen activator as cells become dense may be an important characteristic of cells which demonstrate density-dependent inhibition of cell multiplication in vitro.", "contents": "Cell density-dependent secretion of plasminogen activator by 3T3 cells. The expression of extracellular fibrinolytic activity in untransformed 3T3 cell cultures depends on the growth state of the cells. Actively growing 3T3 cultures exhibit a relatively high level of fibrinolysis, which decreases progressively as the cells become confluent and density-inhibited. The low level of fibrinolytic activity in confluent 3T3 cultures is due to a diminution in secretion of plasminogen activator since the intracellular level of plasminogen activator remains high. The amount of plasminogen activator observed in growing 3T3 cultures varies depending upon whether the cells are passaged with trypsin/EDTA solution, or with Ca++ selective chelating agent, ethylene-bis (oxyethylenenitrilo) tetraacetic acid (EGTA). However, in cells passaged using either agent, the amount of plasminogen activator secreted is always greatest when the cells are actively growing and decreases thereafter. In contrast to confluent 3T3 cultures, dense cultures of SV40-virus transformed 3T3 cells continued to secrete relatively large amounts of plasminogen activator. The ability to decrease secretion of plasminogen activator as cells become dense may be an important characteristic of cells which demonstrate density-dependent inhibition of cell multiplication in vitro.", "PMID": 404303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2531", "title": "Hormonal control of hyaluronic acid production in fibroblasts and its relation to nucleic acid and protein synthesis.", "content": "Whole serum and elevated pH previously had been found to stimulate both cell multiplication and hyaluronic acid production by chick embryo fibroblasts in culture. In a study to determine whether cell multiplication and hyaluronic acid production both respond to a single well-defined substance, insulin was found to stimulate, and cortisol to inhibit both processes coordinately. It appears, therefore, that multiplication and differentiated function in fibroblasts respond to a common underlying regulatory signal. Inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis by actinomycin D does not prevent serum stimulation of hyaluronic acid production, but inhibition of total RNA synthesis does. If total RNA synthesis is inhibited only after the hyaluronic acid production has reached a new high level, it continues at that level for the next five hours. The stimulatory treatment causes an increase in the activity of the enzyme hyaluronate synthetase. Inhibition of protein synthesis prevents any increase in hyaluronic acid production, and reduces the basal level of production. Reduction of the availability of Mg2+ in the medium coordinately inhibits DNA synthesis and hyaluronic acid production. The results are discussed in the light of a model for coordinate control growth and metabolism based on the availability of Mg2+.", "contents": "Hormonal control of hyaluronic acid production in fibroblasts and its relation to nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Whole serum and elevated pH previously had been found to stimulate both cell multiplication and hyaluronic acid production by chick embryo fibroblasts in culture. In a study to determine whether cell multiplication and hyaluronic acid production both respond to a single well-defined substance, insulin was found to stimulate, and cortisol to inhibit both processes coordinately. It appears, therefore, that multiplication and differentiated function in fibroblasts respond to a common underlying regulatory signal. Inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis by actinomycin D does not prevent serum stimulation of hyaluronic acid production, but inhibition of total RNA synthesis does. If total RNA synthesis is inhibited only after the hyaluronic acid production has reached a new high level, it continues at that level for the next five hours. The stimulatory treatment causes an increase in the activity of the enzyme hyaluronate synthetase. Inhibition of protein synthesis prevents any increase in hyaluronic acid production, and reduces the basal level of production. Reduction of the availability of Mg2+ in the medium coordinately inhibits DNA synthesis and hyaluronic acid production. The results are discussed in the light of a model for coordinate control growth and metabolism based on the availability of Mg2+.", "PMID": 404304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2532", "title": "Pituitary autonomy in hyperprolactinemic secondary amenorrhea: results of hypothalamic-pituitary testing.", "content": "Twenty-seven women with secondary amenorrhea of greater than six months duration were subjected to multiple testing of hypothalamo-pituitary function. They were divided into normo-prolactinemic (Group 1 mean serum prolactin (PRL) 9.8 ng/ml; range 6.8 to 13.0 ng/ml; n=9) and hyperprolactinemic (Group 2 mean 37.5 ng/ml; range 19.2 to 93.7 ng/ml; n=18) groups on the basis of 4 weekly baseline determinations. Group 2 had significantly (P less than .05) lower serum LH and urinary pregnanediol levels than did Group 1; there was no statistical difference between the groups in serum FSH, T4, T3 or urinary estrogen measurements. Two women in Group 2 were found to have a pituitary chromophobe adenoma. Group 2 women showed no significant rises in serum PRL following stimulation tests with thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH, 200 microng iv) and metoclopramide (10 mg orally), which caused significant responses in Group 1. The TSH response to TRH was, however, preserved in Group 2, while it was subnormal in Group 1 subjects. Both groups showed similar FSH and LH responses to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH, 25 microng iv). No significant suppression of serum PRL was seen in Group 2 patients given L-Dopa (500 mg orally),, which produced a significant response (P less than 0.05) in Group 1 subjects, while all patient showed marked reduction in serum PRL values following 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154, 2.5 mg orally). When compared with other Group 2 members, the 2 cases with proven pituitary adenomata gave similar responses to the stimulation-inhibition tests and were not clearly distinguished on this basis. We conclude: 1. The pattern of PRL responses to dynamic tests, although of pathophysiological interest an autonomous pituitary lesions in patients with hyperprolactinemic secondary amenorrhea. 2. Such dynamic tests, although a pathophysiological interest, provide no clinical information additional to that provided by the mean basal serum PRL value. 3. In clinical practice, such dynamic tests should be confined to patients with mean serum PRL levels at around the upper limit of the normal range.", "contents": "Pituitary autonomy in hyperprolactinemic secondary amenorrhea: results of hypothalamic-pituitary testing. Twenty-seven women with secondary amenorrhea of greater than six months duration were subjected to multiple testing of hypothalamo-pituitary function. They were divided into normo-prolactinemic (Group 1 mean serum prolactin (PRL) 9.8 ng/ml; range 6.8 to 13.0 ng/ml; n=9) and hyperprolactinemic (Group 2 mean 37.5 ng/ml; range 19.2 to 93.7 ng/ml; n=18) groups on the basis of 4 weekly baseline determinations. Group 2 had significantly (P less than .05) lower serum LH and urinary pregnanediol levels than did Group 1; there was no statistical difference between the groups in serum FSH, T4, T3 or urinary estrogen measurements. Two women in Group 2 were found to have a pituitary chromophobe adenoma. Group 2 women showed no significant rises in serum PRL following stimulation tests with thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH, 200 microng iv) and metoclopramide (10 mg orally), which caused significant responses in Group 1. The TSH response to TRH was, however, preserved in Group 2, while it was subnormal in Group 1 subjects. Both groups showed similar FSH and LH responses to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH, 25 microng iv). No significant suppression of serum PRL was seen in Group 2 patients given L-Dopa (500 mg orally),, which produced a significant response (P less than 0.05) in Group 1 subjects, while all patient showed marked reduction in serum PRL values following 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154, 2.5 mg orally). When compared with other Group 2 members, the 2 cases with proven pituitary adenomata gave similar responses to the stimulation-inhibition tests and were not clearly distinguished on this basis. We conclude: 1. The pattern of PRL responses to dynamic tests, although of pathophysiological interest an autonomous pituitary lesions in patients with hyperprolactinemic secondary amenorrhea. 2. Such dynamic tests, although a pathophysiological interest, provide no clinical information additional to that provided by the mean basal serum PRL value. 3. In clinical practice, such dynamic tests should be confined to patients with mean serum PRL levels at around the upper limit of the normal range.", "PMID": 404308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2533", "title": "Response to thyrotropin releasing hormone: an objective criterion for the adequacy of thyrotropin suppression therapy.", "content": "Most serum thyrotropin (TSH) assays do not adequately discriminate between normal values and absent TSH. We therefore evaluated the TSH response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) as a criterion for the adequacy of TSH suppression therapy. Twenty-six outpatients with various thyroid disorders (cancer, 10; nodules, 9; miscellaneous, 4; hypothyroidism after 131I therapy for Graves' disease, 3) were studied. Using the frequent sampling technique (samples every 20 min) in two normal volunteers and one untreated patient who was TRH-responsive, we first confirmed the observation that TSH secretion occurred episodically throughout the 24-h period. In contrast, serum TSH was undetectable (less than 0.6 micronU/ml) throughout the 24-h period in 5 patients on TSH suppression therapy who were TRH-unresponsive and one who had a minimal response to TRH. Thus, TRH-unresponsive patients did not secrete measurable amounts of TSH throughout the 24-h period. To suppress TSH secretion, all patients were treated with L-thyroxine (T4) at doses which resulted in undetectable TSH values in random plasma samples. TRH tests were carried out only when random TSH concentrations were less than 0.6 micronU/ml. Seven of the twenty-six patients (27%) including two with thyroid cancer were TRH-responsive indicating a potential for TSH secretion. In these seven, the T4 dose was adjusted until they were TRH-unresponsive. The mean change in T4 dose of these 7 patients was 20+/-10 (SD) microng/day and this resulted in a mean increase of 1.5+/-1.1 microng/dl for T4 and 20+/-20 ng/dl for T3. For all patients, the mean  T4 dose required for TSH suppression was 172+/-53 microng/day or 2.6+/-0.8 microng per day per kg body weight. Twenty-three of 26 patients required between 100-200 microng/day and the remaining 3, 250-300 microng/day. The T4 dose required to suppress TSH resulted in normal serum concentrations of T4. 9.1+/-2.0 MICRONG/DL, AND T3, 136.7+/-33.6 NG/DL. These T4 doses did not produce a rapid heart rate, either awake or asleep, arrhythmias, or electrocardiographic abnormalties as assessed by 24-h Holter monitor tracings in 11 patients. Our results thus show that the T4 dose which results in an unresponsive TRH test ensures that serum TSH will remain undetectable (less than 0.6 micronU/ml) throughout the 24-h period. An unresponsive TRH test, therefore, appears to be a very useful and reliable index of TSH suppression.", "contents": "Response to thyrotropin releasing hormone: an objective criterion for the adequacy of thyrotropin suppression therapy. Most serum thyrotropin (TSH) assays do not adequately discriminate between normal values and absent TSH. We therefore evaluated the TSH response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) as a criterion for the adequacy of TSH suppression therapy. Twenty-six outpatients with various thyroid disorders (cancer, 10; nodules, 9; miscellaneous, 4; hypothyroidism after 131I therapy for Graves' disease, 3) were studied. Using the frequent sampling technique (samples every 20 min) in two normal volunteers and one untreated patient who was TRH-responsive, we first confirmed the observation that TSH secretion occurred episodically throughout the 24-h period. In contrast, serum TSH was undetectable (less than 0.6 micronU/ml) throughout the 24-h period in 5 patients on TSH suppression therapy who were TRH-unresponsive and one who had a minimal response to TRH. Thus, TRH-unresponsive patients did not secrete measurable amounts of TSH throughout the 24-h period. To suppress TSH secretion, all patients were treated with L-thyroxine (T4) at doses which resulted in undetectable TSH values in random plasma samples. TRH tests were carried out only when random TSH concentrations were less than 0.6 micronU/ml. Seven of the twenty-six patients (27%) including two with thyroid cancer were TRH-responsive indicating a potential for TSH secretion. In these seven, the T4 dose was adjusted until they were TRH-unresponsive. The mean change in T4 dose of these 7 patients was 20+/-10 (SD) microng/day and this resulted in a mean increase of 1.5+/-1.1 microng/dl for T4 and 20+/-20 ng/dl for T3. For all patients, the mean  T4 dose required for TSH suppression was 172+/-53 microng/day or 2.6+/-0.8 microng per day per kg body weight. Twenty-three of 26 patients required between 100-200 microng/day and the remaining 3, 250-300 microng/day. The T4 dose required to suppress TSH resulted in normal serum concentrations of T4. 9.1+/-2.0 MICRONG/DL, AND T3, 136.7+/-33.6 NG/DL. These T4 doses did not produce a rapid heart rate, either awake or asleep, arrhythmias, or electrocardiographic abnormalties as assessed by 24-h Holter monitor tracings in 11 patients. Our results thus show that the T4 dose which results in an unresponsive TRH test ensures that serum TSH will remain undetectable (less than 0.6 micronU/ml) throughout the 24-h period. An unresponsive TRH test, therefore, appears to be a very useful and reliable index of TSH suppression.", "PMID": 404309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2534", "title": "Hormonal mechanism of milk secretion in the newborn.", "content": "The mechanism inducing milk secretion in 10 puerperal women and in their children (Witch's milk) was studied by means of sequential hormone measurements starting at delivery and continued during the first postpartum week. Determinations included prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), estradiol 17beta (E217beta), and progesterone (PG). Hormonal levels in the newborns closely paralleled those of the mothers. In both groups, the onset of milk secretion coincided with the disappearance of sex steroids from plasma in the presence of elevated PRL concentrations. Response to TRH (8 microng/kg) revealed adequate PRL reserve, and failure of this peptide to modify basal GH in the neonates was suggestive of appropriate hypothalamic control. The role of estrogens in the induction of pituitary hyperplasia during pregnancy is discussed.", "contents": "Hormonal mechanism of milk secretion in the newborn. The mechanism inducing milk secretion in 10 puerperal women and in their children (Witch's milk) was studied by means of sequential hormone measurements starting at delivery and continued during the first postpartum week. Determinations included prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), estradiol 17beta (E217beta), and progesterone (PG). Hormonal levels in the newborns closely paralleled those of the mothers. In both groups, the onset of milk secretion coincided with the disappearance of sex steroids from plasma in the presence of elevated PRL concentrations. Response to TRH (8 microng/kg) revealed adequate PRL reserve, and failure of this peptide to modify basal GH in the neonates was suggestive of appropriate hypothalamic control. The role of estrogens in the induction of pituitary hyperplasia during pregnancy is discussed.", "PMID": 404310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2535", "title": "Changes in the prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) during the menstrual cycle of normal women.", "content": "Serum prolactin (PRL) and thyrotropin (TSH) levels were measured after iv administration of 200 microng of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in 20 normal women ages 18 to 34. Ten women received TRH on days 7 to 8 of the menstrual cycle and 10 women received TRH on days 21-22. Although there was no difference in the dose of TRH relative to body weight in the two groups of women, the peak PRL level after TRH stimulation was greater in the women studied on day 21-22 (48.5+/-5.7 ng/ml, mean+/-SE) than on day 7-8 (35.2+/-4.2 ng/ml) of the cycle (P less than 0.05). In contrast, TSH rose to a greater degree in the preovulatory phase (13.8+/-1.8 micronU/ml) than the luteal phase (7.7+/-0.7 micronU/ml of the cycle (P less than .01). Studies of the PRL and TSH response after TRH administration should take the  phase of the menstrual cycle into account.", "contents": "Changes in the prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) during the menstrual cycle of normal women. Serum prolactin (PRL) and thyrotropin (TSH) levels were measured after iv administration of 200 microng of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in 20 normal women ages 18 to 34. Ten women received TRH on days 7 to 8 of the menstrual cycle and 10 women received TRH on days 21-22. Although there was no difference in the dose of TRH relative to body weight in the two groups of women, the peak PRL level after TRH stimulation was greater in the women studied on day 21-22 (48.5+/-5.7 ng/ml, mean+/-SE) than on day 7-8 (35.2+/-4.2 ng/ml) of the cycle (P less than 0.05). In contrast, TSH rose to a greater degree in the preovulatory phase (13.8+/-1.8 micronU/ml) than the luteal phase (7.7+/-0.7 micronU/ml of the cycle (P less than .01). Studies of the PRL and TSH response after TRH administration should take the  phase of the menstrual cycle into account.", "PMID": 404311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2536", "title": "Evaluation of the rapid hippurate hydrolysis test with enterococcal group D streptococci.", "content": "The rapid hippurate hydrolysis test was evaluated with the conventional test, using 17 group A streptococci, 9 non-enterococcal group D streptococci, 108 enterococcal group D streptococci, and 2 strains of Listeria monocytogenes. There was complete correlation between the rapid and conventional tests with all organisms except enterococcal group D. The rapid hippurate hydrolysis method was more sensitive with the enterococci; 95.4% were positive with the rapid method, and 9.3% were positive with the conventional method. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on all isolates to determine if the end product of hydrolysis, glycine, was indeed present. The TLC results were in agreement with the rapid and conventional methods for group A streptococci, nonenterococcal group D streptococci, and L. monocytogenes. TLC results were in total agreement with the rapid hippurate hydrolysis test for the enterococcal group D isolates, thus verifying the accuracy of this more sensitive test. Trace amounts of glycine were found in the substrate, indicating the need for including an uninoculated substrate control as well as stock strains of group A and B beta-hemolytic streptococci (negative and positive controls, respectively) each time the rapid hippurate hydrolysis test is performed.", "contents": "Evaluation of the rapid hippurate hydrolysis test with enterococcal group D streptococci. The rapid hippurate hydrolysis test was evaluated with the conventional test, using 17 group A streptococci, 9 non-enterococcal group D streptococci, 108 enterococcal group D streptococci, and 2 strains of Listeria monocytogenes. There was complete correlation between the rapid and conventional tests with all organisms except enterococcal group D. The rapid hippurate hydrolysis method was more sensitive with the enterococci; 95.4% were positive with the rapid method, and 9.3% were positive with the conventional method. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on all isolates to determine if the end product of hydrolysis, glycine, was indeed present. The TLC results were in agreement with the rapid and conventional methods for group A streptococci, nonenterococcal group D streptococci, and L. monocytogenes. TLC results were in total agreement with the rapid hippurate hydrolysis test for the enterococcal group D isolates, thus verifying the accuracy of this more sensitive test. Trace amounts of glycine were found in the substrate, indicating the need for including an uninoculated substrate control as well as stock strains of group A and B beta-hemolytic streptococci (negative and positive controls, respectively) each time the rapid hippurate hydrolysis test is performed.", "PMID": 404312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2537", "title": "Smear results in the diagnosis of mycobacterioses using blue light fluorescence microscopy.", "content": "Examination of 6,880 sputum specimens from untreated patients disclosed that 3.1% were positive for mycobacteria by fluorescence microscopy, and 92.5% of these has positive cultures. There was a positive correlation between the number of organisms seen on smear and growth on culture. All specimens with positive smears and negative cultures contained rare or few acid-fast bacilli on the smear. Eighty-two percent of the specimens with positive cultures and negative smears yielded less than 25 colonies, whereas there were greater than 25 colonies from 93% of the specimens with positive smears and cultures. In a low prevalence, general hospital population, the primary acid-fast smear continued to be a reliable diagnostic tool.", "contents": "Smear results in the diagnosis of mycobacterioses using blue light fluorescence microscopy. Examination of 6,880 sputum specimens from untreated patients disclosed that 3.1% were positive for mycobacteria by fluorescence microscopy, and 92.5% of these has positive cultures. There was a positive correlation between the number of organisms seen on smear and growth on culture. All specimens with positive smears and negative cultures contained rare or few acid-fast bacilli on the smear. Eighty-two percent of the specimens with positive cultures and negative smears yielded less than 25 colonies, whereas there were greater than 25 colonies from 93% of the specimens with positive smears and cultures. In a low prevalence, general hospital population, the primary acid-fast smear continued to be a reliable diagnostic tool.", "PMID": 404313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2538", "title": "New tests for characterization of mumps virus antibodies: hemolysis inhibition, single radial immunodiffusion with immobilized virions, and mixed hemadsorption.", "content": "Hemolysis inhibition (HLI), single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) with immobilized virions, and mixed hemadsorption tests were used for measuring antibodies against mumps virus. Rabbit hyperimmune sera against mumps and early and late human convalescent sera were analyzed. All three tests identified antibodies against both hemagglutinin and the second major envelope component, hemolysin (fusion factor). The sensitivity of the HLI test corresponded to that of the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, but in some sera HLI antibodies occurred in greater quantity than HI antibodies. The SRID test readily identified rises in antibody titers in connection with acute infection. Due to its simplicity and lack of sensitivity to nonspecific inhibitors, it is recommended for use in this context. The mixed hemadsorption test showed a high sensitivity for specific identification of mumps antibodies. It therefore may be suitable for use in screening for immunity to mumps.", "contents": "New tests for characterization of mumps virus antibodies: hemolysis inhibition, single radial immunodiffusion with immobilized virions, and mixed hemadsorption. Hemolysis inhibition (HLI), single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) with immobilized virions, and mixed hemadsorption tests were used for measuring antibodies against mumps virus. Rabbit hyperimmune sera against mumps and early and late human convalescent sera were analyzed. All three tests identified antibodies against both hemagglutinin and the second major envelope component, hemolysin (fusion factor). The sensitivity of the HLI test corresponded to that of the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, but in some sera HLI antibodies occurred in greater quantity than HI antibodies. The SRID test readily identified rises in antibody titers in connection with acute infection. Due to its simplicity and lack of sensitivity to nonspecific inhibitors, it is recommended for use in this context. The mixed hemadsorption test showed a high sensitivity for specific identification of mumps antibodies. It therefore may be suitable for use in screening for immunity to mumps.", "PMID": 404314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2539", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a rough colony type of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "A new colony type of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in the primary cultures from 8 of 180 men with gonococcal urethritis. This colony type contrasts with those previously described by having a rough and irregular surface. In six of the eight cases, the rough form predominated. The distinctive morphology of the rough colony variant could be maintained indefinitely by selective subculture. By electron microscopy, organisms taken from rough colonies of each of the eight isolates were piliated. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of type 1 and rough clones derived from the same patients were identical for ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, and spectinomycin. After inoculation of rough colonies into subcutaneous chambers in mice and guinea pigs, type 1 colonies predominated in cultures of material obtained from the chambers. This new piliated colony type of N. gonorrhoeae may provide an opportunity to investigate factors other than pili that contribute to gonococcal virulence.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a rough colony type of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A new colony type of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in the primary cultures from 8 of 180 men with gonococcal urethritis. This colony type contrasts with those previously described by having a rough and irregular surface. In six of the eight cases, the rough form predominated. The distinctive morphology of the rough colony variant could be maintained indefinitely by selective subculture. By electron microscopy, organisms taken from rough colonies of each of the eight isolates were piliated. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of type 1 and rough clones derived from the same patients were identical for ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, and spectinomycin. After inoculation of rough colonies into subcutaneous chambers in mice and guinea pigs, type 1 colonies predominated in cultures of material obtained from the chambers. This new piliated colony type of N. gonorrhoeae may provide an opportunity to investigate factors other than pili that contribute to gonococcal virulence.", "PMID": 404315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2540", "title": "Simplified media for isolating Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Two simplified media for isolating Neisseria gonorrhoeae are described. They differ from the modified Thayer-Martin medium in the enrichment and antibiotics used for preparation. The enrichment for one, enrichment 4 medium, contains only four ingredients, and amphotericin B is used instead of nystatin. This medium is comparable to the modified Thayer-Martin medium for isolating N.gonorrhoeae. It is convenient to prepare and is only one-third the cost of Thayer Martin medium. It is a suitable alternative to the modified Thayer-Martin. The enrichment 5 medium is a hemoglobin-free version of enrichment 4 medium. It is somewhat more selective for contaminants but is also more inhibitory for N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Simplified media for isolating Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Two simplified media for isolating Neisseria gonorrhoeae are described. They differ from the modified Thayer-Martin medium in the enrichment and antibiotics used for preparation. The enrichment for one, enrichment 4 medium, contains only four ingredients, and amphotericin B is used instead of nystatin. This medium is comparable to the modified Thayer-Martin medium for isolating N.gonorrhoeae. It is convenient to prepare and is only one-third the cost of Thayer Martin medium. It is a suitable alternative to the modified Thayer-Martin. The enrichment 5 medium is a hemoglobin-free version of enrichment 4 medium. It is somewhat more selective for contaminants but is also more inhibitory for N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 404316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2541", "title": "Cellular immunity in chronic Chagas' disease.", "content": "The cellular immune response was assessed in 20 patients with chronic Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis). Thymus-derived lymphocyte function was determined in vivo by cutaneous reactivity to several antigens including a soluble preparation derived from Trypanosoma cruzi and sensitization to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. The in vitro T-cell reactivity was investigated by the proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin and to T. cruzi antigen and by inhibition of leukocyte migration with the specific antigen. In addition, the proportion and absolute numbers of peripheral blood T and B-lymphocytes were determined by rosette formation. This research indicates that the general and specific cellular immune response, evaluated by the tests herein mentioned, is well preserved in patients, with Chagas' disease. We conclude that chronic Chagas' disease is not associated with deficiency in cellular immunity, nor does it lead to it. Conceivably, the active participation of delayed hypersensitivity may play an important role in the expression of the human chagasic lesions.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in chronic Chagas' disease. The cellular immune response was assessed in 20 patients with chronic Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis). Thymus-derived lymphocyte function was determined in vivo by cutaneous reactivity to several antigens including a soluble preparation derived from Trypanosoma cruzi and sensitization to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. The in vitro T-cell reactivity was investigated by the proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin and to T. cruzi antigen and by inhibition of leukocyte migration with the specific antigen. In addition, the proportion and absolute numbers of peripheral blood T and B-lymphocytes were determined by rosette formation. This research indicates that the general and specific cellular immune response, evaluated by the tests herein mentioned, is well preserved in patients, with Chagas' disease. We conclude that chronic Chagas' disease is not associated with deficiency in cellular immunity, nor does it lead to it. Conceivably, the active participation of delayed hypersensitivity may play an important role in the expression of the human chagasic lesions.", "PMID": 404317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2542", "title": "Effects of Gaseous CO2 and bicarbonate on the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The quantitative and qualitative growth response of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains was assessed under the following conditions: incubation in a candle jar (approximately 2.5% ambient CO2) on medium without bicarbonate, incubation in air on medium without bicarbonate, incubation in air on medium with bicarbonate, and incubation in air in a sealed jar on medium with bicarbonate. Incubation in the presence of ambient CO2 (candle jar) resulted in the highest plating efficiencies for the three laboratory strains 9, 62, and 2686. The addition of NaHCO3 to the medium enhanced the growth response in air of all three strains, particularly if incubation was carried out in a closed environment (sealed jar). The qualitative growth response of 34 clinical isolates and laboratory strains was assessed under the same conditions of incubation after the plating of an inoculum containing approximately 2 X 10(6) bacteria. The strains were divided into different classes based on their growth responses. About 40% of the strains grew as well on bicarbonate-containing medium incubated in air in sealed jars as they did on medium without bicarbonate incubated in a candle jar. Ten percent of the strains showed only slight growth on bicarbonate containing medium incubated in sealed jars and appeared to have an almost obligate requirement for ambient CO2. Twenty percent of the strains apparently had partially lost their requirement for gaseous C02 and showed slight growth in air on medium without bicarbonate and slight to moderate growth in air on medium containing NaHCO3. The remaining 30% seemed to have completely lost their requirement for gaseous C02 and/or the bicarbonate anion and grew almost as well in air on medium without bicarbonate as they did in either ambient C02 (candle jar) or on medium containing bicarbonate incubated in a sealed jar. These results suggest that N. gonorrhoeae strains may vary widely in their requirements for CO2 and/or the HCO3-anion. Incubation in the presence of ambient CO2 tends to maximize the growth response on solid medium of those strains, which require it for growth. The presence of ambient CO2 is particularly important if growth is to be obtained after the plating of small inocula. Medium conatining 0.1% NaHCO3, if incubated in a closed environment (sealed jar), apperas to be equivalent to medium without bicarbonate incubated in ambient CO2 in supporting the growth of some but not all strains of N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Effects of Gaseous CO2 and bicarbonate on the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The quantitative and qualitative growth response of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains was assessed under the following conditions: incubation in a candle jar (approximately 2.5% ambient CO2) on medium without bicarbonate, incubation in air on medium without bicarbonate, incubation in air on medium with bicarbonate, and incubation in air in a sealed jar on medium with bicarbonate. Incubation in the presence of ambient CO2 (candle jar) resulted in the highest plating efficiencies for the three laboratory strains 9, 62, and 2686. The addition of NaHCO3 to the medium enhanced the growth response in air of all three strains, particularly if incubation was carried out in a closed environment (sealed jar). The qualitative growth response of 34 clinical isolates and laboratory strains was assessed under the same conditions of incubation after the plating of an inoculum containing approximately 2 X 10(6) bacteria. The strains were divided into different classes based on their growth responses. About 40% of the strains grew as well on bicarbonate-containing medium incubated in air in sealed jars as they did on medium without bicarbonate incubated in a candle jar. Ten percent of the strains showed only slight growth on bicarbonate containing medium incubated in sealed jars and appeared to have an almost obligate requirement for ambient CO2. Twenty percent of the strains apparently had partially lost their requirement for gaseous C02 and showed slight growth in air on medium without bicarbonate and slight to moderate growth in air on medium containing NaHCO3. The remaining 30% seemed to have completely lost their requirement for gaseous C02 and/or the bicarbonate anion and grew almost as well in air on medium without bicarbonate as they did in either ambient C02 (candle jar) or on medium containing bicarbonate incubated in a sealed jar. These results suggest that N. gonorrhoeae strains may vary widely in their requirements for CO2 and/or the HCO3-anion. Incubation in the presence of ambient CO2 tends to maximize the growth response on solid medium of those strains, which require it for growth. The presence of ambient CO2 is particularly important if growth is to be obtained after the plating of small inocula. Medium conatining 0.1% NaHCO3, if incubated in a closed environment (sealed jar), apperas to be equivalent to medium without bicarbonate incubated in ambient CO2 in supporting the growth of some but not all strains of N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 404318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2543", "title": "Screening for cross-reacting capsular polysaccharide K antigens of Escherichia coli using antiserum agar.", "content": "Agar plates containing antiserum against group B meningococcus or Haemophilus influenzae type b were used to determine the prevalence of cross-reacting K1 and K100 capsular polysaccharide antigens in 265 isolates of disease-causing Escherichia coli. K1 antigen was found in 22% of isolates from various sites. K100 antigen was found in only three isolates. This technique is a convenient method to detect specific E. coli K antigens for evaluation as possible factors important in the virulence of the organism.", "contents": "Screening for cross-reacting capsular polysaccharide K antigens of Escherichia coli using antiserum agar. Agar plates containing antiserum against group B meningococcus or Haemophilus influenzae type b were used to determine the prevalence of cross-reacting K1 and K100 capsular polysaccharide antigens in 265 isolates of disease-causing Escherichia coli. K1 antigen was found in 22% of isolates from various sites. K100 antigen was found in only three isolates. This technique is a convenient method to detect specific E. coli K antigens for evaluation as possible factors important in the virulence of the organism.", "PMID": 404319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2544", "title": "The metabolism of IgE in patients with immunodeficiency states and neoplastic conditions.", "content": "Serum IgE concentrations were determined and IgE turnover studies were performed in control individuals as well as in patients with several disease states. Patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia, thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia, ataxia telangiectasia, and selective IgA deficiency had significantly decreased mean serum IgE concentrations. In turnover studies, this was found to be due to decreased IgE synthesis. In spite of these depressed mean values, some patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia had normal serum IgE concentrations and synthetic rates. Patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome had a significantly elevated mean serum IgE concentration. In one of four patients studied with the turnover technique, a strikingly high IgE concentration was present and was associated with an elevated IgE synthetic rate. Three other patients had both normal serum IgE concentrations and synthetic rates. Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia had significantly decreased mean serum concentrations and synthetic rates for IgE. The depressed IgE synthesis was associated with a significantly prolonged IgE half-life. Patients with Hodgkin's disease had significantly increased serum IgE concentrations. One of three patients studied had a high serum IgE concentration and synthetic rate of IgE. The two other patients had normal serum IgE concentrations associated with normal synthetic rates. Finally patients with protein-losing enteropathy or familial hypercatabolic hypoproteinemia had normal IgE concentrations associated with normal IgE metabolic parameters. In these cases, the disorder in the catabolic rate was not severe enough to affect the total amount of circulating IgE because IgE normally has a very high fractional catabolic rate. In general, IgE levels in a variety of disease states were correlated with IgE synthetic rates and abnormalities in the catabolic rate of IgE in disease did not exert an important effect on IgE concentration.", "contents": "The metabolism of IgE in patients with immunodeficiency states and neoplastic conditions. Serum IgE concentrations were determined and IgE turnover studies were performed in control individuals as well as in patients with several disease states. Patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia, thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia, ataxia telangiectasia, and selective IgA deficiency had significantly decreased mean serum IgE concentrations. In turnover studies, this was found to be due to decreased IgE synthesis. In spite of these depressed mean values, some patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia had normal serum IgE concentrations and synthetic rates. Patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome had a significantly elevated mean serum IgE concentration. In one of four patients studied with the turnover technique, a strikingly high IgE concentration was present and was associated with an elevated IgE synthetic rate. Three other patients had both normal serum IgE concentrations and synthetic rates. Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia had significantly decreased mean serum concentrations and synthetic rates for IgE. The depressed IgE synthesis was associated with a significantly prolonged IgE half-life. Patients with Hodgkin's disease had significantly increased serum IgE concentrations. One of three patients studied had a high serum IgE concentration and synthetic rate of IgE. The two other patients had normal serum IgE concentrations associated with normal synthetic rates. Finally patients with protein-losing enteropathy or familial hypercatabolic hypoproteinemia had normal IgE concentrations associated with normal IgE metabolic parameters. In these cases, the disorder in the catabolic rate was not severe enough to affect the total amount of circulating IgE because IgE normally has a very high fractional catabolic rate. In general, IgE levels in a variety of disease states were correlated with IgE synthetic rates and abnormalities in the catabolic rate of IgE in disease did not exert an important effect on IgE concentration.", "PMID": 404320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2545", "title": "Urinary excretion of hydroxylysine and its glycosides as an index of collagen degradation.", "content": "Urimary excretion of hydroxyprolin (Hyp) is one index of total collagen degradation, from all sources. Since some of the Hyp released from collagen may be further metabolized before it is excreted, other markers are necessary to measure collagen breakdown. Excretion of the glycosides of hydroxylysine (Hyl), glucosyl galactosyl hydroxylysine (Hy1[Gl)cGa1]), and galactosyl hydroxylysine (Hyl[Ga)]), more accurately reflects collagen metabolism since these products occur in specificratios in different tissue collagens and are themselves metabolized only to a minor degree. The ratios of total Hy1/Hyp and Hyl(GlcGal)/Hyl(Ga1) were measured in the urine of norma. subjects and of patients with Paget's disease of bone, hyperphosphatasia, and extensive thermal burns. In patients with extensive thermal burns the pattern of urinary Hy1 and its glycosides was consistent with degradation of collagen in dermis and fascia. When bone collagen degradation was dominant, the pattern of urinary metabolites reflected that source. Pagetic bone collagen has an amino acid composition similar to normal bone and Hy1(G1cGa1/Hyl(G1) of 0.396-0.743,vs. normal of 0.474+/-0.088. In untreated patients with severe Paget's disease of bone or hyperphosphatasia (urinary Hyp greater than 2.0 micronmol/mg creatinine) urinary Hyl/Hyp averaged 0.052+/-0.042 (0.042+/-0.009 in normal bone) and Hy1(G1cGa1)/Hy1(Ga1) 0.601+/-0.017 (0.47+/-0.009 in normal bone). When bone resorption was decreased sufficiently with calcitonin or disodium etidronate in these patients, both the urinary ratios of Hy1/Hyp and Hy1(G1cGa1)/Hyl(Gal) rose. In normal subjects treated with calcitonin and excreting relatively little Hyp, the ratio of Hy1/H)P approached 0.7 and Hy1(G1ycGa1)/Hy1(Ga1) approached 3.5. There increased ratios reveal the existence of a source of collagen breakdown other than skin or bone. The first subcompoent of complement, Clq, which has collagen-like sequences, relatively high amounts of Hy1, and most of the glycosylated Hy1 as Hy1(G1cGa1), could be the source of these metabolites.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of hydroxylysine and its glycosides as an index of collagen degradation. Urimary excretion of hydroxyprolin (Hyp) is one index of total collagen degradation, from all sources. Since some of the Hyp released from collagen may be further metabolized before it is excreted, other markers are necessary to measure collagen breakdown. Excretion of the glycosides of hydroxylysine (Hyl), glucosyl galactosyl hydroxylysine (Hy1[Gl)cGa1]), and galactosyl hydroxylysine (Hyl[Ga)]), more accurately reflects collagen metabolism since these products occur in specificratios in different tissue collagens and are themselves metabolized only to a minor degree. The ratios of total Hy1/Hyp and Hyl(GlcGal)/Hyl(Ga1) were measured in the urine of norma. subjects and of patients with Paget's disease of bone, hyperphosphatasia, and extensive thermal burns. In patients with extensive thermal burns the pattern of urinary Hy1 and its glycosides was consistent with degradation of collagen in dermis and fascia. When bone collagen degradation was dominant, the pattern of urinary metabolites reflected that source. Pagetic bone collagen has an amino acid composition similar to normal bone and Hy1(G1cGa1/Hyl(G1) of 0.396-0.743,vs. normal of 0.474+/-0.088. In untreated patients with severe Paget's disease of bone or hyperphosphatasia (urinary Hyp greater than 2.0 micronmol/mg creatinine) urinary Hyl/Hyp averaged 0.052+/-0.042 (0.042+/-0.009 in normal bone) and Hy1(G1cGa1)/Hy1(Ga1) 0.601+/-0.017 (0.47+/-0.009 in normal bone). When bone resorption was decreased sufficiently with calcitonin or disodium etidronate in these patients, both the urinary ratios of Hy1/Hyp and Hy1(G1cGa1)/Hyl(Gal) rose. In normal subjects treated with calcitonin and excreting relatively little Hyp, the ratio of Hy1/H)P approached 0.7 and Hy1(G1ycGa1)/Hy1(Ga1) approached 3.5. There increased ratios reveal the existence of a source of collagen breakdown other than skin or bone. The first subcompoent of complement, Clq, which has collagen-like sequences, relatively high amounts of Hy1, and most of the glycosylated Hy1 as Hy1(G1cGa1), could be the source of these metabolites.", "PMID": 404321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2546", "title": "Evidence for validity of the differential personality inventory.", "content": "In order to check the concurrent validity of the Differential Personality Inventory (DPI), the authors gave the test to 60 psychiatric patients (25 men, 35 women), who also were observed and rated on Lorr and Vestre's Psychotic Inpatient Profile. Patients also took Whitaker's Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST), a test that measures thought disorder. The patients received higher scores on appropriate scales of the DPI than did a normative group (N = 370) of university students. We predicted that six of the DPI scales would correlate with relevant criterion measures (Lorr-Vestre scales and WIST); in five of six instances such correlations were statistically significant. We conclude that the DPI discriminates psychotics from normals and that among psychotics it has a moderate power to discriminate among types of psychotic behavior.", "contents": "Evidence for validity of the differential personality inventory. In order to check the concurrent validity of the Differential Personality Inventory (DPI), the authors gave the test to 60 psychiatric patients (25 men, 35 women), who also were observed and rated on Lorr and Vestre's Psychotic Inpatient Profile. Patients also took Whitaker's Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST), a test that measures thought disorder. The patients received higher scores on appropriate scales of the DPI than did a normative group (N = 370) of university students. We predicted that six of the DPI scales would correlate with relevant criterion measures (Lorr-Vestre scales and WIST); in five of six instances such correlations were statistically significant. We conclude that the DPI discriminates psychotics from normals and that among psychotics it has a moderate power to discriminate among types of psychotic behavior.", "PMID": 404322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2547", "title": "The dynamics and treatment of child abuse: can primate research provide the answers?", "content": "Practitioners in the mental health professions presently are faced with the tasks of understanding the dynamics involved in the problem of child abuse and devising efficacious treatment and rehabilitation programs for both the abusive parent and the abused child. The present paper reviews research done by comparative psychologists more than a decade ago that should be considered by those practitioners involved in the treatment of the family in which child abuse has occurred. Seay, Alexander and Harlow (1964) reported on a study that not only points out an etiological factor in abusive mother monkeys, but suggests treatment approaches for both the mother and her battered infant.", "contents": "The dynamics and treatment of child abuse: can primate research provide the answers? Practitioners in the mental health professions presently are faced with the tasks of understanding the dynamics involved in the problem of child abuse and devising efficacious treatment and rehabilitation programs for both the abusive parent and the abused child. The present paper reviews research done by comparative psychologists more than a decade ago that should be considered by those practitioners involved in the treatment of the family in which child abuse has occurred. Seay, Alexander and Harlow (1964) reported on a study that not only points out an etiological factor in abusive mother monkeys, but suggests treatment approaches for both the mother and her battered infant.", "PMID": 404323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2548", "title": "The volume of the uterus in normal and abnormal pregnancy.", "content": "The relationship of the volume of the uterus to the bipartial diameter in single, twin, triplet and abnormal gestations was determined. The relationships are linear and the populations of single and multiple pregnancies fall into distinct groups. Correlation of the uterine volume and biparietal diameter also establishes an objective basis for diagnosing the presence of polyhydramnios ,fetal hydrocephalus, or any abnormality that produces a distortion of the normal utere volume relationship.", "contents": "The volume of the uterus in normal and abnormal pregnancy. The relationship of the volume of the uterus to the bipartial diameter in single, twin, triplet and abnormal gestations was determined. The relationships are linear and the populations of single and multiple pregnancies fall into distinct groups. Correlation of the uterine volume and biparietal diameter also establishes an objective basis for diagnosing the presence of polyhydramnios ,fetal hydrocephalus, or any abnormality that produces a distortion of the normal utere volume relationship.", "PMID": 404325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2549", "title": "Retropenal abcess secondary to a ruptured retrocecal appendix diagnosed by ultrasound B scan and 67 Ga radionulide scan.", "content": "Standard roentgenographic criteria for anterior-posterior (AP) displacement of the kidney may not reveal small, uniformly distributed, perirenal masses. Ultrasound, on the other hand, is an axial display and thus is quite sensitive to such changes. A case of ruptured retrocecal appendix is presented in which the intravenous pyelogram was negative. In the sonogram, however, a slight separation was seen between the renal parenchyma and the posterior abdominal muscle wall. This led to further investigation and the diagnosis of an unsuspected retrorenal abscess.", "contents": "Retropenal abcess secondary to a ruptured retrocecal appendix diagnosed by ultrasound B scan and 67 Ga radionulide scan. Standard roentgenographic criteria for anterior-posterior (AP) displacement of the kidney may not reveal small, uniformly distributed, perirenal masses. Ultrasound, on the other hand, is an axial display and thus is quite sensitive to such changes. A case of ruptured retrocecal appendix is presented in which the intravenous pyelogram was negative. In the sonogram, however, a slight separation was seen between the renal parenchyma and the posterior abdominal muscle wall. This led to further investigation and the diagnosis of an unsuspected retrorenal abscess.", "PMID": 404327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2550", "title": "Contralateral displacement of abdominal viscera by a retroperitoneal liposarcoma: ultrasonic demonstration.", "content": "Occasional reports have described contralateral displacement of the kidney, gall bladder, or liver by masses, but no ultrasonographic description of this phenomenon has been published. To our knowledge, this is the first report of contralateral displacement of all three structures by an encapsulated, well-differentiated low-grade liposarcoma. The significance to the ultrasonographer lies in the fact that he may be the first physician, as we were in this case, to have the opportunity to recognize the true anatomical relationships of all three organs and to suggest that this tumor is more likely to be benign or slowly growing rather than a highly infiltrative process.", "contents": "Contralateral displacement of abdominal viscera by a retroperitoneal liposarcoma: ultrasonic demonstration. Occasional reports have described contralateral displacement of the kidney, gall bladder, or liver by masses, but no ultrasonographic description of this phenomenon has been published. To our knowledge, this is the first report of contralateral displacement of all three structures by an encapsulated, well-differentiated low-grade liposarcoma. The significance to the ultrasonographer lies in the fact that he may be the first physician, as we were in this case, to have the opportunity to recognize the true anatomical relationships of all three organs and to suggest that this tumor is more likely to be benign or slowly growing rather than a highly infiltrative process.", "PMID": 404328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2551", "title": "Continuous abdominal raster scanning a technique for increasing anatomic information and reducing scan time.", "content": "Continuous raster scanning can improve abdominal B scan image resolution and decrease the time required for scanning. Rapid, serial, single-sweep scans are performed at 3 to 8 mm intervals during suspended respiration. This technique markedly reduces organ distortion by respiratory and vascular motion. It is best performed with a contact scanner operating in video mode that utilizes a high resolution store oscilloscope.", "contents": "Continuous abdominal raster scanning a technique for increasing anatomic information and reducing scan time. Continuous raster scanning can improve abdominal B scan image resolution and decrease the time required for scanning. Rapid, serial, single-sweep scans are performed at 3 to 8 mm intervals during suspended respiration. This technique markedly reduces organ distortion by respiratory and vascular motion. It is best performed with a contact scanner operating in video mode that utilizes a high resolution store oscilloscope.", "PMID": 404331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2552", "title": "Reverberations in echocardiograms.", "content": "Different types of reverberations which may cause confusing artifacts in echocardiograms are described. Reverations between the targets may result in identifiable complex echo patterns. An echocardiogram with reverberating echoes is presented. Several experimental studies were done to explain the reverbating echoes. The reverberating echoes may be more prominently displayed than the primary echoes. This raises the possibility of obtaining useful information from the reverberating echoes.", "contents": "Reverberations in echocardiograms. Different types of reverberations which may cause confusing artifacts in echocardiograms are described. Reverations between the targets may result in identifiable complex echo patterns. An echocardiogram with reverberating echoes is presented. Several experimental studies were done to explain the reverbating echoes. The reverberating echoes may be more prominently displayed than the primary echoes. This raises the possibility of obtaining useful information from the reverberating echoes.", "PMID": 404332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2553", "title": "A simple ultrasonic method for evaluating liver size.", "content": "By measuring the liver area (maximum section) and plotting this against intra-abdominal area at the same level, one can calculate tolerance levels for 80% of the population (63 normal patients) with a 95% confidence. This provides a simple semiquantitative index in relating liver size of a specific patient to the normal range. Its use in 14 patients with liver disease was demonstrated.", "contents": "A simple ultrasonic method for evaluating liver size. By measuring the liver area (maximum section) and plotting this against intra-abdominal area at the same level, one can calculate tolerance levels for 80% of the population (63 normal patients) with a 95% confidence. This provides a simple semiquantitative index in relating liver size of a specific patient to the normal range. Its use in 14 patients with liver disease was demonstrated.", "PMID": 404334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2554", "title": "Comparison of ultrasound pancreatic scanning and encoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograms: a retrospective study.", "content": "In a retrospective study comparing ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograms (ERCP) of the pancreas we found ultrasound 93.8% accurate and ERCP 62.5% accurate in detecting pancreatic pathology. Thus, sonography provides a safe screening procedure and ERCP provides a complementary approach.", "contents": "Comparison of ultrasound pancreatic scanning and encoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograms: a retrospective study. In a retrospective study comparing ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograms (ERCP) of the pancreas we found ultrasound 93.8% accurate and ERCP 62.5% accurate in detecting pancreatic pathology. Thus, sonography provides a safe screening procedure and ERCP provides a complementary approach.", "PMID": 404336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2555", "title": "Aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci.", "content": "Thirty-four recent clinical isolates of Streptococcus faecalis were tested for sensitivity to amoxycillin, benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin. Amoxycillin was two- to four-fold more active than benzylpenicillin and all strains were inhibited by low concentrations of the penicillins. The aminoglycosides were less active against the enterococci than were the penicillins and a significant number of strains were insensitive or relatively insensitive to one or more of the aminoglycosides. Thus, eight (23%) strains showed a high level of resistance to streptomycin and kanamycin (MIC greater 5000 microng/ml) but were sensitive to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin. In addition, two strains of Strep. faecalis, isolated at different hospitals from patients who had received topical gentamicin therapy, were relatively resistant to gentamicin (MIC250 to 500 microng/ml) and were less sensitive also to the other aminoglycosides. Bactericidal synergy was demonstrated by amoxycillin/aminoglycoside combinations against the enterococci, provided that the test strain of Strep. faecalis was sensitive to the aminoglycoside in the combination. An exception to this was the combination of amoxycillin plus amikacin which was not synergistic against kanamycin-resistant strains of Strep. faecalis although these organisms were sensitive to amikacin in the growth inhibition tests. The gentamicin-resistant strains showed variable responses to amoxycillin/aminoglycoside combinations in tests for bactericidal synergy and were generally less sensitive than typical strains of Strep. faecalis.", "contents": "Aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci. Thirty-four recent clinical isolates of Streptococcus faecalis were tested for sensitivity to amoxycillin, benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin. Amoxycillin was two- to four-fold more active than benzylpenicillin and all strains were inhibited by low concentrations of the penicillins. The aminoglycosides were less active against the enterococci than were the penicillins and a significant number of strains were insensitive or relatively insensitive to one or more of the aminoglycosides. Thus, eight (23%) strains showed a high level of resistance to streptomycin and kanamycin (MIC greater 5000 microng/ml) but were sensitive to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin. In addition, two strains of Strep. faecalis, isolated at different hospitals from patients who had received topical gentamicin therapy, were relatively resistant to gentamicin (MIC250 to 500 microng/ml) and were less sensitive also to the other aminoglycosides. Bactericidal synergy was demonstrated by amoxycillin/aminoglycoside combinations against the enterococci, provided that the test strain of Strep. faecalis was sensitive to the aminoglycoside in the combination. An exception to this was the combination of amoxycillin plus amikacin which was not synergistic against kanamycin-resistant strains of Strep. faecalis although these organisms were sensitive to amikacin in the growth inhibition tests. The gentamicin-resistant strains showed variable responses to amoxycillin/aminoglycoside combinations in tests for bactericidal synergy and were generally less sensitive than typical strains of Strep. faecalis.", "PMID": 404337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2556", "title": "Detection of Aspergillus fumigatus precipitins: a comparison of counter immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion.", "content": "A counter immunoelectrophoresis method was compared with a double diffusion test for detecting Aspergillus fumigatus antibodies. Of 70 patients, 23 gave positive results in both tests and the remainder gave negative results. Fifteen patients with proven aspergillosis gave positive results in both tests.", "contents": "Detection of Aspergillus fumigatus precipitins: a comparison of counter immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion. A counter immunoelectrophoresis method was compared with a double diffusion test for detecting Aspergillus fumigatus antibodies. Of 70 patients, 23 gave positive results in both tests and the remainder gave negative results. Fifteen patients with proven aspergillosis gave positive results in both tests.", "PMID": 404338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2557", "title": "Projections from cortical visual areas 17, 18, and MT onto the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in owl monkeys.", "content": "Projections from cortical visual Areas 17, 18, and MT to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of owl monkeys were revealed by the use of the autoradiographic tracing method. Restricted injections of 3H-proline into Area 17 resulted in dense columns of labeled tissue extending through all layers of the nucleus and roughly perpendicular to the layers. There was some lateral spread of the label in the interlaminar zones. Projections from Areas 18 and MT were distributed over the ventral layers of the nucleus including the magnocellular layers, layer S, and the adjoining interlaminar zones. The input from Area 18 was relatively sparse. The projections from all three cortical visual areas appear to connect homotopic locations in the geniculate and cortical representations of the visual field.", "contents": "Projections from cortical visual areas 17, 18, and MT onto the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in owl monkeys. Projections from cortical visual Areas 17, 18, and MT to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of owl monkeys were revealed by the use of the autoradiographic tracing method. Restricted injections of 3H-proline into Area 17 resulted in dense columns of labeled tissue extending through all layers of the nucleus and roughly perpendicular to the layers. There was some lateral spread of the label in the interlaminar zones. Projections from Areas 18 and MT were distributed over the ventral layers of the nucleus including the magnocellular layers, layer S, and the adjoining interlaminar zones. The input from Area 18 was relatively sparse. The projections from all three cortical visual areas appear to connect homotopic locations in the geniculate and cortical representations of the visual field.", "PMID": 404339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2558", "title": "Descending pathways from the superior collicullus: an autoradiographic analysis in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "The autoradiographic tracing method has been used to identify the various descending tectofugal pathways and their targets in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The present data reveal that the majority of descending tectofugal axons arise from collicular laminae which lie ventral to the stratum opticum (layer 3). Such descending axons can be grouped into two major bundles or tracts, i.e., the ipsilateral tectopontine-tectobulbar tract and the crossed tectospinal tract (or the predorsal bundle). There is, in addition to these two major pathways, a smaller, commissural projection. The ipsilateral pathway courses laterally and ventrocaudally to terminate within the parabigeminal nucleus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, the dorsal lateral pontine gray (in several discrete patches), the dorsal lateral wing of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, and within the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. Other ipsilateral targets of the deep tectal layers are the cuneiform nucleus and the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus. In several experiments transported protein is also apparent within the substantia nigra. Axons which comprise the tectospinal tract, or the predorsal bundle, cross within the dorsal tegmental decussation and descend within the brainstem in a position slightly lateral to the midline. The most rostral and quite extensive target of the predorsal bundle is the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. As the predorsal bundle courses caudally within the pontine tegmentum, labeled axons enter the dorsal and medial regions of both the oral and the caudal divisions of the nucleus reticularis pontis. At caudal medullary levels, the mojority of the labeled axons comprising the predorsal bundle pass ventrally to end quite profusely with the subnucleus b of the medial accessory nucleus of the inferior olivary complex. Caudal to this only a few scattered, labeled axons can be followed into the cervical spinal cord. Labeled axons also pass to the opposite, or contralateral colliculus via the tectal commissure. Such axons appear to arise and end primarily within the deeper tectal layers. In one experiment, the injection invaded the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Labeled axons were apparent within the motor nucleus, the chief sensory nucleus (quite profusely) and within the spinal or descending nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.", "contents": "Descending pathways from the superior collicullus: an autoradiographic analysis in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The autoradiographic tracing method has been used to identify the various descending tectofugal pathways and their targets in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The present data reveal that the majority of descending tectofugal axons arise from collicular laminae which lie ventral to the stratum opticum (layer 3). Such descending axons can be grouped into two major bundles or tracts, i.e., the ipsilateral tectopontine-tectobulbar tract and the crossed tectospinal tract (or the predorsal bundle). There is, in addition to these two major pathways, a smaller, commissural projection. The ipsilateral pathway courses laterally and ventrocaudally to terminate within the parabigeminal nucleus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, the dorsal lateral pontine gray (in several discrete patches), the dorsal lateral wing of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, and within the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. Other ipsilateral targets of the deep tectal layers are the cuneiform nucleus and the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus. In several experiments transported protein is also apparent within the substantia nigra. Axons which comprise the tectospinal tract, or the predorsal bundle, cross within the dorsal tegmental decussation and descend within the brainstem in a position slightly lateral to the midline. The most rostral and quite extensive target of the predorsal bundle is the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. As the predorsal bundle courses caudally within the pontine tegmentum, labeled axons enter the dorsal and medial regions of both the oral and the caudal divisions of the nucleus reticularis pontis. At caudal medullary levels, the mojority of the labeled axons comprising the predorsal bundle pass ventrally to end quite profusely with the subnucleus b of the medial accessory nucleus of the inferior olivary complex. Caudal to this only a few scattered, labeled axons can be followed into the cervical spinal cord. Labeled axons also pass to the opposite, or contralateral colliculus via the tectal commissure. Such axons appear to arise and end primarily within the deeper tectal layers. In one experiment, the injection invaded the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Labeled axons were apparent within the motor nucleus, the chief sensory nucleus (quite profusely) and within the spinal or descending nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.", "PMID": 404340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2559", "title": "Role of the hippocampus in blocking and conditioned inhibition of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response.", "content": "Bilateral aspiration of the dorsal hippocampus produced a disrupttion of blocking of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response in Kamin's two-stage paradigm (Experiment 1) but had no effect on the formation of a Pavlovian conditioned inhibitor (Experiment 2). The results of Experiment 1 indicated that normal animals and those with cortical lesions given conditioning to a light-plus-tone conditioned stimulus (CS) gave conditioned responses (CRs) to both the light and the tone during nonreinforced presentations of each (test phase). If, however, compound conditioning was preceded by tone acquisition, only the tone elicited a CR during testing; that is, blocking was observed. In rabbits with hippocampal lesions, however, CRs were given to both the light and the tone during testing whether or not compound conditioning was preceded by tone acquisition. The data from Experiment 2 showed that rabbits with hippocampal lesions could discriminate as well as normal rabbits and those with cortical lesions between a light (CS+) and light plus tone (CS-). In addition, when the inhibitory tone was subsequently paired with the unconditioned stimulus in retardation testing, animals in all three lesion conditions acquired the CR at the same rate. Thus, it appears that hippocampal lesions do not disrupt conditioned inhibition. The results of these experiments were taken as support for the view that the hippocampus is responsible for \"tuning out\" stimuli that have no adaptive value to the organism.", "contents": "Role of the hippocampus in blocking and conditioned inhibition of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. Bilateral aspiration of the dorsal hippocampus produced a disrupttion of blocking of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response in Kamin's two-stage paradigm (Experiment 1) but had no effect on the formation of a Pavlovian conditioned inhibitor (Experiment 2). The results of Experiment 1 indicated that normal animals and those with cortical lesions given conditioning to a light-plus-tone conditioned stimulus (CS) gave conditioned responses (CRs) to both the light and the tone during nonreinforced presentations of each (test phase). If, however, compound conditioning was preceded by tone acquisition, only the tone elicited a CR during testing; that is, blocking was observed. In rabbits with hippocampal lesions, however, CRs were given to both the light and the tone during testing whether or not compound conditioning was preceded by tone acquisition. The data from Experiment 2 showed that rabbits with hippocampal lesions could discriminate as well as normal rabbits and those with cortical lesions between a light (CS+) and light plus tone (CS-). In addition, when the inhibitory tone was subsequently paired with the unconditioned stimulus in retardation testing, animals in all three lesion conditions acquired the CR at the same rate. Thus, it appears that hippocampal lesions do not disrupt conditioned inhibition. The results of these experiments were taken as support for the view that the hippocampus is responsible for \"tuning out\" stimuli that have no adaptive value to the organism.", "PMID": 404342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2560", "title": "Comparison of procedures for measurement of IgE protein in serum and secretions.", "content": "Because of conflicting reports in the literature concerning the value of various procedures for measurement of IgE in serum and secretions, we compared four different methods, the radioimmunosorbent test (RIST), the double-antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA), the paper disc immunosorbent test (PRIST), and radial immunodiffusion (RID). The standards used in the assays were tested initially in the double-antibody RIA with the use of the reference from the World Health Organization. The results showed that RID as expected was relatively insensitive and IgE was reliably measured only above approximately 1,000 international units (IU). Moreover, certain sera containing low levels of IgE by the other procedures gave distinct precipitin zones and presumably falsely high levels of IgE protein. Thus RID may yield apparently erroneous results when used as a screening procedure for measurement of IgE levels. Among the other procedures PRIST and the double-antibody RIA showed the best agreement. With serum samples RIST yielded values for IgE in the low level range higher than those given by the PRIST and double-antibody RIA. With breast milk and colostrum, values of IgE between 120 and 690 ng/ml were found by RIST, whereas IgE was not detected by double-antibody RIA and PRIST. No evidence of an inhibitor of IgE was found in breast milk, so that the apparent elevation of IgE in breast milk by the RIST is likely false. These findings confirm prior reports of spurious elevations of IgE with the RIST and indicate the usefulness of the PRIST and double-antibody RIA for the measurement of IgE in sera and secretions.", "contents": "Comparison of procedures for measurement of IgE protein in serum and secretions. Because of conflicting reports in the literature concerning the value of various procedures for measurement of IgE in serum and secretions, we compared four different methods, the radioimmunosorbent test (RIST), the double-antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA), the paper disc immunosorbent test (PRIST), and radial immunodiffusion (RID). The standards used in the assays were tested initially in the double-antibody RIA with the use of the reference from the World Health Organization. The results showed that RID as expected was relatively insensitive and IgE was reliably measured only above approximately 1,000 international units (IU). Moreover, certain sera containing low levels of IgE by the other procedures gave distinct precipitin zones and presumably falsely high levels of IgE protein. Thus RID may yield apparently erroneous results when used as a screening procedure for measurement of IgE levels. Among the other procedures PRIST and the double-antibody RIA showed the best agreement. With serum samples RIST yielded values for IgE in the low level range higher than those given by the PRIST and double-antibody RIA. With breast milk and colostrum, values of IgE between 120 and 690 ng/ml were found by RIST, whereas IgE was not detected by double-antibody RIA and PRIST. No evidence of an inhibitor of IgE was found in breast milk, so that the apparent elevation of IgE in breast milk by the RIST is likely false. These findings confirm prior reports of spurious elevations of IgE with the RIST and indicate the usefulness of the PRIST and double-antibody RIA for the measurement of IgE in sera and secretions.", "PMID": 404346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2561", "title": "Nutritional implications of renal disease. IV. Nutritional aspects of chronic renal insufficiency in childhood.", "content": "Nutritional treatment of children with renal insufficiency presents special problems related to undernutrition, i.e., insufficient caloric intake to permit normal growth, vitamin D intake, and protein needs, as well as depressed appetite. With regard to energy, it is suggested that uremia may lead to increased caloric requirements, thus exacerbating growth depression. Protein requirements, which actually may not be as important as caloric needs, have not been determined for uremic children. Another factor in growth failure in such children involves vitamin D metabolism and its role in renal osteodystrophy. Successful dietary management of these various interrelated aspects of childhood renal disease requires sensitive, knowledgeable personnel.", "contents": "Nutritional implications of renal disease. IV. Nutritional aspects of chronic renal insufficiency in childhood. Nutritional treatment of children with renal insufficiency presents special problems related to undernutrition, i.e., insufficient caloric intake to permit normal growth, vitamin D intake, and protein needs, as well as depressed appetite. With regard to energy, it is suggested that uremia may lead to increased caloric requirements, thus exacerbating growth depression. Protein requirements, which actually may not be as important as caloric needs, have not been determined for uremic children. Another factor in growth failure in such children involves vitamin D metabolism and its role in renal osteodystrophy. Successful dietary management of these various interrelated aspects of childhood renal disease requires sensitive, knowledgeable personnel.", "PMID": 404347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2562", "title": "Controlling health care costs: strengthening the private sector's hand.", "content": "The council on Wage and Price Stability recently has discovered evidence suggesting \"an unackonwledged potential of the private sector to exert influence and control in the area of health care cost inflation.\" This article examines the limitations on private-sector cost-control efforts and suggests actions which would permit and encourage private decision makers to be more effective. In particular, private health insurers' potential role in cost control is explored, and some promising insurer strategies are adumbrated. Carefully designed coverage limitations and plan-initiated reviews to exclude nonessential care from coverage are suggested, together with wider use of fixed indemnity payments or negotiated fees and charges (instead of paying unusual and customary rates or incurred costs). Among the steps needed to permit insurers to provide this added service to cost-conscious customers is enforcement of the antitrust laws to prevent doctors' organized resistance to unwanted measures. In general, it is argued that private-sector efforts are likely to be more effective than government-sponsored controls as well as more appropriate in a pluralistic society.", "contents": "Controlling health care costs: strengthening the private sector's hand. The council on Wage and Price Stability recently has discovered evidence suggesting \"an unackonwledged potential of the private sector to exert influence and control in the area of health care cost inflation.\" This article examines the limitations on private-sector cost-control efforts and suggests actions which would permit and encourage private decision makers to be more effective. In particular, private health insurers' potential role in cost control is explored, and some promising insurer strategies are adumbrated. Carefully designed coverage limitations and plan-initiated reviews to exclude nonessential care from coverage are suggested, together with wider use of fixed indemnity payments or negotiated fees and charges (instead of paying unusual and customary rates or incurred costs). Among the steps needed to permit insurers to provide this added service to cost-conscious customers is enforcement of the antitrust laws to prevent doctors' organized resistance to unwanted measures. In general, it is argued that private-sector efforts are likely to be more effective than government-sponsored controls as well as more appropriate in a pluralistic society.", "PMID": 404350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2563", "title": "Immunohistochemical detection of Fc receptor. I. Light microscopic demonstration of Fc receptor by using soluble immune complexes of peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoglobulin G.", "content": "The mouse mesenteric lymph node cells (in the cell suspension and frozen sections) were incubated in the soluble immune complexes of peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoglobulin G. After being washed, they were reacted with diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride. Light microscopically brown-colored granules were observed on the cell surface of a proportion of small lymphocytes. In frozen sections, a proportion of small lymphocytes were stained dark brown on the cell surface. Characterization and control experiments suggest that the binding of peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoglobulin G to the cell surface is mediated by Fc receptor. Peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoglobulin G, therefore, can be used as in indicator of Fc receptor.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical detection of Fc receptor. I. Light microscopic demonstration of Fc receptor by using soluble immune complexes of peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoglobulin G. The mouse mesenteric lymph node cells (in the cell suspension and frozen sections) were incubated in the soluble immune complexes of peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoglobulin G. After being washed, they were reacted with diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride. Light microscopically brown-colored granules were observed on the cell surface of a proportion of small lymphocytes. In frozen sections, a proportion of small lymphocytes were stained dark brown on the cell surface. Characterization and control experiments suggest that the binding of peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoglobulin G to the cell surface is mediated by Fc receptor. Peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoglobulin G, therefore, can be used as in indicator of Fc receptor.", "PMID": 404351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2564", "title": "Immunohistochemical detection of Fc receptor. II. Electron microscopic demonstration of Fc receptor by using soluble immune complexes of ferritin-antiferritin immunoglobulin G.", "content": "The mouse mesenteric lymph node cells were incubated in the soluble immune complexes of ferritin-antiferritin immunoglobulin G at 37 degrees C for 20 min. After being washed, postfixed with OsO4 and dehydrated by degraded ethanol series, the lymph node cells were observed by electron microscope. Apprroximately 15% of the cells (mainly composed of small lymphocytes) bound ferritin particles to the cell surface. The distribution pattern of the binding of ferritin particles (ferritin-antiferritin immunoglobulin G) took the form of discrete patches of irregular distribution interspaced with unlabeled portions. The electron microscopic features of ferritin particles (ferritin-antiferritin immunoglobulin G) attached to the cell surface suggest that a structure of constant conformation (Fc receptor) situated in the cell membrane takes part in the binding of ferritin-antiferritin immunoglobulin G.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical detection of Fc receptor. II. Electron microscopic demonstration of Fc receptor by using soluble immune complexes of ferritin-antiferritin immunoglobulin G. The mouse mesenteric lymph node cells were incubated in the soluble immune complexes of ferritin-antiferritin immunoglobulin G at 37 degrees C for 20 min. After being washed, postfixed with OsO4 and dehydrated by degraded ethanol series, the lymph node cells were observed by electron microscope. Apprroximately 15% of the cells (mainly composed of small lymphocytes) bound ferritin particles to the cell surface. The distribution pattern of the binding of ferritin particles (ferritin-antiferritin immunoglobulin G) took the form of discrete patches of irregular distribution interspaced with unlabeled portions. The electron microscopic features of ferritin particles (ferritin-antiferritin immunoglobulin G) attached to the cell surface suggest that a structure of constant conformation (Fc receptor) situated in the cell membrane takes part in the binding of ferritin-antiferritin immunoglobulin G.", "PMID": 404352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2565", "title": "Stabilization of cholesterol in myelin with digitonin: observation with polarized light.", "content": "Cholesterol can be preserved in tissues dehyrated for light microscopy by incorporating digitonin into glutaraldehyde fixation. Fresh and fixed frozen sections of rat sciatic nerve exhibit strong, radially positive birefringence when viewed with polarized optics. However, tissue fixed and dehydrated with standard methods for Epon embedding shows very weak radially positive birefringence. The use of digitonin with a variety of techniques generally permits retention of optical activity in embedded nerves. Such observations suggest a preservation of lipids (presumably cholesterol) in molecular orientations necessary to produce Maltese cross patterns.", "contents": "Stabilization of cholesterol in myelin with digitonin: observation with polarized light. Cholesterol can be preserved in tissues dehyrated for light microscopy by incorporating digitonin into glutaraldehyde fixation. Fresh and fixed frozen sections of rat sciatic nerve exhibit strong, radially positive birefringence when viewed with polarized optics. However, tissue fixed and dehydrated with standard methods for Epon embedding shows very weak radially positive birefringence. The use of digitonin with a variety of techniques generally permits retention of optical activity in embedded nerves. Such observations suggest a preservation of lipids (presumably cholesterol) in molecular orientations necessary to produce Maltese cross patterns.", "PMID": 404353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2566", "title": "A study of the variable heavy chain (VH) region of membrane-bound Ig on human chronic leukemic lymphocytes.", "content": "Lymphocytes from 20 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were studied for membrane staining by direct immunofluorescence by employing anti-F(ab')2, anti-VHI, anti-VHII, anti-VHIII subgroup-specific antisera, as well as light chain-specific antisera. Some lymphocyte preparations were also studied in indirect immunofluorescence with an antiserum raised against a fragment (VH) corresponding to the variable region of the heavy chain of a human IgG3 myeloma protein (Kup). Lymphocytes from each CLL patient demonstrated a restriction of VH subgroups expressed on the cell membrane; six were restricted to the VHI subgroup, seven to VHII, and seven to the VHIII subgroup. This restriction gave further evidence for monoclonality of the membrane-bound Ig and the leukemic cell proliferation. Antiserum to the VH fragment stained closely similar percentages of CLL lymphocytes to that obtained with anti-F(ab')2 antiserum. Furthermore, double staining revealed that the same cells were stained with anti-VH antiserum as were stained with anti-F(ab')2 antiserum, i.e., only the B lymphocytes.", "contents": "A study of the variable heavy chain (VH) region of membrane-bound Ig on human chronic leukemic lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from 20 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were studied for membrane staining by direct immunofluorescence by employing anti-F(ab')2, anti-VHI, anti-VHII, anti-VHIII subgroup-specific antisera, as well as light chain-specific antisera. Some lymphocyte preparations were also studied in indirect immunofluorescence with an antiserum raised against a fragment (VH) corresponding to the variable region of the heavy chain of a human IgG3 myeloma protein (Kup). Lymphocytes from each CLL patient demonstrated a restriction of VH subgroups expressed on the cell membrane; six were restricted to the VHI subgroup, seven to VHII, and seven to the VHIII subgroup. This restriction gave further evidence for monoclonality of the membrane-bound Ig and the leukemic cell proliferation. Antiserum to the VH fragment stained closely similar percentages of CLL lymphocytes to that obtained with anti-F(ab')2 antiserum. Furthermore, double staining revealed that the same cells were stained with anti-VH antiserum as were stained with anti-F(ab')2 antiserum, i.e., only the B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 404355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2567", "title": "Identification and genetic control of the n83 and n84 allotypes of rabbit IgM.", "content": "Two additional allotypes of rabbit IgM, n83 and n84, have been identified and characterized with antisera obtained by cross immunization of rabbits with IgM. These allotypic specificities were not detected on IgG or IgA by double diffusion in agar gel and by quantitative radioprecipitin analyses. This finding implies that the specificities reside in the CH region of the mu-chain. Most of the IgM (88%) from an n83 homozygote reacted with anti-n83 Ab and most of the IgM (79%) from the net n84 homozygote reacted with anti-n84 Ab. The IgG or IgA from n83 or n84 rabbits did not precipitate to a significant extent (less than 6%) with the anti-n83 or anti-n84 Ab, respectively. That the n83 and n84 specificities are controlled at the n locus was verified by genetic analysis. Thus, four alleles are now known at the n locus, n81, n82, n83 and n84. The n locus is closely linked to the other six defined loci in the heavy chain chromosomal region and the allelic alternatives for each of the seven loci are coinherited by gene combinations called allogroups. Ten such allogroups are now defined with respect to the allele at the n locus.", "contents": "Identification and genetic control of the n83 and n84 allotypes of rabbit IgM. Two additional allotypes of rabbit IgM, n83 and n84, have been identified and characterized with antisera obtained by cross immunization of rabbits with IgM. These allotypic specificities were not detected on IgG or IgA by double diffusion in agar gel and by quantitative radioprecipitin analyses. This finding implies that the specificities reside in the CH region of the mu-chain. Most of the IgM (88%) from an n83 homozygote reacted with anti-n83 Ab and most of the IgM (79%) from the net n84 homozygote reacted with anti-n84 Ab. The IgG or IgA from n83 or n84 rabbits did not precipitate to a significant extent (less than 6%) with the anti-n83 or anti-n84 Ab, respectively. That the n83 and n84 specificities are controlled at the n locus was verified by genetic analysis. Thus, four alleles are now known at the n locus, n81, n82, n83 and n84. The n locus is closely linked to the other six defined loci in the heavy chain chromosomal region and the allelic alternatives for each of the seven loci are coinherited by gene combinations called allogroups. Ten such allogroups are now defined with respect to the allele at the n locus.", "PMID": 404356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2568", "title": "T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against trinitrophenyl-modified cells: effect of glutaraldehyde treatment on the immunogenicity and antigenicity of trinitrophenyl-modified cells.", "content": "Cells treated with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde for a 10-sec interval were unable to incorporate 3H-leucine into TCA precipitable protein, respond to H-2 allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) assays, or display capping of cell surface immunoglobulin (Ig) with a fluoresceinated anti-Ig reagent. Such cells could stimulate and specifically block H-2 allogeneic CML activity but could not stimulate an H-2 allogeneic MLR response. Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) treated spleen cells were used to sensitize syngeneic splenocytes into displaying a cytotoxic effect against trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified target cells. Treatment of the stimulator cells with glutaraldehyde immediately after modification with TNBS did not impair their immunogenic activity. Similar treatment of TNP-modified concanavalin A-stimulated lymphoblasts that were used as inhibitors in a CML cold target competition assay allowed such cells to retain their antigenicity. Cells treated with glutaraldehyde before TNP-modification, however, were not antigenic in the cold target competition assay. These data are compatible with TNBS acting on plasma membrane molecules directly to cause cells to be antigenic and immunogenic in the CML assay rather than affecting internal cellular components.", "contents": "T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against trinitrophenyl-modified cells: effect of glutaraldehyde treatment on the immunogenicity and antigenicity of trinitrophenyl-modified cells. Cells treated with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde for a 10-sec interval were unable to incorporate 3H-leucine into TCA precipitable protein, respond to H-2 allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) assays, or display capping of cell surface immunoglobulin (Ig) with a fluoresceinated anti-Ig reagent. Such cells could stimulate and specifically block H-2 allogeneic CML activity but could not stimulate an H-2 allogeneic MLR response. Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) treated spleen cells were used to sensitize syngeneic splenocytes into displaying a cytotoxic effect against trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified target cells. Treatment of the stimulator cells with glutaraldehyde immediately after modification with TNBS did not impair their immunogenic activity. Similar treatment of TNP-modified concanavalin A-stimulated lymphoblasts that were used as inhibitors in a CML cold target competition assay allowed such cells to retain their antigenicity. Cells treated with glutaraldehyde before TNP-modification, however, were not antigenic in the cold target competition assay. These data are compatible with TNBS acting on plasma membrane molecules directly to cause cells to be antigenic and immunogenic in the CML assay rather than affecting internal cellular components.", "PMID": 404357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2569", "title": "Disulfide bonding of secretory component to a single monomer subunit in human secretory IgA.", "content": "The arrangement of disulfide bonds joining secretory component (SC) to the alpha chains in secretory IgA was studied by determining the molecular size of the principal fragments resulting from CNBr digestion of secretory dimeric Fc fragments from IgA (Fc)2alpha fragments). In vitro complexes formed by incubating 125I-free SC and myeloma 131I-(Fc)2alpha fragments were isolated by gel filtration and subsequently digested with cyanogen bromide. The CNBr digests of SC-(Fc)2alpha fragments were analyzed by gel filtration in 5 M guanidine. Two principal fragments were obtained, one containing a monomeric Fc fragment from IgA (Fcalpha) associated with SC (m.w. congruent to 110,000) and a second containing the second Fcalpha monomer (m.w. congruent to 50,000) from the dimeric SC-(Fc)2alpha. Similar results were obtained when secretory (Fc)2alpha fragments isolated from native secretory IgA dimer were subjected to CNBr digestion. The data indicate that SC is disulfide bonded to a single monomer subunit in secretory IgA dimer.", "contents": "Disulfide bonding of secretory component to a single monomer subunit in human secretory IgA. The arrangement of disulfide bonds joining secretory component (SC) to the alpha chains in secretory IgA was studied by determining the molecular size of the principal fragments resulting from CNBr digestion of secretory dimeric Fc fragments from IgA (Fc)2alpha fragments). In vitro complexes formed by incubating 125I-free SC and myeloma 131I-(Fc)2alpha fragments were isolated by gel filtration and subsequently digested with cyanogen bromide. The CNBr digests of SC-(Fc)2alpha fragments were analyzed by gel filtration in 5 M guanidine. Two principal fragments were obtained, one containing a monomeric Fc fragment from IgA (Fcalpha) associated with SC (m.w. congruent to 110,000) and a second containing the second Fcalpha monomer (m.w. congruent to 50,000) from the dimeric SC-(Fc)2alpha. Similar results were obtained when secretory (Fc)2alpha fragments isolated from native secretory IgA dimer were subjected to CNBr digestion. The data indicate that SC is disulfide bonded to a single monomer subunit in secretory IgA dimer.", "PMID": 404358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2570", "title": "Enhancement of carrier-mediated transport after immunologic activation of peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Immunologically activated peritoneal macrophages from inbred mice and Hartley strain guinea pigs demonstrate a markedly greater than normal transport of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and L-leucine. The degree of nutrilite transport enhancement was greatest when animals were injected with the appropriate eliciting antigens before harvesting and also, if antigen was included in the tissue culture medium during the initial hours of in vitro culture. Enhanced hexose and amino acid uptake could also be achieved by exposure of macrophages from nonimmunized animals for 48 hr to supernatants of sensitized splenic lymphocyte cultures incubated with specific antigens. The animal systems in which this phenomenon was observed included CBA/J and C57BL/6J mice immunized with Staphylococcus aureus or sub-lethal doses of Listeria monocytogens, and the Hartley strain, albino guinea pig immunized with S. aureus or BCG. In all cases, immunization resulted in a state of delayed hypersensitivity as measured by skin testing or footpad swelling. Splenic cell supernatants contained lymphokines as detected by the presence of macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), and by the supernatants' capacity to stimulate incorporation of 14C-glucosamine by macrophages in vitro. No increase of glucose or leucine transport by macrophages was observed in the absence of appropriate antigen stimulation in vivo or in vitro. We previously showed that a phagocytic stimulus results in a significant increase in hexose transport by normal macrophages; leucine transport by these same cells was unaltered after phagocytosis. In contrast, immunologically activated macrophages do not transport measurably more 2-deoxy-C-glucose after particle ingestion; activation or the phagocytic stimulus enhance 2-deoxy-C-glucose uptake to approximately the same extent. Analysis of nutrilite transport kinetics revealed that immunologic activation of macrophages increases the initial velocity (V1) and Vmax but does not change the Km values of hexose or amino acid transport. The kinetics of transport by the immunologically activated macrophages do not change measurably after phagocytosis. We conclude that either immunological activation or phagocytosis results in augmented 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport via identical or related mechanisms and that transport of the sugar can't be increased above that level induced by either event. The reasons why immunologic activation increases both glucose and leucine transport but phagocytosis increases only the former are not yet understood.", "contents": "Enhancement of carrier-mediated transport after immunologic activation of peritoneal macrophages. Immunologically activated peritoneal macrophages from inbred mice and Hartley strain guinea pigs demonstrate a markedly greater than normal transport of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and L-leucine. The degree of nutrilite transport enhancement was greatest when animals were injected with the appropriate eliciting antigens before harvesting and also, if antigen was included in the tissue culture medium during the initial hours of in vitro culture. Enhanced hexose and amino acid uptake could also be achieved by exposure of macrophages from nonimmunized animals for 48 hr to supernatants of sensitized splenic lymphocyte cultures incubated with specific antigens. The animal systems in which this phenomenon was observed included CBA/J and C57BL/6J mice immunized with Staphylococcus aureus or sub-lethal doses of Listeria monocytogens, and the Hartley strain, albino guinea pig immunized with S. aureus or BCG. In all cases, immunization resulted in a state of delayed hypersensitivity as measured by skin testing or footpad swelling. Splenic cell supernatants contained lymphokines as detected by the presence of macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), and by the supernatants' capacity to stimulate incorporation of 14C-glucosamine by macrophages in vitro. No increase of glucose or leucine transport by macrophages was observed in the absence of appropriate antigen stimulation in vivo or in vitro. We previously showed that a phagocytic stimulus results in a significant increase in hexose transport by normal macrophages; leucine transport by these same cells was unaltered after phagocytosis. In contrast, immunologically activated macrophages do not transport measurably more 2-deoxy-C-glucose after particle ingestion; activation or the phagocytic stimulus enhance 2-deoxy-C-glucose uptake to approximately the same extent. Analysis of nutrilite transport kinetics revealed that immunologic activation of macrophages increases the initial velocity (V1) and Vmax but does not change the Km values of hexose or amino acid transport. The kinetics of transport by the immunologically activated macrophages do not change measurably after phagocytosis. We conclude that either immunological activation or phagocytosis results in augmented 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport via identical or related mechanisms and that transport of the sugar can't be increased above that level induced by either event. The reasons why immunologic activation increases both glucose and leucine transport but phagocytosis increases only the former are not yet understood.", "PMID": 404359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2571", "title": "Isolation of porcine colostral immunoglobulins and preparation of monospecific anti-gamma, anti-alpha, and anti-mu chain antibodies using agarose-linked immunosorbents.", "content": "A simple method for the simultaneous isolation of IgG2, IgG1, IgA and IgM from porcine colostral whey is described. It makes use of DEAE-cellulose chromatography followed by repeated Sepharose 6B exclusion chromatography after the removal of fat, casein and lipoproteins, Fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis is used to show the elution patterns of each immunoglobulin class. In addition, the prepation of monospecific anti-gamma, anti-alpha and anti-mu sera by means of agarose-linked immunoadsorbents is also described.", "contents": "Isolation of porcine colostral immunoglobulins and preparation of monospecific anti-gamma, anti-alpha, and anti-mu chain antibodies using agarose-linked immunosorbents. A simple method for the simultaneous isolation of IgG2, IgG1, IgA and IgM from porcine colostral whey is described. It makes use of DEAE-cellulose chromatography followed by repeated Sepharose 6B exclusion chromatography after the removal of fat, casein and lipoproteins, Fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis is used to show the elution patterns of each immunoglobulin class. In addition, the prepation of monospecific anti-gamma, anti-alpha and anti-mu sera by means of agarose-linked immunoadsorbents is also described.", "PMID": 404360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2572", "title": "A comparative study of procedures for sheep erythrocyte-human-T-lymphocyte rosette formation.", "content": "A comparative study of several published methods for sheep red blood cell-T-lymphocyte rosette formation was performed. Maximum SRBC-rosette formation occurred with AET treated SRBC in medium supplemented with 20% FCS or with untreated SRBC in 100% FCS. Prolongation of the 4 degrees C incubation period from 4 to 18 h enchanced rosette formation. Fluorescein diacetate staining significantly increased calculated percentage of rosette formation. Fluorescein diacetate staining significantly increased calculated percentage of rosette-forming lyphocytes by allowing accurate indentification of the central lymphocytes in morulas.", "contents": "A comparative study of procedures for sheep erythrocyte-human-T-lymphocyte rosette formation. A comparative study of several published methods for sheep red blood cell-T-lymphocyte rosette formation was performed. Maximum SRBC-rosette formation occurred with AET treated SRBC in medium supplemented with 20% FCS or with untreated SRBC in 100% FCS. Prolongation of the 4 degrees C incubation period from 4 to 18 h enchanced rosette formation. Fluorescein diacetate staining significantly increased calculated percentage of rosette formation. Fluorescein diacetate staining significantly increased calculated percentage of rosette-forming lyphocytes by allowing accurate indentification of the central lymphocytes in morulas.", "PMID": 404361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2573", "title": "Organ culture studies of pemphigus antibodies. II. Ultrastructural comparison between acantholytic changes in vitro and human pemphigus lesions.", "content": "The ultrastructural and light microscopic features of acantholysis produced in organ culture were compared with those of human pemphigus lesions. In both, an intraepidermal split was seen an typical suprabasal acantholytic cells were present. These cells contained small bundles of tonofilaments, usually located away from the cell periphery. Desmonsomal plaques with inserted tonofilaments frequently remained along the periphery of acantholytic cells and along the upper portion of the periphery of basal cells. The ultrastructural similarity between in vitro and in vivo lesions provides additional evidence to suggest that organ cultures may provide a valid model for studying the dynamics of pemphigus lesion formation.", "contents": "Organ culture studies of pemphigus antibodies. II. Ultrastructural comparison between acantholytic changes in vitro and human pemphigus lesions. The ultrastructural and light microscopic features of acantholysis produced in organ culture were compared with those of human pemphigus lesions. In both, an intraepidermal split was seen an typical suprabasal acantholytic cells were present. These cells contained small bundles of tonofilaments, usually located away from the cell periphery. Desmonsomal plaques with inserted tonofilaments frequently remained along the periphery of acantholytic cells and along the upper portion of the periphery of basal cells. The ultrastructural similarity between in vitro and in vivo lesions provides additional evidence to suggest that organ cultures may provide a valid model for studying the dynamics of pemphigus lesion formation.", "PMID": 404362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2574", "title": "Inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine complexed with specific antibody: enhanced primary immune response and altered pattern of antibody class elicited.", "content": "Complexes of formalinized Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus vaccine and specific IgG formed at antigen-antibody equivalence enhanced the immune responses of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The predomonant class of antibody elicited by complexes was IgG. In contrast, lower titers of antibody and a more biphasic (IgG-IgM) response were observed after exposure of monkeys to the vaccine alone. In comparison to the response of monkeys primed with antigen, a more rapid secondary response was obtained in monkeys primed with the complexes of antigen and antibody formed at equivalence. A sustained level of protection of 88% was afforded mice 24 hr after immunization with antigen-antibody complexes; development of protection after administration of antigen required eight days to reach this level. Passive protection (80%-100%) was conferred by IgG controls for seven to eight days after immunization. This level of protection was not significantly affected by X-irradiation 24 hr prior to administration of IgG; however, protection in mice similarly irradiated prior to immunization with antigen-antibody complexes was significantly decreased. Early protection afforded by the complexes was not nonspecific (interferon) but was mediated by specific immunologic mechanisms and may be caused by an early formation of IgG.", "contents": "Inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine complexed with specific antibody: enhanced primary immune response and altered pattern of antibody class elicited. Complexes of formalinized Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus vaccine and specific IgG formed at antigen-antibody equivalence enhanced the immune responses of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The predomonant class of antibody elicited by complexes was IgG. In contrast, lower titers of antibody and a more biphasic (IgG-IgM) response were observed after exposure of monkeys to the vaccine alone. In comparison to the response of monkeys primed with antigen, a more rapid secondary response was obtained in monkeys primed with the complexes of antigen and antibody formed at equivalence. A sustained level of protection of 88% was afforded mice 24 hr after immunization with antigen-antibody complexes; development of protection after administration of antigen required eight days to reach this level. Passive protection (80%-100%) was conferred by IgG controls for seven to eight days after immunization. This level of protection was not significantly affected by X-irradiation 24 hr prior to administration of IgG; however, protection in mice similarly irradiated prior to immunization with antigen-antibody complexes was significantly decreased. Early protection afforded by the complexes was not nonspecific (interferon) but was mediated by specific immunologic mechanisms and may be caused by an early formation of IgG.", "PMID": 404363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2575", "title": "Patterns of rickettsemia and antibody response in silvered leaf monkeys (Presbytis cristatus) after inoculation with virulent and avirulent strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.", "content": "Most silvered leaf monkeys inoculated with selected strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi developed rickettsemia. The time of onset and the duration of rickettsemia were related to the infecting strains, but these parameters could not be correlated with the virulence of the strain. The rickettsemia was not terminated by the appearance of humoral antibody, as detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. The specificities of the antibody responses were related to the antigens present in the infecting strains.", "contents": "Patterns of rickettsemia and antibody response in silvered leaf monkeys (Presbytis cristatus) after inoculation with virulent and avirulent strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Most silvered leaf monkeys inoculated with selected strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi developed rickettsemia. The time of onset and the duration of rickettsemia were related to the infecting strains, but these parameters could not be correlated with the virulence of the strain. The rickettsemia was not terminated by the appearance of humoral antibody, as detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. The specificities of the antibody responses were related to the antigens present in the infecting strains.", "PMID": 404364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2576", "title": "Neisseria meningitidis infections in Northern Norway: an epidemic in 1974-1975 due mainly to group B organisms.", "content": "A severe epidemic of disease due to Neisseria meningitidis has been occurring in northern Norway since 1974. Based on bacteriological and clinical examination of cases during the 18 months between January 1, 1974 and June 30, 1975, an overall attack rate of 26.3 cases per 100,000 population per year has been calculated. The attack rates were highest in 1975 (total, 37.4 cases per 100,000 population; Troms County, 54.5) and in children younger than four years (total, 173.6; Troms County, 328.9). The epidemic shows a total case-fatality ratio of 14.1%. The highest case fatality ratio was recorded for patients older than 20 years (25.0%). Among the youngest children, cases were distinctly more frequent in males than females; in older children and adults, male patients had a clearly higher case-fatility ratio than female patients. Of the three serogroups of N. meningitidis, group B caused more cases of infection that groups A and C together. In addition, the causative meningococcal strains were almost uniformly resistant to high concentrations of sulfonamide. Both of these traits appear to have developed in northern Norway at or shortly before the time when the epidemic began.", "contents": "Neisseria meningitidis infections in Northern Norway: an epidemic in 1974-1975 due mainly to group B organisms. A severe epidemic of disease due to Neisseria meningitidis has been occurring in northern Norway since 1974. Based on bacteriological and clinical examination of cases during the 18 months between January 1, 1974 and June 30, 1975, an overall attack rate of 26.3 cases per 100,000 population per year has been calculated. The attack rates were highest in 1975 (total, 37.4 cases per 100,000 population; Troms County, 54.5) and in children younger than four years (total, 173.6; Troms County, 328.9). The epidemic shows a total case-fatality ratio of 14.1%. The highest case fatality ratio was recorded for patients older than 20 years (25.0%). Among the youngest children, cases were distinctly more frequent in males than females; in older children and adults, male patients had a clearly higher case-fatility ratio than female patients. Of the three serogroups of N. meningitidis, group B caused more cases of infection that groups A and C together. In addition, the causative meningococcal strains were almost uniformly resistant to high concentrations of sulfonamide. Both of these traits appear to have developed in northern Norway at or shortly before the time when the epidemic began.", "PMID": 404365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2577", "title": "Pseudomonas species bacteremia caused by contaminated normal human serum albumin.", "content": "In May and June 1973, 11 patients on the surgical service at the University of Maryland Hospital had bacteremia caused by Pseudomonas species. Seven of the isolates recovered from blood cultures had the same antibiogram (sensitive only to chloramphenicol and tetracycline). Ten of the 11 patients were given 25% normal serum albumin (human) shortly before the onset of symptoms. In contrast, only two of seven patients with bacteremia due to Psuedomonas aeruginosa in May and June (P =0.013) and only nine of 20 patients located in surgical special care units during these months (P =0.014) were given this product. When cultured, the albumin in one of 54 previously unopened vials from the implicated lot yielded Pseudomonas cepacia sensitive only to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid. Subsequent investigation showed that five more patients in four other hospitals had symptoms of bacteremia shortly after the infusion of different lots of albumin from the same manufacturer, and in four cases P. cepacia was cultured from the suspect albumin. Since sterility testing by manufacturers may not detect low-frequency contamination, surveillance of nosocomial infections, investigation of unusual disease clusters, and prompt reporting of suspect reactions are essential in the control of such outbreaks.", "contents": "Pseudomonas species bacteremia caused by contaminated normal human serum albumin. In May and June 1973, 11 patients on the surgical service at the University of Maryland Hospital had bacteremia caused by Pseudomonas species. Seven of the isolates recovered from blood cultures had the same antibiogram (sensitive only to chloramphenicol and tetracycline). Ten of the 11 patients were given 25% normal serum albumin (human) shortly before the onset of symptoms. In contrast, only two of seven patients with bacteremia due to Psuedomonas aeruginosa in May and June (P =0.013) and only nine of 20 patients located in surgical special care units during these months (P =0.014) were given this product. When cultured, the albumin in one of 54 previously unopened vials from the implicated lot yielded Pseudomonas cepacia sensitive only to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid. Subsequent investigation showed that five more patients in four other hospitals had symptoms of bacteremia shortly after the infusion of different lots of albumin from the same manufacturer, and in four cases P. cepacia was cultured from the suspect albumin. Since sterility testing by manufacturers may not detect low-frequency contamination, surveillance of nosocomial infections, investigation of unusual disease clusters, and prompt reporting of suspect reactions are essential in the control of such outbreaks.", "PMID": 404366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2578", "title": "Pathogenesis of canine bordetellosis.", "content": "Bordetella bronchiseptica produced tracheobronchitis when administered in aerosol to specific pathogen-free dogs. Clinical signs appeared to be directly related to numbers of bacteria in the trachea. Electron microscopic examination revealed that each bacterium was close to one or more tracheal cilia and that a fibrillar material was radiating from the bacterial cell wall. B. bronchiseptica required 14 weeks to be cleared from the tracheas of infected dogs; in contrast, other organisms commonly isolated from the respiratory tracts of dogs were cleared within one to three days. Strains of high and low in vitro passage and strains representing three different morphotypes were of equal pathogenicity. Local immunity was observed after infection and appeared to be of primary importance in recovery from the infection. Presumably this response involves prevention of bacterial attachment and reattachment to cilia.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of canine bordetellosis. Bordetella bronchiseptica produced tracheobronchitis when administered in aerosol to specific pathogen-free dogs. Clinical signs appeared to be directly related to numbers of bacteria in the trachea. Electron microscopic examination revealed that each bacterium was close to one or more tracheal cilia and that a fibrillar material was radiating from the bacterial cell wall. B. bronchiseptica required 14 weeks to be cleared from the tracheas of infected dogs; in contrast, other organisms commonly isolated from the respiratory tracts of dogs were cleared within one to three days. Strains of high and low in vitro passage and strains representing three different morphotypes were of equal pathogenicity. Local immunity was observed after infection and appeared to be of primary importance in recovery from the infection. Presumably this response involves prevention of bacterial attachment and reattachment to cilia.", "PMID": 404367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2579", "title": "Enhancement of nonspecific immunity to bacterial infection by cord factor (6,6'-trehalose dimycolate).", "content": "The capacity of mycobacteria to enhance the nonspecific resistance of mice to bacterial infections was related to the presence of cord factor. After enzymatic digestion and delipidation, cell walls lost their immunopotentiating activity, which was restored, however, by the addition of cord factor. Cord factor administered alone protected mice effectively against virulent organisms unrelated to mycobacteria. Moreover, although this glycolipid is usually injected as a solution in mineral oil, our data show its effectiveness when administered in metabolizable peanut oil or even as a suspension in water. Since cord factor is a chemically well-defined molecule (6,6'-trehalose dimycolate), this glycolipid should constitute a new and useful tool for the investigation of nonspecific immunity to infection.", "contents": "Enhancement of nonspecific immunity to bacterial infection by cord factor (6,6'-trehalose dimycolate). The capacity of mycobacteria to enhance the nonspecific resistance of mice to bacterial infections was related to the presence of cord factor. After enzymatic digestion and delipidation, cell walls lost their immunopotentiating activity, which was restored, however, by the addition of cord factor. Cord factor administered alone protected mice effectively against virulent organisms unrelated to mycobacteria. Moreover, although this glycolipid is usually injected as a solution in mineral oil, our data show its effectiveness when administered in metabolizable peanut oil or even as a suspension in water. Since cord factor is a chemically well-defined molecule (6,6'-trehalose dimycolate), this glycolipid should constitute a new and useful tool for the investigation of nonspecific immunity to infection.", "PMID": 404368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2580", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of methicillin in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The disposition of methicillin in normal subjects and in subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF) was studied after administration of single intravenous doses of 15 mg/kg. The area under the serum concentration vs. time curve for CF patients was, on the average, only 75% of that found for normal subjects. The low concentrations in serum were caused by more rapid urinary excretion of the antibiotic, with rates of renal clearance averaging 425 ml/min per 1.73 m2 in the patients with CF and 362 ml/min per 1.73 m2 in the normal subjects. No differences were found in volumes of distribution and metabolic clearance rates of methicillin or in rates of creatinine clearance between the two groups of subjects. These data support previous findings with dicloxacillin which show that patients with CF exhibit unusually rapid, active tubular secretion of certain penicillins that may necessitate use of larger doses of these drugs in treatment of infections.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of methicillin in patients with cystic fibrosis. The disposition of methicillin in normal subjects and in subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF) was studied after administration of single intravenous doses of 15 mg/kg. The area under the serum concentration vs. time curve for CF patients was, on the average, only 75% of that found for normal subjects. The low concentrations in serum were caused by more rapid urinary excretion of the antibiotic, with rates of renal clearance averaging 425 ml/min per 1.73 m2 in the patients with CF and 362 ml/min per 1.73 m2 in the normal subjects. No differences were found in volumes of distribution and metabolic clearance rates of methicillin or in rates of creatinine clearance between the two groups of subjects. These data support previous findings with dicloxacillin which show that patients with CF exhibit unusually rapid, active tubular secretion of certain penicillins that may necessitate use of larger doses of these drugs in treatment of infections.", "PMID": 404369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2581", "title": "Administration of human interferon to rabies virus-infected monkeys after exposure.", "content": "The treatment of rabies-infected cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with human interferon after exposure was studied. The monkeys were infected with rabies street virus by the intramuscular route; larger than or equal to 24 hr after infection, human interferon was administered intramuscularly or by lumbar spinal injection into the cerebrospinal fluid. Whereas 90% of the infected untreated monkeys died, 40%-80% of animals treated with interferon survived. No or only low levels of neutralizing antibody to rabies virus were found in the sera of monkeys that survived after a single intramuscular injection of human interferon. Distinctly higher antibody titers, however, were detected in the sera of surviving monkeys that had been given six consecutive intralumbar doses of interferon beginning three days after infections. Therefore, we conclude that in these monkeys rabies virus propagated until it spread into the central nervous system, where further viral replication was inhibited by the human interferon administered by the intralumbar route.", "contents": "Administration of human interferon to rabies virus-infected monkeys after exposure. The treatment of rabies-infected cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with human interferon after exposure was studied. The monkeys were infected with rabies street virus by the intramuscular route; larger than or equal to 24 hr after infection, human interferon was administered intramuscularly or by lumbar spinal injection into the cerebrospinal fluid. Whereas 90% of the infected untreated monkeys died, 40%-80% of animals treated with interferon survived. No or only low levels of neutralizing antibody to rabies virus were found in the sera of monkeys that survived after a single intramuscular injection of human interferon. Distinctly higher antibody titers, however, were detected in the sera of surviving monkeys that had been given six consecutive intralumbar doses of interferon beginning three days after infections. Therefore, we conclude that in these monkeys rabies virus propagated until it spread into the central nervous system, where further viral replication was inhibited by the human interferon administered by the intralumbar route.", "PMID": 404370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2582", "title": "Effects of a plasticizer leached from polyvinyl chloride on the subhuman primate: a consequence of chronic transfusion therapy.", "content": "The effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on hepatic function and histology were evaluated in the rhesus monkey undergoing chronic transfusion. DEHP was solubilized as a result of leaching by platelets or plasma stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blood bags. The average cumulative amount of DEHP infused in 1 year was 69.3 mg., or 21.3 mg./kg. Comparable amounts of DEHP are received by patients who undergo chronic transfusions with whole blood, packed cells, platelets, and plasma in the same time period. Four of the seven PVC-transfused monkeys had abnormal 99mTc liver-spleen scan ratios, four of the seven demonstrated abnormal BSP clearance, and six of the seven had abnormal liver histopathology upon completion of transfusion therapy. These findings persisted in a majority of the monkeys throughout the follow-up period. DEHP persisted in the tissues for up to 14 months after transfusion. The nontransfused monkeys and those transfused with platelets processed in polyethylene containers were normal.", "contents": "Effects of a plasticizer leached from polyvinyl chloride on the subhuman primate: a consequence of chronic transfusion therapy. The effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on hepatic function and histology were evaluated in the rhesus monkey undergoing chronic transfusion. DEHP was solubilized as a result of leaching by platelets or plasma stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blood bags. The average cumulative amount of DEHP infused in 1 year was 69.3 mg., or 21.3 mg./kg. Comparable amounts of DEHP are received by patients who undergo chronic transfusions with whole blood, packed cells, platelets, and plasma in the same time period. Four of the seven PVC-transfused monkeys had abnormal 99mTc liver-spleen scan ratios, four of the seven demonstrated abnormal BSP clearance, and six of the seven had abnormal liver histopathology upon completion of transfusion therapy. These findings persisted in a majority of the monkeys throughout the follow-up period. DEHP persisted in the tissues for up to 14 months after transfusion. The nontransfused monkeys and those transfused with platelets processed in polyethylene containers were normal.", "PMID": 404371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2583", "title": "Immunochemical studies on the nature of the serum component (SAA) related to secondary amyloidosis.", "content": "The relative occurrence of the amyloid-related serum protein SAA in various disease states and in healthy subjects has been compared by both solid phase radioimmunoassay ((RIA) and immunodiffusion techniques which employ antibodies to purified amyloid fibril proten AA of hemogeneous size and charge. SAA levels were elevated above normal in certain categories of neoplastic, inflammatory, and infectious diseases as well as in secondary amyloidosis. The lowest median value, 8 ng./ml., was observed for approximately 150 normal sera, with no age-related increase in subjects ranging in age from 16 to 70 years. The results are consistent with several recent observations that SAA is normal acute phase reactant, and hence the RIA for SAA has no prognostic or diagnostic significance for secondary amyloidosis. The sensitivity of RIA for the detection of SAA is lower than would be expected when AA cross-reactivity values for sera are correlated with their reaction with anti-AA antibodies in immunodiffusion. This observation, along with others reported elsewhere suggests that those determinants which cross-react with anti-AA antibodies are relatively hidden in native SAA. Myeloma sera were less reactive than other groups of pathologic sera in immunodiffusion, although they were similar to other patients' sera when analyzed by RIA. Antibodies to highly purified AA were also used to investigate the structue of SAA by a double-antibody immunoprecipitation method. Precipitated SAA  was partially dissociated during sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to a 12,500 molecular weight moiety designated, SAAL. Multiple radiolabeled species of molecular weight intermidiate to SAA and SAAL were also detected and appeared to represent imcompletely dissociated SAA. The results suggest the SAA is an aggregate of several SAAL chains.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on the nature of the serum component (SAA) related to secondary amyloidosis. The relative occurrence of the amyloid-related serum protein SAA in various disease states and in healthy subjects has been compared by both solid phase radioimmunoassay ((RIA) and immunodiffusion techniques which employ antibodies to purified amyloid fibril proten AA of hemogeneous size and charge. SAA levels were elevated above normal in certain categories of neoplastic, inflammatory, and infectious diseases as well as in secondary amyloidosis. The lowest median value, 8 ng./ml., was observed for approximately 150 normal sera, with no age-related increase in subjects ranging in age from 16 to 70 years. The results are consistent with several recent observations that SAA is normal acute phase reactant, and hence the RIA for SAA has no prognostic or diagnostic significance for secondary amyloidosis. The sensitivity of RIA for the detection of SAA is lower than would be expected when AA cross-reactivity values for sera are correlated with their reaction with anti-AA antibodies in immunodiffusion. This observation, along with others reported elsewhere suggests that those determinants which cross-react with anti-AA antibodies are relatively hidden in native SAA. Myeloma sera were less reactive than other groups of pathologic sera in immunodiffusion, although they were similar to other patients' sera when analyzed by RIA. Antibodies to highly purified AA were also used to investigate the structue of SAA by a double-antibody immunoprecipitation method. Precipitated SAA  was partially dissociated during sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to a 12,500 molecular weight moiety designated, SAAL. Multiple radiolabeled species of molecular weight intermidiate to SAA and SAAL were also detected and appeared to represent imcompletely dissociated SAA. The results suggest the SAA is an aggregate of several SAAL chains.", "PMID": 404372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2584", "title": "Preparation of type-specific anti-M streptococcal sera by ummunization with acid-hydrolyzed cells.", "content": "The present study describes a method which simplifies the preparation of type-specific anti-M streptococcal sera. The procedure is based on vaccination with acid-hydrolyzed cells. The method makes possible the preparation of antisera from M strains which are problematic by conventional vaccination and is very useful for preparing all anti-M sera. The antisera obtained by the above method are devoid or almost devoid of cross-reactive antibodies.", "contents": "Preparation of type-specific anti-M streptococcal sera by ummunization with acid-hydrolyzed cells. The present study describes a method which simplifies the preparation of type-specific anti-M streptococcal sera. The procedure is based on vaccination with acid-hydrolyzed cells. The method makes possible the preparation of antisera from M strains which are problematic by conventional vaccination and is very useful for preparing all anti-M sera. The antisera obtained by the above method are devoid or almost devoid of cross-reactive antibodies.", "PMID": 404373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2585", "title": "Properties of IgA myeloma proteins isolated rom sera of patients with the hyperviscosity syndrome.", "content": "Sera, purified myeloma proteins, and urinary proteins obtained from eight patients with igA multiple myeloma were studied by physical-chemical and immunochemical methods. In six patients whose serum viscosity was increased, the sedimentation constants of the principal component of myeloma proteins ranged from 9.1 to 10.2 S. In two patients with nearly normal serum viscosity, the sedimentation constants of these proteins were 6.2 and 7.2 S. IGA-albumin complexes were detected in most of the sera, but invarying amounts; no complexes of ig with amylase, secretory component, or alpha(1)-antitrypsin were observed. Studies on isolated myeloma proteins revealed that all igA proteisn from sera with increased viscosity represented true polymers, linked by disulfide bonds, rather than noncovalently associated aggregates; J chain was detecable by both alkaline-urea disc electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis with a monospecific anti-J chain serum. Increased serum viscosity was not related to the igA subclass, L chain type, or the carbohydrate compositions of individual igA myeloma proteins. The urine of five patients contained free light chains corresponding in type to the light chain of the particular igA myeloma protein. However, free J chain was not detected. The immunoelectrophoretic analysis for the presence of J chain in sera of myeloma patients may be used for early and simple detection of polymeric forms of myeloma proteins.", "contents": "Properties of IgA myeloma proteins isolated rom sera of patients with the hyperviscosity syndrome. Sera, purified myeloma proteins, and urinary proteins obtained from eight patients with igA multiple myeloma were studied by physical-chemical and immunochemical methods. In six patients whose serum viscosity was increased, the sedimentation constants of the principal component of myeloma proteins ranged from 9.1 to 10.2 S. In two patients with nearly normal serum viscosity, the sedimentation constants of these proteins were 6.2 and 7.2 S. IGA-albumin complexes were detected in most of the sera, but invarying amounts; no complexes of ig with amylase, secretory component, or alpha(1)-antitrypsin were observed. Studies on isolated myeloma proteins revealed that all igA proteisn from sera with increased viscosity represented true polymers, linked by disulfide bonds, rather than noncovalently associated aggregates; J chain was detecable by both alkaline-urea disc electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis with a monospecific anti-J chain serum. Increased serum viscosity was not related to the igA subclass, L chain type, or the carbohydrate compositions of individual igA myeloma proteins. The urine of five patients contained free light chains corresponding in type to the light chain of the particular igA myeloma protein. However, free J chain was not detected. The immunoelectrophoretic analysis for the presence of J chain in sera of myeloma patients may be used for early and simple detection of polymeric forms of myeloma proteins.", "PMID": 404374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2586", "title": "Treatment of acute suppurative otitis media.", "content": "The effect of myringotomy versus Penicillin therapy in the treatment of patients with acute suppurative otitis media was compared. A third group of patients treated with both myringotomy and Penicillin was included in the investigation. Ten days after institution of the treatment there were significantly more days with secretion/bulging drum in the myringotomy group than in the two other groups. At this time Penicillin therapy was started also in those patients belonging to the myringotomy group. With this reservation the occurrence of such late complications as secretory otitis media and relapses was the same, independent of treatment. No cases of mastoiditis were observed.", "contents": "Treatment of acute suppurative otitis media. The effect of myringotomy versus Penicillin therapy in the treatment of patients with acute suppurative otitis media was compared. A third group of patients treated with both myringotomy and Penicillin was included in the investigation. Ten days after institution of the treatment there were significantly more days with secretion/bulging drum in the myringotomy group than in the two other groups. At this time Penicillin therapy was started also in those patients belonging to the myringotomy group. With this reservation the occurrence of such late complications as secretory otitis media and relapses was the same, independent of treatment. No cases of mastoiditis were observed.", "PMID": 404375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2587", "title": "Thyrotrophin releasing hormone-induced growth hormone and prolactin release: physiological studies in intact rats and in hypophysectomized rats bearing an ectopic pituitary gland.", "content": "To determine how the sensitivity of the ectopic anterior pituitary gland to the GH-releasing effect of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) might be affected by the time lapse from transplantation, TRH (0-15 and 0-6 microng) was injected i.v. into hypophysectomized (hypox)-transplanted rats under urethane anaesthesia 1,3,8,15,30 and 60 days after transplantation, and plasma samples were taken 5 and 10 min later. Baseline GH values gradually decreased with time from about 16-0 ng/ml (1 day) to about 3-0 ng/ml (30 and 60 days). The TRH-induced GH release was absent 1 day after transplantation, present only with the higher TRH dose 3 and 8 days after transplantation, and clearly elicitable, also with the lower TRH dose (0-15 microng), from 15 up to 60 days. Determination of plasma prolactin concentrations showed a decline from about 85-0 ng/ml (1 day) to about 32-0 ng/ml (8 days); subsequently (15-60 days) prolactin values stabilized. Plasma prolactin levels increased 15 and 60 days after transplantation only when a dose of 0-6 microng TRH was given. In intact weight-matched rats, TRH induced a GH response only at the dose of 1-2 microng while a short-lived but clear-cut prolactin response could be obtained even with the 0-3 microng dose. The present results indicate that: (1) disconnexion between the central nervous system and the anterior pituitary gland greatly enhances GH responsiveness while blunting prolactin responsiveness to TRH; (2) the sensitivity of the anterior pituitary gland to the GH-releasing effect of TRH increases with time from transplantation; (3) TRH is a more effective prolactin- than GH-releaser on the pituitary gland in situ.", "contents": "Thyrotrophin releasing hormone-induced growth hormone and prolactin release: physiological studies in intact rats and in hypophysectomized rats bearing an ectopic pituitary gland. To determine how the sensitivity of the ectopic anterior pituitary gland to the GH-releasing effect of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) might be affected by the time lapse from transplantation, TRH (0-15 and 0-6 microng) was injected i.v. into hypophysectomized (hypox)-transplanted rats under urethane anaesthesia 1,3,8,15,30 and 60 days after transplantation, and plasma samples were taken 5 and 10 min later. Baseline GH values gradually decreased with time from about 16-0 ng/ml (1 day) to about 3-0 ng/ml (30 and 60 days). The TRH-induced GH release was absent 1 day after transplantation, present only with the higher TRH dose 3 and 8 days after transplantation, and clearly elicitable, also with the lower TRH dose (0-15 microng), from 15 up to 60 days. Determination of plasma prolactin concentrations showed a decline from about 85-0 ng/ml (1 day) to about 32-0 ng/ml (8 days); subsequently (15-60 days) prolactin values stabilized. Plasma prolactin levels increased 15 and 60 days after transplantation only when a dose of 0-6 microng TRH was given. In intact weight-matched rats, TRH induced a GH response only at the dose of 1-2 microng while a short-lived but clear-cut prolactin response could be obtained even with the 0-3 microng dose. The present results indicate that: (1) disconnexion between the central nervous system and the anterior pituitary gland greatly enhances GH responsiveness while blunting prolactin responsiveness to TRH; (2) the sensitivity of the anterior pituitary gland to the GH-releasing effect of TRH increases with time from transplantation; (3) TRH is a more effective prolactin- than GH-releaser on the pituitary gland in situ.", "PMID": 404376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2588", "title": "Light and electron microscopic studies of thyrotrophin releasing hormone-induced growth hormone and prolactin release in hypophysectomized rats bearing an ectopic pituitary gland.", "content": "A light microscopic and ultrastructural study of anterior pituitary glands transplanted under the kidney capsule of hypophysectomized rats was performed, in basal conditions and after stimulation with thyrotrophin releasing hormone, at various intervals (24 h-2 months) after transplantation. Confirming previous biochemical findings, the results suggest that with time, somatotrophs acquire sensitivity to thyrotrophin releasing hormone and respond with increased exocytosis at doses that were found ineffective in pituitary glands in situ. Thyrotrophin releasing hormone stimulation did not seem to influence the morphology of prolactin cells, which were already highly active under basal conditions at all time intervals.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic studies of thyrotrophin releasing hormone-induced growth hormone and prolactin release in hypophysectomized rats bearing an ectopic pituitary gland. A light microscopic and ultrastructural study of anterior pituitary glands transplanted under the kidney capsule of hypophysectomized rats was performed, in basal conditions and after stimulation with thyrotrophin releasing hormone, at various intervals (24 h-2 months) after transplantation. Confirming previous biochemical findings, the results suggest that with time, somatotrophs acquire sensitivity to thyrotrophin releasing hormone and respond with increased exocytosis at doses that were found ineffective in pituitary glands in situ. Thyrotrophin releasing hormone stimulation did not seem to influence the morphology of prolactin cells, which were already highly active under basal conditions at all time intervals.", "PMID": 404377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2589", "title": "Evidence for dopaminergic control of thyrotrophin secretion in the rat.", "content": "The effects of two dopamine agonists (apomorphine and bromocriptine) and a dopamine antagonist (pimozide) on cold- or thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH)-induced TSH secretion were studied in normal male rats. Apomorphine given in various doses (0-5-10 mg/kg body wt) 10 min before exposure to cold significantly depressed TSH secretion. Large doses of bromocriptine (5-10 mg/kg body wt) given 1 h before exposure to cold, also blocked this response whereas a smaller dose (2-5 mg/kg body wt) given 30 min, 1, 3 or 6 h before cold exposure or repeated doses (0-1-2-5 mg/kg body wt) for 3 days did not modify cold-induced TSH secretion. Pimozide given in various doses (-25-2-5 mg/kg body wt) 1 h before exposure to cold did not alter the cold response, but 2-5 mg/kg reversed the inhibition caused by apomorphine or bromocriptine. None of these drugs affected TRH-induced TSH secretion. These results suggest that there are no dopaminergic receptors on the pituitary thyrotrophs, but that dopamine might be an inhibitory transmitter in the brain involved in the regulation of TSH secretion in the rat.", "contents": "Evidence for dopaminergic control of thyrotrophin secretion in the rat. The effects of two dopamine agonists (apomorphine and bromocriptine) and a dopamine antagonist (pimozide) on cold- or thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH)-induced TSH secretion were studied in normal male rats. Apomorphine given in various doses (0-5-10 mg/kg body wt) 10 min before exposure to cold significantly depressed TSH secretion. Large doses of bromocriptine (5-10 mg/kg body wt) given 1 h before exposure to cold, also blocked this response whereas a smaller dose (2-5 mg/kg body wt) given 30 min, 1, 3 or 6 h before cold exposure or repeated doses (0-1-2-5 mg/kg body wt) for 3 days did not modify cold-induced TSH secretion. Pimozide given in various doses (-25-2-5 mg/kg body wt) 1 h before exposure to cold did not alter the cold response, but 2-5 mg/kg reversed the inhibition caused by apomorphine or bromocriptine. None of these drugs affected TRH-induced TSH secretion. These results suggest that there are no dopaminergic receptors on the pituitary thyrotrophs, but that dopamine might be an inhibitory transmitter in the brain involved in the regulation of TSH secretion in the rat.", "PMID": 404378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2590", "title": "Early increases in ribonucleic acid polymerase activities of dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary tumour nuclei in response to oestradiol-17beta and tamoxifen.", "content": "Studies on the mode of action of tamoxifen have shown that this compound ultimately causes regression of mammary tumours induced in female rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene, but induces preliminary effects similar to those produced by oestradiol-17beta. Following a single intravenous injection of either substance, a sequence of events was observed which included depletion of cytoplasmic receptor, a concomitant increase in nuclear receptor and a subsequent replenishment of cytoplasmic receptor. Tamoxifen and oestradiol-17beta induced a transient increase in RNA polymerase B activity, followed by increases in RNA polymerase A and, again, RNA polymerase B activity. Tamoxifen, unlike oestradiol-17beta, could not maintain replenishment of cytoplasmic receptor, the increase in RNA polymerase A activity or the secondary rise in RNA polymerase B activity. The basic anti-oestrogenic properties of tamoxifen may be implicit in its inability to maintain oestrogen stimulation, and may be linked to its retention time within the nuclei.", "contents": "Early increases in ribonucleic acid polymerase activities of dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mammary tumour nuclei in response to oestradiol-17beta and tamoxifen. Studies on the mode of action of tamoxifen have shown that this compound ultimately causes regression of mammary tumours induced in female rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene, but induces preliminary effects similar to those produced by oestradiol-17beta. Following a single intravenous injection of either substance, a sequence of events was observed which included depletion of cytoplasmic receptor, a concomitant increase in nuclear receptor and a subsequent replenishment of cytoplasmic receptor. Tamoxifen and oestradiol-17beta induced a transient increase in RNA polymerase B activity, followed by increases in RNA polymerase A and, again, RNA polymerase B activity. Tamoxifen, unlike oestradiol-17beta, could not maintain replenishment of cytoplasmic receptor, the increase in RNA polymerase A activity or the secondary rise in RNA polymerase B activity. The basic anti-oestrogenic properties of tamoxifen may be implicit in its inability to maintain oestrogen stimulation, and may be linked to its retention time within the nuclei.", "PMID": 404379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2591", "title": "The eversion and differentiation of Drosophila melanogaster leg and wing imaginal discs cultured in vitro with an optimal concentration of beta-ecdysone.", "content": "The stages of the eversion and differentiation of prothoracic leg and wing discs of Drosophila melanogaster, in Shields and Sang's medium 3, are described. The range of specific imaginal structures produced, including patterns of sensilla trichodea and sensilla campaniformia, are noted, and the relationship of these structures to those differentiated in situ is discussed.", "contents": "The eversion and differentiation of Drosophila melanogaster leg and wing imaginal discs cultured in vitro with an optimal concentration of beta-ecdysone. The stages of the eversion and differentiation of prothoracic leg and wing discs of Drosophila melanogaster, in Shields and Sang's medium 3, are described. The range of specific imaginal structures produced, including patterns of sensilla trichodea and sensilla campaniformia, are noted, and the relationship of these structures to those differentiated in situ is discussed.", "PMID": 404383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2592", "title": "Active ion transport and beta-acdysone induced differentiation of Drosophila melanogaster imaginal discs cultured in vitro.", "content": "The theory that beta-ecdysone initiates developmental changes during insect metamorphosis by causing an increase in intranuclear levels of potassium, together with a concomitant decrease in sodium levels, has been investigated by two methods. First, imaginal discs from late third instar larvae have been cultured with 0-2 microng/ml of beta-ecdysone together with inhibitors of active ion transport. Non-specific inhibitors, which may have general effects on sulphydryl groups, such as iodoacetic acid, N-ethylmaleimide ethacrinic acid and furosemide, inhibit both eversion and differentiation at concentrations of from 10(-3) M to 2 X 10(-3) M. Ouabain, the only specific inhibitor of the active transport of Na+ and K+ across membranes, had no effect on development even at a concentration of 10(-2) M. Second, a medium containing raised levels of K+, and reduced concentrations of Na+, neither initiated disc development in the absence of beta-ecdysone, nor stimulated development induced by suboptimal levels (0-02 microng/ml) of beta-ecdysone, either in the presence or absence of ouabain. These results suggest that beta-ecdysone induced morphogenesis is not dependent upon Na+ and K+ concentrations, or on the activity of an ouabain-sensitive ion pump.", "contents": "Active ion transport and beta-acdysone induced differentiation of Drosophila melanogaster imaginal discs cultured in vitro. The theory that beta-ecdysone initiates developmental changes during insect metamorphosis by causing an increase in intranuclear levels of potassium, together with a concomitant decrease in sodium levels, has been investigated by two methods. First, imaginal discs from late third instar larvae have been cultured with 0-2 microng/ml of beta-ecdysone together with inhibitors of active ion transport. Non-specific inhibitors, which may have general effects on sulphydryl groups, such as iodoacetic acid, N-ethylmaleimide ethacrinic acid and furosemide, inhibit both eversion and differentiation at concentrations of from 10(-3) M to 2 X 10(-3) M. Ouabain, the only specific inhibitor of the active transport of Na+ and K+ across membranes, had no effect on development even at a concentration of 10(-2) M. Second, a medium containing raised levels of K+, and reduced concentrations of Na+, neither initiated disc development in the absence of beta-ecdysone, nor stimulated development induced by suboptimal levels (0-02 microng/ml) of beta-ecdysone, either in the presence or absence of ouabain. These results suggest that beta-ecdysone induced morphogenesis is not dependent upon Na+ and K+ concentrations, or on the activity of an ouabain-sensitive ion pump.", "PMID": 404384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2593", "title": "Sex determination in germ line chimeras of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Of 55 flies developing from blastoderms which had received male or female pole cell transplants, 15 (7 females and 8 males) wer shown by progeny testing to be germ line chimeras. Since donor and host pole cells were genetically marked with contrasting X- or Y-linked alleles, the progeny testing scheme enabled the genotypic sex of the donor component undergoing gametogenesis to be identified as either the same as ('homosexual' chimeras) or opposite ('heterosexual' chimeras) that of the host. All seven of the female chimeras were identified as 'homosexual' chimeras carrying only chromosomally female XYX donor and XX host germ cells. Similarly, all eight males were shown to be 'homosexual' chimeras with chromosomally male XY donor and XY host germ cells. The chromosomal sex of the donor component undergoing gametogenesis was in every case the same as the phenotypic sex of the host. Since there is an equal probability of constructing either a 'homosexual' or a 'heterosexual' chimera during pole cell transplantation, the ability of pole cells to differentiate functional gametes in hosts of the opposite sex was tested 50% of the time even if sex reversal of these donor pole cells could not be demonstrated. Thus the absence of 'heterosexual' chimerism strongly supports the interpretation that the phenotypic sex of a germ cell in Drosophila is determined entirely by its own chromosome constitution, not by that of the gonadal mesoderm.", "contents": "Sex determination in germ line chimeras of Drosophila melanogaster. Of 55 flies developing from blastoderms which had received male or female pole cell transplants, 15 (7 females and 8 males) wer shown by progeny testing to be germ line chimeras. Since donor and host pole cells were genetically marked with contrasting X- or Y-linked alleles, the progeny testing scheme enabled the genotypic sex of the donor component undergoing gametogenesis to be identified as either the same as ('homosexual' chimeras) or opposite ('heterosexual' chimeras) that of the host. All seven of the female chimeras were identified as 'homosexual' chimeras carrying only chromosomally female XYX donor and XX host germ cells. Similarly, all eight males were shown to be 'homosexual' chimeras with chromosomally male XY donor and XY host germ cells. The chromosomal sex of the donor component undergoing gametogenesis was in every case the same as the phenotypic sex of the host. Since there is an equal probability of constructing either a 'homosexual' or a 'heterosexual' chimera during pole cell transplantation, the ability of pole cells to differentiate functional gametes in hosts of the opposite sex was tested 50% of the time even if sex reversal of these donor pole cells could not be demonstrated. Thus the absence of 'heterosexual' chimerism strongly supports the interpretation that the phenotypic sex of a germ cell in Drosophila is determined entirely by its own chromosome constitution, not by that of the gonadal mesoderm.", "PMID": 404385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2594", "title": "The monoclonality of human B-cell lymphomas.", "content": "Human tissues involved with lymphoma have been examined in frozen sections for immunoglobulin-bearing cells by a technique involving double-label immunofluorescence with mixed anti-kappa and anti-lambda antibodies. F (ab')2 fragments of purified antibodies were employed to avoid any binding via Fc receptors. B cell lymphomas were shown to be composed of monoclonal populations of Ig bearing cells, whereas normal or reactive lymphoid follicles contained a mosaic of Ig-bearing cells derived from multiple clones. Nodules of lymphoma were often surrounded by normal polyclonal B cell populations. We anticipates that the approach described here will be useful in the diagnosis of lymphoma, differentiating it from reactive lymphoid hyperplasia by the demostration of monoclonality. In addition, it should provide a sensitive and reliable tool for investigating the immunobiology of human lymphoma.", "contents": "The monoclonality of human B-cell lymphomas. Human tissues involved with lymphoma have been examined in frozen sections for immunoglobulin-bearing cells by a technique involving double-label immunofluorescence with mixed anti-kappa and anti-lambda antibodies. F (ab')2 fragments of purified antibodies were employed to avoid any binding via Fc receptors. B cell lymphomas were shown to be composed of monoclonal populations of Ig bearing cells, whereas normal or reactive lymphoid follicles contained a mosaic of Ig-bearing cells derived from multiple clones. Nodules of lymphoma were often surrounded by normal polyclonal B cell populations. We anticipates that the approach described here will be useful in the diagnosis of lymphoma, differentiating it from reactive lymphoid hyperplasia by the demostration of monoclonality. In addition, it should provide a sensitive and reliable tool for investigating the immunobiology of human lymphoma.", "PMID": 404386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2595", "title": "Subversion of host defense mechanisms by malignant tumors: an established tumor as a privileged site for bacterial growth.", "content": "Mice carrying any one of three murine tumors in their right hind foot pad were incapable of eliminating an inoculum of the bacterial parasite Listeria monocytogenes from the progressive tumor. In contrast, they were as capable as control mice in efficiently eliminating the organism from their contralateral tumor-free foot pad, and from their lymph nodes and livers. The results serve to show, therefore, that conditions within an established tumor are not only antagonistic to the expression of concomitant anti-tumor immunity, but that they are also antagonistic to the expression of T-cell-mediated anti-bacterial immunity. The possibility was discussed that the tumor contains factors that act pharmacologically to locally suppress the function of sensitized T cells and activated macrophages.", "contents": "Subversion of host defense mechanisms by malignant tumors: an established tumor as a privileged site for bacterial growth. Mice carrying any one of three murine tumors in their right hind foot pad were incapable of eliminating an inoculum of the bacterial parasite Listeria monocytogenes from the progressive tumor. In contrast, they were as capable as control mice in efficiently eliminating the organism from their contralateral tumor-free foot pad, and from their lymph nodes and livers. The results serve to show, therefore, that conditions within an established tumor are not only antagonistic to the expression of concomitant anti-tumor immunity, but that they are also antagonistic to the expression of T-cell-mediated anti-bacterial immunity. The possibility was discussed that the tumor contains factors that act pharmacologically to locally suppress the function of sensitized T cells and activated macrophages.", "PMID": 404387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2596", "title": "Experience of a physician-nurse practitioner team in care of patients in skilled nursing facilities.", "content": "The use of a physician-nurse practitioner team is advocated as an approach to delivering better health care to patients in skilled nursing facilities. The application of this approach in a young community with an inadequate supply of primary physicians and 596 extended care beds is discussed. Patients derive benefit from more comprehensive health care delivered with greater attention to individual needs. Staffs of skilled nursing facilities enjoy improved communication with the medical team and better compliance with legal requirements. The team physician is able to use his time more effectively and provide medical supervision for a greater number of patients by sharing responsibilities with a nurse practitioner. Paper compliance, adherence to agency regulations, quality assurance, and payment are some of the problems encountered.", "contents": "Experience of a physician-nurse practitioner team in care of patients in skilled nursing facilities. The use of a physician-nurse practitioner team is advocated as an approach to delivering better health care to patients in skilled nursing facilities. The application of this approach in a young community with an inadequate supply of primary physicians and 596 extended care beds is discussed. Patients derive benefit from more comprehensive health care delivered with greater attention to individual needs. Staffs of skilled nursing facilities enjoy improved communication with the medical team and better compliance with legal requirements. The team physician is able to use his time more effectively and provide medical supervision for a greater number of patients by sharing responsibilities with a nurse practitioner. Paper compliance, adherence to agency regulations, quality assurance, and payment are some of the problems encountered.", "PMID": 404388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2597", "title": "Accumulation and degradation of three major yolk proteins in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "In contrast to previous findings, three major yolk proteins have been identified in the oocytes and eggs of Drosophila melanogaster. They are also present as major proteins in the haemolymph of mature females and in trace amounts in the haemolymph of young females; the male haemolymph lacked all three proteins. Female fat body contained the three proteins and, surprisingly, trace amounts were also present in the male fat body. The accumulation and degradation of the three yolk proteins by oocytes and embryos was asynchronous suggesting that independent controls may exist.", "contents": "Accumulation and degradation of three major yolk proteins in Drosophila melanogaster. In contrast to previous findings, three major yolk proteins have been identified in the oocytes and eggs of Drosophila melanogaster. They are also present as major proteins in the haemolymph of mature females and in trace amounts in the haemolymph of young females; the male haemolymph lacked all three proteins. Female fat body contained the three proteins and, surprisingly, trace amounts were also present in the male fat body. The accumulation and degradation of the three yolk proteins by oocytes and embryos was asynchronous suggesting that independent controls may exist.", "PMID": 404389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2598", "title": "A simple quantitative assay for bacterial motility.", "content": "It is argued that the average motility of bacterial populations should be identified with a diffusivity parameter. A simple capillary assay for quantifying this parameter is described, and some results obtained by using this procedure are presented. It is concluded that the assay combine speed and simplicity of operation with sufficient accuracy to make it a valuable tool in the assessment of motility.", "contents": "A simple quantitative assay for bacterial motility. It is argued that the average motility of bacterial populations should be identified with a diffusivity parameter. A simple capillary assay for quantifying this parameter is described, and some results obtained by using this procedure are presented. It is concluded that the assay combine speed and simplicity of operation with sufficient accuracy to make it a valuable tool in the assessment of motility.", "PMID": 404390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2599", "title": "The isolation and characterization of lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAC1.", "content": "Mutants with defective lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) were isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PACIR (Habs serogroup 3) by selection for resistance to aeruginocin from P. aeruginosa PI6 Carbenicillin-sensitive mutants were isolated from P. aeruginosa PACI but not all had defective LPSs. Rough colonial morphology and resistance to bacteriophage II9X appeared to be independent of LPS composition. The LPSs from five mutants were analysed and compared with that of the parent strain. Separation of partially-degraded polysaccharides from LPS from PACI on Sephadex G75 yielded two different high molecular weight fractions and a phosphorylated low molecular weight fraction (L). The mutant LPSs lacked most or all of the high molecular weight fractions but retained some low molecular weight material. That from PACI and two of the mutants was separated by elution from Biogel P6 into two fractions. One, L2, was the core polysaccharide while the other, LI, contained short antigenic side-chains attached to the core like the semi-rough (SR) LPSs of the Enterobacteriaceae. The two mutants which gave the LI fraction with Habs 3 and PACI antisera as did the parent strain. The other three mutants were unreactive and their LPSs contained core components only. One appeared to have a complete core while the other two lacked rhamnose and rhammose plus glucose respectively. Thus there may be four types of LPS in PACI: one contains unsubstituted core polysaccharide and yields L2 on acid hydrolysis, another has short antigenic side-chains of the SR type and yields the LI fraction, while the two high molecular weight fractions are derived from core polysaccharides with different side-chains.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAC1. Mutants with defective lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) were isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PACIR (Habs serogroup 3) by selection for resistance to aeruginocin from P. aeruginosa PI6 Carbenicillin-sensitive mutants were isolated from P. aeruginosa PACI but not all had defective LPSs. Rough colonial morphology and resistance to bacteriophage II9X appeared to be independent of LPS composition. The LPSs from five mutants were analysed and compared with that of the parent strain. Separation of partially-degraded polysaccharides from LPS from PACI on Sephadex G75 yielded two different high molecular weight fractions and a phosphorylated low molecular weight fraction (L). The mutant LPSs lacked most or all of the high molecular weight fractions but retained some low molecular weight material. That from PACI and two of the mutants was separated by elution from Biogel P6 into two fractions. One, L2, was the core polysaccharide while the other, LI, contained short antigenic side-chains attached to the core like the semi-rough (SR) LPSs of the Enterobacteriaceae. The two mutants which gave the LI fraction with Habs 3 and PACI antisera as did the parent strain. The other three mutants were unreactive and their LPSs contained core components only. One appeared to have a complete core while the other two lacked rhamnose and rhammose plus glucose respectively. Thus there may be four types of LPS in PACI: one contains unsubstituted core polysaccharide and yields L2 on acid hydrolysis, another has short antigenic side-chains of the SR type and yields the LI fraction, while the two high molecular weight fractions are derived from core polysaccharides with different side-chains.", "PMID": 404391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2600", "title": "Biochemical characterization of infantile gastroenteritis virus (IGV).", "content": "Enzymic and biophysical studies with purified infantile gastroenteritis virus (IGV) nucleic acid indicated that the virion contained a double-stranded RNA genome of approx. 14 x 10(6) daltons which could be separated by gel electrophoresis into eight bands of RNA which were comprised of 15 RNA species. Two major virus proteins, VP2 (mol. wt. = 135,000) and VP8 (mol. wt. = 40,000), which composed about 85% of the total virion protein, were detected in IGV particles by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eight additional minor proteins were also resolved.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of infantile gastroenteritis virus (IGV). Enzymic and biophysical studies with purified infantile gastroenteritis virus (IGV) nucleic acid indicated that the virion contained a double-stranded RNA genome of approx. 14 x 10(6) daltons which could be separated by gel electrophoresis into eight bands of RNA which were comprised of 15 RNA species. Two major virus proteins, VP2 (mol. wt. = 135,000) and VP8 (mol. wt. = 40,000), which composed about 85% of the total virion protein, were detected in IGV particles by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eight additional minor proteins were also resolved.", "PMID": 404393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2601", "title": "The role of defective interfering particles in persistent infection of Vero cells by measles virus.", "content": "Persistent infections by measles virus were rapidly established in the majority of Vero cells when monolayers were infected with virus stocks that had been passed three to five times from an undiluted inoculum. These virus stocks had low infectivity titres but normal haemagglutinin titres and were able to cause interference. The ability of such virus stocks to establish persistent infections seems to be due to the presence of defective interfering particles rather than of virus mutants. Measles virus released from a persistently infected Vero cell line at the 93rd passage had properties similar to the undiluted passage virus that generated persistent infections.", "contents": "The role of defective interfering particles in persistent infection of Vero cells by measles virus. Persistent infections by measles virus were rapidly established in the majority of Vero cells when monolayers were infected with virus stocks that had been passed three to five times from an undiluted inoculum. These virus stocks had low infectivity titres but normal haemagglutinin titres and were able to cause interference. The ability of such virus stocks to establish persistent infections seems to be due to the presence of defective interfering particles rather than of virus mutants. Measles virus released from a persistently infected Vero cell line at the 93rd passage had properties similar to the undiluted passage virus that generated persistent infections.", "PMID": 404394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2602", "title": "An experimental cerebral missile injury model in primates.", "content": "An experimental model of cerebal missile injury in rhesus monkey is described. The main objective was to create a \"clean\" wound devoid of bleeding from major vessels and complications due to bone fragments. There was a correlation between the wounding energy and the physiological signs, although we underestimated the actual energy level. After the right parietooccipital to right frontal injury, there was bradycardia, changes in blood pressure, and, in high-energy wounds, a marked alternation in resperation. This suggests that the missile's energy produces direct brain-stem damage, the extent of which can be related to the wounding energy.", "contents": "An experimental cerebral missile injury model in primates. An experimental model of cerebal missile injury in rhesus monkey is described. The main objective was to create a \"clean\" wound devoid of bleeding from major vessels and complications due to bone fragments. There was a correlation between the wounding energy and the physiological signs, although we underestimated the actual energy level. After the right parietooccipital to right frontal injury, there was bradycardia, changes in blood pressure, and, in high-energy wounds, a marked alternation in resperation. This suggests that the missile's energy produces direct brain-stem damage, the extent of which can be related to the wounding energy.", "PMID": 404399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2603", "title": "Physiological consequences of experimental cerebral missile injury and use of data analysis to predict survival.", "content": "The authors describe cerebrovascular and cerebral metabolic changes in monkeys, subjected to cerebral missile injury. After injury with BB pellet at 90 m/sec, there is a rapid rise in intracranial pressure (ICP), which reaches a peak 2 to 5 minutes posttrauma, and then falls to about 20 to 30 mm Hg. This, with a fall in mean blood pressure (MBP), results in a 50% reduction in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is also reduced, although acutely there is no close relationship with (CPP). Cerebrovascular resistance falls initially and then at 30 minutes rises to very high values. Cerebral metabolic rates (CMR's) for oxygen fall after injury and remain low for the rest of the animal's life; CMR's for lactate rise immediately after injury and persists for 5 hours, then fall. After injury with a faster missile (180 m/sec), the ICP rises higher and faster, and the peak is shorter. The CCP is reduced in this injury to approximately 30 mm Hg, and only one animal survived more than 1 hour. With the conventional forms of data analysis, the length of survival after injury correlates well with MBP, ICP, and CBF, but separately they were completely unsatisfactory for prediction of an individuals prognosis. With the technique of multiple linear regression analysis, the survival of individual animals could be predicted with great accuracy. This is possible also when two postinjury parameters,CBF and MBP, are used.", "contents": "Physiological consequences of experimental cerebral missile injury and use of data analysis to predict survival. The authors describe cerebrovascular and cerebral metabolic changes in monkeys, subjected to cerebral missile injury. After injury with BB pellet at 90 m/sec, there is a rapid rise in intracranial pressure (ICP), which reaches a peak 2 to 5 minutes posttrauma, and then falls to about 20 to 30 mm Hg. This, with a fall in mean blood pressure (MBP), results in a 50% reduction in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is also reduced, although acutely there is no close relationship with (CPP). Cerebrovascular resistance falls initially and then at 30 minutes rises to very high values. Cerebral metabolic rates (CMR's) for oxygen fall after injury and remain low for the rest of the animal's life; CMR's for lactate rise immediately after injury and persists for 5 hours, then fall. After injury with a faster missile (180 m/sec), the ICP rises higher and faster, and the peak is shorter. The CCP is reduced in this injury to approximately 30 mm Hg, and only one animal survived more than 1 hour. With the conventional forms of data analysis, the length of survival after injury correlates well with MBP, ICP, and CBF, but separately they were completely unsatisfactory for prediction of an individuals prognosis. With the technique of multiple linear regression analysis, the survival of individual animals could be predicted with great accuracy. This is possible also when two postinjury parameters,CBF and MBP, are used.", "PMID": 404400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2604", "title": "Radiographic morphometry and osteopenia in spinal osteoporosis.", "content": "Measurements of bone mineral content and total-body calcium, normalized and expressed as ratios, were compared with radiographic morphometry in 45 women who had spinal osteoporosis. The radiographic indices examined included the femoral score, the femoral trabecular pattern, the biconcavity and metacarpal indices, and the total peripheral score. Both ratios and all the radiographic indices except the femoral trabecular pattern were found to be related to the number of dorsal spine fractures. The relationships observed support the following conclusions: (A) the femoral score and the metacarpal index are related to the degree of osteopenia; (B) the biconcavity index reflects the extraskeletal factors that are pathogenic in spinal osteoporosis; (C) a reduced femoral trabecular pattern index is associated with spinal osteoporosis, although this measurement is not related to the degree of osteopenia; and (D) it may be imprudent to diagnose osteoporosis from the presence of lumbar compression fractures.", "contents": "Radiographic morphometry and osteopenia in spinal osteoporosis. Measurements of bone mineral content and total-body calcium, normalized and expressed as ratios, were compared with radiographic morphometry in 45 women who had spinal osteoporosis. The radiographic indices examined included the femoral score, the femoral trabecular pattern, the biconcavity and metacarpal indices, and the total peripheral score. Both ratios and all the radiographic indices except the femoral trabecular pattern were found to be related to the number of dorsal spine fractures. The relationships observed support the following conclusions: (A) the femoral score and the metacarpal index are related to the degree of osteopenia; (B) the biconcavity index reflects the extraskeletal factors that are pathogenic in spinal osteoporosis; (C) a reduced femoral trabecular pattern index is associated with spinal osteoporosis, although this measurement is not related to the degree of osteopenia; and (D) it may be imprudent to diagnose osteoporosis from the presence of lumbar compression fractures.", "PMID": 404401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2605", "title": "Whole-body retention of radioxenon.", "content": "The total-body retention of 127Xe, and its variation with time following short, nonequilibrium periods of inhalation, were measured in vivo so as to refine dosimetry calculations. Radioactivity in the chest region and in the recirculating xenon-air mixture was measured continuously during re-breathing of the gas mixture and in the first 5 min of the immediate gas-washout period using a scintillation camera and shielded NaI detector, respectively. Subjects were then counted in a whole-body counter at varying time intervals until background levels were reached, usually in 72 hr. Five components of Xe clearance from the entire body were measured; they had biologic half-times of 21.7+/-12.4 sec, 3.05+/-1.72 min, 0.04+/-0.11 hr, and 2.71+/-0.87 hr, and a long-term component varied between 7.59 and 17.04 hr. The half-time of the last component correlated highly with the percent of total-body fat. After 10-min inhalations of the xenon-air mixture, approximately one-third of the total xenon was transferred to the body tissues, extrapolated back to the start of gas washout. Of this amount, 13% was associated with the slowest component of clearance.", "contents": "Whole-body retention of radioxenon. The total-body retention of 127Xe, and its variation with time following short, nonequilibrium periods of inhalation, were measured in vivo so as to refine dosimetry calculations. Radioactivity in the chest region and in the recirculating xenon-air mixture was measured continuously during re-breathing of the gas mixture and in the first 5 min of the immediate gas-washout period using a scintillation camera and shielded NaI detector, respectively. Subjects were then counted in a whole-body counter at varying time intervals until background levels were reached, usually in 72 hr. Five components of Xe clearance from the entire body were measured; they had biologic half-times of 21.7+/-12.4 sec, 3.05+/-1.72 min, 0.04+/-0.11 hr, and 2.71+/-0.87 hr, and a long-term component varied between 7.59 and 17.04 hr. The half-time of the last component correlated highly with the percent of total-body fat. After 10-min inhalations of the xenon-air mixture, approximately one-third of the total xenon was transferred to the body tissues, extrapolated back to the start of gas washout. Of this amount, 13% was associated with the slowest component of clearance.", "PMID": 404402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2606", "title": "Gallium-68 labeled red cells and platelets: new agents for positron tomography.", "content": "Red cells and platelets are labeled with Ga-68 by preparing the tga-68-hydroxy-quinoline (oxide) complex and mixing the complex with the separated cellular components. The complex is prepared by first breaking the Ga-68 EDTA chelate with concentrated hydrochloric acid, adsorption of the galluim on a strong anionic ion-exchange column, and elution of the gallium activity with distilled water. Oxine is added, the oxine complex extracted into chloroform, and--following evaporation and dissolution--the solution is added to either red cells or platelets that have been centrifuged from whole blood, washed, and suspended in normal saline. After 15 min of incubation , labeling efficiencies of greater than 90% and yields of 7 mCi are obtained from 18 mCi of Ga-68 EDTA eluted from the generator. After injection of the gallium-labeled red cells in dogs, excellent blood pool images were obtained by positron tomography. The distribution corresponded to that of 11CO-labeled red cells. When labeled platelets were injected into dogs with experimentally induced intimal injury of on carotid artery, the area of injury was clearly visualized 40 min after tracer injection.", "contents": "Gallium-68 labeled red cells and platelets: new agents for positron tomography. Red cells and platelets are labeled with Ga-68 by preparing the tga-68-hydroxy-quinoline (oxide) complex and mixing the complex with the separated cellular components. The complex is prepared by first breaking the Ga-68 EDTA chelate with concentrated hydrochloric acid, adsorption of the galluim on a strong anionic ion-exchange column, and elution of the gallium activity with distilled water. Oxine is added, the oxine complex extracted into chloroform, and--following evaporation and dissolution--the solution is added to either red cells or platelets that have been centrifuged from whole blood, washed, and suspended in normal saline. After 15 min of incubation , labeling efficiencies of greater than 90% and yields of 7 mCi are obtained from 18 mCi of Ga-68 EDTA eluted from the generator. After injection of the gallium-labeled red cells in dogs, excellent blood pool images were obtained by positron tomography. The distribution corresponded to that of 11CO-labeled red cells. When labeled platelets were injected into dogs with experimentally induced intimal injury of on carotid artery, the area of injury was clearly visualized 40 min after tracer injection.", "PMID": 404404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2607", "title": "Clinical evaluation of some phosphorus bone-imaging agents: concise communication.", "content": "Four different Tc-99m labeled phosphorus-based bone-imaging agents were compared by a scan-evaluation technique in which the skeletal uptake was visually assessed at selected sites. A detailed statisticalanalysis of scans, by each of three independent evaluators, on a total of 140 different patients showed that two of the agents (based on pyro- and on trimetaphosphate) were superior. The statistical analysis showed good agreement between the investigators and consistency in thier repeat evaluations.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of some phosphorus bone-imaging agents: concise communication. Four different Tc-99m labeled phosphorus-based bone-imaging agents were compared by a scan-evaluation technique in which the skeletal uptake was visually assessed at selected sites. A detailed statisticalanalysis of scans, by each of three independent evaluators, on a total of 140 different patients showed that two of the agents (based on pyro- and on trimetaphosphate) were superior. The statistical analysis showed good agreement between the investigators and consistency in thier repeat evaluations.", "PMID": 404405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2608", "title": "Effect of type of dietary fat and cholesterol on cholesterol absorption rate in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "To explore the effect of the type of dietary fat and the level of cholesterol on the rate of cholesterol absorption, 13 different male squirrel monkeys were used for 39 different tests. The plasma isotope ratio technique of Zilversmit, which involved the injection of 3H-cholesterol and gastric intubation of 14C-cholesterol, was shown to give reproducible results which compared well with those based on a method involving labeled beta-sitosterol. The percentages of ingested cholesterol that were absorbed showed considerable variation among individuals, but were relatively constant in the same animal. Safflower oil, a highly unsaturated fat, promoted a higher rate of cholesterol absorption than butter, regardless of the level of dietary cholesterol. The rate of cholesterol absorption was a constant percentage of that fed regardless of the absolute level of cholesterol in the habitual diet or the test meal (up to 218 mg or 5+ mg/kcal). Even at low levels of dietary cholesterol the percent absorption is greater in squirrel monkeys than in man.", "contents": "Effect of type of dietary fat and cholesterol on cholesterol absorption rate in squirrel monkeys. To explore the effect of the type of dietary fat and the level of cholesterol on the rate of cholesterol absorption, 13 different male squirrel monkeys were used for 39 different tests. The plasma isotope ratio technique of Zilversmit, which involved the injection of 3H-cholesterol and gastric intubation of 14C-cholesterol, was shown to give reproducible results which compared well with those based on a method involving labeled beta-sitosterol. The percentages of ingested cholesterol that were absorbed showed considerable variation among individuals, but were relatively constant in the same animal. Safflower oil, a highly unsaturated fat, promoted a higher rate of cholesterol absorption than butter, regardless of the level of dietary cholesterol. The rate of cholesterol absorption was a constant percentage of that fed regardless of the absolute level of cholesterol in the habitual diet or the test meal (up to 218 mg or 5+ mg/kcal). Even at low levels of dietary cholesterol the percent absorption is greater in squirrel monkeys than in man.", "PMID": 404406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2609", "title": "Long-term effect of low dietary calcium:phosphate ratio on the skeleton of Cebus albifrons monkeys.", "content": "Wildcaught cinnamon ringtail monkeys, Cebus albifrons, were fed diets with Ca:P ratios of 1:4 1:2.1 1:0,4, and 1:0.5 for 3 to 88 months. Monkeys fed the diet with Ca:P ratios of 1:4 and 1:21 C ratios similar to that of human diets) had minor microscopic changes suggestive of osteoporosis when compared to other species of animals. The changes were not detected by conventional or magnification radiography or by 125I photon absorptiometry. These findings are in in striking contrast to studies in other animals where similar diets resulted in significant bone resorption within 6 weeks to 6 months. This study suggests that the non-human primate may be a more appropriate animal model for the investigation of nutritional osteopenia in man in whom bone resorption appears to be a slowly progressive process. In view of our findings, studies using lower animal species must be re-evaluated with respect to the hypothesis that high dietary phosphate is a significant etiologic factor in senile osteoporosis in man.", "contents": "Long-term effect of low dietary calcium:phosphate ratio on the skeleton of Cebus albifrons monkeys. Wildcaught cinnamon ringtail monkeys, Cebus albifrons, were fed diets with Ca:P ratios of 1:4 1:2.1 1:0,4, and 1:0.5 for 3 to 88 months. Monkeys fed the diet with Ca:P ratios of 1:4 and 1:21 C ratios similar to that of human diets) had minor microscopic changes suggestive of osteoporosis when compared to other species of animals. The changes were not detected by conventional or magnification radiography or by 125I photon absorptiometry. These findings are in in striking contrast to studies in other animals where similar diets resulted in significant bone resorption within 6 weeks to 6 months. This study suggests that the non-human primate may be a more appropriate animal model for the investigation of nutritional osteopenia in man in whom bone resorption appears to be a slowly progressive process. In view of our findings, studies using lower animal species must be re-evaluated with respect to the hypothesis that high dietary phosphate is a significant etiologic factor in senile osteoporosis in man.", "PMID": 404407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2610", "title": "Genetic heterogeneity within the chondroitinsulphaturias.", "content": "The approach, identification of clinical phenotype followed by lysosomal enzyme assays in cell culture, used in the classification of the genetic mucopolysaccharidoses I-VI has been applied to the chondroitinsulphaturias. There was evidence of heterogeneity in the first 9 patients reported.", "contents": "Genetic heterogeneity within the chondroitinsulphaturias. The approach, identification of clinical phenotype followed by lysosomal enzyme assays in cell culture, used in the classification of the genetic mucopolysaccharidoses I-VI has been applied to the chondroitinsulphaturias. There was evidence of heterogeneity in the first 9 patients reported.", "PMID": 404409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2611", "title": "GM1 gangliosidosis type 1 in twins.", "content": "This report describes 7-month-old monozygotic twin female infants with GM1 gangliosidosis type I. In addition to the usual clinical and biochemical abnormalities generalized intracutaneous telangiectasis were present in both infants.", "contents": "GM1 gangliosidosis type 1 in twins. This report describes 7-month-old monozygotic twin female infants with GM1 gangliosidosis type I. In addition to the usual clinical and biochemical abnormalities generalized intracutaneous telangiectasis were present in both infants.", "PMID": 404410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2612", "title": "Heterozygote detection in angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (Anderson-Fabry disease). Studies on plasma, leucocytes, and hair follicles.", "content": "Heterozygote detection for angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (Anderson-Fabry disease, ACD), an X-linked disorder of glycosphingolipid metabolism was examined using alpha-galactosidase activity, an alpha-galactosidase/beta-galactosidase activity ratios (alpha/beta ratio) in leucocytes, plasma, and hair follicles; For leucocytes, 22 obligate heterozygotes, 25 suspected heterozygotes, and 47 control subjects were studied, while for plasma, the groups were 17 obligate heterozygotes and 35 controls. The alpha/beta ratio in plasma and leucocytes was clearly a better discriminator between obligate heterozygotes and controls than alpha-galactosidase activity alone, but still failed to detect 3 obligates with leucocytes and 2 with plasma. Discrimination was not improved by joint use of plasma and leucocyte alpha/beta ratios, but was improved by measurement of hair-follicle alpha/beta ratios. The interdecile range of log (alpha-galactosidase/beta-galactosidase activity) in 20 hair follicles from each of 4 obligate and 7 suspected heterozygotes was clearly different from 11 control subjects. Accordingly, for rapid screening for carriers of ACD, we recommend use of leucocyte or plasma alpha/beta ratios which should detect greater than 85% of heterozygotes. When results are equivocal, and ancillary information suggests heterozygous status, the more time-consuming measurement of hair-follicle alpha/beta ratios is a useful additional test.", "contents": "Heterozygote detection in angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (Anderson-Fabry disease). Studies on plasma, leucocytes, and hair follicles. Heterozygote detection for angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (Anderson-Fabry disease, ACD), an X-linked disorder of glycosphingolipid metabolism was examined using alpha-galactosidase activity, an alpha-galactosidase/beta-galactosidase activity ratios (alpha/beta ratio) in leucocytes, plasma, and hair follicles; For leucocytes, 22 obligate heterozygotes, 25 suspected heterozygotes, and 47 control subjects were studied, while for plasma, the groups were 17 obligate heterozygotes and 35 controls. The alpha/beta ratio in plasma and leucocytes was clearly a better discriminator between obligate heterozygotes and controls than alpha-galactosidase activity alone, but still failed to detect 3 obligates with leucocytes and 2 with plasma. Discrimination was not improved by joint use of plasma and leucocyte alpha/beta ratios, but was improved by measurement of hair-follicle alpha/beta ratios. The interdecile range of log (alpha-galactosidase/beta-galactosidase activity) in 20 hair follicles from each of 4 obligate and 7 suspected heterozygotes was clearly different from 11 control subjects. Accordingly, for rapid screening for carriers of ACD, we recommend use of leucocyte or plasma alpha/beta ratios which should detect greater than 85% of heterozygotes. When results are equivocal, and ancillary information suggests heterozygous status, the more time-consuming measurement of hair-follicle alpha/beta ratios is a useful additional test.", "PMID": 404411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2613", "title": "Thyroid function at birth in infants of 30 to 45 weeks' gestation.", "content": "Serum T4 was measured in cord blood of 2,683 infants of gestational ages 30 to 45 weeks and birth weights of 1,460 to 5,250 gm. In addition, serum TBG was measured in 180, and serum TSH in 125 of these infants. Mean serum T4 increased with gestational age from 9.4 microng/dl at 30 weeks to 11.7 at 45 weeks. TBG varied from 3.1 to 11.4 mg/dl but showed no correlation with gestational age. There was a positive correlation between T4 and TBG. Serum TSH levels showed a significant negative correlation with gestational age, decreasing from 15 micronU/ml at 30 weeks to 7 micronU/ml at 45 weeks, while the serum T4/TSH ratio increased from 0.6 to 1.6. The results indicate that cord, T4 varies mainly with TBG, and to a lesser extent with gestational age.", "contents": "Thyroid function at birth in infants of 30 to 45 weeks' gestation. Serum T4 was measured in cord blood of 2,683 infants of gestational ages 30 to 45 weeks and birth weights of 1,460 to 5,250 gm. In addition, serum TBG was measured in 180, and serum TSH in 125 of these infants. Mean serum T4 increased with gestational age from 9.4 microng/dl at 30 weeks to 11.7 at 45 weeks. TBG varied from 3.1 to 11.4 mg/dl but showed no correlation with gestational age. There was a positive correlation between T4 and TBG. Serum TSH levels showed a significant negative correlation with gestational age, decreasing from 15 micronU/ml at 30 weeks to 7 micronU/ml at 45 weeks, while the serum T4/TSH ratio increased from 0.6 to 1.6. The results indicate that cord, T4 varies mainly with TBG, and to a lesser extent with gestational age.", "PMID": 404412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2614", "title": "Serologic test for antibody to Sarcocystis in cattle.", "content": "Soluble antigen was prepared from Sarcocystis zoites obtained from heart muscle of a bovine inoculated with sporocysts from canine feces and killed 120 days after infection. The antigen was used in an indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test and an agar gel diffusion test to detect antibody to Sarcocystis in experimentally infected cattle. IHA serum titers began to rise 30 to 45 days after infection and reached levels up to 1:39,000 90 days after infection. Sera collected under field conditions from 21 dairy cows had IHA titers ranging from 1:54 to 1:486. Since all cows appeared in good health, titers of 1:486 or less can probably be considered nonsignificant with regard to diagnosis of clinical disease. No positive Sarcocystis IHA titers were obtained with human sera previously found to be IHA positive for toxoplasma, indicating a lack of cross reactivity between antigens. Precipitins in the agar gel diffusion test appeared 30 days postinoculation and became very pronounced at 65 to 90 days.", "contents": "Serologic test for antibody to Sarcocystis in cattle. Soluble antigen was prepared from Sarcocystis zoites obtained from heart muscle of a bovine inoculated with sporocysts from canine feces and killed 120 days after infection. The antigen was used in an indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test and an agar gel diffusion test to detect antibody to Sarcocystis in experimentally infected cattle. IHA serum titers began to rise 30 to 45 days after infection and reached levels up to 1:39,000 90 days after infection. Sera collected under field conditions from 21 dairy cows had IHA titers ranging from 1:54 to 1:486. Since all cows appeared in good health, titers of 1:486 or less can probably be considered nonsignificant with regard to diagnosis of clinical disease. No positive Sarcocystis IHA titers were obtained with human sera previously found to be IHA positive for toxoplasma, indicating a lack of cross reactivity between antigens. Precipitins in the agar gel diffusion test appeared 30 days postinoculation and became very pronounced at 65 to 90 days.", "PMID": 404415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2615", "title": "The exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium fragile in Macaca mulatta monkeys.", "content": "Exoerythrocytic (EE) schizonts of Plasmodium fragile were found in liver tissue acquired 7, 8, 9, and 10 days following inoculation of Macaca mulatta monkeys with sporozoites from Anopheles balabacensis balabacensis mosquitoes. There was little to distinguish the EE bodies of P. fragile from EE bodies of many of the other species of primate malaria.", "contents": "The exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium fragile in Macaca mulatta monkeys. Exoerythrocytic (EE) schizonts of Plasmodium fragile were found in liver tissue acquired 7, 8, 9, and 10 days following inoculation of Macaca mulatta monkeys with sporozoites from Anopheles balabacensis balabacensis mosquitoes. There was little to distinguish the EE bodies of P. fragile from EE bodies of many of the other species of primate malaria.", "PMID": 404416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2616", "title": "The reactions of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia to light.", "content": "The reactions of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia to artificial light were studied by direct observations, choice-chambers and a photographic technique, at room temperature and at 15 C. The miracidia responded positively to directed illumination, but did not aggregate in a lighted dish. Photography indicated an orthokinetic response to light intensity, but sharp changes in light intensity had no detectable effect on miracidial behavior. At the lower temperature the response to a directed light beam was almost completely inhibited and the orthokinetic response could no longer be demonstrated.", "contents": "The reactions of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia to light. The reactions of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia to artificial light were studied by direct observations, choice-chambers and a photographic technique, at room temperature and at 15 C. The miracidia responded positively to directed illumination, but did not aggregate in a lighted dish. Photography indicated an orthokinetic response to light intensity, but sharp changes in light intensity had no detectable effect on miracidial behavior. At the lower temperature the response to a directed light beam was almost completely inhibited and the orthokinetic response could no longer be demonstrated.", "PMID": 404417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2617", "title": "Distribution, dilution and elimination of polychlorinated biphenyl analogs in growing swine.", "content": "Growing swine were given 15 mg/kg po of purified polychlorinated biphenyl analogs and a commercial mixture. Backfat biopsies for 16-18 weeks exhibited two-compartment elimination kinetics when based on concentration. Total body fat was estimated from potassium-40 abundance, and the calculated total fat load indicated that most of the decline in residue concentrations was due to dilution by growth and expansion of the fat compartment. Redistribution in the fat was apparent for various analogs at different times, and tissue distribution varied significantly among analogs.", "contents": "Distribution, dilution and elimination of polychlorinated biphenyl analogs in growing swine. Growing swine were given 15 mg/kg po of purified polychlorinated biphenyl analogs and a commercial mixture. Backfat biopsies for 16-18 weeks exhibited two-compartment elimination kinetics when based on concentration. Total body fat was estimated from potassium-40 abundance, and the calculated total fat load indicated that most of the decline in residue concentrations was due to dilution by growth and expansion of the fat compartment. Redistribution in the fat was apparent for various analogs at different times, and tissue distribution varied significantly among analogs.", "PMID": 404418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2618", "title": "The effects of probenecid upon the individual components of indomethacin elimination.", "content": "The effects of probenecid upon plasma profiles for indomethacin and upon the individual components of total plasma clearance have been evaluated in dogs, monkeys and rats. These three species cover the wide spectrum of species differences with respect to the relative contribution of renal, biliary and metabolic clearances to elimination of indomethacin. In dogs, in which biliary clearance is the major component of elimination, probenecid raised incremental values for area under the plasma curve [AUC] greater than 2-fold and completely obliterated the normal portal: peripheral gradient of drug after i.v. dosage. Biliary clearance, measured directly, was inhibited 70%. In rats, in which metabolic clearance is predominant, probenecid had no significant effect upon plasma clearance. In rhesus and spider monkeys, in which renal, metabolic and biliary clearances are all significant, as in man, areas under the plasma curve for indomethacin were more than doubled by probenecid, concomitant with profound depressions of both renal and biliary clearances. If plasma levels are a valid index of pharmacological availabiltiy and amount of drug secreted in bile a correlate of intestinal irritation, probenecid increases therapeutic ratio with respect to intestinal toxicity ca. 5-fold in spider monkeys and 10-fold in rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "The effects of probenecid upon the individual components of indomethacin elimination. The effects of probenecid upon plasma profiles for indomethacin and upon the individual components of total plasma clearance have been evaluated in dogs, monkeys and rats. These three species cover the wide spectrum of species differences with respect to the relative contribution of renal, biliary and metabolic clearances to elimination of indomethacin. In dogs, in which biliary clearance is the major component of elimination, probenecid raised incremental values for area under the plasma curve [AUC] greater than 2-fold and completely obliterated the normal portal: peripheral gradient of drug after i.v. dosage. Biliary clearance, measured directly, was inhibited 70%. In rats, in which metabolic clearance is predominant, probenecid had no significant effect upon plasma clearance. In rhesus and spider monkeys, in which renal, metabolic and biliary clearances are all significant, as in man, areas under the plasma curve for indomethacin were more than doubled by probenecid, concomitant with profound depressions of both renal and biliary clearances. If plasma levels are a valid index of pharmacological availabiltiy and amount of drug secreted in bile a correlate of intestinal irritation, probenecid increases therapeutic ratio with respect to intestinal toxicity ca. 5-fold in spider monkeys and 10-fold in rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 404419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2619", "title": "[Concomitant Prinzmetal angina and coronary angina. Angiographic study in 13 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Is coronary spasm the explanation for the paroxysmal myocardial ischaemia of Prinzmetal angina? Although considered adventurous two or three years ago, this hypothesis has been supported by the publication of approximately 15 cases in which the cause and effect relationship seemed to be proven by spasm seen on coronary arteriography at the same time as a typical attack. The authors report 13 cases of this type (the first of which was published in 1972). Spasm occurred in a normal coronary system in 3 cases, whilst in 2 cases there were only non-stenotic plaques of atheroma. In 8 cases, spasm occurred at the site of or distant from a significant atheromatous lesion. In 8 cases, spasme involved the right coronary whilst in 3 cases the A.I.V. was affected and in 2, two of the three main coronary trunks. In the light of their experience, the authors stress two points: --in many cases, nitroglycerine alone is not sufficient to relieve the spasm, and only the in situ injection of papaverine had a constant effect; --it is essential to opacify both coronary systems during a typical attack in order to obtain proof of spasm.", "contents": "[Concomitant Prinzmetal angina and coronary angina. Angiographic study in 13 patients (author's transl)]. Is coronary spasm the explanation for the paroxysmal myocardial ischaemia of Prinzmetal angina? Although considered adventurous two or three years ago, this hypothesis has been supported by the publication of approximately 15 cases in which the cause and effect relationship seemed to be proven by spasm seen on coronary arteriography at the same time as a typical attack. The authors report 13 cases of this type (the first of which was published in 1972). Spasm occurred in a normal coronary system in 3 cases, whilst in 2 cases there were only non-stenotic plaques of atheroma. In 8 cases, spasm occurred at the site of or distant from a significant atheromatous lesion. In 8 cases, spasme involved the right coronary whilst in 3 cases the A.I.V. was affected and in 2, two of the three main coronary trunks. In the light of their experience, the authors stress two points: --in many cases, nitroglycerine alone is not sufficient to relieve the spasm, and only the in situ injection of papaverine had a constant effect; --it is essential to opacify both coronary systems during a typical attack in order to obtain proof of spasm.", "PMID": 404423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2620", "title": "Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of azasteroid-type compounds and related systems. Effect of hydrophilic and lipophilic groups on activity.", "content": "Pyrazole-, pyrazolone- and isoxazole-containing systems were prepared from 3,4-dihydro-6-(hexyloxy)-1(2H)-naphthalenone, 3,4-dihydro-6-(hexadecyloxy)-1(2H)-naphthalenone,3,4-dihydro-6(2-dimethylaminoethyloxy)-1-(2H)-naphthalenone, 3,4-dihydro-7-hexyloxy-1(2H)-phenanthrone, and 3,4-dihydro-7-(2-dimethylaminoethyloxy)-1(2H)-phenanthrone. A number of compounds derived from 7, 8-dihydro-5(6H)-quinolinone were also synthesized and characterized. Both hydrophilic and lipophilic groups were incorporated into certain systems as well as cidal groups. The compounds were screened for their in vitro inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Structure-acitivity relationships among the molecular systems are discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of azasteroid-type compounds and related systems. Effect of hydrophilic and lipophilic groups on activity. Pyrazole-, pyrazolone- and isoxazole-containing systems were prepared from 3,4-dihydro-6-(hexyloxy)-1(2H)-naphthalenone, 3,4-dihydro-6-(hexadecyloxy)-1(2H)-naphthalenone,3,4-dihydro-6(2-dimethylaminoethyloxy)-1-(2H)-naphthalenone, 3,4-dihydro-7-hexyloxy-1(2H)-phenanthrone, and 3,4-dihydro-7-(2-dimethylaminoethyloxy)-1(2H)-phenanthrone. A number of compounds derived from 7, 8-dihydro-5(6H)-quinolinone were also synthesized and characterized. Both hydrophilic and lipophilic groups were incorporated into certain systems as well as cidal groups. The compounds were screened for their in vitro inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Structure-acitivity relationships among the molecular systems are discussed.", "PMID": 404424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2621", "title": "Structure-activity relationships among the O-acyl derivatives of leucomycin. Correlation of minimal inhibitory concentrations with binding to Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "content": "The synthesis, antimicrobial activity, and binding to ribosomes of leucomycin and leucomycin derivatives are described. In general, the binding of the leucomycins and the leucomycin derivatives to ribosomes correlated with their antimicrobial activity. Some 2'-O-acyl derivatives apparently underwent gradual hydrolysis during antimicrobial assays, for their binding to ribosomes was poor compared to their relatively good antimicrobial activies. Correlation between antimicrobial activity and binding to ribosomes, their molecular site of action, provides some insight into the nature of the active molecular moieties.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships among the O-acyl derivatives of leucomycin. Correlation of minimal inhibitory concentrations with binding to Escherichia coli ribosomes. The synthesis, antimicrobial activity, and binding to ribosomes of leucomycin and leucomycin derivatives are described. In general, the binding of the leucomycins and the leucomycin derivatives to ribosomes correlated with their antimicrobial activity. Some 2'-O-acyl derivatives apparently underwent gradual hydrolysis during antimicrobial assays, for their binding to ribosomes was poor compared to their relatively good antimicrobial activies. Correlation between antimicrobial activity and binding to ribosomes, their molecular site of action, provides some insight into the nature of the active molecular moieties.", "PMID": 404425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2622", "title": "Picornaviruses: rapid differentiation and identification by immune electronmicroscopy and immunodiffusion.", "content": "Immune electronmicroscopy (IEM) was used to identify human picornaviruses rapidly and to differentiate enteroviruses from rhinoviruses. Human sera, diluted 10- to 50-fold beyond the neutralisation endpoints for homologous virus, readily agglutinated C-type antigens of seven human picornaviruses. Human sera did not react by IEM with a control animal picornavirus. By IEM after acid treatment, differentiation of a human enterovirus from a human rhinovirus was possible. There was an excellent correlation between the results of IEM and immunodiffusion (ID) tests for the presence of antibody to human picornavirus group antigens. By ID, only one of 21 human sera reacted with one of six animal picornaviruses. Immune electronmicroscopy appears to be a sensitive and simple techinque for the detection of picornavirus C-type antigens, and may be useful for identifying viruses belonging to groups comprising many serotypes and sharing a common group antigen.", "contents": "Picornaviruses: rapid differentiation and identification by immune electronmicroscopy and immunodiffusion. Immune electronmicroscopy (IEM) was used to identify human picornaviruses rapidly and to differentiate enteroviruses from rhinoviruses. Human sera, diluted 10- to 50-fold beyond the neutralisation endpoints for homologous virus, readily agglutinated C-type antigens of seven human picornaviruses. Human sera did not react by IEM with a control animal picornavirus. By IEM after acid treatment, differentiation of a human enterovirus from a human rhinovirus was possible. There was an excellent correlation between the results of IEM and immunodiffusion (ID) tests for the presence of antibody to human picornavirus group antigens. By ID, only one of 21 human sera reacted with one of six animal picornaviruses. Immune electronmicroscopy appears to be a sensitive and simple techinque for the detection of picornavirus C-type antigens, and may be useful for identifying viruses belonging to groups comprising many serotypes and sharing a common group antigen.", "PMID": 404426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2623", "title": "A sequential bacteriological and serological investigation of Rhesus monkeys immunised against dental caries with Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "In a serial investigation of the effects of immunisation with S. mutans in rhesus monkeys maintained on a \"human\" type of cariogenic diet, the numbers of S. mutans in cervical plaque, crevicular-fluid washings, fissures of teeth, and in saliva were lower in immunised animals than in sham-immunised controls. Immunisation also caused a delay in initial colonisation and a slowing of the rate of colonisation with S. mutans. These bacteriological changes were associated with a reduction in the smooth-surface-caries score. No relationship was found between the presence of S. sanguis and caries, but there was an inverse relationship between the proportions of S. mutans and S. sanguis isolated. Increased titres of complement-fixing, haemagglutinating and precipitating antibodies to S. mutans were found in the sera of immunised but not of control monkeys. A significant increase in salivary haemagglutinating antibodies was not detected. The results suggest that immunisation with S. mutans causes an increase in serum antibodies and a reduction in the number of S. mutans in the oral flora, and that these are associated with a reduction in dental caries.", "contents": "A sequential bacteriological and serological investigation of Rhesus monkeys immunised against dental caries with Streptococcus mutans. In a serial investigation of the effects of immunisation with S. mutans in rhesus monkeys maintained on a \"human\" type of cariogenic diet, the numbers of S. mutans in cervical plaque, crevicular-fluid washings, fissures of teeth, and in saliva were lower in immunised animals than in sham-immunised controls. Immunisation also caused a delay in initial colonisation and a slowing of the rate of colonisation with S. mutans. These bacteriological changes were associated with a reduction in the smooth-surface-caries score. No relationship was found between the presence of S. sanguis and caries, but there was an inverse relationship between the proportions of S. mutans and S. sanguis isolated. Increased titres of complement-fixing, haemagglutinating and precipitating antibodies to S. mutans were found in the sera of immunised but not of control monkeys. A significant increase in salivary haemagglutinating antibodies was not detected. The results suggest that immunisation with S. mutans causes an increase in serum antibodies and a reduction in the number of S. mutans in the oral flora, and that these are associated with a reduction in dental caries.", "PMID": 404427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2624", "title": "Water fluxes in nerve fiber.", "content": "The hydrostatic (Lp) and osmotic (LPD) filtration coefficients and the efflux rates of tritiated water were measured in the giant axon of Loligo vulgaris. The Lp was 8 to 14 X 10(-8) cm/sec/cm H2O and the LPD was two orders of magnitude smaller (3 to 6 X 10(-10) cm/sec/cm H2O). In axons whose diameter was approximately 500 micron, the time (t1/2) required for a reduction in the axonal labeled water activity to one half its initial value was 38 to 48 sec. The rate limiting structure for solute flux was made ineffective by (1) storing the axon in isosmotoc KF at 0-2 degrees C for one month to one year or by (2) fixing the axon in 2-4% glutaraldehyde for 3 to 7 hr. The criteria of ineffectiveness of the rate limiting structure for solute flux were (1) a reduction of LPD to immeasurably low values, (2) the absence of electrical properties characteristic of plasmalemma, and (3) a marked increase in the rate of efflux of Na22. In such impaired axons the Lp and the t 1/2 of tritiated water efflux were unaffected. This independence of solute and solvent flux in conjunction with the finding that the hydraulic conductivity determined by bulk osmotic and hydrostatic pressure gradients is not equivalent (i.e., LPD/LP less than 1) indicate that the rate limiting structures for solute and solvent flux are in series. Solvent fluxes appear to be surface-limited, not bulk-limited. We have been unable to resolve whether the surface structure involved in limiting solvent flux is the sheath (Schwann layer and adhering connective tissue) and/or the cortical layer of the axoplasmic gel.", "contents": "Water fluxes in nerve fiber. The hydrostatic (Lp) and osmotic (LPD) filtration coefficients and the efflux rates of tritiated water were measured in the giant axon of Loligo vulgaris. The Lp was 8 to 14 X 10(-8) cm/sec/cm H2O and the LPD was two orders of magnitude smaller (3 to 6 X 10(-10) cm/sec/cm H2O). In axons whose diameter was approximately 500 micron, the time (t1/2) required for a reduction in the axonal labeled water activity to one half its initial value was 38 to 48 sec. The rate limiting structure for solute flux was made ineffective by (1) storing the axon in isosmotoc KF at 0-2 degrees C for one month to one year or by (2) fixing the axon in 2-4% glutaraldehyde for 3 to 7 hr. The criteria of ineffectiveness of the rate limiting structure for solute flux were (1) a reduction of LPD to immeasurably low values, (2) the absence of electrical properties characteristic of plasmalemma, and (3) a marked increase in the rate of efflux of Na22. In such impaired axons the Lp and the t 1/2 of tritiated water efflux were unaffected. This independence of solute and solvent flux in conjunction with the finding that the hydraulic conductivity determined by bulk osmotic and hydrostatic pressure gradients is not equivalent (i.e., LPD/LP less than 1) indicate that the rate limiting structures for solute and solvent flux are in series. Solvent fluxes appear to be surface-limited, not bulk-limited. We have been unable to resolve whether the surface structure involved in limiting solvent flux is the sheath (Schwann layer and adhering connective tissue) and/or the cortical layer of the axoplasmic gel.", "PMID": 404428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2625", "title": "Effect of temperature on nuclear membranes and nucleo-cytoplasmic RNA-transport in Tetrahymena grown at different temperatures.", "content": "The effect of temperature on the nuclear envelope structure and the transport of total RNA and ribosomal subunits from nucleus to cytoplasm was examined in Tetrahymena cells propagated at two different temperatures. Freeze-etch electron microscopy of cells grown at 23 and 18 degrees C detects the emergence of smooth areas on the fracture faces of the nuclear membranes upon lowering the temperature below approximately 15 and approximately 12 degrees C, respectively. Coincident with these freeze-etch changes, a discontinuous decrease is observed in the nucleocytoplasmic RNA-transport; this is probably not due to a cease in RNA-synthesis. Below the thermotropic discontinuity observed in the transport of total RNA in 18 degrees-cells the nucleocytoplasmic transport of the small and large ribosomal subunits is equally retarded. Recent temperature studies on the endoplasmic reticulum membranes of Tetrahymena suggest that the freeze-etch changes in the nuclear membranes are induced by a thermotropic clustering of the membrane lipids. We conclude that this lipid clustering induces the permanent protein constituents in the nuclear envelope pore complexes to change from a relatively \"open\" into a relatively \"closed\" state thus causing the observed decrease in RNA-transport.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on nuclear membranes and nucleo-cytoplasmic RNA-transport in Tetrahymena grown at different temperatures. The effect of temperature on the nuclear envelope structure and the transport of total RNA and ribosomal subunits from nucleus to cytoplasm was examined in Tetrahymena cells propagated at two different temperatures. Freeze-etch electron microscopy of cells grown at 23 and 18 degrees C detects the emergence of smooth areas on the fracture faces of the nuclear membranes upon lowering the temperature below approximately 15 and approximately 12 degrees C, respectively. Coincident with these freeze-etch changes, a discontinuous decrease is observed in the nucleocytoplasmic RNA-transport; this is probably not due to a cease in RNA-synthesis. Below the thermotropic discontinuity observed in the transport of total RNA in 18 degrees-cells the nucleocytoplasmic transport of the small and large ribosomal subunits is equally retarded. Recent temperature studies on the endoplasmic reticulum membranes of Tetrahymena suggest that the freeze-etch changes in the nuclear membranes are induced by a thermotropic clustering of the membrane lipids. We conclude that this lipid clustering induces the permanent protein constituents in the nuclear envelope pore complexes to change from a relatively \"open\" into a relatively \"closed\" state thus causing the observed decrease in RNA-transport.", "PMID": 404429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2626", "title": "Effect of ionophore A23187 upon membrane function and ion movement in human and toad erythrocytes.", "content": "Addition of 0.1-0.3 micronM A23187, a divalent cation ionophore, to human erythrocytes suspended in a 1.0 mM 45Ca2+ -containing buffer results in a small (approximately two fold) increase in [Ca2+]i, a significant decrease in osmotic fragility, and a decrease in intracellular K+ (100 mmoles/liter of cells to 70 mmoles/liter cells) without significant alteration of intracellular [Na+]. This decrease in [K+]i is associated with a significant decrease in packed cell volume and correlates directly with the observed alteration is osmotic fragility. Increasing extracellular K+ to 125 mM prevents the A23187-induced changes in osmotic fragility, K+ content and cell volume, but does not prevent the ionophore-induced uptake of 45Ca2+. Addition of 0.1-0.3 micronM A23187 to toad erythrocytes leads to an increase in 45Ca2+ uptake comparable to that observed in human erythrocytes, but does not alter osmotic fragility, cell volume or K+ content. Higher concentrations of ionophore (3.0-10.0 micronM) cause a 30- to 50-fold increase in 45Ca2+ uptake and concomitant change in K+ content, cell volume and osmotic fragility. These changes in cell properties can be prevented by increasing extracellular [K+] to 90 mM. The difference in sensitivity of the two cell types to A23187 is attributed to the presence of additional intracellular calcium  pools within toad erythrocytes that prevent an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ until Ca2+ uptake is increased substantially at the higher concentrations of A23187.", "contents": "Effect of ionophore A23187 upon membrane function and ion movement in human and toad erythrocytes. Addition of 0.1-0.3 micronM A23187, a divalent cation ionophore, to human erythrocytes suspended in a 1.0 mM 45Ca2+ -containing buffer results in a small (approximately two fold) increase in [Ca2+]i, a significant decrease in osmotic fragility, and a decrease in intracellular K+ (100 mmoles/liter of cells to 70 mmoles/liter cells) without significant alteration of intracellular [Na+]. This decrease in [K+]i is associated with a significant decrease in packed cell volume and correlates directly with the observed alteration is osmotic fragility. Increasing extracellular K+ to 125 mM prevents the A23187-induced changes in osmotic fragility, K+ content and cell volume, but does not prevent the ionophore-induced uptake of 45Ca2+. Addition of 0.1-0.3 micronM A23187 to toad erythrocytes leads to an increase in 45Ca2+ uptake comparable to that observed in human erythrocytes, but does not alter osmotic fragility, cell volume or K+ content. Higher concentrations of ionophore (3.0-10.0 micronM) cause a 30- to 50-fold increase in 45Ca2+ uptake and concomitant change in K+ content, cell volume and osmotic fragility. These changes in cell properties can be prevented by increasing extracellular [K+] to 90 mM. The difference in sensitivity of the two cell types to A23187 is attributed to the presence of additional intracellular calcium  pools within toad erythrocytes that prevent an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ until Ca2+ uptake is increased substantially at the higher concentrations of A23187.", "PMID": 404430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2627", "title": "Effects of depot injections of retinyl palmitate on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced preneoplastic changes in rat skin.", "content": "The preneoplastic skin changes usually induced by topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) to adult rat skin did not appear when animals were treated locally with depot im injections of high doses of retinyl palmitate (RP) prior to exposure to the carcinogen. The epidermal histology after RP-DMBA treatment was similar to that seen in areas exposed to RP alone. Keratinization was inhibited but there was no cellular atypia, evidence of cell injury, or mucous metaplasia. Other features were hyperplasia with acanthosis and thickened stratum granulosum, parakeratosis, intercellular edema, and loss of hair overlying the injection site. Ultrastructurally, the epidermal cells contained conspicuously fewer tonofibrils and increased dense chromatin, when compared to control cells. Skin changes observed following treatment of littermates with DMBA alone included the appearance of giant tumor cells, dyskeratotic cells, nuclear hyperchromatism, increased nucleocytoplasmic ratio, and pleomorphic nuclei and nucleoli. oss of desmosomes, increased tonofibrils, and defects in the basement membrane with epithelial projections into the dermis were also seen. These preneoplastic changes did not regress when application with DMBA was discontinued after 6 weeks; exposure to the carcinogen for longer than 6 weeks resulted in an exacerbation of the abnormal state. RP had profound effects on rat epidermis that interfered with the effects of a potent skin carcinogen. The mechanisms underlying the phenomenon have not been defined. The use of depot injections of the vitamin which avoids both systemic toxicity and the local irritation seen with topical exposure could serve as a model in which the anticarcinogenesis properties of retinoids could be explored.", "contents": "Effects of depot injections of retinyl palmitate on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced preneoplastic changes in rat skin. The preneoplastic skin changes usually induced by topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) to adult rat skin did not appear when animals were treated locally with depot im injections of high doses of retinyl palmitate (RP) prior to exposure to the carcinogen. The epidermal histology after RP-DMBA treatment was similar to that seen in areas exposed to RP alone. Keratinization was inhibited but there was no cellular atypia, evidence of cell injury, or mucous metaplasia. Other features were hyperplasia with acanthosis and thickened stratum granulosum, parakeratosis, intercellular edema, and loss of hair overlying the injection site. Ultrastructurally, the epidermal cells contained conspicuously fewer tonofibrils and increased dense chromatin, when compared to control cells. Skin changes observed following treatment of littermates with DMBA alone included the appearance of giant tumor cells, dyskeratotic cells, nuclear hyperchromatism, increased nucleocytoplasmic ratio, and pleomorphic nuclei and nucleoli. oss of desmosomes, increased tonofibrils, and defects in the basement membrane with epithelial projections into the dermis were also seen. These preneoplastic changes did not regress when application with DMBA was discontinued after 6 weeks; exposure to the carcinogen for longer than 6 weeks resulted in an exacerbation of the abnormal state. RP had profound effects on rat epidermis that interfered with the effects of a potent skin carcinogen. The mechanisms underlying the phenomenon have not been defined. The use of depot injections of the vitamin which avoids both systemic toxicity and the local irritation seen with topical exposure could serve as a model in which the anticarcinogenesis properties of retinoids could be explored.", "PMID": 404431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2628", "title": "Autoradiographic and histopathologic studies on the mode of action of an aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) on chemically induced epithelial tumors in Swiss mice.", "content": "The mode of action of an aromatic analogue of retinoic acid, ethyl all-trans-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoate (Ro 10-9359), a compound known to possess a considerable prophylactic and therapeutic effect on skin papillomas and carcinomas, was investigated with autoradiographic and histopathologic methods. The ip application of a single dose of 1,000 mg Ro 10-9359/kg to female Swiss mice with chemically induced skin papillomas caused a 29% regression of the mean tumor diameter after 3 days and a 51% regression after 7 days. In the tumors, the number of DNA-synthesizing cells [measured by the labeling index (LI)] and the length of the cell cycle were not affected by the retinoid; thus a mode of action at the level of cell proliferation can be excluded. In the normal skin, an increase in the LI of about 30% was observed. A small effect on the cell loss was observed; however, it was not sufficient to explain quantitatively the regression of the tumors. When measured histometrically, it appeared that the loss of the horn and the formation of necroses, 3-10 times larger than in the placebo groups, were mainly responsible for the tumor regressions caused by the retinoid. After 7 days, the proportion of stroma in the tumors was increased, and dilation of the vessels and edema in the stroma proximal to the necroses were frequent.", "contents": "Autoradiographic and histopathologic studies on the mode of action of an aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) on chemically induced epithelial tumors in Swiss mice. The mode of action of an aromatic analogue of retinoic acid, ethyl all-trans-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoate (Ro 10-9359), a compound known to possess a considerable prophylactic and therapeutic effect on skin papillomas and carcinomas, was investigated with autoradiographic and histopathologic methods. The ip application of a single dose of 1,000 mg Ro 10-9359/kg to female Swiss mice with chemically induced skin papillomas caused a 29% regression of the mean tumor diameter after 3 days and a 51% regression after 7 days. In the tumors, the number of DNA-synthesizing cells [measured by the labeling index (LI)] and the length of the cell cycle were not affected by the retinoid; thus a mode of action at the level of cell proliferation can be excluded. In the normal skin, an increase in the LI of about 30% was observed. A small effect on the cell loss was observed; however, it was not sufficient to explain quantitatively the regression of the tumors. When measured histometrically, it appeared that the loss of the horn and the formation of necroses, 3-10 times larger than in the placebo groups, were mainly responsible for the tumor regressions caused by the retinoid. After 7 days, the proportion of stroma in the tumors was increased, and dilation of the vessels and edema in the stroma proximal to the necroses were frequent.", "PMID": 404432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2629", "title": "Early experience in using and 18 Me V linear accelerator for mycosis fungoides at Howard University Hospital.", "content": "This paper describes the problems and solutions in using 18 MeV linear accelerator, with minimum 6 MeV electron capability, for total skin irradiation for mycosis fungoides. The 6 MeV electron energy can be degraded to acceptable electron energy of 3.2 MeV by interposing a plexiglass sheet of 9.6 mm in the beam. To minimize the bremsstrahlung, the degrading plexiglass should be kept away from the machine head. A wide area with uniform dose distribution over single plane can be achieved by using dual fields but homogenous dose distribution over irregular body surface cannot be achieved mainly because of self-shielding. The nails and the ocular lens can be easily shielded from the low energy electrons with 1.5 mm lead shield.", "contents": "Early experience in using and 18 Me V linear accelerator for mycosis fungoides at Howard University Hospital. This paper describes the problems and solutions in using 18 MeV linear accelerator, with minimum 6 MeV electron capability, for total skin irradiation for mycosis fungoides. The 6 MeV electron energy can be degraded to acceptable electron energy of 3.2 MeV by interposing a plexiglass sheet of 9.6 mm in the beam. To minimize the bremsstrahlung, the degrading plexiglass should be kept away from the machine head. A wide area with uniform dose distribution over single plane can be achieved by using dual fields but homogenous dose distribution over irregular body surface cannot be achieved mainly because of self-shielding. The nails and the ocular lens can be easily shielded from the low energy electrons with 1.5 mm lead shield.", "PMID": 404433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2630", "title": "Stable and short-lived isotopes in the study of tissue distribution.", "content": "Two relatively novel techniques that are utilized in the study of tissue distribution of drugs are discussed. The first technique, GC-MS fragmentography, provides an opportunity for the identification and quantification of several compounds and internal standards, in the same analysis, at picogram to nanogram amounts. The second technique utilizes short-lived radioisotopes and external scintigraphy. This approach can continuously monitor the tissue and organ distribution of an appropriately labeled compound. It produces quantifiable results and provides an opportunity for doing several experiments on the same animal in a noninvasive manner.", "contents": "Stable and short-lived isotopes in the study of tissue distribution. Two relatively novel techniques that are utilized in the study of tissue distribution of drugs are discussed. The first technique, GC-MS fragmentography, provides an opportunity for the identification and quantification of several compounds and internal standards, in the same analysis, at picogram to nanogram amounts. The second technique utilizes short-lived radioisotopes and external scintigraphy. This approach can continuously monitor the tissue and organ distribution of an appropriately labeled compound. It produces quantifiable results and provides an opportunity for doing several experiments on the same animal in a noninvasive manner.", "PMID": 404434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2631", "title": "Experimental feeding of DDE and PCB to female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus).", "content": "Twenty-two female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) were collected in a house attic in Montgomery County, Maryland. Seventeen were fed mealworms (Tenebrio molitor larvae) that contained 166 ppm DDE; the other five were fed uncontaminated mealworms. After 54 days of feeding, six dosed bats were frozen and the remaining 16 were starved to death. In a second experiment, 21 female big brown bats were collected in a house attic in Prince Georges County, Maryland. Sixteen were fed mealworms that contained 9.4 ppm Aroclor 1254 (PCB). After 37 days, two bats had died, four dosed bats were frozen, ant the remaining 15 were starved to death. Starvation caused mobilization of stored residues. After the feeding periods, average weights of all four groups (DDE-dosed, DDE control, PCB-dosed, PCB control) had increased. However, weights of DDE-dosed bats had increased significantly more than those of their contols, whereas weights of PCB-dosed bats had increased significantly less than those of their controls. During starvation, PCB-dosed bats lost weight significantly more slowly than controls. Because PCB levels in dosed bats resembled levels found in some free-living big brown bats, PCBs may be slowing metabolic rates of some free-living bats. It is not known how various common organochlorine residues may affect metabolism in hibernating bats. DDE and PCB increased in brains of starving bats as carcass fat was metabolized. Because the tremors and/or convulsions characteristic of neurotoxicity were not observed, we think even the maximum brain levels attained (132 ppm DDE, 20 ppm PCB) were sublethal. However, extrapolation of our DDE data predicted lethal brain levels when fat reserves declined sufficiently. PCB-dosed bats were probably in no danger of neurotoxic poisoning. However, PCB can kill by a nonneurotoxic mode, and this could explain the deaths of two bats on PCB dosage.", "contents": "Experimental feeding of DDE and PCB to female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). Twenty-two female big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) were collected in a house attic in Montgomery County, Maryland. Seventeen were fed mealworms (Tenebrio molitor larvae) that contained 166 ppm DDE; the other five were fed uncontaminated mealworms. After 54 days of feeding, six dosed bats were frozen and the remaining 16 were starved to death. In a second experiment, 21 female big brown bats were collected in a house attic in Prince Georges County, Maryland. Sixteen were fed mealworms that contained 9.4 ppm Aroclor 1254 (PCB). After 37 days, two bats had died, four dosed bats were frozen, ant the remaining 15 were starved to death. Starvation caused mobilization of stored residues. After the feeding periods, average weights of all four groups (DDE-dosed, DDE control, PCB-dosed, PCB control) had increased. However, weights of DDE-dosed bats had increased significantly more than those of their contols, whereas weights of PCB-dosed bats had increased significantly less than those of their controls. During starvation, PCB-dosed bats lost weight significantly more slowly than controls. Because PCB levels in dosed bats resembled levels found in some free-living big brown bats, PCBs may be slowing metabolic rates of some free-living bats. It is not known how various common organochlorine residues may affect metabolism in hibernating bats. DDE and PCB increased in brains of starving bats as carcass fat was metabolized. Because the tremors and/or convulsions characteristic of neurotoxicity were not observed, we think even the maximum brain levels attained (132 ppm DDE, 20 ppm PCB) were sublethal. However, extrapolation of our DDE data predicted lethal brain levels when fat reserves declined sufficiently. PCB-dosed bats were probably in no danger of neurotoxic poisoning. However, PCB can kill by a nonneurotoxic mode, and this could explain the deaths of two bats on PCB dosage.", "PMID": 404435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2632", "title": "Non-invasive localization of urinary tract infection.", "content": "New methods to localize the source of bacteriuria were evaluated in monkeys with experimental urinary tract infection. A high level of diagnostic accuracy was obtained with the combined study of antibody-coated urinary bacteria by immunofluorescence, 131I hippuran scintiphotos in the hydropenic state and 67gallium citrate scintiphotos. Unique patterns were found, which differentiate cystitis, ureteritis, pyelonephritis and renal or perinephric abscesses.", "contents": "Non-invasive localization of urinary tract infection. New methods to localize the source of bacteriuria were evaluated in monkeys with experimental urinary tract infection. A high level of diagnostic accuracy was obtained with the combined study of antibody-coated urinary bacteria by immunofluorescence, 131I hippuran scintiphotos in the hydropenic state and 67gallium citrate scintiphotos. Unique patterns were found, which differentiate cystitis, ureteritis, pyelonephritis and renal or perinephric abscesses.", "PMID": 404436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2633", "title": "Relationship between multicentric reticulohistiocytosis and tuberculosis.", "content": "Some cases presently classified as multicentric reticulohistiocytosis may represent unusual manifestations of tuberculosis. Antituberculous chemotherapy may be justified in patients who have clinical and histopathologic evidence of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis in association with a positive tuberculin skin test.", "contents": "Relationship between multicentric reticulohistiocytosis and tuberculosis. Some cases presently classified as multicentric reticulohistiocytosis may represent unusual manifestations of tuberculosis. Antituberculous chemotherapy may be justified in patients who have clinical and histopathologic evidence of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis in association with a positive tuberculin skin test.", "PMID": 404438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2634", "title": "[Laboratory studies on antibiotic chemotherapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Majority of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were inhibited at 25 approximately 50 microng/ml of carbenicillin. There was no difference in MIC'S determined using either MUELLER-HINTON agar or Heart Infusion agar. All strains which showed one plus or more sensitivity in either of mono- or tri-disc test showed MIC of 100 microng/ml or less. In view of the high serum concentrations obtainable with 20 approximately 30 g per day dose of carbenicillin, the disc sensitivity test for this antibiotic should reasonably be interpreted as sensitive when it is one plus or more. The combination of carbenicillin with gentamicin or dibekacin showed marked synergism in vitro against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "contents": "[Laboratory studies on antibiotic chemotherapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections (author's transl)]. Majority of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were inhibited at 25 approximately 50 microng/ml of carbenicillin. There was no difference in MIC'S determined using either MUELLER-HINTON agar or Heart Infusion agar. All strains which showed one plus or more sensitivity in either of mono- or tri-disc test showed MIC of 100 microng/ml or less. In view of the high serum concentrations obtainable with 20 approximately 30 g per day dose of carbenicillin, the disc sensitivity test for this antibiotic should reasonably be interpreted as sensitive when it is one plus or more. The combination of carbenicillin with gentamicin or dibekacin showed marked synergism in vitro against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "PMID": 404446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2635", "title": "Serotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens.", "content": "Serotyping of 168 clinical isolates by the slide agglutination test using TIBS (Toshiba Institute of Biological Science) serotyping sera, which were prepared from Homma's serotype strains at the request of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serotype Committee in Japan, was performed and the results were compared with serotyping using IMSUT (Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo) serotyping sera by the tube agglutination test. When heat-killed antigen from clinical isolates were used, both sets of serotyping sera showed similar results and the slide agglutination test using TIBS serotyping sera could be substituted for the tube agglutination test using IMSUT sera. It was also discovered that serotyping by the slide agglutination test with TIBS serotyping sera could be carried out using live bacteria. However, in serotyping with live bacteria, there is some difficulty in observing the agglutination time. To solve this problem, we propose that positive agglutination should be determined within 60 sec. The authors also performed serotyping of the clinical isolates using Difco serotyping sera prepared by the Difco Company based on Liu's serotyping system, and the results were compared with those obtained with serotyping sera prepared with Homma's serotype strains. The results indicated that in serotyping of clinical isolates using Difco serotyping sera more cross reaction occurred than in serotyping with sera obtained from Homma's serotype strains.", "contents": "Serotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens. Serotyping of 168 clinical isolates by the slide agglutination test using TIBS (Toshiba Institute of Biological Science) serotyping sera, which were prepared from Homma's serotype strains at the request of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serotype Committee in Japan, was performed and the results were compared with serotyping using IMSUT (Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo) serotyping sera by the tube agglutination test. When heat-killed antigen from clinical isolates were used, both sets of serotyping sera showed similar results and the slide agglutination test using TIBS serotyping sera could be substituted for the tube agglutination test using IMSUT sera. It was also discovered that serotyping by the slide agglutination test with TIBS serotyping sera could be carried out using live bacteria. However, in serotyping with live bacteria, there is some difficulty in observing the agglutination time. To solve this problem, we propose that positive agglutination should be determined within 60 sec. The authors also performed serotyping of the clinical isolates using Difco serotyping sera prepared by the Difco Company based on Liu's serotyping system, and the results were compared with those obtained with serotyping sera prepared with Homma's serotype strains. The results indicated that in serotyping of clinical isolates using Difco serotyping sera more cross reaction occurred than in serotyping with sera obtained from Homma's serotype strains.", "PMID": 404450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2636", "title": "The enhancement of phagocytosis and intra-cellular killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its common antigen (OEP) coated latex particles by mouse spleen macrophages to which anti-OEP-IgG and gentamicin have been added.", "content": "This experiment was performed using macrophages derived from mouse spleens immunized or non-immunized with the common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The phagocytosis of these macrophages of live or formalin killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa and latex particles coated with OEP were enhanced by the addition of anti-OEP-IgG, but not by immunoglobulin taken from normal mice. The macrophages from mice immunized with OEP showed significantly enhanced phagocytosis of latex particles coated with OEP, but not of live or killed bacteria. The effects of anti-OEP-IgG and gentamicin on phagocytosis and intracellular killing were compared in cases where only anti-OEP-IgG or only getamicin were used as well as in cases where the two were combined. It was found that the two combined was far more effective on phagocytosis and intracellular killing. Furthermore, there was little or no difference in the results depending on whether macrophages from mice immunized or non-immunized with OEP were used.", "contents": "The enhancement of phagocytosis and intra-cellular killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its common antigen (OEP) coated latex particles by mouse spleen macrophages to which anti-OEP-IgG and gentamicin have been added. This experiment was performed using macrophages derived from mouse spleens immunized or non-immunized with the common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The phagocytosis of these macrophages of live or formalin killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa and latex particles coated with OEP were enhanced by the addition of anti-OEP-IgG, but not by immunoglobulin taken from normal mice. The macrophages from mice immunized with OEP showed significantly enhanced phagocytosis of latex particles coated with OEP, but not of live or killed bacteria. The effects of anti-OEP-IgG and gentamicin on phagocytosis and intracellular killing were compared in cases where only anti-OEP-IgG or only getamicin were used as well as in cases where the two were combined. It was found that the two combined was far more effective on phagocytosis and intracellular killing. Furthermore, there was little or no difference in the results depending on whether macrophages from mice immunized or non-immunized with OEP were used.", "PMID": 404451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2637", "title": "The effect of amino acids, carbohydrate and fat emulsion on the metabolism in gastrectomized patients.", "content": "Nitrogen balance and other metabolic activity can be maintained by adequate calorie and protein supply during immediate postgastrectomy period. Despite high intake of protein, great loss of nitrogen seems to occur in urine during infusion with polyalcohol sugars as compared with natural sugars, e.g., glucose, fructose and maltose. The best utilization of amino acids resulting in positive nitrogen balance and energy utilization were shown to be achieved by combined use of Intralipid, glucose, maltose and essential as well as non-essential amino acids in the clinical and laboratory studies.", "contents": "The effect of amino acids, carbohydrate and fat emulsion on the metabolism in gastrectomized patients. Nitrogen balance and other metabolic activity can be maintained by adequate calorie and protein supply during immediate postgastrectomy period. Despite high intake of protein, great loss of nitrogen seems to occur in urine during infusion with polyalcohol sugars as compared with natural sugars, e.g., glucose, fructose and maltose. The best utilization of amino acids resulting in positive nitrogen balance and energy utilization were shown to be achieved by combined use of Intralipid, glucose, maltose and essential as well as non-essential amino acids in the clinical and laboratory studies.", "PMID": 404454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2638", "title": "[Study of the pulmonary vessel reaction to administration of carbon dioxide and nitroglycerin in congenital heart defects complicated by high pulmonary hypertension].", "content": "The results of functional pharmacological tests with nitroglycerine and carbon dioxide gas are presented for patients with congenital heart diseases and pulmonary hypertension, as shown during right heart catheterization. It was established that nitroglycerine, taken sublingually, does not produce any direct effect on the pulmonary artery pressure, and the delayed changes in haemodynamics are a consequence of the altered regimen of pressure in the general circulation. When carbon dioxide gas was administered into the pulmonary artery, it proved to produce a direct effect upon the receptors of the pulmonary arterial bed. However, along with the hypotensive effect, in some cases the carbon dioxide gas increases the pressure in the pulmonary artery due to the embologenic effect of the gas bubbles. Both agents affect the arterial pressure irrespective of the patient's age, the nature of the heart disease, and the degree of pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "[Study of the pulmonary vessel reaction to administration of carbon dioxide and nitroglycerin in congenital heart defects complicated by high pulmonary hypertension]. The results of functional pharmacological tests with nitroglycerine and carbon dioxide gas are presented for patients with congenital heart diseases and pulmonary hypertension, as shown during right heart catheterization. It was established that nitroglycerine, taken sublingually, does not produce any direct effect on the pulmonary artery pressure, and the delayed changes in haemodynamics are a consequence of the altered regimen of pressure in the general circulation. When carbon dioxide gas was administered into the pulmonary artery, it proved to produce a direct effect upon the receptors of the pulmonary arterial bed. However, along with the hypotensive effect, in some cases the carbon dioxide gas increases the pressure in the pulmonary artery due to the embologenic effect of the gas bubbles. Both agents affect the arterial pressure irrespective of the patient's age, the nature of the heart disease, and the degree of pulmonary hypertension.", "PMID": 404459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2639", "title": "[Changes in the thyroid hormone system with combined anticonvulsion treatment of epileptic children and adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "Anticovulsant combined treatment produces statistically significant reduction of total thyroxine, free thyroxine and protein-bound iodine. Total cholesterin is significantly raised on average of the total. Basal concentration of thyreotropic hormone is slightly lowered. The extent of changes is rather greater than with Valproat-, Diphenylhydantoin- and primidon permanent treatment; it corresponds with that seen in long term Carbamazepin treatment. No definite combinations of anticonvulsants could be found which would act in a particularly unfavorable fashion on the thyroid hormone system. In double combinations the changes in serum concentrations were the same as in triple combinations. The action of combined treatment in permanent treatment with single drugs is thought to be due to a removal of T4 from the transport protein link and induction of liver enzyme, which produces rapid conversion and metabolizing of T4. A hypothalamic action of combined antoconvulsants is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the thyroid hormone system with combined anticonvulsion treatment of epileptic children and adolescents (author's transl)]. Anticovulsant combined treatment produces statistically significant reduction of total thyroxine, free thyroxine and protein-bound iodine. Total cholesterin is significantly raised on average of the total. Basal concentration of thyreotropic hormone is slightly lowered. The extent of changes is rather greater than with Valproat-, Diphenylhydantoin- and primidon permanent treatment; it corresponds with that seen in long term Carbamazepin treatment. No definite combinations of anticonvulsants could be found which would act in a particularly unfavorable fashion on the thyroid hormone system. In double combinations the changes in serum concentrations were the same as in triple combinations. The action of combined treatment in permanent treatment with single drugs is thought to be due to a removal of T4 from the transport protein link and induction of liver enzyme, which produces rapid conversion and metabolizing of T4. A hypothalamic action of combined antoconvulsants is discussed.", "PMID": 404461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2640", "title": "Sex hormones correlated with sex skin swelling and rectal temperature during the menstrual cycle of the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina).", "content": "Daily measurement of serum luteinizing hormone, estradiol-17beta, and progesterone were made during the menstrual cycle in nine pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina). All data were normalized to the day of the luteinizing hormone peak. Serum estradiol-17beta increased from approximately 100 pg/ml during the early follicular phase to 442 +/- 156 pg/ml during the maximum midcycle concomitant with the luteinizing hormone peak, and a small increase in serum estradiol-17beta was observed during the luteal phase coincident with the progesterone peak. Serum progesterone values increased slightly at the time of the luteinizing hormone peak and increased from 0.2-0.3 ng/ml during the midfollicular phase to peak levels of 8.3 +/- 1.75 ng/ml 9 days after the luteinizing hormone surge. Serum luteinizing hormone remained low and relatively constant throughout the early and midcycle, then sharply increased approximately four-fold to peak values of 6.25 +/- 0.9 ng/ml. Sex skin swelling increased slowly during the follicular phase and declined slowly throughout the early luteal phase. Rectal temperature did not change significantly throughout the menstrual cycle. The similarity of plasma sex hormone changes during the menstrual cycle between women and the pigtail macaque suggested that this nonhuman primate should be a useful animal model for studying human reproduction.", "contents": "Sex hormones correlated with sex skin swelling and rectal temperature during the menstrual cycle of the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Daily measurement of serum luteinizing hormone, estradiol-17beta, and progesterone were made during the menstrual cycle in nine pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina). All data were normalized to the day of the luteinizing hormone peak. Serum estradiol-17beta increased from approximately 100 pg/ml during the early follicular phase to 442 +/- 156 pg/ml during the maximum midcycle concomitant with the luteinizing hormone peak, and a small increase in serum estradiol-17beta was observed during the luteal phase coincident with the progesterone peak. Serum progesterone values increased slightly at the time of the luteinizing hormone peak and increased from 0.2-0.3 ng/ml during the midfollicular phase to peak levels of 8.3 +/- 1.75 ng/ml 9 days after the luteinizing hormone surge. Serum luteinizing hormone remained low and relatively constant throughout the early and midcycle, then sharply increased approximately four-fold to peak values of 6.25 +/- 0.9 ng/ml. Sex skin swelling increased slowly during the follicular phase and declined slowly throughout the early luteal phase. Rectal temperature did not change significantly throughout the menstrual cycle. The similarity of plasma sex hormone changes during the menstrual cycle between women and the pigtail macaque suggested that this nonhuman primate should be a useful animal model for studying human reproduction.", "PMID": 404463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2641", "title": "A head enclosure for exposing monkeys to selected gas mixtures.", "content": "An acrylic head enclosure, permitting rapid exchanges of atmospheric gases, was developed for investigations of physiologic and performance responses of small nonhuman primates to graded hypoxic hypoxia and hypercapnia. The total system included a neck yoke plate which served both as a physical barrier to arm and hand movements in the head area and as a base on which to rest the head enclosure. The transparent, airtight, head enclosure permitted rapid exchanges of controlled gas mixtures and the execution of performance tasks in an apparently comfortable experimental environment.", "contents": "A head enclosure for exposing monkeys to selected gas mixtures. An acrylic head enclosure, permitting rapid exchanges of atmospheric gases, was developed for investigations of physiologic and performance responses of small nonhuman primates to graded hypoxic hypoxia and hypercapnia. The total system included a neck yoke plate which served both as a physical barrier to arm and hand movements in the head area and as a base on which to rest the head enclosure. The transparent, airtight, head enclosure permitted rapid exchanges of controlled gas mixtures and the execution of performance tasks in an apparently comfortable experimental environment.", "PMID": 404464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2642", "title": "Changes in hemodynamic parameters, inotropic state, and myocardial oxygen consumption owing to intravenous application of nitroglycerin.", "content": "Changes in hemodynamics, inotropic state, and myocardial oxygen consumptom were investigated in a total of 70 patients with coronary disease after intravenous application of nitroglycerin (0.4 mg., 0.2 mg., and 2 mg. per hour). The results demonstrate that nitroglycerin enlarges therapeutic possibilities during and immediately after operations in patients with limited coronary reserve. The decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption, dependent on dose, ranged between 15.8 and 22.9 per cent.", "contents": "Changes in hemodynamic parameters, inotropic state, and myocardial oxygen consumption owing to intravenous application of nitroglycerin. Changes in hemodynamics, inotropic state, and myocardial oxygen consumptom were investigated in a total of 70 patients with coronary disease after intravenous application of nitroglycerin (0.4 mg., 0.2 mg., and 2 mg. per hour). The results demonstrate that nitroglycerin enlarges therapeutic possibilities during and immediately after operations in patients with limited coronary reserve. The decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption, dependent on dose, ranged between 15.8 and 22.9 per cent.", "PMID": 404479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2643", "title": "Mobile health services: a study in cost-effectiveness.", "content": "The techniques of cost-effectiveness are employed to simplify resource allocation decisions concerned with the use of land and air transport systems in the health services of a developing country. Outcome classifications are produced for patients seen by mobile and fixed primary care units. The mobile services examined were far more costly (8 to 14 times greater) per likely-effective-patient-contact than comparable care delivered from permanently staffed fixed clinics. This was particularly so for the air-delivered service. The disparity in cost-effectiveness was due mainly to the small proportion of patients seen by the mobile services who could be treated effectively in contrast to a far larger proportion at fixed clinics. This was a consequence of the periodic availability of care from the mobile services as against the continuing provision of care at fixed clinics. The main justification for the use of mechanical transport in connection with primary health care is regular supportive (not policing) visits by skilled health workers to rural clinics. Land vehicles are cheaper than aircraft for visiting the more accessible facilities; for the more distant clinics, the cost of journeys by land vehicle are similar to those by aircraft.", "contents": "Mobile health services: a study in cost-effectiveness. The techniques of cost-effectiveness are employed to simplify resource allocation decisions concerned with the use of land and air transport systems in the health services of a developing country. Outcome classifications are produced for patients seen by mobile and fixed primary care units. The mobile services examined were far more costly (8 to 14 times greater) per likely-effective-patient-contact than comparable care delivered from permanently staffed fixed clinics. This was particularly so for the air-delivered service. The disparity in cost-effectiveness was due mainly to the small proportion of patients seen by the mobile services who could be treated effectively in contrast to a far larger proportion at fixed clinics. This was a consequence of the periodic availability of care from the mobile services as against the continuing provision of care at fixed clinics. The main justification for the use of mechanical transport in connection with primary health care is regular supportive (not policing) visits by skilled health workers to rural clinics. Land vehicles are cheaper than aircraft for visiting the more accessible facilities; for the more distant clinics, the cost of journeys by land vehicle are similar to those by aircraft.", "PMID": 404480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2644", "title": "Bone remodeling and calcium metabolism: a correlated histomorphometric, calcium kinetic, and biochemical study in patients with osteoporosis and Paget's Disease.", "content": "The extent to which histomorphometric analysis of bone biopsies correlates with Ca kinetic and biochemical parameters to reflect true bone formation and resorption in adult man remains an unsolved issue. Two groups of patients with either low (osteoporosis), (n = 15) or high (Paget's disease, n = 6) bone turnover were studied before and after sodium fluoride (NaF) and diphosphonate (EHDP) treatment, respectively. Histomorphometry of iliac crest biopsies permitted precise quantitation of the osteoblast layers (SVab), osteoid seams (SVos), the number of osteoclasts (NAocl) and the Howship's lacunae (SVhl). These determinations were correlated with serum alkaline phosphatase (aPh), urinary hydroxyproline (HyPro), Ca accretion rate (Vo+), and Ca mobilization rate (Vo-). In both patient groups bone formation indices were significantly correlated: SVob/Vo+, r = 0.85; SVos/Vo+, r = 0.83; and aPh/Vo+, r = 0.97. Provided that bone matrix formation and mineralization progess at the same rate, bone formation may be assessed by measuring either aPh, Vo+, SVob, or SVos. From these correlations it is not possible to draw any conclusions regarding the absolute \"true\" value of bone formation, be it in terms of Ca kinetics, alkaline phosphatase, or histomorphometry. However, since Vo+ retains its proportionality to all the other bone formation parameters tested, the so-called \"slow exchange,\" which refers to pure physicochemical Ca exchange processes in the bone mineral, does not perturb Vo+ in an unsystematic way. Vo+ as well as aPh and histomorphometric indices are thus reliable, though not absolute indices of bone formation. Bone resorption indices correlated less well than bone formation indices: NAocl/Vo-, r = 0.68 and SVhl/Vo-, r = 0.63 with both groups. In the osteoporotic group, a negative correlation existed between the empty Howship's lacunae SVhe and Vo+, r = -0.62. Consequently, the overall extent of Howship's lacunae SVhl is influenced both by bone resorption and bone formation. On the other hand, the best correlation of HyPro was with the sum of Vo+ and Vo-, r = 0.97, confirming that HyPro is a sensitive index for the change of bone turnover.", "contents": "Bone remodeling and calcium metabolism: a correlated histomorphometric, calcium kinetic, and biochemical study in patients with osteoporosis and Paget's Disease. The extent to which histomorphometric analysis of bone biopsies correlates with Ca kinetic and biochemical parameters to reflect true bone formation and resorption in adult man remains an unsolved issue. Two groups of patients with either low (osteoporosis), (n = 15) or high (Paget's disease, n = 6) bone turnover were studied before and after sodium fluoride (NaF) and diphosphonate (EHDP) treatment, respectively. Histomorphometry of iliac crest biopsies permitted precise quantitation of the osteoblast layers (SVab), osteoid seams (SVos), the number of osteoclasts (NAocl) and the Howship's lacunae (SVhl). These determinations were correlated with serum alkaline phosphatase (aPh), urinary hydroxyproline (HyPro), Ca accretion rate (Vo+), and Ca mobilization rate (Vo-). In both patient groups bone formation indices were significantly correlated: SVob/Vo+, r = 0.85; SVos/Vo+, r = 0.83; and aPh/Vo+, r = 0.97. Provided that bone matrix formation and mineralization progess at the same rate, bone formation may be assessed by measuring either aPh, Vo+, SVob, or SVos. From these correlations it is not possible to draw any conclusions regarding the absolute \"true\" value of bone formation, be it in terms of Ca kinetics, alkaline phosphatase, or histomorphometry. However, since Vo+ retains its proportionality to all the other bone formation parameters tested, the so-called \"slow exchange,\" which refers to pure physicochemical Ca exchange processes in the bone mineral, does not perturb Vo+ in an unsystematic way. Vo+ as well as aPh and histomorphometric indices are thus reliable, though not absolute indices of bone formation. Bone resorption indices correlated less well than bone formation indices: NAocl/Vo-, r = 0.68 and SVhl/Vo-, r = 0.63 with both groups. In the osteoporotic group, a negative correlation existed between the empty Howship's lacunae SVhe and Vo+, r = -0.62. Consequently, the overall extent of Howship's lacunae SVhl is influenced both by bone resorption and bone formation. On the other hand, the best correlation of HyPro was with the sum of Vo+ and Vo-, r = 0.97, confirming that HyPro is a sensitive index for the change of bone turnover.", "PMID": 404501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2645", "title": "Evidence that the multi-drug-resistance of Streptococcus faecalis BIO-4R is not carried by a plasmid.", "content": "The multi-drug-resistant strain Streptococcus faecalis BIO-4R was studied to see if it carried a plasmid responsible for antibiotic resistance. From results indicating that the antibiotic resistance of S. faecalis BIO-4R was not transferred to recipient bacteria, that the organism did not produce enzymes which inactivated antibiotics, and that the presence of covalently closed circular DNA was not demonstrated by dye-cesium chloride buoyant density gradient centrifugation, it was concluded that the organism did not carry such a plasmid. Studies on polyphenylalanine synthesis by cell-free extracts of the oganism showed that its ribosomes were resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin and kanamycin. These results, although rather indirectly, support the above notion that the multi-drug-resistance of S. faecalis BIO-4R is not mediated by a plasmid.", "contents": "Evidence that the multi-drug-resistance of Streptococcus faecalis BIO-4R is not carried by a plasmid. The multi-drug-resistant strain Streptococcus faecalis BIO-4R was studied to see if it carried a plasmid responsible for antibiotic resistance. From results indicating that the antibiotic resistance of S. faecalis BIO-4R was not transferred to recipient bacteria, that the organism did not produce enzymes which inactivated antibiotics, and that the presence of covalently closed circular DNA was not demonstrated by dye-cesium chloride buoyant density gradient centrifugation, it was concluded that the organism did not carry such a plasmid. Studies on polyphenylalanine synthesis by cell-free extracts of the oganism showed that its ribosomes were resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin and kanamycin. These results, although rather indirectly, support the above notion that the multi-drug-resistance of S. faecalis BIO-4R is not mediated by a plasmid.", "PMID": 404504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2646", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of dark and photo-oxidative degradation of the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis].", "content": "Changes in the cell ultrastructure were studied during incubation of the obligate phototrophic blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis in the dark for a long time. The cells lost viability though their cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane were preserved; however, certain regions of the mureine layer were thickened in some cells. The membranes of the photosynthetic apparatus separate forming intrathylakoid spaces and the cytoplasm density decreases revealing phycobilisomes. During incubation in the dark for a long time, polyglucoside alpha-granules in the cytoplasm disappear, polyhedral bodies are preserved, and numerous large granules of average electron density and unknown nature appear. Transfer of the culture from the dark to the light when the cells are losing their viability results in intensive destruction of the thylakoids. Loss of viability by the cells of Anabaena variabilis in the dark is supposed to be due to irreversible damages of the membranes of the photosynthetic apparatus in these conditions.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of dark and photo-oxidative degradation of the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis]. Changes in the cell ultrastructure were studied during incubation of the obligate phototrophic blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis in the dark for a long time. The cells lost viability though their cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane were preserved; however, certain regions of the mureine layer were thickened in some cells. The membranes of the photosynthetic apparatus separate forming intrathylakoid spaces and the cytoplasm density decreases revealing phycobilisomes. During incubation in the dark for a long time, polyglucoside alpha-granules in the cytoplasm disappear, polyhedral bodies are preserved, and numerous large granules of average electron density and unknown nature appear. Transfer of the culture from the dark to the light when the cells are losing their viability results in intensive destruction of the thylakoids. Loss of viability by the cells of Anabaena variabilis in the dark is supposed to be due to irreversible damages of the membranes of the photosynthetic apparatus in these conditions.", "PMID": 404506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2647", "title": "[The results in our tuberculosis laboratory with penicillin blood agar medium].", "content": "A comparison of L\u00f6wenstein - Jensen and penicillin blood agar media, which can be prepared in small laboratories, is made in routine diagnostic cultivations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis. Tubercle bacilli grown in L\u00f6wenstein - Jensen medium were inoculated in L\u00f6wenstein - Jensen and penicillin blood agar media in numbers of 100.000, 10.000, 1000 and 100 bacilli and their growth was detected in each medium. It was found that the growth in both media was the same Inoculations were made from 153 sputum specimens to each medium and 5 positive growth were obtained. 3 out of positive cultures were grown on both media, the other 2 positives were grown only on penicillin blood agar. None of the media showed contaminations. These findings suggest that the penicillin blood agar medium has at least the same, or even better qualities than the L\u00f6wenstein - Jensen medium.", "contents": "[The results in our tuberculosis laboratory with penicillin blood agar medium]. A comparison of L\u00f6wenstein - Jensen and penicillin blood agar media, which can be prepared in small laboratories, is made in routine diagnostic cultivations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis. Tubercle bacilli grown in L\u00f6wenstein - Jensen medium were inoculated in L\u00f6wenstein - Jensen and penicillin blood agar media in numbers of 100.000, 10.000, 1000 and 100 bacilli and their growth was detected in each medium. It was found that the growth in both media was the same Inoculations were made from 153 sputum specimens to each medium and 5 positive growth were obtained. 3 out of positive cultures were grown on both media, the other 2 positives were grown only on penicillin blood agar. None of the media showed contaminations. These findings suggest that the penicillin blood agar medium has at least the same, or even better qualities than the L\u00f6wenstein - Jensen medium.", "PMID": 404514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2648", "title": "[Characteristics of a continous culture of hydrogen bacteria under conditions of gas limitation].", "content": "The effect of the specific growth rate and limiting gas on the concentration of cells, the rate of gas utilization, and the economic coefficients was studied during continuous cultivation of Hydrogenomonas eutropha Z-1. Cell concentrations as functions of the specific growth rate with limitation by H2, 02, and CO2, were plotted as hyperbolae and were linear in the coordinates X, 1/D. The rates of gas absorption Q (M/1 - hr) grow linerly with the concentration of the cells in the culture. The economic coefficients are linear in the coordinates 1/y, 1/micron. The effect of the specific growth rate and kind of limiting gas on the ratios between absorbed H2, 02 and C02 is described.", "contents": "[Characteristics of a continous culture of hydrogen bacteria under conditions of gas limitation]. The effect of the specific growth rate and limiting gas on the concentration of cells, the rate of gas utilization, and the economic coefficients was studied during continuous cultivation of Hydrogenomonas eutropha Z-1. Cell concentrations as functions of the specific growth rate with limitation by H2, 02, and CO2, were plotted as hyperbolae and were linear in the coordinates X, 1/D. The rates of gas absorption Q (M/1 - hr) grow linerly with the concentration of the cells in the culture. The economic coefficients are linear in the coordinates 1/y, 1/micron. The effect of the specific growth rate and kind of limiting gas on the ratios between absorbed H2, 02 and C02 is described.", "PMID": 404510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2649", "title": "[Role of cosubstrates in the microbiologic oxidation of xylene isomers by a culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa].", "content": "Cosubstrates (additional substrates) produced different effect on transformation of isomeric xylenes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7. The cosubstrates manifested the highest stimulating effect on transformation of o-xylene, on which the culture did not grow, and p-xylene, in the presence of which only a weak growth was detected. The most effective cosubstrates were xylose and maltose which were actively oxidized by the culture but could not serve as carbon sources. One of mechanisms of the cosubstrate action is inhibition (or repression of synthesis) of the enzymes responsible for oxidation of toluic acids by the cosubstrates or their metabolites, which results in their accumulation in the medium. Addition of cosubstrates can regulate transformation stimulating accumulation of different products.", "contents": "[Role of cosubstrates in the microbiologic oxidation of xylene isomers by a culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. Cosubstrates (additional substrates) produced different effect on transformation of isomeric xylenes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7. The cosubstrates manifested the highest stimulating effect on transformation of o-xylene, on which the culture did not grow, and p-xylene, in the presence of which only a weak growth was detected. The most effective cosubstrates were xylose and maltose which were actively oxidized by the culture but could not serve as carbon sources. One of mechanisms of the cosubstrate action is inhibition (or repression of synthesis) of the enzymes responsible for oxidation of toluic acids by the cosubstrates or their metabolites, which results in their accumulation in the medium. Addition of cosubstrates can regulate transformation stimulating accumulation of different products.", "PMID": 404511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2650", "title": "[Severe toxic liver injury after overdosage of parenteral administered carbohydrates: a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A 31-year old female patient with anorexia nervosa developed a severe toxic liver injury after parenteral hyperalimentation. Over a period of five days she received a total amount of carbohydrates of 0.47-1.07 g/kg/hr consisting of glucose, fructose and the polyalcohols sorbitol and xylitol. A steep rise in SGOT, SGPT, and GLDH were noted as well as prolongation of the prothrombin time and decrease of the clotting factors; uric acid and lactate increased, serum phosphate decreased. After termination of parenteral hyperalimentation a laparoscopy and liver biopsy were performed. The liver biopsy revealed by light- and electronmicroscopy signs of a severe toxic liver injury. After reduction of total carbohydrates and later oral feeding a complete remission occurred. The cause of the toxic liver lesions was believed to be due to an overdosage of fructose and sorbitol.", "contents": "[Severe toxic liver injury after overdosage of parenteral administered carbohydrates: a case report (author's transl)]. A 31-year old female patient with anorexia nervosa developed a severe toxic liver injury after parenteral hyperalimentation. Over a period of five days she received a total amount of carbohydrates of 0.47-1.07 g/kg/hr consisting of glucose, fructose and the polyalcohols sorbitol and xylitol. A steep rise in SGOT, SGPT, and GLDH were noted as well as prolongation of the prothrombin time and decrease of the clotting factors; uric acid and lactate increased, serum phosphate decreased. After termination of parenteral hyperalimentation a laparoscopy and liver biopsy were performed. The liver biopsy revealed by light- and electronmicroscopy signs of a severe toxic liver injury. After reduction of total carbohydrates and later oral feeding a complete remission occurred. The cause of the toxic liver lesions was believed to be due to an overdosage of fructose and sorbitol.", "PMID": 404517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2651", "title": "[Amino acid composition of polynucleotide-peptide complexes isolated from algae].", "content": "The amino acid composition of the peptide moiety of sulphur containing polynucleotide-peptide complexes (S-PNPC) was studied with four species of green algae and two species of blue-green algae. S-PNPC contained almost all amino acids which were usually encountered in acid hydrolysates of proteins, and also unidentified ninhydrin-positive compounds. The amino acid composition of the peptide moiety of S-PNPC was rather similar in the case of different algae, and was characterized by the prevailence of acid amino acids.", "contents": "[Amino acid composition of polynucleotide-peptide complexes isolated from algae]. The amino acid composition of the peptide moiety of sulphur containing polynucleotide-peptide complexes (S-PNPC) was studied with four species of green algae and two species of blue-green algae. S-PNPC contained almost all amino acids which were usually encountered in acid hydrolysates of proteins, and also unidentified ninhydrin-positive compounds. The amino acid composition of the peptide moiety of S-PNPC was rather similar in the case of different algae, and was characterized by the prevailence of acid amino acids.", "PMID": 404512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2652", "title": "[Ability of obligate methylotrophs to perform nitrogen fixation].", "content": "The ability for nitrification was studied among mesophilic and thermophilic cultures of obligate methylotrophs Methylobacter ucrainicus, Methylomonas methanica, and Methylococcus thermophilus. The strains were almost incapable of nitrification under autotrophic conditions. In the presence of methane, however, they oxidized NH+4 TO NO-2: over 150 mg/litre NO-2 nitrogen was found in the cultural broth. Therefore, obligate methylotrophs are capable of heterotrophic nitrification. The level of nitrification suggests that it is not a side reaction but a necessary stage of the metabolism of obligate methylotrophs. The phenotype relation between obligate methylotrophs and nitrifying organisms is discussed.", "contents": "[Ability of obligate methylotrophs to perform nitrogen fixation]. The ability for nitrification was studied among mesophilic and thermophilic cultures of obligate methylotrophs Methylobacter ucrainicus, Methylomonas methanica, and Methylococcus thermophilus. The strains were almost incapable of nitrification under autotrophic conditions. In the presence of methane, however, they oxidized NH+4 TO NO-2: over 150 mg/litre NO-2 nitrogen was found in the cultural broth. Therefore, obligate methylotrophs are capable of heterotrophic nitrification. The level of nitrification suggests that it is not a side reaction but a necessary stage of the metabolism of obligate methylotrophs. The phenotype relation between obligate methylotrophs and nitrifying organisms is discussed.", "PMID": 404513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2653", "title": "The porcine heart valve prosthesis.", "content": "The development of the prosthetic heart valve has led to the evolution of cardiac intensive care units, a better understanding of cardiac function and biocompatible materials, and new surgical procedures. Initial efforts with formaldehyde-fixed valves did not have long-term success. They led to the development of the stabilized glutaraldehyde process (SGP) valve and the flexible stent. The safety and efficacy of a heart valve bioprosthesis has been demonstrated through laboratory and animal experiments. Data on long-term clinical implants are needed to validate the results of these experiments.", "contents": "The porcine heart valve prosthesis. The development of the prosthetic heart valve has led to the evolution of cardiac intensive care units, a better understanding of cardiac function and biocompatible materials, and new surgical procedures. Initial efforts with formaldehyde-fixed valves did not have long-term success. They led to the development of the stabilized glutaraldehyde process (SGP) valve and the flexible stent. The safety and efficacy of a heart valve bioprosthesis has been demonstrated through laboratory and animal experiments. Data on long-term clinical implants are needed to validate the results of these experiments.", "PMID": 404515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2654", "title": "From valvular xenograft to valvular bioprosthesis (1965-1977).", "content": "The development of a bioprosthesis was generated by recognition of its important potential advantages over a mechanical prosthesis. Considerations of choices of animal and tissue sources, preparation procedures, and patient applicability led researchers from the allograft to xenograft, and then to the valvular bioprosthesis. At the present time, glutaraldehyde-preserved xenograft valves appear to be a reasonable alternative in valvular replacement. Their limited durability must be weighed against the disadvantages of a mechanical prosthesis in deciding which to use.", "contents": "From valvular xenograft to valvular bioprosthesis (1965-1977). The development of a bioprosthesis was generated by recognition of its important potential advantages over a mechanical prosthesis. Considerations of choices of animal and tissue sources, preparation procedures, and patient applicability led researchers from the allograft to xenograft, and then to the valvular bioprosthesis. At the present time, glutaraldehyde-preserved xenograft valves appear to be a reasonable alternative in valvular replacement. Their limited durability must be weighed against the disadvantages of a mechanical prosthesis in deciding which to use.", "PMID": 404516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2655", "title": "Mitochondrial biogenesis: inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis.", "content": "The effects of erythromycin, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide, pyrimethamine, chromate, cadmium, lead, nickel, 4-nitro-quinoline-1-oxide and thioacetamide on yeast and human cells were studied. Inhibition of the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins resulted in the loss of cytochromes as well as in morphological changes in the cellular membranes and mitotic arrest. The data are discussed.", "contents": "Mitochondrial biogenesis: inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis. The effects of erythromycin, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide, pyrimethamine, chromate, cadmium, lead, nickel, 4-nitro-quinoline-1-oxide and thioacetamide on yeast and human cells were studied. Inhibition of the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins resulted in the loss of cytochromes as well as in morphological changes in the cellular membranes and mitotic arrest. The data are discussed.", "PMID": 404520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2656", "title": "Buoyant density fractionation of Drosophila melanogaster chromatin.", "content": "Buoyant density fractionation of Drosophila melanogaster chromatin utilizing low molecular weight molecules such as actinomycin-D to induce changes in buoyant density has been investigated. Fractions of chromatin containing identifiable repeated DNA sequences could be isolated using actinomycin-D as the selective agent. Protein displacement from the chromatin complex was found to be a prerequisite for the observed buoyant density changes.", "contents": "Buoyant density fractionation of Drosophila melanogaster chromatin. Buoyant density fractionation of Drosophila melanogaster chromatin utilizing low molecular weight molecules such as actinomycin-D to induce changes in buoyant density has been investigated. Fractions of chromatin containing identifiable repeated DNA sequences could be isolated using actinomycin-D as the selective agent. Protein displacement from the chromatin complex was found to be a prerequisite for the observed buoyant density changes.", "PMID": 404521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2657", "title": "[Epidemiology of dental caries (author's transl)].", "content": "More than 99% of the population of North and Central Europe and also North America suffer from dental caries. Epidemiological studies on the spread and course of this, perhaps the most common disease of mankind, and on the state of dental care and the efficacy of preventive measures are consequently of great social hygienic and health political significance. Methods of obtaining information (including time-saving and yet permissible partial registration), the difficulties of caries diagnosis and the demands for highly informative statistics on caries are discussed. The importance of nutrition and oral hygiene for the prevention of caries is emphasized. But it must be expressed that at present there is no alternative, apart from the use of fluorides (drinking water, tablets, salt etc.), for an effective mass prophylaxis of dental caries.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of dental caries (author's transl)]. More than 99% of the population of North and Central Europe and also North America suffer from dental caries. Epidemiological studies on the spread and course of this, perhaps the most common disease of mankind, and on the state of dental care and the efficacy of preventive measures are consequently of great social hygienic and health political significance. Methods of obtaining information (including time-saving and yet permissible partial registration), the difficulties of caries diagnosis and the demands for highly informative statistics on caries are discussed. The importance of nutrition and oral hygiene for the prevention of caries is emphasized. But it must be expressed that at present there is no alternative, apart from the use of fluorides (drinking water, tablets, salt etc.), for an effective mass prophylaxis of dental caries.", "PMID": 404523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2658", "title": "[Immunological aspects of caries prophylaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "The bacteriological and immunological principles for the development of a vaccine against dental caries are presented in a short survey. The potential cariogenic Streptococcus mutans is the center of interest of this special area of research in caries prophylaxis because of its peculiar characteristics. In animal experiments, the protective effects of attempts to immunize with this cario-etiologically relevant species of streptococcus or its metabolic products differed and were sometimes contradictory. Also conditions in the human show no distinct connection between the dental status and the appearance of specific antibodies against Strept. mutans antigens. The pertinent literature cannot answer the question whether and when an effective vaccine against dental caries can be produced at the present time.", "contents": "[Immunological aspects of caries prophylaxis (author's transl)]. The bacteriological and immunological principles for the development of a vaccine against dental caries are presented in a short survey. The potential cariogenic Streptococcus mutans is the center of interest of this special area of research in caries prophylaxis because of its peculiar characteristics. In animal experiments, the protective effects of attempts to immunize with this cario-etiologically relevant species of streptococcus or its metabolic products differed and were sometimes contradictory. Also conditions in the human show no distinct connection between the dental status and the appearance of specific antibodies against Strept. mutans antigens. The pertinent literature cannot answer the question whether and when an effective vaccine against dental caries can be produced at the present time.", "PMID": 404524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2659", "title": "[The diagnosis of functionally induced disturbances in the region of the masticatory apparatus (author's transl)].", "content": "Functionally induced disturbances in the region of the masticatory apparatus are frequently due to occlusal interferences. The clinical investigation must not, however, be limited to testing the occlusion of the teeth alone; it includes the examination of the muscles of mastication and the mandibular joint. The exact investigation of the occlusion is performed by instrumental analysis of function. It is the method of choice for determining the position of the mandible. A recording of the findings ought to suggest the technical methods of investigation on which the diagnosis is based.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of functionally induced disturbances in the region of the masticatory apparatus (author's transl)]. Functionally induced disturbances in the region of the masticatory apparatus are frequently due to occlusal interferences. The clinical investigation must not, however, be limited to testing the occlusion of the teeth alone; it includes the examination of the muscles of mastication and the mandibular joint. The exact investigation of the occlusion is performed by instrumental analysis of function. It is the method of choice for determining the position of the mandible. A recording of the findings ought to suggest the technical methods of investigation on which the diagnosis is based.", "PMID": 404525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2660", "title": "[Significance of plaques for the etiology of caries and marginal periodontopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "The genesis of dental caries and marginal periodontopathies has a conclusive connection with dento-gingival plaque. Plaque is a constantly regenerating accumulation of salivary constituents and especially of various oral micoorganisms. Microbial decomposition of sugars from the food produces acids from fermentation which lead to local demineralization of the teeth and carious destruction. Antigenic plaque substances cause immunological reactions. With persistent bad oral hygiene, a gingivitis may develop into a progressive periodontitis with deepened gingival pockets.", "contents": "[Significance of plaques for the etiology of caries and marginal periodontopathies (author's transl)]. The genesis of dental caries and marginal periodontopathies has a conclusive connection with dento-gingival plaque. Plaque is a constantly regenerating accumulation of salivary constituents and especially of various oral micoorganisms. Microbial decomposition of sugars from the food produces acids from fermentation which lead to local demineralization of the teeth and carious destruction. Antigenic plaque substances cause immunological reactions. With persistent bad oral hygiene, a gingivitis may develop into a progressive periodontitis with deepened gingival pockets.", "PMID": 404526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2661", "title": "[Tongue as a reflector of cerebral and articulatory dysfunction. Tongue motility test for three- to five-year-old children].", "content": "The tongue motility test has been developed to test the motility of the tongue in three- to five-year-old preschool children. It examines the resting position of the tongue and the mobility of the tongue in relation to 9 different movement patterns of varying degrees of difficulty. The result of the test is represented by the number of points obtained (minimum = 0, maximum = 10). The results of a routine investigation of 865 children provide the normal value for the tongue motility test. This is especially related to the age and less to the sex of the subject. The significance of the tongue motility test for the diagnosis of \"minimal cerebral dysfunction\" and for the investigation of the stage of articulatory development of a child is discussed.", "contents": "[Tongue as a reflector of cerebral and articulatory dysfunction. Tongue motility test for three- to five-year-old children]. The tongue motility test has been developed to test the motility of the tongue in three- to five-year-old preschool children. It examines the resting position of the tongue and the mobility of the tongue in relation to 9 different movement patterns of varying degrees of difficulty. The result of the test is represented by the number of points obtained (minimum = 0, maximum = 10). The results of a routine investigation of 865 children provide the normal value for the tongue motility test. This is especially related to the age and less to the sex of the subject. The significance of the tongue motility test for the diagnosis of \"minimal cerebral dysfunction\" and for the investigation of the stage of articulatory development of a child is discussed.", "PMID": 404527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2662", "title": "[Antibacterial therapy of urinary tract infections. Results of a clinical trial with the combination sulfamoxol/Trimethoprim (= CN 3123) (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present paper, the use of the combination preparation sulfamoxol/trimethoprim (CN 3123, Nevin [Gr\u00fcnenthal], Supristol [Nordmark]) in urinary tract infections is reported. This preparation was used in 165 patients of both sexes and all ages. The initial dose was 2 tablets followed by a maintenance dose of 1 tablet every 12 hours for a treatment lasting 10 days on the average. The preparation led to asepsis in 69% of the patients with chronic urinary tract infections if the organisms were sensitive in vitro. In asymptomatical urinary tract infections complicated by fistula and transurethral indwelling catheters, on the other hand, elimination of organisms was only attained in 46%. In our opinion, antibiotic therapy is not indicated in these patients only after taking off the indwelling catheter.", "contents": "[Antibacterial therapy of urinary tract infections. Results of a clinical trial with the combination sulfamoxol/Trimethoprim (= CN 3123) (author's transl)]. In the present paper, the use of the combination preparation sulfamoxol/trimethoprim (CN 3123, Nevin [Gr\u00fcnenthal], Supristol [Nordmark]) in urinary tract infections is reported. This preparation was used in 165 patients of both sexes and all ages. The initial dose was 2 tablets followed by a maintenance dose of 1 tablet every 12 hours for a treatment lasting 10 days on the average. The preparation led to asepsis in 69% of the patients with chronic urinary tract infections if the organisms were sensitive in vitro. In asymptomatical urinary tract infections complicated by fistula and transurethral indwelling catheters, on the other hand, elimination of organisms was only attained in 46%. In our opinion, antibiotic therapy is not indicated in these patients only after taking off the indwelling catheter.", "PMID": 404528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2663", "title": "[Patient physiognomy-- the picture of the patient: (author's transl)].", "content": "The facial expression of the patient has demonstrably occupied doctors with regard to diagnosis and prognosis even in ancient times. Physiognomy found acceptance in the medicine of modern times, particularly through the publications of Johann Caspar Lavater (1741-1801), Carl Gustav Carus (1789-1869) and then, after 1838, of Karl Heinrich Baumg\u00e4rtner (1798-1886) who took advantage of lithography, which had just come into use, to reproduce pictures of patients. In the thirties of our century, patient physiognomy has undergone a renaissance (Killian, Fervers, Risak, Lange and others) which was repeated in the sixties. In the last decades, the interest was almost always an expression of dissatisfaction with an exclusively scientifically oriented medicine.", "contents": "[Patient physiognomy-- the picture of the patient: (author's transl)]. The facial expression of the patient has demonstrably occupied doctors with regard to diagnosis and prognosis even in ancient times. Physiognomy found acceptance in the medicine of modern times, particularly through the publications of Johann Caspar Lavater (1741-1801), Carl Gustav Carus (1789-1869) and then, after 1838, of Karl Heinrich Baumg\u00e4rtner (1798-1886) who took advantage of lithography, which had just come into use, to reproduce pictures of patients. In the thirties of our century, patient physiognomy has undergone a renaissance (Killian, Fervers, Risak, Lange and others) which was repeated in the sixties. In the last decades, the interest was almost always an expression of dissatisfaction with an exclusively scientifically oriented medicine.", "PMID": 404530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2664", "title": "[Comparison of contraceptive conduct of minors and of women of various ages (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1975, a random sample (n = 639) of the female population of the Greater Munich Area was taken for the research project on \"side effects of oral contraceptives: development phase\". The women were 12-45 years of age and were classified according to town/country and adult/adolescent. By means of a specially prepared questionnaire, the approach and behavior of the interviewees with regard to contraception and prohylaxis inter alia were recorded. 65% of all those questioned were examined gynecologically within the framework of the project. The data obtained by question and examination are at the disposal of the Institut f\u00fcr Medizinische Informationsverarbeitung, Statistik und Biomathematik (ISB) for evaluation of additional dialogue. The authors have compared the contraceptive behavior of minors ( = up to 17 years) with adults in a special evaluation of 350 cases aged from 12 to 30 years.", "contents": "[Comparison of contraceptive conduct of minors and of women of various ages (author's transl)]. In 1975, a random sample (n = 639) of the female population of the Greater Munich Area was taken for the research project on \"side effects of oral contraceptives: development phase\". The women were 12-45 years of age and were classified according to town/country and adult/adolescent. By means of a specially prepared questionnaire, the approach and behavior of the interviewees with regard to contraception and prohylaxis inter alia were recorded. 65% of all those questioned were examined gynecologically within the framework of the project. The data obtained by question and examination are at the disposal of the Institut f\u00fcr Medizinische Informationsverarbeitung, Statistik und Biomathematik (ISB) for evaluation of additional dialogue. The authors have compared the contraceptive behavior of minors ( = up to 17 years) with adults in a special evaluation of 350 cases aged from 12 to 30 years.", "PMID": 404532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2665", "title": "[Possibilities for nuclear medical investigation in the retroperitoneal space: (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibilities for nuclear medical investigation in the retroperitoneal space were extended by the introduction of the scintillation camera with an evaluation system. The diagnostic aid in diseases of the kidney (unilateral and bilateral nephropathies, shock kidney, stenosis of the renal arteries, aortic occlusion), suprarenals (Conn syndrome) and the skeleton of the entire body (diagnosis of metastases and non-malignant bone diseases) are reviewed. Scanning scintigraphy can be used in the identification of lymphnode metastases in negative (198 Au colloid) and positive (67 Ga) tumor contrast and in double radionuclide substraction techniques in pancreatic tumor and chronic pancreatitis. Clinical examples are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Possibilities for nuclear medical investigation in the retroperitoneal space: (author's transl)]. The possibilities for nuclear medical investigation in the retroperitoneal space were extended by the introduction of the scintillation camera with an evaluation system. The diagnostic aid in diseases of the kidney (unilateral and bilateral nephropathies, shock kidney, stenosis of the renal arteries, aortic occlusion), suprarenals (Conn syndrome) and the skeleton of the entire body (diagnosis of metastases and non-malignant bone diseases) are reviewed. Scanning scintigraphy can be used in the identification of lymphnode metastases in negative (198 Au colloid) and positive (67 Ga) tumor contrast and in double radionuclide substraction techniques in pancreatic tumor and chronic pancreatitis. Clinical examples are demonstrated.", "PMID": 404533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2666", "title": "[Cystic degeneration of the vessel walls. The differential diagnosis of obliterative angiopathies: (author's transl)].", "content": "Cystic degeneration of the vessel wall is a rare disease predominantly localized in the region of the popliteal artery.  It appears in the frequent clinical picture of intermittent claudication. Two cases are presented. The etiology of this syndrome is not clear. The appearance of intermittent claudication, preferably in middle-aged men without risk factors is typical for an obliterative angiopathy. Angiophically there are smooth-walled stenoses or occlusions, especially of the popliteal artery, with an otherwise inconspicuous vascular system. The prognosis after surgical treatment by excision or resection is good.", "contents": "[Cystic degeneration of the vessel walls. The differential diagnosis of obliterative angiopathies: (author's transl)]. Cystic degeneration of the vessel wall is a rare disease predominantly localized in the region of the popliteal artery.  It appears in the frequent clinical picture of intermittent claudication. Two cases are presented. The etiology of this syndrome is not clear. The appearance of intermittent claudication, preferably in middle-aged men without risk factors is typical for an obliterative angiopathy. Angiophically there are smooth-walled stenoses or occlusions, especially of the popliteal artery, with an otherwise inconspicuous vascular system. The prognosis after surgical treatment by excision or resection is good.", "PMID": 404534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2667", "title": "[A simplified, Fully Enzymatic Cholesterol Determination: (author's transl)].", "content": "The advantages of enzymatic analysis compared to conventional methods are shown by an example of a simplified, fully enzymatic cholesterol determination. They are: high analytical precision, reagents which are easy to handle, no inhibition be metabolites. The poor correlation between enzymatic and chemical analysis requires new normal values. The following are recommended for cholesterol: normal up to 200 mg/dl, requiring control 200-250 mg/dl and pathological over 250 mg/dl.", "contents": "[A simplified, Fully Enzymatic Cholesterol Determination: (author's transl)]. The advantages of enzymatic analysis compared to conventional methods are shown by an example of a simplified, fully enzymatic cholesterol determination. They are: high analytical precision, reagents which are easy to handle, no inhibition be metabolites. The poor correlation between enzymatic and chemical analysis requires new normal values. The following are recommended for cholesterol: normal up to 200 mg/dl, requiring control 200-250 mg/dl and pathological over 250 mg/dl.", "PMID": 404535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2668", "title": "[Otorhinolaryngological aspects of headache: (author's transl)].", "content": "Since about 20% of the patients in a headache clinic have ENT complaints an ENT specialist should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment. It is very important to know what structures in the head and neck are sensitive to pain for diagnostic and differential diagnostic purposes. Primary and secondary neuritis are headache mechanisms in otolaryngology and also tension headache, which is specially discussed. Rhinogenous contact headache and headache as cardinal symptom in various syndromes are also stressed as specific to ENT. Finally a scheme is given for investigating a headache patient from the otolaryngological point of view.", "contents": "[Otorhinolaryngological aspects of headache: (author's transl)]. Since about 20% of the patients in a headache clinic have ENT complaints an ENT specialist should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment. It is very important to know what structures in the head and neck are sensitive to pain for diagnostic and differential diagnostic purposes. Primary and secondary neuritis are headache mechanisms in otolaryngology and also tension headache, which is specially discussed. Rhinogenous contact headache and headache as cardinal symptom in various syndromes are also stressed as specific to ENT. Finally a scheme is given for investigating a headache patient from the otolaryngological point of view.", "PMID": 404540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2669", "title": "[Headaches and sinusitis: (author's transl)].", "content": "There is a frequent coincidence of headache and sinusitis. In acute sinusitis, the localization of the headache can yield good diagnostic clues, while chronic inflammations do not offer reliable diagnostic indications. Further characteristics of rhinogenous headache are: typical periodicity during the day, occasional disturbances of sensitivity in a specific cutaneous area and certain typical pressure points in the facial region.", "contents": "[Headaches and sinusitis: (author's transl)]. There is a frequent coincidence of headache and sinusitis. In acute sinusitis, the localization of the headache can yield good diagnostic clues, while chronic inflammations do not offer reliable diagnostic indications. Further characteristics of rhinogenous headache are: typical periodicity during the day, occasional disturbances of sensitivity in a specific cutaneous area and certain typical pressure points in the facial region.", "PMID": 404541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2670", "title": "[The Unerupted Tooth, a Cause of Pain (Casuistics): (author's transl)].", "content": "In view of the remarkable number of cases of gnathogenous headache it is advisable to submit headache patients to a thorough dental and radiological inspection, even in cases of anodontous jaws, in order to identify unerupted teeth. Such an examination with consequent dental or surgical thrapy can in many cases spare lengthy neurological diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, possibly in hospital.", "contents": "[The Unerupted Tooth, a Cause of Pain (Casuistics): (author's transl)]. In view of the remarkable number of cases of gnathogenous headache it is advisable to submit headache patients to a thorough dental and radiological inspection, even in cases of anodontous jaws, in order to identify unerupted teeth. Such an examination with consequent dental or surgical thrapy can in many cases spare lengthy neurological diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, possibly in hospital.", "PMID": 404542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2671", "title": "[Commotio cerebri and headache: (author's transl)].", "content": "Headaches form an essential part of the syndrome after concussion of the brain. The origin of these may be extracranial (neuralgias in scar tissue and hematomas, neuralgiform headache as a result of injury to the cervical spine) as well as diffuse in the sense of vasomotr cephalalgia which are due to central regulation disorders of the circulation caused by psychogenic mechanisms and compensatory neurosis. Methods of therapy include the use of vasoactive substances especially for vasomotor cephalalgia, immobilisation and local anesthesia in neuralgias, and psychopharmocological as well as psychotherapeutic aid in psychogenic complaints.", "contents": "[Commotio cerebri and headache: (author's transl)]. Headaches form an essential part of the syndrome after concussion of the brain. The origin of these may be extracranial (neuralgias in scar tissue and hematomas, neuralgiform headache as a result of injury to the cervical spine) as well as diffuse in the sense of vasomotr cephalalgia which are due to central regulation disorders of the circulation caused by psychogenic mechanisms and compensatory neurosis. Methods of therapy include the use of vasoactive substances especially for vasomotor cephalalgia, immobilisation and local anesthesia in neuralgias, and psychopharmocological as well as psychotherapeutic aid in psychogenic complaints.", "PMID": 404543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2672", "title": "[The exogenous toxicologic aspects of headache: (author's transl)].", "content": "Headache is the cardinal symptom in many chronic intoxication syndromes. Here we find a distinct increase in connection with noxas stemming from our civilization: In regions of industrial agglomeration there is an increase in CO concentration and in lead poisoning from exhaust gases. Engine detergents cause typical intoxication syndromes. Insecticides have caused mercurialism and DDT-poisoning as a result of chemical concentration in maritime animals. Similarly, chronic poisoning by the insecticide E 605 can have headache as a cardinal symptom. In addition, the increased use of pharmaceutical agents leads to more possibilities of chronic intoxication,", "contents": "[The exogenous toxicologic aspects of headache: (author's transl)]. Headache is the cardinal symptom in many chronic intoxication syndromes. Here we find a distinct increase in connection with noxas stemming from our civilization: In regions of industrial agglomeration there is an increase in CO concentration and in lead poisoning from exhaust gases. Engine detergents cause typical intoxication syndromes. Insecticides have caused mercurialism and DDT-poisoning as a result of chemical concentration in maritime animals. Similarly, chronic poisoning by the insecticide E 605 can have headache as a cardinal symptom. In addition, the increased use of pharmaceutical agents leads to more possibilities of chronic intoxication,", "PMID": 404544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2673", "title": "[Exercise treatment in vertebragenic headache: (author's transl)].", "content": "In treating vertebragenic headache, the segmental movement, the shortened postural muscles, the feeble phasic muscles and the wrong patterns of movement can be influenced by exercises. The techniques of some of these exercises are described, the importance of an exact diagnosis is pointed out.", "contents": "[Exercise treatment in vertebragenic headache: (author's transl)]. In treating vertebragenic headache, the segmental movement, the shortened postural muscles, the feeble phasic muscles and the wrong patterns of movement can be influenced by exercises. The techniques of some of these exercises are described, the importance of an exact diagnosis is pointed out.", "PMID": 404546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2674", "title": "[Drug therapy for headache: (author's transl)].", "content": "The absence of essentially new principles among the substances which have recently made their appearance on the market for the treatment of headache is conspicuous. We have learned, however, to take a holistic view of the complex problem of headache and to combine medication with all other therapeutic measures in a logical way and also to use medicines for their relevant indications and to use them together. We have been able to handle even \"problem cases\" with a history of many different therapeutic attempts. The rate of satisfactory therapeutic success over a longer time amounted to two thirds of these cases.", "contents": "[Drug therapy for headache: (author's transl)]. The absence of essentially new principles among the substances which have recently made their appearance on the market for the treatment of headache is conspicuous. We have learned, however, to take a holistic view of the complex problem of headache and to combine medication with all other therapeutic measures in a logical way and also to use medicines for their relevant indications and to use them together. We have been able to handle even \"problem cases\" with a history of many different therapeutic attempts. The rate of satisfactory therapeutic success over a longer time amounted to two thirds of these cases.", "PMID": 404547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2675", "title": "Mechanism of hycanthone mutagenesis: the induction of temperature-sensitive mutations in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A total of 358 sex-linked recessive lethals induced by hycanthone methane sulphonate (HMS) were checked for temperature sensitivity, along with 239 EMS-induced lethals as a positive control. Only about 1-2% of the HMS-induced lethals were temperature-sensitive, in contrast to about 7-8% for EMS-induced lethals. This can be reasonably explained by assuming that in Drosophila, HMS mainly acts by inducing frame-shift mutations or deletions.", "contents": "Mechanism of hycanthone mutagenesis: the induction of temperature-sensitive mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. A total of 358 sex-linked recessive lethals induced by hycanthone methane sulphonate (HMS) were checked for temperature sensitivity, along with 239 EMS-induced lethals as a positive control. Only about 1-2% of the HMS-induced lethals were temperature-sensitive, in contrast to about 7-8% for EMS-induced lethals. This can be reasonably explained by assuming that in Drosophila, HMS mainly acts by inducing frame-shift mutations or deletions.", "PMID": 404548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2676", "title": "Ketoacidosis in pancreatectomized man.", "content": "We investigated the importance of glucagon in the development of diabetic ketoacidosis by withholding insulin from six patients with juvenile-type diabetes and four totally pancreatectomized subjects. Patients were fasting and had previously been maintained on intravenous insulin for 24 hours. In diabetic patients plasma glucagon concentrations rose sharply after withdrawal of insulin, and the increases were accompanied by a rise in blood ketone concentration of 4.1+/-0.7 (S.E.M.) and blood  glucose concentration of 12.5+/-1.8 mmol per liter by 12 hours. In the pancreatectomized patients, despite the absence of measurable glucagon, blood ketones rose by 1.8+/-0.8 and blood glucose by 7.7+/-1.5 mmol per liter. Thus, glucagon is not essential for the development of ketoacidosis in diabetes, as has previously been suggested, but it may accelerate the onset of ketonemia and hyperglycemia in situations of insulin deficiency.", "contents": "Ketoacidosis in pancreatectomized man. We investigated the importance of glucagon in the development of diabetic ketoacidosis by withholding insulin from six patients with juvenile-type diabetes and four totally pancreatectomized subjects. Patients were fasting and had previously been maintained on intravenous insulin for 24 hours. In diabetic patients plasma glucagon concentrations rose sharply after withdrawal of insulin, and the increases were accompanied by a rise in blood ketone concentration of 4.1+/-0.7 (S.E.M.) and blood  glucose concentration of 12.5+/-1.8 mmol per liter by 12 hours. In the pancreatectomized patients, despite the absence of measurable glucagon, blood ketones rose by 1.8+/-0.8 and blood glucose by 7.7+/-1.5 mmol per liter. Thus, glucagon is not essential for the development of ketoacidosis in diabetes, as has previously been suggested, but it may accelerate the onset of ketonemia and hyperglycemia in situations of insulin deficiency.", "PMID": 404553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2677", "title": "Evaluation of tetracycline or penicillin and ampicillin for treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease.", "content": "To evaluate guidelines for outpatient treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease recommended by the Center for Disease Control we studied 197 afflicted women. The women were treated either with tetracycline or with procaine penicillin and ampicillin, and 92% were subsequently seen at least once to assess efficacy of clinical and microbiologic treatment. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from the lower genital tract in 68% of these women, and although they had a quicker symptomatic response than those with nongonococcal infection (P less than 0.01), the two regimens were equally effective in producing clinical cure. However, subsequent identification of a pelvic abscess was 10 times more common in women from whom N. gonorrhoeae was not isolated. Therapy for pelvic inflammatory disease must be empirical since it is impossible to distinguish clinically between gonococcal and nongonococcal infection, and our data indicate that both regimens recommended by the Center for Disease Control are effective.", "contents": "Evaluation of tetracycline or penicillin and ampicillin for treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. To evaluate guidelines for outpatient treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease recommended by the Center for Disease Control we studied 197 afflicted women. The women were treated either with tetracycline or with procaine penicillin and ampicillin, and 92% were subsequently seen at least once to assess efficacy of clinical and microbiologic treatment. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from the lower genital tract in 68% of these women, and although they had a quicker symptomatic response than those with nongonococcal infection (P less than 0.01), the two regimens were equally effective in producing clinical cure. However, subsequent identification of a pelvic abscess was 10 times more common in women from whom N. gonorrhoeae was not isolated. Therapy for pelvic inflammatory disease must be empirical since it is impossible to distinguish clinically between gonococcal and nongonococcal infection, and our data indicate that both regimens recommended by the Center for Disease Control are effective.", "PMID": 404555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2678", "title": "[Behavior of selected veterinary preparations during industrial milk processing].", "content": "Since the extensive veterinary-hygienic treatment of herds with insecticidal veterinary preparations may lead to milk contamination, the authors studied the behaviour of some active agents (butonate, dichlorvos (DDVP), trichlorphon, naled, carbaryl, hexachloro-p-xylene and rafoxanide) during the industrial processing of milk to fluid milk, cream, butter, cheese and milk powder, and during the storage of these products. Small-scale model experiments served to investigate the effects of pasteurization (74 and 95 degrees C.), separation and churning as well as of the processing to milk powder and cheese. Analyses for residues were performed by thin-layer chromatography, colorimetry and with the aid of the isotope technique. From the viewpoint of milk processing, the use of TCP and, in part, that of DDVP may be considered as less critical due to their hydrophilic properties and rapid degradation. In view of their lipophilic behaviour, the use of butonate, carbaryl, rafoxanide and hexachloro-p-xylene as active agents in veterinary preparations for milk cows must be regarded as problematic. The utilization of naled is also problematic due to the fact that the toxicology of its metabolites is not yet sufficiently known.", "contents": "[Behavior of selected veterinary preparations during industrial milk processing]. Since the extensive veterinary-hygienic treatment of herds with insecticidal veterinary preparations may lead to milk contamination, the authors studied the behaviour of some active agents (butonate, dichlorvos (DDVP), trichlorphon, naled, carbaryl, hexachloro-p-xylene and rafoxanide) during the industrial processing of milk to fluid milk, cream, butter, cheese and milk powder, and during the storage of these products. Small-scale model experiments served to investigate the effects of pasteurization (74 and 95 degrees C.), separation and churning as well as of the processing to milk powder and cheese. Analyses for residues were performed by thin-layer chromatography, colorimetry and with the aid of the isotope technique. From the viewpoint of milk processing, the use of TCP and, in part, that of DDVP may be considered as less critical due to their hydrophilic properties and rapid degradation. In view of their lipophilic behaviour, the use of butonate, carbaryl, rafoxanide and hexachloro-p-xylene as active agents in veterinary preparations for milk cows must be regarded as problematic. The utilization of naled is also problematic due to the fact that the toxicology of its metabolites is not yet sufficiently known.", "PMID": 404556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2679", "title": "Precipitating antibody against protease of Corynebacterium pyogenes in pigs.", "content": "Antibody in sera from pigs carrying an abscess associated with Corynebacterium pyogenes and healthy pigs was examined by the agar gel diffusion test. In the test, the concentrated culture fluid containing the protease of C. pyogenes was used as antigen. As a result, precipitating antibody was demonstrated in sera from 25 of 30 abscessed pigs and a few of the healthy pigs. When the relationship between precipitating antibody and protease was examined by the immunoelectrophoresis and gel filtration of the concentrated culture fluid, the antibody was shown in the same position as the protease. From the result, it was clear that the precipitating antibody was against the protease of C. pyogenes. All the proteases produced by 27 strains of C. pyogenes of porcine and bovine origin were serologically identical with one another. They were, however, serologically different from those of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and B. subtilis. In the inhibition test, the proteolytic activity of C. pyogenes was inhibited by the serum of the abscessed pig. It was also inhibited by healthy pig serum. From the results, it seems that the determination of precipitating antibody may be useful for the diagnosis of C. pyogenes infection.", "contents": "Precipitating antibody against protease of Corynebacterium pyogenes in pigs. Antibody in sera from pigs carrying an abscess associated with Corynebacterium pyogenes and healthy pigs was examined by the agar gel diffusion test. In the test, the concentrated culture fluid containing the protease of C. pyogenes was used as antigen. As a result, precipitating antibody was demonstrated in sera from 25 of 30 abscessed pigs and a few of the healthy pigs. When the relationship between precipitating antibody and protease was examined by the immunoelectrophoresis and gel filtration of the concentrated culture fluid, the antibody was shown in the same position as the protease. From the result, it was clear that the precipitating antibody was against the protease of C. pyogenes. All the proteases produced by 27 strains of C. pyogenes of porcine and bovine origin were serologically identical with one another. They were, however, serologically different from those of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and B. subtilis. In the inhibition test, the proteolytic activity of C. pyogenes was inhibited by the serum of the abscessed pig. It was also inhibited by healthy pig serum. From the results, it seems that the determination of precipitating antibody may be useful for the diagnosis of C. pyogenes infection.", "PMID": 404574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2680", "title": "Degradation of hypothalamic hormones.", "content": "The enzymatic fragmentation of TRH (pyroGlu-His-Pro-NH2) by serum, hypothalamic and hypophyseal tissue was investigated. As primary cleavage product only His-Pro-NH2 was detected when TRH was incubated with serum while with the tissue preparations the formation of His-Pro-NH2, deamido-TRH and prolineamide could be detected as enzymatically formed primary fragments.", "contents": "Degradation of hypothalamic hormones. The enzymatic fragmentation of TRH (pyroGlu-His-Pro-NH2) by serum, hypothalamic and hypophyseal tissue was investigated. As primary cleavage product only His-Pro-NH2 was detected when TRH was incubated with serum while with the tissue preparations the formation of His-Pro-NH2, deamido-TRH and prolineamide could be detected as enzymatically formed primary fragments.", "PMID": 404575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2681", "title": "Renal failure in familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency.", "content": "Familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency is a hereditary disorder of lipid metabolism. Lipid material is deposited in the kidneys, the glomerular capillary basement membrane is irregularly thickened, detachment and even loss of endothelial cells are seen in the glomeruli. Proteinuria was present in 8 out of 9 cases studied, usually it has not been detected before the age of 15-20. After 15-30 years with symptomless proteinuria, terminal renal failure has developed in 6 of the patients. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms of the renal damage is discussed; a large-molecular-weight low-density lipoprotein is suggested to be an important factor.", "contents": "Renal failure in familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. Familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency is a hereditary disorder of lipid metabolism. Lipid material is deposited in the kidneys, the glomerular capillary basement membrane is irregularly thickened, detachment and even loss of endothelial cells are seen in the glomeruli. Proteinuria was present in 8 out of 9 cases studied, usually it has not been detected before the age of 15-20. After 15-30 years with symptomless proteinuria, terminal renal failure has developed in 6 of the patients. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms of the renal damage is discussed; a large-molecular-weight low-density lipoprotein is suggested to be an important factor.", "PMID": 404580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2682", "title": "[Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on EEG pattern in epilepsy. Preliminary report].", "content": "Investigations were carried out in 50 patients with epilepsy who had been subjected previously to careful clinical examination. For the investigations the preparation Gamma-OH EGIC was used in doses of 0.03 g/kg of body weight in rapid intravenous injection. The preparation modified rapidly the EEG tracings which were divided into 4 phases: 1) phase of initial resting record, 2) disappearance of alpha rhythm with increase of medium and low-voltage theta rhythm, 3) high-voltage phase resembling sleep activity with prevalence of delta rhythm, 4) phase of desynchronization--return of normal activity. Out of 50 epileptics in 31 cases temporal-lobe epilepsy was present, in 15 the seizures and EEG changes were generalized, in 4 cases focal non-temporal-lobe epilepsy was recognized. Administration of Gamma-OH to epileptics caused in 100% of cases a modification of the initial tracings and in 84% activation of EEG changes mainly with activation of focal slow-wave activity; in cases of minor absence attacks the drug always induced paroksysmal activity. The preparation is safe and non-toxic and may be used in outpatient clinics. It seems that activation of EEG changes in epileptics by Gamma-OH administration may be due to disturbances of the equilibrium between the structures activating and inhibiting the reticular formation of the brain stem and cerebral cortex.", "contents": "[Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on EEG pattern in epilepsy. Preliminary report]. Investigations were carried out in 50 patients with epilepsy who had been subjected previously to careful clinical examination. For the investigations the preparation Gamma-OH EGIC was used in doses of 0.03 g/kg of body weight in rapid intravenous injection. The preparation modified rapidly the EEG tracings which were divided into 4 phases: 1) phase of initial resting record, 2) disappearance of alpha rhythm with increase of medium and low-voltage theta rhythm, 3) high-voltage phase resembling sleep activity with prevalence of delta rhythm, 4) phase of desynchronization--return of normal activity. Out of 50 epileptics in 31 cases temporal-lobe epilepsy was present, in 15 the seizures and EEG changes were generalized, in 4 cases focal non-temporal-lobe epilepsy was recognized. Administration of Gamma-OH to epileptics caused in 100% of cases a modification of the initial tracings and in 84% activation of EEG changes mainly with activation of focal slow-wave activity; in cases of minor absence attacks the drug always induced paroksysmal activity. The preparation is safe and non-toxic and may be used in outpatient clinics. It seems that activation of EEG changes in epileptics by Gamma-OH administration may be due to disturbances of the equilibrium between the structures activating and inhibiting the reticular formation of the brain stem and cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 404581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2683", "title": "[Thyroid activity in patients with myasthenia].", "content": "In 27 patients with myasthenia thyroid function tests were done using radioassay methods. The levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine-binding protein (BT4) and thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) were determined simultaneously in the serum. In 4 myasthenics the levels of T3 and T4 were determined after administration of exogenous TSH (Ambinon). The control group comprised 13 subjects without thyroid function disturbances. The investigations demonstrated a statistically significant decrease of T4 (at p less than 0.05) and T3 (at p less than 0.01) in myasthenia as compared with the control group. Administration of TSH raised the T3 level by 40% and that of T4 by 6%. The results obtained by the authors indicate presence of secondary hypothyroidism in myasthenia possibly due, to failure of the hypophyseo-hypothalamic system.", "contents": "[Thyroid activity in patients with myasthenia]. In 27 patients with myasthenia thyroid function tests were done using radioassay methods. The levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine-binding protein (BT4) and thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) were determined simultaneously in the serum. In 4 myasthenics the levels of T3 and T4 were determined after administration of exogenous TSH (Ambinon). The control group comprised 13 subjects without thyroid function disturbances. The investigations demonstrated a statistically significant decrease of T4 (at p less than 0.05) and T3 (at p less than 0.01) in myasthenia as compared with the control group. Administration of TSH raised the T3 level by 40% and that of T4 by 6%. The results obtained by the authors indicate presence of secondary hypothyroidism in myasthenia possibly due, to failure of the hypophyseo-hypothalamic system.", "PMID": 404582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2684", "title": "[Diagnosis of bacterial infections of the urinary tract].", "content": "The aetiopathogenesis of bacterial infections of the urinary ways and the techniques used to isolate and identify the bacteria present in the urine are considered. The following aspects are covered: 1) Introduction (Clinical microbiology); 2) Urine and bacterial multiplication; 3) Diagnostic techniques in urinary way infections; 4) Urine leucocyte count; 5) Urine bacteria count; 6) Guidelines for applying bacteriological research; 7) Recurrent infections of the urinary ways; 8) Diagnosis of the site of infection; 9) Bacterial indentification and incidence.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of bacterial infections of the urinary tract]. The aetiopathogenesis of bacterial infections of the urinary ways and the techniques used to isolate and identify the bacteria present in the urine are considered. The following aspects are covered: 1) Introduction (Clinical microbiology); 2) Urine and bacterial multiplication; 3) Diagnostic techniques in urinary way infections; 4) Urine leucocyte count; 5) Urine bacteria count; 6) Guidelines for applying bacteriological research; 7) Recurrent infections of the urinary ways; 8) Diagnosis of the site of infection; 9) Bacterial indentification and incidence.", "PMID": 404596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2685", "title": "[Pseudotumoral progression in a case of periosteal ossification of the femur].", "content": "A case of  periosteal ossification of the femur in a 14-yr-old boy is reported. The clinical, radiological and scintiscan pictures illustrated marked pseudotumoral lesions in a subject with a mild form of osteopsathyrosis.", "contents": "[Pseudotumoral progression in a case of periosteal ossification of the femur]. A case of  periosteal ossification of the femur in a 14-yr-old boy is reported. The clinical, radiological and scintiscan pictures illustrated marked pseudotumoral lesions in a subject with a mild form of osteopsathyrosis.", "PMID": 404597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2686", "title": "Frequent coexistence of ocular malformations in externally malformed human fetuses.", "content": "60 undamaged human fetuses with some types of external malformations were taken from the human embryo and fetus collection at the Department of Anatomy, Kyoto University. They were examined macroscopically and stereo-microscopically for ocular and other external and internal malformations. 18 cases, that is 30% of the group, showed ocular malformations of the following type: approximated eyes (2 cases), approximated eyes + microcornea (1), microphthalmia (8), microcornea (3), corneal opacity (1), transparent sclera (2), antimongoloid obliquity of the palpebral fissure (1). In addition, asymmetric insertion site of the recti muscle(s) which can be regarded as a minor deviation, was found in 10 cases (16.7%). Other types of malformations were found simultaneously in a variety of organ systems and regions. No particular maternal factors were suggested to be related to such coexisting ocular malformations.", "contents": "Frequent coexistence of ocular malformations in externally malformed human fetuses. 60 undamaged human fetuses with some types of external malformations were taken from the human embryo and fetus collection at the Department of Anatomy, Kyoto University. They were examined macroscopically and stereo-microscopically for ocular and other external and internal malformations. 18 cases, that is 30% of the group, showed ocular malformations of the following type: approximated eyes (2 cases), approximated eyes + microcornea (1), microphthalmia (8), microcornea (3), corneal opacity (1), transparent sclera (2), antimongoloid obliquity of the palpebral fissure (1). In addition, asymmetric insertion site of the recti muscle(s) which can be regarded as a minor deviation, was found in 10 cases (16.7%). Other types of malformations were found simultaneously in a variety of organ systems and regions. No particular maternal factors were suggested to be related to such coexisting ocular malformations.", "PMID": 404600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2687", "title": "Collagen xenografts for bone replacement: the effects of aldehyde-induced cross-linking on degradation rate.", "content": "Collagen was extracted with acid from fresh calf skin, reconstituted and crosslinked with one of four aldehydes, and implanted into surgically created defects in rabbit mandibles. All grafts were histocompatible, with no signs of infection or rejection. There was partial degradation of simple aldehyde cross-linked collagen grafts, with new bone formation evident throughout as early as 4 weeks and complete by 3 to 4 months. The greater the degree of aldehyde-induced cross-linking, the longer the time of degradation, with dialdehyde-fixed specimens not starting to degrade for 6 months and highly cross-linked grafts intact and stable after 1 year. In grafted animals the mandible regained its original contour, while in control animals a defect remained after 1 year.", "contents": "Collagen xenografts for bone replacement: the effects of aldehyde-induced cross-linking on degradation rate. Collagen was extracted with acid from fresh calf skin, reconstituted and crosslinked with one of four aldehydes, and implanted into surgically created defects in rabbit mandibles. All grafts were histocompatible, with no signs of infection or rejection. There was partial degradation of simple aldehyde cross-linked collagen grafts, with new bone formation evident throughout as early as 4 weeks and complete by 3 to 4 months. The greater the degree of aldehyde-induced cross-linking, the longer the time of degradation, with dialdehyde-fixed specimens not starting to degrade for 6 months and highly cross-linked grafts intact and stable after 1 year. In grafted animals the mandible regained its original contour, while in control animals a defect remained after 1 year.", "PMID": 404601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2688", "title": "Obliterated pulp cavities in the Sanfilippo syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis III).", "content": "Generalized obliteration of the pulp chambers and canals by irregular secondary dentin was observed in an individual with the Sanfilippo syndrome. Heretofore unreported, this dental finding may represent a manifestation of this mucopolysaccharide disorder.", "contents": "Obliterated pulp cavities in the Sanfilippo syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis III). Generalized obliteration of the pulp chambers and canals by irregular secondary dentin was observed in an individual with the Sanfilippo syndrome. Heretofore unreported, this dental finding may represent a manifestation of this mucopolysaccharide disorder.", "PMID": 404602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2689", "title": "Comparative study on the composition of the organic matrix of the long bones of the \"normal\" rat and of the mutant Op/Orl.", "content": "The organic matrix of the long bones of the \"normal\" rat strain and of its mutant Op/Orl were investigated. This latter strain exhibits some anomalles similar to Albers-Sch\u00f6nberg disease as well as tooth retentions. Bones (tibia, femur) were incubated with 14C-glucose and also submitted to a fractional extraction procedure (EDTA, urea) to separate soluble and insoluble fractions. The proteins, hexoses, hexosamines, hydroxyproline content of these fractions was determined as well as the radioactivity of the soluble extracts Glycosaminoglycans were also studied by cellogel electrophoresis after pronase digestion of the EDTA-extracts. Male and female animals of each strain were studied separately. The relative amount of soluble proteins (EDTA + urea extracts) was the same in both strains, the mineral content of the final residue was however higher in the mutant Op/Orl strain. The hydroxyproline content of the mutant-extracts were lower than in the original strain suggesting a lower soluble collagen content. This may be due to a faster polymerisation, insolubillisation of freshly synthesised collagen. The hexosamine content of the mutant urea extracts and the final residue was higher than that found in the analogous extracts obtained from the normal \"normal\" strain, suggesting a higher proportion of structural glycoproteins in the mutant bone, uronic acid being low or absent. Some other parameters were identical between the mutant and original strains but differed between males and females. The radioactivity of the soluble extracts was higher in the males than in females. The glycosaminoglycans of the EDTA extracts are also different: male-extracts show two bands on cellogel electrophoresis, one corresponding to chondroitin-sulphate, the other to hyaluronate. Females showed only the chondroitin sulphate band. The aminoacid composition of the insoluble residue of males was higher in basic amino acids (lysine, histidine, arginine) than the female extracts. These results indicate the existence of discrete well defined differences between the organic matrix of the orginal and mutant strain on one side and between male and female bones on the other side.", "contents": "Comparative study on the composition of the organic matrix of the long bones of the \"normal\" rat and of the mutant Op/Orl. The organic matrix of the long bones of the \"normal\" rat strain and of its mutant Op/Orl were investigated. This latter strain exhibits some anomalles similar to Albers-Sch\u00f6nberg disease as well as tooth retentions. Bones (tibia, femur) were incubated with 14C-glucose and also submitted to a fractional extraction procedure (EDTA, urea) to separate soluble and insoluble fractions. The proteins, hexoses, hexosamines, hydroxyproline content of these fractions was determined as well as the radioactivity of the soluble extracts Glycosaminoglycans were also studied by cellogel electrophoresis after pronase digestion of the EDTA-extracts. Male and female animals of each strain were studied separately. The relative amount of soluble proteins (EDTA + urea extracts) was the same in both strains, the mineral content of the final residue was however higher in the mutant Op/Orl strain. The hydroxyproline content of the mutant-extracts were lower than in the original strain suggesting a lower soluble collagen content. This may be due to a faster polymerisation, insolubillisation of freshly synthesised collagen. The hexosamine content of the mutant urea extracts and the final residue was higher than that found in the analogous extracts obtained from the normal \"normal\" strain, suggesting a higher proportion of structural glycoproteins in the mutant bone, uronic acid being low or absent. Some other parameters were identical between the mutant and original strains but differed between males and females. The radioactivity of the soluble extracts was higher in the males than in females. The glycosaminoglycans of the EDTA extracts are also different: male-extracts show two bands on cellogel electrophoresis, one corresponding to chondroitin-sulphate, the other to hyaluronate. Females showed only the chondroitin sulphate band. The aminoacid composition of the insoluble residue of males was higher in basic amino acids (lysine, histidine, arginine) than the female extracts. These results indicate the existence of discrete well defined differences between the organic matrix of the orginal and mutant strain on one side and between male and female bones on the other side.", "PMID": 404616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2690", "title": "A comparison of fasting plasma insulin and growth hormone concentrations in marasmic, kwashiorkor, marasmic-kwashiorkor and underweight children.", "content": "Fasting plasma insulin and growth hormone concentrations were measured in 24 marasmic, 11 kwashiorkor, 16 marasmic-kwashiorkor, and 4 underweight children. Hormone measurements were made by a special modification of the Hales and Randle double antibody immunoassay with increased sensitivity in the concentration range 0-25 micronU/ml. Fasting plasma insulin was low in marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic-kwashiorkor children, and increased to normal levels after recovery. Fasting plasma growth hormone was elevated in all groups during malnutrition and was significantly decreased to normal levels after recovery. There were no significant differences in plasma insulin or growth hormone levels between the different clinical types of severe protein energy malnutrition. These hormonal changes in severe protein energy malnutrition are of complex and not fully understood etiology. However, recovered children appear to have a hormonal pattern similar to that described in normal control infants and children.", "contents": "A comparison of fasting plasma insulin and growth hormone concentrations in marasmic, kwashiorkor, marasmic-kwashiorkor and underweight children. Fasting plasma insulin and growth hormone concentrations were measured in 24 marasmic, 11 kwashiorkor, 16 marasmic-kwashiorkor, and 4 underweight children. Hormone measurements were made by a special modification of the Hales and Randle double antibody immunoassay with increased sensitivity in the concentration range 0-25 micronU/ml. Fasting plasma insulin was low in marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic-kwashiorkor children, and increased to normal levels after recovery. Fasting plasma growth hormone was elevated in all groups during malnutrition and was significantly decreased to normal levels after recovery. There were no significant differences in plasma insulin or growth hormone levels between the different clinical types of severe protein energy malnutrition. These hormonal changes in severe protein energy malnutrition are of complex and not fully understood etiology. However, recovered children appear to have a hormonal pattern similar to that described in normal control infants and children.", "PMID": 404619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2691", "title": "The use of a crystalline amino acid mixture for parenteral nutrition in low-birth-weight infants.", "content": "Thirty-six preterm, sick, low-birth-weight neonates were given either total or partial parenteral nutrition. The patients were divided into three groups according to their birth weights: group A -less than 1,000 gm, 12 patients: group B--between 1,000 and 1,500 gm, 15 patients: group C--more than 1,500 gm, 9 patients. The solution for total parenteral nutrition contained 20% glucose and 2.6% crystalline amino acids plus appropriate amounts of vitamins and minerals. The volume of infusate given was usually 125 ml/kg/day, but varied depending on the clinical condition of the patient; occasionally it was as high as 150 to 175 ml/kg/day. Infusate of one-half strength was administered initially; its concentrations of glucose and amino acids were increased to three quarters and full strength gradually, if tolerated. The solution for total parenteral nutrition was infused into the superior vena cava via a central venous catheter; that for partial parenteral nutrition was given into a peripheral vein to supplement inadequate oral feedings. The period of parenteral nutrition lasted from 5 to 49 days, with an average of 13.2 days. The intake of 500 mg of nitrogen as crystalline amino acids and 100 kcal as glucose was capable of achieving body weight gain. Positive nitrogen balance of various degrees was also observed. Hyperglycemia of a slight to moderate degree was observed in nine patients; only three required insulin therapy. Two patients had thrombotic occlusion of the central venous catheter. The conclusion was reached that total parenteral nutrition or partial parenteral nutrition, when properly managed, is a safe procedure in small, premature infants. The amino acid solution given as a nitrogen source along with adequate calories was effective in promoting weight gain and nitrogen balance; it was apparently well tolerated by low-birth-weight neonates.", "contents": "The use of a crystalline amino acid mixture for parenteral nutrition in low-birth-weight infants. Thirty-six preterm, sick, low-birth-weight neonates were given either total or partial parenteral nutrition. The patients were divided into three groups according to their birth weights: group A -less than 1,000 gm, 12 patients: group B--between 1,000 and 1,500 gm, 15 patients: group C--more than 1,500 gm, 9 patients. The solution for total parenteral nutrition contained 20% glucose and 2.6% crystalline amino acids plus appropriate amounts of vitamins and minerals. The volume of infusate given was usually 125 ml/kg/day, but varied depending on the clinical condition of the patient; occasionally it was as high as 150 to 175 ml/kg/day. Infusate of one-half strength was administered initially; its concentrations of glucose and amino acids were increased to three quarters and full strength gradually, if tolerated. The solution for total parenteral nutrition was infused into the superior vena cava via a central venous catheter; that for partial parenteral nutrition was given into a peripheral vein to supplement inadequate oral feedings. The period of parenteral nutrition lasted from 5 to 49 days, with an average of 13.2 days. The intake of 500 mg of nitrogen as crystalline amino acids and 100 kcal as glucose was capable of achieving body weight gain. Positive nitrogen balance of various degrees was also observed. Hyperglycemia of a slight to moderate degree was observed in nine patients; only three required insulin therapy. Two patients had thrombotic occlusion of the central venous catheter. The conclusion was reached that total parenteral nutrition or partial parenteral nutrition, when properly managed, is a safe procedure in small, premature infants. The amino acid solution given as a nitrogen source along with adequate calories was effective in promoting weight gain and nitrogen balance; it was apparently well tolerated by low-birth-weight neonates.", "PMID": 404620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2692", "title": "Low-dose intravenous insulin infusion versus subcutaneous insulin injection: a controlled comparative study of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "Fourteen paients, 5 to 17 years old, with 18 episodes of uncomplicated diabetic ketoacidosis were randomly allocated and studied prospectively. The study group received 0.1 units of insulin per kilogram of body weight per hour as a continuous intravenous infusion; the control group received insulin subcutaneously. In both groups, a gradual fall in serum glucose and ketone levels was achieved. Serum ketones persisted longer in the intravenous group. No complications were encountered. The study suggests that both regimens of insulin administration are equally effective, but a low-dose constant infusion may provide more simplified and controlled management than the standard subcutaneous regimen.", "contents": "Low-dose intravenous insulin infusion versus subcutaneous insulin injection: a controlled comparative study of diabetic ketoacidosis. Fourteen paients, 5 to 17 years old, with 18 episodes of uncomplicated diabetic ketoacidosis were randomly allocated and studied prospectively. The study group received 0.1 units of insulin per kilogram of body weight per hour as a continuous intravenous infusion; the control group received insulin subcutaneously. In both groups, a gradual fall in serum glucose and ketone levels was achieved. Serum ketones persisted longer in the intravenous group. No complications were encountered. The study suggests that both regimens of insulin administration are equally effective, but a low-dose constant infusion may provide more simplified and controlled management than the standard subcutaneous regimen.", "PMID": 404621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2693", "title": "Effectiveness of atrial pacing in Macaca mulatta as a function of pacing pulse intensity: modification by atropine and propranolol.", "content": "The functional relationship between heart rate, under atrial pacing, and the intensity of pacing pulses, was determined for intensities ranging from well below the complete heart rate capture threshold to suprathreshold intensities. A separate capture-intensity function was determined for each of the pacing frequencies 180, 240, 300 and 360 pulses per min, and then used to evaluate the effects of propranolol hydrochloride and atropine sulfate on atrial pacing. Propranolol resulted in an increase in the amount of current (mA) required to  achieve a given degree of cardiac capture, whereas atropine resulted in a decrease. These shifts in the capture-intensity functions along the intensity axis were possibly caused by drug antagonism of beta-adrenergic and cholinergic receptors, respectively, although the effects might also have been due to modifications of the electrical responsivity of the cardiac muscle, independently of the neural blockade.", "contents": "Effectiveness of atrial pacing in Macaca mulatta as a function of pacing pulse intensity: modification by atropine and propranolol. The functional relationship between heart rate, under atrial pacing, and the intensity of pacing pulses, was determined for intensities ranging from well below the complete heart rate capture threshold to suprathreshold intensities. A separate capture-intensity function was determined for each of the pacing frequencies 180, 240, 300 and 360 pulses per min, and then used to evaluate the effects of propranolol hydrochloride and atropine sulfate on atrial pacing. Propranolol resulted in an increase in the amount of current (mA) required to  achieve a given degree of cardiac capture, whereas atropine resulted in a decrease. These shifts in the capture-intensity functions along the intensity axis were possibly caused by drug antagonism of beta-adrenergic and cholinergic receptors, respectively, although the effects might also have been due to modifications of the electrical responsivity of the cardiac muscle, independently of the neural blockade.", "PMID": 404617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2694", "title": "Production of fetal asphyxia by maternal psychological stress.", "content": "Several lines of evidence indicate that maternal psychological stress leads to adverse pregnancy outcome in rhesus monkey. Chronic anxiety causes an increased stillbirth rate, fetal growth retardation, and altered placental morphology. On another time scale, lightening of maternal anesthesia during surgery produces an impaired fetal oxygenation while re-institution of anesthesia ameliorates the fetal asphyxia. The present study, for the first time, demonstrates a relationship between specific episodes of meternal psychological stress and exacerbation of fetal asphyxia in utero. Eight term pregnant rhesus monkeys were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Catheters were placed both into the maternal and the fetal femoral arteries for the continuous recording of blood pressure and heart rate and for the intermittent campling of maternal and fetal blood. An open-ended catheter recorded intrauterine pressures. Following a complete repair, the anesthesia of the mothers was allowed to lighten. As the mothers awakened, the fetuses invariably showed the developemnt of fetal asphyxia. A fetal acidosis developed and the fetal oxygenation and repair of acidosis. Studies while the mothers were fully awake showed the repeated and regular development of episodes of heightened fetal asphyxia produced by episodes of stressful stimulation of the mothers. Episodes of maternal psychological stress led to changes in both fetal vital signs and blood chemical findings. These alterations in fetal state regularly followed the onset of the episodes of psychological stress by 50 seconds. These changes also usually remitted 50 seconds following the termination of the periods of stress. These results demonstrated a direct and unequivocal relationship between meternal psychological stress and fetal asphyxia. It is assumed the maternal stress produces impairments in the circulation to the uterus through an increased sympathetic nervous system activity and a shunting of the maternal blood-flow from the abdominal viscera to other organs as occurs in the fight-orflight reaction.", "contents": "Production of fetal asphyxia by maternal psychological stress. Several lines of evidence indicate that maternal psychological stress leads to adverse pregnancy outcome in rhesus monkey. Chronic anxiety causes an increased stillbirth rate, fetal growth retardation, and altered placental morphology. On another time scale, lightening of maternal anesthesia during surgery produces an impaired fetal oxygenation while re-institution of anesthesia ameliorates the fetal asphyxia. The present study, for the first time, demonstrates a relationship between specific episodes of meternal psychological stress and exacerbation of fetal asphyxia in utero. Eight term pregnant rhesus monkeys were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Catheters were placed both into the maternal and the fetal femoral arteries for the continuous recording of blood pressure and heart rate and for the intermittent campling of maternal and fetal blood. An open-ended catheter recorded intrauterine pressures. Following a complete repair, the anesthesia of the mothers was allowed to lighten. As the mothers awakened, the fetuses invariably showed the developemnt of fetal asphyxia. A fetal acidosis developed and the fetal oxygenation and repair of acidosis. Studies while the mothers were fully awake showed the repeated and regular development of episodes of heightened fetal asphyxia produced by episodes of stressful stimulation of the mothers. Episodes of maternal psychological stress led to changes in both fetal vital signs and blood chemical findings. These alterations in fetal state regularly followed the onset of the episodes of psychological stress by 50 seconds. These changes also usually remitted 50 seconds following the termination of the periods of stress. These results demonstrated a direct and unequivocal relationship between meternal psychological stress and fetal asphyxia. It is assumed the maternal stress produces impairments in the circulation to the uterus through an increased sympathetic nervous system activity and a shunting of the maternal blood-flow from the abdominal viscera to other organs as occurs in the fight-orflight reaction.", "PMID": 404618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2695", "title": "Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in selected fauna from a New Jersey salt marsh--1967 vs. 1973.", "content": "More than a half million pounds of DDT were applied to control mosquitoes in salt marsh estuaries of Cape May County, New Jersey, from 1946 to 1966. The use of DDT was discontinued in the County after 1966. In 1967, mean concentrations of DDT and metabolites ranged from 0.63 to 9.05 ppm in aquatic fauna, but by 1973 mean residue levels had decreased 84 to 99 percent among nine species. DDE was still present at reduced levels in nearly all samples in 1973, but other DDT isomers had mostly disappeared. Dieldrin was detected only in clapper rails, and residue levels decreased during the period. Mean concentrations of PCB's increased in the clapper rail, remained the same in the fiddler crab and mud snail, and decreased in the sheepshead minnow, mummichog, striped killifish, and salt marsh snail. Small amounts of mirex, toxaphene, cis-chlordane (and/or trans-nonachlor), oxychlordane, and HCB were detected in a few specimens.", "contents": "Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in selected fauna from a New Jersey salt marsh--1967 vs. 1973. More than a half million pounds of DDT were applied to control mosquitoes in salt marsh estuaries of Cape May County, New Jersey, from 1946 to 1966. The use of DDT was discontinued in the County after 1966. In 1967, mean concentrations of DDT and metabolites ranged from 0.63 to 9.05 ppm in aquatic fauna, but by 1973 mean residue levels had decreased 84 to 99 percent among nine species. DDE was still present at reduced levels in nearly all samples in 1973, but other DDT isomers had mostly disappeared. Dieldrin was detected only in clapper rails, and residue levels decreased during the period. Mean concentrations of PCB's increased in the clapper rail, remained the same in the fiddler crab and mud snail, and decreased in the sheepshead minnow, mummichog, striped killifish, and salt marsh snail. Small amounts of mirex, toxaphene, cis-chlordane (and/or trans-nonachlor), oxychlordane, and HCB were detected in a few specimens.", "PMID": 404626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2696", "title": "[Clinical and biological manifestations following the interruption of prolonged treatment with clonidine].", "content": "In 7 out of 14 patients there were marked subjective symptoms following the interruption of prolonged treatment with clonidine. A significant increase in blood pressure, systolic and diastolic, heart rate and urinary catecholamine excretion was seen in the majority of cases. The clinical and biological manifestations would appear to reflect a phenomenon of derepression of sympathetic activity: the increase in urinary catecholamines is the biological result. The findings are of practical importance since they indicate that the interruption of anti-hypertensive therapy with clonidine must be under taken with caution, i.e. progressively.", "contents": "[Clinical and biological manifestations following the interruption of prolonged treatment with clonidine]. In 7 out of 14 patients there were marked subjective symptoms following the interruption of prolonged treatment with clonidine. A significant increase in blood pressure, systolic and diastolic, heart rate and urinary catecholamine excretion was seen in the majority of cases. The clinical and biological manifestations would appear to reflect a phenomenon of derepression of sympathetic activity: the increase in urinary catecholamines is the biological result. The findings are of practical importance since they indicate that the interruption of anti-hypertensive therapy with clonidine must be under taken with caution, i.e. progressively.", "PMID": 404629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2697", "title": "[Anatomic and bacteriological study of surgically extracted valves in patients with bacterial endocarditis].", "content": "We studied 64 cases of bacterial endocarditis which required heart surgery for hemodynamic defects and/or failure of the antibiotic therapy. We performed a bacteriologic and histologic investigation of the removed valves. The organisms were evidenced through culture and specific stainings. According to the different organisms we evaluated the best duration of antibiotic therapy to achieved sterilization, and suggest a helpful medical and surgical treatment for the bacterial endocarditis.", "contents": "[Anatomic and bacteriological study of surgically extracted valves in patients with bacterial endocarditis]. We studied 64 cases of bacterial endocarditis which required heart surgery for hemodynamic defects and/or failure of the antibiotic therapy. We performed a bacteriologic and histologic investigation of the removed valves. The organisms were evidenced through culture and specific stainings. According to the different organisms we evaluated the best duration of antibiotic therapy to achieved sterilization, and suggest a helpful medical and surgical treatment for the bacterial endocarditis.", "PMID": 404630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2698", "title": "Management of asthma. 2. Antiasthmatic drugs.", "content": "Asthma is a complex disease characterized by hyperreactive airways, with a wide spectrum of severity and presentation. Management requires confirmation of the diagnosis; characterization of the severity, chronicity, and precipitating factors; and development of an appropriate treatment plan based on the established efficacy of the various pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic modes of therapy. For acute symptoms, treatment with sympathomimetic amines appears to be the most appropriate initial measure. Corticosteroids are the most potent drugs available for dealing with acute symptoms that are unresponsive to bronchodilators. For the control of chronic asthma, either theophylline or cromolyn can be used initially. Chronic therapy may also require corticosteroids, in which case toxic effects of long-term therapy can be minimized by use of alternate-day dosage of prednisone or daily inhalation of beclomethasone dipropionate. Concurrent with drug therapy, environmental control measures can be used to minimize exposure to avoidable precipitants, and injection therapy with allergenic extracts can be considered if inhalant allergy can be convincingly demonstrated to play a major role. Failure of airway obstruction to respond to corticosteroids and the other measures should raise serious questions regarding the diagnosis.", "contents": "Management of asthma. 2. Antiasthmatic drugs. Asthma is a complex disease characterized by hyperreactive airways, with a wide spectrum of severity and presentation. Management requires confirmation of the diagnosis; characterization of the severity, chronicity, and precipitating factors; and development of an appropriate treatment plan based on the established efficacy of the various pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic modes of therapy. For acute symptoms, treatment with sympathomimetic amines appears to be the most appropriate initial measure. Corticosteroids are the most potent drugs available for dealing with acute symptoms that are unresponsive to bronchodilators. For the control of chronic asthma, either theophylline or cromolyn can be used initially. Chronic therapy may also require corticosteroids, in which case toxic effects of long-term therapy can be minimized by use of alternate-day dosage of prednisone or daily inhalation of beclomethasone dipropionate. Concurrent with drug therapy, environmental control measures can be used to minimize exposure to avoidable precipitants, and injection therapy with allergenic extracts can be considered if inhalant allergy can be convincingly demonstrated to play a major role. Failure of airway obstruction to respond to corticosteroids and the other measures should raise serious questions regarding the diagnosis.", "PMID": 404636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2699", "title": "Paravertebral and peripheral ligamentous ossification: an unusual association of hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "A 62-year-old man with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and extensive paravertebral and ligamentous ossification is reported. The clinical and radiological findings of this, and other reported cases, are discussed and compared with other causes of paravertebral ossification.", "contents": "Paravertebral and peripheral ligamentous ossification: an unusual association of hypoparathyroidism. A 62-year-old man with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and extensive paravertebral and ligamentous ossification is reported. The clinical and radiological findings of this, and other reported cases, are discussed and compared with other causes of paravertebral ossification.", "PMID": 404637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2700", "title": "Studies on pyrazine derivatives. Part VII. Synthesis and tuberculostatic activity of some pyrazine amidines and amidoximes.", "content": "In the reaction of 2-cyano-6-alkylaminopyrazines with sec. amines in the presence of anhyd. AlCl3 amidines 1-13 were obtained. From pyrazine-2-imidoesters, 2-cyano-pyrazines and pyrazine-2-carbothioamides and hydroxylamine, amidoximes 14-49 were easily prepared. These new compounds were, however, of little tuberculostatic activity (MIC between 31.5-2000 mug/cm3).", "contents": "Studies on pyrazine derivatives. Part VII. Synthesis and tuberculostatic activity of some pyrazine amidines and amidoximes. In the reaction of 2-cyano-6-alkylaminopyrazines with sec. amines in the presence of anhyd. AlCl3 amidines 1-13 were obtained. From pyrazine-2-imidoesters, 2-cyano-pyrazines and pyrazine-2-carbothioamides and hydroxylamine, amidoximes 14-49 were easily prepared. These new compounds were, however, of little tuberculostatic activity (MIC between 31.5-2000 mug/cm3).", "PMID": 404633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2701", "title": "Derivatives of 4(7)-methyl- and 5,6-dimethyl-benzimidazolyl-2-mercaptoacetic acids.", "content": "Esters, hydrazides and hydrazones of the in title mentioned acids were prepared and screened for tuberculostatic activity. The strongest activity (MIC at 15-6 mug/cm3) was shown by hydrazide 4 and its hydrazone 4a.", "contents": "Derivatives of 4(7)-methyl- and 5,6-dimethyl-benzimidazolyl-2-mercaptoacetic acids. Esters, hydrazides and hydrazones of the in title mentioned acids were prepared and screened for tuberculostatic activity. The strongest activity (MIC at 15-6 mug/cm3) was shown by hydrazide 4 and its hydrazone 4a.", "PMID": 404634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2702", "title": "Purification of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase from rat liver.", "content": "A procedure for the purification of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase [mevalonate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating); EC 1.1.1.34] solubilized from rat liver microsomes is reported. This enzyme has a specific activity of 9,000-10,000 nmol of mevalonate formed per min/mg of protein. This represents a 4100-fold purification over the activity in microsomes, and a specific activity that is approximately 20-fold greater than the highest previously reported value. The enzyme is judged to be homogeneous on the basis of sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, and immunoanalysis. Data are also presented that indicate the separation of enzymatically active and inactive species of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase on affinity chromatography on a coenzyme A column.", "contents": "Purification of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase from rat liver. A procedure for the purification of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase [mevalonate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating); EC 1.1.1.34] solubilized from rat liver microsomes is reported. This enzyme has a specific activity of 9,000-10,000 nmol of mevalonate formed per min/mg of protein. This represents a 4100-fold purification over the activity in microsomes, and a specific activity that is approximately 20-fold greater than the highest previously reported value. The enzyme is judged to be homogeneous on the basis of sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, and immunoanalysis. Data are also presented that indicate the separation of enzymatically active and inactive species of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase on affinity chromatography on a coenzyme A column.", "PMID": 404638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2703", "title": "Membrane fusion: studies with a calcium-sensitive dye, arsenazo III, in liposomes.", "content": "Fusion between vesicles, cells, or organelles may be defined as confluence of two membrane-bound compartments without access of their solutes to external milieu. To study fusion by this criterion, we have trapped the metallochromic calcium-sensitive dye, arsenazo III (AIII), partially calcium-saturated (AIII-Ca) in one population of liposomes (phoshatidylcholine 90:dicetylphosphate 10), and ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetate (EGTA) in a second. In such mixtures, interaction of EGTA with AIII-Ca was measured by a large color shift from blue leads to red (decreased absorbance at 660 nm). Fusion of liposomes (but also lysis and diffusion across the membranes) was proportional to these decrements. The exogenous \"fusogens,\" lysolecithin and retinol, were added to liposomes for 5-24 hr at 37 degrees; after rechromatography, measurements were made of total dye, fraction of dye converted from AIII-Ca to AIII, and total lipid. After correction for lysis and diffusion, lysolecithin (200 microng/ml) induced 23% fusion (volume of AIII liposomes confluent with EGTA liposomes) and retinol (300 microng/ml) induced 15%. With one molar percent cortisol (a membrane stabilizer) in the liposome membranes, fusion induced by fusogens was reduced 2-fold. Neither multi-nor unilamellar liposomes fused with each other in the absence of exogenous fusogens, despite wide variations in molar lipid ratios. Results suggest that liposome-liposome fusion is a slow process requiring exogenous fusogens, which may depend upon contributions of other membrane constituents to mimic closely the fusion of natural membranes.", "contents": "Membrane fusion: studies with a calcium-sensitive dye, arsenazo III, in liposomes. Fusion between vesicles, cells, or organelles may be defined as confluence of two membrane-bound compartments without access of their solutes to external milieu. To study fusion by this criterion, we have trapped the metallochromic calcium-sensitive dye, arsenazo III (AIII), partially calcium-saturated (AIII-Ca) in one population of liposomes (phoshatidylcholine 90:dicetylphosphate 10), and ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetate (EGTA) in a second. In such mixtures, interaction of EGTA with AIII-Ca was measured by a large color shift from blue leads to red (decreased absorbance at 660 nm). Fusion of liposomes (but also lysis and diffusion across the membranes) was proportional to these decrements. The exogenous \"fusogens,\" lysolecithin and retinol, were added to liposomes for 5-24 hr at 37 degrees; after rechromatography, measurements were made of total dye, fraction of dye converted from AIII-Ca to AIII, and total lipid. After correction for lysis and diffusion, lysolecithin (200 microng/ml) induced 23% fusion (volume of AIII liposomes confluent with EGTA liposomes) and retinol (300 microng/ml) induced 15%. With one molar percent cortisol (a membrane stabilizer) in the liposome membranes, fusion induced by fusogens was reduced 2-fold. Neither multi-nor unilamellar liposomes fused with each other in the absence of exogenous fusogens, despite wide variations in molar lipid ratios. Results suggest that liposome-liposome fusion is a slow process requiring exogenous fusogens, which may depend upon contributions of other membrane constituents to mimic closely the fusion of natural membranes.", "PMID": 404639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2704", "title": "Molecular composition of cyanobacterial phycobilisomes.", "content": "Phycobilisomes isolated from eight different species of cyanobacteria contain in addition to the light-harvesting phycobiliproteins, a small number of colorless polypeptides with molecular weights higher than those of the  chromopolypeptide subunits of the phycobiliproteins. In the phycobilisomes of the species examined, from four to nine colorless polypeptides were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Those of highest molecular weight (70,000-120,000) also occurred in the washed membrane fraction of the cell and may therefore be derived from the thylakoids, to which the phycobilisomes are attached in vivo. Colorless polypeptides of lesser molecular weight (30,000-70,000) appeared to be specific constituents of the phycobilisome. In strains of cyanobacteria that adapt chromatically, their synthesis, like that of the major phycobiliproteins, is regulated by light quality.", "contents": "Molecular composition of cyanobacterial phycobilisomes. Phycobilisomes isolated from eight different species of cyanobacteria contain in addition to the light-harvesting phycobiliproteins, a small number of colorless polypeptides with molecular weights higher than those of the  chromopolypeptide subunits of the phycobiliproteins. In the phycobilisomes of the species examined, from four to nine colorless polypeptides were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Those of highest molecular weight (70,000-120,000) also occurred in the washed membrane fraction of the cell and may therefore be derived from the thylakoids, to which the phycobilisomes are attached in vivo. Colorless polypeptides of lesser molecular weight (30,000-70,000) appeared to be specific constituents of the phycobilisome. In strains of cyanobacteria that adapt chromatically, their synthesis, like that of the major phycobiliproteins, is regulated by light quality.", "PMID": 404640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2705", "title": "Replication and expression of plasmids from Staphylococcus aureus in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "One S. aureus plasmid coding for tetracycline resistance, pT127, and four plasmids (pC194, pC221, pC223, and pUB112) coding for chloramphenicol resistance have been introduced by transformation into B, subtilis. The plasmids replicate in--and confer antibiotic resistance upon--their new host. These experiments show that the potential for genetic exchange between diverse bacterial species is greater than has been commonly assumed.", "contents": "Replication and expression of plasmids from Staphylococcus aureus in Bacillus subtilis. One S. aureus plasmid coding for tetracycline resistance, pT127, and four plasmids (pC194, pC221, pC223, and pUB112) coding for chloramphenicol resistance have been introduced by transformation into B, subtilis. The plasmids replicate in--and confer antibiotic resistance upon--their new host. These experiments show that the potential for genetic exchange between diverse bacterial species is greater than has been commonly assumed.", "PMID": 404641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2706", "title": "Self-administration of codeine plus acetylsalicylic acid in rhesus monkeys with unlimited access to the drugs.", "content": "The reinforcing effects of codeine (5.0 mcg/kg/infusion), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (2500 mcg/kg/infusion) and those of combinations of codeine (50 mcg/kg/infusion) plus (2500 or 10,000 mcg/kg/infusion) were studied in four groups of drug naive rhesus monkeys. Responding was engendered and maintained by infusions of 50 mcg/kg of codeine; maximal number of daily infusions being 500 to 1000. Infusions of 2500 mcg/kg of ASA plus 50 mcg/kg of codeine per infusion initiated responding from the 9th to the 10th day of the drug period on. The number of self-administered infusions did not exceed 200 daily. Monkeys self administered codeine without signs of intoxication. All three monkeys self-administering the combination of 50 mcg/kg of codeine plus 2500 mcg/kg of ASA died during the experiment. They exhibited signs of severe intoxication. A combination of 50 mcg/kg of codeine and 10,000 mcg/kg of ASA was not self-administered until the 12th day of the drug period. Two out of three monkeys initiated responding for the combination during the drug period. The number of self-administered infusions did not exceed 50 per day. A third monkey did not initiate self-administration during the 14 day drug period. Both monkeys which engendered self-administration died on the 14th day of the experiment as a result of general intoxication. These experiments suggest that even toxic doses of ASA will not prevent monkeys from self-administration when offered together with a positive reinforcing drug such as codeine under a schedule of continuous self-administration.", "contents": "Self-administration of codeine plus acetylsalicylic acid in rhesus monkeys with unlimited access to the drugs. The reinforcing effects of codeine (5.0 mcg/kg/infusion), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (2500 mcg/kg/infusion) and those of combinations of codeine (50 mcg/kg/infusion) plus (2500 or 10,000 mcg/kg/infusion) were studied in four groups of drug naive rhesus monkeys. Responding was engendered and maintained by infusions of 50 mcg/kg of codeine; maximal number of daily infusions being 500 to 1000. Infusions of 2500 mcg/kg of ASA plus 50 mcg/kg of codeine per infusion initiated responding from the 9th to the 10th day of the drug period on. The number of self-administered infusions did not exceed 200 daily. Monkeys self administered codeine without signs of intoxication. All three monkeys self-administering the combination of 50 mcg/kg of codeine plus 2500 mcg/kg of ASA died during the experiment. They exhibited signs of severe intoxication. A combination of 50 mcg/kg of codeine and 10,000 mcg/kg of ASA was not self-administered until the 12th day of the drug period. Two out of three monkeys initiated responding for the combination during the drug period. The number of self-administered infusions did not exceed 50 per day. A third monkey did not initiate self-administration during the 14 day drug period. Both monkeys which engendered self-administration died on the 14th day of the experiment as a result of general intoxication. These experiments suggest that even toxic doses of ASA will not prevent monkeys from self-administration when offered together with a positive reinforcing drug such as codeine under a schedule of continuous self-administration.", "PMID": 404645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2707", "title": "Reinforcing properties of intravenous procaine in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The lever pressing behavior of rhesus monkeys was maintained by a fixed ratio 10 schedule of intravenous cocaine (3 monkeys) or codeine (2 monkeys) injections during 2 hour sessions. Saline or various doses of procaine hydrochloride were substituted for the baseline reinforcer for 6 consecutive sessions. Each substitution was separated by 3 or more days of cocaine or codeine reinforced responding. At one or more doses, procaine substitution resulted in response rates higher than saline control in all 5 animals. High response rates (greater than 30 injections per session) were obtained in 4 of the 5 monkeys. In addition, procaine self-administration was studied in two naive monkeys given 23 hour per day access to procaine following an initial 10 days of saline contingent operant level responding. At a dose of 0.3 mg/kg/injection, both animals initiated responding for procaine reinforcement. Drug intake varied widely from day to day, however each animal took over 1200 injections per day (over 360 mg/kg) at least once during the 30 days of access. With the exception of decreased food intake, there was little evidence for behavioral toxicity from these doses. Following a second 10 days of saline self-administration, both animals were given access to 3.0 mg/kg/injection procaine. A substantially greater intake of procaine was observed which was associated with marked toxicity.", "contents": "Reinforcing properties of intravenous procaine in rhesus monkeys. The lever pressing behavior of rhesus monkeys was maintained by a fixed ratio 10 schedule of intravenous cocaine (3 monkeys) or codeine (2 monkeys) injections during 2 hour sessions. Saline or various doses of procaine hydrochloride were substituted for the baseline reinforcer for 6 consecutive sessions. Each substitution was separated by 3 or more days of cocaine or codeine reinforced responding. At one or more doses, procaine substitution resulted in response rates higher than saline control in all 5 animals. High response rates (greater than 30 injections per session) were obtained in 4 of the 5 monkeys. In addition, procaine self-administration was studied in two naive monkeys given 23 hour per day access to procaine following an initial 10 days of saline contingent operant level responding. At a dose of 0.3 mg/kg/injection, both animals initiated responding for procaine reinforcement. Drug intake varied widely from day to day, however each animal took over 1200 injections per day (over 360 mg/kg) at least once during the 30 days of access. With the exception of decreased food intake, there was little evidence for behavioral toxicity from these doses. Following a second 10 days of saline self-administration, both animals were given access to 3.0 mg/kg/injection procaine. A substantially greater intake of procaine was observed which was associated with marked toxicity.", "PMID": 404646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2708", "title": "A survey of a long-stay psychiatric population: implications for community services.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty long-stay psychiatric patients were surveyed by means of semi-standardized interviews and by obtaining information from nursing staff and case records. Each patient's needs for accommodation and employment were assessed as if immediate discharge from hospital were being contemplated. The results of the exercise emphasize the need for long-stay to permanent accommodation. The validity of this method of assessing community care requirements is discussed.", "contents": "A survey of a long-stay psychiatric population: implications for community services. Two hundred and twenty long-stay psychiatric patients were surveyed by means of semi-standardized interviews and by obtaining information from nursing staff and case records. Each patient's needs for accommodation and employment were assessed as if immediate discharge from hospital were being contemplated. The results of the exercise emphasize the need for long-stay to permanent accommodation. The validity of this method of assessing community care requirements is discussed.", "PMID": 404656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2709", "title": "The hypothalamus and protein metabolism in rats.", "content": "Using the technique of mechanical isolation of the medial hypothalamus from the rest of the CNS, it has been concluded--based on total serum protein content, protein fractions as well as total serum amino acids--that under resting conditions the hypothalamic influence upon protein metabolism is achieved through the control exerted upon endocrine system rather than by a direct neural mechanism. The authors' results show that aminoacidemia is not a determining factor in feeding behaviour.", "contents": "The hypothalamus and protein metabolism in rats. Using the technique of mechanical isolation of the medial hypothalamus from the rest of the CNS, it has been concluded--based on total serum protein content, protein fractions as well as total serum amino acids--that under resting conditions the hypothalamic influence upon protein metabolism is achieved through the control exerted upon endocrine system rather than by a direct neural mechanism. The authors' results show that aminoacidemia is not a determining factor in feeding behaviour.", "PMID": 404650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2710", "title": "The role of the sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium ions in the transfer of bioenergy, and the possibility of their substitution by other cations.", "content": "According to a previously presented model, two sodium ions and one calcium ion form an electric polarizing system of the diverging type, which favours the breaking of the high-energy bond of the ATP molecule, while two potassium ions and one magnesium ion form an electric polarizing system of the converging type, which helps the rebuilding of the high-energy bond of the ATP molecule. The condition required by one of the above-mentioned ions to be replaced with another type of ion (belonging to the same subgroup in Mendeleev's Table) capable of having a similar physiologic function is that the substitute ion be included in the same model of electric polarization (convergent or divergent) as the substituted ion. The electrocardiogram and mechanogram of the isolated frog heart were observed. The heart was perfused with a modifier Ringer solution in which some of the normal component ions were replaced with other ions belonging to the same principal subgroup in Mandeleev's Table. The necessary condition provided by the model for two ions of different types to have a resemblance in their physiological activity was confirmed by the results of the experimental data.", "contents": "The role of the sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium ions in the transfer of bioenergy, and the possibility of their substitution by other cations. According to a previously presented model, two sodium ions and one calcium ion form an electric polarizing system of the diverging type, which favours the breaking of the high-energy bond of the ATP molecule, while two potassium ions and one magnesium ion form an electric polarizing system of the converging type, which helps the rebuilding of the high-energy bond of the ATP molecule. The condition required by one of the above-mentioned ions to be replaced with another type of ion (belonging to the same subgroup in Mendeleev's Table) capable of having a similar physiologic function is that the substitute ion be included in the same model of electric polarization (convergent or divergent) as the substituted ion. The electrocardiogram and mechanogram of the isolated frog heart were observed. The heart was perfused with a modifier Ringer solution in which some of the normal component ions were replaced with other ions belonging to the same principal subgroup in Mandeleev's Table. The necessary condition provided by the model for two ions of different types to have a resemblance in their physiological activity was confirmed by the results of the experimental data.", "PMID": 404651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2711", "title": "Angiotensin I-like immunoreactive substance in pineal gland of normal and Brattleboro rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus.", "content": "An angiotensin I-like immunoreactive substance (AI) was evidenced by a radioimmunoassay technique in the rat brain. The concentration of AI was significantly greater in the pineal tissue as compared to the hypothalamic or cerebral cortex tissue (p less than 0.001); its concentration was also higher in the pineal of the homozygous rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain) as compared to the same tissue of the normal rats (p less than 0.001). The possible role of a pineal angiotensin system in the hydrosaline regulation is discussed.", "contents": "Angiotensin I-like immunoreactive substance in pineal gland of normal and Brattleboro rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus. An angiotensin I-like immunoreactive substance (AI) was evidenced by a radioimmunoassay technique in the rat brain. The concentration of AI was significantly greater in the pineal tissue as compared to the hypothalamic or cerebral cortex tissue (p less than 0.001); its concentration was also higher in the pineal of the homozygous rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain) as compared to the same tissue of the normal rats (p less than 0.001). The possible role of a pineal angiotensin system in the hydrosaline regulation is discussed.", "PMID": 404652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2712", "title": "Study of cardiovascular and auditory pathophysiological implications in a group of operatives working in noisy industrial surroundings.", "content": "One third of 160 operatives working in a permanently noisy industrial environment, within the range of 63-8000 Hz and intensity of sound of about 100 db, were found to suffer from a syndrome of neurocirculatory asthenia and 8.1% from arterial hypertension. Study of the ECG according to the criteria of the Minnesota code showed an increased frequency of upward deflection of ST segment (index 9-2) in 20.6% of the cases, depression of the ST segment with an ascending orientation in 50.62% of the cases and left ventricular hypertrophy (index 3-1 and 3-3) in 20% of the cases. Audiometry revealed loss of hearing at frequencies of 4000 CS in 16.1% of the cases. The results obtained suggest that the detrimental effects are not restricted only to hearing, but also that the alterations detected might evolve towards organic cardiac disorders.", "contents": "Study of cardiovascular and auditory pathophysiological implications in a group of operatives working in noisy industrial surroundings. One third of 160 operatives working in a permanently noisy industrial environment, within the range of 63-8000 Hz and intensity of sound of about 100 db, were found to suffer from a syndrome of neurocirculatory asthenia and 8.1% from arterial hypertension. Study of the ECG according to the criteria of the Minnesota code showed an increased frequency of upward deflection of ST segment (index 9-2) in 20.6% of the cases, depression of the ST segment with an ascending orientation in 50.62% of the cases and left ventricular hypertrophy (index 3-1 and 3-3) in 20% of the cases. Audiometry revealed loss of hearing at frequencies of 4000 CS in 16.1% of the cases. The results obtained suggest that the detrimental effects are not restricted only to hearing, but also that the alterations detected might evolve towards organic cardiac disorders.", "PMID": 404653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2713", "title": "Reflex and neuro-humoral pressor action of the hypertonic solutions.", "content": "The intraarterial injections of 50% urea or 20% NaCl induced a rise of the systemic arterial blood pressure simultaneously with a constriction of the vessels of the legs. The mechanism which is responsible for these phenomena is very complex. It includes a reflex arising from the arterial wall, which is mediated through the spinal cord, the release of catecholamines and of some still nonidentified pressor substances and a central component which is normally masked by the depressor sinus reflex.", "contents": "Reflex and neuro-humoral pressor action of the hypertonic solutions. The intraarterial injections of 50% urea or 20% NaCl induced a rise of the systemic arterial blood pressure simultaneously with a constriction of the vessels of the legs. The mechanism which is responsible for these phenomena is very complex. It includes a reflex arising from the arterial wall, which is mediated through the spinal cord, the release of catecholamines and of some still nonidentified pressor substances and a central component which is normally masked by the depressor sinus reflex.", "PMID": 404654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2714", "title": "Myelography with metrizamide.", "content": "Metrizamide (Amipaque) is a new water-soluble contrast medium for myelography. It differs from the conventional contrast media in that, because of its lower toxicity, it can be used also for cervical and thoracic myelography. The method of examination in myelography with water-soluble contrast media differs in some respects from that in myelography with oil-soluble contrast media. For the thoracic region, tomography is highly recommendable. After a description of the method of examination used, some examples of the abnormalities found are presented.", "contents": "Myelography with metrizamide. Metrizamide (Amipaque) is a new water-soluble contrast medium for myelography. It differs from the conventional contrast media in that, because of its lower toxicity, it can be used also for cervical and thoracic myelography. The method of examination in myelography with water-soluble contrast media differs in some respects from that in myelography with oil-soluble contrast media. For the thoracic region, tomography is highly recommendable. After a description of the method of examination used, some examples of the abnormalities found are presented.", "PMID": 404661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2715", "title": "The complications of full-pelvic irradiation with particular emphasis to external beam therapy.", "content": "62 Patients with uterine carcinoma of cervix treated with high-dose large-volume full-pelvic irradiation given through co-axial-opposing pair portals over the anterior and posterior pelvis. Of these patients, 29 also received a single course of intracavitary radium supplementary to external beam irradiation. Only the severe complications which required surgical intervention have been analyzed, In the group of 33 patients who received only external irradiation, 4 developed such complications (12.1%).The overall incidence of those complications was about 19.3%. It is concluded that the treatment with hidh-dose large-volume full-pelvic irradiation technique, utilizing two opposing parallel pelvic portals, carries an incidence of morbidity 3-4 times the acceptable level and should be discouraged. Alternative techniques are discussed.", "contents": "The complications of full-pelvic irradiation with particular emphasis to external beam therapy. 62 Patients with uterine carcinoma of cervix treated with high-dose large-volume full-pelvic irradiation given through co-axial-opposing pair portals over the anterior and posterior pelvis. Of these patients, 29 also received a single course of intracavitary radium supplementary to external beam irradiation. Only the severe complications which required surgical intervention have been analyzed, In the group of 33 patients who received only external irradiation, 4 developed such complications (12.1%).The overall incidence of those complications was about 19.3%. It is concluded that the treatment with hidh-dose large-volume full-pelvic irradiation technique, utilizing two opposing parallel pelvic portals, carries an incidence of morbidity 3-4 times the acceptable level and should be discouraged. Alternative techniques are discussed.", "PMID": 404662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2716", "title": "Hodgkin's disease: multidisciplinary contributions to the conquest of a neoplasm. Erskine memorial lecture, 1976.", "content": "In the 150 years since the first description of Hodgkin's disease, treatment methods have become increasingly sophisticated and effective. We now know that relapses are concentrated within the first five years after treatment. Accordingly, anyone who survives the first five years has a 95% chance of cure. Modern techniques in diagnosis, staging, and combined chemotherapy and irradiation have brought us within sight of total therapeutic conquest of this once inexorably fatal malady.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease: multidisciplinary contributions to the conquest of a neoplasm. Erskine memorial lecture, 1976. In the 150 years since the first description of Hodgkin's disease, treatment methods have become increasingly sophisticated and effective. We now know that relapses are concentrated within the first five years after treatment. Accordingly, anyone who survives the first five years has a 95% chance of cure. Modern techniques in diagnosis, staging, and combined chemotherapy and irradiation have brought us within sight of total therapeutic conquest of this once inexorably fatal malady.", "PMID": 404663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2717", "title": "Experimental production of arachnoiditis with water-soluble myelographic media.", "content": "After myelography with either metrizamide (300mg l/ml) or meglumine iocarmate (280 mg l/ml), mild to severe arachnoid fibrosis was demonstrated radiographically and histologically in primates. Intrathecal injections of metrizamide (170 mg l/ml) or autologous cerebrospinal fluid produced less arachnoiditis. The risk of arachnoiditis is probably minimized by the use of reduced volumes and concentrations of water-soluble media. Controlled studies of arachnoiditis following myelography are probably more reliable in the primate model  than in other experimental animals.", "contents": "Experimental production of arachnoiditis with water-soluble myelographic media. After myelography with either metrizamide (300mg l/ml) or meglumine iocarmate (280 mg l/ml), mild to severe arachnoid fibrosis was demonstrated radiographically and histologically in primates. Intrathecal injections of metrizamide (170 mg l/ml) or autologous cerebrospinal fluid produced less arachnoiditis. The risk of arachnoiditis is probably minimized by the use of reduced volumes and concentrations of water-soluble media. Controlled studies of arachnoiditis following myelography are probably more reliable in the primate model  than in other experimental animals.", "PMID": 404664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2718", "title": "Utilization of a high energy photon beam for whole body irradiation.", "content": "Use of a high energy linear accelerator (giving high dose rates) for whole body irradiation is recommended because (a) there is a shorter treatment time compared with other techniques using orthovoltage or 60Co irradiation; and (b) there is more comfort for the patient, who does not have to turn over to receive an acceptably uniform dose. Dosimetry indicates that the usual data is not applicable for such treatments given at large distances from the source. A method of dosage calculation at large distances was checked by using TLD dosimetry in a Rando phantom.", "contents": "Utilization of a high energy photon beam for whole body irradiation. Use of a high energy linear accelerator (giving high dose rates) for whole body irradiation is recommended because (a) there is a shorter treatment time compared with other techniques using orthovoltage or 60Co irradiation; and (b) there is more comfort for the patient, who does not have to turn over to receive an acceptably uniform dose. Dosimetry indicates that the usual data is not applicable for such treatments given at large distances from the source. A method of dosage calculation at large distances was checked by using TLD dosimetry in a Rando phantom.", "PMID": 404665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2719", "title": "A comprehensive study of LiF TL response to high energy photons and electrons.", "content": "Effects of beam quality, cavity size, TLD state, and medium on the response of thermoluminescent dosimeters were studied. LiF TL-700 powder, extruded rods, and ribbons were irradiated with Co-60 gamma rays, 4, 6, 8, 33, and 45 -MV x rays, and 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45-MeV electrons. Relative TL responses were assessed in water and Lucite, and the results compared. The results of this study were compared with those of previously published studies, and certain discrepancies resolved.", "contents": "A comprehensive study of LiF TL response to high energy photons and electrons. Effects of beam quality, cavity size, TLD state, and medium on the response of thermoluminescent dosimeters were studied. LiF TL-700 powder, extruded rods, and ribbons were irradiated with Co-60 gamma rays, 4, 6, 8, 33, and 45 -MV x rays, and 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45-MeV electrons. Relative TL responses were assessed in water and Lucite, and the results compared. The results of this study were compared with those of previously published studies, and certain discrepancies resolved.", "PMID": 404666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2720", "title": "Localization of fresh experimental venous thrombi in rabbits using 99mTc-oxine-labeled autologous platelets.", "content": "99MTc-oxine-labeled autologous platelets were used to visualize fresh experimental venous thrombi in rabbits. Clots were formed by intravenous injection of suspended 1.3 micron iron particles while a magnet was positioned over a vein proximal to the injection site. Thrombi formed prior to and following platelet injection were visualized well.", "contents": "Localization of fresh experimental venous thrombi in rabbits using 99mTc-oxine-labeled autologous platelets. 99MTc-oxine-labeled autologous platelets were used to visualize fresh experimental venous thrombi in rabbits. Clots were formed by intravenous injection of suspended 1.3 micron iron particles while a magnet was positioned over a vein proximal to the injection site. Thrombi formed prior to and following platelet injection were visualized well.", "PMID": 404667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2721", "title": "Single port technique of mantle field treatment in Hodgkin's disease using very high energy x-ray beams.", "content": "Treatment pd irradiation of Hodgkin's disease is described indicating the advantage of this energy range and the appropriate dose build-up modifications necessary to achieve a single port irradiation technique.", "contents": "Single port technique of mantle field treatment in Hodgkin's disease using very high energy x-ray beams. Treatment pd irradiation of Hodgkin's disease is described indicating the advantage of this energy range and the appropriate dose build-up modifications necessary to achieve a single port irradiation technique.", "PMID": 404668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2722", "title": "Metabolism of thromboxane B2 in the cynomolgus monkey.", "content": "[5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15-3H8]-Thromboxane B2 was injected into the saphenous vein of female cynomolgus monkeys, and blood samples were withdrawn from the contralateral saphenous vein. The compound was eliminated from the circulation with a half-life of about 10 min after an initial rapid disappearance. Some more polar products appeared with time, and also small amounts of material less polar than thromboxane B2; however, the dominating compound in all blood samples was unconverted thromboxane B2. About 45% of the given dose of tritium was excreted into urine in 48 hrs. Several metabolites of thromboxane B2 were found. The major urinary metabolite was identified as dinorthromboxane B2 (about 32% of urinary radioactivity). Unconverted thromboxane B2 was also found in considerable amounts (13% of urinary radioactivity). It is concluded that 1) dehydrogenation at C-12 is not a major pathway in the degradation of this compound, in contrast to metabolism at the corresponding C-15 alcohol group of prostaglandins; 2) after having gained access to the circulation, thromboxane B2 is the main circulating compound; however, assay of thromboxane B2 in plasma will be complicated or precluded by large artifactual production of the compound by platelets during sample collection.", "contents": "Metabolism of thromboxane B2 in the cynomolgus monkey. [5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15-3H8]-Thromboxane B2 was injected into the saphenous vein of female cynomolgus monkeys, and blood samples were withdrawn from the contralateral saphenous vein. The compound was eliminated from the circulation with a half-life of about 10 min after an initial rapid disappearance. Some more polar products appeared with time, and also small amounts of material less polar than thromboxane B2; however, the dominating compound in all blood samples was unconverted thromboxane B2. About 45% of the given dose of tritium was excreted into urine in 48 hrs. Several metabolites of thromboxane B2 were found. The major urinary metabolite was identified as dinorthromboxane B2 (about 32% of urinary radioactivity). Unconverted thromboxane B2 was also found in considerable amounts (13% of urinary radioactivity). It is concluded that 1) dehydrogenation at C-12 is not a major pathway in the degradation of this compound, in contrast to metabolism at the corresponding C-15 alcohol group of prostaglandins; 2) after having gained access to the circulation, thromboxane B2 is the main circulating compound; however, assay of thromboxane B2 in plasma will be complicated or precluded by large artifactual production of the compound by platelets during sample collection.", "PMID": 404670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2723", "title": "Identification of the major urinary metabolite of thromboxane B2 in the monkey.", "content": "Thromboxane B2 (TxB2) was biosynthesized from prostaglandin endoperoxides (PGG2, PGH2) using guinea pig lung microsomes and infused into an unanesthetized monkey. Urine was collected and TxB2 metabolites were isolated by reversed phase partition chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. A major metabolite (TxB2-M) was found to be excreted in greater than two-fold abundance relative to other metabolites. Its structure was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to be dinor-thromboxane B2. In vitro incubation of TxB2 with rat liver mitochondria yielded a C18 derivative with a mass spectrum identical to that of TxB2-M, substantiating that the major urinary metabolite of TxB2 in the monkey is a product of a single step of beta-oxidation.", "contents": "Identification of the major urinary metabolite of thromboxane B2 in the monkey. Thromboxane B2 (TxB2) was biosynthesized from prostaglandin endoperoxides (PGG2, PGH2) using guinea pig lung microsomes and infused into an unanesthetized monkey. Urine was collected and TxB2 metabolites were isolated by reversed phase partition chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. A major metabolite (TxB2-M) was found to be excreted in greater than two-fold abundance relative to other metabolites. Its structure was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to be dinor-thromboxane B2. In vitro incubation of TxB2 with rat liver mitochondria yielded a C18 derivative with a mass spectrum identical to that of TxB2-M, substantiating that the major urinary metabolite of TxB2 in the monkey is a product of a single step of beta-oxidation.", "PMID": 404671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2724", "title": "Lack of covalent modification of prostaglandin synthetase (cyclo-oxygenase) by indomethacin.", "content": "We have previously shown that aspirin irreversibly inhibits prostaglandin synthetase (cyclo-oxygenase) by acetylating the active site of the enzyme. By utilizing 14C-labeled indomethacin and a close analogue, we now show that indomethacin, unlike aspirin, does not covalently modify cyclo-oxygenase. Furthermore, indomethacin binding to the enzyme may be reversible since even though indomethacin can inhibit acetylation by aspirin, when enzyme inhibited by indomethacin (1 micronM) is treated with 200 micronM aspirin 3 times for 1 hour each, complete acetylation of cyclo-oxygenase is achieved.", "contents": "Lack of covalent modification of prostaglandin synthetase (cyclo-oxygenase) by indomethacin. We have previously shown that aspirin irreversibly inhibits prostaglandin synthetase (cyclo-oxygenase) by acetylating the active site of the enzyme. By utilizing 14C-labeled indomethacin and a close analogue, we now show that indomethacin, unlike aspirin, does not covalently modify cyclo-oxygenase. Furthermore, indomethacin binding to the enzyme may be reversible since even though indomethacin can inhibit acetylation by aspirin, when enzyme inhibited by indomethacin (1 micronM) is treated with 200 micronM aspirin 3 times for 1 hour each, complete acetylation of cyclo-oxygenase is achieved.", "PMID": 404672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2725", "title": "Effects of 19-hydroxy-prostaglandins on oviductal and uterine motility.", "content": "The effects of 19-hydroxyprostaglandins (19-OH-PGs) were tested in vivo on the rabbit oviduct and uterus and on the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) uterus. The 19-OH-PGEs suppressed spontaneous oviductal and uterine activity in the rabbit. The qualitative effect on the rabbit oviduct of 19-OH-PGEs was similar to that of PGE2. However, the typical response of the rabbit uterus to PGE2 was an increase in muscle activity. With regard to the rabbit oviduct, 19(R)-OH-PGE2 was as potent as PGE2, but 19(S)-OH-PGE2 was approximately 1/2 as potent as PGE2. Based on the dose of 19-OH-PGEs usually required to cause a minimal suppression and the dose of PGE2 required to cause a minimal stimulation of rabbit uterine activity, 19(R)-OH-PGE2 was twice as potent as PGE2 while 19(S)-OH-PGE2 was 1/2 as potent as PGE2. Stimulatory effects on the rabbit oviduct and uterus were observed following administration of 19-OH-PGFs and PGF2alpha. The potency on the rabbit oviduct of 19(S)-OH-PGF2alpha was about 1/5 to 1/10 that of PGF2alpha; the potency of 19(R)-OH-PGF2alpha was about 1/10 to 1/20 that of PGF2alpha. Both 19-OH-PGFs were approximately 1/5 to 1/10 as potent as PGF2alpha on the rabbit uterus. At the doses tested 19-OH-PGFs were inactive on the monkey uterus. Thus, these compounds are at least 1/5 as active as PGF2alpha. In contrast, 19(R)-OH-PGE2 had approximately the same potency as PGE2 in stimulating monkey uterine activity; but 19(S)-OH-PGE2 was approximately 1/3 as potent as PGE2.", "contents": "Effects of 19-hydroxy-prostaglandins on oviductal and uterine motility. The effects of 19-hydroxyprostaglandins (19-OH-PGs) were tested in vivo on the rabbit oviduct and uterus and on the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) uterus. The 19-OH-PGEs suppressed spontaneous oviductal and uterine activity in the rabbit. The qualitative effect on the rabbit oviduct of 19-OH-PGEs was similar to that of PGE2. However, the typical response of the rabbit uterus to PGE2 was an increase in muscle activity. With regard to the rabbit oviduct, 19(R)-OH-PGE2 was as potent as PGE2, but 19(S)-OH-PGE2 was approximately 1/2 as potent as PGE2. Based on the dose of 19-OH-PGEs usually required to cause a minimal suppression and the dose of PGE2 required to cause a minimal stimulation of rabbit uterine activity, 19(R)-OH-PGE2 was twice as potent as PGE2 while 19(S)-OH-PGE2 was 1/2 as potent as PGE2. Stimulatory effects on the rabbit oviduct and uterus were observed following administration of 19-OH-PGFs and PGF2alpha. The potency on the rabbit oviduct of 19(S)-OH-PGF2alpha was about 1/5 to 1/10 that of PGF2alpha; the potency of 19(R)-OH-PGF2alpha was about 1/10 to 1/20 that of PGF2alpha. Both 19-OH-PGFs were approximately 1/5 to 1/10 as potent as PGF2alpha on the rabbit uterus. At the doses tested 19-OH-PGFs were inactive on the monkey uterus. Thus, these compounds are at least 1/5 as active as PGF2alpha. In contrast, 19(R)-OH-PGE2 had approximately the same potency as PGE2 in stimulating monkey uterine activity; but 19(S)-OH-PGE2 was approximately 1/3 as potent as PGE2.", "PMID": 404673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2726", "title": "[Some aspects of biliary secretion in four species of primates (P. mandrillus, P. papio, E. patas and M. mulatta) (author's transl)].", "content": "Effect of several factors on flow and composition of bile of four species of Primates has been studied. Flow of bile widely varied. The smallest flow was found in E. patas and the greatest in P. mandrillus; P. papio and M. mulatta flows were intermediate. Cholic acid concentration in basal bile was small. Electrolites Na+, K+ and C1- were found in concentration close to its plasmatic values. In all four species, interruption of enterohepatic circulation of bile salt, induced a clear decrease in basal flow. Secretin injection (1 U/kg) induced flow increases in P. mandrillus. In M. mulatta and E. patas relationship between logarithm of secretin doses and biliary responses seems to occur. Cholecistokinine-Pancreozimine (2 U/kg) produced in P papio espectacular increases of flow and bile salts concentration with concomitant chloride decreases. Vagal stimulation gave no clear results, although vagal section and use of parasimpathicolitic drugs induced bile flow decreases that show a possible tonic vagal action on extrahepathic biliary tree.", "contents": "[Some aspects of biliary secretion in four species of primates (P. mandrillus, P. papio, E. patas and M. mulatta) (author's transl)]. Effect of several factors on flow and composition of bile of four species of Primates has been studied. Flow of bile widely varied. The smallest flow was found in E. patas and the greatest in P. mandrillus; P. papio and M. mulatta flows were intermediate. Cholic acid concentration in basal bile was small. Electrolites Na+, K+ and C1- were found in concentration close to its plasmatic values. In all four species, interruption of enterohepatic circulation of bile salt, induced a clear decrease in basal flow. Secretin injection (1 U/kg) induced flow increases in P. mandrillus. In M. mulatta and E. patas relationship between logarithm of secretin doses and biliary responses seems to occur. Cholecistokinine-Pancreozimine (2 U/kg) produced in P papio espectacular increases of flow and bile salts concentration with concomitant chloride decreases. Vagal stimulation gave no clear results, although vagal section and use of parasimpathicolitic drugs induced bile flow decreases that show a possible tonic vagal action on extrahepathic biliary tree.", "PMID": 404678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2727", "title": "The effects of IgG2 and of antigen concentration on prozoning in the complement fixation test for bovine brucellosis.", "content": "Addition of Brucella-specific IgG2 to solutions of Brucella-specific IgG1 initially induced prozoning and at higher concentrations prevented all reaction in the complement fixation test (CFT) for bovine brucellosis. Some infected cattle may be diagnosed as brucellosis-free due to a high ratio of specific IgG2 to IgG1. Increasing the concentration of antigen in the CFT reduced the tendency to prozone.", "contents": "The effects of IgG2 and of antigen concentration on prozoning in the complement fixation test for bovine brucellosis. Addition of Brucella-specific IgG2 to solutions of Brucella-specific IgG1 initially induced prozoning and at higher concentrations prevented all reaction in the complement fixation test (CFT) for bovine brucellosis. Some infected cattle may be diagnosed as brucellosis-free due to a high ratio of specific IgG2 to IgG1. Increasing the concentration of antigen in the CFT reduced the tendency to prozone.", "PMID": 404679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2728", "title": "The glycosaminoglycan content of the liver in bovine GM1 gangliosidosis.", "content": "Chemical analysis of the livers from four calves with GM1 gangliosidosis was negative for significantly elevated levels of glycosaminoglycans. The chemical findings confirmed morphological studies in which hepatic changes were minimal or absent. The findings were compared with the published evidence for the hepatic storage of glycosaminoglycans in human GM1 gangliosidosis.", "contents": "The glycosaminoglycan content of the liver in bovine GM1 gangliosidosis. Chemical analysis of the livers from four calves with GM1 gangliosidosis was negative for significantly elevated levels of glycosaminoglycans. The chemical findings confirmed morphological studies in which hepatic changes were minimal or absent. The findings were compared with the published evidence for the hepatic storage of glycosaminoglycans in human GM1 gangliosidosis.", "PMID": 404680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2729", "title": "[Diverticula of the stomach - diagnosis of their importance (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastric diverticula may be due to dilatation or traction. 75% are found in the fundus, 15% in the prepyloric antrum. In 10% they were situated elsewhere. Symptoms are unspecific. Radiography has to be combined with endoscopic investigation of their nature. Smaller diverticula are mainly treated conservatively, the larger ones will require surgery because of chronic symptoms and complications.", "contents": "[Diverticula of the stomach - diagnosis of their importance (author's transl)]. Gastric diverticula may be due to dilatation or traction. 75% are found in the fundus, 15% in the prepyloric antrum. In 10% they were situated elsewhere. Symptoms are unspecific. Radiography has to be combined with endoscopic investigation of their nature. Smaller diverticula are mainly treated conservatively, the larger ones will require surgery because of chronic symptoms and complications.", "PMID": 404696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2730", "title": "[Irradiation pneumonitis after high voltage treatment of carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary changes following irradiation after post-operative high voltage therapy of the carcinoma of the breast is usually greater than following orthovoltage treatment. Among our own 635 patients, treated post-operatively with telecobalt including the chestwall, pneumonitis occurred in 35%. The data published in the literature and our own show the need for refined techniques of irradiation and individual planning.", "contents": "[Irradiation pneumonitis after high voltage treatment of carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)]. Pulmonary changes following irradiation after post-operative high voltage therapy of the carcinoma of the breast is usually greater than following orthovoltage treatment. Among our own 635 patients, treated post-operatively with telecobalt including the chestwall, pneumonitis occurred in 35%. The data published in the literature and our own show the need for refined techniques of irradiation and individual planning.", "PMID": 404697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2731", "title": "[The influence of quality of irradiation on survival in inoperable bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Irradiation of inoperable bronchial carcinoma with constant ortho-volt technique has worse results than with mobile irradiation, since the individual dosage in several fields can be raised without damaging the skin. With mega-voltage limits of skin tolerance, changed absorption or protection of healthy tissues are absent, so that it is easier to deliver doses affective on the tumor. Survival-rates can be related to dosage. During the first few years similar doses of mega-voltage lead to more frequent survival. In part such results depend on differences in standard dosage with the various techniques. More important for the worse results of orthovoltage treatment are the higher doses, the greater volume of irradiation and scatter which may cause greater damage to immunity. 5 years survival of patients with a central inoperable bronchial carcinoma is hardly altered but during the first 2-3 years megavolt therapy is clearly more effective.", "contents": "[The influence of quality of irradiation on survival in inoperable bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)]. Irradiation of inoperable bronchial carcinoma with constant ortho-volt technique has worse results than with mobile irradiation, since the individual dosage in several fields can be raised without damaging the skin. With mega-voltage limits of skin tolerance, changed absorption or protection of healthy tissues are absent, so that it is easier to deliver doses affective on the tumor. Survival-rates can be related to dosage. During the first few years similar doses of mega-voltage lead to more frequent survival. In part such results depend on differences in standard dosage with the various techniques. More important for the worse results of orthovoltage treatment are the higher doses, the greater volume of irradiation and scatter which may cause greater damage to immunity. 5 years survival of patients with a central inoperable bronchial carcinoma is hardly altered but during the first 2-3 years megavolt therapy is clearly more effective.", "PMID": 404698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2732", "title": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa precipitins determined by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "A total of 133 patients with cystic fibrosis have been followed for up to 5 years with monthly examinations including bacteriological examinations of sputum. Sera from the patients were examined by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis for the occurence and number of precipitating antibody specificites against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Poor prognosis in cystic fibrosis was associated with chronic colonization (9 months - more than 5 years) of the respiratory tract with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and with an onset of the chronic colonization before puberty. Among the patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization, poor prognosis was associated with high numbers of precipitins against antigens from these bacteria (up to 61). The number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa precipitins increased on an average with five per year in chronically colonized patients. Rapidly increasing number of precipitins was associated with poor prognosis. Patients with any degree of impairment of the ventilatory function and any changes on the chest radiographs could contract chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization. Poor ventilatory function and severe changes on the chest radiographs was associated with high numbers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa precipitins and with poor prognosis. Although many O groups of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found in the chronically colonized group of patients, 53% of the patients harboured strains belonging to O group 3 or 3/9, and the highest numbers of precipitins were found in serum from these patients.", "contents": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa precipitins determined by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. A total of 133 patients with cystic fibrosis have been followed for up to 5 years with monthly examinations including bacteriological examinations of sputum. Sera from the patients were examined by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis for the occurence and number of precipitating antibody specificites against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Poor prognosis in cystic fibrosis was associated with chronic colonization (9 months - more than 5 years) of the respiratory tract with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and with an onset of the chronic colonization before puberty. Among the patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization, poor prognosis was associated with high numbers of precipitins against antigens from these bacteria (up to 61). The number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa precipitins increased on an average with five per year in chronically colonized patients. Rapidly increasing number of precipitins was associated with poor prognosis. Patients with any degree of impairment of the ventilatory function and any changes on the chest radiographs could contract chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization. Poor ventilatory function and severe changes on the chest radiographs was associated with high numbers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa precipitins and with poor prognosis. Although many O groups of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found in the chronically colonized group of patients, 53% of the patients harboured strains belonging to O group 3 or 3/9, and the highest numbers of precipitins were found in serum from these patients.", "PMID": 404701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2733", "title": "[Clinical findings and conservative therapy in diverticular disease of the colon].", "content": "Diverticular disease of the colon can be divided into 1) a prediverticular state similar to spastic colon syndrome, 2) colon diverticulosis without symptoms, 3) chronic symptomatic diverticular disease with pain and stool irregularities and possible attacks with acute colicky pain and 4) acute diverticular disease with possible obstruction, fistula, and perforation and also bleeding. A diet rich in plant fibers is indicated in spastic colon syndrome, chronic diverticular disease and in patients after attacks of acute diverticular disease. A conservative and waiting policy is also indicated in acute diverticulitis and in bleeding.", "contents": "[Clinical findings and conservative therapy in diverticular disease of the colon]. Diverticular disease of the colon can be divided into 1) a prediverticular state similar to spastic colon syndrome, 2) colon diverticulosis without symptoms, 3) chronic symptomatic diverticular disease with pain and stool irregularities and possible attacks with acute colicky pain and 4) acute diverticular disease with possible obstruction, fistula, and perforation and also bleeding. A diet rich in plant fibers is indicated in spastic colon syndrome, chronic diverticular disease and in patients after attacks of acute diverticular disease. A conservative and waiting policy is also indicated in acute diverticulitis and in bleeding.", "PMID": 404702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2734", "title": "[Effect of orally administered pancreatic extract on Vibrio cholerae infection during protein deficiency].", "content": "Two groups of 5 and 6 Vervet monkeys respectively were fed a protein-free diet. Both groups of protein depleted Vervets developed a minor decrease of serum and intestinal immunoglobulins, as well as marked impairment of exocrine pancreatic function. Thereafter the groups were challenged with Vibrio cholerae, while one group received purified pancreatic extract by oral administration. The group without pancreatic extract developed severe and significantly longer lasting diarrhea than the group with pancreatic extract. Vibrios were excreted for much longer in the former group. It is concluded that exocrine pancreatic function is involved in the local defence mechanism against cholera during protein deficiency.", "contents": "[Effect of orally administered pancreatic extract on Vibrio cholerae infection during protein deficiency]. Two groups of 5 and 6 Vervet monkeys respectively were fed a protein-free diet. Both groups of protein depleted Vervets developed a minor decrease of serum and intestinal immunoglobulins, as well as marked impairment of exocrine pancreatic function. Thereafter the groups were challenged with Vibrio cholerae, while one group received purified pancreatic extract by oral administration. The group without pancreatic extract developed severe and significantly longer lasting diarrhea than the group with pancreatic extract. Vibrios were excreted for much longer in the former group. It is concluded that exocrine pancreatic function is involved in the local defence mechanism against cholera during protein deficiency.", "PMID": 404703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2735", "title": "Spinal neurons project to the dorsal column nuclei of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Cells of origin of ascending nonprimary afferents to the dorsal column nuclei of rhesus monkeys have been identified in the spinal cord by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. These neurons are mainly located in lamina IV and medially in more ventral laminae of the dorsal horn on the side ipsilateral to the medullary injection. Large neurons in the ventral horn (\"spinal border cells\") also appear to project to the ipsilateral dorsal medulla. The dorsal column nuclei of a primate thus are the recipient not only of ascending dorsal root fibers but also of a more complexly integrated spinal input.", "contents": "Spinal neurons project to the dorsal column nuclei of rhesus monkeys. Cells of origin of ascending nonprimary afferents to the dorsal column nuclei of rhesus monkeys have been identified in the spinal cord by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. These neurons are mainly located in lamina IV and medially in more ventral laminae of the dorsal horn on the side ipsilateral to the medullary injection. Large neurons in the ventral horn (\"spinal border cells\") also appear to project to the ipsilateral dorsal medulla. The dorsal column nuclei of a primate thus are the recipient not only of ascending dorsal root fibers but also of a more complexly integrated spinal input.", "PMID": 404704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2736", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: stimulation of colonic activity following intracerebroventricular administration.", "content": "Intraventricularly administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone in rabbits elicited an increase in intraluminal pressure changes, a response commonly associated with muscular activity of the colon. The response appears to be central in origin with peripheral expression relying primarily on cholinergic receptors.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: stimulation of colonic activity following intracerebroventricular administration. Intraventricularly administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone in rabbits elicited an increase in intraluminal pressure changes, a response commonly associated with muscular activity of the colon. The response appears to be central in origin with peripheral expression relying primarily on cholinergic receptors.", "PMID": 404705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2737", "title": "Latent form of Scrapie virus: a new factor in slow-virus disease.", "content": "Scrapie is an unusual slow-virus disease of sheep which is very much like kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, both fatal, slow neuological diseases of man. In mice, scrapie usually has an incubation period of about 6 months. Intraperitoneal inoculation of virus particles into newborn mice caused no disease, and there was no detectable virus replication for 1 year, but high titers of scrapie were present in the spleen and brain at 18 months. Virus replication occurred in mice injected from 4 days after birth by all inoculation routes, wheter or not they were injected with scrapie virus on day 0. The results suggest that scrapie virus replicates peripherally only in thymocytes, which are not present in mice until a few days after birth. The latent state suggests that the comparable human diseases could appear in later life as a result of perinatal infection. In some respects these diseases resemble premature senility.", "contents": "Latent form of Scrapie virus: a new factor in slow-virus disease. Scrapie is an unusual slow-virus disease of sheep which is very much like kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, both fatal, slow neuological diseases of man. In mice, scrapie usually has an incubation period of about 6 months. Intraperitoneal inoculation of virus particles into newborn mice caused no disease, and there was no detectable virus replication for 1 year, but high titers of scrapie were present in the spleen and brain at 18 months. Virus replication occurred in mice injected from 4 days after birth by all inoculation routes, wheter or not they were injected with scrapie virus on day 0. The results suggest that scrapie virus replicates peripherally only in thymocytes, which are not present in mice until a few days after birth. The latent state suggests that the comparable human diseases could appear in later life as a result of perinatal infection. In some respects these diseases resemble premature senility.", "PMID": 404706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2738", "title": "Aldehyde oxidase compartmentalization in Drosophila melanogaster wing imaginal disks.", "content": "Distribution of the enzyme aldehyde oxidase in mature Drosophilia melanogaster wing disks may allow visualization of known developmental compartments comprising (i) presumptive dorsal and ventral wing surfaces, and (ii) the presumptive anterior wing and the presumptive posterior wing.", "contents": "Aldehyde oxidase compartmentalization in Drosophila melanogaster wing imaginal disks. Distribution of the enzyme aldehyde oxidase in mature Drosophilia melanogaster wing disks may allow visualization of known developmental compartments comprising (i) presumptive dorsal and ventral wing surfaces, and (ii) the presumptive anterior wing and the presumptive posterior wing.", "PMID": 404707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2739", "title": "Covalent labeling of the tetrodotoxin receptor in excitable membranes.", "content": "A photoaffinity labeling technique is described by which a tetrodotoxin analog is covalently bound to receptor sites associated with the sodium pores of excitable membranes. The biological activity of the toxin analog is retained after the covalent binding reaction.", "contents": "Covalent labeling of the tetrodotoxin receptor in excitable membranes. A photoaffinity labeling technique is described by which a tetrodotoxin analog is covalently bound to receptor sites associated with the sodium pores of excitable membranes. The biological activity of the toxin analog is retained after the covalent binding reaction.", "PMID": 404708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2740", "title": "GM2 ganglioside lysosomal storage disease in cats with beta-hexosaminidase deficiency.", "content": "Two kitteens with progressive neurologic disease had increased concentrations of GM2 ganglioside in their cerebral cortex. Examination under the light microscope revealed cytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons and hepatocytes. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy demosntrated cytoplasmic inclusions encompassed by membranes in various central nervous system cell types and in hepatocytes. Beta-D-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase activity was reduced to about 1.0 percent of normal in brain, liver, and cultured skin fibroblasts of the diseased kittens; both major electrophoretic forms, A and B, of the enzyme were deficient. In fibroblasts from the parents of the diseased kittens, this enzyme activity was intermediate between that of affected and normal cats, suggesting an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance of the enzyme defect. Histopahtological and ultrastructural lesions, glycolipid storage, enzyme defect, and pattern of inheritance are similar to those of human GM2 gangliosidosis type 2.", "contents": "GM2 ganglioside lysosomal storage disease in cats with beta-hexosaminidase deficiency. Two kitteens with progressive neurologic disease had increased concentrations of GM2 ganglioside in their cerebral cortex. Examination under the light microscope revealed cytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons and hepatocytes. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy demosntrated cytoplasmic inclusions encompassed by membranes in various central nervous system cell types and in hepatocytes. Beta-D-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase activity was reduced to about 1.0 percent of normal in brain, liver, and cultured skin fibroblasts of the diseased kittens; both major electrophoretic forms, A and B, of the enzyme were deficient. In fibroblasts from the parents of the diseased kittens, this enzyme activity was intermediate between that of affected and normal cats, suggesting an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance of the enzyme defect. Histopahtological and ultrastructural lesions, glycolipid storage, enzyme defect, and pattern of inheritance are similar to those of human GM2 gangliosidosis type 2.", "PMID": 404709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2741", "title": "Genetic rescue of a lethal \"null\" activity allele of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "While a null activity mutant allele of the structural gene for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster is lethal, a similar mutation for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is not. Double mutant combinations lacking both enzyme activities, obtained either by recombination or by mutagen treatment of a chromosome bearing the lethal allele, result in a restoration of viability. The indispensability of the pentose phosphate shunt in Drosophila appears to depend upon the specific position of the block within the pathway.", "contents": "Genetic rescue of a lethal \"null\" activity allele of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster. While a null activity mutant allele of the structural gene for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster is lethal, a similar mutation for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is not. Double mutant combinations lacking both enzyme activities, obtained either by recombination or by mutagen treatment of a chromosome bearing the lethal allele, result in a restoration of viability. The indispensability of the pentose phosphate shunt in Drosophila appears to depend upon the specific position of the block within the pathway.", "PMID": 404711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2742", "title": "The clinical efficacy and cost analysis of cranial computed tomography and the radionuclide brain scan.", "content": "Cranial computed tomography (CCT) has already been demonstrated to provide significant diagnostic information in patients with neurologic disease and to reduce the need for special neuroradiologic procedures. The important question remaining is: Should CCT replace the radionuclide brain scan (RBS) as the first diagnostic study in most patients with suspected intracranial pathology? Data are now available to define the costs and benefits of this substitution. The technical costs of CCT have been determined by a national survey and have shown to be $130 per patient at a volume of 50 patients per week. The costs of RBS at the Mallinckrodt Institute have been estimated at $51 per patient. Data from the literature indicate that CCT is slightly more sensitive and considerably more accurate than RBS. Eighteen to twenty-eight percent of patients studied by CCT and RBS have abnormalities (e.g. cerebral atrophy and ventricular dilatation) that are only detected by CCT, and the overall accuracy of CCT is 95%, while the accuracy of RBS is approximately 70%. Substituting CCT for RBS is cost-beneficial. Although CCT is more costly, it increases overall accuracy by approximately 25%. The cost benefit is further increased by the reduction of complicated diagnostic procedures (and associated hospitalization and morbidity) and improvement in diagnostic information for the individual patient. Substituting CCT for RBS may not be more costly because a positive RBS will be followed by CCT (because of increased diagnostic information), and a negative RBS may be followed by CCT (because of increased accuracy), whereas a positive or negative CCT is unlikely to be followed by RBS.", "contents": "The clinical efficacy and cost analysis of cranial computed tomography and the radionuclide brain scan. Cranial computed tomography (CCT) has already been demonstrated to provide significant diagnostic information in patients with neurologic disease and to reduce the need for special neuroradiologic procedures. The important question remaining is: Should CCT replace the radionuclide brain scan (RBS) as the first diagnostic study in most patients with suspected intracranial pathology? Data are now available to define the costs and benefits of this substitution. The technical costs of CCT have been determined by a national survey and have shown to be $130 per patient at a volume of 50 patients per week. The costs of RBS at the Mallinckrodt Institute have been estimated at $51 per patient. Data from the literature indicate that CCT is slightly more sensitive and considerably more accurate than RBS. Eighteen to twenty-eight percent of patients studied by CCT and RBS have abnormalities (e.g. cerebral atrophy and ventricular dilatation) that are only detected by CCT, and the overall accuracy of CCT is 95%, while the accuracy of RBS is approximately 70%. Substituting CCT for RBS is cost-beneficial. Although CCT is more costly, it increases overall accuracy by approximately 25%. The cost benefit is further increased by the reduction of complicated diagnostic procedures (and associated hospitalization and morbidity) and improvement in diagnostic information for the individual patient. Substituting CCT for RBS may not be more costly because a positive RBS will be followed by CCT (because of increased diagnostic information), and a negative RBS may be followed by CCT (because of increased accuracy), whereas a positive or negative CCT is unlikely to be followed by RBS.", "PMID": 404712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2743", "title": "Unusual fractures during convulsions in two patients with renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "Two men undergoing chronic hemodialysis sustained unusual fractures during grand mal convulsions. Both patients showed radiologic evidence of renal osteodystrophy. In one, the fractures involved both femoral necks. In the other, a comminuted fracture occurred in the inferior portion of the left scapula.", "contents": "Unusual fractures during convulsions in two patients with renal osteodystrophy. Two men undergoing chronic hemodialysis sustained unusual fractures during grand mal convulsions. Both patients showed radiologic evidence of renal osteodystrophy. In one, the fractures involved both femoral necks. In the other, a comminuted fracture occurred in the inferior portion of the left scapula.", "PMID": 404714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2744", "title": "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with gold.", "content": "There have been three important double-blind studies evaluating the use of gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Patients treated with gold have decreased number of joints with synovitis, decreased ring size, increased grip strength, and roentgenographic evidence of arrest or decrease in the progression of skeletal lesions. If a patient with active synovitis does not respond to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after four months of treatment, he is a candidate for gold therapy. Maintenance gold therapy has been shown to sustain clinical improvement. Patients must be monitored with appropiate laboratory tests.", "contents": "Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with gold. There have been three important double-blind studies evaluating the use of gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Patients treated with gold have decreased number of joints with synovitis, decreased ring size, increased grip strength, and roentgenographic evidence of arrest or decrease in the progression of skeletal lesions. If a patient with active synovitis does not respond to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after four months of treatment, he is a candidate for gold therapy. Maintenance gold therapy has been shown to sustain clinical improvement. Patients must be monitored with appropiate laboratory tests.", "PMID": 404715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2745", "title": "Chronic radiation enteritis complicating non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "A case of radiation enteritis in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is described. The patient's complaints suggested recurrence of her lymphoma and radiographic studies were nondiagnostic of radiation-induced enteritis, delaying diagnosis and appropriate therapy. An inadvertent error in radiotherapy technic and fibrous adhesions resulting from the staging laparotomy contributed to the radiation injury. Radiation enteritis is a rare complication of irradiation of abdominal lymphoma, but it must be considered by physicians who encounter a similar situation.", "contents": "Chronic radiation enteritis complicating non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A case of radiation enteritis in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is described. The patient's complaints suggested recurrence of her lymphoma and radiographic studies were nondiagnostic of radiation-induced enteritis, delaying diagnosis and appropriate therapy. An inadvertent error in radiotherapy technic and fibrous adhesions resulting from the staging laparotomy contributed to the radiation injury. Radiation enteritis is a rare complication of irradiation of abdominal lymphoma, but it must be considered by physicians who encounter a similar situation.", "PMID": 404716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2746", "title": "The economics of caring for the aged.", "content": "Certain aspects of the economics of caring for the aged in South Africa are considered. The few years before an accelerated growth rate of the population in South Africa takes place should be used to prepare the economic and other resources of the country. The increasing per capita income of the non-White population should supply the resources to meet the needs of its aged. The use of various accommodations facilities is reviewed. Guidance of medical and paramedical experts, who are specially trained to care for the aged, is needed.", "contents": "The economics of caring for the aged. Certain aspects of the economics of caring for the aged in South Africa are considered. The few years before an accelerated growth rate of the population in South Africa takes place should be used to prepare the economic and other resources of the country. The increasing per capita income of the non-White population should supply the resources to meet the needs of its aged. The use of various accommodations facilities is reviewed. Guidance of medical and paramedical experts, who are specially trained to care for the aged, is needed.", "PMID": 404717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2747", "title": "Experimental pulmonary nocardiosis in monkeys.", "content": "The study describes an easy and reproducible technique of producing pulmonary nocardiosis in monkeys, yielding consistent morbidity and mortality results. Introduction of the fungal suspension into the lower canaliculus, with or without debridement of the canalicular epithelium, produced fatal pneumonitis in 1-2 weeks. Specificity of the lesions was determined by demonstration of Nocardia in tissue sections and in culture.", "contents": "Experimental pulmonary nocardiosis in monkeys. The study describes an easy and reproducible technique of producing pulmonary nocardiosis in monkeys, yielding consistent morbidity and mortality results. Introduction of the fungal suspension into the lower canaliculus, with or without debridement of the canalicular epithelium, produced fatal pneumonitis in 1-2 weeks. Specificity of the lesions was determined by demonstration of Nocardia in tissue sections and in culture.", "PMID": 404718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2748", "title": "Identification and purification of the specific antigen of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis responsible for immunoelectrophoretic band E.", "content": "A new purified antigen (E2) of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis mycelial growth phase was isolated by immunoadsorption from a crude metabolic soluble extract of the fungus. The antiserum prepared in a rabbit by inoculation of E2 antigen developed only one immunodiffusion line with the crude metabolic extract. Findings on immunological analysis showed that E2 antigen is the antigenic component of immunoelectrophoretic band E. The isolated antigens did not possess detectable alkaline phosphatase activity. It reacted in immunodiffusion tests with all the sera (14/14) from P. brasiliensis infected patients containing precipitating antibodies.", "contents": "Identification and purification of the specific antigen of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis responsible for immunoelectrophoretic band E. A new purified antigen (E2) of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis mycelial growth phase was isolated by immunoadsorption from a crude metabolic soluble extract of the fungus. The antiserum prepared in a rabbit by inoculation of E2 antigen developed only one immunodiffusion line with the crude metabolic extract. Findings on immunological analysis showed that E2 antigen is the antigenic component of immunoelectrophoretic band E. The isolated antigens did not possess detectable alkaline phosphatase activity. It reacted in immunodiffusion tests with all the sera (14/14) from P. brasiliensis infected patients containing precipitating antibodies.", "PMID": 404719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2749", "title": "Antibiotics in trauma.", "content": "The injured patient frequently develops serious infection. Prophylactic antibiotics can decrease the rate of acquisition of certain infections in the trauma patient. Hospital-acquired infection with resistant microorganisms is an increasing problem. Antibiotics may predispose the patient to certain serious infections. An understanding of the biology of infectious diseases and the clinical pharmacology of antibiotics helps the surgeon treat infection correctly.", "contents": "Antibiotics in trauma. The injured patient frequently develops serious infection. Prophylactic antibiotics can decrease the rate of acquisition of certain infections in the trauma patient. Hospital-acquired infection with resistant microorganisms is an increasing problem. Antibiotics may predispose the patient to certain serious infections. An understanding of the biology of infectious diseases and the clinical pharmacology of antibiotics helps the surgeon treat infection correctly.", "PMID": 404720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2750", "title": "The current status of protein sparing.", "content": "Solutions of crystalline amino acids infused without dextrose produce a marked improvement in nitrogen balance. Increasing the infusion level of amino acid from 1.0 to 1.7 grams per kilogram further improves nitrogen balance. The addition of dextrose to the amino acid solutions did not affect nitrogen balance and proved that the role of insulin during protein sparing has been overemphasized. Nitrogen balance is slightly, but not significantly, superior when nonprotein dextrose calories are administered. However, amino acid solutions are isotonic and can be infused peripherally, whereas adding dextrose doubles the concentration and renders peripheral infusion more difficult. Protein sparing may be useful for short term nutritional support when the potential risks of total parenteral hyperalimentation are not justified. Endogenous body fat is mobilized. Hence, protein sparing also prevents the development of fatty acid deficiency and may be useful in treating fatty infiltration of the liver. Protein sparing provides suboptimal caloric replacement and should only be used for temporary nutritional support until oral alimentation is resumed or until there is an absolute indication for intravenous hyperalimentation. Expense and the fact that most patients do well after elective abdominal operations militate against the proposition that amino acids should become a routine substitute for 5 per cent dextrose therapy post-operatively.", "contents": "The current status of protein sparing. Solutions of crystalline amino acids infused without dextrose produce a marked improvement in nitrogen balance. Increasing the infusion level of amino acid from 1.0 to 1.7 grams per kilogram further improves nitrogen balance. The addition of dextrose to the amino acid solutions did not affect nitrogen balance and proved that the role of insulin during protein sparing has been overemphasized. Nitrogen balance is slightly, but not significantly, superior when nonprotein dextrose calories are administered. However, amino acid solutions are isotonic and can be infused peripherally, whereas adding dextrose doubles the concentration and renders peripheral infusion more difficult. Protein sparing may be useful for short term nutritional support when the potential risks of total parenteral hyperalimentation are not justified. Endogenous body fat is mobilized. Hence, protein sparing also prevents the development of fatty acid deficiency and may be useful in treating fatty infiltration of the liver. Protein sparing provides suboptimal caloric replacement and should only be used for temporary nutritional support until oral alimentation is resumed or until there is an absolute indication for intravenous hyperalimentation. Expense and the fact that most patients do well after elective abdominal operations militate against the proposition that amino acids should become a routine substitute for 5 per cent dextrose therapy post-operatively.", "PMID": 404722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2751", "title": "Giant fusiform middle cerebral aneurysm: successful treatment utilizing microvascular bypass.", "content": "A case of giant middle cerebral fusiform aneurysm is presented. The aneurysm was treated by superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis and obliteration of the aneurysm by trapping. The application of extracranial to intracranial anastomosis to the problem is discussed.", "contents": "Giant fusiform middle cerebral aneurysm: successful treatment utilizing microvascular bypass. A case of giant middle cerebral fusiform aneurysm is presented. The aneurysm was treated by superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis and obliteration of the aneurysm by trapping. The application of extracranial to intracranial anastomosis to the problem is discussed.", "PMID": 404723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2752", "title": "Somatosensory evoked potentials, cerebral blood flow and metabolism following cerebral missile trauma in monkeys.", "content": "Somato sensory evoked potentials (SEP), cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism were studied in seven rhesus monkeys before and after a right occipito-frontal missile injury with an air rifle. The sensory evoked potential was present shortly after injury though markedly altered in shape. There was a very close correlation (r2 equal to 0.83) between SEP and cerebral blood flow on the uninjured side five minutes after injury. On the injured side, this was also noted but the amplitude of the SEP was much smaller, perhaps due to direct injury. If the flow in either hemisphere fell below 15-20 mls/100 gm/min, the evoked response disappeared, but in several animals a subsequent increase in flow was associated with a return of electrical activity. There was no correlation with cerebral perfusion pressure or cerebral metabolic rates for oxygen or lactate production, though it is likely that this is not due to physiological reasons but rather methodological. It might be inferred from these results that adequate flow is vital for the preservation and return of electrical activity following brain injury.", "contents": "Somatosensory evoked potentials, cerebral blood flow and metabolism following cerebral missile trauma in monkeys. Somato sensory evoked potentials (SEP), cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism were studied in seven rhesus monkeys before and after a right occipito-frontal missile injury with an air rifle. The sensory evoked potential was present shortly after injury though markedly altered in shape. There was a very close correlation (r2 equal to 0.83) between SEP and cerebral blood flow on the uninjured side five minutes after injury. On the injured side, this was also noted but the amplitude of the SEP was much smaller, perhaps due to direct injury. If the flow in either hemisphere fell below 15-20 mls/100 gm/min, the evoked response disappeared, but in several animals a subsequent increase in flow was associated with a return of electrical activity. There was no correlation with cerebral perfusion pressure or cerebral metabolic rates for oxygen or lactate production, though it is likely that this is not due to physiological reasons but rather methodological. It might be inferred from these results that adequate flow is vital for the preservation and return of electrical activity following brain injury.", "PMID": 404724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2753", "title": "[A case of anthrax in a dog (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of anthrax in a dog is described. The origin of infection, clinical symptoms and post mortem changes are discussed. B. anthracis was found in the carbuncle of the stomach wall, mesenterial lymphnodes, blood, liver and kidney.", "contents": "[A case of anthrax in a dog (author's transl)]. A case of anthrax in a dog is described. The origin of infection, clinical symptoms and post mortem changes are discussed. B. anthracis was found in the carbuncle of the stomach wall, mesenterial lymphnodes, blood, liver and kidney.", "PMID": 404726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2754", "title": "Abnormal growth hormone responses to L-dopa and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with acromegaly.", "content": "Changes in growth hormone (gh) release in response to L-dopa, TRH, arginine and LH-RH were studied in 15 patients with acromegaly to investigate the mechanism of so-called 'paradoxical decrease' of GH secretion often observed in acromegalics after the administration of L-dopa. Among 15 patients, 11 showed GH increase with TRH, 8 with arginine, and 4 with LH-RH. On the other hand, six out of these 15 patients showed a distinct paradoxical GH decrease after L-dopa administration. Two cases showed an increase in GH on L-dopa as seen in normal subjects. The responses of GH release, either an increase or a decrease, was proved fairly constant when several patients had been examined repeatedly. Changes of GH induced by L-dopa were compared wwith those by TRH, arginine, and LH-RH. There were no correlation between the changes by L-dopa and those by TRH, arginine, and LH-RH when compared simply. But a significant negative correlation (r=-0.861) was found between percent changes by L-dopa and logarithm of increase ratio (peak value of GH after the stimulation/basal value) induced by TRH. More close correlation (r=-0.881) was obtained when the percent changes by L-dopa was (formula: see text). This result would imply that paradoxical GH decrease by L-dopa in acromegalic patients is more remarkable when their GH secretion is more responsive to TRH and less responsive to arginine. When this correlation is considered in connection with the reported effects of L-dopa on GH and thyroid stimulating hormne (TSH) in man, the following hypothesis might be proposed: L-dopa has two opposing actions on the hypothalamo-pituitary system; 1) inhibition of TRH release or suppression of GH release from TRH sensitive GH producing cells, and 2) arginine-like facilitation of GH release presumably via stimulation of GH-RF. The paradoxical GH decrease in acromegalics on L-dopa is explained by the dominance of the former action.", "contents": "Abnormal growth hormone responses to L-dopa and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with acromegaly. Changes in growth hormone (gh) release in response to L-dopa, TRH, arginine and LH-RH were studied in 15 patients with acromegaly to investigate the mechanism of so-called 'paradoxical decrease' of GH secretion often observed in acromegalics after the administration of L-dopa. Among 15 patients, 11 showed GH increase with TRH, 8 with arginine, and 4 with LH-RH. On the other hand, six out of these 15 patients showed a distinct paradoxical GH decrease after L-dopa administration. Two cases showed an increase in GH on L-dopa as seen in normal subjects. The responses of GH release, either an increase or a decrease, was proved fairly constant when several patients had been examined repeatedly. Changes of GH induced by L-dopa were compared wwith those by TRH, arginine, and LH-RH. There were no correlation between the changes by L-dopa and those by TRH, arginine, and LH-RH when compared simply. But a significant negative correlation (r=-0.861) was found between percent changes by L-dopa and logarithm of increase ratio (peak value of GH after the stimulation/basal value) induced by TRH. More close correlation (r=-0.881) was obtained when the percent changes by L-dopa was (formula: see text). This result would imply that paradoxical GH decrease by L-dopa in acromegalic patients is more remarkable when their GH secretion is more responsive to TRH and less responsive to arginine. When this correlation is considered in connection with the reported effects of L-dopa on GH and thyroid stimulating hormne (TSH) in man, the following hypothesis might be proposed: L-dopa has two opposing actions on the hypothalamo-pituitary system; 1) inhibition of TRH release or suppression of GH release from TRH sensitive GH producing cells, and 2) arginine-like facilitation of GH release presumably via stimulation of GH-RF. The paradoxical GH decrease in acromegalics on L-dopa is explained by the dominance of the former action.", "PMID": 404727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2755", "title": "In vitro metabolism of progestins. III. The metabolic clearance rate of medroxyprogesterone acetate in monkeys.", "content": "3H-medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) was synthesized by selective catalytic tritiation of the delta1-olefinic bond of 6alpha-methyl-17alpha-hydroxy-pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione acetate. The metabolic clearance rate of MPA (MCRMPA) was determined in 9 female Rhesus monkeys by the single injection technique. The blood MCRMPA was 201 +/- 19 L/day (42.2 +/- 4.0 L/day/kg) which was approximately the same as that reported for progesterone clearance in the monkey. We conclude that a greater biological activity of MPA compared to progesterone cannot be related to its prolonged retention in the blood. Although both MPA and amino-glutethimide alter the rate of steroid metabolism in some species, neither of these agents influences the metabolic clearance rate of 3H-MPA in the monkey.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of progestins. III. The metabolic clearance rate of medroxyprogesterone acetate in monkeys. 3H-medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) was synthesized by selective catalytic tritiation of the delta1-olefinic bond of 6alpha-methyl-17alpha-hydroxy-pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione acetate. The metabolic clearance rate of MPA (MCRMPA) was determined in 9 female Rhesus monkeys by the single injection technique. The blood MCRMPA was 201 +/- 19 L/day (42.2 +/- 4.0 L/day/kg) which was approximately the same as that reported for progesterone clearance in the monkey. We conclude that a greater biological activity of MPA compared to progesterone cannot be related to its prolonged retention in the blood. Although both MPA and amino-glutethimide alter the rate of steroid metabolism in some species, neither of these agents influences the metabolic clearance rate of 3H-MPA in the monkey.", "PMID": 404731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2756", "title": "Effect of the injection of ribosomes and RNA from Crithidia fasciculata on the experimental infection of mice by Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "Immunization of mice with Crithidia fasciculata (live suspension, ribosomal fraction and purified RNA) induced a certain degree of protection (decrease of parasitaemia) against infection with Trypanosoma cruzi.", "contents": "Effect of the injection of ribosomes and RNA from Crithidia fasciculata on the experimental infection of mice by Trypanosoma cruzi. Immunization of mice with Crithidia fasciculata (live suspension, ribosomal fraction and purified RNA) induced a certain degree of protection (decrease of parasitaemia) against infection with Trypanosoma cruzi.", "PMID": 404736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2757", "title": "Cerebrovascular response to infused 5-hydroxytryptamine in the baboon. Part 1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine infusion.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow was measured in 17 baboons before and during infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) into the internal carotid artery. The mean values for total cerebral blood flow, grey matter flow, and white matter flow before 5-HT infusion were 40.8, 59.2, and 12.7 ml/min/100 gm of tissue, respectively. There was no significant alteration in total blood flow or flow through grey matter when 5-HT was infused at dosages ranging from 0.5 to 10.0 microng/kg/min. A small but significant decrease in white matter blood flow was recorded when 5-HT was infused at a rate exceeding 2.5 microng/kg/min. The study indicates that in vivo, with the xenon clearance method, intra-arterial infusion of 5-HT does not significantly alter cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular response to infused 5-hydroxytryptamine in the baboon. Part 1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine infusion. Cerebral blood flow was measured in 17 baboons before and during infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) into the internal carotid artery. The mean values for total cerebral blood flow, grey matter flow, and white matter flow before 5-HT infusion were 40.8, 59.2, and 12.7 ml/min/100 gm of tissue, respectively. There was no significant alteration in total blood flow or flow through grey matter when 5-HT was infused at dosages ranging from 0.5 to 10.0 microng/kg/min. A small but significant decrease in white matter blood flow was recorded when 5-HT was infused at a rate exceeding 2.5 microng/kg/min. The study indicates that in vivo, with the xenon clearance method, intra-arterial infusion of 5-HT does not significantly alter cerebral blood flow.", "PMID": 404732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2758", "title": "Cerebrovascular response to infused 5-hydroxytryptamine in the baboon. Part 2. 5 Hydroxytryptamine infusion in estrogen and progesterone treated animals.", "content": "The effect of intracarotid infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on cerebral blood flow was studied in five female baboons 7 days after intramuscular injection of slow release estrogen and progesterone. The control values for total cerebral blood flow, grey matter flow, and white matter flow were 38.9, 57.5, and 11.0 ml/min/100 gm of tissue respectively. There was a statistically significant decrease in total, grey and white matter blood flow during infusion of 5-HT at dosages ranging from 0.5 to 10.0 microng/kg/min. The study indicates that in female baboons pretreated with estrogen and progesterone, intracarotid infusion of 5-HT produces a dose dependent decrease in cerebral blood flow, which did not occur in control animals.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular response to infused 5-hydroxytryptamine in the baboon. Part 2. 5 Hydroxytryptamine infusion in estrogen and progesterone treated animals. The effect of intracarotid infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on cerebral blood flow was studied in five female baboons 7 days after intramuscular injection of slow release estrogen and progesterone. The control values for total cerebral blood flow, grey matter flow, and white matter flow were 38.9, 57.5, and 11.0 ml/min/100 gm of tissue respectively. There was a statistically significant decrease in total, grey and white matter blood flow during infusion of 5-HT at dosages ranging from 0.5 to 10.0 microng/kg/min. The study indicates that in female baboons pretreated with estrogen and progesterone, intracarotid infusion of 5-HT produces a dose dependent decrease in cerebral blood flow, which did not occur in control animals.", "PMID": 404733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2759", "title": "Dengue virus infections in Nigeria: a survey for antibodies in monkeys and humans.", "content": "A retrospective serological survey for dengue immunity was conducted in Nigeria to determine the prevalence of infection in man and non-human primates. Preliminary haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests revealed that 63% of persons tested had HI antibodies against one or more of the following flaviviruses: dengue type 1, yellow fever, West Nile and Wesselsbron. Parallel HI and neutralization (N) tests on 179 human sera showed that six of 20 sera (30%) negative for flavivirus HI antibody contained dengue N antibody. This finding emphasized the advantage of the N test over HI in screening for dengue virus immunity. Neutralization tests performed on 1,816 human sera from different geographical locations in Nigeria showed that 45% of Nigerians were immune to dengue type 2 virus. The percentage of immunity in adults aged 20 years and older (51%) was significantly higher than in children (37%) (P less than 0-01). In all four ecological zones sampled, the highest percentage of dengue N antibody was observed in the derived Savannah zone (63%) followed by the rain forest zone (42%). The Southern Guinea savannah and plateau zones had lower percentages of dengue-immune persons. There was a higher prevalence of antibodies in urban (48%) than in rural communities (37%). Tests on dengue-immune sera showed that 35% of such sera contained N antibodies to dengue only or to dengue and one other virus. Therefore, dengue immunity cannot be explained by heterologous cross reactions within the flavivirus group. In addition, evidence of dengue infection was found in monkeys and galagos. 48% of monkeys and 25% of galagos contained dengue N antibody. The presence of specific dengue N antibodies in a few sera suggests that the occurrence of a forest cycle of dengue is possible in Nigeria.", "contents": "Dengue virus infections in Nigeria: a survey for antibodies in monkeys and humans. A retrospective serological survey for dengue immunity was conducted in Nigeria to determine the prevalence of infection in man and non-human primates. Preliminary haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests revealed that 63% of persons tested had HI antibodies against one or more of the following flaviviruses: dengue type 1, yellow fever, West Nile and Wesselsbron. Parallel HI and neutralization (N) tests on 179 human sera showed that six of 20 sera (30%) negative for flavivirus HI antibody contained dengue N antibody. This finding emphasized the advantage of the N test over HI in screening for dengue virus immunity. Neutralization tests performed on 1,816 human sera from different geographical locations in Nigeria showed that 45% of Nigerians were immune to dengue type 2 virus. The percentage of immunity in adults aged 20 years and older (51%) was significantly higher than in children (37%) (P less than 0-01). In all four ecological zones sampled, the highest percentage of dengue N antibody was observed in the derived Savannah zone (63%) followed by the rain forest zone (42%). The Southern Guinea savannah and plateau zones had lower percentages of dengue-immune persons. There was a higher prevalence of antibodies in urban (48%) than in rural communities (37%). Tests on dengue-immune sera showed that 35% of such sera contained N antibodies to dengue only or to dengue and one other virus. Therefore, dengue immunity cannot be explained by heterologous cross reactions within the flavivirus group. In addition, evidence of dengue infection was found in monkeys and galagos. 48% of monkeys and 25% of galagos contained dengue N antibody. The presence of specific dengue N antibodies in a few sera suggests that the occurrence of a forest cycle of dengue is possible in Nigeria.", "PMID": 404737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2760", "title": "Preparation of antisera with specificity for human T lymphocytes.", "content": "Antisera were raised in rabbits and sheep against human or monkey thymocyte or lymphocyte antigens. The unabsorbed antisera reacted equally strongly with T and B lymphoblasts. After partial absorption with B lymphoblasts antisera were specific for T lymphoblasts when tested by cytotoxicity, but still reacted with B lymphoblasts in indirect immunofluorescence. Extensive absorption with reusable columsn made from B cell antigens produced sera which reted selectively with T lymphoblasts and T leukaemic cells and were able to differentiate T and B cells in human peripheral blood.", "contents": "Preparation of antisera with specificity for human T lymphocytes. Antisera were raised in rabbits and sheep against human or monkey thymocyte or lymphocyte antigens. The unabsorbed antisera reacted equally strongly with T and B lymphoblasts. After partial absorption with B lymphoblasts antisera were specific for T lymphoblasts when tested by cytotoxicity, but still reacted with B lymphoblasts in indirect immunofluorescence. Extensive absorption with reusable columsn made from B cell antigens produced sera which reted selectively with T lymphoblasts and T leukaemic cells and were able to differentiate T and B cells in human peripheral blood.", "PMID": 404738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2761", "title": "Penicillin-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Shahre-Now.", "content": "Of 921 women examined, 112, or 12.1%, were identified as having gonorrhoea by positive culture; 25.6% of 78 strains isolated from the women were resistant to penicillin at 0.10 mug/ml level and 14.1% resistant at the 0.50 mug/ml level as determined by an agar dilution MIC test. Our results were compatible with a similar but larger study reported in the USA by Jaffe et al. 1976.", "contents": "Penicillin-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Shahre-Now. Of 921 women examined, 112, or 12.1%, were identified as having gonorrhoea by positive culture; 25.6% of 78 strains isolated from the women were resistant to penicillin at 0.10 mug/ml level and 14.1% resistant at the 0.50 mug/ml level as determined by an agar dilution MIC test. Our results were compatible with a similar but larger study reported in the USA by Jaffe et al. 1976.", "PMID": 404740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2762", "title": "Immunization of mice against Trypanosoma cruzi. The effect of size of dose, and route of injection, of immunizing and challenge inocula.", "content": "Groups of CD-1 mice were immunized with a vaccine prepared from freeze-thawed cultured epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, strain Y, with or without saponin as adjuvant. The vaccine was injected by the subcutaneous (s.c.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. Immunized and control mice were challenged with homologous blood trypomastigotes by the s.c. or i.p. route and the former route was found to produce a far more severe and uniform infection in both control and immunized mice. Subcutaneous challenge of vaccinated mice demonstrated an improvement in the protective effect of the vaccine when saponin was included, but following i.p. challenge equally good protection was achieved with or without saponin. Thirty-nine of 40 immunized mice challenged i.p. survived the infection. A strong correlation was shown between the size of both immunizing and challenge inocula and the protective effect of the vaccine. Immunized mice which survived challenge were resistant to reinfection, but all were shown to carry persistent sub-patent parasitaemia.", "contents": "Immunization of mice against Trypanosoma cruzi. The effect of size of dose, and route of injection, of immunizing and challenge inocula. Groups of CD-1 mice were immunized with a vaccine prepared from freeze-thawed cultured epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, strain Y, with or without saponin as adjuvant. The vaccine was injected by the subcutaneous (s.c.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. Immunized and control mice were challenged with homologous blood trypomastigotes by the s.c. or i.p. route and the former route was found to produce a far more severe and uniform infection in both control and immunized mice. Subcutaneous challenge of vaccinated mice demonstrated an improvement in the protective effect of the vaccine when saponin was included, but following i.p. challenge equally good protection was achieved with or without saponin. Thirty-nine of 40 immunized mice challenged i.p. survived the infection. A strong correlation was shown between the size of both immunizing and challenge inocula and the protective effect of the vaccine. Immunized mice which survived challenge were resistant to reinfection, but all were shown to carry persistent sub-patent parasitaemia.", "PMID": 404742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2763", "title": "[Experimental studies on the schistosomicidal activity of the aminobenzaldehyde derivative 80.647 (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of aminobenzaldehyde derivatives the 2-cholor-4-(1)-piperazinobenalazine showed to be highly active in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), Mastomys natalensis and capucine monkeys (Cebus capucinus capucinus) against Schistosoma mansoni, slightly active against S. mattheei and inactive against S. haematobium and S. japonicum. The D.c.m. in mice and hamsters was 50 mg/kg body weight after a single oral dose and 20 or 50 mg/kg body weight respectively when dosed once daily on 5 consecutive days.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the schistosomicidal activity of the aminobenzaldehyde derivative 80.647 (author's transl)]. In a group of aminobenzaldehyde derivatives the 2-cholor-4-(1)-piperazinobenalazine showed to be highly active in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), Mastomys natalensis and capucine monkeys (Cebus capucinus capucinus) against Schistosoma mansoni, slightly active against S. mattheei and inactive against S. haematobium and S. japonicum. The D.c.m. in mice and hamsters was 50 mg/kg body weight after a single oral dose and 20 or 50 mg/kg body weight respectively when dosed once daily on 5 consecutive days.", "PMID": 404743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2764", "title": "[Irradiation for prevention of gynecomastia prior to estrogen therapy in cases of carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "The most frequent and most unpleasant side-effect of therapy with estrogen hormones in patients with carcinoma of the prostate is the painful gynecomastia. Since 1969, we have been performing the prophylactic irradiation of the mammary glands on 284 patients in order to prevent a hormone-induced gynecomastia. The majority (262 patients) was irradiated with 600 rad surface dose in fractions of 150 rad prior to the hormone therapy. One hundred and two patients, having been treated endocrinologically for 2-75 months, had a follow-up examination. After irradiation, only 19% of the patients did not develop a gynecomastia, and 60% had no mamillary hyperesthesias. Compared to other authors, the therapy was less efficient, the symptoms, however, were discrete. As a consequence, an increase of the radiation dose as well as an alteration of the fractionation must be used.", "contents": "[Irradiation for prevention of gynecomastia prior to estrogen therapy in cases of carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)]. The most frequent and most unpleasant side-effect of therapy with estrogen hormones in patients with carcinoma of the prostate is the painful gynecomastia. Since 1969, we have been performing the prophylactic irradiation of the mammary glands on 284 patients in order to prevent a hormone-induced gynecomastia. The majority (262 patients) was irradiated with 600 rad surface dose in fractions of 150 rad prior to the hormone therapy. One hundred and two patients, having been treated endocrinologically for 2-75 months, had a follow-up examination. After irradiation, only 19% of the patients did not develop a gynecomastia, and 60% had no mamillary hyperesthesias. Compared to other authors, the therapy was less efficient, the symptoms, however, were discrete. As a consequence, an increase of the radiation dose as well as an alteration of the fractionation must be used.", "PMID": 404747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2765", "title": "Blood parasites of imported psittacine birds.", "content": "Of 117 imported psittacine birds examined for the presence of blood parasites, 18 (15-3 per cent) were found to be infected. The most common parasites were microfilaria and Haemoproteus, but Aegyptianella and a Trypanosoma sp were also observed. Haemoproteus handai was diagnosed in several birds and for the first time in lesser sulphur-crested cockatoos. The significance of the parasites observed is discussed and also that of other haematozoa recorded from psittacines but not found during the present survey.", "contents": "Blood parasites of imported psittacine birds. Of 117 imported psittacine birds examined for the presence of blood parasites, 18 (15-3 per cent) were found to be infected. The most common parasites were microfilaria and Haemoproteus, but Aegyptianella and a Trypanosoma sp were also observed. Haemoproteus handai was diagnosed in several birds and for the first time in lesser sulphur-crested cockatoos. The significance of the parasites observed is discussed and also that of other haematozoa recorded from psittacines but not found during the present survey.", "PMID": 404751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2766", "title": "Mitogenic effect in mouse liver induced by a hypolipidemic drug, nafenopin.", "content": "The mitogenic effect of Nafenopin, a hypolipidemic hepatic peroxisome proliferator, in mouse liver has been studied in acute and chronically treated mice. After 1, 6 and 32 weeks of treatment, the total hepatic DNA was increased 1.5-2.0-fold over controls. Mitotic and labeling indices were also increased 3-4 fold after 5 days, 6 weeks and 32 weeks of treatment. The increased mitotic activity in nafenopin fed animals was not associated with liver cell necrosis. The nafenopin induced hepatomegaly therefore appears to arise from a combination of cell proliferation, as well as, cellular hypertrophy, which is associated with peroxisome proliferation.", "contents": "Mitogenic effect in mouse liver induced by a hypolipidemic drug, nafenopin. The mitogenic effect of Nafenopin, a hypolipidemic hepatic peroxisome proliferator, in mouse liver has been studied in acute and chronically treated mice. After 1, 6 and 32 weeks of treatment, the total hepatic DNA was increased 1.5-2.0-fold over controls. Mitotic and labeling indices were also increased 3-4 fold after 5 days, 6 weeks and 32 weeks of treatment. The increased mitotic activity in nafenopin fed animals was not associated with liver cell necrosis. The nafenopin induced hepatomegaly therefore appears to arise from a combination of cell proliferation, as well as, cellular hypertrophy, which is associated with peroxisome proliferation.", "PMID": 404752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2767", "title": "Effect of mannitol, dextran (macrodex), allopurinol, and methylprednisolone on the morphology of the proximal tubule of the rat kidney made ischemic in vivo.", "content": "Rats were anesthetized and their lift kidneys were made ischemic for 1 h by clamping of the aorta just above the left renal artery. Mannitol (2.5 g/kg), Dextran 70 (0.6 g/kg), methylprednisolone (50 and 100 mg/kg), and allopurinol (100 mg/kg body weight) were administered before, during, or after the ischemia period in order to test the effect of each of these drugs upon this model of renal injury. At 24 h after the release of the aortic clamp the left kidneys of the drug treated animals wwere perfusion fixed and processed for light and electron microscopy. Dextran administration to animals with ischemic kidneys gave rise to a pronounced vacuolization (\"osmotic nephrosis\"), in the entire proximal tubule and especially in the pars recta. This was in contrast to dextran administration to rats with nonischemic kidenys, which showed no or very mild \"osmotic nephrosis.\" This demonstrates that ischemia makes rat kidneys more susceptible to the development of \"osmotic nephrosis.\" In controls (no drug treatment) one hour of renal ischemia gave partial necrosis of pars recta of the proximal tubule, while the pars convoluta tubule survived. Mannitol treatment significantly reduced the amount of necrosis of the pars recta, whereas dextran, methylprednisolone, and allopurinol had no or a negative effect on the survival of the cells of the pars recta segment. It is suggested that mannitol protects against the development of necrosis by increasing medullary blood flow in combination with a counteractive influence on the cellular swelling, which is known to occur in ischemia.", "contents": "Effect of mannitol, dextran (macrodex), allopurinol, and methylprednisolone on the morphology of the proximal tubule of the rat kidney made ischemic in vivo. Rats were anesthetized and their lift kidneys were made ischemic for 1 h by clamping of the aorta just above the left renal artery. Mannitol (2.5 g/kg), Dextran 70 (0.6 g/kg), methylprednisolone (50 and 100 mg/kg), and allopurinol (100 mg/kg body weight) were administered before, during, or after the ischemia period in order to test the effect of each of these drugs upon this model of renal injury. At 24 h after the release of the aortic clamp the left kidneys of the drug treated animals wwere perfusion fixed and processed for light and electron microscopy. Dextran administration to animals with ischemic kidneys gave rise to a pronounced vacuolization (\"osmotic nephrosis\"), in the entire proximal tubule and especially in the pars recta. This was in contrast to dextran administration to rats with nonischemic kidenys, which showed no or very mild \"osmotic nephrosis.\" This demonstrates that ischemia makes rat kidneys more susceptible to the development of \"osmotic nephrosis.\" In controls (no drug treatment) one hour of renal ischemia gave partial necrosis of pars recta of the proximal tubule, while the pars convoluta tubule survived. Mannitol treatment significantly reduced the amount of necrosis of the pars recta, whereas dextran, methylprednisolone, and allopurinol had no or a negative effect on the survival of the cells of the pars recta segment. It is suggested that mannitol protects against the development of necrosis by increasing medullary blood flow in combination with a counteractive influence on the cellular swelling, which is known to occur in ischemia.", "PMID": 404753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2768", "title": "Scurvy; a comparison between ultrastructural and biochemical changes observed in cultured fibroblasts and the collagen they synthesise.", "content": "Earlier biochemical investigations of cultured 3T6 fibroblasts have shown that ascorbate deficiency has no effect on the synthesis of collagen protein quantitatively but does produce inhibition of the critical post-translational hydroxylation of collagen essential for normal fibrogenesis and of formation of hydroxylysine-derived cross-links. This ultrastructural study on the same 3T6 fibroblast system demonstrates that ascorbate deficiency does not affect the cell morphology, particularly that of the protein synthetic or secretory apparatus, but does prevent the deposition of typical 640A degrees banded collagen fibres; instead, finer, unbanded fibrils--presumably collagenous--are deposited extracellularly. This confirms the earlier biochemical findings as wll as presenting a new finding--the inability of ascorbate-deficient cells to lay down normal collagen fibrils; possible mechanisms are considered in terms of the known biochemical lesions. The tissue culture findings are also compared with those observed in vivo in the scorbutic guinea-pig, where other workers have reported biochemical and ultrastructural evidence that collagen synthesis is inhibited. The apparently paradoxical observations in the two systems are considered; we conclude that the tissue culture system demonstrates the primary collagenous lesion which is perhaps obscured in vivo by secondary effects--nevertheless the two approaches are complementary.", "contents": "Scurvy; a comparison between ultrastructural and biochemical changes observed in cultured fibroblasts and the collagen they synthesise. Earlier biochemical investigations of cultured 3T6 fibroblasts have shown that ascorbate deficiency has no effect on the synthesis of collagen protein quantitatively but does produce inhibition of the critical post-translational hydroxylation of collagen essential for normal fibrogenesis and of formation of hydroxylysine-derived cross-links. This ultrastructural study on the same 3T6 fibroblast system demonstrates that ascorbate deficiency does not affect the cell morphology, particularly that of the protein synthetic or secretory apparatus, but does prevent the deposition of typical 640A degrees banded collagen fibres; instead, finer, unbanded fibrils--presumably collagenous--are deposited extracellularly. This confirms the earlier biochemical findings as wll as presenting a new finding--the inability of ascorbate-deficient cells to lay down normal collagen fibrils; possible mechanisms are considered in terms of the known biochemical lesions. The tissue culture findings are also compared with those observed in vivo in the scorbutic guinea-pig, where other workers have reported biochemical and ultrastructural evidence that collagen synthesis is inhibited. The apparently paradoxical observations in the two systems are considered; we conclude that the tissue culture system demonstrates the primary collagenous lesion which is perhaps obscured in vivo by secondary effects--nevertheless the two approaches are complementary.", "PMID": 404754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2769", "title": "DNA replication of bacteriophage phi29. Effect of two viral genes on the association of phage chromosomes with the host cell membrane.", "content": "The kinetics of DNA arrest and the maintenance of the association of viral chromosomes with the cell membrane were examined by temperature-shift experiments using temperature-sensitive mutants in two early bacteriophage phi29 genes required for phage DNA replication. phi29 ts2(35), a mutant in cistron 2 whose product (protein P2) is continuously required for associating phage DNA with the Bacillus subtilis membrane, does not stop phage DNA synthesis immediately after a shift to the nonpermissive temperature. In contrast, bacteria infected with phi29 ts3(28), a mutant in cistron 3 (which codes for protein P3), stop synthesizing phage DNA immediately after transfer to the nonpermissive temperature. Parental phage DNA in phi29 ts2(35) infections rapidly dissociates from the cell membrane after a shift to 45 degrees, whereas phi29 ts3(28) DNA remains associated with the membrane after the shift to the nonpermissive temperature and then slowly dissociates. Thus the rapid dissociation of parental phage phi29 chromosomes from the membrane is dependent on a functional protein P3. These findings are discussed in terms of possible modes of action of these two proteins and suggest that protein P2 operates as a linker of phage chromosomes to the membrane, whereas protein P3 participates directly in the initiation or in the polymerization of viral DNA molecules.", "contents": "DNA replication of bacteriophage phi29. Effect of two viral genes on the association of phage chromosomes with the host cell membrane. The kinetics of DNA arrest and the maintenance of the association of viral chromosomes with the cell membrane were examined by temperature-shift experiments using temperature-sensitive mutants in two early bacteriophage phi29 genes required for phage DNA replication. phi29 ts2(35), a mutant in cistron 2 whose product (protein P2) is continuously required for associating phage DNA with the Bacillus subtilis membrane, does not stop phage DNA synthesis immediately after a shift to the nonpermissive temperature. In contrast, bacteria infected with phi29 ts3(28), a mutant in cistron 3 (which codes for protein P3), stop synthesizing phage DNA immediately after transfer to the nonpermissive temperature. Parental phage DNA in phi29 ts2(35) infections rapidly dissociates from the cell membrane after a shift to 45 degrees, whereas phi29 ts3(28) DNA remains associated with the membrane after the shift to the nonpermissive temperature and then slowly dissociates. Thus the rapid dissociation of parental phage phi29 chromosomes from the membrane is dependent on a functional protein P3. These findings are discussed in terms of possible modes of action of these two proteins and suggest that protein P2 operates as a linker of phage chromosomes to the membrane, whereas protein P3 participates directly in the initiation or in the polymerization of viral DNA molecules.", "PMID": 404758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2770", "title": "[Combined treatment of lung cancer].", "content": "Since 1963 to 1975 one hundred and eighty eight patients were subjected to surgery with preoperative irradiation, using a betatron of 25 M. e. v. Irradiation was carried on during 2--3 weeks from 2 or 3 fields daily. A total focal dose ranged within the limits from 2500 to 4500 rad. Radical operations were performed in 159 patients, the mortality being 6.7%. The survival over 3 years--in 69.1%, over 5 years--in 57.3%. Postoperative irradiation using a betatron of 25 M. e. v. is found to contribute to an improvement of general condition in lung cancer patients and to render a positive effect on clinical and roentgenological signs of the disease. A comparative morphological study of diagnostic biopsy specimens and lung preparations, removed following irradiation, indicates various degree of cancer pathomorphosis up to tumor disappearrance and development of radiation sclerosis.", "contents": "[Combined treatment of lung cancer]. Since 1963 to 1975 one hundred and eighty eight patients were subjected to surgery with preoperative irradiation, using a betatron of 25 M. e. v. Irradiation was carried on during 2--3 weeks from 2 or 3 fields daily. A total focal dose ranged within the limits from 2500 to 4500 rad. Radical operations were performed in 159 patients, the mortality being 6.7%. The survival over 3 years--in 69.1%, over 5 years--in 57.3%. Postoperative irradiation using a betatron of 25 M. e. v. is found to contribute to an improvement of general condition in lung cancer patients and to render a positive effect on clinical and roentgenological signs of the disease. A comparative morphological study of diagnostic biopsy specimens and lung preparations, removed following irradiation, indicates various degree of cancer pathomorphosis up to tumor disappearrance and development of radiation sclerosis.", "PMID": 404762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2771", "title": "[Evaluation of the surgical and combined treatments of lung cancer].", "content": "Ninety six patients with lung cancer metastasizing in regional lymph nodes were clinically examined by randomization method. A half of these patients was subjected only to surgical treatment, the other half was given postoperative radiotherapy. The comparison of the results of the combined and solely surgical treatment of lung cancer patients indicated a greater survival in irradiated patients.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the surgical and combined treatments of lung cancer]. Ninety six patients with lung cancer metastasizing in regional lymph nodes were clinically examined by randomization method. A half of these patients was subjected only to surgical treatment, the other half was given postoperative radiotherapy. The comparison of the results of the combined and solely surgical treatment of lung cancer patients indicated a greater survival in irradiated patients.", "PMID": 404763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2772", "title": "[Changes in histamine and serotonin metabolism in experimental tetanus].", "content": "A gradual increase in histamine content with simultaneous elevation in the histaminase activity were observed in many tissues of guinea-pigs and cats in dynamics of tetanic intoxication. A universal accumulation of serotonin at early steps of intoxication with subsequent decrease in its content were also found in development of severe generalized tetanus. At the same time, in several tissues the inhibition of glycolysis and impairment in electrolyte balance were observed. Artificial pulmonary ventilation was accompanied only by partial compensation in impairment of the histamine and electrolytes metabolism. The metabolic impairments studied possess the complex genesis, they are not related solely to the effect of hypoxic factor and may form the basis for impairment in the excitability of various structures, for alteration in their energy provision and for operation in dynamics of tetanic intoxication.", "contents": "[Changes in histamine and serotonin metabolism in experimental tetanus]. A gradual increase in histamine content with simultaneous elevation in the histaminase activity were observed in many tissues of guinea-pigs and cats in dynamics of tetanic intoxication. A universal accumulation of serotonin at early steps of intoxication with subsequent decrease in its content were also found in development of severe generalized tetanus. At the same time, in several tissues the inhibition of glycolysis and impairment in electrolyte balance were observed. Artificial pulmonary ventilation was accompanied only by partial compensation in impairment of the histamine and electrolytes metabolism. The metabolic impairments studied possess the complex genesis, they are not related solely to the effect of hypoxic factor and may form the basis for impairment in the excitability of various structures, for alteration in their energy provision and for operation in dynamics of tetanic intoxication.", "PMID": 404760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2773", "title": "[Geycogen content and the enzymatic system of its biosynthesis in normal and tumorous human tissues].", "content": "In human tumors (cancer of the liver, stomach, lymphogranulomatosis of lymphnodes, metastases in lymphnodes, ascites ovarian tumor cells) the authors studied the content of enzymes participating in glycogen biosynthesis through uridine diphosphateglucose mechanism--UDPG-glycogensynthetase, UDPG-pyrophosphroylase, phosphoglucomutase. As a rule, in human tumor cells the amount of glycogen and the activity of enzymes of its biosynthesis is decreased, the more the higher proliferative activity and autonomization of tumor cells.", "contents": "[Geycogen content and the enzymatic system of its biosynthesis in normal and tumorous human tissues]. In human tumors (cancer of the liver, stomach, lymphogranulomatosis of lymphnodes, metastases in lymphnodes, ascites ovarian tumor cells) the authors studied the content of enzymes participating in glycogen biosynthesis through uridine diphosphateglucose mechanism--UDPG-glycogensynthetase, UDPG-pyrophosphroylase, phosphoglucomutase. As a rule, in human tumor cells the amount of glycogen and the activity of enzymes of its biosynthesis is decreased, the more the higher proliferative activity and autonomization of tumor cells.", "PMID": 404764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2774", "title": "[Antitumor resistance in depositing Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs of rats].", "content": "In the experiments on rats of \"Wistar\" line and non-inbred rats the author has demonstrated that the inflammatory process in the lungs induced by non-virulent mycobacteria of BCG strain is able to decrease the organism resistance to the occurrence of chemically induced tumors. Desensibilization with PPD prior to the appearance of tumors would contribute to restoration of their antitumor resistance.", "contents": "[Antitumor resistance in depositing Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs of rats]. In the experiments on rats of \"Wistar\" line and non-inbred rats the author has demonstrated that the inflammatory process in the lungs induced by non-virulent mycobacteria of BCG strain is able to decrease the organism resistance to the occurrence of chemically induced tumors. Desensibilization with PPD prior to the appearance of tumors would contribute to restoration of their antitumor resistance.", "PMID": 404765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2775", "title": "The use of IgM anti-D coated cells in the deliberate immunisation of Rh-negative male volunteers.", "content": "Attempts to produce anti-D in rhesus-negative men using reconstituted frozen rhesus-positive cells were unsuccessful. The use of cells coated with IgM anti-D for immunisation stimulates anti-D production, and a comparison between two groups, one having cells coated with IgM anti-D, and the other having identical cells without coating suggests that there is an enhancement of the immune response when IgM-coated cells are used.", "contents": "The use of IgM anti-D coated cells in the deliberate immunisation of Rh-negative male volunteers. Attempts to produce anti-D in rhesus-negative men using reconstituted frozen rhesus-positive cells were unsuccessful. The use of cells coated with IgM anti-D for immunisation stimulates anti-D production, and a comparison between two groups, one having cells coated with IgM anti-D, and the other having identical cells without coating suggests that there is an enhancement of the immune response when IgM-coated cells are used.", "PMID": 404766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2776", "title": "[Biosynthesis and cellular localization of betal-g-globulin in the human placenta].", "content": "Pregnancy-specific beta1-globulin (beta1-GP) described by Tatarinov and Masyukevich, 1970) was shown by means of immunodiffusion in agar gel to be similar to specific pregnancy beta1-glycoprotein of Bohn (1971) as well as to pregnancy associated plasma protein-C of Lin et al (1974). It was found that in immature placenta (6-12 weeks of pregnancy) incorporation of 14S-amino acids into beta1-GP took place. Studies on immunofluorescence showed that beta1-GP was localized in cytoplasma of trophoblastic cells of placenta chorion. Beta1-GP production apparently begins in Langhans cells and proceeds in syncytiotrophoblastic cells, but at lower activity and secretory scale.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis and cellular localization of betal-g-globulin in the human placenta]. Pregnancy-specific beta1-globulin (beta1-GP) described by Tatarinov and Masyukevich, 1970) was shown by means of immunodiffusion in agar gel to be similar to specific pregnancy beta1-glycoprotein of Bohn (1971) as well as to pregnancy associated plasma protein-C of Lin et al (1974). It was found that in immature placenta (6-12 weeks of pregnancy) incorporation of 14S-amino acids into beta1-GP took place. Studies on immunofluorescence showed that beta1-GP was localized in cytoplasma of trophoblastic cells of placenta chorion. Beta1-GP production apparently begins in Langhans cells and proceeds in syncytiotrophoblastic cells, but at lower activity and secretory scale.", "PMID": 404761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2777", "title": "[The monitoring of pregnancy in rhesus-sensitized women by a quantitative determination of bilirubin in amniotic fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "The prognostic accuracy of spectro photometric examination of the amniotic fluid and of a specific method for the determination of free bilirubin in the amniotic fluid are compared. Amniocentesis was carried out 166 times in 85 sensitized rhesus-negative pregnant women. Spectro photometric examination gave a misleading assessment in 28% of the cases. This applied particularly to Liley's Zone II, in which the presence or absence of haemolytic disease of the newborn was incorrectly predicted in up to 70% of the cases. By contrast, on evaluation of the cases using specific determination of free bilirubin, not a single value obtained after the 34th week of pregnancy led to false assessment of the fetal condition. There is a stong correlation between the extent of fetal damage and the bilirubin content of the amniotic fluid.", "contents": "[The monitoring of pregnancy in rhesus-sensitized women by a quantitative determination of bilirubin in amniotic fluid (author's transl)]. The prognostic accuracy of spectro photometric examination of the amniotic fluid and of a specific method for the determination of free bilirubin in the amniotic fluid are compared. Amniocentesis was carried out 166 times in 85 sensitized rhesus-negative pregnant women. Spectro photometric examination gave a misleading assessment in 28% of the cases. This applied particularly to Liley's Zone II, in which the presence or absence of haemolytic disease of the newborn was incorrectly predicted in up to 70% of the cases. By contrast, on evaluation of the cases using specific determination of free bilirubin, not a single value obtained after the 34th week of pregnancy led to false assessment of the fetal condition. There is a stong correlation between the extent of fetal damage and the bilirubin content of the amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 404767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2778", "title": "Serum mineral changes in alloxan diabetes before and after treatment with some hypoglycemic drugs.", "content": "In alloxan diabetes, serum zinc, copper, iron and magnesium were significantly higher than in normal rats, while the level of serum calcium, sodium, and potassium was lower than normal. Treatment with daonil or insulin led to a normalization, as expected of the level of serum glucose and most of the other elements, except for iron and potassium. When lycanol was used for treatment, the level of all elements returned to the normal except for blood glucose, zinc and potassium.", "contents": "Serum mineral changes in alloxan diabetes before and after treatment with some hypoglycemic drugs. In alloxan diabetes, serum zinc, copper, iron and magnesium were significantly higher than in normal rats, while the level of serum calcium, sodium, and potassium was lower than normal. Treatment with daonil or insulin led to a normalization, as expected of the level of serum glucose and most of the other elements, except for iron and potassium. When lycanol was used for treatment, the level of all elements returned to the normal except for blood glucose, zinc and potassium.", "PMID": 404772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2779", "title": "[Periarticular ossification following replacement of the hip-joint. Clinical and radiologic examination of 697 hip-joints (author's transl)].", "content": "Systematic examination of 733 cases of replacement of the hip-joint, operated on with an identical technique and method of post-operative treatment. Frequency and severity of periarticular ossification, their relationship to pre-operative arthrosis and their effect on joint function are described. Development and localization of periarticular ossification, their higher incidence after tearing off of the trochanter, removal of osteophytes and occurrence of hematomata hint at surgical trauma as one of the causes. Preliminary operations on the proximal end of femur did not influence ectopic ossification. Ossification of grade I did not interfere with function, grades II and III limited movement in varying degrees.", "contents": "[Periarticular ossification following replacement of the hip-joint. Clinical and radiologic examination of 697 hip-joints (author's transl)]. Systematic examination of 733 cases of replacement of the hip-joint, operated on with an identical technique and method of post-operative treatment. Frequency and severity of periarticular ossification, their relationship to pre-operative arthrosis and their effect on joint function are described. Development and localization of periarticular ossification, their higher incidence after tearing off of the trochanter, removal of osteophytes and occurrence of hematomata hint at surgical trauma as one of the causes. Preliminary operations on the proximal end of femur did not influence ectopic ossification. Ossification of grade I did not interfere with function, grades II and III limited movement in varying degrees.", "PMID": 404773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2780", "title": "[Studies on enzymic browning of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). I. Phenoloxidases and phenolic compounds from different varieties (author's transl)].", "content": "31 samples of potato varieties with slow, medium and fast rates of browning were studies. Characteristic enzyme patterns were obtained from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresic of the phenoloxidases of varieties with different discolouration rates. The differences lie mainly in the intensities of the enzyme bands. The qualitative determinaiton of the phenols showed no significant differences. Tyrosine, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid produce coloured oxidation products; the characteristic colour gradations of in vivo browning were only observed in the presence of tyrosine. It is concluded that the same reactions take place during the discolouration of all the varieties.", "contents": "[Studies on enzymic browning of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). I. Phenoloxidases and phenolic compounds from different varieties (author's transl)]. 31 samples of potato varieties with slow, medium and fast rates of browning were studies. Characteristic enzyme patterns were obtained from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresic of the phenoloxidases of varieties with different discolouration rates. The differences lie mainly in the intensities of the enzyme bands. The qualitative determinaiton of the phenols showed no significant differences. Tyrosine, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid produce coloured oxidation products; the characteristic colour gradations of in vivo browning were only observed in the presence of tyrosine. It is concluded that the same reactions take place during the discolouration of all the varieties.", "PMID": 404775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2781", "title": "[Studies on enzymic browning of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). II. The quantitative relationship between browning and its causative factors (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten potato varieties, with different rates of browning, were analyzed quantitatively for phenoloxidase, tyrosine, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and for reducing substances (ascorbic acid). The rate of tyrosine turnover was calculated from the data. The fact that the further reactions of the primary oxidation products leading to browning only take place after complete oxidation of the reducing substances, was taken into account. This leads to the same classification of the varieties as does visual observation of the rate of discolouration. Thus a clear relationship between browning and potato constituents is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Studies on enzymic browning of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). II. The quantitative relationship between browning and its causative factors (author's transl)]. Ten potato varieties, with different rates of browning, were analyzed quantitatively for phenoloxidase, tyrosine, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and for reducing substances (ascorbic acid). The rate of tyrosine turnover was calculated from the data. The fact that the further reactions of the primary oxidation products leading to browning only take place after complete oxidation of the reducing substances, was taken into account. This leads to the same classification of the varieties as does visual observation of the rate of discolouration. Thus a clear relationship between browning and potato constituents is demonstrated.", "PMID": 404776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2782", "title": "Studies on enzymic browning of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). III. Kinetics of potato phenoloxidase (EC 1.14.18.1 monophenol, dihydroxyphenylalanine: oxygen-oxidoreductase).", "content": "From initial velocity studies a sequential mechanism for the reactions catalysed by phenoloxidase from potatoes is indicated. The data are in accordance with an ordered addition of oxygen and phenolic substrate to the enzyme, with oxygen being the first substrate bound at thermodynamic equilibrium. The Michaelis constants for L-tyrosine, L-dopa, and chlorogenic acid are 1.4 X 10(-3), 3.3 X 10(-4), and 1.4 X 10(-4) mol/l, respectively. The dissociation constant for the enzyme-oxygen complex is about 10(-3) mol/l. In the presence of chlorogenic acid no lag phase occurs in the course of L-tyrosine oxidation. With increasing amounts of chlorogenic acid the tyrosinase activity goes through a maximum. The significance of these findings for the in vivo action of the enzyme is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on enzymic browning of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). III. Kinetics of potato phenoloxidase (EC 1.14.18.1 monophenol, dihydroxyphenylalanine: oxygen-oxidoreductase). From initial velocity studies a sequential mechanism for the reactions catalysed by phenoloxidase from potatoes is indicated. The data are in accordance with an ordered addition of oxygen and phenolic substrate to the enzyme, with oxygen being the first substrate bound at thermodynamic equilibrium. The Michaelis constants for L-tyrosine, L-dopa, and chlorogenic acid are 1.4 X 10(-3), 3.3 X 10(-4), and 1.4 X 10(-4) mol/l, respectively. The dissociation constant for the enzyme-oxygen complex is about 10(-3) mol/l. In the presence of chlorogenic acid no lag phase occurs in the course of L-tyrosine oxidation. With increasing amounts of chlorogenic acid the tyrosinase activity goes through a maximum. The significance of these findings for the in vivo action of the enzyme is discussed.", "PMID": 404777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2783", "title": "Multiple forms of soluble monophenol, dihydroxyphenylalamine: oxygen-oxidoreductase (EC 1.14.18.1) from potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum). II. Partial characterization of the enzyme forms with different molecular weights.", "content": "Gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 was used to separate a soluble phenoloxidase from potatoes (var. Maritta) into at least six active fractions with dopa (dihydroxyphenylalanine) as substrate. Only high-molecular-weight-enzyme forms exhibited monophenoloxidase activity. Re-chromatography of the highest-molecular-weight form gave the same molecular weight distribution as with the crude enzyme. The molecular weights indicate association phenomena of subunits with a molecular weight of about 36000 daltons. According to polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, several monomeric forms with differnt isoelectric points seem to be present. This suggests that the large number of multiple forms of the enzyme arises from various combinations of identical and/or different subunits. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis failed to show the monomeric forms; the dimer and higher oligomers were obtained.", "contents": "Multiple forms of soluble monophenol, dihydroxyphenylalamine: oxygen-oxidoreductase (EC 1.14.18.1) from potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum). II. Partial characterization of the enzyme forms with different molecular weights. Gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 was used to separate a soluble phenoloxidase from potatoes (var. Maritta) into at least six active fractions with dopa (dihydroxyphenylalanine) as substrate. Only high-molecular-weight-enzyme forms exhibited monophenoloxidase activity. Re-chromatography of the highest-molecular-weight form gave the same molecular weight distribution as with the crude enzyme. The molecular weights indicate association phenomena of subunits with a molecular weight of about 36000 daltons. According to polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, several monomeric forms with differnt isoelectric points seem to be present. This suggests that the large number of multiple forms of the enzyme arises from various combinations of identical and/or different subunits. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis failed to show the monomeric forms; the dimer and higher oligomers were obtained.", "PMID": 404778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2784", "title": "Urine marking and territoriality in Galago alleni (Waterhouse, 1837--Lorisoidea, Primates)--a field study by radio-telemetry.", "content": "A wild population of Galago alleni was controlled by trapping and followed by radio-tracking in the equatorial rainforest of Gaboon during three study periods of 3 months each in 1972, 73 and 75. The disposition of territories and the social organization are described, as well as their evolution through time. A new technique of radio telemetry permitted identification and localization of urine marking in wild galagos. Urine marking took place throughout the territory, with a fourfold increase in frequency in zones where there is a slight overlap with neighbouring territories (female--female or male--male). The function of urine washing (wetting of the soles of the feet with urine) is discussed in relation to five hypotheses proposed by different authors, and th data obtained in the field in Gaboon. We interpret this behaviour as a means of dispersal of urine marks (social signals) in a three-dimensional milieu where displacement by a combination of leaping and running creates numerous pathways.", "contents": "Urine marking and territoriality in Galago alleni (Waterhouse, 1837--Lorisoidea, Primates)--a field study by radio-telemetry. A wild population of Galago alleni was controlled by trapping and followed by radio-tracking in the equatorial rainforest of Gaboon during three study periods of 3 months each in 1972, 73 and 75. The disposition of territories and the social organization are described, as well as their evolution through time. A new technique of radio telemetry permitted identification and localization of urine marking in wild galagos. Urine marking took place throughout the territory, with a fourfold increase in frequency in zones where there is a slight overlap with neighbouring territories (female--female or male--male). The function of urine washing (wetting of the soles of the feet with urine) is discussed in relation to five hypotheses proposed by different authors, and th data obtained in the field in Gaboon. We interpret this behaviour as a means of dispersal of urine marks (social signals) in a three-dimensional milieu where displacement by a combination of leaping and running creates numerous pathways.", "PMID": 404780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2785", "title": "[Influence of social grouping on seasonal sexual activation in male Microcebus murinus (Miller 1777)].", "content": "Comparative studies were made on different heterosexual groups of Microcebus murinus during the period of sexual activation, which is determined by the photoperiod. In pairs (1 male--1 female), the sexual activation of the males occurs during January. This is accompanied by a loss of body weight and by an increase in basal oxygen consumption. The testes are maximal in size by the beginning of March. In groups of 8 individuals (4 males--4 females) only one male exhibits normal sexual activity. He is the heaviest and mates with males. The 3 other males of the group show delayed activation and their testes are reduced in size. Two subordinate males died under the social pressure of severe diseases (e.g. renal failure) normally associated with overcrowding.", "contents": "[Influence of social grouping on seasonal sexual activation in male Microcebus murinus (Miller 1777)]. Comparative studies were made on different heterosexual groups of Microcebus murinus during the period of sexual activation, which is determined by the photoperiod. In pairs (1 male--1 female), the sexual activation of the males occurs during January. This is accompanied by a loss of body weight and by an increase in basal oxygen consumption. The testes are maximal in size by the beginning of March. In groups of 8 individuals (4 males--4 females) only one male exhibits normal sexual activity. He is the heaviest and mates with males. The 3 other males of the group show delayed activation and their testes are reduced in size. Two subordinate males died under the social pressure of severe diseases (e.g. renal failure) normally associated with overcrowding.", "PMID": 404781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2786", "title": "[Use of transformation for studying the nature of formation of stable bacterial L forms].", "content": "The authors obtained a stable variant of the L-forms of Bacillus subtilis capable of exponential growth of the minimal and synthetic medium. An electron-microscopic study of different stages of the L-form formation was carried out by the method of ultra-thin sections. A possibility was shown of the transfer of the L-form formation sign by the method of transformation. DNA isolation from the L-forms by soft lysis considerably facilitated and simplified the genetic analysis of the L-form formation by the transformation method.", "contents": "[Use of transformation for studying the nature of formation of stable bacterial L forms]. The authors obtained a stable variant of the L-forms of Bacillus subtilis capable of exponential growth of the minimal and synthetic medium. An electron-microscopic study of different stages of the L-form formation was carried out by the method of ultra-thin sections. A possibility was shown of the transfer of the L-form formation sign by the method of transformation. DNA isolation from the L-forms by soft lysis considerably facilitated and simplified the genetic analysis of the L-form formation by the transformation method.", "PMID": 404804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2787", "title": "[Immunochemical study of serum in the diagnosis of mu-chain disease].", "content": "An abnormal protein revealed in the serum of a patient with an unknown lymphoproliferative disorder proved to be micron-paraprotein: micron-heavy chain complexes of various molecular weight totally lacking light chains. The results of immunochemical analysis of this case are compared with the published data on micron-chain disease. The following immunochemical features typical for micron-chain disease were observed in this patient: anodal mobility of paraprotein, failure to reveal it by serum electrophoresis, that is, absence of M-gradient, and presence of Bence Jones protein, type x in the urine and the serum. The peculiarity of the case consists in a high tendency of free x-chains to form complexes, and therefore in their marked electrophoretic heterogeneity giving a false impresssion of the ability of micron-paraprotein to react with the anti-x serum, thus complicating the diagnosis. Possible causes of a defect in the IgM assembly are discussed.", "contents": "[Immunochemical study of serum in the diagnosis of mu-chain disease]. An abnormal protein revealed in the serum of a patient with an unknown lymphoproliferative disorder proved to be micron-paraprotein: micron-heavy chain complexes of various molecular weight totally lacking light chains. The results of immunochemical analysis of this case are compared with the published data on micron-chain disease. The following immunochemical features typical for micron-chain disease were observed in this patient: anodal mobility of paraprotein, failure to reveal it by serum electrophoresis, that is, absence of M-gradient, and presence of Bence Jones protein, type x in the urine and the serum. The peculiarity of the case consists in a high tendency of free x-chains to form complexes, and therefore in their marked electrophoretic heterogeneity giving a false impresssion of the ability of micron-paraprotein to react with the anti-x serum, thus complicating the diagnosis. Possible causes of a defect in the IgM assembly are discussed.", "PMID": 404805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2788", "title": "[Comparative immunochemical study of the hemagglutinins of Cl. botulinum A and B].", "content": "The authors demonstrated an incomplete indentity of Cl. botulinum hemagglutinins of types A and B in the double diffusion reaction in agar gel, and their difference by electrophoretic mobility. Some differences in the interaction of hemagglutinins A and B with human erythrocytes were found by the hemagglutination inhibition method; apparently, of the principal significance in the relization of the reaction of human erythrocyte hemagglutination with hemagglutinins of Cl. botulinum, types A and B, was the OH-group position in the C4 galactose of the mucopolysaccharides of the erythrocyte cell wall. Apart from C4, apparently, for hemagglutinin of types A of significance was the reactive capacity of C1 and C2 galactose atoms, whereas for hemagglutinin of type B--free OH-group in C2 galactose atom.", "contents": "[Comparative immunochemical study of the hemagglutinins of Cl. botulinum A and B]. The authors demonstrated an incomplete indentity of Cl. botulinum hemagglutinins of types A and B in the double diffusion reaction in agar gel, and their difference by electrophoretic mobility. Some differences in the interaction of hemagglutinins A and B with human erythrocytes were found by the hemagglutination inhibition method; apparently, of the principal significance in the relization of the reaction of human erythrocyte hemagglutination with hemagglutinins of Cl. botulinum, types A and B, was the OH-group position in the C4 galactose of the mucopolysaccharides of the erythrocyte cell wall. Apart from C4, apparently, for hemagglutinin of types A of significance was the reactive capacity of C1 and C2 galactose atoms, whereas for hemagglutinin of type B--free OH-group in C2 galactose atom.", "PMID": 404806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2789", "title": "[Dynamics of the establishment of intestinal microflora in healthy full-term newborns].", "content": "A study was made of the dynamics of establishment of the intestinal microflora in 79 healthy mature neonates born of healthy mothers. A total of 223 bacteriological examinations were conducted. A stable prevalence of bifidobacteria over the aerobic portion of the intestinal biocenosis occurred in all the children from the 8th day after birth. Along with this the following bacteria were continuously present in the intestine: lactic bacilli and streptococci E. coli, enterococci and staphylococci; however, their portion in the biocenosis was not great. Bacteroids, microbes of the Proteus genus, and yeast-like fungi were found in the cultures only before the establishment of a high bifidobacteria level. Conditionally pathogenic microorganisms and their associations were continuously revealed in 19.8% of healthy mature neonates. Apparently the qualitative prevalence of bifidobacteria prevented the clinical expression of dysbacteriosis in these children.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the establishment of intestinal microflora in healthy full-term newborns]. A study was made of the dynamics of establishment of the intestinal microflora in 79 healthy mature neonates born of healthy mothers. A total of 223 bacteriological examinations were conducted. A stable prevalence of bifidobacteria over the aerobic portion of the intestinal biocenosis occurred in all the children from the 8th day after birth. Along with this the following bacteria were continuously present in the intestine: lactic bacilli and streptococci E. coli, enterococci and staphylococci; however, their portion in the biocenosis was not great. Bacteroids, microbes of the Proteus genus, and yeast-like fungi were found in the cultures only before the establishment of a high bifidobacteria level. Conditionally pathogenic microorganisms and their associations were continuously revealed in 19.8% of healthy mature neonates. Apparently the qualitative prevalence of bifidobacteria prevented the clinical expression of dysbacteriosis in these children.", "PMID": 404808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2790", "title": "[Pyocyaneus infection of burn wounds].", "content": "Materials of clinico-bacteriological study of 302 patients with thermal burns of different severity pointed to a considerable elevation of the incidence of Ps. aeruginosa isolation (in cultures) from burn wounds; the last few years it was found in about 50% of the cases. The greater frequency of Ps. aeruginosa detection correlated with the increase of the severity of the affection. By using Soviet set of 17 type agglutinating sera it was possible to type almost 90% of the Ps. aeruginosa cultures isolated from the wounds; a marked prevalence (over 70% of the strains) of cultures belonging to the serological group II was revealed. Patients admitted to the burn centre at early periods after the trauma displayed infection of the wound with the Ps. aeruginosa strain of the II serological group.", "contents": "[Pyocyaneus infection of burn wounds]. Materials of clinico-bacteriological study of 302 patients with thermal burns of different severity pointed to a considerable elevation of the incidence of Ps. aeruginosa isolation (in cultures) from burn wounds; the last few years it was found in about 50% of the cases. The greater frequency of Ps. aeruginosa detection correlated with the increase of the severity of the affection. By using Soviet set of 17 type agglutinating sera it was possible to type almost 90% of the Ps. aeruginosa cultures isolated from the wounds; a marked prevalence (over 70% of the strains) of cultures belonging to the serological group II was revealed. Patients admitted to the burn centre at early periods after the trauma displayed infection of the wound with the Ps. aeruginosa strain of the II serological group.", "PMID": 404810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2791", "title": "[Intracellular activity and phagocytability of freshly-isolated strains as parameters of the pathogenicity of tuberculosis mycobacteria].", "content": "Phagocytability and the capacity of intracellular multiplication of Mycobacteria tuberculosis isolated from the patients before the treatment and during it (in 1-5 months and later) were studied in the culture of normal peritoneal guinea pig macrophages. A method of quantitative assessment of the capacity to intracellular reproduction of Mycobacteria tuberculosis by determination of the relative activity index in comparison with the standard strain was elaborated. All the cultures of mycobacteria isolated possessed a different extent of intracellular activity and phagocytability. There proved to be no relationship between the intracellular activity indices and the phagocytability of the strains under study. Mycobacteria tuberculosis cultures isolated from the patients during the treatment possessed higher indices of intracellular activity than the initial cultures isolated before the treatment.", "contents": "[Intracellular activity and phagocytability of freshly-isolated strains as parameters of the pathogenicity of tuberculosis mycobacteria]. Phagocytability and the capacity of intracellular multiplication of Mycobacteria tuberculosis isolated from the patients before the treatment and during it (in 1-5 months and later) were studied in the culture of normal peritoneal guinea pig macrophages. A method of quantitative assessment of the capacity to intracellular reproduction of Mycobacteria tuberculosis by determination of the relative activity index in comparison with the standard strain was elaborated. All the cultures of mycobacteria isolated possessed a different extent of intracellular activity and phagocytability. There proved to be no relationship between the intracellular activity indices and the phagocytability of the strains under study. Mycobacteria tuberculosis cultures isolated from the patients during the treatment possessed higher indices of intracellular activity than the initial cultures isolated before the treatment.", "PMID": 404811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2792", "title": "[Clinico-psychopathologic features of forms of local cortical epilepsy with the predominant lesion in the dominant, subdominant and both cerebral hemispheres].", "content": "The author studied 346 patients with different forms of epilepsy among whom 200 were subjected to different operations in relation to an extraction of the epileptogenic foci. The data are concerned with clinico-psychopahtological variants of focal cortical epilepsy with a focus in the temporal, parietal, frontal, occipital lobes and the central zone, a description of relatively characteristic prevalent lesions in the dominant and subdominant hemisphere. In 146 nonoperated patients the author describes some traits of epilepsy in bilateral lesions of the temporal and parietal lobes. It is considered that the most significant conclusion concerning the localization, subordination and lateralization of epileptogenic foci may be made on the basis of a manifold examination of the mental state of the patient. However, the most important are signs which definitely correspond to the specificity of the lateralization of the gnostical functions.", "contents": "[Clinico-psychopathologic features of forms of local cortical epilepsy with the predominant lesion in the dominant, subdominant and both cerebral hemispheres]. The author studied 346 patients with different forms of epilepsy among whom 200 were subjected to different operations in relation to an extraction of the epileptogenic foci. The data are concerned with clinico-psychopahtological variants of focal cortical epilepsy with a focus in the temporal, parietal, frontal, occipital lobes and the central zone, a description of relatively characteristic prevalent lesions in the dominant and subdominant hemisphere. In 146 nonoperated patients the author describes some traits of epilepsy in bilateral lesions of the temporal and parietal lobes. It is considered that the most significant conclusion concerning the localization, subordination and lateralization of epileptogenic foci may be made on the basis of a manifold examination of the mental state of the patient. However, the most important are signs which definitely correspond to the specificity of the lateralization of the gnostical functions.", "PMID": 404812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2793", "title": "[Course of epilepsy in persons of middle and old age with the disease beginning in childhood].", "content": "Clinical studies of epilepsy in 137 patients of old age demonstrated that epileptical dementia preserves its nozological specificity. In genuine epilepsy it was not possible to detect symptoms of cerebral atherosclerosis, while in symptomatical epilepsy there were definite signs of arteriosclerotic dementia. Convulsive seizeures in old age become less frequent and are substituted by abortive and psychomotor elementary seizures or are arrested altogether. Epileptic equivalents lose their specifity.", "contents": "[Course of epilepsy in persons of middle and old age with the disease beginning in childhood]. Clinical studies of epilepsy in 137 patients of old age demonstrated that epileptical dementia preserves its nozological specificity. In genuine epilepsy it was not possible to detect symptoms of cerebral atherosclerosis, while in symptomatical epilepsy there were definite signs of arteriosclerotic dementia. Convulsive seizeures in old age become less frequent and are substituted by abortive and psychomotor elementary seizures or are arrested altogether. Epileptic equivalents lose their specifity.", "PMID": 404813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2794", "title": "[Discontinuing antiepileptic therapy in children and adolescents].", "content": "The report is concerned with observations of 90 children and adolescents with benign forms of epilepsy and epileptic syndromes of a different nature in conditions of a therapeutical remission from 3--18 years. These data confirmed the previously published data of the author together with S.A. Safonova (1969, v. 4) of the possibility of a full discontinuation of treatment in such cases. The author proposes a technique and tactics of the completing stage of the therapeutical process in these cases.", "contents": "[Discontinuing antiepileptic therapy in children and adolescents]. The report is concerned with observations of 90 children and adolescents with benign forms of epilepsy and epileptic syndromes of a different nature in conditions of a therapeutical remission from 3--18 years. These data confirmed the previously published data of the author together with S.A. Safonova (1969, v. 4) of the possibility of a full discontinuation of treatment in such cases. The author proposes a technique and tactics of the completing stage of the therapeutical process in these cases.", "PMID": 404814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2795", "title": "Inactivation of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus by a carboxyl group modifying reagent.", "content": "Phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus was inactivated by incubation with either of the carboxyl reagents, a water-soluble carbodimide plus a nucleophile or Woodward's reagent K. With the former reagent, the incorporation into the enzyme of the first mol of nucleophile caused a 4-5-fold increase in the Km for dihexanoyllecithin with no significant effect on the Vm. The second mol of nucleophile incorporated caused no further change in Km but destroyed most of the catalytic activity. Modification of  the enzyme by carbodiimide plus nucleophile did not alter the relative activity of the enzyme towards micelles and monomolecularly dispersed solutions of diheptanoyllecithin. Furthermore, inactivation by this reagent did not significantly decrease the ability of the enzyme to bind to a substrate-based affinity gel. It was concluded that phospholipase C contains a single carboxyl group that is essential for catalytic activity. The enzyme also contains a total of 4-5 reactive/exposed carboxyl groups.", "contents": "Inactivation of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus by a carboxyl group modifying reagent. Phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus was inactivated by incubation with either of the carboxyl reagents, a water-soluble carbodimide plus a nucleophile or Woodward's reagent K. With the former reagent, the incorporation into the enzyme of the first mol of nucleophile caused a 4-5-fold increase in the Km for dihexanoyllecithin with no significant effect on the Vm. The second mol of nucleophile incorporated caused no further change in Km but destroyed most of the catalytic activity. Modification of  the enzyme by carbodiimide plus nucleophile did not alter the relative activity of the enzyme towards micelles and monomolecularly dispersed solutions of diheptanoyllecithin. Furthermore, inactivation by this reagent did not significantly decrease the ability of the enzyme to bind to a substrate-based affinity gel. It was concluded that phospholipase C contains a single carboxyl group that is essential for catalytic activity. The enzyme also contains a total of 4-5 reactive/exposed carboxyl groups.", "PMID": 404815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2796", "title": "Changes in serum levels of thyroxine and thyroxine-binding proteins (TBG, TBPA, ALBUMIN) induced by venous stasis.", "content": "Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine-binding pre-albumin (TBPA) and albumin were determined in 21 healthy, young subjects before and after a brief venous stasis in two experiments: 1) 3 min stasis induced by a sphygmomanometer with constant pressure 20 mmHg above the diastolic blood pressure and 2) 2 min stasis induced by an arm tourniquet of rubber. In both experiments the serum T4 level was significantly rised (mean 9%) after venous compression. Increases of the same magnitude were observed for serum TBG, serum TBPA and serum albumin. The serum concentrations of the free constituents--sodium and creatinine--remained unchanged, whereas the haemoglobin concentration increased (mean 8%). This haemoconcentrating effect of venous stasis seemed to be more pronounced in females than in males. Our data emphasize the need for protein correction procedures when total serum T4 is measured.", "contents": "Changes in serum levels of thyroxine and thyroxine-binding proteins (TBG, TBPA, ALBUMIN) induced by venous stasis. Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine-binding pre-albumin (TBPA) and albumin were determined in 21 healthy, young subjects before and after a brief venous stasis in two experiments: 1) 3 min stasis induced by a sphygmomanometer with constant pressure 20 mmHg above the diastolic blood pressure and 2) 2 min stasis induced by an arm tourniquet of rubber. In both experiments the serum T4 level was significantly rised (mean 9%) after venous compression. Increases of the same magnitude were observed for serum TBG, serum TBPA and serum albumin. The serum concentrations of the free constituents--sodium and creatinine--remained unchanged, whereas the haemoglobin concentration increased (mean 8%). This haemoconcentrating effect of venous stasis seemed to be more pronounced in females than in males. Our data emphasize the need for protein correction procedures when total serum T4 is measured.", "PMID": 404816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2797", "title": "Intramural esophageal diverticulosis.", "content": "An investigation of the formal patho-genesis of the so-called intramural esophagus diverticulosis is carried out on a case confirmed by autopsy. The roentgenological diagnosis corresponded morphologically with a proliferation of sub-mucous esophagus glands and a dilatation of their outlets, a portion of which displayed platelet epithelial metaplasia. Diverticle formation is feigned by widening, predominantly of the outlets, which could be traced into the muscular wall layers. In the present case esophagitis with attendant inflammation along the outlets lead to fistula formation into the anterior mediastinum with attendant mediastinitis. Aspirations were due to constrictions of the esophagus lumen. The patient came to exitus as a result of purulent abscessing aspiration pneumonia complicated by pulmonary artery emboli.", "contents": "Intramural esophageal diverticulosis. An investigation of the formal patho-genesis of the so-called intramural esophagus diverticulosis is carried out on a case confirmed by autopsy. The roentgenological diagnosis corresponded morphologically with a proliferation of sub-mucous esophagus glands and a dilatation of their outlets, a portion of which displayed platelet epithelial metaplasia. Diverticle formation is feigned by widening, predominantly of the outlets, which could be traced into the muscular wall layers. In the present case esophagitis with attendant inflammation along the outlets lead to fistula formation into the anterior mediastinum with attendant mediastinitis. Aspirations were due to constrictions of the esophagus lumen. The patient came to exitus as a result of purulent abscessing aspiration pneumonia complicated by pulmonary artery emboli.", "PMID": 404817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2798", "title": "Plasma prolactin and prolactin release in liver cirrhosis.", "content": "A significant increase of basal plasma prolactin levels (radioimmunoassayed) in 75 patients with liver cirrhosis was found in comparison to 50 male controls (8.5+/-4.5 (SD) vs. 5.5+/-1.7 ng/ml p less than 0.001). The extent and incidence of hyperprolactinaemia in 48 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis was more pronounced than in 27 cases of cirrhosis of non-alcoholic aetiologies (mean 9.7+/-4.8 vs. 5.7+/-2.1 ng/ml). No relation to ascites formation as well as to the development of gynaecomastia was apparent. Prolactin release following thyrotropin-releasing hormone was markedly enhanced in alcoholic as compared to non-alcoholic cirrhosis. Possibly hyperprolactinaemia and increased pituitary hormone reserve reflects hyperoestrogenism but changes of the hypothalamic regulation cannot be excluded as yet.", "contents": "Plasma prolactin and prolactin release in liver cirrhosis. A significant increase of basal plasma prolactin levels (radioimmunoassayed) in 75 patients with liver cirrhosis was found in comparison to 50 male controls (8.5+/-4.5 (SD) vs. 5.5+/-1.7 ng/ml p less than 0.001). The extent and incidence of hyperprolactinaemia in 48 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis was more pronounced than in 27 cases of cirrhosis of non-alcoholic aetiologies (mean 9.7+/-4.8 vs. 5.7+/-2.1 ng/ml). No relation to ascites formation as well as to the development of gynaecomastia was apparent. Prolactin release following thyrotropin-releasing hormone was markedly enhanced in alcoholic as compared to non-alcoholic cirrhosis. Possibly hyperprolactinaemia and increased pituitary hormone reserve reflects hyperoestrogenism but changes of the hypothalamic regulation cannot be excluded as yet.", "PMID": 404818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2799", "title": "Histochemical study of the distribution of a few enzymes in the digestive system of Indian parrot.", "content": "Acid-and alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase and lipase have been localized histochemically in the gizzard, intestine liver and pancreas of Indian parrot, Psittacula krameri. In the gizzard and intestine, the mucosal epithelial cells are the main sites for the enzyme production. The tubular glands of the gizzard show intense reaction for all the enzymes tested. The hepatic sinusoid cells of the liver and the acinii of pancreas give positive reaction. Like pancreas, the intestine has also been found responsible for the production and secretion of lipase. Functional significance of phosphatases in the tissues tested has been discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical study of the distribution of a few enzymes in the digestive system of Indian parrot. Acid-and alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase and lipase have been localized histochemically in the gizzard, intestine liver and pancreas of Indian parrot, Psittacula krameri. In the gizzard and intestine, the mucosal epithelial cells are the main sites for the enzyme production. The tubular glands of the gizzard show intense reaction for all the enzymes tested. The hepatic sinusoid cells of the liver and the acinii of pancreas give positive reaction. Like pancreas, the intestine has also been found responsible for the production and secretion of lipase. Functional significance of phosphatases in the tissues tested has been discussed.", "PMID": 404819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2800", "title": "[Investigations about ascertainment of exact morphological indices for the functionally activity of islets cells by means of electron optical characterizing and succeeded automatically image analysis of metal-containing secreting granules (author's transl)].", "content": "Biological image analysis with the \"Quantimet 720\" has been surrounded to date by difficulties due to the complexity of the image itself, and the difficulty of the Quantimet to discriminate between different objects on the basis of their grey levels alone (Bradbury 1975). Although the makers of image analysing computers try to diminish these difficulties by contructing new models of computers in future, we have the opinion, that it is possible to receive already today excellent results in image analysing of structures in biology and medicine under the following condition: selective staining of objects, we want to measure by simultaneous discriminating of those structures, which influence negatively the image analysing on the basis of their grey levels.", "contents": "[Investigations about ascertainment of exact morphological indices for the functionally activity of islets cells by means of electron optical characterizing and succeeded automatically image analysis of metal-containing secreting granules (author's transl)]. Biological image analysis with the \"Quantimet 720\" has been surrounded to date by difficulties due to the complexity of the image itself, and the difficulty of the Quantimet to discriminate between different objects on the basis of their grey levels alone (Bradbury 1975). Although the makers of image analysing computers try to diminish these difficulties by contructing new models of computers in future, we have the opinion, that it is possible to receive already today excellent results in image analysing of structures in biology and medicine under the following condition: selective staining of objects, we want to measure by simultaneous discriminating of those structures, which influence negatively the image analysing on the basis of their grey levels.", "PMID": 404820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2801", "title": "[Histochemical and ultrastructural investigations on invasive growth of tumour. I. Enzyme-histochemical investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "For human mammary and ovarian carcinomas and transplantation tumours of rats clear hints found for an enzymatic-lytic effects of infiltrating tumour cells as a premise of the invasive tumour growth. In contrast in malignant melanomas there is no functional sign for a specific enzymatic-lytic effect of the living tumour cells to the surrounding tissue. In the mamma carinomas and ovarian carcinomas infiltratively growing tumour districts were characterized by an increased activity of the NADH-D, LDH, G-6-P-DH, IDH, MDH, SPase, UE, LAP and beta-GD. The transplantation tumours showed a high number of tumour cells with a high leucine amino-peptidase- and beta-glucuronidase-activity in a middle zone that was localized under the tumour edge district. The increased activity of the LAP and beta-GD found in the infiltration zone of the tumours is considered as an demonstration of a strong proteolytic activity of the tumour cells. The findings are discussed in the aspect of the invasive tumour growth.", "contents": "[Histochemical and ultrastructural investigations on invasive growth of tumour. I. Enzyme-histochemical investigations (author's transl)]. For human mammary and ovarian carcinomas and transplantation tumours of rats clear hints found for an enzymatic-lytic effects of infiltrating tumour cells as a premise of the invasive tumour growth. In contrast in malignant melanomas there is no functional sign for a specific enzymatic-lytic effect of the living tumour cells to the surrounding tissue. In the mamma carinomas and ovarian carcinomas infiltratively growing tumour districts were characterized by an increased activity of the NADH-D, LDH, G-6-P-DH, IDH, MDH, SPase, UE, LAP and beta-GD. The transplantation tumours showed a high number of tumour cells with a high leucine amino-peptidase- and beta-glucuronidase-activity in a middle zone that was localized under the tumour edge district. The increased activity of the LAP and beta-GD found in the infiltration zone of the tumours is considered as an demonstration of a strong proteolytic activity of the tumour cells. The findings are discussed in the aspect of the invasive tumour growth.", "PMID": 404821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2802", "title": "[Changes of activity of alkaline phosphatase at the circulatory system in experimental hypertension of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes of activity of the alkaline phosphatase are investigated in the border of the outer media of vessels in two different models of hypertension (Goldblatt and Carotis-Sinus) in the rat. After onset of hypertension an increase of activity takes place in an area largely overlapping a necrosis of the outer medial region of the aorta. The formation of regenerated tissue leads to a thickening of the adventitia and to a decrease of the activities. Changes of the activities in the peripheral vessels presumably are due to participation of other factors. Indications to this effect are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes of activity of alkaline phosphatase at the circulatory system in experimental hypertension of the rat (author's transl)]. Changes of activity of the alkaline phosphatase are investigated in the border of the outer media of vessels in two different models of hypertension (Goldblatt and Carotis-Sinus) in the rat. After onset of hypertension an increase of activity takes place in an area largely overlapping a necrosis of the outer medial region of the aorta. The formation of regenerated tissue leads to a thickening of the adventitia and to a decrease of the activities. Changes of the activities in the peripheral vessels presumably are due to participation of other factors. Indications to this effect are discussed.", "PMID": 404822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2803", "title": "[Histochemical, analytical and thin layer chromatographical studies on bovine seminal vesicle lipids (author's transl)].", "content": "The lipids in the epithelium of seminal vesicles of 11 adult bulls were studied by means of histochemical methods and thin layer chromatography. In the large basal lipid vacuoles dominate cholesterol, esters of cholesterol and tryglycerides. Phosphatides are also present in the large basal lipid vacuoles as well as in the smaller apical lipid droplets of the columnar cells. The existence of alkyl diglycerides, neutral plasmalogens and methyl esters of fatty acids, proved by 2-dimensional chromatography, can be taken as evidence that fatty acids, cholesterol, triglycerides and phosphatides are synthesized within the seminal vesicle epithelial cells. Free fatty acids as well as those incorporated in mono-, di-, triglycerides and polar lipids of the seminal vesicle epithelium are predominantly unsaturated, thus pointing to rapid mobilization and turnover of their esters. The cholesterol in the basal lipid vacuoles of bovine seminal vesicle is possibly eliminated from the epithelium via the subepithelial capillaries for there is no evidence of lipid secretion into the glandular lumen nor of a continued steroid synthesis from cholesterol within the seminal vesicle.", "contents": "[Histochemical, analytical and thin layer chromatographical studies on bovine seminal vesicle lipids (author's transl)]. The lipids in the epithelium of seminal vesicles of 11 adult bulls were studied by means of histochemical methods and thin layer chromatography. In the large basal lipid vacuoles dominate cholesterol, esters of cholesterol and tryglycerides. Phosphatides are also present in the large basal lipid vacuoles as well as in the smaller apical lipid droplets of the columnar cells. The existence of alkyl diglycerides, neutral plasmalogens and methyl esters of fatty acids, proved by 2-dimensional chromatography, can be taken as evidence that fatty acids, cholesterol, triglycerides and phosphatides are synthesized within the seminal vesicle epithelial cells. Free fatty acids as well as those incorporated in mono-, di-, triglycerides and polar lipids of the seminal vesicle epithelium are predominantly unsaturated, thus pointing to rapid mobilization and turnover of their esters. The cholesterol in the basal lipid vacuoles of bovine seminal vesicle is possibly eliminated from the epithelium via the subepithelial capillaries for there is no evidence of lipid secretion into the glandular lumen nor of a continued steroid synthesis from cholesterol within the seminal vesicle.", "PMID": 404823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2804", "title": "[Histochemical study of nucleic acids and proteins by cytophotometry and histoautoradiography in fibroblasts cultivated in hyperoxia (author's transl)].", "content": "Cells cultivated in 80% O2 were shown, by cytophotometric and histoautoradiographic methods, to undergo alterations concerning DNA, RNA and total proteins synthesis. These changes appear almost at the same time for all the above-named biological metabolites. Proliferative cell cycle undergoes changes before the blocking of the cells first in post-synthetic (G2) and then in pre-synthetic period (G1). It was also seen that protein synthetic rate of the cells is proportional to their DNA content, in other words tetraploid cells synthesize a double protein amount in comparison to diploid cells. Nucleolus labelling after Uridine-3H incorporation disappear the last under the effect of hyperoxia. Finally it was observed that DNA values (measured with scanning microscope) of prometaphase are higher than the mean values of other mitotic phases.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of nucleic acids and proteins by cytophotometry and histoautoradiography in fibroblasts cultivated in hyperoxia (author's transl)]. Cells cultivated in 80% O2 were shown, by cytophotometric and histoautoradiographic methods, to undergo alterations concerning DNA, RNA and total proteins synthesis. These changes appear almost at the same time for all the above-named biological metabolites. Proliferative cell cycle undergoes changes before the blocking of the cells first in post-synthetic (G2) and then in pre-synthetic period (G1). It was also seen that protein synthetic rate of the cells is proportional to their DNA content, in other words tetraploid cells synthesize a double protein amount in comparison to diploid cells. Nucleolus labelling after Uridine-3H incorporation disappear the last under the effect of hyperoxia. Finally it was observed that DNA values (measured with scanning microscope) of prometaphase are higher than the mean values of other mitotic phases.", "PMID": 404824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2805", "title": "Histochemical reactions of liver cells in cholesterol-fed rabbits.", "content": "The liver cells of 8 rabbits fed for 12 to 16 weeks with a cholesterol diet showed a decrease of RNA and a stronger reactivity for acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase. The non-specific esterase showed a weaker reactivity in the cells with a larger amount of cholesterol and a stronger reaction in the cells with a smaller quantity of this substance. Several enzymes such as: diaphorases, those of the pentose shunt and respiratory cycle as well as those related to the metabolism of lipids, proteins and mucopolysaccharides showed a unconspicuous reactivity. The glycogen was found in a lesser amont in 6 out of 8 rabbits but with a higher concentration in 2 of them. The reactivity of UDPG-GT, active phosphorylase, F-1,6-PA, F-1,6-P Ald, LDH and ADH was stronger in the last 2 animals but weaker in the 6 others. In this 8 rabbit group the total phosphorylase and G-6-PA showed respectively always a stronger and a weaker reactivity than their controls. In the liver of 2 cholesterol-fed for 20 weeks rabbits it was observed a centrolobular fibrosis, a smaller amount of RNA and glycogen as well as a global decrease of the enzymatic reactivity.", "contents": "Histochemical reactions of liver cells in cholesterol-fed rabbits. The liver cells of 8 rabbits fed for 12 to 16 weeks with a cholesterol diet showed a decrease of RNA and a stronger reactivity for acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase. The non-specific esterase showed a weaker reactivity in the cells with a larger amount of cholesterol and a stronger reaction in the cells with a smaller quantity of this substance. Several enzymes such as: diaphorases, those of the pentose shunt and respiratory cycle as well as those related to the metabolism of lipids, proteins and mucopolysaccharides showed a unconspicuous reactivity. The glycogen was found in a lesser amont in 6 out of 8 rabbits but with a higher concentration in 2 of them. The reactivity of UDPG-GT, active phosphorylase, F-1,6-PA, F-1,6-P Ald, LDH and ADH was stronger in the last 2 animals but weaker in the 6 others. In this 8 rabbit group the total phosphorylase and G-6-PA showed respectively always a stronger and a weaker reactivity than their controls. In the liver of 2 cholesterol-fed for 20 weeks rabbits it was observed a centrolobular fibrosis, a smaller amount of RNA and glycogen as well as a global decrease of the enzymatic reactivity.", "PMID": 404825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2806", "title": "Histochemical studies on the morphology of the Golgi apparatus and on the distribution of some enzymes concerned with carbodydrate metabolism in the rat cerebellum.", "content": "Detailed histochemical studies have been conducted on the distribution of various enzymes, including thiamine pyrophosphatase, alpha-glucan phosphorylase, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; menadion oxidoreductase, lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in various components of the cerebellum of healthy adult male rats of the Wistar strain. The thiamine pyrophosphatase reaction showed the morphological patterns of the GOLGI apparatus characteristic for each kind of cells. The GOLGI apparatus is a simple network in stellate cells, but it can be classified into the same 5 categories in basket cells and GOLGI type II cells. The GOLGI apparatus in the latter 2 cell types appears to undergo cyclic changes. A few GOLGI type II cells have a supranuclear form (Type II) and some cells show disintegration and \"budding-off\" of the GOLGI apparatus. The GOLGI apparatus in PURKINJE cells can be classified into 4 categories including a perinuclear strand form (Type III), but most of them show randomly distributed granules and vesicles. Lightly stained networks are observable in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. They do not show polarity in astrocytes whereas they have extensions in a few oligodendrocytes. BERGMANN glia may undergo cyclic changes indicating more advance differentiation than astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Cerebellar glomerula show lightly stained networks with many fine granules. Granule cells, stellate cells, and basket cells are all poorly equipped equally with the EMBDEN-MEYERHOF (EM) pathway and with the hexosemonophosphate (HMP) shunt. GOLGI type II cells are richly equipped almost equally with both the EM pathway and the HMP shunt. All these neurons probably derive energy mainly from glucose in the circulating blood. PURKINJE cells may belong to the category of \"usual neurons\", because they are moderately equipped both with the EM pathway and the HMP shunt. However, they may derive their energy from the BERGMANN glia which have intense hexokinase activity but weak succinate dehydrogenase activity. The BERGMANN glia are more richly equipped with the HMP shunt than with the EM pathway and are rich in lactate dehydrogenase suggesting an \"exceptional metabolic pattern\". These glia may have active synthesizing ability. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are equipped with all the enzymes tested, and they show a tendency to surround the glomeruli. It is suggested that the glomerula may be surrounded by the glial sheaths with strong hexokinase activity, and that they may contain alpha-glucan phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in addition to the succinate dehydrogenase already reported. A few PURKINJE cells showed perinuclear concentrations of the reaction product only of succinate dehydrogenase at the sites of contacts between nucleoli and nuclear membranes. It is suggested that the nucleolus may receive adenosine at the sites of contacts between nucleoli and nuclear membranes...", "contents": "Histochemical studies on the morphology of the Golgi apparatus and on the distribution of some enzymes concerned with carbodydrate metabolism in the rat cerebellum. Detailed histochemical studies have been conducted on the distribution of various enzymes, including thiamine pyrophosphatase, alpha-glucan phosphorylase, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; menadion oxidoreductase, lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in various components of the cerebellum of healthy adult male rats of the Wistar strain. The thiamine pyrophosphatase reaction showed the morphological patterns of the GOLGI apparatus characteristic for each kind of cells. The GOLGI apparatus is a simple network in stellate cells, but it can be classified into the same 5 categories in basket cells and GOLGI type II cells. The GOLGI apparatus in the latter 2 cell types appears to undergo cyclic changes. A few GOLGI type II cells have a supranuclear form (Type II) and some cells show disintegration and \"budding-off\" of the GOLGI apparatus. The GOLGI apparatus in PURKINJE cells can be classified into 4 categories including a perinuclear strand form (Type III), but most of them show randomly distributed granules and vesicles. Lightly stained networks are observable in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. They do not show polarity in astrocytes whereas they have extensions in a few oligodendrocytes. BERGMANN glia may undergo cyclic changes indicating more advance differentiation than astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Cerebellar glomerula show lightly stained networks with many fine granules. Granule cells, stellate cells, and basket cells are all poorly equipped equally with the EMBDEN-MEYERHOF (EM) pathway and with the hexosemonophosphate (HMP) shunt. GOLGI type II cells are richly equipped almost equally with both the EM pathway and the HMP shunt. All these neurons probably derive energy mainly from glucose in the circulating blood. PURKINJE cells may belong to the category of \"usual neurons\", because they are moderately equipped both with the EM pathway and the HMP shunt. However, they may derive their energy from the BERGMANN glia which have intense hexokinase activity but weak succinate dehydrogenase activity. The BERGMANN glia are more richly equipped with the HMP shunt than with the EM pathway and are rich in lactate dehydrogenase suggesting an \"exceptional metabolic pattern\". These glia may have active synthesizing ability. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are equipped with all the enzymes tested, and they show a tendency to surround the glomeruli. It is suggested that the glomerula may be surrounded by the glial sheaths with strong hexokinase activity, and that they may contain alpha-glucan phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in addition to the succinate dehydrogenase already reported. A few PURKINJE cells showed perinuclear concentrations of the reaction product only of succinate dehydrogenase at the sites of contacts between nucleoli and nuclear membranes. It is suggested that the nucleolus may receive adenosine at the sites of contacts between nucleoli and nuclear membranes...", "PMID": 404826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2807", "title": "Histoenzymic studies in the myelinopathy provoked by the cerebrospinal fluid exchange.", "content": "A histochemical study was performed on the activity of several phosphatases, esterases and oxidoreductases in the spinal cord of cat in the course of the myelinopathy provoked by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exchange. The following results were obtained: 1. Neuroglial cells of the spinal cord react with a slight, focal increase of TPP-ase activity already during the early stage of myelinopathy evoked by repeated withdrawal and reinjecting of CSF into the Cisterna magna of experimental cats. 2. During the late stage of this experimental disease-- the oligo-and astroglia of the spinal cord dtsplay considerably increased activities of ATP-ase, acP, and of various oxidoreductases. 3. The observed morphological and functional (increased enzymic activity) changes of the oligodendroglia as well as the demonstrable damage of myelin sheath, seem to be the results of vasogenous edema. 4. The results of investigations performed did not yield any arguments, which would speak in favour of the assumption, that the changes of the oligodendroglia cells function as the primary cause in the myelinopathy provoked by the CSF exchange, affecting secondary the myelin sheaths. 5. The decissively increased lysosomal acP activity in oligodendroglial cells of the spinal cord investigated during the early stage of this myelinopathy, accompanied by an evidently damaged Golgi apparatus, may be explained when the Golgi zone is not necessarily the only cellular site where acid phosphatase may be performed.", "contents": "Histoenzymic studies in the myelinopathy provoked by the cerebrospinal fluid exchange. A histochemical study was performed on the activity of several phosphatases, esterases and oxidoreductases in the spinal cord of cat in the course of the myelinopathy provoked by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exchange. The following results were obtained: 1. Neuroglial cells of the spinal cord react with a slight, focal increase of TPP-ase activity already during the early stage of myelinopathy evoked by repeated withdrawal and reinjecting of CSF into the Cisterna magna of experimental cats. 2. During the late stage of this experimental disease-- the oligo-and astroglia of the spinal cord dtsplay considerably increased activities of ATP-ase, acP, and of various oxidoreductases. 3. The observed morphological and functional (increased enzymic activity) changes of the oligodendroglia as well as the demonstrable damage of myelin sheath, seem to be the results of vasogenous edema. 4. The results of investigations performed did not yield any arguments, which would speak in favour of the assumption, that the changes of the oligodendroglia cells function as the primary cause in the myelinopathy provoked by the CSF exchange, affecting secondary the myelin sheaths. 5. The decissively increased lysosomal acP activity in oligodendroglial cells of the spinal cord investigated during the early stage of this myelinopathy, accompanied by an evidently damaged Golgi apparatus, may be explained when the Golgi zone is not necessarily the only cellular site where acid phosphatase may be performed.", "PMID": 404827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2808", "title": "Ultrahistochemical demonstration of cations in the guinea pig organ of Corti.", "content": "The distribution of cations in the guinea pig organ of CORTI was studied by means of the ultrahistochemical pyroantimonate method. In the outer hair cells precipitates were localized at the cell membrane, at stereocilia, in the subplasmalemmal cisterns, in the the nucleus, in mitochondria and within the ground plasm. Coarse precipitates at the cell membrane may consist mainly of cations other than calcium ions. The subplasmalemmal cisterns are suggested to sequester cations in the outer hair cells. The mechanism of the trapping reaction and factors injuring this histochemical method are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrahistochemical demonstration of cations in the guinea pig organ of Corti. The distribution of cations in the guinea pig organ of CORTI was studied by means of the ultrahistochemical pyroantimonate method. In the outer hair cells precipitates were localized at the cell membrane, at stereocilia, in the subplasmalemmal cisterns, in the the nucleus, in mitochondria and within the ground plasm. Coarse precipitates at the cell membrane may consist mainly of cations other than calcium ions. The subplasmalemmal cisterns are suggested to sequester cations in the outer hair cells. The mechanism of the trapping reaction and factors injuring this histochemical method are discussed.", "PMID": 404828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2809", "title": "[Methodical problems for evidence of the hepatitis-B-surface and hepatitis-B-core antigens in tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "Liver biopsy material of 22 in the serum HBsAg positive patients was tested with the fluorescent antibody technique for the localization of HBcAg and HBsAg in the liver tissue. Comparative studies were done with the following tissue preparation techniques: Cryostat technique, freeze drying, freeze substitution, cold ethanol paraffin embedding technique (SAINTE MARIE) and isolated liver cells. The investigations revealed the following results: 1. No HB-components could be detected with the cold ethanol paraffin embedding technique and freeze substitution. 2. Using the cryostat technique HBsAg could be demonstrated in 16/22 (cytoplasmatic localization) and HBcAg in 8/22 (nuclear localization). 3. With freeze drying HBsAg and HBcAg could be found in the same cases. The excellent tissue preparation allowed a correct localization of the HB-components to the cell structure. 4. In comparison to cryostat sections in isolated liver cells HBcAg could be demonstrated in 11/16 and HBcAg in 8/8 cases.", "contents": "[Methodical problems for evidence of the hepatitis-B-surface and hepatitis-B-core antigens in tissue (author's transl)]. Liver biopsy material of 22 in the serum HBsAg positive patients was tested with the fluorescent antibody technique for the localization of HBcAg and HBsAg in the liver tissue. Comparative studies were done with the following tissue preparation techniques: Cryostat technique, freeze drying, freeze substitution, cold ethanol paraffin embedding technique (SAINTE MARIE) and isolated liver cells. The investigations revealed the following results: 1. No HB-components could be detected with the cold ethanol paraffin embedding technique and freeze substitution. 2. Using the cryostat technique HBsAg could be demonstrated in 16/22 (cytoplasmatic localization) and HBcAg in 8/22 (nuclear localization). 3. With freeze drying HBsAg and HBcAg could be found in the same cases. The excellent tissue preparation allowed a correct localization of the HB-components to the cell structure. 4. In comparison to cryostat sections in isolated liver cells HBcAg could be demonstrated in 11/16 and HBcAg in 8/8 cases.", "PMID": 404829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2810", "title": "Electron histochemical study of phosphorylase system in choroidal melanoma.", "content": "4 choroidal melanomas have been studied by electron histochemical techniques for phosphorylase activity. Of the 4 melanomas studied, 2 were spindle B and 2 were epitheloid cell types. Electron micrographs of the tumour cells incubated in the medium revealed that polyglucose particles synthesized by phosphorylase and branching glycosyltransferase were found in both spindle B and epitheloid cells. Synthesized polyglucose particles in both spindle B and epitheloid cells showed 2 patterns. The one was fine granular form and the other was the deposition of amorphous particles which greatly expanded the cytoplasmic matrices. Melanophages in both cell types also showed 2 patterns of synthesized polyglucose particles, fine granular and amorphous. It is concluded that both phosphorylase and branching glycosyltransferase are active in both spindle B and epithelioid cells of choroidal melanomas and their melanophages. It is also indicated that there is no difference in glycolysis among these cells of melanomas.", "contents": "Electron histochemical study of phosphorylase system in choroidal melanoma. 4 choroidal melanomas have been studied by electron histochemical techniques for phosphorylase activity. Of the 4 melanomas studied, 2 were spindle B and 2 were epitheloid cell types. Electron micrographs of the tumour cells incubated in the medium revealed that polyglucose particles synthesized by phosphorylase and branching glycosyltransferase were found in both spindle B and epitheloid cells. Synthesized polyglucose particles in both spindle B and epitheloid cells showed 2 patterns. The one was fine granular form and the other was the deposition of amorphous particles which greatly expanded the cytoplasmic matrices. Melanophages in both cell types also showed 2 patterns of synthesized polyglucose particles, fine granular and amorphous. It is concluded that both phosphorylase and branching glycosyltransferase are active in both spindle B and epithelioid cells of choroidal melanomas and their melanophages. It is also indicated that there is no difference in glycolysis among these cells of melanomas.", "PMID": 404830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2811", "title": "[Histological and immunohistochemical investigations on the transplanted isolated islets of Langerhans in diabetic rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Isologous isolated islets of LANGERHANS were transplanted in the peritoneum and through the portal vein in the liver of diabetic rats. With the help of histological and immunohistochemical investigations, estimation of blood sugar and glucose tolerance tests was tested over a period of 12 month, whether the peritoneum or the liver is more suited as transplantation site for isolated islets of LANGERHANS. After transplantation of islets of LANGERHANS in the peritoneum of diabetic rats the blood glucose decreased and this effect could be maintained over a period of three months. The histological investigations showed strong periinsulinar reactions and the immunohistochemical insulin and glucagon proofs prospered over a period of three months. After transplantation of isolated islets in the liver it resulted in a normalization of blood glucose levels up to 12 months after transplantation and in this time prospered the immunohistochemical insulin and glucagon proof. These results have suggested, that the liver is more suited as transplantation site for isolated islets of LANGERHANS than the peritoneum.", "contents": "[Histological and immunohistochemical investigations on the transplanted isolated islets of Langerhans in diabetic rats (author's transl)]. Isologous isolated islets of LANGERHANS were transplanted in the peritoneum and through the portal vein in the liver of diabetic rats. With the help of histological and immunohistochemical investigations, estimation of blood sugar and glucose tolerance tests was tested over a period of 12 month, whether the peritoneum or the liver is more suited as transplantation site for isolated islets of LANGERHANS. After transplantation of islets of LANGERHANS in the peritoneum of diabetic rats the blood glucose decreased and this effect could be maintained over a period of three months. The histological investigations showed strong periinsulinar reactions and the immunohistochemical insulin and glucagon proofs prospered over a period of three months. After transplantation of isolated islets in the liver it resulted in a normalization of blood glucose levels up to 12 months after transplantation and in this time prospered the immunohistochemical insulin and glucagon proof. These results have suggested, that the liver is more suited as transplantation site for isolated islets of LANGERHANS than the peritoneum.", "PMID": 404831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2812", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of ejaculated baboon (Papio anubis) spermatozoon.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy has been used in order to provide the morphological study including comparative measurements of the main parts of the Baboon spermatozoon. If the dimensions of the head and the mid-piece are fairly close to the human spermatozoon, the Baboon spermatozoon is practically twice as long as the human one. In the Baboon spermatozoon, the head appears smooth with only a light ransversal furrow at the level of its posterior third, which probably marks the limit of the posterior border of the equatorial segment. The mid-piece, a conical trunk, is larger in its anterior part than at the level of its posterior extremity. The end-piece appears very short as compared with the total length of the sperm cell. The technical modalities of the preparation and the possibility of artifacts are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of ejaculated baboon (Papio anubis) spermatozoon. Scanning electron microscopy has been used in order to provide the morphological study including comparative measurements of the main parts of the Baboon spermatozoon. If the dimensions of the head and the mid-piece are fairly close to the human spermatozoon, the Baboon spermatozoon is practically twice as long as the human one. In the Baboon spermatozoon, the head appears smooth with only a light ransversal furrow at the level of its posterior third, which probably marks the limit of the posterior border of the equatorial segment. The mid-piece, a conical trunk, is larger in its anterior part than at the level of its posterior extremity. The end-piece appears very short as compared with the total length of the sperm cell. The technical modalities of the preparation and the possibility of artifacts are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 404832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2813", "title": "Quantitative comparison of the amygdala in insectivores and primates.", "content": "Comparative architectonic studies have resulted in a classification of the amygdaloid complex which differs somewhat from the commonly used classification (first proposed by Humphrey, 1936) by separating the cortical amygdaloid nucleus from the centromedial group and assigning it to the basolateral group, which then forms a cortico-basolateral group. The size changes of these groups and of the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (belonging to the centromedial group) and the large-celled part of the basal nucleus (belonging to the corticobasolateral group) have been investigated in representatives of an ascending primate scale. In all structural complexes investigated so far, the small-celled part of the cortico-basolateral group is the most progressive. In descending order of progression there follow: the corticobasolateral group as a whole, the amygdala as a whole, and the large-celled basal nucleus. No clear changes were found in the centromedial group as a whole, whereas the size of the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, which represents a small component of this latter group, shows a strong reduction. These differences in the developmental trends point to increasing or decreasing capacities of the functional (limbic and olfactory) systems, to which these structures are related.", "contents": "Quantitative comparison of the amygdala in insectivores and primates. Comparative architectonic studies have resulted in a classification of the amygdaloid complex which differs somewhat from the commonly used classification (first proposed by Humphrey, 1936) by separating the cortical amygdaloid nucleus from the centromedial group and assigning it to the basolateral group, which then forms a cortico-basolateral group. The size changes of these groups and of the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (belonging to the centromedial group) and the large-celled part of the basal nucleus (belonging to the corticobasolateral group) have been investigated in representatives of an ascending primate scale. In all structural complexes investigated so far, the small-celled part of the cortico-basolateral group is the most progressive. In descending order of progression there follow: the corticobasolateral group as a whole, the amygdala as a whole, and the large-celled basal nucleus. No clear changes were found in the centromedial group as a whole, whereas the size of the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, which represents a small component of this latter group, shows a strong reduction. These differences in the developmental trends point to increasing or decreasing capacities of the functional (limbic and olfactory) systems, to which these structures are related.", "PMID": 404833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2814", "title": "[Spinocerebellar atrophy and cerebellar calcification in a case of central neurofibromatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A woman of 27 years without any family history developed a progressive spinocerebellar disorder and died 28 years later. The mean neuropathological findings were cerebello-olivary atrophy (late atrophy), degeneration of the dentate nuclei and brachia conjunctiva, degeneration of the pyramidal and psinocerebellar tracts and of the pars reticulata of substantia nigra. Findings according to Hallervorden-Spatz' disease were confined to the globus pallidus. Extensive calcification occurred in the cerebellar cortex and the dentate nuclei. Foci of atypical glia, glial ectopias, subependymal glial modules and focal neuromas were found in the brain. It is suggested that this unique case represents a combination of spinocerebellar degeneration and central neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "[Spinocerebellar atrophy and cerebellar calcification in a case of central neurofibromatosis (author's transl)]. A woman of 27 years without any family history developed a progressive spinocerebellar disorder and died 28 years later. The mean neuropathological findings were cerebello-olivary atrophy (late atrophy), degeneration of the dentate nuclei and brachia conjunctiva, degeneration of the pyramidal and psinocerebellar tracts and of the pars reticulata of substantia nigra. Findings according to Hallervorden-Spatz' disease were confined to the globus pallidus. Extensive calcification occurred in the cerebellar cortex and the dentate nuclei. Foci of atypical glia, glial ectopias, subependymal glial modules and focal neuromas were found in the brain. It is suggested that this unique case represents a combination of spinocerebellar degeneration and central neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 404834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2815", "title": "Cyclic fluctuation in noradrenaline transmitter of the monkey oviduct.", "content": "Cyclic variations in noradrenaline of the sympathetic nerves (\"short adrenergic neurons\") innervating the smooth musculature of the oviduct have been determined by fluorescence histochemistry and fluorometric measurements in monkeys (Macaca mulatta). During the secretory phase there is more than twice as much neuronal noradrenaline in the oviduct compared with the proliferative phase. This suggests, that the system of adrenergic nerves in the primate oviduct is involved in the motility changes associated with alterations in the level of endogenous estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Cyclic fluctuation in noradrenaline transmitter of the monkey oviduct. Cyclic variations in noradrenaline of the sympathetic nerves (\"short adrenergic neurons\") innervating the smooth musculature of the oviduct have been determined by fluorescence histochemistry and fluorometric measurements in monkeys (Macaca mulatta). During the secretory phase there is more than twice as much neuronal noradrenaline in the oviduct compared with the proliferative phase. This suggests, that the system of adrenergic nerves in the primate oviduct is involved in the motility changes associated with alterations in the level of endogenous estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle.", "PMID": 404835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2816", "title": "Transitory blindness during ethanol and phenethylbiguanide induced lactic acidosis in a subject with diabetes mellitus. A case report.", "content": "Transitory blindness is described in a diabetic patient with typical ethanol- and phenethylbiguanide induced lactic acidosis. The blindness developed in the course of 8 hours, but the vision returned during treatment with iv bicarbonate, insulin and glucose. The condition is discussed in relation to a presumed inhibition of the oxidative metabolism in the retina.", "contents": "Transitory blindness during ethanol and phenethylbiguanide induced lactic acidosis in a subject with diabetes mellitus. A case report. Transitory blindness is described in a diabetic patient with typical ethanol- and phenethylbiguanide induced lactic acidosis. The blindness developed in the course of 8 hours, but the vision returned during treatment with iv bicarbonate, insulin and glucose. The condition is discussed in relation to a presumed inhibition of the oxidative metabolism in the retina.", "PMID": 404836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2817", "title": "Development of myogenic sarcomas in mice at the site of injection of 4-HAQO -- a study on the morphogenesis of tumor.", "content": "The morphological changes induced by a carcinogenic agent have been studied by serial histological examinations on the injection-sites in subcutaneous tissue of mice. As a carcinogen, 4-hydroxy-aminoquinoline-1-oxide was freshly suspended before use in olive oil (0.1 mg/0.1 ml) and injected subcutaneously into the right thigh of mice sixteen times at seven days intervals. Tumors were induced immediately after the sixteenth injection. Based on light and electron microscopic findings, these tumors were considered to be rhabdomyosarcomas. Morphologically, the course of the tumor induction was summarized as follows. The stage of inflammation (1-4 weeks), the stage of necrosis (4-8 weeks), the stage of the appearance of atypical cells (8-15 weeks), and the stage of tumor development (16 weeks and thereafter).", "contents": "Development of myogenic sarcomas in mice at the site of injection of 4-HAQO -- a study on the morphogenesis of tumor. The morphological changes induced by a carcinogenic agent have been studied by serial histological examinations on the injection-sites in subcutaneous tissue of mice. As a carcinogen, 4-hydroxy-aminoquinoline-1-oxide was freshly suspended before use in olive oil (0.1 mg/0.1 ml) and injected subcutaneously into the right thigh of mice sixteen times at seven days intervals. Tumors were induced immediately after the sixteenth injection. Based on light and electron microscopic findings, these tumors were considered to be rhabdomyosarcomas. Morphologically, the course of the tumor induction was summarized as follows. The stage of inflammation (1-4 weeks), the stage of necrosis (4-8 weeks), the stage of the appearance of atypical cells (8-15 weeks), and the stage of tumor development (16 weeks and thereafter).", "PMID": 404839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2818", "title": "Lack of measurable complement fixing antibodies against viral antigens.", "content": "A serological and clinical study was performed to find the common features of 130 patients without antibodies against 11 or more different antigens in the complement fixation (CF) test. These patients (=1.6%) were discovered during hte screening of 8,021 adult patients. Rheumatoid factor(s) (RF) were found in the sera of 113 of the patients. In the remaining 17 patients no common serological or clinical markers were found. Myeloma M-components were found in three cases. The lack of measurable CF antibodies in RF positive cases was apparently due to the inhibitory effect of RF(s) in the CF test. This was indicated by a positive reaction in CF after centrifugal separation of IgM and IgG fractions and also by the detection of antibodies using immunodiffusion method. Possible immune complexes were sought using the platelet aggregation test, which was positive for the sera of 47 (=37%) of the patients. The clinical diagnosis of the 130 CF-nonreactors was rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (ARA criteria) in 23 cases and pulmonary diseases in 65 cases. In a comparison group of equal size there were only 3 RA patients and 15 with pulmonary disease. RA was thus found in 20% of the RF positive CF-nonreacting patients. In the comparison group of 52 RA patients 8 CF-nonreactors were found (=15%). This suggests that the effect of RF(s) from RA patients in CF reaction varies greatly.", "contents": "Lack of measurable complement fixing antibodies against viral antigens. A serological and clinical study was performed to find the common features of 130 patients without antibodies against 11 or more different antigens in the complement fixation (CF) test. These patients (=1.6%) were discovered during hte screening of 8,021 adult patients. Rheumatoid factor(s) (RF) were found in the sera of 113 of the patients. In the remaining 17 patients no common serological or clinical markers were found. Myeloma M-components were found in three cases. The lack of measurable CF antibodies in RF positive cases was apparently due to the inhibitory effect of RF(s) in the CF test. This was indicated by a positive reaction in CF after centrifugal separation of IgM and IgG fractions and also by the detection of antibodies using immunodiffusion method. Possible immune complexes were sought using the platelet aggregation test, which was positive for the sera of 47 (=37%) of the patients. The clinical diagnosis of the 130 CF-nonreactors was rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (ARA criteria) in 23 cases and pulmonary diseases in 65 cases. In a comparison group of equal size there were only 3 RA patients and 15 with pulmonary disease. RA was thus found in 20% of the RF positive CF-nonreacting patients. In the comparison group of 52 RA patients 8 CF-nonreactors were found (=15%). This suggests that the effect of RF(s) from RA patients in CF reaction varies greatly.", "PMID": 404840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2819", "title": "[The sheath of Scarpa ganglion cells in the baboon Papio papio].", "content": "The sheath of the bipolar perikarya of the vestibular ganglion (Scarpa) in Papio papio is made up of several Schwann cells which concur to form loose myelin, and at most five layers of compact myelin. Most of the Schwann cytoplasmic layers stop at the emergence of both neurites, forming at the point an incomplete Ranvier half-node. The constitution of the vestibular perikaryal sheath in Papio is intermediate between those previously described in the Rat and in the Human.", "contents": "[The sheath of Scarpa ganglion cells in the baboon Papio papio]. The sheath of the bipolar perikarya of the vestibular ganglion (Scarpa) in Papio papio is made up of several Schwann cells which concur to form loose myelin, and at most five layers of compact myelin. Most of the Schwann cytoplasmic layers stop at the emergence of both neurites, forming at the point an incomplete Ranvier half-node. The constitution of the vestibular perikaryal sheath in Papio is intermediate between those previously described in the Rat and in the Human.", "PMID": 404837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2820", "title": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis. Bactericidal effect of serum from normal individuals and patients with cystic fibrosis on P. aeruginosa strains from patients with cystic fibrosis or other diseases.", "content": "P. aeruginosa strains originating from the respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and patients with other diseases (non-CF) were analysed with regard to their sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of human serum. P. aeruginosa strains isolated from CF patients were more sensitive than strains from non-CF patients to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum. The bactericidal activity was heatlabile. As regards the sensitivity to normal human serum, mucoid and non-mucoid variants were not found to differ. Strains originating from chronically infected CF patients with many precipitins against these bacteria did not differ with respect to serum sensitivity from strains originating from intermittently colonized CF patients without P. aeruginosa precipitins. Compared with normal sera, CF sera showed similar or higher bactericidal activity against a panel of P. aeruginosa strains. In this respect, any difference between CF sera with precipitins and CF sera without precipitins against P. aeurginosa was not found. Sera from three CF patients chronically infected with P. aeruginosa, and with many precipitins against these bacteria, showed a selective inability in bactericidal activity against the patients' own P. aeruginosa isolate possibly reflecting the presence of \"bactericidal blocking\" antibodies.", "contents": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis. Bactericidal effect of serum from normal individuals and patients with cystic fibrosis on P. aeruginosa strains from patients with cystic fibrosis or other diseases. P. aeruginosa strains originating from the respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and patients with other diseases (non-CF) were analysed with regard to their sensitivity to the bactericidal activity of human serum. P. aeruginosa strains isolated from CF patients were more sensitive than strains from non-CF patients to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum. The bactericidal activity was heatlabile. As regards the sensitivity to normal human serum, mucoid and non-mucoid variants were not found to differ. Strains originating from chronically infected CF patients with many precipitins against these bacteria did not differ with respect to serum sensitivity from strains originating from intermittently colonized CF patients without P. aeruginosa precipitins. Compared with normal sera, CF sera showed similar or higher bactericidal activity against a panel of P. aeruginosa strains. In this respect, any difference between CF sera with precipitins and CF sera without precipitins against P. aeurginosa was not found. Sera from three CF patients chronically infected with P. aeruginosa, and with many precipitins against these bacteria, showed a selective inability in bactericidal activity against the patients' own P. aeruginosa isolate possibly reflecting the presence of \"bactericidal blocking\" antibodies.", "PMID": 404841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2821", "title": "An indirect haemagglutination test for demonstration of gonococcal antibodies using gonococcal pili as antigen. I. Methodology and preliminary results.", "content": "An indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test for detection of gonococcal antibodies in human sera was established using purified pili as antigen. The majority of sera (44/51), positive in the gonococcal complement fixation test, were also positive in the IHA test with titres within the range 320-10,000. The results obtained for the following three groups of sera indicate a comparatively high speicificity of the IHA test; 1) 52 sera from children below 12 years of age were all negative, 2) 98% (184/188) of sera from blood donors were negative, 3) only sera from three adults out of 21 patients with meningococcal infections gave a positive reaction.", "contents": "An indirect haemagglutination test for demonstration of gonococcal antibodies using gonococcal pili as antigen. I. Methodology and preliminary results. An indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test for detection of gonococcal antibodies in human sera was established using purified pili as antigen. The majority of sera (44/51), positive in the gonococcal complement fixation test, were also positive in the IHA test with titres within the range 320-10,000. The results obtained for the following three groups of sera indicate a comparatively high speicificity of the IHA test; 1) 52 sera from children below 12 years of age were all negative, 2) 98% (184/188) of sera from blood donors were negative, 3) only sera from three adults out of 21 patients with meningococcal infections gave a positive reaction.", "PMID": 404842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2822", "title": "Antibodies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in serum from normal persons and patients colonized with mucoid or non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Results obtained by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Serum from 154 normal persons was investigated for precipitating antibodies against P. aeruginosa by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, using a polyvalent P. aeruginosa standard antigen. Ninety-four per cent of the sera contained no demonstrable precipitins, and 6% contained precipitins against only one P. aeruginosa antigen. Thirty-four per cent of sera from 122 patients colonized with P. aeruginosa in various anatomical regions contained precipitins against 2 to 41 P. aeruginosa antigens. Serum from 14 patients harbouring mucoid strains of P. aeruginsa contained precipitants against these bacteria, and the average number of precipitins was significantly higher than the average number of precipitins in serum from patients harbouring non-mucoid strains. The largest number of precipitins was found in serum from adult patients chronically colonized with mucoid P. aeruginosa in the lower respiratory tract, and from adult patients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia originating from suppurative urinary tract infections caused by mucoid strains. Serum from patients with P. aeruginosa cystitis or from patients with P. aeruginosa colonization of the middle ear or with wound infection, contained only few or no precipitins.", "contents": "Antibodies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in serum from normal persons and patients colonized with mucoid or non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Results obtained by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Serum from 154 normal persons was investigated for precipitating antibodies against P. aeruginosa by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, using a polyvalent P. aeruginosa standard antigen. Ninety-four per cent of the sera contained no demonstrable precipitins, and 6% contained precipitins against only one P. aeruginosa antigen. Thirty-four per cent of sera from 122 patients colonized with P. aeruginosa in various anatomical regions contained precipitins against 2 to 41 P. aeruginosa antigens. Serum from 14 patients harbouring mucoid strains of P. aeruginsa contained precipitants against these bacteria, and the average number of precipitins was significantly higher than the average number of precipitins in serum from patients harbouring non-mucoid strains. The largest number of precipitins was found in serum from adult patients chronically colonized with mucoid P. aeruginosa in the lower respiratory tract, and from adult patients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia originating from suppurative urinary tract infections caused by mucoid strains. Serum from patients with P. aeruginosa cystitis or from patients with P. aeruginosa colonization of the middle ear or with wound infection, contained only few or no precipitins.", "PMID": 404843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2823", "title": "Immunochemical characteristics of subfragments from the CH3 homology region of human IgG.", "content": "A subfragment (peak IV) of Fc from human IgG belonging to the CH3 region and found to be slightly different from both pFc and tFc' fragments was released after tryptic digestion of acid-treated Fc. Gel filtration at dissociating conditions of reduced and alkylated fragments indicated a molecular weight of 10,200. The Fc, pFc', tFc', and peak IV fragments all interacted with a rheumatoid factor having anti-Gm(1) specificity and showed a reaction of identity in agar diffusion against both anti-Fc and anti-pFc' sera. In immunoelectrophoresis, peak IV and tFc' fragments behaved similarly but with a more anodical movement than pFc' fragments. The probable location of the new fragment in terms of the sequenced gamma1-chain is proposed to be the residues 335 to 439.", "contents": "Immunochemical characteristics of subfragments from the CH3 homology region of human IgG. A subfragment (peak IV) of Fc from human IgG belonging to the CH3 region and found to be slightly different from both pFc and tFc' fragments was released after tryptic digestion of acid-treated Fc. Gel filtration at dissociating conditions of reduced and alkylated fragments indicated a molecular weight of 10,200. The Fc, pFc', tFc', and peak IV fragments all interacted with a rheumatoid factor having anti-Gm(1) specificity and showed a reaction of identity in agar diffusion against both anti-Fc and anti-pFc' sera. In immunoelectrophoresis, peak IV and tFc' fragments behaved similarly but with a more anodical movement than pFc' fragments. The probable location of the new fragment in terms of the sequenced gamma1-chain is proposed to be the residues 335 to 439.", "PMID": 404844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2824", "title": "Frequency of IgA deficiency in blood donors and Rh negative women in Iceland.", "content": "Sera from 6,842 individuals were tested for IgA deficiency, using double and radial immunodiffusion. Sera containing less than 1 mg/100 ml of IgA were classified as deficient. The frequency of selective IgA deficiency among 4,799 blood donors investigated was 1:533, but 1:340 among 1,017 Rh negative women screened and 1:485 for both groups combined. One of the nine IgA deficient blood donors detected belonged to a 1st cousin marriage family previously investigated, in which the mother also was deficient in IgA. One IgA deficient recipient was found among 704 hospital patients screened for this abnormality.", "contents": "Frequency of IgA deficiency in blood donors and Rh negative women in Iceland. Sera from 6,842 individuals were tested for IgA deficiency, using double and radial immunodiffusion. Sera containing less than 1 mg/100 ml of IgA were classified as deficient. The frequency of selective IgA deficiency among 4,799 blood donors investigated was 1:533, but 1:340 among 1,017 Rh negative women screened and 1:485 for both groups combined. One of the nine IgA deficient blood donors detected belonged to a 1st cousin marriage family previously investigated, in which the mother also was deficient in IgA. One IgA deficient recipient was found among 704 hospital patients screened for this abnormality.", "PMID": 404845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2825", "title": "Antibacterial effects of metrizoate and metrizamide on bacterial growth in vitro.", "content": "Urinary pathogens were exposed in vitro to Isopaque and Amipaque in concentrations of 100 mg I/ml and 260 mg I/ml. Both contrast media in the higher concentration had a slight or negligible bacteriostatic effect on some of the test bacteria. No bactericidal effect was detected. Consequently, radiography of the urinary tract with these two media in the concentrations mentioned does not interfere with the culturing of bacteria from urine samples.", "contents": "Antibacterial effects of metrizoate and metrizamide on bacterial growth in vitro. Urinary pathogens were exposed in vitro to Isopaque and Amipaque in concentrations of 100 mg I/ml and 260 mg I/ml. Both contrast media in the higher concentration had a slight or negligible bacteriostatic effect on some of the test bacteria. No bactericidal effect was detected. Consequently, radiography of the urinary tract with these two media in the concentrations mentioned does not interfere with the culturing of bacteria from urine samples.", "PMID": 404846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2826", "title": "Phosphopyridoxal complexes with histamine and histidine. (5) The kinetics of cyclic compound formation between histamine and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate in the presence of pig kidney diamine oxidase and rat intestinal histaminase.", "content": "Pig kidney diamine oxidase (DAO) and rat intestinal histaminase (Hi-ase) activities are inhibited in vitro by high concentrations of both a substrate (histamine) and a coenzyme (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate). This inhibition may be at least partially associated with the formation of a cyclic compound between histamine (Hi) and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP). The dynamics of this cyclic compound formation in the presence of both enzymes has been examined. In an incubation mixture containing partially purified pig kidney DAO, the rate of cyclization decreased slightly as compared with a buffer. On the contrary, in the presence of crude rat intestinal histaminase, the rate of cyclization was inhibited significantly; this inhibition was proportional to the amount of enzyme preparation present in the incubation mixture. The possible mechanism of the influence of enzyme protein on the rate of cyclic compound formation, and its possible biological significance, are discussed.", "contents": "Phosphopyridoxal complexes with histamine and histidine. (5) The kinetics of cyclic compound formation between histamine and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate in the presence of pig kidney diamine oxidase and rat intestinal histaminase. Pig kidney diamine oxidase (DAO) and rat intestinal histaminase (Hi-ase) activities are inhibited in vitro by high concentrations of both a substrate (histamine) and a coenzyme (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate). This inhibition may be at least partially associated with the formation of a cyclic compound between histamine (Hi) and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP). The dynamics of this cyclic compound formation in the presence of both enzymes has been examined. In an incubation mixture containing partially purified pig kidney DAO, the rate of cyclization decreased slightly as compared with a buffer. On the contrary, in the presence of crude rat intestinal histaminase, the rate of cyclization was inhibited significantly; this inhibition was proportional to the amount of enzyme preparation present in the incubation mixture. The possible mechanism of the influence of enzyme protein on the rate of cyclic compound formation, and its possible biological significance, are discussed.", "PMID": 404857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2827", "title": "Determination of histaminase (diamine oxidase) activity by o-dianisidine test: interference of ceruloplasmin.", "content": "Until now o-dianisidine was used as an indicator substance in a test system for the determination of diamine oxidase. More recently, however, this substance was also used to measure ceruloplasmin activity. A study of the test principles revealed that o-dianisidine was the one denominator for both enzymes. As it was found for diamine oxidase the indicator was oxidized via peroxidase mediated H2O2 cleavage. Ceruloplasmin, however, oxidized o-dianisidine directly with resulting free radical formation. An addition of histamine dihydrochloride or putrescine dihydrochloride to an incubation mixture, containing ceruloplasmin as enzyme and o-dianisidine or p-phenylene-diamine as substrates, produced an activation of the enzyme, being more than 10-fold in the presence of 1 X 10(-2) M putrescine at pH 7.0. It was assumed that an allosteric effect of the dihydrochloride component might be responsible for this activation. When the activity of purified diamine oxidase was determined by the o-dianisidine test and by the isotope assay, a very good correlation between both methods was found. But, in a mixture of diamine oxidase and ceruloplasmin, no differentiation between the two enzymic activities by the o-dianisidine test was possible. This observation demonstrated an interference of ceruloplasmin when the o-dianisidine method was used for the determination of diamine oxidase activity. To apply our findings also in vivo the amine oxidase activity increasing in guinea-pig plasma during inflammation, was determined by the o-dianisidine test and by specific methods for some amine oxidase. Despite an enhanced oxidation of the o-dianisidine observed, only an increase of ceruloplasmin activity was found. It was concluded that ceruloplasmin had no 'histaminase activity' as has been assumed by other authors using the o-dianisidine test.", "contents": "Determination of histaminase (diamine oxidase) activity by o-dianisidine test: interference of ceruloplasmin. Until now o-dianisidine was used as an indicator substance in a test system for the determination of diamine oxidase. More recently, however, this substance was also used to measure ceruloplasmin activity. A study of the test principles revealed that o-dianisidine was the one denominator for both enzymes. As it was found for diamine oxidase the indicator was oxidized via peroxidase mediated H2O2 cleavage. Ceruloplasmin, however, oxidized o-dianisidine directly with resulting free radical formation. An addition of histamine dihydrochloride or putrescine dihydrochloride to an incubation mixture, containing ceruloplasmin as enzyme and o-dianisidine or p-phenylene-diamine as substrates, produced an activation of the enzyme, being more than 10-fold in the presence of 1 X 10(-2) M putrescine at pH 7.0. It was assumed that an allosteric effect of the dihydrochloride component might be responsible for this activation. When the activity of purified diamine oxidase was determined by the o-dianisidine test and by the isotope assay, a very good correlation between both methods was found. But, in a mixture of diamine oxidase and ceruloplasmin, no differentiation between the two enzymic activities by the o-dianisidine test was possible. This observation demonstrated an interference of ceruloplasmin when the o-dianisidine method was used for the determination of diamine oxidase activity. To apply our findings also in vivo the amine oxidase activity increasing in guinea-pig plasma during inflammation, was determined by the o-dianisidine test and by specific methods for some amine oxidase. Despite an enhanced oxidation of the o-dianisidine observed, only an increase of ceruloplasmin activity was found. It was concluded that ceruloplasmin had no 'histaminase activity' as has been assumed by other authors using the o-dianisidine test.", "PMID": 404858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2828", "title": "Outpatient management of asthma.", "content": "Oral administration of xanthine compounds represents the first line of therapy in most patients with asthma. Establishment and maintenance of a therapeutic blood level of the medication requires regular dosgae. Oral sympathomimetic agents with predominantly beta-2 adrenergic activity, if tolerated, are often useful adjuncts to xanthine therapy. Sympathomimetic aerosols are not recommended. Cromolyn is often a valuable prophlactic agent. Corticosteroid aerosols may be useful in limiting adrenal suppression when steroids are necessary.", "contents": "Outpatient management of asthma. Oral administration of xanthine compounds represents the first line of therapy in most patients with asthma. Establishment and maintenance of a therapeutic blood level of the medication requires regular dosgae. Oral sympathomimetic agents with predominantly beta-2 adrenergic activity, if tolerated, are often useful adjuncts to xanthine therapy. Sympathomimetic aerosols are not recommended. Cromolyn is often a valuable prophlactic agent. Corticosteroid aerosols may be useful in limiting adrenal suppression when steroids are necessary.", "PMID": 404860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2829", "title": "Effect of sublingually administered nitroglycerin on regional myocardial blood flow in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "The effect of sublingually administered nitroglycerin on regional myocardial specific blood flow (in ml/min per 100 g tissue) was evaluated with a xenon-133 washout technique in 31 patients in a resting nonstressed state. Eight patients had normal coronary arteriograms (Group 1), 12 had coronary artery disease without collateral vessels (Group 2) and 11 had coronary artery disease with collateral vessels (Group 3). Although nitroglycerin caused a similar decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and blood pressure-heart rate product in all three groups, the decrease in regional myocardial blood flow was significantly less in Group 3 (-8+/-6% [mean+/-standard error of the mean]) than in Group 1 (-31+/-5%), P less than 0.05); an intermediary decrease occurred in Group 2 (-23+/-5%). Within Group 3, there was a mean increase in regional myocardial blood flow after nitroglycerin in the five patients whose collateral vessels were of a higher angiographic grade and arose from non-stenosed coronary arteries, whereas a reduction was observed in the six patients with none or only one of these findings (+10+/-7% versus -23+/-3%, P less than 0.001). This study suggests that even in the resting state, in some patients with coronary artery disease enhancement of regional myocardial blood flow can occur after sublingual administration of nitroglycerin and is probably mediated through well functioning collateral vessels. It is possible that the drug's effects on both the coronary and systemic circulation may relieve angina in some patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Effect of sublingually administered nitroglycerin on regional myocardial blood flow in patients with coronary artery disease. The effect of sublingually administered nitroglycerin on regional myocardial specific blood flow (in ml/min per 100 g tissue) was evaluated with a xenon-133 washout technique in 31 patients in a resting nonstressed state. Eight patients had normal coronary arteriograms (Group 1), 12 had coronary artery disease without collateral vessels (Group 2) and 11 had coronary artery disease with collateral vessels (Group 3). Although nitroglycerin caused a similar decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and blood pressure-heart rate product in all three groups, the decrease in regional myocardial blood flow was significantly less in Group 3 (-8+/-6% [mean+/-standard error of the mean]) than in Group 1 (-31+/-5%), P less than 0.05); an intermediary decrease occurred in Group 2 (-23+/-5%). Within Group 3, there was a mean increase in regional myocardial blood flow after nitroglycerin in the five patients whose collateral vessels were of a higher angiographic grade and arose from non-stenosed coronary arteries, whereas a reduction was observed in the six patients with none or only one of these findings (+10+/-7% versus -23+/-3%, P less than 0.001). This study suggests that even in the resting state, in some patients with coronary artery disease enhancement of regional myocardial blood flow can occur after sublingual administration of nitroglycerin and is probably mediated through well functioning collateral vessels. It is possible that the drug's effects on both the coronary and systemic circulation may relieve angina in some patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 404861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2830", "title": "Acute coronary occlusion: prolonged increase in collateral flow following brief administration of nitroglycerin and methoxamine.", "content": "Regional coronary blood flow was determined with the radioactive microsphere technique 10 an 70 minutes and 2 1/2 and 5 hours after abrupt occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in 12 closed chest sedated dogs. In six dogs, nitroglycerin, 200 to 400 microng/min, was infused intravenously 10 to 70 minutes after occlusion. Methoxamine was administered to return blood pressure and heart rate to prenitroglycerin levels. Ten minutes after occlusion (before treatment) collateral flow values and ischemic zone endocardial/epicardial flow ratios were equivalent in untreated (0.11+/-0.03 ml/min per g; 0.31+/-0.05) and treated dogs (0.14+/-0.02 ml/min per g; 0.29+/-0.03). In untreated dogs, collateral flow did not change over 5 hours; the endocardial/epicardial flow ratio was decreased at 5 hours (0.21+/-0.05, P less than 0.05). In contrast, in treated dogs, collateral flow and the endocardial/epicardial flow ratio were increased at 70 minutes (0.27+/-0.04 ml/min per g, P less than 0.05; 0.53+/-0.10, P less than 0.05). Most importantly, collateral flow remained elevated 5 hours after occlusion (0.26+/-0.03 ml/min per g, P less than 0.05) although treatment was discontinued 70 minutes after occlusion. Hence, collateral flow was unchanged over 5 hours of occlusion in untreated dogs, but short-term treatment with nitroglycerin and methoxamine resulted in a sustained increase in collateral flow. These findings may be a result of stimulation by nitroglycerin and methoxamine of the spontaneous rate at which intrinsic collateral function increases after ischemia. Alternatively, nitroglycerin and methoxamine may maintain cell viability until collateral vessels develop spontaneously.", "contents": "Acute coronary occlusion: prolonged increase in collateral flow following brief administration of nitroglycerin and methoxamine. Regional coronary blood flow was determined with the radioactive microsphere technique 10 an 70 minutes and 2 1/2 and 5 hours after abrupt occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in 12 closed chest sedated dogs. In six dogs, nitroglycerin, 200 to 400 microng/min, was infused intravenously 10 to 70 minutes after occlusion. Methoxamine was administered to return blood pressure and heart rate to prenitroglycerin levels. Ten minutes after occlusion (before treatment) collateral flow values and ischemic zone endocardial/epicardial flow ratios were equivalent in untreated (0.11+/-0.03 ml/min per g; 0.31+/-0.05) and treated dogs (0.14+/-0.02 ml/min per g; 0.29+/-0.03). In untreated dogs, collateral flow did not change over 5 hours; the endocardial/epicardial flow ratio was decreased at 5 hours (0.21+/-0.05, P less than 0.05). In contrast, in treated dogs, collateral flow and the endocardial/epicardial flow ratio were increased at 70 minutes (0.27+/-0.04 ml/min per g, P less than 0.05; 0.53+/-0.10, P less than 0.05). Most importantly, collateral flow remained elevated 5 hours after occlusion (0.26+/-0.03 ml/min per g, P less than 0.05) although treatment was discontinued 70 minutes after occlusion. Hence, collateral flow was unchanged over 5 hours of occlusion in untreated dogs, but short-term treatment with nitroglycerin and methoxamine resulted in a sustained increase in collateral flow. These findings may be a result of stimulation by nitroglycerin and methoxamine of the spontaneous rate at which intrinsic collateral function increases after ischemia. Alternatively, nitroglycerin and methoxamine may maintain cell viability until collateral vessels develop spontaneously.", "PMID": 404862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2831", "title": "The neurohypophyseal capillary bed. I. Anatomy and arterial supply.", "content": "Vascular casts of the pituitary-median eminence complex of mice,rats, dogs, sheep and monkeys were examined with the scanning electron microscope. Microfil-injected specimens of the rabbit and monkey pituitary-median eminence complex were examined by light microscopy after intracranial internal carotid artery occlusion. In each species a common neuropophyseal capillary network was found uniting infundibulum (median eminence), infundibular stem and infundibular process. This capillary bed is supplied from above by superior hypophyseal arteries and from below by inferior hypophyseal arteries. An artery to the infundibular stem was found in some species. With occlusion of the intracranial internal carotid arteries, flow through superior hypophyseal arteries did not occur. Yet the entire neurohypophyseal capillary bed filled upon injection with Microfil. These observations suggest the concept of a restricted arterial supply to the median eminence with drainage to the underlying adenohypophsis on one hand and to the infundibular process with drainage to the systemic circulation on the other must be modifed and that blood flow within the neurohypophyseal capillary bed (between infundibular process and median eminence) occurs.", "contents": "The neurohypophyseal capillary bed. I. Anatomy and arterial supply. Vascular casts of the pituitary-median eminence complex of mice,rats, dogs, sheep and monkeys were examined with the scanning electron microscope. Microfil-injected specimens of the rabbit and monkey pituitary-median eminence complex were examined by light microscopy after intracranial internal carotid artery occlusion. In each species a common neuropophyseal capillary network was found uniting infundibulum (median eminence), infundibular stem and infundibular process. This capillary bed is supplied from above by superior hypophyseal arteries and from below by inferior hypophyseal arteries. An artery to the infundibular stem was found in some species. With occlusion of the intracranial internal carotid arteries, flow through superior hypophyseal arteries did not occur. Yet the entire neurohypophyseal capillary bed filled upon injection with Microfil. These observations suggest the concept of a restricted arterial supply to the median eminence with drainage to the underlying adenohypophsis on one hand and to the infundibular process with drainage to the systemic circulation on the other must be modifed and that blood flow within the neurohypophyseal capillary bed (between infundibular process and median eminence) occurs.", "PMID": 404863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2832", "title": "Movement of the hyoid in frogs during feeding.", "content": "Feeding, breathing, and vocalization sequences of Bufo marinus were recorded by cineradiography. Results of film analysis indicate that the hyoid moves during all three behaviors. Movement of the hyoid is critical in tongue protrusion of frogs, and a biomechanical model of this action is presented. The hyoid appears to represent a compromise morphological system for three functions, rather than an optimal system for any one. This may explain, in part, the retention of a relatively inefficient breathing mechanism in frogs.", "contents": "Movement of the hyoid in frogs during feeding. Feeding, breathing, and vocalization sequences of Bufo marinus were recorded by cineradiography. Results of film analysis indicate that the hyoid moves during all three behaviors. Movement of the hyoid is critical in tongue protrusion of frogs, and a biomechanical model of this action is presented. The hyoid appears to represent a compromise morphological system for three functions, rather than an optimal system for any one. This may explain, in part, the retention of a relatively inefficient breathing mechanism in frogs.", "PMID": 404864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2833", "title": "Cholecystokinin and satiety in rats and rhesus monkeys.", "content": "When ingested food does not accumulate in the stomach or enter the small intestine, rats do not stop eating. Small amounts of food placed in the small intestine or intraperitoneal injections of the intestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) elicit the full behavioral display of satiety in these sham-feeding rats. In rhesus monkeys, intravenous infusions of CCK produce large, dose-related reductions in meal size. In addition, gastric preloads of calorically trivial amounts of l-phenylalanine, but not d-phenylalanine, produce large reductions in meal size, suggesting that: 1) endogenous CCK acts as a \"satiety signal,\" and 2) certain foods may be very efficient releasers of such a satiety signal. Whether the satiety effect of CCK is physiological in rats and monkeys or operates in humans has not been determined.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin and satiety in rats and rhesus monkeys. When ingested food does not accumulate in the stomach or enter the small intestine, rats do not stop eating. Small amounts of food placed in the small intestine or intraperitoneal injections of the intestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) elicit the full behavioral display of satiety in these sham-feeding rats. In rhesus monkeys, intravenous infusions of CCK produce large, dose-related reductions in meal size. In addition, gastric preloads of calorically trivial amounts of l-phenylalanine, but not d-phenylalanine, produce large reductions in meal size, suggesting that: 1) endogenous CCK acts as a \"satiety signal,\" and 2) certain foods may be very efficient releasers of such a satiety signal. Whether the satiety effect of CCK is physiological in rats and monkeys or operates in humans has not been determined.", "PMID": 404865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2834", "title": "Determination of factor VIII-related antigen using commercial antisera.", "content": "Commercially available antiserum to factor VIII was used in several tests to determine whether it might serve as a reference between research laboratories involved in investigation of the factor VIII complex and whether the antiserum might be useful in the screening of large populations of patients with hereditary disorders of factor VIII. In Ouchterlony plates, the antiserum gave a single line of identity with concentrated factor VIII, cryoprecipitate, and human plasma. The antiserum was capable of inhibiting the ristocetin response of normal platelets. Testing antigenic factor VIII by the Laurell technic with the commercial antiserum on plasmas from normal and stressed normal controls, patients with von Willebrand's disease, patients with hemophilia A, and obligate carriers of hemophilia A gave diagnostic and reproducible results.", "contents": "Determination of factor VIII-related antigen using commercial antisera. Commercially available antiserum to factor VIII was used in several tests to determine whether it might serve as a reference between research laboratories involved in investigation of the factor VIII complex and whether the antiserum might be useful in the screening of large populations of patients with hereditary disorders of factor VIII. In Ouchterlony plates, the antiserum gave a single line of identity with concentrated factor VIII, cryoprecipitate, and human plasma. The antiserum was capable of inhibiting the ristocetin response of normal platelets. Testing antigenic factor VIII by the Laurell technic with the commercial antiserum on plasmas from normal and stressed normal controls, patients with von Willebrand's disease, patients with hemophilia A, and obligate carriers of hemophilia A gave diagnostic and reproducible results.", "PMID": 404869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2835", "title": "An evaluation of the effectiveness of a telephone counseling center.", "content": "Three-thousand questionnaires were distributed to students on campus to identify a sample of actual telephone counseling center users and their ratings of the effectiveness of the help received and of the counselor. Ratings of help received and impact of counseling on life as it is today were considered for sex of caller and counselor across type of problem. A sample of 66 actual callers was identified who had used the service for personal problems at least once. Of male callers, 67% reported that telephone counseling helped at least somewhat, while 80% of female callers reported favorable results of telephone counseling. Female callers who talked with male counselors reported a significantly greater impact on their life than did the callers in any other caller/counselor sex interaction. Only one average rating of counseling effectiveness by problem type fell below the neutral rating. Results are presented as evidence for the effectiveness of paraprofessional counselors.", "contents": "An evaluation of the effectiveness of a telephone counseling center. Three-thousand questionnaires were distributed to students on campus to identify a sample of actual telephone counseling center users and their ratings of the effectiveness of the help received and of the counselor. Ratings of help received and impact of counseling on life as it is today were considered for sex of caller and counselor across type of problem. A sample of 66 actual callers was identified who had used the service for personal problems at least once. Of male callers, 67% reported that telephone counseling helped at least somewhat, while 80% of female callers reported favorable results of telephone counseling. Female callers who talked with male counselors reported a significantly greater impact on their life than did the callers in any other caller/counselor sex interaction. Only one average rating of counseling effectiveness by problem type fell below the neutral rating. Results are presented as evidence for the effectiveness of paraprofessional counselors.", "PMID": 404870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2836", "title": "Esophageal manometrics in patients with angina-like chest pain.", "content": "Fifty-eight patients with angina-like chest pain had esophageal manometric testing. Forty-three had no evidence of coronary artery disease at the time of referral or at subsequent contact; 15 patients were proven to have coronary artery disease. High-amplitude contraction waves were the most frequently found manometric abnormality (15 patients). Less frequent were increased duration of contractions, achalasia, and diffuse esophageal spasm; the latter was present in only 3 patients. An approach to the interpretation of information obtained during manometry is presented. Using this approach, the esophagus was strongly implicated as the cause of the pain in 20 patients and was suspect in 18 others. Seven patients had results that exonerated the esophagus, and in the 13 remaining individuals, the esophagus was probably not the offending organ.", "contents": "Esophageal manometrics in patients with angina-like chest pain. Fifty-eight patients with angina-like chest pain had esophageal manometric testing. Forty-three had no evidence of coronary artery disease at the time of referral or at subsequent contact; 15 patients were proven to have coronary artery disease. High-amplitude contraction waves were the most frequently found manometric abnormality (15 patients). Less frequent were increased duration of contractions, achalasia, and diffuse esophageal spasm; the latter was present in only 3 patients. An approach to the interpretation of information obtained during manometry is presented. Using this approach, the esophagus was strongly implicated as the cause of the pain in 20 patients and was suspect in 18 others. Seven patients had results that exonerated the esophagus, and in the 13 remaining individuals, the esophagus was probably not the offending organ.", "PMID": 404871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2837", "title": "Stress gastric bleeding. Prevention of experimental lesions by intravenous hyperalimentation.", "content": "Rats, weighing 125-150 gm., were restrained under a tight wire screen for one hour at 20degrees C and another hour at 4degrees C of ambient temperature. Animals receiving no infusions, or those receiving an intravenous solution of normal saline, developed 16 +/- 3 S.D. bleeding areas in their gastric mucosa. In contrast, in animals exposed to the same degree of stress who received intravenous hyperalimentation, the number of gastric stress bleeding areas counted was 4 +/- 2 S.D. These results demonstrate that the delivery of calories and protein in the form if intravenous hyperalimentation can significantly reduce the incidence of gastric stress bleeding in an experimental model (P less than .001).", "contents": "Stress gastric bleeding. Prevention of experimental lesions by intravenous hyperalimentation. Rats, weighing 125-150 gm., were restrained under a tight wire screen for one hour at 20degrees C and another hour at 4degrees C of ambient temperature. Animals receiving no infusions, or those receiving an intravenous solution of normal saline, developed 16 +/- 3 S.D. bleeding areas in their gastric mucosa. In contrast, in animals exposed to the same degree of stress who received intravenous hyperalimentation, the number of gastric stress bleeding areas counted was 4 +/- 2 S.D. These results demonstrate that the delivery of calories and protein in the form if intravenous hyperalimentation can significantly reduce the incidence of gastric stress bleeding in an experimental model (P less than .001).", "PMID": 404873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2838", "title": "Availability of insulin from parenteral nutrient solutions.", "content": "The effect of the following variables on insulin loss from total parenteral nutrient solutions was examined: (1) time of infusion sample; (2) insulin concentration; (3) amino acid or polypeptide source; (4) electrolytes and vitamins; (5) inline filters; (6) glass and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) infusion containers; and (7) human albumin. I125-tagged insulin was added to various parenteral nutrient solutions in liter containers. These solutions were prepared and drained to simulate actual clinical use. The drained solutions were collected and measured for radioactivity, and the percent of insulin remaining in the infusion container was calculated. Basic solutions of amino acids and protein hydrolysates in dextrose with 30 units of insulin failed to deliver approximately 44 to 47% of the added insulin. Varying the concentration of insulin had a small but statistically significant effect on the degree of insulin loss. The use of inline filters and PVC bags caused an even greater loss of insulin. The addition of albumin or electrolytes and vitamins decreased the insulin loss.", "contents": "Availability of insulin from parenteral nutrient solutions. The effect of the following variables on insulin loss from total parenteral nutrient solutions was examined: (1) time of infusion sample; (2) insulin concentration; (3) amino acid or polypeptide source; (4) electrolytes and vitamins; (5) inline filters; (6) glass and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) infusion containers; and (7) human albumin. I125-tagged insulin was added to various parenteral nutrient solutions in liter containers. These solutions were prepared and drained to simulate actual clinical use. The drained solutions were collected and measured for radioactivity, and the percent of insulin remaining in the infusion container was calculated. Basic solutions of amino acids and protein hydrolysates in dextrose with 30 units of insulin failed to deliver approximately 44 to 47% of the added insulin. Varying the concentration of insulin had a small but statistically significant effect on the degree of insulin loss. The use of inline filters and PVC bags caused an even greater loss of insulin. The addition of albumin or electrolytes and vitamins decreased the insulin loss.", "PMID": 404875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2839", "title": "Political aspects of budgeting in hospitals.", "content": "The political nature of the hospital budgetary process and the pharmacist's participation in that process are discussed. Among the political factors discussed are personal considerations, development of confidence among other officials, institutional-philosophical considerations, demographic pressures and information.", "contents": "Political aspects of budgeting in hospitals. The political nature of the hospital budgetary process and the pharmacist's participation in that process are discussed. Among the political factors discussed are personal considerations, development of confidence among other officials, institutional-philosophical considerations, demographic pressures and information.", "PMID": 404876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2840", "title": "Group Y meningococcal disease in United States Air Force recruits.", "content": "Between 1971 and 1974, group Y meningococcal disease developed in 88 Air Force recruits; 68 had primary bacterial pneumonia. None of the patients with primary pneumonia had the stigmata of meningococcemia or meningitis. Patients with pneumonia responded well to small doses of parenteral penicillin. Ten patients had meningococcemia, and six had meningitis. Pneumonia, therefore, predominated over meningococcemia and meningitis 4:1. Skin lesions were rare in patients with meningococcemia but frequent in those with meningitis; otherwise, these clinical syndromes were similar to group B and C meningococcal disease. There was only one death, a patient with known preexisting leukopenia.", "contents": "Group Y meningococcal disease in United States Air Force recruits. Between 1971 and 1974, group Y meningococcal disease developed in 88 Air Force recruits; 68 had primary bacterial pneumonia. None of the patients with primary pneumonia had the stigmata of meningococcemia or meningitis. Patients with pneumonia responded well to small doses of parenteral penicillin. Ten patients had meningococcemia, and six had meningitis. Pneumonia, therefore, predominated over meningococcemia and meningitis 4:1. Skin lesions were rare in patients with meningococcemia but frequent in those with meningitis; otherwise, these clinical syndromes were similar to group B and C meningococcal disease. There was only one death, a patient with known preexisting leukopenia.", "PMID": 404877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2841", "title": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in a dialysis unit. 1. Recognition of cases, epidemiologic studies and attempts at control.", "content": "Infections commonly occur in patients undergoing dialysis and have been related to diminished host resistance of uremic patients, the arteriovenous fistulas and bacteriologic contamination of dialysis fluids. The occurrence of four cases of bacteremia due to Pseudomonas, three of which were type 7, and the presence of this serotype in the dialysis fluids suggested an important association between infection and growth of bacteria in the fluids. Attempts to reduce levels of bacteria in the dialysis fluid were unsuccessful using dialysate free of glucose in clinical trial, despite in vitro studies demonstrating poor growth of Pseudomonas in this medium. A filter placed with the recirculating system was only partially successful. The second paper of this series traces the portal of entry of bacteria from dialysate to the blood through reutilized coils.", "contents": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in a dialysis unit. 1. Recognition of cases, epidemiologic studies and attempts at control. Infections commonly occur in patients undergoing dialysis and have been related to diminished host resistance of uremic patients, the arteriovenous fistulas and bacteriologic contamination of dialysis fluids. The occurrence of four cases of bacteremia due to Pseudomonas, three of which were type 7, and the presence of this serotype in the dialysis fluids suggested an important association between infection and growth of bacteria in the fluids. Attempts to reduce levels of bacteria in the dialysis fluid were unsuccessful using dialysate free of glucose in clinical trial, despite in vitro studies demonstrating poor growth of Pseudomonas in this medium. A filter placed with the recirculating system was only partially successful. The second paper of this series traces the portal of entry of bacteria from dialysate to the blood through reutilized coils.", "PMID": 404878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2842", "title": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in a dialysis unit. 11. Relationship to reuse of coils.", "content": "Blood for culture was obtained over a six week period from 17 patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Bacteremia was detected during 18 of 201 dialyses. Blood drawn during fifteen of these dialyses contained pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ten of the 17 patients (59 per cent) had a Pseudomonas bacteremia some time during the study. Only one patient was symptomatic. The frequency of positive cultures was related to reuse of coils. No cultures were positive until after the fifth use, but by the tenth use, 41 per cent of the dialyses were associated with bacteremia. All coils that were used repeatedly and 32 of 48 of those used only once, grew Ps. aeruginosa when filled with media and incubated. This suggests that the coils were inoculated during dialysis and that benzalkonium chloride, the sterilizing agent, was unable to eradicate this organism.  With repeated uses, the number of residual bacteria in the coil became large enough to cause detectable bacteremia during dialysis.", "contents": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in a dialysis unit. 11. Relationship to reuse of coils. Blood for culture was obtained over a six week period from 17 patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Bacteremia was detected during 18 of 201 dialyses. Blood drawn during fifteen of these dialyses contained pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ten of the 17 patients (59 per cent) had a Pseudomonas bacteremia some time during the study. Only one patient was symptomatic. The frequency of positive cultures was related to reuse of coils. No cultures were positive until after the fifth use, but by the tenth use, 41 per cent of the dialyses were associated with bacteremia. All coils that were used repeatedly and 32 of 48 of those used only once, grew Ps. aeruginosa when filled with media and incubated. This suggests that the coils were inoculated during dialysis and that benzalkonium chloride, the sterilizing agent, was unable to eradicate this organism.  With repeated uses, the number of residual bacteria in the coil became large enough to cause detectable bacteremia during dialysis.", "PMID": 404879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2843", "title": "Effect of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone on ovulation in baboons.", "content": "Twice daily oral thyrotropin-releasing hormone administered to female baboons throughout the menstrual cycle had no significant influence on cycle length or upon estrogen levels but produced blunted midcycle LH peaks and luteal phase progesterone levels in three fourths of the treatment cycles. Mean plasma prolactin levels were increased approximately 2.5-fold relative to untreated, ovulatory control cycles. CB-154 alone did not alter cycle length or endocrine parameters examined (mean prolactin levels were decreased but not significantly). Cycles during which CB-154 was administered concomitantly with TRH were characterized by normal ovulation as evidenced by luteal phase progesterone levels. Since the effect on LH secretion was reversed by concomitant CB-154 administration, TRH-induced anovulation in animals given long-term treatment appeared to be mediated through physiologic mechanisms sensitive to elevated circulating prolactin levels. However, this conclusion must be considered equivocal since prolactin levels were also elevated during ovulatory cycles following long-term TRH therapy. Finally, these data do no exclude the alternative possibility that anovulation in baboons given long-term TRH treatment was a reflection of thyroid disturbance and not directly attributable to elevated prolactin.", "contents": "Effect of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone on ovulation in baboons. Twice daily oral thyrotropin-releasing hormone administered to female baboons throughout the menstrual cycle had no significant influence on cycle length or upon estrogen levels but produced blunted midcycle LH peaks and luteal phase progesterone levels in three fourths of the treatment cycles. Mean plasma prolactin levels were increased approximately 2.5-fold relative to untreated, ovulatory control cycles. CB-154 alone did not alter cycle length or endocrine parameters examined (mean prolactin levels were decreased but not significantly). Cycles during which CB-154 was administered concomitantly with TRH were characterized by normal ovulation as evidenced by luteal phase progesterone levels. Since the effect on LH secretion was reversed by concomitant CB-154 administration, TRH-induced anovulation in animals given long-term treatment appeared to be mediated through physiologic mechanisms sensitive to elevated circulating prolactin levels. However, this conclusion must be considered equivocal since prolactin levels were also elevated during ovulatory cycles following long-term TRH therapy. Finally, these data do no exclude the alternative possibility that anovulation in baboons given long-term TRH treatment was a reflection of thyroid disturbance and not directly attributable to elevated prolactin.", "PMID": 404881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2844", "title": "Chromosomes of lemuriformes. II. Chromosome polymorphism in Lemur fulvus collaris (E. Geoffroy 1812).", "content": "Two previously unreported diploid numbers, 2N = 50 and 2N = 51, from five individual Lemur fulvus collaris are described. In both chromosome complements, the nombre fondamental is 64. The 2N = 50 complement is composed of 7 pairs of bi-armed chromosomes, 17 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes with small short arms, and acrocentric sex chromosomes. The 2N = 51 complement is identical with these exceptions: Only one member equivalent to bi-armed pair 6 of L.f. collaris (2N = 50) is present, and two extra acrocentrics are found in the 2N = 51 complement. G-banding analyses suggest that these chromosomes are a heteromorphic pair of the Robertsonian type. This conculsion is supported by evidence from studies of meiotic pairing relationships of the three chromosomes and the complements of hybrids resulting from interspecific matings. Comparison of the 2N = 50 and 2N = 51 complements with a published 2N = 48 complement suggests that these new karyotypes do not provide a lineal link between the 2N = 52 and 2N = 48 karyotypes (Rumpler, Y., and R. Albignac 1969 C.R. Soc. Biol., 163: 1989-1992).", "contents": "Chromosomes of lemuriformes. II. Chromosome polymorphism in Lemur fulvus collaris (E. Geoffroy 1812). Two previously unreported diploid numbers, 2N = 50 and 2N = 51, from five individual Lemur fulvus collaris are described. In both chromosome complements, the nombre fondamental is 64. The 2N = 50 complement is composed of 7 pairs of bi-armed chromosomes, 17 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes with small short arms, and acrocentric sex chromosomes. The 2N = 51 complement is identical with these exceptions: Only one member equivalent to bi-armed pair 6 of L.f. collaris (2N = 50) is present, and two extra acrocentrics are found in the 2N = 51 complement. G-banding analyses suggest that these chromosomes are a heteromorphic pair of the Robertsonian type. This conculsion is supported by evidence from studies of meiotic pairing relationships of the three chromosomes and the complements of hybrids resulting from interspecific matings. Comparison of the 2N = 50 and 2N = 51 complements with a published 2N = 48 complement suggests that these new karyotypes do not provide a lineal link between the 2N = 52 and 2N = 48 karyotypes (Rumpler, Y., and R. Albignac 1969 C.R. Soc. Biol., 163: 1989-1992).", "PMID": 404882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2845", "title": "A study of the taxonomic significance of the dental arch.", "content": "Sixteen dimensions were measured from the maxillary and mandibular dental arches of different ethnic groups of man, apes and monkeys. Multivariate analysis showed that discrimination was possible among the ethnic groups of man on the one hand and between the ape and monkey samples on the other. Nevertheless, the actual degree of discrimination between the primate samples depended upon whether the maxillary or mandibular arch dimensions were analysed. Furthermore, subsequent inclusion of the dental arch dimensions of fossil hominoid samples into the analysis confirmed the taxonomic significance of the dental arch, although its importance must await the acquisition of the more non-human primate data.", "contents": "A study of the taxonomic significance of the dental arch. Sixteen dimensions were measured from the maxillary and mandibular dental arches of different ethnic groups of man, apes and monkeys. Multivariate analysis showed that discrimination was possible among the ethnic groups of man on the one hand and between the ape and monkey samples on the other. Nevertheless, the actual degree of discrimination between the primate samples depended upon whether the maxillary or mandibular arch dimensions were analysed. Furthermore, subsequent inclusion of the dental arch dimensions of fossil hominoid samples into the analysis confirmed the taxonomic significance of the dental arch, although its importance must await the acquisition of the more non-human primate data.", "PMID": 404883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2846", "title": "Functional implications of primate enamel thickness.", "content": "Recent evolutionary interpretations of Hominoidea have postulated functional relationships between tooth form, diet and masticatory biomechanics. A major consideration is the durability of the tooth under certain dietary conditions. Teeth with low cusps and thicker enamel are able to withstand heavy mastication of abrasive food bolus for a longer period. When comparisons are made between species of higher primates the variables of tooth size, cusp morphology, and enamel thickness appear to be related but until now no systematic analysis has been made to determine the functional relevance of several dental dimensions. This study provides data gained from comparisons of dentition of nine species of primates. Histological sections were made of the post canine teeth and 21 dimensions were compared. The relevant dimensions identified serve to withstand dental wear. The distribution of thicker enamel corresponded to the observed wear planes. Humans had thicker enamel than pongids while the macaque had the thinnest. These preliminary results tend to support theories which explain low, thick, enameled cusps in hominids.", "contents": "Functional implications of primate enamel thickness. Recent evolutionary interpretations of Hominoidea have postulated functional relationships between tooth form, diet and masticatory biomechanics. A major consideration is the durability of the tooth under certain dietary conditions. Teeth with low cusps and thicker enamel are able to withstand heavy mastication of abrasive food bolus for a longer period. When comparisons are made between species of higher primates the variables of tooth size, cusp morphology, and enamel thickness appear to be related but until now no systematic analysis has been made to determine the functional relevance of several dental dimensions. This study provides data gained from comparisons of dentition of nine species of primates. Histological sections were made of the post canine teeth and 21 dimensions were compared. The relevant dimensions identified serve to withstand dental wear. The distribution of thicker enamel corresponded to the observed wear planes. Humans had thicker enamel than pongids while the macaque had the thinnest. These preliminary results tend to support theories which explain low, thick, enameled cusps in hominids.", "PMID": 404884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2847", "title": "Gingival eruption sequences of permanent teeth in early hominids.", "content": "Gingival eruption of the permanent teeth of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and early Homo, diagnosed from enamel scratches and facets, is similar save for two sequences: eruption of the canines relative to the premolars which may be sexually dimorphic; and agenesis of M3 with delayed eruption of M2, first seen in Homo at two million years. Gingival eruption sequences are similar also for early and modern Homo, except that in some individuals today M3, M2, M1 and I2 take longer to form and emerge through the gingiva as functioning teeth. Probably, from two million years to the present in the evolutionary history of Homo dental development slowed-down. More and more of ontogeny has been taken over for eruption.", "contents": "Gingival eruption sequences of permanent teeth in early hominids. Gingival eruption of the permanent teeth of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and early Homo, diagnosed from enamel scratches and facets, is similar save for two sequences: eruption of the canines relative to the premolars which may be sexually dimorphic; and agenesis of M3 with delayed eruption of M2, first seen in Homo at two million years. Gingival eruption sequences are similar also for early and modern Homo, except that in some individuals today M3, M2, M1 and I2 take longer to form and emerge through the gingiva as functioning teeth. Probably, from two million years to the present in the evolutionary history of Homo dental development slowed-down. More and more of ontogeny has been taken over for eruption.", "PMID": 404885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2848", "title": "Effects of 3'-deoxycytidine on rRNA synthesis in toad bladder: analysis of response to aldosterone.", "content": "Previous studies showed that aldosterone augments transepithelial active Na+ transport and the incorporation of [3H]uridine into polyadenylated RNA (poly(A)(+)-RNA) (putatively mRNA) early in the latent period. Soon thereafter, incorporation of [methyl-14C] groups, as well as [3H]uridine into rRNA is also increased. To evaluate the role of rRNA in mineralocorticoid action, the inhibitor 3'-deoxycytidine was used in studies on the urinary bladder of the toad Bufo marinus. 3'-deoxycytidine suppressed the incorporation of [methyl-14C] and [3H]uridine into nuclear precursors of rRNA and subunits of cytoplasmic rRNA. In contrast, 3'-deoxycytidine inhibited incorporation of ]3H]uridine into cytoplasmic poly(A)(+)-RNA minimally. In control experiments, 3'-deoxycytidine had no significant effect on Na+ transport, measured as the short-circuit current (scc), when given alone. 3'-Deoxycytidine also had no significant effect on the aldosterone-dependent increase in scc. In the presence of 3'-deoxycytidine, aldosterone enhanced both the scc and the incorporation of [3H]uridine into poly(A)(+)-RNA significantly. We conclude that during the first 3 h, the mineralocorticoid action of aldosterone is not sensitive to inhibition of rRNA synthesis. Previous studies, however, implicate mRNA synthesis in this early response.", "contents": "Effects of 3'-deoxycytidine on rRNA synthesis in toad bladder: analysis of response to aldosterone. Previous studies showed that aldosterone augments transepithelial active Na+ transport and the incorporation of [3H]uridine into polyadenylated RNA (poly(A)(+)-RNA) (putatively mRNA) early in the latent period. Soon thereafter, incorporation of [methyl-14C] groups, as well as [3H]uridine into rRNA is also increased. To evaluate the role of rRNA in mineralocorticoid action, the inhibitor 3'-deoxycytidine was used in studies on the urinary bladder of the toad Bufo marinus. 3'-deoxycytidine suppressed the incorporation of [methyl-14C] and [3H]uridine into nuclear precursors of rRNA and subunits of cytoplasmic rRNA. In contrast, 3'-deoxycytidine inhibited incorporation of ]3H]uridine into cytoplasmic poly(A)(+)-RNA minimally. In control experiments, 3'-deoxycytidine had no significant effect on Na+ transport, measured as the short-circuit current (scc), when given alone. 3'-Deoxycytidine also had no significant effect on the aldosterone-dependent increase in scc. In the presence of 3'-deoxycytidine, aldosterone enhanced both the scc and the incorporation of [3H]uridine into poly(A)(+)-RNA significantly. We conclude that during the first 3 h, the mineralocorticoid action of aldosterone is not sensitive to inhibition of rRNA synthesis. Previous studies, however, implicate mRNA synthesis in this early response.", "PMID": 404886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2849", "title": "Modifications of glass microelectrodes: a self-filling and a semifloating glass microelectrode.", "content": "A simple and inexpensive method for constructing a double capillary was developed for preparing a self-filling glass microelectrode. The modified method uses a thin capillary instead of a bundle of glass fibers and fuses it to the outer capillary wall with flame before pulling the latter with a puller. The validity of the new electrode was proven by measuring the proximal cell PD of the rat kidney slices (mean of the stable cell PDs lasting longer than 30 min,--69 mV). A semifloating electrode was modified from the original floating electrode to be applicable to the in vivo kidney preparation whose pulsatile and respiratory movements had hindered yielding a stable cell PD. This electrode is constructed simply by replacing the shaft of the Ling-Gerard glass microelectrode with a length of flexible silcone-rubber tubing. The cell PD recorded by this electrode is found to be more stable and can withstand minor tissue distortion in mammalian kidney cells in vivo and also in such a contractile tissue as the secretory coil of the eccrine sweat gland.", "contents": "Modifications of glass microelectrodes: a self-filling and a semifloating glass microelectrode. A simple and inexpensive method for constructing a double capillary was developed for preparing a self-filling glass microelectrode. The modified method uses a thin capillary instead of a bundle of glass fibers and fuses it to the outer capillary wall with flame before pulling the latter with a puller. The validity of the new electrode was proven by measuring the proximal cell PD of the rat kidney slices (mean of the stable cell PDs lasting longer than 30 min,--69 mV). A semifloating electrode was modified from the original floating electrode to be applicable to the in vivo kidney preparation whose pulsatile and respiratory movements had hindered yielding a stable cell PD. This electrode is constructed simply by replacing the shaft of the Ling-Gerard glass microelectrode with a length of flexible silcone-rubber tubing. The cell PD recorded by this electrode is found to be more stable and can withstand minor tissue distortion in mammalian kidney cells in vivo and also in such a contractile tissue as the secretory coil of the eccrine sweat gland.", "PMID": 404887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2850", "title": "Role of glucagon in mediating metabolic effects of epinephrine.", "content": "In order to separate direct effects of epinephrine on fuel metabolism from those mediated by glucagon, epinephrine (0.1 microng/kg-min) was infused for 120 min in 18- and 65-h fasted, nonanesthetized baboons with and without a concomitant somatostatin infusion. At both stages of fasting, epinephrine stimulated glucagon, secretion, and this was blocked by somatostatin. At 18 h, with epinephrine alone, glucose rose early and remained elevated throughout the infusion. In the glycogen-depleted 65-h fasted animals, there was attenuation of the early glucose rise, with glucose reaching a maximum level at 100-120 min. With somatostatin blockade of glucagon release in the 18-h fasted animals, a pattern of attenuated early glucose rise similar to that of the 65-h fasted animals occurred. Somatostatin also inhibited this early glycogenolytic response when the epinephrine dose was increased fivefold. The behavior of FFA, glycerol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate was unchanged by the addition of somatostatin to epinephrine at either stage of fasting. Thus, glucagon mediates the early glycogenolytic response to epinephrine, but not the delayed hyperglycemia and probably not the lipolysis.", "contents": "Role of glucagon in mediating metabolic effects of epinephrine. In order to separate direct effects of epinephrine on fuel metabolism from those mediated by glucagon, epinephrine (0.1 microng/kg-min) was infused for 120 min in 18- and 65-h fasted, nonanesthetized baboons with and without a concomitant somatostatin infusion. At both stages of fasting, epinephrine stimulated glucagon, secretion, and this was blocked by somatostatin. At 18 h, with epinephrine alone, glucose rose early and remained elevated throughout the infusion. In the glycogen-depleted 65-h fasted animals, there was attenuation of the early glucose rise, with glucose reaching a maximum level at 100-120 min. With somatostatin blockade of glucagon release in the 18-h fasted animals, a pattern of attenuated early glucose rise similar to that of the 65-h fasted animals occurred. Somatostatin also inhibited this early glycogenolytic response when the epinephrine dose was increased fivefold. The behavior of FFA, glycerol, and beta-hydroxybutyrate was unchanged by the addition of somatostatin to epinephrine at either stage of fasting. Thus, glucagon mediates the early glycogenolytic response to epinephrine, but not the delayed hyperglycemia and probably not the lipolysis.", "PMID": 404888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2851", "title": "Baroreflexive depression of oxygen consumption in the squirrel monkey at 10 degrees C.", "content": "Unanesthetized squirrel monkeys exposed to an ambient temperature of 10 degrees C showed elevations in total body oxygen consumption (VO2), arterial blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) above values recorded at 28 degrees C. Further elevation of BP in the cold by intravenous infusion of phenylephrine was accompanied by immediate reduction in VO2, inhibition of shivering, and decrease in rectal temperature, as well as immediate reduction in HR. The magnitude of reduction in VO2 correlated with the magnitude of the concomitant baroreflexive bradycardia. When the pressor effects of phenylephrine were opposed by administration of diazoxide or phentolamine, the inhibitory effects of phenylephrine on both HR and VO2 were abolished. In animals previously subjected to bilateral sinoaortic denervation, both the bradycardia and depression in oxygen consumption normally associated with BP elevation were markedly reduced. These results suggest that elevation of blood pressuere can inhibit the thermoregulatory increase in total body oxygen consumption normally produced by cold exposure, and that this inhibition, like the concomitant bradycardia, is probably mediated via the sinoaortic baroreceptors.", "contents": "Baroreflexive depression of oxygen consumption in the squirrel monkey at 10 degrees C. Unanesthetized squirrel monkeys exposed to an ambient temperature of 10 degrees C showed elevations in total body oxygen consumption (VO2), arterial blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) above values recorded at 28 degrees C. Further elevation of BP in the cold by intravenous infusion of phenylephrine was accompanied by immediate reduction in VO2, inhibition of shivering, and decrease in rectal temperature, as well as immediate reduction in HR. The magnitude of reduction in VO2 correlated with the magnitude of the concomitant baroreflexive bradycardia. When the pressor effects of phenylephrine were opposed by administration of diazoxide or phentolamine, the inhibitory effects of phenylephrine on both HR and VO2 were abolished. In animals previously subjected to bilateral sinoaortic denervation, both the bradycardia and depression in oxygen consumption normally associated with BP elevation were markedly reduced. These results suggest that elevation of blood pressuere can inhibit the thermoregulatory increase in total body oxygen consumption normally produced by cold exposure, and that this inhibition, like the concomitant bradycardia, is probably mediated via the sinoaortic baroreceptors.", "PMID": 404889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2852", "title": "Elevation of arterial blood pressure in the squirrel monkey at 10 degrees C.", "content": "Systemic arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and total body oxygen consumption were measured in seven unanesthetized squirrel monkeys exposed to ambient temperatures of 28 degrees C and 10 degrees C. At 28 degrees C, subjects sat quietly, the average mean arterial blood pressure was 116 +/- 16 (mean +/- SD, n - 7) mmHg, heart rate was 274 +/- 31 beats/min, and oxygen consumption was 14 +/- 1.4 ml/kg-min. At 10 degrees C, the animals shivered vigorously, the average mean arterial blood pressure was 139 +/- 16 mmHg, heart rate was 328 +/- 18 beats/min, and oxygen consumption was 31.6 +/- 3.9 ml/kg-min. Thus, the oxygen consumption more than doubled, the blood pressure rose by approximately 21%, and the heart rate by approximately 20%. Elevations in heart rate as well as systemic mean arterial blood pressure during exposure to low ambient temperature were probably mediated by sympathetic-adrenal discharges as well as by activity of skeletal muscles.", "contents": "Elevation of arterial blood pressure in the squirrel monkey at 10 degrees C. Systemic arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and total body oxygen consumption were measured in seven unanesthetized squirrel monkeys exposed to ambient temperatures of 28 degrees C and 10 degrees C. At 28 degrees C, subjects sat quietly, the average mean arterial blood pressure was 116 +/- 16 (mean +/- SD, n - 7) mmHg, heart rate was 274 +/- 31 beats/min, and oxygen consumption was 14 +/- 1.4 ml/kg-min. At 10 degrees C, the animals shivered vigorously, the average mean arterial blood pressure was 139 +/- 16 mmHg, heart rate was 328 +/- 18 beats/min, and oxygen consumption was 31.6 +/- 3.9 ml/kg-min. Thus, the oxygen consumption more than doubled, the blood pressure rose by approximately 21%, and the heart rate by approximately 20%. Elevations in heart rate as well as systemic mean arterial blood pressure during exposure to low ambient temperature were probably mediated by sympathetic-adrenal discharges as well as by activity of skeletal muscles.", "PMID": 404890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2853", "title": "Renal cyst puncture and aspiration: a survey of complications.", "content": "Complications of cyst puncture and aspiration were analyzed in a survey of 5,674 cases reported by 84 institutions. The mean incidence of major complications was 1.4%. For institutions with extensive experience, the incidence of major complications was 0.75%. Minor complications occurred in probably 10% of all patients but were only detectable at institutions undertaking routine followup. Flexible and malleable equipment for puncture lessened the risk of major complications. Approach to lesions in the upper poles of the kidneys via an oblique pathway using fluoroscopic or ultrasound guidance decreased the risk of pneumothorax compared to direct introduction of the needle through the ultrasound transducer. The incidence of complications did not correlate with number of puncture attempts, gauge of puncture equipment utilized, or completeness of cyst evacuation.", "contents": "Renal cyst puncture and aspiration: a survey of complications. Complications of cyst puncture and aspiration were analyzed in a survey of 5,674 cases reported by 84 institutions. The mean incidence of major complications was 1.4%. For institutions with extensive experience, the incidence of major complications was 0.75%. Minor complications occurred in probably 10% of all patients but were only detectable at institutions undertaking routine followup. Flexible and malleable equipment for puncture lessened the risk of major complications. Approach to lesions in the upper poles of the kidneys via an oblique pathway using fluoroscopic or ultrasound guidance decreased the risk of pneumothorax compared to direct introduction of the needle through the ultrasound transducer. The incidence of complications did not correlate with number of puncture attempts, gauge of puncture equipment utilized, or completeness of cyst evacuation.", "PMID": 404891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2854", "title": "Angiographic patterns of posttraumatic renal scarring.", "content": "Evaluation of 19 patients with a history of renal trauma revealed three angiographic features helper in the diagnosis of posttraumatic renal scarring: (1) a cup-shaped renal contour defect characterized by smooth margins, infolding of the renal cortex, and extension of the calyces to the edge of the defect; (2) occlusion of an extra- or intrarenal artery associated with a distal avascular zone of infarction; and (3) a grossly heterogeneous nephrogram characterized by scattered islands of renal tissue separated by broad or narrow avascular scars. Limited pathologic correlation suggests that the cup-shaped contour defect reflects subcapsular hemorrhage and that the mottled, heterogeneous nephrogram reflects a shattered kidney.", "contents": "Angiographic patterns of posttraumatic renal scarring. Evaluation of 19 patients with a history of renal trauma revealed three angiographic features helper in the diagnosis of posttraumatic renal scarring: (1) a cup-shaped renal contour defect characterized by smooth margins, infolding of the renal cortex, and extension of the calyces to the edge of the defect; (2) occlusion of an extra- or intrarenal artery associated with a distal avascular zone of infarction; and (3) a grossly heterogeneous nephrogram characterized by scattered islands of renal tissue separated by broad or narrow avascular scars. Limited pathologic correlation suggests that the cup-shaped contour defect reflects subcapsular hemorrhage and that the mottled, heterogeneous nephrogram reflects a shattered kidney.", "PMID": 404892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2855", "title": "Advantage of intraarterial over intravenous vasopressin infusion in gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "content": "Recent laboratory data have suggested equivalent therapeutic value of selective intraarterial or peripheral intravenous infusions of vasopressin in the control of gastrointestinal bleeding. However, recent experience in two clinical cases continues to support a therapeutic advantage of the selective intraarterial route and casts doubt on the applicability of the laboratory results to man. Until further data is accumulated, it is premature to discard the presumed therapeutic advantage of the selective intraarterial infusion of vasopressin.", "contents": "Advantage of intraarterial over intravenous vasopressin infusion in gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Recent laboratory data have suggested equivalent therapeutic value of selective intraarterial or peripheral intravenous infusions of vasopressin in the control of gastrointestinal bleeding. However, recent experience in two clinical cases continues to support a therapeutic advantage of the selective intraarterial route and casts doubt on the applicability of the laboratory results to man. Until further data is accumulated, it is premature to discard the presumed therapeutic advantage of the selective intraarterial infusion of vasopressin.", "PMID": 404893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2856", "title": "Intraarterial analgesia in peripheral arteriography.", "content": "A pilot study involving 36 patients was undertaken to test the efficacy of combining 1% lidocaine with 60% methylglucamine iothalamate for relief of the severe burning pain often experienced during peripheral arteriography. Of 24 patients premedicated with meperidine hydrochloride and promethazine hydrochloride, 12 received lidocaine with the contrast medium and 12 did not. The remaining 12 patients were premedicated with diazepam and received lidocaine with the contrast material. By both subjective and objective criteria, those patients receiving lidocaine in the intraarterial injection of contrast medium suffered less pain. Optimum results were achieved for the lidocaine group receiving analgesic premedication. No adverse reactions attributable to the lidocaine were encountered. Subsequent to completion of the pilot study, more than 300 patients have been studied with similar impressive results of pain relief and safety.", "contents": "Intraarterial analgesia in peripheral arteriography. A pilot study involving 36 patients was undertaken to test the efficacy of combining 1% lidocaine with 60% methylglucamine iothalamate for relief of the severe burning pain often experienced during peripheral arteriography. Of 24 patients premedicated with meperidine hydrochloride and promethazine hydrochloride, 12 received lidocaine with the contrast medium and 12 did not. The remaining 12 patients were premedicated with diazepam and received lidocaine with the contrast material. By both subjective and objective criteria, those patients receiving lidocaine in the intraarterial injection of contrast medium suffered less pain. Optimum results were achieved for the lidocaine group receiving analgesic premedication. No adverse reactions attributable to the lidocaine were encountered. Subsequent to completion of the pilot study, more than 300 patients have been studied with similar impressive results of pain relief and safety.", "PMID": 404894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2857", "title": "Cholangiopancreatography and pancreatic cytology in carcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "Twenty-three histologically proved cases of carcinoma of the pancreas were investigated preoperatively with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and cytologic examination of pure pancreatic juice collected after secretin stimulation. In 12 cases in which radiology was highly suggestive of carcinoma, cytology confirmed the result in seven. When radiologic findings were equivocal, cytology was helpful in two of six cases. Cytology was most helpful in the patients in whom no diagnosis could be reached radiologically due to tumor invasion of the structures adjacent to the papilla. Malignant cells were found in all cases.", "contents": "Cholangiopancreatography and pancreatic cytology in carcinoma of the pancreas. Twenty-three histologically proved cases of carcinoma of the pancreas were investigated preoperatively with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and cytologic examination of pure pancreatic juice collected after secretin stimulation. In 12 cases in which radiology was highly suggestive of carcinoma, cytology confirmed the result in seven. When radiologic findings were equivocal, cytology was helpful in two of six cases. Cytology was most helpful in the patients in whom no diagnosis could be reached radiologically due to tumor invasion of the structures adjacent to the papilla. Malignant cells were found in all cases.", "PMID": 404895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2858", "title": "Radiologic manifestations of esophageal lymphoma.", "content": "Eight cases of esophageal lymphoma are presented. Contiguous involvement of the distal esophagus and stomach with narrowing and/or nodularity was the most common esophageal abnormality. Other appearances noted were an ulcerated mass, multiple submucosal nodules, and a pattern simulating varices. The spectrum of radiologic appearances with esophageal lymphoma is similar to lymphomatous involvement in the remainder of the gastroinestinal tract.", "contents": "Radiologic manifestations of esophageal lymphoma. Eight cases of esophageal lymphoma are presented. Contiguous involvement of the distal esophagus and stomach with narrowing and/or nodularity was the most common esophageal abnormality. Other appearances noted were an ulcerated mass, multiple submucosal nodules, and a pattern simulating varices. The spectrum of radiologic appearances with esophageal lymphoma is similar to lymphomatous involvement in the remainder of the gastroinestinal tract.", "PMID": 404896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2859", "title": "Retrograde prolapse of the lleocecal valve.", "content": "Retrograde prolapse of the ileocecal valve results when redundant mucosa produces prominent lips of the ileocecal valve. The prominent valve produces a filling defect within the cecum. With manual palpation or hydrostatic pressure of the barium column, this prominent ileocecal valve then prolapses in a retrograde fashion to produce a tapered defect of the terminal ileum. The pliable changing nature of this lesion is characteristic of a benign condition, and this combination of radiographic findings is pathognomonic of this normal variant. Two cases are reported with documentation by surgery and colonoscopy..", "contents": "Retrograde prolapse of the lleocecal valve. Retrograde prolapse of the ileocecal valve results when redundant mucosa produces prominent lips of the ileocecal valve. The prominent valve produces a filling defect within the cecum. With manual palpation or hydrostatic pressure of the barium column, this prominent ileocecal valve then prolapses in a retrograde fashion to produce a tapered defect of the terminal ileum. The pliable changing nature of this lesion is characteristic of a benign condition, and this combination of radiographic findings is pathognomonic of this normal variant. Two cases are reported with documentation by surgery and colonoscopy..", "PMID": 404897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2860", "title": "Computed tomography of abdominal paraaortic lymph node disease: preliminary observations with a 6 second scanner.", "content": "Eleven patients suspected of having tumor involving para-aortic lymph nodes were studied with the Varian 6 second whole body CT scanner. All patients had a pedal lymphangiogram; six were abnormal. In three of these six, CT provided clinically important information on the extent of disease which was not detectable by other radiographic studies. CT scanning improved on lymphangiographic interpretation when large bulky nodes were only partially filled and when whole chains of nodes failed to fill. In both situations, the enlarged paraaortic nodes were well delineated on CT. The internal architecture and morphological abnormalities of small well filled nodes were better portrayed by lymphangiography. In the four cases in which lymphangiograms were normal and the one case in which the lymphangiogram showed reactive hyperplasia, the CT scans were normal.", "contents": "Computed tomography of abdominal paraaortic lymph node disease: preliminary observations with a 6 second scanner. Eleven patients suspected of having tumor involving para-aortic lymph nodes were studied with the Varian 6 second whole body CT scanner. All patients had a pedal lymphangiogram; six were abnormal. In three of these six, CT provided clinically important information on the extent of disease which was not detectable by other radiographic studies. CT scanning improved on lymphangiographic interpretation when large bulky nodes were only partially filled and when whole chains of nodes failed to fill. In both situations, the enlarged paraaortic nodes were well delineated on CT. The internal architecture and morphological abnormalities of small well filled nodes were better portrayed by lymphangiography. In the four cases in which lymphangiograms were normal and the one case in which the lymphangiogram showed reactive hyperplasia, the CT scans were normal.", "PMID": 404898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2861", "title": "Computed tomography and obstructive biliary disease.", "content": "Forty-four patients with confirmed biliary diseases were studied to determine the value of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of biliary pathology. The results indicate that CT is useful and highly accurate in differentiating between obstructive (surgical) and nonobstructive (medical) disease entities. Of the cases with proved obstruction, 88% were correctly identified. All of the nonobstructive cases had positive CT correlation. In addition, the underlying cause of the occlusion was determined in the majority of cases.", "contents": "Computed tomography and obstructive biliary disease. Forty-four patients with confirmed biliary diseases were studied to determine the value of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of biliary pathology. The results indicate that CT is useful and highly accurate in differentiating between obstructive (surgical) and nonobstructive (medical) disease entities. Of the cases with proved obstruction, 88% were correctly identified. All of the nonobstructive cases had positive CT correlation. In addition, the underlying cause of the occlusion was determined in the majority of cases.", "PMID": 404899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2862", "title": "Serial scintigraphy of choledochal cysts using 131I-rose bengal and 131I-bromsulphalein.", "content": "Nine cases of congenital choledochal cysts are reported which were correctly diagnosed by 131I-rose bengal or 131I-bromsulphalein (BSP) serial scintigraphy. They were classified by scintigraphic patterns into two types depending on whether biliary obstruction was complete or incomplete. All but two showed incomplete obstruction. The correct diagnosis may be difficult to make by scintigraphy if complete biliary obstruction is present. In such cases the clinical findings and other diagnostic studies, such as angiography or ultrasound, should be carefully considered. Serial scintigraphy with 131I-rose bengal or 131I-BSP is nontraumatic, safe, and provides increased diagnostic accuracy. It is the examination of choice when choledochal cysts are suspected clinically.", "contents": "Serial scintigraphy of choledochal cysts using 131I-rose bengal and 131I-bromsulphalein. Nine cases of congenital choledochal cysts are reported which were correctly diagnosed by 131I-rose bengal or 131I-bromsulphalein (BSP) serial scintigraphy. They were classified by scintigraphic patterns into two types depending on whether biliary obstruction was complete or incomplete. All but two showed incomplete obstruction. The correct diagnosis may be difficult to make by scintigraphy if complete biliary obstruction is present. In such cases the clinical findings and other diagnostic studies, such as angiography or ultrasound, should be carefully considered. Serial scintigraphy with 131I-rose bengal or 131I-BSP is nontraumatic, safe, and provides increased diagnostic accuracy. It is the examination of choice when choledochal cysts are suspected clinically.", "PMID": 404900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2863", "title": "Combined radionuclide and ultrasonic assessment of upper abdominal masses in children.", "content": "Two young adults and 22 children with upper abdominal masses were evaluated by hepatic scintigraphy and gray scale ultrasonography. Abnormal static scintigrams were subdivided into two groups on the basis of tumor vascularity as shown on the initial dynamic portion of the study. Ultrasonic evaluation resulted in four categories: uniformly densely reflective, densely reflective with internal sonolucencies, poorly reflective with some internal components, and sonolucent. Images of liver perfusion and radionuclide accumulation (scintigraphy) plus images of internal architecture (ultrasonography) allow accurate assessment of intra- or juxtahepatic masses. The combined information was more useful than that from either study alone.", "contents": "Combined radionuclide and ultrasonic assessment of upper abdominal masses in children. Two young adults and 22 children with upper abdominal masses were evaluated by hepatic scintigraphy and gray scale ultrasonography. Abnormal static scintigrams were subdivided into two groups on the basis of tumor vascularity as shown on the initial dynamic portion of the study. Ultrasonic evaluation resulted in four categories: uniformly densely reflective, densely reflective with internal sonolucencies, poorly reflective with some internal components, and sonolucent. Images of liver perfusion and radionuclide accumulation (scintigraphy) plus images of internal architecture (ultrasonography) allow accurate assessment of intra- or juxtahepatic masses. The combined information was more useful than that from either study alone.", "PMID": 404901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2864", "title": "Persistence of the fetal circulation: radiologic considerations.", "content": "Persistence of the fetal circulation is a recently recognized cause of severe cyanosis in newborn full term infants. Abnormally elevated pulmonary vascular resistance apparently stimulated by hypoxia, acidosis, and/or hyperviscosity results in cyanosis due to large right-to-left shunts through persistent fetal channels (patent foramen ovale and patent ductus arteriosus). Initial chest radiographs demonstrate clear lungs, decreased, normal, or mildly prominent pulmonary vascularity, and normal to moderately enlarged cardiac silhouettes. Angiocardiography, when required to rule out cyanotic congenital heart disease, demonstrates normal intracardiac anatomy, normal great vessel relationships, and right-to-left shunting across the patent foramen ovale and patent ductus arteriosus. Significant tricuspid regurgitation occurs in some of these infants, associated with variable right ventricular dilatation; the left ventricle is normal. The majority of babies with this condition ultimately survive. Treatment consists of intensive care including oxygen therapy and correction of acidosis. Vasodilators such as tolazoline may be helpful.", "contents": "Persistence of the fetal circulation: radiologic considerations. Persistence of the fetal circulation is a recently recognized cause of severe cyanosis in newborn full term infants. Abnormally elevated pulmonary vascular resistance apparently stimulated by hypoxia, acidosis, and/or hyperviscosity results in cyanosis due to large right-to-left shunts through persistent fetal channels (patent foramen ovale and patent ductus arteriosus). Initial chest radiographs demonstrate clear lungs, decreased, normal, or mildly prominent pulmonary vascularity, and normal to moderately enlarged cardiac silhouettes. Angiocardiography, when required to rule out cyanotic congenital heart disease, demonstrates normal intracardiac anatomy, normal great vessel relationships, and right-to-left shunting across the patent foramen ovale and patent ductus arteriosus. Significant tricuspid regurgitation occurs in some of these infants, associated with variable right ventricular dilatation; the left ventricle is normal. The majority of babies with this condition ultimately survive. Treatment consists of intensive care including oxygen therapy and correction of acidosis. Vasodilators such as tolazoline may be helpful.", "PMID": 404902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2865", "title": "Effect of kilovoltage on detectability of pulmonary nodules in a chest phantom.", "content": "A partial chest phantom was constructed to examine the effect of kilovoltage on the detectability of pulmonary nodules. Four different energies were studied: 100, 150, 200, and 300 kVp. Nodule detectability improved with increasing energies up to 200 kVp, but improvement was relatively small and was accompanied by an almost equal rise in the number of false positive readings. Patient exposures were least at 200 kVp. There seems to be no advantage in a 300 kVp technique, since nodule detectability decreased and patient exposures increased at this energy.", "contents": "Effect of kilovoltage on detectability of pulmonary nodules in a chest phantom. A partial chest phantom was constructed to examine the effect of kilovoltage on the detectability of pulmonary nodules. Four different energies were studied: 100, 150, 200, and 300 kVp. Nodule detectability improved with increasing energies up to 200 kVp, but improvement was relatively small and was accompanied by an almost equal rise in the number of false positive readings. Patient exposures were least at 200 kVp. There seems to be no advantage in a 300 kVp technique, since nodule detectability decreased and patient exposures increased at this energy.", "PMID": 404903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2866", "title": "Reliability of computed tomography: correlation with neuropathologic findings.", "content": "Findings on cranial computed tomography (CT) were correlated with autopsy findings in 58 cases with 129 lesions to determine CT reliability. When only CT scans of good quality were considered, there were no false positive cases. The number of false negative studies varied directly with lesion size: one of 42 lesions larger than 2.5 cm; four of 12 lesions between 1.5 and 2.5 cm; 12 of 15 between 0.5 and 1.5 cm; and all 21 of those smaller than 0.5 cm. Lesion size was undetermined in the remaining 18 casesbecause of the nature of the disease. While the series is small, these results suggest that the current detector threshold for CT may be in the range of 0.5-1.5 cm, although smaller lesions may be seen if there is substantial surrounding edema.", "contents": "Reliability of computed tomography: correlation with neuropathologic findings. Findings on cranial computed tomography (CT) were correlated with autopsy findings in 58 cases with 129 lesions to determine CT reliability. When only CT scans of good quality were considered, there were no false positive cases. The number of false negative studies varied directly with lesion size: one of 42 lesions larger than 2.5 cm; four of 12 lesions between 1.5 and 2.5 cm; 12 of 15 between 0.5 and 1.5 cm; and all 21 of those smaller than 0.5 cm. Lesion size was undetermined in the remaining 18 casesbecause of the nature of the disease. While the series is small, these results suggest that the current detector threshold for CT may be in the range of 0.5-1.5 cm, although smaller lesions may be seen if there is substantial surrounding edema.", "PMID": 404904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2867", "title": "Subchondral cysts (geodes) in arthritic disorders: pathologic and radiographic appearance of the hip joint.", "content": "A comprehensive study of femoral heads of patients and cadavers with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteonecrosis, and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease allows insight into the radiographic and pathologic appearance of subchondral radiolucencies in these disorders. The term geode, rather than cyst or pseudocyst, may be a more appropriate decription of these lesions. In osteoarthritis, goedes occur on the pressure segment of the femoral head in association with loss of articular space; in rheumatoid arthritis, they are initially noted at the chondro-osseous junction and subsequently involve the entire femoral head. In osteonecrosis, geodes appear in the necrotic segment of the femoral head. In calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, geodes resemble those in osteoarthritis but are larger, more numerous, and more widespread.", "contents": "Subchondral cysts (geodes) in arthritic disorders: pathologic and radiographic appearance of the hip joint. A comprehensive study of femoral heads of patients and cadavers with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteonecrosis, and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease allows insight into the radiographic and pathologic appearance of subchondral radiolucencies in these disorders. The term geode, rather than cyst or pseudocyst, may be a more appropriate decription of these lesions. In osteoarthritis, goedes occur on the pressure segment of the femoral head in association with loss of articular space; in rheumatoid arthritis, they are initially noted at the chondro-osseous junction and subsequently involve the entire femoral head. In osteonecrosis, geodes appear in the necrotic segment of the femoral head. In calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, geodes resemble those in osteoarthritis but are larger, more numerous, and more widespread.", "PMID": 404905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2868", "title": "Charcot's joint: two new observations.", "content": "The pattern of soft tissue calcification in the three cases presented suggests that the debris about a Charcot's joint may break out of the periarticular space and dissect along muscle planes. Follow-up films of one of the cases documents that such calcifications may be resorbed. The reason for selective involvement of certain muscle groups is obscure. To my knowledge, these observations have not been reported previously.", "contents": "Charcot's joint: two new observations. The pattern of soft tissue calcification in the three cases presented suggests that the debris about a Charcot's joint may break out of the periarticular space and dissect along muscle planes. Follow-up films of one of the cases documents that such calcifications may be resorbed. The reason for selective involvement of certain muscle groups is obscure. To my knowledge, these observations have not been reported previously.", "PMID": 404906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2869", "title": "Myositis ossificans: diagnostic value of arteriography.", "content": "Myositis ossificans circumscripta is the heterotopic formation of nonneoplastic bone and cartilage in soft tissue. These benign lesions can mimic more serious lesions, both radiographically and histopathologically. Recognition of the benign character of myositis ossificans is imperative in order to avoid mutilating surgical procedures. Five cases are presented with emphasis on angiographic signs which differentiate this lesion from histopathologically similar lesions. Three of these are illustrated, along with an example of an osteosarcoma for comparison. The angiographic manifestations of myositis ossificans differ in the various phases of the disease. In the active stage, the lesions have numerous fine vessels causing a diffus stain. Malignant tumors such as osteosarcoma, extraosseous osteosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma, which are included in the differential diagnosis, often present clearly defined pathologic vessels as well as arteriovenous shunts, venous lakes, amputated vessels, invasion of large arteries and veins, and large abnormal draining veins. In the healing stage, the lesions are usually avascular, and there is no difficulty in differentiating this condition from malignant bone lesions with the sole exception of well differentiated parosteal osteosarcomas. In these cases, the plain radiographic features are most important in arriving at the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Myositis ossificans: diagnostic value of arteriography. Myositis ossificans circumscripta is the heterotopic formation of nonneoplastic bone and cartilage in soft tissue. These benign lesions can mimic more serious lesions, both radiographically and histopathologically. Recognition of the benign character of myositis ossificans is imperative in order to avoid mutilating surgical procedures. Five cases are presented with emphasis on angiographic signs which differentiate this lesion from histopathologically similar lesions. Three of these are illustrated, along with an example of an osteosarcoma for comparison. The angiographic manifestations of myositis ossificans differ in the various phases of the disease. In the active stage, the lesions have numerous fine vessels causing a diffus stain. Malignant tumors such as osteosarcoma, extraosseous osteosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma, which are included in the differential diagnosis, often present clearly defined pathologic vessels as well as arteriovenous shunts, venous lakes, amputated vessels, invasion of large arteries and veins, and large abnormal draining veins. In the healing stage, the lesions are usually avascular, and there is no difficulty in differentiating this condition from malignant bone lesions with the sole exception of well differentiated parosteal osteosarcomas. In these cases, the plain radiographic features are most important in arriving at the correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 404907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2870", "title": "Odontoid fractures in metastatic breast carcinoma.", "content": "Six cases of odontoid fracture were recognized in patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast. The clinical findings, radiographic diagnosis, and possible neurological sequelae are discussed. While pathologic long bone fractures are often aggressively treated, pathologic odontoid fractures are frequently not recognized despite their prognostic significance. Since patients with osseous metastasis from breast carcinoma may live for many months and undergo general anesthetic procedures that require neck manipulation, its recognition is clinically important.", "contents": "Odontoid fractures in metastatic breast carcinoma. Six cases of odontoid fracture were recognized in patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast. The clinical findings, radiographic diagnosis, and possible neurological sequelae are discussed. While pathologic long bone fractures are often aggressively treated, pathologic odontoid fractures are frequently not recognized despite their prognostic significance. Since patients with osseous metastasis from breast carcinoma may live for many months and undergo general anesthetic procedures that require neck manipulation, its recognition is clinically important.", "PMID": 404908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2871", "title": "Dose reduction in xeroradiography of the breast.", "content": "In a study of the effects of beam filtration on the entrance exposures encountered in xeroradiography of the breast, it was found that increasing the total filtration to 3.2 mm of aluminum reduced entrance exposures by a factor of three compared to the xeroradiographic techniques without added filtration. Changes in the processing parameters were found to restore much of the lost contrast observed when filtration was increased, resulting in clinically acceptable mammograms at reduced entrance exposures.", "contents": "Dose reduction in xeroradiography of the breast. In a study of the effects of beam filtration on the entrance exposures encountered in xeroradiography of the breast, it was found that increasing the total filtration to 3.2 mm of aluminum reduced entrance exposures by a factor of three compared to the xeroradiographic techniques without added filtration. Changes in the processing parameters were found to restore much of the lost contrast observed when filtration was increased, resulting in clinically acceptable mammograms at reduced entrance exposures.", "PMID": 404909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2872", "title": "Computerized radiographic reporting in a community hospital: a consumer's report.", "content": "This report analyzes a 30 month experience with a commerically available mark sense form-based automated radiographic reporting system (RAPORT) in the diagnostic radiology department of a 400 bed general hospital. By using the system, five radiologists were able to completely formulate readable diagnostic radiology reports in 65% of all cases, thereby bypassing a transcriptionist and decreasing report turnaround time dramatically without sacrificing reporting time. Moreover, billing and statistical capabilities provided by the system were found to capture enough lost charges to pay for its entire cost. Trade-offs for these efficiencies included learning of a new code by the radiologist, certain changes in his reading habits, and acceptance of a limited, repetitive, and somewhat stilted jargon both by the radiologist and the referring physician.", "contents": "Computerized radiographic reporting in a community hospital: a consumer's report. This report analyzes a 30 month experience with a commerically available mark sense form-based automated radiographic reporting system (RAPORT) in the diagnostic radiology department of a 400 bed general hospital. By using the system, five radiologists were able to completely formulate readable diagnostic radiology reports in 65% of all cases, thereby bypassing a transcriptionist and decreasing report turnaround time dramatically without sacrificing reporting time. Moreover, billing and statistical capabilities provided by the system were found to capture enough lost charges to pay for its entire cost. Trade-offs for these efficiencies included learning of a new code by the radiologist, certain changes in his reading habits, and acceptance of a limited, repetitive, and somewhat stilted jargon both by the radiologist and the referring physician.", "PMID": 404910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2873", "title": "Lymphography in the staging, treatment planning, and surveillance of ovarian dysgerminomas.", "content": "Ovarian dysgerminomas are distinguished from other ovarian neoplasms by their rarity, their predilection for metastases via lymphatic pathways, and their radiosensitivity and favorable prognosis. After the initial surgery, which provides the histologic diagnosis and defines the local extent of pelvic involvement, lymphography is the single most useful tool to determine whether retroperitoneal lymph nodes are involved. Results of the study guide the radiotherapeutic approach, including field size and dosage. In an unselected group of 31 previously untreated patients, 10 had positive lymphograms. The response to therapy and the detection of relapse of disease may be evaluated by monitoring the residually opacified lymph nodes with surveillance abdominal radiographs. If necessary, a repeat lymphogram can be performed. The 2 year survival rate of 84% for ovarian dysgerminomas is lower than that for testicular seminomas, probably due to later recognition of the tumor. Failuresare related to local extension or to hematogenous dissemination.", "contents": "Lymphography in the staging, treatment planning, and surveillance of ovarian dysgerminomas. Ovarian dysgerminomas are distinguished from other ovarian neoplasms by their rarity, their predilection for metastases via lymphatic pathways, and their radiosensitivity and favorable prognosis. After the initial surgery, which provides the histologic diagnosis and defines the local extent of pelvic involvement, lymphography is the single most useful tool to determine whether retroperitoneal lymph nodes are involved. Results of the study guide the radiotherapeutic approach, including field size and dosage. In an unselected group of 31 previously untreated patients, 10 had positive lymphograms. The response to therapy and the detection of relapse of disease may be evaluated by monitoring the residually opacified lymph nodes with surveillance abdominal radiographs. If necessary, a repeat lymphogram can be performed. The 2 year survival rate of 84% for ovarian dysgerminomas is lower than that for testicular seminomas, probably due to later recognition of the tumor. Failuresare related to local extension or to hematogenous dissemination.", "PMID": 404912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2874", "title": "Cytochemical and immunologic of women treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "A total of 126 individuals were tested for circulating T lymphocyte levels: 10 patients with stage I-III squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix before treatment; 65 women previously treated with radiation for stage I and II squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix; and 51 healthy age-matched controls. Percentages of aneuploid cells and DNA content in vaginal or cervical smears were determined in 94 patients. All patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix had lower ratios and levels of circulating T lymphocytes than healthy controls. Cytologic and cytochemical DNA studies of vaginal and cervical smears revealed that these individuals had high percentages of aneuploid cells in cervical smears as well as high DNA values. Patients with no evidence of dysplasia had increased circulating T lymphocyte levels compared to pretreatment values, a lower number of aneuploid cells, and mean DNA values close to diploid cells. Based on cytologic and quantitative DNA studies of vaginal and cervical smears, postirradiation dysplasia was diagnosed in 17 of 65 women previously treated by radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. No difference in the levels of circulating T lymphocytes between women with postirradiation dysplasia and women without this mucosal disorder and no evidence of cancer was found.", "contents": "Cytochemical and immunologic of women treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. A total of 126 individuals were tested for circulating T lymphocyte levels: 10 patients with stage I-III squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix before treatment; 65 women previously treated with radiation for stage I and II squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix; and 51 healthy age-matched controls. Percentages of aneuploid cells and DNA content in vaginal or cervical smears were determined in 94 patients. All patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix had lower ratios and levels of circulating T lymphocytes than healthy controls. Cytologic and cytochemical DNA studies of vaginal and cervical smears revealed that these individuals had high percentages of aneuploid cells in cervical smears as well as high DNA values. Patients with no evidence of dysplasia had increased circulating T lymphocyte levels compared to pretreatment values, a lower number of aneuploid cells, and mean DNA values close to diploid cells. Based on cytologic and quantitative DNA studies of vaginal and cervical smears, postirradiation dysplasia was diagnosed in 17 of 65 women previously treated by radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. No difference in the levels of circulating T lymphocytes between women with postirradiation dysplasia and women without this mucosal disorder and no evidence of cancer was found.", "PMID": 404913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2875", "title": "Superselective transcatheter embolization of traumatic renal hemorrhage.", "content": "Selective angiography is an established diagnostic modality in acute renal trauma [1-3]. Renal hemorrhage, once demonstrated by angiography, can then be treated by arterial embolization [4-5]. This paper describes the successful transcatheter management of a renal laceration in a patient with multiple injuries secondary to an abdominal gunshot wound. Adominal exploration had established that the renal hemorrhage could not be surgically controlled without performing a nephrectomy.", "contents": "Superselective transcatheter embolization of traumatic renal hemorrhage. Selective angiography is an established diagnostic modality in acute renal trauma [1-3]. Renal hemorrhage, once demonstrated by angiography, can then be treated by arterial embolization [4-5]. This paper describes the successful transcatheter management of a renal laceration in a patient with multiple injuries secondary to an abdominal gunshot wound. Adominal exploration had established that the renal hemorrhage could not be surgically controlled without performing a nephrectomy.", "PMID": 404914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2876", "title": "The effect of small bowel resection and subsequent precise antrectomy on lower esophageal function in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The lower esophageal high pressure zone (HPZ) was characterized manometrically and reflux status determined in eight male rhesus monkeys. The studies were repeated six weeks and six months after 50 per cent distal small bowel resection. At the same time fasting serum gastrin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide values were assayed. In seven animals precise antrectomy with gastroduodenal anastomosis was performed and the studies repeated. HPZ pressure increased from 6.7 +/-0.67 mm Hg (+/-1 SEM) to 10.3 +/- 0.76 mm Hg at six weeks (p less than 0.005). At six months the pressure was 9.3 +/- 1.02 mm Hg (p less than 0.02) and after antrectomy 15.2 +/- 3.1 (not significant from 6 month value, p less than 0.02 from control). Serum gastrin and GIP values showed significant elevations at six weeks, but six month and postantrectomy results were not statistically different from control. Reflux episodes for the group were reduced at six weeks and six months. After antrectomy increased reflux was noted.", "contents": "The effect of small bowel resection and subsequent precise antrectomy on lower esophageal function in rhesus monkeys. The lower esophageal high pressure zone (HPZ) was characterized manometrically and reflux status determined in eight male rhesus monkeys. The studies were repeated six weeks and six months after 50 per cent distal small bowel resection. At the same time fasting serum gastrin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide values were assayed. In seven animals precise antrectomy with gastroduodenal anastomosis was performed and the studies repeated. HPZ pressure increased from 6.7 +/-0.67 mm Hg (+/-1 SEM) to 10.3 +/- 0.76 mm Hg at six weeks (p less than 0.005). At six months the pressure was 9.3 +/- 1.02 mm Hg (p less than 0.02) and after antrectomy 15.2 +/- 3.1 (not significant from 6 month value, p less than 0.02 from control). Serum gastrin and GIP values showed significant elevations at six weeks, but six month and postantrectomy results were not statistically different from control. Reflux episodes for the group were reduced at six weeks and six months. After antrectomy increased reflux was noted.", "PMID": 404930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2877", "title": "Antimicrobial systems of the surgical wound. II. Detection of antimicrobial protein in cell-free wound fluid.", "content": "Human wound fluid contains heat-stable proteins with moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and different heat-labile proteins with antibacterial activity against E coli. Blood serum also contains heat-labile antibacterial substances, but little heat-stable activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Both blood serum and wound fluid have bacteriostatic activity against S epidermidis, and early growth of Streptococcus fecalis occurs in serum and wound fluids. The concentration or activity of antimicrobial proteins increases during the first week in the fresh wound and then decreases as the wound matures.", "contents": "Antimicrobial systems of the surgical wound. II. Detection of antimicrobial protein in cell-free wound fluid. Human wound fluid contains heat-stable proteins with moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and different heat-labile proteins with antibacterial activity against E coli. Blood serum also contains heat-labile antibacterial substances, but little heat-stable activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Both blood serum and wound fluid have bacteriostatic activity against S epidermidis, and early growth of Streptococcus fecalis occurs in serum and wound fluids. The concentration or activity of antimicrobial proteins increases during the first week in the fresh wound and then decreases as the wound matures.", "PMID": 404931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2878", "title": "Trabeculo-electropuncture in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca irus).", "content": "Trabeculo-electropuncture (TEP) was performed in one eye of ten cynomolgus monkeys. In five control eyes, the TEP probe was inserted into Schlemm's canal and withdrawn without causing a spark discharge. In another five control eyes,a scleral window was produced and the canal was opened, but no probe was inserted. The gross facility of outflow was determined prior to the operation and 2, 6, and 18 weeks postoperatively. TEP had no longlasting effect on the facility. Gonioscopy five months after the operation revealed marked changes in the anatomy of Schlemm's canal in treated eyes and in control eyes subjected to probe insertion. Control eyes without probe insertion appeared normal. Six months postoperatively three monkeys were killed and the eyes investigated. Light and electron microscopy indicated that insertion of the probe with or without spark discharge resulted in the formation of dense bridges between the inner and outer walls of Schlemm's canal. At the sites of TEP, the trabecular meshwork was replaced by dense scar tissue containing irregular, fine fibrillar material, elastic fibres and large amounts of curly collagen. There were no intertrabecular spaces in the scar tissue. In one eye, one lesion was covered by a thin endothelium resting on a basal membrane. The results indicate that the failure of TEP in monkey eyes was due to the formation of dense scar tissue occluding the openings initially produced by the spark discharge.", "contents": "Trabeculo-electropuncture in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca irus). Trabeculo-electropuncture (TEP) was performed in one eye of ten cynomolgus monkeys. In five control eyes, the TEP probe was inserted into Schlemm's canal and withdrawn without causing a spark discharge. In another five control eyes,a scleral window was produced and the canal was opened, but no probe was inserted. The gross facility of outflow was determined prior to the operation and 2, 6, and 18 weeks postoperatively. TEP had no longlasting effect on the facility. Gonioscopy five months after the operation revealed marked changes in the anatomy of Schlemm's canal in treated eyes and in control eyes subjected to probe insertion. Control eyes without probe insertion appeared normal. Six months postoperatively three monkeys were killed and the eyes investigated. Light and electron microscopy indicated that insertion of the probe with or without spark discharge resulted in the formation of dense bridges between the inner and outer walls of Schlemm's canal. At the sites of TEP, the trabecular meshwork was replaced by dense scar tissue containing irregular, fine fibrillar material, elastic fibres and large amounts of curly collagen. There were no intertrabecular spaces in the scar tissue. In one eye, one lesion was covered by a thin endothelium resting on a basal membrane. The results indicate that the failure of TEP in monkey eyes was due to the formation of dense scar tissue occluding the openings initially produced by the spark discharge.", "PMID": 404932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2879", "title": "Pharyngeal pouch as a cause of difficult intubation.", "content": "The presence of a lateral pharyngeal pouch may cause difficulty in recognising the glottis when awake intubation is undertaken. This is mainly because the orifice may open and close during phonation and therefore be mistaken for the glottis. A case is described and some aspects of relevance to the anaesthetist are discussed.", "contents": "Pharyngeal pouch as a cause of difficult intubation. The presence of a lateral pharyngeal pouch may cause difficulty in recognising the glottis when awake intubation is undertaken. This is mainly because the orifice may open and close during phonation and therefore be mistaken for the glottis. A case is described and some aspects of relevance to the anaesthetist are discussed.", "PMID": 404933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2880", "title": "Discrimination between males and females by scent in Lemur fulvus.", "content": "Two captive male Lemur fulvus were presented with scents of conspecific males and females, outside the mating season. Both subjects sniffed male scents significantly more than female scents. Male and female scents did not elicit significantly different amounts of scent marking. None of the responses of either subject suggested any discrimination of sub-species by scent.", "contents": "Discrimination between males and females by scent in Lemur fulvus. Two captive male Lemur fulvus were presented with scents of conspecific males and females, outside the mating season. Both subjects sniffed male scents significantly more than female scents. Male and female scents did not elicit significantly different amounts of scent marking. None of the responses of either subject suggested any discrimination of sub-species by scent.", "PMID": 404945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2881", "title": "The influence of a history of a previous test on the prevalence and size of reactions to tuberculin.", "content": "Ten millimeters of more of induration to the Mantoux tuberculin test indicates present or past infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the overwhelming majority of cases. Because a number of patients gave a history of a previous positive reaction that was not confirmed on retesting, we carefully evaluated, as part of a large tuberculin testing survey, 1,428 persons who claimed to have had a previous positive test. Of these, 606 (42.4 per cent) had a positive reaction on retesting. When compared to subjects with no history of a previous tuberculin test, this group had only a slightly higher percentage of large reactions (greater than 24 mm). The difference was not significant. This discrepancy between history and test results cannot be assumed to be due to technique or to anergy in the current testing because of appropriate controls. It probably reflects variability in the use of antigens, technique at the previous testing, or faulty recollection of the subject. Because presumption of tuberculosis infection may lead to further diagnostic or therapeutic decisions, it is recommended that all skin test histories be documented or confirmed by retest before consideration of further examinations or therapy. In those with a history of a previous reaction, very large reactions (greater than 24 mm) were only slightly more frequent (but not to a significant degree) than those without such a history; thus, a previous reaction history should not be sufficient to preclude retesting.", "contents": "The influence of a history of a previous test on the prevalence and size of reactions to tuberculin. Ten millimeters of more of induration to the Mantoux tuberculin test indicates present or past infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the overwhelming majority of cases. Because a number of patients gave a history of a previous positive reaction that was not confirmed on retesting, we carefully evaluated, as part of a large tuberculin testing survey, 1,428 persons who claimed to have had a previous positive test. Of these, 606 (42.4 per cent) had a positive reaction on retesting. When compared to subjects with no history of a previous tuberculin test, this group had only a slightly higher percentage of large reactions (greater than 24 mm). The difference was not significant. This discrepancy between history and test results cannot be assumed to be due to technique or to anergy in the current testing because of appropriate controls. It probably reflects variability in the use of antigens, technique at the previous testing, or faulty recollection of the subject. Because presumption of tuberculosis infection may lead to further diagnostic or therapeutic decisions, it is recommended that all skin test histories be documented or confirmed by retest before consideration of further examinations or therapy. In those with a history of a previous reaction, very large reactions (greater than 24 mm) were only slightly more frequent (but not to a significant degree) than those without such a history; thus, a previous reaction history should not be sufficient to preclude retesting.", "PMID": 404946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2882", "title": "Experimental pancreatic islet transplantation.", "content": "Transplantation of isolated islets of Langerhans has been suggested as a treatment of certain forms of diabetes mellitus. Injection of 200-400 syngeneic pancreatic islets isolated by collagenase digestion into the pancreas or submandibular gland of diabetic rats rendered most of the hosts nearly normoglycaemic. Blood glucose determinations were monitored for 2 months after islet transplantation. Although intrapancreatic and intrasubmandibular implantation reduced hyperglycaemia and polyuria in these animals, consistent normal values were rarely achieved.", "contents": "Experimental pancreatic islet transplantation. Transplantation of isolated islets of Langerhans has been suggested as a treatment of certain forms of diabetes mellitus. Injection of 200-400 syngeneic pancreatic islets isolated by collagenase digestion into the pancreas or submandibular gland of diabetic rats rendered most of the hosts nearly normoglycaemic. Blood glucose determinations were monitored for 2 months after islet transplantation. Although intrapancreatic and intrasubmandibular implantation reduced hyperglycaemia and polyuria in these animals, consistent normal values were rarely achieved.", "PMID": 404949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2883", "title": "[Lateral diverticula of the pharynx (author's tranl)].", "content": "The authors describe two clear-cut cases of hypopharyngeal lateral diverticulum. They have found only 22 published cases. They discuss the nosological limits of the physiological pharyngeal expansions visible under high pressure pharyngography, those of kinetic pharyngoceles which are often forced hernias, finally, the very real but uncommon presence of true lateral diverticula. The passage of barium Therapeutic indications are discussed. The surgical technique is simple.", "contents": "[Lateral diverticula of the pharynx (author's tranl)]. The authors describe two clear-cut cases of hypopharyngeal lateral diverticulum. They have found only 22 published cases. They discuss the nosological limits of the physiological pharyngeal expansions visible under high pressure pharyngography, those of kinetic pharyngoceles which are often forced hernias, finally, the very real but uncommon presence of true lateral diverticula. The passage of barium Therapeutic indications are discussed. The surgical technique is simple.", "PMID": 404948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2884", "title": "Applications and hazards of intravenous hyperalimentation.", "content": "The current technique of total parenteral nutrition (intravenous hyperalimentation) is relatively safe and efficacious, but will undoubtedly undergo change and modification as improved techniques and materials become available. With judicious application of the technique as a clinical therapeutic and investigative tool, new indications for general and specific total parenteral nutrition will likely expand and extend into every medical discipline. As relatively few of the potential applications for total parenteral nutrition have been thoroughly explored or exploited, the clinical and laboratory research possibilities appear to be virtually limitless. Thus, as increasing knowledge and experience are gained, application of total parenteral nutrition will inevitably be expanded and will become more specific, and the hazards will no doubt decrease.", "contents": "Applications and hazards of intravenous hyperalimentation. The current technique of total parenteral nutrition (intravenous hyperalimentation) is relatively safe and efficacious, but will undoubtedly undergo change and modification as improved techniques and materials become available. With judicious application of the technique as a clinical therapeutic and investigative tool, new indications for general and specific total parenteral nutrition will likely expand and extend into every medical discipline. As relatively few of the potential applications for total parenteral nutrition have been thoroughly explored or exploited, the clinical and laboratory research possibilities appear to be virtually limitless. Thus, as increasing knowledge and experience are gained, application of total parenteral nutrition will inevitably be expanded and will become more specific, and the hazards will no doubt decrease.", "PMID": 404953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2885", "title": "[Method of membrane filtration for determining the sterility and microbial contamination of antibiotics].", "content": "During membrane filtration antibiotics belonging to different chemical groups are strictly absorbed on the filters. When the filters are put into liquid thioglycol medium, the residual amounts of the antibiotics on the filters did not prevent the growth of sensitive microflora experimentally added to the drug. When the filter was put onto solid nutrient medium, only resistant forms of the microbes grew as a rule on its surface, the amount of the grown microbes being 26--43 per cent of the added one. The sensitive microbes grew only in the amount of 0.3--1.3 per cent. Subsequently the residues of the antibiotic adsorbed on the filter inhibited the growth of the sensitive and partially resistant microflora.", "contents": "[Method of membrane filtration for determining the sterility and microbial contamination of antibiotics]. During membrane filtration antibiotics belonging to different chemical groups are strictly absorbed on the filters. When the filters are put into liquid thioglycol medium, the residual amounts of the antibiotics on the filters did not prevent the growth of sensitive microflora experimentally added to the drug. When the filter was put onto solid nutrient medium, only resistant forms of the microbes grew as a rule on its surface, the amount of the grown microbes being 26--43 per cent of the added one. The sensitive microbes grew only in the amount of 0.3--1.3 per cent. Subsequently the residues of the antibiotic adsorbed on the filter inhibited the growth of the sensitive and partially resistant microflora.", "PMID": 404954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2886", "title": "[Tetracycline inactivation by magnesium sulfate in testing for microbial contamination by the membrane filtration method].", "content": "It was shown that the residual amounts of tetracyclines adsorbed on membrane filters may be inactivated by addition of 2M magnesium sulphate solution to the agar for placing the filters after filtration. The antibiotic inactivation increases the possibilities of the test for antibiotic sensitivity of the microflora present in the drugs and may be used in determination of microbial dissmination of non-injection tetracyclines.", "contents": "[Tetracycline inactivation by magnesium sulfate in testing for microbial contamination by the membrane filtration method]. It was shown that the residual amounts of tetracyclines adsorbed on membrane filters may be inactivated by addition of 2M magnesium sulphate solution to the agar for placing the filters after filtration. The antibiotic inactivation increases the possibilities of the test for antibiotic sensitivity of the microflora present in the drugs and may be used in determination of microbial dissmination of non-injection tetracyclines.", "PMID": 404955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2887", "title": "Enzyme replacement therapy in Gaucher's and Fabry's disease.", "content": "Glucocerebrosidase and ceramidetrihexoside-alpha-galactosidase were obtained in a high degree of purity from human placental tissue. The enzymes were infused in Gaucher and Fabry patients, respectively. Following the administration of the proteins to supplement the genetically determined deficiencies, there resulted a specific reduction in the accumulated hlycolipids in the circulation and liver. These results indicate that enzyme replacement may provide hope for the clinical treatment of these disorders.", "contents": "Enzyme replacement therapy in Gaucher's and Fabry's disease. Glucocerebrosidase and ceramidetrihexoside-alpha-galactosidase were obtained in a high degree of purity from human placental tissue. The enzymes were infused in Gaucher and Fabry patients, respectively. Following the administration of the proteins to supplement the genetically determined deficiencies, there resulted a specific reduction in the accumulated hlycolipids in the circulation and liver. These results indicate that enzyme replacement may provide hope for the clinical treatment of these disorders.", "PMID": 404951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2888", "title": "[Action of neotelomycin derivatives on bacillus magaterium cells].", "content": "The effect of neotelomycin derivatives on the cells of Bac. megaterium was studied. Derivatives with modification of one of the two active centers of the antibiotic molecule, i.e. the free alpha-amine group of the residue of asparaginic acid or hydrophobic triptophanic structure were studied. The derivative with modified indol rings of the residues of beta-methyl-and dehydrotriptophane induced the same though lower damages as the natural antibiotic: increased permeability of the cytoplasmic membranes, protoplast lysis, suppression of the dehydrogenase activity. The activity of this derivative was due to the free amino group and amounted approximately to 3 per cent of the activity of neotelomycin. The derivative with the free amino group of the asparaginic acid residue replaced by the benzoylic group showed a high antibacterial activity but had almost no effect on the membrane permeability and a very low lytic effect. The capacity of this derivative to inhibit the bacterial dehydrogenase activity remained relatively high. Possibly the free amino group of the asparaginic acid residue provided neotelomycin with the capacity for damaging the structure of the bacterial cytoplasmic membranes. No detectable damages in the membrane state after exposure to the benzoylic derivative, as well as its high antibacterial activity are evident of the fact that the mechanism of action of the benzoylic derivative on the cells was in principal different from that of the derivative preserving the free amino group. The triptophane structure was probably not only the center actively affecting the cell but also the factor that provided the antibiotic molecule with conformation most favourable for the action of the free amino group on the membrane structures.", "contents": "[Action of neotelomycin derivatives on bacillus magaterium cells]. The effect of neotelomycin derivatives on the cells of Bac. megaterium was studied. Derivatives with modification of one of the two active centers of the antibiotic molecule, i.e. the free alpha-amine group of the residue of asparaginic acid or hydrophobic triptophanic structure were studied. The derivative with modified indol rings of the residues of beta-methyl-and dehydrotriptophane induced the same though lower damages as the natural antibiotic: increased permeability of the cytoplasmic membranes, protoplast lysis, suppression of the dehydrogenase activity. The activity of this derivative was due to the free amino group and amounted approximately to 3 per cent of the activity of neotelomycin. The derivative with the free amino group of the asparaginic acid residue replaced by the benzoylic group showed a high antibacterial activity but had almost no effect on the membrane permeability and a very low lytic effect. The capacity of this derivative to inhibit the bacterial dehydrogenase activity remained relatively high. Possibly the free amino group of the asparaginic acid residue provided neotelomycin with the capacity for damaging the structure of the bacterial cytoplasmic membranes. No detectable damages in the membrane state after exposure to the benzoylic derivative, as well as its high antibacterial activity are evident of the fact that the mechanism of action of the benzoylic derivative on the cells was in principal different from that of the derivative preserving the free amino group. The triptophane structure was probably not only the center actively affecting the cell but also the factor that provided the antibiotic molecule with conformation most favourable for the action of the free amino group on the membrane structures.", "PMID": 404956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2889", "title": "Differential diagnosis between Streptococcus agalactiae and Listeria Monocytogenes in the clinical laboratory.", "content": "Streptococci of the group B (S. agalactiae) and Listeria monocytogenes resemble each other in many morphological and biochemical characteristics. Ten beta-hemolytic strains of each species were subjected to 26 tests commonly and easily performed in the clinical laboratory. Macroscopic and microscopic morphology on solid media showed differences only in the size of the colonies and in the length of the individual organisms. Among many other tests, hippurate hydrolysis and the CAMP reaction were positive in both species. In the presence of these two reaction, a negative catalase test and chaining in broth would make a presumptive diagnosis of S. agalactiae, while motility at 25 C, the presence of the Henry effect, and resistance to furadantin would be indicative of L. monocytogenes.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis between Streptococcus agalactiae and Listeria Monocytogenes in the clinical laboratory. Streptococci of the group B (S. agalactiae) and Listeria monocytogenes resemble each other in many morphological and biochemical characteristics. Ten beta-hemolytic strains of each species were subjected to 26 tests commonly and easily performed in the clinical laboratory. Macroscopic and microscopic morphology on solid media showed differences only in the size of the colonies and in the length of the individual organisms. Among many other tests, hippurate hydrolysis and the CAMP reaction were positive in both species. In the presence of these two reaction, a negative catalase test and chaining in broth would make a presumptive diagnosis of S. agalactiae, while motility at 25 C, the presence of the Henry effect, and resistance to furadantin would be indicative of L. monocytogenes.", "PMID": 404952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2890", "title": "[Patterns of clometacillin circulation in the body of laboratory animals].", "content": "Distribution of clometacillin in mice, rats and rabbits was studied in comparison with some other penicillins. It was found that clometacillin was superior to all other penicillins used for comparison with respect to the circulation time in the blood after intravenous, intramusclar or intrastomach administration. As for the capacity for penetrating into the tissues from the blood, clometacillin was not inferior to ampicillin and benzylpenicillin and was superior to propicillin, though it was bound by the blood serum proteins to a greater extent than the other penicillins used for comparison.", "contents": "[Patterns of clometacillin circulation in the body of laboratory animals]. Distribution of clometacillin in mice, rats and rabbits was studied in comparison with some other penicillins. It was found that clometacillin was superior to all other penicillins used for comparison with respect to the circulation time in the blood after intravenous, intramusclar or intrastomach administration. As for the capacity for penetrating into the tissues from the blood, clometacillin was not inferior to ampicillin and benzylpenicillin and was superior to propicillin, though it was bound by the blood serum proteins to a greater extent than the other penicillins used for comparison.", "PMID": 404958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2891", "title": "Effect of penicillin on streptomycin production by Streptomyces griseus.", "content": "The correlation between the biosynthesis of the cell wall and the formation of streptomycin (SM) in Streptomyces griseus, influenced by a specific inhibitor of cell wall synthesis, was investigated. Penicillin, in subinhibitory concentrations (1 to 5 mug/ml), was added to cultures of S. griseus in different stages of its life cycle. The inhibitor decreased SM production, when young cultures were treated; however, there was an increase in SM formation when penicillin was added to older cultures. The explanation for these findings is discussed in detail.", "contents": "Effect of penicillin on streptomycin production by Streptomyces griseus. The correlation between the biosynthesis of the cell wall and the formation of streptomycin (SM) in Streptomyces griseus, influenced by a specific inhibitor of cell wall synthesis, was investigated. Penicillin, in subinhibitory concentrations (1 to 5 mug/ml), was added to cultures of S. griseus in different stages of its life cycle. The inhibitor decreased SM production, when young cultures were treated; however, there was an increase in SM formation when penicillin was added to older cultures. The explanation for these findings is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 404959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2892", "title": "Gardimycin, a new antibiotic inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis.", "content": "Gardimycin, a new antibiotic, at 100 mug/ml, specifically inhibited cell wall synthesis and induced accumulation of uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylmur-amylpentapeptide in whole cells of Bacillus subtilis. The antibiotic was active in a particulate enzyme preparation from Bacillus stearothermophilus: 60 mug/ml caused 50%, and 200mug/ml caused 100%, inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis. Suppression of peptidoglycan synthesis was accompanied by parallel accumulation of the lipid intermediate. This mechanism of action is discussed in comparison with those of other antibiotics that are known to inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.", "contents": "Gardimycin, a new antibiotic inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. Gardimycin, a new antibiotic, at 100 mug/ml, specifically inhibited cell wall synthesis and induced accumulation of uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylmur-amylpentapeptide in whole cells of Bacillus subtilis. The antibiotic was active in a particulate enzyme preparation from Bacillus stearothermophilus: 60 mug/ml caused 50%, and 200mug/ml caused 100%, inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis. Suppression of peptidoglycan synthesis was accompanied by parallel accumulation of the lipid intermediate. This mechanism of action is discussed in comparison with those of other antibiotics that are known to inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.", "PMID": 404960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2893", "title": "Chemically defined antimicrobial susceptibility test medium for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A chemically defined growth medium containing physiological concentrations of magnesium and calcium ions was utilized in a microdilution procedure for antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Determinations of growth end points were simplified by use of sodium citrate as a sole carbon source and bromothymol blue as a pH indicator. Growth of the test organisms was detectable by a change in the indicator color from green to blue after alkalinization of the medium due to citrate utilization. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of amikacin, carbenicillin, gentamicin, and tobramycin were determined on 100 recent clinical isolates of Pseudomonas. Parallel determinations using the microdilution procedure and a conventional tube-broth dilution technique incorporating Mueller-Hinton broth with identical magnesium and calcium content generally agreed within one twofold dilution. Modal minimal inhibitory concentrations for susceptible strains using the microdilution method were: amikacin, 6 mug/ml; carbenicillin, 50 mug/ml; gentamicin, 1.5 mug/ml; tobramycin, 1.5 mug/ml. This modified microdilution technique allowed rapid, definitive minimal inhibitory concentration determinations, using growth end points defined by a color indicator change.", "contents": "Chemically defined antimicrobial susceptibility test medium for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A chemically defined growth medium containing physiological concentrations of magnesium and calcium ions was utilized in a microdilution procedure for antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Determinations of growth end points were simplified by use of sodium citrate as a sole carbon source and bromothymol blue as a pH indicator. Growth of the test organisms was detectable by a change in the indicator color from green to blue after alkalinization of the medium due to citrate utilization. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of amikacin, carbenicillin, gentamicin, and tobramycin were determined on 100 recent clinical isolates of Pseudomonas. Parallel determinations using the microdilution procedure and a conventional tube-broth dilution technique incorporating Mueller-Hinton broth with identical magnesium and calcium content generally agreed within one twofold dilution. Modal minimal inhibitory concentrations for susceptible strains using the microdilution method were: amikacin, 6 mug/ml; carbenicillin, 50 mug/ml; gentamicin, 1.5 mug/ml; tobramycin, 1.5 mug/ml. This modified microdilution technique allowed rapid, definitive minimal inhibitory concentration determinations, using growth end points defined by a color indicator change.", "PMID": 404961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2894", "title": "Comparative trial of carbenicillin and ampicillin therapy for purulent meningitis.", "content": "A randomized therapeutic trial of carbenicillin (CB) or ampicillin (AMP) in purulent meningitis was performed in 86 pediatric and adult patients (41 Haemophilus influenzae, 22 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 13 Neisseria meningitidis, and 10 of unknown etiology). All isolates, incuding H. influenzae, were susceptible to CB and AMP. Median cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibiotic concentrations were 0.85 and 1.60 mug/ml for CB and AMP, respectively, during administration of daily doses of 400 mg/kg and 0.65 and 0.45 mug/ml, respectively, on daily doses of 200 mg/kg. Higher CSF concentrations, up to a median concentration of 4.5 mug/ml, were observed in patients with CSF protein concentrations >/=75 mg/100 ml. Clinical responses were equivalent on either antibiotic regimen. Among AMP patients (45), 8 had significant residua and 3 died; among CB patients (41), 5 had residua and none died. However, 38% of H. influenzae patients treated with CB had positive CSF cultures on day 1 follow-up lumbar punctures, compared with only 5.8% of AMP patients with H. influenzae. The significance of a delay of CSF sterilization among CB-treated patients is unknown, since there was no correlation between persistence of hemophilus organisms and the frequency of adverse outcome. AMP and CB are equivalent for the treatment of bacterial meningitis due to susceptible organisms.", "contents": "Comparative trial of carbenicillin and ampicillin therapy for purulent meningitis. A randomized therapeutic trial of carbenicillin (CB) or ampicillin (AMP) in purulent meningitis was performed in 86 pediatric and adult patients (41 Haemophilus influenzae, 22 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 13 Neisseria meningitidis, and 10 of unknown etiology). All isolates, incuding H. influenzae, were susceptible to CB and AMP. Median cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibiotic concentrations were 0.85 and 1.60 mug/ml for CB and AMP, respectively, during administration of daily doses of 400 mg/kg and 0.65 and 0.45 mug/ml, respectively, on daily doses of 200 mg/kg. Higher CSF concentrations, up to a median concentration of 4.5 mug/ml, were observed in patients with CSF protein concentrations >/=75 mg/100 ml. Clinical responses were equivalent on either antibiotic regimen. Among AMP patients (45), 8 had significant residua and 3 died; among CB patients (41), 5 had residua and none died. However, 38% of H. influenzae patients treated with CB had positive CSF cultures on day 1 follow-up lumbar punctures, compared with only 5.8% of AMP patients with H. influenzae. The significance of a delay of CSF sterilization among CB-treated patients is unknown, since there was no correlation between persistence of hemophilus organisms and the frequency of adverse outcome. AMP and CB are equivalent for the treatment of bacterial meningitis due to susceptible organisms.", "PMID": 404962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2895", "title": "Pirbenicillin: comparison with carbenicillin and BL-P1654, alone and with gentamicin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of pirbenicillin against 135 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were one-fourth of those required for carbenicillin but two times higher than those for BL-P1654. Increasing the inoculum size produced an adverse effect on the bactericidal activity for all three antibiotics. This was more apparent for pirbenicillin than for carbenicillin, but less than the effect on BL-P1654. When concentrations of antibiotics likely to be achieved clinically were used, gentamicin increased the inhibitory and bactericidal effects of all three semisynthetic penicillins for the majority of isolates. Strains highly resistant to the aminoglycoside antibiotic, however, were inhibited no more by the penicillin-gentamicin combinations than by the most effective of the antibiotics alone.", "contents": "Pirbenicillin: comparison with carbenicillin and BL-P1654, alone and with gentamicin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of pirbenicillin against 135 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were one-fourth of those required for carbenicillin but two times higher than those for BL-P1654. Increasing the inoculum size produced an adverse effect on the bactericidal activity for all three antibiotics. This was more apparent for pirbenicillin than for carbenicillin, but less than the effect on BL-P1654. When concentrations of antibiotics likely to be achieved clinically were used, gentamicin increased the inhibitory and bactericidal effects of all three semisynthetic penicillins for the majority of isolates. Strains highly resistant to the aminoglycoside antibiotic, however, were inhibited no more by the penicillin-gentamicin combinations than by the most effective of the antibiotics alone.", "PMID": 404963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2896", "title": "Plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase production in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Several beta-lactamase-producing, penicillin-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were examined for R plasmids. Penicillin-resistant strains isolated from men returning from the Far East and their contacts contained a 4.4 x 10(6)-dalton plasmid in common. Transformation studies and the isolation of a spontaneous penicillin-susceptible segregant showed that the structural gene for beta-lactamase was part of the 4.4 x 10(6)-dalton plasmid. An additional penicillin-resistant gonococcal strain isolated in London was found to harbor a 3.2 x 10(6)-dalton R plasmid. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA duplex studies revealed that the penicillin-resistant gonococcal isolates contained a significant portion (about 40%) of the transposable DNA sequence, TnA, which includes the beta-lactamase gene commonly found on R plasmids of the Enterobacteriaceae and Haemophilus influenzae.", "contents": "Plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase production in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Several beta-lactamase-producing, penicillin-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were examined for R plasmids. Penicillin-resistant strains isolated from men returning from the Far East and their contacts contained a 4.4 x 10(6)-dalton plasmid in common. Transformation studies and the isolation of a spontaneous penicillin-susceptible segregant showed that the structural gene for beta-lactamase was part of the 4.4 x 10(6)-dalton plasmid. An additional penicillin-resistant gonococcal strain isolated in London was found to harbor a 3.2 x 10(6)-dalton R plasmid. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA duplex studies revealed that the penicillin-resistant gonococcal isolates contained a significant portion (about 40%) of the transposable DNA sequence, TnA, which includes the beta-lactamase gene commonly found on R plasmids of the Enterobacteriaceae and Haemophilus influenzae.", "PMID": 404964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2897", "title": "Microbial formation of 4-thiouracil.", "content": "A soil organism identified as Streptomyces libani var. soldani was found to produce 4-thiouracil. The product was isolated in a yield of 150 mug/ml of filtered beer and characterized by C-13 magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectroscopy. The product has a broad antibacterial spectrum but low specific activity.", "contents": "Microbial formation of 4-thiouracil. A soil organism identified as Streptomyces libani var. soldani was found to produce 4-thiouracil. The product was isolated in a yield of 150 mug/ml of filtered beer and characterized by C-13 magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectroscopy. The product has a broad antibacterial spectrum but low specific activity.", "PMID": 404965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2898", "title": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain isolated in France that carries a plasmid determining carbenicillin resistance.", "content": "A plasmid, R56Be, derived from a clinical strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in France in 1973 has been studied. This plasmid confers resistance only to carbenicillin, and although freely transferable between unrelated strains of P. aeruginosa, its transfer from P. aeruginosa to Escherichia coli K-12 was undetectable. R56Be could not be isolated as covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid, but the plasmid could be transduced intact by phage F116L. This suggests that its molecular weight does not exceed that of the phage genome (ca. 40 x 10(6)). In terms of its interaction with male and female sex-specific phages, its exclusion characteristics, and the main properties of beta-lactamase determined by them, R56Be is similar to the previously characterized plasmid RP1-1.", "contents": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain isolated in France that carries a plasmid determining carbenicillin resistance. A plasmid, R56Be, derived from a clinical strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in France in 1973 has been studied. This plasmid confers resistance only to carbenicillin, and although freely transferable between unrelated strains of P. aeruginosa, its transfer from P. aeruginosa to Escherichia coli K-12 was undetectable. R56Be could not be isolated as covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid, but the plasmid could be transduced intact by phage F116L. This suggests that its molecular weight does not exceed that of the phage genome (ca. 40 x 10(6)). In terms of its interaction with male and female sex-specific phages, its exclusion characteristics, and the main properties of beta-lactamase determined by them, R56Be is similar to the previously characterized plasmid RP1-1.", "PMID": 404966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2899", "title": "A cutaneous marker in the Hunter syndrome a report of four cases.", "content": "A report of four patients and review of the literature suggest that a cutaneous marker exists for the Hunter syndrome. All previously described patients with this eruption have been males with clear corneas. The distinctive lesions consist of firm ivory-white papules and nodules that may coalesce to form ridges or a reticular pattern. The papules are usually seen in symmetrical areas between the angles of the scapulas and posterior axillary lines, the pectoral regions, the nape of the neck and/or on the lateral aspects of the upper arms and thighs. These lesions are seen in both allelic forms and cannot be used to separate a benign from a rapid course.", "contents": "A cutaneous marker in the Hunter syndrome a report of four cases. A report of four patients and review of the literature suggest that a cutaneous marker exists for the Hunter syndrome. All previously described patients with this eruption have been males with clear corneas. The distinctive lesions consist of firm ivory-white papules and nodules that may coalesce to form ridges or a reticular pattern. The papules are usually seen in symmetrical areas between the angles of the scapulas and posterior axillary lines, the pectoral regions, the nape of the neck and/or on the lateral aspects of the upper arms and thighs. These lesions are seen in both allelic forms and cannot be used to separate a benign from a rapid course.", "PMID": 404968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2900", "title": "Frequency of application on percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone.", "content": "This study determines the percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone when applied as a single dose or on a repetitive basis. Application was to the shaved ventral forearm of the rhesus monkey, an animal model in which some relevance to man has been shown. Absorption was quantified by measuring 14C in aliquots of urine over five days. There was no substantial difference in total absorption when 13.3 microng/sq cm was applied as a single dose or when the 13.3 microng/sq cm was applied three times, totaling 40 microng/sq cm. However, when 40 microng/sq cm was applied as a single dose, absorption was substantially increased over 13.3 microng/sq cm applied either once or three times. Additionally, when the skin was washed between applications to remove previously applied material in the three application experiment, there was a statistically significant increase over not washing the skin. The clinical importance of these results to man will await appropriate clinical studies.", "contents": "Frequency of application on percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone. This study determines the percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone when applied as a single dose or on a repetitive basis. Application was to the shaved ventral forearm of the rhesus monkey, an animal model in which some relevance to man has been shown. Absorption was quantified by measuring 14C in aliquots of urine over five days. There was no substantial difference in total absorption when 13.3 microng/sq cm was applied as a single dose or when the 13.3 microng/sq cm was applied three times, totaling 40 microng/sq cm. However, when 40 microng/sq cm was applied as a single dose, absorption was substantially increased over 13.3 microng/sq cm applied either once or three times. Additionally, when the skin was washed between applications to remove previously applied material in the three application experiment, there was a statistically significant increase over not washing the skin. The clinical importance of these results to man will await appropriate clinical studies.", "PMID": 404969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2901", "title": "Skin changes in short-bowel syndrome. Kwashiorkor-like syndrome.", "content": "An infant with short-bowel syndrome developed flexural desquamation and \"enamel paint\" skin in pressure-bearing areas. Hyperalimentation with amino acid and lipid solution was unsuccessful in correcting the malnutrition and skin changes.", "contents": "Skin changes in short-bowel syndrome. Kwashiorkor-like syndrome. An infant with short-bowel syndrome developed flexural desquamation and \"enamel paint\" skin in pressure-bearing areas. Hyperalimentation with amino acid and lipid solution was unsuccessful in correcting the malnutrition and skin changes.", "PMID": 404970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2902", "title": "Essential fatty acid deficiency in surgical patients.", "content": "Parenteral nutrition may protect patients unable to eat from malnutrition almost indefinitely. If fat is not also given EFAD will occur. This outlines a prospective study of 28 surgical patients on total intravenous fat-free nutrition to determine the developmental course of EFAD and the response to therapy. Twenty-eight patients ranging from newborn to 66 years receiving parenteral nutrition without fat had regular determinations of the composition of total plasma fatty acids and the triene/tetraene ratio using gas liquid chromatography. Physical signs of EFAD were looked for also. Patients found to have evidence of EFAD were treated with 10% Intralipid. Topical safflower oil was used in three infants. Total plasma fatty acid composition was restudied following therapy. In general, infants on fat-free intravenous nutrition developed biochemical EFAD within two weeks, but dermatitis took longer to become evident. Older individuals took over four weeks to develop a diagnostic triene/tetraene ratio (greater than 0.4; range 0.4 to 3.75). Therapeutic correction of biochemical EFAD took 7 to 10 days but dermatitis took longer to correct. Cutaneous application of safflower oil alleviated the cutaneous manifestations but did not correct the triene/tetraene ratio of total plasma fatty acids. These studies indicate that surgical patients who are unable to eat for two to four weeks, depending upon age and expected fat stores, should receive fat as a part of their intravenous regimen.", "contents": "Essential fatty acid deficiency in surgical patients. Parenteral nutrition may protect patients unable to eat from malnutrition almost indefinitely. If fat is not also given EFAD will occur. This outlines a prospective study of 28 surgical patients on total intravenous fat-free nutrition to determine the developmental course of EFAD and the response to therapy. Twenty-eight patients ranging from newborn to 66 years receiving parenteral nutrition without fat had regular determinations of the composition of total plasma fatty acids and the triene/tetraene ratio using gas liquid chromatography. Physical signs of EFAD were looked for also. Patients found to have evidence of EFAD were treated with 10% Intralipid. Topical safflower oil was used in three infants. Total plasma fatty acid composition was restudied following therapy. In general, infants on fat-free intravenous nutrition developed biochemical EFAD within two weeks, but dermatitis took longer to become evident. Older individuals took over four weeks to develop a diagnostic triene/tetraene ratio (greater than 0.4; range 0.4 to 3.75). Therapeutic correction of biochemical EFAD took 7 to 10 days but dermatitis took longer to correct. Cutaneous application of safflower oil alleviated the cutaneous manifestations but did not correct the triene/tetraene ratio of total plasma fatty acids. These studies indicate that surgical patients who are unable to eat for two to four weeks, depending upon age and expected fat stores, should receive fat as a part of their intravenous regimen.", "PMID": 404973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2903", "title": "Bacteremia after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.", "content": "During 24 months, 200 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies were performed on 193 patients. Blood cultures were obtained before and five and 30 minutes after the procedure using thiol (50 ml) and trypticase soy broth (100 ml) media. The mean endoscopic time was 34 minutes. Sixteen patients developed bacteremia (8%). Twelve groups of microorganisms were detected in positive blood cultures: Streptococcus (5 species), Lactobacillus sp, Veillonella alcalescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Staph epidermidis, Propioni-bacterium acnes, Corynebacterium acnes, and Bacillus subtilis. Seven patients had positive blood cultures at five and 30 minutes, eight at five minutes, and one at 30 minutes only. There was no clear correlation of bacteremia with the age or previous history of the patient, biopsy, active bleeding, endoscopic time, or findings. A follow-up study of all patients for six months to two years indicated no complications related to endoscopy and/or bacteremia.", "contents": "Bacteremia after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. During 24 months, 200 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies were performed on 193 patients. Blood cultures were obtained before and five and 30 minutes after the procedure using thiol (50 ml) and trypticase soy broth (100 ml) media. The mean endoscopic time was 34 minutes. Sixteen patients developed bacteremia (8%). Twelve groups of microorganisms were detected in positive blood cultures: Streptococcus (5 species), Lactobacillus sp, Veillonella alcalescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Staph epidermidis, Propioni-bacterium acnes, Corynebacterium acnes, and Bacillus subtilis. Seven patients had positive blood cultures at five and 30 minutes, eight at five minutes, and one at 30 minutes only. There was no clear correlation of bacteremia with the age or previous history of the patient, biopsy, active bleeding, endoscopic time, or findings. A follow-up study of all patients for six months to two years indicated no complications related to endoscopy and/or bacteremia.", "PMID": 404974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2904", "title": "Heterotopic ossification mimicking acute arthritis after neurologic catastrophes.", "content": "Three patients developed periarticular heterotopic new bone formation during the first two months after a CNS disorder. In each patient warmth, swelling, and tenderness around one or two joints initially resembled severe arthritis. Diagnosis was aided by roentgenograms of the involved areas that showed the ossification. While no treatment has been clearly demonstrated to interrupt the ossification and resultant contracture, a course of cautious physical therapy and antiinflammatory medication is probably indicated.", "contents": "Heterotopic ossification mimicking acute arthritis after neurologic catastrophes. Three patients developed periarticular heterotopic new bone formation during the first two months after a CNS disorder. In each patient warmth, swelling, and tenderness around one or two joints initially resembled severe arthritis. Diagnosis was aided by roentgenograms of the involved areas that showed the ossification. While no treatment has been clearly demonstrated to interrupt the ossification and resultant contracture, a course of cautious physical therapy and antiinflammatory medication is probably indicated.", "PMID": 404975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2905", "title": "[Surgical treatment of obstructive cardiomyopathies by mitral valve replacement].", "content": "The authors present a series of 10 cases of OCM which were treated by replacement of the mitral valve. Mitral incompetence was present in all patients, and was major or massive in 7 of them. Direct surgery to the mitral valve area has demonstrated pathological lesions in the mitral valve mechanism in 7 patients. A formal indication for mitral valve replacement in the surgical treatment of cases of OCM therefore exists when there is major mitral incompetence, intraventricular conduction defect, cardiac failure, or failure of previous myotomy.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of obstructive cardiomyopathies by mitral valve replacement]. The authors present a series of 10 cases of OCM which were treated by replacement of the mitral valve. Mitral incompetence was present in all patients, and was major or massive in 7 of them. Direct surgery to the mitral valve area has demonstrated pathological lesions in the mitral valve mechanism in 7 patients. A formal indication for mitral valve replacement in the surgical treatment of cases of OCM therefore exists when there is major mitral incompetence, intraventricular conduction defect, cardiac failure, or failure of previous myotomy.", "PMID": 404976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2906", "title": "[New open heart technic of locating the bundle of His].", "content": "The use of a system of electronic potentials for locating the bundle of His during open heart operations has provided a means for localising the conducting pathways so that they are not damaged during surgery. The designing of a special apparatus for this purpose has made it especially suitable for use in man, and it increases the ECC time by only a few minutes. The apparatus consists essentially of electrodes designed specially for the purpose, a cardiac stimulator and a calibrated oscilloscope with an electrostatic memory. The effectiveness of this technique has been confirmed in a preliminary series of 15 cases.", "contents": "[New open heart technic of locating the bundle of His]. The use of a system of electronic potentials for locating the bundle of His during open heart operations has provided a means for localising the conducting pathways so that they are not damaged during surgery. The designing of a special apparatus for this purpose has made it especially suitable for use in man, and it increases the ECC time by only a few minutes. The apparatus consists essentially of electrodes designed specially for the purpose, a cardiac stimulator and a calibrated oscilloscope with an electrostatic memory. The effectiveness of this technique has been confirmed in a preliminary series of 15 cases.", "PMID": 404977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2907", "title": "[Hemodynamic effects of intravenous amiodarone in humans].", "content": "The haemodynamic action of I-V Cordarone have been studied in 20 subjects over a 15 minute period. Over the 15 minute period we studied variations in left pulmonary and ventricular pressures, in cardiac output, and in the paramaters of contraction VEC max, V max and Taylor's index. At a dose of 5 mg/kg there is a fall in peripheral resistance (1274 +/- 232 to 915 dynes/s/cm-5), and the measurements of contraction hardly vary. At a dose of 10 mg/kg, after an initial increase in output and a fall in peripheral resistance there occurs, after 4 minutes, an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (from 6 +/- 2 to 13 +/- 4 mmHg, P less than 0.01), and a lowering of contractility (VEC max reduced from 49.7 +/- 12.4 to 27.1 +/- 3.8, P less than 0.001). We have shown that the first phase of this response is due to the solvent (Tween 80), while the fall in contractility is due to the amiodarone. Doses above 10 mg/kg must be used with care, and only if there is no evidence of impaired cardiac function.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic effects of intravenous amiodarone in humans]. The haemodynamic action of I-V Cordarone have been studied in 20 subjects over a 15 minute period. Over the 15 minute period we studied variations in left pulmonary and ventricular pressures, in cardiac output, and in the paramaters of contraction VEC max, V max and Taylor's index. At a dose of 5 mg/kg there is a fall in peripheral resistance (1274 +/- 232 to 915 dynes/s/cm-5), and the measurements of contraction hardly vary. At a dose of 10 mg/kg, after an initial increase in output and a fall in peripheral resistance there occurs, after 4 minutes, an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (from 6 +/- 2 to 13 +/- 4 mmHg, P less than 0.01), and a lowering of contractility (VEC max reduced from 49.7 +/- 12.4 to 27.1 +/- 3.8, P less than 0.001). We have shown that the first phase of this response is due to the solvent (Tween 80), while the fall in contractility is due to the amiodarone. Doses above 10 mg/kg must be used with care, and only if there is no evidence of impaired cardiac function.", "PMID": 404978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2908", "title": "[Short-term outcome of a 1st myocardial infarct preceeded or not by a premonitory sign. Comparative study].", "content": "A comparative study of two groups of patients after their first myocardial infarction, distingusihed by the presence (group A, 149 cases) or absence (group B, 184 cases) of premonitory signs has shown no difference between the two groups in the short-term (5 weeks). The only differences were in the age (younger patients and in the larger number of anteriorly situated infarcts in the 45% of patients in this series who had premonitory signs.", "contents": "[Short-term outcome of a 1st myocardial infarct preceeded or not by a premonitory sign. Comparative study]. A comparative study of two groups of patients after their first myocardial infarction, distingusihed by the presence (group A, 149 cases) or absence (group B, 184 cases) of premonitory signs has shown no difference between the two groups in the short-term (5 weeks). The only differences were in the age (younger patients and in the larger number of anteriorly situated infarcts in the 45% of patients in this series who had premonitory signs.", "PMID": 404979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2909", "title": "[Closure of ventricular septal defects. Comparison of 2 technics].", "content": "To be correctly done, closure of a ventricular septal defect must be sound, and must also avoid damage to the conducting tissue. These two essentials are somewhat contradictory, since in order to avoid the bundle of His in its position along the postero-inferior edge of the ventricular septal defect (VSD) in the membranous septum, the sutures inserted into this region must be superficial, and therefore weak. It is for this reason that the published series continue to show evidence of a significant number of post-operative shunts and atrio-ventricular blocks, as much in the closure of isolated VSDs as in the treatment of Fallot's tetralogy. This paper compares two techniques of suturing the prosthetic material which is used to close the VSD: the classical technique, in which it is intended to avoid the bundle of His by working below it, on the right side of the interventricular septum, and a different technique in which the sutures are applied directly to the free edge of the interventricular communication.", "contents": "[Closure of ventricular septal defects. Comparison of 2 technics]. To be correctly done, closure of a ventricular septal defect must be sound, and must also avoid damage to the conducting tissue. These two essentials are somewhat contradictory, since in order to avoid the bundle of His in its position along the postero-inferior edge of the ventricular septal defect (VSD) in the membranous septum, the sutures inserted into this region must be superficial, and therefore weak. It is for this reason that the published series continue to show evidence of a significant number of post-operative shunts and atrio-ventricular blocks, as much in the closure of isolated VSDs as in the treatment of Fallot's tetralogy. This paper compares two techniques of suturing the prosthetic material which is used to close the VSD: the classical technique, in which it is intended to avoid the bundle of His by working below it, on the right side of the interventricular septum, and a different technique in which the sutures are applied directly to the free edge of the interventricular communication.", "PMID": 404980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2910", "title": "[Infarction of the right ventricle. 1. Hemodynamic diagnosis; pathologic correlations].", "content": "70 patients with acute myocardial infarction were submitted to a full haemodynamic assessment at the onset of the condition. In 28 of them there was a disproportionate rise in the right ventricular end-diastolic pressure which could not be explained on the basis of a primary rise in left ventricular filling pressures; these were divisable into two subgroups: -- 19 infarcts without septal rupture, almost all with an inferiorly or posteriorly placed lesion (17); in these cases, an analysis of the curves shows, among other features, a syndrome of adiastole whose three forms (minor, moderate or severe) correlate well with the clinical features. Six cases died, and in four of those it was possible to study the correlation with the post-mortem findings: there were major lesions of the free wall of the right ventricle in 3 cases, but constrictive pericardial changes, the main differential diagnosis of right ventricular infarction, in the fourth. -- 9 cases of necrosis of the septum with rupture, of which only 3 had a syndrome of adiastole; three of these necroses were posterior, and post-mortem examination in two of them confirmed that there were indeed major lesions in the posterior wall of the right ventricle. It therefore seems that the diagnosis of infarction of the right ventricle is a haemodynamic one, and rests especially on the discovery of a syndrome of adiastole. Findings such as these are confined almost exclusively to posteriorly placed infarctions.", "contents": "[Infarction of the right ventricle. 1. Hemodynamic diagnosis; pathologic correlations]. 70 patients with acute myocardial infarction were submitted to a full haemodynamic assessment at the onset of the condition. In 28 of them there was a disproportionate rise in the right ventricular end-diastolic pressure which could not be explained on the basis of a primary rise in left ventricular filling pressures; these were divisable into two subgroups: -- 19 infarcts without septal rupture, almost all with an inferiorly or posteriorly placed lesion (17); in these cases, an analysis of the curves shows, among other features, a syndrome of adiastole whose three forms (minor, moderate or severe) correlate well with the clinical features. Six cases died, and in four of those it was possible to study the correlation with the post-mortem findings: there were major lesions of the free wall of the right ventricle in 3 cases, but constrictive pericardial changes, the main differential diagnosis of right ventricular infarction, in the fourth. -- 9 cases of necrosis of the septum with rupture, of which only 3 had a syndrome of adiastole; three of these necroses were posterior, and post-mortem examination in two of them confirmed that there were indeed major lesions in the posterior wall of the right ventricle. It therefore seems that the diagnosis of infarction of the right ventricle is a haemodynamic one, and rests especially on the discovery of a syndrome of adiastole. Findings such as these are confined almost exclusively to posteriorly placed infarctions.", "PMID": 404981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2911", "title": "[Infarction of the right ventricle. 2. Prognostic and therapeutic aspects].", "content": "Infarctions of the right ventricle have a reputation for being innocuous which appears to be unjustified; in a group of 21 patients in whom the diagnosis has been based on the haemodynamic principles put forward in the previous paper, we have had 7 deaths. The prognosis appears to be determined by two types of complication: ruptures of the posterior septum (4 cases), which are very distinctive in their clinical and topographical picture; and haemodynamic complications (10 cases of decompensation) which are related fairly rarely with the lesion of the right ventricle (2 cases), but more often with an associated complication, especially hypovolaemia, in which state the involvement of the right ventricle seems to play a particularly major role in increasing the slowing of the circulation. The proposed treatment plan is aimed at the permanent establishment of an effective circulating volume in the uncomplicated cases; in cases with complications, the aims are twofold--filling of the vascular bed and vasodilators, either separately or simultaneously.", "contents": "[Infarction of the right ventricle. 2. Prognostic and therapeutic aspects]. Infarctions of the right ventricle have a reputation for being innocuous which appears to be unjustified; in a group of 21 patients in whom the diagnosis has been based on the haemodynamic principles put forward in the previous paper, we have had 7 deaths. The prognosis appears to be determined by two types of complication: ruptures of the posterior septum (4 cases), which are very distinctive in their clinical and topographical picture; and haemodynamic complications (10 cases of decompensation) which are related fairly rarely with the lesion of the right ventricle (2 cases), but more often with an associated complication, especially hypovolaemia, in which state the involvement of the right ventricle seems to play a particularly major role in increasing the slowing of the circulation. The proposed treatment plan is aimed at the permanent establishment of an effective circulating volume in the uncomplicated cases; in cases with complications, the aims are twofold--filling of the vascular bed and vasodilators, either separately or simultaneously.", "PMID": 404982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2912", "title": "[The 6th heart sound].", "content": "The author describes a new sound in systole which he calls the V1th heart sound. This sound can be recorded in patients with pure aortic incompetence, but also in healthy subjects. It is not sufficiently loud to be heard on auscultation. It is visible only on the low frequency bands at 35 Hz, and rarely at 70 Hz. It is maximal at the apex and the endapex. It is characterised by 1 or 2 oscillations at the end of mesosystole and at the beginning or middle of end-systole. This sound may be physiological: it will then be of low amplitude, and further from the 2nd sound than in cases of pure aortic incompetence, in which it is pathological, and closer to the 2nd sound. The author puts forward two hypotheses for the origin of the VIth sound.", "contents": "[The 6th heart sound]. The author describes a new sound in systole which he calls the V1th heart sound. This sound can be recorded in patients with pure aortic incompetence, but also in healthy subjects. It is not sufficiently loud to be heard on auscultation. It is visible only on the low frequency bands at 35 Hz, and rarely at 70 Hz. It is maximal at the apex and the endapex. It is characterised by 1 or 2 oscillations at the end of mesosystole and at the beginning or middle of end-systole. This sound may be physiological: it will then be of low amplitude, and further from the 2nd sound than in cases of pure aortic incompetence, in which it is pathological, and closer to the 2nd sound. The author puts forward two hypotheses for the origin of the VIth sound.", "PMID": 404983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2913", "title": "[Recording of the electrical activity of the sino-atrial node area during an experimental sinoatrial block in dogs. Arguments in favor of its sino-atrial origin].", "content": "The electrical activity of the sino-atrial node appears to be difficult to detect, and has not until now been recorded from the heart in situ. Recording of the electrical activity from the area of the sino-atrial node area was carried out in the dog after thoracotomy, using a unipolar electrode placed in the epicardium at the cavo-atrial junction area; it enabled us to demonstrate a slow potential, of low amplitude, preceding the atrial deflection. The particular relationships between this slow potential and atrial activity under differing degrees of sino-atrial block have led us to believe that this potential does indeed originate in the sinoatrial node. In the light of this experimental observation, an explanation is put forward for the difficulty which is usually experienced in obtaining any recording of the sino-atrial node potential, and for the ease with which this potential could be recorded in this case, and indeed in future cases with similar pathological problems.", "contents": "[Recording of the electrical activity of the sino-atrial node area during an experimental sinoatrial block in dogs. Arguments in favor of its sino-atrial origin]. The electrical activity of the sino-atrial node appears to be difficult to detect, and has not until now been recorded from the heart in situ. Recording of the electrical activity from the area of the sino-atrial node area was carried out in the dog after thoracotomy, using a unipolar electrode placed in the epicardium at the cavo-atrial junction area; it enabled us to demonstrate a slow potential, of low amplitude, preceding the atrial deflection. The particular relationships between this slow potential and atrial activity under differing degrees of sino-atrial block have led us to believe that this potential does indeed originate in the sinoatrial node. In the light of this experimental observation, an explanation is put forward for the difficulty which is usually experienced in obtaining any recording of the sino-atrial node potential, and for the ease with which this potential could be recorded in this case, and indeed in future cases with similar pathological problems.", "PMID": 404984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2914", "title": "[Myocardial infarct complicated by a posterior aneurysm of the left ventricle. Correction by resection and double coronary bypass. 1-year clinical and angiographic follow-up].", "content": "5 months after a posterior infarction, a man of 48 was found to have a posterior aneurysm with right coronary thrombosis and anterior inter-ventricular stenosis. A total treatment approach (resection of the aneurysm + double bypass graft) led to a stable clinical cure, which has been monitored one year later by ventriculography and coronary arteriography. The authors make the comment, however, that in this case surgery was more in the way of a safety measure than a necessity.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarct complicated by a posterior aneurysm of the left ventricle. Correction by resection and double coronary bypass. 1-year clinical and angiographic follow-up]. 5 months after a posterior infarction, a man of 48 was found to have a posterior aneurysm with right coronary thrombosis and anterior inter-ventricular stenosis. A total treatment approach (resection of the aneurysm + double bypass graft) led to a stable clinical cure, which has been monitored one year later by ventriculography and coronary arteriography. The authors make the comment, however, that in this case surgery was more in the way of a safety measure than a necessity.", "PMID": 404988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2915", "title": "[Prinzmetal's angina. Histological study of peroperative coronary specimens. Apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "The results of histological examination of two coronary artery biopsy specimens removed at operation are presented. There were unusual findings, especially of a highly cellular and oedematous fibroblastic endarteritis, of the lack of calcification, and of the presence of marked medial sclerosis. These unusual histological findings are the result of solitary variable stenoses of the coronary arterial tree, and very different from the histological findings in the atheromatous lesions which are usually found when Prinzmetal's angina is super-imposed on lesions which are multiple and diffuse.", "contents": "[Prinzmetal's angina. Histological study of peroperative coronary specimens. Apropos of 2 cases]. The results of histological examination of two coronary artery biopsy specimens removed at operation are presented. There were unusual findings, especially of a highly cellular and oedematous fibroblastic endarteritis, of the lack of calcification, and of the presence of marked medial sclerosis. These unusual histological findings are the result of solitary variable stenoses of the coronary arterial tree, and very different from the histological findings in the atheromatous lesions which are usually found when Prinzmetal's angina is super-imposed on lesions which are multiple and diffuse.", "PMID": 404989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2916", "title": "Comparative studies of several vaccinia virus strains by intrathalamic inoculation into cynomolgus monkeys.", "content": "From the comparative studies of the virulence of several vaccinia virus strains by intrathalamic inoculation into cynomolgus monkeys, the following results were observed. The CV1 virus was most virulent, the New York City Board of Health, Ikeda, EM63, and Lister viruses were slightly less virulent, and DIs and LC16 viruses least virulent. The characteristic findings were widespread inflammatory lesions in the meninges and choroid plexus which were closely associated with the replication of vaccinia virus, and parenchymal lesions which might be referred to a encephalopathy in the deceased monkeys. Meningoencephalitis was, however, ofter recognized in the monkeys sacrificed at 14 days postinoculation and those dying late.", "contents": "Comparative studies of several vaccinia virus strains by intrathalamic inoculation into cynomolgus monkeys. From the comparative studies of the virulence of several vaccinia virus strains by intrathalamic inoculation into cynomolgus monkeys, the following results were observed. The CV1 virus was most virulent, the New York City Board of Health, Ikeda, EM63, and Lister viruses were slightly less virulent, and DIs and LC16 viruses least virulent. The characteristic findings were widespread inflammatory lesions in the meninges and choroid plexus which were closely associated with the replication of vaccinia virus, and parenchymal lesions which might be referred to a encephalopathy in the deceased monkeys. Meningoencephalitis was, however, ofter recognized in the monkeys sacrificed at 14 days postinoculation and those dying late.", "PMID": 404993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2917", "title": "Comparison between conventional systems and a newer system of combined cultures for isolation of influenza viruses.", "content": "The sensitivity of conventional systems was compared with the sensitivity of the newer system of combined cultures for the isolation of influenza viruses. Both systems were comparable. It was found, that certain isolates were obtained only by conventional systems, and conversly, others by combined cultures only. These results showed that the joint usage of both the conventional and newer systems resulted in a significantly higher isolation rate.", "contents": "Comparison between conventional systems and a newer system of combined cultures for isolation of influenza viruses. The sensitivity of conventional systems was compared with the sensitivity of the newer system of combined cultures for the isolation of influenza viruses. Both systems were comparable. It was found, that certain isolates were obtained only by conventional systems, and conversly, others by combined cultures only. These results showed that the joint usage of both the conventional and newer systems resulted in a significantly higher isolation rate.", "PMID": 404994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2918", "title": "[Microscopic structure of the mesenteric lymph nodes of monkeys].", "content": "The structure and cytoarchitectonics of mesenterial lymph nodes were studied in thin histological sections by different methods. Under study were 5 rhesus monkeys and 3 hamadryas baboons. The square surface of different structural elements of the nodes (the cortical and medullary substances, follicles, the connective tissue framework, sinuses) occupied by them in sections was calculated and the amount of cellular elements was determined (%). Comparison of the data obtained in rhesus monkeys and baboons speaks of certain species-specific features of the organs under study. The morphological picture of lymph node sections in baboons (as compared with rhesus monkeys) might suggest earlier ageing of nodes in baboons.", "contents": "[Microscopic structure of the mesenteric lymph nodes of monkeys]. The structure and cytoarchitectonics of mesenterial lymph nodes were studied in thin histological sections by different methods. Under study were 5 rhesus monkeys and 3 hamadryas baboons. The square surface of different structural elements of the nodes (the cortical and medullary substances, follicles, the connective tissue framework, sinuses) occupied by them in sections was calculated and the amount of cellular elements was determined (%). Comparison of the data obtained in rhesus monkeys and baboons speaks of certain species-specific features of the organs under study. The morphological picture of lymph node sections in baboons (as compared with rhesus monkeys) might suggest earlier ageing of nodes in baboons.", "PMID": 404995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2919", "title": "Epilepsia partialis continua. A review of 32 cases.", "content": "Clinical, EEG, and autopsy findings were studied in 32 patients with epilepsia partialis continua. The seizures occurred at different ages and with diverse diseases of the brain. Facial and distal limb muscles were preferentially involved. Often, seizures suggested multifocal origin within a limited cerebral region, with low-amplitude, irregular, asynchronous contractions that could resemble other movement disorders. Twitching varied in rate, rhythm, intensity, and territorial extent continued sometimes for decades and was poorly responsive to therapy. Focal EEG abnormalities commonly consisted of discrete spikes, sharp waves, or slow-wave activity. Autopsy findings in eight patients showed consistent involvement of the motor cortex or closely adjacent areas. Clinical, EEG, and pathologic data favor a cortical origin of epilepsia partialis continua.", "contents": "Epilepsia partialis continua. A review of 32 cases. Clinical, EEG, and autopsy findings were studied in 32 patients with epilepsia partialis continua. The seizures occurred at different ages and with diverse diseases of the brain. Facial and distal limb muscles were preferentially involved. Often, seizures suggested multifocal origin within a limited cerebral region, with low-amplitude, irregular, asynchronous contractions that could resemble other movement disorders. Twitching varied in rate, rhythm, intensity, and territorial extent continued sometimes for decades and was poorly responsive to therapy. Focal EEG abnormalities commonly consisted of discrete spikes, sharp waves, or slow-wave activity. Autopsy findings in eight patients showed consistent involvement of the motor cortex or closely adjacent areas. Clinical, EEG, and pathologic data favor a cortical origin of epilepsia partialis continua.", "PMID": 404996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2920", "title": "Inferior oblique myectomy, disinsertion, and recession in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Twenty-one myectomies near the insertion, 22 disinsertions, and two recessions were performed. After healing was complete, each animal was sacrificed. Anatomical dissection showed the following:(1) in every disinsertion and myectomy case, the inferior oblique muscle spontaneously reattached itself to the sclera;(2) the site of reattachment following these two procedures varied widely, ranging from the original insertion site to other areas adjacent to the lateral rectus or inferior rectus insertions; (3) disinsertion and myectomy shortened the inferior oblique muscle to two thirds its normal length, while recession shortened the muscle to one third its normal length.", "contents": "Inferior oblique myectomy, disinsertion, and recession in rhesus monkeys. Twenty-one myectomies near the insertion, 22 disinsertions, and two recessions were performed. After healing was complete, each animal was sacrificed. Anatomical dissection showed the following:(1) in every disinsertion and myectomy case, the inferior oblique muscle spontaneously reattached itself to the sclera;(2) the site of reattachment following these two procedures varied widely, ranging from the original insertion site to other areas adjacent to the lateral rectus or inferior rectus insertions; (3) disinsertion and myectomy shortened the inferior oblique muscle to two thirds its normal length, while recession shortened the muscle to one third its normal length.", "PMID": 404997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2921", "title": "Testing thyroid function.", "content": "From the foregoing discussion, it is clear that no single test provides sufficient information to justify its use alone as a single screening test. In vitro tests have now replaced in vivo procedures in the vast majority of patients. Because of the frequency of abnormalities in TBP concentration, the estimation of total T4 should be accompanied by a T3 resin uptake to provide the free thyroxine index or alternatively, a normalized T4 test (Quantisorb or ETR) is  preferable. In patients with suspected hyperthyroidism, the initial laboratory evaluation should be an estimate of free T4 and a total serum T3 determination. Whereas the majority of hyperthyroid patients exhibit elevated free T4 levels, a smaller but variable percentage will exhibit only an elevated T3 level. The diagnosis mients where equivocal tests do not provide a diagnosis. In patients with suspected hypothyroidism, estimations of T4 and T3 provide evidence of diminished thyroidal secretion. The diagnosis should be confirmed by demonstration of an elevated TSH level. Normal or low TSH levels point to a diagnosis of pituitary hypothyroidism which can be confirmed by TRH stimulation. The finding of low normal or subnormal T4, normal T3 and elevated TSH levels suggest \"compensated hypothyroidism\". Estimation of thyroid autoantibodies may confirm the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis. It is emphasized that the approach to testing thyroid function should be an adequate clinical assessment so that selection of the appropriate test(s) currently available leads to a diagnosis of great certainty in most cases.", "contents": "Testing thyroid function. From the foregoing discussion, it is clear that no single test provides sufficient information to justify its use alone as a single screening test. In vitro tests have now replaced in vivo procedures in the vast majority of patients. Because of the frequency of abnormalities in TBP concentration, the estimation of total T4 should be accompanied by a T3 resin uptake to provide the free thyroxine index or alternatively, a normalized T4 test (Quantisorb or ETR) is  preferable. In patients with suspected hyperthyroidism, the initial laboratory evaluation should be an estimate of free T4 and a total serum T3 determination. Whereas the majority of hyperthyroid patients exhibit elevated free T4 levels, a smaller but variable percentage will exhibit only an elevated T3 level. The diagnosis mients where equivocal tests do not provide a diagnosis. In patients with suspected hypothyroidism, estimations of T4 and T3 provide evidence of diminished thyroidal secretion. The diagnosis should be confirmed by demonstration of an elevated TSH level. Normal or low TSH levels point to a diagnosis of pituitary hypothyroidism which can be confirmed by TRH stimulation. The finding of low normal or subnormal T4, normal T3 and elevated TSH levels suggest \"compensated hypothyroidism\". Estimation of thyroid autoantibodies may confirm the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis. It is emphasized that the approach to testing thyroid function should be an adequate clinical assessment so that selection of the appropriate test(s) currently available leads to a diagnosis of great certainty in most cases.", "PMID": 404998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2922", "title": "Analog processing of vestibular nystagmus for on-line cross- correlation data analysis.", "content": "An analog processing circuit is described which allow accurate measurement of the phase relationships between input angular acceleration and resulting eye velocity. Vestibular nystagmic data are processed via analog technics to yield slowphase eye velocity. The turntable velocity input is cross-correlated with the eye velocity output, using a Nicolet MED-80 minicomputer system. The resulting correlograms are further processed to obtain precise phase information. Test data analysis shows a system resolution within 1 degree. Data from human and animal subjects are portrayed.", "contents": "Analog processing of vestibular nystagmus for on-line cross- correlation data analysis. An analog processing circuit is described which allow accurate measurement of the phase relationships between input angular acceleration and resulting eye velocity. Vestibular nystagmic data are processed via analog technics to yield slowphase eye velocity. The turntable velocity input is cross-correlated with the eye velocity output, using a Nicolet MED-80 minicomputer system. The resulting correlograms are further processed to obtain precise phase information. Test data analysis shows a system resolution within 1 degree. Data from human and animal subjects are portrayed.", "PMID": 404999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2923", "title": "Performance in a 12-hour, 300-rad profile.", "content": "A discrete behavioral task was initiated to study the effects of a 300-rad variable dose rate exposure profile upon positively (food reward) and negatively (mild shock) reinforced groups of primates. Animals performed the task for 12 h. Performance decrements were readily apparent in 2 of 8 shock and 2 of 7 food animals, while delayed reaction times were found in 3 of 8 shock and 3 of 7 food animals. Of the 7 food animals, 4 exhibited emesis, while 1 of 8 shock animals vomited. Such information is useful to military planners who need guidelines to indicate potential aircrew nuclear vulnerability and survivability.", "contents": "Performance in a 12-hour, 300-rad profile. A discrete behavioral task was initiated to study the effects of a 300-rad variable dose rate exposure profile upon positively (food reward) and negatively (mild shock) reinforced groups of primates. Animals performed the task for 12 h. Performance decrements were readily apparent in 2 of 8 shock and 2 of 7 food animals, while delayed reaction times were found in 3 of 8 shock and 3 of 7 food animals. Of the 7 food animals, 4 exhibited emesis, while 1 of 8 shock animals vomited. Such information is useful to military planners who need guidelines to indicate potential aircrew nuclear vulnerability and survivability.", "PMID": 405000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2924", "title": "Labyrinth and cerebral-spinal fluid pressure changes in guinea pigs and monkeys during simulated zero G.", "content": "This study was undertaken to explore the hypothesis that shifts of body fluids from the legs and torso toward the head contribute to the motion sickness experienced by astronauts and cosmonauts. The shifts in body fluids observed during zero-G exposure were simulated by elevating guinea pigs' and monkeys' torsos and hindquarters. Cerebral-spinal fluid pressure was recorded from a transducer located in a brain ventricle; labyrinth fluid pressure was recorded from a pipette cemented in a hole in a semicircular canal. An anticipated divergence in cerebral-spinal fluid pressure and labyrinth fluid pressure during torso elevation was not observed. The results of this study do not support a fluid shift mechanism of zero-G-induced motion sickness. However, a more complete test of the fluid shift mechanism would be obtained if endolymph and perilymph pressure changes were determined separately; we have been unable to perform this test to date.", "contents": "Labyrinth and cerebral-spinal fluid pressure changes in guinea pigs and monkeys during simulated zero G. This study was undertaken to explore the hypothesis that shifts of body fluids from the legs and torso toward the head contribute to the motion sickness experienced by astronauts and cosmonauts. The shifts in body fluids observed during zero-G exposure were simulated by elevating guinea pigs' and monkeys' torsos and hindquarters. Cerebral-spinal fluid pressure was recorded from a transducer located in a brain ventricle; labyrinth fluid pressure was recorded from a pipette cemented in a hole in a semicircular canal. An anticipated divergence in cerebral-spinal fluid pressure and labyrinth fluid pressure during torso elevation was not observed. The results of this study do not support a fluid shift mechanism of zero-G-induced motion sickness. However, a more complete test of the fluid shift mechanism would be obtained if endolymph and perilymph pressure changes were determined separately; we have been unable to perform this test to date.", "PMID": 405001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2925", "title": "AME seminar program in the United States: genesis, goals, and cost-benefit reflections.", "content": "The practicing physician's requirement for continuing postgraduate medical education is generally accepted and has generated a number of postgraduate education  programs. In 1960, the FAA inaugurated a seminar program to serve the special educational needs of its approximately 7,500 designated Aviation Medical Examiners. These doctors, the majority of whom are civilian physicians representing almost every specialty, are charged with issuing or withholding the pilot's medical license to fly. Under the administration of coauthor Harris, the AME Seminar Program undergoes modification and change as improvements are suggested by accrued experience. Evaluation of data acquired from a variety of sources indicates that the AME does, in fact, need refresher training in civil aviation medicine. In helping fulfill that need, the AME Seminar Program is working effectively.", "contents": "AME seminar program in the United States: genesis, goals, and cost-benefit reflections. The practicing physician's requirement for continuing postgraduate medical education is generally accepted and has generated a number of postgraduate education  programs. In 1960, the FAA inaugurated a seminar program to serve the special educational needs of its approximately 7,500 designated Aviation Medical Examiners. These doctors, the majority of whom are civilian physicians representing almost every specialty, are charged with issuing or withholding the pilot's medical license to fly. Under the administration of coauthor Harris, the AME Seminar Program undergoes modification and change as improvements are suggested by accrued experience. Evaluation of data acquired from a variety of sources indicates that the AME does, in fact, need refresher training in civil aviation medicine. In helping fulfill that need, the AME Seminar Program is working effectively.", "PMID": 405002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2926", "title": "A clinical evaluation of four alternative telemedicine systems.", "content": "A comparison was made of four alternative telecommunication systems used in delivering primary health care to remote populations. The media were color television, black and white television, still frame black and white television, and hands-free telephone. The patient population was that of a large organization in a Canadian province, a major component of a societal system. Over 1000 patients who came to a clinic seeking medical attention were examined remotely by one of the four systems. In addition, they were examined in the physical presence of a doctor at the clinic. The diagnoses, patient management programs, etc., of the clinic physician were used as the basis for comparison. We found no significant differences in diagnostic accuracy, proportion of supporting investigations requested, e.g., laboratory tests and X rays, time taken for the diagnostic consultations and the effectiveness of patient management across the four communication modes. On the contrary, in some instances it was found that behavior across the modes was significantly similar. Even patient attitudes showed only a slight preference for the more sensory rich modes of communication. It was concluded that there is little to distinguish the effectiveness of the four telecommunication modes when used for remote diagnostic consultations. Therefore, the cheapest mode is the most cost-effective. Phase four of the research program will compare the effects of the two least costly modes, still frame television and hands-free telephone, in an operational system in northern Ontario.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of four alternative telemedicine systems. A comparison was made of four alternative telecommunication systems used in delivering primary health care to remote populations. The media were color television, black and white television, still frame black and white television, and hands-free telephone. The patient population was that of a large organization in a Canadian province, a major component of a societal system. Over 1000 patients who came to a clinic seeking medical attention were examined remotely by one of the four systems. In addition, they were examined in the physical presence of a doctor at the clinic. The diagnoses, patient management programs, etc., of the clinic physician were used as the basis for comparison. We found no significant differences in diagnostic accuracy, proportion of supporting investigations requested, e.g., laboratory tests and X rays, time taken for the diagnostic consultations and the effectiveness of patient management across the four communication modes. On the contrary, in some instances it was found that behavior across the modes was significantly similar. Even patient attitudes showed only a slight preference for the more sensory rich modes of communication. It was concluded that there is little to distinguish the effectiveness of the four telecommunication modes when used for remote diagnostic consultations. Therefore, the cheapest mode is the most cost-effective. Phase four of the research program will compare the effects of the two least costly modes, still frame television and hands-free telephone, in an operational system in northern Ontario.", "PMID": 405004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2927", "title": "Mucopolysaccharidosis III A (Sanfilippo disease type A). Histochemical, electron microscopical and biochemical findings.", "content": "This is a report of two brothers iwth mucopolysaccharidosis. The 8- and 10-year-old boys presented the characteristic clinical symptoms of the syndrome in their entirety. Both had a highly increased excretion of heparan sulfate in urine. The elder boy died and was autopsied and diagnosed as having Sanfilippo disease Typ A by a drastic reduction of heparan sulfate sulfamidase activity in organ extracts. Histochemically, highly water-soluble, sulfate acid mucopolysaccharides were demonstrated in liver, spleen, and cerebrum of the deceased child. Chemical analyses revealed a 12-fold increase of sulfated mucopolysaccharide in the patients liver and a 4.5-fold increase in the cerebrum when compared with normal controls. The sulfated polysaccharide consisted mainly of heparan sulfate, which was of low molecular size, heterogeneous in charge, and rich in its sulfamino hexose content. In addition, the gangliocytes of cerebrum and cerebellum had accumulated glycolipids. Electron microscopically the storage cells were overloaded with lysosomal residual bodies. The mitral valve was also involved in the storage process, which is a rare manifestation of the Sanfilippo syndrome. Acid mucopolysaccharides were deposited intracellularly as well as extracellularly in the mitral valve tissue. Polarisation microscopically there was found a change from normally positive to negative birefringence in the connective tissue ground substance of the mitral valve when containing stored mucopolysaccharides.", "contents": "Mucopolysaccharidosis III A (Sanfilippo disease type A). Histochemical, electron microscopical and biochemical findings. This is a report of two brothers iwth mucopolysaccharidosis. The 8- and 10-year-old boys presented the characteristic clinical symptoms of the syndrome in their entirety. Both had a highly increased excretion of heparan sulfate in urine. The elder boy died and was autopsied and diagnosed as having Sanfilippo disease Typ A by a drastic reduction of heparan sulfate sulfamidase activity in organ extracts. Histochemically, highly water-soluble, sulfate acid mucopolysaccharides were demonstrated in liver, spleen, and cerebrum of the deceased child. Chemical analyses revealed a 12-fold increase of sulfated mucopolysaccharide in the patients liver and a 4.5-fold increase in the cerebrum when compared with normal controls. The sulfated polysaccharide consisted mainly of heparan sulfate, which was of low molecular size, heterogeneous in charge, and rich in its sulfamino hexose content. In addition, the gangliocytes of cerebrum and cerebellum had accumulated glycolipids. Electron microscopically the storage cells were overloaded with lysosomal residual bodies. The mitral valve was also involved in the storage process, which is a rare manifestation of the Sanfilippo syndrome. Acid mucopolysaccharides were deposited intracellularly as well as extracellularly in the mitral valve tissue. Polarisation microscopically there was found a change from normally positive to negative birefringence in the connective tissue ground substance of the mitral valve when containing stored mucopolysaccharides.", "PMID": 405006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2928", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction following gold sodium thiomalate induced vasomotor (nitritoid) reaction.", "content": "A vasomotor (nitritoid) reaction occurred following an initial injection of gold sodium thiomalate (GST; Myochrysine) in a 69-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). An acute anterior wall myocardial infarction, documented by serial electrocardiographic and serum enzyme changes, developed immediately thereafter. A second patient, a 49-year-old man with RA and a history of GST-associated vasomotor reactions, was monitored clinically and electrocardiographically after GST administration. Sinus tachycardia developed and peripheral blood pressure fell within 2 minutes of injection, simultaneous with the onset of vasomotor symptoms. Vasomotor reactions from GST may compromise myocardial perfusion by their action on arteriolar smooth muscle, and thus result in peripheral vasodilatation, or they may act by adrenergic discharge initiated by such a reaction, and thus increase myocardial work and oxygen demand. Aurothioglucose (Solganal), rarely produces vasomotor reactions, and may be preferred to GST in elderly RA patients with concomitant cardiovascular disease or atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction following gold sodium thiomalate induced vasomotor (nitritoid) reaction. A vasomotor (nitritoid) reaction occurred following an initial injection of gold sodium thiomalate (GST; Myochrysine) in a 69-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). An acute anterior wall myocardial infarction, documented by serial electrocardiographic and serum enzyme changes, developed immediately thereafter. A second patient, a 49-year-old man with RA and a history of GST-associated vasomotor reactions, was monitored clinically and electrocardiographically after GST administration. Sinus tachycardia developed and peripheral blood pressure fell within 2 minutes of injection, simultaneous with the onset of vasomotor symptoms. Vasomotor reactions from GST may compromise myocardial perfusion by their action on arteriolar smooth muscle, and thus result in peripheral vasodilatation, or they may act by adrenergic discharge initiated by such a reaction, and thus increase myocardial work and oxygen demand. Aurothioglucose (Solganal), rarely produces vasomotor reactions, and may be preferred to GST in elderly RA patients with concomitant cardiovascular disease or atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 405017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2929", "title": "Papular mucinosis with myopathy, arthritis, and eosinophilia. A histopathologic study.", "content": "A patient with biopsy-proven papular mucinosis, plus the characteristic IgG lambda light chain paraproteinemia, also developed a severe proximal myopathy, seronegative inflammatory polyarthritis, and marked eosinophilia. Muscle enzymes were elevated, EMG was compatible with polymositis, and muscle biopsy revealed an atypical necrotizing vacuolar myopathy. Synovial biopsy revealed an inflammatory synovitis with Class II synovial fluid. No mucin deposition was detectable in muscle or synovium. During 7 years of observation, corticosteroids and various immunosuppressive agents were successively administered with little benefit. Recently, weekly intravenous methotrexate and low-dose oral corticosteroids have resulted in clinical and laboratory improvement. It is suggested that the pathology in papular mucinosis may include serious rheumatic manifestations in addition to the cutaneous involvement.", "contents": "Papular mucinosis with myopathy, arthritis, and eosinophilia. A histopathologic study. A patient with biopsy-proven papular mucinosis, plus the characteristic IgG lambda light chain paraproteinemia, also developed a severe proximal myopathy, seronegative inflammatory polyarthritis, and marked eosinophilia. Muscle enzymes were elevated, EMG was compatible with polymositis, and muscle biopsy revealed an atypical necrotizing vacuolar myopathy. Synovial biopsy revealed an inflammatory synovitis with Class II synovial fluid. No mucin deposition was detectable in muscle or synovium. During 7 years of observation, corticosteroids and various immunosuppressive agents were successively administered with little benefit. Recently, weekly intravenous methotrexate and low-dose oral corticosteroids have resulted in clinical and laboratory improvement. It is suggested that the pathology in papular mucinosis may include serious rheumatic manifestations in addition to the cutaneous involvement.", "PMID": 405019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2930", "title": "Blood levels of the metabolites of glyceryl trinitrate and pentaerythritol tetranitrate after administration of a two-step preparation.", "content": "Blood levels and urinary excretion rates of glyceryl trinitrate- pentaerythritol tetranitrate, and their less nitrate containing metabolites have been determined in ten human volunteers after a single dose of a two- step preparation containing glyceryl trinitrate and pentaerythritol tetranitrate. Blood levels accounted for peak levels of about 40% of the glyceryl trinitrate and 0.4% of the pentaerythritol tetranitrate metabolites, respectively. Within the first 24 h post administration 22% of the glyceryl trinitrate and 19% of the pentaerythritol tetranitrate were excreted as nitrate metabolites, chiefly in form of conjugates. The determinations were obtained by gas chromatography on extremely inactive columns and electron capture detection by means of derivatives.", "contents": "Blood levels of the metabolites of glyceryl trinitrate and pentaerythritol tetranitrate after administration of a two-step preparation. Blood levels and urinary excretion rates of glyceryl trinitrate- pentaerythritol tetranitrate, and their less nitrate containing metabolites have been determined in ten human volunteers after a single dose of a two- step preparation containing glyceryl trinitrate and pentaerythritol tetranitrate. Blood levels accounted for peak levels of about 40% of the glyceryl trinitrate and 0.4% of the pentaerythritol tetranitrate metabolites, respectively. Within the first 24 h post administration 22% of the glyceryl trinitrate and 19% of the pentaerythritol tetranitrate were excreted as nitrate metabolites, chiefly in form of conjugates. The determinations were obtained by gas chromatography on extremely inactive columns and electron capture detection by means of derivatives.", "PMID": 405020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2931", "title": "[The influence of etiroxat-HCl on iodine metabolism in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigation of the iodine metabolism in man during and after the ingestion of D,L-methyl-3,5,3,5-tetraiodothyronine-ethylester-hydrochloride (etiroxat-hydrochloride, Skleronorm) exhibited the following results: 1. After 20-40 mg of etiroxat the absolute iodine uptake of the thyroid gland was increased 3-7 times. There was indirect evidence that the incretion rate of thyroid hormones did not change. 2. The concentration of total iodine, T4(D), T4(RIA) and T3(RIA) was artificially increased by etiroxat for 2-3 months after cessation of its application. Therefore these parameters do not offer information on the concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood during this period of time. 3. Like other thyroid hormone analogues 40 mg etiroxat daily for 4 weeks blocks the TSH incretion induced by 200 microng TRH up to 1-2 weeks after cessation.", "contents": "[The influence of etiroxat-HCl on iodine metabolism in man (author's transl)]. Investigation of the iodine metabolism in man during and after the ingestion of D,L-methyl-3,5,3,5-tetraiodothyronine-ethylester-hydrochloride (etiroxat-hydrochloride, Skleronorm) exhibited the following results: 1. After 20-40 mg of etiroxat the absolute iodine uptake of the thyroid gland was increased 3-7 times. There was indirect evidence that the incretion rate of thyroid hormones did not change. 2. The concentration of total iodine, T4(D), T4(RIA) and T3(RIA) was artificially increased by etiroxat for 2-3 months after cessation of its application. Therefore these parameters do not offer information on the concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood during this period of time. 3. Like other thyroid hormone analogues 40 mg etiroxat daily for 4 weeks blocks the TSH incretion induced by 200 microng TRH up to 1-2 weeks after cessation.", "PMID": 405021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2932", "title": "Regression of arteriosclerotic lesions in rhesus monkey aortas after regression diet. Scanning and transmission electron microscope observations of the endothelium.", "content": "Scanning and transmission microscopy were used to study aortic intima atherosclerotic lesions in Rhesus monkeys during both progression and regression phases. Scanning micrographs of severely atherosclerotic lesions showed areas of disjunctive endothelium and discontinuous basement membranes, frequently accompanied by red blood cells and other circulating elements adhering to the surface. Transmission micrographs also showed occasional areas of endothelial cell damage and loss with lipid-laden smooth muscle cells and foam cells beneath. Regressed lesions (affected by low-fat, low-cholesterol diet with or without  cholestyramine) showed endothelial changes suggestive of reparative processes. Scanning micrographs showed flattened residual lesions with continous endothelial lining, while transmission microscopy disclosed interdigitated intercellular tight junctions and frequently reduplicated basement membranes.", "contents": "Regression of arteriosclerotic lesions in rhesus monkey aortas after regression diet. Scanning and transmission electron microscope observations of the endothelium. Scanning and transmission microscopy were used to study aortic intima atherosclerotic lesions in Rhesus monkeys during both progression and regression phases. Scanning micrographs of severely atherosclerotic lesions showed areas of disjunctive endothelium and discontinuous basement membranes, frequently accompanied by red blood cells and other circulating elements adhering to the surface. Transmission micrographs also showed occasional areas of endothelial cell damage and loss with lipid-laden smooth muscle cells and foam cells beneath. Regressed lesions (affected by low-fat, low-cholesterol diet with or without  cholestyramine) showed endothelial changes suggestive of reparative processes. Scanning micrographs showed flattened residual lesions with continous endothelial lining, while transmission microscopy disclosed interdigitated intercellular tight junctions and frequently reduplicated basement membranes.", "PMID": 405022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2933", "title": "Effects of propranolol, minoxidil, and clofibrate on cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides).", "content": "Propanolol, minoxidil, and clofibrate, three different classes of pharmacological agents used clinically in various conditions related to atherosclerosis, were shown not to have any intrinsic potentiating effects on the development of atherosclerosis in stumptail macaques fed an atherogenic diet. We did obtain, however, some results that suggest that clofibrate and propranolol may exert some beneficial actions.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol, minoxidil, and clofibrate on cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). Propanolol, minoxidil, and clofibrate, three different classes of pharmacological agents used clinically in various conditions related to atherosclerosis, were shown not to have any intrinsic potentiating effects on the development of atherosclerosis in stumptail macaques fed an atherogenic diet. We did obtain, however, some results that suggest that clofibrate and propranolol may exert some beneficial actions.", "PMID": 405023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2934", "title": "Localization of lipase-like immunoreactivity in porcine adipose, aortic and myocardial tissue.", "content": "Lipase has been purified from pig adipose tissue and antibodies have been produced in rabbit. By indirect immunofluorescence and immunoenzyme techniques lipase-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in the intima of pig aorta, in the endothelial cells of the myocardium and in plasma membranes of adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells. Lipase activity in extracts of some of these tissues was inhibited by the addition of anti-lipase antibodies. At least part of the immunoreactivity in the examined tissues is due to active lipases.", "contents": "Localization of lipase-like immunoreactivity in porcine adipose, aortic and myocardial tissue. Lipase has been purified from pig adipose tissue and antibodies have been produced in rabbit. By indirect immunofluorescence and immunoenzyme techniques lipase-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in the intima of pig aorta, in the endothelial cells of the myocardium and in plasma membranes of adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells. Lipase activity in extracts of some of these tissues was inhibited by the addition of anti-lipase antibodies. At least part of the immunoreactivity in the examined tissues is due to active lipases.", "PMID": 405024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2935", "title": "Studies on the absorption and disposition of meptazinol following rectal administration.", "content": "1 Rectal administration of the new analgesic drug, meptazinol, resulted in rapid absorption of the compound both in the monkey and in man. Peak plasma levels were observed within 0.5 h of dosing. 2 Absorption of the drug following rectal administration was extensive as shown by the recovery of 65-90% of the dose in the urine. 3 Despite substantial inter-individual variation in the observed maximum plasma concentrations of the drug, it was still evident that concentrations after rectal dosage were considerably higher than when the same dosage was given orally. 4 Elimination of the drug from plasma took place rapidly in an apparently mono-exponential manner in both species. The half-life of elimination in monkeys was 1.25 h and in man 2.0 h.", "contents": "Studies on the absorption and disposition of meptazinol following rectal administration. 1 Rectal administration of the new analgesic drug, meptazinol, resulted in rapid absorption of the compound both in the monkey and in man. Peak plasma levels were observed within 0.5 h of dosing. 2 Absorption of the drug following rectal administration was extensive as shown by the recovery of 65-90% of the dose in the urine. 3 Despite substantial inter-individual variation in the observed maximum plasma concentrations of the drug, it was still evident that concentrations after rectal dosage were considerably higher than when the same dosage was given orally. 4 Elimination of the drug from plasma took place rapidly in an apparently mono-exponential manner in both species. The half-life of elimination in monkeys was 1.25 h and in man 2.0 h.", "PMID": 405029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2936", "title": "A test for mutation theory of cancer: carcinogenesis by misrepair of DNA damaged by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide.", "content": "Evidence for a mutation theory of cancer is presented by reviewing the experimental work on 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) carcinogenesis. 4NQO almost completely mimics u.v. light and produces 4NQO-purine adducts on DNA. When 4NQO-treated cells are held in liquid medium under appropriate conditions, the 4NQO adducts disappear from DNA, in parallel to decrease of premutational damage in Escherichia coli, or pretransformational damage in cultured mouse cells. Post-treatment with caffeine greatly diminishes the yields by 4NQO of mutants in E. coli, malignant transformants in cultured mouse cells and tumour nodules in the lung of mice. Potentially tumourigenized stem cells in the lung remain sensitive to selective killing by caffeine for at least 5 days after 4NQO treatment, in spite of their DNA being apparently replicated, an indication that carcinogen-damaged DNA in the stem cell can be transmitted to its successive daughter stem cells for many generations. This peculiar characteristic is discussed as a possible lead to the crux of the mutation theory of cancer in vivo, and a model for carcinogenesis is proposed.", "contents": "A test for mutation theory of cancer: carcinogenesis by misrepair of DNA damaged by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Evidence for a mutation theory of cancer is presented by reviewing the experimental work on 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) carcinogenesis. 4NQO almost completely mimics u.v. light and produces 4NQO-purine adducts on DNA. When 4NQO-treated cells are held in liquid medium under appropriate conditions, the 4NQO adducts disappear from DNA, in parallel to decrease of premutational damage in Escherichia coli, or pretransformational damage in cultured mouse cells. Post-treatment with caffeine greatly diminishes the yields by 4NQO of mutants in E. coli, malignant transformants in cultured mouse cells and tumour nodules in the lung of mice. Potentially tumourigenized stem cells in the lung remain sensitive to selective killing by caffeine for at least 5 days after 4NQO treatment, in spite of their DNA being apparently replicated, an indication that carcinogen-damaged DNA in the stem cell can be transmitted to its successive daughter stem cells for many generations. This peculiar characteristic is discussed as a possible lead to the crux of the mutation theory of cancer in vivo, and a model for carcinogenesis is proposed.", "PMID": 405031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2937", "title": "Morphology, growth characteristics and oestrogen-binding capacity of DMBA-induced mammary tumours from ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The morphology of 20 mammary adenocarcinomas induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in Sprague-Dawley rats was compared with their growth characteristics and oestrogen-binding capacity following ovariectomy. The capacity to bind (3H)oestradiol-17B did not appear to be related to the growth characteristics, time of appearance after DMBA administration, or time between ovariectomy and assay for specific oestrogen-binding proteins. Furthermore, different tumours appeared to have oestrogen-binding capacities unrelated to the percentage of neoplastic cells within the tumour, amount of inflammation, mast cell infiltration, or the presence of fluid-filled cysts. The only morphological features which appeared to be correlated with oestrogen-binding capacity were the number of mitoses and the lipid content of the tumour; that is, the oestrogen-binding capacity tended to be lower in tumours with moderate or large numbers of mitoses and in tumours with much lipid in the epithelial cells. Six of the 19 adenocarcinomas found prior to sacrifice either continued growing or remained static following ovariectomy, while the others underwent regression. In 5 of the regressing tumours a new growth phase was observed, usually beginning 2 months after ovariectomy. Tumours other thus osteosarcoma as well as fibroadenomas and Zymbal-gland tumours.", "contents": "Morphology, growth characteristics and oestrogen-binding capacity of DMBA-induced mammary tumours from ovariectomized rats. The morphology of 20 mammary adenocarcinomas induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in Sprague-Dawley rats was compared with their growth characteristics and oestrogen-binding capacity following ovariectomy. The capacity to bind (3H)oestradiol-17B did not appear to be related to the growth characteristics, time of appearance after DMBA administration, or time between ovariectomy and assay for specific oestrogen-binding proteins. Furthermore, different tumours appeared to have oestrogen-binding capacities unrelated to the percentage of neoplastic cells within the tumour, amount of inflammation, mast cell infiltration, or the presence of fluid-filled cysts. The only morphological features which appeared to be correlated with oestrogen-binding capacity were the number of mitoses and the lipid content of the tumour; that is, the oestrogen-binding capacity tended to be lower in tumours with moderate or large numbers of mitoses and in tumours with much lipid in the epithelial cells. Six of the 19 adenocarcinomas found prior to sacrifice either continued growing or remained static following ovariectomy, while the others underwent regression. In 5 of the regressing tumours a new growth phase was observed, usually beginning 2 months after ovariectomy. Tumours other thus osteosarcoma as well as fibroadenomas and Zymbal-gland tumours.", "PMID": 405032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2938", "title": "Role of host endocrine status in murine leukaemogenesis.", "content": "Permanent changes in the endocrine status of female SJL/J and CR mice were induced by masculinization, ablation of endocrine glands, inoculation of hormones, or feeding of the chemical carcinogen DMBA. All these procedures resulted in modification of the host hormonal milieu, as shown by blood hormone determination. Masculinization reduced drastically the onset of lymphosarcoma and increased the incidence of systemic neoplasms respectively in DMBA-treated female SJL/J and CR mice. Continued administration of gonadotrophins increased the incidence of systemic neoplasia in CR mice. A direct correlation is suggested between onset of lymphosarcoma or other tumours in mice and a specific shift to an abnormal hormonal environment.", "contents": "Role of host endocrine status in murine leukaemogenesis. Permanent changes in the endocrine status of female SJL/J and CR mice were induced by masculinization, ablation of endocrine glands, inoculation of hormones, or feeding of the chemical carcinogen DMBA. All these procedures resulted in modification of the host hormonal milieu, as shown by blood hormone determination. Masculinization reduced drastically the onset of lymphosarcoma and increased the incidence of systemic neoplasms respectively in DMBA-treated female SJL/J and CR mice. Continued administration of gonadotrophins increased the incidence of systemic neoplasia in CR mice. A direct correlation is suggested between onset of lymphosarcoma or other tumours in mice and a specific shift to an abnormal hormonal environment.", "PMID": 405033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2939", "title": "An animal model to study iron availability from human diets.", "content": "1. The retention of ferric- and ferrous-iron was determined in guinea-pigs and monkeys using 55Fe and 59Fe. 2. The bioavailability of Fe from two typical Indian diets based on rice and wheat was determined in humans and monkeys using a 59Fe tracer and whole-body counting. 3. The retention ratio, ferric-Fe; ferrous-Fe was 0-90 in guinea-pigs and 0-33 in monkeys, indicating that monkeys absorb ferrous-Fe preferentially. 4. In monkeys retention of Fe from the test diets, as from ferrous ascorbate was lower than that in humans. 5. When food-Fe retention was expressed in relation to inorganic-Fe retention the value for retention ratio, food Fe: inorganic Fe in monkeys was similar to that in human subjects. 6. The results indicate that the monkey can be used as a model to study Fe absorption from human diets.", "contents": "An animal model to study iron availability from human diets. 1. The retention of ferric- and ferrous-iron was determined in guinea-pigs and monkeys using 55Fe and 59Fe. 2. The bioavailability of Fe from two typical Indian diets based on rice and wheat was determined in humans and monkeys using a 59Fe tracer and whole-body counting. 3. The retention ratio, ferric-Fe; ferrous-Fe was 0-90 in guinea-pigs and 0-33 in monkeys, indicating that monkeys absorb ferrous-Fe preferentially. 4. In monkeys retention of Fe from the test diets, as from ferrous ascorbate was lower than that in humans. 5. When food-Fe retention was expressed in relation to inorganic-Fe retention the value for retention ratio, food Fe: inorganic Fe in monkeys was similar to that in human subjects. 6. The results indicate that the monkey can be used as a model to study Fe absorption from human diets.", "PMID": 405035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2940", "title": "Histidine-200 alters inhibitor binding in human carbonic anhydrase B. A carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance identification.", "content": "We have previously prepared 13C-enriched NT-carboxymethylhistidine-200 human carbonic anhydrase B (CmHCAB) by reacting the native enzyme with 90% [1-13C]bromoacetate (Strader, D.J., and Khalifah, R.G. (1976), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 5043). The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance signal of the enriched carboxylate of CmHCAB proved sensitive to active-site events, permitting, among other things, the determination of the microscopic pKa of the modified histidine. This report extends the study to the complexes of CmHCAB with the inhibitors iodide and azide. It is found that the pKa of histidine-200 is significantly increased when these inhibitors bind. A quantiative comparison of the iodide-induced pKa shift with literature data (Whitney, P. L., and Brandt, H. (1976), J. Biol, Chem. 251, 3862) showing that the binding of iodide is influenced by the ionization of an active-site group of pKa 6.1 allowed the clear identification of histidine-200 as the perturbing group. Other important implications of the magnetic resonance results are also discussed.", "contents": "Histidine-200 alters inhibitor binding in human carbonic anhydrase B. A carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance identification. We have previously prepared 13C-enriched NT-carboxymethylhistidine-200 human carbonic anhydrase B (CmHCAB) by reacting the native enzyme with 90% [1-13C]bromoacetate (Strader, D.J., and Khalifah, R.G. (1976), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 5043). The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance signal of the enriched carboxylate of CmHCAB proved sensitive to active-site events, permitting, among other things, the determination of the microscopic pKa of the modified histidine. This report extends the study to the complexes of CmHCAB with the inhibitors iodide and azide. It is found that the pKa of histidine-200 is significantly increased when these inhibitors bind. A quantiative comparison of the iodide-induced pKa shift with literature data (Whitney, P. L., and Brandt, H. (1976), J. Biol, Chem. 251, 3862) showing that the binding of iodide is influenced by the ionization of an active-site group of pKa 6.1 allowed the clear identification of histidine-200 as the perturbing group. Other important implications of the magnetic resonance results are also discussed.", "PMID": 405036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2941", "title": "Solubility properties of alpha-reduced paramyosin.", "content": "It is now believed that the reduced form of alpha-paramyosin is that found in living adductor muscles of molluscs. We have studied the solubility of a preparation of alpha-paramyosin obtained under reducing conditions. In contrast to the solubility profile of beta-paramyosin, the alpha-paramyosin, the alpha-preparation showed a rapid, almost linear decrease in solubility over the ionic strength range 0.35-0.25 at neutral pH. Solubility in this range was further decreased by the presence of physiologically small amounts of calcium ion. Lactate ion, which can accumulate during anaerobic glycolysis in molluscan muscles, also decreases the solubility at a level of 50 mM. In addition, the type of paracrystal formed by alpha-paramyosin differs greatly from those of beta-paramyosin and paracrystal formed in the presence of lactate differs from those formed in buffer solutions. Reduced alpha-paramyosin is more sensitive to the above parameters than the preparations made without reducing agents. Moreover, the pH and ionic strength ranges in which greatest change in solubility behaviour occurs are physiologic, as are the calcium and lactate ion levels effective in increasing intermolecular interactions. A model is proposed for alpha-paramyosin in which the extra 5% presumably removed in beta preparations is a \"sticky head\" which protrudes from one end of the molecule and confers on it an increased tendency for interaction, particularly at physiological ionic strength. Such molecules would be capable of promoting interactions between thick filaments which contain them, providing a means of accounting for the pH dependent stiffness observed in glycerinated preparations of molluscan catch muscles.", "contents": "Solubility properties of alpha-reduced paramyosin. It is now believed that the reduced form of alpha-paramyosin is that found in living adductor muscles of molluscs. We have studied the solubility of a preparation of alpha-paramyosin obtained under reducing conditions. In contrast to the solubility profile of beta-paramyosin, the alpha-paramyosin, the alpha-preparation showed a rapid, almost linear decrease in solubility over the ionic strength range 0.35-0.25 at neutral pH. Solubility in this range was further decreased by the presence of physiologically small amounts of calcium ion. Lactate ion, which can accumulate during anaerobic glycolysis in molluscan muscles, also decreases the solubility at a level of 50 mM. In addition, the type of paracrystal formed by alpha-paramyosin differs greatly from those of beta-paramyosin and paracrystal formed in the presence of lactate differs from those formed in buffer solutions. Reduced alpha-paramyosin is more sensitive to the above parameters than the preparations made without reducing agents. Moreover, the pH and ionic strength ranges in which greatest change in solubility behaviour occurs are physiologic, as are the calcium and lactate ion levels effective in increasing intermolecular interactions. A model is proposed for alpha-paramyosin in which the extra 5% presumably removed in beta preparations is a \"sticky head\" which protrudes from one end of the molecule and confers on it an increased tendency for interaction, particularly at physiological ionic strength. Such molecules would be capable of promoting interactions between thick filaments which contain them, providing a means of accounting for the pH dependent stiffness observed in glycerinated preparations of molluscan catch muscles.", "PMID": 405037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2942", "title": "5' -and 3'-terminal nucleotide sequences of Tetrahymena pyriformis 17S rRNA.", "content": "Ribonuclease T1 oligonucleotides arising from the 5' and 3' termini of the 17S rRNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis were isolated by the diagonal method of Dahlberg (Dahlberg, J. E. (1968), Nature (London) 220, 548), and their nucleotide sequences were determined. The base sequence of the 3'-terminal fragment is (G)AUCAUUAoh, which is identical to that found in other 17S-18S eucaryotic rRNA species. The nucleotide sequence of the 5'-terminal oligonucleotide is pAACCUGp, which is identical in length to that found in other eucaryotes and shows a partial but significant sequence homology to the 5' RNase TI oligonucleotides isolated from other eucaryotic species.", "contents": "5' -and 3'-terminal nucleotide sequences of Tetrahymena pyriformis 17S rRNA. Ribonuclease T1 oligonucleotides arising from the 5' and 3' termini of the 17S rRNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis were isolated by the diagonal method of Dahlberg (Dahlberg, J. E. (1968), Nature (London) 220, 548), and their nucleotide sequences were determined. The base sequence of the 3'-terminal fragment is (G)AUCAUUAoh, which is identical to that found in other 17S-18S eucaryotic rRNA species. The nucleotide sequence of the 5'-terminal oligonucleotide is pAACCUGp, which is identical in length to that found in other eucaryotes and shows a partial but significant sequence homology to the 5' RNase TI oligonucleotides isolated from other eucaryotic species.", "PMID": 405038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2943", "title": "Enzymological properties and immunological characterization of alpha-galactosidase isoenzymes from normal and Fabry human liver.", "content": "1. A method is described for the rapid isolation of alpha-galactosidases A and B (alpha-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.22) from normal human liver. 2. When the same method is applied to Fabry liver, most of the alpha-galactosidase activity is recovered in the fraction corresponding to normal alpha-galactosidase B. In agreement with Romeo, G., D'Urso, M., Pisacane, A., Blum, E., De Falco, A. and Ruffilli, A. (1975) Biochem. Genet. 13, 615-628) [18], a small amount of alpha-galactosidase activity is found in the fraction corresponding to normal alpha-galactosidase A. 3. The kinetic properties of the B-like activity from Fabry liver are similar to those of normal alpha-galactosidase B. In agreement with Romeo et al. [18], it was found that the kinetic properties of the A-like activity from Fabry liver are similar to those of normal alpha-galactosidase A. 4. Using antisera raised against normal alpha-galactosidase A and normal alpha-galactosidase B, it is shown that the normal alpha-galactosidase isoenzymes are immunologically distinct and that the B-like activity from Fabry liver is immunologically related to normal alpha-galactosidase B. Furthermore, the A-like activity from Fabry liver is immunologically related to normal alpha-galactosidase B and not to normal alpha-galactosidase A. 5. Normal alpha-galactosidase B is converted into an A-like form during storage. 6. It is concluded that the B-like alpha-galactosidase in Fabry tissues is identical to normal alpha-galactosidase B, and that the small amount of A-like activity found in Fabry material is due to a modified form of alpha-galactosidase B.", "contents": "Enzymological properties and immunological characterization of alpha-galactosidase isoenzymes from normal and Fabry human liver. 1. A method is described for the rapid isolation of alpha-galactosidases A and B (alpha-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.22) from normal human liver. 2. When the same method is applied to Fabry liver, most of the alpha-galactosidase activity is recovered in the fraction corresponding to normal alpha-galactosidase B. In agreement with Romeo, G., D'Urso, M., Pisacane, A., Blum, E., De Falco, A. and Ruffilli, A. (1975) Biochem. Genet. 13, 615-628) [18], a small amount of alpha-galactosidase activity is found in the fraction corresponding to normal alpha-galactosidase A. 3. The kinetic properties of the B-like activity from Fabry liver are similar to those of normal alpha-galactosidase B. In agreement with Romeo et al. [18], it was found that the kinetic properties of the A-like activity from Fabry liver are similar to those of normal alpha-galactosidase A. 4. Using antisera raised against normal alpha-galactosidase A and normal alpha-galactosidase B, it is shown that the normal alpha-galactosidase isoenzymes are immunologically distinct and that the B-like activity from Fabry liver is immunologically related to normal alpha-galactosidase B. Furthermore, the A-like activity from Fabry liver is immunologically related to normal alpha-galactosidase B and not to normal alpha-galactosidase A. 5. Normal alpha-galactosidase B is converted into an A-like form during storage. 6. It is concluded that the B-like alpha-galactosidase in Fabry tissues is identical to normal alpha-galactosidase B, and that the small amount of A-like activity found in Fabry material is due to a modified form of alpha-galactosidase B.", "PMID": 405043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2944", "title": "Purification and characterisation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from sheep vesicular glands.", "content": "The membrane-bound prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase was purified until homogeneity, starting from sheep vesicular glands. The enzyme was obtained as a complex with Tween-20, containing 0.69 mg detergent per mg protein. No residual phospholipid could be detected. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase appeared to be a glycoprotein, containing mannose and N-acetyl-glucosamine. No haemin or metal atoms were present. A molecular weight of 126 000 was found for the apoprotein by ultracentrifugation in 0.1% Tween solutions. The polypeptide chain without carbohydrate had a molecular weight of 69 000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pure enzyme displays both cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activity, thus converting arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2. The isolated synthetase requires haemin, which possibly acts as an easily dissociable prosthetic group, and a suitable hydrogen donor to protect the enzyme from peroxide inactivation and which is consumed in stoichiometric amounts to reduce the intermediate hydroperoxy group.", "contents": "Purification and characterisation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from sheep vesicular glands. The membrane-bound prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase was purified until homogeneity, starting from sheep vesicular glands. The enzyme was obtained as a complex with Tween-20, containing 0.69 mg detergent per mg protein. No residual phospholipid could be detected. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase appeared to be a glycoprotein, containing mannose and N-acetyl-glucosamine. No haemin or metal atoms were present. A molecular weight of 126 000 was found for the apoprotein by ultracentrifugation in 0.1% Tween solutions. The polypeptide chain without carbohydrate had a molecular weight of 69 000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pure enzyme displays both cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activity, thus converting arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2. The isolated synthetase requires haemin, which possibly acts as an easily dissociable prosthetic group, and a suitable hydrogen donor to protect the enzyme from peroxide inactivation and which is consumed in stoichiometric amounts to reduce the intermediate hydroperoxy group.", "PMID": 405045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2945", "title": "Immunological properties of medium-chain acyl-thioester hydrolase and fatty acid synthetase from lactating-rabbit mammary gland.", "content": "The cytosol from lactating-rabbit mammary gland contains a medium-chain acyl-thioester hydrolase. This hydrolase terminates chain lengthening of the fatty acids synthesised by fatty acid synthetase so as to release C8:0 and C10:0 fatty acids which are characteristic of rabbit milk. The medium-chain hydrolase and the fatty acid synthetase present in this cytosol have been shown to be immunologically distinct. When fatty acid synthetase was purified from this cytosol it showed unexpected immunological reactivity towards antiserum raised to the medium-chain hydrolase. The precipitate formed was not due to fatty acid synthetase, but to medium-chain hydrolase contaminating the synthetase. However, the proportion of this medium-chain hydrolase which was recovered with the purified synthetase was too small to be detected by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and was too small to elicit an antibody response in sheep. Immunological techniques have shown that the medium-chain hydrolase appears in rabbit mammary gland between days 17 and 22 of pregnancy. This coincides with the onset of milk-fat synthesis. The medium-chain hydrolase could not be detected in the cytosol from lactating-rabbit liver.", "contents": "Immunological properties of medium-chain acyl-thioester hydrolase and fatty acid synthetase from lactating-rabbit mammary gland. The cytosol from lactating-rabbit mammary gland contains a medium-chain acyl-thioester hydrolase. This hydrolase terminates chain lengthening of the fatty acids synthesised by fatty acid synthetase so as to release C8:0 and C10:0 fatty acids which are characteristic of rabbit milk. The medium-chain hydrolase and the fatty acid synthetase present in this cytosol have been shown to be immunologically distinct. When fatty acid synthetase was purified from this cytosol it showed unexpected immunological reactivity towards antiserum raised to the medium-chain hydrolase. The precipitate formed was not due to fatty acid synthetase, but to medium-chain hydrolase contaminating the synthetase. However, the proportion of this medium-chain hydrolase which was recovered with the purified synthetase was too small to be detected by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and was too small to elicit an antibody response in sheep. Immunological techniques have shown that the medium-chain hydrolase appears in rabbit mammary gland between days 17 and 22 of pregnancy. This coincides with the onset of milk-fat synthesis. The medium-chain hydrolase could not be detected in the cytosol from lactating-rabbit liver.", "PMID": 405046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2946", "title": "Ligandin heterogeneity : evidence that the two non-identical subunits are the monomers of two distinct proteins.", "content": "Purified ligandin (Y-protein) a 46000-dalton protein, has been shown to consist of two subunit species (mol. wts. 22 000 and 24 000) on discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. This technique was used to define further the nature of these subunits. The Y sulphobromophthalein-binding fraction of rat hepatic cytosol was shown to contain three major subunit bands designated subunit Ya, subunit Yb and subunit Yc in ascending order of size. Purified ligandin was found to comprise Ya and Yc subunit species, and also gave two bands on isoelectric focusing. The two subunit species in purified ligandin were partially separated by an additional purification step. Antiserum to ligandin reacted mono-specifically with the purified protein, as well as hepatic, renal and small intestinal mucosa cytosol, but gave lines of identity and partial identity with cytosol from testis, ovary and adrenal gland. The Y fraction of testis was found to contain only Yb and Yc species, while all three major bands were found in liver, kidney and small intestinal mucosa. Phenobarbital treatment increased the concentration of Ya and Yb in the liver, but had little effect on Yc. These findings suggest that the Ya and Yc ligandin subunits are the monomers of two proteins: YaYa and YcYc.", "contents": "Ligandin heterogeneity : evidence that the two non-identical subunits are the monomers of two distinct proteins. Purified ligandin (Y-protein) a 46000-dalton protein, has been shown to consist of two subunit species (mol. wts. 22 000 and 24 000) on discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. This technique was used to define further the nature of these subunits. The Y sulphobromophthalein-binding fraction of rat hepatic cytosol was shown to contain three major subunit bands designated subunit Ya, subunit Yb and subunit Yc in ascending order of size. Purified ligandin was found to comprise Ya and Yc subunit species, and also gave two bands on isoelectric focusing. The two subunit species in purified ligandin were partially separated by an additional purification step. Antiserum to ligandin reacted mono-specifically with the purified protein, as well as hepatic, renal and small intestinal mucosa cytosol, but gave lines of identity and partial identity with cytosol from testis, ovary and adrenal gland. The Y fraction of testis was found to contain only Yb and Yc species, while all three major bands were found in liver, kidney and small intestinal mucosa. Phenobarbital treatment increased the concentration of Ya and Yb in the liver, but had little effect on Yc. These findings suggest that the Ya and Yc ligandin subunits are the monomers of two proteins: YaYa and YcYc.", "PMID": 405047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2947", "title": "Comparison of four purified extracellular 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase enzymes from Trichoderma viride.", "content": "Four electrophoretically distinct 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase enzymes (exo-cellobiohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.91) from Trichoderma viride have been purified to homogeneity. Three enzymes (A, B, and C) were from a commercial T. viride preparation whereas the other (D) was from T. viride QM 9123 grown on cellulose in submerged culture. The enzymes were similar with respect to ultraviolet light absorption, amino acid and amino sugar composition, heat stability, molecular weight, specific activity, and carboxyterminal residues, indicating very nearly identical polypeptide portions. The enzymes also exhibited immunological cross-reactivity. The enzymes differed most in the content and composition of covalently bound neutral carbohydrate.", "contents": "Comparison of four purified extracellular 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase enzymes from Trichoderma viride. Four electrophoretically distinct 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase enzymes (exo-cellobiohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.91) from Trichoderma viride have been purified to homogeneity. Three enzymes (A, B, and C) were from a commercial T. viride preparation whereas the other (D) was from T. viride QM 9123 grown on cellulose in submerged culture. The enzymes were similar with respect to ultraviolet light absorption, amino acid and amino sugar composition, heat stability, molecular weight, specific activity, and carboxyterminal residues, indicating very nearly identical polypeptide portions. The enzymes also exhibited immunological cross-reactivity. The enzymes differed most in the content and composition of covalently bound neutral carbohydrate.", "PMID": 405048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2948", "title": "Parvalbumins from frog skeletal muscle (Rana temporaria L.). Isolation and characterization. Structural modifications associated with calcium binding.", "content": "Two parvalbumins have been isolated from the skeletal muscle of Rana temporaria L. Amino acid composition, tryptic peptide maps, isoelectric points, calcium content and ultraviolet as well as circular dichroism spectra have been determined. Investigation on antigenic properties revealed no antigenic determinants common to both components. The two protein molecules appear to belong to far related gene lineages. They are also different from the parvalbumins found in Rana esculenta muscle. Modifications of physical parameters, associated with calcium binding and dissociation are described. While antigenicity remained essentially unchanged, conformational changes were revealed by alterations of circular dichroism spectra.", "contents": "Parvalbumins from frog skeletal muscle (Rana temporaria L.). Isolation and characterization. Structural modifications associated with calcium binding. Two parvalbumins have been isolated from the skeletal muscle of Rana temporaria L. Amino acid composition, tryptic peptide maps, isoelectric points, calcium content and ultraviolet as well as circular dichroism spectra have been determined. Investigation on antigenic properties revealed no antigenic determinants common to both components. The two protein molecules appear to belong to far related gene lineages. They are also different from the parvalbumins found in Rana esculenta muscle. Modifications of physical parameters, associated with calcium binding and dissociation are described. While antigenicity remained essentially unchanged, conformational changes were revealed by alterations of circular dichroism spectra.", "PMID": 405049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2949", "title": "[Heterogeneity of molecular forms of phenol oxidase from apple fruits].", "content": "Qualitative differences of a dimer (m.w. 60.000-70.000) and a monomer (m.w. 30.000-40.000) fractions of phenoloxidase (EC 1.10.3.1), isolated from fruits of two winter varieties of apples were studied. tthe fractions analysed differed markedly in their Km values and the Hill coefficients. The monomer fraction possessed a higher affinity for monophenols and is capable to accomplish the hydroxylation reaction more actively. The interrelation of these changes and the aging of fruits under storage conditions with resulting changes in their total metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of molecular forms of phenol oxidase from apple fruits]. Qualitative differences of a dimer (m.w. 60.000-70.000) and a monomer (m.w. 30.000-40.000) fractions of phenoloxidase (EC 1.10.3.1), isolated from fruits of two winter varieties of apples were studied. tthe fractions analysed differed markedly in their Km values and the Hill coefficients. The monomer fraction possessed a higher affinity for monophenols and is capable to accomplish the hydroxylation reaction more actively. The interrelation of these changes and the aging of fruits under storage conditions with resulting changes in their total metabolism is discussed.", "PMID": 405050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2950", "title": "Brain cholinesterase activities of birds from forests sprayed with trichlorfon (Dylox) and carbaryl (Sevin-4-oil).", "content": "Brain cholinesterase activities were determined in birds from forests sprayed with Dylox(2) at 1.13 kg/hectare (1 lb/acre - active ingredient [a.i.]) or Sevin-4-oil(2) at 1.13 kg/hectare (1 lb/acre - a.i.) for up to 5 days postspray. Of ten bird species evaluated from  the Dylox spray area, four species represented by six individuals had values which were depressed more than 2 standard deviations below the mean. Three of these activities (two species) were about 20% less than the mean. Of 12 species evaluated from the Sevin-4-oil spraying, three individuals representing three species had depressed values. One value was depressed greater than 20% below the mean. Half of the depressed activities were in canopy-dwelling birds collected on the day of spray.", "contents": "Brain cholinesterase activities of birds from forests sprayed with trichlorfon (Dylox) and carbaryl (Sevin-4-oil). Brain cholinesterase activities were determined in birds from forests sprayed with Dylox(2) at 1.13 kg/hectare (1 lb/acre - active ingredient [a.i.]) or Sevin-4-oil(2) at 1.13 kg/hectare (1 lb/acre - a.i.) for up to 5 days postspray. Of ten bird species evaluated from  the Dylox spray area, four species represented by six individuals had values which were depressed more than 2 standard deviations below the mean. Three of these activities (two species) were about 20% less than the mean. Of 12 species evaluated from the Sevin-4-oil spraying, three individuals representing three species had depressed values. One value was depressed greater than 20% below the mean. Half of the depressed activities were in canopy-dwelling birds collected on the day of spray.", "PMID": 405055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2951", "title": "Radiological aspects of the vertebral components of osteochondrodysplasias.", "content": "Analysis of the individual components of the vertebrae permits the radiologist to identify and understand the fundamental physio-pathologic growth mechanisms affecting shape, size and architecture which operated during development. The achievement of this goal is facilitated by systematically paying attention to changes of the vertebral end-plates, anterior and posterior aspects of the vertebral body, the vertebral rim, neurocentral junction and interpedicular distance. The dynamic changes noted in follow-up studies of the spine in certain dysplasias may reveal the developmental history of the vertebral complex. The dimension of time is an important factor, which the radiologist has a unique opportunity to exploit. Vertebral configuration permits radiological analysis and diagnosis.", "contents": "Radiological aspects of the vertebral components of osteochondrodysplasias. Analysis of the individual components of the vertebrae permits the radiologist to identify and understand the fundamental physio-pathologic growth mechanisms affecting shape, size and architecture which operated during development. The achievement of this goal is facilitated by systematically paying attention to changes of the vertebral end-plates, anterior and posterior aspects of the vertebral body, the vertebral rim, neurocentral junction and interpedicular distance. The dynamic changes noted in follow-up studies of the spine in certain dysplasias may reveal the developmental history of the vertebral complex. The dimension of time is an important factor, which the radiologist has a unique opportunity to exploit. Vertebral configuration permits radiological analysis and diagnosis.", "PMID": 405066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2952", "title": "A versatile and economic whole-body counter based on liquid scintillation detector modules.", "content": "A whole-body counter comprising rectangular liquid scintillator detector modules is described. Photomultipliers are used economically and the use of local shielding leads to a further reduction in cost. In conjunction with a moving bed, the modular arrangement provides a versatile system which allows high sensitivity static counting using all detectors, or scan counting using selected combinations of detectors. The total body potassium content of a standard man (140 g K) can be estimated with a statistical counting error of 2.2% in a counting time of 1000 seconds. Methods of using the counter for total body potassium and gastro-intestinal absorption measurements are presented.", "contents": "A versatile and economic whole-body counter based on liquid scintillation detector modules. A whole-body counter comprising rectangular liquid scintillator detector modules is described. Photomultipliers are used economically and the use of local shielding leads to a further reduction in cost. In conjunction with a moving bed, the modular arrangement provides a versatile system which allows high sensitivity static counting using all detectors, or scan counting using selected combinations of detectors. The total body potassium content of a standard man (140 g K) can be estimated with a statistical counting error of 2.2% in a counting time of 1000 seconds. Methods of using the counter for total body potassium and gastro-intestinal absorption measurements are presented.", "PMID": 405067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2953", "title": "Continuous-flow plasmapheresis in management of severe rhesus disease.", "content": "Eight patients with severe rhesus disease and expected fetal loss were treated by intensive plasmapheresis using a continuous-flow cell separator. Plasmapheresis was started at 16-27 weeks' gestation, and continued until planned intrauterine transfusion or until the infant was delivered or the rhesus disease became uncontrolled again. Altogether 24 to 2371 of plasma was exchanged over periods ranging from seven to 16 weeks. In seven of the eight patients the anti-D concentration fell during the period of plasmapheresis. Amniotic fluid spectrophotometry values remained below those recorded in the preceding pregnancy in six out of seven women. In five patients an attempt was made to control the rhesus disease by plasmapheresis alone, and two of these women delivered infants who survived. In the other three cases the infants died, one from the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and the other two in utero. These preliminary findings suggest that intensive plasmapheresis with a cell separator may reduce fetal haemolysis is delivered. Nevertheless, plasmapheresis may best be used to reduce haemolysis until intrauterine transfusions may be given more safely after 30 weeks' gestation.", "contents": "Continuous-flow plasmapheresis in management of severe rhesus disease. Eight patients with severe rhesus disease and expected fetal loss were treated by intensive plasmapheresis using a continuous-flow cell separator. Plasmapheresis was started at 16-27 weeks' gestation, and continued until planned intrauterine transfusion or until the infant was delivered or the rhesus disease became uncontrolled again. Altogether 24 to 2371 of plasma was exchanged over periods ranging from seven to 16 weeks. In seven of the eight patients the anti-D concentration fell during the period of plasmapheresis. Amniotic fluid spectrophotometry values remained below those recorded in the preceding pregnancy in six out of seven women. In five patients an attempt was made to control the rhesus disease by plasmapheresis alone, and two of these women delivered infants who survived. In the other three cases the infants died, one from the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and the other two in utero. These preliminary findings suggest that intensive plasmapheresis with a cell separator may reduce fetal haemolysis is delivered. Nevertheless, plasmapheresis may best be used to reduce haemolysis until intrauterine transfusions may be given more safely after 30 weeks' gestation.", "PMID": 405071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2954", "title": "Evaluation of a serological test for tuberculosis.", "content": "The agglutination test of Nicholls was found to be ineffective in diagnosing active tuberculosis. A positive result (titre of 1/125 or more) was found in the serum of 74 (70%) out of 105 patients with newly diagnosed, smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis; 61 (62%) out of 98 healthy family contacts; and 19 (63%) out of 30 patients with non-tuberculous conditions. These findings were not due to faulty technique since the results obtained at Hammersmith were similar to those obtained by Nicholls's laboratory in the same serum samples. Twenty-seven of the tuberculous patients who had a negative result before treatment were retested two months after the start of chemotherapy but showed no evidence of a rising titre.", "contents": "Evaluation of a serological test for tuberculosis. The agglutination test of Nicholls was found to be ineffective in diagnosing active tuberculosis. A positive result (titre of 1/125 or more) was found in the serum of 74 (70%) out of 105 patients with newly diagnosed, smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis; 61 (62%) out of 98 healthy family contacts; and 19 (63%) out of 30 patients with non-tuberculous conditions. These findings were not due to faulty technique since the results obtained at Hammersmith were similar to those obtained by Nicholls's laboratory in the same serum samples. Twenty-seven of the tuberculous patients who had a negative result before treatment were retested two months after the start of chemotherapy but showed no evidence of a rising titre.", "PMID": 405075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2955", "title": "Lack of intralaminar sprouting of retinal axons in monkey LGN.", "content": "In the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the adult cat there is no evidence for translaminar sprouting of retinal axons to fill sites freed of retinal endings from the other eye. We tested the possibility that retinal axons will sprout to fill denervated retinal sites within laminae of the monkey LGN. In 4 monkeys, retinal ganglion cell axons from either the upper or lower half of the retina were destroyed. To maximize the potential for sprouting in the LGN, on one side of the brain the LGN cells to which the remaining retinal axons normally project were removed by ablation of the appropriate portion of the striate cortex. Three months later the eye receiving the retinal lesion was injected with  [3H]proline and the retinal projection to the LGN on both sides of the brain was studied using autoradiography. We found no evidence of intralaminar sprouting of retinal axons either in the normal LGN or in the LGN in which the usual targets of retinal axons had been removed.", "contents": "Lack of intralaminar sprouting of retinal axons in monkey LGN. In the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the adult cat there is no evidence for translaminar sprouting of retinal axons to fill sites freed of retinal endings from the other eye. We tested the possibility that retinal axons will sprout to fill denervated retinal sites within laminae of the monkey LGN. In 4 monkeys, retinal ganglion cell axons from either the upper or lower half of the retina were destroyed. To maximize the potential for sprouting in the LGN, on one side of the brain the LGN cells to which the remaining retinal axons normally project were removed by ablation of the appropriate portion of the striate cortex. Three months later the eye receiving the retinal lesion was injected with  [3H]proline and the retinal projection to the LGN on both sides of the brain was studied using autoradiography. We found no evidence of intralaminar sprouting of retinal axons either in the normal LGN or in the LGN in which the usual targets of retinal axons had been removed.", "PMID": 405080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2956", "title": "The role of mesencephalic structures in thirst induced by centrally administered angiotensin II.", "content": "(1) In 27 animals microinjection of 25--100 ng of angiotensin II through chronic cannulae implanted in the preoptic region initiated drinking and in subsequent acute experiments influenced the spontaneous discharge rate of single neurons in the ipsi-lateral mesencephalon. Of 148 neurons for which recordings were made, 52 (35%) increased their frequency of spike potentials following administration of angiotensin II, 2 (1%) showed inhibition and 94 (64%) showed no change in firing rate. (2) In another series of 44 animals, unilateral or bilateral lesions of the midbrain ventral tegmentum or reticular formation were found to have little or no effect on water intake elicited by the microinjection of angiotensin II into the preoptic region. (3) In contrast to the effects of tegmental and reticular lesions, unilateral lesions located dorsally and laterally to the mammillary peduncle, in the area of passage of the medial forebrain bundle, significantly attenuated the dipsogenic response to either contralateral or ipsilateral injections of angiotensin II into the preoptic region. With bilateral lesions this effect was permanent. (4) Since the more caudal lesions were relatively ineffective in disrupting the elicited drinking, it is suggested that signals from angiotensin II receptors in the preoptic region are transmitted along pathways which diverge in the midbrain. (5) The possibility of a forebrain-hypothalamus-midbrain circuit mediating thirst initiated by activation of the renin-angiotensin system is discussed.", "contents": "The role of mesencephalic structures in thirst induced by centrally administered angiotensin II. (1) In 27 animals microinjection of 25--100 ng of angiotensin II through chronic cannulae implanted in the preoptic region initiated drinking and in subsequent acute experiments influenced the spontaneous discharge rate of single neurons in the ipsi-lateral mesencephalon. Of 148 neurons for which recordings were made, 52 (35%) increased their frequency of spike potentials following administration of angiotensin II, 2 (1%) showed inhibition and 94 (64%) showed no change in firing rate. (2) In another series of 44 animals, unilateral or bilateral lesions of the midbrain ventral tegmentum or reticular formation were found to have little or no effect on water intake elicited by the microinjection of angiotensin II into the preoptic region. (3) In contrast to the effects of tegmental and reticular lesions, unilateral lesions located dorsally and laterally to the mammillary peduncle, in the area of passage of the medial forebrain bundle, significantly attenuated the dipsogenic response to either contralateral or ipsilateral injections of angiotensin II into the preoptic region. With bilateral lesions this effect was permanent. (4) Since the more caudal lesions were relatively ineffective in disrupting the elicited drinking, it is suggested that signals from angiotensin II receptors in the preoptic region are transmitted along pathways which diverge in the midbrain. (5) The possibility of a forebrain-hypothalamus-midbrain circuit mediating thirst initiated by activation of the renin-angiotensin system is discussed.", "PMID": 405081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2957", "title": "Prefrontal neuronal activity during gazing at a light spot in the monkey.", "content": "We trained monkeys to make rapid key-release when a tiny light spot dimmed, so that they gazed at the spot until it dimmed. While the animal was performing the gaze task, we recorded unit activity in the prefrontal cortex and found that many neurons increased in discharge rate during the gaze trial (G neuron) with a variety of discharge patterns: many units were activated continuously during the gaze period; others were activated phasically only in an earlier portion of the gaze period. The activation of the G neurons was little influenced by stimulus parameters, such as the size, intensity and position of the light spot. However, it was dependent on behavioral state of the animal: error trials with delayed key-release showed a weak activation while extinction procedure induced enhanced activation in the initial several trials. The dependence of the activation on the behavioral state may suggest that the activation is at least involved in attentional process during gazing at a behavioral cue.", "contents": "Prefrontal neuronal activity during gazing at a light spot in the monkey. We trained monkeys to make rapid key-release when a tiny light spot dimmed, so that they gazed at the spot until it dimmed. While the animal was performing the gaze task, we recorded unit activity in the prefrontal cortex and found that many neurons increased in discharge rate during the gaze trial (G neuron) with a variety of discharge patterns: many units were activated continuously during the gaze period; others were activated phasically only in an earlier portion of the gaze period. The activation of the G neurons was little influenced by stimulus parameters, such as the size, intensity and position of the light spot. However, it was dependent on behavioral state of the animal: error trials with delayed key-release showed a weak activation while extinction procedure induced enhanced activation in the initial several trials. The dependence of the activation on the behavioral state may suggest that the activation is at least involved in attentional process during gazing at a behavioral cue.", "PMID": 405083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2958", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the projections of the pretectum in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): evidence for sensorimotor links to the thalamus and oculomotor nuclei.", "content": "Autordiographic tracing methods were used to determine the differential projections of the pretectal nuclei, in the rhesus monkey, in relation to their inputs. The sublentiform (SL) and olivary (ON) nuclei receive projections from the visual cortex, superior colliculus (SC) and equal bilateral projection from the retina. The nucleus of the posterior commissure (NPC) and its subdivisions do not receive any of these inputs. The projections of the pretectum involve a number of structures within the thalamus and brain stem and there are differences in the projection targets of the pretectal region which receives direct visual input (i.e., SL and ON) and the region which does not (i.e., nucleus of the posterior commissure, NPC). For example, while all pretectal regions project within the pretectum and to the SC, accessory oculomotor nuclei, reticular formation, intralaminar nuclei and hypothalamus, it is only the retinorecipient zone which projects to rostral regions such as the visceral oculomotor nuclei, the lateral pulvinar, the border between the lateral pulvinar and medial pulvinar, the oral pulvinar as well as to the thalamic reticular nucleus, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, zona incerta and other structures. It is concluded that the retina, SC and cortex which influence the visceral oculomotor nuclei can only do so by virtue of their projections to the pretectum, and that any consideration of accommodative and pupillary reflexes must view the pretectum as an obligatory link through which various structures can influence the intrinsic musculature of the eye. In contrast to the SC, the pretectum does not project to any of the visual relay nuclei of the thalamus, such as the inferior pulvinar, which project to the visual cortices. Instead, the pretectum projects directly to visuomotor, visceromotor and arousal systems.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the projections of the pretectum in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): evidence for sensorimotor links to the thalamus and oculomotor nuclei. Autordiographic tracing methods were used to determine the differential projections of the pretectal nuclei, in the rhesus monkey, in relation to their inputs. The sublentiform (SL) and olivary (ON) nuclei receive projections from the visual cortex, superior colliculus (SC) and equal bilateral projection from the retina. The nucleus of the posterior commissure (NPC) and its subdivisions do not receive any of these inputs. The projections of the pretectum involve a number of structures within the thalamus and brain stem and there are differences in the projection targets of the pretectal region which receives direct visual input (i.e., SL and ON) and the region which does not (i.e., nucleus of the posterior commissure, NPC). For example, while all pretectal regions project within the pretectum and to the SC, accessory oculomotor nuclei, reticular formation, intralaminar nuclei and hypothalamus, it is only the retinorecipient zone which projects to rostral regions such as the visceral oculomotor nuclei, the lateral pulvinar, the border between the lateral pulvinar and medial pulvinar, the oral pulvinar as well as to the thalamic reticular nucleus, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, zona incerta and other structures. It is concluded that the retina, SC and cortex which influence the visceral oculomotor nuclei can only do so by virtue of their projections to the pretectum, and that any consideration of accommodative and pupillary reflexes must view the pretectum as an obligatory link through which various structures can influence the intrinsic musculature of the eye. In contrast to the SC, the pretectum does not project to any of the visual relay nuclei of the thalamus, such as the inferior pulvinar, which project to the visual cortices. Instead, the pretectum projects directly to visuomotor, visceromotor and arousal systems.", "PMID": 405084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2959", "title": "Whole mount electron microscopy of the nucleolus in salivary gland cells of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The nucleolus of Drosophila melanogaster salivary gland cells, examined by whole mount electron microscopy, consists of a fibrillar core region and a peripheral region containing both fibres and granules. These regions appear to correspond to the fibrillar and granular components, respectively, seen in thin sections. Most of the nucleoli were attached to the chromocenter region of the polytene chromosomes, containing the nucleolar organizer. Bundles of relatively straight chromatin fibres, 13 nm in diameter, extended from the chromocenter into the core region of the nucleolus, however it was not possible to trace the path of these chromatin fibres through the nucleolus since they were obscured within the mass of nucleolar fibres. The nucleolar fibres in both the core and peripheral regions were irregular and knobby, with a diameter of about 15 nm. In the core region, the fibres appeared to be of considerable length and were characteristically clustered together to form small interconnected masses. The fibres in the peripheral region were relatively short and some appeared to blend with amorphous, poorly-defined pools of material. Electron dense granules 15-20 nm in diameter were also associated with this amorphous substance. It is hypothesized that the formation and subsequent packaging of the 28s rRNA may be represented by a morphological transition of the peripheral fibres, via an amorphous pool-like intermediate stage, into the nucleolar granules. The results of this study indicate that whole mount electron microscopy may be a useful alternative to thin sectioning in high resolution studies of the nucleolus.", "contents": "Whole mount electron microscopy of the nucleolus in salivary gland cells of Drosophila melanogaster. The nucleolus of Drosophila melanogaster salivary gland cells, examined by whole mount electron microscopy, consists of a fibrillar core region and a peripheral region containing both fibres and granules. These regions appear to correspond to the fibrillar and granular components, respectively, seen in thin sections. Most of the nucleoli were attached to the chromocenter region of the polytene chromosomes, containing the nucleolar organizer. Bundles of relatively straight chromatin fibres, 13 nm in diameter, extended from the chromocenter into the core region of the nucleolus, however it was not possible to trace the path of these chromatin fibres through the nucleolus since they were obscured within the mass of nucleolar fibres. The nucleolar fibres in both the core and peripheral regions were irregular and knobby, with a diameter of about 15 nm. In the core region, the fibres appeared to be of considerable length and were characteristically clustered together to form small interconnected masses. The fibres in the peripheral region were relatively short and some appeared to blend with amorphous, poorly-defined pools of material. Electron dense granules 15-20 nm in diameter were also associated with this amorphous substance. It is hypothesized that the formation and subsequent packaging of the 28s rRNA may be represented by a morphological transition of the peripheral fibres, via an amorphous pool-like intermediate stage, into the nucleolar granules. The results of this study indicate that whole mount electron microscopy may be a useful alternative to thin sectioning in high resolution studies of the nucleolus.", "PMID": 405087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2960", "title": "The bovine immune response to Brucella abortus I. A water soluble antigen precipitated by sera of some naturally infected cattle.", "content": "Selected sera from cattle naturally infected with Brucella abortus precipitate water soluble antigens extracted by sonication from B. abortus. One of these antigens resembles antigen E (Baughn and Freeman) as it is excluded from Sephadex G-200 gels, migrates anodally when electrophoresed at pH 8.6, resists heating at 100 degrees C for ten minutes and appears to be susceptible to papain digestion. Precipitins specific for this antigen remained in sera from which all detectable Brucella agglutinating antibody had been removed by adsorption with live or heat killed B. abortus. The antigen has been extracted from smooth and rough strains of B abortus. Precipitins specific for this antigen have been detected in antisera produced against Brucella canis.", "contents": "The bovine immune response to Brucella abortus I. A water soluble antigen precipitated by sera of some naturally infected cattle. Selected sera from cattle naturally infected with Brucella abortus precipitate water soluble antigens extracted by sonication from B. abortus. One of these antigens resembles antigen E (Baughn and Freeman) as it is excluded from Sephadex G-200 gels, migrates anodally when electrophoresed at pH 8.6, resists heating at 100 degrees C for ten minutes and appears to be susceptible to papain digestion. Precipitins specific for this antigen remained in sera from which all detectable Brucella agglutinating antibody had been removed by adsorption with live or heat killed B. abortus. The antigen has been extracted from smooth and rough strains of B abortus. Precipitins specific for this antigen have been detected in antisera produced against Brucella canis.", "PMID": 405088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2961", "title": "One third of a million days of care at home, 1959 to 1975.", "content": "Although articles on studies of organized home care programs are numerous, reports of long-term effectiveness of these programs are scanty. While government spokesmen appear to advocate more widespread use of alternatives to hospitalization, there has been serious criticism of the efficiency and accomplishments of home care services. A medically oriented home care program in Saskatoon (population, less than 150 000) has grown steadily over a 16-year period and is now serving a daily average of 200 individuals. All patients have required \"hospital-like care\" at home and most have not ordinarily been sufficiently mobile during their time in the program to attend hospital outpatient services. Many have required \"concentrated care\" through daily visits of professional health personnel. The program is designed for the physically ill and disabled and is administered by the major teaching hospital in the city, although it provides services to the whole community. Over one third of the patients referred in recent years had been at home. Almost one half of the patients have undergone satisfactory rehabilitation at home. The program has also proven to be an acceptable alternative to long-term institutional care for the permanently seriously disabled, a large number of whom are elderly. The program has been able to operate at considerably less cost to the public than inpatient (hospital or institutional) services would have entailed.", "contents": "One third of a million days of care at home, 1959 to 1975. Although articles on studies of organized home care programs are numerous, reports of long-term effectiveness of these programs are scanty. While government spokesmen appear to advocate more widespread use of alternatives to hospitalization, there has been serious criticism of the efficiency and accomplishments of home care services. A medically oriented home care program in Saskatoon (population, less than 150 000) has grown steadily over a 16-year period and is now serving a daily average of 200 individuals. All patients have required \"hospital-like care\" at home and most have not ordinarily been sufficiently mobile during their time in the program to attend hospital outpatient services. Many have required \"concentrated care\" through daily visits of professional health personnel. The program is designed for the physically ill and disabled and is administered by the major teaching hospital in the city, although it provides services to the whole community. Over one third of the patients referred in recent years had been at home. Almost one half of the patients have undergone satisfactory rehabilitation at home. The program has also proven to be an acceptable alternative to long-term institutional care for the permanently seriously disabled, a large number of whom are elderly. The program has been able to operate at considerably less cost to the public than inpatient (hospital or institutional) services would have entailed.", "PMID": 405089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2962", "title": "Carcinogen-induced repair and binding in the DNA of chronic lymphocytic leukemic lymphocytes.", "content": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis (repair) of carcinogen induced damage of the DNA of lymphocytes from 16 normal and 16 chronic lymphocytic leukemic (CLL) subjects was determined quantitatively for a standard dose of 10 micronM N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (NA-AAF). Essentially all the CLL cases (15 of 16) had lower NA-AAF induced repair synthesis values than the normal subjects. Concurrent measurements for the levels of 3H-labeled 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) to the DNAs of the normal and CLL lymphocytes after 18 h of culturing in 5 micronM DMBA have shown that 14 of 16 CLL cases had reduced levels of DNA bound carcinogen when compared to the normal individuals. Together these results suggest that CLL lymphocytes have a reduced repair synthesis because there is disproportionately less initial carcinogen-induced damage, and thereby, less substrate stimulation of repair enzymatic activity.", "contents": "Carcinogen-induced repair and binding in the DNA of chronic lymphocytic leukemic lymphocytes. Unscheduled DNA synthesis (repair) of carcinogen induced damage of the DNA of lymphocytes from 16 normal and 16 chronic lymphocytic leukemic (CLL) subjects was determined quantitatively for a standard dose of 10 micronM N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (NA-AAF). Essentially all the CLL cases (15 of 16) had lower NA-AAF induced repair synthesis values than the normal subjects. Concurrent measurements for the levels of 3H-labeled 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) to the DNAs of the normal and CLL lymphocytes after 18 h of culturing in 5 micronM DMBA have shown that 14 of 16 CLL cases had reduced levels of DNA bound carcinogen when compared to the normal individuals. Together these results suggest that CLL lymphocytes have a reduced repair synthesis because there is disproportionately less initial carcinogen-induced damage, and thereby, less substrate stimulation of repair enzymatic activity.", "PMID": 405091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2963", "title": "A primate model for study of methotrexate pharmacokinetics in the central nervous system.", "content": "A new technique enabling repetitive sampling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in unanesthetized rhesus monkeys was developed to study the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate (MTX) in the CSF. CSF and plasma MTX levels were monitored following intraventricular and intravenous MTX administration. CSF and plasma MTX disappearance curves in the monkey were virtually identical to curves generated in humans, suggesting that the mechanisms of transport between the CSF and plasma compartments are similar in both species. These observations validate this experimental primate model and indicate its potential application to the pharmacological study of CNS chemotherapeutic agents in man.", "contents": "A primate model for study of methotrexate pharmacokinetics in the central nervous system. A new technique enabling repetitive sampling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in unanesthetized rhesus monkeys was developed to study the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate (MTX) in the CSF. CSF and plasma MTX levels were monitored following intraventricular and intravenous MTX administration. CSF and plasma MTX disappearance curves in the monkey were virtually identical to curves generated in humans, suggesting that the mechanisms of transport between the CSF and plasma compartments are similar in both species. These observations validate this experimental primate model and indicate its potential application to the pharmacological study of CNS chemotherapeutic agents in man.", "PMID": 405092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2964", "title": "Effect of carcinogens on chicken atherosclerosis.", "content": "Weekly i.m. injections of the polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a,h)anthracene (DMBA; 25 mg/kg/injection) and benzo(a)pyrene (50 mg/kg/injection) were given for a period of up to 22 weeks to chickens (SC strain) beginning at age 4 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesions of the abdominal aorta occurred more frequently and were larger in the DMBA- and benzo(a)pyrene-treated birds than in controls. These lesions were proliferative in character as indicated by a higher [3H]thymidine autoradiographic labeling index compared to the underlying medial cells of the aorta. Measurements of serum cholesterol in DMBA-treated birds showed no differences from controls. Although both carcinogens accelerated the development of atherosclerotic plaques, DMBA was more potent than benzo(a)pyrene.", "contents": "Effect of carcinogens on chicken atherosclerosis. Weekly i.m. injections of the polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a,h)anthracene (DMBA; 25 mg/kg/injection) and benzo(a)pyrene (50 mg/kg/injection) were given for a period of up to 22 weeks to chickens (SC strain) beginning at age 4 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesions of the abdominal aorta occurred more frequently and were larger in the DMBA- and benzo(a)pyrene-treated birds than in controls. These lesions were proliferative in character as indicated by a higher [3H]thymidine autoradiographic labeling index compared to the underlying medial cells of the aorta. Measurements of serum cholesterol in DMBA-treated birds showed no differences from controls. Although both carcinogens accelerated the development of atherosclerotic plaques, DMBA was more potent than benzo(a)pyrene.", "PMID": 405095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2965", "title": "Parenteral nutrition techniques in cancer patients.", "content": "If a patient is expected to respond optimally to one or more forms of oncologic therapy, he should simultaneously be in the best possible nutritional and metabolic condition. When the alimentary tract cannot be used effectively for feeding cancer patients, parenteral nutrition can be lifesaving. Moreover, patients who are poor candidates or noncandidates for any antineoplastic therapy because of their debility or cachexia can be converted to reasonable candidates following a course of i.v. hyperalimentation. This i.v. hyperalimentation can significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality of cancer patients without stimulating tumor growth when applied conscientiously according to the established principles and techniques and when integrated with specific tumor therapy. With the use of ambulatory or home hyperalimentation techniques, normal nutritional status can be restored or maintained during prolonged periods of antineoplastic therapy on a practical and relatively economical outpatient basis. It is anticipated that specific nutrient substrate formulas and parenteral therapy techniques will be developed to maintain optimal host nutrition while adversely affecting the neoplasm.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition techniques in cancer patients. If a patient is expected to respond optimally to one or more forms of oncologic therapy, he should simultaneously be in the best possible nutritional and metabolic condition. When the alimentary tract cannot be used effectively for feeding cancer patients, parenteral nutrition can be lifesaving. Moreover, patients who are poor candidates or noncandidates for any antineoplastic therapy because of their debility or cachexia can be converted to reasonable candidates following a course of i.v. hyperalimentation. This i.v. hyperalimentation can significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality of cancer patients without stimulating tumor growth when applied conscientiously according to the established principles and techniques and when integrated with specific tumor therapy. With the use of ambulatory or home hyperalimentation techniques, normal nutritional status can be restored or maintained during prolonged periods of antineoplastic therapy on a practical and relatively economical outpatient basis. It is anticipated that specific nutrient substrate formulas and parenteral therapy techniques will be developed to maintain optimal host nutrition while adversely affecting the neoplasm.", "PMID": 405099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2966", "title": "Nutritional therapy in children with cancer.", "content": "The special biology and behavior of the child make nutrition an even more important adjunct to cancer therapy than is true for the adult. The time has come to add nutritional therapy routinely to our other modes of therapy: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. But it should be done in the same way other modalities are added, i.e., with continued prospective and retrospective review of the data to optimize the approach to the child.", "contents": "Nutritional therapy in children with cancer. The special biology and behavior of the child make nutrition an even more important adjunct to cancer therapy than is true for the adult. The time has come to add nutritional therapy routinely to our other modes of therapy: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. But it should be done in the same way other modalities are added, i.e., with continued prospective and retrospective review of the data to optimize the approach to the child.", "PMID": 405101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2967", "title": "Analytical characterization of lipopolysaccharide antigens from seven strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide antigens from seven different serotype strains (antigen immunotypes Nos. 1-7 in the classification of Fisher et al.3) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been analyzed for neutral carbohydrate, amino sugars, lipid, protein, 3-deoxy-manno-octulosonic acid, and phosphorus. The individual amino sugars were determined for each antigen type; all contained 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose and -D-galactose, together with 2-amino-2,6-dideoxygalactose; the latter as isolated from the type 2 antigen was identified as the DL form. In addition, 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose was present in the types 3, 4, and 5 antigens. Mild, acid hydrolysis of the antigens gave the lipid A component containing all of the lipid and 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, together with lipid A-free polysaccharides that contained principally carbohydrate. The lipid A-free polysaccharides all contained L-rhamnose and D-glucose, together with 2-amino-2,6-dideoxygalactose in all except those from types 1, 5, and 7; that from type 6 also contained D-xylose.", "contents": "Analytical characterization of lipopolysaccharide antigens from seven strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lipopolysaccharide antigens from seven different serotype strains (antigen immunotypes Nos. 1-7 in the classification of Fisher et al.3) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been analyzed for neutral carbohydrate, amino sugars, lipid, protein, 3-deoxy-manno-octulosonic acid, and phosphorus. The individual amino sugars were determined for each antigen type; all contained 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose and -D-galactose, together with 2-amino-2,6-dideoxygalactose; the latter as isolated from the type 2 antigen was identified as the DL form. In addition, 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose was present in the types 3, 4, and 5 antigens. Mild, acid hydrolysis of the antigens gave the lipid A component containing all of the lipid and 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, together with lipid A-free polysaccharides that contained principally carbohydrate. The lipid A-free polysaccharides all contained L-rhamnose and D-glucose, together with 2-amino-2,6-dideoxygalactose in all except those from types 1, 5, and 7; that from type 6 also contained D-xylose.", "PMID": 405103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2968", "title": "Association of microperoxisomes with the endoplasmic reticulum in the granulosa lutein cells of the Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Aldehyde fixed tissue from monkey (Macaca mulatta) corpus luteum was incubated in alkaline 3,3inch-diaminobenzidine (DAB), and prepared for electron microscopic histochemical observations. The association of microperoxisomes with the granular (GER) or agranular (AER) endoplasmic reticulum was reconstructed from serially sectioned tissues and by tilting of specimens in the microscope. Out of 107 microperoxisomes, 106 were directly associated with the AER. Two different forms of attachment were found between microperoxisomes  and the AER and that of the microperoxisome are confluent. In the second, lingulate type of connection, a blunt-end structure either is inserted into an invagination of the AER, or penetrates into the lumen of the AER. The lumen of the lingula is confluent with the microperoxisome, but not with the AER. In addition to these connections, fine thread-like structures were observed extending between AER and adjacent microperoxisomes.", "contents": "Association of microperoxisomes with the endoplasmic reticulum in the granulosa lutein cells of the Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Aldehyde fixed tissue from monkey (Macaca mulatta) corpus luteum was incubated in alkaline 3,3inch-diaminobenzidine (DAB), and prepared for electron microscopic histochemical observations. The association of microperoxisomes with the granular (GER) or agranular (AER) endoplasmic reticulum was reconstructed from serially sectioned tissues and by tilting of specimens in the microscope. Out of 107 microperoxisomes, 106 were directly associated with the AER. Two different forms of attachment were found between microperoxisomes  and the AER and that of the microperoxisome are confluent. In the second, lingulate type of connection, a blunt-end structure either is inserted into an invagination of the AER, or penetrates into the lumen of the AER. The lumen of the lingula is confluent with the microperoxisome, but not with the AER. In addition to these connections, fine thread-like structures were observed extending between AER and adjacent microperoxisomes.", "PMID": 405104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2969", "title": "Abnormalities in the glycosylation of immunoglobulin heavy chain and an h-2 transplantation antigen in a mouse myeloma mutant.", "content": "Two mutant cell lines derived from the MPC-11 mouse myeloma synthesize immunoglobulin with abnormal heavy chains and normal light chains. The defective heavy chains have molecular weights of 38,000-42,000 (M3.11) and 50,000 daltons (ICR 11.19) as compared to 55,000 daltons of the wild-type. The glycosylation of the defective heavy chains demostrated several unusual features: first, 30-50% of the M3.11 heavy chain contained no carbonydrate, while 100% of the wildtype and ICR 11.19 heavy chains were glycosylated; second, the glycopeptides of the M3.11 heavy chains revealed an altered gel filtration pattern when compared with the wild-type; and third, digestion with an endoglycosidase indicated that the heterogeneity of the wild-type and M3.11 glycopeptides involved structural changes in the core region of the oligosaccharide. Examination of two other glycoproteins (the major histocompatibility complex antigens) in these cell lines showed that in M3.11, the H-2D but not the H-2K product was abnormally glycosylated and contained a smaller glycopeptide. However, in a subclone of M3.11 that had lost the ability to produce immunoglobulin heavy chains, the H-2D glycopeptide had returned to wild-type size. We concluded from these studies that the defective M3.11 immunoglobulin heavy chain interfered both with its own glycosylation and the glycosylation of another protein, H-2D.", "contents": "Abnormalities in the glycosylation of immunoglobulin heavy chain and an h-2 transplantation antigen in a mouse myeloma mutant. Two mutant cell lines derived from the MPC-11 mouse myeloma synthesize immunoglobulin with abnormal heavy chains and normal light chains. The defective heavy chains have molecular weights of 38,000-42,000 (M3.11) and 50,000 daltons (ICR 11.19) as compared to 55,000 daltons of the wild-type. The glycosylation of the defective heavy chains demostrated several unusual features: first, 30-50% of the M3.11 heavy chain contained no carbonydrate, while 100% of the wildtype and ICR 11.19 heavy chains were glycosylated; second, the glycopeptides of the M3.11 heavy chains revealed an altered gel filtration pattern when compared with the wild-type; and third, digestion with an endoglycosidase indicated that the heterogeneity of the wild-type and M3.11 glycopeptides involved structural changes in the core region of the oligosaccharide. Examination of two other glycoproteins (the major histocompatibility complex antigens) in these cell lines showed that in M3.11, the H-2D but not the H-2K product was abnormally glycosylated and contained a smaller glycopeptide. However, in a subclone of M3.11 that had lost the ability to produce immunoglobulin heavy chains, the H-2D glycopeptide had returned to wild-type size. We concluded from these studies that the defective M3.11 immunoglobulin heavy chain interfered both with its own glycosylation and the glycosylation of another protein, H-2D.", "PMID": 405105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2970", "title": "[The endocranial parietal vascular traces in the hominid line].", "content": "The study of the grooves traced by the middle meningeal veins on the parietal bone or the endocast of Hominid fossils shows different patterns which correspond to each evolutive stage. Height types are characterised among the Hominids (Australopithecines, Archanthropines, Paleanthropines and Neanthropines): I, robust Australopithecine type; II, gracile Australopithecine type; III, earliest Pithecanthropine type; IV, evolved Pithecanthropine type; V, Preneandertal type; VI, neandertal type; VII, Neanthropine type; VIII, modern type.", "contents": "[The endocranial parietal vascular traces in the hominid line]. The study of the grooves traced by the middle meningeal veins on the parietal bone or the endocast of Hominid fossils shows different patterns which correspond to each evolutive stage. Height types are characterised among the Hominids (Australopithecines, Archanthropines, Paleanthropines and Neanthropines): I, robust Australopithecine type; II, gracile Australopithecine type; III, earliest Pithecanthropine type; IV, evolved Pithecanthropine type; V, Preneandertal type; VI, neandertal type; VII, Neanthropine type; VIII, modern type.", "PMID": 405108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2971", "title": "[Neurosecretory cells of the globuli I and the protocephalic neurosecretory pathway of the myriapods, diplodods. Preliminary observations on the Polydesmida, Platyrrhacidae, the Nematophora Lysiopetalidae, the Spirostreptida and the Spirobolida].", "content": "The Diplopods studied by the author and more particularly Platyrrhacidae, Lysiopetalidae, Spirostreptida and Spirobolida, show neurosecretory cells near the globuli I. The whole of his observations induces the author to admit a structural plan common to all the Diplopods: neurosecretory cells of globuli I--(NOG) nerve--neurohemal organ (Gabe's organ). Moreover he makes an attempt to compare his observations with those concerning another group of Myriapods: the Chilopods.", "contents": "[Neurosecretory cells of the globuli I and the protocephalic neurosecretory pathway of the myriapods, diplodods. Preliminary observations on the Polydesmida, Platyrrhacidae, the Nematophora Lysiopetalidae, the Spirostreptida and the Spirobolida]. The Diplopods studied by the author and more particularly Platyrrhacidae, Lysiopetalidae, Spirostreptida and Spirobolida, show neurosecretory cells near the globuli I. The whole of his observations induces the author to admit a structural plan common to all the Diplopods: neurosecretory cells of globuli I--(NOG) nerve--neurohemal organ (Gabe's organ). Moreover he makes an attempt to compare his observations with those concerning another group of Myriapods: the Chilopods.", "PMID": 405109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2972", "title": "[Kinetics of the irreversible degradation in vivo of free L-threonine during lysine deficiency].", "content": "In adult fully grown rats deficient in L-Lysine, the speed of the irreversible degradation of free L-threonine equals 1.60 mmol/24 h/g as calculated for 1 mmol/kg administered. This speed is 23 per cent slower than that determined in non lysine deficient animals. This fact explains at least partially, the paradoxical resistance of the adult rat to the lysine deficiency.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the irreversible degradation in vivo of free L-threonine during lysine deficiency]. In adult fully grown rats deficient in L-Lysine, the speed of the irreversible degradation of free L-threonine equals 1.60 mmol/24 h/g as calculated for 1 mmol/kg administered. This speed is 23 per cent slower than that determined in non lysine deficient animals. This fact explains at least partially, the paradoxical resistance of the adult rat to the lysine deficiency.", "PMID": 405110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2973", "title": "[Plasma, testicular, and adrenal cortex levels of androgens in the perinatal period and determination of neonatal hypertestosteronemia in guinea pigs].", "content": "The perinatal period is characterized in the male faetus and new-born Guinea-Pig by a prenatal increase in testis testosterone and by a neonatal peak in plasma testosterone. This transient rise in plasma testosterone is testis dependent and light dependent at birth.", "contents": "[Plasma, testicular, and adrenal cortex levels of androgens in the perinatal period and determination of neonatal hypertestosteronemia in guinea pigs]. The perinatal period is characterized in the male faetus and new-born Guinea-Pig by a prenatal increase in testis testosterone and by a neonatal peak in plasma testosterone. This transient rise in plasma testosterone is testis dependent and light dependent at birth.", "PMID": 405112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2974", "title": "[The sexual cycle of the pelagic tunicate Doliolum nationalis, Borg. 1893, with a first description of the oozoid stage].", "content": "The reality of the sexual long cycle concerning Doliolum nationalis in Mediterranean waters off Villefranche (Ligurian Sea) is confirmed with the description of unknown stages for this particular species. A new type of gonophorozo\u00efd is identified and the fecundity of the gonophorozo\u00efd is proved by breeding the larva from the egg to its fully grown stage as an oozo\u00efd, unknown until now. Its description shows us the total similarity between the oozo\u00efds of different species of the Doliolum genus (cryptic species for this stage).", "contents": "[The sexual cycle of the pelagic tunicate Doliolum nationalis, Borg. 1893, with a first description of the oozoid stage]. The reality of the sexual long cycle concerning Doliolum nationalis in Mediterranean waters off Villefranche (Ligurian Sea) is confirmed with the description of unknown stages for this particular species. A new type of gonophorozo\u00efd is identified and the fecundity of the gonophorozo\u00efd is proved by breeding the larva from the egg to its fully grown stage as an oozo\u00efd, unknown until now. Its description shows us the total similarity between the oozo\u00efds of different species of the Doliolum genus (cryptic species for this stage).", "PMID": 405114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2975", "title": "[Consequences of experimental triploidy on the fertility and sexual differentiation of a normally amphigonic and diploid lombrician, Eisenia foetida Sav].", "content": "The fertility of experimental triploid worms has been studied in Eisenia foetida Sav. This study has led us to the conclusion that the female germ line is abortive while the male germ line may as an exception take part in fertilization. Histological controls have confirmed the differentiating ability of the male line and the break in the development of the female line.", "contents": "[Consequences of experimental triploidy on the fertility and sexual differentiation of a normally amphigonic and diploid lombrician, Eisenia foetida Sav]. The fertility of experimental triploid worms has been studied in Eisenia foetida Sav. This study has led us to the conclusion that the female germ line is abortive while the male germ line may as an exception take part in fertilization. Histological controls have confirmed the differentiating ability of the male line and the break in the development of the female line.", "PMID": 405115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2976", "title": "[Germ cell population of chick embryos incubated 5 1/2 days after ultraviolet irradiation of young blastoderms].", "content": "Chick blastoderms, incubated for 5 hrs., were wholly irradiated with ultraviolet light (2 537 A). With ultraviolet doses of 14,400 and 16,200 erg/mm2, the embryos, ofter morphologically abnormal, which developed from these blastoderms, were shown to contain, at 5 1/2 days of incubation, very few or no germ cells in the region of their primordia.", "contents": "[Germ cell population of chick embryos incubated 5 1/2 days after ultraviolet irradiation of young blastoderms]. Chick blastoderms, incubated for 5 hrs., were wholly irradiated with ultraviolet light (2 537 A). With ultraviolet doses of 14,400 and 16,200 erg/mm2, the embryos, ofter morphologically abnormal, which developed from these blastoderms, were shown to contain, at 5 1/2 days of incubation, very few or no germ cells in the region of their primordia.", "PMID": 405116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2977", "title": "[The intersubgeneric crossing of Chrysocarabus (s. str.) auronitens Fabr. X Chrysocarabus (Chrysotribax) hispanus Fabr. (Coleoptera, Carab.)].", "content": "In the limits of the intersubgeneric crossing Chrysocarabus (s. str.) auronitens Fabr. X Chrysocarabus (Chrysotribax) hispanus Fabr., the results change with the subspecies of Cc. auronitens: positive only up to F1, but very little productive with a. festivus Dej. and a. auronitens Fabr., negative with a. subfestivus Oberth. and a. cupreonitens Chevr.", "contents": "[The intersubgeneric crossing of Chrysocarabus (s. str.) auronitens Fabr. X Chrysocarabus (Chrysotribax) hispanus Fabr. (Coleoptera, Carab.)]. In the limits of the intersubgeneric crossing Chrysocarabus (s. str.) auronitens Fabr. X Chrysocarabus (Chrysotribax) hispanus Fabr., the results change with the subspecies of Cc. auronitens: positive only up to F1, but very little productive with a. festivus Dej. and a. auronitens Fabr., negative with a. subfestivus Oberth. and a. cupreonitens Chevr.", "PMID": 405118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2978", "title": "[\"Milk aflatoxin\" and transfer of toxicity].", "content": "Diet including 20 p. 100 of lyophilised milk produced by Goat who consumes peanut meals containing 1,530, 79 and 54 microng/kg aflatoxins with 1,136, 64 and 54 microng/kg aflatoxin B1, is given to duckling during 23 days. There is no influence of this diet on growth, feed efficiency and liver or kidney histology. In contrast, direct consummation of Peanut meal, with the highest level of aflatoxins, produces 18 p. 100 mortality and characteristic injuries of aflatoxiocsis.", "contents": "[\"Milk aflatoxin\" and transfer of toxicity]. Diet including 20 p. 100 of lyophilised milk produced by Goat who consumes peanut meals containing 1,530, 79 and 54 microng/kg aflatoxins with 1,136, 64 and 54 microng/kg aflatoxin B1, is given to duckling during 23 days. There is no influence of this diet on growth, feed efficiency and liver or kidney histology. In contrast, direct consummation of Peanut meal, with the highest level of aflatoxins, produces 18 p. 100 mortality and characteristic injuries of aflatoxiocsis.", "PMID": 405119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2979", "title": "[Mode of action at the cellular level of new thiopyrimidines with antimitotic properties].", "content": "New thiopyrimidine derivatives have been synthesized. Among them, several inhibit the multiplication of Chick embryo cells cultivated in vitro: they provoke strong nucleolar alterations, prevent the cells from entering into mitosis and can give rise to cell polyploidisation as to DNA.", "contents": "[Mode of action at the cellular level of new thiopyrimidines with antimitotic properties]. New thiopyrimidine derivatives have been synthesized. Among them, several inhibit the multiplication of Chick embryo cells cultivated in vitro: they provoke strong nucleolar alterations, prevent the cells from entering into mitosis and can give rise to cell polyploidisation as to DNA.", "PMID": 405120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2980", "title": "[Lymphoid cells of the intestinal mucosa with double kappa and lambda specificity in normal man].", "content": "The presence of lymphoid cells possessing both kappa and lambda specificities has been observed in the intestinal mucosa of normal subjects. The variability in the number of such cells in different sections of the same sample and in different subjects seems to be a characteristic of this cell population and may reflect the high activity of the immune system in the small intestine.", "contents": "[Lymphoid cells of the intestinal mucosa with double kappa and lambda specificity in normal man]. The presence of lymphoid cells possessing both kappa and lambda specificities has been observed in the intestinal mucosa of normal subjects. The variability in the number of such cells in different sections of the same sample and in different subjects seems to be a characteristic of this cell population and may reflect the high activity of the immune system in the small intestine.", "PMID": 405121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2981", "title": "[X-ray sensitivity of human cultivated lymphoblastic cells in media enriched in nickel sulfate].", "content": "Human leukaemic cells of the established line REH, cultured in media supplemented by nickel suplhate have been irradiated by X-Rays. The nickel sulphage and the X-rays have toxic effects that appear as independent or interdependent effects according to the X-ray doses, the nickel sulphate concentration and the nickel sulphate action endurances.", "contents": "[X-ray sensitivity of human cultivated lymphoblastic cells in media enriched in nickel sulfate]. Human leukaemic cells of the established line REH, cultured in media supplemented by nickel suplhate have been irradiated by X-Rays. The nickel sulphage and the X-rays have toxic effects that appear as independent or interdependent effects according to the X-ray doses, the nickel sulphate concentration and the nickel sulphate action endurances.", "PMID": 405122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2982", "title": "[Proof, by a double-blind study, of the efficacy of synoviorthesis by erbium-169 in rheumatoid arthritis of the fingers].", "content": "A double-blind study (201 metacarpo and interphalangeal joints) on the effectiveness of the synoviorthesis shows the significant value of the 169-Erbium, compared with intra-articular placebo or corticotherapy. The treatment gives an improvement in 58% of the cases (p less than 0.01) (stade 1:80,7%), by destruction of the rheumatoid pannus, begins after 3 months and develops for one year and more.", "contents": "[Proof, by a double-blind study, of the efficacy of synoviorthesis by erbium-169 in rheumatoid arthritis of the fingers]. A double-blind study (201 metacarpo and interphalangeal joints) on the effectiveness of the synoviorthesis shows the significant value of the 169-Erbium, compared with intra-articular placebo or corticotherapy. The treatment gives an improvement in 58% of the cases (p less than 0.01) (stade 1:80,7%), by destruction of the rheumatoid pannus, begins after 3 months and develops for one year and more.", "PMID": 405123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2983", "title": "[Sexual receptivity of the female and insemination power of the male Culex pipiens autogenicus (Diptera, Culicidae). The cases of strict monogamy and occasional polygamy].", "content": "Females of Culex pipiens autogenicus generally have two refractory periods: post-emergence refractory period (during the first 48 hrs. after emergence) and post-insemination refractory period. Males of Culex pipiens autogenicus can inseminate 2 to 3 females. After the 4th insemination he can no longer completely fulfill his reproductory role. Therefore the female can inseminated by another male.", "contents": "[Sexual receptivity of the female and insemination power of the male Culex pipiens autogenicus (Diptera, Culicidae). The cases of strict monogamy and occasional polygamy]. Females of Culex pipiens autogenicus generally have two refractory periods: post-emergence refractory period (during the first 48 hrs. after emergence) and post-insemination refractory period. Males of Culex pipiens autogenicus can inseminate 2 to 3 females. After the 4th insemination he can no longer completely fulfill his reproductory role. Therefore the female can inseminated by another male.", "PMID": 405124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2984", "title": "[Chemical analysis of the integument and digestive gland of Crangon crangon (Linn\u00e9) (Crustacea, Decapoda) by x ray spectography. Quantitative variations in the elements of calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, and magnesium during the intermolt cycle].", "content": "Electron probe microanalysis is a very suitable method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of calcium, phosphorus, sulfur and magnesium occurring within integument and digestive gland; variations related to intermolt cycle can be compared.", "contents": "[Chemical analysis of the integument and digestive gland of Crangon crangon (Linn\u00e9) (Crustacea, Decapoda) by x ray spectography. Quantitative variations in the elements of calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, and magnesium during the intermolt cycle]. Electron probe microanalysis is a very suitable method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of calcium, phosphorus, sulfur and magnesium occurring within integument and digestive gland; variations related to intermolt cycle can be compared.", "PMID": 405125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2985", "title": "[Preliminary ultrastructural observations on the venom glands of Asilides (Diptera-Brachycera)].", "content": "The venom gland epithelium of the Asilidae is apparently made up of two types of cells which are differentiated by the structure of some components. The two types of cells exhibit an extensive protein synthesis and the secretory process seems to be apocrine. The significance of these two types of cell is discussed.", "contents": "[Preliminary ultrastructural observations on the venom glands of Asilides (Diptera-Brachycera)]. The venom gland epithelium of the Asilidae is apparently made up of two types of cells which are differentiated by the structure of some components. The two types of cells exhibit an extensive protein synthesis and the secretory process seems to be apocrine. The significance of these two types of cell is discussed.", "PMID": 405126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2986", "title": "[Light and electron microscopic localization of cholinesterase activity in a marine invertebrate (Nereis pelagica L., Annelida, Polychaeta)].", "content": "High specific and nonspecific cholinesterase activities have been demonstrated in the whole nervous system of Nereis. These might reveal the existence of a cholinergic nervous system whose control would be exerted in different sites (central nervous centers, muscular junctions...).", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopic localization of cholinesterase activity in a marine invertebrate (Nereis pelagica L., Annelida, Polychaeta)]. High specific and nonspecific cholinesterase activities have been demonstrated in the whole nervous system of Nereis. These might reveal the existence of a cholinergic nervous system whose control would be exerted in different sites (central nervous centers, muscular junctions...).", "PMID": 405127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2987", "title": "[Autoradiographic analysis of the primary visual projections of a diurnal predator (Buteo buteo L.)].", "content": "Radioautographic analysis of the optic system of a Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo L.) show hypothalamic (Meier's areas 1, 2 and 3), thalamic (nuclei lateralis anterior, geniculatus lateralis ventralis, dorsolateralis anterior), pretactal (nuclei geniculatus lateralis pretectalis--or Kuhlenbeck's geniculatus lateralis dorsalis--superficialis synencephali, griseus tectalis and area pretectalis), tegmental (nucleus ectomammillaris) and tectal visual projections. A general survey of Common Buzzard optic structures suggest a certain preponderancy of tectofugal system on thalamofugal system. Centrifugal visual system is reduced.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic analysis of the primary visual projections of a diurnal predator (Buteo buteo L.)]. Radioautographic analysis of the optic system of a Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo L.) show hypothalamic (Meier's areas 1, 2 and 3), thalamic (nuclei lateralis anterior, geniculatus lateralis ventralis, dorsolateralis anterior), pretactal (nuclei geniculatus lateralis pretectalis--or Kuhlenbeck's geniculatus lateralis dorsalis--superficialis synencephali, griseus tectalis and area pretectalis), tegmental (nucleus ectomammillaris) and tectal visual projections. A general survey of Common Buzzard optic structures suggest a certain preponderancy of tectofugal system on thalamofugal system. Centrifugal visual system is reduced.", "PMID": 405128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2988", "title": "[Effect of DDT on the gonadal germ cell population of 5 successive generations of quail embryos].", "content": "The gonadic germ deficit induced by DDT in Quail embryos issued from eggs only treated at the first generation, partially decreases at the second generation and completely at the third. When the DDT treatment is repeated for each generation, the reduced effect slightly increases.", "contents": "[Effect of DDT on the gonadal germ cell population of 5 successive generations of quail embryos]. The gonadic germ deficit induced by DDT in Quail embryos issued from eggs only treated at the first generation, partially decreases at the second generation and completely at the third. When the DDT treatment is repeated for each generation, the reduced effect slightly increases.", "PMID": 405129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2989", "title": "[Infertility of the hamster oocyte having matured in vitro].", "content": "The comparative study of fertilization, with the same sperm sample, of in vitro matured oocytes and freshly ovulated ones, shows a new aspect of mammalian oocyte maturation. While 80% of freshly ovulated oocytes are fertilized, in vitro matured eggs are not fertilizable. They present the ability to be penetrated by spermatozoa 4 to 6 hrs. only after HCG injection. This is therefore not on tubal influence but depends on an oocyte specific factor which appears during the end of intrafollicular maturation.", "contents": "[Infertility of the hamster oocyte having matured in vitro]. The comparative study of fertilization, with the same sperm sample, of in vitro matured oocytes and freshly ovulated ones, shows a new aspect of mammalian oocyte maturation. While 80% of freshly ovulated oocytes are fertilized, in vitro matured eggs are not fertilizable. They present the ability to be penetrated by spermatozoa 4 to 6 hrs. only after HCG injection. This is therefore not on tubal influence but depends on an oocyte specific factor which appears during the end of intrafollicular maturation.", "PMID": 405130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2990", "title": "[Thermoperiodic information and the induction of diapause in Pieris brassicae L].", "content": "When exposed their whole larval life to a 24 h. thermoperiodic cycle in constant darkness, individuals of Pieris brassicae L. give diapausing or non-diapausing pupae according to the length of the cold and warm sequences. The curve of thermoperiodic induction is similar to the photoperiodic curve.", "contents": "[Thermoperiodic information and the induction of diapause in Pieris brassicae L]. When exposed their whole larval life to a 24 h. thermoperiodic cycle in constant darkness, individuals of Pieris brassicae L. give diapausing or non-diapausing pupae according to the length of the cold and warm sequences. The curve of thermoperiodic induction is similar to the photoperiodic curve.", "PMID": 405131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2991", "title": "[Identification of catecholamines and serotonin in the notochords of chick embryos].", "content": "The neurotransmitter amines, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonine have been isolated from Chick notochords. Cholinergic agents produce important modifications in the amount of these amines and of one of their metabolites. The results demonstrate the presence, at a very early stage of development, between the second and the third day of incubation, of biogenic amines and cholinergic receptors.", "contents": "[Identification of catecholamines and serotonin in the notochords of chick embryos]. The neurotransmitter amines, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonine have been isolated from Chick notochords. Cholinergic agents produce important modifications in the amount of these amines and of one of their metabolites. The results demonstrate the presence, at a very early stage of development, between the second and the third day of incubation, of biogenic amines and cholinergic receptors.", "PMID": 405132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2992", "title": "[Weight changes in the eggs of Leucophaea maderae Fabr. (Insecta, Dictyoptera)].", "content": "Eggs in Leucophaea maderae are present in an ootheca which remains in the broodsac until hatching of the larvae. During incubation, the water content of the eggs increases from 36 to 77%, the dry weight remaining constant. Water is possibly provided by the mother.", "contents": "[Weight changes in the eggs of Leucophaea maderae Fabr. (Insecta, Dictyoptera)]. Eggs in Leucophaea maderae are present in an ootheca which remains in the broodsac until hatching of the larvae. During incubation, the water content of the eggs increases from 36 to 77%, the dry weight remaining constant. Water is possibly provided by the mother.", "PMID": 405133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2993", "title": "[Phenotypic expression of the locus acute in Drosophila melanogaster].", "content": "The number of the long thoracic chaetae of heterozygote females born from crosses between a scute stock and various wild strains can be less than eight. Penetrance and dominance vary according to the wild strain considered. The phenomenon is probably connected with an anomaly of the development.", "contents": "[Phenotypic expression of the locus acute in Drosophila melanogaster]. The number of the long thoracic chaetae of heterozygote females born from crosses between a scute stock and various wild strains can be less than eight. Penetrance and dominance vary according to the wild strain considered. The phenomenon is probably connected with an anomaly of the development.", "PMID": 405134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2994", "title": "[High affinity binding of 5-hydroxytryptamine to some membrane preparations from cattle brain. Relationship to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)].", "content": "5 hydroxytryptamine binds to crude brain membrane preparations with two different affinities (KD = 1 to 2 X 10(-9) M for the highest, 1 to 2 X 10(-8) M for the lowest). LSD also binds with two affinities (KD = 3 to 4 X 10(-9) M and KD = 2 to 3 X 10(-8) M). Subcellular distribution of these sites shows that binding involves the two binding affinities in microsomal membranes but solely the high affinity binding sites are present in purified synaptosomal membranes. High affinity sites for 5 HT and for LSD are different as no direct competitive inhibition is observed in that case. On microsomal membranes, direct relationship occurs between low affinity binding for 5 HT and high affinity binding for LSD.", "contents": "[High affinity binding of 5-hydroxytryptamine to some membrane preparations from cattle brain. Relationship to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)]. 5 hydroxytryptamine binds to crude brain membrane preparations with two different affinities (KD = 1 to 2 X 10(-9) M for the highest, 1 to 2 X 10(-8) M for the lowest). LSD also binds with two affinities (KD = 3 to 4 X 10(-9) M and KD = 2 to 3 X 10(-8) M). Subcellular distribution of these sites shows that binding involves the two binding affinities in microsomal membranes but solely the high affinity binding sites are present in purified synaptosomal membranes. High affinity sites for 5 HT and for LSD are different as no direct competitive inhibition is observed in that case. On microsomal membranes, direct relationship occurs between low affinity binding for 5 HT and high affinity binding for LSD.", "PMID": 405135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2995", "title": "[Experimental study in rats to reduce carbon monoxide in the blood induced by cigarette smoke, by inhaling oxygen at atmospheric pressure].", "content": "When animals are exposed to cigarette smoke, the concentration of carbon monoxide in blood is rapidly increased, so that intensive inhalation tests cannot be carried out. A simple apparatus is described to expose Rats alternatively to cigarette smoke and to oxygen in order to reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide in the blood. This method makes it possible to increase the daily administration of smoke considerably; nevertheless, under such conditions, lung tumors were not observed.", "contents": "[Experimental study in rats to reduce carbon monoxide in the blood induced by cigarette smoke, by inhaling oxygen at atmospheric pressure]. When animals are exposed to cigarette smoke, the concentration of carbon monoxide in blood is rapidly increased, so that intensive inhalation tests cannot be carried out. A simple apparatus is described to expose Rats alternatively to cigarette smoke and to oxygen in order to reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide in the blood. This method makes it possible to increase the daily administration of smoke considerably; nevertheless, under such conditions, lung tumors were not observed.", "PMID": 405136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2996", "title": "[Inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenesis by diazepam, meprobamate, and other psychotropic drugs].", "content": "Imipramine, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and meprobamate inhibit incorporation of 3H-thymidine in human lymphocytes in culture. For the first three drugs, 50% inhibition occurs at a concentration of 5 X 10(-5) M, and for meprobamate at a concentration of 10(-3 M. Ethanol has no action up to 10(-1) M.", "contents": "[Inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenesis by diazepam, meprobamate, and other psychotropic drugs]. Imipramine, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, and meprobamate inhibit incorporation of 3H-thymidine in human lymphocytes in culture. For the first three drugs, 50% inhibition occurs at a concentration of 5 X 10(-5) M, and for meprobamate at a concentration of 10(-3 M. Ethanol has no action up to 10(-1) M.", "PMID": 405137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2997", "title": "[Establishment and characterization of 3 human cell lines derived from intracerebral metastatic tumors].", "content": "Twelve human tumors were cultivated in vitro by the trypsinization technique and 3 cell lines were established. Each of these 3 lines showed individual characteristics which were maintained during passages. After inoculation into nude mice, 2 lines induced tumors which possessed the histologic features of the original human tumors (melanoma and carcinoma of stomach), the other line derived from a breast carcinoma was rejected.", "contents": "[Establishment and characterization of 3 human cell lines derived from intracerebral metastatic tumors]. Twelve human tumors were cultivated in vitro by the trypsinization technique and 3 cell lines were established. Each of these 3 lines showed individual characteristics which were maintained during passages. After inoculation into nude mice, 2 lines induced tumors which possessed the histologic features of the original human tumors (melanoma and carcinoma of stomach), the other line derived from a breast carcinoma was rejected.", "PMID": 405138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2998", "title": "[Exocrine secretion of pancreatic carcinomas induced by immunologic effects: persistence of the specificity of the cancerous ascitic pancreatic cells].", "content": "Pancreatic carcinomas electively induced by immunological mechanism [(1), (2)] keep their exocrine secretory specificity along the various stages of their evolution: (a) during the transformation phase from adenoma to carcinoma; (b) in the evolved carcinoma; (c) in its metastasis; (d) in the ascitic carcinomatous cells formed. They are called: immuno-inducted carcinoma. The carcinomatous cells of the constantly deadly ascites cease their production of secretion granules after passages by intraperitoneal graft; but this secretion reappears in the solid carcinomas they induce by subcutaneous graft and contains trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, even after the 92nd passage, at the 757 day. Besides, the antisera (1) enhance the growth and the affinity for pancreas and adipose tissue of the carcinomatous ascitic strains they induced. They, sometimes, produce nodular hepatic carcinomas.", "contents": "[Exocrine secretion of pancreatic carcinomas induced by immunologic effects: persistence of the specificity of the cancerous ascitic pancreatic cells]. Pancreatic carcinomas electively induced by immunological mechanism [(1), (2)] keep their exocrine secretory specificity along the various stages of their evolution: (a) during the transformation phase from adenoma to carcinoma; (b) in the evolved carcinoma; (c) in its metastasis; (d) in the ascitic carcinomatous cells formed. They are called: immuno-inducted carcinoma. The carcinomatous cells of the constantly deadly ascites cease their production of secretion granules after passages by intraperitoneal graft; but this secretion reappears in the solid carcinomas they induce by subcutaneous graft and contains trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, even after the 92nd passage, at the 757 day. Besides, the antisera (1) enhance the growth and the affinity for pancreas and adipose tissue of the carcinomatous ascitic strains they induced. They, sometimes, produce nodular hepatic carcinomas.", "PMID": 405139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_2999", "title": "[The existance of a winter diapause revealed by the effects of hormone treatment in the spider Pisaura mirabilis Cl. (Pisauridae)].", "content": "In the same experimental conditions, injections of ecdysterone induce moulting phenomena appearing after significantly different times according to whether the nymphs of Pisaura have been captured in October or January. The variable sensibility of the spiders towards an equal amount of hormones allows us to confirm the occurrence of winter-diapause in this Arachnid.", "contents": "[The existance of a winter diapause revealed by the effects of hormone treatment in the spider Pisaura mirabilis Cl. (Pisauridae)]. In the same experimental conditions, injections of ecdysterone induce moulting phenomena appearing after significantly different times according to whether the nymphs of Pisaura have been captured in October or January. The variable sensibility of the spiders towards an equal amount of hormones allows us to confirm the occurrence of winter-diapause in this Arachnid.", "PMID": 405140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3000", "title": "[Activity of the corpora allata of diapausing females of Tetrix undulata (SWRB) (Orthoptera-Tetrigidae)].", "content": "The implantation of one or two pairs of corpora allata of diapausing females in another diapausing females (two weeks old) induces vitellogenesis and laying of one, two or three egg-pods in a great number of females. The denervation of the corpora-allata of a diapausing female also induced vitellogenesis. These results suggeste that corpora-allata of diapausing females are not active. The denervation induces the break of the inhibition \"travelling\" by the corpora-allata-cardiaca nerves or stimulates the corpora-allata.", "contents": "[Activity of the corpora allata of diapausing females of Tetrix undulata (SWRB) (Orthoptera-Tetrigidae)]. The implantation of one or two pairs of corpora allata of diapausing females in another diapausing females (two weeks old) induces vitellogenesis and laying of one, two or three egg-pods in a great number of females. The denervation of the corpora-allata of a diapausing female also induced vitellogenesis. These results suggeste that corpora-allata of diapausing females are not active. The denervation induces the break of the inhibition \"travelling\" by the corpora-allata-cardiaca nerves or stimulates the corpora-allata.", "PMID": 405141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3001", "title": "[Demonstration of high affinity binding of estradiol in adrenal cortex tissue].", "content": "Evidence is presented demonstrating the presence of a high affinity (Ka10(8)M-1), limited capacity (3-4 pmoles/mg protein) estradiol binder in the soluble fraction of the Bovine, Rat and Human adrenal cortex. The binding appears specific to the estrogen structure whereas C19 and C21 steroids do not bind. Upon sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the estradiol binder sedimented at 9 S at low ionic strength and was shifted to 4.5 S in the presence of 0.5 M KCl. This demonstration of a receptor-like moiety for estradiol in the adrenal cortex lends biochemical support to previous observations suggesting that adrenal cortex functions may be modulated by a direct effect of gonadal steroid hormones.", "contents": "[Demonstration of high affinity binding of estradiol in adrenal cortex tissue]. Evidence is presented demonstrating the presence of a high affinity (Ka10(8)M-1), limited capacity (3-4 pmoles/mg protein) estradiol binder in the soluble fraction of the Bovine, Rat and Human adrenal cortex. The binding appears specific to the estrogen structure whereas C19 and C21 steroids do not bind. Upon sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the estradiol binder sedimented at 9 S at low ionic strength and was shifted to 4.5 S in the presence of 0.5 M KCl. This demonstration of a receptor-like moiety for estradiol in the adrenal cortex lends biochemical support to previous observations suggesting that adrenal cortex functions may be modulated by a direct effect of gonadal steroid hormones.", "PMID": 405142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3002", "title": "[Stimulation of the secretion of LH and FSH and increase in testicular weight at birth in rats].", "content": "The evolutions of serum LH and FSH concentrations and of testicular weight have been measured in the newborn Rat before, during and up to 24 hrs. after birth. A sudden and transient increase of LH and FSH is observed at birth. The testicular weight rises rapidly between 2 and 4 hrs.", "contents": "[Stimulation of the secretion of LH and FSH and increase in testicular weight at birth in rats]. The evolutions of serum LH and FSH concentrations and of testicular weight have been measured in the newborn Rat before, during and up to 24 hrs. after birth. A sudden and transient increase of LH and FSH is observed at birth. The testicular weight rises rapidly between 2 and 4 hrs.", "PMID": 405143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3003", "title": "[Study of the cortical field potentials produced by weak light stimulation in adult rabbits].", "content": "On a chronic preparation of an adult Rabbit, the cortical visual evoked response, produced by a weak luminous stimulation activating only the scotopic system is characterized by the suppression of the early surface-positive phase and by a lengthening of the latencies of the following deflection. The profile of the fields of potential corresponding to the various defletions in relation to the depth, has been investigated.", "contents": "[Study of the cortical field potentials produced by weak light stimulation in adult rabbits]. On a chronic preparation of an adult Rabbit, the cortical visual evoked response, produced by a weak luminous stimulation activating only the scotopic system is characterized by the suppression of the early surface-positive phase and by a lengthening of the latencies of the following deflection. The profile of the fields of potential corresponding to the various defletions in relation to the depth, has been investigated.", "PMID": 405144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3004", "title": "[Selective representation of vibrissa at the level of cerebellar Purkinje cells by way of climbing fibers in rats].", "content": "In the Rat peripheral information from snout vibrissae are transmitted to cerebellar Purkinje cells of Crus I and II by both mossy and climbing fibers. The climbing fiber pathway is organized in a very precise manner, a particular Purkinje cell being preferentially activated by a single vibrissa.", "contents": "[Selective representation of vibrissa at the level of cerebellar Purkinje cells by way of climbing fibers in rats]. In the Rat peripheral information from snout vibrissae are transmitted to cerebellar Purkinje cells of Crus I and II by both mossy and climbing fibers. The climbing fiber pathway is organized in a very precise manner, a particular Purkinje cell being preferentially activated by a single vibrissa.", "PMID": 405145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3005", "title": "[Model of the effect of 4-aminopyridine at the level of potassium channels of the giant axon of the squid, Logigo forbesi L].", "content": "Most of the effects of 4-aminopyridine on the potassium conductance of the giant axon of the Squid can be explained in terms of a simple model based on the physicochemical properties of the molecule and what is known about the structure of the potassium \"channels\".", "contents": "[Model of the effect of 4-aminopyridine at the level of potassium channels of the giant axon of the squid, Logigo forbesi L]. Most of the effects of 4-aminopyridine on the potassium conductance of the giant axon of the Squid can be explained in terms of a simple model based on the physicochemical properties of the molecule and what is known about the structure of the potassium \"channels\".", "PMID": 405146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3006", "title": "[Implication of GABA in the spatial organization of the receptive fields of retinal ganglia cells of frogs].", "content": "An histoautoradiographic study of the Chicken and Frog retinae was made following an intravitreal injection if tritiated GABA. This amino acid was especially fixed at the amacrine and horizontal cell level. It has been suggested (Werblin, 1974) that horizontal cells might be responsible for the spatial organization of the receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells. GABA could thus be involved in bringing about of the centre-surround arrangement of the latter receptive fields. We have shown that picrotoxin, a specific GABA-antagonist, does indeed provoke marked changes in the activity of retinal ganglion cells. It provokes a decrease in the response threshold, a facilitation of spontaneous activities, and a marked increase in the receptive field area of the ON-OFF ganglion cells: from 12 at the start, it reaches 24 under the effect of picrotoxin.", "contents": "[Implication of GABA in the spatial organization of the receptive fields of retinal ganglia cells of frogs]. An histoautoradiographic study of the Chicken and Frog retinae was made following an intravitreal injection if tritiated GABA. This amino acid was especially fixed at the amacrine and horizontal cell level. It has been suggested (Werblin, 1974) that horizontal cells might be responsible for the spatial organization of the receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells. GABA could thus be involved in bringing about of the centre-surround arrangement of the latter receptive fields. We have shown that picrotoxin, a specific GABA-antagonist, does indeed provoke marked changes in the activity of retinal ganglion cells. It provokes a decrease in the response threshold, a facilitation of spontaneous activities, and a marked increase in the receptive field area of the ON-OFF ganglion cells: from 12 at the start, it reaches 24 under the effect of picrotoxin.", "PMID": 405147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3007", "title": "[Autoradiographic localization of RNA synthesis in vitro during oogenesis in Parascaris equorum].", "content": "Technical elaboration of in vitro incubation of Parascaris equorum gonads with 3H-Uridine has permitted, for the first time, the study of RNA synthesis during oogenesis along the whole gonadic tube. In germ cells, oocytes in diakinesis (oviduct) and in division of maturation (uterus) show no label. On the contrary oogonia and growing oocytes in ovary are labelled. RNA synthesis is always detected in all parietal cells but is more active in oviduct and uterus where the gonadic wall is particularly developed.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic localization of RNA synthesis in vitro during oogenesis in Parascaris equorum]. Technical elaboration of in vitro incubation of Parascaris equorum gonads with 3H-Uridine has permitted, for the first time, the study of RNA synthesis during oogenesis along the whole gonadic tube. In germ cells, oocytes in diakinesis (oviduct) and in division of maturation (uterus) show no label. On the contrary oogonia and growing oocytes in ovary are labelled. RNA synthesis is always detected in all parietal cells but is more active in oviduct and uterus where the gonadic wall is particularly developed.", "PMID": 405148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3008", "title": "[Mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in 4-thiouridine in which growth is insensitive to illumination at 365 nm].", "content": "Thirteen different mutants of E coli K12 selected for a reduced near ultra-violet induced growth delay have been isolated. The t-RNAs extracted from these clones have all a depressed content of 4-thiouridine. One of these mutants, called Nop has an almost negligible growth delay and completely lacks 4-thiouridine in its t-RNAs. Thus we provide genetic proofs that 4-thiouridine is the chromophore for growth delay.", "contents": "[Mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in 4-thiouridine in which growth is insensitive to illumination at 365 nm]. Thirteen different mutants of E coli K12 selected for a reduced near ultra-violet induced growth delay have been isolated. The t-RNAs extracted from these clones have all a depressed content of 4-thiouridine. One of these mutants, called Nop has an almost negligible growth delay and completely lacks 4-thiouridine in its t-RNAs. Thus we provide genetic proofs that 4-thiouridine is the chromophore for growth delay.", "PMID": 405149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3009", "title": "[The effects of 4 detergents on the respiration of mitochondria isolated from rat liver].", "content": "The effects of these four detergents (two non-ionic: Titron X100 and Tween 80, two ionic: sodium cholate and sodium dedeoxycholate) upon the respiratory intensities of mitochondria and upon the ADP/0 and respiratory control ratios were observed. At low concentrations and in the absence of exogenous ADP, non ionic as well as ionic detergents provoked a threefold (or fourfold) increase of the respiratory intensities of mitochondria. At higher concentrations, the four detergents were inhibitory for mitochondrial oxidations in the order: Triton X 100 greater than DOC greater than cholate greater than Tween 80. At increasing doses, the four detergents progressively decreased the phosphorylating capacities of mitochondria.", "contents": "[The effects of 4 detergents on the respiration of mitochondria isolated from rat liver]. The effects of these four detergents (two non-ionic: Titron X100 and Tween 80, two ionic: sodium cholate and sodium dedeoxycholate) upon the respiratory intensities of mitochondria and upon the ADP/0 and respiratory control ratios were observed. At low concentrations and in the absence of exogenous ADP, non ionic as well as ionic detergents provoked a threefold (or fourfold) increase of the respiratory intensities of mitochondria. At higher concentrations, the four detergents were inhibitory for mitochondrial oxidations in the order: Triton X 100 greater than DOC greater than cholate greater than Tween 80. At increasing doses, the four detergents progressively decreased the phosphorylating capacities of mitochondria.", "PMID": 405150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3010", "title": "[Behavior and catecholamine levels: comparative study of gregarious insects, solitary insects, and those treated with carbon dioxide in Locusta migratoria (Insecta, Orthoptera)].", "content": "The dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) was measured in Locusta migratoria for 3 groups of individuals showing differences in their motility: gregarious are very active, solitary and animals in chronic treatment by CO2 (1 mn/day) show a very low motility. NA is present in small amounts (0,120-0,250 microng/g) in the 3 groups without significant differences. On the contrary, the quantity of DA is 5 times greater in gregarious than in the 2 other groups (1,78 and 0,31-0,39 microng/g). Thus it is suggested that DA is related to motility and must play its own role of a neurochormone, distinct from that of a metabolic intermediary between DOPA and NA. The question of a relationship between the metabolism of catecholamine and melanization is open.", "contents": "[Behavior and catecholamine levels: comparative study of gregarious insects, solitary insects, and those treated with carbon dioxide in Locusta migratoria (Insecta, Orthoptera)]. The dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) was measured in Locusta migratoria for 3 groups of individuals showing differences in their motility: gregarious are very active, solitary and animals in chronic treatment by CO2 (1 mn/day) show a very low motility. NA is present in small amounts (0,120-0,250 microng/g) in the 3 groups without significant differences. On the contrary, the quantity of DA is 5 times greater in gregarious than in the 2 other groups (1,78 and 0,31-0,39 microng/g). Thus it is suggested that DA is related to motility and must play its own role of a neurochormone, distinct from that of a metabolic intermediary between DOPA and NA. The question of a relationship between the metabolism of catecholamine and melanization is open.", "PMID": 405151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3011", "title": "[Unilateral change in color produced by ablation of the eyestalk of the crustacean Processa edulis (Decapoda, Natantia)].", "content": "A difference of expansion of erythrophores is observed between the left and right side of P. edulis after the removal of only one Eyestalk. It is the first time, in the Crustacea, that experiments lead to the conclusion that a sympathetic-like constrictor nervous action can exist in colour-change control; colour changes are particularly fast in this species.", "contents": "[Unilateral change in color produced by ablation of the eyestalk of the crustacean Processa edulis (Decapoda, Natantia)]. A difference of expansion of erythrophores is observed between the left and right side of P. edulis after the removal of only one Eyestalk. It is the first time, in the Crustacea, that experiments lead to the conclusion that a sympathetic-like constrictor nervous action can exist in colour-change control; colour changes are particularly fast in this species.", "PMID": 405152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3012", "title": "[First attempts to synchronize cell division in the diatom Navicula ostrearia (Gaillon) Bory in axenic culture].", "content": "The diatom Navicula ostrearia, grown under small quantities, was synchronized in diurnally intermittent illuminations of 16 hour light and 8 hour dark. Under these experimental conditions, the doubling of the population only occurs during the dark period and the fission time is about 6 hours.", "contents": "[First attempts to synchronize cell division in the diatom Navicula ostrearia (Gaillon) Bory in axenic culture]. The diatom Navicula ostrearia, grown under small quantities, was synchronized in diurnally intermittent illuminations of 16 hour light and 8 hour dark. Under these experimental conditions, the doubling of the population only occurs during the dark period and the fission time is about 6 hours.", "PMID": 405154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3013", "title": "[Effects of injections of ecdysterone on the molt and regeneration in the crab Carcinus maenas (L.)].", "content": "Two successives injections of 10 microng/g of ecdysterone induce precocious ecdysis in 66% of Crabs. This induction of precocious ecdysis is always accompanied by an inhibiting effect on regeneration: tiny abnormal regenerates or none are obtained. A majority of recipients of ecdysterone underwent successful ecdysis. Experimental results are discussed; a morphological and cytological study of ecdysterone effects on regeneration is announced.", "contents": "[Effects of injections of ecdysterone on the molt and regeneration in the crab Carcinus maenas (L.)]. Two successives injections of 10 microng/g of ecdysterone induce precocious ecdysis in 66% of Crabs. This induction of precocious ecdysis is always accompanied by an inhibiting effect on regeneration: tiny abnormal regenerates or none are obtained. A majority of recipients of ecdysterone underwent successful ecdysis. Experimental results are discussed; a morphological and cytological study of ecdysterone effects on regeneration is announced.", "PMID": 405155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3014", "title": "[Study by a rapid mixing method of the interaction between a fluorescent cholinergic agonist and membrane fragments rich in cholinergic receptors from Torpedo marmorata].", "content": "The analysis by stopped-flow of the interaction of fluorescent agonist (C5DACho1) with the acetylcholine receptor in its membrane-bound form reveals several kinetic steps: a fast one, in the millisecond range, associated with the binding of C5DACho1 to a high affinity state and a \"medium\" and \"slow\" one, the last one representing possibly an isomerisation of the receptor molecule towards the high affinity state.", "contents": "[Study by a rapid mixing method of the interaction between a fluorescent cholinergic agonist and membrane fragments rich in cholinergic receptors from Torpedo marmorata]. The analysis by stopped-flow of the interaction of fluorescent agonist (C5DACho1) with the acetylcholine receptor in its membrane-bound form reveals several kinetic steps: a fast one, in the millisecond range, associated with the binding of C5DACho1 to a high affinity state and a \"medium\" and \"slow\" one, the last one representing possibly an isomerisation of the receptor molecule towards the high affinity state.", "PMID": 405157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3015", "title": "[Mineralogy of calcium deposits observed on duodenal cannulae in dogs].", "content": "Spontaneous precipitation of deposits on duodenal cannulae were observed in laboratory dogs. X ray diffraction study demonstrated that apatite was always present, while other calcium salts, such as gypsum and brushite, were sometimes present. Moreover another, not yet identified, crystalline substance was also documented.", "contents": "[Mineralogy of calcium deposits observed on duodenal cannulae in dogs]. Spontaneous precipitation of deposits on duodenal cannulae were observed in laboratory dogs. X ray diffraction study demonstrated that apatite was always present, while other calcium salts, such as gypsum and brushite, were sometimes present. Moreover another, not yet identified, crystalline substance was also documented.", "PMID": 405158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3016", "title": "[Iclusion proteins and viral proteins of the baculovirus of the dipteran Tipula paludosa (Meigen)].", "content": "Examination of the polyhedron protein by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows only one polypeptide with a molecular weight of 25,500 +/- 500 daltons, while that of virion proteins reveals 13 polypeptides. No antigenic community could be demonstrated between the polyhedron protein of the Baculovirus of T. paludosa and the polyhedron protein of several other Baculoviruses.", "contents": "[Iclusion proteins and viral proteins of the baculovirus of the dipteran Tipula paludosa (Meigen)]. Examination of the polyhedron protein by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows only one polypeptide with a molecular weight of 25,500 +/- 500 daltons, while that of virion proteins reveals 13 polypeptides. No antigenic community could be demonstrated between the polyhedron protein of the Baculovirus of T. paludosa and the polyhedron protein of several other Baculoviruses.", "PMID": 405159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3017", "title": "[The effect of actinomycin D on the production of viruses by the protoplasts of Chinese cabbage infected in vitro by the yellow mosaic virus of turnips].", "content": "Chinese Cabbage (Brassica sinensis L. var. Cantonner) protoplasts were infected by Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) and inoculated in the presence or absence of actinomycin D. Virus production was determined 40 hrs. after inoculation, the time required for the virus replication cycle to be terminated. While actinomycin D had no effect on TYMV production when present at a concentration of 1 microng/ml, a 50 to 80% inhibition of virus production was noticed at concentrations of the order of 5 to 10 microng/ml, and the inhibition reached 90% with 25 microng/ml.", "contents": "[The effect of actinomycin D on the production of viruses by the protoplasts of Chinese cabbage infected in vitro by the yellow mosaic virus of turnips]. Chinese Cabbage (Brassica sinensis L. var. Cantonner) protoplasts were infected by Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) and inoculated in the presence or absence of actinomycin D. Virus production was determined 40 hrs. after inoculation, the time required for the virus replication cycle to be terminated. While actinomycin D had no effect on TYMV production when present at a concentration of 1 microng/ml, a 50 to 80% inhibition of virus production was noticed at concentrations of the order of 5 to 10 microng/ml, and the inhibition reached 90% with 25 microng/ml.", "PMID": 405160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3018", "title": "Isolation and purification of Rh(e) antigen.", "content": "Rh(e) antigen from the human erythrocyte membrane has been isolated. The method of preparation was as follows: Red cell membrane was solubilized using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid followed by sodium chloride. The solubilized components were separated using molecular ultrafilters. The molecular weight class between 20 000 and 30 000 had Rh(e) antigen activity. The Rh(e) antigen was eluted as a single component using isoelectric focusing in a pH gradient of 6 to 8. This Rh(e) antigen inhibits the agglutination of antibody-coated Rh(e) positive cells. This also gives a high titer of antibody when injected into guinea pigs.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of Rh(e) antigen. Rh(e) antigen from the human erythrocyte membrane has been isolated. The method of preparation was as follows: Red cell membrane was solubilized using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid followed by sodium chloride. The solubilized components were separated using molecular ultrafilters. The molecular weight class between 20 000 and 30 000 had Rh(e) antigen activity. The Rh(e) antigen was eluted as a single component using isoelectric focusing in a pH gradient of 6 to 8. This Rh(e) antigen inhibits the agglutination of antibody-coated Rh(e) positive cells. This also gives a high titer of antibody when injected into guinea pigs.", "PMID": 405162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3019", "title": "The analysis of free tryptophan in human blood with the Ultrafiltrator: a comparison with other methods.", "content": "Recently, the Ultrafiltrator has been described, in the literature, which allows the ultrafiltration of small molecules in minute blood samples under anaerobic conditions with filters of any pore size. This apparatus has been tested for the separation of free tryptophan in heparinised and EDTA-plasma and in whole blood. At the same time, free tryptophan has been analysed after ultrafiltration with CF-50 A and CF-25 membrane cones (Centriflo). The results obtained by these two techniques are compared. Finally, a comprehensive review of other methods reported in the literature, concerning the isolation of free tryptophan, is presented.", "contents": "The analysis of free tryptophan in human blood with the Ultrafiltrator: a comparison with other methods. Recently, the Ultrafiltrator has been described, in the literature, which allows the ultrafiltration of small molecules in minute blood samples under anaerobic conditions with filters of any pore size. This apparatus has been tested for the separation of free tryptophan in heparinised and EDTA-plasma and in whole blood. At the same time, free tryptophan has been analysed after ultrafiltration with CF-50 A and CF-25 membrane cones (Centriflo). The results obtained by these two techniques are compared. Finally, a comprehensive review of other methods reported in the literature, concerning the isolation of free tryptophan, is presented.", "PMID": 405163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3020", "title": "The mutual clonal origin of the lymphoplasmocytic and lymphoma cell in alpha-heavy chain disease.", "content": "Biosynthetic studies in alpha-heavy chain disease were performed on the gut tumour which was composed mainly of lymphoplasmocytic cells and on the mesenteric lymph node tumour composed mainly of immunoblasts. The gut tumour cells synthesised alpha-heavy chains and secreted them during 2-5 hr culture, whereas the lymph node tumour cells synthesized alpha-heavy chains which were shed into the culture medium only after 20 hr. These chains were shown to be present on the surface of the immunoblastic tumour cells by enzymatic radioiodination. Both the surface and the secreted alpha-heavy chain of the lymph node and gut tumour were found to be smaller than the alpha-heavy chain of myeloma proteins. These results suggest that the lymphoblasmocytic and the immunoblastic tumour cells originate from the same defective clone.", "contents": "The mutual clonal origin of the lymphoplasmocytic and lymphoma cell in alpha-heavy chain disease. Biosynthetic studies in alpha-heavy chain disease were performed on the gut tumour which was composed mainly of lymphoplasmocytic cells and on the mesenteric lymph node tumour composed mainly of immunoblasts. The gut tumour cells synthesised alpha-heavy chains and secreted them during 2-5 hr culture, whereas the lymph node tumour cells synthesized alpha-heavy chains which were shed into the culture medium only after 20 hr. These chains were shown to be present on the surface of the immunoblastic tumour cells by enzymatic radioiodination. Both the surface and the secreted alpha-heavy chain of the lymph node and gut tumour were found to be smaller than the alpha-heavy chain of myeloma proteins. These results suggest that the lymphoblasmocytic and the immunoblastic tumour cells originate from the same defective clone.", "PMID": 405165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3021", "title": "Levamisole augments the cytotoxic T-cell response depending on the dose of drugs and antigen administered.", "content": "The effects of levamisole on the immune of cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes were studied. An optimum relative dose of antigen and and lavamisole appears to be crucial for levamisole to augment development of cytotoxic cells.", "contents": "Levamisole augments the cytotoxic T-cell response depending on the dose of drugs and antigen administered. The effects of levamisole on the immune of cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes were studied. An optimum relative dose of antigen and and lavamisole appears to be crucial for levamisole to augment development of cytotoxic cells.", "PMID": 405166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3022", "title": "Listericidal activity of non-stimulated and stimulated human macrophages in vitro.", "content": "An in vitro biological assay system has been described to quantify the listericidal activity of human macrophages grown from peripheral blood monocytes. Within 15 min after in vitro infection, the activated macrophages showed a faster and higher degree in killing capacity as compared to the nonactivated ones; the killing process early and was of short duration.", "contents": "Listericidal activity of non-stimulated and stimulated human macrophages in vitro. An in vitro biological assay system has been described to quantify the listericidal activity of human macrophages grown from peripheral blood monocytes. Within 15 min after in vitro infection, the activated macrophages showed a faster and higher degree in killing capacity as compared to the nonactivated ones; the killing process early and was of short duration.", "PMID": 405167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3023", "title": "Low molecular weight (7S) IgM and free light chains in the sera of patients with the tropical splenomegaly syndrome.", "content": "The presence of naturally occurring LMW (7S) IgM was suspected on Sephadex G-200 filtration of a serum pool from patients with tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS). It was found in nineteen out of thirty-one sera from these patients using a polyacrylamide/agarose gel-diffusion  method, and in fifteen of the sera after precipitation of the 19S IgM with 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG). Free K-light chains was detected in twenty-five out of thirty-one sera from patients with the TSS while free lambda-light chains was detected in four. The presence of 7S IgM and free light chains in sera of these patients is in keeping with our hypothesis that there is a disorder of control of immunoglobulin production in the tropical splenomegaly syndrome.", "contents": "Low molecular weight (7S) IgM and free light chains in the sera of patients with the tropical splenomegaly syndrome. The presence of naturally occurring LMW (7S) IgM was suspected on Sephadex G-200 filtration of a serum pool from patients with tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS). It was found in nineteen out of thirty-one sera from these patients using a polyacrylamide/agarose gel-diffusion  method, and in fifteen of the sera after precipitation of the 19S IgM with 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG). Free K-light chains was detected in twenty-five out of thirty-one sera from patients with the TSS while free lambda-light chains was detected in four. The presence of 7S IgM and free light chains in sera of these patients is in keeping with our hypothesis that there is a disorder of control of immunoglobulin production in the tropical splenomegaly syndrome.", "PMID": 405168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3024", "title": "Blood lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and Hodgkin's disease: Immunological features and enzymes of nucleoside metabolism.", "content": "Purified lymphocytes from venous blood of sixteen healthy adult subjects, eight patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and ten with Hodgkin's disease (HD), were examined for adenosine deaminase (ADA), cytidine deaminase (CDA), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase) and adenosine monophosphate deaminese (AMPA), after thawing and homogenization. The same cells were examined for the capacity to form E rosettes and to respond to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. In CLL a significant reduction (P less than 0-001) of AMPA, PNPase and ADA activities was observed without variation of CDA. In contrast in HD PNPase, AMPA and CDA were increased (P less than 0-01) while ADA was in the normal range. The E-rosette forming cells were significantly reduced in both diseases and the capacity to respond to PHA-stimulation was strongly impaired in CLL. By this experimental approach it seems possible to demonstrate different states of functional activity of the lymphocytic cells in two diseases characterized by reduced T-cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Blood lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and Hodgkin's disease: Immunological features and enzymes of nucleoside metabolism. Purified lymphocytes from venous blood of sixteen healthy adult subjects, eight patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and ten with Hodgkin's disease (HD), were examined for adenosine deaminase (ADA), cytidine deaminase (CDA), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase) and adenosine monophosphate deaminese (AMPA), after thawing and homogenization. The same cells were examined for the capacity to form E rosettes and to respond to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. In CLL a significant reduction (P less than 0-001) of AMPA, PNPase and ADA activities was observed without variation of CDA. In contrast in HD PNPase, AMPA and CDA were increased (P less than 0-01) while ADA was in the normal range. The E-rosette forming cells were significantly reduced in both diseases and the capacity to respond to PHA-stimulation was strongly impaired in CLL. By this experimental approach it seems possible to demonstrate different states of functional activity of the lymphocytic cells in two diseases characterized by reduced T-cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 405169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3025", "title": "Fetal evaluation by real-time imaging.", "content": "The application of real-time imaging to the study of fetal morphology and function is an exciting advance. Rapid accurate study of fetal dynamics is possible with this apparently safe, noninvasive technique. Animal studies have revealed the general physiology of fetal breathing movements, which are now under extensive investigation with real-time imaging in the human. There is evidence for circadian rhythm of human fetal breathing movements as well as a relationship to maternal substrate loading. The presence of fetal breathing movements of the rapid irregular type may be a reassuring sign in the presence of other indicators of fetal compromise. Using real-time B-scan imaging, we have found long periods of apnea in pregnancies with normal perinatal outcome. As suggested in the animal studies, changes in fetal breathing patterns prior to fetal death may be more complex than originally thought. The techique of real-time B-scan imaging with precise definition of apnea, general movements, and fetal breathing will provide valuable information on which to base our evaluation of the clinical usefulness of fetal breathing movement studies in the management of pregnancy.", "contents": "Fetal evaluation by real-time imaging. The application of real-time imaging to the study of fetal morphology and function is an exciting advance. Rapid accurate study of fetal dynamics is possible with this apparently safe, noninvasive technique. Animal studies have revealed the general physiology of fetal breathing movements, which are now under extensive investigation with real-time imaging in the human. There is evidence for circadian rhythm of human fetal breathing movements as well as a relationship to maternal substrate loading. The presence of fetal breathing movements of the rapid irregular type may be a reassuring sign in the presence of other indicators of fetal compromise. Using real-time B-scan imaging, we have found long periods of apnea in pregnancies with normal perinatal outcome. As suggested in the animal studies, changes in fetal breathing patterns prior to fetal death may be more complex than originally thought. The techique of real-time B-scan imaging with precise definition of apnea, general movements, and fetal breathing will provide valuable information on which to base our evaluation of the clinical usefulness of fetal breathing movement studies in the management of pregnancy.", "PMID": 405170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3026", "title": "Lead poisoning from ingestion of Chinese herbal medicine.", "content": "A 4-month-old infant was proven to have acute plumbism attributed to the ingestion of lead-containing Chinese herbal medicines. The analyses of 11 brands of Chinese herbal medicines by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry revealed that one of the medicines, Po Ying Tan, made by company A, had a mean lead content of 7.5 mg per unit dose; the other 10 brands had lower but still significant lead contents. In Chinese communities, these medicines are used very frequently, without prescription, for many minor ailments. This practice places a large number of individuals at risk for acute and chronic lead poisoning.", "contents": "Lead poisoning from ingestion of Chinese herbal medicine. A 4-month-old infant was proven to have acute plumbism attributed to the ingestion of lead-containing Chinese herbal medicines. The analyses of 11 brands of Chinese herbal medicines by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry revealed that one of the medicines, Po Ying Tan, made by company A, had a mean lead content of 7.5 mg per unit dose; the other 10 brands had lower but still significant lead contents. In Chinese communities, these medicines are used very frequently, without prescription, for many minor ailments. This practice places a large number of individuals at risk for acute and chronic lead poisoning.", "PMID": 405174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3027", "title": "A computer program for long term anticoagulation control.", "content": "A computer program is described which calculates suggested daily anticoagulant dose schedules for long term patients. This program is a part of the real-time Information System for Thrombosis Centres. The program requires only the most recent information on the patient from the Information System's data base. This information consists of the latest two measured coagulation times, the previous dose schedule, the target and limiting values set by the physician to the coagulation time, and a very limited number of parameters accounting for the patient's anticoagulation history. A simple dose-response model is used to simulate and predict a coagulation time. By comparing this prediction with the measured coagulation time the program computes the necessary adjustment in the average dose and the appointment period. It gives remarks, if necessary. The Information System is used successfully for the majority of patients of Leiden Thrombosis Centre, where it operates as a part of a real-time Hospital Information System.", "contents": "A computer program for long term anticoagulation control. A computer program is described which calculates suggested daily anticoagulant dose schedules for long term patients. This program is a part of the real-time Information System for Thrombosis Centres. The program requires only the most recent information on the patient from the Information System's data base. This information consists of the latest two measured coagulation times, the previous dose schedule, the target and limiting values set by the physician to the coagulation time, and a very limited number of parameters accounting for the patient's anticoagulation history. A simple dose-response model is used to simulate and predict a coagulation time. By comparing this prediction with the measured coagulation time the program computes the necessary adjustment in the average dose and the appointment period. It gives remarks, if necessary. The Information System is used successfully for the majority of patients of Leiden Thrombosis Centre, where it operates as a part of a real-time Hospital Information System.", "PMID": 405176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3028", "title": "Immunochemical analysis of the N-acetyl hexosaminidases in human-mouse hybrids made using a double selective system.", "content": "A human-mouse hybrid, DUR 4 (Solomon et al., 1976), containing a human X/15 translocation chromosome and also chromosome 5, among other human chromosomes, was used in a double selection system to obtain hybrids of four different types: X/15+ 5+, X/15- 5+, X/15+, 5-. Standard positive and negative selection systems were used for the X chromosome, and negative selection for chromosome 5 was done with diphtheria toxin. The assignment of HEXB and presently only when both the X/15 chromosome and chromosome 5 were present. A \"HEXA-like\" band segregated with chromosome 15 (or X/15) but independently of chromosome 5. This component, unlike HEXA, does not contain human HEXbeta antigen.", "contents": "Immunochemical analysis of the N-acetyl hexosaminidases in human-mouse hybrids made using a double selective system. A human-mouse hybrid, DUR 4 (Solomon et al., 1976), containing a human X/15 translocation chromosome and also chromosome 5, among other human chromosomes, was used in a double selection system to obtain hybrids of four different types: X/15+ 5+, X/15- 5+, X/15+, 5-. Standard positive and negative selection systems were used for the X chromosome, and negative selection for chromosome 5 was done with diphtheria toxin. The assignment of HEXB and presently only when both the X/15 chromosome and chromosome 5 were present. A \"HEXA-like\" band segregated with chromosome 15 (or X/15) but independently of chromosome 5. This component, unlike HEXA, does not contain human HEXbeta antigen.", "PMID": 405179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3029", "title": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in the treatment of steroid-dependent asthmatic patients. An assessment of 18 months of therapy.", "content": "Twenty-nine of 33 steroid-dependent asthmatic patients received 18 months of therapy with beclomethasone dipropionate. Only four of 29 subjects required concurrent oral therapy with steroids. Twenty-six of 29 patients noted a marked improvement in their asthma; three of 29 described an indeterminate response. A statistically significant improvement in many of the symptoms, the plasma cortisol level, the first-second forced expiratory volume, and the forced expiratory flow at 50 percent of the observed forced vital capacity was present only at the end of three months of therapy with beclomethasone dipropionate. Steroid-withdrawal symptoms, particularly those related to the nose and sinuses, were initially troublesome but decreased with the passage of time. No oropharyngeal fungal infections were observed. At a dose below the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppressive level, therapy with beclomethasone dipropionate appears to be safe and effective for treating patients with steroid-dependent asthma.", "contents": "Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in the treatment of steroid-dependent asthmatic patients. An assessment of 18 months of therapy. Twenty-nine of 33 steroid-dependent asthmatic patients received 18 months of therapy with beclomethasone dipropionate. Only four of 29 subjects required concurrent oral therapy with steroids. Twenty-six of 29 patients noted a marked improvement in their asthma; three of 29 described an indeterminate response. A statistically significant improvement in many of the symptoms, the plasma cortisol level, the first-second forced expiratory volume, and the forced expiratory flow at 50 percent of the observed forced vital capacity was present only at the end of three months of therapy with beclomethasone dipropionate. Steroid-withdrawal symptoms, particularly those related to the nose and sinuses, were initially troublesome but decreased with the passage of time. No oropharyngeal fungal infections were observed. At a dose below the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppressive level, therapy with beclomethasone dipropionate appears to be safe and effective for treating patients with steroid-dependent asthma.", "PMID": 405181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3030", "title": "Bactericidal activity of amikacin and gentamicin.", "content": "Using the membrane filtration method bactericidal activity of amikacin and gentamicin as a function of time and concentrations was determined. Amikacin was bactericidal against all Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 7) and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains (n = 8) tested. In 5 of the 7 P. aeruginosa and 3 of the 8 K. pneumoniae strains we saw a secondary regrowth at 24h. There was no difference between amikacin and gentamicin. The experiments to determine the effect of concentration on bactericidal activity showed that higher concentrations lead to a faster kill rate.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of amikacin and gentamicin. Using the membrane filtration method bactericidal activity of amikacin and gentamicin as a function of time and concentrations was determined. Amikacin was bactericidal against all Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 7) and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains (n = 8) tested. In 5 of the 7 P. aeruginosa and 3 of the 8 K. pneumoniae strains we saw a secondary regrowth at 24h. There was no difference between amikacin and gentamicin. The experiments to determine the effect of concentration on bactericidal activity showed that higher concentrations lead to a faster kill rate.", "PMID": 405182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3031", "title": "Electro-clinical follow-up of shunted hydrocephalic children.", "content": "In a survey of 29 hydrocephalic children treated by ventriculoatrial shunt (Holter valve) with a follow-up of 4 years, EEG records before the operation and at least once a year thereafter, the authors can support the view that an epileptogenic focus has developed around the place of insertion of the ventricular catheter in 19 cases, leading to epileptic seizures in 17 up to now. Thus the incidence of convulsions in this particular group of patients is 0.59 (17/29), the limits of confidence 95% being 0.39-0.76. The irritative abnormalities occur usually during the second year after the operation and the delay for the onset of clinical seizures is variable. The age at operation seems to influence the occurrence of the epileptogenic scar. The type of hydrocephalus and especially the presence of an associated cerebral focal lesion can be of importance in the development of clinical seizures.", "contents": "Electro-clinical follow-up of shunted hydrocephalic children. In a survey of 29 hydrocephalic children treated by ventriculoatrial shunt (Holter valve) with a follow-up of 4 years, EEG records before the operation and at least once a year thereafter, the authors can support the view that an epileptogenic focus has developed around the place of insertion of the ventricular catheter in 19 cases, leading to epileptic seizures in 17 up to now. Thus the incidence of convulsions in this particular group of patients is 0.59 (17/29), the limits of confidence 95% being 0.39-0.76. The irritative abnormalities occur usually during the second year after the operation and the delay for the onset of clinical seizures is variable. The age at operation seems to influence the occurrence of the epileptogenic scar. The type of hydrocephalus and especially the presence of an associated cerebral focal lesion can be of importance in the development of clinical seizures.", "PMID": 405183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3032", "title": "[Esophageal-aortic fistula as a complication of a traction diverticulum].", "content": "After massive hematemesis esophageal varices were found by radiography and endoscopy in a 79-year-old woman. Two episodes of bleeding could be stopped with the Sengstaken-Blakemore-tube. The patient, however, died after heavy vomitting of arterial blood, although the tube was in the proper position. Atopsy shows a fistula between a tractiondiverticulum of the esophagus and the aorta. A flaringup of an old tuberculosis, demonstrated by histology, caused the colliquating of the wall of the diverticulum and also the arrosion of the aorta.", "contents": "[Esophageal-aortic fistula as a complication of a traction diverticulum]. After massive hematemesis esophageal varices were found by radiography and endoscopy in a 79-year-old woman. Two episodes of bleeding could be stopped with the Sengstaken-Blakemore-tube. The patient, however, died after heavy vomitting of arterial blood, although the tube was in the proper position. Atopsy shows a fistula between a tractiondiverticulum of the esophagus and the aorta. A flaringup of an old tuberculosis, demonstrated by histology, caused the colliquating of the wall of the diverticulum and also the arrosion of the aorta.", "PMID": 405185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3033", "title": "The effect of prostaglandins on the isolated internal muscles of the mammalian eye, including man.", "content": "The effects of PG's on the isolated intraocular muscles were determined in cat, rabbit, monkey and man, as well as their interactions with cholinergic agents and with catecholamines; the effects of PG antagonists; the effects of PG synthetase inhibitors; and the effects of cholinergic and adrenergic blockade and depletion. It is speculated that PG's may be involved in the regulation of the pupil and accommodation.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandins on the isolated internal muscles of the mammalian eye, including man. The effects of PG's on the isolated intraocular muscles were determined in cat, rabbit, monkey and man, as well as their interactions with cholinergic agents and with catecholamines; the effects of PG antagonists; the effects of PG synthetase inhibitors; and the effects of cholinergic and adrenergic blockade and depletion. It is speculated that PG's may be involved in the regulation of the pupil and accommodation.", "PMID": 405187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3034", "title": "Potentiation of PG effects on the intraocular muscles of the cat by inhibition of PG synthesis.", "content": "Various PG synthesis inhibitors potentiate the effects of PGE1, E2 and F2 alpha on isolated sphincter, dilator and ciliary muscles of the cat when added to the bath or injected intravenously. Potentiation depends on dose and type of PG synthetase inhibitor. A hypothesis for the potentiation is discussed.", "contents": "Potentiation of PG effects on the intraocular muscles of the cat by inhibition of PG synthesis. Various PG synthesis inhibitors potentiate the effects of PGE1, E2 and F2 alpha on isolated sphincter, dilator and ciliary muscles of the cat when added to the bath or injected intravenously. Potentiation depends on dose and type of PG synthetase inhibitor. A hypothesis for the potentiation is discussed.", "PMID": 405188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3035", "title": "[Prophylaxis of Rh-sensitisation by intravenous IgG anti-D (author's transl)].", "content": "During 1971 and 1972 1109 rh-negative mothers with an Rh-positive child were treated with an intravenous standard dose of 80-120 microng of IgG anti-D. To achieve complete elimination of fetal erythrocytes within 72 hours after the first immunoglobulin injection this standard dose had to be increased in 14% of the women. In 1973 and 1974 1138 rh-negative mothers of Rh-positive children were treated with an intravenous standard dose of 240 microng of IgG anti-D. This dose was insufficient in only 1.2% of the rh-negative mothers. More than 98.8% of all women are protected by a standard intravenous dose of 240 microng of IgG anti-D and a single erythrocyte elimination control 72 hours after the birth. It appears that the results after intravenous immunoglobulin are as a whole significantly better than after intramuscular IgG anti-D.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis of Rh-sensitisation by intravenous IgG anti-D (author's transl)]. During 1971 and 1972 1109 rh-negative mothers with an Rh-positive child were treated with an intravenous standard dose of 80-120 microng of IgG anti-D. To achieve complete elimination of fetal erythrocytes within 72 hours after the first immunoglobulin injection this standard dose had to be increased in 14% of the women. In 1973 and 1974 1138 rh-negative mothers of Rh-positive children were treated with an intravenous standard dose of 240 microng of IgG anti-D. This dose was insufficient in only 1.2% of the rh-negative mothers. More than 98.8% of all women are protected by a standard intravenous dose of 240 microng of IgG anti-D and a single erythrocyte elimination control 72 hours after the birth. It appears that the results after intravenous immunoglobulin are as a whole significantly better than after intramuscular IgG anti-D.", "PMID": 405190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3036", "title": "[Composite filling materials in animal experiments].", "content": "The pulp tolerance of the composites \"Estic\" (Kulzer) and \"Compocap\" (Vivadent) and the polyacrylatecement \"Bondal\" (Vivadent) was tested in a total of 97 cervical cavities in rhesus monkeys. \"Bondal\" was well tolerated by the pulp. Both composites when used without cement base provoked slight to moderate reactions. This could be avoided by using \"Bondal\" cement bases.", "contents": "[Composite filling materials in animal experiments]. The pulp tolerance of the composites \"Estic\" (Kulzer) and \"Compocap\" (Vivadent) and the polyacrylatecement \"Bondal\" (Vivadent) was tested in a total of 97 cervical cavities in rhesus monkeys. \"Bondal\" was well tolerated by the pulp. Both composites when used without cement base provoked slight to moderate reactions. This could be avoided by using \"Bondal\" cement bases.", "PMID": 405192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3037", "title": "[Biochemistry and metabolism of sugar substitutes].", "content": "The metabolisms of the sugar substitutes fructose, sorbitol and xylitol and their interdependence with the metabolism of glucose are demonstrated. The metabolic characteristics of these substitutes are discussed with regard to therapeutical utilization. Differences between oral and parenteral administration are shown and finally dosage guidelines for parenteral administration are established on the basis of the different metabolic effects depending on the administered dose.", "contents": "[Biochemistry and metabolism of sugar substitutes]. The metabolisms of the sugar substitutes fructose, sorbitol and xylitol and their interdependence with the metabolism of glucose are demonstrated. The metabolic characteristics of these substitutes are discussed with regard to therapeutical utilization. Differences between oral and parenteral administration are shown and finally dosage guidelines for parenteral administration are established on the basis of the different metabolic effects depending on the administered dose.", "PMID": 405194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3038", "title": "[The use of sugar substitutes in parenteral feeding].", "content": "Parenteral administration of hydrocarbons is particularly indicated after heavy trauma or operations. In this case, fructose and the sugar substitutes sorbitol and xylitol play an important role as they can be metabolized independently from insulin. In this comprehensive review, the objectives and goals of parenteral nutrition as well as the metabolic processes of sugar substitutes in the human organism and their effects and the tolerances are discussed.", "contents": "[The use of sugar substitutes in parenteral feeding]. Parenteral administration of hydrocarbons is particularly indicated after heavy trauma or operations. In this case, fructose and the sugar substitutes sorbitol and xylitol play an important role as they can be metabolized independently from insulin. In this comprehensive review, the objectives and goals of parenteral nutrition as well as the metabolic processes of sugar substitutes in the human organism and their effects and the tolerances are discussed.", "PMID": 405195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3039", "title": "[The phenomenon of synchronization in the status epilepticus produced by penicillin and its changes after Clonazepam (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this series of experiments was to understand how Clonazepam changes the mechanisms of synchronization in seizures. Penicillin was applied to the rabbits cortex. Interictal spikes and seizures were recorded with multiple electrodes from both the cortical surface and intracortically. The spatio-temporal relationships during these electrical events were studied by topographical methods. Moreover, power spectrum and coherence estimates were performed. A most characteristic feature seen with low doses of Clonazepam is a regularization of the spatio-temporal behaviour of both spikes and seizures. The number of tonic phases considerably increases at the cost of clonic phases. The seizures take more time to become generalized. The generator-zones become larger. This is explained by a decrease of the number of neurones--by Clonazepam--which are still left to produce \"paroxysmal depolarization shifts\". The findings confirm the increase of postsynaptic cortical inhibition under Clonazepam, as demonstrated by various authors.", "contents": "[The phenomenon of synchronization in the status epilepticus produced by penicillin and its changes after Clonazepam (author's transl)]. The purpose of this series of experiments was to understand how Clonazepam changes the mechanisms of synchronization in seizures. Penicillin was applied to the rabbits cortex. Interictal spikes and seizures were recorded with multiple electrodes from both the cortical surface and intracortically. The spatio-temporal relationships during these electrical events were studied by topographical methods. Moreover, power spectrum and coherence estimates were performed. A most characteristic feature seen with low doses of Clonazepam is a regularization of the spatio-temporal behaviour of both spikes and seizures. The number of tonic phases considerably increases at the cost of clonic phases. The seizures take more time to become generalized. The generator-zones become larger. This is explained by a decrease of the number of neurones--by Clonazepam--which are still left to produce \"paroxysmal depolarization shifts\". The findings confirm the increase of postsynaptic cortical inhibition under Clonazepam, as demonstrated by various authors.", "PMID": 405196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3040", "title": "[Prognostic value of the EEG in pre-term and full-term babies (author's transl)].", "content": "Looking for long-term prognostic value of the neonatal EEG, 545 records from 125 children in the pre-term and full-term period have been checked for special criterias: 1. Periods of electrocerebral inactivity (with usual amplifier gain) 2. Relative amplitude reduction over one of the hemispheres or localized 3. Focal changes 4. Epileptic activity: focal, multifocal and generalized. 5. Unspecific rhythm of alpha- and epsilon-frequency, which can not be classified as epileptic seizure pattern. According to the pronounciation of these criterias the EEG records were classified as severely, medium, severely, moderately abnormal and as normal. Comparison was done with the results of the last control EEG and the last clinical control examination. The principal results are: 1. Children with severe EEG abnormalities have a high mortality rate (about 70%). Long periods of electrocerebral inactivity are more unfavourable quoad vitam than epileptic discharges. 2. Late sequelae as cerebral palsy, psychomotor retardation and epilepsy are to be expected in all children with severe EEG abnormalities remaining alive and in many children with medium severe EEG abnormalities. 3. The rate of normal psychomotor development increases with the decrease of EEG abnormalities. It is important to mention: 1. EEG records in the first hours and days after birth give the best information regarding a long-term prognosis. 2. In children remaining alive and not developing hypsarrhythmia the observation interval must be more than one year for an estimation of probable electroencephalographic and clinical outcome.", "contents": "[Prognostic value of the EEG in pre-term and full-term babies (author's transl)]. Looking for long-term prognostic value of the neonatal EEG, 545 records from 125 children in the pre-term and full-term period have been checked for special criterias: 1. Periods of electrocerebral inactivity (with usual amplifier gain) 2. Relative amplitude reduction over one of the hemispheres or localized 3. Focal changes 4. Epileptic activity: focal, multifocal and generalized. 5. Unspecific rhythm of alpha- and epsilon-frequency, which can not be classified as epileptic seizure pattern. According to the pronounciation of these criterias the EEG records were classified as severely, medium, severely, moderately abnormal and as normal. Comparison was done with the results of the last control EEG and the last clinical control examination. The principal results are: 1. Children with severe EEG abnormalities have a high mortality rate (about 70%). Long periods of electrocerebral inactivity are more unfavourable quoad vitam than epileptic discharges. 2. Late sequelae as cerebral palsy, psychomotor retardation and epilepsy are to be expected in all children with severe EEG abnormalities remaining alive and in many children with medium severe EEG abnormalities. 3. The rate of normal psychomotor development increases with the decrease of EEG abnormalities. It is important to mention: 1. EEG records in the first hours and days after birth give the best information regarding a long-term prognosis. 2. In children remaining alive and not developing hypsarrhythmia the observation interval must be more than one year for an estimation of probable electroencephalographic and clinical outcome.", "PMID": 405197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3041", "title": "[Systematic follow up study of posttraumatic EEG-abnormalities in children (author's transl)].", "content": "A systematic follow up study of EEG in 116 children, who after head injury were admitted to a surgical ward and examined within 3 days, the following day and the 30., 90., and 180. day after the trauma gave the following results; 1. EEG examinations indicate traumatic cerebral disturbances (foci 38%, general slowing 47%) nearly twice as often (53%) as neurological examination (30%). 2. 45% of the cases with general slowing may be detected by repeated examinations only because of the variability of the EEG in infancy. 3. Focal signs consisted mainly in delta-foci, in 74% of temporal localisation. S.c. reduction foci without slowing were not found. 4. Skull fractures were mostly combined with EEG changes (10 from 11). 5. Variations in vigilance were significantly more frequent in contusions in the initial stages, hyperventilation changes in the later stages. The reduction of amplitudes was without diagnostic relevance. 6. Normalization of slowing preceeded that of foci in only 23% although focal abnormalities persisted for more than 6 months in 14% and slowing only in 4%. 7. In 60% of the patients with traumatic EEG changes amnesia had not lasted longer than 10 minutes. Amnesias lasting more than 2 hours were always accompanied by EEG abnormalities. 8. Traumatic EEG abnormalities are not missed, if recordings are performed within 3 days and controlled 3 months after the trauma. The problem of the diagnostic classification is discussed and it is recommended, that the notion of contusion is used in a broader sense.", "contents": "[Systematic follow up study of posttraumatic EEG-abnormalities in children (author's transl)]. A systematic follow up study of EEG in 116 children, who after head injury were admitted to a surgical ward and examined within 3 days, the following day and the 30., 90., and 180. day after the trauma gave the following results; 1. EEG examinations indicate traumatic cerebral disturbances (foci 38%, general slowing 47%) nearly twice as often (53%) as neurological examination (30%). 2. 45% of the cases with general slowing may be detected by repeated examinations only because of the variability of the EEG in infancy. 3. Focal signs consisted mainly in delta-foci, in 74% of temporal localisation. S.c. reduction foci without slowing were not found. 4. Skull fractures were mostly combined with EEG changes (10 from 11). 5. Variations in vigilance were significantly more frequent in contusions in the initial stages, hyperventilation changes in the later stages. The reduction of amplitudes was without diagnostic relevance. 6. Normalization of slowing preceeded that of foci in only 23% although focal abnormalities persisted for more than 6 months in 14% and slowing only in 4%. 7. In 60% of the patients with traumatic EEG changes amnesia had not lasted longer than 10 minutes. Amnesias lasting more than 2 hours were always accompanied by EEG abnormalities. 8. Traumatic EEG abnormalities are not missed, if recordings are performed within 3 days and controlled 3 months after the trauma. The problem of the diagnostic classification is discussed and it is recommended, that the notion of contusion is used in a broader sense.", "PMID": 405198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3042", "title": "[Electrodiagnostic procedures: special problems in infants and children (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrodiagnostic procedures like elektromyography, studies of nerve conduction velocity, neuromuscular transmission and special reflexes may be performed from the first day of life. The diagnostic value of these investigations in childhood depends especially on the consideration of technical, psychological and developmental particularities. The choice of suitable electrodes according to the age, control of temperature, a rapid and child-adapted course of examination as well as a founded differential diagnosis before starting special procedures are as important as the knowledge of normal values in different age groups. Results of electrodiagnostic studies may be limited not only by lack of cooperation of young patients but also by the state and localization of a disease.", "contents": "[Electrodiagnostic procedures: special problems in infants and children (author's transl)]. Electrodiagnostic procedures like elektromyography, studies of nerve conduction velocity, neuromuscular transmission and special reflexes may be performed from the first day of life. The diagnostic value of these investigations in childhood depends especially on the consideration of technical, psychological and developmental particularities. The choice of suitable electrodes according to the age, control of temperature, a rapid and child-adapted course of examination as well as a founded differential diagnosis before starting special procedures are as important as the knowledge of normal values in different age groups. Results of electrodiagnostic studies may be limited not only by lack of cooperation of young patients but also by the state and localization of a disease.", "PMID": 405199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3043", "title": "[Analysis of action potentials of muscles by a small general purpose computer (author's transl)].", "content": "To measure the duration of action potentials by a computer, the following steps are necessary: 1. automatic selection of suitable potentials from the EMG 2. identification of equal potentials (action potentials of the single motor unit) 3. measuring the durations of potentials, defined by the distance between first and last deviation from the base line. We noticed that the automatic evaluation of durations of single potentials is greatly deteriorated by base-line fluctuations. Therefore we average about 16 action potentials, stored in the computer, of the same single motor unit and measure the duration of the averaged potential.", "contents": "[Analysis of action potentials of muscles by a small general purpose computer (author's transl)]. To measure the duration of action potentials by a computer, the following steps are necessary: 1. automatic selection of suitable potentials from the EMG 2. identification of equal potentials (action potentials of the single motor unit) 3. measuring the durations of potentials, defined by the distance between first and last deviation from the base line. We noticed that the automatic evaluation of durations of single potentials is greatly deteriorated by base-line fluctuations. Therefore we average about 16 action potentials, stored in the computer, of the same single motor unit and measure the duration of the averaged potential.", "PMID": 405200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3044", "title": "[Electromyographical and clinical follow up study of brachial plexus lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "21 cases of brachial plexus lesions were reexamined clinically and electromyographically after a posttraumatic interval of 3 to 11 years. In accordance with Brooks (1) recovery--as judged by muscle strength, sensation and amount of EMG activity during volontary action--was relatively good in upper plexus lesions, fair in middle plexus lesions and very poor in lower plexus lesions (Fig. 1 A, B). Even in cases of incomplete lower plexus lesions with small residual innervation initially, recovery was only moderate (Fig. 1 C). The tendency for reinnervation decreased with increasing distance of target muscles from the lesion site in the plexus (Fig. 2). Motor and sensory deficits in corresponding dermaresp. myotomes were either congruent or more frequently incongruent with prevalence of motor deficits (Fig. 3). Earliest electromyographical signs of reinnervation were observed after 4 to 9 months (upper and middle plexus lesion). Reinnervation of proximal muscles was completed after 11 months to 2 years (Fig. 4). Posttraumatically regenerated nerve fibers had often decreased conduction velocities (some values as low as 7 m/sec) and showed sometimes abnormal target muscles leading to paradoxical innervation and synkinesias between antagonistic muscles.", "contents": "[Electromyographical and clinical follow up study of brachial plexus lesions (author's transl)]. 21 cases of brachial plexus lesions were reexamined clinically and electromyographically after a posttraumatic interval of 3 to 11 years. In accordance with Brooks (1) recovery--as judged by muscle strength, sensation and amount of EMG activity during volontary action--was relatively good in upper plexus lesions, fair in middle plexus lesions and very poor in lower plexus lesions (Fig. 1 A, B). Even in cases of incomplete lower plexus lesions with small residual innervation initially, recovery was only moderate (Fig. 1 C). The tendency for reinnervation decreased with increasing distance of target muscles from the lesion site in the plexus (Fig. 2). Motor and sensory deficits in corresponding dermaresp. myotomes were either congruent or more frequently incongruent with prevalence of motor deficits (Fig. 3). Earliest electromyographical signs of reinnervation were observed after 4 to 9 months (upper and middle plexus lesion). Reinnervation of proximal muscles was completed after 11 months to 2 years (Fig. 4). Posttraumatically regenerated nerve fibers had often decreased conduction velocities (some values as low as 7 m/sec) and showed sometimes abnormal target muscles leading to paradoxical innervation and synkinesias between antagonistic muscles.", "PMID": 405201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3045", "title": "The distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in the hypothalamus of the rhesus monkey. Light microscopic studies using immunoperoxidase technique.", "content": "Neural structures containing LHRH were characterized in the hypothalamus of the rhesus monkey by four different antisera to the hormone and an immunoperoxidase technique. Immunoreactive perikarya were present in a continuum from the septal-preoptic region anteriorly to the premammillary nucleus posteriorly. These cells were more concentrated in the pericommissural and tubero-infundibular regions. Reactive axons in the median eminence appeared to originate from the positive perikarya in the medial basal hypothalamus; this projection forms a tubero-infundibular tract containing LHRH. In addition, substantial numbers of fibers which entered the median eminence continued down the infundibular stalk and into the posterior pituitary. Other axons appeared to originate in the pericommisural region and projected to the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. Scattered positive fibers were also present in other hypothalamic areas, especially in the periventricular zone and medical mammillary nucleus.", "contents": "The distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in the hypothalamus of the rhesus monkey. Light microscopic studies using immunoperoxidase technique. Neural structures containing LHRH were characterized in the hypothalamus of the rhesus monkey by four different antisera to the hormone and an immunoperoxidase technique. Immunoreactive perikarya were present in a continuum from the septal-preoptic region anteriorly to the premammillary nucleus posteriorly. These cells were more concentrated in the pericommissural and tubero-infundibular regions. Reactive axons in the median eminence appeared to originate from the positive perikarya in the medial basal hypothalamus; this projection forms a tubero-infundibular tract containing LHRH. In addition, substantial numbers of fibers which entered the median eminence continued down the infundibular stalk and into the posterior pituitary. Other axons appeared to originate in the pericommisural region and projected to the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. Scattered positive fibers were also present in other hypothalamic areas, especially in the periventricular zone and medical mammillary nucleus.", "PMID": 405202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3046", "title": "Immunological and biological characteristics of a new TRF analogue, L-pyroglutamyl-L-histidyl-L-pipecolic acid amide.", "content": "The immunological and biological potencies of a new synthetic TRF analogue, L-pyroglutamyl-L-histidyl-L-pipecolic acid amide, were compared with those of TRF. In a radioimmunoassay system for TRF, parallel inhibition curves were obtained with TRF and the analogue, the immunological potency of the latter being approximately 50 per cent of the former. In vitro and in vivo TSH-releasing activities of the analogue were almost equal to those of TRF. As was observed with TRF, the in vitro TSH-releasing effect of the analogue was reduced in the presence of T4, and the analogue was inactivated by incubation with rat serum. The data suggest that the pyrrolidine ring of TRF can be replaced with piperidine ring without significant loss of the biological activity.", "contents": "Immunological and biological characteristics of a new TRF analogue, L-pyroglutamyl-L-histidyl-L-pipecolic acid amide. The immunological and biological potencies of a new synthetic TRF analogue, L-pyroglutamyl-L-histidyl-L-pipecolic acid amide, were compared with those of TRF. In a radioimmunoassay system for TRF, parallel inhibition curves were obtained with TRF and the analogue, the immunological potency of the latter being approximately 50 per cent of the former. In vitro and in vivo TSH-releasing activities of the analogue were almost equal to those of TRF. As was observed with TRF, the in vitro TSH-releasing effect of the analogue was reduced in the presence of T4, and the analogue was inactivated by incubation with rat serum. The data suggest that the pyrrolidine ring of TRF can be replaced with piperidine ring without significant loss of the biological activity.", "PMID": 405206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3047", "title": "Radiographical and endoscopical studies on two cases of intraluminal diverticulum of the duodenum.", "content": "Case report of two intraluminal diverticula of the duodenum. It is a rare congenital lesion characterized by a double layered mucosal sac lying in the duodenal lumen near the ampulla of Vater. Clinical features and laboratory findings are uncharacteristic. X-ray examination is the diagnostic method of choice, endoscopy will give further information about inflammation, haemorrhage and localisation of the ampulla. Treatment of choice is either surgical excision or endoscopical splitting of the diverticulum.", "contents": "Radiographical and endoscopical studies on two cases of intraluminal diverticulum of the duodenum. Case report of two intraluminal diverticula of the duodenum. It is a rare congenital lesion characterized by a double layered mucosal sac lying in the duodenal lumen near the ampulla of Vater. Clinical features and laboratory findings are uncharacteristic. X-ray examination is the diagnostic method of choice, endoscopy will give further information about inflammation, haemorrhage and localisation of the ampulla. Treatment of choice is either surgical excision or endoscopical splitting of the diverticulum.", "PMID": 405207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3048", "title": "Juxtaminorpapillary diverticulum associated with chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "A 69-years-old male with a juxtaminorpapillary diverticulum of Santorini in the duodenum and chronic pancreatitis is described. The patient had suffered from attacks of epigastric pain during the last 35 years. At recent admission to hospital he had also an elevated urinary amylase activity and a juxtaminorpapillary diverticulum, demonstrated by duodenoscopy and X-ray examination after administration of a contrast medium. Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) showed changes of the pancreatic duct system compatible with chronic pancreatitis, a diagnosis which was confirmed by explorative laparotomy.", "contents": "Juxtaminorpapillary diverticulum associated with chronic pancreatitis. A 69-years-old male with a juxtaminorpapillary diverticulum of Santorini in the duodenum and chronic pancreatitis is described. The patient had suffered from attacks of epigastric pain during the last 35 years. At recent admission to hospital he had also an elevated urinary amylase activity and a juxtaminorpapillary diverticulum, demonstrated by duodenoscopy and X-ray examination after administration of a contrast medium. Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) showed changes of the pancreatic duct system compatible with chronic pancreatitis, a diagnosis which was confirmed by explorative laparotomy.", "PMID": 405208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3049", "title": "Demonstration of a liver abscess by ERC.", "content": "In a patient with septic fever and elevated alkaline phosphatase an ERC was conducted to explore the biliary system. Contrast media could be demonstrated within the hepatic parenchyma, establishing the diagnosis of a liver abscess in communication with the intrahepatic biliary system.", "contents": "Demonstration of a liver abscess by ERC. In a patient with septic fever and elevated alkaline phosphatase an ERC was conducted to explore the biliary system. Contrast media could be demonstrated within the hepatic parenchyma, establishing the diagnosis of a liver abscess in communication with the intrahepatic biliary system.", "PMID": 405209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3050", "title": "Death following fiberoptic gastroscopy caused by pheochromocytoma.", "content": "A 45-year-old woman was admitted to hospital for investigation of weight loss, sciatica and excess sweating. On examination, whe was found to have a tachycardia and the stigmata of von Recklinghausen's disease. Her investigations included a barium meal and gastroscopy. Following the gastroscopy, she developed ventricular tachycardia and died. An autopsy revealed a pheochromocytoma of the left adrenal gland.", "contents": "Death following fiberoptic gastroscopy caused by pheochromocytoma. A 45-year-old woman was admitted to hospital for investigation of weight loss, sciatica and excess sweating. On examination, whe was found to have a tachycardia and the stigmata of von Recklinghausen's disease. Her investigations included a barium meal and gastroscopy. Following the gastroscopy, she developed ventricular tachycardia and died. An autopsy revealed a pheochromocytoma of the left adrenal gland.", "PMID": 405210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3051", "title": "The stereochemistry of beta-lactam formation in penicillin biosynthesis.", "content": "1. (2R,3S)-[U-14C,3-3H1]- and (2R,3R)-[U-14C,2,3-3H2] Cysteine hydrochlorides have been separately synthesised. The latter compound has been shown to have uniform distributions of tritium between C-2 and C-3. 2. The abvoe cysteines and (2R)-[U-14C,3,3,3',3'-3H4]cystine have been converted to samples of penicillin G by Penicillium chrysogenum. 3. Incorporation results indicate that all but 14% of the tritium is lost from the (2R,3S)-[3-3H1]isomer; that 42% of tritium is retained by the non-stereospecifically C-3 tritiated cystine; and that 58% of tritium is retained by the (2R,3R)-[2,3-3H2]isomer on conversion to penicillin G. 4. Degradation of the penicillin G derived from (2R,3R)-[U-14C,2,3-3H2]cysteine hydrochloride has indicated that in fact about 87% of the original C-3 tritium of cysteine is retained at C-5 of penicillin G. 5. The results indicate stereospecificity in the cyclisation giving rise to the beta-lactam ring in penicillin G in nature with loss of the 3-pro-S-hydrogen and rentention of the 3-pro-R-hydrogen of cysteine. Thus there is net retention of stereochemistry in the cyclisation.", "contents": "The stereochemistry of beta-lactam formation in penicillin biosynthesis. 1. (2R,3S)-[U-14C,3-3H1]- and (2R,3R)-[U-14C,2,3-3H2] Cysteine hydrochlorides have been separately synthesised. The latter compound has been shown to have uniform distributions of tritium between C-2 and C-3. 2. The abvoe cysteines and (2R)-[U-14C,3,3,3',3'-3H4]cystine have been converted to samples of penicillin G by Penicillium chrysogenum. 3. Incorporation results indicate that all but 14% of the tritium is lost from the (2R,3S)-[3-3H1]isomer; that 42% of tritium is retained by the non-stereospecifically C-3 tritiated cystine; and that 58% of tritium is retained by the (2R,3R)-[2,3-3H2]isomer on conversion to penicillin G. 4. Degradation of the penicillin G derived from (2R,3R)-[U-14C,2,3-3H2]cysteine hydrochloride has indicated that in fact about 87% of the original C-3 tritium of cysteine is retained at C-5 of penicillin G. 5. The results indicate stereospecificity in the cyclisation giving rise to the beta-lactam ring in penicillin G in nature with loss of the 3-pro-S-hydrogen and rentention of the 3-pro-R-hydrogen of cysteine. Thus there is net retention of stereochemistry in the cyclisation.", "PMID": 405213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3052", "title": "Purification of prealbumin from human and canine serum using a two-step affinity chromatographic procedure.", "content": "1. A two-step-method is described by which human and canine prealbumin have been isolated from serum in good yield and high purity. The first step involves binding and release of prealbumin by a thiol-disulfide interchange reaction with thiol-Sepharose 4B. The second step consists of reversible binding of prealbumin to retinol-binding protein covalently linked to Sepharose 4B. 2. The canine prealbumin was immunochemically identified as an alpha2-globulin. Like human prealbumin it is a tetramer with some 10% smaller subunits than human prealbumin. Both proteins are devoid of carbohydrate and both bind thyroxin.", "contents": "Purification of prealbumin from human and canine serum using a two-step affinity chromatographic procedure. 1. A two-step-method is described by which human and canine prealbumin have been isolated from serum in good yield and high purity. The first step involves binding and release of prealbumin by a thiol-disulfide interchange reaction with thiol-Sepharose 4B. The second step consists of reversible binding of prealbumin to retinol-binding protein covalently linked to Sepharose 4B. 2. The canine prealbumin was immunochemically identified as an alpha2-globulin. Like human prealbumin it is a tetramer with some 10% smaller subunits than human prealbumin. Both proteins are devoid of carbohydrate and both bind thyroxin.", "PMID": 405214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3053", "title": "Small-angle X-ray studies of the human immunoglobulin molecule Kol.", "content": "The conformation of the human immunoglobulin molecul Kol [IgG I, kappa2 gamma2, Gm(f)+] was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering in 0.15 M NaCl solution. The radius of gyration was found to be 5.84 +/- 0.04 nm, the volume 329 +/- 15 nm3 and the molecular weight 150 000 +/- 10 000. Information on the overall shape was obtained by comparing the experimental scattering curve with the calculated curves for various models. The models were obtained by arranging the models found for the Fab and Fc fragments of the same immunoglobulin molecule in a different manner. A model which fits all the date and the form of the experimental scattering curve is presented.", "contents": "Small-angle X-ray studies of the human immunoglobulin molecule Kol. The conformation of the human immunoglobulin molecul Kol [IgG I, kappa2 gamma2, Gm(f)+] was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering in 0.15 M NaCl solution. The radius of gyration was found to be 5.84 +/- 0.04 nm, the volume 329 +/- 15 nm3 and the molecular weight 150 000 +/- 10 000. Information on the overall shape was obtained by comparing the experimental scattering curve with the calculated curves for various models. The models were obtained by arranging the models found for the Fab and Fc fragments of the same immunoglobulin molecule in a different manner. A model which fits all the date and the form of the experimental scattering curve is presented.", "PMID": 405215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3054", "title": "Interactions between beta-lactam antibiotics and isolated membranes of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790.", "content": "The DD-carboxypeptidase-exchange membrane-bound enzyme in Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 reacts with beta-lactam antibiotics to form complexes with rather long half-lives. Depending upon the antibiotic, the second-order rate constants for complex formation range from 0.75-560 M-1 S-1 (at 37 degrees C and in water) and the first-order rate constants for complex breakdown range from 1.3 to 26 x 10(-5) s-1 (at 37 degrees C and in 5 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.5). There are about 30 pmol of DD-carboxypeptidase-exchange enzyme per mg of membrane protein. The degradation products arising from benzylpenicillin are phenylacetylglycine and probably N-formyl-D-penicillamine. Isolated membranes also contain other penicillin binding sites (about 70 pmol/mg membrane protein). That part of benzylpenicillin which reacts with at least some of these latter sites is slowly degraded into penicilloic acid. Normal functioning of the DD-carboxypeptidase-exchange membrane-bound enzyme is important, if not essential, for cell growth. With the beta-lactam antibiotics tested inhibition of cell growth is mainly related to the rates of formation of the inactive enzyme-antibiotic complexes. The relationship, however, is not a direct one probably due to the competitive effect exerted by the other penicillin binding sites.", "contents": "Interactions between beta-lactam antibiotics and isolated membranes of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790. The DD-carboxypeptidase-exchange membrane-bound enzyme in Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 reacts with beta-lactam antibiotics to form complexes with rather long half-lives. Depending upon the antibiotic, the second-order rate constants for complex formation range from 0.75-560 M-1 S-1 (at 37 degrees C and in water) and the first-order rate constants for complex breakdown range from 1.3 to 26 x 10(-5) s-1 (at 37 degrees C and in 5 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.5). There are about 30 pmol of DD-carboxypeptidase-exchange enzyme per mg of membrane protein. The degradation products arising from benzylpenicillin are phenylacetylglycine and probably N-formyl-D-penicillamine. Isolated membranes also contain other penicillin binding sites (about 70 pmol/mg membrane protein). That part of benzylpenicillin which reacts with at least some of these latter sites is slowly degraded into penicilloic acid. Normal functioning of the DD-carboxypeptidase-exchange membrane-bound enzyme is important, if not essential, for cell growth. With the beta-lactam antibiotics tested inhibition of cell growth is mainly related to the rates of formation of the inactive enzyme-antibiotic complexes. The relationship, however, is not a direct one probably due to the competitive effect exerted by the other penicillin binding sites.", "PMID": 405216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3055", "title": "Secondary methylation of yeast ribosomal precursor RNA.", "content": "The timing of methylation of the ribosomal sequences of ribosomal precursor RNA (pre-rRNA) from the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was investigated by fingerprint analysis of the methylated oligonucleotides derived from the various precursors. From the total of 37 ribose and 6 base-methyl groups found in 26-S rRNA, the two copies of the base-methylated nucleoside m3U as well as the doubly methylated sequence Um-Gm psi are not yet present in 37-S RNA, the predominant common precursor of 26-S and 17-S rRNA. Introduction of these methyl groups into the ribosomal sequences appears to take place at the level of 29-S pre-rRNA, the immediate precursor to 26-S rRNA. From the total of 18 ribose-methylated and 6 base-methylated nucleosides found in 17-S rRNA, the latter group (one copy of m7G, the m62A-m62A- sequence and the hypermodified methylated nucleoside \"mX\") is completely missing in 37-S pre-rRNA. The methyl group of m7G is introduced into 18-S pre-rRNA, the direct precursor of 17-S rRNA, in the nucleus. The -m62A-m62A- sequence is methylated after transport of the 18-S pre-rRNA to the cytoplasm prior to the final maturation into 17-S rRNA.", "contents": "Secondary methylation of yeast ribosomal precursor RNA. The timing of methylation of the ribosomal sequences of ribosomal precursor RNA (pre-rRNA) from the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was investigated by fingerprint analysis of the methylated oligonucleotides derived from the various precursors. From the total of 37 ribose and 6 base-methyl groups found in 26-S rRNA, the two copies of the base-methylated nucleoside m3U as well as the doubly methylated sequence Um-Gm psi are not yet present in 37-S RNA, the predominant common precursor of 26-S and 17-S rRNA. Introduction of these methyl groups into the ribosomal sequences appears to take place at the level of 29-S pre-rRNA, the immediate precursor to 26-S rRNA. From the total of 18 ribose-methylated and 6 base-methylated nucleosides found in 17-S rRNA, the latter group (one copy of m7G, the m62A-m62A- sequence and the hypermodified methylated nucleoside \"mX\") is completely missing in 37-S pre-rRNA. The methyl group of m7G is introduced into 18-S pre-rRNA, the direct precursor of 17-S rRNA, in the nucleus. The -m62A-m62A- sequence is methylated after transport of the 18-S pre-rRNA to the cytoplasm prior to the final maturation into 17-S rRNA.", "PMID": 405217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3056", "title": "Synthesis of exported proteins by membrane-bound polysomes from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A membrane-bound fraction of polysomes of Escherichia coli has been isolated after lysis of cells without the use of lysozyme. Protein-synthesis studies in vitro show that membrane-bound and free polysomes are different in the following respects. 1. Membrane-bound polysomes synthesize proteins which are exported from the cell. The products include proteins of the outer membrane and a secreted periplasmic protein, the maltose-binding protein. 2. The major product synthesized by free polysomes is elongation factor Tu, a soluble cytoplasmic protein. 3. The activity of membrane-bound polysomes in vitro is more resistant to puromycin than is the activity of free polysomes. In addition, the mRNA associated with membrane-bound polysomes is more stable than the bulk of cellular mRNA as revealed by studies with rifampicin.", "contents": "Synthesis of exported proteins by membrane-bound polysomes from Escherichia coli. A membrane-bound fraction of polysomes of Escherichia coli has been isolated after lysis of cells without the use of lysozyme. Protein-synthesis studies in vitro show that membrane-bound and free polysomes are different in the following respects. 1. Membrane-bound polysomes synthesize proteins which are exported from the cell. The products include proteins of the outer membrane and a secreted periplasmic protein, the maltose-binding protein. 2. The major product synthesized by free polysomes is elongation factor Tu, a soluble cytoplasmic protein. 3. The activity of membrane-bound polysomes in vitro is more resistant to puromycin than is the activity of free polysomes. In addition, the mRNA associated with membrane-bound polysomes is more stable than the bulk of cellular mRNA as revealed by studies with rifampicin.", "PMID": 405218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3057", "title": "Effect of in vivo stimulation of mice on the secretion of factor B of the alternate complement pathway by peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "After in vivo treatment of mice with thioglycollate medium, the amount of native factor B which could be detected in vitro in culture supernatants of peritoneal macrophages was much lower than that found in supernatants of macrophages taken from untreated mice. However, when the macrophages from thioglycollate medium-treated mice were cultured on a plastic surface covered with glutardialdehyde-linked bovine serum albumin, the culture supernatants contained larger quantities of native factor B than culture supernatants of macrophages from untreated mice under the same conditions. Thus, the effect of in vivo thioglycollate medium treatment on the in vitro secretion of factor B by peritoneal macrophages could be modulated by the culture conditions. Factor B in culture supernatants of macrophages obtained from both untreated and thioglycollate medium-treated mice was stable. It remained functionally active, and therfore uncleaved over a long incubation period at 37 degrees C. In addition, factor D activity was never detected in any culture supernatant.", "contents": "Effect of in vivo stimulation of mice on the secretion of factor B of the alternate complement pathway by peritoneal macrophages. After in vivo treatment of mice with thioglycollate medium, the amount of native factor B which could be detected in vitro in culture supernatants of peritoneal macrophages was much lower than that found in supernatants of macrophages taken from untreated mice. However, when the macrophages from thioglycollate medium-treated mice were cultured on a plastic surface covered with glutardialdehyde-linked bovine serum albumin, the culture supernatants contained larger quantities of native factor B than culture supernatants of macrophages from untreated mice under the same conditions. Thus, the effect of in vivo thioglycollate medium treatment on the in vitro secretion of factor B by peritoneal macrophages could be modulated by the culture conditions. Factor B in culture supernatants of macrophages obtained from both untreated and thioglycollate medium-treated mice was stable. It remained functionally active, and therfore uncleaved over a long incubation period at 37 degrees C. In addition, factor D activity was never detected in any culture supernatant.", "PMID": 405222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3058", "title": "Mouse immunoglobulin receptors on lymphocytes: identification of IgM and IgD molecules by tryptic cleavage and a postulated role for cell surface IgD.", "content": "The two mouse immunoglobulin receptors on lymphocytes (IgM and IgD-like) were individually digested by trypsin. The tryptic susceptibility, and the products released, were similar to those of their human counterparts. Evidence for a structural homology between human IgD and its presumed mouse conterpart has been provided by the ramarkably similar profile of fragments resulting from digestion. More definitive homology awaits sequence determination. The extreme susceptibility of surface IgD to proteolysis contrasted with the resistance of surface IgM. We therefore propose that the major role of IgD is to release a fragment (Fabdelata) following exposure to antigen and then elicit a regulatory anti-idiotype response which acts through recognition of the protease-resistant IgM idiotype remaining on the cell surface.", "contents": "Mouse immunoglobulin receptors on lymphocytes: identification of IgM and IgD molecules by tryptic cleavage and a postulated role for cell surface IgD. The two mouse immunoglobulin receptors on lymphocytes (IgM and IgD-like) were individually digested by trypsin. The tryptic susceptibility, and the products released, were similar to those of their human counterparts. Evidence for a structural homology between human IgD and its presumed mouse conterpart has been provided by the ramarkably similar profile of fragments resulting from digestion. More definitive homology awaits sequence determination. The extreme susceptibility of surface IgD to proteolysis contrasted with the resistance of surface IgM. We therefore propose that the major role of IgD is to release a fragment (Fabdelata) following exposure to antigen and then elicit a regulatory anti-idiotype response which acts through recognition of the protease-resistant IgM idiotype remaining on the cell surface.", "PMID": 405223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3059", "title": "Cell surface components of carcinogen-induced lymphoid tumors in SJL/J mice.", "content": "Preleukemic cells could be detected in the bone marrow cell population of SJL/J mice within several days after induction of leukemia by repeated feedings with a chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Bone marrow cells collected 7, 30 or 60 days following carcinogenic treatment, developed lymphoid tumors upon transplantation into syngeneic irradiated recipients. The incidence of these tumors varied between 40--45% when the bone marrow cells were collected and transferred 7--30 days after feeding with DMBA, and raised to an incidence of 80% when transferred 60 days after carcinogen administration (compared to 50% incidence in the DMBA-treated bone marrow donors). A survey of several cell surface components on the lymphoid tumor cells, obtained after transplantation of preleukemic cells, indicated that most of the tumor lines bore both the Thy-1.2 antigen (weak) and the Fc receptor, whereas the rest were positive only for the Fc receptor. None of these tumor cell lines would yield a significant amount of cell-bound immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Cell surface components of carcinogen-induced lymphoid tumors in SJL/J mice. Preleukemic cells could be detected in the bone marrow cell population of SJL/J mice within several days after induction of leukemia by repeated feedings with a chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Bone marrow cells collected 7, 30 or 60 days following carcinogenic treatment, developed lymphoid tumors upon transplantation into syngeneic irradiated recipients. The incidence of these tumors varied between 40--45% when the bone marrow cells were collected and transferred 7--30 days after feeding with DMBA, and raised to an incidence of 80% when transferred 60 days after carcinogen administration (compared to 50% incidence in the DMBA-treated bone marrow donors). A survey of several cell surface components on the lymphoid tumor cells, obtained after transplantation of preleukemic cells, indicated that most of the tumor lines bore both the Thy-1.2 antigen (weak) and the Fc receptor, whereas the rest were positive only for the Fc receptor. None of these tumor cell lines would yield a significant amount of cell-bound immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 405224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3060", "title": "Calcium dependence of rat brain tryptophan hydroxylase.", "content": "The effects of various concentrations of ionized Ca were examined on the activity of rat brain tryptophan hydroxylase previously treated with EGTA. Within the range of ionized Ca-concentrations though to be physiologically important (10(-8) to 10(-5) M), no significant activation of the enzyme occurred, although activation was observed at higher concentrations of the metal.", "contents": "Calcium dependence of rat brain tryptophan hydroxylase. The effects of various concentrations of ionized Ca were examined on the activity of rat brain tryptophan hydroxylase previously treated with EGTA. Within the range of ionized Ca-concentrations though to be physiologically important (10(-8) to 10(-5) M), no significant activation of the enzyme occurred, although activation was observed at higher concentrations of the metal.", "PMID": 405236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3061", "title": "Lethal effect of tetracycline on tsetse flies following damage to bacterioid symbionts.", "content": "High mortality was observed in tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans morsitans, that had had a single blood meal on rabbits which had previously been administered tetracycline complex salts. The death of the flies was apparently effected by the killing of the fly symbionts and the destruction of the mycetomes of the gut. It is suggested that tetracycline complex salts in the food or drink of livestock may be tried for the control of tsetse flies.", "contents": "Lethal effect of tetracycline on tsetse flies following damage to bacterioid symbionts. High mortality was observed in tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans morsitans, that had had a single blood meal on rabbits which had previously been administered tetracycline complex salts. The death of the flies was apparently effected by the killing of the fly symbionts and the destruction of the mycetomes of the gut. It is suggested that tetracycline complex salts in the food or drink of livestock may be tried for the control of tsetse flies.", "PMID": 405237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3062", "title": "Are shape and morphogenesis independent phenomena?", "content": "Amphibian embryos can develop inspite of dramatic deformations produced by constraints in the surrounding medium, and can even ultimately recover a normal morphology. Consequently, no sequential change of shape is necessary for normal morphogenesis and the form of the embryo appears to be determined by cell activities intrinsic to each stage.", "contents": "Are shape and morphogenesis independent phenomena? Amphibian embryos can develop inspite of dramatic deformations produced by constraints in the surrounding medium, and can even ultimately recover a normal morphology. Consequently, no sequential change of shape is necessary for normal morphogenesis and the form of the embryo appears to be determined by cell activities intrinsic to each stage.", "PMID": 405239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3063", "title": "Occurrence of immunoreactive thyroglobulin in the parafollicular cells of dogs.", "content": "When the canine thyroid gland was stained by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods using undiluted thyroglobulin antiserum, a considerably stronger immunoreactivity was revealed in the parafollicular cells than in the colloid droplets and follicular cells. After induced hypercalcemia and antithyroid drug treatment, the immunoreactivity of the parafollicular cells coinciding with the movement of secretory granules containing calcitonin was conspicuously decreased. An application of diluted serum (above 1:10) produced a strong reaction in the colloid.", "contents": "Occurrence of immunoreactive thyroglobulin in the parafollicular cells of dogs. When the canine thyroid gland was stained by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods using undiluted thyroglobulin antiserum, a considerably stronger immunoreactivity was revealed in the parafollicular cells than in the colloid droplets and follicular cells. After induced hypercalcemia and antithyroid drug treatment, the immunoreactivity of the parafollicular cells coinciding with the movement of secretory granules containing calcitonin was conspicuously decreased. An application of diluted serum (above 1:10) produced a strong reaction in the colloid.", "PMID": 405240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3064", "title": "Some characteristics of urokinase released in organ culture of human kidney.", "content": "Plasminogen activator produced in organ culture of human kidney, i.e. in the histotypical arrangement of the tissue, was partially purified by affinity chromatography on para-aminobenzamidine coupled to Sepharose by a 6-carbon spacer, followed by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The molecular weight of 2 active peaks were 27,000 and 52,000 daltons respectively. It was inhibited by DFP and by IgG antiurokinase.", "contents": "Some characteristics of urokinase released in organ culture of human kidney. Plasminogen activator produced in organ culture of human kidney, i.e. in the histotypical arrangement of the tissue, was partially purified by affinity chromatography on para-aminobenzamidine coupled to Sepharose by a 6-carbon spacer, followed by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The molecular weight of 2 active peaks were 27,000 and 52,000 daltons respectively. It was inhibited by DFP and by IgG antiurokinase.", "PMID": 405241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3065", "title": "Pharmacology and function of the myoepithelial cell in the eccrine sweat gland.", "content": "Both acetylcholine and a Ca-ionophore, A23187, are comparatively strong stimulants of eccrine sweat secretion in vitro. Nevertheless, the contraction of the secretory coil was seen only after stimulation with acetylcholine but not with alpha or beta adrenergic drugs or with A23187. It was thus inferred that the myoepithelial contraction may not be playing an indispensable role in the overall process of eccrine sweat secretion.", "contents": "Pharmacology and function of the myoepithelial cell in the eccrine sweat gland. Both acetylcholine and a Ca-ionophore, A23187, are comparatively strong stimulants of eccrine sweat secretion in vitro. Nevertheless, the contraction of the secretory coil was seen only after stimulation with acetylcholine but not with alpha or beta adrenergic drugs or with A23187. It was thus inferred that the myoepithelial contraction may not be playing an indispensable role in the overall process of eccrine sweat secretion.", "PMID": 405245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3066", "title": "Androgenic control of epididymal function in rhesus monkey and rabbit.", "content": "The effects of castration and testosterone replacement therapy on the histology and biochemical composition (RNA, DNA, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, hyaluronidase, sialic acid, glycogen, phospholipids, and glycerylphosphorylcholine [GPC]) of the epididymis of the rabbit and rhesus monkey were investigated. Castration produced marked ponderal, histologic, and biochemical changes in the epididymis. In the androgen-deficient state the tubular diameter and epithelial cell height were reduced and there was an increase in interbular stroma. The levels of RNA, DNA, phospholipids, and GPC were also reduced in castrated animals. Testosterone treatment restored the histologic features and the levels of various biochemical constituents to a great extent but not to the intact control level. The importance of endocrine and exocrine factors of the testis in relation to epididymal function is discussed.", "contents": "Androgenic control of epididymal function in rhesus monkey and rabbit. The effects of castration and testosterone replacement therapy on the histology and biochemical composition (RNA, DNA, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, hyaluronidase, sialic acid, glycogen, phospholipids, and glycerylphosphorylcholine [GPC]) of the epididymis of the rabbit and rhesus monkey were investigated. Castration produced marked ponderal, histologic, and biochemical changes in the epididymis. In the androgen-deficient state the tubular diameter and epithelial cell height were reduced and there was an increase in interbular stroma. The levels of RNA, DNA, phospholipids, and GPC were also reduced in castrated animals. Testosterone treatment restored the histologic features and the levels of various biochemical constituents to a great extent but not to the intact control level. The importance of endocrine and exocrine factors of the testis in relation to epididymal function is discussed.", "PMID": 405258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3067", "title": "Changes in the sialic acid concentration in the major cervical glycoprotein from the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) during a hormonally induced cycle.", "content": "The major macromolecular component of monkey cervical mucus has been purified from crude monkey cervical mucus at various times during a hormonally induced estrous cycle. The major component, a high-molecular weight glycoprotein, was secreted in large amounts in midcycle mucus. The glycoprotein exhibited human blood group B activity and contained the same concentration of L-fucose, D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine during the cycle. There were no changes in the amino acid composition or in the number of carbohydrate side chains. There was a significant increase in the amount of sialic acid in the glycoprotein purified from midcycle mucus. Changes in the specific viscosity and the far ultraviolet circular dichroic spectra were also observed. The possible control of sperm penetration by the glycoprotein is discussed.", "contents": "Changes in the sialic acid concentration in the major cervical glycoprotein from the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) during a hormonally induced cycle. The major macromolecular component of monkey cervical mucus has been purified from crude monkey cervical mucus at various times during a hormonally induced estrous cycle. The major component, a high-molecular weight glycoprotein, was secreted in large amounts in midcycle mucus. The glycoprotein exhibited human blood group B activity and contained the same concentration of L-fucose, D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine during the cycle. There were no changes in the amino acid composition or in the number of carbohydrate side chains. There was a significant increase in the amount of sialic acid in the glycoprotein purified from midcycle mucus. Changes in the specific viscosity and the far ultraviolet circular dichroic spectra were also observed. The possible control of sperm penetration by the glycoprotein is discussed.", "PMID": 405259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3068", "title": "[Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture: development of an easy method].", "content": "An easy and cheap method for culturing Neisseria is developed. The medium for gonococci is prepared as proposed by the producer (BBL, Oxoid, Hoechst). About 8 ml of the medium are poured in sterile air-tight stool tubes of 25 ml volume. Materials to be examined for gonococci are taken from the cervix, ureter or anus and are inoculated on the medium. A small piece (20-30 mg) of the GasPak tablet (BBL) is then deposited in the tube and closed immediately. The GasPak tablet consists of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid which, if they come in contact with humidity, produce CO2 gas. The inoculated tube is then put in an incubator at 37 degrees C for 14-24 h. This method gives a good microbiological result. With the aid of the oxidase reaction the colonies take a brown-black color. For further differentiation of the species the sugar fermentation method is necessary.", "contents": "[Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture: development of an easy method]. An easy and cheap method for culturing Neisseria is developed. The medium for gonococci is prepared as proposed by the producer (BBL, Oxoid, Hoechst). About 8 ml of the medium are poured in sterile air-tight stool tubes of 25 ml volume. Materials to be examined for gonococci are taken from the cervix, ureter or anus and are inoculated on the medium. A small piece (20-30 mg) of the GasPak tablet (BBL) is then deposited in the tube and closed immediately. The GasPak tablet consists of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid which, if they come in contact with humidity, produce CO2 gas. The inoculated tube is then put in an incubator at 37 degrees C for 14-24 h. This method gives a good microbiological result. With the aid of the oxidase reaction the colonies take a brown-black color. For further differentiation of the species the sugar fermentation method is necessary.", "PMID": 405261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3069", "title": "The measurement of depression.", "content": "Some of the problems inherent in the measurement of mood are considered. Various physician rating and patient self-rating instruments are described which may have practical application in general practitioner trials. The need for continuing research in the area of the measurement of mood disturbance in the setting of general practice is stressed.", "contents": "The measurement of depression. Some of the problems inherent in the measurement of mood are considered. Various physician rating and patient self-rating instruments are described which may have practical application in general practitioner trials. The need for continuing research in the area of the measurement of mood disturbance in the setting of general practice is stressed.", "PMID": 405262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3070", "title": "Absence of self-recognition in a monkey (Macaca fascicularis) following prolonged exposure to a mirror.", "content": "To date only chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans have been found capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors. In an attempt to provide a more definitive test of the capacity for self-recognition in monkeys. I gave a preadolescent crab-eating macaque 2400 hr of mirror exposure. However, patterns of self-directed behavior never developed and a more explicit test of self-recognition yielded negative results. The data indicate possible differences between great apes and monkeys in self-awareness.", "contents": "Absence of self-recognition in a monkey (Macaca fascicularis) following prolonged exposure to a mirror. To date only chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans have been found capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors. In an attempt to provide a more definitive test of the capacity for self-recognition in monkeys. I gave a preadolescent crab-eating macaque 2400 hr of mirror exposure. However, patterns of self-directed behavior never developed and a more explicit test of self-recognition yielded negative results. The data indicate possible differences between great apes and monkeys in self-awareness.", "PMID": 405264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3071", "title": "The controversy concerning counterregulatory hormone secretion. A hypothesis for the prevention of diabetic ketoacidosis?", "content": "Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by an excess secretion of counterregulatory hormones (glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone). Experimental evidence obtained in both diabetic man and animals suggests that elevation of the plasma concentration of these hormones is necessary to initiate excess hepatic production of ketone bodies. This increase in hepatic ketogenesis in concert with inability of peripheral tissues to completely utilize ketone bodies results in clinical ketoacidosis. This hypothesis would suggest that pharmacologic control of excess counterregulatory hormone secretion would be a rational therapeutic modality to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis.", "contents": "The controversy concerning counterregulatory hormone secretion. A hypothesis for the prevention of diabetic ketoacidosis? Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by an excess secretion of counterregulatory hormones (glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone). Experimental evidence obtained in both diabetic man and animals suggests that elevation of the plasma concentration of these hormones is necessary to initiate excess hepatic production of ketone bodies. This increase in hepatic ketogenesis in concert with inability of peripheral tissues to completely utilize ketone bodies results in clinical ketoacidosis. This hypothesis would suggest that pharmacologic control of excess counterregulatory hormone secretion would be a rational therapeutic modality to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 405265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3072", "title": "Establishment and characteristics of three mouse cell lines from embryos of different inbred strains.", "content": "Three cell lines were established from embryos of DDD, AKR, and C3H mouse strains based on \"3T3\" transfer schedule. These cell lines were designated as Y-DD, Y-AK, and Y-CH, Y-DD and Y-CH showed a gradually increasing growth rate during the course of their establishment, whereas Y-ak indicated a constant growth rate, a low level of saturation density, and a tetraploid range of chromosome mode. In transformation experiment, control cultures of Y-DD and Y-CH already lost a density-dependent inhibition, but Y-AK was found to be very sensitive to density-dependent inhibition. Y-AK showed a higher activity in benzo[a]pyrene metabolism (4100 pmol/10(6) cells/24 hr) than Y-DD and Y-CH (700 and 2600 pmol/10(6) cells/24 hr).", "contents": "Establishment and characteristics of three mouse cell lines from embryos of different inbred strains. Three cell lines were established from embryos of DDD, AKR, and C3H mouse strains based on \"3T3\" transfer schedule. These cell lines were designated as Y-DD, Y-AK, and Y-CH, Y-DD and Y-CH showed a gradually increasing growth rate during the course of their establishment, whereas Y-ak indicated a constant growth rate, a low level of saturation density, and a tetraploid range of chromosome mode. In transformation experiment, control cultures of Y-DD and Y-CH already lost a density-dependent inhibition, but Y-AK was found to be very sensitive to density-dependent inhibition. Y-AK showed a higher activity in benzo[a]pyrene metabolism (4100 pmol/10(6) cells/24 hr) than Y-DD and Y-CH (700 and 2600 pmol/10(6) cells/24 hr).", "PMID": 405267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3073", "title": "Mitochondrial membrane-linked reactions in carcinogenesis: change in steroselective uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by aliphatic dicarbonyls and in the Arrhenius plot of NADH-indophenol reductase.", "content": "The previously observed alterations in the energy transducing system of rat liver mitochondria during 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) carcinogenesis were investigated using aliphatic dicarbonyl compounds as molecular probes and the effect of temperature on the membrane-linked NADH-indophenol reductase. The vicinal diketone, diacetyl, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in normal rat liver mitochondria while the higher diketones, acetylacetone and acetonylacetone, are increasingly less effective in that order; diacetyl totally abolishes respiratory control with substrates the oxidation of which involves the NADH leads to CoQ segment, but only partially with succinate which bypasses this segment. Diacetyl, likewise, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in liver mitochondria from rats fed 3'-Me-DAB, but the mitochondria are most resistant to this uncoupling  (in terms of the P/O ratio) at the time period when the respiratory control index (determined in the absence of diacetyl) is at the dye-induced minmum. This time period is at 3 to 4 weeks of dye administration, representing the cumulative dose for tumorigenesis threshold. At this threshold period of feeding 3'-Me-DAB, discontinuities in the Arrhenius plot of the mitochondrial membrane-localized NADH-indophenol reductase appear, with a return toward the control state (no break) at 8 weeks, only to reappear in the plot of the enzyme from tumor mitochondria, suggesting sequential membrane phase transitions in the mitochondria during azo dye carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Mitochondrial membrane-linked reactions in carcinogenesis: change in steroselective uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by aliphatic dicarbonyls and in the Arrhenius plot of NADH-indophenol reductase. The previously observed alterations in the energy transducing system of rat liver mitochondria during 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) carcinogenesis were investigated using aliphatic dicarbonyl compounds as molecular probes and the effect of temperature on the membrane-linked NADH-indophenol reductase. The vicinal diketone, diacetyl, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in normal rat liver mitochondria while the higher diketones, acetylacetone and acetonylacetone, are increasingly less effective in that order; diacetyl totally abolishes respiratory control with substrates the oxidation of which involves the NADH leads to CoQ segment, but only partially with succinate which bypasses this segment. Diacetyl, likewise, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in liver mitochondria from rats fed 3'-Me-DAB, but the mitochondria are most resistant to this uncoupling  (in terms of the P/O ratio) at the time period when the respiratory control index (determined in the absence of diacetyl) is at the dye-induced minmum. This time period is at 3 to 4 weeks of dye administration, representing the cumulative dose for tumorigenesis threshold. At this threshold period of feeding 3'-Me-DAB, discontinuities in the Arrhenius plot of the mitochondrial membrane-localized NADH-indophenol reductase appear, with a return toward the control state (no break) at 8 weeks, only to reappear in the plot of the enzyme from tumor mitochondria, suggesting sequential membrane phase transitions in the mitochondria during azo dye carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 405268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3074", "title": "Bacteriological studies in a patient with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis.", "content": "Detailed aerobic and anaerobic bacteriological studies on the operative specimen from a patient with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis revealed approximately 10(11) facultatively anaerobic bacteria, but less than 10(5) obligate anaerobes per g of involved colonic tissue. Fourteen isolates of Escherichia coli, three isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two isolates of Streptococcus fecalis were identified. The majority of the organisms were resistant to most of the antibiotics that the patient had received. Examinations of E. coli for heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins and tissue invasiveness were negative, and enterotoxin tests on the P. aeruginosa isolates were negative. Inoculation of mice with the bacterial isolates revealed no unusual pathogenicity. These findings suggest that antibiotic-associated colitis is associated with a marked loss in anaerobic colonic flora, but the colitis could not be explained by the presence of enterotoxins, tissue invasiveness, and pathogenicity of remaining microorganisms.", "contents": "Bacteriological studies in a patient with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Detailed aerobic and anaerobic bacteriological studies on the operative specimen from a patient with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis revealed approximately 10(11) facultatively anaerobic bacteria, but less than 10(5) obligate anaerobes per g of involved colonic tissue. Fourteen isolates of Escherichia coli, three isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two isolates of Streptococcus fecalis were identified. The majority of the organisms were resistant to most of the antibiotics that the patient had received. Examinations of E. coli for heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins and tissue invasiveness were negative, and enterotoxin tests on the P. aeruginosa isolates were negative. Inoculation of mice with the bacterial isolates revealed no unusual pathogenicity. These findings suggest that antibiotic-associated colitis is associated with a marked loss in anaerobic colonic flora, but the colitis could not be explained by the presence of enterotoxins, tissue invasiveness, and pathogenicity of remaining microorganisms.", "PMID": 405269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3075", "title": "Mutagen specificity in the induction of chromosomal aberrations in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The distribution of chromosomal aberrations between and within chromosomes of male D, melanogaster somatic cells after treatment with UV has been analyzed. -- Distribution of the breaks between chromosomes was largely nonrandom since we found a higher aberration frequency than that expected on the Y chromosome. Moreover, within the chromosomes the aberrations are clustered in the pericentromeric heterochromatic regions. The above distribution is compared with that of the breaks induced by X rays and methyl-methane-sulphonate (MMS) which were distributed in a different pattern.", "contents": "Mutagen specificity in the induction of chromosomal aberrations in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. The distribution of chromosomal aberrations between and within chromosomes of male D, melanogaster somatic cells after treatment with UV has been analyzed. -- Distribution of the breaks between chromosomes was largely nonrandom since we found a higher aberration frequency than that expected on the Y chromosome. Moreover, within the chromosomes the aberrations are clustered in the pericentromeric heterochromatic regions. The above distribution is compared with that of the breaks induced by X rays and methyl-methane-sulphonate (MMS) which were distributed in a different pattern.", "PMID": 405272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3076", "title": "Developmental genetics of the Drosophila egg. I. Identification of 59 sex-linked cistrons with maternal effects on embryonic development.", "content": "Sex-linked mutations to recessive female sterility were induced, sorted for egg-laying, mapped within broad regions and grouped by complementation tests into cistrons. The mutations have also been partially characterized for their temperature sensitivity and pleiotropic effects. Altogether 59 cistrons have been identified, including five ellelic with previously known loci: cin, fs(1)N, mk, sn, and r. All of the genes make maternal contributions to developing embryos. In some instances mutant defects are recognized in the egg envelopes; in the remainder the defects are presumably in the egg cytoplasm. For mutations in twenty-two genes, including cin, mk, and r alleles, the lethality of the maternal effect is reversed and the embryo is \"rescued\" by the action of a wild-type, paternal allele. The mutant strains are potentially important material for the study of developing egg envelopes and for furthering the analysis of causation in embryogenesis and its origins in oogenesis.", "contents": "Developmental genetics of the Drosophila egg. I. Identification of 59 sex-linked cistrons with maternal effects on embryonic development. Sex-linked mutations to recessive female sterility were induced, sorted for egg-laying, mapped within broad regions and grouped by complementation tests into cistrons. The mutations have also been partially characterized for their temperature sensitivity and pleiotropic effects. Altogether 59 cistrons have been identified, including five ellelic with previously known loci: cin, fs(1)N, mk, sn, and r. All of the genes make maternal contributions to developing embryos. In some instances mutant defects are recognized in the egg envelopes; in the remainder the defects are presumably in the egg cytoplasm. For mutations in twenty-two genes, including cin, mk, and r alleles, the lethality of the maternal effect is reversed and the embryo is \"rescued\" by the action of a wild-type, paternal allele. The mutant strains are potentially important material for the study of developing egg envelopes and for furthering the analysis of causation in embryogenesis and its origins in oogenesis.", "PMID": 405273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3077", "title": "Enzyme and chromosome polymorphisms in Japanese natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Collections of D. melanogaster from Japanese populations were analyzed for enzyme and chromosomal polymorphisms. Allelic frequencies at the Adh and alphaGpd loci were compared with polymorphic inversion (In(2L)B, In(2R)C) frequencies in the second chromosome. There was a significant positive correlation between the frequencies of AdhS and In(2L)B, caused by linkage. On the other hand, inversion-free cage populations maintained in the laboratory for a long time showed considerably larger variation in the frequencies of these enzyme alleles, which seem very likely to be a consequence of random drift. Two fitness components of these enzyme and chromosomal variants were measured in two different environmental conditions; neither of the two loci showed heterozygote superiority in viability or productivity, while the inversion heterozygotes showed a superior productivity compared to the corresponding homozygotes in the fluctuating environment. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that polymorphic isozyme genes are maintained by random drift of neutral genes in natural populations, and that association with linked inversions is a historical accident.", "contents": "Enzyme and chromosome polymorphisms in Japanese natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Collections of D. melanogaster from Japanese populations were analyzed for enzyme and chromosomal polymorphisms. Allelic frequencies at the Adh and alphaGpd loci were compared with polymorphic inversion (In(2L)B, In(2R)C) frequencies in the second chromosome. There was a significant positive correlation between the frequencies of AdhS and In(2L)B, caused by linkage. On the other hand, inversion-free cage populations maintained in the laboratory for a long time showed considerably larger variation in the frequencies of these enzyme alleles, which seem very likely to be a consequence of random drift. Two fitness components of these enzyme and chromosomal variants were measured in two different environmental conditions; neither of the two loci showed heterozygote superiority in viability or productivity, while the inversion heterozygotes showed a superior productivity compared to the corresponding homozygotes in the fluctuating environment. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that polymorphic isozyme genes are maintained by random drift of neutral genes in natural populations, and that association with linked inversions is a historical accident.", "PMID": 405274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3078", "title": "Lack of dosage compensation for an autosomal gene relocated to the X chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Aldehyde oxidase activity has been measured in flies with the structural gene for this enzyme translocated to the X chromosome. These measurements are presented as experimental evidence that, in Drosophila melanogaster, an autosomal gene relocated to the X chromosome is not dosage compensated.", "contents": "Lack of dosage compensation for an autosomal gene relocated to the X chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster. Aldehyde oxidase activity has been measured in flies with the structural gene for this enzyme translocated to the X chromosome. These measurements are presented as experimental evidence that, in Drosophila melanogaster, an autosomal gene relocated to the X chromosome is not dosage compensated.", "PMID": 405275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3079", "title": "The cytogenetics of a recessive visible mutant associated with a deficiency adjacent to the notch locus in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The recessive visible faswb allele in Drosophila is an interband deletion between salivary band 3C5, 6 and 7. Heterozygosity for the deletion does not suppress recombination between faswb and mutant sites at Notch adjacent to it.--Df(1)w67k30, deficient for salivary bands 3C2 to 6, is the left of faswb. By crossing over within the homologous bit of interband retained in w67k30 and faswb, the two deficiencies can be linked. Cytologically, 3C7, \"fused\" to 3C5,6 in faswb, becomes \"fused\" to 3C1 when the two are coupled. In the double deletion, the recessive visible phenotype of the faswb \"allele* is suppressed. Both w67k30 and faswb can be recovered by uncoupling the two deficiencies.--The data suggest that the mutant faswb does not represent a lesion at Notch; the entire gene or locus seems to be present. The interband deletion in faswb has secondarily moved an intact Notch locus to a foreign environment that interferes with its normal function. When faswb is linked to w67k30, the interference is eliminated and normal Notch functions resume.--The position of Notch on the salivary gland chromosome is reviewed in relation to the information obtained in these experiments.", "contents": "The cytogenetics of a recessive visible mutant associated with a deficiency adjacent to the notch locus in Drosophila melanogaster. The recessive visible faswb allele in Drosophila is an interband deletion between salivary band 3C5, 6 and 7. Heterozygosity for the deletion does not suppress recombination between faswb and mutant sites at Notch adjacent to it.--Df(1)w67k30, deficient for salivary bands 3C2 to 6, is the left of faswb. By crossing over within the homologous bit of interband retained in w67k30 and faswb, the two deficiencies can be linked. Cytologically, 3C7, \"fused\" to 3C5,6 in faswb, becomes \"fused\" to 3C1 when the two are coupled. In the double deletion, the recessive visible phenotype of the faswb \"allele* is suppressed. Both w67k30 and faswb can be recovered by uncoupling the two deficiencies.--The data suggest that the mutant faswb does not represent a lesion at Notch; the entire gene or locus seems to be present. The interband deletion in faswb has secondarily moved an intact Notch locus to a foreign environment that interferes with its normal function. When faswb is linked to w67k30, the interference is eliminated and normal Notch functions resume.--The position of Notch on the salivary gland chromosome is reviewed in relation to the information obtained in these experiments.", "PMID": 405276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3080", "title": "A method for fate mapping the foci of lethal and behavioral mutants in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A new method of mosaic fate mapping, called focusing, is introduced. Its advantages are that it allows a mapping, on the blastoderm surface, of the site of action of functions defined by either pre-adult lethal or behavioral mutations. Moreover, it does not require that the mosaics used be 50% of one genotype and 50% of the other. Methods for quantitative evaluation of the results of focusing, and a comparison of this method with others, are discussed.--Focusing is applied to the analysis of a new mutant, doomed (symbol: dmd), a distally located X-linked recessive in D. melanogaster, that causes the deaths of males and females around the time of eclosion. The dmd phenotype among eclosing flies is first seen as the loss of thoracic motor coordination and as ether sensitivity. Fate mapping by the method of focusing places the site of action of the dmd+ function in the same region of the map as that of the thoracic neural ganglia primordia, but not that of muscle, suggesting the possibility that the effect of dmd is on a thoracic neural function rather than a muscular one.", "contents": "A method for fate mapping the foci of lethal and behavioral mutants in Drosophila melanogaster. A new method of mosaic fate mapping, called focusing, is introduced. Its advantages are that it allows a mapping, on the blastoderm surface, of the site of action of functions defined by either pre-adult lethal or behavioral mutations. Moreover, it does not require that the mosaics used be 50% of one genotype and 50% of the other. Methods for quantitative evaluation of the results of focusing, and a comparison of this method with others, are discussed.--Focusing is applied to the analysis of a new mutant, doomed (symbol: dmd), a distally located X-linked recessive in D. melanogaster, that causes the deaths of males and females around the time of eclosion. The dmd phenotype among eclosing flies is first seen as the loss of thoracic motor coordination and as ether sensitivity. Fate mapping by the method of focusing places the site of action of the dmd+ function in the same region of the map as that of the thoracic neural ganglia primordia, but not that of muscle, suggesting the possibility that the effect of dmd is on a thoracic neural function rather than a muscular one.", "PMID": 405277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3081", "title": "Correlations between chromosome segments and fitness in Drosophila melanogaster. I. The X chromosome and egg production.", "content": "Unmarked segments within the X chromosomes of four different Drosophila melanogaster isogenic lines were assessed with respect to egg production. By making a series of crosses among original and derived recombinant lines, it was possible to estimate parameters representing additive, dominance and interaction effects of the segments. It was shown that whereas most of the segments were additive for egg production when homozygous, they all displayed dominance in the heterozygous condition. Two of the strains were characterized by intersegmental interaction. A possible position effect was detected for these same two strains, with flies in the coupling phase laying more eggs than those in the repulsion configuration. There was no apparent relationship between the number of eggs laid and the amount of heterozygosity within the X chromosome.", "contents": "Correlations between chromosome segments and fitness in Drosophila melanogaster. I. The X chromosome and egg production. Unmarked segments within the X chromosomes of four different Drosophila melanogaster isogenic lines were assessed with respect to egg production. By making a series of crosses among original and derived recombinant lines, it was possible to estimate parameters representing additive, dominance and interaction effects of the segments. It was shown that whereas most of the segments were additive for egg production when homozygous, they all displayed dominance in the heterozygous condition. Two of the strains were characterized by intersegmental interaction. A possible position effect was detected for these same two strains, with flies in the coupling phase laying more eggs than those in the repulsion configuration. There was no apparent relationship between the number of eggs laid and the amount of heterozygosity within the X chromosome.", "PMID": 405278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3082", "title": "Antibodies to pancreatic duct cells in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In the present investigation the occurrence of humoral immunity to pancreatic duct cells (PDC) was studied in 12 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS), 31 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 64 controls. Four sera of patients with SS and eight of patients with RA produced diffuse cytoplasmic fluorescence of intro- as well as of interlobular PDC of human and rhesus monkey origin. All sera positive with PDC antigens gave also positive staining reaction with parotid, submandibular, and lacrimal duct cells. In absorption studies antibody activity to PDC and salivary duct cells could be absorbed equally well with human or monkey parotid gland or pancreas with almost identical antigen concentrations. These findings point to the presence of common antigenic determinants in the organs studied. Human thyroid microsomes and rat liver homogenate did not reduce antibody activity. The demonstration of antibodies to PDC in addition to the reported mononuclear cell infiltration of the pancreas point to the involvement of autoimmune mechanisms in pathogenesis of the commonly observed subclinical exocrine insufficiency in SS and in some cases of RA.", "contents": "Antibodies to pancreatic duct cells in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. In the present investigation the occurrence of humoral immunity to pancreatic duct cells (PDC) was studied in 12 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS), 31 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 64 controls. Four sera of patients with SS and eight of patients with RA produced diffuse cytoplasmic fluorescence of intro- as well as of interlobular PDC of human and rhesus monkey origin. All sera positive with PDC antigens gave also positive staining reaction with parotid, submandibular, and lacrimal duct cells. In absorption studies antibody activity to PDC and salivary duct cells could be absorbed equally well with human or monkey parotid gland or pancreas with almost identical antigen concentrations. These findings point to the presence of common antigenic determinants in the organs studied. Human thyroid microsomes and rat liver homogenate did not reduce antibody activity. The demonstration of antibodies to PDC in addition to the reported mononuclear cell infiltration of the pancreas point to the involvement of autoimmune mechanisms in pathogenesis of the commonly observed subclinical exocrine insufficiency in SS and in some cases of RA.", "PMID": 405283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3083", "title": "Genus Aotus Q- and G-band karyotypes and and natural hybrids.", "content": "Q- and G-banding studies of Aotus trivigatus trivirgatus and Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra are presented. After the analysis of 8 specimens, 2 A.t. trivirgatus and  6 A.t. griseimembra and the review of the literature on the field we state the existence of two different karyotypes, 2n = 54 and 2n = 50, for A.t. trivirgatus and three different karyotypes, 2n = 54, 2n = 52 and 2n = 50, for A.t. griseimembra. It was found that Robertsonian translocations were the mechanism involved in the numerical reduction of the chromosomes. The data presented include the statement of two natural hybrids and the cross-breedings which originated them.", "contents": "Genus Aotus Q- and G-band karyotypes and and natural hybrids. Q- and G-banding studies of Aotus trivigatus trivirgatus and Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra are presented. After the analysis of 8 specimens, 2 A.t. trivirgatus and  6 A.t. griseimembra and the review of the literature on the field we state the existence of two different karyotypes, 2n = 54 and 2n = 50, for A.t. trivirgatus and three different karyotypes, 2n = 54, 2n = 52 and 2n = 50, for A.t. griseimembra. It was found that Robertsonian translocations were the mechanism involved in the numerical reduction of the chromosomes. The data presented include the statement of two natural hybrids and the cross-breedings which originated them.", "PMID": 405286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3084", "title": "Sequence of eruption of permanent teeth and epiphyseal union in three species of African monkeys.", "content": "Sequences of eruption of teeth and union of epiphyses determined for three species of African Cercopithecinae. These sequences are highly scalable and are highly comparable between among the species. Some sex differences in sequence were found within each species. The sequences of epiphyseal union in these species of Old World monkeys are very similar to published sequences in New World monkeys and other groups of higher primates. It appears that there is a single pattern common to the Anthropoidea as a whole.", "contents": "Sequence of eruption of permanent teeth and epiphyseal union in three species of African monkeys. Sequences of eruption of teeth and union of epiphyses determined for three species of African Cercopithecinae. These sequences are highly scalable and are highly comparable between among the species. Some sex differences in sequence were found within each species. The sequences of epiphyseal union in these species of Old World monkeys are very similar to published sequences in New World monkeys and other groups of higher primates. It appears that there is a single pattern common to the Anthropoidea as a whole.", "PMID": 405287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3085", "title": "New data and a discussion of infant killing in old world monkeys and apes.", "content": "Information on infant killing by males in reviewed and extended by personal communications and observations. Most cases of infant killing reported occurred during periods when a new alpha male was establishing himself and during arranged encounters of strangers or unfamiliar individuals in captivity. There seem to be no specific releasing stimuli for infant killing, but rather the lack of familiarity between male and females, their nonacceptance of him in the whole set of roles tied to the alpha status, and his special motivational condition as new alpha lead him to a state, in which attacks on infants may result. Infant killing is considered to have a selection advantage by increasing one's own reproduction success while reducing the one of other males.", "contents": "New data and a discussion of infant killing in old world monkeys and apes. Information on infant killing by males in reviewed and extended by personal communications and observations. Most cases of infant killing reported occurred during periods when a new alpha male was establishing himself and during arranged encounters of strangers or unfamiliar individuals in captivity. There seem to be no specific releasing stimuli for infant killing, but rather the lack of familiarity between male and females, their nonacceptance of him in the whole set of roles tied to the alpha status, and his special motivational condition as new alpha lead him to a state, in which attacks on infants may result. Infant killing is considered to have a selection advantage by increasing one's own reproduction success while reducing the one of other males.", "PMID": 405288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3086", "title": "The number of umbilical vessels in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "The number of vessels present in the umbilical cords of 40 nonsurviving squirrel monkey fetuses an neonates has been determined by gross and histologic examination. Four umbilical vessels were present in 72.5% of the cords and 27.5% contained three vessels. Coincident fetal malformations are noted.", "contents": "The number of umbilical vessels in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). The number of vessels present in the umbilical cords of 40 nonsurviving squirrel monkey fetuses an neonates has been determined by gross and histologic examination. Four umbilical vessels were present in 72.5% of the cords and 27.5% contained three vessels. Coincident fetal malformations are noted.", "PMID": 405289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3087", "title": "[Therapy of chronic arterial occlusive disease. Studies with an orally administered drug under ambulatory conditions].", "content": "The therapeutical effect of Defluina was studied in a selective open trial of 50 patients suffering from peripheral arterial occlusive diseases of different stages. All patients were treated with Defluina, 30 drops three times a day during a period of six weeks. Control parameters of 46 patients (18 males, 26 females, mean age of 59.8 +/- 1.7 years) were evaluated. After therapy a significant improvement of all applied parameters was observed. The positive effect of the Defluina-medication on the initial--partly severe--varicose ulcera, with gangrenous alterations, has to be pointed out. After 6 weeks the varicose ulcera were partly closed, at least they showed fresh granulations. During therapy no adverse reactions were registered. All patients estimated Defluina as very well tolerable. The therapeutic effect of Defluina on the carefully investigated group of 46 patients could be estimated in 38 cases with excellent/good, in 7 cases with good/moderate and only in 1 case with moderate.", "contents": "[Therapy of chronic arterial occlusive disease. Studies with an orally administered drug under ambulatory conditions]. The therapeutical effect of Defluina was studied in a selective open trial of 50 patients suffering from peripheral arterial occlusive diseases of different stages. All patients were treated with Defluina, 30 drops three times a day during a period of six weeks. Control parameters of 46 patients (18 males, 26 females, mean age of 59.8 +/- 1.7 years) were evaluated. After therapy a significant improvement of all applied parameters was observed. The positive effect of the Defluina-medication on the initial--partly severe--varicose ulcera, with gangrenous alterations, has to be pointed out. After 6 weeks the varicose ulcera were partly closed, at least they showed fresh granulations. During therapy no adverse reactions were registered. All patients estimated Defluina as very well tolerable. The therapeutic effect of Defluina on the carefully investigated group of 46 patients could be estimated in 38 cases with excellent/good, in 7 cases with good/moderate and only in 1 case with moderate.", "PMID": 405291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3088", "title": "TBG-dependency of age related variations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine.", "content": "Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) were determined in healthy individuals ranging in age from newborn to 95 years. T4: 10.25 +/- 1.62 microng/100 ml, T3: 1.62 +/- 0.35 ng/ml and TBG: 1.34 +/- 0.15 mg/100 ml, were found elevated until puberty compared to a middle age group with T4: 7.27 +/- 2.26 microng/100 ml, T3: 1.15 +/- 0.24 ng/ml and TBG: 0.98 +/- 14 mg/100 ml. T4 and T3 followed almost TBG concentration. In old age is dissociation between T4: 5.79 +/- 1.56 microng/100 ml, T3: 0.79 +/- 0.21 ng/ml and TBG: 1.28 +/- 0.15 mg/100 ml was found. Except for old age the ratio T4/TBG and T3/TBG minimized the age dependent variation of T4 and T3 and reduced the coefficient of variance from 26% to 17.7% for T4 and from 26.5 to 25% for T3. Age reduction of T4/TBG is 15% and of T3/TBG 13% respectively more pronounced than for T4 and T3 alone. These data indicate: 1) age related variations of T4 and T3 due to age dependency of TBG, 2) deviation of T4 and T3 values in old age from that expected by their TBG levels and 3) the importance of the routine use of hormone/TBG ratio.", "contents": "TBG-dependency of age related variations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) were determined in healthy individuals ranging in age from newborn to 95 years. T4: 10.25 +/- 1.62 microng/100 ml, T3: 1.62 +/- 0.35 ng/ml and TBG: 1.34 +/- 0.15 mg/100 ml, were found elevated until puberty compared to a middle age group with T4: 7.27 +/- 2.26 microng/100 ml, T3: 1.15 +/- 0.24 ng/ml and TBG: 0.98 +/- 14 mg/100 ml. T4 and T3 followed almost TBG concentration. In old age is dissociation between T4: 5.79 +/- 1.56 microng/100 ml, T3: 0.79 +/- 0.21 ng/ml and TBG: 1.28 +/- 0.15 mg/100 ml was found. Except for old age the ratio T4/TBG and T3/TBG minimized the age dependent variation of T4 and T3 and reduced the coefficient of variance from 26% to 17.7% for T4 and from 26.5 to 25% for T3. Age reduction of T4/TBG is 15% and of T3/TBG 13% respectively more pronounced than for T4 and T3 alone. These data indicate: 1) age related variations of T4 and T3 due to age dependency of TBG, 2) deviation of T4 and T3 values in old age from that expected by their TBG levels and 3) the importance of the routine use of hormone/TBG ratio.", "PMID": 405301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3089", "title": "Effects of ether and pentobarbital anesthesia on thyroid function in the rat.", "content": "Studies were performed to examine the effect of two anesthetic agents, ether and pentobarbital, on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function in vivo. In non-anesthetized animals, plasma thyrotropin (TSH) increased rapidly from basal values of 0.1, a peak of 0.49 microng/ml, 25 min after exposure to the cold. Anesthesia with ether during exposure to the cold completely prevented the rise in TSH. During pentobarbital anesthesia, the rise in TSH after exposure to cold was reduced by more than 90%. Even a three minute period of ether anesthesia prior to cold exposure reduced the peak response to cold as well as delayed this response when compared to the untreated group. During two hours of anesthesia with ether, the TSH concentration declined in animals which were fed a low iodine diet at essentially the same rate as in animals on the same diet given an injection of 3 microng of triiodothyronine. Pentobarbital did not suppress TSH at room temperature. The release of thyrotropin after injection of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was greater in animals anesthetized with pentobarbital than in controls and was slightly reduced in ether-anesthetized animals. This difference was observed when thyrotropin was given intraperitoneally or intravenously and the slope of the dose-response curves to TRH showed a flattening of the curve of rats treated with ether and a steeper slope of response in animals anesthetized with pentobarbital. We conclude that pentobarbital inhibited TSH response to cold but did not reduce the resting levels. Ether inhibited the rise of TSH in the cold and lowered the basal levels of TSH in animlas at room temperature. Pentobarbital increased the response to TRH and ether may have reduced the response to TRH.", "contents": "Effects of ether and pentobarbital anesthesia on thyroid function in the rat. Studies were performed to examine the effect of two anesthetic agents, ether and pentobarbital, on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function in vivo. In non-anesthetized animals, plasma thyrotropin (TSH) increased rapidly from basal values of 0.1, a peak of 0.49 microng/ml, 25 min after exposure to the cold. Anesthesia with ether during exposure to the cold completely prevented the rise in TSH. During pentobarbital anesthesia, the rise in TSH after exposure to cold was reduced by more than 90%. Even a three minute period of ether anesthesia prior to cold exposure reduced the peak response to cold as well as delayed this response when compared to the untreated group. During two hours of anesthesia with ether, the TSH concentration declined in animals which were fed a low iodine diet at essentially the same rate as in animals on the same diet given an injection of 3 microng of triiodothyronine. Pentobarbital did not suppress TSH at room temperature. The release of thyrotropin after injection of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was greater in animals anesthetized with pentobarbital than in controls and was slightly reduced in ether-anesthetized animals. This difference was observed when thyrotropin was given intraperitoneally or intravenously and the slope of the dose-response curves to TRH showed a flattening of the curve of rats treated with ether and a steeper slope of response in animals anesthetized with pentobarbital. We conclude that pentobarbital inhibited TSH response to cold but did not reduce the resting levels. Ether inhibited the rise of TSH in the cold and lowered the basal levels of TSH in animlas at room temperature. Pentobarbital increased the response to TRH and ether may have reduced the response to TRH.", "PMID": 405302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3090", "title": "ABO and Rh blood groups in relation to sex ratio, mean number and mortality of sibs.", "content": "Data are presented on the sex ratio, mean number and mortality of the sibs of 17,060 schoolchildren, and on the sex ratio and mean number of the sibs of 5,785 blood donors, in relation to the children's and donors' sex and ABO and Rh blood groups. The sex ratio is significantly higher for the sibs of AB + B than for those of A + O schoolboys, and for the sibs of Rh-negative than for those of Rh-positive male blood donors, but in both cases the mean number of sibs is exactly the same for the first-mentioned as for the second-mentioned category.", "contents": "ABO and Rh blood groups in relation to sex ratio, mean number and mortality of sibs. Data are presented on the sex ratio, mean number and mortality of the sibs of 17,060 schoolchildren, and on the sex ratio and mean number of the sibs of 5,785 blood donors, in relation to the children's and donors' sex and ABO and Rh blood groups. The sex ratio is significantly higher for the sibs of AB + B than for those of A + O schoolboys, and for the sibs of Rh-negative than for those of Rh-positive male blood donors, but in both cases the mean number of sibs is exactly the same for the first-mentioned as for the second-mentioned category.", "PMID": 405309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3091", "title": "Postsurgical decompression and immediate elemental feeding.", "content": "The paralytic ileus, poor nutritional state, and related complications that often develop following serious serious abdominal surgery have traditionally been accepted as unavoidable. Now, a nasogastric decompression and feeding tube is availabe that usually prevents paralytic ileus and also provides a complete liquid diet starting immedicately after the operation, thus speeding wound healing and recivery.", "contents": "Postsurgical decompression and immediate elemental feeding. The paralytic ileus, poor nutritional state, and related complications that often develop following serious serious abdominal surgery have traditionally been accepted as unavoidable. Now, a nasogastric decompression and feeding tube is availabe that usually prevents paralytic ileus and also provides a complete liquid diet starting immedicately after the operation, thus speeding wound healing and recivery.", "PMID": 405308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3092", "title": "Probable assignment of the serum cholinesterase (E1) and transferrin (Tf) loci to chromosome 1 in man.", "content": "Suggestions of linkage in males between the E1 and Rh loci (Z = + 1.849; THETA = 0.20) and between the Tf and Rh loci (Z = + 0.595; THETA = 0.35) are presented. The assignment of the E1 and Tf loci to chromosome 1 and the order Tf:E1:PGD:Rh:PGM1 are cautiously proposed.", "contents": "Probable assignment of the serum cholinesterase (E1) and transferrin (Tf) loci to chromosome 1 in man. Suggestions of linkage in males between the E1 and Rh loci (Z = + 1.849; THETA = 0.20) and between the Tf and Rh loci (Z = + 0.595; THETA = 0.35) are presented. The assignment of the E1 and Tf loci to chromosome 1 and the order Tf:E1:PGD:Rh:PGM1 are cautiously proposed.", "PMID": 405310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3093", "title": "Sero-genetic studies on the San of South West Africa.", "content": "The San, a physically, culturally and linguistically distinctive people, have been shown by archaeological records anciently to have inhabited the whole of Eastern and Southern Africa. They, in common with the Khoi, the other members of the Khoisan race, are confined now to Southern Africa and principally to Botswana and South West Africa, though a number are also found in Angola. Sero-genetic data concerning seven South West African groups are presented in this study, and confirm a shared overall genetic profile characteristic of the San in general, slightly different from that of the Khoi and in significant contrast with that of the Negroes.", "contents": "Sero-genetic studies on the San of South West Africa. The San, a physically, culturally and linguistically distinctive people, have been shown by archaeological records anciently to have inhabited the whole of Eastern and Southern Africa. They, in common with the Khoi, the other members of the Khoisan race, are confined now to Southern Africa and principally to Botswana and South West Africa, though a number are also found in Angola. Sero-genetic data concerning seven South West African groups are presented in this study, and confirm a shared overall genetic profile characteristic of the San in general, slightly different from that of the Khoi and in significant contrast with that of the Negroes.", "PMID": 405311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3094", "title": "Isolation and identification of the Cmicron4-domain of IgM.", "content": "Intact Cmicron4-domain was isolated by molecular exclusion chromatography of reduced and alkylated Fc5 micron prepared by tryptic digestion at 60 degrees C of a monoclonal IgM. Two fragments were obtained of which one contained carbohydrate and the other none. These fragments were successfully separated by chromatography on insolubilised Concanavalin A. Cmicron4-domain was identified by means of amino acid sequence, amino acid composition, molecular weight and immunological analyses. It has a molecular weight of 14,700 daltons and results from tryptic cleavage at Lys-445 of the micron-chain.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of the Cmicron4-domain of IgM. Intact Cmicron4-domain was isolated by molecular exclusion chromatography of reduced and alkylated Fc5 micron prepared by tryptic digestion at 60 degrees C of a monoclonal IgM. Two fragments were obtained of which one contained carbohydrate and the other none. These fragments were successfully separated by chromatography on insolubilised Concanavalin A. Cmicron4-domain was identified by means of amino acid sequence, amino acid composition, molecular weight and immunological analyses. It has a molecular weight of 14,700 daltons and results from tryptic cleavage at Lys-445 of the micron-chain.", "PMID": 405314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3095", "title": "Tumour-associated inhibition of immediate hypersensitivity reactions in mice.", "content": "The intensity of anaphylactic shock was lower in C3H mice carrying a methylcholanthrene-induced tumour (McC3) than in their normal counterparts when immunized with ovalbumin and challenged i.v. after 14 days. This tumour-associated inhibitory effect on active systemic anaphylaxis was exerted mainly on events occurring after homocytotropic antibody synthesis because the serum titres of these antibodies were comparable in normal and tumour-bearing animals. In addition, passive systemic anaphylactic reactions were suppressed in animals carrying the tumour and the sensitivity of these animals to challenge with histamine and serotonin mixtures was also reduced. The presence of a growing McC3 tumour did not, however, diminish the amine-sensitizing effect of treatment with Bordetella pertussis vaccine. The McC3 tumour inhibited the generation of passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions, an effect that was also exerted by a tumour extract, particularly when administered to the recipients shortly before antigen challenge. Thus immediate hypersensitivity reactions, like a variety of other immunological processes, can be inhibited by tumour products which by compromising the immune status of the host might permit tumour growth. The nature of the inhibiting factor is unknown, except that it is probably not the amine-degrading enzyme histaminase. In addition, which it is uncertain whether the inhibitory effect is exerted directly or indirectly, the possible importance of prostaglandins in the phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "Tumour-associated inhibition of immediate hypersensitivity reactions in mice. The intensity of anaphylactic shock was lower in C3H mice carrying a methylcholanthrene-induced tumour (McC3) than in their normal counterparts when immunized with ovalbumin and challenged i.v. after 14 days. This tumour-associated inhibitory effect on active systemic anaphylaxis was exerted mainly on events occurring after homocytotropic antibody synthesis because the serum titres of these antibodies were comparable in normal and tumour-bearing animals. In addition, passive systemic anaphylactic reactions were suppressed in animals carrying the tumour and the sensitivity of these animals to challenge with histamine and serotonin mixtures was also reduced. The presence of a growing McC3 tumour did not, however, diminish the amine-sensitizing effect of treatment with Bordetella pertussis vaccine. The McC3 tumour inhibited the generation of passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions, an effect that was also exerted by a tumour extract, particularly when administered to the recipients shortly before antigen challenge. Thus immediate hypersensitivity reactions, like a variety of other immunological processes, can be inhibited by tumour products which by compromising the immune status of the host might permit tumour growth. The nature of the inhibiting factor is unknown, except that it is probably not the amine-degrading enzyme histaminase. In addition, which it is uncertain whether the inhibitory effect is exerted directly or indirectly, the possible importance of prostaglandins in the phenomenon is discussed.", "PMID": 405315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3096", "title": "Lipopolysaccharide serotyping of Neisseria meningitidis by hemagglutination inhibition.", "content": "The method of hemagglutination inhibition was used to investigate the antigenic diversity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Neisseria meningitidis and to develop a serotyping systems based on this antigen. The system uses outer membrane complex prepared by a simple extraction procedure to inhibit homologous hemagglutination reactions involving sheep erythrocytes sensitized with purified LPS and rabbit antiserum raised to whole meningococci. Antisera with specificity for eight different LPS determinants were used as typing sera to serotype a cross section of 67 meningococcal strains. Only two strains (both group A) were not typable with the eight sera, and most strains had more than one type. Comparison of LPS type and bactericidal serotype suggests that the LPS and protein serotypes are independent serological markers.", "contents": "Lipopolysaccharide serotyping of Neisseria meningitidis by hemagglutination inhibition. The method of hemagglutination inhibition was used to investigate the antigenic diversity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Neisseria meningitidis and to develop a serotyping systems based on this antigen. The system uses outer membrane complex prepared by a simple extraction procedure to inhibit homologous hemagglutination reactions involving sheep erythrocytes sensitized with purified LPS and rabbit antiserum raised to whole meningococci. Antisera with specificity for eight different LPS determinants were used as typing sera to serotype a cross section of 67 meningococcal strains. Only two strains (both group A) were not typable with the eight sera, and most strains had more than one type. Comparison of LPS type and bactericidal serotype suggests that the LPS and protein serotypes are independent serological markers.", "PMID": 405320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3097", "title": "Reaction of squirrel monkeys to intratracheal inoculation with influenza/A/New Jersey/76 (swine) virus.", "content": "To determine whether a model could be established for laboratory investigations, nine squirrel monkeys were inoculated intratracheally with 10(7) median egg-infectious doses of influenza virus type A/New Jersey/8/76 (HSW1N1) (swine influenza virus). They responded with clinically detectable illness including fever, leukopenia, decreased food consumption, increased respiratory rate, occasional coughing, labored breathing, nasal discharge, and lethargy. Convalescence was well advanced by the day 10. All monkeys excreted virus for 7 to 8 days. A scoring procedure (illness score) has been developed for use in studies of vaccine and chemotherapeutic efficacy.", "contents": "Reaction of squirrel monkeys to intratracheal inoculation with influenza/A/New Jersey/76 (swine) virus. To determine whether a model could be established for laboratory investigations, nine squirrel monkeys were inoculated intratracheally with 10(7) median egg-infectious doses of influenza virus type A/New Jersey/8/76 (HSW1N1) (swine influenza virus). They responded with clinically detectable illness including fever, leukopenia, decreased food consumption, increased respiratory rate, occasional coughing, labored breathing, nasal discharge, and lethargy. Convalescence was well advanced by the day 10. All monkeys excreted virus for 7 to 8 days. A scoring procedure (illness score) has been developed for use in studies of vaccine and chemotherapeutic efficacy.", "PMID": 405321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3098", "title": "Responsiveness of rabbit spleen and appendix cells to bacterial mitogens.", "content": "Rabbit spleen and appendix cells were used to test the mitogenic activity of a commercial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparation from Salmonella typhimurium (Difco), a preparation extracted from it, and cell wall preparations from smooth (45/0) and rough (45/20) strains of Brucella abortus. On the basis of [3H]thymidine incorporation ratios (E/C), that is, the incorporation rate among cells treated with the mitogen relative to that of untreated cells, the extracted LPS and both Brucella cell wall preparations, but not the commercial LPS were potent mitogens for rabbit spleen cells. By the same criterion, only the Brucella cell wall preparation produced a significant, but minimally so, response among appendix cells. The weak responsiveness of appendix cells may be more apparent than real, however, and may not imply a difference in intrinsic susceptibility to mitogens by these two populations, because unstimulated appendix cells incorporated thymidine at 10 times the rate of unstimulated spleen cells. Appendix cells, then, may not be susceptible to further stimulation, even by active mitogens. Therefore, the significance of E/C ratios may be equivocal when materials are assayed for mitogenic activity on lymphoid populations whose basal activity is relatively high.", "contents": "Responsiveness of rabbit spleen and appendix cells to bacterial mitogens. Rabbit spleen and appendix cells were used to test the mitogenic activity of a commercial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparation from Salmonella typhimurium (Difco), a preparation extracted from it, and cell wall preparations from smooth (45/0) and rough (45/20) strains of Brucella abortus. On the basis of [3H]thymidine incorporation ratios (E/C), that is, the incorporation rate among cells treated with the mitogen relative to that of untreated cells, the extracted LPS and both Brucella cell wall preparations, but not the commercial LPS were potent mitogens for rabbit spleen cells. By the same criterion, only the Brucella cell wall preparation produced a significant, but minimally so, response among appendix cells. The weak responsiveness of appendix cells may be more apparent than real, however, and may not imply a difference in intrinsic susceptibility to mitogens by these two populations, because unstimulated appendix cells incorporated thymidine at 10 times the rate of unstimulated spleen cells. Appendix cells, then, may not be susceptible to further stimulation, even by active mitogens. Therefore, the significance of E/C ratios may be equivocal when materials are assayed for mitogenic activity on lymphoid populations whose basal activity is relatively high.", "PMID": 405322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3099", "title": "Composition of the lipopolysaccharide of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Analysis of glycose and fatty acid content of lipopolysaccharide extracted from 38 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae indicated that glycoses common to colonial types 1 to 5 were glucose, mannose, and galactose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid (KDO), glucosamine, and galactosamine were also invariably present. Virulent colonial types 1 and 2 contained no rhamnose, in contrast to avirulent types 3 to 5 and several strains of the nonpathogenic species N. sicca and N. lactamica. Fucose, characteristic of these nonpathogenic species, was not present in the gonococci. Variation in the concentration of individual glycoses in different strains was also noted. Mannose-KDO, galactose-KDO, and glucose-KDO ratios of virulent gonococci exceeded those of avirulent organisms, except that the correlation for glucose was not quite so striking. This relationship was not found in N. sicca and N. lactamica strains. Fatty acid analyses of lipid A from gonococci showed that 10-, 12-, 14-, 16-, and 18-carbon acids, as well as 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid, were present, but differences in concentration between colonial types, although evident in some cases, appeared less significant than glycose content.", "contents": "Composition of the lipopolysaccharide of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Analysis of glycose and fatty acid content of lipopolysaccharide extracted from 38 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae indicated that glycoses common to colonial types 1 to 5 were glucose, mannose, and galactose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid (KDO), glucosamine, and galactosamine were also invariably present. Virulent colonial types 1 and 2 contained no rhamnose, in contrast to avirulent types 3 to 5 and several strains of the nonpathogenic species N. sicca and N. lactamica. Fucose, characteristic of these nonpathogenic species, was not present in the gonococci. Variation in the concentration of individual glycoses in different strains was also noted. Mannose-KDO, galactose-KDO, and glucose-KDO ratios of virulent gonococci exceeded those of avirulent organisms, except that the correlation for glucose was not quite so striking. This relationship was not found in N. sicca and N. lactamica strains. Fatty acid analyses of lipid A from gonococci showed that 10-, 12-, 14-, 16-, and 18-carbon acids, as well as 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid, were present, but differences in concentration between colonial types, although evident in some cases, appeared less significant than glycose content.", "PMID": 405323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3100", "title": "Chicken embryo as an animal model for gonorrhea.", "content": "Parameters of infection of the chicken embryo with Neisseria gonorrhoeae were defined in order to standardize infectious and lethal doses. Virulent (T1) and avirulent (T3) gonococci from two strains were used to infect 7- to 12-day-old White Leghorn chicken embryos via the yolk sac (YS) or chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route. Infection of embryos was established following YS inoculation of 1 to 10 viable gonococci. Although 8- to 10-day-old embryos were the most susceptible, an inoculum of less than 100 gonococci was sufficient to kill any age embryo via this route. Embryos were less susceptible to infection via the CAM, where an inoculum of from 10(5) to 10(6) colony-forming units was lethal by 42 h. Strain and morphological type had a variable influence on the ability of the gonococcus to infect and kill the chicken embryo by either route; however, agar-grown and broth-grown organisms produced consistently similar mean lethal dose (LD(50)) and mean infective dose (ID(50)) values. LD(50) and ID(50) differences between T1 and T3 gonococci from strain 72H641 were not apparent after either YS or CAM inoculation of 8- or 10-day chicken embryos, respectively. YS and CAM LD(50) values for strain 72H641 T1 and T3 and CDC 9 T3 were also similar; however, these values were slightly lower for CDC 9 T1. In terms of infectivity or colonization, CDC 9 T1 and T3 had higher ID(50) values via the YS and lower ID(50) values via the CAM than 72H641. CDC 9 T1 was slightly more infective via the YS and less infective via the CAM than its T3 counterpart. Although the gonococcal strain used will influence interpretation of results, infection of both YS and CAM was highly reproducible in terms of gross pathology and of LD(50) and ID(50) data for a particular strain and colony type.", "contents": "Chicken embryo as an animal model for gonorrhea. Parameters of infection of the chicken embryo with Neisseria gonorrhoeae were defined in order to standardize infectious and lethal doses. Virulent (T1) and avirulent (T3) gonococci from two strains were used to infect 7- to 12-day-old White Leghorn chicken embryos via the yolk sac (YS) or chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route. Infection of embryos was established following YS inoculation of 1 to 10 viable gonococci. Although 8- to 10-day-old embryos were the most susceptible, an inoculum of less than 100 gonococci was sufficient to kill any age embryo via this route. Embryos were less susceptible to infection via the CAM, where an inoculum of from 10(5) to 10(6) colony-forming units was lethal by 42 h. Strain and morphological type had a variable influence on the ability of the gonococcus to infect and kill the chicken embryo by either route; however, agar-grown and broth-grown organisms produced consistently similar mean lethal dose (LD(50)) and mean infective dose (ID(50)) values. LD(50) and ID(50) differences between T1 and T3 gonococci from strain 72H641 were not apparent after either YS or CAM inoculation of 8- or 10-day chicken embryos, respectively. YS and CAM LD(50) values for strain 72H641 T1 and T3 and CDC 9 T3 were also similar; however, these values were slightly lower for CDC 9 T1. In terms of infectivity or colonization, CDC 9 T1 and T3 had higher ID(50) values via the YS and lower ID(50) values via the CAM than 72H641. CDC 9 T1 was slightly more infective via the YS and less infective via the CAM than its T3 counterpart. Although the gonococcal strain used will influence interpretation of results, infection of both YS and CAM was highly reproducible in terms of gross pathology and of LD(50) and ID(50) data for a particular strain and colony type.", "PMID": 405324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3101", "title": "Age-related decline in the resistance of mice to infection with intracellular pathogens.", "content": "Resistance to infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Listeria monocytogenes in BALB/c female mice decreased with increasing age. The decrease was apparent as early as 9 months of age and was more marked as the animals aged further. This age-related decline in resistance was not restricted to BALB/c female mice, as male and female mice of the C57BL/6 strain exhibited similar responses. With both pathogens, aged mice showed a more marked susceptibility to the strain of lesser virulence. Transfer of normal serum from old mice to young or old mice before infection with T. gondii resulted in an increased susceptibility to this organism, suggesting the presence of inhibitory factors or the absence of potentiating factors that are present in the serum of young mice.", "contents": "Age-related decline in the resistance of mice to infection with intracellular pathogens. Resistance to infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Listeria monocytogenes in BALB/c female mice decreased with increasing age. The decrease was apparent as early as 9 months of age and was more marked as the animals aged further. This age-related decline in resistance was not restricted to BALB/c female mice, as male and female mice of the C57BL/6 strain exhibited similar responses. With both pathogens, aged mice showed a more marked susceptibility to the strain of lesser virulence. Transfer of normal serum from old mice to young or old mice before infection with T. gondii resulted in an increased susceptibility to this organism, suggesting the presence of inhibitory factors or the absence of potentiating factors that are present in the serum of young mice.", "PMID": 405325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3102", "title": "Assay of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin with vero cells.", "content": "The continuous cell line of African green monkey kidney, Vero, showed characteristic morphological changes in response to culture filtrates from toxigenic strains of Escherichia coli. The response compared favorably with that of Y-1 (mouse adrenal) and CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells. Vero cells were the simplest and most economical to maintain in the laboratory.", "contents": "Assay of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin with vero cells. The continuous cell line of African green monkey kidney, Vero, showed characteristic morphological changes in response to culture filtrates from toxigenic strains of Escherichia coli. The response compared favorably with that of Y-1 (mouse adrenal) and CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells. Vero cells were the simplest and most economical to maintain in the laboratory.", "PMID": 405326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3103", "title": "Homogeneity of protein serotype antigens in Neisseria meningitidis group A.", "content": "Serotype antigens (STA), which have been shown to be constituents of outer-membrane protein, were extracted from group A meningococci with 0.2 M LiCl and pelleted by centrifugation at 150,000 X g. The STAs from 100 group A strains, which had been isolated from cases and carriers in various geographical locations, were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Every STA produced three major protein bands with molecular weights of approximately 35,000, 39,000, and 45,000, respectively. This SDS-PAGE pattern is clearly distinct from that produced by the serotype of group B and C meningococci most commonly isolated from cases (group B type 2 and group C type 2). The group A STAs were also indistinguishable by immunodiffusion. However, differences in bactericidal reactions were demonstrated, suggesting that there are other antigens that play a role in antibody response.", "contents": "Homogeneity of protein serotype antigens in Neisseria meningitidis group A. Serotype antigens (STA), which have been shown to be constituents of outer-membrane protein, were extracted from group A meningococci with 0.2 M LiCl and pelleted by centrifugation at 150,000 X g. The STAs from 100 group A strains, which had been isolated from cases and carriers in various geographical locations, were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Every STA produced three major protein bands with molecular weights of approximately 35,000, 39,000, and 45,000, respectively. This SDS-PAGE pattern is clearly distinct from that produced by the serotype of group B and C meningococci most commonly isolated from cases (group B type 2 and group C type 2). The group A STAs were also indistinguishable by immunodiffusion. However, differences in bactericidal reactions were demonstrated, suggesting that there are other antigens that play a role in antibody response.", "PMID": 405327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3104", "title": "Antigenic, chemical, and structural properties of cell walls of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form chemotypes 1 and 2 after serial enzymatic hydrolysis.", "content": "Cell walls of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form chemotypes 1 (chem 1) and 2 (chem 2) treated sequentially with several polysaccharolytic enzymes and Pronase yielded soluble, nondialyzable polysaccharides at each step, which were analyzed for monosaccharides, protein composition, and serological activity. Polysaccharide recovered after digestion of chem 1 walls with beta(1-->3)-glucanase contained glucose > mannose > glucosamine > galactose. This fraction (chem 1 betaG(1)) was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and contained a component having an apparent molecular weight of 120,000. The chem 1 betaG(1) fraction was reactive in immunodiffusion (ID), producing an immune precipitate not identical to the H and M factors of histoplasmin. In a side-by-side ID comparison with extracts of chem 2, the chem 1 betaG(1) antigen contained an additional determinant not found in chem 2 extracts when tested with goat antiserum to H. capsulatum. Therefore, the chem 1 antigen gave preliminary ID evidence of antigenic group specificity. A chemical difference observed was the absence of glucosamine from chem 2 polysaccharide. In complement fixation (CF) tests, 9 of 17 sera from human histoplasmosis patients reacted with chem 1 betaG(1), but some cross-reactivity with sera of patients with other systemic mycoses occurred. The immunoelectrophoretic patterns of chem 1 wall-derived polysaccharides showed a marked shift in mobility after Pronase digestion, implying the presence of covalent peptides. The ultrastructural appearance and serological activity of intact walls and enzyme-resistant mural cores were also studied. The surface of the mural cores of both chemotypes was perforated and frayed. In shadow-cast preparations both fibrillar and globular areas persisted in the mural cores. The CF end point serum dilutions showed an increase after alpha- and beta-glucanase extractions of chem 2 walls and fourfold reduction after Pronase digestion. The mural cores of both chemotypes were still reactive in CF tests and retained some ability to bind fluorescent antibody. The chem 1 mural core reacted with specific fluorescein-labeled H. capsulatum antiglobulins produced by adsorption with Blastomyces dermatitidis, thus indicating at least partial retention of H. capsulatum-specific factors. The presence of galactose, mannose, and glucose was detected in the mural cores as well as enriched levels of amino sugar, despite exposure to chitinase.", "contents": "Antigenic, chemical, and structural properties of cell walls of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form chemotypes 1 and 2 after serial enzymatic hydrolysis. Cell walls of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form chemotypes 1 (chem 1) and 2 (chem 2) treated sequentially with several polysaccharolytic enzymes and Pronase yielded soluble, nondialyzable polysaccharides at each step, which were analyzed for monosaccharides, protein composition, and serological activity. Polysaccharide recovered after digestion of chem 1 walls with beta(1-->3)-glucanase contained glucose > mannose > glucosamine > galactose. This fraction (chem 1 betaG(1)) was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and contained a component having an apparent molecular weight of 120,000. The chem 1 betaG(1) fraction was reactive in immunodiffusion (ID), producing an immune precipitate not identical to the H and M factors of histoplasmin. In a side-by-side ID comparison with extracts of chem 2, the chem 1 betaG(1) antigen contained an additional determinant not found in chem 2 extracts when tested with goat antiserum to H. capsulatum. Therefore, the chem 1 antigen gave preliminary ID evidence of antigenic group specificity. A chemical difference observed was the absence of glucosamine from chem 2 polysaccharide. In complement fixation (CF) tests, 9 of 17 sera from human histoplasmosis patients reacted with chem 1 betaG(1), but some cross-reactivity with sera of patients with other systemic mycoses occurred. The immunoelectrophoretic patterns of chem 1 wall-derived polysaccharides showed a marked shift in mobility after Pronase digestion, implying the presence of covalent peptides. The ultrastructural appearance and serological activity of intact walls and enzyme-resistant mural cores were also studied. The surface of the mural cores of both chemotypes was perforated and frayed. In shadow-cast preparations both fibrillar and globular areas persisted in the mural cores. The CF end point serum dilutions showed an increase after alpha- and beta-glucanase extractions of chem 2 walls and fourfold reduction after Pronase digestion. The mural cores of both chemotypes were still reactive in CF tests and retained some ability to bind fluorescent antibody. The chem 1 mural core reacted with specific fluorescein-labeled H. capsulatum antiglobulins produced by adsorption with Blastomyces dermatitidis, thus indicating at least partial retention of H. capsulatum-specific factors. The presence of galactose, mannose, and glucose was detected in the mural cores as well as enriched levels of amino sugar, despite exposure to chitinase.", "PMID": 405328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3105", "title": "Variations in buccal cell adhesion of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Human buccal cells were found to vary in their day-to-day capacity to support attachment of certain strains of gonococci. Gonococci serially cultured in vitro also differed in their day-to-day ability to attach to buccal cells.", "contents": "Variations in buccal cell adhesion of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Human buccal cells were found to vary in their day-to-day capacity to support attachment of certain strains of gonococci. Gonococci serially cultured in vitro also differed in their day-to-day ability to attach to buccal cells.", "PMID": 405329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3106", "title": "Evaluation of nonspecific (alternative pathway) opsonic activity by neutrophil chemiluminescence.", "content": "The role of alternative complement pathway activation in protection against infection is not well understood. We have investigated nonspecific opsonic activity in human adult, term neonatal and premature serum using the technique of neutrophil chemiluminescence (cl) to measure particle uptake. Following phagocytosis, neutrophils become metabolically active, produce excited molecular oxygen and emit a burst of light which can be detected and quantitated in a liquid scintillation counter. In the present study, zymosan particles were preopsonized in human serum and added to control neutrophils. Particles opsonized in adult serum produced a marked peak in CL. Serial dilutions of the serum prior to opsonization yielded proportionally lower peaks in CL. Opsonic activity as measured by the CL procedure was completely blocked by the addition of chelating agents which remove calcium and magnesium ions and block both classic and alternative complement pathway activation. Addition of an excess of magnesium ions (needed for alternative pathway activation) to the reaction mixture partially restored the opsonic activity. Opsonic activity as measured by the CL procedure was significantly depressed in approximately two-thirds of term and premature infant sera tested. Deficient nonspecific opsonic activity was closely correlated with serum levels of C3PA. These studies suggest that the CL procedure may be of value in the investigation of nonspecific opsonins in human serum.", "contents": "Evaluation of nonspecific (alternative pathway) opsonic activity by neutrophil chemiluminescence. The role of alternative complement pathway activation in protection against infection is not well understood. We have investigated nonspecific opsonic activity in human adult, term neonatal and premature serum using the technique of neutrophil chemiluminescence (cl) to measure particle uptake. Following phagocytosis, neutrophils become metabolically active, produce excited molecular oxygen and emit a burst of light which can be detected and quantitated in a liquid scintillation counter. In the present study, zymosan particles were preopsonized in human serum and added to control neutrophils. Particles opsonized in adult serum produced a marked peak in CL. Serial dilutions of the serum prior to opsonization yielded proportionally lower peaks in CL. Opsonic activity as measured by the CL procedure was completely blocked by the addition of chelating agents which remove calcium and magnesium ions and block both classic and alternative complement pathway activation. Addition of an excess of magnesium ions (needed for alternative pathway activation) to the reaction mixture partially restored the opsonic activity. Opsonic activity as measured by the CL procedure was significantly depressed in approximately two-thirds of term and premature infant sera tested. Deficient nonspecific opsonic activity was closely correlated with serum levels of C3PA. These studies suggest that the CL procedure may be of value in the investigation of nonspecific opsonins in human serum.", "PMID": 405330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3107", "title": "Structure and biological function of human IgD. IX. Anti-IgD activation of human lymphocytes.", "content": "Human peripheral lymphocytes were stimulated to incorporate tritiated thymidine when cultured with anti-sigma. The stimulation of lymphocytes by anti-sigma inversely correlates to PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation. In addition, lymphocytes from individuals with low serum IgD levels exhibited a significant response to anti-sigma, whereas, those with normal or slightly elevated levels of serum IgD showed minimal stimulation. This study is the first to provide evidence that cell surface IgD may regulate metabolic functions of lymphocytes and is consistent with the idea that IgD is a 'triggering' receptor.", "contents": "Structure and biological function of human IgD. IX. Anti-IgD activation of human lymphocytes. Human peripheral lymphocytes were stimulated to incorporate tritiated thymidine when cultured with anti-sigma. The stimulation of lymphocytes by anti-sigma inversely correlates to PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation. In addition, lymphocytes from individuals with low serum IgD levels exhibited a significant response to anti-sigma, whereas, those with normal or slightly elevated levels of serum IgD showed minimal stimulation. This study is the first to provide evidence that cell surface IgD may regulate metabolic functions of lymphocytes and is consistent with the idea that IgD is a 'triggering' receptor.", "PMID": 405331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3108", "title": "Antibody reactivity in penicillin-sensitive patients determinated with different penicillin derivatives.", "content": "35 individuals showing reactions to penicillin of anaphylactic shock, angioedema or urticaria were investigated. Their skin sensitivity was analysed using 16 different penicillin derivatives. In addition, the content of circulating reagins against the penicilloyl structure in the patient's sera were analysed using RAST. 17 of the patients had negative skin reactions and RAST results to all substances tested. The other 18 were skin test-positive to at least one derivative but showed markedly heterogeneous patterns of skin reactivity. 14 had positive reactions against penicilloyl structures accompanied by anti-penicilloyl reagins. Four patients showed doubtful reactions only to penicillin or penicilloate and/or penilloate. These patients also had very low levels of reagins against penicilloyl in their sera. Positive skin test results using monovalent penicillin derivatives such as penicillin, penicilloate, penilloate, penicilloyl amide, penicilloyl-formyl-lysine, penicillamine, which cannot form a multivalent antigen with penicillyol specificity, indicated formation of other derivatives of importance in penicillin allergy, e.g., penicillamine protein conjugates. Three patients showed skin reactions to ampicillin polymer and two to benzyl-penicillin polymer. The skin tests performed with the penicillin derivatives used do not seem to give more information on the sensitivity of the patients than does the RAST using penicilloyl structures.", "contents": "Antibody reactivity in penicillin-sensitive patients determinated with different penicillin derivatives. 35 individuals showing reactions to penicillin of anaphylactic shock, angioedema or urticaria were investigated. Their skin sensitivity was analysed using 16 different penicillin derivatives. In addition, the content of circulating reagins against the penicilloyl structure in the patient's sera were analysed using RAST. 17 of the patients had negative skin reactions and RAST results to all substances tested. The other 18 were skin test-positive to at least one derivative but showed markedly heterogeneous patterns of skin reactivity. 14 had positive reactions against penicilloyl structures accompanied by anti-penicilloyl reagins. Four patients showed doubtful reactions only to penicillin or penicilloate and/or penilloate. These patients also had very low levels of reagins against penicilloyl in their sera. Positive skin test results using monovalent penicillin derivatives such as penicillin, penicilloate, penilloate, penicilloyl amide, penicilloyl-formyl-lysine, penicillamine, which cannot form a multivalent antigen with penicillyol specificity, indicated formation of other derivatives of importance in penicillin allergy, e.g., penicillamine protein conjugates. Three patients showed skin reactions to ampicillin polymer and two to benzyl-penicillin polymer. The skin tests performed with the penicillin derivatives used do not seem to give more information on the sensitivity of the patients than does the RAST using penicilloyl structures.", "PMID": 405332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3109", "title": "A reappraisal of the forces involved in hemagglutination.", "content": "The underlying principles governing the second stage of hemagglutination, as described in 1965, have been reevaluated. This reappraisal reaffirms that red cell aggregation is dependent on the potential energy barrier (zota) between erythrocytes. This in turn is dependent on the ionic strength and dielectric constant of the bulk medium. Hemagglutination by IgG and IgM antibody is a function of the effective length of these immunoglobulins and the zota of the cells in the reaction mixture. Agglutination of cells occurs when the zota-potential is below a critical level. The enhancing action of natural and synthetic polymers (e. g., bovine albumin) is to lower zeta by raising the dielectric constant of the bulk medium. Several other recent concepts are discussed and the major differences discussed in light of data available.", "contents": "A reappraisal of the forces involved in hemagglutination. The underlying principles governing the second stage of hemagglutination, as described in 1965, have been reevaluated. This reappraisal reaffirms that red cell aggregation is dependent on the potential energy barrier (zota) between erythrocytes. This in turn is dependent on the ionic strength and dielectric constant of the bulk medium. Hemagglutination by IgG and IgM antibody is a function of the effective length of these immunoglobulins and the zota of the cells in the reaction mixture. Agglutination of cells occurs when the zota-potential is below a critical level. The enhancing action of natural and synthetic polymers (e. g., bovine albumin) is to lower zeta by raising the dielectric constant of the bulk medium. Several other recent concepts are discussed and the major differences discussed in light of data available.", "PMID": 405333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3110", "title": "Stimulation of pig lymphocytes with anti-immunoglobulin serum and mitogens.", "content": "Mitogenic stimulation of pig lymphocytes by anti-immunoglobulin serum and by Con A, PHA, PWM and LPS has been measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Lymphocytes from blood, spleen and lymph node were readily stimulated by antiglobulin. Specific anti-micron serum was mitogenic for blood lymphocytes, indicating that those B cells with surface IgM can be stimulated by complexing of this surface component with antibody. An initial 2-hour incubation with anti-Ig was as effective as continuous incubation. Differentiation of stimulated cells into high rate synthesising plasmablasts was not observed. Pig blood lymphocytes were reactive to Con A, PHA, PWM and LPS. LPS was also tested against spleen and lymph node cells, which were responsive to this mitogen.", "contents": "Stimulation of pig lymphocytes with anti-immunoglobulin serum and mitogens. Mitogenic stimulation of pig lymphocytes by anti-immunoglobulin serum and by Con A, PHA, PWM and LPS has been measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Lymphocytes from blood, spleen and lymph node were readily stimulated by antiglobulin. Specific anti-micron serum was mitogenic for blood lymphocytes, indicating that those B cells with surface IgM can be stimulated by complexing of this surface component with antibody. An initial 2-hour incubation with anti-Ig was as effective as continuous incubation. Differentiation of stimulated cells into high rate synthesising plasmablasts was not observed. Pig blood lymphocytes were reactive to Con A, PHA, PWM and LPS. LPS was also tested against spleen and lymph node cells, which were responsive to this mitogen.", "PMID": 405334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3111", "title": "Soluble proteins in fluid from non-keratinizing jaw cysts in man.", "content": "Fluids from non-keratinizing cysts of the jaws contain the main proteins found in plasma. The low relative concentration of macromolecular non-immunoglobulin proteins shows that there is no free passage of plasma proteins into the cyst fluid. Sufficient evidence was found to conclude that the immunoglobulins in cyst fluid are partly produced locally and partly derived from plasma. Cyst fluid immunoglobulins have antibody activity to rabbit erythrocytes. Accumulation of cyst fluid is primarily due to inadequate lymphatic drainage of the cyst cavity. Differential diagnosis between various types of non-keratinizing cysts cannot be based on the plasma protein patterns of their fluids.", "contents": "Soluble proteins in fluid from non-keratinizing jaw cysts in man. Fluids from non-keratinizing cysts of the jaws contain the main proteins found in plasma. The low relative concentration of macromolecular non-immunoglobulin proteins shows that there is no free passage of plasma proteins into the cyst fluid. Sufficient evidence was found to conclude that the immunoglobulins in cyst fluid are partly produced locally and partly derived from plasma. Cyst fluid immunoglobulins have antibody activity to rabbit erythrocytes. Accumulation of cyst fluid is primarily due to inadequate lymphatic drainage of the cyst cavity. Differential diagnosis between various types of non-keratinizing cysts cannot be based on the plasma protein patterns of their fluids.", "PMID": 405336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3112", "title": "Concentration of azidocillin, erythromycin, doxycycline and clindamycin in dental alveolar serum after single oral doses.", "content": "Treatment of osteitis in the mandible after surgery is still a clinical problem. Levels of four antibiotics--azidocillin, erythromycin, doxycycline, and clindamycin--were measured in serum and dental alveolar serum in 42 patients undergoing oral surgery. The systemic serum concentrations were higher than the dental alveolar serum concentrations in all patients. The maximal concentration in the alveolar serum for azidocillin was 6.0-12.0 microng/ml, for erythromycin 0.7-1.3 microng/ml, for doxycycline 2.8-3.6 microng/ml, and for clindamycin 2.0-2.8 microng/ml. When the dental alveolar serum concentrations of the various antibiotics were related to their range of inhibitory concentrations for microorganisms isolated from mandibular osteitis, it was noticed that each drug achieved levels sufficient to inhibit most strains.", "contents": "Concentration of azidocillin, erythromycin, doxycycline and clindamycin in dental alveolar serum after single oral doses. Treatment of osteitis in the mandible after surgery is still a clinical problem. Levels of four antibiotics--azidocillin, erythromycin, doxycycline, and clindamycin--were measured in serum and dental alveolar serum in 42 patients undergoing oral surgery. The systemic serum concentrations were higher than the dental alveolar serum concentrations in all patients. The maximal concentration in the alveolar serum for azidocillin was 6.0-12.0 microng/ml, for erythromycin 0.7-1.3 microng/ml, for doxycycline 2.8-3.6 microng/ml, and for clindamycin 2.0-2.8 microng/ml. When the dental alveolar serum concentrations of the various antibiotics were related to their range of inhibitory concentrations for microorganisms isolated from mandibular osteitis, it was noticed that each drug achieved levels sufficient to inhibit most strains.", "PMID": 405337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3113", "title": "Reverse smoking in Andhra Pradesh, India: variability of clinical and histologic appearances of palatal changes.", "content": "In Srikakulam, India, 101 patients with palatal lesions due to reverse smoking were followed for 1 year at monthly intervals to analyze the behavior of the various components of their palatal lesions. Of these patients, 24% stopped the habit completely and 27% changed to the conventional type of smoking. Palatal keratosis was very stable, whereas red areas changed into nonpigmented areas. Epithelial dysplasia was found in 23% of the 101 biopsies, the highest being in the red areas. Mild inflammation was seen in about half of the biopsies.", "contents": "Reverse smoking in Andhra Pradesh, India: variability of clinical and histologic appearances of palatal changes. In Srikakulam, India, 101 patients with palatal lesions due to reverse smoking were followed for 1 year at monthly intervals to analyze the behavior of the various components of their palatal lesions. Of these patients, 24% stopped the habit completely and 27% changed to the conventional type of smoking. Palatal keratosis was very stable, whereas red areas changed into nonpigmented areas. Epithelial dysplasia was found in 23% of the 101 biopsies, the highest being in the red areas. Mild inflammation was seen in about half of the biopsies.", "PMID": 405338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3114", "title": "Continuous infusion pressure-monitored sialography.", "content": "A technique for sialography has been developed which gives reproducible radiographs. By employing a constant infusion pump to deliver 0.2 ml of contrast medium per minute the patient does not experience pain and glandular detail is not obscured due to overfilling. Aqueous and oily contrast media may be used satisfactorily but there is greater latitude in times of exposure with the aqueous media.", "contents": "Continuous infusion pressure-monitored sialography. A technique for sialography has been developed which gives reproducible radiographs. By employing a constant infusion pump to deliver 0.2 ml of contrast medium per minute the patient does not experience pain and glandular detail is not obscured due to overfilling. Aqueous and oily contrast media may be used satisfactorily but there is greater latitude in times of exposure with the aqueous media.", "PMID": 405339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3115", "title": "Osteomyelitis of the maxilla in the newborn.", "content": "A case of osteomyelitis of the maxilla in a healthy infant is presented, the etiology of which seems to have been an upper respiratory tract infection. There was no evidence of lowered resistance and immunologic studies did not reveal any abnormality. Lincomycin seems to be the antibiotic drug of choice. In the present case, it was used, effectively, in conjunction with other antibiotics and surgical drainage.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis of the maxilla in the newborn. A case of osteomyelitis of the maxilla in a healthy infant is presented, the etiology of which seems to have been an upper respiratory tract infection. There was no evidence of lowered resistance and immunologic studies did not reveal any abnormality. Lincomycin seems to be the antibiotic drug of choice. In the present case, it was used, effectively, in conjunction with other antibiotics and surgical drainage.", "PMID": 405340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3116", "title": "Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint of a child. Report of a case.", "content": "An ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in early childhood may lead to growth disturbances. In the reported case, unilateral ankylosis caused asymmetry and serious difficulties in eating and breathing during sleep. The autologous costochondral junction serving as a growth center, replacing the condylar defect, was used as arthroplastic material in a patient 8 years of age. In a follow-up 6 years later the patient revealed satisfactory opening movements and good chewing function. It was noted that the operated grafted side increased in length slightly more than the other side.", "contents": "Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint of a child. Report of a case. An ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in early childhood may lead to growth disturbances. In the reported case, unilateral ankylosis caused asymmetry and serious difficulties in eating and breathing during sleep. The autologous costochondral junction serving as a growth center, replacing the condylar defect, was used as arthroplastic material in a patient 8 years of age. In a follow-up 6 years later the patient revealed satisfactory opening movements and good chewing function. It was noted that the operated grafted side increased in length slightly more than the other side.", "PMID": 405341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3117", "title": "Pseudomonas protease. Purification, partial characterization, and its effect on collagen, proteoglycan, and rabbit corneas.", "content": "The extracellular protease of a virulent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography in two steps. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme revealed a single band, and the enzyme was shown to be the major component of the bacterial filtrate. The protease was fully inhibited by Na2 EDTA, 1,10-orthophenanthroline, L-cysteine and Zn+2 ions but was insensitive to dissopropylphosphofluoridate. The elastase substrates orcein-elastin and acetyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alamine-methyl ester were degraded by the enzyme. The protease activity toward soluble and insoluble collagen was found to be limited to the telopeptide region of the collagen molecule. With soluble collagen, conversion of the beta and gamma chains into monomeric alpha chains was observed. About 60% of the  total proteoglycans and 1.5% of the total collagen were solubilized from rabbit corneas following incubation with the enzyme, and the solubilized products were nondialyzable. It was concluded that the purified protease has little or no collagenolytic activity and that dissolution of the cornea by Pseudomonas protease infection results essentially from the degradation of the protein backbone of the corneal proteoglycans.", "contents": "Pseudomonas protease. Purification, partial characterization, and its effect on collagen, proteoglycan, and rabbit corneas. The extracellular protease of a virulent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography in two steps. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme revealed a single band, and the enzyme was shown to be the major component of the bacterial filtrate. The protease was fully inhibited by Na2 EDTA, 1,10-orthophenanthroline, L-cysteine and Zn+2 ions but was insensitive to dissopropylphosphofluoridate. The elastase substrates orcein-elastin and acetyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alamine-methyl ester were degraded by the enzyme. The protease activity toward soluble and insoluble collagen was found to be limited to the telopeptide region of the collagen molecule. With soluble collagen, conversion of the beta and gamma chains into monomeric alpha chains was observed. About 60% of the  total proteoglycans and 1.5% of the total collagen were solubilized from rabbit corneas following incubation with the enzyme, and the solubilized products were nondialyzable. It was concluded that the purified protease has little or no collagenolytic activity and that dissolution of the cornea by Pseudomonas protease infection results essentially from the degradation of the protein backbone of the corneal proteoglycans.", "PMID": 405343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3118", "title": "Retinal damage from long-term exposure to laser radiation.", "content": "The maculae of rhesus monkeys were exposed to an argon-ion lazer operated in the TEM00 continuous wave mode at a wavelength of 514.5 nm. Both ophthalmoscopic and histopathologic evaluations of exposure sites were obtained. Threshold (ED50) values were obtained for 0.5, 5, 30, 120, and 1,000 sec. exposure times. Presence of minimum visible lesions was assessed ophthalmoscopically at both 1 hour and 24 hours after exposure. With increasing exposure times, a 24 hr. lesion-appearance criterion resulted in ED50 values too low to be consistent with a thermal damage mechanism. In contrast, exposure to neodymium laser radiation at a 1,060 nm. wavelength for 120 sec. produced only ED50 values consistent with those associated with thermal injury. These results suggest that the damage mechanisms for long-duration exposures to visible light may involve photochemical processes initiated by the interaction of visible light with the retinal photopigments.", "contents": "Retinal damage from long-term exposure to laser radiation. The maculae of rhesus monkeys were exposed to an argon-ion lazer operated in the TEM00 continuous wave mode at a wavelength of 514.5 nm. Both ophthalmoscopic and histopathologic evaluations of exposure sites were obtained. Threshold (ED50) values were obtained for 0.5, 5, 30, 120, and 1,000 sec. exposure times. Presence of minimum visible lesions was assessed ophthalmoscopically at both 1 hour and 24 hours after exposure. With increasing exposure times, a 24 hr. lesion-appearance criterion resulted in ED50 values too low to be consistent with a thermal damage mechanism. In contrast, exposure to neodymium laser radiation at a 1,060 nm. wavelength for 120 sec. produced only ED50 values consistent with those associated with thermal injury. These results suggest that the damage mechanisms for long-duration exposures to visible light may involve photochemical processes initiated by the interaction of visible light with the retinal photopigments.", "PMID": 405344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3119", "title": "Intraocular axonal swelling produced by partial, immediately retrobulbar ligature of optic nerve.", "content": "This is the first report of an experimental intraorbital ligature producing papilledema characterized by axonal swelling and accumulation of mitochondria in the lamina retinalis of the optic disc of rhesus monkeys subjected to immediately retrobulbar ligature of a portion of the optic nerve. This is an improved technique for investigating the pathogenesis of papilledema and optic neuropathy.", "contents": "Intraocular axonal swelling produced by partial, immediately retrobulbar ligature of optic nerve. This is the first report of an experimental intraorbital ligature producing papilledema characterized by axonal swelling and accumulation of mitochondria in the lamina retinalis of the optic disc of rhesus monkeys subjected to immediately retrobulbar ligature of a portion of the optic nerve. This is an improved technique for investigating the pathogenesis of papilledema and optic neuropathy.", "PMID": 405345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3120", "title": "Treatment of Pseudomonas keratitis in the rabbit with antibiotic-steroid combinations.", "content": "It has been suggested that corticosteroids plus the effective antibiotics are more beneficial than antibiotics alone in reducing inflammation in infectious keratitis. Topical and subconjunctival corticosteroids as adjuncts to gentamicin therapy were evaluated by microbiological assay and clinical parameters in experimentally induced Pseudomonas keratitis in rabbits. Various strengths of dexamethasone given concurrently or delayed in conjunction with gentamicin therapy were studied. There was no statistically significant difference between combinations and the antibiotics alone in this experimental model.", "contents": "Treatment of Pseudomonas keratitis in the rabbit with antibiotic-steroid combinations. It has been suggested that corticosteroids plus the effective antibiotics are more beneficial than antibiotics alone in reducing inflammation in infectious keratitis. Topical and subconjunctival corticosteroids as adjuncts to gentamicin therapy were evaluated by microbiological assay and clinical parameters in experimentally induced Pseudomonas keratitis in rabbits. Various strengths of dexamethasone given concurrently or delayed in conjunction with gentamicin therapy were studied. There was no statistically significant difference between combinations and the antibiotics alone in this experimental model.", "PMID": 405346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3121", "title": "Gap junctions between optic nerve head astrocytes.", "content": "Astrocytes of the primate and human optic nerve head are joined to each other by the gap junction type of intercellular membrane specialization. Although the precise function of these contacts is not fully determined, they may serve such diverse roles as adhesive bonding and intercellular electrical and chemical coupling.", "contents": "Gap junctions between optic nerve head astrocytes. Astrocytes of the primate and human optic nerve head are joined to each other by the gap junction type of intercellular membrane specialization. Although the precise function of these contacts is not fully determined, they may serve such diverse roles as adhesive bonding and intercellular electrical and chemical coupling.", "PMID": 405347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3122", "title": "The inactivation of beta-lactamase I from B. Cereus by dicloxacillin: effect of buffer composition on the kinetic characteristics of the modified enzyme.", "content": "Buffer composition affects the pattern of inactivation of B. cereus beta-lactamase I by dicloxacillin. At pH 7.0, in the presence of phosphate ions, dicloxacillin appears to cause essentially an irreversible inactivation of the catalytic site of the enzyme, while in a tris-cacodylate buffer the inactivation process appears to affect essentially the substrate-binding site. Buffer ions act presumably by interacting themselves with either the catalytic or the substrate-binding site of the enzyme, thus modifying the affinity of these sites for the halogenated isoxazolyl-penicillins.", "contents": "The inactivation of beta-lactamase I from B. Cereus by dicloxacillin: effect of buffer composition on the kinetic characteristics of the modified enzyme. Buffer composition affects the pattern of inactivation of B. cereus beta-lactamase I by dicloxacillin. At pH 7.0, in the presence of phosphate ions, dicloxacillin appears to cause essentially an irreversible inactivation of the catalytic site of the enzyme, while in a tris-cacodylate buffer the inactivation process appears to affect essentially the substrate-binding site. Buffer ions act presumably by interacting themselves with either the catalytic or the substrate-binding site of the enzyme, thus modifying the affinity of these sites for the halogenated isoxazolyl-penicillins.", "PMID": 405348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3123", "title": "Hyperviscosity syndrome associated with lymphocytic leukemia in three dogs.", "content": "Hyperviscosity syndrome was associated with increased plasma content of monoclonal immunoglobulin (IgA or IgM) in 3 dogs with lymphocytic leukemia. The diagnosis of lymphocytic leukemia was based on the finding of a large number of mature lymphocytes in the blood and bone marrow. The clinical signs included weakness, lethargy, depression, and coughing due to congestive heart failure. Consistent physical findings were splenomegaly, with or without peripheral lymphadenopathy, and funduscopic abnormalities. Of the 2 dogs treated successfully with chlorambucil, 1 remains in remission after withdrawal of the drug for over 1 year.", "contents": "Hyperviscosity syndrome associated with lymphocytic leukemia in three dogs. Hyperviscosity syndrome was associated with increased plasma content of monoclonal immunoglobulin (IgA or IgM) in 3 dogs with lymphocytic leukemia. The diagnosis of lymphocytic leukemia was based on the finding of a large number of mature lymphocytes in the blood and bone marrow. The clinical signs included weakness, lethargy, depression, and coughing due to congestive heart failure. Consistent physical findings were splenomegaly, with or without peripheral lymphadenopathy, and funduscopic abnormalities. Of the 2 dogs treated successfully with chlorambucil, 1 remains in remission after withdrawal of the drug for over 1 year.", "PMID": 405353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3124", "title": "SP127, a bacterial protein enhancing the activity of macrolide antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: isolation and characterization.", "content": "Some strains belonging to the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas were found to produce in the culture broth, a protein which synergistically enhanced the activity of macrolide antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeroginosa. The protein produced by Bacillus brevis ATCC 8185, designated SP127, was isolated in a pure state by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation, CM-cellulose column chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The sedimentation coefficient and the molecular weight of SP127 were 1.8 s and 15,000, respectively according to the analytical ultracentrifuge. The isoelectric point of SP127, obtained by electrofocusing experiments, was over 10.0. Half cystine and histidine were absent in the molecule.", "contents": "SP127, a bacterial protein enhancing the activity of macrolide antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: isolation and characterization. Some strains belonging to the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas were found to produce in the culture broth, a protein which synergistically enhanced the activity of macrolide antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeroginosa. The protein produced by Bacillus brevis ATCC 8185, designated SP127, was isolated in a pure state by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation, CM-cellulose column chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The sedimentation coefficient and the molecular weight of SP127 were 1.8 s and 15,000, respectively according to the analytical ultracentrifuge. The isoelectric point of SP127, obtained by electrofocusing experiments, was over 10.0. Half cystine and histidine were absent in the molecule.", "PMID": 405355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3125", "title": "Mode of action of the protein, SP127, which enhances the activity of macrolide antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Antibiotics, the activity of which enhanced against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by SP127, were restricted to the basic macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin, maridomycin and oleandomycin, the neutral macrolide antibiotics such as lankamycin and lankacidin C, vancomycin and enramycin. Synergistic activity of SP127 with the above antibiotics was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and several strains of Escherichia coli, but not against Proteus vulgaris and macrolide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. SP127 had extremely weak proteolytic but no lytic activity. From the isotopic experiments, the action of SP127 was partially attributed to the promotion of antibiotic penetration to cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "contents": "Mode of action of the protein, SP127, which enhances the activity of macrolide antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics, the activity of which enhanced against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by SP127, were restricted to the basic macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin, maridomycin and oleandomycin, the neutral macrolide antibiotics such as lankamycin and lankacidin C, vancomycin and enramycin. Synergistic activity of SP127 with the above antibiotics was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and several strains of Escherichia coli, but not against Proteus vulgaris and macrolide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. SP127 had extremely weak proteolytic but no lytic activity. From the isotopic experiments, the action of SP127 was partially attributed to the promotion of antibiotic penetration to cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "PMID": 405356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3126", "title": "Feedback inhibition of the synthesis of an antibiotic: aurodox (X-5108).", "content": "The effect of aurodox on its own biosynthesis by Streptomyces goldiniensis was studied. It was found that addition of exogenous aurodox inhibits further accumulation of aurodox by the antibiotic-producing culture. Both long term fermentation studies with aurodox-14C and precursor incorporation studies over short time periods indicated that aurodox synthesis was regulated by feedback inhibition. The concentration of aurodox required to completely block further synthesis of the antibiotic was about 400 microng/ml. This is the same as the maximum concentration of aurodox normally accumulated by the culture used in this study. Antibiotic synthesis was inhibited not only by aurodox but also by some structural analogs of aurodox including several having no antibacterial activity. This effect was immediate and readily reversible, indicating that it could be due to inhibition of an enzyme(s) involved in the biosynthesis of aurodox.", "contents": "Feedback inhibition of the synthesis of an antibiotic: aurodox (X-5108). The effect of aurodox on its own biosynthesis by Streptomyces goldiniensis was studied. It was found that addition of exogenous aurodox inhibits further accumulation of aurodox by the antibiotic-producing culture. Both long term fermentation studies with aurodox-14C and precursor incorporation studies over short time periods indicated that aurodox synthesis was regulated by feedback inhibition. The concentration of aurodox required to completely block further synthesis of the antibiotic was about 400 microng/ml. This is the same as the maximum concentration of aurodox normally accumulated by the culture used in this study. Antibiotic synthesis was inhibited not only by aurodox but also by some structural analogs of aurodox including several having no antibacterial activity. This effect was immediate and readily reversible, indicating that it could be due to inhibition of an enzyme(s) involved in the biosynthesis of aurodox.", "PMID": 405357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3127", "title": "Microbial production of vitamin B12 antimetabolites. III Compound 102804 from Bacillus cereus.", "content": "A basic compound with empirical formula C12H16N2O5 was isolated from Bacillus cereus 102804 fermentations of a soybean meal-glucose medium. The inhibitory activity of compound 102804 on growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria growing in a chemically defined medium was reversed by vitamin B12, by L-methionine, and by D-methionine. It has no inhibitory activity for Escherichia coli (Davis 113-3) when grown in media containing L-methionine. The biosynthesis of 102804 coincides with the sporulation of the B. cereus, and the compound is not produced in the absence of sporulation.", "contents": "Microbial production of vitamin B12 antimetabolites. III Compound 102804 from Bacillus cereus. A basic compound with empirical formula C12H16N2O5 was isolated from Bacillus cereus 102804 fermentations of a soybean meal-glucose medium. The inhibitory activity of compound 102804 on growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria growing in a chemically defined medium was reversed by vitamin B12, by L-methionine, and by D-methionine. It has no inhibitory activity for Escherichia coli (Davis 113-3) when grown in media containing L-methionine. The biosynthesis of 102804 coincides with the sporulation of the B. cereus, and the compound is not produced in the absence of sporulation.", "PMID": 405359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3128", "title": "Skin, preoptic, and core temperatures influence behavioral thermoregulation.", "content": "Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) will learn to regulate their chamber air temperature (Ta) behaviorally by selecting between two air temperatures, 10 and 50 degrees C. When transient (10-min) displacements of local preoptic temperature (Tpo) are made around neutral, via water-perfused thermodes, changes in Ta selected are linear and inversely proportional to the Tpo displacement. The same result occurred in the present study when 10-min Tpo displacements were made around a clamped (36--41 degrees C) Tpo. The higher the clamped Tpo level, the steeper the linear functions relating behavioral response to Tpo transients. This change of gain was manifested in behavioral adjustments of Ta or skin temperature. The data showed that the temperature of the extrahypothalamic body core (measured rectally) was driven by the clamped Tpo to a nonneutral level. When this level was maintained stable during the Tpo transients, core temperature was shown to be a multiplicative factor governing the gain of the behavioral effector responses.", "contents": "Skin, preoptic, and core temperatures influence behavioral thermoregulation. Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) will learn to regulate their chamber air temperature (Ta) behaviorally by selecting between two air temperatures, 10 and 50 degrees C. When transient (10-min) displacements of local preoptic temperature (Tpo) are made around neutral, via water-perfused thermodes, changes in Ta selected are linear and inversely proportional to the Tpo displacement. The same result occurred in the present study when 10-min Tpo displacements were made around a clamped (36--41 degrees C) Tpo. The higher the clamped Tpo level, the steeper the linear functions relating behavioral response to Tpo transients. This change of gain was manifested in behavioral adjustments of Ta or skin temperature. The data showed that the temperature of the extrahypothalamic body core (measured rectally) was driven by the clamped Tpo to a nonneutral level. When this level was maintained stable during the Tpo transients, core temperature was shown to be a multiplicative factor governing the gain of the behavioral effector responses.", "PMID": 405366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3129", "title": "Mode of degradation of precursor-specific ribonucleic acid fragments by Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A precursor of 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) from Bacillus subtilis was cleaved by ribonuclease (RNase) M5 in cell-free extracts from B. subtilis to yield the mature 5S rRNA plus RNA fragments derived from both termini of the precursor. The released, mature 5S rRNA was stable in these extracts; however, as occurred in vivo, the precursor-specific fragments were rapidly and completely destroyed. Such destruction was not observed in the presence of partially purified RNase M5, so fragment scavenging was not effected by the maturation nuclease itself. The selective destruction of the precursor-specific fragments was shown to occur through a 3'-exonucleolytic process with the release of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates; the responsible activity therefore had the character of RNAse II. Consideration of the primary and probable secondary structures of the precursor-specific fragments and mature 5S rRNA suggested that involvement of 3' termini in tight secondary structure may confer protection against the scavenging activity.", "contents": "Mode of degradation of precursor-specific ribonucleic acid fragments by Bacillus subtilis. A precursor of 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) from Bacillus subtilis was cleaved by ribonuclease (RNase) M5 in cell-free extracts from B. subtilis to yield the mature 5S rRNA plus RNA fragments derived from both termini of the precursor. The released, mature 5S rRNA was stable in these extracts; however, as occurred in vivo, the precursor-specific fragments were rapidly and completely destroyed. Such destruction was not observed in the presence of partially purified RNase M5, so fragment scavenging was not effected by the maturation nuclease itself. The selective destruction of the precursor-specific fragments was shown to occur through a 3'-exonucleolytic process with the release of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates; the responsible activity therefore had the character of RNAse II. Consideration of the primary and probable secondary structures of the precursor-specific fragments and mature 5S rRNA suggested that involvement of 3' termini in tight secondary structure may confer protection against the scavenging activity.", "PMID": 405368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3130", "title": "Initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid replication in germinating spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 carrying the dnaB (Ts)134 mutation.", "content": "The nature of the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis reported by others to occur at 45 degrees C in germinating spores of the temperature-sensitive deoxyribonucleic acid initiation mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168, TsB134, has been investigated. Density transfer experiments, using 5-bromouracil, show that a normal round of replication can occur in a significant fraction of the spore population under such conditions. No repair synthesis is detectable. The possibility raised by this finding, that initiation of the first round of replication during spore outgrowth is unique in that its initiation is determined prior to germination, has been investigated by comparing the behavior of germinating spores of isogenic strains of B. subtilis 168, one carrying and the other without the dnaB (Ts)134 mutation. It is shown that deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the Ts strain is very sensitive to temperature in the vicinity of 45 degrees C. At a slightly higher temperature, 49 degrees C, initiation of the first round of replication in the Ts strain is completely (greater than 96%) blocked, but it proceeds normally in the Ts(+) strain. Thus, it is concluded that, after the germination of a spore, the action of the dnaB134 gene product is an obligatory requirement for initiation of the first round of replication. The initiation of replication that can occur in spores of the original TsB134 strain germinating at 45 degrees C is presumably due to incomplete inactivation of the dnaB134 gene product under such conditions.", "contents": "Initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid replication in germinating spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 carrying the dnaB (Ts)134 mutation. The nature of the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis reported by others to occur at 45 degrees C in germinating spores of the temperature-sensitive deoxyribonucleic acid initiation mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168, TsB134, has been investigated. Density transfer experiments, using 5-bromouracil, show that a normal round of replication can occur in a significant fraction of the spore population under such conditions. No repair synthesis is detectable. The possibility raised by this finding, that initiation of the first round of replication during spore outgrowth is unique in that its initiation is determined prior to germination, has been investigated by comparing the behavior of germinating spores of isogenic strains of B. subtilis 168, one carrying and the other without the dnaB (Ts)134 mutation. It is shown that deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the Ts strain is very sensitive to temperature in the vicinity of 45 degrees C. At a slightly higher temperature, 49 degrees C, initiation of the first round of replication in the Ts strain is completely (greater than 96%) blocked, but it proceeds normally in the Ts(+) strain. Thus, it is concluded that, after the germination of a spore, the action of the dnaB134 gene product is an obligatory requirement for initiation of the first round of replication. The initiation of replication that can occur in spores of the original TsB134 strain germinating at 45 degrees C is presumably due to incomplete inactivation of the dnaB134 gene product under such conditions.", "PMID": 405369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3131", "title": "Biosynthesis of wall polymers in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Preparations of membrane plus wall derived from Bacillus subtilis W23 were used to study the in vitro synthesis of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid and their linkage to the preexisting cell wall. The teichoic acid synthesis showed an ordered requirement for the incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine from uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosamine followed by addition of glycerol phosphate from cytidine 5'-diphosphate (CDP)-glycerol and finally by addition of ribitol phosphate from CDP-ribitol. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was not only required for the synthesis of the teichoic acid, but N-acetylglucosamine residues formed an integral part of the linkage unit attaching polyribitol phosphate to the cell wall. Synthesis of the teichoic acid was exquisitely sensitive to the antibiotic tunicamycin, and this was shown to be due to the inhibition of incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine units from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of wall polymers in Bacillus subtilis. Preparations of membrane plus wall derived from Bacillus subtilis W23 were used to study the in vitro synthesis of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid and their linkage to the preexisting cell wall. The teichoic acid synthesis showed an ordered requirement for the incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine from uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosamine followed by addition of glycerol phosphate from cytidine 5'-diphosphate (CDP)-glycerol and finally by addition of ribitol phosphate from CDP-ribitol. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was not only required for the synthesis of the teichoic acid, but N-acetylglucosamine residues formed an integral part of the linkage unit attaching polyribitol phosphate to the cell wall. Synthesis of the teichoic acid was exquisitely sensitive to the antibiotic tunicamycin, and this was shown to be due to the inhibition of incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine units from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine.", "PMID": 405370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3132", "title": "Genetic loci of hemolysin production in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes.", "content": "Two plasmids corresponding to molecular weights of 38.5 X 10(6) and 3.6 X 10(6) have been identified in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes strain X-14. The larger plasmid is required for hemolysin-bacteriolysin production. Strain L2, a nonlytic nitrosoquanidine mutant of strain X-14, still harbors the hemolytic plasmid and produces the lysin component, but not the activator component, of the lytic system. Conjugal transfer of this plasmid from strain L2 to plasmid-free strains and strains cured of the 38.5-megadalton plasmid gives rise to hemolytic recipients. This implicates a gene in hemolysin production at a site other than the 38.5-megadalton plasmid.", "contents": "Genetic loci of hemolysin production in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes. Two plasmids corresponding to molecular weights of 38.5 X 10(6) and 3.6 X 10(6) have been identified in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes strain X-14. The larger plasmid is required for hemolysin-bacteriolysin production. Strain L2, a nonlytic nitrosoquanidine mutant of strain X-14, still harbors the hemolytic plasmid and produces the lysin component, but not the activator component, of the lytic system. Conjugal transfer of this plasmid from strain L2 to plasmid-free strains and strains cured of the 38.5-megadalton plasmid gives rise to hemolytic recipients. This implicates a gene in hemolysin production at a site other than the 38.5-megadalton plasmid.", "PMID": 405371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3133", "title": "Effect of macromolecular synthesis on the coordinate morphogenesis of polar surface structures in Caulobacter crescentus.", "content": "The Caulobacter polar surface structures (flagella, pili, and the deoxyribonucleic acid phage phiCbK receptors), which are expressed at proximal sites of swarmer cells in a coordinate manner (Shapiro, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 30:377-407, 1976) could be blocked by a single mutation. The mutant C. crescentus CB13 ple-801 did not form these surface structures when grown at 35 degrees C. Upon shift down to 25 degrees C, the mutant cells initiated the formation of the surface structures. When mitomycin C was added to the mutant culture upon shift down from 35 to 25 degrees C, phiCbK receptor formation was inhibited to a minimal level. Rifampin and chloramphenicol completely inhibited phiCbK receptor formation when added to the mutant culture upon shift down. Deoxyribonucleic acid as well as ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis seem to be required for the formation of phiCbK receptors. Penicillin V also inhibited phiCbK receptor formation, indicating the involvement of cell wall synthesis. When the mutant CB13 ple-801 cells were shifted down briefly from 35 to 25 degrees C and then shifted up to 35 degrees C, flagella and phiCbK receptors were formed even at 35 degrees C to different extents depending on how long the cells were incubated at 25 degrees C. This formation of the surface structures at 35 degrees C was inhibited by rifampin. From these results, it appears that translation, assembly, or localization processes for the formation of the surface structures are not temperature sensitive at 35 degrees C in the pleiotropic mutant CB13 ple-801. The syntheses of deoxyribonucleic acid and the cell wall do not appear to be temperature sensitive either, since the mutant grows normally at 35 degrees C. It is suggested that there exists a regulatory step that commits the cells to initiate the synthesis of requisite ribonucleic acid for the formation of the polar surface structures.", "contents": "Effect of macromolecular synthesis on the coordinate morphogenesis of polar surface structures in Caulobacter crescentus. The Caulobacter polar surface structures (flagella, pili, and the deoxyribonucleic acid phage phiCbK receptors), which are expressed at proximal sites of swarmer cells in a coordinate manner (Shapiro, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 30:377-407, 1976) could be blocked by a single mutation. The mutant C. crescentus CB13 ple-801 did not form these surface structures when grown at 35 degrees C. Upon shift down to 25 degrees C, the mutant cells initiated the formation of the surface structures. When mitomycin C was added to the mutant culture upon shift down from 35 to 25 degrees C, phiCbK receptor formation was inhibited to a minimal level. Rifampin and chloramphenicol completely inhibited phiCbK receptor formation when added to the mutant culture upon shift down. Deoxyribonucleic acid as well as ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis seem to be required for the formation of phiCbK receptors. Penicillin V also inhibited phiCbK receptor formation, indicating the involvement of cell wall synthesis. When the mutant CB13 ple-801 cells were shifted down briefly from 35 to 25 degrees C and then shifted up to 35 degrees C, flagella and phiCbK receptors were formed even at 35 degrees C to different extents depending on how long the cells were incubated at 25 degrees C. This formation of the surface structures at 35 degrees C was inhibited by rifampin. From these results, it appears that translation, assembly, or localization processes for the formation of the surface structures are not temperature sensitive at 35 degrees C in the pleiotropic mutant CB13 ple-801. The syntheses of deoxyribonucleic acid and the cell wall do not appear to be temperature sensitive either, since the mutant grows normally at 35 degrees C. It is suggested that there exists a regulatory step that commits the cells to initiate the synthesis of requisite ribonucleic acid for the formation of the polar surface structures.", "PMID": 405372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3134", "title": "Altered accumulation of a membrane protein unique to a membrane-deoxyribonucleic acid complex in a dna initiation mutant of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Membrane-deoxyribonucleic acid complexes (M-bands) have been isolated from Bacillus subtilis by their affinity for crystals of Mg2+-Sarkosyl. The membrane proteins of these complexes were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparison of the membrane protein composition of M-band and unfractionated membrane revealed three protein components of 125,000 (mac-1), 57,000 (mac-2), and 42,000 (mac-3) daltons unique to M-band membrane. Growth of a temperature-sensitive dna initiation mutant at the restrictive temperature resulted in an accumulation in the membrane of mac-2. This accumulation did not begin, however, until cell growth had nearly ceased, some 3 to 4 h after the cessation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Upon return of the mutant to the permissive temperature, mac-2 did not begin to return to normal levels until after the first round of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. A protein of 30,000 daltons, common to both M-band and whole membrane, was found to disappear from the membrane when the mutant was grown at the restrictive temperature. This disappearance is the result of increased degradation or removal from the membrane followed by a decreased rate of synthesis or insertion.", "contents": "Altered accumulation of a membrane protein unique to a membrane-deoxyribonucleic acid complex in a dna initiation mutant of Bacillus subtilis. Membrane-deoxyribonucleic acid complexes (M-bands) have been isolated from Bacillus subtilis by their affinity for crystals of Mg2+-Sarkosyl. The membrane proteins of these complexes were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparison of the membrane protein composition of M-band and unfractionated membrane revealed three protein components of 125,000 (mac-1), 57,000 (mac-2), and 42,000 (mac-3) daltons unique to M-band membrane. Growth of a temperature-sensitive dna initiation mutant at the restrictive temperature resulted in an accumulation in the membrane of mac-2. This accumulation did not begin, however, until cell growth had nearly ceased, some 3 to 4 h after the cessation of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Upon return of the mutant to the permissive temperature, mac-2 did not begin to return to normal levels until after the first round of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. A protein of 30,000 daltons, common to both M-band and whole membrane, was found to disappear from the membrane when the mutant was grown at the restrictive temperature. This disappearance is the result of increased degradation or removal from the membrane followed by a decreased rate of synthesis or insertion.", "PMID": 405373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3135", "title": "Properties of an Escherichia coli K-12 mutant defective in the transport of arginine and ornithine.", "content": "A canavanine-resistant mutant strain, defective in the transport of arginine and ornithine, was isolated and characterized. Experiments presented show that both the kinetics of influx and the steady state of accumulation of arginine and ornithine are affected by the mutation, whereas the activity of other related transport systems remains unchanged. On the basis of competitive studies, it is concluded that L-canavanine can inhibit efficiently the arginine-specific uptake system. D-Arginine appears to be a moderate inhibitor. None of the basic amino acid-binding proteins of the mutant strain showed detectable alterations in terms of quantity, physical properties, or affinity constants. Studies on the relationship between the number of transport carriers and the steady state of accumulation of arginine suggested the presence of a reduced number of membrane carriers in the mutant strain. It is proposed that the mutation affects a regulatory gene concerned with controlling the amount of membrane carriers produced, which are components of the arginine- and ornithine-specific uptake systems. The mutation maps at min 62 on the recalibrated linkage map of Escherichia coli K-12, in a locus closely linked or identical to argP.", "contents": "Properties of an Escherichia coli K-12 mutant defective in the transport of arginine and ornithine. A canavanine-resistant mutant strain, defective in the transport of arginine and ornithine, was isolated and characterized. Experiments presented show that both the kinetics of influx and the steady state of accumulation of arginine and ornithine are affected by the mutation, whereas the activity of other related transport systems remains unchanged. On the basis of competitive studies, it is concluded that L-canavanine can inhibit efficiently the arginine-specific uptake system. D-Arginine appears to be a moderate inhibitor. None of the basic amino acid-binding proteins of the mutant strain showed detectable alterations in terms of quantity, physical properties, or affinity constants. Studies on the relationship between the number of transport carriers and the steady state of accumulation of arginine suggested the presence of a reduced number of membrane carriers in the mutant strain. It is proposed that the mutation affects a regulatory gene concerned with controlling the amount of membrane carriers produced, which are components of the arginine- and ornithine-specific uptake systems. The mutation maps at min 62 on the recalibrated linkage map of Escherichia coli K-12, in a locus closely linked or identical to argP.", "PMID": 405374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3136", "title": "Basis for the observed fluctuation of carboxypeptidase II activity during the cell cycle in BUG 6, a temperature-sensitive division mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Diaminopimelyl-d-alanyl carboxypeptidase (carboxypeptidase II) is most active at the time of division, whether measured in toluene-treated cells of Escherichia coli K-12 strain D11-1, fractionated by size, or in toluene-treated cells of the temperature-sensitive division mutant, BUG 6 (B. D. Beck and J. T. Park, 1976). The present investigation has now shown that, under conditions that permit division, the increased carboxypeptidase II activity in toluenetreated cells of BUG 6 is probably not due to protein synthesis. Although dividing cells are more permeable than nondividing cells, permeability differences are not sufficient to account for the changes in carboxypeptidase II activity. Thus, in the toluene-treated nondividing cells, carboxypeptidase II is present, but its activity is masked, which suggests the presence of an inhibitor. Another striking difference between nondividing and dividing cells is that carboxypeptidase II is much more readily released from dividing cells by both tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and toluene treatment. Carboxypeptidase II was partially purified and found to be an 86,000-molecular-weight protein consisting of two 43,000-molecular-weight polypeptides. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment of nondividing cells releases less than 10% of the carboxypeptidase II and other periplasmic proteins that are releasable from dividing cells.", "contents": "Basis for the observed fluctuation of carboxypeptidase II activity during the cell cycle in BUG 6, a temperature-sensitive division mutant of Escherichia coli. Diaminopimelyl-d-alanyl carboxypeptidase (carboxypeptidase II) is most active at the time of division, whether measured in toluene-treated cells of Escherichia coli K-12 strain D11-1, fractionated by size, or in toluene-treated cells of the temperature-sensitive division mutant, BUG 6 (B. D. Beck and J. T. Park, 1976). The present investigation has now shown that, under conditions that permit division, the increased carboxypeptidase II activity in toluenetreated cells of BUG 6 is probably not due to protein synthesis. Although dividing cells are more permeable than nondividing cells, permeability differences are not sufficient to account for the changes in carboxypeptidase II activity. Thus, in the toluene-treated nondividing cells, carboxypeptidase II is present, but its activity is masked, which suggests the presence of an inhibitor. Another striking difference between nondividing and dividing cells is that carboxypeptidase II is much more readily released from dividing cells by both tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and toluene treatment. Carboxypeptidase II was partially purified and found to be an 86,000-molecular-weight protein consisting of two 43,000-molecular-weight polypeptides. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment of nondividing cells releases less than 10% of the carboxypeptidase II and other periplasmic proteins that are releasable from dividing cells.", "PMID": 405375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3137", "title": "Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate upon the surface of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) on the envelope of two strains of Escherichia coli (B and Cla) was studied with freeze-fracturing methods. Untreated cells showed the outer membrane's outer surface with a fine texture of randomly spaced depressions of about 4.5-nm diameter; small areas with symmetrical arrangements of structural surface elements were also observed. The outer membrane's fracture plane revealed a random distribution of particles on its \"concave\" plane, only occasionally interrupted by particle-free areas. The \"convex\" aspect of the outer membrane's fracture plane showed only a few scattered particles. The cleavage plane of the inner membrane was often interrupted by many localized elevated plateaus, at which the cleaving process had, for short distances, switched to the outer membrane. The effects of EDTA treatment were mainly seen in the structure of the freeze-etched outer membrane: (i) the pits as well as the symmetrical surface elements of the outer membrane's outer surface had disappeared; (ii) a number of plateaus (about 20 to 50/cell) were seen at which a cleavage plane within the inner membrane had switched to the hydrophobic portion of the outer membrane (outer membrane's fracture plane). These plateaus were also visible in untreated cells; however, EDTA treatment apparently caused an increased exposure of plateaus. Surface areas, exposed by freeze-etching, revealed the underlying plateaus as elevations in the surface contour of the cell, suggesting a slower etching rate in the zones of the plateaus relative to the rest of the outer membrane. Well-defined, particle-free patches in the outer membrane's fracture plane, concave, were more frequent and larger in size after EDTA treatment than in the controls. In the presence of glycerol, the cells often cleaved in the outer membrane's fracture plane, but isolated plateaus were rarely observed. After metabolic poisoning of cells for 15 to 25 min at 37 degrees C, the plateaus had widened. These data suggest that the material of the plateaus has a slow rate of lateral diffusion. Placement of EDTA-treated cells in fresh medium at 37 degrees C caused, after 3 to 5 min, the reoccurrence of the pitted surface structure. We propose that the plateaus represent localized zones, at which newly synthesized lipopolysaccharide has been inserted.", "contents": "Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate upon the surface of Escherichia coli. The effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) on the envelope of two strains of Escherichia coli (B and Cla) was studied with freeze-fracturing methods. Untreated cells showed the outer membrane's outer surface with a fine texture of randomly spaced depressions of about 4.5-nm diameter; small areas with symmetrical arrangements of structural surface elements were also observed. The outer membrane's fracture plane revealed a random distribution of particles on its \"concave\" plane, only occasionally interrupted by particle-free areas. The \"convex\" aspect of the outer membrane's fracture plane showed only a few scattered particles. The cleavage plane of the inner membrane was often interrupted by many localized elevated plateaus, at which the cleaving process had, for short distances, switched to the outer membrane. The effects of EDTA treatment were mainly seen in the structure of the freeze-etched outer membrane: (i) the pits as well as the symmetrical surface elements of the outer membrane's outer surface had disappeared; (ii) a number of plateaus (about 20 to 50/cell) were seen at which a cleavage plane within the inner membrane had switched to the hydrophobic portion of the outer membrane (outer membrane's fracture plane). These plateaus were also visible in untreated cells; however, EDTA treatment apparently caused an increased exposure of plateaus. Surface areas, exposed by freeze-etching, revealed the underlying plateaus as elevations in the surface contour of the cell, suggesting a slower etching rate in the zones of the plateaus relative to the rest of the outer membrane. Well-defined, particle-free patches in the outer membrane's fracture plane, concave, were more frequent and larger in size after EDTA treatment than in the controls. In the presence of glycerol, the cells often cleaved in the outer membrane's fracture plane, but isolated plateaus were rarely observed. After metabolic poisoning of cells for 15 to 25 min at 37 degrees C, the plateaus had widened. These data suggest that the material of the plateaus has a slow rate of lateral diffusion. Placement of EDTA-treated cells in fresh medium at 37 degrees C caused, after 3 to 5 min, the reoccurrence of the pitted surface structure. We propose that the plateaus represent localized zones, at which newly synthesized lipopolysaccharide has been inserted.", "PMID": 405376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3138", "title": "Studies on the restoration of the activities of Ribonucleases by polyamines in the presence of various ribonuclease inhibitors.", "content": "The effect of polyamines on ribonucleases in the presence of various inhibitors (poly(G), heparin, and rat liver RNase inhibitor) has been studied. Bovine pancreatic RNas A and a ribonuclease from horse submaxillary gland (RNase HS) were inhibited by the inhibitors, but RNase T1 and RNase M were not inhibited. Polyamines were found to restore the activites of RNase A and RNase HS inhibited by poly(G) or heparin but not those activities inhibited by rat liver RNase inhibitor. When poly(U) and poly(C) were used as substrates, the inhibitory effects of poly(G) and heparin were greater with poly(U) than poly(C) as a substrate. However, when poly(C) was used as a substrate in the presence of either of the above inhibitors, the restoration of RNase activity by sperimine was more efficient. In fact, a stimulatory effect was observed. From the double-reciprocal plots, it was concluded that polyamines restored the activiities of RNases by increasing the availability of the substrate and enzyme to each other. The restoration of enzyme activity by polyamines occurred through the binding of the polyamines to the inhibitor and the subsequent release of enzyme from the inhibitor.", "contents": "Studies on the restoration of the activities of Ribonucleases by polyamines in the presence of various ribonuclease inhibitors. The effect of polyamines on ribonucleases in the presence of various inhibitors (poly(G), heparin, and rat liver RNase inhibitor) has been studied. Bovine pancreatic RNas A and a ribonuclease from horse submaxillary gland (RNase HS) were inhibited by the inhibitors, but RNase T1 and RNase M were not inhibited. Polyamines were found to restore the activites of RNase A and RNase HS inhibited by poly(G) or heparin but not those activities inhibited by rat liver RNase inhibitor. When poly(U) and poly(C) were used as substrates, the inhibitory effects of poly(G) and heparin were greater with poly(U) than poly(C) as a substrate. However, when poly(C) was used as a substrate in the presence of either of the above inhibitors, the restoration of RNase activity by sperimine was more efficient. In fact, a stimulatory effect was observed. From the double-reciprocal plots, it was concluded that polyamines restored the activiities of RNases by increasing the availability of the substrate and enzyme to each other. The restoration of enzyme activity by polyamines occurred through the binding of the polyamines to the inhibitor and the subsequent release of enzyme from the inhibitor.", "PMID": 405377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3139", "title": "The structure and function of ribonuclease T1. XXIII. Inactivation of ribonuclease T1 by reversible blocking of amino groups with cis-aconitic anhydride and related dicarboxylic acid anhydrides.", "content": "Ribonuclease T1 [EC 3.1.4.8] was inactivated rapidly by treatment at pH 8.0 and 0 degrees C with cis-aconitic anhydride and related dicabroxylic acid anhydrides, including citraconic, maleic, and succinic anhydrides. Under reaction conditions used, roughly 90% inactivation occurred within 30 min. Analyses of the inactivated enzymes indicated that the reaction took place fairly specifically at the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal alanine and the epsilon-amino group of lysine-41. Upon incubation of these inactivated enzymes at pH 3.6 and 37 degreeC, the activity was regenerated to various extents, depending on the nature of the introduced acyl groups. Under these conditions, the enzyme modified with cis-aconitc anhydride or citraconic anhydride recovered much of the origninal activity after 48 h whereas the enzyme modified with maleic anhydride recovered its activity only partially. Practically no activity was regenerated in the case of the enzyme modified with succinic anhydride under these conditions. The inactivation appears to be due mainly to the effect of the carboxyl group introduced at the epsilon-amino group of lysine-41. The results suggest the usefulness of cis-aconitic anhydride as a reversible blocking reagent for amino groups in proteins.", "contents": "The structure and function of ribonuclease T1. XXIII. Inactivation of ribonuclease T1 by reversible blocking of amino groups with cis-aconitic anhydride and related dicarboxylic acid anhydrides. Ribonuclease T1 [EC 3.1.4.8] was inactivated rapidly by treatment at pH 8.0 and 0 degrees C with cis-aconitic anhydride and related dicabroxylic acid anhydrides, including citraconic, maleic, and succinic anhydrides. Under reaction conditions used, roughly 90% inactivation occurred within 30 min. Analyses of the inactivated enzymes indicated that the reaction took place fairly specifically at the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal alanine and the epsilon-amino group of lysine-41. Upon incubation of these inactivated enzymes at pH 3.6 and 37 degreeC, the activity was regenerated to various extents, depending on the nature of the introduced acyl groups. Under these conditions, the enzyme modified with cis-aconitc anhydride or citraconic anhydride recovered much of the origninal activity after 48 h whereas the enzyme modified with maleic anhydride recovered its activity only partially. Practically no activity was regenerated in the case of the enzyme modified with succinic anhydride under these conditions. The inactivation appears to be due mainly to the effect of the carboxyl group introduced at the epsilon-amino group of lysine-41. The results suggest the usefulness of cis-aconitic anhydride as a reversible blocking reagent for amino groups in proteins.", "PMID": 405378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3140", "title": "Anhydrotrypsin and trypsin: subtle difference in the active-site conformations detected by chemical modification and CD spectroscopy.", "content": "The reactivities of the active-site histidine residue in bovine trypsin and its anhydro-derivative, as well as in Streptomyces griseus trypsin and its anhydro-derivative have been compared. The reactivity with TLCK was found to be lost in both of the anhydrotrypsins. On the other hand, alkylation by iodoacetamide either in the presence or absence of 1-methylguanidine proceeded faster in anhydrotrypsins than in trypsins. These differential responses to alkylating reagents are discussed in terms of a subtle change in the active-site conformation which occurs during the conversion of trypsin into anhydrotrypsin. The examination of difference CD spectra, produced by interaction with benzamidine or beta-naphthamidine, also suggested a conformational difference of the active-site between the proteins of bovine origin.", "contents": "Anhydrotrypsin and trypsin: subtle difference in the active-site conformations detected by chemical modification and CD spectroscopy. The reactivities of the active-site histidine residue in bovine trypsin and its anhydro-derivative, as well as in Streptomyces griseus trypsin and its anhydro-derivative have been compared. The reactivity with TLCK was found to be lost in both of the anhydrotrypsins. On the other hand, alkylation by iodoacetamide either in the presence or absence of 1-methylguanidine proceeded faster in anhydrotrypsins than in trypsins. These differential responses to alkylating reagents are discussed in terms of a subtle change in the active-site conformation which occurs during the conversion of trypsin into anhydrotrypsin. The examination of difference CD spectra, produced by interaction with benzamidine or beta-naphthamidine, also suggested a conformational difference of the active-site between the proteins of bovine origin.", "PMID": 405379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3141", "title": "A novel pathway for L-citramalate synthesis in Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "When [14C]propionate was incubated with a cell-free extract of Rhodospirillum rubrum in the presence of glyoxylate, ATP, CoA, Mg2+, and Mn2+, radioactivity was incorporated into mesaconate (MSA) as well as into beta-methylmalate (MMA) and citramalate (CMA). MSA was suggested to be an intermediate of the conversion of MMA to CMA based on the following observations. (i) When non-labeled MSA was added to the CMA-forming reaction system, radioactivity was trapped in MSA. (ii) When MSA was incubated with the cell-free extract, CMA was formed. (iii) The alpha-carboxyl group of CMA was shown to be derived from the beta-carboxyl group of MMA, implying that CMA was formed from MMA via MSA through successive dehydration and hydration. From the results of Sephadex G-10 column chromatography of the reaction products, beta-methylmalyl-CoA and mesaconyl-CoA were presumed to be involved in the reaction. A new CMA-forming metabolic pathway is proposed as follows: erythro-beta-methylamalyl-CoA leads to mesaconyl-CoA leads to MSA leads to L-CMA.", "contents": "A novel pathway for L-citramalate synthesis in Rhodospirillum rubrum. When [14C]propionate was incubated with a cell-free extract of Rhodospirillum rubrum in the presence of glyoxylate, ATP, CoA, Mg2+, and Mn2+, radioactivity was incorporated into mesaconate (MSA) as well as into beta-methylmalate (MMA) and citramalate (CMA). MSA was suggested to be an intermediate of the conversion of MMA to CMA based on the following observations. (i) When non-labeled MSA was added to the CMA-forming reaction system, radioactivity was trapped in MSA. (ii) When MSA was incubated with the cell-free extract, CMA was formed. (iii) The alpha-carboxyl group of CMA was shown to be derived from the beta-carboxyl group of MMA, implying that CMA was formed from MMA via MSA through successive dehydration and hydration. From the results of Sephadex G-10 column chromatography of the reaction products, beta-methylmalyl-CoA and mesaconyl-CoA were presumed to be involved in the reaction. A new CMA-forming metabolic pathway is proposed as follows: erythro-beta-methylamalyl-CoA leads to mesaconyl-CoA leads to MSA leads to L-CMA.", "PMID": 405381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3142", "title": "Subfractionation of rat liver microsomes by immunoprecipitation and immunoadsorption methods.", "content": "Rabbit antisera were prepared against cytochrome b5 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase [EC 1.6.2.4] purified from rat liver microsomes, and utilized in examining the distribution of these and other membrane-bound enzymes among the vesicles of rat liver microsomal preparations by immunoprecipitation and immunoadsorption methods. Smooth microsomes with an average vesicular size of 200 nm (diameter) and sonicated smooth microsomes with an average diameter of 40-60 nm were used in subfractionation experiments. Immunoprecipitation of microsomal vesicles with anti-cytochrome b5 immunoglobulin failed to show any separation of the microsomes into fractions having different enzyme compositions. Cytochrome b5 was apparently distributed among all vesicles even when sonicated microsomes were used. When the antibody against NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was used, however, immunoadsorption of microsomes on Sepharose-bound antibody produced some separation of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P-450 from NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and cytochrome b5. The separation was more pronounced when sonicated microsomes were used. These results indicate microheterogeneity of the microsomal membrane, and suggest the clustering of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P-450 molecules in the membrane.", "contents": "Subfractionation of rat liver microsomes by immunoprecipitation and immunoadsorption methods. Rabbit antisera were prepared against cytochrome b5 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase [EC 1.6.2.4] purified from rat liver microsomes, and utilized in examining the distribution of these and other membrane-bound enzymes among the vesicles of rat liver microsomal preparations by immunoprecipitation and immunoadsorption methods. Smooth microsomes with an average vesicular size of 200 nm (diameter) and sonicated smooth microsomes with an average diameter of 40-60 nm were used in subfractionation experiments. Immunoprecipitation of microsomal vesicles with anti-cytochrome b5 immunoglobulin failed to show any separation of the microsomes into fractions having different enzyme compositions. Cytochrome b5 was apparently distributed among all vesicles even when sonicated microsomes were used. When the antibody against NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was used, however, immunoadsorption of microsomes on Sepharose-bound antibody produced some separation of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P-450 from NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and cytochrome b5. The separation was more pronounced when sonicated microsomes were used. These results indicate microheterogeneity of the microsomal membrane, and suggest the clustering of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P-450 molecules in the membrane.", "PMID": 405382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3143", "title": "Alteration of immunological properties of bovine serum albumin by covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol.", "content": "Methoxypolyethylene glycols of 1900 and 5000 daltons have been attached covalently to bovine serum albumin using cyanuric chloride as the coupling agent. When sufficient polymer is attached, the modified bovine serum albumin appears to lose its immunogenicity in the rabbit and, on intramuscular or intravenous injection, elicits antibodies neither to itself nor to native bovine serum albumin. It does not react with antibodies raised against native bovine serum albumin. Bovine serum albumin to which methoxypolyethylene glycol has been attached exhibits a blood circulating life in the rabbit rather similar to native bovine serum albumin, except that it is not removed from circulation by the eventual development of antibodies. Modified bovine serum albumins which had been iodinated with 125I, or prepared with [14C]cyanuric chloride, were injected intravenously in rabbits. Both labels appeared almost quantitatively in the urine after 30 days. The modified bovine serum albumins showed substantial changes in properties, such as solubility, electrophoretic mobility in acrylamide gel, ion exchange chromatography, and sedimentation, as compared with the unmodified protein.", "contents": "Alteration of immunological properties of bovine serum albumin by covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol. Methoxypolyethylene glycols of 1900 and 5000 daltons have been attached covalently to bovine serum albumin using cyanuric chloride as the coupling agent. When sufficient polymer is attached, the modified bovine serum albumin appears to lose its immunogenicity in the rabbit and, on intramuscular or intravenous injection, elicits antibodies neither to itself nor to native bovine serum albumin. It does not react with antibodies raised against native bovine serum albumin. Bovine serum albumin to which methoxypolyethylene glycol has been attached exhibits a blood circulating life in the rabbit rather similar to native bovine serum albumin, except that it is not removed from circulation by the eventual development of antibodies. Modified bovine serum albumins which had been iodinated with 125I, or prepared with [14C]cyanuric chloride, were injected intravenously in rabbits. Both labels appeared almost quantitatively in the urine after 30 days. The modified bovine serum albumins showed substantial changes in properties, such as solubility, electrophoretic mobility in acrylamide gel, ion exchange chromatography, and sedimentation, as compared with the unmodified protein.", "PMID": 405385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3144", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase activity in intact red blood cells measured with 18O exchange.", "content": "We have used a stirred, temperature-regulated, reaction vessel separated by a Teflon membrane from the ion source of a mass spectrometer to monitor continuously the time course of disappearance of C18O16O, mass 46, at chemical equilibrium as the 18O exchanges with 16O in water. This instrument is sensitive to less than 0.01 mm Hg of partial pressure of C18O16O with a response time of less than 3 s. The equation of Mills and Urey was used to calculate the hydration velocity constant for uncatalyzed or catalyzed homogenous solutions from the exponential disappearance of mass 46. Addition of red blood cells to the reaction mixture produces biphasic (double exponential) disappearance curve for mass 46. A theory of this process has been developed which describes the time course of [C18O16O] as a function of the catalytic factor for intracellular carbonic anhydrase (A) and the permeability of the cell membrane to HCO3- (P) in addition to the known values; water volume of the cells in the suspension, extracellular pH, the extracellular hydration reaction velocity constant, ku, and dehydration reaction velocity constant, ku. Using this theory, A and P were estimated from the disappearance curve for mass 46 at different values of hematocrit in the reaction mixture, both by a trial and error curve fitting procedure and by a more convenient graphical linearization method. The values of A and P obtained were very sensitive to small amounts of lysis (less than 1%), but the graphical method of analysis minimized this effect. For the blood cells of five normal subjects suspended in 24 mM bicarbonate in 145 mM NaCl at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees, using the graphical method we obtained an average value of 9,906 for A as compared to 19,900 for a comparable concentration of hemolysate. Correcting for a lower pH and chloride concentration inside the cell the latter figure would reduce to 17,500, still 80% higher than the intracellular value. The reason for this discrepancy is not clear. The average permeability of the red cell to bicarbonate ion was 3 X 10(-4) cm/s.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase activity in intact red blood cells measured with 18O exchange. We have used a stirred, temperature-regulated, reaction vessel separated by a Teflon membrane from the ion source of a mass spectrometer to monitor continuously the time course of disappearance of C18O16O, mass 46, at chemical equilibrium as the 18O exchanges with 16O in water. This instrument is sensitive to less than 0.01 mm Hg of partial pressure of C18O16O with a response time of less than 3 s. The equation of Mills and Urey was used to calculate the hydration velocity constant for uncatalyzed or catalyzed homogenous solutions from the exponential disappearance of mass 46. Addition of red blood cells to the reaction mixture produces biphasic (double exponential) disappearance curve for mass 46. A theory of this process has been developed which describes the time course of [C18O16O] as a function of the catalytic factor for intracellular carbonic anhydrase (A) and the permeability of the cell membrane to HCO3- (P) in addition to the known values; water volume of the cells in the suspension, extracellular pH, the extracellular hydration reaction velocity constant, ku, and dehydration reaction velocity constant, ku. Using this theory, A and P were estimated from the disappearance curve for mass 46 at different values of hematocrit in the reaction mixture, both by a trial and error curve fitting procedure and by a more convenient graphical linearization method. The values of A and P obtained were very sensitive to small amounts of lysis (less than 1%), but the graphical method of analysis minimized this effect. For the blood cells of five normal subjects suspended in 24 mM bicarbonate in 145 mM NaCl at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees, using the graphical method we obtained an average value of 9,906 for A as compared to 19,900 for a comparable concentration of hemolysate. Correcting for a lower pH and chloride concentration inside the cell the latter figure would reduce to 17,500, still 80% higher than the intracellular value. The reason for this discrepancy is not clear. The average permeability of the red cell to bicarbonate ion was 3 X 10(-4) cm/s.", "PMID": 405387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3145", "title": "Incorporation of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine from UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine by isolated membranes of Bacillus subtilis. Identification of undecaprenyl poly(N-acetylglucosaminyl pyrophosphate).", "content": "Membrane isolated from Bacillus subtilis strain 168 incorporated GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc directly onto undecaprenyl phosphate via transphosphorylation and subsequent transglucosylations. Chain lengths of 6, 4, and 1 units of GlcNAc were found. Approximately 80% of the isotope incorporated was extracted into chloroform:methanol (2:1 v/v), and could be distinguished from the undecaprenyl disaccharide cell wall intermediate by a different elution pattern on DEAE-cellulose (acetate form). The GlcNAc-lipid(s) were eluted from a similar column in chloroform:methanol:water (10:10:3, v/v) with 6 mM NH4COOH indicating a pyrophosphate linkage between the lipid and the GlcNAc. The GlcNAc-lipid(s) were not degraded by conditions which completely deacylated [32P]glyceryl phospholipids, but were rapidly hydrolyzed by mild acid treatment (0.005 N HCl, 90 degrees) with the release of oligosaccharide phosphate (typical of sugars linked to undecaprenyl pyrophosphate). Catalytic hydrogenation of the GlcNAc-lipid(s) resulted in the release of water-soluble sugar phosphate. Under these same conditions, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate and undecaprenyl disaccharide cell wall intermediate were similarly effected while [32P]glyceryl phospholipids remained intact. The formation of GlcNAc-lipid(s) in vitro was inhibited if membranes were prepared from cells previously treated with bacitracin. Thus, the GlcNAc-lipid(s) has the properties of undecaprenyl poly(N-acetylglucosaminyl pyrophosphate) and may represent a new synthetic role of the polyisoprenyl lipid in B. subtilis.", "contents": "Incorporation of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine from UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine by isolated membranes of Bacillus subtilis. Identification of undecaprenyl poly(N-acetylglucosaminyl pyrophosphate). Membrane isolated from Bacillus subtilis strain 168 incorporated GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc directly onto undecaprenyl phosphate via transphosphorylation and subsequent transglucosylations. Chain lengths of 6, 4, and 1 units of GlcNAc were found. Approximately 80% of the isotope incorporated was extracted into chloroform:methanol (2:1 v/v), and could be distinguished from the undecaprenyl disaccharide cell wall intermediate by a different elution pattern on DEAE-cellulose (acetate form). The GlcNAc-lipid(s) were eluted from a similar column in chloroform:methanol:water (10:10:3, v/v) with 6 mM NH4COOH indicating a pyrophosphate linkage between the lipid and the GlcNAc. The GlcNAc-lipid(s) were not degraded by conditions which completely deacylated [32P]glyceryl phospholipids, but were rapidly hydrolyzed by mild acid treatment (0.005 N HCl, 90 degrees) with the release of oligosaccharide phosphate (typical of sugars linked to undecaprenyl pyrophosphate). Catalytic hydrogenation of the GlcNAc-lipid(s) resulted in the release of water-soluble sugar phosphate. Under these same conditions, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate and undecaprenyl disaccharide cell wall intermediate were similarly effected while [32P]glyceryl phospholipids remained intact. The formation of GlcNAc-lipid(s) in vitro was inhibited if membranes were prepared from cells previously treated with bacitracin. Thus, the GlcNAc-lipid(s) has the properties of undecaprenyl poly(N-acetylglucosaminyl pyrophosphate) and may represent a new synthetic role of the polyisoprenyl lipid in B. subtilis.", "PMID": 405389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3146", "title": "Glucuronosyl diacylglycerol of Pseudomonas diminuta ATCC 11568. In vitro biosynthesis from UDP-glucuronate and diacylglycerol.", "content": "The biosynthesis of glucuronosyl diacylglycerol from UDP-glucuronate and diacylglycerol is catalyzed by an enzyme found in both the 34,800 X g supernatant and particulate preparations from disrupted Pseudomonas diminuta (ATCC 11586). UDP-glucuronate served as the glucuronosyl donor and could not be replaced by glucuronic acid, glucuronate-1-phosphate, and a number of nucleotide-linked sugars. The maximum velocity was estimated to be 19 nmol of glucuronosyl diacylglycerol synthesized/h/mg of protein in the presence of the 34,800 X g particulate enzyme and 63 nmol/h/mg of protein with the 34,800 X g supernatant preparation. The apparent Km for UDP-glucuronate was 4.2 micronM for supernatant and 4.4 to 6.0 micronM for particulate preparations. The biosynthesis of glucuronosyl diacylglycerol in vitro, was strongly dependent upon exogenous diacylglycerols containing unsaturated and shorter chain fatty acids. The enzymatic activity was very heat-labile and lost about 80% of the initial rate of synthesis after preincubation for 5 min at 37 degrees. The reaction was stimulated by 14.7 mM Triton X-100 and had an optimal pH of 7.1 and an ionic strength of 0.2 M. Divalent cations were not required.", "contents": "Glucuronosyl diacylglycerol of Pseudomonas diminuta ATCC 11568. In vitro biosynthesis from UDP-glucuronate and diacylglycerol. The biosynthesis of glucuronosyl diacylglycerol from UDP-glucuronate and diacylglycerol is catalyzed by an enzyme found in both the 34,800 X g supernatant and particulate preparations from disrupted Pseudomonas diminuta (ATCC 11586). UDP-glucuronate served as the glucuronosyl donor and could not be replaced by glucuronic acid, glucuronate-1-phosphate, and a number of nucleotide-linked sugars. The maximum velocity was estimated to be 19 nmol of glucuronosyl diacylglycerol synthesized/h/mg of protein in the presence of the 34,800 X g particulate enzyme and 63 nmol/h/mg of protein with the 34,800 X g supernatant preparation. The apparent Km for UDP-glucuronate was 4.2 micronM for supernatant and 4.4 to 6.0 micronM for particulate preparations. The biosynthesis of glucuronosyl diacylglycerol in vitro, was strongly dependent upon exogenous diacylglycerols containing unsaturated and shorter chain fatty acids. The enzymatic activity was very heat-labile and lost about 80% of the initial rate of synthesis after preincubation for 5 min at 37 degrees. The reaction was stimulated by 14.7 mM Triton X-100 and had an optimal pH of 7.1 and an ionic strength of 0.2 M. Divalent cations were not required.", "PMID": 405393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3147", "title": "Inosine uptake by cultured fibroblasts from normal and purine nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient humans.", "content": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient cultured human fibroblasts accumulate inosine from the medium at 60% of the rate in wild type cells when the extracellular inosine concentration is 10 micronM and 30% of the normal rate when inosine is present at 100 micronM. When 10 micronM inosine is present, uridine but not hypoxanthine inhibits the accumulation of inosine. There exist two transport systems for inosine. One is shared with pyrimidine ribonucleosides and is the predominant one at 10 micronM inosine; the other is purine nucleoside phosphorylase-dependent and prevails at 100 micronM inosine.", "contents": "Inosine uptake by cultured fibroblasts from normal and purine nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient humans. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient cultured human fibroblasts accumulate inosine from the medium at 60% of the rate in wild type cells when the extracellular inosine concentration is 10 micronM and 30% of the normal rate when inosine is present at 100 micronM. When 10 micronM inosine is present, uridine but not hypoxanthine inhibits the accumulation of inosine. There exist two transport systems for inosine. One is shared with pyrimidine ribonucleosides and is the predominant one at 10 micronM inosine; the other is purine nucleoside phosphorylase-dependent and prevails at 100 micronM inosine.", "PMID": 405394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3148", "title": "\"Tooth\" sign in patellar degenerative disease.", "content": "In the total examination of the knee, degenerative changes and ossification in the quadriceps tendon easily recognized on the lateral roentgenogram may cause confusion in diagnosis when seen on the axial view. Vertical ridging of the osteophytes at the patellar insertion of the quadriceps tendon can resemble dentate structure (\"tooth\" sign). Two hundred and fifty examinations of the knee in different age groups were reviewed and several anatomical sections of the quadriceps-patella insertion were studied. The \"tooth\" sign represents the relief of severe osteophyte formation in the bundle of the quadriceps tendon at its insertion into the patella.", "contents": "\"Tooth\" sign in patellar degenerative disease. In the total examination of the knee, degenerative changes and ossification in the quadriceps tendon easily recognized on the lateral roentgenogram may cause confusion in diagnosis when seen on the axial view. Vertical ridging of the osteophytes at the patellar insertion of the quadriceps tendon can resemble dentate structure (\"tooth\" sign). Two hundred and fifty examinations of the knee in different age groups were reviewed and several anatomical sections of the quadriceps-patella insertion were studied. The \"tooth\" sign represents the relief of severe osteophyte formation in the bundle of the quadriceps tendon at its insertion into the patella.", "PMID": 405395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3149", "title": "Diphtheroid osteomyelitis.", "content": "Isolates of either Corynebacterium diphtheriae or Propionibacterium acnes from osteomyelitis are not necessarily contaminants, as shown by the cases of three patients who had bone and joint infections in which these organisms were pathogenic (one in pure culture and two in mixed cultures). Previous operation or other factors that compromise host resistance create the setting for these opportunistic organisms. Penicillin with or without streptomycin is the treatment of choice, but if penicillin or streptomycin cannot be used then the cephalosporins, clindamycin, and erythromycin are acceptable alternatives (depending on susceptibility studies). In general, the prognosis is good.", "contents": "Diphtheroid osteomyelitis. Isolates of either Corynebacterium diphtheriae or Propionibacterium acnes from osteomyelitis are not necessarily contaminants, as shown by the cases of three patients who had bone and joint infections in which these organisms were pathogenic (one in pure culture and two in mixed cultures). Previous operation or other factors that compromise host resistance create the setting for these opportunistic organisms. Penicillin with or without streptomycin is the treatment of choice, but if penicillin or streptomycin cannot be used then the cephalosporins, clindamycin, and erythromycin are acceptable alternatives (depending on susceptibility studies). In general, the prognosis is good.", "PMID": 405396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3150", "title": "Glycogen metabolism in adult rat liver parenchymal cell primary cultures.", "content": "Parenchymal cells were isolated from adult rat liver with an enzyme perfusion technique. The single-cell suspension, representing 40-50% of the liver's hepatocytes was suspended in medium and maintained in primary culture for up to four days. The cells were found to carry out glycogen synthesis for the first eight hours in culture after which time the accumulated glycogen was gradually degraded. The ability of the liver cell cultures to accumulate glycogen was found to be dependent upon the metabolic state of the animal prior to cell isolation. Cells prepared during the feeding period from animals on the 8+16 feeding schedule had markedly different capacities for glycogen accumulation. Changes in glycogen metabolism were found to be due, in part, to changes in the fraction of cells involved in metabolism at any given time. High concentrations of glucose stimulated the cells to deposit glycogen but the response was reduced the longer the cells were in culture over a 3-day period. This loss of glycogen synthesizing capacity appears to be due to a decrease in glycogen synthetase activity. The activities of pyruvate kinase, hexokinase and aldolase also decrease during the culture period.", "contents": "Glycogen metabolism in adult rat liver parenchymal cell primary cultures. Parenchymal cells were isolated from adult rat liver with an enzyme perfusion technique. The single-cell suspension, representing 40-50% of the liver's hepatocytes was suspended in medium and maintained in primary culture for up to four days. The cells were found to carry out glycogen synthesis for the first eight hours in culture after which time the accumulated glycogen was gradually degraded. The ability of the liver cell cultures to accumulate glycogen was found to be dependent upon the metabolic state of the animal prior to cell isolation. Cells prepared during the feeding period from animals on the 8+16 feeding schedule had markedly different capacities for glycogen accumulation. Changes in glycogen metabolism were found to be due, in part, to changes in the fraction of cells involved in metabolism at any given time. High concentrations of glucose stimulated the cells to deposit glycogen but the response was reduced the longer the cells were in culture over a 3-day period. This loss of glycogen synthesizing capacity appears to be due to a decrease in glycogen synthetase activity. The activities of pyruvate kinase, hexokinase and aldolase also decrease during the culture period.", "PMID": 405397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3151", "title": "A serum factor capable of stimulating hyaluronic acid synthesis in cultured rat fibroblasts.", "content": "Calf serum as well as rat and mouse sera has a factor that stimulates hyaluronic acid synthesis in cultured rat fibroblasts. Such a factor was partially purified from calf serum and characterized. It has a molecular weight of approximately 150,000. The activity of the factor is lost by treatment with pronase and by periodate oxidation. It is suggested, therefore, that the factor is a glycoprotein. Its susceptibility to alpha-mannosidase and affinity for Con A-Sepharose may suggest that the factor contains a mannose residue(s) which is essential for the activity to induce hyaluronic acid synthesis.", "contents": "A serum factor capable of stimulating hyaluronic acid synthesis in cultured rat fibroblasts. Calf serum as well as rat and mouse sera has a factor that stimulates hyaluronic acid synthesis in cultured rat fibroblasts. Such a factor was partially purified from calf serum and characterized. It has a molecular weight of approximately 150,000. The activity of the factor is lost by treatment with pronase and by periodate oxidation. It is suggested, therefore, that the factor is a glycoprotein. Its susceptibility to alpha-mannosidase and affinity for Con A-Sepharose may suggest that the factor contains a mannose residue(s) which is essential for the activity to induce hyaluronic acid synthesis.", "PMID": 405399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3152", "title": "Effects of hormones and serum on glycogen metabolism in adult rat liver parenchymal cell primary cultures.", "content": "Parenchymal cells from adult rat liver, isolated by a collagenase perfusion technique, have been maintained in primary culture and a detailed study on carbohydrate metabolism carried out over the initial 48-hour culture period. The glucose concentration of the medium exerts a major influence on glycogen accumulation by the cells. Insulin, particularly at high glucose concentrations, stimulates glycogen biosynthesis, whereas glucagon prevents glycogen accumulation. Dexamethasone was without effect on glycogen  metabolism. Glucose appears to stimulate glycogen accumulation by activation of glycogen synthetase enzyme. However, there is a gradual loss of synthetase activity throughout the culture period. Similar decreases in activity were noted for pyruvate kinase, aldolase and hexokinase. Glucose, insulin and dexamethasone were unable to prevent these decreases in enzyme activity. Foetal bovine serum contains fructose and this hexose appears to be the factor in serum which is responsible for the activation of glycogen accumulation in the presence of physiological glucose concentrations. The lactic acid content of the serum may also stimulate glycogen accumulation. In general, there is a gradual loss of the pattern of carbohydrate metabolism typical of differentiated hepatocytes during the culture period.", "contents": "Effects of hormones and serum on glycogen metabolism in adult rat liver parenchymal cell primary cultures. Parenchymal cells from adult rat liver, isolated by a collagenase perfusion technique, have been maintained in primary culture and a detailed study on carbohydrate metabolism carried out over the initial 48-hour culture period. The glucose concentration of the medium exerts a major influence on glycogen accumulation by the cells. Insulin, particularly at high glucose concentrations, stimulates glycogen biosynthesis, whereas glucagon prevents glycogen accumulation. Dexamethasone was without effect on glycogen  metabolism. Glucose appears to stimulate glycogen accumulation by activation of glycogen synthetase enzyme. However, there is a gradual loss of synthetase activity throughout the culture period. Similar decreases in activity were noted for pyruvate kinase, aldolase and hexokinase. Glucose, insulin and dexamethasone were unable to prevent these decreases in enzyme activity. Foetal bovine serum contains fructose and this hexose appears to be the factor in serum which is responsible for the activation of glycogen accumulation in the presence of physiological glucose concentrations. The lactic acid content of the serum may also stimulate glycogen accumulation. In general, there is a gradual loss of the pattern of carbohydrate metabolism typical of differentiated hepatocytes during the culture period.", "PMID": 405398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3153", "title": "Measurements of contraction latencies to mechanical and electrical stimulation of the protozoan, Spirostomum ambiguum.", "content": "Measurements made on contraction latencies in Spirostomun suggest that mechanical stimulation causes contractions to be initiated by the release of small amounts of calcium from a store tightly coupled to the contractile apparatus. Contraction to electrical stimulation appears to result from the gross electrophoretic mobilization of large amounts of calcium from a loosely coupled store. Contraction latencies to mechanical stimulation were three milliseconds and were independent of stimulus strength, previous stimulation, and contraction probability. For 0.5-millisecond biphasic electrical stimulation the contraction latencies varied widely. Latencies to initial contractions were dependent on stimulus strength: from 1.0 milliseconds for a stimulus that caused a 100% probability of contraction to 2.0 milliseconds for a stimulus that caused a 10% probability of contraction. Latencies of contraction to electrical stimulation were also dependent upon previous stimulation, lengthening to over 300 milliseconds after ten minutes of stimulation. Initial contraction latencies were not affected by previous stimulation to the other (electrical or mechanical) stimulus modality. Repeated electrical stimulation also reduced the animal's resting length and slowed the rate of post contraction re-extension, whereas mechanical stimulation did not have these effects.", "contents": "Measurements of contraction latencies to mechanical and electrical stimulation of the protozoan, Spirostomum ambiguum. Measurements made on contraction latencies in Spirostomun suggest that mechanical stimulation causes contractions to be initiated by the release of small amounts of calcium from a store tightly coupled to the contractile apparatus. Contraction to electrical stimulation appears to result from the gross electrophoretic mobilization of large amounts of calcium from a loosely coupled store. Contraction latencies to mechanical stimulation were three milliseconds and were independent of stimulus strength, previous stimulation, and contraction probability. For 0.5-millisecond biphasic electrical stimulation the contraction latencies varied widely. Latencies to initial contractions were dependent on stimulus strength: from 1.0 milliseconds for a stimulus that caused a 100% probability of contraction to 2.0 milliseconds for a stimulus that caused a 10% probability of contraction. Latencies of contraction to electrical stimulation were also dependent upon previous stimulation, lengthening to over 300 milliseconds after ten minutes of stimulation. Initial contraction latencies were not affected by previous stimulation to the other (electrical or mechanical) stimulus modality. Repeated electrical stimulation also reduced the animal's resting length and slowed the rate of post contraction re-extension, whereas mechanical stimulation did not have these effects.", "PMID": 405400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3154", "title": "Electron microbeam analysis of calcium distribution in the ciliated protozoan, Spirostomum ambiguum.", "content": "Electron microprobe analyses of calcium distribution in the ciliated protozoan, Spirostomum ambiguum, indicated several calcium rich sites. One site was an endoplasmic distribution of calcium coincident with phosphorus which corroborates previous findings of hydroxyapatite deposits within Spirostomum. These apatite deposits were distributed throughout the endoplasm, but not within the nuclei or the contractile vacuole. Calcium was also detected within the cortical region. Cortical calcium was in greater concentration in the anterior portion of the organism and decreased towards the posterior end (region containing the contractile vacuole). Phosphorus and potassium were also detected as gradients from the anterior end, whereas magnesium was detected in the same density throughout the cortical region. Line scans of cortical regions suggested (1) distributions of calcium within mitochondria and/or vesicles, and (2) calcium associated with bundles of microfilaments.", "contents": "Electron microbeam analysis of calcium distribution in the ciliated protozoan, Spirostomum ambiguum. Electron microprobe analyses of calcium distribution in the ciliated protozoan, Spirostomum ambiguum, indicated several calcium rich sites. One site was an endoplasmic distribution of calcium coincident with phosphorus which corroborates previous findings of hydroxyapatite deposits within Spirostomum. These apatite deposits were distributed throughout the endoplasm, but not within the nuclei or the contractile vacuole. Calcium was also detected within the cortical region. Cortical calcium was in greater concentration in the anterior portion of the organism and decreased towards the posterior end (region containing the contractile vacuole). Phosphorus and potassium were also detected as gradients from the anterior end, whereas magnesium was detected in the same density throughout the cortical region. Line scans of cortical regions suggested (1) distributions of calcium within mitochondria and/or vesicles, and (2) calcium associated with bundles of microfilaments.", "PMID": 405401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3155", "title": "In vitro inhibition of chick embryo lysyl hydroxylase by homogentisic acid. A proposed connective tissue defect in alkaptonuria.", "content": "Homogentisic acid inhibits the in vitro activity of chick embryo lysyl hydroxylase, a microsomal enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of certain lysyl residues in collagen to hydroxylysine. Chick embryo lysyl hydroxylase activity was measured as specific tritium release as tritium water from a [4,5-(3)H]lysine-labeled unhydroxylated collagen substrate prepared from chick calvaria. Kinetic studies revealed a linear, noncompetitive type of inhibition with respect to collagen substrate with a Ki of 120-180 muM. The inhibition by homogentisic acid was reversible in that enzyme activity could be restored after dialysis of preincubated mixtures of homogentisic acid with enzyme or substrate. The inhibition by homogentisic acid was competitive with respect to ascorbic acid, and the addition of reducing agents, such as ascorbic acid or 1,4-dithiothreitol, protected lysyl hydroxylase activity from homogentisic acid inhibition.In organ cultures of embryonic chick calvaria, biosynthesis of hydroxylysine-derived intermolecular collagen cross-links was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by 0.5-5 mM homogentisic acid. Because homogentisic acid inhibits the formation of hydroxylysine in a cell-free assay and in organ cultures, this compound must pass into the cells of calvaria to inhibit intracellular hydroxylysine formation and subsequently to diminish the reducible intermolecular cross-links of the newly synthesized collagen. We propose that the inhibition of lysyl hydroxylase and the resulting hydroxylsine-deficient, structurally modified collagen may be clinically significant in the defective connective tissue found in alkaptonuric patients.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of chick embryo lysyl hydroxylase by homogentisic acid. A proposed connective tissue defect in alkaptonuria. Homogentisic acid inhibits the in vitro activity of chick embryo lysyl hydroxylase, a microsomal enzyme which catalyzes the transformation of certain lysyl residues in collagen to hydroxylysine. Chick embryo lysyl hydroxylase activity was measured as specific tritium release as tritium water from a [4,5-(3)H]lysine-labeled unhydroxylated collagen substrate prepared from chick calvaria. Kinetic studies revealed a linear, noncompetitive type of inhibition with respect to collagen substrate with a Ki of 120-180 muM. The inhibition by homogentisic acid was reversible in that enzyme activity could be restored after dialysis of preincubated mixtures of homogentisic acid with enzyme or substrate. The inhibition by homogentisic acid was competitive with respect to ascorbic acid, and the addition of reducing agents, such as ascorbic acid or 1,4-dithiothreitol, protected lysyl hydroxylase activity from homogentisic acid inhibition.In organ cultures of embryonic chick calvaria, biosynthesis of hydroxylysine-derived intermolecular collagen cross-links was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by 0.5-5 mM homogentisic acid. Because homogentisic acid inhibits the formation of hydroxylysine in a cell-free assay and in organ cultures, this compound must pass into the cells of calvaria to inhibit intracellular hydroxylysine formation and subsequently to diminish the reducible intermolecular cross-links of the newly synthesized collagen. We propose that the inhibition of lysyl hydroxylase and the resulting hydroxylsine-deficient, structurally modified collagen may be clinically significant in the defective connective tissue found in alkaptonuric patients.", "PMID": 405402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3156", "title": "Serum folates in man.", "content": "In an aseptic microbiological assay of folate compounds and their breakdown compounds, using Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecalis, and Pediococcus cerevisiae, 4a-hydroxy-5methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrofolate and 5-methyl-5,8-dihydrofolate were inactive under all conditions to all three organisms and 5-methyl-5,6-dihydrofolate was inactive unless ascorbate was present in the incubation medium, and then only to L. casei. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate was active only for L. casei, and activity in purified samples to S. faecalis was due to trace amounts of folic acid. Analysis of S. faecalis values in the serum in normal subjects and in patients with various disorders showed that levels of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate are raised in coeliac disease, leukaemia, rheumatoid arthritis, and schizophrenia. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate is readily absorbed by normal human subjects and by patients with pernicious anaemia but poorly absorbed by patients with coeliac disease or leukaemia. 5-Methyl-5,6-dihydrofolate was quickly absorbed by normal human subjects, being reflected by a considerably raised level of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in serum when sodium bicarbonate was given by mouth before the 5-methyl-5,6-dihydrofolate. These higher levels were comparable to those in patients with pernicious anaemia after oral administration of 5-methyl-5,6-dihydrofolate. Oral 5-methyl-5,8-dihydrofolate and 4a-hydroxy-5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate did not appear as microbiologically active folates in the serum. The findings of this study suggest that the availability for biological utilisation of the major dietary folate compounds will depend on the amount of gastric acidity and of ascorbate in the intestinal chyme. Many may be unavailable for metabolic utilization in the body.", "contents": "Serum folates in man. In an aseptic microbiological assay of folate compounds and their breakdown compounds, using Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecalis, and Pediococcus cerevisiae, 4a-hydroxy-5methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrofolate and 5-methyl-5,8-dihydrofolate were inactive under all conditions to all three organisms and 5-methyl-5,6-dihydrofolate was inactive unless ascorbate was present in the incubation medium, and then only to L. casei. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate was active only for L. casei, and activity in purified samples to S. faecalis was due to trace amounts of folic acid. Analysis of S. faecalis values in the serum in normal subjects and in patients with various disorders showed that levels of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate are raised in coeliac disease, leukaemia, rheumatoid arthritis, and schizophrenia. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate is readily absorbed by normal human subjects and by patients with pernicious anaemia but poorly absorbed by patients with coeliac disease or leukaemia. 5-Methyl-5,6-dihydrofolate was quickly absorbed by normal human subjects, being reflected by a considerably raised level of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in serum when sodium bicarbonate was given by mouth before the 5-methyl-5,6-dihydrofolate. These higher levels were comparable to those in patients with pernicious anaemia after oral administration of 5-methyl-5,6-dihydrofolate. Oral 5-methyl-5,8-dihydrofolate and 4a-hydroxy-5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate did not appear as microbiologically active folates in the serum. The findings of this study suggest that the availability for biological utilisation of the major dietary folate compounds will depend on the amount of gastric acidity and of ascorbate in the intestinal chyme. Many may be unavailable for metabolic utilization in the body.", "PMID": 405403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3157", "title": "Evaluation of a commercial radioisotopic kit for folate assays.", "content": "A commercial kit for the radioisotopic assay of folate in serum, the Bio-Rad 'Quanta Count' folate kit, produced lower results than the Lactobacillus casei microbiological assay method. Its normal range was 2-0-13-0 microng/l and the reproducibility was similar to that of the microbiological assay method. The kit was also satisfactory for whole bood folate assays. The cost requires careful consideration before the kit is used for routine purposes.", "contents": "Evaluation of a commercial radioisotopic kit for folate assays. A commercial kit for the radioisotopic assay of folate in serum, the Bio-Rad 'Quanta Count' folate kit, produced lower results than the Lactobacillus casei microbiological assay method. Its normal range was 2-0-13-0 microng/l and the reproducibility was similar to that of the microbiological assay method. The kit was also satisfactory for whole bood folate assays. The cost requires careful consideration before the kit is used for routine purposes.", "PMID": 405404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3158", "title": "Reverse carotid blood flow--a possible explanation for some reactions to local anesthetics.", "content": "In  rhesus monkeys, data obtained by contrast radiography and hemodynamic and electroencephalographic studies indicate that carotid blood flow is reversible. Results showed that even small amounts of local anesthetic agents when injected inadvertently into a branch of the external carotid artery, may enter the cerebral circulation, most likely through a retrograde flow into the common and then internal carotid arteries. Some toxic neurologic manifestations possibly may be explained by this mechanism.", "contents": "Reverse carotid blood flow--a possible explanation for some reactions to local anesthetics. In  rhesus monkeys, data obtained by contrast radiography and hemodynamic and electroencephalographic studies indicate that carotid blood flow is reversible. Results showed that even small amounts of local anesthetic agents when injected inadvertently into a branch of the external carotid artery, may enter the cerebral circulation, most likely through a retrograde flow into the common and then internal carotid arteries. Some toxic neurologic manifestations possibly may be explained by this mechanism.", "PMID": 405406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3159", "title": "Sodium cromoglycate in ragweed-allergic conjunctivitis.", "content": "Sodium cromoglycate (SCG), in a 4% solution instilled into each eye 4 times daily, was compared with placebo in a double-blind, noncrossover trial in 30 matched patients with troublesome ragweed pollen-induced conjunctivitis. In the SCG group, eye symptom scores were significantly less (p = 0.05), and all patients judged that their symptoms were improved over the previous year (p less than 0.05). Less antihistamine was used by the SCG group but the difference was not significant. It was concluded that SCG was effective in the treatment of ragweed-induced seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.", "contents": "Sodium cromoglycate in ragweed-allergic conjunctivitis. Sodium cromoglycate (SCG), in a 4% solution instilled into each eye 4 times daily, was compared with placebo in a double-blind, noncrossover trial in 30 matched patients with troublesome ragweed pollen-induced conjunctivitis. In the SCG group, eye symptom scores were significantly less (p = 0.05), and all patients judged that their symptoms were improved over the previous year (p less than 0.05). Less antihistamine was used by the SCG group but the difference was not significant. It was concluded that SCG was effective in the treatment of ragweed-induced seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.", "PMID": 405408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3160", "title": "Identifying needs and services for the aged.", "content": "The Assessment and Placement Service (APS) of the Hamilton-Wentworth District Health Council assists health professionals in identifying the needs of persons with chronic disabling diseases, and in finding appropriate resources or programs. More than 80 percent of the 9,300 persons referred between September 1971 and December 1975 were over the age of 64. Although most referrals were local, some came as far away as British Columbia and Florida for persons wishing placement locally. Of the 2,005 persons referred and placed in 1975, 1,063 came from acute disease hospitals, 201 from other institutions, 628 from the community within this District, and the remainder from elsewhere. There were 1,187 women, of whom 89.5 per cent were over the age of 64, and 811 men, of whom 65.8 per cent were over that age. In the opinion of their physicians, only 20 percent of all persons referred had normal memory, and only 13 percent had normal judgment. In the 64+ age group, 71.1 percent of the women were widows, and 25.9 percent of the men were widowers. One-third of those referred were living alone, and one-fourth with a spouse only. For placement, 453 patients went to private residences or boarding homes, often with the support of community services, and the remainder went to various institutions according to identified needs. Follow-up contact one month later showed conditions to be satisfactory in most instances. Deficiencies in the health care system were identified and reported to the Health Council.", "contents": "Identifying needs and services for the aged. The Assessment and Placement Service (APS) of the Hamilton-Wentworth District Health Council assists health professionals in identifying the needs of persons with chronic disabling diseases, and in finding appropriate resources or programs. More than 80 percent of the 9,300 persons referred between September 1971 and December 1975 were over the age of 64. Although most referrals were local, some came as far away as British Columbia and Florida for persons wishing placement locally. Of the 2,005 persons referred and placed in 1975, 1,063 came from acute disease hospitals, 201 from other institutions, 628 from the community within this District, and the remainder from elsewhere. There were 1,187 women, of whom 89.5 per cent were over the age of 64, and 811 men, of whom 65.8 per cent were over that age. In the opinion of their physicians, only 20 percent of all persons referred had normal memory, and only 13 percent had normal judgment. In the 64+ age group, 71.1 percent of the women were widows, and 25.9 percent of the men were widowers. One-third of those referred were living alone, and one-fourth with a spouse only. For placement, 453 patients went to private residences or boarding homes, often with the support of community services, and the remainder went to various institutions according to identified needs. Follow-up contact one month later showed conditions to be satisfactory in most instances. Deficiencies in the health care system were identified and reported to the Health Council.", "PMID": 405411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3161", "title": "Acute drug testing with nitrates: angina relief during treadmill exercise.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of sublingual nitroglycerin (N) and chewable isosorbide dinitrate (I) in patients with angina pectoris, 12 subjects underwent treadmill exercise to the point of onset of angina. At that juncture, N or I or placebo (P) was administered and walking was continued until moderately severe angina recurred. For those patients who completed the initial 10-minute exercise period, testing was repeated until moderately severe angina recurred or until a total test time of three hours elapsed. Retesting ensured that each patient was tested separately with N, I and P within a two-week period. Within the I group, four patients experienced the onset of angina relief (AR) at 10 minutes (') 6 seconds (*) +/- 3' 4\" with a mean recurrence time (RT) of 154' 3\" +/- 4' 27\" (P less than or equal to 0.05), for a significant difference. Within the N group, six patients had AR of 8' 3\" +/- 1' 1\" with an RT of 49' 39\" +/- 1' 15\" (P less than or equal to 0.01), for a significant effect. Within the P group, only one patient experienced AR. For all other patients in each group, testing was terminated because of moderately severe angina in the 5-8' period of the first test. In comparing subgroups for RT during I therapy (4 patients) versus N therapy (6 patients), a significant difference was noted (154' 3\" +/- 27\" versus 49' 39\" +/- 1' 15\") (P less than 0.05). The data suggest a possible benefit of I in selected patients. The effect may last as long as three to four hours. There is also an enhanced benefit of N with the patient in the upright position. This effect may last as long as 40-50'. Treadmill testing is recommended with nitrate administration to determine which drug (I or N) is the more suitable for the specific patient.", "contents": "Acute drug testing with nitrates: angina relief during treadmill exercise. To evaluate the effect of sublingual nitroglycerin (N) and chewable isosorbide dinitrate (I) in patients with angina pectoris, 12 subjects underwent treadmill exercise to the point of onset of angina. At that juncture, N or I or placebo (P) was administered and walking was continued until moderately severe angina recurred. For those patients who completed the initial 10-minute exercise period, testing was repeated until moderately severe angina recurred or until a total test time of three hours elapsed. Retesting ensured that each patient was tested separately with N, I and P within a two-week period. Within the I group, four patients experienced the onset of angina relief (AR) at 10 minutes (') 6 seconds (*) +/- 3' 4\" with a mean recurrence time (RT) of 154' 3\" +/- 4' 27\" (P less than or equal to 0.05), for a significant difference. Within the N group, six patients had AR of 8' 3\" +/- 1' 1\" with an RT of 49' 39\" +/- 1' 15\" (P less than or equal to 0.01), for a significant effect. Within the P group, only one patient experienced AR. For all other patients in each group, testing was terminated because of moderately severe angina in the 5-8' period of the first test. In comparing subgroups for RT during I therapy (4 patients) versus N therapy (6 patients), a significant difference was noted (154' 3\" +/- 27\" versus 49' 39\" +/- 1' 15\") (P less than 0.05). The data suggest a possible benefit of I in selected patients. The effect may last as long as three to four hours. There is also an enhanced benefit of N with the patient in the upright position. This effect may last as long as 40-50'. Treadmill testing is recommended with nitrate administration to determine which drug (I or N) is the more suitable for the specific patient.", "PMID": 405412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3162", "title": "The influence of physical factors on the survival and infectivity of miracidia of Schistosoma manosni and S. haematobium I. Effect of temperature and ultra-violet light.", "content": "The influence of temperature and ultra-violet radiation on the degree of activity, survival and infectivity of schistosome miracidia is profound. Miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium were affect eaually. Only miracidia classified as \"active\" or \"slow\" were capable of penetration, a capacity they retained for about 17 hours at 19 degrees C. Miracidia that were \"lethargic\" as a result of low temperature, old age or ultra-violet radiation lost their infective capacity. The conclusion, however, is that neither the temperatures encountered in the field nor the solar ultra-violet radiation penetrating turbid waters are likely to be harmful to miracidia and thus have no effect on the level of transmission.", "contents": "The influence of physical factors on the survival and infectivity of miracidia of Schistosoma manosni and S. haematobium I. Effect of temperature and ultra-violet light. The influence of temperature and ultra-violet radiation on the degree of activity, survival and infectivity of schistosome miracidia is profound. Miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium were affect eaually. Only miracidia classified as \"active\" or \"slow\" were capable of penetration, a capacity they retained for about 17 hours at 19 degrees C. Miracidia that were \"lethargic\" as a result of low temperature, old age or ultra-violet radiation lost their infective capacity. The conclusion, however, is that neither the temperatures encountered in the field nor the solar ultra-violet radiation penetrating turbid waters are likely to be harmful to miracidia and thus have no effect on the level of transmission.", "PMID": 405414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3163", "title": "An investigation of the bacteriological quality of retail vanilla slices.", "content": "One hundred and thiry-three vanilla slices, purchased from shops in the West Yorkshire Metropolitan County, were examined to determine the numbers and types of bacteria present at the time of purchase. The surface colony count at 37 degrees C was greater than 10(3)/g in 67/133 (50%) of the samples examined, Bacillus cereus being found at that concentration in 21.8%, coliform bacilli including E. coli in 5.3%, Staphylococcus aureus in 3-0% and Streptococcus faecalis in 0-8%. Thirty-four strains of B. cereus were serotyped and 11 (32%) of these were typable with the sera available. Preparation of custard mixed in the laboratory suggests that the milk or milk powder used in the mix may be the major source of B. cereus in the final product. Many of the present methods of manufacture, distribution and storage allow organisms present in the custard at manufacture the opportunity to multiply and possibly reach numbers which present a risk of food poisoning.", "contents": "An investigation of the bacteriological quality of retail vanilla slices. One hundred and thiry-three vanilla slices, purchased from shops in the West Yorkshire Metropolitan County, were examined to determine the numbers and types of bacteria present at the time of purchase. The surface colony count at 37 degrees C was greater than 10(3)/g in 67/133 (50%) of the samples examined, Bacillus cereus being found at that concentration in 21.8%, coliform bacilli including E. coli in 5.3%, Staphylococcus aureus in 3-0% and Streptococcus faecalis in 0-8%. Thirty-four strains of B. cereus were serotyped and 11 (32%) of these were typable with the sera available. Preparation of custard mixed in the laboratory suggests that the milk or milk powder used in the mix may be the major source of B. cereus in the final product. Many of the present methods of manufacture, distribution and storage allow organisms present in the custard at manufacture the opportunity to multiply and possibly reach numbers which present a risk of food poisoning.", "PMID": 405420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3164", "title": "Acute otitis externa in divers working in the North Sea: a microbiological survey of seven saturation dives.", "content": "Saturation diving is an important and widely used technique in the Offshore Oil Industry. During 1974-5 two saturation dives in the North Sea were terminated because of outbreaks of incapacitating otitis externa, and others were disrupted. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was consistently isolated from the ears of affected divers. Because complex work schedules were threatened seven subsequent dives were subjected to microbiological monitoring and control. Colonization of ear canal with P. aeruginosa or with other gram-negative bacilli occurred in 39 (67%) of the 58 divers studied, usually within 7 days of starting the dive. Data obtained by serotyping this isolations of P. aeruginosa suggested that a single infected diver may be the source of organisms which rapidly spread to his colleagues and throughout the living chambers, that the living chambers may constitute a reservoir of infection during and between dives, and that certain serotypes of P. aeruginosa are more likely than others to colonize the ear canal in the conditions of a saturation dive. The control measures used during the dives were only partially effective, but none of the divers suffered severe pain and all the dives were an operational success.", "contents": "Acute otitis externa in divers working in the North Sea: a microbiological survey of seven saturation dives. Saturation diving is an important and widely used technique in the Offshore Oil Industry. During 1974-5 two saturation dives in the North Sea were terminated because of outbreaks of incapacitating otitis externa, and others were disrupted. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was consistently isolated from the ears of affected divers. Because complex work schedules were threatened seven subsequent dives were subjected to microbiological monitoring and control. Colonization of ear canal with P. aeruginosa or with other gram-negative bacilli occurred in 39 (67%) of the 58 divers studied, usually within 7 days of starting the dive. Data obtained by serotyping this isolations of P. aeruginosa suggested that a single infected diver may be the source of organisms which rapidly spread to his colleagues and throughout the living chambers, that the living chambers may constitute a reservoir of infection during and between dives, and that certain serotypes of P. aeruginosa are more likely than others to colonize the ear canal in the conditions of a saturation dive. The control measures used during the dives were only partially effective, but none of the divers suffered severe pain and all the dives were an operational success.", "PMID": 405421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3165", "title": "Allelic expression and genetic distance in hybrid macaque monkeys.", "content": "Levels of structural genic divergence at 21 loci encoding blood proteins were quantified in six macaque (Macaca) species, using standard techniques of starch-gel electrophoresis. Genetic distances between all pairs of species fall within a narrow range (0.080 less than or equal to D less than or equal to 0.250; D = 0.164) which is near the lower limit of genetic distances typically observed between other congeneric organisms. In an effort to measure levels of regulatory gene differences between these species, we have examined the patterns of allelic expression in their F1, F2, and backcross hybrids. Nine of the 21 loci examined encode allelic forms of the proteins with different electrophoretic mobilities in at least some of the individual parents of the hybrids. In all cases where expected, hybrids express fully both maternal and paternal allelic products, thus providing no strong evidence ofr a breakdown in the regulatory mechanisms responsible for proper expression of these genes. Results are compared to degrees of allelic repression previously observed in other hybrids, and are discussed within the context of current ideas about rates of regulatory gene evolution in mammals.", "contents": "Allelic expression and genetic distance in hybrid macaque monkeys. Levels of structural genic divergence at 21 loci encoding blood proteins were quantified in six macaque (Macaca) species, using standard techniques of starch-gel electrophoresis. Genetic distances between all pairs of species fall within a narrow range (0.080 less than or equal to D less than or equal to 0.250; D = 0.164) which is near the lower limit of genetic distances typically observed between other congeneric organisms. In an effort to measure levels of regulatory gene differences between these species, we have examined the patterns of allelic expression in their F1, F2, and backcross hybrids. Nine of the 21 loci examined encode allelic forms of the proteins with different electrophoretic mobilities in at least some of the individual parents of the hybrids. In all cases where expected, hybrids express fully both maternal and paternal allelic products, thus providing no strong evidence ofr a breakdown in the regulatory mechanisms responsible for proper expression of these genes. Results are compared to degrees of allelic repression previously observed in other hybrids, and are discussed within the context of current ideas about rates of regulatory gene evolution in mammals.", "PMID": 405415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3166", "title": "Complete sharing of light chain spectrotypes by murine IgM and IgG anti-streptococcal antibodies.", "content": "In order to examine the diversity of antibody light chains, we have developed an analytic isoelectric focusing procedure which permits the routine analysis of L chains from antibodies raised in individual mice. We have used this technique to demonstrate that the light chains of IgM and IgG anti-group A streptococcal antibodies raised in SWR mice are probably shared. Interestingly, numerous light chain spectrotypes are shared between individual mice whose 7S antibody focusing patterns differ.", "contents": "Complete sharing of light chain spectrotypes by murine IgM and IgG anti-streptococcal antibodies. In order to examine the diversity of antibody light chains, we have developed an analytic isoelectric focusing procedure which permits the routine analysis of L chains from antibodies raised in individual mice. We have used this technique to demonstrate that the light chains of IgM and IgG anti-group A streptococcal antibodies raised in SWR mice are probably shared. Interestingly, numerous light chain spectrotypes are shared between individual mice whose 7S antibody focusing patterns differ.", "PMID": 405425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3167", "title": "ELIEDA (enzyme-linked-immuno-electro-diffusion-assay): application of a combined immunoelectrodiffusion and immunoenzyme method to the study of immune response in parasitic infections.", "content": "The sensitivity of the technique of immunoelectrodiffusion (IED) has been enhanced by combining it with an enzyme method; this also enabled the class of immunoglobulins involved in the reactions to be determined by treating the precipitated immune complexes with enzyme-labelled class-specific antisera. The method has been employed in studies of the immunology of parasitic infections and these confirmed its sensitivity and specificity. ELIEDA provides a valuable tool for analysing responses to complex immunogens.", "contents": "ELIEDA (enzyme-linked-immuno-electro-diffusion-assay): application of a combined immunoelectrodiffusion and immunoenzyme method to the study of immune response in parasitic infections. The sensitivity of the technique of immunoelectrodiffusion (IED) has been enhanced by combining it with an enzyme method; this also enabled the class of immunoglobulins involved in the reactions to be determined by treating the precipitated immune complexes with enzyme-labelled class-specific antisera. The method has been employed in studies of the immunology of parasitic infections and these confirmed its sensitivity and specificity. ELIEDA provides a valuable tool for analysing responses to complex immunogens.", "PMID": 405427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3168", "title": "Methods for detection of anti-albumin autoantibodies in hepatic diseases.", "content": "Three methods for detection and quantitation of anti-albumin autoantibodies (AAA) in human sera have been developed based on their reaction with a new antigenic site of glutaraldehyde-polymerized human serum albumin (HSA). The first is a double diffusion technique (ID-HSA) were the sera to be tested are reacted with a copolymer of glutaraldehyde  activated HSA (copoly-HSA). The reaction is estimated by the lowest copoly HSA concentration giving precipitation with the undiluted sera. The second method is based on agglutination (HA) by AAA positive sera of human red blood cells coated with glutaraldehyde-polymerized HSA (EPA). The reaction is quantified as the highest dilution of sera giving agglutination. The third method uses glutaraldehyde insolubilized HSA as an immunoadorbent able to bind AAA in positive sera. The quantity of protein adsorbed, expessed in microng antibody/ml serum, measures the level of AAA in sera. Significant correlation between the values of AAA as determined by all three methods presented above were recorded.", "contents": "Methods for detection of anti-albumin autoantibodies in hepatic diseases. Three methods for detection and quantitation of anti-albumin autoantibodies (AAA) in human sera have been developed based on their reaction with a new antigenic site of glutaraldehyde-polymerized human serum albumin (HSA). The first is a double diffusion technique (ID-HSA) were the sera to be tested are reacted with a copolymer of glutaraldehyde  activated HSA (copoly-HSA). The reaction is estimated by the lowest copoly HSA concentration giving precipitation with the undiluted sera. The second method is based on agglutination (HA) by AAA positive sera of human red blood cells coated with glutaraldehyde-polymerized HSA (EPA). The reaction is quantified as the highest dilution of sera giving agglutination. The third method uses glutaraldehyde insolubilized HSA as an immunoadorbent able to bind AAA in positive sera. The quantity of protein adsorbed, expessed in microng antibody/ml serum, measures the level of AAA in sera. Significant correlation between the values of AAA as determined by all three methods presented above were recorded.", "PMID": 405428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3169", "title": "Cellular localization of tyrosinase in human malignant melanoma cell lines.", "content": "Human malignant melanocytes show characteristic morphologic modifications which are particularly evident in their specific organelles: melanosomes. These modifications are conserved in cell culture. The ultrastructural localization of tyrosinase, the enzyme which converts tyrosine and dopa into melanin, was determined in 13 human melanoma cell lines. The different cell lines possess 4 distribution patterns of melanin synthesis based on dopa oxidase activity. The two first pathways, which involve the Golgi apparatus, seem to differ by the amount of enzyme within this organelle. The third pathway mainly involves the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, whereas tyrosinase is visible only in vesicles in the fourth. Some cells synthesize the enzyme in the manner observed in very early embryos.", "contents": "Cellular localization of tyrosinase in human malignant melanoma cell lines. Human malignant melanocytes show characteristic morphologic modifications which are particularly evident in their specific organelles: melanosomes. These modifications are conserved in cell culture. The ultrastructural localization of tyrosinase, the enzyme which converts tyrosine and dopa into melanin, was determined in 13 human melanoma cell lines. The different cell lines possess 4 distribution patterns of melanin synthesis based on dopa oxidase activity. The two first pathways, which involve the Golgi apparatus, seem to differ by the amount of enzyme within this organelle. The third pathway mainly involves the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, whereas tyrosinase is visible only in vesicles in the fourth. Some cells synthesize the enzyme in the manner observed in very early embryos.", "PMID": 405430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3170", "title": "Immunity to gonococcal infection induced by vaccination with isolated outer membranes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in guinea pigs.", "content": "Purified outer membranes from Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain M or B were prepared. Gonococcal outer membranes were pure as evidenced by banding insucrose gradients at a density of 1.23 g/cm3, simple protein composition patterns when analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, low succinic dehydrogenase levels, and few precipitin peaks obtained in two-dimensional immuno-electrophoresis against hyperimmune serum to gonococcal sonicates. Isolated outer membranes administered as antigen to guinea pigs produced strain-related protection against gonococcal infection in amounts less than 1% of the weight of whole gonococci required to produce comparable protection in chimpanzees. One-hundred percent (18 of 18) and 95% of control guinea pigs (19 of 20) were infected when challenged with M and B strain gonococci, respectively. In contrast, 26% (eight of 31) and 94% (16 of 17) of guinea pigs immunized with M strain outer membrane were infected when challenged with comparable inocula of M and B strain gonococci, respectively. Similarly, 25% (two of eight) and 100% (six of six) of animals immunized with B strain outer membrane were infected when challenged with comparable inocula of B and M strain gonococci respectively. These results suggest that antigens capable of inducing strain-related protection to gonococcal infection are present within the gonococcal outer membrane.", "contents": "Immunity to gonococcal infection induced by vaccination with isolated outer membranes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in guinea pigs. Purified outer membranes from Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain M or B were prepared. Gonococcal outer membranes were pure as evidenced by banding insucrose gradients at a density of 1.23 g/cm3, simple protein composition patterns when analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, low succinic dehydrogenase levels, and few precipitin peaks obtained in two-dimensional immuno-electrophoresis against hyperimmune serum to gonococcal sonicates. Isolated outer membranes administered as antigen to guinea pigs produced strain-related protection against gonococcal infection in amounts less than 1% of the weight of whole gonococci required to produce comparable protection in chimpanzees. One-hundred percent (18 of 18) and 95% of control guinea pigs (19 of 20) were infected when challenged with M and B strain gonococci, respectively. In contrast, 26% (eight of 31) and 94% (16 of 17) of guinea pigs immunized with M strain outer membrane were infected when challenged with comparable inocula of M and B strain gonococci, respectively. Similarly, 25% (two of eight) and 100% (six of six) of animals immunized with B strain outer membrane were infected when challenged with comparable inocula of B and M strain gonococci respectively. These results suggest that antigens capable of inducing strain-related protection to gonococcal infection are present within the gonococcal outer membrane.", "PMID": 405431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3171", "title": "Pathogenesis of infection with Rickettsia rickettsii in the dog: a disease model for Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "content": "Dogs inoculated with Rickettsia rickettsii developed a clinical syndrome ranging in severity from a mild febrile exanthema to death within six days after inoculation. The severity of the disease appeared to be dose-related, and the signs were comparable to R. rickettsii infection in humans on a clinical and hematological basis. Dogs were rickettsemic for 10 to 14 days after infection. In most animals the level of rickettsemia was greater than or equal to 10(2.5) guinea pig intraperitoneal 50% infectious doses (GPID50). Infected dogs responded serologically as determined by indirect fluorescent antibody methods and were protected when challenged six to 12 months later with 10(7.0) GPID50 of the homologous strain of R. rickettsii. The monocyte culture technique was successfully used for the detection of rickettsemia, and the results compared favorably with those obtained by the guinea pig inoculation method of isolation.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of infection with Rickettsia rickettsii in the dog: a disease model for Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Dogs inoculated with Rickettsia rickettsii developed a clinical syndrome ranging in severity from a mild febrile exanthema to death within six days after inoculation. The severity of the disease appeared to be dose-related, and the signs were comparable to R. rickettsii infection in humans on a clinical and hematological basis. Dogs were rickettsemic for 10 to 14 days after infection. In most animals the level of rickettsemia was greater than or equal to 10(2.5) guinea pig intraperitoneal 50% infectious doses (GPID50). Infected dogs responded serologically as determined by indirect fluorescent antibody methods and were protected when challenged six to 12 months later with 10(7.0) GPID50 of the homologous strain of R. rickettsii. The monocyte culture technique was successfully used for the detection of rickettsemia, and the results compared favorably with those obtained by the guinea pig inoculation method of isolation.", "PMID": 405432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3172", "title": "Treatment of gonorrhea with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.", "content": "The following regimens were randomly administered to 271 men with gonococcal urethritis: 4.8 X 10(6) units of aqueous procaine penicillin G intramuscularly plus 1 g of probenecid orally (APPG); nine tablets of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ; 720 mg of TMP and 3,600 mg of SMZ), orally as a single dose (TMP-SMZ-9); and 12 tablets of TMP-SMZ (960 mg of TMP and 4,800 mg of SMZ) orally as two doses of six tablets taken at a 6-hr interval (TMP-SMZ-12). The failure rates of the APPG, TMP-SMZ-9, and TMP-SMZ-12 regimens were 4%, 23%, and 19%, respectively. APPG was significantly more effective (P less than 0.05) than TMP-SMZ-9 or TMP-SMZ-12. Isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from treatment failures as compared to those from treatment successes were significantly more resistant to SMZ (P less than 0.01) and to the TMP-SMZ combination in a ratio of 19 parts SMZ to one part TMP (P less than 0.05). Minimal inhibitory concentrations of SMZ, TMP, TMP-SMZ, and penicillin G showed positive correlation coefficients.", "contents": "Treatment of gonorrhea with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The following regimens were randomly administered to 271 men with gonococcal urethritis: 4.8 X 10(6) units of aqueous procaine penicillin G intramuscularly plus 1 g of probenecid orally (APPG); nine tablets of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ; 720 mg of TMP and 3,600 mg of SMZ), orally as a single dose (TMP-SMZ-9); and 12 tablets of TMP-SMZ (960 mg of TMP and 4,800 mg of SMZ) orally as two doses of six tablets taken at a 6-hr interval (TMP-SMZ-12). The failure rates of the APPG, TMP-SMZ-9, and TMP-SMZ-12 regimens were 4%, 23%, and 19%, respectively. APPG was significantly more effective (P less than 0.05) than TMP-SMZ-9 or TMP-SMZ-12. Isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from treatment failures as compared to those from treatment successes were significantly more resistant to SMZ (P less than 0.01) and to the TMP-SMZ combination in a ratio of 19 parts SMZ to one part TMP (P less than 0.05). Minimal inhibitory concentrations of SMZ, TMP, TMP-SMZ, and penicillin G showed positive correlation coefficients.", "PMID": 405433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3173", "title": "Studies of the coagulation and complement systems during experimental Rocky Mountain spotted fever in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "We studied the coagulation and complement systems during Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Macaca mulatta experimentally infected with Rickettsia rickettsii. Ninety-one percent of monkeys infected intravenously with a high dose (10(6) plaque-forming units [pfu]) and 56% of monkeys infected with low doses (10(-1)-10(2) pfu) of R. rickettsii died after two to four days of illness. With the onset of fever and rickettsemia, animals developed hyperfibrinogenemia, mild thrombocytopenia, prolonged prothrombin and activated thromboplastin times, and increased serum fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Rickettsemia, thrombocytopenia, and FDP were greater in fatally ill monkeys than in survivors. Hemolytic titers of the second and third components of complement were not depressed except in a single surviving monkey that developed peripheral gangrenous ecchymoses at a time when both rickettsemia and agglutinating antibody were present. Thus, although activation and consumption of complement may occur during Rocky Mountain spotted fever, the hemostatic disturbances in fulminant infections seem to be a direct effect of the infectious vasculitis.", "contents": "Studies of the coagulation and complement systems during experimental Rocky Mountain spotted fever in rhesus monkeys. We studied the coagulation and complement systems during Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Macaca mulatta experimentally infected with Rickettsia rickettsii. Ninety-one percent of monkeys infected intravenously with a high dose (10(6) plaque-forming units [pfu]) and 56% of monkeys infected with low doses (10(-1)-10(2) pfu) of R. rickettsii died after two to four days of illness. With the onset of fever and rickettsemia, animals developed hyperfibrinogenemia, mild thrombocytopenia, prolonged prothrombin and activated thromboplastin times, and increased serum fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Rickettsemia, thrombocytopenia, and FDP were greater in fatally ill monkeys than in survivors. Hemolytic titers of the second and third components of complement were not depressed except in a single surviving monkey that developed peripheral gangrenous ecchymoses at a time when both rickettsemia and agglutinating antibody were present. Thus, although activation and consumption of complement may occur during Rocky Mountain spotted fever, the hemostatic disturbances in fulminant infections seem to be a direct effect of the infectious vasculitis.", "PMID": 405434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3174", "title": "Purification of porcine and human ristocetin-Willebrand factor.", "content": "A plasmatic component required for the ristocetin-induced aggregation of platelets has been purified from normal human and porcine plasma by gel filtration (4% agarose) and anion-exchange chromatography (DEAE cellulose). No factor VIII coagulant activity was found associated with the purified human or porcine component. Urea sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoretic analysis of the purified component of both species indicated that the apparent molecular weight with intact disulfides is in excess of 500,000; after disulfide reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol, single components with an apparent subunit molecular weight of 230,000 were observed. Purified porcine ristocetin-Willebrand factor (RWF) co-sedimented in sucrose gradients with the factor present in normal plasma. Amino acid analysis of both human and porcine RWF indicated that all normal amino acids are present, whereas amino sugars were undetected. However, lipid analysis indicated 1% to 2% lipids present, including monoglycerides, di- and tri-glycerides, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, some free fatty acids, and a trace of phospholipid. A single line of identity was observed between normal human plasma and purified human RWF when immunodiffusion plates were run with purified rabbit anti-human RWF immunoglobulins. Antisera raised against human and porcine RWF's do not inhibit the factor VIII coagulant activity of the homologous plasma, nor is \"spontaneously occurring\" human factor VIII inhibitor neutralized by the isolated material of either species.", "contents": "Purification of porcine and human ristocetin-Willebrand factor. A plasmatic component required for the ristocetin-induced aggregation of platelets has been purified from normal human and porcine plasma by gel filtration (4% agarose) and anion-exchange chromatography (DEAE cellulose). No factor VIII coagulant activity was found associated with the purified human or porcine component. Urea sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoretic analysis of the purified component of both species indicated that the apparent molecular weight with intact disulfides is in excess of 500,000; after disulfide reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol, single components with an apparent subunit molecular weight of 230,000 were observed. Purified porcine ristocetin-Willebrand factor (RWF) co-sedimented in sucrose gradients with the factor present in normal plasma. Amino acid analysis of both human and porcine RWF indicated that all normal amino acids are present, whereas amino sugars were undetected. However, lipid analysis indicated 1% to 2% lipids present, including monoglycerides, di- and tri-glycerides, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, some free fatty acids, and a trace of phospholipid. A single line of identity was observed between normal human plasma and purified human RWF when immunodiffusion plates were run with purified rabbit anti-human RWF immunoglobulins. Antisera raised against human and porcine RWF's do not inhibit the factor VIII coagulant activity of the homologous plasma, nor is \"spontaneously occurring\" human factor VIII inhibitor neutralized by the isolated material of either species.", "PMID": 405441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3175", "title": "An in vitro measurement of bleeding time.", "content": "An in vitro method of measuring the bleeding time is described. The test, called the machine bleeding time (MBT), is not affected by heparin and detects the same types of hemostatic abnormalities as the template bleeding time. It is sensitive to thrombocytopenia, aspirin administration, and von Willebrand's disease. It is a reproducible test suitable for replicate and serial determinations and permits in vitro evaluation of the addition of drugs.", "contents": "An in vitro measurement of bleeding time. An in vitro method of measuring the bleeding time is described. The test, called the machine bleeding time (MBT), is not affected by heparin and detects the same types of hemostatic abnormalities as the template bleeding time. It is sensitive to thrombocytopenia, aspirin administration, and von Willebrand's disease. It is a reproducible test suitable for replicate and serial determinations and permits in vitro evaluation of the addition of drugs.", "PMID": 405442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3176", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of human plasma Lp(a) lipoprotein.", "content": "A quantitative immunodiffusion assay demonstrated Lp(a) lipoprotein in 91% (911 of 1000) of subjects. In order to quantitate Lp(a) in all plasma, a sensitive and specific double antibody radioimmunoassay was developed. The between-assay coefficient of variation was 8%. Lp(a) levels by radioimmunoassay were highly correlated with those obtained by the less sensitive radial immunodiffusion method (r = 0.98, n = 51). All but one of the 89 Lp(a) \"negative\" subjects by immunodiffusion had detectable levels of Lp(a) by radioimmunoassay. The one subject without detectable Lp(a) had abetalipoproteinemia (without detectable apolipoprotein B by radioimmunoassay). Furthermore, Lp(a) was detected in all three non-human primates examined: patas monkey, baboon, and pig-tail monkey. Quantitation of Lp(a) levels in 90 male myocardial infarction (MI) survivors and their spouses showed that the distribution of Lp(a) levels of MI survivors was significantly higher above the 50th percentile cut-point (P < 0.02) and exceeded that of the spouses. Furthermore, the Lp(a) distribution at and above the 50th percentile for the MI survivors who had an MI at age <50 (n = 36) was shifted to values higher than those having an MI at age >50. Thus, high levels of Lp(a) may be associated with premature coronary disease. We conclude that Lp(a) is present in all individuals with apolipoprotein B and that apolipoprotein B appears necessary for the plasma transport of the Lp(a) lipoprotein. Consistent with this hypothesis, quantitative immunochemical precipitation of (125)I-Lp(a) indicated that essentially all individual molecules of six purified Lp(a) preparations contain both the Lp(a) antigen and apolipoprotein B.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of human plasma Lp(a) lipoprotein. A quantitative immunodiffusion assay demonstrated Lp(a) lipoprotein in 91% (911 of 1000) of subjects. In order to quantitate Lp(a) in all plasma, a sensitive and specific double antibody radioimmunoassay was developed. The between-assay coefficient of variation was 8%. Lp(a) levels by radioimmunoassay were highly correlated with those obtained by the less sensitive radial immunodiffusion method (r = 0.98, n = 51). All but one of the 89 Lp(a) \"negative\" subjects by immunodiffusion had detectable levels of Lp(a) by radioimmunoassay. The one subject without detectable Lp(a) had abetalipoproteinemia (without detectable apolipoprotein B by radioimmunoassay). Furthermore, Lp(a) was detected in all three non-human primates examined: patas monkey, baboon, and pig-tail monkey. Quantitation of Lp(a) levels in 90 male myocardial infarction (MI) survivors and their spouses showed that the distribution of Lp(a) levels of MI survivors was significantly higher above the 50th percentile cut-point (P < 0.02) and exceeded that of the spouses. Furthermore, the Lp(a) distribution at and above the 50th percentile for the MI survivors who had an MI at age <50 (n = 36) was shifted to values higher than those having an MI at age >50. Thus, high levels of Lp(a) may be associated with premature coronary disease. We conclude that Lp(a) is present in all individuals with apolipoprotein B and that apolipoprotein B appears necessary for the plasma transport of the Lp(a) lipoprotein. Consistent with this hypothesis, quantitative immunochemical precipitation of (125)I-Lp(a) indicated that essentially all individual molecules of six purified Lp(a) preparations contain both the Lp(a) antigen and apolipoprotein B.", "PMID": 405443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3177", "title": "Quantitative analysis of plasma neutral glycosphingolipids by high performance liquid chromatography of their perbenzoyl derivatives.", "content": "A quantitative high performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of neutral glycosylceramides as their perbenzoyl derivatives has been devised. Samples containing more than 2.5 nmol each of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraglycosylceramide are benzoylated with 10% benzoyl chloride in pyridine at 37degrees C for 16 hr. The products are separated from excess reagents by solvent distribution and injected onto a pellicllar silica gel (Zipax) column (2.1 mm X 50 cm). The derivatives are eluted with a 10 min linear gradient of 2-17% ethyl acetate in hexane at 2 ml/min and absorbance at 280 nm is recorded. The detector response was proportional to the weight of sample used (2-30 nmol) and the lower limit of detection was about 70 pmol. The procedure has been applied to the quantitative analysis of erythrocyte and plasma glycolipids. As little as 0.5 ml of plasma can be used for analysis. The relative standard deviation of repetitive analyses ranged between 2.0% for glucosylceramide to 5.4% for galactosyllactosylceramide.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of plasma neutral glycosphingolipids by high performance liquid chromatography of their perbenzoyl derivatives. A quantitative high performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of neutral glycosylceramides as their perbenzoyl derivatives has been devised. Samples containing more than 2.5 nmol each of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraglycosylceramide are benzoylated with 10% benzoyl chloride in pyridine at 37degrees C for 16 hr. The products are separated from excess reagents by solvent distribution and injected onto a pellicllar silica gel (Zipax) column (2.1 mm X 50 cm). The derivatives are eluted with a 10 min linear gradient of 2-17% ethyl acetate in hexane at 2 ml/min and absorbance at 280 nm is recorded. The detector response was proportional to the weight of sample used (2-30 nmol) and the lower limit of detection was about 70 pmol. The procedure has been applied to the quantitative analysis of erythrocyte and plasma glycolipids. As little as 0.5 ml of plasma can be used for analysis. The relative standard deviation of repetitive analyses ranged between 2.0% for glucosylceramide to 5.4% for galactosyllactosylceramide.", "PMID": 405444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3178", "title": "Sialic acid concentration in the reproductive organs, pituitary gland and urine of the Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus entellus).", "content": "The concentration of sialic acid was determined in the reproductive organs, pituitary gland and urine of male and female langur monkeys. In the male, sialic acid concentration was lowest in the testes and highest in the epididymides. Both caput and cauda epididymides contained almost the same concentration. Castration and subsequent androgen administration did not modify the concentration of sialic acid by comparison with intact animals, suggesting that sialic acid is not androgen-dependent in the langur. There was no significant difference in sialic acid concentration in the uterus during the proliferative and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. After ovariectomy, there was a decrease in the concentration of sialic acid in the uterus, cervix and vagina while oestrogen or oestrogen plus progesterone administration increased its concentration significantly, but not to the control level. However, the difference in concentration between oestrogen-treated and oestrogen plus progesterone-treated monkeys was not significant. There was a peak of sialic acid excretion in the urine on day 8 of the normal 22-day menstrual cycle, i.e. a day before the probable day of ovulation. In pregnant monkeys siliac acid excretion increased significantly 2 days before delivery compared with the values recorded 7 to 3 days before parturition. The part played by sialic acid during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy in the female is not clear.", "contents": "Sialic acid concentration in the reproductive organs, pituitary gland and urine of the Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus entellus). The concentration of sialic acid was determined in the reproductive organs, pituitary gland and urine of male and female langur monkeys. In the male, sialic acid concentration was lowest in the testes and highest in the epididymides. Both caput and cauda epididymides contained almost the same concentration. Castration and subsequent androgen administration did not modify the concentration of sialic acid by comparison with intact animals, suggesting that sialic acid is not androgen-dependent in the langur. There was no significant difference in sialic acid concentration in the uterus during the proliferative and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. After ovariectomy, there was a decrease in the concentration of sialic acid in the uterus, cervix and vagina while oestrogen or oestrogen plus progesterone administration increased its concentration significantly, but not to the control level. However, the difference in concentration between oestrogen-treated and oestrogen plus progesterone-treated monkeys was not significant. There was a peak of sialic acid excretion in the urine on day 8 of the normal 22-day menstrual cycle, i.e. a day before the probable day of ovulation. In pregnant monkeys siliac acid excretion increased significantly 2 days before delivery compared with the values recorded 7 to 3 days before parturition. The part played by sialic acid during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy in the female is not clear.", "PMID": 405449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3179", "title": "Steroids in the amniotic fluid of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Representative C21, C19 and C18 steroids have been measured in the amniotic fluid and maternal femoral plasma of rhesus monkeys during the last 50 days of pregnancy. The concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, androstenedione, oestrone sulphate all increased in amniotic fluid before spontaneous parturition. In contrast, amniotic fluid oestradiol levels remained low and unchanged, and were always less than the concentrations in the maternal plasma. The changes in progesterone, cortisol and oestrone concentrations in amniotic fluid occurred independently of significant changes in the concentration of these steroids in the maternal plasma. Betamethasone administered to monkeys after day 150 of pregnancy suppressed amniotic fluid and maternal plasma cortisol. This treatment markedly suppressed the concentration of progesterone in amniotic fluid, but did not alter its concentration in maternal plasma. It is concluded that during late pregnancy in the rhesus monkey there is an increase in the concentration of some steroids in amniotic fluid independent of alterations in their concentrations in maternal plasma. These changes could reflect an increase in foetal adrenal steroid secretion.", "contents": "Steroids in the amniotic fluid of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Representative C21, C19 and C18 steroids have been measured in the amniotic fluid and maternal femoral plasma of rhesus monkeys during the last 50 days of pregnancy. The concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, androstenedione, oestrone sulphate all increased in amniotic fluid before spontaneous parturition. In contrast, amniotic fluid oestradiol levels remained low and unchanged, and were always less than the concentrations in the maternal plasma. The changes in progesterone, cortisol and oestrone concentrations in amniotic fluid occurred independently of significant changes in the concentration of these steroids in the maternal plasma. Betamethasone administered to monkeys after day 150 of pregnancy suppressed amniotic fluid and maternal plasma cortisol. This treatment markedly suppressed the concentration of progesterone in amniotic fluid, but did not alter its concentration in maternal plasma. It is concluded that during late pregnancy in the rhesus monkey there is an increase in the concentration of some steroids in amniotic fluid independent of alterations in their concentrations in maternal plasma. These changes could reflect an increase in foetal adrenal steroid secretion.", "PMID": 405451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3180", "title": "Analysis of a newly-isolated temperature sensitive maternal effect mutation of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A mutation located near the tip of the X chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster has been isolated, and its developmental effects described. This mutation (1(1)ts-1 is temperature sensitive, and at permissive temperature (18 degrees C) develops normally. However, zygotes from females raised or aged at restrictive temperature (28 degrees C) never hatch, regardless of the embryonic genotype. Midgut formation is abnormal in lethal zygotes and dorsal closure is probably incomplete. Temperature shift experiments have shown that the zygotic lethality is governed by a temperature sensitive period in oocytes of stage seven or older. If viable 1(1)ts-1 embryos are shifted to restrictive temperatures, they develop as far as the pupal stage, but never eclose. The temperature sensitive period for pupal lethality includes the last 2.5 days of pupal development and does not involve a maternal effect.", "contents": "Analysis of a newly-isolated temperature sensitive maternal effect mutation of Drosophila melanogaster. A mutation located near the tip of the X chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster has been isolated, and its developmental effects described. This mutation (1(1)ts-1 is temperature sensitive, and at permissive temperature (18 degrees C) develops normally. However, zygotes from females raised or aged at restrictive temperature (28 degrees C) never hatch, regardless of the embryonic genotype. Midgut formation is abnormal in lethal zygotes and dorsal closure is probably incomplete. Temperature shift experiments have shown that the zygotic lethality is governed by a temperature sensitive period in oocytes of stage seven or older. If viable 1(1)ts-1 embryos are shifted to restrictive temperatures, they develop as far as the pupal stage, but never eclose. The temperature sensitive period for pupal lethality includes the last 2.5 days of pupal development and does not involve a maternal effect.", "PMID": 405453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3181", "title": "The role of cortical pattern in timing of cell division and morphogenesis in Stentor.", "content": "This paper describes experiments involving reciprocal exchange of the oral apparatus between a large (L) and a small (S) strain of Stentor coeruleus. Mature L-strain stentors given and S-strain oral apparatus formed an oral primordium in response to the presence of abnormally small oral structures and mostly divided although a few reorganized instead. Conversely, when S-strain stentors in early division were given a large L-strain oral apparatus, they resorbed the developing primordium and returned to interphase. When combined with previous results, these findings provide evidence for the hypothesis that the time of cell division in Stentor is determined by a \"critical\" ratio between the size of the oral apparatus and the size of the cell body (somatic) cortex. This ratio develops because the somatic cortex grows during interphase and the oral apparatus does not. Cell division in Stentor therefore appears to be initiated by a cortical pattern change resulting from cell surface growth during interphase.", "contents": "The role of cortical pattern in timing of cell division and morphogenesis in Stentor. This paper describes experiments involving reciprocal exchange of the oral apparatus between a large (L) and a small (S) strain of Stentor coeruleus. Mature L-strain stentors given and S-strain oral apparatus formed an oral primordium in response to the presence of abnormally small oral structures and mostly divided although a few reorganized instead. Conversely, when S-strain stentors in early division were given a large L-strain oral apparatus, they resorbed the developing primordium and returned to interphase. When combined with previous results, these findings provide evidence for the hypothesis that the time of cell division in Stentor is determined by a \"critical\" ratio between the size of the oral apparatus and the size of the cell body (somatic) cortex. This ratio develops because the somatic cortex grows during interphase and the oral apparatus does not. Cell division in Stentor therefore appears to be initiated by a cortical pattern change resulting from cell surface growth during interphase.", "PMID": 405454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3182", "title": "Catabolism of L-lysine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa PACI grows poorly on L-lysine as sole source of carbon but mutant derivatives which grow rapidly were readily isolated. Studies with one such mutant, P. aeruginosa PAC586, supported the existence of a route for L-lysine catabolism which differes from those reported previously in other species of Pseudomonas. The postulated route, the cadaverine or decarboxylase pathway, is initiated by the decarboxylation of L-lysine and involves the following steps: L-lysine leads to cadverine leads to I-piperideine leads 5-aminovalerate leads to glutarate semialdehyde leads glutarate. Evidence for this pathway is based on the characterization of the pathway reactions and the induction of the corresponding enzymes by growth on L-lysine. The first three enzymes were also induced by growth on cadaverine and to a lesser extent by 5-aminovalerate. No evidence was obtained for the presence of pathways involving L-lysine 2-monooxygenase or L-pipecolate dehydrogenase, but another potential route for L-lysine catabolism initiated by L-lysine 6-aminotransferase was detected. Studies with mutants unable to grow on L-lysine supported the existence of more than one catabolic pathway for L-lysine in this organism and indicated that all routes converge on a pathway for glutarate catabolism which generates acetyl-CoA. Pipecolate catabolism also appeared to converge on the glutarate pathway in P. AERUGINOSA. The results suggested that the growth rate of the parental strain is limited by the rate of transport and/or decarboxylation of L-lysine. The cadaverine pathway was present, but not so highly induced, in the parental strain P. aeruginosa PACI. Pseudomonas fluorescens contained enzymes of both the cadaverine (decarboxylase) and oxygenase pathways, strains of P. putida (biotypes A and B) contained enzymes of the oxygenase pathway but not the decarboxylase pathway and P. multivorans appeared deficient in both. All these species possessed L-lysine aminotransferase activity.", "contents": "Catabolism of L-lysine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PACI grows poorly on L-lysine as sole source of carbon but mutant derivatives which grow rapidly were readily isolated. Studies with one such mutant, P. aeruginosa PAC586, supported the existence of a route for L-lysine catabolism which differes from those reported previously in other species of Pseudomonas. The postulated route, the cadaverine or decarboxylase pathway, is initiated by the decarboxylation of L-lysine and involves the following steps: L-lysine leads to cadverine leads to I-piperideine leads 5-aminovalerate leads to glutarate semialdehyde leads glutarate. Evidence for this pathway is based on the characterization of the pathway reactions and the induction of the corresponding enzymes by growth on L-lysine. The first three enzymes were also induced by growth on cadaverine and to a lesser extent by 5-aminovalerate. No evidence was obtained for the presence of pathways involving L-lysine 2-monooxygenase or L-pipecolate dehydrogenase, but another potential route for L-lysine catabolism initiated by L-lysine 6-aminotransferase was detected. Studies with mutants unable to grow on L-lysine supported the existence of more than one catabolic pathway for L-lysine in this organism and indicated that all routes converge on a pathway for glutarate catabolism which generates acetyl-CoA. Pipecolate catabolism also appeared to converge on the glutarate pathway in P. AERUGINOSA. The results suggested that the growth rate of the parental strain is limited by the rate of transport and/or decarboxylation of L-lysine. The cadaverine pathway was present, but not so highly induced, in the parental strain P. aeruginosa PACI. Pseudomonas fluorescens contained enzymes of both the cadaverine (decarboxylase) and oxygenase pathways, strains of P. putida (biotypes A and B) contained enzymes of the oxygenase pathway but not the decarboxylase pathway and P. multivorans appeared deficient in both. All these species possessed L-lysine aminotransferase activity.", "PMID": 405455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3183", "title": "Morphological characteristics of acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons in the CNS of DFP-treated monkeys. Part 2. Diencephalic and medial telencephalic structures.", "content": "The distribution and morphological characteristics of neurons containing acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7.) in diencephalic and medial telencephalic structures of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) were studied by means of a pharmaco-histochemical method that involves staining for AChE (Karnovsky-Roots' procedure) at various times after the administration of di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). At medial telencephalic levels, numerous, mostly multipolar, AChE-containing neurons of medium to large size are present in the bed nucleus of the anterior commissure, in the ascending division of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, and in the so-called \"substantia innominata\". This last structure is composed of medial and lateral AChE cell  groups that extend caudad, beneath the lenticular nucleus, for a considerable distance. The AChE neurons lying within the substantia innominata correspond, at least in part, to the basal nucleus of Meynert. Most neurons of the olfactory tubercle are devoid of AChE but lie within a lightly-stained AChE background. In addition, clusters of amorphous and highly reactive AChE material are found within the islands of Cajella and along the ventromedial edge of the olfactory tubercle. At the level of the thalamus, the strongest AChE staining is seen in the periokarya of the anterior dorsal nucleus and of most nuclei located within the fibrous or lamellar thalamic structures--i.e., the reticular nucleus, the intralaminar nuclei, and the midline nuclei except nuclei parataenialis and reuniens. In most of these nuclei the neuronal somata are of medium size and stain moderately for AChE. Their proximal processes are either lightly stained or devoid of AChE. At the level of the hypothalamus of the monkey, intense AChE staining can be seen within the neuronal somata of the supraoptic and paraventrivular nuclei. In the paraventricular necleus, the AChE-positive perikarya are of medium size and have numerous AChE-containing processes. Moderately reactive AChE neurons of smaller size with unstained processes are also present in the paraventricular nucleus. Most perikarya of the main rostral portion of the supraoptic nucleus are moderately stained for AChE, are closely packed, and their processes are difficult to discern. The main cellular aggregate of the supraoptic nucleus extends caudad and is composed of a large group of moderately to intensely stained neurons lying along the optic tract and which constitute the caudal, or infundibular, portion of the supraoptic nucleus. Other moderately to intensely stained AChE neurons were found in the lateral and perifornical areas and most particularly in the dorsal hypothalamic area. These neurons are of medium size and mostly multipolar. Moderately stained AChE neurons were also observed in the supramammillary nucleus, as well as those of the acruate nucleus, however, are only weakly reactive. The median eminence and most neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the monkey hypothalamus are virtually devoid of AChE...", "contents": "Morphological characteristics of acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons in the CNS of DFP-treated monkeys. Part 2. Diencephalic and medial telencephalic structures. The distribution and morphological characteristics of neurons containing acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7.) in diencephalic and medial telencephalic structures of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) were studied by means of a pharmaco-histochemical method that involves staining for AChE (Karnovsky-Roots' procedure) at various times after the administration of di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). At medial telencephalic levels, numerous, mostly multipolar, AChE-containing neurons of medium to large size are present in the bed nucleus of the anterior commissure, in the ascending division of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, and in the so-called \"substantia innominata\". This last structure is composed of medial and lateral AChE cell  groups that extend caudad, beneath the lenticular nucleus, for a considerable distance. The AChE neurons lying within the substantia innominata correspond, at least in part, to the basal nucleus of Meynert. Most neurons of the olfactory tubercle are devoid of AChE but lie within a lightly-stained AChE background. In addition, clusters of amorphous and highly reactive AChE material are found within the islands of Cajella and along the ventromedial edge of the olfactory tubercle. At the level of the thalamus, the strongest AChE staining is seen in the periokarya of the anterior dorsal nucleus and of most nuclei located within the fibrous or lamellar thalamic structures--i.e., the reticular nucleus, the intralaminar nuclei, and the midline nuclei except nuclei parataenialis and reuniens. In most of these nuclei the neuronal somata are of medium size and stain moderately for AChE. Their proximal processes are either lightly stained or devoid of AChE. At the level of the hypothalamus of the monkey, intense AChE staining can be seen within the neuronal somata of the supraoptic and paraventrivular nuclei. In the paraventricular necleus, the AChE-positive perikarya are of medium size and have numerous AChE-containing processes. Moderately reactive AChE neurons of smaller size with unstained processes are also present in the paraventricular nucleus. Most perikarya of the main rostral portion of the supraoptic nucleus are moderately stained for AChE, are closely packed, and their processes are difficult to discern. The main cellular aggregate of the supraoptic nucleus extends caudad and is composed of a large group of moderately to intensely stained neurons lying along the optic tract and which constitute the caudal, or infundibular, portion of the supraoptic nucleus. Other moderately to intensely stained AChE neurons were found in the lateral and perifornical areas and most particularly in the dorsal hypothalamic area. These neurons are of medium size and mostly multipolar. Moderately stained AChE neurons were also observed in the supramammillary nucleus, as well as those of the acruate nucleus, however, are only weakly reactive. The median eminence and most neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the monkey hypothalamus are virtually devoid of AChE...", "PMID": 405459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3184", "title": "Absence of vasospastic response of the anterior spinal artery to subarachnoid blood.", "content": "Autologous blood (0.3 to 5.0 ml) was introduced into the lumbar subarachnoid space of nine monkeys. Serial spinal cord arteriography was performed at frequent intervals over a 24-hour period. Magnification techniques permitted direct measurement of the anterior spinal artery and posterior spinal vein. Neither immediate nor delayed spasm was observed in any animal. Similar techniques have routinely produced spasm of intracranial arteries in our laboratory.", "contents": "Absence of vasospastic response of the anterior spinal artery to subarachnoid blood. Autologous blood (0.3 to 5.0 ml) was introduced into the lumbar subarachnoid space of nine monkeys. Serial spinal cord arteriography was performed at frequent intervals over a 24-hour period. Magnification techniques permitted direct measurement of the anterior spinal artery and posterior spinal vein. Neither immediate nor delayed spasm was observed in any animal. Similar techniques have routinely produced spasm of intracranial arteries in our laboratory.", "PMID": 405460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3185", "title": "Multiple meningeal diverticula and cysts associated with duplications of the sheaths of spinal nerve posterior roots.", "content": "Multiple diverticula and cysts of the meninges were found during an anatomical dissection. They were associated with duplications of sheaths of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves. The diverticula and cysts appeared as simple flaccid corrugated dilatations of the sheaths, as ampullary expansions, as pediculated cysts, or as saccular dilatations of different sizes and locations. The duplication of the sheaths affected posterior roots of the thoracic nerves only. Some variations of the sheaths described in the literature are discussed. The possibility is considered that both conditions result from the same pathological factors in the embryo.", "contents": "Multiple meningeal diverticula and cysts associated with duplications of the sheaths of spinal nerve posterior roots. Multiple diverticula and cysts of the meninges were found during an anatomical dissection. They were associated with duplications of sheaths of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves. The diverticula and cysts appeared as simple flaccid corrugated dilatations of the sheaths, as ampullary expansions, as pediculated cysts, or as saccular dilatations of different sizes and locations. The duplication of the sheaths affected posterior roots of the thoracic nerves only. Some variations of the sheaths described in the literature are discussed. The possibility is considered that both conditions result from the same pathological factors in the embryo.", "PMID": 405461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3186", "title": "Effect of protein-energy malnutrition on the growth of mandible and long bone in newborn male and female rats.", "content": "Several parameters were measured in the growth centers of mandible and long bone of rat pups suckled on dams fed 25% or 6% protein diets. No sex-related differences were found in any parameter either during normal growth or in response to malnutrition. While the total contents of protein, DNA, RNA and calcium were reduced in both tissues, mandible was less affected than long bone, although it appeared to be affected earlier. Moreover, malnutrition reduced the number of cells in the mandible without changing cell size or calcium content. In contrast, long bone appeared to be affected later than mandible, and to be modified differently. In this case, not only cell number, but also cell size and cellular content of calcium were reduced. The results can be interpreted to mean that the critical periods of growth for mandible and long bone are different. Moreover, some suggestion of differences in relative sensitivity to malnutrition of these two hard tissues was also observed.", "contents": "Effect of protein-energy malnutrition on the growth of mandible and long bone in newborn male and female rats. Several parameters were measured in the growth centers of mandible and long bone of rat pups suckled on dams fed 25% or 6% protein diets. No sex-related differences were found in any parameter either during normal growth or in response to malnutrition. While the total contents of protein, DNA, RNA and calcium were reduced in both tissues, mandible was less affected than long bone, although it appeared to be affected earlier. Moreover, malnutrition reduced the number of cells in the mandible without changing cell size or calcium content. In contrast, long bone appeared to be affected later than mandible, and to be modified differently. In this case, not only cell number, but also cell size and cellular content of calcium were reduced. The results can be interpreted to mean that the critical periods of growth for mandible and long bone are different. Moreover, some suggestion of differences in relative sensitivity to malnutrition of these two hard tissues was also observed.", "PMID": 405462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3187", "title": "Pulpal response to pyruvic acid.", "content": "Etching of enamel surfaces produces a marked increase in the bond strength of dental materials to tooth structure. The results of recent studies have indicated that pyruvic acid may be used in preference to phosphoric acid, because of its milder etching effect on enamel surfaces, without adversely affecting the bond strength. The pulpal responses elicited by 10% pyruvic acid applied for 90 seconds to freshly prepared cavities in monkey teeth, were examined after 4, 14 and 42 days. The differences between some of the ariteria used to evaluate the pulpal responses in acid-treated and control teeth at the three post-operative time intervals were statistically significant. These results suggest that exposed dentin should be protected with a lining before etching adjacent enamel surfaces with 10% pyruvic acid.", "contents": "Pulpal response to pyruvic acid. Etching of enamel surfaces produces a marked increase in the bond strength of dental materials to tooth structure. The results of recent studies have indicated that pyruvic acid may be used in preference to phosphoric acid, because of its milder etching effect on enamel surfaces, without adversely affecting the bond strength. The pulpal responses elicited by 10% pyruvic acid applied for 90 seconds to freshly prepared cavities in monkey teeth, were examined after 4, 14 and 42 days. The differences between some of the ariteria used to evaluate the pulpal responses in acid-treated and control teeth at the three post-operative time intervals were statistically significant. These results suggest that exposed dentin should be protected with a lining before etching adjacent enamel surfaces with 10% pyruvic acid.", "PMID": 405463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3188", "title": "Arterial blood pressure in patients with oral lichen planus.", "content": "The arterial blood pressure of 121 patients with oral lichen planus was determined using the auscultatory method. These values were then compared with those previously found in a general adult population. No significant difference was found betwween the values of the lichen planus patients and those of the general population. The present investigation does not support the hypothesis of a relationship between lichen planus and hypertension.", "contents": "Arterial blood pressure in patients with oral lichen planus. The arterial blood pressure of 121 patients with oral lichen planus was determined using the auscultatory method. These values were then compared with those previously found in a general adult population. No significant difference was found betwween the values of the lichen planus patients and those of the general population. The present investigation does not support the hypothesis of a relationship between lichen planus and hypertension.", "PMID": 405464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3189", "title": "Glucose tolerance in patients with oral lichen planus.", "content": "Of 123 patients with oral lichen planus two were known diabetics. The remainder were tested for fasting glucosuria, 113 for fasting blood glucose and 103 also with an oral glucose tolerance test. According to the criteria of WHO, 18 of the 123 patients were diabetics. In most of these patients the oral glucose tolerance test was only slightly abnormal. No decrease of the glucose tolerance with increasing duration of lichen planus was demonstrable. Comparison with two general population studies did not reveal any significant difference between the glucose tolerance of the lichen planus patients and that of the general population samples.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance in patients with oral lichen planus. Of 123 patients with oral lichen planus two were known diabetics. The remainder were tested for fasting glucosuria, 113 for fasting blood glucose and 103 also with an oral glucose tolerance test. According to the criteria of WHO, 18 of the 123 patients were diabetics. In most of these patients the oral glucose tolerance test was only slightly abnormal. No decrease of the glucose tolerance with increasing duration of lichen planus was demonstrable. Comparison with two general population studies did not reveal any significant difference between the glucose tolerance of the lichen planus patients and that of the general population samples.", "PMID": 405465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3190", "title": "The effects of length of surgery on healing of full and partial thickness flaps.", "content": "Partial and full thickness flaps which were were made in the facial gingiva of 10 dogs were reflected for 15 or 90 min. Specimens were examined histologically and biochemically from 3 to 28 days after initial surgery. The results indicate that flaps refelected for 15 min exhibited faster epithelial closure than those reflected for 90 min. Partial thickness flaps reflected for both 15 and 90 min showed less inflammation than full thickness flaps at 3 and 7 days post surgery and healed faster in respect to epithelial closure, mesenchymal healing, and bone regeneration. Biochemical analysis of the collagen concentration of the tissure flaps revealed similar collagen content in full and partial thickness flaps reflected for 15 min; however, the collagen concentration of partial thickness flaps opened for 90 min was higher than that in full thickness flaps.", "contents": "The effects of length of surgery on healing of full and partial thickness flaps. Partial and full thickness flaps which were were made in the facial gingiva of 10 dogs were reflected for 15 or 90 min. Specimens were examined histologically and biochemically from 3 to 28 days after initial surgery. The results indicate that flaps refelected for 15 min exhibited faster epithelial closure than those reflected for 90 min. Partial thickness flaps reflected for both 15 and 90 min showed less inflammation than full thickness flaps at 3 and 7 days post surgery and healed faster in respect to epithelial closure, mesenchymal healing, and bone regeneration. Biochemical analysis of the collagen concentration of the tissure flaps revealed similar collagen content in full and partial thickness flaps reflected for 15 min; however, the collagen concentration of partial thickness flaps opened for 90 min was higher than that in full thickness flaps.", "PMID": 405466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3191", "title": "Studies on the invasive ability of malarial merozoites (Plasmodium berghei).", "content": "Studies were performed to evaluate several methods for the artificial removal of Plasmodium berghei merozoites from infected mouse erythrocytes. These methods, many of which have been reported to yield free parasites capable of establishing a patent infection when injected into a suitable host, included NH4C1-mediated lysis, complement-mediated immune lysis, pressure filtration, and multiple-burst and continuous-flow sonication. Free parasites isolated from infected mouse blood were examined in vitro under conditions known to support merozoite invasion, and were found to be noninvasive, irrespective of the method used for their isolation. Although all methods tested achieved high degrees of lysis, none removed all intact parasitized erythrocytes. Using multiple-burst and continuous-flow sonication, the infective potential of free parasite preparations could be accounted for solely on the basis of the intact parasitized cells contaminating the free parasite preparations.", "contents": "Studies on the invasive ability of malarial merozoites (Plasmodium berghei). Studies were performed to evaluate several methods for the artificial removal of Plasmodium berghei merozoites from infected mouse erythrocytes. These methods, many of which have been reported to yield free parasites capable of establishing a patent infection when injected into a suitable host, included NH4C1-mediated lysis, complement-mediated immune lysis, pressure filtration, and multiple-burst and continuous-flow sonication. Free parasites isolated from infected mouse blood were examined in vitro under conditions known to support merozoite invasion, and were found to be noninvasive, irrespective of the method used for their isolation. Although all methods tested achieved high degrees of lysis, none removed all intact parasitized erythrocytes. Using multiple-burst and continuous-flow sonication, the infective potential of free parasite preparations could be accounted for solely on the basis of the intact parasitized cells contaminating the free parasite preparations.", "PMID": 405468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3192", "title": "Sarcocystis fayeri sp. n. from the horse.", "content": "Hearts, diaphragms, esophagi, and spinal cords from 266 horses were obtained at slaughter in Creston, Ohio. Tissues were examined microscopically for Sarcocystis in sections, digested in trypsin to obtain bradyzoites, and fed to 10 dogs and 10 cats. Intramuscular cysts were found in selections of two hearts from 57 horses and four esophagi from 107 horses. The cysts were up to 900 micron long and up to 70 micron wide. The cyst wall was 1 to 2 micron thick and cross-striated. The enclosed bradyzoites were banana-shaped, 15 to 20 by 20 to 3 micron, and contained several PAS-positive granules. Bradyzoites were found in trypsin digests of seven of 57 (13%) equine tissues (heart, diaphragm, esophagus but not spinal cord) in one experiment and 10 of 47 (21%) esophagi, eight of 47 (17%) diaphragms but none of 47 hearts and spinal cords in another experiment. All of 10 dogs shed sporulated sporocysts or oocysts in feces 12 to 15 days (12 in one, 13 in eight, and 15 days in one) after digesting tissues from 169 horses. The sporocysts were 11 to 13 (12.0 +/- 0.5) by 7 to 8.5 (7.9 +/- 0.5) micron. In histologic sections of canine small intestine the sporocysts were located in the lamina propria near the tips of the villi. The 10 cats fed tissues from 266 horses did not shed Sarcocystis. A new name, S. fayeri, is proposed for this organism. Sarcocystis fayeri sporocysts (12 by 8 micron) are shorter than those of S. betrami (15 by 10 micron), the other species of Sarcocystis from the horse. The prepatent period is 12 to 15 days for S. fayeri and 8 days for S. bertrami (synonym S. equicanis Rommel and Geisel 1975).", "contents": "Sarcocystis fayeri sp. n. from the horse. Hearts, diaphragms, esophagi, and spinal cords from 266 horses were obtained at slaughter in Creston, Ohio. Tissues were examined microscopically for Sarcocystis in sections, digested in trypsin to obtain bradyzoites, and fed to 10 dogs and 10 cats. Intramuscular cysts were found in selections of two hearts from 57 horses and four esophagi from 107 horses. The cysts were up to 900 micron long and up to 70 micron wide. The cyst wall was 1 to 2 micron thick and cross-striated. The enclosed bradyzoites were banana-shaped, 15 to 20 by 20 to 3 micron, and contained several PAS-positive granules. Bradyzoites were found in trypsin digests of seven of 57 (13%) equine tissues (heart, diaphragm, esophagus but not spinal cord) in one experiment and 10 of 47 (21%) esophagi, eight of 47 (17%) diaphragms but none of 47 hearts and spinal cords in another experiment. All of 10 dogs shed sporulated sporocysts or oocysts in feces 12 to 15 days (12 in one, 13 in eight, and 15 days in one) after digesting tissues from 169 horses. The sporocysts were 11 to 13 (12.0 +/- 0.5) by 7 to 8.5 (7.9 +/- 0.5) micron. In histologic sections of canine small intestine the sporocysts were located in the lamina propria near the tips of the villi. The 10 cats fed tissues from 266 horses did not shed Sarcocystis. A new name, S. fayeri, is proposed for this organism. Sarcocystis fayeri sporocysts (12 by 8 micron) are shorter than those of S. betrami (15 by 10 micron), the other species of Sarcocystis from the horse. The prepatent period is 12 to 15 days for S. fayeri and 8 days for S. bertrami (synonym S. equicanis Rommel and Geisel 1975).", "PMID": 405467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3193", "title": "Investigations of the analgesic and morphine-like properties of azidomorphine.", "content": "In equianalgesic doses, azidomorphine is reported by J. Knoll, S. F\u00fcrst and K. Kelemen (The pharmacology of azidomorphine and azidocodeine. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 25: 929-939, 1973) to be less likely than morphine to cause physical dependence. As the separation of the analgesic from the dependence-producing properties would represent an important contribution to the development of potent analgesic drugs, we have compared the effects of azidomorphine and morphine in a number of experiments in laboratory animals. In analgesic studies, azidomorphine was more potent than morphine in all tests and by every route of administration. However, the differences between the analgesic effects of azidomorphine and morphine were much smaller after oral than after parenteral administration. In the rhesus monkey, the programmed administration of azidomorphine over a period of 9 weeks produced physical dependence. In addition, azidomorphine was self-administered by the rhesus monkey over 3 weeks producing marked opiate-like physical dependence. It is concluded that the introduction of the azido group into the morphine molecule leads to a marked increase in analgesic activity compared with the parent drug but which does not decrease the ability to produce physical dependence.", "contents": "Investigations of the analgesic and morphine-like properties of azidomorphine. In equianalgesic doses, azidomorphine is reported by J. Knoll, S. F\u00fcrst and K. Kelemen (The pharmacology of azidomorphine and azidocodeine. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 25: 929-939, 1973) to be less likely than morphine to cause physical dependence. As the separation of the analgesic from the dependence-producing properties would represent an important contribution to the development of potent analgesic drugs, we have compared the effects of azidomorphine and morphine in a number of experiments in laboratory animals. In analgesic studies, azidomorphine was more potent than morphine in all tests and by every route of administration. However, the differences between the analgesic effects of azidomorphine and morphine were much smaller after oral than after parenteral administration. In the rhesus monkey, the programmed administration of azidomorphine over a period of 9 weeks produced physical dependence. In addition, azidomorphine was self-administered by the rhesus monkey over 3 weeks producing marked opiate-like physical dependence. It is concluded that the introduction of the azido group into the morphine molecule leads to a marked increase in analgesic activity compared with the parent drug but which does not decrease the ability to produce physical dependence.", "PMID": 405472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3194", "title": "Long-term behavioral changes in the rhesus monkey after multiple daily injections of d-methylamphetamine.", "content": "The effects of multiple daily injections of d-methylamphetamine on spaced lever-press responding were investigated in the rhesus monkey. Responding was measured after single injections of d-mehtylamphetamine (0.0625-1.0 mg/kg) both before and after the monkeys were maintained on a multiple daily d-methylamphetamine injection regimen in doses ranging from 0.5 to 16 mg/kg/day. Tolerance developed to the suppressant effects of this drug on responding. As evidenced by a shift in the dose-response curve measuring number of responses and number of reinforcements per session, this tolerance persisted for at least three months after cessation of the multiple drug injection regimen. In order for tolerance to develop, it was necessary for the animals to perform the task while maintained on drug. When saline was substituted for d-methylamphetamine, no evidence of a withdrawal syndrome was seen.", "contents": "Long-term behavioral changes in the rhesus monkey after multiple daily injections of d-methylamphetamine. The effects of multiple daily injections of d-methylamphetamine on spaced lever-press responding were investigated in the rhesus monkey. Responding was measured after single injections of d-mehtylamphetamine (0.0625-1.0 mg/kg) both before and after the monkeys were maintained on a multiple daily d-methylamphetamine injection regimen in doses ranging from 0.5 to 16 mg/kg/day. Tolerance developed to the suppressant effects of this drug on responding. As evidenced by a shift in the dose-response curve measuring number of responses and number of reinforcements per session, this tolerance persisted for at least three months after cessation of the multiple drug injection regimen. In order for tolerance to develop, it was necessary for the animals to perform the task while maintained on drug. When saline was substituted for d-methylamphetamine, no evidence of a withdrawal syndrome was seen.", "PMID": 405473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3195", "title": "Testing of pit and fissure sealants in the monkey.", "content": "A pilot study was conducted employing the Macaca speciosa monkey to determine the retention and sealing ability of pit and fissure sealants in vivo. Several problems were encountered in the use of this animal model for this type of evaluation. Without doubt, the conditions to which the sealants were subjected in the monkey were more rigorous than those found in man. This is attested to by the lower rate of retention of sealants as compared to that found in studies on human beings. To increase the usefulness of animal studies of this type, additional research should be done to better establish the correlation between the behavior of sealants in the animal and in man. Nevertheless, certain pertinent observations were made, one of which is that in some instances where the sealant was retained on the teeth, the sealant-tooth interface was readily penetrated by an isotope solution.", "contents": "Testing of pit and fissure sealants in the monkey. A pilot study was conducted employing the Macaca speciosa monkey to determine the retention and sealing ability of pit and fissure sealants in vivo. Several problems were encountered in the use of this animal model for this type of evaluation. Without doubt, the conditions to which the sealants were subjected in the monkey were more rigorous than those found in man. This is attested to by the lower rate of retention of sealants as compared to that found in studies on human beings. To increase the usefulness of animal studies of this type, additional research should be done to better establish the correlation between the behavior of sealants in the animal and in man. Nevertheless, certain pertinent observations were made, one of which is that in some instances where the sealant was retained on the teeth, the sealant-tooth interface was readily penetrated by an isotope solution.", "PMID": 405474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3196", "title": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the cortex and of the membranelles of the ciliate Espejoia mucicola (Oligohymenophora, Hymenostomata, Tetrahymenina)].", "content": "It was shown in a detailed study of the cortex and buccal organelles of Espejoia that, at the ultrastructural level, the general plan of organization of this ciliate conforms to that of Tetrahymenina. Specific variations seen in the cortex and membranelles bring out the very pronounced affinities of Espejoia to the genus Glaucoma and other related ciliates. In view of the foregoing and on the basis of reccent findings on morphogenesis, we confirm the taxonomic position of Espejoia mucicola among Tetrahymenina in the family Glaucomidae.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the cortex and of the membranelles of the ciliate Espejoia mucicola (Oligohymenophora, Hymenostomata, Tetrahymenina)]. It was shown in a detailed study of the cortex and buccal organelles of Espejoia that, at the ultrastructural level, the general plan of organization of this ciliate conforms to that of Tetrahymenina. Specific variations seen in the cortex and membranelles bring out the very pronounced affinities of Espejoia to the genus Glaucoma and other related ciliates. In view of the foregoing and on the basis of reccent findings on morphogenesis, we confirm the taxonomic position of Espejoia mucicola among Tetrahymenina in the family Glaucomidae.", "PMID": 405475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3197", "title": "Cortical ultrastructure of the Scuticociliates Dexiotricha media and Dexiotricha colpidiopsis (Hymenostomata).", "content": "Cortical ultrastructure of the scuticociliates Dexiotricha media and Dexiotricha colpidiopsis was investigated. The following elements of the somatic cortex were studied: the cell membrane, alveolar membranes and the epiplasm, kinetodesmal fibers, postciliary and transverse microtubular ribbons, and transverse fibers associated with single and paired kinetosomes; mitochondria and single microtubules located in interkinetal ridges; mature and early extrusion stages of mucocysts; the expulsion vacuole pore and tube, the nephridioplasm and the cytoproct. In the buccal cortex, the paroral kinety-ribbed wall complex, the 3 polykineties, and the cytostome-cytopharynx were investigated. Comparative survey of ciliate ultrastructure indicates 2 principal orientation patterns for kinetodesmal and postciliary fibers, recognition of which leads to reevaluation of the theory of paroral kinety formation and the ideas of homology based on this theory. Ultrastructurally, the scuticociliates are not distinct from tetrahymenines and peniculines; the 3 groups appear to be 1 assemblage.", "contents": "Cortical ultrastructure of the Scuticociliates Dexiotricha media and Dexiotricha colpidiopsis (Hymenostomata). Cortical ultrastructure of the scuticociliates Dexiotricha media and Dexiotricha colpidiopsis was investigated. The following elements of the somatic cortex were studied: the cell membrane, alveolar membranes and the epiplasm, kinetodesmal fibers, postciliary and transverse microtubular ribbons, and transverse fibers associated with single and paired kinetosomes; mitochondria and single microtubules located in interkinetal ridges; mature and early extrusion stages of mucocysts; the expulsion vacuole pore and tube, the nephridioplasm and the cytoproct. In the buccal cortex, the paroral kinety-ribbed wall complex, the 3 polykineties, and the cytostome-cytopharynx were investigated. Comparative survey of ciliate ultrastructure indicates 2 principal orientation patterns for kinetodesmal and postciliary fibers, recognition of which leads to reevaluation of the theory of paroral kinety formation and the ideas of homology based on this theory. Ultrastructurally, the scuticociliates are not distinct from tetrahymenines and peniculines; the 3 groups appear to be 1 assemblage.", "PMID": 405476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3198", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of budding and metamorphosis in Discophrya collini (Root).", "content": "Budding and metamorphosis in the suctorian ciliate, Discophrya collini, have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The adult body form, tentacles, stalk, and attachment disk are described. A field of depressions or small pits was observed in the pellicle of adult suctorians in the early stages of bud formation. These pits deepen and coalesce until one large pore, the birth pore, remains. Cilia protrude through the pore, and as eversion of the bud proceeds the meridional arrangement of the larval ciliation is evident. After eversion is completed, a pronounced division furrow is found between the adult and soon-to-be-released swarmer. The stalk-forming region is seen on swarmers. Metamorphosing swarmers produce tentacles upon settling before any indication of ciliary resorption. Resorption of cilia and change in body form occur progressively with the production of the attachment disk and stalk.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of budding and metamorphosis in Discophrya collini (Root). Budding and metamorphosis in the suctorian ciliate, Discophrya collini, have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The adult body form, tentacles, stalk, and attachment disk are described. A field of depressions or small pits was observed in the pellicle of adult suctorians in the early stages of bud formation. These pits deepen and coalesce until one large pore, the birth pore, remains. Cilia protrude through the pore, and as eversion of the bud proceeds the meridional arrangement of the larval ciliation is evident. After eversion is completed, a pronounced division furrow is found between the adult and soon-to-be-released swarmer. The stalk-forming region is seen on swarmers. Metamorphosing swarmers produce tentacles upon settling before any indication of ciliary resorption. Resorption of cilia and change in body form occur progressively with the production of the attachment disk and stalk.", "PMID": 405477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3199", "title": "Stomatogenic events accompanying binary fission in Blepharisma.", "content": "Stomatogenesis was studied in the heterotrich ciliate Blepharisma japonicum stained with protargol. During binary fission not only is a new oral apparatus made for the posterior daughter, but the already existing oral apparatus of the parent cell is reorganized, i.e., partially disassembled and then subsequently reassembled to provide a functional feeding apparatus for the anterior daughter cell. These morphogenetic events, requiring 2 1/2 to 3 hr, are complete by the time the anterior and posterior daughters separate. In preparation for division, an oral anlage is formed by the rapid proliferation of kinetosomes along 4-5 stomatogenic kinetics directly subtending the cytostome. This field of randomly oriented kinetosomes ultimately gives rise to the feeding apparatus of the posterior daughter cell. Early in division, the oral anlage separates into 2 longitudinal fields of kinetosomes: one is destined to give rise to the undulating membrane and the other forms the adoral zone of membranelles. Shorly after the anlage is established posterior to the cytostome, reorganization of the existing functional mouth is initiated. The morphologic changes associated with this dedifferentiation-redifferentiation sequence lead to the formation of an oral apparatus for the anterior daughter and cannot be distinguished from those characteristically seen during physiologic reorganization.", "contents": "Stomatogenic events accompanying binary fission in Blepharisma. Stomatogenesis was studied in the heterotrich ciliate Blepharisma japonicum stained with protargol. During binary fission not only is a new oral apparatus made for the posterior daughter, but the already existing oral apparatus of the parent cell is reorganized, i.e., partially disassembled and then subsequently reassembled to provide a functional feeding apparatus for the anterior daughter cell. These morphogenetic events, requiring 2 1/2 to 3 hr, are complete by the time the anterior and posterior daughters separate. In preparation for division, an oral anlage is formed by the rapid proliferation of kinetosomes along 4-5 stomatogenic kinetics directly subtending the cytostome. This field of randomly oriented kinetosomes ultimately gives rise to the feeding apparatus of the posterior daughter cell. Early in division, the oral anlage separates into 2 longitudinal fields of kinetosomes: one is destined to give rise to the undulating membrane and the other forms the adoral zone of membranelles. Shorly after the anlage is established posterior to the cytostome, reorganization of the existing functional mouth is initiated. The morphologic changes associated with this dedifferentiation-redifferentiation sequence lead to the formation of an oral apparatus for the anterior daughter and cannot be distinguished from those characteristically seen during physiologic reorganization.", "PMID": 405478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3200", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative studies on DNA and RNA synthesis in Loxodes striatus nuclei.", "content": "In this study the characteristics of the synthesis of DNA and RNA in the nuclei of Loxodes were investigated. Loxodes striatus is a primitive ciliate with 2 pairs of structurally differentiated diploid nuclei, the macro- and micronuclei. The macronuclei and differentiated morphologically into a clearly recoginzable central core and an outer zone. To determine DNA and RNA synthesis, individual organisms were analyzed by autoradiography after incubating groups of cells with a 3H-labeled precursor ([3H]thymidine for DNA and [3H]uridine for RNA). The following observations were made: (A) All portions of macro- and micronuclei appeared to contain DNA as judged by the localizations of incorporated [3H]thymidine. (B) The macro- and micronuclei did not synthesize DNA at the same time; moreover, the duration of DNA synthesis in the former was much longer than of the latter nucleus. (C) Replication of DNA in the inner core and outer zone of the macronucleus occurred at separate times with little if any overlap. (D) All of the detectable [3H]uridine incorporation was found in the macronucleus and none in the micronucleus. Within the macronucleus the central core was more heavily labeled. (E) The quantitative differences in the label of the different components synthesis can occur in adult macronuclei. The possible explantion of these results is discussed in the context of the nuclear evolution of ciliates and of recent information on nuclear differentiation.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative studies on DNA and RNA synthesis in Loxodes striatus nuclei. In this study the characteristics of the synthesis of DNA and RNA in the nuclei of Loxodes were investigated. Loxodes striatus is a primitive ciliate with 2 pairs of structurally differentiated diploid nuclei, the macro- and micronuclei. The macronuclei and differentiated morphologically into a clearly recoginzable central core and an outer zone. To determine DNA and RNA synthesis, individual organisms were analyzed by autoradiography after incubating groups of cells with a 3H-labeled precursor ([3H]thymidine for DNA and [3H]uridine for RNA). The following observations were made: (A) All portions of macro- and micronuclei appeared to contain DNA as judged by the localizations of incorporated [3H]thymidine. (B) The macro- and micronuclei did not synthesize DNA at the same time; moreover, the duration of DNA synthesis in the former was much longer than of the latter nucleus. (C) Replication of DNA in the inner core and outer zone of the macronucleus occurred at separate times with little if any overlap. (D) All of the detectable [3H]uridine incorporation was found in the macronucleus and none in the micronucleus. Within the macronucleus the central core was more heavily labeled. (E) The quantitative differences in the label of the different components synthesis can occur in adult macronuclei. The possible explantion of these results is discussed in the context of the nuclear evolution of ciliates and of recent information on nuclear differentiation.", "PMID": 405479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3201", "title": "Cytotoxicity of synthetic fuel products on Tetrahymena pyriformis. I. Phenol.", "content": "Phenol is the major organic constituent of coal-conversion scrub water and is therfore a potential environmental contaminant. After Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL-C, syngen 1 was exposed to phenol, its behavior, cytology, respiration, and growth rates were examined. Concentrations larger than or equal to 75 mg/liter alter cell motility, shape, and contractile vacuole activity. O2 uptake was abruptly reduced within 3 min of exposure to phenol in concentrations as low as 10 mg/liter. Concomitantly there was an increase in the electron density of the mitochondrial matrix. Recovery to normal rates of O2 consumption was paralleled by a return to normal matrix density. Alterations of mucocysts, pellicle, and glycogen were also observed. The length of lag phase growth curves increased generally in proportion to concentration of toxicant. Phenol, however, did not affect the rate of cell multiplication during the exponential growth phase. The potential use of this system to examine the effects of other possible organic pollutants is discussed.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of synthetic fuel products on Tetrahymena pyriformis. I. Phenol. Phenol is the major organic constituent of coal-conversion scrub water and is therfore a potential environmental contaminant. After Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL-C, syngen 1 was exposed to phenol, its behavior, cytology, respiration, and growth rates were examined. Concentrations larger than or equal to 75 mg/liter alter cell motility, shape, and contractile vacuole activity. O2 uptake was abruptly reduced within 3 min of exposure to phenol in concentrations as low as 10 mg/liter. Concomitantly there was an increase in the electron density of the mitochondrial matrix. Recovery to normal rates of O2 consumption was paralleled by a return to normal matrix density. Alterations of mucocysts, pellicle, and glycogen were also observed. The length of lag phase growth curves increased generally in proportion to concentration of toxicant. Phenol, however, did not affect the rate of cell multiplication during the exponential growth phase. The potential use of this system to examine the effects of other possible organic pollutants is discussed.", "PMID": 405480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3202", "title": "Regulation of ciliary pattern in ciliates.", "content": "The modes of pattern regulation found in the ciliates Dileptus and Paraurostyla are compared. These forms are systematically distant but both possess very extensive regenerative capacities. They are characterized by 2 types of ciliary patterns: the ciliature of Dileptus has largely a simple pattern composed of single kinetosomes while that of Paraurostyla has a complex pattern composed of aggregates of kinetosomes interconnected by amorphic matter. In both ciliates a change in cell size evokes pattern regulation which differs substantially in the extent of pattern replacement, timing, and localization of morphogenetic activities. It is concluded that these differences result from the pattern constituents.", "contents": "Regulation of ciliary pattern in ciliates. The modes of pattern regulation found in the ciliates Dileptus and Paraurostyla are compared. These forms are systematically distant but both possess very extensive regenerative capacities. They are characterized by 2 types of ciliary patterns: the ciliature of Dileptus has largely a simple pattern composed of single kinetosomes while that of Paraurostyla has a complex pattern composed of aggregates of kinetosomes interconnected by amorphic matter. In both ciliates a change in cell size evokes pattern regulation which differs substantially in the extent of pattern replacement, timing, and localization of morphogenetic activities. It is concluded that these differences result from the pattern constituents.", "PMID": 405481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3203", "title": "Molecules and morphologies: the perpetuation of pattern in the ciliated protozoa.", "content": "Three apparently conflicting generalizations concerning the relationships between molecules and cell structure may be derived from studies on cellular patterning in the ciliates. (A) Cells with identical genes and molecular composition may have different hereditary patterns. (B) Genes, through their prescribed molecular derivatives, constrain the modes of pattern permutation and define the states of greatest stability. (C) Cells with identical hereditary patterns may have entirely different genes and molecular compostitons. These priniciples may be reconciled through the recognition that they are characteristically applicable over different time intervals. Hereditary differences within a clone and without related molecular differences (principle A) may persist for hundreds of cell generations, but they are resolved eventually within a constant environment (principle B) as the configuration of minimal free energy is approached. On an even longer time scale, molecular substitutions have occurred for many or most components of the cell, but these have been constrained by selective pressures on an ancient design (principle C) that disallow substitutions affecting certain form-function relations which have been elevated to an adaptive peak.", "contents": "Molecules and morphologies: the perpetuation of pattern in the ciliated protozoa. Three apparently conflicting generalizations concerning the relationships between molecules and cell structure may be derived from studies on cellular patterning in the ciliates. (A) Cells with identical genes and molecular composition may have different hereditary patterns. (B) Genes, through their prescribed molecular derivatives, constrain the modes of pattern permutation and define the states of greatest stability. (C) Cells with identical hereditary patterns may have entirely different genes and molecular compostitons. These priniciples may be reconciled through the recognition that they are characteristically applicable over different time intervals. Hereditary differences within a clone and without related molecular differences (principle A) may persist for hundreds of cell generations, but they are resolved eventually within a constant environment (principle B) as the configuration of minimal free energy is approached. On an even longer time scale, molecular substitutions have occurred for many or most components of the cell, but these have been constrained by selective pressures on an ancient design (principle C) that disallow substitutions affecting certain form-function relations which have been elevated to an adaptive peak.", "PMID": 405482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3204", "title": "Revision and checklist of the species (other than lecudina) of the aseptate gregarine family Lecudinidae.", "content": "A checklist is given of the 89 named species of the gregarine family Lecudininae, exclusive of the 42 named species of the genus Lecudina (phylum Apicomplexa, class Sporozoea, subclass Gregarinia, order Eugregarinida, suborder Aseptatina). The list includes also the synonyms, host names, locations in hosts, known geographic distributions of the species, as well as key references. Another list is given of synonyms, lapsi calami, nomina nuda, etc., associated with the genera. A new genus, Paraophioidina g.n., with type species, Paraophioidina haeckeli (Mingazzini, 1891) and a new species, Lankesteria ormieresi sp. n., are described. There are also new combinations in the genera Bhatiella, Ancora, Monocystella, Ascocystis, and Paraophioidina.", "contents": "Revision and checklist of the species (other than lecudina) of the aseptate gregarine family Lecudinidae. A checklist is given of the 89 named species of the gregarine family Lecudininae, exclusive of the 42 named species of the genus Lecudina (phylum Apicomplexa, class Sporozoea, subclass Gregarinia, order Eugregarinida, suborder Aseptatina). The list includes also the synonyms, host names, locations in hosts, known geographic distributions of the species, as well as key references. Another list is given of synonyms, lapsi calami, nomina nuda, etc., associated with the genera. A new genus, Paraophioidina g.n., with type species, Paraophioidina haeckeli (Mingazzini, 1891) and a new species, Lankesteria ormieresi sp. n., are described. There are also new combinations in the genera Bhatiella, Ancora, Monocystella, Ascocystis, and Paraophioidina.", "PMID": 405483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3205", "title": "Nosema parkeri sp. n., a microsporidan from the argasid tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley.", "content": "Nosema parkeri sp. n. is described from nymphs and adults of the argasid tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley, from a laboratory colony. Schizogonic and sporogonic stages are described from various tick tissues. Spores are binucleate, measuring 3.2 (3-4) x 1.9 (1.8-2.5) micronm. Transmission is transovarial and transstadial. The parasite does not appear to affect adversely the development or reproduction of the tick. Dermacentor andersoni Stiles was experimentally infected. Attempts to infect Swiss mice by tick feeding or by injection of infected tick suspensions were unsuccessful. The microsporidan differs in structure from Encephalitozoon ixodis Weiser) and Nosema slovaca Weiser & Reh\u00e1cek, the only other microsporidans known from ticks.", "contents": "Nosema parkeri sp. n., a microsporidan from the argasid tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley. Nosema parkeri sp. n. is described from nymphs and adults of the argasid tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley, from a laboratory colony. Schizogonic and sporogonic stages are described from various tick tissues. Spores are binucleate, measuring 3.2 (3-4) x 1.9 (1.8-2.5) micronm. Transmission is transovarial and transstadial. The parasite does not appear to affect adversely the development or reproduction of the tick. Dermacentor andersoni Stiles was experimentally infected. Attempts to infect Swiss mice by tick feeding or by injection of infected tick suspensions were unsuccessful. The microsporidan differs in structure from Encephalitozoon ixodis Weiser) and Nosema slovaca Weiser & Reh\u00e1cek, the only other microsporidans known from ticks.", "PMID": 405484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3206", "title": "[Chronology of the ultrastructural modifications during the growth of Gregarina blaberae].", "content": "In an ultrastructural study the development of the sporozoite as well as the growth and development of the trophozoite of Gregarina blaberae were followed in the course of experimental infections of larvae of the cokroach Blaberus craniifer. The spectacular growth involved the transformation within 18 days of the sporozoite, measuring 15 X 1 micronm, to a cephaline--trophozoite affixed to the intestinal epithelium--of 250 micronm length and 65 micronm diameter. The sporozoite's ultrastructure is not different from that of sporozoites of other Sporozoa studies to date--the conoid and dense bodies are present. The pellicle consists of 3 membranes, but there are some interruptions in the internal membrane complex. The first dictyosomes are formed from the nuclear envelope. The migration of the nucleus and of the dense bodies, followed by the regression of all the structures characteristic of the sporozoites, and the establishment of a cortical zone that comes to cover the epimerite, take place within 48 h after infection and mark the transformation of the sporozoite into the trophozoite. Development of the cephaline involves the formation of the epicytic folds, which occurs at the base of the deutomerite, starting on the 3rd day of development. A regular system of longitudinal or epicytic folds is formed over the entire surface of the gregarine. On the 4th and 5th days of development, a vacuolar system and a chondriome become differentiated in the epimerite, while a fibrillar septum separates the protomerite from the deutomerite. The next stage, starting on the 6th day, is characterized by distribution of polysaccharide reserves between these 2 segments. The model studied allows us to determine the role of the epimerite in the parasite's nutrition, as well as the development of the chondriome and of the cortical membranes in the course of the vegetative growth phase of the cephaline gregarine.", "contents": "[Chronology of the ultrastructural modifications during the growth of Gregarina blaberae]. In an ultrastructural study the development of the sporozoite as well as the growth and development of the trophozoite of Gregarina blaberae were followed in the course of experimental infections of larvae of the cokroach Blaberus craniifer. The spectacular growth involved the transformation within 18 days of the sporozoite, measuring 15 X 1 micronm, to a cephaline--trophozoite affixed to the intestinal epithelium--of 250 micronm length and 65 micronm diameter. The sporozoite's ultrastructure is not different from that of sporozoites of other Sporozoa studies to date--the conoid and dense bodies are present. The pellicle consists of 3 membranes, but there are some interruptions in the internal membrane complex. The first dictyosomes are formed from the nuclear envelope. The migration of the nucleus and of the dense bodies, followed by the regression of all the structures characteristic of the sporozoites, and the establishment of a cortical zone that comes to cover the epimerite, take place within 48 h after infection and mark the transformation of the sporozoite into the trophozoite. Development of the cephaline involves the formation of the epicytic folds, which occurs at the base of the deutomerite, starting on the 3rd day of development. A regular system of longitudinal or epicytic folds is formed over the entire surface of the gregarine. On the 4th and 5th days of development, a vacuolar system and a chondriome become differentiated in the epimerite, while a fibrillar septum separates the protomerite from the deutomerite. The next stage, starting on the 6th day, is characterized by distribution of polysaccharide reserves between these 2 segments. The model studied allows us to determine the role of the epimerite in the parasite's nutrition, as well as the development of the chondriome and of the cortical membranes in the course of the vegetative growth phase of the cephaline gregarine.", "PMID": 405485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3207", "title": "[Ormiersia carcini gen. n., sp. n., microsporidian of the Mediterranean crab, Carcinus mediterraneus Czerniavsky, 1844: developmental cycle and ultrastructural study].", "content": "A microsporidan parasite, Ormieresia carcini gen. n., sp. n., was found in the crab, Carcinus mediterraneus Czerniavsky. Its development and fine structure are the subject are the subject of the present study. The life cycle begins with a schizont surrounded by a unit membrane and containing a diplokaryon. The entire process of sporogony takes place in the host musculature. The sporogonic stages are enclosed in the pansporoblastic membrane. In each pansporoblast, sporogony gives rise to 8 sporoblasts; the octonucleate sporogonial plasmodium is lacking. In the course of schizogonic and sporogonic divisions, each kinetic center consists of 2 plaques, one located within and the other outside the nuclear envelope. The dividing sporonts and sporoblasts sevrets \"metabolic\" substances (granules, tubules) which are depostied in the pansporoblast. The uninucleate spore is long and cylindrical, measuring 19.1 X 2.4 micronm. A rectilinear manubrium traverses the spore. Its posterior end attenuates abruptly into a polar filament with 4 or 5 coils; its anterior end is attached to the polar cap, which is compressed by a double polar ring. The anterior part of the manubrium is surrounded by a polaroplast consisting of a \"spongy\" (vesicular) and a lamellar zone.", "contents": "[Ormiersia carcini gen. n., sp. n., microsporidian of the Mediterranean crab, Carcinus mediterraneus Czerniavsky, 1844: developmental cycle and ultrastructural study]. A microsporidan parasite, Ormieresia carcini gen. n., sp. n., was found in the crab, Carcinus mediterraneus Czerniavsky. Its development and fine structure are the subject are the subject of the present study. The life cycle begins with a schizont surrounded by a unit membrane and containing a diplokaryon. The entire process of sporogony takes place in the host musculature. The sporogonic stages are enclosed in the pansporoblastic membrane. In each pansporoblast, sporogony gives rise to 8 sporoblasts; the octonucleate sporogonial plasmodium is lacking. In the course of schizogonic and sporogonic divisions, each kinetic center consists of 2 plaques, one located within and the other outside the nuclear envelope. The dividing sporonts and sporoblasts sevrets \"metabolic\" substances (granules, tubules) which are depostied in the pansporoblast. The uninucleate spore is long and cylindrical, measuring 19.1 X 2.4 micronm. A rectilinear manubrium traverses the spore. Its posterior end attenuates abruptly into a polar filament with 4 or 5 coils; its anterior end is attached to the polar cap, which is compressed by a double polar ring. The anterior part of the manubrium is surrounded by a polaroplast consisting of a \"spongy\" (vesicular) and a lamellar zone.", "PMID": 405486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3208", "title": "Some ultrastructural and functional aspects of the golgi \u00e0pparatus of Thelohania sp. (Microsporida) in the shrimp Pandalus jordani Rathbun.", "content": "Electron microscope observations on Thelohania sp. in the shrimp Pandalus jordani support the view that the Golgi complex in Microsporida is a \"classical\" one, composed of vesicular, vacuolar, and cisternal components. During development of the sporoblast, a portion of the Golgi complex is seen as an electron-dense reticulum enmeshing the core of the polar filament. Associated with the reticulum are electron-dense bodies. The reticulum and \"dense bodies,\" reported in several previous publications, have not been well understood and have been given a variety of names. The evidence favors the view that these structures have secretory activity in which the reticulum concentrates or synthesized material, some of which takes the form of membrane-bounded granules. It is suggested that the most appropriate name for the reticulum is \"reticulum golgien,\" and the the correct name for the \"dense bodies\" is the standard cytologic term, \"secretion granules.\" The secretion granules apparently remain in the posterior part of the spore, and may be stored there for some as yet undetermined use.", "contents": "Some ultrastructural and functional aspects of the golgi \u00e0pparatus of Thelohania sp. (Microsporida) in the shrimp Pandalus jordani Rathbun. Electron microscope observations on Thelohania sp. in the shrimp Pandalus jordani support the view that the Golgi complex in Microsporida is a \"classical\" one, composed of vesicular, vacuolar, and cisternal components. During development of the sporoblast, a portion of the Golgi complex is seen as an electron-dense reticulum enmeshing the core of the polar filament. Associated with the reticulum are electron-dense bodies. The reticulum and \"dense bodies,\" reported in several previous publications, have not been well understood and have been given a variety of names. The evidence favors the view that these structures have secretory activity in which the reticulum concentrates or synthesized material, some of which takes the form of membrane-bounded granules. It is suggested that the most appropriate name for the reticulum is \"reticulum golgien,\" and the the correct name for the \"dense bodies\" is the standard cytologic term, \"secretion granules.\" The secretion granules apparently remain in the posterior part of the spore, and may be stored there for some as yet undetermined use.", "PMID": 405487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3209", "title": "Discotricha papillifera: structure and morphogenesis of a marine interstitial ciliate.", "content": "Discotricha papillifera Tuffrau, a marine interstitial ciliate, is redescribed with the aid of light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy from cells collected at a New Hampshire beach. Presence of primitive membranelles as well as an advanced stomatogenesis is demonstrated. The ultrastructure, including a unique membrane-bounded septate structure, is described. The cell is tentatively placed in the nassulid suborder Microthoracina, but affinities with other groups are discussed.", "contents": "Discotricha papillifera: structure and morphogenesis of a marine interstitial ciliate. Discotricha papillifera Tuffrau, a marine interstitial ciliate, is redescribed with the aid of light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy from cells collected at a New Hampshire beach. Presence of primitive membranelles as well as an advanced stomatogenesis is demonstrated. The ultrastructure, including a unique membrane-bounded septate structure, is described. The cell is tentatively placed in the nassulid suborder Microthoracina, but affinities with other groups are discussed.", "PMID": 405488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3210", "title": "Spontaneous malformations in squirrel monkey [Saimiri sciureus] fetuses with emphasis on cleft lip and palate.", "content": "Gross examination of a group of surviving and nonsurviving squirrel monkeys has revealed a high incidence of cleft lip and cleft primary palate defects with an associated anophthalmia. These defects, as well as single incidences of diaphragmatic aplasia, scoliosis, internal hydrocephalus, and funnel chest, are noted or described and discussed with reference to sex and parentage.", "contents": "Spontaneous malformations in squirrel monkey [Saimiri sciureus] fetuses with emphasis on cleft lip and palate. Gross examination of a group of surviving and nonsurviving squirrel monkeys has revealed a high incidence of cleft lip and cleft primary palate defects with an associated anophthalmia. These defects, as well as single incidences of diaphragmatic aplasia, scoliosis, internal hydrocephalus, and funnel chest, are noted or described and discussed with reference to sex and parentage.", "PMID": 405491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3211", "title": "Observations on trichinosis in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Monkeys infected with 2.0 larvae/g body weight died 31-41 days post-infection (PI): two of three monkeys infected with 1.0 larva/g body weight became moribund and were sacrificed at 50 days, but six of six monkeys infected with 1.0 larva/g body weight were healthy 225 days PI. Periorbital and facial edema and eosinophilia were observed in all groups during the second week PI, and myalgia and stiffening of joints was observed during the third week. High numbers of encyse, biceps brachii and deltoideus. Adult worms were recovered from the intestine 49 days PI. The morphological changes were essentially similar to those seen in humans and a generalized lymphoid hyperplasia was not observed. Thus, rhesus monkeys develop trichinosis which show similarities clinically, pathologically and morphologically to human disease.", "contents": "Observations on trichinosis in the rhesus monkey. Monkeys infected with 2.0 larvae/g body weight died 31-41 days post-infection (PI): two of three monkeys infected with 1.0 larva/g body weight became moribund and were sacrificed at 50 days, but six of six monkeys infected with 1.0 larva/g body weight were healthy 225 days PI. Periorbital and facial edema and eosinophilia were observed in all groups during the second week PI, and myalgia and stiffening of joints was observed during the third week. High numbers of encyse, biceps brachii and deltoideus. Adult worms were recovered from the intestine 49 days PI. The morphological changes were essentially similar to those seen in humans and a generalized lymphoid hyperplasia was not observed. Thus, rhesus monkeys develop trichinosis which show similarities clinically, pathologically and morphologically to human disease.", "PMID": 405492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3212", "title": "A M\u00fcllerian duct remnant in an aged male talapoin monkey.", "content": "A pelvic mass in an aged, male talapoin monkey, believed to be of M\u00fcllerian duct origin, is described. Histologically, the mass was composed of smooth muscle cells and glandular epithelium, although the typical uterine organization of these tissues was not observed. The remainder of the genital system was that of a normal male primate.", "contents": "A M\u00fcllerian duct remnant in an aged male talapoin monkey. A pelvic mass in an aged, male talapoin monkey, believed to be of M\u00fcllerian duct origin, is described. Histologically, the mass was composed of smooth muscle cells and glandular epithelium, although the typical uterine organization of these tissues was not observed. The remainder of the genital system was that of a normal male primate.", "PMID": 405493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3213", "title": "Semi-free breeding of tropical Celebes macaques (Macaca tonkeana) in a continental European climate.", "content": "Celebes macaques have been successfully bred for four years in a free-ranging colony in French pre-Alps where they are exposed to continental European climate and temperature variation of 65 centigrades.", "contents": "Semi-free breeding of tropical Celebes macaques (Macaca tonkeana) in a continental European climate. Celebes macaques have been successfully bred for four years in a free-ranging colony in French pre-Alps where they are exposed to continental European climate and temperature variation of 65 centigrades.", "PMID": 405494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3214", "title": "Intracellular uptake and alpha-amylase and lactate dehydrogenase releasing actions of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 in dissociated pancreatic acinar cells.", "content": "Intracellular uptake of A23187 and the increased release of amylase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) accompanying ionophore uptake was studied using dissociated acinar cells prepared from mouse pancreas. Easily detected changes in the fluorescence excitation spectrum of A23187 upon transfer of the ionophore from a Tris-buffered Ringer's to cell membranes were used to monitor A23187 uptake. Uptake was rapid in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ (t1/2=1 min) and much slower in the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ (t1/2=20 min). Cell-associated ionophore was largely intracellular as indicated by fluorescence microscopy, lack of spectral sensitivity to changes in extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+, and by equivalent interaction of ionophore with membranes of whole and sonicated cells. A23187 (10 micronm) increased amylase release 200% in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+. In the absence of Ca2+ (but in the presence of Mg2+) A23187 did not increase amylase release. A23187 (10 micronm) also produced Ca2+ -dependent cell damage, as judged by increased LDH release, increased permeability to trypan blue, and by disruption of cell morphology. The cell damaging and amylase releasing properties of A23187 were distinguished by their time course and dose-response relationship. A23187 (1 micronm) increased amylase release 140% without increasing LDH release or permeability to trypan blue.", "contents": "Intracellular uptake and alpha-amylase and lactate dehydrogenase releasing actions of the divalent cation ionophore A23187 in dissociated pancreatic acinar cells. Intracellular uptake of A23187 and the increased release of amylase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) accompanying ionophore uptake was studied using dissociated acinar cells prepared from mouse pancreas. Easily detected changes in the fluorescence excitation spectrum of A23187 upon transfer of the ionophore from a Tris-buffered Ringer's to cell membranes were used to monitor A23187 uptake. Uptake was rapid in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ (t1/2=1 min) and much slower in the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ (t1/2=20 min). Cell-associated ionophore was largely intracellular as indicated by fluorescence microscopy, lack of spectral sensitivity to changes in extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+, and by equivalent interaction of ionophore with membranes of whole and sonicated cells. A23187 (10 micronm) increased amylase release 200% in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+. In the absence of Ca2+ (but in the presence of Mg2+) A23187 did not increase amylase release. A23187 (10 micronm) also produced Ca2+ -dependent cell damage, as judged by increased LDH release, increased permeability to trypan blue, and by disruption of cell morphology. The cell damaging and amylase releasing properties of A23187 were distinguished by their time course and dose-response relationship. A23187 (1 micronm) increased amylase release 140% without increasing LDH release or permeability to trypan blue.", "PMID": 405495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3215", "title": "Active phosphate transport across the urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus.", "content": "Net transport of inorganic phosphate occurs in the absence of an electrochemical gradient from the mucosal to the serosal bathing solution in the isolated toad urinary bladder. This transport can be inhibited by metabolic inhibitors. The magnitude of this transport can be altered by changes in phosphate concentration or by the addition of parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "Active phosphate transport across the urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus. Net transport of inorganic phosphate occurs in the absence of an electrochemical gradient from the mucosal to the serosal bathing solution in the isolated toad urinary bladder. This transport can be inhibited by metabolic inhibitors. The magnitude of this transport can be altered by changes in phosphate concentration or by the addition of parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 405496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3216", "title": "Metabolic cost of sodium transport in toad urinary bladder.", "content": "The metabolic cost of active sodium transport was determined in toad bladder at different gradients of transepithelial potential. Deltapsi, by continuous and simultaneous measurements of CO2 production and of transepithelial electric current. Amiloride was used to block active sodium transport in order to assess the nontransport-linked, basal, production of CO2 and the passive permeability of the tissue. From these determinations active sodium transport, Jna, and suprabasal CO2 production, Jsb CO2, were calculated. Since large transients in Jna and Jsb CO2 frequently accompanied any abrupt change in deltapsi, steady state conditions were carefully defined. Some 20 to 40 min were required after a change in deltapsi before steady state of transport activity and of CO2 production were achieved. The metabolic cost of sodium transport proved to be the same whether the bladder expended energy moving sodium against a transepithelial electrical potential grandient of +50 mV or whether sodium was being pulled through \"the active transport pathway\" by an electrical gradient of -50 mV. In both cases the value of the ratio Jna/Jsb CO2 averaged some 20 sodium ions transported per molecule of CO2 produced. When the Na pump was blocked by 10(-2) M ouabain, the perturbations of the transepithelial electrical potential did not elicit changes of Jna nor, consequently of Jsb CO2. The independence of the ratio Jna/Jsb CO2 from deltapsi over the range+/-50 mV indicates a high degree of coupling between active sodium transport and metabolism.", "contents": "Metabolic cost of sodium transport in toad urinary bladder. The metabolic cost of active sodium transport was determined in toad bladder at different gradients of transepithelial potential. Deltapsi, by continuous and simultaneous measurements of CO2 production and of transepithelial electric current. Amiloride was used to block active sodium transport in order to assess the nontransport-linked, basal, production of CO2 and the passive permeability of the tissue. From these determinations active sodium transport, Jna, and suprabasal CO2 production, Jsb CO2, were calculated. Since large transients in Jna and Jsb CO2 frequently accompanied any abrupt change in deltapsi, steady state conditions were carefully defined. Some 20 to 40 min were required after a change in deltapsi before steady state of transport activity and of CO2 production were achieved. The metabolic cost of sodium transport proved to be the same whether the bladder expended energy moving sodium against a transepithelial electrical potential grandient of +50 mV or whether sodium was being pulled through \"the active transport pathway\" by an electrical gradient of -50 mV. In both cases the value of the ratio Jna/Jsb CO2 averaged some 20 sodium ions transported per molecule of CO2 produced. When the Na pump was blocked by 10(-2) M ouabain, the perturbations of the transepithelial electrical potential did not elicit changes of Jna nor, consequently of Jsb CO2. The independence of the ratio Jna/Jsb CO2 from deltapsi over the range+/-50 mV indicates a high degree of coupling between active sodium transport and metabolism.", "PMID": 405497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3217", "title": "An analysis of the binding of fluorescence probes in mitochondrial systems.", "content": "Measurements of the binding of the fluorescent probes 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate (ANS) and ethidium ions to whole and disruped mitochondria and submitochondrial particles suggest that the inner mitochondrial membrane is freely permeable to the two probes. Equations relating the binding of permeant probes to the electro-chemical balance across the membrane of vesicular systems are derived and these equations used to analyze Scatchard plots of the binding of the two probes to energized and nonenergized mitochondria and EDTA particles.", "contents": "An analysis of the binding of fluorescence probes in mitochondrial systems. Measurements of the binding of the fluorescent probes 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate (ANS) and ethidium ions to whole and disruped mitochondria and submitochondrial particles suggest that the inner mitochondrial membrane is freely permeable to the two probes. Equations relating the binding of permeant probes to the electro-chemical balance across the membrane of vesicular systems are derived and these equations used to analyze Scatchard plots of the binding of the two probes to energized and nonenergized mitochondria and EDTA particles.", "PMID": 405498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3218", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for myeloma idiotype.", "content": "Rabbit anti-idiotype antisera were prepared against four human myeloma proteins. These antisera demonstrated a capacity to bind the 125I-labeled autologous purified monoclonal IgG, but failed to demonstrate any binding to 125I-labeled normal IgG or to labeled myeloma IgG obtained from other myeloma patients. The anti-idiotypic antisera were used with 125I-labeled autologous myeloma IgG preparations and goat antirabbit IgG for specific radioimmunoassay with a sensitivity limit of 20 ng/ml. Little or no cross-reaction occurred between these anti-idiotypic antisera and normal IgG preparations or other myeloma IgG proteins.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for myeloma idiotype. Rabbit anti-idiotype antisera were prepared against four human myeloma proteins. These antisera demonstrated a capacity to bind the 125I-labeled autologous purified monoclonal IgG, but failed to demonstrate any binding to 125I-labeled normal IgG or to labeled myeloma IgG obtained from other myeloma patients. The anti-idiotypic antisera were used with 125I-labeled autologous myeloma IgG preparations and goat antirabbit IgG for specific radioimmunoassay with a sensitivity limit of 20 ng/ml. Little or no cross-reaction occurred between these anti-idiotypic antisera and normal IgG preparations or other myeloma IgG proteins.", "PMID": 405500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3219", "title": "Insulin and sodium bicarbonate treatment in diabetic ketoacidosis in children.", "content": "Nineteen patients, nine males and ten females had 24 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. Infection was the precipitating factor in the development of ketoacidosis. Recovery of ketoacidosis occurred with 0.7 units of crystalline insulin per kg of body weight. The insulin requirement is less than the generally recommended dose. Hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, and alkalosis were not developed in our children. Ketoacidosis was adequately corrected by 2.5 mEq of sodium bicarbonate per kg of body weight.", "contents": "Insulin and sodium bicarbonate treatment in diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Nineteen patients, nine males and ten females had 24 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. Infection was the precipitating factor in the development of ketoacidosis. Recovery of ketoacidosis occurred with 0.7 units of crystalline insulin per kg of body weight. The insulin requirement is less than the generally recommended dose. Hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, and alkalosis were not developed in our children. Ketoacidosis was adequately corrected by 2.5 mEq of sodium bicarbonate per kg of body weight.", "PMID": 405501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3220", "title": "Effects of diphenylhydantoin and chloroquine on monkey liver microsomal mixed-function oxidases.", "content": "Sixteen adult male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were randomly divided into three treatment groups and one control group. Each treatment group received 10 mg/kg oral doses of diphenylhydantoin and/or chloroquine. Following sacrifice, in vitro assays for activity of liver microsomal mixed-function oxidases were run. The assays confirmed diphenylhydantoin as a potent inducer of mixed-function oxidases. Chloroquine administration had little affect on the enzymes assayed and did not inhibit the diphenylhydantoin induction.", "contents": "Effects of diphenylhydantoin and chloroquine on monkey liver microsomal mixed-function oxidases. Sixteen adult male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were randomly divided into three treatment groups and one control group. Each treatment group received 10 mg/kg oral doses of diphenylhydantoin and/or chloroquine. Following sacrifice, in vitro assays for activity of liver microsomal mixed-function oxidases were run. The assays confirmed diphenylhydantoin as a potent inducer of mixed-function oxidases. Chloroquine administration had little affect on the enzymes assayed and did not inhibit the diphenylhydantoin induction.", "PMID": 405502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3221", "title": "Ocular accumulation and toxicity of certain systemically administered drugs.", "content": "Certain polycyclic compounds with a coplanar ring structure (phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, 4-aminoquinolines, and amitriptyline), monocyclic sympathomimetic amines, and other drugs become concentrated in the eyes of animals following acute or chronic systemic administration. Some are known to cross the placental barrier and accumulate in the fetal eye. Following drug withdrawal, these substances disappear relatively slowly from ocular tissues compared with other tissues. The main reason for the accumulation of these compounds seem to be their affinity for the melanin of the uveal tract and pigment epithelium and they therefore do not accumulate in the eyes of albino animals. The mechanism of uptake by melanin probably involves a \"charge transfer\" reaction involving the transfer of an electron from drug to melanin, which acts as an \"electron trap\" and in consequence binds the donor compound firmly. The accumulation of a nontoxic drug in the eye is not necessarily of clinical significance, but ocular damage can occur in patients on long-term tricyclic agents when the amount, duration, and frequency of dosage are sufficiently high. The most serious form of ocular damage is pigmentary retinopathy, which, if caused by chloroquine, is irreversible. In contrast, phenothiazine retinopathy is reversible. Lesions may also be produced in anterior structures of the eye, usually the cornea and lens, by both chloroquine and the phenothiazines, but they are of a relatively minor nature. Possible mechanisms for the oculotoxicity of the phenothiazines and antimalarials are discussed, particularly in relation to melanin.", "contents": "Ocular accumulation and toxicity of certain systemically administered drugs. Certain polycyclic compounds with a coplanar ring structure (phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, 4-aminoquinolines, and amitriptyline), monocyclic sympathomimetic amines, and other drugs become concentrated in the eyes of animals following acute or chronic systemic administration. Some are known to cross the placental barrier and accumulate in the fetal eye. Following drug withdrawal, these substances disappear relatively slowly from ocular tissues compared with other tissues. The main reason for the accumulation of these compounds seem to be their affinity for the melanin of the uveal tract and pigment epithelium and they therefore do not accumulate in the eyes of albino animals. The mechanism of uptake by melanin probably involves a \"charge transfer\" reaction involving the transfer of an electron from drug to melanin, which acts as an \"electron trap\" and in consequence binds the donor compound firmly. The accumulation of a nontoxic drug in the eye is not necessarily of clinical significance, but ocular damage can occur in patients on long-term tricyclic agents when the amount, duration, and frequency of dosage are sufficiently high. The most serious form of ocular damage is pigmentary retinopathy, which, if caused by chloroquine, is irreversible. In contrast, phenothiazine retinopathy is reversible. Lesions may also be produced in anterior structures of the eye, usually the cornea and lens, by both chloroquine and the phenothiazines, but they are of a relatively minor nature. Possible mechanisms for the oculotoxicity of the phenothiazines and antimalarials are discussed, particularly in relation to melanin.", "PMID": 405503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3222", "title": "Leishmaniasis in Brazil: XII. Observations on cross-immunity in monkeys and man infected with Leishmania mexicana mexicana, L. m. amazonensis, L. braziliensis braziliensis, L. b. guyanensis and L. b. panamensis.", "content": "Cross-immunity trials in monkeys (Cebus apella apella) and observations on experimental and natural infections in man confirm the separate identity of L. mexicana mexicana, L. m. amazonensis, L. b. braziliensis, L. b. guyanensis and L. b. panamensis. Neither L. m. mexicana nor L. m. amazonensis infections gave protection against subsequent challenge with parasites of the L. braziliensis complex; but recovery from infection with subspecies of L. braziliensis in most cases gave firm resistance to infection with the mexicana parasites. The failure of certain New World leishmanias to immunize against each other has an important bearing on taxonomy, future attempts to prepare vaccines against Leishmania, epidemiology and diagnosis.", "contents": "Leishmaniasis in Brazil: XII. Observations on cross-immunity in monkeys and man infected with Leishmania mexicana mexicana, L. m. amazonensis, L. braziliensis braziliensis, L. b. guyanensis and L. b. panamensis. Cross-immunity trials in monkeys (Cebus apella apella) and observations on experimental and natural infections in man confirm the separate identity of L. mexicana mexicana, L. m. amazonensis, L. b. braziliensis, L. b. guyanensis and L. b. panamensis. Neither L. m. mexicana nor L. m. amazonensis infections gave protection against subsequent challenge with parasites of the L. braziliensis complex; but recovery from infection with subspecies of L. braziliensis in most cases gave firm resistance to infection with the mexicana parasites. The failure of certain New World leishmanias to immunize against each other has an important bearing on taxonomy, future attempts to prepare vaccines against Leishmania, epidemiology and diagnosis.", "PMID": 405504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3223", "title": "Growth of an enveloped mycoplasmavirus and establishment of a carrier state.", "content": "The growth of an enveloped DNA-containing mycoplasmavirus (MVL2 obtained from R.N. Gourlay) has studied, by using the indicator host Acholeplasma laidlawii strain JA1. From virus one-step growth curves, artificial lysis experiments, and infected cell growth curves, it was found that virus infection is nonlytic. Newly infected cells grow slower and are osmotically more stable than uninfected cells. However, 4 to 6 h after infection, the cells reach a carrier state in which cell growth rate and osmotic fragility are indistinguishable from uninfected cells. Carrier cultures contain free virus. Every carrier culture cell gives rise to either a clone of carrier cells or a clone of MVL2-resistant cells.", "contents": "Growth of an enveloped mycoplasmavirus and establishment of a carrier state. The growth of an enveloped DNA-containing mycoplasmavirus (MVL2 obtained from R.N. Gourlay) has studied, by using the indicator host Acholeplasma laidlawii strain JA1. From virus one-step growth curves, artificial lysis experiments, and infected cell growth curves, it was found that virus infection is nonlytic. Newly infected cells grow slower and are osmotically more stable than uninfected cells. However, 4 to 6 h after infection, the cells reach a carrier state in which cell growth rate and osmotic fragility are indistinguishable from uninfected cells. Carrier cultures contain free virus. Every carrier culture cell gives rise to either a clone of carrier cells or a clone of MVL2-resistant cells.", "PMID": 405508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3224", "title": "Sarcocystis leporum in cottontail rabbits and its transmission to carnivores.", "content": "Muscle from Sarcocystis-infected cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) was fed to coccidia-free cats (Felis domestica) and dogs (Canis familiaris). Only cats became infected and shed sporocysts in their feces. The prepatent period ranged from 10 to 25 days and the patent period from 3 to 46 days. Sporocysts were fully sporulated when shed. They contained 4 sporozoites and a coarse granular residuum and averaged 9.4 by 13.6 micron (N=55). Doses of 200-75,000 sporocysts were orally administered to 5 domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Domestic rabbits did not become infected, suggesting a strict host specificity for the intermediate host S. floridanus.", "contents": "Sarcocystis leporum in cottontail rabbits and its transmission to carnivores. Muscle from Sarcocystis-infected cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) was fed to coccidia-free cats (Felis domestica) and dogs (Canis familiaris). Only cats became infected and shed sporocysts in their feces. The prepatent period ranged from 10 to 25 days and the patent period from 3 to 46 days. Sporocysts were fully sporulated when shed. They contained 4 sporozoites and a coarse granular residuum and averaged 9.4 by 13.6 micron (N=55). Doses of 200-75,000 sporocysts were orally administered to 5 domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Domestic rabbits did not become infected, suggesting a strict host specificity for the intermediate host S. floridanus.", "PMID": 405509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3225", "title": "Transmission of Sarcocystis leporum from a cottontail rabbit to domestic cats.", "content": "Muscle tissue containing grossly visible cysts of Sarcocystis leporum from a cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus) was fed to laboratory cats. Sporocysts averaging 13.2 x 9.7 micron were detected in the feces 14 days post-infection and were found until 69 days post-infection.", "contents": "Transmission of Sarcocystis leporum from a cottontail rabbit to domestic cats. Muscle tissue containing grossly visible cysts of Sarcocystis leporum from a cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus) was fed to laboratory cats. Sporocysts averaging 13.2 x 9.7 micron were detected in the feces 14 days post-infection and were found until 69 days post-infection.", "PMID": 405510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3226", "title": "Blood parasites of some waterfowl from Victoria, Australia.", "content": "A total of 316 anatids (5 species) from Serendip Wildlife Research Station, Lara, Victoria, were examined for blood parasites. Twenty-two of the ducks (all five species) harbored Haemoproteus nettionis and one also harbored Plasmodium relictum. None of 12 dusky moorhens (Gallinula tenebrosa) were infected. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of H. nettionis between species or age groups of ducks. No evidence of infection with Leucocytozoon, Trypanosoma or microfilaria was obtained.", "contents": "Blood parasites of some waterfowl from Victoria, Australia. A total of 316 anatids (5 species) from Serendip Wildlife Research Station, Lara, Victoria, were examined for blood parasites. Twenty-two of the ducks (all five species) harbored Haemoproteus nettionis and one also harbored Plasmodium relictum. None of 12 dusky moorhens (Gallinula tenebrosa) were infected. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of H. nettionis between species or age groups of ducks. No evidence of infection with Leucocytozoon, Trypanosoma or microfilaria was obtained.", "PMID": 405511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3227", "title": "A species of Sarcocystis using owls as definitive hosts.", "content": "Sporulated oocysts found in the intestines of a Masked Owl (Tyto novaehollandiae) and a Barn Owl (T. alba) produced sarcocysts in mice. Schizonts were found in the livers of 3 mice that died at 7-8 days after dosing. Neither sarcocysts nor schizonts were found in chickens dosed with oocysts from a Masked Owl.", "contents": "A species of Sarcocystis using owls as definitive hosts. Sporulated oocysts found in the intestines of a Masked Owl (Tyto novaehollandiae) and a Barn Owl (T. alba) produced sarcocysts in mice. Schizonts were found in the livers of 3 mice that died at 7-8 days after dosing. Neither sarcocysts nor schizonts were found in chickens dosed with oocysts from a Masked Owl.", "PMID": 405512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3228", "title": "A comparative study of the anti-allergic effects of disodium baicalein 6-phosphate (BPS) and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG).", "content": "A comparative study was carried out on the effects of a soluble derivative of baicalein, disodium baicalein 6-phosphate (BPS) and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on the immediate type allergic reactions. BPS not only inhibited reaginic antibody-mediated reactions including antigen-induced mediator release from monkey lung, homologous PCA in rats, and reaginic antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cell, but also non-reaginic antibody-mediated reactions such as mediator release from guinea pig lung sensitized with ovalbumin and that from human lung caused by anti-IgE. The agent, however, did not affect the mediator release from lung of rats sensitized with dinitrophynylated ascaris extract plus Bordetella pertussis. On the other hand, DSCG showed characteristic properties as an inhibitor of reaginic antibody-mediated reaction. It is thus assumed that the functional site of reaginic antibody is well fixed with DSCG at a definite distance between the two-chromone-nuclei while that of IgG is readily fixed with the two molecules of baicalein or BPS.", "contents": "A comparative study of the anti-allergic effects of disodium baicalein 6-phosphate (BPS) and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). A comparative study was carried out on the effects of a soluble derivative of baicalein, disodium baicalein 6-phosphate (BPS) and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on the immediate type allergic reactions. BPS not only inhibited reaginic antibody-mediated reactions including antigen-induced mediator release from monkey lung, homologous PCA in rats, and reaginic antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cell, but also non-reaginic antibody-mediated reactions such as mediator release from guinea pig lung sensitized with ovalbumin and that from human lung caused by anti-IgE. The agent, however, did not affect the mediator release from lung of rats sensitized with dinitrophynylated ascaris extract plus Bordetella pertussis. On the other hand, DSCG showed characteristic properties as an inhibitor of reaginic antibody-mediated reaction. It is thus assumed that the functional site of reaginic antibody is well fixed with DSCG at a definite distance between the two-chromone-nuclei while that of IgG is readily fixed with the two molecules of baicalein or BPS.", "PMID": 405519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3229", "title": "A minirecord: an aid to continuity of care.", "content": "A simple, low cost computerized minirecord system (minimal essential record) has been in full operation for two years in the Medical Clinic of The Johns Hopkins Hospital. The primary objective of the minirecord system is to permit rapid retrieval of current information concerning Medical Clinic patients. The system provides a computer-printed listing of problems and medications in the front of each chart and on-line display of this information at strategically located computer terminals. The information is generated via existing simple systems with minimal additional effort and with the use of any terminology deemed appropriate. Chart review revealed that minirecords were actually present in 92% of the charts and that significant improvement occurred in the recognition of a subsequent visit of clearly defined problems and therapies noted on the initial minirecord. Current modifications will replace the separate minirecord and encounter form (registration and visit note) with a single form that will facilitate completion an updating. The rapid availability of this information provides a mechanism for coordinating continuing care in a university hospital system that is otherwise inevitably fragmented and composed of multiple health care providers.", "contents": "A minirecord: an aid to continuity of care. A simple, low cost computerized minirecord system (minimal essential record) has been in full operation for two years in the Medical Clinic of The Johns Hopkins Hospital. The primary objective of the minirecord system is to permit rapid retrieval of current information concerning Medical Clinic patients. The system provides a computer-printed listing of problems and medications in the front of each chart and on-line display of this information at strategically located computer terminals. The information is generated via existing simple systems with minimal additional effort and with the use of any terminology deemed appropriate. Chart review revealed that minirecords were actually present in 92% of the charts and that significant improvement occurred in the recognition of a subsequent visit of clearly defined problems and therapies noted on the initial minirecord. Current modifications will replace the separate minirecord and encounter form (registration and visit note) with a single form that will facilitate completion an updating. The rapid availability of this information provides a mechanism for coordinating continuing care in a university hospital system that is otherwise inevitably fragmented and composed of multiple health care providers.", "PMID": 405522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3230", "title": "Evaluation of indium-111 as a new high photon yield gamma-emitting \"physiological\" platelet label.", "content": "In order to evaluate indium-111 (111In) as a \"physiological\" platelet label, rabbit platelets were labeled in vitro with 111In-8-hydroxyquinoline. The in vivo behavior of 111In labeled platelets was then compared with that of chromium-51 51Cr) labeled platelets in the rabbit. Several important features were evident. First, unlike 51Cr, reasonable platelet labeling efficiency could be achieved with 111In, even when the platelets were suspended in small amounts of autologous plasma. Second, the initial recovery of platelets at 20 minutes after infusion was significantly higher for the 111In labeled platelets than for 51Cr labeled platelets, providing the platelets were suspended and \"washed\" in plasma. Third, the mean survival time of 111In labeled platelets, as estimated using four different mathematical models, was comparable with that of 51Cr platelets. Finally, the high photon yield of gamma emitting 111In, unlike 51Cr, permits quantitative gamma camera imaging of the in vivo distribution of labeled platelets. Thus, this nuclide possesses advantages as a platelet label that will foster statistically more accurate kinetic research as well as quantitative in vivo distribution studies in humans.", "contents": "Evaluation of indium-111 as a new high photon yield gamma-emitting \"physiological\" platelet label. In order to evaluate indium-111 (111In) as a \"physiological\" platelet label, rabbit platelets were labeled in vitro with 111In-8-hydroxyquinoline. The in vivo behavior of 111In labeled platelets was then compared with that of chromium-51 51Cr) labeled platelets in the rabbit. Several important features were evident. First, unlike 51Cr, reasonable platelet labeling efficiency could be achieved with 111In, even when the platelets were suspended in small amounts of autologous plasma. Second, the initial recovery of platelets at 20 minutes after infusion was significantly higher for the 111In labeled platelets than for 51Cr labeled platelets, providing the platelets were suspended and \"washed\" in plasma. Third, the mean survival time of 111In labeled platelets, as estimated using four different mathematical models, was comparable with that of 51Cr platelets. Finally, the high photon yield of gamma emitting 111In, unlike 51Cr, permits quantitative gamma camera imaging of the in vivo distribution of labeled platelets. Thus, this nuclide possesses advantages as a platelet label that will foster statistically more accurate kinetic research as well as quantitative in vivo distribution studies in humans.", "PMID": 405523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3231", "title": "[Phospholipase A and lysophosphatidylcholine in the pathogenesis of \"permeability cataracts\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Phospholipase A and Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) have been shown harmful for normal lens permeability, inducing an efflux of intracellular macromolecules in organ cultures. These findings, superimposible to what has been shown in the lens for complement-dependent immune damage, along with the hypothesis that the cytotoxicity of complement is mediated by a phospholipase, are considered relevant as far as the pathogenesis of complicated cataracts in \"immune\" uveitis and the selfmaintenance of recurrent autoimmune (to lens proteins) anterior uveitis are concerned.", "contents": "[Phospholipase A and lysophosphatidylcholine in the pathogenesis of \"permeability cataracts\" (author's transl)]. Phospholipase A and Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) have been shown harmful for normal lens permeability, inducing an efflux of intracellular macromolecules in organ cultures. These findings, superimposible to what has been shown in the lens for complement-dependent immune damage, along with the hypothesis that the cytotoxicity of complement is mediated by a phospholipase, are considered relevant as far as the pathogenesis of complicated cataracts in \"immune\" uveitis and the selfmaintenance of recurrent autoimmune (to lens proteins) anterior uveitis are concerned.", "PMID": 405525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3232", "title": "[Methods of evaluating the function of transplanted islets of Langerhans (author's transl)].", "content": "The various groups who are working on islet-transplantation used different parameters in determining the success or failure of their experiments. In our own transplantation-trials we tested the value of using the symptoms typical of diabetic humans for rats. These are: change in bodyweight, water intake, urine-volume and glucose content as well as the glucose-level in the blood. Special diabetic provocation-tests were also carried out with rats. It was shown, that the i.v. glucose-tolerance-test (IVGTT) and the glucose assimilation-coefficient (GAC) were able to demonstrate the reversal of the diabetic state after islet-transplantation. The tolbutamid-test gave no additional evidence about the success of the transplantation. Histological examinations should always be carried out in addition to the biochemical tests, because a decrease in the islet's-function is shown to depend on a higher rate of morphological regressions.", "contents": "[Methods of evaluating the function of transplanted islets of Langerhans (author's transl)]. The various groups who are working on islet-transplantation used different parameters in determining the success or failure of their experiments. In our own transplantation-trials we tested the value of using the symptoms typical of diabetic humans for rats. These are: change in bodyweight, water intake, urine-volume and glucose content as well as the glucose-level in the blood. Special diabetic provocation-tests were also carried out with rats. It was shown, that the i.v. glucose-tolerance-test (IVGTT) and the glucose assimilation-coefficient (GAC) were able to demonstrate the reversal of the diabetic state after islet-transplantation. The tolbutamid-test gave no additional evidence about the success of the transplantation. Histological examinations should always be carried out in addition to the biochemical tests, because a decrease in the islet's-function is shown to depend on a higher rate of morphological regressions.", "PMID": 405539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3233", "title": "The fate of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts in mandibulo-facial restoration.", "content": "To overcome some of the problems encountered in the repair of extensive composite defects of the head and neck, several means of transfering bone and soft tissue--while preserving the blood supply by means of a pedicle--have been clinically attempted. The superiority of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts compared to free grafts is demonstrated in a series of experiments in monkeys and dogs. Conventional and tetracycline labelled histological specimens, from animals sacrificed at intervals from two weeks to six months after grafting, illustrate the dynamic changes in the grafts. Pedicle supported grafts appeared superior to free grafts and partivipated actively in bone reconstruction.", "contents": "The fate of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts in mandibulo-facial restoration. To overcome some of the problems encountered in the repair of extensive composite defects of the head and neck, several means of transfering bone and soft tissue--while preserving the blood supply by means of a pedicle--have been clinically attempted. The superiority of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts compared to free grafts is demonstrated in a series of experiments in monkeys and dogs. Conventional and tetracycline labelled histological specimens, from animals sacrificed at intervals from two weeks to six months after grafting, illustrate the dynamic changes in the grafts. Pedicle supported grafts appeared superior to free grafts and partivipated actively in bone reconstruction.", "PMID": 405540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3234", "title": "[Screening methods for the detection of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in blood serum].", "content": "In order to spread in occupational medicine the simple screening test allowing to detect the alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, the conformability of four procedures with the method of radial immunodiffusion has been analysed. From the received data it results that for the preliminary diagnostics of deficiency in mass examinations methods based on separation of proteins on the agar gel, determination on the gelatinous membrane and the method of rocket immunodiffusion are suitable.", "contents": "[Screening methods for the detection of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in blood serum]. In order to spread in occupational medicine the simple screening test allowing to detect the alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, the conformability of four procedures with the method of radial immunodiffusion has been analysed. From the received data it results that for the preliminary diagnostics of deficiency in mass examinations methods based on separation of proteins on the agar gel, determination on the gelatinous membrane and the method of rocket immunodiffusion are suitable.", "PMID": 405550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3235", "title": "Lack of effect of thyroid hormones on the growth hormone response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in acromegaly.", "content": "Serum growth hormone (GH) responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were evaluated in 14 patients with acromegaly following treatment with thyroid hormones. After an initial TRH test, seven patients received L-triiodothyronine, 100 mug daily for seven days; the GH response to TRH was not significantly altered by this treatment. Similar findings were noted in two acromegalic subjects who were tested with TRH before and after longer periods of administration of L-thyroxine. Four of five additional subjects with acromegaly who had received replacement doses of thyroid hormones for an average of 6.6 yr demonstrated GH responses to TRH which were similar to those seen in subjects not receiving thyroid hormones. Acute or long-term administration of replacement doses of thyroid hormones seems to have minimal effect on the GH response to TRH in acromegaly.", "contents": "Lack of effect of thyroid hormones on the growth hormone response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in acromegaly. Serum growth hormone (GH) responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were evaluated in 14 patients with acromegaly following treatment with thyroid hormones. After an initial TRH test, seven patients received L-triiodothyronine, 100 mug daily for seven days; the GH response to TRH was not significantly altered by this treatment. Similar findings were noted in two acromegalic subjects who were tested with TRH before and after longer periods of administration of L-thyroxine. Four of five additional subjects with acromegaly who had received replacement doses of thyroid hormones for an average of 6.6 yr demonstrated GH responses to TRH which were similar to those seen in subjects not receiving thyroid hormones. Acute or long-term administration of replacement doses of thyroid hormones seems to have minimal effect on the GH response to TRH in acromegaly.", "PMID": 405552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3236", "title": "Restriction and modification in Bacillus species: genetic transformation of bacteria with DNA from different species, part I.", "content": "Host specific restriction was detected in 13 Bacillus strains, when 63 strains of Bacillus subtilis and 15 other Bacillus strains were tested with phage phi 105C. These 13 strains were classified into 8 groups (M,H,C,N,E,F,G,P) by the type of restriction. M-type strains (B. subtilis Marburg 168, its derivatives, and two other strains) showed relatively weak restriction, restricting phi 105C from other groups of Bacillus by ratios of 10(-1) to 10(-3). Strains of groups H,C,N,E,F,G, and P restricted phi 105C from other groups by ratios of 10(-2) to 10(-8). It was confirmed with some of the strains that type-specific modification was endowed only by the last host. Furthermore, we isolated one restriction deficient mutant of B. subtilis Marburg 168-YS11, which had also lost its modification phenotype.", "contents": "Restriction and modification in Bacillus species: genetic transformation of bacteria with DNA from different species, part I. Host specific restriction was detected in 13 Bacillus strains, when 63 strains of Bacillus subtilis and 15 other Bacillus strains were tested with phage phi 105C. These 13 strains were classified into 8 groups (M,H,C,N,E,F,G,P) by the type of restriction. M-type strains (B. subtilis Marburg 168, its derivatives, and two other strains) showed relatively weak restriction, restricting phi 105C from other groups of Bacillus by ratios of 10(-1) to 10(-3). Strains of groups H,C,N,E,F,G, and P restricted phi 105C from other groups by ratios of 10(-2) to 10(-8). It was confirmed with some of the strains that type-specific modification was endowed only by the last host. Furthermore, we isolated one restriction deficient mutant of B. subtilis Marburg 168-YS11, which had also lost its modification phenotype.", "PMID": 405561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3237", "title": "[The effect of metabolic control on the development of late complications of diabetes (author's transl)].", "content": "The fate of the diabetic today is essentially determined by the late complications of diabetes. Of the forms of clinical expression of diabetic microangiopathy, nephropathy and retinopathy are the most significant. Findings are presented which suggest that diabetic microangiopathy is not of genetic or immunologic origin, but is to be considered a consequence of insulin deficiency. More recently, some studies have been carried out which which strongly support the concept that metabolic control of the diabetic prevents or at least delays the development of late complications of diabetes. For this reason an optimal for control of diabetes, if at all possible with aglycosuria, should be aimed at.", "contents": "[The effect of metabolic control on the development of late complications of diabetes (author's transl)]. The fate of the diabetic today is essentially determined by the late complications of diabetes. Of the forms of clinical expression of diabetic microangiopathy, nephropathy and retinopathy are the most significant. Findings are presented which suggest that diabetic microangiopathy is not of genetic or immunologic origin, but is to be considered a consequence of insulin deficiency. More recently, some studies have been carried out which which strongly support the concept that metabolic control of the diabetic prevents or at least delays the development of late complications of diabetes. For this reason an optimal for control of diabetes, if at all possible with aglycosuria, should be aimed at.", "PMID": 405563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3238", "title": "[Morphology of diabetic nephropathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal complications occur frequently in diabetics. Glomerular lesions exist in basal membrane thickening, diffuse and nodular glomerulosclerosis, exudative lesions and glomerular aneurysms. Tubular and interstitial changes are characterized by Armanni-Ebstein cells, by pyelonephritis and papillary necroses. Vascular changes occur in the form of arteriosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis. Nodular glomerulosclerosis is characteristic of diabetic renal damage, all other changes only occur more frequently in diabetics. Recently, studies deserve attention which suggest a regression of glomerular lesions if the diabetic metabolism is normalized.", "contents": "[Morphology of diabetic nephropathy (author's transl)]. Renal complications occur frequently in diabetics. Glomerular lesions exist in basal membrane thickening, diffuse and nodular glomerulosclerosis, exudative lesions and glomerular aneurysms. Tubular and interstitial changes are characterized by Armanni-Ebstein cells, by pyelonephritis and papillary necroses. Vascular changes occur in the form of arteriosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis. Nodular glomerulosclerosis is characteristic of diabetic renal damage, all other changes only occur more frequently in diabetics. Recently, studies deserve attention which suggest a regression of glomerular lesions if the diabetic metabolism is normalized.", "PMID": 405564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3239", "title": "[Clinical aspects of diabetic nephroangiopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Diabetic nephropathy is a dangerous and insidious complication of diabetes mellitus. The course is variable and from the statistical point of view usually unfavorable. The pathogenesis of the complaint is not fully known. Of the numerous hypotheses, the one most favored is a defective glucose metabolism with uncontrolled inundation of the kidney cells with glucose. The predominant symptom is proteinuria. Early recognition and optimal correction of the metabolic disorder may possibly delay the manifestation of diabetic nephropathy for a time. The use of Somatostatin is attracting great attention today. With such a preparation, the stabilization of diabetes could be facilitated.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of diabetic nephroangiopathy (author's transl)]. Diabetic nephropathy is a dangerous and insidious complication of diabetes mellitus. The course is variable and from the statistical point of view usually unfavorable. The pathogenesis of the complaint is not fully known. Of the numerous hypotheses, the one most favored is a defective glucose metabolism with uncontrolled inundation of the kidney cells with glucose. The predominant symptom is proteinuria. Early recognition and optimal correction of the metabolic disorder may possibly delay the manifestation of diabetic nephropathy for a time. The use of Somatostatin is attracting great attention today. With such a preparation, the stabilization of diabetes could be facilitated.", "PMID": 405565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3240", "title": "[Dietetic therapy of diabetes and renal insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Coincidence of chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus brings with it serious therapeutic problems, especially in dietetic treatment. It is not possible to wish to do justice to all the therapeutic principles of the text books to the same extent. The condition of renal failure with its demands takes precedence in all cases. But if the renal disease has not yet led to a perceptible retention of normal urinary constituents in the serum, no specific dietary measures are necessary. In these cases, the diabetic diet is proceded with in the usual manner.", "contents": "[Dietetic therapy of diabetes and renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. Coincidence of chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus brings with it serious therapeutic problems, especially in dietetic treatment. It is not possible to wish to do justice to all the therapeutic principles of the text books to the same extent. The condition of renal failure with its demands takes precedence in all cases. But if the renal disease has not yet led to a perceptible retention of normal urinary constituents in the serum, no specific dietary measures are necessary. In these cases, the diabetic diet is proceded with in the usual manner.", "PMID": 405567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3241", "title": "[Dialysis treatment of advanced diabetic nephropathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Dialysis treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy turns out to be difficult because of numerous late complications which arise in addition to the renal disease and which often influence the direction of the course of the disease. But this experience does not in the least justify the exclusion generally of patients with diabetic nephropathy from dialysis the-rapy. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are equally suitable for  the treatment of renal insufficiency; patients with accumulated hemorrhagic complications (e. g. vitreous hemorrhages) should be treated by peritoneal dialysis for preference, and those with a predominant hypertension by hemodialysis. Early preparation for dialysis treatment is of great importance.", "contents": "[Dialysis treatment of advanced diabetic nephropathy (author's transl)]. Dialysis treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy turns out to be difficult because of numerous late complications which arise in addition to the renal disease and which often influence the direction of the course of the disease. But this experience does not in the least justify the exclusion generally of patients with diabetic nephropathy from dialysis the-rapy. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are equally suitable for  the treatment of renal insufficiency; patients with accumulated hemorrhagic complications (e. g. vitreous hemorrhages) should be treated by peritoneal dialysis for preference, and those with a predominant hypertension by hemodialysis. Early preparation for dialysis treatment is of great importance.", "PMID": 405568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3242", "title": "[Future prospect of diabetes therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of diabetes may be improved by a more physiological insulin supply and by supplements to the insulin supply. Grafting the entire pancreas or transplantation of the islet cells represents an improvement in the insulin supply. But because fo the lack of donor material and immunological difficulties, the realization of these two methods may be questionable. On the other hand the implantation of an artificial B cell seeems realizable in the foreseeable future. Such a method would be indicated in a diabetic whose life is threatened by late complications. Somatostatin is available as a supplement to insulin therapy because it eliminates the growth hormone as possible source of diabetic vascular complications and it blocks the secretion of hormones with a contrainsular effect.", "contents": "[Future prospect of diabetes therapy (author's transl)]. The treatment of diabetes may be improved by a more physiological insulin supply and by supplements to the insulin supply. Grafting the entire pancreas or transplantation of the islet cells represents an improvement in the insulin supply. But because fo the lack of donor material and immunological difficulties, the realization of these two methods may be questionable. On the other hand the implantation of an artificial B cell seeems realizable in the foreseeable future. Such a method would be indicated in a diabetic whose life is threatened by late complications. Somatostatin is available as a supplement to insulin therapy because it eliminates the growth hormone as possible source of diabetic vascular complications and it blocks the secretion of hormones with a contrainsular effect.", "PMID": 405569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3243", "title": "[New aspects of clinical hepatology (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies of the enzymes participating in the urea cycle and urine synthesis in the liver punctate show that typical changes occur in the enzyme pattern during chronic liver diseases which yield new starting points for the diagnostic classification and prognostic assessment. From studies on the metabolism of the bile acids it appears that, among the conditions for cholestasis, a fetal snythetic pathway for the bile acids with primary side chain oxidation of the cholesterol is followed, and intrahepatic monohydroxy-bile acids are formed. The pathogenetic significance of these bile acids for cholestasis is discussed.", "contents": "[New aspects of clinical hepatology (author's transl)]. Studies of the enzymes participating in the urea cycle and urine synthesis in the liver punctate show that typical changes occur in the enzyme pattern during chronic liver diseases which yield new starting points for the diagnostic classification and prognostic assessment. From studies on the metabolism of the bile acids it appears that, among the conditions for cholestasis, a fetal snythetic pathway for the bile acids with primary side chain oxidation of the cholesterol is followed, and intrahepatic monohydroxy-bile acids are formed. The pathogenetic significance of these bile acids for cholestasis is discussed.", "PMID": 405571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3244", "title": "[Effect of arginine ketoglutarate on the detoxifying capacity of the liver in cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "According to the present studies it is shown that arginine ketoglutarate in sufficiently high dosage (3x3 g daily by mouth) produces a significant lowering of plasma ammonia and free serum phenols with a high-protein diet in patients with liver cirrhosis, compared to a previous day without this substance. The ammonia reduction can be explained by a significant increase in urea synthesis, measured by the urea nitrogen content of the 24-hour urine. The simultaneous lowering of pathologically raised serum levels of free phenols can be explained by an improved oxidative decomposition of these substances. No stimulation of insulin secretion worthy of note occurred after oral administration of 9 g arginine ketoglutarate.", "contents": "[Effect of arginine ketoglutarate on the detoxifying capacity of the liver in cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)]. According to the present studies it is shown that arginine ketoglutarate in sufficiently high dosage (3x3 g daily by mouth) produces a significant lowering of plasma ammonia and free serum phenols with a high-protein diet in patients with liver cirrhosis, compared to a previous day without this substance. The ammonia reduction can be explained by a significant increase in urea synthesis, measured by the urea nitrogen content of the 24-hour urine. The simultaneous lowering of pathologically raised serum levels of free phenols can be explained by an improved oxidative decomposition of these substances. No stimulation of insulin secretion worthy of note occurred after oral administration of 9 g arginine ketoglutarate.", "PMID": 405572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3245", "title": "[Comparison of duck embryo vaccine and Hempt's vaccine for rabies vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "For many years, Hempt's vaccine has been used in Germany for vaccination against rabies. In recent years the duck embryo vaccine has been gradually introduced in its place. From 1970 to 1975, 658 consultations were undertaken at the Hospital of the Tropical Institute at Hamburg because of the risk of rabies. 267 persons had to undergo vaccination, 159 of them being treated with Hempt's vaccine and 108 with duck embryo vaccine. Side effects of a more severe type were not seen in either group. Disadvantages of the duck embryo vaccine are that more individual inoculations are necessary, significantly more frequent and more persistent local and general vaccination reactions occur and that there is a delayed, possibly weaker formation of antibodies.", "contents": "[Comparison of duck embryo vaccine and Hempt's vaccine for rabies vaccination (author's transl)]. For many years, Hempt's vaccine has been used in Germany for vaccination against rabies. In recent years the duck embryo vaccine has been gradually introduced in its place. From 1970 to 1975, 658 consultations were undertaken at the Hospital of the Tropical Institute at Hamburg because of the risk of rabies. 267 persons had to undergo vaccination, 159 of them being treated with Hempt's vaccine and 108 with duck embryo vaccine. Side effects of a more severe type were not seen in either group. Disadvantages of the duck embryo vaccine are that more individual inoculations are necessary, significantly more frequent and more persistent local and general vaccination reactions occur and that there is a delayed, possibly weaker formation of antibodies.", "PMID": 405573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3246", "title": "[Muscular insufficiency as a partial cause of osteoporosis. Significance for therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Osteoporosis as a disease is more than a mere development of porosity of the bone. Between the axial skeleton and the musculature of the trunk there are mutaual relationships affecting circulation, metabolism and function which become active in the genesis and development of an osteoporosis. For this reason, therapy must not only be directed towards reossification of the bony skeleton, but also to the elimination of muscular insufficiency and improvement of the functional capacity of the musculature of the trunk.", "contents": "[Muscular insufficiency as a partial cause of osteoporosis. Significance for therapy (author's transl)]. Osteoporosis as a disease is more than a mere development of porosity of the bone. Between the axial skeleton and the musculature of the trunk there are mutaual relationships affecting circulation, metabolism and function which become active in the genesis and development of an osteoporosis. For this reason, therapy must not only be directed towards reossification of the bony skeleton, but also to the elimination of muscular insufficiency and improvement of the functional capacity of the musculature of the trunk.", "PMID": 405574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3247", "title": "Dicentric yields induced by gamma-radiation and chromosome arm number in primates.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of the chromosome arm number on the yield of dicentric chromosomes, frequencies of gamma-ray-induced chromosome aberrations were examined with peripheral lymphocytes from three different primate species, Saimiri sciureus (arm number, 77), Macaca fascicularis (arm number, 83) and Nycticebus coucang (arm number, 99). Irradiated blood samples were cultured by the same standard technique as that commonly used for human lymphocytes. The yields of dicentrics and dicentrics plus rings at doses of 100, 200 and 300 rad of gamma-irradiation were not significantly different among the three species, in spite of the difference in the chromosome arm number. Furthermore, dose-response relationships for these species were consistent with that for man. Statistical analysis indicated that the expected dicentric yields calculated from the arm number model were significantly different from the observed yields at 200 and 300 rad doses (P less than 0.01). From these results it can be pointed out that there is no correlation between the yield of dicentrics and the effective chromosome arm number, and that the chromosomal radiosensitivity of these primates is essentially the same as that of man, at least in the lymphocyte system.", "contents": "Dicentric yields induced by gamma-radiation and chromosome arm number in primates. To evaluate the effect of the chromosome arm number on the yield of dicentric chromosomes, frequencies of gamma-ray-induced chromosome aberrations were examined with peripheral lymphocytes from three different primate species, Saimiri sciureus (arm number, 77), Macaca fascicularis (arm number, 83) and Nycticebus coucang (arm number, 99). Irradiated blood samples were cultured by the same standard technique as that commonly used for human lymphocytes. The yields of dicentrics and dicentrics plus rings at doses of 100, 200 and 300 rad of gamma-irradiation were not significantly different among the three species, in spite of the difference in the chromosome arm number. Furthermore, dose-response relationships for these species were consistent with that for man. Statistical analysis indicated that the expected dicentric yields calculated from the arm number model were significantly different from the observed yields at 200 and 300 rad doses (P less than 0.01). From these results it can be pointed out that there is no correlation between the yield of dicentrics and the effective chromosome arm number, and that the chromosomal radiosensitivity of these primates is essentially the same as that of man, at least in the lymphocyte system.", "PMID": 405578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3248", "title": "Effects of treating drosophila females with TEM on their mortality, and the yields of mutation recovered from x-irradiated sperm.", "content": "Ring-X-bearing Drosophila males were irradiated with 0, 1000, 2000 or 3000 R of X-rays and mated to females that had been injected with saline or 10(-4) M TEM. The mortality and the fertility of the treated females were recorded. The rate of dominant lethals, of entire sex chromosome loss and partial loss of the Y chromosome, the sex ratio, and the rate of mosaics were determined on the progency. TEM slightly increased the rate of mortality of the females. But it did not influence the yield of mutations recovered from the irradiated spermatozoa.", "contents": "Effects of treating drosophila females with TEM on their mortality, and the yields of mutation recovered from x-irradiated sperm. Ring-X-bearing Drosophila males were irradiated with 0, 1000, 2000 or 3000 R of X-rays and mated to females that had been injected with saline or 10(-4) M TEM. The mortality and the fertility of the treated females were recorded. The rate of dominant lethals, of entire sex chromosome loss and partial loss of the Y chromosome, the sex ratio, and the rate of mosaics were determined on the progency. TEM slightly increased the rate of mortality of the females. But it did not influence the yield of mutations recovered from the irradiated spermatozoa.", "PMID": 405579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3249", "title": "Isolation and characterization of chlorate-resistant mutants of the blue-green alga Nosoc muscorum.", "content": "Spontaneous chlorate-resistant (Clr) mutants of three classes were isolated from Nostoc muscorum under three different selective conditions. A Clr-N2 class of mutants lacked nitrate reductase and showed nitrate inhibition of nitrogen fixation. A Clr-NO3 group of het+ nif- mutants formed heterocysts, but lacked nitrogen fixation and active nitrogenase enzyme. The Clr-NO2 class included those mutants deficient in both active nitrogenase and nitrate reductase, as they were unable to grow at the expense of molecular nitrogen or with nitrate nitrogen. The results suggest a common genetic determinant of active nitrogenase and nitrate reductase in the blue-green alga N. muscorum.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of chlorate-resistant mutants of the blue-green alga Nosoc muscorum. Spontaneous chlorate-resistant (Clr) mutants of three classes were isolated from Nostoc muscorum under three different selective conditions. A Clr-N2 class of mutants lacked nitrate reductase and showed nitrate inhibition of nitrogen fixation. A Clr-NO3 group of het+ nif- mutants formed heterocysts, but lacked nitrogen fixation and active nitrogenase enzyme. The Clr-NO2 class included those mutants deficient in both active nitrogenase and nitrate reductase, as they were unable to grow at the expense of molecular nitrogen or with nitrate nitrogen. The results suggest a common genetic determinant of active nitrogenase and nitrate reductase in the blue-green alga N. muscorum.", "PMID": 405580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3250", "title": "Clinical immunity in acute gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk agent.", "content": "To examine immunity in viral gastroenteritis, we challenged and then rechallenged 12 volunteers with Norwalk agent and evaluated symptoms, jejunal biopsies and serum antibody. With the first challenge, gastroenteritis developed in six volunteers but not in the others. When rechallenged 27 to 42 months later, the six who became ill initially again had gastroenteritis with jejunal lesions; in the six previously immune volunteers illness or jejunal lesions did not develop. Four of five ill volunteers had increases in serum antibody to Norwalk agent after both challenges. Serum antibody did not increase in three immune volunteers after either challenge. Four volunteers who had twice become ill underwent a third challenge four to eight weeks after their second illness. In one gastroenteritis developed; in three, it did not. These findings indicate two forms of immunity for viral gastroenteritis, one of short and the other of long duration. Factors other than serum antibody appear important in immunity to Norwalk gastroenteritis.", "contents": "Clinical immunity in acute gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk agent. To examine immunity in viral gastroenteritis, we challenged and then rechallenged 12 volunteers with Norwalk agent and evaluated symptoms, jejunal biopsies and serum antibody. With the first challenge, gastroenteritis developed in six volunteers but not in the others. When rechallenged 27 to 42 months later, the six who became ill initially again had gastroenteritis with jejunal lesions; in the six previously immune volunteers illness or jejunal lesions did not develop. Four of five ill volunteers had increases in serum antibody to Norwalk agent after both challenges. Serum antibody did not increase in three immune volunteers after either challenge. Four volunteers who had twice become ill underwent a third challenge four to eight weeks after their second illness. In one gastroenteritis developed; in three, it did not. These findings indicate two forms of immunity for viral gastroenteritis, one of short and the other of long duration. Factors other than serum antibody appear important in immunity to Norwalk gastroenteritis.", "PMID": 405590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3251", "title": "The epidemiology of drug abuse: current issues. Ecological studies of narcotic addiction.", "content": "Narcotic addiction is concentrated in certain places and among particular social groups. Heretofore it has not been possible to assess which environmental factors are critical for the initiation of narcotic use, its transition to narcotic addiction; and subsequently, entry into treatment or whether there are environments which select those particularly prone to social deviancy while others migrate out.  There are few systematic descriptions of the social and environmental distribution of narcotic addicts.  This paper describes the initial results of assessing the characteristics of the social environment (1970 Federal Census) of 3,000 individual narcotic addicts from the Lower East Side of Manhattan who were treated at the Beth Israel Medical Center. Pearson correlations between treated addiction ratios and 1970 Census characteristics were calculated for 13 health areas. Out of 103 socio-economic characteristics from the NIMH Mental Health Demographic Profile System, 29 were statistically significant at p less that 0.01 and 28 at 0.01 less than p less than 0.05. Highly significant correlations were found for households with children, female headed (r = .94, F= 90.3) and population in poverty (r = .89, F = 41.7). Correlations with density (over 1.01 persons per room) or population mobility (residing in different house five years ago) were not statistically significant. This paper has outlined some of the methodological and theoretical problems of ecological studies of narcotic addiction, and emphasized the need for concentration on the socio-dynamics of diffusion. Methodological problems include consideration of the time and place of onset; demographic standardization; ascertainment differentials; clinical characterization; and assessment within individuals of ecological correlations.", "contents": "The epidemiology of drug abuse: current issues. Ecological studies of narcotic addiction. Narcotic addiction is concentrated in certain places and among particular social groups. Heretofore it has not been possible to assess which environmental factors are critical for the initiation of narcotic use, its transition to narcotic addiction; and subsequently, entry into treatment or whether there are environments which select those particularly prone to social deviancy while others migrate out.  There are few systematic descriptions of the social and environmental distribution of narcotic addicts.  This paper describes the initial results of assessing the characteristics of the social environment (1970 Federal Census) of 3,000 individual narcotic addicts from the Lower East Side of Manhattan who were treated at the Beth Israel Medical Center. Pearson correlations between treated addiction ratios and 1970 Census characteristics were calculated for 13 health areas. Out of 103 socio-economic characteristics from the NIMH Mental Health Demographic Profile System, 29 were statistically significant at p less that 0.01 and 28 at 0.01 less than p less than 0.05. Highly significant correlations were found for households with children, female headed (r = .94, F= 90.3) and population in poverty (r = .89, F = 41.7). Correlations with density (over 1.01 persons per room) or population mobility (residing in different house five years ago) were not statistically significant. This paper has outlined some of the methodological and theoretical problems of ecological studies of narcotic addiction, and emphasized the need for concentration on the socio-dynamics of diffusion. Methodological problems include consideration of the time and place of onset; demographic standardization; ascertainment differentials; clinical characterization; and assessment within individuals of ecological correlations.", "PMID": 405600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3252", "title": "Computed tomography or orbital lesions. A cooperative study of 210 cases.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) has given us a new method for examining the orbit and its contents. The technique of examination is described, and the indications for the application of computed tomography in ophthalmology are considered: suspected orbital tumors, unilateral exophthalmos, pareses of the ocular muscles, traumatic lesions and malformations in the region of the orbit. The findings in 210 cases of orbital lesions examined in this study are reported and the differential diagnosis is discussed. Considerable improvement and greater accuracy in diagnosis have been achieved in the field of ophthalmology by using computed tomography. Early tumor visualization is possible without risk or discomfort to the patient.", "contents": "Computed tomography or orbital lesions. A cooperative study of 210 cases. Computed tomography (CT) has given us a new method for examining the orbit and its contents. The technique of examination is described, and the indications for the application of computed tomography in ophthalmology are considered: suspected orbital tumors, unilateral exophthalmos, pareses of the ocular muscles, traumatic lesions and malformations in the region of the orbit. The findings in 210 cases of orbital lesions examined in this study are reported and the differential diagnosis is discussed. Considerable improvement and greater accuracy in diagnosis have been achieved in the field of ophthalmology by using computed tomography. Early tumor visualization is possible without risk or discomfort to the patient.", "PMID": 405623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3253", "title": "Carbamazepine--a double-blind comparison with phenytoin.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover study, carbamazepine and phenytoin were compared as single anticonvulsants in 47 patients with focal and major generalized seizures. Each drug provided superior seizure control in about half the patients, but significantly fewer patients had objective side effects while taking carbamazepine. Neuropsychologic testing showed improved performance in cognitive function and emotional status of patients while and carbamazepine. No hematotoxic complications arose, but vigilant follow-up is advised. Mean serum level of carbamazepine was 9.3 microng per milliliter with a suggested therapeutic range of 8 to 12 microng per milliliter reached by eventual doses of 16 to 20 mg per kilogram. Carbamazepine offers an independent choice of improved seizure control with a possibility of fewer side effects.", "contents": "Carbamazepine--a double-blind comparison with phenytoin. In a double-blind crossover study, carbamazepine and phenytoin were compared as single anticonvulsants in 47 patients with focal and major generalized seizures. Each drug provided superior seizure control in about half the patients, but significantly fewer patients had objective side effects while taking carbamazepine. Neuropsychologic testing showed improved performance in cognitive function and emotional status of patients while and carbamazepine. No hematotoxic complications arose, but vigilant follow-up is advised. Mean serum level of carbamazepine was 9.3 microng per milliliter with a suggested therapeutic range of 8 to 12 microng per milliliter reached by eventual doses of 16 to 20 mg per kilogram. Carbamazepine offers an independent choice of improved seizure control with a possibility of fewer side effects.", "PMID": 405624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3254", "title": "Sensations of ocular movement in seizures originating in occipital lobe.", "content": "Two patients with structural lesions had illusions of eye movement as the earliest manifestation of their seizures. One patient had a right occipitoparietal arteriovenous malformation and the other had a tentorial meningioma encroaching on the left occipital lobe. Symptoms were controlled by anticonvulsants and subsequent surgery in both cases. The characteristic feature of this rare form of seizure onset is a unilateral sensation of eye movement in the absence of oscillopsia.", "contents": "Sensations of ocular movement in seizures originating in occipital lobe. Two patients with structural lesions had illusions of eye movement as the earliest manifestation of their seizures. One patient had a right occipitoparietal arteriovenous malformation and the other had a tentorial meningioma encroaching on the left occipital lobe. Symptoms were controlled by anticonvulsants and subsequent surgery in both cases. The characteristic feature of this rare form of seizure onset is a unilateral sensation of eye movement in the absence of oscillopsia.", "PMID": 405625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3255", "title": "[Juxta-ampullar duodenal diverticula and bilio-pancreatic pathology. Considerations on 2 clinical cases].", "content": "75% of duodenal diverticula occur in the second or descending portion where, in 60% of cases, a juxta-Oddian site is involved. In about 10% of cases, juxta-Oddian forms may be responsible for symptoms due to their own effects or those induced in the biliary and pancreatic area. Two cases in female patients are presented and the subject is examined from all aspects in the light of 85 cases from the literature. Exact preoperative diagnosis is difficult. Radiological examination of the digestive tract and bile ducts, though by no means conclusive, is the only effective instrumental aid. When the symptoms are clear or indicative, surgery is necessary to prevent complications. In the two reported cases, an unevenful course and complete recovery were observed after diverticulectomy combined with papillosphincteroplasty.", "contents": "[Juxta-ampullar duodenal diverticula and bilio-pancreatic pathology. Considerations on 2 clinical cases]. 75% of duodenal diverticula occur in the second or descending portion where, in 60% of cases, a juxta-Oddian site is involved. In about 10% of cases, juxta-Oddian forms may be responsible for symptoms due to their own effects or those induced in the biliary and pancreatic area. Two cases in female patients are presented and the subject is examined from all aspects in the light of 85 cases from the literature. Exact preoperative diagnosis is difficult. Radiological examination of the digestive tract and bile ducts, though by no means conclusive, is the only effective instrumental aid. When the symptoms are clear or indicative, surgery is necessary to prevent complications. In the two reported cases, an unevenful course and complete recovery were observed after diverticulectomy combined with papillosphincteroplasty.", "PMID": 405638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3256", "title": "Anti-microbial treatment for hospital carpets.", "content": "Seven commercial bactericides, three hospital disinfectants and one carpet finish were examined for their ability to show diffusible bactericidal activity in agar, their ability to prevent the multiplication of a known number of micro-organisms applied to the treated carpet and the occurrence or otherwise of odours after contamination of the carpet samples with food and secretions. None of the carpet bactericides tested showed any diffusible bactericidal activity, but some had a certain degree of effectiveness in suppressing odours.", "contents": "Anti-microbial treatment for hospital carpets. Seven commercial bactericides, three hospital disinfectants and one carpet finish were examined for their ability to show diffusible bactericidal activity in agar, their ability to prevent the multiplication of a known number of micro-organisms applied to the treated carpet and the occurrence or otherwise of odours after contamination of the carpet samples with food and secretions. None of the carpet bactericides tested showed any diffusible bactericidal activity, but some had a certain degree of effectiveness in suppressing odours.", "PMID": 405640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3257", "title": "Ureteral injury following irradiation therapy for carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Ureters tolerate radiation well as manifested by the low incidence of injury. However, ureteral injury can occur with high-dose radiation especially when the majority is delivered by radium. Eight such cases are presented. A retrospective study of 100 asymptomatic women treated with radiation for cervical carcinoma over 5 years previously demonstrated only 4 incidences of ureteral injury if dilatation was used as the indicator. To the contrary, 5 patients had improvement of their pre-treatment intravenous pyelogram following radiation. Emphasis was placed on closer followup of the ureters by intravenous pyelograms after high-dose radiation.", "contents": "Ureteral injury following irradiation therapy for carcinoma of the cervix. Ureters tolerate radiation well as manifested by the low incidence of injury. However, ureteral injury can occur with high-dose radiation especially when the majority is delivered by radium. Eight such cases are presented. A retrospective study of 100 asymptomatic women treated with radiation for cervical carcinoma over 5 years previously demonstrated only 4 incidences of ureteral injury if dilatation was used as the indicator. To the contrary, 5 patients had improvement of their pre-treatment intravenous pyelogram following radiation. Emphasis was placed on closer followup of the ureters by intravenous pyelograms after high-dose radiation.", "PMID": 405641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3258", "title": "Second malignancies in patients with multiple myeloma.", "content": "Seven patients with multiple myeloma who developed a second neoplasm are presented. There were four patients with acute leukemia and three patients with non-hematologic neoplasms. The patients with acute leukemia were among the longest survivors (median duration approximately 72 months) and the response to anti-leukemic therapy in these patients was generally poor. Of the three patients with non=hematologic neoplasms, one patient was observed with simultaneous renal cell carcinoma and the other two patients developed adenocarcinoma of the colon and lung subsequently. In addition, two patients with mammary carcinoma who subsequently developed multiple myeloma were included. Literature was reviewed and the possibility that multiple myeloma itself might be a risk factor for the development of other malignancies was discussed.", "contents": "Second malignancies in patients with multiple myeloma. Seven patients with multiple myeloma who developed a second neoplasm are presented. There were four patients with acute leukemia and three patients with non-hematologic neoplasms. The patients with acute leukemia were among the longest survivors (median duration approximately 72 months) and the response to anti-leukemic therapy in these patients was generally poor. Of the three patients with non=hematologic neoplasms, one patient was observed with simultaneous renal cell carcinoma and the other two patients developed adenocarcinoma of the colon and lung subsequently. In addition, two patients with mammary carcinoma who subsequently developed multiple myeloma were included. Literature was reviewed and the possibility that multiple myeloma itself might be a risk factor for the development of other malignancies was discussed.", "PMID": 405642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3259", "title": "Detection of orbital and intraocular foreign bodies by computerized tomography.", "content": "Localization of intraocular and orbital foreign bodies with computerized tomography (CT) was evaluated in eight patients and an experimental model. CT examination was particularly helpful in cases with multiple similar foreign bodies and in identifying foreign bodies too radiolucent to be seen by standard skull x-rays. Limitations of CT technique included insufficient resolution to localize a foreign body immediately adjacent to the sclera as either intraocular or extraocular, and obscuration of a small foreign body by artifacts from an adjacent, larger foreign body.", "contents": "Detection of orbital and intraocular foreign bodies by computerized tomography. Localization of intraocular and orbital foreign bodies with computerized tomography (CT) was evaluated in eight patients and an experimental model. CT examination was particularly helpful in cases with multiple similar foreign bodies and in identifying foreign bodies too radiolucent to be seen by standard skull x-rays. Limitations of CT technique included insufficient resolution to localize a foreign body immediately adjacent to the sclera as either intraocular or extraocular, and obscuration of a small foreign body by artifacts from an adjacent, larger foreign body.", "PMID": 405643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3260", "title": "Percutaneous absorption of testosterone in the newborn rhesus monkey: comparison to the adult.", "content": "Percutaneous absorption of testosterone was determined in newborn rhesus monkeys, an animal model which is relevant to man. Mean percentage of absorptions of 4 and 40 microng/cm2 in the newborn were, respectively, 22.5 +/- 2.2 (SD) and 6.8 +/- 2.1. Statistical comparisons (Student's t-test) of these results with those obtained with adults show no significant difference (P greater than 0.05) in skin penetration of testosternoe in newborn and adult rhesus monkeys. In the newborn, the efficiency of absorption (percentage) decreased when the topical dose was increased 10-fold. However, the total compound absorbed per cm2 area of skin actually increased from 0.9 to 2.7 microng. With one other newborn rhesus, a topical dose of 40 microng/cm2 was applied to the ventral forearm and the area was occluded for 24 hr. Percutaneous absorption was 14.7%, a value twice that from nonoccluded absorption. Systemic absorption from a topical dose becomes critical in the newborn because the ratio of surface area (cm2) to body weight (kilograms) in the newborn is 3 times that in the adult. Given equal application area of skin per newborn and adult, the systemic absorption in the newborn becomes 3 times that of the adult when based on kilograms body weight. With a different ratio of skin surfact to body weight, the therapeutic ratio probably is lower in the newborn than in the adult when the compound is applied topically.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption of testosterone in the newborn rhesus monkey: comparison to the adult. Percutaneous absorption of testosterone was determined in newborn rhesus monkeys, an animal model which is relevant to man. Mean percentage of absorptions of 4 and 40 microng/cm2 in the newborn were, respectively, 22.5 +/- 2.2 (SD) and 6.8 +/- 2.1. Statistical comparisons (Student's t-test) of these results with those obtained with adults show no significant difference (P greater than 0.05) in skin penetration of testosternoe in newborn and adult rhesus monkeys. In the newborn, the efficiency of absorption (percentage) decreased when the topical dose was increased 10-fold. However, the total compound absorbed per cm2 area of skin actually increased from 0.9 to 2.7 microng. With one other newborn rhesus, a topical dose of 40 microng/cm2 was applied to the ventral forearm and the area was occluded for 24 hr. Percutaneous absorption was 14.7%, a value twice that from nonoccluded absorption. Systemic absorption from a topical dose becomes critical in the newborn because the ratio of surface area (cm2) to body weight (kilograms) in the newborn is 3 times that in the adult. Given equal application area of skin per newborn and adult, the systemic absorption in the newborn becomes 3 times that of the adult when based on kilograms body weight. With a different ratio of skin surfact to body weight, the therapeutic ratio probably is lower in the newborn than in the adult when the compound is applied topically.", "PMID": 405649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3261", "title": "[Myxosporidia of the cartilaginous fish of the Patagonian shelf (shore of Argentina)].", "content": "5 species of myxosporidians of the genus Chloromyxum were found in the gall bladder of Chondrostei from the Pathagonian shelf (Argentina coast). 4 species of them are new ones. This indicates that the species Chloromyxum leydigi mentioned for all Chondrostei is a collective species which needs a revision. Caudal filaments and ribs of the valves of spores of myxosporidians are more developed in species parasitic in fishes getting food from water mass and predators and to a lesser extent in species getting food from the bottom.", "contents": "[Myxosporidia of the cartilaginous fish of the Patagonian shelf (shore of Argentina)]. 5 species of myxosporidians of the genus Chloromyxum were found in the gall bladder of Chondrostei from the Pathagonian shelf (Argentina coast). 4 species of them are new ones. This indicates that the species Chloromyxum leydigi mentioned for all Chondrostei is a collective species which needs a revision. Caudal filaments and ribs of the valves of spores of myxosporidians are more developed in species parasitic in fishes getting food from water mass and predators and to a lesser extent in species getting food from the bottom.", "PMID": 405646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3262", "title": "[Apiosome organization and their systematic position].", "content": "The ability of apiosomes for the formation of non-contractile stems (such as epistylids) and colonies suggests to refer them to the family Epistylidae rather than to Scyphididae. On the other hand, the atrophy of the stem in the majority of the species, changes in the structure of the foot, in the form and position of the nuclei under the effect of parasitism on fishes suggest their separation into a distinct subfamily, Apiosomatinae subfam. n.", "contents": "[Apiosome organization and their systematic position]. The ability of apiosomes for the formation of non-contractile stems (such as epistylids) and colonies suggests to refer them to the family Epistylidae rather than to Scyphididae. On the other hand, the atrophy of the stem in the majority of the species, changes in the structure of the foot, in the form and position of the nuclei under the effect of parasitism on fishes suggest their separation into a distinct subfamily, Apiosomatinae subfam. n.", "PMID": 405647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3263", "title": "[Medullary aplasia after acute colchicine poisoning. 20 cases].", "content": "Out of 84 patients with colchicine poisoning hospitalised between 1966 and 1976, 11 died during the first 72 hours. Amongst the 73 survivors, 20 showed signs of marrow aplasia between the 3rd and 6th days, lasting on average 4 days. The average amount of colchicine ingested by these patients was 0.5 to 0.8mg/5g. Marrow aplasia was associated with: -- infectious episodes in all cases, -- haemorrhage in 50%, -- dilution hyponatraemia in 25% (but in 50 % of patients if those in renal failure are excluded), -- regressive polyneuropathy in 10 % of cases, -- secondary alopoecia in all cases, -- weight loss of more than 10 % of initial weight in 60 %. Two patients died as a result of septicaemia. This mortality rate of 10 per cent despite the brief duration of the aplasia and the absence of underlying haematological disease would appear to be related to the susceptibility of these poisoned patients to endogenous secondary infections, essentially intestinal in origin.", "contents": "[Medullary aplasia after acute colchicine poisoning. 20 cases]. Out of 84 patients with colchicine poisoning hospitalised between 1966 and 1976, 11 died during the first 72 hours. Amongst the 73 survivors, 20 showed signs of marrow aplasia between the 3rd and 6th days, lasting on average 4 days. The average amount of colchicine ingested by these patients was 0.5 to 0.8mg/5g. Marrow aplasia was associated with: -- infectious episodes in all cases, -- haemorrhage in 50%, -- dilution hyponatraemia in 25% (but in 50 % of patients if those in renal failure are excluded), -- regressive polyneuropathy in 10 % of cases, -- secondary alopoecia in all cases, -- weight loss of more than 10 % of initial weight in 60 %. Two patients died as a result of septicaemia. This mortality rate of 10 per cent despite the brief duration of the aplasia and the absence of underlying haematological disease would appear to be related to the susceptibility of these poisoned patients to endogenous secondary infections, essentially intestinal in origin.", "PMID": 405656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3264", "title": "Hypocalcemia in bulls after EDTA infusion; variations among individuals.", "content": "EDTA infusion on bulls is well suited to induce hypocalcemia. There exist individual differences in the bull's reaction to EDTA, and the bulls' degree of response is reduced by age. The response also differs from bull to bull when they are tested at different points in time. Health card recording conducted in Norway gives the possibility of estimating the heritability for various diseases. The reaction  of the bulls to biological tests may also be compared to the daughters' resistance to various diseases. These experiments are conducted in the hope of finding some correlation between the bull's reactions on EDTA infusion and their daughters; resistance to paresis puerperalis.", "contents": "Hypocalcemia in bulls after EDTA infusion; variations among individuals. EDTA infusion on bulls is well suited to induce hypocalcemia. There exist individual differences in the bull's reaction to EDTA, and the bulls' degree of response is reduced by age. The response also differs from bull to bull when they are tested at different points in time. Health card recording conducted in Norway gives the possibility of estimating the heritability for various diseases. The reaction  of the bulls to biological tests may also be compared to the daughters' resistance to various diseases. These experiments are conducted in the hope of finding some correlation between the bull's reactions on EDTA infusion and their daughters; resistance to paresis puerperalis.", "PMID": 405654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3265", "title": "The interactions of the separated strands of satellite DNAs with other DNAs: 1. Conditions for associations of the alpha-satellite of the guinea pig with heterologous double-stranded DNAs.", "content": "The separated H- and L-strands of the alpha-satellite of the guinea pig, Cavea porcellus, recovered from centrifugation in alkaline CsC1 gradients, from complexes with 7 different double-stranded (ds) DNAs including those of 1 bacteriophage, 2 prokaryotes, 2 invertebrates and 2 mammals. The complexes are not artifacts due to in vitro labeling of the satellite, methods of collection, the presence of divalent cations, or the fact that trace amounts of single-stranded (ss) DNAs are used. More complex dsDNAs, such as that recovered from nicked RF M13, do not associate with dsDNAs.", "contents": "The interactions of the separated strands of satellite DNAs with other DNAs: 1. Conditions for associations of the alpha-satellite of the guinea pig with heterologous double-stranded DNAs. The separated H- and L-strands of the alpha-satellite of the guinea pig, Cavea porcellus, recovered from centrifugation in alkaline CsC1 gradients, from complexes with 7 different double-stranded (ds) DNAs including those of 1 bacteriophage, 2 prokaryotes, 2 invertebrates and 2 mammals. The complexes are not artifacts due to in vitro labeling of the satellite, methods of collection, the presence of divalent cations, or the fact that trace amounts of single-stranded (ss) DNAs are used. More complex dsDNAs, such as that recovered from nicked RF M13, do not associate with dsDNAs.", "PMID": 405659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3266", "title": "RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis: isolation of core and holo enzyme by DNA-cellulose chromatography.", "content": "A new procedure for the purification of B. subtilis RNA polymerase, based on mild lysis of cells, low speed centrifugation, gel filtration, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and affinity chromatography on DNA-cellulose, yields three forms of enzyme referred here as enzyme A, B and C. As revealed by SDS gel electrophoresis, enzyme A has the subunit structure of core polymerase plus some small polypeptides. Its catalytic properties are similar to those of core polymerase. Enzyme B has the composition of core polymerase. Both enzymes A and B can be stimulated by the addition of beta factor. Enzyme C has the holo-enzyme composition. The pattern of sensitivity of the three forms of enzyme towards KCl are very different: enzymes A and B, even at low concentration of salt, are inhibited with all the DNA templates tested, whereas enzyme C shows a pattern of stimulation specific for each DNA tested. The transcripts of the three enzymes on phage SPP1 DNA template have been analyzed by hybridization to the separated strands. Only enzyme C selectively transcribed the H strands.", "contents": "RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis: isolation of core and holo enzyme by DNA-cellulose chromatography. A new procedure for the purification of B. subtilis RNA polymerase, based on mild lysis of cells, low speed centrifugation, gel filtration, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and affinity chromatography on DNA-cellulose, yields three forms of enzyme referred here as enzyme A, B and C. As revealed by SDS gel electrophoresis, enzyme A has the subunit structure of core polymerase plus some small polypeptides. Its catalytic properties are similar to those of core polymerase. Enzyme B has the composition of core polymerase. Both enzymes A and B can be stimulated by the addition of beta factor. Enzyme C has the holo-enzyme composition. The pattern of sensitivity of the three forms of enzyme towards KCl are very different: enzymes A and B, even at low concentration of salt, are inhibited with all the DNA templates tested, whereas enzyme C shows a pattern of stimulation specific for each DNA tested. The transcripts of the three enzymes on phage SPP1 DNA template have been analyzed by hybridization to the separated strands. Only enzyme C selectively transcribed the H strands.", "PMID": 405660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3267", "title": "Sequence analysis of the 3' non-coding region of mouse immunoglobulin light chain messenger RNA.", "content": "Using an oligonucleotide d(pT10-C-A) as primer, cDNA has been transcribed from the 3' non-coding region of mouse immunoglobulin light chain mRNA and sequenced by a modification1 of the 'plus-minus' gel method2. The sequence obtained has partially corrected and extended a previously obtained sequence3. The new data contains an unusual sequence in which a trinucleotide is repeated seven times.", "contents": "Sequence analysis of the 3' non-coding region of mouse immunoglobulin light chain messenger RNA. Using an oligonucleotide d(pT10-C-A) as primer, cDNA has been transcribed from the 3' non-coding region of mouse immunoglobulin light chain mRNA and sequenced by a modification1 of the 'plus-minus' gel method2. The sequence obtained has partially corrected and extended a previously obtained sequence3. The new data contains an unusual sequence in which a trinucleotide is repeated seven times.", "PMID": 405661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3268", "title": "X-ray absorption studies of halide binding to carbonic anhydrase.", "content": "X-ray absorption measurements of bovine carbonic anhydrase B have been made at the the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Project with a spectrometer operating in the fluorescence mode. Differences in absorption at and beyond the zinc K-edge near 9664 ev have been observed upon the addition of bromide or iodide. The additional absorption in k space, out to k approximately 7 A-1, obtained upon the addition of iodide has been compared with the absorption in this region of a ZnI2 sample. The similarities between these absorptions lead to the conclusion that the zinc-iodide distance in the protein is 2.65 +/-0.06 A; it is known to be 2.62 A in ZnI2. This shows that the iodide binds directly to the zinc in the protein.", "contents": "X-ray absorption studies of halide binding to carbonic anhydrase. X-ray absorption measurements of bovine carbonic anhydrase B have been made at the the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Project with a spectrometer operating in the fluorescence mode. Differences in absorption at and beyond the zinc K-edge near 9664 ev have been observed upon the addition of bromide or iodide. The additional absorption in k space, out to k approximately 7 A-1, obtained upon the addition of iodide has been compared with the absorption in this region of a ZnI2 sample. The similarities between these absorptions lead to the conclusion that the zinc-iodide distance in the protein is 2.65 +/-0.06 A; it is known to be 2.62 A in ZnI2. This shows that the iodide binds directly to the zinc in the protein.", "PMID": 405667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3269", "title": "Rapid transmembrane movement of newly synthesized phospholipids during membrane assembly.", "content": "The transbilayer distribution of phospholipids in Bacillus megaterium is asymmetrical, with twice as much phosphatidylethanolamine internally as externally (Rothaman, J. E. & Kennedy, E. P. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 110,603-618). We now report that the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine is also asymmetrical. Newly synthesized phosphatidylethanolamine was found first on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane of pulse-labeled cells and later was redistributed until the specific radioactivity of the outer face became equal to that of the inner face of the bilayer. The rate of transmembrane movement is at least 30,000 times faster than the rate of spontaneous diffusion (flip-flop) of phosphatidylethanolamine across artificial phospholipid bilayers, indicating that transmembrane movement must be a facilitated process in living cells, perhaps involving membrane proteins.", "contents": "Rapid transmembrane movement of newly synthesized phospholipids during membrane assembly. The transbilayer distribution of phospholipids in Bacillus megaterium is asymmetrical, with twice as much phosphatidylethanolamine internally as externally (Rothaman, J. E. & Kennedy, E. P. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 110,603-618). We now report that the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine is also asymmetrical. Newly synthesized phosphatidylethanolamine was found first on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane of pulse-labeled cells and later was redistributed until the specific radioactivity of the outer face became equal to that of the inner face of the bilayer. The rate of transmembrane movement is at least 30,000 times faster than the rate of spontaneous diffusion (flip-flop) of phosphatidylethanolamine across artificial phospholipid bilayers, indicating that transmembrane movement must be a facilitated process in living cells, perhaps involving membrane proteins.", "PMID": 405668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3270", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of a human serum growth factor for Balb/c-3T3 cells: derivation from platelets.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the detection and quantification of a human serum polypeptide that has growth-promoting activity for confluent Balb/c-3T3 cells. Antiserum to this growth factor does not recognize antigens in mouse, guinea pig, or bovine serum but does detect some crossreacting antigen in the serum of the New World monkey Cebus albifrons and more in the serum of the Old World rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis, demonstrating that the antigenic determinants of the growth factor have a degree of species specificity. Serum derived from whole human blood contains approximately 770 pg of the growth factor per mg of protein; serum derived from platelet-poor blood contains about 112 pg of the growth factor per mg of protein. As much as 1 microng of the growth factor per mg of protein has been recovered from human platelets by heating them at 100 degrees for 2 min. Approximately 1-2 ng of the growth factor, in either whole serum or platelets, stimulates 5 to 10 X 10(3) confluent Balb/c-3T3 cells to replicate. The heat treatment of platelets allows the purification and quantitative recovery of the growth factor from blood.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of a human serum growth factor for Balb/c-3T3 cells: derivation from platelets. A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the detection and quantification of a human serum polypeptide that has growth-promoting activity for confluent Balb/c-3T3 cells. Antiserum to this growth factor does not recognize antigens in mouse, guinea pig, or bovine serum but does detect some crossreacting antigen in the serum of the New World monkey Cebus albifrons and more in the serum of the Old World rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis, demonstrating that the antigenic determinants of the growth factor have a degree of species specificity. Serum derived from whole human blood contains approximately 770 pg of the growth factor per mg of protein; serum derived from platelet-poor blood contains about 112 pg of the growth factor per mg of protein. As much as 1 microng of the growth factor per mg of protein has been recovered from human platelets by heating them at 100 degrees for 2 min. Approximately 1-2 ng of the growth factor, in either whole serum or platelets, stimulates 5 to 10 X 10(3) confluent Balb/c-3T3 cells to replicate. The heat treatment of platelets allows the purification and quantitative recovery of the growth factor from blood.", "PMID": 405669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3271", "title": "Interaction of different egg parts in determination of various body regions in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "When Drosophila melanogaster embryos were ligated at very early stages of nuclear multiplication (45-60 min after egg deposition) for the entire period of embryogenesis, egg fragments of variable sizes were able to continue development up to the hatching stage. These ligated embryos differentiated larval structures; anterior fragments formed larval head and posterior fragments formed larval abdominal structures. Ligation always prevented the differentiation of some of the intermediate larval bands whereas the terminal ones were always formed. Identical results were obtained when embryos (45-60 min after egg deposition) were temporarily ligated for only 5 min. However, puncturing with a fine glass needle immediately after temporary ligation through the ligated area could give rise to complete differentiation of all the bands. Since puncturing disrupted the barrier produced by ligation, we propose that interaction between anterior and posterior egg regions is necessary to allow complete development.", "contents": "Interaction of different egg parts in determination of various body regions in Drosophila melanogaster. When Drosophila melanogaster embryos were ligated at very early stages of nuclear multiplication (45-60 min after egg deposition) for the entire period of embryogenesis, egg fragments of variable sizes were able to continue development up to the hatching stage. These ligated embryos differentiated larval structures; anterior fragments formed larval head and posterior fragments formed larval abdominal structures. Ligation always prevented the differentiation of some of the intermediate larval bands whereas the terminal ones were always formed. Identical results were obtained when embryos (45-60 min after egg deposition) were temporarily ligated for only 5 min. However, puncturing with a fine glass needle immediately after temporary ligation through the ligated area could give rise to complete differentiation of all the bands. Since puncturing disrupted the barrier produced by ligation, we propose that interaction between anterior and posterior egg regions is necessary to allow complete development.", "PMID": 405670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3272", "title": "Localization of RNA polymerase in polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase) B (or II) and histone H1 of Drosophila melanogster were localized on salivary gland polytene chromosomes using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. RNA polymerase B is present almost exclusively in puffs and interband regions, whereas histone H1 is found primarily in bands. The puff at region 3C, known to be transcriptionally active in larval salivary glands, gives a bright fluorescence with antibodies against RNA polymerase B. This fluorescence disappears after exposure of the larvae to 37 degrees for 45 min. The heat shock treatment results in a general reduction of fluorescence intensity with the appearance of brightly staining heat shock puffs. Heat-induced removal of RNA polymerase molecules from a puff does not immediately alter its morphology. We propose than an interband represents that fraction of the total number of gene copies in a band that are active, the inactive copies being present in a condensed form in the adjacent band. Large puffs would originate through the decondensation and activation of most or all gene copies in a band.", "contents": "Localization of RNA polymerase in polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase) B (or II) and histone H1 of Drosophila melanogster were localized on salivary gland polytene chromosomes using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. RNA polymerase B is present almost exclusively in puffs and interband regions, whereas histone H1 is found primarily in bands. The puff at region 3C, known to be transcriptionally active in larval salivary glands, gives a bright fluorescence with antibodies against RNA polymerase B. This fluorescence disappears after exposure of the larvae to 37 degrees for 45 min. The heat shock treatment results in a general reduction of fluorescence intensity with the appearance of brightly staining heat shock puffs. Heat-induced removal of RNA polymerase molecules from a puff does not immediately alter its morphology. We propose than an interband represents that fraction of the total number of gene copies in a band that are active, the inactive copies being present in a condensed form in the adjacent band. Large puffs would originate through the decondensation and activation of most or all gene copies in a band.", "PMID": 405671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3273", "title": "Structure-function relations in phosphorylcholine-binding mouse myeloma proteins.", "content": "The binding site interactions between the phosphorylcholine (phosphocholine)-binding mouse myeloma proteins TEPC 15, W3207, McPC 603, MOPC 167, and MOPC 511 and the isotopically substituted hapten phosphoryl[methyl-13C]choline have been investigated using 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Each protein exhibits a unique NMR pattern, but extensive similarities in chemical shift parameters upon binding of hapten to immunoglobulin suggest a significant degree of conservation of important hapten-binding site interactions. Moreover, independent binding studies, in conjunction with the NMR data, allow construction of a simple model of the binding sites of these antibodies, analyzed in terms of the relative strength of interaction between hapten and two main subsites. The NMR evidence supports the view that the heavy chains of these proteins dominate in interacting with bound phosphorylcholine; the various subspecificities of these proteins for phosphorylcholine analogues can be accounted for by amino acid changes in the hypervariable regions of the heavy chains.", "contents": "Structure-function relations in phosphorylcholine-binding mouse myeloma proteins. The binding site interactions between the phosphorylcholine (phosphocholine)-binding mouse myeloma proteins TEPC 15, W3207, McPC 603, MOPC 167, and MOPC 511 and the isotopically substituted hapten phosphoryl[methyl-13C]choline have been investigated using 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Each protein exhibits a unique NMR pattern, but extensive similarities in chemical shift parameters upon binding of hapten to immunoglobulin suggest a significant degree of conservation of important hapten-binding site interactions. Moreover, independent binding studies, in conjunction with the NMR data, allow construction of a simple model of the binding sites of these antibodies, analyzed in terms of the relative strength of interaction between hapten and two main subsites. The NMR evidence supports the view that the heavy chains of these proteins dominate in interacting with bound phosphorylcholine; the various subspecificities of these proteins for phosphorylcholine analogues can be accounted for by amino acid changes in the hypervariable regions of the heavy chains.", "PMID": 405672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3274", "title": "Direct demonstration of murine thymus-dependent cell surface endogenous immunoglobin.", "content": "Antisera raised in mammals to murine immunoglobulin (Ig) do not detect surface Ig on thymus-dependent (T) lymphoma cells as assessed by immunofluorescence analysis. In contrast, chicken antibodies, produced against the (Fab)2 fragment of normal mouse IgG and purified by binding to and elution from IgG-Sepharose 4B, give strong indirect fluorescence with murine T cells and cultured T lymphoma cells. The surface Ig caps, is shed, and reappears, indicating that it is of endogenous origin. Nonlymphoid tumor cells of various myeloid types do not bind this reagent, even though they bear avid Fc receptors. The capacity of chicken antibodies to bind to both bone-marrow-dependent and T cell lymphomas was abolished by adsorption with myeloma-derived kappa chains coupled to Sepharose. The kappa antigenic determinant recognized by the chicken antibodies may thus be different from that seen by mammalian antibodies, and the degree of exposure of Ig on the T lymphoma surface might also affect ease of detectability with these reagents. These data provide direct evidence that T lymphocytes and T lymphoma cells express and synthesize a surface Ig containing determinants that at least 'crossreact with bone-marrow-cell-derived kappa chains.", "contents": "Direct demonstration of murine thymus-dependent cell surface endogenous immunoglobin. Antisera raised in mammals to murine immunoglobulin (Ig) do not detect surface Ig on thymus-dependent (T) lymphoma cells as assessed by immunofluorescence analysis. In contrast, chicken antibodies, produced against the (Fab)2 fragment of normal mouse IgG and purified by binding to and elution from IgG-Sepharose 4B, give strong indirect fluorescence with murine T cells and cultured T lymphoma cells. The surface Ig caps, is shed, and reappears, indicating that it is of endogenous origin. Nonlymphoid tumor cells of various myeloid types do not bind this reagent, even though they bear avid Fc receptors. The capacity of chicken antibodies to bind to both bone-marrow-dependent and T cell lymphomas was abolished by adsorption with myeloma-derived kappa chains coupled to Sepharose. The kappa antigenic determinant recognized by the chicken antibodies may thus be different from that seen by mammalian antibodies, and the degree of exposure of Ig on the T lymphoma surface might also affect ease of detectability with these reagents. These data provide direct evidence that T lymphocytes and T lymphoma cells express and synthesize a surface Ig containing determinants that at least 'crossreact with bone-marrow-cell-derived kappa chains.", "PMID": 405673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3275", "title": "Effect of ergot alkaloids on sulfonylurea-stimulated insulin secretion in dogs.", "content": "The insulinogenic response to a standard i.v. dose of a sulfonylurea can be markedly augmented in normal, conscious dogs if they are given 30 min earlier a single i.v. dose of dihydroergotamine (DHE). Since the parent substance ergotamine posssed no such amplifying properties, further experiments were conducted to clarify the essential structural requirements that have to be fulfilled for an ergot alkaloid to act as an amplifier of sulfonylurea-stimulated insulin secretion. Amine alkaloids ergonovine, dihydroergonovone and dihydromethylergonovine had no amplifying potency, but the hydrogenated amino acid alkaloids dihydroergocornine, dihydroergocristine and dihydroergokryptine (Hydergine) were almost as potent amplifiers as was DHE. The data indicate that (a) DHE, Hydergine and by inference all hydrogenated amino acid alkaloids are potent amplifiers of sulfonylurea-stimulated insulin secretion; (b) saturation of the double bond at C9 and C10 of the lysergic acid moiety and the pressence of an amino acid side chain are essential structual requirements for an ergot alkaloid to function as an amplifier of the action of sulfonylureas; and (c) it appears that these compounds are acting chiefly by mechanisms other than alpha-adrenergic and serotonergic receptor blockade, perhaps as regulatory molecules inducing positive cooperative changes in integral proteins of the plasma membrane of beta cells.", "contents": "Effect of ergot alkaloids on sulfonylurea-stimulated insulin secretion in dogs. The insulinogenic response to a standard i.v. dose of a sulfonylurea can be markedly augmented in normal, conscious dogs if they are given 30 min earlier a single i.v. dose of dihydroergotamine (DHE). Since the parent substance ergotamine posssed no such amplifying properties, further experiments were conducted to clarify the essential structural requirements that have to be fulfilled for an ergot alkaloid to act as an amplifier of sulfonylurea-stimulated insulin secretion. Amine alkaloids ergonovine, dihydroergonovone and dihydromethylergonovine had no amplifying potency, but the hydrogenated amino acid alkaloids dihydroergocornine, dihydroergocristine and dihydroergokryptine (Hydergine) were almost as potent amplifiers as was DHE. The data indicate that (a) DHE, Hydergine and by inference all hydrogenated amino acid alkaloids are potent amplifiers of sulfonylurea-stimulated insulin secretion; (b) saturation of the double bond at C9 and C10 of the lysergic acid moiety and the pressence of an amino acid side chain are essential structual requirements for an ergot alkaloid to function as an amplifier of the action of sulfonylureas; and (c) it appears that these compounds are acting chiefly by mechanisms other than alpha-adrenergic and serotonergic receptor blockade, perhaps as regulatory molecules inducing positive cooperative changes in integral proteins of the plasma membrane of beta cells.", "PMID": 405680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3276", "title": "Serial study of the urinary metabolites in newborn children.", "content": "Study on 24-hour, 30- and 60-day urine collected from 1500 newborn infants pointed out in some cases an abnormal excretion of some of the 40 urinary metabolites investigated. The analysis of urinary metabolites allows to detect a relation between abnormal excretion of urine metabolites and various types of \"inborn errors of metabolism\".", "contents": "Serial study of the urinary metabolites in newborn children. Study on 24-hour, 30- and 60-day urine collected from 1500 newborn infants pointed out in some cases an abnormal excretion of some of the 40 urinary metabolites investigated. The analysis of urinary metabolites allows to detect a relation between abnormal excretion of urine metabolites and various types of \"inborn errors of metabolism\".", "PMID": 405681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3277", "title": "Investigations concerning the changes induced by deuterium for hydrogen substitution in bioelectric activity of the frog retina.", "content": "D2O effects on various ERG parameters in frog were followed up. The OFF response itself proved to be less influenced by H leads to D substitution than the ON response, while the latency of the OFF response was more strongly altered than that of the ON response; this shows the independence of the mechanisms underlying the two responses.", "contents": "Investigations concerning the changes induced by deuterium for hydrogen substitution in bioelectric activity of the frog retina. D2O effects on various ERG parameters in frog were followed up. The OFF response itself proved to be less influenced by H leads to D substitution than the ON response, while the latency of the OFF response was more strongly altered than that of the ON response; this shows the independence of the mechanisms underlying the two responses.", "PMID": 405685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3278", "title": "Why there are only levo amino acids in the chemical composition of the living organisms.", "content": "In the structure of the DNA-histone system there are three kinds of elements which present spatial asymmetries: a) the D-deoxyribose molecules; b) the two strands of DNA which are wound counter-clockwise around the helical axis; c) the levo amino acids of the histones. This paper presents data and arguments which demonstrate that all these spatial asymmetries are interdependent and compose a unique system.", "contents": "Why there are only levo amino acids in the chemical composition of the living organisms. In the structure of the DNA-histone system there are three kinds of elements which present spatial asymmetries: a) the D-deoxyribose molecules; b) the two strands of DNA which are wound counter-clockwise around the helical axis; c) the levo amino acids of the histones. This paper presents data and arguments which demonstrate that all these spatial asymmetries are interdependent and compose a unique system.", "PMID": 405686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3279", "title": "Studies on the sensitizing activity of alpha-chymotrypsin in man.", "content": "The sensitizing effect of alpha-chymotrypsin was followed up in a group of 116 women to whom parenteral treatment with this drug was associated to antibiotic therapy for various chronic inflammatory gynecopathies. The mean antibody titre to alpha-chymotrypsin, assayed by a passive hemagglutination technique, and the mean intensity of the intradermal tests with this drug were found significantly higher in 15 patients previously treated with alpha-chymotrypsin by comparison with 16 non-treated controls. A significant direct correlation was found between the titre of anti-alpha-chymotrypsin antibodies and the intensity of the intradermal tests. In 12 patients who had not previously been treated with alpha-chymotrypsin the antibody titre and the intensity of the intradermal tests rose significantly after a series of 10 injections with this drug. Eight of 116 patients (approximately 7%) treated with alpha-chymotrypsin developed overt symptoms of sensitization to the drug. The symptoms announcing the sensitization, the relation with the amount of the drug administered and the diagnostic value of intradermal tests are analysed. No relation was found between the presence of atopy and the sensitization to other drugs, on the one hand, and the sensitization to alpha-chymotrypsin, on the other hand.", "contents": "Studies on the sensitizing activity of alpha-chymotrypsin in man. The sensitizing effect of alpha-chymotrypsin was followed up in a group of 116 women to whom parenteral treatment with this drug was associated to antibiotic therapy for various chronic inflammatory gynecopathies. The mean antibody titre to alpha-chymotrypsin, assayed by a passive hemagglutination technique, and the mean intensity of the intradermal tests with this drug were found significantly higher in 15 patients previously treated with alpha-chymotrypsin by comparison with 16 non-treated controls. A significant direct correlation was found between the titre of anti-alpha-chymotrypsin antibodies and the intensity of the intradermal tests. In 12 patients who had not previously been treated with alpha-chymotrypsin the antibody titre and the intensity of the intradermal tests rose significantly after a series of 10 injections with this drug. Eight of 116 patients (approximately 7%) treated with alpha-chymotrypsin developed overt symptoms of sensitization to the drug. The symptoms announcing the sensitization, the relation with the amount of the drug administered and the diagnostic value of intradermal tests are analysed. No relation was found between the presence of atopy and the sensitization to other drugs, on the one hand, and the sensitization to alpha-chymotrypsin, on the other hand.", "PMID": 405682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3280", "title": "Investigations concerning the metabolic adaptation of rats to cold.", "content": "Investigations were performed in 40 male albino rats, mean weight 150 g, fed a standard diet and subjected to the action of cold for 8 days. The histological picture of the thyroid gland indicated a hyperfunction in accordance with the increase of oxygen intake, weight loss, an increase in glycemia, lactate, pyruvate and cholesterol.", "contents": "Investigations concerning the metabolic adaptation of rats to cold. Investigations were performed in 40 male albino rats, mean weight 150 g, fed a standard diet and subjected to the action of cold for 8 days. The histological picture of the thyroid gland indicated a hyperfunction in accordance with the increase of oxygen intake, weight loss, an increase in glycemia, lactate, pyruvate and cholesterol.", "PMID": 405683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3281", "title": "Investigations on certain blood parameters in adrenalectomized rats.", "content": "Investigations were performed in male rats weighing 120-200 g, fed a standard diet and kept at a temperature of 22 degrees C +/- 2. Of these rats 20 belonged to the control batch and 20 were subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy in one single time. Seven days following adrenalectomy natremia, potassemia and total blood cholesterol were determined, as checking parameters of the lack of the adrenal gland and the values of glycemia, lactacidemia and pyruvemia were studied, the lactate/pyruvate ratio being computed. A significant decrease in glycemia, lactacidemia and pyruvemia, as well as in the lactate/pyruvate ratio was found.", "contents": "Investigations on certain blood parameters in adrenalectomized rats. Investigations were performed in male rats weighing 120-200 g, fed a standard diet and kept at a temperature of 22 degrees C +/- 2. Of these rats 20 belonged to the control batch and 20 were subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy in one single time. Seven days following adrenalectomy natremia, potassemia and total blood cholesterol were determined, as checking parameters of the lack of the adrenal gland and the values of glycemia, lactacidemia and pyruvemia were studied, the lactate/pyruvate ratio being computed. A significant decrease in glycemia, lactacidemia and pyruvemia, as well as in the lactate/pyruvate ratio was found.", "PMID": 405684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3282", "title": "Effects of a high-tension electric field on the secretion of antidiuretic hormone in rats.", "content": "White male Wistar rats exposed a single time for 120 minutes to the action of an electric field of 100 kV/m and 50 Hz present a very important increase of the plasma concentration of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In the case of a 360-minute exposure a 30 per cent reduction of the diuresis as compared with the control takes concomitantly place.", "contents": "Effects of a high-tension electric field on the secretion of antidiuretic hormone in rats. White male Wistar rats exposed a single time for 120 minutes to the action of an electric field of 100 kV/m and 50 Hz present a very important increase of the plasma concentration of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In the case of a 360-minute exposure a 30 per cent reduction of the diuresis as compared with the control takes concomitantly place.", "PMID": 405689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3283", "title": "The erythrocyte cytochrome b5.", "content": "Cytochrome b5 was isolated from large volumes of human and pork erythrocytes. The present study shows that the absorbance spectra of the oxidized and reduced forms of the erythrocyte cytochrome b5, of the solubilized one and of that of microsomes are similar.", "contents": "The erythrocyte cytochrome b5. Cytochrome b5 was isolated from large volumes of human and pork erythrocytes. The present study shows that the absorbance spectra of the oxidized and reduced forms of the erythrocyte cytochrome b5, of the solubilized one and of that of microsomes are similar.", "PMID": 405690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3284", "title": "Modification of the radiation resistance of Aspergillus flavus mycelial units by some chemicals.", "content": "Survival curves for the mycleium of Aspergillus flavus Link var. columnaris Raper and Fennell were constructed after irradiation with gamma rays in the presence of NaCl, NaBr, NaI, KCl, KBr, KI, CaCl2, CaBr2, CaI2, Ca(NO3)2, NaNO2, NaNO3, KNO2, iodoacetic acid, iodoacetamide and vitamin K5. In addition iodized salt was also tested. All the chemicals tested exhibited initial toxicity at zero dose. However, most of the chemicals demonstrated a synergism when present during irradiation. Compounds containing iodine were invariably the strongest radiosensitizers. The iodine present as an admixture in salt also retained its radiosensitizing character. Sodium bromide and calcium bromide behaved in a different way. The initial toxicity was reduced along with an increase in radiation dose resulting in more survival.", "contents": "Modification of the radiation resistance of Aspergillus flavus mycelial units by some chemicals. Survival curves for the mycleium of Aspergillus flavus Link var. columnaris Raper and Fennell were constructed after irradiation with gamma rays in the presence of NaCl, NaBr, NaI, KCl, KBr, KI, CaCl2, CaBr2, CaI2, Ca(NO3)2, NaNO2, NaNO3, KNO2, iodoacetic acid, iodoacetamide and vitamin K5. In addition iodized salt was also tested. All the chemicals tested exhibited initial toxicity at zero dose. However, most of the chemicals demonstrated a synergism when present during irradiation. Compounds containing iodine were invariably the strongest radiosensitizers. The iodine present as an admixture in salt also retained its radiosensitizing character. Sodium bromide and calcium bromide behaved in a different way. The initial toxicity was reduced along with an increase in radiation dose resulting in more survival.", "PMID": 405704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3285", "title": "The use of CT scanners in megavoltage photon-beam therapy planning.", "content": "Several problems related to the true value of quantitative information from CT scanners in improving estimates of photon-beam isodose distribution remain unanswered. The authors conclude that two widely used correction factors provide satisfactory isodose corrections behind heterogeneities of simple geometry. Lateral perturbations were found to be small for megavoltage photon beams, indicating that complex computational schemes are uncalled for. It appears doubtful that the use of CT information in megavoltage photon-beam isodose curve generation requires (a) larger computers than those currently available either in existing therapy planning systems or on the scanner itself or (b) direct access to the CT numbers.", "contents": "The use of CT scanners in megavoltage photon-beam therapy planning. Several problems related to the true value of quantitative information from CT scanners in improving estimates of photon-beam isodose distribution remain unanswered. The authors conclude that two widely used correction factors provide satisfactory isodose corrections behind heterogeneities of simple geometry. Lateral perturbations were found to be small for megavoltage photon beams, indicating that complex computational schemes are uncalled for. It appears doubtful that the use of CT information in megavoltage photon-beam isodose curve generation requires (a) larger computers than those currently available either in existing therapy planning systems or on the scanner itself or (b) direct access to the CT numbers.", "PMID": 405706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3286", "title": "Implications of computed tomography for inhomogeneity corrections in photon beam dose calculations.", "content": "Patient inhomogeneity information is investigated for use in radiotherapy planning. Absorbed doses measured in a phantom are compared to doses calculated for photon beams using various treatment planning inhomogeneity correction methods. Delineation of inhomogeneities with a spatial resolution of 5 mm and with an electron density accuracy of 2% in usually sufficient to allow doses to be calculated with a mean accuracy of better than 2% for 60Co and 3% for 25-MV x rays if the authors' Equivalent Tissue-Air Ratio Method is used.", "contents": "Implications of computed tomography for inhomogeneity corrections in photon beam dose calculations. Patient inhomogeneity information is investigated for use in radiotherapy planning. Absorbed doses measured in a phantom are compared to doses calculated for photon beams using various treatment planning inhomogeneity correction methods. Delineation of inhomogeneities with a spatial resolution of 5 mm and with an electron density accuracy of 2% in usually sufficient to allow doses to be calculated with a mean accuracy of better than 2% for 60Co and 3% for 25-MV x rays if the authors' Equivalent Tissue-Air Ratio Method is used.", "PMID": 405707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3287", "title": "Financial expenditures for the care of cerebrovascular disease patients in an urban setting.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the magnitude of the charges and costs and the sources of reimbursements for the care of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) patients in an urban setting, Orleans Parish (County), Louisiana, in 1971. The study helps to put national data on the cost-burden of cerebrovascular disease into perspective at the community level. It is thought that such data may prove useful in planning and evaluation of intervention programs and more coordinated approaches to care. All hospitals, nursing homes, extended care facilities, and noninstitutional sources of care (home health and rehabilitation agencies) that were identified as providing services to CVD patients were invited to participate in the study, and a sample of such cases was selected from each participating facility. The billing records for these cases were then reviewed and analyzed to determine charges by category of service and sources of reimbursement. At government institutions, per diem rates were used to determine costs. Total charges for care of the CVD patients amounted to $6,070,000. Hospital care generated the major charge, amounting to $5,159,000 (85 percent of the total charges) during the study year. Nursing home care charges totaled $391,000 (6.5 percent), extended care services $373,000 (6.1 percent), and home health care and noninstitutional rehabilitation services $147,000 (2.4 percent). Analysis of the data according to type of service revealed that only a small percentage of the care dollar was spent for rehabilitation services. The greatest amounts were spent for room and board in institutional facilities and for drugs, diagnostic services, and miscellaneous other services in hospitals. Average expenditures per CVD case for rehabilitation services in institutions were highest in extended care facilities, being much lower in hospitals and negligible in nursing homes. Average expenditures for care by noninstitutional health service agencies were highest for home aide services, followed by nursing and rehabilitation services.", "contents": "Financial expenditures for the care of cerebrovascular disease patients in an urban setting. A study was undertaken to determine the magnitude of the charges and costs and the sources of reimbursements for the care of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) patients in an urban setting, Orleans Parish (County), Louisiana, in 1971. The study helps to put national data on the cost-burden of cerebrovascular disease into perspective at the community level. It is thought that such data may prove useful in planning and evaluation of intervention programs and more coordinated approaches to care. All hospitals, nursing homes, extended care facilities, and noninstitutional sources of care (home health and rehabilitation agencies) that were identified as providing services to CVD patients were invited to participate in the study, and a sample of such cases was selected from each participating facility. The billing records for these cases were then reviewed and analyzed to determine charges by category of service and sources of reimbursement. At government institutions, per diem rates were used to determine costs. Total charges for care of the CVD patients amounted to $6,070,000. Hospital care generated the major charge, amounting to $5,159,000 (85 percent of the total charges) during the study year. Nursing home care charges totaled $391,000 (6.5 percent), extended care services $373,000 (6.1 percent), and home health care and noninstitutional rehabilitation services $147,000 (2.4 percent). Analysis of the data according to type of service revealed that only a small percentage of the care dollar was spent for rehabilitation services. The greatest amounts were spent for room and board in institutional facilities and for drugs, diagnostic services, and miscellaneous other services in hospitals. Average expenditures per CVD case for rehabilitation services in institutions were highest in extended care facilities, being much lower in hospitals and negligible in nursing homes. Average expenditures for care by noninstitutional health service agencies were highest for home aide services, followed by nursing and rehabilitation services.", "PMID": 405703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3288", "title": "The effect of pelvic irradiation on ileal function.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with gynecological neoplasms undergoing radiotherapy to the pelvis had cholyl[1-14C]glycine breath tests to assess ileal function. Breath tests were performed on each patient in the first and fifth weeks of treatment and 19 of the patients had a third test three months post-treatment. In the first test, 29.9+/-16.8%  (mean+/-SD) of the administered dose was excreted in breath 14C in 24 hours. This rose to 47.3+/-15.9% (t=6.08; p less than .001) in the fifth week and fell to 36.6+/-16% (t=2.29; p less than .05) at three months post-treatment. Eight patients had breath tests performed one year post-treatment and the test percentages were 32.7+/-7.8% (t=1.19; p less than .10). The increase in 14CO2 excretion in the fifth week of treatment occurred at a time when most patients were having diarrhea. The data suggest that bile acid malabsorption due to ileal dysfunction may be a factor in radiation-induced diarrhea which occurs in nearly all patients during pelvic irradiation.", "contents": "The effect of pelvic irradiation on ileal function. Thirty-three patients with gynecological neoplasms undergoing radiotherapy to the pelvis had cholyl[1-14C]glycine breath tests to assess ileal function. Breath tests were performed on each patient in the first and fifth weeks of treatment and 19 of the patients had a third test three months post-treatment. In the first test, 29.9+/-16.8%  (mean+/-SD) of the administered dose was excreted in breath 14C in 24 hours. This rose to 47.3+/-15.9% (t=6.08; p less than .001) in the fifth week and fell to 36.6+/-16% (t=2.29; p less than .05) at three months post-treatment. Eight patients had breath tests performed one year post-treatment and the test percentages were 32.7+/-7.8% (t=1.19; p less than .10). The increase in 14CO2 excretion in the fifth week of treatment occurred at a time when most patients were having diarrhea. The data suggest that bile acid malabsorption due to ileal dysfunction may be a factor in radiation-induced diarrhea which occurs in nearly all patients during pelvic irradiation.", "PMID": 405708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3289", "title": "Serum magnesium and irradiation.", "content": "Serum magnesium determinations were obtained on 10 dogs and 11 patients undergoing fractionated irradiation to the pelvis and lower abdomen. Five of dogs received oral prednisone during irradiation. There was no significant change in magnesium concentration in either the control dogs or the patients, but there was a significant increase in stool frequency in both the dogs and patients. A significant increase in magnesium concentration was noted in the dogs receiving prednisone. It is concluded that radiation-induced diarrhea is not caused by reduced serum magnesium concentration.", "contents": "Serum magnesium and irradiation. Serum magnesium determinations were obtained on 10 dogs and 11 patients undergoing fractionated irradiation to the pelvis and lower abdomen. Five of dogs received oral prednisone during irradiation. There was no significant change in magnesium concentration in either the control dogs or the patients, but there was a significant increase in stool frequency in both the dogs and patients. A significant increase in magnesium concentration was noted in the dogs receiving prednisone. It is concluded that radiation-induced diarrhea is not caused by reduced serum magnesium concentration.", "PMID": 405709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3290", "title": "Radiation therapy for pineal tumors and suprasellar germinomas.", "content": "Data on all patients with pineal body tumors and suprasellar germinomas seen at the University of California--San Francisco over a 25-year period were reviewed. Of 19 patients treated, 15 are still alive. Although treatment techniques varied, all patients received irradiation to the primary tumor site but not to the spinal cord. The tumor dose ranged from 4,000 to 5,500 rads using megavoltage equipment. The authors recommended a dose of 4,500-5,000 rads given over a period of five to six weeks.", "contents": "Radiation therapy for pineal tumors and suprasellar germinomas. Data on all patients with pineal body tumors and suprasellar germinomas seen at the University of California--San Francisco over a 25-year period were reviewed. Of 19 patients treated, 15 are still alive. Although treatment techniques varied, all patients received irradiation to the primary tumor site but not to the spinal cord. The tumor dose ranged from 4,000 to 5,500 rads using megavoltage equipment. The authors recommended a dose of 4,500-5,000 rads given over a period of five to six weeks.", "PMID": 405710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3291", "title": "Desmoid tumors--treatment and prognosis.", "content": "Desmoid tumors are locally invasive benign tumors arising from musculoaponeurotic structures which are classified as fibromatoses and which have generally high post-surgical recurrence rates. Sixteen patients with desmoid tumors were treated with irradiation and evaluated for 2 to 6 years post-treatment. Of the 16, 13 cases have been controlled without recurrence. Virtually complete resolution of the tumor mass has been accomplished without the disfigurement and dysfunction characteristic of the radical surgical approach to treatment.", "contents": "Desmoid tumors--treatment and prognosis. Desmoid tumors are locally invasive benign tumors arising from musculoaponeurotic structures which are classified as fibromatoses and which have generally high post-surgical recurrence rates. Sixteen patients with desmoid tumors were treated with irradiation and evaluated for 2 to 6 years post-treatment. Of the 16, 13 cases have been controlled without recurrence. Virtually complete resolution of the tumor mass has been accomplished without the disfigurement and dysfunction characteristic of the radical surgical approach to treatment.", "PMID": 405711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3292", "title": "Double contrast urethrography for evaluation of abnormalities of the male urethra.", "content": "Double contrast examination of the male urethra can be performed with a combination of sodium diatrizoate solution and air. In a patient with an anterior urethral diverticulum, improved definition of anatomic relationships was obtained.", "contents": "Double contrast urethrography for evaluation of abnormalities of the male urethra. Double contrast examination of the male urethra can be performed with a combination of sodium diatrizoate solution and air. In a patient with an anterior urethral diverticulum, improved definition of anatomic relationships was obtained.", "PMID": 405712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3293", "title": "Long-term results following extensive small intestinal resection in the neonatal period.", "content": "At Alder Hey Children's Hospital in Liverpool there have been 8 children who survived long-segment intestinal resection in the neonatal period for more than 10 years, and there has been one further case at the University Children's Hospital in Z\u00fcrich. The total of 9 children who were left with residual lengths of small intestine of between 26 and 75 cm form the basis of this report. Seven of these children have been personally followed up. One patient, although apparently perfectly well, is now an adult, has left home and refused to be re-examined. One child has been followed up by another paediatrician. In general it can be said that, provided these children are treated with care postoperatively over a period which may extend for many months or even a few years, the ultimate prognosis is extremely good. These children will grow up perfectly normally and will have no absorption difficulties. If the child is left with less than 30 cm of small intestine, the initial treatment becomes very difficult, but with adequate management even these infants can finally grow up into perfectly normal children with little or no absorption difficulties. The critical length of intestine lies in the neighbourhood of 20 cm. Correct initial treatment is all important and the one case in this series where this was not carried out is the only child who has still considerable difficulties. In some of the children under discussion, a hemicolectomy was performed as well as the small intestinal resection. This does not seem to have made much difference to the ultimate satisfactory outcome.", "contents": "Long-term results following extensive small intestinal resection in the neonatal period. At Alder Hey Children's Hospital in Liverpool there have been 8 children who survived long-segment intestinal resection in the neonatal period for more than 10 years, and there has been one further case at the University Children's Hospital in Z\u00fcrich. The total of 9 children who were left with residual lengths of small intestine of between 26 and 75 cm form the basis of this report. Seven of these children have been personally followed up. One patient, although apparently perfectly well, is now an adult, has left home and refused to be re-examined. One child has been followed up by another paediatrician. In general it can be said that, provided these children are treated with care postoperatively over a period which may extend for many months or even a few years, the ultimate prognosis is extremely good. These children will grow up perfectly normally and will have no absorption difficulties. If the child is left with less than 30 cm of small intestine, the initial treatment becomes very difficult, but with adequate management even these infants can finally grow up into perfectly normal children with little or no absorption difficulties. The critical length of intestine lies in the neighbourhood of 20 cm. Correct initial treatment is all important and the one case in this series where this was not carried out is the only child who has still considerable difficulties. In some of the children under discussion, a hemicolectomy was performed as well as the small intestinal resection. This does not seem to have made much difference to the ultimate satisfactory outcome.", "PMID": 405714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3294", "title": "Immunochemistry of prostaglandin endoperoxide-forming cyclooxygenases: the detection of the cyclooxygenases in rat, rabbit, and guinea pig kidneys by immunofluorescence.", "content": "Rabbit antiserum has been prepared against the prostaglandin endoperoxide-forming cyclooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.1) purified from sheep vesicular glands. Ouchterlony double diffusion and immunoelectrophoretic analyses indicate that the anti-cyclooxygenase serum is monospecific for the enzyme. The anti-cyclooxygenase serum reacts with both active and inactivated forms of the sheep vesicular gland (SVG) cyclooxygenase. Furthermore, the immune serum precipitates solubilized microsomal cyclooxygenases from each of six other tissues examined, including bovine seminal vesicle, rabbit kidney medulla, guinea pig lung, dog spleen, sheep uterus, and human platelets. Anti-SVG cyclooxygenase serum was used in combination with fluorescein isothiocyanate )FITC)-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG to detect cyclooxygenases in cryostat sections from rat, rabbit and guinea pig kidneys by immunofluorescence. Highly prominent fluorescence was associated only with the epithelial cells lining the collecting ducts in rabbit and guinea pig kidneys, and except for the nucleus, was uniformly distributed within the interior of these cells. In rat kidney, fluorescence was detected not only in collecting tubules but also in the interstitial cells of the renal papilla. Our results are consistent with the emerging hypothesis that PGE2 produced intrarenally plays a physiological role in natriuresis.", "contents": "Immunochemistry of prostaglandin endoperoxide-forming cyclooxygenases: the detection of the cyclooxygenases in rat, rabbit, and guinea pig kidneys by immunofluorescence. Rabbit antiserum has been prepared against the prostaglandin endoperoxide-forming cyclooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.1) purified from sheep vesicular glands. Ouchterlony double diffusion and immunoelectrophoretic analyses indicate that the anti-cyclooxygenase serum is monospecific for the enzyme. The anti-cyclooxygenase serum reacts with both active and inactivated forms of the sheep vesicular gland (SVG) cyclooxygenase. Furthermore, the immune serum precipitates solubilized microsomal cyclooxygenases from each of six other tissues examined, including bovine seminal vesicle, rabbit kidney medulla, guinea pig lung, dog spleen, sheep uterus, and human platelets. Anti-SVG cyclooxygenase serum was used in combination with fluorescein isothiocyanate )FITC)-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG to detect cyclooxygenases in cryostat sections from rat, rabbit and guinea pig kidneys by immunofluorescence. Highly prominent fluorescence was associated only with the epithelial cells lining the collecting ducts in rabbit and guinea pig kidneys, and except for the nucleus, was uniformly distributed within the interior of these cells. In rat kidney, fluorescence was detected not only in collecting tubules but also in the interstitial cells of the renal papilla. Our results are consistent with the emerging hypothesis that PGE2 produced intrarenally plays a physiological role in natriuresis.", "PMID": 405716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3295", "title": "Problems of therapeutic surgery in penis carcinoma.", "content": "Very often penile cancer occurs histologically as a squamous cell carcinoma. Its treatment is based on radiation therapy and surgery and depends on the stage of the tumor, age of patient, and anatomy and pathology of the lymph system of the male genitalia. In evaluation of 69 cases, the problems of therapy and prognosis are discussed. Preventive circumcision for the purpose of facilitating genital hygiene is reputed to be the operative prophylaxis.", "contents": "Problems of therapeutic surgery in penis carcinoma. Very often penile cancer occurs histologically as a squamous cell carcinoma. Its treatment is based on radiation therapy and surgery and depends on the stage of the tumor, age of patient, and anatomy and pathology of the lymph system of the male genitalia. In evaluation of 69 cases, the problems of therapy and prognosis are discussed. Preventive circumcision for the purpose of facilitating genital hygiene is reputed to be the operative prophylaxis.", "PMID": 405719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3296", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of primary malignant tumors of the seminal vesicles.", "content": "The author, after suggesting that malignant tumors of the seminal vesicles are not as rare as usually believed, considers the best method of early diagnosis to be deferentovesiculography carried out in all suspected cases. Surgery of these tumors includes vesiculectomy by the transvesical route which permits simultaneous treatment of vesicular, ureteral, vesical, and prostatic lesions. A place of choice is reserved for high-energy radiotherapy.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of primary malignant tumors of the seminal vesicles. The author, after suggesting that malignant tumors of the seminal vesicles are not as rare as usually believed, considers the best method of early diagnosis to be deferentovesiculography carried out in all suspected cases. Surgery of these tumors includes vesiculectomy by the transvesical route which permits simultaneous treatment of vesicular, ureteral, vesical, and prostatic lesions. A place of choice is reserved for high-energy radiotherapy.", "PMID": 405720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3297", "title": "[Rehabilitation of myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "The rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarction starts at an early stage of the disease, with an activation programme. In the post-acute phase this is substituted by the early rehabilitation programme carried out in cardiological centres. When the patient is discharged from hospital he undergoes an approximately one year out-patient long-term rehabilitation programme, which encompasses all sorts of secondary prevention with respect to risk factors (i.e. carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disturbances, nicotine abusus, and hyperalimentation) as well as phychosocial assistance and adequate physical therapy. These procedures have yielded positive results. In a series of 800 patients who underwent long-term rehabilitation 75.8% had resumed work. Also important is that with the help of the long-term treatment the patients became less anxious and could hence be re-integrated more easily.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation of myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. The rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarction starts at an early stage of the disease, with an activation programme. In the post-acute phase this is substituted by the early rehabilitation programme carried out in cardiological centres. When the patient is discharged from hospital he undergoes an approximately one year out-patient long-term rehabilitation programme, which encompasses all sorts of secondary prevention with respect to risk factors (i.e. carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disturbances, nicotine abusus, and hyperalimentation) as well as phychosocial assistance and adequate physical therapy. These procedures have yielded positive results. In a series of 800 patients who underwent long-term rehabilitation 75.8% had resumed work. Also important is that with the help of the long-term treatment the patients became less anxious and could hence be re-integrated more easily.", "PMID": 405722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3298", "title": "Unusual radiographic manifestations of cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The authors report 2 radiographic findings that have not previously been described in patients with cystic fibrosis: (1) the linear form of pneumatosis coli (2) large pancreatic concretions which resembled the pancreatic calcificaitons of hereditary pancreatitis. The patient with pancreatic calcification also had labile diabetes and episodes of ketoacidosis, unusual complications of cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Unusual radiographic manifestations of cystic fibrosis. The authors report 2 radiographic findings that have not previously been described in patients with cystic fibrosis: (1) the linear form of pneumatosis coli (2) large pancreatic concretions which resembled the pancreatic calcificaitons of hereditary pancreatitis. The patient with pancreatic calcification also had labile diabetes and episodes of ketoacidosis, unusual complications of cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 405728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3299", "title": "An initial report on a double-blind trial comparing small and large doses of gold in the treatment of rheumatoid disease.", "content": "A double-blind clinical trial on 60 patients with rheumatoid disease comparing 10 mg sodium aurothiomalate weekly to 50 mg weekly is continuing. An initial report on thirty of these patients, who had completed a year of treatment, shows no statistically significant difference in the response between the two groups. No conclusions can be drawn about toxic reactions in this number of patients having received treatment for only one year.", "contents": "An initial report on a double-blind trial comparing small and large doses of gold in the treatment of rheumatoid disease. A double-blind clinical trial on 60 patients with rheumatoid disease comparing 10 mg sodium aurothiomalate weekly to 50 mg weekly is continuing. An initial report on thirty of these patients, who had completed a year of treatment, shows no statistically significant difference in the response between the two groups. No conclusions can be drawn about toxic reactions in this number of patients having received treatment for only one year.", "PMID": 405730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3300", "title": "Endotoxic activities of lipopolysaccharides of microorganisms isolated from an infected root canal in Macaca cynomolgus.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prepared from a strain of Bacteroides oralis, a strain of Fusobacterium necrophorum, and a strain of F. nucleatum, all isolated from an infected root canal in monkey (Macaca cynomolgus), were examined for endotoxic activities using primary skin reactions in rabbits and induction of leukocyte chemotaxis in rats. LPS of B. oralis showed considerably lower ability to cause skin inflammation than LPS of the fusobacteria. However, the leukotactic effect of the LPS preparations as determined by the wound chamber method in rats was approximately of the same proportion. In both tests the reactions were compared with those of commercial LPS of Salmonella typhi. This study shows that endotoxic LPS can be isolated from oral Gram-negative bacteria, which have infected the root canal. Therefore LPS may play a role in the development and maintenance of chronic inflammation of the periapical tissues.", "contents": "Endotoxic activities of lipopolysaccharides of microorganisms isolated from an infected root canal in Macaca cynomolgus. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) prepared from a strain of Bacteroides oralis, a strain of Fusobacterium necrophorum, and a strain of F. nucleatum, all isolated from an infected root canal in monkey (Macaca cynomolgus), were examined for endotoxic activities using primary skin reactions in rabbits and induction of leukocyte chemotaxis in rats. LPS of B. oralis showed considerably lower ability to cause skin inflammation than LPS of the fusobacteria. However, the leukotactic effect of the LPS preparations as determined by the wound chamber method in rats was approximately of the same proportion. In both tests the reactions were compared with those of commercial LPS of Salmonella typhi. This study shows that endotoxic LPS can be isolated from oral Gram-negative bacteria, which have infected the root canal. Therefore LPS may play a role in the development and maintenance of chronic inflammation of the periapical tissues.", "PMID": 405737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3301", "title": "Juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula and abnormalities by endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP).", "content": "In a consecutive series of 174 patients the biliary and pancreatic ducts were demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). In 84 patients with normal duct systems, juxtapapillary diverticula were found in 5 patients (6%). In 90 cases with ductal abnormalities due to biliary concrements, dilated common bile duct and pancreatitis, diverticula were found in 35 patients (39%). In patients with abnormalities in both duct systems, diverticula were found in 52%, and in patients with changes in one duct system diverticula were found in 33%. The difference in occurrence of diverticula in patients with normal duct systems and pathological duct systems was statistically significant (p less than 0.02). The findings indicate a correlation between juxtapapillary diverticula and pathological changes due to biliary concrements, dilated common bile duct without concrements and pancreatitis.", "contents": "Juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula and abnormalities by endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). In a consecutive series of 174 patients the biliary and pancreatic ducts were demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). In 84 patients with normal duct systems, juxtapapillary diverticula were found in 5 patients (6%). In 90 cases with ductal abnormalities due to biliary concrements, dilated common bile duct and pancreatitis, diverticula were found in 35 patients (39%). In patients with abnormalities in both duct systems, diverticula were found in 52%, and in patients with changes in one duct system diverticula were found in 33%. The difference in occurrence of diverticula in patients with normal duct systems and pathological duct systems was statistically significant (p less than 0.02). The findings indicate a correlation between juxtapapillary diverticula and pathological changes due to biliary concrements, dilated common bile duct without concrements and pancreatitis.", "PMID": 405738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3302", "title": "[Venerology in the everyday work of the internist].", "content": "The worldwide increase in the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases confronts the physician to an increasing extent with this group of infections. The high morbidity and the change in the clinical picture of gonorrhea, especially its asymptomatic form, give rise to extragenital complications which frequently lead the patient to the internal specialist in the first instance. Non-gonorrheal urethritis, in particular the infectious form, is undergoing intensive research. A number of organisms may be responsible, but a non-infectious origin must also be kept in mind. Syphilis is still important. The late stages of the disease have become rare thanks to highly effective therapy with antibiotics. The early stages of the infection, however, must always be considered in the differential diagnosis of any genital or anal affection, and also in generalized exanthemas of unknown origin. Homosexual transmission presents diagnostic problems of its own. Serological mass screening is essential. Interpretation of the results must take into account the different specificity of the various serological tests and their indication.", "contents": "[Venerology in the everyday work of the internist]. The worldwide increase in the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases confronts the physician to an increasing extent with this group of infections. The high morbidity and the change in the clinical picture of gonorrhea, especially its asymptomatic form, give rise to extragenital complications which frequently lead the patient to the internal specialist in the first instance. Non-gonorrheal urethritis, in particular the infectious form, is undergoing intensive research. A number of organisms may be responsible, but a non-infectious origin must also be kept in mind. Syphilis is still important. The late stages of the disease have become rare thanks to highly effective therapy with antibiotics. The early stages of the infection, however, must always be considered in the differential diagnosis of any genital or anal affection, and also in generalized exanthemas of unknown origin. Homosexual transmission presents diagnostic problems of its own. Serological mass screening is essential. Interpretation of the results must take into account the different specificity of the various serological tests and their indication.", "PMID": 405739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3303", "title": "[Blood transfusion and kidney transplantation].", "content": "The non-transfusion policy for potential recipients of kidney allografts that has been followed in recent years has not proven successful. There is now ample clinical evidence of improved transplant function in the transfused recipients category. This has also been confirmed in recipients of a first cadaver kidney in Basel and Geneva. If the conditions valid for human kidney transplantation are matched as closely as possible in animal experiments, prolongation of graft function rather than accelerated rejection is usually observed after blood transfusions. Potential kidney graft recipients should be more liberally transfused and experimental evidence ought to be accumulated in order to establish a rationale for optimal host conditioning, while avoiding the hazards of blood transfusions to the greatest extent possible.", "contents": "[Blood transfusion and kidney transplantation]. The non-transfusion policy for potential recipients of kidney allografts that has been followed in recent years has not proven successful. There is now ample clinical evidence of improved transplant function in the transfused recipients category. This has also been confirmed in recipients of a first cadaver kidney in Basel and Geneva. If the conditions valid for human kidney transplantation are matched as closely as possible in animal experiments, prolongation of graft function rather than accelerated rejection is usually observed after blood transfusions. Potential kidney graft recipients should be more liberally transfused and experimental evidence ought to be accumulated in order to establish a rationale for optimal host conditioning, while avoiding the hazards of blood transfusions to the greatest extent possible.", "PMID": 405740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3304", "title": "Asymptomatic gonorrhea in men: caused by gonococci with unique nutritional requirements.", "content": "In a retrospective case-control study, gonococci with nutritional requirements for arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil were recovered from 24 of 25 men with asymptomatic gonorrhea and 10 of 25 men with symptomatic gonorrhea (P = .0001). These strains represent a smaller proportion of gonococcal isolate from blacks than from whites. Asymptomatic urethral infection is important in the epidemiology of gonorrhea, particularly among whites.", "contents": "Asymptomatic gonorrhea in men: caused by gonococci with unique nutritional requirements. In a retrospective case-control study, gonococci with nutritional requirements for arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil were recovered from 24 of 25 men with asymptomatic gonorrhea and 10 of 25 men with symptomatic gonorrhea (P = .0001). These strains represent a smaller proportion of gonococcal isolate from blacks than from whites. Asymptomatic urethral infection is important in the epidemiology of gonorrhea, particularly among whites.", "PMID": 405742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3305", "title": "Fibrosing alveolitis with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: two case reports.", "content": "Two patients with fibrosing alveolitis and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia are described. One patient also had neurofibromatosis. The haematological associations of fibrosing alveolitis are discussed, and a possible relationship between autoimmune haemolysis and fibrosing alveolitis is suggested.", "contents": "Fibrosing alveolitis with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: two case reports. Two patients with fibrosing alveolitis and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia are described. One patient also had neurofibromatosis. The haematological associations of fibrosing alveolitis are discussed, and a possible relationship between autoimmune haemolysis and fibrosing alveolitis is suggested.", "PMID": 405749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3306", "title": "Neuronal activity in cortical efferent zones projecting to wrist extensors during voluntary wrist extension in the monkey.", "content": "Three monkeys were trained to make rapid wrist extension on presentation of a cue light. After training the animal sufficiently, unit activity was recorded from the cortical efferent zones corresponding to the wrist extensors. Most neurons in the wrist extensor zone were increased in their discharge rate during the wrist extension. Their activation pattern, especially the onset time, varied among different neurons. The earliest neuron was activated 65 msec before the EMG onset of the wrist extensors, while the latest did 30 msec after the EMG onset. About 80% of them activated before the EMG onset. In contrast, variation of the discharge onset of each neuron was rather small and 5-15 msec in quartile deviation. These findings may suggest that each neuron in the cortical efferent zone functions in different timing in the voluntary phasic contraction of the target muscle.", "contents": "Neuronal activity in cortical efferent zones projecting to wrist extensors during voluntary wrist extension in the monkey. Three monkeys were trained to make rapid wrist extension on presentation of a cue light. After training the animal sufficiently, unit activity was recorded from the cortical efferent zones corresponding to the wrist extensors. Most neurons in the wrist extensor zone were increased in their discharge rate during the wrist extension. Their activation pattern, especially the onset time, varied among different neurons. The earliest neuron was activated 65 msec before the EMG onset of the wrist extensors, while the latest did 30 msec after the EMG onset. About 80% of them activated before the EMG onset. In contrast, variation of the discharge onset of each neuron was rather small and 5-15 msec in quartile deviation. These findings may suggest that each neuron in the cortical efferent zone functions in different timing in the voluntary phasic contraction of the target muscle.", "PMID": 405753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3307", "title": "Cidal and subcidal effect of triethylene thiophosphoramide on cell kinetics of human bladder carcinoma cells in vitro.", "content": "In view of increasing topical use of various chemotherapeutic agents for bladder carcinoma, an experimental study concerning the effect of triethylene thiophosphoramide (Thio-Tepa) on cell kinetics of bladder carcinoma cells was performed, working on an established cell line of human bladder carcinoma. This polyfunctional alkylating agent, which is most widely used for instillation chemotherapy of bladder carcinoma, revealed a concentration dependent cytotoxicity against the cells. DNA precursor incorporation suggested that repair mechanism occurred following subcidal dose of this compound and faulty repair took place following cidal dose. The cell cycle was prolonged after subcidal treatment, the main effect being seen in DNA synthetic phase, and the changes in the cell cycle parameters returned to the normal within 2 cell cycle time. Repeated treatment with subcidal dose at an interval of 48 hr led to more extensive changes in the cell cycle as compared with that of single dose. Repeated exposures to subcidal dose, however, did not show any differences in the growth curves from those of the controls.", "contents": "Cidal and subcidal effect of triethylene thiophosphoramide on cell kinetics of human bladder carcinoma cells in vitro. In view of increasing topical use of various chemotherapeutic agents for bladder carcinoma, an experimental study concerning the effect of triethylene thiophosphoramide (Thio-Tepa) on cell kinetics of bladder carcinoma cells was performed, working on an established cell line of human bladder carcinoma. This polyfunctional alkylating agent, which is most widely used for instillation chemotherapy of bladder carcinoma, revealed a concentration dependent cytotoxicity against the cells. DNA precursor incorporation suggested that repair mechanism occurred following subcidal dose of this compound and faulty repair took place following cidal dose. The cell cycle was prolonged after subcidal treatment, the main effect being seen in DNA synthetic phase, and the changes in the cell cycle parameters returned to the normal within 2 cell cycle time. Repeated treatment with subcidal dose at an interval of 48 hr led to more extensive changes in the cell cycle as compared with that of single dose. Repeated exposures to subcidal dose, however, did not show any differences in the growth curves from those of the controls.", "PMID": 405754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3308", "title": "Estimation of cell damage in monolayer culture using 14C-leucine incorporation.", "content": "A comparison was made of 14C-leucine incorporation and cell viability of T24 human bladder carcinoma cells after treatment with Thio-Tepa, a potent alkylating agent. It was found that Thio-Tepa produced concentration-dependent damage in these cells and also that 14C-leucine incorporation correlated well with cell viability. 14C-leucine incorporation can be used as a reliable and rapid screening test for the assessment of the relative potencies of anticancer drugs.", "contents": "Estimation of cell damage in monolayer culture using 14C-leucine incorporation. A comparison was made of 14C-leucine incorporation and cell viability of T24 human bladder carcinoma cells after treatment with Thio-Tepa, a potent alkylating agent. It was found that Thio-Tepa produced concentration-dependent damage in these cells and also that 14C-leucine incorporation correlated well with cell viability. 14C-leucine incorporation can be used as a reliable and rapid screening test for the assessment of the relative potencies of anticancer drugs.", "PMID": 405755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3309", "title": "Cytotoxic effects of normal sera on lymphoid cells. II. Requirements for inhibition of nonspecific serum cytotoxicity by agarose.", "content": "Agarose is known to inhibit nonspecifically the cytotoxic effects of normal sera on xenogeneic lymphoid cells. To find an explanation for this agarose effect we have studied its requirements using guinea pig and human sera as the source of activity and rat thymocytes as target cells. Control assays were performed using heat-inactivated (56 C, 30 min) normal rat serum. The inhibitory effect of agarose was readily reproduced with untreated sera and also when sodium ethyleneglycoltetraacetate, a selective chelator of calcium ions, was added to the sera together with excess magnesium. However, the agarose effect failed to occur in the presence of 0.01 M EDTA unless magnesium ions were restored. Abrogation of cytotoxicity in human serum by incubation with a large number of target cells instead of agarose was also found to be magnesium dependent. Titrations of human serum, performed after absorption with agarose in the presence of EDTA, which does not interfere with antigen-antibody binding, and subsequent restoration of divalent cations, revealed no significant change in its cytotoxic titer when compared with that of mock-absorbed serum not subjected to the agarose treatment. Incubation of human serum with either agarose or rat thymocytes resulted in the conversion of factor B, essential for complement activation via the alternative pathway, previously shown to provide the complement activity necessary for the cytotoxic reaction. These results suggest that the agarose effect is mainly attributable to complement consumption via the alternative pathway rather than to the absorption of \"natural\" antibodies.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effects of normal sera on lymphoid cells. II. Requirements for inhibition of nonspecific serum cytotoxicity by agarose. Agarose is known to inhibit nonspecifically the cytotoxic effects of normal sera on xenogeneic lymphoid cells. To find an explanation for this agarose effect we have studied its requirements using guinea pig and human sera as the source of activity and rat thymocytes as target cells. Control assays were performed using heat-inactivated (56 C, 30 min) normal rat serum. The inhibitory effect of agarose was readily reproduced with untreated sera and also when sodium ethyleneglycoltetraacetate, a selective chelator of calcium ions, was added to the sera together with excess magnesium. However, the agarose effect failed to occur in the presence of 0.01 M EDTA unless magnesium ions were restored. Abrogation of cytotoxicity in human serum by incubation with a large number of target cells instead of agarose was also found to be magnesium dependent. Titrations of human serum, performed after absorption with agarose in the presence of EDTA, which does not interfere with antigen-antibody binding, and subsequent restoration of divalent cations, revealed no significant change in its cytotoxic titer when compared with that of mock-absorbed serum not subjected to the agarose treatment. Incubation of human serum with either agarose or rat thymocytes resulted in the conversion of factor B, essential for complement activation via the alternative pathway, previously shown to provide the complement activity necessary for the cytotoxic reaction. These results suggest that the agarose effect is mainly attributable to complement consumption via the alternative pathway rather than to the absorption of \"natural\" antibodies.", "PMID": 405760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3310", "title": "Myocardial fibrinolytic activity in allogenic cardiac rejection.", "content": "The relationship between alterations in myocardial fibrinolytic activity and the degree of graft tolerance or rejection was studied in 22 nonimmunosuppressed heterotopic cardiac transplants in chacma baboons. Fibrinolysis was evaluated on tissue sections and tissue extracts. Fibrinolytic activity was compared with electrocardiographic voltage alterations and multiple myocardial biopsies and terminal heart specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy. Histopathology and reduction in fibrinolytic activity proved superior to electrocardiographic voltage reductions in assessing early cardiac rejection. The two former modalities correlated well with one another. Myocardial histology showed rejection change earlier than fibrinolytic activity reduction.", "contents": "Myocardial fibrinolytic activity in allogenic cardiac rejection. The relationship between alterations in myocardial fibrinolytic activity and the degree of graft tolerance or rejection was studied in 22 nonimmunosuppressed heterotopic cardiac transplants in chacma baboons. Fibrinolysis was evaluated on tissue sections and tissue extracts. Fibrinolytic activity was compared with electrocardiographic voltage alterations and multiple myocardial biopsies and terminal heart specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy. Histopathology and reduction in fibrinolytic activity proved superior to electrocardiographic voltage reductions in assessing early cardiac rejection. The two former modalities correlated well with one another. Myocardial histology showed rejection change earlier than fibrinolytic activity reduction.", "PMID": 405762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3311", "title": "The opsonic activity of stored blood.", "content": "Experiments were performed to measure the stability of opsonins during storage of whole blood collected in CPD solution and stored at 4 C. Three units were collected, and aliquots removed and recalcified on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Reconstituted serum was immediately frozen and stored at -70 C. The ability to opsonize Escherichia coli 075 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 1, both of which require activation and utilization of the alternative pathway of complement for opsonization, were performed simultaneously for each organism and for each unit. Results showed that there was a slight but insignificant reduction in opsonic strength during storage for up to 28 days. The results indicate that standard collection and storage conditions using CPD as the anticoagulant retains functional activity of the alternative pathway. C3 measured by radial immunodiffusion using antisera against the B antigenic determinant showed that C3 had not been converted during storage.", "contents": "The opsonic activity of stored blood. Experiments were performed to measure the stability of opsonins during storage of whole blood collected in CPD solution and stored at 4 C. Three units were collected, and aliquots removed and recalcified on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Reconstituted serum was immediately frozen and stored at -70 C. The ability to opsonize Escherichia coli 075 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 1, both of which require activation and utilization of the alternative pathway of complement for opsonization, were performed simultaneously for each organism and for each unit. Results showed that there was a slight but insignificant reduction in opsonic strength during storage for up to 28 days. The results indicate that standard collection and storage conditions using CPD as the anticoagulant retains functional activity of the alternative pathway. C3 measured by radial immunodiffusion using antisera against the B antigenic determinant showed that C3 had not been converted during storage.", "PMID": 405758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3312", "title": "Whole antilymphocyte serum: a potent safe immunosuppressive agent for intravenous use in man.", "content": "Fifty-one renal and marrow graft recipients have been treated with whole, absorbed rabbit anti-human-lymphocyte serum. Such sera are potent nontoxic immunosuppressive agents. Preexisting sensitivity can be erased, and early rejection episodes are essentially eliminated. Prolonged treatment is necessary and safe, and it ensures a sustained depression in circulating T cells. Adaptation between kidney graft and host then occurs, so that the combination of prednisone and Imuran alone can sustain graft viability.", "contents": "Whole antilymphocyte serum: a potent safe immunosuppressive agent for intravenous use in man. Fifty-one renal and marrow graft recipients have been treated with whole, absorbed rabbit anti-human-lymphocyte serum. Such sera are potent nontoxic immunosuppressive agents. Preexisting sensitivity can be erased, and early rejection episodes are essentially eliminated. Prolonged treatment is necessary and safe, and it ensures a sustained depression in circulating T cells. Adaptation between kidney graft and host then occurs, so that the combination of prednisone and Imuran alone can sustain graft viability.", "PMID": 405764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3313", "title": "Experimental and clinical therapy of diabetes by transplantation.", "content": "Prevention, delay, or reversal of the microvascular complications of diabetes is the ultimate goal of pancreatic islet cell transplantation. Advances in surgical techniques and in islet isolation procedures have made the achievement of this goal a practical possibility. Microvascular lesions have indeed been prevented and even reversed in successful islet cell transplantation experiments in rats. Successful application of pancreatic islet cell transplantation in the human now awaits the development of effective suppression of rejection.", "contents": "Experimental and clinical therapy of diabetes by transplantation. Prevention, delay, or reversal of the microvascular complications of diabetes is the ultimate goal of pancreatic islet cell transplantation. Advances in surgical techniques and in islet isolation procedures have made the achievement of this goal a practical possibility. Microvascular lesions have indeed been prevented and even reversed in successful islet cell transplantation experiments in rats. Successful application of pancreatic islet cell transplantation in the human now awaits the development of effective suppression of rejection.", "PMID": 405769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3314", "title": "Islet of Langerhans allotransplantation in the rat.", "content": "Normoglycemia in rats allotransplanted with islets of Langerhans was studied. It was found that pretreatment with donor liver extract and pertussis followed by a short course of ALS treatment results in much better overall survival of functioning islets of Langerhans allotransplants than with other forms of immunosuppression tested.", "contents": "Islet of Langerhans allotransplantation in the rat. Normoglycemia in rats allotransplanted with islets of Langerhans was studied. It was found that pretreatment with donor liver extract and pertussis followed by a short course of ALS treatment results in much better overall survival of functioning islets of Langerhans allotransplants than with other forms of immunosuppression tested.", "PMID": 405774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3315", "title": "In vitro anti-mycobacterial activity of some new amino-glycoside antibiotics.", "content": "Four new aminoglycoside antibiotics, namely gentamycin, amikacin, tobramycin and sisiomycin were tested against several pathogenic strains of so-called 'typical' and 'atypical' mycobacteria. Only amikacin exhibited considerable in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and not against other mycobacterial pathogens. None of the other three antibiotics exhibited activity against any of the mycobacteria at low concentrations.", "contents": "In vitro anti-mycobacterial activity of some new amino-glycoside antibiotics. Four new aminoglycoside antibiotics, namely gentamycin, amikacin, tobramycin and sisiomycin were tested against several pathogenic strains of so-called 'typical' and 'atypical' mycobacteria. Only amikacin exhibited considerable in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and not against other mycobacterial pathogens. None of the other three antibiotics exhibited activity against any of the mycobacteria at low concentrations.", "PMID": 405778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3316", "title": "Rubeosis iridis generated by insulin hypersensitivity.", "content": "There are important similarities between human and experimental monkey rubeosis iridis. We believe that we have developed a useful primate model to study iris neovascularization and that the possible role of immunity to insulin in the pathogenesis of human diabetic rubeosis iridis warrants further detailed consideration.", "contents": "Rubeosis iridis generated by insulin hypersensitivity. There are important similarities between human and experimental monkey rubeosis iridis. We believe that we have developed a useful primate model to study iris neovascularization and that the possible role of immunity to insulin in the pathogenesis of human diabetic rubeosis iridis warrants further detailed consideration.", "PMID": 405785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3317", "title": "[Aminopeptidase system of Aspergillus flavus].", "content": "The aminopeptidases system contained in a complex of exocellular peptidhydrolases synthetized by Asp. flavus was studied. Separation of the system into individual enzymes of the type of leucin aminopeptidase, aminotripeptidase and specific leucyl-glycyl-glycine-aminopeptidase by the methods of salt fractionation. DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. These enzymes are characterized by a different degree of purification as well as by the presence of the multiple forms, anion and cation ones. The multiple forms differ in solubility, specific activity, chromatographic properties, thermostability. The presence of individual triglycine-aminotripeptidase is shown in the system. The differences are found in the properties of the enzymes splitting leucinamide and leucyl-glycine. There may be two different leucine aminopeptidases. Studies in correlation during hydrolysis of leucinamide and leucyl-glycyl-glycine and comparison of the fractions properties displaying the activities showed that there are no reasons to ascribe these both reactions to the effect of the same enzyme.", "contents": "[Aminopeptidase system of Aspergillus flavus]. The aminopeptidases system contained in a complex of exocellular peptidhydrolases synthetized by Asp. flavus was studied. Separation of the system into individual enzymes of the type of leucin aminopeptidase, aminotripeptidase and specific leucyl-glycyl-glycine-aminopeptidase by the methods of salt fractionation. DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. These enzymes are characterized by a different degree of purification as well as by the presence of the multiple forms, anion and cation ones. The multiple forms differ in solubility, specific activity, chromatographic properties, thermostability. The presence of individual triglycine-aminotripeptidase is shown in the system. The differences are found in the properties of the enzymes splitting leucinamide and leucyl-glycine. There may be two different leucine aminopeptidases. Studies in correlation during hydrolysis of leucinamide and leucyl-glycyl-glycine and comparison of the fractions properties displaying the activities showed that there are no reasons to ascribe these both reactions to the effect of the same enzyme.", "PMID": 405779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3318", "title": "[Effect of thiophosphamide on copper concentration in rabbit tissues].", "content": "The copper in different tissues, blood, urine and feces was studied in experiments on rabbits 30 min, 6 h, 1, 3, 7, 15 and 30 days after intravenous administration of thiophosphamide in a dose of 6 mg per 1 kg of weight. The samples of the mentioned tissues were dried and ashed in the muffle furnace. The quantitative determination of copper in ash solution was performed by the diethyldithiocarbamate method using the spectrophotometer Cphi-4A. The thiophosphamide action is shown to cause regular changes in the copper content in the studied tissues of animals in the periods from 6 h up to 30 days inclusive. The occuring shifts are of bilateral character in different periods of the chemical effect, but in most cases a decrease in the copper content in the tissues under study is dominating.", "contents": "[Effect of thiophosphamide on copper concentration in rabbit tissues]. The copper in different tissues, blood, urine and feces was studied in experiments on rabbits 30 min, 6 h, 1, 3, 7, 15 and 30 days after intravenous administration of thiophosphamide in a dose of 6 mg per 1 kg of weight. The samples of the mentioned tissues were dried and ashed in the muffle furnace. The quantitative determination of copper in ash solution was performed by the diethyldithiocarbamate method using the spectrophotometer Cphi-4A. The thiophosphamide action is shown to cause regular changes in the copper content in the studied tissues of animals in the periods from 6 h up to 30 days inclusive. The occuring shifts are of bilateral character in different periods of the chemical effect, but in most cases a decrease in the copper content in the tissues under study is dominating.", "PMID": 405780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3319", "title": "[Comparative immunologic and physico-chemical properties of neurospecific antigens--bull antigen D and rat antigen alpha].", "content": "Immunological and physicochemical properties were compared for water-soluble acid neurospecific antigens: D of the bull and alpha of the rat. During immunoelectrophoresis in agar gel antigen D migrates as two immunologically indentical fractions having a position of prealbumins and alpha-globulins of blood serum. Antigen D from the bull brain is incompletely immunologically identical with antigen alpha from the rat brain. The molecular weight of antigen D determined under conditions of Sephadex G-100 column gel chromatography is 73000.", "contents": "[Comparative immunologic and physico-chemical properties of neurospecific antigens--bull antigen D and rat antigen alpha]. Immunological and physicochemical properties were compared for water-soluble acid neurospecific antigens: D of the bull and alpha of the rat. During immunoelectrophoresis in agar gel antigen D migrates as two immunologically indentical fractions having a position of prealbumins and alpha-globulins of blood serum. Antigen D from the bull brain is incompletely immunologically identical with antigen alpha from the rat brain. The molecular weight of antigen D determined under conditions of Sephadex G-100 column gel chromatography is 73000.", "PMID": 405781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3320", "title": "Laboratory methods of equine pregnancy diagnosis.", "content": "Rectal examination is a reliable method of diagnosing pregnancy in the mare. Also, test kits are available for the simple quick detection of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. Nevertheless there is a considerable demand by practitioners for an independent laboratory service in equine pregnancy diagnosis, particularly during the gestational phase when placental gonadotrophin is concentrated in the blood. An initial attempt to provide a service by means of the agar gel diffusion test was disappointing and alternatives were sought. The primary requirements for an ideal alternative technique were defined as: accuracy, sensitivity, applicability to the optimum request period, elimination of subjective interpretation and a minimal inconclusive rate. Additional considerations included cost, practicality and test duration. The various tests available are summarised and their published accuracies are discussed. It was decided to reverse the current trend from biological to immunological techniques and to modify the test by which Cole and Hart announced the discovery of PMSG in 1930. The utero-ovarian response in the immature female mouse was quantified simply to produce a numerical result. The reason for this is explained, the method is described and its accuracy is evaluated. The primary requirements, defined above, were achieved.", "contents": "Laboratory methods of equine pregnancy diagnosis. Rectal examination is a reliable method of diagnosing pregnancy in the mare. Also, test kits are available for the simple quick detection of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. Nevertheless there is a considerable demand by practitioners for an independent laboratory service in equine pregnancy diagnosis, particularly during the gestational phase when placental gonadotrophin is concentrated in the blood. An initial attempt to provide a service by means of the agar gel diffusion test was disappointing and alternatives were sought. The primary requirements for an ideal alternative technique were defined as: accuracy, sensitivity, applicability to the optimum request period, elimination of subjective interpretation and a minimal inconclusive rate. Additional considerations included cost, practicality and test duration. The various tests available are summarised and their published accuracies are discussed. It was decided to reverse the current trend from biological to immunological techniques and to modify the test by which Cole and Hart announced the discovery of PMSG in 1930. The utero-ovarian response in the immature female mouse was quantified simply to produce a numerical result. The reason for this is explained, the method is described and its accuracy is evaluated. The primary requirements, defined above, were achieved.", "PMID": 405788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3321", "title": "Studies on cellular recovery from injury. II. Ultrastructural studies on the recovery of the pars convoluta of the proximal tubule of the rate kidney from temporary ischemia.", "content": "The pars convoluta of the proximal tubule of the rat kidney was studied by light and electron microscopy during the recovery phase from transient ischemia. The left kidney was made ischemic by clamping the aorta just above the left renal artery leaving the blood supply to the right kidney and the intestine intact. The pars convoluta (P1 and P2 segments) of the proximal tubule was examined both immediately after various periods of ischemia (15, 30, 60 and 120 min) and after the same ischemic periods followed by 3, 6, 12 and 24 h of blood reflow (= recovery phase). It was found that ischemia for periods up to 60 min were compatible with cell survival whereas 120 min of ischemia gave rise to irreversible cellular changes. Before regaining a normal conformation during the recovery phase, cells made ischemic for 15 min were characterized by slightly decreased cell height, dispersed nuclear chromatin, mitochondria in orthodox conformation and increased numbers of digestive vacuoles and of lipid droplets (stage A2). Most cells made ischemic for 15 min appeared normal when examined after 24 h of reflow. Cells made ischemic for 30 min were also characterized by stage A2 changes after 3 h of reflow and remained in this stage during all recovery periods studied. Cells made ischemic for 60 min first passed into a stage designated A1 and then later during the recovery phase into stage A2. Stage A1 cells were characterized by decreased height, condensed mitochondria, apparently increased numbers and sizes of secondary lysosomes and slightly dilated rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum; 120 min of ischemia followed by reflow was not compatible with cell survival. Cells made ischemic for 120 min showed the following alterations denoted as stages C and D: shrunken with pyknotic nuclei, swollen mitochondria with large flocculent densities, and filled with different sized vesicles in the apical portion (stage C). Stage D included cells which had undergone necrosis, i.e., phasma membranes and organelles were fragmented and occurred as debris in the tubule lumens.", "contents": "Studies on cellular recovery from injury. II. Ultrastructural studies on the recovery of the pars convoluta of the proximal tubule of the rate kidney from temporary ischemia. The pars convoluta of the proximal tubule of the rat kidney was studied by light and electron microscopy during the recovery phase from transient ischemia. The left kidney was made ischemic by clamping the aorta just above the left renal artery leaving the blood supply to the right kidney and the intestine intact. The pars convoluta (P1 and P2 segments) of the proximal tubule was examined both immediately after various periods of ischemia (15, 30, 60 and 120 min) and after the same ischemic periods followed by 3, 6, 12 and 24 h of blood reflow (= recovery phase). It was found that ischemia for periods up to 60 min were compatible with cell survival whereas 120 min of ischemia gave rise to irreversible cellular changes. Before regaining a normal conformation during the recovery phase, cells made ischemic for 15 min were characterized by slightly decreased cell height, dispersed nuclear chromatin, mitochondria in orthodox conformation and increased numbers of digestive vacuoles and of lipid droplets (stage A2). Most cells made ischemic for 15 min appeared normal when examined after 24 h of reflow. Cells made ischemic for 30 min were also characterized by stage A2 changes after 3 h of reflow and remained in this stage during all recovery periods studied. Cells made ischemic for 60 min first passed into a stage designated A1 and then later during the recovery phase into stage A2. Stage A1 cells were characterized by decreased height, condensed mitochondria, apparently increased numbers and sizes of secondary lysosomes and slightly dilated rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum; 120 min of ischemia followed by reflow was not compatible with cell survival. Cells made ischemic for 120 min showed the following alterations denoted as stages C and D: shrunken with pyknotic nuclei, swollen mitochondria with large flocculent densities, and filled with different sized vesicles in the apical portion (stage C). Stage D included cells which had undergone necrosis, i.e., phasma membranes and organelles were fragmented and occurred as debris in the tubule lumens.", "PMID": 405790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3322", "title": "Atypical T cells in rheumatoid synovial membranes.", "content": "Atypical mononuclear cells (AMC) with S\u00e9zary-cell-like morphology were demonstrated to be present in rheumatoid synovial membranes. These cells have exclusively T cell membrane characteristics, like identical cells previously found in rheumatoid synovival fluids. AMC were predominantly present in transitional areas between nodular lymphocytic aggregates and plasma cell rich areas. In ultrathin sections AMC accounted for approximately 30% of all lymphocyte cells; in studies of cells isolated from rheumatoid synovial membranes AMC comprised 30--40% of the E-rosette-forming cells. The hypothesis that these cells represent reactive T cells is discussed.", "contents": "Atypical T cells in rheumatoid synovial membranes. Atypical mononuclear cells (AMC) with S\u00e9zary-cell-like morphology were demonstrated to be present in rheumatoid synovial membranes. These cells have exclusively T cell membrane characteristics, like identical cells previously found in rheumatoid synovival fluids. AMC were predominantly present in transitional areas between nodular lymphocytic aggregates and plasma cell rich areas. In ultrathin sections AMC accounted for approximately 30% of all lymphocyte cells; in studies of cells isolated from rheumatoid synovial membranes AMC comprised 30--40% of the E-rosette-forming cells. The hypothesis that these cells represent reactive T cells is discussed.", "PMID": 405791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3323", "title": "Lipopigment fine structure in human seminal vesicle and prostate gland epithelia.", "content": "The fine structure of lipopigments normally found in prostatic and seminal vescile epithelial cells of elderly men is described and compared to findings in human fetal and hypophysectomized rat accesory sexglands. In the prostate gland lipopigments are supposed to be a sign of reduced metabolic activity, whereas in the seminal vesicle lipopigment formation seems to indicate not only high functional activity but also regressive changes.", "contents": "Lipopigment fine structure in human seminal vesicle and prostate gland epithelia. The fine structure of lipopigments normally found in prostatic and seminal vescile epithelial cells of elderly men is described and compared to findings in human fetal and hypophysectomized rat accesory sexglands. In the prostate gland lipopigments are supposed to be a sign of reduced metabolic activity, whereas in the seminal vesicle lipopigment formation seems to indicate not only high functional activity but also regressive changes.", "PMID": 405792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3324", "title": "Activity of lactate dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatases in measles virus-infected monkey kidney cell cultures.", "content": "The influence of wild (Co-69) and attenuated (L-16) measles virus infection on the activity and activation energy of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid and alkaline phosphatases (P-ase) was tested in R9CA monkey kidney cells at various time intervals after inoculation. With both virus strains significant changes in enzymatic activity occurred especially within the first 24 hours post inoculation. The two stains have a different influence on alkaline P-ase activity variation, which might therefore be used as a differentiation marker. Variations in LDH activation energy might be an early indicator of virus infection. LDH activity is significantly higher in cellular homogenates diluted 1:10, the dilution effect being more obvious in infected cells after a longer time interval post inoculation.", "contents": "Activity of lactate dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatases in measles virus-infected monkey kidney cell cultures. The influence of wild (Co-69) and attenuated (L-16) measles virus infection on the activity and activation energy of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid and alkaline phosphatases (P-ase) was tested in R9CA monkey kidney cells at various time intervals after inoculation. With both virus strains significant changes in enzymatic activity occurred especially within the first 24 hours post inoculation. The two stains have a different influence on alkaline P-ase activity variation, which might therefore be used as a differentiation marker. Variations in LDH activation energy might be an early indicator of virus infection. LDH activity is significantly higher in cellular homogenates diluted 1:10, the dilution effect being more obvious in infected cells after a longer time interval post inoculation.", "PMID": 405793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3325", "title": "Metabolism and cytotoxicity of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene by hamster, rat and rabbit embryo cell cultures.", "content": "1. The metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) by rat, hamster and rabbit fibroblasts has been studied and compared with the metabolism of the hydrocarbon by liver homogenates. The metabolsim of DMBA by cell cultures and by liver homogenates was very similar. The ethyl acetate-soluble metabolites identified included dihydrodiols, phenols and hydroxymethyl derivatives. Other more polar metabolites and unidentified water-soluble metabolites were also formed. 2. High yields of phenols and other more polar metabolites, which may be tetrahydrotetrols, were produced by rabbit fibroblasts. 3. Kinetic studies showed that the metabolic activity of rabbit fibroblasts was high but that the conversion of DMBA into water-soluble metabolites was lower than with hamster and rat fibroblasts. 4. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced cytotoxicity was inversely related to the conversion of metabolized DMBA to water-soluble derivatives.", "contents": "Metabolism and cytotoxicity of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene by hamster, rat and rabbit embryo cell cultures. 1. The metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) by rat, hamster and rabbit fibroblasts has been studied and compared with the metabolism of the hydrocarbon by liver homogenates. The metabolsim of DMBA by cell cultures and by liver homogenates was very similar. The ethyl acetate-soluble metabolites identified included dihydrodiols, phenols and hydroxymethyl derivatives. Other more polar metabolites and unidentified water-soluble metabolites were also formed. 2. High yields of phenols and other more polar metabolites, which may be tetrahydrotetrols, were produced by rabbit fibroblasts. 3. Kinetic studies showed that the metabolic activity of rabbit fibroblasts was high but that the conversion of DMBA into water-soluble metabolites was lower than with hamster and rat fibroblasts. 4. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced cytotoxicity was inversely related to the conversion of metabolized DMBA to water-soluble derivatives.", "PMID": 405804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3326", "title": "[Relationship between aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AAA) and cell division in temperature-sensitive filamentous mutants of Bacillus subtilis SB 19. III. Characterization of pre-incubation effect and effect of AAA-inhibitor produced by Agrostemma githago seedlings].", "content": "Further results on the correlations between the regulation of bacterial cell division and amino-acyl-tRNA synthetase are presented. Activity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, extracted from a filamentous mutant of Bacillus subtilis SB 19, may be stimulated by preincubation of crude extracts. The mechanism of this stimulating effect has been studied by means of an inhibitor of amino-acyl-tRNA synthetases produced during the growth of Agrostemma githago-seedlings. According to preliminary results we suggest, this inhibitor can reduce the activity of subunits only, but not that of higher associates. Association of subunits to oligomers will be prevented by the inhibitor, too. Our results may be indicative of the assumption that the increase of enzyme activity during subunits with a low catalytic activity to functional oligomers. As to the verification of these hypotheses further work will still have to be done.", "contents": "[Relationship between aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AAA) and cell division in temperature-sensitive filamentous mutants of Bacillus subtilis SB 19. III. Characterization of pre-incubation effect and effect of AAA-inhibitor produced by Agrostemma githago seedlings]. Further results on the correlations between the regulation of bacterial cell division and amino-acyl-tRNA synthetase are presented. Activity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, extracted from a filamentous mutant of Bacillus subtilis SB 19, may be stimulated by preincubation of crude extracts. The mechanism of this stimulating effect has been studied by means of an inhibitor of amino-acyl-tRNA synthetases produced during the growth of Agrostemma githago-seedlings. According to preliminary results we suggest, this inhibitor can reduce the activity of subunits only, but not that of higher associates. Association of subunits to oligomers will be prevented by the inhibitor, too. Our results may be indicative of the assumption that the increase of enzyme activity during subunits with a low catalytic activity to functional oligomers. As to the verification of these hypotheses further work will still have to be done.", "PMID": 405805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3327", "title": "[New aspects in the control of tuberculosis in GDR (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].", "content": "The development of the epidemiology of tuberculosis in GDR from 1949 is evaluated. The factors deeply influencing incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis in GDR are: the socioeconomic development of a socialist society with continuous increase of living standard and social fonds, the state of the socialist public health system in general, and the special services and methods for the control of tuberculosis in the chest clinics and hospitals. Tuberculosis is no more a common disease in GDR. Tubercle bacilli are more ubiquitous, but are confined to distinct sources. Highest attention must be paid to the sources of infection, among them to those with tubercle bacilli already found by smear examination in the infectious cases. Microscopic examination is a very important method to find these cases. Cough and sputum exist in most cases of pulmonary tuberculosis already positive by smear examination. All these conditions must be regarded in the control of tuberculosis. The risk groups of tuberculosis (patients in the 5 years after treatment, patients with silicosis diabetes, long lasting treatment with corticosteroids, persons with contacts to infectios cases, and the so-called \"Gesunde Befundtr\u00e4ger\" (healthy carriers of lesions), persons older than 65 years) amount to 7% of the population but yield more than 50% of all new cases. BCG-vaccination is of no more high importance at an annual infection rate of only 0,25% (1975), but newborns will be vaccinated. Mass X-ray examinations are no more important for finding tuberculosis; but other pulmonary diseases including bronchial carcinoma are detected by this way. X-ray examinations will remain of value in the form of aimed examinations in intervals according to the risk of disease (for tuberculosis, bronchial carcinoma). The most important method in the control of tuberculosis is the immediate treatment of all new cases. The results depend on the quality of therapy. It has to be still improved. It is the aim, to eliminate tuberculosis as a special problem of public health in GDR till 1982, 100 years after the discovery of the tubercle bacilli by ROBERT KOCH.", "contents": "[New aspects in the control of tuberculosis in GDR (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]. The development of the epidemiology of tuberculosis in GDR from 1949 is evaluated. The factors deeply influencing incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis in GDR are: the socioeconomic development of a socialist society with continuous increase of living standard and social fonds, the state of the socialist public health system in general, and the special services and methods for the control of tuberculosis in the chest clinics and hospitals. Tuberculosis is no more a common disease in GDR. Tubercle bacilli are more ubiquitous, but are confined to distinct sources. Highest attention must be paid to the sources of infection, among them to those with tubercle bacilli already found by smear examination in the infectious cases. Microscopic examination is a very important method to find these cases. Cough and sputum exist in most cases of pulmonary tuberculosis already positive by smear examination. All these conditions must be regarded in the control of tuberculosis. The risk groups of tuberculosis (patients in the 5 years after treatment, patients with silicosis diabetes, long lasting treatment with corticosteroids, persons with contacts to infectios cases, and the so-called \"Gesunde Befundtr\u00e4ger\" (healthy carriers of lesions), persons older than 65 years) amount to 7% of the population but yield more than 50% of all new cases. BCG-vaccination is of no more high importance at an annual infection rate of only 0,25% (1975), but newborns will be vaccinated. Mass X-ray examinations are no more important for finding tuberculosis; but other pulmonary diseases including bronchial carcinoma are detected by this way. X-ray examinations will remain of value in the form of aimed examinations in intervals according to the risk of disease (for tuberculosis, bronchial carcinoma). The most important method in the control of tuberculosis is the immediate treatment of all new cases. The results depend on the quality of therapy. It has to be still improved. It is the aim, to eliminate tuberculosis as a special problem of public health in GDR till 1982, 100 years after the discovery of the tubercle bacilli by ROBERT KOCH.", "PMID": 405808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3328", "title": "[The different inactivation of isoniazid in intermittent chemotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A ratio-test (Isoniazid: acetyl-isoniazid) is used for phenotyping the Isoniazid-inactivation. The border-line between both the phenotypes is determinated. The influence of age and weight of the patients is studied. Usefully results are obtained after application per os of an uniform dosage and a sampling period for urine of 4 hours. Increasing the dosage to 900 mg the portion of isoniazid arises mmore than proportionally, more distinct in rapid than in slow inactivators. Therefore the differences between the two phentoypes are diminished. The clinical importance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "[The different inactivation of isoniazid in intermittent chemotherapy (author's transl)]. A ratio-test (Isoniazid: acetyl-isoniazid) is used for phenotyping the Isoniazid-inactivation. The border-line between both the phenotypes is determinated. The influence of age and weight of the patients is studied. Usefully results are obtained after application per os of an uniform dosage and a sampling period for urine of 4 hours. Increasing the dosage to 900 mg the portion of isoniazid arises mmore than proportionally, more distinct in rapid than in slow inactivators. Therefore the differences between the two phentoypes are diminished. The clinical importance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 405809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3329", "title": "Deviated lysis (d.l.): III. Kinetics of interaction of d.l. activity with chicken erythrocytes: evidence for E formation.", "content": "The interaction of d.l. activity with chicken red cells (CE) generates a cell intermediate with the properties of classical E*. Generation of CE* by d.l. activity at 37 degrees C is rapid, while there is a considerable lag in the conversion of CE* to ghost and hemoglobin. Conversion of CE* to ghosts can be blocked by high concentration of EDTA and/or 0 degrees C. CE* contain at least C6 and C9 on their surface.", "contents": "Deviated lysis (d.l.): III. Kinetics of interaction of d.l. activity with chicken erythrocytes: evidence for E formation. The interaction of d.l. activity with chicken red cells (CE) generates a cell intermediate with the properties of classical E*. Generation of CE* by d.l. activity at 37 degrees C is rapid, while there is a considerable lag in the conversion of CE* to ghost and hemoglobin. Conversion of CE* to ghosts can be blocked by high concentration of EDTA and/or 0 degrees C. CE* contain at least C6 and C9 on their surface.", "PMID": 405812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3330", "title": "[Diagnostic and treatment of prostatic cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of prostatic cancer must be proved by biopsy. Transrectal fine needle biopsy and punch biopsy are also useful methods for the outpatient clinic. Besides X-ray examination scanning angiography and lymphography may be used to identify metastases. Combined antiandrogenic therapy is still the treatment of choice and is based on endocrinologic analysis of testosterone, LH levels and testosterone-binding beta-globulin. Radionuclids (32P, 89Sr) should be used for treating metastases of the bone. Chemotherapeutic substances showed unsatisfactory results. Radical prostatectomy can only be performed in 5 to 10% of all patients with prostatic cancer to metastases in T1 and T2 cases. Since 1965 the radiation therapy (linear accelerator or (60Co-source) gives more hope. We treat patients free from metastases with a 60Co-source (right and left lateral 120-degree arc rotational therapy with 5000 rads over 5 weeks) combined with hormonal therapy. The therapeutic effect is checked by fine needle aspiration biopsy.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and treatment of prostatic cancer (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of prostatic cancer must be proved by biopsy. Transrectal fine needle biopsy and punch biopsy are also useful methods for the outpatient clinic. Besides X-ray examination scanning angiography and lymphography may be used to identify metastases. Combined antiandrogenic therapy is still the treatment of choice and is based on endocrinologic analysis of testosterone, LH levels and testosterone-binding beta-globulin. Radionuclids (32P, 89Sr) should be used for treating metastases of the bone. Chemotherapeutic substances showed unsatisfactory results. Radical prostatectomy can only be performed in 5 to 10% of all patients with prostatic cancer to metastases in T1 and T2 cases. Since 1965 the radiation therapy (linear accelerator or (60Co-source) gives more hope. We treat patients free from metastases with a 60Co-source (right and left lateral 120-degree arc rotational therapy with 5000 rads over 5 weeks) combined with hormonal therapy. The therapeutic effect is checked by fine needle aspiration biopsy.", "PMID": 405821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3331", "title": "[Propionate negative saccharolytic bacteroides strains (B. oralis)-occurrence, identification, antimicrobial susceptibility and serological behaviour (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-three propionate negative non-pigmented Bacteroides strains were isolated from mixed infections (peritonitis, endometritis, abscess of the abdominal wall etc.) as well as vaginal secretions of healthy parturients in the course of 3 years. The cultures were indole negative, produced acetic, isobutyric and isovaleric acids and had a final pH of 5.0-5.5 in glucose broth; they were assigned to B. oralis as described by LOESCHE and coworkers in 1964. tpathogenic significance of this organism may be assumed in those cases of mixed infection where the microbial association consisted solely of gram-positive species with low virulence (lactobacilli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Peptococcaceae). Antibiotic susceptibility of 12 B. oralis strains was studied by tube dilution tests. Resistance to cephalosporins was detected in 8 strains, about half of them were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin G. Like other Bacteroides species, the B. oralis strains showed resistance to aminoglycosides and sensitivity to clindamycin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. The serological behaviour of 9 B. oralis strains was studied in cross-agglutinationation and gel-diffusion experiments. Cross-reactivity was particularly pronounced in immunodiffusion tests with autoclaved extracts. According to the results obtained, the strains belonged to a homogeneous group with 1-2 identical antigens. These B. oralis antigens were shared by B. melaninogenicus ss. intermedius 2965. There were, however, no cross-reactions between the aforementioned strains and B. melaninogenicus ss. melaninogenicus 8117/1. The taxonomic implications of a close relationship between B. oralis and B. melaninogenicus ss. intermedius are discussed.", "contents": "[Propionate negative saccharolytic bacteroides strains (B. oralis)-occurrence, identification, antimicrobial susceptibility and serological behaviour (author's transl)]. Twenty-three propionate negative non-pigmented Bacteroides strains were isolated from mixed infections (peritonitis, endometritis, abscess of the abdominal wall etc.) as well as vaginal secretions of healthy parturients in the course of 3 years. The cultures were indole negative, produced acetic, isobutyric and isovaleric acids and had a final pH of 5.0-5.5 in glucose broth; they were assigned to B. oralis as described by LOESCHE and coworkers in 1964. tpathogenic significance of this organism may be assumed in those cases of mixed infection where the microbial association consisted solely of gram-positive species with low virulence (lactobacilli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Peptococcaceae). Antibiotic susceptibility of 12 B. oralis strains was studied by tube dilution tests. Resistance to cephalosporins was detected in 8 strains, about half of them were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin G. Like other Bacteroides species, the B. oralis strains showed resistance to aminoglycosides and sensitivity to clindamycin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. The serological behaviour of 9 B. oralis strains was studied in cross-agglutinationation and gel-diffusion experiments. Cross-reactivity was particularly pronounced in immunodiffusion tests with autoclaved extracts. According to the results obtained, the strains belonged to a homogeneous group with 1-2 identical antigens. These B. oralis antigens were shared by B. melaninogenicus ss. intermedius 2965. There were, however, no cross-reactions between the aforementioned strains and B. melaninogenicus ss. melaninogenicus 8117/1. The taxonomic implications of a close relationship between B. oralis and B. melaninogenicus ss. intermedius are discussed.", "PMID": 405822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3332", "title": "[Relationship between the culture medium and the fatty acid composition of diphtheria and non-pathogenic corynebacteria].", "content": "The gasochromatic method was applied to the study of the cellular fatty acids composition in diphtheria and nonpathogenic corynebacteria (diphtheroids and psendo diptheria bacillus). Marked differences in the content of unsaturated fatty acids were revealed in them. Thus, palmito leic acid served the preponderant unsaturated fatty acid in Corynebacteria diphtheriae, and unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms (octadeconoic and linoleic)--in nonpathogenic corynebacteria. The mentioned changes permit use this sign as differential. When grown on Loeffler's medium all the corynebacteria under study had a similar fatty acid composition characterized by the prevalence of unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms. On the basis of studying the fatty acid spectrum of the nutrient media used it is supposed that one of the factors determining the revealed dependence of the corynebacterial fatty acid composition on the culture medium was the fatty acid composition of the latter.", "contents": "[Relationship between the culture medium and the fatty acid composition of diphtheria and non-pathogenic corynebacteria]. The gasochromatic method was applied to the study of the cellular fatty acids composition in diphtheria and nonpathogenic corynebacteria (diphtheroids and psendo diptheria bacillus). Marked differences in the content of unsaturated fatty acids were revealed in them. Thus, palmito leic acid served the preponderant unsaturated fatty acid in Corynebacteria diphtheriae, and unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms (octadeconoic and linoleic)--in nonpathogenic corynebacteria. The mentioned changes permit use this sign as differential. When grown on Loeffler's medium all the corynebacteria under study had a similar fatty acid composition characterized by the prevalence of unsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms. On the basis of studying the fatty acid spectrum of the nutrient media used it is supposed that one of the factors determining the revealed dependence of the corynebacterial fatty acid composition on the culture medium was the fatty acid composition of the latter.", "PMID": 405825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3333", "title": "[Differentiation of several species of lactobacilli of the subgenus Thermobacterium according to their bacteriocin sensitivity spectra].", "content": "The method of retarded antagonism was applied to the study of L. acidophilus (187 cultures), L. salivarius (65 cultures), L. jugurti (16 cultures), L. helveticus (4 cultures) sensitivity to the action of 39 bacteriocines produced by various lactobacilli species. By the sensitivity spectra to bacteriocines L. \u00e8cidophilus cultures were divided into 76, L. salivarius--22, L. jugurti--15, and L. helveticus into 2 bacteriocines. By bacteriocine typing it was possible to differentiate into a number of bacteriocine types L. acidophilus and L. salivarius variants with the same biochemical and physiological properties.", "contents": "[Differentiation of several species of lactobacilli of the subgenus Thermobacterium according to their bacteriocin sensitivity spectra]. The method of retarded antagonism was applied to the study of L. acidophilus (187 cultures), L. salivarius (65 cultures), L. jugurti (16 cultures), L. helveticus (4 cultures) sensitivity to the action of 39 bacteriocines produced by various lactobacilli species. By the sensitivity spectra to bacteriocines L. \u00e8cidophilus cultures were divided into 76, L. salivarius--22, L. jugurti--15, and L. helveticus into 2 bacteriocines. By bacteriocine typing it was possible to differentiate into a number of bacteriocine types L. acidophilus and L. salivarius variants with the same biochemical and physiological properties.", "PMID": 405827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3334", "title": "[Comparative neurochemical and physiological characteristics of catalepsy-like rest and sleep].", "content": "In vertebrates (excluding mammals), the rest is presented also by a special functional condition of the catalepsy type. In hens, its total duration is higher in the day-time, than in the twilight; it is completely absent at night. This natural condition in hens may be imitated by photogenic catalepsy which is developed in response to rhythmic illumination of animals. Cytospectrophotometric investigation of single cells of the supraoptic nucleus indicates that with respect to absence of changes in absolute content (per 1 cell) of protein in the neurons cataleptiform rest in hens does not differ from the sleep in rats. However, in contrast to sleep this immobilization is associated with the decrease of RNA content of the neurons, as well as with the absence of accumulation of proteins and RNA in gliocytes. During cataleptiform rest, insiginficant changes were found in the content of proteins and RNA in cells of ectomammilar nucleus of the additional optic system and thalamic round nucleus. Cataleptiform (photogenic) immobilization in hens is presumably a metabolically passive form of rest as compared to the sleep in rats, which is characterized by anabolic processes in the brain.", "contents": "[Comparative neurochemical and physiological characteristics of catalepsy-like rest and sleep]. In vertebrates (excluding mammals), the rest is presented also by a special functional condition of the catalepsy type. In hens, its total duration is higher in the day-time, than in the twilight; it is completely absent at night. This natural condition in hens may be imitated by photogenic catalepsy which is developed in response to rhythmic illumination of animals. Cytospectrophotometric investigation of single cells of the supraoptic nucleus indicates that with respect to absence of changes in absolute content (per 1 cell) of protein in the neurons cataleptiform rest in hens does not differ from the sleep in rats. However, in contrast to sleep this immobilization is associated with the decrease of RNA content of the neurons, as well as with the absence of accumulation of proteins and RNA in gliocytes. During cataleptiform rest, insiginficant changes were found in the content of proteins and RNA in cells of ectomammilar nucleus of the additional optic system and thalamic round nucleus. Cataleptiform (photogenic) immobilization in hens is presumably a metabolically passive form of rest as compared to the sleep in rats, which is characterized by anabolic processes in the brain.", "PMID": 405823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3335", "title": "[Submicroscopic organization of listeriae during L-transformation].", "content": "A study was made of the ultrastructural organization of listeria at the early stages of L-transformation, beginning from the first passage of the bacterial culture on solid nutrient medium with pencillin. The use of potassium benzylpenicillin salt in the capacity of an L-transforming agent permitted to observe the cells at various stages of L-transformation, beginning from the bacterial forms and ending with the typical L-colonies. It was shown that at the earliest stage of L-transformation there occurred not only destruction of the cell wall and the discharge of the mesosomes from the cell, but also significant changes in the nuclear apparatus of the cell. As soon as the second passage the freshly isolated L-forms displayed an internal membrane system in the form of myelin-like structures located under the external membrane, and of individual membranes in the cytoplasm not forming mesosomes. A substance of a medium electrone density resembling the material of the cell wall appeared on the cytoplasmic membrane (in some of its regions).", "contents": "[Submicroscopic organization of listeriae during L-transformation]. A study was made of the ultrastructural organization of listeria at the early stages of L-transformation, beginning from the first passage of the bacterial culture on solid nutrient medium with pencillin. The use of potassium benzylpenicillin salt in the capacity of an L-transforming agent permitted to observe the cells at various stages of L-transformation, beginning from the bacterial forms and ending with the typical L-colonies. It was shown that at the earliest stage of L-transformation there occurred not only destruction of the cell wall and the discharge of the mesosomes from the cell, but also significant changes in the nuclear apparatus of the cell. As soon as the second passage the freshly isolated L-forms displayed an internal membrane system in the form of myelin-like structures located under the external membrane, and of individual membranes in the cytoplasm not forming mesosomes. A substance of a medium electrone density resembling the material of the cell wall appeared on the cytoplasmic membrane (in some of its regions).", "PMID": 405828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3336", "title": "[Standardization of chemical cholerogen-toxoid cholera vaccine according to the content of somatic O-antigen].", "content": "The authors discuss the results of studies on the choice of highly-reproducible and sufficiently informative methods of 9-antigen standardization in a new chemical vaccine against cholera (cholerogen-toxoid); materials were collected under conditions of controlled epidemilogical trial. Titration of O-antigen in industrial batches of the preparation with the aid of precipitation in gel against standard O-cholera serum could be used for its standardization. Quantitative limits of O-antigen responsible for the formation of vibration (antimicrobial) antibodies in the persons vaccinated were found by studying the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a number of cholerogen-toxoid batches contrast by O-antigen content described by means of the precipitation test.", "contents": "[Standardization of chemical cholerogen-toxoid cholera vaccine according to the content of somatic O-antigen]. The authors discuss the results of studies on the choice of highly-reproducible and sufficiently informative methods of 9-antigen standardization in a new chemical vaccine against cholera (cholerogen-toxoid); materials were collected under conditions of controlled epidemilogical trial. Titration of O-antigen in industrial batches of the preparation with the aid of precipitation in gel against standard O-cholera serum could be used for its standardization. Quantitative limits of O-antigen responsible for the formation of vibration (antimicrobial) antibodies in the persons vaccinated were found by studying the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a number of cholerogen-toxoid batches contrast by O-antigen content described by means of the precipitation test.", "PMID": 405829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3337", "title": "[Structural organization of the prefrontal cortex in cats and differences between it and the same area in monkeys].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that similar to that in monkeys, prefrontal dorso-lateral cortex in cats significantly differs from the medio-basal cortex not only in the structure and level of differentiation, but also in its thalamic projections. In cats, definite topography in the distribution of projections from the medio-dorsal thalamic nucleus to the lobe pole cortex of the hemisphere was demonstrated which in general features is similar to the mode of projection of this nucleus in monkeys. This rendered it possible to homologize separate parts of the medio-dorsal thalamic nucleus and preforntal cortex in these animals. Together with these similarities, considerable differences were found as well. In cats, predominance of phylogenetically ancient medio-basal fields was noted, whereas in monkeys--the predominance of more young dorso-lateral fields was observed. In cats, parvocellular portion is absent from the medio-dorsal thalamic nucleus, its homologue being very small; therefore dorso-lateral cortex to which this portion of the nucleus is projected, is developed very poorly. In monkeys, this portion occupies up to 2/3 of the nucleus, dorso-lateral cortex being perfectly developed. These data suggest that progressive evolution of the prefrontal cortex, associated with a higher behavioural level, followed mainly the development of dorso-lateral surface, this development being closely related to the onset and projection of parvocellular portion of the medio-dorsal thalamic nucleus to this region.", "contents": "[Structural organization of the prefrontal cortex in cats and differences between it and the same area in monkeys]. It has been demonstrated that similar to that in monkeys, prefrontal dorso-lateral cortex in cats significantly differs from the medio-basal cortex not only in the structure and level of differentiation, but also in its thalamic projections. In cats, definite topography in the distribution of projections from the medio-dorsal thalamic nucleus to the lobe pole cortex of the hemisphere was demonstrated which in general features is similar to the mode of projection of this nucleus in monkeys. This rendered it possible to homologize separate parts of the medio-dorsal thalamic nucleus and preforntal cortex in these animals. Together with these similarities, considerable differences were found as well. In cats, predominance of phylogenetically ancient medio-basal fields was noted, whereas in monkeys--the predominance of more young dorso-lateral fields was observed. In cats, parvocellular portion is absent from the medio-dorsal thalamic nucleus, its homologue being very small; therefore dorso-lateral cortex to which this portion of the nucleus is projected, is developed very poorly. In monkeys, this portion occupies up to 2/3 of the nucleus, dorso-lateral cortex being perfectly developed. These data suggest that progressive evolution of the prefrontal cortex, associated with a higher behavioural level, followed mainly the development of dorso-lateral surface, this development being closely related to the onset and projection of parvocellular portion of the medio-dorsal thalamic nucleus to this region.", "PMID": 405824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3338", "title": "Antifertility properties of bovine pineal extracts: reduction of ovulation and pre-ovulatory luteinizing hormone in the rat.", "content": "Bovine pineal glands were extracted with acetic acid and partially purified on Sephadex G-25. Three fractions, F3, F4 and F5, were each administered to cycling female rats for 4, 2 or 1 day prior to ovulation to determine their effects on fertility, ovulation and the pro-oestrous surge of luteinizing hormone (LH). The incidence of pregnancy and the mean number of foetuses were reduced in animals after treatment with F3 or F4 but not in those treated with F5. Each of the F3 and F4 fractions significantly reduced the mean number of ova shed and the pre-ovulatory concentration of serum LH. The F5 fraction caused a moderate reduction of the pro-oestrous rise of serum LY but had no significant effect on ovulation. The data suggest that fertility in rats can be reduced by more than one substance of low molecular weight present in bovine pineal extracts through a modifying effect on LH secretion and subsequent ovulation.", "contents": "Antifertility properties of bovine pineal extracts: reduction of ovulation and pre-ovulatory luteinizing hormone in the rat. Bovine pineal glands were extracted with acetic acid and partially purified on Sephadex G-25. Three fractions, F3, F4 and F5, were each administered to cycling female rats for 4, 2 or 1 day prior to ovulation to determine their effects on fertility, ovulation and the pro-oestrous surge of luteinizing hormone (LH). The incidence of pregnancy and the mean number of foetuses were reduced in animals after treatment with F3 or F4 but not in those treated with F5. Each of the F3 and F4 fractions significantly reduced the mean number of ova shed and the pre-ovulatory concentration of serum LH. The F5 fraction caused a moderate reduction of the pro-oestrous rise of serum LY but had no significant effect on ovulation. The data suggest that fertility in rats can be reduced by more than one substance of low molecular weight present in bovine pineal extracts through a modifying effect on LH secretion and subsequent ovulation.", "PMID": 405831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3339", "title": "Long-term treatment with 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine in acromegaly.", "content": "Thirty acromegalic subjects underwent chronic CB154 therapy (10-20 mg daily) for periods ranging from 3 months up to 2 years. In 18 out of 21 patients, who exhibited consistent HGH reduction following acute administration of the drug, there was also during chronic treatment, a suppression of the plasma HGH levels exceeding 50% of base line values, e.g. from mean daily values between 14-197 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM = 57.8 +/- 12.4 ng/ml pre-treatment) to 2-19 ng/ml (mean 8.3 +/- 1.2 ng/ml post-treatment). In 12 of the subjects who responsed to chronic CB154 treatment, the mean daily values of HGH were below 10 ng/ml. The suppression of plasma HGH was maintained unaltered throughout the whole course of therapy. In the 9 subjects, in whom no consistent HGH decrease was evidenced with acute CB154 administration, there was accordingly a minor or no suppression of HGH values during the chronic treatment. In 13 subjects, irrespective of the degree of their GH responses, the plasma prolactin levels were constantly inhibited by CB154; instead the drug failed to modify significantly the TRH or insulin-induced GH release. These changes in the hormonal parameters were paralleled by marked clinical amelioration and improvement of some of the metabolic alterations frequently encountered in acromegaly, e.g. reduced carbohydrate tolerance, increased insulin resistance, diminished fall of plasma phosphorus after insulin, decreased urinary excretion of phosphate, hyper-hydroxyprolinuria and hyper-calciuria. Collectively, these data demonstrate that CB154 thrapy is effective in reducing HGH hyper-secretion in many acromegalic patients during long-term treatment.", "contents": "Long-term treatment with 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine in acromegaly. Thirty acromegalic subjects underwent chronic CB154 therapy (10-20 mg daily) for periods ranging from 3 months up to 2 years. In 18 out of 21 patients, who exhibited consistent HGH reduction following acute administration of the drug, there was also during chronic treatment, a suppression of the plasma HGH levels exceeding 50% of base line values, e.g. from mean daily values between 14-197 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM = 57.8 +/- 12.4 ng/ml pre-treatment) to 2-19 ng/ml (mean 8.3 +/- 1.2 ng/ml post-treatment). In 12 of the subjects who responsed to chronic CB154 treatment, the mean daily values of HGH were below 10 ng/ml. The suppression of plasma HGH was maintained unaltered throughout the whole course of therapy. In the 9 subjects, in whom no consistent HGH decrease was evidenced with acute CB154 administration, there was accordingly a minor or no suppression of HGH values during the chronic treatment. In 13 subjects, irrespective of the degree of their GH responses, the plasma prolactin levels were constantly inhibited by CB154; instead the drug failed to modify significantly the TRH or insulin-induced GH release. These changes in the hormonal parameters were paralleled by marked clinical amelioration and improvement of some of the metabolic alterations frequently encountered in acromegaly, e.g. reduced carbohydrate tolerance, increased insulin resistance, diminished fall of plasma phosphorus after insulin, decreased urinary excretion of phosphate, hyper-hydroxyprolinuria and hyper-calciuria. Collectively, these data demonstrate that CB154 thrapy is effective in reducing HGH hyper-secretion in many acromegalic patients during long-term treatment.", "PMID": 405832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3340", "title": "Serum thyroxine-binding globulin: determination by competitive ligand-binding assay in thyroid disease and pregnancy.", "content": "Serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) concentrations were measured by competitive ligand-binding assay in normal subjects and patients with a variety of abnormalities of thyroid hormone production or TBG production. The mean serum TBG concentration in 73 normal adults was 3.4 +/- 0.6 mg/100 ml. No correlations with age, sex or serum thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were found. Serum TBG concentrations were normal in patients with hyperthyroidism. They were significantly elevated in hypothyroid patients, and fell to normal with thyroxine treatment. In pregnant women, serum TBG concentrations were markedly increased, being 7.1 +/- 1.2 (mean +/- SD) mg/100 ml in women in their first trimester, 9.0 +/- 1.0 mg/100 ml in the second trimester and 8.9 +/- 1.6 mg/100 ml in the third trimester. There was a positive correlation between serum TBG concentration and both serum T4 and serum T3 concentrations in pregnant women. Competitive ligand-binding assay is a simple and reliable method for TBG asay and yields results similar to those of electrophoretic saturation techniques.", "contents": "Serum thyroxine-binding globulin: determination by competitive ligand-binding assay in thyroid disease and pregnancy. Serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) concentrations were measured by competitive ligand-binding assay in normal subjects and patients with a variety of abnormalities of thyroid hormone production or TBG production. The mean serum TBG concentration in 73 normal adults was 3.4 +/- 0.6 mg/100 ml. No correlations with age, sex or serum thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were found. Serum TBG concentrations were normal in patients with hyperthyroidism. They were significantly elevated in hypothyroid patients, and fell to normal with thyroxine treatment. In pregnant women, serum TBG concentrations were markedly increased, being 7.1 +/- 1.2 (mean +/- SD) mg/100 ml in women in their first trimester, 9.0 +/- 1.0 mg/100 ml in the second trimester and 8.9 +/- 1.6 mg/100 ml in the third trimester. There was a positive correlation between serum TBG concentration and both serum T4 and serum T3 concentrations in pregnant women. Competitive ligand-binding assay is a simple and reliable method for TBG asay and yields results similar to those of electrophoretic saturation techniques.", "PMID": 405833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3341", "title": "The thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone during treatment in patients with Graves' disease.", "content": "Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) tests were performed at 4 or 8 weeks intervals, after the initiation of anti-thyroid treatment in 15 patients with Graves' disease. All TRH test were negative as long as the serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were elevated, and normalization of the serum levels of these hormones always occurred before the response to iv TRH was restored. In 13 patients the time from the patients for the first time were registered as biochemically euthyroid varied from 0-9 months (mean 3.1 months), before TRH response was restored. Two patients were still TRH non-responsive at the end of the study, even though they had been biochemically euthyroid for as long as 17 and 18.5 months. The TRH test, therefore, is not helpful in the evaluation of the effect of anti-thyroid treatment in patients with Graves' disease. There was an increase in the serum level of (TSH) from 3.4 +/- 0.3 (SEM) to 4.3 +/- 0.5 (SEM) ng/ml (P less than 0.05), and a decrease in the serum level of total T4 from 19.4 +/- 1.1 (SEM) to 5.8 +/- 0.8 (SEM) microng/100 ml in 13 patients from the first examination until the last time they were examined before restored TRH response. This finding shows that the pituitary gland has retained its ability to synthesize and secrete TSH even though no TSH could be released by iv TRH. In 6 TRH non-responsive patients with Graves' disease, serum TSH levels were suppressed from 2.5 +/- 1.2 (SEM) ng/ml before the administration of a single dose of 3 mg T4 orally, to 0.9 +/- 0.2 (SEM) ng/ml, 7 days after the T4 administration. Thus, the negative feed-back effect on the pituitary gland of the thyroid hormones is operating in these patients. This finding indicates that the TRH non-responsiveness in euthyroid patients with Graves' disease is not due to pituitary depletion of TSH, since the negative feed-back effect of the thyroid hormones is operating normally.", "contents": "The thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone during treatment in patients with Graves' disease. Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) tests were performed at 4 or 8 weeks intervals, after the initiation of anti-thyroid treatment in 15 patients with Graves' disease. All TRH test were negative as long as the serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were elevated, and normalization of the serum levels of these hormones always occurred before the response to iv TRH was restored. In 13 patients the time from the patients for the first time were registered as biochemically euthyroid varied from 0-9 months (mean 3.1 months), before TRH response was restored. Two patients were still TRH non-responsive at the end of the study, even though they had been biochemically euthyroid for as long as 17 and 18.5 months. The TRH test, therefore, is not helpful in the evaluation of the effect of anti-thyroid treatment in patients with Graves' disease. There was an increase in the serum level of (TSH) from 3.4 +/- 0.3 (SEM) to 4.3 +/- 0.5 (SEM) ng/ml (P less than 0.05), and a decrease in the serum level of total T4 from 19.4 +/- 1.1 (SEM) to 5.8 +/- 0.8 (SEM) microng/100 ml in 13 patients from the first examination until the last time they were examined before restored TRH response. This finding shows that the pituitary gland has retained its ability to synthesize and secrete TSH even though no TSH could be released by iv TRH. In 6 TRH non-responsive patients with Graves' disease, serum TSH levels were suppressed from 2.5 +/- 1.2 (SEM) ng/ml before the administration of a single dose of 3 mg T4 orally, to 0.9 +/- 0.2 (SEM) ng/ml, 7 days after the T4 administration. Thus, the negative feed-back effect on the pituitary gland of the thyroid hormones is operating in these patients. This finding indicates that the TRH non-responsiveness in euthyroid patients with Graves' disease is not due to pituitary depletion of TSH, since the negative feed-back effect of the thyroid hormones is operating normally.", "PMID": 405834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3342", "title": "Effect of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) in patients with pituitary disorders.", "content": "The secretion and biological activity of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were studied in 22 patients with a pituitary tumour (17 acromegalics and 5 patients with a chromophobe adenoma) and in 36 hypophysectomized patients (16 acromegalics and 20 with a chromophobe adenoma). Thyroid function was assessed by serum thyroxine (T4), serum triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) concentration. Serum TSH was measured before and after injection of TSH releasing hormone (TRH), and in 19 hypophysectomized patients the T3 response after TRH was measured. In addition a TRH test was performed 1-2 weeks after surgery in 11 patients. The basal serum TSH did not differ from euthyroid control values in any of the groups and no late effect of hypophysectomy was observed. Subnormal peak TSH values were seen in 10 out of 37 euthyroid patients, whereas 9 out of 11 hypothyroid patients responded normally. Hypophysectomy caused an immediate but transient decrease in peak TSH in patients with a chromophobe adenoma only. The rise in serum T3 after TRH was significantly lower in hypophysectomized patients than in controls. An increase in TSH was followed by a T3 response in all patients except in 4 out of 8 euthyroid acromegalics. In patients operated on for a chromophobe adenoma the T3 response was correlated with serum T4, whereas this was not the case in acromegalics.", "contents": "Effect of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) in patients with pituitary disorders. The secretion and biological activity of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were studied in 22 patients with a pituitary tumour (17 acromegalics and 5 patients with a chromophobe adenoma) and in 36 hypophysectomized patients (16 acromegalics and 20 with a chromophobe adenoma). Thyroid function was assessed by serum thyroxine (T4), serum triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) concentration. Serum TSH was measured before and after injection of TSH releasing hormone (TRH), and in 19 hypophysectomized patients the T3 response after TRH was measured. In addition a TRH test was performed 1-2 weeks after surgery in 11 patients. The basal serum TSH did not differ from euthyroid control values in any of the groups and no late effect of hypophysectomy was observed. Subnormal peak TSH values were seen in 10 out of 37 euthyroid patients, whereas 9 out of 11 hypothyroid patients responded normally. Hypophysectomy caused an immediate but transient decrease in peak TSH in patients with a chromophobe adenoma only. The rise in serum T3 after TRH was significantly lower in hypophysectomized patients than in controls. An increase in TSH was followed by a T3 response in all patients except in 4 out of 8 euthyroid acromegalics. In patients operated on for a chromophobe adenoma the T3 response was correlated with serum T4, whereas this was not the case in acromegalics.", "PMID": 405835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3343", "title": "Intravenous and peroral TRH stimulation in sporadic atoxic goitre.", "content": "Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test with 200 microng iv was performed in 35 patients with atoxic sporadic goitre. In 23 patients with diffuse goitre 7 showed a lack of increase in serum thyrotrophin (TSH) at a significantly increased frequency compared to controls (P = 0.0028). In 4 patients with solitary nodules 2 showed no significant response to TRH (negative), while 3 of the 8 patients with multinodular goitres had negative TRH test. Only 6 of the 12 TRH negative patients also had non-suppressible 131I uptake following T3. No significant difference in age and thyroid parameters was found between the TRH negative and TRH positive patients. In 7 TRH negative patients the test was repeated with 400 microng TRH but all remained negative. Five of these patients were given TRH perorally 80 mg daily for 2 weeks resulting in a significant increase in serum T4 and T3. No detectable increase in TSH was found. The response to iv bovine TSH in 4 TRH negative patients was found to be normal, suggesting that there was normal thyroid sensitivity to TSH. Our findings suggest that patients with TRH negative atoxic goitre can release biological active TSH following prolonged TRH stimulation. The high frequency of a negative standard TRH test in atoxic goitre seems to diminish the diagnostic value of the standard TRH test.", "contents": "Intravenous and peroral TRH stimulation in sporadic atoxic goitre. Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test with 200 microng iv was performed in 35 patients with atoxic sporadic goitre. In 23 patients with diffuse goitre 7 showed a lack of increase in serum thyrotrophin (TSH) at a significantly increased frequency compared to controls (P = 0.0028). In 4 patients with solitary nodules 2 showed no significant response to TRH (negative), while 3 of the 8 patients with multinodular goitres had negative TRH test. Only 6 of the 12 TRH negative patients also had non-suppressible 131I uptake following T3. No significant difference in age and thyroid parameters was found between the TRH negative and TRH positive patients. In 7 TRH negative patients the test was repeated with 400 microng TRH but all remained negative. Five of these patients were given TRH perorally 80 mg daily for 2 weeks resulting in a significant increase in serum T4 and T3. No detectable increase in TSH was found. The response to iv bovine TSH in 4 TRH negative patients was found to be normal, suggesting that there was normal thyroid sensitivity to TSH. Our findings suggest that patients with TRH negative atoxic goitre can release biological active TSH following prolonged TRH stimulation. The high frequency of a negative standard TRH test in atoxic goitre seems to diminish the diagnostic value of the standard TRH test.", "PMID": 405836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3344", "title": "Fate of foreign DNA taken up by tonsillar lymphocytes.", "content": "The uptake of heterologous (B. cereus) DNA by tonsillar lymphocytes was followed for 22 hours. Acid-precipitable DNA became associated with the cells as soon as they were mixed with DNA. The uptake was linear from 0 to 3 hours, between 3 to 6 hours part of the cell-associated DNA was released into the incubation medium, and at 22 hours the amount of label in the cells reached the values measured at 2--3 hours. In respect of the size of DNA the uptake seemed to follow the same saturation curve. There was no difference between the uptake pattern of native DNA and that of heat-denatured DNA. The decrease of size of foreign DNA in the cells in the incubation medium was followed by agarose-gel electrophoresis. In tonsillar lymphocytes enzyme activities capable of degrading heterologous DNA were found. The enzyme activities present in the cells could be detected in the culture medium as well for at least 24 hours.", "contents": "Fate of foreign DNA taken up by tonsillar lymphocytes. The uptake of heterologous (B. cereus) DNA by tonsillar lymphocytes was followed for 22 hours. Acid-precipitable DNA became associated with the cells as soon as they were mixed with DNA. The uptake was linear from 0 to 3 hours, between 3 to 6 hours part of the cell-associated DNA was released into the incubation medium, and at 22 hours the amount of label in the cells reached the values measured at 2--3 hours. In respect of the size of DNA the uptake seemed to follow the same saturation curve. There was no difference between the uptake pattern of native DNA and that of heat-denatured DNA. The decrease of size of foreign DNA in the cells in the incubation medium was followed by agarose-gel electrophoresis. In tonsillar lymphocytes enzyme activities capable of degrading heterologous DNA were found. The enzyme activities present in the cells could be detected in the culture medium as well for at least 24 hours.", "PMID": 405837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3345", "title": "Sodium acetylsalicylate and the role of prostaglandins in the mechanism of intradental pain.", "content": "In order to study the effect of sodium acetylsalicylate and the role of prostaglandins on intradental nerve impulse activity experiments were performed on the teeth of anaesthetized cats. Nerve impulse activity was induced by mechanical and chemical stimuli and recorded by means of electrodes inserted into dentinal cavities. It was shown that such activity could not be blocked by sodium acetylsalicylate or indomethacin given locally or i.v. PGE2 failed to excite the sensory units when given locally (3.5 microng/ml) or intraarterially (35-140 ng/min) alone or in combination with mechanical and thermal stimuli or combined with local application of histamine (10 mg/ml) or bradykinin (10 mg/ml). Intraarterial infusion or arachidonic acid, a precursor to PGE2, PGF2 alpha PGG2 and PGH2 failed to change the excitability even on applying local stimuli to the pulp or with local application of histamine or bradykinin. These findings seem to indicate that the increased sensitivity of the tooth to thermal stimuli seen during acute pulpitis is not due to formation of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Sodium acetylsalicylate and the role of prostaglandins in the mechanism of intradental pain. In order to study the effect of sodium acetylsalicylate and the role of prostaglandins on intradental nerve impulse activity experiments were performed on the teeth of anaesthetized cats. Nerve impulse activity was induced by mechanical and chemical stimuli and recorded by means of electrodes inserted into dentinal cavities. It was shown that such activity could not be blocked by sodium acetylsalicylate or indomethacin given locally or i.v. PGE2 failed to excite the sensory units when given locally (3.5 microng/ml) or intraarterially (35-140 ng/min) alone or in combination with mechanical and thermal stimuli or combined with local application of histamine (10 mg/ml) or bradykinin (10 mg/ml). Intraarterial infusion or arachidonic acid, a precursor to PGE2, PGF2 alpha PGG2 and PGH2 failed to change the excitability even on applying local stimuli to the pulp or with local application of histamine or bradykinin. These findings seem to indicate that the increased sensitivity of the tooth to thermal stimuli seen during acute pulpitis is not due to formation of prostaglandins.", "PMID": 405838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3346", "title": "Disseminated arthritis and osteitis by Candida albicans in a two month old infant receiving parenteral nutrition.", "content": "The case of a two-month -old female infant, who after a severe diarrhoea treated with prolonged intravenous infusion in peripheral veins alternated with total parenteral feeding, developed a Candida albicans septicemia (accompanied by disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome) is reported. The course of her disease was also complicated by multiple foci of osteoarthritis in both knees, in the left hip and in several long-bones. Radiographically the foci of Candida osteitis appeared as fine erosion of the cortex and minute round areas of osteolysis in the spongiosa, surrounded by a rim of perifocal sclerosis. During the acute stage of Candida sepsis a transitory cellular immunodeficiency was present. Treatment of Candida infection by 5-fluorocytosine was followed by complete recovery.", "contents": "Disseminated arthritis and osteitis by Candida albicans in a two month old infant receiving parenteral nutrition. The case of a two-month -old female infant, who after a severe diarrhoea treated with prolonged intravenous infusion in peripheral veins alternated with total parenteral feeding, developed a Candida albicans septicemia (accompanied by disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome) is reported. The course of her disease was also complicated by multiple foci of osteoarthritis in both knees, in the left hip and in several long-bones. Radiographically the foci of Candida osteitis appeared as fine erosion of the cortex and minute round areas of osteolysis in the spongiosa, surrounded by a rim of perifocal sclerosis. During the acute stage of Candida sepsis a transitory cellular immunodeficiency was present. Treatment of Candida infection by 5-fluorocytosine was followed by complete recovery.", "PMID": 405839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3347", "title": "Xeroradiography in radiation therapy.", "content": "The xerographic technique has been introduced at Radiumhemmet for direct field control in therapy with high energy photon radiation (60Co-unit, 6 MV linear accelerator and 42 MeV betatron). The xerograms are of a sufficiently good quality for this purpose. The advantages and disadvantages connected with the xerographic facilities at present available are discussed.", "contents": "Xeroradiography in radiation therapy. The xerographic technique has been introduced at Radiumhemmet for direct field control in therapy with high energy photon radiation (60Co-unit, 6 MV linear accelerator and 42 MeV betatron). The xerograms are of a sufficiently good quality for this purpose. The advantages and disadvantages connected with the xerographic facilities at present available are discussed.", "PMID": 405841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3348", "title": "Extrapolation chamber measurements of electron depth absorbed dose distributions.", "content": "An extrapolation ionization chamber was constructed and used to measure depth absorbed dose distributions of electron beams from the electron therapy units in Finland. Particular attention was payed to the surface dose, the build-up region, and the energy calibration. Differences between various units are discussed.", "contents": "Extrapolation chamber measurements of electron depth absorbed dose distributions. An extrapolation ionization chamber was constructed and used to measure depth absorbed dose distributions of electron beams from the electron therapy units in Finland. Particular attention was payed to the surface dose, the build-up region, and the energy calibration. Differences between various units are discussed.", "PMID": 405842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3349", "title": "A 22 MeV microtron for radiation therapy.", "content": "The first 22 MeV micron installation for radiation therapy is described with regard to the general design, the beam transport and the gantry. The first measurements of the electron depth dose curves indicate that the distributions obtained are superior to those of most betatrons and linear accelerators. For the same electron beam energy the depth of dose maximum and the 90 or 80 per cent dose level is considerably increased. The 20.9 MV photon beam has similar depth dose characteristics as a 20 MV betatron.", "contents": "A 22 MeV microtron for radiation therapy. The first 22 MeV micron installation for radiation therapy is described with regard to the general design, the beam transport and the gantry. The first measurements of the electron depth dose curves indicate that the distributions obtained are superior to those of most betatrons and linear accelerators. For the same electron beam energy the depth of dose maximum and the 90 or 80 per cent dose level is considerably increased. The 20.9 MV photon beam has similar depth dose characteristics as a 20 MV betatron.", "PMID": 405843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3350", "title": "Accuracy of megavolt radiation dosimetry using thermoluminescent lithium fluoride.", "content": "The relative light output per Gy in polystyrene for roentgen beams of 6 and 42 MV and electrons between 2.2 and 34.5 MeV relative to 60Co gamma radiation is reported for different kinds of LiF dosemeters. The distribution of the absorbed dose inside a 0.25 and 0.4 mm thick LiF-teflon disc surrounded by polystyrene and irradiated with 60Co, 42 MV roentgen radiation and 39 MeV electrons was measured using 0.01 and 0.02 mm thick Lif-teflon discs. The measurements show that the absorbed dose distribution in the dosemeter depends on the energy of the radiation. When flat dosemeters were used, differences between the signals measured at the two orientations possible during read-out could easily amount to several per cent, and for this reason 0.4 mm and 0.5 mm LiF-Teflon discs were not trusted when the highest accuracy was required. The cavity theory by Burlin does not account for the phenomena caused by differences in electron scattering properties of the dosemeter and the phantom material. Some suggestions are presented for a different cavity theory for flat dosemeters dealing also with these phenomena. It describes the results to about the same degree of approximation as the Burlin theory, and fails to explain the observed energy dependence for electrons.", "contents": "Accuracy of megavolt radiation dosimetry using thermoluminescent lithium fluoride. The relative light output per Gy in polystyrene for roentgen beams of 6 and 42 MV and electrons between 2.2 and 34.5 MeV relative to 60Co gamma radiation is reported for different kinds of LiF dosemeters. The distribution of the absorbed dose inside a 0.25 and 0.4 mm thick LiF-teflon disc surrounded by polystyrene and irradiated with 60Co, 42 MV roentgen radiation and 39 MeV electrons was measured using 0.01 and 0.02 mm thick Lif-teflon discs. The measurements show that the absorbed dose distribution in the dosemeter depends on the energy of the radiation. When flat dosemeters were used, differences between the signals measured at the two orientations possible during read-out could easily amount to several per cent, and for this reason 0.4 mm and 0.5 mm LiF-Teflon discs were not trusted when the highest accuracy was required. The cavity theory by Burlin does not account for the phenomena caused by differences in electron scattering properties of the dosemeter and the phantom material. Some suggestions are presented for a different cavity theory for flat dosemeters dealing also with these phenomena. It describes the results to about the same degree of approximation as the Burlin theory, and fails to explain the observed energy dependence for electrons.", "PMID": 405844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3351", "title": "Ionization chamber dosimetry for photon and electron beams. Theoretical considerations.", "content": "New Clambda-values (Cair,lambda) are proposed which should be applied for ionization chambers with an inner wall of air-equivalent material, air eq. plastic or graphite. The new values are up to approximately 3 per cent lower, and apply for a chamber with an inner wall lining of water-equivalent material.er cent higher than those published in the ICRU Report No. 14 and here named Cwater,lambda as the inner wall is considered water-equivalent. Also two sets of CE-values are proposed, namely Cair,E which is given in ICRU No. 21 and Cwater,E which is approximately 3 p", "contents": "Ionization chamber dosimetry for photon and electron beams. Theoretical considerations. New Clambda-values (Cair,lambda) are proposed which should be applied for ionization chambers with an inner wall of air-equivalent material, air eq. plastic or graphite. The new values are up to approximately 3 per cent lower, and apply for a chamber with an inner wall lining of water-equivalent material.er cent higher than those published in the ICRU Report No. 14 and here named Cwater,lambda as the inner wall is considered water-equivalent. Also two sets of CE-values are proposed, namely Cair,E which is given in ICRU No. 21 and Cwater,E which is approximately 3 p", "PMID": 405845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3352", "title": "Carotid endarterectomy: results, complications, and monitoring techniques.", "content": "A system of grouping patients according to preoperative evaluation of risk of carotid endaterectomy is presented. The primary complications of this surgical procedure were myocardial infarction and residual mild to severe neurologic deficit. Neurologically stable patients without medical or angiographically determined risk factors (group 1) have a risk of 1%. Neurologically stable patients without medical risk but with angiographically determined risks (group 2) have a risk of 2%. Neurologically stable patients with significant medical illness and with or without angiographically determined risks (group 3) have a risk of 7%, primarily related to cardiac disease. Neurologically unstable patients (group 4) have a 6% risk for a neurologic deficit. Current monitoring techniques using continuous electroencephalograms, cerebral blood flow measurements, and arterial stump pressure are considered. The prevention and management of complications are presented in some detail.", "contents": "Carotid endarterectomy: results, complications, and monitoring techniques. A system of grouping patients according to preoperative evaluation of risk of carotid endaterectomy is presented. The primary complications of this surgical procedure were myocardial infarction and residual mild to severe neurologic deficit. Neurologically stable patients without medical or angiographically determined risk factors (group 1) have a risk of 1%. Neurologically stable patients without medical risk but with angiographically determined risks (group 2) have a risk of 2%. Neurologically stable patients with significant medical illness and with or without angiographically determined risks (group 3) have a risk of 7%, primarily related to cardiac disease. Neurologically unstable patients (group 4) have a 6% risk for a neurologic deficit. Current monitoring techniques using continuous electroencephalograms, cerebral blood flow measurements, and arterial stump pressure are considered. The prevention and management of complications are presented in some detail.", "PMID": 405847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3353", "title": "Laser application to the angle structures in animals and in human glaucomatous eyes.", "content": "Argon laser lesions were induced in the structures of the anterior chamber angle of rabbits, cats and monkeys and in a pre-enucleated infnat's eye. Histopathological changes produced by this mode of treatment at different follow-up periods were analysed. The argon laser beam has also been applied in 28 selected, uncontrolled glaucomatous eyes. 25 eyes responded by an abrupt hypotensive effect, but in 21 of them, the elevated pressure returned during the 20- to 40-day follow-up period. Eight eyes sustained low intraocular pressure throughout the 12- to 20-month follow-up period. Of these, 3 were babies with congenital glaucoma, and 3 had simple glaucoma following an unsuccessful filtering operation. Seven eyes were medically controlled post-operatively and 13 eyes were failures which had to undergo further surgery.", "contents": "Laser application to the angle structures in animals and in human glaucomatous eyes. Argon laser lesions were induced in the structures of the anterior chamber angle of rabbits, cats and monkeys and in a pre-enucleated infnat's eye. Histopathological changes produced by this mode of treatment at different follow-up periods were analysed. The argon laser beam has also been applied in 28 selected, uncontrolled glaucomatous eyes. 25 eyes responded by an abrupt hypotensive effect, but in 21 of them, the elevated pressure returned during the 20- to 40-day follow-up period. Eight eyes sustained low intraocular pressure throughout the 12- to 20-month follow-up period. Of these, 3 were babies with congenital glaucoma, and 3 had simple glaucoma following an unsuccessful filtering operation. Seven eyes were medically controlled post-operatively and 13 eyes were failures which had to undergo further surgery.", "PMID": 405849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3354", "title": "Male contraception.", "content": "Although the modern era of contraception has focused attention on the female, research into male contraception is continuing on several fronts. Despite the widespread use of premature withdrawal, the condom and vasectomy, there is no acceptable drug for controlling fertility in the male. New advances have been made in influencing the maturation and fertility capacity of sperm. Techniques are being developed for reversibly blocking sperm transport. The functions of seminal fluid are under intensive investigation.", "contents": "Male contraception. Although the modern era of contraception has focused attention on the female, research into male contraception is continuing on several fronts. Despite the widespread use of premature withdrawal, the condom and vasectomy, there is no acceptable drug for controlling fertility in the male. New advances have been made in influencing the maturation and fertility capacity of sperm. Techniques are being developed for reversibly blocking sperm transport. The functions of seminal fluid are under intensive investigation.", "PMID": 405852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3355", "title": "Rational management of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "After a definite diagnosis, rational management begins with the construction of a grid flow sheet on which can be recorded vital signs, urine sugar and acetone, blood glucose and electrolytes, arterial blood gases and treatment (fluids, insulin, potassium). Fluids correct the hyperosmolar state, sodium deficit and hypovolemia. Hypokalemia is aggravated by insulin therapy and potassium levels must be monitored chemically and with the electrocardiogram. High-dose and low-dose insulin regimens have been used. Sudden hypoglycemia must be avoided.", "contents": "Rational management of diabetic ketoacidosis. After a definite diagnosis, rational management begins with the construction of a grid flow sheet on which can be recorded vital signs, urine sugar and acetone, blood glucose and electrolytes, arterial blood gases and treatment (fluids, insulin, potassium). Fluids correct the hyperosmolar state, sodium deficit and hypovolemia. Hypokalemia is aggravated by insulin therapy and potassium levels must be monitored chemically and with the electrocardiogram. High-dose and low-dose insulin regimens have been used. Sudden hypoglycemia must be avoided.", "PMID": 405853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3356", "title": "Arrangement of connective tissue components in the walls of seminiferous tubules of man and monkey.", "content": "In primates the membrane separating the seminiferous epithelium from the interstitial space is composed of one to three (monkey) or two to six layers (man) of myoid cells associated with one to two layers of fibrocyte-like adventitial cells. All these cells are separated from each other by irregular spaces filled with various connective tissue intercellular components. Subjacent to the elements of the seminiferous epithelium is a continuous, often redundant, basement membrane. A similar basement membrane-like material forms a layer next to and over small areas of the plasma membrane of myoid cells. Collagen fibrils grouped in bundles of various sizes are seen in all connective tissue layers but are particularly abundant in the space between the seminiferous epithelium and the innermost layer of myoid cells. Elastic fibrils demonstrated by the Verhoeff iron hematoxylin technique are also present. Composed of a homogeneous material, the elastic fibrils are short, irregular, branching entities with a diameter comparable to or smaller than that of collagen fibrils. In addition, an abundance of microfibrils with a diameter of 12-15 nm is present in the various connective tissue layers. These microfibrils have a densely stained cortex and a lightly stained core. When seen close to the myoid cells, bundles of micro fibrils appear to insert on well defined areas next to the plasma membrane. These areas commonly face the patches of electron-dense material observed on the inner aspect of the plasma membrane of the myoid cells and in which the actin filaments are inserted. Bundles of microfibrils often span the gap between myoid cells of the same layer as well as those of adjacent layers. Microfibrils are also closely related to the surface of elastic fibrils and are seen intertwining with collagen fibrils. Thus microfibrils appear to bridge and bind together adjacent myoid cells and anchor the surface of these cells to the bundles of elastic and collagen fibrils present in the intercellular spaces of the limiting membrane.", "contents": "Arrangement of connective tissue components in the walls of seminiferous tubules of man and monkey. In primates the membrane separating the seminiferous epithelium from the interstitial space is composed of one to three (monkey) or two to six layers (man) of myoid cells associated with one to two layers of fibrocyte-like adventitial cells. All these cells are separated from each other by irregular spaces filled with various connective tissue intercellular components. Subjacent to the elements of the seminiferous epithelium is a continuous, often redundant, basement membrane. A similar basement membrane-like material forms a layer next to and over small areas of the plasma membrane of myoid cells. Collagen fibrils grouped in bundles of various sizes are seen in all connective tissue layers but are particularly abundant in the space between the seminiferous epithelium and the innermost layer of myoid cells. Elastic fibrils demonstrated by the Verhoeff iron hematoxylin technique are also present. Composed of a homogeneous material, the elastic fibrils are short, irregular, branching entities with a diameter comparable to or smaller than that of collagen fibrils. In addition, an abundance of microfibrils with a diameter of 12-15 nm is present in the various connective tissue layers. These microfibrils have a densely stained cortex and a lightly stained core. When seen close to the myoid cells, bundles of micro fibrils appear to insert on well defined areas next to the plasma membrane. These areas commonly face the patches of electron-dense material observed on the inner aspect of the plasma membrane of the myoid cells and in which the actin filaments are inserted. Bundles of microfibrils often span the gap between myoid cells of the same layer as well as those of adjacent layers. Microfibrils are also closely related to the surface of elastic fibrils and are seen intertwining with collagen fibrils. Thus microfibrils appear to bridge and bind together adjacent myoid cells and anchor the surface of these cells to the bundles of elastic and collagen fibrils present in the intercellular spaces of the limiting membrane.", "PMID": 405855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3357", "title": "Restoration of hemoglobin function in stored EDTA blood. Application in identification of hemoglobin variants with abnormal oxygen affinity.", "content": "The incubation of stored blood in a mixture of inosine, pyruvate, glucose, and phosphate restores the O2 affinity of hemoglobin to physiologic levels, as measured by the configuration of the dissociation curve and the P50. This regeneration of normal hemoglobin function not only is consistent for samples anticoagulated with EDTA and stored eight days at 4 C but also is demonstrable for at least 19 days of 4 C storage of EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood. This regeneration procedure is simple to perform and makes it possible to measure reliably O2 affinity in blood samples transmitted by mail.", "contents": "Restoration of hemoglobin function in stored EDTA blood. Application in identification of hemoglobin variants with abnormal oxygen affinity. The incubation of stored blood in a mixture of inosine, pyruvate, glucose, and phosphate restores the O2 affinity of hemoglobin to physiologic levels, as measured by the configuration of the dissociation curve and the P50. This regeneration of normal hemoglobin function not only is consistent for samples anticoagulated with EDTA and stored eight days at 4 C but also is demonstrable for at least 19 days of 4 C storage of EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood. This regeneration procedure is simple to perform and makes it possible to measure reliably O2 affinity in blood samples transmitted by mail.", "PMID": 405860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3358", "title": "Thoracic dysplasia in spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita.", "content": "Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SED congenita) can involve the ribs. The result is rib shortening, a dysplastic thorax that is not only short but also narrowed, and respiratory failure. This case involves an infant who died of respiratory failure 36 hours after birth. A dysplastic small volume thorax in infancy, leading to serious respiratory embarrassment, must be included into the clinical and radiological pictures of SED congenita. To my knowledge, rib shortening and thoracic dysplasia in SED congenita have not been previously described.", "contents": "Thoracic dysplasia in spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita. Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SED congenita) can involve the ribs. The result is rib shortening, a dysplastic thorax that is not only short but also narrowed, and respiratory failure. This case involves an infant who died of respiratory failure 36 hours after birth. A dysplastic small volume thorax in infancy, leading to serious respiratory embarrassment, must be included into the clinical and radiological pictures of SED congenita. To my knowledge, rib shortening and thoracic dysplasia in SED congenita have not been previously described.", "PMID": 405862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3359", "title": "Estimation of mutation rate from rare protein variants.", "content": "A method for estimating the mutation rate for protein loci from the number of rare alleles in the population is presented. It seems to have a number of advantages compared with Kimura and Ohta's method. Applying this method to Neel's data from American Indians in South America and to Nozawa's data from Japanese macaques, the mutation rate for electrophoretically detectable alleles is estimated to be (2 approximately 3) x 10(-6) per locus per generation. This estimate may not include many severely or substantially deleterious mutations.", "contents": "Estimation of mutation rate from rare protein variants. A method for estimating the mutation rate for protein loci from the number of rare alleles in the population is presented. It seems to have a number of advantages compared with Kimura and Ohta's method. Applying this method to Neel's data from American Indians in South America and to Nozawa's data from Japanese macaques, the mutation rate for electrophoretically detectable alleles is estimated to be (2 approximately 3) x 10(-6) per locus per generation. This estimate may not include many severely or substantially deleterious mutations.", "PMID": 405863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3360", "title": "New opportunities for the public to shape the nation's institutional health care services.", "content": "The author of this Comment describes how recent federal legislation (P.L. 93-641, signed into law in January, 1975)--and improved scientific techniques for integrating (1) community medical needs assessment, (2) institutional budgeting linked to regional/state health plans, and (3) budget ceilings--have given the public new authority and technology to shape the nation's institutional health services. He urges administrators and trustees of health institutions--both proprietary and charitable--to become aware of recent developments in this area, and says that active consumer and provider participation in Health Systems Agencies and Statewide Coordinating Councils is necessary if the new federal expectations concerning health planning and regulation are to be met. Given the rising costs of medical care, stronger federal control might be forthcoming if the purposes of P.L. 93-641 are not achieved.", "contents": "New opportunities for the public to shape the nation's institutional health care services. The author of this Comment describes how recent federal legislation (P.L. 93-641, signed into law in January, 1975)--and improved scientific techniques for integrating (1) community medical needs assessment, (2) institutional budgeting linked to regional/state health plans, and (3) budget ceilings--have given the public new authority and technology to shape the nation's institutional health services. He urges administrators and trustees of health institutions--both proprietary and charitable--to become aware of recent developments in this area, and says that active consumer and provider participation in Health Systems Agencies and Statewide Coordinating Councils is necessary if the new federal expectations concerning health planning and regulation are to be met. Given the rising costs of medical care, stronger federal control might be forthcoming if the purposes of P.L. 93-641 are not achieved.", "PMID": 405864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3361", "title": "Prospects for prevention and amelioration of mental retardation: a guest editorial.", "content": "The view of the President's Committee on Mental Retardation (1972) that the incidence of mental retardation can be reduced by 50 percent before the end of the century was critically examined. We concluded that only in the minority of cases, where biomedical etiologies are implicated, is this forecast support by existing trends. The major group of milder cases pose immense difficulties for prevention, and desirable social changes are unlikely to make an immediate impact. We also considered the argument that levels of functioning of most retarded persons can be substantially improved. While research gives a clear indication that this is potentially so, such knowledge is rarely applied. Implications for policy and practice were considered.", "contents": "Prospects for prevention and amelioration of mental retardation: a guest editorial. The view of the President's Committee on Mental Retardation (1972) that the incidence of mental retardation can be reduced by 50 percent before the end of the century was critically examined. We concluded that only in the minority of cases, where biomedical etiologies are implicated, is this forecast support by existing trends. The major group of milder cases pose immense difficulties for prevention, and desirable social changes are unlikely to make an immediate impact. We also considered the argument that levels of functioning of most retarded persons can be substantially improved. While research gives a clear indication that this is potentially so, such knowledge is rarely applied. Implications for policy and practice were considered.", "PMID": 405866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3362", "title": "Comparing radioactive and trephine-disk bioassays of dicloxacillin and gentamicin in ocular tissues in vitro.", "content": "Trephined disks of tissue (6 mm diameter) from fresh rabbit eyes were immersed overnight in solutions of radioactive carbon (14C)-dicloxacillin or gentamicin, then assayed by one of two methods: agar-diffusion bioassay, using filter-paper disks immersed in known concentrations of antibiotic as standards, or radioactive assay. The bioassay underestimated the concentrations of antibiotic in sclera and iris by 38 to 72%, and slightly overestimated those in the cornea. A corrected bioassay was calculated, based on the differences in fluid mass between tissue specimens and filter-paper disks; this value was within 20% of the radioactive assay in 18 of 24 experiments with dicloxacillin, and in 14 of 24 with gentamicin. There was evidence of pronounced binding of gentamicin to ocular tissues (iris greater than sclera greater than cornea); this appeared to be a saturable and reversible phenomenon. Less marked binding of dicloxacillin to iris and sclera was noted. The results indicated that, depending on the degree of accuracy required, the corrected trephine-disk agar-diffusion bioassay provides a reasonable estimate of the antibiotic content of ocular tissues.", "contents": "Comparing radioactive and trephine-disk bioassays of dicloxacillin and gentamicin in ocular tissues in vitro. Trephined disks of tissue (6 mm diameter) from fresh rabbit eyes were immersed overnight in solutions of radioactive carbon (14C)-dicloxacillin or gentamicin, then assayed by one of two methods: agar-diffusion bioassay, using filter-paper disks immersed in known concentrations of antibiotic as standards, or radioactive assay. The bioassay underestimated the concentrations of antibiotic in sclera and iris by 38 to 72%, and slightly overestimated those in the cornea. A corrected bioassay was calculated, based on the differences in fluid mass between tissue specimens and filter-paper disks; this value was within 20% of the radioactive assay in 18 of 24 experiments with dicloxacillin, and in 14 of 24 with gentamicin. There was evidence of pronounced binding of gentamicin to ocular tissues (iris greater than sclera greater than cornea); this appeared to be a saturable and reversible phenomenon. Less marked binding of dicloxacillin to iris and sclera was noted. The results indicated that, depending on the degree of accuracy required, the corrected trephine-disk agar-diffusion bioassay provides a reasonable estimate of the antibiotic content of ocular tissues.", "PMID": 405867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3363", "title": "Aplasia of the optic nerve and disk.", "content": "To clarify the nature of aplasia of the optic nerve and disk, a rare congenital anomaly defined as absence of the optic nerve and disk, retinal ganglion cells, and retinal blood vessels, we evaluated all the cases with this designation in the files. Thirteen cases demonstrated that optic nerve aplasia typically occurs uniocularly in an otherwise healthy person. There was no sexual or racial predilection, or any evidence of an inherited factor. We believe typical aplasia of the optic nerve results from abnormal invagination of the ventral fissure and that the multiple associated ocular anomalies may also be attributed in part to this same mechanism. Two cases were atypical: they were bilateral, there was an associated hydrocephalus in one case and a possible familial history in the other, they apparently had a different pathogenesis from the typical cases, and possibly represent an extreme form of hypoplasia of the optic nerve.", "contents": "Aplasia of the optic nerve and disk. To clarify the nature of aplasia of the optic nerve and disk, a rare congenital anomaly defined as absence of the optic nerve and disk, retinal ganglion cells, and retinal blood vessels, we evaluated all the cases with this designation in the files. Thirteen cases demonstrated that optic nerve aplasia typically occurs uniocularly in an otherwise healthy person. There was no sexual or racial predilection, or any evidence of an inherited factor. We believe typical aplasia of the optic nerve results from abnormal invagination of the ventral fissure and that the multiple associated ocular anomalies may also be attributed in part to this same mechanism. Two cases were atypical: they were bilateral, there was an associated hydrocephalus in one case and a possible familial history in the other, they apparently had a different pathogenesis from the typical cases, and possibly represent an extreme form of hypoplasia of the optic nerve.", "PMID": 405868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3364", "title": "Listeria monocytogenes endocarditis: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Endocarditis due to Listeria monocytogenes is rare with only 13 cases cited in the world's literature. We report an additional case with a review of the previously reported patients. In contrast to other clinical forms of listeriosis, endocarditis does not tend to occur in patients with severe underlying disorders or those on immunosuppressive regimens. Listeric endocarditis has a predilection for left-sided cardiac involvement (100 percent), and systemic embolization is a major clinical feature (58 percent). Prognosis of listeric endocarditis is unfavorable and the mortality rate (43 percent) exceeds that for bacterial endocarditis with more common pathogens (23 percent). Antibiotic sensitivity data suggest that ampicillin or penicillin may be the chemotherapeutic agents of choice.", "contents": "Listeria monocytogenes endocarditis: report of a case and review of the literature. Endocarditis due to Listeria monocytogenes is rare with only 13 cases cited in the world's literature. We report an additional case with a review of the previously reported patients. In contrast to other clinical forms of listeriosis, endocarditis does not tend to occur in patients with severe underlying disorders or those on immunosuppressive regimens. Listeric endocarditis has a predilection for left-sided cardiac involvement (100 percent), and systemic embolization is a major clinical feature (58 percent). Prognosis of listeric endocarditis is unfavorable and the mortality rate (43 percent) exceeds that for bacterial endocarditis with more common pathogens (23 percent). Antibiotic sensitivity data suggest that ampicillin or penicillin may be the chemotherapeutic agents of choice.", "PMID": 405865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3365", "title": "Proton irradiation of small choroidal malignant melanomas.", "content": "Five patients with choroidal malignant melanomas were treated with proton irradiation with a cyclotron. We developed an accurate method of aiming the proton beam within the eye. Four to five tantalum rings, 2 mm in diameter, were sutured to the sclera at the edges of the tumor, which is localized by indirect ophthalmoscopy and transillumination. The rings were used as markers for stereotactic radiography to align precisely the tumors with the proton beam. The patients were given a total tumor dose of 4,730 to 6,670 rads, delivered in five equal fractions, over a period of eight to nine days. All patients tolerated the treatments well without any adverse effects. The tumor response to therapy could not be evaluated at the completion of treatment since there was no immediate observable reaction of the tumor or of the surrounding retina. Although there has been no definite regression in any patient, we observed a change in the \"color\" of the tumor in the first two patients and resolution of two serous retinal detachments.", "contents": "Proton irradiation of small choroidal malignant melanomas. Five patients with choroidal malignant melanomas were treated with proton irradiation with a cyclotron. We developed an accurate method of aiming the proton beam within the eye. Four to five tantalum rings, 2 mm in diameter, were sutured to the sclera at the edges of the tumor, which is localized by indirect ophthalmoscopy and transillumination. The rings were used as markers for stereotactic radiography to align precisely the tumors with the proton beam. The patients were given a total tumor dose of 4,730 to 6,670 rads, delivered in five equal fractions, over a period of eight to nine days. All patients tolerated the treatments well without any adverse effects. The tumor response to therapy could not be evaluated at the completion of treatment since there was no immediate observable reaction of the tumor or of the surrounding retina. Although there has been no definite regression in any patient, we observed a change in the \"color\" of the tumor in the first two patients and resolution of two serous retinal detachments.", "PMID": 405869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3366", "title": "The histologic basis of optic disk pallor in experimental optic atrophy.", "content": "We studied the clinical and microscopic appearances of the optic nerve head in squirrel monkeys with optic nerve degeneration produced by optic nerve transection at the orbital apex. The ophthalmoscopic development of optic disk pallor coincided with the loss of nerve fiber bundles and the rearrangement of the remaining disk astrocytes into dense parallel layers across the nerve head. No astrocytic mitoses were observed and the estimated volume of astrocytes increased only slightly from normal. Among the astrocytes in atrophic disks, many capillaries had patent lumens and ultrastructurally normal endothelial cells. Pallor of the optic disk seems to result from a decrease in the transmission of light into the cytoarchitecture of the atrophic nerve head, not from the absence of capillaries or from extensive astrocytic proliferation.", "contents": "The histologic basis of optic disk pallor in experimental optic atrophy. We studied the clinical and microscopic appearances of the optic nerve head in squirrel monkeys with optic nerve degeneration produced by optic nerve transection at the orbital apex. The ophthalmoscopic development of optic disk pallor coincided with the loss of nerve fiber bundles and the rearrangement of the remaining disk astrocytes into dense parallel layers across the nerve head. No astrocytic mitoses were observed and the estimated volume of astrocytes increased only slightly from normal. Among the astrocytes in atrophic disks, many capillaries had patent lumens and ultrastructurally normal endothelial cells. Pallor of the optic disk seems to result from a decrease in the transmission of light into the cytoarchitecture of the atrophic nerve head, not from the absence of capillaries or from extensive astrocytic proliferation.", "PMID": 405870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3367", "title": "The influence of reserpine and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on serotonin storage organelles of blood platelets.", "content": "The present investigation has evaluated the influence of reserpine on the serotonin-rich organelles bodies) in platelets from dogs, rabbits, and humans. Reserpine markedly depresses the levels of stored serotonin in human and animal platelets, accompanied by a small decrease in platelet ATP but no change in platelet ADP content. Thin sections of human platelets showed no change in the number or morphology of serotonin storage organelles during reserpine therapy, whereas a profound decrease in the size and number of dense bodies occurred in platelets from rabbits treated with reserpine. Dog platelets also showed a decrease in the number and density of serotonin storage organelles after reserpine therapy. The basis for the difference between rabbit and human platelets was explored by fixing platelets in glutaraldehyde and osmium in the presence or absence of the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Most of the dense bodies in fixed human platelets were removed by EDTA while rabbit platelet dense bodies remained essentially intact. The results suggested that the opacity of rabbit platelet dense bodies following fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium relate primarily to their serotonin content, while the electron density of human serotonin storage organelles in fixed cells is due primarily to their calcium content. Further confirmation of this concept came from studies of platelets using the whole mount technique. Rabbit platelet serotonin storage organelles were found to lack the inherent opacity of the human dense bodies, a finding consistent with the lower concentration of calcium in the rabbit organelles.", "contents": "The influence of reserpine and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on serotonin storage organelles of blood platelets. The present investigation has evaluated the influence of reserpine on the serotonin-rich organelles bodies) in platelets from dogs, rabbits, and humans. Reserpine markedly depresses the levels of stored serotonin in human and animal platelets, accompanied by a small decrease in platelet ATP but no change in platelet ADP content. Thin sections of human platelets showed no change in the number or morphology of serotonin storage organelles during reserpine therapy, whereas a profound decrease in the size and number of dense bodies occurred in platelets from rabbits treated with reserpine. Dog platelets also showed a decrease in the number and density of serotonin storage organelles after reserpine therapy. The basis for the difference between rabbit and human platelets was explored by fixing platelets in glutaraldehyde and osmium in the presence or absence of the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Most of the dense bodies in fixed human platelets were removed by EDTA while rabbit platelet dense bodies remained essentially intact. The results suggested that the opacity of rabbit platelet dense bodies following fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium relate primarily to their serotonin content, while the electron density of human serotonin storage organelles in fixed cells is due primarily to their calcium content. Further confirmation of this concept came from studies of platelets using the whole mount technique. Rabbit platelet serotonin storage organelles were found to lack the inherent opacity of the human dense bodies, a finding consistent with the lower concentration of calcium in the rabbit organelles.", "PMID": 405872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3368", "title": "Ectopic ossification.", "content": "Ectopic ossification is a biologic process in which new bone is formed in tissues which normally do not ossify. Three cases of this disease are described. The literature on this subject has been extensively analysed and organized. Classification, etiology, clinical and radiological features and laboratory tests are discussed. The paper also discusses the histopathology, differential diagnosis and management of this disease.", "contents": "Ectopic ossification. Ectopic ossification is a biologic process in which new bone is formed in tissues which normally do not ossify. Three cases of this disease are described. The literature on this subject has been extensively analysed and organized. Classification, etiology, clinical and radiological features and laboratory tests are discussed. The paper also discusses the histopathology, differential diagnosis and management of this disease.", "PMID": 405873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3369", "title": "Attempts to immunize monkeys against Plasmodium knowlesi by using heat-stable, serum-soluble antigens.", "content": "Thirty-six Macaca mulatta monkeys were immunized with different concentrations and regimens of heat-stable, serum-soluble (S-) antigens of Plasmodium knowlesi prior to challenge with the homologous parasite via sporozoite inoculation. Fewer deaths and reduced maximum parasitemias occurred in those animals inoculated with 10 to 40 mg of S-antigen compared to nonimmunized monkeys or those receiving only Freund's adjuvant. Protection was incomplete, however, suggesting that atibodies to S-antigens may have a limited role in protection of hosts to malarial infection.", "contents": "Attempts to immunize monkeys against Plasmodium knowlesi by using heat-stable, serum-soluble antigens. Thirty-six Macaca mulatta monkeys were immunized with different concentrations and regimens of heat-stable, serum-soluble (S-) antigens of Plasmodium knowlesi prior to challenge with the homologous parasite via sporozoite inoculation. Fewer deaths and reduced maximum parasitemias occurred in those animals inoculated with 10 to 40 mg of S-antigen compared to nonimmunized monkeys or those receiving only Freund's adjuvant. Protection was incomplete, however, suggesting that atibodies to S-antigens may have a limited role in protection of hosts to malarial infection.", "PMID": 405876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3370", "title": "Effect of length of treatment with Bayer 2502 on isolation of Trypanosoma cruzi and resistance to challenge in the mouse.", "content": "The effect of length of treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi with Bayer 2502 (Bay 2502, Lampit, Nifurtimox) on resistance to challenge and parasite isolation was studied in two experiments. In each, 200 mice were divided into groups of 20, infected with T. cruzi, and then treated with Bay 2502 for 1 to 8 consecutive weeks. Sixteen weeks after exposure, 10 mice from each experimental group were challenged with 150,000 trypomastigotes. The remainder were maintaned for 8 more weeks and killed for isolation of parasites. Mice treated with Bay 2502 for up to 8 consecutive weeks were uniformly resistant to challenge, and parasites could not be isolated from groups treatef for over 6 weeks. Results suggest that prolonged treatment with Bay 2502 eliminates T. cruzi from infected hosts and that resistance to challenge is not dependent on the presence of the organisms in mice.", "contents": "Effect of length of treatment with Bayer 2502 on isolation of Trypanosoma cruzi and resistance to challenge in the mouse. The effect of length of treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi with Bayer 2502 (Bay 2502, Lampit, Nifurtimox) on resistance to challenge and parasite isolation was studied in two experiments. In each, 200 mice were divided into groups of 20, infected with T. cruzi, and then treated with Bay 2502 for 1 to 8 consecutive weeks. Sixteen weeks after exposure, 10 mice from each experimental group were challenged with 150,000 trypomastigotes. The remainder were maintaned for 8 more weeks and killed for isolation of parasites. Mice treated with Bay 2502 for up to 8 consecutive weeks were uniformly resistant to challenge, and parasites could not be isolated from groups treatef for over 6 weeks. Results suggest that prolonged treatment with Bay 2502 eliminates T. cruzi from infected hosts and that resistance to challenge is not dependent on the presence of the organisms in mice.", "PMID": 405877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3371", "title": "Development and verification of a schistosomiasis transmission model.", "content": "Development of a model to predict the impact of water resource projects on transmission of schistosomiasis is described and verified with data from 54 villages in Khuzestan Province, Iran. Changes in disease prevalence following construction of an irrigation project are related to the linear extent of snail habitats and size of the infected human population. The model is used to compare the costs and effectiveness of alternative disease control measures. Results indicate that a combined controls program is most cost-effective but further work is needed to determine the optimal combination of controls.", "contents": "Development and verification of a schistosomiasis transmission model. Development of a model to predict the impact of water resource projects on transmission of schistosomiasis is described and verified with data from 54 villages in Khuzestan Province, Iran. Changes in disease prevalence following construction of an irrigation project are related to the linear extent of snail habitats and size of the infected human population. The model is used to compare the costs and effectiveness of alternative disease control measures. Results indicate that a combined controls program is most cost-effective but further work is needed to determine the optimal combination of controls.", "PMID": 405879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3372", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Of six healthy laboratory workers with no history of illness caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, four exhibited positive skin responses at 24 hours, strong inhibition of leukocyte migration, and marked stimulation of blastogenesis of peripheral lymphocytes when exposed to a \"cocktail\" of three phenol-killed strains of P aeruginosa. There was no correlation between the extent of these responses with serum hemagglutinin titers. It is postulated that cell-mediated immunity against P aeruginosa may have a biologic role in host defense.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Of six healthy laboratory workers with no history of illness caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, four exhibited positive skin responses at 24 hours, strong inhibition of leukocyte migration, and marked stimulation of blastogenesis of peripheral lymphocytes when exposed to a \"cocktail\" of three phenol-killed strains of P aeruginosa. There was no correlation between the extent of these responses with serum hemagglutinin titers. It is postulated that cell-mediated immunity against P aeruginosa may have a biologic role in host defense.", "PMID": 405880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3373", "title": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of respiratory failure--a review.", "content": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be used for the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Based on recent experience in establishing such a method of treatment, this paper reviews those aspects of ECMO that need careful consideration before it can be undertaken. Methods of patient selection for ECMO and the physiological changes associated with it are also discussed.", "contents": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of respiratory failure--a review. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be used for the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Based on recent experience in establishing such a method of treatment, this paper reviews those aspects of ECMO that need careful consideration before it can be undertaken. Methods of patient selection for ECMO and the physiological changes associated with it are also discussed.", "PMID": 405883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3374", "title": "[Parenteral nutrition in management of sick low birth weight infant (under 2,000 g.) (author's transl)].", "content": "A serie accounting for 32 newborn sick infants with a mean weight of 1,324 g. and gestational age of 30.6 weeks in whom parenteral nutrition was applied alone or as supplementation of oral alimentation is presented. The mean duration was of ten days, and mean weight increment of 14.6 g. Infectious complication were the most frequent (25%). Mortality was 46% due in part to the important associated pathology. The general lines for management of these infant are given. Finally it is pointed out that, intravenous nutrition is only justified by the failure to use oral feeding.", "contents": "[Parenteral nutrition in management of sick low birth weight infant (under 2,000 g.) (author's transl)]. A serie accounting for 32 newborn sick infants with a mean weight of 1,324 g. and gestational age of 30.6 weeks in whom parenteral nutrition was applied alone or as supplementation of oral alimentation is presented. The mean duration was of ten days, and mean weight increment of 14.6 g. Infectious complication were the most frequent (25%). Mortality was 46% due in part to the important associated pathology. The general lines for management of these infant are given. Finally it is pointed out that, intravenous nutrition is only justified by the failure to use oral feeding.", "PMID": 405896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3375", "title": "[Infectious complications of parenteral nutrition in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Infectious complications found in twenty five infants with parenteral nutrition secondary to gastrointestinal problems are presented. The mean age was of 3.5 months, being mean duration of treatment 39 days/infant and mean weight increment of 19.3 g./day. In two infants a central catheter was used and peripheric veins in the rest using the three elemental nutrients. Clinical, analytic and bacteriologic studies were made during parenteral nutrition. Hemocultives, five of nutrients rests and in four catheters were positive. Three of septicemias were in direct relation with parenteral nutrition, two via central catheter and one by peripheric vein. Finally some rules to avoid infectious complications are pointed out.", "contents": "[Infectious complications of parenteral nutrition in infants (author's transl)]. Infectious complications found in twenty five infants with parenteral nutrition secondary to gastrointestinal problems are presented. The mean age was of 3.5 months, being mean duration of treatment 39 days/infant and mean weight increment of 19.3 g./day. In two infants a central catheter was used and peripheric veins in the rest using the three elemental nutrients. Clinical, analytic and bacteriologic studies were made during parenteral nutrition. Hemocultives, five of nutrients rests and in four catheters were positive. Three of septicemias were in direct relation with parenteral nutrition, two via central catheter and one by peripheric vein. Finally some rules to avoid infectious complications are pointed out.", "PMID": 405897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3376", "title": "[Virulence of human and environmental strains of \"pseudomonas aeruginosa\" in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The virulence of 21 clinical isolates and 10 environmental strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied by intraperitoneal challenge in mice. The LD50 values of human strains ranged from 10(7),(0) to 10(8),(5) viable cells per mouse (average: 10(7),(7)(2)). The LD50 of environmental strains ranged from 10(7),(2) to 10(8),(1) (average: 10(7),(59)). These results are not significantly different. Experimental virulence for mice of P. aeruginosa strains found in hospital environment allows no prediction on their level of pathogenicity for in-patients. Furthermore, this study proved no relationship between letal effect of P. aeruginosa for mice and following characters of strains: O serogroup, untypability and productivity of specific pigments, pyocyanin and pyorubrin.", "contents": "[Virulence of human and environmental strains of \"pseudomonas aeruginosa\" in mice (author's transl)]. The virulence of 21 clinical isolates and 10 environmental strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied by intraperitoneal challenge in mice. The LD50 values of human strains ranged from 10(7),(0) to 10(8),(5) viable cells per mouse (average: 10(7),(7)(2)). The LD50 of environmental strains ranged from 10(7),(2) to 10(8),(1) (average: 10(7),(59)). These results are not significantly different. Experimental virulence for mice of P. aeruginosa strains found in hospital environment allows no prediction on their level of pathogenicity for in-patients. Furthermore, this study proved no relationship between letal effect of P. aeruginosa for mice and following characters of strains: O serogroup, untypability and productivity of specific pigments, pyocyanin and pyorubrin.", "PMID": 405899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3377", "title": "Imbalance of k/lambda ratios associated with high measles antibody titers in fractionated serum immunoglobulins of patients affected with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a neurological disease which is characterized not only by the appearance of oligoclonal immunoglobulins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum but also by high measles antibody titers and disturbed k/lambda ratios, as well in serum as in CSF. These findings lead to the hypothesis that specific immunoglobulins are produced by hyperimmunisation against measles and/or measles-like virus. Therefore the serum IgG from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients were fractionated by column isoelectric focusing and the k/lambda light chain ratio and the measles antibody titer of each fration were determined. The highest k/lambda ratios and the highest measles antibody titers were found mainly in two fractions at a pH ranging from 8.94-8.51 for the first and 8.88-8.24 for the second.", "contents": "Imbalance of k/lambda ratios associated with high measles antibody titers in fractionated serum immunoglobulins of patients affected with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a neurological disease which is characterized not only by the appearance of oligoclonal immunoglobulins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum but also by high measles antibody titers and disturbed k/lambda ratios, as well in serum as in CSF. These findings lead to the hypothesis that specific immunoglobulins are produced by hyperimmunisation against measles and/or measles-like virus. Therefore the serum IgG from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients were fractionated by column isoelectric focusing and the k/lambda light chain ratio and the measles antibody titer of each fration were determined. The highest k/lambda ratios and the highest measles antibody titers were found mainly in two fractions at a pH ranging from 8.94-8.51 for the first and 8.88-8.24 for the second.", "PMID": 405900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3378", "title": "Sectoral retinal pigmentation in neurofibromatosis.", "content": "Sector retinitis pigmentosa of Bietti has not been studied histopathologically and has not been reported as occurring in a patient with neurofibromatosis. This report describes a patients with neurofibromatosis and biopsy-proven optic nerve glioma who was noted before death to have bilateral sectoral retinal pigmentary disturbances that appeared histopathologically to be areas of retinitis pigmentosa.", "contents": "Sectoral retinal pigmentation in neurofibromatosis. Sector retinitis pigmentosa of Bietti has not been studied histopathologically and has not been reported as occurring in a patient with neurofibromatosis. This report describes a patients with neurofibromatosis and biopsy-proven optic nerve glioma who was noted before death to have bilateral sectoral retinal pigmentary disturbances that appeared histopathologically to be areas of retinitis pigmentosa.", "PMID": 405901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3379", "title": "Intraocular pressure control with twice-daily pilocarpine in two vehicle solutions.", "content": "In a double-blind study no significant difference was found in intraocular pressure control, mean pressure or comparative binocular intraocular pressure difference between pilocarpine in Adsorbobase compared to pilocarpine in 0.5% hydroxypropl-methylcellulose solution. Intraocular pressure control was achieved on fewer than 60% of visits using pilocarpine twice daily in either of the 2 vehicles. While pilocarpine retained some residual hypotensive effect 12 hours after application, twice-daily dosage with the solutions tested gave inadequate control for clinical usefulness.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure control with twice-daily pilocarpine in two vehicle solutions. In a double-blind study no significant difference was found in intraocular pressure control, mean pressure or comparative binocular intraocular pressure difference between pilocarpine in Adsorbobase compared to pilocarpine in 0.5% hydroxypropl-methylcellulose solution. Intraocular pressure control was achieved on fewer than 60% of visits using pilocarpine twice daily in either of the 2 vehicles. While pilocarpine retained some residual hypotensive effect 12 hours after application, twice-daily dosage with the solutions tested gave inadequate control for clinical usefulness.", "PMID": 405902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3380", "title": "Effects of the auditory prosthesis on postural stability.", "content": "To assess vestibular function in all 13 of the subjects, including two with external otitis who could not be stimulated calorically, postural stability was measured by means of computerized posturography. Testing was conducted both with eyes opened and closed and with the prosthesis off (no electrical stimulation) and with the prosthesis activated. All subjects demonstrated evidence of abnormal postural instability, particularly when visually deprived. Activation of the prostheses disrupted the subjects' postural stability, and upon visual deprivation, additional postural instability occurred. These findings suggest that the cochlear stimulators deliver a galvanic stimulus to the vestibular nerve or nuclei.", "contents": "Effects of the auditory prosthesis on postural stability. To assess vestibular function in all 13 of the subjects, including two with external otitis who could not be stimulated calorically, postural stability was measured by means of computerized posturography. Testing was conducted both with eyes opened and closed and with the prosthesis off (no electrical stimulation) and with the prosthesis activated. All subjects demonstrated evidence of abnormal postural instability, particularly when visually deprived. Activation of the prostheses disrupted the subjects' postural stability, and upon visual deprivation, additional postural instability occurred. These findings suggest that the cochlear stimulators deliver a galvanic stimulus to the vestibular nerve or nuclei.", "PMID": 405904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3381", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve and auditory prostheses: a review of the literature.", "content": "The literature dealing with implanted auditory prostheses is reviewed in terms of experimental studies in men and animals.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve and auditory prostheses: a review of the literature. The literature dealing with implanted auditory prostheses is reviewed in terms of experimental studies in men and animals.", "PMID": 405903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3382", "title": "Subject acceptance of implanted auditory prosthesis.", "content": "Each of the 13 subjects was interviewed, in a structured context, to determine their estimate of the value of the prosthesis to their daily life. The subjects who used their prostheses eight or more hours a day reported it to be more valuable in their daily living than did those who used it less than eight hours a day. The fulltime users reported that the prosthesis is most helpful to them as an adjunct to lipreading. All of them thought the prosthesis valuable in terms of \"hearing\" environmental sounds. While all of them reported noisy environments to be bothersome, the fulltime users did not turn off their stimulators in noise. Only two subjects, both infrequent users of their prostheses, reported that they would not undergo implant surgery again.", "contents": "Subject acceptance of implanted auditory prosthesis. Each of the 13 subjects was interviewed, in a structured context, to determine their estimate of the value of the prosthesis to their daily life. The subjects who used their prostheses eight or more hours a day reported it to be more valuable in their daily living than did those who used it less than eight hours a day. The fulltime users reported that the prosthesis is most helpful to them as an adjunct to lipreading. All of them thought the prosthesis valuable in terms of \"hearing\" environmental sounds. While all of them reported noisy environments to be bothersome, the fulltime users did not turn off their stimulators in noise. Only two subjects, both infrequent users of their prostheses, reported that they would not undergo implant surgery again.", "PMID": 405905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3383", "title": "Research plan for evaluating subjects presently fitted with implanted auditory prostheses.", "content": "The basic research plan for this evaluation is presented here along with a description of the logistics of transporting the subjects from their homes to the laboratory for evaluation.", "contents": "Research plan for evaluating subjects presently fitted with implanted auditory prostheses. The basic research plan for this evaluation is presented here along with a description of the logistics of transporting the subjects from their homes to the laboratory for evaluation.", "PMID": 405906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3384", "title": "Present otologic status of subjects implanted with auditory prostheses.", "content": "Thirteen persons who had functioning cochlear prostheses underwent medical evaluation. The nine males and four females ranged in age from 26 to 67 years at the time of the evaluation. Their mean age was 48.1 years. The etiology of deafness had been determined prior to implant surgical procedures in 6 of the 13 subjects. Of the remaining seven subjects, four had acquired hearing losses of unknown causes and three had congenital hearing deficits of unknown cause. All subjects participating in the study gave histories or findings compatible with severe loss or absence of vestibular function. All subjects had well-healed postauricular scars. The implant hardware was physically well-tolerated by the subjects and did not disrupt middle ear function. The implanted subcutaneous coil appeared to be well-tolerated and firmly anchored to the skull in every patient. There was no evidence of irritation to the skin or surrounding tissue. The skin surrounding a percutaneous plus which had been in place for six years in one subject showed no evidence of rejection. However, one subject who had electrode leads implanted beneath external auditory canal skin exhibited chronic external otitis. With this exception, the implant devices were clinically well-tolerated.", "contents": "Present otologic status of subjects implanted with auditory prostheses. Thirteen persons who had functioning cochlear prostheses underwent medical evaluation. The nine males and four females ranged in age from 26 to 67 years at the time of the evaluation. Their mean age was 48.1 years. The etiology of deafness had been determined prior to implant surgical procedures in 6 of the 13 subjects. Of the remaining seven subjects, four had acquired hearing losses of unknown causes and three had congenital hearing deficits of unknown cause. All subjects participating in the study gave histories or findings compatible with severe loss or absence of vestibular function. All subjects had well-healed postauricular scars. The implant hardware was physically well-tolerated by the subjects and did not disrupt middle ear function. The implanted subcutaneous coil appeared to be well-tolerated and firmly anchored to the skull in every patient. There was no evidence of irritation to the skin or surrounding tissue. The skin surrounding a percutaneous plus which had been in place for six years in one subject showed no evidence of rejection. However, one subject who had electrode leads implanted beneath external auditory canal skin exhibited chronic external otitis. With this exception, the implant devices were clinically well-tolerated.", "PMID": 405907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3385", "title": "Auditory prostheses in perspective.", "content": "The results of the evaluation of subjects presently fitted with internal auditory prostheses are summarized. Based on these results, the role of single-channel prostheses as a treatment for acquired deafness is discussed in terms of the auditory expectation for a single channel and of subject selection.", "contents": "Auditory prostheses in perspective. The results of the evaluation of subjects presently fitted with internal auditory prostheses are summarized. Based on these results, the role of single-channel prostheses as a treatment for acquired deafness is discussed in terms of the auditory expectation for a single channel and of subject selection.", "PMID": 405908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3386", "title": "Present audiologic status of subjects implanted with auditory prostheses.", "content": "Audiological testing indicated that all of the subjects had profound sensorineural hearing losses. In 12 of the 13 subjects, this profound hearing loss was bilateral. The 13th subject, however, had useable hearing in his unimplanted ear. Tympanometric testing gave no evidence that implant surgery had disrupted middle ear function.", "contents": "Present audiologic status of subjects implanted with auditory prostheses. Audiological testing indicated that all of the subjects had profound sensorineural hearing losses. In 12 of the 13 subjects, this profound hearing loss was bilateral. The 13th subject, however, had useable hearing in his unimplanted ear. Tympanometric testing gave no evidence that implant surgery had disrupted middle ear function.", "PMID": 405909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3387", "title": "Present vestibular status of subjects implanted with auditory prostheses.", "content": "Electronstagmographic studies were performed on all 13 patients with the caloric stimulus series, omitted in two subjects with external otitis. Eleven of the 13 subjects exhibited normal eye movement screening tests. Of the remaining nine subjects who could be evaluated, all demonstrated markedly reduced or absent caloric-induced nystagmus responses. These results confirmed preoperative vestibular test findings performed by implant surgery teams and indicated that the vestibular systems of the patients were severly damaged.", "contents": "Present vestibular status of subjects implanted with auditory prostheses. Electronstagmographic studies were performed on all 13 patients with the caloric stimulus series, omitted in two subjects with external otitis. Eleven of the 13 subjects exhibited normal eye movement screening tests. Of the remaining nine subjects who could be evaluated, all demonstrated markedly reduced or absent caloric-induced nystagmus responses. These results confirmed preoperative vestibular test findings performed by implant surgery teams and indicated that the vestibular systems of the patients were severly damaged.", "PMID": 405910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3388", "title": "Present neuropsychological status of subjects implanted with auditory prostheses.", "content": "To assess the subject's cognitive and conceptual function, an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests were administered to each subject. Of the 13 subjects, 11 showed normal to superior cognitive and conceptual abilities; however, two of the subjects presented evidence of impaired cognitive and conceptual functioning. Subjects with right-ear implants showed asymmetry in the measures of peripheral flicker-fusion thresholds.", "contents": "Present neuropsychological status of subjects implanted with auditory prostheses. To assess the subject's cognitive and conceptual function, an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests were administered to each subject. Of the 13 subjects, 11 showed normal to superior cognitive and conceptual abilities; however, two of the subjects presented evidence of impaired cognitive and conceptual functioning. Subjects with right-ear implants showed asymmetry in the measures of peripheral flicker-fusion thresholds.", "PMID": 405911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3389", "title": "Electroacoustic measures of present prostheses.", "content": "To determine the electrical nature of the signals delivered to the electrode implanted in scala tympani, extensive electroacoustic measures were made on a House-Urban stimulator, both in a closed, acoustic system (hearing-aid box) and in the sound field. For these measures, the external coil was separated from the internal coil by plexiglass, and the internal coil was loaded resistively. Illustrations of the signal delivered to the electrode are provided.", "contents": "Electroacoustic measures of present prostheses. To determine the electrical nature of the signals delivered to the electrode implanted in scala tympani, extensive electroacoustic measures were made on a House-Urban stimulator, both in a closed, acoustic system (hearing-aid box) and in the sound field. For these measures, the external coil was separated from the internal coil by plexiglass, and the internal coil was loaded resistively. Illustrations of the signal delivered to the electrode are provided.", "PMID": 405912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3390", "title": "Sound-field hearing tests.", "content": "Facilities for sound-field testing of hearing and calibration procedures are described.", "contents": "Sound-field hearing tests. Facilities for sound-field testing of hearing and calibration procedures are described.", "PMID": 405913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3391", "title": "Hearing performance with the auditory prosthesis.", "content": "With their prostheses activated 12 of 13 subjects were able to respond to sound (bands of noise) at intensities (35-65 dB SPL) that typically arise in the normal acoustic environment. While this \"hearing\" did allow them to be aware of speech, it did not permit them to understand speech. On the other hand, this \"hearing\" does seem to help them with identification of common environmental sounds and with lipreading, within the context that those abilities were tested here.", "contents": "Hearing performance with the auditory prosthesis. With their prostheses activated 12 of 13 subjects were able to respond to sound (bands of noise) at intensities (35-65 dB SPL) that typically arise in the normal acoustic environment. While this \"hearing\" did allow them to be aware of speech, it did not permit them to understand speech. On the other hand, this \"hearing\" does seem to help them with identification of common environmental sounds and with lipreading, within the context that those abilities were tested here.", "PMID": 405914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3392", "title": "Psychoacoustic evaluation of present prostheses.", "content": "A battery of psychoacoustic tests, designed to specify auditory discriminations possible with present, single-channel auditory prostheses, was administered successfully to 12 of the 13 subjects. While no subject was able to perform all discriminations required by this battery of tests, there was no discrimination that at least one subject did not perform successfully. The typical subject could 1) discriminate intensity differences within normal limits for frequencies below 1000 Hz; 2) discriminate frequency differences quite normally at 125 and 250 Hz, but not at all at 1000 or 2000 Hz; 3) discriminate differences in signal duration, temporal patterning (rhythm), and spectrum (e.g., tone vs narrow-band noise); and 4) discriminate between pairs of synthesized vowel-like sounds. The results of masking experiments could only be interpreted in terms of intensity discrimination. Several subjects were able to relate stimulus intensity to loudness for low-frequency sounds; and they could relate stimulus frequency to pitch for signals below 25 Hz. The intelligibility of the subjects' speech was found to improve when their prostheses were activated.", "contents": "Psychoacoustic evaluation of present prostheses. A battery of psychoacoustic tests, designed to specify auditory discriminations possible with present, single-channel auditory prostheses, was administered successfully to 12 of the 13 subjects. While no subject was able to perform all discriminations required by this battery of tests, there was no discrimination that at least one subject did not perform successfully. The typical subject could 1) discriminate intensity differences within normal limits for frequencies below 1000 Hz; 2) discriminate frequency differences quite normally at 125 and 250 Hz, but not at all at 1000 or 2000 Hz; 3) discriminate differences in signal duration, temporal patterning (rhythm), and spectrum (e.g., tone vs narrow-band noise); and 4) discriminate between pairs of synthesized vowel-like sounds. The results of masking experiments could only be interpreted in terms of intensity discrimination. Several subjects were able to relate stimulus intensity to loudness for low-frequency sounds; and they could relate stimulus frequency to pitch for signals below 25 Hz. The intelligibility of the subjects' speech was found to improve when their prostheses were activated.", "PMID": 405915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3393", "title": "Diurnal changes in concentration of rumen ciliates and in occurrence of dividing forms in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalus) fed once daily.", "content": "When buffalo were fed once daily, significant diurnal variations in concentration of rumen ciliates and occurrence of dividing protozoa were found. Differences in proportions of dividing Entodinium- and Diplodinium-type ciliates were also observed. Results obtained suggest that the range of diurnal fluctuations in rumen protozoa concentration may be related to the percentage of dividing cells in populaitons of these organisms.", "contents": "Diurnal changes in concentration of rumen ciliates and in occurrence of dividing forms in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalus) fed once daily. When buffalo were fed once daily, significant diurnal variations in concentration of rumen ciliates and occurrence of dividing protozoa were found. Differences in proportions of dividing Entodinium- and Diplodinium-type ciliates were also observed. Results obtained suggest that the range of diurnal fluctuations in rumen protozoa concentration may be related to the percentage of dividing cells in populaitons of these organisms.", "PMID": 405923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3394", "title": "Growth and cell volume of Euglena gracilis in different media.", "content": "It is necessary to propagate Euglena gracilis cells for several days after transfer from one medium to another to establish the steady state of balanced growth. Steady-state growth was established in minimal and in complex medium. Specific growth rates and cell volume distributions were computed for each culture medium. Mean cell volume of E. gracilis is not uniquely correlated with the specific growth rate.", "contents": "Growth and cell volume of Euglena gracilis in different media. It is necessary to propagate Euglena gracilis cells for several days after transfer from one medium to another to establish the steady state of balanced growth. Steady-state growth was established in minimal and in complex medium. Specific growth rates and cell volume distributions were computed for each culture medium. Mean cell volume of E. gracilis is not uniquely correlated with the specific growth rate.", "PMID": 405924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3395", "title": "Energetics of streptococcal growth inhibition by hydrostatic pressure.", "content": "Growth of Streptococcus faecalis in complex media with various fuel sources appeared to be limited by the rate of supply of adenosine-5' -triphosphate (ATP) at 1 atm and also under 408 atm of hydrostatic pressure. Growth under pressure was energetically inefficient, as indicated by an average cell yield for exponentially growing cultures of only 10.7 g (dry weight) per mol of ATP produced compared with a 1-atm value of 15.6. Use of ATP for pressure-volume work or for turnover of protein, peptidoglycan, or stable ribonucleic acid (RNA) did not appear to be significant causes of growth inefficiency under pressure. In addition, there did not seem to be an increased ATP requirement for ion uptake because cells growing at 408 atm had significantly lower internal K(+) levels than did those growing at 1 atm. Pressure did stimulate the membrane adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) or S. faecalis at ATP concentrations greater than 0.5 mM. Intracellular ATP levels were found to vary during the culture cycle from about 2.5 mumol/ml of cytoplasmic water for lag-phase or stationary-phase cells to maxima for exponentially growing cells of about 7.5 mumol/ml at 1 atm and 5.5 mumol/ml at 408 atm. N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide at a 10 muM concentration improved growth efficiency under pressure, as did Mg(2+) or Ca(2+) ions at 50 mM concentration. These agents also enhanced ATP pooling, and it seemed that at least part of the growth inefficiency under pressure was due to increased ATPase activity. In all, it appeared that S. faecalis growing under pressure has somewhat reduced ATP supply but significantly increased demand and that the inhibitory effects of pressure can be interpreted largely in terms of ATP supply and demand.", "contents": "Energetics of streptococcal growth inhibition by hydrostatic pressure. Growth of Streptococcus faecalis in complex media with various fuel sources appeared to be limited by the rate of supply of adenosine-5' -triphosphate (ATP) at 1 atm and also under 408 atm of hydrostatic pressure. Growth under pressure was energetically inefficient, as indicated by an average cell yield for exponentially growing cultures of only 10.7 g (dry weight) per mol of ATP produced compared with a 1-atm value of 15.6. Use of ATP for pressure-volume work or for turnover of protein, peptidoglycan, or stable ribonucleic acid (RNA) did not appear to be significant causes of growth inefficiency under pressure. In addition, there did not seem to be an increased ATP requirement for ion uptake because cells growing at 408 atm had significantly lower internal K(+) levels than did those growing at 1 atm. Pressure did stimulate the membrane adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) or S. faecalis at ATP concentrations greater than 0.5 mM. Intracellular ATP levels were found to vary during the culture cycle from about 2.5 mumol/ml of cytoplasmic water for lag-phase or stationary-phase cells to maxima for exponentially growing cells of about 7.5 mumol/ml at 1 atm and 5.5 mumol/ml at 408 atm. N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide at a 10 muM concentration improved growth efficiency under pressure, as did Mg(2+) or Ca(2+) ions at 50 mM concentration. These agents also enhanced ATP pooling, and it seemed that at least part of the growth inefficiency under pressure was due to increased ATPase activity. In all, it appeared that S. faecalis growing under pressure has somewhat reduced ATP supply but significantly increased demand and that the inhibitory effects of pressure can be interpreted largely in terms of ATP supply and demand.", "PMID": 405925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3396", "title": "Improved procedure for crystallization of Clostridium botulinum type A toxic complexes.", "content": "A modified protocol for the preparation of botulinum type A toxic crystals is decribed. The essential change was the substitution of chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex for the step in which toxin was precipitated with ethanol. Colored materials and nucleic acids were removed by the chromatography so that crystal lots of greater uniformity could be produced. Significantly more of toxin in the starting culture was recovered as crystals. The lots of crystals obtained initially by either the original or the modified method contained an antigen that was eliminated when the lots were recrystallized.", "contents": "Improved procedure for crystallization of Clostridium botulinum type A toxic complexes. A modified protocol for the preparation of botulinum type A toxic crystals is decribed. The essential change was the substitution of chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex for the step in which toxin was precipitated with ethanol. Colored materials and nucleic acids were removed by the chromatography so that crystal lots of greater uniformity could be produced. Significantly more of toxin in the starting culture was recovered as crystals. The lots of crystals obtained initially by either the original or the modified method contained an antigen that was eliminated when the lots were recrystallized.", "PMID": 405926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3397", "title": "Simple, effective method for purifying the AS-1 cyanophage.", "content": "Highly infectious, purified AS-1 virus was obtained by treating virus-induced culture lysates with bentonite followed by rotary evaporation concentration and density gradient centrifugation.", "contents": "Simple, effective method for purifying the AS-1 cyanophage. Highly infectious, purified AS-1 virus was obtained by treating virus-induced culture lysates with bentonite followed by rotary evaporation concentration and density gradient centrifugation.", "PMID": 405927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3398", "title": "Linkage of mercury, cadmium, and arsenate and drug resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Of the 787 isolates, 99.8% were metal resistant, with most (99.5%) showing multiple resistance. Fifty-three percent of the isolates were both metal and drug resistant, whereas only 19% were metal resistant and drug sensitive.", "contents": "Linkage of mercury, cadmium, and arsenate and drug resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Of the 787 isolates, 99.8% were metal resistant, with most (99.5%) showing multiple resistance. Fifty-three percent of the isolates were both metal and drug resistant, whereas only 19% were metal resistant and drug sensitive.", "PMID": 405928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3399", "title": "Construction of a kit of reference strains for rapid genetic mapping in Bacillus subtilis 168.", "content": "A set of nine reference strains bringing convenient markers in the genetic background of Bacillus subtilis Marburg 168 has been prepared to allow rapid mapping of new markers.", "contents": "Construction of a kit of reference strains for rapid genetic mapping in Bacillus subtilis 168. A set of nine reference strains bringing convenient markers in the genetic background of Bacillus subtilis Marburg 168 has been prepared to allow rapid mapping of new markers.", "PMID": 405929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3400", "title": "Tissue distribution of PCB components in swine and sheep fed three different rations containing Aroclors 1242 and 1254.", "content": "Growing swine and sheep were fed three dietary variations containing 20 ppm of Aroclors 1242 or 1254 for 13 to 15 weeks. Generally, Aroclor 1254 residues were higher; higher 1242 residues in swine blood, spleen, and ovary are attributed to persistent major components of this Aroclors. Some minor differences in total PCB were observed with varying diets, but peak composition did not vary. Some lower chlorinated components maintained higher levels in the blood relative to other components; other components were selectively accumulated in tissues such as fat and muscle. Blood and fat residues in sheep declined during the last weeks of feeding. Microsomal oxidase levels were elevated in response to PCB and diet in both species, but the response was greater in sheep. Sheep liver microsomes were capable of metabolizing pure analogs and components of Aroclor 1242. Major differences in Aroclor profiles can be demonstrated between swine and sheep residues and total residues can be estimated by measuring selected peaks in blood and backfat. The peaks which provide the most reliable estimate of total PCB residue vary with species and Aroclor.", "contents": "Tissue distribution of PCB components in swine and sheep fed three different rations containing Aroclors 1242 and 1254. Growing swine and sheep were fed three dietary variations containing 20 ppm of Aroclors 1242 or 1254 for 13 to 15 weeks. Generally, Aroclor 1254 residues were higher; higher 1242 residues in swine blood, spleen, and ovary are attributed to persistent major components of this Aroclors. Some minor differences in total PCB were observed with varying diets, but peak composition did not vary. Some lower chlorinated components maintained higher levels in the blood relative to other components; other components were selectively accumulated in tissues such as fat and muscle. Blood and fat residues in sheep declined during the last weeks of feeding. Microsomal oxidase levels were elevated in response to PCB and diet in both species, but the response was greater in sheep. Sheep liver microsomes were capable of metabolizing pure analogs and components of Aroclor 1242. Major differences in Aroclor profiles can be demonstrated between swine and sheep residues and total residues can be estimated by measuring selected peaks in blood and backfat. The peaks which provide the most reliable estimate of total PCB residue vary with species and Aroclor.", "PMID": 405931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3401", "title": "Translocation of polychlorobiphenyls in soil into plants: a study by a method of culture of soybean sprouts.", "content": "PCB translocation from soil into a plant through its roots was investigated by a method of culture of soybean sprouts on sand contaminated with Aroclor 1242 or 1254. A preliminary culture was carried out on clean sand in a cage with small holes in the bottom and then followed by a main culture on contaminated sand after the preliminary culture cage was placed upon a box filled with the contaminated sand. Consequently, roots of soybean sprouts were allowed to penetrate through the holes at the botton of the upper cage into the contaminated sand. Rates of transference of PCBs were found to be different among chlorobiphenyl isomers; low chlorobiphenyls were much more preferentially absorbed by sprouts that were the high chlorobiphenyls. This seemed to depend mostly on different water solubilities of the isomers and probably not on selective absorption of the isomers by sprouts. The usefulness of the method employed of the two-steps sprout culture on doubly layered soil, in investigations of translocation mechanisms of toxic chemicals in a soil-plant ecosystem, is also discussed.", "contents": "Translocation of polychlorobiphenyls in soil into plants: a study by a method of culture of soybean sprouts. PCB translocation from soil into a plant through its roots was investigated by a method of culture of soybean sprouts on sand contaminated with Aroclor 1242 or 1254. A preliminary culture was carried out on clean sand in a cage with small holes in the bottom and then followed by a main culture on contaminated sand after the preliminary culture cage was placed upon a box filled with the contaminated sand. Consequently, roots of soybean sprouts were allowed to penetrate through the holes at the botton of the upper cage into the contaminated sand. Rates of transference of PCBs were found to be different among chlorobiphenyl isomers; low chlorobiphenyls were much more preferentially absorbed by sprouts that were the high chlorobiphenyls. This seemed to depend mostly on different water solubilities of the isomers and probably not on selective absorption of the isomers by sprouts. The usefulness of the method employed of the two-steps sprout culture on doubly layered soil, in investigations of translocation mechanisms of toxic chemicals in a soil-plant ecosystem, is also discussed.", "PMID": 405932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3402", "title": "A study of the effects of methyl mercury, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, and a PCB, (Aroclor 1254) on adrenal and testicular steroidogeneses in vitro, by the gray seal Halichoerus grypus.", "content": "An in vitro study on the effects of the contaminants polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) (PCB), methyl mercury (MeHg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and selenium (Se) on the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) indicated altered steroid biosynthesis. Biotransformed delta4-androstene-3, 17-dione (delta 4A), dehydroepiandrosterone, 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), and testosterone (T) were detected in all seal testicular incubates. Yields of 11-KT were greatly increased in the presence of Aroclor 1254. All contaminants except As and Se stimulated the in vitro biosyntheses of T, with the greatest increase in production of T being in the Cd-treated tissue. Cortisol (F), corticosterone (B), aldosterone (ALDO) but no cortisone (E), were biosynthesized by the seal adrenal tissue. Corticosterone (B) was the principal transformation product in all incubations with less B produced by the treated adrenals than by the control. The lowest yeild of B was achieved by the Se-treated adrenal. The yeild of ALDO was also lower in all contaminant treated incubations, with Se and Cd giving the greatest inhibition. More F was biosynthesized by all the treated adrenals than by the control. The greatest increase of production of F(6-fold) from progesterone was by the As-treated adrenal.", "contents": "A study of the effects of methyl mercury, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, and a PCB, (Aroclor 1254) on adrenal and testicular steroidogeneses in vitro, by the gray seal Halichoerus grypus. An in vitro study on the effects of the contaminants polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) (PCB), methyl mercury (MeHg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and selenium (Se) on the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) indicated altered steroid biosynthesis. Biotransformed delta4-androstene-3, 17-dione (delta 4A), dehydroepiandrosterone, 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), and testosterone (T) were detected in all seal testicular incubates. Yields of 11-KT were greatly increased in the presence of Aroclor 1254. All contaminants except As and Se stimulated the in vitro biosyntheses of T, with the greatest increase in production of T being in the Cd-treated tissue. Cortisol (F), corticosterone (B), aldosterone (ALDO) but no cortisone (E), were biosynthesized by the seal adrenal tissue. Corticosterone (B) was the principal transformation product in all incubations with less B produced by the treated adrenals than by the control. The lowest yeild of B was achieved by the Se-treated adrenal. The yeild of ALDO was also lower in all contaminant treated incubations, with Se and Cd giving the greatest inhibition. More F was biosynthesized by all the treated adrenals than by the control. The greatest increase of production of F(6-fold) from progesterone was by the As-treated adrenal.", "PMID": 405933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3403", "title": "Electrophoresis of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases in erythrocytes from malaria-infected animals.", "content": "Electrophoresis of red-cell extracts from control and malaria-infected animals on 'Cellogel' demonstrated the absence of G-6-PD activity of 'parasite' origin, although 6-PGD activity was present. An identical 6-PGD isoenzyme was found in mice, rats and hamsters infected with the same strain of Plasmodium berghei indicating the parasite as the source of the enzyme. A similar 6-PGD isoenzyme was also found in a few preliminary experiments with P. knowlesi-infected monkey erythrocytes. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to previous studies and also to the status of the pentose phosphate pathway in plasmodial metabolism.", "contents": "Electrophoresis of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases in erythrocytes from malaria-infected animals. Electrophoresis of red-cell extracts from control and malaria-infected animals on 'Cellogel' demonstrated the absence of G-6-PD activity of 'parasite' origin, although 6-PGD activity was present. An identical 6-PGD isoenzyme was found in mice, rats and hamsters infected with the same strain of Plasmodium berghei indicating the parasite as the source of the enzyme. A similar 6-PGD isoenzyme was also found in a few preliminary experiments with P. knowlesi-infected monkey erythrocytes. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to previous studies and also to the status of the pentose phosphate pathway in plasmodial metabolism.", "PMID": 405935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3404", "title": "The treatment of esophageal perforation with delayed recognition and continuing sepsis.", "content": "Five patients, recently treated for esophageal ruptures, provided a spectrum of \"late\" perforations. Treatment was individualized for each patient and ranged from suture closure of the perforation to esophagectomy. Four of the 5 patients survived and now have no dietary restrictions. The goals of treatment should be: (1) elimination of sources of chemical and bacterial soilage; (2) drainage of infected areas; (3) augmentation of host defenses by antibiotics; and (4) provision of adequate nutrition. Several treatment adjuncts, alone or in combination, may be used to accomplish these goals. The selection of treatment methods should be influenced by the site of perforation, the extent of local inflammation, the status of the residual esophagus, the overall status of the patient, and the chronicity of the perforation. As the risk of uncontrolled sepsis increases, the surgeon should take more aggressive and definitive steps, up to and including esophagectomy in certain cases, to prevent further soilage.", "contents": "The treatment of esophageal perforation with delayed recognition and continuing sepsis. Five patients, recently treated for esophageal ruptures, provided a spectrum of \"late\" perforations. Treatment was individualized for each patient and ranged from suture closure of the perforation to esophagectomy. Four of the 5 patients survived and now have no dietary restrictions. The goals of treatment should be: (1) elimination of sources of chemical and bacterial soilage; (2) drainage of infected areas; (3) augmentation of host defenses by antibiotics; and (4) provision of adequate nutrition. Several treatment adjuncts, alone or in combination, may be used to accomplish these goals. The selection of treatment methods should be influenced by the site of perforation, the extent of local inflammation, the status of the residual esophagus, the overall status of the patient, and the chronicity of the perforation. As the risk of uncontrolled sepsis increases, the surgeon should take more aggressive and definitive steps, up to and including esophagectomy in certain cases, to prevent further soilage.", "PMID": 405936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3405", "title": "Hypotensive activity of sodium nitroprusside and structurally related complexes of sodium pentacyanoamine ferrate with amylnitrite, butylnitrite and n-octylamine.", "content": "Complexes of sodium pentacyanoamine ferrate (TPF) with amylnitrite and with butylnitrite showed hypotensive activity equal to that of sodium nitroprusside, as tested intravenously, in unanesthetized , instrumented Rhesus, monkeys. The complex with n-octylamine, on the other hand, had significantly lower activity. These complexes produced only marginal hypotensive effects when administered orally in a dose of 10 mg/kg to spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "contents": "Hypotensive activity of sodium nitroprusside and structurally related complexes of sodium pentacyanoamine ferrate with amylnitrite, butylnitrite and n-octylamine. Complexes of sodium pentacyanoamine ferrate (TPF) with amylnitrite and with butylnitrite showed hypotensive activity equal to that of sodium nitroprusside, as tested intravenously, in unanesthetized , instrumented Rhesus, monkeys. The complex with n-octylamine, on the other hand, had significantly lower activity. These complexes produced only marginal hypotensive effects when administered orally in a dose of 10 mg/kg to spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "PMID": 405938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3406", "title": "Chronic methylmercury exposure in the monkey (Macaca mulatta). Behavioral test of peripheral vision, signs of neurotoxicity, and blood concentration in relation to dose and time.", "content": "Small daily doses of methylmercury hydroxide were administered to rhesus monkeys for periods of up to 17 months. Behavioral tests of peripheral vision and of the accuracy and rapidity of hand movements did not disclose any early subtle deficits preceding the onset of obvious signs of neurotoxicity. These signs appeared suddenly and involved reduced food intake (anorexia), clumsiness of jumping, loss of fine control of the digits, and uncoordinated mastication. With a constant daily dose of 0.1 mg/kg or less, blood concentration of mercury reached a peak after about 2 months, and then decreased to about half the peak value. Subsequently, increasing the daily dose level above 0.1 mg/kg (range of 0.12-0.21 mg/kg) produced an increase of blood concentration which tended to stabilize in the range of 2.0-2.5 ppm. After several months at these elevated concentrations all animals exhibited signs of neurotoxicity.", "contents": "Chronic methylmercury exposure in the monkey (Macaca mulatta). Behavioral test of peripheral vision, signs of neurotoxicity, and blood concentration in relation to dose and time. Small daily doses of methylmercury hydroxide were administered to rhesus monkeys for periods of up to 17 months. Behavioral tests of peripheral vision and of the accuracy and rapidity of hand movements did not disclose any early subtle deficits preceding the onset of obvious signs of neurotoxicity. These signs appeared suddenly and involved reduced food intake (anorexia), clumsiness of jumping, loss of fine control of the digits, and uncoordinated mastication. With a constant daily dose of 0.1 mg/kg or less, blood concentration of mercury reached a peak after about 2 months, and then decreased to about half the peak value. Subsequently, increasing the daily dose level above 0.1 mg/kg (range of 0.12-0.21 mg/kg) produced an increase of blood concentration which tended to stabilize in the range of 2.0-2.5 ppm. After several months at these elevated concentrations all animals exhibited signs of neurotoxicity.", "PMID": 405934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3407", "title": "Analgesic studies with nefopam hydrochloride.", "content": "Nefopam hydrochloride[3] is a novel analgesic agent possessing an activity profile distinct from that of narcotic, narcotic agonist-antagonist and analgesic antiinflammatory agents. Analgesic activity is demonstrated in a variety of laboratory procedures with rodents, cats and monkeys. The analgesic potency of nefopam hydrochloride is generally similar to that of codeine phosphate. The compound lacks potential for tolerance development and does not exhibit cross-tolerance with morphine sulfate.", "contents": "Analgesic studies with nefopam hydrochloride. Nefopam hydrochloride[3] is a novel analgesic agent possessing an activity profile distinct from that of narcotic, narcotic agonist-antagonist and analgesic antiinflammatory agents. Analgesic activity is demonstrated in a variety of laboratory procedures with rodents, cats and monkeys. The analgesic potency of nefopam hydrochloride is generally similar to that of codeine phosphate. The compound lacks potential for tolerance development and does not exhibit cross-tolerance with morphine sulfate.", "PMID": 405939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3408", "title": "[The mitral apparatus and surgery of sub-valvular aortic stenosis].", "content": "The authors present three eases of subvalvular aortic stenosis caused by an abnormality of the mitral valve mechanism which required placement of a prosthetic valve. They describe the types of mitral valve abnormality which are reported in the literature to have caused obstruction to the aortic outflow tract. They analyse the criteria for diagnosis of this condition, and the surgical treatment. The placement of a prosthetic mitral valve does not always remove the obstruction to the aortic outflow, especially if there is an abnormality in the position of the mitral ring.", "contents": "[The mitral apparatus and surgery of sub-valvular aortic stenosis]. The authors present three eases of subvalvular aortic stenosis caused by an abnormality of the mitral valve mechanism which required placement of a prosthetic valve. They describe the types of mitral valve abnormality which are reported in the literature to have caused obstruction to the aortic outflow tract. They analyse the criteria for diagnosis of this condition, and the surgical treatment. The placement of a prosthetic mitral valve does not always remove the obstruction to the aortic outflow, especially if there is an abnormality in the position of the mitral ring.", "PMID": 405940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3409", "title": "[Study of the association between aortic coarctation and congenital mitral insufficiency (excluding atrioventricular canals)].", "content": "Coarctation of the aorta is accompanied by congenital mitral incompetence in 3% of cases, and this combination worsens the prognosis. A series of 23 cases is reported, and the treatment analysed. In 6 cases only medical treatment was used, either because death was rapid or, on the contrary, satisfactory progress made it possible to wait for the normal age for resection and suture of the coarctation. In one case the severity of the mitral incompetence required early valvular replacement, while the minimal coarctation was ignored. Usually (16 cases) a Crafoord operation is carried out as a first stage, and of the 13 children still alive, 8 had their mitral incompetence improved or stabilised; but in 5 it became worse, requiring mitral valve surgery from 1 to 7 years later. Post mortem study showed the multiplicity of mitral lesions present, and explains the difficulty of mitral 'plasty' operations, which are the best solution in children.", "contents": "[Study of the association between aortic coarctation and congenital mitral insufficiency (excluding atrioventricular canals)]. Coarctation of the aorta is accompanied by congenital mitral incompetence in 3% of cases, and this combination worsens the prognosis. A series of 23 cases is reported, and the treatment analysed. In 6 cases only medical treatment was used, either because death was rapid or, on the contrary, satisfactory progress made it possible to wait for the normal age for resection and suture of the coarctation. In one case the severity of the mitral incompetence required early valvular replacement, while the minimal coarctation was ignored. Usually (16 cases) a Crafoord operation is carried out as a first stage, and of the 13 children still alive, 8 had their mitral incompetence improved or stabilised; but in 5 it became worse, requiring mitral valve surgery from 1 to 7 years later. Post mortem study showed the multiplicity of mitral lesions present, and explains the difficulty of mitral 'plasty' operations, which are the best solution in children.", "PMID": 405941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3410", "title": "[Value of dacron aortoplasty in the treatment of coarctation of the aorta during the 1st six months of life].", "content": "Between September 1st 1974 and June 1st 1976, 12 infants under the age of 6 months have been operated on by a dacron patch aortoplasty for coarctation of the aorta. The associated lesions were a patent ductus arteriosus in each case, a VSD in 8 cases, and a trans-position of the great arteries in 5 cases. A pulmonary artery banding was performed with the aortoplasty in 8 cases, and a Blalock-Hanlon operation in one instance. There were two operative deaths (17 p. 100), amongst them one in a 1400 g premature infant, and a late death (3rd month). Two infants have a clinical aspect of recoarctation. In four infants, the post-operative hemodynamic and angiographic study carried out before the treatment of associated intra-cardiac lesions, shows a good result of the coarctation repair. This particular technique, although not performed as a routine in the infant with coarctation of the aorta, seems to be of interest in the most severe forms of the disease, with diffuse isthmus narrowing and intra-cardiac defects.", "contents": "[Value of dacron aortoplasty in the treatment of coarctation of the aorta during the 1st six months of life]. Between September 1st 1974 and June 1st 1976, 12 infants under the age of 6 months have been operated on by a dacron patch aortoplasty for coarctation of the aorta. The associated lesions were a patent ductus arteriosus in each case, a VSD in 8 cases, and a trans-position of the great arteries in 5 cases. A pulmonary artery banding was performed with the aortoplasty in 8 cases, and a Blalock-Hanlon operation in one instance. There were two operative deaths (17 p. 100), amongst them one in a 1400 g premature infant, and a late death (3rd month). Two infants have a clinical aspect of recoarctation. In four infants, the post-operative hemodynamic and angiographic study carried out before the treatment of associated intra-cardiac lesions, shows a good result of the coarctation repair. This particular technique, although not performed as a routine in the infant with coarctation of the aorta, seems to be of interest in the most severe forms of the disease, with diffuse isthmus narrowing and intra-cardiac defects.", "PMID": 405942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3411", "title": "[Choice of surgical method in the child or adult (excluding infants) suffering from coarctation of the aorta and severe cardiopathy].", "content": "A study of a serie of 45 cases of coarctation of the aorta associated with a severe cardiac lesion or malformation, and treated at a single operative session (18 cases) or in two consecutive stages (27 cases) has produced the following conclusions: --Treatment at a single operation is possible, usually at the cost of two consecutive surgical approaches, thus making the operation rather long. This plan, which has given good results in the 18 cases studied (only one death and no serious complications) should be adopted only for young patients who are well-balanced psychologically, and whose cardiac defect is well-compensated. --Treatment in two stages is a more reasonable course for the remainder of the patients, but it must be decided which lesion to treat first: this could be the coarctation if it is a difficult or poorly tolerated one and if the cardiac defect (especially when an aortic valve lesion) is well compensated. It will be the cardiac lesion if, by contrast, the coarctation is simple and well-tolerated, and the cardiac lesion is severe and decompensated (especially a mitral malformation with shunts and major pulmonary hypertension). Current techniques of open heart surgery allow us to employ extracorporeal circulation easily and safely with the coarctation still in place; this will then be treated later. In every case in which a two-stage treatment plan has been chosen, it should be carried out as a planned procedure so that the second stage of the operation is not put off unduly.", "contents": "[Choice of surgical method in the child or adult (excluding infants) suffering from coarctation of the aorta and severe cardiopathy]. A study of a serie of 45 cases of coarctation of the aorta associated with a severe cardiac lesion or malformation, and treated at a single operative session (18 cases) or in two consecutive stages (27 cases) has produced the following conclusions: --Treatment at a single operation is possible, usually at the cost of two consecutive surgical approaches, thus making the operation rather long. This plan, which has given good results in the 18 cases studied (only one death and no serious complications) should be adopted only for young patients who are well-balanced psychologically, and whose cardiac defect is well-compensated. --Treatment in two stages is a more reasonable course for the remainder of the patients, but it must be decided which lesion to treat first: this could be the coarctation if it is a difficult or poorly tolerated one and if the cardiac defect (especially when an aortic valve lesion) is well compensated. It will be the cardiac lesion if, by contrast, the coarctation is simple and well-tolerated, and the cardiac lesion is severe and decompensated (especially a mitral malformation with shunts and major pulmonary hypertension). Current techniques of open heart surgery allow us to employ extracorporeal circulation easily and safely with the coarctation still in place; this will then be treated later. In every case in which a two-stage treatment plan has been chosen, it should be carried out as a planned procedure so that the second stage of the operation is not put off unduly.", "PMID": 405943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3412", "title": "[Interventricular communications with aortic insufficiency surgical considerations].", "content": "The authors report a series of 11 patients with ventricular septal defect associated with aortic incompetence who underwent surgery between 1963 and March 1976. Separate consideration is given to the operations performed before and after 1972. 5 patients were operated on during the first period, with only mediocre results. At this time, the technique of valvuloplasty did not appear to be the right one. During the second period, 6 patients were operated on. In five of them the technique of Plauth, Frater, Spencer and Trusler was used. All these patients have a satisfactory result. The last of the series had an abnormally low commissure, and the adjacent valves were protuberant, and thickened, so that a valvular replacement was carried out. The operation of choice for a ventricular septal defect associated with aortic incompetence is valvuloplasty with closure of the defect. The following criteria are necessary indications for this type of surgery: --the aortic incompetence must be secondary to the prolapse of a valve; --the aortic valve must have three cusps. An early operation makes the valvuloplasty easier, and avoids the problems of damage to the left ventricle from a persistant and progressive aortic incompetence.", "contents": "[Interventricular communications with aortic insufficiency surgical considerations]. The authors report a series of 11 patients with ventricular septal defect associated with aortic incompetence who underwent surgery between 1963 and March 1976. Separate consideration is given to the operations performed before and after 1972. 5 patients were operated on during the first period, with only mediocre results. At this time, the technique of valvuloplasty did not appear to be the right one. During the second period, 6 patients were operated on. In five of them the technique of Plauth, Frater, Spencer and Trusler was used. All these patients have a satisfactory result. The last of the series had an abnormally low commissure, and the adjacent valves were protuberant, and thickened, so that a valvular replacement was carried out. The operation of choice for a ventricular septal defect associated with aortic incompetence is valvuloplasty with closure of the defect. The following criteria are necessary indications for this type of surgery: --the aortic incompetence must be secondary to the prolapse of a valve; --the aortic valve must have three cusps. An early operation makes the valvuloplasty easier, and avoids the problems of damage to the left ventricle from a persistant and progressive aortic incompetence.", "PMID": 405944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3413", "title": "[Unexpected findings during surgery for interventricular communication and for banding of the pulmonary artery in the infant and child].", "content": "While the authors recognise the difficulty of obtaining a complete picture of the lesion in certain types of ventricular shunt with pulmonary hypertension, they emphasise the importance of a precise diagnosis, which may modify the medical treatment and the decision to operate. Conditions may nevertheless be found by surprise at operation, and lead to a modification of the planned action.", "contents": "[Unexpected findings during surgery for interventricular communication and for banding of the pulmonary artery in the infant and child]. While the authors recognise the difficulty of obtaining a complete picture of the lesion in certain types of ventricular shunt with pulmonary hypertension, they emphasise the importance of a precise diagnosis, which may modify the medical treatment and the decision to operate. Conditions may nevertheless be found by surprise at operation, and lead to a modification of the planned action.", "PMID": 405945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3414", "title": "[Surgical treatment of the double outlet right ventricle with pulmonary stenosis. Apropos of 7 cases].", "content": "The double outlet right ventricle is a rare malformation, and its surgical correction has been well defined. The authors present seven cases of double outflow of the right ventricle and stenosis of the pulmonary outflow. If the technical problems of those variants with a subaortic septal defect seem to have been overcome, those with a subpulmonary ventricular septal defect present a much more difficult problem. Of the seven cases presented, the authors report the death of one patient who had a right ventricle with a double outlet associated with pulmonary stenosis and a sub-pulmonary ventricular septal defect. The post-operative course of the other 6 patients, who had a subaortic ventricular septal defect, was simple. One patient suffered secondary dehiscence of the repaired septal defect, and was reoperated on. The maximum follow-up period has been 7 years.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of the double outlet right ventricle with pulmonary stenosis. Apropos of 7 cases]. The double outlet right ventricle is a rare malformation, and its surgical correction has been well defined. The authors present seven cases of double outflow of the right ventricle and stenosis of the pulmonary outflow. If the technical problems of those variants with a subaortic septal defect seem to have been overcome, those with a subpulmonary ventricular septal defect present a much more difficult problem. Of the seven cases presented, the authors report the death of one patient who had a right ventricle with a double outlet associated with pulmonary stenosis and a sub-pulmonary ventricular septal defect. The post-operative course of the other 6 patients, who had a subaortic ventricular septal defect, was simple. One patient suffered secondary dehiscence of the repaired septal defect, and was reoperated on. The maximum follow-up period has been 7 years.", "PMID": 405946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3415", "title": "[Long term results (5 years) of the first 50 consecutive operations following Mustard's technique for simple transposition of the great vessels].", "content": "The long-term results of Mustard's operation for simple transposition of the great vessels have been studied in a homogenous series of the first 50 consecutive cases operated on by G. Lemoine. The overall mortality was 20% over the 5 year follow-up period. Serious arrhythmias or conduction defects can usually be picked up immediately postoperatively; on the other hand, stenosis of the venae cavae or of the pulmonary venous channels may come on very late and unexpectedly as growth takes place. Reoperation must be carried out to remove these stenoses when they are troublesome.", "contents": "[Long term results (5 years) of the first 50 consecutive operations following Mustard's technique for simple transposition of the great vessels]. The long-term results of Mustard's operation for simple transposition of the great vessels have been studied in a homogenous series of the first 50 consecutive cases operated on by G. Lemoine. The overall mortality was 20% over the 5 year follow-up period. Serious arrhythmias or conduction defects can usually be picked up immediately postoperatively; on the other hand, stenosis of the venae cavae or of the pulmonary venous channels may come on very late and unexpectedly as growth takes place. Reoperation must be carried out to remove these stenoses when they are troublesome.", "PMID": 405947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3416", "title": "[Atypical pulmonary stenosis in certain polymalformative syndromes. Prevalence of associated hypertrophique myocardiopathy].", "content": "Certain pulmonary stenoses differ markedly from the usual types of isolated valvular stenosis in their clinical features (maximal murmur situated lower down), their radiological signs (absence of a prominent median arc), the electrocardiograph (atypical electrical axis), the haemodynamic findings (usually a poor gradient), and especially the angiocardiography (valvular dysplasia, lack of a post-stenotic dilatation). They are encountered especially in the multiple malformations, as shown by this series of 23 cases comprising the syndrome of Noonan (9), of Gorlin or 'leopard' (7), of Watson or 'caf\u00e9-au-lait spots' (3), or those defying classification, but always having a disorder of facial structure and mental deficiency, sometimes with deafness (4). The frequent finding of a gradually progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a feature of these syndromes, and usually accounts for the abnormal ECG findings. It leads to a discussion of the pathogenesis, and of the place of these syndromes in a wider context, alongside the phacomatoses and the hereditary forms of neuromuscular degeneration.", "contents": "[Atypical pulmonary stenosis in certain polymalformative syndromes. Prevalence of associated hypertrophique myocardiopathy]. Certain pulmonary stenoses differ markedly from the usual types of isolated valvular stenosis in their clinical features (maximal murmur situated lower down), their radiological signs (absence of a prominent median arc), the electrocardiograph (atypical electrical axis), the haemodynamic findings (usually a poor gradient), and especially the angiocardiography (valvular dysplasia, lack of a post-stenotic dilatation). They are encountered especially in the multiple malformations, as shown by this series of 23 cases comprising the syndrome of Noonan (9), of Gorlin or 'leopard' (7), of Watson or 'caf\u00e9-au-lait spots' (3), or those defying classification, but always having a disorder of facial structure and mental deficiency, sometimes with deafness (4). The frequent finding of a gradually progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a feature of these syndromes, and usually accounts for the abnormal ECG findings. It leads to a discussion of the pathogenesis, and of the place of these syndromes in a wider context, alongside the phacomatoses and the hereditary forms of neuromuscular degeneration.", "PMID": 405948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3417", "title": "[Right juxtaposition of the atria. Apropos of one case without associated trunco-conal abnormalities].", "content": "A child of 7 had coarctation of the aorta and an atrial septal defect. In the course of surgery to close the septal defect, she was found to have a right-sided juxtaposition of the appendages. This is a very rare abnormality, with no symptoms of its own, but usually associated with severe cardiac malformations especially of the truncus and conus. This case report is most unusual because of the right-sided disposition of the appendages and the absence of any serious associated cardiac lesion.", "contents": "[Right juxtaposition of the atria. Apropos of one case without associated trunco-conal abnormalities]. A child of 7 had coarctation of the aorta and an atrial septal defect. In the course of surgery to close the septal defect, she was found to have a right-sided juxtaposition of the appendages. This is a very rare abnormality, with no symptoms of its own, but usually associated with severe cardiac malformations especially of the truncus and conus. This case report is most unusual because of the right-sided disposition of the appendages and the absence of any serious associated cardiac lesion.", "PMID": 405949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3418", "title": "[Ostium primum and mitral cleft and aortic subvalvular stenosis. Apropos of 2 operated cases].", "content": "The two case reports are of children of 10 and 8 years of age with an ostium primum defect, with a mitral cleft and a stenotic fibrous ring below the aortic orifice. In the first case, the cause of the obstruction to left ventricular ejection was found at catheterisation, and in the second case it was an operative finding. In both cases there were large gradients, about 100 mmHg. The subaortic blockage was resected in both cases. A review of the literature has not revealed any similar case.", "contents": "[Ostium primum and mitral cleft and aortic subvalvular stenosis. Apropos of 2 operated cases]. The two case reports are of children of 10 and 8 years of age with an ostium primum defect, with a mitral cleft and a stenotic fibrous ring below the aortic orifice. In the first case, the cause of the obstruction to left ventricular ejection was found at catheterisation, and in the second case it was an operative finding. In both cases there were large gradients, about 100 mmHg. The subaortic blockage was resected in both cases. A review of the literature has not revealed any similar case.", "PMID": 405950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3419", "title": "[Lack of attachment of the superior vena cava to the mediastinum. Apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "Two cases in which the superior venae cavae ran an extramediastinal course are presented. This abnormality, which was discovered on catheterisation, had no haemodynamic consequences. It consisted of two superior venae cavae with little or no intermediate trunk; this explains the lack of attachment' of the superior venae cavae to the mediastinum.", "contents": "[Lack of attachment of the superior vena cava to the mediastinum. Apropos of 2 cases]. Two cases in which the superior venae cavae ran an extramediastinal course are presented. This abnormality, which was discovered on catheterisation, had no haemodynamic consequences. It consisted of two superior venae cavae with little or no intermediate trunk; this explains the lack of attachment' of the superior venae cavae to the mediastinum.", "PMID": 405951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3420", "title": "[Double mitral orifice with a single atrium. Apropos of a case with functionally normal mitral valve].", "content": "The authors report a case with a double mitral orifice associated with a single auricle; it was operated on successfully. It was unnecessary to carry out any surgical procedure on the mitral valve itself, as it was functioning normally. A review of the literature follows.", "contents": "[Double mitral orifice with a single atrium. Apropos of a case with functionally normal mitral valve]. The authors report a case with a double mitral orifice associated with a single auricle; it was operated on successfully. It was unnecessary to carry out any surgical procedure on the mitral valve itself, as it was functioning normally. A review of the literature follows.", "PMID": 405952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3421", "title": "[Pulmonary stenosis with tricuspid insufficiency in the child].", "content": "The authors report 3 cases of pulmonary stenosis with an intact interventricular septum and tricuspid incompetence. The tricuspid regurgitation was corrected in all 3 cases. After recalling the clinical features, they emphasize the importance of seeking for this condition and correcting it in every case if the immediate and long-term results are to be satisfactory.", "contents": "[Pulmonary stenosis with tricuspid insufficiency in the child]. The authors report 3 cases of pulmonary stenosis with an intact interventricular septum and tricuspid incompetence. The tricuspid regurgitation was corrected in all 3 cases. After recalling the clinical features, they emphasize the importance of seeking for this condition and correcting it in every case if the immediate and long-term results are to be satisfactory.", "PMID": 405953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3422", "title": "[Cellular immunity in protein-caloric malnutrition].", "content": "In order to have a clearer idea on the relationship between infectious diseases and malnutrition, cellular immunity is studied in 3 to 18 months old malnourished and healthy infants. Nutritional status is evaluated by the food intake the anthropologic measurements and some biological parameters like transferrin. Cellular immunity is investigated by skin tests to tuberculin, monilia, P.H.A. and DNCB. Absolute number of peripheral lymphocytes and percentage of T cells are studied too. The results show that there is a cellular immunity deficiency: frequent non-response to antigens, weak sensitization to DNCB. Some patients have a low percentage of spontaneous rosettes. The transferrin titering is useful to appreciate the nutritional status and the iron therapy opportunity, the prognostic and the immunitary possibilities.", "contents": "[Cellular immunity in protein-caloric malnutrition]. In order to have a clearer idea on the relationship between infectious diseases and malnutrition, cellular immunity is studied in 3 to 18 months old malnourished and healthy infants. Nutritional status is evaluated by the food intake the anthropologic measurements and some biological parameters like transferrin. Cellular immunity is investigated by skin tests to tuberculin, monilia, P.H.A. and DNCB. Absolute number of peripheral lymphocytes and percentage of T cells are studied too. The results show that there is a cellular immunity deficiency: frequent non-response to antigens, weak sensitization to DNCB. Some patients have a low percentage of spontaneous rosettes. The transferrin titering is useful to appreciate the nutritional status and the iron therapy opportunity, the prognostic and the immunitary possibilities.", "PMID": 405954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3423", "title": "[Continuous enteral feeding in children. Technic and indications in 170 cases from 1969 to 1975].", "content": "170 children with severe undernutrition of whom 153 were babies, received continuous gastrointestinal infusion from a minimum of 3 weeks to a maximum of 18 months. Eighteen died as a result of the primary disease: results were considered very satisfactory in 148 children whilst 4 were still dependent on the technique 24 months later. In 65% of cases it was necessary to precede this intestinal infusion by intravenous feeding through a caval catheter. The authors discuss the choice of site of the infusion and the composition of the infusate according to the nature of the underlying intestinal disorder. The general and gastrointestinal indications both medical and surgical, are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Continuous enteral feeding in children. Technic and indications in 170 cases from 1969 to 1975]. 170 children with severe undernutrition of whom 153 were babies, received continuous gastrointestinal infusion from a minimum of 3 weeks to a maximum of 18 months. Eighteen died as a result of the primary disease: results were considered very satisfactory in 148 children whilst 4 were still dependent on the technique 24 months later. In 65% of cases it was necessary to precede this intestinal infusion by intravenous feeding through a caval catheter. The authors discuss the choice of site of the infusion and the composition of the infusate according to the nature of the underlying intestinal disorder. The general and gastrointestinal indications both medical and surgical, are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 405955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3424", "title": "[Cytological structure of the thymus gland in mature monkeys].", "content": "Histological sections of the thymus were studied morphometrically in 5 rhesus monkeys and 3 hamadryas baboons. The ratio of square surfaces of the cortical and cerebral substance, the percentage of Hassall's corpuscles and cellular elements (lymphocytes, stromal elements, blasts etc.) were established in the organ. Individual and species peculiarities of the structure of thymus elements were found. Less amount of parenchyma and growth of the stroma in baboons and a greater mitotic complex in rhesus monkeys show more pronounced involution processes in baboons.", "contents": "[Cytological structure of the thymus gland in mature monkeys]. Histological sections of the thymus were studied morphometrically in 5 rhesus monkeys and 3 hamadryas baboons. The ratio of square surfaces of the cortical and cerebral substance, the percentage of Hassall's corpuscles and cellular elements (lymphocytes, stromal elements, blasts etc.) were established in the organ. Individual and species peculiarities of the structure of thymus elements were found. Less amount of parenchyma and growth of the stroma in baboons and a greater mitotic complex in rhesus monkeys show more pronounced involution processes in baboons.", "PMID": 405958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3425", "title": "Hormonal basis of proceptivity and receptivity in female primates.", "content": "The role played by steroid hormones in regulating the sexual behavior of female primates is reviewed, with emphasis placed on experiments using nonhuman species. A distinction is made between the effects of hormones on female proceptivity (i.e., behaviors which incite mounting activity in the male) and receptivity (i.e., willingness to accept male mounting attempts). The rationale for distinguishing between proceptivity and receptivity is discussed, and the methods used for measuring each are described. Evidence shows that estrogen of ovarian origin facilitates sexual interaction primarily by stimulating the emission of non-behavioral cues which increase the female's sexual attractivity (i.e., the value of a female as a sexual stimulant for a male). Evidence is presented suggesting that ostrogen may enhance proceptivity by acting on the female's central nervous system; however, there is no clear demonstration that estrogen affects neural mechanisms controlling receptivity. Experiments show that proceptivity and to a lesser extent receptivity are modulated by adrenal androgens, and the possibility is raised that adrenal androgens may act synergistically with estrogen to facilitate sexual behavior. A disruptive effect of progesterone on sexual interaction is described, and evidence is presented suggesting that this effect of progesterone results primarily from a reduction in sexual attractivity caused by the action of the hormone in the female's vagina. Other literature indicates that proceptivity is often maximal at the periovulatory period of the female primate's menstrual cycle whereas cyclic variations in receptivity occur infrequently. Most hormone-dependent changes in sexual interaction associated with the menstrual cycle seem to result from fluctuations in nonbehavioral attributes of female sexual attractivity. The problem of distinguishing between the effects of steroid hormones on proceptivity and receptivity in human females is discussed.", "contents": "Hormonal basis of proceptivity and receptivity in female primates. The role played by steroid hormones in regulating the sexual behavior of female primates is reviewed, with emphasis placed on experiments using nonhuman species. A distinction is made between the effects of hormones on female proceptivity (i.e., behaviors which incite mounting activity in the male) and receptivity (i.e., willingness to accept male mounting attempts). The rationale for distinguishing between proceptivity and receptivity is discussed, and the methods used for measuring each are described. Evidence shows that estrogen of ovarian origin facilitates sexual interaction primarily by stimulating the emission of non-behavioral cues which increase the female's sexual attractivity (i.e., the value of a female as a sexual stimulant for a male). Evidence is presented suggesting that ostrogen may enhance proceptivity by acting on the female's central nervous system; however, there is no clear demonstration that estrogen affects neural mechanisms controlling receptivity. Experiments show that proceptivity and to a lesser extent receptivity are modulated by adrenal androgens, and the possibility is raised that adrenal androgens may act synergistically with estrogen to facilitate sexual behavior. A disruptive effect of progesterone on sexual interaction is described, and evidence is presented suggesting that this effect of progesterone results primarily from a reduction in sexual attractivity caused by the action of the hormone in the female's vagina. Other literature indicates that proceptivity is often maximal at the periovulatory period of the female primate's menstrual cycle whereas cyclic variations in receptivity occur infrequently. Most hormone-dependent changes in sexual interaction associated with the menstrual cycle seem to result from fluctuations in nonbehavioral attributes of female sexual attractivity. The problem of distinguishing between the effects of steroid hormones on proceptivity and receptivity in human females is discussed.", "PMID": 405957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3426", "title": "Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis.", "content": "Listeria monocytogenes and a staphylococcus organism caused a catastrophic endophthalmitis in a patient despite appropriate local and systemic antimicrobial chemotherapy. Although L monocytogenes is widespread in nature and has produced a variety of clinical illnesses, it has only one previously been reported to cause endophthalmitis. If appropriate microbiologic techniques are not employed, the organism may go unrecognized as an ocular pathogen.", "contents": "Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis. Listeria monocytogenes and a staphylococcus organism caused a catastrophic endophthalmitis in a patient despite appropriate local and systemic antimicrobial chemotherapy. Although L monocytogenes is widespread in nature and has produced a variety of clinical illnesses, it has only one previously been reported to cause endophthalmitis. If appropriate microbiologic techniques are not employed, the organism may go unrecognized as an ocular pathogen.", "PMID": 405962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3427", "title": "Effect of age and of screening pigment mutations on the phototactic behavior of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Five different eye color mutations of Drosophila melanogaster have been tested for their effect on phototactic behavior. All five mutations seem to cause flies to be less photonegative than Canton-S control flies. The mutation sepia was found to produce this effect when heterozygous as well. It was also found that wild-type flies from highly photopositive and photonegative strains seem to be more photoneutral with age.", "contents": "Effect of age and of screening pigment mutations on the phototactic behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. Five different eye color mutations of Drosophila melanogaster have been tested for their effect on phototactic behavior. All five mutations seem to cause flies to be less photonegative than Canton-S control flies. The mutation sepia was found to produce this effect when heterozygous as well. It was also found that wild-type flies from highly photopositive and photonegative strains seem to be more photoneutral with age.", "PMID": 405964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3428", "title": "A mutation which changes courtship song in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A mutant Drosophila melanogaster with an aberrant courtship song has been isolated. The interval between pulses and the length of the pulses are increased. The pulses are polycyclic rather than monocyclic. Flight wingbeat and sine song frequency remain unchanged. The mutation is mapped and fate-mapped. The results from the latter investigation are inconclusive.", "contents": "A mutation which changes courtship song in Drosophila melanogaster. A mutant Drosophila melanogaster with an aberrant courtship song has been isolated. The interval between pulses and the length of the pulses are increased. The pulses are polycyclic rather than monocyclic. Flight wingbeat and sine song frequency remain unchanged. The mutation is mapped and fate-mapped. The results from the latter investigation are inconclusive.", "PMID": 405965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3429", "title": "Immune responses of chickens fed the androgen analog mibolerone.", "content": "Mibolerone, an androgen analog (17 beta-hydroxy-7-alpha, 17-dimethylestr-4-en-3-one), induces a slow but progressive involution of the bursa of Fabricius when fed to chickens at microng levels during the first 7 weeks of life. Chickens receiving mibolerone remained immunologically competent, evidenced by: 1) their antibody response to nonreplicating antigens and infectious antigens; 2) the number of antibody-producing cells in their spleens; 3) the stimulation of their peripheral leukocytes with the plant mitogen phytohemagglutinin; and 4) their capacity to resist challenge with Marek's disease virus and Newcastle disease virus after vaccinations with turkey herpes-virus and the B-1 LaSota strain. This, coupled with the fact that it prevents experimental lymphoid leukosis, makes mibolerone a potential agent to be used under field conditions for the control of lymphoid leukosis.", "contents": "Immune responses of chickens fed the androgen analog mibolerone. Mibolerone, an androgen analog (17 beta-hydroxy-7-alpha, 17-dimethylestr-4-en-3-one), induces a slow but progressive involution of the bursa of Fabricius when fed to chickens at microng levels during the first 7 weeks of life. Chickens receiving mibolerone remained immunologically competent, evidenced by: 1) their antibody response to nonreplicating antigens and infectious antigens; 2) the number of antibody-producing cells in their spleens; 3) the stimulation of their peripheral leukocytes with the plant mitogen phytohemagglutinin; and 4) their capacity to resist challenge with Marek's disease virus and Newcastle disease virus after vaccinations with turkey herpes-virus and the B-1 LaSota strain. This, coupled with the fact that it prevents experimental lymphoid leukosis, makes mibolerone a potential agent to be used under field conditions for the control of lymphoid leukosis.", "PMID": 405963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3430", "title": "Origin of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase isozymes in Drosophila melanogaster and their functional relationship in the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle.", "content": "The basis for the differentiation of L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) into larval and adult isozymes in Drosophila melanogaster was investigated by the correlation of a lack of appearance of each isozyme during development within Drosophila bearing alpha-GPDH \"null\" alleles and by the study of a putative conversion factor. Conversion studies indicate the presence of a heat-labile RNase-resistant conversion factor present in crude larval extracts with the ability to convert GPDH-1 to GPDH-2 and GPDH-3 but not vice versa. In addition, \"null\" mutations at the Gpdh locus obliterate all isozymatic species of alpha-GPDH in all developmental stages. These observations suggest that all alpha-GPDH isozymes are the product of a single structural gene and that the multiple forms of this enzyme arise during successive developmental stages through an epigenetic modification of the primary Gpdh+ polypeptide. Finally, observations are reported which bear on the functional divergence of the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle in the adult and larval stage of development.", "contents": "Origin of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase isozymes in Drosophila melanogaster and their functional relationship in the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle. The basis for the differentiation of L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) into larval and adult isozymes in Drosophila melanogaster was investigated by the correlation of a lack of appearance of each isozyme during development within Drosophila bearing alpha-GPDH \"null\" alleles and by the study of a putative conversion factor. Conversion studies indicate the presence of a heat-labile RNase-resistant conversion factor present in crude larval extracts with the ability to convert GPDH-1 to GPDH-2 and GPDH-3 but not vice versa. In addition, \"null\" mutations at the Gpdh locus obliterate all isozymatic species of alpha-GPDH in all developmental stages. These observations suggest that all alpha-GPDH isozymes are the product of a single structural gene and that the multiple forms of this enzyme arise during successive developmental stages through an epigenetic modification of the primary Gpdh+ polypeptide. Finally, observations are reported which bear on the functional divergence of the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle in the adult and larval stage of development.", "PMID": 405967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3431", "title": "Isolation and characterization of pteridines from heads of Drosophila melanogaster by a modified thin-layer chromatography procedure.", "content": "An improved thin-layer chromatography technique is described for the separation of fluorescent compounds found in extracts of heads of Drosophila melanogaster. Eighteen to twenty fluorescent spots are resolved, two of which are xanthurenic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine, and the remaining spots are presumably pteridines. Of these, nine have been identified and quantitated directly on the chromatograms with a fluorometer. One of the spots present on the chromatogram apparently has not been described previous to this work. Characteristics of this substance, termed \"quench spot,\" are presented, several of which indicate that it may be a pteridine or pteridine derivative.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of pteridines from heads of Drosophila melanogaster by a modified thin-layer chromatography procedure. An improved thin-layer chromatography technique is described for the separation of fluorescent compounds found in extracts of heads of Drosophila melanogaster. Eighteen to twenty fluorescent spots are resolved, two of which are xanthurenic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine, and the remaining spots are presumably pteridines. Of these, nine have been identified and quantitated directly on the chromatograms with a fluorometer. One of the spots present on the chromatogram apparently has not been described previous to this work. Characteristics of this substance, termed \"quench spot,\" are presented, several of which indicate that it may be a pteridine or pteridine derivative.", "PMID": 405968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3432", "title": "Mechanism of suppression in Drosophila. V. Localization of the purple mutant of Drosophila melanogaster in the pteridine biosynthetic pathway.", "content": "The suppressible eye color mutant purple (pr) of Drosophila melanogaster is known to be unable to synthesize a wild-type complement of pteridine eye pigments. This study measures the reduced levels of drosopterins, sepiapterin, and an unidentified presumed pteridine in pr and prbw. Pteridine analyses in double mutants combining pr with one of three other eye color mutants sepia, Henna-recessive3, and prune2, suggest that the metabolic block in pr occurs prior to sepiapterin biosynthesis. Measurements of GTP and GTP cyclohydrolase in pr showed wild-type levels and indicate the metabolic block in pr to be at one of the steps converting dihydroneopterin triphosphate to sepiapterin. Quantitation of pteridines in suppressed purple [su(s)2; pr and pr; su(pr)e3] shows restoration of pteridines to wild-type or nearly wild-type levels.", "contents": "Mechanism of suppression in Drosophila. V. Localization of the purple mutant of Drosophila melanogaster in the pteridine biosynthetic pathway. The suppressible eye color mutant purple (pr) of Drosophila melanogaster is known to be unable to synthesize a wild-type complement of pteridine eye pigments. This study measures the reduced levels of drosopterins, sepiapterin, and an unidentified presumed pteridine in pr and prbw. Pteridine analyses in double mutants combining pr with one of three other eye color mutants sepia, Henna-recessive3, and prune2, suggest that the metabolic block in pr occurs prior to sepiapterin biosynthesis. Measurements of GTP and GTP cyclohydrolase in pr showed wild-type levels and indicate the metabolic block in pr to be at one of the steps converting dihydroneopterin triphosphate to sepiapterin. Quantitation of pteridines in suppressed purple [su(s)2; pr and pr; su(pr)e3] shows restoration of pteridines to wild-type or nearly wild-type levels.", "PMID": 405969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3433", "title": "Mapping of nucleoside phosphorylase (Np-1) and esterase 10 (Es-10) on mouse chromosome 14.", "content": "A method for detecting two alleles at Np-1 (nucleoside phosphorylase) and three alleles at Es-10 (esterase 10) from mouse blood by cellulose acetate electrophoresis is described. The allelic constitution at these loci for 44 inbred strains and stocks was determined. The location of Np-1 on chromosome 14 was established by backcross experiments in which alleles at Np-1 and Robertsonian translocations were segregating. Es-10 was shown to be linked to Np-1, and the following genetic map of Chr 14 was constructed: centromere-(8.9 +/- 4.0 cM)-[Np-1, Wc]-(10.2 +/- 1.9 cM)-Es-10-(15.5 +/- 3.7 cM)-s. The homologous human loci, NP and ES-D, are not linked.", "contents": "Mapping of nucleoside phosphorylase (Np-1) and esterase 10 (Es-10) on mouse chromosome 14. A method for detecting two alleles at Np-1 (nucleoside phosphorylase) and three alleles at Es-10 (esterase 10) from mouse blood by cellulose acetate electrophoresis is described. The allelic constitution at these loci for 44 inbred strains and stocks was determined. The location of Np-1 on chromosome 14 was established by backcross experiments in which alleles at Np-1 and Robertsonian translocations were segregating. Es-10 was shown to be linked to Np-1, and the following genetic map of Chr 14 was constructed: centromere-(8.9 +/- 4.0 cM)-[Np-1, Wc]-(10.2 +/- 1.9 cM)-Es-10-(15.5 +/- 3.7 cM)-s. The homologous human loci, NP and ES-D, are not linked.", "PMID": 405970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3434", "title": "Proteoglycan populations of baboon (Papio papio) articular cartilage.", "content": "1. Gel electrophoresis of proteoglycans extracted with use of 4 M-guanidinium chloride from baboon (Papio papio) articular cartilage and purified on DEAE-cellulose in 8 M-urea yielded three bands on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide/agarose gels: two wide bands close together (I and II) and a third, thinner and more rapidly moving band (III). 2. Gel electrophoresis of fractions from direct 'dissociative' gradients showed that these bands were partially separated (buoyant density of I greater than II greater than III). 3. Reduction and alkylation of proteoglycans did not alter either the gel-electrophoretic pattern or the distribution of the bands in the fractions of the gradient. 4. Band III was found in the upper third of 'associative' gradients but not in the bottom fraction, which yielded after dissociation only bands I and II. 5. The third band was completely extracted for 24h with an iso-osmotic solution, but was contaminated with bands I and II. The second extraction step with 4M-guanidinium chloride yielded only bands I and II. 6. The data strongly suggest the presence in the articular cartilage of several populations of dissociated proteoglycans differing in gel-electrophoretic migration, buoyant density and aggregation capacity.", "contents": "Proteoglycan populations of baboon (Papio papio) articular cartilage. 1. Gel electrophoresis of proteoglycans extracted with use of 4 M-guanidinium chloride from baboon (Papio papio) articular cartilage and purified on DEAE-cellulose in 8 M-urea yielded three bands on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide/agarose gels: two wide bands close together (I and II) and a third, thinner and more rapidly moving band (III). 2. Gel electrophoresis of fractions from direct 'dissociative' gradients showed that these bands were partially separated (buoyant density of I greater than II greater than III). 3. Reduction and alkylation of proteoglycans did not alter either the gel-electrophoretic pattern or the distribution of the bands in the fractions of the gradient. 4. Band III was found in the upper third of 'associative' gradients but not in the bottom fraction, which yielded after dissociation only bands I and II. 5. The third band was completely extracted for 24h with an iso-osmotic solution, but was contaminated with bands I and II. The second extraction step with 4M-guanidinium chloride yielded only bands I and II. 6. The data strongly suggest the presence in the articular cartilage of several populations of dissociated proteoglycans differing in gel-electrophoretic migration, buoyant density and aggregation capacity.", "PMID": 405971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3435", "title": "The phospholipid-dependence of uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase. Phospholipid depletion and re-activation of guinea-pig liver microsomal enzyme.", "content": "More than 80% of the phospholipid component of guinea-pig liver microsomal membranes (prepared with 154mM-KCl) was removed by treatment with phospholipase A followed by extraction of the lysophosphatides and fatty acids produced with albumin. Delipidation strongly inactivated the highly active UDP-glucuronyltransferase of these preparations and activity was restored by mixtures of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylchlone. However, small quantities of lysophosphatides were still associated with the delipidated fractions after extraction with albumin and might have influenced the inactivation and re-activation observed. To eliminate these uncertainties, microsomal proteins and phospholipids were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 in the presence of cholate. This technique also strongly inactivated the enzyme but did not generate membrane-active phospholipid degradation products. High transferase activity was again restored to the delipidated protein by choline glycerophosphatides. These results confirm the view that the fully active form of microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase is phospholipid-dependent.", "contents": "The phospholipid-dependence of uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase. Phospholipid depletion and re-activation of guinea-pig liver microsomal enzyme. More than 80% of the phospholipid component of guinea-pig liver microsomal membranes (prepared with 154mM-KCl) was removed by treatment with phospholipase A followed by extraction of the lysophosphatides and fatty acids produced with albumin. Delipidation strongly inactivated the highly active UDP-glucuronyltransferase of these preparations and activity was restored by mixtures of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylchlone. However, small quantities of lysophosphatides were still associated with the delipidated fractions after extraction with albumin and might have influenced the inactivation and re-activation observed. To eliminate these uncertainties, microsomal proteins and phospholipids were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 in the presence of cholate. This technique also strongly inactivated the enzyme but did not generate membrane-active phospholipid degradation products. High transferase activity was again restored to the delipidated protein by choline glycerophosphatides. These results confirm the view that the fully active form of microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase is phospholipid-dependent.", "PMID": 405972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3436", "title": "Enzyme instability and proteolysis during the purification of an alcohol dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The alcohol dehydrogenase of the Drosophila melanogaster adhUF allele (alloenzyme with ultra-fast electrophoretic mobility) was unstable in crude or partially purified preparations. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis indicated that inactivation was porbably due to proteolytic degradation, and new method of purification of the enzyme was developed. After three steps, namely salmine sulphate precipitation, hydroxyapatite chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, a 10-fold purified preparation was obtained. The enzyme produced was relatively stable compared with alcohol dehydrogenase purified by other methods, and was shown to be proteinase-free. The enzyme had a subunit mol.wt. of 24000 and had a single thiol residue per subunit available for titration with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The amino acid composition and C-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme were determined. The substrate specificity of this alcohol dehydrogenase was also characterized. These results are discussed in relation to experiments on the evolutionary significance of thermostability at the adh locus.", "contents": "Enzyme instability and proteolysis during the purification of an alcohol dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster. The alcohol dehydrogenase of the Drosophila melanogaster adhUF allele (alloenzyme with ultra-fast electrophoretic mobility) was unstable in crude or partially purified preparations. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis indicated that inactivation was porbably due to proteolytic degradation, and new method of purification of the enzyme was developed. After three steps, namely salmine sulphate precipitation, hydroxyapatite chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, a 10-fold purified preparation was obtained. The enzyme produced was relatively stable compared with alcohol dehydrogenase purified by other methods, and was shown to be proteinase-free. The enzyme had a subunit mol.wt. of 24000 and had a single thiol residue per subunit available for titration with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The amino acid composition and C-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme were determined. The substrate specificity of this alcohol dehydrogenase was also characterized. These results are discussed in relation to experiments on the evolutionary significance of thermostability at the adh locus.", "PMID": 405973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3437", "title": "[New aspects of treatment of hemodynamic complications in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a description of hemodynamic and metabolic effects of an acute myocardial infarction, indications for a therapy with furosemide, isosorbiddinitrate, digitalis, canrenoate-potassium, and dopamine and the results thereof are discussed. Special consideration is given to the question of vasodilatory treatment with nitroprusside, phentolamine, and nitroglycerin infusion.", "contents": "[New aspects of treatment of hemodynamic complications in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Following a description of hemodynamic and metabolic effects of an acute myocardial infarction, indications for a therapy with furosemide, isosorbiddinitrate, digitalis, canrenoate-potassium, and dopamine and the results thereof are discussed. Special consideration is given to the question of vasodilatory treatment with nitroprusside, phentolamine, and nitroglycerin infusion.", "PMID": 405976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3438", "title": "Cardiac arrest temperature: the effect of ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide on baboons.", "content": "The effect of high inspired carbon dioxide concentrations and i.v. ethyl alcohol on the temperature at which cardiac arrest occurred was studied in chacma baboons. Alcohol-treated baboons developed cardiac arrest at a temperature of 24.3 degrees C (SD +/- 0.85) and control animals at 27 degrees C (SD +/- 1.30). There were no signs of cardiac failure before the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation.", "contents": "Cardiac arrest temperature: the effect of ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide on baboons. The effect of high inspired carbon dioxide concentrations and i.v. ethyl alcohol on the temperature at which cardiac arrest occurred was studied in chacma baboons. Alcohol-treated baboons developed cardiac arrest at a temperature of 24.3 degrees C (SD +/- 0.85) and control animals at 27 degrees C (SD +/- 1.30). There were no signs of cardiac failure before the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation.", "PMID": 405979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3439", "title": "Metabolism of 7,12,-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene by normal and regenerating rat livers.", "content": "The in vitro metabolisms of [14C]7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) by post-mitochondrial supernates and microsomes from intact and regenerating rat livers were compared. Both cell fractions from regenerating livers at 48, 72, and 96 h after partial hepatectomy metabolized less [14C]DMBA than similar fractions from intact livers. Prior in vivo treatment with DMBA enhanced metabolism by the cell fractions from both groups, but specific activities of cell fractions from regenerating livers were always about 60% or less of those from intact livers. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of metabolites formed in incubations using either cell fraction failed to reveal distinct differences between ether-soluble or water-soluble products of similar fractions from intact and regenerating livers. However, highly reproducible differences were found between chromatograms of water-soluble metabolites formed by microsomes and post-mitochondrial supernates in both intact and regenerating livers. Extrapolations from these studies indicate large differences in the metabolic capacity of intact and regenerating livers when expressed on a whole-liver basis, but it is suggested that there may be additional factors contributing to the increased retention of DMBA by regenerating livers.", "contents": "Metabolism of 7,12,-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene by normal and regenerating rat livers. The in vitro metabolisms of [14C]7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) by post-mitochondrial supernates and microsomes from intact and regenerating rat livers were compared. Both cell fractions from regenerating livers at 48, 72, and 96 h after partial hepatectomy metabolized less [14C]DMBA than similar fractions from intact livers. Prior in vivo treatment with DMBA enhanced metabolism by the cell fractions from both groups, but specific activities of cell fractions from regenerating livers were always about 60% or less of those from intact livers. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of metabolites formed in incubations using either cell fraction failed to reveal distinct differences between ether-soluble or water-soluble products of similar fractions from intact and regenerating livers. However, highly reproducible differences were found between chromatograms of water-soluble metabolites formed by microsomes and post-mitochondrial supernates in both intact and regenerating livers. Extrapolations from these studies indicate large differences in the metabolic capacity of intact and regenerating livers when expressed on a whole-liver basis, but it is suggested that there may be additional factors contributing to the increased retention of DMBA by regenerating livers.", "PMID": 405980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3440", "title": "Two-stage carcinogenesis with rat embryo cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Transformation of rat embryo fibroblasts in vitro has been investigated using initiation with either benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), 7,12-dimethylbena(a)anthracent (DMBA) or benzo(e)pyrene (BeP) and promotion with either phorbol ester (TPA) or croton oil (Cr.Oil). The criteria used to assess in vitro transformation were (a) the efficiency of cloning in liquid medium, (b) abnormal cellular morphology and (c) the development of malignant tumours following s.c. inoculation of newborn rats. The results show that the cloning efficiency, which remained low in the control cells, was increased to a variable extent in the treated groups. Transformation occurred in all groups, but occurred earliest in cells that were initiated and promoted. Initiation with DMBA or BaP and promotion with TPA or Cr.Oil led to the earliest acquisition of malignancy. Correlations were found between the transformation of cells in vitro and the acquisition of malignant potential, and between the carcinogenic action of the compounds in vitro and their action in vivo, but cloning efficiency was not a reliable indicator of in vitro transformation or of malignancy. In most cases in vitro transformation appeared to precede the acquisition of malignancy, but in two cases it occurred later. The studies also show that BeP, which is a tumour initiator in vivo, also acts in this way in vitro. The conclusion drawn from a discussion of these results and of two-stage carcinogenesis in vivo is that two-stage carcinogenesis can be reproduced in tissue culture; this model may be useful in studies of those mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis that involve the processes of initiation and promotion.", "contents": "Two-stage carcinogenesis with rat embryo cells in tissue culture. Transformation of rat embryo fibroblasts in vitro has been investigated using initiation with either benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), 7,12-dimethylbena(a)anthracent (DMBA) or benzo(e)pyrene (BeP) and promotion with either phorbol ester (TPA) or croton oil (Cr.Oil). The criteria used to assess in vitro transformation were (a) the efficiency of cloning in liquid medium, (b) abnormal cellular morphology and (c) the development of malignant tumours following s.c. inoculation of newborn rats. The results show that the cloning efficiency, which remained low in the control cells, was increased to a variable extent in the treated groups. Transformation occurred in all groups, but occurred earliest in cells that were initiated and promoted. Initiation with DMBA or BaP and promotion with TPA or Cr.Oil led to the earliest acquisition of malignancy. Correlations were found between the transformation of cells in vitro and the acquisition of malignant potential, and between the carcinogenic action of the compounds in vitro and their action in vivo, but cloning efficiency was not a reliable indicator of in vitro transformation or of malignancy. In most cases in vitro transformation appeared to precede the acquisition of malignancy, but in two cases it occurred later. The studies also show that BeP, which is a tumour initiator in vivo, also acts in this way in vitro. The conclusion drawn from a discussion of these results and of two-stage carcinogenesis in vivo is that two-stage carcinogenesis can be reproduced in tissue culture; this model may be useful in studies of those mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis that involve the processes of initiation and promotion.", "PMID": 405981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3441", "title": "A severe necrotic enterotoxin produced by certain food, food poisoning and other clinical isolates of Bacillus cereus.", "content": "The ability of certain strains of Bacillus cereus consistently to elaborate a filterable non-dialysable toxin capable of causing severe disruption and necrosis of the intestinal mucosa and submucosa is confirmed. This property is not universal to all B. cereus strains and different degrees of production of this toxin are exhibited by the different strains which produce it. The necrotic effect is produced by whole-cell cultures of the toxin producing strains in broth and in boiled rice. Some characteristics of this necrotic toxin are described and its relationship with the diarrhoeal and other known B. cereus toxins is discussed.", "contents": "A severe necrotic enterotoxin produced by certain food, food poisoning and other clinical isolates of Bacillus cereus. The ability of certain strains of Bacillus cereus consistently to elaborate a filterable non-dialysable toxin capable of causing severe disruption and necrosis of the intestinal mucosa and submucosa is confirmed. This property is not universal to all B. cereus strains and different degrees of production of this toxin are exhibited by the different strains which produce it. The necrotic effect is produced by whole-cell cultures of the toxin producing strains in broth and in boiled rice. Some characteristics of this necrotic toxin are described and its relationship with the diarrhoeal and other known B. cereus toxins is discussed.", "PMID": 405982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3442", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies in primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis.", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies were carried out on 47 patients with primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis. The majority had the macular, maculopapular or papular forms of lichen amyloidosus, although 3 patients had the nodular type. All biopsies fluoresced positively for immunoglobulins or complement, particularly IgM and C3. Staining for kappa and lambda light chains was positive. The consistent immunofluorescent patterns observed were similar in some respects to lichen planus, suggesting that colloid bodies and amyloid may share similar properties in acting as a filamentous sponge on to which immunoglobulins and complement are absorbed. The pathogenesis of lichen amyloidosus is compared with that of lichen planus.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies in primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis. Immunofluorescence studies were carried out on 47 patients with primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis. The majority had the macular, maculopapular or papular forms of lichen amyloidosus, although 3 patients had the nodular type. All biopsies fluoresced positively for immunoglobulins or complement, particularly IgM and C3. Staining for kappa and lambda light chains was positive. The consistent immunofluorescent patterns observed were similar in some respects to lichen planus, suggesting that colloid bodies and amyloid may share similar properties in acting as a filamentous sponge on to which immunoglobulins and complement are absorbed. The pathogenesis of lichen amyloidosus is compared with that of lichen planus.", "PMID": 405983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3443", "title": "Acquired zinc deficiency disease of skin.", "content": "Two patients, who were on long term parenteral hyperalimentation, developed skin lesions similar to those seen in acrodermatitis enteropathica. Both patients were treated with oral zinc sulphate and their skin lesions cleared completely. These patients are presented as an acquired zinc deficiency syndrome.", "contents": "Acquired zinc deficiency disease of skin. Two patients, who were on long term parenteral hyperalimentation, developed skin lesions similar to those seen in acrodermatitis enteropathica. Both patients were treated with oral zinc sulphate and their skin lesions cleared completely. These patients are presented as an acquired zinc deficiency syndrome.", "PMID": 405984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3444", "title": "Immune haemolytic anaemia and renal failure induced by streptomycin.", "content": "A case of acute immune haemolytic anaemia and renal failure induced by streptomycin, is reported. The clinical features are similar to those in a case previously reported in which no in vitro proof of antibodies was obtained. In this case, streptomycin-specific IgG antibodies, with both k and lambda light chains, could be demonstrated. The streptomycin bound strongly to the red cell membrane, apparently through chemical groups related to the M antigen and possibly also to the D antigen. Complement-fixation by the drug-specific IgG antibodies, after reaction with the streptomycin-coated red cells, could also be demonstrated. On the basis of these findings, our conclusion is that a complement-fixing hapten-cell mechanism was the main cause of the intravascular haemolytic episode suffered by the patient on exposure to streptomycin. This drug had been prescribed 15 years earlier for pulmonary tuberculosis and he had since injected himself with it whenever he felt \"flu\" symptoms, without harmful effects, until now.", "contents": "Immune haemolytic anaemia and renal failure induced by streptomycin. A case of acute immune haemolytic anaemia and renal failure induced by streptomycin, is reported. The clinical features are similar to those in a case previously reported in which no in vitro proof of antibodies was obtained. In this case, streptomycin-specific IgG antibodies, with both k and lambda light chains, could be demonstrated. The streptomycin bound strongly to the red cell membrane, apparently through chemical groups related to the M antigen and possibly also to the D antigen. Complement-fixation by the drug-specific IgG antibodies, after reaction with the streptomycin-coated red cells, could also be demonstrated. On the basis of these findings, our conclusion is that a complement-fixing hapten-cell mechanism was the main cause of the intravascular haemolytic episode suffered by the patient on exposure to streptomycin. This drug had been prescribed 15 years earlier for pulmonary tuberculosis and he had since injected himself with it whenever he felt \"flu\" symptoms, without harmful effects, until now.", "PMID": 405985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3445", "title": "Reticulum fibres in relation to retinal vessels.", "content": "Argyrophilic perivascular and intervascular fibres in the mammalian retina are shown by specific antireticulin immunofluorescence to consist of reticulin. The possible significance of these findings is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Reticulum fibres in relation to retinal vessels. Argyrophilic perivascular and intervascular fibres in the mammalian retina are shown by specific antireticulin immunofluorescence to consist of reticulin. The possible significance of these findings is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 405986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3446", "title": "Immunochemical characterization of a polyclonal human antibody to factor IX.", "content": "Inhibitors of clotting factors occuring in humans are often antibody molecules synthesized in response to exogeneous proteins used in replacement therapy. Extensive studies of inhibitors to factor VIII indicate such antibodies may be monoclonal or polyclonal in nature. To date, only one factor IX inhibitor has been subjected to detailed immunochemical analysis and it appears to be a monoclonal IgGA lambda antibody. We have discovered a second inhibitor of factor IX in a patient with severe hemophilia B and have subjected it to immunochemical analysis. Studies on this second inhibitor have been carried out before and after an anamnestic response. Column chromatography, preparative zone electrophoresis, and specific inhibitor neutralization assays using monospecific heterologous antisera to human immunoglobulin classes, subclasses, and light-chain types indicate that the antibody is of the IgG class and contains both kappa and lambda light chains and probably all four IgG subclasses. Thus, the inhibitor appears to be polyclonal by immunochemical and structural criteria. In addition, preparative isoelectric focusing of pre- and postanamnestic inhibitor samples indicates that recruitment of new clones of IgG antibody occurs as a result of anamnesis. It is conceivable that an antibody initially restricted in immunoglobulin subclass became polyclonal following an anamnestic response.", "contents": "Immunochemical characterization of a polyclonal human antibody to factor IX. Inhibitors of clotting factors occuring in humans are often antibody molecules synthesized in response to exogeneous proteins used in replacement therapy. Extensive studies of inhibitors to factor VIII indicate such antibodies may be monoclonal or polyclonal in nature. To date, only one factor IX inhibitor has been subjected to detailed immunochemical analysis and it appears to be a monoclonal IgGA lambda antibody. We have discovered a second inhibitor of factor IX in a patient with severe hemophilia B and have subjected it to immunochemical analysis. Studies on this second inhibitor have been carried out before and after an anamnestic response. Column chromatography, preparative zone electrophoresis, and specific inhibitor neutralization assays using monospecific heterologous antisera to human immunoglobulin classes, subclasses, and light-chain types indicate that the antibody is of the IgG class and contains both kappa and lambda light chains and probably all four IgG subclasses. Thus, the inhibitor appears to be polyclonal by immunochemical and structural criteria. In addition, preparative isoelectric focusing of pre- and postanamnestic inhibitor samples indicates that recruitment of new clones of IgG antibody occurs as a result of anamnesis. It is conceivable that an antibody initially restricted in immunoglobulin subclass became polyclonal following an anamnestic response.", "PMID": 405991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3447", "title": "Comparative studies on monotypic IgM lambda and IgG kappa from an individual patient. IV. Immunofluorescent evidence for a common clonal synthesis.", "content": "Previous studies have presented evidence of shared idiotypic antigenic determinants located within the variable (VH) region of the heavy chains of monotypic IgMlambda and IgGkappa isolated from the serum of an individual patient, Bro, with Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia. Comparative N-terminal VH sequence analyses have demonstrated that the respective micron and gamma chains belong to separate VH subgroups. The entire VH sequence of the Bro micron chain has been reported, but the VH sequence of the Bro gamma chain still awaits completion. We report the results of an immunofluorescent analysis of cytoplasmic Ig of lymphoid cells isolated from the patient's peripheral blood and bone marrow. Between 6% and 9% of the cytoplasmic Ig-positive lymphoid cells exhibited fluorescent evidence for the dual presence of kappa and lambda chains are well as micron and gamma chains. These results strongly suggest that the idiotypically related Bro IgMlambda and IgGkappa paraproteins are derived from a common clonal origin. Moreover, these findings extend the results of a previous study that has demonstrated the dual presence of IgGkappa and IgGlambda paraproteins within individual myeloma plasma cells. Collectively, these studies suggest that a single neoplastic lymphoid clone may not necessarily be restricted to the synthesis of Ig proteins of the identical light chain class. These findings may have a broad implication for the understanding of surface and cytoplasmic Ig markers of neoplastic lymphoid cells in certain other lymphoproliferative disorders.", "contents": "Comparative studies on monotypic IgM lambda and IgG kappa from an individual patient. IV. Immunofluorescent evidence for a common clonal synthesis. Previous studies have presented evidence of shared idiotypic antigenic determinants located within the variable (VH) region of the heavy chains of monotypic IgMlambda and IgGkappa isolated from the serum of an individual patient, Bro, with Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia. Comparative N-terminal VH sequence analyses have demonstrated that the respective micron and gamma chains belong to separate VH subgroups. The entire VH sequence of the Bro micron chain has been reported, but the VH sequence of the Bro gamma chain still awaits completion. We report the results of an immunofluorescent analysis of cytoplasmic Ig of lymphoid cells isolated from the patient's peripheral blood and bone marrow. Between 6% and 9% of the cytoplasmic Ig-positive lymphoid cells exhibited fluorescent evidence for the dual presence of kappa and lambda chains are well as micron and gamma chains. These results strongly suggest that the idiotypically related Bro IgMlambda and IgGkappa paraproteins are derived from a common clonal origin. Moreover, these findings extend the results of a previous study that has demonstrated the dual presence of IgGkappa and IgGlambda paraproteins within individual myeloma plasma cells. Collectively, these studies suggest that a single neoplastic lymphoid clone may not necessarily be restricted to the synthesis of Ig proteins of the identical light chain class. These findings may have a broad implication for the understanding of surface and cytoplasmic Ig markers of neoplastic lymphoid cells in certain other lymphoproliferative disorders.", "PMID": 405992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3448", "title": "An unusual case of leukemia with high fetal hemoglobin: demonstration of abnormal hemoglobin synthesis localized in a red cell clone.", "content": "A high level of fetal hemoglobin was found in an 8-yr-old boy without any hematologic disorders except for a moderate anemia. The absence of hemoglobin abnormalities in the parents led us to suspect a latent malignant disease that, on follow-up, was confirmed to be myelomonocytic leukemia. Hemoglobin biosynthetic studies provided evidence of unbalanced synthesis of globin subunits by reticulocytes, while the production of non-alpha chains was equal to that of alpha chains in bone marrow cells. The expression of red cell antigen i was increased, while those of I, A, and A1 antigens were found to decrease progressively. Two populations of erythrocytes, A-positive and A-negative, were distinguished and could be separated by differential agglutination. Unbalanced globin chain synthesis, increased fetal hemoglobin, and antigenic changes of the membrane were shown to be restricted to the A-negative population. The biologic data were not entirely consistent with a genuine reversion to fetal erythropoiesis. The question remains of a polychromosomal lesion of either quiescent F cells or adult stem cells.", "contents": "An unusual case of leukemia with high fetal hemoglobin: demonstration of abnormal hemoglobin synthesis localized in a red cell clone. A high level of fetal hemoglobin was found in an 8-yr-old boy without any hematologic disorders except for a moderate anemia. The absence of hemoglobin abnormalities in the parents led us to suspect a latent malignant disease that, on follow-up, was confirmed to be myelomonocytic leukemia. Hemoglobin biosynthetic studies provided evidence of unbalanced synthesis of globin subunits by reticulocytes, while the production of non-alpha chains was equal to that of alpha chains in bone marrow cells. The expression of red cell antigen i was increased, while those of I, A, and A1 antigens were found to decrease progressively. Two populations of erythrocytes, A-positive and A-negative, were distinguished and could be separated by differential agglutination. Unbalanced globin chain synthesis, increased fetal hemoglobin, and antigenic changes of the membrane were shown to be restricted to the A-negative population. The biologic data were not entirely consistent with a genuine reversion to fetal erythropoiesis. The question remains of a polychromosomal lesion of either quiescent F cells or adult stem cells.", "PMID": 405993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3449", "title": "Treatment of atopic eczema in children: clinical trial of 10% sodium cromoglycate ointment.", "content": "In a double-blind randomised group-comparative trial 21 children with chronic atopic eczema were treated twice daily for up to 12 weeks with an ointment containing 10% sodium cromoglycate (SCG) in white soft paraffin. A similar group of 21 children was treated for up to 12 weeks with a placebo ointment consisting of the white soft-paraffin base only. The number of patients who withdrew from the trial because treatment was ineffective was significantly greater in the placebo group (16) than in the SCG group (four). Comparison between the two groups also showed significant improvement in inflammation, lichenification, and cracking and the symptoms of itching and sleep disturbance among those on SCG treatment. At the end of treatment significantly more patients in the SCG group (16) had benefited from treatment compared with only two patients in the placebo group. No patients experienced side effects. I conclude that SCG ointment may be a safe alternative to topical steroids in the treatment of atopic eczema in children.", "contents": "Treatment of atopic eczema in children: clinical trial of 10% sodium cromoglycate ointment. In a double-blind randomised group-comparative trial 21 children with chronic atopic eczema were treated twice daily for up to 12 weeks with an ointment containing 10% sodium cromoglycate (SCG) in white soft paraffin. A similar group of 21 children was treated for up to 12 weeks with a placebo ointment consisting of the white soft-paraffin base only. The number of patients who withdrew from the trial because treatment was ineffective was significantly greater in the placebo group (16) than in the SCG group (four). Comparison between the two groups also showed significant improvement in inflammation, lichenification, and cracking and the symptoms of itching and sleep disturbance among those on SCG treatment. At the end of treatment significantly more patients in the SCG group (16) had benefited from treatment compared with only two patients in the placebo group. No patients experienced side effects. I conclude that SCG ointment may be a safe alternative to topical steroids in the treatment of atopic eczema in children.", "PMID": 405998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3450", "title": "Unnecessary polypharmacy for epilepsy.", "content": "A retrospective survey of 50 adult epileptic outpatients who were taking two anticonvulsants drugs showed that seizure control had improved in the six months after the introduction of the second drug in only 36%. When blood concentrations of the two anticonvulsants were subsequently measured improvement in seizure control was found to be significantly related to the presence of optimum blood concentrations of at least one drug. Much unnecessary polypharmacy in the treatment of epilepsy could be avoided by ensuring an optimum blood concentration of one drug before considering the addition of a second.", "contents": "Unnecessary polypharmacy for epilepsy. A retrospective survey of 50 adult epileptic outpatients who were taking two anticonvulsants drugs showed that seizure control had improved in the six months after the introduction of the second drug in only 36%. When blood concentrations of the two anticonvulsants were subsequently measured improvement in seizure control was found to be significantly related to the presence of optimum blood concentrations of at least one drug. Much unnecessary polypharmacy in the treatment of epilepsy could be avoided by ensuring an optimum blood concentration of one drug before considering the addition of a second.", "PMID": 406001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3451", "title": "Primary amenorrhoea: the ambiguous non-entity.", "content": "Hypothalamic-pituitary activity was investigated in 20 women with primary amenorrhoea, in whom gonadal dysgenesis and lower M\u00fcllerian duct anomalies had been excluded. There was no specific or uniform pattern of response to luteinising hormone-releasing hormone and no evidence of a common defect at pituitary-hypothalamic level to account for the absence of spontaneous menstruation. Six women had hyperprolactinaemia; of these five had radiological evidence of pituitary enlargement. The conventional distinction between \"primary\" and \"secondary\" amenorrhoea should be abandoned, and, in common with current practice for other endocrine glands, primary amenorrhoea should indicate an abnormality of the gonad itself and secondary amenorrhoea an abnormality that results from hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction.", "contents": "Primary amenorrhoea: the ambiguous non-entity. Hypothalamic-pituitary activity was investigated in 20 women with primary amenorrhoea, in whom gonadal dysgenesis and lower M\u00fcllerian duct anomalies had been excluded. There was no specific or uniform pattern of response to luteinising hormone-releasing hormone and no evidence of a common defect at pituitary-hypothalamic level to account for the absence of spontaneous menstruation. Six women had hyperprolactinaemia; of these five had radiological evidence of pituitary enlargement. The conventional distinction between \"primary\" and \"secondary\" amenorrhoea should be abandoned, and, in common with current practice for other endocrine glands, primary amenorrhoea should indicate an abnormality of the gonad itself and secondary amenorrhoea an abnormality that results from hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction.", "PMID": 406003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3452", "title": "Menstruation and control of diabetes.", "content": "Seventy per cent of the patients aged 45 years or under and suffering from diabetic ketoacidosis who were seen in one diabetic clinic over five years were women. The association of menstruation with ketoacidosis was assessed over two and a half years, and it was found that menstruation was associated with ketoacidosis more often than would be expected by chance (P less than 0-01). Two hundred women were interviewed and 76 observed that menstruation changed their diabetic control. Fifty-three found that control deteriorated and hyperglycaemia occurred, while 23 found that control improved and hypoglycaemia was a common problem. Menstruation appears to be an important factor in influencing control of diabetes. The mechanism of the changes observed has not yet been determined, but it seems to be a subject worthy of further investigation.", "contents": "Menstruation and control of diabetes. Seventy per cent of the patients aged 45 years or under and suffering from diabetic ketoacidosis who were seen in one diabetic clinic over five years were women. The association of menstruation with ketoacidosis was assessed over two and a half years, and it was found that menstruation was associated with ketoacidosis more often than would be expected by chance (P less than 0-01). Two hundred women were interviewed and 76 observed that menstruation changed their diabetic control. Fifty-three found that control deteriorated and hyperglycaemia occurred, while 23 found that control improved and hypoglycaemia was a common problem. Menstruation appears to be an important factor in influencing control of diabetes. The mechanism of the changes observed has not yet been determined, but it seems to be a subject worthy of further investigation.", "PMID": 406008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3453", "title": "Detection and identification of gonococcal L-Forms using a direct immunofluorescence test.", "content": "A fluorescent antibody test was used to identify L-Forms of N. gonorrhoeae induced in vitro. It was possible to differentiate the Large Bodies of the L-Forms from parent gonococci and the fluorescent reaction remained specific in the presence of tissue culture cells. A possible method to identify L-Forms of gonococci from patients presenting with postgonococcal urethritis is described.", "contents": "Detection and identification of gonococcal L-Forms using a direct immunofluorescence test. A fluorescent antibody test was used to identify L-Forms of N. gonorrhoeae induced in vitro. It was possible to differentiate the Large Bodies of the L-Forms from parent gonococci and the fluorescent reaction remained specific in the presence of tissue culture cells. A possible method to identify L-Forms of gonococci from patients presenting with postgonococcal urethritis is described.", "PMID": 406010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3454", "title": "Problems posed by potential gonococcal vaccines viewed from the vantage point of a control agency.", "content": "Progress in the characterisation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other bacterial pathogens has suggested that immunoprophylaxis for gonorrhoea may be possible despite the well-known propensity for reinfection. Pili, outer membrane proteins, a capsular polysaccharide, and the lipopolysaccharide may be important gonococcal virulence factors, and immune components (probably antibodies) to more than one of these antigens may be required to confer immunity. A study of antigenic polymorphism of these structures should identify disease isolates more precisely and provide information about the relationship between variants of these gonococcal structures and gonococcal virulence.", "contents": "Problems posed by potential gonococcal vaccines viewed from the vantage point of a control agency. Progress in the characterisation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other bacterial pathogens has suggested that immunoprophylaxis for gonorrhoea may be possible despite the well-known propensity for reinfection. Pili, outer membrane proteins, a capsular polysaccharide, and the lipopolysaccharide may be important gonococcal virulence factors, and immune components (probably antibodies) to more than one of these antigens may be required to confer immunity. A study of antigenic polymorphism of these structures should identify disease isolates more precisely and provide information about the relationship between variants of these gonococcal structures and gonococcal virulence.", "PMID": 406011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3455", "title": "Form deprivation without light deprivation produces the visual deprivation syndrome in Macaca mulatta.", "content": "The previously reported arrest of cell growth in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) following unilateral lid suture during visual immaturity in cats, dogs and monkeys could be caused by deprivation of light or form vision, binocular interaction or a combination of these factors. The lens was surgically removed from one eye of 3 macaques during the first month of life. Quantitative histologic comparison between LGN laminae connected with the phakic and aphakic eye revealed reductions of cell sizes in the monocular and binocular LGN segments receiving input from the aphakic eye of a magnitude comparable to that obtained by the lid suture technique. Since the amount of light stimulating the retina through an aphakic pupil is not reduced, we conclude that light deprivation can be excluded as a cause for arrest of cell growth in the LGN.", "contents": "Form deprivation without light deprivation produces the visual deprivation syndrome in Macaca mulatta. The previously reported arrest of cell growth in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) following unilateral lid suture during visual immaturity in cats, dogs and monkeys could be caused by deprivation of light or form vision, binocular interaction or a combination of these factors. The lens was surgically removed from one eye of 3 macaques during the first month of life. Quantitative histologic comparison between LGN laminae connected with the phakic and aphakic eye revealed reductions of cell sizes in the monocular and binocular LGN segments receiving input from the aphakic eye of a magnitude comparable to that obtained by the lid suture technique. Since the amount of light stimulating the retina through an aphakic pupil is not reduced, we conclude that light deprivation can be excluded as a cause for arrest of cell growth in the LGN.", "PMID": 406013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3456", "title": "Goitres in rats fed polychlorinated biphenyls.", "content": "Rats fed a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture in a high- or low-iodine diet (HID or LID respectively) for 15 days had thyroid enlargement, low serum thyroxine (T4), and high serum thyrotropin concentrations. Although binding of thyroid hormones to serum proteins was reduced in PCB-fed animals, the free T4 index (reflecting free T4 in serum) was less in these rats. Both serum triiodothyronine (T3) and the free T3 index were elevated in rats fed PCB in HID. LID-maintained rats elevated serum T3 concentrations but the free T3 index was similar to that in HID-fed rats, owing to enhanced binding of thyroid hormone to serum proteins. Addition of PCB to LID reduced serum T3 levels but did not alter the free T3 index because binding was less. In rats fed HID containing PCB, thyroid 131I uptake was increased.", "contents": "Goitres in rats fed polychlorinated biphenyls. Rats fed a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture in a high- or low-iodine diet (HID or LID respectively) for 15 days had thyroid enlargement, low serum thyroxine (T4), and high serum thyrotropin concentrations. Although binding of thyroid hormones to serum proteins was reduced in PCB-fed animals, the free T4 index (reflecting free T4 in serum) was less in these rats. Both serum triiodothyronine (T3) and the free T3 index were elevated in rats fed PCB in HID. LID-maintained rats elevated serum T3 concentrations but the free T3 index was similar to that in HID-fed rats, owing to enhanced binding of thyroid hormone to serum proteins. Addition of PCB to LID reduced serum T3 levels but did not alter the free T3 index because binding was less. In rats fed HID containing PCB, thyroid 131I uptake was increased.", "PMID": 406020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3457", "title": "Similar C-phycocyanins from two strains of thermotolerant cyanophyte Mastigocladus laminousus.", "content": "C-phycocyanin from two strains of the thermotolerant blue-green alga, Mastigocladus laminosus (NZ-DB2-m and I-30-m), that grow within different temperature ranges have been characterized with respect to aggregation, immunologic properties, subunit composition, and thermodenaturation. The critical thermal-denaturation temperature for phycocyanin from both strains of M. laminosus phycocyanin is 60 degrees C which is higher than that for mesophilic phyococyanin. Immunodiffusion studied have shown that these two strains of M. laminosus exhibit no antigenic differences and are closely related to the mesophilic Plectonema calothricoides and the thermophilic Synechococcus lividus (strains 3). Neither phenol nor alpha-naphthol has any effect on phycocyanin aggregation in these two strains of M. laminosus. There is also no enhancement of formation of large aggregates at their elevated temperature of cultivation. Furthermore, the phycocyanin of both strains of M. laminosus does not demonstrate any large amount of 19S or higher aggregates at any pH value. These observations suggest that the mode of adaptation of M. laminosus phycocyanin to high temperature is differnet from the previously encountered. It is also important to note that phycocyanin is essentially unchanged whether it is extracted from the same strain, M. laminosus (NZ-DBS-m), grown at either 50 degrees C or 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Similar C-phycocyanins from two strains of thermotolerant cyanophyte Mastigocladus laminousus. C-phycocyanin from two strains of the thermotolerant blue-green alga, Mastigocladus laminosus (NZ-DB2-m and I-30-m), that grow within different temperature ranges have been characterized with respect to aggregation, immunologic properties, subunit composition, and thermodenaturation. The critical thermal-denaturation temperature for phycocyanin from both strains of M. laminosus phycocyanin is 60 degrees C which is higher than that for mesophilic phyococyanin. Immunodiffusion studied have shown that these two strains of M. laminosus exhibit no antigenic differences and are closely related to the mesophilic Plectonema calothricoides and the thermophilic Synechococcus lividus (strains 3). Neither phenol nor alpha-naphthol has any effect on phycocyanin aggregation in these two strains of M. laminosus. There is also no enhancement of formation of large aggregates at their elevated temperature of cultivation. Furthermore, the phycocyanin of both strains of M. laminosus does not demonstrate any large amount of 19S or higher aggregates at any pH value. These observations suggest that the mode of adaptation of M. laminosus phycocyanin to high temperature is differnet from the previously encountered. It is also important to note that phycocyanin is essentially unchanged whether it is extracted from the same strain, M. laminosus (NZ-DBS-m), grown at either 50 degrees C or 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 406021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3458", "title": "Allantoinase and allantoicase synthesis in Pseudomonas aerguinosa.", "content": "Allantoinase (allantoin amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.2.5.) and allanoicase (allantoate amidinohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.4) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are inducible enzymes, whose syntheses are enhanced by the presence of allantoin, allantoate, ureidoglycolate, N-carbamoyl-L-asparagine, N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate, hydantoate, and diureidomethane. For each compound a specific ratio between the activities of allantoinase and allantoicase was obtained. The synthesis of these enzymes is not coordinately controlled. N-Carbamoyl-L-aspartate, hydantoate, and diureidomethane are gratuitous inducers.", "contents": "Allantoinase and allantoicase synthesis in Pseudomonas aerguinosa. Allantoinase (allantoin amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.2.5.) and allanoicase (allantoate amidinohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.4) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are inducible enzymes, whose syntheses are enhanced by the presence of allantoin, allantoate, ureidoglycolate, N-carbamoyl-L-asparagine, N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate, hydantoate, and diureidomethane. For each compound a specific ratio between the activities of allantoinase and allantoicase was obtained. The synthesis of these enzymes is not coordinately controlled. N-Carbamoyl-L-aspartate, hydantoate, and diureidomethane are gratuitous inducers.", "PMID": 406022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3459", "title": "Natural occurrence of sterigmatocystin in in-shell pecans.", "content": "The natural occurrence of sterigmatocystin (S) in in-shell pecans is reported. Aspergillus versicolor was not isolated from contaminated samples. Incidence of A. flavus and A. glaucus, species known to produce sterigmatocystin under laboratory conditions, was high (43 and 35%, respectively). Isolation data suggest sterigmatocystin may have been produced by one or both of these species.", "contents": "Natural occurrence of sterigmatocystin in in-shell pecans. The natural occurrence of sterigmatocystin (S) in in-shell pecans is reported. Aspergillus versicolor was not isolated from contaminated samples. Incidence of A. flavus and A. glaucus, species known to produce sterigmatocystin under laboratory conditions, was high (43 and 35%, respectively). Isolation data suggest sterigmatocystin may have been produced by one or both of these species.", "PMID": 406023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3460", "title": "The nature of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO bacteriophage receptors.", "content": "Receptors for phages specific to Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO were studied. Phages 16, 44, 109, F8, and PBI are lipopolysaccharide (LPS) specific as shown by neutralization tests. The PhI50's of the LPS, adsorption rate constants with strain PAO and the plaque morphologies of these five phages were quite similar. Phages 1214 and 7 also appear to be LPS-specific on the basis of host-range studies. Phage 73 is pilus-specific, while phages 21 and 68 fall into a group which does not attach to pili, flagella, or LPS. A theoretical approach to the interpretation of phage-cell interactions is presented.", "contents": "The nature of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO bacteriophage receptors. Receptors for phages specific to Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO were studied. Phages 16, 44, 109, F8, and PBI are lipopolysaccharide (LPS) specific as shown by neutralization tests. The PhI50's of the LPS, adsorption rate constants with strain PAO and the plaque morphologies of these five phages were quite similar. Phages 1214 and 7 also appear to be LPS-specific on the basis of host-range studies. Phage 73 is pilus-specific, while phages 21 and 68 fall into a group which does not attach to pili, flagella, or LPS. A theoretical approach to the interpretation of phage-cell interactions is presented.", "PMID": 406024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3461", "title": "Antagonistic interactions of phylloplane bacteria with Drechslera dictyoides (Drechslera) Shoemaker.", "content": "Strains of Listeria denitrificans (E2), Pseudomonas fluorescens (C37 and C92), and Xanthomonas campestris (D119), isolated from the phylloplane of Lolium perenne (S24), were antagonistic to Drechslera dictyoides (Drechslera) Shoemaker. From in vitro and in vivo experiments it was deduced that their mode of activity included an initial inhibition of spore germination, a retardation in the rate of germ-tube elongation, and ultimately lysis of the hyphae. The effects were expressed on the plant in terms of reduced levels of disease symptoms and sporulation.", "contents": "Antagonistic interactions of phylloplane bacteria with Drechslera dictyoides (Drechslera) Shoemaker. Strains of Listeria denitrificans (E2), Pseudomonas fluorescens (C37 and C92), and Xanthomonas campestris (D119), isolated from the phylloplane of Lolium perenne (S24), were antagonistic to Drechslera dictyoides (Drechslera) Shoemaker. From in vitro and in vivo experiments it was deduced that their mode of activity included an initial inhibition of spore germination, a retardation in the rate of germ-tube elongation, and ultimately lysis of the hyphae. The effects were expressed on the plant in terms of reduced levels of disease symptoms and sporulation.", "PMID": 406025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3462", "title": "[Destruction of Microbacterium lacticum, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in milk by spray-drying. I. Selective count of surviving bacteria].", "content": "In this paper a method which allows the measure of microbial death rate during spray-drying by means of a streptomycin-resistant mutant that can be grown on a streptomycin-containing agar is described. Plate counts of Microbacterium lacticum, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus recovered from skim milk powders were done on plate count agar in the presence and absence of streptomycin and on various selective media. The powders were produced from evaporated milk previously inoculated with those organisms. Our results showed that the proposed method allows the recovery of 78% of M. lacticum, 61% of E. coli, and 100% of S. aureus that survived spray-drying. Recoveries of surviving E. coli on violet bile agar and brilliant green bile 2% were 34% and 29% respectively. Baird-Parker and mannitol salt agar media allow the recovery of all surviving S. aureus, thus showing that S. aureus cells did not lose their ability to grow in media containig 7.5% NaCl. Our results show that physiological injury of the cells during spray-drying differs from injury due to heating only.", "contents": "[Destruction of Microbacterium lacticum, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in milk by spray-drying. I. Selective count of surviving bacteria]. In this paper a method which allows the measure of microbial death rate during spray-drying by means of a streptomycin-resistant mutant that can be grown on a streptomycin-containing agar is described. Plate counts of Microbacterium lacticum, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus recovered from skim milk powders were done on plate count agar in the presence and absence of streptomycin and on various selective media. The powders were produced from evaporated milk previously inoculated with those organisms. Our results showed that the proposed method allows the recovery of 78% of M. lacticum, 61% of E. coli, and 100% of S. aureus that survived spray-drying. Recoveries of surviving E. coli on violet bile agar and brilliant green bile 2% were 34% and 29% respectively. Baird-Parker and mannitol salt agar media allow the recovery of all surviving S. aureus, thus showing that S. aureus cells did not lose their ability to grow in media containig 7.5% NaCl. Our results show that physiological injury of the cells during spray-drying differs from injury due to heating only.", "PMID": 406026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3463", "title": "[Destruction of Microbacterium lacticum, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in milk by sprayedrying. II. Effect of drying conditions].", "content": "Bacterial death during spray drying of skim milk is essentially related to the outlet temperature of the spray drier and the type of bacteria. Under industrial spray drying conditions, survival rates of Microbacterium lacticum, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were 50, 2, and 0.002%, respectively. These rates may vary by a 10(4) factor for outlet temperatures between 65 and 105 degrees C. No simple mathematical equation could be derived to describe the relation between bacterial death rates and outlet temperature. Our results suggest that bacterial death is due in most cases to a heating effect during the last stages of drying when the temperature of the powder particle approaches that of the air at the outlet.", "contents": "[Destruction of Microbacterium lacticum, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in milk by sprayedrying. II. Effect of drying conditions]. Bacterial death during spray drying of skim milk is essentially related to the outlet temperature of the spray drier and the type of bacteria. Under industrial spray drying conditions, survival rates of Microbacterium lacticum, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were 50, 2, and 0.002%, respectively. These rates may vary by a 10(4) factor for outlet temperatures between 65 and 105 degrees C. No simple mathematical equation could be derived to describe the relation between bacterial death rates and outlet temperature. Our results suggest that bacterial death is due in most cases to a heating effect during the last stages of drying when the temperature of the powder particle approaches that of the air at the outlet.", "PMID": 406027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3464", "title": "The orthonitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside hydrolase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0: 11 serotypes) is a superficial enzyme.", "content": "About 95% fo the 0: 11 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was able to hydrolyze orthonitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), but was unable to use lactose. The ONPG-hydrolyzing enzyme was located essentially in the periplasm, as seen by biochemical and ultrastructural studies.", "contents": "The orthonitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside hydrolase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0: 11 serotypes) is a superficial enzyme. About 95% fo the 0: 11 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was able to hydrolyze orthonitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), but was unable to use lactose. The ONPG-hydrolyzing enzyme was located essentially in the periplasm, as seen by biochemical and ultrastructural studies.", "PMID": 406028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3465", "title": "Experimental pulmonary infection of mice by tracheal intubation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the use of antineoplastic agents to overcome natural resistance.", "content": "Tracheal intubation of viable Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 19660 into the lungs of mice had no significant effect on the animals even with administration of organisms as high as 5.0 X 10(9) CFU. Animals treated with a single injection of an antineoplastic drug were, however, susceptible to bacterial challenge into the lungs. LD50 values of 4.1 X 10(7), 4.8 X 10(7), and 1.0 X 10(8) CFU were obtained when animals were simultaneously infected and treated with methotrexate, vincristine sulfate, or cytosine arabinoside, respectively.", "contents": "Experimental pulmonary infection of mice by tracheal intubation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the use of antineoplastic agents to overcome natural resistance. Tracheal intubation of viable Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 19660 into the lungs of mice had no significant effect on the animals even with administration of organisms as high as 5.0 X 10(9) CFU. Animals treated with a single injection of an antineoplastic drug were, however, susceptible to bacterial challenge into the lungs. LD50 values of 4.1 X 10(7), 4.8 X 10(7), and 1.0 X 10(8) CFU were obtained when animals were simultaneously infected and treated with methotrexate, vincristine sulfate, or cytosine arabinoside, respectively.", "PMID": 406029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3466", "title": "Plasma exchange in the long-term management of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia.", "content": "Two patients with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia (WM), which had become resistant to cytotoxic drugs, were treated for features of the hyperviscosity syndrome by repeated plasma exchange with the continuous-flow blood-cell separator over periods of 36 and 28 months, respectively. After four initial weekly plasma exchanges the procedure was carried out every 4 to 6 weeks and both patients tolerated it well. Relative viscosity of the serum was maintained within the normal range in one patient, and both patients remained free of symptoms of the hyperviscosity syndrome. The results suggest that treatment of WM by long-term \"maintenance\" plasma exchange alone should be considered in any patient with complications due to chemotherapy or whose disease fails to respond to chemotherapy.", "contents": "Plasma exchange in the long-term management of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia. Two patients with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia (WM), which had become resistant to cytotoxic drugs, were treated for features of the hyperviscosity syndrome by repeated plasma exchange with the continuous-flow blood-cell separator over periods of 36 and 28 months, respectively. After four initial weekly plasma exchanges the procedure was carried out every 4 to 6 weeks and both patients tolerated it well. Relative viscosity of the serum was maintained within the normal range in one patient, and both patients remained free of symptoms of the hyperviscosity syndrome. The results suggest that treatment of WM by long-term \"maintenance\" plasma exchange alone should be considered in any patient with complications due to chemotherapy or whose disease fails to respond to chemotherapy.", "PMID": 406031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3467", "title": "Clinical and laboratory study of tobramycin in the treatment of infections due to gram-negative organisms.", "content": "Tobramycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, was used to treat 52 infections due to gram-negative organisms in 51 patients. Complicated urinary tract infections, bacteremia and pyelonephritis accounted for 80% of the infections. The rate of immediate satisfactory response was 79%. During therapy with tobramycin, resistant organisms emerged in four patients--two Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two Escherichia coli strains. There were four superinfections with tobramycin-resistant Providencia sp. In four seriously ill patients the serum creatinine concentration increased 1 mg/dL or more; in three the increase was transient. No auditory toxicity was noted in the 19 patients in whom serial audiograms were made. In vitro testing of isolates from these patients showed that tobramycin and gentamicin had equal activity against Enterobacteriaceae. Tobramycin was two to four times more active against susceptible P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory study of tobramycin in the treatment of infections due to gram-negative organisms. Tobramycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, was used to treat 52 infections due to gram-negative organisms in 51 patients. Complicated urinary tract infections, bacteremia and pyelonephritis accounted for 80% of the infections. The rate of immediate satisfactory response was 79%. During therapy with tobramycin, resistant organisms emerged in four patients--two Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two Escherichia coli strains. There were four superinfections with tobramycin-resistant Providencia sp. In four seriously ill patients the serum creatinine concentration increased 1 mg/dL or more; in three the increase was transient. No auditory toxicity was noted in the 19 patients in whom serial audiograms were made. In vitro testing of isolates from these patients showed that tobramycin and gentamicin had equal activity against Enterobacteriaceae. Tobramycin was two to four times more active against susceptible P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 406032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3468", "title": "Megaloblastic anemia in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition without folic acid or vitamin B12 supplementation.", "content": "Pancytopenia developed in four patients receiving postoperatively total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Symptoms and signs were related mainly to underlying bowel disease. Hematologic abnormalities, first noted from 4 to 7 weeks following institution of TPN, consisted of normocytic anemia (mean decrease in hemoglobin value, 2.2 g/dL), occasional macrocytes being noted, leukopenia (range of leukocyte counts, 1.2 to 3.6 X 10(9) L), some hypersegmented neutrophils being detected, and clinically significant thrombocytopenia (range of platelet counts, 25 to 52 X 10(9)/L). In all patients the bone marrow showed megaloblastic changes, with ring sideroblasts, although pyridoxine was included in the TPN regimens. Serum vitamin B12 values were normal in one patient and at the lower limit of normal in the other two patients in whom it was measured, while serum or erythrocyte folate values, or both, were reduced in three patients. Full hematologic response was observed in the four patients after folic acid replacement therapy; leukocytosis and thrombocytosis were noted in three. Thus, folic acid and possibly vitamin B12 should be added routinely to TPN regimens to prevent deficiency of either substance.", "contents": "Megaloblastic anemia in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition without folic acid or vitamin B12 supplementation. Pancytopenia developed in four patients receiving postoperatively total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Symptoms and signs were related mainly to underlying bowel disease. Hematologic abnormalities, first noted from 4 to 7 weeks following institution of TPN, consisted of normocytic anemia (mean decrease in hemoglobin value, 2.2 g/dL), occasional macrocytes being noted, leukopenia (range of leukocyte counts, 1.2 to 3.6 X 10(9) L), some hypersegmented neutrophils being detected, and clinically significant thrombocytopenia (range of platelet counts, 25 to 52 X 10(9)/L). In all patients the bone marrow showed megaloblastic changes, with ring sideroblasts, although pyridoxine was included in the TPN regimens. Serum vitamin B12 values were normal in one patient and at the lower limit of normal in the other two patients in whom it was measured, while serum or erythrocyte folate values, or both, were reduced in three patients. Full hematologic response was observed in the four patients after folic acid replacement therapy; leukocytosis and thrombocytosis were noted in three. Thus, folic acid and possibly vitamin B12 should be added routinely to TPN regimens to prevent deficiency of either substance.", "PMID": 406033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3469", "title": "Parenteral nutritional support in children with cancer.", "content": "Acute and chronic starvation is often associated with childhood cancer. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with 20% glucose and 3.0% amino acids, and minerals and vitamins was instituted to treat or prevent malnutrition in 41 children with cancer, ages three months to 18 years. TPN was required for anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea associated with anti-cancer therapy in 33 patients for intestinal complications or surgery in nine, and for preoperative correction of malnutrition in two. During TPN, general nutrition and appearance improved in all patients. Weight gain was noted in most. Despite gastrointestinal complications which usually require the interruption of chemotherapy and irradiation, in 21 children treatment could be continued at full dose with nutritional support by TPN. TPN was discontinued in six patients when blood cultures became positive. Sepsis was treated successfully by removal of the central venous catheter in all six and administration of antibiotics in three. No metabolic complications were noted. TPN appears to be a safe and effective means of combating the malnutrition which may occur with cancer and its therapy.", "contents": "Parenteral nutritional support in children with cancer. Acute and chronic starvation is often associated with childhood cancer. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with 20% glucose and 3.0% amino acids, and minerals and vitamins was instituted to treat or prevent malnutrition in 41 children with cancer, ages three months to 18 years. TPN was required for anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea associated with anti-cancer therapy in 33 patients for intestinal complications or surgery in nine, and for preoperative correction of malnutrition in two. During TPN, general nutrition and appearance improved in all patients. Weight gain was noted in most. Despite gastrointestinal complications which usually require the interruption of chemotherapy and irradiation, in 21 children treatment could be continued at full dose with nutritional support by TPN. TPN was discontinued in six patients when blood cultures became positive. Sepsis was treated successfully by removal of the central venous catheter in all six and administration of antibiotics in three. No metabolic complications were noted. TPN appears to be a safe and effective means of combating the malnutrition which may occur with cancer and its therapy.", "PMID": 406034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3470", "title": "Influence of oral contraceptives on breast diseases.", "content": "Three sources of information are available pertaining to the effect of oral contraceptive hormones on the breast: 1) toxicity experiments in animals; 2) histologic examinations of breast tissue from women taking hormones; and 3) epidemiologic studies of women using hormones. Animals treated with hormones at doses equivalent to the human contraceptive level have not developed cancer of the breast at a greater than expected frequency. Monkeys, the one experimental animal with a reproductive cycle similar to humans, have not developed cancer during long-term hormone administration except for a single animal which likely represents a chance occurrence. In humans, histologic studies of breast tissue have failed to identify abnormalities which could be attributed to hormones with rare exceptions of secretory change indistinguishable from normal lactating breast. Epidemiologic studies have usually shown a decreased frequency of benign breast disease and neither an increase nor a decrease in carcinoma of the breast. The one exception to the latter statement is a possible increased risk of cancer in long-term users who have had previous surgery for benign breast disease.", "contents": "Influence of oral contraceptives on breast diseases. Three sources of information are available pertaining to the effect of oral contraceptive hormones on the breast: 1) toxicity experiments in animals; 2) histologic examinations of breast tissue from women taking hormones; and 3) epidemiologic studies of women using hormones. Animals treated with hormones at doses equivalent to the human contraceptive level have not developed cancer of the breast at a greater than expected frequency. Monkeys, the one experimental animal with a reproductive cycle similar to humans, have not developed cancer during long-term hormone administration except for a single animal which likely represents a chance occurrence. In humans, histologic studies of breast tissue have failed to identify abnormalities which could be attributed to hormones with rare exceptions of secretory change indistinguishable from normal lactating breast. Epidemiologic studies have usually shown a decreased frequency of benign breast disease and neither an increase nor a decrease in carcinoma of the breast. The one exception to the latter statement is a possible increased risk of cancer in long-term users who have had previous surgery for benign breast disease.", "PMID": 406035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3471", "title": "Treatment of carcinoma of the breast by radiation therapy.", "content": "One hundred and fifty patients with carcinoma of the breast were treated by radiation therapy without mastectomy. Seventy-seven patients had excisional biopsy of the breast mass while the remainder had incisional biopsy or needle biopsy. There has been 100% local control in patients with Stage I or Stage II disease. The local control rate in Stage III is 67.5%. Those patients who had excisional biopsy had a significantly lower incidence of local recurrence than did those in whom the tumor was left in situ. The cumulative survival probability at five years is 100% for Stage I, 65% for Stage II and 26% for Stage III. Recommendations are made concerning axillary node sampling and adjuvant chemotherapy for patients treated by this technique.", "contents": "Treatment of carcinoma of the breast by radiation therapy. One hundred and fifty patients with carcinoma of the breast were treated by radiation therapy without mastectomy. Seventy-seven patients had excisional biopsy of the breast mass while the remainder had incisional biopsy or needle biopsy. There has been 100% local control in patients with Stage I or Stage II disease. The local control rate in Stage III is 67.5%. Those patients who had excisional biopsy had a significantly lower incidence of local recurrence than did those in whom the tumor was left in situ. The cumulative survival probability at five years is 100% for Stage I, 65% for Stage II and 26% for Stage III. Recommendations are made concerning axillary node sampling and adjuvant chemotherapy for patients treated by this technique.", "PMID": 406036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3472", "title": "Clinical observations on sixty-nine cases of in situ carcinoma of the urinary bladder.", "content": "In the course of screening 35,000 urological outpatients with urine cytological examinations, cytological indication of cancer was found in 106 patients in the absence of a cystoscopically visible bladder tumor. Sixty-nine of the 106 patients have biopsy-proven in situ carcinoma of the bladder, all transitional in type and anaplastic. Follow-up data on effects of therapy are available on 58 patients treated by various means, including total cystectomy, partial cystectomy, transurethral fulguration, intravesical thiotepa, and external radiation. The duration of symptoms before diagnosis was remarkably long, and the prolonged course of the in situ lesion was also noteworthy. Differences in the observed behavior of in situ bladder carcinoma may be due, in addition to differences in host resistance, to the existence of two pathogenetic forms of bladder cancer, one arising in an extensive field of abnormal epithelium and the other developing in a focal area of abnormality.", "contents": "Clinical observations on sixty-nine cases of in situ carcinoma of the urinary bladder. In the course of screening 35,000 urological outpatients with urine cytological examinations, cytological indication of cancer was found in 106 patients in the absence of a cystoscopically visible bladder tumor. Sixty-nine of the 106 patients have biopsy-proven in situ carcinoma of the bladder, all transitional in type and anaplastic. Follow-up data on effects of therapy are available on 58 patients treated by various means, including total cystectomy, partial cystectomy, transurethral fulguration, intravesical thiotepa, and external radiation. The duration of symptoms before diagnosis was remarkably long, and the prolonged course of the in situ lesion was also noteworthy. Differences in the observed behavior of in situ bladder carcinoma may be due, in addition to differences in host resistance, to the existence of two pathogenetic forms of bladder cancer, one arising in an extensive field of abnormal epithelium and the other developing in a focal area of abnormality.", "PMID": 406039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3473", "title": "The role of intravesical thiotepa in the management of superficial bladder cancer. National Bladder Cancer Collaborative Group A.", "content": "This report describes and presents some preliminary results from a prospective clinical investigation to determine the ablative effect of thiotepa (N,N',N''-triethylene phosphoramide) on superficial low-stage bladder cancer and the effectiveness of this agent in the prevention of recurrent or new tumors. In the small group of cases studied thus far, therapeutic thiotepa has destroyed superficial cancers in 33 to 36% of the cases, about the same results as those reported by others. It is too early in the study to assess the benefit from the prophylactic use of thiotepa.", "contents": "The role of intravesical thiotepa in the management of superficial bladder cancer. National Bladder Cancer Collaborative Group A. This report describes and presents some preliminary results from a prospective clinical investigation to determine the ablative effect of thiotepa (N,N',N''-triethylene phosphoramide) on superficial low-stage bladder cancer and the effectiveness of this agent in the prevention of recurrent or new tumors. In the small group of cases studied thus far, therapeutic thiotepa has destroyed superficial cancers in 33 to 36% of the cases, about the same results as those reported by others. It is too early in the study to assess the benefit from the prophylactic use of thiotepa.", "PMID": 406040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3474", "title": "Control of shape and pattern during the assembly of a large microtubule bundle. Evidence for a microtubule-nucleating-template.", "content": "Microtubules are packed and linked together in a well defined hexagonal arrangement in the cytopharyngeal microtubule bundles of the ciliate Nassula. Early stages in the morphogenesis of these bundles have been examined. Elements which nucleate assembly of bundle microtubules are apparently closely associated before tubule assembly commences. These nucleating elements seem to be bound together in highly ordered arrays to form microtubule-nucleating-templetes. Each array of elements is attached to the proximal end of a basal body and appears to establish the pattern of tubule packing and cross-sectional shape of a tubule bundle. A self-assembly procedure which accounts for the anisometric growth and shaping of a template and its microtubule bundle is proposed.", "contents": "Control of shape and pattern during the assembly of a large microtubule bundle. Evidence for a microtubule-nucleating-template. Microtubules are packed and linked together in a well defined hexagonal arrangement in the cytopharyngeal microtubule bundles of the ciliate Nassula. Early stages in the morphogenesis of these bundles have been examined. Elements which nucleate assembly of bundle microtubules are apparently closely associated before tubule assembly commences. These nucleating elements seem to be bound together in highly ordered arrays to form microtubule-nucleating-templetes. Each array of elements is attached to the proximal end of a basal body and appears to establish the pattern of tubule packing and cross-sectional shape of a tubule bundle. A self-assembly procedure which accounts for the anisometric growth and shaping of a template and its microtubule bundle is proposed.", "PMID": 406046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3475", "title": "Culture of mammalian prostatic cells.", "content": "Preliminary experimental data and concepts oriented toward the achievement of certified primary prostatic cell cultures, normal and/or malignant, for mass distribution are presented. Such monolayer cultures would be established as subcultures from the microcarrier, spin-filter (steady-state) system. The suspension culture of primary cells directly derived from the tissue of origin would be propagated at high cell populations for extended periods of time. The ease of complete monitoring on a sequential basis for conformity to specifications is apparent. The feasibility of the approach appears to have been established. Problems relating to the reduction to practice are detailed.", "contents": "Culture of mammalian prostatic cells. Preliminary experimental data and concepts oriented toward the achievement of certified primary prostatic cell cultures, normal and/or malignant, for mass distribution are presented. Such monolayer cultures would be established as subcultures from the microcarrier, spin-filter (steady-state) system. The suspension culture of primary cells directly derived from the tissue of origin would be propagated at high cell populations for extended periods of time. The ease of complete monitoring on a sequential basis for conformity to specifications is apparent. The feasibility of the approach appears to have been established. Problems relating to the reduction to practice are detailed.", "PMID": 406042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3476", "title": "New agents for prostatic cancer activated specifically by prostatic acid phosphatase.", "content": "Potential cytotoxic compounds (spindle poisons) are being designed for the treatment of prostatic carcinoma, using the structural requirements of the substrates for prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). Colchicine has been modified in ring C to give colchiceinamides of substituted ethanolamines and ethanolaminephosphates. Another new series of compounds modifying ring B of thiocolchicine have been prepared. Three O-phosphates of the thiocolchicine series have also been made. One has been examined for its specificity toward PAP. Some toxicity data of these compounds in mice have also been reported. Colchiceinamide-(L)-ephedrinephosphate has been examined in stumptail monkeys and some preliminary results are reported here.", "contents": "New agents for prostatic cancer activated specifically by prostatic acid phosphatase. Potential cytotoxic compounds (spindle poisons) are being designed for the treatment of prostatic carcinoma, using the structural requirements of the substrates for prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). Colchicine has been modified in ring C to give colchiceinamides of substituted ethanolamines and ethanolaminephosphates. Another new series of compounds modifying ring B of thiocolchicine have been prepared. Three O-phosphates of the thiocolchicine series have also been made. One has been examined for its specificity toward PAP. Some toxicity data of these compounds in mice have also been reported. Colchiceinamide-(L)-ephedrinephosphate has been examined in stumptail monkeys and some preliminary results are reported here.", "PMID": 406043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3477", "title": "Double immunoglobulin production in cloned somatic cell hybrids between two human lymphoid cell lines.", "content": "Several clones of independently established somatic cell hybrids between two human lymphoid cell lines, Raji and Namalwa, were examined for surface immunoglobulin expression. Double-antibody radioimmunoassays were established for kappa and lambda light chains. Immunoglobulins were detergent-extrated by Triton X-100 and quantified by radioimmunoassay. The Raji parent expressed small amounts of kappa chains on its surface, and the Namalwa parent a 10 fold greater amount of lambda chains. We show that the majority of the hybrid clones co-express both parental phenotypes.", "contents": "Double immunoglobulin production in cloned somatic cell hybrids between two human lymphoid cell lines. Several clones of independently established somatic cell hybrids between two human lymphoid cell lines, Raji and Namalwa, were examined for surface immunoglobulin expression. Double-antibody radioimmunoassays were established for kappa and lambda light chains. Immunoglobulins were detergent-extrated by Triton X-100 and quantified by radioimmunoassay. The Raji parent expressed small amounts of kappa chains on its surface, and the Namalwa parent a 10 fold greater amount of lambda chains. We show that the majority of the hybrid clones co-express both parental phenotypes.", "PMID": 406048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3478", "title": "Chemotherapy of human tumors in T-lymphocyte-deficient mice.", "content": "Human lung, ovarian, colonic, and renal carcinomas have been grown in mice artificially deprived of T-lymphocytes. All grew slowly and were shown to have a human karyotype even after several transplant generations. Their responses to chemotherapy were similar to the expected clinical response with the important exception of hexamethylmelamine which caused complete regression of two lung carcinomas (even when weighing up to 2.5 g at the start of treatment) and a renal carcinoma, while completely inhibiting the growth of an ovarian carcinoma and another lung carcinoma. Measurement of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels proved to be of value in assessing drug efficacy.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of human tumors in T-lymphocyte-deficient mice. Human lung, ovarian, colonic, and renal carcinomas have been grown in mice artificially deprived of T-lymphocytes. All grew slowly and were shown to have a human karyotype even after several transplant generations. Their responses to chemotherapy were similar to the expected clinical response with the important exception of hexamethylmelamine which caused complete regression of two lung carcinomas (even when weighing up to 2.5 g at the start of treatment) and a renal carcinoma, while completely inhibiting the growth of an ovarian carcinoma and another lung carcinoma. Measurement of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels proved to be of value in assessing drug efficacy.", "PMID": 406045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3479", "title": "The influence of Gomphosphaeria aponina on the growth of Gymnodinium breve and the effect of aponin on the ichthyotoxicity of Gymnodinium breve.", "content": "Cells of the marine blue-green alga Gomphosphaeria aponina survive in mixed culture with the marine dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve (the Florida red tide organism), but G. breve cells lysed within 4-7 days. It has been established that the cytolytic effect of G. aponina, not nutrient competition, is responsible for the decrease in number of cells. The material elaborated by G. aponina has been termed aponin and has been extracted from the cells. The effect of aponin on the ichthyotoxicity of G. breve cultures was measured using Poecilia sphenops, adapted to sea water, as the assay organism. Aponin is not ichthyotoxic toward P. sphenops, though this material, when incubated with G. breve cultures does destroy the cells and increases the ichthyotoxicity of the cultures. At certain concentrations of aponin, the ichthyotoxicity of G. breve cultures appeared to be mitigate d.", "contents": "The influence of Gomphosphaeria aponina on the growth of Gymnodinium breve and the effect of aponin on the ichthyotoxicity of Gymnodinium breve. Cells of the marine blue-green alga Gomphosphaeria aponina survive in mixed culture with the marine dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve (the Florida red tide organism), but G. breve cells lysed within 4-7 days. It has been established that the cytolytic effect of G. aponina, not nutrient competition, is responsible for the decrease in number of cells. The material elaborated by G. aponina has been termed aponin and has been extracted from the cells. The effect of aponin on the ichthyotoxicity of G. breve cultures was measured using Poecilia sphenops, adapted to sea water, as the assay organism. Aponin is not ichthyotoxic toward P. sphenops, though this material, when incubated with G. breve cultures does destroy the cells and increases the ichthyotoxicity of the cultures. At certain concentrations of aponin, the ichthyotoxicity of G. breve cultures appeared to be mitigate d.", "PMID": 406055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3480", "title": "[Monoamine oxidase activity of the brain of Locusta migratoria in normal conditions and after intoxication by two insecticides: chlordimeform and dieldrin].", "content": "Our investigations have shown up an MAO activity in locust brain, by the use of a radio-isotopic method, as much at larval as at adult stage. This MAO activity is in a sample of 34,3 dpm/mg of brain tissue (wet weight). Investigations have also been undertaken on effects of dieldrin and chlordimeform poisoning on this MAO activity. Even at sublethal dosages, chlordimeform causes a significant inhibition of MAO activity in vivo. This finding is in accordance with Beeman and Matsumura's work in vitro. Moreover, acute poisoning by dieldrin produces more than 60% of inhibition of MAO, 3 hours after administration of 115 microng of this insecticide by injection in the hoemocelian cavity.", "contents": "[Monoamine oxidase activity of the brain of Locusta migratoria in normal conditions and after intoxication by two insecticides: chlordimeform and dieldrin]. Our investigations have shown up an MAO activity in locust brain, by the use of a radio-isotopic method, as much at larval as at adult stage. This MAO activity is in a sample of 34,3 dpm/mg of brain tissue (wet weight). Investigations have also been undertaken on effects of dieldrin and chlordimeform poisoning on this MAO activity. Even at sublethal dosages, chlordimeform causes a significant inhibition of MAO activity in vivo. This finding is in accordance with Beeman and Matsumura's work in vitro. Moreover, acute poisoning by dieldrin produces more than 60% of inhibition of MAO, 3 hours after administration of 115 microng of this insecticide by injection in the hoemocelian cavity.", "PMID": 406057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3481", "title": "[Excitatory effect of the superior colliculus on the motor neurons of extra-ocular muscles of cats].", "content": "The synaptic actions which might underline the caccadic eye movements induced by stimulation of the superior colliculus have been studied in the unanesthetized cat \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\". Intracellular recordings of extraocular muscle medial rectus motoneurons have revealed a minimally disynaptic excitatory projection from the superior colliculus to the ipsilateral medial rectus motoneurons (latency 1.3 to 2.6 msec).", "contents": "[Excitatory effect of the superior colliculus on the motor neurons of extra-ocular muscles of cats]. The synaptic actions which might underline the caccadic eye movements induced by stimulation of the superior colliculus have been studied in the unanesthetized cat \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\". Intracellular recordings of extraocular muscle medial rectus motoneurons have revealed a minimally disynaptic excitatory projection from the superior colliculus to the ipsilateral medial rectus motoneurons (latency 1.3 to 2.6 msec).", "PMID": 406058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3482", "title": "[The effects of diverse agents (Ca++ and K++  ionophores, organomercurials, dithiols, colchicine, and cytochalasin B) on the maturation and differentiation without cleavage in Chaetopterus eggs].", "content": "Induction of maturation in Chaetopterus oocytes requires the presence of Ca++ ions in the medium, but differentiation without cleavage can proceed in the absence of this cation. The Ca++ ionophore A 23187 induces both maturation and the cortical reaction provided that Ca++ ions are present in the medium differentiation without cleavage may follow. Valinomycin slowly induces germinal vesicle breakdown, which is followed by a sharp segregation between hyaloplasm and yolk. PHMPS, but not DTT, induces maturation. Differentiation without cleavage is more sensitive to colchicin than to cytochalasin B.", "contents": "[The effects of diverse agents (Ca++ and K++  ionophores, organomercurials, dithiols, colchicine, and cytochalasin B) on the maturation and differentiation without cleavage in Chaetopterus eggs]. Induction of maturation in Chaetopterus oocytes requires the presence of Ca++ ions in the medium, but differentiation without cleavage can proceed in the absence of this cation. The Ca++ ionophore A 23187 induces both maturation and the cortical reaction provided that Ca++ ions are present in the medium differentiation without cleavage may follow. Valinomycin slowly induces germinal vesicle breakdown, which is followed by a sharp segregation between hyaloplasm and yolk. PHMPS, but not DTT, induces maturation. Differentiation without cleavage is more sensitive to colchicin than to cytochalasin B.", "PMID": 406059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3483", "title": "[Fluorogenic amines in the notochords of chick embryos treated by cholinergics].", "content": "The investigation of 3 day old notochords by the fluorescence method of Falck and Owman showed an increase of the fluorescence after treatment of  the chick embryos at 48 hrs of incubation, with nicotine sulfate or carbachol. The addition of norepinephrine or L-Dopa emphasized the formaldehyde induced fluorescence. The simultaneous treatment with a cholinergic agent and atropine, propranolol or reserpine decreased or suppressed the fluorescence. These results demonstrate the existence of a relationship between the treatment with a cholinergic agent and the amount of chordal biogenic amines.", "contents": "[Fluorogenic amines in the notochords of chick embryos treated by cholinergics]. The investigation of 3 day old notochords by the fluorescence method of Falck and Owman showed an increase of the fluorescence after treatment of  the chick embryos at 48 hrs of incubation, with nicotine sulfate or carbachol. The addition of norepinephrine or L-Dopa emphasized the formaldehyde induced fluorescence. The simultaneous treatment with a cholinergic agent and atropine, propranolol or reserpine decreased or suppressed the fluorescence. These results demonstrate the existence of a relationship between the treatment with a cholinergic agent and the amount of chordal biogenic amines.", "PMID": 406060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3484", "title": "[X-ray diffraction of the collagen contained in blood vessels].", "content": "An X-ray diffraction study has been undertaken on Human and Rabbit blood-vessels. Vessels are stretched 500% and the diagrams present a great analogy with those obtained from collagen. Thus, it appears, that it  is possible to determine by X-Rays some pathological anomalies of the collagen in vessels.", "contents": "[X-ray diffraction of the collagen contained in blood vessels]. An X-ray diffraction study has been undertaken on Human and Rabbit blood-vessels. Vessels are stretched 500% and the diagrams present a great analogy with those obtained from collagen. Thus, it appears, that it  is possible to determine by X-Rays some pathological anomalies of the collagen in vessels.", "PMID": 406062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3485", "title": "[Attempt to express the spontaneous global bacteriolytic power of water].", "content": "The utilization of a technique for the determination of spontaneous bacteriolytic power in surface waters has led us to propose a new way of expressing the spontaneous bacteriolytic power of water: PBSG. PBSG allows us to evaluate the intensity of global spontaneous bacteriolysis and to compare the global spontaneous bacteriolytic powers of different water samples.", "contents": "[Attempt to express the spontaneous global bacteriolytic power of water]. The utilization of a technique for the determination of spontaneous bacteriolytic power in surface waters has led us to propose a new way of expressing the spontaneous bacteriolytic power of water: PBSG. PBSG allows us to evaluate the intensity of global spontaneous bacteriolysis and to compare the global spontaneous bacteriolytic powers of different water samples.", "PMID": 406064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3486", "title": "[Titration of the hemolytic activity of human complement after radial diffusion].", "content": "The hemolytic activity of human complement is evaluated after diffusion in agarose containing sensitized erythrocytes. The results show a linear relation between hemolysis area and logarithm of concentration.", "contents": "[Titration of the hemolytic activity of human complement after radial diffusion]. The hemolytic activity of human complement is evaluated after diffusion in agarose containing sensitized erythrocytes. The results show a linear relation between hemolysis area and logarithm of concentration.", "PMID": 406065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3487", "title": "[Variations of non conjugated steroids in the amniotic fluid during the last weeks of pregnancy].", "content": "Levels of cortisol, estradiol and progesterone were measured in 172 amniotic fluid samples collected by amniocentesis during late pregnancy. An increase in cortisol and estradiol levels was observed three weeks before vaginal delivery of term and premature infants; in both types of delivery, onset of labor was spontaneous. In contrast progesterone levels were only slightly decreased in these cases.", "contents": "[Variations of non conjugated steroids in the amniotic fluid during the last weeks of pregnancy]. Levels of cortisol, estradiol and progesterone were measured in 172 amniotic fluid samples collected by amniocentesis during late pregnancy. An increase in cortisol and estradiol levels was observed three weeks before vaginal delivery of term and premature infants; in both types of delivery, onset of labor was spontaneous. In contrast progesterone levels were only slightly decreased in these cases.", "PMID": 406066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3488", "title": "[Variations in the hydrothermic contraction of the rat skin as a function of the age of the animals].", "content": "The tension developed in Rat skin by hydrothermal shrinkage is modified with ageing of the animals: the temperature of maximum tension decreases from birth to 1 month, then very slowly increases with age. At higher temperatures than that of maximum tension a relaxation occurs very rapidly in young Rats and in not yet senescent adult skins. These modifications appeared to be related to those of the nature of the intermolecular collagen cross-links with ageing.", "contents": "[Variations in the hydrothermic contraction of the rat skin as a function of the age of the animals]. The tension developed in Rat skin by hydrothermal shrinkage is modified with ageing of the animals: the temperature of maximum tension decreases from birth to 1 month, then very slowly increases with age. At higher temperatures than that of maximum tension a relaxation occurs very rapidly in young Rats and in not yet senescent adult skins. These modifications appeared to be related to those of the nature of the intermolecular collagen cross-links with ageing.", "PMID": 406067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3489", "title": "[Organization in \"barrels\" of layer-IV cells of the S1 cortex in the mouse: effects of lesions or deprivation of the mystacial vibrissa].", "content": "In newborn mice the mystacial pads of the upper lips were submitted to different destructive or functionally reducing procedures. The effects on the barrels of the somato-sensory cortex were judged in mature animals and classified into 3 categories: 1. the barrels were present and normal; 2. the cortex was devoid of barrel structures; 3. the barrels were disorganized. Only procedures which involved peripheral lesions, and not those which reduced only the functional level, produced effects as deep as absence or disorganization of the barrels.", "contents": "[Organization in \"barrels\" of layer-IV cells of the S1 cortex in the mouse: effects of lesions or deprivation of the mystacial vibrissa]. In newborn mice the mystacial pads of the upper lips were submitted to different destructive or functionally reducing procedures. The effects on the barrels of the somato-sensory cortex were judged in mature animals and classified into 3 categories: 1. the barrels were present and normal; 2. the cortex was devoid of barrel structures; 3. the barrels were disorganized. Only procedures which involved peripheral lesions, and not those which reduced only the functional level, produced effects as deep as absence or disorganization of the barrels.", "PMID": 406068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3490", "title": "[Role of granular cells in the placement and distribution of synapses between ascending fibers and Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum].", "content": "The study of rats irradiated during development shows that the establishment of the one-to-one relationship in the adult between climbing fibers and Purkinje cells which follows the immature multiply innervated stage mainly depends on granule cells formed before day 8. Climbing fibers ending upon a multiply innervated cell are intermingled on the same dendritic segments.", "contents": "[Role of granular cells in the placement and distribution of synapses between ascending fibers and Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum]. The study of rats irradiated during development shows that the establishment of the one-to-one relationship in the adult between climbing fibers and Purkinje cells which follows the immature multiply innervated stage mainly depends on granule cells formed before day 8. Climbing fibers ending upon a multiply innervated cell are intermingled on the same dendritic segments.", "PMID": 406069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3491", "title": "[Secretion of insulin and of glucagon by the perfused pancreas of newborn rats: effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide Vip].", "content": "A method is described for perifusion of the splenic part of the pancreas from 48-64 hour-old rat. In different basal conditions, the secretion of insulin and glucagon is stable and reproducible for 90 mn. The addition of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to these perifusion media, at a concentration as low as 2 ng/ml, determines a remarkable increase of insulin and of glucagon secretion. These results suggest the possibility of a VIP action in the physiology of endocrine pancreas.", "contents": "[Secretion of insulin and of glucagon by the perfused pancreas of newborn rats: effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide Vip]. A method is described for perifusion of the splenic part of the pancreas from 48-64 hour-old rat. In different basal conditions, the secretion of insulin and glucagon is stable and reproducible for 90 mn. The addition of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to these perifusion media, at a concentration as low as 2 ng/ml, determines a remarkable increase of insulin and of glucagon secretion. These results suggest the possibility of a VIP action in the physiology of endocrine pancreas.", "PMID": 406070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3492", "title": "[Odontogenesis, organogenetic model in teratomas: crown formation].", "content": "Using the technique of 3 dimensional reconstruction, the various steps involved in the formation and growth of the crown of a tooth primordium observed in a complex ovarian teratoma have been compared with that occurring in dermoid cysts and in the normal dental system. Inside dermoid cysts, the characteristic form of the tooth is established during the production of the dentine and enamel and the process is often similar to that occurring during normal tooth development. In teratomas, however, organogenesis and morphogenesis take place within a system undergoing multidirectional development. They are dissociated during both the embryonic stage and that of a structural formation. Morphogenesis is the most disturbed and the role of the environment is presumably therefore very important.", "contents": "[Odontogenesis, organogenetic model in teratomas: crown formation]. Using the technique of 3 dimensional reconstruction, the various steps involved in the formation and growth of the crown of a tooth primordium observed in a complex ovarian teratoma have been compared with that occurring in dermoid cysts and in the normal dental system. Inside dermoid cysts, the characteristic form of the tooth is established during the production of the dentine and enamel and the process is often similar to that occurring during normal tooth development. In teratomas, however, organogenesis and morphogenesis take place within a system undergoing multidirectional development. They are dissociated during both the embryonic stage and that of a structural formation. Morphogenesis is the most disturbed and the role of the environment is presumably therefore very important.", "PMID": 406071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3493", "title": "[Correlation between the intensity of spontaneous bacteriolysis and bacterial pollution in superficial waters].", "content": "A study on the determination of the intensity of spontaneous bacteriolysis in different samples of water from the hydrographic basin of Lorraine, has led us to propose a new way of expressing the spontaneous bacteriolytic power: PBSG. Its utilization has permitted us to establish correlations between the intensity of spontaneous bacteriolytic power and the degree of bacteriological pollution found in different places in the two rivers, the Moselle and the Meurthe. A very strong correlation has been shown between the rate of global spontaneous bacteriolysis after 6 days and the number of coliforms in the water.", "contents": "[Correlation between the intensity of spontaneous bacteriolysis and bacterial pollution in superficial waters]. A study on the determination of the intensity of spontaneous bacteriolysis in different samples of water from the hydrographic basin of Lorraine, has led us to propose a new way of expressing the spontaneous bacteriolytic power: PBSG. Its utilization has permitted us to establish correlations between the intensity of spontaneous bacteriolytic power and the degree of bacteriological pollution found in different places in the two rivers, the Moselle and the Meurthe. A very strong correlation has been shown between the rate of global spontaneous bacteriolysis after 6 days and the number of coliforms in the water.", "PMID": 406072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3494", "title": "[Immune phenomena during experimental schistosomiasis in the rat: role of specific and non specific factors].", "content": "Partial immunity to Schistosoma mansoni in the rat can be obtained by injection of a bilharzian antigen together with Freund's complete adjuvant. The results are the same no matter what form of the parasite is used (infecting cercariae or adult). This immunity is the result of both specific and non-specific mechanisms, as is proved by the fact that a lesser but still quite clear degree of resistance to infestation can be obtained by injection of Freund's adjuvant alone.", "contents": "[Immune phenomena during experimental schistosomiasis in the rat: role of specific and non specific factors]. Partial immunity to Schistosoma mansoni in the rat can be obtained by injection of a bilharzian antigen together with Freund's complete adjuvant. The results are the same no matter what form of the parasite is used (infecting cercariae or adult). This immunity is the result of both specific and non-specific mechanisms, as is proved by the fact that a lesser but still quite clear degree of resistance to infestation can be obtained by injection of Freund's adjuvant alone.", "PMID": 406073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3495", "title": "[Attempt to induce, in the rat, a hepatitis of cirrhotic origin, using amino steroids: holaphyllaminol or amino 3-beta hydroxy-20-beta pregnene-5].", "content": "Holaphyllaminol, or Amino-3 beta-Hydroxy-20-beta Pregnene-5, was administered by gastric tube to male Wistar rats at dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/24 hr respectively, during 10, 20, 40 and 80 days. This substance provokes hepatic lesions beginning at the periportal region, the characteristics of which are a cholestasis, a canalar proliferation and a fibrosis. The interest of these alterations lies in the fact that they present the same features as certain human chronic hepatitis; their progression, a function of the dose of the toxin and the duration of treatment, may make possible to realisation of a model of experimental chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "[Attempt to induce, in the rat, a hepatitis of cirrhotic origin, using amino steroids: holaphyllaminol or amino 3-beta hydroxy-20-beta pregnene-5]. Holaphyllaminol, or Amino-3 beta-Hydroxy-20-beta Pregnene-5, was administered by gastric tube to male Wistar rats at dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/24 hr respectively, during 10, 20, 40 and 80 days. This substance provokes hepatic lesions beginning at the periportal region, the characteristics of which are a cholestasis, a canalar proliferation and a fibrosis. The interest of these alterations lies in the fact that they present the same features as certain human chronic hepatitis; their progression, a function of the dose of the toxin and the duration of treatment, may make possible to realisation of a model of experimental chronic hepatitis.", "PMID": 406074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3496", "title": "[Effects of chloroiodoquine and lethal doses in various mouse strains].", "content": "Chloroiodoquine has been implied in numerous cases of myeloneuropathy in Japan, while in other countries although equally frequently used, only a few cases have been reported after treatment with this drug. Studies on the effect of chloroiodoquine in mice of various inbred strains or from crossings between sensitive and insensitive strains demonstrated a genetic predisposition of sensitivity to chloroiodoquine.", "contents": "[Effects of chloroiodoquine and lethal doses in various mouse strains]. Chloroiodoquine has been implied in numerous cases of myeloneuropathy in Japan, while in other countries although equally frequently used, only a few cases have been reported after treatment with this drug. Studies on the effect of chloroiodoquine in mice of various inbred strains or from crossings between sensitive and insensitive strains demonstrated a genetic predisposition of sensitivity to chloroiodoquine.", "PMID": 406076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3497", "title": "[Accumulation of metals and mineral particles in the soft tissues of the edible cockle, Cerastoderma edule (Mollusca. Eulamellibranchia). Relation to the environment].", "content": "There are two types of metallic accumulations. The first type is constant in localisation and composition. The second type is casually encountered, included in hemocyte nodules, changing with environment and some of its components are incorporated in inorganic particles.", "contents": "[Accumulation of metals and mineral particles in the soft tissues of the edible cockle, Cerastoderma edule (Mollusca. Eulamellibranchia). Relation to the environment]. There are two types of metallic accumulations. The first type is constant in localisation and composition. The second type is casually encountered, included in hemocyte nodules, changing with environment and some of its components are incorporated in inorganic particles.", "PMID": 406077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3498", "title": "[Identification of an essential glutamate residue in the 3-phosphoglycerate kinase of yeast].", "content": "The incorporation of nitrotyrosine into 3-phosphoglycerate kinase activated by carbodiimide results in the chemical modification of a single essential residue. After total proteolytic digestion, isolation of the dipeptide gamma Glu-NO2 Tyr by immuno-affinity chromatography indicates the implication of a glutamyl residue. It is interesting to point out the applicability of the method described for the purification of peptides containing carboxyl residues.", "contents": "[Identification of an essential glutamate residue in the 3-phosphoglycerate kinase of yeast]. The incorporation of nitrotyrosine into 3-phosphoglycerate kinase activated by carbodiimide results in the chemical modification of a single essential residue. After total proteolytic digestion, isolation of the dipeptide gamma Glu-NO2 Tyr by immuno-affinity chromatography indicates the implication of a glutamyl residue. It is interesting to point out the applicability of the method described for the purification of peptides containing carboxyl residues.", "PMID": 406079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3499", "title": "[Effect of prostaglandin E2 (PgE2) on the biosynthesis and metabolism of noradrenaline (NA) in the isolated and perfused rabbit heart].", "content": "In isolated perfused rabbit heart, Pg E2 at concentrations ranging from 1.10(-8) to 1.10(-4) M has shown no significant action either on the biosynthesis or on the metabolism of NA. But it inhibited NA uptake, nevertheless this action was weak.", "contents": "[Effect of prostaglandin E2 (PgE2) on the biosynthesis and metabolism of noradrenaline (NA) in the isolated and perfused rabbit heart]. In isolated perfused rabbit heart, Pg E2 at concentrations ranging from 1.10(-8) to 1.10(-4) M has shown no significant action either on the biosynthesis or on the metabolism of NA. But it inhibited NA uptake, nevertheless this action was weak.", "PMID": 406080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3500", "title": "[The migration, localization, and lysis of transferred lymphocytes in the mouse].", "content": "10 days after the injection of lymphocytes labeled with 51Cr, in the footpads of syngenic mice, 70 p. cent of the label is still present in the footpads. The 51Cr that comes out of the lymphocytes is eliminated from the footpads in less than 24 hrs. In this way it is possible to study the cytolysis of allogenic lymphocytes in vivo.", "contents": "[The migration, localization, and lysis of transferred lymphocytes in the mouse]. 10 days after the injection of lymphocytes labeled with 51Cr, in the footpads of syngenic mice, 70 p. cent of the label is still present in the footpads. The 51Cr that comes out of the lymphocytes is eliminated from the footpads in less than 24 hrs. In this way it is possible to study the cytolysis of allogenic lymphocytes in vivo.", "PMID": 406081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3501", "title": "[Comparison of the effects of ethidium bromide and of the ethidium bromide-deoxyribonucleic acid complex in Ehrlich tumor cells].", "content": "When injected into the peritoneal cavity, ethidium bromide can strongly inhibit the multiplication of mouse Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. This antitumour effect is increased when ethidium bromide is linked to DNA and also injected into the peritoneal cavity. The cellular alterations are identical after a treatment with E.B. either free or bound to DNA. However, when the cells are treated with E.B.-DNA they contain E.B. for a longer period than after a treatment with E.B.", "contents": "[Comparison of the effects of ethidium bromide and of the ethidium bromide-deoxyribonucleic acid complex in Ehrlich tumor cells]. When injected into the peritoneal cavity, ethidium bromide can strongly inhibit the multiplication of mouse Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. This antitumour effect is increased when ethidium bromide is linked to DNA and also injected into the peritoneal cavity. The cellular alterations are identical after a treatment with E.B. either free or bound to DNA. However, when the cells are treated with E.B.-DNA they contain E.B. for a longer period than after a treatment with E.B.", "PMID": 406082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3502", "title": "[Peritoneal exudate, with mononucleated cells, during normal pregnancy in different species].", "content": "A peritoneal cell rich fluid, containing mononucleated leukocytes, macrophages, monocytes, mast cells and lymphocytes, was observed during normal pregnancy in animals belonging to various species. These cells might be concerned in a homograft-like, mother-foetus, relationship.", "contents": "[Peritoneal exudate, with mononucleated cells, during normal pregnancy in different species]. A peritoneal cell rich fluid, containing mononucleated leukocytes, macrophages, monocytes, mast cells and lymphocytes, was observed during normal pregnancy in animals belonging to various species. These cells might be concerned in a homograft-like, mother-foetus, relationship.", "PMID": 406083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3503", "title": "[The effects of lesions in several zones of the brain on cell multiplication in the glandular epithelium of the rat small intestine].", "content": "Radio-frequency lesions of tubero-infundibular region of the hypothalamus are followed by a significant increase of the mitotic rate in the small intestine glandular epithelium in rats. This increase does not occur when radio-frequency lesions are located in the anterior and posterior hypothalamus, in the dorsomedial thalamus and in the cerebral hemispheres.", "contents": "[The effects of lesions in several zones of the brain on cell multiplication in the glandular epithelium of the rat small intestine]. Radio-frequency lesions of tubero-infundibular region of the hypothalamus are followed by a significant increase of the mitotic rate in the small intestine glandular epithelium in rats. This increase does not occur when radio-frequency lesions are located in the anterior and posterior hypothalamus, in the dorsomedial thalamus and in the cerebral hemispheres.", "PMID": 406084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3504", "title": "[Annual cycle of plasma testosterone and thyroxine in the European badger (Meles meles L.)].", "content": "In the male European Badger there are important variations in the plasma testosterone and thyroxine levels during the annual cycle. During the summer, plasma testosterone concentrations are low while plasma thyroxine rises to a very high level. In winter, when the thyroid activity is minimal, testicular activity increases. From February to May, the plasma testosterone remains at a high level, and then, after a sudden fall, a second peak occurs in June at which time the concentration of thyroxine is low.", "contents": "[Annual cycle of plasma testosterone and thyroxine in the European badger (Meles meles L.)]. In the male European Badger there are important variations in the plasma testosterone and thyroxine levels during the annual cycle. During the summer, plasma testosterone concentrations are low while plasma thyroxine rises to a very high level. In winter, when the thyroid activity is minimal, testicular activity increases. From February to May, the plasma testosterone remains at a high level, and then, after a sudden fall, a second peak occurs in June at which time the concentration of thyroxine is low.", "PMID": 406085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3505", "title": "[The antagonistic effect of adrenal cortical extracts toward prostaglandin E2 (PgE2)].", "content": "Corticoadrenal extract has been shown to antagonize the action of prostaglandin E2 (Pg E2) on smooth muscle: this effect is noteworthy. It could partly elucidate the mechanism of the antihypotensive action of corticoadrenal extract.", "contents": "[The antagonistic effect of adrenal cortical extracts toward prostaglandin E2 (PgE2)]. Corticoadrenal extract has been shown to antagonize the action of prostaglandin E2 (Pg E2) on smooth muscle: this effect is noteworthy. It could partly elucidate the mechanism of the antihypotensive action of corticoadrenal extract.", "PMID": 406086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3506", "title": "[Preferential differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells transferred to mice previously infected by BCG].", "content": "Following injection of bone marrow cells in lethally irradiated mice, previously infected with BCG regenerating hemopoietic cell populations differentiate along the leucocyte pathway to the detriment of erythroid lineage. Such a phenomenon persisting even if anemia of infected mice is increased by bleeding just before irradiation and reconstitution supports the hypothesis of preferential differentiation of stem cells.", "contents": "[Preferential differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells transferred to mice previously infected by BCG]. Following injection of bone marrow cells in lethally irradiated mice, previously infected with BCG regenerating hemopoietic cell populations differentiate along the leucocyte pathway to the detriment of erythroid lineage. Such a phenomenon persisting even if anemia of infected mice is increased by bleeding just before irradiation and reconstitution supports the hypothesis of preferential differentiation of stem cells.", "PMID": 406087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3507", "title": "[Radioprotection conferred by Corynebacterium parvum against the lethality caused by X irradiation at sublethal and lethal doses in the mouse].", "content": "Intraperitoneal injection of Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) into Balb/c mice produces a protection against toxicity or lethality provoked by ionizing radiation (750 R and 950 R). Survivals reaching nearly 90 days have been recorded.", "contents": "[Radioprotection conferred by Corynebacterium parvum against the lethality caused by X irradiation at sublethal and lethal doses in the mouse]. Intraperitoneal injection of Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) into Balb/c mice produces a protection against toxicity or lethality provoked by ionizing radiation (750 R and 950 R). Survivals reaching nearly 90 days have been recorded.", "PMID": 406088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3508", "title": "[Uptake and incorporation of labeled oleic acid and glycerol by the isolated and perfused liver of the Wistar rat].", "content": "After perfusion by oleic acid (9-10(-3)H) and glycerol (1(-14)C) previously starved Wistar rats, the synthesis of hepatic TG and PL follows the two following different method: -- during the first minutes of perfusions, the most important method synthesis of TG and especially of PL is a de novo synthesis utilizing glycerol and the exogenous AG. The TG synthesized are 18:1 18:1 18:1 and 16:0 18:1 18:2 the PL synthesized are LP, AP and LPC; -- during perfusions of long duration (30, 60, 120 min.), the major method of synthesis of TG and PL is an active exchange of AG of the endogenous glycerolipids. The TG synthesized are 16:0 18:1 18:1 and 16:0 18:1 18:2 the PL synthesized are PE and PC.", "contents": "[Uptake and incorporation of labeled oleic acid and glycerol by the isolated and perfused liver of the Wistar rat]. After perfusion by oleic acid (9-10(-3)H) and glycerol (1(-14)C) previously starved Wistar rats, the synthesis of hepatic TG and PL follows the two following different method: -- during the first minutes of perfusions, the most important method synthesis of TG and especially of PL is a de novo synthesis utilizing glycerol and the exogenous AG. The TG synthesized are 18:1 18:1 18:1 and 16:0 18:1 18:2 the PL synthesized are LP, AP and LPC; -- during perfusions of long duration (30, 60, 120 min.), the major method of synthesis of TG and PL is an active exchange of AG of the endogenous glycerolipids. The TG synthesized are 16:0 18:1 18:1 and 16:0 18:1 18:2 the PL synthesized are PE and PC.", "PMID": 406089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3509", "title": "[Mitotic activity in the glandular epithelium of the rat small intestine after electrothermocoagulation of the tubero-infundibular region of the hypothalamus and simultaneous resection of the pineal gland].", "content": "Radio-frequency lesions of the tubero-infundibular region of the hypothalamus and simultaneous pinealectomy are performed in rats. The double operation is followed by a significant increase of mitotic rate in the small intestine glandular epithelium. This increase is higher than the addition of the effects that are caused by each operation.", "contents": "[Mitotic activity in the glandular epithelium of the rat small intestine after electrothermocoagulation of the tubero-infundibular region of the hypothalamus and simultaneous resection of the pineal gland]. Radio-frequency lesions of the tubero-infundibular region of the hypothalamus and simultaneous pinealectomy are performed in rats. The double operation is followed by a significant increase of mitotic rate in the small intestine glandular epithelium. This increase is higher than the addition of the effects that are caused by each operation.", "PMID": 406091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3510", "title": "[Involution of the mesonephros and differentiation of the epididymis in chickens: immunohistological study].", "content": "By means of purified rabbit anti-adult chicken kidney antibodies two types of antigens have been identified in the mesonephros: one, localised in the cells of the proximal segment of the secretory tubules, the other characteristic of the collecting segments derived from the Wolffian duct. During the transformation of certain mesonephric tubules into ductuli efferentes and conjugentes of the epididymis the collecting tubule antigen disappears whereas the proximal secretory tubule antigen not only persists but can also be detected in the parietal layer of Bowman's capsules as they transform before connecting with the rete testis.", "contents": "[Involution of the mesonephros and differentiation of the epididymis in chickens: immunohistological study]. By means of purified rabbit anti-adult chicken kidney antibodies two types of antigens have been identified in the mesonephros: one, localised in the cells of the proximal segment of the secretory tubules, the other characteristic of the collecting segments derived from the Wolffian duct. During the transformation of certain mesonephric tubules into ductuli efferentes and conjugentes of the epididymis the collecting tubule antigen disappears whereas the proximal secretory tubule antigen not only persists but can also be detected in the parietal layer of Bowman's capsules as they transform before connecting with the rete testis.", "PMID": 406092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3511", "title": "[Induction of the mesoderm and primordial germ cells by the endoderm of Pleurodeles waltlii (Amphibia, Urodele): development during gastrulation].", "content": "Blastulae ectoderm is combined with dorsal or ventral endoderm from blastulae, gastrulae and early neurulae. In vitro culture reveals the presence of different mesodermal structures whose nature is connected with the endoderm origin site. Primordial germ cells differentiate essentially in the recombinates including ventral endoderm. The inducing capacity of this latter concerning germ cells is maximum at the beginning of gastrulation, then decreases during it and finally disappears at the onset of neurulation.", "contents": "[Induction of the mesoderm and primordial germ cells by the endoderm of Pleurodeles waltlii (Amphibia, Urodele): development during gastrulation]. Blastulae ectoderm is combined with dorsal or ventral endoderm from blastulae, gastrulae and early neurulae. In vitro culture reveals the presence of different mesodermal structures whose nature is connected with the endoderm origin site. Primordial germ cells differentiate essentially in the recombinates including ventral endoderm. The inducing capacity of this latter concerning germ cells is maximum at the beginning of gastrulation, then decreases during it and finally disappears at the onset of neurulation.", "PMID": 406093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3512", "title": "[Demonstration of a receptor for 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol in the cytosol of the anterior pituitary of prepubertal male rats].", "content": "The presence of a specific receptor for 5alpha-androstan-3beta, 17beta-diol (3beta-diol) in the pituitary cytosol from prepubertal male rats was demonstrated. Its characteristics were: Ka = 5.2.10(7) M-1 KD = 1.9 X 10(-8) M, number of specific binding = 8.7 10(-14) moles per mg of proteins. Its sedimentation constant was 3 S. Competition assays showed that only 3beta-diol itself and estrogens were able to compete for the binding sites for 3beta-diol. Androgens, including 3alpha-diol, were inefficient. This receptor was found only in pituitary cytosol, it was missing from hypothalamic or cortical cytosols. This special localization seemed to foreshadow a specific role for 3beta-diol in the anterior hypophysis.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a receptor for 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol in the cytosol of the anterior pituitary of prepubertal male rats]. The presence of a specific receptor for 5alpha-androstan-3beta, 17beta-diol (3beta-diol) in the pituitary cytosol from prepubertal male rats was demonstrated. Its characteristics were: Ka = 5.2.10(7) M-1 KD = 1.9 X 10(-8) M, number of specific binding = 8.7 10(-14) moles per mg of proteins. Its sedimentation constant was 3 S. Competition assays showed that only 3beta-diol itself and estrogens were able to compete for the binding sites for 3beta-diol. Androgens, including 3alpha-diol, were inefficient. This receptor was found only in pituitary cytosol, it was missing from hypothalamic or cortical cytosols. This special localization seemed to foreshadow a specific role for 3beta-diol in the anterior hypophysis.", "PMID": 406094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3513", "title": "[Problems in the determination of isoelectric points of beta lactamases].", "content": "Analytical isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels and preparative electrofocusing in density gradients may give very different pI determination for the same beta lactamase. This difference seems due to a lack of enzyme migration in some parts of the cross-linked polyacrylamide gel. This migration appears easier in density gradient isoelectricfocusing, and thus this technique yields more significant absolute pI values. Analytical isoelectric focusing should only be used for comparison studies.", "contents": "[Problems in the determination of isoelectric points of beta lactamases]. Analytical isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels and preparative electrofocusing in density gradients may give very different pI determination for the same beta lactamase. This difference seems due to a lack of enzyme migration in some parts of the cross-linked polyacrylamide gel. This migration appears easier in density gradient isoelectricfocusing, and thus this technique yields more significant absolute pI values. Analytical isoelectric focusing should only be used for comparison studies.", "PMID": 406095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3514", "title": "[HLA groups in the infantile psychoses during development, and hypothesis for an enzyme defect].", "content": "The HLA typing (loci A and B) of a series of fifteen psychotic children has shown an increase of the frequency of both HLA-A9 and B5 antigens. These preliminary data and previous biochemical findings in psychotic patients lead the authors to postulate the hypothesis of a qualitative or quantitative anomaly of the superoxide dismutase (SOD-2), the gene of which is situated on the same chromosome (sixth) as the HLA complex.", "contents": "[HLA groups in the infantile psychoses during development, and hypothesis for an enzyme defect]. The HLA typing (loci A and B) of a series of fifteen psychotic children has shown an increase of the frequency of both HLA-A9 and B5 antigens. These preliminary data and previous biochemical findings in psychotic patients lead the authors to postulate the hypothesis of a qualitative or quantitative anomaly of the superoxide dismutase (SOD-2), the gene of which is situated on the same chromosome (sixth) as the HLA complex.", "PMID": 406096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3515", "title": "[Immunity and cancer: suppressor effect on the cytotoxic activity of lymphoid cells from animals carrying syngeneic tumors].", "content": "When it is tested in vitro, the cytotoxic action of lymphocytes from mice bearing a syngeneic tumour (T2) vary with the age of the graft. At a time when it is very low, the lymphoid cells are cultivated for 3 days and then can be fractionated in two subpopulations on a glass bead column: a cytotoxic \"non adherent\" group of cells and an \"adherent\" group that inhibits the activity of the first group when it is added to it.", "contents": "[Immunity and cancer: suppressor effect on the cytotoxic activity of lymphoid cells from animals carrying syngeneic tumors]. When it is tested in vitro, the cytotoxic action of lymphocytes from mice bearing a syngeneic tumour (T2) vary with the age of the graft. At a time when it is very low, the lymphoid cells are cultivated for 3 days and then can be fractionated in two subpopulations on a glass bead column: a cytotoxic \"non adherent\" group of cells and an \"adherent\" group that inhibits the activity of the first group when it is added to it.", "PMID": 406097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3516", "title": "Hemodynamics and antianginal effects of high dose oral isosorbide dinitrate after chronic use.", "content": "In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, 19 patients with angina were exercised 2 min after 0.4 mg sublingual nitroglycerin and after sublingual placebo and before and 1, 3, and 5 hours after oral isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) and oral placebo. After initial testing, patients took the dose of ISDN they had had during the study (mean dose 29 mg) for a mean period of 5.6 months before retesting using the same protocol. Compared to placebo, exercise time after sublingual nitroglycerin increased 56% (P less than 0.001) initially and 51% (P less than 0.001) at retest. Compared to placebo, exercise time increased 58% (P less than 0.05) initially and 58% (P less than 0.005) at retest 1 hour after ISDN, 38% (P less than 0.05) initially and 27% (P less than 0.005) at retest 3 hours after ISDN, and 13% (NS) initially and 21% (P less than 0.02) at retest five hours after ISDN. The mean exericse times initially and at retest were not significantly different. Hemodynamic changes (decrease in systolic blood pressure and increase in heart rate) at 15 min persisted through 300 min after ISDN during both initial testing and during retesting. However, these changes were significantly less during retesting. We conclude that a partial tolerance to the hemodynamic effects of the drug develops after chronic use of high dose oral ISDN but that the antianginal efficacy of both sublingual nitroglycerin and oral ISDN is unimpaired.", "contents": "Hemodynamics and antianginal effects of high dose oral isosorbide dinitrate after chronic use. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, 19 patients with angina were exercised 2 min after 0.4 mg sublingual nitroglycerin and after sublingual placebo and before and 1, 3, and 5 hours after oral isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) and oral placebo. After initial testing, patients took the dose of ISDN they had had during the study (mean dose 29 mg) for a mean period of 5.6 months before retesting using the same protocol. Compared to placebo, exercise time after sublingual nitroglycerin increased 56% (P less than 0.001) initially and 51% (P less than 0.001) at retest. Compared to placebo, exercise time increased 58% (P less than 0.05) initially and 58% (P less than 0.005) at retest 1 hour after ISDN, 38% (P less than 0.05) initially and 27% (P less than 0.005) at retest 3 hours after ISDN, and 13% (NS) initially and 21% (P less than 0.02) at retest five hours after ISDN. The mean exericse times initially and at retest were not significantly different. Hemodynamic changes (decrease in systolic blood pressure and increase in heart rate) at 15 min persisted through 300 min after ISDN during both initial testing and during retesting. However, these changes were significantly less during retesting. We conclude that a partial tolerance to the hemodynamic effects of the drug develops after chronic use of high dose oral ISDN but that the antianginal efficacy of both sublingual nitroglycerin and oral ISDN is unimpaired.", "PMID": 406098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3517", "title": "Specific and total serum IgE measurements in the diagnosis of penicillin allergy. A long term follow-up study.", "content": "Sera from 204 patients with acute or former reactions following penicillin treatment were investigated by RAST with specificity for benzylpenicilloyl and phenoxymethyl-penicilloyl. The IgE antibody levels were followed up for of more than 2 years. Positive results could be observed at the time of the acute reactions and the weeks following; later months or years in many cases. Occasionally negative RAST results occurred within 30 days; on the other hand high levels of specific IgE persisted for years in some patients. Total serum IgE measured by RIST and the RAST results showed similar patterns, with mean levels of 568 u/ml between 0 and 30 days after the penicillin allergic reaction, 286 u/ml between 30 days and 1 year, and 195 u/ml in cases after 1 year corresponded well with the observed decline in specific IgE. Skin tests performed with penicilloyl-polylysine in 118 patients showed an overall correlation of 91-5% with the RAST results. Differences between the two test systems were observed in patients with a long interval between the test and the last allergic attack. None of the patients with proved penicillin allergy had atopic diseases or a history of atopy. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that the determination of both circulating specific IgE and total IgE should be of great value for diagnostic purposes during acute drug reactions and in the months immediately afterwards.", "contents": "Specific and total serum IgE measurements in the diagnosis of penicillin allergy. A long term follow-up study. Sera from 204 patients with acute or former reactions following penicillin treatment were investigated by RAST with specificity for benzylpenicilloyl and phenoxymethyl-penicilloyl. The IgE antibody levels were followed up for of more than 2 years. Positive results could be observed at the time of the acute reactions and the weeks following; later months or years in many cases. Occasionally negative RAST results occurred within 30 days; on the other hand high levels of specific IgE persisted for years in some patients. Total serum IgE measured by RIST and the RAST results showed similar patterns, with mean levels of 568 u/ml between 0 and 30 days after the penicillin allergic reaction, 286 u/ml between 30 days and 1 year, and 195 u/ml in cases after 1 year corresponded well with the observed decline in specific IgE. Skin tests performed with penicilloyl-polylysine in 118 patients showed an overall correlation of 91-5% with the RAST results. Differences between the two test systems were observed in patients with a long interval between the test and the last allergic attack. None of the patients with proved penicillin allergy had atopic diseases or a history of atopy. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that the determination of both circulating specific IgE and total IgE should be of great value for diagnostic purposes during acute drug reactions and in the months immediately afterwards.", "PMID": 406099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3518", "title": "Diagnostic tests in the skin and serum of works sensitized to Bacillus subtilis enzymes.", "content": "Two allergen pools of commercial detergent enzymes were prepared as skin test reagents: (1) Carlsberg type, composed of three products containing subtilopeptidase A, and (2) BPN type, composed of two products containing subtilopeptidase B and alpha-amylase. In 100 non-exposed controls a reaction suggesting primary irritancy was found at protein concentrations greater than 1 microng/ml intradermally or 1 mg/ml by prick test. Intradermally at 10 microng/ml weals were accompained by less pronounced flare reactions than observed in specifically sensitized enzyme workers. At 100 micronh/ml the reactions were like strong specific reactions. Galse positive prick test reactions occurred irregularly at 10 mg/ml. In 100 sensitized enzyme workers, reactions were elicited at concentrations from 1-0 to 10(-5) microng/ml intradermally and from 1000 to 1 micron by prick test. Intradermal and prick tests correlated well (r=0-84, P less than 0-001). Ratings of symptom severity upon exposure obtained from questionnaires were significantly correlated with skin test reactivity (P less than 0-01). RAST performed on sera collected simultaneously also correlated significantly with symptom scores. PCA tests in monkeys were less sensitive. Standardized test reagents allow diagnostic skin testing by either intradermal or prick test in B. subtilis enzyme sensitive patients. A clear distinction between primary irritant reactions and true sensitization was made on the basis of the concentration required to elicit a reaction.", "contents": "Diagnostic tests in the skin and serum of works sensitized to Bacillus subtilis enzymes. Two allergen pools of commercial detergent enzymes were prepared as skin test reagents: (1) Carlsberg type, composed of three products containing subtilopeptidase A, and (2) BPN type, composed of two products containing subtilopeptidase B and alpha-amylase. In 100 non-exposed controls a reaction suggesting primary irritancy was found at protein concentrations greater than 1 microng/ml intradermally or 1 mg/ml by prick test. Intradermally at 10 microng/ml weals were accompained by less pronounced flare reactions than observed in specifically sensitized enzyme workers. At 100 micronh/ml the reactions were like strong specific reactions. Galse positive prick test reactions occurred irregularly at 10 mg/ml. In 100 sensitized enzyme workers, reactions were elicited at concentrations from 1-0 to 10(-5) microng/ml intradermally and from 1000 to 1 micron by prick test. Intradermal and prick tests correlated well (r=0-84, P less than 0-001). Ratings of symptom severity upon exposure obtained from questionnaires were significantly correlated with skin test reactivity (P less than 0-01). RAST performed on sera collected simultaneously also correlated significantly with symptom scores. PCA tests in monkeys were less sensitive. Standardized test reagents allow diagnostic skin testing by either intradermal or prick test in B. subtilis enzyme sensitive patients. A clear distinction between primary irritant reactions and true sensitization was made on the basis of the concentration required to elicit a reaction.", "PMID": 406100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3519", "title": "Antigens in pigeon breeder's disease: the use of pigeon dropping antigens in detecting antibody activity.", "content": "Sera from patients with pigeon breeder's disease were analysed for precipitating antibodies by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis using whole pigeon dropping extract (PDE) and a purified fraction of PDE (PDE1) as antigens. For comparison, sera from asymptomatic pigeon breeders and normal individuals were also tested for precipitating antibodies. Whereas whole PDE formed precipitin lines with normal serum as well as with serum from symptomatic and asymptomatic pigeon breeders, PDE1 formed precipitin lines only with serum from individuals exposed to pigeons, This suggests that whole PDE forms non-specific (non-antigen-antibody reactions) as well as specific precipitin lines, while PDE1 appears to form only specific lines. These data indicate that whole PDE has limited usefulness in studies of pigeon breeder's disease. It is also possible that PDE1 will be useful in studies of this disease.", "contents": "Antigens in pigeon breeder's disease: the use of pigeon dropping antigens in detecting antibody activity. Sera from patients with pigeon breeder's disease were analysed for precipitating antibodies by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis using whole pigeon dropping extract (PDE) and a purified fraction of PDE (PDE1) as antigens. For comparison, sera from asymptomatic pigeon breeders and normal individuals were also tested for precipitating antibodies. Whereas whole PDE formed precipitin lines with normal serum as well as with serum from symptomatic and asymptomatic pigeon breeders, PDE1 formed precipitin lines only with serum from individuals exposed to pigeons, This suggests that whole PDE forms non-specific (non-antigen-antibody reactions) as well as specific precipitin lines, while PDE1 appears to form only specific lines. These data indicate that whole PDE has limited usefulness in studies of pigeon breeder's disease. It is also possible that PDE1 will be useful in studies of this disease.", "PMID": 406101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3520", "title": "The effect of orally administered sodium cromoglycate on symptoms of food allergy.", "content": "A comparison was made between the effects of sodium cromoglycate (SCG) and placebo on symptoms of food allergy in twenty children. Both the clinician's and patient's preferences and the clinician's evaluation of the specific response to challenge showed a significant benefit from SCG. A striking effect on skin symptoms was seen in some children and the recorded mean score for skin symptoms was lower after 2 weeks' treatment with sodium cromoglycate. However, the differences detected from the mean symptom scores were not statistically significant. Neither were there any significant changes in the IgE, IgG, IgA and IgM food allergen antibody levels related to the treatment.", "contents": "The effect of orally administered sodium cromoglycate on symptoms of food allergy. A comparison was made between the effects of sodium cromoglycate (SCG) and placebo on symptoms of food allergy in twenty children. Both the clinician's and patient's preferences and the clinician's evaluation of the specific response to challenge showed a significant benefit from SCG. A striking effect on skin symptoms was seen in some children and the recorded mean score for skin symptoms was lower after 2 weeks' treatment with sodium cromoglycate. However, the differences detected from the mean symptom scores were not statistically significant. Neither were there any significant changes in the IgE, IgG, IgA and IgM food allergen antibody levels related to the treatment.", "PMID": 406102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3521", "title": "The combined use of betamethasone valerate and sodium cromoglycate in the treatment of asthma.", "content": "A double-blind comparison of betamethasone valerate, sodium cromoglycate and the combination of these two treatments was carried out in twenty-two adult patients with asthma. Regular fortnightly assessments were made in the clinic throughout the study and adrenal function was monitored and found to be normal. All patients measured their peak expiratory flow rates in the morning and evening and monitored their symptoms daily on a record card as well as recording bronchodilator usage. Assessment using these parameters indicated that treatment with betamethasone valerate compared with sodium cromoglycate resulted in an improvement in the patients' asthma which was stitistically significant (P less than 0-001). Overall the combined treatment produced a better response than sodium cromoglycate (P less than 0-02) but a poorer response compared with the steroid aerosol given alone (P greater than 0-05). In only two patients was the response to the combined therapy significantly greater than to either drug given alone.", "contents": "The combined use of betamethasone valerate and sodium cromoglycate in the treatment of asthma. A double-blind comparison of betamethasone valerate, sodium cromoglycate and the combination of these two treatments was carried out in twenty-two adult patients with asthma. Regular fortnightly assessments were made in the clinic throughout the study and adrenal function was monitored and found to be normal. All patients measured their peak expiratory flow rates in the morning and evening and monitored their symptoms daily on a record card as well as recording bronchodilator usage. Assessment using these parameters indicated that treatment with betamethasone valerate compared with sodium cromoglycate resulted in an improvement in the patients' asthma which was stitistically significant (P less than 0-001). Overall the combined treatment produced a better response than sodium cromoglycate (P less than 0-02) but a poorer response compared with the steroid aerosol given alone (P greater than 0-05). In only two patients was the response to the combined therapy significantly greater than to either drug given alone.", "PMID": 406103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3522", "title": "A rate nephelometer for measuring specific proteins by immunoprecipitin reactions.", "content": "A kinetic nephelometric method and instrument have been developed for the rapid determination of specific serum proteins by means of immunoprecipitin reactions. The maximum rate of change of scattered light intensity in an antigen-antibody reaction can be made to occur within 60 s after initiation of the reaction and provides a measure of the antigen concentration under antibody excess conditions. A mathematical relationship has been found for the conversion of the nonlinear maximum rate data directly into a linear concentration read-out, making possible the use of single-point calibration. Instrument operating parameters and computations are programmed for a particular analysis by means of machine-readable cards. Antigen-excess samples are detected rapidly by injection of calibrator into the reaction mixture after the rate signal has dropped to a pre-selected level. The method correlates well with both radial immunodiffusion and end-point nephelometric methods.", "contents": "A rate nephelometer for measuring specific proteins by immunoprecipitin reactions. A kinetic nephelometric method and instrument have been developed for the rapid determination of specific serum proteins by means of immunoprecipitin reactions. The maximum rate of change of scattered light intensity in an antigen-antibody reaction can be made to occur within 60 s after initiation of the reaction and provides a measure of the antigen concentration under antibody excess conditions. A mathematical relationship has been found for the conversion of the nonlinear maximum rate data directly into a linear concentration read-out, making possible the use of single-point calibration. Instrument operating parameters and computations are programmed for a particular analysis by means of machine-readable cards. Antigen-excess samples are detected rapidly by injection of calibrator into the reaction mixture after the rate signal has dropped to a pre-selected level. The method correlates well with both radial immunodiffusion and end-point nephelometric methods.", "PMID": 406105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3523", "title": "A prospective study of respiratory infection in asthmatic patients treated with beclomethasone dipropionate and sodium cromoglycate.", "content": "A prospective study of forty adult asthmatic patients attending two chest clinics in the City of Liverpool was undertaken. All patients had reversible airways obstruction and were under treatment with either beclomethasone dipropionate or sodium cromoglycate. Satisfactory symptomatic control was achieved in both groups of patients on a subjective basis, but there was a statistically significant (P less than 0-001) reduction in the number of admissions to hospital in the treatment year compared to the preceding 12 months in the beclomethasone aerosol group. No increased incidence of lower respiratory tract infections or non-specific sore throats was found in either group studied. No cases of clinical oral Candida infection occurred in the beclomethasone aerosol treated patients. It is concluded that beclomethasone dipropionate in aerosol form is not only a safe and effective method for symptomatic control of adult bronchial asthma but is also economically worthwhile as a means of reducing hospital admissions in this vulnerable group of patients.", "contents": "A prospective study of respiratory infection in asthmatic patients treated with beclomethasone dipropionate and sodium cromoglycate. A prospective study of forty adult asthmatic patients attending two chest clinics in the City of Liverpool was undertaken. All patients had reversible airways obstruction and were under treatment with either beclomethasone dipropionate or sodium cromoglycate. Satisfactory symptomatic control was achieved in both groups of patients on a subjective basis, but there was a statistically significant (P less than 0-001) reduction in the number of admissions to hospital in the treatment year compared to the preceding 12 months in the beclomethasone aerosol group. No increased incidence of lower respiratory tract infections or non-specific sore throats was found in either group studied. No cases of clinical oral Candida infection occurred in the beclomethasone aerosol treated patients. It is concluded that beclomethasone dipropionate in aerosol form is not only a safe and effective method for symptomatic control of adult bronchial asthma but is also economically worthwhile as a means of reducing hospital admissions in this vulnerable group of patients.", "PMID": 406104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3524", "title": "A radioactive substrate and assay for alpha-L-iduronidase.", "content": "A novel radioactive substrate for alpha-L-iduronidase, anhydro[3H]mannitol-iduronide has been prepared. This compound is hydrolysed by alpha-L-iduronidase to yield anhydro[3H]mannitol, which can be separated from the substrate and counted. The assay, described for use with fibroblast homogenates, is satisfactory for the diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidosis I.", "contents": "A radioactive substrate and assay for alpha-L-iduronidase. A novel radioactive substrate for alpha-L-iduronidase, anhydro[3H]mannitol-iduronide has been prepared. This compound is hydrolysed by alpha-L-iduronidase to yield anhydro[3H]mannitol, which can be separated from the substrate and counted. The assay, described for use with fibroblast homogenates, is satisfactory for the diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidosis I.", "PMID": 406106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3525", "title": "[Glycoproteins of pleural effusions (author's transl)].", "content": "Using single radial immunodiffusion, ten glycoproteins from non purulent pleural fluids have been estimated in different diseases. For five proteins (prealbumin, ceruloplasmin, alpha2HS-glycoprotein, transferrin, beta2-glycoprotein 1) the results have been found not to correlate with the causal disease. However for orosomucoid, alpha1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin and hemopexin, there was good correlation between proteins levels and aetiology. The glycoprotein concentration was low in mechanical effusions from cirrhosis and chronic cardiac failure. It was high in inflammatory, post-embolism and particularly neoplastic effusions. A raised orosomucoid level occurred as the most characteristic of cancer states especially when associated with a parallel increase of the four other glycoproteins. A simultaneously elevated level of these five pleural glycoproteins seems to be a good and significant biological sign for neoplastic effusion diagnosis.", "contents": "[Glycoproteins of pleural effusions (author's transl)]. Using single radial immunodiffusion, ten glycoproteins from non purulent pleural fluids have been estimated in different diseases. For five proteins (prealbumin, ceruloplasmin, alpha2HS-glycoprotein, transferrin, beta2-glycoprotein 1) the results have been found not to correlate with the causal disease. However for orosomucoid, alpha1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin and hemopexin, there was good correlation between proteins levels and aetiology. The glycoprotein concentration was low in mechanical effusions from cirrhosis and chronic cardiac failure. It was high in inflammatory, post-embolism and particularly neoplastic effusions. A raised orosomucoid level occurred as the most characteristic of cancer states especially when associated with a parallel increase of the four other glycoproteins. A simultaneously elevated level of these five pleural glycoproteins seems to be a good and significant biological sign for neoplastic effusion diagnosis.", "PMID": 406107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3526", "title": "Decreased serum thyroid hormone levels and increased TSH response to TRH in infants with coeliac disease.", "content": "Plasma levels of thyrotrophin before and after the intravenous administration of 200 microgram of thyrotrophin releasing hormone have been studied in eleven patients with active gluten-induced enteropathy and in a group of twenty-one normal prepubertal children. In nine out of eleven coeliac patients an exaggerated and/or sustained response of plasma thyrotrophin is observed. Basal plasma thyrotrophin level is not significantly different from the value observed in normal children. However, plasma levels recorded 20 and 60 min after injection of the releasing hormone are significantly higher than in control children (at 20 min: P less than 0.01; at 60 min: P less than 0.001). Serum levels of dialysed triiodothyronine and thyroxine and of triiodothyronine are significantly lower in coeliac patients than in normal infants (P less than 0.01). These data support the evidence of an endocrine dysfunction in coeliac disease. It is not clear whether it is due to malnutrition and/or to some direct action of circulating gluten-peptides on the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Decreased serum thyroid hormone levels and increased TSH response to TRH in infants with coeliac disease. Plasma levels of thyrotrophin before and after the intravenous administration of 200 microgram of thyrotrophin releasing hormone have been studied in eleven patients with active gluten-induced enteropathy and in a group of twenty-one normal prepubertal children. In nine out of eleven coeliac patients an exaggerated and/or sustained response of plasma thyrotrophin is observed. Basal plasma thyrotrophin level is not significantly different from the value observed in normal children. However, plasma levels recorded 20 and 60 min after injection of the releasing hormone are significantly higher than in control children (at 20 min: P less than 0.01; at 60 min: P less than 0.001). Serum levels of dialysed triiodothyronine and thyroxine and of triiodothyronine are significantly lower in coeliac patients than in normal infants (P less than 0.01). These data support the evidence of an endocrine dysfunction in coeliac disease. It is not clear whether it is due to malnutrition and/or to some direct action of circulating gluten-peptides on the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 406108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3527", "title": "C3b receptors in glomerular disease.", "content": "Using two indicator systems--sheep erythrocytes or fluoresceinated S. typhi coated with C3b the presence of a receptor for C3b (but not C3d) in the normal human glomerulus is confirmed. No receptor could be detected in other species tested (mouse, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit and rhesus monkey). Binding of indicator particles was reduced or lost in diseases associated with glomerular capillary deposition of C3, but not in those with mesangial deposition alone. However in some cases the receptor was lost in the absence of detectable C3 deposition. No receptors were detected in proliferating cells in glomerular crescents.", "contents": "C3b receptors in glomerular disease. Using two indicator systems--sheep erythrocytes or fluoresceinated S. typhi coated with C3b the presence of a receptor for C3b (but not C3d) in the normal human glomerulus is confirmed. No receptor could be detected in other species tested (mouse, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit and rhesus monkey). Binding of indicator particles was reduced or lost in diseases associated with glomerular capillary deposition of C3, but not in those with mesangial deposition alone. However in some cases the receptor was lost in the absence of detectable C3 deposition. No receptors were detected in proliferating cells in glomerular crescents.", "PMID": 406109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3528", "title": "The relation of clinical and laboratory findings to the survival of patients with macroglobulinaemia.", "content": "The relation of clinical and laboratory findings at the time clinical presentation to subsequent survival was investigated in 204 patients with macroglobulinaemia. It was found that the ten following clinical and laboratory parameters were of prognostic significance and a further twelve were not. The best prognoses were found amongst male patients, patients aged 50-69 years and those with serum IgM paraprotein concentrations of 20-39 g/1, type lambda paraproteins, no Bence-Jones proteinuria or cryoglobulinaemia, only one paraprotein, serum cold haemagglutinin activity, serum albumin above 40 g/1 and serum urea below 10 mmol/1.", "contents": "The relation of clinical and laboratory findings to the survival of patients with macroglobulinaemia. The relation of clinical and laboratory findings at the time clinical presentation to subsequent survival was investigated in 204 patients with macroglobulinaemia. It was found that the ten following clinical and laboratory parameters were of prognostic significance and a further twelve were not. The best prognoses were found amongst male patients, patients aged 50-69 years and those with serum IgM paraprotein concentrations of 20-39 g/1, type lambda paraproteins, no Bence-Jones proteinuria or cryoglobulinaemia, only one paraprotein, serum cold haemagglutinin activity, serum albumin above 40 g/1 and serum urea below 10 mmol/1.", "PMID": 406110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3529", "title": "Comparison of plasma disappearance and standard clearance techniques for measuring glomerular filtration rate in children with and without vesico-ureteric reflux.", "content": "The plasma disappearance rate, or slope clearance, after a single intravenous injection of 51Cr-EDTA was compared with simultaneously determined standard (UV/P) clearances of inulin, creatinine and 51Cr-EDTA in 4 healthy adults and 18 children with renal disease but no reflux. Slope clearance correlated well with standard inulin (r=0.99) and 51Cr-EDTA (r=0.97) clearances and was more accurate than creatinine clearance. Slope clearance x0.82 estimated standard 51Cr-EDTA clearance with +/- 12% accuracy in these subjects. In 18 children with vesico-ureteric reflux the correlations of the standard clearance methods with slope clearance were significantly reduced. Slope clearance may be measured with only two plasma samples and is recommended as the method of choice for determining glomerular filtration rate in children with gross reflux or impaired ability to empty their bladders.", "contents": "Comparison of plasma disappearance and standard clearance techniques for measuring glomerular filtration rate in children with and without vesico-ureteric reflux. The plasma disappearance rate, or slope clearance, after a single intravenous injection of 51Cr-EDTA was compared with simultaneously determined standard (UV/P) clearances of inulin, creatinine and 51Cr-EDTA in 4 healthy adults and 18 children with renal disease but no reflux. Slope clearance correlated well with standard inulin (r=0.99) and 51Cr-EDTA (r=0.97) clearances and was more accurate than creatinine clearance. Slope clearance x0.82 estimated standard 51Cr-EDTA clearance with +/- 12% accuracy in these subjects. In 18 children with vesico-ureteric reflux the correlations of the standard clearance methods with slope clearance were significantly reduced. Slope clearance may be measured with only two plasma samples and is recommended as the method of choice for determining glomerular filtration rate in children with gross reflux or impaired ability to empty their bladders.", "PMID": 406113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3530", "title": "Enhanced polychlorinated biphenyl lesions in Moloney leukemia virus-infected mice.", "content": "The hepatic toxicity produced by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) was enhanced in mice that were inoculated with an oncogenic virus, Moloney leukemia virus (MLV). Whenever there was neoplastic involvement of the spleen by MLV, the hepatic lesions produced by PCB were more pronounced than in those of non-MLV inoculated mice. Mice were exposed to PCB Aroclors, 1254, 1242, and 1221 for six months. Aroclors 1254 and 1242 were hepatotoxic with Aroclor 1254 causing death. Aroclor 1221 did not affect the mice. Liver weights in mice that were fed PCBs for six months and then maintained on a PCB-free diet for an additional three months were comparable with those of non-PCB exposed mice. These results suggest that the PCB-produced hepatic lesions (noncirrhotic) regenerate after removal of PCB from the diet. Polychlorinated biphenyls did not affect (promote or induce) the oncogenesis of MLV in this study.", "contents": "Enhanced polychlorinated biphenyl lesions in Moloney leukemia virus-infected mice. The hepatic toxicity produced by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) was enhanced in mice that were inoculated with an oncogenic virus, Moloney leukemia virus (MLV). Whenever there was neoplastic involvement of the spleen by MLV, the hepatic lesions produced by PCB were more pronounced than in those of non-MLV inoculated mice. Mice were exposed to PCB Aroclors, 1254, 1242, and 1221 for six months. Aroclors 1254 and 1242 were hepatotoxic with Aroclor 1254 causing death. Aroclor 1221 did not affect the mice. Liver weights in mice that were fed PCBs for six months and then maintained on a PCB-free diet for an additional three months were comparable with those of non-PCB exposed mice. These results suggest that the PCB-produced hepatic lesions (noncirrhotic) regenerate after removal of PCB from the diet. Polychlorinated biphenyls did not affect (promote or induce) the oncogenesis of MLV in this study.", "PMID": 406114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3531", "title": "Dose response relationships in allergic contact dermatitis: glutaraldehyde-containing liquid fabric softener.", "content": "Glutaraldehyde (GTA) is an effective preservative in some consumer products. Because it is a weak cutaneous allergen at certain concentrations, studies were conducted to assess any potential hazard of adding a low level (550 ppm) of GTA to an experimental liquid fabric softener. Allergic contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) was not elicited in challenge tests of 16 GTA-sensitive subjects or in repeated insult patch tests of 706 normal human male and female subjects. The subjects were exposed (1) to the experiment formulation, (2) to the formulation with 10 times the normal level of GTA, and (3) to fabrics laundered with the normal use level or with 10 times the normal use level of these experimental formulations.", "contents": "Dose response relationships in allergic contact dermatitis: glutaraldehyde-containing liquid fabric softener. Glutaraldehyde (GTA) is an effective preservative in some consumer products. Because it is a weak cutaneous allergen at certain concentrations, studies were conducted to assess any potential hazard of adding a low level (550 ppm) of GTA to an experimental liquid fabric softener. Allergic contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) was not elicited in challenge tests of 16 GTA-sensitive subjects or in repeated insult patch tests of 706 normal human male and female subjects. The subjects were exposed (1) to the experiment formulation, (2) to the formulation with 10 times the normal level of GTA, and (3) to fabrics laundered with the normal use level or with 10 times the normal use level of these experimental formulations.", "PMID": 406115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3532", "title": "Diuretic effects of Bay g 2821 in patients with advanced renal failure.", "content": "Clearance studies were carried out in 18 non-oedematous patients with advanced renal failure (glomerular filtration rate less than 12 ml/min) to assess the diuretic effects of Bay g 2821 given different oral doses (120 mg to 360 mg). The results showed a significant increase in urinary volume and in clearances of sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, inorganic phosphorus and 51CrEDTA. There were no significant changes, however, in clearance of PAH, urea and uric acid. The diuretic response started in the first hour after drug intake, reached a maximum after 3 to 5 hours, and declined slowly in the following 3 to 4 hours. In patients with a glomerular filtration rate less than 3 ml/min the drug lost its effect. In rates between 5 to 10 ml/min the efficacy of Bay g 2821 was comparable to that of furosemide and ethacrynic acid. No side-effects were reported.", "contents": "Diuretic effects of Bay g 2821 in patients with advanced renal failure. Clearance studies were carried out in 18 non-oedematous patients with advanced renal failure (glomerular filtration rate less than 12 ml/min) to assess the diuretic effects of Bay g 2821 given different oral doses (120 mg to 360 mg). The results showed a significant increase in urinary volume and in clearances of sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, inorganic phosphorus and 51CrEDTA. There were no significant changes, however, in clearance of PAH, urea and uric acid. The diuretic response started in the first hour after drug intake, reached a maximum after 3 to 5 hours, and declined slowly in the following 3 to 4 hours. In patients with a glomerular filtration rate less than 3 ml/min the drug lost its effect. In rates between 5 to 10 ml/min the efficacy of Bay g 2821 was comparable to that of furosemide and ethacrynic acid. No side-effects were reported.", "PMID": 406116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3533", "title": "Chromosomal evolution in Malagasy lemurs. II. Meiosis in intra- and interspecific hybrids in the genus Lemur.", "content": "The chromosome analysis of meiosis in four lemurs, Lemur fulvus fulvus, L. f. collaris, L. f. albocollaris, and L. macaco, and particular hybrid crosses is reported. In metaphase I, trivalents and chain elements were detected and identified with T-banding. The study largely confirms our previous work on mitotic karyotype comparisons in the genus Lemur. The absence of chain multivalents elements in the pachytene stages of hybrid meiosis, where a chain is detected later in diakinesis, may offer evidence on the possible existence of a two-step pairing mechanism in meiotic homolog pairing. Considerations about the role of the chromosome rearrangements in establishing a gametic barrier in speciation are developed.", "contents": "Chromosomal evolution in Malagasy lemurs. II. Meiosis in intra- and interspecific hybrids in the genus Lemur. The chromosome analysis of meiosis in four lemurs, Lemur fulvus fulvus, L. f. collaris, L. f. albocollaris, and L. macaco, and particular hybrid crosses is reported. In metaphase I, trivalents and chain elements were detected and identified with T-banding. The study largely confirms our previous work on mitotic karyotype comparisons in the genus Lemur. The absence of chain multivalents elements in the pachytene stages of hybrid meiosis, where a chain is detected later in diakinesis, may offer evidence on the possible existence of a two-step pairing mechanism in meiotic homolog pairing. Considerations about the role of the chromosome rearrangements in establishing a gametic barrier in speciation are developed.", "PMID": 406119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3534", "title": "Control of high density bacterial contamination of the fiberoptic bronchoscope.", "content": "In a double-blind study the fiberoptic bronchoscope was contaminated with five pathogenic organisms, each at a concentration of 10(9) organisms per milliliter. The shaft and inner channel of the bronchoscope were cleansed with five antiseptic regimens. Each regimen included equal 120-ml aliquots of one, two, or three solutions, respectively. The five different regimens were as follows: (1) physiologic saline solution; (2) 70 percent solution of isopropyl alcohol, followed by physiologic saline solution; (3) alkaline glutaraldehyde, followed by 70 percent solution of isoproply alcohol, followed by physiologic saline solution; (4) benzalkonium chloride, followed by 70 percent isopropyl alcohol, followed by physiologic saline solution; and (5) povidone-iodine solution, followed by 70 percent solution of isopropyl alcohol, followed by physiologic saline solution. The four regimens involving solutions other than saline solution alone were effective in reducing the count of residual bacterial colonies to 10(4) colonies per milliliter or less.", "contents": "Control of high density bacterial contamination of the fiberoptic bronchoscope. In a double-blind study the fiberoptic bronchoscope was contaminated with five pathogenic organisms, each at a concentration of 10(9) organisms per milliliter. The shaft and inner channel of the bronchoscope were cleansed with five antiseptic regimens. Each regimen included equal 120-ml aliquots of one, two, or three solutions, respectively. The five different regimens were as follows: (1) physiologic saline solution; (2) 70 percent solution of isopropyl alcohol, followed by physiologic saline solution; (3) alkaline glutaraldehyde, followed by 70 percent solution of isoproply alcohol, followed by physiologic saline solution; (4) benzalkonium chloride, followed by 70 percent isopropyl alcohol, followed by physiologic saline solution; and (5) povidone-iodine solution, followed by 70 percent solution of isopropyl alcohol, followed by physiologic saline solution. The four regimens involving solutions other than saline solution alone were effective in reducing the count of residual bacterial colonies to 10(4) colonies per milliliter or less.", "PMID": 406120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3535", "title": "[Epilepsia partialis continua of Kozevnikov (author's transl)].", "content": "Continuous myoclonus in a localised area of the body was observed in three patients. In two cases the myocloni sometimes developed into motor Jacksonian convulsions. All three patients had neurological signs on the same side as their continuous twitching indicating a lesion of the contralateral hemisphere. The surface EEG did not show changes which could be directly correlated with continuous convulsions in any of the cases. The cause was found to be a malformation of the hemisphere in one case, a recent encephalomalacia in the second and a severe hyperosomolar diabetic electrolyte imbalance in the third. Epilepsia partialis continua Kozevnikov differs from motor Jacksonian epilepsy in the continuous non-attack character and the absence of a \"march of convulsions\". Pathophysiologically they are both forms of focal cortical status epilepticus.", "contents": "[Epilepsia partialis continua of Kozevnikov (author's transl)]. Continuous myoclonus in a localised area of the body was observed in three patients. In two cases the myocloni sometimes developed into motor Jacksonian convulsions. All three patients had neurological signs on the same side as their continuous twitching indicating a lesion of the contralateral hemisphere. The surface EEG did not show changes which could be directly correlated with continuous convulsions in any of the cases. The cause was found to be a malformation of the hemisphere in one case, a recent encephalomalacia in the second and a severe hyperosomolar diabetic electrolyte imbalance in the third. Epilepsia partialis continua Kozevnikov differs from motor Jacksonian epilepsy in the continuous non-attack character and the absence of a \"march of convulsions\". Pathophysiologically they are both forms of focal cortical status epilepticus.", "PMID": 406131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3536", "title": "Effect of sulpiride on serum growth hormone and prolactin concentrations following L-DOPA administration in man.", "content": "The effect of chronic administration of sulpiride on serum human growth hormone (hGH), prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was examined in 6 normal subjects. Sulpiride was given orally at a dose of 300 mg (t.i.d.) for 30 days. Sulpiride raised serum prolactin levels in all subjects examined. In addition, sulpiride suppressed hGH release induced by L-dopa, although the basal hGH level was not changed. Sulpiride treatment appeared to antagonize partially the inhibitory effect of L-dopa on prolactin release. Following thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) injection, the percent increment in prolactin levels from the baseline in sulpiride-treated subjects was less than in controls without sulpiride. In contrast, both the basal and TRH-stimulated TSH levels were not influenced by sulpiride. These observations suggest that sulpiride suppresses L-dopa-induced hGH release and stimulates prolactin release, presumably by acting against the dopaminergic mechanism either on the hypothalamus or on the pituitary. The decreased prolactin response to TRH after sulpiride treatment may indicate a diminished reserve capacity in pituitary prolactin release.", "contents": "Effect of sulpiride on serum growth hormone and prolactin concentrations following L-DOPA administration in man. The effect of chronic administration of sulpiride on serum human growth hormone (hGH), prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was examined in 6 normal subjects. Sulpiride was given orally at a dose of 300 mg (t.i.d.) for 30 days. Sulpiride raised serum prolactin levels in all subjects examined. In addition, sulpiride suppressed hGH release induced by L-dopa, although the basal hGH level was not changed. Sulpiride treatment appeared to antagonize partially the inhibitory effect of L-dopa on prolactin release. Following thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) injection, the percent increment in prolactin levels from the baseline in sulpiride-treated subjects was less than in controls without sulpiride. In contrast, both the basal and TRH-stimulated TSH levels were not influenced by sulpiride. These observations suggest that sulpiride suppresses L-dopa-induced hGH release and stimulates prolactin release, presumably by acting against the dopaminergic mechanism either on the hypothalamus or on the pituitary. The decreased prolactin response to TRH after sulpiride treatment may indicate a diminished reserve capacity in pituitary prolactin release.", "PMID": 406134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3537", "title": "Influence of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone tartrate monohydrate on plasma gonadotropin concentration of normal males.", "content": "Synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) tartrate monohydrate was administered by rapid intravenous injection to nine normal males. Plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured before and at selected periods after TRH injection. The mean plasma TSH value immediately prior to TRH injection was 3.5 muU/ml and the level 15 min after injection was 14.8 muU/ml. The mean plasma LH value immediately prior to TRH injection was 8.0 mIU/ml and the level 15 min after injection was 15.0 mIU/ml. The latter elevation was statistically significant (p less than 0.01), although it was just above the upper normal range. The mean plasma FSH value immediately prior to TRH injecion was 7.7 mIU/ml, and a significant difference was not observed after TRH administration. These results revealed that synthetic TRH tartrate monohydrate influenced the release of LH from the anterior pituitary.", "contents": "Influence of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone tartrate monohydrate on plasma gonadotropin concentration of normal males. Synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) tartrate monohydrate was administered by rapid intravenous injection to nine normal males. Plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured before and at selected periods after TRH injection. The mean plasma TSH value immediately prior to TRH injection was 3.5 muU/ml and the level 15 min after injection was 14.8 muU/ml. The mean plasma LH value immediately prior to TRH injection was 8.0 mIU/ml and the level 15 min after injection was 15.0 mIU/ml. The latter elevation was statistically significant (p less than 0.01), although it was just above the upper normal range. The mean plasma FSH value immediately prior to TRH injecion was 7.7 mIU/ml, and a significant difference was not observed after TRH administration. These results revealed that synthetic TRH tartrate monohydrate influenced the release of LH from the anterior pituitary.", "PMID": 406136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3538", "title": "Diurnal variation of valproic acid plasma levels and day-night reversal in monkey.", "content": "Four normal monkeys each equipped with an EEG plug and two indwelling catheters for drug infusion and sampling, respectively, were administered valproic acid (VPA) before and after a 12-hr light, 12-hr dark phase shift. Before day-night reversal, diurnal oscillations of VPA plasma levels under steady-state intravenous constant-rate infusions were 30-50%, with maximum concentrations during the dark phase of the cycle. After reversal, maximum VPA plasma concentrations tended to follow the dark phase shift. The correlation was not perfect, nor was the sleep cycle completely reversed since the animals slept less after the phase shift. Possible mechanisms of the diurnal plasma level fluctuations and the importance of oscillations of this magnitude to clinical drug regimens are discussed.", "contents": "Diurnal variation of valproic acid plasma levels and day-night reversal in monkey. Four normal monkeys each equipped with an EEG plug and two indwelling catheters for drug infusion and sampling, respectively, were administered valproic acid (VPA) before and after a 12-hr light, 12-hr dark phase shift. Before day-night reversal, diurnal oscillations of VPA plasma levels under steady-state intravenous constant-rate infusions were 30-50%, with maximum concentrations during the dark phase of the cycle. After reversal, maximum VPA plasma concentrations tended to follow the dark phase shift. The correlation was not perfect, nor was the sleep cycle completely reversed since the animals slept less after the phase shift. Possible mechanisms of the diurnal plasma level fluctuations and the importance of oscillations of this magnitude to clinical drug regimens are discussed.", "PMID": 406137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3539", "title": "Laughing and running fits as manifestation of early traumatic epilepsy.", "content": "Early traumatic epilepsy, whose frequency is rather high, especially in children, is usually characterized by focal motor seizures (57%) or by generalized seizures (43%). The association of both running and laughing fits in the same patient on the contrary is quite exceptional, as only three cases have been reported in literature. There are no observations about temporal lobe epilepsy, nor, particularly, about running or laughing fits in early traumatic epilepsy. We report here the interesting case of a boy whose early traumatic epilepsy manifested itself as temporal lobe epilepsy characterized by running and laughter.", "contents": "Laughing and running fits as manifestation of early traumatic epilepsy. Early traumatic epilepsy, whose frequency is rather high, especially in children, is usually characterized by focal motor seizures (57%) or by generalized seizures (43%). The association of both running and laughing fits in the same patient on the contrary is quite exceptional, as only three cases have been reported in literature. There are no observations about temporal lobe epilepsy, nor, particularly, about running or laughing fits in early traumatic epilepsy. We report here the interesting case of a boy whose early traumatic epilepsy manifested itself as temporal lobe epilepsy characterized by running and laughter.", "PMID": 406140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3540", "title": "Peptide mapping of the lambda-like chains of the BASILEA rabbits.", "content": "The recently established mutant strain of rabbits, named BASILEA, lacks the k polypeptide L-chain which is replaced by a lambda-like type (bas). This is evident from the amino acid composition and peptide maps of the bas L-chain when compared to the L-chains of the rabbits suppressed for the expression of the b locus allotypes.", "contents": "Peptide mapping of the lambda-like chains of the BASILEA rabbits. The recently established mutant strain of rabbits, named BASILEA, lacks the k polypeptide L-chain which is replaced by a lambda-like type (bas). This is evident from the amino acid composition and peptide maps of the bas L-chain when compared to the L-chains of the rabbits suppressed for the expression of the b locus allotypes.", "PMID": 406142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3541", "title": "3-hydrazinopyridazine derivatives as inhibitors of the copper containing amine oxidases.", "content": "A series of 3-hydrazine derivatives with antihypertensive properties were studied as inhibitors of the copper containing amine oxidases. All the compounds with a free hydrazino group were found to be strong-non-competitive inhibitors. Some of them had an inhibitory activity of the same order as that of hydralazine.", "contents": "3-hydrazinopyridazine derivatives as inhibitors of the copper containing amine oxidases. A series of 3-hydrazine derivatives with antihypertensive properties were studied as inhibitors of the copper containing amine oxidases. All the compounds with a free hydrazino group were found to be strong-non-competitive inhibitors. Some of them had an inhibitory activity of the same order as that of hydralazine.", "PMID": 406145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3542", "title": "Protein malnutrition induced during gestation: its effect on pup development and maternal behavior.", "content": "Repeated time-lapse photographic observations were used to examine the ontogeny of behavioral development in prenatally malnourished rat pups following birth. Pups born to dams receiving a low protein diet (7% casein by weight) were fostered at birth to well-nourished dams and behavioral observations were made at 4-day intervals. Dams nursing gestationally malnourished pups were observed to spend more time in the nesting area with their pups towards the end of lactation. Moreover, the behavioral development (locomotion, feeding, and rearing and climbing activity) of gestationally malnourished offspring was depressed when compared to their controls. The results indicate that prenatal undernutrition alters the behavioral development of the offspring and maternal behavior of the dam in a manner which reduces the exposure of the pup to the immediate environment.", "contents": "Protein malnutrition induced during gestation: its effect on pup development and maternal behavior. Repeated time-lapse photographic observations were used to examine the ontogeny of behavioral development in prenatally malnourished rat pups following birth. Pups born to dams receiving a low protein diet (7% casein by weight) were fostered at birth to well-nourished dams and behavioral observations were made at 4-day intervals. Dams nursing gestationally malnourished pups were observed to spend more time in the nesting area with their pups towards the end of lactation. Moreover, the behavioral development (locomotion, feeding, and rearing and climbing activity) of gestationally malnourished offspring was depressed when compared to their controls. The results indicate that prenatal undernutrition alters the behavioral development of the offspring and maternal behavior of the dam in a manner which reduces the exposure of the pup to the immediate environment.", "PMID": 406156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3543", "title": "Serum phenformin concentrations in patients with phenformin-associated lactic acidosis.", "content": "Phenformin concentrations were measured in serum from seven patients with phenformin-associated lactic acidosis, and initial values ranging from 20 to 625 ng./ml. were obtained. Five of the seven patients had serum concentrations within the usual therapeutic range of up to 241 ng./ml. Serum phenformin concentrations were measured serially, and apparent half-lives of 5, 25, and 30 hours were obtained in three patients with serum creatinine concentrations of 1.7, 7.6, and 6.0 mg./dl., respectively. Although the half-life of phenformin was prolonged in azotemic patients, no correlation between serum creatinine concentration and serum phenformin could be demonstrated; furthermore, the severity of lactic acidosis as measured by arterial pH and lactate concentration did not correlate with the serum creatinine concentration.", "contents": "Serum phenformin concentrations in patients with phenformin-associated lactic acidosis. Phenformin concentrations were measured in serum from seven patients with phenformin-associated lactic acidosis, and initial values ranging from 20 to 625 ng./ml. were obtained. Five of the seven patients had serum concentrations within the usual therapeutic range of up to 241 ng./ml. Serum phenformin concentrations were measured serially, and apparent half-lives of 5, 25, and 30 hours were obtained in three patients with serum creatinine concentrations of 1.7, 7.6, and 6.0 mg./dl., respectively. Although the half-life of phenformin was prolonged in azotemic patients, no correlation between serum creatinine concentration and serum phenformin could be demonstrated; furthermore, the severity of lactic acidosis as measured by arterial pH and lactate concentration did not correlate with the serum creatinine concentration.", "PMID": 406157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3544", "title": "A chronic gastrostomy and test system for evaluation of gastric secretions in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "We have developed a test system for the evaluation of gastric secretion in the rhesus monkey on a chronic basis that does not require the usual restraining techniques. The system is characterized by ease of animal maintenance and handling, reliability in introducing test substances into the stomach, and long term postsurgical stability. The system comprises a surgical preparation whereby the gastrostomy tube is inserted permanently in the stomach, is passed subcutaneously up the back, and is exteriorized at the top of the skull, and a training procedure that conditions the monkeys so as to facilitate easy handling during the administration of test substances and the collection of gastric controls. Values for pH, volume, total acid, and acid concentration appear reasonably consistent under base-line (no test substance) conditions as well as after the intragastric administration of water or the subcutaneous injection of Histalog.", "contents": "A chronic gastrostomy and test system for evaluation of gastric secretions in rhesus monkeys. We have developed a test system for the evaluation of gastric secretion in the rhesus monkey on a chronic basis that does not require the usual restraining techniques. The system is characterized by ease of animal maintenance and handling, reliability in introducing test substances into the stomach, and long term postsurgical stability. The system comprises a surgical preparation whereby the gastrostomy tube is inserted permanently in the stomach, is passed subcutaneously up the back, and is exteriorized at the top of the skull, and a training procedure that conditions the monkeys so as to facilitate easy handling during the administration of test substances and the collection of gastric controls. Values for pH, volume, total acid, and acid concentration appear reasonably consistent under base-line (no test substance) conditions as well as after the intragastric administration of water or the subcutaneous injection of Histalog.", "PMID": 406159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3545", "title": "Study of the subcellular localization of 59Fe and iron-binding proteins in the duodenal mucosa of pregnant and nonpregnant rats.", "content": "The subcellular localization of intraduodenally administered 59Fe has been studied in control, pregnant, and nonpregnant rats absorbing iron at different rates. Binding of iron to the particulate fractions of mucosal homogenates produced by centrifugation at 500, 10,000, and 100,000 X g did not vary among groups despite significant alterations in iron transport rates. Study of the 10,000 X g supernatant fluid showed that increased iron transport in iron-deficient and day 20- to 21-pregnant rats was associated with an increase in 59Fe binding to a particulate fraction of the mucosal homogenate. Although only 10 to 15% of the total mucosal 59Fe was present in the 100,000 X g supernatant in all groups, significant differences were demonstrated, among groups in the binding of iron to the three proteins present in this supernatant fraction. The proteins have been identified as ferritin, transferrin, and a protein of lower molecular weight than transferrin. Increased iron absorption was associated with a reduction in ferritin 59Fe binding and an increase in 59Fe bound to protein 3. Conversely, reduced iron absorption, was associated with increased ferritin 59Fe content and decreased protein 3 59Fe content. By studying day-21 pregnant rats 5 and 18 hr posthysterectomy it was possible to demonstrate a 12- to 18-hr delay in the intestinal mucosal protein response to alterations in the stimulus to iron absorption.", "contents": "Study of the subcellular localization of 59Fe and iron-binding proteins in the duodenal mucosa of pregnant and nonpregnant rats. The subcellular localization of intraduodenally administered 59Fe has been studied in control, pregnant, and nonpregnant rats absorbing iron at different rates. Binding of iron to the particulate fractions of mucosal homogenates produced by centrifugation at 500, 10,000, and 100,000 X g did not vary among groups despite significant alterations in iron transport rates. Study of the 10,000 X g supernatant fluid showed that increased iron transport in iron-deficient and day 20- to 21-pregnant rats was associated with an increase in 59Fe binding to a particulate fraction of the mucosal homogenate. Although only 10 to 15% of the total mucosal 59Fe was present in the 100,000 X g supernatant in all groups, significant differences were demonstrated, among groups in the binding of iron to the three proteins present in this supernatant fraction. The proteins have been identified as ferritin, transferrin, and a protein of lower molecular weight than transferrin. Increased iron absorption was associated with a reduction in ferritin 59Fe binding and an increase in 59Fe bound to protein 3. Conversely, reduced iron absorption, was associated with increased ferritin 59Fe content and decreased protein 3 59Fe content. By studying day-21 pregnant rats 5 and 18 hr posthysterectomy it was possible to demonstrate a 12- to 18-hr delay in the intestinal mucosal protein response to alterations in the stimulus to iron absorption.", "PMID": 406160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3546", "title": "Lack of toxicity of chenodeoxycholic acid in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "The toxicity of chenodeoxycholic acid was studied in squirrel monkeys of both sexes. The drug was orally administered to five groups of 26 animals each at a daily dose of 0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg per kg, respectively, for a maximum of 52 weeks. No clinical symptoms that could suggest drug toxicity were observed. All laboratory studies, including liver function tests, were within normal limits. The proportion of lithocholic acid in biliary acids remained unchanged, whereas that of chenodeoxycholic acid was dose-dependently increased. No histopathological changes considered to be attributable to drug administration were observed.", "contents": "Lack of toxicity of chenodeoxycholic acid in the squirrel monkey. The toxicity of chenodeoxycholic acid was studied in squirrel monkeys of both sexes. The drug was orally administered to five groups of 26 animals each at a daily dose of 0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg per kg, respectively, for a maximum of 52 weeks. No clinical symptoms that could suggest drug toxicity were observed. All laboratory studies, including liver function tests, were within normal limits. The proportion of lithocholic acid in biliary acids remained unchanged, whereas that of chenodeoxycholic acid was dose-dependently increased. No histopathological changes considered to be attributable to drug administration were observed.", "PMID": 406161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3547", "title": "Radiotherapy of hemangioma cavernosum of the liver.", "content": "Four patients with massive cavernous hemangioma of the liver were treated with 6 Mev X-ray, and favorable results were obtained in 3. Patient 1 was treated with a total tumor dose of 940 rads without response. The 2nd patient was given a total tumor dose of 1900 rads over 54 days, with a daily dose of 50 to 100 rads. Although the hemangioma regressed after treatment, the response was transient. A total tumor dose of 2940 rads was given over 41 days with a daily dose of 100 to 200 rads as a second course, and the hemangioma regressed with no sign of reenlargement. Patients 3 and 4 were given 150 to 200 rads every other day to a total of about 3000 rads, with a satisfactory response. Follow-up studies showed the latter 3 patients to be well 8, 5, and 4 years after radiotherapy, respectively.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of hemangioma cavernosum of the liver. Four patients with massive cavernous hemangioma of the liver were treated with 6 Mev X-ray, and favorable results were obtained in 3. Patient 1 was treated with a total tumor dose of 940 rads without response. The 2nd patient was given a total tumor dose of 1900 rads over 54 days, with a daily dose of 50 to 100 rads. Although the hemangioma regressed after treatment, the response was transient. A total tumor dose of 2940 rads was given over 41 days with a daily dose of 100 to 200 rads as a second course, and the hemangioma regressed with no sign of reenlargement. Patients 3 and 4 were given 150 to 200 rads every other day to a total of about 3000 rads, with a satisfactory response. Follow-up studies showed the latter 3 patients to be well 8, 5, and 4 years after radiotherapy, respectively.", "PMID": 406162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3548", "title": "[Amyloidosis].", "content": "Recent studies have clearly indicated that amyloid is a generic term which includes a number of different substances, all of which have a beta-pleated sheet structure and a characteristic fibrillar appearance in the electron microscope. The most common types are made of immunoglobulin light chain (AL) fragments in the primary and myeloma-associated type, and of the AA protein in the secondary and some familial forms. It seems probable that other localized types are composed of prohormones or other tissue proteins. In systemic amyloidosis, the fibrils seem to be derived from a soluble circulating precursor; immunoglobulin light chains give rise to AL, and the SAA protein, which behaves as an acute phase reactant yields AA, presumably by proteolysis. It is not known whether the disease is due to overproduction or a defect in degradation. Though effective therapeutic agents are still lacking, colchicine has proved useful in preventing or ameliorating the amyloid in Familial Mediterranean Fever and in several experimental forms of the disease. It deserves careful study as a possible therapeutic agent on other types of amyloidosis.", "contents": "[Amyloidosis]. Recent studies have clearly indicated that amyloid is a generic term which includes a number of different substances, all of which have a beta-pleated sheet structure and a characteristic fibrillar appearance in the electron microscope. The most common types are made of immunoglobulin light chain (AL) fragments in the primary and myeloma-associated type, and of the AA protein in the secondary and some familial forms. It seems probable that other localized types are composed of prohormones or other tissue proteins. In systemic amyloidosis, the fibrils seem to be derived from a soluble circulating precursor; immunoglobulin light chains give rise to AL, and the SAA protein, which behaves as an acute phase reactant yields AA, presumably by proteolysis. It is not known whether the disease is due to overproduction or a defect in degradation. Though effective therapeutic agents are still lacking, colchicine has proved useful in preventing or ameliorating the amyloid in Familial Mediterranean Fever and in several experimental forms of the disease. It deserves careful study as a possible therapeutic agent on other types of amyloidosis.", "PMID": 406184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3549", "title": "The pediatric arthritides.", "content": "The three principal syndromes of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis have distinctive features that aid in early diagnosis and can contribute to specificity of treatment. Guidelines are given for differentiating JRA from other disorders producing joint pain.", "contents": "The pediatric arthritides. The three principal syndromes of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis have distinctive features that aid in early diagnosis and can contribute to specificity of treatment. Guidelines are given for differentiating JRA from other disorders producing joint pain.", "PMID": 406190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3550", "title": "The development of a medium supplemented with egg extract for the maintenance of Drosophila cell lines.", "content": "A saline extract was prepared from Drosophila eggs. When diluted to a concentration of 1% with Drosophila tissue culture medium, it did not support growth of cells from the Drosophila line D1 during the first few days of subculture as well as medium containing serum. When cells reached a stationary phase, however, the cell density in medium containing extract was greater than in medium containing serum. By altering the concentrations of the extract, and by adding bovine albumin, a medium was obtained in which D1 cells survived initial culturing, and which supported cell growth by day 4 as well as medium plus serum. The initial retardation of growth in medium containing egg extract might be due to the need of the cells to adapt to the new medium. At the present time four Drosophila cell lines have been maintained in this medium for more than 16 passages. Preliminary experiments with primary embryonic Drosophila cells indicate that medium containing 2% extract and bovine albumin retards the differentiation of these cells.", "contents": "The development of a medium supplemented with egg extract for the maintenance of Drosophila cell lines. A saline extract was prepared from Drosophila eggs. When diluted to a concentration of 1% with Drosophila tissue culture medium, it did not support growth of cells from the Drosophila line D1 during the first few days of subculture as well as medium containing serum. When cells reached a stationary phase, however, the cell density in medium containing extract was greater than in medium containing serum. By altering the concentrations of the extract, and by adding bovine albumin, a medium was obtained in which D1 cells survived initial culturing, and which supported cell growth by day 4 as well as medium plus serum. The initial retardation of growth in medium containing egg extract might be due to the need of the cells to adapt to the new medium. At the present time four Drosophila cell lines have been maintained in this medium for more than 16 passages. Preliminary experiments with primary embryonic Drosophila cells indicate that medium containing 2% extract and bovine albumin retards the differentiation of these cells.", "PMID": 406194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3551", "title": "Stimulation of macrophages by cord factor and by heat-killed and living BCG.", "content": "Trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor; CF) injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice induced stimulation of the peritoneal macrophages, evidenced both by increased activity of the lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, and by increased phagocytosis of Listeria monocytogenes. The increase in enzyme activity and phagocytosis was similar to that induced by killed or living BCG. When administered intravenously, CF or BCG did not induce stimulation of peritoneal macrophages. CF when added to tissue cultures of normal peritoneal cells did not induce increased acid phosphatase activity or increased phagocytosis of L. monocytogenes.", "contents": "Stimulation of macrophages by cord factor and by heat-killed and living BCG. Trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor; CF) injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice induced stimulation of the peritoneal macrophages, evidenced both by increased activity of the lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, and by increased phagocytosis of Listeria monocytogenes. The increase in enzyme activity and phagocytosis was similar to that induced by killed or living BCG. When administered intravenously, CF or BCG did not induce stimulation of peritoneal macrophages. CF when added to tissue cultures of normal peritoneal cells did not induce increased acid phosphatase activity or increased phagocytosis of L. monocytogenes.", "PMID": 406198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3552", "title": "Binding of progesterone to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "The binding of [1,2-(3)H]progesterone to progesterone-sensitive Neisseria gonorrhoeae CS-7 and the progesterone-insensitive Neisseria mucosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhimurium (rough and smooth strains) was investigated. The kinetics of binding to N. gonorrhoeae CS-7 demonstrated that the majority of the progesterone binding occurred and equilibrium was reached within the first 30 min. Despite the rapid binding of progesterone, only about 20% of the added steroid was bound at the cell concentration used throughout this study. Whole cells of progesterone-insensitive bacteria bound progesterone less efficiently than the progesterone-sensitive N. gonorrhoeae CS-7. N. mucosa bound low amounts of this steroid (20% of that bound by N. gonorrhoeae CS-7) whereas the other gram-negative bacteria exhibited little progesterone binding (<3% of that bound by N. gonorrhoeae CS-7). The outer membrane permeability of N. gonorrhoeae CS-7, as measured by crystal violet uptake and inhibition, was similar to the deep rough mutant of S. typhimurium TA 1535. The latter organism neither bound nor was inhibited by progesterone. However, isolated cell envelopes of N. gonorrhoeae and progesterone-insensitive bacteria all bound progesterone equally well. Cortisone and cholesterol, althouh structurally similar to progesterone, were not inhibitory to N. gonorrhoeae and did not bind to whole cells as well as progesterone. The major site of progesterone binding appeared to be the cytoplasmic membrane, which bound four times more progesterone than the outer membrane. In addition, isolated cytoplasmic membrane proteins bound more than three times more progesterone per milligram of protein than the intact membrane.", "contents": "Binding of progesterone to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other gram-negative bacteria. The binding of [1,2-(3)H]progesterone to progesterone-sensitive Neisseria gonorrhoeae CS-7 and the progesterone-insensitive Neisseria mucosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhimurium (rough and smooth strains) was investigated. The kinetics of binding to N. gonorrhoeae CS-7 demonstrated that the majority of the progesterone binding occurred and equilibrium was reached within the first 30 min. Despite the rapid binding of progesterone, only about 20% of the added steroid was bound at the cell concentration used throughout this study. Whole cells of progesterone-insensitive bacteria bound progesterone less efficiently than the progesterone-sensitive N. gonorrhoeae CS-7. N. mucosa bound low amounts of this steroid (20% of that bound by N. gonorrhoeae CS-7) whereas the other gram-negative bacteria exhibited little progesterone binding (<3% of that bound by N. gonorrhoeae CS-7). The outer membrane permeability of N. gonorrhoeae CS-7, as measured by crystal violet uptake and inhibition, was similar to the deep rough mutant of S. typhimurium TA 1535. The latter organism neither bound nor was inhibited by progesterone. However, isolated cell envelopes of N. gonorrhoeae and progesterone-insensitive bacteria all bound progesterone equally well. Cortisone and cholesterol, althouh structurally similar to progesterone, were not inhibitory to N. gonorrhoeae and did not bind to whole cells as well as progesterone. The major site of progesterone binding appeared to be the cytoplasmic membrane, which bound four times more progesterone than the outer membrane. In addition, isolated cytoplasmic membrane proteins bound more than three times more progesterone per milligram of protein than the intact membrane.", "PMID": 406199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3553", "title": "Bacteriocin typing by leakage of ultraviolet light-absorbing material.", "content": "A rapid and reproducible method of bacteriocin typing is described based on leakage of ultraviolet light-absorbing material (UVAM), detectable in supernatants of bacteriocin-sensitive cultures, by means of a spectrophotometer. The prerequisites for reproducible results, with nonsignificant fluctuations in standard error of the mean, are: a set of standardized bacteriocins, produced under defined conditions and of determined strength. These must interact with the unknown bacterial culture in suspension and at a given ratio in order to achieve an optimal multiplicity of interaction. Pyocin and colicin typing by the \"scrape and streak\" technique of Gillies (J. Hyg. 62:1-10, 1963) was compared with the UVAM leakage method in 275 tests; the two tests were found to be in good agreement for the strains tested.", "contents": "Bacteriocin typing by leakage of ultraviolet light-absorbing material. A rapid and reproducible method of bacteriocin typing is described based on leakage of ultraviolet light-absorbing material (UVAM), detectable in supernatants of bacteriocin-sensitive cultures, by means of a spectrophotometer. The prerequisites for reproducible results, with nonsignificant fluctuations in standard error of the mean, are: a set of standardized bacteriocins, produced under defined conditions and of determined strength. These must interact with the unknown bacterial culture in suspension and at a given ratio in order to achieve an optimal multiplicity of interaction. Pyocin and colicin typing by the \"scrape and streak\" technique of Gillies (J. Hyg. 62:1-10, 1963) was compared with the UVAM leakage method in 275 tests; the two tests were found to be in good agreement for the strains tested.", "PMID": 406200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3554", "title": "Comparison of ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid and its magnesium salt as reagents for studying alternative complement pathway function.", "content": "The divalent cation chelators, ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid (EGTA) and its magnesium salt, MgEGTA, were compared in studies of alternative complement pathway function. EGTA (0.01 M) inhibited both the rate and the amount of complement activation by zymosan whether compared to nonchelated serum or to serum chelated with MgEGTA (0.01 M). The rate of alternative pathway activation by zymosan was slightly slower in MgEGTA-chelated serum than in nonchelated serum, but the overall amount of complement consumed by a given amount of zymosan was not decreased. MgEGTA chelation spontaneously activated the alternative pathway, as reflected by lysis of erythrocytes from a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. No evidence could be found that MgEGTA either spontaneously activated C2 or facilitated zymosan activation of C2. Suggested guidelines for the use of these chelators are advanced.", "contents": "Comparison of ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid and its magnesium salt as reagents for studying alternative complement pathway function. The divalent cation chelators, ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid (EGTA) and its magnesium salt, MgEGTA, were compared in studies of alternative complement pathway function. EGTA (0.01 M) inhibited both the rate and the amount of complement activation by zymosan whether compared to nonchelated serum or to serum chelated with MgEGTA (0.01 M). The rate of alternative pathway activation by zymosan was slightly slower in MgEGTA-chelated serum than in nonchelated serum, but the overall amount of complement consumed by a given amount of zymosan was not decreased. MgEGTA chelation spontaneously activated the alternative pathway, as reflected by lysis of erythrocytes from a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. No evidence could be found that MgEGTA either spontaneously activated C2 or facilitated zymosan activation of C2. Suggested guidelines for the use of these chelators are advanced.", "PMID": 406201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3555", "title": "Pathology in rabbits treated with leukocyte-degraded meningococci in combination with meningococcal endotoxin.", "content": "The effects of a preparative dose of the leukocyte egesta containing degraded meningococci and a provocative dose of the meningococcal lipopolysaccharide on development of pathological lesions associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation were studied in tissues of 32 rabbits. These effects were compared with effects of a single dose of meningococcal lipopolysaccharide as well as leukocyte egesta containing degraded Staphylococcus epidermidis. Rabbits injected subcutaneously with egesta containing degraded meningococci followed after 12 h with meningococcal endotoxin (intravenously) exhibited heterophilic leukocytosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation mainly in the pulmonary capillaries and venules; focal necroses occurred in myocardium, lungs, and liver, whereas, cortical renal necrosis developed in lethal cases. Similar lesions, however, but less severe and with less frequency, developed even after a single dose of meningococcal endotoxin or after endotoxin that followed a dose of supernatant fluid from normal leukocytes. Our findings suggest that meningococcal material from polymorphonuclear degradation plays a role in the pathology characteristic of meningococcal septicemia.", "contents": "Pathology in rabbits treated with leukocyte-degraded meningococci in combination with meningococcal endotoxin. The effects of a preparative dose of the leukocyte egesta containing degraded meningococci and a provocative dose of the meningococcal lipopolysaccharide on development of pathological lesions associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation were studied in tissues of 32 rabbits. These effects were compared with effects of a single dose of meningococcal lipopolysaccharide as well as leukocyte egesta containing degraded Staphylococcus epidermidis. Rabbits injected subcutaneously with egesta containing degraded meningococci followed after 12 h with meningococcal endotoxin (intravenously) exhibited heterophilic leukocytosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation mainly in the pulmonary capillaries and venules; focal necroses occurred in myocardium, lungs, and liver, whereas, cortical renal necrosis developed in lethal cases. Similar lesions, however, but less severe and with less frequency, developed even after a single dose of meningococcal endotoxin or after endotoxin that followed a dose of supernatant fluid from normal leukocytes. Our findings suggest that meningococcal material from polymorphonuclear degradation plays a role in the pathology characteristic of meningococcal septicemia.", "PMID": 406202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3556", "title": "Comparison of Streptomyces albus muramidase-extracted streptococcal antigen with acid-extracted M antigen and with pepsin-extracted T antigen.", "content": "Purified Streptomyces albus lytic enzyme was used in an attempt to extract type-specific antigen from a type 1, group A streptococcus. The presumably type-specific antigen was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by chromatography on O-(carboxymethyl)-cellulose columns. Comparison of the enzyme-extracted substance with acid-extracted material showed it to be serologically different from M protein. In addition, the extract obtained by enzyme treatment was resistant to trypsin as well as to the lytic enzyme. It was inactivated partially by pepsin and totally by papain. Comparison of the enzyme extract with pepsin-extracted T antigen showed these two preparations to be serologically identical. Subtle differences in their susceptibility to heat and acid treatment were noted. Immunodiffusion analyses of acid-extracted M protein and pepsin-extracted T protein, as well as with the enzyme extract, clearly established that the M-protein preparation contained a component serologically identical with one of the precipitinogens common to the other two extracts.", "contents": "Comparison of Streptomyces albus muramidase-extracted streptococcal antigen with acid-extracted M antigen and with pepsin-extracted T antigen. Purified Streptomyces albus lytic enzyme was used in an attempt to extract type-specific antigen from a type 1, group A streptococcus. The presumably type-specific antigen was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by chromatography on O-(carboxymethyl)-cellulose columns. Comparison of the enzyme-extracted substance with acid-extracted material showed it to be serologically different from M protein. In addition, the extract obtained by enzyme treatment was resistant to trypsin as well as to the lytic enzyme. It was inactivated partially by pepsin and totally by papain. Comparison of the enzyme extract with pepsin-extracted T antigen showed these two preparations to be serologically identical. Subtle differences in their susceptibility to heat and acid treatment were noted. Immunodiffusion analyses of acid-extracted M protein and pepsin-extracted T protein, as well as with the enzyme extract, clearly established that the M-protein preparation contained a component serologically identical with one of the precipitinogens common to the other two extracts.", "PMID": 406203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3557", "title": "Structure-activity relationships of an exotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The relation of the structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PA toxin) to its enzymatic activity (adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribosyl transferase) in vitro and to its toxicity in vivo was examined. PA toxin is produced as a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 71,500. PA toxin is produced by Pseudomonas as a toxic proenzyme that lacks enzymatic activity. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribosyl transferase activity is expressed when the molecule is denatured and reduced or when its is cleaved by Pseudomonas proteases to yield an enzymatically active 27,000-dalton fragment (fragment a). A 45,000-dalton protein is tentatively identified as the enzymatically inactive fragment b of PA toxin. Enzymatically active forms of the toxin lack toxicity for mouse L-cells or mouse lethality. Thus, it is concluded that the native toxin proenzyme is required for toxicity and that a structural rearrangement must precede its intracellular activity.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships of an exotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The relation of the structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PA toxin) to its enzymatic activity (adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribosyl transferase) in vitro and to its toxicity in vivo was examined. PA toxin is produced as a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 71,500. PA toxin is produced by Pseudomonas as a toxic proenzyme that lacks enzymatic activity. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribosyl transferase activity is expressed when the molecule is denatured and reduced or when its is cleaved by Pseudomonas proteases to yield an enzymatically active 27,000-dalton fragment (fragment a). A 45,000-dalton protein is tentatively identified as the enzymatically inactive fragment b of PA toxin. Enzymatically active forms of the toxin lack toxicity for mouse L-cells or mouse lethality. Thus, it is concluded that the native toxin proenzyme is required for toxicity and that a structural rearrangement must precede its intracellular activity.", "PMID": 406204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3558", "title": "Reagin-mediated hypersensitivity reaction in the rat hindpaw and its inhibition by antianaphylactic drugs.", "content": "Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are usually studied locally by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis method. In the present experiments reaginic antibody-induced hypersensitivity was produced in the rat hindpaw (passive paw anaphylaxis or PPA). Increased vascular permeability was determined by measuring the increase in paw volume. The reaction in the paw and its inhibition with antianaphylactic drugs was found to be similar to that in the skin. The PPA is fast and easy to perform and can be used to study hypersensitivity reactions in the rat.", "contents": "Reagin-mediated hypersensitivity reaction in the rat hindpaw and its inhibition by antianaphylactic drugs. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are usually studied locally by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis method. In the present experiments reaginic antibody-induced hypersensitivity was produced in the rat hindpaw (passive paw anaphylaxis or PPA). Increased vascular permeability was determined by measuring the increase in paw volume. The reaction in the paw and its inhibition with antianaphylactic drugs was found to be similar to that in the skin. The PPA is fast and easy to perform and can be used to study hypersensitivity reactions in the rat.", "PMID": 406205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3559", "title": "Preparation and properties of a specific antiserum against human liver.", "content": "Immunization of rabbits with a soluble human liver fraction incorporated into Freund's adjuvants produced antibodies that reacted with human liver extracts as well as extracts of other human organs. Absorption of the antihuman liver sera (AHLS) with lyophilized human serum, heart, and kidney abolished the reactions with other organs but did not remove the liver antibodies. The existence of at least two different liver antigens could be shown by gel diffusion precipitation experiments. One of these antigens could be removed by absorption of the antisera with chicken liver extracts. The AHLS did not crossreact with liver extracts of other species. Comparison of the AHLS with a mouse liver anti-serum described previously indicated that these antisera detected closely related but non-identical liver antigens.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of a specific antiserum against human liver. Immunization of rabbits with a soluble human liver fraction incorporated into Freund's adjuvants produced antibodies that reacted with human liver extracts as well as extracts of other human organs. Absorption of the antihuman liver sera (AHLS) with lyophilized human serum, heart, and kidney abolished the reactions with other organs but did not remove the liver antibodies. The existence of at least two different liver antigens could be shown by gel diffusion precipitation experiments. One of these antigens could be removed by absorption of the antisera with chicken liver extracts. The AHLS did not crossreact with liver extracts of other species. Comparison of the AHLS with a mouse liver anti-serum described previously indicated that these antisera detected closely related but non-identical liver antigens.", "PMID": 406206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3560", "title": "Chemical modification of crude timothy grass pollen extract. III. The effect of glutaraldehyde-induced aggregation on antigenic and immunogenic properties.", "content": "Timothy pollen extracts have been reacted with glutaraldehyde under conditions leading to different degrees of aggregation of the product. Aggregation tends to enhance the previously demonstrated effects of glutaraldehyde in that reactivity with human IgE antibody, and ability to induce IgE antibody in the Bordetella pertussis-treated rat, are further reduced. Ability to induce IgG antibody with specificity for unmodified extract is substantially retained in all aggregated products.", "contents": "Chemical modification of crude timothy grass pollen extract. III. The effect of glutaraldehyde-induced aggregation on antigenic and immunogenic properties. Timothy pollen extracts have been reacted with glutaraldehyde under conditions leading to different degrees of aggregation of the product. Aggregation tends to enhance the previously demonstrated effects of glutaraldehyde in that reactivity with human IgE antibody, and ability to induce IgE antibody in the Bordetella pertussis-treated rat, are further reduced. Ability to induce IgG antibody with specificity for unmodified extract is substantially retained in all aggregated products.", "PMID": 406207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3561", "title": "Clinical and social comparison of fluphenazine decanoate and flupenthixol decanoate in the community maintenance therapy of schizophrenia.", "content": "The clinical and social effects of flupenthixol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate were compared in the maintenance treatment of a population of chronic schizophrenic out-patients over a period of 9 months. The results failed to show significant difference between the treatments, and in particular, reports suggesting specific advantages for flupenthixol decanoate in alleviating the negative symptoms of apathy, anergia and depression in chronic schizophrenics were not confirmed. It seems that chronic schizophrenic patients who are well established on one depot preparation are unlikely to be benefited by being changed to the alternative.", "contents": "Clinical and social comparison of fluphenazine decanoate and flupenthixol decanoate in the community maintenance therapy of schizophrenia. The clinical and social effects of flupenthixol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate were compared in the maintenance treatment of a population of chronic schizophrenic out-patients over a period of 9 months. The results failed to show significant difference between the treatments, and in particular, reports suggesting specific advantages for flupenthixol decanoate in alleviating the negative symptoms of apathy, anergia and depression in chronic schizophrenics were not confirmed. It seems that chronic schizophrenic patients who are well established on one depot preparation are unlikely to be benefited by being changed to the alternative.", "PMID": 406212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3562", "title": "Preliminary investigations on abnormal immunoglobulin(s) in leprosy.", "content": "A new, abnormal immunoglobulin designated IgK has been discovered in leprous Rubino-negative sera. The IgK having a negative net charge and its own antigenic specificity appears to be partly related to the Fc fragment of IgA and to Fab fragments of known immunoglobulins, but its net charge is negative at pH 8.8. Its molecule seems to possess kappa but not lambda light polypeptide chains. Implications of this discovery are discussed.", "contents": "Preliminary investigations on abnormal immunoglobulin(s) in leprosy. A new, abnormal immunoglobulin designated IgK has been discovered in leprous Rubino-negative sera. The IgK having a negative net charge and its own antigenic specificity appears to be partly related to the Fc fragment of IgA and to Fab fragments of known immunoglobulins, but its net charge is negative at pH 8.8. Its molecule seems to possess kappa but not lambda light polypeptide chains. Implications of this discovery are discussed.", "PMID": 406209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3563", "title": "Embryopathic effect of ophthalmic EDTA.", "content": "Studies on the potential teratogenic effect of topically applied EDTA (0.1% and 3%) were undertaken because of its proven teratogenic effects when administered systemically and because of its wide use as an ophthalmic drug. Although no teratogenic effect was found for either 0.1% or 3% solution of EDTA, 3% EDTA applied topically to the eye six times a day has a significant embryopathic effect, with only 30% of the progeny remaining normal.", "contents": "Embryopathic effect of ophthalmic EDTA. Studies on the potential teratogenic effect of topically applied EDTA (0.1% and 3%) were undertaken because of its proven teratogenic effects when administered systemically and because of its wide use as an ophthalmic drug. Although no teratogenic effect was found for either 0.1% or 3% solution of EDTA, 3% EDTA applied topically to the eye six times a day has a significant embryopathic effect, with only 30% of the progeny remaining normal.", "PMID": 406216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3564", "title": "The effect of mannitol infusion on retinal function and oxygen tension.", "content": "Mannitol administered intravenously in rhesus monkeys resulted in a temporary recovery of the visual evoked response (VER) after its decrease due to elevation of the intraocular pressure. Mannitol infusion caused an immediate, albeit transitory, increase in retinal oxygen tension. These changes were independent of the ocular hypotensive effect of mannitol, and we conclude that the drug is a far better agent for the treatment of acute glaucoma than heretofore believed.", "contents": "The effect of mannitol infusion on retinal function and oxygen tension. Mannitol administered intravenously in rhesus monkeys resulted in a temporary recovery of the visual evoked response (VER) after its decrease due to elevation of the intraocular pressure. Mannitol infusion caused an immediate, albeit transitory, increase in retinal oxygen tension. These changes were independent of the ocular hypotensive effect of mannitol, and we conclude that the drug is a far better agent for the treatment of acute glaucoma than heretofore believed.", "PMID": 406217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3565", "title": "An animal model for the study of prostatic adenocarcinoma.", "content": "After the injection of the potent carcinogen 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) male rats (Fisher/Furth), mice (Strong A/J), and Golden hamsters, which had been previously conditioned by castration and in which the prostate had become histologically atrophic, developed tumors consistent with prostatic adenocarcinoma. One month after castration, intravenous injections of DMBA were given in the vena cava or jugular vein once a month for 3 months. Three to four months later, histologic evidence of prostate adenocarcinoma was consistently found in each of the groups of castrated animals (11 rats, 22 mice, and 11 hamsters) which survived the experiment. The glands were enlarged grossly and ureteral obstructions were also noted. Metastasis to the lung also occurred in five mice, three rats, and one hamster.", "contents": "An animal model for the study of prostatic adenocarcinoma. After the injection of the potent carcinogen 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) male rats (Fisher/Furth), mice (Strong A/J), and Golden hamsters, which had been previously conditioned by castration and in which the prostate had become histologically atrophic, developed tumors consistent with prostatic adenocarcinoma. One month after castration, intravenous injections of DMBA were given in the vena cava or jugular vein once a month for 3 months. Three to four months later, histologic evidence of prostate adenocarcinoma was consistently found in each of the groups of castrated animals (11 rats, 22 mice, and 11 hamsters) which survived the experiment. The glands were enlarged grossly and ureteral obstructions were also noted. Metastasis to the lung also occurred in five mice, three rats, and one hamster.", "PMID": 406218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3566", "title": "Hormonal response to exogenous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in pregnancy and puerperium.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were injected into five women in the last month of pregnancy and three  women in the postpartum period. In seven of the women, follicle-stimualating hormone (FSH) levels were at the limit of sensitivity of the assay and there was no response to LH-RH. One postpartum subject tested three weeks after delivery did show an FSH response to LH-RH. The thyrotropin response to TRH was within normal limits. When compared with control subjects, the pregnant and puerperal women had elevated basal levels of prolactin and an exaggerated response to TRH. Growth hormone levels were low and there was an inconsistent response to the administration of the releasing hormones. These results indicate that in pregnancy the thyrotroph and lactotroph are responsive to stimulation, whereas the gonadotroph is suppressed.", "contents": "Hormonal response to exogenous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in pregnancy and puerperium. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were injected into five women in the last month of pregnancy and three  women in the postpartum period. In seven of the women, follicle-stimualating hormone (FSH) levels were at the limit of sensitivity of the assay and there was no response to LH-RH. One postpartum subject tested three weeks after delivery did show an FSH response to LH-RH. The thyrotropin response to TRH was within normal limits. When compared with control subjects, the pregnant and puerperal women had elevated basal levels of prolactin and an exaggerated response to TRH. Growth hormone levels were low and there was an inconsistent response to the administration of the releasing hormones. These results indicate that in pregnancy the thyrotroph and lactotroph are responsive to stimulation, whereas the gonadotroph is suppressed.", "PMID": 406219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3567", "title": "[Glutarladehyde-pollen-tyrosine hyposensitization. Course control of therapy using RIST and RAST].", "content": "The efficiency of the glutaraldehyd-pollen-tyrosin vaccine was controled by determination of total IgE and IgE antibodies against grass-pollens every two weeks. In addition the clinical state was checked. Patients who suffered from an allergy to grass-pollens only were free of symptoms after therapy. To proof this, a test is necessary since the case history is unreliable in 10% of persons.", "contents": "[Glutarladehyde-pollen-tyrosine hyposensitization. Course control of therapy using RIST and RAST]. The efficiency of the glutaraldehyd-pollen-tyrosin vaccine was controled by determination of total IgE and IgE antibodies against grass-pollens every two weeks. In addition the clinical state was checked. Patients who suffered from an allergy to grass-pollens only were free of symptoms after therapy. To proof this, a test is necessary since the case history is unreliable in 10% of persons.", "PMID": 406220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3568", "title": "Stability of working reagents for the Modified Rapid Fermentation Test (MRFT).", "content": "The Modified Rapid Fermentation Test (MRFT) for Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been shown to demonstrate the proper carbohydrate degradation for confirmation in less than 30 minutes. A new approach for using the reagents in the testing procedure has been established, making the MRFT a more practical tool in the laboratory. Instead of mixing reagents at the time of testing, previously prepared, labelled reagents were made in economic quantities and used according to the established procedure. These prepared reagents were stored at -70 C, -20 C, 4 C, and at room temperature (22-23 C). Stability was determined over a 6-month period by using a laboratory strain and fresh clinic strains of N. gonorrhoeae. The use of prepared reagents increases the efficiency of the confirmation approach, reduces the cost per test, and increases the uniformity of the individual tests.", "contents": "Stability of working reagents for the Modified Rapid Fermentation Test (MRFT). The Modified Rapid Fermentation Test (MRFT) for Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been shown to demonstrate the proper carbohydrate degradation for confirmation in less than 30 minutes. A new approach for using the reagents in the testing procedure has been established, making the MRFT a more practical tool in the laboratory. Instead of mixing reagents at the time of testing, previously prepared, labelled reagents were made in economic quantities and used according to the established procedure. These prepared reagents were stored at -70 C, -20 C, 4 C, and at room temperature (22-23 C). Stability was determined over a 6-month period by using a laboratory strain and fresh clinic strains of N. gonorrhoeae. The use of prepared reagents increases the efficiency of the confirmation approach, reduces the cost per test, and increases the uniformity of the individual tests.", "PMID": 406221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3569", "title": "Cost effectiveness of laboratory improvement programs: the viewpoint from the private sector.", "content": "The costs of participating in laboratory improvement programs are categorized and presented from the viewpoint of the laboratory. These include: prevention costs, appraisal costs, and compliance costs. Costs of participating in voluntary vs. mandatory programs are compared. Reduction of costs could be achieved by reducing duplication and overlapping of programs. In conclusion, it is difficult to identify the exact costs in any program, but it is estimated that for the individual laboratory it may represent 10-15% of the operating costs.", "contents": "Cost effectiveness of laboratory improvement programs: the viewpoint from the private sector. The costs of participating in laboratory improvement programs are categorized and presented from the viewpoint of the laboratory. These include: prevention costs, appraisal costs, and compliance costs. Costs of participating in voluntary vs. mandatory programs are compared. Reduction of costs could be achieved by reducing duplication and overlapping of programs. In conclusion, it is difficult to identify the exact costs in any program, but it is estimated that for the individual laboratory it may represent 10-15% of the operating costs.", "PMID": 406222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3570", "title": "Cost-effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training programs.", "content": "A model is presented to analyze the cost-effectiveness of programs to train large numbers of citizens in the techniques of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). From a planner's estimates of certain key factors, the model determines the probability of intervention for various numbers of trained citizens and for several allocation strategies and patterns of population density. These key factors are the maximum distance from which a person with CPR training could intervene in an emergency, the cost of training, and loss of skill with time. The model is used to analyze possible training efforts in Houston, Texas.", "contents": "Cost-effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training programs. A model is presented to analyze the cost-effectiveness of programs to train large numbers of citizens in the techniques of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). From a planner's estimates of certain key factors, the model determines the probability of intervention for various numbers of trained citizens and for several allocation strategies and patterns of population density. These key factors are the maximum distance from which a person with CPR training could intervene in an emergency, the cost of training, and loss of skill with time. The model is used to analyze possible training efforts in Houston, Texas.", "PMID": 406223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3571", "title": "Tuberculosis in the intensive care unit.", "content": "The overwhelming majority of patients infected with tuberculosis may be very adequately treated without hospitalization on an out-patient basis. Until tuberculosis is completely eradicated, however, some patients with extensive disease will require hospitalization for diagnosis and the institution of appropriate chemotherapy. A minority of these who are desperately ill and require admission to an intensive care unit may still recover by the prompt diagnosis of the illness, appropriate supportive care, and the rapid institution of appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in the intensive care unit. The overwhelming majority of patients infected with tuberculosis may be very adequately treated without hospitalization on an out-patient basis. Until tuberculosis is completely eradicated, however, some patients with extensive disease will require hospitalization for diagnosis and the institution of appropriate chemotherapy. A minority of these who are desperately ill and require admission to an intensive care unit may still recover by the prompt diagnosis of the illness, appropriate supportive care, and the rapid institution of appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy.", "PMID": 406224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3572", "title": "An EM autoradiographic study on ovarian follicle cells of Drosophila melanogaster with special reference to the formation of egg coverings.", "content": "Ovarian follicle cells of Drosophila melanogaster have been studied by ultrastructural and autoradiographic analyses. During their migration through the germarium, follicle cells undergo several structural changes and, of these, the most conspicuous one occurs at the level of the nucleolus. By the time the first ovarian chamber is formed, follicle cells have formed a layer of uniform thickness all around a cluster or nurse cells and the oocyte. Following the initiation of vitellogenesis, the follicle cells overlaying the oocyte become columnar while those over the nurse cells become very thin. During stages 9-10, the columnar follicle cells are involved in the formation of the vitelline membrane, while from stages 11 to 13 these cells produce the endochorion. An EM autoradiographic analysis has shown that the rate of 3H-uridine incorporation in follicle cells nuclei is low in previtellogenic chambers, while it becomes very high in nuclei of stage 9-10 chambers. After short exposure to uridine, silver grains are located predominantly over nucleoli. Evidence from incorporation studies with 3H-lysine indicates that the columnar follicle cells and the region of the various egg coverings are highly labelled within an hour of incubation in the tracer. The observations confirm that columnar follicle cells are the only cells in the chamber involved in the formation of materials which make up the egg coverings.", "contents": "An EM autoradiographic study on ovarian follicle cells of Drosophila melanogaster with special reference to the formation of egg coverings. Ovarian follicle cells of Drosophila melanogaster have been studied by ultrastructural and autoradiographic analyses. During their migration through the germarium, follicle cells undergo several structural changes and, of these, the most conspicuous one occurs at the level of the nucleolus. By the time the first ovarian chamber is formed, follicle cells have formed a layer of uniform thickness all around a cluster or nurse cells and the oocyte. Following the initiation of vitellogenesis, the follicle cells overlaying the oocyte become columnar while those over the nurse cells become very thin. During stages 9-10, the columnar follicle cells are involved in the formation of the vitelline membrane, while from stages 11 to 13 these cells produce the endochorion. An EM autoradiographic analysis has shown that the rate of 3H-uridine incorporation in follicle cells nuclei is low in previtellogenic chambers, while it becomes very high in nuclei of stage 9-10 chambers. After short exposure to uridine, silver grains are located predominantly over nucleoli. Evidence from incorporation studies with 3H-lysine indicates that the columnar follicle cells and the region of the various egg coverings are highly labelled within an hour of incubation in the tracer. The observations confirm that columnar follicle cells are the only cells in the chamber involved in the formation of materials which make up the egg coverings.", "PMID": 406251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3573", "title": "Water-stable fluorophores, produced by reaction with aldehyde solutions, for the histochemical localization of catechol- and indolethylamines.", "content": "The properties of a new fluorescence histochemical method for arylethylamines based on reaction with a mixture of 4% formaldehyde and 0.5% glutaraldehyde in  aqueous solution are described. At room temperature the aldehyde mixture produced a well-localized fluorescence reaction in tissues, which, when examined microscopically in aqueous solution, was sufficiently intense for fine terminal noradrenergic axons to be seen. If the tissue was subsequently dried, the fluorescence intensity increased. At the same time as inducing the fluorophores, the aldehyde mixture fixed the tissue to a standard well suited for electron microscopy. It thus proved possible to locate amine containing cells in the fluorescence microscope and subsequently examine their ultrastructure. In aqueous models, the aldehyde mixture formed fluorescent products with adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, dopa, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptophan, but not with histamine or octopamine. The fluorescence induced in the aldehyde mixture remained stable if the tissue was subsequently transferred to saline or distilled water and when it was dehydrated in ethanol and cleared with xylene, benzene, chloroform or acetone.", "contents": "Water-stable fluorophores, produced by reaction with aldehyde solutions, for the histochemical localization of catechol- and indolethylamines. The properties of a new fluorescence histochemical method for arylethylamines based on reaction with a mixture of 4% formaldehyde and 0.5% glutaraldehyde in  aqueous solution are described. At room temperature the aldehyde mixture produced a well-localized fluorescence reaction in tissues, which, when examined microscopically in aqueous solution, was sufficiently intense for fine terminal noradrenergic axons to be seen. If the tissue was subsequently dried, the fluorescence intensity increased. At the same time as inducing the fluorophores, the aldehyde mixture fixed the tissue to a standard well suited for electron microscopy. It thus proved possible to locate amine containing cells in the fluorescence microscope and subsequently examine their ultrastructure. In aqueous models, the aldehyde mixture formed fluorescent products with adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, dopa, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptophan, but not with histamine or octopamine. The fluorescence induced in the aldehyde mixture remained stable if the tissue was subsequently transferred to saline or distilled water and when it was dehydrated in ethanol and cleared with xylene, benzene, chloroform or acetone.", "PMID": 406252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3574", "title": "Mycobacteria isolated from exotic animals.", "content": "Mycobacteria were isolated from 263 of 474 specimens submitted from captive exotic (nondomesticated) animals over a 5-year period. Mycobacterium avium was isolated from 128 animals originating in 13 states and the District of Columbia; serotype 1 accounted for 65 of the isolations. Mycobacterium bovi was isolated from 74 animals in 7 zoos, 7 game parks, and 4 primate colonies in 1, states: Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from 29 animals originating 9 stats; and Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium chelonei, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, and Mycobacterium spp. The widespread occurrence of tuberculosis in exotic animals maintained in captivity emphasizes the public health importance of these infections.", "contents": "Mycobacteria isolated from exotic animals. Mycobacteria were isolated from 263 of 474 specimens submitted from captive exotic (nondomesticated) animals over a 5-year period. Mycobacterium avium was isolated from 128 animals originating in 13 states and the District of Columbia; serotype 1 accounted for 65 of the isolations. Mycobacterium bovi was isolated from 74 animals in 7 zoos, 7 game parks, and 4 primate colonies in 1, states: Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from 29 animals originating 9 stats; and Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium chelonei, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, and Mycobacterium spp. The widespread occurrence of tuberculosis in exotic animals maintained in captivity emphasizes the public health importance of these infections.", "PMID": 406254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3575", "title": "Composition and molecular weight of pili purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa K.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain K (PAK) bears polar pili that promote infection by at least six bacteriophages. Moreover, a recently isolated mutant of strain K (PAK/2PfS) is many times more piliated than the wild-type strain and facilitates the preparation of large amounts of pure pili for biochemical studies. The present investigation was carried out to establish the structural relatedness of PAK and PAK/2PfS pili and to determine their biochemical composition. A purfication procedure is described for PAK and PAK/2PfS pili that yields about 8 mg of pure pili per 100 g (wet weight) of PAK/2PfS cells and 0.8 mg of pure pili per 100 g (wet weight) of PAK cells. PAK and PAK/2PfS pili were found to be free from phosphate, carbohydrate, and lipid and to contain a single polypeptide subunit of 17,800 daltons. Isopycnic centrifugation studies revealed that PAK and PAK(2PfS pili have the same buoyant density in sucrose (1.221) and CsC1 (1.295). Both types of pili banded at pH 3.9 when subjected to isoelectric focusing. Amino acid analyses showed that PAK and PAK/2PfS pili have identical amino acid compositions, whereas microimmunodiffusion studies revealed that the two types of pili are immunologically indistinguishable. It was concluded that PAK and PAK/2PfS pili are identical and that the mutation responsible for producing the multipiliated state in PAK/2PfS is probably located outside the structural gene for PAK pili.", "contents": "Composition and molecular weight of pili purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa K. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain K (PAK) bears polar pili that promote infection by at least six bacteriophages. Moreover, a recently isolated mutant of strain K (PAK/2PfS) is many times more piliated than the wild-type strain and facilitates the preparation of large amounts of pure pili for biochemical studies. The present investigation was carried out to establish the structural relatedness of PAK and PAK/2PfS pili and to determine their biochemical composition. A purfication procedure is described for PAK and PAK/2PfS pili that yields about 8 mg of pure pili per 100 g (wet weight) of PAK/2PfS cells and 0.8 mg of pure pili per 100 g (wet weight) of PAK cells. PAK and PAK/2PfS pili were found to be free from phosphate, carbohydrate, and lipid and to contain a single polypeptide subunit of 17,800 daltons. Isopycnic centrifugation studies revealed that PAK and PAK(2PfS pili have the same buoyant density in sucrose (1.221) and CsC1 (1.295). Both types of pili banded at pH 3.9 when subjected to isoelectric focusing. Amino acid analyses showed that PAK and PAK/2PfS pili have identical amino acid compositions, whereas microimmunodiffusion studies revealed that the two types of pili are immunologically indistinguishable. It was concluded that PAK and PAK/2PfS pili are identical and that the mutation responsible for producing the multipiliated state in PAK/2PfS is probably located outside the structural gene for PAK pili.", "PMID": 406258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3576", "title": "Transformation of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis with a hybrid plasmid molecule.", "content": "A hybrid molecule constructed from Escherichia coli plasmid pMB9 and a fragment of Bacillus subtilis 168 deoxyribonucleic acid functions in cells of leu-E. coli, converting them to leucine prototrophy, but fails to survive in strains of B. subtilis 168.", "contents": "Transformation of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis with a hybrid plasmid molecule. A hybrid molecule constructed from Escherichia coli plasmid pMB9 and a fragment of Bacillus subtilis 168 deoxyribonucleic acid functions in cells of leu-E. coli, converting them to leucine prototrophy, but fails to survive in strains of B. subtilis 168.", "PMID": 406259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3577", "title": "De novo synthesis and glycosylation of the MOPC-46B mouse immunoglobulin light chain in cell-free extracts.", "content": "The mRNA for the mouse MOPC-46B K chain, a glycorportein, was prepared translated in Ehrlich ascites cell-free extract. A polypeptide product similar to the MOPC-46B kappa chain was identified by its antigenic properties and by analysis of the products of tryptic digestion. In addition, the cell-free product was glycosylated after translation. It appeared that glycosylation of the cell-free product occurred on the same tryptic peptide glycosylated by intact cells. The characteristics and requirements of glycosylation are described. The presence of Mn2+ was a major requirement.", "contents": "De novo synthesis and glycosylation of the MOPC-46B mouse immunoglobulin light chain in cell-free extracts. The mRNA for the mouse MOPC-46B K chain, a glycorportein, was prepared translated in Ehrlich ascites cell-free extract. A polypeptide product similar to the MOPC-46B kappa chain was identified by its antigenic properties and by analysis of the products of tryptic digestion. In addition, the cell-free product was glycosylated after translation. It appeared that glycosylation of the cell-free product occurred on the same tryptic peptide glycosylated by intact cells. The characteristics and requirements of glycosylation are described. The presence of Mn2+ was a major requirement.", "PMID": 406260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3578", "title": "Decalcified bone as a substrate for osteogenesis. An appraisal of the interrelation of bone and marrow in combined grafts.", "content": "This paper examines the fate of decalcified allografts (homografts) of iliac cancellous bone impregnated with autologous red marrow and implanted intermuscularly into the anterior abdominal wall of rabbits. In contrast to the findings of Urist and other workers that cortical bone decalcified with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and then freeze-dried is inductive to new bone formation in various heterotopic sites, evidence is presented that iliac bone decalcified by HCl and grafted alone to a muscular site is itself very weakly inductive to bone formation. However, when combined with autologous bone marrow the HCl-decalcified bone provides a better substrate for bone formation by marrow cells than does either undecalcified iliac bone, or iliac bone decalcified with ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid. The freezing or freeze-drying of decalcified bone does not affect new bone formation when implanted alone or with autologous marrow. The differences between the cortical and cancellous bone as inductive substrates for osteogenesis are discussed and the interrelationship of bone and marrow in combined bone grafts are re-evaluated.", "contents": "Decalcified bone as a substrate for osteogenesis. An appraisal of the interrelation of bone and marrow in combined grafts. This paper examines the fate of decalcified allografts (homografts) of iliac cancellous bone impregnated with autologous red marrow and implanted intermuscularly into the anterior abdominal wall of rabbits. In contrast to the findings of Urist and other workers that cortical bone decalcified with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and then freeze-dried is inductive to new bone formation in various heterotopic sites, evidence is presented that iliac bone decalcified by HCl and grafted alone to a muscular site is itself very weakly inductive to bone formation. However, when combined with autologous bone marrow the HCl-decalcified bone provides a better substrate for bone formation by marrow cells than does either undecalcified iliac bone, or iliac bone decalcified with ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid. The freezing or freeze-drying of decalcified bone does not affect new bone formation when implanted alone or with autologous marrow. The differences between the cortical and cancellous bone as inductive substrates for osteogenesis are discussed and the interrelationship of bone and marrow in combined bone grafts are re-evaluated.", "PMID": 406261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3579", "title": "Quantitative determination of nuclear pore complexes in cycling cells with differing DNA content.", "content": "The number of pore complexes per nucleus was determined for a wide variety of cultured cells selected for their variable DNA content over a range of 1-5,6000. The pore number was compared to DNA content, nuclear surface area, and nuclear volume. Values for pore frequency (pores/square micrometer) were relatively constant in the species studied. When the pore to DNA ratio was plotted against the DNA content, there was a remarkable correlation which decreased exponentially for the cells of vertebrae origin. Exceptions were the heteroploid mammalian cells which had the same ratio as the diploid mammalian cells despite higher DNA content. The results are interpreted to mean that neither the nuclear surface, the nuclear volume, nor the DNA content alone determines the pore number of the nucleus, but rather an as yet undetermined combination of different factors. The surface and volume of vertebrate nuclei do not decrease with decreasing DNA content below a given value. The following speculation is suggested to account for the anomalous size changes of the nucleus relative to DNA content in vertebrates. Species with small DNA complements have a relatively large proportion of active chromatin which determines the limits of the physical parameters of the nucleus. The amount of active chromatin maybe the same for at least the vertebrates with low DNA content, At high DNA content, the nuclear parameters may be determined by the relatively high proportion of inactive condensed chromatin which increases the nuclear surface and volume.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of nuclear pore complexes in cycling cells with differing DNA content. The number of pore complexes per nucleus was determined for a wide variety of cultured cells selected for their variable DNA content over a range of 1-5,6000. The pore number was compared to DNA content, nuclear surface area, and nuclear volume. Values for pore frequency (pores/square micrometer) were relatively constant in the species studied. When the pore to DNA ratio was plotted against the DNA content, there was a remarkable correlation which decreased exponentially for the cells of vertebrae origin. Exceptions were the heteroploid mammalian cells which had the same ratio as the diploid mammalian cells despite higher DNA content. The results are interpreted to mean that neither the nuclear surface, the nuclear volume, nor the DNA content alone determines the pore number of the nucleus, but rather an as yet undetermined combination of different factors. The surface and volume of vertebrate nuclei do not decrease with decreasing DNA content below a given value. The following speculation is suggested to account for the anomalous size changes of the nucleus relative to DNA content in vertebrates. Species with small DNA complements have a relatively large proportion of active chromatin which determines the limits of the physical parameters of the nucleus. The amount of active chromatin maybe the same for at least the vertebrates with low DNA content, At high DNA content, the nuclear parameters may be determined by the relatively high proportion of inactive condensed chromatin which increases the nuclear surface and volume.", "PMID": 406262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3580", "title": "Chromosomal basis of dosage compensation in Drosophila. IX. Cellular autonomy of the faster replication of the X chromosome in haplo-X cells of Drosophila melanogaster and synchronous initiation.", "content": "[(3)H]Thymidine labeling patterns have been examined in gynandric mosaic salivary glands of drosophila melanogaster. The Ring-X stock, R(1) w(ve)/In(1)dl 49, l (1) J1 y w lz(s), was used for this purpose. 365 labeled XX2A and 40 labeled XO2A nuclei were obtained from a total of 624 nuclei in nine pairs of mosaic salivary glands. It was observed that in all but those nuclei which had DD, 1C, and 2C patterns, the X chromosome of the XO2A nuclei always had fewer sites labeled than the X chromosomes of the XX2A nuclei, for a given pattern of the autosomes in either sex. Such asynchronous labeling of the X chromosome in the XO2A (male) nuclei was observed regardless of the proportion of the XO2A cells (2.0-73.7 percent), in the mosaic glands. Moreover, while the frequency of [(3)H]thymidine labeling for all of the 39 replicating units except the two late replicating sites (3C and 11A) in the X chromosome of the XO2A nuclei, was consistently lower than in the X chromosome of the XX2A nuclei, the mean number of grains on the X chromosome was relatively (to autosomes) similar in both XX2A and XO2A cells. The results, therefore, suggest that, as in XY2A larval glands, the X chromosome in the XO2A cells also completes the replication earlier than autosomes and that the XO2A nuclei show cellular autonomy with respect to the early replication of the X chromosome, like its counterpart, RNA transcription. Absence of the asynchrony during the initial phase (DD-2C) further completes the replication earlier but that the rate of replication of its DNA is possibly faster, and (b) that there might be a common regulation with respect to the initiation of replication of different chromosomes in a genome.", "contents": "Chromosomal basis of dosage compensation in Drosophila. IX. Cellular autonomy of the faster replication of the X chromosome in haplo-X cells of Drosophila melanogaster and synchronous initiation. [(3)H]Thymidine labeling patterns have been examined in gynandric mosaic salivary glands of drosophila melanogaster. The Ring-X stock, R(1) w(ve)/In(1)dl 49, l (1) J1 y w lz(s), was used for this purpose. 365 labeled XX2A and 40 labeled XO2A nuclei were obtained from a total of 624 nuclei in nine pairs of mosaic salivary glands. It was observed that in all but those nuclei which had DD, 1C, and 2C patterns, the X chromosome of the XO2A nuclei always had fewer sites labeled than the X chromosomes of the XX2A nuclei, for a given pattern of the autosomes in either sex. Such asynchronous labeling of the X chromosome in the XO2A (male) nuclei was observed regardless of the proportion of the XO2A cells (2.0-73.7 percent), in the mosaic glands. Moreover, while the frequency of [(3)H]thymidine labeling for all of the 39 replicating units except the two late replicating sites (3C and 11A) in the X chromosome of the XO2A nuclei, was consistently lower than in the X chromosome of the XX2A nuclei, the mean number of grains on the X chromosome was relatively (to autosomes) similar in both XX2A and XO2A cells. The results, therefore, suggest that, as in XY2A larval glands, the X chromosome in the XO2A cells also completes the replication earlier than autosomes and that the XO2A nuclei show cellular autonomy with respect to the early replication of the X chromosome, like its counterpart, RNA transcription. Absence of the asynchrony during the initial phase (DD-2C) further completes the replication earlier but that the rate of replication of its DNA is possibly faster, and (b) that there might be a common regulation with respect to the initiation of replication of different chromosomes in a genome.", "PMID": 406263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3581", "title": "The structure of postsynaptic densities isolated from dog cerebral cortex. II. Characterization and arrangement of some of the major proteins within the structure.", "content": "An attempt was made to identify some of the proteins of the postsynaptic density (PSD) fraction isolated from dog cerebral cortex. The major protein has been tentatively labeled \"neurofilament\" protein, on the basis of its 51,000 mol wt correspondence to a protein found in neurofilament preparations. Other proteins are akin to some dog myofibrillar proteins, on the basis if immunological crossreaction and equal sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoretic mobilities. While a protein similar to dog muscle myosin is not present in the PSD fraction, a major protein present is actin, as evident from reactivity with antiactin serum, from SDS-gel mobility, and from amino acid composition. Only very little tubulin may be present in the PSD fraction, as determined by gel electrophoresis. Various treatments of the PSD fraction were attempted in order to extract some proteins, as revealed by gel electrophoresis, and to observe the structural changes of the PSD fraction residue after extraction of these proteins. The PSD is remarkably resistant to various extraction conditions, with only 4 M guanidine being found to extract most of the proteins, except the 51,000 mol wt protein. Disulfide reducing agents such as dithiothreitol (DTT), blocking agents such as p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) (both in the presence of deoxycholate [DOC]), a Ca++ extractor, ethylene glycol-bis (beta- aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (EGTA), and guanidine caused an opening up of the native dense PSD structure, revealing approximately 10-nm filaments, presumably consisting of \"neurofilament\" protein. Both DTT-DOC and PCMB-DOC removed chiefly actin but also some other proteins. EGTA, in greatly opening up the structure, as observed in the electron microscope, revealed both 10-nm and 3- to 5-nm filaments; the later could be composed of actin, since actin was still in the residue after the treatment. EGTA removed a major 18,000 mol wt component and two minor proteins of 68,000 and 73,000 mol wt. Based on the morphological and biochemical evidence, a picture is presented of the PSD as a structure partly made up of 10-nm and 3- to 5-nm filaments, held together through Ca++ interaction and by bonds amendable to breakage by sulfhydrylblocking and disulfide-reducing reagents; either removal of Ca++ and/or rupture of these disulfide bonds opens up the structure. On the basis of the existence of filamentous proteins and the appearance of the PSD after certain treatments as a closed or open structure, a theory is presented with envisages the PSD to function as a modulator in the conduction of the nerve impulse, by movements of its protein relative.", "contents": "The structure of postsynaptic densities isolated from dog cerebral cortex. II. Characterization and arrangement of some of the major proteins within the structure. An attempt was made to identify some of the proteins of the postsynaptic density (PSD) fraction isolated from dog cerebral cortex. The major protein has been tentatively labeled \"neurofilament\" protein, on the basis of its 51,000 mol wt correspondence to a protein found in neurofilament preparations. Other proteins are akin to some dog myofibrillar proteins, on the basis if immunological crossreaction and equal sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoretic mobilities. While a protein similar to dog muscle myosin is not present in the PSD fraction, a major protein present is actin, as evident from reactivity with antiactin serum, from SDS-gel mobility, and from amino acid composition. Only very little tubulin may be present in the PSD fraction, as determined by gel electrophoresis. Various treatments of the PSD fraction were attempted in order to extract some proteins, as revealed by gel electrophoresis, and to observe the structural changes of the PSD fraction residue after extraction of these proteins. The PSD is remarkably resistant to various extraction conditions, with only 4 M guanidine being found to extract most of the proteins, except the 51,000 mol wt protein. Disulfide reducing agents such as dithiothreitol (DTT), blocking agents such as p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) (both in the presence of deoxycholate [DOC]), a Ca++ extractor, ethylene glycol-bis (beta- aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (EGTA), and guanidine caused an opening up of the native dense PSD structure, revealing approximately 10-nm filaments, presumably consisting of \"neurofilament\" protein. Both DTT-DOC and PCMB-DOC removed chiefly actin but also some other proteins. EGTA, in greatly opening up the structure, as observed in the electron microscope, revealed both 10-nm and 3- to 5-nm filaments; the later could be composed of actin, since actin was still in the residue after the treatment. EGTA removed a major 18,000 mol wt component and two minor proteins of 68,000 and 73,000 mol wt. Based on the morphological and biochemical evidence, a picture is presented of the PSD as a structure partly made up of 10-nm and 3- to 5-nm filaments, held together through Ca++ interaction and by bonds amendable to breakage by sulfhydrylblocking and disulfide-reducing reagents; either removal of Ca++ and/or rupture of these disulfide bonds opens up the structure. On the basis of the existence of filamentous proteins and the appearance of the PSD after certain treatments as a closed or open structure, a theory is presented with envisages the PSD to function as a modulator in the conduction of the nerve impulse, by movements of its protein relative.", "PMID": 406264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3582", "title": "Hepatocyte innervation in primates.", "content": "The efferent innervation and some characteristics of nerve fibers of the liver lobule in the tree shrew, a primate, are described. Nerve endings on hepatocytes were encountered regularly and were determined to be efferent adrenergic nerves. Transmission electron microscopy revealed nerve endings and varicosities in close apposition to the hepatocytes adjacent to the connective tissue of the triads as well as within the liver lobule in the space of Disse. Fluorescence microscopy indicated the existence of adrenergic nerves with a similar distribution. Autoradiography of the avid uptake of exogenous [3H]norepinephrine indicated that all intralobular nerves are potentially norepinephrinergic (adrenergic). Chemical sympathectomy with 6-OH-dopamine resulted in the degeneration of all intralobular liver nerve fibers as revealed by fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. Substantial regeneration occurred after 60-90 days but was not completed by that time. Some nerves were also observed in close association with von Kupffer cells and endothelial cells. The functional significance of the efferent liver innervation is discussed.", "contents": "Hepatocyte innervation in primates. The efferent innervation and some characteristics of nerve fibers of the liver lobule in the tree shrew, a primate, are described. Nerve endings on hepatocytes were encountered regularly and were determined to be efferent adrenergic nerves. Transmission electron microscopy revealed nerve endings and varicosities in close apposition to the hepatocytes adjacent to the connective tissue of the triads as well as within the liver lobule in the space of Disse. Fluorescence microscopy indicated the existence of adrenergic nerves with a similar distribution. Autoradiography of the avid uptake of exogenous [3H]norepinephrine indicated that all intralobular nerves are potentially norepinephrinergic (adrenergic). Chemical sympathectomy with 6-OH-dopamine resulted in the degeneration of all intralobular liver nerve fibers as revealed by fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. Substantial regeneration occurred after 60-90 days but was not completed by that time. Some nerves were also observed in close association with von Kupffer cells and endothelial cells. The functional significance of the efferent liver innervation is discussed.", "PMID": 406265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3583", "title": "Prostaglandin F2alpha binding sites in human corpora lutea.", "content": "The specific binding of 3H-prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha to homogenates of human corpora lutea of the cycle and ectopic pregnancy was examined. Corpora lutea of ectopic pregnancy bound significantly (P less than 0.01) higher amounts of added 3H-PGF2alpha than those of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The 3H-PGF2alpha binding sites in corpora lutea of ectopic pregnancy were further characterized. The specific 3H-PGF2alpha binding to all corpora lutea was biphasic: all contained sites of 10(-8)M Kd, two also had sites of Kd greater than 10(-8)M while the other contained sites of 10(-9)M Kd. PGs competed for 3H-PGF2alpha binding in the following order: PGF2alpha greater than 15(S)15 methyl PGF2alpha greater than PGF1alpha greater than PGE2 greater than PGE1 greater than PGB1 greater than PGA1. Binding was time and temperature dependent; maximum binding was obtained by 1 h at 22 C; AT 38 C, the initial binding was high but rapidly declined after 30 min of incubation. A cationic requirement for 3H-PGF2ALPHA binding is suggested by the findings that the addition of EDTA severely reduced the binding which was reversed by concomittant addition of Ca+ to the medium. Preincubation of homogenates with proteolytic enzymes drastically reduced the binding, suggesting that the binding sites are protein in nature.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2alpha binding sites in human corpora lutea. The specific binding of 3H-prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha to homogenates of human corpora lutea of the cycle and ectopic pregnancy was examined. Corpora lutea of ectopic pregnancy bound significantly (P less than 0.01) higher amounts of added 3H-PGF2alpha than those of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The 3H-PGF2alpha binding sites in corpora lutea of ectopic pregnancy were further characterized. The specific 3H-PGF2alpha binding to all corpora lutea was biphasic: all contained sites of 10(-8)M Kd, two also had sites of Kd greater than 10(-8)M while the other contained sites of 10(-9)M Kd. PGs competed for 3H-PGF2alpha binding in the following order: PGF2alpha greater than 15(S)15 methyl PGF2alpha greater than PGF1alpha greater than PGE2 greater than PGE1 greater than PGB1 greater than PGA1. Binding was time and temperature dependent; maximum binding was obtained by 1 h at 22 C; AT 38 C, the initial binding was high but rapidly declined after 30 min of incubation. A cationic requirement for 3H-PGF2ALPHA binding is suggested by the findings that the addition of EDTA severely reduced the binding which was reversed by concomittant addition of Ca+ to the medium. Preincubation of homogenates with proteolytic enzymes drastically reduced the binding, suggesting that the binding sites are protein in nature.", "PMID": 406267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3584", "title": "Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on sleep and sleep-related growth hormone release in normal subjects.", "content": "Effects of TRH on sleep and sleep-related growth hormone (GH) release were examined in four normal volunteers. A bolus of 500 microgram of synthetic TRH was injected iv at the onset of sleep, followed by continuous iv infusion of 1000 microgram of TRH dissolved in saline for 3 h on two nights. Saline alone was infused on two control nights in each of these subjects. Polygraphic sleep records showed that TRH transiently interrupted sleep on both nights in all of the four subjects. The arousal phenomenon was observed from 80 to 151 min after the start of TRH administration until 20 to 212 min after the end of TRH infusion. The mean (+/-SE) percentage of awakening on the nights of TRH administration was significantly larger than on the control nights (36.4 +/- 1.9% vs. 1.3 +/- 0.8%, P less than 0.001). Plasma GH increased in close relationship to the initial appearance of slow wave sleep (SWS) within 40 min after sleep onset on both control nights in all four subjects. On nights of TRH administration, however, plasma GH levels during the initial 80 min of sleep were significantly lower (P less than 0.005) than on control nights, whereas SWS was demonstrated before the interruption of sleep. On nights when sleep was interrupted by forced wakefulness 1 h after sleep onset, plasma GH rose to levels comparable to those on control nights during early sleep periods in all subjects examined. These results suggest that TRH inhibits sleep and sleep-related GH release in normal subjects.", "contents": "Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on sleep and sleep-related growth hormone release in normal subjects. Effects of TRH on sleep and sleep-related growth hormone (GH) release were examined in four normal volunteers. A bolus of 500 microgram of synthetic TRH was injected iv at the onset of sleep, followed by continuous iv infusion of 1000 microgram of TRH dissolved in saline for 3 h on two nights. Saline alone was infused on two control nights in each of these subjects. Polygraphic sleep records showed that TRH transiently interrupted sleep on both nights in all of the four subjects. The arousal phenomenon was observed from 80 to 151 min after the start of TRH administration until 20 to 212 min after the end of TRH infusion. The mean (+/-SE) percentage of awakening on the nights of TRH administration was significantly larger than on the control nights (36.4 +/- 1.9% vs. 1.3 +/- 0.8%, P less than 0.001). Plasma GH increased in close relationship to the initial appearance of slow wave sleep (SWS) within 40 min after sleep onset on both control nights in all four subjects. On nights of TRH administration, however, plasma GH levels during the initial 80 min of sleep were significantly lower (P less than 0.005) than on control nights, whereas SWS was demonstrated before the interruption of sleep. On nights when sleep was interrupted by forced wakefulness 1 h after sleep onset, plasma GH rose to levels comparable to those on control nights during early sleep periods in all subjects examined. These results suggest that TRH inhibits sleep and sleep-related GH release in normal subjects.", "PMID": 406268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3585", "title": "Growth hormone and prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with severe liver disease.", "content": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was administered iv to 10 patients with severe liver disease and 10 control subjects. Injection of 400 microgram TRH as a bolus induced in 7 out of 10 patients a clear-cut GH rise (larger than or equal 10 ng/ml) occurring 15-120 min after the injection, and no effect on GH levels in controls. Mean baseline GH levels wre higher in patients than in controls. An exaggerated and sustained PRL rise was present after TRH in the subjects with liver disease, whose mean baseline plasma PRL levels were within normal range.", "contents": "Growth hormone and prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with severe liver disease. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was administered iv to 10 patients with severe liver disease and 10 control subjects. Injection of 400 microgram TRH as a bolus induced in 7 out of 10 patients a clear-cut GH rise (larger than or equal 10 ng/ml) occurring 15-120 min after the injection, and no effect on GH levels in controls. Mean baseline GH levels wre higher in patients than in controls. An exaggerated and sustained PRL rise was present after TRH in the subjects with liver disease, whose mean baseline plasma PRL levels were within normal range.", "PMID": 406272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3586", "title": "Suppression of elevated serum TSH levels in hypothyroidism by fusaric acid.", "content": "The effect of Fusaric acid (FA), a specific inhibitor of dopamine beta-hydroxylase, on humna TSH and thyroid hormone concentration (T4 and T3) was evaluated. Healthy subjects showed no significant changes in serum T3,T4 and TSH concentrations following the administration of FA calcium salt (FA-Ca) or placebo. Similarly, administration of FA-Ca for 4 weeks to hypertensive patients failed to produce significant changes in the serum T4 or T3 Resin Sponge Uptake values, and in the TSH and T3 responses to TRH. In contrast, FA-Ca produced a significant reduction on the high basal serum TSH level in patients with primary hypothyroidism. The mean nadir was 25% and ranged from 6 to 61%. As in the case of L-Dopa, the effect of FA-Ca on serum TSH is most clearly demonstrated in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Alterations in brain amines may directly or indirectly suppress pituitary TSH secretion. The possibility of changes in the peripheral distribution or turnover rate of TSH has not been excluded.", "contents": "Suppression of elevated serum TSH levels in hypothyroidism by fusaric acid. The effect of Fusaric acid (FA), a specific inhibitor of dopamine beta-hydroxylase, on humna TSH and thyroid hormone concentration (T4 and T3) was evaluated. Healthy subjects showed no significant changes in serum T3,T4 and TSH concentrations following the administration of FA calcium salt (FA-Ca) or placebo. Similarly, administration of FA-Ca for 4 weeks to hypertensive patients failed to produce significant changes in the serum T4 or T3 Resin Sponge Uptake values, and in the TSH and T3 responses to TRH. In contrast, FA-Ca produced a significant reduction on the high basal serum TSH level in patients with primary hypothyroidism. The mean nadir was 25% and ranged from 6 to 61%. As in the case of L-Dopa, the effect of FA-Ca on serum TSH is most clearly demonstrated in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Alterations in brain amines may directly or indirectly suppress pituitary TSH secretion. The possibility of changes in the peripheral distribution or turnover rate of TSH has not been excluded.", "PMID": 406275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3587", "title": "Comparison of nitroglycerin-, nitroprusside-, and phentolamine-induced changes in coronary collateral function in dogs.", "content": "The recent use of vasodilators to improve ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction led us to investigate the effects of nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and phentolamine on coronary collateral flow. Dogs were studied 2-4 wk after an ameroid constrictor was placed around the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Retrograde flow and peripheral coronary pressure were measured from a cannula inserted in the LAD distal to the ameroid. Systemic arterial pressure was held constant by an aortic cuff. When administered intracoronary (i.c.), nitroglycerin, 0.3-100 mug/min, or nitroprusside, 3-100 mug/min, produced quantitatively similar, dose-dependent increases in retrograde flow. Neither drug, i.c., changed peripheral coronary pressure. Nitroglycerin, 3-300 mug/min, intravenous (i.v.), produced dose-dependent increases in retrograde flow; nitroprusside, i.v., increased retrograde flow only in high doses (100-300 mug/min). Nitroglycerin and nitroprusside, i.v., produced similar increases in peripheral coronary pressure. Phentolamine, 1-300 mug/min, i.v., decreased retrograde flow, and did not change peripheral coronary pressure. Nitroprusside was considerably more potent than nitroglycerin in decreasing systemic arterial pressure and in reducing total coronary resistance. Thus, (a) although i.c. nitroglycerin and nitroprusside produce similar effects on collateral function, i.v. nitroglycerin is more effective than i.v. nitroprusside in augmenting collateral flow; (b) phentolamine has deleterious effects on collateral function; and (c) the relative vasodilator potencies of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside vary in different vascular beds; thus, for a given reduction in systemic arterial pressure, nitroprusside is less effective in increasing retrograde flow.", "contents": "Comparison of nitroglycerin-, nitroprusside-, and phentolamine-induced changes in coronary collateral function in dogs. The recent use of vasodilators to improve ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction led us to investigate the effects of nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and phentolamine on coronary collateral flow. Dogs were studied 2-4 wk after an ameroid constrictor was placed around the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Retrograde flow and peripheral coronary pressure were measured from a cannula inserted in the LAD distal to the ameroid. Systemic arterial pressure was held constant by an aortic cuff. When administered intracoronary (i.c.), nitroglycerin, 0.3-100 mug/min, or nitroprusside, 3-100 mug/min, produced quantitatively similar, dose-dependent increases in retrograde flow. Neither drug, i.c., changed peripheral coronary pressure. Nitroglycerin, 3-300 mug/min, intravenous (i.v.), produced dose-dependent increases in retrograde flow; nitroprusside, i.v., increased retrograde flow only in high doses (100-300 mug/min). Nitroglycerin and nitroprusside, i.v., produced similar increases in peripheral coronary pressure. Phentolamine, 1-300 mug/min, i.v., decreased retrograde flow, and did not change peripheral coronary pressure. Nitroprusside was considerably more potent than nitroglycerin in decreasing systemic arterial pressure and in reducing total coronary resistance. Thus, (a) although i.c. nitroglycerin and nitroprusside produce similar effects on collateral function, i.v. nitroglycerin is more effective than i.v. nitroprusside in augmenting collateral flow; (b) phentolamine has deleterious effects on collateral function; and (c) the relative vasodilator potencies of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside vary in different vascular beds; thus, for a given reduction in systemic arterial pressure, nitroprusside is less effective in increasing retrograde flow.", "PMID": 406277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3588", "title": "Orotic aciduria in two unrelated patients with inherited deficiencies of purine nucleoside phosphorylase.", "content": "The urines of two unrelated children with inherited deficiencies of purine nucleoside phosphorylase have been found to contain significant quantities of orotic acid in addition to the previously reported purine nucleosides. The data are consistent with some cell types of these immunodeficient patients being deplete of pyrophosphoribosylphosphate, a precursor of both purine, and pyrimidine nucleosides. It is suggested that the pyrophosphoribosyl-phosphate-depleted cells may be some component of the thymus-dependent immune system.", "contents": "Orotic aciduria in two unrelated patients with inherited deficiencies of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. The urines of two unrelated children with inherited deficiencies of purine nucleoside phosphorylase have been found to contain significant quantities of orotic acid in addition to the previously reported purine nucleosides. The data are consistent with some cell types of these immunodeficient patients being deplete of pyrophosphoribosylphosphate, a precursor of both purine, and pyrimidine nucleosides. It is suggested that the pyrophosphoribosyl-phosphate-depleted cells may be some component of the thymus-dependent immune system.", "PMID": 406278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3589", "title": "Phonocardiographic and echocardiographic features of Lillehei-Kaster mitral prosthesis.", "content": "Fifteen patients were studied with phonocardiography (phono) and echocardiography (echo) three to 13 months after mitral valve replacement with Lillehei-Kaster mitral valve prostheses. Echo measurements in all patients included prosthesis excursion (DE), opening velocity (OV), closing velocity (CV), and Q-to-mitral prosthesis closure (Q-MPC). In five patients, further, echo measurements included isometric contraction period (ICP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and time to completion of aortic valve opening (TCAO). Phono measurements in all patients included pre-ejection period (PEP), LVET, and PEP/LVET. Further phono measurements in the same five patients in whom further echo measurements were performed included Q to first heart sound (Q-S1), ICP, and isometric relaxation period (IRP). Phono and echo measurements were done sequentially. The echo results showed widespread values for DE, OV and CV with no correlation between clinical state, size of prosthesis, or postoperation duration. There was a positive correlation between CV and OV, r + 0.65. Q-MPC by echo averaged 72 msec, which is longer than reported values for Q-to-mitral valve closure in normal people. Similarly, ICP by echo was shorter than ICP by phono in every patient. Of the phono measurements IRP was shortest (45 msec) in one patient in congestive heart failure with a possible prosthesis malfunction. We conclude that echo- and phonocardiography are useful tools in evaluating mitral prosthesis function, but because normal values are widespread, individual measurements may be useful for followup in the same individual. Precise measurement of subdivisions of systolic intervals are now possible with these techniques.", "contents": "Phonocardiographic and echocardiographic features of Lillehei-Kaster mitral prosthesis. Fifteen patients were studied with phonocardiography (phono) and echocardiography (echo) three to 13 months after mitral valve replacement with Lillehei-Kaster mitral valve prostheses. Echo measurements in all patients included prosthesis excursion (DE), opening velocity (OV), closing velocity (CV), and Q-to-mitral prosthesis closure (Q-MPC). In five patients, further, echo measurements included isometric contraction period (ICP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and time to completion of aortic valve opening (TCAO). Phono measurements in all patients included pre-ejection period (PEP), LVET, and PEP/LVET. Further phono measurements in the same five patients in whom further echo measurements were performed included Q to first heart sound (Q-S1), ICP, and isometric relaxation period (IRP). Phono and echo measurements were done sequentially. The echo results showed widespread values for DE, OV and CV with no correlation between clinical state, size of prosthesis, or postoperation duration. There was a positive correlation between CV and OV, r + 0.65. Q-MPC by echo averaged 72 msec, which is longer than reported values for Q-to-mitral valve closure in normal people. Similarly, ICP by echo was shorter than ICP by phono in every patient. Of the phono measurements IRP was shortest (45 msec) in one patient in congestive heart failure with a possible prosthesis malfunction. We conclude that echo- and phonocardiography are useful tools in evaluating mitral prosthesis function, but because normal values are widespread, individual measurements may be useful for followup in the same individual. Precise measurement of subdivisions of systolic intervals are now possible with these techniques.", "PMID": 406281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3590", "title": "Echocardiographic detection and management of patent ductus arteriosus in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: a two-and one-half year prospective study.", "content": "A prospective 2 1/2 year study of 50 infants with combined respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was undertaken to determine whether echocardiographic measurements combined with clinical assessment could be used to select those infants who needed cardiac treatment. From a pilot study, criteria were adopted to use digoxin in the treatment of infants with evidence of congestive cardiac failure and/or a left atrial dimension 1.5 times normal size, and to ligate the PDA in those with unremitting congestive cardiac failure and a left atrial dimension persistently twice normal. Left atrial, left ventricular, and aortic dimensions, left atrial to aortic ratio, and mean Vcf were echocardiographically determined. Forty-six per cent of the 50 infants with PDA required digoxin administration, and 18 per cent of the total group was operated. The long-term mortality for the total group was 12 per cent (6 of 50) and mortality was 33 per cent (3 of 9) for the operated group. Results showed that absolute left atrial dimension, particularly if recorded in two dimensions, most accurately predicted those infants who would develop congestive cardiac failure or failure that would become medically unmanageable.", "contents": "Echocardiographic detection and management of patent ductus arteriosus in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: a two-and one-half year prospective study. A prospective 2 1/2 year study of 50 infants with combined respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was undertaken to determine whether echocardiographic measurements combined with clinical assessment could be used to select those infants who needed cardiac treatment. From a pilot study, criteria were adopted to use digoxin in the treatment of infants with evidence of congestive cardiac failure and/or a left atrial dimension 1.5 times normal size, and to ligate the PDA in those with unremitting congestive cardiac failure and a left atrial dimension persistently twice normal. Left atrial, left ventricular, and aortic dimensions, left atrial to aortic ratio, and mean Vcf were echocardiographically determined. Forty-six per cent of the 50 infants with PDA required digoxin administration, and 18 per cent of the total group was operated. The long-term mortality for the total group was 12 per cent (6 of 50) and mortality was 33 per cent (3 of 9) for the operated group. Results showed that absolute left atrial dimension, particularly if recorded in two dimensions, most accurately predicted those infants who would develop congestive cardiac failure or failure that would become medically unmanageable.", "PMID": 406282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3591", "title": "Ultrasonic contrast study to indentify stomach tap water microbubbles.", "content": "In ultrasound scanning of the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, it is important to identify stomach contents which may appear as a cyst if the content is fluid or as a solid mass if the content is fluid with suspended food particles. By giving the patient a drink of two or three ounces of freshly drawn water, multiple strong echoes are produced from the fundus and the body of the stomach because of the microbubbles contained in recently agitated tap water and the microbubbles produced by the mixing effect of swallowing. These strong echoes will cause a \"cystic\" or \"mass-like\" appearance produced by the stomach contents to disappear. Thus, a false positive diagnosis is easily and rapidly avoided. The portion of the pancreas behind the stomach may also become more obvious. If the mass or cyst persists, the diagnosis of an abnormality is confirmed.", "contents": "Ultrasonic contrast study to indentify stomach tap water microbubbles. In ultrasound scanning of the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, it is important to identify stomach contents which may appear as a cyst if the content is fluid or as a solid mass if the content is fluid with suspended food particles. By giving the patient a drink of two or three ounces of freshly drawn water, multiple strong echoes are produced from the fundus and the body of the stomach because of the microbubbles contained in recently agitated tap water and the microbubbles produced by the mixing effect of swallowing. These strong echoes will cause a \"cystic\" or \"mass-like\" appearance produced by the stomach contents to disappear. Thus, a false positive diagnosis is easily and rapidly avoided. The portion of the pancreas behind the stomach may also become more obvious. If the mass or cyst persists, the diagnosis of an abnormality is confirmed.", "PMID": 406283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3592", "title": "Percutaneous puncture guided by ultrasonic multitransducer scanning.", "content": "A technique for percutaneous puncture guided by real-time scanning is described. By means of a special puncture adaptor fastened to one end of a multitransducer, a needle can be guided in the plane of scanning in an adjustable angle to the transducer front. By this technique, the puncture target as well as the needle can be monitored on the real-time image during the entire puncture procedure. The technique has been used for amniocentesis, fine needle biopsy of a renal mass, renal cyst puncture, and pericardiocentesis.", "contents": "Percutaneous puncture guided by ultrasonic multitransducer scanning. A technique for percutaneous puncture guided by real-time scanning is described. By means of a special puncture adaptor fastened to one end of a multitransducer, a needle can be guided in the plane of scanning in an adjustable angle to the transducer front. By this technique, the puncture target as well as the needle can be monitored on the real-time image during the entire puncture procedure. The technique has been used for amniocentesis, fine needle biopsy of a renal mass, renal cyst puncture, and pericardiocentesis.", "PMID": 406284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3593", "title": "A comparison of gray scale ultrasound and radionuclide imaging for the detection of focal hepatic lesions: open shutter technique.", "content": "A conventional B scan ultrasound unit was modified by the addition of a specially built logarithmic amplifier and a high resolution nonstorage oscilloscope, as suggested by Taylor and Carpenter. One hundred five consecutive patients submitted for radionuclide imaging of the liver were examined with ultrasound using a standardized scanning system. The ultrasound technique produced scans that were technically poor or inadequate in 37 per cent of the patients studied. In the studies in which there has been confirmation, the ultrasound diagnosis was accurate in 73 per cent and the radionuclide diagnosis was correct in 83 per cent. The combined accuracy of the two studies was 93 per cent. In 11 patients, ultrasound more clearly defined the lesions that were demonstrated by both techniques or demonstrated the nature of suspicious or equivocal areas on the radionuclide images. In 48 patients, the radionuclide scan imaged the liver more completely or demonstrated lesions more clearly than did the ultrasound examination. This specific approach to ultrasound gray scale imaging appears to be a valuable supplemental tool to radionuclide imaging, but at its present stage of development cannot replace it as a routine screening technique for hepatic disease.", "contents": "A comparison of gray scale ultrasound and radionuclide imaging for the detection of focal hepatic lesions: open shutter technique. A conventional B scan ultrasound unit was modified by the addition of a specially built logarithmic amplifier and a high resolution nonstorage oscilloscope, as suggested by Taylor and Carpenter. One hundred five consecutive patients submitted for radionuclide imaging of the liver were examined with ultrasound using a standardized scanning system. The ultrasound technique produced scans that were technically poor or inadequate in 37 per cent of the patients studied. In the studies in which there has been confirmation, the ultrasound diagnosis was accurate in 73 per cent and the radionuclide diagnosis was correct in 83 per cent. The combined accuracy of the two studies was 93 per cent. In 11 patients, ultrasound more clearly defined the lesions that were demonstrated by both techniques or demonstrated the nature of suspicious or equivocal areas on the radionuclide images. In 48 patients, the radionuclide scan imaged the liver more completely or demonstrated lesions more clearly than did the ultrasound examination. This specific approach to ultrasound gray scale imaging appears to be a valuable supplemental tool to radionuclide imaging, but at its present stage of development cannot replace it as a routine screening technique for hepatic disease.", "PMID": 406285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3594", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of the superior mesenteric artery.", "content": "With the use of gray scale B scan ultrasound, it is now feasible in many cases to detect portions of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arising from the aorta. Thus, it is possible to measure the aortomesenteric angle and distance. We evaluated a series of patients by ultrasound to determine the normal values for the SMA angle, distance, and lumen diameter. Patients were also examined who had pathological conditions that might produce an alteration in the angle and distance. Abnormal widening was observed in patients with aortic aneurysms and para-aortic lymphosarcomatous nodes. In patients suspected of having duodenal ileus, there was evidence of narrowing of the superior mesenteric artery angle and distance. However, a comparable group of asymptomatic patients of the same age showed a similarly narrowed angle and distance. It was thus concluded that the narrowing of the aortomesenteric angle and distance is not a cause of duodenal ileus. Knowledge of the SMA and aortic lumen diameter has been helpful in selecting the proper catheter and approach for selective arteriography.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of the superior mesenteric artery. With the use of gray scale B scan ultrasound, it is now feasible in many cases to detect portions of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arising from the aorta. Thus, it is possible to measure the aortomesenteric angle and distance. We evaluated a series of patients by ultrasound to determine the normal values for the SMA angle, distance, and lumen diameter. Patients were also examined who had pathological conditions that might produce an alteration in the angle and distance. Abnormal widening was observed in patients with aortic aneurysms and para-aortic lymphosarcomatous nodes. In patients suspected of having duodenal ileus, there was evidence of narrowing of the superior mesenteric artery angle and distance. However, a comparable group of asymptomatic patients of the same age showed a similarly narrowed angle and distance. It was thus concluded that the narrowing of the aortomesenteric angle and distance is not a cause of duodenal ileus. Knowledge of the SMA and aortic lumen diameter has been helpful in selecting the proper catheter and approach for selective arteriography.", "PMID": 406286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3595", "title": "Ultrasonic demonstration of right ventricular myxoma.", "content": "A case of right ventricular myxoma masquerading as infundibular pulmonic stenosis with right-sided heart failure is presented. The unsuspected tumor was diagnosed with two-dimensional multicrystal real time scanning and single element echocardiography. Direct visualization of the tumor anatomy and its spatial relationships on cross-sectional images facilitates the diagnosis. On the other hand, the more accurate motion analysis form the time-motion display of the echo data yields additional functional information. Thus the two techniques are complementary to establish a diagnosis in those disorders where anatomy and function overlap. Ultrasonic examination yields a practical solution to the problem of screening patients to detect intracardiac tumors. This painless, noninvasive examination should be included in the analysis of every patient with cardiac symptoms.", "contents": "Ultrasonic demonstration of right ventricular myxoma. A case of right ventricular myxoma masquerading as infundibular pulmonic stenosis with right-sided heart failure is presented. The unsuspected tumor was diagnosed with two-dimensional multicrystal real time scanning and single element echocardiography. Direct visualization of the tumor anatomy and its spatial relationships on cross-sectional images facilitates the diagnosis. On the other hand, the more accurate motion analysis form the time-motion display of the echo data yields additional functional information. Thus the two techniques are complementary to establish a diagnosis in those disorders where anatomy and function overlap. Ultrasonic examination yields a practical solution to the problem of screening patients to detect intracardiac tumors. This painless, noninvasive examination should be included in the analysis of every patient with cardiac symptoms.", "PMID": 406288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3596", "title": "The gray scale appearance of the normal pregnancy from 4 to 16 weeks of gestation.", "content": "Since the advent of gray scale, more detail is available on sonograms and the products of conception are more readily seen. The gestational sac can be seen at about the fifth week of gestation and the fetal parts can be recognized around the seventh week of gestation. The gestational sac, fetal parts, and the placenta can be followed all the way through pregnancy without any \"blind periods.\" In the first three months of pregnancy, gestational age can be determined by measuring the size of the gestational sac in centimeters and adding 2 to that number. From then on the head and chest measurements can be used for a more accurate determination of gestational age.", "contents": "The gray scale appearance of the normal pregnancy from 4 to 16 weeks of gestation. Since the advent of gray scale, more detail is available on sonograms and the products of conception are more readily seen. The gestational sac can be seen at about the fifth week of gestation and the fetal parts can be recognized around the seventh week of gestation. The gestational sac, fetal parts, and the placenta can be followed all the way through pregnancy without any \"blind periods.\" In the first three months of pregnancy, gestational age can be determined by measuring the size of the gestational sac in centimeters and adding 2 to that number. From then on the head and chest measurements can be used for a more accurate determination of gestational age.", "PMID": 406289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3597", "title": "Clinical application of high speed B mode echocardiography.", "content": "This study discusses the clinical application of high speed B mode echocardiography to a wide variety of heart diseases. We used a rapid mechanical sector scan at 30 frames per second and 120 scanning lines per frame, resulting in real time observation of cardiac structures. The sector angle was relatively wide (maximum 90 degrees). The tomograms were synchronized with the electrocardiogram and recorded on ordinary 35 mm or Polaroid film in conjunction with 8 mm cinematography. Heart cross sections could be recorded even in the presence of arrhythmia. We used a flat or focused, 10 mm diameter transducer made of lead zirconate-titanate with a resonant frequency of 2 or 3 MHz at a repetition rate of 3.6 kHz. High speed B mode echocardiography is a means of observing cross sections of the heart that can contribute to the improvement of accuracy in cardiac diagnosis.", "contents": "Clinical application of high speed B mode echocardiography. This study discusses the clinical application of high speed B mode echocardiography to a wide variety of heart diseases. We used a rapid mechanical sector scan at 30 frames per second and 120 scanning lines per frame, resulting in real time observation of cardiac structures. The sector angle was relatively wide (maximum 90 degrees). The tomograms were synchronized with the electrocardiogram and recorded on ordinary 35 mm or Polaroid film in conjunction with 8 mm cinematography. Heart cross sections could be recorded even in the presence of arrhythmia. We used a flat or focused, 10 mm diameter transducer made of lead zirconate-titanate with a resonant frequency of 2 or 3 MHz at a repetition rate of 3.6 kHz. High speed B mode echocardiography is a means of observing cross sections of the heart that can contribute to the improvement of accuracy in cardiac diagnosis.", "PMID": 406290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3598", "title": "Social and nonsocial behaviors of adult rhesus monkeys after amygdalectomy in infancy or adulthood.", "content": "At 6 yr of age six female rhesus monkeys that had sustained bilateral amygdalectomy in infancy, and five intact controls, were transferred to an observation cage where behaviors were recorded while the monkeys were (a) alone, (b) paired with unfamiliar stimulus animals, and (c) paired with familiar monkeys from the opposite experimental group. The five adult controls then underwent amygdalectomy, and all tests were repeated with the infant- and adult-operated animals. Infant-operated monkeys changed behaviors more rapidly than did intact controls in social and nonsocial situations, and their activity levels were less modified after a 24-hr period in the observation cage. They were subordinate to intact controls but expressed less fear than did controls when briefly placed with an unfamiliar aggressive animal. Adult amygdalectomy produced many changes in behavior, but these aberrations were identical to those observed in like-age monkeys that had been amygdalectomized in infancy. Infant-operated monkeys demonstrated more behavioral deficits at 6 yr than they had earlier in life.", "contents": "Social and nonsocial behaviors of adult rhesus monkeys after amygdalectomy in infancy or adulthood. At 6 yr of age six female rhesus monkeys that had sustained bilateral amygdalectomy in infancy, and five intact controls, were transferred to an observation cage where behaviors were recorded while the monkeys were (a) alone, (b) paired with unfamiliar stimulus animals, and (c) paired with familiar monkeys from the opposite experimental group. The five adult controls then underwent amygdalectomy, and all tests were repeated with the infant- and adult-operated animals. Infant-operated monkeys changed behaviors more rapidly than did intact controls in social and nonsocial situations, and their activity levels were less modified after a 24-hr period in the observation cage. They were subordinate to intact controls but expressed less fear than did controls when briefly placed with an unfamiliar aggressive animal. Adult amygdalectomy produced many changes in behavior, but these aberrations were identical to those observed in like-age monkeys that had been amygdalectomized in infancy. Infant-operated monkeys demonstrated more behavioral deficits at 6 yr than they had earlier in life.", "PMID": 406291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3599", "title": "Effect of physical properties of milk fat globules on Brucella ring test sensitivity.", "content": "Variations in Brucella milk ring test reactions have been attributed to size and disparity in size of fat globules, fat content of milk, inhibitory factors, and cream-rising capacity. Physical properties of milk fat globules were studied in individual milk samples that had diverse sensitivities for detection of Brucella agglutinins. Size or disparity of globule size could not be correlated with the milk ring test sensitivity. Inhibitory and enhancing creaming factors could be transferred from the cream to the skim milk and reacted with other cream to show changes in sensitivity. The proportion of clustered milk fat globules was related directly to the quantity of agglutinins detected by the test. Sensitivity of the test was attributed to a fat globule agglutinin that caused clustering and to an inhibitory factor.", "contents": "Effect of physical properties of milk fat globules on Brucella ring test sensitivity. Variations in Brucella milk ring test reactions have been attributed to size and disparity in size of fat globules, fat content of milk, inhibitory factors, and cream-rising capacity. Physical properties of milk fat globules were studied in individual milk samples that had diverse sensitivities for detection of Brucella agglutinins. Size or disparity of globule size could not be correlated with the milk ring test sensitivity. Inhibitory and enhancing creaming factors could be transferred from the cream to the skim milk and reacted with other cream to show changes in sensitivity. The proportion of clustered milk fat globules was related directly to the quantity of agglutinins detected by the test. Sensitivity of the test was attributed to a fat globule agglutinin that caused clustering and to an inhibitory factor.", "PMID": 406292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3600", "title": "Ultrastructure of rumen entodiniomorphs by electron microscopy.", "content": "Thin sections of rumen ciliated protozoa of the subclass Spirotrichia were studied by electron microscopy to elucidate their ultrastructure. To prevent retraction of their adoral cilia, menthol crystals were used to relax the retrociliary region. These protozoa had a distinct ectoplasm and endoplasm with the macro- and micronuclei located in the ectoplasm. At the surface of the entodiniomorph body was a highly differentiated cortical zone of four layers. Ribosomes were abundant throughout the cytoplasm, suggesting a substantial potential for protein synthesis. These protozoa appeared to engulf bacteria into large vacuoles, and subsequently the bacteria were taken into the endoplasm in vesicles containing only one bacterium each. The bacteria were digested partially, and only in isolated cases were the bacterial cell walls still intact.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of rumen entodiniomorphs by electron microscopy. Thin sections of rumen ciliated protozoa of the subclass Spirotrichia were studied by electron microscopy to elucidate their ultrastructure. To prevent retraction of their adoral cilia, menthol crystals were used to relax the retrociliary region. These protozoa had a distinct ectoplasm and endoplasm with the macro- and micronuclei located in the ectoplasm. At the surface of the entodiniomorph body was a highly differentiated cortical zone of four layers. Ribosomes were abundant throughout the cytoplasm, suggesting a substantial potential for protein synthesis. These protozoa appeared to engulf bacteria into large vacuoles, and subsequently the bacteria were taken into the endoplasm in vesicles containing only one bacterium each. The bacteria were digested partially, and only in isolated cases were the bacterial cell walls still intact.", "PMID": 406293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3601", "title": "Ultrastructure of rumen holotrichs by electron microscopy.", "content": "Thin sections of rumen diliated protozoa of the subclass Holotrichia were observed with a transmission electron microscope. These protozoa had a double layered boundary separating the ectoplasm from the endoplasm. Starch granules were abundant throughout the endoplasm and are probably storage starch. Also in the endoplasm of the holotrichs were the macro- and micronuclei. They were adjacent to one another, apparantly surrounded by a continuous membrane. Many unidentified dense bodies appeared in the endoplasm adjacent to the inner layer of the ectoplasmic-endoplasmic boundary. These inclusions could be precursor material to the boundary. The cuticle contained granular inclusions which might be secreted to facilitate ciliary movement. The holotrichs ingested chloroplasts as these were in vacuoles throughout the cytoplasm. The anal pore appeared to be open to the exterior and lined by a unit membrane.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of rumen holotrichs by electron microscopy. Thin sections of rumen diliated protozoa of the subclass Holotrichia were observed with a transmission electron microscope. These protozoa had a double layered boundary separating the ectoplasm from the endoplasm. Starch granules were abundant throughout the endoplasm and are probably storage starch. Also in the endoplasm of the holotrichs were the macro- and micronuclei. They were adjacent to one another, apparantly surrounded by a continuous membrane. Many unidentified dense bodies appeared in the endoplasm adjacent to the inner layer of the ectoplasmic-endoplasmic boundary. These inclusions could be precursor material to the boundary. The cuticle contained granular inclusions which might be secreted to facilitate ciliary movement. The holotrichs ingested chloroplasts as these were in vacuoles throughout the cytoplasm. The anal pore appeared to be open to the exterior and lined by a unit membrane.", "PMID": 406294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3602", "title": "The instantaneous transverse changes in the maxilla due to different points of force application.", "content": "The effects of different sites of an expansile force on the maxillae of three monkeys were studied. A lateral force of five pounds was delivered directly to four locations on each maxilla. Aluminum rods, rigidly attached to the teeth of each buccal segment, were photographed before and after each force application. The data indicated that the pattern of lateral maxillary displacement is related to the position of the lateral force in relation to the center of resistance of each maxilla.", "contents": "The instantaneous transverse changes in the maxilla due to different points of force application. The effects of different sites of an expansile force on the maxillae of three monkeys were studied. A lateral force of five pounds was delivered directly to four locations on each maxilla. Aluminum rods, rigidly attached to the teeth of each buccal segment, were photographed before and after each force application. The data indicated that the pattern of lateral maxillary displacement is related to the position of the lateral force in relation to the center of resistance of each maxilla.", "PMID": 406296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3603", "title": "Cyclotron-produced Zn-62: its possible use in prostate and pancreas scanning as a Zn-62 amino acid chelate.", "content": "Zinc-62 is a positron emitter that localizes in pancreas, prostate, and liver. Cyclotron-produced Zn-62 was separated by column chromatography and evaluated in vivo as the chelate of five amino acids and also as 62ZnCl2. Tissue-distribution studies were done in normal animals from 0.7-23 hr after intravenous administration. Pancreas-to-liver ratios (per gram) of about 1.0 were found at 1.5 hr in studies on rats, dogs, and monkeys. Pancreas was as difficult to separate from liver in Zn-62 (amino acid) images as in [75Se] selenomethionine images. Some studies were done with Zn-65 to determine the effects of carrier zinc and molar ratios of ligand. The highest ratio of pancreas to liver in these studies was 1.44. This uptake ratio decreases with increasing amounts of histidine, but the ratio is increased by adding carrier zinc because there results a decrease in liver uptake and no change in the pancreas uptake. There is sufficient specificity of pancreas and prostate uptake to make feasible emission computed tomography with Zn-62.", "contents": "Cyclotron-produced Zn-62: its possible use in prostate and pancreas scanning as a Zn-62 amino acid chelate. Zinc-62 is a positron emitter that localizes in pancreas, prostate, and liver. Cyclotron-produced Zn-62 was separated by column chromatography and evaluated in vivo as the chelate of five amino acids and also as 62ZnCl2. Tissue-distribution studies were done in normal animals from 0.7-23 hr after intravenous administration. Pancreas-to-liver ratios (per gram) of about 1.0 were found at 1.5 hr in studies on rats, dogs, and monkeys. Pancreas was as difficult to separate from liver in Zn-62 (amino acid) images as in [75Se] selenomethionine images. Some studies were done with Zn-65 to determine the effects of carrier zinc and molar ratios of ligand. The highest ratio of pancreas to liver in these studies was 1.44. This uptake ratio decreases with increasing amounts of histidine, but the ratio is increased by adding carrier zinc because there results a decrease in liver uptake and no change in the pancreas uptake. There is sufficient specificity of pancreas and prostate uptake to make feasible emission computed tomography with Zn-62.", "PMID": 406298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3604", "title": "Preseasonal IgE ragweed antibody level as a predictor of response to therapy of ragweed hay fever with intranasal cromolyn sodium solution.", "content": "Intranasal administration of a 4% solution of cromolyn sodium for the treatment of ragweed hay fever was tested in an 8-week double-blind matched-pair study involving 66 patients. Patients on active drug received 5.2 mg into each nostril 6 times daily; control patients received a placebo spray. The treated group showed a significant reduction in mouth breathing (p less than 0.001), stuffy nose (p less than 0.002), runny nose (p less than 0.003), and postnasal drip (p less than 0.035). Patients receiving the active drug also reported fewer sneezing episodes (p less than 0.003) and nose blowing episodes (p less than 0.015). One patient using cromolyn solution developed nasal ulceration, tongue swelling, coughing, and wheezing. Other side effects were minimal and occurred with equal frequency in both groups. In the treated group relief of symptoms was most marked in patients with high preseasonal levels of IgE ragweed antibody. Intranasal 4% cromolyn solution appears to be an effective drug for the treatment of ragweed hay fever; measurement of the preseasonal level of IgE ragweed antibody is a useful screening test to identify patients most likely to achieve a maximal beneficial response to treatment.", "contents": "Preseasonal IgE ragweed antibody level as a predictor of response to therapy of ragweed hay fever with intranasal cromolyn sodium solution. Intranasal administration of a 4% solution of cromolyn sodium for the treatment of ragweed hay fever was tested in an 8-week double-blind matched-pair study involving 66 patients. Patients on active drug received 5.2 mg into each nostril 6 times daily; control patients received a placebo spray. The treated group showed a significant reduction in mouth breathing (p less than 0.001), stuffy nose (p less than 0.002), runny nose (p less than 0.003), and postnasal drip (p less than 0.035). Patients receiving the active drug also reported fewer sneezing episodes (p less than 0.003) and nose blowing episodes (p less than 0.015). One patient using cromolyn solution developed nasal ulceration, tongue swelling, coughing, and wheezing. Other side effects were minimal and occurred with equal frequency in both groups. In the treated group relief of symptoms was most marked in patients with high preseasonal levels of IgE ragweed antibody. Intranasal 4% cromolyn solution appears to be an effective drug for the treatment of ragweed hay fever; measurement of the preseasonal level of IgE ragweed antibody is a useful screening test to identify patients most likely to achieve a maximal beneficial response to treatment.", "PMID": 406300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3605", "title": "Airway mucosal permeability in the Ascaris suum-sensitive rhesus monkey.", "content": "The permeability of the airways to technetium 99m-labeled albumin was measured in Ascaris suum-sensitive rhesus monkeys. All 8 animals were skin-sensitive to Ascaris suum (AA) antigen, 4 being respiratory responders (R) and 4 nonresponders (NR) to aerosolized antigen. In the absence of antigen challenge there were no differences in the accumulation in the blood of radioactive material from the tracheobranchial tree between the R and NR animals. After a five-minute challenge with aerosolized AA, there was a threefold increase in the rate of accumulation of radioactive material in the blood over control for the R group with no effect noted in the NR group. Gel filtration data indicated that the radioactivity in the blood most likely represented low molecular weight albumin fragments, resulting from spontaneous degradation of Tc-albumin, that crossed the mucosa and partially bound to circulating albumin. It is concluded that hyperpermeability of the airway mucosa probably is not a factor that contributes to the selective responsiveness of the R group to aerosolized antigen, and that airway permeability is increased consequent to the allergic reaction mediating acute bronchoconstriction.", "contents": "Airway mucosal permeability in the Ascaris suum-sensitive rhesus monkey. The permeability of the airways to technetium 99m-labeled albumin was measured in Ascaris suum-sensitive rhesus monkeys. All 8 animals were skin-sensitive to Ascaris suum (AA) antigen, 4 being respiratory responders (R) and 4 nonresponders (NR) to aerosolized antigen. In the absence of antigen challenge there were no differences in the accumulation in the blood of radioactive material from the tracheobranchial tree between the R and NR animals. After a five-minute challenge with aerosolized AA, there was a threefold increase in the rate of accumulation of radioactive material in the blood over control for the R group with no effect noted in the NR group. Gel filtration data indicated that the radioactivity in the blood most likely represented low molecular weight albumin fragments, resulting from spontaneous degradation of Tc-albumin, that crossed the mucosa and partially bound to circulating albumin. It is concluded that hyperpermeability of the airway mucosa probably is not a factor that contributes to the selective responsiveness of the R group to aerosolized antigen, and that airway permeability is increased consequent to the allergic reaction mediating acute bronchoconstriction.", "PMID": 406301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3606", "title": "Utilization of hospital in-patient services by the elderly.", "content": "A survey was made of the patterns of hospital admission for patients aged 65 or older in an urban practice under the management of a primary care team composed of a family physician, nurse, and medical social worker. Results showed that the elderly used a higher percentage of in-hospital facilities than did the younger age groups. However, admission rates were significantly lower than the local national rates, and involved relatively fewer cases of long-term illness. No patients over 65 were admitted for psychiatric care during the one-year period of observation. This was attributed to the provision of planned domiciliary programs for supervision of patients with long-term illness within a coordinated framework of primary medical care.", "contents": "Utilization of hospital in-patient services by the elderly. A survey was made of the patterns of hospital admission for patients aged 65 or older in an urban practice under the management of a primary care team composed of a family physician, nurse, and medical social worker. Results showed that the elderly used a higher percentage of in-hospital facilities than did the younger age groups. However, admission rates were significantly lower than the local national rates, and involved relatively fewer cases of long-term illness. No patients over 65 were admitted for psychiatric care during the one-year period of observation. This was attributed to the provision of planned domiciliary programs for supervision of patients with long-term illness within a coordinated framework of primary medical care.", "PMID": 406302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3607", "title": "The nature and control of myopia.", "content": "There is a growing body of evidence to support the belief that most myopia develops as a result of prolonged exposure to nearpoint activities. This paper summarizes the most important studies that have been done and postulates a mechanism by which prolonged accommodation can result in myopia. Possible means of arresting or preventing the development of myopia are discussed.", "contents": "The nature and control of myopia. There is a growing body of evidence to support the belief that most myopia develops as a result of prolonged exposure to nearpoint activities. This paper summarizes the most important studies that have been done and postulates a mechanism by which prolonged accommodation can result in myopia. Possible means of arresting or preventing the development of myopia are discussed.", "PMID": 406312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3608", "title": "Genetic polymorphism of the sixth component of complement (C6) in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "With isoelectric focusing, the complement protein C6 has been shown to be genetically polymorphic in the rhesus monkey. Three codominant alleles of a single autosomal locus, Rh C6, have been recognized: C6A, C6B, and C6R, with gene frequencies of 0.592, 0.354, and 0.053 in a random rhesus monkey population. Hardy-Weinberg analysis of the phenotypic frequencies in this population yielded observed values very close to those expected. Both natural mating between individuals carrying the various alleles and artificial combinations of sera of the different C6 types demonstrate patterns consistent with this model. Analysis of several families of monkeys confirmed the Mendelian autosomal codominant inheritance with numbers of offspring very close to expected values and no offspring types inconsistent with the mating pair types.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism of the sixth component of complement (C6) in the rhesus monkey. With isoelectric focusing, the complement protein C6 has been shown to be genetically polymorphic in the rhesus monkey. Three codominant alleles of a single autosomal locus, Rh C6, have been recognized: C6A, C6B, and C6R, with gene frequencies of 0.592, 0.354, and 0.053 in a random rhesus monkey population. Hardy-Weinberg analysis of the phenotypic frequencies in this population yielded observed values very close to those expected. Both natural mating between individuals carrying the various alleles and artificial combinations of sera of the different C6 types demonstrate patterns consistent with this model. Analysis of several families of monkeys confirmed the Mendelian autosomal codominant inheritance with numbers of offspring very close to expected values and no offspring types inconsistent with the mating pair types.", "PMID": 406324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3609", "title": "The structural basis of rabbit VH allotypes: serologic studies on a1 H chains with defined amino acid sequence.", "content": "The amino acid sequences for the VH regions of three homogeneous antibodies elicited by type III pneumococcal vaccine were determined. All three antibodies had the group a allotype a1. Two of the antibody H chains (3372, 3381) had identical amino acid sequences in all framework positions that are considered correlates of the VH allotype, whereas the third H chain (3T72) differed from these at positions 15 and 16. The a1 allotypic specificities of the three homogeneous antibodies were compared by quantitative radiobinding and inhibition assays by using both insolubilized anti-a1 antisera and allotypic antiserum fractions rendered specific for the homogeneous antibody 3374. It was found that antibodies 3374 and 3381 are allotypically indistinguishable and have in common an a1 allotypic specificity that predominates in pooled a1 IgG. The allotypic specificity of the 3T72 antibody, on the other hand, was markedly deficient to those of 3374, 3381, and the a1 IgG pool. This correlation of allotypic difference with amino acid sequence variation at position 15 and 16 of the H chain indicates the involvement of these two residues in a major a1 allotypic determinant.", "contents": "The structural basis of rabbit VH allotypes: serologic studies on a1 H chains with defined amino acid sequence. The amino acid sequences for the VH regions of three homogeneous antibodies elicited by type III pneumococcal vaccine were determined. All three antibodies had the group a allotype a1. Two of the antibody H chains (3372, 3381) had identical amino acid sequences in all framework positions that are considered correlates of the VH allotype, whereas the third H chain (3T72) differed from these at positions 15 and 16. The a1 allotypic specificities of the three homogeneous antibodies were compared by quantitative radiobinding and inhibition assays by using both insolubilized anti-a1 antisera and allotypic antiserum fractions rendered specific for the homogeneous antibody 3374. It was found that antibodies 3374 and 3381 are allotypically indistinguishable and have in common an a1 allotypic specificity that predominates in pooled a1 IgG. The allotypic specificity of the 3T72 antibody, on the other hand, was markedly deficient to those of 3374, 3381, and the a1 IgG pool. This correlation of allotypic difference with amino acid sequence variation at position 15 and 16 of the H chain indicates the involvement of these two residues in a major a1 allotypic determinant.", "PMID": 406325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3610", "title": "Murine plasma cells secreting more than one class of immunoglobulin heavy chain. IV. Sequence differences between kappa-chains of SAMM 368 IgG2b and IgA.", "content": "The amino terminal sequences of the kappa light chains from SAMM 368 IgG2b and IgA have been determined. The two chains belong to different kappa subgroups as indicated by 10 amino acid differences among the first 23 residues. An additional three residue differences were demonstrated in the sequence including the first complementarity region. These results indicate that single cells of SAMM 368 produce two unique kappa-chains.", "contents": "Murine plasma cells secreting more than one class of immunoglobulin heavy chain. IV. Sequence differences between kappa-chains of SAMM 368 IgG2b and IgA. The amino terminal sequences of the kappa light chains from SAMM 368 IgG2b and IgA have been determined. The two chains belong to different kappa subgroups as indicated by 10 amino acid differences among the first 23 residues. An additional three residue differences were demonstrated in the sequence including the first complementarity region. These results indicate that single cells of SAMM 368 produce two unique kappa-chains.", "PMID": 406326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3611", "title": "Circular countercurrent-distribution behavioral genetic maze.", "content": "An inexpensive, easily constructed apparatus for mass screening of taxes of small animals with a rapid and accurate assignment of individual behavior scores has been described that should be of utility in hastening a behavioral geneticist's chores and allow him to handle more populations with fewer mazes. Also, the apparatus is well suited for use within the constraints of the undergraduate laboratory.", "contents": "Circular countercurrent-distribution behavioral genetic maze. An inexpensive, easily constructed apparatus for mass screening of taxes of small animals with a rapid and accurate assignment of individual behavior scores has been described that should be of utility in hastening a behavioral geneticist's chores and allow him to handle more populations with fewer mazes. Also, the apparatus is well suited for use within the constraints of the undergraduate laboratory.", "PMID": 406314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3612", "title": "Enzyme-immunoassay in the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "A new enzyme-immunoassay (EIA, Hepanostika Microelisa System) for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen was evaluated against other methods, namely complement fixation, Hepanosticon, AusRIA II and Finnish Red Cross Radioimmunoassay (FRC-RIA). EIA detected the greatest number of positive samples in a serum panel consisting of 142 sera from clinical hepatitis patients. FRC-RIA was the most sensitive method for subtype ad, while EIA detected the ay specimen at the highest dilution. None of the test systems gave the 'optimal' result in the screening test, and it is proposed that a separate procedure for each antigen subtype should be carried out to detect the greatest number of positive samples.", "contents": "Enzyme-immunoassay in the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen. A new enzyme-immunoassay (EIA, Hepanostika Microelisa System) for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen was evaluated against other methods, namely complement fixation, Hepanosticon, AusRIA II and Finnish Red Cross Radioimmunoassay (FRC-RIA). EIA detected the greatest number of positive samples in a serum panel consisting of 142 sera from clinical hepatitis patients. FRC-RIA was the most sensitive method for subtype ad, while EIA detected the ay specimen at the highest dilution. None of the test systems gave the 'optimal' result in the screening test, and it is proposed that a separate procedure for each antigen subtype should be carried out to detect the greatest number of positive samples.", "PMID": 406327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3613", "title": "Conversion of C5 precipitin line in the serum treated with activating substances of complement system.", "content": "The hemolytic activity of C5 in the serum treated with zymosan, immune precipitate, or C1s was measured, and the C5 precipitin line on immunoelectrophoresis and the protein concentration of C5 in these serum specimens were also analyzed. A marked decrease in the hemolytic activity of C5 and a complete conversion of C5 precipitin line from beta- to alpha-globulin region were observed in teh serum treated with more than 1 mg/ml of zymosan. The elongation of C5 precipitin line from beta- to alpha-globulin region and the decrease in C5 hemolytic activity were observed in the serum treated with the immune precipitate. But neither  change in C5 precipitin line, nor a decrease in hemolytic activity of C5 was observed in C1s treated serum. C5 protein concentrations in these serum preparations were essentially the same as those of control. From these results, it was concluded that the immunoelectrophoretic change of C5 precipitin line might express the grade of the decrease in C5 hemolytic activity in the serum treated with the activating substances of the complement system.", "contents": "Conversion of C5 precipitin line in the serum treated with activating substances of complement system. The hemolytic activity of C5 in the serum treated with zymosan, immune precipitate, or C1s was measured, and the C5 precipitin line on immunoelectrophoresis and the protein concentration of C5 in these serum specimens were also analyzed. A marked decrease in the hemolytic activity of C5 and a complete conversion of C5 precipitin line from beta- to alpha-globulin region were observed in teh serum treated with more than 1 mg/ml of zymosan. The elongation of C5 precipitin line from beta- to alpha-globulin region and the decrease in C5 hemolytic activity were observed in the serum treated with the immune precipitate. But neither  change in C5 precipitin line, nor a decrease in hemolytic activity of C5 was observed in C1s treated serum. C5 protein concentrations in these serum preparations were essentially the same as those of control. From these results, it was concluded that the immunoelectrophoretic change of C5 precipitin line might express the grade of the decrease in C5 hemolytic activity in the serum treated with the activating substances of the complement system.", "PMID": 406328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3614", "title": "A solid phase fluorescent immunossay for the quantitation of the C4 component of human complement.", "content": "A non-competitive method for the determination of the C4 component of human complement in serum is described. This procedure involves use of a specific antibody covalently attached to derivatized polyacrylamide beads and a fluorescently labeled specific antibody. Reproducible results were achieved for C4 in serum in the range of 10 mg/dl to 170 mg/dl within 2 h. C4 levels as low as 150 ng/ml can also be measured. Fluorescent immunoassay and radial immunodiffusion were used to determine C4 levels in healthy adults. Good agreement was found between the two methods.", "contents": "A solid phase fluorescent immunossay for the quantitation of the C4 component of human complement. A non-competitive method for the determination of the C4 component of human complement in serum is described. This procedure involves use of a specific antibody covalently attached to derivatized polyacrylamide beads and a fluorescently labeled specific antibody. Reproducible results were achieved for C4 in serum in the range of 10 mg/dl to 170 mg/dl within 2 h. C4 levels as low as 150 ng/ml can also be measured. Fluorescent immunoassay and radial immunodiffusion were used to determine C4 levels in healthy adults. Good agreement was found between the two methods.", "PMID": 406329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3615", "title": "Inhibition of clone formation as an assay for T cell-mediated cytotoxicity: short-term kinetics and comparison with 51Cr release.", "content": "The short-term kinetics of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was investigated using a cloning inhibition assay. Murine cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes (CTL) generated in vitro in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC), were incubated for various periods of time at 37 degrees C with allogeneic mastocytoma target cells. The mixtures were then plated in soft agar, and mastocytoma clone formation was assessed after 5-7 days incubation. Using this technique, it was demonstrated that events leading to the loss of cloning ability could be detected after 1-3 min incubation at 37 degrees C, and after 20-30 min, 95% of the clone forming cells had been inactivated. When these results were compared directly with those obtained using the conventional 51Cr-release assay, it was found that the events leading to loss of cloning ability occurred more rapidly than indicated by the isotope assay. However, a modification of the 51Cr-release assay involving EDTA addition, gave comparable results to the cloning inhibition assay. These results raise the possibility that the events leading to 51Cr-release of tumor target cells may be related in time to those leading to the loss of cloning ability.", "contents": "Inhibition of clone formation as an assay for T cell-mediated cytotoxicity: short-term kinetics and comparison with 51Cr release. The short-term kinetics of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was investigated using a cloning inhibition assay. Murine cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes (CTL) generated in vitro in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC), were incubated for various periods of time at 37 degrees C with allogeneic mastocytoma target cells. The mixtures were then plated in soft agar, and mastocytoma clone formation was assessed after 5-7 days incubation. Using this technique, it was demonstrated that events leading to the loss of cloning ability could be detected after 1-3 min incubation at 37 degrees C, and after 20-30 min, 95% of the clone forming cells had been inactivated. When these results were compared directly with those obtained using the conventional 51Cr-release assay, it was found that the events leading to loss of cloning ability occurred more rapidly than indicated by the isotope assay. However, a modification of the 51Cr-release assay involving EDTA addition, gave comparable results to the cloning inhibition assay. These results raise the possibility that the events leading to 51Cr-release of tumor target cells may be related in time to those leading to the loss of cloning ability.", "PMID": 406330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3616", "title": "Immunoglobulin gamma chains of a monotreme mammal, the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus): amino acid composition and partial amino acid sequence.", "content": "The echidna represents the lowest stage in phylogeny at which molecules clearly homologous to IgG antibodies appear to occur. We provide evidence that a fraction of gamma chains possess an unblocked N terminal sequence comparable to the VHIII sub-group of human gamma chains and that glycine is the C-terminal residue. Statistical comparison of amino acid composition of the component chains with other immunoglobulin heavy chains suggests that echidna gamma chains are more closely related to eutherian gamma chains than to the 7S Ig heavy chains from amphibia or aves. The results are consistent with our view that true gamma-type heavy chains did not appear in evolution until after the mammalian line diverged from the stem reptiles.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin gamma chains of a monotreme mammal, the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus): amino acid composition and partial amino acid sequence. The echidna represents the lowest stage in phylogeny at which molecules clearly homologous to IgG antibodies appear to occur. We provide evidence that a fraction of gamma chains possess an unblocked N terminal sequence comparable to the VHIII sub-group of human gamma chains and that glycine is the C-terminal residue. Statistical comparison of amino acid composition of the component chains with other immunoglobulin heavy chains suggests that echidna gamma chains are more closely related to eutherian gamma chains than to the 7S Ig heavy chains from amphibia or aves. The results are consistent with our view that true gamma-type heavy chains did not appear in evolution until after the mammalian line diverged from the stem reptiles.", "PMID": 406331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3617", "title": "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels in multiple myeloma.", "content": "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels (LAPL's) were determined in 62 patients with multiple myeloma over a 13-year period. Sixty of the 62 myeloma patients had consistently elevated LAPL's, one patient had normal LAPL, and one patient had an initially normal LAPL which later increased. Elevated LAPL's could not be correlated with age, hemoglobin levels, white blood counts, or elevation of the blood urea nitrogen. LAPL's did not change during objective or subjective responses to chemotherapy or with progression of disease. We suggest that some feature of myeloma may \"turn on\" an abnormal clone of cells which may be responsible for the elevated LAPL's in patients with multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels in multiple myeloma. Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels (LAPL's) were determined in 62 patients with multiple myeloma over a 13-year period. Sixty of the 62 myeloma patients had consistently elevated LAPL's, one patient had normal LAPL, and one patient had an initially normal LAPL which later increased. Elevated LAPL's could not be correlated with age, hemoglobin levels, white blood counts, or elevation of the blood urea nitrogen. LAPL's did not change during objective or subjective responses to chemotherapy or with progression of disease. We suggest that some feature of myeloma may \"turn on\" an abnormal clone of cells which may be responsible for the elevated LAPL's in patients with multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 406335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3618", "title": "Effect of PGE1 on immediate-type immunologic and pharmacologic respiratory responses of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin (PG)E1 on the acute, immediate-type airway response to antigen, carbocholine, PGF2alpha, histamine, and physostigmine was studied. In contrast to isoproterenol, which affects all abnormalities of pulmonary function, PGE1 selectively reversed only abnormalities of pulmonary resistance and dynamic compliance. Prior exposure to PGE1 minimally inhibited airway responses but when given simultaneously with antigen, it either selectively inhibited some or dampened all pulmonary function abnormalities. It is suggested that PGE1 acts on receptor sites to produce transient bronchodilation primarily in large central airways in contrast to isoproterenol, which produces bronchodilation in all airways. These results may be consistent with the stimulation of different adenylate cyclase systems in the respiratory tract analogous to those suggested for the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Effect of PGE1 on immediate-type immunologic and pharmacologic respiratory responses of the rhesus monkey. The effect of prostaglandin (PG)E1 on the acute, immediate-type airway response to antigen, carbocholine, PGF2alpha, histamine, and physostigmine was studied. In contrast to isoproterenol, which affects all abnormalities of pulmonary function, PGE1 selectively reversed only abnormalities of pulmonary resistance and dynamic compliance. Prior exposure to PGE1 minimally inhibited airway responses but when given simultaneously with antigen, it either selectively inhibited some or dampened all pulmonary function abnormalities. It is suggested that PGE1 acts on receptor sites to produce transient bronchodilation primarily in large central airways in contrast to isoproterenol, which produces bronchodilation in all airways. These results may be consistent with the stimulation of different adenylate cyclase systems in the respiratory tract analogous to those suggested for the gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 406337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3619", "title": "Abnormal fibrinogen heterogeneity and fibrinolytic activity in advanced liver disease.", "content": "The present study demonstrates that the fibrinolytic activity is significantly increased and the level of plasminogen antiactivator diminished in the blood of patients with advanced liver cirrhosis and chronic aggressive hepatitis as compared with the values for healthy subjects. Total fibrinogen concentration was similar in patients and controls. However, electrophoresis of plasma with the use of SDS-polyacrylamide gel (3.5%) showed considerable differences in the composition of fibrinogen fractions. Lower molecular weight (LMW and LMW1) clottable protein was significantly (p less than 0.01) increased in the patients. In two out of 22 patients the higher molecular weight (HMW) fraction was virtually absent. In vitro incubation (37 degrees C for 48 hr) of diluted (1:10) plasma from a patient resulted in extensive degradation of a low-solubility fibrinogen fraction (HMW) previously added to the sample. No degradation was observed in any undiluted plasma samples. It is concluded that the increased concentration of lower-molecular-weight forms of clottable protein in the blood of patients with liver disease is probably related to increased in vivo degradation rather than abnormal synthesis. An association rather than a direct correlation with fibrinolytic activity was found.", "contents": "Abnormal fibrinogen heterogeneity and fibrinolytic activity in advanced liver disease. The present study demonstrates that the fibrinolytic activity is significantly increased and the level of plasminogen antiactivator diminished in the blood of patients with advanced liver cirrhosis and chronic aggressive hepatitis as compared with the values for healthy subjects. Total fibrinogen concentration was similar in patients and controls. However, electrophoresis of plasma with the use of SDS-polyacrylamide gel (3.5%) showed considerable differences in the composition of fibrinogen fractions. Lower molecular weight (LMW and LMW1) clottable protein was significantly (p less than 0.01) increased in the patients. In two out of 22 patients the higher molecular weight (HMW) fraction was virtually absent. In vitro incubation (37 degrees C for 48 hr) of diluted (1:10) plasma from a patient resulted in extensive degradation of a low-solubility fibrinogen fraction (HMW) previously added to the sample. No degradation was observed in any undiluted plasma samples. It is concluded that the increased concentration of lower-molecular-weight forms of clottable protein in the blood of patients with liver disease is probably related to increased in vivo degradation rather than abnormal synthesis. An association rather than a direct correlation with fibrinolytic activity was found.", "PMID": 406338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3620", "title": "Role of gonadotrophin releasing hormones in the reproductive behaviour of female ring doves (Streptopelia risoria).", "content": "This work was carried out to determine whether gonadotrophin releasing hormone(s) (GnRH) plays a role in the courtship behaviour of female ring doves. In particular, it tests the hypothesis that a high dose of oestrogen suppresses the synergistic action of GnRH with oestrogen which is required to elicit courtship behaviour. The hypothesis was formulated to provide an explanation for a finding in a previous study that ovariectomized ring doves treated with a high dose of oestrogen, paradoxically, failed to show courtship behaviour. In the present study, treatment with synthetic LH releasing hormone (RH) enabled such birds to show typical female behaviour, thus supporting the hypothesis. This LH-RH effect was not apparently mediated by LH or progesterone since treatment with LH or progesterone failed to induce courtship behaviour. In addition, LH-RH can synergise with sub-threshold doses of oestrogen to induce both nest-soliciting and squatting behaviour. This portion of the LH-RH effect complements similar results reported for the rat. Finally, the results of thyrotrophin releasing hormone point to the specificity of LH-RH and the results of an anti-ovulation LH-RH analogue agree with the LH-RH effect.", "contents": "Role of gonadotrophin releasing hormones in the reproductive behaviour of female ring doves (Streptopelia risoria). This work was carried out to determine whether gonadotrophin releasing hormone(s) (GnRH) plays a role in the courtship behaviour of female ring doves. In particular, it tests the hypothesis that a high dose of oestrogen suppresses the synergistic action of GnRH with oestrogen which is required to elicit courtship behaviour. The hypothesis was formulated to provide an explanation for a finding in a previous study that ovariectomized ring doves treated with a high dose of oestrogen, paradoxically, failed to show courtship behaviour. In the present study, treatment with synthetic LH releasing hormone (RH) enabled such birds to show typical female behaviour, thus supporting the hypothesis. This LH-RH effect was not apparently mediated by LH or progesterone since treatment with LH or progesterone failed to induce courtship behaviour. In addition, LH-RH can synergise with sub-threshold doses of oestrogen to induce both nest-soliciting and squatting behaviour. This portion of the LH-RH effect complements similar results reported for the rat. Finally, the results of thyrotrophin releasing hormone point to the specificity of LH-RH and the results of an anti-ovulation LH-RH analogue agree with the LH-RH effect.", "PMID": 406345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3621", "title": "Dengue viruses and mononuclear phagocytes. I. Infection enhancement by non-neutralizing antibody.", "content": "Cultured mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from nonimmune human beings and monkeys are nonpermissive to dengue 2 virus (D2V) infection at multiplicities of infection of 0.001-0.1, but become permissive when non-neutralizing dengue antibody is added to medium. D2V infection occurred in PBL prepared from anti-coagulated but not from defibrinated plasma. Infection enhancement was produced by multiple lots of heterotypic anti-dengue raised in several mammalian species. Homotypic anti-dengue neutralized D2V at high concentrations but enhanced at low concentrations; enhancement end point in one serum was 1:320,000. The infection-enhancing factor was a noncytophilic antibody of the IgG class. D2V infection occurred in the absence of heat-labile complement components but did not occur when complexes were prepared with anti- dengue F(ab)(2). Treatment of PBL with several proteases increased permissiveness to D2V infection by immune complexes but not by virus alone. Two rhesus monkey serums collected 14 days after D2V infection contained an IgG antibody with high-titered enhancing activity but with no hemagglutination-inhibition or neutralizing activity. Virus-antibody complexes are irreversibly attached to PBL within 15 min and completely internalized in 60 min. There was considerable variation in cellular infection in different experiments, however, maximum virus yields usually exceeded 1,000 plaque-forming units per 1 x 10(6) PBL occurring between 2 and 4 days in culture. In vitro antibody-dependent infection of PBL provides a possible model for study of pathogenetic mechanisms in infants with dengue shock syndrome who passively acquire maternal anti-dengue IgG.", "contents": "Dengue viruses and mononuclear phagocytes. I. Infection enhancement by non-neutralizing antibody. Cultured mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from nonimmune human beings and monkeys are nonpermissive to dengue 2 virus (D2V) infection at multiplicities of infection of 0.001-0.1, but become permissive when non-neutralizing dengue antibody is added to medium. D2V infection occurred in PBL prepared from anti-coagulated but not from defibrinated plasma. Infection enhancement was produced by multiple lots of heterotypic anti-dengue raised in several mammalian species. Homotypic anti-dengue neutralized D2V at high concentrations but enhanced at low concentrations; enhancement end point in one serum was 1:320,000. The infection-enhancing factor was a noncytophilic antibody of the IgG class. D2V infection occurred in the absence of heat-labile complement components but did not occur when complexes were prepared with anti- dengue F(ab)(2). Treatment of PBL with several proteases increased permissiveness to D2V infection by immune complexes but not by virus alone. Two rhesus monkey serums collected 14 days after D2V infection contained an IgG antibody with high-titered enhancing activity but with no hemagglutination-inhibition or neutralizing activity. Virus-antibody complexes are irreversibly attached to PBL within 15 min and completely internalized in 60 min. There was considerable variation in cellular infection in different experiments, however, maximum virus yields usually exceeded 1,000 plaque-forming units per 1 x 10(6) PBL occurring between 2 and 4 days in culture. In vitro antibody-dependent infection of PBL provides a possible model for study of pathogenetic mechanisms in infants with dengue shock syndrome who passively acquire maternal anti-dengue IgG.", "PMID": 406347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3622", "title": "Ly phenotype and mechanism of action of mouse neonatal suppressor T cells.", "content": "Neonatal suppressor T cells were isolated from the thymuses of 10- to 14-day old BDF mice infected at birth with mouse thymic virus. Such cells were enriched for suppressive activity directed against antibody formation by adult B cells and represented a relatively homogenous population of outer cortical cells. Their surface antigen phenotype was found to be: Ly 1+, Ly 2+, TL+, Thy 1+, and H-2+. The cells were larger and contained more DNA than thymocytes from age-matched controls. These findings identify neonatal suppressor T cells as a unique subpopulation separate from most inducible suppressor cells in the adult mouse. The mechanism of action of neonatal suppressor T cells seems to be a reduction in the number of B cells initially triggered by antigen.", "contents": "Ly phenotype and mechanism of action of mouse neonatal suppressor T cells. Neonatal suppressor T cells were isolated from the thymuses of 10- to 14-day old BDF mice infected at birth with mouse thymic virus. Such cells were enriched for suppressive activity directed against antibody formation by adult B cells and represented a relatively homogenous population of outer cortical cells. Their surface antigen phenotype was found to be: Ly 1+, Ly 2+, TL+, Thy 1+, and H-2+. The cells were larger and contained more DNA than thymocytes from age-matched controls. These findings identify neonatal suppressor T cells as a unique subpopulation separate from most inducible suppressor cells in the adult mouse. The mechanism of action of neonatal suppressor T cells seems to be a reduction in the number of B cells initially triggered by antigen.", "PMID": 406348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3623", "title": "Characterization of an amyloid fibril protein from senile cardiac amyloid.", "content": "A protein, ASCA, is isolated from amyloid fibrils extracted from heart tissue of five different patients with senile cardiac amyloidosis (SCA). The proteins of all five patients showed immunological identity when reacted with an antiserum raised against one of the proteins. In contrast, no reaction was obtained with antisera against a variety of other amyloid proteins. The antiserum against the subunit protein of senile cardiac amyloid did not react with any other amyloid preparations tested, nor with extracts of normal heart tissue. Thus, the subunit protein appeared to be unique to senile heart amyloid. The protein could form fibrils in vitro, had a mol wt of about 6,000 daltons and the amino acid compositions investigated in two cases showed extensive similarities but were clearly different from that of protein AA of secondary amyloid fibrils.", "contents": "Characterization of an amyloid fibril protein from senile cardiac amyloid. A protein, ASCA, is isolated from amyloid fibrils extracted from heart tissue of five different patients with senile cardiac amyloidosis (SCA). The proteins of all five patients showed immunological identity when reacted with an antiserum raised against one of the proteins. In contrast, no reaction was obtained with antisera against a variety of other amyloid proteins. The antiserum against the subunit protein of senile cardiac amyloid did not react with any other amyloid preparations tested, nor with extracts of normal heart tissue. Thus, the subunit protein appeared to be unique to senile heart amyloid. The protein could form fibrils in vitro, had a mol wt of about 6,000 daltons and the amino acid compositions investigated in two cases showed extensive similarities but were clearly different from that of protein AA of secondary amyloid fibrils.", "PMID": 406349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3624", "title": "Phage receptor material in Lactobacillus casei.", "content": "In Lactobacillus casei S-I, D-galactosamine and L-rhamnose comprised a phage receptor for phage J-I. A mixture of D-galactosamine and L-rhamnose effectively inactivated phage J-I, and a J-I-resistant mutant strain, L. casei S-I/J-I, lacked D-galactosamine in its surface component. The phage-inactivating effects of D-galactosamine and L-rhamnose were strongly dependent on the concentration of each substance and on temperature. It is suggested that the receptor for phage J-I involves both D-galactosamine in the cytoplasmic membrane and L-rhamnose in the wall of the host bacterium L. casei S-I, which lacts teichoic acid in its wall.", "contents": "Phage receptor material in Lactobacillus casei. In Lactobacillus casei S-I, D-galactosamine and L-rhamnose comprised a phage receptor for phage J-I. A mixture of D-galactosamine and L-rhamnose effectively inactivated phage J-I, and a J-I-resistant mutant strain, L. casei S-I/J-I, lacked D-galactosamine in its surface component. The phage-inactivating effects of D-galactosamine and L-rhamnose were strongly dependent on the concentration of each substance and on temperature. It is suggested that the receptor for phage J-I involves both D-galactosamine in the cytoplasmic membrane and L-rhamnose in the wall of the host bacterium L. casei S-I, which lacts teichoic acid in its wall.", "PMID": 406350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3625", "title": "Selection from gonococci grown in vitro of a colony type with some virulence properties of organisms adapted in vivo.", "content": "Gonococci from subcutaneously implanted chambers in guinea pigs produced, on agar, more than 95% small colonies showing a \"double highlight\" (DH) effect in oblique reflected light combined with transmitted light. Laboratory strains of gonococci produced some DH colonies, but other showed a single highlight (SH) or no highlight (NH). Selection of DH colonies and comparison of their organisms with gonococci grown in vivo and with those from SH colonies, showed that the DH character was associated with high infectivity for guinea-pig chambers, resistance to killing by human phagocytes and heavy pilation. Furthermore, DH colonies were found in the first culture of three fresh samples of urethral pus. Thus, the DH colony characteristic may be a more reliable criterion of pathogenicity of gonococcal isolates than systems used previously. There were, however, some differences between the gonococci grown in vivo and the DH colony types. The gonococci grown in vivo and cultured once on solid medium possessed one or two antigens which differed from those of DH (or SH) colonies. They also formed smooth suspensions (which separated slowly) in saline, compared with the rough suspensions (which separated quickly) formed by gonococci from DH (or SH) colonies. Finally, the organisms grown in vivo were resistant to killing by human serum whereas the DH (and SH) colony types were susceptible; the resistance of the organisms grown in vivo was lost during one subculture on agar suggesting that the property is a phenotypic characteristic. Hence, in addition to selecting DH colony types the conditions in vivo produce organisms which differ, probably phenotypically, from cultured organisms.", "contents": "Selection from gonococci grown in vitro of a colony type with some virulence properties of organisms adapted in vivo. Gonococci from subcutaneously implanted chambers in guinea pigs produced, on agar, more than 95% small colonies showing a \"double highlight\" (DH) effect in oblique reflected light combined with transmitted light. Laboratory strains of gonococci produced some DH colonies, but other showed a single highlight (SH) or no highlight (NH). Selection of DH colonies and comparison of their organisms with gonococci grown in vivo and with those from SH colonies, showed that the DH character was associated with high infectivity for guinea-pig chambers, resistance to killing by human phagocytes and heavy pilation. Furthermore, DH colonies were found in the first culture of three fresh samples of urethral pus. Thus, the DH colony characteristic may be a more reliable criterion of pathogenicity of gonococcal isolates than systems used previously. There were, however, some differences between the gonococci grown in vivo and the DH colony types. The gonococci grown in vivo and cultured once on solid medium possessed one or two antigens which differed from those of DH (or SH) colonies. They also formed smooth suspensions (which separated slowly) in saline, compared with the rough suspensions (which separated quickly) formed by gonococci from DH (or SH) colonies. Finally, the organisms grown in vivo were resistant to killing by human serum whereas the DH (and SH) colony types were susceptible; the resistance of the organisms grown in vivo was lost during one subculture on agar suggesting that the property is a phenotypic characteristic. Hence, in addition to selecting DH colony types the conditions in vivo produce organisms which differ, probably phenotypically, from cultured organisms.", "PMID": 406351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3626", "title": "Immunization of guinea pigs with Neisseria gonorrhoeae: strain specificity and mechanisms of immunity.", "content": "Infection of subcutaneusly implanted chambers in guinea pigs conferred immunity against homologous infection of other chambers in the same animals. However, attempts to immunize guinea pigs by subcutaneous injection of filtered fluid from infected chambers, or with small doses of formalin-killed, chamber gonococci were not successful. Thus, neither organisms grown in vivo nor their extracellular products appeared to be exceptionally immunogenic. In immunizing tests with different isolates of gonococci adapted to growth in guinea-pig chambers, cross-immunity to chamber infection with low challenge doses was detected only between two of six isolates. The killing of gonococci in chambers of immunized animals, which occurred only after homologous challenge or with the heterologous strain showing cross-immunity, was not due primarily to humoral factors in the chamber fluid but probably to an enhanced effectiveness of phagocytosis. The serum of immunized animals was bactericidal for homologous strains and for the strain showing cross-immunity but not for strains showing no cross-immunity. Hence, serum bactericidal activity might be a useful indicator for investigating the specificity of immunity produced by different gonococcal strains.", "contents": "Immunization of guinea pigs with Neisseria gonorrhoeae: strain specificity and mechanisms of immunity. Infection of subcutaneusly implanted chambers in guinea pigs conferred immunity against homologous infection of other chambers in the same animals. However, attempts to immunize guinea pigs by subcutaneous injection of filtered fluid from infected chambers, or with small doses of formalin-killed, chamber gonococci were not successful. Thus, neither organisms grown in vivo nor their extracellular products appeared to be exceptionally immunogenic. In immunizing tests with different isolates of gonococci adapted to growth in guinea-pig chambers, cross-immunity to chamber infection with low challenge doses was detected only between two of six isolates. The killing of gonococci in chambers of immunized animals, which occurred only after homologous challenge or with the heterologous strain showing cross-immunity, was not due primarily to humoral factors in the chamber fluid but probably to an enhanced effectiveness of phagocytosis. The serum of immunized animals was bactericidal for homologous strains and for the strain showing cross-immunity but not for strains showing no cross-immunity. Hence, serum bactericidal activity might be a useful indicator for investigating the specificity of immunity produced by different gonococcal strains.", "PMID": 406352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3627", "title": "Arginine hydroxamate-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis with altered control of arginine metabolism.", "content": "Arginine hydroxamate inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis. From a large number of mutants isolated as resistant to this arginine analogue, 29 were chosen for further investigation. Most of these shared diminished ability to utilize arginine, citrulline and/or ornithine as sole nitrogen source. All 29 had reduced levels of the catabolic enzymes arginase and ornithine aminotransferase under various conditions in which these enzymes are induced in the parent. In some circumstances, five of the mutants also showed elevated levels of the biosynthetic enzyme ornithine carbamoyltransferase. On the basis of these data, the 29 mutants were divided into six phenotypic classes; in four of these, control of ornithine carbamoyltransferase was the same as in the wild type, while in the other two it was altered. It is suggested that the isolates carry regulatory mutations, and that certain of these may affect simultaneously the formation of arginine catabolic and biosynthetic enzymes. The implication of the latter is that in B. subtilis, as in yeast, controls of the catabolic and biosynthetic pathways are connected. Single representatives of five of the phenotypic classes carry mutations conferring arginine hydroxamate resistance linked to cysA by transduction with phage PBSI; this did not appear to be true for a representative of the sixth class.", "contents": "Arginine hydroxamate-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis with altered control of arginine metabolism. Arginine hydroxamate inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis. From a large number of mutants isolated as resistant to this arginine analogue, 29 were chosen for further investigation. Most of these shared diminished ability to utilize arginine, citrulline and/or ornithine as sole nitrogen source. All 29 had reduced levels of the catabolic enzymes arginase and ornithine aminotransferase under various conditions in which these enzymes are induced in the parent. In some circumstances, five of the mutants also showed elevated levels of the biosynthetic enzyme ornithine carbamoyltransferase. On the basis of these data, the 29 mutants were divided into six phenotypic classes; in four of these, control of ornithine carbamoyltransferase was the same as in the wild type, while in the other two it was altered. It is suggested that the isolates carry regulatory mutations, and that certain of these may affect simultaneously the formation of arginine catabolic and biosynthetic enzymes. The implication of the latter is that in B. subtilis, as in yeast, controls of the catabolic and biosynthetic pathways are connected. Single representatives of five of the phenotypic classes carry mutations conferring arginine hydroxamate resistance linked to cysA by transduction with phage PBSI; this did not appear to be true for a representative of the sixth class.", "PMID": 406353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3628", "title": "Transfer and expression of pseudomonas plasmid RP1 in Caulobacter.", "content": "This study demonstrates that the host range of Pseudomonas plasmid RP1 includes the genus Caulobacter. Caulobacter was shown to acquire three antibiotic resistance markers located in RP1. A fourth plasmid marker, susceptibility to an RNA bacteriophage, was not expressed, but could be transferred from Caulobacter to Escherichia coli. The lack of phenotypic expression of the phage marker was manifested by the inability of the phage to adsorb or to produce plaques on Caulobacter transcipients. Matings of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Caulobacter vibrioides CV6 were carried out in the presence of bacteriophage phi6, a DNA phage that infects and kills only swarmer cells of Caulobacter. No decrease in plasmid transfer in the presence of phage phi6 was detected, suggesting that stalked cells, and not swarmer cells, serve as recipients. Our evidence suggests that transfer of chromosomal segments from Caulobacter may be mediated by plasmid RP1; such segments are not stably maintained.", "contents": "Transfer and expression of pseudomonas plasmid RP1 in Caulobacter. This study demonstrates that the host range of Pseudomonas plasmid RP1 includes the genus Caulobacter. Caulobacter was shown to acquire three antibiotic resistance markers located in RP1. A fourth plasmid marker, susceptibility to an RNA bacteriophage, was not expressed, but could be transferred from Caulobacter to Escherichia coli. The lack of phenotypic expression of the phage marker was manifested by the inability of the phage to adsorb or to produce plaques on Caulobacter transcipients. Matings of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Caulobacter vibrioides CV6 were carried out in the presence of bacteriophage phi6, a DNA phage that infects and kills only swarmer cells of Caulobacter. No decrease in plasmid transfer in the presence of phage phi6 was detected, suggesting that stalked cells, and not swarmer cells, serve as recipients. Our evidence suggests that transfer of chromosomal segments from Caulobacter may be mediated by plasmid RP1; such segments are not stably maintained.", "PMID": 406354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3629", "title": "The surface of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: isolation of the major components of the outer membrane.", "content": "Outer membranes were isolated from several strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by extraction of whole cells with aqueous lithium acetate. The preparations contained a limited number of components including lipopolysaccharide and two major proteins. One protein was present in all strains examined; the second, which showed anomalous behaviour on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was absent from some. Fluorescent labelling of intact N. gonorrhoeae showed that the two proteins and pili were the major surface proteins. Each of the three major outer membrane components was isolated in a homogeneous form by selective extraction followed by gel filtration.", "contents": "The surface of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: isolation of the major components of the outer membrane. Outer membranes were isolated from several strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by extraction of whole cells with aqueous lithium acetate. The preparations contained a limited number of components including lipopolysaccharide and two major proteins. One protein was present in all strains examined; the second, which showed anomalous behaviour on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was absent from some. Fluorescent labelling of intact N. gonorrhoeae showed that the two proteins and pili were the major surface proteins. Each of the three major outer membrane components was isolated in a homogeneous form by selective extraction followed by gel filtration.", "PMID": 406355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3630", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infections: comparison of electron microscopy and immunoelectroosmophoresis for the detection of rotavirus in human infantile gastroenteritis.", "content": "Eighty-seven faecal samples from infants and children suffering from acute gastroenteritis were investigated for the presence of rotavirus by immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP) and electron microscopy (EM). Sixty-one % of the samples contained rotavirus antigens when examined by IEOP whereas only 50% were diagnosed as positive EM. However, where it was possible to perform EM within the same day that the sample was received it took 24 h to establish the diagnosis by IEOP. The high sensitivity of the IEOP method was achieved by application of antiserum produced in rabbits to rotavirus immunoprecipitates. The specificity and sensitivity of the diagnostic antiserum produced were tested by application of different immunoelectrophoretic methods.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infections: comparison of electron microscopy and immunoelectroosmophoresis for the detection of rotavirus in human infantile gastroenteritis. Eighty-seven faecal samples from infants and children suffering from acute gastroenteritis were investigated for the presence of rotavirus by immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP) and electron microscopy (EM). Sixty-one % of the samples contained rotavirus antigens when examined by IEOP whereas only 50% were diagnosed as positive EM. However, where it was possible to perform EM within the same day that the sample was received it took 24 h to establish the diagnosis by IEOP. The high sensitivity of the IEOP method was achieved by application of antiserum produced in rabbits to rotavirus immunoprecipitates. The specificity and sensitivity of the diagnostic antiserum produced were tested by application of different immunoelectrophoretic methods.", "PMID": 406356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3631", "title": "Cytopathic effect and plaque formation by arboviruses in a continuous cell line (XTC-2) from the toad Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Forty-six arboviruses were tested for c.p.e. and/or plaque formation in an amphibian cell line. C.p.e. was observed with a high proportion of the viruses tested. Comparative plaque assay, in the XTC-2 cells at 28 degrees C and Vero cells at 37 degrees C, suggests that these systems are comparable in sensitivity and susceptibility to infection. Practical uses of this cell line are discussed.", "contents": "Cytopathic effect and plaque formation by arboviruses in a continuous cell line (XTC-2) from the toad Xenopus laevis. Forty-six arboviruses were tested for c.p.e. and/or plaque formation in an amphibian cell line. C.p.e. was observed with a high proportion of the viruses tested. Comparative plaque assay, in the XTC-2 cells at 28 degrees C and Vero cells at 37 degrees C, suggests that these systems are comparable in sensitivity and susceptibility to infection. Practical uses of this cell line are discussed.", "PMID": 406357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3632", "title": "End-point dilution and plaque assay methods for titration of cricket paralysis virus in cultured Drosophila cells.", "content": "Cricket paralysis virus, an insect picorna-like virus, caused a distinct c.p.e. in cultured Drosophila melanogaster cells, allowing the development of titration methods based on end-point dilution or plaque assay methods. The end-point dilution (TCD50) method is more sensitive and economical than plaque assays and is easily scored. The data indicate a minimum infectivity/particle ratio of about 1/2000.", "contents": "End-point dilution and plaque assay methods for titration of cricket paralysis virus in cultured Drosophila cells. Cricket paralysis virus, an insect picorna-like virus, caused a distinct c.p.e. in cultured Drosophila melanogaster cells, allowing the development of titration methods based on end-point dilution or plaque assay methods. The end-point dilution (TCD50) method is more sensitive and economical than plaque assays and is easily scored. The data indicate a minimum infectivity/particle ratio of about 1/2000.", "PMID": 406358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3633", "title": "Partial deficiency of long arm of chromosome No. 11.", "content": "A child is presented with slight psychomotor retardation and few minor anomalies, in whom the cytogenetic analysis revealed a de novo translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 8 and 11, with deficiency of a small distal segment of 11q.", "contents": "Partial deficiency of long arm of chromosome No. 11. A child is presented with slight psychomotor retardation and few minor anomalies, in whom the cytogenetic analysis revealed a de novo translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 8 and 11, with deficiency of a small distal segment of 11q.", "PMID": 406359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3634", "title": "An implant to empty the bladder or close the urethra.", "content": "An implant has been designed which, in the baboon, will empty the bladder almost completely, or close the urethra so that urine does not leak out despite a contraction of the detrusor muscle. Electrodes on the 1st and 2nd sacral anterior nerve roots (corresponding roughly to the 3rd and 4th sacral in man)  suffice for both actions. Closing the urethra or emptying the bladder artificially in this way seems to cause conscious, neurologically intact, baboons no discomfort. Implants have remained in place for over two years, and have emptied the bladder artificially 12 times a day for many weeks, without deterioration of function.", "contents": "An implant to empty the bladder or close the urethra. An implant has been designed which, in the baboon, will empty the bladder almost completely, or close the urethra so that urine does not leak out despite a contraction of the detrusor muscle. Electrodes on the 1st and 2nd sacral anterior nerve roots (corresponding roughly to the 3rd and 4th sacral in man)  suffice for both actions. Closing the urethra or emptying the bladder artificially in this way seems to cause conscious, neurologically intact, baboons no discomfort. Implants have remained in place for over two years, and have emptied the bladder artificially 12 times a day for many weeks, without deterioration of function.", "PMID": 406364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3635", "title": "A prospective study of tracheobronchial bacterial flora in acutely brain-injured patients with and without antibiotic prophylaxis.", "content": "The authors observed prospectively 28 brain-injured patients, who required respiratory tract intubation, to determine the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on bacterial flora, the rate of flora change, and the appearance of infection. Antibiotics not only failed to alter the rate of abnormal colonization but were associated with an earlier appearance of Gram-negative bacilli, the organisms that produced the most severe infections. Although more infections occurred in patients initially untreated with antibiotics, these infections were usually mild and caused by organisms susceptible to highly effective and relatively safe drugs. Although highly reproducible as a laboratory determination, the nitroblue tetrazolium dye test score showed no consistent relationship with the presence or absence of bacterial infection. Regular and extensive clinical and laboratory observations, including cultures of the respiratory tract helped to make the antibiotic administration in these patients specific, appropriate, and reasonable. Broad spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis does not prevent and may enhance the development of severe pulmonary infection in these patients.", "contents": "A prospective study of tracheobronchial bacterial flora in acutely brain-injured patients with and without antibiotic prophylaxis. The authors observed prospectively 28 brain-injured patients, who required respiratory tract intubation, to determine the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on bacterial flora, the rate of flora change, and the appearance of infection. Antibiotics not only failed to alter the rate of abnormal colonization but were associated with an earlier appearance of Gram-negative bacilli, the organisms that produced the most severe infections. Although more infections occurred in patients initially untreated with antibiotics, these infections were usually mild and caused by organisms susceptible to highly effective and relatively safe drugs. Although highly reproducible as a laboratory determination, the nitroblue tetrazolium dye test score showed no consistent relationship with the presence or absence of bacterial infection. Regular and extensive clinical and laboratory observations, including cultures of the respiratory tract helped to make the antibiotic administration in these patients specific, appropriate, and reasonable. Broad spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis does not prevent and may enhance the development of severe pulmonary infection in these patients.", "PMID": 406368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3636", "title": "Urinary riboflavin metabolites in the rat.", "content": "Male rats were fed a riboflavin-deficient diet for 25 days and then fed [2-14C]riboflavin to replete their riboflavin pool(s). During a second depletion period, urine and feces were collected and 14C excretion monitored. The urine was chromatographed on R-15 resorcinol resin and 14C was measured in all fractions. The 14C compounds in the individual fractions were shown to be different by thin layer chromatography. The amount of 14C recovered as riboflavin increased after acid hydrolysis of the urine indicating the presence of riboflavin in conjugated forms. All R-15 fractions were found to support growth in a microbiological (L. casei) assay for riboflavin. This suggested that other derivatives, in addition to riboflavin and flavin nucleotides, are biologically active. However, the conjugated compounds were apparently less active, since acid hydrolysis of the urine enhanced its growth-promoting ability of L. casei. One 14C metabolite was identified as urea, thus providing evidence for degradation of the riboflavin molecule. This study has shown that the metabolic fates of riboflavin in the rat include conjugation and extensive degradation.", "contents": "Urinary riboflavin metabolites in the rat. Male rats were fed a riboflavin-deficient diet for 25 days and then fed [2-14C]riboflavin to replete their riboflavin pool(s). During a second depletion period, urine and feces were collected and 14C excretion monitored. The urine was chromatographed on R-15 resorcinol resin and 14C was measured in all fractions. The 14C compounds in the individual fractions were shown to be different by thin layer chromatography. The amount of 14C recovered as riboflavin increased after acid hydrolysis of the urine indicating the presence of riboflavin in conjugated forms. All R-15 fractions were found to support growth in a microbiological (L. casei) assay for riboflavin. This suggested that other derivatives, in addition to riboflavin and flavin nucleotides, are biologically active. However, the conjugated compounds were apparently less active, since acid hydrolysis of the urine enhanced its growth-promoting ability of L. casei. One 14C metabolite was identified as urea, thus providing evidence for degradation of the riboflavin molecule. This study has shown that the metabolic fates of riboflavin in the rat include conjugation and extensive degradation.", "PMID": 406370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3637", "title": "The styloid-stylohyoid syndrome.", "content": "The complexities of the styloid-stylohyoid syndrome are examined from the historical, anatomical, radiographic, clinical and treatment aspects. Although approximately 4% of the population is afflicted with this anomalous growth, the syndrome is not usually seen clinically until after the age of 30. There appears to be little correlation between the size and extent of the anomaly and the predictability of patients having symptoms related to the anomaly. The awareness of the anomaly and the syndrome can lead to a proper diagnosis and the appropriate treatment for the patient who has been labeled by the dental community or medical community, or both, as psychoneurotic.", "contents": "The styloid-stylohyoid syndrome. The complexities of the styloid-stylohyoid syndrome are examined from the historical, anatomical, radiographic, clinical and treatment aspects. Although approximately 4% of the population is afflicted with this anomalous growth, the syndrome is not usually seen clinically until after the age of 30. There appears to be little correlation between the size and extent of the anomaly and the predictability of patients having symptoms related to the anomaly. The awareness of the anomaly and the syndrome can lead to a proper diagnosis and the appropriate treatment for the patient who has been labeled by the dental community or medical community, or both, as psychoneurotic.", "PMID": 406372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3638", "title": "Endocrine studies in cystinosis: compensated primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "Children with nephropathic cystinosis exhibit marked growth retardation. Improved medical management and renal transplantation have increased their life expectancy beyond the second decade. We have studied endocrine function in seven patients with cystinosis and reviewed autopsy findings of four patients and medical records of 24 others. One 10-year-old boy was overtly hypothyroid. The six other patients had normal studies of peripheral thyroid function but two had borderline and two had frankly elevated serum TSH levels. Stimulation tests of cortisol and growth hormone secretion and basal levels of serum NSILA-s were normal. Postmortem histology of the thyroid glands revealed extensive destruction and infiltration of the epithelium with cystine crystals. Despite the presence of cystine crystals in other endocrine tissues, there was no destruction of epithelium in glands other than in the thyroid. We conclude that in nephropathic cystinosis \"compensated\" primary hypothyroidism occurs frequently and early and may be diagnosed by measurement of serum TSH concentrations.", "contents": "Endocrine studies in cystinosis: compensated primary hypothyroidism. Children with nephropathic cystinosis exhibit marked growth retardation. Improved medical management and renal transplantation have increased their life expectancy beyond the second decade. We have studied endocrine function in seven patients with cystinosis and reviewed autopsy findings of four patients and medical records of 24 others. One 10-year-old boy was overtly hypothyroid. The six other patients had normal studies of peripheral thyroid function but two had borderline and two had frankly elevated serum TSH levels. Stimulation tests of cortisol and growth hormone secretion and basal levels of serum NSILA-s were normal. Postmortem histology of the thyroid glands revealed extensive destruction and infiltration of the epithelium with cystine crystals. Despite the presence of cystine crystals in other endocrine tissues, there was no destruction of epithelium in glands other than in the thyroid. We conclude that in nephropathic cystinosis \"compensated\" primary hypothyroidism occurs frequently and early and may be diagnosed by measurement of serum TSH concentrations.", "PMID": 406375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3639", "title": "Home total parenteral nutrition: an alternative approach to the management of children with severe chronic small bowel disease.", "content": "A home program of total parenteral nutrition (HTPN) has been developed for managing patients with severe chronic small bowel disease who would otherwise be unable to leave the hospital. Six such children were treated by this program using a Broviac catheter to shorten hospitalization, to decrease the cost of care, and to normalize their lives as much as possible. They ranged in age from 2 1/4-17 yr and received HTPN for periods of from 1-11 mo. Criteria for instituting this therapy were the inability to maintain fluid and nutritional balance on therapeutic diet or oral formula, or a need for 30 or more days of conventional TPN. The 6 patients had a total of 1139 days on HTPN with 1 episode of catheter sepsis and 1 localized infection at the catheter site. None of the catheters clotted but 1 was accidentally dislodged. Small bowel adaptation occurred in 4 of the 6 patients. This allowed gradual discontinuous of HTPN and reinstitution of total oral alimentation.", "contents": "Home total parenteral nutrition: an alternative approach to the management of children with severe chronic small bowel disease. A home program of total parenteral nutrition (HTPN) has been developed for managing patients with severe chronic small bowel disease who would otherwise be unable to leave the hospital. Six such children were treated by this program using a Broviac catheter to shorten hospitalization, to decrease the cost of care, and to normalize their lives as much as possible. They ranged in age from 2 1/4-17 yr and received HTPN for periods of from 1-11 mo. Criteria for instituting this therapy were the inability to maintain fluid and nutritional balance on therapeutic diet or oral formula, or a need for 30 or more days of conventional TPN. The 6 patients had a total of 1139 days on HTPN with 1 episode of catheter sepsis and 1 localized infection at the catheter site. None of the catheters clotted but 1 was accidentally dislodged. Small bowel adaptation occurred in 4 of the 6 patients. This allowed gradual discontinuous of HTPN and reinstitution of total oral alimentation.", "PMID": 406377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3640", "title": "Time-dependent kinetics I: Exponential autoinduction of carbamazepine in monkeys.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine were studied during a week-long infusion of the drug in 60% polyethylene glycol 400 solution in three rhesus monkeys. Serum concentrations approached steady state within 8-16 hr and then rapidly declined, within 72 hr, to a new asymptotic level approximately 46% of the maximum steady-state concentration. Serum concentrations remained at that level during the rest of the experimental period. The decline from the maximum value to the asymptotic steady state was exponential. It is postulated that the decline in the steady-state concentration is due to autoinduction by carbamazepine of its own metabolism.", "contents": "Time-dependent kinetics I: Exponential autoinduction of carbamazepine in monkeys. The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine were studied during a week-long infusion of the drug in 60% polyethylene glycol 400 solution in three rhesus monkeys. Serum concentrations approached steady state within 8-16 hr and then rapidly declined, within 72 hr, to a new asymptotic level approximately 46% of the maximum steady-state concentration. Serum concentrations remained at that level during the rest of the experimental period. The decline from the maximum value to the asymptotic steady state was exponential. It is postulated that the decline in the steady-state concentration is due to autoinduction by carbamazepine of its own metabolism.", "PMID": 406378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3641", "title": "Time-dependent kinetics II: Diurnal oscillations in steady-state plasma ethosuximide levels in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Morning steady-state (9 am) plasma levels were significantly higher than the corresponding evening (5 pm) plasma levels during a 3-week zero-order infusion of ethosuximide to six monkeys. These differences could not be explained by experimental variables such as GLC assay and infusion pump. Circadian periodicity in steady-state plasma levels was investigated in three monkeys over 4 months under controlled experimental conditions: blood sampling at 2-hr intervals for 26 hr, 1 day/week; fixed lighting, feeding, and noise schedules; and electroencephalogram monitoring. The plasma concentration-time curves showed two minima in the 12 noon-2 pm and 8 pm-12 midnight periods, and the later involved the largest percent change in plasma levels (4-8%). The plasma concentration-time data were subjected to cross-correlation analysis, which indicated a circadian rhythm in steady-state plasma levels with a period of 24-26 hr.", "contents": "Time-dependent kinetics II: Diurnal oscillations in steady-state plasma ethosuximide levels in rhesus monkeys. Morning steady-state (9 am) plasma levels were significantly higher than the corresponding evening (5 pm) plasma levels during a 3-week zero-order infusion of ethosuximide to six monkeys. These differences could not be explained by experimental variables such as GLC assay and infusion pump. Circadian periodicity in steady-state plasma levels was investigated in three monkeys over 4 months under controlled experimental conditions: blood sampling at 2-hr intervals for 26 hr, 1 day/week; fixed lighting, feeding, and noise schedules; and electroencephalogram monitoring. The plasma concentration-time curves showed two minima in the 12 noon-2 pm and 8 pm-12 midnight periods, and the later involved the largest percent change in plasma levels (4-8%). The plasma concentration-time data were subjected to cross-correlation analysis, which indicated a circadian rhythm in steady-state plasma levels with a period of 24-26 hr.", "PMID": 406379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3642", "title": "New method for characterizing dissolution properties of drug powders.", "content": "Various multiparticulate dissolution models that assume a log-normal particle-size distribution are fitted by nonlinear least-squares regression to data from the dissolution of micronized glyburide. Estimates of parameters describing the effective initial particle-size distribution are obtained, together with estimates of the specific dissolution rate parameter. A dissolution equation based on an ideal, untruncated, log-normal distribution, with the single particles dissolving according to the Hixson-Crowell cube root law, is the best model. The dissolution behavior of glyburide can be well described by this model in terms of the specific dissolution rate parameter and one other parameter accounting for the distribution effect. The estimation of these two parameters represents a more exact way of describing the dissolution characteristics of drug powders than previous approaches. The method should be of interest in the quality control of drugs that may cause bioavailability problems because of dissolution rate-limited absorption.", "contents": "New method for characterizing dissolution properties of drug powders. Various multiparticulate dissolution models that assume a log-normal particle-size distribution are fitted by nonlinear least-squares regression to data from the dissolution of micronized glyburide. Estimates of parameters describing the effective initial particle-size distribution are obtained, together with estimates of the specific dissolution rate parameter. A dissolution equation based on an ideal, untruncated, log-normal distribution, with the single particles dissolving according to the Hixson-Crowell cube root law, is the best model. The dissolution behavior of glyburide can be well described by this model in terms of the specific dissolution rate parameter and one other parameter accounting for the distribution effect. The estimation of these two parameters represents a more exact way of describing the dissolution characteristics of drug powders than previous approaches. The method should be of interest in the quality control of drugs that may cause bioavailability problems because of dissolution rate-limited absorption.", "PMID": 406380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3643", "title": "Aldosterone antagonism studies in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Renal studies in femal rhesus monkeys indicated that 10 micron g was an optimum i.m. sodium-retaining dose of aldosterone. Aldosterone was injected i.m. at dosages of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 micron g/animal. The 10-micron g dose induced about a 50% reduction in sodium excretion (from 3.7 to 1.7 mEq/6 hr) and was selected as the standard dose for antagonism studies. K excretion and urine volume remained unchanged. Subsequently, the oral antialdosterone activities of spironolactone and canrenone, a delta6 metabolite, were assessed at dosages of 1, 4 and 8 mg/kg. Dose-related increases in the aldosterone-depressed urinary Na/k ratio occurred primarily as a consequence of enhanced sodium excretion. Canrenone possessed antialdosterone potency equal to that of spironolactone. In the absence of exogenous aldosterone, spironolactone (16 mg/kg) was essentially devoid of diuretic activity whereas hydrochlorothiazide (1 mg/kg) induced marked increases in Na (256%) and K (105%) excretion and urine volume (109%).", "contents": "Aldosterone antagonism studies in the rhesus monkey. Renal studies in femal rhesus monkeys indicated that 10 micron g was an optimum i.m. sodium-retaining dose of aldosterone. Aldosterone was injected i.m. at dosages of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 micron g/animal. The 10-micron g dose induced about a 50% reduction in sodium excretion (from 3.7 to 1.7 mEq/6 hr) and was selected as the standard dose for antagonism studies. K excretion and urine volume remained unchanged. Subsequently, the oral antialdosterone activities of spironolactone and canrenone, a delta6 metabolite, were assessed at dosages of 1, 4 and 8 mg/kg. Dose-related increases in the aldosterone-depressed urinary Na/k ratio occurred primarily as a consequence of enhanced sodium excretion. Canrenone possessed antialdosterone potency equal to that of spironolactone. In the absence of exogenous aldosterone, spironolactone (16 mg/kg) was essentially devoid of diuretic activity whereas hydrochlorothiazide (1 mg/kg) induced marked increases in Na (256%) and K (105%) excretion and urine volume (109%).", "PMID": 406381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3644", "title": "Peters-Rieger's syndrome.", "content": "The joint occurrence of Peter's anomaly, congenital central deep corneal opacity with an enterior cone-shaped polar cataract, and Rieger's anomaly, hypoplasia of iris stroma, dyscoria, and iridocorneal adhesions in the angle of the anterior chamber, is described. The term Peters-Riger's syndrome is proposed for this clinical association. Associated ocular anomalies which apparently have not been previously mentioned in the literature were dysversion of the optic disc, ganglionic neuroretinal hypoplasia (hypoplasia of the optic nerve), and downward ectopia of the macula. Other associated ocular and systemic anomalies of Peters-Rieger's syndrome are also mentioned.", "contents": "Peters-Rieger's syndrome. The joint occurrence of Peter's anomaly, congenital central deep corneal opacity with an enterior cone-shaped polar cataract, and Rieger's anomaly, hypoplasia of iris stroma, dyscoria, and iridocorneal adhesions in the angle of the anterior chamber, is described. The term Peters-Riger's syndrome is proposed for this clinical association. Associated ocular anomalies which apparently have not been previously mentioned in the literature were dysversion of the optic disc, ganglionic neuroretinal hypoplasia (hypoplasia of the optic nerve), and downward ectopia of the macula. Other associated ocular and systemic anomalies of Peters-Rieger's syndrome are also mentioned.", "PMID": 406376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3645", "title": "Electrical responses of rods in the retina of Bufo marinus.", "content": "1. Intracellular responses to flashes and steps of light have been recorded from the outer segment and the cell body of rods in the retina of the Bufo marinus. The identification of the origin of recorded responses has been confirmed by intracellular marking.2. Responses to flashes delivered in darkness or superimposed on a background were analysed. Responses recorded from outer segments conform to the principle of ;spectral univariance'. The shape of the response is not affected by enlarging the spot diameter from 150 to 1000 mum.3. The membrane potential measured in darkness at the outer segments varied from -15 to -25 mV. Injection of steady hyperpolarizing currents increases the size of the response to light; depolarizing currents reduce the response. The mean value of the input resistance is 97 +/- 30 MOmega in darkness and increases by 20-30% during illumination.4. The responses obtained from the cell body of rods have the same shape, time course and spectral sensitivity of those recorded at the outer segment. Injection of steady current at the cell body produces different effects than at the outer segment: hyperpolarizing currents reduce the amplitude of the response to light; depolarizing currents increase the response.5. The experimental data are fitted according to a model similar to that used to describe the responses of turtle cones (Baylor & Hodgkin, 1974; Baylor, Hodgkin & Lamb, 1974a, b).6. The model reproduces the electrical responses of the rod outer segment to a variety of stimuli: (a) brief flashes and steps of light in dark adapted conditions; (b) bright flashes superimposed on background illuminations; (c) pairs of flashes delivered at different time intervals. Responses to hyperpolarizing steps of current are also reproduced by the model.", "contents": "Electrical responses of rods in the retina of Bufo marinus. 1. Intracellular responses to flashes and steps of light have been recorded from the outer segment and the cell body of rods in the retina of the Bufo marinus. The identification of the origin of recorded responses has been confirmed by intracellular marking.2. Responses to flashes delivered in darkness or superimposed on a background were analysed. Responses recorded from outer segments conform to the principle of ;spectral univariance'. The shape of the response is not affected by enlarging the spot diameter from 150 to 1000 mum.3. The membrane potential measured in darkness at the outer segments varied from -15 to -25 mV. Injection of steady hyperpolarizing currents increases the size of the response to light; depolarizing currents reduce the response. The mean value of the input resistance is 97 +/- 30 MOmega in darkness and increases by 20-30% during illumination.4. The responses obtained from the cell body of rods have the same shape, time course and spectral sensitivity of those recorded at the outer segment. Injection of steady current at the cell body produces different effects than at the outer segment: hyperpolarizing currents reduce the amplitude of the response to light; depolarizing currents increase the response.5. The experimental data are fitted according to a model similar to that used to describe the responses of turtle cones (Baylor & Hodgkin, 1974; Baylor, Hodgkin & Lamb, 1974a, b).6. The model reproduces the electrical responses of the rod outer segment to a variety of stimuli: (a) brief flashes and steps of light in dark adapted conditions; (b) bright flashes superimposed on background illuminations; (c) pairs of flashes delivered at different time intervals. Responses to hyperpolarizing steps of current are also reproduced by the model.", "PMID": 406383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3646", "title": "Spectral and orientation specificity of single cells in foveal striate cortex of the vervet monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops.", "content": "1. The spectral sensitivity, orientation specificity and inhibitory surround of seventy-three cells were studied in the vervet monkey. The eye was in the dark or illuminated with steady white or spectral light. The cells were in the striate cortex corresponding to the foveal representation. Nearly all the cells gave on- or on/off-responses.2. More than a third of the cells (41%) responded over a narrow spectral band, in the blue, green, yellow or red section. Three quarters of them were orientation specific with flanking inhibitory surround and half of these were of the ;stopped-end' variety as well. The effect of the wave-length of the background indicated that only a half were activated by such excitatory-inhibitory colour pairs as have been described in the geniculate nucleus.3. A third of the cells (36%) responded to most colours but with the greatest response to green, yellow or red. Less than half were orientation specific. Unlike the narrowband cells, the response decreased with the intensity of the light. Two thirds were activated by the excitatory-inhibitory colour pairs that have been described in the geniculate nucleus.4. In both groups of cells the wave-length of the spectral peak could be different when the stimuli were weak compared with when they were strong.5. One quarter of the cells (23%) gave on/off-responses to all spectral flashes; half were not orientation specific. The difference in orientation specificity between narrow- and broadband cells is significant (P < 0.01).", "contents": "Spectral and orientation specificity of single cells in foveal striate cortex of the vervet monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops. 1. The spectral sensitivity, orientation specificity and inhibitory surround of seventy-three cells were studied in the vervet monkey. The eye was in the dark or illuminated with steady white or spectral light. The cells were in the striate cortex corresponding to the foveal representation. Nearly all the cells gave on- or on/off-responses.2. More than a third of the cells (41%) responded over a narrow spectral band, in the blue, green, yellow or red section. Three quarters of them were orientation specific with flanking inhibitory surround and half of these were of the ;stopped-end' variety as well. The effect of the wave-length of the background indicated that only a half were activated by such excitatory-inhibitory colour pairs as have been described in the geniculate nucleus.3. A third of the cells (36%) responded to most colours but with the greatest response to green, yellow or red. Less than half were orientation specific. Unlike the narrowband cells, the response decreased with the intensity of the light. Two thirds were activated by the excitatory-inhibitory colour pairs that have been described in the geniculate nucleus.4. In both groups of cells the wave-length of the spectral peak could be different when the stimuli were weak compared with when they were strong.5. One quarter of the cells (23%) gave on/off-responses to all spectral flashes; half were not orientation specific. The difference in orientation specificity between narrow- and broadband cells is significant (P < 0.01).", "PMID": 406386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3647", "title": "A pure enterococcal abscess after cesarean section.", "content": "The pathogenic role of the enterococcus in pelvic infections is controversial. This case report of a pure enterococcal abscess developing after cesarean section supports the view that this organism can be a primary pathogen in obstetric and gynecologic infections. Because of its unusual sensitivity pattern, the enterococcus requires specific antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "A pure enterococcal abscess after cesarean section. The pathogenic role of the enterococcus in pelvic infections is controversial. This case report of a pure enterococcal abscess developing after cesarean section supports the view that this organism can be a primary pathogen in obstetric and gynecologic infections. Because of its unusual sensitivity pattern, the enterococcus requires specific antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 406387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3648", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of acute salpingitis.", "content": "Acute salpingitis is one of the most common acute gynecologic diseases and occurs in approximately 750,000 women each year in the United States. Use of laparoscopy to confirm the diagnosis of acute salpingitis has shown that the signs and symptoms classically ascribed to this disease are not specific to it. Fever, leukocytosis, elevated ESR and adnexal masses or swelling are not necessary to make a diagnosis of acute salpingitis. Lower abdominal pain and adnexal tenderness are the most consistent findings. Microbiologic data obtained by laparoscopy and culdocentesis have raised questions about the role of N. gonorrhoeae in salpingitis and have demonstrated that, as in pelvic infections generally, acute salpingitis is associated with mixed aerobic-anaerobic bacterial flora. Good results in the treatment of acute salpingitis depend upon: (1) early diagnosis, (2) hospitalization and bed rest, (3) the use of antibiotic therapy that takes into account the polymicrobial etiology of acute salpingitis, (4) prevention of recurrent episodes of salpingitis through efforts at patient education and identification and treatment of sexual partners. Most important, we must remember that what is at stake is often the future reproductive potential of a young woman. It must be weighed against both patient and physician convenience and cost. Further investigative efforts are essential to determine the role of IUDs in pelvic infections, discover the true microbiologic etiology of salpingitis and establish appropriate antimicrobial treatment as determined by prospective, microbiologically controlled investigations.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of acute salpingitis. Acute salpingitis is one of the most common acute gynecologic diseases and occurs in approximately 750,000 women each year in the United States. Use of laparoscopy to confirm the diagnosis of acute salpingitis has shown that the signs and symptoms classically ascribed to this disease are not specific to it. Fever, leukocytosis, elevated ESR and adnexal masses or swelling are not necessary to make a diagnosis of acute salpingitis. Lower abdominal pain and adnexal tenderness are the most consistent findings. Microbiologic data obtained by laparoscopy and culdocentesis have raised questions about the role of N. gonorrhoeae in salpingitis and have demonstrated that, as in pelvic infections generally, acute salpingitis is associated with mixed aerobic-anaerobic bacterial flora. Good results in the treatment of acute salpingitis depend upon: (1) early diagnosis, (2) hospitalization and bed rest, (3) the use of antibiotic therapy that takes into account the polymicrobial etiology of acute salpingitis, (4) prevention of recurrent episodes of salpingitis through efforts at patient education and identification and treatment of sexual partners. Most important, we must remember that what is at stake is often the future reproductive potential of a young woman. It must be weighed against both patient and physician convenience and cost. Further investigative efforts are essential to determine the role of IUDs in pelvic infections, discover the true microbiologic etiology of salpingitis and establish appropriate antimicrobial treatment as determined by prospective, microbiologically controlled investigations.", "PMID": 406388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3649", "title": "The use of betamethasone and timed delivery in management of premature rupture of the membranes in the preterm pregnancy.", "content": "Of 43 women admitted with premature rupture of the membranes between 27 and 32 weeks' gestation, 27 received antepartum glucocorticoid with delivery timed to occur approximately 24 hours after the first dose of steriod. Sixteen patients did not receive glucocorticoid and were managed expectantly. Neonatal mortality was significantly less in the steroid group (15% vs. 50%, p less than .01), and this difference was explained by a reduction in deaths from respiratory distress syndrome. Rates of infectious morbidity for both mothers and infants were similar between the steroid-treated group and the group managed expectantly.", "contents": "The use of betamethasone and timed delivery in management of premature rupture of the membranes in the preterm pregnancy. Of 43 women admitted with premature rupture of the membranes between 27 and 32 weeks' gestation, 27 received antepartum glucocorticoid with delivery timed to occur approximately 24 hours after the first dose of steriod. Sixteen patients did not receive glucocorticoid and were managed expectantly. Neonatal mortality was significantly less in the steroid group (15% vs. 50%, p less than .01), and this difference was explained by a reduction in deaths from respiratory distress syndrome. Rates of infectious morbidity for both mothers and infants were similar between the steroid-treated group and the group managed expectantly.", "PMID": 406389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3650", "title": "An outbreak of caprine listeriosis in the Western Cape.", "content": "Listerial meningo-encephalitis (circling disease) is reported for the first time in ruminants in South Africa. An account is given of the clinical signs, pathology and bacteriological confirmation of the disease.", "contents": "An outbreak of caprine listeriosis in the Western Cape. Listerial meningo-encephalitis (circling disease) is reported for the first time in ruminants in South Africa. An account is given of the clinical signs, pathology and bacteriological confirmation of the disease.", "PMID": 406392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3651", "title": "[The diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "Tests currently in use of the diagnosis of brucellosis and the immune response in cattle following exposure to Brucella antigens are reviewed. The interpretation and evaluation of results obtained by different tests under conditions where S19 vaccine is used, are discussed. Attention is focussed on the possible role of the bull in disseminating Brucella organisms.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle (author's transl)]. Tests currently in use of the diagnosis of brucellosis and the immune response in cattle following exposure to Brucella antigens are reviewed. The interpretation and evaluation of results obtained by different tests under conditions where S19 vaccine is used, are discussed. Attention is focussed on the possible role of the bull in disseminating Brucella organisms.", "PMID": 406391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3652", "title": "The isolation of Brucella abortus biotype I from African buffalo in the Kruger National Park.", "content": "The isolation of Brucella abortus from free living wild africal buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, is described. The four isolates testes proved to be biotype I and it is speculated that the origin of brucellosis in wild animals is from domestic stock.", "contents": "The isolation of Brucella abortus biotype I from African buffalo in the Kruger National Park. The isolation of Brucella abortus from free living wild africal buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, is described. The four isolates testes proved to be biotype I and it is speculated that the origin of brucellosis in wild animals is from domestic stock.", "PMID": 406393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3653", "title": "5-(Tetradecyloxy)-2-furancarboxylic acid and related hypolipidemic fatty acid-like alkyloxyarylcarboxylic acids.", "content": "5-(Tetradecyloxy)-2-furancarboxylic acid (91, RMI 14514) was found to lower blood lipids and to inhibit fatty acid synthesis with minimal effects on liver weight and liver fat content. This fatty acid-like compound represents a new class of hypolipidemic agent; it is effective in rats and monkeys. The compound resulted from discovery of hypolipidemic activity in certain beta-keto esters, postulation and confirmation of the corresponding benzoic acids as active metabolites, and systematic exploration of the structure--activity relationships.", "contents": "5-(Tetradecyloxy)-2-furancarboxylic acid and related hypolipidemic fatty acid-like alkyloxyarylcarboxylic acids. 5-(Tetradecyloxy)-2-furancarboxylic acid (91, RMI 14514) was found to lower blood lipids and to inhibit fatty acid synthesis with minimal effects on liver weight and liver fat content. This fatty acid-like compound represents a new class of hypolipidemic agent; it is effective in rats and monkeys. The compound resulted from discovery of hypolipidemic activity in certain beta-keto esters, postulation and confirmation of the corresponding benzoic acids as active metabolites, and systematic exploration of the structure--activity relationships.", "PMID": 406395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3654", "title": "Studies on quinoline derivatives and related compounds. 5. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel 1-alkoxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids.", "content": "A series of novel 1-alkoxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids was synthesized and screened as antimicrobial agents. The most active compounds in vitro against gram-negative microorganisms and Staphylococcus aureus were 1,4-dihydro-1-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (22), 1,2,6,9-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-9-oxofuro[3,2-f]quinoline-8-carboxylic acid (30, and 2,3,6,9-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-3-methyl -2,9-dioxothiazolo [5,4-f]quinoline-8-carboxylic acid (34). These compounds had antigram-negative activity comparable to that of the corresponding N-ethyl derivatives 1, 2, and 4. Their serum levels and urinary recovery rates in rats, however, were significantly improved relative to the latter compounds (1,2, and 4).", "contents": "Studies on quinoline derivatives and related compounds. 5. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel 1-alkoxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids. A series of novel 1-alkoxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids was synthesized and screened as antimicrobial agents. The most active compounds in vitro against gram-negative microorganisms and Staphylococcus aureus were 1,4-dihydro-1-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (22), 1,2,6,9-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-9-oxofuro[3,2-f]quinoline-8-carboxylic acid (30, and 2,3,6,9-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-3-methyl -2,9-dioxothiazolo [5,4-f]quinoline-8-carboxylic acid (34). These compounds had antigram-negative activity comparable to that of the corresponding N-ethyl derivatives 1, 2, and 4. Their serum levels and urinary recovery rates in rats, however, were significantly improved relative to the latter compounds (1,2, and 4).", "PMID": 406396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3655", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of some derivatives of thiochroman-4-one and tetrahydrothiapyran-4-one.", "content": "A small series of pyrazoles and isoxazoles derived from thiochroman-4-one has been synthesized and characterized. The compounds were examined for their in vitro inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Among the tested compounds the pyrazole derivative from thiochroman-4-one was found to be the most effective inhibitor of growth of B. subtilis. Extensive H NMR analysis was recorded for all compounds.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of some derivatives of thiochroman-4-one and tetrahydrothiapyran-4-one. A small series of pyrazoles and isoxazoles derived from thiochroman-4-one has been synthesized and characterized. The compounds were examined for their in vitro inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Among the tested compounds the pyrazole derivative from thiochroman-4-one was found to be the most effective inhibitor of growth of B. subtilis. Extensive H NMR analysis was recorded for all compounds.", "PMID": 406397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3656", "title": "Antiprotozoal thiazoles. 2. 2-(5-Nitro-2-furyl-, thiazolyl-, and 1-methylimidazolyl-)thiazoles.", "content": "Ten 2-substituted 4-thiazolecarboxaldehyde hydrazones bearing 5-nitro-2-furyl, 5-nitro-2-thiazolyl, and 1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl functions have been prepared and screened for activity against Trypanosoma cruzi infections in mice. The results permitted the ranking of these substituents in decreasing order of activity: 1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl greater than 5-nitro-2-furyl greater than 5-nitro-2-thiazolyl, the last being inactive. Some structural features of the side chain necessary for optimum activity are discussed. The most active compound, 4-[[[2-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)-4-thiazolyl]methylene]amino]thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide, compared favorably with the standard Nifurtimox against three recent clinical isolates of T. cruzi, including one with a high myocardial tissue infiltration.", "contents": "Antiprotozoal thiazoles. 2. 2-(5-Nitro-2-furyl-, thiazolyl-, and 1-methylimidazolyl-)thiazoles. Ten 2-substituted 4-thiazolecarboxaldehyde hydrazones bearing 5-nitro-2-furyl, 5-nitro-2-thiazolyl, and 1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl functions have been prepared and screened for activity against Trypanosoma cruzi infections in mice. The results permitted the ranking of these substituents in decreasing order of activity: 1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl greater than 5-nitro-2-furyl greater than 5-nitro-2-thiazolyl, the last being inactive. Some structural features of the side chain necessary for optimum activity are discussed. The most active compound, 4-[[[2-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)-4-thiazolyl]methylene]amino]thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide, compared favorably with the standard Nifurtimox against three recent clinical isolates of T. cruzi, including one with a high myocardial tissue infiltration.", "PMID": 406399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3657", "title": "Synthesis of episilon-rhodomycinone glycosides.", "content": "Twenty-six episilon-rhodomycinone glycosides have been synthesized. These include the episilon-rhodomycinone glycosides of 2-deoxy-L-fucose, 2-deoxy-L-rhamnose, and 2-deoxy-D-ribose as well as their 2-hydroxyl derivatives. NMR spectroscopy showed that all the glycosides prepared had the saccharide residues linked to position 10 of episilon-rhodomycinone and helped establish the anomeric purity and configuration of several glycosides. Preliminary screening results show that 2-deoxy-di-O-acetyl-D-ribopyranosyl-episilon-rhodomycinone has an activity T/C of 125 on P388 tumors.", "contents": "Synthesis of episilon-rhodomycinone glycosides. Twenty-six episilon-rhodomycinone glycosides have been synthesized. These include the episilon-rhodomycinone glycosides of 2-deoxy-L-fucose, 2-deoxy-L-rhamnose, and 2-deoxy-D-ribose as well as their 2-hydroxyl derivatives. NMR spectroscopy showed that all the glycosides prepared had the saccharide residues linked to position 10 of episilon-rhodomycinone and helped establish the anomeric purity and configuration of several glycosides. Preliminary screening results show that 2-deoxy-di-O-acetyl-D-ribopyranosyl-episilon-rhodomycinone has an activity T/C of 125 on P388 tumors.", "PMID": 406400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3658", "title": "A myeloliposarcoma in a female Perodicticus potto: mineralogical and elemental chemical analysis.", "content": "A spherical mass on the medial aspect of the thigh and caudal abdomen of a 15-year-old female Perodicticus potto was surgically removed and shown to be a myeloliposarcoma. Mineralogical examination of these tissues showed them to be amorphous to X-rays. Thirty-two elements were determined by chemical analysis of the tumor.", "contents": "A myeloliposarcoma in a female Perodicticus potto: mineralogical and elemental chemical analysis. A spherical mass on the medial aspect of the thigh and caudal abdomen of a 15-year-old female Perodicticus potto was surgically removed and shown to be a myeloliposarcoma. Mineralogical examination of these tissues showed them to be amorphous to X-rays. Thirty-two elements were determined by chemical analysis of the tumor.", "PMID": 406401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3659", "title": "Correlation of mixed lymphocyte reactivity and skin graft rejection in nonhuman primates.", "content": "One-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactivity and skin graft rejection were investigated to assess immune competence and histocompatibility in the baboon, the cebus monkey, and the cotton-topped marmoset. Adequate and comparable cell-mediated immunity was demonstrated. MLN reactions revealed strong histocompatibility differences among the three primate species and stimulating alloantigens for unrelated individuals of each species. Xenogeneic skin grafts survived nine days and allogeneic grafts, an average of 11 days. These systems appear readily applicable for assessing histocompatibility in nonhuman primates.", "contents": "Correlation of mixed lymphocyte reactivity and skin graft rejection in nonhuman primates. One-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactivity and skin graft rejection were investigated to assess immune competence and histocompatibility in the baboon, the cebus monkey, and the cotton-topped marmoset. Adequate and comparable cell-mediated immunity was demonstrated. MLN reactions revealed strong histocompatibility differences among the three primate species and stimulating alloantigens for unrelated individuals of each species. Xenogeneic skin grafts survived nine days and allogeneic grafts, an average of 11 days. These systems appear readily applicable for assessing histocompatibility in nonhuman primates.", "PMID": 406402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3660", "title": "Heart rate in caged Macaca fascicularis. Effects of short-term physical exercise.", "content": "Electrocardiograms were recorded hourly for five days in 16 caged Macaca fascicularis by means of a miniaturized ECG transmitter connected to two chest leads. The lowest heart rates were 135 +/- 35 (mean +/- SD, n= 31) beats/min at 5 a.m., and the highest were 192 +/- 22 (n = 29) beats/min at 3 p.m. Sinus arrhythmia was common. Eight of the animals were trained to exercise in a specially designed enclosed treadmill; their heart rates were recorded daily during two 10-min periods of running at 3.4 km/h. Transfer of the monkeys (n k0) to the treadmill increased heart rate from 186 +/- 24 to 228 +/- 23 beats/min; exercise further increased it to 271 +/- 8 beats/min.", "contents": "Heart rate in caged Macaca fascicularis. Effects of short-term physical exercise. Electrocardiograms were recorded hourly for five days in 16 caged Macaca fascicularis by means of a miniaturized ECG transmitter connected to two chest leads. The lowest heart rates were 135 +/- 35 (mean +/- SD, n= 31) beats/min at 5 a.m., and the highest were 192 +/- 22 (n = 29) beats/min at 3 p.m. Sinus arrhythmia was common. Eight of the animals were trained to exercise in a specially designed enclosed treadmill; their heart rates were recorded daily during two 10-min periods of running at 3.4 km/h. Transfer of the monkeys (n k0) to the treadmill increased heart rate from 186 +/- 24 to 228 +/- 23 beats/min; exercise further increased it to 271 +/- 8 beats/min.", "PMID": 406403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3661", "title": "Blood groups of crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) demonstrated by isoimmune rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) sera.", "content": "Twenty-one isoimmune sera produced in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) containing type-specific antibodies for simian-type red cell antigens were tested for their cross-reactivity with red cells from crab-eating macaques (M. fascicularis). The majority of the antisera gave cross-reactions determining polymorphisms in the red cells of crab-eating macaques, homologous to those of rhesus monkeys. These results attest to the close taxonomic realationship between the two species of macaques, and have the practical implication that isoimmune sera produced for blood typing can also be used for typing red cells from related species, as has been also observed in studies on apes.", "contents": "Blood groups of crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) demonstrated by isoimmune rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) sera. Twenty-one isoimmune sera produced in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) containing type-specific antibodies for simian-type red cell antigens were tested for their cross-reactivity with red cells from crab-eating macaques (M. fascicularis). The majority of the antisera gave cross-reactions determining polymorphisms in the red cells of crab-eating macaques, homologous to those of rhesus monkeys. These results attest to the close taxonomic realationship between the two species of macaques, and have the practical implication that isoimmune sera produced for blood typing can also be used for typing red cells from related species, as has been also observed in studies on apes.", "PMID": 406404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3662", "title": "Progesterone levels in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata) during the breeding and nonbreeding season and pregnancy.", "content": "Progesterone levels were determined in the peripheral blood of the Japanese monkey during the menstrual cycle, breeding season, nonbreeding season, and gestation. Progesterone levels averaged less than 0.3 ng/ml in the earlier follicular phase, rose to maximum values of 3.8 ng/ml approximately eight days before menses, and declined to less than 1.0 ng/ml before menstruation. Progesterone levels during the nonbreeding season were comparable with those during the early follicular phase. In pregnant animals circulating progesterone either continued to rise around day 20, or fell as in the infertile cycle, then rose again. Progesterone levels declined between days 35 and 60 and were variable until about day 130 of gestation.", "contents": "Progesterone levels in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata) during the breeding and nonbreeding season and pregnancy. Progesterone levels were determined in the peripheral blood of the Japanese monkey during the menstrual cycle, breeding season, nonbreeding season, and gestation. Progesterone levels averaged less than 0.3 ng/ml in the earlier follicular phase, rose to maximum values of 3.8 ng/ml approximately eight days before menses, and declined to less than 1.0 ng/ml before menstruation. Progesterone levels during the nonbreeding season were comparable with those during the early follicular phase. In pregnant animals circulating progesterone either continued to rise around day 20, or fell as in the infertile cycle, then rose again. Progesterone levels declined between days 35 and 60 and were variable until about day 130 of gestation.", "PMID": 406405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3663", "title": "\"Large\" and \"small\" nuclear pore complexes; the influence of glutaraldehyde.", "content": "Aliquots of lymphocyte cell suspensions were pretreated according to the following three schedules before freeze fracturing: (a) prefixed with 2% glutaraldehyde before infiltration with 25% glycerol in medium RPMI-1640; (b) frozen in medium RPMI-1640 without additional pretreatment; and (c) frozen after pretreatment with 25% glycerol in medium RPMI-1640. The diameters of the fractured nuclear pore complexes of cells prefixed with glutaraldehyde were normally distributed within the range 70-120 nm (median 90 nm). The nuclear envelopes of 66-75% of cells processed through schedules b and c, which omitted glutaraldehyde fixation, had 70-120 nm diameter pores, while the remainder had pores with diameters in the range 120-175 nm. The large pores were structurally similar to the smaller pores except for their dimensions. These results indicate that glutaraldehyde gives rise to shrinkage of the larger pores to the minimum, smaller, diameter. Apparent orifices of at least 30 nm diameter were sometimes observed at the centres of these large pore complexes. We propose that the variation in pore diameters may indicate opening and closure of this orifice, and that the widely reported \"central granule\" of the nuclear pore complex corresponds with the orifice in a closed configuration.", "contents": "\"Large\" and \"small\" nuclear pore complexes; the influence of glutaraldehyde. Aliquots of lymphocyte cell suspensions were pretreated according to the following three schedules before freeze fracturing: (a) prefixed with 2% glutaraldehyde before infiltration with 25% glycerol in medium RPMI-1640; (b) frozen in medium RPMI-1640 without additional pretreatment; and (c) frozen after pretreatment with 25% glycerol in medium RPMI-1640. The diameters of the fractured nuclear pore complexes of cells prefixed with glutaraldehyde were normally distributed within the range 70-120 nm (median 90 nm). The nuclear envelopes of 66-75% of cells processed through schedules b and c, which omitted glutaraldehyde fixation, had 70-120 nm diameter pores, while the remainder had pores with diameters in the range 120-175 nm. The large pores were structurally similar to the smaller pores except for their dimensions. These results indicate that glutaraldehyde gives rise to shrinkage of the larger pores to the minimum, smaller, diameter. Apparent orifices of at least 30 nm diameter were sometimes observed at the centres of these large pore complexes. We propose that the variation in pore diameters may indicate opening and closure of this orifice, and that the widely reported \"central granule\" of the nuclear pore complex corresponds with the orifice in a closed configuration.", "PMID": 406407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3664", "title": "Oogenesis in the female sterile (1)42 mutant of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The sex-linked mutation fs(1)42 was induced by ethyl methane sulfonate. It has no effect on either the external morphology or longevity of adult hemizygotes or homozygotes. Heterozygotes and hemizygotes are fertile, but homozygotes are sterile. Egg chamber development proceeds through stages 8, and thereafter chambers degenerate. Dying follicle cells are seen in chambers at all positions in the ovarioles. Profollicle cells also die within germaria, and clusters of sister cystocytes take longer than normal to receive their coverings of follicle cells. Egg chambers in the vitellarium contain only about 60% the normal number of follicle cells, these generally have greater lateral dimensions, and their nuclei and nucleoli are also larger than normal. The follicular envelope of mutant chambers often contains gaps through which cystocytes send cytoplasmic projections. Abnormalities seen in development of the fs(1)42 oocyte are likely to be due to its envelope of defective follicle cells.", "contents": "Oogenesis in the female sterile (1)42 mutant of Drosophila melanogaster. The sex-linked mutation fs(1)42 was induced by ethyl methane sulfonate. It has no effect on either the external morphology or longevity of adult hemizygotes or homozygotes. Heterozygotes and hemizygotes are fertile, but homozygotes are sterile. Egg chamber development proceeds through stages 8, and thereafter chambers degenerate. Dying follicle cells are seen in chambers at all positions in the ovarioles. Profollicle cells also die within germaria, and clusters of sister cystocytes take longer than normal to receive their coverings of follicle cells. Egg chambers in the vitellarium contain only about 60% the normal number of follicle cells, these generally have greater lateral dimensions, and their nuclei and nucleoli are also larger than normal. The follicular envelope of mutant chambers often contains gaps through which cystocytes send cytoplasmic projections. Abnormalities seen in development of the fs(1)42 oocyte are likely to be due to its envelope of defective follicle cells.", "PMID": 406411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3665", "title": "Transformation and neoplastic development of hamster chondrocytes after exposure to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and 3-methylcholanthrene in tissue culture.", "content": "Sternal hyaline cartilages of Syrian hamsters were dissociated with collagenase and culured. Primary monolayer cultures of the dissociated cells were morphologically homogeneous. Secondary cultures of the chondrocytes were treated with 1 x 10(-6) or 2 x 10(-6) M 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) for 3 hours or with 5 or 10 microgram 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)/ml for 3 days. Cultured chondrocytes transformed morphologically 29-51 days after 4NQO treatment and 41-61 days after MCA treatment and began to grow continuously in vitro. Cultures of transformed cells, like transformed fibroblasts. Untreated cells and cells treated with dimethyl sulfoxide did not transform within at least 110 days after inoculation. Among the transformed cells, one near-diploid cell line preserved the distinct phenotypic expression of chondrocytes, whereas heteroploid cell lines lost their differentiated features. The near-diploid cell line produced nodules in the cheek pouches of hamsters within a week, by the nodules regressed later. They showed the chondrogenic properties of the original cells and stained metachromatically with toluidine blue. Heteroploid cell lines formed progressive tumors with few chondrogenic features; these tumors were diagnosed as fibrosarcomas.", "contents": "Transformation and neoplastic development of hamster chondrocytes after exposure to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and 3-methylcholanthrene in tissue culture. Sternal hyaline cartilages of Syrian hamsters were dissociated with collagenase and culured. Primary monolayer cultures of the dissociated cells were morphologically homogeneous. Secondary cultures of the chondrocytes were treated with 1 x 10(-6) or 2 x 10(-6) M 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) for 3 hours or with 5 or 10 microgram 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)/ml for 3 days. Cultured chondrocytes transformed morphologically 29-51 days after 4NQO treatment and 41-61 days after MCA treatment and began to grow continuously in vitro. Cultures of transformed cells, like transformed fibroblasts. Untreated cells and cells treated with dimethyl sulfoxide did not transform within at least 110 days after inoculation. Among the transformed cells, one near-diploid cell line preserved the distinct phenotypic expression of chondrocytes, whereas heteroploid cell lines lost their differentiated features. The near-diploid cell line produced nodules in the cheek pouches of hamsters within a week, by the nodules regressed later. They showed the chondrogenic properties of the original cells and stained metachromatically with toluidine blue. Heteroploid cell lines formed progressive tumors with few chondrogenic features; these tumors were diagnosed as fibrosarcomas.", "PMID": 406412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3666", "title": "Sister chromatid exchange and chromosome aberration analysis with the use of several carcinogens and noncarcinogens.", "content": "Several chemical carcinogens and noncarcinogens were tested for their ability to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and structural chromosome aberrations in cultured V79-4 Chinese hamster cells. All of the direct-acting carcinogens induced a large increase in SCE frequency. Two chemicals, which are mutagenic in microorganisms but whose carcinogenicity is poorly documented, also increased the frequency of SCE. Carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons caused an increased incidence of SCE only when a metabolizing feeder layer was used, whereas no increase was observed with noncarcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. The other noncarcinogens also did not influence the SCE frequency. Although some chemicals increased the frequency of structural chromosome aberrations, no correlation was found between the frequencies of SCE and aberrations.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchange and chromosome aberration analysis with the use of several carcinogens and noncarcinogens. Several chemical carcinogens and noncarcinogens were tested for their ability to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and structural chromosome aberrations in cultured V79-4 Chinese hamster cells. All of the direct-acting carcinogens induced a large increase in SCE frequency. Two chemicals, which are mutagenic in microorganisms but whose carcinogenicity is poorly documented, also increased the frequency of SCE. Carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons caused an increased incidence of SCE only when a metabolizing feeder layer was used, whereas no increase was observed with noncarcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. The other noncarcinogens also did not influence the SCE frequency. Although some chemicals increased the frequency of structural chromosome aberrations, no correlation was found between the frequencies of SCE and aberrations.", "PMID": 406414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3667", "title": "Prevention of Rh-hemolytic disease.", "content": "The results of Anti (D) immunoglobulin (RhoGAM) therapy in 25 Rh-negative women after delivery of Rh-positive babies are presented. None of the patients studied showed evidence of Rh-isoimmunization while two of 51 unprotected patients subsequently had antibodies detected in their serum. The incidence of Rh-negative patients is low in this environment. Because of the potential risk of isoimmunization, RhoGAM prophylaxis is advocated.", "contents": "Prevention of Rh-hemolytic disease. The results of Anti (D) immunoglobulin (RhoGAM) therapy in 25 Rh-negative women after delivery of Rh-positive babies are presented. None of the patients studied showed evidence of Rh-isoimmunization while two of 51 unprotected patients subsequently had antibodies detected in their serum. The incidence of Rh-negative patients is low in this environment. Because of the potential risk of isoimmunization, RhoGAM prophylaxis is advocated.", "PMID": 406416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3668", "title": "Sepsis in the baboon: factors affecting resuscitation and pulmonary edema in animals resuscitated with Ringer's lactate versus Plasmanate.", "content": "Septic shock and the formation of pulmonary edema were studied in 19 baboons. Four animals served as controls. Four were subjected to deep septic shock by infusion of live E. coli and then deliberately killed while in deep shock. Four were subjected to septic shock, resuscitated with Ringer's lactate (RL), and then killed 11/2 hours after resuscitation was started. Seven were subjected to shock and resuscitation attempted with Plasmanate (PL). Resuscitation with RL was successful for 11/2 hours in all four RL-animals. Resuscitation with PL was successful for 11/2 hours in three of the 7 PL-animals. There was an increased tendency for albumin to extravasate into the interstitium of the lungs after resuscitation. The amount of pulmonary edema, measured by both the thermodye technique and by analysis of post-mortem lung composition, was the same in animals resuscitated with RL and PL. Administration of pure colloid offers no protection to the lungs in resuscitating patients from septic shock.", "contents": "Sepsis in the baboon: factors affecting resuscitation and pulmonary edema in animals resuscitated with Ringer's lactate versus Plasmanate. Septic shock and the formation of pulmonary edema were studied in 19 baboons. Four animals served as controls. Four were subjected to deep septic shock by infusion of live E. coli and then deliberately killed while in deep shock. Four were subjected to septic shock, resuscitated with Ringer's lactate (RL), and then killed 11/2 hours after resuscitation was started. Seven were subjected to shock and resuscitation attempted with Plasmanate (PL). Resuscitation with RL was successful for 11/2 hours in all four RL-animals. Resuscitation with PL was successful for 11/2 hours in three of the 7 PL-animals. There was an increased tendency for albumin to extravasate into the interstitium of the lungs after resuscitation. The amount of pulmonary edema, measured by both the thermodye technique and by analysis of post-mortem lung composition, was the same in animals resuscitated with RL and PL. Administration of pure colloid offers no protection to the lungs in resuscitating patients from septic shock.", "PMID": 406417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3669", "title": "The effect of sodium salicylate on acute Chagasic myocarditis in C3H mice.", "content": "In two separate experiments, six months apart, utilizing different controls and different methods, sodium salicylate in anti-inflammatory doses was administered by gavage to mice with acute Chagasic myocarditis (T. cruz) at the onset of parasitemia. Sodium citrate was used as a control. Animals given salicylate showed decreased blood trypanosome counts and myocardial pseudocyst formation, both absolutely and in the rates of formation. Decreased inflammation and necrosis were associated with salicylate therapy. Survival of the animals was not increased by treatment. The effects cannot be explained by sodium ion concentration, the technique of gavage, or any factor except the presence of salicylate ion.", "contents": "The effect of sodium salicylate on acute Chagasic myocarditis in C3H mice. In two separate experiments, six months apart, utilizing different controls and different methods, sodium salicylate in anti-inflammatory doses was administered by gavage to mice with acute Chagasic myocarditis (T. cruz) at the onset of parasitemia. Sodium citrate was used as a control. Animals given salicylate showed decreased blood trypanosome counts and myocardial pseudocyst formation, both absolutely and in the rates of formation. Decreased inflammation and necrosis were associated with salicylate therapy. Survival of the animals was not increased by treatment. The effects cannot be explained by sodium ion concentration, the technique of gavage, or any factor except the presence of salicylate ion.", "PMID": 406418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3670", "title": "Metabolism of uracil-containing DNA: degradation of bacteriophage PBS2 DNA in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "When Bacillus subtilis is infected by the uracil-containing DNA phage PBS2, the parental DNA labeled with radioactive uracil and cytosine remains acid insoluble. If the synthesis of the phage-induced uracil-DNA N-glycosidase inhibitor is prevented, the parental DNA is completely degraded to acid-soluble products beginning at about 6 min after infection. The host N-glycosidase probably initiates the degradation pathway, with nucleases being responsible for the remaining degradation of the DNA.", "contents": "Metabolism of uracil-containing DNA: degradation of bacteriophage PBS2 DNA in Bacillus subtilis. When Bacillus subtilis is infected by the uracil-containing DNA phage PBS2, the parental DNA labeled with radioactive uracil and cytosine remains acid insoluble. If the synthesis of the phage-induced uracil-DNA N-glycosidase inhibitor is prevented, the parental DNA is completely degraded to acid-soluble products beginning at about 6 min after infection. The host N-glycosidase probably initiates the degradation pathway, with nucleases being responsible for the remaining degradation of the DNA.", "PMID": 406424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3671", "title": "Prophage F116: evidence for extrachromosomal location in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO.", "content": "F116 is a temperate-generalized transducing phage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genetic evidence leads to the conclusion that F116 prophage DNA is maintained extrachromosomally as a plasmid. Preliminary physical evidence is presented to support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Prophage F116: evidence for extrachromosomal location in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO. F116 is a temperate-generalized transducing phage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genetic evidence leads to the conclusion that F116 prophage DNA is maintained extrachromosomally as a plasmid. Preliminary physical evidence is presented to support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 406425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3672", "title": "Successful management of ileal conduit-enteric fistula: the case against loopograms.", "content": "The second reported case of ileal conduit-enteric fistula successfully managed with long-tube decompression and intravenous hyperalimentation is presented. Loopograms are not indicated unless excretory urography is contraindicated or intraperitoneal leakage is suspected.", "contents": "Successful management of ileal conduit-enteric fistula: the case against loopograms. The second reported case of ileal conduit-enteric fistula successfully managed with long-tube decompression and intravenous hyperalimentation is presented. Loopograms are not indicated unless excretory urography is contraindicated or intraperitoneal leakage is suspected.", "PMID": 406426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3673", "title": "Computerized cranial tomography. Effect on diagnostic and therapeutic plans.", "content": "The effect of computerized cranial tomography (CCT) on physicians' diagnostic and therapeutic plans in 194 patients scanned consecutively during a 17-day period at the Massachusetts General Hospital was studied. Use of CCT substantially decreased the perceived need for other neurodiagnostic tests in this patient population. There was a reduction of a least 41% in radionuclide scans, 52% angiograms, and 73% in pneumoencephalograms compared to the needs projected had CCT not been available. Therapy was altered after 37 scans in 36 patients (19% of those examined): new treatment was begun after 15 scans, previously planned therapy became more precise after 9 scans, treatment was found to be unnecessary after 7 scans, and treatment was abandoned as worthless after 6 scans.", "contents": "Computerized cranial tomography. Effect on diagnostic and therapeutic plans. The effect of computerized cranial tomography (CCT) on physicians' diagnostic and therapeutic plans in 194 patients scanned consecutively during a 17-day period at the Massachusetts General Hospital was studied. Use of CCT substantially decreased the perceived need for other neurodiagnostic tests in this patient population. There was a reduction of a least 41% in radionuclide scans, 52% angiograms, and 73% in pneumoencephalograms compared to the needs projected had CCT not been available. Therapy was altered after 37 scans in 36 patients (19% of those examined): new treatment was begun after 15 scans, previously planned therapy became more precise after 9 scans, treatment was found to be unnecessary after 7 scans, and treatment was abandoned as worthless after 6 scans.", "PMID": 406427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3674", "title": "Tissue persistence of gentamicin in man.", "content": "A two-compartment pharmcokinetic model was used to caracterize serum concentrations and to predict tissue accumulation of gentamicin in 47 treated patients. Postmortem tissues were obtained in six cases; in each instance, tissues yielded the predicted amount of drug. Slow release of tissue-bound gentamicin accounts for its prolonged retention in the body. The two-compartment model adequately predicts gentamicin accumulation from serum concentrations and explains why this antibiotic persists in serum and urine.", "contents": "Tissue persistence of gentamicin in man. A two-compartment pharmcokinetic model was used to caracterize serum concentrations and to predict tissue accumulation of gentamicin in 47 treated patients. Postmortem tissues were obtained in six cases; in each instance, tissues yielded the predicted amount of drug. Slow release of tissue-bound gentamicin accounts for its prolonged retention in the body. The two-compartment model adequately predicts gentamicin accumulation from serum concentrations and explains why this antibiotic persists in serum and urine.", "PMID": 406431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3675", "title": "Problem-oriented approach to practice. I. Economic impact.", "content": "The problem-oriented system provides a unique management tool for medical practice. It follows basic management principles for any complex human endeavor (ie, define goals, set standards, audit performance to those standards, and assess results). The basic tool is the problem-oriented record, which demands that statements of medical action be explicit to permit audit. This concept can be extended to provide and assess care for an entire practice. Five years of cumulative data were assessed. The following changes were noted: (1) The ratio of patients to physicians doubled. (2) The total hospitalization rate fell by more than 20% and general medical portion by 60%. (3) Ambulatory use and cost decreased by approximately 20%. (4) Expenditures for services fell by 22%, while national expenditures for physician services increased by 28%.", "contents": "Problem-oriented approach to practice. I. Economic impact. The problem-oriented system provides a unique management tool for medical practice. It follows basic management principles for any complex human endeavor (ie, define goals, set standards, audit performance to those standards, and assess results). The basic tool is the problem-oriented record, which demands that statements of medical action be explicit to permit audit. This concept can be extended to provide and assess care for an entire practice. Five years of cumulative data were assessed. The following changes were noted: (1) The ratio of patients to physicians doubled. (2) The total hospitalization rate fell by more than 20% and general medical portion by 60%. (3) Ambulatory use and cost decreased by approximately 20%. (4) Expenditures for services fell by 22%, while national expenditures for physician services increased by 28%.", "PMID": 406432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3676", "title": "Immunogenetic studies on the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): XI use of blood groups in problems of parentage.", "content": "A battery of 21 alloimmune blood typing reagents was developed and used for resolving cases of disputed parentage in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Using these reagents, the breeding records of a large colony of rhesus monkeys were monitored. Among 1263 complete families typed, 46 (3.6%) disputed parentage cases were discovered by excluding an assigned parent. Of these disputed parentage cases, 76% were resolved and the most probable parents assigned. In addition, the paternity of 63% of the infants born into a man-made troop which included several unrelated adult males was determined. The probability of excluding an incorrectly assigned (randomly chosen) male as a father was calculated as 73% when all 21 reagents are employed.", "contents": "Immunogenetic studies on the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): XI use of blood groups in problems of parentage. A battery of 21 alloimmune blood typing reagents was developed and used for resolving cases of disputed parentage in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Using these reagents, the breeding records of a large colony of rhesus monkeys were monitored. Among 1263 complete families typed, 46 (3.6%) disputed parentage cases were discovered by excluding an assigned parent. Of these disputed parentage cases, 76% were resolved and the most probable parents assigned. In addition, the paternity of 63% of the infants born into a man-made troop which included several unrelated adult males was determined. The probability of excluding an incorrectly assigned (randomly chosen) male as a father was calculated as 73% when all 21 reagents are employed.", "PMID": 406479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3677", "title": "Correlation of perineal detumescence and ovulation in the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina).", "content": "A study was made of the relationship between ovulation and perineal detumescence in the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Daily laparoscopic examation of both ovaries was made beginning on the 9th day of the menstrual cycle. The appearance of the ovaries was recorded and photographs were taken of the perineum and ovaries. This procedure was repeated daily until the 5th day after ovulation or until the 20th day of the menstrual cycle for presumed anovulatory cycles. The time at which ovulation occurred was correlated with first signs of detumescence, both events occurring within a 24-hour period.", "contents": "Correlation of perineal detumescence and ovulation in the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina). A study was made of the relationship between ovulation and perineal detumescence in the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Daily laparoscopic examation of both ovaries was made beginning on the 9th day of the menstrual cycle. The appearance of the ovaries was recorded and photographs were taken of the perineum and ovaries. This procedure was repeated daily until the 5th day after ovulation or until the 20th day of the menstrual cycle for presumed anovulatory cycles. The time at which ovulation occurred was correlated with first signs of detumescence, both events occurring within a 24-hour period.", "PMID": 406480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3678", "title": "Accidental methyl methacrylate inhalation toxicity in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "A rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), accidentally exposed to vapors of methyl methacrylate for 22 hours was found in a comatose condition. Attempts to revive the animal were unsuccessful. Necropsy revealed a diffusely mottled liver, pulmonary edema, and atelectasis. The thoracic cavities each contained 30 ml of clear yellow fluid. Histopathologic review of the tissues showed central lobular liver necrosis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary emphysema, and atelectasis. Analysis of a blood sample obtained from the monkey 1.5 hours prior to death showed a normal hemogram, but elevated values for serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphohexose isomerase, blood urea nitrogen, and serum sodium. The pathologic findings, laboratory results, and clinical history suggested a diagnosis of methyl methacrylate poisoning.", "contents": "Accidental methyl methacrylate inhalation toxicity in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). A rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), accidentally exposed to vapors of methyl methacrylate for 22 hours was found in a comatose condition. Attempts to revive the animal were unsuccessful. Necropsy revealed a diffusely mottled liver, pulmonary edema, and atelectasis. The thoracic cavities each contained 30 ml of clear yellow fluid. Histopathologic review of the tissues showed central lobular liver necrosis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary emphysema, and atelectasis. Analysis of a blood sample obtained from the monkey 1.5 hours prior to death showed a normal hemogram, but elevated values for serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphohexose isomerase, blood urea nitrogen, and serum sodium. The pathologic findings, laboratory results, and clinical history suggested a diagnosis of methyl methacrylate poisoning.", "PMID": 406481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3679", "title": "Mode of payment and length of stay in the hospital: more work for PSROs?", "content": "The Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs) mandated by the Social Security Act aim to monitor and control hospital utilization by publicly funded patients, particularly those whose care is paid for by Medicare and Medicaid. One question to ask is, if PSROs prove successful in reducing suspected overutilization by public patients, would the principal private third parties, Blue Cross and commericial insurance plans, benefit by applying those techniques to their patients, as well. Data are presented from the Chicago Hospital Discharge Study, which was conducted in February, 1970, before PSRO activities were undertaken. They show that average length of stay for Medicaid patients is not consistently different from that for patients who pay by other means. Therefore, it is argued that, if it proves successful as applied to Medicaid patients, private third parties might benefit by using the PSRO mechanism to try to monitor and control the stays of their patients, as well.", "contents": "Mode of payment and length of stay in the hospital: more work for PSROs? The Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs) mandated by the Social Security Act aim to monitor and control hospital utilization by publicly funded patients, particularly those whose care is paid for by Medicare and Medicaid. One question to ask is, if PSROs prove successful in reducing suspected overutilization by public patients, would the principal private third parties, Blue Cross and commericial insurance plans, benefit by applying those techniques to their patients, as well. Data are presented from the Chicago Hospital Discharge Study, which was conducted in February, 1970, before PSRO activities were undertaken. They show that average length of stay for Medicaid patients is not consistently different from that for patients who pay by other means. Therefore, it is argued that, if it proves successful as applied to Medicaid patients, private third parties might benefit by using the PSRO mechanism to try to monitor and control the stays of their patients, as well.", "PMID": 406486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3680", "title": "Distribution of indigenous Lactobacilli in the digestive tract of conventional and gnotobiotic rats.", "content": "Distribution of indigenous lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats was investigated at the species level. The indigenous lactobacilli isolated from conventional rats were divided into three groups, Lactobacillus acidophilus and its related strains, L. fermentum, and L. murini. Localization of the Lactobacillus groups in the gastrointestinal tracts could be distinguished clearly based on arabinose and glucose fermentation reaction of isolates from each part of the gastrointestinal tract. Group I (L. acidophilus and the related strains) and Group II (L. fermentum) were the major populations of lactobacilli on the walls of the non-glandular part and in the contents of the stomachs of both conventional and gnotobiotic rats. Group I predominated in all the parts of the digestive tract of conventional rats, whereas Group II was in the minority in the lower part of the gastrointestinal tracts of both groups of rats. Group III (L. murini) was the predominant population of Lactobacillus in the lower part of small intestine of conventional rats and in all parts of the gastrointestinal tracts of gnotobiotic rats except for the wall of the non-glandular part of the stomach.", "contents": "Distribution of indigenous Lactobacilli in the digestive tract of conventional and gnotobiotic rats. Distribution of indigenous lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats was investigated at the species level. The indigenous lactobacilli isolated from conventional rats were divided into three groups, Lactobacillus acidophilus and its related strains, L. fermentum, and L. murini. Localization of the Lactobacillus groups in the gastrointestinal tracts could be distinguished clearly based on arabinose and glucose fermentation reaction of isolates from each part of the gastrointestinal tract. Group I (L. acidophilus and the related strains) and Group II (L. fermentum) were the major populations of lactobacilli on the walls of the non-glandular part and in the contents of the stomachs of both conventional and gnotobiotic rats. Group I predominated in all the parts of the digestive tract of conventional rats, whereas Group II was in the minority in the lower part of the gastrointestinal tracts of both groups of rats. Group III (L. murini) was the predominant population of Lactobacillus in the lower part of small intestine of conventional rats and in all parts of the gastrointestinal tracts of gnotobiotic rats except for the wall of the non-glandular part of the stomach.", "PMID": 406500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3681", "title": "Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: 2. Perinatal risk factors.", "content": "Forty-four infants were diagnosed as having necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) during a 33 months' period; these represented 4% of all neonatal admissions. An increase in incidence was observed during this period, particularly in low-birth-weight infants weighing under 1,500 g. Perinatal risk factors occurring in infants preceding their onset of NEC are found also to be significantly more common in infants under 1,500 g compared with those between 1,500 and 2,499 g. When the incidence of these clinically associated conditions in infants with NEC are compared with the incidence in infants who did not have NEC in the same birth weight category, a difference can be demonstrated only in 4 out of the 23 analysed: prolonged rupture of membranes with amnionitis; birth asphyxia; hypertonic milk feeds; exchange transfusion. As NEC is possibly a disease of multifactorial aetiology, a multivariant analysis of the data is indicated to define the role of combined perinatal risk factors in the pathogenesis of this disease.", "contents": "Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: 2. Perinatal risk factors. Forty-four infants were diagnosed as having necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) during a 33 months' period; these represented 4% of all neonatal admissions. An increase in incidence was observed during this period, particularly in low-birth-weight infants weighing under 1,500 g. Perinatal risk factors occurring in infants preceding their onset of NEC are found also to be significantly more common in infants under 1,500 g compared with those between 1,500 and 2,499 g. When the incidence of these clinically associated conditions in infants with NEC are compared with the incidence in infants who did not have NEC in the same birth weight category, a difference can be demonstrated only in 4 out of the 23 analysed: prolonged rupture of membranes with amnionitis; birth asphyxia; hypertonic milk feeds; exchange transfusion. As NEC is possibly a disease of multifactorial aetiology, a multivariant analysis of the data is indicated to define the role of combined perinatal risk factors in the pathogenesis of this disease.", "PMID": 406504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3682", "title": "Triplet pregnancy and Rhesus isoimmunization.", "content": "A case of Rh isoimmunization complicating triplet pregnancy is reported and the rarity of the combination is noted. The management of Rh immunized pregnancy is review with particular reference to problems associated with plural pregnancy. The findings confirm earlier reports that fetal or placental influences as well as antibody titres determine the severity of erythroblastosis.", "contents": "Triplet pregnancy and Rhesus isoimmunization. A case of Rh isoimmunization complicating triplet pregnancy is reported and the rarity of the combination is noted. The management of Rh immunized pregnancy is review with particular reference to problems associated with plural pregnancy. The findings confirm earlier reports that fetal or placental influences as well as antibody titres determine the severity of erythroblastosis.", "PMID": 406505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3683", "title": "Heterochromatin of the Drosophila melanogaster Y chromosome as modifier of position effect variegation: the time of its action.", "content": "Addition of heterochromatin suppresses while subtraction enhances position effect variegation. The heterochromatin-sensitive period has been determined in white/white-apricot variegated eyes of YSWa/Wa; Dp (1,3)W264-58 flies. When such larvae, carrying a Y-short (YS) arm at the distal end of one X chromosome, are X-rayed, mitotic recombination leads to one daughter cell with two YS arms and an adjacent daughter cell with no YS arm. When induced after clonal initiation, the frequency of dark clones developing from daughter cells with two YS arms is significantly higher than the frequency of dark clones in the rest of the eye; and this frequency is even higher when induced before clonal initiation. The modifying action of the Y-heterochromatin is exerted, therefore, during and after clonal initiation. Surprisingly, the frequency of dark clones developing from cells with no YS arm is not lower than the frequency of dark clones in the rest of the eye.", "contents": "Heterochromatin of the Drosophila melanogaster Y chromosome as modifier of position effect variegation: the time of its action. Addition of heterochromatin suppresses while subtraction enhances position effect variegation. The heterochromatin-sensitive period has been determined in white/white-apricot variegated eyes of YSWa/Wa; Dp (1,3)W264-58 flies. When such larvae, carrying a Y-short (YS) arm at the distal end of one X chromosome, are X-rayed, mitotic recombination leads to one daughter cell with two YS arms and an adjacent daughter cell with no YS arm. When induced after clonal initiation, the frequency of dark clones developing from daughter cells with two YS arms is significantly higher than the frequency of dark clones in the rest of the eye; and this frequency is even higher when induced before clonal initiation. The modifying action of the Y-heterochromatin is exerted, therefore, during and after clonal initiation. Surprisingly, the frequency of dark clones developing from cells with no YS arm is not lower than the frequency of dark clones in the rest of the eye.", "PMID": 406511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3684", "title": "Biogenesis of mitochondria 48: mikamycin resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae--a mitochondrial mutation conferring resistance to an antimycin A-like contaminant in mikamycin.", "content": "Commercial preparations of mikamycin have been shown to act as both inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis and respiration. These preparations are shown to consist of two major streptogramin components (mikamycin A and mikamycin B) and a number of minor components. The major streptogramin components which inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis in vitro are without effect in vivo due to whole cell impermeability to these compounds. A minor antimycin A-like component is the active compound in mikamycin preparations which inhibits growth of yeast cells on ethanol. The site of this inhibition is at the level of respiratory Comples III. The mitochondrial [mik 1-r] mutation confers resistance to this minor growth inhibitory component and cross resistance to antimycin A. For clarity the designation mik 1 has therefore been renamed ana 1 to denote the mitochondrial determinant conferring resistance to antimycin A. Genetic and physical mapping studies localise the ana 1 determinant in the region of mitochondrial DNA specifying cytochrome b. It is proposed that the ana 1 locus is part of a gene specifying a membrane component of Complex III.", "contents": "Biogenesis of mitochondria 48: mikamycin resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae--a mitochondrial mutation conferring resistance to an antimycin A-like contaminant in mikamycin. Commercial preparations of mikamycin have been shown to act as both inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis and respiration. These preparations are shown to consist of two major streptogramin components (mikamycin A and mikamycin B) and a number of minor components. The major streptogramin components which inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis in vitro are without effect in vivo due to whole cell impermeability to these compounds. A minor antimycin A-like component is the active compound in mikamycin preparations which inhibits growth of yeast cells on ethanol. The site of this inhibition is at the level of respiratory Comples III. The mitochondrial [mik 1-r] mutation confers resistance to this minor growth inhibitory component and cross resistance to antimycin A. For clarity the designation mik 1 has therefore been renamed ana 1 to denote the mitochondrial determinant conferring resistance to antimycin A. Genetic and physical mapping studies localise the ana 1 determinant in the region of mitochondrial DNA specifying cytochrome b. It is proposed that the ana 1 locus is part of a gene specifying a membrane component of Complex III.", "PMID": 406512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3685", "title": "[Importance of the use of the Betatron in combination with other procedures in the treatment of retinoblastoma].", "content": "High energy (Betatron) improves the results of retinoblastoma therapy. Among its advantages we should like to mention the following: high doses at the tumour may be reached within a few days; the exact position of the tumour may be determined without half-light; the duration of irradiation is short which permits to keep the patients-mostly children-immoble more easily, and the good general and local tolerance of the irradiation.", "contents": "[Importance of the use of the Betatron in combination with other procedures in the treatment of retinoblastoma]. High energy (Betatron) improves the results of retinoblastoma therapy. Among its advantages we should like to mention the following: high doses at the tumour may be reached within a few days; the exact position of the tumour may be determined without half-light; the duration of irradiation is short which permits to keep the patients-mostly children-immoble more easily, and the good general and local tolerance of the irradiation.", "PMID": 406518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3686", "title": "Peripheral uveitis in the owl monkey. Experimental model.", "content": "Primary intravitreous HA injections cause a great variation in ocular inflammatory response, ranging from slight Tyndall effect (LI-HA) to severe inflammation (HI-HA). Both slight and severe inflammation are transient and subside completely within 10-30 days (early inflammatory response), whereas multiple injections ( greater than 3 times) cause a peripheral uveitis, which can be of interest as an experimental model. Control experiments with endotoxin (endotoxin uveitis) fail to produce the same or similar pathological alterations.", "contents": "Peripheral uveitis in the owl monkey. Experimental model. Primary intravitreous HA injections cause a great variation in ocular inflammatory response, ranging from slight Tyndall effect (LI-HA) to severe inflammation (HI-HA). Both slight and severe inflammation are transient and subside completely within 10-30 days (early inflammatory response), whereas multiple injections ( greater than 3 times) cause a peripheral uveitis, which can be of interest as an experimental model. Control experiments with endotoxin (endotoxin uveitis) fail to produce the same or similar pathological alterations.", "PMID": 406519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3687", "title": "[Diabetes and estrogens-gestagens (author's transl)].", "content": "The glucose tolerance of the normal woman is not disturbed by oral contraceptives, or only slightly so. In women with a hereditary diabetic taint or diabetic complications during pregnancy, however, the diabetogenic effect is intensified. Estrogens/gestagens (OE-P) are contraindicated in patients with latent diabetes because they may develop an irreversible manifest diabetes. OE-P may be given in manifest diabetes with careful supervision of the blood sugar, lipid levels and the vascular condition. The doses of insulin or oral antidiabetics must often be raised. If the diabetes is not adequately stabilized, the OE-P must be discontinued. Young diabetic women should have their children before the onset of vascular complications. If a diabetic has two living children, surgical sterilization must be given serious consideration.", "contents": "[Diabetes and estrogens-gestagens (author's transl)]. The glucose tolerance of the normal woman is not disturbed by oral contraceptives, or only slightly so. In women with a hereditary diabetic taint or diabetic complications during pregnancy, however, the diabetogenic effect is intensified. Estrogens/gestagens (OE-P) are contraindicated in patients with latent diabetes because they may develop an irreversible manifest diabetes. OE-P may be given in manifest diabetes with careful supervision of the blood sugar, lipid levels and the vascular condition. The doses of insulin or oral antidiabetics must often be raised. If the diabetes is not adequately stabilized, the OE-P must be discontinued. Young diabetic women should have their children before the onset of vascular complications. If a diabetic has two living children, surgical sterilization must be given serious consideration.", "PMID": 406526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3688", "title": "[Essential labile diabetes (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Essential labile diabetes\" is an insulin-dependent diabetes, in the course of which irregular and unpredictable hyperglycemias, frequently with ketosis, and sometimes serious hypoglycemias alternate. In spite of careful treatment with insulin, diet and suitable hygienic measures, this form of diabetes cannot be influenced. Fortunately, it seldom occurs, not more frequently than in 1 to 2% of diabetics. Various attempts have been made to explain the pathogenesis of this form of the disease. The most probable explanation is that there is an almost complete exhaustion of insulin secretion. This hypothesis is based on the extremely low level of the C peptide below 0.60 ng/ml, whereas in non-labile insulin-dependent diabetics the C peptide amounts to more than 2.2 ng/ml", "contents": "[Essential labile diabetes (author's transl)]. \"Essential labile diabetes\" is an insulin-dependent diabetes, in the course of which irregular and unpredictable hyperglycemias, frequently with ketosis, and sometimes serious hypoglycemias alternate. In spite of careful treatment with insulin, diet and suitable hygienic measures, this form of diabetes cannot be influenced. Fortunately, it seldom occurs, not more frequently than in 1 to 2% of diabetics. Various attempts have been made to explain the pathogenesis of this form of the disease. The most probable explanation is that there is an almost complete exhaustion of insulin secretion. This hypothesis is based on the extremely low level of the C peptide below 0.60 ng/ml, whereas in non-labile insulin-dependent diabetics the C peptide amounts to more than 2.2 ng/ml", "PMID": 406527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3689", "title": "[Funnel chest and pigeon breast (author's transl)].", "content": "The dominant heredity of funnel chest formation is considered proved. The incidence of funnel chest is about 0.05% of the population, with the emphasis on boys. In very many cases deformities of the anterior chest wall are associated with other deformities. All patients with pigeon breast or funnel chest suffer considerably psychically under their deformity. This is the main indication for operation. The best age for operation is from the 2nd to 6th years of life. Conservative methods of treatment are never successful. Of the present day operative techniques, the stabilizing--by implantation of metal clips--are opposed to the nonstabilizing operative procedures. Both achieve equally good and completely satisfactory results in 85% of cases.", "contents": "[Funnel chest and pigeon breast (author's transl)]. The dominant heredity of funnel chest formation is considered proved. The incidence of funnel chest is about 0.05% of the population, with the emphasis on boys. In very many cases deformities of the anterior chest wall are associated with other deformities. All patients with pigeon breast or funnel chest suffer considerably psychically under their deformity. This is the main indication for operation. The best age for operation is from the 2nd to 6th years of life. Conservative methods of treatment are never successful. Of the present day operative techniques, the stabilizing--by implantation of metal clips--are opposed to the nonstabilizing operative procedures. Both achieve equally good and completely satisfactory results in 85% of cases.", "PMID": 406529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3690", "title": "[Traffic accidents in childhood--an analysis of 4100 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Every hour a child dies as a result of an accident. Most accidents to children occur between 10.00 and 12.00 in the morning and between 15.00 and 17.00 in the afternoon. 2-6 year-old children are particularly liable to accidents. They make up 50% of all accidents to children. 20% of all accidents occur in traffic; in this group especially, the most deaths and multiple injuries are to be seen. An inquiry among 1000 children revealed that their knowledge of traffic behavior is particularly poor; according to the school standards of assessment, one third of all children would not reach the level of the class in this special field. 52% of all children in cars and 36% of all children on bicycles are in danger of their lives.", "contents": "[Traffic accidents in childhood--an analysis of 4100 cases (author's transl)]. Every hour a child dies as a result of an accident. Most accidents to children occur between 10.00 and 12.00 in the morning and between 15.00 and 17.00 in the afternoon. 2-6 year-old children are particularly liable to accidents. They make up 50% of all accidents to children. 20% of all accidents occur in traffic; in this group especially, the most deaths and multiple injuries are to be seen. An inquiry among 1000 children revealed that their knowledge of traffic behavior is particularly poor; according to the school standards of assessment, one third of all children would not reach the level of the class in this special field. 52% of all children in cars and 36% of all children on bicycles are in danger of their lives.", "PMID": 406530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3691", "title": "[The postcholecystectomy syndrome. Prophylaxis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The postcholecystectomy syndrome is no inevitable sequel to operation on the biliary tract. The conditions for the postcholecystectomy syndrome are only created if the patients do not come for operation early, i.e. in good time, because the gall bladder disease has by then become a disease of the biliary tract and consequently the technique of the operation and prognosis have assumed considerably more serious characteristics. The postcholecystectomy syndrome is an internal medical, surgical and general medical problem which is preprogramed by procrastinators.", "contents": "[The postcholecystectomy syndrome. Prophylaxis and therapy (author's transl)]. The postcholecystectomy syndrome is no inevitable sequel to operation on the biliary tract. The conditions for the postcholecystectomy syndrome are only created if the patients do not come for operation early, i.e. in good time, because the gall bladder disease has by then become a disease of the biliary tract and consequently the technique of the operation and prognosis have assumed considerably more serious characteristics. The postcholecystectomy syndrome is an internal medical, surgical and general medical problem which is preprogramed by procrastinators.", "PMID": 406531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3692", "title": "[Operation for draining the stomach by subtotal pyloro-myectomy with and without dilatation of the mucous membrane (author's transl)].", "content": "According to our experiences a pyloroplasty adequate in shape and function can be formed by a separate plastic surgical treatment of the serosa muscularis and mucosa, which can not only be carried out in a very simple way, but if strict attention is paid to its indications and the technical details are adhered to exactly, it also guarantees a complete normalization of evacuation of the stomach without dumping syndrome and duodenal reflux with satisfactory reliability. The necessary intervention consists essentially of a subtotal pyloro-myectomy which is combined with distention of the canal mucous membrane if it is too narrow.", "contents": "[Operation for draining the stomach by subtotal pyloro-myectomy with and without dilatation of the mucous membrane (author's transl)]. According to our experiences a pyloroplasty adequate in shape and function can be formed by a separate plastic surgical treatment of the serosa muscularis and mucosa, which can not only be carried out in a very simple way, but if strict attention is paid to its indications and the technical details are adhered to exactly, it also guarantees a complete normalization of evacuation of the stomach without dumping syndrome and duodenal reflux with satisfactory reliability. The necessary intervention consists essentially of a subtotal pyloro-myectomy which is combined with distention of the canal mucous membrane if it is too narrow.", "PMID": 406532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3693", "title": "[Surgical treatment of cerebral ischemia. Indications for surgery in carotid artery stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Reconstruction of carotid arteries should preferably be a prophylactic measure and only in exceptional cases a therapeutic procedure. The best results are seen in stage I (asymptomatic) or in stage II (transient ischemic attacks). Surgical intervention in acute cerebral vascular insufficiency is indicated only with a conscious patient with a negative brain scan and without progressing symptoms (stage III a). In stage IIIb (progressive stroke) and stage IVa (acute completed stroke) operative treatment is contraindicated because of a high mortality rate. In accidents with persisting neurologic symptoms (completed stroke more than 2 weeks old) necessary reconstruction of the contralateral vessel is indicated.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of cerebral ischemia. Indications for surgery in carotid artery stenosis (author's transl)]. Reconstruction of carotid arteries should preferably be a prophylactic measure and only in exceptional cases a therapeutic procedure. The best results are seen in stage I (asymptomatic) or in stage II (transient ischemic attacks). Surgical intervention in acute cerebral vascular insufficiency is indicated only with a conscious patient with a negative brain scan and without progressing symptoms (stage III a). In stage IIIb (progressive stroke) and stage IVa (acute completed stroke) operative treatment is contraindicated because of a high mortality rate. In accidents with persisting neurologic symptoms (completed stroke more than 2 weeks old) necessary reconstruction of the contralateral vessel is indicated.", "PMID": 406533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3694", "title": "[Covering defects by free grafting of skin and soft tissue with microvascular anastomoses (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of free tissue transplantation with microvascular anastomoses in 3 patients is presented. Transplants consisting of skin and subcutaneous tissue from the groin with the superficial circumflex iliac artery and the superficial epigastric artery were used to cover defects over the calcaneum and to treat a scalping wound of the head, and a transplant from the dorsum of the foot with the A. dorsalis pedis and accompanying sensory nerves to the palmar surface of a hand following a third degree burn. Eight of a total of 13 transplants with microvascular connections healed completely. Partial necrosis occurred three times and total necrosis twice.", "contents": "[Covering defects by free grafting of skin and soft tissue with microvascular anastomoses (author's transl)]. The technique of free tissue transplantation with microvascular anastomoses in 3 patients is presented. Transplants consisting of skin and subcutaneous tissue from the groin with the superficial circumflex iliac artery and the superficial epigastric artery were used to cover defects over the calcaneum and to treat a scalping wound of the head, and a transplant from the dorsum of the foot with the A. dorsalis pedis and accompanying sensory nerves to the palmar surface of a hand following a third degree burn. Eight of a total of 13 transplants with microvascular connections healed completely. Partial necrosis occurred three times and total necrosis twice.", "PMID": 406534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3695", "title": "[Therapy of malignant tumors of the thyroid].", "content": "Early detection is still the most urgent concern for the successful treatment of carcinoma of the thyroid. A considerable obstruction to early tumor recognition in Germany is the still much too frequently recorded \"endemic goiter\". A consistent general goiter prophylaxis by iodization of the domestic salt may also have a favorable influence on tumor diagnosis. The basis for an exhaustively planned treatment of \"struma maligna\" is the histomorphological classification of tumors. By radical surgical intervention and the selective application of isotope and megavolt irradiation and obligatory prescription of thyroid hormone the treatment results, especially in the differentiated thyroid carcinomata, can be improved to 10-year survival rates of more than 85%.", "contents": "[Therapy of malignant tumors of the thyroid]. Early detection is still the most urgent concern for the successful treatment of carcinoma of the thyroid. A considerable obstruction to early tumor recognition in Germany is the still much too frequently recorded \"endemic goiter\". A consistent general goiter prophylaxis by iodization of the domestic salt may also have a favorable influence on tumor diagnosis. The basis for an exhaustively planned treatment of \"struma maligna\" is the histomorphological classification of tumors. By radical surgical intervention and the selective application of isotope and megavolt irradiation and obligatory prescription of thyroid hormone the treatment results, especially in the differentiated thyroid carcinomata, can be improved to 10-year survival rates of more than 85%.", "PMID": 406538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3696", "title": "[Treatment of breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Controlled trials and long term studies in patients with breast cancer of stage I and II have shown, that this disease in the majority of cases is no longer localized when first noticed clinically. Surgical therapy is therefore only a part of the complete management of these patients and must be thought over concerning its radicality. In England several controlled studies are under way for that reason. They are conducted and continuously evaluated by multidisciplinary teams of which the surgeon is an important member.", "contents": "[Treatment of breast cancer (author's transl)]. Controlled trials and long term studies in patients with breast cancer of stage I and II have shown, that this disease in the majority of cases is no longer localized when first noticed clinically. Surgical therapy is therefore only a part of the complete management of these patients and must be thought over concerning its radicality. In England several controlled studies are under way for that reason. They are conducted and continuously evaluated by multidisciplinary teams of which the surgeon is an important member.", "PMID": 406539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3697", "title": "[Changed aspects of gastric cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "In our western countries gastric cancer is no longer a local disease when first diagnosed in more than 55% of patients. Fairly extensive experience with extended radical procedures has failed to demonstrate any significant improvement in the 5-year survival rate. Moreover, increased operative morbidity and mortality have even aggravated our results. Subtotal gastrectomy (Billroth II) is therefore recommended for the carcinoma of the antrum, total gastrectomy (with interposition of jejunum) for carcinoma of the cardia and selected cases. Our current goal should be greater efforts towards early diagnosis to reach the results of Japanese surgeons with \"early superficial cancer\" of the stomach.", "contents": "[Changed aspects of gastric cancer (author's transl)]. In our western countries gastric cancer is no longer a local disease when first diagnosed in more than 55% of patients. Fairly extensive experience with extended radical procedures has failed to demonstrate any significant improvement in the 5-year survival rate. Moreover, increased operative morbidity and mortality have even aggravated our results. Subtotal gastrectomy (Billroth II) is therefore recommended for the carcinoma of the antrum, total gastrectomy (with interposition of jejunum) for carcinoma of the cardia and selected cases. Our current goal should be greater efforts towards early diagnosis to reach the results of Japanese surgeons with \"early superficial cancer\" of the stomach.", "PMID": 406541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3698", "title": "[New thoughts on diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "The significance of genetic factors in the origination of a diabetes mellitus is generally recognized. Besides this, the possibility of a virus etiology and an autoimmune etiology is discussed. The numerous very complex actions of insulin on the cells of liver, muscle and other organs take place with the assistance of special receptors, the number of available receptors probably being important. A great advance in therapy is the development of the monocomponent insulins. They are primarily indicated in the labile forms, especially in infantile and juvenile diabetes, in insulin resistance, for high antiinsulin titiers, insulin allergy, lipoatrophy and microangiopathy. We must wait and see how far transplantation of a pancreas or Langerhans islet cells or the \"artificial\" pancreas can be used in future treatment.", "contents": "[New thoughts on diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. The significance of genetic factors in the origination of a diabetes mellitus is generally recognized. Besides this, the possibility of a virus etiology and an autoimmune etiology is discussed. The numerous very complex actions of insulin on the cells of liver, muscle and other organs take place with the assistance of special receptors, the number of available receptors probably being important. A great advance in therapy is the development of the monocomponent insulins. They are primarily indicated in the labile forms, especially in infantile and juvenile diabetes, in insulin resistance, for high antiinsulin titiers, insulin allergy, lipoatrophy and microangiopathy. We must wait and see how far transplantation of a pancreas or Langerhans islet cells or the \"artificial\" pancreas can be used in future treatment.", "PMID": 406546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3699", "title": "[Diabetic angiopathy. A new concept of pathogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "In juvenile diabetes there is a renal hypertrophy: glomerular volume and capillary lumen of the individual glomeruli are about twice the size of healthy ones. The hypertrophy is associated with a hyperfunction (increased glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption). If the diabetes is strictly controlled these changes may regress, which suggests a metabolically induced hypertrophy. Long-standing diabetes is characterized by a phase of intermittent proteinuria which gradually becomes permanent. Diabetic angiopathy is the result of many years of abnormal metabolism, presumably with involvement of the growth hormone and glucose. Whereas microangiopathy is considered specific for diabetes, it is still a matter for discussion whether a diabetic macroangiopathy exists. The results of numerous investigations suggest that it does.", "contents": "[Diabetic angiopathy. A new concept of pathogenesis (author's transl)]. In juvenile diabetes there is a renal hypertrophy: glomerular volume and capillary lumen of the individual glomeruli are about twice the size of healthy ones. The hypertrophy is associated with a hyperfunction (increased glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption). If the diabetes is strictly controlled these changes may regress, which suggests a metabolically induced hypertrophy. Long-standing diabetes is characterized by a phase of intermittent proteinuria which gradually becomes permanent. Diabetic angiopathy is the result of many years of abnormal metabolism, presumably with involvement of the growth hormone and glucose. Whereas microangiopathy is considered specific for diabetes, it is still a matter for discussion whether a diabetic macroangiopathy exists. The results of numerous investigations suggest that it does.", "PMID": 406547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3700", "title": "[Hyperosmolar coma in diabetes (author's transl)].", "content": "Diabetic hyperosmolar coma is characterized by the appearance of a diabetic metabolic state in middle age, lack of ketosis, osmolarity of the plasma greater than 350 milliosmoles, psychic and neurological disturbances, increased occurrence of secondary diseases, arterial thromboses, azotemia. The mortality is 30-60%. The pathogenesis is still uncertain in many respects, consequently the suggestions for therapy are varied. The authors have found the following procedure useful: rapid compensation of sodium deficit, restoration of water balance, normalization of the composition of body fluids by reference to continuous laboratory investigation.", "contents": "[Hyperosmolar coma in diabetes (author's transl)]. Diabetic hyperosmolar coma is characterized by the appearance of a diabetic metabolic state in middle age, lack of ketosis, osmolarity of the plasma greater than 350 milliosmoles, psychic and neurological disturbances, increased occurrence of secondary diseases, arterial thromboses, azotemia. The mortality is 30-60%. The pathogenesis is still uncertain in many respects, consequently the suggestions for therapy are varied. The authors have found the following procedure useful: rapid compensation of sodium deficit, restoration of water balance, normalization of the composition of body fluids by reference to continuous laboratory investigation.", "PMID": 406548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3701", "title": "[Diabetes and pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The metabolic and hormonal adaptation of the maternal organism in pregnancy, the glucose dependency of the fetus, the adaptation of the fetus to the pregnancy and the clinical consequences of the adaptation are important aspects of pregnancy in diabetics. Hyperglycemia in the mother possibly leads to a fetal anoxia by reducing the oxygen in the maternal hemoglobin and at the same time to a hyperglycemia of the fetus which causes hyperinsulinism. The consequences of hyperinsulinism are, inter alia, adiposity and respiratory insufficiency in the child due to hyaline membranes. Insulin treatment of the mother before and during pregnancy in order to normalize the blood sugar level is consequently absolutely essential to prevent such complications.", "contents": "[Diabetes and pregnancy (author's transl)]. The metabolic and hormonal adaptation of the maternal organism in pregnancy, the glucose dependency of the fetus, the adaptation of the fetus to the pregnancy and the clinical consequences of the adaptation are important aspects of pregnancy in diabetics. Hyperglycemia in the mother possibly leads to a fetal anoxia by reducing the oxygen in the maternal hemoglobin and at the same time to a hyperglycemia of the fetus which causes hyperinsulinism. The consequences of hyperinsulinism are, inter alia, adiposity and respiratory insufficiency in the child due to hyaline membranes. Insulin treatment of the mother before and during pregnancy in order to normalize the blood sugar level is consequently absolutely essential to prevent such complications.", "PMID": 406549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3702", "title": "[The hemophiliac as a surgical patient (author's transl)].", "content": "In the Surgical Clinic of the University of Munich, 23 surgical interventions were performed on 20 hemophiliac patients between 1967 and 1976. There were 13 emergency and 10 elective operations. The spectrum ranged from removal of atheroma to subtotal gastric resection. For adequate substitution of factors a comprehensive preoperative \"hemostasis profile\", selection of a suitable preparation and postoperative supervision with coagulation analysis are necessary. Despite a normalization of the hemostasis, atraumatic surgical technique is particularly important. Risks of substitution therapy are primarily hepatitis, allergic reactions and the appearance of inhibitors. Whereas, especially using low-fibrogenic substrates, the operative risk is not essentially increased, in our experience the patients seem to be endangered particularly by infection and septic complications.", "contents": "[The hemophiliac as a surgical patient (author's transl)]. In the Surgical Clinic of the University of Munich, 23 surgical interventions were performed on 20 hemophiliac patients between 1967 and 1976. There were 13 emergency and 10 elective operations. The spectrum ranged from removal of atheroma to subtotal gastric resection. For adequate substitution of factors a comprehensive preoperative \"hemostasis profile\", selection of a suitable preparation and postoperative supervision with coagulation analysis are necessary. Despite a normalization of the hemostasis, atraumatic surgical technique is particularly important. Risks of substitution therapy are primarily hepatitis, allergic reactions and the appearance of inhibitors. Whereas, especially using low-fibrogenic substrates, the operative risk is not essentially increased, in our experience the patients seem to be endangered particularly by infection and septic complications.", "PMID": 406551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3703", "title": "[TSH state after thyroid hormone deprivation in athyrotic thyroid cancer patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The duration of thyroid hormone deprivation necessary on the one hand to achieve a sufficiently high endogenous TSH level for the identification of 131I-storing metastases or local relapses, and on the other hand to keep the consequences of thyroid hormone deprivation as low as possible, was determined in 111 athyrotic patients with thyroid carcinoma by means of the basal TSH level or a TRH stimulation test. From the first follow-up examination, a T3 deprivation of 8 days is to be recommended. Low basal TSH levels and marked stimulation in the TRH test should be sufficient cause to prolong the T3 deprivation to 10 days with further examinations. After a longterm suppression of athyrotic patients with thyroid hormone, a decrease in the TSH rise was observed in the course of 2 years, after appropriate interruption of the substitution.", "contents": "[TSH state after thyroid hormone deprivation in athyrotic thyroid cancer patients (author's transl)]. The duration of thyroid hormone deprivation necessary on the one hand to achieve a sufficiently high endogenous TSH level for the identification of 131I-storing metastases or local relapses, and on the other hand to keep the consequences of thyroid hormone deprivation as low as possible, was determined in 111 athyrotic patients with thyroid carcinoma by means of the basal TSH level or a TRH stimulation test. From the first follow-up examination, a T3 deprivation of 8 days is to be recommended. Low basal TSH levels and marked stimulation in the TRH test should be sufficient cause to prolong the T3 deprivation to 10 days with further examinations. After a longterm suppression of athyrotic patients with thyroid hormone, a decrease in the TSH rise was observed in the course of 2 years, after appropriate interruption of the substitution.", "PMID": 406553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3704", "title": "[Neurological complications after influenza vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical aspects and differential diagnosis of 11 neural complications following influenza vaccination (Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, serogenetic polyneuritis, encephalomyelitis) are discussed. Etiopathogenetically a hypersensitivity to components in the serum must be taken into consideration, as a case with anaphylactoid reaction shows. The incubation period of the remaining cases (beginning only after the 4th day post vaccination) is on the other hand consistent with the assumption of a pathomechanism rather like that of serum sickness. The number of influenza vaccinations previously administered in the individual case bears no relation to the neurological disturbances described. Vaccines of different manufacture can, in the same way, provoke these rare inoculation complications (frequency: 1 case per 0.7-1.3 mio vaccinations). The indication for influenza vaccinations is not limited by these occurrences.", "contents": "[Neurological complications after influenza vaccination (author's transl)]. The clinical aspects and differential diagnosis of 11 neural complications following influenza vaccination (Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, serogenetic polyneuritis, encephalomyelitis) are discussed. Etiopathogenetically a hypersensitivity to components in the serum must be taken into consideration, as a case with anaphylactoid reaction shows. The incubation period of the remaining cases (beginning only after the 4th day post vaccination) is on the other hand consistent with the assumption of a pathomechanism rather like that of serum sickness. The number of influenza vaccinations previously administered in the individual case bears no relation to the neurological disturbances described. Vaccines of different manufacture can, in the same way, provoke these rare inoculation complications (frequency: 1 case per 0.7-1.3 mio vaccinations). The indication for influenza vaccinations is not limited by these occurrences.", "PMID": 406554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3705", "title": "Mutagenicities of N-nitrosamines on Salmonella.", "content": "The mutagenic activities of 11 N-nitrosamines were tested using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98. All the carcinogenic N-nitrosamines were mutagenic on TA100 with a drug-activating system from the rat liver, whereas N,N-diphenylnitrosamine, a non-carcinogen, was not mutagenic. None of the N-nitrosamines was mutagenic on TA98, except N,N-diethylnitrosamine which was weakly mutagenic. To detect the mutagenicity of N,N-dimethylnitrosamine, the pre-incubation of bacteria and N,N-dimethylnitrosamine with S-9 Mix before if was poured onto plates was obligatorily required. Dimethyl sulfoxide inhibited the mutagenic effect of N,N-dimethylnitrosamine.", "contents": "Mutagenicities of N-nitrosamines on Salmonella. The mutagenic activities of 11 N-nitrosamines were tested using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98. All the carcinogenic N-nitrosamines were mutagenic on TA100 with a drug-activating system from the rat liver, whereas N,N-diphenylnitrosamine, a non-carcinogen, was not mutagenic. None of the N-nitrosamines was mutagenic on TA98, except N,N-diethylnitrosamine which was weakly mutagenic. To detect the mutagenicity of N,N-dimethylnitrosamine, the pre-incubation of bacteria and N,N-dimethylnitrosamine with S-9 Mix before if was poured onto plates was obligatorily required. Dimethyl sulfoxide inhibited the mutagenic effect of N,N-dimethylnitrosamine.", "PMID": 406555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3706", "title": "Mutagenicity of four hair dyes in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The hair dye constituents p-phenylenediamine, 2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate, 2,4-diaminotoluene and 4-nitro-0-phenylenediamine were tested for mutagenicity in Drosophila melanogaster. The compounds were given orally to adult males. The induction of sex-linked recessive lethal mutation was used as a measure of mutagenicity. All four of the dyes tested were mutagenic with a peak mutagenic activity in metabolically active germ cells (spermatids and spermatocytes).", "contents": "Mutagenicity of four hair dyes in Drosophila melanogaster. The hair dye constituents p-phenylenediamine, 2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate, 2,4-diaminotoluene and 4-nitro-0-phenylenediamine were tested for mutagenicity in Drosophila melanogaster. The compounds were given orally to adult males. The induction of sex-linked recessive lethal mutation was used as a measure of mutagenicity. All four of the dyes tested were mutagenic with a peak mutagenic activity in metabolically active germ cells (spermatids and spermatocytes).", "PMID": 406556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3707", "title": "Mutagen screening by a simplified bacterial fluctuation test: use of microsomal preparations and whole liver cells for metabolic activation.", "content": "We describe the use of a simplified bacterial fluctuation test to detect induced mutation, either incorporating liver microsomal or whole liver cell preparations. We have evaluated both types of test using three agents. The fluctuation assay seems somewhat slower, simpler and more sensitive than a conventional plating test with microsomes. A whole cell preparation appears marginally more effective than a microsomal fraction for metabolic activation of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene, but rather less effective for benz(a)pyrene and 2-acetamidofluorene. Ultimately the usefulness of activation by whole cells may depend upon whether the method can give a correlation with carcinogenicity that is more quantitative than microsome methods and better reflects organ and species specificity.", "contents": "Mutagen screening by a simplified bacterial fluctuation test: use of microsomal preparations and whole liver cells for metabolic activation. We describe the use of a simplified bacterial fluctuation test to detect induced mutation, either incorporating liver microsomal or whole liver cell preparations. We have evaluated both types of test using three agents. The fluctuation assay seems somewhat slower, simpler and more sensitive than a conventional plating test with microsomes. A whole cell preparation appears marginally more effective than a microsomal fraction for metabolic activation of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene, but rather less effective for benz(a)pyrene and 2-acetamidofluorene. Ultimately the usefulness of activation by whole cells may depend upon whether the method can give a correlation with carcinogenicity that is more quantitative than microsome methods and better reflects organ and species specificity.", "PMID": 406557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3708", "title": "Vinyl chloride mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "In inhalation experiments, Drosophila males were exposed to vinyl chloride at concentrations of 200, 850, 10,000 30,000 or 50,000 ppm for 2 days, and to 30 or 850 ppm for 17 days. VCM was mutagenic in the recessive-lethal test both after short-term and long-term exposures. The lowest effective concentration (LEC) was 850 ppm after 2 day exposure, and this value could be lowered to 30 ppm by prolonging the exposure time to 17 days. With the concentration levels tested, the mutation frequency increased with concentrations and reached a plateau at 10,000 ppm. This indicates a substrate saturation effect. In contrast with the recessive lethal assay, negative results were obtained when tests on dominant lethals, translocations, entire and partial sex-chromosome loss were carried out with VCM at 30,000 ppm for 2 days. This finding of a false negative seems a logical consequence of the observed saturation effect, and strengthens the concept that there exist two effective concentrations for point mutations vs the induction of chromosome breakage events. Vinyl chloride monomer provides another example to support our view that chromosome breakage is not a reliable measure of mutagenic activity.", "contents": "Vinyl chloride mutagenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. In inhalation experiments, Drosophila males were exposed to vinyl chloride at concentrations of 200, 850, 10,000 30,000 or 50,000 ppm for 2 days, and to 30 or 850 ppm for 17 days. VCM was mutagenic in the recessive-lethal test both after short-term and long-term exposures. The lowest effective concentration (LEC) was 850 ppm after 2 day exposure, and this value could be lowered to 30 ppm by prolonging the exposure time to 17 days. With the concentration levels tested, the mutation frequency increased with concentrations and reached a plateau at 10,000 ppm. This indicates a substrate saturation effect. In contrast with the recessive lethal assay, negative results were obtained when tests on dominant lethals, translocations, entire and partial sex-chromosome loss were carried out with VCM at 30,000 ppm for 2 days. This finding of a false negative seems a logical consequence of the observed saturation effect, and strengthens the concept that there exist two effective concentrations for point mutations vs the induction of chromosome breakage events. Vinyl chloride monomer provides another example to support our view that chromosome breakage is not a reliable measure of mutagenic activity.", "PMID": 406558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3709", "title": "Acute leukemia after alkylating-agent therapy of ovarian cancer.", "content": "To estimate the leukemogenic potential of alkylating agents, we surveyed 70 institutions using these drugs for the frequency of second cancers in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Thirteen cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia occurred among 5455 patients, as compared to 0.62 cases expected (relative risk = 21.0). All 13 had received alkylating agents. Nine also received radiotherapy. The relative risk for patients given chemotherapy was 36.1 and rose to 171.4 for those surviving for two years (rate = 13.75 per 1000 patients per year). To evaluate the role of therapy versus underlying disease, a historical control of 13,309 patients with ovarian cancer in the National Cancer Institute's End Results Program was analyzed. No excess of leukemia was noted in this group, even among 6596 women receiving radiation. The excess of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, therefore, appears attribute to alkylating agents, although the effect may be enhanced by exposure to radiation, as previously suggested for Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Acute leukemia after alkylating-agent therapy of ovarian cancer. To estimate the leukemogenic potential of alkylating agents, we surveyed 70 institutions using these drugs for the frequency of second cancers in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Thirteen cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia occurred among 5455 patients, as compared to 0.62 cases expected (relative risk = 21.0). All 13 had received alkylating agents. Nine also received radiotherapy. The relative risk for patients given chemotherapy was 36.1 and rose to 171.4 for those surviving for two years (rate = 13.75 per 1000 patients per year). To evaluate the role of therapy versus underlying disease, a historical control of 13,309 patients with ovarian cancer in the National Cancer Institute's End Results Program was analyzed. No excess of leukemia was noted in this group, even among 6596 women receiving radiation. The excess of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, therefore, appears attribute to alkylating agents, although the effect may be enhanced by exposure to radiation, as previously suggested for Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 406560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3710", "title": "Diabetic ketoacidosis: low-dose insulin therapy by various routes.", "content": "Since in normal persons the hypoglycemic effect of low-dose intramuscular exceeds that of subcutaneous insulin we studied the effect of routes of insulin therapy in diabetic ketoacidosis. Forty-five patients with diabetic ketoacidosis entered a randomized prospective protocol with insulin administered either intravenously, subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Initial priming dose of insulin had to be repeated in two of 15, three of 15 and six of 15 of the intravenous, subcutaneous and intramuscular groups respectively. The intravenous group had a more rapid fall in plasma glucose (P less than 0.01) and ketone bodies (P less than 0.05) during the first two hours. Thereafter, there were no significant differences in the rate of decline of plasma glucose or ketones nor in the time required for glucose to reach 250 mg per deciliter or for complete recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis. The data confirm the efficacy of low-dose insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis and indicate that the optimal route of insulin administration is by initial intravenous combined with subcutaneous or intramuscular.", "contents": "Diabetic ketoacidosis: low-dose insulin therapy by various routes. Since in normal persons the hypoglycemic effect of low-dose intramuscular exceeds that of subcutaneous insulin we studied the effect of routes of insulin therapy in diabetic ketoacidosis. Forty-five patients with diabetic ketoacidosis entered a randomized prospective protocol with insulin administered either intravenously, subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Initial priming dose of insulin had to be repeated in two of 15, three of 15 and six of 15 of the intravenous, subcutaneous and intramuscular groups respectively. The intravenous group had a more rapid fall in plasma glucose (P less than 0.01) and ketone bodies (P less than 0.05) during the first two hours. Thereafter, there were no significant differences in the rate of decline of plasma glucose or ketones nor in the time required for glucose to reach 250 mg per deciliter or for complete recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis. The data confirm the efficacy of low-dose insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis and indicate that the optimal route of insulin administration is by initial intravenous combined with subcutaneous or intramuscular.", "PMID": 406561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3711", "title": "[Radiometric determination of 11 carbamate pesticides in the nanogram and subnanongram ranges by means of cholinesterase inhibition].", "content": "This method for determining carbamates is based on the inhibiting action of these substances on acetylcholinesterase activity. The use of radioactively labelled acetylcholine as a substrate, the ensuing extractive separation of the radioactive acetic acid (formed by hydrolysis) and its radiometric determination permit to detect very small amounts of carbamates. The limit of detection for aldicarb, baygon, benomyl, bux, carbaryl, CIPC, matacil, phenmedipham and promecarb lies in the picogram range; that for barban and methomyl, in the nanogram range. The lower, linear parts of the curves for the different carbamates fall within the range 0.001-10 ng. The sensitivity (expressed as delta% inhibition/delta lg ng carbamate) ranges from 1.0 to 9.7.", "contents": "[Radiometric determination of 11 carbamate pesticides in the nanogram and subnanongram ranges by means of cholinesterase inhibition]. This method for determining carbamates is based on the inhibiting action of these substances on acetylcholinesterase activity. The use of radioactively labelled acetylcholine as a substrate, the ensuing extractive separation of the radioactive acetic acid (formed by hydrolysis) and its radiometric determination permit to detect very small amounts of carbamates. The limit of detection for aldicarb, baygon, benomyl, bux, carbaryl, CIPC, matacil, phenmedipham and promecarb lies in the picogram range; that for barban and methomyl, in the nanogram range. The lower, linear parts of the curves for the different carbamates fall within the range 0.001-10 ng. The sensitivity (expressed as delta% inhibition/delta lg ng carbamate) ranges from 1.0 to 9.7.", "PMID": 406567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3712", "title": "Proposals for national health insurance in the USA: origins and evolution, and some perceptions for the future.", "content": "Reliance upon private and voluntary efforts in health insurance has proved to be inadequate as the promise of medical science has become socially more complex, expensive, and elusive. The real, even if discontinuous, movement toward public and compulsory approaches to national health insurance is accelerating. Any program with reasonable promise of success must achieve both cost controls and systems improvements. Of the proposals before Congress, only one offers assurance that the good in the present system of care will not continue to be an enemy of the better system for the future.", "contents": "Proposals for national health insurance in the USA: origins and evolution, and some perceptions for the future. Reliance upon private and voluntary efforts in health insurance has proved to be inadequate as the promise of medical science has become socially more complex, expensive, and elusive. The real, even if discontinuous, movement toward public and compulsory approaches to national health insurance is accelerating. Any program with reasonable promise of success must achieve both cost controls and systems improvements. Of the proposals before Congress, only one offers assurance that the good in the present system of care will not continue to be an enemy of the better system for the future.", "PMID": 406581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3713", "title": "[Long-term clinical study of a new molecule (nifedipine) in ischemic cardiopathy].", "content": "Results with a new anti-angina molecule (nifedipine: Adalat) in the long-term management of 28 patients with ischaemic heart disease are presented. The effectiveness of the drug was judged outstanding on the strength of its reduction of angina outstanding on the strength of its reduction of angina crises and consumption of NTG beads. Non side-effects were noted.", "contents": "[Long-term clinical study of a new molecule (nifedipine) in ischemic cardiopathy]. Results with a new anti-angina molecule (nifedipine: Adalat) in the long-term management of 28 patients with ischaemic heart disease are presented. The effectiveness of the drug was judged outstanding on the strength of its reduction of angina outstanding on the strength of its reduction of angina crises and consumption of NTG beads. Non side-effects were noted.", "PMID": 406586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3714", "title": "[Immunofluorescence study of the formation of evolutionary stable lens proteins in chick embryos].", "content": "In the lens of fishes (carp, spiny dogfish) beta-crystallins were identified which were characteristic also of reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals (evolutionary stable beta-crystallins). The dynamics of the formation of such beta-crystallins in 5--14 days old chick embryos was studied by the indirect immunofluorescence method with antisera to fish lens. These proteins are reliably indentified first at the lens sections from 7--8days old chick embryos. At all stages under study these beta-crystallins are localized mainly in the epithelial cells and practically not found in the lens fibers. They were, however, found in the fibrous (central) part of developing lens as well by the method of immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescence study of the formation of evolutionary stable lens proteins in chick embryos]. In the lens of fishes (carp, spiny dogfish) beta-crystallins were identified which were characteristic also of reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals (evolutionary stable beta-crystallins). The dynamics of the formation of such beta-crystallins in 5--14 days old chick embryos was studied by the indirect immunofluorescence method with antisera to fish lens. These proteins are reliably indentified first at the lens sections from 7--8days old chick embryos. At all stages under study these beta-crystallins are localized mainly in the epithelial cells and practically not found in the lens fibers. They were, however, found in the fibrous (central) part of developing lens as well by the method of immunoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 406588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3715", "title": "The management of pterygium.", "content": "A rationale for the management of pterygium, based on theory and clinical experience, is presented in this review. Pterygium is classified as primary, secondary (recurrent), or pseudopterygium. Empirical data and proposed theories of pterygium pathogenesis and recurrence are discussed. The treatment of pterygium based on this information is divided into four phases: diagnosis, medical therapy, surgery, and postoperative adjunctive measures. The indications, techniques, results, and complications of the postoperative adjunctive measures used to lower recurrence are considered. Guidelines for the treatment of pterygium are recommended.", "contents": "The management of pterygium. A rationale for the management of pterygium, based on theory and clinical experience, is presented in this review. Pterygium is classified as primary, secondary (recurrent), or pseudopterygium. Empirical data and proposed theories of pterygium pathogenesis and recurrence are discussed. The treatment of pterygium based on this information is divided into four phases: diagnosis, medical therapy, surgery, and postoperative adjunctive measures. The indications, techniques, results, and complications of the postoperative adjunctive measures used to lower recurrence are considered. Guidelines for the treatment of pterygium are recommended.", "PMID": 406589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3716", "title": "[Subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. Effects on morphology and growth (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments with subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics revealed certain effects that had not been observed at higher concentrations. Two different effects are described: morphological changer and inhibition of growth. The expression minimum antibiotic concentration (MAC) has been shown to be of both theoretical and practical value. It has served to make plain the differences between the effects of various antibodies that were not observed at the MIC. The ratio MAC/MIC could be be of importance to characterize the effect of antibiotics.", "contents": "[Subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. Effects on morphology and growth (author's transl)]. Experiments with subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics revealed certain effects that had not been observed at higher concentrations. Two different effects are described: morphological changer and inhibition of growth. The expression minimum antibiotic concentration (MAC) has been shown to be of both theoretical and practical value. It has served to make plain the differences between the effects of various antibodies that were not observed at the MIC. The ratio MAC/MIC could be be of importance to characterize the effect of antibiotics.", "PMID": 406590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3717", "title": "Effect of maternal protein deprivation on the development of neonatal intestinal function in rats.", "content": "The developmental pattern of in vitro intracellular accumulation (IA) was studied in the small intestine of the offspring of females fed a 27% protein diet (normal) (NPD animals) and the offspring of females fed an 8% protein diet (low) (LPD animals). At 2 days of age, the IA of L-leucine (Leu) and D-galactose (Gal) was significantly reduced in the intestines of the LPD animals as compared to the NPD animals at initial velocities (75% and 81%) and under steady state conditions (82% and 84%). The IA of both compounds in the intestines of the LPD animals increased relative to the NPD animals until at weaning the IA of Leu and Gal under steady state conditions was significantly greater in the LPD animals (139% and 133%). After weaning, the IA of Leu was statistically increased (137%) and the IA of Gal was the same in the LPD animals as compared to the NPD animals at initial velocities. The variations in the developmental patterns of the IA of Leu and Gal in the intestines of LPD animals as compared to NPD animals appear to be related to animal age, which may reflect an improved caloric intake at weaning.", "contents": "Effect of maternal protein deprivation on the development of neonatal intestinal function in rats. The developmental pattern of in vitro intracellular accumulation (IA) was studied in the small intestine of the offspring of females fed a 27% protein diet (normal) (NPD animals) and the offspring of females fed an 8% protein diet (low) (LPD animals). At 2 days of age, the IA of L-leucine (Leu) and D-galactose (Gal) was significantly reduced in the intestines of the LPD animals as compared to the NPD animals at initial velocities (75% and 81%) and under steady state conditions (82% and 84%). The IA of both compounds in the intestines of the LPD animals increased relative to the NPD animals until at weaning the IA of Leu and Gal under steady state conditions was significantly greater in the LPD animals (139% and 133%). After weaning, the IA of Leu was statistically increased (137%) and the IA of Gal was the same in the LPD animals as compared to the NPD animals at initial velocities. The variations in the developmental patterns of the IA of Leu and Gal in the intestines of LPD animals as compared to NPD animals appear to be related to animal age, which may reflect an improved caloric intake at weaning.", "PMID": 406591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3718", "title": "Pattern structure and relational discrimination learning.", "content": "McGonigle and Jones take exception to Dodwell's explanation of anomalous transfer (AT) as the outcome of relational discriminations among a set of stimulus patterns which vary along a single dimension of orientational salience, from 'horizontal' to 'vertical'. In particular they do not think that the continuum is generated by units with Hubel-and-Wiesel type retinal receptive fields. Instead, they invoke Garner's notions about stimulus structure to explain Dodwell's results, as well as their own finding of two situations where AT fails to occur. It seems that McGonigle and Jones missed the point of the relational discrimination explanation of AT. In fact, it is shown that AT is not predicted by this model for the conditions in which they failed to obtain it. The relational model makes definite predictions about conditions under which AT will occur; as this is not true of their invocation of Garner's ideas, the former is to be preferred. Whether or not outputs are coded by Hubel-and Wiesel type units is not particularly relevant to the main point, that AT is a result of relational learning. In fact, the model is an instance of how structure, in Garner's sense, can be generated.", "contents": "Pattern structure and relational discrimination learning. McGonigle and Jones take exception to Dodwell's explanation of anomalous transfer (AT) as the outcome of relational discriminations among a set of stimulus patterns which vary along a single dimension of orientational salience, from 'horizontal' to 'vertical'. In particular they do not think that the continuum is generated by units with Hubel-and-Wiesel type retinal receptive fields. Instead, they invoke Garner's notions about stimulus structure to explain Dodwell's results, as well as their own finding of two situations where AT fails to occur. It seems that McGonigle and Jones missed the point of the relational discrimination explanation of AT. In fact, it is shown that AT is not predicted by this model for the conditions in which they failed to obtain it. The relational model makes definite predictions about conditions under which AT will occur; as this is not true of their invocation of Garner's ideas, the former is to be preferred. Whether or not outputs are coded by Hubel-and Wiesel type units is not particularly relevant to the main point, that AT is a result of relational learning. In fact, the model is an instance of how structure, in Garner's sense, can be generated.", "PMID": 406595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3719", "title": "Psycholphysical 'measurement' of cortical colour mechanisms: reply of Meyer.", "content": "In a paper recently published in this journal, Meyer criticised our study on relationships between channels for colour and spatial frequence for not being able to demonstrate a size aftereffect not specific to colour, a McCollough effect not specific to size, or the functions of cortical colour mechanisms. In fact, our study attempted none of these demonstrations in the sense suggested by Meyer because the first would have been impossible for empirical reasons, the second for conceptual reasons, and the third for methodological reasons. Instead, our study yielded evidence that at least three different types of perceptual channel underlie our capacity to perceive the size and colour of objects.", "contents": "Psycholphysical 'measurement' of cortical colour mechanisms: reply of Meyer. In a paper recently published in this journal, Meyer criticised our study on relationships between channels for colour and spatial frequence for not being able to demonstrate a size aftereffect not specific to colour, a McCollough effect not specific to size, or the functions of cortical colour mechanisms. In fact, our study attempted none of these demonstrations in the sense suggested by Meyer because the first would have been impossible for empirical reasons, the second for conceptual reasons, and the third for methodological reasons. Instead, our study yielded evidence that at least three different types of perceptual channel underlie our capacity to perceive the size and colour of objects.", "PMID": 406596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3720", "title": "Bronchial asthma: some aspects of pathogenesis and therapy.", "content": "The first step in management of bronchial asthma is to exclude other diseases which may present as wheezing dyspena. Once the diagnosis is confirmed beyond a reasonable doubt, therapy can be initiated. Treatment depends on the type, severity, and duration of the disease. Other factors which dictate the choice of drug are the patient's response, metabolism of the drug, and complications of the disease. Theophylline forms the backbone of asthma therapy. Because of the wide variation in half-life of theophylline in different individuals due to variation in rate of metabolism and elimination, serum levels of theophylline should be monitored whenever possible. Newer antiasthmatic drugs, such as cromolyn sodium and inhaled steroids, are playing an increasing role in treatment of selected patients.", "contents": "Bronchial asthma: some aspects of pathogenesis and therapy. The first step in management of bronchial asthma is to exclude other diseases which may present as wheezing dyspena. Once the diagnosis is confirmed beyond a reasonable doubt, therapy can be initiated. Treatment depends on the type, severity, and duration of the disease. Other factors which dictate the choice of drug are the patient's response, metabolism of the drug, and complications of the disease. Theophylline forms the backbone of asthma therapy. Because of the wide variation in half-life of theophylline in different individuals due to variation in rate of metabolism and elimination, serum levels of theophylline should be monitored whenever possible. Newer antiasthmatic drugs, such as cromolyn sodium and inhaled steroids, are playing an increasing role in treatment of selected patients.", "PMID": 406601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3721", "title": "Double-blind comparison of verapamil and practolol in the treatment of angina pectoris.", "content": "In thirteen patients with coronary insufficiency and angina pectoris the therapeutic effects of verapamil, 80 mg three times/day and practolol, 100 mg three times/day, were compared and tested against placebo in a double-blind cross-over fashion. Verapamil proved to be the most efficient drug as regards attack frequency and glyceryl trinitrate consumption as well as physical working capacity, bringing about a statistically significant increase of the exercise tolerance as compared to placebo after a treatment period of four weeks. Verapamil is a good alternative to beta-blockers in the prophylactic treatment of angina. Possible modes of action of verapamil in angina pectoris are discussed. The study had to be interrupted because of the reports of side effects of practolol, explaining the small number of patients.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of verapamil and practolol in the treatment of angina pectoris. In thirteen patients with coronary insufficiency and angina pectoris the therapeutic effects of verapamil, 80 mg three times/day and practolol, 100 mg three times/day, were compared and tested against placebo in a double-blind cross-over fashion. Verapamil proved to be the most efficient drug as regards attack frequency and glyceryl trinitrate consumption as well as physical working capacity, bringing about a statistically significant increase of the exercise tolerance as compared to placebo after a treatment period of four weeks. Verapamil is a good alternative to beta-blockers in the prophylactic treatment of angina. Possible modes of action of verapamil in angina pectoris are discussed. The study had to be interrupted because of the reports of side effects of practolol, explaining the small number of patients.", "PMID": 406602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3722", "title": "Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum: the evolution of a disease entity.", "content": "The clinical features, diagnosis management, aetiology and inheritance of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (Fabry's disease) are discussed and the literature reviewed. The treatment and knowledge generally of this rare condition have not greatly improved in 75 years.", "contents": "Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum: the evolution of a disease entity. The clinical features, diagnosis management, aetiology and inheritance of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (Fabry's disease) are discussed and the literature reviewed. The treatment and knowledge generally of this rare condition have not greatly improved in 75 years.", "PMID": 406603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3723", "title": "[Epilepsy by looking at patterns].", "content": "The author, after pointing out the rare occurence and peculiarities of pattern-sensitive forms of epilepsy, reports the case of a seven-year-old boy with infantile cerebral paresis characterized by symptomatic attacks, who was observed to show absence-like conditions when looking at small-checkered patterns of nylon fabric. Grasping and looking at such fabrics assumed the form of an addiction, with a sense of pleasure being believed to be derived therefrom. Although anticonvulsive therapy resulted in attacks of epilepsy being no longer detectable clinically and by electroencephalography, seizures were still triggered by looking at patterns. Also discussed in this article is the problem of transition from real to psychogenic attacks.", "contents": "[Epilepsy by looking at patterns]. The author, after pointing out the rare occurence and peculiarities of pattern-sensitive forms of epilepsy, reports the case of a seven-year-old boy with infantile cerebral paresis characterized by symptomatic attacks, who was observed to show absence-like conditions when looking at small-checkered patterns of nylon fabric. Grasping and looking at such fabrics assumed the form of an addiction, with a sense of pleasure being believed to be derived therefrom. Although anticonvulsive therapy resulted in attacks of epilepsy being no longer detectable clinically and by electroencephalography, seizures were still triggered by looking at patterns. Also discussed in this article is the problem of transition from real to psychogenic attacks.", "PMID": 406619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3724", "title": "Some factors influencing the effects of temporary mother-infant separation: some experiments with rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Some experiments, reported in detail elsewhere, on the effects of mother-infant separation in rhesus monkeys are here reviewed and compared. They involved 4 groups--one in which mothers were removed for 13 days leaving the infant in the social group; one in which infants were removed; one in which mothers and infants were removed and separated; and one in which mothers and infants were removed but not separated. The nature of separation experience had a profound effect on the infant's response: infants left in a familiar environment while their mothers were removed showed marked but brief 'protest' and then profound 'despair', whilst infants removed to a strange cage showed more prolonged 'protest'. A major factor determining the effects of the separation experience in the weeks following reunion is the degree to which the mother-infant relationship has been disturbed by it. The multiplicity of factors affecting the outcome of a separation experience are discussed.", "contents": "Some factors influencing the effects of temporary mother-infant separation: some experiments with rhesus monkeys. Some experiments, reported in detail elsewhere, on the effects of mother-infant separation in rhesus monkeys are here reviewed and compared. They involved 4 groups--one in which mothers were removed for 13 days leaving the infant in the social group; one in which infants were removed; one in which mothers and infants were removed and separated; and one in which mothers and infants were removed but not separated. The nature of separation experience had a profound effect on the infant's response: infants left in a familiar environment while their mothers were removed showed marked but brief 'protest' and then profound 'despair', whilst infants removed to a strange cage showed more prolonged 'protest'. A major factor determining the effects of the separation experience in the weeks following reunion is the degree to which the mother-infant relationship has been disturbed by it. The multiplicity of factors affecting the outcome of a separation experience are discussed.", "PMID": 406620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3725", "title": "The selection of long-stay hospital patients for hostels: a study of patients selected for an experimental hostel and for local authority hostels.", "content": "Chronic in-patients from a sample population of 48 women and 43 men were selected for an experimental hospital-hostel and for local authority hostels. Two-thirds were found suitable for the former but only a sixth for the latter. The problems of selection for and management at the experimental hostel are described, and the overall results discussed in relation to recent proposals for the residential care of chronic patients.", "contents": "The selection of long-stay hospital patients for hostels: a study of patients selected for an experimental hostel and for local authority hostels. Chronic in-patients from a sample population of 48 women and 43 men were selected for an experimental hospital-hostel and for local authority hostels. Two-thirds were found suitable for the former but only a sixth for the latter. The problems of selection for and management at the experimental hostel are described, and the overall results discussed in relation to recent proposals for the residential care of chronic patients.", "PMID": 406621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3726", "title": "Increase in mouse brain dopamine content by baclofen: effects of apomorphine and neuroleptics.", "content": "Baclofen, like gamma-butyrolactone, causes a dose-dependent increase in the concentration of dopamine in the mouse brain without affecting the content of norepinephrine. This increase is antagonized by apomorphine. Haloperidol but not pimozide counteracts this effect of apomorphine and dose-dependently enhances the increase in brain dopamine produced by baclofen. The results suggest that baclofen reduces impulse flow in dopaminergic neurons in a manner similar to that produced by gamma-butyrolactone.", "contents": "Increase in mouse brain dopamine content by baclofen: effects of apomorphine and neuroleptics. Baclofen, like gamma-butyrolactone, causes a dose-dependent increase in the concentration of dopamine in the mouse brain without affecting the content of norepinephrine. This increase is antagonized by apomorphine. Haloperidol but not pimozide counteracts this effect of apomorphine and dose-dependently enhances the increase in brain dopamine produced by baclofen. The results suggest that baclofen reduces impulse flow in dopaminergic neurons in a manner similar to that produced by gamma-butyrolactone.", "PMID": 406622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3727", "title": "Effects of cigarette smoking on incidental memory.", "content": "The effects of cigarette-smoking in an immediate memory task were studied in two groups of 25 female students (habitual smokers) tested either under a control (no smoking) condition or after smoking one cigarette. The memory task, requiring immediate serial recall of eight words, showed no differences between the two groups. Subjects were, however, also tested on recall of the position of words on the screen (each word could appear in any of the four corners). On this measure of incidental recall, the non-smoking group was far superior to the smoking group. This finding is in agreement with results obtained with noise-induced arousal and with the view that attentional selectivity is greater during increased arousal.", "contents": "Effects of cigarette smoking on incidental memory. The effects of cigarette-smoking in an immediate memory task were studied in two groups of 25 female students (habitual smokers) tested either under a control (no smoking) condition or after smoking one cigarette. The memory task, requiring immediate serial recall of eight words, showed no differences between the two groups. Subjects were, however, also tested on recall of the position of words on the screen (each word could appear in any of the four corners). On this measure of incidental recall, the non-smoking group was far superior to the smoking group. This finding is in agreement with results obtained with noise-induced arousal and with the view that attentional selectivity is greater during increased arousal.", "PMID": 406623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3728", "title": "The disruption of marijuana intoxication.", "content": "Ninety-six males Ss were divided into four drug conditions; coltsfoot, placebo, marijuana low dose, and marijuana high dose. Half of the Ss smoked marijuana while listening to music in a relaxing environment, and half smoked marijuana in the same environment but had two 10-min periods of aversive-noise superimposed over the music. A subjective measure of intoxication demonstrated significant drug and environmental group effects with suppression of self-report of intoxication being especially strong for the marijuana low dose noise group. The usual positive correlation between subjective measures and pulse rate measures of marijuana intoxication was interfered with by the noise effect. Although subjective ratings were suppressed, the noise group demonstrated significantly higher pulse rates than the music group. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of extraneous factors on marijuana intoxication, the significance of dosage in this type of research, and the nature of marijuana intoxication.", "contents": "The disruption of marijuana intoxication. Ninety-six males Ss were divided into four drug conditions; coltsfoot, placebo, marijuana low dose, and marijuana high dose. Half of the Ss smoked marijuana while listening to music in a relaxing environment, and half smoked marijuana in the same environment but had two 10-min periods of aversive-noise superimposed over the music. A subjective measure of intoxication demonstrated significant drug and environmental group effects with suppression of self-report of intoxication being especially strong for the marijuana low dose noise group. The usual positive correlation between subjective measures and pulse rate measures of marijuana intoxication was interfered with by the noise effect. Although subjective ratings were suppressed, the noise group demonstrated significantly higher pulse rates than the music group. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of extraneous factors on marijuana intoxication, the significance of dosage in this type of research, and the nature of marijuana intoxication.", "PMID": 406624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3729", "title": "Marijuana effects on long-term memory assessment and retrieval.", "content": "The ability of 16 college-educated male subjects to recall from long-term memory a series of common facts was tested during intoxication with marijuana extract calibrated to 0.3 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and during placebo conditions. The subjects' ability to assess their memory capabilities was then determined by measuring how certain they were about the accuracy of their recall performance and by having them predict their performance on a subsequent recognition test involving the same recall items. Marijuana had no effect on recall or recognition performance. These results do not support the view that marijuana provides access to facts in long-term storage which are inaccessible during non-intoxication. During both marijuana and placebo conditions, subjects could accurately predict their recognition memory performance. Hence, marijuana did not alter the subjects' ability to accurately assess what information resides in long-term memory even though they did not have complete access to that information.", "contents": "Marijuana effects on long-term memory assessment and retrieval. The ability of 16 college-educated male subjects to recall from long-term memory a series of common facts was tested during intoxication with marijuana extract calibrated to 0.3 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and during placebo conditions. The subjects' ability to assess their memory capabilities was then determined by measuring how certain they were about the accuracy of their recall performance and by having them predict their performance on a subsequent recognition test involving the same recall items. Marijuana had no effect on recall or recognition performance. These results do not support the view that marijuana provides access to facts in long-term storage which are inaccessible during non-intoxication. During both marijuana and placebo conditions, subjects could accurately predict their recognition memory performance. Hence, marijuana did not alter the subjects' ability to accurately assess what information resides in long-term memory even though they did not have complete access to that information.", "PMID": 406626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3730", "title": "The effect of methylphenidate on test performance in the cognitively impaired aged.", "content": "It was hypothesized that a central nervous system stimulant with relatively weak peripheral effects would facilitate test performance in the cognitively impaired aged. Twelve elderly subjects participated in a counter-balanced, crossover comparison of 10 mg methylphenidate, 30 mg methylphenidate and placebo. All treatments were administered double-blind as a single dose of oral medication. Neither dosage of active medication was found to effect psychomotor or psychological test performance, subjective report, heart rate or blood pressure. A subsequent open trial of 45 mg methylphenidate resulted in heart rate, blood pressure and subjective changes in two of eight subjects but no effects on test performance. The results suggest that cognitive performance in the moderately impaired aged is unimproved following administration of methylphenidate, and perhaps similar sympathomimetic amines, below a dosage level associated with clinically significant peripheral effects.", "contents": "The effect of methylphenidate on test performance in the cognitively impaired aged. It was hypothesized that a central nervous system stimulant with relatively weak peripheral effects would facilitate test performance in the cognitively impaired aged. Twelve elderly subjects participated in a counter-balanced, crossover comparison of 10 mg methylphenidate, 30 mg methylphenidate and placebo. All treatments were administered double-blind as a single dose of oral medication. Neither dosage of active medication was found to effect psychomotor or psychological test performance, subjective report, heart rate or blood pressure. A subsequent open trial of 45 mg methylphenidate resulted in heart rate, blood pressure and subjective changes in two of eight subjects but no effects on test performance. The results suggest that cognitive performance in the moderately impaired aged is unimproved following administration of methylphenidate, and perhaps similar sympathomimetic amines, below a dosage level associated with clinically significant peripheral effects.", "PMID": 406627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3731", "title": "Deanol in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "Ten hospitalized chronic psychotic patients with symptoms of tardive dyskinesia were given deanol and placebo, each for 8 weeks following a double-bline, crossover design. No psychotropic agents were administered during the trial. Improvement occurred in all patients during the first treatment phase regardless of which drug the patients received; seven patients were on deanol and three on placebo during this time. The possible reasons for this decrease were discussed. It was concluded that deanol may have contributed to the decline but that its effect on the disorder was not dramatic.", "contents": "Deanol in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Ten hospitalized chronic psychotic patients with symptoms of tardive dyskinesia were given deanol and placebo, each for 8 weeks following a double-bline, crossover design. No psychotropic agents were administered during the trial. Improvement occurred in all patients during the first treatment phase regardless of which drug the patients received; seven patients were on deanol and three on placebo during this time. The possible reasons for this decrease were discussed. It was concluded that deanol may have contributed to the decline but that its effect on the disorder was not dramatic.", "PMID": 406628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3732", "title": "Development and disappearance of subsensitivity to pilocarpine following a single administration of the irreversible anticholinesterase angent, DFP.", "content": "The present study examined the possibility that subsensitivity to pilocarpine might occur following a single injection of the irreversible anticholinesterase agent, DFP. In one experiment male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to drink from experimental drinking chambers for 1/2 h per day. After establishment of baselines, pilocarpine hydrochloride (8 mg/kg) was injected i.p. 5 min before the drinking session. One week later DFP or the arachis oil vehicle (1 mg/kg) was injected intramuscularly and injections of pilocarpine were given at varying times thereafter. The suppression of water intake by this dose of pilocarpine was unaffected by pretreatment with arachis oil, but was markedly attenuated by pretreatment with DFP. This subsensitivity was first observed on the second day but had largely disappeared by the 14th day. DFP was found to have comparable effects on water intake and brain acetylcholinesterase activity when the injections were separated by 20 days. In a second experiment the hypothermic effects of pilocarpine were found to be reduced in rats acutely treated with DFP. These data establish that subsensitivity to pilocarpine occurs following a single administration of DFP. This subsensitivity could reflect a reduced sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors to acetylcholine, which may partially account for the behavioural recovery of the rats while acetylcholinesterase activity is still markedly depressed.", "contents": "Development and disappearance of subsensitivity to pilocarpine following a single administration of the irreversible anticholinesterase angent, DFP. The present study examined the possibility that subsensitivity to pilocarpine might occur following a single injection of the irreversible anticholinesterase agent, DFP. In one experiment male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to drink from experimental drinking chambers for 1/2 h per day. After establishment of baselines, pilocarpine hydrochloride (8 mg/kg) was injected i.p. 5 min before the drinking session. One week later DFP or the arachis oil vehicle (1 mg/kg) was injected intramuscularly and injections of pilocarpine were given at varying times thereafter. The suppression of water intake by this dose of pilocarpine was unaffected by pretreatment with arachis oil, but was markedly attenuated by pretreatment with DFP. This subsensitivity was first observed on the second day but had largely disappeared by the 14th day. DFP was found to have comparable effects on water intake and brain acetylcholinesterase activity when the injections were separated by 20 days. In a second experiment the hypothermic effects of pilocarpine were found to be reduced in rats acutely treated with DFP. These data establish that subsensitivity to pilocarpine occurs following a single administration of DFP. This subsensitivity could reflect a reduced sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors to acetylcholine, which may partially account for the behavioural recovery of the rats while acetylcholinesterase activity is still markedly depressed.", "PMID": 406629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3733", "title": "An automated method for studying exploratory and stereotyped behaviour in rats.", "content": "A technique is described for studying exploratory as well as stereotyped behaviour in rats using an automated hole-board. Both visual and automated recordings can be employed using the technique. Hole dipping is monitored automatically using an infra-red detector system. Repetitive patterns of hole-dipping are used as parameters of stereotyped behaviour while the more random patterns of hole-dipping are used as parameters of exploration. There was a high significant correlation between the records of hole-dipping behaviour as recorded visually and automatically. There was also a high significant correlation between the measures of repetitiveness/randomness of hole-dipping behaviour from automatic and visual recordings. The pattern and levels of hole-dipping conformed with expectations both as regards changes with time and with increasing doses of dl-amphetamine.", "contents": "An automated method for studying exploratory and stereotyped behaviour in rats. A technique is described for studying exploratory as well as stereotyped behaviour in rats using an automated hole-board. Both visual and automated recordings can be employed using the technique. Hole dipping is monitored automatically using an infra-red detector system. Repetitive patterns of hole-dipping are used as parameters of stereotyped behaviour while the more random patterns of hole-dipping are used as parameters of exploration. There was a high significant correlation between the records of hole-dipping behaviour as recorded visually and automatically. There was also a high significant correlation between the measures of repetitiveness/randomness of hole-dipping behaviour from automatic and visual recordings. The pattern and levels of hole-dipping conformed with expectations both as regards changes with time and with increasing doses of dl-amphetamine.", "PMID": 406630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3734", "title": "Effects of exposure to lead on social behaviour in the laboratory mouse.", "content": "Ethological analysis has been employed to study the behavioural effects produced by exposure of mice to lead salts from infancy. Mother mice of the treated group received 0.1% lead acetate as their sole drinking fluid within 24 h after the birth of their litters and the offspring received this fluid from weaning. At 8 weeks, encounters between pairs of unfamiliar mice from the same treatment group and of the same sex were examined by ethological techniques. The frequency and duration of social and sexual investigation was found to be significantly lower in lead-treated mice of both sexes than in their controls. In lead-treated males, agonistic behaviour was also reduced. These effects were due to a reduction in the frequency of several postural elements within each of the categories. Body weight gain was not affected by treatment with lead at this dose level and there were no signs of hyperactivity. The average lead content of the brains was found to be 2.45 nmol/g in the control group and 4.38 nmol/g in the group given lead acetate.", "contents": "Effects of exposure to lead on social behaviour in the laboratory mouse. Ethological analysis has been employed to study the behavioural effects produced by exposure of mice to lead salts from infancy. Mother mice of the treated group received 0.1% lead acetate as their sole drinking fluid within 24 h after the birth of their litters and the offspring received this fluid from weaning. At 8 weeks, encounters between pairs of unfamiliar mice from the same treatment group and of the same sex were examined by ethological techniques. The frequency and duration of social and sexual investigation was found to be significantly lower in lead-treated mice of both sexes than in their controls. In lead-treated males, agonistic behaviour was also reduced. These effects were due to a reduction in the frequency of several postural elements within each of the categories. Body weight gain was not affected by treatment with lead at this dose level and there were no signs of hyperactivity. The average lead content of the brains was found to be 2.45 nmol/g in the control group and 4.38 nmol/g in the group given lead acetate.", "PMID": 406631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3735", "title": "Scopolamine induced learning failures in man.", "content": "Two experiments were performed to determine the locus of the amnestic effects of scopolamine in man. The first experiment involved 24 volunteers receiving one of three doses of scopolamine (5, 8 or 10 microng/kg) or a placebo, intravenously. The subjects were tested for retention of material learned prior to administration of the drug, acquisition of new information, and retention of material learned while under the influence of the drug. Results indicated that scopolamine has its primary effect on the acquisition of new material and less of an effect on the retrieval of information already learned. The second experiment was designed to refine and expand upon the results of the first and involved 18 volunteers receiving eith 5 or 10 microng/kg of scopolamine or a placebo, intravenously. The subjects were given four trials to learn a list of verbal materials, and their recall for that material was measured at various intervals up to 24 h. These results confirmed those of the first experiment in that the predominant influence of the drug was to impair the acquisition of new information. Implications of these results for memory mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Scopolamine induced learning failures in man. Two experiments were performed to determine the locus of the amnestic effects of scopolamine in man. The first experiment involved 24 volunteers receiving one of three doses of scopolamine (5, 8 or 10 microng/kg) or a placebo, intravenously. The subjects were tested for retention of material learned prior to administration of the drug, acquisition of new information, and retention of material learned while under the influence of the drug. Results indicated that scopolamine has its primary effect on the acquisition of new material and less of an effect on the retrieval of information already learned. The second experiment was designed to refine and expand upon the results of the first and involved 18 volunteers receiving eith 5 or 10 microng/kg of scopolamine or a placebo, intravenously. The subjects were given four trials to learn a list of verbal materials, and their recall for that material was measured at various intervals up to 24 h. These results confirmed those of the first experiment in that the predominant influence of the drug was to impair the acquisition of new information. Implications of these results for memory mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 406632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3736", "title": "Performance differences between addicts and non-addicts.", "content": "Methadone addicts and non-addict controls were tested before and after receiving up to 10 mg of methadone on simple visual reaction time tests and on a vigilance type visual attention test. Addicts were faster than controls on pre-drug testing, although there were no pre-drug differences between groups on the attention task. Addicts maintained faster reaction times than controls even when money was offered as an incentive for speed. Additional methadone did not affect addict performance on any of the tasks. Methadone slowed control reaction times in a dose-related fashion. No significant attention decrements were seen after methadone in controls. Visual reaction time differences between addicts and controls cannot be attributed to group differences in motivation or ability to attend. Slowing of reaction time with acute dose of methadone in controls cannot be attributed to the effect of the drug on attention. An hypothesized drug-induced decrease in visual sensitivity with acute dose in controls and a drug-induced increase in visual sensitivity with chronic dose in addicts can account for the presented data.", "contents": "Performance differences between addicts and non-addicts. Methadone addicts and non-addict controls were tested before and after receiving up to 10 mg of methadone on simple visual reaction time tests and on a vigilance type visual attention test. Addicts were faster than controls on pre-drug testing, although there were no pre-drug differences between groups on the attention task. Addicts maintained faster reaction times than controls even when money was offered as an incentive for speed. Additional methadone did not affect addict performance on any of the tasks. Methadone slowed control reaction times in a dose-related fashion. No significant attention decrements were seen after methadone in controls. Visual reaction time differences between addicts and controls cannot be attributed to group differences in motivation or ability to attend. Slowing of reaction time with acute dose of methadone in controls cannot be attributed to the effect of the drug on attention. An hypothesized drug-induced decrease in visual sensitivity with acute dose in controls and a drug-induced increase in visual sensitivity with chronic dose in addicts can account for the presented data.", "PMID": 406634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3737", "title": "Lethal effects of physostigmine plus lithium in rats.", "content": "The interaction between the reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, and lithium chloride was studied in adult male rats. A combination of lithium plus physostigmine increased lethality more than that caused by either physostigmine or lithium alone. Scopolamine completely reversed this effect. These drug interactions may have clinical significance, since lithium plus cholinesterase inhibitors may be used together in the practice of medicine.", "contents": "Lethal effects of physostigmine plus lithium in rats. The interaction between the reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, and lithium chloride was studied in adult male rats. A combination of lithium plus physostigmine increased lethality more than that caused by either physostigmine or lithium alone. Scopolamine completely reversed this effect. These drug interactions may have clinical significance, since lithium plus cholinesterase inhibitors may be used together in the practice of medicine.", "PMID": 406635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3738", "title": "Prenatal alcohol consumption and open-field behaviour in rats: effects of age at time of testing.", "content": "Throughout gestation pregnant Wistar rats consumed a nutritious liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories. Control mothers were fed lab-chow. Subsequently, the offspring of the ethanol-fed mothers displayed significantly greater activity (ambulation) in an open-field test at 28 and at 56 days of age, but not at 112 days of age. No differences in defecation were observed at any age.", "contents": "Prenatal alcohol consumption and open-field behaviour in rats: effects of age at time of testing. Throughout gestation pregnant Wistar rats consumed a nutritious liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories. Control mothers were fed lab-chow. Subsequently, the offspring of the ethanol-fed mothers displayed significantly greater activity (ambulation) in an open-field test at 28 and at 56 days of age, but not at 112 days of age. No differences in defecation were observed at any age.", "PMID": 406636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3739", "title": "Bone scintigraphy as a guide to the diagnosis of osteoid osteoma.", "content": "This report describes one case in which bone scintigraphy was helpful in establishing the diagnosis of osteoid osteoma and presents three other cases in which increased accumulation of 99mmTc-EHDP was found at the side of the osteoid osteoma. The study contributes to the observation by others that the osteoid osteoma occurs as a scintigraphic 'hotspot'. It is concluded that the diagnostic delay of the osteoid osteoma can be shortened when bone scintigraphy is performed more often and at an earlier stage in patients with unexplained bone pain or with a clinical history that leads to the suspicion of the presence of an osteoid osteoma.", "contents": "Bone scintigraphy as a guide to the diagnosis of osteoid osteoma. This report describes one case in which bone scintigraphy was helpful in establishing the diagnosis of osteoid osteoma and presents three other cases in which increased accumulation of 99mmTc-EHDP was found at the side of the osteoid osteoma. The study contributes to the observation by others that the osteoid osteoma occurs as a scintigraphic 'hotspot'. It is concluded that the diagnostic delay of the osteoid osteoma can be shortened when bone scintigraphy is performed more often and at an earlier stage in patients with unexplained bone pain or with a clinical history that leads to the suspicion of the presence of an osteoid osteoma.", "PMID": 406640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3740", "title": "Bladder diverticula and Menkes' syndrome.", "content": "Multiple unusual diverticula of the bladder were observed in 3 of 4 children with Menkes' syndrome. This abnormality of the bladder in children with the kiky hair syndrome has only recently been recognized. The diverticula are best visualized on cystographic studies. The clinical manifestation which led to roentgen evaluation of the urinary tract in the 3 children was urinary tract infection or urine retention. Though the etiology of these diverticula is unknown, evidence is presented to suggest that they are acquired.", "contents": "Bladder diverticula and Menkes' syndrome. Multiple unusual diverticula of the bladder were observed in 3 of 4 children with Menkes' syndrome. This abnormality of the bladder in children with the kiky hair syndrome has only recently been recognized. The diverticula are best visualized on cystographic studies. The clinical manifestation which led to roentgen evaluation of the urinary tract in the 3 children was urinary tract infection or urine retention. Though the etiology of these diverticula is unknown, evidence is presented to suggest that they are acquired.", "PMID": 406641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3741", "title": "Electron therapy of intraorbital tumors.", "content": "The authors describe a modification of a previously reported method of treating intraorbital tumors using multiple electron beams. An adjustable metal shield is inserted in the electron tube to protect the lens. The three-dimensional dose distribution was determined by film measurements and the film density measured with an RFA-1 densitometer on line with a computer. The density values were stored in a three-dimensional matrix. Different planes in the matrix can be selected for isodose plotting.", "contents": "Electron therapy of intraorbital tumors. The authors describe a modification of a previously reported method of treating intraorbital tumors using multiple electron beams. An adjustable metal shield is inserted in the electron tube to protect the lens. The three-dimensional dose distribution was determined by film measurements and the film density measured with an RFA-1 densitometer on line with a computer. The density values were stored in a three-dimensional matrix. Different planes in the matrix can be selected for isodose plotting.", "PMID": 406642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3742", "title": "Physical aspects of electron-beam arc therapy.", "content": "The effect of different parameters on dose distribution in electron-beam arc therapy was studied in order to develop a technique for routine clinical use. A special diaphragm was designed to facilitate telecentric rotation. Dosimetry was performed with an ion chamber, film, and LiF powder in cylindrical polystyrene phantoms and an Alderson Rando phantom. Dose distributions were evaluated with regard to dose homogeneity, and a method of sharpening the dose fall-off near the ends of the arc was proposed. Criteria for selection of isocenter depth and field size were developed. Methods of dose calculation, calibration, and treatment planning are discussed.", "contents": "Physical aspects of electron-beam arc therapy. The effect of different parameters on dose distribution in electron-beam arc therapy was studied in order to develop a technique for routine clinical use. A special diaphragm was designed to facilitate telecentric rotation. Dosimetry was performed with an ion chamber, film, and LiF powder in cylindrical polystyrene phantoms and an Alderson Rando phantom. Dose distributions were evaluated with regard to dose homogeneity, and a method of sharpening the dose fall-off near the ends of the arc was proposed. Criteria for selection of isocenter depth and field size were developed. Methods of dose calculation, calibration, and treatment planning are discussed.", "PMID": 406643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3743", "title": "Patterns of care given migrant workers in Utah by private physicians and clinics.", "content": "This comparison of the care given migrant workers in Utah by private physicians with that provided  by clinics demonstrates that clinics can provide more services and meet more of their needs. For a population group in need of an organization that can function specifically for them, the clinic offers many advantages. The clinic's role can also be expanded to become a focal point in the community for a comprehensive health care program for the disadvantaged. Although the cost of such a program may exceed the cost of traditional curative care from individual private physicians, the potential gains make it worth attempting. If long-term health is valued above short-term palliation, then the clinic would appear to be the best method of achieving this goal.", "contents": "Patterns of care given migrant workers in Utah by private physicians and clinics. This comparison of the care given migrant workers in Utah by private physicians with that provided  by clinics demonstrates that clinics can provide more services and meet more of their needs. For a population group in need of an organization that can function specifically for them, the clinic offers many advantages. The clinic's role can also be expanded to become a focal point in the community for a comprehensive health care program for the disadvantaged. Although the cost of such a program may exceed the cost of traditional curative care from individual private physicians, the potential gains make it worth attempting. If long-term health is valued above short-term palliation, then the clinic would appear to be the best method of achieving this goal.", "PMID": 406637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3744", "title": "Gonorrhea screening in family planning clinics when should it become selctive?", "content": "Routine screening of females for gonococcal infection has become common in many clinic settings, particularly in public family planning clinics. The results of such routine screening in one large family planning program operated by the Seattle-King County Department of Public Health was examined. From 1973 to 1975 a trend toward decreasing rates of positivity for gonorrhea was observed. Use of computer information on the population being served by the program and a review of individual patient's charts enabled identification of certain high-yield subpopulations, including blacks, welfare recipients, new patients over age 19, and new patients who were not using any contraception when first screened. The cost of detecting a case of gonorrhea through screening was related to the positivity rate with the demonstration of a very high cost per case found when the positivity rate is less than 1 percent. Consideration should be given to identifying high and low-yield subpopulations for gonorrhea screening in large family planning programs so that, as cost considerations demand, funds now used for routine gonorrhea screening may be used instead for selective screening and provision of family planning services to high-yield groups.", "contents": "Gonorrhea screening in family planning clinics when should it become selctive? Routine screening of females for gonococcal infection has become common in many clinic settings, particularly in public family planning clinics. The results of such routine screening in one large family planning program operated by the Seattle-King County Department of Public Health was examined. From 1973 to 1975 a trend toward decreasing rates of positivity for gonorrhea was observed. Use of computer information on the population being served by the program and a review of individual patient's charts enabled identification of certain high-yield subpopulations, including blacks, welfare recipients, new patients over age 19, and new patients who were not using any contraception when first screened. The cost of detecting a case of gonorrhea through screening was related to the positivity rate with the demonstration of a very high cost per case found when the positivity rate is less than 1 percent. Consideration should be given to identifying high and low-yield subpopulations for gonorrhea screening in large family planning programs so that, as cost considerations demand, funds now used for routine gonorrhea screening may be used instead for selective screening and provision of family planning services to high-yield groups.", "PMID": 406638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3745", "title": "Neurohistological observations on the tongue of the tufted capuchin, Cebus apella Linnaeus, 1758.", "content": "Neurohistological observations of the tongues of the adult monkeys Cebus apella are described. It was noted that the Cebus tongue presents few vallate papilae situated mainly in the posterior and lateral parts; fungi and filiforms are spread all over the dorsal surface. Histologically there was evidence that numerous nerve fibres of variable size come from the deep layers of the tongue to the surface structure. In many regions they constitute plexuses, other cross the muscular and glandular layers, going to the epithelial layer of the tongue's mucosa. The vallate and fungiform papillae are supplied with abundant nerve fibres which terminate free and are furnished with many taste buds. The epithelium and surrounding connective tissue is innervated by the fibres with free or ramified endings. The muscular layer shows muscle fibres distributed in all directions and the presence of motor end plates and nerve fibres is evident.", "contents": "Neurohistological observations on the tongue of the tufted capuchin, Cebus apella Linnaeus, 1758. Neurohistological observations of the tongues of the adult monkeys Cebus apella are described. It was noted that the Cebus tongue presents few vallate papilae situated mainly in the posterior and lateral parts; fungi and filiforms are spread all over the dorsal surface. Histologically there was evidence that numerous nerve fibres of variable size come from the deep layers of the tongue to the surface structure. In many regions they constitute plexuses, other cross the muscular and glandular layers, going to the epithelial layer of the tongue's mucosa. The vallate and fungiform papillae are supplied with abundant nerve fibres which terminate free and are furnished with many taste buds. The epithelium and surrounding connective tissue is innervated by the fibres with free or ramified endings. The muscular layer shows muscle fibres distributed in all directions and the presence of motor end plates and nerve fibres is evident.", "PMID": 406648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3746", "title": "Effects of single and repeated cigarette smoke-exposures on the activities of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, epoxide hydratase and UDP glucuronosyltransferase in rat lung, kidney and small intestinal mucosa.", "content": "A single exposure to cigarette smoke for one hour decreased the pulmonary microsomal epoxide hydratase activity in rats. A more rapid decrease was seen after 5 consecutive exposures, one hour daily. Meanwhile, the activity of pulmonary aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) increased several fold. In small intestinal mucosa the activities of AHH and epoxide hydratase were enhanced both by single and repeated cigarette smoke-exposures. In kidney the activity of AHH increased, whereas neither that of epoxide hydratase nor of UDP glucuronosyltransferase changed. In small intestinal mucosa the activity of UDP glucuronosyltransferase increased after repeated smoke-exposures, but in lung no clear change in the UDP glucuronosyltransferase activity was detected.", "contents": "Effects of single and repeated cigarette smoke-exposures on the activities of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, epoxide hydratase and UDP glucuronosyltransferase in rat lung, kidney and small intestinal mucosa. A single exposure to cigarette smoke for one hour decreased the pulmonary microsomal epoxide hydratase activity in rats. A more rapid decrease was seen after 5 consecutive exposures, one hour daily. Meanwhile, the activity of pulmonary aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) increased several fold. In small intestinal mucosa the activities of AHH and epoxide hydratase were enhanced both by single and repeated cigarette smoke-exposures. In kidney the activity of AHH increased, whereas neither that of epoxide hydratase nor of UDP glucuronosyltransferase changed. In small intestinal mucosa the activity of UDP glucuronosyltransferase increased after repeated smoke-exposures, but in lung no clear change in the UDP glucuronosyltransferase activity was detected.", "PMID": 406650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3747", "title": "Modification of superoxide dismutase in rat mammary carcinoma.", "content": "In female Sprague Dawley rats, the tissue protein is homogeneously distributed and significantly increased in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated mammary carcinoma. At the centre and margin of the carcinoma, the concentration of superoxide dismutase is 54 +/- 10 and 117 +/- 38 microgram/g, respectively, while in the tumour as a whole it is 104 +/- 32 microgram/g. The latter value is not significantly different from 113 +/- 35 microgram/g, the enzyme concentration in mammary tissue from lactating rats. Exposure of the tumour-bearing rats to hyperoxia does not increase the tumour protein but raises the enzyme concentration at the centre and margin of the carcinoma to 162 +/- 73 and 286 +/- 103 microgram/g, respectively.", "contents": "Modification of superoxide dismutase in rat mammary carcinoma. In female Sprague Dawley rats, the tissue protein is homogeneously distributed and significantly increased in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated mammary carcinoma. At the centre and margin of the carcinoma, the concentration of superoxide dismutase is 54 +/- 10 and 117 +/- 38 microgram/g, respectively, while in the tumour as a whole it is 104 +/- 32 microgram/g. The latter value is not significantly different from 113 +/- 35 microgram/g, the enzyme concentration in mammary tissue from lactating rats. Exposure of the tumour-bearing rats to hyperoxia does not increase the tumour protein but raises the enzyme concentration at the centre and margin of the carcinoma to 162 +/- 73 and 286 +/- 103 microgram/g, respectively.", "PMID": 406651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3748", "title": "The effect of phenylethanolamine n-methyltransferase concentration and species difference on the inhibitory potency of SK&F 64139.", "content": "We have found that the potency of SK&F 64139 in inhibiting rabbit adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is a function of protein concentration when high concentrations of the latter are employed. At lower enzyme levels, however, the degree of inhibition produced by the drug becomes independent of PNMT, allowing for the proper calculation of an inhibition constant. The Ki for the compound under these circumstances was 3 nM. Inhibitor dissociation constants within the same order of magnitude were subsequently obtained using the adrenal enzyme obtained from the rat, cow, dog, human and squirrel monkey. These data provide evidence that the PNMT receptor sites for SK&F 64139 do not differ substantially from species to species and suggest the general utility of this drug as an inhibitor of adrenal epinephrine biosynthesis.", "contents": "The effect of phenylethanolamine n-methyltransferase concentration and species difference on the inhibitory potency of SK&F 64139. We have found that the potency of SK&F 64139 in inhibiting rabbit adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is a function of protein concentration when high concentrations of the latter are employed. At lower enzyme levels, however, the degree of inhibition produced by the drug becomes independent of PNMT, allowing for the proper calculation of an inhibition constant. The Ki for the compound under these circumstances was 3 nM. Inhibitor dissociation constants within the same order of magnitude were subsequently obtained using the adrenal enzyme obtained from the rat, cow, dog, human and squirrel monkey. These data provide evidence that the PNMT receptor sites for SK&F 64139 do not differ substantially from species to species and suggest the general utility of this drug as an inhibitor of adrenal epinephrine biosynthesis.", "PMID": 406652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3749", "title": "The effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin on plasma histaminase activity in the domestic fowl and the involvement of caeruloplasmin.", "content": "The injection of four-to nine-week-old fowls with Escherichia coli O111:B4 endotoxin (0-1 and 1-0 mg/kg) produced a two to eight fold rise in the histaminase activity of the plasma 24 h afterwards. In some cases this increase was still detectable after 48 h. This activity was strongly correlated with the p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity of caeruloplasmin. Electrophoretic studies with 7-5 per cent polyacrylamide gels indicated that fowl caeruloplasmin also was histaminase and putrescinase activity and that the release of this protein from the liver by endotoxin is largely responsible for the increase in the activity of the plasma. In untreated fowls this activity was lower than published values for several mammals and does not explain the relative resistance of the fowl to the acute effects of endotoxins and large doses of histamine.", "contents": "The effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin on plasma histaminase activity in the domestic fowl and the involvement of caeruloplasmin. The injection of four-to nine-week-old fowls with Escherichia coli O111:B4 endotoxin (0-1 and 1-0 mg/kg) produced a two to eight fold rise in the histaminase activity of the plasma 24 h afterwards. In some cases this increase was still detectable after 48 h. This activity was strongly correlated with the p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity of caeruloplasmin. Electrophoretic studies with 7-5 per cent polyacrylamide gels indicated that fowl caeruloplasmin also was histaminase and putrescinase activity and that the release of this protein from the liver by endotoxin is largely responsible for the increase in the activity of the plasma. In untreated fowls this activity was lower than published values for several mammals and does not explain the relative resistance of the fowl to the acute effects of endotoxins and large doses of histamine.", "PMID": 406653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3750", "title": "The influence of atropine and cromolyn on human bronchial hyperreactivity to aerosolized prostaglandin F2 alpha.", "content": "The mechanism of prostaglandin F2 alpha(PGF2alpha)-induced airway constriction was explored by determining the influence of atropine and cromolyn on the bronchoconstrictive properties of PGF2alpha. Increasing doses of aerosolized PGF2alpha were given (150, 300, 600, 1200 microgram) and the response of subjects was determined by measurements of spirometry, specific airway conductance (SGaw), and closing volumes. In normal subjects, PGF2alpha induced small but significant decreases of SGaw and spirometric parameters (FVC, FEV1), whereas there was no effect on the closing volumes. In contrast, in asthmatics, PGF2 alpha induced large decreases of SGaw and spirometric parameters. Asthmatics experienced severe and prolonged shortness of breath and wheezing, whereas normal controls experienced neither. Neither atropine nor atropine plus cromolyn was capable of preventing or substantially reversing the PGF2alpha-induced symptoms and airway constriction. The data suggest that reflex bronchoconstriction via irritant receptors is not a major mechanism of PGF2alpha-induced airway constriction. Although a minor vagally mediated reflex component may participate in the PGF2alpha-induced bronchoconstriction, it is masked by an overwhelming non-reflex mechanism that is probably a direct constricting effect of airways smooth muscle that is exquisitely sensitive to PGF2alpha.", "contents": "The influence of atropine and cromolyn on human bronchial hyperreactivity to aerosolized prostaglandin F2 alpha. The mechanism of prostaglandin F2 alpha(PGF2alpha)-induced airway constriction was explored by determining the influence of atropine and cromolyn on the bronchoconstrictive properties of PGF2alpha. Increasing doses of aerosolized PGF2alpha were given (150, 300, 600, 1200 microgram) and the response of subjects was determined by measurements of spirometry, specific airway conductance (SGaw), and closing volumes. In normal subjects, PGF2alpha induced small but significant decreases of SGaw and spirometric parameters (FVC, FEV1), whereas there was no effect on the closing volumes. In contrast, in asthmatics, PGF2 alpha induced large decreases of SGaw and spirometric parameters. Asthmatics experienced severe and prolonged shortness of breath and wheezing, whereas normal controls experienced neither. Neither atropine nor atropine plus cromolyn was capable of preventing or substantially reversing the PGF2alpha-induced symptoms and airway constriction. The data suggest that reflex bronchoconstriction via irritant receptors is not a major mechanism of PGF2alpha-induced airway constriction. Although a minor vagally mediated reflex component may participate in the PGF2alpha-induced bronchoconstriction, it is masked by an overwhelming non-reflex mechanism that is probably a direct constricting effect of airways smooth muscle that is exquisitely sensitive to PGF2alpha.", "PMID": 406654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3751", "title": "Increased potassium permeability by calcium in hypochromic red blood cells.", "content": "The red blood cell (RBC) content of Na+ and K+ were measured both on fresh cells from normal, heterozygous beta-thalassaemic and iron-deficiency-anaemic subjects, and on the same cells incubated for 24 h, at 37 degrees C, either in presence or in absence of Calcium (Ca2+). Ca2+ did not increase membrane permeability to Na+, but increased the K+ loss, both from normal cells and to a greater degree much more from hypochromic cells. Glucose largely prevented the K+ loss from hypochromic cells incubated either in absence or in presence of Ca2+, probably maintaining an adequate level of ATP during the incubation. EDTA only partially decreased the permeability to K+ in hypochromic cells incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C, possibly removing Ca2+ bound to the cell membrane. The results suggest that Ca2+ does not represent the primary cause of K+ leak in hypochromic cells, but it is able to enhance a pre-existing peculiar abnormality of the cell membrane when the ATP level slows down.", "contents": "Increased potassium permeability by calcium in hypochromic red blood cells. The red blood cell (RBC) content of Na+ and K+ were measured both on fresh cells from normal, heterozygous beta-thalassaemic and iron-deficiency-anaemic subjects, and on the same cells incubated for 24 h, at 37 degrees C, either in presence or in absence of Calcium (Ca2+). Ca2+ did not increase membrane permeability to Na+, but increased the K+ loss, both from normal cells and to a greater degree much more from hypochromic cells. Glucose largely prevented the K+ loss from hypochromic cells incubated either in absence or in presence of Ca2+, probably maintaining an adequate level of ATP during the incubation. EDTA only partially decreased the permeability to K+ in hypochromic cells incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C, possibly removing Ca2+ bound to the cell membrane. The results suggest that Ca2+ does not represent the primary cause of K+ leak in hypochromic cells, but it is able to enhance a pre-existing peculiar abnormality of the cell membrane when the ATP level slows down.", "PMID": 406669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3752", "title": "High-resolution soft x-ray microscopy.", "content": "X-ray micrographs of biological materials have been obtained with a resolution better than 100 angstroms by using x-ray resist as the recording medium. A high-resolution scanning electron microscope with a short-focal-length final lens, operating in the \"low-loss\" mode, is used to make the smallest features in the x-ray replica visible.", "contents": "High-resolution soft x-ray microscopy. X-ray micrographs of biological materials have been obtained with a resolution better than 100 angstroms by using x-ray resist as the recording medium. A high-resolution scanning electron microscope with a short-focal-length final lens, operating in the \"low-loss\" mode, is used to make the smallest features in the x-ray replica visible.", "PMID": 406670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3753", "title": "An effective immunization of experimental monkeys against a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.", "content": "This is the first report of successful immunization of experimental monkeys against a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Of the five owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) used in this pilot study, two served as controls and the other three were immunized with P. falciparum antigen consisting primarily of mature segmenters containing fully developed merozoites. Two injections of antigen emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant were administered intramuscularly 3 weeks apart. Three weeks after the second vaccination, all monkeys were challenged with the homologous strain of P. falciparum. The control monkeys died with high levels of parasitemia within 2 weeks of challenge. The three immunized monkeys survived and showed strong protection against P. falciparum. These results are encouraging for the possible future development of an effective vaccine against human malaria.", "contents": "An effective immunization of experimental monkeys against a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. This is the first report of successful immunization of experimental monkeys against a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Of the five owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) used in this pilot study, two served as controls and the other three were immunized with P. falciparum antigen consisting primarily of mature segmenters containing fully developed merozoites. Two injections of antigen emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant were administered intramuscularly 3 weeks apart. Three weeks after the second vaccination, all monkeys were challenged with the homologous strain of P. falciparum. The control monkeys died with high levels of parasitemia within 2 weeks of challenge. The three immunized monkeys survived and showed strong protection against P. falciparum. These results are encouraging for the possible future development of an effective vaccine against human malaria.", "PMID": 406671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3754", "title": "Polychlorinated biphenyls: penetration into the deep ocean by zooplankton fecal pellet transport.", "content": "High concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) were found in fecal pellets from natural populations of euphausiids collected in the Ligurian Sea. Since biogenic particulate products, especially fecal pellets, are known to sink rapidly and intact to the ocean bottom, the transport of PCB's by such sinking particles could be an important mechanism which contributes to the penetration of PCB's into the deep sea.", "contents": "Polychlorinated biphenyls: penetration into the deep ocean by zooplankton fecal pellet transport. High concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) were found in fecal pellets from natural populations of euphausiids collected in the Ligurian Sea. Since biogenic particulate products, especially fecal pellets, are known to sink rapidly and intact to the ocean bottom, the transport of PCB's by such sinking particles could be an important mechanism which contributes to the penetration of PCB's into the deep sea.", "PMID": 406672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3755", "title": "Bacteriophages in live virus vaccines: lack of evidence for effects on the genome of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Four juvenile rhesus monkeys were inoculated with 10(12) plaque-forming units of the bacteriophage phiV1 isolated from live virus vaccines. After phiV1 had been cleared from the blood, DNA's were isolated from the livers and kidneys and analyzed for the presence of bacteriophage by plaque assays, and for the presence of phiV1 DNA by DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics. No evidence was found for persistence of the bacteriophage or for replication of the phage genome in these rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "Bacteriophages in live virus vaccines: lack of evidence for effects on the genome of rhesus monkeys. Four juvenile rhesus monkeys were inoculated with 10(12) plaque-forming units of the bacteriophage phiV1 isolated from live virus vaccines. After phiV1 had been cleared from the blood, DNA's were isolated from the livers and kidneys and analyzed for the presence of bacteriophage by plaque assays, and for the presence of phiV1 DNA by DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics. No evidence was found for persistence of the bacteriophage or for replication of the phage genome in these rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 406673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3756", "title": "Erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase I: inherited deficiency in humans.", "content": "The virtually complete absence of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase I is reported in three members of a family from the Greek island of Icaria. Two members with moderately reduced levels are believed to be heterozygous for the deficiency. There are no obvious hematological or renal consequences of the severe deficiency state.", "contents": "Erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase I: inherited deficiency in humans. The virtually complete absence of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase I is reported in three members of a family from the Greek island of Icaria. Two members with moderately reduced levels are believed to be heterozygous for the deficiency. There are no obvious hematological or renal consequences of the severe deficiency state.", "PMID": 406674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3757", "title": "Temporal control of urate oxidase activity in Drosophila: evidence of an autonomous timer in malpighian tubules.", "content": "The appearance of urate oxidase activity in the Malpighian tubules of Drosophlia melanogaster is synchronized with the time of emergence of the imago from the puparium. A developmental clock within the Malpighian tubules specifies the time of appearances of urate oxidase activity.", "contents": "Temporal control of urate oxidase activity in Drosophila: evidence of an autonomous timer in malpighian tubules. The appearance of urate oxidase activity in the Malpighian tubules of Drosophlia melanogaster is synchronized with the time of emergence of the imago from the puparium. A developmental clock within the Malpighian tubules specifies the time of appearances of urate oxidase activity.", "PMID": 406675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3758", "title": "Visual sensitivity: significant within-species variations in a nonhuman primate.", "content": "Among squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) there are significant sex-related differences in visual sensitivity. As measured behaviorally in an increment-thershold task, a sample of males was found to be substantially less sensitive to long-wavelength (640-nanometer) light than a group of females tested in the same way, although the two groups showed no significant differences in sensitivity to a middle-wavelength (540-nanometer) light. The two group also differed on a test designed to measure the effects of chromatic adaptation.", "contents": "Visual sensitivity: significant within-species variations in a nonhuman primate. Among squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) there are significant sex-related differences in visual sensitivity. As measured behaviorally in an increment-thershold task, a sample of males was found to be substantially less sensitive to long-wavelength (640-nanometer) light than a group of females tested in the same way, although the two groups showed no significant differences in sensitivity to a middle-wavelength (540-nanometer) light. The two group also differed on a test designed to measure the effects of chromatic adaptation.", "PMID": 406676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3759", "title": "Diabetes mellitus in adolescents: a comprehensive approach to outpatient care.", "content": "A comprehensive approach to care of adolescents with diabetes mellitus requires knowledge of the unique characteristics of juvenile diabetes during this development period, appropriate medical goals, and awareness of the numerous psychologic and social problems encountered. Involvement of other health professionals is frequently needed. Successful adjustment of the adolescent to having diabetes includes absence of \"maladaptive\" coping mechanisms, realistic future goals, and acceptance of responsibility for self-care.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus in adolescents: a comprehensive approach to outpatient care. A comprehensive approach to care of adolescents with diabetes mellitus requires knowledge of the unique characteristics of juvenile diabetes during this development period, appropriate medical goals, and awareness of the numerous psychologic and social problems encountered. Involvement of other health professionals is frequently needed. Successful adjustment of the adolescent to having diabetes includes absence of \"maladaptive\" coping mechanisms, realistic future goals, and acceptance of responsibility for self-care.", "PMID": 406679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3760", "title": "Massive gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation of a duodenal diverticulum with coexisting pancreatitis.", "content": "A case of perforation and bleeding from a diverticulum of the second portion of the duodenum in a patient with recurrent pancreatitis is presented. Upper gastrointestinal roentgenogram revealed an abnormal tract and retroperitoneal air arising from the diverticulum. The fistulous tract communicated with pancreas. Bleeding was due to erosion of the wall of the pancreaticoduodenal artery. Extensive bleeding should suggest involvement of blood vessel.", "contents": "Massive gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation of a duodenal diverticulum with coexisting pancreatitis. A case of perforation and bleeding from a diverticulum of the second portion of the duodenum in a patient with recurrent pancreatitis is presented. Upper gastrointestinal roentgenogram revealed an abnormal tract and retroperitoneal air arising from the diverticulum. The fistulous tract communicated with pancreas. Bleeding was due to erosion of the wall of the pancreaticoduodenal artery. Extensive bleeding should suggest involvement of blood vessel.", "PMID": 406680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3761", "title": "Clinical considerations of the ratio of myocardial oxygen demand to available supply.", "content": "Myocardial oxygen demand is the relationship between the inherent needs of the heart and the available oxygenated blood reaching the myocardial tissue. The system is controlled by two different, yet not wholly uncomplementary, mechanisms. The first, coronary blood flow, appears to be regulated primarily by tissue oxygen tension. The second, the determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption, is controlled more by the heart's mechanical performance than the tissue oxygen tension. Currently available antianginal drugs and physical training affect these two mechanisms and may alter angina pectoris.", "contents": "Clinical considerations of the ratio of myocardial oxygen demand to available supply. Myocardial oxygen demand is the relationship between the inherent needs of the heart and the available oxygenated blood reaching the myocardial tissue. The system is controlled by two different, yet not wholly uncomplementary, mechanisms. The first, coronary blood flow, appears to be regulated primarily by tissue oxygen tension. The second, the determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption, is controlled more by the heart's mechanical performance than the tissue oxygen tension. Currently available antianginal drugs and physical training affect these two mechanisms and may alter angina pectoris.", "PMID": 406681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3762", "title": "Urethritis in white men--a microbiological appraisal.", "content": "The incidence of infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasmas has been assessed in White men with urethritis who were attending a Johannesburg clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Infection with N. gonorrhoeae was demonstrated in 54% of 212 patients with urethritis. C. trachomatis was isolated from 37% of patients with non-gonococcal urethritis, and from 25% with proven gonococcal infection. Although T-mycoplasmas were isolated significantly more often from patients with urethritis (41%) than from controls (23%) (P less than 0,05) their role in the aetiology of urethritis is uncertain.", "contents": "Urethritis in white men--a microbiological appraisal. The incidence of infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasmas has been assessed in White men with urethritis who were attending a Johannesburg clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Infection with N. gonorrhoeae was demonstrated in 54% of 212 patients with urethritis. C. trachomatis was isolated from 37% of patients with non-gonococcal urethritis, and from 25% with proven gonococcal infection. Although T-mycoplasmas were isolated significantly more often from patients with urethritis (41%) than from controls (23%) (P less than 0,05) their role in the aetiology of urethritis is uncertain.", "PMID": 406683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3763", "title": "Evaluation of surgical therapy by cost-benefit analysis.", "content": "Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is described briefly, emphasizing the contribution this technique can make in justifying health care programs vying with other costly public programs for support. Costs and benefits of two surgical diagnostic techniques are outlined briefly as illustrations of the analysis. The first analyzes routine intraoperative cholangiography indicating the slight benefits that accrue from its use in terms of mortality and hospital expense. A more complicated example is an analysis of a policy of universal annual uterine cervical smears in asymptomatic women for cancer prevention where, granted the assumptions of the model, the costs minus the benefits of the program are estimated to be $565,000/beneficiary/year. The average beneficiary will gain 22 years of life at an average cost/year of about $26,000. The two examples are presented primarily as illustrations of a methodology which is being applied widely in medicine and public policy planning. Second, the marshalling of facts in CBA of a policy of annual uterine smears is of interest to those concerned with the justification of this screening procedure.", "contents": "Evaluation of surgical therapy by cost-benefit analysis. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is described briefly, emphasizing the contribution this technique can make in justifying health care programs vying with other costly public programs for support. Costs and benefits of two surgical diagnostic techniques are outlined briefly as illustrations of the analysis. The first analyzes routine intraoperative cholangiography indicating the slight benefits that accrue from its use in terms of mortality and hospital expense. A more complicated example is an analysis of a policy of universal annual uterine cervical smears in asymptomatic women for cancer prevention where, granted the assumptions of the model, the costs minus the benefits of the program are estimated to be $565,000/beneficiary/year. The average beneficiary will gain 22 years of life at an average cost/year of about $26,000. The two examples are presented primarily as illustrations of a methodology which is being applied widely in medicine and public policy planning. Second, the marshalling of facts in CBA of a policy of annual uterine smears is of interest to those concerned with the justification of this screening procedure.", "PMID": 406685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3764", "title": "Continual catheter administration of an elemental diet in infants and children.", "content": "Elemental diet offers a safe, simple, widely applicable technique for providing nutritional support in infants and children, thus protecting them against the hazards of malnutrition. Continual catheter administration of elemental diet provides an avenue of nutritional support free of many of the complications associated with total parenteral nutrition. Although mechanical and metabolic complications were avoided by rigid protocol compliance in our group of over 150 patients, further metabolic studies may suggest minor compositional changes providing a more optimal diet for premature and newborn infants.", "contents": "Continual catheter administration of an elemental diet in infants and children. Elemental diet offers a safe, simple, widely applicable technique for providing nutritional support in infants and children, thus protecting them against the hazards of malnutrition. Continual catheter administration of elemental diet provides an avenue of nutritional support free of many of the complications associated with total parenteral nutrition. Although mechanical and metabolic complications were avoided by rigid protocol compliance in our group of over 150 patients, further metabolic studies may suggest minor compositional changes providing a more optimal diet for premature and newborn infants.", "PMID": 406686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3765", "title": "Comparative studies of coagulative and fibrinolytic faculties between the Japanese monkey and the human.", "content": "In the present study, the coagulative and the fibrinolytic faculties of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) were investigated and compared with those of the human. Regarding the coagulative faculty, the plasmic fibrinogen level, prothrombin times, and partial thromboplastin times of the Japanese monkey were similar to those of the human, but the antithrombin level in the monkey was higher than that in the human. Regarding the fibrinolytic faculty, the simian plasminogen level was significantly higher than the human, but the simian, plasma clot and the euglobulin clot lysis times were extremely prolonged, which means that the Japanese monkey has a great fibrinolytic potential, but that it is difficult to activate. In addition, the human and simian reactivities of plasminogen to streptokinase were also investigated and compared.", "contents": "Comparative studies of coagulative and fibrinolytic faculties between the Japanese monkey and the human. In the present study, the coagulative and the fibrinolytic faculties of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) were investigated and compared with those of the human. Regarding the coagulative faculty, the plasmic fibrinogen level, prothrombin times, and partial thromboplastin times of the Japanese monkey were similar to those of the human, but the antithrombin level in the monkey was higher than that in the human. Regarding the fibrinolytic faculty, the simian plasminogen level was significantly higher than the human, but the simian, plasma clot and the euglobulin clot lysis times were extremely prolonged, which means that the Japanese monkey has a great fibrinolytic potential, but that it is difficult to activate. In addition, the human and simian reactivities of plasminogen to streptokinase were also investigated and compared.", "PMID": 406688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3766", "title": "Binding of anti-actin autoantibodies to platelets.", "content": "Normal platelets incubated with anti-actin autoantibodies (AAA) (from the serum of patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis) do not show binding of these antibodies as seen by indirect immunofluorescence. AAA serum does not inhibit thrombin-induced clot retraction, despite the binding of the antibodies to platelets in the clot. Similarly, AAA serum does not affect \"reversible\" or \"irreversible\" aggregation (induced by ADP, collagen or epinephrine), despite the binding of the antibodies to platelet actin under such circumstances. AAA also bind to platelets when aggregation is inhibited by EDTA. The incubation of \"reversibly\" aggregated platelet with AAA results in a small but definite binding of AAA to platelets. These findings suggest that during \"irreversible\" and/or \"reversible\" aggregation, changes take place at the surface of platelets which expose the antigen at the surface of the cell.", "contents": "Binding of anti-actin autoantibodies to platelets. Normal platelets incubated with anti-actin autoantibodies (AAA) (from the serum of patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis) do not show binding of these antibodies as seen by indirect immunofluorescence. AAA serum does not inhibit thrombin-induced clot retraction, despite the binding of the antibodies to platelets in the clot. Similarly, AAA serum does not affect \"reversible\" or \"irreversible\" aggregation (induced by ADP, collagen or epinephrine), despite the binding of the antibodies to platelet actin under such circumstances. AAA also bind to platelets when aggregation is inhibited by EDTA. The incubation of \"reversibly\" aggregated platelet with AAA results in a small but definite binding of AAA to platelets. These findings suggest that during \"irreversible\" and/or \"reversible\" aggregation, changes take place at the surface of platelets which expose the antigen at the surface of the cell.", "PMID": 406689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3767", "title": "[Chemotherapy of the ovarian carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Ovarian carcinomas are highly sensitive to chemotherapy. The alkylating agents were most extensively investigated. With these drugs remissions can be obtained in about 50% of the patients. Some early results seem to show a higher response rate and a longer duration of remission after combination chemotherapy. In ovarian carcinoma it has to be the aim of the chemotherapy to obtain a complete remission. The indications for chemotherapy are not yet well defined. Treatment is definitely indicated in stage IV (FIGO) or in recurrent disease after radiotherapy. This treatment has to be given as a long-term therapy over a long period of time. In stage III and II b disease a combined treatment plan has to be developed by the radio- and chemotherapist. At the present time no data are available which prove or disprove the value of an adjuvant chemotherapy in the early stages of ovarian carcinoma. Remembering the somewhat promising results of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer, it is conceivable that prophylactic chemotherapy will prove to be indicated in early stages of ovarian carcinoma.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of the ovarian carcinoma (author's transl)]. Ovarian carcinomas are highly sensitive to chemotherapy. The alkylating agents were most extensively investigated. With these drugs remissions can be obtained in about 50% of the patients. Some early results seem to show a higher response rate and a longer duration of remission after combination chemotherapy. In ovarian carcinoma it has to be the aim of the chemotherapy to obtain a complete remission. The indications for chemotherapy are not yet well defined. Treatment is definitely indicated in stage IV (FIGO) or in recurrent disease after radiotherapy. This treatment has to be given as a long-term therapy over a long period of time. In stage III and II b disease a combined treatment plan has to be developed by the radio- and chemotherapist. At the present time no data are available which prove or disprove the value of an adjuvant chemotherapy in the early stages of ovarian carcinoma. Remembering the somewhat promising results of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer, it is conceivable that prophylactic chemotherapy will prove to be indicated in early stages of ovarian carcinoma.", "PMID": 406695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3768", "title": "On a simple method for routine check of the constancy of radiation quality of bremsstrahlung emitted by therapeutic particle accelerators.", "content": "The constancy of radiation quality of therapeutically employed particle accelerators has to be checked at weekly intervals. Any change in radiation quality may have considerable therapeutic effects owing to its influence on dose distribution. It can be recommended to make measurements instead of, or in addition to, the axial reference-point measurement at 5 and 15 cm depth in the phantom, at 5 cm depth in the beam axis and at a reference-point about 1 cm within the geometric edge of the field, for checking the constancy of the radiation quality of bremsstrahlung. Only then, if routine checks carried out for the axial and the lateral reference-point dose ratios do not show any deviations greater than e.g. +/- 2%, radiation quality is deemed to have remained sufficiently constant for radiotherapeutical applications.", "contents": "On a simple method for routine check of the constancy of radiation quality of bremsstrahlung emitted by therapeutic particle accelerators. The constancy of radiation quality of therapeutically employed particle accelerators has to be checked at weekly intervals. Any change in radiation quality may have considerable therapeutic effects owing to its influence on dose distribution. It can be recommended to make measurements instead of, or in addition to, the axial reference-point measurement at 5 and 15 cm depth in the phantom, at 5 cm depth in the beam axis and at a reference-point about 1 cm within the geometric edge of the field, for checking the constancy of the radiation quality of bremsstrahlung. Only then, if routine checks carried out for the axial and the lateral reference-point dose ratios do not show any deviations greater than e.g. +/- 2%, radiation quality is deemed to have remained sufficiently constant for radiotherapeutical applications.", "PMID": 406696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3769", "title": "[Neurofibroma--neurofibromatosis--neurofibrosarcoma].", "content": "The author presents 14 patients with the gradations \"neurofibroma--neurofibromatosis-neurofibrosarcoma\". The great variability of forms of this disease ist emphasized. Apart from pure soft-tissue tumours, primary and secondary osseous changes were demonstrated in 4 patients. Intra-oral neurofibromas were seen in 5 cases. In 3 of these, the tongue was involved. Suggestions are given for the treatment of this clinical picture.", "contents": "[Neurofibroma--neurofibromatosis--neurofibrosarcoma]. The author presents 14 patients with the gradations \"neurofibroma--neurofibromatosis-neurofibrosarcoma\". The great variability of forms of this disease ist emphasized. Apart from pure soft-tissue tumours, primary and secondary osseous changes were demonstrated in 4 patients. Intra-oral neurofibromas were seen in 5 cases. In 3 of these, the tongue was involved. Suggestions are given for the treatment of this clinical picture.", "PMID": 406698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3770", "title": "Adverse reactions to isoniazid on ingestion of fish with a high histamine content.", "content": "On eating preparations of a particular variety of fish, the skipjack (bonito), patients with tuberculosis on isoniazid repeatedly developed symptoms very similar to those of histamine poisoning. Skipjack was found to contain probably the highest concentration of histamine reported in fish. Isoniazid is a potent inhibitor of histaminase which normally plays an important role in the metabolism of histamine in the body. It is suggested that the symptoms seen in these patients were, in fact, due to histamine. In these circumstances the high histamine content of skipjack and the interference by isoniazid with the metabolism of the amine presumably play complementary roles in the production of histamine poisoning; each of these factors by itself is apparently inadequate to produce such intoxication. An analysis of the symptoms manifested by 21 patients is presented.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to isoniazid on ingestion of fish with a high histamine content. On eating preparations of a particular variety of fish, the skipjack (bonito), patients with tuberculosis on isoniazid repeatedly developed symptoms very similar to those of histamine poisoning. Skipjack was found to contain probably the highest concentration of histamine reported in fish. Isoniazid is a potent inhibitor of histaminase which normally plays an important role in the metabolism of histamine in the body. It is suggested that the symptoms seen in these patients were, in fact, due to histamine. In these circumstances the high histamine content of skipjack and the interference by isoniazid with the metabolism of the amine presumably play complementary roles in the production of histamine poisoning; each of these factors by itself is apparently inadequate to produce such intoxication. An analysis of the symptoms manifested by 21 patients is presented.", "PMID": 406701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3771", "title": "Occult tuberculous infection in children.", "content": "Three hundred and fifty New Zealand children with occult tuberculous infection are reviewed. Ninety four had received BCG vaccine previously. Three hundred and forty were admitted to hospital and 3 gastric aspirations were obtained from each child and cultured for tubercle bacilli. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from 1 or more aspirates in 29 (8.5%) of the children. Excluding those who had received BCG the isolation rate was 10.9%. Mycobacterium bovis was not cultured from any child. X-rays of the chest which were initially normal showed calcification after 2 to 5 years in 73 (20.8%) cases. The 350 children were treated with 2 drugs, during the early years isoniazid and PAS and in the past 3 years isoniazid and rifampicin in standard dosage for either 12 or 18 months. The reasons for treating these children are discussed.", "contents": "Occult tuberculous infection in children. Three hundred and fifty New Zealand children with occult tuberculous infection are reviewed. Ninety four had received BCG vaccine previously. Three hundred and forty were admitted to hospital and 3 gastric aspirations were obtained from each child and cultured for tubercle bacilli. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from 1 or more aspirates in 29 (8.5%) of the children. Excluding those who had received BCG the isolation rate was 10.9%. Mycobacterium bovis was not cultured from any child. X-rays of the chest which were initially normal showed calcification after 2 to 5 years in 73 (20.8%) cases. The 350 children were treated with 2 drugs, during the early years isoniazid and PAS and in the past 3 years isoniazid and rifampicin in standard dosage for either 12 or 18 months. The reasons for treating these children are discussed.", "PMID": 406702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3772", "title": "Blood group alloantibodies: an assessment of some laboratory practices.", "content": "Over a 20-year period, the number of blood donors and transfusion recipients previously immunized by blood group antigens was determined in a large blood center. During that period, the proportion of patients found to have anti-D declined, while those with other antibodies in the Rh system, as well as in the Kell, Duffy, and Kidd systems, increased sharply. As expected, the rate of sensitization was much lower among blood donors than among recipients. In both groups, sensitized females greatly outnumbered sensitized males. Some of the findings summarized here raise questions about current practices in transfusion laboratories and emphasize the responsibilities of blood bank professionals to donors as well as to patients.", "contents": "Blood group alloantibodies: an assessment of some laboratory practices. Over a 20-year period, the number of blood donors and transfusion recipients previously immunized by blood group antigens was determined in a large blood center. During that period, the proportion of patients found to have anti-D declined, while those with other antibodies in the Rh system, as well as in the Kell, Duffy, and Kidd systems, increased sharply. As expected, the rate of sensitization was much lower among blood donors than among recipients. In both groups, sensitized females greatly outnumbered sensitized males. Some of the findings summarized here raise questions about current practices in transfusion laboratories and emphasize the responsibilities of blood bank professionals to donors as well as to patients.", "PMID": 406699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3773", "title": "Transurethral fulguration of bladder diverticulum: new procedure.", "content": "Transurethral fulguration of bladder diverticulum (TUFD) is a new and simple procedure. Since July, 1975, 17 patients have had TUFD at the time of transurethral resection of the prostate. Cystograms have been obtained from one week to twelve months after surgery. The diverticulum has shrunk in 9 cases and has totally disappeared in 5; follow-up is incomplete in 3 cases.", "contents": "Transurethral fulguration of bladder diverticulum: new procedure. Transurethral fulguration of bladder diverticulum (TUFD) is a new and simple procedure. Since July, 1975, 17 patients have had TUFD at the time of transurethral resection of the prostate. Cystograms have been obtained from one week to twelve months after surgery. The diverticulum has shrunk in 9 cases and has totally disappeared in 5; follow-up is incomplete in 3 cases.", "PMID": 406705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3774", "title": "Bone marrow amyloid in patients with M-component.", "content": "Amyloid substance was looked for in bone marrow aspirates of 28 patients presenting an M-component, in association with different illnesses (plasmocytoma, chronic lymphatic leukemia, lymphocytic lymphoma, \"benign monoclonal gammapathy\" and liver cirrhosis). Amyloid was detected in 12 out of 20 patients with plasmocytoma (60%) and in 3 out of 8 patients with other illnesses (37.5%); it was found in 9 out of 13 cases (69.2%) presenting exclusive light chain production and in 6 out of 15 cases (40%) with a monoclonal complete Ig. Lambda type light chain, either free or Ig-bound, was slightly more often (6 cases out of 10, 60%) associated with amyloidosis than was K (9 cases out of 17, 52.9%). Bone marrow appeared to be more frequently involved than other sites considered elective such as rectal mucosa. Amyloid appeared as an intensively fluorescent substance present intercellularly in areas of variable number and size.", "contents": "Bone marrow amyloid in patients with M-component. Amyloid substance was looked for in bone marrow aspirates of 28 patients presenting an M-component, in association with different illnesses (plasmocytoma, chronic lymphatic leukemia, lymphocytic lymphoma, \"benign monoclonal gammapathy\" and liver cirrhosis). Amyloid was detected in 12 out of 20 patients with plasmocytoma (60%) and in 3 out of 8 patients with other illnesses (37.5%); it was found in 9 out of 13 cases (69.2%) presenting exclusive light chain production and in 6 out of 15 cases (40%) with a monoclonal complete Ig. Lambda type light chain, either free or Ig-bound, was slightly more often (6 cases out of 10, 60%) associated with amyloidosis than was K (9 cases out of 17, 52.9%). Bone marrow appeared to be more frequently involved than other sites considered elective such as rectal mucosa. Amyloid appeared as an intensively fluorescent substance present intercellularly in areas of variable number and size.", "PMID": 406703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3775", "title": "Mitochondrial calcium during liver carcinogenesis due to thioacetamide and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene.", "content": "In a series of experiments the prolonged feeding of rats with thioacetamide and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene provoked an increase in mitochondrial calcium. It seems likely that this continuous mitochondrial overloading with Ca2+ is related to metabolic and functional changes of the liver cell leading to a neoplastic transformation. The drastic changes in cell membrane permeability of cholangiocarcinoma tumor cells, reflected by an increased concentration of extracellular cations (calcium and sodium), while the intracellular cations tended to decrease, indicate that the mitochondrial function of specification of cell membrane characteristics is possibly impaired by that calcification.", "contents": "Mitochondrial calcium during liver carcinogenesis due to thioacetamide and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. In a series of experiments the prolonged feeding of rats with thioacetamide and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene provoked an increase in mitochondrial calcium. It seems likely that this continuous mitochondrial overloading with Ca2+ is related to metabolic and functional changes of the liver cell leading to a neoplastic transformation. The drastic changes in cell membrane permeability of cholangiocarcinoma tumor cells, reflected by an increased concentration of extracellular cations (calcium and sodium), while the intracellular cations tended to decrease, indicate that the mitochondrial function of specification of cell membrane characteristics is possibly impaired by that calcification.", "PMID": 406704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3776", "title": "Further studies on the ridge at the internal edge of the cataract incision.", "content": "A pathologic and experimental study of the etiology and morphology of the ridge, visible gonioscopically in the region of the internal lips of the cataract incision during and after the cataract operation, is described. The ridge observed clinically cannot be reproduced in human eye-banks eyes but can be reproduced in vivo in the eye of the owl monkey. Histopathology and ultramicroscopic studies of these experimental eyes, together with evidence derived from histopathologic slides of postmortem human eyes, suggest that the ridge is probably the result of immediate edematous swelling of the deeper layers of the corneal stroma after the incision transects corneal endothelium and the Descemet membrane. While internal wound lip malapposition may be a contributing factor to formation of the ridge, it is probably not an essential component. The ridge is not caused by the incision-closing sutures for it is already present prior to suturing of the wound. The role in ridge formation of mechanical stress alterations produced immediately by the incision is considered but is not known.", "contents": "Further studies on the ridge at the internal edge of the cataract incision. A pathologic and experimental study of the etiology and morphology of the ridge, visible gonioscopically in the region of the internal lips of the cataract incision during and after the cataract operation, is described. The ridge observed clinically cannot be reproduced in human eye-banks eyes but can be reproduced in vivo in the eye of the owl monkey. Histopathology and ultramicroscopic studies of these experimental eyes, together with evidence derived from histopathologic slides of postmortem human eyes, suggest that the ridge is probably the result of immediate edematous swelling of the deeper layers of the corneal stroma after the incision transects corneal endothelium and the Descemet membrane. While internal wound lip malapposition may be a contributing factor to formation of the ridge, it is probably not an essential component. The ridge is not caused by the incision-closing sutures for it is already present prior to suturing of the wound. The role in ridge formation of mechanical stress alterations produced immediately by the incision is considered but is not known.", "PMID": 406708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3777", "title": "Trabecular damage due to blunt anterior segment injury and its relationship to traumatic glaucoma.", "content": "Gonioscopy, performed within 48 hours of traumatic hyphema, revealed not only angle recession but also a high incidence of damage to the trabecular meshwork and the Schlemm canal. These trabecular lesions tend to scar and become much more difficult to recognize over the ensuing weeks. Large tears into the ciliary body (angle recession) also had a tendency to \"close.\" Using a specially calibrated BB gun hyphema was induced in rhesus monkeys. Trabecular tears were recognized by gonioscopic and histologic examination. Impaired outflow facility developed between 10 and 30 days after injury in the one surviving animal studied to date. In patients developing open-angle glaucoma years after trauma, evidence of past trabecular injury was seen by gonioscopy in addition to the obvious ciliary body tears (angle recession). The \"normal\" fellow eye had early glaucoma, ocular hypertension, or \"high normal\" intraocular pressure. The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that traumatic glaucoma is the result of trabecular meshwork injury from the original trauma and the rapid scarring that results, in combination with an underlying predisposition for the development of primary open-angle glaucoma and the passage of time.", "contents": "Trabecular damage due to blunt anterior segment injury and its relationship to traumatic glaucoma. Gonioscopy, performed within 48 hours of traumatic hyphema, revealed not only angle recession but also a high incidence of damage to the trabecular meshwork and the Schlemm canal. These trabecular lesions tend to scar and become much more difficult to recognize over the ensuing weeks. Large tears into the ciliary body (angle recession) also had a tendency to \"close.\" Using a specially calibrated BB gun hyphema was induced in rhesus monkeys. Trabecular tears were recognized by gonioscopic and histologic examination. Impaired outflow facility developed between 10 and 30 days after injury in the one surviving animal studied to date. In patients developing open-angle glaucoma years after trauma, evidence of past trabecular injury was seen by gonioscopy in addition to the obvious ciliary body tears (angle recession). The \"normal\" fellow eye had early glaucoma, ocular hypertension, or \"high normal\" intraocular pressure. The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that traumatic glaucoma is the result of trabecular meshwork injury from the original trauma and the rapid scarring that results, in combination with an underlying predisposition for the development of primary open-angle glaucoma and the passage of time.", "PMID": 406709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3778", "title": "The tranfer of Brucella abortus antibodies from dam to calf.", "content": "The higher sensitivity of the ABGT (Coombs Test) makes it the most useful test for comparison of total specific immunoglobulins for Brucella abortus in different secretions. Using it in the present study it was found that in 85 cows the mean selective concentration of immunoglobulins in colostrum was six to eight fold, whether the cows were infected or not. In the non-infected group calves acquired mean levels of immunoglobulins of about one third those in colostrum whereas in the infected group this ratio reduced to about one seventh. There were wide individual variations. However, mean values indicate that in both groups the calf acquires a level of antibodies up to twice the level of the dam's pre-partum serum, again with individual wide variations. Titres to the SAT and CFT are also given for all animals.", "contents": "The tranfer of Brucella abortus antibodies from dam to calf. The higher sensitivity of the ABGT (Coombs Test) makes it the most useful test for comparison of total specific immunoglobulins for Brucella abortus in different secretions. Using it in the present study it was found that in 85 cows the mean selective concentration of immunoglobulins in colostrum was six to eight fold, whether the cows were infected or not. In the non-infected group calves acquired mean levels of immunoglobulins of about one third those in colostrum whereas in the infected group this ratio reduced to about one seventh. There were wide individual variations. However, mean values indicate that in both groups the calf acquires a level of antibodies up to twice the level of the dam's pre-partum serum, again with individual wide variations. Titres to the SAT and CFT are also given for all animals.", "PMID": 406728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3779", "title": "Relation of lipids to the action of streptomycin on Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and griseofulvin and fungizone on Aspergillus niger.", "content": "An attempt was made to reveal the relation between the lipid content and components of B. subtilis and E. coli and the action of streptomycin, and those of A. niger and the action of griseofulvin and fungizone (Amphotericin B). Total lipids were extracted in CO2 atmosphere, dried, and weighed. Lipid components were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. Complements to the growth medium of A. niger with extracted total lipids and phospholipids were made to verify the obtained results. It has been found that the action of streptomycin and griseofulvin was not correlated with lipids. On the other hand, fungizone action was manifested by the decrease in total lipids, free sterols, sterol esters, and triglycerides. Supplementation studies gave evidence of the role of total lipids and phospholipids in protecting A. niger cells against fungizone. Supplementation of 1 g of phospholipid per litre medium raised the M.I.D. of fungizone from 2.5 up to 25 microgram/ml. It was suggested to keep the fat level controlled at a minimum if it is required to increase fungizone activity.", "contents": "Relation of lipids to the action of streptomycin on Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and griseofulvin and fungizone on Aspergillus niger. An attempt was made to reveal the relation between the lipid content and components of B. subtilis and E. coli and the action of streptomycin, and those of A. niger and the action of griseofulvin and fungizone (Amphotericin B). Total lipids were extracted in CO2 atmosphere, dried, and weighed. Lipid components were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. Complements to the growth medium of A. niger with extracted total lipids and phospholipids were made to verify the obtained results. It has been found that the action of streptomycin and griseofulvin was not correlated with lipids. On the other hand, fungizone action was manifested by the decrease in total lipids, free sterols, sterol esters, and triglycerides. Supplementation studies gave evidence of the role of total lipids and phospholipids in protecting A. niger cells against fungizone. Supplementation of 1 g of phospholipid per litre medium raised the M.I.D. of fungizone from 2.5 up to 25 microgram/ml. It was suggested to keep the fat level controlled at a minimum if it is required to increase fungizone activity.", "PMID": 406753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3780", "title": "Effect of media composition on the penicillin production.", "content": "The conventional penicillin fermentation medium is composed of corn steep liquor, glucose, lactose, minerals, oil, and precursor. The penicillin activity was not affected, due to the addition of carbonate 0-1% or whale oil 0.5% instead of 1%. Also the omission of cupric, magnesium, manganese, zinc sulphates, and acetic acid did not affect the penicillin activity, while the omission of ammonium nitrate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate decreased the penicillin activity in the medium. The penicillin activity of a medium containing 2% calcium superphosphate was higher than that of the control medium, containing 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 1% calcium carbonate. Instead of adding the precursor twice, after 0 and 48 hrs, the addition of phenylacetamide in the amount of 0.2%, at the start, did not affect the activity, while addition of phenylacetic acid (0.2%), at the start, decreased the penicillin activity. The omission of the precursors in the medium decreased the penicillin activity measured microbiologically, however, 6-aminopenicillanic acid content was relatively higher as compared with that of the control medium, containing precursor. These results were confirmed, using iodometric assay and paper chromatographic analysis.", "contents": "Effect of media composition on the penicillin production. The conventional penicillin fermentation medium is composed of corn steep liquor, glucose, lactose, minerals, oil, and precursor. The penicillin activity was not affected, due to the addition of carbonate 0-1% or whale oil 0.5% instead of 1%. Also the omission of cupric, magnesium, manganese, zinc sulphates, and acetic acid did not affect the penicillin activity, while the omission of ammonium nitrate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate decreased the penicillin activity in the medium. The penicillin activity of a medium containing 2% calcium superphosphate was higher than that of the control medium, containing 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 1% calcium carbonate. Instead of adding the precursor twice, after 0 and 48 hrs, the addition of phenylacetamide in the amount of 0.2%, at the start, did not affect the activity, while addition of phenylacetic acid (0.2%), at the start, decreased the penicillin activity. The omission of the precursors in the medium decreased the penicillin activity measured microbiologically, however, 6-aminopenicillanic acid content was relatively higher as compared with that of the control medium, containing precursor. These results were confirmed, using iodometric assay and paper chromatographic analysis.", "PMID": 406754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3781", "title": "Polyphosphate-glucose phosphotransferase. Purification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra enzyme to apparent homogeneity.", "content": "1. The enzyme (EC 2.7.1.63) was isolated from glucose-grown M. tuberculosis H37Ra; during the purification procedure, 2-mercaptoethanol, glucose, EDTA and NaCl served as protecting agents. 2. The enzyme was purified about 600-fold. The preparation was homogeneous on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and gave one precipitin line in double immunodiffusion test. Molecular weight of the enzyme determined by Sephadex G-100 filtration was about 118 000. 3. The enzyme preparation showed also glucokinase activity with ATP.", "contents": "Polyphosphate-glucose phosphotransferase. Purification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra enzyme to apparent homogeneity. 1. The enzyme (EC 2.7.1.63) was isolated from glucose-grown M. tuberculosis H37Ra; during the purification procedure, 2-mercaptoethanol, glucose, EDTA and NaCl served as protecting agents. 2. The enzyme was purified about 600-fold. The preparation was homogeneous on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and gave one precipitin line in double immunodiffusion test. Molecular weight of the enzyme determined by Sephadex G-100 filtration was about 118 000. 3. The enzyme preparation showed also glucokinase activity with ATP.", "PMID": 406755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3782", "title": "[Anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of the ankle].", "content": "Ankle lesions are problematic because of their frequency its anatomy and physiology are complex, disturbances of its functions are caused by the smallest c change of the anatomic relations. It is not able to put the fracture into line by the settled therapy; so these lesions are very frequent in our operative programme. the most important are the lateral maleolus -- its ligamentary part and the tibiofibular syndesmosis. The special emphasis is given to physiology and pathology of the ankle, the Weber's pathoanatomic classification of the ankle lesions is also given in this article.", "contents": "[Anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of the ankle]. Ankle lesions are problematic because of their frequency its anatomy and physiology are complex, disturbances of its functions are caused by the smallest c change of the anatomic relations. It is not able to put the fracture into line by the settled therapy; so these lesions are very frequent in our operative programme. the most important are the lateral maleolus -- its ligamentary part and the tibiofibular syndesmosis. The special emphasis is given to physiology and pathology of the ankle, the Weber's pathoanatomic classification of the ankle lesions is also given in this article.", "PMID": 406756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3783", "title": "Effects of intravenous glucose and aminoacids on gastric secretion.", "content": "Five healthy females were submited to parenteral nutrition with aminoacids and glucose solution and the acidity and volume of gastric juice were studied. We could find no difference in the obtained values at the various phases, even after the administration of betazole. From this we can conclude that the infusion of aminoacids and glucose does not alter the pattern of gastric secretion.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous glucose and aminoacids on gastric secretion. Five healthy females were submited to parenteral nutrition with aminoacids and glucose solution and the acidity and volume of gastric juice were studied. We could find no difference in the obtained values at the various phases, even after the administration of betazole. From this we can conclude that the infusion of aminoacids and glucose does not alter the pattern of gastric secretion.", "PMID": 406757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3784", "title": "The need for fentanyl supplementation of N2O-O2 relaxant anaesthesia in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "In order to find out how the need for analgesic supplementation during N2O-O2-relaxant anaesthesia is affected by chronic alcohol consumption, 82 patients with various known alcohol habits were anaesthetized for gastric or biliary surgery. Muscular relaxation was kept constant with the aid of a peripheral neurostimulator, and fentanyl was given in increments of 0.05-0.1 mg for nociceptive symptoms during the anaesthesia. For induction, alcoholics (annual consumption above 151 pure alcohol) needed significantly more thiopental/kg body weight than social drinkers (1--151 annually) or non-alcoholics (less than 11 annually), and excitative symptoms were more frequent in alcoholics. A positive correlation was found between fentanyl supplementation and alcohol consumption (r = 0.41), non-alcoholics requiring on average 3.8 microng/kg/h of fentanyl, as compared with 6.4 microng/kg/h in alcoholics. This correlation was clearer than that found previously under similar conditions by the authors between halothane supplementation and alcohol consumption (r = 0.20). In both studies the correlation was partly due to the higher incidence of gastric surgery among alcoholics, since gastric surgery itself requires more supplementation. An analysis of the different symptoms pointing to the need for fentanyl supplementation revealed that the simultaneous occurrence of several symptoms and the prevalence of motor responses were more common in alcoholics. In one patient halothane had to be used as well. In other patients no special difficulties were observed, and none of the patients reported dreams or recollections. The results suggest that during N2O-O2-relaxant anaesthesia the demand for fentanyl supplementation is increased by about 70% in chronic alcoholics with a mean annual consumption of 311 pure alcohol.", "contents": "The need for fentanyl supplementation of N2O-O2 relaxant anaesthesia in chronic alcoholics. In order to find out how the need for analgesic supplementation during N2O-O2-relaxant anaesthesia is affected by chronic alcohol consumption, 82 patients with various known alcohol habits were anaesthetized for gastric or biliary surgery. Muscular relaxation was kept constant with the aid of a peripheral neurostimulator, and fentanyl was given in increments of 0.05-0.1 mg for nociceptive symptoms during the anaesthesia. For induction, alcoholics (annual consumption above 151 pure alcohol) needed significantly more thiopental/kg body weight than social drinkers (1--151 annually) or non-alcoholics (less than 11 annually), and excitative symptoms were more frequent in alcoholics. A positive correlation was found between fentanyl supplementation and alcohol consumption (r = 0.41), non-alcoholics requiring on average 3.8 microng/kg/h of fentanyl, as compared with 6.4 microng/kg/h in alcoholics. This correlation was clearer than that found previously under similar conditions by the authors between halothane supplementation and alcohol consumption (r = 0.20). In both studies the correlation was partly due to the higher incidence of gastric surgery among alcoholics, since gastric surgery itself requires more supplementation. An analysis of the different symptoms pointing to the need for fentanyl supplementation revealed that the simultaneous occurrence of several symptoms and the prevalence of motor responses were more common in alcoholics. In one patient halothane had to be used as well. In other patients no special difficulties were observed, and none of the patients reported dreams or recollections. The results suggest that during N2O-O2-relaxant anaesthesia the demand for fentanyl supplementation is increased by about 70% in chronic alcoholics with a mean annual consumption of 311 pure alcohol.", "PMID": 406758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3785", "title": "The behaviour of microsomal mono-electron carriers in adult and fetal liver and in placenta throughout pregnancy.", "content": "The activities and contents of microsomal mono-electron carriers (NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5) in the liver of 160 pregnant rabbits and their response to phenobarbital (PB) administration were found to be different to that of non pregnant animals and to vary depending on the period of gestation. In fetal liver and in placenta the activities and contents of mixed function oxidase system enzymes are very low and increase from the mid-gestation up to the term of pregnancy. PB has either effect or decreases the enzyme levels. The variations of enzyme content and activity in maternal liver and the different response to PB are related to the hormonal modifications of pregnancy. The behaviour of mono-electron carriers in fetal liver can be related to the process of maturation of this organ. The effect of PB can be due to the interference of the drug with steroid metabolism. The behaviour of mixed function oxidase system enzymes in placenta can be related to the processes of maturation and ageing of organ.", "contents": "The behaviour of microsomal mono-electron carriers in adult and fetal liver and in placenta throughout pregnancy. The activities and contents of microsomal mono-electron carriers (NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5) in the liver of 160 pregnant rabbits and their response to phenobarbital (PB) administration were found to be different to that of non pregnant animals and to vary depending on the period of gestation. In fetal liver and in placenta the activities and contents of mixed function oxidase system enzymes are very low and increase from the mid-gestation up to the term of pregnancy. PB has either effect or decreases the enzyme levels. The variations of enzyme content and activity in maternal liver and the different response to PB are related to the hormonal modifications of pregnancy. The behaviour of mono-electron carriers in fetal liver can be related to the process of maturation of this organ. The effect of PB can be due to the interference of the drug with steroid metabolism. The behaviour of mixed function oxidase system enzymes in placenta can be related to the processes of maturation and ageing of organ.", "PMID": 406759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3786", "title": "Presence of anti-c in the serum of 42 women giving birth to c positive babies: serological and clinical findings.", "content": "During routine ante-natal testing during the period 1953-73 anti-c was found in the serum of 63 women. Twenty-four of them had received blood transfusion previously and of these 22 were multigravidae. In 39 women pregnancies alone were responsible for the immunization. The anti-c titres of the 42 women giving birth to c positive babies showed that the probability of developing haemolytic disease increases with higher titres. But low titres by no means exclude the existence of such disease. Among the 42 c positive babies 32 had a positive direct antiglobulin test. Some of the affected infants had a serious degree of haemolytic disease.", "contents": "Presence of anti-c in the serum of 42 women giving birth to c positive babies: serological and clinical findings. During routine ante-natal testing during the period 1953-73 anti-c was found in the serum of 63 women. Twenty-four of them had received blood transfusion previously and of these 22 were multigravidae. In 39 women pregnancies alone were responsible for the immunization. The anti-c titres of the 42 women giving birth to c positive babies showed that the probability of developing haemolytic disease increases with higher titres. But low titres by no means exclude the existence of such disease. Among the 42 c positive babies 32 had a positive direct antiglobulin test. Some of the affected infants had a serious degree of haemolytic disease.", "PMID": 406760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3787", "title": "Structural similarities between a protein extracted from normal human tissues and a component of amyloid fibrils.", "content": "Comparative immunologic and chemical studies of crude or fractionated amyloid fibrils and materials obtained from corresponding normal tissues have been performed. Materials from the amyloidotic and normal tissues were subjected to identical methods of extraction, chemical treatment and protein fractionation. Antigenic similarities between crude amyloid fibrils and corresponding normal tissue extracts were observed, however, a considerably larger concentration of the latter antigens was needed to obtain immunologic reactivity in double diffusion in gel. Striking similarities were observed when the amino acid composition of a high molecular weight subcomponent of amyloid fibrils was compared with that of normal tissue extracts. Crude, intact amyloid fibrils were highly effective in absorbing Congo-red while the ability to absorb Congo-red was by far less if the high molecular weight subcomponent of amyloid fibrils as well as the corresponding normal tissue extracts were used. The high molecular weight subcomponent of amyloid, which seems to be an integral part of the amyloid fibrils, most probably is a protein derived from normal tissue.", "contents": "Structural similarities between a protein extracted from normal human tissues and a component of amyloid fibrils. Comparative immunologic and chemical studies of crude or fractionated amyloid fibrils and materials obtained from corresponding normal tissues have been performed. Materials from the amyloidotic and normal tissues were subjected to identical methods of extraction, chemical treatment and protein fractionation. Antigenic similarities between crude amyloid fibrils and corresponding normal tissue extracts were observed, however, a considerably larger concentration of the latter antigens was needed to obtain immunologic reactivity in double diffusion in gel. Striking similarities were observed when the amino acid composition of a high molecular weight subcomponent of amyloid fibrils was compared with that of normal tissue extracts. Crude, intact amyloid fibrils were highly effective in absorbing Congo-red while the ability to absorb Congo-red was by far less if the high molecular weight subcomponent of amyloid fibrils as well as the corresponding normal tissue extracts were used. The high molecular weight subcomponent of amyloid, which seems to be an integral part of the amyloid fibrils, most probably is a protein derived from normal tissue.", "PMID": 406761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3788", "title": "Recent census changes in state hospitals: a look below the surface.", "content": "The rate at which long term patients are being discharged from the state hospitals in Connecticut has decreased sharply in recent years. This is only one of several trends that have major implications for program planning and evaluation.", "contents": "Recent census changes in state hospitals: a look below the surface. The rate at which long term patients are being discharged from the state hospitals in Connecticut has decreased sharply in recent years. This is only one of several trends that have major implications for program planning and evaluation.", "PMID": 406764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3789", "title": "The use of echocardiography in determination of reversible posterior wall asynergy.", "content": "Recent studies have indicated that nitroglycerin can be delineate potentially reversible asynergic zones depicted ventriculographically. To assess the ability of the echocardiogram to detect reversible asynergy, posterior wall motion was assessed in 19 patients both echocardiographically and ventriculographically before and after nitroglycerin. Thirteen of the 19 patients demonstrated abnormal posterior wall motion both by echocardiography and ventriculography while six were normal by both techniques. In 4 of the 13 asynergic areas, posterior wall excursion improved following nitroglycerin (from 0.99 +/- .07 to 1.30 +/- .07 cm. by echocarciography (p less than .025) with a corresponding improvement in hemiaxis shortening from 12.0 +/- 6.1 per cent to 29.0 +/- 6.7 per cent (p less than .02). In contrast, in nine patients in whom inferior segment hemiaxis shortening was unchanged following nitroglycerin, posterior wall excursion by echocardiography was similarly not improved (1.01 +/- .03 cm. before and 1.02 +/- .03 cm. after nitroglycerin). The effect of nitroglycerin on posterior wall velocity paralleled changes in posterior excursion. The six patients with initially normal posterior excursion showed no significant change by either echocardiography or ventriculography following nitroglycerin. Thus, the echocardiogram is of considerable value in detecting both the presence and potential for improvement of asynergic posterior wall segments.", "contents": "The use of echocardiography in determination of reversible posterior wall asynergy. Recent studies have indicated that nitroglycerin can be delineate potentially reversible asynergic zones depicted ventriculographically. To assess the ability of the echocardiogram to detect reversible asynergy, posterior wall motion was assessed in 19 patients both echocardiographically and ventriculographically before and after nitroglycerin. Thirteen of the 19 patients demonstrated abnormal posterior wall motion both by echocardiography and ventriculography while six were normal by both techniques. In 4 of the 13 asynergic areas, posterior wall excursion improved following nitroglycerin (from 0.99 +/- .07 to 1.30 +/- .07 cm. by echocarciography (p less than .025) with a corresponding improvement in hemiaxis shortening from 12.0 +/- 6.1 per cent to 29.0 +/- 6.7 per cent (p less than .02). In contrast, in nine patients in whom inferior segment hemiaxis shortening was unchanged following nitroglycerin, posterior wall excursion by echocardiography was similarly not improved (1.01 +/- .03 cm. before and 1.02 +/- .03 cm. after nitroglycerin). The effect of nitroglycerin on posterior wall velocity paralleled changes in posterior excursion. The six patients with initially normal posterior excursion showed no significant change by either echocardiography or ventriculography following nitroglycerin. Thus, the echocardiogram is of considerable value in detecting both the presence and potential for improvement of asynergic posterior wall segments.", "PMID": 406768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3790", "title": "Placental transfer of glucose-amino acid complexes present in parenteral solutions.", "content": "Intravenous infusion of glucose-amino acid complexes, formed during heat sterilization of mixtures of glucose and amino acids or protein hydrolysates, has been associated with mild dehydration in infants, and with excessive trace metal ion excretion in both infants and adults. When parenteral solutions containing these glucose-amino acid complexes were infused into pregnant rhesus monkeys, the compounds accumlated in the maternal plasma and were transported to the fetal circulation. Although all of the compounds studied crossed the placenta, fetal levels were consistently lower than maternal levels. Amniotic fluid concentrations of these compounds increased progressively with the length of maternal infusion, presumably through fetal urination into the amniotic sac. In animals infused with solutions not heat sterilized, levels of these compounds could not be detected in maternal plasma and urine, fetal plasma and urine, or in amniotic fluid. In view of possible toxicity of the glucose-amino acid complexes, parenteral solutions containing these compounds should probably be avoided in the intravenous nutrition of the pregnant woman.", "contents": "Placental transfer of glucose-amino acid complexes present in parenteral solutions. Intravenous infusion of glucose-amino acid complexes, formed during heat sterilization of mixtures of glucose and amino acids or protein hydrolysates, has been associated with mild dehydration in infants, and with excessive trace metal ion excretion in both infants and adults. When parenteral solutions containing these glucose-amino acid complexes were infused into pregnant rhesus monkeys, the compounds accumlated in the maternal plasma and were transported to the fetal circulation. Although all of the compounds studied crossed the placenta, fetal levels were consistently lower than maternal levels. Amniotic fluid concentrations of these compounds increased progressively with the length of maternal infusion, presumably through fetal urination into the amniotic sac. In animals infused with solutions not heat sterilized, levels of these compounds could not be detected in maternal plasma and urine, fetal plasma and urine, or in amniotic fluid. In view of possible toxicity of the glucose-amino acid complexes, parenteral solutions containing these compounds should probably be avoided in the intravenous nutrition of the pregnant woman.", "PMID": 406775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3791", "title": "Studies on the significance of hair root protein and DNA in protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Hair root protein and DNA, serum nonessential amino acid/essential amino acid ratio, serum total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin/globulin ratio were estimated in children suffering from portein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) and the values compared to those obtained from healthy children. The data were presented in two ways: 1) classified as early malnutrition, marasmus, marasmic kwashiorkor, or kwasiorkor and the parameters compared 2) all the malnourished children were divided into four groups on the basis of percentage of body weight for age and the parameters compared. There was a progressive decrease in the content of hair root DNA and protein with the severity of PCM with these values decreasing to less than half of the normal values. In all types of PCM the serum albumin decreased significantly and the globulin increased while the total protein was altered only in the more severe stages. Differences in the serum consituents between groups were more pronounced when classified clinically than when grouped as percentage of normal body weight. Since hair root changes are progressive and of greater magnitude than those in the serum, hair root DNA and proteins might be useful chemical criteria in detectinc various stages of PCM, and further to help understand the pathogenesis of the condition.", "contents": "Studies on the significance of hair root protein and DNA in protein-calorie malnutrition. Hair root protein and DNA, serum nonessential amino acid/essential amino acid ratio, serum total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin/globulin ratio were estimated in children suffering from portein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) and the values compared to those obtained from healthy children. The data were presented in two ways: 1) classified as early malnutrition, marasmus, marasmic kwashiorkor, or kwasiorkor and the parameters compared 2) all the malnourished children were divided into four groups on the basis of percentage of body weight for age and the parameters compared. There was a progressive decrease in the content of hair root DNA and protein with the severity of PCM with these values decreasing to less than half of the normal values. In all types of PCM the serum albumin decreased significantly and the globulin increased while the total protein was altered only in the more severe stages. Differences in the serum consituents between groups were more pronounced when classified clinically than when grouped as percentage of normal body weight. Since hair root changes are progressive and of greater magnitude than those in the serum, hair root DNA and proteins might be useful chemical criteria in detectinc various stages of PCM, and further to help understand the pathogenesis of the condition.", "PMID": 406776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3792", "title": "Fe(III)-EDTA complex as iron fortification.", "content": "Fe(III)-EDTA as iron fortification presents several advantages over the other iron salts previously used including ferrous sulfate. This iron compound exchange completely with vegetable food iron in the lumen of the gut but with the characteristics that the absorption from both, extrinsic and intrinsic food iron, is higher than that expected from other iron salfs. The comparison between the iron absorption from Fe(III)-EDTA and ferrous sulfate as iron fortification indicates that the absorption form EDTA is about twice as high than that observed from ferrous sulfate. The data indicates that only 10 to 15 mg of iron as Fe(III)-EDTA as iron fortification would be necessary to prevent iron deficiency anemia in population relying their subsistence of vegetable food only and free of parastic infection producing blood loss.", "contents": "Fe(III)-EDTA complex as iron fortification. Fe(III)-EDTA as iron fortification presents several advantages over the other iron salts previously used including ferrous sulfate. This iron compound exchange completely with vegetable food iron in the lumen of the gut but with the characteristics that the absorption from both, extrinsic and intrinsic food iron, is higher than that expected from other iron salfs. The comparison between the iron absorption from Fe(III)-EDTA and ferrous sulfate as iron fortification indicates that the absorption form EDTA is about twice as high than that observed from ferrous sulfate. The data indicates that only 10 to 15 mg of iron as Fe(III)-EDTA as iron fortification would be necessary to prevent iron deficiency anemia in population relying their subsistence of vegetable food only and free of parastic infection producing blood loss.", "PMID": 406778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3793", "title": "The CAP blood bank comprehensive survey program--1975.", "content": "The 1975 CAP Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey Program showed that the ABO and Rh typings were again at an excellent level of performance. What few errors still occurred were at least partially explained by a study that showed that many of these errors were directly traceable to clerical mistakes; many, in fact, were due to a complete failure to submit an answer. Antibody detection was very good when the antibody was strong, but lower levels of performance were attained when the antibody was weak. Low performance was also achieved with a cold-reacting anti-I, but here the difficulty was found to be more a lack of agreement on terminology of the antibody rather than a failure to demonstrate it. A study was performed to see whether the participants that were late in sending in the answer sheets had a higher error level than those that were not, but no difference was found. Finally, the preliminary results regarding the accuracies of various methods of antibody screening are presented. Although there was a statistically significant difference in the results obtained with the different methods, the study does not involve enough antibodies at this time to be valid, and therefore it will be continued.", "contents": "The CAP blood bank comprehensive survey program--1975. The 1975 CAP Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey Program showed that the ABO and Rh typings were again at an excellent level of performance. What few errors still occurred were at least partially explained by a study that showed that many of these errors were directly traceable to clerical mistakes; many, in fact, were due to a complete failure to submit an answer. Antibody detection was very good when the antibody was strong, but lower levels of performance were attained when the antibody was weak. Low performance was also achieved with a cold-reacting anti-I, but here the difficulty was found to be more a lack of agreement on terminology of the antibody rather than a failure to demonstrate it. A study was performed to see whether the participants that were late in sending in the answer sheets had a higher error level than those that were not, but no difference was found. Finally, the preliminary results regarding the accuracies of various methods of antibody screening are presented. Although there was a statistically significant difference in the results obtained with the different methods, the study does not involve enough antibodies at this time to be valid, and therefore it will be continued.", "PMID": 406779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3794", "title": "A civilian case of fatal meningococcemia due to Neisseria meningitidis, group Y.", "content": "The present report is that of a civilian episode of fatal, fulminant group Y meningococcemia in a previously healthy adolescent, who denied prior vaccination against group C meningococcus. The patient suffered abrupt onset of purpura, hypotension and cardiopulmonary arrest. A detailed clinical and pathologic report is included.", "contents": "A civilian case of fatal meningococcemia due to Neisseria meningitidis, group Y. The present report is that of a civilian episode of fatal, fulminant group Y meningococcemia in a previously healthy adolescent, who denied prior vaccination against group C meningococcus. The patient suffered abrupt onset of purpura, hypotension and cardiopulmonary arrest. A detailed clinical and pathologic report is included.", "PMID": 406780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3795", "title": "Gastric secretory and motility studies in chronic chagasic patients.", "content": "In Chagas' disease, the degeneration of the nerve cells of the intramural parasympathetic ganglia of the stomach causes a wide range of motor and secretory disturbances of the organ. To assess and to correlate the alterations of these two gastric functions, electromanometric and secretory studies were performed in 22 chagasic patients and in 12 control individuals. The gastric antrum electromanometric records were carried out in basal conditions and under the stimulation of methacholine chloride (Mecholyl). Gastric secretory studies were carried out in two sessions with a Kay's test: in the first, with the test alone; in the second, associated with bethanechol chloride (Urecholine). The chagasic patients were divided into two groups according to their gastric motor response to methacholine. It was concluded that the parasympathetic denervation in Chagas' disease changes both acid and pepsin secretions in the same direction but that as the disease worsens, the responsiveness of pepsin secretion to cholinergic action tends to disappear earlier than that of acid secretion.", "contents": "Gastric secretory and motility studies in chronic chagasic patients. In Chagas' disease, the degeneration of the nerve cells of the intramural parasympathetic ganglia of the stomach causes a wide range of motor and secretory disturbances of the organ. To assess and to correlate the alterations of these two gastric functions, electromanometric and secretory studies were performed in 22 chagasic patients and in 12 control individuals. The gastric antrum electromanometric records were carried out in basal conditions and under the stimulation of methacholine chloride (Mecholyl). Gastric secretory studies were carried out in two sessions with a Kay's test: in the first, with the test alone; in the second, associated with bethanechol chloride (Urecholine). The chagasic patients were divided into two groups according to their gastric motor response to methacholine. It was concluded that the parasympathetic denervation in Chagas' disease changes both acid and pepsin secretions in the same direction but that as the disease worsens, the responsiveness of pepsin secretion to cholinergic action tends to disappear earlier than that of acid secretion.", "PMID": 406781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3796", "title": "Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis.", "content": "Three cases of esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (EIP) are described and the literature reviewed. We conclude that EIP is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by dilatation of the esophageal submucosal glandular elements. The classic radiographic picture which is that of collar-button-shaped outpouchings projecting in a perpendicular fashion from the luminal surface is mainly related to dilatation in the glandular ductal system. It is usually diagnosed in the sixth and seventh decades, but all ages may be affected. Dysphagia is a very common but not universal symptom of the disease process. Approximately one third of these patients have diabetes mellitus. Strictures of the esophagus are frequently seen, and varying degrees of esophagitis may be manifest endoscopically. Esophageal motility disturbances are common and may be severe. Candida infestation with and without tissue invasion has been seen in a number of patients and should be searched for in all cases of EIP.", "contents": "Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis. Three cases of esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (EIP) are described and the literature reviewed. We conclude that EIP is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by dilatation of the esophageal submucosal glandular elements. The classic radiographic picture which is that of collar-button-shaped outpouchings projecting in a perpendicular fashion from the luminal surface is mainly related to dilatation in the glandular ductal system. It is usually diagnosed in the sixth and seventh decades, but all ages may be affected. Dysphagia is a very common but not universal symptom of the disease process. Approximately one third of these patients have diabetes mellitus. Strictures of the esophagus are frequently seen, and varying degrees of esophagitis may be manifest endoscopically. Esophageal motility disturbances are common and may be severe. Candida infestation with and without tissue invasion has been seen in a number of patients and should be searched for in all cases of EIP.", "PMID": 406782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3797", "title": "Evidence for preferential X-chromosome inactivation in a family with Fabry disease.", "content": "Severe clinical signs of Fabry disease were observed in four of eight heterozygous daughters of a male patient. Activities of alpha-galactosidase A in serum, white blood cells, and hair roots of the manifesting carriers were markedly lower than 50% of normal. These findings are not easy to interpret in terms of random X inactivation alone; several alternative models including nonrandom (preferential) X inactivation are discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for preferential X-chromosome inactivation in a family with Fabry disease. Severe clinical signs of Fabry disease were observed in four of eight heterozygous daughters of a male patient. Activities of alpha-galactosidase A in serum, white blood cells, and hair roots of the manifesting carriers were markedly lower than 50% of normal. These findings are not easy to interpret in terms of random X inactivation alone; several alternative models including nonrandom (preferential) X inactivation are discussed.", "PMID": 406783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3798", "title": "Compatibility of common additives in protein hydrolysate/dextrose solutions.", "content": "The compatibility of common additives in protein hydrolysate/dextrose solutions was studied. The additives included electrolytes (calcium gluconate, potassium phosphate and magnesium sulfate), vitamins (M.V.I., Solu B Forte, phytonadione, cyanocobalamin and folic acid), insulin and heparin sodium. Various concentrations of the admixtures were observed at intervals throughout a 24-hour period. Combinations which displayed no physical change were subjected to spectrophotometric analysis. Thin-layer chromatography was used to examine those mixtures which displayed a spectral change. The principal incompatibility problems are related to concentrations of calcium gluconate and potassium phosphate. The order of mixing affected the concentration tolerances. The vitamins, insulin, heparin and magnesium, in usual therapeutic concentrations, appeared to be compatible in the protein hydrolysate/dextrose solution.", "contents": "Compatibility of common additives in protein hydrolysate/dextrose solutions. The compatibility of common additives in protein hydrolysate/dextrose solutions was studied. The additives included electrolytes (calcium gluconate, potassium phosphate and magnesium sulfate), vitamins (M.V.I., Solu B Forte, phytonadione, cyanocobalamin and folic acid), insulin and heparin sodium. Various concentrations of the admixtures were observed at intervals throughout a 24-hour period. Combinations which displayed no physical change were subjected to spectrophotometric analysis. Thin-layer chromatography was used to examine those mixtures which displayed a spectral change. The principal incompatibility problems are related to concentrations of calcium gluconate and potassium phosphate. The order of mixing affected the concentration tolerances. The vitamins, insulin, heparin and magnesium, in usual therapeutic concentrations, appeared to be compatible in the protein hydrolysate/dextrose solution.", "PMID": 406785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3799", "title": "Culture and treatment results in endometritis following elective abortion.", "content": "Endometrial culture and treatment results from 228 patients who developed endometritis following elective abortion were analyzed. The most common organisms isolated were group B beta hemolytic streptococci, Bacteroides, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. In general, patients responded to treatment with penicillin or ampicillin, with the addition of an aminoglycoside for these requiring hospitalization. Curettage was an important adjunctive treatment for hospitalized patients and for some outpatients.", "contents": "Culture and treatment results in endometritis following elective abortion. Endometrial culture and treatment results from 228 patients who developed endometritis following elective abortion were analyzed. The most common organisms isolated were group B beta hemolytic streptococci, Bacteroides, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. In general, patients responded to treatment with penicillin or ampicillin, with the addition of an aminoglycoside for these requiring hospitalization. Curettage was an important adjunctive treatment for hospitalized patients and for some outpatients.", "PMID": 406787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3800", "title": "The effect of marihuana (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) on the secretion of luteinizing hormone in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey.", "content": "Despite the widespread use of marihuana by large numbers of young adults in the reproductive years, little is known about the effects of this drug on reproductive function. information on the effect of the drug on the woman is particularly meager. The rhesus monkey provides an excellent animal model from which to generalize to man. While the primary purpose of the project is to determine the effect of long-term administration on the cycling female monkey, the initial studies were carried out in the ovariectomized monkey with resulting elevated gonadotropin levels under conditions of short-term administration of the drug. Marihuana causes a reversible depression in luteinizing hormone levels in the ovariectomized female rhesus monkey.", "contents": "The effect of marihuana (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) on the secretion of luteinizing hormone in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey. Despite the widespread use of marihuana by large numbers of young adults in the reproductive years, little is known about the effects of this drug on reproductive function. information on the effect of the drug on the woman is particularly meager. The rhesus monkey provides an excellent animal model from which to generalize to man. While the primary purpose of the project is to determine the effect of long-term administration on the cycling female monkey, the initial studies were carried out in the ovariectomized monkey with resulting elevated gonadotropin levels under conditions of short-term administration of the drug. Marihuana causes a reversible depression in luteinizing hormone levels in the ovariectomized female rhesus monkey.", "PMID": 406789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3801", "title": "Unconjugated estriol and 15alpha-hydroxyestriol in complicated pregnancies.", "content": "Simultaneous determinations of unconjugated estriol and 15alpha-hydroxyestriol (E4) levels in maternal serum were studied serially to ascertain the relative usefulness of these estrogens as indicators of fetal welfare. Complicated pregnancies included 16 patients with pre-eclampsia and/or hypertension, six patients with severe Rh-isoimmunization, 12 patients with diabetes mellitus, of which four had vascular disease, three patients with fetal death in utero, and three twin pregnancies. Retrospective analysis failed to indicate a clinically useful role for serum E4 determinations in the evaluation of fetal welfare during high-risk pregnancies.", "contents": "Unconjugated estriol and 15alpha-hydroxyestriol in complicated pregnancies. Simultaneous determinations of unconjugated estriol and 15alpha-hydroxyestriol (E4) levels in maternal serum were studied serially to ascertain the relative usefulness of these estrogens as indicators of fetal welfare. Complicated pregnancies included 16 patients with pre-eclampsia and/or hypertension, six patients with severe Rh-isoimmunization, 12 patients with diabetes mellitus, of which four had vascular disease, three patients with fetal death in utero, and three twin pregnancies. Retrospective analysis failed to indicate a clinically useful role for serum E4 determinations in the evaluation of fetal welfare during high-risk pregnancies.", "PMID": 406791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3802", "title": "The lack of specificity of the sheep erythrocyte-T lymphocyte rosetting phenomenon.", "content": "One subpopulation of lymphocytes, thymus-derived (T) cells, is identified by its characteristic ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). However, the mechanism by which the rosettes form remains unknown. To gain more insight into the specificity of this phenomenon, the ability of SRBC to rosette with cells other thah lymphocytes was studied. All of the cell types utilized in this study (L cells, monkey liver cells, HeLa cells, and human liver, bladder, lung, parathyroid, and dermal fibroblasts), except neoplastic B lymphocytes, rosetted with SRBC. Viability was not a factor in the rosette formation. These findings suggest that the process of T lymphocyte-SRBC rosette formation is not due to a T cell-specific membrane receptor or antigen but may be due to a widely distributed basic substructure of the cell membrane.", "contents": "The lack of specificity of the sheep erythrocyte-T lymphocyte rosetting phenomenon. One subpopulation of lymphocytes, thymus-derived (T) cells, is identified by its characteristic ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). However, the mechanism by which the rosettes form remains unknown. To gain more insight into the specificity of this phenomenon, the ability of SRBC to rosette with cells other thah lymphocytes was studied. All of the cell types utilized in this study (L cells, monkey liver cells, HeLa cells, and human liver, bladder, lung, parathyroid, and dermal fibroblasts), except neoplastic B lymphocytes, rosetted with SRBC. Viability was not a factor in the rosette formation. These findings suggest that the process of T lymphocyte-SRBC rosette formation is not due to a T cell-specific membrane receptor or antigen but may be due to a widely distributed basic substructure of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 406792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3803", "title": "Cardiorespiratory effects of Pseudomonas and E. coli endotoxins in the awake dog.", "content": "A comparison of the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli endotoxins was investigated in the unanesthetized dog. Animals were anesthetized with halothane for placement of cardiovascular catheters and then allowed to awaken prior to collection of control data and experimentation. One group of 12 animals was given E. coli endotoxin (5 mg/kg), another group of 13 received Pseudomonas endotoxin (8 mg/kg). Variables were collected for 6 h after endotoxin injection. A third group of 13 animals serving as sham animals received no endotoxin. When major cardiovascular variables, such as arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, right atrial pressure, and left ventricular pressure and dP/dt were monitored, it was seen that the basic patterns of response to endotoxins were quite similar, with differences between groups being primarily quantitative. Analysis of respiratory data showed that animals receiving Pseudomonas developed an earlier respiratory response. Nevertheless, blood gas data were similar in the two groups.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory effects of Pseudomonas and E. coli endotoxins in the awake dog. A comparison of the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli endotoxins was investigated in the unanesthetized dog. Animals were anesthetized with halothane for placement of cardiovascular catheters and then allowed to awaken prior to collection of control data and experimentation. One group of 12 animals was given E. coli endotoxin (5 mg/kg), another group of 13 received Pseudomonas endotoxin (8 mg/kg). Variables were collected for 6 h after endotoxin injection. A third group of 13 animals serving as sham animals received no endotoxin. When major cardiovascular variables, such as arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, right atrial pressure, and left ventricular pressure and dP/dt were monitored, it was seen that the basic patterns of response to endotoxins were quite similar, with differences between groups being primarily quantitative. Analysis of respiratory data showed that animals receiving Pseudomonas developed an earlier respiratory response. Nevertheless, blood gas data were similar in the two groups.", "PMID": 406796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3804", "title": "Prolonged potentials in gastrointestinal muscles induced by calcium chelation.", "content": "When stomach muscles of skate, toad, or frog or intestinal muscle of cat are treated with Ca-free physiological solutions containing 2-5 mM EGTA or EDTA, spontaneous spikes and slow waves disappear reversibly. With continued treatment, depolarization of 25-30 mV from resting potentials of -65 mV occurs and rhythmic prolonged potentials of several seconds duration appear. They show rapid depolarization to near zero and rapid repolarization and they may continue for several hours. The prolonged potentials disappear when Na is replaced by Li, Tris, or choline. They are insensitive to TTX. The EGTA-induced waves are abolished by Mn, Co, La, verapamil, and D 600. After 10-15 min in 5 mM EGTA, voltage-current and abolition of anomalous rectification. It is concluded that when bound Ca is removed by a chelator, nonspecific reduction in resistance occurs and Na ions may enter rhythmically through channels normally used by Ca.", "contents": "Prolonged potentials in gastrointestinal muscles induced by calcium chelation. When stomach muscles of skate, toad, or frog or intestinal muscle of cat are treated with Ca-free physiological solutions containing 2-5 mM EGTA or EDTA, spontaneous spikes and slow waves disappear reversibly. With continued treatment, depolarization of 25-30 mV from resting potentials of -65 mV occurs and rhythmic prolonged potentials of several seconds duration appear. They show rapid depolarization to near zero and rapid repolarization and they may continue for several hours. The prolonged potentials disappear when Na is replaced by Li, Tris, or choline. They are insensitive to TTX. The EGTA-induced waves are abolished by Mn, Co, La, verapamil, and D 600. After 10-15 min in 5 mM EGTA, voltage-current and abolition of anomalous rectification. It is concluded that when bound Ca is removed by a chelator, nonspecific reduction in resistance occurs and Na ions may enter rhythmically through channels normally used by Ca.", "PMID": 406797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3805", "title": "Excitation-contraction coupling in multiunit tracheal smooth muscle during metabolic depletion: induction of rhythmicity.", "content": "Multiunit canine tracheal smooth muscle responded to carbachol with graded depolarization and tonic contraction. The same concentration of carbachol, after metabolic depletion by substrate removal, produced rhythmic contractions and action potentials. Similar mechanical effects were also observed with acetylcholine or histamine. These effects were reversed by reintroducing glucose or beta-hydroxybutyrate, but not by 3-O-methylglucose, which is not metabolized; hence, the structural requirements for glucose, per se, or any osmotic effect were ruled out. Sensitivity to extracellular Ca2+ was increased. A Ca2+-influx blocker, D-600, in low concentration (2 X 10(-8) M) abolished the rhythmic contractions without affecting the tonic contraction. Progressive metabolic depletion in presence of carbachol led to fluctuations in membrane potential with a crest of depolarization and appearance of action potentials, each of which resulted in a small contraction. Many of the small contractions partially fused to form the major rhythmic contractions which appeared at a frequency of one per minute. Rhythmicity could not be produced by increasing extracellular K+ concentration (20-120 mM) in presence of atropine (13(-7) M), but instead a tonic contraction occurred. These results suggest changes in excitation-contraction coupling mechanism with agonists like acetylcholine, carbachol, or histamine during substrate deprivation.", "contents": "Excitation-contraction coupling in multiunit tracheal smooth muscle during metabolic depletion: induction of rhythmicity. Multiunit canine tracheal smooth muscle responded to carbachol with graded depolarization and tonic contraction. The same concentration of carbachol, after metabolic depletion by substrate removal, produced rhythmic contractions and action potentials. Similar mechanical effects were also observed with acetylcholine or histamine. These effects were reversed by reintroducing glucose or beta-hydroxybutyrate, but not by 3-O-methylglucose, which is not metabolized; hence, the structural requirements for glucose, per se, or any osmotic effect were ruled out. Sensitivity to extracellular Ca2+ was increased. A Ca2+-influx blocker, D-600, in low concentration (2 X 10(-8) M) abolished the rhythmic contractions without affecting the tonic contraction. Progressive metabolic depletion in presence of carbachol led to fluctuations in membrane potential with a crest of depolarization and appearance of action potentials, each of which resulted in a small contraction. Many of the small contractions partially fused to form the major rhythmic contractions which appeared at a frequency of one per minute. Rhythmicity could not be produced by increasing extracellular K+ concentration (20-120 mM) in presence of atropine (13(-7) M), but instead a tonic contraction occurred. These results suggest changes in excitation-contraction coupling mechanism with agonists like acetylcholine, carbachol, or histamine during substrate deprivation.", "PMID": 406798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3806", "title": "Heart rate and oxygen uptake response to angiotensin in the squirrel monkey at 10 degrees C.", "content": "Unanesthetized squirrel monkeys exposed to an ambient temperature of 10 degrees C showed elevations in total body oxygen consumption (VO2), systemic arterial blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (hr) above values recorded at 28 degrees C. Further elevation of BP in the cold by intravenous infusion of phenylephrine (5-50 microgram/kg-min) was accompanied by reduction in both VO2 and HR, and the changes in VO2 were proportional to those in HR. When BP was raised by intravenous infusion of angiotensin (0.05-1.0 microgram/kg-min), large elevations in BP were again accompanied by reductions in HR and VO2. However, for equivalent elevations in BP, the depressions in both HR and VO2 were much smaller with angiotensin than they were with phenylephrine. Previous studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that in response to experimental elevation of BP, reflexes originating at the sinoaortic baroreceptors depress not only HR but also VO2. The present results suggest that angiotensin modulates baro-reflexive responses to elevation in BP. The reductions in HR and VO2 that ordinarily occur in response to baroreceptor stimulation may be modified by an action of angiotensin on the central nervous system.", "contents": "Heart rate and oxygen uptake response to angiotensin in the squirrel monkey at 10 degrees C. Unanesthetized squirrel monkeys exposed to an ambient temperature of 10 degrees C showed elevations in total body oxygen consumption (VO2), systemic arterial blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (hr) above values recorded at 28 degrees C. Further elevation of BP in the cold by intravenous infusion of phenylephrine (5-50 microgram/kg-min) was accompanied by reduction in both VO2 and HR, and the changes in VO2 were proportional to those in HR. When BP was raised by intravenous infusion of angiotensin (0.05-1.0 microgram/kg-min), large elevations in BP were again accompanied by reductions in HR and VO2. However, for equivalent elevations in BP, the depressions in both HR and VO2 were much smaller with angiotensin than they were with phenylephrine. Previous studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that in response to experimental elevation of BP, reflexes originating at the sinoaortic baroreceptors depress not only HR but also VO2. The present results suggest that angiotensin modulates baro-reflexive responses to elevation in BP. The reductions in HR and VO2 that ordinarily occur in response to baroreceptor stimulation may be modified by an action of angiotensin on the central nervous system.", "PMID": 406799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3807", "title": "Effects of isoproterenol on adrenergic constriction in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "A series of isolated segments of carotid arteries from Dutch-belted, adult, male rabbits were studied with respect to their response to a beta receptor agonist. Segments of 3-cm length were mounted in a chamber with constant surrounding temperature and pressure and perfused at constant pressure. Inflow pressure, outflow pressure, and flow rate were measured, and values of resistance (R) were calculated. Subsequent to control R, each vessel was exposed to a vasoconstricting concentration of either norepinephrine (NE: 10(-8), 10(-9), 10(-10) M) or potassium (K+: 100mM, 50 mM) followed by three doses of the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (IP: 10(-7), 10(-6), 10(-5)M) administered simultaneously with each constrictor. R was not altered by IP during NE infusion but was significantly increased at all levels of IP during both K+ infusions. When the K+ series was repeated with alpha blockade, IP did not alter R. Thus, beta receptors do not appear to be functionally present in the adult rabbit carotid artery.", "contents": "Effects of isoproterenol on adrenergic constriction in vascular smooth muscle. A series of isolated segments of carotid arteries from Dutch-belted, adult, male rabbits were studied with respect to their response to a beta receptor agonist. Segments of 3-cm length were mounted in a chamber with constant surrounding temperature and pressure and perfused at constant pressure. Inflow pressure, outflow pressure, and flow rate were measured, and values of resistance (R) were calculated. Subsequent to control R, each vessel was exposed to a vasoconstricting concentration of either norepinephrine (NE: 10(-8), 10(-9), 10(-10) M) or potassium (K+: 100mM, 50 mM) followed by three doses of the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (IP: 10(-7), 10(-6), 10(-5)M) administered simultaneously with each constrictor. R was not altered by IP during NE infusion but was significantly increased at all levels of IP during both K+ infusions. When the K+ series was repeated with alpha blockade, IP did not alter R. Thus, beta receptors do not appear to be functionally present in the adult rabbit carotid artery.", "PMID": 406800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3808", "title": "Prostaglandin and histaminergic mediation of prolonged vasodilation after exercise.", "content": "An extended period of recovery of vascular resistance, far outlasting the recovery period of oxygen consumption, follows exercise of dog skeletal muscle when flow is restricted relative to the intensity of the exercise pattern. The duration of this postexercise prolonged vasodilation is graded and is related to the blood flow, duration of muscle stimulation, fatigue of the muscles, and total muscle tension development. To test whether prolonged vasodilation is mediated by prostaglandins or histamine, the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors indomethacin or meclofenamate and the antihistamine tripelennamine were administered intravenously to anesthetized dogs between two 20-min exercise bouts of the anterior calf muscles at 4 twitches/s. Blood flow was held constant at approximately 20 ml 100 g-1 min-1, typically resulting in a venous O2 content below 2.0 ml/100 ml during exercise. The duration of vascular resistance recovery was evaluated by measuring the time at which vascular resistance returned to 90% (t90) of the recovery level (mean +/- SE). All the drugs caused a significant decline in the t90, but none reduced the recovery time to that following free-flow exercise, where the t90 is less than 1 min and the return of vascular resistance parallels the return of oxygen consumption to control. Thus, prostaglandin and/or histamine release may be at least partially responsible for prolonged vasodilation.", "contents": "Prostaglandin and histaminergic mediation of prolonged vasodilation after exercise. An extended period of recovery of vascular resistance, far outlasting the recovery period of oxygen consumption, follows exercise of dog skeletal muscle when flow is restricted relative to the intensity of the exercise pattern. The duration of this postexercise prolonged vasodilation is graded and is related to the blood flow, duration of muscle stimulation, fatigue of the muscles, and total muscle tension development. To test whether prolonged vasodilation is mediated by prostaglandins or histamine, the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors indomethacin or meclofenamate and the antihistamine tripelennamine were administered intravenously to anesthetized dogs between two 20-min exercise bouts of the anterior calf muscles at 4 twitches/s. Blood flow was held constant at approximately 20 ml 100 g-1 min-1, typically resulting in a venous O2 content below 2.0 ml/100 ml during exercise. The duration of vascular resistance recovery was evaluated by measuring the time at which vascular resistance returned to 90% (t90) of the recovery level (mean +/- SE). All the drugs caused a significant decline in the t90, but none reduced the recovery time to that following free-flow exercise, where the t90 is less than 1 min and the return of vascular resistance parallels the return of oxygen consumption to control. Thus, prostaglandin and/or histamine release may be at least partially responsible for prolonged vasodilation.", "PMID": 406801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3809", "title": "Impotence responsive to glyceryl trinitrate.", "content": "The author presents suggestive evidence that glyceryl trinitrate served to treat and diagnose atherosclerotic impotence in a man with psychogenic impotence. The prevalence of atherosclerotic impotence is not known but may be relatively high in older men. Vasodilators may be effective in diagnosing these patients, who do not have clear signs of arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities (e.g., Leriche's syndrome). The author postulates a pharmacological interaction between organic nitrates and imipramine.", "contents": "Impotence responsive to glyceryl trinitrate. The author presents suggestive evidence that glyceryl trinitrate served to treat and diagnose atherosclerotic impotence in a man with psychogenic impotence. The prevalence of atherosclerotic impotence is not known but may be relatively high in older men. Vasodilators may be effective in diagnosing these patients, who do not have clear signs of arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities (e.g., Leriche's syndrome). The author postulates a pharmacological interaction between organic nitrates and imipramine.", "PMID": 406802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3810", "title": "[The action of ethylenediaminetetraacetate on the retina. Electronmicroscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "Electron microscopic investigations show that intravitreal application of EDTA causes destruction of the viteous body and damage in all layers of the retina. Therefore, it is concluded that it is useless to try prevention of metallosis of the eye by EDTA.", "contents": "[The action of ethylenediaminetetraacetate on the retina. Electronmicroscopic study (author's transl)]. Electron microscopic investigations show that intravitreal application of EDTA causes destruction of the viteous body and damage in all layers of the retina. Therefore, it is concluded that it is useless to try prevention of metallosis of the eye by EDTA.", "PMID": 406804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3811", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on zonule. Its origin and fibroblast.", "content": "Rabbit fetuses (14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, and 24 days in utero) were examined with an electron microscope, and the following results were obtained: 1. At the equatorial region of the lens, developing endothelium of the tunica vasculosa lentis was very similar in morphology to typical fibroblast. 2. Much debris of amorphous material was observed around the endothelium and fibroblast, but in general, zonule-like fine fibrils were seen near the former, whereas short collagen fibrils were observed around the latter amid amorphous material. 3. Topographically, fibroblasts lay apart from the lens equator, and few fibroblasts migrated into the posterior portion. 4. From the above data it was postulated that debris around the tunica vasculosa lentis in the vicinity of the lens equator was presumably the precursor of zonular fibrils and that fibroblasts had almost no relation to zonular formation.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on zonule. Its origin and fibroblast. Rabbit fetuses (14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, and 24 days in utero) were examined with an electron microscope, and the following results were obtained: 1. At the equatorial region of the lens, developing endothelium of the tunica vasculosa lentis was very similar in morphology to typical fibroblast. 2. Much debris of amorphous material was observed around the endothelium and fibroblast, but in general, zonule-like fine fibrils were seen near the former, whereas short collagen fibrils were observed around the latter amid amorphous material. 3. Topographically, fibroblasts lay apart from the lens equator, and few fibroblasts migrated into the posterior portion. 4. From the above data it was postulated that debris around the tunica vasculosa lentis in the vicinity of the lens equator was presumably the precursor of zonular fibrils and that fibroblasts had almost no relation to zonular formation.", "PMID": 406805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3812", "title": "Polyclonal gammopathies associated with chronic diseases in nonhuman primates.", "content": "Serum samples collected from clinically healthy rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were compared with serums from animals diagnosed as having malignant lymphoma, atypical tuberculosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, or more than 1 of these. Electrophoretic analyses of serum proteins (in grams per deciliter) indicated that mean values in a clinically normal group were as follows--total protein, 8.30; albumin, 4.07; alpha-globulin, 0.85; beta-globulin, 2.23; and gamma-globulin, 1.15. In macaques with malignant lymphoma, mean values were--total protein, 7.60; albumin, 2.72; alpha-globulin, 0.91; beta-globulin, 1.71; and gamma-globulin, 2.23. In macaques with atypical tuberculosis, these values were 8.47, 2.92, 0.84, 2.18, and 2.52, respectively, and those with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, 9.06, 4.01, 6.71, 2.42, and 1.93. Where multiple serum samples were available from 1 macaque for analysis, gamma-globulin values were increased before clinical disease was apparent. Evaluation of serums from macaques may be used as a means of detecting preclinical lymphoproliferative disease.", "contents": "Polyclonal gammopathies associated with chronic diseases in nonhuman primates. Serum samples collected from clinically healthy rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were compared with serums from animals diagnosed as having malignant lymphoma, atypical tuberculosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, or more than 1 of these. Electrophoretic analyses of serum proteins (in grams per deciliter) indicated that mean values in a clinically normal group were as follows--total protein, 8.30; albumin, 4.07; alpha-globulin, 0.85; beta-globulin, 2.23; and gamma-globulin, 1.15. In macaques with malignant lymphoma, mean values were--total protein, 7.60; albumin, 2.72; alpha-globulin, 0.91; beta-globulin, 1.71; and gamma-globulin, 2.23. In macaques with atypical tuberculosis, these values were 8.47, 2.92, 0.84, 2.18, and 2.52, respectively, and those with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, 9.06, 4.01, 6.71, 2.42, and 1.93. Where multiple serum samples were available from 1 macaque for analysis, gamma-globulin values were increased before clinical disease was apparent. Evaluation of serums from macaques may be used as a means of detecting preclinical lymphoproliferative disease.", "PMID": 406821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3813", "title": "Quantitation of bovine immunoglobulins: comparison of single radial immunodiffusion, zinc sulfate turbidity, serum electrophoresis, and refractometer methods.", "content": "Laboratory methods designed to quantitate serum immunoglobulin were evaluated: single radial immunodiffusion, zinc sulfate turbidity, and serum electrophoresis. Estimation of immunoglobulin concentration in neonatle calves, using total protein measurements, was also evaluated. Single radial immunodiffusion proved useful for quantitation when either class or subclass information was needed. Zinc sulfate turbidity measurements gave accurate results for total immunoglobulin except when hemolysis was present in the sample. A correction factor for hemoglobin that will minimize errors resulting from hemolysis was presented. Serum electrophoresis was also found to be an accurate quantitation method. Large errors were encountered in attempting to estimate immunoglobulin on the basis of total protein.", "contents": "Quantitation of bovine immunoglobulins: comparison of single radial immunodiffusion, zinc sulfate turbidity, serum electrophoresis, and refractometer methods. Laboratory methods designed to quantitate serum immunoglobulin were evaluated: single radial immunodiffusion, zinc sulfate turbidity, and serum electrophoresis. Estimation of immunoglobulin concentration in neonatle calves, using total protein measurements, was also evaluated. Single radial immunodiffusion proved useful for quantitation when either class or subclass information was needed. Zinc sulfate turbidity measurements gave accurate results for total immunoglobulin except when hemolysis was present in the sample. A correction factor for hemoglobin that will minimize errors resulting from hemolysis was presented. Serum electrophoresis was also found to be an accurate quantitation method. Large errors were encountered in attempting to estimate immunoglobulin on the basis of total protein.", "PMID": 406822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3814", "title": "Studies on Macaca mulatta infected with Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "content": "Acid-base alterations and changes in other selected serum constituents (free fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, copper, cortisol, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, and albumin) were measured during a study of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in 16 male rhesus macaques. Blood samples were taken from nonanesthetized macaques conditioned to repeated handling. Arterial pH increased and PCO2 decreased during the febrile period. Free fatty acids, triglycerides, copper, cortisol, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and haptoglobin increased, whereas albumin decreased during the disease. Significant changes were not observed in arterial PO2. Cholesterol remained unchanged. The increase in arterial pH and decrease in PaCO2 indicated that respiratory alkalosis was present in macaques acutely affected with Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "contents": "Studies on Macaca mulatta infected with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Acid-base alterations and changes in other selected serum constituents (free fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, copper, cortisol, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, and albumin) were measured during a study of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in 16 male rhesus macaques. Blood samples were taken from nonanesthetized macaques conditioned to repeated handling. Arterial pH increased and PCO2 decreased during the febrile period. Free fatty acids, triglycerides, copper, cortisol, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and haptoglobin increased, whereas albumin decreased during the disease. Significant changes were not observed in arterial PO2. Cholesterol remained unchanged. The increase in arterial pH and decrease in PaCO2 indicated that respiratory alkalosis was present in macaques acutely affected with Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "PMID": 406823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3815", "title": "[Gangliosidosis GM1. Clinical, radiologic, biochemical and histological studies in two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of Gangliosidosis GM1 are presented. They are a child who showed psychomotor backward and generalized osteoporosis, died at 16 months, and a girl studied because of psychomotor backward when she was less than a year. This girl showed radiological vertebrae alterations similar to mucopolysaccharidosis and died when she was 7 years old. The enzymatic determinations in serum and cultured fibroblasts showed beta-galactosidase deficiency in both cases. Important storage of cerebral gangliosides with increase of the percentage of GM1 was also found in both cases. Histological alterations were found in some other organs besides the brain.", "contents": "[Gangliosidosis GM1. Clinical, radiologic, biochemical and histological studies in two cases (author's transl)]. Two cases of Gangliosidosis GM1 are presented. They are a child who showed psychomotor backward and generalized osteoporosis, died at 16 months, and a girl studied because of psychomotor backward when she was less than a year. This girl showed radiological vertebrae alterations similar to mucopolysaccharidosis and died when she was 7 years old. The enzymatic determinations in serum and cultured fibroblasts showed beta-galactosidase deficiency in both cases. Important storage of cerebral gangliosides with increase of the percentage of GM1 was also found in both cases. Histological alterations were found in some other organs besides the brain.", "PMID": 406824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3816", "title": "A case of an anomalous duodenum, pancreas and biliary tract, with gallstone perforation.", "content": "A case of an elongated, anomalous duodenum with intestinal rotation, annular pancreas and disease of the biliary tract with acute jaundice caused by gallstone perforation is presented. The ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) was of great value in the preoperative investigations. Surgical relief of the obstruction of the biliary duct made the patient free of symptoms.", "contents": "A case of an anomalous duodenum, pancreas and biliary tract, with gallstone perforation. A case of an elongated, anomalous duodenum with intestinal rotation, annular pancreas and disease of the biliary tract with acute jaundice caused by gallstone perforation is presented. The ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) was of great value in the preoperative investigations. Surgical relief of the obstruction of the biliary duct made the patient free of symptoms.", "PMID": 406825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3817", "title": "Linkage between alpha-fucosidase and the rhesus blood group.", "content": "Family studies show that alphaFUC is closely linked to Rh and confirm that the locus for alpha-L-fucosidase is on chromosome 1.", "contents": "Linkage between alpha-fucosidase and the rhesus blood group. Family studies show that alphaFUC is closely linked to Rh and confirm that the locus for alpha-L-fucosidase is on chromosome 1.", "PMID": 406826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3818", "title": "[Study of the antiviral activity of a poly I : poly-C complex with poly-L-lysine in monkeys].", "content": "Antiviral activity of poly-I-poly-C complex with poly-L-lysine was studied on macaco rhesus. The complex bifilamentous polyribonucleotide induced active production of serum interferon and provided pronounced protection of the monkeys infected intracutaneously with the variolovaccine virus (10 LD50 for the monkeys in intracutaneous infection). The effectiveness of the protective effect depended on the scheme and route of the drug administration. The highest prophylactic and therapeutic effect was provided by local administration of the complex in a dose of I mg per I kg of the body weight, the incubation period being increased 2--3 times and the period of the skin affections being decreased approximately 2 times. The results of the studies on the effect of poly-I-poly-C complex with poly-L-lysine were evident of definite prophylactic activity of the drug against experimental vernal encephalitis in the monkeys. The animals not treated with the inductor died on the 16th or 17th day after infection because of the paralysis of the trunc and extremities muscles. The clinical evidences of the disease in the animals treated with the drug were not uniform: from complete health to death.", "contents": "[Study of the antiviral activity of a poly I : poly-C complex with poly-L-lysine in monkeys]. Antiviral activity of poly-I-poly-C complex with poly-L-lysine was studied on macaco rhesus. The complex bifilamentous polyribonucleotide induced active production of serum interferon and provided pronounced protection of the monkeys infected intracutaneously with the variolovaccine virus (10 LD50 for the monkeys in intracutaneous infection). The effectiveness of the protective effect depended on the scheme and route of the drug administration. The highest prophylactic and therapeutic effect was provided by local administration of the complex in a dose of I mg per I kg of the body weight, the incubation period being increased 2--3 times and the period of the skin affections being decreased approximately 2 times. The results of the studies on the effect of poly-I-poly-C complex with poly-L-lysine were evident of definite prophylactic activity of the drug against experimental vernal encephalitis in the monkeys. The animals not treated with the inductor died on the 16th or 17th day after infection because of the paralysis of the trunc and extremities muscles. The clinical evidences of the disease in the animals treated with the drug were not uniform: from complete health to death.", "PMID": 406827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3819", "title": "Beta-lactamases produced by a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain highly resistant to carbenicillin.", "content": "A Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain isolated at Besan\u00e7on Hospital, France, proved to be highly resistant to carbenicillin and showed a high hydrolytic activity toward this antibiotic. We clearly demonstrated that two beta-lactamases were synthetized: one of them, constitutive, has its enzymatic activity directed mainly toward penicillins, and carbenicillin appears to be its best substrate (higher V(max)); thus, this beta-lactamase is a \"carbenicillinase\" that differs from the well-known \"TEM-like\" enzymes. The isoelectric point of this carbenicillinase is 5.30 +/- 0.03. The other one is an inducible cephalosporinase, very similar to the cephalosporinases usually found in these organisms. Its isoelectric point is 8.66 +/- 0.04. These two enzymes have been separated by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The kinetic constants were measured by computerized microacidimetry.", "contents": "Beta-lactamases produced by a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain highly resistant to carbenicillin. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain isolated at Besan\u00e7on Hospital, France, proved to be highly resistant to carbenicillin and showed a high hydrolytic activity toward this antibiotic. We clearly demonstrated that two beta-lactamases were synthetized: one of them, constitutive, has its enzymatic activity directed mainly toward penicillins, and carbenicillin appears to be its best substrate (higher V(max)); thus, this beta-lactamase is a \"carbenicillinase\" that differs from the well-known \"TEM-like\" enzymes. The isoelectric point of this carbenicillinase is 5.30 +/- 0.03. The other one is an inducible cephalosporinase, very similar to the cephalosporinases usually found in these organisms. Its isoelectric point is 8.66 +/- 0.04. These two enzymes have been separated by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The kinetic constants were measured by computerized microacidimetry.", "PMID": 406828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3820", "title": "Activities of various 4-aminoquinolines against infections with chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum.", "content": "The studies reported here stemmed from a personal report by Geiman on the capacity of the 4-aminoquinoline amodiaquin to inhibit in vitro maturation of ring stages of the chloroquine-resistant Monterey strain of Plasmodium falciparum. This observation, confirmed in owl monkeys infected with this strain, led to a comparison of the activities of chloroquine, amodiaquin, amopyroquin, and dichlorquinazine (12,278 RP) against infections with various chloroquine-susceptible and chloroquine-resistant strains. The results showed that: (i) these 4-aminoquinolines were essentially equally active against infections with chloroquine-susceptible strains and (ii) the activities of amodiaquin, amopyroquin, and dichlorquinazine were reduced significantly in the face of chloroquine resistance, but (iii) well-tolerated doses of these compounds would cure infections with strains that fully resisted treatment with maximally tolerated doses of chloroquine. Two other 4-aminoquinolines, SN-8137 and SN-9584, which also exhibited activity against chloroquine-resistant parasites in vitro, displayed curative activity in monkeys infected with a chloroquine-resistant strain. These observations show that there is cross-resistance among the 4-aminoquinolines, confirming earlier findings, but indicate that the dimensions of this phenomenon are sufficiently limited so that some derivatives are therapeutically effective against infections refractory to maximally tolerated doses of chloroquine.", "contents": "Activities of various 4-aminoquinolines against infections with chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The studies reported here stemmed from a personal report by Geiman on the capacity of the 4-aminoquinoline amodiaquin to inhibit in vitro maturation of ring stages of the chloroquine-resistant Monterey strain of Plasmodium falciparum. This observation, confirmed in owl monkeys infected with this strain, led to a comparison of the activities of chloroquine, amodiaquin, amopyroquin, and dichlorquinazine (12,278 RP) against infections with various chloroquine-susceptible and chloroquine-resistant strains. The results showed that: (i) these 4-aminoquinolines were essentially equally active against infections with chloroquine-susceptible strains and (ii) the activities of amodiaquin, amopyroquin, and dichlorquinazine were reduced significantly in the face of chloroquine resistance, but (iii) well-tolerated doses of these compounds would cure infections with strains that fully resisted treatment with maximally tolerated doses of chloroquine. Two other 4-aminoquinolines, SN-8137 and SN-9584, which also exhibited activity against chloroquine-resistant parasites in vitro, displayed curative activity in monkeys infected with a chloroquine-resistant strain. These observations show that there is cross-resistance among the 4-aminoquinolines, confirming earlier findings, but indicate that the dimensions of this phenomenon are sufficiently limited so that some derivatives are therapeutically effective against infections refractory to maximally tolerated doses of chloroquine.", "PMID": 406829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3821", "title": "Rapid microbiological assay for chlorhydroxyquinoline that uses a cryogenically stored inoculum.", "content": "A rapid microbiological assay for chlorhydroxyquinoline is described. It is a turbidimetric procedure that uses Streptococcus faecalis as the test organism. Results are available within 5 h. Data are presented to show the advantages of using a cryogenically stored inoculum over an inoculum prepared on a daily basis.", "contents": "Rapid microbiological assay for chlorhydroxyquinoline that uses a cryogenically stored inoculum. A rapid microbiological assay for chlorhydroxyquinoline is described. It is a turbidimetric procedure that uses Streptococcus faecalis as the test organism. Results are available within 5 h. Data are presented to show the advantages of using a cryogenically stored inoculum over an inoculum prepared on a daily basis.", "PMID": 406830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3822", "title": "Inducible resistance to D-cycloserine in Bacillus subtilis 168.", "content": "Resistance to d-cycloserine could be induced in Bacillus subtilis 168 by sublethal concentrations of d-cycloserine. Sensitivity to the antibiotic could be regained by growth in the absence of d-cycloserine. The bactericidal activity of d-cycloserine apparently was not altered by resistant cells, and peptidoglycan synthesis was still inhibited by d-cycloserine in resistant cells. The d-cycloserine resistance apparently resulted from a decreased uptake of the antibiotic. The decrease in d-cycloserine transport could be prevented by simultaneous treatment of the cells with rifampin and d-cycloserine. d-Cycloserine was transported by the same system as glycine in B. subtilis. d-Cycloserine was able to exchange for intracellular glycine in both sensitive and resistant cells, suggesting that d-cycloserine is not excluded from the cell in resistant cultures.", "contents": "Inducible resistance to D-cycloserine in Bacillus subtilis 168. Resistance to d-cycloserine could be induced in Bacillus subtilis 168 by sublethal concentrations of d-cycloserine. Sensitivity to the antibiotic could be regained by growth in the absence of d-cycloserine. The bactericidal activity of d-cycloserine apparently was not altered by resistant cells, and peptidoglycan synthesis was still inhibited by d-cycloserine in resistant cells. The d-cycloserine resistance apparently resulted from a decreased uptake of the antibiotic. The decrease in d-cycloserine transport could be prevented by simultaneous treatment of the cells with rifampin and d-cycloserine. d-Cycloserine was transported by the same system as glycine in B. subtilis. d-Cycloserine was able to exchange for intracellular glycine in both sensitive and resistant cells, suggesting that d-cycloserine is not excluded from the cell in resistant cultures.", "PMID": 406831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3823", "title": "D-Cycloserine-induced alterations in the transport of D-alanine and glycine in Bacillus subtilis 168.", "content": "d-Alanine, l-alanine, and glycine transport was investigated in Bacillus subtilis 168 cells that were phenotypically resistant to d-cycloserine. These cells showed enhanced rates of uptake as compared with that observed in sensitive cells. The usual enhancement in d-alanine and glycine transport resulting from treatment of the cells with d-cycloserine could be prevented by the addition of rifampin. Kinetic analyses of the initial rate of glycine transport indicated an increase in the V(max) for transport in resistant cells, with no alteration in the K(m) for glycine. Investigations of the net transport of glycine revealed that resistant cells maintained a higher gradient of glycine than did sensitive cells. Kinetic analyses of the net transport of glycine suggested that a new system for the accumulation of glycine was present in d-cycloserine-resistant cells.", "contents": "D-Cycloserine-induced alterations in the transport of D-alanine and glycine in Bacillus subtilis 168. d-Alanine, l-alanine, and glycine transport was investigated in Bacillus subtilis 168 cells that were phenotypically resistant to d-cycloserine. These cells showed enhanced rates of uptake as compared with that observed in sensitive cells. The usual enhancement in d-alanine and glycine transport resulting from treatment of the cells with d-cycloserine could be prevented by the addition of rifampin. Kinetic analyses of the initial rate of glycine transport indicated an increase in the V(max) for transport in resistant cells, with no alteration in the K(m) for glycine. Investigations of the net transport of glycine revealed that resistant cells maintained a higher gradient of glycine than did sensitive cells. Kinetic analyses of the net transport of glycine suggested that a new system for the accumulation of glycine was present in d-cycloserine-resistant cells.", "PMID": 406832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3824", "title": "Transfer of beta-lactamase genes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by conjugation.", "content": "Recent isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae have been shown to be resistant to penicillin because they produce beta-lactamase. In this study, conjugal transfer of the beta-lactamase gene to a recipient N. gonorrhoeae strain occurred in one of the two strains studied but not in the other. The transconjugant could also conjugally transfer the beta-lactamase gene to an Escherichia coli strain.", "contents": "Transfer of beta-lactamase genes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by conjugation. Recent isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae have been shown to be resistant to penicillin because they produce beta-lactamase. In this study, conjugal transfer of the beta-lactamase gene to a recipient N. gonorrhoeae strain occurred in one of the two strains studied but not in the other. The transconjugant could also conjugally transfer the beta-lactamase gene to an Escherichia coli strain.", "PMID": 406833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3825", "title": "Bactericidal activity of macromomycin, a antitumor antibiotic.", "content": "Susceptibility testing by the broth dilution method showed that all the gram-positive but only some of the gram-negative bacteria tested were susceptible to the antitumor antibiotic, macromomycin (MCR; NSC 170105). The minimal inhibitory concentration for the susceptible organisms was less than 3 mug/ml. The action of MCR was bactericidal; however, at very high concentrations (50 mug/ml and above) some organisms occasionally escaped death. None of the escaped organisms was resistant to MCR. In combination with other commonly used antibiotics, MCR displayed partial synergy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (from a minimal inhibitory concentration of >100 to 12.5 mug/ml with 100 mug of chloramphenicol per ml) and for Bacillus pumilus and Staphylococcus aureus (from 1.6 to 0.4 mug/ml and below) with polymyxin B. As with mammalian cells, (125)I-labeled MCR was irreversibly bound to both gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Treatment with trypsin of the (125)I-labeled MCR-exposed cells did not release the bound MCR or reverse its lethal effect. When in solution in a protective buffer at 4 degrees C, MCR was stable for up to 45 days; at 37 degrees C, however, 25% of its bactericidal activity was lost in 72 h. Loss of activity was enhanced 16-fold in the presence of both heated and unheated pooled human sera. Urine had no effect on the activity of MCR.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of macromomycin, a antitumor antibiotic. Susceptibility testing by the broth dilution method showed that all the gram-positive but only some of the gram-negative bacteria tested were susceptible to the antitumor antibiotic, macromomycin (MCR; NSC 170105). The minimal inhibitory concentration for the susceptible organisms was less than 3 mug/ml. The action of MCR was bactericidal; however, at very high concentrations (50 mug/ml and above) some organisms occasionally escaped death. None of the escaped organisms was resistant to MCR. In combination with other commonly used antibiotics, MCR displayed partial synergy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (from a minimal inhibitory concentration of >100 to 12.5 mug/ml with 100 mug of chloramphenicol per ml) and for Bacillus pumilus and Staphylococcus aureus (from 1.6 to 0.4 mug/ml and below) with polymyxin B. As with mammalian cells, (125)I-labeled MCR was irreversibly bound to both gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Treatment with trypsin of the (125)I-labeled MCR-exposed cells did not release the bound MCR or reverse its lethal effect. When in solution in a protective buffer at 4 degrees C, MCR was stable for up to 45 days; at 37 degrees C, however, 25% of its bactericidal activity was lost in 72 h. Loss of activity was enhanced 16-fold in the presence of both heated and unheated pooled human sera. Urine had no effect on the activity of MCR.", "PMID": 406834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3826", "title": "Five-hour minimal inhibitory concentration test of four antimicrobial agents for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A rapid 5-h minimal inhibitory concentration procedure and a minimal bactericidal concentration procedure are described for testing Pseudomonas aeruginosa against gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and carbenicillin. The rapid test results were demonstrated to correlate with the conventional tube dilution procedure.", "contents": "Five-hour minimal inhibitory concentration test of four antimicrobial agents for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A rapid 5-h minimal inhibitory concentration procedure and a minimal bactericidal concentration procedure are described for testing Pseudomonas aeruginosa against gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and carbenicillin. The rapid test results were demonstrated to correlate with the conventional tube dilution procedure.", "PMID": 406835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3827", "title": "Rapid penicillinase paper strip test for detection of beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "A modified 1-min iodometric paper strip test for penicillinase activity was developed for detection of beta-lactamase-producing isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The test is simple to perform and uses reagent-impregnated strips that may be stored for 1 year or more prior to use.", "contents": "Rapid penicillinase paper strip test for detection of beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A modified 1-min iodometric paper strip test for penicillinase activity was developed for detection of beta-lactamase-producing isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The test is simple to perform and uses reagent-impregnated strips that may be stored for 1 year or more prior to use.", "PMID": 406836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3828", "title": "Synergy between ticarcillin and tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The antibacterial activities of ticarcillin, carbenicillin, tobramycin, and gentamicin and of combinations of these antibiotics were measured against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacilli in vitro and in experimental mouse infections. Synergistic effects were produced by the penicillin/aminoglycoside combinations in growth inhibition tests and in bactericidal tests against many of the bacteria tested. Combinations of ticarcillin + tobramycin were more active in vitro than carbenicillin + gentamicin against P. aeruginosa but were no more active than the latter against other gram-negative bacilli. Ticarcillin + tobramycin and carbenicillin + gentamicin also demonstrated synergistic activities against P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter cloacae in experimental mouse infection models. Thus, the penicillin/aminoglycoside combinations produced greater protective effects than the individual antibiotics against lethal intraperitoneal infections and also were more effective in reducing kidney counts of viable bacteria and kidney abscess formation in experimental pyelonephritis infections. As was the case in vitro, ticarcillin + tobramycin was more effective than carbenicillin + gentamicin against the experimental P. aeruginosa infections. The results of these in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that combined therapy with ticarcillin and tobramycin may be warranted in the treatment of serious infections due to P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Synergy between ticarcillin and tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae in vitro and in vivo. The antibacterial activities of ticarcillin, carbenicillin, tobramycin, and gentamicin and of combinations of these antibiotics were measured against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacilli in vitro and in experimental mouse infections. Synergistic effects were produced by the penicillin/aminoglycoside combinations in growth inhibition tests and in bactericidal tests against many of the bacteria tested. Combinations of ticarcillin + tobramycin were more active in vitro than carbenicillin + gentamicin against P. aeruginosa but were no more active than the latter against other gram-negative bacilli. Ticarcillin + tobramycin and carbenicillin + gentamicin also demonstrated synergistic activities against P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter cloacae in experimental mouse infection models. Thus, the penicillin/aminoglycoside combinations produced greater protective effects than the individual antibiotics against lethal intraperitoneal infections and also were more effective in reducing kidney counts of viable bacteria and kidney abscess formation in experimental pyelonephritis infections. As was the case in vitro, ticarcillin + tobramycin was more effective than carbenicillin + gentamicin against the experimental P. aeruginosa infections. The results of these in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that combined therapy with ticarcillin and tobramycin may be warranted in the treatment of serious infections due to P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 406837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3829", "title": "New species of Aspergillus producing sterigmatocystin.", "content": "A number of species belonging to the genus Aspergillus were evaluated for their toxicity to ducklings and the ability to produce sterigmatocystin. Three new species capable of producing sterigmatocystin were found, namely, Aspergillus aurantio-brunneus, Aspergillus quadrilineatus, and Aspergillus ustus. All three were toxic to ducklings. The production of sterigmatocystin by Aspergillus rugulosus was confirmed, and the toxicity of Aspergillus stellatus and Aspergillus multicolor is described.", "contents": "New species of Aspergillus producing sterigmatocystin. A number of species belonging to the genus Aspergillus were evaluated for their toxicity to ducklings and the ability to produce sterigmatocystin. Three new species capable of producing sterigmatocystin were found, namely, Aspergillus aurantio-brunneus, Aspergillus quadrilineatus, and Aspergillus ustus. All three were toxic to ducklings. The production of sterigmatocystin by Aspergillus rugulosus was confirmed, and the toxicity of Aspergillus stellatus and Aspergillus multicolor is described.", "PMID": 406838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3830", "title": "Diluent sensitivity in thermally stressed cells of pseudomonas fluorescens.", "content": "Thermally injured cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens were unable to produce colonies on Trypticase soy agar (TSA) after dilution with 0.1% peptone. Nutritional exigency could not be used as the criterion for this injury, since varying the composition of the plating medium had little effect on the number of colonies that developed. The injured cells had no requirement for compounds known to leak out during the heat treatment in order to recover. The cells did not exhibit injury if dilution preceded heat treatment on the plating medium, demonstrating that the heat treatment sensitized the cells to the trauma of dilution. Substitution of 0.1% peptone with growth medium as the diluent largely offset the previously observed drop in TSA count. Little difference in survival was observed when monosodium glutamate or the balance of the defined medium was used as the diluent. The diluent effect was ionic rather than osmotic. The presence of cations was important in maintaining the integrity of the injured cell, and divalent cations enhanced this protective effect. The role of these cations at the level of the cell envelope is discussed.", "contents": "Diluent sensitivity in thermally stressed cells of pseudomonas fluorescens. Thermally injured cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens were unable to produce colonies on Trypticase soy agar (TSA) after dilution with 0.1% peptone. Nutritional exigency could not be used as the criterion for this injury, since varying the composition of the plating medium had little effect on the number of colonies that developed. The injured cells had no requirement for compounds known to leak out during the heat treatment in order to recover. The cells did not exhibit injury if dilution preceded heat treatment on the plating medium, demonstrating that the heat treatment sensitized the cells to the trauma of dilution. Substitution of 0.1% peptone with growth medium as the diluent largely offset the previously observed drop in TSA count. Little difference in survival was observed when monosodium glutamate or the balance of the defined medium was used as the diluent. The diluent effect was ionic rather than osmotic. The presence of cations was important in maintaining the integrity of the injured cell, and divalent cations enhanced this protective effect. The role of these cations at the level of the cell envelope is discussed.", "PMID": 406839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3831", "title": "Study of inhibition of outgrowth in Bacillus cereus T by ethyl picolinate.", "content": "The effects of ethyl picolinate on germination, outgrowth, and sporulation of Bacillus cereus T were studied in a synthetic medium containing glucose. Ethyl picolinate specifically inhibited at two stages, outgrowth and sporulation. The initiation of germination and cell division was not affected. The inhibition of outgrowth by ethyl picolinate could be reversed by enrichment of inoculum with aspartic acid, asparagine, lysine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine among the amino acids and by oxalacetate. Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide also possessed this ability. Ethyl picolinate failed to block outgrowth when added to cultures incubated for a short time after inoculation. Enrichment of the medium with lysine plus zinc sulfate stimulated sporulation in the presence of ethyl picolinate to a significance degree.", "contents": "Study of inhibition of outgrowth in Bacillus cereus T by ethyl picolinate. The effects of ethyl picolinate on germination, outgrowth, and sporulation of Bacillus cereus T were studied in a synthetic medium containing glucose. Ethyl picolinate specifically inhibited at two stages, outgrowth and sporulation. The initiation of germination and cell division was not affected. The inhibition of outgrowth by ethyl picolinate could be reversed by enrichment of inoculum with aspartic acid, asparagine, lysine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine among the amino acids and by oxalacetate. Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide also possessed this ability. Ethyl picolinate failed to block outgrowth when added to cultures incubated for a short time after inoculation. Enrichment of the medium with lysine plus zinc sulfate stimulated sporulation in the presence of ethyl picolinate to a significance degree.", "PMID": 406840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3832", "title": "Microbiological transformations of delta6a10a-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "A screening program was conducted to find microorganisms that catalyze transformation reactions with cannabinoids. Three hundred fifty-eight cultures, consisting of 97 bacteria, 175 actinomycetes, and 86 molds, were incubated in media containing 0.5 mg of Delta(6a,10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(6a,10a)-THC) per ml. After 120 h of cultivation, ethyl acetate extracts of the cultures were examined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for transformation products. About 18% of the cultures modified Delta(6a,10a)-THC. The ability to modify the substrate did not predominate among any particular group of microorganisms. After purification, the products from three cultures were analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry, 100-mHz proton magnetic resonance spectrometry, ultraviolet spectrometry, and infrared spectrometry. These spectral data indicated that a Mycobacterium sp. oxidized Delta(6a,10a)-THC to cannabinol and a diastereomeric pair of 6a-hydroxy-Delta(10,10a)-THC isomers; a Streptomyces sp. and a Bacillus sp. oxidized Delta(6a,10a)-THC to 7-keto-Delta(6a,10a)-THC and 4'-hydroxy-Delta(6a,10a)-THC, respectively. The occurrence of these products and the presence of others that have not yet been isolated or identified indicate that microbial transformation may be a useful tool for the preparation of new cannabinoids that have desirable pharmacological properties.", "contents": "Microbiological transformations of delta6a10a-tetrahydrocannabinol. A screening program was conducted to find microorganisms that catalyze transformation reactions with cannabinoids. Three hundred fifty-eight cultures, consisting of 97 bacteria, 175 actinomycetes, and 86 molds, were incubated in media containing 0.5 mg of Delta(6a,10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(6a,10a)-THC) per ml. After 120 h of cultivation, ethyl acetate extracts of the cultures were examined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for transformation products. About 18% of the cultures modified Delta(6a,10a)-THC. The ability to modify the substrate did not predominate among any particular group of microorganisms. After purification, the products from three cultures were analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry, 100-mHz proton magnetic resonance spectrometry, ultraviolet spectrometry, and infrared spectrometry. These spectral data indicated that a Mycobacterium sp. oxidized Delta(6a,10a)-THC to cannabinol and a diastereomeric pair of 6a-hydroxy-Delta(10,10a)-THC isomers; a Streptomyces sp. and a Bacillus sp. oxidized Delta(6a,10a)-THC to 7-keto-Delta(6a,10a)-THC and 4'-hydroxy-Delta(6a,10a)-THC, respectively. The occurrence of these products and the presence of others that have not yet been isolated or identified indicate that microbial transformation may be a useful tool for the preparation of new cannabinoids that have desirable pharmacological properties.", "PMID": 406841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3833", "title": "Evaluation of a new presumptive medium for group D streptococci.", "content": "A new medium designated as D streptococcus-enterococcus broth was formulated and evaluated for the enrichment and isolation of strains of serological group D streptococci. This medium was made by modifying Todd-Hewitt broth. Most-probable-number multiple-tube and membrane filter techniques were employed to estimate the numbers of enterococci in known cultures, wastewater, and other samples. Preliminary most-probable-number counts with this medium were as much as 3 logs higher than those counts obtained from four other media with which it was compared. The methodology for using this medium to estimate the numbers of group D streptococci in water is discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new presumptive medium for group D streptococci. A new medium designated as D streptococcus-enterococcus broth was formulated and evaluated for the enrichment and isolation of strains of serological group D streptococci. This medium was made by modifying Todd-Hewitt broth. Most-probable-number multiple-tube and membrane filter techniques were employed to estimate the numbers of enterococci in known cultures, wastewater, and other samples. Preliminary most-probable-number counts with this medium were as much as 3 logs higher than those counts obtained from four other media with which it was compared. The methodology for using this medium to estimate the numbers of group D streptococci in water is discussed.", "PMID": 406842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3834", "title": "Effect of combined heat and radiation on microbial destruction.", "content": "A series of experiments at several levels of relative humidity and radiation dose rates was carried out using spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger to evaluate the effect of heat alone, radiation alone, and a combination of heat and radiation. Combined heat and radiation treatment of microorganisms yields a destruction rate greater than the additive rates of the independence agents. The synergistic mechanism shows a proportional dependency on radiation dose rate an Arrhenius dependency on temperature, and a dependency on relative humidity. Maximum synergism occurs under conditions where heat and radiation individually destroy microorganisms at approximately equal rates. Larger synergistic advantage is possible at low relative humidities rather than at high relative humidities.", "contents": "Effect of combined heat and radiation on microbial destruction. A series of experiments at several levels of relative humidity and radiation dose rates was carried out using spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger to evaluate the effect of heat alone, radiation alone, and a combination of heat and radiation. Combined heat and radiation treatment of microorganisms yields a destruction rate greater than the additive rates of the independence agents. The synergistic mechanism shows a proportional dependency on radiation dose rate an Arrhenius dependency on temperature, and a dependency on relative humidity. Maximum synergism occurs under conditions where heat and radiation individually destroy microorganisms at approximately equal rates. Larger synergistic advantage is possible at low relative humidities rather than at high relative humidities.", "PMID": 406843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3835", "title": "Methyl bromide as a microbicidal fumigant for tree nuts.", "content": "Methyl bromide (MeBr) has broad microbicidal activity, but its use as a disinfectant for food is limited by the resulting bromide residues. Increasing the MeBr concentration, exposure temperature, or exposure period of a treatment tended to increase both the microbicidal efficacy of MeBr and the bromide residues. Its sporicidal activity was less at high than at low relative humidity within the range of 20 to 99%. Both the efficacy and the resulting residues of a MeBr treatment varied inversely with the load of product in a fumigation chamber due to sorption of the fumigant. Fumigation tests with almond kernels inoculated with Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium indicated that MeBr can be used to disinfect whole nut kernels without resulting in excessive bromide residues, although the MeBr level necessary is higher than that normally used for insect control.", "contents": "Methyl bromide as a microbicidal fumigant for tree nuts. Methyl bromide (MeBr) has broad microbicidal activity, but its use as a disinfectant for food is limited by the resulting bromide residues. Increasing the MeBr concentration, exposure temperature, or exposure period of a treatment tended to increase both the microbicidal efficacy of MeBr and the bromide residues. Its sporicidal activity was less at high than at low relative humidity within the range of 20 to 99%. Both the efficacy and the resulting residues of a MeBr treatment varied inversely with the load of product in a fumigation chamber due to sorption of the fumigant. Fumigation tests with almond kernels inoculated with Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium indicated that MeBr can be used to disinfect whole nut kernels without resulting in excessive bromide residues, although the MeBr level necessary is higher than that normally used for insect control.", "PMID": 406844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3836", "title": "Serial propagation of Pneumocystis carinii in cell line cultures.", "content": "Pneumocystis carinii was propagated on three cell lines routinely cultured in many laboratories; the method is practical and convenient. Organisms produced were found to be reactive to Pneumocystis antisera. Studies of antigenic relationships, life cycles, and diagnostic methods will be made easier by these cultures.", "contents": "Serial propagation of Pneumocystis carinii in cell line cultures. Pneumocystis carinii was propagated on three cell lines routinely cultured in many laboratories; the method is practical and convenient. Organisms produced were found to be reactive to Pneumocystis antisera. Studies of antigenic relationships, life cycles, and diagnostic methods will be made easier by these cultures.", "PMID": 406845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3837", "title": "Penetration of bacteria into meat.", "content": "Bacteria are confined to the surface of meat during the logarithmic phase of growth. When proteolytic bacteria approach their maximum cell density, extracellular proteases secreted by the bacteria apparently break down the connective tissue between muscle fibers, allowing the bacteria to penetrate the meat. Non-proteolytic bacteria do not penetrate meat, even when grown in association with proteolytic species.", "contents": "Penetration of bacteria into meat. Bacteria are confined to the surface of meat during the logarithmic phase of growth. When proteolytic bacteria approach their maximum cell density, extracellular proteases secreted by the bacteria apparently break down the connective tissue between muscle fibers, allowing the bacteria to penetrate the meat. Non-proteolytic bacteria do not penetrate meat, even when grown in association with proteolytic species.", "PMID": 406846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3838", "title": "Pemphigus antibody action on skin explants: kinetics of acantholytic changes and stability of antigens in tissue cultures of normal monkey skin explants.", "content": "The pathogenic effect of the intercellular antibodies of pemphigus was studied by using organ culture of monkey skin. Skin explants that were grown on sera with intercellular antibody titers of 320 or greater fixed these antibodies within one day as demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence for IgG. None of the control sera gave such staining patterns. Following the binding of intercellular antibodies, characteristic histologic changes appeared, notably separation of individual epidermal cells and acantholysis. These histologic changes became more marked in two to five days. During this period, the bound antibodies and the intercellular antigens decreased and disappeared. These temporal relationships of immunofluorescence and histologic findings suggest that pemphigus antibodies play a role in the induction of acantholysis.", "contents": "Pemphigus antibody action on skin explants: kinetics of acantholytic changes and stability of antigens in tissue cultures of normal monkey skin explants. The pathogenic effect of the intercellular antibodies of pemphigus was studied by using organ culture of monkey skin. Skin explants that were grown on sera with intercellular antibody titers of 320 or greater fixed these antibodies within one day as demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence for IgG. None of the control sera gave such staining patterns. Following the binding of intercellular antibodies, characteristic histologic changes appeared, notably separation of individual epidermal cells and acantholysis. These histologic changes became more marked in two to five days. During this period, the bound antibodies and the intercellular antigens decreased and disappeared. These temporal relationships of immunofluorescence and histologic findings suggest that pemphigus antibodies play a role in the induction of acantholysis.", "PMID": 406854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3839", "title": "Human essential fatty acid deficiency: treatment by topical application of linoleic acid.", "content": "An essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency developed in a 19-year-old man who was being maintained on a long-term regimen of fat-free, intravenous hyperalimentation fluids. The EFA deficiency was reversed after 21 days by daily, topical application of linoleic acid to the patient's skin. The ratio of eicosatrienoic acid (20:3, n-9) to eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4, n-6) decreased to normal levels in the skin and serum with clinical improvement of the EFA deficiency syndrome. The cutaneous manifestations (scalp dermatitis, alopecia, and depigmentation of hair) were reversed with continued, topical application of safflower oil, which contains 60% to 70% linoleic acid.", "contents": "Human essential fatty acid deficiency: treatment by topical application of linoleic acid. An essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency developed in a 19-year-old man who was being maintained on a long-term regimen of fat-free, intravenous hyperalimentation fluids. The EFA deficiency was reversed after 21 days by daily, topical application of linoleic acid to the patient's skin. The ratio of eicosatrienoic acid (20:3, n-9) to eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4, n-6) decreased to normal levels in the skin and serum with clinical improvement of the EFA deficiency syndrome. The cutaneous manifestations (scalp dermatitis, alopecia, and depigmentation of hair) were reversed with continued, topical application of safflower oil, which contains 60% to 70% linoleic acid.", "PMID": 406855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3840", "title": "Pseudomonal balanitis.", "content": "Significant ecologic changes in the cutaneous flora during treatment may present a challenge both diagnostically and therapeutically. The development of an erosive balanitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa presented an example of such a microbiologic shift in the case reported. The eruption developed during treatment with topical antibacterial, antifungal, and corticosteroid agents. The sudden exacerbation of any balanitis while under treatment should alert the physician to the possibility of superinfection.", "contents": "Pseudomonal balanitis. Significant ecologic changes in the cutaneous flora during treatment may present a challenge both diagnostically and therapeutically. The development of an erosive balanitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa presented an example of such a microbiologic shift in the case reported. The eruption developed during treatment with topical antibacterial, antifungal, and corticosteroid agents. The sudden exacerbation of any balanitis while under treatment should alert the physician to the possibility of superinfection.", "PMID": 406856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3841", "title": "Aetiology of acute gastroenteritis in infancy and early childhood in southern India.", "content": "The aetiology of acute gastroenteritis was studied in 50 infants and young children. Bacterial pathogens were isolated in 33, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Salmonella, and Shigella being the commonest isolates. Rotaviruses were detected in the stools of 13 of the cases. All children with gastroenteritis in whom rotavirus was detected were seen during the months July to December. In 30 children who served as controls, EPEC were isolated in 6, but rotavirus was detected in none. It is concluded that infection with rotaviruses is a significant cause of morbidity in children with gastroenteritis in southern India.", "contents": "Aetiology of acute gastroenteritis in infancy and early childhood in southern India. The aetiology of acute gastroenteritis was studied in 50 infants and young children. Bacterial pathogens were isolated in 33, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Salmonella, and Shigella being the commonest isolates. Rotaviruses were detected in the stools of 13 of the cases. All children with gastroenteritis in whom rotavirus was detected were seen during the months July to December. In 30 children who served as controls, EPEC were isolated in 6, but rotavirus was detected in none. It is concluded that infection with rotaviruses is a significant cause of morbidity in children with gastroenteritis in southern India.", "PMID": 406857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3842", "title": "Localization of gold in synovial membrane of rheumatoid arthritis treated with sodium aurothiomalate. Studies by electron microscope and electron probe x-ray microanalysis.", "content": "The localization of gold in the synovial membrane of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with sodium aurothiomalate was examined and quantitative analysis of epon-embedded sections was carried out with a wavelength dispersive x-ray microanalyser. Gold was only detected in the lysosomes of synovial lining type A cells and subsynovial mononuclear cells in the form of filamentous deposits and highly electron-dense granules, the latter being few in number. The concentration of gold within the lysosomes containing the characteristic deposits and granules was equivalent to that in epon-embedded standard specimens of freeze-dried albumin in which 2-0-87-4 mg/ml of gold was included. In addition, sulphur was detected in the lysosomes containing the filamentous deposits, but the S/Au x-ray signal ratio was not equal to that detected in sodium aurothiomalate. The significance of the coexistence of gold with sulphur in lysosomes is discussed.", "contents": "Localization of gold in synovial membrane of rheumatoid arthritis treated with sodium aurothiomalate. Studies by electron microscope and electron probe x-ray microanalysis. The localization of gold in the synovial membrane of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with sodium aurothiomalate was examined and quantitative analysis of epon-embedded sections was carried out with a wavelength dispersive x-ray microanalyser. Gold was only detected in the lysosomes of synovial lining type A cells and subsynovial mononuclear cells in the form of filamentous deposits and highly electron-dense granules, the latter being few in number. The concentration of gold within the lysosomes containing the characteristic deposits and granules was equivalent to that in epon-embedded standard specimens of freeze-dried albumin in which 2-0-87-4 mg/ml of gold was included. In addition, sulphur was detected in the lysosomes containing the filamentous deposits, but the S/Au x-ray signal ratio was not equal to that detected in sodium aurothiomalate. The significance of the coexistence of gold with sulphur in lysosomes is discussed.", "PMID": 406861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3843", "title": "Inhibition by gold of human lymphocyte stimulation. An in vitro study.", "content": "Transformation of lymphocytes stimulated by mitogen, purified protein derivative, and in the mixed lymphocyte culture was significantly inhibited by gold sodium thiomate and gold sodium thiosulphate at concentrations of 5 X 10(-4) to 5 X 10(-5) mol/1.", "contents": "Inhibition by gold of human lymphocyte stimulation. An in vitro study. Transformation of lymphocytes stimulated by mitogen, purified protein derivative, and in the mixed lymphocyte culture was significantly inhibited by gold sodium thiomate and gold sodium thiosulphate at concentrations of 5 X 10(-4) to 5 X 10(-5) mol/1.", "PMID": 406862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3844", "title": "Pancreaticoduodenal arterial aneurysms.", "content": "Experience with four aneurysms of the pancreaticoduodenal artery is reviewed and compared to the reported experience of 19 other cases. In view of the common presentation of such lesions as intra-abdominal hemorrhage preceded by non-specific abdominal pain and other digestive symptoms, it is suggested that angiography perfomed preoperatively or intraoperatively allows definitive diagnosis and leads to specific therapy.", "contents": "Pancreaticoduodenal arterial aneurysms. Experience with four aneurysms of the pancreaticoduodenal artery is reviewed and compared to the reported experience of 19 other cases. In view of the common presentation of such lesions as intra-abdominal hemorrhage preceded by non-specific abdominal pain and other digestive symptoms, it is suggested that angiography perfomed preoperatively or intraoperatively allows definitive diagnosis and leads to specific therapy.", "PMID": 406863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3845", "title": "Intravenous amino acids as the sole nutritional substrate. Utilization and metabolism in fasting normal human subjects.", "content": "The fasting normal human volunteer subject provides an ideal experimental setting for the initial investigation of foodstuffs whose use is proposed for the acutely ill surgical patient. In the normal human subject many variables can be controlled; the achievement of an ideal body fuel economy is quite simple; if a favorable utilization of injected foodstuffs cannot be achieved in this setting, it is unlikely, and remains to be proven, that utilization will be satisfactory under the challenges of acute surgical trauma. In this experimental model, employing four normal human volunteer subjects, nutrition has been provided by the intravenous infusion of isotonic amino acids (FreAmine(R) II) at a 3.4% concentration. No other source of calories or nutrients was provided. In this setting, utilization was very poor; the subjects were in negative nitrogen balance throughout. The nitrogen excretion was significantly greater than the total of infused nitrogen. The changes in protein, fat and carbohydrate intermediates, as well as the alteration in hormone concentrations, suggest the following endocrine governance of fuel economy in this setting: a sharp rise in glucagon with maintenance of insulin concentration; rapid gluconeogenesis at the expense of both injected and endogenous amino acids; a progressive ketosis without any associated improvement in protein economy; fat oxidation to meet caloric need. The changes in plasma amino acid concentrations are of outstanding interest. They demonstrate changes appropriate to the infusion gradient with the exception of three amino acids whose concentrations did not respond to high infusate levels (serine, lysine, and alanine); likewise, by the fact that methionine rose remarkably though present in only low concentrations in the infusion. These data, taken with other information reported in the literature, as well as continuing studies in these laboratories, strongly suggest that the utilization of infused amino acids for protein synthesis is favored by the provision of an additional caloric source such as glucose.", "contents": "Intravenous amino acids as the sole nutritional substrate. Utilization and metabolism in fasting normal human subjects. The fasting normal human volunteer subject provides an ideal experimental setting for the initial investigation of foodstuffs whose use is proposed for the acutely ill surgical patient. In the normal human subject many variables can be controlled; the achievement of an ideal body fuel economy is quite simple; if a favorable utilization of injected foodstuffs cannot be achieved in this setting, it is unlikely, and remains to be proven, that utilization will be satisfactory under the challenges of acute surgical trauma. In this experimental model, employing four normal human volunteer subjects, nutrition has been provided by the intravenous infusion of isotonic amino acids (FreAmine(R) II) at a 3.4% concentration. No other source of calories or nutrients was provided. In this setting, utilization was very poor; the subjects were in negative nitrogen balance throughout. The nitrogen excretion was significantly greater than the total of infused nitrogen. The changes in protein, fat and carbohydrate intermediates, as well as the alteration in hormone concentrations, suggest the following endocrine governance of fuel economy in this setting: a sharp rise in glucagon with maintenance of insulin concentration; rapid gluconeogenesis at the expense of both injected and endogenous amino acids; a progressive ketosis without any associated improvement in protein economy; fat oxidation to meet caloric need. The changes in plasma amino acid concentrations are of outstanding interest. They demonstrate changes appropriate to the infusion gradient with the exception of three amino acids whose concentrations did not respond to high infusate levels (serine, lysine, and alanine); likewise, by the fact that methionine rose remarkably though present in only low concentrations in the infusion. These data, taken with other information reported in the literature, as well as continuing studies in these laboratories, strongly suggest that the utilization of infused amino acids for protein synthesis is favored by the provision of an additional caloric source such as glucose.", "PMID": 406864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3846", "title": "Cardiac depression in bacteremia.", "content": "Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of a 5-hr IV infusion of Ps. aeruginosa at a dose of 10(8) organisms per ml per minute were studied in 6 dogs. Four dogs served as controls. Gramnegative bacteremia, with 70,000 +/- 1,800 organisms per ml of blood, caused a 50% reduction of cardiac output at three hrs. Peripheral vascular resistance increased significantly, but mean heart rate fell below control levels. Decline in mean systemic blood pressure from 150 +/- 5 mm Hg to 88 +/- 6 mm Hg was accompanied by a significant increase in pulmonary arterial wedge pressure with normal right atrial and pulmonary arterial pressures. Pulmonary vascular resistance also remained unchanged. With progression of the low output state and development of hypothermia, arteriovenous oxygen difference (A-V DO(2)) fell significantly. Despite a decline in functional residual capacity, venoarterial admixture diminished in the face of reduced pulmonary capillary perfusion, normal arterial Po(2) values, decline in body temperature and finally very narrow A-V DO(2). Histologically, ventricular myocardium revealed severe interstitial edema. It is concluded that myocardial dysfunction may occur early during gramnegative bacteremia, and formation of myocardial edema appears to be a significant contributing factor in myocardial failure.", "contents": "Cardiac depression in bacteremia. Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of a 5-hr IV infusion of Ps. aeruginosa at a dose of 10(8) organisms per ml per minute were studied in 6 dogs. Four dogs served as controls. Gramnegative bacteremia, with 70,000 +/- 1,800 organisms per ml of blood, caused a 50% reduction of cardiac output at three hrs. Peripheral vascular resistance increased significantly, but mean heart rate fell below control levels. Decline in mean systemic blood pressure from 150 +/- 5 mm Hg to 88 +/- 6 mm Hg was accompanied by a significant increase in pulmonary arterial wedge pressure with normal right atrial and pulmonary arterial pressures. Pulmonary vascular resistance also remained unchanged. With progression of the low output state and development of hypothermia, arteriovenous oxygen difference (A-V DO(2)) fell significantly. Despite a decline in functional residual capacity, venoarterial admixture diminished in the face of reduced pulmonary capillary perfusion, normal arterial Po(2) values, decline in body temperature and finally very narrow A-V DO(2). Histologically, ventricular myocardium revealed severe interstitial edema. It is concluded that myocardial dysfunction may occur early during gramnegative bacteremia, and formation of myocardial edema appears to be a significant contributing factor in myocardial failure.", "PMID": 406865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3847", "title": "Effect of antrectomy on gastric hypersecretion induced by distal small bowel resection.", "content": "Seven male Rhesus monkeys, with demonstrated gastric hypersecretory response to 50% distal small bowel resection, were studied. This increase in gastric acid output had persisted for more than 6 months. Precise, anatomical antrectomy without vagotomy was performed and intestinal continuity restored by gastroduodenostomy. Complete abolition of basal acid secretion and of the secretory response to histamine occurred. These effects could not be reversed by continuous (5 hour) infusions of pentagastrin at 0.2 microgram/kg hr-1 or 2 microgram/kg hr-1. The dose response curve to gastrin pentapeptide was altered; maximum secretion was greatly reduced and occurred at 10 microgram/kg hr-1. Neither basal serum gastrin or basal serum GIP was significantly reduced by antrectomy. These findings indicate that in this animal model the antrum is essential in the genesis of the hypersecretory state. If these findings are relevant to man precise antrectomy may be the procedure of choice for symptomatic acid hypersecretion after small bowel resection or disease.", "contents": "Effect of antrectomy on gastric hypersecretion induced by distal small bowel resection. Seven male Rhesus monkeys, with demonstrated gastric hypersecretory response to 50% distal small bowel resection, were studied. This increase in gastric acid output had persisted for more than 6 months. Precise, anatomical antrectomy without vagotomy was performed and intestinal continuity restored by gastroduodenostomy. Complete abolition of basal acid secretion and of the secretory response to histamine occurred. These effects could not be reversed by continuous (5 hour) infusions of pentagastrin at 0.2 microgram/kg hr-1 or 2 microgram/kg hr-1. The dose response curve to gastrin pentapeptide was altered; maximum secretion was greatly reduced and occurred at 10 microgram/kg hr-1. Neither basal serum gastrin or basal serum GIP was significantly reduced by antrectomy. These findings indicate that in this animal model the antrum is essential in the genesis of the hypersecretory state. If these findings are relevant to man precise antrectomy may be the procedure of choice for symptomatic acid hypersecretion after small bowel resection or disease.", "PMID": 406866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3848", "title": "Sequential hemodynamic studies in patients having aortic valve replacement with the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft.", "content": "Sequential hemodynamic studies were performed in 13 patients having aortic valve replacement with glutaraldehyde-stabilized pericardial xenografts. The investigation done preoperatively was repeated twice in all patients at mean intervals of 9.9 and 42.2 months following valve replacement. Annulus diameters of the valves were 19, 23, and 25 mm. Between the preoperative and the first postoperative investigation there was a significant increase in cardiac index (p less than 0.05) and a significant reduction in both pulmonary wedge and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures (p less than 0.01). At the first postoperative study the mean ejection systolic gradient across the three sizes of aortic pericardial xenograft was 7, 15.7, and 8.4 mm Hg at rest and 10, 19.6, and 13.7 mm Hg on exercise, respectively. The corresponding surface areas of the three valve sizes were 1.1, 1.5, and 1.62 cm2 at rest and 1.4, 2.1, and 2.03 cm2 on exercise. There was no significant change in any of these measurements between the first and the second postoperative study. The results have shown considerable postoperative hemodynamic improvement, insignificant transvalvular pressure gradients, and maintenance of the functional integrity of the pericardial xenograft up to 56 months following valve insertion.", "contents": "Sequential hemodynamic studies in patients having aortic valve replacement with the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft. Sequential hemodynamic studies were performed in 13 patients having aortic valve replacement with glutaraldehyde-stabilized pericardial xenografts. The investigation done preoperatively was repeated twice in all patients at mean intervals of 9.9 and 42.2 months following valve replacement. Annulus diameters of the valves were 19, 23, and 25 mm. Between the preoperative and the first postoperative investigation there was a significant increase in cardiac index (p less than 0.05) and a significant reduction in both pulmonary wedge and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures (p less than 0.01). At the first postoperative study the mean ejection systolic gradient across the three sizes of aortic pericardial xenograft was 7, 15.7, and 8.4 mm Hg at rest and 10, 19.6, and 13.7 mm Hg on exercise, respectively. The corresponding surface areas of the three valve sizes were 1.1, 1.5, and 1.62 cm2 at rest and 1.4, 2.1, and 2.03 cm2 on exercise. There was no significant change in any of these measurements between the first and the second postoperative study. The results have shown considerable postoperative hemodynamic improvement, insignificant transvalvular pressure gradients, and maintenance of the functional integrity of the pericardial xenograft up to 56 months following valve insertion.", "PMID": 406867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3849", "title": "Insidious rifampin-associated renal failure with light-chain proteinuria.", "content": "A patient who was receiving rifampin treatment for tuberculosis developed heterogenous light-chain proteinuria and insidious renal failure after a period of fluid restriction. The renal damage was characterized pathologically by an interstitial nephritis with invasive tubular casts and an associated renal vein thrombosis. The possible role of the light-chain proteinuria in the pathogenesis of the renal failure is discussed.", "contents": "Insidious rifampin-associated renal failure with light-chain proteinuria. A patient who was receiving rifampin treatment for tuberculosis developed heterogenous light-chain proteinuria and insidious renal failure after a period of fluid restriction. The renal damage was characterized pathologically by an interstitial nephritis with invasive tubular casts and an associated renal vein thrombosis. The possible role of the light-chain proteinuria in the pathogenesis of the renal failure is discussed.", "PMID": 406868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3850", "title": "Pulmonary and rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Successful outcome with amphotericin B and griseofulvin therapy.", "content": "An ominous prognosis is associated with combined pulmonary and rhinocerebral mucormycosis (phycomycosis). We report the case of a diabetic patient with ketoacidosis who had extensive pulmonary and rhinocerebral mucormycosis that responded satisfactorily to amphotericin B and griseofulvin therapy. The affected lung is completely atelectatic and has remained so for 12 months without evidence of necrosis or abscess formation.", "contents": "Pulmonary and rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Successful outcome with amphotericin B and griseofulvin therapy. An ominous prognosis is associated with combined pulmonary and rhinocerebral mucormycosis (phycomycosis). We report the case of a diabetic patient with ketoacidosis who had extensive pulmonary and rhinocerebral mucormycosis that responded satisfactorily to amphotericin B and griseofulvin therapy. The affected lung is completely atelectatic and has remained so for 12 months without evidence of necrosis or abscess formation.", "PMID": 406869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3851", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of Simonsiellaceae.", "content": "The molar percentages of guanine plus cytosine in the DNA of 51 strains of Simonsiellaceae were determined by buoyant density ultracentrifugation of cell lysates in CsCl. The DNA base ratios ranged from 41-55 mole-% guanine plus cytosine. These values fall within the range known for the Order Cytophagales, the non-fruiting gliding bacteria, and are outside the range of the Order Myxobacterales, the fruiting myxobacteria. Among the strains of the genus Simonsiella, four distinct group can be delineated on the basis of source of origin (sheep, dog, cat, human) and GC content. The neotype of Alysiella filiformis has a GC content of 45.4 mole-%.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of Simonsiellaceae. The molar percentages of guanine plus cytosine in the DNA of 51 strains of Simonsiellaceae were determined by buoyant density ultracentrifugation of cell lysates in CsCl. The DNA base ratios ranged from 41-55 mole-% guanine plus cytosine. These values fall within the range known for the Order Cytophagales, the non-fruiting gliding bacteria, and are outside the range of the Order Myxobacterales, the fruiting myxobacteria. Among the strains of the genus Simonsiella, four distinct group can be delineated on the basis of source of origin (sheep, dog, cat, human) and GC content. The neotype of Alysiella filiformis has a GC content of 45.4 mole-%.", "PMID": 406870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3852", "title": "Temperature range variants of Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "Facultatively and obligately thermophilic variants were isolated from 3 out of 12 tested mesophilic Bacillus megaterium strains. The variants occurred at a frequency of 10(-8)-10(-9). The ability to grow at elevated temperatures was cured by means of treatment with acridine orange. Stable  revertants were isolated from facultatively and obligately thermophilic variants. An unknown type of megacin was produced by the facultative thermophiles. This megacin attacked mesophilic and obligately thermophilic strains. The thermophiles displayed a few divergent taxonomic characteristics but a close relationship between the strains was indicated by the megacin spectrum and sensitivity to phage. Arrhenius plots revealed that the strains could be considered as temperature range variants and that the temperature characteristic increased with growth at a higher temperature range. The case for a plasmid involvement in the phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "Temperature range variants of Bacillus megaterium. Facultatively and obligately thermophilic variants were isolated from 3 out of 12 tested mesophilic Bacillus megaterium strains. The variants occurred at a frequency of 10(-8)-10(-9). The ability to grow at elevated temperatures was cured by means of treatment with acridine orange. Stable  revertants were isolated from facultatively and obligately thermophilic variants. An unknown type of megacin was produced by the facultative thermophiles. This megacin attacked mesophilic and obligately thermophilic strains. The thermophiles displayed a few divergent taxonomic characteristics but a close relationship between the strains was indicated by the megacin spectrum and sensitivity to phage. Arrhenius plots revealed that the strains could be considered as temperature range variants and that the temperature characteristic increased with growth at a higher temperature range. The case for a plasmid involvement in the phenomenon is discussed.", "PMID": 406871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3853", "title": "Pharmacotherapy for organic brain syndrome in late life. Evaluation of an ergot derivative vs placebo.", "content": "Evaluation of treatment modalities, including pharmacotherapy, for organic brain syndrome (OBS) has been difficult because of sampling and methodological problems, and comparisons of research studies are all but impossible. In this study, an ergot derivative, a combination of dihydroergocornine mesylate, dihydroergocristine mesylate, and dihydroergokryptine mesylate (Hydergine) was compared with placebo, using a double-blind technique in a sample of nursing home residents with evidence of OBS. An 18-category symptom rating scale was used for periodic assessment over a six-month interval. Comparisons of the two groups of subjects disclosed that the Hydergine-treated group showed statistically significantly more improvement in most of the variables measured, especially during the last three months of treatment. Furthermore, sophisticated analysis revealed that positive changes in cognitive function cannot be accounted for as a mere reflection, or \"halo\" effect, associated with improved mood and general sense of well-being.", "contents": "Pharmacotherapy for organic brain syndrome in late life. Evaluation of an ergot derivative vs placebo. Evaluation of treatment modalities, including pharmacotherapy, for organic brain syndrome (OBS) has been difficult because of sampling and methodological problems, and comparisons of research studies are all but impossible. In this study, an ergot derivative, a combination of dihydroergocornine mesylate, dihydroergocristine mesylate, and dihydroergokryptine mesylate (Hydergine) was compared with placebo, using a double-blind technique in a sample of nursing home residents with evidence of OBS. An 18-category symptom rating scale was used for periodic assessment over a six-month interval. Comparisons of the two groups of subjects disclosed that the Hydergine-treated group showed statistically significantly more improvement in most of the variables measured, especially during the last three months of treatment. Furthermore, sophisticated analysis revealed that positive changes in cognitive function cannot be accounted for as a mere reflection, or \"halo\" effect, associated with improved mood and general sense of well-being.", "PMID": 406875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3854", "title": "[Experiments on rhesus-monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with the carcinogens methyl- and ethylnitrosourea (author's transl)].", "content": "Application of methyl- and/or ethylnitrosourea during intrauterine or postnatal life did not induce tumours in Macaca mulatta. Most of the animals survived 5 to 10 years after the beginning of the experiments and are in good health at present. Complete postmortem examinations were performed in all monkeys who died.", "contents": "[Experiments on rhesus-monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with the carcinogens methyl- and ethylnitrosourea (author's transl)]. Application of methyl- and/or ethylnitrosourea during intrauterine or postnatal life did not induce tumours in Macaca mulatta. Most of the animals survived 5 to 10 years after the beginning of the experiments and are in good health at present. Complete postmortem examinations were performed in all monkeys who died.", "PMID": 406876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3855", "title": "The influence of Listeria monocytogenes cells on the primary immunologic response in irradiated mice.", "content": "The influence of killed Listeria monocytogenes cells on the primary immunologic response in mice irradiated with 300 or 500 R was studied. The immunologic response of the mice to sheep red blood cells used as antigen was assessed at the cellular level (by counting PFC) and humoral level. Injection of killed Listeria monocytogenes cells before irradiation of the mice diminished the immunosuppressive effect of roentgen radiation. Injection of the cells after irradiation accelerated regeneration of immunologic reactivity in the irradiated mice.", "contents": "The influence of Listeria monocytogenes cells on the primary immunologic response in irradiated mice. The influence of killed Listeria monocytogenes cells on the primary immunologic response in mice irradiated with 300 or 500 R was studied. The immunologic response of the mice to sheep red blood cells used as antigen was assessed at the cellular level (by counting PFC) and humoral level. Injection of killed Listeria monocytogenes cells before irradiation of the mice diminished the immunosuppressive effect of roentgen radiation. Injection of the cells after irradiation accelerated regeneration of immunologic reactivity in the irradiated mice.", "PMID": 406878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3856", "title": "Problem oriented medical record: a predetermined problem list for spinal cord injury.", "content": "The Problem Oriented Medical Record is ideally suited to the documentation and management of patients with spinal cord injury, with their involvement of multiple organ systems and need for long term follow-up. The classic format described by Weed has been modified by use of a predetermined problem list, subdividing spinal cord injury into eight problems. We find this method to be of value in organizing the records and managing patients, from the acute phase to the follow-up phase, and additionally in organizing the records of long term patients when seen in follow-up. The problems listed are: 1--neurologic injury; 2--spinal skeletal injury; 3--other injuries; 4--general medical conditions; 5--urologic; 6--gastrointestinal; 7--sexual function; 8--rehabilitation. As complications or other problems arise, they are added to this list. Presented are two case histories, one of a long term patient and the other of a patient with new acute spinal cord injury to illustrate the application of this method.", "contents": "Problem oriented medical record: a predetermined problem list for spinal cord injury. The Problem Oriented Medical Record is ideally suited to the documentation and management of patients with spinal cord injury, with their involvement of multiple organ systems and need for long term follow-up. The classic format described by Weed has been modified by use of a predetermined problem list, subdividing spinal cord injury into eight problems. We find this method to be of value in organizing the records and managing patients, from the acute phase to the follow-up phase, and additionally in organizing the records of long term patients when seen in follow-up. The problems listed are: 1--neurologic injury; 2--spinal skeletal injury; 3--other injuries; 4--general medical conditions; 5--urologic; 6--gastrointestinal; 7--sexual function; 8--rehabilitation. As complications or other problems arise, they are added to this list. Presented are two case histories, one of a long term patient and the other of a patient with new acute spinal cord injury to illustrate the application of this method.", "PMID": 406879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3857", "title": "Nutritional therapy based on positive caloric balance in burn patients.", "content": "Oxygen consumption and caloric expenditure was 1 1/2 to 2 times normal in 15 major burn patients from the time of burn to the time of surface coverage. This hypermetabolic state was quite consistent hour-to-hour and day-to-day, and correlated best with the extent of full-thickness burn. Nutritional management and caloric intake can be intelligently planned using simple spirometry and indirect calorimetry to measure caloric requirements. Weight gain and prompt healing can be achieved by positive caloric balance. Based on daily metabolic studies, a positive caloric balance feeding protocol has been used in the treatment of 556 patients. This regimen, in combination with many other factors in physiologic and surface care, has resulted in high survival rates, short hospitalization, and rapid rehabilitation.", "contents": "Nutritional therapy based on positive caloric balance in burn patients. Oxygen consumption and caloric expenditure was 1 1/2 to 2 times normal in 15 major burn patients from the time of burn to the time of surface coverage. This hypermetabolic state was quite consistent hour-to-hour and day-to-day, and correlated best with the extent of full-thickness burn. Nutritional management and caloric intake can be intelligently planned using simple spirometry and indirect calorimetry to measure caloric requirements. Weight gain and prompt healing can be achieved by positive caloric balance. Based on daily metabolic studies, a positive caloric balance feeding protocol has been used in the treatment of 556 patients. This regimen, in combination with many other factors in physiologic and surface care, has resulted in high survival rates, short hospitalization, and rapid rehabilitation.", "PMID": 406880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3858", "title": "Pharmacological prophylaxis in the kindling model of epilepsy.", "content": "Review of antiepileptic drug assessment to date by means of the kindling model of epilepsy suggests that it fills a gap that is evident in standard screening methods such as maximum electroshock or pentylenetetrazol screening tests. However, in order to obtain a comprehensive profile of antiepileptic drugs regarding prophylaxis of developing seizures and treatment of well-established seizures through the kindling preparation, it is desirable to have the following: (1) standardization of kindling techniques, (2) examination of drug effects on developing as opposed to developed seizures, (3) use of a variety of animal species, involving different functional brain sites, and (4) monitoring of plasma levels of the drug administered. It is envisaged that judicious use of the kindling preparation might also enable us to gain some insight into the mechanisms by which drugs produce their prophylactic or therapeutic effect.", "contents": "Pharmacological prophylaxis in the kindling model of epilepsy. Review of antiepileptic drug assessment to date by means of the kindling model of epilepsy suggests that it fills a gap that is evident in standard screening methods such as maximum electroshock or pentylenetetrazol screening tests. However, in order to obtain a comprehensive profile of antiepileptic drugs regarding prophylaxis of developing seizures and treatment of well-established seizures through the kindling preparation, it is desirable to have the following: (1) standardization of kindling techniques, (2) examination of drug effects on developing as opposed to developed seizures, (3) use of a variety of animal species, involving different functional brain sites, and (4) monitoring of plasma levels of the drug administered. It is envisaged that judicious use of the kindling preparation might also enable us to gain some insight into the mechanisms by which drugs produce their prophylactic or therapeutic effect.", "PMID": 406881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3859", "title": "Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. I. Evolution and resolution.", "content": "Progressively growing intracranial space-taking lesions were simulated in 32 rhesus monkeys by balloons introduced into the subarachnoid space of the temporal region. Optic disc edema (ODE) first appeared at the lower pole, then the upper pole, then the nasal part, and last the temporal part of the disc; severity of edema generally followed sult, most severe at the lower pole (P less than .005). Fluorescein fundus angiography showed that swelling of the optic disc preceded the vascular changes associated with ODE. Raised intracranial pressure for 24 hours, or less, could cause ODE. The atrophic part of the optic disc did not develop ODE. The studies indicate that swelling of the optic disc is the first sign of raised intracranial pressure and is due to swelling of the nerve fibers in the optic disc; the various associated vascular changes are secondary.", "contents": "Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. I. Evolution and resolution. Progressively growing intracranial space-taking lesions were simulated in 32 rhesus monkeys by balloons introduced into the subarachnoid space of the temporal region. Optic disc edema (ODE) first appeared at the lower pole, then the upper pole, then the nasal part, and last the temporal part of the disc; severity of edema generally followed sult, most severe at the lower pole (P less than .005). Fluorescein fundus angiography showed that swelling of the optic disc preceded the vascular changes associated with ODE. Raised intracranial pressure for 24 hours, or less, could cause ODE. The atrophic part of the optic disc did not develop ODE. The studies indicate that swelling of the optic disc is the first sign of raised intracranial pressure and is due to swelling of the nerve fibers in the optic disc; the various associated vascular changes are secondary.", "PMID": 406882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3860", "title": "Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. II. Early detection with fluorescein fundus angiography and stereoscopic color photography.", "content": "Optic disc edema (ODE) due to chronic intracranial hypertension was produced experimentally in rhesus monkeys. Serial studies of fundus changes at frequent intervals, by routine ophthalmoscopy, steroscopic color photography, and fluorescein angiography, revealed that swelling of the optic disc was the first sign of ODE. Other early signs were striation of nerve fibers on the optic disc margins and peripapillary retina, blurring of the disc margins, hyperemia of the disc and capillary dilation, hemorrhages, and other retinal vascular changes; these usually appeared in that sequence. The classically described signs of early ODE were almost always absent. A normal fluorescein fundus angiogram during the incipient stage did not rule out ODE. Stereoscopic color fundus photography was the most sensitive means of detecting early ODE. Fluorescein angiography did not show changes till edema was of a mild to moderate degree; routine ophthalmoscopy was the least reliable method.", "contents": "Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. II. Early detection with fluorescein fundus angiography and stereoscopic color photography. Optic disc edema (ODE) due to chronic intracranial hypertension was produced experimentally in rhesus monkeys. Serial studies of fundus changes at frequent intervals, by routine ophthalmoscopy, steroscopic color photography, and fluorescein angiography, revealed that swelling of the optic disc was the first sign of ODE. Other early signs were striation of nerve fibers on the optic disc margins and peripapillary retina, blurring of the disc margins, hyperemia of the disc and capillary dilation, hemorrhages, and other retinal vascular changes; these usually appeared in that sequence. The classically described signs of early ODE were almost always absent. A normal fluorescein fundus angiogram during the incipient stage did not rule out ODE. Stereoscopic color fundus photography was the most sensitive means of detecting early ODE. Fluorescein angiography did not show changes till edema was of a mild to moderate degree; routine ophthalmoscopy was the least reliable method.", "PMID": 406883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3861", "title": "Atropine inhibition of echothiophate cataractogenesis in monkeys.", "content": "One cynomolgus and three vervet monkeys were treated topicall twice daily in one eye with 63 microgram of echothiophate iodide and 750 microgram of atropine sulfate. The opposite eyes were treated with echothiophate alone. The eyes treated with echothiophate alone all developed posterior and/or anterior subcapsular cataracts within 26 to 66 days. The echothiophate plus atropine-treated cynomolgus eye developed a cataracts of much delayed onset and lesser severity compared to its echothiophate-only-treated fellow. None of the echothiophate plus atropine-treated vervet eyes developed cataracts during the 121 (two eyes) or 231 (one eye) days of treatment. After 121 days of echothiophate plus atropine treatment, two vervet eyes were switched to echothiophate alone. Both eyes developed unequivocal posterior and anterior subcapsular lens opacities, one within 51 and one within 71 days after the switch. We conclude that atropine inhibits echothiophate cataracto-genesis in vervet and cynomolgus monkeys.", "contents": "Atropine inhibition of echothiophate cataractogenesis in monkeys. One cynomolgus and three vervet monkeys were treated topicall twice daily in one eye with 63 microgram of echothiophate iodide and 750 microgram of atropine sulfate. The opposite eyes were treated with echothiophate alone. The eyes treated with echothiophate alone all developed posterior and/or anterior subcapsular cataracts within 26 to 66 days. The echothiophate plus atropine-treated cynomolgus eye developed a cataracts of much delayed onset and lesser severity compared to its echothiophate-only-treated fellow. None of the echothiophate plus atropine-treated vervet eyes developed cataracts during the 121 (two eyes) or 231 (one eye) days of treatment. After 121 days of echothiophate plus atropine treatment, two vervet eyes were switched to echothiophate alone. Both eyes developed unequivocal posterior and anterior subcapsular lens opacities, one within 51 and one within 71 days after the switch. We conclude that atropine inhibits echothiophate cataracto-genesis in vervet and cynomolgus monkeys.", "PMID": 406884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3862", "title": "[Trigemino-facial reflex as a diagnostic aid in Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis].", "content": "The blink reflex evoked by unilateral electrical stimulation was studied in 7 patients with Neurofibromatosis and 50 normal persons. Studing data of the early R1 reflex, there was no difference between normal persons and patients with von Recklinhausen disease. A slightly, but significantly increased reflex latency of the direct R2 was recognized in the majority of the patients with Neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "[Trigemino-facial reflex as a diagnostic aid in Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis]. The blink reflex evoked by unilateral electrical stimulation was studied in 7 patients with Neurofibromatosis and 50 normal persons. Studing data of the early R1 reflex, there was no difference between normal persons and patients with von Recklinhausen disease. A slightly, but significantly increased reflex latency of the direct R2 was recognized in the majority of the patients with Neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 406885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3863", "title": "Sexuality and contraceptive acceptability.", "content": "A woman's sexuality may influence the particular choice and acceptance of a contraceptive method which, in turn, may also affect her sexual response. The type of contraceptive recommended should be determined following both physical and psychological assessment of the woman. A method that is not psychologically acceptance is likely to result in discontinuation. Positive and negative effects of the oral contraceptive pill are considered. Pharmacologically induced symptoms are difficult to specify. There appears to be a much greater incidence of psychological problems.", "contents": "Sexuality and contraceptive acceptability. A woman's sexuality may influence the particular choice and acceptance of a contraceptive method which, in turn, may also affect her sexual response. The type of contraceptive recommended should be determined following both physical and psychological assessment of the woman. A method that is not psychologically acceptance is likely to result in discontinuation. Positive and negative effects of the oral contraceptive pill are considered. Pharmacologically induced symptoms are difficult to specify. There appears to be a much greater incidence of psychological problems.", "PMID": 406886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3864", "title": "The care of the diabetic child in general practice.", "content": "One child in a thousand under the age of 15 years has clinical diabetes. Such children require insulin once or twice daily. Their diabetes is usually best controlled with a diet that provides adequate nutrition for growth and a carbohydrate allowance that balances the hypoglycaemic effect of their insulin. With good initial training in the care of their child, intelligence and emotional stability, families usually cope well with diabetes and allow him to lead a normal life during childhood.", "contents": "The care of the diabetic child in general practice. One child in a thousand under the age of 15 years has clinical diabetes. Such children require insulin once or twice daily. Their diabetes is usually best controlled with a diet that provides adequate nutrition for growth and a carbohydrate allowance that balances the hypoglycaemic effect of their insulin. With good initial training in the care of their child, intelligence and emotional stability, families usually cope well with diabetes and allow him to lead a normal life during childhood.", "PMID": 406887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3865", "title": "Fluorescein angiography and light microscopy studies of retinas irradiated by oxygen nuclei.", "content": "Fluorescein angiography and light microscopy techniques were utilized in the rhesus monkey to evaluate retinal damage following oxygen ion irradiation. Particle flux ranged from 1.3 x 10(7) particles/cm2 to 1.5 x 10(8) particles/cm2. Earliest evidence of damage was detected with fluorescein angiograms 24 h after exposures to 7.7 x 10(7) particles/cm2. No evidence of the hypothesized microlesion was found by either technique.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography and light microscopy studies of retinas irradiated by oxygen nuclei. Fluorescein angiography and light microscopy techniques were utilized in the rhesus monkey to evaluate retinal damage following oxygen ion irradiation. Particle flux ranged from 1.3 x 10(7) particles/cm2 to 1.5 x 10(8) particles/cm2. Earliest evidence of damage was detected with fluorescein angiograms 24 h after exposures to 7.7 x 10(7) particles/cm2. No evidence of the hypothesized microlesion was found by either technique.", "PMID": 406890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3866", "title": "Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of heavy ions (O+8) for producing retinal lesions.", "content": "The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for oxygen ions (250 MeV/nucleon) for producing an ischemic retinal lesion in the rhesus monkey has been shown to be greater than 10. The RBE concept and the use of the standard methodology is discussed with respect to other published reports.", "contents": "Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of heavy ions (O+8) for producing retinal lesions. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for oxygen ions (250 MeV/nucleon) for producing an ischemic retinal lesion in the rhesus monkey has been shown to be greater than 10. The RBE concept and the use of the standard methodology is discussed with respect to other published reports.", "PMID": 406891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3867", "title": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase polymorphism in sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "A polymorphism of purine nucleoside phosphorylase is described in sheep erythrocytes. Two isozymes were distinguished electrophoretically, one with high activity (NP-1) and one with low activity (NP-2). Breeding data suggest that the two isozymes are the product of two codominant alleles, NP1 and NP2. The Km's for inosine did not differ between NP-1 and NP-2; however, NP-2 had a lower pH optimum and was relatively unstable when incubated at 48 C.", "contents": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase polymorphism in sheep erythrocytes. A polymorphism of purine nucleoside phosphorylase is described in sheep erythrocytes. Two isozymes were distinguished electrophoretically, one with high activity (NP-1) and one with low activity (NP-2). Breeding data suggest that the two isozymes are the product of two codominant alleles, NP1 and NP2. The Km's for inosine did not differ between NP-1 and NP-2; however, NP-2 had a lower pH optimum and was relatively unstable when incubated at 48 C.", "PMID": 406894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3868", "title": "Codominant autosomal inheritance of polymorphic red cell acid phosphates of lemurs and some properties of the enzymes.", "content": "Red cell acid phosphatase phenotypes of 207 captive animals of the genera Lemur, Hapalemur, and Prophithecus were determined by starch gel electrophoresis and phosphatase-specific staining. In Lemur fulvus, three phenotypes, designated A, B, and AB, were observed. In each of the species L. catta, L. macaco, L. mongoz, and L. variegatus, a single phenotype was observed, In Hapalemur griseus, three phenotypes were found: A,B, and AB. In Propithecus verreauxi, a single phenotype was found. Examination of breeding records in conjunction with the results of the electrophoretic analyses supports the conclusion that the erythrocytic acid phosphatases in this group of nonhuman primates are the products of at least two codominant autosomal alleles. There is a wide range of specific activities of the acid phosphatases as determined by colorimetric assays. The values range from 60.6 micronmoles of p-nitrophenol released per gram of hemoglobin per 30 min in Lemur catta to 429.1 micronmoles in Propithecus verreauxi. The enzymes of L. fulvus and P. vereauxi were purified approximately 400-fold, and Michaelis-Menten constants were determined on the purified preparations. For L. fulvus phenotype A, Km = 0.8 mM; for L. fulvus phenotype B, Km = 0.8 mM; and for P. verreauxi, Km = 0.6 mM; the substrate in each case was p-nitrophenylphosphate.", "contents": "Codominant autosomal inheritance of polymorphic red cell acid phosphates of lemurs and some properties of the enzymes. Red cell acid phosphatase phenotypes of 207 captive animals of the genera Lemur, Hapalemur, and Prophithecus were determined by starch gel electrophoresis and phosphatase-specific staining. In Lemur fulvus, three phenotypes, designated A, B, and AB, were observed. In each of the species L. catta, L. macaco, L. mongoz, and L. variegatus, a single phenotype was observed, In Hapalemur griseus, three phenotypes were found: A,B, and AB. In Propithecus verreauxi, a single phenotype was found. Examination of breeding records in conjunction with the results of the electrophoretic analyses supports the conclusion that the erythrocytic acid phosphatases in this group of nonhuman primates are the products of at least two codominant autosomal alleles. There is a wide range of specific activities of the acid phosphatases as determined by colorimetric assays. The values range from 60.6 micronmoles of p-nitrophenol released per gram of hemoglobin per 30 min in Lemur catta to 429.1 micronmoles in Propithecus verreauxi. The enzymes of L. fulvus and P. vereauxi were purified approximately 400-fold, and Michaelis-Menten constants were determined on the purified preparations. For L. fulvus phenotype A, Km = 0.8 mM; for L. fulvus phenotype B, Km = 0.8 mM; and for P. verreauxi, Km = 0.6 mM; the substrate in each case was p-nitrophenylphosphate.", "PMID": 406895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3869", "title": "The prepupal salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Evidence is presented in support of the concept that the larval salivary gland of Drosophila melanogaster  continues to function as an important secretory organ throughout prepupal stages and after pupation. Just after puparium formation, and at other later periods, the glands appear to be in the process of disintegration, but each time they recover until after pupation. Nuclear blebbing occurs through the time of survival of the glands, but is shown not to involve transport of RNA out of the nucleus. Transport in and out of the nucleus is clearly rapid and in a steady state as compared to the massive and intermittent export of cytoplasmic substance into the lumen of the gland.", "contents": "The prepupal salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster. Evidence is presented in support of the concept that the larval salivary gland of Drosophila melanogaster  continues to function as an important secretory organ throughout prepupal stages and after pupation. Just after puparium formation, and at other later periods, the glands appear to be in the process of disintegration, but each time they recover until after pupation. Nuclear blebbing occurs through the time of survival of the glands, but is shown not to involve transport of RNA out of the nucleus. Transport in and out of the nucleus is clearly rapid and in a steady state as compared to the massive and intermittent export of cytoplasmic substance into the lumen of the gland.", "PMID": 406896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3870", "title": "Transcriptional changes in pupal hypoderm in Drosophia melanogaster.", "content": "Transcriptional changes with development of the imaginal thoracic hypoderm of Drosophila melanogaster were evaluated by studies on pulse labeling and total composition with respect to protein. Evidence presented indicates that certain glycoproteins produced by prepupal salivary glands are important for bristle development long after the salivary gland is histolyzed. Striking changes in protein synthesis with development can be correlated with major hypodermal functions such as bristle formation, chitin deposition, and a moltlike process which occurs around 52 hr after puparium formation.", "contents": "Transcriptional changes in pupal hypoderm in Drosophia melanogaster. Transcriptional changes with development of the imaginal thoracic hypoderm of Drosophila melanogaster were evaluated by studies on pulse labeling and total composition with respect to protein. Evidence presented indicates that certain glycoproteins produced by prepupal salivary glands are important for bristle development long after the salivary gland is histolyzed. Striking changes in protein synthesis with development can be correlated with major hypodermal functions such as bristle formation, chitin deposition, and a moltlike process which occurs around 52 hr after puparium formation.", "PMID": 406897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3871", "title": "Enzymatic variation at seven loci in nine natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Allozyme polymorphisms at seven loci have been studied in nine natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster from the Sa\u00f4ne and Rh\u00f4ne valleys sampled in 1973 and 1974. A great deal of polymorphism was observed; an individual was on the average heterozygous at 20.2% of its loci. The populations were genetically very homogeneous throughout the region sampled. The number of ovariolae per female varied from one group of populations to another depending on their geographical separation. Yet the number of ovariolae remained constant from one year to the next. The results show that migration alone cannot explain the homogeneity of the allozyme frequencies. It seems reasonable to conclude that selection plays a major role in maintaining the homogeneity of populations living in proximal biotopes.", "contents": "Enzymatic variation at seven loci in nine natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Allozyme polymorphisms at seven loci have been studied in nine natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster from the Sa\u00f4ne and Rh\u00f4ne valleys sampled in 1973 and 1974. A great deal of polymorphism was observed; an individual was on the average heterozygous at 20.2% of its loci. The populations were genetically very homogeneous throughout the region sampled. The number of ovariolae per female varied from one group of populations to another depending on their geographical separation. Yet the number of ovariolae remained constant from one year to the next. The results show that migration alone cannot explain the homogeneity of the allozyme frequencies. It seems reasonable to conclude that selection plays a major role in maintaining the homogeneity of populations living in proximal biotopes.", "PMID": 406898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3872", "title": "The immunological characterization of several human ribonucleases by using primary binding tests.", "content": "RNAases (ribonucleases), purified from four human tissues, as well as bovine pancreatic RNAase (RNAase A), were studied by immunodiffusion methods and by two different primary binding tests. The enzymes fell into two groups immunologically, those purified from plasma and pancreas in one and those from spleen and liver in the other. No antigenic cross-reaction between the two groups was detected by any of the immunoassays used. There was a slight antigenic cross-reaction between the human and bovine pancreatic RNAases. The liver and spleen RNAases were immunologically identical by all criteria used, whereas a small but consistent antigenic difference between the human plasma and human pancreas enzymes was detected. The significance of this difference between the human plasma and pancreas RNAases is discussed in relation to similarities and differences in their properties.", "contents": "The immunological characterization of several human ribonucleases by using primary binding tests. RNAases (ribonucleases), purified from four human tissues, as well as bovine pancreatic RNAase (RNAase A), were studied by immunodiffusion methods and by two different primary binding tests. The enzymes fell into two groups immunologically, those purified from plasma and pancreas in one and those from spleen and liver in the other. No antigenic cross-reaction between the two groups was detected by any of the immunoassays used. There was a slight antigenic cross-reaction between the human and bovine pancreatic RNAases. The liver and spleen RNAases were immunologically identical by all criteria used, whereas a small but consistent antigenic difference between the human plasma and human pancreas enzymes was detected. The significance of this difference between the human plasma and pancreas RNAases is discussed in relation to similarities and differences in their properties.", "PMID": 406899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3873", "title": "High-sensitivity sequence analysis of peptides and proteins by 4-NN-dimethylaminoazobenzene 4'-isothiocyanate.", "content": "A manual high-sensitivity sequencing method is described, in which 4-NN-dimethylaminoazobenzene 4'-isothiocyanate is used for the stepwise degradation of amino acid residues from the peptides. The 4-NN-dimethylaminoazobenzene 4'-thiazolinones of amino acids that were released, after conversion into their thiohydantoin derivatives, were identified by t.l.c. on polyamide sheets. This new method is simple and sensitive, and requires only 2-10nmol of peptides or proteins for extended sequence analysis. The method was tested on the sequence analysis of a hexapeptide (Leu-Trp-Met-Arg-Phe-Ala), bradykinin, glucagon and native lysozyme. Results show that the proposed procedure is a sensitive method for the sequence determination of short peptides as well as for the partial sequence determination of intact proteins.", "contents": "High-sensitivity sequence analysis of peptides and proteins by 4-NN-dimethylaminoazobenzene 4'-isothiocyanate. A manual high-sensitivity sequencing method is described, in which 4-NN-dimethylaminoazobenzene 4'-isothiocyanate is used for the stepwise degradation of amino acid residues from the peptides. The 4-NN-dimethylaminoazobenzene 4'-thiazolinones of amino acids that were released, after conversion into their thiohydantoin derivatives, were identified by t.l.c. on polyamide sheets. This new method is simple and sensitive, and requires only 2-10nmol of peptides or proteins for extended sequence analysis. The method was tested on the sequence analysis of a hexapeptide (Leu-Trp-Met-Arg-Phe-Ala), bradykinin, glucagon and native lysozyme. Results show that the proposed procedure is a sensitive method for the sequence determination of short peptides as well as for the partial sequence determination of intact proteins.", "PMID": 406900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3874", "title": "Separation and properties of two arylamidases from rat cardiac-muscle extracts.", "content": "Two main arylamidase activities were separated from a particle-free supernatant of rat heart by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Although both enzymes hydrolysed L-leucine 4-nitroanilide, only peak-II enzyme hydrolysed L-lysine 4-nitroanilide. A third minor peak (Ia) contained an enzyme that was active mainly on the L-lysine 4-nitroanilide. The mol.wts. of the enzymes in peaks I and II were approx. 257000 and 105000 respectively. The pH optimum was approx. pH7.0 for peak-I enzyme and 7.0-8.0 for peak-II enzyme. Both enzymes were inhibited by addition of puromycin, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, o-phenanthroline and bivalent metal ions. Addition of dithiothreitol resulted in stimulation of both activities. Dialysis against o-phenanthroline resulted in inhibition of peak-I and -II enzymes, but after dialysis against EDTA only peak-II enzyme was inhibited.", "contents": "Separation and properties of two arylamidases from rat cardiac-muscle extracts. Two main arylamidase activities were separated from a particle-free supernatant of rat heart by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Although both enzymes hydrolysed L-leucine 4-nitroanilide, only peak-II enzyme hydrolysed L-lysine 4-nitroanilide. A third minor peak (Ia) contained an enzyme that was active mainly on the L-lysine 4-nitroanilide. The mol.wts. of the enzymes in peaks I and II were approx. 257000 and 105000 respectively. The pH optimum was approx. pH7.0 for peak-I enzyme and 7.0-8.0 for peak-II enzyme. Both enzymes were inhibited by addition of puromycin, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, o-phenanthroline and bivalent metal ions. Addition of dithiothreitol resulted in stimulation of both activities. Dialysis against o-phenanthroline resulted in inhibition of peak-I and -II enzymes, but after dialysis against EDTA only peak-II enzyme was inhibited.", "PMID": 406901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3875", "title": "Effects of adenine nucleotides and phosphate on adenosine triphosphate sulphurylase from Anabaena cylindrica.", "content": "Production of adenosine 5'-[35S]sulphatophosphate by a partially purified ATP sulphurylase from Anabaena cylindrica was inhibited by AMP, ADP and P1. Decreases in enzyme activity in the presence of these inhibitors were reversed by increasing the concentrations of ATP. The adenine nucleotides inhibited the enzyme competitively with respect to ATP. In the presence of P1, ATP showed a positive co-operative effect on enzyme activity. The inhibition by P1 was enhanced by increasing concentrations of MG2+. The effects of the adenine nucleotides and the interaction of P1 and Mg2+ on ATP sulphurylase activity are discussed in relation to the regulation of sulphate assimilation via the energy metabolism of the alga.", "contents": "Effects of adenine nucleotides and phosphate on adenosine triphosphate sulphurylase from Anabaena cylindrica. Production of adenosine 5'-[35S]sulphatophosphate by a partially purified ATP sulphurylase from Anabaena cylindrica was inhibited by AMP, ADP and P1. Decreases in enzyme activity in the presence of these inhibitors were reversed by increasing the concentrations of ATP. The adenine nucleotides inhibited the enzyme competitively with respect to ATP. In the presence of P1, ATP showed a positive co-operative effect on enzyme activity. The inhibition by P1 was enhanced by increasing concentrations of MG2+. The effects of the adenine nucleotides and the interaction of P1 and Mg2+ on ATP sulphurylase activity are discussed in relation to the regulation of sulphate assimilation via the energy metabolism of the alga.", "PMID": 406902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3876", "title": "Effect of buformin on the regulation of glycogen metabolism in the skeletal muscle of normal rats.", "content": "In view of the experience that after short- or long-term oral administration of biguanides to rats no glycogenolysis in the muscle tissue occurs or even an increase of the muscle glycogen content and a high rate of incorporation of radioglucose into the muscle glycogen, the glycogen synthetase activity of skeletal muscle in a concentrated muscle homogenate and the effect of isoproterenol on glycogenolysis were investigated in normal rats after short-term oral administration of 1-butylbiguanide (buformin). The basal synthetase activity and the ATP inhibition of the enzyme were not affected by buformin, but the cyclic AMP mediated inactivation was significantly inhibited after buformin pretreatment. This inhibition was reversed by running the assay in the presence of Mg2+. Buformin also inhibited the isoproterenol induced glycogenolysis of the skeletal muscle tissue. From our results we suppose that biguanides may influence the regulation of glycogen metabolism by inhibiting the inactivating synthetase kinase and the activating phosphorylase kinase. It is possible that divalent cations like Mg2+ as an activator of kinase reactions are concerned.", "contents": "Effect of buformin on the regulation of glycogen metabolism in the skeletal muscle of normal rats. In view of the experience that after short- or long-term oral administration of biguanides to rats no glycogenolysis in the muscle tissue occurs or even an increase of the muscle glycogen content and a high rate of incorporation of radioglucose into the muscle glycogen, the glycogen synthetase activity of skeletal muscle in a concentrated muscle homogenate and the effect of isoproterenol on glycogenolysis were investigated in normal rats after short-term oral administration of 1-butylbiguanide (buformin). The basal synthetase activity and the ATP inhibition of the enzyme were not affected by buformin, but the cyclic AMP mediated inactivation was significantly inhibited after buformin pretreatment. This inhibition was reversed by running the assay in the presence of Mg2+. Buformin also inhibited the isoproterenol induced glycogenolysis of the skeletal muscle tissue. From our results we suppose that biguanides may influence the regulation of glycogen metabolism by inhibiting the inactivating synthetase kinase and the activating phosphorylase kinase. It is possible that divalent cations like Mg2+ as an activator of kinase reactions are concerned.", "PMID": 406904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3877", "title": "Comparative effects of aspirin and diflunisal on prostaglandin synthetase from human platelets and sheep seminal vesicles.", "content": "1. We have compared the effects of diflunisal on prostaglandin (PG) synthetase from human platelets and sheep seminal vesicles (SSV) by measuring malonaldehyde, PG products, and rabbit aorta contraction. 2. Aspirin inhibits PG synthetase by covalently acetylating the enzyme. Inhibition is dependent on time and aspirin concentration. Aspirin is 37-fold more potent in inhibiting enzyme in human platelets compared with enzyme from SSV. 3. Diflunisal inhibits PG synthetase from intact human platelets and SSV equally (50% inhibition at 3-5 micronM). The drug does not covalently modify the enzyme, and inhibition is not time dependent. Diflunisal probably acts at a site similar to aspirin since the drug will inhibit acetylation of the enzyme by aspirin. 4. The results suggest that diflunisal is relatively less inhibitory to platelet function than is aspirin.", "contents": "Comparative effects of aspirin and diflunisal on prostaglandin synthetase from human platelets and sheep seminal vesicles. 1. We have compared the effects of diflunisal on prostaglandin (PG) synthetase from human platelets and sheep seminal vesicles (SSV) by measuring malonaldehyde, PG products, and rabbit aorta contraction. 2. Aspirin inhibits PG synthetase by covalently acetylating the enzyme. Inhibition is dependent on time and aspirin concentration. Aspirin is 37-fold more potent in inhibiting enzyme in human platelets compared with enzyme from SSV. 3. Diflunisal inhibits PG synthetase from intact human platelets and SSV equally (50% inhibition at 3-5 micronM). The drug does not covalently modify the enzyme, and inhibition is not time dependent. Diflunisal probably acts at a site similar to aspirin since the drug will inhibit acetylation of the enzyme by aspirin. 4. The results suggest that diflunisal is relatively less inhibitory to platelet function than is aspirin.", "PMID": 406909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3878", "title": "Zinc is associated with the beta subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The Bacillus subtilis DNA-dependent RNA polymerase holoenzyme and core enzyme each contain approximately two atoms of zinc per molecule. When the dissociated subunits of the enzyme are passed through a blue dextran-Sepharose affinity column, only the beta subunit binds to the column. The total zinc content of the enzyme is tightly bound to the beta subunit. Dialysis studies suggest that the two zinc ions differ in the strength of their association with the beta subunit. The presence of zinc in beta is consistent with several other lines of evidence which indicate that this subunit is dirrectly involved in phosphodiester bond formation. The blue dextran-Sepharose column procedure should be useful in future studies of the dissociation and reassociation of the enzyme since the method is rapid and provides excellent recovery of the beta subunit as well as the alpha and beta' subunits of the RNA polymerase.", "contents": "Zinc is associated with the beta subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Bacillus subtilis. The Bacillus subtilis DNA-dependent RNA polymerase holoenzyme and core enzyme each contain approximately two atoms of zinc per molecule. When the dissociated subunits of the enzyme are passed through a blue dextran-Sepharose affinity column, only the beta subunit binds to the column. The total zinc content of the enzyme is tightly bound to the beta subunit. Dialysis studies suggest that the two zinc ions differ in the strength of their association with the beta subunit. The presence of zinc in beta is consistent with several other lines of evidence which indicate that this subunit is dirrectly involved in phosphodiester bond formation. The blue dextran-Sepharose column procedure should be useful in future studies of the dissociation and reassociation of the enzyme since the method is rapid and provides excellent recovery of the beta subunit as well as the alpha and beta' subunits of the RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 406910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3879", "title": "Cyanide-resistant electron transport in sporulating Bacillus megaterium KM.", "content": "The NADH oxidase activity of stage V mother-cell membranes, isolated from sporulating Bacillus megaterium KM, shows a greater inhibition by cyanide and displays this response at lower concentrations of cyanide than the stage V forespore inner membrane. Comparison of the effects of various respiratory inhibitors reveals that the difference in cyanide sensitivity between these membranes is located on the oxidase side of the 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide-sensitive step. Both membranes contain cytochromes a+a3, b-562, b-555, c and d, with three potential oxidases: cytochromes a+a3, o and d. Cyanide difference spectra suggest that cytochromes b-562 and d may be the components involved in the cyanide-resistant electron transport pathway. Membrane ascorbate-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine and ascorbate 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol oxidase activities are highly sensitive to cyanide. Evidence is presented for terminal branching of the respiratory chain with branches differing in cyanide sensitivity. The cyanide sensitivity of the NADH oxidase of membranes prepared from various stages of sporulation is compared. Morphogenesis of the mother-cell plasma membrane to a cyanide-sensitive form during stages II and III of sporulation is postulated.", "contents": "Cyanide-resistant electron transport in sporulating Bacillus megaterium KM. The NADH oxidase activity of stage V mother-cell membranes, isolated from sporulating Bacillus megaterium KM, shows a greater inhibition by cyanide and displays this response at lower concentrations of cyanide than the stage V forespore inner membrane. Comparison of the effects of various respiratory inhibitors reveals that the difference in cyanide sensitivity between these membranes is located on the oxidase side of the 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide-sensitive step. Both membranes contain cytochromes a+a3, b-562, b-555, c and d, with three potential oxidases: cytochromes a+a3, o and d. Cyanide difference spectra suggest that cytochromes b-562 and d may be the components involved in the cyanide-resistant electron transport pathway. Membrane ascorbate-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine and ascorbate 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol oxidase activities are highly sensitive to cyanide. Evidence is presented for terminal branching of the respiratory chain with branches differing in cyanide sensitivity. The cyanide sensitivity of the NADH oxidase of membranes prepared from various stages of sporulation is compared. Morphogenesis of the mother-cell plasma membrane to a cyanide-sensitive form during stages II and III of sporulation is postulated.", "PMID": 406913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3880", "title": "Effects of temperature and bovine serum albumin on lysis of erythrocytes induced by dilauroylglycerophosphocholine and didecanoylglycerophosphocholine.", "content": "The effects of the incubation temperature and bovine serum albumin on hemolysis induced by short-chain phosphatidylcholine were examined. The rate of hemolysis of human, monkey, rabbit, and rat erythrocytes by dilauroylglycerophosphocholine showed biphasic temperature-dependence: hemolysis was rapid at 5-10 degrees C and above 40 degrees C, but slow at around 25 degrees C. In contrast, the rate of lysis of cow, calf, sheep, pig, cat, and dog erythrocytes did not show biphasic temperature-dependence, but increased progressively with increase in the incubation temperature. Bovine serum albumin increased the hemolysis of human erythrocytes induced by dilauroylglycerophosphocholine or didecanoylglycerophosphocholine: it shortened the lag time of lysis and reduced the amount of phosphatidylcholine required for lysis. A shift-down of the incubation temperature from 40 to below 10 degrees C also shortened the lag time of lysis of human erythrocytes induced by dilauroylglycerophosphocholine and reduced the amount of phosphatidylcholine required for lysis.", "contents": "Effects of temperature and bovine serum albumin on lysis of erythrocytes induced by dilauroylglycerophosphocholine and didecanoylglycerophosphocholine. The effects of the incubation temperature and bovine serum albumin on hemolysis induced by short-chain phosphatidylcholine were examined. The rate of hemolysis of human, monkey, rabbit, and rat erythrocytes by dilauroylglycerophosphocholine showed biphasic temperature-dependence: hemolysis was rapid at 5-10 degrees C and above 40 degrees C, but slow at around 25 degrees C. In contrast, the rate of lysis of cow, calf, sheep, pig, cat, and dog erythrocytes did not show biphasic temperature-dependence, but increased progressively with increase in the incubation temperature. Bovine serum albumin increased the hemolysis of human erythrocytes induced by dilauroylglycerophosphocholine or didecanoylglycerophosphocholine: it shortened the lag time of lysis and reduced the amount of phosphatidylcholine required for lysis. A shift-down of the incubation temperature from 40 to below 10 degrees C also shortened the lag time of lysis of human erythrocytes induced by dilauroylglycerophosphocholine and reduced the amount of phosphatidylcholine required for lysis.", "PMID": 406914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3881", "title": "Selective compartmentation of the hydration products of carbon dioxide in liposomes, and its role in regulating water movement.", "content": "Using liposomes, some possible consequences of auxin-stimulated proton secretion in plant tissues are modelled. Liposomes, made specifically permeable to protons and potassium ions, but containing at least one impermeant, swell at a rate which is proportional to the availability and hydration rate of carbon dioxide; the gas functions as a source of proton and dehydrated anion and this enables a net transfer of KHCO3 to take place.", "contents": "Selective compartmentation of the hydration products of carbon dioxide in liposomes, and its role in regulating water movement. Using liposomes, some possible consequences of auxin-stimulated proton secretion in plant tissues are modelled. Liposomes, made specifically permeable to protons and potassium ions, but containing at least one impermeant, swell at a rate which is proportional to the availability and hydration rate of carbon dioxide; the gas functions as a source of proton and dehydrated anion and this enables a net transfer of KHCO3 to take place.", "PMID": 406915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3882", "title": "Self-regulation of membrane fluidity. The effect of saturated normal and methoxy fatty acid supplementation on Tetrahymena membrane physical properties and lipid composition.", "content": "Tetrahymena cells elongated and desaturated massive supplements of palmitic or lauric acid at nearly twice the rates employed by unfed cells, thereby maintaining constant the physical properties of their membrane lipids. However, when a mixture of the 9- and 10-monomethoxy derivatives of stearic acid was administered, these compounds were incorporated without further metabolism. The marked fluidizing effect of the phospholipid-bound methoxy-fatty acids elicited an immediate reduction in fatty acid desaturase activity, the pattern of change being very similar to that induced by supplements of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The modulation of fatty acid desaturase activity by methoxy-acids clearly seems to be governed by membrane fluidity rather than by some form of end product inhibition of the type which might have been postulated to explain the similar effect caused by polyunsaturated fatty acids.", "contents": "Self-regulation of membrane fluidity. The effect of saturated normal and methoxy fatty acid supplementation on Tetrahymena membrane physical properties and lipid composition. Tetrahymena cells elongated and desaturated massive supplements of palmitic or lauric acid at nearly twice the rates employed by unfed cells, thereby maintaining constant the physical properties of their membrane lipids. However, when a mixture of the 9- and 10-monomethoxy derivatives of stearic acid was administered, these compounds were incorporated without further metabolism. The marked fluidizing effect of the phospholipid-bound methoxy-fatty acids elicited an immediate reduction in fatty acid desaturase activity, the pattern of change being very similar to that induced by supplements of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The modulation of fatty acid desaturase activity by methoxy-acids clearly seems to be governed by membrane fluidity rather than by some form of end product inhibition of the type which might have been postulated to explain the similar effect caused by polyunsaturated fatty acids.", "PMID": 406916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3883", "title": "Kinetics of bidirectional active sodium fluxes in the toad bladder.", "content": "The kinetics of isotopic Na+ flows was studied in urinary bladders of toads from the Dominican Republic. Initial studies of the potential dependence of passive serosal to mucosal 22Na+ efflux demonstrated the absence of isotope interaction and/or other coupling with passive Na+ flow. The electrical current I and mucosal to serosal 22Na+ influx were then measured with transmembrane potential clamped at deltapsi=0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 mV. Subsequent elimination of active Na+ transport with mucosal amiloride permitted calculation of the rates of active Na+ transport JaNa and active and passive influx leads to JaNa and leads to JpNa. The results indicate that for Dominican toad bladders mounted in chambers only Na+ contributes significantly to transepithelial active ion transport; hence JaNa=Ja. Ja was abolished at deltapsi=E=96.3+/-1.9 (S.E.) mV. As deltapsi approached E, active efflux comes from Ja became demonstrable. At deltapsi=100 mV, comes from Ja exceeded leads to Ja, so that Ja was negative. Experimental values of leads to Ja agreed well with theoretical values predicted by a thermodynamic formulation: leads to Jaexp=0.985 leads to Jatheor (r=0.993). The dependence of leads to Ja on deltapsi is curvilinear.", "contents": "Kinetics of bidirectional active sodium fluxes in the toad bladder. The kinetics of isotopic Na+ flows was studied in urinary bladders of toads from the Dominican Republic. Initial studies of the potential dependence of passive serosal to mucosal 22Na+ efflux demonstrated the absence of isotope interaction and/or other coupling with passive Na+ flow. The electrical current I and mucosal to serosal 22Na+ influx were then measured with transmembrane potential clamped at deltapsi=0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 mV. Subsequent elimination of active Na+ transport with mucosal amiloride permitted calculation of the rates of active Na+ transport JaNa and active and passive influx leads to JaNa and leads to JpNa. The results indicate that for Dominican toad bladders mounted in chambers only Na+ contributes significantly to transepithelial active ion transport; hence JaNa=Ja. Ja was abolished at deltapsi=E=96.3+/-1.9 (S.E.) mV. As deltapsi approached E, active efflux comes from Ja became demonstrable. At deltapsi=100 mV, comes from Ja exceeded leads to Ja, so that Ja was negative. Experimental values of leads to Ja agreed well with theoretical values predicted by a thermodynamic formulation: leads to Jaexp=0.985 leads to Jatheor (r=0.993). The dependence of leads to Ja on deltapsi is curvilinear.", "PMID": 406919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3884", "title": "Occurrence and function of membrane teichoic acids.", "content": "Membrane teichoic acids, sometimes described as lipoteichoic acids, are important but not major components of nearly all Gram-positive bacteria. They appear on the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and possess antigenic properties. Several functions have been ascribed to these glycerol phosphate polymers, including the binding of divalent cations required for optimal activity of membrane-bound enzymes, and the control of certain lytic enzymes. A substance that is identical or closely similar to membrane teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid carrier, plays an important part in the  biosynthesis of wall teichoic acid; it accepts polyol phosphate residues from CDP-glycerol or CDP-ribitol to form a polyol phosphate chain which is then transferred after the incorporation of a tri(glycerol phosphate) linkage unit, to the growing glycan chain of peptidoglycan.", "contents": "Occurrence and function of membrane teichoic acids. Membrane teichoic acids, sometimes described as lipoteichoic acids, are important but not major components of nearly all Gram-positive bacteria. They appear on the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and possess antigenic properties. Several functions have been ascribed to these glycerol phosphate polymers, including the binding of divalent cations required for optimal activity of membrane-bound enzymes, and the control of certain lytic enzymes. A substance that is identical or closely similar to membrane teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid carrier, plays an important part in the  biosynthesis of wall teichoic acid; it accepts polyol phosphate residues from CDP-glycerol or CDP-ribitol to form a polyol phosphate chain which is then transferred after the incorporation of a tri(glycerol phosphate) linkage unit, to the growing glycan chain of peptidoglycan.", "PMID": 406922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3885", "title": "The structure of Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondrial DNA. I. Strain differences and occurrence of inverted repetitions.", "content": "We have analysed the structure of the mtDNAs of six amicronucleate Tetrahymena pyriformis strains, belonging to at least four phenosets, as defined by Borden et al. (Borden, D., Whitt, G.S. and Nanney, D.L. (1973) J. Protozool. 20, 693--700). 2. The mtDNAs of all strains are linear, but they differ in size, in their fragmentation by endonuclease EcoRI and in overall sequence; less than 20% sequence homology was found by DNA-DNA hybridization in all combinations tested, except for the mtDNAs from strains T and ST which are indistinguishable. 3. In spite of these marked sequence differences the mtDNAs of all strains share two structural peculiarities: ragged (gnawed) duplex ends and a duplication-inversion, which varies in length between 0.3 and 1.2 micrometer, depending on the strain. In four strains the duplication-inversion is terminal, allowing formation of single-stranded DNA circles with a duplex tail; in two strains it is subterminal. 4. The ragged ends and sub-terminal position of the duplication-inversion in some of the Tetrahymena mtDNAs do not fit any of the current models for the replication of linear mtDNAs.", "contents": "The structure of Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondrial DNA. I. Strain differences and occurrence of inverted repetitions. We have analysed the structure of the mtDNAs of six amicronucleate Tetrahymena pyriformis strains, belonging to at least four phenosets, as defined by Borden et al. (Borden, D., Whitt, G.S. and Nanney, D.L. (1973) J. Protozool. 20, 693--700). 2. The mtDNAs of all strains are linear, but they differ in size, in their fragmentation by endonuclease EcoRI and in overall sequence; less than 20% sequence homology was found by DNA-DNA hybridization in all combinations tested, except for the mtDNAs from strains T and ST which are indistinguishable. 3. In spite of these marked sequence differences the mtDNAs of all strains share two structural peculiarities: ragged (gnawed) duplex ends and a duplication-inversion, which varies in length between 0.3 and 1.2 micrometer, depending on the strain. In four strains the duplication-inversion is terminal, allowing formation of single-stranded DNA circles with a duplex tail; in two strains it is subterminal. 4. The ragged ends and sub-terminal position of the duplication-inversion in some of the Tetrahymena mtDNAs do not fit any of the current models for the replication of linear mtDNAs.", "PMID": 406926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3886", "title": "The structure of Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondrial DNA. II. The complex structure of strain GL mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "1. Isolated mtDNA from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL is a linear duplex molecule with an average molecular weight of 32.6 - 10(6) and without internal gaps or breaks. Denaturation of this DNA results in single strands with a duplex hairpin at one end. The length of this hairpin varies between 0 and 5 micrometer within one preparation. 2. Uder renaturation conditions the single strands with hairpins are able to circularize in two ways, depending on the length of the hairpin. Circularization is also observed after partial digestion with exonuclease III of native strain GL mtDNA. 3. All these data fit a model (see Fig.2) in which the DNA is heterogeneous in length at both ends. At the left end a 10-micrometer duplication-inversion is present; part of this duplication-inversion is complementary to a region at the right end of the molecule. 4. The analogy between the structural peculiarities of strain GL mtDNA and of some linear viral DNAs is stressed.", "contents": "The structure of Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondrial DNA. II. The complex structure of strain GL mitochondrial DNA. 1. Isolated mtDNA from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL is a linear duplex molecule with an average molecular weight of 32.6 - 10(6) and without internal gaps or breaks. Denaturation of this DNA results in single strands with a duplex hairpin at one end. The length of this hairpin varies between 0 and 5 micrometer within one preparation. 2. Uder renaturation conditions the single strands with hairpins are able to circularize in two ways, depending on the length of the hairpin. Circularization is also observed after partial digestion with exonuclease III of native strain GL mtDNA. 3. All these data fit a model (see Fig.2) in which the DNA is heterogeneous in length at both ends. At the left end a 10-micrometer duplication-inversion is present; part of this duplication-inversion is complementary to a region at the right end of the molecule. 4. The analogy between the structural peculiarities of strain GL mtDNA and of some linear viral DNAs is stressed.", "PMID": 406927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3887", "title": "Inhibition of amino acyl tRNA synthetase activity by copper complexes of two metal binding ligands. N-Methyl isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone and 8-hydroxyquinoline.", "content": "Copper complexes of N-methyl isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone, 1-formyl isoquinoline thiosemicarbazone and thiosemicarbazide inhibit amino acyl tRNA synthetase activity. Copper complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline and 8-mercaptoquinoline also inhibit. The 1 : 1 ligand-metal complex is significantly more active than the 2 : 1 complex. The free ligand alone and copper sulfate alone have little, if any, effect. These complexes have no effect on the ATP-PPi exchange reaction and do not cause deacylation of amino acyl tRNAs. This indicates that the process inhibited by these complexes is the amino acylation reaction. This is the first report that these copper binding ligands can inhibit enzymatic processes which involve nucleic acids but which are not viral, bacterial or mammalian cell polymerases.", "contents": "Inhibition of amino acyl tRNA synthetase activity by copper complexes of two metal binding ligands. N-Methyl isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone and 8-hydroxyquinoline. Copper complexes of N-methyl isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone, 1-formyl isoquinoline thiosemicarbazone and thiosemicarbazide inhibit amino acyl tRNA synthetase activity. Copper complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline and 8-mercaptoquinoline also inhibit. The 1 : 1 ligand-metal complex is significantly more active than the 2 : 1 complex. The free ligand alone and copper sulfate alone have little, if any, effect. These complexes have no effect on the ATP-PPi exchange reaction and do not cause deacylation of amino acyl tRNAs. This indicates that the process inhibited by these complexes is the amino acylation reaction. This is the first report that these copper binding ligands can inhibit enzymatic processes which involve nucleic acids but which are not viral, bacterial or mammalian cell polymerases.", "PMID": 406928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3888", "title": "Purification of human granulocyte catalase in chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "Human granulocyte catalase (hydrogen peroxide:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) was purified from chronic myeloid leukemia cells. The purification procedure included heat precipitation, ammonium sulphate fractionation, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and isoelectric focusing with an approximate yield of 30% and a 1000-fold purification. The molecular weight of the subunit obtained by sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis was 65 800. So20,w was 11.6 +/- 0.24. The pH-optimum was 6.6-6.7 and the spectrum showed a major peak at 405 nm and shoulders at 500, 540 and 625 nm typical for catalase. The electrophoretic mobility was towards the anode at pH 8.6 and identical to normal granulocyte and erythrocyte catalase. These three species of catalase gave the reaction of identity on immunodiffusion and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The content of catalase and its activity of isolated granulocytes were approximately identical in normal and chronic myeloid leukemia granulocytes while the specific activity of leukemic catalase was higher than normal. No difference in catalase content was found between mature and immature leukemic granulocytes.", "contents": "Purification of human granulocyte catalase in chronic myeloid leukemia. Human granulocyte catalase (hydrogen peroxide:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) was purified from chronic myeloid leukemia cells. The purification procedure included heat precipitation, ammonium sulphate fractionation, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and isoelectric focusing with an approximate yield of 30% and a 1000-fold purification. The molecular weight of the subunit obtained by sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis was 65 800. So20,w was 11.6 +/- 0.24. The pH-optimum was 6.6-6.7 and the spectrum showed a major peak at 405 nm and shoulders at 500, 540 and 625 nm typical for catalase. The electrophoretic mobility was towards the anode at pH 8.6 and identical to normal granulocyte and erythrocyte catalase. These three species of catalase gave the reaction of identity on immunodiffusion and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The content of catalase and its activity of isolated granulocytes were approximately identical in normal and chronic myeloid leukemia granulocytes while the specific activity of leukemic catalase was higher than normal. No difference in catalase content was found between mature and immature leukemic granulocytes.", "PMID": 406930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3889", "title": "Effects of lipids on the activity of ferrochelatase.", "content": "Removal of lipids from submitochondrial particles or detergent-solubilized mitochondrial preparations of rat liver resulted in a 90% loss of ferrochelatase (protochemeferro-lyase, EC 4.99.1.1) activity. The addition of either a fatty acid or phospholipid restored enzyme activity; the extent of reactivation being correlated with the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid or acyl chain and independent of the polar head group of the phospholipid, Arrhenius plots of the ferrochelatase activities of submitochondrial particles and detergent-solubilized mitochondrial preparations showed transition temperatures of 37 and 28.5 degrees C, respectively. Ferrochelatase of submitochondrial particles or detergent-solubilized preparations had an absolute requirement for Ca2+. The ferrous salt of oxalic acid, a Ca2+ chelator, was a very poor substrate for these preparations. In contrast, ferrochelatase activities of fatty acid- or lipid-supplemented acetone extracts of these preparations were not dependent on the presence of Ca2+ and ferrous oxalate served as substrate for these extracts.20", "contents": "Effects of lipids on the activity of ferrochelatase. Removal of lipids from submitochondrial particles or detergent-solubilized mitochondrial preparations of rat liver resulted in a 90% loss of ferrochelatase (protochemeferro-lyase, EC 4.99.1.1) activity. The addition of either a fatty acid or phospholipid restored enzyme activity; the extent of reactivation being correlated with the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid or acyl chain and independent of the polar head group of the phospholipid, Arrhenius plots of the ferrochelatase activities of submitochondrial particles and detergent-solubilized mitochondrial preparations showed transition temperatures of 37 and 28.5 degrees C, respectively. Ferrochelatase of submitochondrial particles or detergent-solubilized preparations had an absolute requirement for Ca2+. The ferrous salt of oxalic acid, a Ca2+ chelator, was a very poor substrate for these preparations. In contrast, ferrochelatase activities of fatty acid- or lipid-supplemented acetone extracts of these preparations were not dependent on the presence of Ca2+ and ferrous oxalate served as substrate for these extracts.20", "PMID": 406931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3890", "title": "Affinity chromatography of lysyl hydroxylase on concanavalin A-agarose.", "content": "Lysyl hydroxylase (peptidyllysine, 2-oxoglutarate: oxygen 5-oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.11.4) has a high affinity for columns of concanavalin A-agarose, which was markedly reduced in the presence of alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, suggesting that the enzyme is a glycoprotein. Once bound, the enzyme could not be eluted with the glycoside alone, whereas an effective elution was achieved by a combination of alpha-methyl-D-mannoside and ethylene glycol. The data thus suggest that hydrophobic interaction stabilized the complex of the enzyme with the column. This information was applied to obtain a lysyl hydroxylase purification of about 3000-fold with a recovery of more than 10% from extract of chick embryos by relatively simple steps.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of lysyl hydroxylase on concanavalin A-agarose. Lysyl hydroxylase (peptidyllysine, 2-oxoglutarate: oxygen 5-oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.11.4) has a high affinity for columns of concanavalin A-agarose, which was markedly reduced in the presence of alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, suggesting that the enzyme is a glycoprotein. Once bound, the enzyme could not be eluted with the glycoside alone, whereas an effective elution was achieved by a combination of alpha-methyl-D-mannoside and ethylene glycol. The data thus suggest that hydrophobic interaction stabilized the complex of the enzyme with the column. This information was applied to obtain a lysyl hydroxylase purification of about 3000-fold with a recovery of more than 10% from extract of chick embryos by relatively simple steps.", "PMID": 406932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3891", "title": "Hemoglobin Izu (Macaca): beta83 (EF 7) Gly leads to Cys. A new hemoglobin variant found in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata).", "content": "Recently, Ishimoto, Kuwata and Shotake reported a polymerizing hemoglobin found in Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) (J. Anthropol. Soc. Nippon 83, 233-243 (1975)). They separated the variant hemoglobin by gel filtration and from finger print results and from the fact that beta-mercaptoethanol dissociates the polymer deduced the substitution of an amino acid(s) by cysteine in the betaT10 peptide. We have purified the variant hemoglobin by ion-exchange chromatography using carboxymethyl cellulose after the protection of the reactive thiol groups with cystamine, and purified the betaT10 peptide and demonstrated that the usual glycine at beta 83 (EF 7) is substituted in the variant hemoglobin by cysteine.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Izu (Macaca): beta83 (EF 7) Gly leads to Cys. A new hemoglobin variant found in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). Recently, Ishimoto, Kuwata and Shotake reported a polymerizing hemoglobin found in Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) (J. Anthropol. Soc. Nippon 83, 233-243 (1975)). They separated the variant hemoglobin by gel filtration and from finger print results and from the fact that beta-mercaptoethanol dissociates the polymer deduced the substitution of an amino acid(s) by cysteine in the betaT10 peptide. We have purified the variant hemoglobin by ion-exchange chromatography using carboxymethyl cellulose after the protection of the reactive thiol groups with cystamine, and purified the betaT10 peptide and demonstrated that the usual glycine at beta 83 (EF 7) is substituted in the variant hemoglobin by cysteine.", "PMID": 406934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3892", "title": "Selective stimulation of venous prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase by bradykinin.", "content": "The effects of bradykin on prostaglandin metabolism in canine mesenteric vessels were examined. Bradykinin stimulated microsomal prostaglandin synthesis in both artery and vein; this stimulation was more pronounced when [14C] hosphatidylcholine rather than [14C] arachidonate was used as the substrate for prostaglandin synthetase. This suggested that bradykinin enhanced a membrane phospholipase. In addition, bradykinin selectively stimulated prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase activity from veins but not arteries. This may explain the finding that bradykinin induces the release of prostaglandin E compounds from arteries but prostaglandin F compounds from veins.", "contents": "Selective stimulation of venous prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase by bradykinin. The effects of bradykin on prostaglandin metabolism in canine mesenteric vessels were examined. Bradykinin stimulated microsomal prostaglandin synthesis in both artery and vein; this stimulation was more pronounced when [14C] hosphatidylcholine rather than [14C] arachidonate was used as the substrate for prostaglandin synthetase. This suggested that bradykinin enhanced a membrane phospholipase. In addition, bradykinin selectively stimulated prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase activity from veins but not arteries. This may explain the finding that bradykinin induces the release of prostaglandin E compounds from arteries but prostaglandin F compounds from veins.", "PMID": 406936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3893", "title": "Vitamin A receptors. I. Comparison of retinol binding to serum retinol-binding protein and to tissue receptors in chick retina and pigment epithelium.", "content": "1. A simple, efficient three-step method for purification of serum retinol-binding-protein is described with homogeneity obtained after chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, CM-Sephadex and Sephadex G-100. 2. Evidence is presented indicating that retinol receptors present in the cytosol fraction of chick retina and pigment epithelium are separate and distinct from purified retinol-binding protein. Fluorescence characteristics are different in tissue cytosol and serum as assessed by sucrose density gradient analysis. Tissue retinol receptors do not interact with human serum prealbumin although the prealbumin readily complexes with purified chicken retinol-binding protein. Likewise, no binding to serum retinol-binding protein antibody could be detected by sucrose density gradient analysis, in immunoprecipitation experiments or by double immunodiffusion. It thus appears that specific retinol receptors are present in neural retina and pigment epithelium that are different from serum retinol-binding protein.", "contents": "Vitamin A receptors. I. Comparison of retinol binding to serum retinol-binding protein and to tissue receptors in chick retina and pigment epithelium. 1. A simple, efficient three-step method for purification of serum retinol-binding-protein is described with homogeneity obtained after chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, CM-Sephadex and Sephadex G-100. 2. Evidence is presented indicating that retinol receptors present in the cytosol fraction of chick retina and pigment epithelium are separate and distinct from purified retinol-binding protein. Fluorescence characteristics are different in tissue cytosol and serum as assessed by sucrose density gradient analysis. Tissue retinol receptors do not interact with human serum prealbumin although the prealbumin readily complexes with purified chicken retinol-binding protein. Likewise, no binding to serum retinol-binding protein antibody could be detected by sucrose density gradient analysis, in immunoprecipitation experiments or by double immunodiffusion. It thus appears that specific retinol receptors are present in neural retina and pigment epithelium that are different from serum retinol-binding protein.", "PMID": 406937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3894", "title": "[Primary structure of tRNA Thr 1a and b from brewer's yeast].", "content": "One of the two major species of brewer's yeast tRNA threonine (tRNA Thr 1) has been purified by countercurrent distribution followed by two chromatographic steps (respectively on a Sepharose 4B and a BD-cellulose column). Complete digestion with pancreatic and T1 RNases and a partial hydrolysis with T1 RNase followed by the isolation and determination of the nucleotide sequences of the resulting fragments permitted the derivation of its primary structure. tRNA Thr 1 is in fact a mixture of two subspecies differing only by a A49-U65 base pair in 50 per cent of the molecules which is replaced by a G49-C65 pair in the other 50 per cent. These two subspecies consist of 76 nucleotide residues including 14 minor nucleotides. They show a characteristic m3C at the 3'terminal end of the anticodon loop, an anticodon I-G-U followed by t6A and C48, uncompletely modified (50 per cent) to m5C within the 5 nucleotides long extra-arm. The minor nucleotides m2G m2 2G are located at positions in which they generally occur in the tRNA structures as does m1A within the T-psi-C loop.", "contents": "[Primary structure of tRNA Thr 1a and b from brewer's yeast]. One of the two major species of brewer's yeast tRNA threonine (tRNA Thr 1) has been purified by countercurrent distribution followed by two chromatographic steps (respectively on a Sepharose 4B and a BD-cellulose column). Complete digestion with pancreatic and T1 RNases and a partial hydrolysis with T1 RNase followed by the isolation and determination of the nucleotide sequences of the resulting fragments permitted the derivation of its primary structure. tRNA Thr 1 is in fact a mixture of two subspecies differing only by a A49-U65 base pair in 50 per cent of the molecules which is replaced by a G49-C65 pair in the other 50 per cent. These two subspecies consist of 76 nucleotide residues including 14 minor nucleotides. They show a characteristic m3C at the 3'terminal end of the anticodon loop, an anticodon I-G-U followed by t6A and C48, uncompletely modified (50 per cent) to m5C within the 5 nucleotides long extra-arm. The minor nucleotides m2G m2 2G are located at positions in which they generally occur in the tRNA structures as does m1A within the T-psi-C loop.", "PMID": 406938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3895", "title": "Sympathetic adrenergic blockade effects upon operantly conditioned blood pressure elevations in baboons.", "content": "Sympathetic adrenergic nervous activity during operantly conditioned hypertension was evaluated by assessing the effects of specific alpha-(phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine) and beta- (propranolol) adrenergic blockers in baboons reinforced for increasing diastolic pressure in daily, 12-h sessions. In the first 10 min of control (no blockade) sessions, mean heart rate increased 24 bpm (21%) above the value for the 10 min immediately prior to the beginning of the sessions; systolic pressure increased 27 mm Hg (22%) and diastolic pressure increased 24 mm Hg (31%). Beta-blockade eliminated the tachycardia but did not attenuate the increased blood pressure. Alpha-blockade did not attenuate the increased blood pressure significantly either. Combined alpha- and beta-blockade did significantly attenuate the increase in diastolic pressure, but consistent, significant increases in systolic pressure (17 mm Hg, 17%) and diastolic pressure (16 mm Hg, 26%) still occurred. The results support the participation of the sympathetic adrenergic nervous system in producing operantly conditioned blood pressure changes, but the results are also consistent with the additional participation of nonadrenergic factors in operantly conditioned hypertension.", "contents": "Sympathetic adrenergic blockade effects upon operantly conditioned blood pressure elevations in baboons. Sympathetic adrenergic nervous activity during operantly conditioned hypertension was evaluated by assessing the effects of specific alpha-(phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine) and beta- (propranolol) adrenergic blockers in baboons reinforced for increasing diastolic pressure in daily, 12-h sessions. In the first 10 min of control (no blockade) sessions, mean heart rate increased 24 bpm (21%) above the value for the 10 min immediately prior to the beginning of the sessions; systolic pressure increased 27 mm Hg (22%) and diastolic pressure increased 24 mm Hg (31%). Beta-blockade eliminated the tachycardia but did not attenuate the increased blood pressure. Alpha-blockade did not attenuate the increased blood pressure significantly either. Combined alpha- and beta-blockade did significantly attenuate the increase in diastolic pressure, but consistent, significant increases in systolic pressure (17 mm Hg, 17%) and diastolic pressure (16 mm Hg, 26%) still occurred. The results support the participation of the sympathetic adrenergic nervous system in producing operantly conditioned blood pressure changes, but the results are also consistent with the additional participation of nonadrenergic factors in operantly conditioned hypertension.", "PMID": 406939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3896", "title": "Diffusion of 133Xe through frog skins, toad bladders, and water boundary layers.", "content": "We have measured the total permeability coefficients P as a function of stirring frequency omega for 133Xe through frog skins and toad bladders. The permeability coefficients for the frog skins and toad bladders proper are, respectively, Pm = (3.9 +/- 0.8) X 10(-4) cm/s and (7.4 +/- 4.2) X 10(-4) cm/s. \"Unstirred\" water layer thickness delta is determined concurrently, from the frequency dependence of P(omega); the result for frog skin is delta = (0.060 +/- 0.016) square root of omega(rad/s) cm. The stirring frequency range is from omega = 7.5 rad/s (72 rpm) to 55 rad/s (530 rpm). The results support the conclusions that the principal barrier to Xe diffusion in these epithelia is inter- and intracellular water, and that the diffusion is passive and rapid. The experimental method may be straightforwardly adapted to the measurement of diffusion or counterdiffusion of any gamma-radioactive soluble or partly soluble solute through any flat membrane or through a solvent. We estimate the amount of total body-absorbed radioactivity due to environmental 133Xe to be 50 fCi for an ambient concentration of 2.6 pCi/m3 of air.", "contents": "Diffusion of 133Xe through frog skins, toad bladders, and water boundary layers. We have measured the total permeability coefficients P as a function of stirring frequency omega for 133Xe through frog skins and toad bladders. The permeability coefficients for the frog skins and toad bladders proper are, respectively, Pm = (3.9 +/- 0.8) X 10(-4) cm/s and (7.4 +/- 4.2) X 10(-4) cm/s. \"Unstirred\" water layer thickness delta is determined concurrently, from the frequency dependence of P(omega); the result for frog skin is delta = (0.060 +/- 0.016) square root of omega(rad/s) cm. The stirring frequency range is from omega = 7.5 rad/s (72 rpm) to 55 rad/s (530 rpm). The results support the conclusions that the principal barrier to Xe diffusion in these epithelia is inter- and intracellular water, and that the diffusion is passive and rapid. The experimental method may be straightforwardly adapted to the measurement of diffusion or counterdiffusion of any gamma-radioactive soluble or partly soluble solute through any flat membrane or through a solvent. We estimate the amount of total body-absorbed radioactivity due to environmental 133Xe to be 50 fCi for an ambient concentration of 2.6 pCi/m3 of air.", "PMID": 406941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3897", "title": "The determination of the electron density profile of the human erythrocyte ghost membrane by small-angle x-ray diffraction.", "content": "Diffraction patterns of stacked hemolyzed erythrocyte ghosts in the wet state were recorded. Three orders of a surprisingly high first-order periodicity of 600 A were detected. The scattering curves were evaluated by the Q-function method, including lattice distortions of the one-dimensional multilamellar system. The resulting electron density profile of the membrane in the wet state is strongly asymmetric. It consists of an asymmetrical bilayer-type part and an excess of positive relative electron density at the inner, cytoplasmic, side of the membrane. The extension of the whole membrane profile in the wet state is 100--120 A. We suggest that the innermost positive density peak mainly represents the loosely bound protein components spectrin and actin, located at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and sometimes seen as \"fuzzy\" material on electron micrographs.", "contents": "The determination of the electron density profile of the human erythrocyte ghost membrane by small-angle x-ray diffraction. Diffraction patterns of stacked hemolyzed erythrocyte ghosts in the wet state were recorded. Three orders of a surprisingly high first-order periodicity of 600 A were detected. The scattering curves were evaluated by the Q-function method, including lattice distortions of the one-dimensional multilamellar system. The resulting electron density profile of the membrane in the wet state is strongly asymmetric. It consists of an asymmetrical bilayer-type part and an excess of positive relative electron density at the inner, cytoplasmic, side of the membrane. The extension of the whole membrane profile in the wet state is 100--120 A. We suggest that the innermost positive density peak mainly represents the loosely bound protein components spectrin and actin, located at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and sometimes seen as \"fuzzy\" material on electron micrographs.", "PMID": 406942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3898", "title": "Denaturation of phycocyanin by urea and determination of the enthalpy of denaturation by microcalorimetry.", "content": "Denaturation of the protein phycocyanin in urea solution was investigated by microcalorimetry, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, circular dichroism and sedimentation equilibrium. The results consistently demonstrated that in the presence of 7 M urea this protein is completely denatured. By assumings a two-state mechanism, an apparent free energy of unfolding at zero denaturant concentration, (formula: see text) was found to be 4.4 kcal/mole at pH 6.0 and 25 degrees C. By microcalorimetry the enthalpy of denaturation of phycocyanin app was found to be -230 kcal/mole at 25 degrees C. The relatively large negative enthalpy change results from protein unfolding and changes in protein solvation.", "contents": "Denaturation of phycocyanin by urea and determination of the enthalpy of denaturation by microcalorimetry. Denaturation of the protein phycocyanin in urea solution was investigated by microcalorimetry, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, circular dichroism and sedimentation equilibrium. The results consistently demonstrated that in the presence of 7 M urea this protein is completely denatured. By assumings a two-state mechanism, an apparent free energy of unfolding at zero denaturant concentration, (formula: see text) was found to be 4.4 kcal/mole at pH 6.0 and 25 degrees C. By microcalorimetry the enthalpy of denaturation of phycocyanin app was found to be -230 kcal/mole at 25 degrees C. The relatively large negative enthalpy change results from protein unfolding and changes in protein solvation.", "PMID": 406943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3899", "title": "[Effect of sodium aurothiomalate in acute toxic hepatitis].", "content": "The effect of lysosomotropic agent--sodium aurothiomalate on liver damage and lysosomal changes during acute toxic hepatitis was studied. Combined administration of sodium aurothiomalete led to less extensive necrosis and to widening dystrophic areas in the hepatic parenchyma. Solubilization of the acid RNA-ase activity was decreased, and nonsedimentable activities of beta-galactosidase, cathepsin D were the same as in acute CCl4-hepatitis.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium aurothiomalate in acute toxic hepatitis]. The effect of lysosomotropic agent--sodium aurothiomalate on liver damage and lysosomal changes during acute toxic hepatitis was studied. Combined administration of sodium aurothiomalete led to less extensive necrosis and to widening dystrophic areas in the hepatic parenchyma. Solubilization of the acid RNA-ase activity was decreased, and nonsedimentable activities of beta-galactosidase, cathepsin D were the same as in acute CCl4-hepatitis.", "PMID": 406945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3900", "title": "[Change in the metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene under the influence of vitamin A].", "content": "The in vitro metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in its incubation with the liver microsomes, the liver and mammary gland homogenates of rats, kept on vitamin A-enriched diet, was studied. Vitamin A inhibited the formation of lipophilic metabolites and increased the generation of water-soluble metabolites. The amount of lipophilic metabolites extracted from the microsomes and the liver and mammary gland homogenates were decreased by a factor of 2.2 and 5, respectively. The amount of unmetabolized DMBA in the liver microsomes was the same in control and experimental animals.", "contents": "[Change in the metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene under the influence of vitamin A]. The in vitro metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in its incubation with the liver microsomes, the liver and mammary gland homogenates of rats, kept on vitamin A-enriched diet, was studied. Vitamin A inhibited the formation of lipophilic metabolites and increased the generation of water-soluble metabolites. The amount of lipophilic metabolites extracted from the microsomes and the liver and mammary gland homogenates were decreased by a factor of 2.2 and 5, respectively. The amount of unmetabolized DMBA in the liver microsomes was the same in control and experimental animals.", "PMID": 406946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3901", "title": "[Interaction of 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbethoxy-1,4-dihydropyridine with enzymes of the NADP.H2-specific electron transport chain of rat liver microsomes].", "content": "2,6-Dimethyl-3,5-dicarboethoxy-1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) interacts with NADPH-dependent electron transfer system of rat liver microsomes: it forms a complex with the terminal oxidase-cytochrome P-450, according to type I, and inhibits clearly the activity of NADPH-cytochromes c-reductase and mitindione dimethylesterase. DHP repeatedly administered in vivo rendered no inducing influence upon the microsomal enzymes.", "contents": "[Interaction of 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbethoxy-1,4-dihydropyridine with enzymes of the NADP.H2-specific electron transport chain of rat liver microsomes]. 2,6-Dimethyl-3,5-dicarboethoxy-1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) interacts with NADPH-dependent electron transfer system of rat liver microsomes: it forms a complex with the terminal oxidase-cytochrome P-450, according to type I, and inhibits clearly the activity of NADPH-cytochromes c-reductase and mitindione dimethylesterase. DHP repeatedly administered in vivo rendered no inducing influence upon the microsomal enzymes.", "PMID": 406948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3902", "title": "[Activation of respiration in liver mitochondria by catecholamines].", "content": "Catacholamines activate in vivo and in vitro the rat liver mitochondria respiration (VO2) at high piruvate, 2-oxoglutarate and succinate concentrations. The effect was equally characteristic of free oxidation (state 4), phosphorylation (state 3), and even of VO2 uncoupled by DNP. EDTA and bovine serum albumin addition failed to eliminate the effect of the oxidoreductases activation by catecholamines.", "contents": "[Activation of respiration in liver mitochondria by catecholamines]. Catacholamines activate in vivo and in vitro the rat liver mitochondria respiration (VO2) at high piruvate, 2-oxoglutarate and succinate concentrations. The effect was equally characteristic of free oxidation (state 4), phosphorylation (state 3), and even of VO2 uncoupled by DNP. EDTA and bovine serum albumin addition failed to eliminate the effect of the oxidoreductases activation by catecholamines.", "PMID": 406949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3903", "title": "Comparative effects of glyceryl trinitrate on venous and arterial smooth muscle in vitro; relevance to antianginal activity.", "content": "1. A quantitative in vitro study has been made of the actions of glyceryl trinitrate and sodium nitrite on vascular smooth muscle (dog femoral artery and saphenous vein; rat portal vein); these have been compared with the actions of papaverine, isoprenaline, salbutamol, pentaerythritol tetranitrate and trimetazidine. 2. Glyceryl trinitrate was more active on the saphenous vein than on the femoral artery in inhibiting noradrenaline and potassium-induced tone. 3. Unlike glyceryl trinitrate, sodium nitrite and isoprenaline, papaverine and diazoxide inhibited noradrenaline-induced contractions of venous and arterial smooth muscle to the same extent. 4. The selective dilator effects of glyceryl trinitrate on venous smooth muscle may explain its action in alleviating the pain of angina pectoris. It is suggested that the use of these three vascular smooth muscle preparations (arterial, and veins with and without spontaneous myogenic activity) is a useful initial screening procedure for prospective antianginal drugs acting by venodilatation.", "contents": "Comparative effects of glyceryl trinitrate on venous and arterial smooth muscle in vitro; relevance to antianginal activity. 1. A quantitative in vitro study has been made of the actions of glyceryl trinitrate and sodium nitrite on vascular smooth muscle (dog femoral artery and saphenous vein; rat portal vein); these have been compared with the actions of papaverine, isoprenaline, salbutamol, pentaerythritol tetranitrate and trimetazidine. 2. Glyceryl trinitrate was more active on the saphenous vein than on the femoral artery in inhibiting noradrenaline and potassium-induced tone. 3. Unlike glyceryl trinitrate, sodium nitrite and isoprenaline, papaverine and diazoxide inhibited noradrenaline-induced contractions of venous and arterial smooth muscle to the same extent. 4. The selective dilator effects of glyceryl trinitrate on venous smooth muscle may explain its action in alleviating the pain of angina pectoris. It is suggested that the use of these three vascular smooth muscle preparations (arterial, and veins with and without spontaneous myogenic activity) is a useful initial screening procedure for prospective antianginal drugs acting by venodilatation.", "PMID": 406960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3904", "title": "Traumatic spreading depression syndrome. Review of a particular type of head injury in 37 patients.", "content": "From 1476 hospital admissions with head injury, 37 patients were selected on the basis of distinctive clinical features which appeared to share a single and benign aetiology. In head injuries of this type, transient neurological disorders resulted from trivial or rather mild head injuries. These disorders, which included headache, nausea and vomiting, pallor, somnolence, irritability and restlessness, stupor, hemiparesis and aphasia, appeared after a lucid interval which was usually less than two hours; then the patient either recovered, or went on to develop convulsive attacks. Recovery without convulsions was usual in children and adolescents; convulsions occurred both in infants and younger children. The symptoms were not attributable to cerebral compression but were probably due to a self-limiting cortical phenomenon. It appears that convulsive attacks occurring within a few hours of this type of head injury may not be significant as precursors of post-traumatic epilepsy. It is suggested that there is a close relation between the convulsive attacks and the non-convulsive symptoms seen in this type of injury and that both are based on a common process which has the characteristics of the spreading depression of Le\u00e3o. This type of head injury should be classified as a distinct clinical entity, in which no surgical treatment is required and the prognosis is good.", "contents": "Traumatic spreading depression syndrome. Review of a particular type of head injury in 37 patients. From 1476 hospital admissions with head injury, 37 patients were selected on the basis of distinctive clinical features which appeared to share a single and benign aetiology. In head injuries of this type, transient neurological disorders resulted from trivial or rather mild head injuries. These disorders, which included headache, nausea and vomiting, pallor, somnolence, irritability and restlessness, stupor, hemiparesis and aphasia, appeared after a lucid interval which was usually less than two hours; then the patient either recovered, or went on to develop convulsive attacks. Recovery without convulsions was usual in children and adolescents; convulsions occurred both in infants and younger children. The symptoms were not attributable to cerebral compression but were probably due to a self-limiting cortical phenomenon. It appears that convulsive attacks occurring within a few hours of this type of head injury may not be significant as precursors of post-traumatic epilepsy. It is suggested that there is a close relation between the convulsive attacks and the non-convulsive symptoms seen in this type of injury and that both are based on a common process which has the characteristics of the spreading depression of Le\u00e3o. This type of head injury should be classified as a distinct clinical entity, in which no surgical treatment is required and the prognosis is good.", "PMID": 406963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3905", "title": "Acute dystonia as an idiosyncratic response to neuroleptics in baboons.", "content": "Among 25 baboons, Papio papio, 2 consistently showed acute dystonic reactions, with mouthing, compulsive gnawing and limb and trunk dystonia, following the intravenous administration of neuroleptics and related drugs (haloperidol, 0-6-1-2 mg/kg; pimozide 0-5-2-5 mg/kg; chlorpromazine 5-25 mg/kg; metoclopramide 1-5-1-7 mg/kg; oxyperomide 0-25-1-0 mg/kg). The syndrome was not seen after thioridazine (3-7 mg/kg). The dystonic responses occurred within 1-2 h of drug injection and lasted for 2-24 h. They were abolished for 1-3 h within 1-2 min of the intravenous injection of acetylcholine antagonists (benztropine 0-2 mg/kg; hyoscine 0-02 mg/kg). Pre-treatment with a combination of reserpine (2 mg/kg) and alpha-methylparatyrosine (2 X 200 mg/kg) substantially reduced the dystonic response to haloperidol. A second larger dose of haloperidol (5 mg/kg), given 60-90 min after 0-5 mg/kg) initially reduced the intensity of the dystonic response, but after 29 min induced vomiting and generalized seizures in the idiosyncratic baboons. The hypothesis is advanced that the dystonic responses result from release of dopamine on to a sub-population of receptors in the striatum that are relatively insensitive to blockade by neuroleptics.", "contents": "Acute dystonia as an idiosyncratic response to neuroleptics in baboons. Among 25 baboons, Papio papio, 2 consistently showed acute dystonic reactions, with mouthing, compulsive gnawing and limb and trunk dystonia, following the intravenous administration of neuroleptics and related drugs (haloperidol, 0-6-1-2 mg/kg; pimozide 0-5-2-5 mg/kg; chlorpromazine 5-25 mg/kg; metoclopramide 1-5-1-7 mg/kg; oxyperomide 0-25-1-0 mg/kg). The syndrome was not seen after thioridazine (3-7 mg/kg). The dystonic responses occurred within 1-2 h of drug injection and lasted for 2-24 h. They were abolished for 1-3 h within 1-2 min of the intravenous injection of acetylcholine antagonists (benztropine 0-2 mg/kg; hyoscine 0-02 mg/kg). Pre-treatment with a combination of reserpine (2 mg/kg) and alpha-methylparatyrosine (2 X 200 mg/kg) substantially reduced the dystonic response to haloperidol. A second larger dose of haloperidol (5 mg/kg), given 60-90 min after 0-5 mg/kg) initially reduced the intensity of the dystonic response, but after 29 min induced vomiting and generalized seizures in the idiosyncratic baboons. The hypothesis is advanced that the dystonic responses result from release of dopamine on to a sub-population of receptors in the striatum that are relatively insensitive to blockade by neuroleptics.", "PMID": 406964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3906", "title": "Neurotensin: central nervous system effects of a hypothalamic peptide.", "content": "The central administration of neurotensin, an endogenous hypothalamic tridecapeptide, produces a marked dose-related decrease in body temperature of mice and rats at an ambient temperature of 25 degrees C. This effect is even more pronounced when mice are placed at 4 degrees C to increase the rate of decline of body temperature. Other sequelae observed after central administration of neurotensin are decreases in locomotor activity in rats and a marked dose-related enhancement in pentobarbital-induced mortality, sedation and hypothermia. This latter effect was shown to be due to a significant reduction in the metabolic degradation of the barbiturate. None of the above-mentioned effects are observed after peripheral neurotensin administration, suggesting that this peptide does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. Neurotensin appears to be one of a growing list of neuropeptides that can affect CNS function.", "contents": "Neurotensin: central nervous system effects of a hypothalamic peptide. The central administration of neurotensin, an endogenous hypothalamic tridecapeptide, produces a marked dose-related decrease in body temperature of mice and rats at an ambient temperature of 25 degrees C. This effect is even more pronounced when mice are placed at 4 degrees C to increase the rate of decline of body temperature. Other sequelae observed after central administration of neurotensin are decreases in locomotor activity in rats and a marked dose-related enhancement in pentobarbital-induced mortality, sedation and hypothermia. This latter effect was shown to be due to a significant reduction in the metabolic degradation of the barbiturate. None of the above-mentioned effects are observed after peripheral neurotensin administration, suggesting that this peptide does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. Neurotensin appears to be one of a growing list of neuropeptides that can affect CNS function.", "PMID": 406965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3907", "title": "Activity of neurones in the inferotemporal cortex of the alert monkey.", "content": "The activity of neurones in the inferotemporal cortex of the alert rhesus monkey was recorded while the monkey was shown visual stimuli, which included both food and non-food objects for comparison with the activity of neurones in the lateral hypothalamus and substantia innominata. In the anteroventral part of the inferotemporal cortex, neurones were found with visual responses which were sustained while the animal looked at the appropriate visual stimuli. The latency of the responses was 100 msec or more. The majority (96/142 or 68%) of these neurones responded more strongly to some stimuli than to others. These units usually had different responses when objects were shown from different views, and physical factors such as shape, size, orientation, colour and texture appeared to account for the responses of some of these units. Association of visual stimuli with a food reward (glucose solution) or an aversive taste (5% saline solution) did not affect the magnitude of the responses of the neurones to the stimuli either during the learning or after the period of learning. Nor did feeding the monkey to satiety affect the responses of the neurones to their effective stimuli.", "contents": "Activity of neurones in the inferotemporal cortex of the alert monkey. The activity of neurones in the inferotemporal cortex of the alert rhesus monkey was recorded while the monkey was shown visual stimuli, which included both food and non-food objects for comparison with the activity of neurones in the lateral hypothalamus and substantia innominata. In the anteroventral part of the inferotemporal cortex, neurones were found with visual responses which were sustained while the animal looked at the appropriate visual stimuli. The latency of the responses was 100 msec or more. The majority (96/142 or 68%) of these neurones responded more strongly to some stimuli than to others. These units usually had different responses when objects were shown from different views, and physical factors such as shape, size, orientation, colour and texture appeared to account for the responses of some of these units. Association of visual stimuli with a food reward (glucose solution) or an aversive taste (5% saline solution) did not affect the magnitude of the responses of the neurones to the stimuli either during the learning or after the period of learning. Nor did feeding the monkey to satiety affect the responses of the neurones to their effective stimuli.", "PMID": 406968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3908", "title": "Vertical eye movement related unit activity in the rostral mesencephalic reticular formation of the alert monkey.", "content": "Eye movement related unit activity was recorded in the rostral mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) of the alert monkey. Most units (78 out of 117) were activated with a short activity burst starting before the eye movement and were otherwise silent. The activity was the same whether movements occurred spontaneously in the light or dark, or were fast phases of vestibular or optokinetic nystagmus, and could be related to parameters of a vector representing the eye movement such as amplitude, position changes along certain planes or direction of movements. Units coding position changes or direction of movement had their preferred direction always close to the vertical. Other units (18 out of 117) showed some tonic activity, which was also only related to vertical eye position. It is suggested that this region of the rostral MRF acts an an immediate supranuclear structure, mediating eye movements in the vertical plane.", "contents": "Vertical eye movement related unit activity in the rostral mesencephalic reticular formation of the alert monkey. Eye movement related unit activity was recorded in the rostral mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) of the alert monkey. Most units (78 out of 117) were activated with a short activity burst starting before the eye movement and were otherwise silent. The activity was the same whether movements occurred spontaneously in the light or dark, or were fast phases of vestibular or optokinetic nystagmus, and could be related to parameters of a vector representing the eye movement such as amplitude, position changes along certain planes or direction of movements. Units coding position changes or direction of movement had their preferred direction always close to the vertical. Other units (18 out of 117) showed some tonic activity, which was also only related to vertical eye position. It is suggested that this region of the rostral MRF acts an an immediate supranuclear structure, mediating eye movements in the vertical plane.", "PMID": 406969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3909", "title": "Oxidant effect of acetylphenylhydrazine: a comparative study with erythrocytes of several animal species.", "content": "Red cells from several animal species were treated with acetylphenylhydrazine and a comparative study of the oxidation of hemoglobin (Hb) and glutathione (GSH) made. Wide interspecies differences were observed but the oxidation of GSH paralleled that of Hb. Added glucose protected both Hb and GSH from oxidation; GSH by itself exercises a protective effect on Hb. The characteristic rates of oxidation of GSH in the different species can be observed only in the presence of oxyhemoglobin but not carboxyhemoblobin or methemoglobin. The oxidation of Hb appears to be the primary event, the oxidation of GSH being a consequence thereof.", "contents": "Oxidant effect of acetylphenylhydrazine: a comparative study with erythrocytes of several animal species. Red cells from several animal species were treated with acetylphenylhydrazine and a comparative study of the oxidation of hemoglobin (Hb) and glutathione (GSH) made. Wide interspecies differences were observed but the oxidation of GSH paralleled that of Hb. Added glucose protected both Hb and GSH from oxidation; GSH by itself exercises a protective effect on Hb. The characteristic rates of oxidation of GSH in the different species can be observed only in the presence of oxyhemoglobin but not carboxyhemoblobin or methemoglobin. The oxidation of Hb appears to be the primary event, the oxidation of GSH being a consequence thereof.", "PMID": 406973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3910", "title": "Possible mechanism for the frequency-dependent increases in the cardiac contraction in monkey.", "content": "The effects of various interventions on the frequency-dependent increases in the contractility of the papillary muscles of monkeys were investigated. Ouabain (10(-6)M) and KCl-free Krebs-Ringer solution, which are known to inhibit membrane Na+,K+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3), abolished the frequency-dependent increases in the contractility of the papillary muscles. Epinephrine (4.5 X 10(8)M) or quinidine (1.3 X 10(-5)M), which are known not to inhibit the membrane Na+,K-ATPase at these concentrations, did not alter the frequency-dependent increases in the contractility. These results indicate that the frequency-dependent increases in the contractility might be mediated through an inhibition of the sarcolemmal Na+,K+-ATPase.", "contents": "Possible mechanism for the frequency-dependent increases in the cardiac contraction in monkey. The effects of various interventions on the frequency-dependent increases in the contractility of the papillary muscles of monkeys were investigated. Ouabain (10(-6)M) and KCl-free Krebs-Ringer solution, which are known to inhibit membrane Na+,K+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3), abolished the frequency-dependent increases in the contractility of the papillary muscles. Epinephrine (4.5 X 10(8)M) or quinidine (1.3 X 10(-5)M), which are known not to inhibit the membrane Na+,K-ATPase at these concentrations, did not alter the frequency-dependent increases in the contractility. These results indicate that the frequency-dependent increases in the contractility might be mediated through an inhibition of the sarcolemmal Na+,K+-ATPase.", "PMID": 406975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3911", "title": "Radioimmunodiffusion technique for determining diphtheria antitoxin.", "content": "A radioimmunodiffusion technique for detecting low levels of diphtheria antitoxin was developed. Diphtheria toxoid was labelled with 125I to facilitate detection of lines of precipitation by the use of X-ray film, the lower limit of detection being 0.001 unit per millilitre of diphtheria antitoxin.", "contents": "Radioimmunodiffusion technique for determining diphtheria antitoxin. A radioimmunodiffusion technique for detecting low levels of diphtheria antitoxin was developed. Diphtheria toxoid was labelled with 125I to facilitate detection of lines of precipitation by the use of X-ray film, the lower limit of detection being 0.001 unit per millilitre of diphtheria antitoxin.", "PMID": 406976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3912", "title": "Punch sampling technique for quantitative identification of tritiated D-amphetamine.", "content": "A punch sampling, tissue solubilization, and scintillation counting technique has been devised for the quantitative identification of tritiated d-amphetamine in monkey brain tissue. The method is superior to autoradiography in identifying this water soluble radiochemical, and is easier and more anatomically precise than radiochemical assay of brain homogenates. This rapid and simple technique allows one to survey the whole brain by sampling unit volumes of individual structures verified by light microscopy. The procedure consists of six steps which may be spaced as the laboratory schedule permits: obtaining tissue blocks, preparation for sectioning, punch sampling and sectioning, preparing samples for scintillation counting, histological verification of sample sites, and analysis of scintillation count data. The technique has been successfully used to demonstrate a gradient of radioactivity following experimental intraventricular injections of 3H amphetamine.", "contents": "Punch sampling technique for quantitative identification of tritiated D-amphetamine. A punch sampling, tissue solubilization, and scintillation counting technique has been devised for the quantitative identification of tritiated d-amphetamine in monkey brain tissue. The method is superior to autoradiography in identifying this water soluble radiochemical, and is easier and more anatomically precise than radiochemical assay of brain homogenates. This rapid and simple technique allows one to survey the whole brain by sampling unit volumes of individual structures verified by light microscopy. The procedure consists of six steps which may be spaced as the laboratory schedule permits: obtaining tissue blocks, preparation for sectioning, punch sampling and sectioning, preparing samples for scintillation counting, histological verification of sample sites, and analysis of scintillation count data. The technique has been successfully used to demonstrate a gradient of radioactivity following experimental intraventricular injections of 3H amphetamine.", "PMID": 406971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3913", "title": "Elective postoperative radiotherapy for locally advanced colorectal cancer. A preliminary report.", "content": "Preoperative radiotherapy in colorectal carcinoma invalidates surgical staging and delays performing the surgical resection. Postoperative radiotherapy does neither. From October 1972, to December 1975, 40 patients at high risk for local recurrence (B2 and C) received postoperative radiotherapy. Lesions that were located in the rectum, rectosigmoid and low sigmoid colon were given 4600 rads in four and a half weeks through an inverted T-shaped field which encompassed the pelvic and paraortic nodes. Patients with tumors located above mid-sigmoid were treated to the entire abdominal cavity by the moving strip technique. Of 19 patients with rectal and rectosigmoid lesions, 14 (74%) are alive without evidence of disease. Two had local recurrence in the treated area. Of 21 patients with lesions above the mid-sigmoid, four have failed locally, while 11 (52%) are alive without evidence of disease. One of these 40 patients died to radiation enteritis. Although the follow up period is short, the results suggest that a moderate dose of radiation may prevent local recurrence in patients with locally advanced colorectal cancer.", "contents": "Elective postoperative radiotherapy for locally advanced colorectal cancer. A preliminary report. Preoperative radiotherapy in colorectal carcinoma invalidates surgical staging and delays performing the surgical resection. Postoperative radiotherapy does neither. From October 1972, to December 1975, 40 patients at high risk for local recurrence (B2 and C) received postoperative radiotherapy. Lesions that were located in the rectum, rectosigmoid and low sigmoid colon were given 4600 rads in four and a half weeks through an inverted T-shaped field which encompassed the pelvic and paraortic nodes. Patients with tumors located above mid-sigmoid were treated to the entire abdominal cavity by the moving strip technique. Of 19 patients with rectal and rectosigmoid lesions, 14 (74%) are alive without evidence of disease. Two had local recurrence in the treated area. Of 21 patients with lesions above the mid-sigmoid, four have failed locally, while 11 (52%) are alive without evidence of disease. One of these 40 patients died to radiation enteritis. Although the follow up period is short, the results suggest that a moderate dose of radiation may prevent local recurrence in patients with locally advanced colorectal cancer.", "PMID": 406977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3914", "title": "The significance of needle biopsy after irradiation for stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "The presence of malignant cells in needle biopsy specimens following irradiation for adenocarcinoma of the prostate has been used to criticize or defend this treatment. At Walter Reed Medical Center, 38 consecutive patients with Stage Cadenocarcinoma underwent definitive irradiation between August 1970 and March 1973. The median dose to the pelvis was 7000 rads in 31 fractions in 43 days (2030 ret). Post treatment examination included palpation of the prostate and transperineal biopsy of the most suspicious areas. Gradual disappearance of the palpable tumor occurred in all patients. Two men have had clinical evidence of re-growth of prostatic cancer. Thirty-three patients have had up to seven biopsies each for a total of 139, an average of four biopsies per patient. There were 49 positive and 90 negative biopsies. Positive biopsy rate correlated only with the interval after irradiation--60% at six months, 37% at one year, 30% at 18 months, and approximately 19% after two and one-half years. There was no correlation of biopsy results with pre-irradiation estrogen or orchiectomy, with time-dose-fractionation relationships, or with prognosis. These biopsies provide interesting data about the regression rate of prostatic adenocarcinoma, but they have no significance for the individual patient. They have, therefore, been eliminated from follow-up studies.", "contents": "The significance of needle biopsy after irradiation for stage C adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The presence of malignant cells in needle biopsy specimens following irradiation for adenocarcinoma of the prostate has been used to criticize or defend this treatment. At Walter Reed Medical Center, 38 consecutive patients with Stage Cadenocarcinoma underwent definitive irradiation between August 1970 and March 1973. The median dose to the pelvis was 7000 rads in 31 fractions in 43 days (2030 ret). Post treatment examination included palpation of the prostate and transperineal biopsy of the most suspicious areas. Gradual disappearance of the palpable tumor occurred in all patients. Two men have had clinical evidence of re-growth of prostatic cancer. Thirty-three patients have had up to seven biopsies each for a total of 139, an average of four biopsies per patient. There were 49 positive and 90 negative biopsies. Positive biopsy rate correlated only with the interval after irradiation--60% at six months, 37% at one year, 30% at 18 months, and approximately 19% after two and one-half years. There was no correlation of biopsy results with pre-irradiation estrogen or orchiectomy, with time-dose-fractionation relationships, or with prognosis. These biopsies provide interesting data about the regression rate of prostatic adenocarcinoma, but they have no significance for the individual patient. They have, therefore, been eliminated from follow-up studies.", "PMID": 406978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3915", "title": "Use of body scanner in radiotherapy treatment planning.", "content": "CT body scans obtained on 98 patients before, during, and after radiotherapy were evaluated for their utility in radiotherapy treatment planning and in follow-up after radiotherapy. Twenty-two patients were studied after irradiation. Four received additional treatment, and continuing or planned treatment was withheld from another four on the basis of CT data. Tumor extent was clearly delineated on CT scan in 48/76 cases (63%), suggestive in 25/76 (33%), and not seen in only three (4%). Utilizing CT data relative to all other available tests, in 75 patients, total treatment volume was altered in 34 (45%), tumor coverage was marginal or inadequate in 35 (47%), and volume of normal tissue irradiated was changed in 34 (45%). CT scan data was judged essential for treatment planning in 41, or 55%, of patients studied. Unsuspected areas of tumor involvement were seen in 32 of 75 cases (43%). Use of the CT scan as a patient contour for radiotherapy treatment planning and alternative techniques for inputting the CT data to treatment planning computers are discussed. A simple inexpensive device to accomplish this is described. Speculations are made regarding the impact of CT scanners on transverse axial tomography units and treatment simulators as well as the potential application of the technique in brachytherapy dose computation.", "contents": "Use of body scanner in radiotherapy treatment planning. CT body scans obtained on 98 patients before, during, and after radiotherapy were evaluated for their utility in radiotherapy treatment planning and in follow-up after radiotherapy. Twenty-two patients were studied after irradiation. Four received additional treatment, and continuing or planned treatment was withheld from another four on the basis of CT data. Tumor extent was clearly delineated on CT scan in 48/76 cases (63%), suggestive in 25/76 (33%), and not seen in only three (4%). Utilizing CT data relative to all other available tests, in 75 patients, total treatment volume was altered in 34 (45%), tumor coverage was marginal or inadequate in 35 (47%), and volume of normal tissue irradiated was changed in 34 (45%). CT scan data was judged essential for treatment planning in 41, or 55%, of patients studied. Unsuspected areas of tumor involvement were seen in 32 of 75 cases (43%). Use of the CT scan as a patient contour for radiotherapy treatment planning and alternative techniques for inputting the CT data to treatment planning computers are discussed. A simple inexpensive device to accomplish this is described. Speculations are made regarding the impact of CT scanners on transverse axial tomography units and treatment simulators as well as the potential application of the technique in brachytherapy dose computation.", "PMID": 406979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3916", "title": "Preliminary results of aggressive multimodality therapy for metastatic osteosarcoma.", "content": "Ten patients with metastatic osteosarcoma were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute, and the Children's Hospital Medical Center from 1973 to 1976. Patients were treated with an aggressive multimodality approach with included surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Three of 10 patients are alive with no evidence of disease, five are alive, with disease, and two are dead of disease. The median survival is 12+ months. Local control data for radiation combined with high dose methotrexate in metastatic osteosarcoma is shown.", "contents": "Preliminary results of aggressive multimodality therapy for metastatic osteosarcoma. Ten patients with metastatic osteosarcoma were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute, and the Children's Hospital Medical Center from 1973 to 1976. Patients were treated with an aggressive multimodality approach with included surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Three of 10 patients are alive with no evidence of disease, five are alive, with disease, and two are dead of disease. The median survival is 12+ months. Local control data for radiation combined with high dose methotrexate in metastatic osteosarcoma is shown.", "PMID": 406980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3917", "title": "Stages IIB and IIIB Hodgkin's disease. Results of combined modality treatment.", "content": "Between April 1969, and December 1974, 23 IIB and 26 IIIB surgically staged patients with Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Stage IIB patients received either mantle and para-aortic-splenic pedicle, or total modal irradiation (TNI) alone or with the addition of combination chemotherapy. Relapse-free survival is 83% and overall survival 88%. Eleven patients received combination chemotherapy in addition to mantle and para-aortic irradiation, and both the relapse-free and overall survival are 100%. Of the stage IIIB patients, seven received TNI alone with four relapses, and 19 were treated with TNI and MOPP with two relapses. These relapse rates are significantly different (p less than 0.05). The relapse-free and overall survival for all stage IIIB patients is 66% and 84% respectively. These data imply that irradiation alone is not adequate treatment for stage IIIB Hodgkin's disease, and that with the addition of combination chemotherapy both the disease-free and overall survival is similar to that of early stage Hodgkin's disease without systemic symptoms. The ideal management of stage IIB Hodgkin's disease is less certain; it is our plan to study the efficacy of combined modality treatment.", "contents": "Stages IIB and IIIB Hodgkin's disease. Results of combined modality treatment. Between April 1969, and December 1974, 23 IIB and 26 IIIB surgically staged patients with Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Stage IIB patients received either mantle and para-aortic-splenic pedicle, or total modal irradiation (TNI) alone or with the addition of combination chemotherapy. Relapse-free survival is 83% and overall survival 88%. Eleven patients received combination chemotherapy in addition to mantle and para-aortic irradiation, and both the relapse-free and overall survival are 100%. Of the stage IIIB patients, seven received TNI alone with four relapses, and 19 were treated with TNI and MOPP with two relapses. These relapse rates are significantly different (p less than 0.05). The relapse-free and overall survival for all stage IIIB patients is 66% and 84% respectively. These data imply that irradiation alone is not adequate treatment for stage IIIB Hodgkin's disease, and that with the addition of combination chemotherapy both the disease-free and overall survival is similar to that of early stage Hodgkin's disease without systemic symptoms. The ideal management of stage IIB Hodgkin's disease is less certain; it is our plan to study the efficacy of combined modality treatment.", "PMID": 406981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3918", "title": "Hodgkin's disease stage I and II. A comparison between two different treatment policies.", "content": "A retrospective analysis was performed on 145 patients with Stage I and II Hodgkin's disease treated over an 11-year period. Sixty-two patients (Group I) received a mantle field without systematic irradiation of the para-aortic lymph nodes. Eight-three patients (Group II) received radiotherapy according to the folowing policy: all Stage IB and IIB and all mixed cellularity and lymphocytic depletion types received total nodal irradiation while stage IA and IIA nodular sclerosing and lymphocytic predominance cases received irradiation to a mantle field and to the para-aortic lymph nodes. The characteristics of the two groups were roughly comparable in age range, sex, staging, histopathologic subtypes and total irradiation doses. All patients had lymphangiograms although not all underwent staging laparotomies. The staging laparotomy did not appear to have an influence within each group. The extent of irradiation did significantly affect both the incidence of further manifestation of disease as well as survival rates. The frequency of lymph node extension, organ extension and local recurrence for Group I was 24%, 14%, and 3%, while for Group II it was 4%, 6%, and 6%, respectively. The seven-year absolute survival rate for Group I was 57% while for Group II it was 93%.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease stage I and II. A comparison between two different treatment policies. A retrospective analysis was performed on 145 patients with Stage I and II Hodgkin's disease treated over an 11-year period. Sixty-two patients (Group I) received a mantle field without systematic irradiation of the para-aortic lymph nodes. Eight-three patients (Group II) received radiotherapy according to the folowing policy: all Stage IB and IIB and all mixed cellularity and lymphocytic depletion types received total nodal irradiation while stage IA and IIA nodular sclerosing and lymphocytic predominance cases received irradiation to a mantle field and to the para-aortic lymph nodes. The characteristics of the two groups were roughly comparable in age range, sex, staging, histopathologic subtypes and total irradiation doses. All patients had lymphangiograms although not all underwent staging laparotomies. The staging laparotomy did not appear to have an influence within each group. The extent of irradiation did significantly affect both the incidence of further manifestation of disease as well as survival rates. The frequency of lymph node extension, organ extension and local recurrence for Group I was 24%, 14%, and 3%, while for Group II it was 4%, 6%, and 6%, respectively. The seven-year absolute survival rate for Group I was 57% while for Group II it was 93%.", "PMID": 406982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3919", "title": "Early nodal and extra-nodal non-Hodgkin's lympnomas.", "content": "There were 54 Stage I and 38 Stage II patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas treated with curative radiotherapy between 1964 and 1975. The initial biopsy material was reclassified according to the criteria of Rappaport el at.10 The frequency of nodular vs diffuse histological pattern was 26% vs 74%. The survival and recurrence free survival were significantly superior for the nodular pattern as compared with diffuse in both Stages I and II. The sites of first recurrence were evaluated. Fourteen out of 20 Stage I and 18 out of 26 Stage II patients recurred in one of the nodal areas only as their first site of recurrence. In 50%, this was in contiguous lymph node areas only. Extra-nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas survival and recurrence-free survival rates at five years were identical.", "contents": "Early nodal and extra-nodal non-Hodgkin's lympnomas. There were 54 Stage I and 38 Stage II patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas treated with curative radiotherapy between 1964 and 1975. The initial biopsy material was reclassified according to the criteria of Rappaport el at.10 The frequency of nodular vs diffuse histological pattern was 26% vs 74%. The survival and recurrence free survival were significantly superior for the nodular pattern as compared with diffuse in both Stages I and II. The sites of first recurrence were evaluated. Fourteen out of 20 Stage I and 18 out of 26 Stage II patients recurred in one of the nodal areas only as their first site of recurrence. In 50%, this was in contiguous lymph node areas only. Extra-nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas survival and recurrence-free survival rates at five years were identical.", "PMID": 406983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3920", "title": "Particle radiation therapy: experimental basis and clinical application.", "content": "Conventional radiation therapy can eradicate cancers within tissues of their origin and regional spread with conservation of anatomic structure, thus preserving function and cosmesis. New treatment methods may improve the therapeutic ratio either by increasing the frequency of tumor control or lessening the treatment-related morbidity, or both. There are several physical and biological reasons why particle radiation therapy may increase tumor cell killing without increasing normal tissue sequelae. After preliminary basic research, clinical trials of fast neutron and proton teletherapy were started. Over 700 patients were treated with fast neutron beams in 3 U.S. research programs. These studies will be extended to include negative pi mesons and heavy particles.", "contents": "Particle radiation therapy: experimental basis and clinical application. Conventional radiation therapy can eradicate cancers within tissues of their origin and regional spread with conservation of anatomic structure, thus preserving function and cosmesis. New treatment methods may improve the therapeutic ratio either by increasing the frequency of tumor control or lessening the treatment-related morbidity, or both. There are several physical and biological reasons why particle radiation therapy may increase tumor cell killing without increasing normal tissue sequelae. After preliminary basic research, clinical trials of fast neutron and proton teletherapy were started. Over 700 patients were treated with fast neutron beams in 3 U.S. research programs. These studies will be extended to include negative pi mesons and heavy particles.", "PMID": 406984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3921", "title": "Ovarian cancer: use of multiple modality programs involving surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.", "content": "Appreciating the past reports of effectiveness for various therapeutic modalities in ovarian cancer, the Gynecologic Oncology Group activated eight protocols. Three involved epithelial lesions with randomized multimodality trials alone or in combination. The other protocols were devoted to registration of rare tumor case reports. Conclusions are still difficult to reach due to inconsistencies in pathologic diagnoses and deficiencies in radiation therapy, chemotherapy and surgery inherent in the initial phases of group development by diverse specialist in oncology. Adjuvant therapy for early cancer seems to have no advantage. Single drug, melphalan therapy may be as effective as multi-drug, irradiation or combined drug-irradiation therapy and less toxic. For the rare tumors, preliminary results suggest therapeutic advantage for at least one triple drug program in malignant teratoma. With the lessons of the past, it is anticipated that new studies briefly described herewith may be more effectively applied.", "contents": "Ovarian cancer: use of multiple modality programs involving surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Appreciating the past reports of effectiveness for various therapeutic modalities in ovarian cancer, the Gynecologic Oncology Group activated eight protocols. Three involved epithelial lesions with randomized multimodality trials alone or in combination. The other protocols were devoted to registration of rare tumor case reports. Conclusions are still difficult to reach due to inconsistencies in pathologic diagnoses and deficiencies in radiation therapy, chemotherapy and surgery inherent in the initial phases of group development by diverse specialist in oncology. Adjuvant therapy for early cancer seems to have no advantage. Single drug, melphalan therapy may be as effective as multi-drug, irradiation or combined drug-irradiation therapy and less toxic. For the rare tumors, preliminary results suggest therapeutic advantage for at least one triple drug program in malignant teratoma. With the lessons of the past, it is anticipated that new studies briefly described herewith may be more effectively applied.", "PMID": 406985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3922", "title": "Cytogenetic and immunoglobulin markers of human leukemic B-cell lines.", "content": "This study describes the establishment of two permanent leukemic B-cell lines (BALM-1 and -2) originating from the blood cells of a patient with a B-cell type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The cells of BALM-1 and -2 exhibited cell surface markers compatible with B-cell origin. The identity between the leukemic cells in vivo and those of the BALM lines was established on the basis of the karyotypic picture, including marker chromosomes 14q+ and t(12;17;?) and cell surface immunoglobulins (K, delta, and mu chain determinants).", "contents": "Cytogenetic and immunoglobulin markers of human leukemic B-cell lines. This study describes the establishment of two permanent leukemic B-cell lines (BALM-1 and -2) originating from the blood cells of a patient with a B-cell type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The cells of BALM-1 and -2 exhibited cell surface markers compatible with B-cell origin. The identity between the leukemic cells in vivo and those of the BALM lines was established on the basis of the karyotypic picture, including marker chromosomes 14q+ and t(12;17;?) and cell surface immunoglobulins (K, delta, and mu chain determinants).", "PMID": 406986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3923", "title": "Detection and microbiologic assays of antimetabolites.", "content": "The biochemical considerations applicable in the detection of new antimetabolites are very similar to those used in developing microbiologic assays for these drugs. An in vitro system for detection of antimetabolites was developed based on different sensitivities to such drugs of bacteria cultivated in complex versus completely synthetic media. A number of new antimetabolites of amino acids, vitamins, and purines or pyrimidines were isolated and microbiologic assays for these drugs were developed. As an example of the technology utilized and possibilities available, an assay for cytosine arabinoside was described. It can detect 0.5-microgram/ml concentrations of this drug even in the presence of other antitumor or antibacterial antibiotics.", "contents": "Detection and microbiologic assays of antimetabolites. The biochemical considerations applicable in the detection of new antimetabolites are very similar to those used in developing microbiologic assays for these drugs. An in vitro system for detection of antimetabolites was developed based on different sensitivities to such drugs of bacteria cultivated in complex versus completely synthetic media. A number of new antimetabolites of amino acids, vitamins, and purines or pyrimidines were isolated and microbiologic assays for these drugs were developed. As an example of the technology utilized and possibilities available, an assay for cytosine arabinoside was described. It can detect 0.5-microgram/ml concentrations of this drug even in the presence of other antitumor or antibacterial antibiotics.", "PMID": 406992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3924", "title": "Microbiologic assays of cancer chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "Among various assay methods available for the study of drug distribution kinetics in cancer chemotherapy, a method that determines the drug in its active form is the most desirable. The microbiologic assay method, with its rapid, simple, and inexpensive procedures, fulfills such a requirement. Besides the two commonly used chemotherapeutic agents, methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside, microbiologic assays are available for other chemotherapeutic agents, such as 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil, actinomycin D, adriamycin, and daunorubicin. Assays have been developed for citrovorum factor and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in the presence of high levels of methotrexate. With the introduction of combination chemotherapy, microbiologic assay methods using resistant mutants, sensitive to a single drug but resistant (either due to mutation or due to culture conditions) to all other drugs involved in the combination, could well be the most efficient for the study of distribution kinetics. Several such assay methods employed in our laboratory are discussed.", "contents": "Microbiologic assays of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Among various assay methods available for the study of drug distribution kinetics in cancer chemotherapy, a method that determines the drug in its active form is the most desirable. The microbiologic assay method, with its rapid, simple, and inexpensive procedures, fulfills such a requirement. Besides the two commonly used chemotherapeutic agents, methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside, microbiologic assays are available for other chemotherapeutic agents, such as 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil, actinomycin D, adriamycin, and daunorubicin. Assays have been developed for citrovorum factor and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in the presence of high levels of methotrexate. With the introduction of combination chemotherapy, microbiologic assay methods using resistant mutants, sensitive to a single drug but resistant (either due to mutation or due to culture conditions) to all other drugs involved in the combination, could well be the most efficient for the study of distribution kinetics. Several such assay methods employed in our laboratory are discussed.", "PMID": 406993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3925", "title": "Dose-dependent metabolism of methotrexate in man and rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Humans and rhesus monkeys receiving high-dose methotrexate (MTX) (greater than 50 mg/kg) excrete significant quantities of the metabolite, 7-hydroxy-MTX. This metabolite, though 200-fold less potent than MTX as an inhibitor of mammalian dihydrofolate reductase, is of very limited aqueous solubility, and thus may contribute to the renal toxicity of the high-dose regimen. The metabolite was not observed in previous pharmacologic studies in which conventional doses of MTX were administered (less than 10 mg/kg).", "contents": "Dose-dependent metabolism of methotrexate in man and rhesus monkeys. Humans and rhesus monkeys receiving high-dose methotrexate (MTX) (greater than 50 mg/kg) excrete significant quantities of the metabolite, 7-hydroxy-MTX. This metabolite, though 200-fold less potent than MTX as an inhibitor of mammalian dihydrofolate reductase, is of very limited aqueous solubility, and thus may contribute to the renal toxicity of the high-dose regimen. The metabolite was not observed in previous pharmacologic studies in which conventional doses of MTX were administered (less than 10 mg/kg).", "PMID": 406997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3926", "title": "Characterization of 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose as a constituent of the lipopolysaccharide antigen of Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 4.", "content": "The title lipopolysaccharide was freed from its lipid A component by mild, acid hydrolysis, to give a polysaccharide fraction that was subsequently hydrolyzed completely to afford a mixture of neutral sugars and amino sugars. The amino sugars were separated, and identified as 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose, 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-galactose as a 2:1 mixture of the D and L enantiomers, and 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose. A reference sample of 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose was synthesized by an improved preparative route. Among the lipopolysaccharide antigens of the seven recognized immunotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2-amino-2,6-dideoxyglucose is also characterized as a constituent of two others, types 3 and 5.", "contents": "Characterization of 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose as a constituent of the lipopolysaccharide antigen of Pseudomonas aeruginosa immunotype 4. The title lipopolysaccharide was freed from its lipid A component by mild, acid hydrolysis, to give a polysaccharide fraction that was subsequently hydrolyzed completely to afford a mixture of neutral sugars and amino sugars. The amino sugars were separated, and identified as 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose, 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-galactose as a 2:1 mixture of the D and L enantiomers, and 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose. A reference sample of 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose was synthesized by an improved preparative route. Among the lipopolysaccharide antigens of the seven recognized immunotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2-amino-2,6-dideoxyglucose is also characterized as a constituent of two others, types 3 and 5.", "PMID": 406998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3927", "title": "The vascularization of the neural stalk and the pars nervosa of the hypophysis in the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) (amphibia, anura). A comparative light microscopical and scanning electron microscopical study.", "content": "The angioarchitecture of the neural stalk and the encephaloposthypophysial portal system of the hypophysis of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.), was studied using three different methods. The neural stalk is mainly supplied by branches of the arteria infundibularis superficialis which form a widemeshed vascular network. Dorsally this network continues into the plexus of the pars nervosa. The vascularization of the pars nervosa is made up of the encephalo-posthypophysial portal system. This portal system consists of a hypothalamic branch (=portion), a mesencephalic and a mesencephalicbulbar branch (=portion). The hypothalamic branch was found to drain the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum as well as more dorsal regions of the diencephalon. The mesencephalic-bulbar trunk enters the hypothalamic branch. The resulting common stem of the encephalo-posthypophysial portal vein the curves around the retroinfundibular communicating artery, crosses its ventral side and runs caudally. The secondary capillary plexus of the pars nervosa is characterized by well defined capillary plexus of the pars nervosa is characterized by well defined capillary networks which are located at the periphery of the parenchyma of the pars nervosa, thus forming a rostral, dorsal and ventro-caudal net. The central region of the parenchyma of the pars nervosa is supplied only by main branches of the encephalo-postpophysial portal vein. The venous drainage of the pars nervosa is via the vena hypophysea transversa.", "contents": "The vascularization of the neural stalk and the pars nervosa of the hypophysis in the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) (amphibia, anura). A comparative light microscopical and scanning electron microscopical study. The angioarchitecture of the neural stalk and the encephaloposthypophysial portal system of the hypophysis of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.), was studied using three different methods. The neural stalk is mainly supplied by branches of the arteria infundibularis superficialis which form a widemeshed vascular network. Dorsally this network continues into the plexus of the pars nervosa. The vascularization of the pars nervosa is made up of the encephalo-posthypophysial portal system. This portal system consists of a hypothalamic branch (=portion), a mesencephalic and a mesencephalicbulbar branch (=portion). The hypothalamic branch was found to drain the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum as well as more dorsal regions of the diencephalon. The mesencephalic-bulbar trunk enters the hypothalamic branch. The resulting common stem of the encephalo-posthypophysial portal vein the curves around the retroinfundibular communicating artery, crosses its ventral side and runs caudally. The secondary capillary plexus of the pars nervosa is characterized by well defined capillary plexus of the pars nervosa is characterized by well defined capillary networks which are located at the periphery of the parenchyma of the pars nervosa, thus forming a rostral, dorsal and ventro-caudal net. The central region of the parenchyma of the pars nervosa is supplied only by main branches of the encephalo-postpophysial portal vein. The venous drainage of the pars nervosa is via the vena hypophysea transversa.", "PMID": 407002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3928", "title": "Subsurface cisterns in the Cynomolgus retina.", "content": "Subsurface cisterns were found in retinal neurons of the Cynomolgus monkey. They were located in amacrine, bipolar and ganglion cells and were associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Subsurface cisterns were not found in M\u00fcller cells. The possible functional significance of the subsurface cisterns is discussed.", "contents": "Subsurface cisterns in the Cynomolgus retina. Subsurface cisterns were found in retinal neurons of the Cynomolgus monkey. They were located in amacrine, bipolar and ganglion cells and were associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Subsurface cisterns were not found in M\u00fcller cells. The possible functional significance of the subsurface cisterns is discussed.", "PMID": 407003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3929", "title": "Factors for efficiency of the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay.", "content": "Factors were studied which modify the enzymatic capacity of mouse liver microsomal mixed-function oxidase to convert vinylidene chloride (1.1-dichloroethylene) (VDC) into mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test. A microsomal fraction incorporated in soft agar layer converted VDC into mutagens during 7 h at a constant rate; these were detected with S. typhimurium TA100. In absence of VDC the enzymatic activity declined gradually to nil after 14 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. The presence of EDTA greatly enhanced the microsome-mediated mutagenicity of VDC and led to prolonged enzymatic viability, but only when liver fractions from phenobarbitone (PB) pretreated mice were used. The efficiency of the plate incorporation assay for the detection of mutagens is discussed in comparison with assays in liquid suspension.", "contents": "Factors for efficiency of the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. Factors were studied which modify the enzymatic capacity of mouse liver microsomal mixed-function oxidase to convert vinylidene chloride (1.1-dichloroethylene) (VDC) into mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test. A microsomal fraction incorporated in soft agar layer converted VDC into mutagens during 7 h at a constant rate; these were detected with S. typhimurium TA100. In absence of VDC the enzymatic activity declined gradually to nil after 14 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. The presence of EDTA greatly enhanced the microsome-mediated mutagenicity of VDC and led to prolonged enzymatic viability, but only when liver fractions from phenobarbitone (PB) pretreated mice were used. The efficiency of the plate incorporation assay for the detection of mutagens is discussed in comparison with assays in liquid suspension.", "PMID": 407008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3930", "title": "The effects of benzoflavones on polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolism and skin tumor initiation.", "content": "The effects of benzoflavones on skin tumor initiation by polycyclic hydrocarbons and epidermal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase were investigated. 7,8-Benzoflavone (7,8-BF) was found to be a potent inhibitor of the inhibition of skin tumors by 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) as well as 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). 5,6-Benzoflavone(5,6-BF) inhibited tumor initiation by MC and DMBA, but to a lesser degree than 7,8-BF. Dose-response studies of the capacity of 7,8-BF to inhibit DMBA tumor initiation revealed that 7,8-BF was an effective inhibitor at 2.5 microgram and a maximum inhibition of 90% occurred at 100 microgram of 7,8-FB. The tumor initiating ability of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene (7-OHMe-12MeBA) was not inhibited by 7,8-BF. Epidermal aryl hydrocarbon(benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase(AHH) was increased by 5,6-BF and either had no effect or was slightly inhibited by 7,8-BF when given either topically or i.p. Both flavones when added directly to the assay tubes inhibited the in vitro epidermal AHH activity from control and MC pretreated mice by greater than 75%. When added in vitro, 7,8-BF and 5,6-BF inhibited epidermally mediated covalent binding of radioactive DMBA and dibenz(a,h)anthracene to DNA by 50% or more. The inhibition of skin tumor initiation by 7,8-BF and 5,6-BF appears to be partially related to its ability to inhibit the formation of electrophilic intermediates.", "contents": "The effects of benzoflavones on polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolism and skin tumor initiation. The effects of benzoflavones on skin tumor initiation by polycyclic hydrocarbons and epidermal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase were investigated. 7,8-Benzoflavone (7,8-BF) was found to be a potent inhibitor of the inhibition of skin tumors by 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) as well as 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). 5,6-Benzoflavone(5,6-BF) inhibited tumor initiation by MC and DMBA, but to a lesser degree than 7,8-BF. Dose-response studies of the capacity of 7,8-BF to inhibit DMBA tumor initiation revealed that 7,8-BF was an effective inhibitor at 2.5 microgram and a maximum inhibition of 90% occurred at 100 microgram of 7,8-FB. The tumor initiating ability of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene (7-OHMe-12MeBA) was not inhibited by 7,8-BF. Epidermal aryl hydrocarbon(benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase(AHH) was increased by 5,6-BF and either had no effect or was slightly inhibited by 7,8-BF when given either topically or i.p. Both flavones when added directly to the assay tubes inhibited the in vitro epidermal AHH activity from control and MC pretreated mice by greater than 75%. When added in vitro, 7,8-BF and 5,6-BF inhibited epidermally mediated covalent binding of radioactive DMBA and dibenz(a,h)anthracene to DNA by 50% or more. The inhibition of skin tumor initiation by 7,8-BF and 5,6-BF appears to be partially related to its ability to inhibit the formation of electrophilic intermediates.", "PMID": 407010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3931", "title": "Strand breaks of mammalian mitochondrial DNA induced by carcinogens.", "content": "Closed circular mitochondrial DNA in mammalian cells was degradated to the open circular form by exposure of the cells to the carcinogens N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO). MNNG caused more strand scission of mitochondrial DNA than 4NQO at the same concentration. The action of the carcinogens on mitochondrial DNA did not parallel that with nuclear DNA which was damaged by 4NQO more markedly than by MNNG. Mitochondrial DNA damaged by carcinogens was not repaired during 4-20 h of post-treatment incubation of the cells. Incorporation of labeled thymidine into the closed circular mitochondrial DNA, decreased by the treatment of cells with carcinogens, recovered during post-treatment incubation.", "contents": "Strand breaks of mammalian mitochondrial DNA induced by carcinogens. Closed circular mitochondrial DNA in mammalian cells was degradated to the open circular form by exposure of the cells to the carcinogens N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO). MNNG caused more strand scission of mitochondrial DNA than 4NQO at the same concentration. The action of the carcinogens on mitochondrial DNA did not parallel that with nuclear DNA which was damaged by 4NQO more markedly than by MNNG. Mitochondrial DNA damaged by carcinogens was not repaired during 4-20 h of post-treatment incubation of the cells. Incorporation of labeled thymidine into the closed circular mitochondrial DNA, decreased by the treatment of cells with carcinogens, recovered during post-treatment incubation.", "PMID": 407011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3932", "title": "Analogues of hexamethylmelamine. The anti-neoplastic activity of derivatives with enhanced water solubility.", "content": "The preparation of some water soluble analogues of the tumour growth inhibitory hexamethylmelamine is described. The ultra-violet absorption characteristics, solubility and n-octanol/water partition coefficients of these new derivatives and some related compounds have been determined. Rates of demethylation by a liver microsomal preparation and anti-tumour assays against the ADJ/PC6A mouse plasma cell tumour and a human lung tumour xenograft are reported. Two of the derivatives, pentamethylmelamine and N2, N4, N6-trimethyl-N2, N4, N6-trimethylolmelamine, which have shown activity against the xenograft are potential candidates for clinical trials using the intravenous route of administration.", "contents": "Analogues of hexamethylmelamine. The anti-neoplastic activity of derivatives with enhanced water solubility. The preparation of some water soluble analogues of the tumour growth inhibitory hexamethylmelamine is described. The ultra-violet absorption characteristics, solubility and n-octanol/water partition coefficients of these new derivatives and some related compounds have been determined. Rates of demethylation by a liver microsomal preparation and anti-tumour assays against the ADJ/PC6A mouse plasma cell tumour and a human lung tumour xenograft are reported. Two of the derivatives, pentamethylmelamine and N2, N4, N6-trimethyl-N2, N4, N6-trimethylolmelamine, which have shown activity against the xenograft are potential candidates for clinical trials using the intravenous route of administration.", "PMID": 407012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3933", "title": "Structure of mycobacterial bis-cyclopropane mycolates by mass spectrometry.", "content": "Methyl mycolate from a human strain (Br\u00e9vannes) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been converted to the corresponding methyl neromycolate, the monketo-meromycolate, and the meromycolic pyrrolidide. The fragmentation pattern of each of these materials has been determined, and with information from a synthetic meromycolate serving as a basis of comparison, has been analyzed to obtain reliable structural assignments.", "contents": "Structure of mycobacterial bis-cyclopropane mycolates by mass spectrometry. Methyl mycolate from a human strain (Br\u00e9vannes) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been converted to the corresponding methyl neromycolate, the monketo-meromycolate, and the meromycolic pyrrolidide. The fragmentation pattern of each of these materials has been determined, and with information from a synthetic meromycolate serving as a basis of comparison, has been analyzed to obtain reliable structural assignments.", "PMID": 407013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3934", "title": "Efficacy of ammoniacal silver nitrate in root canal therapy.", "content": "In order to find a simple and effective method for endodontic treatment of recalcitrant cases, the efficacy of ammoniacal silver nitrate was re-evaluated. The modified serial tube dilution method was conducted to determine the effective antimicrobial concentration of ammoniacal silver nitrate on selected test microorganisms and clinical isolates. The effective antimicrobial concentration for the most resistant microorganism, Streptococcus faecalis, was 5.0 X 10(-10) g/ml and the effectiveness persisted for several days. The diffusion ability of 4% ammoniacal silver nitrate into the dentinal tubules from root canal wall was also tested with freshly extracted teeth treated as in routine procedure for root canal therapy. The diffusibility was evident and the extent of infiltration was various, with more infiltration at cervical dentin than at apical one.", "contents": "Efficacy of ammoniacal silver nitrate in root canal therapy. In order to find a simple and effective method for endodontic treatment of recalcitrant cases, the efficacy of ammoniacal silver nitrate was re-evaluated. The modified serial tube dilution method was conducted to determine the effective antimicrobial concentration of ammoniacal silver nitrate on selected test microorganisms and clinical isolates. The effective antimicrobial concentration for the most resistant microorganism, Streptococcus faecalis, was 5.0 X 10(-10) g/ml and the effectiveness persisted for several days. The diffusion ability of 4% ammoniacal silver nitrate into the dentinal tubules from root canal wall was also tested with freshly extracted teeth treated as in routine procedure for root canal therapy. The diffusibility was evident and the extent of infiltration was various, with more infiltration at cervical dentin than at apical one.", "PMID": 407015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3935", "title": "[Tritiated uridine incorporation in ovarian cells of Homoptera Auchenorhyncha insect Ulopa reticulata Fab. (Ulopidae)].", "content": "The tritiated Uridine incorporation in the acrotrophic ovary of Ulopa reticulata shows that there are two different organs for the RNA of the ovocyte cytoplasm : the ovocyte nucleus, and the trophic cells (by way of the trophic cords).", "contents": "[Tritiated uridine incorporation in ovarian cells of Homoptera Auchenorhyncha insect Ulopa reticulata Fab. (Ulopidae)]. The tritiated Uridine incorporation in the acrotrophic ovary of Ulopa reticulata shows that there are two different organs for the RNA of the ovocyte cytoplasm : the ovocyte nucleus, and the trophic cells (by way of the trophic cords).", "PMID": 407016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3936", "title": "[Neurosensitive contacts and new kind of synapses in wall lizard (Lacerta muralis, Laurenti) pineal body].", "content": "The neurosensitive synapses between photoreceptor cells and nerve ganglion cells are numerous enough to constitute an additional argument for a photosensitive function of the pineal gland. A new type of synapse, observed between the secretory rudimentary photoreceptor cells and nerve ganglion cells presents a direct relation from cells showing an active secretory function to the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Neurosensitive contacts and new kind of synapses in wall lizard (Lacerta muralis, Laurenti) pineal body]. The neurosensitive synapses between photoreceptor cells and nerve ganglion cells are numerous enough to constitute an additional argument for a photosensitive function of the pineal gland. A new type of synapse, observed between the secretory rudimentary photoreceptor cells and nerve ganglion cells presents a direct relation from cells showing an active secretory function to the central nervous system.", "PMID": 407017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3937", "title": "[Monovalent fragments of rabbit anti-F9 immunoglobulins prevent mouse blastocyst formation].", "content": "Fab fragments of a Rabbit anti-F 9 serum do not disturb cleavage of Mouse embryos in culture but prevent blastocyst formation. This effect is reversible for a few hours. It is observed neither with Fab fragments directed against another surface antigen of blastomers nor with monovalent concanavalin A.", "contents": "[Monovalent fragments of rabbit anti-F9 immunoglobulins prevent mouse blastocyst formation]. Fab fragments of a Rabbit anti-F 9 serum do not disturb cleavage of Mouse embryos in culture but prevent blastocyst formation. This effect is reversible for a few hours. It is observed neither with Fab fragments directed against another surface antigen of blastomers nor with monovalent concanavalin A.", "PMID": 407018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3938", "title": "[Differential thermal analysis of the organic fraction of bone].", "content": "Thermal decomposition analysis of Bovine femur bone has been carried out by means of a Micro Differential Thermal Analyser. The analysis of both thermograms and amino acid compositions has revealed the complexity of collagen degradation mechanisms.", "contents": "[Differential thermal analysis of the organic fraction of bone]. Thermal decomposition analysis of Bovine femur bone has been carried out by means of a Micro Differential Thermal Analyser. The analysis of both thermograms and amino acid compositions has revealed the complexity of collagen degradation mechanisms.", "PMID": 407019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3939", "title": "[Stomach ulcers in rats. New experimental model and protection by a triterpene healing agent].", "content": "An experimental model using restricted diet and exposure to cold for several weeks was devised. Following a two-week treatment with a triterpen healing agent, the rate of ulcerative lesion was significantly decreased.", "contents": "[Stomach ulcers in rats. New experimental model and protection by a triterpene healing agent]. An experimental model using restricted diet and exposure to cold for several weeks was devised. Following a two-week treatment with a triterpen healing agent, the rate of ulcerative lesion was significantly decreased.", "PMID": 407020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3940", "title": "[New scanning electron microscopy contribution to the study of yeast protoplasts].", "content": "Study by scanning electron microscopy enables us to describe with precision the morphology of protoplasts. We can confirm that the wrinkles more or less perceptible on the protoplasts studied, do belong to the morphology of those just mentioned, that the presence or the absence of globulous component is connected with the physiological activity of the cell and that it is possible to distinguish the different protoplasts thanks to their morphological aspect.", "contents": "[New scanning electron microscopy contribution to the study of yeast protoplasts]. Study by scanning electron microscopy enables us to describe with precision the morphology of protoplasts. We can confirm that the wrinkles more or less perceptible on the protoplasts studied, do belong to the morphology of those just mentioned, that the presence or the absence of globulous component is connected with the physiological activity of the cell and that it is possible to distinguish the different protoplasts thanks to their morphological aspect.", "PMID": 407021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3941", "title": "[Combined action of nickel sulfate and x-irradiation on human lymphoblastoid leukemic cells].", "content": "In a first experiment, cells were cultured in media supplemented by nickel sulphate, irradiated in same media and cultured in same media after irradiation. In a second experiment, cells were cultured during 18 hrs. in media supplemented by nickel sulphate, and then cells were washed and cultured in normal media where they were irradiated. The nickel sulphate toxicity appears as a creasing function of the nickel sulphate concentration and the nickel sulphate action endurance. The nickel sulphate toxic effect is amplified by X-Rays. This amplification is a time function that depends on the X-Ray dose, nickel sulphate concentration and period of time from the outset of culture to the irradiation. The nickel sulphate toxic effect appears faster when nickel works after X-Rays.", "contents": "[Combined action of nickel sulfate and x-irradiation on human lymphoblastoid leukemic cells]. In a first experiment, cells were cultured in media supplemented by nickel sulphate, irradiated in same media and cultured in same media after irradiation. In a second experiment, cells were cultured during 18 hrs. in media supplemented by nickel sulphate, and then cells were washed and cultured in normal media where they were irradiated. The nickel sulphate toxicity appears as a creasing function of the nickel sulphate concentration and the nickel sulphate action endurance. The nickel sulphate toxic effect is amplified by X-Rays. This amplification is a time function that depends on the X-Ray dose, nickel sulphate concentration and period of time from the outset of culture to the irradiation. The nickel sulphate toxic effect appears faster when nickel works after X-Rays.", "PMID": 407022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3942", "title": "[Oxygen consumption in human placental lobules in vitro (survival maintained by perfusion)].", "content": "The average oxygen utilization coefficient of 26% is calculated from PO2 determinations during the perfusion of the fetal circulation of isolated human term placental lobules. The oxygen consumption approximates 0.4 ml/min/kg placenta when Earle's salt solution is used as a perfusion medium and is equilibrated with a gas mixture containing 5% O2. The oxygen consumption reaches 2 ml/min/kg when the same Earle's solution is equilibrated with a gas mixture containing 95% O2.", "contents": "[Oxygen consumption in human placental lobules in vitro (survival maintained by perfusion)]. The average oxygen utilization coefficient of 26% is calculated from PO2 determinations during the perfusion of the fetal circulation of isolated human term placental lobules. The oxygen consumption approximates 0.4 ml/min/kg placenta when Earle's salt solution is used as a perfusion medium and is equilibrated with a gas mixture containing 5% O2. The oxygen consumption reaches 2 ml/min/kg when the same Earle's solution is equilibrated with a gas mixture containing 95% O2.", "PMID": 407023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3943", "title": "[Influence of dietary lactose on the development of lactase activity in the digestive tract of the pig].", "content": "Lactase activity has been measured in the pancreas, the small and large intestine of 79 pigs varying in  age from 6-7 months. The endogenous enzyme level fluctuated along the small intestine but the activity did not vary according to the level of lactose fed in the diet either just after weaning or from 25 to 100 kg of live weight. Measurements performed in the content of the intestine showed that lactose could be digested by the enzymes of the microflora mostly active in the ileum, the caecum and the large intestine.", "contents": "[Influence of dietary lactose on the development of lactase activity in the digestive tract of the pig]. Lactase activity has been measured in the pancreas, the small and large intestine of 79 pigs varying in  age from 6-7 months. The endogenous enzyme level fluctuated along the small intestine but the activity did not vary according to the level of lactose fed in the diet either just after weaning or from 25 to 100 kg of live weight. Measurements performed in the content of the intestine showed that lactose could be digested by the enzymes of the microflora mostly active in the ileum, the caecum and the large intestine.", "PMID": 407024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3944", "title": "[Identification of 2 phosphorylated amino acids in chicken bone phosphoproteins].", "content": "Phosphoproteins of Chicken bone have been extracted by 0.5 M EDTA pH 7.5. Their amino acid composition was similar to that of phosphoproteins of other calcified tissues. The crude EDTA extract contained 80 to 90% proteins, only 70% of the total organic phosphorus was bound to the proteins. We have studied and identified two phosphorylated components. o-phosphoserine and o-phosphothreonine have been identified by amino acid analysis at pH 1.7 from a partial acid hydrolysate, and confirmed by the liberation of the parent amino acids after total hydrolysis. In addition, phosphorus was found equimolecular to both of them. The presence of these phosphorylated groups is important for an understanding of the role of these proteins in the mechanism of mineralization.", "contents": "[Identification of 2 phosphorylated amino acids in chicken bone phosphoproteins]. Phosphoproteins of Chicken bone have been extracted by 0.5 M EDTA pH 7.5. Their amino acid composition was similar to that of phosphoproteins of other calcified tissues. The crude EDTA extract contained 80 to 90% proteins, only 70% of the total organic phosphorus was bound to the proteins. We have studied and identified two phosphorylated components. o-phosphoserine and o-phosphothreonine have been identified by amino acid analysis at pH 1.7 from a partial acid hydrolysate, and confirmed by the liberation of the parent amino acids after total hydrolysis. In addition, phosphorus was found equimolecular to both of them. The presence of these phosphorylated groups is important for an understanding of the role of these proteins in the mechanism of mineralization.", "PMID": 407025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3945", "title": "[Alpha-hydrazinophloretic acid, competitive inhibitor of fungal tyrosinase].", "content": "alpha-Hydrazinophloretic acid, the hydrazino analogue of tyrosine, was shown to behave as a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase. Some closely related compounds, especially the hydrazino analogue of phenylalanine as well as other hydrazine derivatives, will also inhibit the enzyme, but in these cases, the inhibition observed belonged to the non-competitive type.", "contents": "[Alpha-hydrazinophloretic acid, competitive inhibitor of fungal tyrosinase]. alpha-Hydrazinophloretic acid, the hydrazino analogue of tyrosine, was shown to behave as a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase. Some closely related compounds, especially the hydrazino analogue of phenylalanine as well as other hydrazine derivatives, will also inhibit the enzyme, but in these cases, the inhibition observed belonged to the non-competitive type.", "PMID": 407026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3946", "title": "[Synthesis of specific proteins by the nucleoid of Escherichia coli].", "content": "The induction of beta-galactosidase and alkaline phosphatase by the nucleoid of Escherichia coli was studied. Only the membrane-associated form was active in the presence of S 30. The induction of beta-galactosidase showed an absolute requirement for the inducer and was enhanced by cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. Further-more, in our hands, the synthetic activity of the membrane-associated nucleoid proved to be far higher than that of the soluble system described by Zubay. Our results suggest that membrane shield the structure which is necessary for the integrity of the initiation step of both transcription and translation.", "contents": "[Synthesis of specific proteins by the nucleoid of Escherichia coli]. The induction of beta-galactosidase and alkaline phosphatase by the nucleoid of Escherichia coli was studied. Only the membrane-associated form was active in the presence of S 30. The induction of beta-galactosidase showed an absolute requirement for the inducer and was enhanced by cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. Further-more, in our hands, the synthetic activity of the membrane-associated nucleoid proved to be far higher than that of the soluble system described by Zubay. Our results suggest that membrane shield the structure which is necessary for the integrity of the initiation step of both transcription and translation.", "PMID": 407027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3947", "title": "[Study of marine microvibrios of Roscoff (Microvibrio marinus roscoffensis)].", "content": "Marine microvibrios, predators of E. coli, have been detected worldwide, from equatorial waters to the polar regions. The morphology and behavior of two microvibrios have been studied. Their multiplication and aggressiveness in regard to their bacterial prevy are not impeded by dialysis membranes and manifest themselves, away from all direct contact between the predator and its prey.", "contents": "[Study of marine microvibrios of Roscoff (Microvibrio marinus roscoffensis)]. Marine microvibrios, predators of E. coli, have been detected worldwide, from equatorial waters to the polar regions. The morphology and behavior of two microvibrios have been studied. Their multiplication and aggressiveness in regard to their bacterial prevy are not impeded by dialysis membranes and manifest themselves, away from all direct contact between the predator and its prey.", "PMID": 407028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3948", "title": "[Influence of a high-temperature environment on the development of experimental trypanosomiasis of the mouse].", "content": "Different evolutions of experimental trypanosomiasis are observed in Mice kept in a permanent 35 degrees C environment. Evolution depends on the individuality or the strain of the host animal. An experimental factor influence on the host mechanism defense rather than on the parasite multiplication rate is shown.", "contents": "[Influence of a high-temperature environment on the development of experimental trypanosomiasis of the mouse]. Different evolutions of experimental trypanosomiasis are observed in Mice kept in a permanent 35 degrees C environment. Evolution depends on the individuality or the strain of the host animal. An experimental factor influence on the host mechanism defense rather than on the parasite multiplication rate is shown.", "PMID": 407029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3949", "title": "Arteriographic evidence of coronary arterial spasm in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Coronary arteriography was performed before and after the intracoronary injection of nitroglycerin to determine the presence or absence of spasm in patients within the first 12 hours of acute myocardial infarction. Coronary arterial spasm was demonstrated in six of fifteen (40%) acute myocardial infarctions associated with coronary artery disease. In five of the six instances the interval from the onset of symptoms to arteriography was less than 6 hours. Spasm was superimposed on a high-grade atherosclerotic obstruction and was separated from the catheter tip by a segment of normal vessel in each instance. The coronary artery remained patent (following the initial relief of spasm) in two patients maintained on sublingual nitrates and heparin. Spasm, superimposed on an atherosclerotic obstruction, may be the primary event or a secondary occurrence in the pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction. Catecholamines could play an important role in the early pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction by producing spasm and/or platelet aggregation at the site of an atherosclerotic obstruction. A dynamic interaction between spasm, platelet aggregates and the atherosclerotic plaque may precede coronary thrombosis.", "contents": "Arteriographic evidence of coronary arterial spasm in acute myocardial infarction. Coronary arteriography was performed before and after the intracoronary injection of nitroglycerin to determine the presence or absence of spasm in patients within the first 12 hours of acute myocardial infarction. Coronary arterial spasm was demonstrated in six of fifteen (40%) acute myocardial infarctions associated with coronary artery disease. In five of the six instances the interval from the onset of symptoms to arteriography was less than 6 hours. Spasm was superimposed on a high-grade atherosclerotic obstruction and was separated from the catheter tip by a segment of normal vessel in each instance. The coronary artery remained patent (following the initial relief of spasm) in two patients maintained on sublingual nitrates and heparin. Spasm, superimposed on an atherosclerotic obstruction, may be the primary event or a secondary occurrence in the pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction. Catecholamines could play an important role in the early pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction by producing spasm and/or platelet aggregation at the site of an atherosclerotic obstruction. A dynamic interaction between spasm, platelet aggregates and the atherosclerotic plaque may precede coronary thrombosis.", "PMID": 407030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3950", "title": "Hemodynamic assessment of the glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine heterograft in the aortic and mitral positions.", "content": "Although glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine heterograft (PH) valves may have a lowered incidence of thromboembolism compared to mechanical valves, data concerning postoperative function in PH valves are incomplete. Accordingly, 26 patients receiving PH in the aortic (AO) or mitral position (MIT) were studied at cardiac postoperative catheterization (mean 19 weeks). The 12 AO patients had an average peak systolic gradient of 19 mm Hg (range 3-52 mm Hg); mean valve area (VA) 1.33 cm2 (0.75-2.5; two patients had postoperative aortic insufficiency. The 14 MIT patients had a mean gradient of 7.9 mm Hg (0-13.1); VA 1.84 cm2 (0.70-3.2; postoperative mitral regurgitation occurred in two patients. AO stent diameter (SD) related to VA, r = 0.85; and peak gradient, r = -0.75. However, MIT SD did not relate to VA or peak gradient. At the 14-month follow-up examination 9 of 11 AO and 7 of 11 MIT patients improved by at least one functional class. Thus, with the advantage of reduced thromboembolism and generally satisfactory valve hemodynamics, further clinical trial of glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine heterografts is justified.", "contents": "Hemodynamic assessment of the glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine heterograft in the aortic and mitral positions. Although glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine heterograft (PH) valves may have a lowered incidence of thromboembolism compared to mechanical valves, data concerning postoperative function in PH valves are incomplete. Accordingly, 26 patients receiving PH in the aortic (AO) or mitral position (MIT) were studied at cardiac postoperative catheterization (mean 19 weeks). The 12 AO patients had an average peak systolic gradient of 19 mm Hg (range 3-52 mm Hg); mean valve area (VA) 1.33 cm2 (0.75-2.5; two patients had postoperative aortic insufficiency. The 14 MIT patients had a mean gradient of 7.9 mm Hg (0-13.1); VA 1.84 cm2 (0.70-3.2; postoperative mitral regurgitation occurred in two patients. AO stent diameter (SD) related to VA, r = 0.85; and peak gradient, r = -0.75. However, MIT SD did not relate to VA or peak gradient. At the 14-month follow-up examination 9 of 11 AO and 7 of 11 MIT patients improved by at least one functional class. Thus, with the advantage of reduced thromboembolism and generally satisfactory valve hemodynamics, further clinical trial of glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine heterografts is justified.", "PMID": 407031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3951", "title": "Heart valve replacement with the Hancock bioprosthesis. Analysis of long-term results.", "content": "Between March 1970 and May 1976, 564 patients have undergone single or multiple heart valve replacement with the Hancock \"SGP\" bioprosthesis in our institution. Of these patients, 335 had single mitral, 102 aortic, one tricuspid, and 126 double or triple valve replacement, for a total of 629 xenografts. The long-term results, in terms of clinical improvement, survival, and complications, have been analyzed. Significant valve insufficiency secondary to primitive tissue alterations occurred in three patients, while reoperations were required in two for endocarditis and in two others for mitral stenosis caused by tissue ingrowth. We found that thromboembolic episodes occurred mainly in the early postoperative period up to the third month in 10 cases (1.76%). Three patients suffered peripheral embolization during the late follow-up period. Anticoagulants were not administered beyond 3 months postoperatively. Hemodynamic re-evaluation has been performed in 42 patients and the prosthesis has been shown to function properly either in the mitral or the aortic position. The data available to date indicate that the glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine valve is durable and we feel that its use is warranted in any valvular position.", "contents": "Heart valve replacement with the Hancock bioprosthesis. Analysis of long-term results. Between March 1970 and May 1976, 564 patients have undergone single or multiple heart valve replacement with the Hancock \"SGP\" bioprosthesis in our institution. Of these patients, 335 had single mitral, 102 aortic, one tricuspid, and 126 double or triple valve replacement, for a total of 629 xenografts. The long-term results, in terms of clinical improvement, survival, and complications, have been analyzed. Significant valve insufficiency secondary to primitive tissue alterations occurred in three patients, while reoperations were required in two for endocarditis and in two others for mitral stenosis caused by tissue ingrowth. We found that thromboembolic episodes occurred mainly in the early postoperative period up to the third month in 10 cases (1.76%). Three patients suffered peripheral embolization during the late follow-up period. Anticoagulants were not administered beyond 3 months postoperatively. Hemodynamic re-evaluation has been performed in 42 patients and the prosthesis has been shown to function properly either in the mitral or the aortic position. The data available to date indicate that the glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine valve is durable and we feel that its use is warranted in any valvular position.", "PMID": 407032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3952", "title": "Elevated serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin and caeruloplasmin in methadone-maintained patients.", "content": "Patients on a methadone-maintenance program had high serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin. This resulted in elevated serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels and low triiodothyronine uptake values. Their free thyroxine index was normal, as was serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine when related to thyroxine-binding globulin concentration. Serum caeruloplasmin concentration was also increased in methadone-treated patients.", "contents": "Elevated serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin and caeruloplasmin in methadone-maintained patients. Patients on a methadone-maintenance program had high serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin. This resulted in elevated serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels and low triiodothyronine uptake values. Their free thyroxine index was normal, as was serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine when related to thyroxine-binding globulin concentration. Serum caeruloplasmin concentration was also increased in methadone-treated patients.", "PMID": 407033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3953", "title": "An improved procedure for isolation of thyroxine-binding globulin from human pregnancy serum.", "content": "A convenient method for isolation of TBG from human pregnancy serum is reported. The method is based on batch-wise treatment of serum with hydroxyapatite followed by batch-wise adsorption of TBG to an affinity gel consisting of Sepharose to which thyroxine was bound with a spacer group. After selective desorption the TBG-preparation was practically pure. The small amounts of contaminating proteins were easily removed by affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A-Sepharose. The resulting preparation was shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunological techniques.", "contents": "An improved procedure for isolation of thyroxine-binding globulin from human pregnancy serum. A convenient method for isolation of TBG from human pregnancy serum is reported. The method is based on batch-wise treatment of serum with hydroxyapatite followed by batch-wise adsorption of TBG to an affinity gel consisting of Sepharose to which thyroxine was bound with a spacer group. After selective desorption the TBG-preparation was practically pure. The small amounts of contaminating proteins were easily removed by affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A-Sepharose. The resulting preparation was shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunological techniques.", "PMID": 407034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3954", "title": "Ribonuclease activity in human serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine.", "content": "Poly(C)-avid ribonucleases of molecular weight 33 000 are present in the serum, cerebrospinal fluid and urine of humans. Purified human urinary ribonuclease was used to produce a monospecific antibody in rabbits. The antibody was capable of: (i) inhibiting the enzyme activities in the serum, CSF, and urine; (ii) reacting with antigens in the serum and CSF. The antigens in the serum, CSF and urine were found to be immunologically identical. Immunoelectrophoresis data suggested that the urinary and CSF RNAase are chemically identical. Succesful renal transplantation reduced elevated serum RNAase to normal levels. The data suggest that the most likely source of both urinary and CSF ribonuclease activity is the blood stream.", "contents": "Ribonuclease activity in human serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. Poly(C)-avid ribonucleases of molecular weight 33 000 are present in the serum, cerebrospinal fluid and urine of humans. Purified human urinary ribonuclease was used to produce a monospecific antibody in rabbits. The antibody was capable of: (i) inhibiting the enzyme activities in the serum, CSF, and urine; (ii) reacting with antigens in the serum and CSF. The antigens in the serum, CSF and urine were found to be immunologically identical. Immunoelectrophoresis data suggested that the urinary and CSF RNAase are chemically identical. Succesful renal transplantation reduced elevated serum RNAase to normal levels. The data suggest that the most likely source of both urinary and CSF ribonuclease activity is the blood stream.", "PMID": 407035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3955", "title": "A solid phase fluorescent immunoassay for the quantitation of the C3 component of human complement.", "content": "A non-competitive method for the determination of the C3 component of human complement in serum is described. This procedure involves use of a specific antibody covalently attached to derivatized polyacrylamide beads and a fluorescently labeled specific antibody. Reproducible results were achieved for C3 in serum in the range of 20 mg/d1 to 195 mg/d1 within 2 h. C3 levels as low as 125 ng/m1 can also be measured. Fluorescent immunoassay and radial immunodiffusion were used to determine C3 levels in healthy adults. Good agreement was found between the two methods.", "contents": "A solid phase fluorescent immunoassay for the quantitation of the C3 component of human complement. A non-competitive method for the determination of the C3 component of human complement in serum is described. This procedure involves use of a specific antibody covalently attached to derivatized polyacrylamide beads and a fluorescently labeled specific antibody. Reproducible results were achieved for C3 in serum in the range of 20 mg/d1 to 195 mg/d1 within 2 h. C3 levels as low as 125 ng/m1 can also be measured. Fluorescent immunoassay and radial immunodiffusion were used to determine C3 levels in healthy adults. Good agreement was found between the two methods.", "PMID": 407036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3956", "title": "Determination of plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-glycol by pulsed electron capture gas chromatography.", "content": "An improved method is described for determining picogram quantities of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in plasma of humans and of other species. The method makes use of gas-liquid chromatography and electron capture detection. Low level nonlinearity of detector response was corrected by operating the detector in the pulsed rather then the customary steady state mode. Detector overloading was prevented by heat coagulation of plasma proteins and subsequent ultrafiltration. Sensitivity was significantly enhanced by utilizing a derivatizing agent carrying a higher number of electrophores. Baseline conditions are described and control values for plasma MHPG of human volunteers, Rhesus monkeys and rats are presented.", "contents": "Determination of plasma 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-glycol by pulsed electron capture gas chromatography. An improved method is described for determining picogram quantities of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in plasma of humans and of other species. The method makes use of gas-liquid chromatography and electron capture detection. Low level nonlinearity of detector response was corrected by operating the detector in the pulsed rather then the customary steady state mode. Detector overloading was prevented by heat coagulation of plasma proteins and subsequent ultrafiltration. Sensitivity was significantly enhanced by utilizing a derivatizing agent carrying a higher number of electrophores. Baseline conditions are described and control values for plasma MHPG of human volunteers, Rhesus monkeys and rats are presented.", "PMID": 407037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3957", "title": "Bidimensional electrophoresis in the diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidosis.", "content": "Using the modified bidimensional electrophoresis method, characteristic patterns of urinary glycosaminoglycans were obtained for nine different syndromes of mucopolysaccharidoses and normal. Each pattern, portrayed on a 55 mm square cellulose acetate membrane, was visualized by staining the electrophoretically separated GAGs with alcian blue. The method, tested with 38 cases, was precise and sensitive; the first direction of electrophoresis was run for 25 min and the second direction for 60 min. Because the method is qualitative, the usual quantitative measurements and calculations are circumvented. Moreover, any irregular pattern can readily be verified by repeating the bidimensional electrophoresis. Thus, the clarity of the pattern itself offers assurance of its diagnostic reliabilty; consequently, false negative and false positive results should be minimized.", "contents": "Bidimensional electrophoresis in the diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidosis. Using the modified bidimensional electrophoresis method, characteristic patterns of urinary glycosaminoglycans were obtained for nine different syndromes of mucopolysaccharidoses and normal. Each pattern, portrayed on a 55 mm square cellulose acetate membrane, was visualized by staining the electrophoretically separated GAGs with alcian blue. The method, tested with 38 cases, was precise and sensitive; the first direction of electrophoresis was run for 25 min and the second direction for 60 min. Because the method is qualitative, the usual quantitative measurements and calculations are circumvented. Moreover, any irregular pattern can readily be verified by repeating the bidimensional electrophoresis. Thus, the clarity of the pattern itself offers assurance of its diagnostic reliabilty; consequently, false negative and false positive results should be minimized.", "PMID": 407038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3958", "title": "Glucagon and diabetes. I. The failure of hyperglucagonaemia to influence the response of established diabetic ketoacidosis to therapy.", "content": "Clinical and biochemical variables were examined during two standardized, low-dose insulin regimens in seven subjects with diabetic ketoacidosis and one with hyperosmolar coma, in order to determine whether glucagon levels can be suppressed in ketoacidosis and whether hyperglucagonaemia influences the clinical and biochemical responses to treatment. Glucagon concentrations were significantly elevated (36.6-697.0 pmol/l) at presentation in all subjects. After institution of insulin treatment (4-8 u/h), glucose and glucagon levels decreased rapidly, and in five of the eight subjects glucagon levels reached undetectable concentrations (less than 3.0 pmol/l) during the initial treatment period. Further, neither plasma glucagon concentrations at presentation, nor the rate of glucagon decline during insulin treatment, appeared to influence the rapidity of the glucose decline or the persistence of the ketoacidosis. Thus, low-dose exogenous insulin suppresses glucagon secretion in diabetic ketoacidosis, and the changes in glucagon concentrations during treatment are unrelated to the clinical response.", "contents": "Glucagon and diabetes. I. The failure of hyperglucagonaemia to influence the response of established diabetic ketoacidosis to therapy. Clinical and biochemical variables were examined during two standardized, low-dose insulin regimens in seven subjects with diabetic ketoacidosis and one with hyperosmolar coma, in order to determine whether glucagon levels can be suppressed in ketoacidosis and whether hyperglucagonaemia influences the clinical and biochemical responses to treatment. Glucagon concentrations were significantly elevated (36.6-697.0 pmol/l) at presentation in all subjects. After institution of insulin treatment (4-8 u/h), glucose and glucagon levels decreased rapidly, and in five of the eight subjects glucagon levels reached undetectable concentrations (less than 3.0 pmol/l) during the initial treatment period. Further, neither plasma glucagon concentrations at presentation, nor the rate of glucagon decline during insulin treatment, appeared to influence the rapidity of the glucose decline or the persistence of the ketoacidosis. Thus, low-dose exogenous insulin suppresses glucagon secretion in diabetic ketoacidosis, and the changes in glucagon concentrations during treatment are unrelated to the clinical response.", "PMID": 407039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3959", "title": "Alterations in drug metabolism in workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls.", "content": "Administration of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) mixture, Aroclor 1016, to rats elicited a barbiturate type of inducing effect on the hepatic microsomal oxidative enzyme system. Aroclor 1016 caused significant increases in liver cytochrome P-450 content, microsomal protein, and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity; its effect on benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity was minimal. Unlike the widely studied PCBs mixture, Aroclor 1254, Aroclor 1016 did not induce cytochrome P-448 in liver microsomes. Five workers occupationally exposed to Aroclor 1016 in a capacitor-manufacturing plant showed a significantly lower mean antipyrine half-life (10.8 hr) than the mean half-life of 15.6 hr in non-PCBs-exposed normal subjects. These differences in half-life were accompanied by increased metabolic clearance rates in workers exposed to the PCBs, which strongly suggests that PCBs accelerate the rate of drug metabolism in man. Our studies show that Aroclor 1016 elicits the barbiturate type of inducing effects on drug metabolism in man as well as animals.", "contents": "Alterations in drug metabolism in workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. Administration of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) mixture, Aroclor 1016, to rats elicited a barbiturate type of inducing effect on the hepatic microsomal oxidative enzyme system. Aroclor 1016 caused significant increases in liver cytochrome P-450 content, microsomal protein, and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity; its effect on benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity was minimal. Unlike the widely studied PCBs mixture, Aroclor 1254, Aroclor 1016 did not induce cytochrome P-448 in liver microsomes. Five workers occupationally exposed to Aroclor 1016 in a capacitor-manufacturing plant showed a significantly lower mean antipyrine half-life (10.8 hr) than the mean half-life of 15.6 hr in non-PCBs-exposed normal subjects. These differences in half-life were accompanied by increased metabolic clearance rates in workers exposed to the PCBs, which strongly suggests that PCBs accelerate the rate of drug metabolism in man. Our studies show that Aroclor 1016 elicits the barbiturate type of inducing effects on drug metabolism in man as well as animals.", "PMID": 407043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3960", "title": "Alteration of plasma albumin in relation to decreased drug binding in uremia.", "content": "The binding of sulfadiazine in the plasma of normal and uremic subjects was measured by means of an ultrafiltration technique. Patients with uremia had reduced binding of sulfadiazine due to decreased albumin-binding capacity. No conclusive evidence was found to suggest that reduced drug binding in uremia is caused by competing metabolites. Studies of purified normal and uremic albumin revealed differences in amino acid composition and variations in the protein content of the two albumin bands found on isoelectric focusing. It is suggested that decreased drug binding in uremia may be at least partly due to altered albumin composition.", "contents": "Alteration of plasma albumin in relation to decreased drug binding in uremia. The binding of sulfadiazine in the plasma of normal and uremic subjects was measured by means of an ultrafiltration technique. Patients with uremia had reduced binding of sulfadiazine due to decreased albumin-binding capacity. No conclusive evidence was found to suggest that reduced drug binding in uremia is caused by competing metabolites. Studies of purified normal and uremic albumin revealed differences in amino acid composition and variations in the protein content of the two albumin bands found on isoelectric focusing. It is suggested that decreased drug binding in uremia may be at least partly due to altered albumin composition.", "PMID": 407044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3961", "title": "Cromolyn sodium in the treatment of asthma associated with aspirin hypersensitivity and nasal polyps.", "content": "The control of asthma by therapy with cromolyn sodium was studied in 28 adults with late-onset asthma associated with hypersensitivity to aspirin and nasal polyps. Four-week periods of treatment with the drug or a placebo were compared in a double-blind crossover study. A subsequent eight-week open trial in 20 patients was compared to their period of receiving placebo. There was slight but significant improvement in the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1; P less than 0.05) and the mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the forced vital capacity (FEF25-75%; P less than 0.05) after four weeks of therapy with cromolyn sodium and in the FEV1 (P less than 0.05), the forced vital capacity (P less than 0.01), and FEF25-75% (P less than 0.01) after an additional eight weeks of therapy with cromolyn sodium. The improvement in pulmonary function was not associated with changes in the peak expiratory flow rate, the symptoms of asthma, the doses of additional medication, or the index of disability. The dosage of corticosteroids in 22 patients receiving long-term therapy with steroids was no different between the four-week periods of treatment with placebo or drug but was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) during the eight-week open trial. We conclude that administration of cromolyn sodium has a therapeutic effect in this group of asthmatic patients.", "contents": "Cromolyn sodium in the treatment of asthma associated with aspirin hypersensitivity and nasal polyps. The control of asthma by therapy with cromolyn sodium was studied in 28 adults with late-onset asthma associated with hypersensitivity to aspirin and nasal polyps. Four-week periods of treatment with the drug or a placebo were compared in a double-blind crossover study. A subsequent eight-week open trial in 20 patients was compared to their period of receiving placebo. There was slight but significant improvement in the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1; P less than 0.05) and the mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the forced vital capacity (FEF25-75%; P less than 0.05) after four weeks of therapy with cromolyn sodium and in the FEV1 (P less than 0.05), the forced vital capacity (P less than 0.01), and FEF25-75% (P less than 0.01) after an additional eight weeks of therapy with cromolyn sodium. The improvement in pulmonary function was not associated with changes in the peak expiratory flow rate, the symptoms of asthma, the doses of additional medication, or the index of disability. The dosage of corticosteroids in 22 patients receiving long-term therapy with steroids was no different between the four-week periods of treatment with placebo or drug but was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) during the eight-week open trial. We conclude that administration of cromolyn sodium has a therapeutic effect in this group of asthmatic patients.", "PMID": 407056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3962", "title": "[Treatment of postoperative gastrointestinal fistulas by long-term parenteral feeding].", "content": "Twenty-nine anastomotic leakages of the gastrointestinal tract were treated by long-term parenteral nutrition; 20 closed spontaneously, the lethality was 18.3%. Especially, well-drained fistulas of the distal small bowel and the colon show a tendency to closure and should be treated by long-term parenteral hyperalimentation (2500-4000 KCal/24 h), if no signs of ileus or diffuse peritonitis are apparent. The technique and chance for success of hyperalimentation are discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of postoperative gastrointestinal fistulas by long-term parenteral feeding]. Twenty-nine anastomotic leakages of the gastrointestinal tract were treated by long-term parenteral nutrition; 20 closed spontaneously, the lethality was 18.3%. Especially, well-drained fistulas of the distal small bowel and the colon show a tendency to closure and should be treated by long-term parenteral hyperalimentation (2500-4000 KCal/24 h), if no signs of ileus or diffuse peritonitis are apparent. The technique and chance for success of hyperalimentation are discussed.", "PMID": 407057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3963", "title": "Length and interspersion of repetitive and non repetitive DNA sequences in four amphibian species with different genome sizes.", "content": "The interspersion period of repetitive and unique sequences was analyzed by two different methods, electron microscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis, for four Amphibian species with different nuclear DNA content, namely the Anura Xenopus laevis (3 pg DNA per haploid genome) and Bufo bufo (7 pg) and the Urodela Triturus cristatus (23 pg) and Necturus maculosus (52 pg). Within each of the two subclasses it has been found that interspecific differences, in DNA content, due to variations in the amount of repetitive sequences, do not involve variations in length of the interspersed repetitive sequences. They remain about 380 base pairs. Furthermore, the unique sequences length has been found to be shorter in Bufo (760 base pairs) than in Xenopus (1600) and in Necturus (880) than in Triturus (1340). A study of the interspersion period has shown that the great difference in DNA content between Anura and Urodela, which had been previously shown not to have involved changes in the relative amounts of the various sequence classes, does not involve changes in the interspersion period.", "contents": "Length and interspersion of repetitive and non repetitive DNA sequences in four amphibian species with different genome sizes. The interspersion period of repetitive and unique sequences was analyzed by two different methods, electron microscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis, for four Amphibian species with different nuclear DNA content, namely the Anura Xenopus laevis (3 pg DNA per haploid genome) and Bufo bufo (7 pg) and the Urodela Triturus cristatus (23 pg) and Necturus maculosus (52 pg). Within each of the two subclasses it has been found that interspecific differences, in DNA content, due to variations in the amount of repetitive sequences, do not involve variations in length of the interspersed repetitive sequences. They remain about 380 base pairs. Furthermore, the unique sequences length has been found to be shorter in Bufo (760 base pairs) than in Xenopus (1600) and in Necturus (880) than in Triturus (1340). A study of the interspersion period has shown that the great difference in DNA content between Anura and Urodela, which had been previously shown not to have involved changes in the relative amounts of the various sequence classes, does not involve changes in the interspersion period.", "PMID": 407058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3964", "title": "Direct correlation between a chromosome puff and the synthesis of a larval saliva protein in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The structural gene Sgs-4 responsible for larval saliva protein 4 of Drosophila melanogaster was localized, with the help of Notch deficiencies, within the section between bands 3C10 and 3D1 of the X chromosome. In this chromosome section there is, very probably, only one fine band. In the third larval instar chromosome this section is transcriptionally active and forms a puff. When the ecdysone concentration increases, about 5 h before prepupa formation, it becomes inactive.--In section 3C of X chromosomes of third instar larvae of the stock Hikone-R no puff is formed. The saliva of these larvae lacks protein 4. However, female hybrids (H/B and H/O) from Hikone-R crossed with Berlin and Oregon respectively produce a Hikone-specific saliva protein 4h. The synthesis of protein 4h in the hybrids H/B and H/O is ascribed to an activation of the gene Sgs-4 in the Hikone chromosome.--In the saliva of heterozygotes (FM1/H) carrying one inversion chromosome In(1)FM1 and one X chromosome from Hikone, protein 4h could not be detected. In these inversion heterozygotes in 90% of all nuclei the homologues are not paired in 3C, and 3C is puffed only in the FM1 chromosome. This suggests that a precondition for the activation of Hikone gene Sgs-4 in heterozygotes may be intimate homologue pairing.--Intersexes with one of their X chromosomes from Hikone-R and the other from Berlin produce relatively more protein 4h than do diploid H/B females, indicating facilitated transcription as a result of dosage compensation.", "contents": "Direct correlation between a chromosome puff and the synthesis of a larval saliva protein in Drosophila melanogaster. The structural gene Sgs-4 responsible for larval saliva protein 4 of Drosophila melanogaster was localized, with the help of Notch deficiencies, within the section between bands 3C10 and 3D1 of the X chromosome. In this chromosome section there is, very probably, only one fine band. In the third larval instar chromosome this section is transcriptionally active and forms a puff. When the ecdysone concentration increases, about 5 h before prepupa formation, it becomes inactive.--In section 3C of X chromosomes of third instar larvae of the stock Hikone-R no puff is formed. The saliva of these larvae lacks protein 4. However, female hybrids (H/B and H/O) from Hikone-R crossed with Berlin and Oregon respectively produce a Hikone-specific saliva protein 4h. The synthesis of protein 4h in the hybrids H/B and H/O is ascribed to an activation of the gene Sgs-4 in the Hikone chromosome.--In the saliva of heterozygotes (FM1/H) carrying one inversion chromosome In(1)FM1 and one X chromosome from Hikone, protein 4h could not be detected. In these inversion heterozygotes in 90% of all nuclei the homologues are not paired in 3C, and 3C is puffed only in the FM1 chromosome. This suggests that a precondition for the activation of Hikone gene Sgs-4 in heterozygotes may be intimate homologue pairing.--Intersexes with one of their X chromosomes from Hikone-R and the other from Berlin produce relatively more protein 4h than do diploid H/B females, indicating facilitated transcription as a result of dosage compensation.", "PMID": 407059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3965", "title": "[Problematic blood transfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients were admitted with signs of haemolysis due to severe transfusion reactions. Serological investigations showed the presence of the antibodies anti-IKb and anti-Fya. After a short period of haemodialysis the patient with Kidd antibodies died. A further patient with triple antibodies (anti-c, -K, -Lub) was so pre-immunised that with an antigen frequency of over 99.9% no compatible blood could be found in Europe. By means of information from the European Central Index in Amsterdam compatible blood for the operation could be obtained from Australia. In the fourth case the antibody anti-Cob was found which had not previously been described in Germany and with which the phenotype could be determined in 1405 unselected persons in the German population. The frequency of Cob is 7.2%.", "contents": "[Problematic blood transfusion (author's transl)]. Two patients were admitted with signs of haemolysis due to severe transfusion reactions. Serological investigations showed the presence of the antibodies anti-IKb and anti-Fya. After a short period of haemodialysis the patient with Kidd antibodies died. A further patient with triple antibodies (anti-c, -K, -Lub) was so pre-immunised that with an antigen frequency of over 99.9% no compatible blood could be found in Europe. By means of information from the European Central Index in Amsterdam compatible blood for the operation could be obtained from Australia. In the fourth case the antibody anti-Cob was found which had not previously been described in Germany and with which the phenotype could be determined in 1405 unselected persons in the German population. The frequency of Cob is 7.2%.", "PMID": 407065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3966", "title": "[Morphological studies on the effect of lasers on dental pulp and mouth mucosa].", "content": "Macroscopic and microscopic findings made in the gingiva, lip, tongue and pulp tissue of monkeys show that from the histological viewpoint there are no objections to the use of Nd:YAG for sealing dental enamel and dentin.", "contents": "[Morphological studies on the effect of lasers on dental pulp and mouth mucosa]. Macroscopic and microscopic findings made in the gingiva, lip, tongue and pulp tissue of monkeys show that from the histological viewpoint there are no objections to the use of Nd:YAG for sealing dental enamel and dentin.", "PMID": 407067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3967", "title": "Comparison of preventive effect of T3 and T4 on thyroxine release from thyroid induced by endogeneous TSH after TRH injection.", "content": "Comparison of Preventive Effect of T3 and T4 on Thyroxine Release from Thyroid Induced by Endogenous TSH after TRH Injection. Endocrinologia Experimentalis 11, 91-98, 1977. The technique of frequent blood sampling through polyethylene tubings inserted into blood vessels while maintaining isovolemia was used in pentobarbiturate anaesthetized rats weighing 250--300 g. The animals were fed low iodine diet for 4 weeks and injected 125I- (5 microgram Ci per animal daily) for 6 days begining from 8th day before the experiment. The effect of 25 microgram TRH injected through a cannula inserted into carotid artery in cranial direction was evaluated as per cent increase of labelled thyroxine in plasma at 120 min after the injection compared to its level at 30 min. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of various doses of thyroxine (T4; 5, 20 and 80 nmol kg-1) and triiodothyronine (T3; 1.25 and 5 nmol kg-1) injected i.v. at the intervals of 10, 20, 30, 60 and 180 min prior to TRH was investigated. It was found that the effect was time dependent, being negligible after 10 or 20 min, while after 60 and 180 min the increase of labelled T4 after TRH was fully prevented by 20 and 80 nmol T4 kg-1 and by 5 nmol T3 kg-1. The other doses (i. e. 5 nmol T4 kg-1 and 1.25 nmol T3 kg-1) were without effect. Thus, T3 was found to be significantly more active than equimolar doses of T4.", "contents": "Comparison of preventive effect of T3 and T4 on thyroxine release from thyroid induced by endogeneous TSH after TRH injection. Comparison of Preventive Effect of T3 and T4 on Thyroxine Release from Thyroid Induced by Endogenous TSH after TRH Injection. Endocrinologia Experimentalis 11, 91-98, 1977. The technique of frequent blood sampling through polyethylene tubings inserted into blood vessels while maintaining isovolemia was used in pentobarbiturate anaesthetized rats weighing 250--300 g. The animals were fed low iodine diet for 4 weeks and injected 125I- (5 microgram Ci per animal daily) for 6 days begining from 8th day before the experiment. The effect of 25 microgram TRH injected through a cannula inserted into carotid artery in cranial direction was evaluated as per cent increase of labelled thyroxine in plasma at 120 min after the injection compared to its level at 30 min. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of various doses of thyroxine (T4; 5, 20 and 80 nmol kg-1) and triiodothyronine (T3; 1.25 and 5 nmol kg-1) injected i.v. at the intervals of 10, 20, 30, 60 and 180 min prior to TRH was investigated. It was found that the effect was time dependent, being negligible after 10 or 20 min, while after 60 and 180 min the increase of labelled T4 after TRH was fully prevented by 20 and 80 nmol T4 kg-1 and by 5 nmol T3 kg-1. The other doses (i. e. 5 nmol T4 kg-1 and 1.25 nmol T3 kg-1) were without effect. Thus, T3 was found to be significantly more active than equimolar doses of T4.", "PMID": 407068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3968", "title": "Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid and histamine on prolactin secretion in the rat.", "content": "Histamine releases prolactin (PRL) in estrogen-progesterone primed male rats after both iv and intracisternal (ic) injection, but does not affect in vitro PRL secretion. This stimulatory effect is reversed by the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phenoxybenzamine and the histamine antagonist diphenhydramine, gamma-Amino butyric acid (GABA), which has little in vivo effect of its own, interferes with the activity of histamine and a variety of other stimulators of PRL secretion. These results suggest the involvement of the naturally-occurring substances histamine and GABA in the central regulation of PRL secretion.", "contents": "Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid and histamine on prolactin secretion in the rat. Histamine releases prolactin (PRL) in estrogen-progesterone primed male rats after both iv and intracisternal (ic) injection, but does not affect in vitro PRL secretion. This stimulatory effect is reversed by the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phenoxybenzamine and the histamine antagonist diphenhydramine, gamma-Amino butyric acid (GABA), which has little in vivo effect of its own, interferes with the activity of histamine and a variety of other stimulators of PRL secretion. These results suggest the involvement of the naturally-occurring substances histamine and GABA in the central regulation of PRL secretion.", "PMID": 407071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3969", "title": "Studies on the transfer of steroid hormones across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in the rhesus monkey. II.", "content": "The movement of progesterone (P), cortisol (F) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier was determined using six adult male rhesus monkeys with indwelling canulae in the lateral ventricles of their brains. Tritiated steroids were given iv as a bolus followed by a constant 6 h infusion with continuous collection of CSF and periodic sampling of blood before and during the infusion. The amounts of authentic steroid in the plasma and CSF were determined by recrystallization to constant isotopic ratio and the amount of free plasma steroid was determined by equilibrium dialysis against Ringer's solution. Tritiated progesterone was undetectable in the pooled samples of CSF. The average concentration of tritiated 17-OHP in the CSF was 10.3% of the concurrent plasma level while the concentration of tritiated F was 22.5% of the concurrent plasma level. Plasma free steroid was found to be 2.2% for P, 6.3% for 17-OHP and 22.3% for F, showing a rough correlation between steroid entry into the CSF and free steroid concentration in plasma.", "contents": "Studies on the transfer of steroid hormones across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in the rhesus monkey. II. The movement of progesterone (P), cortisol (F) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier was determined using six adult male rhesus monkeys with indwelling canulae in the lateral ventricles of their brains. Tritiated steroids were given iv as a bolus followed by a constant 6 h infusion with continuous collection of CSF and periodic sampling of blood before and during the infusion. The amounts of authentic steroid in the plasma and CSF were determined by recrystallization to constant isotopic ratio and the amount of free plasma steroid was determined by equilibrium dialysis against Ringer's solution. Tritiated progesterone was undetectable in the pooled samples of CSF. The average concentration of tritiated 17-OHP in the CSF was 10.3% of the concurrent plasma level while the concentration of tritiated F was 22.5% of the concurrent plasma level. Plasma free steroid was found to be 2.2% for P, 6.3% for 17-OHP and 22.3% for F, showing a rough correlation between steroid entry into the CSF and free steroid concentration in plasma.", "PMID": 407072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3970", "title": "Effects of glucocorticoids on casein gene expression in the rabbit.", "content": "Milk protein synthesis is initiated by prolactin and a glucocorticoid. In the rabbit, prolactin alone is sufficient. However, glucocorticoids potentiate the action of prolactin. The stimulatory effect of glucocorticoids was evaluated after injections of hydrocortisone acetate alone or associated with prolactin by measurements of (a) the total RNA and DNA content of mammary glands, (b) the lactose synthetase activity, (c) casein synthesis, and (d) the concentration of casein mRNA in total cellular RNA and in polysomal RNA by hybridization with its cDNA. The glucocorticoid, totally inactive alone, proved to have a stimulatory effect proportional to the dose injected when prolactin was present. This effect was more evident with low doses of prolactin. Glucocorticoids proceeded by amplifying the capacity of prolactin to enhance the concentration of casein mRNA available for translation. A parallel effect of glucocorticoids on translation of casein mRNA was suspected. Glucocorticoids injected with low doses of prolactin were unable to mimic all the effects of high doses of prolactin alone.", "contents": "Effects of glucocorticoids on casein gene expression in the rabbit. Milk protein synthesis is initiated by prolactin and a glucocorticoid. In the rabbit, prolactin alone is sufficient. However, glucocorticoids potentiate the action of prolactin. The stimulatory effect of glucocorticoids was evaluated after injections of hydrocortisone acetate alone or associated with prolactin by measurements of (a) the total RNA and DNA content of mammary glands, (b) the lactose synthetase activity, (c) casein synthesis, and (d) the concentration of casein mRNA in total cellular RNA and in polysomal RNA by hybridization with its cDNA. The glucocorticoid, totally inactive alone, proved to have a stimulatory effect proportional to the dose injected when prolactin was present. This effect was more evident with low doses of prolactin. Glucocorticoids proceeded by amplifying the capacity of prolactin to enhance the concentration of casein mRNA available for translation. A parallel effect of glucocorticoids on translation of casein mRNA was suspected. Glucocorticoids injected with low doses of prolactin were unable to mimic all the effects of high doses of prolactin alone.", "PMID": 407077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3971", "title": "Separation of two Salmonella O-antigen polysaccharides by means of a glutaraldehyde-concanavalin-A polymer. Primary studies on the separated fractions.", "content": "The Salmonella zuerich (1,9,12,(46),27) cell wall O-polysaccharides have been characterized as a mixture of two immunologically distinct fractions differing in the presence or absence of the antigenic determinant 1 usually carried by side chains of an alpha-D-glucosyl residue. In this paper, we describe the use of concanavalin A in separating the two O-polysaccharides. The procedure involves polymerization of concanavalin A with glutaraldehyde, followed by selective adsorption of the polysaccharide containing O factor 1 and elution with D-glucose. Immunological and chemical analyses showed that the separation was successful and demonstrated chemical differences between these two fractions in relation to their immunological behaviour.", "contents": "Separation of two Salmonella O-antigen polysaccharides by means of a glutaraldehyde-concanavalin-A polymer. Primary studies on the separated fractions. The Salmonella zuerich (1,9,12,(46),27) cell wall O-polysaccharides have been characterized as a mixture of two immunologically distinct fractions differing in the presence or absence of the antigenic determinant 1 usually carried by side chains of an alpha-D-glucosyl residue. In this paper, we describe the use of concanavalin A in separating the two O-polysaccharides. The procedure involves polymerization of concanavalin A with glutaraldehyde, followed by selective adsorption of the polysaccharide containing O factor 1 and elution with D-glucose. Immunological and chemical analyses showed that the separation was successful and demonstrated chemical differences between these two fractions in relation to their immunological behaviour.", "PMID": 407079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3972", "title": "Characterisation of RNA fragments obtained by mild nuclease digestion of 30-S ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli.", "content": "When Escherichia coli 30-S ribosomal subunits are hydrolysed under mild conditions, two ribonucleoprotein fragments of unequal size are produced. Knowledge of the RNA sequences contained in these hydrolysis products was required for the experiments described in the preceding paper, and the RNA sub-fragments have therefore been examined by oligonucleotide analysis. Two well-defined small fragments of free RNA, produced concomitantly with the ribonucleoprotein fragments, were also analysed. The larger ribonucleoprotein fragment, containing predominantly proteins S4, S5, S8, S15, S16 (17) and S20, contains a complex mixture of RNA sub-fragments varying from about 100 to 800 nucleotides in length. All these fragments arose from the 5'-terminal 900 nucleotides of 16-S RNA, corresponding to the well-known 12-S fragment. No long-range interactions could be detected within this RNA region in these experiments. The RNA from the smaller ribonucleoprotein fragment (containing proteins S7, S9 S10, S14 and S19) has been described in detail previously, and consists of about 450 nucleotides near the 3' end of the 16-S RNA, but lacking the 3'-terminal 150 nucleotides. The two small free RNA fragments (above) partly account for these missing 150 nucleotides; both fragments arose from section A of the 16-S RNA, but section J (the 3'-terminal 50 nucleotides) was not found. This result suggests that the 3' region of 16-S RNA is not involved in stable interactions with protein.", "contents": "Characterisation of RNA fragments obtained by mild nuclease digestion of 30-S ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli. When Escherichia coli 30-S ribosomal subunits are hydrolysed under mild conditions, two ribonucleoprotein fragments of unequal size are produced. Knowledge of the RNA sequences contained in these hydrolysis products was required for the experiments described in the preceding paper, and the RNA sub-fragments have therefore been examined by oligonucleotide analysis. Two well-defined small fragments of free RNA, produced concomitantly with the ribonucleoprotein fragments, were also analysed. The larger ribonucleoprotein fragment, containing predominantly proteins S4, S5, S8, S15, S16 (17) and S20, contains a complex mixture of RNA sub-fragments varying from about 100 to 800 nucleotides in length. All these fragments arose from the 5'-terminal 900 nucleotides of 16-S RNA, corresponding to the well-known 12-S fragment. No long-range interactions could be detected within this RNA region in these experiments. The RNA from the smaller ribonucleoprotein fragment (containing proteins S7, S9 S10, S14 and S19) has been described in detail previously, and consists of about 450 nucleotides near the 3' end of the 16-S RNA, but lacking the 3'-terminal 150 nucleotides. The two small free RNA fragments (above) partly account for these missing 150 nucleotides; both fragments arose from section A of the 16-S RNA, but section J (the 3'-terminal 50 nucleotides) was not found. This result suggests that the 3' region of 16-S RNA is not involved in stable interactions with protein.", "PMID": 407081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3973", "title": "Immunochemical evidence for the difference between coenzyme-B12-dependent diol dehydratase and glycerol dehydratase.", "content": "Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 25955 (formerly named Aerobacter aerogenes PZH 572, Warsaw), which is known to produce coenzyme-B12-dependent glycerol dehydratase when grown anaerobically in a glycerol medium, formed coenzyme-B12-dependent diol dehydratase in a 1,2-propanediol-containing medium. Both the diol dehydratase and the glycerol dehydratase produced by the organism catalyzed the conversion of glycerol, 1,2-propanediol and 1,2-ethanediol to the corresponding aldehydes and underwent concomitant inactivation during the catalysis of glycerol dehydration, as does the diol dehydratase of K. pneumoniae (A. aerogenes) ATCC 8724. However, the two enzymes were distinguishable from each other by the monovalent-cation-selectivity pattern and by substrate specificity; that is, glycerol dehydratase preferred glycerol to 1,2-propanediol as a substrate, whereas diol dehydratase preferred 1,2-propanediol to glycerol, as judged from initial velocity studies. Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis and immunochemical titration with rabbit antiserum against diol dehydratase of K. pneumoniae ATCC 8724 established clearly that the diol dehydratase of K. pneumoniae ATCC 25955 is immunologically similar to that of K. pneumoniae ATCC 8724, while the glycerol dehydratase of the former is different from the diol dehydratase of both strains. Both the enzymes were found to be distributed in several bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Immunochemical evidence for the difference between coenzyme-B12-dependent diol dehydratase and glycerol dehydratase. Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 25955 (formerly named Aerobacter aerogenes PZH 572, Warsaw), which is known to produce coenzyme-B12-dependent glycerol dehydratase when grown anaerobically in a glycerol medium, formed coenzyme-B12-dependent diol dehydratase in a 1,2-propanediol-containing medium. Both the diol dehydratase and the glycerol dehydratase produced by the organism catalyzed the conversion of glycerol, 1,2-propanediol and 1,2-ethanediol to the corresponding aldehydes and underwent concomitant inactivation during the catalysis of glycerol dehydration, as does the diol dehydratase of K. pneumoniae (A. aerogenes) ATCC 8724. However, the two enzymes were distinguishable from each other by the monovalent-cation-selectivity pattern and by substrate specificity; that is, glycerol dehydratase preferred glycerol to 1,2-propanediol as a substrate, whereas diol dehydratase preferred 1,2-propanediol to glycerol, as judged from initial velocity studies. Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis and immunochemical titration with rabbit antiserum against diol dehydratase of K. pneumoniae ATCC 8724 established clearly that the diol dehydratase of K. pneumoniae ATCC 25955 is immunologically similar to that of K. pneumoniae ATCC 8724, while the glycerol dehydratase of the former is different from the diol dehydratase of both strains. Both the enzymes were found to be distributed in several bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 407082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3974", "title": "The action of lysozyme on peptidoglycan with N-unsubstituted glucosamine residues. Isolation of glycan fragments and their susceptibility to lysozyme.", "content": "1. A peptidoglycan preparation N-acetylated at about 30% of glucosamine residues was obtained by the treatment of the lysozyme-resistant cell wall paptidoglycan of Bacillus cereus with acetic anhydride at pH 7. Fractionation of dialyzable material resulting from lysozyme digestion of the glycan component of this peptidoglycan preparation yielded five oligosaccharides designated as S1 to S5 besides the disaccharide GlcNAc-MurAc. 2. Oligosaccharide S3, which accounted for about 30% of the disaccharide units recovered as disaccharides and oligosaccharides, was identified as GlcN-MurAc-GlcNAc-MurAc. Oligosaccharide S1, accounting for about 20% of the disaccharide units recovered, was characterized as GlcN-MurAc-GlcN-MurAc-GlcNAc-MurAc, while oligosaccharide S2, present in a smaller amount, as GlcNAc-MurAc-GlcN-MurAc-glcNAc-MurAc. Oligosaccharides S4, and S5, present in small amounts, were identified as GlcNAc-MurAc-GlcNAc-MurAc and MurAc-GlcNAc-MurAc, respectively. 3. Oligosaccharides S1, S3 and S5 proved to be completely insusceptible to lysozyme, whereas S2 was digsted by lysozyme to produce GlcNAc-MurAc and S3. S1 was found to act as a more potent inhibitor than S3 in lysozyme-catalyzed digestion of polysaccharides. 4. The results obtained show that the lysozyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of peptidoglycan oligosaccharides had an obligatory requirement for the N-acetyl group on the glucosamine residue located in subsite C in the enzyme-substrate complex.", "contents": "The action of lysozyme on peptidoglycan with N-unsubstituted glucosamine residues. Isolation of glycan fragments and their susceptibility to lysozyme. 1. A peptidoglycan preparation N-acetylated at about 30% of glucosamine residues was obtained by the treatment of the lysozyme-resistant cell wall paptidoglycan of Bacillus cereus with acetic anhydride at pH 7. Fractionation of dialyzable material resulting from lysozyme digestion of the glycan component of this peptidoglycan preparation yielded five oligosaccharides designated as S1 to S5 besides the disaccharide GlcNAc-MurAc. 2. Oligosaccharide S3, which accounted for about 30% of the disaccharide units recovered as disaccharides and oligosaccharides, was identified as GlcN-MurAc-GlcNAc-MurAc. Oligosaccharide S1, accounting for about 20% of the disaccharide units recovered, was characterized as GlcN-MurAc-GlcN-MurAc-GlcNAc-MurAc, while oligosaccharide S2, present in a smaller amount, as GlcNAc-MurAc-GlcN-MurAc-glcNAc-MurAc. Oligosaccharides S4, and S5, present in small amounts, were identified as GlcNAc-MurAc-GlcNAc-MurAc and MurAc-GlcNAc-MurAc, respectively. 3. Oligosaccharides S1, S3 and S5 proved to be completely insusceptible to lysozyme, whereas S2 was digsted by lysozyme to produce GlcNAc-MurAc and S3. S1 was found to act as a more potent inhibitor than S3 in lysozyme-catalyzed digestion of polysaccharides. 4. The results obtained show that the lysozyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of peptidoglycan oligosaccharides had an obligatory requirement for the N-acetyl group on the glucosamine residue located in subsite C in the enzyme-substrate complex.", "PMID": 407083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3975", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of calcium oxalate concretions grown in gel system and calcium oxalate stones.", "content": "Calcium oxalate concretions grown in gelatin gel medium, and calcium oxalate renal stones were studied by polarized light and scanning electron microscopy. In both cases, the results obtained confirm that the surface crystals have random axial orientation and that the gross configuration seems to be determined by the fibrous organic matrix. In vitro concretions grown in the gelatin gel medium are more resistant to EDTA demineralization and to ultrasonic irradiation than calcium oxalate stones.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of calcium oxalate concretions grown in gel system and calcium oxalate stones. Calcium oxalate concretions grown in gelatin gel medium, and calcium oxalate renal stones were studied by polarized light and scanning electron microscopy. In both cases, the results obtained confirm that the surface crystals have random axial orientation and that the gross configuration seems to be determined by the fibrous organic matrix. In vitro concretions grown in the gelatin gel medium are more resistant to EDTA demineralization and to ultrasonic irradiation than calcium oxalate stones.", "PMID": 407084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3976", "title": "Prostaglandin-induced effects in the primate cerebral circulation.", "content": "The effects of intracarotid infusions of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen consumption (CMRO2), and on extracranial blood flow, have been studied in anaesthetisex baboons. The 133Xe clearance method was used for measuring CBF, whilst extracranial blood flow was assessed by both the local tissue injection of 133Xe and external carotid artery flowmetry. Both PGF2alpha and PGE2 (10(-7) and 10(-6) g/kg/min) reduced both CBF and CMRO2. Spasm of the internal carotid artery with PGE2 was noted at the higher dose. Following osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier by the hypertonic urea technique, the effects of small doses of PGE2 and CBF and CMRO2 were greatly potentiated. PGE2 greatly increased extracranial blood flow. Hence, both PGE2 and PGF2alpha reduce CBF and CMRO2, whilst PGE2 greatly increases extracranial blood flow.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-induced effects in the primate cerebral circulation. The effects of intracarotid infusions of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen consumption (CMRO2), and on extracranial blood flow, have been studied in anaesthetisex baboons. The 133Xe clearance method was used for measuring CBF, whilst extracranial blood flow was assessed by both the local tissue injection of 133Xe and external carotid artery flowmetry. Both PGF2alpha and PGE2 (10(-7) and 10(-6) g/kg/min) reduced both CBF and CMRO2. Spasm of the internal carotid artery with PGE2 was noted at the higher dose. Following osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier by the hypertonic urea technique, the effects of small doses of PGE2 and CBF and CMRO2 were greatly potentiated. PGE2 greatly increased extracranial blood flow. Hence, both PGE2 and PGF2alpha reduce CBF and CMRO2, whilst PGE2 greatly increases extracranial blood flow.", "PMID": 407085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3977", "title": "Increased prostaglandin synthetase activity in inflamed tissues of the rabbit eye.", "content": "Tissues from normal and inflamed rabbit eyes were examined for prostaglandin synthetase activity using homogenates and microsomal preparation. Ocular inflammation was induced with 10 microgram Shigella endotoxin injected into the vitreous body. Homogenates of iris-ciliary processes of normal and inflamed eyes synthesized 2.3 and 5.6 microgram respectively of prostaglandins per g wet weight of tissues from endogenous substrate. Intact tissues from normal and inflamed eyes produced similar amounts of prostaglandins (2.2 and 5.3 microgram/g wet wt. respectively). Microsomes obtained from inflamed tissues produced 565 ng of prostaglandins per mg of protein per 30 min compared with 190 ng synthetized by normal microsomes. The apparent Km for the substrate of prostaglandin synthetase from inflamed tissues compared with that from normal was found to be lower. It is suggested that prostaglandin synthetase activity in the ocular tissues is modified during Shigella endotoxin-induced inflammation.", "contents": "Increased prostaglandin synthetase activity in inflamed tissues of the rabbit eye. Tissues from normal and inflamed rabbit eyes were examined for prostaglandin synthetase activity using homogenates and microsomal preparation. Ocular inflammation was induced with 10 microgram Shigella endotoxin injected into the vitreous body. Homogenates of iris-ciliary processes of normal and inflamed eyes synthesized 2.3 and 5.6 microgram respectively of prostaglandins per g wet weight of tissues from endogenous substrate. Intact tissues from normal and inflamed eyes produced similar amounts of prostaglandins (2.2 and 5.3 microgram/g wet wt. respectively). Microsomes obtained from inflamed tissues produced 565 ng of prostaglandins per mg of protein per 30 min compared with 190 ng synthetized by normal microsomes. The apparent Km for the substrate of prostaglandin synthetase from inflamed tissues compared with that from normal was found to be lower. It is suggested that prostaglandin synthetase activity in the ocular tissues is modified during Shigella endotoxin-induced inflammation.", "PMID": 407086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3978", "title": "Slow wave sleep and a state resembling absence epilepsy induced in the rat by gamma-hydroxybutyrate.", "content": "The effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in relatively low doses (12.5--200 mg/kg) on sleep stages, electrocorticogram (ECoG) patterns and behavior was investigated in the rat. 50-100 mg/kg GHB induced slow wave sleep but, in contrast to the cat, not paradoxical sleep. 200 mg/kg induced a hypersynchronous, bilaterally symmetrical ECoG pattern, which was different in amplitude and frequency distribution from normally occurring high amplitude patterns. When the hypersynchrony occurred in bursts, the rats displayed a sudden arrest of motor behavior. Convulsions were not induced. The results, together with the finding of others that GHB is a natural constituent of mammalian brain and our previous observation that the GHB-induced hypersynchrony can be antagonized by anti-absence (anti-petit mal) drugs are discussed in view of the possibility that GHB might play a role in the etiology of absence epilepsy in man.", "contents": "Slow wave sleep and a state resembling absence epilepsy induced in the rat by gamma-hydroxybutyrate. The effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in relatively low doses (12.5--200 mg/kg) on sleep stages, electrocorticogram (ECoG) patterns and behavior was investigated in the rat. 50-100 mg/kg GHB induced slow wave sleep but, in contrast to the cat, not paradoxical sleep. 200 mg/kg induced a hypersynchronous, bilaterally symmetrical ECoG pattern, which was different in amplitude and frequency distribution from normally occurring high amplitude patterns. When the hypersynchrony occurred in bursts, the rats displayed a sudden arrest of motor behavior. Convulsions were not induced. The results, together with the finding of others that GHB is a natural constituent of mammalian brain and our previous observation that the GHB-induced hypersynchrony can be antagonized by anti-absence (anti-petit mal) drugs are discussed in view of the possibility that GHB might play a role in the etiology of absence epilepsy in man.", "PMID": 407087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3979", "title": "Susceptibility of spontaneous sympathetic outflow and sympathetic reflexes to depression by clonidine.", "content": "The hypotensive activity of clonidine has been attributed to inhibition of sympathetic outflow. The present series of experiments examined the relative influence of clonidine on spontaneous outflow and various sympathetic reflexes in anesthetized cats. Clonidine resulted in dose-related decreases in the former. Increases in efferent sympathetic activity mediated by baroreceptors and supraspinally integrated potentials evoked in the splanchnic nerve by somatic nerve stimulation were inhibited to a lesser extent. Splanchnic potentials evoked by spinal cord stimulation in spinal animals were also diminished. In contrast, baroreceptor induced reflex decreases in sympathetic outflow were only minimally affected. These experiments indicate that clonidine can inhibit central sympathetic mechanisms at various levels including the spinal cord but that considerable differences exist in the susceptibility of sympathetic outflow and various reflexes to depression by the compound.", "contents": "Susceptibility of spontaneous sympathetic outflow and sympathetic reflexes to depression by clonidine. The hypotensive activity of clonidine has been attributed to inhibition of sympathetic outflow. The present series of experiments examined the relative influence of clonidine on spontaneous outflow and various sympathetic reflexes in anesthetized cats. Clonidine resulted in dose-related decreases in the former. Increases in efferent sympathetic activity mediated by baroreceptors and supraspinally integrated potentials evoked in the splanchnic nerve by somatic nerve stimulation were inhibited to a lesser extent. Splanchnic potentials evoked by spinal cord stimulation in spinal animals were also diminished. In contrast, baroreceptor induced reflex decreases in sympathetic outflow were only minimally affected. These experiments indicate that clonidine can inhibit central sympathetic mechanisms at various levels including the spinal cord but that considerable differences exist in the susceptibility of sympathetic outflow and various reflexes to depression by the compound.", "PMID": 407088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3980", "title": "Mesolimbic involvement in the locomotor stimulant action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in rats.", "content": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) injected i.p. in doses of 5 mg/kg and higher had a strong locomotor stimulant action with development of frequent rearing, mild sniffing, grooming, preening and other excitatory behaviours. The locomotor stimulation was also produced by bilateral injection of TRH and dopamine (DA) into the nucleus accumbens but not by bilateral injection of these substances into the caudate nucleus. Unilateral intracaudate injection of TRH provoked no behavioural changes in contrast to a distinct circling response to similarly injected DA. Either i.p. or bilateral intra-accumbens injection of haloperidol or pimozide on low doses effectively blocked the locomotor stimulant action of TRH. These results indicate that the DA system in the nucleus accumbens may be of importance in mediation of the locomotor stimulant action of TRH. Differential affinity of TRH to the two DA systems, the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA systems is also suggested.", "contents": "Mesolimbic involvement in the locomotor stimulant action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in rats. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) injected i.p. in doses of 5 mg/kg and higher had a strong locomotor stimulant action with development of frequent rearing, mild sniffing, grooming, preening and other excitatory behaviours. The locomotor stimulation was also produced by bilateral injection of TRH and dopamine (DA) into the nucleus accumbens but not by bilateral injection of these substances into the caudate nucleus. Unilateral intracaudate injection of TRH provoked no behavioural changes in contrast to a distinct circling response to similarly injected DA. Either i.p. or bilateral intra-accumbens injection of haloperidol or pimozide on low doses effectively blocked the locomotor stimulant action of TRH. These results indicate that the DA system in the nucleus accumbens may be of importance in mediation of the locomotor stimulant action of TRH. Differential affinity of TRH to the two DA systems, the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA systems is also suggested.", "PMID": 407089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3981", "title": "Diversion of prostaglandin endoperoxide metabolism by selective inhibition of thromboxane A2 biosynthesis in lung, spleen or platelets.", "content": "Infusion of arachidonic acid through the guinea pig lung or the cat spleen causes a release of thromboxane A2 and prostaglandins, as measured by bioassay. After incubation of human platelets with arachidonate similar metabolites are formed, as demonstrated chromatographically. Infusion of imidazole (50-75 microgram/ml) through the lung or spleen specifically inhibits thromboxane A2 production and diverts the pathway to the prostaglandins, mainly prostaglandin F2alpha. In human platelets imidazole causes a dose-dependent inhibition of thromboxane A2 formation (ID50 5.5 X 10(-4) M). This inhibition is accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in prostaglandin F2alpha. Since thromboxane A2 induces platelet aggregation and is a potent vasoconstrictor, diversion of pathways to prostaglandins with opposite or less potent action might be of relevance in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.", "contents": "Diversion of prostaglandin endoperoxide metabolism by selective inhibition of thromboxane A2 biosynthesis in lung, spleen or platelets. Infusion of arachidonic acid through the guinea pig lung or the cat spleen causes a release of thromboxane A2 and prostaglandins, as measured by bioassay. After incubation of human platelets with arachidonate similar metabolites are formed, as demonstrated chromatographically. Infusion of imidazole (50-75 microgram/ml) through the lung or spleen specifically inhibits thromboxane A2 production and diverts the pathway to the prostaglandins, mainly prostaglandin F2alpha. In human platelets imidazole causes a dose-dependent inhibition of thromboxane A2 formation (ID50 5.5 X 10(-4) M). This inhibition is accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in prostaglandin F2alpha. Since thromboxane A2 induces platelet aggregation and is a potent vasoconstrictor, diversion of pathways to prostaglandins with opposite or less potent action might be of relevance in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.", "PMID": 407090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3982", "title": "Size constancy in rhesus monkeys: effects of pulvinar, prestriate, and inferotemporal lesions.", "content": "The present study tested the theory that inferotemporal cortex integrates 1) distance information transmitted via superior colliculus-pulvinar afferents, with 2) form information transmitted via striate-prestriate cortex afferents (Gross, 1973a, 1973b). Monkeys were trained to choose the larger of two objects, independent of distance, to obtain a reward. Based on the integration theory, the following predictions concerning this size constancy discrimination were made: 1) monkeys with pulvinar lesions, unable to code distance, should be impaired and adopt strategies based on retinal image size; and 2) monkeys with prestriate lesions, unable to code retinal image size, should be impaired and adopt strategies based on distance. Contrary to these predictions, pulvinar lesions produced no deficit; and although prestriate lesions did produce an impairment, it was due to a failure to code distance in assessing the true size of the object. Thus, monkeys with prestriate lesions consistently responded to retinal image size instead of object size. Replicating an earlier report (Humphrey and Weiskrantz, 1969), inferotemporal lesions also produced an impairment; however, errors made by monkeys with inferotemporal lesions were random and could not be attributed to any consistent strategy. All monkeys reacquired the discrimmination postoperatively, indicating that there are multiple mechanisms available to the brain-damaged animal for the perception of size constancy.", "contents": "Size constancy in rhesus monkeys: effects of pulvinar, prestriate, and inferotemporal lesions. The present study tested the theory that inferotemporal cortex integrates 1) distance information transmitted via superior colliculus-pulvinar afferents, with 2) form information transmitted via striate-prestriate cortex afferents (Gross, 1973a, 1973b). Monkeys were trained to choose the larger of two objects, independent of distance, to obtain a reward. Based on the integration theory, the following predictions concerning this size constancy discrimination were made: 1) monkeys with pulvinar lesions, unable to code distance, should be impaired and adopt strategies based on retinal image size; and 2) monkeys with prestriate lesions, unable to code retinal image size, should be impaired and adopt strategies based on distance. Contrary to these predictions, pulvinar lesions produced no deficit; and although prestriate lesions did produce an impairment, it was due to a failure to code distance in assessing the true size of the object. Thus, monkeys with prestriate lesions consistently responded to retinal image size instead of object size. Replicating an earlier report (Humphrey and Weiskrantz, 1969), inferotemporal lesions also produced an impairment; however, errors made by monkeys with inferotemporal lesions were random and could not be attributed to any consistent strategy. All monkeys reacquired the discrimmination postoperatively, indicating that there are multiple mechanisms available to the brain-damaged animal for the perception of size constancy.", "PMID": 407092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3983", "title": "Bilateral lesions of the medial longitudinal fasciculus in monkeys: effects on the horizontal and vertical components of voluntary and vestibular induced eye movements.", "content": "Bilateral transections across the brainstem interrupted the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) in three monkeys trained to make eye movements while subjected to horizontal or vertical angular accelerations. Eye movements measured before and after the lesion revealed deficits in both voluntary and vestibular compensatory eye movements; the deficits differed in the horizontal and vertical directions. Vertical saccades in both directions were normal but eccentric positions of fixation could not be maintained; a drift toward the midline followed by a corrective saccade produced vertical fixation nystagmus. Furthermore, the vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was abolished and vertical smooth pursuit was impaired. Along the horizontal meridian, adduction across the midline could not be achieved during either saccades, smooth pursuit, or the VOR. Temporal saccades were normal whereas nasal saccades were considerably slowed. If the eye was not required to cross the midline, the phase shift during the VOR was within 15 deg of normal in each eye. The gain of the VOR was reduced to about 0.4 immediately after the lesion, but recovered within one month. These findings suggest that the MLF transmits quite different kinds of information to horizontal and vertical oculomotoneurons and that deficits in vertical eye movements may be a sensitive indicator of anterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia.", "contents": "Bilateral lesions of the medial longitudinal fasciculus in monkeys: effects on the horizontal and vertical components of voluntary and vestibular induced eye movements. Bilateral transections across the brainstem interrupted the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) in three monkeys trained to make eye movements while subjected to horizontal or vertical angular accelerations. Eye movements measured before and after the lesion revealed deficits in both voluntary and vestibular compensatory eye movements; the deficits differed in the horizontal and vertical directions. Vertical saccades in both directions were normal but eccentric positions of fixation could not be maintained; a drift toward the midline followed by a corrective saccade produced vertical fixation nystagmus. Furthermore, the vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was abolished and vertical smooth pursuit was impaired. Along the horizontal meridian, adduction across the midline could not be achieved during either saccades, smooth pursuit, or the VOR. Temporal saccades were normal whereas nasal saccades were considerably slowed. If the eye was not required to cross the midline, the phase shift during the VOR was within 15 deg of normal in each eye. The gain of the VOR was reduced to about 0.4 immediately after the lesion, but recovered within one month. These findings suggest that the MLF transmits quite different kinds of information to horizontal and vertical oculomotoneurons and that deficits in vertical eye movements may be a sensitive indicator of anterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia.", "PMID": 407093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3984", "title": "The morphology and laminar distribution of cortico-pulvinar neurons in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Using autoradiography and the horseradish peroxidase method, the morphology and laminar distribution of cortico-pulvinar neurons and the reciprocity of connections between pulvinar and cortex were examined in five Rhesus monkeys which had received medial, lateral and inferior pulvinar nucleus injections of both tritiated amino acids and horseradish peroxidase. Cortico-pulvinar neurons were identified in one heterotypical cortical area (area 17) and in many homotypical areas in frontal (areas 45, 46, 11, 12), parietal (5, 7), occipital (18, 19) and temporal (20, 21, 22) lobes. The cortico-pulvinar neurons were pyramidal in shape and ranged in size from small to large. In heterotypical cortex they were found in layers V and VI whereas in area 17 they were found only in layer Vb. Reciprocal connections between pulvinar and cortex were a feature of homotypical but not heterotypical cortex.", "contents": "The morphology and laminar distribution of cortico-pulvinar neurons in the rhesus monkey. Using autoradiography and the horseradish peroxidase method, the morphology and laminar distribution of cortico-pulvinar neurons and the reciprocity of connections between pulvinar and cortex were examined in five Rhesus monkeys which had received medial, lateral and inferior pulvinar nucleus injections of both tritiated amino acids and horseradish peroxidase. Cortico-pulvinar neurons were identified in one heterotypical cortical area (area 17) and in many homotypical areas in frontal (areas 45, 46, 11, 12), parietal (5, 7), occipital (18, 19) and temporal (20, 21, 22) lobes. The cortico-pulvinar neurons were pyramidal in shape and ranged in size from small to large. In heterotypical cortex they were found in layers V and VI whereas in area 17 they were found only in layer Vb. Reciprocal connections between pulvinar and cortex were a feature of homotypical but not heterotypical cortex.", "PMID": 407094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3985", "title": "Discharge properties of neurons in the monkey thalamus tested with angular acceleration, eye movement and visual stimuli.", "content": "Monkeys were trained to make visually evoked eye movements while undergoing simultaneous head rotation. Single units were recorded in the pregeniculate nucleus (PGN). PGN neurons discharged during each saccade, but there was no change in activity with horizontal head acceleration or with various combinations of head and smooth pursuit eye movements as previously described in the cat. Therefore, the anatomical homology between LGNv and PGN does not appear to have a neurophysiological basis. Neurons in the oral part of VPL or occasionally in VPI discharged as a function of head velocity but not with saccades, smooth pursuit or fixation eye movements, nor after brief light flashes or during smooth pursuit across structured backgrounds. This suggests that VPLo and VPI are only vestibular relay nuclei and not concerned with vestibular/visual or vestibular/oculomotor interactions.", "contents": "Discharge properties of neurons in the monkey thalamus tested with angular acceleration, eye movement and visual stimuli. Monkeys were trained to make visually evoked eye movements while undergoing simultaneous head rotation. Single units were recorded in the pregeniculate nucleus (PGN). PGN neurons discharged during each saccade, but there was no change in activity with horizontal head acceleration or with various combinations of head and smooth pursuit eye movements as previously described in the cat. Therefore, the anatomical homology between LGNv and PGN does not appear to have a neurophysiological basis. Neurons in the oral part of VPL or occasionally in VPI discharged as a function of head velocity but not with saccades, smooth pursuit or fixation eye movements, nor after brief light flashes or during smooth pursuit across structured backgrounds. This suggests that VPLo and VPI are only vestibular relay nuclei and not concerned with vestibular/visual or vestibular/oculomotor interactions.", "PMID": 407095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3986", "title": "[Inferotemporal cortex and short term visual memory in monkeys. New data].", "content": "The effects of bilateral electrical stimulation of inferotemporal cotex on matching to sample were studied in four monkeys. Each session was defined by four different factors. 1. Number of stimuli: the same pair of stimuli (one-pair condition, OP) or a different pair of stimuli (multi-pair condition, MP) was used, from trail to trial. 2. Location of stimulation: anterior inferotemporal cortex (ITA) or posterior inferotemporal cortex (ITP). 3. No intra-trial delay (simultaneous match to sample, SMS) or 5-secintra-trial delay (delayed match to sample, DMS). 4. Period of stimulation: sample resentation, delay or match period. Stimulation had no effect on SMS in all the combinations of the three other factors. ITP or ITA stimulation had no effect on DMS when applied during the delay, in OP and in MP condition. ITP stimulation during the sample resentation produced a significant deficit in OP and MP condition. ITA stimulation during the match period produced a significant deficit in OP but not in MP condition.", "contents": "[Inferotemporal cortex and short term visual memory in monkeys. New data]. The effects of bilateral electrical stimulation of inferotemporal cotex on matching to sample were studied in four monkeys. Each session was defined by four different factors. 1. Number of stimuli: the same pair of stimuli (one-pair condition, OP) or a different pair of stimuli (multi-pair condition, MP) was used, from trail to trial. 2. Location of stimulation: anterior inferotemporal cortex (ITA) or posterior inferotemporal cortex (ITP). 3. No intra-trial delay (simultaneous match to sample, SMS) or 5-secintra-trial delay (delayed match to sample, DMS). 4. Period of stimulation: sample resentation, delay or match period. Stimulation had no effect on SMS in all the combinations of the three other factors. ITP or ITA stimulation had no effect on DMS when applied during the delay, in OP and in MP condition. ITP stimulation during the sample resentation produced a significant deficit in OP and MP condition. ITA stimulation during the match period produced a significant deficit in OP but not in MP condition.", "PMID": 407096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3987", "title": "The effect of danazol on anterior pituitary function.", "content": "Danazol was given in a daily dose of 600 mg for 15 days to five postmenopausal women and five normal adult men. The basal levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), and cortisol were determined for 3 days before treatment and during the last 3 days of treatment. A combined intravenous injection of 25 micrograms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and 200 micrograms of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was also given before and on the last day of treatment to each subject. Danazol reduces basal levels of FSH and LH and their cumulative response to GnRH but exercises no significant effect on either basal levels of TSH or PRL or their response to TRH, nor does it modify basal cortisol secretion.", "contents": "The effect of danazol on anterior pituitary function. Danazol was given in a daily dose of 600 mg for 15 days to five postmenopausal women and five normal adult men. The basal levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), and cortisol were determined for 3 days before treatment and during the last 3 days of treatment. A combined intravenous injection of 25 micrograms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and 200 micrograms of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was also given before and on the last day of treatment to each subject. Danazol reduces basal levels of FSH and LH and their cumulative response to GnRH but exercises no significant effect on either basal levels of TSH or PRL or their response to TRH, nor does it modify basal cortisol secretion.", "PMID": 407104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3988", "title": "Isolated follicle-stimulating hormone deficiency in man.", "content": "Two men with serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) persistently below 3 mIU/ml and normal levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone, prolactin, cortisol, and testosterone are reported. The intravenous administration of thyrotropin-releasing factor led to a normal increase in TSH and prolactin levels. Gonadotropin-releasing factor stimulation resulted in a net increase of 2 mIU/ml and 25 mIU/ml for FSH and LH, respectively. The administration of clomiphene resulted in a normal FSH increase in both patients, an LH increase in one, and a serum testosterone increase in the other. These results suggest a possible defect for FSH production at a level above the pituitary. Semen analyses revealed abnormalities in motility and morphology. A testicular biopsy from one patient revealed delayed maturation of spermatogenesis. It is recommended that serum FSH determinations be included in studies of male infertility patients.", "contents": "Isolated follicle-stimulating hormone deficiency in man. Two men with serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) persistently below 3 mIU/ml and normal levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone, prolactin, cortisol, and testosterone are reported. The intravenous administration of thyrotropin-releasing factor led to a normal increase in TSH and prolactin levels. Gonadotropin-releasing factor stimulation resulted in a net increase of 2 mIU/ml and 25 mIU/ml for FSH and LH, respectively. The administration of clomiphene resulted in a normal FSH increase in both patients, an LH increase in one, and a serum testosterone increase in the other. These results suggest a possible defect for FSH production at a level above the pituitary. Semen analyses revealed abnormalities in motility and morphology. A testicular biopsy from one patient revealed delayed maturation of spermatogenesis. It is recommended that serum FSH determinations be included in studies of male infertility patients.", "PMID": 407105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3989", "title": "Ultrasound as a new method of male contraception.", "content": "Twenty male cats were treated once or twice with 1 watt/sq cm of ultrasound for 10 minutes. Each of 24 male dogs received one to three treatments with 1 watt/sq cm for 10 minutes. Another six dogs were treated with 2 watts/sq cm for 15 minutes. Four Cebus apella monkeys were treated with the same dosage as that used for the cats and dogs. A dosage of 1 watt/sq cm for 10 minutes was also applied to four human patients without the use of anesthetics, and no pain or side effects were noted. In all treated animals as well as in human patients the results indicate that ultrasound significantly suppresses spermatogenesis according to the dosage and frequency of treatment, without any effect on Leydig cells or blood testosterone levels.", "contents": "Ultrasound as a new method of male contraception. Twenty male cats were treated once or twice with 1 watt/sq cm of ultrasound for 10 minutes. Each of 24 male dogs received one to three treatments with 1 watt/sq cm for 10 minutes. Another six dogs were treated with 2 watts/sq cm for 15 minutes. Four Cebus apella monkeys were treated with the same dosage as that used for the cats and dogs. A dosage of 1 watt/sq cm for 10 minutes was also applied to four human patients without the use of anesthetics, and no pain or side effects were noted. In all treated animals as well as in human patients the results indicate that ultrasound significantly suppresses spermatogenesis according to the dosage and frequency of treatment, without any effect on Leydig cells or blood testosterone levels.", "PMID": 407106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3990", "title": "Glycogen metabolism in vesicles of hydatidiform mole in vitro.", "content": "Glycogen content, glycogen synthetase, and glycogen phosphorylase were studied in placental tissue of normal pregnancy and in vesicles of hydatidiform mole. The glycogen content of placental tissue of normal pregnancy decreased significantly with increased gestational age: 6 to 10 weeks, 716.6 +/- 55.7 mg/100 gm wet weight (mean +/- standard error of the mean); 15 to 20 weeks, 216.1 +/- 11.2 mg/100 gm; and 37 to 41 weeks, 176.1 +/- 18.1 mg/100 gm. The decrease in placental glycogen content was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the placental glycogen synthetase enzyme levels, whereas no remarkable change was found in the glycogen phosphorylase enzyme levels. The glycogen content of hydatidiform mole tissue from 10 patients (13 to 20 weeks of gestation) was 507.0 +/- 58.0 mg/100 gm and was significantly (P less than 0.005) higher than that of normal placental tissue with a corresponding period of gestation. A possible cause of this phenomenon may be the marked decrease in the glycogen phosphorylase enzyme level in hydatidiform mole tissue, which was about one-third that of the normal placental tissue.", "contents": "Glycogen metabolism in vesicles of hydatidiform mole in vitro. Glycogen content, glycogen synthetase, and glycogen phosphorylase were studied in placental tissue of normal pregnancy and in vesicles of hydatidiform mole. The glycogen content of placental tissue of normal pregnancy decreased significantly with increased gestational age: 6 to 10 weeks, 716.6 +/- 55.7 mg/100 gm wet weight (mean +/- standard error of the mean); 15 to 20 weeks, 216.1 +/- 11.2 mg/100 gm; and 37 to 41 weeks, 176.1 +/- 18.1 mg/100 gm. The decrease in placental glycogen content was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the placental glycogen synthetase enzyme levels, whereas no remarkable change was found in the glycogen phosphorylase enzyme levels. The glycogen content of hydatidiform mole tissue from 10 patients (13 to 20 weeks of gestation) was 507.0 +/- 58.0 mg/100 gm and was significantly (P less than 0.005) higher than that of normal placental tissue with a corresponding period of gestation. A possible cause of this phenomenon may be the marked decrease in the glycogen phosphorylase enzyme level in hydatidiform mole tissue, which was about one-third that of the normal placental tissue.", "PMID": 407107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3991", "title": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, ovariectomy, and silastic vaginal rings in the Rhesus monkey.", "content": "The interaction of estradiol and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) may be a critical physiologic mechanism regulating the occurrence of ovulation in many species. These studies were conducted to assess (1) the effects of intramuscular injections of LRH in the intact female rhesus monkey and (2) the effects of estradiol in a Silastic delivery system in ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys. No changes in blood levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) were detected in response to 200 micrograms of LRH. Ovulation did not occur 48 hours after treatment. Ovariectomy decreased estradiol, increased LH, and had no effect on prolactin concentrations in sera. Insertion of a vaginal ring containing 10% estradiol increased blood estradiol levels 100-fold. Serum prolactin levels were unaffected; however, LH concentrations were altered in a multiphasic fashion. After the ring had been in place for 15 days, vaginal blood similar to menstrual flow was observed following removal.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, ovariectomy, and silastic vaginal rings in the Rhesus monkey. The interaction of estradiol and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) may be a critical physiologic mechanism regulating the occurrence of ovulation in many species. These studies were conducted to assess (1) the effects of intramuscular injections of LRH in the intact female rhesus monkey and (2) the effects of estradiol in a Silastic delivery system in ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys. No changes in blood levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) were detected in response to 200 micrograms of LRH. Ovulation did not occur 48 hours after treatment. Ovariectomy decreased estradiol, increased LH, and had no effect on prolactin concentrations in sera. Insertion of a vaginal ring containing 10% estradiol increased blood estradiol levels 100-fold. Serum prolactin levels were unaffected; however, LH concentrations were altered in a multiphasic fashion. After the ring had been in place for 15 days, vaginal blood similar to menstrual flow was observed following removal.", "PMID": 407108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3992", "title": "Immunization of mice with heat-solubilized hamster zonae: production of anti-zona antibody and inhibition of fertility.", "content": "Immunization of female mice with heat-solubilized hamster zonae pellucidae resulted in the production of antibody specific for the zona pellucida of several species, including that of primates. Complete, although temporary, infertility was produced in the mice. The zonae of ovulated eggs from the immune mice were found to contain antibody and complement. Many also appeared abnormal, but no apparent effect was observed on either vitelli or any of the other tissues that were examined. These results suggest the feasibility of developing a zona vaccine for contraception.", "contents": "Immunization of mice with heat-solubilized hamster zonae: production of anti-zona antibody and inhibition of fertility. Immunization of female mice with heat-solubilized hamster zonae pellucidae resulted in the production of antibody specific for the zona pellucida of several species, including that of primates. Complete, although temporary, infertility was produced in the mice. The zonae of ovulated eggs from the immune mice were found to contain antibody and complement. Many also appeared abnormal, but no apparent effect was observed on either vitelli or any of the other tissues that were examined. These results suggest the feasibility of developing a zona vaccine for contraception.", "PMID": 407109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3993", "title": "Effect of prostaglandins on steroidogenesis by bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria.", "content": "Prostaglandins (PGA1, PGE2, PGF2 alpha) were found to increase cholesterol side-chain clevage activity in isolated bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria, provided calcium was present in the incubation medium. Optimal stimulation was observed at low PG concentrations (10-7 to 10-9 M), with malate or malate-NADPH supported side-chain cleavage. Under the same conditions, two endoperoxide analogs and several fatty acids were ineffective. The PG action was not observed with a mitochondrial acetone powder preparation. These observations suggest that primary PG may act by interfering with calcium distribution at the mitochondrial level, leading to the activation of cholesterol side-chain cleavage. Thus, an intracellular action of endogenous PG may be considered in the regulation of adrenal cortex steroidogenic functions.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandins on steroidogenesis by bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria. Prostaglandins (PGA1, PGE2, PGF2 alpha) were found to increase cholesterol side-chain clevage activity in isolated bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria, provided calcium was present in the incubation medium. Optimal stimulation was observed at low PG concentrations (10-7 to 10-9 M), with malate or malate-NADPH supported side-chain cleavage. Under the same conditions, two endoperoxide analogs and several fatty acids were ineffective. The PG action was not observed with a mitochondrial acetone powder preparation. These observations suggest that primary PG may act by interfering with calcium distribution at the mitochondrial level, leading to the activation of cholesterol side-chain cleavage. Thus, an intracellular action of endogenous PG may be considered in the regulation of adrenal cortex steroidogenic functions.", "PMID": 407112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3994", "title": "Regulation of glycogen synthase interconversion in cultured muscle cells: actions of insulin, calcium, ionophore A 23187 and cytochalasin B.", "content": "The glycogen content of cultured chick embryo breast muscle cells changes during their development and can be reduced by starvation. It is demonstrated that the rate of glucose incorporation into glycogen and the degree of interconversion of glycogen synthase are controlled by the actual glycogen content. Stimulation of both corresponding activities by insulin is found in fused and in unfused cells. The insulin response depends on the extracellular calcium concentration and can be mimicked by the ionophore A 23187. These metabolic effects as well as calcium efflux data confirm the hypothesis that insulin acts on its enzyme target via increased cytoplasmic calcium concentration. Cytochalasin B is shown to inhibit the interconversion but does not interfere with the insulin-induced increase of the mitochondrial calcium pool or with the acceleration of the calcium efflux out of 45C-preloaded myotubes.", "contents": "Regulation of glycogen synthase interconversion in cultured muscle cells: actions of insulin, calcium, ionophore A 23187 and cytochalasin B. The glycogen content of cultured chick embryo breast muscle cells changes during their development and can be reduced by starvation. It is demonstrated that the rate of glucose incorporation into glycogen and the degree of interconversion of glycogen synthase are controlled by the actual glycogen content. Stimulation of both corresponding activities by insulin is found in fused and in unfused cells. The insulin response depends on the extracellular calcium concentration and can be mimicked by the ionophore A 23187. These metabolic effects as well as calcium efflux data confirm the hypothesis that insulin acts on its enzyme target via increased cytoplasmic calcium concentration. Cytochalasin B is shown to inhibit the interconversion but does not interfere with the insulin-induced increase of the mitochondrial calcium pool or with the acceleration of the calcium efflux out of 45C-preloaded myotubes.", "PMID": 407113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3995", "title": "Hypothalamic regulation of insulin release in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Evidence of a neurohumoral factor capable of stimulating insulin and glucagon secretion was found in perfusates from ventrolateral hypothalamus (VLH) of rhesus monkeys. The perfusates from the VLH were collected via push-pull cannulas and injected into the peripheral circulation. Increase in portal insulin and glucagon was observed following the injection of six different perfusates. The amount of insulin released from isolated rat islets incubated with perfusates was significantly increased at glucose concentrations greater than 5 mM. The perfusates from the VLH appear to have effects on insulin and glucagon secretion that are opposite those of somatostatin.", "contents": "Hypothalamic regulation of insulin release in rhesus monkeys. Evidence of a neurohumoral factor capable of stimulating insulin and glucagon secretion was found in perfusates from ventrolateral hypothalamus (VLH) of rhesus monkeys. The perfusates from the VLH were collected via push-pull cannulas and injected into the peripheral circulation. Increase in portal insulin and glucagon was observed following the injection of six different perfusates. The amount of insulin released from isolated rat islets incubated with perfusates was significantly increased at glucose concentrations greater than 5 mM. The perfusates from the VLH appear to have effects on insulin and glucagon secretion that are opposite those of somatostatin.", "PMID": 407117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3996", "title": "[The follow-up of high risk pregnancies with the determination of estriol 16-glucuronid excretion. Second: Excretion in preeclampsia, post maturity, intrauterine growth retardation, diabetes, Rh incompatability and intrauterine fetal deaths (author's transl)].", "content": "The estriol 16-glucuronid excretion was determined in 186 urine samples in cases with preeclampsia, post maturity, pregnancies past the expected date of confinement, intra-uterine fetal deaths, congenital anomalies, Rhesus incompatability and diabetes mellitus. In groups with mild dystrophy, severe dystrophy, and intra-uterine fetal death, three zones of estriol 16-glucuronid excretion were determined. Zone 1 is suggestive of a possible fetal impairment. Zone 2 shows a high probability of fetal impairment and Zone 3 was considered as lethal zone suggestive of imminent intra-uterine fetal death. The degree of rhesus incompatability, disease of the fetus or of diabetogenic fetopathy was not recognizable by the estriol 16-glucuronid excretion.", "contents": "[The follow-up of high risk pregnancies with the determination of estriol 16-glucuronid excretion. Second: Excretion in preeclampsia, post maturity, intrauterine growth retardation, diabetes, Rh incompatability and intrauterine fetal deaths (author's transl)]. The estriol 16-glucuronid excretion was determined in 186 urine samples in cases with preeclampsia, post maturity, pregnancies past the expected date of confinement, intra-uterine fetal deaths, congenital anomalies, Rhesus incompatability and diabetes mellitus. In groups with mild dystrophy, severe dystrophy, and intra-uterine fetal death, three zones of estriol 16-glucuronid excretion were determined. Zone 1 is suggestive of a possible fetal impairment. Zone 2 shows a high probability of fetal impairment and Zone 3 was considered as lethal zone suggestive of imminent intra-uterine fetal death. The degree of rhesus incompatability, disease of the fetus or of diabetogenic fetopathy was not recognizable by the estriol 16-glucuronid excretion.", "PMID": 407121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3997", "title": "Centromeric effect on the degree of nonrandom disjunction in the female Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "From crosses of females possessing a heteromorphic X-chromosome bivalent, FR1/+, the shorter crossover products were recovered on the average more frequently than the longer reciprocals as predicted by Novitski's (1951) hypothesis of nonrandom disjunction (NRD). The present study stemmed from an unexpected result of these crosses. Evidence for a centromeric effect on NRD was obtained, suggested by a negative correlation between the degree of NRD, c, and the distance between the region of exchange and the centromere as inferred from SET's (single exchange tetrads). Studies on sex chromosome systems other than FR1 confirmed these results. An analogous centromeric effect on preferential segregation had been clearly demonstrated in maize (Kikudome 1958, 1959; Rhoades and Dempsey 1966). However, prior to the present investigation, no such effect of the centromere on NRD in Drosophila had been described, although reanalysis of part of the data of Novitski (1951) and Novitski and Sandler (1956) suggests some evidence of a seriation of increasing c values extending from the most distal region of the chromosome toward the centromere. A suggestion that the effect in Drosophila may be related in some way to the time required for chiasma terminalization, i.e., those terminalizing earlier (distally located crossovers) permitting more random disjunction of the chromatids from the asymmetric dyad and those terminalizing later, progressively less random, is considered and rejected since in general the expected pattern of c values for the various double exchange tetrads (DET's) is inconsistent with that prediction and provides evidence suggesting the possibility of reversals, in part, of c values obtained for SET's.", "contents": "Centromeric effect on the degree of nonrandom disjunction in the female Drosophila melanogaster. From crosses of females possessing a heteromorphic X-chromosome bivalent, FR1/+, the shorter crossover products were recovered on the average more frequently than the longer reciprocals as predicted by Novitski's (1951) hypothesis of nonrandom disjunction (NRD). The present study stemmed from an unexpected result of these crosses. Evidence for a centromeric effect on NRD was obtained, suggested by a negative correlation between the degree of NRD, c, and the distance between the region of exchange and the centromere as inferred from SET's (single exchange tetrads). Studies on sex chromosome systems other than FR1 confirmed these results. An analogous centromeric effect on preferential segregation had been clearly demonstrated in maize (Kikudome 1958, 1959; Rhoades and Dempsey 1966). However, prior to the present investigation, no such effect of the centromere on NRD in Drosophila had been described, although reanalysis of part of the data of Novitski (1951) and Novitski and Sandler (1956) suggests some evidence of a seriation of increasing c values extending from the most distal region of the chromosome toward the centromere. A suggestion that the effect in Drosophila may be related in some way to the time required for chiasma terminalization, i.e., those terminalizing earlier (distally located crossovers) permitting more random disjunction of the chromatids from the asymmetric dyad and those terminalizing later, progressively less random, is considered and rejected since in general the expected pattern of c values for the various double exchange tetrads (DET's) is inconsistent with that prediction and provides evidence suggesting the possibility of reversals, in part, of c values obtained for SET's.", "PMID": 407123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3998", "title": "Maternal inheritance of enzymes in the mealybug Pseudococcus obscurus (Homoptera).", "content": "In the mealybug Pseudococcus obscurus Essig (Pseudococcidae) two esterases, a tyrosinase and a mannosephosphate isomerase, exhibited an unusual type of maternal inheritance. Electromorphs (alleles) were transmitted by both parent but segregation was delayed by one generation and full sisters always had the same phenotype. Moreover, for esterase-1, in which three alleles were present, some of the females exhibited all three alleles. Several other polymorphic loci exhibited normal transmission and segregation. This mode of inheritance can be readily explained by assuming that most or all of the enzymes coded for by these loci are produced by the mycetocytes. The mycetocytes house intracellular bacteria-like symbionts and are usually formed by the fusion ofthe polar bodies and one or more cleavage nuclei. For a locus with two alleles exhibiting this type of inheritance, the expected frequencies of the three phenotypes are p3, 3pq an equation is presented for estimating the frequency of alleles from the frequencies of the phenotypes and it is shown that for three samples from wild populations there is a good agreement between the expected and observed frequencies of the phenotypes.", "contents": "Maternal inheritance of enzymes in the mealybug Pseudococcus obscurus (Homoptera). In the mealybug Pseudococcus obscurus Essig (Pseudococcidae) two esterases, a tyrosinase and a mannosephosphate isomerase, exhibited an unusual type of maternal inheritance. Electromorphs (alleles) were transmitted by both parent but segregation was delayed by one generation and full sisters always had the same phenotype. Moreover, for esterase-1, in which three alleles were present, some of the females exhibited all three alleles. Several other polymorphic loci exhibited normal transmission and segregation. This mode of inheritance can be readily explained by assuming that most or all of the enzymes coded for by these loci are produced by the mycetocytes. The mycetocytes house intracellular bacteria-like symbionts and are usually formed by the fusion ofthe polar bodies and one or more cleavage nuclei. For a locus with two alleles exhibiting this type of inheritance, the expected frequencies of the three phenotypes are p3, 3pq an equation is presented for estimating the frequency of alleles from the frequencies of the phenotypes and it is shown that for three samples from wild populations there is a good agreement between the expected and observed frequencies of the phenotypes.", "PMID": 407124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_3999", "title": "The genetic structure of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster XIII. Further studies on linkage disequilibrium.", "content": "The Raleigh, North Carolina, population of Drosophila melanogaster was examined for linkage disequilibrium in 1974, several years after previous analyses in 1968, 1969, and 1970. alphaglycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-1 (alphaGpdh-1), malate dehydrogenase-1 (Mdh-1), alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), and hexokinase-C (Hex-C, tentative name, F. M. Johnson, unpublished; position determined by the present authors to be 2-74.5) were assayed for 617 second chromosomes, and esterase-C (Est-C) and octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) were assayed for 526 third chromosomes. In addition, two polymorphic inversions in the second chromosomes [In(2L)t and In(2R)NS] were examined, and the following findings were obtained: (1) No linkage disequilibrium between isozyme genes was detected. Significant linkage disequilibria were found only between the polymorphic inversions and isozyme genes [In(2L)t vs. Adh, and In(2R)NS vs. Hex-C]. Significant disequilibrium was not detected between In(2L)t and alphaGpdh-1, which is included in the inversion, but a tendency toward disequilibrium was consistently found from 1968 to 1974. The frequency of two-strand double crossovers within inversion In(2L)t involving a single crossover on each side of alphaGpdh-1 was estimated to be 0.00022. Thus, the consistent but not significant linkage disequilibrium between the two factors can be explained by recombination after the inversion occurred. (2) Previously existing linkage disequilibrium between Adh and In(2R)NS (the distance is about 30 cM, but the effective recombination value is about 1.75%) was found to have disappeared. (3) No higher-order linkage disequilibrium was detected. (4) Linkage disequilibrium between Odh and Est-C (the distance of which was estimated to be 0.0058 +/- 0.002) could not be detected (chi(2) (df=1) = 0.9).-From the above results, it was concluded that linkage disequilibria among isozyme genes are very rare in D. melanogaster, so that the Franklin-Lewontin model (Franklin and Lewontin 1970) is not applicable to these genes. The linkage disequilibria between some isozyme genes and polymorphic inversions may be explained by founder effect.", "contents": "The genetic structure of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster XIII. Further studies on linkage disequilibrium. The Raleigh, North Carolina, population of Drosophila melanogaster was examined for linkage disequilibrium in 1974, several years after previous analyses in 1968, 1969, and 1970. alphaglycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-1 (alphaGpdh-1), malate dehydrogenase-1 (Mdh-1), alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), and hexokinase-C (Hex-C, tentative name, F. M. Johnson, unpublished; position determined by the present authors to be 2-74.5) were assayed for 617 second chromosomes, and esterase-C (Est-C) and octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) were assayed for 526 third chromosomes. In addition, two polymorphic inversions in the second chromosomes [In(2L)t and In(2R)NS] were examined, and the following findings were obtained: (1) No linkage disequilibrium between isozyme genes was detected. Significant linkage disequilibria were found only between the polymorphic inversions and isozyme genes [In(2L)t vs. Adh, and In(2R)NS vs. Hex-C]. Significant disequilibrium was not detected between In(2L)t and alphaGpdh-1, which is included in the inversion, but a tendency toward disequilibrium was consistently found from 1968 to 1974. The frequency of two-strand double crossovers within inversion In(2L)t involving a single crossover on each side of alphaGpdh-1 was estimated to be 0.00022. Thus, the consistent but not significant linkage disequilibrium between the two factors can be explained by recombination after the inversion occurred. (2) Previously existing linkage disequilibrium between Adh and In(2R)NS (the distance is about 30 cM, but the effective recombination value is about 1.75%) was found to have disappeared. (3) No higher-order linkage disequilibrium was detected. (4) Linkage disequilibrium between Odh and Est-C (the distance of which was estimated to be 0.0058 +/- 0.002) could not be detected (chi(2) (df=1) = 0.9).-From the above results, it was concluded that linkage disequilibria among isozyme genes are very rare in D. melanogaster, so that the Franklin-Lewontin model (Franklin and Lewontin 1970) is not applicable to these genes. The linkage disequilibria between some isozyme genes and polymorphic inversions may be explained by founder effect.", "PMID": 407125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4000", "title": "Isolation of spontaneously derived mutants of Caulobacter crescentus.", "content": "Caulobacter crescentus has a penicillinase which precludes the use of penicillin for mutant enrichment. However, two other antibiotics, fosfomycin and D-cycloserine, can be enrich for C. crescentus mutants. In enrichment procedures for C. crescentus auxotrophs, spontaneously derived mutants occur at a frequency of 5-10% among the survivors of an enrichment procedure. Consequently, large numbers of mutants are readily obtained without any need for mutagenesis. These mutants are heterogeneous both with regard to the type of mutation and to the nutritional requirement. A similar procedure has been used to isolate temperature-sensitive mutants.", "contents": "Isolation of spontaneously derived mutants of Caulobacter crescentus. Caulobacter crescentus has a penicillinase which precludes the use of penicillin for mutant enrichment. However, two other antibiotics, fosfomycin and D-cycloserine, can be enrich for C. crescentus mutants. In enrichment procedures for C. crescentus auxotrophs, spontaneously derived mutants occur at a frequency of 5-10% among the survivors of an enrichment procedure. Consequently, large numbers of mutants are readily obtained without any need for mutagenesis. These mutants are heterogeneous both with regard to the type of mutation and to the nutritional requirement. A similar procedure has been used to isolate temperature-sensitive mutants.", "PMID": 407126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4001", "title": "Analysis of the negative complementation of abruptex alleles in gynandromorphs of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Certain Abruptex alleles in the Notch pseudoallelic series of Drosophila melanogaster show strong negative complementation. Heterozygous combinations of some viable alleles are lethal. As a lethal system this is unique. Analysis of this type of allelic interaction in gynandromorphs suggests that the lethal focus has a fate-map site in the anterior part of the fly, probably close to the central part of the thorax. In addition to the lethal effect, negative interaction of the alleles can also be seen in the morphological level, the negative interaction of the alleles can also be seen in the morphogenesis of wings and chaetae of thorax and head. At this morphological level, the negative interaction of the alleles appears to be autonomous.", "contents": "Analysis of the negative complementation of abruptex alleles in gynandromorphs of Drosophila melanogaster. Certain Abruptex alleles in the Notch pseudoallelic series of Drosophila melanogaster show strong negative complementation. Heterozygous combinations of some viable alleles are lethal. As a lethal system this is unique. Analysis of this type of allelic interaction in gynandromorphs suggests that the lethal focus has a fate-map site in the anterior part of the fly, probably close to the central part of the thorax. In addition to the lethal effect, negative interaction of the alleles can also be seen in the morphological level, the negative interaction of the alleles can also be seen in the morphogenesis of wings and chaetae of thorax and head. At this morphological level, the negative interaction of the alleles appears to be autonomous.", "PMID": 407127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4002", "title": "On the components of segregation distortion in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The segregation distorter (SD) complex is a naturally occurring meiotic drive system with the property that males heterozygous for an SD-bearing chromosome 2 and an SD(+)-bearing homolog transmit the SD-bearing chromosome almost exclusively. This distorted segregation is the consequence of an induced dysfunction of those sperm that receive the SD(+) homolog. From previous studies, two loci have been implicated in this phenomenon: the Sd locus which is required to produce distortion, and the Responder (Rsp) locus that is the site at which Sd acts. There are two allelic alternatives of Rsp-sensitive (Rsp(sens)) and insensitive (Rsp(ins)); a chromosome carrying Rsp(ins) is not distorted by SD. In the present study, the function and location of each of these elements was examined by a genetic and cytological characterization of X-ray-induced mutations at each locus. The results indicate the following: (1) the Rsp locus is located in the proximal heterochromatin of 2R; (2) a deletion for the Rsp locus renders a chromosome insensitive to distortion; (3) the Sd locus is located to the left of pr (2-54.5), in the region from 37D2-D7 to 38A6-B2 of the salivary chromosome map; (4) an SD chromosome deleted for Sd loses its ability to distort; (5) there is another important component of the SD system, E(SD), in or near the proximal heterochromatin of 2L, that behaves as a strong enhancer of distortion. The results of these studies allow a reinterpretation of results from earlier analyses of the SD system and serve to limit the possible mechanisms to account for segregation distortion.", "contents": "On the components of segregation distortion in Drosophila melanogaster. The segregation distorter (SD) complex is a naturally occurring meiotic drive system with the property that males heterozygous for an SD-bearing chromosome 2 and an SD(+)-bearing homolog transmit the SD-bearing chromosome almost exclusively. This distorted segregation is the consequence of an induced dysfunction of those sperm that receive the SD(+) homolog. From previous studies, two loci have been implicated in this phenomenon: the Sd locus which is required to produce distortion, and the Responder (Rsp) locus that is the site at which Sd acts. There are two allelic alternatives of Rsp-sensitive (Rsp(sens)) and insensitive (Rsp(ins)); a chromosome carrying Rsp(ins) is not distorted by SD. In the present study, the function and location of each of these elements was examined by a genetic and cytological characterization of X-ray-induced mutations at each locus. The results indicate the following: (1) the Rsp locus is located in the proximal heterochromatin of 2R; (2) a deletion for the Rsp locus renders a chromosome insensitive to distortion; (3) the Sd locus is located to the left of pr (2-54.5), in the region from 37D2-D7 to 38A6-B2 of the salivary chromosome map; (4) an SD chromosome deleted for Sd loses its ability to distort; (5) there is another important component of the SD system, E(SD), in or near the proximal heterochromatin of 2L, that behaves as a strong enhancer of distortion. The results of these studies allow a reinterpretation of results from earlier analyses of the SD system and serve to limit the possible mechanisms to account for segregation distortion.", "PMID": 407128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4003", "title": "Behavior of somatic cells homozygous for zygotic lethals in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The behavior in genetic mosaics of 86 EMS-induced sex-linked lethals has been studied. Seventy-five percent of them are autonomous in gynandromorphs. Forty-three lethals nonviable in sex mosaics have been analyzed in X-ray-induced spots in the abdominal tergites and the imaginal wing derivatives. Of the lethals, 90.7% are homozygous viable in mosaic spots, and only 9.3% have been classified as epidermal cell lethal. Thus, the fraction of the Drosophila genome essential for cell viability has been estimated to be about 420 genes. The phenotypes at the cellular level of some cell-viable mutations altering cell parameters (mitotic orientation, differentiation, etc.) are described.", "contents": "Behavior of somatic cells homozygous for zygotic lethals in Drosophila melanogaster. The behavior in genetic mosaics of 86 EMS-induced sex-linked lethals has been studied. Seventy-five percent of them are autonomous in gynandromorphs. Forty-three lethals nonviable in sex mosaics have been analyzed in X-ray-induced spots in the abdominal tergites and the imaginal wing derivatives. Of the lethals, 90.7% are homozygous viable in mosaic spots, and only 9.3% have been classified as epidermal cell lethal. Thus, the fraction of the Drosophila genome essential for cell viability has been estimated to be about 420 genes. The phenotypes at the cellular level of some cell-viable mutations altering cell parameters (mitotic orientation, differentiation, etc.) are described.", "PMID": 407129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4004", "title": "Experimental population genetics of meiotic drive systems. I. Pseudo-Y chromosomal drive as a means of eliminating cage populations of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The experimental population genetics of Y-chromosome drive in Drosophila melanogaster is approximated by studying the behavior of T(Y;2),SD lines. These exhibit \"pseudo-Y\" drive through the effective coupling of the Y chromosome to the second chromosome meiotic drive locus, Segregation distorter (SD). T(Y;2),SD males consequently produce only male offspring. When such lines are allowed to compete against structurally normal SD(+) flies in population cages, T(Y;2),SD males increase in frequency according to the dynamics of a simple haploid selection model until the cage population is eliminated as a result of a deficiency in the number of adult females. Cage population extinction generally occurs within about seven generations.-Several conclusions can be drawn from these competition cage studies:(1) Fitness estimates for the T(Y;2),SD lines (relative to SD(+ )) are generally in the range of 2-4, and these values are corroborated by independent estimates derived from studies of migration-selection equilibrium. (2) Fitness estimates are unaffected by cage replication, sample time, or the starting frequency of T(Y;2),SD males, indicating that data from diverse cages can be legitimately pooled to give an overall fitness estimate. (3) Partitioning of the T(Y;2),SD fitnesses into components of viability, fertility, and frequency of alternate segregation (Y + SD from X + SD(+)) suggests that most of the T(Y;2),SD advantage derives from the latter two components. Improvements in the system might involve increasing both the viability and the alternate segregation to increase the total fitness. While pseudo-Y drive operates quite effectively against laboratory stocks, it is less successful in eliminating wild-type populations which are already segregating for suppressors of SD action. This observation suggests that further studies into the origin and rate of accumulation of suppressors of meiotic drive are needed before an overall assessment can be made of the potential of Y-chromosome drive as a tool for population control.", "contents": "Experimental population genetics of meiotic drive systems. I. Pseudo-Y chromosomal drive as a means of eliminating cage populations of Drosophila melanogaster. The experimental population genetics of Y-chromosome drive in Drosophila melanogaster is approximated by studying the behavior of T(Y;2),SD lines. These exhibit \"pseudo-Y\" drive through the effective coupling of the Y chromosome to the second chromosome meiotic drive locus, Segregation distorter (SD). T(Y;2),SD males consequently produce only male offspring. When such lines are allowed to compete against structurally normal SD(+) flies in population cages, T(Y;2),SD males increase in frequency according to the dynamics of a simple haploid selection model until the cage population is eliminated as a result of a deficiency in the number of adult females. Cage population extinction generally occurs within about seven generations.-Several conclusions can be drawn from these competition cage studies:(1) Fitness estimates for the T(Y;2),SD lines (relative to SD(+ )) are generally in the range of 2-4, and these values are corroborated by independent estimates derived from studies of migration-selection equilibrium. (2) Fitness estimates are unaffected by cage replication, sample time, or the starting frequency of T(Y;2),SD males, indicating that data from diverse cages can be legitimately pooled to give an overall fitness estimate. (3) Partitioning of the T(Y;2),SD fitnesses into components of viability, fertility, and frequency of alternate segregation (Y + SD from X + SD(+)) suggests that most of the T(Y;2),SD advantage derives from the latter two components. Improvements in the system might involve increasing both the viability and the alternate segregation to increase the total fitness. While pseudo-Y drive operates quite effectively against laboratory stocks, it is less successful in eliminating wild-type populations which are already segregating for suppressors of SD action. This observation suggests that further studies into the origin and rate of accumulation of suppressors of meiotic drive are needed before an overall assessment can be made of the potential of Y-chromosome drive as a tool for population control.", "PMID": 407130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4005", "title": "Linkage disequilibrium in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster Seasonal variation.", "content": "Linkage disequilibrium among ten polymorphic allozyme loci and polymorphic inversions on chromosomes 2 and 3 in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster was examined early and late in the annual season. Similar to previous studies, little linkage disequilibrium was observed among allozymes. The two significant cases that were observed in the first sample behaved in a contradictory way. One declined much more rapidly than expected due simply to recombination; the other declined slowly as expected. There was littly change in allozyme or inversion frequencies during the season.", "contents": "Linkage disequilibrium in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster Seasonal variation. Linkage disequilibrium among ten polymorphic allozyme loci and polymorphic inversions on chromosomes 2 and 3 in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster was examined early and late in the annual season. Similar to previous studies, little linkage disequilibrium was observed among allozymes. The two significant cases that were observed in the first sample behaved in a contradictory way. One declined much more rapidly than expected due simply to recombination; the other declined slowly as expected. There was littly change in allozyme or inversion frequencies during the season.", "PMID": 407131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4006", "title": "The influence of the mating system on the maintenance of genetic variability in polygenic characters.", "content": "The traditional models of the effect of assortative mating and inbreeding on the genetic variance of polygenic characters (FISHER 1918; WRIGHT 1921) presume that there is no natural selection or mutation. In a large population, the genetic variance determined by additive genes may then increase by up to a factor of two with local inbreeding, and even more with assortative mating. The classical models are still used to interpret data from natural populations. But contrary to their assumptions, most metrical characters in natural populations are usually thought to be under a type of selection which depletes polygenic variation. Mutation is then necessary to maintain genetic variation. The present models show that with the additional features of mutation and selection, in a large population, the mating system has no influence on the amount of genetic variability maintained by additive genes.", "contents": "The influence of the mating system on the maintenance of genetic variability in polygenic characters. The traditional models of the effect of assortative mating and inbreeding on the genetic variance of polygenic characters (FISHER 1918; WRIGHT 1921) presume that there is no natural selection or mutation. In a large population, the genetic variance determined by additive genes may then increase by up to a factor of two with local inbreeding, and even more with assortative mating. The classical models are still used to interpret data from natural populations. But contrary to their assumptions, most metrical characters in natural populations are usually thought to be under a type of selection which depletes polygenic variation. Mutation is then necessary to maintain genetic variation. The present models show that with the additional features of mutation and selection, in a large population, the mating system has no influence on the amount of genetic variability maintained by additive genes.", "PMID": 407132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4007", "title": "Cyanide-insensitive respiration in Schizophyllum commune.", "content": "Two mutants of the hymenomycete Schizophyllum commune, unable to use acetate as the sole carbon source for growth, were isolated. Growth of the mutants on a glucose minimal medium was only slightly inhibited by sodium azide. Genetic analysis revealed mutations in different chromosomal genes in the respective mutants. Both these mutants exhibited a high cyanide-insensitive endogenous respiration. The inhibition of the respiration by 8-hydroxyquinoline showed the mutants to respire predominantly by an alternative respiratory pathway observed in many fungal species, but not in the hymenomycetes so far. An enhanced cyanide-insensitive respiration was also found in a wild-type strain of Schizophyllum commune grown in the presence of sodium azide.", "contents": "Cyanide-insensitive respiration in Schizophyllum commune. Two mutants of the hymenomycete Schizophyllum commune, unable to use acetate as the sole carbon source for growth, were isolated. Growth of the mutants on a glucose minimal medium was only slightly inhibited by sodium azide. Genetic analysis revealed mutations in different chromosomal genes in the respective mutants. Both these mutants exhibited a high cyanide-insensitive endogenous respiration. The inhibition of the respiration by 8-hydroxyquinoline showed the mutants to respire predominantly by an alternative respiratory pathway observed in many fungal species, but not in the hymenomycetes so far. An enhanced cyanide-insensitive respiration was also found in a wild-type strain of Schizophyllum commune grown in the presence of sodium azide.", "PMID": 407137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4008", "title": "Ontogeny of the ectotympanic-petrosal plate relationship in strepsirhine prosimians.", "content": "The two major groups of living strepsirhine prosimians (the lorises and lemurs) display two different forms of the ectotympanic-petrosal plate relationship (EPPR). Ontogenetically, the factors producing this difference primarily relate to (1) the degree of elaboration of the sutural tissues at the ectotympanic-petrosal plate interface and (2) the method of pneumatization of the petrosal bone. These two processes are, in all likelihood, the same ones which determined the EPPRs fossil strepsirhines as well. The important theoretical point which emerges is that the transition from the intrabullar to the extrabullar condition of the ectotympanic (or vice versa) was probably effected partly or wholly in young rather than adults stages of ancestral strepsirhines.", "contents": "Ontogeny of the ectotympanic-petrosal plate relationship in strepsirhine prosimians. The two major groups of living strepsirhine prosimians (the lorises and lemurs) display two different forms of the ectotympanic-petrosal plate relationship (EPPR). Ontogenetically, the factors producing this difference primarily relate to (1) the degree of elaboration of the sutural tissues at the ectotympanic-petrosal plate interface and (2) the method of pneumatization of the petrosal bone. These two processes are, in all likelihood, the same ones which determined the EPPRs fossil strepsirhines as well. The important theoretical point which emerges is that the transition from the intrabullar to the extrabullar condition of the ectotympanic (or vice versa) was probably effected partly or wholly in young rather than adults stages of ancestral strepsirhines.", "PMID": 407138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4009", "title": "On the sublingual structures of Tarsius (Prosimiae, Tarsiiformes) and some platyrrhine monkeys (Platyrrhina, Simiae, Primates) with casual remarks on the histology of the tongue. In memoriam William Charles Osman Hill.", "content": "The sublingual structures of Tarsius, Cebuella and Callithrix are studied microscopically. Tarsius has a well developed but not specialized sublingua. In the platyrrhine monkeys the sublingua is lacking completely, but the frenal lamella (plica sublingualis) is very specialized. From this it is concluded that the sublingual organ of Callicebus is a topographically modified frenal lamella, not a sublingua.", "contents": "On the sublingual structures of Tarsius (Prosimiae, Tarsiiformes) and some platyrrhine monkeys (Platyrrhina, Simiae, Primates) with casual remarks on the histology of the tongue. In memoriam William Charles Osman Hill. The sublingual structures of Tarsius, Cebuella and Callithrix are studied microscopically. Tarsius has a well developed but not specialized sublingua. In the platyrrhine monkeys the sublingua is lacking completely, but the frenal lamella (plica sublingualis) is very specialized. From this it is concluded that the sublingual organ of Callicebus is a topographically modified frenal lamella, not a sublingua.", "PMID": 407139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4010", "title": "[Long-term treatment with anticonvulsants in childhood. Guidelines for the practice].", "content": "Long-term treatment with antiepileptic drugs is based on a differentiated diagnosis. Medication appropriate for a special type of seizures has to be chosen. Treatment must be controlled carefully to avoid side effects. Total blood count, urinalysis and determination of enzymes (alkaline phosphatase etc.) are necessary in regular intervals. Essential in treatment is the psychological guidance of the patient and his parents to handle various problems which arise during development. The treatment is terminated carefully after years when the seizures are controlled and the EEG has been normalized.", "contents": "[Long-term treatment with anticonvulsants in childhood. Guidelines for the practice]. Long-term treatment with antiepileptic drugs is based on a differentiated diagnosis. Medication appropriate for a special type of seizures has to be chosen. Treatment must be controlled carefully to avoid side effects. Total blood count, urinalysis and determination of enzymes (alkaline phosphatase etc.) are necessary in regular intervals. Essential in treatment is the psychological guidance of the patient and his parents to handle various problems which arise during development. The treatment is terminated carefully after years when the seizures are controlled and the EEG has been normalized.", "PMID": 407140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4011", "title": "[Periarticular ossification following severe brain injury].", "content": "A particular ossification should be considered besides primary neurological causes, if there are functional restrictions of the joint movements after severe head trauma. New bone formation has been seen extending from the periarticular tissue. The problems of the new bone formation in both hip-joints are shown in a patient with traumatic apallic syndrome. After exact indication and with careful and atraumatic operative technique functional restitution of the joints can be achieved without danger of recurrence.", "contents": "[Periarticular ossification following severe brain injury]. A particular ossification should be considered besides primary neurological causes, if there are functional restrictions of the joint movements after severe head trauma. New bone formation has been seen extending from the periarticular tissue. The problems of the new bone formation in both hip-joints are shown in a patient with traumatic apallic syndrome. After exact indication and with careful and atraumatic operative technique functional restitution of the joints can be achieved without danger of recurrence.", "PMID": 407141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4012", "title": "Dose-dependent effect of TRH on plasma oleic acid in man.", "content": "Administered to normal subjects of either sex, the TRH enhances the plasma oleic acid after 60 minutes without any significantly marked modification in the blood concentration of total FFA. The oleic acid increase is significantly dependent on the amount of administered TRH (200 microgram and greater than or equal to 400 microgram). It is accompanied by 1) a more or less pronounced but acute release of TSH, and 2) a rise in circulating T3 but a submaximal value within the time-course of the experiment (1 h). This elevation is presumably due to a preferential liberation of oleic acid by the adipose tissue, through a direct action of TSH and/or under the permissive influence of the thyroid hormone, among other factors that may intervene in the process.", "contents": "Dose-dependent effect of TRH on plasma oleic acid in man. Administered to normal subjects of either sex, the TRH enhances the plasma oleic acid after 60 minutes without any significantly marked modification in the blood concentration of total FFA. The oleic acid increase is significantly dependent on the amount of administered TRH (200 microgram and greater than or equal to 400 microgram). It is accompanied by 1) a more or less pronounced but acute release of TSH, and 2) a rise in circulating T3 but a submaximal value within the time-course of the experiment (1 h). This elevation is presumably due to a preferential liberation of oleic acid by the adipose tissue, through a direct action of TSH and/or under the permissive influence of the thyroid hormone, among other factors that may intervene in the process.", "PMID": 407142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4013", "title": "The red-cell glutamic-pyruvate transaminase, carbonic anhydrase I and II and esterase D polymorphisms in the Ambo populations of South West Africa, with evidence for the existence of an EsDo allele.", "content": "This study presents the results of the investigation of the seven closely interrelated Ambo peoples of South West Africa, for variation in four recently described red cell enzyme polymorphisms. Variation was found in only three of these, but was sufficient to provide stron evidence that the Ambo divided into two main ancestral groups prior to their subsequent fissions. There is evidence, not yet absolutely conclusive, that a null allele for esterase D occurs at least among the Kwambi.", "contents": "The red-cell glutamic-pyruvate transaminase, carbonic anhydrase I and II and esterase D polymorphisms in the Ambo populations of South West Africa, with evidence for the existence of an EsDo allele. This study presents the results of the investigation of the seven closely interrelated Ambo peoples of South West Africa, for variation in four recently described red cell enzyme polymorphisms. Variation was found in only three of these, but was sufficient to provide stron evidence that the Ambo divided into two main ancestral groups prior to their subsequent fissions. There is evidence, not yet absolutely conclusive, that a null allele for esterase D occurs at least among the Kwambi.", "PMID": 407145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4014", "title": "Genetic studies of the Macushi and Wapishana Indians. II. Data on 12 genetic polymorphisms of the red cell and serum proteins: gene flor between the tribes.", "content": "Blood samples from 509 Macushi (3 villages) and 623 Wapishana (11 villages) of Northern Brasil and Southern Guyana have been analyzed with respect to the phenotype and gene frequencies at the following 12 polymorphic loci: ABO, Kell-Cellano, MNSs, Rh, P, Duffy, Kidd, Diego, Lewis, Group-specific component, and the immunoglobulin allotypes of the Gm and Inv systems. The data suggest that 5-6% of the Wapishana gene pool is derived from non-Indians but only 1-2% of the Macushi. Inter- and intratribal genetic distances between villages are calculated for these data in an effort to understand gene flow between the tribes and to account for the unusual distribution of a newly-discovered genetic polymorphism of erythrocyte esterase A thus far limited to these 2 tribes (Neel et al., 1977). The data are puzzling and consistent with the possibility that both the Carib-speaking Macushi and the Arawak-speaking Wapishana have derived the esterase A allele in question from some third group now extinct or thus far undiscovered. Intertribal genetic distances based on gene frequencies at 6 loci are derived for 20 Amerindian tribes (including these 2); the \"central\" position of these 2 tribes can in part be explained by the active migration matrix connecting them.", "contents": "Genetic studies of the Macushi and Wapishana Indians. II. Data on 12 genetic polymorphisms of the red cell and serum proteins: gene flor between the tribes. Blood samples from 509 Macushi (3 villages) and 623 Wapishana (11 villages) of Northern Brasil and Southern Guyana have been analyzed with respect to the phenotype and gene frequencies at the following 12 polymorphic loci: ABO, Kell-Cellano, MNSs, Rh, P, Duffy, Kidd, Diego, Lewis, Group-specific component, and the immunoglobulin allotypes of the Gm and Inv systems. The data suggest that 5-6% of the Wapishana gene pool is derived from non-Indians but only 1-2% of the Macushi. Inter- and intratribal genetic distances between villages are calculated for these data in an effort to understand gene flow between the tribes and to account for the unusual distribution of a newly-discovered genetic polymorphism of erythrocyte esterase A thus far limited to these 2 tribes (Neel et al., 1977). The data are puzzling and consistent with the possibility that both the Carib-speaking Macushi and the Arawak-speaking Wapishana have derived the esterase A allele in question from some third group now extinct or thus far undiscovered. Intertribal genetic distances based on gene frequencies at 6 loci are derived for 20 Amerindian tribes (including these 2); the \"central\" position of these 2 tribes can in part be explained by the active migration matrix connecting them.", "PMID": 407146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4015", "title": "Fish cell culture characteristics of a cell line from the silver perch Bairdiella chrysura.", "content": "A cell designated SP-1 was established from tissue of the silver perch, Bairdiella chrysura. Cells were fibroblast-like and grew best at 26 degrees C in Leibovitz medium (L-15) containing 15% fetal bovine serum and 0.150 M sodium chloride. Passage 1 to passage 9 SP-1 cells contained a chromosome number of 48; at passages 27 and 50 the modal numbers were 51 and 54, respectively. Confirmation of the origin of SP-1 cells was made by the cytotoxic antibody dye-exclusion test. This cell line supported the growth of lymphocystis virus from the silver perch but was not found to replicate various other fish and mammalian viruses.", "contents": "Fish cell culture characteristics of a cell line from the silver perch Bairdiella chrysura. A cell designated SP-1 was established from tissue of the silver perch, Bairdiella chrysura. Cells were fibroblast-like and grew best at 26 degrees C in Leibovitz medium (L-15) containing 15% fetal bovine serum and 0.150 M sodium chloride. Passage 1 to passage 9 SP-1 cells contained a chromosome number of 48; at passages 27 and 50 the modal numbers were 51 and 54, respectively. Confirmation of the origin of SP-1 cells was made by the cytotoxic antibody dye-exclusion test. This cell line supported the growth of lymphocystis virus from the silver perch but was not found to replicate various other fish and mammalian viruses.", "PMID": 407147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4016", "title": "Appearance of a variant of MOPC 104E which does not react with dextran B-1355s.", "content": "MOPC 104E is a mouse plasmacytoma which produces an IgM (lambda) myeloma protein. This IgM protein has a binding specificity for dextran B-135s. This report describes a variant of the MOPC 104E tumor which secretes a myeloma protein which does not react with the dextran. The apparent variant of MOPC 104E arose spontaneously during routine passage of the MOPC 104E tumors in Balb/C mice and appears to be stable.", "contents": "Appearance of a variant of MOPC 104E which does not react with dextran B-1355s. MOPC 104E is a mouse plasmacytoma which produces an IgM (lambda) myeloma protein. This IgM protein has a binding specificity for dextran B-135s. This report describes a variant of the MOPC 104E tumor which secretes a myeloma protein which does not react with the dextran. The apparent variant of MOPC 104E arose spontaneously during routine passage of the MOPC 104E tumors in Balb/C mice and appears to be stable.", "PMID": 407151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4017", "title": "A putatively new antigen (CSAp) associated with gastrointestinal and ovarian neoplasia.", "content": "CSAp is an antigen originally identified in the GW-39 human colonic carcinoma xenograft, and also found in gastric and colonic cancers, fetal colon, normal and inflammatory adult colon, and in some ovarian tumors. However, it appears to be increased primarily in inflammatory, benign , malignant, and fetal human intestine, gastric cancer, and ovarian tumors, as determined by an hemagglutination-inhibition assay. Gel immunodiffusion patterns show that CSAp is immunologically distinct from CEA, NCA, AFP, BOFA, and human liver ferritin. CSAp thus appears to be a putatively new fetal substance with a high degree of specificity for gastric, colonic, and ovarian tissues.", "contents": "A putatively new antigen (CSAp) associated with gastrointestinal and ovarian neoplasia. CSAp is an antigen originally identified in the GW-39 human colonic carcinoma xenograft, and also found in gastric and colonic cancers, fetal colon, normal and inflammatory adult colon, and in some ovarian tumors. However, it appears to be increased primarily in inflammatory, benign , malignant, and fetal human intestine, gastric cancer, and ovarian tumors, as determined by an hemagglutination-inhibition assay. Gel immunodiffusion patterns show that CSAp is immunologically distinct from CEA, NCA, AFP, BOFA, and human liver ferritin. CSAp thus appears to be a putatively new fetal substance with a high degree of specificity for gastric, colonic, and ovarian tissues.", "PMID": 407152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4018", "title": "Effect of a quinazolinone derivative on the metabolism of Streptococcus faecalis--R (ATCC-8043).", "content": "2-methyl-3(3'-methyl-2'-pyridyl)-4 (3H) quinazolinone (SRC-820) and methaqualone inhibited the growth of Streptococcus faecalis-R (ATCC-8043). Phosphoenolpyruvate formation from 3-phosphoglycerate by an enzyme extract of S. faecalis was inhibited by SRC-820. With edetate or fluoride, an additive inhibitory effect by SRC-820 was observed.", "contents": "Effect of a quinazolinone derivative on the metabolism of Streptococcus faecalis--R (ATCC-8043). 2-methyl-3(3'-methyl-2'-pyridyl)-4 (3H) quinazolinone (SRC-820) and methaqualone inhibited the growth of Streptococcus faecalis-R (ATCC-8043). Phosphoenolpyruvate formation from 3-phosphoglycerate by an enzyme extract of S. faecalis was inhibited by SRC-820. With edetate or fluoride, an additive inhibitory effect by SRC-820 was observed.", "PMID": 407153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4019", "title": "Physiological role of dehydroascorbic acid.", "content": "Dehydroascorbic acid is present in insignificant amounts in plant and animal tissue but appears in considerable amounts under various physiological and pathological conditions. It is found increased: in blood of patients suffering from infectious diseases; in blood and tissues of thyrotoxic patients; in blood after injection of thyroxin, corticotropin and cortisone. In all the above conditions there is concomitant decrease in L-ascorbic acid and glutathione values of blood and tissues. Dehydroascorbic acid, however, disappears after continued administration of a high dose of ascorbic acid. The accumulation of dehydroascorbic acid seems to be an indication of ascorbic acid deficiency. The extreme sensitivity of the ascorbate system to physiological changes is suggestive of a major biochemical role for this redox system. Accumulated evidences indicate that dehydroascorbic acid possible control cell division.", "contents": "Physiological role of dehydroascorbic acid. Dehydroascorbic acid is present in insignificant amounts in plant and animal tissue but appears in considerable amounts under various physiological and pathological conditions. It is found increased: in blood of patients suffering from infectious diseases; in blood and tissues of thyrotoxic patients; in blood after injection of thyroxin, corticotropin and cortisone. In all the above conditions there is concomitant decrease in L-ascorbic acid and glutathione values of blood and tissues. Dehydroascorbic acid, however, disappears after continued administration of a high dose of ascorbic acid. The accumulation of dehydroascorbic acid seems to be an indication of ascorbic acid deficiency. The extreme sensitivity of the ascorbate system to physiological changes is suggestive of a major biochemical role for this redox system. Accumulated evidences indicate that dehydroascorbic acid possible control cell division.", "PMID": 407155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4020", "title": "Loss of antibody activity in human immunoglobulin A exposed extracellular immunoglobulin A proteases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococcus sanguis.", "content": "Immunoglobulin A (IgA) proteases are extracellular enzymes elaborated by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, and Streptococcus sanguis. These enzymes each cleave human IgA1 at a critically situated prolyl-threonyl peptide bond to yield Fab alpha and Fc alpha fragments. To study their effect on the antibody activity of human IgA, we enzymatically digested a group of five human IgA monoclonal immunoglobulins with high-titer rheumatoid factor or cold agglutinin activity and human serum macroamylase, an amylase-IgA complex. In contrast to four control IgM rheumatoid factor monoclonal proteins, whose activity was unaffected by enzyme, gonococcal and streptococcal IgA proteases caused prompt, major reductions of IgA antibody activity to negligible levels and converted macroamylase activity to amylase of normal size, as determined by molecular sieve chromatography. In addition, both enzymes promptly deagglutinated sensitized cells that had been aggregated by IgA rheumatoid factors, indicating that IgA bound to antigen is also susceptible to enzyme cleavage. Fab fragments of Iga protein Chr, a rheumatoid factor, showed essentially no antigen-binding activity despite the high titers observed with the parent protein. These studies emphasize the high degree of specificity of the microbial proteases for IgA and their potential for interfering with antibody activity in the IgA1 subclass.", "contents": "Loss of antibody activity in human immunoglobulin A exposed extracellular immunoglobulin A proteases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococcus sanguis. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) proteases are extracellular enzymes elaborated by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, and Streptococcus sanguis. These enzymes each cleave human IgA1 at a critically situated prolyl-threonyl peptide bond to yield Fab alpha and Fc alpha fragments. To study their effect on the antibody activity of human IgA, we enzymatically digested a group of five human IgA monoclonal immunoglobulins with high-titer rheumatoid factor or cold agglutinin activity and human serum macroamylase, an amylase-IgA complex. In contrast to four control IgM rheumatoid factor monoclonal proteins, whose activity was unaffected by enzyme, gonococcal and streptococcal IgA proteases caused prompt, major reductions of IgA antibody activity to negligible levels and converted macroamylase activity to amylase of normal size, as determined by molecular sieve chromatography. In addition, both enzymes promptly deagglutinated sensitized cells that had been aggregated by IgA rheumatoid factors, indicating that IgA bound to antigen is also susceptible to enzyme cleavage. Fab fragments of Iga protein Chr, a rheumatoid factor, showed essentially no antigen-binding activity despite the high titers observed with the parent protein. These studies emphasize the high degree of specificity of the microbial proteases for IgA and their potential for interfering with antibody activity in the IgA1 subclass.", "PMID": 407159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4021", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on intestinal water transport in salmonella-infected rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, will abolish salmonella-induced rabbit ileal secretion when given prior to the establishment of infection. In the present study, we assessed whether indomethacin can inhibit salmonella-induced intestinal secretion when administered after infection and net intestinal secretion are well established. A physiological model of salmonellosis, salmonella-infected rhesus monkeys, was used. This model also permitted an examination of the effects of indomethacin in both the small and large intestines. The effect of indomethacin in control monkeys was also studied. Indomethacin caused a striking enhancement of net intestinal water transport in the jejunum,, ileum, and colon of salmonella-infected monkeys. These effects occurred promptly and were of sufficient magnitude in the ileum and colon to cause a reversal in the direction of net transport from net secretion to net absorption. Indomethacin also enhanced net water transport in the jejunum  ileum, and colon of normal animals. These data show that indomethacin markedly enhances net intestinal water transport in both the small and large intestines of salmonella-infected monkeys, even when administered after salmonella infection and intestinal secretion are well established. Similar enhancement also occurs in the normal intestine. The mechanism(s) by which indomethacin produces these effects is not known.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on intestinal water transport in salmonella-infected rhesus monkeys. Indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, will abolish salmonella-induced rabbit ileal secretion when given prior to the establishment of infection. In the present study, we assessed whether indomethacin can inhibit salmonella-induced intestinal secretion when administered after infection and net intestinal secretion are well established. A physiological model of salmonellosis, salmonella-infected rhesus monkeys, was used. This model also permitted an examination of the effects of indomethacin in both the small and large intestines. The effect of indomethacin in control monkeys was also studied. Indomethacin caused a striking enhancement of net intestinal water transport in the jejunum,, ileum, and colon of salmonella-infected monkeys. These effects occurred promptly and were of sufficient magnitude in the ileum and colon to cause a reversal in the direction of net transport from net secretion to net absorption. Indomethacin also enhanced net water transport in the jejunum  ileum, and colon of normal animals. These data show that indomethacin markedly enhances net intestinal water transport in both the small and large intestines of salmonella-infected monkeys, even when administered after salmonella infection and intestinal secretion are well established. Similar enhancement also occurs in the normal intestine. The mechanism(s) by which indomethacin produces these effects is not known.", "PMID": 407160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4022", "title": "Immunization with R mutants of Salmonella minnesota. II. Comparison of the protective effect of immunization with lipid A and the Re mutant.", "content": "The protective effect of active immunization with Salmonella minnesota Re bacilli or lipid A was assessed in the granulocytopenic rabbit model. Animals were immunized with Re bacilli, lipid A, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a nonspecific immunogen. After colonization with one of three enterobacterial strains (two Escherichia coli, one Enterobacter aerogenes), the immunized rabbits as well as controls given saline injections were made leukopenic with nitrogen mustard and monitored for fever, bacteremia, and death. Survival rates were significantly greater in Re-immunized animals than in saline controls or P. aeruginosa-immunized animals. Immunization with lipid A afforded no protection. In addition, rabbits immunized with Re mutant bacilli developed bacteremia less frequently than the others, indicating that antibody to Re may inhibit invasion of the intestinal mucosa as well as protect after bacteremia has developed.", "contents": "Immunization with R mutants of Salmonella minnesota. II. Comparison of the protective effect of immunization with lipid A and the Re mutant. The protective effect of active immunization with Salmonella minnesota Re bacilli or lipid A was assessed in the granulocytopenic rabbit model. Animals were immunized with Re bacilli, lipid A, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a nonspecific immunogen. After colonization with one of three enterobacterial strains (two Escherichia coli, one Enterobacter aerogenes), the immunized rabbits as well as controls given saline injections were made leukopenic with nitrogen mustard and monitored for fever, bacteremia, and death. Survival rates were significantly greater in Re-immunized animals than in saline controls or P. aeruginosa-immunized animals. Immunization with lipid A afforded no protection. In addition, rabbits immunized with Re mutant bacilli developed bacteremia less frequently than the others, indicating that antibody to Re may inhibit invasion of the intestinal mucosa as well as protect after bacteremia has developed.", "PMID": 407161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4023", "title": "Common (non-type-specific) antigens of group A streptococci.", "content": "Two common (non-type-specific) antigens in HCl extracts prepared from group A streptococcal cultures of different types were analyzed by immunodiffusion methods. These antigens are sensitive to trypsin and are apparently related to the cell wall proteins. The common antigens tested belong to a category of nonprotective non-type-specific antigens. The presence of common antigens in the HCl extracts should be taken into consideration when M-proteins are determined. The detection of one of the common antigens may be used as a virulence index, since this antigen is characteristic of the group A streptococcal cultures with enhanced virulence.", "contents": "Common (non-type-specific) antigens of group A streptococci. Two common (non-type-specific) antigens in HCl extracts prepared from group A streptococcal cultures of different types were analyzed by immunodiffusion methods. These antigens are sensitive to trypsin and are apparently related to the cell wall proteins. The common antigens tested belong to a category of nonprotective non-type-specific antigens. The presence of common antigens in the HCl extracts should be taken into consideration when M-proteins are determined. The detection of one of the common antigens may be used as a virulence index, since this antigen is characteristic of the group A streptococcal cultures with enhanced virulence.", "PMID": 407162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4024", "title": "Sucrose metabolism by prominent members of the flora isolated from cariogenic and non-cariogenic dental plaques.", "content": "Sucrose metabolism by resting-cell suspensions of pure cultures of representative members of the predominant cultivable flora isolated from cariogenic and non-cariogenic dental plaque was investigated by means of radiochemical techniques. Streptocococcus mutans utilized sucrose at a considerably faster rate than S. sanguis, S. mitis, Actinomyces viscosus, A. naeslundii, or Lactobacillus casei, forming lactic acid, intracellular polysaccharide, insoluble extracellular glucan, and lactic acid from intracellular polysaccharide catabolism at faster rates than the other bacteria. The Actinomyces formed more volatile acids than the streptococci, mostly acetic, and S. sanguis formed more soluble extracellular polysaccharide than the other bacteria. The metabolic activity of S. mutans resembled the pattern of sucrose metabolism of cariogenic plaque, whereas the metabolic activity of the Actinomyces species, the predominant members of non-cariogenic plaque flora, resembled the sucrose metabolism of non-cariogenic plaques.", "contents": "Sucrose metabolism by prominent members of the flora isolated from cariogenic and non-cariogenic dental plaques. Sucrose metabolism by resting-cell suspensions of pure cultures of representative members of the predominant cultivable flora isolated from cariogenic and non-cariogenic dental plaque was investigated by means of radiochemical techniques. Streptocococcus mutans utilized sucrose at a considerably faster rate than S. sanguis, S. mitis, Actinomyces viscosus, A. naeslundii, or Lactobacillus casei, forming lactic acid, intracellular polysaccharide, insoluble extracellular glucan, and lactic acid from intracellular polysaccharide catabolism at faster rates than the other bacteria. The Actinomyces formed more volatile acids than the streptococci, mostly acetic, and S. sanguis formed more soluble extracellular polysaccharide than the other bacteria. The metabolic activity of S. mutans resembled the pattern of sucrose metabolism of cariogenic plaque, whereas the metabolic activity of the Actinomyces species, the predominant members of non-cariogenic plaque flora, resembled the sucrose metabolism of non-cariogenic plaques.", "PMID": 407163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4025", "title": "Typhoid: clinical picture and response to chloramphenicol. Prospective study in Bombay (1972).", "content": "The clinical picture of 78 cases with proven typhoid and 18 cases with proven paratyphoid A fever is presented. The diagnosis was made by isolating the organisms from the blood. The Widal test could not be used as a diagnostic criterion. By means of chemotherapy with chloramphenicol (initial dose 30-40 mg/kg body weight) defervescence was achieved within an average of 4.5 days. The course of the disease was generally mild; one patient with typhoid fever died. The average hospital stay was 19 days. Four patients of the typhoid fever group were readmitted with a relapse. The laboratory examinations included blood clot culture, phage typing, Widal test, haemoglobin, leucocyte count, transaminases, serum bilirubin, and routine examination and culture of stool and urine. Forty-two patients were infected with intestinal parasites and 25 with Shigella organism. The findings are discussed and compared with findings of similar studies of enteric fever.", "contents": "Typhoid: clinical picture and response to chloramphenicol. Prospective study in Bombay (1972). The clinical picture of 78 cases with proven typhoid and 18 cases with proven paratyphoid A fever is presented. The diagnosis was made by isolating the organisms from the blood. The Widal test could not be used as a diagnostic criterion. By means of chemotherapy with chloramphenicol (initial dose 30-40 mg/kg body weight) defervescence was achieved within an average of 4.5 days. The course of the disease was generally mild; one patient with typhoid fever died. The average hospital stay was 19 days. Four patients of the typhoid fever group were readmitted with a relapse. The laboratory examinations included blood clot culture, phage typing, Widal test, haemoglobin, leucocyte count, transaminases, serum bilirubin, and routine examination and culture of stool and urine. Forty-two patients were infected with intestinal parasites and 25 with Shigella organism. The findings are discussed and compared with findings of similar studies of enteric fever.", "PMID": 407164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4026", "title": "Biologic evaluation of filling materials. A comparison of results using cell culture techniques, implantation tests and pulp studies.", "content": "The paper presents a comparison of results from cell culture studies, implantation tests and pulp studies using silicate cement, composite material and zinc oxide/eugenol cement. The three techniques allow differentiation between reactions produced by the materials, but a poor correlation exists between the results from the different techniques. This information is considered important for a selection of techniques for biologic testing of dental materials.", "contents": "Biologic evaluation of filling materials. A comparison of results using cell culture techniques, implantation tests and pulp studies. The paper presents a comparison of results from cell culture studies, implantation tests and pulp studies using silicate cement, composite material and zinc oxide/eugenol cement. The three techniques allow differentiation between reactions produced by the materials, but a poor correlation exists between the results from the different techniques. This information is considered important for a selection of techniques for biologic testing of dental materials.", "PMID": 407166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4027", "title": "Structure and biological functions of human IgD. XIV. The development of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the quantitation of IgD in human sera and secretions.", "content": "A simple but sensitive radioimmunoassay method for the quantitation of IgD in sera and body fluids has been developed. Specifically purified chicken anti-delta was covalently coupled to cyanogen bromide activated filter paper discs and the discs were incubated together with the samples to be analyzed. The washed discs were next incubated with 125-I-labeled specifically purified chicken or rabbit anti-human delta-antibodies. IgD on the disc was quantified by reference to a standard curve prepared with purified human IgD. The sensitivity of this assay was approximately 10 ng/ml IgD. IgD was demonstrable in cord sera (18 of 18), hypogammaglobulinemic sera (15 of 15), amniotic fluids (6 of 6), salivas (8 of 10), normal cerebrospinal fluids (12 of 13) and cerebrospinal fluids from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (5 of 5). The finding of IgD in human secretions raises the interesting possibility that IgD may be a secretory antibody.", "contents": "Structure and biological functions of human IgD. XIV. The development of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the quantitation of IgD in human sera and secretions. A simple but sensitive radioimmunoassay method for the quantitation of IgD in sera and body fluids has been developed. Specifically purified chicken anti-delta was covalently coupled to cyanogen bromide activated filter paper discs and the discs were incubated together with the samples to be analyzed. The washed discs were next incubated with 125-I-labeled specifically purified chicken or rabbit anti-human delta-antibodies. IgD on the disc was quantified by reference to a standard curve prepared with purified human IgD. The sensitivity of this assay was approximately 10 ng/ml IgD. IgD was demonstrable in cord sera (18 of 18), hypogammaglobulinemic sera (15 of 15), amniotic fluids (6 of 6), salivas (8 of 10), normal cerebrospinal fluids (12 of 13) and cerebrospinal fluids from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (5 of 5). The finding of IgD in human secretions raises the interesting possibility that IgD may be a secretory antibody.", "PMID": 407167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4028", "title": "The molecular components of human transferrin type C.", "content": "Immunologically pure human transferrin type C (TfC) was isolated from the plasmas of 11 individual healthy donors. After conversion into the 2Fe-form, the preparations were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. In all samples studied by either method the presence of three components, designated A, B and C, was observed. Calculations from eight chromatograms yielded the following relative proportions for the components: A:6%, B:62% and C:32%. The quantity of iron bound played no role in this chromatographic resolution. The components were immunologically identical but their sialic acid content increased inthe order of A less than B less than C. The presence of galactose as an ultimate residue of the oligosaccharide chains in TfC component A was confirmed by a biological test. This observation together with the results of earlier analyses for hexose, hexosamine and galactose in the subfractions from Behringwerke human transferrin, suggests that sialic acid is probably the only variable among TfC components A, B and C. Loss of sialic acid from component C during the isolation of TfC was excluded as an explanation for the presence of the other two components. The electrophoretic appearance of TfC samples from five patients with liver disease (chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis or alcoholic liver) did not noticeably differ from that of TfC FROM HEALTHY PERSONS. Baboon transferrin resembles TfC with respect to sialic acid heterogeneity. This species was therefore studied to decide whether sialic acid is gradually lost from transferrin in the circulation or whether transferrin is not fully sialylated before discharge from the hepatocyte. Using DEAE-cellulose chromatography no difference was found between baboon transferrin molecules which were less than 6h old and those which had a mean age of 8.9 days. By inference it is suggested that the reason for the multiplicity of TfC is also likely to be biosynthetic.", "contents": "The molecular components of human transferrin type C. Immunologically pure human transferrin type C (TfC) was isolated from the plasmas of 11 individual healthy donors. After conversion into the 2Fe-form, the preparations were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. In all samples studied by either method the presence of three components, designated A, B and C, was observed. Calculations from eight chromatograms yielded the following relative proportions for the components: A:6%, B:62% and C:32%. The quantity of iron bound played no role in this chromatographic resolution. The components were immunologically identical but their sialic acid content increased inthe order of A less than B less than C. The presence of galactose as an ultimate residue of the oligosaccharide chains in TfC component A was confirmed by a biological test. This observation together with the results of earlier analyses for hexose, hexosamine and galactose in the subfractions from Behringwerke human transferrin, suggests that sialic acid is probably the only variable among TfC components A, B and C. Loss of sialic acid from component C during the isolation of TfC was excluded as an explanation for the presence of the other two components. The electrophoretic appearance of TfC samples from five patients with liver disease (chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis or alcoholic liver) did not noticeably differ from that of TfC FROM HEALTHY PERSONS. Baboon transferrin resembles TfC with respect to sialic acid heterogeneity. This species was therefore studied to decide whether sialic acid is gradually lost from transferrin in the circulation or whether transferrin is not fully sialylated before discharge from the hepatocyte. Using DEAE-cellulose chromatography no difference was found between baboon transferrin molecules which were less than 6h old and those which had a mean age of 8.9 days. By inference it is suggested that the reason for the multiplicity of TfC is also likely to be biosynthetic.", "PMID": 407168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4029", "title": "Serological study of listeriosis in domestic animals in S\u00e3o Paulo-Brazil.", "content": "A serological examination was carried out for L. monocytogenes antibodies on 9,318 domestic animal--7,809 bovine, 838 horses and 671 swine--in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Serum agglutination in tubes was the method used. Only somatic antigens from serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4a and 4b were employed. It was considered reagent all sera reacting in a titer 1/20 while as positive only sera with 1/320 or above. According this criteria the results showed showed that in cattle 17.8% were reagent but only 8 sera were positive for types 1, 2 and 4b. Only type 1 was found in horses in a rate of 22.7% reagent, and 11 positive samples. For swine the percentage of reagent was 13.3% but none serum was positive, since the highest titer was 1/160.", "contents": "Serological study of listeriosis in domestic animals in S\u00e3o Paulo-Brazil. A serological examination was carried out for L. monocytogenes antibodies on 9,318 domestic animal--7,809 bovine, 838 horses and 671 swine--in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Serum agglutination in tubes was the method used. Only somatic antigens from serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4a and 4b were employed. It was considered reagent all sera reacting in a titer 1/20 while as positive only sera with 1/320 or above. According this criteria the results showed showed that in cattle 17.8% were reagent but only 8 sera were positive for types 1, 2 and 4b. Only type 1 was found in horses in a rate of 22.7% reagent, and 11 positive samples. For swine the percentage of reagent was 13.3% but none serum was positive, since the highest titer was 1/160.", "PMID": 407169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4030", "title": "Cost/benefit analysis of treatment and prevention of myocardial infarction.", "content": "The benefits resulting from introduction of coronary care units, mobile coronary care units, and a screening and intervention program to decrease the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) are reduced to a common basis by modeling the effects of the three strategies as applied to a cohort of 10-years-olds. Published data on MI are used with a semi-Markov model of death from MI and other causes to estimate program effects on long-term survival, and cost/benefit ratios are compared for the three programs with both costs and benefits discounted over the lifetime of the cohort. Some problems of selecting a discount rate for comparing programs that incur costs and accrue benefits at widely separated times are discussed.", "contents": "Cost/benefit analysis of treatment and prevention of myocardial infarction. The benefits resulting from introduction of coronary care units, mobile coronary care units, and a screening and intervention program to decrease the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) are reduced to a common basis by modeling the effects of the three strategies as applied to a cohort of 10-years-olds. Published data on MI are used with a semi-Markov model of death from MI and other causes to estimate program effects on long-term survival, and cost/benefit ratios are compared for the three programs with both costs and benefits discounted over the lifetime of the cohort. Some problems of selecting a discount rate for comparing programs that incur costs and accrue benefits at widely separated times are discussed.", "PMID": 407178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4031", "title": "Cost-effectiveness analysis and alternative health care programs for the elderly.", "content": "A generalized cost-effectiveness technique for comparing alternative health care programs is described, and an example is given of its use in evaluating programs for care of the elderly. The analytical method requires setting criteria and standards for each outcome and cost dimension and assessing the relationship between these standards and patient status. The relative effectiveness and costs of each setting are examined in a simple tabular display that allows comparison of each program's attainments on each criterion so that alternatives may be ranked according to the extent to which they meet standards and incur costs.", "contents": "Cost-effectiveness analysis and alternative health care programs for the elderly. A generalized cost-effectiveness technique for comparing alternative health care programs is described, and an example is given of its use in evaluating programs for care of the elderly. The analytical method requires setting criteria and standards for each outcome and cost dimension and assessing the relationship between these standards and patient status. The relative effectiveness and costs of each setting are examined in a simple tabular display that allows comparison of each program's attainments on each criterion so that alternatives may be ranked according to the extent to which they meet standards and incur costs.", "PMID": 407179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4032", "title": "Comparative hemodynamic effects of coronary vasodilators and contrast material on the normal and ischemic canine myocardium: determination of the optimal agent for clinical augmentation of coronary blood flow.", "content": "The systemic hemodynamic and myocardial effects of potent vasodilators administered directly into the left coronary artery were determined and compared with the actions of contrast material in 10 anesthetized dogs in the normal state and in the presence of segmental myocardial ischemia. Contrast material (Renografin 76) caused systemic hypotension, rise in left ventricular diastolic pressure and decreases in LV dp/dt and dp/dt/LVP in both states. Doses of ATP (7.2 microgram/kg and 20 microgram/kg/min) which are maximally effective in augmenting coronary blood flow caused only mild arterial hypotension and minimal inotropic effects in both states. Nitroglycerin (3 microgram/kg and 10 microgram/kg/min) induced no inotropic effects but slightly greater arterial hypotension than ATP in both states. On the other hand, papaverine HCl (300 microgram/kg and 800 microgram/kg/min) induced profound increases in LV dp/dt and dp/dt/LVP, decreases in LVEDP and arterial hypotension in the non-ischemic state. In the presence of segmental ischemia, papaverine HCl caused significantly less increases in LV dp/dt and dp/dt/LVP, paradoxical increases in LVEDP in 5 dogs and ventricular fibrillation in 3 dogs. Thus, maximally effective vasodilatory doses of ATP causes only small alterations in hemodynamics and myocardial contractile state of the normal and ischemic heart. Similar doses of papaverine induce profound positive inotropic effects which are apparently deleterious to the ischemic heart.", "contents": "Comparative hemodynamic effects of coronary vasodilators and contrast material on the normal and ischemic canine myocardium: determination of the optimal agent for clinical augmentation of coronary blood flow. The systemic hemodynamic and myocardial effects of potent vasodilators administered directly into the left coronary artery were determined and compared with the actions of contrast material in 10 anesthetized dogs in the normal state and in the presence of segmental myocardial ischemia. Contrast material (Renografin 76) caused systemic hypotension, rise in left ventricular diastolic pressure and decreases in LV dp/dt and dp/dt/LVP in both states. Doses of ATP (7.2 microgram/kg and 20 microgram/kg/min) which are maximally effective in augmenting coronary blood flow caused only mild arterial hypotension and minimal inotropic effects in both states. Nitroglycerin (3 microgram/kg and 10 microgram/kg/min) induced no inotropic effects but slightly greater arterial hypotension than ATP in both states. On the other hand, papaverine HCl (300 microgram/kg and 800 microgram/kg/min) induced profound increases in LV dp/dt and dp/dt/LVP, decreases in LVEDP and arterial hypotension in the non-ischemic state. In the presence of segmental ischemia, papaverine HCl caused significantly less increases in LV dp/dt and dp/dt/LVP, paradoxical increases in LVEDP in 5 dogs and ventricular fibrillation in 3 dogs. Thus, maximally effective vasodilatory doses of ATP causes only small alterations in hemodynamics and myocardial contractile state of the normal and ischemic heart. Similar doses of papaverine induce profound positive inotropic effects which are apparently deleterious to the ischemic heart.", "PMID": 407173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4033", "title": "Microangiography in the perfusion-fixed rabbit kidney: a single injection technique for the study of the nephron.", "content": "Through the modification of a technique developed by Beeuwkes, microangiography, using barium sulfate, was performed on rabbit kidneys following perfusion fixation with gluteraldehyde. Gluteraldehyde is a rapid fixative which preserves tissues while creating few artifacts on the electron microscopic level. The vessels and tubules are preserved in an open-lumen state with sufficient hardness to resist the artifacts caused by high pressure renal artery injections. By injecting barium sulfate at high pressure through the renal artery it is postulated that microruptures are created in the glomerular tuft. This leads to opacification of the tubules and the demonstration of various anatomic configurations. Low pressure injections were used to selectively demonstrate the vascular anatomy. This method allows the demonstration of the vascular and tubular anatomy without specialized techniques. The mechanism of failure of opacification of the renal vein on conventional microangiography are discussed.", "contents": "Microangiography in the perfusion-fixed rabbit kidney: a single injection technique for the study of the nephron. Through the modification of a technique developed by Beeuwkes, microangiography, using barium sulfate, was performed on rabbit kidneys following perfusion fixation with gluteraldehyde. Gluteraldehyde is a rapid fixative which preserves tissues while creating few artifacts on the electron microscopic level. The vessels and tubules are preserved in an open-lumen state with sufficient hardness to resist the artifacts caused by high pressure renal artery injections. By injecting barium sulfate at high pressure through the renal artery it is postulated that microruptures are created in the glomerular tuft. This leads to opacification of the tubules and the demonstration of various anatomic configurations. Low pressure injections were used to selectively demonstrate the vascular anatomy. This method allows the demonstration of the vascular and tubular anatomy without specialized techniques. The mechanism of failure of opacification of the renal vein on conventional microangiography are discussed.", "PMID": 407174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4034", "title": "Metrizamide in urography. II. A comparison of 51Cr-EDTA clearance and metrizamide clearance in man.", "content": "In nine subjects undergoing urography with metrizamide measurements of total serum clearance of 51Cr-EDTA have been made before, during, and after the urography. During the urography both total serum clearances and renal clearances were determined for 51Cr-EDTA and metrizamide. The present study in man confirms the previous results from investigations in rabbits, that most of the intravenously injected metrizamide is excreted through the kidneys, that tubular reabsorption of metrizamide occurs and suggests that metrizamide might be used with advantage for urography.", "contents": "Metrizamide in urography. II. A comparison of 51Cr-EDTA clearance and metrizamide clearance in man. In nine subjects undergoing urography with metrizamide measurements of total serum clearance of 51Cr-EDTA have been made before, during, and after the urography. During the urography both total serum clearances and renal clearances were determined for 51Cr-EDTA and metrizamide. The present study in man confirms the previous results from investigations in rabbits, that most of the intravenously injected metrizamide is excreted through the kidneys, that tubular reabsorption of metrizamide occurs and suggests that metrizamide might be used with advantage for urography.", "PMID": 407175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4035", "title": "Total intravenous feeding of calves.", "content": "Total intravenous feeding was accomplished for 5 clinically normal calves and for 1 calf with atresia coli. During the trials, which lasted 8 to 14 days (mean of 12 days), calves were not permitted to ingest any food or water. Body weight and state of hydration remained essentially constant. Plasma protein content decreased, but there were only minor changes in other physiologic measures. Calves were clinically normal at the conclusion of the trials.", "contents": "Total intravenous feeding of calves. Total intravenous feeding was accomplished for 5 clinically normal calves and for 1 calf with atresia coli. During the trials, which lasted 8 to 14 days (mean of 12 days), calves were not permitted to ingest any food or water. Body weight and state of hydration remained essentially constant. Plasma protein content decreased, but there were only minor changes in other physiologic measures. Calves were clinically normal at the conclusion of the trials.", "PMID": 407200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4036", "title": "Naturally occurring trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) in dogs.", "content": "Nine fatal cases of canine American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) were encountered from November, 1972, through November, 1975. Of the 9 cases, 7 occurred in dogs from 5 central Texas counties, and all but one case was diagnosed during the months of September, October, or November. The source of infection was discovered in only one case--that being a doghouse heavily infested with Triatoma lectularius occulta. Each of 6 bugs collected had infective forms of the protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi. Trypanosomiasis usually is not considered in the differential clinical diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction in man or other mammals in the United States. An antemortem diagnosis was made in only 1 of the 9 dogs, with diagnosis in the remaining dogs being made at necropsy. The predominant microscopic lesion in all dogs was necrotizing granulomatous myocarditis associated with the amastigotes of T cruzi.", "contents": "Naturally occurring trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) in dogs. Nine fatal cases of canine American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) were encountered from November, 1972, through November, 1975. Of the 9 cases, 7 occurred in dogs from 5 central Texas counties, and all but one case was diagnosed during the months of September, October, or November. The source of infection was discovered in only one case--that being a doghouse heavily infested with Triatoma lectularius occulta. Each of 6 bugs collected had infective forms of the protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi. Trypanosomiasis usually is not considered in the differential clinical diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction in man or other mammals in the United States. An antemortem diagnosis was made in only 1 of the 9 dogs, with diagnosis in the remaining dogs being made at necropsy. The predominant microscopic lesion in all dogs was necrotizing granulomatous myocarditis associated with the amastigotes of T cruzi.", "PMID": 407202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4037", "title": "Ambruticin (W7783), a new antifungal antibiotic.", "content": "Ambruticin represents a new class of antibiotics isolated from a strain of Polyangium cellulosum var, fulvum, a bacterium belonging to the class Myxobacteriales. This antibiotic is a cyclopropyl-polyene-pyran acid and is active in vitro against fungi.", "contents": "Ambruticin (W7783), a new antifungal antibiotic. Ambruticin represents a new class of antibiotics isolated from a strain of Polyangium cellulosum var, fulvum, a bacterium belonging to the class Myxobacteriales. This antibiotic is a cyclopropyl-polyene-pyran acid and is active in vitro against fungi.", "PMID": 407203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4038", "title": "Glycinothricin, a new streptothricin-class antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus.", "content": "Glycinothricin is a streptothricin-class antibiotic obtained for the first time from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces griseus. Glycinothricin, the deformimino derivative of antibiotic LL-AB664, gives N-methylstreptolidine, N-methyl-D-glucosamine and glycine on acid hydrolysis. In comparison with LL-AB664, glycinothricin is less active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and less toxic to mice.", "contents": "Glycinothricin, a new streptothricin-class antibiotic from Streptomyces griseus. Glycinothricin is a streptothricin-class antibiotic obtained for the first time from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces griseus. Glycinothricin, the deformimino derivative of antibiotic LL-AB664, gives N-methylstreptolidine, N-methyl-D-glucosamine and glycine on acid hydrolysis. In comparison with LL-AB664, glycinothricin is less active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and less toxic to mice.", "PMID": 407205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4039", "title": "Porphyrin and corrinoid mutants of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Porphyrin auxotrophs of Bacillus subtilis can be divided into two groups. Strains belonging to the first group (hemA, hemB, or hemC) are not able to synthesize or metabolize porphobilinogen. These strains require cysteine, cystine, and methionine, respectively. Traces of aminolevulinic acid, in a hemin-containing medium, can replace the cysteine requirement in a mutant lacking aminolevulinic acid synthetase. In bacteria belonging to the second group (hemE, hemF, or hemG), porphyrin biosynthesis is blocked at later steps, and the amino acids mentioned above are not required. It is of interest that both the activity of ribonucleotide reductase and the amount of vitamin B12 were significantly lower in the first group. The addition of vitamin B12 to the medium did not promote the growth of strains examined. We assume that porphobilinogen deaminase is essential for the synthesis of corrinoids.", "contents": "Porphyrin and corrinoid mutants of Bacillus subtilis. Porphyrin auxotrophs of Bacillus subtilis can be divided into two groups. Strains belonging to the first group (hemA, hemB, or hemC) are not able to synthesize or metabolize porphobilinogen. These strains require cysteine, cystine, and methionine, respectively. Traces of aminolevulinic acid, in a hemin-containing medium, can replace the cysteine requirement in a mutant lacking aminolevulinic acid synthetase. In bacteria belonging to the second group (hemE, hemF, or hemG), porphyrin biosynthesis is blocked at later steps, and the amino acids mentioned above are not required. It is of interest that both the activity of ribonucleotide reductase and the amount of vitamin B12 were significantly lower in the first group. The addition of vitamin B12 to the medium did not promote the growth of strains examined. We assume that porphobilinogen deaminase is essential for the synthesis of corrinoids.", "PMID": 407208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4040", "title": "Host cell reactivation of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages.", "content": "Host cell reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated phage can be used as a probe of the bacterial repair system and to determine phage and cellular contributions to the repair process. Using the Bacillus subtilis phages SPP1, SP01, phie, and phi29, we found that the uvr-1 and polA functions are involved in the host cell reactivation of the four phages. SPP1 was the only phage whose reactivation was also decreased in recA, recD, and recF mutant cells. We studied variations of host cell reactivation for SPP1 during spore outgrowth; at high ultraviolet doses the activity of a spore repair system requiring deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I became evident. The spore repair system was completely replaced by the vegetative one by 120 min of outgrowth.", "contents": "Host cell reactivation of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages. Host cell reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated phage can be used as a probe of the bacterial repair system and to determine phage and cellular contributions to the repair process. Using the Bacillus subtilis phages SPP1, SP01, phie, and phi29, we found that the uvr-1 and polA functions are involved in the host cell reactivation of the four phages. SPP1 was the only phage whose reactivation was also decreased in recA, recD, and recF mutant cells. We studied variations of host cell reactivation for SPP1 during spore outgrowth; at high ultraviolet doses the activity of a spore repair system requiring deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I became evident. The spore repair system was completely replaced by the vegetative one by 120 min of outgrowth.", "PMID": 407209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4041", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a Bacillus subtilis mutant with a defective N-glycosidase activity for uracil-containing deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "Crude cell extracts of Bacillus subtilis 168T exhibit enzyme activity capable of releasing free uracil from phage PBS1 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate. By measuring the enzyme activity in 300 clones that emanated from mutagenized cells, we obtained a mutant strain that did not show this N-glycosidase activity. The mutant strain, designated as TKJ6901 (urg-1) exhibited no physiological abnormalities. We observed the intracellular action of the enzyme by following the fate of uracil-containing DNA in cells from wild-type and mutant cultures. When infection with phage PBS1 was allowed in the presence of chloramphenicol, extensive degradation of phage DNA was observed only in the wild-type cells. When bromouracil residues were converted to uracil residues by ultraviolet light irradiation in the presence of cysteamine, the DNA was extensively fragmented in the wild-type cells. These single-strand breaks were rejoined upon postirradiation incubation. In contrast, such fragmentation of the DNA was not observed in the mutant cells, indicating that the uracil residues were not removed from the DNA. This demonstrated that the N-glycosidase activity was involved in the excision of uracil in DNA. A transformation assay with four types of recipient strains with combinations of N-glycosidase and DNA polymerase I deficiencies indicated that DNA polymerase I was involved in the later steps of this base excision repair pathway initiated by the action of the N-glycosidase.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a Bacillus subtilis mutant with a defective N-glycosidase activity for uracil-containing deoxyribonucleic acid. Crude cell extracts of Bacillus subtilis 168T exhibit enzyme activity capable of releasing free uracil from phage PBS1 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetate. By measuring the enzyme activity in 300 clones that emanated from mutagenized cells, we obtained a mutant strain that did not show this N-glycosidase activity. The mutant strain, designated as TKJ6901 (urg-1) exhibited no physiological abnormalities. We observed the intracellular action of the enzyme by following the fate of uracil-containing DNA in cells from wild-type and mutant cultures. When infection with phage PBS1 was allowed in the presence of chloramphenicol, extensive degradation of phage DNA was observed only in the wild-type cells. When bromouracil residues were converted to uracil residues by ultraviolet light irradiation in the presence of cysteamine, the DNA was extensively fragmented in the wild-type cells. These single-strand breaks were rejoined upon postirradiation incubation. In contrast, such fragmentation of the DNA was not observed in the mutant cells, indicating that the uracil residues were not removed from the DNA. This demonstrated that the N-glycosidase activity was involved in the excision of uracil in DNA. A transformation assay with four types of recipient strains with combinations of N-glycosidase and DNA polymerase I deficiencies indicated that DNA polymerase I was involved in the later steps of this base excision repair pathway initiated by the action of the N-glycosidase.", "PMID": 407210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4042", "title": "Function of cell wall teichoic acid in thermally injured Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Thermally injured cells of Staphylococcus aureus lack the ability to grow on tryptic soy agar containing 7.5% NaCl. This injury phenomenon was examined in three strains of S. aureus: MF-31; H (Str); and, isolated from H (Str), 52A5, a mutant which lacks teichoic acid in the cell wall. Temperatures for sublethal heat treatment were selected to produce maximum injury with minimum death for each strain. Examination of isolated cell walls showed that magnesium was lost from the wall during heating, and that the degree of cell injury was accentuated when magnesium ions were either removed from or made unavailable to the cell. S. aureus 52A5 was more heat sensitive than its parent strain. Cells containing higher levels of wall teichoic acid generally showed less injury than normal cells. Cells with the weaker cation-binding polymer, teichuronic acid, in the cell wall generally showed greater injury. These data suggest that cell wall teichoic acid of S. aureus aids in the survival of the cell by the maintenance of an accessible surface pool of magnesium.", "contents": "Function of cell wall teichoic acid in thermally injured Staphylococcus aureus. Thermally injured cells of Staphylococcus aureus lack the ability to grow on tryptic soy agar containing 7.5% NaCl. This injury phenomenon was examined in three strains of S. aureus: MF-31; H (Str); and, isolated from H (Str), 52A5, a mutant which lacks teichoic acid in the cell wall. Temperatures for sublethal heat treatment were selected to produce maximum injury with minimum death for each strain. Examination of isolated cell walls showed that magnesium was lost from the wall during heating, and that the degree of cell injury was accentuated when magnesium ions were either removed from or made unavailable to the cell. S. aureus 52A5 was more heat sensitive than its parent strain. Cells containing higher levels of wall teichoic acid generally showed less injury than normal cells. Cells with the weaker cation-binding polymer, teichuronic acid, in the cell wall generally showed greater injury. These data suggest that cell wall teichoic acid of S. aureus aids in the survival of the cell by the maintenance of an accessible surface pool of magnesium.", "PMID": 407211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4043", "title": "Outer membrane phospholipase A from Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N.", "content": "A phospholipase A1 activity that hydrolyzed cardiolipin to triacyl- and diacyl-lysocardiolipin was localized in outer membrane preparations derived from Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N. The specific activity of the enzyme derived from hexadecane-grown cells was 2.5 to 3 times higher than that derived from NBYE-grown cells. An apparent Km of 2.22 mM was determined, although inhibition kinetics resulted at the higher cardiolipin substrate concentrations. Optimal reaction conditions established on metal requirements. Enzyme activity was obligately dependent on Triton X-100 (0.5%) and was inhibited by cationic and anionic detergents. Cardiolipin-specific phospholipase D converted triacyl-lysocardiolipin to lysophosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. The specific activity of this enzyme was approximately 100 times greater than that reported for other membrane preparations derived from microorganisms.", "contents": "Outer membrane phospholipase A from Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N. A phospholipase A1 activity that hydrolyzed cardiolipin to triacyl- and diacyl-lysocardiolipin was localized in outer membrane preparations derived from Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N. The specific activity of the enzyme derived from hexadecane-grown cells was 2.5 to 3 times higher than that derived from NBYE-grown cells. An apparent Km of 2.22 mM was determined, although inhibition kinetics resulted at the higher cardiolipin substrate concentrations. Optimal reaction conditions established on metal requirements. Enzyme activity was obligately dependent on Triton X-100 (0.5%) and was inhibited by cationic and anionic detergents. Cardiolipin-specific phospholipase D converted triacyl-lysocardiolipin to lysophosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. The specific activity of this enzyme was approximately 100 times greater than that reported for other membrane preparations derived from microorganisms.", "PMID": 407212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4044", "title": "Transfer of chromosomal genes mediated by plasmid r68.45 in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "Plasmid R68.45 was transferred from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO25 to the photosynthetic species Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides by selection for resistance to antibiotics. R. sphaeroides strains carrying the plasmid could transfer the plasmid and also chromosomal genes to other strains of R. sphaeroides.", "contents": "Transfer of chromosomal genes mediated by plasmid r68.45 in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Plasmid R68.45 was transferred from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO25 to the photosynthetic species Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides by selection for resistance to antibiotics. R. sphaeroides strains carrying the plasmid could transfer the plasmid and also chromosomal genes to other strains of R. sphaeroides.", "PMID": 407213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4045", "title": "Molecular characterization of two beta-lactamase-specifying plasmids isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The molecular nature of two distinct gonococcal R plasmids, 4.4 X 10(6) and 3.2 X 10(6) daltons, encoding beta-lactamase activity were examined. Both plasmids contained about 40% of the transposable ampicillin resistance sequence Tn2. Deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid polynucleotide sequence studies have shown that the two gonococcal plasmids share about 70% of their sequences and are closely related to RSF0885, a 4.1 X 10(6)-dalton plasmid found in a beta-lactamase-producing strain of Haemophilus influenzae. All three of these R plasmids possess a guanine-plus-cytosine content of 0.40 to 0.41 mol fraction and are present as multicopy gene pools in their bacterial hosts.", "contents": "Molecular characterization of two beta-lactamase-specifying plasmids isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The molecular nature of two distinct gonococcal R plasmids, 4.4 X 10(6) and 3.2 X 10(6) daltons, encoding beta-lactamase activity were examined. Both plasmids contained about 40% of the transposable ampicillin resistance sequence Tn2. Deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid polynucleotide sequence studies have shown that the two gonococcal plasmids share about 70% of their sequences and are closely related to RSF0885, a 4.1 X 10(6)-dalton plasmid found in a beta-lactamase-producing strain of Haemophilus influenzae. All three of these R plasmids possess a guanine-plus-cytosine content of 0.40 to 0.41 mol fraction and are present as multicopy gene pools in their bacterial hosts.", "PMID": 407214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4046", "title": "Permeability of the cell envelope and osmotic behavior in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was equilibrated with distilled water and then packed into standardized pellets by centrifugation. The fractional space (S value) that was accessible to passive permeation was probed with a variety of mono- and divalent salts, mono- and disaccharides, polyols, substrates and products of beta-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26) and acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), and a cross-linked polymer of sucrose (Ficoll 400). A simple but very reproducible method was developed to measure pellet volume. At the limit of zero osmolality for bathing medium, the interstitial space was 0.223 ml/ml of pellet, and the aqueous volume of cell envelopes was 0.117 ml/ml of pellet. Thus the cell envelope for this yeast, under these conditions, was approximately 15% of the total cell volume. At a finite osmolality, the space in a yeast pellet that was accessible to salt was accounted for by the sum of initial interstitial space, the volume of the cell envelopes, and the volume of water abstracted from the cells by osmosis. Plots of S value versus osmolality were linear for uncharged probes and curvilinear for all salts. When Ficoll and potassium thiocyanate were presented to the yeast in admixture, the S values for the salt increased continuously over the range of osmolality studied. However, the S values for Ficoll 400 (which did not penetrate the cell wall) were lower by an amount equilivalent to the cell envelopes; they increased in parallel with the S curve for salt up to 1.15 osmol/kg and then plateaued. The results support the concept of incipient plasmolysis at 1.15 osmol/kg, and the separation of protoplasm from the cell wall is indicated with more concentrated solutions. Such cells were still viable if slowly diluted in distilled water, but they were injured by the shock of rapid dilution. However, shocking the cells did not release beta-fructofuranosidase into the medium. The complete accessibility of salts toward killed cells was demonstrated with yeast that had been pretreated with heat, organic solvents, or glutaraldehyde.", "contents": "Permeability of the cell envelope and osmotic behavior in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was equilibrated with distilled water and then packed into standardized pellets by centrifugation. The fractional space (S value) that was accessible to passive permeation was probed with a variety of mono- and divalent salts, mono- and disaccharides, polyols, substrates and products of beta-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26) and acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), and a cross-linked polymer of sucrose (Ficoll 400). A simple but very reproducible method was developed to measure pellet volume. At the limit of zero osmolality for bathing medium, the interstitial space was 0.223 ml/ml of pellet, and the aqueous volume of cell envelopes was 0.117 ml/ml of pellet. Thus the cell envelope for this yeast, under these conditions, was approximately 15% of the total cell volume. At a finite osmolality, the space in a yeast pellet that was accessible to salt was accounted for by the sum of initial interstitial space, the volume of the cell envelopes, and the volume of water abstracted from the cells by osmosis. Plots of S value versus osmolality were linear for uncharged probes and curvilinear for all salts. When Ficoll and potassium thiocyanate were presented to the yeast in admixture, the S values for the salt increased continuously over the range of osmolality studied. However, the S values for Ficoll 400 (which did not penetrate the cell wall) were lower by an amount equilivalent to the cell envelopes; they increased in parallel with the S curve for salt up to 1.15 osmol/kg and then plateaued. The results support the concept of incipient plasmolysis at 1.15 osmol/kg, and the separation of protoplasm from the cell wall is indicated with more concentrated solutions. Such cells were still viable if slowly diluted in distilled water, but they were injured by the shock of rapid dilution. However, shocking the cells did not release beta-fructofuranosidase into the medium. The complete accessibility of salts toward killed cells was demonstrated with yeast that had been pretreated with heat, organic solvents, or glutaraldehyde.", "PMID": 407215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4047", "title": "Purification and properties of the periplasmic glucose-binding protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A glucose-binding glycoprotein (GBP) from the periplasm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, molecular sieve chromatography, and double-diffusion gel precipitation. It had an average molecular weight of 44,500 and an isoelectric point of 4.7. One mole of glucose was bound per mole of GBP with a dissociation constant of 0.35 muM. The binding of radioactive glucose by GBP was not significantly inhibited by 10-fold-higher concentrations of other carbohydrates; however, a number of related compounds were found to compete at 100-fold-higher concentrations. Amino acid analyses revealed predominant amounts of alanine, glutamate, and glycine and a low content of sulfur-containing amino acids. The carbohydrate moiety of GBP, comprising nearly 16% of the total weight, contained galactosamine, glucosamine, fucose, galactose, glucose, and mannose. A GBP-deficient mutant, strain MB723, was found to be defective in both membrane transport and glucose chemotaxis. Strain MB724, a revertant to GBP-positive phenotype, simultaneously recovered normal levels of both membrane functions.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the periplasmic glucose-binding protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A glucose-binding glycoprotein (GBP) from the periplasm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, molecular sieve chromatography, and double-diffusion gel precipitation. It had an average molecular weight of 44,500 and an isoelectric point of 4.7. One mole of glucose was bound per mole of GBP with a dissociation constant of 0.35 muM. The binding of radioactive glucose by GBP was not significantly inhibited by 10-fold-higher concentrations of other carbohydrates; however, a number of related compounds were found to compete at 100-fold-higher concentrations. Amino acid analyses revealed predominant amounts of alanine, glutamate, and glycine and a low content of sulfur-containing amino acids. The carbohydrate moiety of GBP, comprising nearly 16% of the total weight, contained galactosamine, glucosamine, fucose, galactose, glucose, and mannose. A GBP-deficient mutant, strain MB723, was found to be defective in both membrane transport and glucose chemotaxis. Strain MB724, a revertant to GBP-positive phenotype, simultaneously recovered normal levels of both membrane functions.", "PMID": 407216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4048", "title": "Conversion by trypsin of nonsense suppressor-produced isozymes of triosephosphate isomerase to isozymes resembling the wild type.", "content": "Nonsense suppressor genes caused the synthesis of new triosephosphate isomerase isozymes in Bacillus subtilis. Incubation with trypsin produced a large decrease in the apparent molecular weight of one such isozyme and simultaneously changed the electrophoretic behavior such that it resembled that of the wild-type enzyme.", "contents": "Conversion by trypsin of nonsense suppressor-produced isozymes of triosephosphate isomerase to isozymes resembling the wild type. Nonsense suppressor genes caused the synthesis of new triosephosphate isomerase isozymes in Bacillus subtilis. Incubation with trypsin produced a large decrease in the apparent molecular weight of one such isozyme and simultaneously changed the electrophoretic behavior such that it resembled that of the wild-type enzyme.", "PMID": 407217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4049", "title": "Isolation and characterization of four types of plasmids from Bacillus subtilis (natto).", "content": "Covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acids were found in 10 strains of Bacillus natto. The plasmids could be classified into four types on the basis of the molecular weights as well as the patterns in agarose gel electrophoresis after digestion with restriction endonucleases: (i) plasmids (seven were detected) with a molecular weight of 3.6 X 10(6); (ii) plasmids (two were detected) with a molecular weight of 4.0 X 10(6); (iii) plasmids (eight were detected) with a molecular weight of about 34 X 10(6); and (iv), a plasmid with an approximate molecular weight of 46 X 10(6). Out of the 10 plasmid-carrying strains, 6 (IFO3009, IFO3013, IFO3335, IFO13169, IAM1143, and IAM1207) harbored both type 1 and 3 plasmids; 2 (IAM1114 and IAM1168) harbored both type 2 and 3 plasmids, and IFO3936 and IAM1163 carried type 1 and 4 plasmids, respectively.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of four types of plasmids from Bacillus subtilis (natto). Covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acids were found in 10 strains of Bacillus natto. The plasmids could be classified into four types on the basis of the molecular weights as well as the patterns in agarose gel electrophoresis after digestion with restriction endonucleases: (i) plasmids (seven were detected) with a molecular weight of 3.6 X 10(6); (ii) plasmids (two were detected) with a molecular weight of 4.0 X 10(6); (iii) plasmids (eight were detected) with a molecular weight of about 34 X 10(6); and (iv), a plasmid with an approximate molecular weight of 46 X 10(6). Out of the 10 plasmid-carrying strains, 6 (IFO3009, IFO3013, IFO3335, IFO13169, IAM1143, and IAM1207) harbored both type 1 and 3 plasmids; 2 (IAM1114 and IAM1168) harbored both type 2 and 3 plasmids, and IFO3936 and IAM1163 carried type 1 and 4 plasmids, respectively.", "PMID": 407218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4050", "title": "Production of copper coproporphyrin III by Bacillus cereus. I. Purification and identification of copper coproporphyrin III.", "content": "Bacillus cereus strains 2 and T did not form spores and accumulated a large amount of purple pigment inside the cells, when cultured in a yeast extract-ammonium salt medium with excess glucose. The pigment was extracted and crystallized as the ethyl ester. It was identified as copper coproporphyrin III.", "contents": "Production of copper coproporphyrin III by Bacillus cereus. I. Purification and identification of copper coproporphyrin III. Bacillus cereus strains 2 and T did not form spores and accumulated a large amount of purple pigment inside the cells, when cultured in a yeast extract-ammonium salt medium with excess glucose. The pigment was extracted and crystallized as the ethyl ester. It was identified as copper coproporphyrin III.", "PMID": 407221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4051", "title": "Production of copper coproporphyrin III by Bacillus cereus. II. Regulation of the biosynthesis of coproporphyrin III and its copper complex by oxygen and heavy metal ions.", "content": "The effects of oxygen and heavy metal ions on the production of copper coproporphyrin III were studied in Bacillus cereus strain 2. The formation of copper coproporphyrin III was found to be maximum when the cells were cultivated in G-medium at a low level of oxygen supply, but it was suppressed at extremely low oxygen supply levels. When the cells were cultured in metal-free G-medium, neither metal-coproporphyrin III nor coproporphyrin III was formed. In the presence of copper in the medium (400-100 micrometers), the formation of coproporphyrin III copper salt was maximum, but the addition of various heavy metal ions other than copper to the copper-free medium resulted in the formation of neither coproporphyrin III nor its metal chelates. Copper ions appear to be specifically required for coproporphyrin III formation.", "contents": "Production of copper coproporphyrin III by Bacillus cereus. II. Regulation of the biosynthesis of coproporphyrin III and its copper complex by oxygen and heavy metal ions. The effects of oxygen and heavy metal ions on the production of copper coproporphyrin III were studied in Bacillus cereus strain 2. The formation of copper coproporphyrin III was found to be maximum when the cells were cultivated in G-medium at a low level of oxygen supply, but it was suppressed at extremely low oxygen supply levels. When the cells were cultured in metal-free G-medium, neither metal-coproporphyrin III nor coproporphyrin III was formed. In the presence of copper in the medium (400-100 micrometers), the formation of coproporphyrin III copper salt was maximum, but the addition of various heavy metal ions other than copper to the copper-free medium resulted in the formation of neither coproporphyrin III nor its metal chelates. Copper ions appear to be specifically required for coproporphyrin III formation.", "PMID": 407222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4052", "title": "Purification of immunuglobulin light chain messenger RNA by immunoprecipitation from mouse myeloma tumor, MOPC-31C.", "content": "Polysomes producing IgGl(kappa) myeloma protein were specifically selected by an immunoprecipitation method, and immunoglobulin light chain mRNA was purified from the precipitated polysomes. The purified mRNA migrated predominantly as a single band and the molecular weight of this mRNA was calculated to be 410.000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 98% formamide. A protein possessing a molecular weight of 25,000, which is the size of the light chain precursor, was synthesized as a major product of translation in a wheat germ cell-free system. DNA complementary to the mRNA (cDNA) was prepared with avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. This cDNA had an average size of 8.3S as determined by sedimentation through an alkaline sucrose gradient. Using this cDNA, Crt 1/2 values of template RNA and RNA from various preparations were calculated from the results of molecular hybridization. The relative content of the mRNA increased 4,4-fold during the immunoprecipitation of polysomes.", "contents": "Purification of immunuglobulin light chain messenger RNA by immunoprecipitation from mouse myeloma tumor, MOPC-31C. Polysomes producing IgGl(kappa) myeloma protein were specifically selected by an immunoprecipitation method, and immunoglobulin light chain mRNA was purified from the precipitated polysomes. The purified mRNA migrated predominantly as a single band and the molecular weight of this mRNA was calculated to be 410.000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 98% formamide. A protein possessing a molecular weight of 25,000, which is the size of the light chain precursor, was synthesized as a major product of translation in a wheat germ cell-free system. DNA complementary to the mRNA (cDNA) was prepared with avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. This cDNA had an average size of 8.3S as determined by sedimentation through an alkaline sucrose gradient. Using this cDNA, Crt 1/2 values of template RNA and RNA from various preparations were calculated from the results of molecular hybridization. The relative content of the mRNA increased 4,4-fold during the immunoprecipitation of polysomes.", "PMID": 407223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4053", "title": "Purification of immunoglobulin heavy chain messenger RNA by immunoprecipitation from the mouse myeloma tumor, MOPC-31C.", "content": "Immunoglobulin heavy chain mRNA was purified from immunoprecipitated polysomes derived from the mouse myeloma tumor, MOPC-31C. The purified mRNA migrated predominantly as a single band upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 98% formamide and the molecular weight of this mRNA was calculated to be 700,000. This mRNA was as active as the purified light chain mRNA when it was employed as a template in a cell-free protein synthesizing system from wheat germ. The translation product had a molecular weight of 55,000 daltons, and migrated slightly faster than mature heavy chain upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate. The protein synthesized by the direction of this mRNA was shown to yield tryptic peptides corresponding to those derived from the mature heavy chain protein except that one missing peptide was replaced by another additional peptide. DNA complementary to the mRNA was synthesized by RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus. Hybridization kinetic analysis between the heavy chain mRNA and its complementary DNA indicated that the RNA was essentially homogenous with rabbit globin mRNA as a standard.", "contents": "Purification of immunoglobulin heavy chain messenger RNA by immunoprecipitation from the mouse myeloma tumor, MOPC-31C. Immunoglobulin heavy chain mRNA was purified from immunoprecipitated polysomes derived from the mouse myeloma tumor, MOPC-31C. The purified mRNA migrated predominantly as a single band upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 98% formamide and the molecular weight of this mRNA was calculated to be 700,000. This mRNA was as active as the purified light chain mRNA when it was employed as a template in a cell-free protein synthesizing system from wheat germ. The translation product had a molecular weight of 55,000 daltons, and migrated slightly faster than mature heavy chain upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate. The protein synthesized by the direction of this mRNA was shown to yield tryptic peptides corresponding to those derived from the mature heavy chain protein except that one missing peptide was replaced by another additional peptide. DNA complementary to the mRNA was synthesized by RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus. Hybridization kinetic analysis between the heavy chain mRNA and its complementary DNA indicated that the RNA was essentially homogenous with rabbit globin mRNA as a standard.", "PMID": 407224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4054", "title": "Approaches to the validation of animal test systems for assay of protective potency of BCG vaccines.", "content": "Three animal test systems, two in guinea-pigs and one in mice, have been examined to differentiate the ability of three BCG vaccines with respect to their ability to protect the animals against infection when challenged with virulent bacilli. One test system showed great promise and was examined in greater detail in order to explain the mechanism of protection. These studies are continuing in order to test a series of BCG vaccines that will be given to groups of children and their protective effect observed.", "contents": "Approaches to the validation of animal test systems for assay of protective potency of BCG vaccines. Three animal test systems, two in guinea-pigs and one in mice, have been examined to differentiate the ability of three BCG vaccines with respect to their ability to protect the animals against infection when challenged with virulent bacilli. One test system showed great promise and was examined in greater detail in order to explain the mechanism of protection. These studies are continuing in order to test a series of BCG vaccines that will be given to groups of children and their protective effect observed.", "PMID": 407231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4055", "title": "Loss of DNA repair capacity during successive subcultures of primary rat fibroblasts.", "content": "Cultures of fibroblasts from newborn rats and successive subcultures of these cells were treated with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide to induce DNA repair. DNA from the cultures was examined by velocity sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients immediately after drug treatment and after a post-treatment incubation period of 3 h. Early passage cells were able to repair the damage that appeared as single strand breaks, however, by the seventh subculture this activity was not apparent. Measurements of repair synthesis showed a partial loss of this capacity with successive subculture. The results fit a model in which 4NQO causes two kinds of DNA modification, one of which is alkali labile and appears as a single-strand break. Both modifications are subject to excision repair, but each is recognized initially by a specific endonuclease. In the late passage cells, the endonuclease specific for the alkali labile modification is absent.", "contents": "Loss of DNA repair capacity during successive subcultures of primary rat fibroblasts. Cultures of fibroblasts from newborn rats and successive subcultures of these cells were treated with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide to induce DNA repair. DNA from the cultures was examined by velocity sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients immediately after drug treatment and after a post-treatment incubation period of 3 h. Early passage cells were able to repair the damage that appeared as single strand breaks, however, by the seventh subculture this activity was not apparent. Measurements of repair synthesis showed a partial loss of this capacity with successive subculture. The results fit a model in which 4NQO causes two kinds of DNA modification, one of which is alkali labile and appears as a single-strand break. Both modifications are subject to excision repair, but each is recognized initially by a specific endonuclease. In the late passage cells, the endonuclease specific for the alkali labile modification is absent.", "PMID": 407232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4056", "title": "Adhesion of phospholipid vesicles to Chinese hamster fibroblasts. Role of cell surface proteins.", "content": "The adhesion of artificially generated lipid membrane vesicles to Chinese hamster V79 fibroblasts in suspension was used as a model system for studying membrane interactions. Below their gel-liquid crystalline phase transition temperature, vesicles comprised of dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL) or dimyristoyl lecithin (DML) absorbed to the surfaces of EDTA- dissociated cells. These adherent vesicles could not be removed by repeated washings of the treated cells but could be released into the medium by treatment with trypsin. EM autoradiographic studies of cells treated with[(3)H]DML or [(3)H]DPL vesicles showed that most of the radioactive lipids were confined to the cell periphery. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy further confirmed the presence of adherent vesicles at the cell surface. Adhesion of DML or DPL vesicles to EDTA-dissociated cells modified the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination pattern of the cell surface proteins; the inhibition of labeling of two proteins with an approximately 60,000- dalton mol wt was particularly evident. Incubation of cells wit h (3)H-lipid vesicles followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that some of the (3)H-lipid migrated preferentially with these approximately 60,000-mol wt proteins. Studies of the temperature dependence of vesicle uptake and subsequent release by trypsin showed that DML or DPL vesicle adhesion to EDTA- dissociated cells increased with decreasing temperatures. In contrast, cells trypsinized before incubation with vesicles showed practically no temperature dependence of vesicle uptake. These results suggest two pathways for adhesion of lipid vesicles to the cell surface-a temperature-sensitive one involving cell surface proteins, and a temperature-independent one. These findings are discussed in terms of current models for cell-cell interactions.", "contents": "Adhesion of phospholipid vesicles to Chinese hamster fibroblasts. Role of cell surface proteins. The adhesion of artificially generated lipid membrane vesicles to Chinese hamster V79 fibroblasts in suspension was used as a model system for studying membrane interactions. Below their gel-liquid crystalline phase transition temperature, vesicles comprised of dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL) or dimyristoyl lecithin (DML) absorbed to the surfaces of EDTA- dissociated cells. These adherent vesicles could not be removed by repeated washings of the treated cells but could be released into the medium by treatment with trypsin. EM autoradiographic studies of cells treated with[(3)H]DML or [(3)H]DPL vesicles showed that most of the radioactive lipids were confined to the cell periphery. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy further confirmed the presence of adherent vesicles at the cell surface. Adhesion of DML or DPL vesicles to EDTA-dissociated cells modified the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination pattern of the cell surface proteins; the inhibition of labeling of two proteins with an approximately 60,000- dalton mol wt was particularly evident. Incubation of cells wit h (3)H-lipid vesicles followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that some of the (3)H-lipid migrated preferentially with these approximately 60,000-mol wt proteins. Studies of the temperature dependence of vesicle uptake and subsequent release by trypsin showed that DML or DPL vesicle adhesion to EDTA- dissociated cells increased with decreasing temperatures. In contrast, cells trypsinized before incubation with vesicles showed practically no temperature dependence of vesicle uptake. These results suggest two pathways for adhesion of lipid vesicles to the cell surface-a temperature-sensitive one involving cell surface proteins, and a temperature-independent one. These findings are discussed in terms of current models for cell-cell interactions.", "PMID": 407233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4057", "title": "Identification of the individual polychlorinated biphenyls in a mixture by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Retention indices were computed for all of the 210 possible chlorinated biphenyls on 13 gas chromatographic liquid phases. All possible pairwise comparisons of retention indices were made for each liquid phase, each pair of liquid phases and each set of three liquid phases. On the basis of a closeness criterion of 10 (deltaRI = RIa - RIb = 10), those combinations of three or fewer liquid phases which could distinguish between nearly all possible pairs of chlorinated biphenyls were selected. Further considerations such as column efficiencies, analysis time required, resolution achievable and availability led to the selection of several common liquid phases for the qualitative and, in some cases, quantitative analysis of the individual components of mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls. A few specific applications are discussed.", "contents": "Identification of the individual polychlorinated biphenyls in a mixture by gas-liquid chromatography. Retention indices were computed for all of the 210 possible chlorinated biphenyls on 13 gas chromatographic liquid phases. All possible pairwise comparisons of retention indices were made for each liquid phase, each pair of liquid phases and each set of three liquid phases. On the basis of a closeness criterion of 10 (deltaRI = RIa - RIb = 10), those combinations of three or fewer liquid phases which could distinguish between nearly all possible pairs of chlorinated biphenyls were selected. Further considerations such as column efficiencies, analysis time required, resolution achievable and availability led to the selection of several common liquid phases for the qualitative and, in some cases, quantitative analysis of the individual components of mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls. A few specific applications are discussed.", "PMID": 407234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4058", "title": "Effect of bromoergocriptine on TRH-induced growth hormone and prolactin release in acromegalic patients.", "content": "In an attempt to evaluate the dynamics of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin secretion in acromegalic patients, the response of serum GH as well as prolactin to 2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine (CB154) alone or to CB154 combined with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was studied in 8 subjects with this disease. Oral administration of CB154 unequivocally decreased serum prolactin levels in all of the 8 patients, while GH-inhibitory action of the drug was observed only in 6 subjects who responded to TRH with secretion of GH. The response of serum GH to TRH was not qualitatively and quantitatively altered by the treatment of patients with CB154 in a daily dose of 5 mg for two weeks. This treatment, on the other hand, remarkably suppressed basal levels of prolactin and completely blocked TRH-induced prolactin release in all of the subjects. The results suggest that there exists a dissociation between GH and prolactin responses to CB154 in acromegalic patients, and that CB154 and TRH may not share a common site of action on GH release in this pathologic state.", "contents": "Effect of bromoergocriptine on TRH-induced growth hormone and prolactin release in acromegalic patients. In an attempt to evaluate the dynamics of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin secretion in acromegalic patients, the response of serum GH as well as prolactin to 2-bromo-alpha-ergocriptine (CB154) alone or to CB154 combined with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was studied in 8 subjects with this disease. Oral administration of CB154 unequivocally decreased serum prolactin levels in all of the 8 patients, while GH-inhibitory action of the drug was observed only in 6 subjects who responded to TRH with secretion of GH. The response of serum GH to TRH was not qualitatively and quantitatively altered by the treatment of patients with CB154 in a daily dose of 5 mg for two weeks. This treatment, on the other hand, remarkably suppressed basal levels of prolactin and completely blocked TRH-induced prolactin release in all of the subjects. The results suggest that there exists a dissociation between GH and prolactin responses to CB154 in acromegalic patients, and that CB154 and TRH may not share a common site of action on GH release in this pathologic state.", "PMID": 407240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4059", "title": "Heterogeneity of prolactin and TSH response to TRH in hypotonadotropic hypogonadism.", "content": "To evaluate prolactin and TSH secretion in isolated gonadotropin deficiency, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), in a dose of 500 microgram, was administered iv to fifteen male subjects with this disorder. In 4 out of 8 untreated patients, TRH-mediated prolactin release was significantly blunted and this attenuated response was not improved in one patient after treatment with testosterone for 1 year. In 7 patients who were treated with testosterone for 2 to 8 years, four failed to show a normal prolactin response after TRH injection. TRH-induced TSH secretion, on the other hand, was attenuated in two out of 8 untreated and in two of 8 treated patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The decreased TSH reserve was not necessarily associated with the poor prolactin response to TRH. It was concluded that heterogeneity exists in TRH-mediated prolactin and TSH release in \"isolated\" gonadotropin deficiency syndrome.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of prolactin and TSH response to TRH in hypotonadotropic hypogonadism. To evaluate prolactin and TSH secretion in isolated gonadotropin deficiency, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), in a dose of 500 microgram, was administered iv to fifteen male subjects with this disorder. In 4 out of 8 untreated patients, TRH-mediated prolactin release was significantly blunted and this attenuated response was not improved in one patient after treatment with testosterone for 1 year. In 7 patients who were treated with testosterone for 2 to 8 years, four failed to show a normal prolactin response after TRH injection. TRH-induced TSH secretion, on the other hand, was attenuated in two out of 8 untreated and in two of 8 treated patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The decreased TSH reserve was not necessarily associated with the poor prolactin response to TRH. It was concluded that heterogeneity exists in TRH-mediated prolactin and TSH release in \"isolated\" gonadotropin deficiency syndrome.", "PMID": 407241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4060", "title": "Separation of pathogenic from apathogenic Listeria monocytogenes by three in vitro reactions.", "content": "One-hundred-twelve isolants of Listeria monocytogenes cultured from clinical and nonclinical sources were examined for hemolytic activity by means of the CAMP phenomenon and tested for acidification of xylose and rhamnose. The reactions of the isolants were noted and correlated with the pathogenicity of the organisms. All of the CAMP-negative (nonhemolytic) isolants were apathogenic, and all but one of the CAMP-positive (hemolytic) isolants were pathogenic. All xylose-acidifying isolating isolants were apathogenic, but not all apathogenic isolants were xylose acidifiers. All pathogenic isolants but one were rhamnose acidifiers, but not all rhamnose acidifiers were pathogenic. The pattern of hemolysis, rhamnose acidification, and non-acidification of xylose is associated with pathogenic L. monocytogenes; departure from this pattern is associated with nonpathogenic Listeria, which otherwise share the properties of L. monocytogenes. These in vitro tests should prove useful in screening the apathogenic isolants whose clinical and epidemiological significance should be carefully assessed.", "contents": "Separation of pathogenic from apathogenic Listeria monocytogenes by three in vitro reactions. One-hundred-twelve isolants of Listeria monocytogenes cultured from clinical and nonclinical sources were examined for hemolytic activity by means of the CAMP phenomenon and tested for acidification of xylose and rhamnose. The reactions of the isolants were noted and correlated with the pathogenicity of the organisms. All of the CAMP-negative (nonhemolytic) isolants were apathogenic, and all but one of the CAMP-positive (hemolytic) isolants were pathogenic. All xylose-acidifying isolating isolants were apathogenic, but not all apathogenic isolants were xylose acidifiers. All pathogenic isolants but one were rhamnose acidifiers, but not all rhamnose acidifiers were pathogenic. The pattern of hemolysis, rhamnose acidification, and non-acidification of xylose is associated with pathogenic L. monocytogenes; departure from this pattern is associated with nonpathogenic Listeria, which otherwise share the properties of L. monocytogenes. These in vitro tests should prove useful in screening the apathogenic isolants whose clinical and epidemiological significance should be carefully assessed.", "PMID": 407244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4061", "title": "Laboratory evaluation of serological tests for systemic candidiasis: a cooperative study.", "content": "Three serological tests for candidiasis, agar gel diffusion (AGD-1), whole cell agglutination (AGGL-1), and latex agglutination (LAT), were evaluated by six laboratories with 100 coded sera. In addition, each of six laboratories performed a test of its choice, either the AGD-2, the AGD-3, the AGGL-2, or one of three counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CEP) methods (CEP-1, CEP-2, and CEP-3). Results are presented by laboratory for a group of 53 \"candida-involved\" cases (33 proven, 14 presumptive, and 6 probable) and 47 negative controls (41 normal and 6 other disease states). The AGD-1 test produced an overall average of 85.1% positive results in the candida-involved group and 5.0% positives in the control group. The LAT produced an overall average of 89.0% positives in the candida-involved group and 17.4% positives in the controls. The AGGL-1 test produced an overall average of 63.8% positives in the candida-involved group, with 12.3% positives in the controls. In the individual tests, the best performance was shown by the CEP-3 test (92.5% positives in the candida-involved group and 2.1% positives in controls) and the CEP-1 test (88.7% positive in the candida-involved group and no positives in the controls). The tests with the highest sensitivity were the AGGL-2 and CEP-2 (94.3 and 96.2%, respectively). These tests were also the least specific (80.9 and 76.6%, respectively). In the three common tests, the AGD-1 was the most reproducible, whereas the AGGL-1 produced considerable laboratory-to-laboratory variation. Since cell-free extracts of mechanically disrupted C. albicans were used for the LAT and all the AGD and CEP tests, the difference in performance was considered to be mainly due to antigenic composition and the conditions of the test. The results of this study confirm the value of serological tests for the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis, but point out the need for standardized reagents.", "contents": "Laboratory evaluation of serological tests for systemic candidiasis: a cooperative study. Three serological tests for candidiasis, agar gel diffusion (AGD-1), whole cell agglutination (AGGL-1), and latex agglutination (LAT), were evaluated by six laboratories with 100 coded sera. In addition, each of six laboratories performed a test of its choice, either the AGD-2, the AGD-3, the AGGL-2, or one of three counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CEP) methods (CEP-1, CEP-2, and CEP-3). Results are presented by laboratory for a group of 53 \"candida-involved\" cases (33 proven, 14 presumptive, and 6 probable) and 47 negative controls (41 normal and 6 other disease states). The AGD-1 test produced an overall average of 85.1% positive results in the candida-involved group and 5.0% positives in the control group. The LAT produced an overall average of 89.0% positives in the candida-involved group and 17.4% positives in the controls. The AGGL-1 test produced an overall average of 63.8% positives in the candida-involved group, with 12.3% positives in the controls. In the individual tests, the best performance was shown by the CEP-3 test (92.5% positives in the candida-involved group and 2.1% positives in controls) and the CEP-1 test (88.7% positive in the candida-involved group and no positives in the controls). The tests with the highest sensitivity were the AGGL-2 and CEP-2 (94.3 and 96.2%, respectively). These tests were also the least specific (80.9 and 76.6%, respectively). In the three common tests, the AGD-1 was the most reproducible, whereas the AGGL-1 produced considerable laboratory-to-laboratory variation. Since cell-free extracts of mechanically disrupted C. albicans were used for the LAT and all the AGD and CEP tests, the difference in performance was considered to be mainly due to antigenic composition and the conditions of the test. The results of this study confirm the value of serological tests for the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis, but point out the need for standardized reagents.", "PMID": 407245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4062", "title": "Serological typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: use of commercial antisera and live antigens.", "content": "A practical slide agglutination test, with commercial antisera (Difco) and live antigens (antigens of live bacteria) taken directly from 24-h antimicrobial susceptibility plates, has been established for serotyping Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Until recently, the lack of both a standard antigenic scheme and a source of commercial antisera has made serological typing of this organism impractical. A simplified procedure with 17 unabsorbed antisera and live antigens prepared from materials readily available in most clinical microbiology laboratories makes epidemiological typing of this organism possible in hospital laboratories. The distribution of each serotype examined in this study was determined by using 425 consecutive patient isolates from six different hospitals. The distribution of O antigen groups (live antigen) was as follows: O1, 11.5%; O2, 1.6%; O3, 3.8%; O4, 7.8%; O5, 4.2% O6, 27.1%; O7,8, 5.9%; O9, 6.8%; O10, 2.4%; O11, 8.2%; O12 through O17, each less than 1%. Ten and six-tenths percent of the above agglutinated in two antisera, 3.3% agglutinated in more than two antisera, and 5.2% did not agglutinate in any antisera. A comparison of live and heated antigens shows that 93.2% were typable with the live antigen, and 94.5% were typable with the heated antigen. When both antigens were used, we typed 96.3% of 725 isolates. The reproductibility and specificity of the serological procedure were examined. We recommend using the live antigen for routine serological typing in clinical microbiology laboratories for \"in house\" epidemiology and reserving the heated antigen for reference and research typing (and for those few cases where results cannot be obtained using the live antigen). The application of serotyping in the study of outbreaks of P. aeruginosa is also presented.", "contents": "Serological typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: use of commercial antisera and live antigens. A practical slide agglutination test, with commercial antisera (Difco) and live antigens (antigens of live bacteria) taken directly from 24-h antimicrobial susceptibility plates, has been established for serotyping Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Until recently, the lack of both a standard antigenic scheme and a source of commercial antisera has made serological typing of this organism impractical. A simplified procedure with 17 unabsorbed antisera and live antigens prepared from materials readily available in most clinical microbiology laboratories makes epidemiological typing of this organism possible in hospital laboratories. The distribution of each serotype examined in this study was determined by using 425 consecutive patient isolates from six different hospitals. The distribution of O antigen groups (live antigen) was as follows: O1, 11.5%; O2, 1.6%; O3, 3.8%; O4, 7.8%; O5, 4.2% O6, 27.1%; O7,8, 5.9%; O9, 6.8%; O10, 2.4%; O11, 8.2%; O12 through O17, each less than 1%. Ten and six-tenths percent of the above agglutinated in two antisera, 3.3% agglutinated in more than two antisera, and 5.2% did not agglutinate in any antisera. A comparison of live and heated antigens shows that 93.2% were typable with the live antigen, and 94.5% were typable with the heated antigen. When both antigens were used, we typed 96.3% of 725 isolates. The reproductibility and specificity of the serological procedure were examined. We recommend using the live antigen for routine serological typing in clinical microbiology laboratories for \"in house\" epidemiology and reserving the heated antigen for reference and research typing (and for those few cases where results cannot be obtained using the live antigen). The application of serotyping in the study of outbreaks of P. aeruginosa is also presented.", "PMID": 407246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4063", "title": "Smooth phage-resistant Brucella abortus from bovine tissue.", "content": "Conventional typing, oxidative metabolic, and virulence tests were conducted on a phage-resistant Brucella abortus strain isolated from the supramammary lymph node of a cow.", "contents": "Smooth phage-resistant Brucella abortus from bovine tissue. Conventional typing, oxidative metabolic, and virulence tests were conducted on a phage-resistant Brucella abortus strain isolated from the supramammary lymph node of a cow.", "PMID": 407247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4064", "title": "Automated, rapid identification of bacteria by pattern analysis of growth inhibition profiles obtained with Autobac 1.", "content": "A scheme for identifying bacteria has been devised which utilizes the inhibition patterns obtained by Autobac 1 with routine and unusual antimicrobial agents and with other differentially inhibitory chemical compounds. Over 600 compounds were initially identified from the literature, and over 125 of these were selected for further testing on the basis of antibacterial activity most conducive to the instrument-generated differential scheme. Numerical growth index information derived by light scatter comparisons from the instrument were analyzed by computer, utilizing the quadratic discriminant function statistical technique. In comparison with conventional methods, accuracy for the 10 bacterial genera studied was 95% or greater. Results indicate a potential for both bacterial identification and antimicrobial agent susceptibility testing in the clinical laboratory within 3 to 5 h when using this automated approach.", "contents": "Automated, rapid identification of bacteria by pattern analysis of growth inhibition profiles obtained with Autobac 1. A scheme for identifying bacteria has been devised which utilizes the inhibition patterns obtained by Autobac 1 with routine and unusual antimicrobial agents and with other differentially inhibitory chemical compounds. Over 600 compounds were initially identified from the literature, and over 125 of these were selected for further testing on the basis of antibacterial activity most conducive to the instrument-generated differential scheme. Numerical growth index information derived by light scatter comparisons from the instrument were analyzed by computer, utilizing the quadratic discriminant function statistical technique. In comparison with conventional methods, accuracy for the 10 bacterial genera studied was 95% or greater. Results indicate a potential for both bacterial identification and antimicrobial agent susceptibility testing in the clinical laboratory within 3 to 5 h when using this automated approach.", "PMID": 407248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4065", "title": "Use of glutaraldehyde-fixed goose erythrocytes in arbovirus serology.", "content": "Goose erythrocytes preserved with glutaraldehyde were compared with fresh cells in hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests for arbovirus antigens and antibodies. The glutaraldehyde-fixed cells were as sensitive and specific as theresh erythrocytes and were stable at 4 degrees C for 6 months.", "contents": "Use of glutaraldehyde-fixed goose erythrocytes in arbovirus serology. Goose erythrocytes preserved with glutaraldehyde were compared with fresh cells in hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests for arbovirus antigens and antibodies. The glutaraldehyde-fixed cells were as sensitive and specific as theresh erythrocytes and were stable at 4 degrees C for 6 months.", "PMID": 407249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4066", "title": "Serum antibody to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin measured by a passive hemagglutination assay.", "content": "A passive hemagglutination (PHA) assay for antibody to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin is described which utilizes chromic chloride-treated ovine erythrocytes coated with purified toxin. PHA antitoxin titers correlated well with those obtained by a cytotoxicity neutralization assay (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001), whereas the PHA assay was four to eight times as sensitive. The mean serum PHA titer of 16 patients convalescing from recent pseudomonas infections (log2 = 9.4 +/- 3.9) was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than that of 17 healthy controls (2,7 +/- 2.6), and fourfold or greater rises were demonstrated in 5 of 7 patients examined sequentially. The lower levels of PHA antibody in sera from 11 of 17 controls suggested the acquisition of antitoxin secondary to asymptomatic infection.", "contents": "Serum antibody to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin measured by a passive hemagglutination assay. A passive hemagglutination (PHA) assay for antibody to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin is described which utilizes chromic chloride-treated ovine erythrocytes coated with purified toxin. PHA antitoxin titers correlated well with those obtained by a cytotoxicity neutralization assay (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001), whereas the PHA assay was four to eight times as sensitive. The mean serum PHA titer of 16 patients convalescing from recent pseudomonas infections (log2 = 9.4 +/- 3.9) was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than that of 17 healthy controls (2,7 +/- 2.6), and fourfold or greater rises were demonstrated in 5 of 7 patients examined sequentially. The lower levels of PHA antibody in sera from 11 of 17 controls suggested the acquisition of antitoxin secondary to asymptomatic infection.", "PMID": 407250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4067", "title": "The relationship of computed tomography and ultrasonography in diagnosis of abdominal disease.", "content": "A detailed comparison of computed tomography and ultrasonography of the abdomen is presented from a theoretical point of view. The advantages and limitations of both modalities are discussed in terms of scan content, resolution, plane of interrogation, dynamic imaging, examination time, imaging problems, automation, contrast administration, puncture guidance, examination availability, hazards, personnel and space requirements, and cost. Analysis of these factors leads the authors to conclude that ultrasound should be the procedure of choice for sectional imaging of the abdomen. Computed tomography should be reserved for those situations in which the ultrasound examination is not diagnostic (i.e., skeletal system, lungs, mediastinum).", "contents": "The relationship of computed tomography and ultrasonography in diagnosis of abdominal disease. A detailed comparison of computed tomography and ultrasonography of the abdomen is presented from a theoretical point of view. The advantages and limitations of both modalities are discussed in terms of scan content, resolution, plane of interrogation, dynamic imaging, examination time, imaging problems, automation, contrast administration, puncture guidance, examination availability, hazards, personnel and space requirements, and cost. Analysis of these factors leads the authors to conclude that ultrasound should be the procedure of choice for sectional imaging of the abdomen. Computed tomography should be reserved for those situations in which the ultrasound examination is not diagnostic (i.e., skeletal system, lungs, mediastinum).", "PMID": 407251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4068", "title": "Interobserver variability in echocardiography.", "content": "High-quality echocardiograms were performed on 146 normal individuals whose ages ranged from 3 to 73 years (mean 27 years). Normal values for mitral diastolic excursion and E-F slope, the chamber dimensions of the right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle, the aortic root dimension, and thickness of the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall were determined. Each tracing was then read independently by two experienced echocardiographers. The extent of interobserver variability was calculated and expressed as a percent of the mean. The 95 per cent confidence limits for these estimates were calculated. Small but significant interobserver variability was found for all nine of these commonly measured echocardiographic parameters. Observer variability is a small but potentially important consideration in investigative echocardiography.", "contents": "Interobserver variability in echocardiography. High-quality echocardiograms were performed on 146 normal individuals whose ages ranged from 3 to 73 years (mean 27 years). Normal values for mitral diastolic excursion and E-F slope, the chamber dimensions of the right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle, the aortic root dimension, and thickness of the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall were determined. Each tracing was then read independently by two experienced echocardiographers. The extent of interobserver variability was calculated and expressed as a percent of the mean. The 95 per cent confidence limits for these estimates were calculated. Small but significant interobserver variability was found for all nine of these commonly measured echocardiographic parameters. Observer variability is a small but potentially important consideration in investigative echocardiography.", "PMID": 407252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4069", "title": "Echocardiographic spectrum of posterior systolic motion of the mitral valve in the general population.", "content": "The prevalence of mitral valve prolapse has been established in selected groups of patients but not in the general population. The present study was designed to define the echocardiographic spectrum of mitral valve motion in a population of young individuals without clinical evidence of significant cardiac disease or hypertension. Echocardiograms were performed on 136 normal volunteers. Six subjects (4.4 per cent) had mitral valve prolapse. Eighteen subjects (13.2 per cent) had a lesser degree of posterior systolic motion of the mitral valve leaflets which was suggestive but not diagnostic of prolapse. Minor degrees of posterior systolic mitral valve motion may represent a variant of normal. Caution should be exercised in making the echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral prolapse until this question is settled.", "contents": "Echocardiographic spectrum of posterior systolic motion of the mitral valve in the general population. The prevalence of mitral valve prolapse has been established in selected groups of patients but not in the general population. The present study was designed to define the echocardiographic spectrum of mitral valve motion in a population of young individuals without clinical evidence of significant cardiac disease or hypertension. Echocardiograms were performed on 136 normal volunteers. Six subjects (4.4 per cent) had mitral valve prolapse. Eighteen subjects (13.2 per cent) had a lesser degree of posterior systolic motion of the mitral valve leaflets which was suggestive but not diagnostic of prolapse. Minor degrees of posterior systolic mitral valve motion may represent a variant of normal. Caution should be exercised in making the echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral prolapse until this question is settled.", "PMID": 407253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4070", "title": "Ultrasonographic assessment of neck masses.", "content": "Fourteen patients are presented to illustrate the usefulness of ultrasonography in assessing masses of the neck. Included are five patients with primary tumors, two with metastasis to a cervical node, three with cervical adenitis, two with simple cysts, and two with hematoma related to endarterectomy for occlusive disease of the carotid artery.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic assessment of neck masses. Fourteen patients are presented to illustrate the usefulness of ultrasonography in assessing masses of the neck. Included are five patients with primary tumors, two with metastasis to a cervical node, three with cervical adenitis, two with simple cysts, and two with hematoma related to endarterectomy for occlusive disease of the carotid artery.", "PMID": 407254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4071", "title": "Improvement in the ultrasonic evaluation of the gall bladder by using the left lateral decubitus position.", "content": "The authors discuss the value of routinely using the left lateral decubitus position for ultrasound evaluation of the gall bladder. This technique often affords improved visualization, clarifies abnormalities suspected in the supine position, and in some cases demonstrates a gall bladder that cannot be seen in the supine position.", "contents": "Improvement in the ultrasonic evaluation of the gall bladder by using the left lateral decubitus position. The authors discuss the value of routinely using the left lateral decubitus position for ultrasound evaluation of the gall bladder. This technique often affords improved visualization, clarifies abnormalities suspected in the supine position, and in some cases demonstrates a gall bladder that cannot be seen in the supine position.", "PMID": 407255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4072", "title": "Chronic ectopic pregnancy: ultrasonic diagnosis.", "content": "The classical ultrasonic description of a chronic ectopic pregnancy is a slightly enlarged uterus with uniform internal echoes and no evidence of an intrauterine pregnancy, combined with an extrauterine semicystic mass, gestational sac, or fetal structures. It is our experience that the ultrasonographer more commonly finds a midline pelvic mass containing irregular echo patterns and cystic areas. The mass may also be associated with abdominal or pelvic fluid and obliteration of normal anatomical structures. We wish to emphasize these variations from the classical description with illustrations that demonstrate the differences in the ultrasonic presentation of chronic ectopic pregnancy.", "contents": "Chronic ectopic pregnancy: ultrasonic diagnosis. The classical ultrasonic description of a chronic ectopic pregnancy is a slightly enlarged uterus with uniform internal echoes and no evidence of an intrauterine pregnancy, combined with an extrauterine semicystic mass, gestational sac, or fetal structures. It is our experience that the ultrasonographer more commonly finds a midline pelvic mass containing irregular echo patterns and cystic areas. The mass may also be associated with abdominal or pelvic fluid and obliteration of normal anatomical structures. We wish to emphasize these variations from the classical description with illustrations that demonstrate the differences in the ultrasonic presentation of chronic ectopic pregnancy.", "PMID": 407256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4073", "title": "The atrophic postmenopausal uterus.", "content": "The size of postmenopausal uterus varies, but after 65 years of age, it routinely appears atrophic. A pelvic mass in this age group should not be assumed to be within the uterus unless a careful search excludes an atrophic uterus. Single sweep longitudinal ultrasound sections are the best method of localizing a small uterus, but sometimes gain settings must be varied to demonstrate the organ.", "contents": "The atrophic postmenopausal uterus. The size of postmenopausal uterus varies, but after 65 years of age, it routinely appears atrophic. A pelvic mass in this age group should not be assumed to be within the uterus unless a careful search excludes an atrophic uterus. Single sweep longitudinal ultrasound sections are the best method of localizing a small uterus, but sometimes gain settings must be varied to demonstrate the organ.", "PMID": 407257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4074", "title": "Atypical cholesonograms in primary and secondary malignant disease of the biliary tract.", "content": "Hepatic metastases or mass lesion near the head of the pancreas are usually found when echograms are performed on patients with malignant diseases of the biliary tract. Atypical cholesonograms may result when the gall bladder itself is deformed or invaded by tumor, when tumor obstructing the bile duct is plaquelike and not detectable as a mass lesion, or when gall stones coexist as a purely incidental finding.", "contents": "Atypical cholesonograms in primary and secondary malignant disease of the biliary tract. Hepatic metastases or mass lesion near the head of the pancreas are usually found when echograms are performed on patients with malignant diseases of the biliary tract. Atypical cholesonograms may result when the gall bladder itself is deformed or invaded by tumor, when tumor obstructing the bile duct is plaquelike and not detectable as a mass lesion, or when gall stones coexist as a purely incidental finding.", "PMID": 407258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4075", "title": "Antenatal diagnosis of hydranencephaly by ultrasound: correlation with ventriculography and computed tomography.", "content": "A case of hydranencephaly was demonstrated antenatally by ultrasound and correlated with ventriculography and computed cranial tomography. Prenatal diagnosis of intracranial abnormalities by careful attention to intracranial anatomy is possible and can facilitate obstetrical management.", "contents": "Antenatal diagnosis of hydranencephaly by ultrasound: correlation with ventriculography and computed tomography. A case of hydranencephaly was demonstrated antenatally by ultrasound and correlated with ventriculography and computed cranial tomography. Prenatal diagnosis of intracranial abnormalities by careful attention to intracranial anatomy is possible and can facilitate obstetrical management.", "PMID": 407259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4076", "title": "Antepartum diagnosis by ultrasound of placental implantation on a uterine septum.", "content": "A routine ultrasound examination in a 23 year old female at 34 weeks' gestation revealed placental implantation on a uterine septum. The clinical significance and potential complications of this unusual placental location are discussed.", "contents": "Antepartum diagnosis by ultrasound of placental implantation on a uterine septum. A routine ultrasound examination in a 23 year old female at 34 weeks' gestation revealed placental implantation on a uterine septum. The clinical significance and potential complications of this unusual placental location are discussed.", "PMID": 407260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4077", "title": "Ultrasound diagnosis of the hyperextended head in breech presentation.", "content": "Hyperextension of the fetal head in the breech presentation can be diagnosed by ultrasound. Straightening of the fetal spine and the widest diameter of the skull posterior to the long axis of the spine is diagnostic. Face presentation should also be diagnosable by these criteria.", "contents": "Ultrasound diagnosis of the hyperextended head in breech presentation. Hyperextension of the fetal head in the breech presentation can be diagnosed by ultrasound. Straightening of the fetal spine and the widest diameter of the skull posterior to the long axis of the spine is diagnostic. Face presentation should also be diagnosable by these criteria.", "PMID": 407261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4078", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of left atrial thrombus - a case report.", "content": "We report a case of mitral stenosis with echocardiographic findings we consider diagnostic of left atrial thrombus. Scanning of the ultrasound beam from the left ventricular basalward to the left atrium (LA) demonstrates a consistent group of strong echoes within the LA and extending into the mitral orifice. Massive left atrial thrombosis was confirmed at operation.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of left atrial thrombus - a case report. We report a case of mitral stenosis with echocardiographic findings we consider diagnostic of left atrial thrombus. Scanning of the ultrasound beam from the left ventricular basalward to the left atrium (LA) demonstrates a consistent group of strong echoes within the LA and extending into the mitral orifice. Massive left atrial thrombosis was confirmed at operation.", "PMID": 407263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4079", "title": "Comparison of thyroid stimulating hormone and triiodothyronine response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone in the assessment of thyroid status.", "content": "The response to an intravenous dose of 200 microng of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) has been studied by estimating, by radioimmunoassay, baseline levels followed by further estimations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 20 minutes after the injection and triiodothyronine (T3) three hours after the injection in 112 patients referred for routine thyroid assessment. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of the response to TRH gave similar results with both procedures but slightly better overall accuracy for the response measured by TSH assay. However, estimation of baseline T3 is a valuable test for hyperthyroidism, in contrast to baseline TSH, and combined with the estimation of T3 three hours after TRH injection provides an accurate additional test in borderline cases.", "contents": "Comparison of thyroid stimulating hormone and triiodothyronine response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone in the assessment of thyroid status. The response to an intravenous dose of 200 microng of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) has been studied by estimating, by radioimmunoassay, baseline levels followed by further estimations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 20 minutes after the injection and triiodothyronine (T3) three hours after the injection in 112 patients referred for routine thyroid assessment. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of the response to TRH gave similar results with both procedures but slightly better overall accuracy for the response measured by TSH assay. However, estimation of baseline T3 is a valuable test for hyperthyroidism, in contrast to baseline TSH, and combined with the estimation of T3 three hours after TRH injection provides an accurate additional test in borderline cases.", "PMID": 407264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4080", "title": "Measurement of serum folate: experience with 75Se-selenofolate radioassay.", "content": "Three hundred and eighty-two serum samples were assayed for folate content by a standard Lactobacillus casei microbiological assay and by radioassay using the 75Se-selenofolate radioassay kit from the Radiochemical Centre, Amersham. Results showed encouraging concordance. Explanations were discovered for the few disparities. The radioassay procedure is simple and an assay batch can be completed in one working day.", "contents": "Measurement of serum folate: experience with 75Se-selenofolate radioassay. Three hundred and eighty-two serum samples were assayed for folate content by a standard Lactobacillus casei microbiological assay and by radioassay using the 75Se-selenofolate radioassay kit from the Radiochemical Centre, Amersham. Results showed encouraging concordance. Explanations were discovered for the few disparities. The radioassay procedure is simple and an assay batch can be completed in one working day.", "PMID": 407265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4081", "title": "Two cases of alpha chain disease from Nigeria.", "content": "The first two cases of alpha chain disease from Central Africa are reported from Nigeria. Both patients show the classical features of the disease with diffuse involvement of the small bowel and malabsorption. The patients were lost to follow-up but died soon after diagnosis.", "contents": "Two cases of alpha chain disease from Nigeria. The first two cases of alpha chain disease from Central Africa are reported from Nigeria. Both patients show the classical features of the disease with diffuse involvement of the small bowel and malabsorption. The patients were lost to follow-up but died soon after diagnosis.", "PMID": 407266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4082", "title": "Fluoride activation of rat brain adenylate cyclase: the requirement for a protein co-factor.", "content": "Activation of particulate adenylate cyclase and detergent-soluble (lubrol PX) adenylate cyclase occurred when the enzyme was preincubated at 37 degrees in the presence of 5 mM NaF and 5mM MgSO4. Under these conditions the specific activity of the enzyme increased more than twofold in 8 to 12 min. Activation also occurred in the presence of 5 mM NaF alone, but the rate of activation was slower. Under these conditions, activation was inhibited by 1mM EDTA, but this inhibition was prevented byMg++. No activation was observed at 0 degrees or in the absence of F. After repeated extraction with detergent, particulate adenylate cyclase was not stimulated by mM NaF, and activation by preincubation with Mg++ and F- was significantly reduced. Activation was restored by recombination of this particulate fraction with the initial detergent extract. This activating effect appeared to be mediated by one or more proteins present in the detergent extract.", "contents": "Fluoride activation of rat brain adenylate cyclase: the requirement for a protein co-factor. Activation of particulate adenylate cyclase and detergent-soluble (lubrol PX) adenylate cyclase occurred when the enzyme was preincubated at 37 degrees in the presence of 5 mM NaF and 5mM MgSO4. Under these conditions the specific activity of the enzyme increased more than twofold in 8 to 12 min. Activation also occurred in the presence of 5 mM NaF alone, but the rate of activation was slower. Under these conditions, activation was inhibited by 1mM EDTA, but this inhibition was prevented byMg++. No activation was observed at 0 degrees or in the absence of F. After repeated extraction with detergent, particulate adenylate cyclase was not stimulated by mM NaF, and activation by preincubation with Mg++ and F- was significantly reduced. Activation was restored by recombination of this particulate fraction with the initial detergent extract. This activating effect appeared to be mediated by one or more proteins present in the detergent extract.", "PMID": 407269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4083", "title": "Aspects of the humoral response to laboratory white mice infected with the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps.", "content": "Two strains of laboratory white mice, CFLP and LACA, were infected with the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps. The serum from each infected mouse was tested for antibodies on double-diffusion gel plates and the number of antigen-antibody precipitin lines formed related (a) to the duration of the infection and (b) to the volume of metacestodes. There was a significant increase in the number of antigen-antibody precipitins with regard to the time infected but not to the volume of metacestodes. The pattern of development of the antigen-antibody precipitation system was also examined.", "contents": "Aspects of the humoral response to laboratory white mice infected with the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps. Two strains of laboratory white mice, CFLP and LACA, were infected with the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps. The serum from each infected mouse was tested for antibodies on double-diffusion gel plates and the number of antigen-antibody precipitin lines formed related (a) to the duration of the infection and (b) to the volume of metacestodes. There was a significant increase in the number of antigen-antibody precipitins with regard to the time infected but not to the volume of metacestodes. The pattern of development of the antigen-antibody precipitation system was also examined.", "PMID": 407275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4084", "title": "Salmonellosis in Indonesia: phage type distribution of Salmonella paratyphi A.", "content": "The distribution of phage types among 221 human strains of Salmonella paratyphi A in Indonesia was studied. Approximately 50% were phage type 5, a rare type elsewhere in the world. Most other isolates were the cosmopolitan phage type 1. The ratio of phage type 1-5 was compared for two cities on Java, Jakarta and Yogyakarta. The ratios were significantly different, phage type 5 predominating in Jakarta. The ratio of phage types among 10 S. paratyphi A strains isolated from Jakarta river water was similar to that found in Jakarta patients.", "contents": "Salmonellosis in Indonesia: phage type distribution of Salmonella paratyphi A. The distribution of phage types among 221 human strains of Salmonella paratyphi A in Indonesia was studied. Approximately 50% were phage type 5, a rare type elsewhere in the world. Most other isolates were the cosmopolitan phage type 1. The ratio of phage type 1-5 was compared for two cities on Java, Jakarta and Yogyakarta. The ratios were significantly different, phage type 5 predominating in Jakarta. The ratio of phage types among 10 S. paratyphi A strains isolated from Jakarta river water was similar to that found in Jakarta patients.", "PMID": 407296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4085", "title": "Water beds - a potential source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Water beds in use in this hospital were found to be contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The addition of sodium hypochlorite, giving a final concentration of 200 parts/10(6) available chlorine, was found to be effective in preventing microbial contamination over a 6-month study period.", "contents": "Water beds - a potential source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Water beds in use in this hospital were found to be contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The addition of sodium hypochlorite, giving a final concentration of 200 parts/10(6) available chlorine, was found to be effective in preventing microbial contamination over a 6-month study period.", "PMID": 407297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4086", "title": "Isolation and immunochemical characteristics of the immunodepressive substance from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A substance, inhibiting the production of haemolysins against sheep erythrocytes in mice was isolated from two non-pathogenic strains of E. coli, 020:K4 and M-17,  by the methods of differential centrifugation and gel filtration. Spectrophotometric studies and chemical analysis have shown the isolated substance to be glycolipid. The immunodepressive substance is localized in the cytoplasm of the microbial cell. The isolated and partly purified immunodepressive substance did not contain any admixture of O-antigen (endotoxin) of the cell wall or of antigens giving cross reactions with sheep erythrocytes. The isolated substance exhibited weak antigenic properties and was not toxic for mice when administered in a dose of 2 mg (dry weight).", "contents": "Isolation and immunochemical characteristics of the immunodepressive substance from Escherichia coli. A substance, inhibiting the production of haemolysins against sheep erythrocytes in mice was isolated from two non-pathogenic strains of E. coli, 020:K4 and M-17,  by the methods of differential centrifugation and gel filtration. Spectrophotometric studies and chemical analysis have shown the isolated substance to be glycolipid. The immunodepressive substance is localized in the cytoplasm of the microbial cell. The isolated and partly purified immunodepressive substance did not contain any admixture of O-antigen (endotoxin) of the cell wall or of antigens giving cross reactions with sheep erythrocytes. The isolated substance exhibited weak antigenic properties and was not toxic for mice when administered in a dose of 2 mg (dry weight).", "PMID": 407298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4087", "title": "Murine plasma cells secreting more than one class of immunoglobulin heavy chain. III. Immunoglobulin production by established cultures and cloned lines of SAMM 368.", "content": "SAMM 368, a plasmacytoma which produces IgA-kappa and IgG2b-kappa was established  in vitro from primary explants or after animal passage. The 9 lines that were established produced both paraproteins. The production of both immunoglobulins by single cells was demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining and cloning. Continuous culture of 3 parent lines for 18 months and 11 cloned lines for periods from 5 to 7 months demonstrated that double production is a stable characteristic of this plasmacytoma. Two single paraprotein-producing varients (IgG2b or IgA) were derived when cells were cultured in the presence of Fungizone. Chromosomal analysis of SAMM 368 indicates that this double producing tumor has a modal number similar to those observed in myelomas producing a single immunoglobulin class.", "contents": "Murine plasma cells secreting more than one class of immunoglobulin heavy chain. III. Immunoglobulin production by established cultures and cloned lines of SAMM 368. SAMM 368, a plasmacytoma which produces IgA-kappa and IgG2b-kappa was established  in vitro from primary explants or after animal passage. The 9 lines that were established produced both paraproteins. The production of both immunoglobulins by single cells was demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining and cloning. Continuous culture of 3 parent lines for 18 months and 11 cloned lines for periods from 5 to 7 months demonstrated that double production is a stable characteristic of this plasmacytoma. Two single paraprotein-producing varients (IgG2b or IgA) were derived when cells were cultured in the presence of Fungizone. Chromosomal analysis of SAMM 368 indicates that this double producing tumor has a modal number similar to those observed in myelomas producing a single immunoglobulin class.", "PMID": 407299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4088", "title": "The amino acid sequence of a human immunoglobulin G3m(g) pFc' fragment.", "content": "Amino acid sequence analysis of the pFc' fragment obtained by pepsin digestion of an IgG3; G3m(g) human myeloma protein HER shows it to consist of 112 residues. It starts at position 334 (gamma1 numbering), contains eight residues of the Cgamma2 region, and the whole Cgamma3 domain. Comparison with the sequence of gamma1 shows five differences including an extra Met at 397. Each is accountable by a single base substitution. The sequence is identical to that of a G3m(b0) molecule except for the previously noted allotype related Tyr/Phe exchange at position 436. The high degree of homology (95%) among gamma-chain subclasses suggests a recent diversification.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of a human immunoglobulin G3m(g) pFc' fragment. Amino acid sequence analysis of the pFc' fragment obtained by pepsin digestion of an IgG3; G3m(g) human myeloma protein HER shows it to consist of 112 residues. It starts at position 334 (gamma1 numbering), contains eight residues of the Cgamma2 region, and the whole Cgamma3 domain. Comparison with the sequence of gamma1 shows five differences including an extra Met at 397. Each is accountable by a single base substitution. The sequence is identical to that of a G3m(b0) molecule except for the previously noted allotype related Tyr/Phe exchange at position 436. The high degree of homology (95%) among gamma-chain subclasses suggests a recent diversification.", "PMID": 407300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4089", "title": "A possible difference in the heterogeneity of the heavy and light chains from a rabbit anti-p-azobenzoate antibody preparation.", "content": "CNBr cleavage of rabbit heavy (H) chains leads to the formation of a fragment, C-1, which consists of the N-terminal half of the H chain. Fragment C-1 is cleaved at methionyl residues but held together by intrachain S-S bonds so that smaller fragments can be liberated by total reduction and alkylation. In the case of the C-1 fragment from an anti-p-azobenzoate antibody preparation, which has a light (L) chain of markedly restricted heterogeneity, total reduction and alkylation liberated seven major fragments in good yield. The N-terminus of two of these fragments corresponds to position 35 of the H chain but their N-terminal sequences are clearly different. The H chain regions represented by the other fragments implied that they were derived from H chains having different distributions of methionyl residues. This hypothesis was supported by isolating six different antibody components from the antibody preparation by isoelectric focusing and then digesting them with CNBr. Comparison of the products showed that the six components all appeared to behave differently. These results are interpreted as suggesting that the process whereby H and L chains are paired in vivo may not be completely specific and may provide a simple means of generating a significant contribution to antibody diversity.", "contents": "A possible difference in the heterogeneity of the heavy and light chains from a rabbit anti-p-azobenzoate antibody preparation. CNBr cleavage of rabbit heavy (H) chains leads to the formation of a fragment, C-1, which consists of the N-terminal half of the H chain. Fragment C-1 is cleaved at methionyl residues but held together by intrachain S-S bonds so that smaller fragments can be liberated by total reduction and alkylation. In the case of the C-1 fragment from an anti-p-azobenzoate antibody preparation, which has a light (L) chain of markedly restricted heterogeneity, total reduction and alkylation liberated seven major fragments in good yield. The N-terminus of two of these fragments corresponds to position 35 of the H chain but their N-terminal sequences are clearly different. The H chain regions represented by the other fragments implied that they were derived from H chains having different distributions of methionyl residues. This hypothesis was supported by isolating six different antibody components from the antibody preparation by isoelectric focusing and then digesting them with CNBr. Comparison of the products showed that the six components all appeared to behave differently. These results are interpreted as suggesting that the process whereby H and L chains are paired in vivo may not be completely specific and may provide a simple means of generating a significant contribution to antibody diversity.", "PMID": 407301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4090", "title": "The interaction of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains in the absence of the VH domain.", "content": "Recent studies of the micron- and kappa-chains of the first patient (GLI) with micronHCD indicated that the observed defect was the result of the failure of assembly of the intact kappa-chain to the micron-chain, which lacked the VH domain but had the CH1 Cys normally linked to the light chain. To explore the possibility that the VH region is necessary for the formation of the HL disulfide bond, in vitro studies were performed with GLI micron- and kappa-chains and with the CH1 domain and kappa-chain derived from an IgG3 myeloma protein, KUP, which yields separate VH, CH1, and kappa-chains after papain digestion and reduction. The proteins were reduced and allowed to reoxidize, and the combination products were assessed by gel chromatography under dissociating conditions by SDS-PAGE and by immunoprecipitation techniques. The results suggest that, although in vitro covalent and noncovalent combinations are possible between intact light chains and their autologous heavy chains even in the absence of the VH domain, the efficiency is less than that when the intact Fd region is used. Hence, it seems likely that lack of VH alone is not sufficient to explain the failure of assembly observed in muHCD.", "contents": "The interaction of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains in the absence of the VH domain. Recent studies of the micron- and kappa-chains of the first patient (GLI) with micronHCD indicated that the observed defect was the result of the failure of assembly of the intact kappa-chain to the micron-chain, which lacked the VH domain but had the CH1 Cys normally linked to the light chain. To explore the possibility that the VH region is necessary for the formation of the HL disulfide bond, in vitro studies were performed with GLI micron- and kappa-chains and with the CH1 domain and kappa-chain derived from an IgG3 myeloma protein, KUP, which yields separate VH, CH1, and kappa-chains after papain digestion and reduction. The proteins were reduced and allowed to reoxidize, and the combination products were assessed by gel chromatography under dissociating conditions by SDS-PAGE and by immunoprecipitation techniques. The results suggest that, although in vitro covalent and noncovalent combinations are possible between intact light chains and their autologous heavy chains even in the absence of the VH domain, the efficiency is less than that when the intact Fd region is used. Hence, it seems likely that lack of VH alone is not sufficient to explain the failure of assembly observed in muHCD.", "PMID": 407302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4091", "title": "Receptors for C3 on rat peritoneal mast cells.", "content": "Purified rat peritoneal mast cells adhere to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni which have been pre-incubated in fresh normal rat serum. This cytoadherence reaction is dependent on complement and in particular on components of the alternative pathway. Since antibodies to rat C3 but not IgG block the attachment of the cells to the complement-treated larvae, it appears that C3-specific receptors on the mast cell surface are responsible for the adherence phenomenon. These receptors can also be demonstrated by the rosetting of mast cells with rat complement-treated zymosan particles or fluoresceinated bacteria. The key properties of the receptors are their specificity for homologous (rat) complement, their sensitivity to digestion with trypsin, and their functional dependence on Mg++ ions. Thus, the rat mast cell receptors share many of the characteristics of the C3 receptors previously identified on monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "contents": "Receptors for C3 on rat peritoneal mast cells. Purified rat peritoneal mast cells adhere to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni which have been pre-incubated in fresh normal rat serum. This cytoadherence reaction is dependent on complement and in particular on components of the alternative pathway. Since antibodies to rat C3 but not IgG block the attachment of the cells to the complement-treated larvae, it appears that C3-specific receptors on the mast cell surface are responsible for the adherence phenomenon. These receptors can also be demonstrated by the rosetting of mast cells with rat complement-treated zymosan particles or fluoresceinated bacteria. The key properties of the receptors are their specificity for homologous (rat) complement, their sensitivity to digestion with trypsin, and their functional dependence on Mg++ ions. Thus, the rat mast cell receptors share many of the characteristics of the C3 receptors previously identified on monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "PMID": 407303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4092", "title": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase, a possible histochemical marker for T-cells in man.", "content": "A procedure is described for the histochemical detection of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) activity in circulating lymphocytes of man. The number of PNP-positive cells, as evaluated on smears of Ficoll--Hypaque purified cells, correlated well with the number of E-rosette-forming cells of the same blood samples of healthy and diseased people with normal or abnormal numbers of E-rosettes. In healthy people, the number of PNP-positive cells was within the range of 70-80% of the total lymphocyte population, whilst the corresponding E-rosette-forming cells were scored between 60-75%. Patients with unusually low or high E-rosettes had equally low or high numbers of PNP-reactive cells. More substantial evidence for the presence of PNP activity in T-cells and not in B cells was gathered from experiments in which PNP activity and surface membrane immunoglobulins (SMIg) were simultaneously demonstrated on the same preparation. These results showed, on the one hand, that the bulk of lymphocytes that are reactive for PNP do not reveal SMIg and, on the other hand, that most Ig-bearing cells were unreactive for PNP.", "contents": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase, a possible histochemical marker for T-cells in man. A procedure is described for the histochemical detection of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) activity in circulating lymphocytes of man. The number of PNP-positive cells, as evaluated on smears of Ficoll--Hypaque purified cells, correlated well with the number of E-rosette-forming cells of the same blood samples of healthy and diseased people with normal or abnormal numbers of E-rosettes. In healthy people, the number of PNP-positive cells was within the range of 70-80% of the total lymphocyte population, whilst the corresponding E-rosette-forming cells were scored between 60-75%. Patients with unusually low or high E-rosettes had equally low or high numbers of PNP-reactive cells. More substantial evidence for the presence of PNP activity in T-cells and not in B cells was gathered from experiments in which PNP activity and surface membrane immunoglobulins (SMIg) were simultaneously demonstrated on the same preparation. These results showed, on the one hand, that the bulk of lymphocytes that are reactive for PNP do not reveal SMIg and, on the other hand, that most Ig-bearing cells were unreactive for PNP.", "PMID": 407306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4093", "title": "An epidemic of disease due to serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis in Alabama: report of an investigation and community-wide prophylaxis with a sulfonamide.", "content": "An epidemic of disease due to sulfonamide-sensitive serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis occurred in 1975-1976 in southwestern Alabama. Ten cases occurred in a circumscribed area and resulted in an annual attack rate of 20 cases per 100,000 population. None of the cases were in siblings, and none of the patients had had direct contact with each other. A case-control household study suggested that crowding and person-to-person transmission via carriers may have been contributing risk factors. Seven of the patients were from a triracial ethnic group concentrated in a small isolated rural community within the epidemic area. When three additional cases occurred in this community, a program of community-wide prophylaxis was undertaken as an epidemic control measure, and a large portion of the population participated. No serious side effects were reported. Carrier surveys before and after treatment indicated that compliance with the drug regimen was good and that the drug regimen was associated with a sharp reduction in carriage of N. meningitidis. No cases occurred in the treated population in the five months after treatment.", "contents": "An epidemic of disease due to serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis in Alabama: report of an investigation and community-wide prophylaxis with a sulfonamide. An epidemic of disease due to sulfonamide-sensitive serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis occurred in 1975-1976 in southwestern Alabama. Ten cases occurred in a circumscribed area and resulted in an annual attack rate of 20 cases per 100,000 population. None of the cases were in siblings, and none of the patients had had direct contact with each other. A case-control household study suggested that crowding and person-to-person transmission via carriers may have been contributing risk factors. Seven of the patients were from a triracial ethnic group concentrated in a small isolated rural community within the epidemic area. When three additional cases occurred in this community, a program of community-wide prophylaxis was undertaken as an epidemic control measure, and a large portion of the population participated. No serious side effects were reported. Carrier surveys before and after treatment indicated that compliance with the drug regimen was good and that the drug regimen was associated with a sharp reduction in carriage of N. meningitidis. No cases occurred in the treated population in the five months after treatment.", "PMID": 407309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4094", "title": "Detection of IgG antibodies to type-specific Pseudomonas aeruginosa  lipopolysaccharides by solid-phase radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Previous studies have suggested that IgG serotype-specific antibodies are protective against infections with pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the present study, type-specific IgG antibodies to P. aeruginosa were detected by solid-phase radioimmunoassay in sera from 15 volunteers before and after vaccination with lipopolysaccharides from P. aeruginosa and from four patients with endocarditis due to P. aeruginosa. Significant type-specific increases in IgG antibody occurred after both vaccination and infection. The correlation coefficients comparing net counts per minute by solid-phase radioimmunoassay with hemagglutination titers in the 15 vaccinees were 0.940, 0.874, 0.792, 0.903, 0.882, 0.869, and 0.704 for serotypes 1--7, respectively.", "contents": "Detection of IgG antibodies to type-specific Pseudomonas aeruginosa  lipopolysaccharides by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Previous studies have suggested that IgG serotype-specific antibodies are protective against infections with pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the present study, type-specific IgG antibodies to P. aeruginosa were detected by solid-phase radioimmunoassay in sera from 15 volunteers before and after vaccination with lipopolysaccharides from P. aeruginosa and from four patients with endocarditis due to P. aeruginosa. Significant type-specific increases in IgG antibody occurred after both vaccination and infection. The correlation coefficients comparing net counts per minute by solid-phase radioimmunoassay with hemagglutination titers in the 15 vaccinees were 0.940, 0.874, 0.792, 0.903, 0.882, 0.869, and 0.704 for serotypes 1--7, respectively.", "PMID": 407310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4095", "title": "Discordant e antigen, DNA polymerase activity, and Dane particle responses in two patients representing an index case-contact case pair with hepatitis B virus infection.", "content": "Discordant results for e antigen, DNA polymerase activity, and Dane particle frequency were noted in the sera of two patients representing an index case-contact case pair with chronic aggressive hepatitis B. The lack of correlation between presence of e antigen and the infecting viral strain, as well as the strong relationship of e antigen to persistent and significant viremia, emphasize the role of the host's immune response in the expression of this antigen.", "contents": "Discordant e antigen, DNA polymerase activity, and Dane particle responses in two patients representing an index case-contact case pair with hepatitis B virus infection. Discordant results for e antigen, DNA polymerase activity, and Dane particle frequency were noted in the sera of two patients representing an index case-contact case pair with chronic aggressive hepatitis B. The lack of correlation between presence of e antigen and the infecting viral strain, as well as the strong relationship of e antigen to persistent and significant viremia, emphasize the role of the host's immune response in the expression of this antigen.", "PMID": 407311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4096", "title": "Effect of a nuclease-resistant derivative of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex on yellow fever in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) treated with a newly developed nuclease-resistant complex of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid, poly-L-lysine, and carboxymethylcellulose [poly (ICLC)] did not die after challenge with virulent Asibi strain yellow fever (YF) virus. The strain of virus is sensitive to the effects of interferon in vitro and is lethal for rhesus monkeys four to six days after subcutaneous administration of 1,000 plaque-forming units of the virus. The mortality rate was reduced in monkeys initially treated 8 hr before or after inoculation of virus but was unchanged in monkeys initially treated 24 hr after challenge. Treated monkeys developed neutralizing antibody to YF virus. The successful treatment of yellow fever in a primate model with use of poly (ICLC) suggests a meaningful role for the interferon system in the host defense against this viral infection.", "contents": "Effect of a nuclease-resistant derivative of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid complex on yellow fever in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) treated with a newly developed nuclease-resistant complex of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid, poly-L-lysine, and carboxymethylcellulose [poly (ICLC)] did not die after challenge with virulent Asibi strain yellow fever (YF) virus. The strain of virus is sensitive to the effects of interferon in vitro and is lethal for rhesus monkeys four to six days after subcutaneous administration of 1,000 plaque-forming units of the virus. The mortality rate was reduced in monkeys initially treated 8 hr before or after inoculation of virus but was unchanged in monkeys initially treated 24 hr after challenge. Treated monkeys developed neutralizing antibody to YF virus. The successful treatment of yellow fever in a primate model with use of poly (ICLC) suggests a meaningful role for the interferon system in the host defense against this viral infection.", "PMID": 407312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4097", "title": "Perihepatitis and hepatitis as complications of experimental endocarditis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the rabbit.", "content": "Seven strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (colony type 1 or 2) were tested for their ability to produce endocarditis in rabbits with transaortic valve catheters. The gonococci exhibited three auxotype patterns and a broad range of susceptibility to penicillin and to complement-mediated serum bactericidal activity. Only four strains produced endocarditis; infectivity appeared to be related to serum resistance. Neither arthritis nor skin lesions were observed in infected animals, but 40% had hepatitis, often with fibrinous perihepatitis. Hepatic lesions could be induced by the continuous infusion of gonococci without a transvalvular catheter. Suppurative hepatitis in the rabbit endocarditis model is of particular interest in light of the unusual hepatic involvement reported in association with gonococcal endocarditis in humans. Since perihepatitis also occurs as a complication of experimental gonococcal bacteremia, perhaps the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis (gonococcal perihepatitis) syndrome appearing in women occurs more often as a function of undiagnosed bacteremia than has heretofore been suspected.", "contents": "Perihepatitis and hepatitis as complications of experimental endocarditis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the rabbit. Seven strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (colony type 1 or 2) were tested for their ability to produce endocarditis in rabbits with transaortic valve catheters. The gonococci exhibited three auxotype patterns and a broad range of susceptibility to penicillin and to complement-mediated serum bactericidal activity. Only four strains produced endocarditis; infectivity appeared to be related to serum resistance. Neither arthritis nor skin lesions were observed in infected animals, but 40% had hepatitis, often with fibrinous perihepatitis. Hepatic lesions could be induced by the continuous infusion of gonococci without a transvalvular catheter. Suppurative hepatitis in the rabbit endocarditis model is of particular interest in light of the unusual hepatic involvement reported in association with gonococcal endocarditis in humans. Since perihepatitis also occurs as a complication of experimental gonococcal bacteremia, perhaps the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis (gonococcal perihepatitis) syndrome appearing in women occurs more often as a function of undiagnosed bacteremia than has heretofore been suspected.", "PMID": 407313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4098", "title": "Study of platelet aggregation in vivo. III. Effect of pentoxifylline.", "content": "Pentoxifylline (Trental) a new vasoactive agent was shown to be a powerful inhibitor of ADP and serotonin induced platelet aggregation of monkey platelets in vivo. A linear dose response curve was demonstrated between 6 and 24 mg/kg of i.v. pentoxifylline.", "contents": "Study of platelet aggregation in vivo. III. Effect of pentoxifylline. Pentoxifylline (Trental) a new vasoactive agent was shown to be a powerful inhibitor of ADP and serotonin induced platelet aggregation of monkey platelets in vivo. A linear dose response curve was demonstrated between 6 and 24 mg/kg of i.v. pentoxifylline.", "PMID": 407320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4099", "title": "Influence of collimating design on central axis depth dose of 10-40 MeV electron beams.", "content": "Electron beam measurements were performed in this investigation on three different collimating arrangements in order to study their effect on central axis depth doses. The relative central axis doses for 10, 20 and 34 MeV as a function of area from 10 to 200 cm2 for rectangular, square and circular field sizes were studied at 2.6 and 4.8 gm/cm2 depths in a lucite phantom. Results are presented and are discussed in terms of electron contamination produced by the internal structure of the collimator used.", "contents": "Influence of collimating design on central axis depth dose of 10-40 MeV electron beams. Electron beam measurements were performed in this investigation on three different collimating arrangements in order to study their effect on central axis depth doses. The relative central axis doses for 10, 20 and 34 MeV as a function of area from 10 to 200 cm2 for rectangular, square and circular field sizes were studied at 2.6 and 4.8 gm/cm2 depths in a lucite phantom. Results are presented and are discussed in terms of electron contamination produced by the internal structure of the collimator used.", "PMID": 407321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4100", "title": "Quantitative aspects of proliferation in the nasal epithelium of the rhesus monkey embryo.", "content": "Proliferation was studied in the nasal epithelium of rhesus monkey embryos ranging in age from 26 through 41 days of gestation (stages 13-20). Labeling indices were tabulated 1 h after an intrachorionic injection with [3H]thymidine, and the distribution of labeled cells was determined at intervals ranging from 1h to 11h after injection. The labeling index showed a chronological decrease from 69-4% in the nasal placode at stage 13 to 31-6% in the nasal pit at stage 20. The vomeronasal epithelium was distinctive in that the basal cells lost their ability to incorporate [3H]thymidine as early as stage 18. In the remainder of the nasal epithelium, mitotic figures were initially confined to apical regions but later occurred in basal regions as the embryonic pattern of proliferation became converted to the adult type.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of proliferation in the nasal epithelium of the rhesus monkey embryo. Proliferation was studied in the nasal epithelium of rhesus monkey embryos ranging in age from 26 through 41 days of gestation (stages 13-20). Labeling indices were tabulated 1 h after an intrachorionic injection with [3H]thymidine, and the distribution of labeled cells was determined at intervals ranging from 1h to 11h after injection. The labeling index showed a chronological decrease from 69-4% in the nasal placode at stage 13 to 31-6% in the nasal pit at stage 20. The vomeronasal epithelium was distinctive in that the basal cells lost their ability to incorporate [3H]thymidine as early as stage 18. In the remainder of the nasal epithelium, mitotic figures were initially confined to apical regions but later occurred in basal regions as the embryonic pattern of proliferation became converted to the adult type.", "PMID": 407323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4101", "title": "Developmental effects of X-irradiation of early Drosophila embryos.", "content": "Drosophila embryos were treated at specific stages during early embryogenesis with various doses of X-irradiation. The lethality at various times during development was established and pattern defects in the adults noted. It was observed that the most sensitive stages of embryogenesis to X-ray-induced lethality were also the stages where most morphological defects were found in the adults which emerged. This suggests that presumptive larval and adult cells are sensitive to X-rays at the same stages of embryogenesis.", "contents": "Developmental effects of X-irradiation of early Drosophila embryos. Drosophila embryos were treated at specific stages during early embryogenesis with various doses of X-irradiation. The lethality at various times during development was established and pattern defects in the adults noted. It was observed that the most sensitive stages of embryogenesis to X-ray-induced lethality were also the stages where most morphological defects were found in the adults which emerged. This suggests that presumptive larval and adult cells are sensitive to X-rays at the same stages of embryogenesis.", "PMID": 407324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4102", "title": "Single radial immunodiffusion test for detecting antibodies against surface antigens of intracellular and extracellular vaccinia virus.", "content": "Antibodies to surface antigens of intracellular naked vaccinia virus (INV) and in limited studies extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) were determined by single radial immunodiffusion tests (SRDT) with immobilized virions in agarose gels. Antibodies to INV were demonstrable in rabbit hyperimmune sera (one to four visible zones), smallpox convalescent sera and sera from re-vaccinated individuals. A difference in specificity of antibodies reacting with INV and EEV was detectable by SRDT. The SRDT provides a simple, reproducible and specific test for detection of antibodies against vaccinia or variola virus, but the technique requires large quantities of virions.", "contents": "Single radial immunodiffusion test for detecting antibodies against surface antigens of intracellular and extracellular vaccinia virus. Antibodies to surface antigens of intracellular naked vaccinia virus (INV) and in limited studies extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) were determined by single radial immunodiffusion tests (SRDT) with immobilized virions in agarose gels. Antibodies to INV were demonstrable in rabbit hyperimmune sera (one to four visible zones), smallpox convalescent sera and sera from re-vaccinated individuals. A difference in specificity of antibodies reacting with INV and EEV was detectable by SRDT. The SRDT provides a simple, reproducible and specific test for detection of antibodies against vaccinia or variola virus, but the technique requires large quantities of virions.", "PMID": 407326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4103", "title": "Demonstration of size variation of RNA segments between different isolates of calf rotavirus.", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophosesis of RNA extracted from wild rotavirus isolates and cell culture adapted virus revealed a significant variation in the molecular weight of individual RNA segments. The major differences were observed between wild isolates on the one hand and the adapted strain on the other hand. The slight variations that were observed between different wild isolates were found regularly and appeared to be related to the origin of the samples.", "contents": "Demonstration of size variation of RNA segments between different isolates of calf rotavirus. Polyacrylamide gel electrophosesis of RNA extracted from wild rotavirus isolates and cell culture adapted virus revealed a significant variation in the molecular weight of individual RNA segments. The major differences were observed between wild isolates on the one hand and the adapted strain on the other hand. The slight variations that were observed between different wild isolates were found regularly and appeared to be related to the origin of the samples.", "PMID": 407327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4104", "title": "Extracellular potassium activity, evoked potential and tissue blood flow. Relationships during progressive ischaemia in baboon cerebral cortex.", "content": "Extracellular K+ activity (Ke), local tissue blood flow and the cortical evoked potential (EP) were measured concurrently in the cerebral cortex of baboons anaesthetised with a-chloralose. Flows were progressively reduced from normal by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and controlled steps of exsanguination. Our data suggest that 3 stages may be identified in the disturbance of K+ homeostasis produced by progressive ischaemia. In the first stage, at flow levels similar to those sufficient to abolish the EP (12-16 ml/100 g/min), small, self-limiting increases in Ke occur, probably reflecting K+ efflux into the extracellular space (ECS) with partial impairment of K+ clearance from the ECS. The second stage occurs at distinctly lower (P less than 0.01) levels of flow (8-11 ml/100 g/min), and is characterized by a massive (30-80 mM) increase in Ke, which we attribute to an increase in ionic permeability of cell membranes with further impairment or overloading of K+ clearance mechanisms. In the third stage, at flows below about 6-8 ml/100 g/min, the data indicate an inverse relationship between flow and Ke with persisting high Ke levels, suggesting complete loss of K+ clearance. Transient increases of Ke also occur in the flow range 4-13 ml/100 g/min, the rate of recovery of Ke in their decay phase being positively corelated with flow (P less than 0.005).", "contents": "Extracellular potassium activity, evoked potential and tissue blood flow. Relationships during progressive ischaemia in baboon cerebral cortex. Extracellular K+ activity (Ke), local tissue blood flow and the cortical evoked potential (EP) were measured concurrently in the cerebral cortex of baboons anaesthetised with a-chloralose. Flows were progressively reduced from normal by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and controlled steps of exsanguination. Our data suggest that 3 stages may be identified in the disturbance of K+ homeostasis produced by progressive ischaemia. In the first stage, at flow levels similar to those sufficient to abolish the EP (12-16 ml/100 g/min), small, self-limiting increases in Ke occur, probably reflecting K+ efflux into the extracellular space (ECS) with partial impairment of K+ clearance from the ECS. The second stage occurs at distinctly lower (P less than 0.01) levels of flow (8-11 ml/100 g/min), and is characterized by a massive (30-80 mM) increase in Ke, which we attribute to an increase in ionic permeability of cell membranes with further impairment or overloading of K+ clearance mechanisms. In the third stage, at flows below about 6-8 ml/100 g/min, the data indicate an inverse relationship between flow and Ke with persisting high Ke levels, suggesting complete loss of K+ clearance. Transient increases of Ke also occur in the flow range 4-13 ml/100 g/min, the rate of recovery of Ke in their decay phase being positively corelated with flow (P less than 0.005).", "PMID": 407332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4105", "title": "Monkey superior colliculus: properties of single cells and their afferent inputs.", "content": "1. Receptive-field (RF) properties of 212 single cells in the superior colliculus of paralyzed macaque monkeys were studied with microelectrodes. Units were divided into superficial (0-1 mm) and deep (1-2.5 mm) layers. Orthodromic action potentials were evoked in these cells by shocking optic chiasm. 2. The vast majority of superficial cells responded to stationary or moving stimuli with transient bursts of activity and were nondirectionally selective. Moving stimuli were most effective and three main cell groups, based on response patterns to leading and trailing stimulus edges, were identified. 3. All cells had chromatically nomopponent RFs, as judged by their spectral response functions in the presence of neutral and chromatic backgrounds and on their lack of response to moving, equal-luminance chromatic borders. 4. With the exception of some very short and very long values, orthodromic latencies were unimodally distributed with a mean of 7.8 ms. The prime determinant of a cell's latency was its depth below the collicular surface rather than a specific RF feature. 5. Cells with shorter latencies (located in superficial layers) were able to reliably signal high-velocity stimulus movement; those with longer latencies (located in deeper layers) reliably signaled low-velocity motion only. 6. Results support the hypothesis that response latency is related to differences in RF organization between layers.", "contents": "Monkey superior colliculus: properties of single cells and their afferent inputs. 1. Receptive-field (RF) properties of 212 single cells in the superior colliculus of paralyzed macaque monkeys were studied with microelectrodes. Units were divided into superficial (0-1 mm) and deep (1-2.5 mm) layers. Orthodromic action potentials were evoked in these cells by shocking optic chiasm. 2. The vast majority of superficial cells responded to stationary or moving stimuli with transient bursts of activity and were nondirectionally selective. Moving stimuli were most effective and three main cell groups, based on response patterns to leading and trailing stimulus edges, were identified. 3. All cells had chromatically nomopponent RFs, as judged by their spectral response functions in the presence of neutral and chromatic backgrounds and on their lack of response to moving, equal-luminance chromatic borders. 4. With the exception of some very short and very long values, orthodromic latencies were unimodally distributed with a mean of 7.8 ms. The prime determinant of a cell's latency was its depth below the collicular surface rather than a specific RF feature. 5. Cells with shorter latencies (located in superficial layers) were able to reliably signal high-velocity stimulus movement; those with longer latencies (located in deeper layers) reliably signaled low-velocity motion only. 6. Results support the hypothesis that response latency is related to differences in RF organization between layers.", "PMID": 407333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4106", "title": "Changes in vitamin A conditioned hamster cheek pouch epithelium on exposure to commercial shell lime (calcium hydroxide) and tobacco. I-Optical histopathology.", "content": "Epidemiologically a high incidence of oral cancer and addiction to tobacco, singly or in combination with other ingredients of the betel quid, are closely correlated. Attempts at the induction of malignancy in laboratory animals on exposure to these ingredients have hitherto failed. Studies are reported on cheek pouch epithelium of 152 Syrian golden hamsters exposed to commercial shell lime (calcium hydroxide) and tobacco, singly and in combination, with parallel conditioning by Vitamin A palmitate. The abnormal changes found especially in lime and lime-plus-tobacco treated epithelia are massive hyperplasia, keratinization anomalies, marked edema and dysplasia. The most significant findings are (1) greater epithelial alteration caused by lime, lime plus vitamin A, tobacco plus vitamin A, lime plus tobacco and lime plus tobacco and vitamin A, than by tobacco alone; (2) increasing epithelial dysplasia in response to longer periods of exposure to the test substances; and (3) enhancement of tissue changes in the presence of vitamin A.", "contents": "Changes in vitamin A conditioned hamster cheek pouch epithelium on exposure to commercial shell lime (calcium hydroxide) and tobacco. I-Optical histopathology. Epidemiologically a high incidence of oral cancer and addiction to tobacco, singly or in combination with other ingredients of the betel quid, are closely correlated. Attempts at the induction of malignancy in laboratory animals on exposure to these ingredients have hitherto failed. Studies are reported on cheek pouch epithelium of 152 Syrian golden hamsters exposed to commercial shell lime (calcium hydroxide) and tobacco, singly and in combination, with parallel conditioning by Vitamin A palmitate. The abnormal changes found especially in lime and lime-plus-tobacco treated epithelia are massive hyperplasia, keratinization anomalies, marked edema and dysplasia. The most significant findings are (1) greater epithelial alteration caused by lime, lime plus vitamin A, tobacco plus vitamin A, lime plus tobacco and lime plus tobacco and vitamin A, than by tobacco alone; (2) increasing epithelial dysplasia in response to longer periods of exposure to the test substances; and (3) enhancement of tissue changes in the presence of vitamin A.", "PMID": 407338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4107", "title": "The effects of feeding a zinc-deficient diet on taste acuity and tongue epithelium in rats.", "content": "Taste preferences, fluid intake and histology of tongue epithelium were studied in rats fed a zinc-deficient diet and in pair-fed controls. The results of two-bottle preference tests demonstrated that zinc-deficient rats exhibited significantly increased preferences for 1.5 X 10(-1) M HCL and 1.28 X 10(-6) M quinine sulfate as well as a significant increase in relative fluid volume intake. Histologic examination of the tongue epithelium of the zinc-deficient rats showed a hypercellular prickle cell layer and a marked parakeratosis. The fungiform papillae of the zinc-deficient rats exhibited acanthosis and mild parakeratosis. However, the pore region of the taste buds did not seem to be covered by the parakeratotic epithelium. The results suggest that the impaired taste observed in zinc-deficient rats may not be related to blockage of tastants from the pore region.", "contents": "The effects of feeding a zinc-deficient diet on taste acuity and tongue epithelium in rats. Taste preferences, fluid intake and histology of tongue epithelium were studied in rats fed a zinc-deficient diet and in pair-fed controls. The results of two-bottle preference tests demonstrated that zinc-deficient rats exhibited significantly increased preferences for 1.5 X 10(-1) M HCL and 1.28 X 10(-6) M quinine sulfate as well as a significant increase in relative fluid volume intake. Histologic examination of the tongue epithelium of the zinc-deficient rats showed a hypercellular prickle cell layer and a marked parakeratosis. The fungiform papillae of the zinc-deficient rats exhibited acanthosis and mild parakeratosis. However, the pore region of the taste buds did not seem to be covered by the parakeratotic epithelium. The results suggest that the impaired taste observed in zinc-deficient rats may not be related to blockage of tastants from the pore region.", "PMID": 407339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4108", "title": "Neurofibromatosis with central neurofibroma of the mandible: review of the literature and report of case.", "content": "The clinical, radiographic, and etiological factors of neurofibromatosis have been discussed. A rare case of a large neurofibroma of the mandible in association with systemic neurofibromatosis and a characteristic mandibular dysplasia has been presented. The unique coexistence of mandibular dysplasia associated with sphenoidal and orbital dysplasia should be considered in the diagnosis of multiple neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "Neurofibromatosis with central neurofibroma of the mandible: review of the literature and report of case. The clinical, radiographic, and etiological factors of neurofibromatosis have been discussed. A rare case of a large neurofibroma of the mandible in association with systemic neurofibromatosis and a characteristic mandibular dysplasia has been presented. The unique coexistence of mandibular dysplasia associated with sphenoidal and orbital dysplasia should be considered in the diagnosis of multiple neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 407340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4109", "title": "Pulmonary hypoplasia in babies with severe rhesus isoimmunisation: a quantitative study.", "content": "Analysis of lung weights of 96 infants dying with rhesus isoimmunisation has shown that the lung is considerably retarded in its growth. Detailed analysis of the lungs of six babies after pulmonary artery injection showed in all a reduction in airway number and thus acinar and artery number, suggesting arrest in growth before the 16th week of gestation. The alveoli were also of either abnormal number, size or maturity, suggesting a continuing effect in later foetal life. Total lung volume varied from the normal value in one case to one-quarter normal in the smallest lung.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypoplasia in babies with severe rhesus isoimmunisation: a quantitative study. Analysis of lung weights of 96 infants dying with rhesus isoimmunisation has shown that the lung is considerably retarded in its growth. Detailed analysis of the lungs of six babies after pulmonary artery injection showed in all a reduction in airway number and thus acinar and artery number, suggesting arrest in growth before the 16th week of gestation. The alveoli were also of either abnormal number, size or maturity, suggesting a continuing effect in later foetal life. Total lung volume varied from the normal value in one case to one-quarter normal in the smallest lung.", "PMID": 407342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4110", "title": "Hydroxyanisole-induced regression of the Harding-Passey melanoma in mice.", "content": "The drug p-hydroxyanisole (OHA) was found to inhibit the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in the Harding-Passey melanoma cells in culture. Because the cultured cells had lost some of their pigment-forming capacity, the enzyme tyrosinase was added to the culture. This greatly increased the sensitivity of the cells to OHA, strongly suggesting that cells producing the enzyme would be preferentially killed by the drug. An in-vivo study of the effect of OHA injected into tumour-bearing mice showed a beneficial effect, including increased survival time, reduction in tumour size and in many cases complete loss of tumour and no recurrence. An experiment with animals immunologically suppressed by radiation suggests that the effect is not an immunological one.", "contents": "Hydroxyanisole-induced regression of the Harding-Passey melanoma in mice. The drug p-hydroxyanisole (OHA) was found to inhibit the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in the Harding-Passey melanoma cells in culture. Because the cultured cells had lost some of their pigment-forming capacity, the enzyme tyrosinase was added to the culture. This greatly increased the sensitivity of the cells to OHA, strongly suggesting that cells producing the enzyme would be preferentially killed by the drug. An in-vivo study of the effect of OHA injected into tumour-bearing mice showed a beneficial effect, including increased survival time, reduction in tumour size and in many cases complete loss of tumour and no recurrence. An experiment with animals immunologically suppressed by radiation suggests that the effect is not an immunological one.", "PMID": 407343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4111", "title": "Ultrastructure of the cyst of Sarcocystis muris.", "content": "Cysts of Sarcocystis muris develop within muscle cells and each is bounded by a parasitophorous vacuole membrane. Closely spaced spherical blebs formed from this membrane extend into the muscle cell cytoplasm. A dense substance fills the cavity of the bleb and occupies the vacuolar space immediately adjacent to the membrane. The remainder of the vacuole is filled with a moderately dense matrix within which the parasites develop. At 40 days after infection only metrocytes are present, characterized by their ovoid shape, lightly stained cytoplasm, amylopectin-like granules, and lack of micronemes. Metrocytes divide by a process resembling endodyogeny and eventually produce bradyzoites. By 78 days after infection, at which time the cyst is infective for cats, the few remaining metrocytes are located at the cyst periphery but most organisms are elongated and contain organalles characteristic for bradyzoites including micronemes, dense granules, and amylopectin. Structures indicative of division were not seen in bradyzoites. Rhoptries are few in number. Numerous vesicles of smooth endoplasmic  reticulum accumulate in the cytoplasm of muscle cells adjacent to the periphery of the enlarging cyst but significant destruction of muscle fibers containing cysts with viable organisms was not seen in specimens fixed between 40 and 325 days after infection. Unusual lamellar structures were seen in some parasitized muscle cells and intracystic tubules occurred in some cysts.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the cyst of Sarcocystis muris. Cysts of Sarcocystis muris develop within muscle cells and each is bounded by a parasitophorous vacuole membrane. Closely spaced spherical blebs formed from this membrane extend into the muscle cell cytoplasm. A dense substance fills the cavity of the bleb and occupies the vacuolar space immediately adjacent to the membrane. The remainder of the vacuole is filled with a moderately dense matrix within which the parasites develop. At 40 days after infection only metrocytes are present, characterized by their ovoid shape, lightly stained cytoplasm, amylopectin-like granules, and lack of micronemes. Metrocytes divide by a process resembling endodyogeny and eventually produce bradyzoites. By 78 days after infection, at which time the cyst is infective for cats, the few remaining metrocytes are located at the cyst periphery but most organisms are elongated and contain organalles characteristic for bradyzoites including micronemes, dense granules, and amylopectin. Structures indicative of division were not seen in bradyzoites. Rhoptries are few in number. Numerous vesicles of smooth endoplasmic  reticulum accumulate in the cytoplasm of muscle cells adjacent to the periphery of the enlarging cyst but significant destruction of muscle fibers containing cysts with viable organisms was not seen in specimens fixed between 40 and 325 days after infection. Unusual lamellar structures were seen in some parasitized muscle cells and intracystic tubules occurred in some cysts.", "PMID": 407345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4112", "title": "Sheep experimentally infected with sarcocystis from dogs. I. Disease in young lambs.", "content": "Eight Polled Dorset lambs were orally inoculated with Sarcocystis ovicanis sporocysts. Two lambs that received 100,000 or 200,000 sporocysts became clinically ill, recovered, and were killed 67 and 88 days after inoculation (DAI). Numerous intramuscular cysts were found in their skeletal and cardiac muscles. Three lambs received 100,000 sporocysts, three lambs received 1 million sporocysts, and three lambs received no sporocysts. After an acute clinical illness characterized by anemia, inappetence, weight loss, fever, and reduced serum protein, all lambs that received 100,000 sporocysts died 27 to 29 DAI and all that received 1 million sporocysts died 24 or 25 DAI. Hemorrhage involving the striated muscle and visceral organs was the most apparent gross lesion. The heart appeared most severely affected. Schizonts were found in vascular endothelial cells of all six inoculated lambs. Uninoculated lambs remained healthy, and neither lesions nor parasites were found in any tissues. Dogs fed tissues containing S. ovicanis cysts produced sporocytes 11 to 37 days after feeding; cats fed similar stages produced no sporocysts. Dogs fed tissues containing schizonts produced no sporocysts.", "contents": "Sheep experimentally infected with sarcocystis from dogs. I. Disease in young lambs. Eight Polled Dorset lambs were orally inoculated with Sarcocystis ovicanis sporocysts. Two lambs that received 100,000 or 200,000 sporocysts became clinically ill, recovered, and were killed 67 and 88 days after inoculation (DAI). Numerous intramuscular cysts were found in their skeletal and cardiac muscles. Three lambs received 100,000 sporocysts, three lambs received 1 million sporocysts, and three lambs received no sporocysts. After an acute clinical illness characterized by anemia, inappetence, weight loss, fever, and reduced serum protein, all lambs that received 100,000 sporocysts died 27 to 29 DAI and all that received 1 million sporocysts died 24 or 25 DAI. Hemorrhage involving the striated muscle and visceral organs was the most apparent gross lesion. The heart appeared most severely affected. Schizonts were found in vascular endothelial cells of all six inoculated lambs. Uninoculated lambs remained healthy, and neither lesions nor parasites were found in any tissues. Dogs fed tissues containing S. ovicanis cysts produced sporocytes 11 to 37 days after feeding; cats fed similar stages produced no sporocysts. Dogs fed tissues containing schizonts produced no sporocysts.", "PMID": 407346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4113", "title": "Haemoproteus bennetti sp. n. and a review of the haemoproteids from the Picidae (woodpeckers).", "content": "Haemoproteus velans Coatney and Roudabush 1937 and H. borgesi Tendeiro 1947 are redescribed and illustrated. Haemoproteus bennetti sp. n. is described. Haemoproteid records from woodpeckers are listed.", "contents": "Haemoproteus bennetti sp. n. and a review of the haemoproteids from the Picidae (woodpeckers). Haemoproteus velans Coatney and Roudabush 1937 and H. borgesi Tendeiro 1947 are redescribed and illustrated. Haemoproteus bennetti sp. n. is described. Haemoproteid records from woodpeckers are listed.", "PMID": 407347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4114", "title": "Myxosporidan parasites for pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus L.) from Ontario.", "content": "Five species of myxosporideans were found in pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus L.) from Ryan Lake, Algonquin Park, Ontario. Myxobolus osburni Herrick 1936 was found in pancreatic tissue. Myxobilatus ohioensis (Herrick 1941) Davis 1944 was found in the ureters and urinary bladder. Three new species are described, namely, Myxobolus uvuliferis sp. n. (in the fibrous capsule surrounding the metacercariae of Uvulifer ambloplitis (Hughes 1927), Myxobolus magnaspherus sp. n. (in the parietal peritoneum) and Myxobolus dechtiari sp. n. (in the gills). Myxobolus uvuliferis sp. n. is most similar to M. osburni, but its spores are subspherical and not spherical. Myxobolus magnaspherus sp. n. is most similar to Myxobolus gigas Auerbach 1906, but its spores are wider than long, and they have exceedingly long polar filaments. Myxobolus dechtiari sp. n. is similar to Myxobolus karelicus Petruschewsky 1940 but it lacks an intercapsular appendix.", "contents": "Myxosporidan parasites for pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus L.) from Ontario. Five species of myxosporideans were found in pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus L.) from Ryan Lake, Algonquin Park, Ontario. Myxobolus osburni Herrick 1936 was found in pancreatic tissue. Myxobilatus ohioensis (Herrick 1941) Davis 1944 was found in the ureters and urinary bladder. Three new species are described, namely, Myxobolus uvuliferis sp. n. (in the fibrous capsule surrounding the metacercariae of Uvulifer ambloplitis (Hughes 1927), Myxobolus magnaspherus sp. n. (in the parietal peritoneum) and Myxobolus dechtiari sp. n. (in the gills). Myxobolus uvuliferis sp. n. is most similar to M. osburni, but its spores are subspherical and not spherical. Myxobolus magnaspherus sp. n. is most similar to Myxobolus gigas Auerbach 1906, but its spores are wider than long, and they have exceedingly long polar filaments. Myxobolus dechtiari sp. n. is similar to Myxobolus karelicus Petruschewsky 1940 but it lacks an intercapsular appendix.", "PMID": 407348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4115", "title": "Henneguya episclera sp. n. (Protozoa: Myxosporida), a new myxosporidan from the eye of the pumpkinseed sunfish.", "content": "Henneguya episclera sp. n. is described from the episclera of the eye of the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Mean spore dimensions (in micrometers) are: total length 62.6; spore length 21.7; spore thickness 8.0; spore breadth 8.7; tail lengths 37.1 and 40.9; polar capsule lengths 6.0 and 6.5; polar capsule breadths 2.7 and 3.0; polar capsule thickness 3.5; and vacuole 5 by 5.", "contents": "Henneguya episclera sp. n. (Protozoa: Myxosporida), a new myxosporidan from the eye of the pumpkinseed sunfish. Henneguya episclera sp. n. is described from the episclera of the eye of the pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Mean spore dimensions (in micrometers) are: total length 62.6; spore length 21.7; spore thickness 8.0; spore breadth 8.7; tail lengths 37.1 and 40.9; polar capsule lengths 6.0 and 6.5; polar capsule breadths 2.7 and 3.0; polar capsule thickness 3.5; and vacuole 5 by 5.", "PMID": 407349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4116", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of the development of kinetes in Theileria annulata Dschunkowsky & Luhs, 1904 (Sporozoa, Piroplasmea).", "content": "Gamogony of Theileria annulata Dschunkowsky & Luhs occurs within the intestine of nymphs of the tick Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum Koch. After the 5th day post repletionem (p.r.) of the ticks spherical and ovoid parasites were found within the intestinal cells. These stages were thought to represent fertilized macrogametes. These underwent a transformation process leading ultimately to the differentiation of a motile stage, the kinete, which leaves the intestinal cells on the 14th-17th day p.r. and penetrates the alveoles of the salivary glands. The transformation of the stationary into a motile stage takes place by formation of a growing protrusion (= anlage) into an inner, enlarging vacuole. During this process the limiting membrane of the vacuole serves as the outer membrane of the developing motile stage, whereas the 2 inner membranes of its pellicle are newly formed. The steps of this differentiation in T. annulata are compared to the process of ookinete formation in haemosporina.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of the development of kinetes in Theileria annulata Dschunkowsky & Luhs, 1904 (Sporozoa, Piroplasmea). Gamogony of Theileria annulata Dschunkowsky & Luhs occurs within the intestine of nymphs of the tick Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum Koch. After the 5th day post repletionem (p.r.) of the ticks spherical and ovoid parasites were found within the intestinal cells. These stages were thought to represent fertilized macrogametes. These underwent a transformation process leading ultimately to the differentiation of a motile stage, the kinete, which leaves the intestinal cells on the 14th-17th day p.r. and penetrates the alveoles of the salivary glands. The transformation of the stationary into a motile stage takes place by formation of a growing protrusion (= anlage) into an inner, enlarging vacuole. During this process the limiting membrane of the vacuole serves as the outer membrane of the developing motile stage, whereas the 2 inner membranes of its pellicle are newly formed. The steps of this differentiation in T. annulata are compared to the process of ookinete formation in haemosporina.", "PMID": 407352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4117", "title": "An ultrastructural investigation of 180 degrees-rotated ciliary meridians in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "An ultrastructural investigation has been carried out on 180 degrees-rotated ciliary meridians (inverted meridians) in Tetrahymena pyriformis temperature-sensitive  mutant (mo1b/mo1b), syngen 1, strain B. The longitudinal, transverse and post-ciliary microtubular bands, the kinetodesmal fiber, and the parasomal sac, are shown to be disposed at a 180 degrees angle to their normal positions or orientations. Other abnormalities are as follows: the first 2 basal bodies of the inverted meridian fail to organize into \"couplets\" and the inverted meridian intrudes into the anterior pole region; an extra longitudinal microtubular band is found in one of the cell lines.", "contents": "An ultrastructural investigation of 180 degrees-rotated ciliary meridians in Tetrahymena pyriformis. An ultrastructural investigation has been carried out on 180 degrees-rotated ciliary meridians (inverted meridians) in Tetrahymena pyriformis temperature-sensitive  mutant (mo1b/mo1b), syngen 1, strain B. The longitudinal, transverse and post-ciliary microtubular bands, the kinetodesmal fiber, and the parasomal sac, are shown to be disposed at a 180 degrees angle to their normal positions or orientations. Other abnormalities are as follows: the first 2 basal bodies of the inverted meridian fail to organize into \"couplets\" and the inverted meridian intrudes into the anterior pole region; an extra longitudinal microtubular band is found in one of the cell lines.", "PMID": 407353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4118", "title": "Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on Tetrahymena pyriformis GL. Fine structural changes and their reversibility.", "content": "Fine-structural changes are induced in Tetrahymena by exposure to 7.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the presence of growth medium. Some of these changes (nucleolar, mitochondrial, peroxisomal) resemble those seen during starvation, in agreement with the previously reported inhibitory effect of DMSO on food-vacuole formation; however, changes such as helical formations of polyribosomes indicate additional internal actions of the reagent. The effects vary to some extent within the same group of cells, suggesting that sensitivity to the reagent may differ with the stage in the cell cycle. The structural changes induced by a 1-hr exposure to DMSO are reversible, but recovery of the cells after removal of the reagent is slower than that seen after starvation. The observations suggest that the recovery is associated with renewed synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on Tetrahymena pyriformis GL. Fine structural changes and their reversibility. Fine-structural changes are induced in Tetrahymena by exposure to 7.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the presence of growth medium. Some of these changes (nucleolar, mitochondrial, peroxisomal) resemble those seen during starvation, in agreement with the previously reported inhibitory effect of DMSO on food-vacuole formation; however, changes such as helical formations of polyribosomes indicate additional internal actions of the reagent. The effects vary to some extent within the same group of cells, suggesting that sensitivity to the reagent may differ with the stage in the cell cycle. The structural changes induced by a 1-hr exposure to DMSO are reversible, but recovery of the cells after removal of the reagent is slower than that seen after starvation. The observations suggest that the recovery is associated with renewed synthesis.", "PMID": 407354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4119", "title": "Correlation of encystment and Division in Schizopyrenus russelli.", "content": "Schizopyrenus russelli, a free-living soil ameba, grows and encysts in the presence of bacteria. The encystment occurs with decline in the division rate. This is accompanied by incorporation of [U-14C] glucose into cyst cellulose. The degree of multiplication (but not of encystment) is a function of bacterial concentration. Berenil, a trypanocidal drug, while allowing excystment, completely inhibited multiplication of emerged amebae and their encystment. Addition of this drug after 24 hr, when amebae had gone into a phase of active division failed to check encystment, although it still inhibited further multiplication of the amebae. The findings suggest that a phase of cell division may be a prerequisite for encystment.", "contents": "Correlation of encystment and Division in Schizopyrenus russelli. Schizopyrenus russelli, a free-living soil ameba, grows and encysts in the presence of bacteria. The encystment occurs with decline in the division rate. This is accompanied by incorporation of [U-14C] glucose into cyst cellulose. The degree of multiplication (but not of encystment) is a function of bacterial concentration. Berenil, a trypanocidal drug, while allowing excystment, completely inhibited multiplication of emerged amebae and their encystment. Addition of this drug after 24 hr, when amebae had gone into a phase of active division failed to check encystment, although it still inhibited further multiplication of the amebae. The findings suggest that a phase of cell division may be a prerequisite for encystment.", "PMID": 407355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4120", "title": "Reduced pyridine nucleotide oxidases of Eugena gracilis var. bacillaris.", "content": "Cell-free extracts of a streptomycin-bleached strain of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris have been examined for enzyme systems primarily responsible for the oxidation of reduced pyridine nucelotides. NADH lipoyl dehydrogenase, NADH and NADPH oxidase, NADH and NADPH diaphorase, and NADH and NADPH cytochrome c reductase have been demonstrated. The NADPH-linked enzymes had lower activity rates and were less sensitive to N-ethyl maleimide and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate than their NADH-linked counterparts. NADH cytochrome c reductase was the most sensitive to antimycin A. Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) determined were as follows: NADH diaphorase, 350 muM; NADPH oxidase 150 muM ; NADH lipoyl dehydrogenase, 0.35 muM. Enzyme activities after storage at -5 C indicate that the diaphorases are less labile than the other tested enzymes, and the differential activities of the NADH and NADPH linked enzymes suggest that functionally they may have different roles.", "contents": "Reduced pyridine nucleotide oxidases of Eugena gracilis var. bacillaris. Cell-free extracts of a streptomycin-bleached strain of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris have been examined for enzyme systems primarily responsible for the oxidation of reduced pyridine nucelotides. NADH lipoyl dehydrogenase, NADH and NADPH oxidase, NADH and NADPH diaphorase, and NADH and NADPH cytochrome c reductase have been demonstrated. The NADPH-linked enzymes had lower activity rates and were less sensitive to N-ethyl maleimide and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate than their NADH-linked counterparts. NADH cytochrome c reductase was the most sensitive to antimycin A. Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) determined were as follows: NADH diaphorase, 350 muM; NADPH oxidase 150 muM ; NADH lipoyl dehydrogenase, 0.35 muM. Enzyme activities after storage at -5 C indicate that the diaphorases are less labile than the other tested enzymes, and the differential activities of the NADH and NADPH linked enzymes suggest that functionally they may have different roles.", "PMID": 407356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4121", "title": "Differentiation in human amniotic fluid cell cultures: II: Secretion of an epithelial basement membrane glycoprotein.", "content": "Cells obtained by amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis were grown in vitro and examined for the presence of a glycoprotein component epithelial basement membrane. Isolated colonies or clones of amniotic fluid-type cells secrete the glycoprotein, which was identified in association with the cells using indirect immunofluorescent antibody techniques. In addition, the glycoprotein was isolated from tissue culture medium and identified as a component of epithelial basement membranes by passive haemagglutination (PHA) and immunodiffusion assays. Fibroblast-type cells do not secrete the glycoprotein. These results correlate well with the synthesis of type IV collagen by amniotic fluid cells reported in the accompanying paper (Priest et al., 1977) and indicate that amniotic fluid cells are epithelial in origin.", "contents": "Differentiation in human amniotic fluid cell cultures: II: Secretion of an epithelial basement membrane glycoprotein. Cells obtained by amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis were grown in vitro and examined for the presence of a glycoprotein component epithelial basement membrane. Isolated colonies or clones of amniotic fluid-type cells secrete the glycoprotein, which was identified in association with the cells using indirect immunofluorescent antibody techniques. In addition, the glycoprotein was isolated from tissue culture medium and identified as a component of epithelial basement membranes by passive haemagglutination (PHA) and immunodiffusion assays. Fibroblast-type cells do not secrete the glycoprotein. These results correlate well with the synthesis of type IV collagen by amniotic fluid cells reported in the accompanying paper (Priest et al., 1977) and indicate that amniotic fluid cells are epithelial in origin.", "PMID": 407359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4122", "title": "Interrelationships of sodium transport and carbon dioxide production by the toad bladder: response to changes in mucosal sodium concentration, to vasopressin and to availability of metabolic substrate.", "content": "Active sodium transport and CO2 production were measured simultaneously in toad bladders mounted in membrane chambers. The rate of sodium transport was varied by changing the concentration of sodium in the mucosal bath (substitution with choline), by adding vasopressin, by adding metabolic substrates and by adding malonate, and the ratio of the change of sodium transport and CO2 production was determined Mean values for deltaNa/deltaCO2 (equiv/mole) were: Na in equilibrium choline 18.3 +/- 1.1; vasopressin 15.5 +/- 2.8; and pyruvate (corrected for the increment in \"nontransport\" CO2) 15.4 +/- 3.5. Based on previously determined values for the respiratory quotient (R.Q.), calculated mean values for deltaNa/deltaO2 ranged between 15.5 and 18.5 equiv/mole. It appears that basal metabolism does not contribute to metabolism supporting sodium transport when the rate of sodium transport is varied. \"Transport\" metabolism appears much more responsive to changes in the availability of endogenous and exogenous substrates than does \"nontransport\" metabolism. We conclude that \"transport\" and \"nontransport\" metabolism are functionally separated in the toad bladder.", "contents": "Interrelationships of sodium transport and carbon dioxide production by the toad bladder: response to changes in mucosal sodium concentration, to vasopressin and to availability of metabolic substrate. Active sodium transport and CO2 production were measured simultaneously in toad bladders mounted in membrane chambers. The rate of sodium transport was varied by changing the concentration of sodium in the mucosal bath (substitution with choline), by adding vasopressin, by adding metabolic substrates and by adding malonate, and the ratio of the change of sodium transport and CO2 production was determined Mean values for deltaNa/deltaCO2 (equiv/mole) were: Na in equilibrium choline 18.3 +/- 1.1; vasopressin 15.5 +/- 2.8; and pyruvate (corrected for the increment in \"nontransport\" CO2) 15.4 +/- 3.5. Based on previously determined values for the respiratory quotient (R.Q.), calculated mean values for deltaNa/deltaO2 ranged between 15.5 and 18.5 equiv/mole. It appears that basal metabolism does not contribute to metabolism supporting sodium transport when the rate of sodium transport is varied. \"Transport\" metabolism appears much more responsive to changes in the availability of endogenous and exogenous substrates than does \"nontransport\" metabolism. We conclude that \"transport\" and \"nontransport\" metabolism are functionally separated in the toad bladder.", "PMID": 407360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4123", "title": "Hydrophobicity of biosurfaces as shown by chemoreceptive thresholds in Tetrahymena, Physarum and Nitella.", "content": "Responses (chemotaxis and changes in membrane potential) of Tetrahymena, Physarum, and Nitella against aqueous solution of homologous series of n-alcohols, n-aldehydes and n-fatty acids were studied for clarifying the hydrophobic character of chemoreceptive membranes. Results were: (1) All organisms studied responded to homologous compounds examined when the concentration of these chemicals exceeded their respective threshold, Cth, and the response, R, were expressed approximately as R=alpha log (C/Cth) for C greater than Cth. (2) Increase of the length of hydrocarbon chain in homologues decreased Cth. Plots of log Cth against the number of carbon atoms, n, in n-alcohols, n-aldehydes and n-fatty acids showed linear relationships as represented by long Cth=-An+B. A and B are positive constants for respective functional end groups of the chemicals and biological membranes used. The above empirical equation was interpreted in terms of the partition equilibrium of methylene groups between bulk solution and membrane phase. Parameter A was shown to be a measure of hydrophobicity of the membrane, and B represented the sensitivity of chemoreception of the membrane. (3) Thresholds, Cth, for various hydrophobic reagents were compared with those of human olfactory reception, T. Plots of log T against log Cth fell on straight lines for respective organisms with different slopes which were proportional to parameter A.", "contents": "Hydrophobicity of biosurfaces as shown by chemoreceptive thresholds in Tetrahymena, Physarum and Nitella. Responses (chemotaxis and changes in membrane potential) of Tetrahymena, Physarum, and Nitella against aqueous solution of homologous series of n-alcohols, n-aldehydes and n-fatty acids were studied for clarifying the hydrophobic character of chemoreceptive membranes. Results were: (1) All organisms studied responded to homologous compounds examined when the concentration of these chemicals exceeded their respective threshold, Cth, and the response, R, were expressed approximately as R=alpha log (C/Cth) for C greater than Cth. (2) Increase of the length of hydrocarbon chain in homologues decreased Cth. Plots of log Cth against the number of carbon atoms, n, in n-alcohols, n-aldehydes and n-fatty acids showed linear relationships as represented by long Cth=-An+B. A and B are positive constants for respective functional end groups of the chemicals and biological membranes used. The above empirical equation was interpreted in terms of the partition equilibrium of methylene groups between bulk solution and membrane phase. Parameter A was shown to be a measure of hydrophobicity of the membrane, and B represented the sensitivity of chemoreception of the membrane. (3) Thresholds, Cth, for various hydrophobic reagents were compared with those of human olfactory reception, T. Plots of log T against log Cth fell on straight lines for respective organisms with different slopes which were proportional to parameter A.", "PMID": 407361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4124", "title": "Action of vasopressin, ouabain, and cyanide on the volume of isolated toad bladder epithelial cells.", "content": "Toad bladder epithelial cells were isolated under mild conditions in a calcium-free medium; they were found to exclude trypan blue, to consume oxygen, and to respond to vasopressin with an increased rate of oxygen consumption. Since isolated toad bladder epithelial cells are mostly spherical in shape, the cell diameter can be accurately measured with an ocular micrometer of an inverted microscope. Epithelial cells swelled by 29+/-3% in the presence of KCN. This cyanide-induced swelling of cells was prevented by amiloride or, alternatively, by replacing NaCl by equiosmotic amounts of mannitol in the Ringer's fluid. Cells incubated in the presence of vasopressin swelled by 10+/-2%. Vasopressin and KCN acted synergistically in enhancing cell volume. Ouabain caused cells to swell by 9+/-2%, and this effect was not additive to the swelling seen with vasopressin. These observations are in accord with the theory of Leaf and his associates, that the predominant effect of vasopressin is to enhance sodium entry into the transporting epithelial cells of the toad urinary bladder.", "contents": "Action of vasopressin, ouabain, and cyanide on the volume of isolated toad bladder epithelial cells. Toad bladder epithelial cells were isolated under mild conditions in a calcium-free medium; they were found to exclude trypan blue, to consume oxygen, and to respond to vasopressin with an increased rate of oxygen consumption. Since isolated toad bladder epithelial cells are mostly spherical in shape, the cell diameter can be accurately measured with an ocular micrometer of an inverted microscope. Epithelial cells swelled by 29+/-3% in the presence of KCN. This cyanide-induced swelling of cells was prevented by amiloride or, alternatively, by replacing NaCl by equiosmotic amounts of mannitol in the Ringer's fluid. Cells incubated in the presence of vasopressin swelled by 10+/-2%. Vasopressin and KCN acted synergistically in enhancing cell volume. Ouabain caused cells to swell by 9+/-2%, and this effect was not additive to the swelling seen with vasopressin. These observations are in accord with the theory of Leaf and his associates, that the predominant effect of vasopressin is to enhance sodium entry into the transporting epithelial cells of the toad urinary bladder.", "PMID": 407362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4125", "title": "Some electrical properties of the membrane of the barnacle muscle fibers under internal perfusion.", "content": "Intracellular perfusion technique has been applied to the muscle fibers of the barnacle species, Balanus nubilus. In these fibers, generation and the form of the calcium spike was governed by the frequency of stimulation and intra- and extracellular calcium concentrations. Voltage-clamp experiments showed that the magnitude of the potassium outward current was controlled by the intracellular calcium concentration whose increase, nearly 10(3)-fold, raised the resting membrane conductance and the outward potassium current. On the other hand, application of 10 mM zinc ions inside the muscle fiber had no effect on either the resting potential or the outward potassium current but suppressed the early inward calcium current. Similarly, the inward calcium current was decreased by low concentration of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid only when its ionic strength was made low by substituting sucrose for the sodium salt. Measurement of outward current with the muscle fiber in calcium-free ASW solution and intracellularly perfused with several cationic solutions established the selectivity sequence TEA less than Cs less than Li less than Tris less than Rb less than Na less than K for the potassium channel.", "contents": "Some electrical properties of the membrane of the barnacle muscle fibers under internal perfusion. Intracellular perfusion technique has been applied to the muscle fibers of the barnacle species, Balanus nubilus. In these fibers, generation and the form of the calcium spike was governed by the frequency of stimulation and intra- and extracellular calcium concentrations. Voltage-clamp experiments showed that the magnitude of the potassium outward current was controlled by the intracellular calcium concentration whose increase, nearly 10(3)-fold, raised the resting membrane conductance and the outward potassium current. On the other hand, application of 10 mM zinc ions inside the muscle fiber had no effect on either the resting potential or the outward potassium current but suppressed the early inward calcium current. Similarly, the inward calcium current was decreased by low concentration of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid only when its ionic strength was made low by substituting sucrose for the sodium salt. Measurement of outward current with the muscle fiber in calcium-free ASW solution and intracellularly perfused with several cationic solutions established the selectivity sequence TEA less than Cs less than Li less than Tris less than Rb less than Na less than K for the potassium channel.", "PMID": 407363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4126", "title": "Distribution of Mason-Pfizer virus-specific sequences in the DNA of primates.", "content": "Iodinated Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV) 60-70S RNA has been used in molecular hybridization experiments to determine the distribution of MPV-specific proviral sequences in the DNAs of primates. Approximately 20% of the MPV genome is present as endogenous provirus in rhesus monkeys. Competitive hybridization experiments showed no homology between MPV 60-70S RNA and the 60-70S RNAs of M7, RD-114, and the simian sarcoma virus. No MPV-specific proviral sequences were detected in the DNAs of apparently normal tissues of various species of New World monkeys, apes, and humans. The part of the MPV genome that is endogenous to rhesus is also endogenous to the other species of Old World monkeys examined: baboon, African green, and patas. This was determined as a result of the following observations: (i) C(0)t(1/2) values and final extent of hybridization were the same for all four species. (ii) T(m) values of MPV 60-70S RNA and DNA of all four species were identical. (iii) The removal of MPV sequences endogenous to rhesus tissues by recycling against rhesus DNA resulted in the loss of any hybridizable MPV RNA to the DNAs of baboon, African green, and patas tissues. (iv) Mixing experiments of rhesus, African green, and baboon DNAs resulted in the same kinetics of hybridization as did rhesus DNA alone, when hybridized with MPV 60-70S RNA. These findings demonstrate that sequences that constitute an integral part of the MPV genome are conserved in the DNAs of several different species of Old World monkeys.", "contents": "Distribution of Mason-Pfizer virus-specific sequences in the DNA of primates. Iodinated Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV) 60-70S RNA has been used in molecular hybridization experiments to determine the distribution of MPV-specific proviral sequences in the DNAs of primates. Approximately 20% of the MPV genome is present as endogenous provirus in rhesus monkeys. Competitive hybridization experiments showed no homology between MPV 60-70S RNA and the 60-70S RNAs of M7, RD-114, and the simian sarcoma virus. No MPV-specific proviral sequences were detected in the DNAs of apparently normal tissues of various species of New World monkeys, apes, and humans. The part of the MPV genome that is endogenous to rhesus is also endogenous to the other species of Old World monkeys examined: baboon, African green, and patas. This was determined as a result of the following observations: (i) C(0)t(1/2) values and final extent of hybridization were the same for all four species. (ii) T(m) values of MPV 60-70S RNA and DNA of all four species were identical. (iii) The removal of MPV sequences endogenous to rhesus tissues by recycling against rhesus DNA resulted in the loss of any hybridizable MPV RNA to the DNAs of baboon, African green, and patas tissues. (iv) Mixing experiments of rhesus, African green, and baboon DNAs resulted in the same kinetics of hybridization as did rhesus DNA alone, when hybridized with MPV 60-70S RNA. These findings demonstrate that sequences that constitute an integral part of the MPV genome are conserved in the DNAs of several different species of Old World monkeys.", "PMID": 407372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4127", "title": "Fragmentation of Bacillus bacteriophage phi105 DNA by complementary single-stranded DNA in the cohesive ends of the molecule.", "content": "The structure of DNA from the temperate Bacillus subtilis phage phi105 was examined by using the restriction endonuclease EcoRI and by sedimentation analysis. The DNA contains six EcoRI cleavage sites. Although eight DNA fragments were identified in the EcoRI digests, the largest of these was shown to consist of the two fragments that carry the cohesive ends of the phage DNA. In neutral gradients, the majority of whole phi105 DNA sedimented as nicked circles and the remainder as oligomers. No unit-length linear structures were detected. The associated cohesive ends could be sealed by DNA ligase from Escherichia coli and could be cleaved by S1 nuclease. On the basis of these results and previously reported studies, it appears that, as isolated from phage particles, phi105 DNA is a circular molecule that is formed from the linear structure by the association of complementary single-stranded DNA.", "contents": "Fragmentation of Bacillus bacteriophage phi105 DNA by complementary single-stranded DNA in the cohesive ends of the molecule. The structure of DNA from the temperate Bacillus subtilis phage phi105 was examined by using the restriction endonuclease EcoRI and by sedimentation analysis. The DNA contains six EcoRI cleavage sites. Although eight DNA fragments were identified in the EcoRI digests, the largest of these was shown to consist of the two fragments that carry the cohesive ends of the phage DNA. In neutral gradients, the majority of whole phi105 DNA sedimented as nicked circles and the remainder as oligomers. No unit-length linear structures were detected. The associated cohesive ends could be sealed by DNA ligase from Escherichia coli and could be cleaved by S1 nuclease. On the basis of these results and previously reported studies, it appears that, as isolated from phage particles, phi105 DNA is a circular molecule that is formed from the linear structure by the association of complementary single-stranded DNA.", "PMID": 407373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4128", "title": "Transtracheal aspiration in diagnosis of sputum-smear--negative tuberculosis.", "content": "Of 4,200 patients admitted to an acute-care county hospital, 126 (3%) were proved to have pulmonary tuberculosis, among whom 35 (28%) had several sputum smears negative for acid-fast bacilli. On transtracheal aspiration, 31 to 35 had acid-fast bacilli in the aspirate. Eighteen of these 35 (51%) patients had associated infections caused by aerobic or anaerobic bacteria. Tuberculin skin tests were negative in 14 of 35 patients with negative sputum specimens (40%). Ten of 18 patients (56%) with associated bacterial infections had negative skin tests to purified protein derivative. Smear and culture of transtracheal aspirate for tubercle bacilli may be invaluable in establishing the diagnosis when pulmonary tuberculosis is suspected.", "contents": "Transtracheal aspiration in diagnosis of sputum-smear--negative tuberculosis. Of 4,200 patients admitted to an acute-care county hospital, 126 (3%) were proved to have pulmonary tuberculosis, among whom 35 (28%) had several sputum smears negative for acid-fast bacilli. On transtracheal aspiration, 31 to 35 had acid-fast bacilli in the aspirate. Eighteen of these 35 (51%) patients had associated infections caused by aerobic or anaerobic bacteria. Tuberculin skin tests were negative in 14 of 35 patients with negative sputum specimens (40%). Ten of 18 patients (56%) with associated bacterial infections had negative skin tests to purified protein derivative. Smear and culture of transtracheal aspirate for tubercle bacilli may be invaluable in establishing the diagnosis when pulmonary tuberculosis is suspected.", "PMID": 407374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4129", "title": "Tuberculosis bacteriologic reliability. Sputum specimens submitted by mail.", "content": "The reliability of examining mailed specimens of sputum for tubercle bacilli was studied by dividing 132 sputum specimens. One half of each specimen was examined on the same day as collection (fresh); the other half was examined after a delay of from one to eight days (mailed). There were a few discrepancies, but no advantage was shown for use of the fresh portion of the specimens. The rate of contamination was slightly greater in the mailed portions (6.6%).", "contents": "Tuberculosis bacteriologic reliability. Sputum specimens submitted by mail. The reliability of examining mailed specimens of sputum for tubercle bacilli was studied by dividing 132 sputum specimens. One half of each specimen was examined on the same day as collection (fresh); the other half was examined after a delay of from one to eight days (mailed). There were a few discrepancies, but no advantage was shown for use of the fresh portion of the specimens. The rate of contamination was slightly greater in the mailed portions (6.6%).", "PMID": 407376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4130", "title": "Relative lactose intolerance. A clinical study of tube-fed patients.", "content": "A relative intolerance of lactose was demonstrated in 14 of 16 patients receiving nasogastric tube feedings following surgery for head or neck carcinoma. Two liquid diets differing only in the presence or absence of lactose, were administered for eight to 20 days per patient in a double-blind crossover study. Increased stool frequency, decreased stool consistency, and more frequent flatulence, borborygmi, and distention were found with the lactose diet, although classic lactose intolerance (plasma glucose rise of less than 26 mg/dl) was indicated in only two patients. Differences between amounts and times of peak rise following the glucose tolerance test and lactose tolerance test for each patient indicated the advisability of locating patients on a continuum of ability to hydrolyze lactose. The results indicate that lactose should be reduced or eliminated from tube-feeding diets to improve patient tolerance and comfort and to reduce diarrhea.", "contents": "Relative lactose intolerance. A clinical study of tube-fed patients. A relative intolerance of lactose was demonstrated in 14 of 16 patients receiving nasogastric tube feedings following surgery for head or neck carcinoma. Two liquid diets differing only in the presence or absence of lactose, were administered for eight to 20 days per patient in a double-blind crossover study. Increased stool frequency, decreased stool consistency, and more frequent flatulence, borborygmi, and distention were found with the lactose diet, although classic lactose intolerance (plasma glucose rise of less than 26 mg/dl) was indicated in only two patients. Differences between amounts and times of peak rise following the glucose tolerance test and lactose tolerance test for each patient indicated the advisability of locating patients on a continuum of ability to hydrolyze lactose. The results indicate that lactose should be reduced or eliminated from tube-feeding diets to improve patient tolerance and comfort and to reduce diarrhea.", "PMID": 407377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4131", "title": "Gonorrhea screening in male consorts of women with pelvic infection.", "content": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from 39% of male contacts of women with acute gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); 22% of these men were asymptomatic. More than half of those women with gonococcal PID had at least one male sexual consort with gonorrhea. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from 15% of male contacts of women with nongonococcal PID; 30% were asymptomatic. Since a substantial number of male contacts of women with acute PID will have cultures positive for N gonorrhoeae and are asymptomatic, all male sexual consorts should be examined and have cultures grown for gonorrhea.", "contents": "Gonorrhea screening in male consorts of women with pelvic infection. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from 39% of male contacts of women with acute gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); 22% of these men were asymptomatic. More than half of those women with gonococcal PID had at least one male sexual consort with gonorrhea. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from 15% of male contacts of women with nongonococcal PID; 30% were asymptomatic. Since a substantial number of male contacts of women with acute PID will have cultures positive for N gonorrhoeae and are asymptomatic, all male sexual consorts should be examined and have cultures grown for gonorrhea.", "PMID": 407378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4132", "title": "Contractile responses of isolated canine blood vessels to ATP and ADP.", "content": "Effects of ATP and ADP on helically cut strips of canine different blood vessels were studied, in comparison with those of K+ and norepinephrine (N.E.). ATP and ADP were equally effective in causing transient contractions in contrast to sustained contractions induced by K+ and N.E.. The mesenteric, renal arteries and portal veins were sensitive to both nucleotides. The response to the nucleotides was K+ was more dependent on Ca++ and Mg++ concentrations in bathing media than that to N.E.. Treatment of the strips with EGTA in Ca++ -free media quickly abolished the contractile responses to ATP, ADP and K+. Application of 0.1 mM Cd++ attenuated the contractile responses to K+ more markedly than those to N.E., but did not affect ATP action. Verapamil at 0.5 micron inhibited the K+-induced contraction alone, and 2 mM procaine inhibited the response to N.E. alone, but rather intensified the ATP-induced contraction. It may be concluded that ATP and ADP produce a transient contraction of isolated canine blood vessels by a mechanism relating to an increased mobilization of loosely bound Ca++ in cell membranes.", "contents": "Contractile responses of isolated canine blood vessels to ATP and ADP. Effects of ATP and ADP on helically cut strips of canine different blood vessels were studied, in comparison with those of K+ and norepinephrine (N.E.). ATP and ADP were equally effective in causing transient contractions in contrast to sustained contractions induced by K+ and N.E.. The mesenteric, renal arteries and portal veins were sensitive to both nucleotides. The response to the nucleotides was K+ was more dependent on Ca++ and Mg++ concentrations in bathing media than that to N.E.. Treatment of the strips with EGTA in Ca++ -free media quickly abolished the contractile responses to ATP, ADP and K+. Application of 0.1 mM Cd++ attenuated the contractile responses to K+ more markedly than those to N.E., but did not affect ATP action. Verapamil at 0.5 micron inhibited the K+-induced contraction alone, and 2 mM procaine inhibited the response to N.E. alone, but rather intensified the ATP-induced contraction. It may be concluded that ATP and ADP produce a transient contraction of isolated canine blood vessels by a mechanism relating to an increased mobilization of loosely bound Ca++ in cell membranes.", "PMID": 407387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4133", "title": "Absorption of inorganic iron- (59Fe2+) in relation to iron stores in pancreatic exocrine insufficiency due to cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The absorption of 59Fe from a diagnostic 0.56 mg 59Fe2+ dose was measured by 4pi-geometry whole body counting and related to the amount of stainable diffuse cytoplasmatic non heme storage iron in the bone marrow macrophages of children with cystic fibrosis. When the storage iron was within the normal range (+/2+) children with cystic fibrosis absorbed 10-38% (Xa+/-S.D.=21+/-9.3) of the oral 59Fe2+ dose which is identical with the 59Fe-absorption in normal children with normal iron stores (9-45:23+/-8.7%). Depleted iron stores caused an increase of 59Fe-absorption to 43-95% (Xa+/-S.D.=62+/-19) in children with cystic fibrosis and to 45-100% (Xa+/-S.D.=73+/-18) in control children. The interruption or continuation of pancreatin maintenance therapy and the simultaneous administration of 1-1.5 g pancreatin did not influence 59Fe2+ absorption in cystic fibrosis. There is no evidence for a pancreatic factor required for or inhibiting inorganic and food iron absorption in human beings. Iron absorption is controlled also in cystic fibrosis chiefly by the amounts of available storage iron. It is therefore not justified to apprehend the development of hemosiderosis in children with cystic fibrosis who are not or not sufficiently treated with pancreatin.", "contents": "Absorption of inorganic iron- (59Fe2+) in relation to iron stores in pancreatic exocrine insufficiency due to cystic fibrosis. The absorption of 59Fe from a diagnostic 0.56 mg 59Fe2+ dose was measured by 4pi-geometry whole body counting and related to the amount of stainable diffuse cytoplasmatic non heme storage iron in the bone marrow macrophages of children with cystic fibrosis. When the storage iron was within the normal range (+/2+) children with cystic fibrosis absorbed 10-38% (Xa+/-S.D.=21+/-9.3) of the oral 59Fe2+ dose which is identical with the 59Fe-absorption in normal children with normal iron stores (9-45:23+/-8.7%). Depleted iron stores caused an increase of 59Fe-absorption to 43-95% (Xa+/-S.D.=62+/-19) in children with cystic fibrosis and to 45-100% (Xa+/-S.D.=73+/-18) in control children. The interruption or continuation of pancreatin maintenance therapy and the simultaneous administration of 1-1.5 g pancreatin did not influence 59Fe2+ absorption in cystic fibrosis. There is no evidence for a pancreatic factor required for or inhibiting inorganic and food iron absorption in human beings. Iron absorption is controlled also in cystic fibrosis chiefly by the amounts of available storage iron. It is therefore not justified to apprehend the development of hemosiderosis in children with cystic fibrosis who are not or not sufficiently treated with pancreatin.", "PMID": 407393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4134", "title": "Respiratory pathogens in non-human primates with special reference to Corynebacterium ulcerans.", "content": "An investigation of 272 non-human primates (75 Macacca cynomolgus, 97 Macacca mulatta and 100 Cercopithecus aethiops) revealed a high incidence of respiratory disease caused by Corynebacterium ulcerans, Staphylococci, Diplococci and Streptococci. Escherichia coli was also found as a secondary invader. Most of the infections occurred during winter in Macaca cynomolgus and were caused by Corynebacterium ulcerans and Diplococcus pneumoniae. The C. ulcerans strains were phage type VI  G. A phage type III C strain was isolated from a Macacca mulatta. The high incidence of C. ulcerans suggests that this organism plays a significant role in the pathology of respiratory disease in the non-human primate.", "contents": "Respiratory pathogens in non-human primates with special reference to Corynebacterium ulcerans. An investigation of 272 non-human primates (75 Macacca cynomolgus, 97 Macacca mulatta and 100 Cercopithecus aethiops) revealed a high incidence of respiratory disease caused by Corynebacterium ulcerans, Staphylococci, Diplococci and Streptococci. Escherichia coli was also found as a secondary invader. Most of the infections occurred during winter in Macaca cynomolgus and were caused by Corynebacterium ulcerans and Diplococcus pneumoniae. The C. ulcerans strains were phage type VI  G. A phage type III C strain was isolated from a Macacca mulatta. The high incidence of C. ulcerans suggests that this organism plays a significant role in the pathology of respiratory disease in the non-human primate.", "PMID": 407395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4135", "title": "The glutaraldehyde-treated heterograft valve: some engineering observations.", "content": "Two commercially prepared, glutaraldehyde-treated porcine heterograft valves mounted on flexible stents have been tested in a pulsatile-flow water tunnel. Measurements of the radial deflections of the stent posts have been made for various applied pressures across the valve. A previous claim of 90 percent reduction in leaflet stress as a result of stent flexibility is of doubtful validity because the measurement technique used was inappropriate for the magnitude of strain involved. Photographs of the valve at various steady forward flow rates show that the leaflets do not open as readily as the antibiotic-treated homograft valve.", "contents": "The glutaraldehyde-treated heterograft valve: some engineering observations. Two commercially prepared, glutaraldehyde-treated porcine heterograft valves mounted on flexible stents have been tested in a pulsatile-flow water tunnel. Measurements of the radial deflections of the stent posts have been made for various applied pressures across the valve. A previous claim of 90 percent reduction in leaflet stress as a result of stent flexibility is of doubtful validity because the measurement technique used was inappropriate for the magnitude of strain involved. Photographs of the valve at various steady forward flow rates show that the leaflets do not open as readily as the antibiotic-treated homograft valve.", "PMID": 407403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4136", "title": "[Device for forming the shaped brehmsstrahlung fields of the B5M25 betatron].", "content": "The betatron B5M25 bremsstrahlung is formed only by a rectangularly shaped diaphragm, which results in excessive irradiation of healthy tissues surrounding the pathological focus. An appliance in the form of an additional diaphragm with inserted shaped units (blocks) fastened to the proper betatron diaphragm and permitting formation of a dose field in conformity with the pathological focus outlines has been constructed. The design of the appliance helps avoid \"contamination\" of the bremsstrahlung beam with electrons and second generation Compton quanta.", "contents": "[Device for forming the shaped brehmsstrahlung fields of the B5M25 betatron]. The betatron B5M25 bremsstrahlung is formed only by a rectangularly shaped diaphragm, which results in excessive irradiation of healthy tissues surrounding the pathological focus. An appliance in the form of an additional diaphragm with inserted shaped units (blocks) fastened to the proper betatron diaphragm and permitting formation of a dose field in conformity with the pathological focus outlines has been constructed. The design of the appliance helps avoid \"contamination\" of the bremsstrahlung beam with electrons and second generation Compton quanta.", "PMID": 407424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4137", "title": "[A meningococcal epidemic in Ankara].", "content": "The meningococcal meningitis epidemic has been observed in Ankara in the last 3 years. Cases were from all parts of the country. Most of the strains isolated were from group B, while many could not be classified, and some of them were from group C, A and D. Because of fewer cases from group A and more from group B and C, the epidemic was not the classical meningococcal meningitis, but an intermediate one. Many cases could not be classified with the classical A, B, C, and D antisera. This showed that different serological groups existed in the country and should be taken into consideration in laboratory work.", "contents": "[A meningococcal epidemic in Ankara]. The meningococcal meningitis epidemic has been observed in Ankara in the last 3 years. Cases were from all parts of the country. Most of the strains isolated were from group B, while many could not be classified, and some of them were from group C, A and D. Because of fewer cases from group A and more from group B and C, the epidemic was not the classical meningococcal meningitis, but an intermediate one. Many cases could not be classified with the classical A, B, C, and D antisera. This showed that different serological groups existed in the country and should be taken into consideration in laboratory work.", "PMID": 407430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4138", "title": "The anticonvulsant action of sodium valproate (Epilim) in 100 patients with various forms of epilepsy.", "content": "Sodium valproate (Epilim) has been used in the management of 100 patients with previously uncontrolled epilepsy for periods up to 2 years. If all manifestations of epilepsy are considered together, 75% to 100% control of seizures was achieved in 43% of patients, 25% to 74% control in 26%, and no improvement occurred in 31% of patients. Control of 75% to 100% was achieved in 57% of patients with a spike and wave electroencephalogram (EEG) disturbance but only in 35% of those with focal abnormalities, excessive slow activity, or normal records. When the various manifestations of epilepsy were considered individually, the greatest improvement was found among the patients with the minor forms of generalized epilepsy (petit mal absences, myoclonus and atonic attacks) in whom 75% to 100% control was obtained in 67%, compared with 43% of those with major generalized seizures (grand mal) and 30% of those with temporal lobe attacks and other forms of focal epilepsy. Gastrointestinal disturbances and drowsiness were noted as side effects in the early stages of treatment, but the majority of patients tolerated the drug well and many commented on increased mental alertness while taking it. Two patients were over-stimulated and some noticed tremor or twitching as side effects. Some minor abnormalities in blood coagulation studies were noted, but these were transient and did not appear to be of clinical significance. Regular blood counts and biochemical studies have not shown any significant changes. Sodium valproate appears to be a safe and useful anticonvulsant with the advantage that it usually makes patients brighter rather than drowsier. Abnormalities of platelet function have been described in some overseas reports, so that any unexplained bruising or bleeding in a patient taking valproate is an indication for a platelet count and coagulation studies.", "contents": "The anticonvulsant action of sodium valproate (Epilim) in 100 patients with various forms of epilepsy. Sodium valproate (Epilim) has been used in the management of 100 patients with previously uncontrolled epilepsy for periods up to 2 years. If all manifestations of epilepsy are considered together, 75% to 100% control of seizures was achieved in 43% of patients, 25% to 74% control in 26%, and no improvement occurred in 31% of patients. Control of 75% to 100% was achieved in 57% of patients with a spike and wave electroencephalogram (EEG) disturbance but only in 35% of those with focal abnormalities, excessive slow activity, or normal records. When the various manifestations of epilepsy were considered individually, the greatest improvement was found among the patients with the minor forms of generalized epilepsy (petit mal absences, myoclonus and atonic attacks) in whom 75% to 100% control was obtained in 67%, compared with 43% of those with major generalized seizures (grand mal) and 30% of those with temporal lobe attacks and other forms of focal epilepsy. Gastrointestinal disturbances and drowsiness were noted as side effects in the early stages of treatment, but the majority of patients tolerated the drug well and many commented on increased mental alertness while taking it. Two patients were over-stimulated and some noticed tremor or twitching as side effects. Some minor abnormalities in blood coagulation studies were noted, but these were transient and did not appear to be of clinical significance. Regular blood counts and biochemical studies have not shown any significant changes. Sodium valproate appears to be a safe and useful anticonvulsant with the advantage that it usually makes patients brighter rather than drowsier. Abnormalities of platelet function have been described in some overseas reports, so that any unexplained bruising or bleeding in a patient taking valproate is an indication for a platelet count and coagulation studies.", "PMID": 407431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4139", "title": "[Bacteriocin-like substances produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa].", "content": "Cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested for the production of bacteriocin-like substances, and differentiated with respect to three various indicator cultures. A technique was elaborated for the isolation of bacteriocin-like substances from a solid medium. Physico-chemical properties of Ps. aeruginosa were studied for the strains 8-H-3, PAO-406, and PAT-2. The molecular weight of bacteriocin-like substances was calculated for the strain 8-H-3.", "contents": "[Bacteriocin-like substances produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. Cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested for the production of bacteriocin-like substances, and differentiated with respect to three various indicator cultures. A technique was elaborated for the isolation of bacteriocin-like substances from a solid medium. Physico-chemical properties of Ps. aeruginosa were studied for the strains 8-H-3, PAO-406, and PAT-2. The molecular weight of bacteriocin-like substances was calculated for the strain 8-H-3.", "PMID": 407426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4140", "title": "The reduction of the intrapartum still birth rate at the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital.", "content": "A significant reduction in intrapartum anoxic fetal deaths has occurred at the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital over the last ten years. The possible explanations for this include a variety of factors, which may either improve the health of the population presenting to the hospital, or improve obstetric care. Epidemiological evidence suggests that the use of fetal diagnostic techniques has contributed to the reduction of intrapartum anoxic still births.", "contents": "The reduction of the intrapartum still birth rate at the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital. A significant reduction in intrapartum anoxic fetal deaths has occurred at the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital over the last ten years. The possible explanations for this include a variety of factors, which may either improve the health of the population presenting to the hospital, or improve obstetric care. Epidemiological evidence suggests that the use of fetal diagnostic techniques has contributed to the reduction of intrapartum anoxic still births.", "PMID": 407432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4141", "title": "[Morphofunctional study of the development of Actinomyces aureofaciens under conditions of regulated and unregulated fermentation].", "content": "Actinomyces aureofaciens producing tetracycline and its inactive proactinomyces-like variant were studied by electron microscopy during their growth under conditions of regulated and non-regulated fermentation. The ultrastructure of the active variant changed: the cell wall and ribosomes underwent modification, amorphous electron-transparent structures appeared, and tubular membrane structures were formed. No changes were found in the inactive variant. When Act. aureofaciens grows in conditions of non-regulated fermentation, it shows rapid disintegration and autolysis; then, wide fragmented hyphae are formed. The morphology of these hyphae is similar to that of spore forming hyphae of the aerial mycelium. Viable hyphae exist for a long time if the active culture grows in conditions of regulated fermentation with periodic addition of nutrient substances. Amorphous electron-transparent structures, apparently of the antibiotic nature, are formed in the hyphae and liberated into the medium.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional study of the development of Actinomyces aureofaciens under conditions of regulated and unregulated fermentation]. Actinomyces aureofaciens producing tetracycline and its inactive proactinomyces-like variant were studied by electron microscopy during their growth under conditions of regulated and non-regulated fermentation. The ultrastructure of the active variant changed: the cell wall and ribosomes underwent modification, amorphous electron-transparent structures appeared, and tubular membrane structures were formed. No changes were found in the inactive variant. When Act. aureofaciens grows in conditions of non-regulated fermentation, it shows rapid disintegration and autolysis; then, wide fragmented hyphae are formed. The morphology of these hyphae is similar to that of spore forming hyphae of the aerial mycelium. Viable hyphae exist for a long time if the active culture grows in conditions of regulated fermentation with periodic addition of nutrient substances. Amorphous electron-transparent structures, apparently of the antibiotic nature, are formed in the hyphae and liberated into the medium.", "PMID": 407427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4142", "title": "[Cost-benefit analyses of the employment of assistant dieticians by medical practitioners. 1st report: Basic considerations, calculatory basis, analysis of a policlinical research study and preliminary assessment of an in-practice project (author's transl)].", "content": "The benefits of professional advice on dietetics in the medical practice can, at present, not be measured directly. They can only be assessed indirectly on a model basis using drugs savings as the benefit's indicator. If for example those some 880,000 diabetics of the Federal Republic of Germany who are treated with oral antidiabetic drugs and suffer from overweight would lose weight as a consequence of dietetic consultation, they could save at least 1 pill per day of a blood glucose lowering sulfonamide or biguanide derivate. This equals about 131 million DM p.a. If only 10 percent of 1000 diabetics under the advice of one assistant dietician would lose weight--in about 20 percent of all dietetic consultations such a success can be expected--this would cover the cost of such consultation.--In fact, in a sample of 228 diabetics with overweight, who received intensive advice on weight reduction, 85 percent were successful in losing weight, improved their metabolism, and therefore needed less antidiabetic drugs. They thus achieved annual cost savings about equal to an assistent dietician's salary. Thus, the employment of assistant dieticians in the medical practice is an advantage also from the economic point of view, and should be made possible for all practitioners interested.", "contents": "[Cost-benefit analyses of the employment of assistant dieticians by medical practitioners. 1st report: Basic considerations, calculatory basis, analysis of a policlinical research study and preliminary assessment of an in-practice project (author's transl)]. The benefits of professional advice on dietetics in the medical practice can, at present, not be measured directly. They can only be assessed indirectly on a model basis using drugs savings as the benefit's indicator. If for example those some 880,000 diabetics of the Federal Republic of Germany who are treated with oral antidiabetic drugs and suffer from overweight would lose weight as a consequence of dietetic consultation, they could save at least 1 pill per day of a blood glucose lowering sulfonamide or biguanide derivate. This equals about 131 million DM p.a. If only 10 percent of 1000 diabetics under the advice of one assistant dietician would lose weight--in about 20 percent of all dietetic consultations such a success can be expected--this would cover the cost of such consultation.--In fact, in a sample of 228 diabetics with overweight, who received intensive advice on weight reduction, 85 percent were successful in losing weight, improved their metabolism, and therefore needed less antidiabetic drugs. They thus achieved annual cost savings about equal to an assistent dietician's salary. Thus, the employment of assistant dieticians in the medical practice is an advantage also from the economic point of view, and should be made possible for all practitioners interested.", "PMID": 407433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4143", "title": "[Age-related changes in the ultrastructure of Anabaena variabilis cells].", "content": "The growth and death of the obligate phototrophic cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis K\u00fctz, strain Lefevre, were studied under stationary conditions in the light. Each growth stage can be characterized by physiological and ultrastructural peculiarities. The following changes have been found in the cells with aging: the rate of oxygen evolution decreases, the photosynthetic lamellae untwist and separate with the formation of intrathylakoid vacuoles, the number of inclusions increases. Irreversible vesiculation of the parachromatophore was observed during the death of the cells. Lysis of the cells was found to be different in the light and in the dark.", "contents": "[Age-related changes in the ultrastructure of Anabaena variabilis cells]. The growth and death of the obligate phototrophic cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis K\u00fctz, strain Lefevre, were studied under stationary conditions in the light. Each growth stage can be characterized by physiological and ultrastructural peculiarities. The following changes have been found in the cells with aging: the rate of oxygen evolution decreases, the photosynthetic lamellae untwist and separate with the formation of intrathylakoid vacuoles, the number of inclusions increases. Irreversible vesiculation of the parachromatophore was observed during the death of the cells. Lysis of the cells was found to be different in the light and in the dark.", "PMID": 407428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4144", "title": "[Fine structure of Chloroflexus aurantiacus var. mesophilus (nom. prof.) grown in the light under aerobic and anaerobic conditions].", "content": "The fine structure was studied in two mesophilic strains of Chloroflexus aurantiacus var. mesophilus (nom. prof.): KN-4 and BR-1. Trichomes are covered with a mucous fibrillar sheath which is more developed in the KN-4 strain. Photosynthetic structures, \"chlorobium-vesicles\", are located at the periphery of the cells of both strains. The structure of the cell was is typical of gram-negative microorganisms. By their electron density and dimensions, inner cytoplasmic structures are identified as poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, polyphosphates, and polysaccharides. When the strain BR-I was grown in aerobic conditions in the light, \"chlorobium-vesicles\" were not synthesized and intracytoplasmic membranes were represented by small tubular-vesicular invaginations. When the cells were grown under anaerobic conditions in the lgiht, numerous \"chlorobium-vesicles\" were formed, and additional large vesicular membrane systems appeared; these systems occupied over 20 per cent of the cell volume. Possible relationship between the membrane structures and the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll a and c is discussed.", "contents": "[Fine structure of Chloroflexus aurantiacus var. mesophilus (nom. prof.) grown in the light under aerobic and anaerobic conditions]. The fine structure was studied in two mesophilic strains of Chloroflexus aurantiacus var. mesophilus (nom. prof.): KN-4 and BR-1. Trichomes are covered with a mucous fibrillar sheath which is more developed in the KN-4 strain. Photosynthetic structures, \"chlorobium-vesicles\", are located at the periphery of the cells of both strains. The structure of the cell was is typical of gram-negative microorganisms. By their electron density and dimensions, inner cytoplasmic structures are identified as poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, polyphosphates, and polysaccharides. When the strain BR-I was grown in aerobic conditions in the light, \"chlorobium-vesicles\" were not synthesized and intracytoplasmic membranes were represented by small tubular-vesicular invaginations. When the cells were grown under anaerobic conditions in the lgiht, numerous \"chlorobium-vesicles\" were formed, and additional large vesicular membrane systems appeared; these systems occupied over 20 per cent of the cell volume. Possible relationship between the membrane structures and the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll a and c is discussed.", "PMID": 407429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4145", "title": "Proton penetration and control in nonhomogeneous phantoms.", "content": "Accurate bolus is needed for extension of Bragg-peak therapy. Proton beam-stopping profiles in a lucite-styrofoam-tissue phantom and in a Rando phantom were recorded photographically. Air volumes caused the largest distortions. Lucite bolus was cut to achieve desired beam-stopping profiles. Verification of bolus effect in situ will be important to control beam penetration within 5 mm.", "contents": "Proton penetration and control in nonhomogeneous phantoms. Accurate bolus is needed for extension of Bragg-peak therapy. Proton beam-stopping profiles in a lucite-styrofoam-tissue phantom and in a Rando phantom were recorded photographically. Air volumes caused the largest distortions. Lucite bolus was cut to achieve desired beam-stopping profiles. Verification of bolus effect in situ will be important to control beam penetration within 5 mm.", "PMID": 407434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4146", "title": "Comparison of moving-strip therapy using a Cobalt-60 teletherapy unit, a Varian 4-MV linear accelerator, and a Varian 10-MV linear accelerator.", "content": "Cobalt-60 gamma rays and 4- and 10-MV x rays are compared for moving-strip therapy in terms of the dose uniformity and the given dose needed to deliver a prescribed tumor dose. Dose distributions in phantoms of 14--32-cm thickness were calculated for each therapy unit. Individual given doses which would deliver the most uniform dose along the midline of the treatment volume were determined by computer and were verified experimentally by thermoluminescent dosimetry. Using computer optimization techniques, the midplane dose uniformity is improved significantly for the three therapy units considered.", "contents": "Comparison of moving-strip therapy using a Cobalt-60 teletherapy unit, a Varian 4-MV linear accelerator, and a Varian 10-MV linear accelerator. Cobalt-60 gamma rays and 4- and 10-MV x rays are compared for moving-strip therapy in terms of the dose uniformity and the given dose needed to deliver a prescribed tumor dose. Dose distributions in phantoms of 14--32-cm thickness were calculated for each therapy unit. Individual given doses which would deliver the most uniform dose along the midline of the treatment volume were determined by computer and were verified experimentally by thermoluminescent dosimetry. Using computer optimization techniques, the midplane dose uniformity is improved significantly for the three therapy units considered.", "PMID": 407435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4147", "title": "Flattening of proton dose distributions for large-field radiotherapy.", "content": "Methods for obtaining flattened charged-particle dose distributions over large areas are described. The system being used at Harvard for proton radiotherapy is discussed in detail. It is an extension of usual multiple-scattering techniques to include blocking out some of the central peak, followed by rescattering to fill in the profile, resulting in flat distributions up to 30 cm in diameter. The unusually long source-to-skin distance (4.6-m SSD) plus the small lateral spread (2 mm rms) from multiple scattering in the patient results in little divergence of the beam throughout the treatment volume.", "contents": "Flattening of proton dose distributions for large-field radiotherapy. Methods for obtaining flattened charged-particle dose distributions over large areas are described. The system being used at Harvard for proton radiotherapy is discussed in detail. It is an extension of usual multiple-scattering techniques to include blocking out some of the central peak, followed by rescattering to fill in the profile, resulting in flat distributions up to 30 cm in diameter. The unusually long source-to-skin distance (4.6-m SSD) plus the small lateral spread (2 mm rms) from multiple scattering in the patient results in little divergence of the beam throughout the treatment volume.", "PMID": 407436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4148", "title": "Scattered photons as the cause for the observed dmax shift with field size in high-energy photon beams.", "content": "Measurements on the Sagittaire linear accelerator and Allis-Chalmers betatron at M. D. Anderson Hospital indicate that the observed dmax shift with field size is due to the presence of Compton-scattered photons in the therapy beam, and not electrons as proposed by others. Separating the primary from other radiation components indicates that the secondary fraction represents a percentage contribution to the overall beam that increases as the collimators are opened. This is consistent with what would be expected from Compton scattering and explains the effective softening of the beam as field size increases.", "contents": "Scattered photons as the cause for the observed dmax shift with field size in high-energy photon beams. Measurements on the Sagittaire linear accelerator and Allis-Chalmers betatron at M. D. Anderson Hospital indicate that the observed dmax shift with field size is due to the presence of Compton-scattered photons in the therapy beam, and not electrons as proposed by others. Separating the primary from other radiation components indicates that the secondary fraction represents a percentage contribution to the overall beam that increases as the collimators are opened. This is consistent with what would be expected from Compton scattering and explains the effective softening of the beam as field size increases.", "PMID": 407437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4149", "title": "Expression of an excision repair gene in transformation of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "DNA of Bacillus subtilis proficient in excision repair (hcr+) was introduced into Angiografinpurified competent cells of an excision repair-deficient strains UVS-1 (hcr-1). The hcr+ gene was found to affect the UV-survival curve of the cells, giving rise to a UV-resistant component. However, a considerable number of colonies of the UV-resistant component consisted of cells that were not transformed to hcr+ as judged by their sensitivity to mitomycin C (MC), UV, and by their ability to reactivate UV-irradiated M2 phages. This suggests that the hcr gene may be expressed without integration. The recA function of B. subtilis was necessary for expression of UV resistance to occur. When DNA-treated cells were selected for met+ recombinants, the UV-resistant component was again found on the UV-survival curve and about half of the colonies of the UV-resistant component consisted of Hcr- cells. This result was explained by an integration-segregation model for hcr+ and met+ genes. The effect of the hcr+ gene was seen even when DNA was added after cells were irradiated with UV, although this effect was gradually diminished by delaying the time of DNA addition. A complementation effect was found between two excision repair mutations residing in two distant loci, using hcr-114 DNA as a donor and hcr-1 cells as a recipient.", "contents": "Expression of an excision repair gene in transformation of Bacillus subtilis. DNA of Bacillus subtilis proficient in excision repair (hcr+) was introduced into Angiografinpurified competent cells of an excision repair-deficient strains UVS-1 (hcr-1). The hcr+ gene was found to affect the UV-survival curve of the cells, giving rise to a UV-resistant component. However, a considerable number of colonies of the UV-resistant component consisted of cells that were not transformed to hcr+ as judged by their sensitivity to mitomycin C (MC), UV, and by their ability to reactivate UV-irradiated M2 phages. This suggests that the hcr gene may be expressed without integration. The recA function of B. subtilis was necessary for expression of UV resistance to occur. When DNA-treated cells were selected for met+ recombinants, the UV-resistant component was again found on the UV-survival curve and about half of the colonies of the UV-resistant component consisted of Hcr- cells. This result was explained by an integration-segregation model for hcr+ and met+ genes. The effect of the hcr+ gene was seen even when DNA was added after cells were irradiated with UV, although this effect was gradually diminished by delaying the time of DNA addition. A complementation effect was found between two excision repair mutations residing in two distant loci, using hcr-114 DNA as a donor and hcr-1 cells as a recipient.", "PMID": 407443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4150", "title": "Investigations on the organization of genetic loci in Drosophila melanogaster: lethal mutations affecting 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and their suppression.", "content": "The molecular nature of lethal and semilethal mutations in the Pgd locus of D. melanogaster coding for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) was studied. All the 11 mutations affect the structural gene of the Pgd locus: 3 semilethal mutations resulted in altered 6PGD molecules with decreased catalytic activities; the rest 8 lethals were \"null\" alleles characterized by mutant polypeptides capable of reacting with antisera against highly purified 6PGD. \"Null\" or low activity alleles for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase induced by ethyl methanesulfonate were shown to be suppressores for the lethal mutations in the Pgd locus. A monocistronic type of organization of the Pgd locus is suggested taking into account the biochemical mechanism of suppression of the Pgd-lethals and their location in the structural gene coding for 6PGD.", "contents": "Investigations on the organization of genetic loci in Drosophila melanogaster: lethal mutations affecting 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and their suppression. The molecular nature of lethal and semilethal mutations in the Pgd locus of D. melanogaster coding for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) was studied. All the 11 mutations affect the structural gene of the Pgd locus: 3 semilethal mutations resulted in altered 6PGD molecules with decreased catalytic activities; the rest 8 lethals were \"null\" alleles characterized by mutant polypeptides capable of reacting with antisera against highly purified 6PGD. \"Null\" or low activity alleles for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase induced by ethyl methanesulfonate were shown to be suppressores for the lethal mutations in the Pgd locus. A monocistronic type of organization of the Pgd locus is suggested taking into account the biochemical mechanism of suppression of the Pgd-lethals and their location in the structural gene coding for 6PGD.", "PMID": 407444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4151", "title": "DNA repair in Bacillus subtilis. I. The presence of an inducible system.", "content": "Following UV irradiation of Bacillus subtilis there is a coordinate induction of: 1) a new protein, 2) a W-reactivation system, 3) a DNA modification system, and 4) prophages. These functions are induced following UV irradiation of repair proficient bacteria and mutants deficient in excision repair (UVR-1) and DNA polymerase I activity (polA5). However, they are not induced, or are impaired in their ability to be induced in bacteria containing the recA1 and the recG13 mutations. This inducible system is compared to the SOS system observed in E. coli.", "contents": "DNA repair in Bacillus subtilis. I. The presence of an inducible system. Following UV irradiation of Bacillus subtilis there is a coordinate induction of: 1) a new protein, 2) a W-reactivation system, 3) a DNA modification system, and 4) prophages. These functions are induced following UV irradiation of repair proficient bacteria and mutants deficient in excision repair (UVR-1) and DNA polymerase I activity (polA5). However, they are not induced, or are impaired in their ability to be induced in bacteria containing the recA1 and the recG13 mutations. This inducible system is compared to the SOS system observed in E. coli.", "PMID": 407445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4152", "title": "DNA repair in Bacillus subtilis. II. Activation of the inducible system in competent bacteria.", "content": "Competent B. subtilis are more UV sensitive than the non-competent population of the culture. This increased sensitivity is lose in mutants unable to induce the 'SOS system' (recA1,, recG13), in mutants defective in the induction of prophage PBSX (xin), and in late stage competent cells. Moreover, bacteriophage phi 105 produced from transfected cells are less restricted on strain YB880 than bacteriophage produced from infected cells. Therefore, competent cells (those capable of being transfected) have a DNA modification system, whereas the average log phase cell does not. These data support the hypothesis that the development of competence is correlated with the activation of derepression of the \"SOS\" system in B. subtilis.", "contents": "DNA repair in Bacillus subtilis. II. Activation of the inducible system in competent bacteria. Competent B. subtilis are more UV sensitive than the non-competent population of the culture. This increased sensitivity is lose in mutants unable to induce the 'SOS system' (recA1,, recG13), in mutants defective in the induction of prophage PBSX (xin), and in late stage competent cells. Moreover, bacteriophage phi 105 produced from transfected cells are less restricted on strain YB880 than bacteriophage produced from infected cells. Therefore, competent cells (those capable of being transfected) have a DNA modification system, whereas the average log phase cell does not. These data support the hypothesis that the development of competence is correlated with the activation of derepression of the \"SOS\" system in B. subtilis.", "PMID": 407446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4153", "title": "[Diagnostic value of the EEG. Neurologic diagnosis today].", "content": "The principal fields of application of the EEG are 1) the identification of transient functional disturbances - especially in cerebral seizures - which cannot always be reliably observed clinically, 2) the tracing of concomitant signs of substantial lesions which in the silent areas are not necessarily associated with isolated neurological defects and 3) the determination of the degree of severity of abnormalities when they do not agree with neurological or psychic disturbances. The discrepancies of the clinical findings themselves sometimes demand attention and benefit the patient when they lead to the identification of disturbances which could not at first be recognized. Selective indications, planned interrogation and thorough correlations with the clinical examinations and other findings are decisive for the value of the EEG in detail.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of the EEG. Neurologic diagnosis today]. The principal fields of application of the EEG are 1) the identification of transient functional disturbances - especially in cerebral seizures - which cannot always be reliably observed clinically, 2) the tracing of concomitant signs of substantial lesions which in the silent areas are not necessarily associated with isolated neurological defects and 3) the determination of the degree of severity of abnormalities when they do not agree with neurological or psychic disturbances. The discrepancies of the clinical findings themselves sometimes demand attention and benefit the patient when they lead to the identification of disturbances which could not at first be recognized. Selective indications, planned interrogation and thorough correlations with the clinical examinations and other findings are decisive for the value of the EEG in detail.", "PMID": 407449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4154", "title": "[The electronystagmography in neurology (author's transl)].", "content": "The electronystagmogram has its place in clinical neurological diagnosis as a recording method for the investigation of nystagmus with different conditions (spontaneous nystagmus, testing of eye-following movements, optokinetic nystagmus and rotational excitability). It must be used in all patients with complaints of dizziness, with clinically demonstrable nystagmus phenomena, in patients being examined for expert opinion after cranial traumata and in searching for vestibular involvement in certain diseases, e.g. vestibular disinhibition or dishabituation in multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "[The electronystagmography in neurology (author's transl)]. The electronystagmogram has its place in clinical neurological diagnosis as a recording method for the investigation of nystagmus with different conditions (spontaneous nystagmus, testing of eye-following movements, optokinetic nystagmus and rotational excitability). It must be used in all patients with complaints of dizziness, with clinically demonstrable nystagmus phenomena, in patients being examined for expert opinion after cranial traumata and in searching for vestibular involvement in certain diseases, e.g. vestibular disinhibition or dishabituation in multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 407450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4155", "title": "[Contrast-free radiological diagnosis of the skull (author's transl)].", "content": "From the broad spectrum of contrast-free radiological diagnosis of the skull, diseases with asymmetrical appearance of the face were selected and the syndromes similar to them are presented from the differential diagnostic point of view. Asymmetry of the head very frequently indicates a disease of the skull area and should be subjected to appropriate diagnostic investigations.", "contents": "[Contrast-free radiological diagnosis of the skull (author's transl)]. From the broad spectrum of contrast-free radiological diagnosis of the skull, diseases with asymmetrical appearance of the face were selected and the syndromes similar to them are presented from the differential diagnostic point of view. Asymmetry of the head very frequently indicates a disease of the skull area and should be subjected to appropriate diagnostic investigations.", "PMID": 407452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4156", "title": "[Axial computer tomography of the neurocranium (author's transl)].", "content": "Computer tomography (CT), a new radiographic examination technique, is very highly efficient, for it has high informative content with little stress for the patient. In contrast to the conventional X-ray technology, CT succeeds, by direct presentation of the structure of the soft parts, in obtaining information which comes close to that of macroscopic neuropathology. The capacity and limitations of the method at the present stage of development are reported. Computer tomography cannot displace conventional neuroradiological methods of investigation, although it is rightly presented as a screening method and helps towards selective use. Indications, technical integration and handling of CT are prerequisites for the exhaustive benefit of the excellent new technique.", "contents": "[Axial computer tomography of the neurocranium (author's transl)]. Computer tomography (CT), a new radiographic examination technique, is very highly efficient, for it has high informative content with little stress for the patient. In contrast to the conventional X-ray technology, CT succeeds, by direct presentation of the structure of the soft parts, in obtaining information which comes close to that of macroscopic neuropathology. The capacity and limitations of the method at the present stage of development are reported. Computer tomography cannot displace conventional neuroradiological methods of investigation, although it is rightly presented as a screening method and helps towards selective use. Indications, technical integration and handling of CT are prerequisites for the exhaustive benefit of the excellent new technique.", "PMID": 407453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4157", "title": "[Programmed diagnosis of rheumatic diseases in general practice (author's transl)].", "content": "In the large number of rheumatic diseases and their often very different types - typical symptomatology is seldom complete - a reliable classification of a particular form of disease is often not easy. The \"programmed diagnosis\" presented here should be a signpost from the clinical picture, by way of the provisional diagnosis and the necessary diagnostic measures, to the final diagnosis.", "contents": "[Programmed diagnosis of rheumatic diseases in general practice (author's transl)]. In the large number of rheumatic diseases and their often very different types - typical symptomatology is seldom complete - a reliable classification of a particular form of disease is often not easy. The \"programmed diagnosis\" presented here should be a signpost from the clinical picture, by way of the provisional diagnosis and the necessary diagnostic measures, to the final diagnosis.", "PMID": 407457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4158", "title": "[Cardinal radiological signs of the most important rheumatic diseases of joints in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The assessment of roentgenograms in rheumatology is frequently complicated because all forms of the disease have lesions of connective tissue structures in common. A reliable classification of a particular rheumatic disease is sometimes only possible on the basis of repeated examination during the course of the disease. Certain cardinal radiological signs are useful aids to diagnosis. Thus arthritis is characterized by concentric reductions in the height of the joint cavity and the bone lesion, arthrosis by excentric reduction of height and osteophytes. Special pointers to rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, the degenerative diseases, ankylosing spondylitis and related diseases are given.", "contents": "[Cardinal radiological signs of the most important rheumatic diseases of joints in adults (author's transl)]. The assessment of roentgenograms in rheumatology is frequently complicated because all forms of the disease have lesions of connective tissue structures in common. A reliable classification of a particular rheumatic disease is sometimes only possible on the basis of repeated examination during the course of the disease. Certain cardinal radiological signs are useful aids to diagnosis. Thus arthritis is characterized by concentric reductions in the height of the joint cavity and the bone lesion, arthrosis by excentric reduction of height and osteophytes. Special pointers to rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, the degenerative diseases, ankylosing spondylitis and related diseases are given.", "PMID": 407458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4159", "title": "[Guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of rheumatic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The methods for laboratory diagnosis of rheumatic diseases are subdivided into 10 groups according to their informative value. The following aspects are taken into consideration: general diagnosis of inflammation, infective processes with hemolytic streptococci and staphylococci, streptococcal agglutinations, rheumatoid factor tests in the strictest sense, detection of autoantibodies, the HLA-system, investigations in metabolic diseases and generalized skeletal diseases, bacteriological and serological investigations in joint infections and tests in symptomatic diseases of joints and muscles. In the evaluation of the individual methods and the discussion of their application in various types of disease, the following provisional diagnoses are gone into: streptococcal rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, monarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome and psoriatic arthritis, myositis and polymyositis.", "contents": "[Guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of rheumatic diseases (author's transl)]. The methods for laboratory diagnosis of rheumatic diseases are subdivided into 10 groups according to their informative value. The following aspects are taken into consideration: general diagnosis of inflammation, infective processes with hemolytic streptococci and staphylococci, streptococcal agglutinations, rheumatoid factor tests in the strictest sense, detection of autoantibodies, the HLA-system, investigations in metabolic diseases and generalized skeletal diseases, bacteriological and serological investigations in joint infections and tests in symptomatic diseases of joints and muscles. In the evaluation of the individual methods and the discussion of their application in various types of disease, the following provisional diagnoses are gone into: streptococcal rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, monarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome and psoriatic arthritis, myositis and polymyositis.", "PMID": 407459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4160", "title": "[Forty years of psychosomatic medicine. A historical retrospect (author's transl)].", "content": "The close interweaving of psychosocial and pathophysiological problems is emphasized with examples such as duodenal ulcer, the functional syndromes, psychogenic nanism, essential hypertension and even carcinoma. The increase in fatalities from coronary heart diseases, bronchial carcinoma, liver cirrhosis and road accidents confront us with the question of how far our industrial culture itself produces pathogenic factors. Medicine is therefore faced with the task of investigating the effects of human interreactions on health and disease. In so doing, medicine itself and the institutions it has created cannot be excluded. This is particularly true of internal medicine which, if it does not wish to withdraw from its traditional integrative duty, must cooperate still more closely with psychosomatic medicine.", "contents": "[Forty years of psychosomatic medicine. A historical retrospect (author's transl)]. The close interweaving of psychosocial and pathophysiological problems is emphasized with examples such as duodenal ulcer, the functional syndromes, psychogenic nanism, essential hypertension and even carcinoma. The increase in fatalities from coronary heart diseases, bronchial carcinoma, liver cirrhosis and road accidents confront us with the question of how far our industrial culture itself produces pathogenic factors. Medicine is therefore faced with the task of investigating the effects of human interreactions on health and disease. In so doing, medicine itself and the institutions it has created cannot be excluded. This is particularly true of internal medicine which, if it does not wish to withdraw from its traditional integrative duty, must cooperate still more closely with psychosomatic medicine.", "PMID": 407461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4161", "title": "[Frequency of depressive diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Depressive diseases are among the most frequent illnesses. They are only partly recognized and treated. The largest number of depressed patients are found in the offices of the general practitioner and internist. Only a small fraction of patients with severe, predominantly endogenous psychotic depressions are treated in hospital. The following consequences arise from this frequency distribution: by improvement of diagnostic methods to recognize, if at all possible, all depressed patients requiring therapy and to treat them suitably; by improvement of prevention, primary in risk groups and tertiary in prophylaxis of recurrence, to lower the morbidity of depression; and by improvement of ambulant therapy with regard to controlling suicidal tendencies and anxiety and prevention of chronicity and resistance to therapy to reduce the necessity for hospitalization.", "contents": "[Frequency of depressive diseases (author's transl)]. Depressive diseases are among the most frequent illnesses. They are only partly recognized and treated. The largest number of depressed patients are found in the offices of the general practitioner and internist. Only a small fraction of patients with severe, predominantly endogenous psychotic depressions are treated in hospital. The following consequences arise from this frequency distribution: by improvement of diagnostic methods to recognize, if at all possible, all depressed patients requiring therapy and to treat them suitably; by improvement of prevention, primary in risk groups and tertiary in prophylaxis of recurrence, to lower the morbidity of depression; and by improvement of ambulant therapy with regard to controlling suicidal tendencies and anxiety and prevention of chronicity and resistance to therapy to reduce the necessity for hospitalization.", "PMID": 407462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4162", "title": "[The informative value of diagnostic methods in chronic headache. A study of 112 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A thorough neurological diagnostic investigation was carried out in 112 patients with chronic headache existing for an average of 14 years, using a case history questionnaire we had designed for the purpose. Apart from the history and clinical examination, the program included X-ray negatives, angiography, computer tomography, sequence scanning, electroencephalogram and echoencephalogram. Migraine was the most common diagnosis (54.5%). Three cases in which admission to a ward was necessary for more detailed examination are described and demonstrated with reference to neuroradiological illustrative material.", "contents": "[The informative value of diagnostic methods in chronic headache. A study of 112 cases (author's transl)]. A thorough neurological diagnostic investigation was carried out in 112 patients with chronic headache existing for an average of 14 years, using a case history questionnaire we had designed for the purpose. Apart from the history and clinical examination, the program included X-ray negatives, angiography, computer tomography, sequence scanning, electroencephalogram and echoencephalogram. Migraine was the most common diagnosis (54.5%). Three cases in which admission to a ward was necessary for more detailed examination are described and demonstrated with reference to neuroradiological illustrative material.", "PMID": 407463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4163", "title": "[Effect of air-electric fields on driving and reaction patterns. Test subjects in the car driving simulator (author's transl)].", "content": "In the relevant frequency range of about 10 Hertz cars can be considered very largely as Faraday cages and consequently as screens against air-electric fields. This may have a negative influence on driving and reaction patterns as a result. In an extensive investigation 48 subjects in a driving simulator were exposed to definite artificially produced air-electric fields. The self-rating of the performance and concentration of the subjects, reaction times and driving errors were determined. While the reaction times remained practically constant, the driving behavior of the subjects improved.", "contents": "[Effect of air-electric fields on driving and reaction patterns. Test subjects in the car driving simulator (author's transl)]. In the relevant frequency range of about 10 Hertz cars can be considered very largely as Faraday cages and consequently as screens against air-electric fields. This may have a negative influence on driving and reaction patterns as a result. In an extensive investigation 48 subjects in a driving simulator were exposed to definite artificially produced air-electric fields. The self-rating of the performance and concentration of the subjects, reaction times and driving errors were determined. While the reaction times remained practically constant, the driving behavior of the subjects improved.", "PMID": 407464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4164", "title": "[Live influenza vaccines (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent progress in live influenza A vaccine research is reviewed. As vaccine strains with new antigenic determinants have to be available in a short time, methods for rapid and reproducible attenuation of wild strains are needed. The possibilities for attenuation of influenza A wild strains and their relative merits are discussed. Particular problems arise from the fact that in interpandemic periods the population is composed of individuals with varying degrees of immunity. Vaccine strains of different virulence or different dosages for nonimmune and partially immune segments of the population may be necessary. Vaccine trials of the last few years are reviewed and the future uses of live influenza vaccines are discussed.", "contents": "[Live influenza vaccines (author's transl)]. Recent progress in live influenza A vaccine research is reviewed. As vaccine strains with new antigenic determinants have to be available in a short time, methods for rapid and reproducible attenuation of wild strains are needed. The possibilities for attenuation of influenza A wild strains and their relative merits are discussed. Particular problems arise from the fact that in interpandemic periods the population is composed of individuals with varying degrees of immunity. Vaccine strains of different virulence or different dosages for nonimmune and partially immune segments of the population may be necessary. Vaccine trials of the last few years are reviewed and the future uses of live influenza vaccines are discussed.", "PMID": 407467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4165", "title": "[Identification of hepatitis A antigen and antibody for the diagnosis of hepatitis A infection (author's transl)].", "content": "The maximal shedding of hepatitis A antigen (HA Ag) was found about one week before the appearance of icterus. In the first week after the appearance of jaundice, it was demonstrable in 57%, and in 22% in the second week. Since no persistent shedders of antigen have been found so far, in some cases a recent hepatitis A can be detected by identification of HA Ag in a stool sample obtained as soon as possible after the onset of the disease. The reliability of the investigation for antibodies against HA Ag (Anti-HAV) was tested with respect to 892 samples sent for diagnostic evaluation. Anti-HAV could be demonstrated regularly at the onset of the disease. It increased rapidly in the first two weeks after the appearance of jaundice.", "contents": "[Identification of hepatitis A antigen and antibody for the diagnosis of hepatitis A infection (author's transl)]. The maximal shedding of hepatitis A antigen (HA Ag) was found about one week before the appearance of icterus. In the first week after the appearance of jaundice, it was demonstrable in 57%, and in 22% in the second week. Since no persistent shedders of antigen have been found so far, in some cases a recent hepatitis A can be detected by identification of HA Ag in a stool sample obtained as soon as possible after the onset of the disease. The reliability of the investigation for antibodies against HA Ag (Anti-HAV) was tested with respect to 892 samples sent for diagnostic evaluation. Anti-HAV could be demonstrated regularly at the onset of the disease. It increased rapidly in the first two weeks after the appearance of jaundice.", "PMID": 407468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4166", "title": "[Botulism after eating country smoked ham (author's transl)].", "content": "14 persons ate from a country smoked ham in which botulin was found. From this group, two had complaints which suggested a nonspecific food poisoning; two persons died. Of the dead, clinical symptoms of a botulinus intoxication could be ascertained from other people. In one case, botulinus toxin could be demonstrated in the blood, in the other the botulinus toxin was identified on forensic examination in suspensions of the preserved organ and body fluids, in spite of advanced putrefaction. Histological examination of the brain and of the cerebral and peripheral nerves provided no clear indication of the primary disease.", "contents": "[Botulism after eating country smoked ham (author's transl)]. 14 persons ate from a country smoked ham in which botulin was found. From this group, two had complaints which suggested a nonspecific food poisoning; two persons died. Of the dead, clinical symptoms of a botulinus intoxication could be ascertained from other people. In one case, botulinus toxin could be demonstrated in the blood, in the other the botulinus toxin was identified on forensic examination in suspensions of the preserved organ and body fluids, in spite of advanced putrefaction. Histological examination of the brain and of the cerebral and peripheral nerves provided no clear indication of the primary disease.", "PMID": 407469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4167", "title": "[Urinary tract infections. Sensitivity and specificity of previous screening methods (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of symptomatic and unapparent bacteriuria in infants and children of preschool age is estimated to be 1 to 2%. Ca. 5% of all girls and less than 0.5% of all boys between the ages of 6 and 19 years undergo bacteriuria. Women suffer from it to 5 to 15% during pregnancy and diabetics of about 10 to 20%. The sensitivity and specificity of different screening processes are evaluated with reference to numerous publications. It appears that the agar slide, which is in use all over the world, is markedly superior to all other methods with respect to price, handling and sensitivity, The only weakness of this method is frequent failure in the presence of inhibitors in the urine sample.", "contents": "[Urinary tract infections. Sensitivity and specificity of previous screening methods (author's transl)]. The frequency of symptomatic and unapparent bacteriuria in infants and children of preschool age is estimated to be 1 to 2%. Ca. 5% of all girls and less than 0.5% of all boys between the ages of 6 and 19 years undergo bacteriuria. Women suffer from it to 5 to 15% during pregnancy and diabetics of about 10 to 20%. The sensitivity and specificity of different screening processes are evaluated with reference to numerous publications. It appears that the agar slide, which is in use all over the world, is markedly superior to all other methods with respect to price, handling and sensitivity, The only weakness of this method is frequent failure in the presence of inhibitors in the urine sample.", "PMID": 407470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4168", "title": "[Tetracycline levels in the sputum in chronic obstructive bronchitis (author's transl)].", "content": "After 3 control days, the tetracycline concentration in the sputum of 34 patients was measured daily on 7 days during treatment with the antibiotic. 14 patients took tetracycline (Hostacyclin) in normal doses (2X500 mg or 2X1000 mg) by mouth. 20 patients received rolitetracycline (Reverin) 2X275 mg i.v. daily. With considerable individual fluctuations, sputum concentrations were attained in all series ranging from 1.5 to 2.0 microgram/ml after intravenous administration and from 1.1 to 1.6 microgram/ml after oral dosage. The higher dosage administered orally had no greater influence on the sputum concentration. In each case, sputum levels were attained which lie above the necessary minimum concentrations (0.5 microgram/ml).", "contents": "[Tetracycline levels in the sputum in chronic obstructive bronchitis (author's transl)]. After 3 control days, the tetracycline concentration in the sputum of 34 patients was measured daily on 7 days during treatment with the antibiotic. 14 patients took tetracycline (Hostacyclin) in normal doses (2X500 mg or 2X1000 mg) by mouth. 20 patients received rolitetracycline (Reverin) 2X275 mg i.v. daily. With considerable individual fluctuations, sputum concentrations were attained in all series ranging from 1.5 to 2.0 microgram/ml after intravenous administration and from 1.1 to 1.6 microgram/ml after oral dosage. The higher dosage administered orally had no greater influence on the sputum concentration. In each case, sputum levels were attained which lie above the necessary minimum concentrations (0.5 microgram/ml).", "PMID": 407472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4169", "title": "Slow spike-wave activity in EEG and associated clinical features: often called 'Lennox' or \"Lennox-Gastaut' syndrome.", "content": "Clinical features were studied in 83 patients with slow spike-wave activity in the EEG. Epileptic seizures, usually intractable, occurred in 82 patients. The majority had the onset of seizures during the first 2 years of life. Minor motor seizures alone or in combination with other types of seizures occurred in 80 percent, and most had more than one type of seizure. The combination of tonic-clonic, minor motor, and absence seizures was the commonest, occurring in 37 percent. Sixty-six patients were definitely retarded and 49 showed definite motor impairment. Etiologic factors responsible for cerebral insult were identified in 53 patients. Serial EEG studies showed a close relationship between the EEG patterns of hypsarrhythmia, independent multifocal spike discharges, and slow spike-wave activity. The eponym \"Lennox-Gastaut\" syndrome is appropriate for a patient who has slow spike-wave activity in the EEG, exhibits mental retardation, and has intractable seizures of various types. However, the syndrome does not imply a pathologic entity because many diverse processes, both static and progressive, can produce this syndrome.", "contents": "Slow spike-wave activity in EEG and associated clinical features: often called 'Lennox' or \"Lennox-Gastaut' syndrome. Clinical features were studied in 83 patients with slow spike-wave activity in the EEG. Epileptic seizures, usually intractable, occurred in 82 patients. The majority had the onset of seizures during the first 2 years of life. Minor motor seizures alone or in combination with other types of seizures occurred in 80 percent, and most had more than one type of seizure. The combination of tonic-clonic, minor motor, and absence seizures was the commonest, occurring in 37 percent. Sixty-six patients were definitely retarded and 49 showed definite motor impairment. Etiologic factors responsible for cerebral insult were identified in 53 patients. Serial EEG studies showed a close relationship between the EEG patterns of hypsarrhythmia, independent multifocal spike discharges, and slow spike-wave activity. The eponym \"Lennox-Gastaut\" syndrome is appropriate for a patient who has slow spike-wave activity in the EEG, exhibits mental retardation, and has intractable seizures of various types. However, the syndrome does not imply a pathologic entity because many diverse processes, both static and progressive, can produce this syndrome.", "PMID": 407485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4170", "title": "[Changes in the characteristics of several carbohydrate metabolism enzymes during differentiation of loach skeletal muscle].", "content": "The gradual change of enzymes of glycogen metabolism proceeds during the skeletal muscle differentiation in the loach. The portion of the muscle type phosphorylase in the skeletal muscles of the embryo at the stage of the beginning of movement amounts to 30% and that at the stage of hatching to slightly over 50%. At the stage of yolk resorption, the skeletal muscles contain the muscle type phosphorylase only. At the same time the value of KM(UDPG) for glycogen synthetase gradually increases from 0,1 X 10(-3) up to 0,57 X 10(-3) M. The activity of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase increases more than 70 times.", "contents": "[Changes in the characteristics of several carbohydrate metabolism enzymes during differentiation of loach skeletal muscle]. The gradual change of enzymes of glycogen metabolism proceeds during the skeletal muscle differentiation in the loach. The portion of the muscle type phosphorylase in the skeletal muscles of the embryo at the stage of the beginning of movement amounts to 30% and that at the stage of hatching to slightly over 50%. At the stage of yolk resorption, the skeletal muscles contain the muscle type phosphorylase only. At the same time the value of KM(UDPG) for glycogen synthetase gradually increases from 0,1 X 10(-3) up to 0,57 X 10(-3) M. The activity of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase increases more than 70 times.", "PMID": 407520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4171", "title": "Patient care and family counseling. Social work considerations in audits of hyperkinetic reaction of childhood.", "content": "To assure optimal patient care, a multidisciplinary audit of hyperkinetic reaction of childhood should involve the social work department. Specific process criteria can be established to assess the psychosocial evaluation of the patient, inpatient social work treatment, and follow-up care. Collectively, these criteria provide a mechanism with which to measure psychosocial factors that contribute to hyperkinesis, improvement in the patient's condition, family responsiveness to patient needs, and the effectiveness of the social work department of carrying out its responsibility for treatment of hyperkinetic children.", "contents": "Patient care and family counseling. Social work considerations in audits of hyperkinetic reaction of childhood. To assure optimal patient care, a multidisciplinary audit of hyperkinetic reaction of childhood should involve the social work department. Specific process criteria can be established to assess the psychosocial evaluation of the patient, inpatient social work treatment, and follow-up care. Collectively, these criteria provide a mechanism with which to measure psychosocial factors that contribute to hyperkinesis, improvement in the patient's condition, family responsiveness to patient needs, and the effectiveness of the social work department of carrying out its responsibility for treatment of hyperkinetic children.", "PMID": 407536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4172", "title": "Relationship between maturity and isoenzymes of erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase in newborn infants.", "content": "The present study was carried out to assess the activities of all three principal isoenzymes of human erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase (HCA) in newborn infants in relation to their estimated gestational ages. Blood samples were collected at parturition from the umbilical cords of 45 normal healthy infants. Among the samples taken before day 290 of gestation, the activity ratio (isoenzyme B: isoenzyme C) was correlated significantly with estimated gestational age. After day 290, the range of B:C activity ratios was similar to that observed in adults. Isoenzyme A represented a relatively constant proportion (mean +/- SEM) at 7.2 +/- 0.2% of total HCA activity. The B:C activity ratio appears to be a more reliable and sensitive index of maturity than either the total HCA activity or the ratio of total HCA activity to the total hemoglobin concentration in cord blood.", "contents": "Relationship between maturity and isoenzymes of erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase in newborn infants. The present study was carried out to assess the activities of all three principal isoenzymes of human erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase (HCA) in newborn infants in relation to their estimated gestational ages. Blood samples were collected at parturition from the umbilical cords of 45 normal healthy infants. Among the samples taken before day 290 of gestation, the activity ratio (isoenzyme B: isoenzyme C) was correlated significantly with estimated gestational age. After day 290, the range of B:C activity ratios was similar to that observed in adults. Isoenzyme A represented a relatively constant proportion (mean +/- SEM) at 7.2 +/- 0.2% of total HCA activity. The B:C activity ratio appears to be a more reliable and sensitive index of maturity than either the total HCA activity or the ratio of total HCA activity to the total hemoglobin concentration in cord blood.", "PMID": 407542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4173", "title": "Nosocomial infection. A continuing problem.", "content": "Bacteremia, urinary tract infection, and respiratory infection account for over 60% of all nosocomial infections. The incidence of nosocomial bacteremia is low, but about 25% of patients with Gram-negative bacteremia die from it. Many cases of nosocomial bacteremia result from contamination of intravenous (IV) infusion systems. If an underlying source of infection cannot be found in a patient with fever and an indwelling IV catheter, the infusion set should be removed immediately. Urinary tract infection is the most common nosocomial infection. It is often associated with urinary tract instrumentation and is frequently preventable. Lower respiratory tract infection is a major cause of morbidity and prolonged hospitalization; it is sometimes preventable by careful management of respiratory therapy equipment. When infection occurs, treatment should be started with large doses of broad-spectrum antibiotics until results of culture can point the way to more specific therapy. Every hospital should have an active patient surveillance system and a strong infection-control program. If a problem with nosocomial infection cannot be resolved within the hospital, the local or state health department should be contacted for assistance.", "contents": "Nosocomial infection. A continuing problem. Bacteremia, urinary tract infection, and respiratory infection account for over 60% of all nosocomial infections. The incidence of nosocomial bacteremia is low, but about 25% of patients with Gram-negative bacteremia die from it. Many cases of nosocomial bacteremia result from contamination of intravenous (IV) infusion systems. If an underlying source of infection cannot be found in a patient with fever and an indwelling IV catheter, the infusion set should be removed immediately. Urinary tract infection is the most common nosocomial infection. It is often associated with urinary tract instrumentation and is frequently preventable. Lower respiratory tract infection is a major cause of morbidity and prolonged hospitalization; it is sometimes preventable by careful management of respiratory therapy equipment. When infection occurs, treatment should be started with large doses of broad-spectrum antibiotics until results of culture can point the way to more specific therapy. Every hospital should have an active patient surveillance system and a strong infection-control program. If a problem with nosocomial infection cannot be resolved within the hospital, the local or state health department should be contacted for assistance.", "PMID": 407557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4174", "title": "Hypophosphataemia and phosphorus requirements during intravenous nutrition.", "content": "Seven patients with acute illnesses developed hypophosphataemia whilst receiving intravenous nutrition which included a fat emulsion, Intralipid, a possible source of phosphorus. The authors' observations cast doubt on the bio-availability of the phosphorus contained in the phospholipid content of the fat emulsion. The currently recommended allowance of phosphorus for this type of patient appears to be too low and it is suggested that 0-5-0-75 mmol/kg body weight be provided, preferably as a neutral phosphate solution. Sine hypophosphataemia can occur at various time intervals after starting intravenous nutrition and precede clinical sequelae it is recommended that routine serum phosphate measurements are made in all patients receiving this treatment.", "contents": "Hypophosphataemia and phosphorus requirements during intravenous nutrition. Seven patients with acute illnesses developed hypophosphataemia whilst receiving intravenous nutrition which included a fat emulsion, Intralipid, a possible source of phosphorus. The authors' observations cast doubt on the bio-availability of the phosphorus contained in the phospholipid content of the fat emulsion. The currently recommended allowance of phosphorus for this type of patient appears to be too low and it is suggested that 0-5-0-75 mmol/kg body weight be provided, preferably as a neutral phosphate solution. Sine hypophosphataemia can occur at various time intervals after starting intravenous nutrition and precede clinical sequelae it is recommended that routine serum phosphate measurements are made in all patients receiving this treatment.", "PMID": 407558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4175", "title": "Betamethasone valerate compared with sodium cromoglycate in asthmatic children.", "content": "A double-blind, cross-over study was undertaken to compare inhalation of betamethasone valerate (BV, 800 microgram daily) with sodium cromoglycate (SCG, 80 mg daily) in twenty children requiring bronchodilators for perennial asthma. Each treatment period lasted 4 weeks but statistical comparisons were made only in respect of the last 14 days of each therapy. When the children were using BV they required not only less of the bronchodilator drugs but had fewer symptoms and higher daily peak expiratory flow rates when taking SCG. Statistically, all these differences were highly significant. For 2 weeks before the main trial each child was given a placebo aerosol (single-blind) to assess severity of asthma. In comparison with this period, SCG was associated with a significantly increased peak expiratory flow rate a lower symptom score by day but not by night, but their usage of bronchodilators followed a similar pattern. When the BV period was compared with the placebo period, patients had an even more significant rise in peak expiratory flow rate, less day and night symptoms, and took hardly any bronchodilators. The response to the two drugs did seem to depend upon which was given first. No monilial infections were found, nor any measurable defect in adrenal response from either treatment. Betamethasone valerate is considered to be superior to sodium cromoglycate as a treatment for childhood asthma insufficiently controlled on bronchodilators.", "contents": "Betamethasone valerate compared with sodium cromoglycate in asthmatic children. A double-blind, cross-over study was undertaken to compare inhalation of betamethasone valerate (BV, 800 microgram daily) with sodium cromoglycate (SCG, 80 mg daily) in twenty children requiring bronchodilators for perennial asthma. Each treatment period lasted 4 weeks but statistical comparisons were made only in respect of the last 14 days of each therapy. When the children were using BV they required not only less of the bronchodilator drugs but had fewer symptoms and higher daily peak expiratory flow rates when taking SCG. Statistically, all these differences were highly significant. For 2 weeks before the main trial each child was given a placebo aerosol (single-blind) to assess severity of asthma. In comparison with this period, SCG was associated with a significantly increased peak expiratory flow rate a lower symptom score by day but not by night, but their usage of bronchodilators followed a similar pattern. When the BV period was compared with the placebo period, patients had an even more significant rise in peak expiratory flow rate, less day and night symptoms, and took hardly any bronchodilators. The response to the two drugs did seem to depend upon which was given first. No monilial infections were found, nor any measurable defect in adrenal response from either treatment. Betamethasone valerate is considered to be superior to sodium cromoglycate as a treatment for childhood asthma insufficiently controlled on bronchodilators.", "PMID": 407559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4176", "title": "Vertebral osteomyelitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A case of vertebral osteomyelitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa is described and the problems of diagnosis and treatment discussed.", "contents": "Vertebral osteomyelitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A case of vertebral osteomyelitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa is described and the problems of diagnosis and treatment discussed.", "PMID": 407560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4177", "title": "A case of Bacillus cereus bacteraemia.", "content": "A case is presented of Bacillus cereus bacteraemia in a patient receiving hepatic perfusion with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) for metastasis from a carcinoma of the breast. The literature concerning systemic B. cereus infections is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "A case of Bacillus cereus bacteraemia. A case is presented of Bacillus cereus bacteraemia in a patient receiving hepatic perfusion with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) for metastasis from a carcinoma of the breast. The literature concerning systemic B. cereus infections is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 407561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4178", "title": "[Pleural manifestations of secondary monoclonal dysproteinemia (apropos of 4 cases)].", "content": "A pleural effusion with monoclonal macroglobulinemia is not unusual outside Kahler and Waldenstr\u00f6m diseases which are the two commonest. It can occur in lymphoid leucosis with plasma concentration peaks, where surface immunoglobulins play an important part, and in some epithelial cancers. As in primitive macroglobulinemia the plasma concentration peak corresponds to pleural globulin modifications. But it seems that, whatever the variations of pathological immunoglobulins, the pleural lymphocytes, predominant in the effusion, play an active part due to various etiological stimulations.", "contents": "[Pleural manifestations of secondary monoclonal dysproteinemia (apropos of 4 cases)]. A pleural effusion with monoclonal macroglobulinemia is not unusual outside Kahler and Waldenstr\u00f6m diseases which are the two commonest. It can occur in lymphoid leucosis with plasma concentration peaks, where surface immunoglobulins play an important part, and in some epithelial cancers. As in primitive macroglobulinemia the plasma concentration peak corresponds to pleural globulin modifications. But it seems that, whatever the variations of pathological immunoglobulins, the pleural lymphocytes, predominant in the effusion, play an active part due to various etiological stimulations.", "PMID": 407562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4179", "title": "[Parenteral feeding in cerebro-cranial injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "For the parenteral feeding of cases of cerebro-cranial injuries solutions composed of the required quantity of aminoacids and three types of sugar (according to the b\u00e4ssler and Peters formula) have proved adequate.", "contents": "[Parenteral feeding in cerebro-cranial injuries (author's transl)]. For the parenteral feeding of cases of cerebro-cranial injuries solutions composed of the required quantity of aminoacids and three types of sugar (according to the b\u00e4ssler and Peters formula) have proved adequate.", "PMID": 407563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4180", "title": "[Infusion therapy in cardio-pulmonary insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary insufficiency in intensive-care patients is reviewed, with special reference to the development of interstitial pulmonary oedema. Measures designed to control the condition and compensate for the increased post-operative and post-traumatic calorie and aminoacid requirements are: 1. restricted fluid intake; 2. digitalization and administration of diuretics; 3. administration of highly concentrated human albumin. Potential pulmonary reactions to, and possible beneficial effects of, parenteral fat administration are discussed.", "contents": "[Infusion therapy in cardio-pulmonary insufficiency (author's transl)]. The pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary insufficiency in intensive-care patients is reviewed, with special reference to the development of interstitial pulmonary oedema. Measures designed to control the condition and compensate for the increased post-operative and post-traumatic calorie and aminoacid requirements are: 1. restricted fluid intake; 2. digitalization and administration of diuretics; 3. administration of highly concentrated human albumin. Potential pulmonary reactions to, and possible beneficial effects of, parenteral fat administration are discussed.", "PMID": 407564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4181", "title": "[Parenteral feeding in cases of impaired liver function (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients with hepatic failure show pathological plasma amino acid chromatograms which closely correlate to the course of hepatic encephalopathy or hepatic coma. An improvement of the encephalopathy could be achieved by normalising the plasma amino acid levels. The conventional amino acid solutions used for feeding patients having hepatic failure do not allow for the special metabolic features of this condition, and with regard to hepatic encephalophathy they should not be used in parenteral nutrition. For the low-risk parenteral feeding of patients with hepatic failure, amino acid solutions must be used which meet both the problems of hepatic encephalopathy and the principles of parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "[Parenteral feeding in cases of impaired liver function (author's transl)]. Patients with hepatic failure show pathological plasma amino acid chromatograms which closely correlate to the course of hepatic encephalopathy or hepatic coma. An improvement of the encephalopathy could be achieved by normalising the plasma amino acid levels. The conventional amino acid solutions used for feeding patients having hepatic failure do not allow for the special metabolic features of this condition, and with regard to hepatic encephalophathy they should not be used in parenteral nutrition. For the low-risk parenteral feeding of patients with hepatic failure, amino acid solutions must be used which meet both the problems of hepatic encephalopathy and the principles of parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 407565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4182", "title": "[Use of the test with disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for diagnosis of latent forms of hypoparathyroidism].", "content": "A test with disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was conducted in 29 individuals--9 healthy ones, 5 patients with latent hypoparathyroidism, 7 with manifest hypoparathyroidism given vitamin D 2, and 8 patients who sustained an operation on the thyroid gland. Primary reduction of the calcium level in patients with latent hypoparathyroidism was in 12 hours combined with a low calcium level, not exceeding 8.5% mg. Along with this in the mentioned group of patients, and also in the patients operated for goiter and in some of the patients given vitamin D 2 there were observed peculiarities of the calciemic curves during the first hours of the test differentiating them from the normal. The diagnostic significance of this is discussed.", "contents": "[Use of the test with disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for diagnosis of latent forms of hypoparathyroidism]. A test with disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was conducted in 29 individuals--9 healthy ones, 5 patients with latent hypoparathyroidism, 7 with manifest hypoparathyroidism given vitamin D 2, and 8 patients who sustained an operation on the thyroid gland. Primary reduction of the calcium level in patients with latent hypoparathyroidism was in 12 hours combined with a low calcium level, not exceeding 8.5% mg. Along with this in the mentioned group of patients, and also in the patients operated for goiter and in some of the patients given vitamin D 2 there were observed peculiarities of the calciemic curves during the first hours of the test differentiating them from the normal. The diagnostic significance of this is discussed.", "PMID": 407569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4183", "title": "Evidence for a receptor protein of activated carcinogen.", "content": "During carcinogenesis in rat liver by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, the two moieties of the principal liver carcinogen-protein complex have considerably different turnover rates. With continued ingestion of the azocarcinogen by rats, the bound azo dye in the complex has a half-life of 2.5 +/- 0.25 (SD) days, while the protein moiety has a half-life of 8.7 +/- 1.6 days (probability of identity <0.001). In addition, the interaction of the azocarcinogen with the principal target protein in vivo appears to extend the half-life of the protein itself from 3.3 +/- 0.2 days in normal liver to 8.7 +/- 1.6 days (P < 0.001). The slowing of the turnover of the protein by the carcinogen appears to be readily reversible, since soon after the cessation of azocarcinogen feeding, the half-life of the protein returns to that of the target protein in normal liver. The considerable difference in turnover rates of the two moieties of the complex and the reversible effects of the carcinogen in slowing the turnover of the protein moiety suggest that the two moieties of the native azoprotein are noncovalently linked and that they have different biological activities. The native complex appears to contain azo dye in an activated state that is capable of yielding a reactive electrophile, because after protein denaturation the bound azo dye was previously found to have properties that are indicative of covalent linkage to the protein. The retardation in the biological turnover rate of the protein moiety, apparently resulting from interaction with azocarcinogen, is in agreement with the known ligand-induced stabilization in vitro and reduced rate of proteolytic degradation in vivo of other proteins that result from conformational change to a more compact configuration. Our evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the principal liver carcinogen-protein complex contains hydrophobically bound activated azocarcinogen, whose specificity of reaction with critical macromolecule(s) in nuclei may be directed by the conformationally altered protein of an activated carcinogen-protein complex, i.e., a specific receptor protein containing activated azocarcinogen.", "contents": "Evidence for a receptor protein of activated carcinogen. During carcinogenesis in rat liver by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, the two moieties of the principal liver carcinogen-protein complex have considerably different turnover rates. With continued ingestion of the azocarcinogen by rats, the bound azo dye in the complex has a half-life of 2.5 +/- 0.25 (SD) days, while the protein moiety has a half-life of 8.7 +/- 1.6 days (probability of identity <0.001). In addition, the interaction of the azocarcinogen with the principal target protein in vivo appears to extend the half-life of the protein itself from 3.3 +/- 0.2 days in normal liver to 8.7 +/- 1.6 days (P < 0.001). The slowing of the turnover of the protein by the carcinogen appears to be readily reversible, since soon after the cessation of azocarcinogen feeding, the half-life of the protein returns to that of the target protein in normal liver. The considerable difference in turnover rates of the two moieties of the complex and the reversible effects of the carcinogen in slowing the turnover of the protein moiety suggest that the two moieties of the native azoprotein are noncovalently linked and that they have different biological activities. The native complex appears to contain azo dye in an activated state that is capable of yielding a reactive electrophile, because after protein denaturation the bound azo dye was previously found to have properties that are indicative of covalent linkage to the protein. The retardation in the biological turnover rate of the protein moiety, apparently resulting from interaction with azocarcinogen, is in agreement with the known ligand-induced stabilization in vitro and reduced rate of proteolytic degradation in vivo of other proteins that result from conformational change to a more compact configuration. Our evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the principal liver carcinogen-protein complex contains hydrophobically bound activated azocarcinogen, whose specificity of reaction with critical macromolecule(s) in nuclei may be directed by the conformationally altered protein of an activated carcinogen-protein complex, i.e., a specific receptor protein containing activated azocarcinogen.", "PMID": 407575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4184", "title": "[Simple and rapid heterologous method of radioimmunochemical determination of luteinizing hormone in the blood serum of rats. 2. Specificity of the method].", "content": "The Heterologous hard phase radioimmunochemical method (RICM) of luteinizing hormone (LH) determination was tested in a number of experimental models for specificity. The results obtained demonstrated that a possible factor of cross reaction with the thyrotropic hormone (TTH) and the folliculo-stimulating hormone (FSH) was apparently insignificant in determination of LH in rat serum. This conclusion was based on the following. An immunosorbent used in RICM, prepared from the antisera of rabbits immunized with sheep LH, failed to interact with the FSH of rat hypophysis extracts. TTH-releasing hormone failed to alter the level of the immunoreactive LH in rat serum, whereas LH-releasing hormone increased 31-fold the LH concentration in 20 min. Besides, by means of RICM there was recorded a marked increase of the LH in the serum of rats after ovariectomy and a fall of the LH concentration in response to the administration of estradiol together with progesteron to such rats.", "contents": "[Simple and rapid heterologous method of radioimmunochemical determination of luteinizing hormone in the blood serum of rats. 2. Specificity of the method]. The Heterologous hard phase radioimmunochemical method (RICM) of luteinizing hormone (LH) determination was tested in a number of experimental models for specificity. The results obtained demonstrated that a possible factor of cross reaction with the thyrotropic hormone (TTH) and the folliculo-stimulating hormone (FSH) was apparently insignificant in determination of LH in rat serum. This conclusion was based on the following. An immunosorbent used in RICM, prepared from the antisera of rabbits immunized with sheep LH, failed to interact with the FSH of rat hypophysis extracts. TTH-releasing hormone failed to alter the level of the immunoreactive LH in rat serum, whereas LH-releasing hormone increased 31-fold the LH concentration in 20 min. Besides, by means of RICM there was recorded a marked increase of the LH in the serum of rats after ovariectomy and a fall of the LH concentration in response to the administration of estradiol together with progesteron to such rats.", "PMID": 407570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4185", "title": "Location and structural significance of the oligosaccharides in human Ig-A1 and IgA2 immunoglobulins.", "content": "The location, number, and kinds of oligosaccharides in human IgA1 and IgA2 immunoglobulins have been determined by amino acid sequence analysis of the alpha heavy chains. Both A2m allotypes of the alpha2 chain of IgA2 have two GlcN oligosaccharides that are absent in the alpha1 chain, but they lack GalN. The A2m(2) allotype has a fifth GlcN oligosaccharide. The alpha chains of IgA proteins also have subclass-specific and allotype-specific differences in amino acid sequence. Although other classes of human immunoglobulins differ in the number and kind of oligosaccharides, the sites are often homologous and are related to the immunoglobulin domain structure. Evolutionary preservation of the tripeptide acceptor sequence for GlcN probably indicates both a structural and biological role for carbohydrate.", "contents": "Location and structural significance of the oligosaccharides in human Ig-A1 and IgA2 immunoglobulins. The location, number, and kinds of oligosaccharides in human IgA1 and IgA2 immunoglobulins have been determined by amino acid sequence analysis of the alpha heavy chains. Both A2m allotypes of the alpha2 chain of IgA2 have two GlcN oligosaccharides that are absent in the alpha1 chain, but they lack GalN. The A2m(2) allotype has a fifth GlcN oligosaccharide. The alpha chains of IgA proteins also have subclass-specific and allotype-specific differences in amino acid sequence. Although other classes of human immunoglobulins differ in the number and kind of oligosaccharides, the sites are often homologous and are related to the immunoglobulin domain structure. Evolutionary preservation of the tripeptide acceptor sequence for GlcN probably indicates both a structural and biological role for carbohydrate.", "PMID": 407576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4186", "title": "[Effect of glibenclamide on insulin and zinc content in the islands of Langerhans].", "content": "The influence of glybenclamide on insulin and zinc content was studied in the pancreatic islets of rats, depending on the dose of the preparation and the time of study. The extent of hypoglycemia after the glybenclamide administration failed to correlate with the dose, whereas morphological changes in the gland were directly dependent on the dose of the preparation. The data obtained pointed to the pancreatotropic action of glybenclamide and confirmed the existence of zinc-insulin complex in beta-cells of the islets and its disintegration under the effect of this preparation.", "contents": "[Effect of glibenclamide on insulin and zinc content in the islands of Langerhans]. The influence of glybenclamide on insulin and zinc content was studied in the pancreatic islets of rats, depending on the dose of the preparation and the time of study. The extent of hypoglycemia after the glybenclamide administration failed to correlate with the dose, whereas morphological changes in the gland were directly dependent on the dose of the preparation. The data obtained pointed to the pancreatotropic action of glybenclamide and confirmed the existence of zinc-insulin complex in beta-cells of the islets and its disintegration under the effect of this preparation.", "PMID": 407571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4187", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the first 217 residues of a mouse heavy chain (MOPC 47A) with a domain deletion.", "content": "Cyanogen bromide cleavage of the deleted heavy (alpha) chain of mouse IgA 47A yielded five peptides, CNBr 1-5, consisting of 34, 50, 28, 70, and 160 residues. A 217-residue NH2-terminal sequence, which comprises the variable region and the first domain of the constant region (CH1), and a 19-residue COOH-terminal sequence of the chain were obtained from the sequences of CNBr 1-4 and the NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal sequences of CNBr 5. The tryptic peptides of the remainder of the chain have been partially characterized. Comparison of these data with the sequences of other, nondeleted, chains reveals that the 47A chain terminates exactly at the end of the CH2 domain and that there are no deletions up to that point. It is concluded that the deletion in the chain is a single, large deletion consisting of the entire CH3 domain. The 47A chain also differs from other, nondeleted, mouse alpha chains derived from BALB/c strains in that it contains a labile cysteine at position 135, which is believed to participate in the light-heavy chain bond, and contains galactosamine in the hinge region. This may mean that the 47A alpha chain, in addition to being deleted, represents a mouse IgA subclass analogous to human IgA1.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the first 217 residues of a mouse heavy chain (MOPC 47A) with a domain deletion. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of the deleted heavy (alpha) chain of mouse IgA 47A yielded five peptides, CNBr 1-5, consisting of 34, 50, 28, 70, and 160 residues. A 217-residue NH2-terminal sequence, which comprises the variable region and the first domain of the constant region (CH1), and a 19-residue COOH-terminal sequence of the chain were obtained from the sequences of CNBr 1-4 and the NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal sequences of CNBr 5. The tryptic peptides of the remainder of the chain have been partially characterized. Comparison of these data with the sequences of other, nondeleted, chains reveals that the 47A chain terminates exactly at the end of the CH2 domain and that there are no deletions up to that point. It is concluded that the deletion in the chain is a single, large deletion consisting of the entire CH3 domain. The 47A chain also differs from other, nondeleted, mouse alpha chains derived from BALB/c strains in that it contains a labile cysteine at position 135, which is believed to participate in the light-heavy chain bond, and contains galactosamine in the hinge region. This may mean that the 47A alpha chain, in addition to being deleted, represents a mouse IgA subclass analogous to human IgA1.", "PMID": 407577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4188", "title": "Spontaneous mutation rates at enzyme loci in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "In a marked-inversion-balanced lethal system mutations were accumulated at a minimum pressure of natural selection on 2000 second chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster that originated from 4 stem chromosomes. Five enzyme loci were tested: alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh, EC 1.1.1.37), alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1), hexokinase-C (Hex-C tentative name), and alpha-amylase (Amy, EC 3.2.1.1). Three band-morph mutants, one at the Mdh locus, one at the Hex-C locus, and one at the Amy locus, were detected out of 1,658,308 allele replications. In addition, 17 null mutants were found. Accepting that the number of structural genes is the same as that of bands in the salivary gland chromosomes, the total mutation rate per generation for all the structural genes in the second chromosomes is estimated to be 0.008-0.040, which is much smaller than that estimated for viability polygenes (0.12-0.17). Thus, it is speculated that most viability and other fitness polygenes are located in controlling regions outside the structural genes.", "contents": "Spontaneous mutation rates at enzyme loci in Drosophila melanogaster. In a marked-inversion-balanced lethal system mutations were accumulated at a minimum pressure of natural selection on 2000 second chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster that originated from 4 stem chromosomes. Five enzyme loci were tested: alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh, EC 1.1.1.37), alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1), hexokinase-C (Hex-C tentative name), and alpha-amylase (Amy, EC 3.2.1.1). Three band-morph mutants, one at the Mdh locus, one at the Hex-C locus, and one at the Amy locus, were detected out of 1,658,308 allele replications. In addition, 17 null mutants were found. Accepting that the number of structural genes is the same as that of bands in the salivary gland chromosomes, the total mutation rate per generation for all the structural genes in the second chromosomes is estimated to be 0.008-0.040, which is much smaller than that estimated for viability polygenes (0.12-0.17). Thus, it is speculated that most viability and other fitness polygenes are located in controlling regions outside the structural genes.", "PMID": 407578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4189", "title": "Isolation of virus-free Herpesvirus saimiri antigen-positive plasma membrane vesicles.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken to determine whether virus-free, antigen-positive plasma membrane vesicles could be isolated from owl monkey kidney cells infected with Herpesvirus saimiri. The results demonstrate that vesicles can be produced by using a vesiculation fluid containing 25 mM formaldehyde/2 mM dithiothreitol. Electron microscopy revealed that these vesicles were free of detectable virus particles. Vesicles prepared from the infected cells contained virus-induced membrane antigens as shown by membrane immunofluorescence and by inhibition of antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Nonhuman primates immunized with vesicles produced antibodies to these membrane antigens, late cytoplasmic antigens, and neutralizing antibodies. Infectious virus was not demonstrated in these vesicles by cocultivation with owl monkey kidney cells or by the inoculation of cottontop marmosets. Furthermore, no DNA could be demonstrated in vesicles prepared from Herpesvirus-infected owl monkey kidney cells. The implication of these findings in relation to the question of a virus-free membrane vaccine against Herpesvirus infections is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of virus-free Herpesvirus saimiri antigen-positive plasma membrane vesicles. Experiments were undertaken to determine whether virus-free, antigen-positive plasma membrane vesicles could be isolated from owl monkey kidney cells infected with Herpesvirus saimiri. The results demonstrate that vesicles can be produced by using a vesiculation fluid containing 25 mM formaldehyde/2 mM dithiothreitol. Electron microscopy revealed that these vesicles were free of detectable virus particles. Vesicles prepared from the infected cells contained virus-induced membrane antigens as shown by membrane immunofluorescence and by inhibition of antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Nonhuman primates immunized with vesicles produced antibodies to these membrane antigens, late cytoplasmic antigens, and neutralizing antibodies. Infectious virus was not demonstrated in these vesicles by cocultivation with owl monkey kidney cells or by the inoculation of cottontop marmosets. Furthermore, no DNA could be demonstrated in vesicles prepared from Herpesvirus-infected owl monkey kidney cells. The implication of these findings in relation to the question of a virus-free membrane vaccine against Herpesvirus infections is discussed.", "PMID": 407579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4190", "title": "Structural implications of sequence variability in immunoglobulins.", "content": "Immunoglobulin sequences were compared by using a technique that takes into account the dissimilarity in physicochemical properties of amino acids. Exterior residues showed greater structural variability than interior residues. High structural variability was found at positions known from crystallographic studies to be involved in hapten binding.", "contents": "Structural implications of sequence variability in immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulin sequences were compared by using a technique that takes into account the dissimilarity in physicochemical properties of amino acids. Exterior residues showed greater structural variability than interior residues. High structural variability was found at positions known from crystallographic studies to be involved in hapten binding.", "PMID": 407580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4191", "title": "[Influence of TRH on the depressive syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In two cases of chronic endogenous depression changes of mood and drive have been investigated over a period of 26 days by self rating scales \"ESTA\". After a single dose of 250 microgramm TRH a small antidepressive effect and a clear shift of the syndrome in the direction of a mixed state could be demonstrated thus suggesting an increased desintegration of the mood-drive-system.", "contents": "[Influence of TRH on the depressive syndrome (author's transl)]. In two cases of chronic endogenous depression changes of mood and drive have been investigated over a period of 26 days by self rating scales \"ESTA\". After a single dose of 250 microgramm TRH a small antidepressive effect and a clear shift of the syndrome in the direction of a mixed state could be demonstrated thus suggesting an increased desintegration of the mood-drive-system.", "PMID": 407582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4192", "title": "Brain monoamine oxidase activity after chronic ethanol treatment of rats.", "content": "Rats were given chronic treatments with ethanol in two ways: by offering 10% ethanol in water as the only liquid supply for 34 weeks and by exposing the rats to ethanol vapour during 5 h daily for 7 weeks. In this way blood ethanol levels of 1.4-2.3 and 5.5-6.9 mg/ml, respectively, were accomplished. In neither of the cases was brain monoamine oxidase activity changed. The result supports an hypothesis previously advanced that the lowered monoamine oxidase activity found in the brain of a suicide patient was not due to a direct effect of ethanol on alcoholics in the suicide group, but that the low enzyme activity reflected a low monoaminergic activity in the brains of the patients in the suicide group.", "contents": "Brain monoamine oxidase activity after chronic ethanol treatment of rats. Rats were given chronic treatments with ethanol in two ways: by offering 10% ethanol in water as the only liquid supply for 34 weeks and by exposing the rats to ethanol vapour during 5 h daily for 7 weeks. In this way blood ethanol levels of 1.4-2.3 and 5.5-6.9 mg/ml, respectively, were accomplished. In neither of the cases was brain monoamine oxidase activity changed. The result supports an hypothesis previously advanced that the lowered monoamine oxidase activity found in the brain of a suicide patient was not due to a direct effect of ethanol on alcoholics in the suicide group, but that the low enzyme activity reflected a low monoaminergic activity in the brains of the patients in the suicide group.", "PMID": 407593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4193", "title": "Possible role of dopamine in central effects of cocaine as measured by apomorphine gnawing test in mice.", "content": "Apomorphine (10mg/kg, s.c.) does not induce in mice a compulsion to gnaw, but pretreatment with cocaine (10-40 mg/kg, i.p.) caused gnawing activity. This effect of cocaine was inhibited by pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, haloperidol, and physostigmine, but not with FLA-63, phenoxybenzamine and tetrabenazine. These findings would suggest that dopaminergic mechanism plays a significant role in the potentiation of apomorphine gnawing activity by cocaine and also support the view that inhibition of dopamine uptake is responsible for the stimulatory action of cocaine.", "contents": "Possible role of dopamine in central effects of cocaine as measured by apomorphine gnawing test in mice. Apomorphine (10mg/kg, s.c.) does not induce in mice a compulsion to gnaw, but pretreatment with cocaine (10-40 mg/kg, i.p.) caused gnawing activity. This effect of cocaine was inhibited by pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, haloperidol, and physostigmine, but not with FLA-63, phenoxybenzamine and tetrabenazine. These findings would suggest that dopaminergic mechanism plays a significant role in the potentiation of apomorphine gnawing activity by cocaine and also support the view that inhibition of dopamine uptake is responsible for the stimulatory action of cocaine.", "PMID": 407594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4194", "title": "Morphine ingestion: genetic control in mice.", "content": "C57BL/6J mice will drink large amounts of, and display a highly positive preference for, morphine sulfate when it is dissolved in an aqueous solution of sodium saccharin. In identical test situations DBA/2J mice will drink very little of, and display a strong avoidance toward, the morphine-saccharin solution. This clear separation between morphine-accepting and morphine-rejecting animals within a single species combined with a quick and simple method of inducing high levels of morphine ingestion could facilitate the discovery of causal factors in opiate addiction.", "contents": "Morphine ingestion: genetic control in mice. C57BL/6J mice will drink large amounts of, and display a highly positive preference for, morphine sulfate when it is dissolved in an aqueous solution of sodium saccharin. In identical test situations DBA/2J mice will drink very little of, and display a strong avoidance toward, the morphine-saccharin solution. This clear separation between morphine-accepting and morphine-rejecting animals within a single species combined with a quick and simple method of inducing high levels of morphine ingestion could facilitate the discovery of causal factors in opiate addiction.", "PMID": 407595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4195", "title": "Perseveration and rotational behavior elicited by d-amphetamine in a Y-maze exploratory task: differential effects of intraperitoneal and unilateral intraventricular administration.", "content": "Mice received either intraperitoneal (1.0, 3.0, 5.0, or 15.0 mg/kg) or unilateral intraventricular injection (50.0, 100.0 or 200.0 microgram) of d-amphetamine. Both routes of injection produced circling behavior in a dose-related fashion when animals were tested in a circular alley-way. In contrast, performance in a free running Y-maze alternation task was differentially affected by the route of administration. Whereas intraperitoneal injection induced perseveration (i.e., animals consecutively visited only two arms of the maze), intraventricular injection augmented alternation behavior normally seen in saline-treated mice. It was suggested that Y-maze performance following intraventricular d-amphetamine injection reflects response perseveration, whereas systemic d-amphetamine treatment produced stimulus perseveration (repetition of location rather than direction). Moreover d-amphetamine-induced circling produced by intraperitoneal administration probably is an artifact of drug-induced stimulus perseveration as opposed to motor biases observed following intraventricular injections.", "contents": "Perseveration and rotational behavior elicited by d-amphetamine in a Y-maze exploratory task: differential effects of intraperitoneal and unilateral intraventricular administration. Mice received either intraperitoneal (1.0, 3.0, 5.0, or 15.0 mg/kg) or unilateral intraventricular injection (50.0, 100.0 or 200.0 microgram) of d-amphetamine. Both routes of injection produced circling behavior in a dose-related fashion when animals were tested in a circular alley-way. In contrast, performance in a free running Y-maze alternation task was differentially affected by the route of administration. Whereas intraperitoneal injection induced perseveration (i.e., animals consecutively visited only two arms of the maze), intraventricular injection augmented alternation behavior normally seen in saline-treated mice. It was suggested that Y-maze performance following intraventricular d-amphetamine injection reflects response perseveration, whereas systemic d-amphetamine treatment produced stimulus perseveration (repetition of location rather than direction). Moreover d-amphetamine-induced circling produced by intraperitoneal administration probably is an artifact of drug-induced stimulus perseveration as opposed to motor biases observed following intraventricular injections.", "PMID": 407596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4196", "title": "Changes in morphine self-administration after brainstem lesions in rats.", "content": "Rats were trained to bar press for intravenous infusions of morphine sulfate during 1-h daily test regions. Rates of morphine self-administration were reduced by bilateral lesions of the substantia nigra and enhanced by lesions of the medial raphe nucleus. Dose-response studies indicated that sensitivity to morphine's rewarding property was increased by substantia nigra lesions and decreased by medial raphe lesions. Lesions of the dorsal raphe nucleus and of the locus coeruleus had no effect on self-administration behavior. An interaction between ascending dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways appears to be involved in the mechanism of morphine reinforcement.", "contents": "Changes in morphine self-administration after brainstem lesions in rats. Rats were trained to bar press for intravenous infusions of morphine sulfate during 1-h daily test regions. Rates of morphine self-administration were reduced by bilateral lesions of the substantia nigra and enhanced by lesions of the medial raphe nucleus. Dose-response studies indicated that sensitivity to morphine's rewarding property was increased by substantia nigra lesions and decreased by medial raphe lesions. Lesions of the dorsal raphe nucleus and of the locus coeruleus had no effect on self-administration behavior. An interaction between ascending dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways appears to be involved in the mechanism of morphine reinforcement.", "PMID": 407598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4197", "title": "Facilitation and disruption by mescaline and 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine of shock avoidance in rats.", "content": "The effects of mescaline hydrochloride (4.95-79.2 mg/kg i.p.) and its non-hallucinogenic analogue 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine hydrochloride (DMPEA) (12.5-100 mg/kg i.p.) on shock avoidance in a shuttlebox were studied in male Long-Evans rats trained to high (above 88%, good performers) or low (below 6%, poor performers) stable base-line avoidance rates. In good performers, mescaline and DMPEA caused a dose-dependent decrease in avoidance rate (ED 50's 44.6 and 39.2 mg/kg, respectively) without affecting presession (5-min adaptation period) or intertrial shuttlebox crossings. In poor performers, mescaline caused a dose-dependent increase in avoidance rate (ED 50 = 24.8 mg/kg) and intertrial crossings, without affecting presession crossings. The results suggest that mescaline, but not DMPEA, has dual facilitative and disruptive effects on avoidance behavior at similar dose ranges. The facilitative, but not the disruptive, effect may be related to changes in motor activity.", "contents": "Facilitation and disruption by mescaline and 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine of shock avoidance in rats. The effects of mescaline hydrochloride (4.95-79.2 mg/kg i.p.) and its non-hallucinogenic analogue 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine hydrochloride (DMPEA) (12.5-100 mg/kg i.p.) on shock avoidance in a shuttlebox were studied in male Long-Evans rats trained to high (above 88%, good performers) or low (below 6%, poor performers) stable base-line avoidance rates. In good performers, mescaline and DMPEA caused a dose-dependent decrease in avoidance rate (ED 50's 44.6 and 39.2 mg/kg, respectively) without affecting presession (5-min adaptation period) or intertrial shuttlebox crossings. In poor performers, mescaline caused a dose-dependent increase in avoidance rate (ED 50 = 24.8 mg/kg) and intertrial crossings, without affecting presession crossings. The results suggest that mescaline, but not DMPEA, has dual facilitative and disruptive effects on avoidance behavior at similar dose ranges. The facilitative, but not the disruptive, effect may be related to changes in motor activity.", "PMID": 407599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4198", "title": "The production of an alternative laboratory model of the Parkinson syndrome using a new benzylimidoylurea derivative LON 954.", "content": "N-carbamoyl-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) acetamidine hydrochloride (LON 954) causes a reproducible rest tremor in mice, of rapid onset and short duration with no associated rigidity or akinesia and in the absence of any marked changes in body temperature or accompanying peripheral parasympathomimetic effects. This tremor can be antagonised by the dopamine receptor agonists L-Dopa, bromocriptine, nomifensine and piribedil, as well as by anticholinergic anti-Parkinson drugs having an inhibitory effect on dopamine uptake such as benapryzine and benztropine. In contrast, benzhexol, orphenadrine and amantadine had no effect. LON 954 appears to be more specific than oxotremorine for the detection of drugs having therapeutic potential in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, particularly those exerting their effect through dopaminergic systems. An antagonist (BS 100-141), which is a structural isomer of LON 954, is also described.", "contents": "The production of an alternative laboratory model of the Parkinson syndrome using a new benzylimidoylurea derivative LON 954. N-carbamoyl-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) acetamidine hydrochloride (LON 954) causes a reproducible rest tremor in mice, of rapid onset and short duration with no associated rigidity or akinesia and in the absence of any marked changes in body temperature or accompanying peripheral parasympathomimetic effects. This tremor can be antagonised by the dopamine receptor agonists L-Dopa, bromocriptine, nomifensine and piribedil, as well as by anticholinergic anti-Parkinson drugs having an inhibitory effect on dopamine uptake such as benapryzine and benztropine. In contrast, benzhexol, orphenadrine and amantadine had no effect. LON 954 appears to be more specific than oxotremorine for the detection of drugs having therapeutic potential in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, particularly those exerting their effect through dopaminergic systems. An antagonist (BS 100-141), which is a structural isomer of LON 954, is also described.", "PMID": 407600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4199", "title": "Maternal behavior: a determinant of amphetamine toxicity in rats.", "content": "At 130 days of age, 31 female rats that had been subjected in infancy to handling, mother-separation, both, or neither, were injected with d-amphetamine (100 mg/kg, 50 mg/ml, i.p.). The subjects form handled, mother-present litters were the only group that showed increased latency to death. This finding indicated that the maternal behavior elicited by early handling, rather than early handling or maternal presence alone, resulted in reduced amphetamine toxicity in the offspring, tested in adulthood.", "contents": "Maternal behavior: a determinant of amphetamine toxicity in rats. At 130 days of age, 31 female rats that had been subjected in infancy to handling, mother-separation, both, or neither, were injected with d-amphetamine (100 mg/kg, 50 mg/ml, i.p.). The subjects form handled, mother-present litters were the only group that showed increased latency to death. This finding indicated that the maternal behavior elicited by early handling, rather than early handling or maternal presence alone, resulted in reduced amphetamine toxicity in the offspring, tested in adulthood.", "PMID": 407601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4200", "title": "Specific inhibition of hypothalamic self-stimulation by selective reuptake blockade of either 5-hydroxytryptamine or noradrenaline.", "content": "The effects of two new phthalane-derived bicyclic thymoleptics on hypothalamic self-stimulation were investigated in rats. The drugs, LU 10-171 and LU 5-003 are potent and highly selective reuptake blockers of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA), respectively. The use of a two-way shuttle-box permitted the differentiation of specific reward modulation effects from the variety of non-specific performance changes that these drugs may produce. Selective reuptake blockade of either 5HT or NA produced a dose-dependent reduction in reward that could be clearly dissociated from any non-specific performance decrements. Besides providing direct evidence for a significant role for 5HT in the mediation of hypothalamic self-stimulation, these data show that symphy increasing transmitter availability is not a sufficient condition to enhance self-stimulation reward. It is suggested that self-stimulation is dependent on response-contingent transmitter release and that any operation that increases reward-transmitter availability in a response-independent manner should attenuate self-stimulation.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of hypothalamic self-stimulation by selective reuptake blockade of either 5-hydroxytryptamine or noradrenaline. The effects of two new phthalane-derived bicyclic thymoleptics on hypothalamic self-stimulation were investigated in rats. The drugs, LU 10-171 and LU 5-003 are potent and highly selective reuptake blockers of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA), respectively. The use of a two-way shuttle-box permitted the differentiation of specific reward modulation effects from the variety of non-specific performance changes that these drugs may produce. Selective reuptake blockade of either 5HT or NA produced a dose-dependent reduction in reward that could be clearly dissociated from any non-specific performance decrements. Besides providing direct evidence for a significant role for 5HT in the mediation of hypothalamic self-stimulation, these data show that symphy increasing transmitter availability is not a sufficient condition to enhance self-stimulation reward. It is suggested that self-stimulation is dependent on response-contingent transmitter release and that any operation that increases reward-transmitter availability in a response-independent manner should attenuate self-stimulation.", "PMID": 407602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4201", "title": "Sensitization to cocaine stimulation in mice.", "content": "Repeated administration of cocaine to B6AF1/J mice increased their running response to 20 mg/kg cocaine as much as four-fold over the response to the first injection. After four daily injections, the extent of the increase was proportional to the dose of cocaine that was used for pretreatment. Sensitization persisted for as long as 2 months after the last injection of cocaine. Cocaine-pretreated mice did not show an increased running response to either morphine or d-amphetamine. The response to cocaine was increased two-fold by treatment with morphine and three-fold by pretreatment with d-amphetamine. Pretreatment with either imipramine or reserpine did not produce sensitization to cocaine. There was no correlation between cocaine sensitization and whole-brain catecholamine levels. There were marked differences in both the running response to cocaine and the extent of cocaine sensitization betwee the parental strains, C57B1/6J and A/J. Experiments with recombinant-inbred lines, derived from C57B1/6By and BALB/cBy mice, suggest that the initial response to cocaine and the development of sensitization are controlled by different genetic determinants.", "contents": "Sensitization to cocaine stimulation in mice. Repeated administration of cocaine to B6AF1/J mice increased their running response to 20 mg/kg cocaine as much as four-fold over the response to the first injection. After four daily injections, the extent of the increase was proportional to the dose of cocaine that was used for pretreatment. Sensitization persisted for as long as 2 months after the last injection of cocaine. Cocaine-pretreated mice did not show an increased running response to either morphine or d-amphetamine. The response to cocaine was increased two-fold by treatment with morphine and three-fold by pretreatment with d-amphetamine. Pretreatment with either imipramine or reserpine did not produce sensitization to cocaine. There was no correlation between cocaine sensitization and whole-brain catecholamine levels. There were marked differences in both the running response to cocaine and the extent of cocaine sensitization betwee the parental strains, C57B1/6J and A/J. Experiments with recombinant-inbred lines, derived from C57B1/6By and BALB/cBy mice, suggest that the initial response to cocaine and the development of sensitization are controlled by different genetic determinants.", "PMID": 407604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4202", "title": "Alteration of ethanol-induced changes in locomotor activity by adrenergic blockers in mice.", "content": "The effects of various doses of ethanol (ETOH) on spontaneous locomotor activity (SLMA) in mice were measured using photocell activity chambers. Of the 4 i.p. doses injected, the 2 lowest doses (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) stimulated SLMA, the next higher dose (2.0 g/kg) produced a biphasic effect of depression followed by stimulation, and the highest dose (4.0 g/kg) depressed SLMA. The mechanism of the biphasic effect of the 2.0 g/kg dose was studied in tests with central catecholamine antagonists at various doses 30 min before ETOH. Doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg of propranolol, a beta-receptor blocker, significantly antagonized the depressant effect of ETOH but had no influence on the stimulant effect. High doses (10 and 20 mg/kg) of phentolamine, an alpha-receptor blocker, significantly antagonized the stimulant phase of ETOH action but had no significant effect on the depressant phase. All doses (0.062-0.250 mg/kg) of spiroperidol, a dopaminergic blocking drug, significantly enhanced the SLMA depression produced by ETOH. These results indicate that the SLMA-depressant effect of ETOH may be mediated by central \"beta-type\" receptors, that the SLMA-stimulant effect of ETOH may be mediated by central \"alpha-type\" receptors, and that at least part of ETOH's action may be due to dopaminergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Alteration of ethanol-induced changes in locomotor activity by adrenergic blockers in mice. The effects of various doses of ethanol (ETOH) on spontaneous locomotor activity (SLMA) in mice were measured using photocell activity chambers. Of the 4 i.p. doses injected, the 2 lowest doses (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) stimulated SLMA, the next higher dose (2.0 g/kg) produced a biphasic effect of depression followed by stimulation, and the highest dose (4.0 g/kg) depressed SLMA. The mechanism of the biphasic effect of the 2.0 g/kg dose was studied in tests with central catecholamine antagonists at various doses 30 min before ETOH. Doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg of propranolol, a beta-receptor blocker, significantly antagonized the depressant effect of ETOH but had no influence on the stimulant effect. High doses (10 and 20 mg/kg) of phentolamine, an alpha-receptor blocker, significantly antagonized the stimulant phase of ETOH action but had no significant effect on the depressant phase. All doses (0.062-0.250 mg/kg) of spiroperidol, a dopaminergic blocking drug, significantly enhanced the SLMA depression produced by ETOH. These results indicate that the SLMA-depressant effect of ETOH may be mediated by central \"beta-type\" receptors, that the SLMA-stimulant effect of ETOH may be mediated by central \"alpha-type\" receptors, and that at least part of ETOH's action may be due to dopaminergic mechanisms.", "PMID": 407605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4203", "title": "Influence of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on photically evoked after-discharge potentials.", "content": "Two cannabinoids, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, and several reference drugs were compared relative to their effects in a recently developed anticonvulsant test system, the after-discharge potentials of the visually evoked response; the potentials were recorded electrophysiologically from electrodes permanently mounted over the visual cortices of conscious rats. In anticonvulsant doses, trimethadione and ethosuximide produced an extensive depression of after-discharge activity, whereas diphenylhydantoin and cannabidiol exerted no such effect. In contrast, anticonvulsant doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and subconvulsant doses of pentylenetetrazol markedly increased after-discharge activity, which may represent a manifestation of their central nervous system excitatory properties. The data from the present study support our previously published ovservations from several other anticonvulsant tests that indicate the anticonvulsant characteristics of cannabidiol resemble those of diphenylhydantoin rather than those of trimethadione and that the central excitatory properties of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol distinguish it from cannabidiol. The results consistently suggest that the cannabinoids will be effective against grand mal but not absence seizures.", "contents": "Influence of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on photically evoked after-discharge potentials. Two cannabinoids, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, and several reference drugs were compared relative to their effects in a recently developed anticonvulsant test system, the after-discharge potentials of the visually evoked response; the potentials were recorded electrophysiologically from electrodes permanently mounted over the visual cortices of conscious rats. In anticonvulsant doses, trimethadione and ethosuximide produced an extensive depression of after-discharge activity, whereas diphenylhydantoin and cannabidiol exerted no such effect. In contrast, anticonvulsant doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and subconvulsant doses of pentylenetetrazol markedly increased after-discharge activity, which may represent a manifestation of their central nervous system excitatory properties. The data from the present study support our previously published ovservations from several other anticonvulsant tests that indicate the anticonvulsant characteristics of cannabidiol resemble those of diphenylhydantoin rather than those of trimethadione and that the central excitatory properties of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol distinguish it from cannabidiol. The results consistently suggest that the cannabinoids will be effective against grand mal but not absence seizures.", "PMID": 407606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4204", "title": "Comparative effects of d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, and methylphenidate on mood in man.", "content": "The comparative effects of d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, and methylphenidate were assessed in 16 normal subjects, using a double-blind, crossover placebo-controlled design. Within the dose range tested, the efficacy ratio of d-amphetamine:l-amphetamine was about 2:1, and graphic presentation of dose response scores indicated a relatively small difference in potency between the amphetamine isomers. Methylphenidate was intermediate in efficacy between d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine. The efficacy ratios for d-amphetamine:l-amphetamine on increasing euphoric mood in man were similar to the previously reported ratios of there two isomers in inducing or exacerbating psychosis in humans. These findings do not support the suggestion, made by Snyder and others, that the differential effects of d-amphetamine vs. l-amphetamine on a specific type of behavior in man could be utilized to infer the predominance of noradrenergic vs. dopaminergic mediation of amphetamine's effects on this behavior.", "contents": "Comparative effects of d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, and methylphenidate on mood in man. The comparative effects of d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, and methylphenidate were assessed in 16 normal subjects, using a double-blind, crossover placebo-controlled design. Within the dose range tested, the efficacy ratio of d-amphetamine:l-amphetamine was about 2:1, and graphic presentation of dose response scores indicated a relatively small difference in potency between the amphetamine isomers. Methylphenidate was intermediate in efficacy between d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine. The efficacy ratios for d-amphetamine:l-amphetamine on increasing euphoric mood in man were similar to the previously reported ratios of there two isomers in inducing or exacerbating psychosis in humans. These findings do not support the suggestion, made by Snyder and others, that the differential effects of d-amphetamine vs. l-amphetamine on a specific type of behavior in man could be utilized to infer the predominance of noradrenergic vs. dopaminergic mediation of amphetamine's effects on this behavior.", "PMID": 407607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4205", "title": "Effects of chlorpromazine and imipramine on discrimination learning, consolidation, and learned behavior in two inbred strains of mice.", "content": "Chlorpromazine and imipramine were administered to DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice swimming in a Y water maze toward a light source (L Procedure, corresponding to innate tendency) or towards the dark (D Procedure, corresponding to the acquisition of a new pattern of behavior). In two sets of experiments the drugs were administered to naive mice before and after each training session, respectively. In both strains, in the pretrial experiments, the innate tendencies were improved by both drugs; the acquisition of a new pattern of behavior was improved following imipramine but impaired following chlorpromazine. In the posttrial experiments (D procedure) the consolidation processes of both strains were improved following imipramine and impaired following chlorpromazine. In a third set of experiments imipramine was administered to previously trained mice of both strains and chlorpromazine to previously trained C57 mice. In both procedures the administration of increasing doses of both drugs was followed by a progressive lenghtening of the swimming times in the previously trained C57 mice; performance disruptions were evident in both procedures in trained DBA mice mice following imipramine.", "contents": "Effects of chlorpromazine and imipramine on discrimination learning, consolidation, and learned behavior in two inbred strains of mice. Chlorpromazine and imipramine were administered to DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice swimming in a Y water maze toward a light source (L Procedure, corresponding to innate tendency) or towards the dark (D Procedure, corresponding to the acquisition of a new pattern of behavior). In two sets of experiments the drugs were administered to naive mice before and after each training session, respectively. In both strains, in the pretrial experiments, the innate tendencies were improved by both drugs; the acquisition of a new pattern of behavior was improved following imipramine but impaired following chlorpromazine. In the posttrial experiments (D procedure) the consolidation processes of both strains were improved following imipramine and impaired following chlorpromazine. In a third set of experiments imipramine was administered to previously trained mice of both strains and chlorpromazine to previously trained C57 mice. In both procedures the administration of increasing doses of both drugs was followed by a progressive lenghtening of the swimming times in the previously trained C57 mice; performance disruptions were evident in both procedures in trained DBA mice mice following imipramine.", "PMID": 407611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4206", "title": "Discriminative properties of pentobarbital after repeated noncontingent exposure in gerbils.", "content": "Two groups of gerbils were pretreated with pentobarbital (P-barb.) (10 and 20 mg/kg) for 20 days before being subjected to drug discrimination training in a (T-shaped shock-escape maze. The rapidity with which these gerbils acquired the discrimination was compared to that of gerbils that were drug naive until beginning the P-barb.-discrimination training. The acquisition rates of the respective groups did not differ substantially within each dose level (10 and 20 mg/kg), although open-field activity (primarily the rearing scores) differentiated the P-barb.- and vehicle-pretreated animals at both dose levels. The peak effect in rectal temperature, however, was not markedly different after the first and 20th drug exposures, although the temperature effects leveled off earlier during the second recording session. In conclusion, certain parameters (open-field activity) may be changed as a consequence of repeated administrations of P-barb. without a significant parallel loss of the cue or stimulus properties of the drug.", "contents": "Discriminative properties of pentobarbital after repeated noncontingent exposure in gerbils. Two groups of gerbils were pretreated with pentobarbital (P-barb.) (10 and 20 mg/kg) for 20 days before being subjected to drug discrimination training in a (T-shaped shock-escape maze. The rapidity with which these gerbils acquired the discrimination was compared to that of gerbils that were drug naive until beginning the P-barb.-discrimination training. The acquisition rates of the respective groups did not differ substantially within each dose level (10 and 20 mg/kg), although open-field activity (primarily the rearing scores) differentiated the P-barb.- and vehicle-pretreated animals at both dose levels. The peak effect in rectal temperature, however, was not markedly different after the first and 20th drug exposures, although the temperature effects leveled off earlier during the second recording session. In conclusion, certain parameters (open-field activity) may be changed as a consequence of repeated administrations of P-barb. without a significant parallel loss of the cue or stimulus properties of the drug.", "PMID": 407612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4207", "title": "Effects of orotic acid and pirazetam on cortical bioelectrical activity in rabbits.", "content": "In order to obtain further evidence of the pharmacological effects of retention-facilitating substances, the influence of sodium-orotate, methylglucamine orotate, and pirazetam on the bioelectrical activity of central nervous system structures were studied. Sodium orotate showed no influence on the cortical and hippocampal spontaneous EEGs of conscious nonimmobilized rabbits. The amplitude of the first surface-positive wave of the cortical evoked potential that was elicited by stimulation of tooth pulp was, however, significantly increased in long-lasting terms by both pirazetam and the two salts of orotic acid. Similarly, the three substances also influenced the changes in excitability induced by PTP of tooth pulp. The findings suggest that these chemicals facilitate in nonspecific manner responses to externally applied stimuli through central structures. The relationships between the altered stimulus response and the retention-facilitating action of these substances are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of orotic acid and pirazetam on cortical bioelectrical activity in rabbits. In order to obtain further evidence of the pharmacological effects of retention-facilitating substances, the influence of sodium-orotate, methylglucamine orotate, and pirazetam on the bioelectrical activity of central nervous system structures were studied. Sodium orotate showed no influence on the cortical and hippocampal spontaneous EEGs of conscious nonimmobilized rabbits. The amplitude of the first surface-positive wave of the cortical evoked potential that was elicited by stimulation of tooth pulp was, however, significantly increased in long-lasting terms by both pirazetam and the two salts of orotic acid. Similarly, the three substances also influenced the changes in excitability induced by PTP of tooth pulp. The findings suggest that these chemicals facilitate in nonspecific manner responses to externally applied stimuli through central structures. The relationships between the altered stimulus response and the retention-facilitating action of these substances are discussed.", "PMID": 407615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4208", "title": "The effects of Cannabis sativa on the behavior of adult female chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in captivity.", "content": "Indices of locomotory and social activity were quantified during 102 h of daily tests with two pairs of baboons under three conditions: baseline, cannabis administration, and postdrug withdrawal. Six percent of whole dried plants of cannabis (33 g) was incorporated into the daily feed. In one pair, social activity increased during cannabis administration, with no clear effect on locomotory behavior. In the second pair locomotory activity decreased, but there was no consistent change in social interaction. Thus individuals responded differently to the drug, and the social environment of each pair appeared to be implicated as a determining factor.", "contents": "The effects of Cannabis sativa on the behavior of adult female chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in captivity. Indices of locomotory and social activity were quantified during 102 h of daily tests with two pairs of baboons under three conditions: baseline, cannabis administration, and postdrug withdrawal. Six percent of whole dried plants of cannabis (33 g) was incorporated into the daily feed. In one pair, social activity increased during cannabis administration, with no clear effect on locomotory behavior. In the second pair locomotory activity decreased, but there was no consistent change in social interaction. Thus individuals responded differently to the drug, and the social environment of each pair appeared to be implicated as a determining factor.", "PMID": 407616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4209", "title": "Drug-induced changes in the maternal behavior of rats.", "content": "The effect of chlorpromazine and amphetamine (3 mg/kg b.w. injected s.c.) on the maternal behavior of rats was observed on days 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 after the birth of the young. Spontaneous behavior in the presence of the young and contacts with them were recorded in four different testing situations. Both drugs interfered with the maternal behavior of female rats and reduced the duration of contacts with the young. The level of behavioral manifestations depended on the type of experimental procedure.", "contents": "Drug-induced changes in the maternal behavior of rats. The effect of chlorpromazine and amphetamine (3 mg/kg b.w. injected s.c.) on the maternal behavior of rats was observed on days 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 after the birth of the young. Spontaneous behavior in the presence of the young and contacts with them were recorded in four different testing situations. Both drugs interfered with the maternal behavior of female rats and reduced the duration of contacts with the young. The level of behavioral manifestations depended on the type of experimental procedure.", "PMID": 407617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4210", "title": "Expanding lesions of the cervical spinal canal.", "content": "Attention has recently been directed to decrease in size of the spinal canal, notably in relation to production of posterior osteophytes in spondylosis. Tumors of the cord, roots, or meninges, syringolmyelia and hydromyelia may enlarge sufficiently in size or be critically located so that expansile change of the cervical spinal canal may result.", "contents": "Expanding lesions of the cervical spinal canal. Attention has recently been directed to decrease in size of the spinal canal, notably in relation to production of posterior osteophytes in spondylosis. Tumors of the cord, roots, or meninges, syringolmyelia and hydromyelia may enlarge sufficiently in size or be critically located so that expansile change of the cervical spinal canal may result.", "PMID": 407625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4211", "title": "Backscatter from high atomic number materials in high energy photon beams.", "content": "High atomic number materials in high-energy photon beams produce an increased radiation level on the side of the material towards the radiation source. This added radiation has been termed backscattered radiation, although it must also contain characteristic radiation from the scattering material. The magnitude and distribution of this radiation were investigated principally for the photon beam from an 8 MeV medical linear accelerator, and also for the beam from a 60Co teletherapy unit.", "contents": "Backscatter from high atomic number materials in high energy photon beams. High atomic number materials in high-energy photon beams produce an increased radiation level on the side of the material towards the radiation source. This added radiation has been termed backscattered radiation, although it must also contain characteristic radiation from the scattering material. The magnitude and distribution of this radiation were investigated principally for the photon beam from an 8 MeV medical linear accelerator, and also for the beam from a 60Co teletherapy unit.", "PMID": 407626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4212", "title": "Influence of prostaglandins and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on hormone secretion and growth in wether lambs.", "content": "A series of experiments were conducted in ewes and whether (castrate male) lambs to evaluate the influence of prostaglandins on secretion of anabolic hormones and to determine if repeated injections of prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha would chronically influence the secretion of these hormones and perhaps growth rate as well. A single intravenous injection of PGA1 and PGB1 (100 microgram/kg) exerted no significant (P greater than .10) influence on plasma concentrations of prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) or thyrotropin (TSH) in ewes. PGA1, but not PGB1, stimulated an increase in the plasma concentration of insulin. Infusion of PGF2alpha for 5.5 hr into ewes resulted in increased (P less than .05) plasma concentrations of both GH and ARL while TSH and insulin were not significantly influenced. Prostaglandin F2alpha, when injected subcutaneously into wether lambs (10 mg twice weekly) stimulated (P less than .05) plasma GH concentrations after the first injection, but not after 3 weeks of treatment. Changes in plasma PRL or TSH were not observed consistently in the lambs treated chronically with PGF2alpha or TRH. Prostaglandin F2alpha, in the present studies, and PGE1 in previously reported studies (1-3), has been demonstrated to be stimulatory to the secretion of PRL and GH. In contrast, PGA1 and PGB1, which lack an 11-hydroxyl group, failed to influence the secretion of either PRL or GH. It would, therefore, appear that the 11-hydroxyl group is a structural requirement for prostaglandins to influence the secretion of these two hormones in sheep. Treatment with thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), alone or in combination with PGF 2alpha, significantly (P less than .05) increased growth rate (average daily gains) while PGF2alpha did not, despite the fact that both compounds exerted similar effects on plasma GH.", "contents": "Influence of prostaglandins and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on hormone secretion and growth in wether lambs. A series of experiments were conducted in ewes and whether (castrate male) lambs to evaluate the influence of prostaglandins on secretion of anabolic hormones and to determine if repeated injections of prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha would chronically influence the secretion of these hormones and perhaps growth rate as well. A single intravenous injection of PGA1 and PGB1 (100 microgram/kg) exerted no significant (P greater than .10) influence on plasma concentrations of prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) or thyrotropin (TSH) in ewes. PGA1, but not PGB1, stimulated an increase in the plasma concentration of insulin. Infusion of PGF2alpha for 5.5 hr into ewes resulted in increased (P less than .05) plasma concentrations of both GH and ARL while TSH and insulin were not significantly influenced. Prostaglandin F2alpha, when injected subcutaneously into wether lambs (10 mg twice weekly) stimulated (P less than .05) plasma GH concentrations after the first injection, but not after 3 weeks of treatment. Changes in plasma PRL or TSH were not observed consistently in the lambs treated chronically with PGF2alpha or TRH. Prostaglandin F2alpha, in the present studies, and PGE1 in previously reported studies (1-3), has been demonstrated to be stimulatory to the secretion of PRL and GH. In contrast, PGA1 and PGB1, which lack an 11-hydroxyl group, failed to influence the secretion of either PRL or GH. It would, therefore, appear that the 11-hydroxyl group is a structural requirement for prostaglandins to influence the secretion of these two hormones in sheep. Treatment with thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), alone or in combination with PGF 2alpha, significantly (P less than .05) increased growth rate (average daily gains) while PGF2alpha did not, despite the fact that both compounds exerted similar effects on plasma GH.", "PMID": 407628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4213", "title": "Aspects of bronchial reactivity to prostaglandins and aspirin in asthmatic patients.", "content": "The behaviour of bronchial reactivity to PGF2alpha was studied in asthmatic patients under various experimental conditions. Premedication with aminophylline, i.v., and, to a lesser extent, with DSCG afforded a partial protection, while beclomethasone dipropionate was inactive under this point of view. Diftalone, a new non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent, was well tolerated in 9 aspirin-intolerant asthmatic patients, and did not modify the bronchial response to PGF2alpha which was found to be generally lower then that of other aspirin-tolerant asthmatic patients. PGE 1-2 and DSCG prevented the bronchospasm induced by inhalation or ingestion of acetylsalicylic acid in a small group of patients. Good protection was also reached with PGE1-2 in the exercise-induced bronchospasm.", "contents": "Aspects of bronchial reactivity to prostaglandins and aspirin in asthmatic patients. The behaviour of bronchial reactivity to PGF2alpha was studied in asthmatic patients under various experimental conditions. Premedication with aminophylline, i.v., and, to a lesser extent, with DSCG afforded a partial protection, while beclomethasone dipropionate was inactive under this point of view. Diftalone, a new non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent, was well tolerated in 9 aspirin-intolerant asthmatic patients, and did not modify the bronchial response to PGF2alpha which was found to be generally lower then that of other aspirin-tolerant asthmatic patients. PGE 1-2 and DSCG prevented the bronchospasm induced by inhalation or ingestion of acetylsalicylic acid in a small group of patients. Good protection was also reached with PGE1-2 in the exercise-induced bronchospasm.", "PMID": 407642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4214", "title": "Artificial pancreas using living beta cells:. effects on glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats.", "content": "An artificial pancreas consisting of beta cells cultured on synthetic semipermeable hollow fibers was tested in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. When implanted ex vivo as arteriovenous shunts in the circulatory system these devices lowered concentrations of plasma glucose from 533 to between 110 and 130 milligrams per 100 milliliters, increased concentrations of plasma insulin, and restored intravenous glucose tolerance tests essentially to normal.", "contents": "Artificial pancreas using living beta cells:. effects on glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats. An artificial pancreas consisting of beta cells cultured on synthetic semipermeable hollow fibers was tested in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. When implanted ex vivo as arteriovenous shunts in the circulatory system these devices lowered concentrations of plasma glucose from 533 to between 110 and 130 milligrams per 100 milliliters, increased concentrations of plasma insulin, and restored intravenous glucose tolerance tests essentially to normal.", "PMID": 407649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4215", "title": "Orthogenesis of the hominids: an exploration using biorthogonal grids.", "content": "In 1917, D'Arch Thompson suggested that one should study the change from one biological form to another by examining the unique mathematical object that maps between them in accord with biological homologies. Biorthogonal grids provide a particular coordinate system for visualizing such a map and lead to a quantitative syntax in which a change in shape is reduced to differential changes in size. Application of the method to hominid skull phylogeny has demonstrated three principal axes of evolutionary change anatomically homologous over a fossil sequence.", "contents": "Orthogenesis of the hominids: an exploration using biorthogonal grids. In 1917, D'Arch Thompson suggested that one should study the change from one biological form to another by examining the unique mathematical object that maps between them in accord with biological homologies. Biorthogonal grids provide a particular coordinate system for visualizing such a map and lead to a quantitative syntax in which a change in shape is reduced to differential changes in size. Application of the method to hominid skull phylogeny has demonstrated three principal axes of evolutionary change anatomically homologous over a fossil sequence.", "PMID": 407650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4216", "title": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency: altered kinetic properties of a mutant enzyme.", "content": "Erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase from two brothers had 0.5% of normal activity. It differed from the normal enzyme by a tenfold increase in the Michaelis constant for inosine, an inability of inosine to protect against thermal lability, and a more positive net charge. The altered kinetic properties may account for the milder disease in the patients compared to the previously described cases. The data provide evidence for a structural gene mutation and genetic heterogeneity in the new disease of purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency and T cell dysfunction.", "contents": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency: altered kinetic properties of a mutant enzyme. Erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase from two brothers had 0.5% of normal activity. It differed from the normal enzyme by a tenfold increase in the Michaelis constant for inosine, an inability of inosine to protect against thermal lability, and a more positive net charge. The altered kinetic properties may account for the milder disease in the patients compared to the previously described cases. The data provide evidence for a structural gene mutation and genetic heterogeneity in the new disease of purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency and T cell dysfunction.", "PMID": 407651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4217", "title": "Responses of macaque lateral geniculate cells to luminance and color figures.", "content": "The spatial tuning of macaque lateral geniculate neurones was compared for luminance-based and color-based lines. Lines of various widths were flashed on and centered on the cell's receptive field, and the size of the increase or decrease in firing was noted. Luminance-based lines consisted of 0.7 log unit increments or decrements. Color-based lines consisted of shifts in wavelength with no change in luminance, e.g., from a red field to a green line on a red field. The cell fired most to intermediate widths of luminance-based lines, but to the widest pure-color lines.", "contents": "Responses of macaque lateral geniculate cells to luminance and color figures. The spatial tuning of macaque lateral geniculate neurones was compared for luminance-based and color-based lines. Lines of various widths were flashed on and centered on the cell's receptive field, and the size of the increase or decrease in firing was noted. Luminance-based lines consisted of 0.7 log unit increments or decrements. Color-based lines consisted of shifts in wavelength with no change in luminance, e.g., from a red field to a green line on a red field. The cell fired most to intermediate widths of luminance-based lines, but to the widest pure-color lines.", "PMID": 407653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4218", "title": "Brightness contrast effects in monkey lateral geniculate nucleus.", "content": "Brightness contrast effects shown by single cells in the macaque's lateral geniculate nucleus were studied with black and white lines of various widths, consisting of either: (1) \"simultaneous contrast\" stimuli in which the line was produced by luminance changes in the flanking areas or (2) \"successive contrast\" stimuli in which the line itself changed in luminance. Line widths that gave optimal responses and response magnitudes themselves were similar for the two types of stimulus, except for the widest lines used (2 degrees). Thus, simultaneous brightness contrast is a primary determinant of the response of primate LGN cells but only within 2 degrees of the center of the receptive field. Neural processing up to this level cannot therefore explain the long distance effects of simultaneous brightness contrast in human perception.", "contents": "Brightness contrast effects in monkey lateral geniculate nucleus. Brightness contrast effects shown by single cells in the macaque's lateral geniculate nucleus were studied with black and white lines of various widths, consisting of either: (1) \"simultaneous contrast\" stimuli in which the line was produced by luminance changes in the flanking areas or (2) \"successive contrast\" stimuli in which the line itself changed in luminance. Line widths that gave optimal responses and response magnitudes themselves were similar for the two types of stimulus, except for the widest lines used (2 degrees). Thus, simultaneous brightness contrast is a primary determinant of the response of primate LGN cells but only within 2 degrees of the center of the receptive field. Neural processing up to this level cannot therefore explain the long distance effects of simultaneous brightness contrast in human perception.", "PMID": 407654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4219", "title": "Zinc and total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Present knowledge of trace element nutritional requirements and the effects of TPN solutions unsupplemented with zinc indicate that zinc supplementation must be considered for any patient receiving prolonged TPN. Zinc sulfate appears to be the supplement of choice, and infusions of freeze-dried plasma appear to be an unsatisfactory method for supplying zinc, even during short-term therapy. As long as accepted dosage regimens are followed, there appears to be little risk of toxicity when TPN solutions are supplemented with zinc.", "contents": "Zinc and total parenteral nutrition. Present knowledge of trace element nutritional requirements and the effects of TPN solutions unsupplemented with zinc indicate that zinc supplementation must be considered for any patient receiving prolonged TPN. Zinc sulfate appears to be the supplement of choice, and infusions of freeze-dried plasma appear to be an unsatisfactory method for supplying zinc, even during short-term therapy. As long as accepted dosage regimens are followed, there appears to be little risk of toxicity when TPN solutions are supplemented with zinc.", "PMID": 407655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4220", "title": "Private health insurance in 1975: coverage, enrollment, and financial experience.", "content": "More improvement in the scope than in the quality of private health insurance coverage took place during 1975. Four-fifths of the population under age 65 was covered for hospital and surgical care, and nearly that proportion was protected against the costs of physicians' in-hospital visits, X-ray and laboratory examinations, and prescribed out-of-hospital drugs. The $33.6 billion in premiums paid by consumers resulted in the return of only $28.9 billion in benefits, which covered just 44% of their total personal health care expenditures. Major-medical insurance, held by an estimated 43% of the population, helped to overcome some of the deficiencies of private insurance--dollar limitations on health care services, ceilings on the duration of hospital stays, and exclusions for some types of care. It also provided economic protection against catastrophic expenses. Premiums and subscription income rose faster than benefits as private insurers attempted to keep their coverage in line with rising health care costs. The overall underwriting gain was due largely to a $952.4 million gain in group business by the insurance companies.", "contents": "Private health insurance in 1975: coverage, enrollment, and financial experience. More improvement in the scope than in the quality of private health insurance coverage took place during 1975. Four-fifths of the population under age 65 was covered for hospital and surgical care, and nearly that proportion was protected against the costs of physicians' in-hospital visits, X-ray and laboratory examinations, and prescribed out-of-hospital drugs. The $33.6 billion in premiums paid by consumers resulted in the return of only $28.9 billion in benefits, which covered just 44% of their total personal health care expenditures. Major-medical insurance, held by an estimated 43% of the population, helped to overcome some of the deficiencies of private insurance--dollar limitations on health care services, ceilings on the duration of hospital stays, and exclusions for some types of care. It also provided economic protection against catastrophic expenses. Premiums and subscription income rose faster than benefits as private insurers attempted to keep their coverage in line with rising health care costs. The overall underwriting gain was due largely to a $952.4 million gain in group business by the insurance companies.", "PMID": 407657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4221", "title": "Effect of intravenous near isosmotic nutrient infusions on nitrogen balance in critically ill injured patients.", "content": "Hypocaloric near isosmotic infusions of crystalline amino acids have the same effect on nitrogen balance as do equal caloric infusions of glucose in burned patients with and without bacteremia. The effects of the two substrates on balance appeared equal and additive. Infusion of a 10 per cent soybean oil emulsion was indistinguishable from low dosage glucose when administered with amino acids. Near isosmotic hypocaloric diets containing glucose and amino acids significantly diminish nitrogen loss in severely burned patients. A combination of both substrates in the infusate is to be preferred.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous near isosmotic nutrient infusions on nitrogen balance in critically ill injured patients. Hypocaloric near isosmotic infusions of crystalline amino acids have the same effect on nitrogen balance as do equal caloric infusions of glucose in burned patients with and without bacteremia. The effects of the two substrates on balance appeared equal and additive. Infusion of a 10 per cent soybean oil emulsion was indistinguishable from low dosage glucose when administered with amino acids. Near isosmotic hypocaloric diets containing glucose and amino acids significantly diminish nitrogen loss in severely burned patients. A combination of both substrates in the infusate is to be preferred.", "PMID": 407658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4222", "title": "Long-term surface stimulation of the cerebellum in the monkey. I. Light microscopic, electrophysiologic, and clinical observations.", "content": "The effects of chronic implantation of platinum electrodes over the surface of the cerebellum and of stimulation through these electrodes was studied in monkeys. Stimulation parameters were similar to those used in epileptic human beings; two animals received continous stimulation and two received intermittent stimulation in eight-minute on-off cycles. Both stimulating and non-stimulating electrodes became encapsulated in dense reactive fibrous tissue. As determined by light microscopy, continous stimulation resulted in widespread loss or damage to Purkinje cells. Intermittent stimulation led to damage similar in extent to mechanical damage caused by control electrodes. The impedance of the stimulating electrodes was higher after long-term than short-term implnatation and increased progressively in animals stimulated intermittently. There were no clinical neurological signs of cerebellar dysfunction, even in animals with extensive damage.", "contents": "Long-term surface stimulation of the cerebellum in the monkey. I. Light microscopic, electrophysiologic, and clinical observations. The effects of chronic implantation of platinum electrodes over the surface of the cerebellum and of stimulation through these electrodes was studied in monkeys. Stimulation parameters were similar to those used in epileptic human beings; two animals received continous stimulation and two received intermittent stimulation in eight-minute on-off cycles. Both stimulating and non-stimulating electrodes became encapsulated in dense reactive fibrous tissue. As determined by light microscopy, continous stimulation resulted in widespread loss or damage to Purkinje cells. Intermittent stimulation led to damage similar in extent to mechanical damage caused by control electrodes. The impedance of the stimulating electrodes was higher after long-term than short-term implnatation and increased progressively in animals stimulated intermittently. There were no clinical neurological signs of cerebellar dysfunction, even in animals with extensive damage.", "PMID": 407659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4223", "title": "Long-term surface stimulation of the cerebellum in the monkey. II. Electron microscopic and biochemical observations.", "content": "Phase and electron microscopy were used to study the effects of chronic intermittent or continuous stimulation applied to the surface of the cerebellum with bipolar platinum electrodes in monkeys. Damage under the anodes consisted of swelling of neuropil, variable loss of Purkinje cells, and a variable increase in fibrous glial processes. Under the cathode there was marked loss of Purkinje cells, thinning of the molecular layer, moderate swelling, occasional phagocytes with lipofuscin granules, and often an increase of fibrous glial processes. Despite the damage, normal appearing synaptic terminals remained in all layers under both anode and cathode, though sparser in fibrotic areas Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations were decreased beneath the cathodes, reflecting the loss of Purkinje cells and other GABA-containing cells, and spermidine concentrations were increased in areas with increased fibrous glial processes.", "contents": "Long-term surface stimulation of the cerebellum in the monkey. II. Electron microscopic and biochemical observations. Phase and electron microscopy were used to study the effects of chronic intermittent or continuous stimulation applied to the surface of the cerebellum with bipolar platinum electrodes in monkeys. Damage under the anodes consisted of swelling of neuropil, variable loss of Purkinje cells, and a variable increase in fibrous glial processes. Under the cathode there was marked loss of Purkinje cells, thinning of the molecular layer, moderate swelling, occasional phagocytes with lipofuscin granules, and often an increase of fibrous glial processes. Despite the damage, normal appearing synaptic terminals remained in all layers under both anode and cathode, though sparser in fibrotic areas Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations were decreased beneath the cathodes, reflecting the loss of Purkinje cells and other GABA-containing cells, and spermidine concentrations were increased in areas with increased fibrous glial processes.", "PMID": 407660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4224", "title": "The operative management of von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis in children, with special reference to lesions of the head and neck.", "content": "Eighty-five patients with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis were seen at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh from 1952 through 1976. Nineteen of these patients had significant head or neck extracranial lesions. Based upon these and a personal series of seven other head and neck patients, we emphasize several critical points in the care of these patients: (1) large, painful, conspicuous, or strategically placed tumors should be removed: (2) early removal is easier and improves cosmetic results; (3) neck and chest tumors carry a high risk of subsequent rapid vertebral angulation with possible paralysis; (4) close observation allows timely application of appropriate surgical procedures.", "contents": "The operative management of von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis in children, with special reference to lesions of the head and neck. Eighty-five patients with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis were seen at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh from 1952 through 1976. Nineteen of these patients had significant head or neck extracranial lesions. Based upon these and a personal series of seven other head and neck patients, we emphasize several critical points in the care of these patients: (1) large, painful, conspicuous, or strategically placed tumors should be removed: (2) early removal is easier and improves cosmetic results; (3) neck and chest tumors carry a high risk of subsequent rapid vertebral angulation with possible paralysis; (4) close observation allows timely application of appropriate surgical procedures.", "PMID": 407661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4225", "title": "Antibiotic resistance transfer from nonpathogenic to pathogenic bacteria.", "content": "Alcaligenes species is a common contaminant of \"wet\" environmental areas on the surgical ward. Although thought to be a nonpathogenic organism, recent clinical experience on the burn and trauma service has led us to believe that antibiotic resistance transfer may occur between Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To evaluate this possibility, germ-free mice were contaminated with Alcaligenes species, which quickly established in the animals' gastrointestinal tracts. These animals then were burned and the wound was seeded with additional Alcaligenes. After 72 hours the average bacterial count was 4.5 X 10(6) cells/gm of tissue, and all animals survived. Ten additional germ-free mice were contaminated with a resistant (Amikacin, tobramycin, gentamicin, and Sisomicin) Alcaligenes species. When a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain sensitive to these antibiotics was introduced into the environment, it rapidly overgrew the Alcaligenes species but developed resistance to those four antibiotics to which it had been sensitive previously. These animals were then subjected to a 10 second immersion burn, and the wound was seeded with the same strain of Alcaligenes. The Pseudomonas quickly overgrew the Alcaligens on the burn wound and became established, with an average count being 5.2 X 10(8) cells/gm of tissue. When this experiment was repeated, establishing antibiotic sensitive Pseudomonas in the germ-free animals prior to inoculation of resistant Alcaligenes, the R-transfer again occurred but required a longer time.", "contents": "Antibiotic resistance transfer from nonpathogenic to pathogenic bacteria. Alcaligenes species is a common contaminant of \"wet\" environmental areas on the surgical ward. Although thought to be a nonpathogenic organism, recent clinical experience on the burn and trauma service has led us to believe that antibiotic resistance transfer may occur between Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To evaluate this possibility, germ-free mice were contaminated with Alcaligenes species, which quickly established in the animals' gastrointestinal tracts. These animals then were burned and the wound was seeded with additional Alcaligenes. After 72 hours the average bacterial count was 4.5 X 10(6) cells/gm of tissue, and all animals survived. Ten additional germ-free mice were contaminated with a resistant (Amikacin, tobramycin, gentamicin, and Sisomicin) Alcaligenes species. When a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain sensitive to these antibiotics was introduced into the environment, it rapidly overgrew the Alcaligenes species but developed resistance to those four antibiotics to which it had been sensitive previously. These animals were then subjected to a 10 second immersion burn, and the wound was seeded with the same strain of Alcaligenes. The Pseudomonas quickly overgrew the Alcaligens on the burn wound and became established, with an average count being 5.2 X 10(8) cells/gm of tissue. When this experiment was repeated, establishing antibiotic sensitive Pseudomonas in the germ-free animals prior to inoculation of resistant Alcaligenes, the R-transfer again occurred but required a longer time.", "PMID": 407662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4226", "title": "The effect of vidarabine on the development of the offspring of rats, rabbits, and monkeys.", "content": "The effect of vidarabine, a new antiviral agent, on the offspring of rats, rabbits, and monkeys was studied by varying routes of administration during several periods of gestation. Vidarabine demonstrated a dose-related teratogenic effect in rats when given parenterally at doses of 30 mg/kg and greater. The drug was also teratogenic in the rabbit at dosages of 5 mg/kg and greater by the parenteral route or when applied topically in 10% concentration to 5 or 10% of the body surface area. The pattern of malformation was similar in the two species, and consisted of multiple, severe abnormalities of the head, trunk, and limbs. The drug had no demonstrable teratogenic effect in a limited study in the rhesus monkey; nor were there adverse effects on the offspring when it was applied intravaginally to pregnant rats in the perinatal period.", "contents": "The effect of vidarabine on the development of the offspring of rats, rabbits, and monkeys. The effect of vidarabine, a new antiviral agent, on the offspring of rats, rabbits, and monkeys was studied by varying routes of administration during several periods of gestation. Vidarabine demonstrated a dose-related teratogenic effect in rats when given parenterally at doses of 30 mg/kg and greater. The drug was also teratogenic in the rabbit at dosages of 5 mg/kg and greater by the parenteral route or when applied topically in 10% concentration to 5 or 10% of the body surface area. The pattern of malformation was similar in the two species, and consisted of multiple, severe abnormalities of the head, trunk, and limbs. The drug had no demonstrable teratogenic effect in a limited study in the rhesus monkey; nor were there adverse effects on the offspring when it was applied intravaginally to pregnant rats in the perinatal period.", "PMID": 407663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4227", "title": "Cleft palate following prenatal food restriction in mice: association with elevated maternal corticosteroids.", "content": "Following food restriction of pregnant CD-1 mice, the maternal serum corticosteroid levels and incidence of skeletal and visceral abnormalities of the progeny were determined. Dams from the groups receiving restricted food on gestation days 6 to 15 had increased resorptions, and the progeny had delayed ossification of the skeleton with cleft palate accompanied by delayed ossification of the presphenoid bone. The incidence and intensity of these changes was correlated with the level of food restriction. The incidence of cleft palate for progeny from dams receiving 4.0 to 2.5 g of feed per day ranged from 6.3% to 100.0%, respectively. Serum corticosteroid levels of pregnant control and food restricted dams were similar on gestation day 10, but the levels of food restricted dams were 6 to 10 times greater than controls on gestation day 15. Thus cleft palate, delayed skeletal ossification, and increased resorptions are predictably produced by food restriction of CD-1 mice and were highly correlated with the elevated endogenous serum corticosteroid levels.", "contents": "Cleft palate following prenatal food restriction in mice: association with elevated maternal corticosteroids. Following food restriction of pregnant CD-1 mice, the maternal serum corticosteroid levels and incidence of skeletal and visceral abnormalities of the progeny were determined. Dams from the groups receiving restricted food on gestation days 6 to 15 had increased resorptions, and the progeny had delayed ossification of the skeleton with cleft palate accompanied by delayed ossification of the presphenoid bone. The incidence and intensity of these changes was correlated with the level of food restriction. The incidence of cleft palate for progeny from dams receiving 4.0 to 2.5 g of feed per day ranged from 6.3% to 100.0%, respectively. Serum corticosteroid levels of pregnant control and food restricted dams were similar on gestation day 10, but the levels of food restricted dams were 6 to 10 times greater than controls on gestation day 15. Thus cleft palate, delayed skeletal ossification, and increased resorptions are predictably produced by food restriction of CD-1 mice and were highly correlated with the elevated endogenous serum corticosteroid levels.", "PMID": 407664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4228", "title": "Syndrome of congenital ventricular diverticulum and midline thoraco-abdominal defects.", "content": "The long-term follow-up of a 30-year-old patient who had a correction of the syndrome of left ventricular diverticulum and thoraco-abdominal defects is presented. The main features of the syndrome include a diverticulum of the left ventricle, a ventricular septal defect, and sometimes other cardiac anomalies. The thoraco-abdominal defects consist of foreshortened sternum, pericardial and diaphragmatic defects, and umbilical hernia. The association of these anomalies is thought to be due to a developmental failure of the primitive paramidline mesoderm. The diagnosis can be made clinically by the presence of a pulsatile, epigastric mass associated with signs of cardiac septal defects and dextrocardia. The prognosis of patients with this syndrome depends mainly on the associated abnormalities although rupture of the diverticulum can be a fatal complication. The treatment of choice is resection of the diverticulum combined with repair of associated anomalies which can give good early and late results.", "contents": "Syndrome of congenital ventricular diverticulum and midline thoraco-abdominal defects. The long-term follow-up of a 30-year-old patient who had a correction of the syndrome of left ventricular diverticulum and thoraco-abdominal defects is presented. The main features of the syndrome include a diverticulum of the left ventricle, a ventricular septal defect, and sometimes other cardiac anomalies. The thoraco-abdominal defects consist of foreshortened sternum, pericardial and diaphragmatic defects, and umbilical hernia. The association of these anomalies is thought to be due to a developmental failure of the primitive paramidline mesoderm. The diagnosis can be made clinically by the presence of a pulsatile, epigastric mass associated with signs of cardiac septal defects and dextrocardia. The prognosis of patients with this syndrome depends mainly on the associated abnormalities although rupture of the diverticulum can be a fatal complication. The treatment of choice is resection of the diverticulum combined with repair of associated anomalies which can give good early and late results.", "PMID": 407665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4229", "title": "Contribution to the standardization of brucella abortus antigens and antisera for agglutination tests by photo-electric measurement.", "content": "Variations in the dose-response curve were graphically and arithmetically represented for the serum agglutination test in brucellosis, instances being given of the use in field conditions of a method of standardizing antigens and testing reference sera compared with standard preparations.", "contents": "Contribution to the standardization of brucella abortus antigens and antisera for agglutination tests by photo-electric measurement. Variations in the dose-response curve were graphically and arithmetically represented for the serum agglutination test in brucellosis, instances being given of the use in field conditions of a method of standardizing antigens and testing reference sera compared with standard preparations.", "PMID": 407669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4230", "title": "Fixation of platelets for scanning and transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "A double fixation method of preparing platelet suspensions for both scanning and transmission electron microscopy is outlined. Prefixation in 0.1% glutaraldehyde allows for immediate preservation of morphologic characteristics induced by experimental procedures, but does not completely destroy platelet surface stickiness. Preservation of surface stickiness allows subsequent production of a platelet pellet for processing for transmission electron microscopy. This pelleting cannot be achieved when higher initial concentrations of glutaraldehyde are used for prefixation. Prefixation in 0.1% glutaraldehyde is also an appropriate initial step for preservation of platelets in suspension for scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Fixation of platelets for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A double fixation method of preparing platelet suspensions for both scanning and transmission electron microscopy is outlined. Prefixation in 0.1% glutaraldehyde allows for immediate preservation of morphologic characteristics induced by experimental procedures, but does not completely destroy platelet surface stickiness. Preservation of surface stickiness allows subsequent production of a platelet pellet for processing for transmission electron microscopy. This pelleting cannot be achieved when higher initial concentrations of glutaraldehyde are used for prefixation. Prefixation in 0.1% glutaraldehyde is also an appropriate initial step for preservation of platelets in suspension for scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 407672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4231", "title": "A comparison of the pathogenesis of protein-energy malnutrition in Uganda and The Gambia.", "content": "The pattern of growth, biochemical and endocrine development, dietary intake and disease patterns of rural children in Uganda and The Gambia have been monitored during the first three years of life in order to gain a more complete understanding of the reasons why in Uganda kwashiorkor predominates, whereas in The Gambia it is marasmus. Evidence is produced which supports the view that the hormonal balance, particularly cortisol and insulin status, can have a profound influence on which organs of the body are preferentially affected by malnutrition and hence on the type of protein-energy malnutrition which is likely to emerge. There were, however, also important differences in protein and energy intake between the two countries.", "contents": "A comparison of the pathogenesis of protein-energy malnutrition in Uganda and The Gambia. The pattern of growth, biochemical and endocrine development, dietary intake and disease patterns of rural children in Uganda and The Gambia have been monitored during the first three years of life in order to gain a more complete understanding of the reasons why in Uganda kwashiorkor predominates, whereas in The Gambia it is marasmus. Evidence is produced which supports the view that the hormonal balance, particularly cortisol and insulin status, can have a profound influence on which organs of the body are preferentially affected by malnutrition and hence on the type of protein-energy malnutrition which is likely to emerge. There were, however, also important differences in protein and energy intake between the two countries.", "PMID": 407673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4232", "title": "The identification by isoenzyme patterns of two distinct strain-groups of Trypanosoma cruzi, circulating independently in a rural area of Brazil.", "content": "Culture forms of 17 Trypanosoma cruzi stocks, primarily isolated from a rural area of endemic Chagas disease at S\u00e3o Felipe, Bahia, Brazil, were compared by the electrophoretic patterns of six enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (decarb-oxylating) (NADP+), glucosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglucomutase. Two markedly distinct combinations of isoenzyme patterns were seen, justifying the arrangement of the 17 stocks into two strain-groups, each of which was enzymically homogeneous. One combination was characteristic of the 11 domestic stocks of T. cruzi derived from both human infections and domiciliated animals; the second was characteristic of the six sylvatic stocks derived from opossums and a sylvatic triatomine species. The enzyme patterns were independent of the original host and the type of culture medium used. Distinction of the two strain-groups accords with epidemiological evidence that the domestic and sylvatic transmission cycles in S\u00e3o Felipe do not overlap. It is suggested that the diverse enzyme characters of the two strain-groups circulating in S\u00e3o Felipe reflect diverse origins; the domestic form of T. cruzi probably invaded the area from the south of Brazil with the domestic triatomine vector, Panstrongylus megistus.", "contents": "The identification by isoenzyme patterns of two distinct strain-groups of Trypanosoma cruzi, circulating independently in a rural area of Brazil. Culture forms of 17 Trypanosoma cruzi stocks, primarily isolated from a rural area of endemic Chagas disease at S\u00e3o Felipe, Bahia, Brazil, were compared by the electrophoretic patterns of six enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (decarb-oxylating) (NADP+), glucosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglucomutase. Two markedly distinct combinations of isoenzyme patterns were seen, justifying the arrangement of the 17 stocks into two strain-groups, each of which was enzymically homogeneous. One combination was characteristic of the 11 domestic stocks of T. cruzi derived from both human infections and domiciliated animals; the second was characteristic of the six sylvatic stocks derived from opossums and a sylvatic triatomine species. The enzyme patterns were independent of the original host and the type of culture medium used. Distinction of the two strain-groups accords with epidemiological evidence that the domestic and sylvatic transmission cycles in S\u00e3o Felipe do not overlap. It is suggested that the diverse enzyme characters of the two strain-groups circulating in S\u00e3o Felipe reflect diverse origins; the domestic form of T. cruzi probably invaded the area from the south of Brazil with the domestic triatomine vector, Panstrongylus megistus.", "PMID": 407674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4233", "title": "A yellow fever epizootic in Zika forest, Uganda, during 1972: Part 1: Virus isolation and sentinel monkeys.", "content": "The results of the yellow fever immunity survey of Central and East Africa reported by SAWYER & WHITMAN in 1936 prompted scientists to undertake well-planned epidemiological studies on yellow fever in eastern Africa. A Yellow Fever Research Institute (the present East African Virus Research Institute) was established at Entebbe in 1936 for this purpose. One of the areas where much work has been carried out is a strip of typical tropical forest, the Zika Forest, 12 kilometres from the Institute. Routine surveillance work, particularly on the biting activity of the yellow fever vector mosquitoes, has been going on since 1946. It was during one of these studies in 1972 that the first yellow fever virus strain was isolated from Aedes africanus collected from the Zika and Sisa forests and one strain was isolated from Coquillettidia fuscopennata, also from the Zika Forest. Three sentinel rhesus monkeys, nomimmune to YF, which were kept in the Zika Forest during the time of the epizootic died of YF disease. The present observations indicate that YF is still present in Africa, and as such it still remains a potential menace to the human population. The epidemiological implications are discussed.", "contents": "A yellow fever epizootic in Zika forest, Uganda, during 1972: Part 1: Virus isolation and sentinel monkeys. The results of the yellow fever immunity survey of Central and East Africa reported by SAWYER & WHITMAN in 1936 prompted scientists to undertake well-planned epidemiological studies on yellow fever in eastern Africa. A Yellow Fever Research Institute (the present East African Virus Research Institute) was established at Entebbe in 1936 for this purpose. One of the areas where much work has been carried out is a strip of typical tropical forest, the Zika Forest, 12 kilometres from the Institute. Routine surveillance work, particularly on the biting activity of the yellow fever vector mosquitoes, has been going on since 1946. It was during one of these studies in 1972 that the first yellow fever virus strain was isolated from Aedes africanus collected from the Zika and Sisa forests and one strain was isolated from Coquillettidia fuscopennata, also from the Zika Forest. Three sentinel rhesus monkeys, nomimmune to YF, which were kept in the Zika Forest during the time of the epizootic died of YF disease. The present observations indicate that YF is still present in Africa, and as such it still remains a potential menace to the human population. The epidemiological implications are discussed.", "PMID": 407675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4234", "title": "Comparative survival of pancreatic islets, heart, kidney, and skin allografts in rats, with and without enhancement.", "content": "Enhancement of (AS X Aug)F1 pancreatic islet allograft survival in diabetic AS rats was achieved by treating the recipient with a course of antidonor antiserum. Their survival in both untreated and treated recipients was compared with the survival of transplanted heart, kidney, and skin allografts similarly treated. The islet allografts in the untreated group were rejected by a mean of 3.2 days whereas the other allografts were rejected by a mean of 8.3 days. In the enhanced group all of the kidney allografts, 7 of 11 heart allografts, and 4 of 10 islet allografts had a prolonged survival, whereas none of the skin allografts had a prolonged survival. Islet allografts are thus more susceptible to rejection than other tissues, but their survival can be prolonged using specific immunosuppression. The reasons for the increased susceptibility to rejection are discussed.", "contents": "Comparative survival of pancreatic islets, heart, kidney, and skin allografts in rats, with and without enhancement. Enhancement of (AS X Aug)F1 pancreatic islet allograft survival in diabetic AS rats was achieved by treating the recipient with a course of antidonor antiserum. Their survival in both untreated and treated recipients was compared with the survival of transplanted heart, kidney, and skin allografts similarly treated. The islet allografts in the untreated group were rejected by a mean of 3.2 days whereas the other allografts were rejected by a mean of 8.3 days. In the enhanced group all of the kidney allografts, 7 of 11 heart allografts, and 4 of 10 islet allografts had a prolonged survival, whereas none of the skin allografts had a prolonged survival. Islet allografts are thus more susceptible to rejection than other tissues, but their survival can be prolonged using specific immunosuppression. The reasons for the increased susceptibility to rejection are discussed.", "PMID": 407677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4235", "title": "[Radiographic findings in Rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with African lung flukes (Paragonimus africanus and P. uterobilateralis) (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiographic pattern in the course of experimentally infected Rhesus monkeys with the two African fluke species Paragonimus africanus and P. uterobilateralis consist of hilar dilatation, streaky, patchy or diffuse shadows, cavities, atelectases and pleural reactions. All animals develop changes in both lungs, those infected with P. africanus preferentially in the lower parts. There is an obvious correlation with the autopsy findings in the same animals as well as radiological features in human infections in the endemic area.", "contents": "[Radiographic findings in Rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with African lung flukes (Paragonimus africanus and P. uterobilateralis) (author's transl)]. The radiographic pattern in the course of experimentally infected Rhesus monkeys with the two African fluke species Paragonimus africanus and P. uterobilateralis consist of hilar dilatation, streaky, patchy or diffuse shadows, cavities, atelectases and pleural reactions. All animals develop changes in both lungs, those infected with P. africanus preferentially in the lower parts. There is an obvious correlation with the autopsy findings in the same animals as well as radiological features in human infections in the endemic area.", "PMID": 407680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4236", "title": "[Histopathological alterations in rhesus monkeys after experimental infections with African lung flukes (Paragonimus africanus and P. uterobilateralis) (author's transl)].", "content": "Histopathological observations in monkeys experimentally infected with African lung flukes are reported. The observations were made on 3 Rhesus monkeys, infected with Paragonimus africanus from West-Cameroon, and on 5 Rhesus monkeys, infected with P. uterobilateralis from Eastern Nigeria. For comparison, the lung of a naturally infected Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) was included in the study. The following lesions were found: formation of parasite cavernae, intense infiltration of the cavern wall with plasma cells; formation of egg granulomata in the lung tissue with intense plasma cell infiltration; peribronchial and perivascular cellular infiltration, concomitant and consistent pleuritis; reactive cellular hyperplasia of hilar lymph nodes and of spleen. Evidently, in the stages of infection examined so far, the immune response of the host is mainly of the humoral type. Experimental Paragonimus infections in monkeys may serve as a model in studies on human paragonimiasis in Eastern Nigeria and West-Cameroon. Likewise, they may serve in studies on granulomatous inflammation.", "contents": "[Histopathological alterations in rhesus monkeys after experimental infections with African lung flukes (Paragonimus africanus and P. uterobilateralis) (author's transl)]. Histopathological observations in monkeys experimentally infected with African lung flukes are reported. The observations were made on 3 Rhesus monkeys, infected with Paragonimus africanus from West-Cameroon, and on 5 Rhesus monkeys, infected with P. uterobilateralis from Eastern Nigeria. For comparison, the lung of a naturally infected Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) was included in the study. The following lesions were found: formation of parasite cavernae, intense infiltration of the cavern wall with plasma cells; formation of egg granulomata in the lung tissue with intense plasma cell infiltration; peribronchial and perivascular cellular infiltration, concomitant and consistent pleuritis; reactive cellular hyperplasia of hilar lymph nodes and of spleen. Evidently, in the stages of infection examined so far, the immune response of the host is mainly of the humoral type. Experimental Paragonimus infections in monkeys may serve as a model in studies on human paragonimiasis in Eastern Nigeria and West-Cameroon. Likewise, they may serve in studies on granulomatous inflammation.", "PMID": 407681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4237", "title": "Studies on Theileriidae (Sporozoa) in Tanzania. VII. Additional note on the transmission of Theileria parva.", "content": "Rhipicephalus evertsi successfully transmitted fatal East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection) in one experiment. A second one gave negative results, as did an attempted transmission of T. PARVA BY Amblyomma variegatum.", "contents": "Studies on Theileriidae (Sporozoa) in Tanzania. VII. Additional note on the transmission of Theileria parva. Rhipicephalus evertsi successfully transmitted fatal East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection) in one experiment. A second one gave negative results, as did an attempted transmission of T. PARVA BY Amblyomma variegatum.", "PMID": 407682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4238", "title": "Isolation of a Theileria species from Eland (Taurotragus oryx) infective for cattle.", "content": "Theileria infections were induced in cattle by feeding ticks on them from 3 sources: (a) adult rhipicephalid ticks obtained from the vegetation in a paddock containing an eland EAO at the Animal Orphanage, Nairobi National Park, Kenya, (b) Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adults fed as nymphs on the same eland, (c) R. pulchellus adults fed as nymphs on an eland W 68 captured in the Machakos district of Kenya. Both eland were harbouring Theileria parasites at the time nymphal ticks were fed. Mild infections were produced when adult ticks from these 3 batches were applied to cattle associated with low numbers of schizonts and piroplasms. The indirect fluorescent antibody test demonstrated that cattle recovered from infections resulting from the above 3 tick batches from eland W 68 and EAO produced antibodies which reacted with schizont antigen of the Theileria species (eland) and Theileria species (Githunguri) which had been isolated from cattle and not to antigens of other Theileria species used. The cattle recovered from the Theileria species (eland) were fully susceptible to a lethal challenge of a T. parva (Muguga) stabilate. It was concluded that the Theileria species (eland) and Theileria species (Githunguri) may be closely related and could represent a new species of Theileria infective to cattle.", "contents": "Isolation of a Theileria species from Eland (Taurotragus oryx) infective for cattle. Theileria infections were induced in cattle by feeding ticks on them from 3 sources: (a) adult rhipicephalid ticks obtained from the vegetation in a paddock containing an eland EAO at the Animal Orphanage, Nairobi National Park, Kenya, (b) Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adults fed as nymphs on the same eland, (c) R. pulchellus adults fed as nymphs on an eland W 68 captured in the Machakos district of Kenya. Both eland were harbouring Theileria parasites at the time nymphal ticks were fed. Mild infections were produced when adult ticks from these 3 batches were applied to cattle associated with low numbers of schizonts and piroplasms. The indirect fluorescent antibody test demonstrated that cattle recovered from infections resulting from the above 3 tick batches from eland W 68 and EAO produced antibodies which reacted with schizont antigen of the Theileria species (eland) and Theileria species (Githunguri) which had been isolated from cattle and not to antigens of other Theileria species used. The cattle recovered from the Theileria species (eland) were fully susceptible to a lethal challenge of a T. parva (Muguga) stabilate. It was concluded that the Theileria species (eland) and Theileria species (Githunguri) may be closely related and could represent a new species of Theileria infective to cattle.", "PMID": 407683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4239", "title": "Passive immunization of mice against Trypanosoma cruzi using convalescent mouse serum.", "content": "Groups of 10 mice were infected by the s.c. injection of blood trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, strains \"Y\" and \"Tulahuen\". They were injected i.p. with convalescent mouse-anti-T. cruzi serum (CMATS) at various times. A single dose of CMATS (Y) was most effective when injected one day after homologous infection -31 of 40 mice survived the infection, whereas all controls, both untreated and injected with normal serum, died. CMATS was significantly less effective in treating mice infected with the Tulahuen strain. Sera from animals immunized with killed epimastigotes or trypomastigotes showed only very slight passive immunizing properties.", "contents": "Passive immunization of mice against Trypanosoma cruzi using convalescent mouse serum. Groups of 10 mice were infected by the s.c. injection of blood trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, strains \"Y\" and \"Tulahuen\". They were injected i.p. with convalescent mouse-anti-T. cruzi serum (CMATS) at various times. A single dose of CMATS (Y) was most effective when injected one day after homologous infection -31 of 40 mice survived the infection, whereas all controls, both untreated and injected with normal serum, died. CMATS was significantly less effective in treating mice infected with the Tulahuen strain. Sera from animals immunized with killed epimastigotes or trypomastigotes showed only very slight passive immunizing properties.", "PMID": 407684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4240", "title": "[Chromosomes of 3 lymphoblastoid suspension cell lines obtained from baboons with malignant lymphoma].", "content": "Three suspension cell lines from bone marrow (BMPH-1) and spleens (SPH-2 and SPH-3) of hamadryas baboons with haematosarcoma were presented by analogous lymphoid type cells of a high proliferative activity. The modal class of cells in all the three lines was presented by diploids and pseudodiploids, though there was a significant admixture of heterodiploid and subtriploid cells and cells having various types of marker chromosomes. The reconstructed chromosome 1 and satellite chromosomes dominated among the marker chromosomes indicating their relatively greater mutability. No change was observed in Giemsa-banding during a year's cultivation of all three cell lines. The total number of weakly and poorly differentiating chromosomes in aneuploids is more variable compared to the number of well differentiating chromosomes, due, presumably, to a lesser biological significance of the former.", "contents": "[Chromosomes of 3 lymphoblastoid suspension cell lines obtained from baboons with malignant lymphoma]. Three suspension cell lines from bone marrow (BMPH-1) and spleens (SPH-2 and SPH-3) of hamadryas baboons with haematosarcoma were presented by analogous lymphoid type cells of a high proliferative activity. The modal class of cells in all the three lines was presented by diploids and pseudodiploids, though there was a significant admixture of heterodiploid and subtriploid cells and cells having various types of marker chromosomes. The reconstructed chromosome 1 and satellite chromosomes dominated among the marker chromosomes indicating their relatively greater mutability. No change was observed in Giemsa-banding during a year's cultivation of all three cell lines. The total number of weakly and poorly differentiating chromosomes in aneuploids is more variable compared to the number of well differentiating chromosomes, due, presumably, to a lesser biological significance of the former.", "PMID": 407685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4241", "title": "[Study of populations of nuclear RNA of rat liver cells after short-term exposure to a carcinogen].", "content": "RNA-DNA hybridization in a solution with DNA excess was employed. Rat's livers were given one injection of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, and, when compared 24 hours afterwards with livers from normal untreated rats, demonstrated an altered transcription. The hybridization capacity of the nuclear RNA isolated from carcinogen-treated livers is lower than that of the control RNA. The changes observed in the carcinogen treated RNA population may be due to changes in the rate of transcription in DNA sites.", "contents": "[Study of populations of nuclear RNA of rat liver cells after short-term exposure to a carcinogen]. RNA-DNA hybridization in a solution with DNA excess was employed. Rat's livers were given one injection of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, and, when compared 24 hours afterwards with livers from normal untreated rats, demonstrated an altered transcription. The hybridization capacity of the nuclear RNA isolated from carcinogen-treated livers is lower than that of the control RNA. The changes observed in the carcinogen treated RNA population may be due to changes in the rate of transcription in DNA sites.", "PMID": 407686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4242", "title": "[Trace changes in the quantity of RNA in neurons and neuroglia of the hypothalamic nuclei of the brain following short-term intermittent exposure to cold].", "content": "Adult albino rats were kept for 2 minutes at --20 degrees C, then for 5 minutes at 25 degrees C, this intermittent cooling being repeated 15 times. One hour after the end of the cooling, the RNA quantity per cell was determined by means of visible cytospectrophotometry to find the increase in the cytoplasm of medial preoptic area neurons and in the nuclei of their glial satellite cells as well as in the nuclei of the perineuronal glial cells of mammillary bodies. Two days after the rats had stayed at the room temperature, these RNA changey bodies the RNA content decreased. 3 days later, the RNA content in the whole neuron--neuroglia unit of the preoptic area returned to normal, while in the neurons and neuroglia of mammillary bodies augmented markedly: this augmentation was found as late as 15 days after the cessation of the cooling. 30 days after the end of the cooling, the RNA quantity in the mammillary body neurons returned to normal, whiel in the neuroglia of this hypothalamic nucleus decreased even lower than the normal level. The authors discuss the problem of a so-called \"vegetative memory\" and of the involvement of hypothalamic neuron--neuroglia units in the metabolism tranformation dealing with a consolidation of this memory.", "contents": "[Trace changes in the quantity of RNA in neurons and neuroglia of the hypothalamic nuclei of the brain following short-term intermittent exposure to cold]. Adult albino rats were kept for 2 minutes at --20 degrees C, then for 5 minutes at 25 degrees C, this intermittent cooling being repeated 15 times. One hour after the end of the cooling, the RNA quantity per cell was determined by means of visible cytospectrophotometry to find the increase in the cytoplasm of medial preoptic area neurons and in the nuclei of their glial satellite cells as well as in the nuclei of the perineuronal glial cells of mammillary bodies. Two days after the rats had stayed at the room temperature, these RNA changey bodies the RNA content decreased. 3 days later, the RNA content in the whole neuron--neuroglia unit of the preoptic area returned to normal, while in the neurons and neuroglia of mammillary bodies augmented markedly: this augmentation was found as late as 15 days after the cessation of the cooling. 30 days after the end of the cooling, the RNA quantity in the mammillary body neurons returned to normal, whiel in the neuroglia of this hypothalamic nucleus decreased even lower than the normal level. The authors discuss the problem of a so-called \"vegetative memory\" and of the involvement of hypothalamic neuron--neuroglia units in the metabolism tranformation dealing with a consolidation of this memory.", "PMID": 407687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4243", "title": "Vasectomy in rhesus monkeys I. Surgical techniques and gross observations.", "content": "Vasectomy and vaso-occlusion techniques were used in 47 male rhesus monkeys to maximize and minimize the amount of sperm allowed to escape from the vas into surrounding tissues for up to seventy-two weeks postoperatively. Body weight changes and blood clinical data indicated that the general health of all the monkeys remained good. Normal seasonal changes in body weights and testicular volumes suggested that there were no disturbances to the endocrine system and that the monkeys remained responsive to seasonal environmental stimuli. Vasectomy appears to cause no short-term deleterious effects in the rhesus monkeys, based on observations made during the seventy-two weeks that these monkeys were study after vasectomy. This conclusion agrees with the findings of other investigators.", "contents": "Vasectomy in rhesus monkeys I. Surgical techniques and gross observations. Vasectomy and vaso-occlusion techniques were used in 47 male rhesus monkeys to maximize and minimize the amount of sperm allowed to escape from the vas into surrounding tissues for up to seventy-two weeks postoperatively. Body weight changes and blood clinical data indicated that the general health of all the monkeys remained good. Normal seasonal changes in body weights and testicular volumes suggested that there were no disturbances to the endocrine system and that the monkeys remained responsive to seasonal environmental stimuli. Vasectomy appears to cause no short-term deleterious effects in the rhesus monkeys, based on observations made during the seventy-two weeks that these monkeys were study after vasectomy. This conclusion agrees with the findings of other investigators.", "PMID": 407690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4244", "title": "[Study of bone tissue insoluble collagen hydrolysis by Streptomyces griseus protease using the method of N-terminal analysis].", "content": "Str. griseus protease hydrolyzes essentially insoluble collagen of bone tissue, with 34.5% of protein solubilized and 6.0% of peptide bonds splitted. 60.0 M of N-terminal amino acids is formed per 10(5) g of protein, out of them 16.8 in the fraction of free amino acids, 32.3 M in the fraction of soluble DNP-peptides and 10.9 M in that of insoluble DNP-peptides. Under the effect of trypsin the amount of collagen changing to the soluble form is thrice as low and the splitted peptide bonds are ten times as low as in case of the Str. griseus protease action. The peptide bonds incorporating the N-end of serine, threonine, glycine are more available for protease. It is supposed that under used conditions Str. griseus protease hydrolyzes not only telepeptides but also the main molecule of collagen.", "contents": "[Study of bone tissue insoluble collagen hydrolysis by Streptomyces griseus protease using the method of N-terminal analysis]. Str. griseus protease hydrolyzes essentially insoluble collagen of bone tissue, with 34.5% of protein solubilized and 6.0% of peptide bonds splitted. 60.0 M of N-terminal amino acids is formed per 10(5) g of protein, out of them 16.8 in the fraction of free amino acids, 32.3 M in the fraction of soluble DNP-peptides and 10.9 M in that of insoluble DNP-peptides. Under the effect of trypsin the amount of collagen changing to the soluble form is thrice as low and the splitted peptide bonds are ten times as low as in case of the Str. griseus protease action. The peptide bonds incorporating the N-end of serine, threonine, glycine are more available for protease. It is supposed that under used conditions Str. griseus protease hydrolyzes not only telepeptides but also the main molecule of collagen.", "PMID": 407689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4245", "title": "[Ascorbic acid levels in the bronchopneumonia of calves].", "content": "The level of ascorbic acid in the blood plasma of 59 calves was determined. The age of the calves ranged between two and three months and the samples of blood were collected in January. The first group of calves included 30 animals displaying no clinical symptoms of disease: the average ascorbic acid level was 0.50 +/- 0.18 mg per 100 ml. In the second group, consisting of 19 calves, the blood of the animals was collected three weeks after the termination of the acute stage of bronchopneumonia; the average value of ascorbic acid was 0.30 +/- 0.14 mg per 100 ml. The lowest average value of ascorbic acid was obtained in the calves at an acute stage of bronchopneumonia, reaching 0.18 +/- 0.11 mg per 100 ml. The differences of results between groups I and II and between groups I and III were found to be statistically significant. A conspicuous drop of ascorbic acid level was ascertained in calves suffering from bronchopneumonia-this problem needs deeper scrutiny, owing to the fact that bronchopneumonia is responsible for considerable economic losses in large-capacity calf houses.", "contents": "[Ascorbic acid levels in the bronchopneumonia of calves]. The level of ascorbic acid in the blood plasma of 59 calves was determined. The age of the calves ranged between two and three months and the samples of blood were collected in January. The first group of calves included 30 animals displaying no clinical symptoms of disease: the average ascorbic acid level was 0.50 +/- 0.18 mg per 100 ml. In the second group, consisting of 19 calves, the blood of the animals was collected three weeks after the termination of the acute stage of bronchopneumonia; the average value of ascorbic acid was 0.30 +/- 0.14 mg per 100 ml. The lowest average value of ascorbic acid was obtained in the calves at an acute stage of bronchopneumonia, reaching 0.18 +/- 0.11 mg per 100 ml. The differences of results between groups I and II and between groups I and III were found to be statistically significant. A conspicuous drop of ascorbic acid level was ascertained in calves suffering from bronchopneumonia-this problem needs deeper scrutiny, owing to the fact that bronchopneumonia is responsible for considerable economic losses in large-capacity calf houses.", "PMID": 407694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4246", "title": "[Changes of the clinico-biochemical indices in the rumirid juice and urine in experimental aflatoxicosis of dairy cows].", "content": "The health condition and course of fermentation processes in the rumen were studied in four cows of the Red Spotted breed at the age of four to nine years. The clinico-biochemical indices in the rumen liquor and urine were used. The experimental animals were exposed to a mixture of aflatoxins applied in the dose of 200 mg B1 and 80 mg B2. The toxic action of aflatoxins manifested itself as inappetence, increased temperature, changes in the pulse and respiration rate and reduced activity of the proventriculi. Diarrhoea was observed in two animals. The pH value, total acidity and ammonia level in rumen liquor ranged within the limits of reference values. The significant drop of the production of volatile fatty acids with changes in their proportions and a reduction of the acetic acid level with a simultaneous increase of the percentage of butyric acid testity to a disorder in the activity of rumen microflora. The reduction of the number of infusorians as a biological indicator of fermentation processes proves the correctness of this assumption. During the elimination of aflatoxins through the kidneys the function of the kidneys is impaired, showed proteinuria, ketonuria, glycosuria and haematuria.", "contents": "[Changes of the clinico-biochemical indices in the rumirid juice and urine in experimental aflatoxicosis of dairy cows]. The health condition and course of fermentation processes in the rumen were studied in four cows of the Red Spotted breed at the age of four to nine years. The clinico-biochemical indices in the rumen liquor and urine were used. The experimental animals were exposed to a mixture of aflatoxins applied in the dose of 200 mg B1 and 80 mg B2. The toxic action of aflatoxins manifested itself as inappetence, increased temperature, changes in the pulse and respiration rate and reduced activity of the proventriculi. Diarrhoea was observed in two animals. The pH value, total acidity and ammonia level in rumen liquor ranged within the limits of reference values. The significant drop of the production of volatile fatty acids with changes in their proportions and a reduction of the acetic acid level with a simultaneous increase of the percentage of butyric acid testity to a disorder in the activity of rumen microflora. The reduction of the number of infusorians as a biological indicator of fermentation processes proves the correctness of this assumption. During the elimination of aflatoxins through the kidneys the function of the kidneys is impaired, showed proteinuria, ketonuria, glycosuria and haematuria.", "PMID": 407695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4247", "title": "[Dynamics of urea concentration in cockerels during the 1st month of life].", "content": "The concentration of urea in the blood serum of 190 cockerels (The Primant commercial hybrid) was determined by means of diacetylmonoxim (Homolka, 1971). Uremia reached values from 0 to 23.20 +/- 5.29 mg per 100 ml. A high individual variability of uremia was found.", "contents": "[Dynamics of urea concentration in cockerels during the 1st month of life]. The concentration of urea in the blood serum of 190 cockerels (The Primant commercial hybrid) was determined by means of diacetylmonoxim (Homolka, 1971). Uremia reached values from 0 to 23.20 +/- 5.29 mg per 100 ml. A high individual variability of uremia was found.", "PMID": 407696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4248", "title": "[Circadian rhythmicity of urea concentration in the liver and blood serum of cockerels].", "content": "The circadian rhythmicity of urea concentration was studied in 70 12-day-old cockerels (the Primant commercial hybrid). Urea in the liver homogenate supernatant and in the blood serum was determined by means of diacetylmonoxim (Homolka, 1971). The cockerels were killed in four-hour intervals. Urea concentration in the liver reached its peak at 15.30 o'clock (123.36 +/- 6.32 in conversion to wet tissue or 0.308 +/- 0.01 mg of nitrogen per 100 mg). The circadian rhythmicity of uremia generally coincided with the rhythmicity of urea in the liver.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythmicity of urea concentration in the liver and blood serum of cockerels]. The circadian rhythmicity of urea concentration was studied in 70 12-day-old cockerels (the Primant commercial hybrid). Urea in the liver homogenate supernatant and in the blood serum was determined by means of diacetylmonoxim (Homolka, 1971). The cockerels were killed in four-hour intervals. Urea concentration in the liver reached its peak at 15.30 o'clock (123.36 +/- 6.32 in conversion to wet tissue or 0.308 +/- 0.01 mg of nitrogen per 100 mg). The circadian rhythmicity of uremia generally coincided with the rhythmicity of urea in the liver.", "PMID": 407697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4249", "title": "[Blood picture of calves from primiparae kept under large-scale production conditions in the early postnatal period].", "content": "Twelve calves of the Red Spotted breed and its crossbreds born by first-calvers, kept in a large-capacity stable of a dairy farm, were subject to the study of the ontogenetic development of the values of the blood picture from birth up to the 10th day of age. The erythrocyte and leucocyte count, the packed cell volume and the relative and absolute number of neutrophils reached the significantly highest levels in calves before drinking the colostrum. The amount of haemoglobin, MCV and MCHC reached the highest values on the first day after birth. The values of the red blood picture decreased in the first week of life and reached the minimum on the tenth day. The leucocyte count decreased during the first to second day after birth, the decrease being due to a drop of the absolute number of neutrophils, and on the tenth day the leucocyte count returned to its initial value. Neutrophils prevailed in the peripheral blood of new-born calves whereas lymphocytes prevailed in the peripheral blood from the fourth day of life on. The amount of cosinophiles in the peripheral blood of the calves was about 0.5% up to the fourth day; on the seventh day it exceeded 1%. The relative number of monocytes was at its minimum level just after birth and showed a significant increase during the second to fourth day.", "contents": "[Blood picture of calves from primiparae kept under large-scale production conditions in the early postnatal period]. Twelve calves of the Red Spotted breed and its crossbreds born by first-calvers, kept in a large-capacity stable of a dairy farm, were subject to the study of the ontogenetic development of the values of the blood picture from birth up to the 10th day of age. The erythrocyte and leucocyte count, the packed cell volume and the relative and absolute number of neutrophils reached the significantly highest levels in calves before drinking the colostrum. The amount of haemoglobin, MCV and MCHC reached the highest values on the first day after birth. The values of the red blood picture decreased in the first week of life and reached the minimum on the tenth day. The leucocyte count decreased during the first to second day after birth, the decrease being due to a drop of the absolute number of neutrophils, and on the tenth day the leucocyte count returned to its initial value. Neutrophils prevailed in the peripheral blood of new-born calves whereas lymphocytes prevailed in the peripheral blood from the fourth day of life on. The amount of cosinophiles in the peripheral blood of the calves was about 0.5% up to the fourth day; on the seventh day it exceeded 1%. The relative number of monocytes was at its minimum level just after birth and showed a significant increase during the second to fourth day.", "PMID": 407698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4250", "title": "An epizootic among knots (Calidris canutus) in Florida. II. Ultrastructure of the causative agent, a Besnoitia-like organism.", "content": "Multinucleated cysts near the luminal surface of the thoracic aortas of diseased knots (Calidris canutus) were similar to besnoitia cysts. Ultrastructurally, the cyst had four distinct layers. The central area included a vacuole that contained a sporozoan with a conoid, polar ring, micronemes, rhoptries, nucleus, mitochondria, dense bodies, a lipid-like vacuole and endoplasmic reticulum. External to the vacuole was a layer with organelles typical of vertebrate cells. The wall of the cyst was irregular in thickness and was bound by a strongly osmiophilic membrane. There was a loose, acellular area of intertwined strands between the cysts wall and layer of organelles.", "contents": "An epizootic among knots (Calidris canutus) in Florida. II. Ultrastructure of the causative agent, a Besnoitia-like organism. Multinucleated cysts near the luminal surface of the thoracic aortas of diseased knots (Calidris canutus) were similar to besnoitia cysts. Ultrastructurally, the cyst had four distinct layers. The central area included a vacuole that contained a sporozoan with a conoid, polar ring, micronemes, rhoptries, nucleus, mitochondria, dense bodies, a lipid-like vacuole and endoplasmic reticulum. External to the vacuole was a layer with organelles typical of vertebrate cells. The wall of the cyst was irregular in thickness and was bound by a strongly osmiophilic membrane. There was a loose, acellular area of intertwined strands between the cysts wall and layer of organelles.", "PMID": 407700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4251", "title": "Paecilomycosis in a nonhuman primate (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Focal granulomas caused by fungi in the genus Paecilomyces occurred at subcutaneous and laryngeal sites in a Rhesus monkey. Slight wheezing was noted 8 months before the monkey died. Death was unexpected and was caused by asphyxiation after occlusion of the larynx by a fungal granuloma.", "contents": "Paecilomycosis in a nonhuman primate (Macaca mulatta). Focal granulomas caused by fungi in the genus Paecilomyces occurred at subcutaneous and laryngeal sites in a Rhesus monkey. Slight wheezing was noted 8 months before the monkey died. Death was unexpected and was caused by asphyxiation after occlusion of the larynx by a fungal granuloma.", "PMID": 407701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4252", "title": "Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "A female squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) had granulomatous lesions in the liver and colon. There were many fungal organisms in sections of liver and many of these organisms had multiple buds on their surface. Although we did not prepare fungal cultures, the appearance of the organisms was sufficient to identify them as Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis, the cause of paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis).", "contents": "Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). A female squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) had granulomatous lesions in the liver and colon. There were many fungal organisms in sections of liver and many of these organisms had multiple buds on their surface. Although we did not prepare fungal cultures, the appearance of the organisms was sufficient to identify them as Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis, the cause of paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis).", "PMID": 407702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4253", "title": "A morphometric study of the inhibition of autophagic degradation during restorative growth of liver cells in rats re-fed after starvation.", "content": "In the parenchymal cells of the liver of adult male rats re-fed on the evening of the fifth day after a period of absolute starvation, a nearly complete absence of autophagic vacuoles (AV) has been found by the morphometric determination of the fractional cytoplasmic volume of AV. The mean value for that parameter increased only gradually during periods of re-feeding. The value was found to be in the range of the control values only on, or after, the fifth day of re-feeding. As in previous experiments, in the control animals the number of AV was again found to be dependent on a circadian rhythm with maxima during the light, and minima during the dark, periods. This rhythm reappeared in the period of re-feeding without a shift in phase. In the controls as well as in the re-fed animals the \"segregated fraction\" was highest for microbodies, intermediate for mitochondria and glycogen, but rather low for the remaining components of the cytoplasm. It is suggested that the long term inhibition of cellular autophagy, found in the present study, plays an important role in the restorative cellular growth of the liver during the recovery from the atrophy induced by starvation.", "contents": "A morphometric study of the inhibition of autophagic degradation during restorative growth of liver cells in rats re-fed after starvation. In the parenchymal cells of the liver of adult male rats re-fed on the evening of the fifth day after a period of absolute starvation, a nearly complete absence of autophagic vacuoles (AV) has been found by the morphometric determination of the fractional cytoplasmic volume of AV. The mean value for that parameter increased only gradually during periods of re-feeding. The value was found to be in the range of the control values only on, or after, the fifth day of re-feeding. As in previous experiments, in the control animals the number of AV was again found to be dependent on a circadian rhythm with maxima during the light, and minima during the dark, periods. This rhythm reappeared in the period of re-feeding without a shift in phase. In the controls as well as in the re-fed animals the \"segregated fraction\" was highest for microbodies, intermediate for mitochondria and glycogen, but rather low for the remaining components of the cytoplasm. It is suggested that the long term inhibition of cellular autophagy, found in the present study, plays an important role in the restorative cellular growth of the liver during the recovery from the atrophy induced by starvation.", "PMID": 407706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4254", "title": "Gentamicin nephrotoxicity. II. Physiological, biochemical and morphological effects of prolonged administration to rats.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine the morphological, physiological and biochemical effects of gentamicin upon the rat kidney following prolonged administration of the antibiotic. Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 strain rats were given 3, 10, 20 or 40 mg gentamicin per kg body weight per day for 28 days. Morphologic alterations were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Functional parameters included glomerular filtration rate, PAH secretion, renal plasma flow, sodium reabsorption, potassium excretion, urine volume and protein, and serum urea nitrogen. Oxidative metabolism of mitochondrial fractions from renal cortical homogenates was evaluated by oxygen uptake and P:O ratios. The results indicate focal proximal tubular injury, decreased tubular maximum secretion of PAH, and altered oxidative metabolism at the higher dose levels of gentamicin. Neither elevations of serum urea nitrogen nor alterations in glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, or sodium or potassium excretion were observed. Thus, it appears that high dose levels (40 mg per kg per day) alter the structure and function of some proximal tubular segments when administered over prolonged periods. The alterations appear reversible. Although nephro-toxicity is identified under these conditions in rats, extrapolation to human patients usually receiving much lower doses must be guarded.", "contents": "Gentamicin nephrotoxicity. II. Physiological, biochemical and morphological effects of prolonged administration to rats. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the morphological, physiological and biochemical effects of gentamicin upon the rat kidney following prolonged administration of the antibiotic. Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 strain rats were given 3, 10, 20 or 40 mg gentamicin per kg body weight per day for 28 days. Morphologic alterations were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Functional parameters included glomerular filtration rate, PAH secretion, renal plasma flow, sodium reabsorption, potassium excretion, urine volume and protein, and serum urea nitrogen. Oxidative metabolism of mitochondrial fractions from renal cortical homogenates was evaluated by oxygen uptake and P:O ratios. The results indicate focal proximal tubular injury, decreased tubular maximum secretion of PAH, and altered oxidative metabolism at the higher dose levels of gentamicin. Neither elevations of serum urea nitrogen nor alterations in glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, or sodium or potassium excretion were observed. Thus, it appears that high dose levels (40 mg per kg per day) alter the structure and function of some proximal tubular segments when administered over prolonged periods. The alterations appear reversible. Although nephro-toxicity is identified under these conditions in rats, extrapolation to human patients usually receiving much lower doses must be guarded.", "PMID": 407707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4255", "title": "The influence of adrenoceptor activity on cell proliferation in colonic crypt ipithelium and in colonic adenocarcinomata.", "content": "The effects of chemical sympathectomy and of the injection of amines or amine-receptor blocking drugs on cell proliferation in colonic crypts and in dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic carcinomata is examined in rats using a stathmokinetic technique. In animals which had been chemically sympathectomized by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine cell proliferation essentially ceased in the colonic crypts but continued at a normal rate in the tumours. Stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors by metaraminol, a drug with properties similar to noradrenaline, caused acceleration of cell proliferation in colonic crypts but not in tumours. Conversely, blockade of alpha-adrenoceptors by phentolamine inhibited cell proliferation in crypts but not in tumours. Injection of adrenaline, predominantly a beta-adrenergic agonist, inhibited cell proliferation in the tumours but not in colonic crypts whereas blockade of beta-adrenoceptors by propranolol accelerated cell proliferation in tumours but not in colonic crypts. It is postulated that cell proliferation in the crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn in rat colon resembles that in rat jejunum in being controlled by the autonomic nervous system. However, tumour cell proliferation does not appear to be subject to such regulation.", "contents": "The influence of adrenoceptor activity on cell proliferation in colonic crypt ipithelium and in colonic adenocarcinomata. The effects of chemical sympathectomy and of the injection of amines or amine-receptor blocking drugs on cell proliferation in colonic crypts and in dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic carcinomata is examined in rats using a stathmokinetic technique. In animals which had been chemically sympathectomized by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine cell proliferation essentially ceased in the colonic crypts but continued at a normal rate in the tumours. Stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors by metaraminol, a drug with properties similar to noradrenaline, caused acceleration of cell proliferation in colonic crypts but not in tumours. Conversely, blockade of alpha-adrenoceptors by phentolamine inhibited cell proliferation in crypts but not in tumours. Injection of adrenaline, predominantly a beta-adrenergic agonist, inhibited cell proliferation in the tumours but not in colonic crypts whereas blockade of beta-adrenoceptors by propranolol accelerated cell proliferation in tumours but not in colonic crypts. It is postulated that cell proliferation in the crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn in rat colon resembles that in rat jejunum in being controlled by the autonomic nervous system. However, tumour cell proliferation does not appear to be subject to such regulation.", "PMID": 407708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4256", "title": "Observations on the association of annulate lamellae with vinblastine-induced paracrystals in tumour cells in vitro.", "content": "Tumour cells in vitro responded to prolonged treatment with colchicine with the formation of annulate lamellae. Following the colchicine treatment, paracrystals were induced with vinblastine. A close association of annulate lamellae with vinblastine-induced crystals was observed. The hypothesis that annulate lamellae and the related unclear membrane with the pore complexes may play a role in the control of the cytoplasmic microtubule complex is discussed.", "contents": "Observations on the association of annulate lamellae with vinblastine-induced paracrystals in tumour cells in vitro. Tumour cells in vitro responded to prolonged treatment with colchicine with the formation of annulate lamellae. Following the colchicine treatment, paracrystals were induced with vinblastine. A close association of annulate lamellae with vinblastine-induced crystals was observed. The hypothesis that annulate lamellae and the related unclear membrane with the pore complexes may play a role in the control of the cytoplasmic microtubule complex is discussed.", "PMID": 407709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4257", "title": "Immunofluorescent studies of epidermal protein during UV induced carcinogenesis.", "content": "Previous studies with agar diffusion technique demonstrated that antibodies produced in rabbits by injection of urea extractable proteins of rat cornfied cells cross react with proteins extracted from normal epidermis of hairless mice using the same technique. In the present study we investigated by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy the immunoreactivity of epidermal proteins in normal and ultraviolet light (UVB) induced hyperplasia and malignant transformation. Reactivity to the antibody was seen over the entire epidermis of nontreated skin and hypertrophied epidermis which occurred at 6-8 weeks after initiation of UVB irradiation. However, the reactivity diminished when malignant changes took place in the epidermal cells. Almost complete disappearance of the immunoresponse was observed in squamous cell carcinoma produced by further UVB radiation. These results suggest that the reactivity of this urea extractable protein serves as an additional immunologic marker for normal epidermal cells. Alterations in the immunoreactivity parallels UVB induced carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent studies of epidermal protein during UV induced carcinogenesis. Previous studies with agar diffusion technique demonstrated that antibodies produced in rabbits by injection of urea extractable proteins of rat cornfied cells cross react with proteins extracted from normal epidermis of hairless mice using the same technique. In the present study we investigated by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy the immunoreactivity of epidermal proteins in normal and ultraviolet light (UVB) induced hyperplasia and malignant transformation. Reactivity to the antibody was seen over the entire epidermis of nontreated skin and hypertrophied epidermis which occurred at 6-8 weeks after initiation of UVB irradiation. However, the reactivity diminished when malignant changes took place in the epidermal cells. Almost complete disappearance of the immunoresponse was observed in squamous cell carcinoma produced by further UVB radiation. These results suggest that the reactivity of this urea extractable protein serves as an additional immunologic marker for normal epidermal cells. Alterations in the immunoreactivity parallels UVB induced carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 407710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4258", "title": "Motility of L 5222 rat leukemia cells in the flattened state. Evidence against emperipolesis.", "content": "Emperipolesis is the term for the assumed penetration of living cells into other living cells. As reported earlier, L 5222 rat leukemia cells, migrating in vitro, change from a spherical to a spread configuration when they meet flat cells, and continue to move in this shape within the contours of the target cells. Whether or not this close cellular association corresponded to emperipolesis could not be determined with phase and interference contrast cinemicrography alone. In combination with transmission electron microscopy, it could be demonstrated that the compartment, in which the spread leukemia cells move, is not the cytoplasm of the target cells, but the narrow space created by the target cells and the underlying glass surface. Thus, emperipolesis could be ruled out for L 5222 leukemia cells. On this basis the reported observations on emperipolesis are reviewed, and a critical attitude regarding the occurrence of emperiopolesis in general is advocated.", "contents": "Motility of L 5222 rat leukemia cells in the flattened state. Evidence against emperipolesis. Emperipolesis is the term for the assumed penetration of living cells into other living cells. As reported earlier, L 5222 rat leukemia cells, migrating in vitro, change from a spherical to a spread configuration when they meet flat cells, and continue to move in this shape within the contours of the target cells. Whether or not this close cellular association corresponded to emperipolesis could not be determined with phase and interference contrast cinemicrography alone. In combination with transmission electron microscopy, it could be demonstrated that the compartment, in which the spread leukemia cells move, is not the cytoplasm of the target cells, but the narrow space created by the target cells and the underlying glass surface. Thus, emperipolesis could be ruled out for L 5222 leukemia cells. On this basis the reported observations on emperipolesis are reviewed, and a critical attitude regarding the occurrence of emperiopolesis in general is advocated.", "PMID": 407711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4259", "title": "Different proliferative responsiveness of fibroblasts and mesothelial cells in the rat mesentery following administration of compound 48/80 at various hours of the day.", "content": "The proliferative responsiveness of fibrolasts and mesothelial cells in the mesenterial membrane of normal rats was studied quantitatively after a single i.p. injection of the mast-cell activating and histamine-releasing drug Compound 48/80. To make some allowance for a possible chronobiologic effect of the circadian type on the induced proliferation, the drug was given at 1 a.m., 9 a.m., or 5 p.m., and the animals were examined 16, 24, and 32 h later. The proliferation was estimated by cytophotometric Feulgen DNA measurements in individual fibroblast and mesothelial cell nuclei, and by mitotic frequency counting. The main result was that a larger fraction of fibroblasts than of mesothelial cells was stimulated to proliferation, regardless of the hour of treatment with Compound 48/80. It was further demonstrated that in control animals the fraction of cells of either fibroblastic or mesothelial type present in the S cum G2 cell-cycle phases varied markedly at different hours of the day. Quantitative differences appeared in the induced proliferation with regard to the hour of treatment. The most vigorous proliferative response appeared after administration of the drug at 9 a.m. The fraction of cells in the S cum G2 cell-cycle phases was then increased at 16 h and the fraction of dividing cells at 24 h after treatment, illustrating the promptness of the induced proliferative reaction.", "contents": "Different proliferative responsiveness of fibroblasts and mesothelial cells in the rat mesentery following administration of compound 48/80 at various hours of the day. The proliferative responsiveness of fibrolasts and mesothelial cells in the mesenterial membrane of normal rats was studied quantitatively after a single i.p. injection of the mast-cell activating and histamine-releasing drug Compound 48/80. To make some allowance for a possible chronobiologic effect of the circadian type on the induced proliferation, the drug was given at 1 a.m., 9 a.m., or 5 p.m., and the animals were examined 16, 24, and 32 h later. The proliferation was estimated by cytophotometric Feulgen DNA measurements in individual fibroblast and mesothelial cell nuclei, and by mitotic frequency counting. The main result was that a larger fraction of fibroblasts than of mesothelial cells was stimulated to proliferation, regardless of the hour of treatment with Compound 48/80. It was further demonstrated that in control animals the fraction of cells of either fibroblastic or mesothelial type present in the S cum G2 cell-cycle phases varied markedly at different hours of the day. Quantitative differences appeared in the induced proliferation with regard to the hour of treatment. The most vigorous proliferative response appeared after administration of the drug at 9 a.m. The fraction of cells in the S cum G2 cell-cycle phases was then increased at 16 h and the fraction of dividing cells at 24 h after treatment, illustrating the promptness of the induced proliferative reaction.", "PMID": 407712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4260", "title": "[Acceleration of the metabolism of carcinogens in the maternal body and embryos].", "content": "Outbred mice on the 19th-21st day of pregnancy were injected intravenously 3,4-benzpyrene (BP) in the dosage of 15 mg/kg or 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) in the dosage of 40 mg/Kg in control groups, and moreover preliminary injected BP (24 hours before) in experimental groups. The BP concentration of embryos and the maternal liver 15 minutes following the injection of the basic dose of the carcinogen in increased dosage of preliminary exposure first would decrease, reach the minimum, in preliminary dosage equal to 0.75 mg/Kg, and then would increase up to values observed in control experiments with the dosage of 30 mg/Kr 7.5-15 mg/Kg, and then it would fall again in the dosage of 30 mg/Kg. The preliminary injection of BP in the dosage of 0.75 mg/Kg produced a sharp fall in the carcinogen concentration in embryos and the maternal organism during the first moment of observation (after 5 minutes), but it failed to influence the rate of subsequent decrease of the substance level. An explanation of the two effects observed is suggested based on the assumption that there exist two enzymatic systems metabolizing BP: one-premanently present in the liver and the other-induced by the carcinogen. The preliminary BP injection did not influence the concentration of DMBA.", "contents": "[Acceleration of the metabolism of carcinogens in the maternal body and embryos]. Outbred mice on the 19th-21st day of pregnancy were injected intravenously 3,4-benzpyrene (BP) in the dosage of 15 mg/kg or 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) in the dosage of 40 mg/Kg in control groups, and moreover preliminary injected BP (24 hours before) in experimental groups. The BP concentration of embryos and the maternal liver 15 minutes following the injection of the basic dose of the carcinogen in increased dosage of preliminary exposure first would decrease, reach the minimum, in preliminary dosage equal to 0.75 mg/Kg, and then would increase up to values observed in control experiments with the dosage of 30 mg/Kr 7.5-15 mg/Kg, and then it would fall again in the dosage of 30 mg/Kg. The preliminary injection of BP in the dosage of 0.75 mg/Kg produced a sharp fall in the carcinogen concentration in embryos and the maternal organism during the first moment of observation (after 5 minutes), but it failed to influence the rate of subsequent decrease of the substance level. An explanation of the two effects observed is suggested based on the assumption that there exist two enzymatic systems metabolizing BP: one-premanently present in the liver and the other-induced by the carcinogen. The preliminary BP injection did not influence the concentration of DMBA.", "PMID": 407717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4261", "title": "[Simple method of determining total deoxyribonucleosides in human urine].", "content": "A method for quantitative estimation of total deoxyribonucleosides in human urine is based on the preliminary purification of urine usina ion exchange resin Dowex 1X 8 in OH- form, subsequent treatment of urine with acetone-ethynol mixture and the quantitative estimation of deoxyribonucleosides content by a microbiologic method. Urine of healthy persons contained 95.4+/-12.7 microng of deoxyribonucleosides.", "contents": "[Simple method of determining total deoxyribonucleosides in human urine]. A method for quantitative estimation of total deoxyribonucleosides in human urine is based on the preliminary purification of urine usina ion exchange resin Dowex 1X 8 in OH- form, subsequent treatment of urine with acetone-ethynol mixture and the quantitative estimation of deoxyribonucleosides content by a microbiologic method. Urine of healthy persons contained 95.4+/-12.7 microng of deoxyribonucleosides.", "PMID": 407715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4262", "title": "[Modifying effect of DDT and of its various metabolites on the toxic effect of 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene].", "content": "In rats a preliminary three times injection of DDT in doses of 10 and 100 mg/Kg eliminated completely DMBA (30 mg/per 100 g of weight) lethal effect and prevented or decreased the development of adrenal necrosis. Among the metabolites under study (DDT, DDON, DDMU, DDE, DDA, DVR) DDE was found to render the strongest protective action in its single administration in a dose of 10 mg/Kg a day before the exposure to DMBA.", "contents": "[Modifying effect of DDT and of its various metabolites on the toxic effect of 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene]. In rats a preliminary three times injection of DDT in doses of 10 and 100 mg/Kg eliminated completely DMBA (30 mg/per 100 g of weight) lethal effect and prevented or decreased the development of adrenal necrosis. Among the metabolites under study (DDT, DDON, DDMU, DDE, DDA, DVR) DDE was found to render the strongest protective action in its single administration in a dose of 10 mg/Kg a day before the exposure to DMBA.", "PMID": 407719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4263", "title": "[Characteristics of the proteins of tooth enamel].", "content": "Three groups of proteins, distinguished by solubility in acidic and neutral media, were found in enamel. Molecular weight of the major part of proteins, insoluble at neutral pH, was about 20000; these proteins readily interacted with Ca2+, developing tri- and tetrameric molecules. High molecular enamel protein reversibly disaggregated after removing of Ca2+ by various methods. The insoluble protein had a highly regular structure. Mineralization of the protein appears to occur due to development of bonds between Ca2 and some amino acid residues.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the proteins of tooth enamel]. Three groups of proteins, distinguished by solubility in acidic and neutral media, were found in enamel. Molecular weight of the major part of proteins, insoluble at neutral pH, was about 20000; these proteins readily interacted with Ca2+, developing tri- and tetrameric molecules. High molecular enamel protein reversibly disaggregated after removing of Ca2+ by various methods. The insoluble protein had a highly regular structure. Mineralization of the protein appears to occur due to development of bonds between Ca2 and some amino acid residues.", "PMID": 407716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4264", "title": "[Mechanism of increasing the effect of antineoplastic agents by hydrazine sulfate].", "content": "The results of the in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that hydrazine sulphate is a new potent inhibitor of the biotransformation of physiologically active compounds, including those with an antitumor effect. It is suggested that hydrazine sulphate renders an inhibitory effect by retarding the access of xenobiotics to microsomal enzymes active centers metabolizing them. The retardation of antitumor compounds biotransformation effected by hydrazine sulphate in vitro enabled the explanation of the enhanced effect of cytostatics, used in combination with hydrazine sulphate in vivo. This fact seems to speak in favour of the perspective clinical application of hydrazine sulphate for potentiation of the antitumor effect of cytostatics.", "contents": "[Mechanism of increasing the effect of antineoplastic agents by hydrazine sulfate]. The results of the in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that hydrazine sulphate is a new potent inhibitor of the biotransformation of physiologically active compounds, including those with an antitumor effect. It is suggested that hydrazine sulphate renders an inhibitory effect by retarding the access of xenobiotics to microsomal enzymes active centers metabolizing them. The retardation of antitumor compounds biotransformation effected by hydrazine sulphate in vitro enabled the explanation of the enhanced effect of cytostatics, used in combination with hydrazine sulphate in vivo. This fact seems to speak in favour of the perspective clinical application of hydrazine sulphate for potentiation of the antitumor effect of cytostatics.", "PMID": 407720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4265", "title": "Further observations on the preparation of antiglobulin reagents reacting with c3d and c4d on red cells.", "content": "A simplified method was developed for preparing rabbit red cells coated only with human C3d by the alternative pathway; these cells were injected into the donor rabbit to prepare an anti-C3d serum. Monkey red cells were sucessfully coated with human C4d, using a low-ionic-strength method, and these cells were injected into the donor monkey to prepare anti-human C4d. The reactions of these reagents were compared with those of antisera raised to complement-coated red cells by previously described methods and with those of antisera obtained by immunizing rabbits with purified soluble human C3d.", "contents": "Further observations on the preparation of antiglobulin reagents reacting with c3d and c4d on red cells. A simplified method was developed for preparing rabbit red cells coated only with human C3d by the alternative pathway; these cells were injected into the donor rabbit to prepare an anti-C3d serum. Monkey red cells were sucessfully coated with human C4d, using a low-ionic-strength method, and these cells were injected into the donor monkey to prepare anti-human C4d. The reactions of these reagents were compared with those of antisera raised to complement-coated red cells by previously described methods and with those of antisera obtained by immunizing rabbits with purified soluble human C3d.", "PMID": 407724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4266", "title": "[Effect of a parenterally administered casein hydrolysate on the secretory activity of the stomach with different degrees of gastric gland denervation].", "content": "Experiments carried out on dogs helped ascertain the casein hydrolysate capable of provoking gastric secretion both with retained gastric innervation and without preservation of the vagal and sympathetic innervation. As this been shown earlier the effect of nitrous substances on the gastric secretion is realized mainly through the agency of the nervous mechanism. The observed secretion in dogs with denervated isolated pouches, however, occuring in response to administration of casein hydrolysate may be explained by mobilization of gastrin under the effect of nervous impulses and its action on the gastric glands. This assumption has been confirmed by tests carried out with the inhibitorglycomacropeptide which inhibits mainly the action of gastrin on the gastric glands.", "contents": "[Effect of a parenterally administered casein hydrolysate on the secretory activity of the stomach with different degrees of gastric gland denervation]. Experiments carried out on dogs helped ascertain the casein hydrolysate capable of provoking gastric secretion both with retained gastric innervation and without preservation of the vagal and sympathetic innervation. As this been shown earlier the effect of nitrous substances on the gastric secretion is realized mainly through the agency of the nervous mechanism. The observed secretion in dogs with denervated isolated pouches, however, occuring in response to administration of casein hydrolysate may be explained by mobilization of gastrin under the effect of nervous impulses and its action on the gastric glands. This assumption has been confirmed by tests carried out with the inhibitorglycomacropeptide which inhibits mainly the action of gastrin on the gastric glands.", "PMID": 407721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4267", "title": "Automated readout of sample identification and test results in a BG-8 blood grouping machine.", "content": "A fully automated readout unit for the BG-8 blood-grouping machine, printing Idee identification numbers with matching ABO grouping and rhesus (D) typing results is described. In 6,737 samples, no incorrect blood group was recorded. Two rhesus (D) positive samples were overlooked, however, and 16.4% of the samples had to be retested because of irregular reaction patterns. Better results are to be expected with properly selected test cells and anti-D serum. The readout unit is easily operated and is not disturbed by clots. The additional equipment needed replaces the modules which were necessary for recording on filter paper.", "contents": "Automated readout of sample identification and test results in a BG-8 blood grouping machine. A fully automated readout unit for the BG-8 blood-grouping machine, printing Idee identification numbers with matching ABO grouping and rhesus (D) typing results is described. In 6,737 samples, no incorrect blood group was recorded. Two rhesus (D) positive samples were overlooked, however, and 16.4% of the samples had to be retested because of irregular reaction patterns. Better results are to be expected with properly selected test cells and anti-D serum. The readout unit is easily operated and is not disturbed by clots. The additional equipment needed replaces the modules which were necessary for recording on filter paper.", "PMID": 407725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4268", "title": "[Protein-calorie deficiency and the immune processes].", "content": "The paper deals with issues that concern the influence of alimentary factors, of protein-caloric deficiency in particular, on the function of the immune system. Subject to a consecutive study was the pathogenesis of disorders in endocytosis of antigens, in humoral and cellular immunity and in reactions of hypersensitivity with proteinic deficiency. An inference is drawn to the effect that immunogenesis and a number of immune reactions are extrmely sensitive to alimentary effects and, above all, to the proteinic deficiency. Mention is also made of the fact that under certain conditions alimentary factors can direct favourably the course of a given immune process.", "contents": "[Protein-calorie deficiency and the immune processes]. The paper deals with issues that concern the influence of alimentary factors, of protein-caloric deficiency in particular, on the function of the immune system. Subject to a consecutive study was the pathogenesis of disorders in endocytosis of antigens, in humoral and cellular immunity and in reactions of hypersensitivity with proteinic deficiency. An inference is drawn to the effect that immunogenesis and a number of immune reactions are extrmely sensitive to alimentary effects and, above all, to the proteinic deficiency. Mention is also made of the fact that under certain conditions alimentary factors can direct favourably the course of a given immune process.", "PMID": 407722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4269", "title": "[Role of the thyroid gland in the effects of parenteral feeding].", "content": "In 82 albino rats with experimental thyrotoxicosis the assimilation of parenterally administered amino acid mixture of mori-amine S-2 was investigation. In thyrotoxicosis the assimilation of the amino acid mixture was found to be down. It is only a combination of mori-amine S-2 with vitamins, hormones and 6-methyluracil that facilitates the utilization of free amino acids by the  tissues (this being borne out by a falling level of aminic nitrogen in the blood, skeletal muscles, heart and liver), persistently upholds the positive nitrous balance, prevents losses of the body weight and foces down oxygen consumption.", "contents": "[Role of the thyroid gland in the effects of parenteral feeding]. In 82 albino rats with experimental thyrotoxicosis the assimilation of parenterally administered amino acid mixture of mori-amine S-2 was investigation. In thyrotoxicosis the assimilation of the amino acid mixture was found to be down. It is only a combination of mori-amine S-2 with vitamins, hormones and 6-methyluracil that facilitates the utilization of free amino acids by the  tissues (this being borne out by a falling level of aminic nitrogen in the blood, skeletal muscles, heart and liver), persistently upholds the positive nitrous balance, prevents losses of the body weight and foces down oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 407723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4270", "title": "Circadian variations in microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities in rat and rabbit tissues.", "content": "1. The circadian variations in drug-metabolizing enzyme activities have been measured in microsomal fractions from the livers, lungs, and intestines of rabbits and in the livers and intestines of rats. 2. Circadian rhythms in enzyme activities in the rat intestine show 2 peaks in activity (around 0500 and 1900 h) with two intermediate troughs around 1200 and 2400 h. This twin-peaked (biphasic) profile contrasts with the single maximum and minimum in activity observed in rat liver. 3. Rabbit hepatic, pulmonary, and intestinal microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities also show a biphasic profile during a 24 h period. This profile is less distinct in liver than in intestine, and less distinct in intestine than in lung. Consequently, rat and rabbit hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activities show a considerable species difference with respect to their circadian profiles in activity.", "contents": "Circadian variations in microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities in rat and rabbit tissues. 1. The circadian variations in drug-metabolizing enzyme activities have been measured in microsomal fractions from the livers, lungs, and intestines of rabbits and in the livers and intestines of rats. 2. Circadian rhythms in enzyme activities in the rat intestine show 2 peaks in activity (around 0500 and 1900 h) with two intermediate troughs around 1200 and 2400 h. This twin-peaked (biphasic) profile contrasts with the single maximum and minimum in activity observed in rat liver. 3. Rabbit hepatic, pulmonary, and intestinal microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities also show a biphasic profile during a 24 h period. This profile is less distinct in liver than in intestine, and less distinct in intestine than in lung. Consequently, rat and rabbit hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activities show a considerable species difference with respect to their circadian profiles in activity.", "PMID": 407730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4271", "title": "Species differences in metabolism of tiaramide hydrochloride, a new anti-inflammatory agent.", "content": "1. Urinary excretion of the radioactivity in 24 h after oral administration of [14C]tiaramide hydrochloride was 67% of the dose in mice, 59% in rats, 41% in dogs and 74% in monkeys. 2. The serum half-lives of tiaramide after intravenous administration were approximately 0-2 h in mice, 0-8 h in rats and 0-5 h in dogs. 3. Marked species variations were noted in the composition of metabolites in the serum and urinary radioactivity. The major metabolites found were 1-[(5-chloro-2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazolyl)acetyl]-piperazine (DETR) and 4-[(5-chloro-2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazolyl)acetyl]-1-piperazineacetic acid (TRAA) in mice, TRAA and 4-[(5-chloro-2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazolyl)acetyl]-1-piperazineethanol 1-oxide (TRNO) in rats, TRNO and tiaramide-O-glucuronide (TR-O-Glu) in dogs, and TRAA and TR-O-Glu in monkeys. 4. The binding of tiaramide to plasma protein of the various species of animals and human was about 24-34% and the extent of the binding of tiaramide to human plasma protein was independent of drug concentration within the range of 1-100 micron.", "contents": "Species differences in metabolism of tiaramide hydrochloride, a new anti-inflammatory agent. 1. Urinary excretion of the radioactivity in 24 h after oral administration of [14C]tiaramide hydrochloride was 67% of the dose in mice, 59% in rats, 41% in dogs and 74% in monkeys. 2. The serum half-lives of tiaramide after intravenous administration were approximately 0-2 h in mice, 0-8 h in rats and 0-5 h in dogs. 3. Marked species variations were noted in the composition of metabolites in the serum and urinary radioactivity. The major metabolites found were 1-[(5-chloro-2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazolyl)acetyl]-piperazine (DETR) and 4-[(5-chloro-2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazolyl)acetyl]-1-piperazineacetic acid (TRAA) in mice, TRAA and 4-[(5-chloro-2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazolyl)acetyl]-1-piperazineethanol 1-oxide (TRNO) in rats, TRNO and tiaramide-O-glucuronide (TR-O-Glu) in dogs, and TRAA and TR-O-Glu in monkeys. 4. The binding of tiaramide to plasma protein of the various species of animals and human was about 24-34% and the extent of the binding of tiaramide to human plasma protein was independent of drug concentration within the range of 1-100 micron.", "PMID": 407731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4272", "title": "Suppression of cell-mediated immunity in experimental Chagas' disease.", "content": "The effect of acute infection with the Tulahu\u00e9n strain of Trypanosoma cruzi on the cellular immune response in Swiss mice was studied. Mice were immunized with either Freund's complete adjuvant or oxazolone, a skin sensitizing agent, and subsequently skin-tested with either BCG protoplasm or oxazolone to detect delayed hypersensitivity. Depression of the response to these antigens was observed in infected mice during the stage of marked parasitemia. Mice which were responsive to oxazolone before infection lost their ability to respond as the infection progressed. When immunized with live attenuated T. cruzi before infection with virulent organisms, mice developed a greater than normal sensitivity to oxazolone and survived infection. These experiments do not conclude whether immunosuppression due to infection with T. cruzi is directed toward induction or expression of the cell-mediated immune response to the antigens employed.", "contents": "Suppression of cell-mediated immunity in experimental Chagas' disease. The effect of acute infection with the Tulahu\u00e9n strain of Trypanosoma cruzi on the cellular immune response in Swiss mice was studied. Mice were immunized with either Freund's complete adjuvant or oxazolone, a skin sensitizing agent, and subsequently skin-tested with either BCG protoplasm or oxazolone to detect delayed hypersensitivity. Depression of the response to these antigens was observed in infected mice during the stage of marked parasitemia. Mice which were responsive to oxazolone before infection lost their ability to respond as the infection progressed. When immunized with live attenuated T. cruzi before infection with virulent organisms, mice developed a greater than normal sensitivity to oxazolone and survived infection. These experiments do not conclude whether immunosuppression due to infection with T. cruzi is directed toward induction or expression of the cell-mediated immune response to the antigens employed.", "PMID": 407736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4273", "title": "Polymorphism of the third component (C3) of complement and of Transferrin (Tf) in Belgium.", "content": "The phenotypes of C3 and of Tf were determined in 818 and 576, respectively, unrelated individuals living in Liege. The gene frequencies observed are: (formula: see text) The application to disputed paternity cases and to the study of twins is discussed.", "contents": "Polymorphism of the third component (C3) of complement and of Transferrin (Tf) in Belgium. The phenotypes of C3 and of Tf were determined in 818 and 576, respectively, unrelated individuals living in Liege. The gene frequencies observed are: (formula: see text) The application to disputed paternity cases and to the study of twins is discussed.", "PMID": 407741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4274", "title": "[State control of human (immunoglobulin anti-D (Rho)].", "content": "Principles governing the state control of Anti-D(RHo) Immunoglobulin, the requirements for the quality and the results obtained by testing 105 batches are outlined and discussed.", "contents": "[State control of human (immunoglobulin anti-D (Rho)]. Principles governing the state control of Anti-D(RHo) Immunoglobulin, the requirements for the quality and the results obtained by testing 105 batches are outlined and discussed.", "PMID": 407742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4275", "title": "[Detection of Bacillus cereus-toxins (author's transl)].", "content": "During the logarithmic state of growth, B. cereus produced extracellular toxins, which could be precipitated by ammoniumsulphate. The toxins were not dialysable. 9 strains of B. cereus were tested and showed lethal, hemolytic, and phospholipase-C-reactions. The lethal toxin injected i.v., killed mice within 20 minutes. An intradermal injection of the 9 toxin-precipitates in rabbits produced skin reactions, which could be neutralized by a specific antiserum against the B. cereus strain B-4ac. Relatively high doses (50 mg/ml) of the toxin caused fluid accumulation after injection in ligated loops of rabbit gut (Tab). The hemolysin of the tested B. cereus strains was found to be thermolabile. The phospholipase-C activity withstood the temperature of 55 degrees C for a period of 10 minutes. The prepared specific antiserum, which inhibited the phsopholipase-C activity totally, had no effect on the hemolysis. Intradermal and enteropathogenic activities point to the presence of an enterotoxin. For detection of the enterotoxin, the skin-test in guinea pigs or rabbits seems to be most appropriate.", "contents": "[Detection of Bacillus cereus-toxins (author's transl)]. During the logarithmic state of growth, B. cereus produced extracellular toxins, which could be precipitated by ammoniumsulphate. The toxins were not dialysable. 9 strains of B. cereus were tested and showed lethal, hemolytic, and phospholipase-C-reactions. The lethal toxin injected i.v., killed mice within 20 minutes. An intradermal injection of the 9 toxin-precipitates in rabbits produced skin reactions, which could be neutralized by a specific antiserum against the B. cereus strain B-4ac. Relatively high doses (50 mg/ml) of the toxin caused fluid accumulation after injection in ligated loops of rabbit gut (Tab). The hemolysin of the tested B. cereus strains was found to be thermolabile. The phospholipase-C activity withstood the temperature of 55 degrees C for a period of 10 minutes. The prepared specific antiserum, which inhibited the phsopholipase-C activity totally, had no effect on the hemolysis. Intradermal and enteropathogenic activities point to the presence of an enterotoxin. For detection of the enterotoxin, the skin-test in guinea pigs or rabbits seems to be most appropriate.", "PMID": 407743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4276", "title": "Serodiagnostic value of extracellular antigens of an actively proteolysing culture of Candida albicans (immunodiffusion-test).", "content": "Cell-free, dialysed and concentrated culture filtrate of a Candida albicans strain, after proteolysis in serum-protein medium (bovine albumine), and after growth in Sabouraud glucose broth (for comparison) were used as antigens for the detection of precipitating antibodies in 558 samples of serum originating from defined groups of patients and healthy persons serving as controls. The differing distribution of antibodies against these two antigens as observed in the various groups of our patients calls for further studies of such antigens on the basis of proteolysis within the serodiagnostics of Candida albicans-mycoses.", "contents": "Serodiagnostic value of extracellular antigens of an actively proteolysing culture of Candida albicans (immunodiffusion-test). Cell-free, dialysed and concentrated culture filtrate of a Candida albicans strain, after proteolysis in serum-protein medium (bovine albumine), and after growth in Sabouraud glucose broth (for comparison) were used as antigens for the detection of precipitating antibodies in 558 samples of serum originating from defined groups of patients and healthy persons serving as controls. The differing distribution of antibodies against these two antigens as observed in the various groups of our patients calls for further studies of such antigens on the basis of proteolysis within the serodiagnostics of Candida albicans-mycoses.", "PMID": 407744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4277", "title": "[The phototoxic activity of carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons and their degradation products in the biological test (author's transl)].", "content": "The phototoxic activity of carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons was evaluated using ciliates of the species Tetrahymena pyriformis maintained in sterile, semisynthetic media. This ciliate-light-test was developed into and standardized for a rapid microbiological assay of carcinogenic activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. --In this fashion, six polycyclic aromatic compounds with differing carcinogenic activities were tested:benzo(a)-pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, fluoranthene, and cyclopenteno (c,d)pyrene. An essential parallelism between phototoxic and carcinogenic activities, resp., was clearly obvious. --The combined effects of benzo(a)pyrene and fluoride ions was also investigated using the ciliate-light-test. Fluoride ions in the concentration of 1 ppm did not affect the phototoxicity of benzo(a)pyrene, suggesting that fluorides possess no cocarcinogenic activities. --Degradation products of benzo(a)pyrene obtained by UV-irradiation (mixtures of quinones) were also tested for phototoxic activity. It could be shown that such degradation products entirely free from benzo(a)pyrene still possessed 50% of the activity of the original, non-irradiated solution. This is taken to indicate that the degradation products products resulting of UV-irradiation may still retain a measure of carcinogenic activity, --a finding of considerable importance from the viewpoint of environmental hygiene.", "contents": "[The phototoxic activity of carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons and their degradation products in the biological test (author's transl)]. The phototoxic activity of carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons was evaluated using ciliates of the species Tetrahymena pyriformis maintained in sterile, semisynthetic media. This ciliate-light-test was developed into and standardized for a rapid microbiological assay of carcinogenic activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. --In this fashion, six polycyclic aromatic compounds with differing carcinogenic activities were tested:benzo(a)-pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, fluoranthene, and cyclopenteno (c,d)pyrene. An essential parallelism between phototoxic and carcinogenic activities, resp., was clearly obvious. --The combined effects of benzo(a)pyrene and fluoride ions was also investigated using the ciliate-light-test. Fluoride ions in the concentration of 1 ppm did not affect the phototoxicity of benzo(a)pyrene, suggesting that fluorides possess no cocarcinogenic activities. --Degradation products of benzo(a)pyrene obtained by UV-irradiation (mixtures of quinones) were also tested for phototoxic activity. It could be shown that such degradation products entirely free from benzo(a)pyrene still possessed 50% of the activity of the original, non-irradiated solution. This is taken to indicate that the degradation products products resulting of UV-irradiation may still retain a measure of carcinogenic activity, --a finding of considerable importance from the viewpoint of environmental hygiene.", "PMID": 407745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4278", "title": "[Preliminary tests of the influence of wastewaters from sugar-factories upon the numbers of intestinal bacteria in water (author's transl)].", "content": "This work presents the results of experiments dealing with the influence of wastewaters from 2 sugar factories in the Czechoslovakia upon some representatives of intestinal bacteria: E. coli, C. feundii, E. aerogenes, S. anatum, S. schottmuelleri, S. typhi-murium, Sh. sonnei and Str. faecalis. The experiments were carried out at 30, 20 and 10 degrees C. The experiments have shown that the presterilized waste-water from sugar factory (in Bohemia and in Slovakia) caused rapid multiplication of the test-organisms: E. coli, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, S. anatum, S. schottmuelleri, S. typhi-murium, less by Sh. sonnei and Str. faecalis, at 30, 20 and 10 degrees C. The intensity of multiplication was direct proportional to the concentration of waste water and was effective to dilution 1:1000 (diluted with presterilized surface waters Vltava, Danube).", "contents": "[Preliminary tests of the influence of wastewaters from sugar-factories upon the numbers of intestinal bacteria in water (author's transl)]. This work presents the results of experiments dealing with the influence of wastewaters from 2 sugar factories in the Czechoslovakia upon some representatives of intestinal bacteria: E. coli, C. feundii, E. aerogenes, S. anatum, S. schottmuelleri, S. typhi-murium, Sh. sonnei and Str. faecalis. The experiments were carried out at 30, 20 and 10 degrees C. The experiments have shown that the presterilized waste-water from sugar factory (in Bohemia and in Slovakia) caused rapid multiplication of the test-organisms: E. coli, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, S. anatum, S. schottmuelleri, S. typhi-murium, less by Sh. sonnei and Str. faecalis, at 30, 20 and 10 degrees C. The intensity of multiplication was direct proportional to the concentration of waste water and was effective to dilution 1:1000 (diluted with presterilized surface waters Vltava, Danube).", "PMID": 407746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4279", "title": "Blood poisonings at slaughter and their consequences.", "content": "Contamination of pig blood by Str. faecium and P. fluorescens realized either through the bleeding knife or through intravenous injection. Bacterial counts made in the organs and muscles showed a large contamination of the organs and a smaller contamination of the muscles. In the case where Str. faecium and P. fluorescens were injected into the blood circulation, only Str. faecium could be re-isolated in muscles and organs. Study of the bactericidal activity of total blood and plasma showed a marked antimicrobial activity against P. fluorescens and a slightly activity against Str. faecium.", "contents": "Blood poisonings at slaughter and their consequences. Contamination of pig blood by Str. faecium and P. fluorescens realized either through the bleeding knife or through intravenous injection. Bacterial counts made in the organs and muscles showed a large contamination of the organs and a smaller contamination of the muscles. In the case where Str. faecium and P. fluorescens were injected into the blood circulation, only Str. faecium could be re-isolated in muscles and organs. Study of the bactericidal activity of total blood and plasma showed a marked antimicrobial activity against P. fluorescens and a slightly activity against Str. faecium.", "PMID": 407747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4280", "title": "Homologous radioimmunoassay for canine prolactin.", "content": "A homologous double antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed for canine prolactin. Purified canine prolactin was iodinated by lactoperoxidase/H2O2 to an average of 101 \"+/- 10.1 muCi/microgram. Antiserum was used at a final dilution of 1:80 000 and at this concentration bound approximately 20% of the added tracer in the absence of competing unlabelled prolactin. Partial cross-reaction was observed with ovine and bovine prolactin but there was no cross-reaction with a highly purified canine growth hormone preparation. Dilutions of pregnant and lactating bitch sera were parallel to the purified canine prolactin standard curve. Mean prolactin levels in normal male and anoestrous females were 8.8 +/- 0.8 and 12.6 +/- 2.6 ng/ml, respectively. Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) induced a consistent elevation in prolactin levels 15--30 min after intravenous injection.", "contents": "Homologous radioimmunoassay for canine prolactin. A homologous double antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed for canine prolactin. Purified canine prolactin was iodinated by lactoperoxidase/H2O2 to an average of 101 \"+/- 10.1 muCi/microgram. Antiserum was used at a final dilution of 1:80 000 and at this concentration bound approximately 20% of the added tracer in the absence of competing unlabelled prolactin. Partial cross-reaction was observed with ovine and bovine prolactin but there was no cross-reaction with a highly purified canine growth hormone preparation. Dilutions of pregnant and lactating bitch sera were parallel to the purified canine prolactin standard curve. Mean prolactin levels in normal male and anoestrous females were 8.8 +/- 0.8 and 12.6 +/- 2.6 ng/ml, respectively. Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) induced a consistent elevation in prolactin levels 15--30 min after intravenous injection.", "PMID": 407758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4281", "title": "Effect of prolonged oral administration of TRH on plasma levels of thyrotrophin and prolactin in normal individuals and in patients with primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "Forty mg TRH/day was given orally for 3 weeks to 10 euthyroid women and 10 women with primary hypothyroidism on low replacement doses of thyroxine. Once weekly oral TRH was replaced by an iv TRH-test (0.4 mg) with measurement of serum concentration of TSH, prolactin (PRL), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and cholesterol. In the normal group, mean serum T4 concentration increased after one week and remained elevated. Serum TSH concentration showed a slight tendency to decline. Maximal rise in TSH concentration after iv TRH (deltaTSH) fell from a mean of 4.0 ng/ml to 1.4 ng/ml within one week and stayed low. T3, cholesterol, PRL and deltaprl were normal and unchanged throughout. In the hypothyroid group T4, T3, cholesterol, PRL and deltaPRL were not influenced by the TRH administration. In 2 patients (with the highest serum T4 concentrations) serum TSH concentration was normal and resistant to iv TRH. Of the 8 patients with elevated TSH, basal level and deltaTSH did not change in 2 (with subnormal T4 levels and the highest TSH levels). In the other 6 (with intermediate T4 levels) basal TSH fell from a mean of 10.1 ng/ml to 4.2 ng/ml, and deltaTSH from 10.0 ng/ml to 3.3 ng/ml after three weeks. It is concluded that in addition to feed-back effect of thyroid hormones, the pituitary response to long-term administration of TRH is determined by other factors. Among these may be reduced pituitary TRH receptor capacity and the activity of the TSH producing cells.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged oral administration of TRH on plasma levels of thyrotrophin and prolactin in normal individuals and in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Forty mg TRH/day was given orally for 3 weeks to 10 euthyroid women and 10 women with primary hypothyroidism on low replacement doses of thyroxine. Once weekly oral TRH was replaced by an iv TRH-test (0.4 mg) with measurement of serum concentration of TSH, prolactin (PRL), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and cholesterol. In the normal group, mean serum T4 concentration increased after one week and remained elevated. Serum TSH concentration showed a slight tendency to decline. Maximal rise in TSH concentration after iv TRH (deltaTSH) fell from a mean of 4.0 ng/ml to 1.4 ng/ml within one week and stayed low. T3, cholesterol, PRL and deltaprl were normal and unchanged throughout. In the hypothyroid group T4, T3, cholesterol, PRL and deltaPRL were not influenced by the TRH administration. In 2 patients (with the highest serum T4 concentrations) serum TSH concentration was normal and resistant to iv TRH. Of the 8 patients with elevated TSH, basal level and deltaTSH did not change in 2 (with subnormal T4 levels and the highest TSH levels). In the other 6 (with intermediate T4 levels) basal TSH fell from a mean of 10.1 ng/ml to 4.2 ng/ml, and deltaTSH from 10.0 ng/ml to 3.3 ng/ml after three weeks. It is concluded that in addition to feed-back effect of thyroid hormones, the pituitary response to long-term administration of TRH is determined by other factors. Among these may be reduced pituitary TRH receptor capacity and the activity of the TSH producing cells.", "PMID": 407759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4282", "title": "Lymphocyte reactivity in healthy subjects and cancer patients.", "content": "Lymphocytes of 40 cancer patients with solid tumors as well as of 40 normal subjects were stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), purified protein derivative (PPD), streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) and candidin (Cand) and the extent of their stimulation was expressed by the index of reactivity. The cumulative frequency distribution of reactivity indices was significantly higher in normal individuals than in cancer patients. The highest extent of information relevant to the discrimination between patients and normal subjects is obtained following stimulation of lymphocytes with Cand and in decreasing order with PPD, SK-SD and PHA. The percentage of normal subjects and patients having reactive lymphocytes was found to be the highest following stimulation with PHA, lower with PPD and the lowest to Cand and SK-SD. The importance of using increasing numbers of stimulants to achieve maximal detection of lymphocyte reactivity is documented and discussed.", "contents": "Lymphocyte reactivity in healthy subjects and cancer patients. Lymphocytes of 40 cancer patients with solid tumors as well as of 40 normal subjects were stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), purified protein derivative (PPD), streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) and candidin (Cand) and the extent of their stimulation was expressed by the index of reactivity. The cumulative frequency distribution of reactivity indices was significantly higher in normal individuals than in cancer patients. The highest extent of information relevant to the discrimination between patients and normal subjects is obtained following stimulation of lymphocytes with Cand and in decreasing order with PPD, SK-SD and PHA. The percentage of normal subjects and patients having reactive lymphocytes was found to be the highest following stimulation with PHA, lower with PPD and the lowest to Cand and SK-SD. The importance of using increasing numbers of stimulants to achieve maximal detection of lymphocyte reactivity is documented and discussed.", "PMID": 407762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4283", "title": "Acquired pyruvate kinase deficiency with hemolysis in preleukemia.", "content": "Acquired erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency may appear as a symptom secondary to various hematologic disorders, e.g. acute leukemia, sideroblastic anemia, polycythemia vera. The case of a 68-year-old patient with PK deficiency (1.75 U/g Hb) and severe hemolytic anemia is presented, who 1 year later showed acute myeloid leukemia. It is considered that a dialysable inhibiting factor may play a pathogenetic role in this enzyme change since enzyme activity was raised by dialysis. A survey of the literature is presented.", "contents": "Acquired pyruvate kinase deficiency with hemolysis in preleukemia. Acquired erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency may appear as a symptom secondary to various hematologic disorders, e.g. acute leukemia, sideroblastic anemia, polycythemia vera. The case of a 68-year-old patient with PK deficiency (1.75 U/g Hb) and severe hemolytic anemia is presented, who 1 year later showed acute myeloid leukemia. It is considered that a dialysable inhibiting factor may play a pathogenetic role in this enzyme change since enzyme activity was raised by dialysis. A survey of the literature is presented.", "PMID": 407763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4284", "title": "Anti-gamma-globulin activity, DNA and antibodies to DNA in nonlupoind cryoglobulinemias.", "content": "Anti-gamma-globulin activity, free DNA, and DNA binding were studied in 19 cryoglobulinemias: 8 patients with Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease (WD), 9 patients with essential cryoglobulinemia (EC), and 2 with chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH). Antihuman gamma-globulin activity was detected in all sera and dissolved cryoprecipitates but two from EC and one from the CAH group. By diphenylamine assay we found DNA in two sera from WD and in one serum and cryoprecipitate from EC. An antibody to denaturated DNA was shown only in sera from the two patients with CAH and from one patient with EC. Nonspecific binding was more frequent.", "contents": "Anti-gamma-globulin activity, DNA and antibodies to DNA in nonlupoind cryoglobulinemias. Anti-gamma-globulin activity, free DNA, and DNA binding were studied in 19 cryoglobulinemias: 8 patients with Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease (WD), 9 patients with essential cryoglobulinemia (EC), and 2 with chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH). Antihuman gamma-globulin activity was detected in all sera and dissolved cryoprecipitates but two from EC and one from the CAH group. By diphenylamine assay we found DNA in two sera from WD and in one serum and cryoprecipitate from EC. An antibody to denaturated DNA was shown only in sera from the two patients with CAH and from one patient with EC. Nonspecific binding was more frequent.", "PMID": 407764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4285", "title": "Combined G-6PD and 6-PGD deficiency in a Hindu boy.", "content": "A case of drug-induced haemolytic anaemia due to G-6PD deficiency is documented because of the associated asymptomatic 6-PGD deficiency--a combination probably reported only once before. Our studies of the patient's family suggest that 6-PGD deficiency is inherited through a simple autosomal dominant gene.", "contents": "Combined G-6PD and 6-PGD deficiency in a Hindu boy. A case of drug-induced haemolytic anaemia due to G-6PD deficiency is documented because of the associated asymptomatic 6-PGD deficiency--a combination probably reported only once before. Our studies of the patient's family suggest that 6-PGD deficiency is inherited through a simple autosomal dominant gene.", "PMID": 407765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4286", "title": "Pyridoxal-5-phosphate-resistant sideroblastic anaemia with trisomy 8 mosaicism in the bone marrow.", "content": "A patient with sideroblastic anaemia manifested a trisomic condition for chromosome number 8 in 75% of his bone marrow cells. Cytogenetic studies of peripheral lymphocytes demonstrated a normal male karyotype. The anaemia was resistant to treatment with pyridoxal-5-phosphate; this is in contradiction with the response achieved in some patients with the primary acquired form of sideroblastic anaemia.", "contents": "Pyridoxal-5-phosphate-resistant sideroblastic anaemia with trisomy 8 mosaicism in the bone marrow. A patient with sideroblastic anaemia manifested a trisomic condition for chromosome number 8 in 75% of his bone marrow cells. Cytogenetic studies of peripheral lymphocytes demonstrated a normal male karyotype. The anaemia was resistant to treatment with pyridoxal-5-phosphate; this is in contradiction with the response achieved in some patients with the primary acquired form of sideroblastic anaemia.", "PMID": 407766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4287", "title": "A case of lambda type tetramer Bence-Jones proteinemia.", "content": "A 50-year-old woman was found to have an extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thoracic vertebrae and a bone marrow plasmacytosis of 72%. In the serum of this myeloma patient, M-bow percipitin line was seen only with anti-lambda chain serum, but not with antisera against mu, alpha, gamma, delta, ipsilon and kappa chains. Gel filtration of the serum on the Sephadex G-200 column demonstrated the monoclonal lambda chain in the A-fraction along with transferrin and suggests a molecular weight of 88,000 and a tetrameric light chain. Bence-Jones protein has never been detected in the patient's urine.", "contents": "A case of lambda type tetramer Bence-Jones proteinemia. A 50-year-old woman was found to have an extramedullary plasmacytoma of the thoracic vertebrae and a bone marrow plasmacytosis of 72%. In the serum of this myeloma patient, M-bow percipitin line was seen only with anti-lambda chain serum, but not with antisera against mu, alpha, gamma, delta, ipsilon and kappa chains. Gel filtration of the serum on the Sephadex G-200 column demonstrated the monoclonal lambda chain in the A-fraction along with transferrin and suggests a molecular weight of 88,000 and a tetrameric light chain. Bence-Jones protein has never been detected in the patient's urine.", "PMID": 407767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4288", "title": "Biochemical studies of isolated rat hepatocytes from normal and phenobarbital-treated liver as obtained by rate zonal centrifugation.", "content": "Cell suspensions from normal and phenobarbital treated livers were analysed by rate zonal centrifugation in ficoll gradients. No difference in the microsomal cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome C reductase content and in the incorporation rate of radioactive leucine was noted between light and heavy hepatocytes. After centrifugation of a mixture of radioactive phenobarbital-treated cells and normal liver cells, the specific radioactivity was constant, indicating that the hepatocytes from drug-treated liver had the same density as the normal cells.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of isolated rat hepatocytes from normal and phenobarbital-treated liver as obtained by rate zonal centrifugation. Cell suspensions from normal and phenobarbital treated livers were analysed by rate zonal centrifugation in ficoll gradients. No difference in the microsomal cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome C reductase content and in the incorporation rate of radioactive leucine was noted between light and heavy hepatocytes. After centrifugation of a mixture of radioactive phenobarbital-treated cells and normal liver cells, the specific radioactivity was constant, indicating that the hepatocytes from drug-treated liver had the same density as the normal cells.", "PMID": 407768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4289", "title": "A comparative study of the urinary bladder and the intramural portion of the ureter.", "content": "The bladder belonging to eleven mammalian species were investigated, and as a result the following observations were made: (1) a submucous ureter was found in the case of most of the species examined; (2) histological investigation revealed three types of intramural ureters, and (3) downward extension of ureteric musculature, separate from bladder musculature, to the seminal colliculus in the male, or to the lower end of the urethra in the female, was found. A suggestion is presented to explain the manner by which the ureteric openings change their relations to those of the mesonephric ducts development. It seems that 'after absorption of the common segment of the Wolffian duct, breaking down of the ventral wall of ureter' is the most likely process.", "contents": "A comparative study of the urinary bladder and the intramural portion of the ureter. The bladder belonging to eleven mammalian species were investigated, and as a result the following observations were made: (1) a submucous ureter was found in the case of most of the species examined; (2) histological investigation revealed three types of intramural ureters, and (3) downward extension of ureteric musculature, separate from bladder musculature, to the seminal colliculus in the male, or to the lower end of the urethra in the female, was found. A suggestion is presented to explain the manner by which the ureteric openings change their relations to those of the mesonephric ducts development. It seems that 'after absorption of the common segment of the Wolffian duct, breaking down of the ventral wall of ureter' is the most likely process.", "PMID": 407771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4290", "title": "Measurements on the kidneys and vasa recta of various mammals in relation to urine concentrating capacity.", "content": "Maximum urine-concentrating capacity (UCC) differs widely among mammals of different species, being very high in some desert species (e.g. kangaroo rats) and very low in freshwater acquatic species (e.g. beaver). In this study, kidneys of 21 species of mammals from widely different habitats were studied in histological sections to determine whether differences in UCC can be attributed to differences in kidney structure. Parameters studied included the ratio of medullary to cortical thickness, the proportional subdivision of the medulla into inner and outer zones, and the dimensions of the vasa recta expressed in terms of the total area and the number of lumens within the vascular bundles. Determinations were made at a level where the size of individual vasa recta bundles has reached a constant maximum size, i.e. in the distal half of the outer zone. A positive correlation was found between the UCC and the ratio of medullary length to cortical thickness. No clear correlation existed between the proportion of the medullary length comprised of outer or inner zones and the UCC, although a trend to higher UCC in animals with relatively longer inner zones was apparent. Thus, it appears that the relative length of the entire medullary region is a major factor determining UCC, but the length of individual medullary zones is of lesser importance. A correlation was also found between the density of vasa recta per cubic millimeter of medullary tissue (the number of lumens regardless of identify in bundles, based on the number counted at the level sampled) and the UCC of the species. Data reported here support the view that UCC can be correlated with two parameters of kidney structure - the length of medulla relative to that of cortex and the density of vasa recta within the outer zone. It is proposed that the anatomical characteristics of the vascular supply to the medulla - that is, the vasa recta - are equally as important for the concentration of urine as is the primary mechanism determined by the characteristics of the loop of Henle and collecting ducts.", "contents": "Measurements on the kidneys and vasa recta of various mammals in relation to urine concentrating capacity. Maximum urine-concentrating capacity (UCC) differs widely among mammals of different species, being very high in some desert species (e.g. kangaroo rats) and very low in freshwater acquatic species (e.g. beaver). In this study, kidneys of 21 species of mammals from widely different habitats were studied in histological sections to determine whether differences in UCC can be attributed to differences in kidney structure. Parameters studied included the ratio of medullary to cortical thickness, the proportional subdivision of the medulla into inner and outer zones, and the dimensions of the vasa recta expressed in terms of the total area and the number of lumens within the vascular bundles. Determinations were made at a level where the size of individual vasa recta bundles has reached a constant maximum size, i.e. in the distal half of the outer zone. A positive correlation was found between the UCC and the ratio of medullary length to cortical thickness. No clear correlation existed between the proportion of the medullary length comprised of outer or inner zones and the UCC, although a trend to higher UCC in animals with relatively longer inner zones was apparent. Thus, it appears that the relative length of the entire medullary region is a major factor determining UCC, but the length of individual medullary zones is of lesser importance. A correlation was also found between the density of vasa recta per cubic millimeter of medullary tissue (the number of lumens regardless of identify in bundles, based on the number counted at the level sampled) and the UCC of the species. Data reported here support the view that UCC can be correlated with two parameters of kidney structure - the length of medulla relative to that of cortex and the density of vasa recta within the outer zone. It is proposed that the anatomical characteristics of the vascular supply to the medulla - that is, the vasa recta - are equally as important for the concentration of urine as is the primary mechanism determined by the characteristics of the loop of Henle and collecting ducts.", "PMID": 407772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4291", "title": "Inhibition of the synthesis of phospholipase C in Bacillus cereus by a component of the growth medium.", "content": "A low molecular weight compound, probably of peptide nature, present in the Beef Heart Extract component of the growth medium, inhibits post-transcriptionally the biosynthesis of phospholipase C by a strain of Bacillus cereus. The compound also prevents the increase of proteolytic activity in the growth medium, thus suggesting that the synthesis of another enzyme, an extracellular protease, is also inhibited, and that the inhibitory compound may therefore have a more general effect on exoenzyme synthesis in this strain of Bacillus cereus.", "contents": "Inhibition of the synthesis of phospholipase C in Bacillus cereus by a component of the growth medium. A low molecular weight compound, probably of peptide nature, present in the Beef Heart Extract component of the growth medium, inhibits post-transcriptionally the biosynthesis of phospholipase C by a strain of Bacillus cereus. The compound also prevents the increase of proteolytic activity in the growth medium, thus suggesting that the synthesis of another enzyme, an extracellular protease, is also inhibited, and that the inhibitory compound may therefore have a more general effect on exoenzyme synthesis in this strain of Bacillus cereus.", "PMID": 407774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4292", "title": "Methodological aspects of an agar plate technique for determination of biologically active 5-fluorouracil in blood, urine and bile.", "content": "A microbiological agar plate technique for estimation of 5-fluorouracil concentrations in blood, urine and bile from man, dog and pig was evaluated. Different bacterial test strains, media modifications and techniques for inoculation were studied. The strain Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 8043, recommended previously by Clarkson et al., was found to be the most suitable. The influence of prediffusion, dilution, antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents and their antagonists, as well as the effect of storage of samples containing 5-fluorouracil were examined. A detailed methodological description is presented. The method seems to be sufficiently sensitive and practical for routine determination of cytotoxic compounds from 5-fluorouracil in serum, plasma and urine.", "contents": "Methodological aspects of an agar plate technique for determination of biologically active 5-fluorouracil in blood, urine and bile. A microbiological agar plate technique for estimation of 5-fluorouracil concentrations in blood, urine and bile from man, dog and pig was evaluated. Different bacterial test strains, media modifications and techniques for inoculation were studied. The strain Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 8043, recommended previously by Clarkson et al., was found to be the most suitable. The influence of prediffusion, dilution, antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents and their antagonists, as well as the effect of storage of samples containing 5-fluorouracil were examined. A detailed methodological description is presented. The method seems to be sufficiently sensitive and practical for routine determination of cytotoxic compounds from 5-fluorouracil in serum, plasma and urine.", "PMID": 407775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4293", "title": "Glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase activity in slow and fast twitch skeletal muscle fibres in man.", "content": "Glycogen synthetase (I + D) and  phosphorylase (\u00e0 + b) activity was determined in human skeletal muscle biopsies with different muscle fibre composition and in dissected an pooled batches of the two main muscle fibre types: slow twitch (ST) and fast twitch (FT), respectively. Glycogen synthetase (I + D) activity remained unchanged as the per cent of FT fibres increased, but phosphoyrlase (\u00e0 + b) activity was found to increase. A similar activity pattern was found in dissected and FT fibres as compared to ST fibres, i.e. the same glycogen synthetase activity but heightened phosphoyrlase activity.", "contents": "Glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase activity in slow and fast twitch skeletal muscle fibres in man. Glycogen synthetase (I + D) and  phosphorylase (\u00e0 + b) activity was determined in human skeletal muscle biopsies with different muscle fibre composition and in dissected an pooled batches of the two main muscle fibre types: slow twitch (ST) and fast twitch (FT), respectively. Glycogen synthetase (I + D) activity remained unchanged as the per cent of FT fibres increased, but phosphoyrlase (\u00e0 + b) activity was found to increase. A similar activity pattern was found in dissected and FT fibres as compared to ST fibres, i.e. the same glycogen synthetase activity but heightened phosphoyrlase activity.", "PMID": 407776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4294", "title": "Interaction of nutrition and infection in the hospital setting.", "content": "A substantial portion of hospitalized patients suffer from protein-calorie malnutrition acquired as a result of their illness, their semistarvation dietary regimens, or the combination of both insults together. When energy needs are not met by the diet, the deficient calories must come from body stores, muscle, or visceral protein and fat. The status of these stores can be assessed clinically by easily performed measurements. In adult kwashiorkor-like syndromes, the insulin response to the combined stimulus of catabolic stress and carbohydrate feedings reduces the mobilization of fat and protein stores. In adult marasmus there is hypoaminoacidemia and loss of skeletal muscle. Both forms of malnutrition have a profound impact on immune function. Nutritional support should be given preeminent consideration as an additional necessary form of these patients.", "contents": "Interaction of nutrition and infection in the hospital setting. A substantial portion of hospitalized patients suffer from protein-calorie malnutrition acquired as a result of their illness, their semistarvation dietary regimens, or the combination of both insults together. When energy needs are not met by the diet, the deficient calories must come from body stores, muscle, or visceral protein and fat. The status of these stores can be assessed clinically by easily performed measurements. In adult kwashiorkor-like syndromes, the insulin response to the combined stimulus of catabolic stress and carbohydrate feedings reduces the mobilization of fat and protein stores. In adult marasmus there is hypoaminoacidemia and loss of skeletal muscle. Both forms of malnutrition have a profound impact on immune function. Nutritional support should be given preeminent consideration as an additional necessary form of these patients.", "PMID": 407783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4295", "title": "Magnitude of the host nutritional responses to infection.", "content": "This review describes the scope, complexity, and magnitude of host nutritional responses throughout the course of an infectious process. These responses include prominent changes in nitrogen and protein metabolism, altered rates of carbohydrate and lipid production and utilization, and changes in mineral, electrolyte, trace element, and vitamin metabolism. It is postulated that these responses develop in a relatively predictable sequence which is influenced by the adequacy of host antimicrobial defense mechanisms, the severity and duration of illness, and specific localization of an infectious process within the body. In addition to hormonal regulatory effects, the metabolic and nutritional responses of the host are also influenced by biologically active substances released when host cells participate in phagocytic activity and local inflammatory responses.", "contents": "Magnitude of the host nutritional responses to infection. This review describes the scope, complexity, and magnitude of host nutritional responses throughout the course of an infectious process. These responses include prominent changes in nitrogen and protein metabolism, altered rates of carbohydrate and lipid production and utilization, and changes in mineral, electrolyte, trace element, and vitamin metabolism. It is postulated that these responses develop in a relatively predictable sequence which is influenced by the adequacy of host antimicrobial defense mechanisms, the severity and duration of illness, and specific localization of an infectious process within the body. In addition to hormonal regulatory effects, the metabolic and nutritional responses of the host are also influenced by biologically active substances released when host cells participate in phagocytic activity and local inflammatory responses.", "PMID": 407784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4296", "title": "The relationship between dietary intake, weight change, nitrogen balance, and protein turnover in man.", "content": "We have examined the relationships between protein turnover, protein synthesis, and protein breakdown and dietary intake, weight change, and nitrogen balance in children who were recovering and had recovered from severe protein-energy-malnutrition. Protein metabolism was measured by giving [15N]glycine and measuring the enrichment of urinary urea. The level of dietary protein did not affect protein metabolism. There were highly significant correlations between both protein flux and protein synthesis and the ad libitum dietary intake, nitrogen balance, and weight change. Over the range of dietary intake, 60 to 270 cal/kg per day, the protein synthesis rate increased 5-fold. Large changes in dietary intake resulted in small changes in protein breakdown, with breakdown being least on an inadequate intake. Changes in the rate of protein breakdown did not contribute to changes in nitrogen balance or body weight.", "contents": "The relationship between dietary intake, weight change, nitrogen balance, and protein turnover in man. We have examined the relationships between protein turnover, protein synthesis, and protein breakdown and dietary intake, weight change, and nitrogen balance in children who were recovering and had recovered from severe protein-energy-malnutrition. Protein metabolism was measured by giving [15N]glycine and measuring the enrichment of urinary urea. The level of dietary protein did not affect protein metabolism. There were highly significant correlations between both protein flux and protein synthesis and the ad libitum dietary intake, nitrogen balance, and weight change. Over the range of dietary intake, 60 to 270 cal/kg per day, the protein synthesis rate increased 5-fold. Large changes in dietary intake resulted in small changes in protein breakdown, with breakdown being least on an inadequate intake. Changes in the rate of protein breakdown did not contribute to changes in nitrogen balance or body weight.", "PMID": 407788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4297", "title": "Use of specific fluorescent antibodies for the identification of hemoglobin C in erythrocytes.", "content": "Antibodies against hemoglobulin C (alpha2beta2 6Glu leads to Lys) were produced by immunizing horses and were purified by affinity chromatography. As expected from the bivalency of both the antibody and the antigen, the purified antibodies failed to produce immunoprecipitates upon reaction with the corresponding antigens. Identification of hemoglobin C in individual erythrocytes was achieved by reacting the fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antibodies with the hemoglobin antigen in fixed smears of peripheral blood. Red cells from persons having a hemoglobin C gene were labeled strongly upon reaction with anti-Hb C-FITC; there was no labeling of red cells containing normal hemoglobins or Hb S, suggesting that the anti-Hb C antibodies recognize only the amino-terminal segment of the beta chains that contain lysine in position beta6.", "contents": "Use of specific fluorescent antibodies for the identification of hemoglobin C in erythrocytes. Antibodies against hemoglobulin C (alpha2beta2 6Glu leads to Lys) were produced by immunizing horses and were purified by affinity chromatography. As expected from the bivalency of both the antibody and the antigen, the purified antibodies failed to produce immunoprecipitates upon reaction with the corresponding antigens. Identification of hemoglobin C in individual erythrocytes was achieved by reacting the fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antibodies with the hemoglobin antigen in fixed smears of peripheral blood. Red cells from persons having a hemoglobin C gene were labeled strongly upon reaction with anti-Hb C-FITC; there was no labeling of red cells containing normal hemoglobins or Hb S, suggesting that the anti-Hb C antibodies recognize only the amino-terminal segment of the beta chains that contain lysine in position beta6.", "PMID": 407789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4298", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: Antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacology and therapeutic use of antibiotics--part 4: aminoglycosides.", "content": "The aminoglycoside antibiotics are reviewed with regard to mechanism of action, bacterial resistance, antimicrobial spectrum, combinations with other agents, pharmacology, dosages in patients with normal and impaired renal function, adverse reactions, therapeutic use, prophylatic use and selection. Streptomycin is suggested in the therapy of tuberculosis, brucellosis, tularemia and yersinia infections; several of these require the coadministration of another agent. The choice between streptomycin and gentamicin for combination therapy of enterococcal endocarditis may be simplified by knowledge of the prevalence of high-level streptomycin-resistant strains in the hospital or by use of an in vitro screening test. Neomycin is the agent used orally in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Paromomycin is indicated only for the treatment of amebic infections. The major difference among gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin lies in the low but increasing prevalence of gram-negative bacilli which are resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin and susceptible to amikacin. In those institutions in which gentamicin-resistant strains are of concern, amikacin is the aminoglycoside of choice in high-risk patients until the infecting bacterium has been determined.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: Antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacology and therapeutic use of antibiotics--part 4: aminoglycosides. The aminoglycoside antibiotics are reviewed with regard to mechanism of action, bacterial resistance, antimicrobial spectrum, combinations with other agents, pharmacology, dosages in patients with normal and impaired renal function, adverse reactions, therapeutic use, prophylatic use and selection. Streptomycin is suggested in the therapy of tuberculosis, brucellosis, tularemia and yersinia infections; several of these require the coadministration of another agent. The choice between streptomycin and gentamicin for combination therapy of enterococcal endocarditis may be simplified by knowledge of the prevalence of high-level streptomycin-resistant strains in the hospital or by use of an in vitro screening test. Neomycin is the agent used orally in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Paromomycin is indicated only for the treatment of amebic infections. The major difference among gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin lies in the low but increasing prevalence of gram-negative bacilli which are resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin and susceptible to amikacin. In those institutions in which gentamicin-resistant strains are of concern, amikacin is the aminoglycoside of choice in high-risk patients until the infecting bacterium has been determined.", "PMID": 407790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4299", "title": "Pathogenesis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease: role of contraception and other risk factors.", "content": "In a case-control study of matched pairs, the risk of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) was 4.4 times higher in intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) users than in nonusers (p less than 0.001). Of approximately 500,000 cases of acute PID occurring annually in the United States, an estimated 110,000 are attributable to IUD's, costing over forty-four million dollars per year. PID was attributable to the IUD in 77 per cent of IUD users. No particular type of IUD was implicated. The relative risk of acute PID in IUD users over nonusers was higher in nulligravid women than in previously pregnant women and was directly related to socioeconomic status (SES), but the total annual risk of PID in IUD users appear inversely related to SES. IUD use significantly increased the risk of nongonococcal PID. Fever occurred in 13 (21 per cent) of 61 IUD users and 59 (41 per cent) of 143 nonusers (p less than 0.025). Among women with nongonococcal PID, and adnexal mass greater than or equal to 6 cm. was noted in 14 (40 per cent) of 35 IUD users and in only 12 (15 per cent) of 78 nonusers (p less than 0.01). An increased risk of gonococcal PID was found among non-Caucasians and women not using contraception, while the risk of nongonococcal PID was increased among women with a past history of gonorrhea. Oral contraceptive use may protect women with gonorrhea from developing PID. Menstruation precipitates the onset of symptoms of gonococcal PID.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease: role of contraception and other risk factors. In a case-control study of matched pairs, the risk of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) was 4.4 times higher in intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) users than in nonusers (p less than 0.001). Of approximately 500,000 cases of acute PID occurring annually in the United States, an estimated 110,000 are attributable to IUD's, costing over forty-four million dollars per year. PID was attributable to the IUD in 77 per cent of IUD users. No particular type of IUD was implicated. The relative risk of acute PID in IUD users over nonusers was higher in nulligravid women than in previously pregnant women and was directly related to socioeconomic status (SES), but the total annual risk of PID in IUD users appear inversely related to SES. IUD use significantly increased the risk of nongonococcal PID. Fever occurred in 13 (21 per cent) of 61 IUD users and 59 (41 per cent) of 143 nonusers (p less than 0.025). Among women with nongonococcal PID, and adnexal mass greater than or equal to 6 cm. was noted in 14 (40 per cent) of 35 IUD users and in only 12 (15 per cent) of 78 nonusers (p less than 0.01). An increased risk of gonococcal PID was found among non-Caucasians and women not using contraception, while the risk of nongonococcal PID was increased among women with a past history of gonorrhea. Oral contraceptive use may protect women with gonorrhea from developing PID. Menstruation precipitates the onset of symptoms of gonococcal PID.", "PMID": 407795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4300", "title": "Late decelerations and brain tolerance of the fetal monkey to intrapartum asphyxia.", "content": "Eight monkey fetuses near term were subjected to regulated asphyxia during labor by mechanically constricting the maternal abdominal aorta and diminishing blood flow to the uterus. A magnitude of asphyxia was produced and maintained for an initial three hours that was close to but not sufficient to elicit late decelerations. The asphyxia was then augmented during a fourth hour to cause late decelerations of magnitudes of 5 to 15 per cent of the initial heart rate. After termination of the fourth hour of asphyxia, the fetuses were delivered by hysterotomy and provided intensive care. During the three to nine months of survival after birth, all animals were neurologically intact; on necropsy the brains were free of pathologic changes both grossly and microscopically. These results support the thesis that fetal heart rate monitoring during labor exhibits a sensitivity sufficient to diagnose asphyxia of the fetus of clinical significance before it reaches a magnitude that may cause permanent neurological injury. The results are particularly pertinent to those clinical circumstances where the decreases in intervillous space blood flow brought about by uterine contractions are accentuated due to low maternal blood pressure.", "contents": "Late decelerations and brain tolerance of the fetal monkey to intrapartum asphyxia. Eight monkey fetuses near term were subjected to regulated asphyxia during labor by mechanically constricting the maternal abdominal aorta and diminishing blood flow to the uterus. A magnitude of asphyxia was produced and maintained for an initial three hours that was close to but not sufficient to elicit late decelerations. The asphyxia was then augmented during a fourth hour to cause late decelerations of magnitudes of 5 to 15 per cent of the initial heart rate. After termination of the fourth hour of asphyxia, the fetuses were delivered by hysterotomy and provided intensive care. During the three to nine months of survival after birth, all animals were neurologically intact; on necropsy the brains were free of pathologic changes both grossly and microscopically. These results support the thesis that fetal heart rate monitoring during labor exhibits a sensitivity sufficient to diagnose asphyxia of the fetus of clinical significance before it reaches a magnitude that may cause permanent neurological injury. The results are particularly pertinent to those clinical circumstances where the decreases in intervillous space blood flow brought about by uterine contractions are accentuated due to low maternal blood pressure.", "PMID": 407796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4301", "title": "Fluorescein pattern of the choriocapillaris in the neonatal rhesus monkey.", "content": "Seven neonatal rhesus monkeys were studied by serial fundus photography and fluorescein angiography at weekly intervals during the first 12 weeks of life. The neonatal rhesus showed little pigmentation of the fundus during the first six weeks of life. The fluorescein angiograms showed a definite sequential as well as segmental filling pattern at the level of the choriocapillaris. This filling pattern was based on individual units called lobules. In addition there was a segmental flow in the macula; that is, the nasal macula filled before the temporal macula.", "contents": "Fluorescein pattern of the choriocapillaris in the neonatal rhesus monkey. Seven neonatal rhesus monkeys were studied by serial fundus photography and fluorescein angiography at weekly intervals during the first 12 weeks of life. The neonatal rhesus showed little pigmentation of the fundus during the first six weeks of life. The fluorescein angiograms showed a definite sequential as well as segmental filling pattern at the level of the choriocapillaris. This filling pattern was based on individual units called lobules. In addition there was a segmental flow in the macula; that is, the nasal macula filled before the temporal macula.", "PMID": 407797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4302", "title": "Light microscopic quantitation of the endothelial vacuoles in Schlemm's canal.", "content": "Twelve rhesus monkeys were used for an experiment in which intraocular pressure was maintained at various levels between 0 and 50 mm Hg for one hour. A quantitative light microscopic analysis was made of the changes in the vacuolation of the endothelium lining Schlemm's canal. At 0 mm Hg, giant vacuoles were not found; at 8 mm Hg the counts of vacuoles were significantly lower than the corresponding 15 mm Hg controls; at 22 and 30 mm Hg the counts were significantly higher than the 15 mm Hg counts; and at 50 mm Hg 71 counts of vacuoles were less than at 22 and 30 mm Hg. Within the range of 8 to 30 mm Hg, change in pressure was shown to produce alterations in both vacuole numbers and their dimensions. The number of vacuoles increased linearly with increase in pressure, whereas mean vacuolar volume increased in a nonlinear manner.", "contents": "Light microscopic quantitation of the endothelial vacuoles in Schlemm's canal. Twelve rhesus monkeys were used for an experiment in which intraocular pressure was maintained at various levels between 0 and 50 mm Hg for one hour. A quantitative light microscopic analysis was made of the changes in the vacuolation of the endothelium lining Schlemm's canal. At 0 mm Hg, giant vacuoles were not found; at 8 mm Hg the counts of vacuoles were significantly lower than the corresponding 15 mm Hg controls; at 22 and 30 mm Hg the counts were significantly higher than the 15 mm Hg counts; and at 50 mm Hg 71 counts of vacuoles were less than at 22 and 30 mm Hg. Within the range of 8 to 30 mm Hg, change in pressure was shown to produce alterations in both vacuole numbers and their dimensions. The number of vacuoles increased linearly with increase in pressure, whereas mean vacuolar volume increased in a nonlinear manner.", "PMID": 407798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4303", "title": "Cutaneous vascular fibrinolytic activity in the local Shwartzman reaction.", "content": "A fibrin slide test was utilized to study cutaneous vascular plasminogen activator activity in normal rabbit, rat, monkey, and human skin and in rabbit skin following development of the local Shwartzman reaction and after substituting epsilon-aminocaproic acid for the preparatory injection of endotoxin in the local Shwartzman reaction. Cutaneous vascular plasminogen activator activity was also studied in rats after attempted induction of the local Shwartzman reaction following inhibition of fibrinolysis with epsilon-aminocaproic acid and/or pregnancy. Plasminogen activator activity was detected in vessels of normal rat, monkey, and human skin but was absent in skin from normal rabbits and rabbits with the local Shwartzman reaction. Intradermal injection of epsilon-aminocaproic acid failed to prepare for the local Shwartzman reaction. In the rat, which has greater cutaneous vascular plasminogen activator activity than the rabbit, inhibition of vascular activator with epsilon-aminocaproic acid and/or pregnancy failed to prepare for the local Shwartzman reaction. These studies indicate that although the markedly diminished level of cutaneous vascular plasminogen activator in the rabbit may be important in the pathogenesis of the local Shwatzman reaction, factors other than inhibition of fibrinolysis are also necessary for preparation of the reaction.", "contents": "Cutaneous vascular fibrinolytic activity in the local Shwartzman reaction. A fibrin slide test was utilized to study cutaneous vascular plasminogen activator activity in normal rabbit, rat, monkey, and human skin and in rabbit skin following development of the local Shwartzman reaction and after substituting epsilon-aminocaproic acid for the preparatory injection of endotoxin in the local Shwartzman reaction. Cutaneous vascular plasminogen activator activity was also studied in rats after attempted induction of the local Shwartzman reaction following inhibition of fibrinolysis with epsilon-aminocaproic acid and/or pregnancy. Plasminogen activator activity was detected in vessels of normal rat, monkey, and human skin but was absent in skin from normal rabbits and rabbits with the local Shwartzman reaction. Intradermal injection of epsilon-aminocaproic acid failed to prepare for the local Shwartzman reaction. In the rat, which has greater cutaneous vascular plasminogen activator activity than the rabbit, inhibition of vascular activator with epsilon-aminocaproic acid and/or pregnancy failed to prepare for the local Shwartzman reaction. These studies indicate that although the markedly diminished level of cutaneous vascular plasminogen activator in the rabbit may be important in the pathogenesis of the local Shwatzman reaction, factors other than inhibition of fibrinolysis are also necessary for preparation of the reaction.", "PMID": 407799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4304", "title": "Clinical conditions associated with defective polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis.", "content": "Impressive numbers of clinical conditions are associated with defective leukocyte chemotaxis. In many, this cellular dysfunction is associated with other abnormalities of the immune response, but in others abnormal chemotactic responsiveness of leukocytes is the only abnormality of function identified in the laboratory. Patients are usually selected for study because of unusually severe, recurrent infections or poor response to antimicrobial agents, and therefore a frequent association between abnormality of chemotaxis and infection would be expected. Many patients demonstrate abnormal chemotaxis during remissions as well as during infections, and there seems little doubt that abnormality of chemotaxis is related to susceptibility to infections. Partial classification of disorders of chemotaxis was attempted. Major abnormalities are found when there is a primary cellular disorder or cell-directed inhibitors of chemotaxis are found. Less marked abnormalities are found when chemotactic factors are deficient.", "contents": "Clinical conditions associated with defective polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis. Impressive numbers of clinical conditions are associated with defective leukocyte chemotaxis. In many, this cellular dysfunction is associated with other abnormalities of the immune response, but in others abnormal chemotactic responsiveness of leukocytes is the only abnormality of function identified in the laboratory. Patients are usually selected for study because of unusually severe, recurrent infections or poor response to antimicrobial agents, and therefore a frequent association between abnormality of chemotaxis and infection would be expected. Many patients demonstrate abnormal chemotaxis during remissions as well as during infections, and there seems little doubt that abnormality of chemotaxis is related to susceptibility to infections. Partial classification of disorders of chemotaxis was attempted. Major abnormalities are found when there is a primary cellular disorder or cell-directed inhibitors of chemotaxis are found. Less marked abnormalities are found when chemotactic factors are deficient.", "PMID": 407800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4305", "title": "What is quality care? A clinician's view.", "content": "The prospect of national health insurance means the establishment of government criteria for reimbursable psychiatric treatment. These cost-control standards are certain to be justified on the basis of quality maintenance as well. Such preestablished criteria would not only fail to insure quality, they would likely undermine it. Steps toward an urgently needed definition of \"quality treatment\" are considered.", "contents": "What is quality care? A clinician's view. The prospect of national health insurance means the establishment of government criteria for reimbursable psychiatric treatment. These cost-control standards are certain to be justified on the basis of quality maintenance as well. Such preestablished criteria would not only fail to insure quality, they would likely undermine it. Steps toward an urgently needed definition of \"quality treatment\" are considered.", "PMID": 407801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4306", "title": "Split-line patterns of the mandible following masseterectomy in adult and growing monkeys.", "content": "Architectural changes of the mandibular ramus following masseterectomy were analyzed by means of the split-line technique in both adult and growing monkeys. The right masseter muscle was resected in ten tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and they were sacrificed following a 12-month period. Along with modifications in the shape of the mandible, the masseterectomy induced structural changes as revealed by alterations in the split-line patterns. These changes were much more evident in the adult animals. In growing monkeys, intrinsic forces determine an architecture of mandibular growth, represented by the direction of the splits. This is not influenced by the lack of mechanical factors like muscle action. Conversely, the final fibrous architecture of the bone in the adult monkey may be modified by extrinsic mechanical factors.", "contents": "Split-line patterns of the mandible following masseterectomy in adult and growing monkeys. Architectural changes of the mandibular ramus following masseterectomy were analyzed by means of the split-line technique in both adult and growing monkeys. The right masseter muscle was resected in ten tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and they were sacrificed following a 12-month period. Along with modifications in the shape of the mandible, the masseterectomy induced structural changes as revealed by alterations in the split-line patterns. These changes were much more evident in the adult animals. In growing monkeys, intrinsic forces determine an architecture of mandibular growth, represented by the direction of the splits. This is not influenced by the lack of mechanical factors like muscle action. Conversely, the final fibrous architecture of the bone in the adult monkey may be modified by extrinsic mechanical factors.", "PMID": 407803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4307", "title": "Condylar translation and the function of the superficial masseter muscle in the rhesus monkey (M. mulatta).", "content": "The relationship between translation of the mandibular condyle during symmetrical mandibular rotation, i.e., symmetrical jaw depression and elevation, and the function of the superficial masseter muscle was examined in light of relative torque and the length-tension relationship for muscle. Lateral cephalograms of live adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were analyzed using two models: (1) Model A, normal symmetrical jaw rotation accompanied by condylar translation; and (2) Model B, mandibular rotation about an axis fixed at the position of the condyles during centric occlusion. The decrease in relative torque and the excursion of the superficial masseter at mouth-open positions are significantly greater in Model B than in Model A. Symmetrical rotation of the jaw about a fixed axis would result in a 35% greater loss of maximum producible tension at maximum gape than rotation associated with condylar translation. These results suggest that condylar translation during mandibular depression and elevation functions to minimize reduction in relative torque and excursion of superficial masseter muscle, thereby maintaining optimal potential for exerting maximum tension during jaw closure.", "contents": "Condylar translation and the function of the superficial masseter muscle in the rhesus monkey (M. mulatta). The relationship between translation of the mandibular condyle during symmetrical mandibular rotation, i.e., symmetrical jaw depression and elevation, and the function of the superficial masseter muscle was examined in light of relative torque and the length-tension relationship for muscle. Lateral cephalograms of live adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were analyzed using two models: (1) Model A, normal symmetrical jaw rotation accompanied by condylar translation; and (2) Model B, mandibular rotation about an axis fixed at the position of the condyles during centric occlusion. The decrease in relative torque and the excursion of the superficial masseter at mouth-open positions are significantly greater in Model B than in Model A. Symmetrical rotation of the jaw about a fixed axis would result in a 35% greater loss of maximum producible tension at maximum gape than rotation associated with condylar translation. These results suggest that condylar translation during mandibular depression and elevation functions to minimize reduction in relative torque and excursion of superficial masseter muscle, thereby maintaining optimal potential for exerting maximum tension during jaw closure.", "PMID": 407804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4308", "title": "Serum total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine during dynamic muscular exercise in man.", "content": "The effect of strenuous dynamic muscular exercise on serum-free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) concentrations has been studied in 10 healthy subjects. In the course of 7.8-19 min of treadmill exercise (protocol of R. A. Bruce), the group showed a mean increase in serum albumin concentration of 11.4% (P less than 0.01). Five subjects demonstrated an increase in FT4 concentrations (x = +54%) and five showed decreased FT4 (x = -36%). The difference in FT4 concentrations was accounted for primarily by acute alterations in dialyzable fraction T4 (DFT4) rather than total serum T4. Mean changes in DFT4 were statistically significant (P less than 0.02) when increased FT4 and decreased FT4 groups were compared. Acute exercise was accompanied by a 9% decrease in dialyzable fraction T3 (DFT3) (P less than 0.02) in the 10 subjects, but the concomitant decrease in FT3 concentration was not significant. Changes in DFT4 and DFT3 and FT4 and FT3 concentrations were not correlated. Trends in double product (heart rate times blood pressure) with maximal exercise and in double-product recovery after exercise suggested that increased FT4 concentrations developed in subjects who were physically better trained.", "contents": "Serum total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine during dynamic muscular exercise in man. The effect of strenuous dynamic muscular exercise on serum-free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) concentrations has been studied in 10 healthy subjects. In the course of 7.8-19 min of treadmill exercise (protocol of R. A. Bruce), the group showed a mean increase in serum albumin concentration of 11.4% (P less than 0.01). Five subjects demonstrated an increase in FT4 concentrations (x = +54%) and five showed decreased FT4 (x = -36%). The difference in FT4 concentrations was accounted for primarily by acute alterations in dialyzable fraction T4 (DFT4) rather than total serum T4. Mean changes in DFT4 were statistically significant (P less than 0.02) when increased FT4 and decreased FT4 groups were compared. Acute exercise was accompanied by a 9% decrease in dialyzable fraction T3 (DFT3) (P less than 0.02) in the 10 subjects, but the concomitant decrease in FT3 concentration was not significant. Changes in DFT4 and DFT3 and FT4 and FT3 concentrations were not correlated. Trends in double product (heart rate times blood pressure) with maximal exercise and in double-product recovery after exercise suggested that increased FT4 concentrations developed in subjects who were physically better trained.", "PMID": 407805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4309", "title": "Cerebral circulation: effect of stimulation and blockade of dopamine receptors.", "content": "The effects of stimulation and blockade of dopaminergic receptors on cerebral blood flow and metabolism were investigated in 15 anesthetized baboons. The intravenous administration of apomorphine resulted in immediate, dose-dependent increases in cerebral blood flow (increased by 58% following 0.1 mg/kg apomorphine) which were always accompanied by increases in cerebral oxygen consumption (increased by 36% with 0.1 mg/kg) and glucose uptake (increased by 72% with 0.1 mg/kg). It is suggested that the primary action of apomorphine is on cerebral metabolism and secondarily on cerebral blood flow rather than directly on cerebral vascular smooth muscle. Pimozide, at doses that totally blocked apomorphine-induced increases, was without effect on cerebral blood flow and metabolism. The dilatatory response of the cerebral circulation to hypercapnia was preserved during dopamine-receptor blockade. The basal level of overall cerebral metabolism and hemispheric cerebral blood flow does not appear to be dependent to any large extent on the activity of the dopaminergic pathways in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Cerebral circulation: effect of stimulation and blockade of dopamine receptors. The effects of stimulation and blockade of dopaminergic receptors on cerebral blood flow and metabolism were investigated in 15 anesthetized baboons. The intravenous administration of apomorphine resulted in immediate, dose-dependent increases in cerebral blood flow (increased by 58% following 0.1 mg/kg apomorphine) which were always accompanied by increases in cerebral oxygen consumption (increased by 36% with 0.1 mg/kg) and glucose uptake (increased by 72% with 0.1 mg/kg). It is suggested that the primary action of apomorphine is on cerebral metabolism and secondarily on cerebral blood flow rather than directly on cerebral vascular smooth muscle. Pimozide, at doses that totally blocked apomorphine-induced increases, was without effect on cerebral blood flow and metabolism. The dilatatory response of the cerebral circulation to hypercapnia was preserved during dopamine-receptor blockade. The basal level of overall cerebral metabolism and hemispheric cerebral blood flow does not appear to be dependent to any large extent on the activity of the dopaminergic pathways in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 407806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4310", "title": "Utilization of former military medical corpsmen in the provision of jail health services.", "content": "In an effort to improve the quality of health services within a large urban jail, former military medical corpsmen have been employed as an integral component of a jail health service. Medical corpsmen are responsible for the performance of intake medical evaluations, delivery of prescription medications, triage for physician sick call, and provision of elementary health services on the jail tiers. Utilization of medical corpsmen has been associated with improved rates of medication delivery as well as beneficial effects in relation to tuberculosis and venereal disease control, and a more appropriate utilization of physician services. Effective utilization of medical corpsmen requires cooperation from the correctional staff as well as consistent supervision and support by qualified physicians.", "contents": "Utilization of former military medical corpsmen in the provision of jail health services. In an effort to improve the quality of health services within a large urban jail, former military medical corpsmen have been employed as an integral component of a jail health service. Medical corpsmen are responsible for the performance of intake medical evaluations, delivery of prescription medications, triage for physician sick call, and provision of elementary health services on the jail tiers. Utilization of medical corpsmen has been associated with improved rates of medication delivery as well as beneficial effects in relation to tuberculosis and venereal disease control, and a more appropriate utilization of physician services. Effective utilization of medical corpsmen requires cooperation from the correctional staff as well as consistent supervision and support by qualified physicians.", "PMID": 407807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4311", "title": "Differences in the virulence of Plasmodium knowlesi for Macaca irus (fascicularis) of Philippine and Malayan origins.", "content": "This report summarizes the results of a comparative study of the virulence of the \"S-M,\" H, and C strains of P. knowlesi for Indian rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus monkeys [M. irus (fascicularis)] of Malayan (West Malaysia) and Philippine origins. Each of the above strains produced fulminating, uniformly fatal infections in the rhesus monkey and mild, chronic infections, characterized by relatively low level parasitemias in cynomolgus monkeys of Philippine origin. In striking contrast, the H and C strains produced infections in cynomolgus monkeys of Malayan origin which were indistinguishable in severity from infections produced in M. mulatta. The circumstances of the study precluded evaluation of the virulence of the \"S-M\" strain for M. irus of Malayan origin. Even so, the available data make it necessary to qualify the long-held belief that infections with P. knowlesi in M. irus invariably follow a benign course.", "contents": "Differences in the virulence of Plasmodium knowlesi for Macaca irus (fascicularis) of Philippine and Malayan origins. This report summarizes the results of a comparative study of the virulence of the \"S-M,\" H, and C strains of P. knowlesi for Indian rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus monkeys [M. irus (fascicularis)] of Malayan (West Malaysia) and Philippine origins. Each of the above strains produced fulminating, uniformly fatal infections in the rhesus monkey and mild, chronic infections, characterized by relatively low level parasitemias in cynomolgus monkeys of Philippine origin. In striking contrast, the H and C strains produced infections in cynomolgus monkeys of Malayan origin which were indistinguishable in severity from infections produced in M. mulatta. The circumstances of the study precluded evaluation of the virulence of the \"S-M\" strain for M. irus of Malayan origin. Even so, the available data make it necessary to qualify the long-held belief that infections with P. knowlesi in M. irus invariably follow a benign course.", "PMID": 407808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4312", "title": "Search for Trypanosoma rangeli in endemic areas of Trypanosoma cruzi in Argentina and Brazil.", "content": "Because the presence of Trypanosoma rangeli in Argentina and Brazil has not been confirmed, a serach was carried out in man and triatomine insects. Fifty-nine of 207 persons (28.5%) were infected when studied with one or more xenodiagnosis (40 Triatoma infestans/xenodiagnosis); 0.1% to 13% of 7,821 bugs' feces and 4% of 875 dissected midguts showed T. cruzi in Giemsa stained smears. One of 6,980 hemolymph samples and 1/875 salivary glands showed few flagellates which may have originated in the gut. They were not found in stained smears. Thirteen percent of 188 wild-caught domiciliary T. infestans showed only T. cruzi in the gut and feces. Although the presence of T. rangeli could not be demonstrated, the study indicates that examination of pooled hemolymph and random samples of salivary glands and midguts can be carried out together iwth the usual examination of extracted feces in any species of triatomine, including those with salivary glands lacking the pink color present in the genus Rhodnius. Unless this procedure is widely used it will not be possible to differentiate T. rangeli and other possible trypanosome infections from those of T. cruzi nor to determine, therefore, the true prevalence of Chagas' disease in a given human population.", "contents": "Search for Trypanosoma rangeli in endemic areas of Trypanosoma cruzi in Argentina and Brazil. Because the presence of Trypanosoma rangeli in Argentina and Brazil has not been confirmed, a serach was carried out in man and triatomine insects. Fifty-nine of 207 persons (28.5%) were infected when studied with one or more xenodiagnosis (40 Triatoma infestans/xenodiagnosis); 0.1% to 13% of 7,821 bugs' feces and 4% of 875 dissected midguts showed T. cruzi in Giemsa stained smears. One of 6,980 hemolymph samples and 1/875 salivary glands showed few flagellates which may have originated in the gut. They were not found in stained smears. Thirteen percent of 188 wild-caught domiciliary T. infestans showed only T. cruzi in the gut and feces. Although the presence of T. rangeli could not be demonstrated, the study indicates that examination of pooled hemolymph and random samples of salivary glands and midguts can be carried out together iwth the usual examination of extracted feces in any species of triatomine, including those with salivary glands lacking the pink color present in the genus Rhodnius. Unless this procedure is widely used it will not be possible to differentiate T. rangeli and other possible trypanosome infections from those of T. cruzi nor to determine, therefore, the true prevalence of Chagas' disease in a given human population.", "PMID": 407809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4313", "title": "Anaesthetic considerations on von Recklinghausen's disease (multiple neurofibromatosis). Abnormal response to muscle relaxants.", "content": "Two cases of abnormal response to muscle relaxants in patients with von Recklinghausen's disease are reported and the literature is reviewed. A 31 year-old female showed high sensitivity to both suxamethonium and tubocurarine, and 57 year-old male showed also high sensitivity to tubocurarine. Anaesthetic problems which might be encountered in patients with von Recklinghausen's disease are concomitant phaeochromocytoma, renal hypertension, kyphoscoliosis, deformity of the spine, and intralaryngeal neurofibroma.", "contents": "Anaesthetic considerations on von Recklinghausen's disease (multiple neurofibromatosis). Abnormal response to muscle relaxants. Two cases of abnormal response to muscle relaxants in patients with von Recklinghausen's disease are reported and the literature is reviewed. A 31 year-old female showed high sensitivity to both suxamethonium and tubocurarine, and 57 year-old male showed also high sensitivity to tubocurarine. Anaesthetic problems which might be encountered in patients with von Recklinghausen's disease are concomitant phaeochromocytoma, renal hypertension, kyphoscoliosis, deformity of the spine, and intralaryngeal neurofibroma.", "PMID": 407812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4314", "title": "Oral cromolyn therapy in patients with food allergy: a preliminary report.", "content": "In a preliminary double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study, 10 out of 16 patients (62.5%) had remissions in acute symptoms of food allergy with oral cromolyn therapy. The effective dosage for each patient had to be sought individually. No serious side effects were encountered.", "contents": "Oral cromolyn therapy in patients with food allergy: a preliminary report. In a preliminary double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study, 10 out of 16 patients (62.5%) had remissions in acute symptoms of food allergy with oral cromolyn therapy. The effective dosage for each patient had to be sought individually. No serious side effects were encountered.", "PMID": 407817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4315", "title": "Cromolyn sodium, five to six years later.", "content": "Ninety-five children with difficult to treat asthma were given cromolyn in double-blind, crossover studies. Of these, 70 were studied for the next five to six years by open trial cromolyn prophylaxis to determine decreasing dependency on bronchodilators or corticosteroids. Evaluated at two-month intervals, 28 children required prednisone and bronchodilators, 37 required round-the-clock bronchodilators only and five required neither. Peak expiratory flow rates were below 80% of predicted normal in eight patients, the remaining 62 showed reversibility of airways obstruction. Exercise-induced asthma was reported by 44 during the first two years but persistent improvement in exercise tolerance occurred in 24 patients. IgE specific RAST indicated a continuing extrinsic element in the etiology of 38 of 45 patients tested. Cromolyn was an effective prophylaxis for children with chronic asthma; however, it was difficult to evaluate in 17 steroid-dependent subjects. Attempts to reduce the need for and especially to discontinue steroids were not as successful as other reports indicate.", "contents": "Cromolyn sodium, five to six years later. Ninety-five children with difficult to treat asthma were given cromolyn in double-blind, crossover studies. Of these, 70 were studied for the next five to six years by open trial cromolyn prophylaxis to determine decreasing dependency on bronchodilators or corticosteroids. Evaluated at two-month intervals, 28 children required prednisone and bronchodilators, 37 required round-the-clock bronchodilators only and five required neither. Peak expiratory flow rates were below 80% of predicted normal in eight patients, the remaining 62 showed reversibility of airways obstruction. Exercise-induced asthma was reported by 44 during the first two years but persistent improvement in exercise tolerance occurred in 24 patients. IgE specific RAST indicated a continuing extrinsic element in the etiology of 38 of 45 patients tested. Cromolyn was an effective prophylaxis for children with chronic asthma; however, it was difficult to evaluate in 17 steroid-dependent subjects. Attempts to reduce the need for and especially to discontinue steroids were not as successful as other reports indicate.", "PMID": 407818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4316", "title": "Demonstration of organ-characteristic glycoproteins in human semen.", "content": "Tridacnin M, a galactosyl-specific reagent prepared from the bivalve clam Tridacna maxima (R\u00f6ding) was used for the demonstration of 2 different glycosubstances with terminal galactosido units in human semen. The results obtained by immunodiffusion tests indicate that the seminal plasma contains a water-soluble glycoprotein with two carbohydrate chains, one of them having a terminal beta-galatosyl group whereas the other one seems to have a terminal N-acetyl-neuraminic acid group and a subterminal beta-galactosyl group. This glycoprotein is a secretion product of the seminal vesicles and, therefore, of diagnostic significance: it is absent in cases of bilateral occlusion of the ampullae. Another glycosubstance with terminal galactosido-residues could be demonstrated on the surface of sperm cells by agglutination reactions. This glycosubstance is an integral part of the spermatozoan membrane because it cannot be removed by repeated washings.", "contents": "Demonstration of organ-characteristic glycoproteins in human semen. Tridacnin M, a galactosyl-specific reagent prepared from the bivalve clam Tridacna maxima (R\u00f6ding) was used for the demonstration of 2 different glycosubstances with terminal galactosido units in human semen. The results obtained by immunodiffusion tests indicate that the seminal plasma contains a water-soluble glycoprotein with two carbohydrate chains, one of them having a terminal beta-galatosyl group whereas the other one seems to have a terminal N-acetyl-neuraminic acid group and a subterminal beta-galactosyl group. This glycoprotein is a secretion product of the seminal vesicles and, therefore, of diagnostic significance: it is absent in cases of bilateral occlusion of the ampullae. Another glycosubstance with terminal galactosido-residues could be demonstrated on the surface of sperm cells by agglutination reactions. This glycosubstance is an integral part of the spermatozoan membrane because it cannot be removed by repeated washings.", "PMID": 407814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4317", "title": "Insecticidal activity of propoxur- and carbaryl-impregnated flea collars against Ctenocephalides felis.", "content": "Ten dogs were fitted with 10% propoxur-(0-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate) and 10 dogs were fitted with 16% carbaryl-(1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) impregnated flea collars. Ten cats were fitted with carbaryl-impregnated flea collars. There were 5 control animal for each trial. Insecticidal activity against experimental infestations with the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) was evaluated. The propoxur collars on dogs reduced the flea populations by 90% within 2 days of infestation for at least 13 weeks. By the 16th week, the flea population was reduced 65% in 2 days and 87% in 7 days. In subsequent infestations, efficiency was less than 80% after 7 days. Carbaryl collars on dogs reduced the flea population by as much as 80% in 2 days for a period of 16 weeks. An efficiency of at least 80% at 7 days was maintaned for 17 weeks. Carbaryl collars on cats reduced the flea population within 2 days by 80% or more for a period of at least 19 weeks--the last experimental infestation.", "contents": "Insecticidal activity of propoxur- and carbaryl-impregnated flea collars against Ctenocephalides felis. Ten dogs were fitted with 10% propoxur-(0-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate) and 10 dogs were fitted with 16% carbaryl-(1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) impregnated flea collars. Ten cats were fitted with carbaryl-impregnated flea collars. There were 5 control animal for each trial. Insecticidal activity against experimental infestations with the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) was evaluated. The propoxur collars on dogs reduced the flea populations by 90% within 2 days of infestation for at least 13 weeks. By the 16th week, the flea population was reduced 65% in 2 days and 87% in 7 days. In subsequent infestations, efficiency was less than 80% after 7 days. Carbaryl collars on dogs reduced the flea population by as much as 80% in 2 days for a period of 16 weeks. An efficiency of at least 80% at 7 days was maintaned for 17 weeks. Carbaryl collars on cats reduced the flea population within 2 days by 80% or more for a period of at least 19 weeks--the last experimental infestation.", "PMID": 407819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4318", "title": "Effect of aerosol immunization with RE 595 Salmonella minnesota on lung bactericidal activity against Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Intrapulmonary bactericidal activity was measured after mice were given 3 weekly aerosol exposures to acid-hydrolyzed Re 595 Salmonella minnesota. Ten days after their last immunization, mice were challenged with aerolized Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Quantitative bacterial counts in ground lung were obtained immediately after exposure and again 4 hours later. Enhanced bactericidal activity against Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae was seen in immunized animals, whereas no difference with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was noted. In separate studies, immunization with Serratia marcescens yielded a similar enhancement of lung bactericidal activity. Mucociliary transport, as measured by disappearance of aerosolized Serratia marcescens labeled with phosphorus-32, was identical for both immunized and control animals. Using a standardized in vitro mouse alveolar macrophage phagocytic system, lung washes from animals immunized with Re 595 Salmonella minnesota had significant opsonic activity for Serratia marcescens but not for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "contents": "Effect of aerosol immunization with RE 595 Salmonella minnesota on lung bactericidal activity against Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Intrapulmonary bactericidal activity was measured after mice were given 3 weekly aerosol exposures to acid-hydrolyzed Re 595 Salmonella minnesota. Ten days after their last immunization, mice were challenged with aerolized Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Quantitative bacterial counts in ground lung were obtained immediately after exposure and again 4 hours later. Enhanced bactericidal activity against Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae was seen in immunized animals, whereas no difference with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was noted. In separate studies, immunization with Serratia marcescens yielded a similar enhancement of lung bactericidal activity. Mucociliary transport, as measured by disappearance of aerosolized Serratia marcescens labeled with phosphorus-32, was identical for both immunized and control animals. Using a standardized in vitro mouse alveolar macrophage phagocytic system, lung washes from animals immunized with Re 595 Salmonella minnesota had significant opsonic activity for Serratia marcescens but not for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "PMID": 407823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4319", "title": "Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome: diagnosis and therapy.", "content": "Tests of prolactin regulation in the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome were compared in 18 patients with normal pituitary fossae, seven patients with prolactin-secreting adenomas, and eight normal women. Mean basal prolactin was highest in patients with adenomas and was elevated in those with normal fossae when compared with normal subjects (278 versus 73 versus 10.2 ng/ml). Levodopa, water loading, or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone testing were of no predictive value in the diagnosis of adenoma. Some patients with adenomas show a greater prolactin response after administration of thyrotrophin hormone-releasing hormone (TRH) than of chlorpromazine, whereas these responses are usually similar in patients with normal fossae. A mean basal prolactin level above 150 ng/ml or an increase of more than 100 ng/ml after TRH administration in a patient with hyperprolactinemia unresponsive to chlorpromazine stimulation strongly suggests a prolactin-secreting tumor. However, because some patients with tumor have prolactin levels below 150 ng/ml, or do not respond to TRH stimulation, or both, functional studies alone cannot permit the diagnosis of all adenomas before the appearance of radiographic changes.", "contents": "Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome: diagnosis and therapy. Tests of prolactin regulation in the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome were compared in 18 patients with normal pituitary fossae, seven patients with prolactin-secreting adenomas, and eight normal women. Mean basal prolactin was highest in patients with adenomas and was elevated in those with normal fossae when compared with normal subjects (278 versus 73 versus 10.2 ng/ml). Levodopa, water loading, or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone testing were of no predictive value in the diagnosis of adenoma. Some patients with adenomas show a greater prolactin response after administration of thyrotrophin hormone-releasing hormone (TRH) than of chlorpromazine, whereas these responses are usually similar in patients with normal fossae. A mean basal prolactin level above 150 ng/ml or an increase of more than 100 ng/ml after TRH administration in a patient with hyperprolactinemia unresponsive to chlorpromazine stimulation strongly suggests a prolactin-secreting tumor. However, because some patients with tumor have prolactin levels below 150 ng/ml, or do not respond to TRH stimulation, or both, functional studies alone cannot permit the diagnosis of all adenomas before the appearance of radiographic changes.", "PMID": 407824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4320", "title": "Renal failure associated with demeclocycline in cirrhosis.", "content": "Three patients with cirrhosis, ascites, and dilutional hyponatremia were treated with demeclocycline in an attempt to correct the abnormal water retention. Demeclocycline administration (600 to 900 mg/day for 8 to 9 days) resulted in [a] increased blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine concentrations; [b] reduction of the inulin clearance by between 63% to 78% and of paraaminophippurate clearance by 36% to 77%; and [c] an impairment of the renal concentrating ability. Urine osmolality decreased to hypotonic levels, but polyuria did not appear, probably because it was prevented by the reduction of the glomerular filtration rate. Renal failure was reversible on withdrawal of demeclocycline. No other causes than demeclocycline administration could be found to explain the reduction of the glomerular filtration rate and the estimated renal plasma flow.", "contents": "Renal failure associated with demeclocycline in cirrhosis. Three patients with cirrhosis, ascites, and dilutional hyponatremia were treated with demeclocycline in an attempt to correct the abnormal water retention. Demeclocycline administration (600 to 900 mg/day for 8 to 9 days) resulted in [a] increased blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine concentrations; [b] reduction of the inulin clearance by between 63% to 78% and of paraaminophippurate clearance by 36% to 77%; and [c] an impairment of the renal concentrating ability. Urine osmolality decreased to hypotonic levels, but polyuria did not appear, probably because it was prevented by the reduction of the glomerular filtration rate. Renal failure was reversible on withdrawal of demeclocycline. No other causes than demeclocycline administration could be found to explain the reduction of the glomerular filtration rate and the estimated renal plasma flow.", "PMID": 407825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4321", "title": "[Reticulate erythema with mucinosis (R. E. M. Steigleder syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "We described a case similar to the four cases reported by Steigleder, Gartman and Linker in 1974 and entitled: \"R.E.M. syndrome reticular erythematous mucinosis, a new entity?\". In our case, clinical and histological findings were strictly identical to those previously reported. Furthermore, we detected no antibodies in the cutaneous lesions.", "contents": "[Reticulate erythema with mucinosis (R. E. M. Steigleder syndrome) (author's transl)]. We described a case similar to the four cases reported by Steigleder, Gartman and Linker in 1974 and entitled: \"R.E.M. syndrome reticular erythematous mucinosis, a new entity?\". In our case, clinical and histological findings were strictly identical to those previously reported. Furthermore, we detected no antibodies in the cutaneous lesions.", "PMID": 407829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4322", "title": "Complications after megavoltage therapy of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "56 patients with Hodgkin's disease treated with large field megavolt irradiation are presented. Complications in the parenchymal organs were few, although patients developed an appreciable grade of pulmonary radiofibrosis, two patients had a myocardial infarction and one patient thrombosis of the portal veins. Depression of the bone marrow frequently interfered with the radiation treatment. In five cases radiotherapy had to be discontinued. In three cases bone marrow depression persisted to the time of death. The total mode treatment was often to be discontinued and the treatment with cytostatics was started. The extended and total node treatment for Hodgkin's disease must be planned to spare as much of the bone marrow as possible.", "contents": "Complications after megavoltage therapy of Hodgkin's disease. 56 patients with Hodgkin's disease treated with large field megavolt irradiation are presented. Complications in the parenchymal organs were few, although patients developed an appreciable grade of pulmonary radiofibrosis, two patients had a myocardial infarction and one patient thrombosis of the portal veins. Depression of the bone marrow frequently interfered with the radiation treatment. In five cases radiotherapy had to be discontinued. In three cases bone marrow depression persisted to the time of death. The total mode treatment was often to be discontinued and the treatment with cytostatics was started. The extended and total node treatment for Hodgkin's disease must be planned to spare as much of the bone marrow as possible.", "PMID": 407831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4323", "title": "Malignant external otitis: further considerations.", "content": "Malignant external otitis is an infection which begins in the external auditory canal. It is uniformly caused by the Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa organism and mainly affects elderly diabetics. It spreads to the soft tissues beneath the temporal bone and, if not properly treated leads to facial nerve palsy, mastoiditis, sepsis, osteomyelitis of the base of the skull, sigmoid sinus thrombosis, multiple cranial nerve palsies and death. Experience with 72 patients in varying stages of the disease is summarized. Stressed are the diagnostic criteria of nonresponsiveness to the usual methods of treatment, continued suppuration, and the continuing reformation of granulation tissue in the floor of the external auditory canal. Medical treatment is recommended with hospitalization and intravenous carbenicillin and gentamicin. Minor surgical debridement is helpful. All patients should be treated medically for as long as improvement continues, reserving surgical intervention only in the event a plateau is reached or symptoms and signs become worse under treatment. With or without a major surgical procedure, it is imperative to continue treatment for at least seven days after apparent cure in order to avoid recurrent disease possibly at a site distant from the canal.", "contents": "Malignant external otitis: further considerations. Malignant external otitis is an infection which begins in the external auditory canal. It is uniformly caused by the Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa organism and mainly affects elderly diabetics. It spreads to the soft tissues beneath the temporal bone and, if not properly treated leads to facial nerve palsy, mastoiditis, sepsis, osteomyelitis of the base of the skull, sigmoid sinus thrombosis, multiple cranial nerve palsies and death. Experience with 72 patients in varying stages of the disease is summarized. Stressed are the diagnostic criteria of nonresponsiveness to the usual methods of treatment, continued suppuration, and the continuing reformation of granulation tissue in the floor of the external auditory canal. Medical treatment is recommended with hospitalization and intravenous carbenicillin and gentamicin. Minor surgical debridement is helpful. All patients should be treated medically for as long as improvement continues, reserving surgical intervention only in the event a plateau is reached or symptoms and signs become worse under treatment. With or without a major surgical procedure, it is imperative to continue treatment for at least seven days after apparent cure in order to avoid recurrent disease possibly at a site distant from the canal.", "PMID": 407826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4324", "title": "Tympanometric patterns found in middle ear effusions.", "content": "In 120 ears of 67 children with a history of recurrent acute otitis media or otoscopic evidence of persistent middle ear effusion, or both, tympanograms were obtained using an otoadmittance meter and an electro-acoustic impedance bridge. Myringotomy was performed immediately following the tympanometric evaluation confirming the presence or absence of middle ear effusion. The comparison of myringotomy findings with a tympanometric pattern classification revealed 85.8% overall correct association with the presence or absence of a middle ear effusion for both instruments. In 83.3% of the cases, there was agreement in the classification of the tympanogram between the otoadmittance meter and the electro-acoustic bridge.", "contents": "Tympanometric patterns found in middle ear effusions. In 120 ears of 67 children with a history of recurrent acute otitis media or otoscopic evidence of persistent middle ear effusion, or both, tympanograms were obtained using an otoadmittance meter and an electro-acoustic impedance bridge. Myringotomy was performed immediately following the tympanometric evaluation confirming the presence or absence of middle ear effusion. The comparison of myringotomy findings with a tympanometric pattern classification revealed 85.8% overall correct association with the presence or absence of a middle ear effusion for both instruments. In 83.3% of the cases, there was agreement in the classification of the tympanogram between the otoadmittance meter and the electro-acoustic bridge.", "PMID": 407828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4325", "title": "[Lysis of bacterial protoplasts and spheroplasts and suppression of their dehydrogenase activity by neotehomycin].", "content": "Neotelomycin induced lysis of the protoplasts of Bac. megaterium and inhibited their succinate dehydrogenase activity. Direct correlation between the lytic activity of the antibiotic and its effect on succinate dehydrogenase was found. Neotelomycin had no effect on the dehydrogenase activity of the protoplast lysates. Possibly, suppression of the protoplast succinate dehydrogenase of Bac. megaterium under the effect of neotelomycin was due to significant structural changes caused by the antibiotic in the protoplast membranes and leading to their lysis and not to the direct effect on the enzyme. Neotelomycin had practically no effect on the spheroplast dehydrogenase activity of E. coli resistant to the antibiotic and did not induce their lysis. Resistance of E. coli to neotelomycin must be associated not with the presence of the antibiotic non-permeable cell wall but the peculiar properties of the membrane cytoplasm.", "contents": "[Lysis of bacterial protoplasts and spheroplasts and suppression of their dehydrogenase activity by neotehomycin]. Neotelomycin induced lysis of the protoplasts of Bac. megaterium and inhibited their succinate dehydrogenase activity. Direct correlation between the lytic activity of the antibiotic and its effect on succinate dehydrogenase was found. Neotelomycin had no effect on the dehydrogenase activity of the protoplast lysates. Possibly, suppression of the protoplast succinate dehydrogenase of Bac. megaterium under the effect of neotelomycin was due to significant structural changes caused by the antibiotic in the protoplast membranes and leading to their lysis and not to the direct effect on the enzyme. Neotelomycin had practically no effect on the spheroplast dehydrogenase activity of E. coli resistant to the antibiotic and did not induce their lysis. Resistance of E. coli to neotelomycin must be associated not with the presence of the antibiotic non-permeable cell wall but the peculiar properties of the membrane cytoplasm.", "PMID": 407837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4326", "title": "[Anthracycline antibiotic, beromycin. The formation of complexes with DNA and the suppresion of nucleic acid biosynthesis].", "content": "Beromycin, an antitumor anthracycline antibiotic formed in vitro complexes with native and denaturated DNA and ribosomal RNA. Beromycin had a comparatively low constant of DNA binding and to a less extent increased the melting temperature and viscosity of DNA than the other anthracycline antibiotics. A peculiar property of beromycin was very slow binding with DNA, the complex formation was completed in 60 minutes. Beromycin had a selective inhibitory effect on synthesis of nucleic acids in bacterial and tumor cells. Beromycin inhibited synthesis of RNA in the DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase reaction when both the native and denaturated DNA were used as the template. A lower biological activity of beromycin as compared to the other anthracycline antibiotics, such as rubomycin or carminomycin may be explained by lower affinity of this antibiotic to DNA.", "contents": "[Anthracycline antibiotic, beromycin. The formation of complexes with DNA and the suppresion of nucleic acid biosynthesis]. Beromycin, an antitumor anthracycline antibiotic formed in vitro complexes with native and denaturated DNA and ribosomal RNA. Beromycin had a comparatively low constant of DNA binding and to a less extent increased the melting temperature and viscosity of DNA than the other anthracycline antibiotics. A peculiar property of beromycin was very slow binding with DNA, the complex formation was completed in 60 minutes. Beromycin had a selective inhibitory effect on synthesis of nucleic acids in bacterial and tumor cells. Beromycin inhibited synthesis of RNA in the DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase reaction when both the native and denaturated DNA were used as the template. A lower biological activity of beromycin as compared to the other anthracycline antibiotics, such as rubomycin or carminomycin may be explained by lower affinity of this antibiotic to DNA.", "PMID": 407838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4327", "title": "[Study of the effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the biosynthesis of penicillin].", "content": "A method of \"acute\" experiments with significant dilution of the fermentation broth is proposed for studying the effect of easily assimilable substrates on growth of the culture and production of the antibiotic by it. The effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the parameters of the process kinetics was studied with respect to penicillin. The specific effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the specific rate of the culture growth and productivity was noted.", "contents": "[Study of the effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the biosynthesis of penicillin]. A method of \"acute\" experiments with significant dilution of the fermentation broth is proposed for studying the effect of easily assimilable substrates on growth of the culture and production of the antibiotic by it. The effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the parameters of the process kinetics was studied with respect to penicillin. The specific effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the specific rate of the culture growth and productivity was noted.", "PMID": 407839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4328", "title": "In vitro activity of p-hydroxybenzyl penicillin (penicillin X) and five other penicillins against Neisseria gonorrhoeae: comparisons of strains from patients with uncomplicated infections and from women with pelvic inflammatory disease.", "content": "Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of six penicillins against 95 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from patients with uncomplicated anogenital infections and 22 strains from women with pelvic inflammatory disease were determined by an agar plate dilution method, using an inocula replicator. Against all 117 strains, the order of activity observed was: BL-P1654 > penicillin X > penicillin G > ampicillin > amoxicillin = carbenicillin. MICs against strains isolated from women with gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease were significantly higher than those against isolates from uncomplicated infections: BL-P1654, P < 0.001; penicillin X, P < 0.001; penicillin G, P < 0.001; ampicillin, P < 0.001; and amoxicillin, P < 0.05. MICs of penicillin G were >/=0.125 mug/ml against 33 (36%) of the 92 strains from patients with uncomplicated infections, as contrasted with 15 (68%) of the 22 isolates from women with pelvic inflammatory disease (P < 0.01). The means of the MICs of penicillin G were 0.06 mug/ml for the former and 0.14 mug/ml for the latter.", "contents": "In vitro activity of p-hydroxybenzyl penicillin (penicillin X) and five other penicillins against Neisseria gonorrhoeae: comparisons of strains from patients with uncomplicated infections and from women with pelvic inflammatory disease. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of six penicillins against 95 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from patients with uncomplicated anogenital infections and 22 strains from women with pelvic inflammatory disease were determined by an agar plate dilution method, using an inocula replicator. Against all 117 strains, the order of activity observed was: BL-P1654 > penicillin X > penicillin G > ampicillin > amoxicillin = carbenicillin. MICs against strains isolated from women with gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease were significantly higher than those against isolates from uncomplicated infections: BL-P1654, P < 0.001; penicillin X, P < 0.001; penicillin G, P < 0.001; ampicillin, P < 0.001; and amoxicillin, P < 0.05. MICs of penicillin G were >/=0.125 mug/ml against 33 (36%) of the 92 strains from patients with uncomplicated infections, as contrasted with 15 (68%) of the 22 isolates from women with pelvic inflammatory disease (P < 0.01). The means of the MICs of penicillin G were 0.06 mug/ml for the former and 0.14 mug/ml for the latter.", "PMID": 407840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4329", "title": "Comparison of the curative antimalarial activities and toxicities of primaquine and its d and l isomers.", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to determine whether either d-primaquine or l-primaquine has sufficient advantage over primaquine to warrant evaluation for curative activity in human volunteers infected with Plasmodium vivax. It was found: (i) that the capacities of the isomers and the racemate to cure infections with Plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys were essentially identical; (ii) that the subacute toxicities of the isomers and racemate for this monkey were qualitatively the same, but that l-primaquine was three to five times as toxic as d-primaquine and at least twice as toxic as primaquine; and (iii) that the acute single-dose toxicities of the isomers for mice were not only qualitatively different, but that the d isomer was at least four times as toxic as l-primaquine. Since previous appraisals of curative activity and tolerability of 8-aminoquinolines in rhesus monkeys have correlated well with appraisals in human volunteers, attention was focused on results acquired with these test subjects. The relevant evaluations showed that d-primaquine had a therapeutic index at least twice that of primaquine. If this advantage carries over to man, problems that now complicate routine use of primaquine might be obviated. Therefore, a critical comparison of d-primaquine and primaquine in human volunteers seems indicated.", "contents": "Comparison of the curative antimalarial activities and toxicities of primaquine and its d and l isomers. This investigation was undertaken to determine whether either d-primaquine or l-primaquine has sufficient advantage over primaquine to warrant evaluation for curative activity in human volunteers infected with Plasmodium vivax. It was found: (i) that the capacities of the isomers and the racemate to cure infections with Plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys were essentially identical; (ii) that the subacute toxicities of the isomers and racemate for this monkey were qualitatively the same, but that l-primaquine was three to five times as toxic as d-primaquine and at least twice as toxic as primaquine; and (iii) that the acute single-dose toxicities of the isomers for mice were not only qualitatively different, but that the d isomer was at least four times as toxic as l-primaquine. Since previous appraisals of curative activity and tolerability of 8-aminoquinolines in rhesus monkeys have correlated well with appraisals in human volunteers, attention was focused on results acquired with these test subjects. The relevant evaluations showed that d-primaquine had a therapeutic index at least twice that of primaquine. If this advantage carries over to man, problems that now complicate routine use of primaquine might be obviated. Therefore, a critical comparison of d-primaquine and primaquine in human volunteers seems indicated.", "PMID": 407841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4330", "title": "Localization of arylsulfatase in Pseudomonas C12B.", "content": "Arylsulfatase was released almost completely from intact cells of Pseudomonas C12B after osmotic shock or after treatment with lysozyme. These results suggest that the enzyme is cell wall associated in this soil isolate.", "contents": "Localization of arylsulfatase in Pseudomonas C12B. Arylsulfatase was released almost completely from intact cells of Pseudomonas C12B after osmotic shock or after treatment with lysozyme. These results suggest that the enzyme is cell wall associated in this soil isolate.", "PMID": 407842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4331", "title": "Growth kinetics of Colpoda steinii on Escherichia coli.", "content": "Colpoda steinii was grown in two-stage continuous cultures with Escherichia coli as prey species. The concentration of prey and the ciliate mean cell volume, dry weight, and number per milliliter were determined at known growth rates. Steady states were reached in the second-stage continuous cultures at all growth rates. Although changes occurred in mean cell size of the ciliates and in the number per milliliter at various growth rates, the yield of protozoan biomass per unit of prey consumed was constant at all growth rates. The data were compared with several equations proposed to describe the kinetics of protozoan growth as a function of prey density.", "contents": "Growth kinetics of Colpoda steinii on Escherichia coli. Colpoda steinii was grown in two-stage continuous cultures with Escherichia coli as prey species. The concentration of prey and the ciliate mean cell volume, dry weight, and number per milliliter were determined at known growth rates. Steady states were reached in the second-stage continuous cultures at all growth rates. Although changes occurred in mean cell size of the ciliates and in the number per milliliter at various growth rates, the yield of protozoan biomass per unit of prey consumed was constant at all growth rates. The data were compared with several equations proposed to describe the kinetics of protozoan growth as a function of prey density.", "PMID": 407843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4332", "title": "Epoxidation of aldrin to exo-dieldrin by soil bacteria.", "content": "Twenty-two strains of soil bacteria, including representatives of the genera Bacillus, Micromonospora, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Streptomyces, Thermoactinomyces, and Pseudomonas and 10 unidentified gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped bacteria, were shown to degrade aldrin to its epoxide dieldrin. In every case, the exo-stereoisomer of dieldrin was produced exclusively.", "contents": "Epoxidation of aldrin to exo-dieldrin by soil bacteria. Twenty-two strains of soil bacteria, including representatives of the genera Bacillus, Micromonospora, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Streptomyces, Thermoactinomyces, and Pseudomonas and 10 unidentified gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped bacteria, were shown to degrade aldrin to its epoxide dieldrin. In every case, the exo-stereoisomer of dieldrin was produced exclusively.", "PMID": 407844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4333", "title": "The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on growth and nitrogen-fixation of blue-green alga Anabaenopsis raciborskii.", "content": "Sodium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (80% active ingredient), commonly applied for the control of aquatic weeds, was used to observe its effect on the growth and nitrogen fixation of a heterocystous bloom forming blue-green alga Anabaenopsis raciborskii. A concentration of 10 microgram per ml of 2,4-D showed stimulation of growth and nitrogen fixation and these were almost unaffected in presence of its 100 microgram per ml in the medium. The alga could tolerate up to 800 microgram per ml in liquid culture media with and without nitrate nitrogen and up to 90 microgram per ml on to agar plates. Nitrogen fixation was inhibited in presence of its higher concentrations.", "contents": "The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on growth and nitrogen-fixation of blue-green alga Anabaenopsis raciborskii. Sodium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (80% active ingredient), commonly applied for the control of aquatic weeds, was used to observe its effect on the growth and nitrogen fixation of a heterocystous bloom forming blue-green alga Anabaenopsis raciborskii. A concentration of 10 microgram per ml of 2,4-D showed stimulation of growth and nitrogen fixation and these were almost unaffected in presence of its 100 microgram per ml in the medium. The alga could tolerate up to 800 microgram per ml in liquid culture media with and without nitrate nitrogen and up to 90 microgram per ml on to agar plates. Nitrogen fixation was inhibited in presence of its higher concentrations.", "PMID": 407848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4334", "title": "Pathologic analysis of mink mortality in New England mink.", "content": "The underlying cause of death of a group of New England mink, which died in 1969 to 1970 was explored. PCB and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide levels were measured. Aroclor 1254 levels in these mink were elevated 73 fold over levels in healthy mink in 1974. DDT levels were elevated 5 times and DDE 3 times over those control animals. Gross pathology revealed desions of the lungs, liver and kidneys. There lesions were confirmed microscopically. The lungs of the New England mink showed inflammation and congestion. Areas of inflammation were also present in the liver. Massive areas of necrosis were seen in the kidneys, both in the medullary and cortical areas. Kidney involvement was greater than any other organ. P.A.S. positive material was seen in each of these organs with the kidneys showing largest amounts of this material. Since the New England mink did not show lesions of the G.I. tract, did not exhibit fatty degeneration of the liver, which PCB toxicity is known to induce in mink and because they showed areas of congestion, inflammation and positive P.A.S. material, PCB's were not considered the toxic agent. However, fungus or bacterial infection might be the causative agent.", "contents": "Pathologic analysis of mink mortality in New England mink. The underlying cause of death of a group of New England mink, which died in 1969 to 1970 was explored. PCB and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide levels were measured. Aroclor 1254 levels in these mink were elevated 73 fold over levels in healthy mink in 1974. DDT levels were elevated 5 times and DDE 3 times over those control animals. Gross pathology revealed desions of the lungs, liver and kidneys. There lesions were confirmed microscopically. The lungs of the New England mink showed inflammation and congestion. Areas of inflammation were also present in the liver. Massive areas of necrosis were seen in the kidneys, both in the medullary and cortical areas. Kidney involvement was greater than any other organ. P.A.S. positive material was seen in each of these organs with the kidneys showing largest amounts of this material. Since the New England mink did not show lesions of the G.I. tract, did not exhibit fatty degeneration of the liver, which PCB toxicity is known to induce in mink and because they showed areas of congestion, inflammation and positive P.A.S. material, PCB's were not considered the toxic agent. However, fungus or bacterial infection might be the causative agent.", "PMID": 407849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4335", "title": "Residues of PCB's and DDT in the western Lake Superior ecosystem.", "content": "Fish from western Lake Superior (1972-73) contained DDT and PCB residues at concentrations greater than o.1 ppm. The most predominant PCB's were those containing 3 to 6 chlorine atoms per molecule, and GLC data indicated that the mixtures were most like the commercial product Aroclor 1254(2). Other chlorinated contiminants identified by GC/MS analyses and occurring at concentrations less than 0.1 ppm were hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6), chlordane, nonaclor, and dieldrin. Lindane, which has been previously reported in Lake Superior, was below the detection limit of approximately 0.01 ppm. The relationship between the size of lake trout and the concentration of total DDT in the fish was compared to measurements reported in previous studies. The comparison suggests that DDT residues have declined since 1968. The concentration of PCBs was estimated to be 0.8 ng/L in Lake Superior water and 0.1 ppm in large zooplankton. The apparent bioconcentration factor for PCBs in Lake Superior fish ranged from 10(5) to 10(6). The concentration of total DDT and PCBs in the larger Lake Superior fish exceeded the 5 ppm tolerance level established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for these chemicals in fish tbe used for human consumption.", "contents": "Residues of PCB's and DDT in the western Lake Superior ecosystem. Fish from western Lake Superior (1972-73) contained DDT and PCB residues at concentrations greater than o.1 ppm. The most predominant PCB's were those containing 3 to 6 chlorine atoms per molecule, and GLC data indicated that the mixtures were most like the commercial product Aroclor 1254(2). Other chlorinated contiminants identified by GC/MS analyses and occurring at concentrations less than 0.1 ppm were hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6), chlordane, nonaclor, and dieldrin. Lindane, which has been previously reported in Lake Superior, was below the detection limit of approximately 0.01 ppm. The relationship between the size of lake trout and the concentration of total DDT in the fish was compared to measurements reported in previous studies. The comparison suggests that DDT residues have declined since 1968. The concentration of PCBs was estimated to be 0.8 ng/L in Lake Superior water and 0.1 ppm in large zooplankton. The apparent bioconcentration factor for PCBs in Lake Superior fish ranged from 10(5) to 10(6). The concentration of total DDT and PCBs in the larger Lake Superior fish exceeded the 5 ppm tolerance level established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for these chemicals in fish tbe used for human consumption.", "PMID": 407850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4336", "title": "Postoperative nutritional support using needle catheter feeding jejunostomy.", "content": "Needle catheter jejunostomy was used as an adjunctive surgical procedure in 110 patients. In 19 patients (or 17%) the jejunostomy was of value for the administration of post-operative nutritional support using an elemental diet and it may serve as an alternative route for the administration of supplementing fluids and electrolytes if intestinal function is intact. The clinical experience with the catheter jejunostomy establishes it as a satisfactory technique for postoperative nutritional support in patients requiring esophageal and proximal gastric resection and repair, and gastric surgery in the elderly and debilitated. It is also useful in patients undergoing complicated biliary, pancreatic, and duodenal surgery in whom anastomotic difficulties are anticipated.", "contents": "Postoperative nutritional support using needle catheter feeding jejunostomy. Needle catheter jejunostomy was used as an adjunctive surgical procedure in 110 patients. In 19 patients (or 17%) the jejunostomy was of value for the administration of post-operative nutritional support using an elemental diet and it may serve as an alternative route for the administration of supplementing fluids and electrolytes if intestinal function is intact. The clinical experience with the catheter jejunostomy establishes it as a satisfactory technique for postoperative nutritional support in patients requiring esophageal and proximal gastric resection and repair, and gastric surgery in the elderly and debilitated. It is also useful in patients undergoing complicated biliary, pancreatic, and duodenal surgery in whom anastomotic difficulties are anticipated.", "PMID": 407853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4337", "title": "Renal decapsulation in the prevention of post-ischemic oliguria.", "content": "The delayed onset of anuria/oliguria in acute tubular necrosis has been theorized to represent a complicating compartment syndrome, i.e., parenchymal swelling within an unyielding capsule. To test this proposition, 12 monkeys had suprarenal aortic cross-clamping, followed by unilateral renal decapsulation to create an experimental as well as a control kidney unit in the same animal. Histologic examination uniformly confirmed tubular necrosis at death or sacrifice. Subsequent split renal function studies (creatinine, urea, and free water clearances) indicated significantly greater maintenance of renal function by the decapsulated kidney than by its paired control. Clinical evaluation in 21 hemorrhagic shock patients, with the capsule of one kidney stripped, revealed on follow-up that 15 developed a renal failure consistent with acute tubular necrosis. Although three patients with polyuric failure died before split studies could be run and two others have been too recent for computer analysis to have been completed, nine of the remaining ten had significantly greater renal plasma flows (194 versus 121 ml/min M(2), p < .01) and significantly greater urine flows (.99 versus .18 ml/min M(2), p < .01) on the decapsulated side than on the control, as determined by differential renal scans. No significant difference in these same lateralized renal functions was noted in the tenth patient with renal failure and in the six survivors without renal failure. Renal decapsulation as prophylaxis reduced the anticipated incidence of oliguria/anuria from an expected 75% to 7% (p < .01) in these 21 shock patients. Such data suggest that delayed renal ischemia, possibly based on a compartment syndrome, may be the cause for a progression of acute tubular necrosis from polyuria to oliguria and then to anuria.", "contents": "Renal decapsulation in the prevention of post-ischemic oliguria. The delayed onset of anuria/oliguria in acute tubular necrosis has been theorized to represent a complicating compartment syndrome, i.e., parenchymal swelling within an unyielding capsule. To test this proposition, 12 monkeys had suprarenal aortic cross-clamping, followed by unilateral renal decapsulation to create an experimental as well as a control kidney unit in the same animal. Histologic examination uniformly confirmed tubular necrosis at death or sacrifice. Subsequent split renal function studies (creatinine, urea, and free water clearances) indicated significantly greater maintenance of renal function by the decapsulated kidney than by its paired control. Clinical evaluation in 21 hemorrhagic shock patients, with the capsule of one kidney stripped, revealed on follow-up that 15 developed a renal failure consistent with acute tubular necrosis. Although three patients with polyuric failure died before split studies could be run and two others have been too recent for computer analysis to have been completed, nine of the remaining ten had significantly greater renal plasma flows (194 versus 121 ml/min M(2), p < .01) and significantly greater urine flows (.99 versus .18 ml/min M(2), p < .01) on the decapsulated side than on the control, as determined by differential renal scans. No significant difference in these same lateralized renal functions was noted in the tenth patient with renal failure and in the six survivors without renal failure. Renal decapsulation as prophylaxis reduced the anticipated incidence of oliguria/anuria from an expected 75% to 7% (p < .01) in these 21 shock patients. Such data suggest that delayed renal ischemia, possibly based on a compartment syndrome, may be the cause for a progression of acute tubular necrosis from polyuria to oliguria and then to anuria.", "PMID": 407854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4338", "title": "[Correlation between the orientation of the data wave and the topography of pre-excitation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome].", "content": "A comparison between the epicardial siting of the zone of pre-excitation of the ventricle in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and the ECG has allowed us to distinguish 6 topographical types, according to the orientation of the delta wave in the horizontal plane, and especially in the frontal plane which is often ignored: right anterior, left lateral, right of left anterior paraseptal, and right or left posterior paraseptal. The association of a heart defect with ventricular hypertrophy, or the coexistence of several associated accessory pathways prevents such correlation and makes it imperative to carry out intracavitary investigation and epicardial mapping to localise the accessory pathway if surgery is contemplated.", "contents": "[Correlation between the orientation of the data wave and the topography of pre-excitation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]. A comparison between the epicardial siting of the zone of pre-excitation of the ventricle in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and the ECG has allowed us to distinguish 6 topographical types, according to the orientation of the delta wave in the horizontal plane, and especially in the frontal plane which is often ignored: right anterior, left lateral, right of left anterior paraseptal, and right or left posterior paraseptal. The association of a heart defect with ventricular hypertrophy, or the coexistence of several associated accessory pathways prevents such correlation and makes it imperative to carry out intracavitary investigation and epicardial mapping to localise the accessory pathway if surgery is contemplated.", "PMID": 407856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4339", "title": "[Risk factors in mitral valve replacements].", "content": "The authors report 137 isolated mitral valve replacements carried out between 1966 and 1975, with an operative mortality of 13.1%. Certain risk factors are demonstrable:--from the clinical point of view: previous cardiac surgery, 3 or more attacks of cardiac failure, a prolonged preoperatives course, atrial fibrillation, and cardiomegaly on the X ray. The combination of these risk factors is very serious as when three or more risk factors are operative at the same time, the mortality is 40%. Reduced ventricular function preoperatively was an essential factor governing operative mortality; improved results follow earlier indications for surgery.", "contents": "[Risk factors in mitral valve replacements]. The authors report 137 isolated mitral valve replacements carried out between 1966 and 1975, with an operative mortality of 13.1%. Certain risk factors are demonstrable:--from the clinical point of view: previous cardiac surgery, 3 or more attacks of cardiac failure, a prolonged preoperatives course, atrial fibrillation, and cardiomegaly on the X ray. The combination of these risk factors is very serious as when three or more risk factors are operative at the same time, the mortality is 40%. Reduced ventricular function preoperatively was an essential factor governing operative mortality; improved results follow earlier indications for surgery.", "PMID": 407857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4340", "title": "[Outcome of corrected and uncorrected tricuspid insufficiency after repair with prostheses in mitral and mitro-aortic valve diseases. Apropos of 159 cases].", "content": "This is a study of 159 patients with tricuspid incompetence (TI) associated with a mitral or mitro-aortic valve defect. The mean age of the patients at operation was 25.5 years. The TI was left untreated in 84, corrected by semi-circular annuloplasty in 39, and corrected by a prothesis in 28, by a Carpentier ring in 6, and by Kay's plasty in 2. The 33 early deaths (21%) are regrettable. The long-term outlook was studied with a mean follow-up period of 26 months. The overall mortality rises, if these are included, to 42 (26%). By comparing the preoperative findings in those with good and poor results, we have been able to identify a certain number of risk factors: a preoperative course of greater than or equal to 6 years, a number of attacks of cardiac failure greater than or equal to 3, a cardiothoracic ratio greater than or equal to 0.70, a mean right atrial pressure greater than 12, a mean pulmonary arterial pressure of greater than or equal to 50. Severe TI is also a poor prognostic factor. If the three groups of patients are compared, bearing in mind the fact that their preoperative state was very similar, and that the TI was either left untreated or repaired by annuloplasty or prosthesis, it appears that such a correction improves neither the surgical mortality nor the long-term prognosis. It therefore seems to us that a functional TI can be treated expectantly since its resolution depends more on the unified treatment of the whole underlying disorder and on the state of the myocardium than on any localised correction of the TI.", "contents": "[Outcome of corrected and uncorrected tricuspid insufficiency after repair with prostheses in mitral and mitro-aortic valve diseases. Apropos of 159 cases]. This is a study of 159 patients with tricuspid incompetence (TI) associated with a mitral or mitro-aortic valve defect. The mean age of the patients at operation was 25.5 years. The TI was left untreated in 84, corrected by semi-circular annuloplasty in 39, and corrected by a prothesis in 28, by a Carpentier ring in 6, and by Kay's plasty in 2. The 33 early deaths (21%) are regrettable. The long-term outlook was studied with a mean follow-up period of 26 months. The overall mortality rises, if these are included, to 42 (26%). By comparing the preoperative findings in those with good and poor results, we have been able to identify a certain number of risk factors: a preoperative course of greater than or equal to 6 years, a number of attacks of cardiac failure greater than or equal to 3, a cardiothoracic ratio greater than or equal to 0.70, a mean right atrial pressure greater than 12, a mean pulmonary arterial pressure of greater than or equal to 50. Severe TI is also a poor prognostic factor. If the three groups of patients are compared, bearing in mind the fact that their preoperative state was very similar, and that the TI was either left untreated or repaired by annuloplasty or prosthesis, it appears that such a correction improves neither the surgical mortality nor the long-term prognosis. It therefore seems to us that a functional TI can be treated expectantly since its resolution depends more on the unified treatment of the whole underlying disorder and on the state of the myocardium than on any localised correction of the TI.", "PMID": 407858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4341", "title": "[Long-term outcome of valve prostheses. Apropos of 299 operated patients].", "content": "The authors report a series of 299 operated cases betwen 1966 and August 1975. The operative mortality was 16%, usually a result of low output states and arrhytmias. Long-term survival was 74% at 3 years and 64% at 6 years, being better in those with only one valve replacement. The late results were very good taken as a whole. The few poor results were associated especially with a degenerating myocardium. The mitral group were favoured with a better 5 year survival rate and by clinically, and above all haemodynamically severe tricuspid incompetence. Thromboembolic complications, which are a major hazard, were favoured by irregular and inadequate anticoagulant therapy. In patients under 20 it would seem possible to stop after 6 months' effective treatment. Children have had generally better results than adults, probably because of the better state of their myocardium.", "contents": "[Long-term outcome of valve prostheses. Apropos of 299 operated patients]. The authors report a series of 299 operated cases betwen 1966 and August 1975. The operative mortality was 16%, usually a result of low output states and arrhytmias. Long-term survival was 74% at 3 years and 64% at 6 years, being better in those with only one valve replacement. The late results were very good taken as a whole. The few poor results were associated especially with a degenerating myocardium. The mitral group were favoured with a better 5 year survival rate and by clinically, and above all haemodynamically severe tricuspid incompetence. Thromboembolic complications, which are a major hazard, were favoured by irregular and inadequate anticoagulant therapy. In patients under 20 it would seem possible to stop after 6 months' effective treatment. Children have had generally better results than adults, probably because of the better state of their myocardium.", "PMID": 407859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4342", "title": "[Aortic valve replacement at the cardiac insufficiency stage].", "content": "80 adult patients with isolated aortic valvulopathy and cardiac insufficiency have been investigated. Among 10 non operated patients, there has been 9 deaths during a three years follow-up. Among 70 operated patients early mortality is not higher than among patients without cardiac failure, but late mortality is significantly higher (27, 1 p. 100), bacterial endocarditis and sudden deaths being particularly frequent. Subjective improvement is constant among survivors but cardiomegaly and left ventricular hypertrophy do not change much. The authors think aortic valve replacement is beneficial even in patients with cardiac failure.", "contents": "[Aortic valve replacement at the cardiac insufficiency stage]. 80 adult patients with isolated aortic valvulopathy and cardiac insufficiency have been investigated. Among 10 non operated patients, there has been 9 deaths during a three years follow-up. Among 70 operated patients early mortality is not higher than among patients without cardiac failure, but late mortality is significantly higher (27, 1 p. 100), bacterial endocarditis and sudden deaths being particularly frequent. Subjective improvement is constant among survivors but cardiomegaly and left ventricular hypertrophy do not change much. The authors think aortic valve replacement is beneficial even in patients with cardiac failure.", "PMID": 407860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4343", "title": "[Re-operations on patients with ball valve prostheses].", "content": "Out of 989 cases with a ball-valve prosthesis, 66 have been reoperated (6.7%). 2.9% of the cases reviewed annually have thus been reoperated. The main indications for reoperation were displacement (75.5%), malfunction (10.5%) which was related to a failure of the material of the prosthesis or to the deposition of fibrinous plaques, and associated lesions (14%) which were valvular, coronary or myocardial. There were multiple complications in 36 patients. The operative mortality was 31.8% (21.7% over the last two years). On statistical analysis, the significant risk factors were a previous history of bacterial endocarditis, grouping in Class IV of the NYHA classification, enlargement of the QRS complex (0.12 s), urgency of reoperation, and prolonged extracorporeal circulation (2 hours). The rapid fall in survival time was due in part to late deaths (16 patients). By way of contrast, the clinical result was satisfactory in 71% of the survivors. Analysis of the causes of failures has lead to a search for ways of preventing the necessity for reoperation.", "contents": "[Re-operations on patients with ball valve prostheses]. Out of 989 cases with a ball-valve prosthesis, 66 have been reoperated (6.7%). 2.9% of the cases reviewed annually have thus been reoperated. The main indications for reoperation were displacement (75.5%), malfunction (10.5%) which was related to a failure of the material of the prosthesis or to the deposition of fibrinous plaques, and associated lesions (14%) which were valvular, coronary or myocardial. There were multiple complications in 36 patients. The operative mortality was 31.8% (21.7% over the last two years). On statistical analysis, the significant risk factors were a previous history of bacterial endocarditis, grouping in Class IV of the NYHA classification, enlargement of the QRS complex (0.12 s), urgency of reoperation, and prolonged extracorporeal circulation (2 hours). The rapid fall in survival time was due in part to late deaths (16 patients). By way of contrast, the clinical result was satisfactory in 71% of the survivors. Analysis of the causes of failures has lead to a search for ways of preventing the necessity for reoperation.", "PMID": 407861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4344", "title": "[Aorto-coronary bypass. 1. Immediate results evaluated in a sample of 357 operated patients].", "content": "Over a period of 36 months, 357 patients have had one or several aorto-coronary bypass graft operations, either alone (305 patients) or in combination with another surgical procedure. 230 (66.4%) of these patients had acute coronary insufficiency: unstable angina or \"menance syndrome\" in 177, Printzmetal's angina in 34, threatened extension of an infarction in 14, and post-cannulation stenosis in 5. 75 patients had chronic coronary insufficiency, and in the 52 others the coronary lesions were associated with valvular or myocardial lesions. A total of 489 grafts were carried out, 261 of which (53.4%) were on the anterior descending artery. Of the 305 patients with grafting and no other surgical procedure, 190 (62,3%) had one single graft, 104 (34.1%) had 2 grafts, and 11 (3.6%) had 3 grafts. For theses 305 patients, the mortality during the first month (6.9%, or 4.5% for the last six months of the series) was influenced by age (a mean of 52.1 in the survivors and 57.1 in the deceased, p less than 0.001), a preoperative infarction less than 8 days old (p less than 0.001), significant changes in left ventricular function (a mean ejection fraction of 44.9% +/- 0.20 in the deceased, and 61.5% +/- 0.19 in the survivors, p less than 0.001), a mean end-diastolic volume of 252 ml +/- 98 in the former and of 136 ml +/- 51 in the latter, p less than 0.001). The advent of a postoperative infarct thus increases the mortality. An infarct complicated the progress of 11.1% of patients. The probability of such a complication occuring depends upon the state of the vascular bed distal to the bypassed artery and on the duration of the extracorporeal circulation.", "contents": "[Aorto-coronary bypass. 1. Immediate results evaluated in a sample of 357 operated patients]. Over a period of 36 months, 357 patients have had one or several aorto-coronary bypass graft operations, either alone (305 patients) or in combination with another surgical procedure. 230 (66.4%) of these patients had acute coronary insufficiency: unstable angina or \"menance syndrome\" in 177, Printzmetal's angina in 34, threatened extension of an infarction in 14, and post-cannulation stenosis in 5. 75 patients had chronic coronary insufficiency, and in the 52 others the coronary lesions were associated with valvular or myocardial lesions. A total of 489 grafts were carried out, 261 of which (53.4%) were on the anterior descending artery. Of the 305 patients with grafting and no other surgical procedure, 190 (62,3%) had one single graft, 104 (34.1%) had 2 grafts, and 11 (3.6%) had 3 grafts. For theses 305 patients, the mortality during the first month (6.9%, or 4.5% for the last six months of the series) was influenced by age (a mean of 52.1 in the survivors and 57.1 in the deceased, p less than 0.001), a preoperative infarction less than 8 days old (p less than 0.001), significant changes in left ventricular function (a mean ejection fraction of 44.9% +/- 0.20 in the deceased, and 61.5% +/- 0.19 in the survivors, p less than 0.001), a mean end-diastolic volume of 252 ml +/- 98 in the former and of 136 ml +/- 51 in the latter, p less than 0.001). The advent of a postoperative infarct thus increases the mortality. An infarct complicated the progress of 11.1% of patients. The probability of such a complication occuring depends upon the state of the vascular bed distal to the bypassed artery and on the duration of the extracorporeal circulation.", "PMID": 407862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4345", "title": "[Aortocoronary bypass. 2. Long-term results evaluated in 318 survivors].", "content": "Of the 318 patients surviving the first postoperative month 14 died secondarily, 5 were lost to follow-up, and 299 were therefore reviewed with a mean follow-up of 16.6 months (extremes of 2 and 42 months). The percentage of late infarcts was 5.9%. Complete disappearance of the angina occurred in 80.3% of patients. Persistant angina was commoner in females (p less than 0.05) and in patients with a lesion affecting all three trunks (p less than 0.05). On the other hand age, the clinical indications for bypass, the presence of an infarct preoperatively, and the development of an infarct immediately postoperatively did not affect the functional result. The cardio-thoracic ratio decreased significantly, from0.51 +/- 0.07 to 0.47 +/- 0.05 (p less than 0.001). 45 coronary arteriograms in a total of 63 grafts were analysed. 73% were patent after a follow-up period of 10.5 months. The patency rate was 88.6% when coronary arteriography was carried out systematically, and 63% (p less than 0.002) when it was indicated by persistant or recurrent angina. The actuarial survival curve in patients with 2 or 3 trunk involvement demonstrates clearly the superiority of surgical over medical treatment.", "contents": "[Aortocoronary bypass. 2. Long-term results evaluated in 318 survivors]. Of the 318 patients surviving the first postoperative month 14 died secondarily, 5 were lost to follow-up, and 299 were therefore reviewed with a mean follow-up of 16.6 months (extremes of 2 and 42 months). The percentage of late infarcts was 5.9%. Complete disappearance of the angina occurred in 80.3% of patients. Persistant angina was commoner in females (p less than 0.05) and in patients with a lesion affecting all three trunks (p less than 0.05). On the other hand age, the clinical indications for bypass, the presence of an infarct preoperatively, and the development of an infarct immediately postoperatively did not affect the functional result. The cardio-thoracic ratio decreased significantly, from0.51 +/- 0.07 to 0.47 +/- 0.05 (p less than 0.001). 45 coronary arteriograms in a total of 63 grafts were analysed. 73% were patent after a follow-up period of 10.5 months. The patency rate was 88.6% when coronary arteriography was carried out systematically, and 63% (p less than 0.002) when it was indicated by persistant or recurrent angina. The actuarial survival curve in patients with 2 or 3 trunk involvement demonstrates clearly the superiority of surgical over medical treatment.", "PMID": 407863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4346", "title": "[Coronary arteriography in recent myocardial infarct].", "content": "Sixty patients with a recent transmural acute myocardial infarction had seletive coronary arteriography carried out between the 7th and the 29th day (mean 17 +/- 2 days) after the onset of the condition. The anterior infarction (n = 25 cases) had a total obliteration in 36% of cases, and most often (64%) a stenosis of the anterior descending artery with an excellent distal bed (80%). The collateral circulation is often zero (76% of cases); 80% have adjacent lesions on the right coronary or circumflex artery, but 7 patients out of 25 would have been able to have a preventive bypass operation. The posterior infae lesions are often sited electively at the level of the artery of the S/A node or in the middle of the second vertical segment in the region of the right ventricular branch. Thus the infarct is the result of a complex lesion of the right coronary and circumflex arteries, because the latter is affected in three cases out of four. 63% of patients with a postero-inferior infarction have diffuse lesions, and 13 out of 35 could have had a preventive bypass procedure. This study shows: 1. That this investigation is well-tolerated after a recent infarction; 2. The high incidence (43%) of stenoses at the edge of the area of necrosed myocardium; 3. The importance of this investigation in finding the nearby lesions which are very frequently associated: in 33% of cases, preventive bypass would have possible.", "contents": "[Coronary arteriography in recent myocardial infarct]. Sixty patients with a recent transmural acute myocardial infarction had seletive coronary arteriography carried out between the 7th and the 29th day (mean 17 +/- 2 days) after the onset of the condition. The anterior infarction (n = 25 cases) had a total obliteration in 36% of cases, and most often (64%) a stenosis of the anterior descending artery with an excellent distal bed (80%). The collateral circulation is often zero (76% of cases); 80% have adjacent lesions on the right coronary or circumflex artery, but 7 patients out of 25 would have been able to have a preventive bypass operation. The posterior infae lesions are often sited electively at the level of the artery of the S/A node or in the middle of the second vertical segment in the region of the right ventricular branch. Thus the infarct is the result of a complex lesion of the right coronary and circumflex arteries, because the latter is affected in three cases out of four. 63% of patients with a postero-inferior infarction have diffuse lesions, and 13 out of 35 could have had a preventive bypass procedure. This study shows: 1. That this investigation is well-tolerated after a recent infarction; 2. The high incidence (43%) of stenoses at the edge of the area of necrosed myocardium; 3. The importance of this investigation in finding the nearby lesions which are very frequently associated: in 33% of cases, preventive bypass would have possible.", "PMID": 407864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4347", "title": "[Long-term anticoagulant therapy in subjects over 75 years of age. 100 cases].", "content": "100 patients (median age 79 years) were given anticoagulant therapy (ACT) for a period of time averaging 5 years 3 months (522 follow-up years).--Out of 3 522 Quick tests, converted into prothrombin times and all carried out in the same laboratory, the prothrombin time was at or less than 32% in 60.5%, and 34% in 69.6% of the tests.--The mean therapeutic doses were less than 27% of those for adults, and were decreased by 3 mg of phenindione per year over the age of 75, only the actively treated cases being retained.--The risks are the same as those for the middle-aged adult. They depend more on the quality of the investigations than upon age. In the group which has been studied, slight or frank haemorrhagic complications (0.05/year/patient) were the result of a demonstrable overdosage in only one case in four. They were not responsable for any deaths in this series.--because of the referral patterns, the patients studied consisted of 79 with ischaemic heart disease, 27 with peripheral vascular disease, 9 cerebrovascular accidents, and 6 with thrombo-emoblic problems, not counting the 23 complications during the course of the study. In those patients with ischaemic heart disease, well-regulated anticoagulant treatment was associated with a favourable clinical course, and the correlation was significant.--there is not argument against the administering of a full and prolonged course of ACT to a patient of more than 75 years of age.", "contents": "[Long-term anticoagulant therapy in subjects over 75 years of age. 100 cases]. 100 patients (median age 79 years) were given anticoagulant therapy (ACT) for a period of time averaging 5 years 3 months (522 follow-up years).--Out of 3 522 Quick tests, converted into prothrombin times and all carried out in the same laboratory, the prothrombin time was at or less than 32% in 60.5%, and 34% in 69.6% of the tests.--The mean therapeutic doses were less than 27% of those for adults, and were decreased by 3 mg of phenindione per year over the age of 75, only the actively treated cases being retained.--The risks are the same as those for the middle-aged adult. They depend more on the quality of the investigations than upon age. In the group which has been studied, slight or frank haemorrhagic complications (0.05/year/patient) were the result of a demonstrable overdosage in only one case in four. They were not responsable for any deaths in this series.--because of the referral patterns, the patients studied consisted of 79 with ischaemic heart disease, 27 with peripheral vascular disease, 9 cerebrovascular accidents, and 6 with thrombo-emoblic problems, not counting the 23 complications during the course of the study. In those patients with ischaemic heart disease, well-regulated anticoagulant treatment was associated with a favourable clinical course, and the correlation was significant.--there is not argument against the administering of a full and prolonged course of ACT to a patient of more than 75 years of age.", "PMID": 407865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4348", "title": "[Incidence and evaluation of the risk of coronary disease. Prospective study in Paris].", "content": "The Paris prospective study in an epidemiological study of 7,453 middle-aged men born in France, and initially free from ischaemic heart disease. The current mean follow-up time is 4 years. The mean annual incidence is 5.1 per 1000, which is about one half that found in similar american studies. This incidence is related to the cholesterol level, to the blood pressure, to cigarette consumption when the smoke is inhaled, to diabetes mellitus, and to major abnormalities on the electrocardiogram. These five factors are mutually independant in their prediction of the risk of future illness. A formula has been derived by statistical analysis, and takes these five factors into account: the incidence of illness rises exponentially as a function of this formula. New cases of ischaemic heart disease are distributed, but with a very patchy incidence, in this population, of which only a very small number remain disease-free. A table has been drawn up to show the probability of a middle aged male contracting ischeamic heart disease within 4 years, and takes the 5 factors into account: this probability varies between 0.5 per cent and 34 per cent.", "contents": "[Incidence and evaluation of the risk of coronary disease. Prospective study in Paris]. The Paris prospective study in an epidemiological study of 7,453 middle-aged men born in France, and initially free from ischaemic heart disease. The current mean follow-up time is 4 years. The mean annual incidence is 5.1 per 1000, which is about one half that found in similar american studies. This incidence is related to the cholesterol level, to the blood pressure, to cigarette consumption when the smoke is inhaled, to diabetes mellitus, and to major abnormalities on the electrocardiogram. These five factors are mutually independant in their prediction of the risk of future illness. A formula has been derived by statistical analysis, and takes these five factors into account: the incidence of illness rises exponentially as a function of this formula. New cases of ischaemic heart disease are distributed, but with a very patchy incidence, in this population, of which only a very small number remain disease-free. A table has been drawn up to show the probability of a middle aged male contracting ischeamic heart disease within 4 years, and takes the 5 factors into account: this probability varies between 0.5 per cent and 34 per cent.", "PMID": 407866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4349", "title": "[Spontaneous and post-surgical outcome of incomplete forms of atrio-ventricular canal].", "content": "125 patients with an incomplete type of atrioventricular canal defect (AVC) were followed up over a very long period. A study of the changes in parameters which are not open to great variability has allowed a more precise approach to the spontaneous and postoperative course of this congenital cardiac defect. The fact that the condition is usually well during the first three decades is not a justification for witholding operation; complications occur after the thirtieth year, and the operative risk becomes greater. Although only 41 patients in this series underwent surgery, we have been able to assess the surgical results and, as has been reported in the literature, these appear to be good. It is therefore necessary to extend the indications for surgery to include all the incomplete forms of AVC defect, and especially to operate during childhood or adolescence in order to minimise the risks of surgery.", "contents": "[Spontaneous and post-surgical outcome of incomplete forms of atrio-ventricular canal]. 125 patients with an incomplete type of atrioventricular canal defect (AVC) were followed up over a very long period. A study of the changes in parameters which are not open to great variability has allowed a more precise approach to the spontaneous and postoperative course of this congenital cardiac defect. The fact that the condition is usually well during the first three decades is not a justification for witholding operation; complications occur after the thirtieth year, and the operative risk becomes greater. Although only 41 patients in this series underwent surgery, we have been able to assess the surgical results and, as has been reported in the literature, these appear to be good. It is therefore necessary to extend the indications for surgery to include all the incomplete forms of AVC defect, and especially to operate during childhood or adolescence in order to minimise the risks of surgery.", "PMID": 407867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4350", "title": "[Cardiac surgery in Jehovah's witnesses. Apropos of 47 cases].", "content": "47 cardiac defects in Jehova's witnesses were operated on without using any blood during the operation. In 9 cases the patients were under 15 years of age. 7 cases were of congenital heart defects in which the operation could be carried out with the heart still beating or by a closed heart technique: 4 of these were adults and 3 were children. In 40 cases, extracorporeal circulation was required: 19 valve defects, 8 coronary areterial cases, 10 congenital cardiac lesions, 2 valve defects associated with coronary artery disease, and 1 aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. Of these 40 patients, 4 died. The details and limits of this total haemodilution are analysed, as are the causes of failure and complications. This technique does not worsen the postoperative prognosis appreciably, but limits the scope of the surgery, and cannot be applied to a child of less than 10 kg.", "contents": "[Cardiac surgery in Jehovah's witnesses. Apropos of 47 cases]. 47 cardiac defects in Jehova's witnesses were operated on without using any blood during the operation. In 9 cases the patients were under 15 years of age. 7 cases were of congenital heart defects in which the operation could be carried out with the heart still beating or by a closed heart technique: 4 of these were adults and 3 were children. In 40 cases, extracorporeal circulation was required: 19 valve defects, 8 coronary areterial cases, 10 congenital cardiac lesions, 2 valve defects associated with coronary artery disease, and 1 aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. Of these 40 patients, 4 died. The details and limits of this total haemodilution are analysed, as are the causes of failure and complications. This technique does not worsen the postoperative prognosis appreciably, but limits the scope of the surgery, and cannot be applied to a child of less than 10 kg.", "PMID": 407868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4351", "title": "[Emergency treatment of mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction. Septum perforations and mitral insufficiency].", "content": "Over the last three years, thanks on the one hand to improvements in surgical techniques and ressuscitation, and on the other to assisted circulation using the intra-aortic balloon, which allows improved preoperative preparation of the patients, urgent medicosurgical treatment of the mechanical complications of infarction has improved the prognosis by comparison with the recent past. During the above period, our figures for operative intervention during the first two weeks after an acute infarction have been as follows: 1. Twenty nine cases of septal perforation (17 of which had previously had assisted circulation by balloon): there were 8 immediate deaths and 8 successful cases (no secondary deaths over a follow-up period of from 2 to 41 months). In all these cases, the surgeon approached the perforation by way of the left ventricle. No patient required an additional bypass procedure. Where indicated, assisted circulation by means of a balloon should not be continued for more than a few days. If there is no improvement with its use, it seems unreasonable to proceed to surgery regardless. 2. Ten cases of acute mitral incompetence; 8 were due to ruptured papillary muscle and two to mal function. 5 patients out of the 10 had required circulatory assistance by balloon preoperatively. There were 2 immediate deaths and 8 successful cases, with one secondary death (follow-up period of between 2 and 37 months).", "contents": "[Emergency treatment of mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction. Septum perforations and mitral insufficiency]. Over the last three years, thanks on the one hand to improvements in surgical techniques and ressuscitation, and on the other to assisted circulation using the intra-aortic balloon, which allows improved preoperative preparation of the patients, urgent medicosurgical treatment of the mechanical complications of infarction has improved the prognosis by comparison with the recent past. During the above period, our figures for operative intervention during the first two weeks after an acute infarction have been as follows: 1. Twenty nine cases of septal perforation (17 of which had previously had assisted circulation by balloon): there were 8 immediate deaths and 8 successful cases (no secondary deaths over a follow-up period of from 2 to 41 months). In all these cases, the surgeon approached the perforation by way of the left ventricle. No patient required an additional bypass procedure. Where indicated, assisted circulation by means of a balloon should not be continued for more than a few days. If there is no improvement with its use, it seems unreasonable to proceed to surgery regardless. 2. Ten cases of acute mitral incompetence; 8 were due to ruptured papillary muscle and two to mal function. 5 patients out of the 10 had required circulatory assistance by balloon preoperatively. There were 2 immediate deaths and 8 successful cases, with one secondary death (follow-up period of between 2 and 37 months).", "PMID": 407869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4352", "title": "[Value of intra-aortic counterpressure as circulatory support in cardiac surgery. Apropos of 60 cases].", "content": "Assisted circulation (AC) by intra-aortic counterpressure (IACP) has been used in 60 patients either pre- and postoperatively after a complication of acute myocardial infarction (25 patients: group A), or for a low-output syndrome after extracorporeal circulation (ECC) occurring in the operating theatre (20 patients: group B), or secondarily (15 patients: group C). In group A cases, the IACP stabilised a the myocardial ischaemia, and permitted coronary arteriography and subsequent surgery with little risk. Out of the 8 patients in this group who had cardiogenic shock only 4 survived, whereas out of the 17 patients without shock, only one died. Of the group B and C patients, 58% responded favourably to IACP, and 75% of group B cases survived as against 33% of group C. The postoperative low-output syndrome is related not to the ECC itself but to ischaemia of the subendocardial vasculature during surgery. The incidence of this syndrome can be reduced by the use of improved techniques of myocardial protection. AC by means of IACP becomes an effective therapeutic weapon if it is used early, or even systematically when the ejection fraction is below 0.03 and/or the EVR is less than 0.80.", "contents": "[Value of intra-aortic counterpressure as circulatory support in cardiac surgery. Apropos of 60 cases]. Assisted circulation (AC) by intra-aortic counterpressure (IACP) has been used in 60 patients either pre- and postoperatively after a complication of acute myocardial infarction (25 patients: group A), or for a low-output syndrome after extracorporeal circulation (ECC) occurring in the operating theatre (20 patients: group B), or secondarily (15 patients: group C). In group A cases, the IACP stabilised a the myocardial ischaemia, and permitted coronary arteriography and subsequent surgery with little risk. Out of the 8 patients in this group who had cardiogenic shock only 4 survived, whereas out of the 17 patients without shock, only one died. Of the group B and C patients, 58% responded favourably to IACP, and 75% of group B cases survived as against 33% of group C. The postoperative low-output syndrome is related not to the ECC itself but to ischaemia of the subendocardial vasculature during surgery. The incidence of this syndrome can be reduced by the use of improved techniques of myocardial protection. AC by means of IACP becomes an effective therapeutic weapon if it is used early, or even systematically when the ejection fraction is below 0.03 and/or the EVR is less than 0.80.", "PMID": 407870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4353", "title": "[Massive pulmonary embolism Apropos of 26 embolectomies with definitive survival, 10 of them by Trendelenburg's operation].", "content": "The authors report 26 pulmonary embolectomies carried out successfully, 10 of them having been Trendelenberg procedures and 16 having been carried out under extracorporeal circulation. The latter method gives better results, and appears to be the procedure of choice. The haemodynamics before operation were always abnormal, and there were 4 cardiac arrests, 11 cases of severe shock, and 6 cases with less severe hypotension. In the other cases, cyanosis, respiratory distress and signs of acute cor pulmonale were the clinical features of the massive embolus. It was possible to carry out arteriography in 14 cases, and this showed extensive pulmonary vascular obstruction in between 70 and 90%. In 4 cases this procedure was followed by an exacerbation, and extremely urgent treatment became neccessary. This examination is important for diagnosis and for assessment of the prognosis. It seems clear to the authors that surgery has a certain place, alongside medical fibrinolysis of a severe prognosis. It seems clear to the authors that surgery has a certain place, alongside medical fibrinolysis of a severe pulmonary embolus. The essential indications for surgery are moribund patients, those in whom fibrinolysis is contraindicated or unsuccessful, and those with massive obstruction of the pulmonary arterial tree.", "contents": "[Massive pulmonary embolism Apropos of 26 embolectomies with definitive survival, 10 of them by Trendelenburg's operation]. The authors report 26 pulmonary embolectomies carried out successfully, 10 of them having been Trendelenberg procedures and 16 having been carried out under extracorporeal circulation. The latter method gives better results, and appears to be the procedure of choice. The haemodynamics before operation were always abnormal, and there were 4 cardiac arrests, 11 cases of severe shock, and 6 cases with less severe hypotension. In the other cases, cyanosis, respiratory distress and signs of acute cor pulmonale were the clinical features of the massive embolus. It was possible to carry out arteriography in 14 cases, and this showed extensive pulmonary vascular obstruction in between 70 and 90%. In 4 cases this procedure was followed by an exacerbation, and extremely urgent treatment became neccessary. This examination is important for diagnosis and for assessment of the prognosis. It seems clear to the authors that surgery has a certain place, alongside medical fibrinolysis of a severe prognosis. It seems clear to the authors that surgery has a certain place, alongside medical fibrinolysis of a severe pulmonary embolus. The essential indications for surgery are moribund patients, those in whom fibrinolysis is contraindicated or unsuccessful, and those with massive obstruction of the pulmonary arterial tree.", "PMID": 407871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4354", "title": "[Hemodynamic profile of acute myocardial infarction as a function of electrocardiographic localization].", "content": "The haemodynamic profiles of 147 cases of myocardial infarction investigated within 30 hours of the clinical onset were studies in relation to the topography of the necrosis on the ECG: there were 36 inferior (I), 29 postero-inferior (PI), 22 antero-septal (AS), 38 antero-lateral (AL), 15 deep septal (DS), and 7 strictly posterior or lateral (PL). Simultaneous recordings of the diastolic pulmonary arterial pressures and the left ventricular diastolic pressures (pre-and post-a) have shown different degrees of correlation with the topographical site. The correlation found in AS, AL and I necrosis are clearer with respect to the pre-a. The PI necroses show no correlation. Graphs of left ventricular function as well as an analysis of the various other parameters show that the DS, the AL, and to a lesser extent the PI are associated with the grossest depression of left ventricular function. A study of the amplitude of the \"a\" wave also shows that the effect of infacts of the free wall of the left ventricule on the compliance is greater. A study of right ventricular function as well as the correlations between the pulmonary and right atrial pressures confirms the presence of right ventricular disfunction in DS and PI necroses. Impaired left ventricular function, impaired right ventricular function, and disorders of compliance seem to be the determining factors in changing the haemodynamics in the various ECG sites of infarction.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic profile of acute myocardial infarction as a function of electrocardiographic localization]. The haemodynamic profiles of 147 cases of myocardial infarction investigated within 30 hours of the clinical onset were studies in relation to the topography of the necrosis on the ECG: there were 36 inferior (I), 29 postero-inferior (PI), 22 antero-septal (AS), 38 antero-lateral (AL), 15 deep septal (DS), and 7 strictly posterior or lateral (PL). Simultaneous recordings of the diastolic pulmonary arterial pressures and the left ventricular diastolic pressures (pre-and post-a) have shown different degrees of correlation with the topographical site. The correlation found in AS, AL and I necrosis are clearer with respect to the pre-a. The PI necroses show no correlation. Graphs of left ventricular function as well as an analysis of the various other parameters show that the DS, the AL, and to a lesser extent the PI are associated with the grossest depression of left ventricular function. A study of the amplitude of the \"a\" wave also shows that the effect of infacts of the free wall of the left ventricule on the compliance is greater. A study of right ventricular function as well as the correlations between the pulmonary and right atrial pressures confirms the presence of right ventricular disfunction in DS and PI necroses. Impaired left ventricular function, impaired right ventricular function, and disorders of compliance seem to be the determining factors in changing the haemodynamics in the various ECG sites of infarction.", "PMID": 407872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4355", "title": "[Study of survival in angiographically determined ischemic cardiopathies: Apropos of 345 medically treated patients].", "content": "A study of 345 patients with ischaemic heart disease due to coronary arteriosclerosis which had been demonstrated by coronary arteriography, and seen between November 1967 and December 1974, was directed towards finding out what had happened to the patients so that, by an actuarial study of their survival, the prognostic significance of the arteriographic and ventriculographic studies could be determined. The prognostic value of the clinical findings has shown the importance:--of the presence of clinical left ventricular failure;--of the presence of coronary insufficiency with frequent attacks; of the presence of sequelae of infarction as seen on the ECG at rest;--on the length of the symptomatic history before arteriography. The assessment of the prognostic potential of the arteriographic findings has emphasised:--the fundamental importance of diffusion of stenoses and occlusions of several main coronary trunks;--the high risk if the lesion affects the left coronary trunk; the high risk of prognostic significance of lesions on the IVA. The prognostic significance of ventricular lesions as demonstrated on ventriculography in the right anterior oblique incidence has shown the sinister significance of extensive lesions of more than two or three of the seven ventriculographic segments and of lesions with dilatation, whereas very localised static plaques hardly influence the prognosis at all.", "contents": "[Study of survival in angiographically determined ischemic cardiopathies: Apropos of 345 medically treated patients]. A study of 345 patients with ischaemic heart disease due to coronary arteriosclerosis which had been demonstrated by coronary arteriography, and seen between November 1967 and December 1974, was directed towards finding out what had happened to the patients so that, by an actuarial study of their survival, the prognostic significance of the arteriographic and ventriculographic studies could be determined. The prognostic value of the clinical findings has shown the importance:--of the presence of clinical left ventricular failure;--of the presence of coronary insufficiency with frequent attacks; of the presence of sequelae of infarction as seen on the ECG at rest;--on the length of the symptomatic history before arteriography. The assessment of the prognostic potential of the arteriographic findings has emphasised:--the fundamental importance of diffusion of stenoses and occlusions of several main coronary trunks;--the high risk if the lesion affects the left coronary trunk; the high risk of prognostic significance of lesions on the IVA. The prognostic significance of ventricular lesions as demonstrated on ventriculography in the right anterior oblique incidence has shown the sinister significance of extensive lesions of more than two or three of the seven ventriculographic segments and of lesions with dilatation, whereas very localised static plaques hardly influence the prognosis at all.", "PMID": 407873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4356", "title": "[Role of the characteristic impedance of the ascending aorta in the evolution of indices of left ventricular performance during the ejection stage].", "content": "In this study of 61 patients (group I: 37 patients with no signs of cardiac failure, group II: 24 patients with signs of cardiac failure), a comparison is made between the indices of left ventricular performance obtained during the isovolumic phase dp/dt/Pt max of the left ventricle (5F Millar micromanometer) and in the ejection phase (ejection fraction, mean speed of fibre contraction, corrected mean systolic ejection speed (left ventricular cineanigiography) and maximal acceleration of the aortic blood flow (electromagnetic velocimeter). Calculations were also made of the modulus of elasticity (Ep) and the characteristic impedance of the ascending aorta (Zo) in every patient. The results show that, for group I patients the correlation between the indices in the isovolumic and ejection phases is improved by taking Zo into account. This result is not true for group II cases except with respect to the acceleration of aortic blood flow. An analysis has been made of the hypotheses and the discrepancies.", "contents": "[Role of the characteristic impedance of the ascending aorta in the evolution of indices of left ventricular performance during the ejection stage]. In this study of 61 patients (group I: 37 patients with no signs of cardiac failure, group II: 24 patients with signs of cardiac failure), a comparison is made between the indices of left ventricular performance obtained during the isovolumic phase dp/dt/Pt max of the left ventricle (5F Millar micromanometer) and in the ejection phase (ejection fraction, mean speed of fibre contraction, corrected mean systolic ejection speed (left ventricular cineanigiography) and maximal acceleration of the aortic blood flow (electromagnetic velocimeter). Calculations were also made of the modulus of elasticity (Ep) and the characteristic impedance of the ascending aorta (Zo) in every patient. The results show that, for group I patients the correlation between the indices in the isovolumic and ejection phases is improved by taking Zo into account. This result is not true for group II cases except with respect to the acceleration of aortic blood flow. An analysis has been made of the hypotheses and the discrepancies.", "PMID": 407874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4357", "title": "[Septal displacements during  intraventricular conduction disorders. Echocardiographical study].", "content": "We have analysed the echocardiograms of ten healthy subjects, sixty patients with disorders of intra-ventricular conduction, and ten who were treated by a temporary intracavitary pacemaker. There was found to be a pre-ejection displacement of the septum towards the posterior wall, beginning just after electrical depolarisation of the ventricle followed, in most cases, by 'paradoxical' displacement towards the anterior wall during systole. Such a displacement, producing a 'beaked' image on the echocardiogram, is only found when the ventricular complexes have the characteristics of complete left bundle branch block (LBBB), whether this is spontaneous LBBB or a functional LBBB produced by an intracavitary pacemaker. The results support the hypothesis that the posterior displacement of the septum in cases of LBBB is related to abnormal spread of excitation. Under these conditions, during the pre-ejection period the septal forces predominante over those of the free wall of the left ventricle. In a patient with LBBB who had failed to show this typical septal displacement in several investigations, the 'beak' of the septum could be observed only when the electrical axis deviated to the left, and when the QRS complex exceeded 0.14/s to 0.16/s, this condition being fulfilled because the LBBB was really complete at the time of the last investigation.", "contents": "[Septal displacements during  intraventricular conduction disorders. Echocardiographical study]. We have analysed the echocardiograms of ten healthy subjects, sixty patients with disorders of intra-ventricular conduction, and ten who were treated by a temporary intracavitary pacemaker. There was found to be a pre-ejection displacement of the septum towards the posterior wall, beginning just after electrical depolarisation of the ventricle followed, in most cases, by 'paradoxical' displacement towards the anterior wall during systole. Such a displacement, producing a 'beaked' image on the echocardiogram, is only found when the ventricular complexes have the characteristics of complete left bundle branch block (LBBB), whether this is spontaneous LBBB or a functional LBBB produced by an intracavitary pacemaker. The results support the hypothesis that the posterior displacement of the septum in cases of LBBB is related to abnormal spread of excitation. Under these conditions, during the pre-ejection period the septal forces predominante over those of the free wall of the left ventricle. In a patient with LBBB who had failed to show this typical septal displacement in several investigations, the 'beak' of the septum could be observed only when the electrical axis deviated to the left, and when the QRS complex exceeded 0.14/s to 0.16/s, this condition being fulfilled because the LBBB was really complete at the time of the last investigation.", "PMID": 407875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4358", "title": "[Surgical treatment of acute dissection of the ascending aorta].", "content": "The authors present 20 cases of acute dissection of the aorta operated on between 1967 and 1974, and 8 more recent cases operated on in 1975-1976. The various factors in diagnosis and surgical treatment are discussed. The results that 60% of patients survive to leave hospital, and the long-term survival (with a mean follow-up of 3 years) is 45%. The main determining factor is survival time appears to be the age of the patient. The authors concluded by advocating operation for all cases of acute dissection of the aorta in patients under 45. Conversely, operation in not advised in patients over 60 years of age.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of acute dissection of the ascending aorta]. The authors present 20 cases of acute dissection of the aorta operated on between 1967 and 1974, and 8 more recent cases operated on in 1975-1976. The various factors in diagnosis and surgical treatment are discussed. The results that 60% of patients survive to leave hospital, and the long-term survival (with a mean follow-up of 3 years) is 45%. The main determining factor is survival time appears to be the age of the patient. The authors concluded by advocating operation for all cases of acute dissection of the aorta in patients under 45. Conversely, operation in not advised in patients over 60 years of age.", "PMID": 407876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4359", "title": "[Romano-Ward syndrome and left stellectomy. General review apropos of a recent case].", "content": "A new familial case of the Romano-Ward syndrome in a young girl of 21 years is reported. A progressive worsening of the condition with multiple syncopal attacks, together with difficulty in controlling the patient, lead us to carry out a left stellate ganglionectomy. The operation did not lead to any shortening of the QT interval. It appeared in the end that propranolol was the most effective way of preventing the syncopal attacks.", "contents": "[Romano-Ward syndrome and left stellectomy. General review apropos of a recent case]. A new familial case of the Romano-Ward syndrome in a young girl of 21 years is reported. A progressive worsening of the condition with multiple syncopal attacks, together with difficulty in controlling the patient, lead us to carry out a left stellate ganglionectomy. The operation did not lead to any shortening of the QT interval. It appeared in the end that propranolol was the most effective way of preventing the syncopal attacks.", "PMID": 407877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4360", "title": "[Hypoplasia of the right ventricle with inter-atrial communication and without any other abnormality. Apropos of a case treated surgically by closure of the inter-atrial communication].", "content": "A case is reported of hypoplasie of the right ventricle with a wide atrial septal defect in a child of 10. The presence of cyanosis with right atrial and left ventricular preponderance led us to suspect tricuspid atresia, but this was excluded by catheterisation and angiocardiography. There was definitely and atrial septal defect with a two-directional shunt, but the tricuspid valve could be negotiated, and the right-sided opacity provided the essential diagnostic criterion, namely hypoplasia of the sinus portion of the right ventricle with a normal infundibulum. 17 other published cases of hypoplasia of the right ventricle with atrial septal defect are reviewed. The current indications for surgery are discussed in the light of the nature of the disordered physiology. Simple closure of the atrial septal defect, which was carried out successfully in 3 cases, appears to be of great value in the larger child, when there is a wide defect.", "contents": "[Hypoplasia of the right ventricle with inter-atrial communication and without any other abnormality. Apropos of a case treated surgically by closure of the inter-atrial communication]. A case is reported of hypoplasie of the right ventricle with a wide atrial septal defect in a child of 10. The presence of cyanosis with right atrial and left ventricular preponderance led us to suspect tricuspid atresia, but this was excluded by catheterisation and angiocardiography. There was definitely and atrial septal defect with a two-directional shunt, but the tricuspid valve could be negotiated, and the right-sided opacity provided the essential diagnostic criterion, namely hypoplasia of the sinus portion of the right ventricle with a normal infundibulum. 17 other published cases of hypoplasia of the right ventricle with atrial septal defect are reviewed. The current indications for surgery are discussed in the light of the nature of the disordered physiology. Simple closure of the atrial septal defect, which was carried out successfully in 3 cases, appears to be of great value in the larger child, when there is a wide defect.", "PMID": 407878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4361", "title": "[Veinous return from the inferior vena cava into the left atrium after surgical correction of Fallot's tetralogy].", "content": "A child of 6 presented with a syndrome of gross respiratory distress together with persistant arterial desaturation, requiring ventilation for maintenance of life, occurring after the apparently straightforward correction of a Fallot's tetralogy. Postoperative investigation on the 15th day showed the reasons for the desaturation: there was a massive right-left shunt caused by flow from the inferior vena cava into the auricle of the left atrium through a low atrial septal defect which had not been recognised. Reoperation on the 15th day to close the atrial septal defect corrected the condition satisfactorily.", "contents": "[Veinous return from the inferior vena cava into the left atrium after surgical correction of Fallot's tetralogy]. A child of 6 presented with a syndrome of gross respiratory distress together with persistant arterial desaturation, requiring ventilation for maintenance of life, occurring after the apparently straightforward correction of a Fallot's tetralogy. Postoperative investigation on the 15th day showed the reasons for the desaturation: there was a massive right-left shunt caused by flow from the inferior vena cava into the auricle of the left atrium through a low atrial septal defect which had not been recognised. Reoperation on the 15th day to close the atrial septal defect corrected the condition satisfactorily.", "PMID": 407879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4362", "title": "Adaptation by hot spring phototrophs to reduced light intensities.", "content": "Photosynthesis was measured by the 14C method on natural as well as low light adapted populations of Chloroflexus (a photosynthetic bacterium) and Synechococcus (a blue-green alga) from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming U.S.A.), to test the ability of these phototrophs to photosynthesize at a variety of light intensities. The herbicide 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) was used to distinguish uptake of the blue-green alga from that of the photosynthetic bacterium, while measurements of chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll c served to quantitate the standing crops of these organisms. Natural populations of Synechococcus were found to be slightly inhibited by full sunlight intensities (summer values can surpass 90000 Lux), whereas the Chloroflexus populations were not. Populations of both phototrophs subjected to reduced light intensities through the use of neutral density filters were found to adapt to low light, and then become severely inhibited by high light intensities. Adaptation to various light regimes may be an important ecological phenomenon to the survival of these hot spring phototrophs.", "contents": "Adaptation by hot spring phototrophs to reduced light intensities. Photosynthesis was measured by the 14C method on natural as well as low light adapted populations of Chloroflexus (a photosynthetic bacterium) and Synechococcus (a blue-green alga) from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming U.S.A.), to test the ability of these phototrophs to photosynthesize at a variety of light intensities. The herbicide 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) was used to distinguish uptake of the blue-green alga from that of the photosynthetic bacterium, while measurements of chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll c served to quantitate the standing crops of these organisms. Natural populations of Synechococcus were found to be slightly inhibited by full sunlight intensities (summer values can surpass 90000 Lux), whereas the Chloroflexus populations were not. Populations of both phototrophs subjected to reduced light intensities through the use of neutral density filters were found to adapt to low light, and then become severely inhibited by high light intensities. Adaptation to various light regimes may be an important ecological phenomenon to the survival of these hot spring phototrophs.", "PMID": 407880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4363", "title": "The effect of amino acids on the motile behavior of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Constant levels of amino acids enhanced the velocity of Bacillus subtilis 60015 cells about 2-fold and stimulated the response in motility assays. The stimulation of velocity did not occur via the receptors for chemotaxis. Cysteine and methionine, general inhibitors of chemotaxis, both completely inhibited the smooth response in a temporal gradient of attractant. After methionine starvation B. subtilis 60015 showed no measurable response in a temporal gradient of attractant, this in contrast to the effect observed with some other bacteria. Addition of methionine to starved cells restored the response toward attractant. Revertants of B. subtilis 60015 for methionine requirement could not be starved and showed a normal behavior toward temporal gradients of attractant.", "contents": "The effect of amino acids on the motile behavior of Bacillus subtilis. Constant levels of amino acids enhanced the velocity of Bacillus subtilis 60015 cells about 2-fold and stimulated the response in motility assays. The stimulation of velocity did not occur via the receptors for chemotaxis. Cysteine and methionine, general inhibitors of chemotaxis, both completely inhibited the smooth response in a temporal gradient of attractant. After methionine starvation B. subtilis 60015 showed no measurable response in a temporal gradient of attractant, this in contrast to the effect observed with some other bacteria. Addition of methionine to starved cells restored the response toward attractant. Revertants of B. subtilis 60015 for methionine requirement could not be starved and showed a normal behavior toward temporal gradients of attractant.", "PMID": 407881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4364", "title": "Alternatives to the mental hospital: use of residential facilities for long-term psychiatric care.", "content": "We examine the use of the mental hospital and alternative residential facilities by 149 chronic psychiatric patients in Ontario. All major movements of patients since the time of first admission were recorded, including the number of episodes and duration of hospitalization and placement in alternative facilities and in the community. Clinical and social variables thought likely to influence use were correlated with duration, placement, and mobility. In spite of the lack of formal criteria for placement, relatively discrete and homogeneous populations were found in each facility and clear patterns of use could be distinguished. For many patients, their present placement represents their most typical setting and implies a particular route through the psychiatric services. We describe factors relating to different types of movements, and emphasize the continuing importance of the mental hospital in long-term psychiatric care.", "contents": "Alternatives to the mental hospital: use of residential facilities for long-term psychiatric care. We examine the use of the mental hospital and alternative residential facilities by 149 chronic psychiatric patients in Ontario. All major movements of patients since the time of first admission were recorded, including the number of episodes and duration of hospitalization and placement in alternative facilities and in the community. Clinical and social variables thought likely to influence use were correlated with duration, placement, and mobility. In spite of the lack of formal criteria for placement, relatively discrete and homogeneous populations were found in each facility and clear patterns of use could be distinguished. For many patients, their present placement represents their most typical setting and implies a particular route through the psychiatric services. We describe factors relating to different types of movements, and emphasize the continuing importance of the mental hospital in long-term psychiatric care.", "PMID": 407883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4365", "title": "Antibacterial activity of amniotic fluid against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Brucella abortus.", "content": "Sixty amniotic fluid samples from sixty patients between 14--42 weeks gestation were studied for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella abortus and antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Both antibacterial and antifungal activity of the amniotic fluid were observed. When antimicrobial activity was correlated with gestational age, it was found to increase with the period of gestation. Maximum antimicrobial activity of the amniotic fluid was found to be present in the samples obtained between 36--42 weeks of gestation. All samples before 20 weeks gestation showed week antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, but comparatively strong reaction against Candida albicans and Brucella abortus.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of amniotic fluid against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Brucella abortus. Sixty amniotic fluid samples from sixty patients between 14--42 weeks gestation were studied for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella abortus and antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Both antibacterial and antifungal activity of the amniotic fluid were observed. When antimicrobial activity was correlated with gestational age, it was found to increase with the period of gestation. Maximum antimicrobial activity of the amniotic fluid was found to be present in the samples obtained between 36--42 weeks of gestation. All samples before 20 weeks gestation showed week antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, but comparatively strong reaction against Candida albicans and Brucella abortus.", "PMID": 407884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4366", "title": "[The ultrastructure of Langhans cells in pathologic human placentas (author's transl)].", "content": "In electron microscopic observations on the villous cytotrophoblast in pathologic human placentas we find, besides a general increase of the amount of Langhans cells, significant ultrastructural differences according to the different diseases in pregnancy. Diabetes mellitus: the most striking observations are small, extremely electron dense mitochondria and a lot of intracellular filaments in a hydropic cytoplasm. Rh-incompatibility: according to the stage of placental damage the Langhans cells show a different structure. In light cases we find hydrolic cells with normal mitochondria as well as swollen ones. The plasmalemm shows a lot of foldings and dentations with the syncytium. In serious cases of rh-incompatibility the Langhans cells cover the trophoblastic basal membrane completely. Their electron density is even higher than that of the syncytium. Characteristic lysosomes appear. In the most serious cases the syncytium is completely destroyed and maximal hydropic Langhans cells cover the villi. EPH-gestosis: the Langhans cells show different phases of differentiation, but no other characteristic criteria. The importance of the Langhans cells for the regeneration of the syncytotrophoblast is discussed. Mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum are obviously not formed in the syncytium but they must be regenerated by taking up Langhans cells by syncytial fusion.", "contents": "[The ultrastructure of Langhans cells in pathologic human placentas (author's transl)]. In electron microscopic observations on the villous cytotrophoblast in pathologic human placentas we find, besides a general increase of the amount of Langhans cells, significant ultrastructural differences according to the different diseases in pregnancy. Diabetes mellitus: the most striking observations are small, extremely electron dense mitochondria and a lot of intracellular filaments in a hydropic cytoplasm. Rh-incompatibility: according to the stage of placental damage the Langhans cells show a different structure. In light cases we find hydrolic cells with normal mitochondria as well as swollen ones. The plasmalemm shows a lot of foldings and dentations with the syncytium. In serious cases of rh-incompatibility the Langhans cells cover the trophoblastic basal membrane completely. Their electron density is even higher than that of the syncytium. Characteristic lysosomes appear. In the most serious cases the syncytium is completely destroyed and maximal hydropic Langhans cells cover the villi. EPH-gestosis: the Langhans cells show different phases of differentiation, but no other characteristic criteria. The importance of the Langhans cells for the regeneration of the syncytotrophoblast is discussed. Mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum are obviously not formed in the syncytium but they must be regenerated by taking up Langhans cells by syncytial fusion.", "PMID": 407885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4367", "title": "The influence of antibiotics WR 142 on permeability of cell membranes.", "content": "The influence of antibiotics WR 142 (fractions I and II and Wr 142 FPG) on transport across cell membranes of B. subtilis and C. albicans was studied. Antibiotics Wr 142 did not increase permeability of cell membranes as 86Rb was not exchanged by other monovalent ions in the presence of the antibiotic preparations. Temperature, ionic strength and pH had no significant influence on the action of these antibiotics on the cell membranes. Antibiotics Wr 142 do not form lipid-soluble complexes with alkali metal ions, and therefore do not transport these ions, in contrast to the ionophoric antibiotics. No effect of antibiotics Wr 142 on the stucture of the cell membrane depriving it of its selective function as an osmotic barrier was observed.", "contents": "The influence of antibiotics WR 142 on permeability of cell membranes. The influence of antibiotics WR 142 (fractions I and II and Wr 142 FPG) on transport across cell membranes of B. subtilis and C. albicans was studied. Antibiotics Wr 142 did not increase permeability of cell membranes as 86Rb was not exchanged by other monovalent ions in the presence of the antibiotic preparations. Temperature, ionic strength and pH had no significant influence on the action of these antibiotics on the cell membranes. Antibiotics Wr 142 do not form lipid-soluble complexes with alkali metal ions, and therefore do not transport these ions, in contrast to the ionophoric antibiotics. No effect of antibiotics Wr 142 on the stucture of the cell membrane depriving it of its selective function as an osmotic barrier was observed.", "PMID": 407886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4368", "title": "Sensitivity of various human lymphoblastoid cells to the antiviral and anticellular activity of human leukocyte interferon.", "content": "Of eight lymphoblastoid cell lines studied five were insensitive to both the anticellular and antiviral activities of human leukocyte interferon, and two were sensitive to both activities. One line could not be fully evaluated since it was not possible to study its sensitivity to the antiviral activity.", "contents": "Sensitivity of various human lymphoblastoid cells to the antiviral and anticellular activity of human leukocyte interferon. Of eight lymphoblastoid cell lines studied five were insensitive to both the anticellular and antiviral activities of human leukocyte interferon, and two were sensitive to both activities. One line could not be fully evaluated since it was not possible to study its sensitivity to the antiviral activity.", "PMID": 407887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4369", "title": "EEG recognition of Aicardi's syndrome.", "content": "Thirty-two EEGs from six cases of Aicardi's syndrome were reviewed. A characteristic EEG pattern was found in all cases. This consists of multifocal epileptiform abnormalities occurring on a burst-suppression pattern showing complete asynchrony between the two hemispheres. This pattern has been described so far only in Aicardi's syndrome. These characteristic EEG features are more readily found early in the course of the disease and occur less frequently six months after from the onset of symptoms, at which time they are often replaced by multiple epileptic foci on a severely disorganized background. The EEG sleep pattern was profoundly altered in all stages of the disease. The EEG is considered a helpful tool in the diagnosis of Aicardi's syndrome.", "contents": "EEG recognition of Aicardi's syndrome. Thirty-two EEGs from six cases of Aicardi's syndrome were reviewed. A characteristic EEG pattern was found in all cases. This consists of multifocal epileptiform abnormalities occurring on a burst-suppression pattern showing complete asynchrony between the two hemispheres. This pattern has been described so far only in Aicardi's syndrome. These characteristic EEG features are more readily found early in the course of the disease and occur less frequently six months after from the onset of symptoms, at which time they are often replaced by multiple epileptic foci on a severely disorganized background. The EEG sleep pattern was profoundly altered in all stages of the disease. The EEG is considered a helpful tool in the diagnosis of Aicardi's syndrome.", "PMID": 407892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4370", "title": "Foveal sparing. New anatomical evidence for bilateral representation of the central retina.", "content": "The pattern of retinal ganglion cell projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei has been demonstrated with horseradish peroxidase neuronography. A 1 degree-wide strip centered on the vertical meridian has been found in which ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells intermingle. This strip expands to a width of 3 degrees at the fovea, since mixing of horseradish peroxidase-labeled and unlabeled ganglion cells was found in a band approximately 0.5 degrees wide along both the nasal and temporal rims of the foveola. These labeled ganglion cells rimming the foveal pit in its entirety represent a possible anatomical basis for \"foveal sparing\".", "contents": "Foveal sparing. New anatomical evidence for bilateral representation of the central retina. The pattern of retinal ganglion cell projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei has been demonstrated with horseradish peroxidase neuronography. A 1 degree-wide strip centered on the vertical meridian has been found in which ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting ganglion cells intermingle. This strip expands to a width of 3 degrees at the fovea, since mixing of horseradish peroxidase-labeled and unlabeled ganglion cells was found in a band approximately 0.5 degrees wide along both the nasal and temporal rims of the foveola. These labeled ganglion cells rimming the foveal pit in its entirety represent a possible anatomical basis for \"foveal sparing\".", "PMID": 407893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4371", "title": "Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. III. A pathologic study of experimental papilledema.", "content": "Optic nerve heads of 21 eyes from 13 rhesus monkeys that had developed papilledema secondary to chronically raised intracranial pressure from balloon implantation in the subarachnoid space were studied by light and electron microscopy. Nine eyes were also examined with the horseradish peroxidase tracer technique. The pathologic changes in the optic nerve head included severe axonal changes and mild interstitial edema. Axonal alteration ranged from axonal swelling to formation of cytoid bodies. Interstitial edema and vascular leakage of horseradish peroxidase were noted in the posterior lamina retinalis, lamina choroidalis and lamina scleralis (prelaminar and lamina cribrosa regions), as well as in the retrolaminar myelinated optic nerve. No intracellular edema of the glial elements was noted. Axonal swelling was so prominent that it appeared to be primarily responsible for the overall swelling of the optic disc observed ophthalmoscopically.", "contents": "Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. III. A pathologic study of experimental papilledema. Optic nerve heads of 21 eyes from 13 rhesus monkeys that had developed papilledema secondary to chronically raised intracranial pressure from balloon implantation in the subarachnoid space were studied by light and electron microscopy. Nine eyes were also examined with the horseradish peroxidase tracer technique. The pathologic changes in the optic nerve head included severe axonal changes and mild interstitial edema. Axonal alteration ranged from axonal swelling to formation of cytoid bodies. Interstitial edema and vascular leakage of horseradish peroxidase were noted in the posterior lamina retinalis, lamina choroidalis and lamina scleralis (prelaminar and lamina cribrosa regions), as well as in the retrolaminar myelinated optic nerve. No intracellular edema of the glial elements was noted. Axonal swelling was so prominent that it appeared to be primarily responsible for the overall swelling of the optic disc observed ophthalmoscopically.", "PMID": 407894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4372", "title": "Protracted radiation-stressed primate performance.", "content": "An experimental investigation has been made of the effects of nuclear radiation on the behavior of four trained primates (rhesus monkeys) proficient in control of the primate equilibrium platform during a hypothetical 72-h aircraft mission. The radiation exposure was assumed to result from a radioactive cloud penetration at the start of the mission, with subsequent low dose rate exposure resulting from radioactive debris in and on the aircraft. Minor performance changes were detected in three of four subjects; all experienced emesis.", "contents": "Protracted radiation-stressed primate performance. An experimental investigation has been made of the effects of nuclear radiation on the behavior of four trained primates (rhesus monkeys) proficient in control of the primate equilibrium platform during a hypothetical 72-h aircraft mission. The radiation exposure was assumed to result from a radioactive cloud penetration at the start of the mission, with subsequent low dose rate exposure resulting from radioactive debris in and on the aircraft. Minor performance changes were detected in three of four subjects; all experienced emesis.", "PMID": 407895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4373", "title": "Histopathology of retinal lesions produced by long-term laser exposure.", "content": "The maculae of rhesus monkeys were exposed for 120/s to Nd-YAG and argon laser radiation at wavelengths of 1060 and 514.5 nm, respectively. Histopathology of lesions associated with a thermal and a nonthermal damage mechanism were compared. Differences were observed for both lesion development and retinal layers affected, depending upon the damage mechanism involved.", "contents": "Histopathology of retinal lesions produced by long-term laser exposure. The maculae of rhesus monkeys were exposed for 120/s to Nd-YAG and argon laser radiation at wavelengths of 1060 and 514.5 nm, respectively. Histopathology of lesions associated with a thermal and a nonthermal damage mechanism were compared. Differences were observed for both lesion development and retinal layers affected, depending upon the damage mechanism involved.", "PMID": 407896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4374", "title": "Heavy-ion-induced cataractogenesis.", "content": "Cataract formation following heavy ion exposure (O+8) was noted in three rhesus monkeys secondary to a study of retinal effects. The pathogenesis of these lens changes follows many, but not all, of the characteristics for \"radiation cataracts.\" The ring-shaped opacity was not noted to occur. Posterior capsular changes were noted initially and followed through the formation of a mature cataract.", "contents": "Heavy-ion-induced cataractogenesis. Cataract formation following heavy ion exposure (O+8) was noted in three rhesus monkeys secondary to a study of retinal effects. The pathogenesis of these lens changes follows many, but not all, of the characteristics for \"radiation cataracts.\" The ring-shaped opacity was not noted to occur. Posterior capsular changes were noted initially and followed through the formation of a mature cataract.", "PMID": 407897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4375", "title": "Characterization of a photoproduct of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene and its effects on chick-embryo cells in culture.", "content": "A common impurity of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene was more effective than 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene in inducing morphological alterations, and in causing an increase in glucose uptake, DNA synthesis and cell number in chick-embryo fibroblasts. Gradual morphological transformation follows the increase in DNA synthesis after 2 days when either primary or secondary cultures are treated with 3 microgram of the compound/ml. The compound, isolated from 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene by alumina column chromatography, was characterized by t.l.c., mass spectroscopy, carbon-hydrogen analysis, u.v. and nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy and thermal decomposition. It was the photo-oxidation product of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene, 7,12-epidioxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene. It is suggested that some of the biological effects observed after treatment of cultures with 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene may be due in part to the presence of the photo-oxidation product.", "contents": "Characterization of a photoproduct of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene and its effects on chick-embryo cells in culture. A common impurity of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene was more effective than 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene in inducing morphological alterations, and in causing an increase in glucose uptake, DNA synthesis and cell number in chick-embryo fibroblasts. Gradual morphological transformation follows the increase in DNA synthesis after 2 days when either primary or secondary cultures are treated with 3 microgram of the compound/ml. The compound, isolated from 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene by alumina column chromatography, was characterized by t.l.c., mass spectroscopy, carbon-hydrogen analysis, u.v. and nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy and thermal decomposition. It was the photo-oxidation product of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene, 7,12-epidioxy-7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene. It is suggested that some of the biological effects observed after treatment of cultures with 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene may be due in part to the presence of the photo-oxidation product.", "PMID": 407902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4376", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of hepatic microsomal N-oxide formation. The role of cytochrome P-450 and mixed-function amine oxidase in the N-oxidation of NN-dimethylaniline.", "content": "Evidence is established for the existence of alternative metabolic routes of N-oxidation of NN-dimethylaniline in rabbit liver microsomal fraction. One pathway involves the participation of two types of cytochrome P-450 with different sensitivities towards heat. Both types may represent distinct haemoprotein species or two physical forms of a single pigment. The other pathway is represented by the mixed-function amine oxidase. The enzyme lacks NADPH dehydrogenase activity and is insensitive to treatment with 2-bromo-4'-nitroacetophenone and steapsin: it catalyses N-oxidation of imipramine, trimethylamine and NN-dimethylaniline in molar proportions considerably different from those of the cytochrome P-450-supported reactions. Cytochrome P-450 is estimated to account for the formation of at least 50-60% of the total NN-dimethylaniline N-oxide formed in the intact rabbit liver microsomal fraction, the remainder arising from the action of the mixed-function amine oxidase.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of hepatic microsomal N-oxide formation. The role of cytochrome P-450 and mixed-function amine oxidase in the N-oxidation of NN-dimethylaniline. Evidence is established for the existence of alternative metabolic routes of N-oxidation of NN-dimethylaniline in rabbit liver microsomal fraction. One pathway involves the participation of two types of cytochrome P-450 with different sensitivities towards heat. Both types may represent distinct haemoprotein species or two physical forms of a single pigment. The other pathway is represented by the mixed-function amine oxidase. The enzyme lacks NADPH dehydrogenase activity and is insensitive to treatment with 2-bromo-4'-nitroacetophenone and steapsin: it catalyses N-oxidation of imipramine, trimethylamine and NN-dimethylaniline in molar proportions considerably different from those of the cytochrome P-450-supported reactions. Cytochrome P-450 is estimated to account for the formation of at least 50-60% of the total NN-dimethylaniline N-oxide formed in the intact rabbit liver microsomal fraction, the remainder arising from the action of the mixed-function amine oxidase.", "PMID": 407903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4377", "title": "The biosynthesis of tyramine glucuronide by liver microsomal fractions.", "content": "Labelled tyramine glucuronide was synthesized in vitro from UDP-[14C]glucuronic acid, [14C]tyramine or [3H]tyramine. The glucuronidation was carried out at pH9.2 in the presence of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine. The Km values for tyramine were 69 and 125 micrometer and those for UDP-glucuronic acid were 260 and 290 micrometer respectively for guinea-pig and rat liver microsomal preparatons. The specific activities of microsomal glucuronyltransferase measured in fresh hepatic preparations of guinea pig, mouse and rat were respectively 601, 251 and 235 pmol of [14C]tyramine glucuronide/min per mg of protein. Increase in activity ranged from 2- to 6-fold in preparations which were frozen and thawed once and 5.4- to 10-fold when the freezing and thawing was repeated. Rabbit liver has very low activity, and monkey liver and intestine were completely devoid of this conjugating capacity.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of tyramine glucuronide by liver microsomal fractions. Labelled tyramine glucuronide was synthesized in vitro from UDP-[14C]glucuronic acid, [14C]tyramine or [3H]tyramine. The glucuronidation was carried out at pH9.2 in the presence of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine. The Km values for tyramine were 69 and 125 micrometer and those for UDP-glucuronic acid were 260 and 290 micrometer respectively for guinea-pig and rat liver microsomal preparatons. The specific activities of microsomal glucuronyltransferase measured in fresh hepatic preparations of guinea pig, mouse and rat were respectively 601, 251 and 235 pmol of [14C]tyramine glucuronide/min per mg of protein. Increase in activity ranged from 2- to 6-fold in preparations which were frozen and thawed once and 5.4- to 10-fold when the freezing and thawing was repeated. Rabbit liver has very low activity, and monkey liver and intestine were completely devoid of this conjugating capacity.", "PMID": 407904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4378", "title": "Comparison in different species of biliary bilirubin-IX alpha conjugates with the activities of hepatic and renal bilirubin-IX alpha-uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases.", "content": "The bilrubin-IXalpha conjugates in bile and the activities of bilirubin-IX alpha--UDP-glycosyltransferases in liver and kidney were determined for ten species of mammals and for the chicken. 1. In the mammalian species, bilirubin-IX alpha glucuronide was the predominant bile pigment. Excretion of neutral glycosides was unimportant, except in the cat, the mouse, the rabbit and the dog, where glucose and xylose represented 12--41% of total conjugating groups bound to bilirubin-IX alpha. In chicken bile, glucoside and glucuronide conjugates were of equal importance. They probably represent only a small fraction of the total bile pigment. 2. The transferase activities in liver showed pronounced species variation. This was also apparent with regard to activation by digitonin, pH optimum and relative activities of transferases acting on either UDP-glucuronic acid or neutral UDP-sugars. 3. Man, the dog, the cat and the rat excrete bilirubin-IX alpha largely as diconjugated derivatives. In general, diconjugated bilirubin-IX alpha could also be synthesized in vitro with liver homogenate, bilirubin-IX alpha and UDP-sugar. In contrast, for the other species examined, bilirubin pigments consisted predominantly of monoconjugated bilirubin-IX alpha. Synthesis in vitro with UDP-glucuronic acid, UDP-glucose or UDP-xylose as the sugar donor led exclusively to the formation of monoconjugated bilirubin-IX alpha. 4. The transferase activities in the kidney were restricted to the cortex and were important only for the rat and the dog. No activity at all could be detected for several species, including man. 5. Comparison of the transferase activities in liver with reported values of the maximal rate of excretion in bile suggests a close linkage between conjugation and biliary secretion of bilirubin-IX alpha.", "contents": "Comparison in different species of biliary bilirubin-IX alpha conjugates with the activities of hepatic and renal bilirubin-IX alpha-uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases. The bilrubin-IXalpha conjugates in bile and the activities of bilirubin-IX alpha--UDP-glycosyltransferases in liver and kidney were determined for ten species of mammals and for the chicken. 1. In the mammalian species, bilirubin-IX alpha glucuronide was the predominant bile pigment. Excretion of neutral glycosides was unimportant, except in the cat, the mouse, the rabbit and the dog, where glucose and xylose represented 12--41% of total conjugating groups bound to bilirubin-IX alpha. In chicken bile, glucoside and glucuronide conjugates were of equal importance. They probably represent only a small fraction of the total bile pigment. 2. The transferase activities in liver showed pronounced species variation. This was also apparent with regard to activation by digitonin, pH optimum and relative activities of transferases acting on either UDP-glucuronic acid or neutral UDP-sugars. 3. Man, the dog, the cat and the rat excrete bilirubin-IX alpha largely as diconjugated derivatives. In general, diconjugated bilirubin-IX alpha could also be synthesized in vitro with liver homogenate, bilirubin-IX alpha and UDP-sugar. In contrast, for the other species examined, bilirubin pigments consisted predominantly of monoconjugated bilirubin-IX alpha. Synthesis in vitro with UDP-glucuronic acid, UDP-glucose or UDP-xylose as the sugar donor led exclusively to the formation of monoconjugated bilirubin-IX alpha. 4. The transferase activities in the kidney were restricted to the cortex and were important only for the rat and the dog. No activity at all could be detected for several species, including man. 5. Comparison of the transferase activities in liver with reported values of the maximal rate of excretion in bile suggests a close linkage between conjugation and biliary secretion of bilirubin-IX alpha.", "PMID": 407905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4379", "title": "[Petit mal status].", "content": "The historical evolution of P.M.S. nosography is pointed out, and his clinical features are exposed, mainly on the ground of the study performed by Lob and Coll., for the Tenth Marseilled Colloquium. Stress is laid upon the onset age of P.M.S., making reference to a review of 133 cases previously reported in the literature. Two paradigmatic cases are reported, selected between six P.M.S. observations we collected, and electroclinically investigated, from 1972 to 1975: a woman aged 34 who was suffering from P.M. and G.M. seizures since she was 12-years old, and also had some other P.M.S. episodes during past years; a woman aged 45 who suffered from a sudden P.M.S. attack, during a febrile illness: it seemed that it was the first occurrence, but an accurate catamnestic search suggested that previous P.M.S. manifestations had probably occurred during the infancy. Finally P.M.S. nosography is discussed for what concerns the variable features emphasized by our observations, the correlation between P.M. and P.M.S., and the problem of P.M.S. as the sole epileptic phenomenon.", "contents": "[Petit mal status]. The historical evolution of P.M.S. nosography is pointed out, and his clinical features are exposed, mainly on the ground of the study performed by Lob and Coll., for the Tenth Marseilled Colloquium. Stress is laid upon the onset age of P.M.S., making reference to a review of 133 cases previously reported in the literature. Two paradigmatic cases are reported, selected between six P.M.S. observations we collected, and electroclinically investigated, from 1972 to 1975: a woman aged 34 who was suffering from P.M. and G.M. seizures since she was 12-years old, and also had some other P.M.S. episodes during past years; a woman aged 45 who suffered from a sudden P.M.S. attack, during a febrile illness: it seemed that it was the first occurrence, but an accurate catamnestic search suggested that previous P.M.S. manifestations had probably occurred during the infancy. Finally P.M.S. nosography is discussed for what concerns the variable features emphasized by our observations, the correlation between P.M. and P.M.S., and the problem of P.M.S. as the sole epileptic phenomenon.", "PMID": 407912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4380", "title": "Nitrogen-sparing effect of different feeding regimes in patients after operation.", "content": "In patients recovering from surgery, water, electrolytes, protein and calories all produce significant nitrogen sparing whether given by i.v. or intraduodenal routes. The nitrogen-sparing effect of protein and calories is greater when given to these patients via the gastrointestinal tract, and nitrogen equilibrium is approached when nutrients are supplied in amounts that satisfy theoretical requirements. I.v. regimes do not achieve nitrogen equilibrium, even when amino acids and calories are supplied in amounts that exceed theoretical requirements.", "contents": "Nitrogen-sparing effect of different feeding regimes in patients after operation. In patients recovering from surgery, water, electrolytes, protein and calories all produce significant nitrogen sparing whether given by i.v. or intraduodenal routes. The nitrogen-sparing effect of protein and calories is greater when given to these patients via the gastrointestinal tract, and nitrogen equilibrium is approached when nutrients are supplied in amounts that satisfy theoretical requirements. I.v. regimes do not achieve nitrogen equilibrium, even when amino acids and calories are supplied in amounts that exceed theoretical requirements.", "PMID": 407914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4381", "title": "Antigens common to human ovarian mucinous cyst fluid and gastric mucosa.", "content": "Ovarian mucinous cysts, but not ovarian cysts of other histological types, contain common antigens with normal gastric mucosa. By immunodiffusion, antigens of both extracts give identical reactions. Immunofluorescence experiments localize these antigens in the epithelial coat of ovarian mucinous cysts and in the mucous cells of the surface epithelium of the fundic and pyloric gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Antigens common to human ovarian mucinous cyst fluid and gastric mucosa. Ovarian mucinous cysts, but not ovarian cysts of other histological types, contain common antigens with normal gastric mucosa. By immunodiffusion, antigens of both extracts give identical reactions. Immunofluorescence experiments localize these antigens in the epithelial coat of ovarian mucinous cysts and in the mucous cells of the surface epithelium of the fundic and pyloric gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 407915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4382", "title": "Hamster cells, untreated and treated with chemical carcinogens, maintained in vitro for 2 1/2 years.", "content": "We have maintained in culture, for a prolonged period, untreated hamster cells from whole embryo, foetal brain and lung from newborn animals. Among the 7 lines studied we observed only one spontaneous transformation during the first year of culture. The cells of the 6 other control lines remained normal and diploid, and were not transplantable during the first 9 to 12 months of culture. After the 12th month, changes appeared in their in vitro behaviour and their transplantability: grafts of 0-5-2 X 10(6) cells induced tumours in the hamster; fewer cells did not. In vitro chemically transformed hamster cells were fundamentally different from untreated cells of the same origin, not only in morphological and growth characteristics but also in transplantability; of the 9 lines obtained, 7 induced tumours after injection of 10(1)-10(4) cells, and 2 after injection of 10(5) cells per animal.", "contents": "Hamster cells, untreated and treated with chemical carcinogens, maintained in vitro for 2 1/2 years. We have maintained in culture, for a prolonged period, untreated hamster cells from whole embryo, foetal brain and lung from newborn animals. Among the 7 lines studied we observed only one spontaneous transformation during the first year of culture. The cells of the 6 other control lines remained normal and diploid, and were not transplantable during the first 9 to 12 months of culture. After the 12th month, changes appeared in their in vitro behaviour and their transplantability: grafts of 0-5-2 X 10(6) cells induced tumours in the hamster; fewer cells did not. In vitro chemically transformed hamster cells were fundamentally different from untreated cells of the same origin, not only in morphological and growth characteristics but also in transplantability; of the 9 lines obtained, 7 induced tumours after injection of 10(1)-10(4) cells, and 2 after injection of 10(5) cells per animal.", "PMID": 407916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4383", "title": "Mechanisms of red cell destruction mediated by non-complement binding IgG antibodies: the essential role in vivo of the Fc part of IgG.", "content": "F(ab')2G anti-D was prepared by limited digestion of IgG anti-D with pepsin. Conditions of digestion were chosen in order to obtain a nearly complete conversion of the anti-D antibody molecules as tested by immunochemical and serological techniques. The F(ab')2G anti-D was not capable of inducing adherence of rhesus D positive red cells to monocytes in vitro or of eliminating such cells in vivo in normal volunteers. These findings are compatible with a role of the Fc-receptor-mediated adherence to cells of the macrophage system in vivo in the destruction of erythrocytes by non-complement binding IgG antibodies.", "contents": "Mechanisms of red cell destruction mediated by non-complement binding IgG antibodies: the essential role in vivo of the Fc part of IgG. F(ab')2G anti-D was prepared by limited digestion of IgG anti-D with pepsin. Conditions of digestion were chosen in order to obtain a nearly complete conversion of the anti-D antibody molecules as tested by immunochemical and serological techniques. The F(ab')2G anti-D was not capable of inducing adherence of rhesus D positive red cells to monocytes in vitro or of eliminating such cells in vivo in normal volunteers. These findings are compatible with a role of the Fc-receptor-mediated adherence to cells of the macrophage system in vivo in the destruction of erythrocytes by non-complement binding IgG antibodies.", "PMID": 407917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4384", "title": "Prevention of rhesus isoimmunization with intravenous anti-D gammaglobulin.", "content": "The prevention of rhesus isoimmunization was studied in 2247 rhesus negative mothers given varying intravenous doses of gammaglobulin (IgG) anti-D post partum. The results obtained show that 240 microgram of IgG anti-D affords excellent protection, if the efficacy of prophylaxis is monitored by a single fetal cell count at 72 hours after injection, and further doses of immunoglobulin are given in the few cases where fetal red cells remain in the circulation.", "contents": "Prevention of rhesus isoimmunization with intravenous anti-D gammaglobulin. The prevention of rhesus isoimmunization was studied in 2247 rhesus negative mothers given varying intravenous doses of gammaglobulin (IgG) anti-D post partum. The results obtained show that 240 microgram of IgG anti-D affords excellent protection, if the efficacy of prophylaxis is monitored by a single fetal cell count at 72 hours after injection, and further doses of immunoglobulin are given in the few cases where fetal red cells remain in the circulation.", "PMID": 407918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4385", "title": "Pulsating enophthalmos and choroidal hamartomas: two rare stigmata of neurofibromatosis.", "content": "A young girl with neurofibromatosis demonstrated two rare stigmata of this disease--pulsating enophthalmos and multiple pigmented choroidal hamartomata. Fundus photographs of the latter are believed to be the first of their kind to be published.", "contents": "Pulsating enophthalmos and choroidal hamartomas: two rare stigmata of neurofibromatosis. A young girl with neurofibromatosis demonstrated two rare stigmata of this disease--pulsating enophthalmos and multiple pigmented choroidal hamartomata. Fundus photographs of the latter are believed to be the first of their kind to be published.", "PMID": 407919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4386", "title": "Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour (adenoameloblastoma).", "content": "Two cases of adenomatoid odontogenic tumour affecting the jaws of two young Nigerian Africans are described. One was diagnosed clinically as a cyst, the other as an ossifying fibroma, but their true nature was later unmasked by histopathological studies. Although considered rare, the adenomatoid odontogenic tumour should be borne in mind in the differential diagnosis of radiolucent lesions of the jaws since an incorrect diagnosis may lead to mutilating surgery whereas the lesion is amenable to a conservative surgical approach. It is also important to examine histologically all excised specimens from the jaws even in the so-called 'obvious cases.", "contents": "Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour (adenoameloblastoma). Two cases of adenomatoid odontogenic tumour affecting the jaws of two young Nigerian Africans are described. One was diagnosed clinically as a cyst, the other as an ossifying fibroma, but their true nature was later unmasked by histopathological studies. Although considered rare, the adenomatoid odontogenic tumour should be borne in mind in the differential diagnosis of radiolucent lesions of the jaws since an incorrect diagnosis may lead to mutilating surgery whereas the lesion is amenable to a conservative surgical approach. It is also important to examine histologically all excised specimens from the jaws even in the so-called 'obvious cases.", "PMID": 407920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4387", "title": "Experimental protein and energy deficiencies: effects on brain free amino acid composition in rats.", "content": "1. The effects of protein-energy malnutrition on brain free amino acids of acidic and neutral groups were investigated in experimental rats. 2. Severe energy restriction did not modify the free amino acid composition of the brain while protein deficiency affected certain amino acids of the brain in opposite directions. Significant decreases in the levels of aspartic acid, threonine and tyrosine were observed in the protein-deficient rats. 3. These changes in brain amino acids appear to be specific to protein deficiency and not affected by energy deficiency.", "contents": "Experimental protein and energy deficiencies: effects on brain free amino acid composition in rats. 1. The effects of protein-energy malnutrition on brain free amino acids of acidic and neutral groups were investigated in experimental rats. 2. Severe energy restriction did not modify the free amino acid composition of the brain while protein deficiency affected certain amino acids of the brain in opposite directions. Significant decreases in the levels of aspartic acid, threonine and tyrosine were observed in the protein-deficient rats. 3. These changes in brain amino acids appear to be specific to protein deficiency and not affected by energy deficiency.", "PMID": 407922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4388", "title": "Multiple forms of Drosophila embryo DNA polymerase: evidence for proteolytic conversion.", "content": "The DNA polymerase in crude extracts of Drosophila melanogaster embryos sedimented at 9.0, 7.3, and 5.5 S on glycerol velocity gradients. The relative proportions of these enzymes depended on the method used to prepare the extract. Extracts of whole embryos contained the 7.3S and the 5.5S DNA polymerases and extracts of dechorionated embryos contained the 9.0S and 7.3S DNA polymerases. The porportion of the 5.5S DNA polymerase increased relative to the 7.3S DNA polymerase during storage of the extract of whole embryos. The protease inhibitor, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, inhibited the formation of the 5.5S DNA polymerase, suggesting that it was proteolytically produced from the 7.3S DNA polymerase. This was demonstrated directly  by converting the 7.3S DNA polymerase to the 5.5S DNA polymerase by treatment in vitro with trypsin. The degradation of the enzyme occurred without significant loss of DNA polymerase activity. It is further demonstrated that endogenous proteolysis reduced the chromatographic heterogeneity of the Drosophila DNA polymerase on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex. When endogenous proteolysis was reduced, three forms of DNA polymerase were isolated by diethylaminoethylcellulose chromatography; two of these enzymes sedimented at 7.3S and the third sedimented at 9.0S. These results demonstrate the physical heterogeneity of the Drosophila DNA polymerase and suggest its similarity to vertebrate DNA polymerase-alpha.", "contents": "Multiple forms of Drosophila embryo DNA polymerase: evidence for proteolytic conversion. The DNA polymerase in crude extracts of Drosophila melanogaster embryos sedimented at 9.0, 7.3, and 5.5 S on glycerol velocity gradients. The relative proportions of these enzymes depended on the method used to prepare the extract. Extracts of whole embryos contained the 7.3S and the 5.5S DNA polymerases and extracts of dechorionated embryos contained the 9.0S and 7.3S DNA polymerases. The porportion of the 5.5S DNA polymerase increased relative to the 7.3S DNA polymerase during storage of the extract of whole embryos. The protease inhibitor, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, inhibited the formation of the 5.5S DNA polymerase, suggesting that it was proteolytically produced from the 7.3S DNA polymerase. This was demonstrated directly  by converting the 7.3S DNA polymerase to the 5.5S DNA polymerase by treatment in vitro with trypsin. The degradation of the enzyme occurred without significant loss of DNA polymerase activity. It is further demonstrated that endogenous proteolysis reduced the chromatographic heterogeneity of the Drosophila DNA polymerase on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex. When endogenous proteolysis was reduced, three forms of DNA polymerase were isolated by diethylaminoethylcellulose chromatography; two of these enzymes sedimented at 7.3S and the third sedimented at 9.0S. These results demonstrate the physical heterogeneity of the Drosophila DNA polymerase and suggest its similarity to vertebrate DNA polymerase-alpha.", "PMID": 407923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4389", "title": "Primary structure of the variable regions of two canine immunoglobulin heavy chains.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequences of the variable regions of two canine immunoglobulin heavy chains have been determined by automated Edman degradation and found to be strongly homologous to the human VHIII subgroup. The canine sequences were identical with each other at 76 of 113 residue positions. Twenty-three of the 37 differences are located within the four hypervariable regions previously defined by the sequences of several human VHIII proteins. Forty-five of 77 framework residue positions are invariant in the seven human and two canine VHIII proteins which have been completely sequences. The canine proteins are 78% homologous to the framework of the human prototype. Phylogenetically associated residues before the first hypervariable region were confirmed and several potential phylogenetically associated residues were identified between the first and third hypervariable regions. This study represents the first complete amino acid sequences of VH regions of spontaneously occurring, nonhuman homogeneous immunoglobulins. The date demonstrate a high degree of preservation of VHIII structure in another species.", "contents": "Primary structure of the variable regions of two canine immunoglobulin heavy chains. The complete amino acid sequences of the variable regions of two canine immunoglobulin heavy chains have been determined by automated Edman degradation and found to be strongly homologous to the human VHIII subgroup. The canine sequences were identical with each other at 76 of 113 residue positions. Twenty-three of the 37 differences are located within the four hypervariable regions previously defined by the sequences of several human VHIII proteins. Forty-five of 77 framework residue positions are invariant in the seven human and two canine VHIII proteins which have been completely sequences. The canine proteins are 78% homologous to the framework of the human prototype. Phylogenetically associated residues before the first hypervariable region were confirmed and several potential phylogenetically associated residues were identified between the first and third hypervariable regions. This study represents the first complete amino acid sequences of VH regions of spontaneously occurring, nonhuman homogeneous immunoglobulins. The date demonstrate a high degree of preservation of VHIII structure in another species.", "PMID": 407924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4390", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of a uracil DNA N-glycosidase from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A uracil specific DNA N-glycosidase activity has been partially purified from crude extracts of Bacillus subtilis. The enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 24 000 with no subunit structure. It has no requirement for any known cofactors but is inhibited in the presence of Co2+, Fe2+, or Zn2+. The enzyme is specific for uracil in single- and double-stranded deoxyribonucleopolymers and does not release free uracil from RNA or from poly(rU):poly(dA). In addition, neither Udr, dUMP, nor dUTP is recognized as substrate. The enzyme will attack small poly(dU) oligomers but the minimum size recognized as substrate is (pU)4. This enzyme may have a role in the repair (by base excision) or uracil in DNA arising either by incorporation during DNA synthesis or by deamination of cytosine in DNA.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of a uracil DNA N-glycosidase from Bacillus subtilis. A uracil specific DNA N-glycosidase activity has been partially purified from crude extracts of Bacillus subtilis. The enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 24 000 with no subunit structure. It has no requirement for any known cofactors but is inhibited in the presence of Co2+, Fe2+, or Zn2+. The enzyme is specific for uracil in single- and double-stranded deoxyribonucleopolymers and does not release free uracil from RNA or from poly(rU):poly(dA). In addition, neither Udr, dUMP, nor dUTP is recognized as substrate. The enzyme will attack small poly(dU) oligomers but the minimum size recognized as substrate is (pU)4. This enzyme may have a role in the repair (by base excision) or uracil in DNA arising either by incorporation during DNA synthesis or by deamination of cytosine in DNA.", "PMID": 407925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4391", "title": "Synthesis of types I and III procollagen and collagen by monkey aortic smooth muscle cells in vitro.", "content": "Analysis of pepsin-resistant proteins produced in culture by monkey aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) indicates the synthesis of types I and III collagen. As determined by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography and disc gel electrophoresis, SMC cultures synthesize more type III collagen than monkey skin fibroblast cultures; aortic adventitial cell cultures (a mixture of SMC and fibroblasts) synthesize an intermediate amount of type III collagen. Both types I and III procollagens can also be isolated from the culture medium of SMC and skin fibroblasts. The procollagens were separated by diethylaminoethylcellulose (DEAE-cellulose) chromatography in identified by electrophoresis and after cleavage with pepsin and cyanogen bromide. Quantitation of the procollagen by DEAE-cellulose chromatography suggests that 68% of the SMC procollagens and less than 10% of the skin fibroblast procollagens are type III. On the other hand, estimation of the proportions of collagen types secreted by cells, employing pepsin digestion of cell culture medium at 15 degrees C, leads to an underestimation of the amount of type III collagen relative to type I. SMC and fibroblasts may differ in their ability to convert type I procollagen to collagen ad indicated by the observation that skin fibroblast culture medium contains both pN and pC collagen intermediates after 24 h, while cultures of SMC essentially lack the pC collagen intermediates.", "contents": "Synthesis of types I and III procollagen and collagen by monkey aortic smooth muscle cells in vitro. Analysis of pepsin-resistant proteins produced in culture by monkey aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) indicates the synthesis of types I and III collagen. As determined by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography and disc gel electrophoresis, SMC cultures synthesize more type III collagen than monkey skin fibroblast cultures; aortic adventitial cell cultures (a mixture of SMC and fibroblasts) synthesize an intermediate amount of type III collagen. Both types I and III procollagens can also be isolated from the culture medium of SMC and skin fibroblasts. The procollagens were separated by diethylaminoethylcellulose (DEAE-cellulose) chromatography in identified by electrophoresis and after cleavage with pepsin and cyanogen bromide. Quantitation of the procollagen by DEAE-cellulose chromatography suggests that 68% of the SMC procollagens and less than 10% of the skin fibroblast procollagens are type III. On the other hand, estimation of the proportions of collagen types secreted by cells, employing pepsin digestion of cell culture medium at 15 degrees C, leads to an underestimation of the amount of type III collagen relative to type I. SMC and fibroblasts may differ in their ability to convert type I procollagen to collagen ad indicated by the observation that skin fibroblast culture medium contains both pN and pC collagen intermediates after 24 h, while cultures of SMC essentially lack the pC collagen intermediates.", "PMID": 407926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4392", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the VH region of a human myeloma immunoglobulin (IgG New).", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the heavy-chain variable region of the human immunoglobulin. New has been determined. Since the amino terminus of the heavy chain was blocked, the sequence of residues 1-69 was established by digesting the appropriate CNBr fragment separately with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and thermolysin and sequencing the resulting peptides. The region from residues 70 to 120 was present in another CNBr fragment which was submitted directly to automatic Edman degradation. The result of this experiment extended the sequence to residue 100. The primary structure of the remaining portion of the VH region was determined by automatic Edman degradation of a lysine-blocked tryptic peptide derived from this region which included residues 98-214. The sequence of the VH region of New corresponds most closely to VH sequences of proteins in the VH II subgroup. This primary structure makes it possible to construct a model from the high-resolution electron-density map of protein New.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the VH region of a human myeloma immunoglobulin (IgG New). The amino acid sequence of the heavy-chain variable region of the human immunoglobulin. New has been determined. Since the amino terminus of the heavy chain was blocked, the sequence of residues 1-69 was established by digesting the appropriate CNBr fragment separately with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and thermolysin and sequencing the resulting peptides. The region from residues 70 to 120 was present in another CNBr fragment which was submitted directly to automatic Edman degradation. The result of this experiment extended the sequence to residue 100. The primary structure of the remaining portion of the VH region was determined by automatic Edman degradation of a lysine-blocked tryptic peptide derived from this region which included residues 98-214. The sequence of the VH region of New corresponds most closely to VH sequences of proteins in the VH II subgroup. This primary structure makes it possible to construct a model from the high-resolution electron-density map of protein New.", "PMID": 407927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4393", "title": "Primary structure of human J chain: isolation and characterization of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides of human J chain.", "content": "Human J chain isolated from the plasma of a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia was subjected to extended and limited digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin. The digests were fractionated by combination of column chromatography and high voltage paper electrophoresis. Peptide purity was established by their amino acid analysis and a single amino terminal residue. All the necessary peptides which would provide the total primary structure of molecule were thus obtained.", "contents": "Primary structure of human J chain: isolation and characterization of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides of human J chain. Human J chain isolated from the plasma of a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia was subjected to extended and limited digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin. The digests were fractionated by combination of column chromatography and high voltage paper electrophoresis. Peptide purity was established by their amino acid analysis and a single amino terminal residue. All the necessary peptides which would provide the total primary structure of molecule were thus obtained.", "PMID": 407929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4394", "title": "Primary structure of human J chain: alignment of peptides from chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses.", "content": "The primary structure of the J chain from a human Waldenstr\u00f6ms IgM protein has been determined using a combination of automated and conventional Edman degradative procedures. Eighty-five percent of the sequence was established with peptides isolated from tryptic digests of carboxyamidomethylated and citraconylated J chain, many of which were sequenced completely. Alignment of the tryptic fragments was achieved with peptides generated by chymotrypsin and limited acid hydrolyses. The j chain consits of 129 amino acids and a single oligosaccharide structure linked to asparagine at positon 43 of the sequence. The molecular weight, including 7.5% carbohydrate by weight, is 16 422. The location and arrangement of three half-cystines could be deduced from previous studies, whereas the pairing of the remaining five disulfide bonds still needs to be clarified.", "contents": "Primary structure of human J chain: alignment of peptides from chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses. The primary structure of the J chain from a human Waldenstr\u00f6ms IgM protein has been determined using a combination of automated and conventional Edman degradative procedures. Eighty-five percent of the sequence was established with peptides isolated from tryptic digests of carboxyamidomethylated and citraconylated J chain, many of which were sequenced completely. Alignment of the tryptic fragments was achieved with peptides generated by chymotrypsin and limited acid hydrolyses. The j chain consits of 129 amino acids and a single oligosaccharide structure linked to asparagine at positon 43 of the sequence. The molecular weight, including 7.5% carbohydrate by weight, is 16 422. The location and arrangement of three half-cystines could be deduced from previous studies, whereas the pairing of the remaining five disulfide bonds still needs to be clarified.", "PMID": 407930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4395", "title": "A new mutation affecting ribosomal RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli is described. At the nonpermissive temperature there is a 12-fold reduction in the rate of rRNA synthesis, while tRNA and mRNA syntheses are affected to only a slight extent. Both protein and DNA syntheses also continue at nearly the normal rate. The mutation appears to affect the synthesis of 16S and 23S rRNA equally and has no detectable affect on rRNA maturation. The temperature-sensitive lesion appears to be caused by a single point mutation lying between minutes 21 and 27. It is suggested that this mutation seems to define a new genetic locus involved in the regulation of rRNA synthesis.", "contents": "A new mutation affecting ribosomal RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. A temperature-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli is described. At the nonpermissive temperature there is a 12-fold reduction in the rate of rRNA synthesis, while tRNA and mRNA syntheses are affected to only a slight extent. Both protein and DNA syntheses also continue at nearly the normal rate. The mutation appears to affect the synthesis of 16S and 23S rRNA equally and has no detectable affect on rRNA maturation. The temperature-sensitive lesion appears to be caused by a single point mutation lying between minutes 21 and 27. It is suggested that this mutation seems to define a new genetic locus involved in the regulation of rRNA synthesis.", "PMID": 407931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4396", "title": "Intramembranous particles and chlorophyll complexes in chloroplasts.", "content": "The size and population density of large and small particles from freeze-fractured chloroplasts of three wild-type algae and of normal spinach were determined. Computer analyses of low-temperature absorption spectra of chloroplast preparations from these species were performed, and a possible correlation between the occurrence of seven chlorophyll complexes and the aforementioned properties of the intramembranous particles was studies. It was found that only single-sized particles occur in a species containing neither chlorophyll b nor chlorophyll a-685 complexes. The three remaining species carry particles of two sizes, termed large and small particles. However, from quantitative considerations it is concluded that the chlorophyll content of none of the various pigment complexes is related to the size and the population density of the studied particles. If such a relationship exists, it seems likely to be due to the carrier moiety of the chorophyll b-chlorophyll a-685 complex.", "contents": "Intramembranous particles and chlorophyll complexes in chloroplasts. The size and population density of large and small particles from freeze-fractured chloroplasts of three wild-type algae and of normal spinach were determined. Computer analyses of low-temperature absorption spectra of chloroplast preparations from these species were performed, and a possible correlation between the occurrence of seven chlorophyll complexes and the aforementioned properties of the intramembranous particles was studies. It was found that only single-sized particles occur in a species containing neither chlorophyll b nor chlorophyll a-685 complexes. The three remaining species carry particles of two sizes, termed large and small particles. However, from quantitative considerations it is concluded that the chlorophyll content of none of the various pigment complexes is related to the size and the population density of the studied particles. If such a relationship exists, it seems likely to be due to the carrier moiety of the chorophyll b-chlorophyll a-685 complex.", "PMID": 407933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4397", "title": "The effect of cytosine arabinoside on the frequency of single-strand breaks in DNA of mammalian cells following irradiation or chemical treatment.", "content": "1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyl cytosine (araC), a pyrimidine nucleoside analog used in the treatment of malignant tumors [1, 2], inhibits ultraviolet repair of DNA in a reversible manner. The inhibition occurs during the resynthesis-ligation step and is apparent at all sites undergoing repair. By use of araC it was possible to substantiate the reported observation that the initial velocities of ultraviolet repair are dose dependent and that hamster and human cells are more efficient that mouse cells in excising DNA damage after fluences of less than 50 J/m2. araC does not strongly inhibit gamma-ray-induced repair, although alkali-labile sites are removed more slowly in araC-treated cells. Repair of damage to DNA by N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine, mitomycin C, 4-nitroquinoline oxide and 8-hydroxyquinoline is strongly inhibited by araC.", "contents": "The effect of cytosine arabinoside on the frequency of single-strand breaks in DNA of mammalian cells following irradiation or chemical treatment. 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyl cytosine (araC), a pyrimidine nucleoside analog used in the treatment of malignant tumors [1, 2], inhibits ultraviolet repair of DNA in a reversible manner. The inhibition occurs during the resynthesis-ligation step and is apparent at all sites undergoing repair. By use of araC it was possible to substantiate the reported observation that the initial velocities of ultraviolet repair are dose dependent and that hamster and human cells are more efficient that mouse cells in excising DNA damage after fluences of less than 50 J/m2. araC does not strongly inhibit gamma-ray-induced repair, although alkali-labile sites are removed more slowly in araC-treated cells. Repair of damage to DNA by N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine, mitomycin C, 4-nitroquinoline oxide and 8-hydroxyquinoline is strongly inhibited by araC.", "PMID": 407935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4398", "title": "Active water-insoluble derivatives of papain and other enzymes based on preformed diazonium-type supports.", "content": "Papain (EC 3.4.22.2) has been coupled to supports of titanium (IV) oxide and cellulose, which are particulate and pre-coated with diazotised 1,3-diaminobenzene, giving water-insoluble and stable derivatives which possess low proteolytic activity but high esterolytic activity. In addition the reversible binding of zinc (II) at the active site of papain has been exploited to inhibit protectively the enzyme during its linkage to the aforementioned supports, thereby yielding water-insoluble derivatives of papain having superior activity upon reactivation with EDTA. Application of the improved procedure of enzyme coupling to macroporous cellulose particles gave a water-insoluble derivative of papain having further enhanced proteolytic activity. Other properties of the water-insoluble derivatives of papain and of similarly prepared water-insoluble conjugates of urease (EC 3.5.1.5) and cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) with cellulose are also reported.", "contents": "Active water-insoluble derivatives of papain and other enzymes based on preformed diazonium-type supports. Papain (EC 3.4.22.2) has been coupled to supports of titanium (IV) oxide and cellulose, which are particulate and pre-coated with diazotised 1,3-diaminobenzene, giving water-insoluble and stable derivatives which possess low proteolytic activity but high esterolytic activity. In addition the reversible binding of zinc (II) at the active site of papain has been exploited to inhibit protectively the enzyme during its linkage to the aforementioned supports, thereby yielding water-insoluble derivatives of papain having superior activity upon reactivation with EDTA. Application of the improved procedure of enzyme coupling to macroporous cellulose particles gave a water-insoluble derivative of papain having further enhanced proteolytic activity. Other properties of the water-insoluble derivatives of papain and of similarly prepared water-insoluble conjugates of urease (EC 3.5.1.5) and cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) with cellulose are also reported.", "PMID": 407936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4399", "title": "Effect of organic sulfur compounds on the chemical and enzymatic transformations of prostaglandin endoperoxide H2.", "content": "The effects of several sulfur organic compounds on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic transformations of prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 to prostaglandins were studied. Mercaptoethanol, methional alpha-lipoic acid and dimercaptopropanol increased the chemical (i.e. non-enzymatic) reduction of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin F2alpha but except for alpha-lipoic acid, had no effect on the enzymatic conversion of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin. In contrast, reduced glutathione showed no effect on the chemical conversion of prostaglandin H2, but exerted a marked and specific stimulation on the enzymatic isomerization of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin E2. This specific effect of gluthione may serve to regulate the overall intracellular activity of prostaglandin synthetase as well as the particular ratio of prostaglandins produced.", "contents": "Effect of organic sulfur compounds on the chemical and enzymatic transformations of prostaglandin endoperoxide H2. The effects of several sulfur organic compounds on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic transformations of prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 to prostaglandins were studied. Mercaptoethanol, methional alpha-lipoic acid and dimercaptopropanol increased the chemical (i.e. non-enzymatic) reduction of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin F2alpha but except for alpha-lipoic acid, had no effect on the enzymatic conversion of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin. In contrast, reduced glutathione showed no effect on the chemical conversion of prostaglandin H2, but exerted a marked and specific stimulation on the enzymatic isomerization of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin E2. This specific effect of gluthione may serve to regulate the overall intracellular activity of prostaglandin synthetase as well as the particular ratio of prostaglandins produced.", "PMID": 407938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4400", "title": "Microheterogeneity of human placental lactogen showing different patterns in individuals.", "content": "Samples of human placental lactogen, obtained either as a standard pooled preparation or prepared from individual placentas, were shown to migrate as a single band on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. When subjected to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels, the pooled sample was resolved into bands at pI values 5.0, 5.5, 5.8. 6.0, 6.1 and 6.2. Different batches of the standard pooled sample gave different proportions of each isoprotein species. Isolation and refocusing of individual bands did not alter the pI of each. Treatment with urea or with p-chloromercuribenzoate did not eliminate microheterogeneity seen on isofucising, indicating that the observed heterogeneity is probably not due to conformational differences or to restriction of molecular shape of disulfide bonds. It was shown by immunodiffusion that all the isofocusing reacted similarly against a common antibody to human placental lactogen. When placental lactogen was extracted from individual full term human placentas, the same isoprotein bands were observed but their proportions varied markedly from one placenta to another, and not all bands were present. Thus human placental lactogen displays considerable microheterogeneity which varies with individual placentas.", "contents": "Microheterogeneity of human placental lactogen showing different patterns in individuals. Samples of human placental lactogen, obtained either as a standard pooled preparation or prepared from individual placentas, were shown to migrate as a single band on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. When subjected to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels, the pooled sample was resolved into bands at pI values 5.0, 5.5, 5.8. 6.0, 6.1 and 6.2. Different batches of the standard pooled sample gave different proportions of each isoprotein species. Isolation and refocusing of individual bands did not alter the pI of each. Treatment with urea or with p-chloromercuribenzoate did not eliminate microheterogeneity seen on isofucising, indicating that the observed heterogeneity is probably not due to conformational differences or to restriction of molecular shape of disulfide bonds. It was shown by immunodiffusion that all the isofocusing reacted similarly against a common antibody to human placental lactogen. When placental lactogen was extracted from individual full term human placentas, the same isoprotein bands were observed but their proportions varied markedly from one placenta to another, and not all bands were present. Thus human placental lactogen displays considerable microheterogeneity which varies with individual placentas.", "PMID": 407939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4401", "title": "Purine degradation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas testosteroni.", "content": "1. Adenine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and guanine are broken down in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas testosteroni to allantoin by the concerted action of the enzymes adenine deaminase, guanine deaminase, NAD+-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase and uricase. 2. Uric acid is broken down by an unstable, membrane-bound uricase with an unusually low pH optimum. 3. In both strains adenine inhibits growth and xanthine dehydrogenase. A second type of inhibition is manifest only in Ps. testosteroni and concerns the regulation of the biosynthesis of amino acids of the aspartate family. Enzymic studies showed that in this strain aspartate kinase is inhibited by AMP.", "contents": "Purine degradation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas testosteroni. 1. Adenine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and guanine are broken down in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas testosteroni to allantoin by the concerted action of the enzymes adenine deaminase, guanine deaminase, NAD+-dependent xanthine dehydrogenase and uricase. 2. Uric acid is broken down by an unstable, membrane-bound uricase with an unusually low pH optimum. 3. In both strains adenine inhibits growth and xanthine dehydrogenase. A second type of inhibition is manifest only in Ps. testosteroni and concerns the regulation of the biosynthesis of amino acids of the aspartate family. Enzymic studies showed that in this strain aspartate kinase is inhibited by AMP.", "PMID": 407941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4402", "title": "Melanin biosynthesis during differentiation of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Melanin synthesis in the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum occurs during sporulation but not during spherule formation. Melanin-like pigment was extracted from spores. An almost identical substance of polyphenols was extracted from spherules and characterized by its ultraviolet and infrared absorbance spectra. Polyphenol oxidase activity in spherules was very low and showed only one weak isoenzyme band in isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gels. A much higher activity, and an increasing number of isoenzymes, were detected in sporulating cultures after illumination during the differentiation process. The addition of melanin precursors resulted in the synthesis of brownish-yellow spherules, probably containing dopachrome, whereas the addition of polyphenol oxidase inhibitors resulted in yellow sporangia. The results indicate that melanin synthesis is probably only a stage in maturation but not an essential part of the morphogenetic process itself.", "contents": "Melanin biosynthesis during differentiation of Physarum polycephalum. Melanin synthesis in the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum occurs during sporulation but not during spherule formation. Melanin-like pigment was extracted from spores. An almost identical substance of polyphenols was extracted from spherules and characterized by its ultraviolet and infrared absorbance spectra. Polyphenol oxidase activity in spherules was very low and showed only one weak isoenzyme band in isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gels. A much higher activity, and an increasing number of isoenzymes, were detected in sporulating cultures after illumination during the differentiation process. The addition of melanin precursors resulted in the synthesis of brownish-yellow spherules, probably containing dopachrome, whereas the addition of polyphenol oxidase inhibitors resulted in yellow sporangia. The results indicate that melanin synthesis is probably only a stage in maturation but not an essential part of the morphogenetic process itself.", "PMID": 407942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4403", "title": "[Viral RNAs from cells infected by an oncornavirus. I. Characterization of viral RNAs associated with cytoplasmic particles].", "content": "Oncornaviral particles on the way of their synthesis have been isolated from cytoplasm of a Friend virus-producing murine cell line. By use of electron microscopy and retrotranscriptase assay, it was found that the majority of the viral structures is pelleted by sedimentation at 90.000 g. The Poly (A) RNA of this pellet contains principally 70S and 35S RNA species which, as judged by size determination and hybridization with Friend-virus c-DNA are the species embedded into the virions. We verified that conditions which were used in the course of isolation, effectively dissociate polysomes and prevent them from co-sedimenting with viruses.", "contents": "[Viral RNAs from cells infected by an oncornavirus. I. Characterization of viral RNAs associated with cytoplasmic particles]. Oncornaviral particles on the way of their synthesis have been isolated from cytoplasm of a Friend virus-producing murine cell line. By use of electron microscopy and retrotranscriptase assay, it was found that the majority of the viral structures is pelleted by sedimentation at 90.000 g. The Poly (A) RNA of this pellet contains principally 70S and 35S RNA species which, as judged by size determination and hybridization with Friend-virus c-DNA are the species embedded into the virions. We verified that conditions which were used in the course of isolation, effectively dissociate polysomes and prevent them from co-sedimenting with viruses.", "PMID": 407943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4404", "title": "[Purification of an extracellular thiol-dependent hemolysin from Bacillus alvei].", "content": "Alveolysin a sulfhydryl-dependent cytolytic extracellular protein released by Bacillus alvei has been purified by salting-out by ammonium sulfate, gel filtration, isoelectric focusing on pH gradient and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The purified protein after reduction by thiols (active hemolytic form) proved homogeneous by disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by gel immunodiffusion. The molecular weight was 60,000 daltons, Two molecular forms of pI 5.1 and 7.0 were detected by gel isoelectrofocusing. The toxin was lethal to the mouse. Lytic activity was inhibited by cholesterol and antistreptolysin O anstisera. Immunological cross-reaction was observed between alveolysin and streptolysin O.", "contents": "[Purification of an extracellular thiol-dependent hemolysin from Bacillus alvei]. Alveolysin a sulfhydryl-dependent cytolytic extracellular protein released by Bacillus alvei has been purified by salting-out by ammonium sulfate, gel filtration, isoelectric focusing on pH gradient and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The purified protein after reduction by thiols (active hemolytic form) proved homogeneous by disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by gel immunodiffusion. The molecular weight was 60,000 daltons, Two molecular forms of pI 5.1 and 7.0 were detected by gel isoelectrofocusing. The toxin was lethal to the mouse. Lytic activity was inhibited by cholesterol and antistreptolysin O anstisera. Immunological cross-reaction was observed between alveolysin and streptolysin O.", "PMID": 407944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4405", "title": "Zone electrophoresis study of the bile lipoprotein complex.", "content": "Sucrose gradient column electrophoresis was performed with human hepatic and gallbladder bile. It is shown that bile phosphatidylcholines exhibit a more rapid anodic mobility than do bile salts and serum albumin. This high mobility of bile phosphatidylcholines is not due to the negatively charged lipids which are present in bile, i.e. bile salts or free fatty acids. It is demonstrated that phosphatidylcholines are associated with anionic polypeptides. Electrophoresis of reassociations between these purified polypeptides and dilaurylphosphatidylcholine showed that these anionic polypeptides are primarily responsible for the high anodic mobility of the bile lipoprotein complex. This work describes a procedure for the purification of the bile lipoprotein complex which can be useful for the study of other kinds of lipid-polypeptide associations.", "contents": "Zone electrophoresis study of the bile lipoprotein complex. Sucrose gradient column electrophoresis was performed with human hepatic and gallbladder bile. It is shown that bile phosphatidylcholines exhibit a more rapid anodic mobility than do bile salts and serum albumin. This high mobility of bile phosphatidylcholines is not due to the negatively charged lipids which are present in bile, i.e. bile salts or free fatty acids. It is demonstrated that phosphatidylcholines are associated with anionic polypeptides. Electrophoresis of reassociations between these purified polypeptides and dilaurylphosphatidylcholine showed that these anionic polypeptides are primarily responsible for the high anodic mobility of the bile lipoprotein complex. This work describes a procedure for the purification of the bile lipoprotein complex which can be useful for the study of other kinds of lipid-polypeptide associations.", "PMID": 407945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4406", "title": "Localisation of part of the binding sites of 30S ribosomal proteins S4 and S20 in a small uninterrupted fragment of 16S RNA.", "content": "Analyses of the T1 ribonuclease-alkaline phosphatase fingerprint of a continuous fragment of the 16S rRNA, 170-230 nucleotides long, isolated from the products of autodigestion of 30S ribosome subunits show that it contains a sequence near the 5'-phosphate terminus of intact 16S rRNA and corresponds to segment H'-M of this molecule as defined by Ehresmann et al [29]. Incubation of this fragment with total 30S ribosomal proteins under reconstitution conditions leads to the formation of a complex containing proteins S4, S20, and one or both of proteins S16 and S17. The stoichiometry of these proteins in the complex is discussed.", "contents": "Localisation of part of the binding sites of 30S ribosomal proteins S4 and S20 in a small uninterrupted fragment of 16S RNA. Analyses of the T1 ribonuclease-alkaline phosphatase fingerprint of a continuous fragment of the 16S rRNA, 170-230 nucleotides long, isolated from the products of autodigestion of 30S ribosome subunits show that it contains a sequence near the 5'-phosphate terminus of intact 16S rRNA and corresponds to segment H'-M of this molecule as defined by Ehresmann et al [29]. Incubation of this fragment with total 30S ribosomal proteins under reconstitution conditions leads to the formation of a complex containing proteins S4, S20, and one or both of proteins S16 and S17. The stoichiometry of these proteins in the complex is discussed.", "PMID": 407946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4407", "title": "[Studies on the glycopeptides of canine prothrombin].", "content": "After degradation of canine prothrombin by the complex of Streptomyces griseus proteases four glycopeptides were obtained. Each of them contained aspartic acid, hexosamines, mannose, galactose and sialic acids. Canine prothrombin contains two or three carbohydrate chanins, which are bound to aspartic (asparagine) residues. Microheterogenity of the carbohydrate chains of canine prothrombin was found.", "contents": "[Studies on the glycopeptides of canine prothrombin]. After degradation of canine prothrombin by the complex of Streptomyces griseus proteases four glycopeptides were obtained. Each of them contained aspartic acid, hexosamines, mannose, galactose and sialic acids. Canine prothrombin contains two or three carbohydrate chanins, which are bound to aspartic (asparagine) residues. Microheterogenity of the carbohydrate chains of canine prothrombin was found.", "PMID": 407947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4408", "title": "Pseudo-clinical Fabry's disease without alpha galactosidase deficiency.", "content": "The authors describe two cases of clinical Fabry's disease. The first patient presents a deficiency of alpha galactosidase and a urinary excretion of ceramide trihexosides and dihexosides ; the second patient had a normal alpha galactosidase and normal excretion of urinary lipids. In this latter case the Km and the activity of the enzyme measured at different pH were similar to those of normal enzyme. The other lysosomal enzymes, beta galactosidase, beta glucosidase, hexosaminidases A and B, alpha fucosidase, arylsulfatases, phosphatase acids were also measured in patient 2 and all have normal activities. There is no urinary excretion of glycolipids or mucopolysaccharides. Yet this patient has an accumulation of material in his fibroblasts and renal cells. The authors also present a genetic study.", "contents": "Pseudo-clinical Fabry's disease without alpha galactosidase deficiency. The authors describe two cases of clinical Fabry's disease. The first patient presents a deficiency of alpha galactosidase and a urinary excretion of ceramide trihexosides and dihexosides ; the second patient had a normal alpha galactosidase and normal excretion of urinary lipids. In this latter case the Km and the activity of the enzyme measured at different pH were similar to those of normal enzyme. The other lysosomal enzymes, beta galactosidase, beta glucosidase, hexosaminidases A and B, alpha fucosidase, arylsulfatases, phosphatase acids were also measured in patient 2 and all have normal activities. There is no urinary excretion of glycolipids or mucopolysaccharides. Yet this patient has an accumulation of material in his fibroblasts and renal cells. The authors also present a genetic study.", "PMID": 407951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4409", "title": "The effects of temperature and ultraviolet irradiation on multiplication of bacteriophage phi29.", "content": "The effects of temperature and of ultraviolet radiation on the multiplication of bacteriophage phi29 were studied. Samples of phi29 that had been irradiated to surviving fractions of 0.44 or 0.10 were propagated at 37 degrees C, 42 degrees C and 43.5 degrees C. Latent periods and burst sizes were obtained from one-step growth curves. At a particular temperature, as the dose delivered to the virus was increased, the latent period was extended and the burst size was decreased. For unirradiated virus, the burst size was the same at 42 degrees C as at 37 degrees C, but decreased dramatically at 43.5 degrees C. For virus subjected to a particular dose, the burst size decreased as the temperature was raised. A statistical technique  for improving the reliability of parameters obtained from one-step growth curves is presented.", "contents": "The effects of temperature and ultraviolet irradiation on multiplication of bacteriophage phi29. The effects of temperature and of ultraviolet radiation on the multiplication of bacteriophage phi29 were studied. Samples of phi29 that had been irradiated to surviving fractions of 0.44 or 0.10 were propagated at 37 degrees C, 42 degrees C and 43.5 degrees C. Latent periods and burst sizes were obtained from one-step growth curves. At a particular temperature, as the dose delivered to the virus was increased, the latent period was extended and the burst size was decreased. For unirradiated virus, the burst size was the same at 42 degrees C as at 37 degrees C, but decreased dramatically at 43.5 degrees C. For virus subjected to a particular dose, the burst size decreased as the temperature was raised. A statistical technique  for improving the reliability of parameters obtained from one-step growth curves is presented.", "PMID": 407953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4410", "title": "Calcium ion, a putative intracellular messenger for light-adaptation in Limulus ventral photoreceptors.", "content": "Calcium ion fulfills several criteria for identifying an intracellular messenger for light-adaptation in Limulus photoreceptors. Direct injection of Ca++ mimicks two aspects of light-adaptation; sequestration of intracellular calcium tends to prevent light-adaptation; and light induces an increase in intracellular Ca++ as demonstrated by two independent techniques.", "contents": "Calcium ion, a putative intracellular messenger for light-adaptation in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. Calcium ion fulfills several criteria for identifying an intracellular messenger for light-adaptation in Limulus photoreceptors. Direct injection of Ca++ mimicks two aspects of light-adaptation; sequestration of intracellular calcium tends to prevent light-adaptation; and light induces an increase in intracellular Ca++ as demonstrated by two independent techniques.", "PMID": 407954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4411", "title": "Neurofibromatosis: a neoplastic birth defect with two age peaks of severe problems.", "content": "A survey involving more than 400,000 patient sources revealed a population of 129 NFT patients relatively unbiased by the specific character of the disease (eg neurologic vs orthopedic problems), though biased in terms of severity. Two age peaks of severe disease were demononstrated, one early in life (10 yr or less) and one late (apex in 36- to 50-yr group). Neural crest-derived malignancies were the critical component of the second peak (75% of severe cases). The high burden nature of the disorder is emphasized by the fact that moderate and severe cases amounted to 64% in the survey population (ie those brought to medical attention) and 26% in nonproband affected family members in 46 families. In addition, even correcting for 5% of ascertainment of minimal-mild cases and 61% ascertainment of moderate-sever cases, 7% of the presumed NFT population may be considereed at risk for severe problems.", "contents": "Neurofibromatosis: a neoplastic birth defect with two age peaks of severe problems. A survey involving more than 400,000 patient sources revealed a population of 129 NFT patients relatively unbiased by the specific character of the disease (eg neurologic vs orthopedic problems), though biased in terms of severity. Two age peaks of severe disease were demononstrated, one early in life (10 yr or less) and one late (apex in 36- to 50-yr group). Neural crest-derived malignancies were the critical component of the second peak (75% of severe cases). The high burden nature of the disorder is emphasized by the fact that moderate and severe cases amounted to 64% in the survey population (ie those brought to medical attention) and 26% in nonproband affected family members in 46 families. In addition, even correcting for 5% of ascertainment of minimal-mild cases and 61% ascertainment of moderate-sever cases, 7% of the presumed NFT population may be considereed at risk for severe problems.", "PMID": 407957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4412", "title": "[Vesiculocytosis].", "content": "Phenomenon of false plaque formation due to release of the cell contents into the surrounding environment and cell pyknosis occurred in case of replacement of physiological saline by hypertonic (10--15%) salt solutions in making the blood and tissue preparations for detection of plaque-forming cells producing autoa antibodies. This phenomenon took place with blood karyocytes of various species of animals and man with the action of different salts, for example sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, calcium chloride, etc. False plaque formation in hypertonic solutions failed to take place in all the cells in the preparation, i.e. depended on cell condition. This phenomenon was particularly pronounced at the period of maximal immune response of the cells.", "contents": "[Vesiculocytosis]. Phenomenon of false plaque formation due to release of the cell contents into the surrounding environment and cell pyknosis occurred in case of replacement of physiological saline by hypertonic (10--15%) salt solutions in making the blood and tissue preparations for detection of plaque-forming cells producing autoa antibodies. This phenomenon took place with blood karyocytes of various species of animals and man with the action of different salts, for example sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, calcium chloride, etc. False plaque formation in hypertonic solutions failed to take place in all the cells in the preparation, i.e. depended on cell condition. This phenomenon was particularly pronounced at the period of maximal immune response of the cells.", "PMID": 407958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4413", "title": "The effects of metiamide on cell-mediated immune reactions in the guinea-pig.", "content": "1 The effects of the H2-receptor antagonist, metiamide, on two types of cell-mediated immune response in vivo was investigated in the guinea-pig, in a test of the hypothesis that H2-receptor antagonists would result in 'runaway' unregulated hypersensitivity reactions. 2 Metiamide in doses of 5 mg-125 mg/kg given by 6-hourly injection during sensitization and challenge did not modify the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin. 3 Metiamide in doses of 25-125 mg/kg given by injection, 6-hourly throughout sensitization to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and subsequent challenge six days later, did not modify the contact sensitivity reaction to DNFB. 4 It is concluded that metiamide, given during these cell-mediated immune reactions in the guinea-pig, does not enhance cell-mediated hypersensitivity responses.", "contents": "The effects of metiamide on cell-mediated immune reactions in the guinea-pig. 1 The effects of the H2-receptor antagonist, metiamide, on two types of cell-mediated immune response in vivo was investigated in the guinea-pig, in a test of the hypothesis that H2-receptor antagonists would result in 'runaway' unregulated hypersensitivity reactions. 2 Metiamide in doses of 5 mg-125 mg/kg given by 6-hourly injection during sensitization and challenge did not modify the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin. 3 Metiamide in doses of 25-125 mg/kg given by injection, 6-hourly throughout sensitization to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and subsequent challenge six days later, did not modify the contact sensitivity reaction to DNFB. 4 It is concluded that metiamide, given during these cell-mediated immune reactions in the guinea-pig, does not enhance cell-mediated hypersensitivity responses.", "PMID": 407961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4414", "title": "The concentration maximum concept in intravenous cholangiography.", "content": "The excretion of ioglycamate in the bile of the rhesus monkey was measured at 5% and at 100% bile diversion following an intravenous bolus injection of ioglycamate. At 100% diversion the bile volume was reduced and the concentration of ioglycamate was increased, but the quantity excreted was unchanged. A similar study using iodipamide reported previously gave the same result. When the ioglycamate was given by intravenous infusion, the effect of 100% bile diversion was quite different. The concentration of ioglycamate in the bile was unchanged by the bile diversion but the excretion was reduced. These results indicate that the transport maximum for the excretion of ioglycamate in bile is not a constant and is reduced by interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. The maximum concentration of ioglycamate in bile was constant and was independent of the reduction in bile salt output produced by 100% bile diversion. Following a single bolus injection however, the reduction in bile flow produced by 100% bile diversion increased the biliary concentration of ioglycamate. These results suggest that the excretion of ioglycamate is limited by a maximum concentration rather than a transport maximum. The maximum rate of transport (Tm) is dependent on two factors--the maximum concentration of ioglycamate in the bile and the rate of bile flow. The maximum concentration is achieved by an infusion technique and not by a single bolus injection and this supports the view that an infusion technique should be used for intravenous cholangiography.", "contents": "The concentration maximum concept in intravenous cholangiography. The excretion of ioglycamate in the bile of the rhesus monkey was measured at 5% and at 100% bile diversion following an intravenous bolus injection of ioglycamate. At 100% diversion the bile volume was reduced and the concentration of ioglycamate was increased, but the quantity excreted was unchanged. A similar study using iodipamide reported previously gave the same result. When the ioglycamate was given by intravenous infusion, the effect of 100% bile diversion was quite different. The concentration of ioglycamate in the bile was unchanged by the bile diversion but the excretion was reduced. These results indicate that the transport maximum for the excretion of ioglycamate in bile is not a constant and is reduced by interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. The maximum concentration of ioglycamate in bile was constant and was independent of the reduction in bile salt output produced by 100% bile diversion. Following a single bolus injection however, the reduction in bile flow produced by 100% bile diversion increased the biliary concentration of ioglycamate. These results suggest that the excretion of ioglycamate is limited by a maximum concentration rather than a transport maximum. The maximum rate of transport (Tm) is dependent on two factors--the maximum concentration of ioglycamate in the bile and the rate of bile flow. The maximum concentration is achieved by an infusion technique and not by a single bolus injection and this supports the view that an infusion technique should be used for intravenous cholangiography.", "PMID": 407962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4415", "title": "Parenteral nutrition in carcinoma of the oesophagus treated by surgery: nitrogen balance and clinical studies.", "content": "Nitrogen balance studies and clinical observations were made on two groups of patients suffering from obstructive carcinoma of the oesophagus. In 10 patients (group A) parenteral nutrition with a high calorie and nitrogen content was given pre- and early postoperatively. Five patients (group B) received intravenous dextrose/saline solution pre- and postoperatively with no nitrogen supply. Patients in group A had a positive nitrogen balance before and after operation and had a satisfactory postoperative progress. The patients in group B had a negative nitrogen balance until the resumption of oral feeding and their postoperative progress was not as satisfactory as that of patients in group A.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition in carcinoma of the oesophagus treated by surgery: nitrogen balance and clinical studies. Nitrogen balance studies and clinical observations were made on two groups of patients suffering from obstructive carcinoma of the oesophagus. In 10 patients (group A) parenteral nutrition with a high calorie and nitrogen content was given pre- and early postoperatively. Five patients (group B) received intravenous dextrose/saline solution pre- and postoperatively with no nitrogen supply. Patients in group A had a positive nitrogen balance before and after operation and had a satisfactory postoperative progress. The patients in group B had a negative nitrogen balance until the resumption of oral feeding and their postoperative progress was not as satisfactory as that of patients in group A.", "PMID": 407963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4416", "title": "Ten-year survival rates in breast cancer using combination chemotherapy.", "content": "The outcome in 254 patients with all stages of breast cancer treated by combination chemotherapy is presented. All the patients were treated 10 or more years ago. The 10-year survival rate for Stages I and II combined is 60 per cent, in Stage III 19 per cent and in Stage IV 3 per cent. The combined rate in Stages I and II differed markedly according to hormonal status. In premenopausal patients the rate was 84 per cent compared with 42 per cent in postmenopausal patients.", "contents": "Ten-year survival rates in breast cancer using combination chemotherapy. The outcome in 254 patients with all stages of breast cancer treated by combination chemotherapy is presented. All the patients were treated 10 or more years ago. The 10-year survival rate for Stages I and II combined is 60 per cent, in Stage III 19 per cent and in Stage IV 3 per cent. The combined rate in Stages I and II differed markedly according to hormonal status. In premenopausal patients the rate was 84 per cent compared with 42 per cent in postmenopausal patients.", "PMID": 407964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4417", "title": "Antibodies against BCG antigen 60 in mycobacterial infection.", "content": "A sensitive specific radioimmunoassay was developed to measure antibodies against BCG antigen 60, a prominent antigenic component of BCG bacilli which cross-reacts with similar components in many mycobacterial species including Mycobacterium leprae and M tuberculosis. A lepromatous serum pool had anti-BCG-60 activity with a titre of 10(5) and the tuberculoid pool a titre of 10(4). Testing of individual sera showed striking variations within groups of patients with lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy. In five of the 20 tuberculoid leprosy sera the anti-BCG-60 activity was above the median for the lepromatous group. The current view that antibody formation against mycobacterial antigens is very low in tuberculoid leprosy thus no longer appears to be tenable. Sera from eight patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis also showed a striking variation in anti-BCG-60 content, and the median value of this group was even higher than in those with lepromatous leprosy.", "contents": "Antibodies against BCG antigen 60 in mycobacterial infection. A sensitive specific radioimmunoassay was developed to measure antibodies against BCG antigen 60, a prominent antigenic component of BCG bacilli which cross-reacts with similar components in many mycobacterial species including Mycobacterium leprae and M tuberculosis. A lepromatous serum pool had anti-BCG-60 activity with a titre of 10(5) and the tuberculoid pool a titre of 10(4). Testing of individual sera showed striking variations within groups of patients with lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy. In five of the 20 tuberculoid leprosy sera the anti-BCG-60 activity was above the median for the lepromatous group. The current view that antibody formation against mycobacterial antigens is very low in tuberculoid leprosy thus no longer appears to be tenable. Sera from eight patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis also showed a striking variation in anti-BCG-60 content, and the median value of this group was even higher than in those with lepromatous leprosy.", "PMID": 407965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4418", "title": "Contributions of the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure to visual activation of inferior temporal neurons.", "content": "Most neurons in the inferior temporal cortex of the rhesus monkeys have visual receptive fields that extend across the vertical meridian well into both the contralateral and ipsilateral visual half-fields. We examined the role of different portions of the forebrain commissures in providing the ipsilateral input with the following results. (1) Combined section of the splenium and anterior commissure eliminated visual activation from the ipsilateral visual half-field. (2) Section of the splenium, with sparing of the anterior commissure, reduced the incidence of ipsilateral activation by about one-half. (3) Section of the anterior commissure, with sparing of the splenium, did not alter the incidence of ipsilateral activation. (4) Section of the non-splenial portions of the corpus callosum had no effect on the laterality of the receptive fields. Thus, both the splenium and the anterior commissure but not the non-splenial callosum can provide information from the ipsilateral visual field to neurons in inferior temporal cortex. These results are interpreted as suggesting that the converging input from the two visual half-fields onto single inferior temporal neurons provided by the forebrain commissures may mediate interhemispheric transfer of visual habits.", "contents": "Contributions of the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure to visual activation of inferior temporal neurons. Most neurons in the inferior temporal cortex of the rhesus monkeys have visual receptive fields that extend across the vertical meridian well into both the contralateral and ipsilateral visual half-fields. We examined the role of different portions of the forebrain commissures in providing the ipsilateral input with the following results. (1) Combined section of the splenium and anterior commissure eliminated visual activation from the ipsilateral visual half-field. (2) Section of the splenium, with sparing of the anterior commissure, reduced the incidence of ipsilateral activation by about one-half. (3) Section of the anterior commissure, with sparing of the splenium, did not alter the incidence of ipsilateral activation. (4) Section of the non-splenial portions of the corpus callosum had no effect on the laterality of the receptive fields. Thus, both the splenium and the anterior commissure but not the non-splenial callosum can provide information from the ipsilateral visual field to neurons in inferior temporal cortex. These results are interpreted as suggesting that the converging input from the two visual half-fields onto single inferior temporal neurons provided by the forebrain commissures may mediate interhemispheric transfer of visual habits.", "PMID": 407973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4419", "title": "Functional organization of the superior vestibular nucleus of the squirrel monkey.", "content": "The response to angular acceleration of units in the superior vestibular nucleus (SVN) of barbiturate-anesthetized, cerebellectomized squirrel monkeys was used to study the distribution of semicircualr-canal inputs to the nucleus. Some so-called intact animals had 6 active semicircular canals. In other animals, the 3 canals on one side were rendered nonresponsive by plugging. In plugged animals, superior, posterior, and horizontal-canal units were encountered on both the plugged and unplugged sides, showing that all 6 canals influence the nucleus. Most units responded bilaterally to labyrinthine polarization; 92.5% of units in intact animals responded to angular acceleration, and this incidence was not decreased in plugged animals. These results suggest that most units in the superior nucleus receive bilateral canal inputs. Convergence of influences arising in orthogonally related canals was detected in less than 10% of units, so the bilateral ampullary influences must arise in parallel canals. Most SVN canal units on the plugged and unplugged sides gave type I responses, indicating that the contralateral canal influence is carried by a crossed inhibitory pathway. Most units influenced by the ipsilateral superior canal were located in the lateral half of the SVN. Posterior-canal units were in the medial half. There was no clear localization of the relatively few horizontal-canal units which were encountered.", "contents": "Functional organization of the superior vestibular nucleus of the squirrel monkey. The response to angular acceleration of units in the superior vestibular nucleus (SVN) of barbiturate-anesthetized, cerebellectomized squirrel monkeys was used to study the distribution of semicircualr-canal inputs to the nucleus. Some so-called intact animals had 6 active semicircular canals. In other animals, the 3 canals on one side were rendered nonresponsive by plugging. In plugged animals, superior, posterior, and horizontal-canal units were encountered on both the plugged and unplugged sides, showing that all 6 canals influence the nucleus. Most units responded bilaterally to labyrinthine polarization; 92.5% of units in intact animals responded to angular acceleration, and this incidence was not decreased in plugged animals. These results suggest that most units in the superior nucleus receive bilateral canal inputs. Convergence of influences arising in orthogonally related canals was detected in less than 10% of units, so the bilateral ampullary influences must arise in parallel canals. Most SVN canal units on the plugged and unplugged sides gave type I responses, indicating that the contralateral canal influence is carried by a crossed inhibitory pathway. Most units influenced by the ipsilateral superior canal were located in the lateral half of the SVN. Posterior-canal units were in the medial half. There was no clear localization of the relatively few horizontal-canal units which were encountered.", "PMID": 407974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4420", "title": "Prefrontal granular cortex of the rhesus monkey. II. Interhemispheric cortical afferents.", "content": "In 6 adolescent rhesus monkeys, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into 6 regions of the dorsalateral convexity of the prefrontal granular cortex. The commissural connections originated in both homotopical and heterotopical zones of the hemisphere contralateral to the injection site. The areas affected by the injections, i.e. areas 46,45, 10, 9, 12 and 8a, received extensive homotopical interhemispheric input. HRP-labeled neurons were less extensive in heterotopical as opposed to homotopical cortex but they were seen in all 6 cases and were most common in prefrontal areas and less common in cingulate areas, areas 21 and 22 in the superior temporal sulcus and in insular cortex. The cells, whether of heterotopical or homotopical origin, were located primarily in layer III. The most common distribution pattern was a horizontal band of HRP-labeled neurons which waxed and waned in cell density especially in homotopical cortex or patches and clusters of labeled cells especially in heterotopical cotex. This waxing and waning and grouping of neurons in pathces and clusters may well represent a vertical type of organization to the neurons which give rise to the interhemispheric cortical afferents to prefrontal granular cortex in the monkey.", "contents": "Prefrontal granular cortex of the rhesus monkey. II. Interhemispheric cortical afferents. In 6 adolescent rhesus monkeys, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into 6 regions of the dorsalateral convexity of the prefrontal granular cortex. The commissural connections originated in both homotopical and heterotopical zones of the hemisphere contralateral to the injection site. The areas affected by the injections, i.e. areas 46,45, 10, 9, 12 and 8a, received extensive homotopical interhemispheric input. HRP-labeled neurons were less extensive in heterotopical as opposed to homotopical cortex but they were seen in all 6 cases and were most common in prefrontal areas and less common in cingulate areas, areas 21 and 22 in the superior temporal sulcus and in insular cortex. The cells, whether of heterotopical or homotopical origin, were located primarily in layer III. The most common distribution pattern was a horizontal band of HRP-labeled neurons which waxed and waned in cell density especially in homotopical cortex or patches and clusters of labeled cells especially in heterotopical cotex. This waxing and waning and grouping of neurons in pathces and clusters may well represent a vertical type of organization to the neurons which give rise to the interhemispheric cortical afferents to prefrontal granular cortex in the monkey.", "PMID": 407976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4421", "title": "Sturctural homologies in mammalian neurofilament proteins.", "content": "Antibody has been prepared to purified neurofilament protein extracted from calf brain. This antibody crossreacts with brain and nerve extracts from all mammals tested but fails to crossreact with frog, cod and chicken nerve extracts. Thus the serologic homology of these neurofilament proteins appears to be restricted to the mammals. Structural similarities between the mammalian neurofilament protein are also indicated by the strong resemblance between iodinated peptide maps prepared from the electrophoretically purified neurofilament proteins.", "contents": "Sturctural homologies in mammalian neurofilament proteins. Antibody has been prepared to purified neurofilament protein extracted from calf brain. This antibody crossreacts with brain and nerve extracts from all mammals tested but fails to crossreact with frog, cod and chicken nerve extracts. Thus the serologic homology of these neurofilament proteins appears to be restricted to the mammals. Structural similarities between the mammalian neurofilament protein are also indicated by the strong resemblance between iodinated peptide maps prepared from the electrophoretically purified neurofilament proteins.", "PMID": 407980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4422", "title": "A sulphated glycopeptide in human supragingival calculus extracts.", "content": "A method is described for the isolation and purification of a sulphated glycopeptide from human supragingival calculus. The compound was isolated after using EDTA treatment, 2 M CaCl2 extraction, proteolytic digestion, ethanol precipitation, and finally purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography. It migrated as a single component of cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and chemical and infrared spectral analysis showed the presence of covalently attached sulphate groups. The sulphated glycopeptide was distinguished from being a sulphated glycosaminoglycan.", "contents": "A sulphated glycopeptide in human supragingival calculus extracts. A method is described for the isolation and purification of a sulphated glycopeptide from human supragingival calculus. The compound was isolated after using EDTA treatment, 2 M CaCl2 extraction, proteolytic digestion, ethanol precipitation, and finally purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography. It migrated as a single component of cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and chemical and infrared spectral analysis showed the presence of covalently attached sulphate groups. The sulphated glycopeptide was distinguished from being a sulphated glycosaminoglycan.", "PMID": 407987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4423", "title": "Phenylalanine utilization in brain and peripheral tissues during development in normal and protein malnourished rats.", "content": "Rats born of mothers fed a low protein diet (8% casein) compared to control rats on a normal diet (25% casein) started 5 weeks prior to mating showed significant increases in uptake, incorporation and percent incorporation into protein of 14C-phynylalanine into brain and peripheral tissues. These effects were most pronounced on the day of birth. Also, different patterns of uptake of radioactive phenylalanine were observed between the two diet groups at birth. At ages 5, 11 and 21 days the 8% casein rats showed significant increases only in uptake and incorporation of 14C-phenylalanine into brain tissues as compared to the 25% casein animals with the percent incorporation of total radioactivity into brain protein being the same for both diet groups. For the most part, there were no significant changes in uptake and incorporation of radioactivity in peripheral tissues for the two diet groups on these post-birth days. Overall, the data indicate the possible presence of a brain specific effect whereby preferential utilization of an essential amino acid (phenylalanine) by the central nervous system occurs when rats are fed a low protein diet.", "contents": "Phenylalanine utilization in brain and peripheral tissues during development in normal and protein malnourished rats. Rats born of mothers fed a low protein diet (8% casein) compared to control rats on a normal diet (25% casein) started 5 weeks prior to mating showed significant increases in uptake, incorporation and percent incorporation into protein of 14C-phynylalanine into brain and peripheral tissues. These effects were most pronounced on the day of birth. Also, different patterns of uptake of radioactive phenylalanine were observed between the two diet groups at birth. At ages 5, 11 and 21 days the 8% casein rats showed significant increases only in uptake and incorporation of 14C-phenylalanine into brain tissues as compared to the 25% casein animals with the percent incorporation of total radioactivity into brain protein being the same for both diet groups. For the most part, there were no significant changes in uptake and incorporation of radioactivity in peripheral tissues for the two diet groups on these post-birth days. Overall, the data indicate the possible presence of a brain specific effect whereby preferential utilization of an essential amino acid (phenylalanine) by the central nervous system occurs when rats are fed a low protein diet.", "PMID": 407982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4424", "title": "Feeding and drinking in rats maintained on a low protein diet.", "content": "Male and female rats born of protein malnourished mothers were fed a low-protein diet (8% casein) for 150 days after weaning and daily food and water intakes and body weights were monitored. Although daily intakes of diet throughout the study were significantly lower than those of rats maintained on a normal protein diet (25% casein) or stock diet, intakes/100 g body weight were significantly greater. Daily increments in body weight, as percent of previous day's weight, were consistently higher in rats fed the low-protein diet in comparison to rats fed the normal protein diet. Marked retardation of body growth was evident throughout the study although feeding efficiency ratios (daily body wt. increment per g daily food intake) were comparable among the various dietary groups. Compensation for reduction of the protein component of the diet by increased daily food intake/100 g body weight did not alleviate growth retardation.", "contents": "Feeding and drinking in rats maintained on a low protein diet. Male and female rats born of protein malnourished mothers were fed a low-protein diet (8% casein) for 150 days after weaning and daily food and water intakes and body weights were monitored. Although daily intakes of diet throughout the study were significantly lower than those of rats maintained on a normal protein diet (25% casein) or stock diet, intakes/100 g body weight were significantly greater. Daily increments in body weight, as percent of previous day's weight, were consistently higher in rats fed the low-protein diet in comparison to rats fed the normal protein diet. Marked retardation of body growth was evident throughout the study although feeding efficiency ratios (daily body wt. increment per g daily food intake) were comparable among the various dietary groups. Compensation for reduction of the protein component of the diet by increased daily food intake/100 g body weight did not alleviate growth retardation.", "PMID": 407983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4425", "title": "Species differences in cell culture of mammalian articular chondrocytes.", "content": "Articular chondrocytes from eight mammalian species (rabbit, opossum, woodchuck, cat, dog, sheep, rhesus and cebus monkeys) were grown in monolayer culture using a single regimen. The animals were immature or young adults. Ham's F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum was employed for the primary cultures and Dulbecco-Vogt medium, for the secondary. Marked species differences were found with respect to cell morphology, growth in primary and secondary cultures, incorporation of radiosulfate into macromolecules, adhesion to the flask surface, response to vitamin C, and chondroid expression in spinner bottles. Under these particular conditions, rabbit chondrocytes grew most rapidly and incorporated several times more sulfate than did the others. Additional experiments carried out with other media on four of the species indicate that optimal conditions for culturing mammalian chondrocytes must be determined for each species individually.", "contents": "Species differences in cell culture of mammalian articular chondrocytes. Articular chondrocytes from eight mammalian species (rabbit, opossum, woodchuck, cat, dog, sheep, rhesus and cebus monkeys) were grown in monolayer culture using a single regimen. The animals were immature or young adults. Ham's F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum was employed for the primary cultures and Dulbecco-Vogt medium, for the secondary. Marked species differences were found with respect to cell morphology, growth in primary and secondary cultures, incorporation of radiosulfate into macromolecules, adhesion to the flask surface, response to vitamin C, and chondroid expression in spinner bottles. Under these particular conditions, rabbit chondrocytes grew most rapidly and incorporated several times more sulfate than did the others. Additional experiments carried out with other media on four of the species indicate that optimal conditions for culturing mammalian chondrocytes must be determined for each species individually.", "PMID": 407988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4426", "title": "Field potentials in primate locus coeruleus following stimulation of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle.", "content": "Stimulation of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle, but not of adjacent areas, elicited field potentials in the locus coeruleus in the stumptail monkey (Macaca arctoides). This result suggests a procedure for locating the dorsal noradrenergic bundle in vivo.", "contents": "Field potentials in primate locus coeruleus following stimulation of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle. Stimulation of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle, but not of adjacent areas, elicited field potentials in the locus coeruleus in the stumptail monkey (Macaca arctoides). This result suggests a procedure for locating the dorsal noradrenergic bundle in vivo.", "PMID": 407984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4427", "title": "Human pituitary thyrotropin. Isolation and characterization of the hormone and its subunits.", "content": "Procedures have been described for the isolation of highly purified thyrotropin form frozen or acetone-preserved glands or from side fractions of somatotropin isolation and for the separation of its alpha and beta subunits. The products have been characterized by terminal residue analyses, amino acid composition, carbohydrate content, disc electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and biological activity.", "contents": "Human pituitary thyrotropin. Isolation and characterization of the hormone and its subunits. Procedures have been described for the isolation of highly purified thyrotropin form frozen or acetone-preserved glands or from side fractions of somatotropin isolation and for the separation of its alpha and beta subunits. The products have been characterized by terminal residue analyses, amino acid composition, carbohydrate content, disc electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and biological activity.", "PMID": 407991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4428", "title": "Folic acid compounds in romaine lettuce.", "content": "The composition of folate coenzymes in romaine lettuce was studied. Lettuce extract was purified on QAE-Sephadex A-25 and folate compounds were separated into a monoglutamate fraction and a polyglutamate fraction by chromatography on Sephadex G-15. Both the mono- and poly-glutamate fractions were resolved on DEAE-cellulose. Positive identification of DEAE peaks was made by further cochromatography with high specific activity radioactive marker folate compounds and with differential microbiological assay. The distribution of folate compounds in lettuce is as follows: 32% 5-CH3-H4PteGlu; 1% 5-CHO-H4PteGlu; 3% 5-CHO-H4PteGlu4; 9% 5-CH3-H4PteGlu4; 13% 5-CHO-H4PteGlu5; and 31% 5-CH3-H4PteGlu5.", "contents": "Folic acid compounds in romaine lettuce. The composition of folate coenzymes in romaine lettuce was studied. Lettuce extract was purified on QAE-Sephadex A-25 and folate compounds were separated into a monoglutamate fraction and a polyglutamate fraction by chromatography on Sephadex G-15. Both the mono- and poly-glutamate fractions were resolved on DEAE-cellulose. Positive identification of DEAE peaks was made by further cochromatography with high specific activity radioactive marker folate compounds and with differential microbiological assay. The distribution of folate compounds in lettuce is as follows: 32% 5-CH3-H4PteGlu; 1% 5-CHO-H4PteGlu; 3% 5-CHO-H4PteGlu4; 9% 5-CH3-H4PteGlu4; 13% 5-CHO-H4PteGlu5; and 31% 5-CH3-H4PteGlu5.", "PMID": 407992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4429", "title": "Isolation of sporopollenin from four myxobacteria.", "content": "Sporopollenin, a resistance material previously found only in algae, fungi, pollen grains, and in some plant spores, has been found in four species of Myxococcus. Sporopollenin was isolated from vegetative cells and myxospores of the myxobacteria tested but it was not detected in any of the other bacteria tested.", "contents": "Isolation of sporopollenin from four myxobacteria. Sporopollenin, a resistance material previously found only in algae, fungi, pollen grains, and in some plant spores, has been found in four species of Myxococcus. Sporopollenin was isolated from vegetative cells and myxospores of the myxobacteria tested but it was not detected in any of the other bacteria tested.", "PMID": 407993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4430", "title": "Fimbriation in gliding bacteria.", "content": "Of twenty-two strains of gliding prokaryotes examined, all but three were found to possess polar fimbriae. Fimbriae were not observed on two gliders, while Chloroflexus aurantiacus bore abundant peritrichous fimbriae. In some gliding bacteria, fimbriae were associated with 'holes' surrounded by an electron-transparent collar bearing 12 spike-like projections.", "contents": "Fimbriation in gliding bacteria. Of twenty-two strains of gliding prokaryotes examined, all but three were found to possess polar fimbriae. Fimbriae were not observed on two gliders, while Chloroflexus aurantiacus bore abundant peritrichous fimbriae. In some gliding bacteria, fimbriae were associated with 'holes' surrounded by an electron-transparent collar bearing 12 spike-like projections.", "PMID": 407994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4431", "title": "Inhibition of attachment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to tissue cells by goat milk antigonococcal immunoglobulin G.", "content": "An immunoglobulin G (IgG)-containing fraction was isolated from milk, obtained from a goat before and after instillation of the mammary gland with Neisseria gonorrhoeae colony type 1 (T1). The presence of IgG and the absence of immunoglobulins-A and -M in this fraction was confirmed by immunodiffusion in gel and immunoelectrophoresis. Postinstillation IgG inhibited the attachment of the homologous strain of N. gonorrhoeae (T1) to tissue cells. The percentage of Rhesus monkey kidney cells with gonococci attached was 38.9% +/- 6.4. Inhibition was significant (P less than 0.01) when compared to the inhibitory effect of preinstillation IgG (73.5% +/- 3.1) or buffer control )76.8% +/- 2.8). Absorption of postinstillation IgG with rabbit anti-goat IgG or whole cell gonococci removed the inhibitory effect. Postinstillation IgG gave little or no inhibition of attachment (maximun 13%) of seven heterologous (T1) strains of N. gonorrhoeae to tissue cells. These results may provide a reason for recurrent gonococcal infection in humans despite the presence of circulating antibody (IgG) to N. gonorrhoeae. Such an antibody, if present in secretions bathing the mucosa, may fail to prevent infection and colonization of the urogenital tract by a different immunotype of N. Gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Inhibition of attachment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to tissue cells by goat milk antigonococcal immunoglobulin G. An immunoglobulin G (IgG)-containing fraction was isolated from milk, obtained from a goat before and after instillation of the mammary gland with Neisseria gonorrhoeae colony type 1 (T1). The presence of IgG and the absence of immunoglobulins-A and -M in this fraction was confirmed by immunodiffusion in gel and immunoelectrophoresis. Postinstillation IgG inhibited the attachment of the homologous strain of N. gonorrhoeae (T1) to tissue cells. The percentage of Rhesus monkey kidney cells with gonococci attached was 38.9% +/- 6.4. Inhibition was significant (P less than 0.01) when compared to the inhibitory effect of preinstillation IgG (73.5% +/- 3.1) or buffer control )76.8% +/- 2.8). Absorption of postinstillation IgG with rabbit anti-goat IgG or whole cell gonococci removed the inhibitory effect. Postinstillation IgG gave little or no inhibition of attachment (maximun 13%) of seven heterologous (T1) strains of N. gonorrhoeae to tissue cells. These results may provide a reason for recurrent gonococcal infection in humans despite the presence of circulating antibody (IgG) to N. gonorrhoeae. Such an antibody, if present in secretions bathing the mucosa, may fail to prevent infection and colonization of the urogenital tract by a different immunotype of N. Gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 407995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4432", "title": "Haloperidol-induced dyskinesias in the monkey.", "content": "Haloperidol (0.25 mg/kg i.m.) was injected daily for 6 months in six normal monkeys. Over a 24 hour period, the following symptoms could be observed: akathisia, circling, akinesia, choreoathetoid and dystonic movements, oro-facial dyskinesias and postural tremor with or without harmaline. Six months after cessation of haloperidol, harmaline-induced postural tremor could still be observed in all animals and oro-facial abnormal movements, in one monkey. The neuropathologic study of the experimental material did not disclose any alteration of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Haloperidol-induced dyskinesias in the monkey. Haloperidol (0.25 mg/kg i.m.) was injected daily for 6 months in six normal monkeys. Over a 24 hour period, the following symptoms could be observed: akathisia, circling, akinesia, choreoathetoid and dystonic movements, oro-facial dyskinesias and postural tremor with or without harmaline. Six months after cessation of haloperidol, harmaline-induced postural tremor could still be observed in all animals and oro-facial abnormal movements, in one monkey. The neuropathologic study of the experimental material did not disclose any alteration of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 407996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4433", "title": "Leukocyte transfusions for the prophylaxis and treatment of infections associated with granulocytopenia.", "content": "The role of leukocyte transfusions in the prevention and treatment of infections in adults with granulocytopenia was investigated. Leukocytes were obtained from healthy volunteers by continuous-flow centrifugation. Histocompatibility antigen (HLA)-matched leukocytes were used to assess the prophylactic value of leukocyte transfusions. Seven patients with acute myelogenous leukemia received HLA-matched leukocytes during the period of maximal granulocytopenia associated with initial remission induction therapy; 20 concurrently treated patients who did not receive leukocyte transfusions were the control group. The patients receiving HLA-matched leukocytes had significantly fewer (P = 0.043) infectious episodes (not bacteriologically proven) during the study period, and remission occurred in 5 of the 7, compared with 10 of the 20 controls. In addition, 52 series of two or more ABO-compatible transfusions were given to 50 patients with proven infection or elevated temperature presumed due to infection and a granulocyte count of less than 0.5 X 10(9)/L. Response, indicated by a decrease in temperature, occurred in 23 patients. Leukocyte transfusions thus have an important adjuvant role in the management of patients with severe granulocytopenia.", "contents": "Leukocyte transfusions for the prophylaxis and treatment of infections associated with granulocytopenia. The role of leukocyte transfusions in the prevention and treatment of infections in adults with granulocytopenia was investigated. Leukocytes were obtained from healthy volunteers by continuous-flow centrifugation. Histocompatibility antigen (HLA)-matched leukocytes were used to assess the prophylactic value of leukocyte transfusions. Seven patients with acute myelogenous leukemia received HLA-matched leukocytes during the period of maximal granulocytopenia associated with initial remission induction therapy; 20 concurrently treated patients who did not receive leukocyte transfusions were the control group. The patients receiving HLA-matched leukocytes had significantly fewer (P = 0.043) infectious episodes (not bacteriologically proven) during the study period, and remission occurred in 5 of the 7, compared with 10 of the 20 controls. In addition, 52 series of two or more ABO-compatible transfusions were given to 50 patients with proven infection or elevated temperature presumed due to infection and a granulocyte count of less than 0.5 X 10(9)/L. Response, indicated by a decrease in temperature, occurred in 23 patients. Leukocyte transfusions thus have an important adjuvant role in the management of patients with severe granulocytopenia.", "PMID": 407998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4434", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition in malnourished infants with intractable diarrhea.", "content": "Thirty-four infants (25 Inuit and 9 Caucasians) with protein-energy malnutrition and intractable diarrhea were treated with total parenteral nutrition (TNP) consisting of a casein hydrolysate, a soybean emulsion and dextrose. Initially peripheral veins were used in all the infants, and 22 were treated successfully without resort to a central venous catheter. The mean duration of treatment by the peripheral route was 29 days. Although mean energy intake and protein intake were high, weight gain was poor and growth continued at the prehospitalization percentiles. There were two deaths, both from complications of the use of central lines. Specific diagnoses were established for 7 of the 9 Caucasian infants but only 2 of the 25 Inuit infants. Concentrations of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were elevated in 80% of the patients at the time of admission, increased further in 82% when TPN was begun, but decreased towards normal before discharge in all patients. Eosinophilia was common during TPN. Liver biopsy in seven patients with elevated SGOT values showed eosinophilia, increased pigment in the Kupffer cells and slight lymphocytosis in the portal tract. Intercurrent infections occurred frequently and were often preceded by a short period of lipid intolerance or neutropenia, or both. Tolerance to lipids returned after the infections resolved. Thus, peripheral TPN is a safe and relatively simple method of providing adequate nutrition during episodes of diarrhea in malnourished infants.", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition in malnourished infants with intractable diarrhea. Thirty-four infants (25 Inuit and 9 Caucasians) with protein-energy malnutrition and intractable diarrhea were treated with total parenteral nutrition (TNP) consisting of a casein hydrolysate, a soybean emulsion and dextrose. Initially peripheral veins were used in all the infants, and 22 were treated successfully without resort to a central venous catheter. The mean duration of treatment by the peripheral route was 29 days. Although mean energy intake and protein intake were high, weight gain was poor and growth continued at the prehospitalization percentiles. There were two deaths, both from complications of the use of central lines. Specific diagnoses were established for 7 of the 9 Caucasian infants but only 2 of the 25 Inuit infants. Concentrations of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were elevated in 80% of the patients at the time of admission, increased further in 82% when TPN was begun, but decreased towards normal before discharge in all patients. Eosinophilia was common during TPN. Liver biopsy in seven patients with elevated SGOT values showed eosinophilia, increased pigment in the Kupffer cells and slight lymphocytosis in the portal tract. Intercurrent infections occurred frequently and were often preceded by a short period of lipid intolerance or neutropenia, or both. Tolerance to lipids returned after the infections resolved. Thus, peripheral TPN is a safe and relatively simple method of providing adequate nutrition during episodes of diarrhea in malnourished infants.", "PMID": 407999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4435", "title": "Tri-hopsital diabetes education centre: a cost effective, cooperative venture.", "content": "Six years ago, three teaching hospitals in Canada's fastest growing metropolitan area decided to pool their resources, share facilities and staff to develop a patient education program for the diabetic and his family that would emphasize preventive aspects of medicine and ambulatory care. The venture has paid off handsomely in terms of well informed, highly motivated patients and more effective utilization of costly hospital facilities.", "contents": "Tri-hopsital diabetes education centre: a cost effective, cooperative venture. Six years ago, three teaching hospitals in Canada's fastest growing metropolitan area decided to pool their resources, share facilities and staff to develop a patient education program for the diabetic and his family that would emphasize preventive aspects of medicine and ambulatory care. The venture has paid off handsomely in terms of well informed, highly motivated patients and more effective utilization of costly hospital facilities.", "PMID": 408001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4436", "title": "On determining the levels of treatment to optimize the probability of a favorable response.", "content": "This paper presents a statistical method for analyzing the dose response surface associated with treatments resulting from combinations of any number of cytotoxic agents. The results of such an analysis are the dosages of each agent in the combination which will maximize the probability of a favorable response. An example utilizing a combination of hexamethylmelamine and ICRF-159 is presented. The predictive ability of the model is verified by a kappa 2 goodness of fit test. The advantages of such a method relate to its potential applicability to more complex experimental situations where multiple drugs are used in combination and/or where variations in timing of drug administration exist.", "contents": "On determining the levels of treatment to optimize the probability of a favorable response. This paper presents a statistical method for analyzing the dose response surface associated with treatments resulting from combinations of any number of cytotoxic agents. The results of such an analysis are the dosages of each agent in the combination which will maximize the probability of a favorable response. An example utilizing a combination of hexamethylmelamine and ICRF-159 is presented. The predictive ability of the model is verified by a kappa 2 goodness of fit test. The advantages of such a method relate to its potential applicability to more complex experimental situations where multiple drugs are used in combination and/or where variations in timing of drug administration exist.", "PMID": 408002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4437", "title": "Exercise testing and indirect assessment of myocardial oxygen consumption in evaluation of angina pectoris.", "content": "Exercise testing is an important means of evaluating the patient with angina pectoris, providing objective data not available from conventional clinical assessment. In utilizing exercise to determine functional impairment in angina, it is essential to distinguish between external stress, or the load on the skeletal muscles, and internal or cardiac stress. Evaluation of external exercise capacity alone is limited as a measure of cardiac peformance since the relationship between external function and cardiac performance is not necessarily direct. A readily applicable approach to determination of cardiac capacity in angina is afforded by indirect assessment of myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2). This is achieved through derived indexes utilizing heart rate and blood pressure, two major determinants of MVO2, in the form of the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure. Although this approach does not encompass all the major determinants of MVO2, changes in the heart rate-blood pressure product bear a close correlation to alterations in directly measured MVO2. Within limits and employed with caution, indirect assessment of MVO2 is useful in elucidating mechanisms of action of extracardiac and intrinsic myocardial factors in the provocation and therapy of angina pectoris.", "contents": "Exercise testing and indirect assessment of myocardial oxygen consumption in evaluation of angina pectoris. Exercise testing is an important means of evaluating the patient with angina pectoris, providing objective data not available from conventional clinical assessment. In utilizing exercise to determine functional impairment in angina, it is essential to distinguish between external stress, or the load on the skeletal muscles, and internal or cardiac stress. Evaluation of external exercise capacity alone is limited as a measure of cardiac peformance since the relationship between external function and cardiac performance is not necessarily direct. A readily applicable approach to determination of cardiac capacity in angina is afforded by indirect assessment of myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2). This is achieved through derived indexes utilizing heart rate and blood pressure, two major determinants of MVO2, in the form of the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure. Although this approach does not encompass all the major determinants of MVO2, changes in the heart rate-blood pressure product bear a close correlation to alterations in directly measured MVO2. Within limits and employed with caution, indirect assessment of MVO2 is useful in elucidating mechanisms of action of extracardiac and intrinsic myocardial factors in the provocation and therapy of angina pectoris.", "PMID": 408007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4438", "title": "Chromosomal rearrangements which affect the chromosomal integration of the ribosomal genes in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Sucrose gradient analysis of DNA from detergent-pronase lysates of whole adult flies has been used to examine a variety of genotypes for the presence of ribosomal genes not integrated into the DNA of the chromosome. Such genes were found in females in which one X chromosome carries an inversion, having one of its breakpoints between the nucleolus organizer and the centromere. These inversions move the nucleolus organizer to the distal end of the X chromosome. Other inversions which do not move the nucleolus organizer, as well as a series of bobbed deficiencies, did not induce unintegrated genes. The same inversions which induce unintegrated genes in adults also produce them in the diploid brain and imaginal discs of larvae. On the other hand, in the polytene salivary glands, unintegrated genes were found in every genotype examined.", "contents": "Chromosomal rearrangements which affect the chromosomal integration of the ribosomal genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Sucrose gradient analysis of DNA from detergent-pronase lysates of whole adult flies has been used to examine a variety of genotypes for the presence of ribosomal genes not integrated into the DNA of the chromosome. Such genes were found in females in which one X chromosome carries an inversion, having one of its breakpoints between the nucleolus organizer and the centromere. These inversions move the nucleolus organizer to the distal end of the X chromosome. Other inversions which do not move the nucleolus organizer, as well as a series of bobbed deficiencies, did not induce unintegrated genes. The same inversions which induce unintegrated genes in adults also produce them in the diploid brain and imaginal discs of larvae. On the other hand, in the polytene salivary glands, unintegrated genes were found in every genotype examined.", "PMID": 408009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4439", "title": "The effect of X chromosome heterozygosity on the structure of the ribosomal genes in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Sucrose gradient analysis of DNA isolated from detergent-pronase lysates of adult flies has been used to look for ribosomal genes not integrated into the DNA of the chromosome in genotypes containing various combinations of inversions having breakpoints in the proximal heterochromatin of the X chromosome. Unintegrated genes are found in females heterozygous for inversions which have one breakpoint between the nucleolus organizer and the centromere. Homozygotes and males do not have unintegrated genes. The results suggest that unintegrated ribosomal genes result from an interaction between homologues having different arrangements of the proximal heterochromatin. In addition, data from a series of stocks carrying duplications of the X heterochromatin provide independent evidence for the size of the DNA on our gradients.", "contents": "The effect of X chromosome heterozygosity on the structure of the ribosomal genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Sucrose gradient analysis of DNA isolated from detergent-pronase lysates of adult flies has been used to look for ribosomal genes not integrated into the DNA of the chromosome in genotypes containing various combinations of inversions having breakpoints in the proximal heterochromatin of the X chromosome. Unintegrated genes are found in females heterozygous for inversions which have one breakpoint between the nucleolus organizer and the centromere. Homozygotes and males do not have unintegrated genes. The results suggest that unintegrated ribosomal genes result from an interaction between homologues having different arrangements of the proximal heterochromatin. In addition, data from a series of stocks carrying duplications of the X heterochromatin provide independent evidence for the size of the DNA on our gradients.", "PMID": 408010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4440", "title": "Selection and characterization of cells resistant to diphtheria toxin and pseudomonas exotoxin A: presumptive translational mutants.", "content": "Two classes of diphtheria toxin-resistant variants were selected from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells: permeability variants, in which uptake of toxin was impaired, and a new class of cytoplasmic variants, which were cross-resistant to Pseudomonas exotoxin. EF-2 prepared from the cytoplasmic variants was resistant to ADP-ribosylation by either toxin. The evidence presented suggests that these are translational variants possessing a mutationally altered EF-2 gene product. These studies also confirmed that Pseudomonas toxin ADP-ribosylates EF-2 in toxin-sensitive intact cells, as well as in cell-free systems.", "contents": "Selection and characterization of cells resistant to diphtheria toxin and pseudomonas exotoxin A: presumptive translational mutants. Two classes of diphtheria toxin-resistant variants were selected from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells: permeability variants, in which uptake of toxin was impaired, and a new class of cytoplasmic variants, which were cross-resistant to Pseudomonas exotoxin. EF-2 prepared from the cytoplasmic variants was resistant to ADP-ribosylation by either toxin. The evidence presented suggests that these are translational variants possessing a mutationally altered EF-2 gene product. These studies also confirmed that Pseudomonas toxin ADP-ribosylates EF-2 in toxin-sensitive intact cells, as well as in cell-free systems.", "PMID": 408012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4441", "title": "Cloned Bacillus subtilis DNA containing a gene that is activated early during sporulation.", "content": "An endonuclease restriction fragment of Bacillus subtilis DNA has been identified that contains a gene whose transcription is activated early during the process of spore formation. This 4.4 kilobase (kb) DNA was detected by hybridizing electrophoretically separated Eco R1 restriction fragments with a radioactively labeled RNA of 0.4 kb from sporulating cells. The 4.4 kb B. subtilis DNA was then cloned and amplified in E. coli by insertion into the plasmid vector pMB9. Using the cloned B. subtilis DNA as a hybridization probe, we were able to detect the 0.4 kb transcript in total RNA from pulse-labeled bacteria. In wild-type cells, the gene coding for the 0.4 kb RNA was turned on within the first 30 min of spore formation. Although transcribed normally in a mutant blocked at stage II of spore development, the gene for the 0.4 kb RNA was not turned on in six different mutants blocked at stage 0 of sporulation. We conclude that the cloned B. subtilis DNA contains a gene whose transcription is regulated by events occurring at the onset of spore development.", "contents": "Cloned Bacillus subtilis DNA containing a gene that is activated early during sporulation. An endonuclease restriction fragment of Bacillus subtilis DNA has been identified that contains a gene whose transcription is activated early during the process of spore formation. This 4.4 kilobase (kb) DNA was detected by hybridizing electrophoretically separated Eco R1 restriction fragments with a radioactively labeled RNA of 0.4 kb from sporulating cells. The 4.4 kb B. subtilis DNA was then cloned and amplified in E. coli by insertion into the plasmid vector pMB9. Using the cloned B. subtilis DNA as a hybridization probe, we were able to detect the 0.4 kb transcript in total RNA from pulse-labeled bacteria. In wild-type cells, the gene coding for the 0.4 kb RNA was turned on within the first 30 min of spore formation. Although transcribed normally in a mutant blocked at stage II of spore development, the gene for the 0.4 kb RNA was not turned on in six different mutants blocked at stage 0 of sporulation. We conclude that the cloned B. subtilis DNA contains a gene whose transcription is regulated by events occurring at the onset of spore development.", "PMID": 408013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4442", "title": "Sequence arrangement of tRNA genes on a fragment of Drosophila melanogaster DNA cloned in E. coli.", "content": "A plasmid with the vector Col E1 attached to an insert of Drosophila melanogaster DNA carrying four tRNA genes has been cloned in E. coli. Some features of the sequence arrangement and the positions of the tRNA genes have been determined by electron microscopic methods and by restriction endonuclease mapping. tRNA genes were mapped at 1.4, 4.7, 5.9 and 8.6 kb from one of the Drosophila/Col E1 junctions in the Drosophila insert of total length 9.34 kb. There are several secondary structure features consisting of inverted repeat sequences of length about 70-100 nucleotide pairs, some with and some without intervening loops, irregularly distributed on the insert. Cross-hybridization of tRNAs isolated by hybridization to separated restriction fragments indicate that the tRNA genes at 4.7, 5.9 and 8.6 kb are identical and differ from the one at 1.4 kb. Thus the positions of the genes, of the secondary structure features and of the restriction endonuclease sites all indicate that the spacers between the genes are not identical tandem repeats. In situ hybridization with cRNA transcribed from the plasmid showed localization at region 42A of chromosome 2R.", "contents": "Sequence arrangement of tRNA genes on a fragment of Drosophila melanogaster DNA cloned in E. coli. A plasmid with the vector Col E1 attached to an insert of Drosophila melanogaster DNA carrying four tRNA genes has been cloned in E. coli. Some features of the sequence arrangement and the positions of the tRNA genes have been determined by electron microscopic methods and by restriction endonuclease mapping. tRNA genes were mapped at 1.4, 4.7, 5.9 and 8.6 kb from one of the Drosophila/Col E1 junctions in the Drosophila insert of total length 9.34 kb. There are several secondary structure features consisting of inverted repeat sequences of length about 70-100 nucleotide pairs, some with and some without intervening loops, irregularly distributed on the insert. Cross-hybridization of tRNAs isolated by hybridization to separated restriction fragments indicate that the tRNA genes at 4.7, 5.9 and 8.6 kb are identical and differ from the one at 1.4 kb. Thus the positions of the genes, of the secondary structure features and of the restriction endonuclease sites all indicate that the spacers between the genes are not identical tandem repeats. In situ hybridization with cRNA transcribed from the plasmid showed localization at region 42A of chromosome 2R.", "PMID": 408014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4443", "title": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase by anti-tumour agents.", "content": "The effect of a number of anti-tumour agents on prostaglandin (PG) production from arachidonate by sheep seminal vesicles has been investigated. Of the drugs examined only those belonging to the alkylating agent type series showed inhibition of enzyme activity. Unlike most inhibitors of PG synthetase (EC 1.14.99.1) these agents caused an inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, while unaffecting the formation of prostaglandin F 2alpha (PGF2 alpha). This suggests the site of inhibition is the isomerase converting prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to PGE2. Kinetic studies indicated that merophan [DL-o-micron-(di-2-chloroethylamino)phenylalanine] inhibited the synthetase competitively with respect to substrate. The kinetics of the inhibition were also consistent with the formation of a reversible enzyme-alkylating agent complex prior to irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. The inactivation process could be described by the Main equation from which a dissociation constant (Kd) and a reaction rate constant (k2) were calculated. The inhibition of PG synthetase may be important in the anti-tumour effect of these agents.", "contents": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase by anti-tumour agents. The effect of a number of anti-tumour agents on prostaglandin (PG) production from arachidonate by sheep seminal vesicles has been investigated. Of the drugs examined only those belonging to the alkylating agent type series showed inhibition of enzyme activity. Unlike most inhibitors of PG synthetase (EC 1.14.99.1) these agents caused an inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, while unaffecting the formation of prostaglandin F 2alpha (PGF2 alpha). This suggests the site of inhibition is the isomerase converting prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to PGE2. Kinetic studies indicated that merophan [DL-o-micron-(di-2-chloroethylamino)phenylalanine] inhibited the synthetase competitively with respect to substrate. The kinetics of the inhibition were also consistent with the formation of a reversible enzyme-alkylating agent complex prior to irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. The inactivation process could be described by the Main equation from which a dissociation constant (Kd) and a reaction rate constant (k2) were calculated. The inhibition of PG synthetase may be important in the anti-tumour effect of these agents.", "PMID": 408018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4444", "title": "Ficoll fractionation for the separation of parasitized erythrocytes from malaria infected blood.", "content": "Separation and concentration of parasitized erythrocytes from infected blood was achieved by centrifugation of a sample placed in a layer on top of a cushion of a Ficoll solution with a critical density. Pure suspensions of parasitized erythrocytes were obtained from Plasmodium berghei infected rodent blood, whereas results with P. vivax infected monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) blood were partially successful. Titration experiments revealed that the parasitized erythrocytes obtained by Ficoll fractionation were infective.", "contents": "Ficoll fractionation for the separation of parasitized erythrocytes from malaria infected blood. Separation and concentration of parasitized erythrocytes from infected blood was achieved by centrifugation of a sample placed in a layer on top of a cushion of a Ficoll solution with a critical density. Pure suspensions of parasitized erythrocytes were obtained from Plasmodium berghei infected rodent blood, whereas results with P. vivax infected monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) blood were partially successful. Titration experiments revealed that the parasitized erythrocytes obtained by Ficoll fractionation were infective.", "PMID": 408020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4445", "title": "The use of transportable single-radial-diffusion immunoplates in seroepidemiological studies of influenza in the Gambia. The occurrence and persistence of antibody to influenza A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus in selected inhabitants of two rural villages.", "content": "Seroepidemiological studies of influenza in the Gambia were made using transportable single-radial-diffusion immunoplates containing A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus as antigen. The frequency and durability of antibody so detected in selected residents of two Gambian villages (Manduar and Kafuta) are described. Transportable immunoplates were found to be an effective method for the serological surveillance of influenza and to be applicable in studies in remote areas where laboratory facilities may not be available. Results indicated that infection with influenza was widespread in Manduar residents on several occasions between 1968 and 1974 and that reinfection with A/Hong Kong/68 virus or its antigenic variants occurred frequently. Serum levels of antibodies to the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of the A/Hong Kong/68 virus often persisted for only a short time (mean half-life about 28 days), particularly after first infections. Antibody persistence increased following repeated reinfection. No precise explanation can be offered at present for the relatively short persistence of antibodies in Gambians. Possible reasons include genetic and environmental factors, depressed immunological reactivity associated with concurrent infection (notably parasitic diseases), and unusually high rates of synthesis and catabolism of immunoglobulins. The value of transportable immunoplates for serological surveys and for accurate assessment of antibody persistence is discussed.", "contents": "The use of transportable single-radial-diffusion immunoplates in seroepidemiological studies of influenza in the Gambia. The occurrence and persistence of antibody to influenza A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus in selected inhabitants of two rural villages. Seroepidemiological studies of influenza in the Gambia were made using transportable single-radial-diffusion immunoplates containing A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus as antigen. The frequency and durability of antibody so detected in selected residents of two Gambian villages (Manduar and Kafuta) are described. Transportable immunoplates were found to be an effective method for the serological surveillance of influenza and to be applicable in studies in remote areas where laboratory facilities may not be available. Results indicated that infection with influenza was widespread in Manduar residents on several occasions between 1968 and 1974 and that reinfection with A/Hong Kong/68 virus or its antigenic variants occurred frequently. Serum levels of antibodies to the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of the A/Hong Kong/68 virus often persisted for only a short time (mean half-life about 28 days), particularly after first infections. Antibody persistence increased following repeated reinfection. No precise explanation can be offered at present for the relatively short persistence of antibodies in Gambians. Possible reasons include genetic and environmental factors, depressed immunological reactivity associated with concurrent infection (notably parasitic diseases), and unusually high rates of synthesis and catabolism of immunoglobulins. The value of transportable immunoplates for serological surveys and for accurate assessment of antibody persistence is discussed.", "PMID": 408021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4446", "title": "Enhanced stability of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines by using lactose as a menstruum for lyophilization.", "content": "A comparison is made between lactose and mannitol as additives for the lyophilization of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines. From the stability data obtained on storage at high temperatures, it is concluded that vaccines containing lactose as a menstruum for lyophilization are much more stable than vaccines prepared with the currently used additive, mannitol. The enhanced stability of these vaccines makes it possible to store also group A vaccines at 5 degrees C instead of at -20 degrees C, and to use them in places without freezing facilities.", "contents": "Enhanced stability of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines by using lactose as a menstruum for lyophilization. A comparison is made between lactose and mannitol as additives for the lyophilization of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines. From the stability data obtained on storage at high temperatures, it is concluded that vaccines containing lactose as a menstruum for lyophilization are much more stable than vaccines prepared with the currently used additive, mannitol. The enhanced stability of these vaccines makes it possible to store also group A vaccines at 5 degrees C instead of at -20 degrees C, and to use them in places without freezing facilities.", "PMID": 408022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4447", "title": "[Genetic activity of mouse oocytes during in vitro \"spontaneous\" maturation].", "content": "Mouse oocytes, liberated from ovarian follicles, resume meiosis in the obligatory presence of Ca++. PHMPS exerts a toxic effect on this mechanism. m-RNA synthesis, in contrast to that of r-RNA. seems to be required during the first hours of maturation in order to ensure realization of the following steps: in addition the 2nd maturation period, corresponding to the first polar body extrusion, depends on the presence of proteins synthesized during the chromatin condensation process and germinal vesicle breakdown. We suggest that it might be a factor responsible for microtubule formation in metaphase I.", "contents": "[Genetic activity of mouse oocytes during in vitro \"spontaneous\" maturation]. Mouse oocytes, liberated from ovarian follicles, resume meiosis in the obligatory presence of Ca++. PHMPS exerts a toxic effect on this mechanism. m-RNA synthesis, in contrast to that of r-RNA. seems to be required during the first hours of maturation in order to ensure realization of the following steps: in addition the 2nd maturation period, corresponding to the first polar body extrusion, depends on the presence of proteins synthesized during the chromatin condensation process and germinal vesicle breakdown. We suggest that it might be a factor responsible for microtubule formation in metaphase I.", "PMID": 408023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4448", "title": "[Correlation between inhibition of stimulatory membrane repolarization and positive inotropic response caused by ouabain in rat heart].", "content": "During a stimulus train, the diastolic membrane potential of rat atria exhibits a depolarization phase followed by a slower repolarization phase which has been attributed to the activation of an electrogenic sodium pump (ATPase Na+, K+). This pump seems to be all the more active as stimulation frequency is higher. The parallel evolution of the sodium pump inhibition and a positive inotropic effect in response to ouabain perfusion, suggests that the enzymatic inhibition is directly involved in the development of the cardiotonic effect of digitalis.", "contents": "[Correlation between inhibition of stimulatory membrane repolarization and positive inotropic response caused by ouabain in rat heart]. During a stimulus train, the diastolic membrane potential of rat atria exhibits a depolarization phase followed by a slower repolarization phase which has been attributed to the activation of an electrogenic sodium pump (ATPase Na+, K+). This pump seems to be all the more active as stimulation frequency is higher. The parallel evolution of the sodium pump inhibition and a positive inotropic effect in response to ouabain perfusion, suggests that the enzymatic inhibition is directly involved in the development of the cardiotonic effect of digitalis.", "PMID": 408024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4449", "title": "[Repair of fundo-antral gastric fistula by homologous and heterologous fundo-antral tranplansts in adult rats].", "content": "Use of fundo-antral gastric transplants excised from Rat or guinea-pig stomach in order to repair fundo-antral fistula was well tolerated by adult Rats and compatible with a normal survival. In 90% of homologous transplantation, and 70% of heterologous transplantation, no brutal and mortal rejection of transplant was observed. The transplant did not regenerate, but its corpse was not eliminated, and remained united to the wall of the receiver's stomach, and infiltrated with lymphocytes. We explain the benignity of immunologic reaction in evoking the role of the liver which acts as a filter in sequestering a great part of antigens, and so moderating the antibody response by the spleen and lymphoid system.", "contents": "[Repair of fundo-antral gastric fistula by homologous and heterologous fundo-antral tranplansts in adult rats]. Use of fundo-antral gastric transplants excised from Rat or guinea-pig stomach in order to repair fundo-antral fistula was well tolerated by adult Rats and compatible with a normal survival. In 90% of homologous transplantation, and 70% of heterologous transplantation, no brutal and mortal rejection of transplant was observed. The transplant did not regenerate, but its corpse was not eliminated, and remained united to the wall of the receiver's stomach, and infiltrated with lymphocytes. We explain the benignity of immunologic reaction in evoking the role of the liver which acts as a filter in sequestering a great part of antigens, and so moderating the antibody response by the spleen and lymphoid system.", "PMID": 408025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4450", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay of hormonal activity of Gobius niger L. testicular interstitial tissue in organ culture: spontaneous activity and stimulation by pituitary gland].", "content": "After the interstitial tissue was cultivated, the radio-immunoassay revealed in the media very small quantities of free testosterone but much larger quantities of testosterone conjugates as glucuronids and sulfates. Association of pituitaries increases greatly the secretion. 12-13 days precultivated pituitaires retain close to 70% of their stimulating potency.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay of hormonal activity of Gobius niger L. testicular interstitial tissue in organ culture: spontaneous activity and stimulation by pituitary gland]. After the interstitial tissue was cultivated, the radio-immunoassay revealed in the media very small quantities of free testosterone but much larger quantities of testosterone conjugates as glucuronids and sulfates. Association of pituitaries increases greatly the secretion. 12-13 days precultivated pituitaires retain close to 70% of their stimulating potency.", "PMID": 408026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4451", "title": "[Reduction of efferent renal nerve activity by propranolol in rabbits].", "content": "During intravenous infusion of propranolol (0.3--0.8 mg/kg) in the Rabbit, systolic arterial pressure is decreased (-6.5 +/- 4.2 mmHg) and electrical activity recorded from central end of the renal nerve is reduced significantly (-8.7 +/- 14.-%) with regard to the activity obtained, at the same pressure levels, by hemorrhage (+7.9 +/- 6.4%; p less than 0.25) or by intravenous infusion of the peripheral vasodilator sodium nitroprusside (+14.1 +/- 9.9%; p less than 0.01).", "contents": "[Reduction of efferent renal nerve activity by propranolol in rabbits]. During intravenous infusion of propranolol (0.3--0.8 mg/kg) in the Rabbit, systolic arterial pressure is decreased (-6.5 +/- 4.2 mmHg) and electrical activity recorded from central end of the renal nerve is reduced significantly (-8.7 +/- 14.-%) with regard to the activity obtained, at the same pressure levels, by hemorrhage (+7.9 +/- 6.4%; p less than 0.25) or by intravenous infusion of the peripheral vasodilator sodium nitroprusside (+14.1 +/- 9.9%; p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 408027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4452", "title": "[In vitro study of cellular affinity to various protein supports suited for vascular prosthesis].", "content": "We compare the affinity of different cellular samples with regard to variosu artificial materials by organotypic culture method. We use a technique which allows at once, to obtain the cells and to measure their migration on the artificial surface. The results show a high variation of the cellular affinity from one sample to another.", "contents": "[In vitro study of cellular affinity to various protein supports suited for vascular prosthesis]. We compare the affinity of different cellular samples with regard to variosu artificial materials by organotypic culture method. We use a technique which allows at once, to obtain the cells and to measure their migration on the artificial surface. The results show a high variation of the cellular affinity from one sample to another.", "PMID": 408028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4453", "title": "[Location of cysteine in primary structure of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase].", "content": "In order to study the location of the single cysteinyl residue in the primary structure of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, cyanylation by 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid has bben carried out. Analysis of the two fragments obtained shows that the--SH group is located near position 100.", "contents": "[Location of cysteine in primary structure of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase]. In order to study the location of the single cysteinyl residue in the primary structure of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, cyanylation by 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid has bben carried out. Analysis of the two fragments obtained shows that the--SH group is located near position 100.", "PMID": 408029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4454", "title": "[Unexpected antibiotic properties of a cephalosporin].", "content": "The presence of an oximino group on the methylene of the (2-aminothiazol 4-yl)-acetyl side chain bound to the 7-amino cephalosporanic acid affords derivatives with syn or anti configuration. Whereas the anti isomers display low antibiotic activities, the syn isomers possess a surprising high efficiency against gram negative bacteria, enhanced a factor of 10 to 100 as compared with the cephalosporins known at the moment.", "contents": "[Unexpected antibiotic properties of a cephalosporin]. The presence of an oximino group on the methylene of the (2-aminothiazol 4-yl)-acetyl side chain bound to the 7-amino cephalosporanic acid affords derivatives with syn or anti configuration. Whereas the anti isomers display low antibiotic activities, the syn isomers possess a surprising high efficiency against gram negative bacteria, enhanced a factor of 10 to 100 as compared with the cephalosporins known at the moment.", "PMID": 408030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4455", "title": "[Relationship between ultrastructure of various phages and protein-phage conjugates with their specific neutralization].", "content": "Back to our technique of phage sensitization by protein fixation with the aid of coupling reagents, and of their inactivation by the specific anti-protein antibodies, comparative studies were made on phages having a morphologically different tail. Here we report the results concerning the ultramicorscopic observation of four phages, the efficiency and the rate of their sensitization, and the possibility of their respective neutralization.", "contents": "[Relationship between ultrastructure of various phages and protein-phage conjugates with their specific neutralization]. Back to our technique of phage sensitization by protein fixation with the aid of coupling reagents, and of their inactivation by the specific anti-protein antibodies, comparative studies were made on phages having a morphologically different tail. Here we report the results concerning the ultramicorscopic observation of four phages, the efficiency and the rate of their sensitization, and the possibility of their respective neutralization.", "PMID": 408031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4456", "title": "[Branchial vascularization in the eel: action of acetylcholine and adrenaline on the distribution of polymerizable resin in the different vascular compartments].", "content": "The current findings from gill vascular cast preparations in the eel emphasize the division in each primary lamella of the afferent vasculature into two efferent pathways: an arterial pathway (via the secondary lamellae and the efferent branchial artery to the dorsal aorta), a venous pathway (via the central lamellar compartment and the branchial vein to the sinus venosus). By the same technique two antagonist mechanisms have been shown presumably controlling the blood flow in both pathways. 1. Acetylcholine increases the filling of the central lamellar compartment by constricting the efferent arterial sphincters and therefore increases the venous return. 2. Epinephrine impairs the filling of the central lamellar compartment (by acting on alpha receptors) and dilates the arterial pathway (by acting on beta receptors). Therefore the stimulation of these two synergic receptors by epinephrine increases the systemic blood flow.", "contents": "[Branchial vascularization in the eel: action of acetylcholine and adrenaline on the distribution of polymerizable resin in the different vascular compartments]. The current findings from gill vascular cast preparations in the eel emphasize the division in each primary lamella of the afferent vasculature into two efferent pathways: an arterial pathway (via the secondary lamellae and the efferent branchial artery to the dorsal aorta), a venous pathway (via the central lamellar compartment and the branchial vein to the sinus venosus). By the same technique two antagonist mechanisms have been shown presumably controlling the blood flow in both pathways. 1. Acetylcholine increases the filling of the central lamellar compartment by constricting the efferent arterial sphincters and therefore increases the venous return. 2. Epinephrine impairs the filling of the central lamellar compartment (by acting on alpha receptors) and dilates the arterial pathway (by acting on beta receptors). Therefore the stimulation of these two synergic receptors by epinephrine increases the systemic blood flow.", "PMID": 408032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4457", "title": "[Stimulation of the synthesis and non-competitive inhibition of alkaline phosphatase by theophylline in normal hamster fibroblasts and absence of response in transformed fibroblasts].", "content": "Theophylline increases the synthesis of alkaline phosphatase in normal Hamster fibroblasts (activity X6 after 24 hours with theophylline 10-3 M). The enzymatic activity of these cells is inhibited by theophylline in vitro (80% inhibition in the presence of theophylline 10-3 M). The inhibition seems to be non competitive, since the apparent Km of the enzyme is not modified. This stimulator and inhibitor effect of theophylline is absent in Hamster fibroblasts transformed by SV 40 virus.", "contents": "[Stimulation of the synthesis and non-competitive inhibition of alkaline phosphatase by theophylline in normal hamster fibroblasts and absence of response in transformed fibroblasts]. Theophylline increases the synthesis of alkaline phosphatase in normal Hamster fibroblasts (activity X6 after 24 hours with theophylline 10-3 M). The enzymatic activity of these cells is inhibited by theophylline in vitro (80% inhibition in the presence of theophylline 10-3 M). The inhibition seems to be non competitive, since the apparent Km of the enzyme is not modified. This stimulator and inhibitor effect of theophylline is absent in Hamster fibroblasts transformed by SV 40 virus.", "PMID": 408033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4458", "title": "[Action of radiation of the head on the capacity for lymphoblastic transformation in the adult rabbit].", "content": "The temporary immunological depression previously demonstrated after high level head irradiation of adult rabbits seems to be due to decrease in lymphoblastic transformation capacity connected with encephalon injury.", "contents": "[Action of radiation of the head on the capacity for lymphoblastic transformation in the adult rabbit]. The temporary immunological depression previously demonstrated after high level head irradiation of adult rabbits seems to be due to decrease in lymphoblastic transformation capacity connected with encephalon injury.", "PMID": 408034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4459", "title": "[Influence of sex on radioinduced changes in longevity: comparative sensitivity of 2 strains of Drosophila melanogaster].", "content": "Two strains of Drosophila were irradiated with 25 to 75 Krads of 60Co gamma rays at a dose rate of 1 000 rad/mm, on the fourth day of imaginal life. A radiosensitivity difference between the strains was observed. However, the influence of sex was similar in the two strains, the females being more sensitive than the males.", "contents": "[Influence of sex on radioinduced changes in longevity: comparative sensitivity of 2 strains of Drosophila melanogaster]. Two strains of Drosophila were irradiated with 25 to 75 Krads of 60Co gamma rays at a dose rate of 1 000 rad/mm, on the fourth day of imaginal life. A radiosensitivity difference between the strains was observed. However, the influence of sex was similar in the two strains, the females being more sensitive than the males.", "PMID": 408035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4460", "title": "[Enzymatic differences in mycobacteria. Ribitol dehydrogenase].", "content": "Contrary to the tubercle Bacilli (H37Ra, BCG), Mycobacterium phlei has a ribitol-NAD dehydrogenase (that also oxidizes, although to a lesser extent, erythritol and glycerol). This difference is observed with the Bacteria grown on Sauton's medium, as well as after their adaptation to ribitol. The extracts of all these Mycobacteria reduce, NADP in the presence of glycerol, ribitol or erythritol, though very slowly.", "contents": "[Enzymatic differences in mycobacteria. Ribitol dehydrogenase]. Contrary to the tubercle Bacilli (H37Ra, BCG), Mycobacterium phlei has a ribitol-NAD dehydrogenase (that also oxidizes, although to a lesser extent, erythritol and glycerol). This difference is observed with the Bacteria grown on Sauton's medium, as well as after their adaptation to ribitol. The extracts of all these Mycobacteria reduce, NADP in the presence of glycerol, ribitol or erythritol, though very slowly.", "PMID": 408036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4461", "title": "[Transfer of pathogenic activity of a virulent strain of Listeria to an avirulent strain].", "content": "The pathogenicity of a virulent strain of Listeria monocytogenes was transfered to an avirulent strain by mixing the filtered culture of the pathogenic strain with an exponentially growing avirulent strain.", "contents": "[Transfer of pathogenic activity of a virulent strain of Listeria to an avirulent strain]. The pathogenicity of a virulent strain of Listeria monocytogenes was transfered to an avirulent strain by mixing the filtered culture of the pathogenic strain with an exponentially growing avirulent strain.", "PMID": 408037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4462", "title": "[Isolation of Myxovirus influenzae surface antigens by affinity chromatography].", "content": "Surface antigens of Myxovirus influenzas A/r8/34 and A/Hong Kong/1/68 were isolated on Fetuin covalently attached to Sepharose. The amino acid composition of isolated neuraminidases was determined.", "contents": "[Isolation of Myxovirus influenzae surface antigens by affinity chromatography]. Surface antigens of Myxovirus influenzas A/r8/34 and A/Hong Kong/1/68 were isolated on Fetuin covalently attached to Sepharose. The amino acid composition of isolated neuraminidases was determined.", "PMID": 408038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4463", "title": "[Genetic localization of a mutation rendering the growth of E coli K12 insensitive to illumination at 365 nm].", "content": "The genotype of the Nop mutant recently isolated from the E. coli K 12 strain AB 1157 has been characterized. This mutant lacks 4-thiouridine in its tRNA and is much less susceptible to near ultraviolet-induced growth delay than wild type cells. This phenotype results from a single mutation called nuv which has been localized on the E. coli genetic map. nuv is found by conjugation to lie between the origins of injection of Hfr P4X and Hfr cavalli in the vicinity of the lac gene. Cotrans-duction with bacteriophage P1 more precisely maps nuv at 0.3 min. clockwise from tsx.", "contents": "[Genetic localization of a mutation rendering the growth of E coli K12 insensitive to illumination at 365 nm]. The genotype of the Nop mutant recently isolated from the E. coli K 12 strain AB 1157 has been characterized. This mutant lacks 4-thiouridine in its tRNA and is much less susceptible to near ultraviolet-induced growth delay than wild type cells. This phenotype results from a single mutation called nuv which has been localized on the E. coli genetic map. nuv is found by conjugation to lie between the origins of injection of Hfr P4X and Hfr cavalli in the vicinity of the lac gene. Cotrans-duction with bacteriophage P1 more precisely maps nuv at 0.3 min. clockwise from tsx.", "PMID": 408039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4464", "title": "[Rapid freezing of biologic tissue. Measurement of temperature and rate of freezing by thin-layer thermocouple].", "content": "An apparatus for rapid freezing of biological tissues by contact with a copper block cooled by liquid helium has been devised to reduce the contamination of copper block surface. It prevents the precooling of the specimen while going through the layers of cold helium gas surrounding the copper block and reduces the quantity of helium necessary for freezing. It also enables one to obtain easily reproducible results from freezing by immersion in liquid coolants. Freezing rates are measured directly, related to the specimen thickness, by a thin film thermocouple; its low thermal inertia gives speed measurements of the order of 100,000 degrees C/s.", "contents": "[Rapid freezing of biologic tissue. Measurement of temperature and rate of freezing by thin-layer thermocouple]. An apparatus for rapid freezing of biological tissues by contact with a copper block cooled by liquid helium has been devised to reduce the contamination of copper block surface. It prevents the precooling of the specimen while going through the layers of cold helium gas surrounding the copper block and reduces the quantity of helium necessary for freezing. It also enables one to obtain easily reproducible results from freezing by immersion in liquid coolants. Freezing rates are measured directly, related to the specimen thickness, by a thin film thermocouple; its low thermal inertia gives speed measurements of the order of 100,000 degrees C/s.", "PMID": 408040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4465", "title": "[Demonstration of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in in cultivated soils].", "content": "The bacteriological analysis of 37 pools of cultivated soils collected in a limited area in the Parisian district permits the isolation of 14 strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis: 9 strains are of serotype II, 3 of serotype I, 1 of serotype III, and of serotype IV. This diversity contrasts with the prevalence of serotype I in infections of man and animals and the scarcity of type III and IV in these species. The abundance of our isolates is in favour of a large distribution of the germ in this substratum, which can be considered as a potential contamination source.", "contents": "[Demonstration of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in in cultivated soils]. The bacteriological analysis of 37 pools of cultivated soils collected in a limited area in the Parisian district permits the isolation of 14 strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis: 9 strains are of serotype II, 3 of serotype I, 1 of serotype III, and of serotype IV. This diversity contrasts with the prevalence of serotype I in infections of man and animals and the scarcity of type III and IV in these species. The abundance of our isolates is in favour of a large distribution of the germ in this substratum, which can be considered as a potential contamination source.", "PMID": 408041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4466", "title": "[Regulation of isoleucine and valine biosynthesis in Bacillus cereus T: possible role of threonine deaminase].", "content": "Threonine desaminase: a possible regulatory element suggested by the analysis of isoleucine, valine pathway regulation in Bacillus cereus T.", "contents": "[Regulation of isoleucine and valine biosynthesis in Bacillus cereus T: possible role of threonine deaminase]. Threonine desaminase: a possible regulatory element suggested by the analysis of isoleucine, valine pathway regulation in Bacillus cereus T.", "PMID": 408042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4467", "title": "[Effect of estrogens on infection of rabbits with cattle plague virus previously administered to rabbits].", "content": "The Rabbit bovipest virus selectively destroys the lymphoid B line in the Rabbit. Estrogens inhibit this destruction when they are administered before the infection which leads are to think that they act on membrane sites of the lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Effect of estrogens on infection of rabbits with cattle plague virus previously administered to rabbits]. The Rabbit bovipest virus selectively destroys the lymphoid B line in the Rabbit. Estrogens inhibit this destruction when they are administered before the infection which leads are to think that they act on membrane sites of the lymphocytes.", "PMID": 408043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4468", "title": "[Rotavirus and gastroenteritis in the newborn infant. Initial observations].", "content": "A simplified method for the diagnosis of Rotavirus by electron microscopy is presented. The incidence of these viruses is observed in new-born infants and the relationship with acute gastroenteritis is recalled.", "contents": "[Rotavirus and gastroenteritis in the newborn infant. Initial observations]. A simplified method for the diagnosis of Rotavirus by electron microscopy is presented. The incidence of these viruses is observed in new-born infants and the relationship with acute gastroenteritis is recalled.", "PMID": 408044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4469", "title": "[Experimental cholera in the monkey].", "content": "Experimental studies on cholera in Baboons (Papio, P. anubis) and Rhesus Monkeys, have led to unfavourable results. However we have obtained a typical cholera disease in cotton-top Marmoset Saguines oedipeus.", "contents": "[Experimental cholera in the monkey]. Experimental studies on cholera in Baboons (Papio, P. anubis) and Rhesus Monkeys, have led to unfavourable results. However we have obtained a typical cholera disease in cotton-top Marmoset Saguines oedipeus.", "PMID": 408045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4470", "title": "Circulatory reflexes from carotid and extracarotid baroreceptor areas in man.", "content": "The carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex was studied in 11 normotensive subjects, using a variable pressure neck chamber and correcting for imperfect pressure transmission to the carotid sinus. Decreased carotid baroreceptor stimulation caused a sustaineded rise in arterial pressure, and increased carotid baroreceptor stimulation caused a sustain fall. The responses were in linear relation to the stimulus, and, after reaching the steady state, greater for the reduced than for the increased baroreceptor stimulation. Thus the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex of the normotensive man is an effective antihypotensive and antihypertensive feedback system, though the former function may have more sensitivity. The increased and decreased baroreceptor stimulation by the neck chamber also caused bradycardia and tachycardia which were modest in magnitude and often transient. In eight subjects the reflex changes in heart rate induced by the neck chamber were compared with those induced by altering transmural pressure not merely at the carotid sinus but throughout the arterial tree (injection of phenylephrine and trinitroglycerin). The slopes of these relations were 3 times as great in the latter circumstance. Thus the carotid baroreceptors play a lesser role in heart rate control than do extracarotid baroreceptors.", "contents": "Circulatory reflexes from carotid and extracarotid baroreceptor areas in man. The carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex was studied in 11 normotensive subjects, using a variable pressure neck chamber and correcting for imperfect pressure transmission to the carotid sinus. Decreased carotid baroreceptor stimulation caused a sustaineded rise in arterial pressure, and increased carotid baroreceptor stimulation caused a sustain fall. The responses were in linear relation to the stimulus, and, after reaching the steady state, greater for the reduced than for the increased baroreceptor stimulation. Thus the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex of the normotensive man is an effective antihypotensive and antihypertensive feedback system, though the former function may have more sensitivity. The increased and decreased baroreceptor stimulation by the neck chamber also caused bradycardia and tachycardia which were modest in magnitude and often transient. In eight subjects the reflex changes in heart rate induced by the neck chamber were compared with those induced by altering transmural pressure not merely at the carotid sinus but throughout the arterial tree (injection of phenylephrine and trinitroglycerin). The slopes of these relations were 3 times as great in the latter circumstance. Thus the carotid baroreceptors play a lesser role in heart rate control than do extracarotid baroreceptors.", "PMID": 408046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4471", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of human homologous prolactin in serum with commercially available reagents.", "content": "A clincally useful and reproducible radioimmunoassay for human homologous prolactin, established with commercially available reagents, was studied and validated. We present detailed conditions for iodination and purification of labeled prolactin and the optimal conditions for the assay. By the method, we found values (microgram/liter) as follows for serum prolactin: normal men. 8.9 +/- 5.2 (mean +/- SD); normal women, 11.8 +/- 5.5; normal women taking contraceptive pills, 9.2 +/- 5.0; pregnant women in the third trimester, 188 +/- 69.5; patients with various diseases other than of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, 9.3 +/- 6.3; in some patients with amenorrhea and galactorrhea of diverse origin, 78.2 +/- 87.4; and in some patients with surgically proven pituitary tumor, 1414 +/- 1980. Results under provocative testing are also presented for a patient with normal hypothalamic-pituitary function.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of human homologous prolactin in serum with commercially available reagents. A clincally useful and reproducible radioimmunoassay for human homologous prolactin, established with commercially available reagents, was studied and validated. We present detailed conditions for iodination and purification of labeled prolactin and the optimal conditions for the assay. By the method, we found values (microgram/liter) as follows for serum prolactin: normal men. 8.9 +/- 5.2 (mean +/- SD); normal women, 11.8 +/- 5.5; normal women taking contraceptive pills, 9.2 +/- 5.0; pregnant women in the third trimester, 188 +/- 69.5; patients with various diseases other than of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, 9.3 +/- 6.3; in some patients with amenorrhea and galactorrhea of diverse origin, 78.2 +/- 87.4; and in some patients with surgically proven pituitary tumor, 1414 +/- 1980. Results under provocative testing are also presented for a patient with normal hypothalamic-pituitary function.", "PMID": 408047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4472", "title": "Determination of thyroxine-binding globulin in human serum by single radial immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Two immunochemical methods for determination of thyroxine-binding globulin in human serum were developed, in which the purified globulin and monospecific antiserum to it are used. One method, based on radial immunodiffusion, has good precision and values for analytical recovery. Reference values obtained for men were 9.8-17.8 mg/liter and for women 11.3-20.5 mg/liter. The sex-related difference was significant. The other method is based on radioimmunoassay, with use of an iodinated acylating agent for the labeling of thyroxine-binding globulin. The relative merits of the two methods are discussed.", "contents": "Determination of thyroxine-binding globulin in human serum by single radial immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay. Two immunochemical methods for determination of thyroxine-binding globulin in human serum were developed, in which the purified globulin and monospecific antiserum to it are used. One method, based on radial immunodiffusion, has good precision and values for analytical recovery. Reference values obtained for men were 9.8-17.8 mg/liter and for women 11.3-20.5 mg/liter. The sex-related difference was significant. The other method is based on radioimmunoassay, with use of an iodinated acylating agent for the labeling of thyroxine-binding globulin. The relative merits of the two methods are discussed.", "PMID": 408048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4473", "title": "[Immunochemical determination of human hemoglobin in biological fluids (author's transl)].", "content": "An assay of human hemoglobin by immunonephelometry-electroimmunodiffusion is proposed. Concentrations in the range from 5 to 180 mg% can be determined to within 2--5% accuracy. The immunonephelometric assay is independent of the presence of haptoglobin whereas the electroimmunodiffusion assay is not. This immunochemical assay, independent of the peroxydase activity of hemoglobin, can be carried out in any biological fluid (plasma, urine, gastric fluid).", "contents": "[Immunochemical determination of human hemoglobin in biological fluids (author's transl)]. An assay of human hemoglobin by immunonephelometry-electroimmunodiffusion is proposed. Concentrations in the range from 5 to 180 mg% can be determined to within 2--5% accuracy. The immunonephelometric assay is independent of the presence of haptoglobin whereas the electroimmunodiffusion assay is not. This immunochemical assay, independent of the peroxydase activity of hemoglobin, can be carried out in any biological fluid (plasma, urine, gastric fluid).", "PMID": 408050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4474", "title": "Immunoreactivities of alpha-amylase of humans and rats.", "content": "The immunoreactivities of amylase from human saliva and pancreatic juice and rat parotid and pancreas were investigated. Antisera were prepared in rabbits against each of the human and rat amylase. Human salivary and pancreatic amylases reacted similarly with the antibodies to both human salivary and pancreatic amylases. Rat parotid and pancreatic amylases reacted differently with the antibodies to both rat parotid and pancreatic amylases.", "contents": "Immunoreactivities of alpha-amylase of humans and rats. The immunoreactivities of amylase from human saliva and pancreatic juice and rat parotid and pancreas were investigated. Antisera were prepared in rabbits against each of the human and rat amylase. Human salivary and pancreatic amylases reacted similarly with the antibodies to both human salivary and pancreatic amylases. Rat parotid and pancreatic amylases reacted differently with the antibodies to both rat parotid and pancreatic amylases.", "PMID": 408051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4475", "title": "Membrane phospholipid composition and anaphylactical response of cardiac and smooth muscle fibers in the Rh (D) system.", "content": "The anaphylactical response of sensitized smooth and cardiac papillary muscle fibers as target organs was induced by the stimulation of the complement systems in the antigen-antibody reaction of albumin and anti-albumin. However in the Rh (D) system anaphylaxis was only elicited on smooth muscle segments with the corresponding antigen. This discrepancy between both immune systems cannot be explained only by the fact the Rh (D) anti-D reaction does not stimulate the complement activity. Since this antigen-antibody reaction requires a protein phospholipid interaction, the failure of anaphylactical response on cardiac muscle fibers may be due to its phospholipid environment which differed considerably from that of the smooth muscle fibers. Besides the differences in composition and amount of the phospholipids the fatty acid distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, cardiolipin derived from cardiac or smooth muscle membranes varied clearly. This may influence the protein phospholipid interaction which is essential for the antigen-antibody reaction of the Rh (D) system.", "contents": "Membrane phospholipid composition and anaphylactical response of cardiac and smooth muscle fibers in the Rh (D) system. The anaphylactical response of sensitized smooth and cardiac papillary muscle fibers as target organs was induced by the stimulation of the complement systems in the antigen-antibody reaction of albumin and anti-albumin. However in the Rh (D) system anaphylaxis was only elicited on smooth muscle segments with the corresponding antigen. This discrepancy between both immune systems cannot be explained only by the fact the Rh (D) anti-D reaction does not stimulate the complement activity. Since this antigen-antibody reaction requires a protein phospholipid interaction, the failure of anaphylactical response on cardiac muscle fibers may be due to its phospholipid environment which differed considerably from that of the smooth muscle fibers. Besides the differences in composition and amount of the phospholipids the fatty acid distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, cardiolipin derived from cardiac or smooth muscle membranes varied clearly. This may influence the protein phospholipid interaction which is essential for the antigen-antibody reaction of the Rh (D) system.", "PMID": 408054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4476", "title": "A method for the determination of amniotic-fluid glycosaminoglycans and its application to the prenatal diagnosis of Hurler and Sanfilippo diseases.", "content": "A new and simple micromethod for the determination of individual glycosaminoglycan components in small volumes of amniotic fluid is described. Two-dimensional electrophoresis demonstrated an abnormal content of dermatan and heparan sulphates in amniotic fluid from pregnancies affected by Hurler disease (two at 14 weeks' and one at 16 weeks' gestation), and of heparan sulphate in amniotic fluid from pregnancies affected by Sanfilippo disease (16 and 25 weeks' gestation). Excellent discrimination between normal and affected pregnancies was provided by an estimation of the dermatan sulphate:chondroitin sulphate ratio (Hurler disease) and the heparan sulphate: chondroitin sulphate ratio (Sanfilippo disease); the use of external glycosaminoglycan standards was then unnecessary.", "contents": "A method for the determination of amniotic-fluid glycosaminoglycans and its application to the prenatal diagnosis of Hurler and Sanfilippo diseases. A new and simple micromethod for the determination of individual glycosaminoglycan components in small volumes of amniotic fluid is described. Two-dimensional electrophoresis demonstrated an abnormal content of dermatan and heparan sulphates in amniotic fluid from pregnancies affected by Hurler disease (two at 14 weeks' and one at 16 weeks' gestation), and of heparan sulphate in amniotic fluid from pregnancies affected by Sanfilippo disease (16 and 25 weeks' gestation). Excellent discrimination between normal and affected pregnancies was provided by an estimation of the dermatan sulphate:chondroitin sulphate ratio (Hurler disease) and the heparan sulphate: chondroitin sulphate ratio (Sanfilippo disease); the use of external glycosaminoglycan standards was then unnecessary.", "PMID": 408055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4477", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B in erythrocytes of anemic and non-anemic uremic subjects.", "content": "A specific and quantitative immunological method for determination of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B has been used to determine the contents of this enzyme in the erythrocytes from healthy persons and anemic and non-anemic subjects with renal insufficiency. The investigations have shown significant increase of carbonic anhydrase type B in the erythrocytes of patients with renal failure. The erythrocytes of anemic uremic patients have a significantly higher content of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B than the erythrocytes of non-anemic uremic subjects. Significant correlations were found between human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase type B and hemoglobin and between it and plasma bicarbonate. No correlation was found between human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase and plasma creatinine or creatinine clearance and serum zinc.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B in erythrocytes of anemic and non-anemic uremic subjects. A specific and quantitative immunological method for determination of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B has been used to determine the contents of this enzyme in the erythrocytes from healthy persons and anemic and non-anemic subjects with renal insufficiency. The investigations have shown significant increase of carbonic anhydrase type B in the erythrocytes of patients with renal failure. The erythrocytes of anemic uremic patients have a significantly higher content of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme B than the erythrocytes of non-anemic uremic subjects. Significant correlations were found between human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase type B and hemoglobin and between it and plasma bicarbonate. No correlation was found between human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase and plasma creatinine or creatinine clearance and serum zinc.", "PMID": 408056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4478", "title": "Abnormal platelet glycogen metabolism in multiple myeloma patients.", "content": "This study presents evidence on the occurrence of an inverse relationship between activation of glycogen synthetase and inactivation of phosphorylase in a platelet preparation in vitro. The activities of glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase and the pattern of changes in these activities in platelets from controls and multiple myeloma patients were compared. Platelets obtained from multiple myeloma patients were shown to have an increased glycogen content, accompanied by an elevated level of glycogen synthetase a and a decreased activity of phosphorylase a. The pattern of changes in these enzyme activities during incubation was also different in platelets of controls and multiple myeloma patients. Extracts from patients' platelets prevented glycogen synthetase activation and phosphorylase inactivation of control platelets. Preincubation of platelets from multiple myeloma patients in control plasma resulted in an increased rate of glycogen synthetase activation, and abolished activation of phosphorylase which was found after preincubation in autologous plasma.", "contents": "Abnormal platelet glycogen metabolism in multiple myeloma patients. This study presents evidence on the occurrence of an inverse relationship between activation of glycogen synthetase and inactivation of phosphorylase in a platelet preparation in vitro. The activities of glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase and the pattern of changes in these activities in platelets from controls and multiple myeloma patients were compared. Platelets obtained from multiple myeloma patients were shown to have an increased glycogen content, accompanied by an elevated level of glycogen synthetase a and a decreased activity of phosphorylase a. The pattern of changes in these enzyme activities during incubation was also different in platelets of controls and multiple myeloma patients. Extracts from patients' platelets prevented glycogen synthetase activation and phosphorylase inactivation of control platelets. Preincubation of platelets from multiple myeloma patients in control plasma resulted in an increased rate of glycogen synthetase activation, and abolished activation of phosphorylase which was found after preincubation in autologous plasma.", "PMID": 408057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4479", "title": "Immunological characteristics of a peroxidase protein in human neonatal cord serum.", "content": "Adult serum haptoglobin-hemoglobin complexes exhibit acid-stable peroxidase activity. The haptoglobin level in human neonatal cord sera, however, is reported to be very low. We have isolated a protein from the cord sera of neonates, which has acid-stable peroxidase activity analagous to adult serum haptoglobins-haemoglobin complexes, but does not show any immunological identity to adult serum haptoglobins. It differs from the latter in its molecular size and electrophoretic mobility in agarose and polyacrylamide gels. It is unique to cord sera and it bears immunological identity to human IgG.", "contents": "Immunological characteristics of a peroxidase protein in human neonatal cord serum. Adult serum haptoglobin-hemoglobin complexes exhibit acid-stable peroxidase activity. The haptoglobin level in human neonatal cord sera, however, is reported to be very low. We have isolated a protein from the cord sera of neonates, which has acid-stable peroxidase activity analagous to adult serum haptoglobins-haemoglobin complexes, but does not show any immunological identity to adult serum haptoglobins. It differs from the latter in its molecular size and electrophoretic mobility in agarose and polyacrylamide gels. It is unique to cord sera and it bears immunological identity to human IgG.", "PMID": 408058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4480", "title": "Ribonuclease activity in plasma and leucocytes of malnourished children.", "content": "RNAase activity was measured in plasma and leucocytes of manourished children. In subjects suffering from kwashiorkor, alk. RNAase levels in plasma and leucocytes were markedly raised and they returned to normal after therapy. However, the enzyme activity was not altered in undernourished children. These data indicate that circulating level of alkaline. RNAase is not a useful parameter for detecting milder grades of protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM).", "contents": "Ribonuclease activity in plasma and leucocytes of malnourished children. RNAase activity was measured in plasma and leucocytes of manourished children. In subjects suffering from kwashiorkor, alk. RNAase levels in plasma and leucocytes were markedly raised and they returned to normal after therapy. However, the enzyme activity was not altered in undernourished children. These data indicate that circulating level of alkaline. RNAase is not a useful parameter for detecting milder grades of protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM).", "PMID": 408059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4481", "title": "Haemopexin, caeruloplasmin and C3: effect of diphenylhydantion.", "content": "Serum haemopexin and C3 concentrations fell and serum caeruloplasmin rose in 14 epileptic children studied prospectively during treatment with diphenylhydantoin. There was a positive correlation between the changes in haemopexin concentration and those of C3.", "contents": "Haemopexin, caeruloplasmin and C3: effect of diphenylhydantion. Serum haemopexin and C3 concentrations fell and serum caeruloplasmin rose in 14 epileptic children studied prospectively during treatment with diphenylhydantoin. There was a positive correlation between the changes in haemopexin concentration and those of C3.", "PMID": 408060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4482", "title": "The pituitary-thyroid axis following surgery for thyrotoxicosis: thyrotrophin-releasing hormone tests in diffuse thyroid hyperplasia and toxic uninodular goitre.", "content": "The pituitary-thyroid axis was assessed 1 month after surgery by thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) testing in thirty thyrotoxic patients treated by subtotal thyroidectomy and eleven patients with toxic uninodular goitre. All toxic nodule patients gave essentially normal TRH responses and have remained clinically and biochemically euthyroid at follow-up. Only seven of the thirty subtotal thyroidectomy patients had normal TRH tests when assessed 1 month post thyroidectomy -sixteen patients showed increased response, six gave flat responses, and one showed an anomalous minimal response. Follow-up TRH tests 12 months postthyroidectomy have shown a tendency for TRH responsiveness to return towards normal, but two patients with flat TRH tests have required radioiodine for relapse and four TRH hyperresponders are currently receiving thyroxine replacement therapy.", "contents": "The pituitary-thyroid axis following surgery for thyrotoxicosis: thyrotrophin-releasing hormone tests in diffuse thyroid hyperplasia and toxic uninodular goitre. The pituitary-thyroid axis was assessed 1 month after surgery by thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) testing in thirty thyrotoxic patients treated by subtotal thyroidectomy and eleven patients with toxic uninodular goitre. All toxic nodule patients gave essentially normal TRH responses and have remained clinically and biochemically euthyroid at follow-up. Only seven of the thirty subtotal thyroidectomy patients had normal TRH tests when assessed 1 month post thyroidectomy -sixteen patients showed increased response, six gave flat responses, and one showed an anomalous minimal response. Follow-up TRH tests 12 months postthyroidectomy have shown a tendency for TRH responsiveness to return towards normal, but two patients with flat TRH tests have required radioiodine for relapse and four TRH hyperresponders are currently receiving thyroxine replacement therapy.", "PMID": 408061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4483", "title": "Prolactin.", "content": "Prolactin exists in man as a distinct and separate anterior pituitary hormone from growth hormone. It is important in lactation and the control of gonadal function, although it may have a much wider and basic metabolic role, similar to its role in lower forms. In clinical endocrinology it is important as an index of pituitary and hypothalamic diseases; thus prolactin levels are elevated in association with these conditions and this reflects the normal tonic inhibitory hypothalamic control of prolactin by PIF; DA is the most important PIF. Hyperprolactinaemia causes hypogonadism in both men and women; it may present in women with amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, polymenorrhoea, regular cycles with anovulation or a defective luteal phase, and impotence in men. In either sex galactorrhoea is reported to occur in only 30 per cent of patients. Neurotransmitter therapy, with dopamine agonists which act as functional analogues of PIF, restores prolactin levels to normal and leads to a return of normal gonadal function. The mechanism of the hypogonadism is not clear and is discussed together with the problems associated with inducing pregnancy in these patients, who may harbour microadenomata of the pituitary.", "contents": "Prolactin. Prolactin exists in man as a distinct and separate anterior pituitary hormone from growth hormone. It is important in lactation and the control of gonadal function, although it may have a much wider and basic metabolic role, similar to its role in lower forms. In clinical endocrinology it is important as an index of pituitary and hypothalamic diseases; thus prolactin levels are elevated in association with these conditions and this reflects the normal tonic inhibitory hypothalamic control of prolactin by PIF; DA is the most important PIF. Hyperprolactinaemia causes hypogonadism in both men and women; it may present in women with amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, polymenorrhoea, regular cycles with anovulation or a defective luteal phase, and impotence in men. In either sex galactorrhoea is reported to occur in only 30 per cent of patients. Neurotransmitter therapy, with dopamine agonists which act as functional analogues of PIF, restores prolactin levels to normal and leads to a return of normal gonadal function. The mechanism of the hypogonadism is not clear and is discussed together with the problems associated with inducing pregnancy in these patients, who may harbour microadenomata of the pituitary.", "PMID": 408065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4484", "title": "Thyrotrophin releasing hormone--TSH.", "content": "The major determinant of serum TSH and its response to TRH is the interaction of TRH and the thyroid hormones (principally T3) at the level of the thyrotroph. Small changes in thyroid hormone levels within the normal range can produce marked alteration in thyrotroph sensitivity to TRH. Elevated serum TSH is of great diagnostic value in suspected primary hypothyroidism. The demonstration of a normal TSH response to TRH is valuable in excluding the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, whereas a suppressed response is of lesser value in diagnosis, although characteristic of the hyperthyroid state. TSH responses to TRH are of limited value in the differentiation of hypothalamic from pituitary lesions, and cannot always be correlated with clinical or biochemical thyroid status.", "contents": "Thyrotrophin releasing hormone--TSH. The major determinant of serum TSH and its response to TRH is the interaction of TRH and the thyroid hormones (principally T3) at the level of the thyrotroph. Small changes in thyroid hormone levels within the normal range can produce marked alteration in thyrotroph sensitivity to TRH. Elevated serum TSH is of great diagnostic value in suspected primary hypothyroidism. The demonstration of a normal TSH response to TRH is valuable in excluding the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, whereas a suppressed response is of lesser value in diagnosis, although characteristic of the hyperthyroid state. TSH responses to TRH are of limited value in the differentiation of hypothalamic from pituitary lesions, and cannot always be correlated with clinical or biochemical thyroid status.", "PMID": 408066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4485", "title": "Quantitative measurement of properdin in normal human serum by electroimmunoassay and single radial immunodiffusion.", "content": "Properdin in normal serum was measured by electroimmunoassay (EIA) and single radial immunodiffusion (SRID). Fresh sera gave much lower properdin values in SRID in gels containing Mg2+ ions. Storage of sera at 4 degrees C resulted in a gradual increase of the properdin values measured by SRID but not of those of the EIA. With 10 mM of EDTA in the gels no difference between the properdin values obtained by the different methods was found. Evidence is presented that immunodiffusion values of properdin might be affected by precipitation of a C3-properdin complex in gels containing Mg2+ ions after the activation of the properdin system by agarose.", "contents": "Quantitative measurement of properdin in normal human serum by electroimmunoassay and single radial immunodiffusion. Properdin in normal serum was measured by electroimmunoassay (EIA) and single radial immunodiffusion (SRID). Fresh sera gave much lower properdin values in SRID in gels containing Mg2+ ions. Storage of sera at 4 degrees C resulted in a gradual increase of the properdin values measured by SRID but not of those of the EIA. With 10 mM of EDTA in the gels no difference between the properdin values obtained by the different methods was found. Evidence is presented that immunodiffusion values of properdin might be affected by precipitation of a C3-properdin complex in gels containing Mg2+ ions after the activation of the properdin system by agarose.", "PMID": 408067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4486", "title": "Positive inotropic action of glyceryl trinitrate as observed in the blood-perfused papillary muscle preparation of the dog heart.", "content": "1. The effects of glyceryl trinitrate on the coronary vasculature and on the contractility of the ventricular myocardium were investigated by the use of papillary muscle preparations of the dog, and that on the sino-atrial node activity by the use of sino-atrial node preparations of the dog. The papillary muscle preparation was cross-circulated through the anterior septal artery and the sino-atrial node preparation through the sinus node artery from a donor dog. The papillary muscles were driven at a rate of 120 beats/min. Drugs were injected close-arterially. 2. Glyceryl trinitrate, in doses of 0-03-100 microgram, produced dose-related increases in blood flow and developed tension. An increase in developed tension caused by 100 microgram of glyceryl trinitrate amounted to about 24% of the basal developed tension. Large doses of glyceryl trinitrate (100-300 microgram) produced a negative inotropic effect after a positive one in some preparations. 3. The positive inotropic effect of glyceryl trinitrate was not modified by propranolol, excluding a possible participation of an adrenergic mechanism. 4. Glyceryl trinitrate in large doses failed to modify the positive inotropic effect of calcium chloride. 5. Glyceryl trinitrate in a wide range of doses (0-03-100 microgram) had virtually no effect on sino-atrial node activity.", "contents": "Positive inotropic action of glyceryl trinitrate as observed in the blood-perfused papillary muscle preparation of the dog heart. 1. The effects of glyceryl trinitrate on the coronary vasculature and on the contractility of the ventricular myocardium were investigated by the use of papillary muscle preparations of the dog, and that on the sino-atrial node activity by the use of sino-atrial node preparations of the dog. The papillary muscle preparation was cross-circulated through the anterior septal artery and the sino-atrial node preparation through the sinus node artery from a donor dog. The papillary muscles were driven at a rate of 120 beats/min. Drugs were injected close-arterially. 2. Glyceryl trinitrate, in doses of 0-03-100 microgram, produced dose-related increases in blood flow and developed tension. An increase in developed tension caused by 100 microgram of glyceryl trinitrate amounted to about 24% of the basal developed tension. Large doses of glyceryl trinitrate (100-300 microgram) produced a negative inotropic effect after a positive one in some preparations. 3. The positive inotropic effect of glyceryl trinitrate was not modified by propranolol, excluding a possible participation of an adrenergic mechanism. 4. Glyceryl trinitrate in large doses failed to modify the positive inotropic effect of calcium chloride. 5. Glyceryl trinitrate in a wide range of doses (0-03-100 microgram) had virtually no effect on sino-atrial node activity.", "PMID": 408068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4487", "title": "Inheritance of antibody specificity. IV. Control of related molecular species by one VH gene.", "content": "Products of two unrelated VH genes or gene clusters of the mouse, VHABA-HOPb and VHNPb, were studied by submitting antisera of immunized mice (either ABA-HOP-immunized or NP-immunized) to an IEF analysis and fine-specificity tests (affinities for a series of structural analogs). Products of both genes had an exotic (heteroclitic) fine-specificity. The products of both genes included several molecular species detectable by IEF (spectrotypes). Some of them were shared by many immunized mice (shared spectrotypes), but others occurred only in one mouse of several tested. Fine-specificity of two shared spectrotypes of the VHNPb gene, N-1 and N-4, were determined. Both were heteroclitic but they differed in nuances of the fine-specificity. Occurrence of different spectrotypes in the course of an NP immunization had a regular pattern. In the primary response, we could detect at least four shared spectrotypes (N-1, N-2, N-3, and N-4). They were predominant in the early response (days 8-14) but less so on day 30. In the secondary response, shared spectrotypes were in the minority, and, in the tertiary response, they had been fully replaced by individual spectrotypes which had a higher affinity for NP than the shared spectrotypes.", "contents": "Inheritance of antibody specificity. IV. Control of related molecular species by one VH gene. Products of two unrelated VH genes or gene clusters of the mouse, VHABA-HOPb and VHNPb, were studied by submitting antisera of immunized mice (either ABA-HOP-immunized or NP-immunized) to an IEF analysis and fine-specificity tests (affinities for a series of structural analogs). Products of both genes had an exotic (heteroclitic) fine-specificity. The products of both genes included several molecular species detectable by IEF (spectrotypes). Some of them were shared by many immunized mice (shared spectrotypes), but others occurred only in one mouse of several tested. Fine-specificity of two shared spectrotypes of the VHNPb gene, N-1 and N-4, were determined. Both were heteroclitic but they differed in nuances of the fine-specificity. Occurrence of different spectrotypes in the course of an NP immunization had a regular pattern. In the primary response, we could detect at least four shared spectrotypes (N-1, N-2, N-3, and N-4). They were predominant in the early response (days 8-14) but less so on day 30. In the secondary response, shared spectrotypes were in the minority, and, in the tertiary response, they had been fully replaced by individual spectrotypes which had a higher affinity for NP than the shared spectrotypes.", "PMID": 408075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4488", "title": "Regulation of clonal B-lymphocyte proliferation by anti-immunoglobulin or anti-Ia antibodies.", "content": "Regulatory effects of antibodies to cell-surface antigens have been examined in an in vitro clonal assay for B lymphocytes. In this system, cell contact is prevented by a semisolid gel matrix, and many of the factors affecting cell proliferation have been described. Inclusion of antibodies to mu, kappa, or Ia in these cultures reduced the size and number of proliferating foci. As little as 1 microgram/ml of anti-mu antibody prevented formation of colony-size aggregates. Pretreatment with these antibodies before culture followed by wash had no effect. Divalent F(ab')2 anti-IgM antibodies were as effective as intact antibodies, but monovalent Fab fragments were not inhibitory. Anti-gamma1 antibodies, anti-alpha antibodies, or cell-bound antigen-antibody complexes had no effect on clonal proliferation. These findings suggest that a negative signal can be delivered to B cells during a critical period of their activation via certain surface receptors. Modifications in culture conditions result in the selective propagation of different B-cell subpopulations.", "contents": "Regulation of clonal B-lymphocyte proliferation by anti-immunoglobulin or anti-Ia antibodies. Regulatory effects of antibodies to cell-surface antigens have been examined in an in vitro clonal assay for B lymphocytes. In this system, cell contact is prevented by a semisolid gel matrix, and many of the factors affecting cell proliferation have been described. Inclusion of antibodies to mu, kappa, or Ia in these cultures reduced the size and number of proliferating foci. As little as 1 microgram/ml of anti-mu antibody prevented formation of colony-size aggregates. Pretreatment with these antibodies before culture followed by wash had no effect. Divalent F(ab')2 anti-IgM antibodies were as effective as intact antibodies, but monovalent Fab fragments were not inhibitory. Anti-gamma1 antibodies, anti-alpha antibodies, or cell-bound antigen-antibody complexes had no effect on clonal proliferation. These findings suggest that a negative signal can be delivered to B cells during a critical period of their activation via certain surface receptors. Modifications in culture conditions result in the selective propagation of different B-cell subpopulations.", "PMID": 408089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4489", "title": "On the structure of the T-cell receptor for antigen.", "content": "Antigen-binding receptors of T lymphocytes were analyzed in two different ways. First, the idiotypic properties of T helper cells are studied using anti-idiotypic antisera prepared against isolated antibodies specific for A-CHO. These anti-idiotypic antisera are defined by immunogenetic and immunochemical means with respect to their reactivity with heavy- or light-chain-associated idiotypic determinants. Second, antigen-binding receptors are isolated from enriched T-and B-lymphocyte preparations and compared with respect to their reactivity with antigen and with class- or allotype-specific anti-Ig antisera. The results provide an incomplete picture of the T-cell receptor which shares with antibodies the variable region of the heavy chain but probably no other variable or constant portion.", "contents": "On the structure of the T-cell receptor for antigen. Antigen-binding receptors of T lymphocytes were analyzed in two different ways. First, the idiotypic properties of T helper cells are studied using anti-idiotypic antisera prepared against isolated antibodies specific for A-CHO. These anti-idiotypic antisera are defined by immunogenetic and immunochemical means with respect to their reactivity with heavy- or light-chain-associated idiotypic determinants. Second, antigen-binding receptors are isolated from enriched T-and B-lymphocyte preparations and compared with respect to their reactivity with antigen and with class- or allotype-specific anti-Ig antisera. The results provide an incomplete picture of the T-cell receptor which shares with antibodies the variable region of the heavy chain but probably no other variable or constant portion.", "PMID": 408092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4490", "title": "An unusual kappa immunoglobulin antigen present on the membrane of T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "Several K immunoglobulin antisera out of a large number studied showed the unique property of reacting with a membrane structure present on all T and B lymphocytes examined. This antigen was detected on lymphocytes by indirect fluorescence, direct fluorescence, and by cytotoxic analysis. Absorption of the antiserum by all K myeloma proteins, K Bence-Jones proteins, and kappa light chains removed the activity; L proteins had no effect. The possibility that the cross-reacting membrane antigen is part of the HL-A system was discussed.", "contents": "An unusual kappa immunoglobulin antigen present on the membrane of T and B lymphocytes. Several K immunoglobulin antisera out of a large number studied showed the unique property of reacting with a membrane structure present on all T and B lymphocytes examined. This antigen was detected on lymphocytes by indirect fluorescence, direct fluorescence, and by cytotoxic analysis. Absorption of the antiserum by all K myeloma proteins, K Bence-Jones proteins, and kappa light chains removed the activity; L proteins had no effect. The possibility that the cross-reacting membrane antigen is part of the HL-A system was discussed.", "PMID": 408095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4491", "title": "The principles and problems of evaluation.", "content": "A multilevel, multifocus approach to evaluation is proposed, using a complex community mental health center as a model. Goal attainment can be evaluated simultaneously from multiple perspectives at several points on the health care continuum, allowing for identification of relationships among diverse goals and for the involvement of varied people who have legitimate contributions to make toward the establishment of these goals. Allowing more people to participate in planning the programs they will ultimately implement, reduces certain barriers to initiating evaluation. The place of evaluation in the program and special skills of evaluators are also considered.", "contents": "The principles and problems of evaluation. A multilevel, multifocus approach to evaluation is proposed, using a complex community mental health center as a model. Goal attainment can be evaluated simultaneously from multiple perspectives at several points on the health care continuum, allowing for identification of relationships among diverse goals and for the involvement of varied people who have legitimate contributions to make toward the establishment of these goals. Allowing more people to participate in planning the programs they will ultimately implement, reduces certain barriers to initiating evaluation. The place of evaluation in the program and special skills of evaluators are also considered.", "PMID": 408096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4492", "title": "Studies of the squirel monkey, Saimiri sciureus, genome. II. C-band characterization and DNA replication patterns.", "content": "Cytological analysis of a squirrel monkey indicates a considerable degree of chromosomal polymorphism. DNA synthetic patterns reveal late synthesis in chromosomal segments that are C-band negative and asynchrony in DNA replication between homologs. Location of a satellite DNA with a CsCl neutral buoyant density of 4.691 g/ml was mainly in the noncentromeric constitutive heterochromatin.", "contents": "Studies of the squirel monkey, Saimiri sciureus, genome. II. C-band characterization and DNA replication patterns. Cytological analysis of a squirrel monkey indicates a considerable degree of chromosomal polymorphism. DNA synthetic patterns reveal late synthesis in chromosomal segments that are C-band negative and asynchrony in DNA replication between homologs. Location of a satellite DNA with a CsCl neutral buoyant density of 4.691 g/ml was mainly in the noncentromeric constitutive heterochromatin.", "PMID": 408102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4493", "title": "The spectrum of tuberculous peritonitis.", "content": "From 1966 to 1973, a total of 30 cases of tuberculous peritonitis were seen in Seattle-King County. Abdominal pain, swelling, and constitutional symptoms were the most frequent initial complaints. Radiographic abnormalities consistent with tuberculosis were present in 25 cases, and pulmonary disease was proven in ten. An initial tuberculin test with intermediate-strength purified protein derivative of tuberculin was negative in 19 of 27 patients. Six of 13 initial nonreactors still had negative reactions on repeat testing, and four appeared to be anergic when retested one to four months later. Ascites was present in 67% (20) of the 30 patients, and laparotomy was used most frequently to establish the diagnosis. Diagnosis was particularly difficult in 13 alcoholics, in whom the disease was usually unsuspected, the findings in the ascitic fluid were uncharacteristic, and negative tuberculin reactions were frequent. Peritoneal tuberculosis was a contributory cause of death in five cases. Three of these patients, who were also alcoholics, went undiagnosed and untreated. Two patients died of unrelated causes. Twenty-three have done well, and 19 have completed chemotherapy.", "contents": "The spectrum of tuberculous peritonitis. From 1966 to 1973, a total of 30 cases of tuberculous peritonitis were seen in Seattle-King County. Abdominal pain, swelling, and constitutional symptoms were the most frequent initial complaints. Radiographic abnormalities consistent with tuberculosis were present in 25 cases, and pulmonary disease was proven in ten. An initial tuberculin test with intermediate-strength purified protein derivative of tuberculin was negative in 19 of 27 patients. Six of 13 initial nonreactors still had negative reactions on repeat testing, and four appeared to be anergic when retested one to four months later. Ascites was present in 67% (20) of the 30 patients, and laparotomy was used most frequently to establish the diagnosis. Diagnosis was particularly difficult in 13 alcoholics, in whom the disease was usually unsuspected, the findings in the ascitic fluid were uncharacteristic, and negative tuberculin reactions were frequent. Peritoneal tuberculosis was a contributory cause of death in five cases. Three of these patients, who were also alcoholics, went undiagnosed and untreated. Two patients died of unrelated causes. Twenty-three have done well, and 19 have completed chemotherapy.", "PMID": 408103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4494", "title": "[Oral iron treatment: intestinal absorption and the influence of a meal (author's transl)].", "content": "Intestinal iron absorption after a single dose of a special galenic preparation (50 and 100 mg iron as ferrous glycocoll sulphate in micropellets) was investigated in 105 persons with normal iron stores (42), latent (40) or manifest iron deficiency (23). Absorption rate rate on fasting as well as after breakfast was measured in 21 persons. Intestinal absorption increased in persons with iron deficiency, but maximal absorption after a single dose of 100 mg did not exceed 25%. This absorption rate was already reached in persons with latent iron deficiency. There was no significant reduction of absorption when the preparation was given at the end of breakfast.", "contents": "[Oral iron treatment: intestinal absorption and the influence of a meal (author's transl)]. Intestinal iron absorption after a single dose of a special galenic preparation (50 and 100 mg iron as ferrous glycocoll sulphate in micropellets) was investigated in 105 persons with normal iron stores (42), latent (40) or manifest iron deficiency (23). Absorption rate rate on fasting as well as after breakfast was measured in 21 persons. Intestinal absorption increased in persons with iron deficiency, but maximal absorption after a single dose of 100 mg did not exceed 25%. This absorption rate was already reached in persons with latent iron deficiency. There was no significant reduction of absorption when the preparation was given at the end of breakfast.", "PMID": 408116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4495", "title": "[Automatic analysis of long-term EEG in epilepsy. First experiences with a new part-automatic analytic system (author's transl)].", "content": "A new equipment for automatic analysis of prolonged EEG derivations is demonstrated. Spikes, waves and SW-combinations are detected and counted separate; counted EEG signals are written with paper speed of 25 mm per sec. Results of a 3-channel-derivation with 1-channel-analysis are shown in a time compressed graphic demonstration. The method gives better information about pathological EEG-signals of one hour or more in epileptic patients, drug effects can be demonstrated easily, and detection of pathological EEG signals is simplified.", "contents": "[Automatic analysis of long-term EEG in epilepsy. First experiences with a new part-automatic analytic system (author's transl)]. A new equipment for automatic analysis of prolonged EEG derivations is demonstrated. Spikes, waves and SW-combinations are detected and counted separate; counted EEG signals are written with paper speed of 25 mm per sec. Results of a 3-channel-derivation with 1-channel-analysis are shown in a time compressed graphic demonstration. The method gives better information about pathological EEG-signals of one hour or more in epileptic patients, drug effects can be demonstrated easily, and detection of pathological EEG signals is simplified.", "PMID": 408119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4496", "title": "[The diagnostic value of the EEG in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "245 records of 178 multiple sclerotic patients were assessed from 110 EEG-parameters and 18 clinical points of view. According to the special code the data were stored on cards and later statistically evaluated. The following conclusions were made: 1. 64% of all records were abnormal. 2. The frequency of bilateral and generalized abnormalities was significantly higher with brain stem localization of clinical signs. 3. In the progressiv phase of the disease there was a significantly greater occurrance of bilateral slow EEG abnormalities and bilateral potentially epileptic signs (sharp waves, bilateral paroxysms). 4. Focal EEG abnormality is seldom found in multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of the EEG in multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. 245 records of 178 multiple sclerotic patients were assessed from 110 EEG-parameters and 18 clinical points of view. According to the special code the data were stored on cards and later statistically evaluated. The following conclusions were made: 1. 64% of all records were abnormal. 2. The frequency of bilateral and generalized abnormalities was significantly higher with brain stem localization of clinical signs. 3. In the progressiv phase of the disease there was a significantly greater occurrance of bilateral slow EEG abnormalities and bilateral potentially epileptic signs (sharp waves, bilateral paroxysms). 4. Focal EEG abnormality is seldom found in multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 408120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4497", "title": "[Elektro-clinical results in cases with carotis-sinus-cavernosus-fistula (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight cases of carotid cavernous fistulas are reported. Electroencephalograms were done before, during and after operative attack und during digital carotid compression. Preoperative, there was a mild general slowing, ipsilaterally marked in the parieto-temporal region. During digital carotid compression slowing may be found on the opposite side because of a steal syndrome. The degree of these physical changes and of those during hyperventilation depends on the individual cerebral blood flow and the corresponding situation of cerebral blood flow and the corresponding situation of cerebral metabolism. These changes are especially marked under anaesthetics. That is why derivations under anaesthetics seem to be most important for indicating the operation and to be correlated to the functional disturbances by the fistula. delta-activity is no contra-indication, when faster activity is superposed. Seizure potentials, only, seem to be a contra-indication. Pathogenetic mechanisms of electroencephalographic changes are being discussed. From that can be concluded that early operative treatment is necessary. Especially if the patient is young, there may be no need for compression training. Simultaneously, there is a possibility for curing neuro-ophthalmic disturbances.", "contents": "[Elektro-clinical results in cases with carotis-sinus-cavernosus-fistula (author's transl)]. Eight cases of carotid cavernous fistulas are reported. Electroencephalograms were done before, during and after operative attack und during digital carotid compression. Preoperative, there was a mild general slowing, ipsilaterally marked in the parieto-temporal region. During digital carotid compression slowing may be found on the opposite side because of a steal syndrome. The degree of these physical changes and of those during hyperventilation depends on the individual cerebral blood flow and the corresponding situation of cerebral blood flow and the corresponding situation of cerebral metabolism. These changes are especially marked under anaesthetics. That is why derivations under anaesthetics seem to be most important for indicating the operation and to be correlated to the functional disturbances by the fistula. delta-activity is no contra-indication, when faster activity is superposed. Seizure potentials, only, seem to be a contra-indication. Pathogenetic mechanisms of electroencephalographic changes are being discussed. From that can be concluded that early operative treatment is necessary. Especially if the patient is young, there may be no need for compression training. Simultaneously, there is a possibility for curing neuro-ophthalmic disturbances.", "PMID": 408121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4498", "title": "[The EEG in hypercalcemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The EEG of 20 patients with hypercalcemia of different aetiology were investigated. (Hyperparthyreodism n = 14; Carcinomas with metastases n = 5; plasmocytom n = 1). General abnormalities were observed in most cases in different severity with a decrease of frequencies (n = 13) and an abnormal periodicity (n = 9). Beside one case there was a positive correlation between serum-calcium-level and EEG-abnormalities. Abnormal EEG-findings were observed mostly above serum calcium levels of 6,5 mval/1 = 13 mg%. There was a marked normalisation of EEG with decreasing serum-cacium-level. Different factors dealing with these abnormal EEG findings in hypercalcaemia were discussed.", "contents": "[The EEG in hypercalcemia (author's transl)]. The EEG of 20 patients with hypercalcemia of different aetiology were investigated. (Hyperparthyreodism n = 14; Carcinomas with metastases n = 5; plasmocytom n = 1). General abnormalities were observed in most cases in different severity with a decrease of frequencies (n = 13) and an abnormal periodicity (n = 9). Beside one case there was a positive correlation between serum-calcium-level and EEG-abnormalities. Abnormal EEG-findings were observed mostly above serum calcium levels of 6,5 mval/1 = 13 mg%. There was a marked normalisation of EEG with decreasing serum-cacium-level. Different factors dealing with these abnormal EEG findings in hypercalcaemia were discussed.", "PMID": 408122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4499", "title": "[Electrophysiogical and neuropharmacological studies in a patient with progressive myoclonus-epilepsy (author's transl)].", "content": "A progressive form of myoclonus-epilepsy was described in an 21 year old girl. Electrophysiological and neuropharmacological studies were carried out. The typical EEG-pattern, the close association of cortical discharges and myoclonic jerks, the form of myoclonus indicated a \"pyramidal\" myoclonus. Pharmacological data suggested that two possible mechanisms--a partial deafferentation of cortical neurones and a failure of thalamic, extrapyramidal and brain stem reticular formations--might be responsible for the EEG-abnormalities and concomitant myoclonus. Results from neuropharmacological studies demonstrated a suppressive effect (on EEG-discharges and myoclonic jerks) of clonazepam, diazepam, phenobarbital, taurine, levodopa and budipin. Taurine, levodopa and budipin might induce a new aspect in therapy of progressive myoclonus epilepsy and of myoclonus caused by other etiologic factors.", "contents": "[Electrophysiogical and neuropharmacological studies in a patient with progressive myoclonus-epilepsy (author's transl)]. A progressive form of myoclonus-epilepsy was described in an 21 year old girl. Electrophysiological and neuropharmacological studies were carried out. The typical EEG-pattern, the close association of cortical discharges and myoclonic jerks, the form of myoclonus indicated a \"pyramidal\" myoclonus. Pharmacological data suggested that two possible mechanisms--a partial deafferentation of cortical neurones and a failure of thalamic, extrapyramidal and brain stem reticular formations--might be responsible for the EEG-abnormalities and concomitant myoclonus. Results from neuropharmacological studies demonstrated a suppressive effect (on EEG-discharges and myoclonic jerks) of clonazepam, diazepam, phenobarbital, taurine, levodopa and budipin. Taurine, levodopa and budipin might induce a new aspect in therapy of progressive myoclonus epilepsy and of myoclonus caused by other etiologic factors.", "PMID": 408123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4500", "title": "[Intraveneous therapy of petit mal status with diazepame and clonazepame (author's transl)].", "content": "Interrupting petit-mal status in infantile myoclonic seizures (n = 11), Lennox syndrom (n = 32), and in myoclonicastatic petit mal (n = 13) diazepame (Valium) and clonazepame (Rivotril) have been injected intraveneously in 56 patients during continuous EEG monitoring (38 patients with diazepame, 18 patients with clonazepame) (Table 1). A judgement according to the EEG findings and the apparent vigilance was performed thirty minutes after the injection was completed (Fig. 1 und 2; Table 3). Following results are presented: 1) There are no significant differences between clonazepame and diazepame with respect to therapeutic success (Table 3). 2. There are almost no differences concerning therapeutic success in the three forms of petit-mal status listed above (Table 3). 3) The initial success was 57%: 46% in infantile myoclonic seizures, 56% in Lennox syndrome, 70% in myoclonic-astatic petit-mal. The number of relapses for all forms was high: On the day following the injection only 18% of all patients did not show continued petit-mal-status: 18% in infantile myoclonic seizures, 15% in Lennox syndrome, 23% in myoclonicastatic petit mal (Table 3). 4) 13 patients were no longer in a status on the following day. 3 children were out of status spontaneously, independent from the intravenous application, 4 patients, one with infantile myoclonic seizures and 3 with Lennox syndrome, showed a focal EEG, 6 patients, 2 with infantile myoclonic seizures, 3 with Lennox syndrome, 4 with myoclonic-astatic petit mal, were further demonstrating generalised paroxysms (Fig. 1 und 2). 5) In infantile myoclonic seizures and in the Lennox syndrome almost always a focal EEG could be seen that accompanied the decrease of generalised paroxysms (hypsarrhythmia or 2/sec slow wave and spike). This finding has not been seen in the myoclonic-astatic petit mal, another sign that the latter is of primary generalised, \"centrencephal\" origin in contrast to the first two forms of convulsive disorders (Fig. 1, 2).", "contents": "[Intraveneous therapy of petit mal status with diazepame and clonazepame (author's transl)]. Interrupting petit-mal status in infantile myoclonic seizures (n = 11), Lennox syndrom (n = 32), and in myoclonicastatic petit mal (n = 13) diazepame (Valium) and clonazepame (Rivotril) have been injected intraveneously in 56 patients during continuous EEG monitoring (38 patients with diazepame, 18 patients with clonazepame) (Table 1). A judgement according to the EEG findings and the apparent vigilance was performed thirty minutes after the injection was completed (Fig. 1 und 2; Table 3). Following results are presented: 1) There are no significant differences between clonazepame and diazepame with respect to therapeutic success (Table 3). 2. There are almost no differences concerning therapeutic success in the three forms of petit-mal status listed above (Table 3). 3) The initial success was 57%: 46% in infantile myoclonic seizures, 56% in Lennox syndrome, 70% in myoclonic-astatic petit-mal. The number of relapses for all forms was high: On the day following the injection only 18% of all patients did not show continued petit-mal-status: 18% in infantile myoclonic seizures, 15% in Lennox syndrome, 23% in myoclonicastatic petit mal (Table 3). 4) 13 patients were no longer in a status on the following day. 3 children were out of status spontaneously, independent from the intravenous application, 4 patients, one with infantile myoclonic seizures and 3 with Lennox syndrome, showed a focal EEG, 6 patients, 2 with infantile myoclonic seizures, 3 with Lennox syndrome, 4 with myoclonic-astatic petit mal, were further demonstrating generalised paroxysms (Fig. 1 und 2). 5) In infantile myoclonic seizures and in the Lennox syndrome almost always a focal EEG could be seen that accompanied the decrease of generalised paroxysms (hypsarrhythmia or 2/sec slow wave and spike). This finding has not been seen in the myoclonic-astatic petit mal, another sign that the latter is of primary generalised, \"centrencephal\" origin in contrast to the first two forms of convulsive disorders (Fig. 1, 2).", "PMID": 408124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4501", "title": "[Determination of the normalized slope descriptors in the time Zusammenfassung and frequency domain (author's transl)].", "content": "Hjorth's EEG parameters are computed. 1. using a method in the time domain (realized in a hybrid manner by means of an analog computer), 2. by means of spectral analysis. The concordance is within the range of the precision of measurement. With this result Hjorth's descriptors present themselves for parameter reduction of the EEG-spectra.", "contents": "[Determination of the normalized slope descriptors in the time Zusammenfassung and frequency domain (author's transl)]. Hjorth's EEG parameters are computed. 1. using a method in the time domain (realized in a hybrid manner by means of an analog computer), 2. by means of spectral analysis. The concordance is within the range of the precision of measurement. With this result Hjorth's descriptors present themselves for parameter reduction of the EEG-spectra.", "PMID": 408125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4502", "title": "Separation of functional and non-functional beta subunits of thyrotropin preparations by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Electrophoretic patterns of intact human and bovine TSH and bovine LH can be clearly distinguished from those of their subunits in 12% polyacrylamide gels, thus providing an easy method of examining subunit recombination. Two distinct components of both bovine and human TSH-beta subunits are observed, of which only one recombines with alpha subunits. Both beta-components cross-react with antisera to TSH and TSH-beta and have, within experimental error, identical amino acid compositions. Thus, the non-recombining component is a non-functional form of TSH-beta which has retained its immunological specificity, and the data explain why the recovery of biological activity during the recombination of TSH subunits is substantially less than with several other glycoprotein hormone preparations.", "contents": "Separation of functional and non-functional beta subunits of thyrotropin preparations by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic patterns of intact human and bovine TSH and bovine LH can be clearly distinguished from those of their subunits in 12% polyacrylamide gels, thus providing an easy method of examining subunit recombination. Two distinct components of both bovine and human TSH-beta subunits are observed, of which only one recombines with alpha subunits. Both beta-components cross-react with antisera to TSH and TSH-beta and have, within experimental error, identical amino acid compositions. Thus, the non-recombining component is a non-functional form of TSH-beta which has retained its immunological specificity, and the data explain why the recovery of biological activity during the recombination of TSH subunits is substantially less than with several other glycoprotein hormone preparations.", "PMID": 408127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4503", "title": "Microsomal hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in injured liver.", "content": "Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) in rat liver microsomes was clearly differentiated kinetically, immunologically and electrophoretically from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) localized in liver supernatants. Although the soluble G6PD activity increased upon liver injuries induced by CCl4 and thioacetamide, the H6PD activity decreased markedly 1-2 days following administrations of these hepatotoxins. The specific activity of H6PD remained fairly constant under other experimental conditions where the levels of the soluble G6PD activity increased.", "contents": "Microsomal hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in injured liver. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) in rat liver microsomes was clearly differentiated kinetically, immunologically and electrophoretically from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) localized in liver supernatants. Although the soluble G6PD activity increased upon liver injuries induced by CCl4 and thioacetamide, the H6PD activity decreased markedly 1-2 days following administrations of these hepatotoxins. The specific activity of H6PD remained fairly constant under other experimental conditions where the levels of the soluble G6PD activity increased.", "PMID": 408130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4504", "title": "Purification and characterization of the phosphorylated DNA-binding protein from adenovirus-type-2-infected cells.", "content": "The virus-coded  72000-Mr DNA-binding protein from adenovirus-type-2-infected cells has been purified to homogeneity by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, selective precipitation and gel filtration. The 72000-Mr DNA-binding protein is phosphorylated and the phosphate is covalently linked predominantly to serine. Analysis of tryptic digests of the 32P-labeled 72000-Mr protein showed that the phosphate residue(s) is present in only one peptide. The DNA-binding fraction contains an additional non-phosphorylated protein with an approximate molecular weight of 45000. Tryptic peptide maps of [35S]methionine-labeled 72000-Mr and 45000-Mr polypeptides are indistinguishable. The amino acid compositions of the 72000-Mr and 45000-Mr polypeptides show closely related distributions. An antiserum produced against the purified 72000-Mr DNA-binding protein precipitates both the 72000-Mr and the 45000-Mr protein from extracts of adenovirus-infected cells. Immunofluorescence studies revealed DNA-binding protein to be accumulated in characteristic structures in nuclei of the infected cells.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the phosphorylated DNA-binding protein from adenovirus-type-2-infected cells. The virus-coded  72000-Mr DNA-binding protein from adenovirus-type-2-infected cells has been purified to homogeneity by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, selective precipitation and gel filtration. The 72000-Mr DNA-binding protein is phosphorylated and the phosphate is covalently linked predominantly to serine. Analysis of tryptic digests of the 32P-labeled 72000-Mr protein showed that the phosphate residue(s) is present in only one peptide. The DNA-binding fraction contains an additional non-phosphorylated protein with an approximate molecular weight of 45000. Tryptic peptide maps of [35S]methionine-labeled 72000-Mr and 45000-Mr polypeptides are indistinguishable. The amino acid compositions of the 72000-Mr and 45000-Mr polypeptides show closely related distributions. An antiserum produced against the purified 72000-Mr DNA-binding protein precipitates both the 72000-Mr and the 45000-Mr protein from extracts of adenovirus-infected cells. Immunofluorescence studies revealed DNA-binding protein to be accumulated in characteristic structures in nuclei of the infected cells.", "PMID": 408135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4505", "title": "Characterization of the protein moiety of messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes from duck reticulocytes by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The protein moiety of duck globin messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes isolated by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography or by sucrose gradient centrifugation was analysed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under conditions where the separation in the first dimension occurs according to charge and in the second according to molecular weight. By comparing the pattern of protein from the mRNA - protein complex with that of ribosomal subunits we found that two acidic proteins with an identical molecular weight of about 49 000 and three basic proteins of about Mr 56 000, 64 000 and 73 000 were associated with the duck globin mRNA but were absent from either puromycin/high-salt-derived or 'run-off' ribosomal subunits. The comparison of the proteins from the complex with mRNA with those found in the 0.5 M KCl wash, commonly used as the source of initiation factors, showed also that only the 49 000-Mr protein from the complex could possibly be present in the 0.5 M KCl wash of polyribosomes; proteins with mobilities similar to the other three proteins complexed with mRNA were not detected in the salt wash of polyribosomes.", "contents": "Characterization of the protein moiety of messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes from duck reticulocytes by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein moiety of duck globin messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes isolated by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography or by sucrose gradient centrifugation was analysed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under conditions where the separation in the first dimension occurs according to charge and in the second according to molecular weight. By comparing the pattern of protein from the mRNA - protein complex with that of ribosomal subunits we found that two acidic proteins with an identical molecular weight of about 49 000 and three basic proteins of about Mr 56 000, 64 000 and 73 000 were associated with the duck globin mRNA but were absent from either puromycin/high-salt-derived or 'run-off' ribosomal subunits. The comparison of the proteins from the complex with mRNA with those found in the 0.5 M KCl wash, commonly used as the source of initiation factors, showed also that only the 49 000-Mr protein from the complex could possibly be present in the 0.5 M KCl wash of polyribosomes; proteins with mobilities similar to the other three proteins complexed with mRNA were not detected in the salt wash of polyribosomes.", "PMID": 408136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4506", "title": "Translation of enzymically decapped messenger RNA.", "content": "An enzymic procedure was used to remove the 7-methylguanosine diphosphate moiety at the 5' ends of rabbit hemoglobin mRNA and mouse immunoglobulin light-chain mRNA. Evidence was obtained that the procedure, which involves the use of polynucleotide kinase, does not result in any further degradation of the mRNA. The enzymically decapped mRNA was as effective as untreated mRNA in supporting protein synthesis in a wheat germ system. This was the case over a wide range of mRNA concentrations and over a considerable period of time. The presence in the incubation mixture of S-adenosylhomocysteine, an inhibitor of methylation, did not affect the results. The data indicate that the presence of a 7-methylguanosine diphosphate residue at the 5' end of mRNAs is not an obligatory requirement for translation in eucaryotic systems.", "contents": "Translation of enzymically decapped messenger RNA. An enzymic procedure was used to remove the 7-methylguanosine diphosphate moiety at the 5' ends of rabbit hemoglobin mRNA and mouse immunoglobulin light-chain mRNA. Evidence was obtained that the procedure, which involves the use of polynucleotide kinase, does not result in any further degradation of the mRNA. The enzymically decapped mRNA was as effective as untreated mRNA in supporting protein synthesis in a wheat germ system. This was the case over a wide range of mRNA concentrations and over a considerable period of time. The presence in the incubation mixture of S-adenosylhomocysteine, an inhibitor of methylation, did not affect the results. The data indicate that the presence of a 7-methylguanosine diphosphate residue at the 5' end of mRNAs is not an obligatory requirement for translation in eucaryotic systems.", "PMID": 408137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4507", "title": "99mTc-Sn oxine complex: a radiocompound with possibilities for lymphographic studies.", "content": "A very simple method of preparation of 99mTc-Sn oxine which shows a high yield of radioactive labeling is described in this paper. After intravenous injection the radiocolloid is taken up mainly by the reticuloendothelium. The subcutaneous administration indicates a good migration through the tissues and a high accumulation by lymph nodes, characteristics which point to the usefulness of this radiocompound for lymphographic studies.", "contents": "99mTc-Sn oxine complex: a radiocompound with possibilities for lymphographic studies. A very simple method of preparation of 99mTc-Sn oxine which shows a high yield of radioactive labeling is described in this paper. After intravenous injection the radiocolloid is taken up mainly by the reticuloendothelium. The subcutaneous administration indicates a good migration through the tissues and a high accumulation by lymph nodes, characteristics which point to the usefulness of this radiocompound for lymphographic studies.", "PMID": 408138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4508", "title": "Hemodynamic and angiocardiographic changes following nitroglycerin in coronary artery disease.", "content": "33 patients with suspected coronary artery disease were studied hemodynamically and angiocardiographically in the resting state and following administration of 0.4 mg of sublingual nitroglycerin (NTG). After NTG several parameters were changed: LVEDP, mean LV systolic pressure, EDVI, ESVI, SVI and SWI were decreased; EF, mean Vcf, MNSER, heart rate (P less than 0.01; r = 0.801) and chords, hemichords and shortening of long axis were increased. However, the changes after NTG were markedly different in patients with diffuse and localized LV asynergy, suggesting a more important inotropic effect of NTG in patients with localized LV asynergy, while reduction in venous return and EDV would be the main effect of NTG in patients with diffuse LV asynergy.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and angiocardiographic changes following nitroglycerin in coronary artery disease. 33 patients with suspected coronary artery disease were studied hemodynamically and angiocardiographically in the resting state and following administration of 0.4 mg of sublingual nitroglycerin (NTG). After NTG several parameters were changed: LVEDP, mean LV systolic pressure, EDVI, ESVI, SVI and SWI were decreased; EF, mean Vcf, MNSER, heart rate (P less than 0.01; r = 0.801) and chords, hemichords and shortening of long axis were increased. However, the changes after NTG were markedly different in patients with diffuse and localized LV asynergy, suggesting a more important inotropic effect of NTG in patients with localized LV asynergy, while reduction in venous return and EDV would be the main effect of NTG in patients with diffuse LV asynergy.", "PMID": 408139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4509", "title": "A reassessment of intravascular volume measurements in protein--calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Accurate determination of plasma volume is difficult in oedematous protein--calorie malnutrition, but present studies on the equilibrium of labelled red cells have shown that red cell volume measurements are valid in this syndrome. The red cell volumes have been measured in afflicted Bantu children during a refeeding programme. Expression of the results in ml/kg, ml/m2 or ml/cm is misleading and has been replaced by expressing the results as a percentage of the means of the normal values for the height. The results show that the red cell volume increase that ought to occur at the end of refeeding programme (and hence the iron requirement) is far higher than suggested by the packed cell volume. With treatment the red cell volume increases slowly. The red cell volume and plasma volume changes that occur during treatment do not take place at the same rate.", "contents": "A reassessment of intravascular volume measurements in protein--calorie malnutrition. Accurate determination of plasma volume is difficult in oedematous protein--calorie malnutrition, but present studies on the equilibrium of labelled red cells have shown that red cell volume measurements are valid in this syndrome. The red cell volumes have been measured in afflicted Bantu children during a refeeding programme. Expression of the results in ml/kg, ml/m2 or ml/cm is misleading and has been replaced by expressing the results as a percentage of the means of the normal values for the height. The results show that the red cell volume increase that ought to occur at the end of refeeding programme (and hence the iron requirement) is far higher than suggested by the packed cell volume. With treatment the red cell volume increases slowly. The red cell volume and plasma volume changes that occur during treatment do not take place at the same rate.", "PMID": 408141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4510", "title": "Influence of glucagon on natriuresis and glucose-induced sodium retention in the fasting obese subject.", "content": "The role which glucagon could play in the mechanism of fasting natriuresis and renal sodium retention associated with carbohydrate refeeding was studied in thirty-seven non-diabetic obese subjects. In nine obese subjects undergoing a 7 day fast without any additional treatment (control group), the renal sodium excretion exceeded intake through the whole experimental period, with maximal natriuresis on day 2 of the fast. Blood glucose and plasma insulin (IRI) levels fell rapidly from the first day of fast on, while pancreatic glucagon (IRG) titres rose from day 1 to day 4, declining slightly thereafter. When additional subjects received intravenous glucose on day 4 (n = 6), there was a rise in blood glucose concentration and in IRI associated with a rapid drop in IRG restricted to the period of glucose infusion. The resulting antinatriuresis occurred essentially during the following 36 h, while IRG and IRI levels had returned to fasting levels. A comparable glucose load on day 4 associated with 0.1 mg glucagon (n = 5) still led to the glucose-induced antinatriuresis while 1 mg glucagon added to a similar glucose infusion completely abolished its antinatriuretic effect (n = 6). Glucagon infused alone on day 4 of fast aggravated fasting natriuresis (n = 5) but was devoid of this effect when administered 24 h after the glucose load (n = 6). These data indicate that fasting hyperglucagonaemia or its reduction upon glucose refeeding, cannot be considered as directly involved in renal mechanism(s) responsible for fasting natriuresis of antinatriuretic effects of carbohydrate. It is suggested that the role of glucagon is indirect, possibly through its influence on ketogenesis which in turn may alter renal sodium handling.", "contents": "Influence of glucagon on natriuresis and glucose-induced sodium retention in the fasting obese subject. The role which glucagon could play in the mechanism of fasting natriuresis and renal sodium retention associated with carbohydrate refeeding was studied in thirty-seven non-diabetic obese subjects. In nine obese subjects undergoing a 7 day fast without any additional treatment (control group), the renal sodium excretion exceeded intake through the whole experimental period, with maximal natriuresis on day 2 of the fast. Blood glucose and plasma insulin (IRI) levels fell rapidly from the first day of fast on, while pancreatic glucagon (IRG) titres rose from day 1 to day 4, declining slightly thereafter. When additional subjects received intravenous glucose on day 4 (n = 6), there was a rise in blood glucose concentration and in IRI associated with a rapid drop in IRG restricted to the period of glucose infusion. The resulting antinatriuresis occurred essentially during the following 36 h, while IRG and IRI levels had returned to fasting levels. A comparable glucose load on day 4 associated with 0.1 mg glucagon (n = 5) still led to the glucose-induced antinatriuresis while 1 mg glucagon added to a similar glucose infusion completely abolished its antinatriuretic effect (n = 6). Glucagon infused alone on day 4 of fast aggravated fasting natriuresis (n = 5) but was devoid of this effect when administered 24 h after the glucose load (n = 6). These data indicate that fasting hyperglucagonaemia or its reduction upon glucose refeeding, cannot be considered as directly involved in renal mechanism(s) responsible for fasting natriuresis of antinatriuretic effects of carbohydrate. It is suggested that the role of glucagon is indirect, possibly through its influence on ketogenesis which in turn may alter renal sodium handling.", "PMID": 408142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4511", "title": "Composition of the glomerular basement membrane in the congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type.", "content": "The composition of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was studied in three patients with the congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF). A decrease was found in the relative amounts of amino acids characteristic of collagen, i.e. 3-hydroxyproline, 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and glycine. The decrease of hydroxyproline was also apparent in the ratio of 4-hydroxyproline to proline and in direct assays of 4-hydroxyproline in whole glomeruli. The ratio of 3-hydroxyproline to 4-hydroxyproline was decreased by about 40%. Slight increases were found in the amounts of some amino acids. No significant change was found in the glucose content of the GBM whereas the galactose content was slightly decreased. The results suggest a decrease in the relative amount of the collagen component in the GBM of CNF patients, but a decrease in the relative amount of 3-hydroxyproline indicates that other changes also exist.", "contents": "Composition of the glomerular basement membrane in the congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type. The composition of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was studied in three patients with the congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF). A decrease was found in the relative amounts of amino acids characteristic of collagen, i.e. 3-hydroxyproline, 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and glycine. The decrease of hydroxyproline was also apparent in the ratio of 4-hydroxyproline to proline and in direct assays of 4-hydroxyproline in whole glomeruli. The ratio of 3-hydroxyproline to 4-hydroxyproline was decreased by about 40%. Slight increases were found in the amounts of some amino acids. No significant change was found in the glucose content of the GBM whereas the galactose content was slightly decreased. The results suggest a decrease in the relative amount of the collagen component in the GBM of CNF patients, but a decrease in the relative amount of 3-hydroxyproline indicates that other changes also exist.", "PMID": 408143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4512", "title": "Differences in heparin-released lipolytic activity in the superficial and deep veins of the human forearm.", "content": "Various doses of heparin were given as a single injection into the brachial artery of each of twelve fasting healthy males. Plasma lipolytic activity was measured in samples obtained before and at frequent time intervals after heparin injection, in the artery and the deep and superficial veins of the same forearm. As little as 0.15 U heparin produced a rapid and detectable release of lipolytic activity in both deep and superficial veins. A series of tenfold increases in the dose produced correspondingly greater releases in the veins but the increments in the release were smaller than the increments in the dose. Three repeated 15 U doses of heparin, separated by 30 min, in the same subject gave a high degree of reproducibility of the release of lipolytic activity in both deep and superficial veins. 90% of the lipase activity in the vein was inhibited by 1 M NaCl. In all subjects the release of lipolytic activity was higher in the deep vein, which predominantly drains muscle, than in the superficial vein, which drains mostly subcutaneous tissues such as skin and adipose tissue. This indicates that muscle is a tissue of considerable importance as a source of post heparin plasma lipolytic activity.", "contents": "Differences in heparin-released lipolytic activity in the superficial and deep veins of the human forearm. Various doses of heparin were given as a single injection into the brachial artery of each of twelve fasting healthy males. Plasma lipolytic activity was measured in samples obtained before and at frequent time intervals after heparin injection, in the artery and the deep and superficial veins of the same forearm. As little as 0.15 U heparin produced a rapid and detectable release of lipolytic activity in both deep and superficial veins. A series of tenfold increases in the dose produced correspondingly greater releases in the veins but the increments in the release were smaller than the increments in the dose. Three repeated 15 U doses of heparin, separated by 30 min, in the same subject gave a high degree of reproducibility of the release of lipolytic activity in both deep and superficial veins. 90% of the lipase activity in the vein was inhibited by 1 M NaCl. In all subjects the release of lipolytic activity was higher in the deep vein, which predominantly drains muscle, than in the superficial vein, which drains mostly subcutaneous tissues such as skin and adipose tissue. This indicates that muscle is a tissue of considerable importance as a source of post heparin plasma lipolytic activity.", "PMID": 408144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4513", "title": "Plasma secretin concentration in man: effect of intraduodenal glucose, fat, amino acids, ethanol, HCl, or ingestion of a meal.", "content": "The effect of infusing isotonic saline, isotonic and hypertonic glucose, fat emulsion, amino acids. ethanol, and hydrochloric acid into the duodenum on the plasma concentration of immunoreactive secretin was studied in seven normal subjects. Only hydrochloric acid showed any effect. After acidification of the duodenum with hydrochloric acid a significant rise in plasma secretin concentration was observed from 1.3 +/- 0.4 pmol X 1(-1) (mean +/- SEM) to a peak value of 13.0 +/- 1.2 pmol X 1(-1) after 5 min. The concentration returned to the basal level within 15 min. In eight other normal subjects the plasma secretin concentration was measured after the ingestion of a protein-rich meal. No significant changes were observed during the 2 h postprandial period.", "contents": "Plasma secretin concentration in man: effect of intraduodenal glucose, fat, amino acids, ethanol, HCl, or ingestion of a meal. The effect of infusing isotonic saline, isotonic and hypertonic glucose, fat emulsion, amino acids. ethanol, and hydrochloric acid into the duodenum on the plasma concentration of immunoreactive secretin was studied in seven normal subjects. Only hydrochloric acid showed any effect. After acidification of the duodenum with hydrochloric acid a significant rise in plasma secretin concentration was observed from 1.3 +/- 0.4 pmol X 1(-1) (mean +/- SEM) to a peak value of 13.0 +/- 1.2 pmol X 1(-1) after 5 min. The concentration returned to the basal level within 15 min. In eight other normal subjects the plasma secretin concentration was measured after the ingestion of a protein-rich meal. No significant changes were observed during the 2 h postprandial period.", "PMID": 408145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4514", "title": "Possible sites of interaction of acute renal failure with amino acid utilization for gluconeogenesis in isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "Experiments were performed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the enhanced conversion of amino acids to glucose in acute uraemic rats. Increased gluconeogenesis from a mixture of serine, threonine, lysine, glutamate, ornithine and citrulline was confirmed using a non-recirculating perfusion system. Stimulation was concentration dependent, being most pronounced at physiological amino acid concentrations. Stimulation of glucose and urea formation could be mimicked by using serine alone whereas with lactate and pyruvate inhibition of gluconeogenesis was observed. Serine dehydratase activity was significantly elevated following nephrectomy. Further, the uptake of the non-metabolize amino acid alpha-aminoisobutyrate was considerably increased. It is concluded that serine may play a special role as substrate for the additional glucose formation in acute uraemic rats, probably mediated by an activation of serine dehydratase. Acceleration of amino acid transport seems to represent an additional component of stimulation of amino acid utilization in acute uraemia.", "contents": "Possible sites of interaction of acute renal failure with amino acid utilization for gluconeogenesis in isolated perfused rat liver. Experiments were performed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the enhanced conversion of amino acids to glucose in acute uraemic rats. Increased gluconeogenesis from a mixture of serine, threonine, lysine, glutamate, ornithine and citrulline was confirmed using a non-recirculating perfusion system. Stimulation was concentration dependent, being most pronounced at physiological amino acid concentrations. Stimulation of glucose and urea formation could be mimicked by using serine alone whereas with lactate and pyruvate inhibition of gluconeogenesis was observed. Serine dehydratase activity was significantly elevated following nephrectomy. Further, the uptake of the non-metabolize amino acid alpha-aminoisobutyrate was considerably increased. It is concluded that serine may play a special role as substrate for the additional glucose formation in acute uraemic rats, probably mediated by an activation of serine dehydratase. Acceleration of amino acid transport seems to represent an additional component of stimulation of amino acid utilization in acute uraemia.", "PMID": 408147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4515", "title": "Total serum haemolytic complement activity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and plasma fibrinogen as indicators of the stage in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Total serum haemolytic complement activity, plasma fibrinogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and other biological values in forty-three patients with Hodgkin's disease were correlated with results of staging. A highly significant increase (P=10(-5)) of the mean total serum haemolytic complement activity was found in stages IIIA and IVA and in all stages with systemic symptoms. The complement activity in patients with less extensive disease without systemic symptoms (stages IA and IIA) did not show a significant increase over the controls. The best initial parameters correlating well with disease activity were complement activity, ESR and fibrinogen level. It is concluded that total serum haemolytic complement activity gives additional information and can be helpful in differentiating between favourable and unfavourable forms of Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Total serum haemolytic complement activity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and plasma fibrinogen as indicators of the stage in Hodgkin's disease. Total serum haemolytic complement activity, plasma fibrinogen, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and other biological values in forty-three patients with Hodgkin's disease were correlated with results of staging. A highly significant increase (P=10(-5)) of the mean total serum haemolytic complement activity was found in stages IIIA and IVA and in all stages with systemic symptoms. The complement activity in patients with less extensive disease without systemic symptoms (stages IA and IIA) did not show a significant increase over the controls. The best initial parameters correlating well with disease activity were complement activity, ESR and fibrinogen level. It is concluded that total serum haemolytic complement activity gives additional information and can be helpful in differentiating between favourable and unfavourable forms of Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 408150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4516", "title": "Vitamin A stimulation of parathyroid hormone: interactions with calcium, hydrocortisone, and vitamin E in bovine parathyroid tissues and effects of vitamin A in man.", "content": "The effect of vitamin A, a membrane surface-active agent, on parathyroid hormone secretion was studied in vitro, using bovine parathyroid tissue, and in vivo in man. Parathyroid tissues were incubated with vitamin A (retinol), retinoic acid, and calcium, and with hydrocortisone and vitamin E, agents that antagonize the membrane effects of vitamin A. The stimulation of parathyroid hormone release by vitamin A, 10(-6) to 10(-9) mol/1 in vitro, was dose and time dependent. Retinoic acid did not stimulate secretion. High calcium concentration, hydrocortisone, 10(-5) mol/1 and 10(-6) mol/1, and vitamin E, 10(-5) mol/1, antagonized vitamin A-induced parathyroid hormone secretion. Vitamin A increased the lysosomal cathepsin D activity of parathyroid tissues. In human studies, eleven healthy men received two intramuscular injections of vitamin A palmitate, 25 000 units each, within 24 h. In every subject, serum parathyroid hormone increased after vitamin A administration. Our studies indicate that: (1) vitamin A stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion in vitro, possibly through modification of the cell or secretion granule membrane, or through stimulation of lysosomal proteolytic activity, and (2) vitamin A increases serum parathyroid hormone in vivo, and this effect may be important in clinical states of vitamin A excess.", "contents": "Vitamin A stimulation of parathyroid hormone: interactions with calcium, hydrocortisone, and vitamin E in bovine parathyroid tissues and effects of vitamin A in man. The effect of vitamin A, a membrane surface-active agent, on parathyroid hormone secretion was studied in vitro, using bovine parathyroid tissue, and in vivo in man. Parathyroid tissues were incubated with vitamin A (retinol), retinoic acid, and calcium, and with hydrocortisone and vitamin E, agents that antagonize the membrane effects of vitamin A. The stimulation of parathyroid hormone release by vitamin A, 10(-6) to 10(-9) mol/1 in vitro, was dose and time dependent. Retinoic acid did not stimulate secretion. High calcium concentration, hydrocortisone, 10(-5) mol/1 and 10(-6) mol/1, and vitamin E, 10(-5) mol/1, antagonized vitamin A-induced parathyroid hormone secretion. Vitamin A increased the lysosomal cathepsin D activity of parathyroid tissues. In human studies, eleven healthy men received two intramuscular injections of vitamin A palmitate, 25 000 units each, within 24 h. In every subject, serum parathyroid hormone increased after vitamin A administration. Our studies indicate that: (1) vitamin A stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion in vitro, possibly through modification of the cell or secretion granule membrane, or through stimulation of lysosomal proteolytic activity, and (2) vitamin A increases serum parathyroid hormone in vivo, and this effect may be important in clinical states of vitamin A excess.", "PMID": 408151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4517", "title": "Serum gastrin response to acute and chronic hypercalcaemia in man: studies on the value of calcium stimulated serum gastrin levels in the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "In this study the effect of calcium infusion over 3 h without gastric aspiration on serum gastrin was determined in fifteen normal subjects, ten patients with duodenal ulcer, nine with stomal ulcer, five with total gastrectomy, six with achlorhydria and sixteen with proved or presumed Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome. Serum gastrin only rose significantly in the patients with ZE-syndrome or achlorhydria. An increase of above or below 50% of basal value seems to be a valuable criterion by which to differentiate between patients with and without ZE-syndrome. Serum gastrin levels in forty-four patients with chronic hypercalcaemia (72+/-24 pg/ml, mean+/-SD) were not significantly different from the levels in 100 normal subjects (66+/-18 pg/ml; P greater than 0.10). However, in one patient with ZE-syndrome and in two patients with achlorhydria serum gastrin values were markedly higher during chronic hypercalcaemia than during normocalcaemia. It is concluded that acute or chronic hypercalcaemia without gastric aspiration does not lead to hypergastrinaemia in the absence of ZE-syndrome or achlorhydria.", "contents": "Serum gastrin response to acute and chronic hypercalcaemia in man: studies on the value of calcium stimulated serum gastrin levels in the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. In this study the effect of calcium infusion over 3 h without gastric aspiration on serum gastrin was determined in fifteen normal subjects, ten patients with duodenal ulcer, nine with stomal ulcer, five with total gastrectomy, six with achlorhydria and sixteen with proved or presumed Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome. Serum gastrin only rose significantly in the patients with ZE-syndrome or achlorhydria. An increase of above or below 50% of basal value seems to be a valuable criterion by which to differentiate between patients with and without ZE-syndrome. Serum gastrin levels in forty-four patients with chronic hypercalcaemia (72+/-24 pg/ml, mean+/-SD) were not significantly different from the levels in 100 normal subjects (66+/-18 pg/ml; P greater than 0.10). However, in one patient with ZE-syndrome and in two patients with achlorhydria serum gastrin values were markedly higher during chronic hypercalcaemia than during normocalcaemia. It is concluded that acute or chronic hypercalcaemia without gastric aspiration does not lead to hypergastrinaemia in the absence of ZE-syndrome or achlorhydria.", "PMID": 408152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4518", "title": "Effect of physical exercise on erythrocyte lipids, biliary cholesterol and bile lithogenicity in rats.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were exercised (E) by daily 1 h swimming for 24 days. Sedentry controls (S) were caged individually. Bile analysis at the end of the experiment (24 h after the last exercise) showed a decrease in bile cholesterol (CH) (P less than 0.02) and phospholipids (PL) (P less than 0.01) in the exercising animals, but no significant change in the bile acids (BA). These changes in the exercising rats resulted in a decreased CH saturation of bile: in an improvement in the (BA + PL)/CH ratio (P=0.05) and a trend to a decrease in the per cent saturation of bile CH. Exercise did not affect the bile flow or bile acid flux rate. Exercise decreased erythrocyte phospholipids (P less than 0.01). The effect of exercise on bile was associated with a trend to lower CH in the erythrocytes and in the adipose tissue and thus most likely does not represent a shift of cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues. Physical exercise may be a preventive factor in cholesterol gallstone formation.", "contents": "Effect of physical exercise on erythrocyte lipids, biliary cholesterol and bile lithogenicity in rats. Male Wistar rats were exercised (E) by daily 1 h swimming for 24 days. Sedentry controls (S) were caged individually. Bile analysis at the end of the experiment (24 h after the last exercise) showed a decrease in bile cholesterol (CH) (P less than 0.02) and phospholipids (PL) (P less than 0.01) in the exercising animals, but no significant change in the bile acids (BA). These changes in the exercising rats resulted in a decreased CH saturation of bile: in an improvement in the (BA + PL)/CH ratio (P=0.05) and a trend to a decrease in the per cent saturation of bile CH. Exercise did not affect the bile flow or bile acid flux rate. Exercise decreased erythrocyte phospholipids (P less than 0.01). The effect of exercise on bile was associated with a trend to lower CH in the erythrocytes and in the adipose tissue and thus most likely does not represent a shift of cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues. Physical exercise may be a preventive factor in cholesterol gallstone formation.", "PMID": 408153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4519", "title": "Characterization of a carcinogen-induced murine B lymphocyte cell line of C3H/eB origin.", "content": "A carcinogen-induced lymphoid tumor, denoted 38C-13, obtained in a T cell-depleted mouse of C3H/eB strain, was adapted to continuous culture in vitro and characterized with respect to its cell surface components. The cells possess IgM class immunoglobulins on their surface but do not secrete it. This membrane IgM is composed of mu and L-chains that are similar in apparent molecular weight to those of an IgM myeloma protein. It is also homogeneous as revealed by isoelectric focusing. The cells possess Fc receptors but lack complement receptors as well as Thy-1 and Ia alloantigens. These characteristics indicate that 38C-13 cells are transformed counterparts of small B lymphocytes at an early stage of differentiation.", "contents": "Characterization of a carcinogen-induced murine B lymphocyte cell line of C3H/eB origin. A carcinogen-induced lymphoid tumor, denoted 38C-13, obtained in a T cell-depleted mouse of C3H/eB strain, was adapted to continuous culture in vitro and characterized with respect to its cell surface components. The cells possess IgM class immunoglobulins on their surface but do not secrete it. This membrane IgM is composed of mu and L-chains that are similar in apparent molecular weight to those of an IgM myeloma protein. It is also homogeneous as revealed by isoelectric focusing. The cells possess Fc receptors but lack complement receptors as well as Thy-1 and Ia alloantigens. These characteristics indicate that 38C-13 cells are transformed counterparts of small B lymphocytes at an early stage of differentiation.", "PMID": 408154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4520", "title": "Cortical cells projecting to the dorsal column nuclei of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Corticals cells projecting to the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) of Rhesus monkeys have been identified after unilateral or bilateral injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the dorsal medulla. HRP-positive neurons identifiable as the source of cortico-DCN projections were pyramidal cells in layer V whose largest diameters ranged from 12--31 micron. Cortico-DCN neurons were concentrated in the trunk, fore- and hindlimb regions of area 4 and of SI, and to a lesser extent in SII. This distribution is comparable to the topographical distribution of cortico-DCN neurons in cats. However, cortico-DCN neurons in monkeys are also numerous in at least part of the supplementary motor cortex and in area 5. The results suggest that cortical neurons in several different cytoarchitectonic areas may exert direct control upon cells in the DCN and that the functional role of cortic-DCN projections ought not be view as a simple \"feedback\" system.", "contents": "Cortical cells projecting to the dorsal column nuclei of rhesus monkeys. Corticals cells projecting to the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) of Rhesus monkeys have been identified after unilateral or bilateral injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the dorsal medulla. HRP-positive neurons identifiable as the source of cortico-DCN projections were pyramidal cells in layer V whose largest diameters ranged from 12--31 micron. Cortico-DCN neurons were concentrated in the trunk, fore- and hindlimb regions of area 4 and of SI, and to a lesser extent in SII. This distribution is comparable to the topographical distribution of cortico-DCN neurons in cats. However, cortico-DCN neurons in monkeys are also numerous in at least part of the supplementary motor cortex and in area 5. The results suggest that cortical neurons in several different cytoarchitectonic areas may exert direct control upon cells in the DCN and that the functional role of cortic-DCN projections ought not be view as a simple \"feedback\" system.", "PMID": 408162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4521", "title": "Functional linkage between the electrical activity in the vermal cerebellar cortex and saccadic eye movements.", "content": "The temporal relation between the onset of electrical activity of Purkinje cells and the occurrence of rapid eye movements was studied. Experiments were performed in unanesthetized animals, the recordings being made under direct vision through the use of a chronically implanted teflon sleeve. The following results were obtained. 1. Correlation between the activity of Purkinje cells and eye movements indicates that Purkinje cell firing in vermal lobules VI and VII precedes eye movement by 11-12 msec, peak activity corresponding to the time of onset of eye movement. 2. This eye movement related activity of Purkinje cells occurred regardless of the direction of the eye movements but some cells showed directional biases. Best correlation between eye movement and Purkinje cell activity was found with fast eye movements toward the right regardless of recording side. 3. Electrical activity of Purkinje cells was mainly related to saccades. Slow eye movement modulation, although probably present, was not studied in detail. 4. In those cells where an extensive set of measurements could be made, Purkinje cell firing was found to be inversely proportional to the amplitude of the eye movement, small movements being preceded by highest Purkinje cell activity. The present results suggest that cerebellar vermis responds prior to the generation of eye movement and may probably serve to control eye movements in a ballistic manner.", "contents": "Functional linkage between the electrical activity in the vermal cerebellar cortex and saccadic eye movements. The temporal relation between the onset of electrical activity of Purkinje cells and the occurrence of rapid eye movements was studied. Experiments were performed in unanesthetized animals, the recordings being made under direct vision through the use of a chronically implanted teflon sleeve. The following results were obtained. 1. Correlation between the activity of Purkinje cells and eye movements indicates that Purkinje cell firing in vermal lobules VI and VII precedes eye movement by 11-12 msec, peak activity corresponding to the time of onset of eye movement. 2. This eye movement related activity of Purkinje cells occurred regardless of the direction of the eye movements but some cells showed directional biases. Best correlation between eye movement and Purkinje cell activity was found with fast eye movements toward the right regardless of recording side. 3. Electrical activity of Purkinje cells was mainly related to saccades. Slow eye movement modulation, although probably present, was not studied in detail. 4. In those cells where an extensive set of measurements could be made, Purkinje cell firing was found to be inversely proportional to the amplitude of the eye movement, small movements being preceded by highest Purkinje cell activity. The present results suggest that cerebellar vermis responds prior to the generation of eye movement and may probably serve to control eye movements in a ballistic manner.", "PMID": 408163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4522", "title": "Convergent projections of different limbic vocalization areas in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "The projections of four different sub-areas within the anterior limbic cortex, all yielding vocalization when electrically stimulated, were compared in six squirrel monkeys by the autoradiographic tracing technique. Areas of convergence of the projections from all four vocalization loci were the cortex within the anterior cingulate sulcus, a zone following the inferior thalamic peduncle from the central amygdaloid nucleus through the substantia innominata into the midline thalamus, a second zone following the periventricular fibre system from the anterior diencephalon to the caudal midbrain and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and, finally, the tail of the caudate nucleus. Except for the latter, all of these brain structures produce vocalization when electrically stimulated. The call types elicitable from these projection areas are sometimes different from those elicitable from the anterior limbic cortex. It is hypothesized that the anterior limbic cortex controls vocalization directly, independently of the specific motivational state underlying it.", "contents": "Convergent projections of different limbic vocalization areas in the squirrel monkey. The projections of four different sub-areas within the anterior limbic cortex, all yielding vocalization when electrically stimulated, were compared in six squirrel monkeys by the autoradiographic tracing technique. Areas of convergence of the projections from all four vocalization loci were the cortex within the anterior cingulate sulcus, a zone following the inferior thalamic peduncle from the central amygdaloid nucleus through the substantia innominata into the midline thalamus, a second zone following the periventricular fibre system from the anterior diencephalon to the caudal midbrain and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and, finally, the tail of the caudate nucleus. Except for the latter, all of these brain structures produce vocalization when electrically stimulated. The call types elicitable from these projection areas are sometimes different from those elicitable from the anterior limbic cortex. It is hypothesized that the anterior limbic cortex controls vocalization directly, independently of the specific motivational state underlying it.", "PMID": 408164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4523", "title": "Comparative morphometric study of the cells of the third proximal segment of the rat kidney under different conditions of fixation.", "content": "The morphometric study of the P3 segment of rat proximal tubule has shown that neither the method of fixation, nor the fixative itself, significantly change the relative and absolute volumes of the cell compartments, provided that the fixation media are made approximately isotonic.", "contents": "Comparative morphometric study of the cells of the third proximal segment of the rat kidney under different conditions of fixation. The morphometric study of the P3 segment of rat proximal tubule has shown that neither the method of fixation, nor the fixative itself, significantly change the relative and absolute volumes of the cell compartments, provided that the fixation media are made approximately isotonic.", "PMID": 408173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4524", "title": "Hemisphaericin-D, a dialysable and polymerizable protease found in Bromelia hemisphaerica.", "content": "Proteolytic activity was detected outside dialysis bag filled with Bromelia hemisphaerica fruit juice. The dialysable protease was concentrated and purified from small molecular weight contaminants on Sephadex G-10 columns. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the dialysable protease, in the presence of SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol, demonstrated a single protein band of about 8000 daltons mol. wt. The same single band with identical mobility was shown with Hemisphaericin, the enzyme retained inside the dialysis bag. The small protease, named Hemisphaericin-D was antigenic in rabbits and the antibodies cross-reacted fully with Hemisphaericin. Hemisphaericin-D appears not to be a degradation product of Hemisphaericin.", "contents": "Hemisphaericin-D, a dialysable and polymerizable protease found in Bromelia hemisphaerica. Proteolytic activity was detected outside dialysis bag filled with Bromelia hemisphaerica fruit juice. The dialysable protease was concentrated and purified from small molecular weight contaminants on Sephadex G-10 columns. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the dialysable protease, in the presence of SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol, demonstrated a single protein band of about 8000 daltons mol. wt. The same single band with identical mobility was shown with Hemisphaericin, the enzyme retained inside the dialysis bag. The small protease, named Hemisphaericin-D was antigenic in rabbits and the antibodies cross-reacted fully with Hemisphaericin. Hemisphaericin-D appears not to be a degradation product of Hemisphaericin.", "PMID": 408174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4525", "title": "Immunochemical studies on acetylornithine 5-aminotransferase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Mouse antibodies with specificity towards acetylornithine 5-aminotransferase (ACOAT) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to study the structural similarities of several isofunctional enzymes from different sources. With the antibody directed against ACOAT, the amounts of enzyme present in cells grown under different conditions were determined. These experiments established that the enzyme is induced by arginine and is subject to repression by carbon sources.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on acetylornithine 5-aminotransferase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mouse antibodies with specificity towards acetylornithine 5-aminotransferase (ACOAT) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to study the structural similarities of several isofunctional enzymes from different sources. With the antibody directed against ACOAT, the amounts of enzyme present in cells grown under different conditions were determined. These experiments established that the enzyme is induced by arginine and is subject to repression by carbon sources.", "PMID": 408176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4526", "title": "Reduction of adenylylsulfate and 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate in phototrophic bacteria.", "content": "Extracts of 14 species of phototrophic bacteria, partly grown with different sulfur compounds, were tested for their ability to form volatile sulfur compounds from adenylylsulfate (APS) and 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate (PAPS). The Rhodospirillum species showed marked activities with both APS and PAPS while the Rhodopseudomonas species seem to prefer PAPS. The Chromatiaceae exhibited the strongest activities with APS, whereas Chlorobium limicola had equally high activity with PAPS.", "contents": "Reduction of adenylylsulfate and 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate in phototrophic bacteria. Extracts of 14 species of phototrophic bacteria, partly grown with different sulfur compounds, were tested for their ability to form volatile sulfur compounds from adenylylsulfate (APS) and 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate (PAPS). The Rhodospirillum species showed marked activities with both APS and PAPS while the Rhodopseudomonas species seem to prefer PAPS. The Chromatiaceae exhibited the strongest activities with APS, whereas Chlorobium limicola had equally high activity with PAPS.", "PMID": 408177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4527", "title": "Responses of skeletal muscle fibres to lanthanide ions. Dependence of the twitch response on ionic radii.", "content": "A study of the effects of the lanthanide series of ions on toad skeletal muscle fibres reveals that they a) inhibit the twitch response, b) exhibit a marked dependence on ionic radius, and c) apparently exert their effects on the sarcolemma.", "contents": "Responses of skeletal muscle fibres to lanthanide ions. Dependence of the twitch response on ionic radii. A study of the effects of the lanthanide series of ions on toad skeletal muscle fibres reveals that they a) inhibit the twitch response, b) exhibit a marked dependence on ionic radius, and c) apparently exert their effects on the sarcolemma.", "PMID": 408178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4528", "title": "Receptors for polymerized albumin on liver cells.", "content": "By the use of rabbit polymerized albumin labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, or coated on sheep red blood cells, specific receptors on rabbit liver cells were demonstrated. The possible biological role of these receptors is discussed.", "contents": "Receptors for polymerized albumin on liver cells. By the use of rabbit polymerized albumin labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, or coated on sheep red blood cells, specific receptors on rabbit liver cells were demonstrated. The possible biological role of these receptors is discussed.", "PMID": 408179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4529", "title": "A tissue-selective prostaglandin E2 analog with potent antifertility effects.", "content": "N-methanesulfonyl 16-phenoxy-omega-tetranor PGE2 is a prostaglandin analog which is markedly more tissue selective than PGE2. This compound is 10-30 times more potent than PGE2 in animal models which are considered relevant to antifertility effects in humans. In pharmacological tests which are believed to be predictive for side effects in humans, the compound has potency either equal to or less than that of PGE2.", "contents": "A tissue-selective prostaglandin E2 analog with potent antifertility effects. N-methanesulfonyl 16-phenoxy-omega-tetranor PGE2 is a prostaglandin analog which is markedly more tissue selective than PGE2. This compound is 10-30 times more potent than PGE2 in animal models which are considered relevant to antifertility effects in humans. In pharmacological tests which are believed to be predictive for side effects in humans, the compound has potency either equal to or less than that of PGE2.", "PMID": 408180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4530", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic observation of spermiophage cell within the lumen of the epididymal duct of the vasectomized Japanese monkey (Macacus fuscatus).", "content": "The spermiophagic process by intraluminal macrophages in the epididymal ducts of the vasectomized Japanese monkey was well visualized with scanning electron microscope. The fragments of disintegrated spermatozoa were seen in the phase enveloped in bulk by flap-like cytoplasmic extensions or in the phase ingested within the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic observation of spermiophage cell within the lumen of the epididymal duct of the vasectomized Japanese monkey (Macacus fuscatus). The spermiophagic process by intraluminal macrophages in the epididymal ducts of the vasectomized Japanese monkey was well visualized with scanning electron microscope. The fragments of disintegrated spermatozoa were seen in the phase enveloped in bulk by flap-like cytoplasmic extensions or in the phase ingested within the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 408181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4531", "title": "Changes in the T4/T3 molar ratio following thyrotropin releasing hormone injection in cattle.", "content": "The injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone into cattle resulted in a rapid decrease in the T4/T3 molar ratio. 2 breeds of cattle, Shorthorn and Africander Cross were studied. The decrease in the T4/T3 molar ratio was significantly greater in the Shorthorn breed. It is concluded that acute stimulation of the thyroid gland with TRH results in enhanced release of both T3 and T4 and that T3 is discharged more rapidly than T4.", "contents": "Changes in the T4/T3 molar ratio following thyrotropin releasing hormone injection in cattle. The injection of thyrotropin releasing hormone into cattle resulted in a rapid decrease in the T4/T3 molar ratio. 2 breeds of cattle, Shorthorn and Africander Cross were studied. The decrease in the T4/T3 molar ratio was significantly greater in the Shorthorn breed. It is concluded that acute stimulation of the thyroid gland with TRH results in enhanced release of both T3 and T4 and that T3 is discharged more rapidly than T4.", "PMID": 408182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4532", "title": "A facile one-step synthesis of cysteinyldopas using mushroom tyrosinase.", "content": "A convenient one-step procedure, based upon the tyrosinase co-oxidation of dopa and cysteine, is reported for the synthesis of 5-S-cysteinyldopa (I) in 74% yield. Secondary products of the reaction turned out to be 2-S-cysteinyldopa (II, 14%), 2,5-S, S-dicysteinyldopa (iv, 5%), and the hitherto unknown 6-S-cysteinyldopa (III, approximately 1%).", "contents": "A facile one-step synthesis of cysteinyldopas using mushroom tyrosinase. A convenient one-step procedure, based upon the tyrosinase co-oxidation of dopa and cysteine, is reported for the synthesis of 5-S-cysteinyldopa (I) in 74% yield. Secondary products of the reaction turned out to be 2-S-cysteinyldopa (II, 14%), 2,5-S, S-dicysteinyldopa (iv, 5%), and the hitherto unknown 6-S-cysteinyldopa (III, approximately 1%).", "PMID": 408183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4533", "title": "Mathematical model of pituitary thyrotropic function.", "content": "A nonlinear differential equation is used to develop a mathematical model describing the time course of thyrotropin (TSH) concentral to real data shows that pituitary responsiveness to TRH is highest in euthyroidism, reduced in primary hypothyroidism, and lowest in hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Mathematical model of pituitary thyrotropic function. A nonlinear differential equation is used to develop a mathematical model describing the time course of thyrotropin (TSH) concentral to real data shows that pituitary responsiveness to TRH is highest in euthyroidism, reduced in primary hypothyroidism, and lowest in hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 408186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4534", "title": "Comparative ultrastructural study of mast cells in mastocytoma and mastocytosis.", "content": "The ultrastructural aspects of mast cells from skin lesions in 2 patients with mastocytoma were compared to those from lesions in 4 patients with mastocytosis, 3 with cutaneous and 1 with systemic involvement. In mastocytoma, the mast cells accumulated in a large mass. They revealed short cytoplasmic villi and were similar, morphologically, to mast cells of normal skin and gingiva. In the diffuse types of the disease, cutaneous and systemic, the cells were arranged in small groups. In addition to normal mast cells, there were also irregular or bizarre-shaped cells presenting long and twisted cytoplasmic protrusions. In the case with the systemic involvement and in 2 of 3 cases with apparently cutaneous diffuse lesions, the villi of adjacent cells interlaced and showed a tendency to form mast cell aggregates. The pathognomonic value of the above observation seems worthy of further investigations.", "contents": "Comparative ultrastructural study of mast cells in mastocytoma and mastocytosis. The ultrastructural aspects of mast cells from skin lesions in 2 patients with mastocytoma were compared to those from lesions in 4 patients with mastocytosis, 3 with cutaneous and 1 with systemic involvement. In mastocytoma, the mast cells accumulated in a large mass. They revealed short cytoplasmic villi and were similar, morphologically, to mast cells of normal skin and gingiva. In the diffuse types of the disease, cutaneous and systemic, the cells were arranged in small groups. In addition to normal mast cells, there were also irregular or bizarre-shaped cells presenting long and twisted cytoplasmic protrusions. In the case with the systemic involvement and in 2 of 3 cases with apparently cutaneous diffuse lesions, the villi of adjacent cells interlaced and showed a tendency to form mast cell aggregates. The pathognomonic value of the above observation seems worthy of further investigations.", "PMID": 408198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4535", "title": "[Effects of nitroglycerin on pressure-volume diastolic relationships of the left ventricle in patients with coronary disease].", "content": "In fifteen patients with coronary artery disease who underwent hemodynamic studies, pressure measurements and left ventricular angiography were performed prior and 5' after the administration of 0.4 mg of spray nitroglycerin (TNG). Two different expressions of left ventricular diastolic compliance (dV/dP - V at end-diastole, delta V/delta P normalized by end-systolic volume-VTS) were assessed in basal conditions and after TNG. Nitroglycerin decreased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (control 22.7 +/- 7.6 mmHg; TNG 11.4 +/- 6.1 mmHg, p less than 0.001) left ventricular end-diastolic volume (control 138 +/- 54 ml/m2, TNG 122 +/- 54 ml/m2,  p less than 0.001) and improved compliance indexes (dV/dP - VED control 1.3 +/- 0.5 10(-2)/mmHg; TNG 4.6 +/- 4.3 10(-2)/MMHg; p less than 0.01; delta V/delta P - VTS control 0.071 +/- 0.04 mmHg-1; TNG 0.170 +/- 0.14 mmHg-1, p less than 0.01). TNG decreased the average value of modulus of chamber stiffness K (control 0.031 +/- 0.009; TNG 0.028 +/- 0.008, p less than 0.02) shifting the pressure-volume curve in some patients rightward and downward. Thus the increase of end-diastolic compliance (dV/dP - VED) is due to preload reduction and in patients who presented a marked decrease in K, also to the shift of the pressure-volume relation. These effects of TNG have important implications because they permit patients with coronary artery disease to engage in a given effort at a significantly lower end-diastolic pressure, avoiding pulmonary congestion.", "contents": "[Effects of nitroglycerin on pressure-volume diastolic relationships of the left ventricle in patients with coronary disease]. In fifteen patients with coronary artery disease who underwent hemodynamic studies, pressure measurements and left ventricular angiography were performed prior and 5' after the administration of 0.4 mg of spray nitroglycerin (TNG). Two different expressions of left ventricular diastolic compliance (dV/dP - V at end-diastole, delta V/delta P normalized by end-systolic volume-VTS) were assessed in basal conditions and after TNG. Nitroglycerin decreased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (control 22.7 +/- 7.6 mmHg; TNG 11.4 +/- 6.1 mmHg, p less than 0.001) left ventricular end-diastolic volume (control 138 +/- 54 ml/m2, TNG 122 +/- 54 ml/m2,  p less than 0.001) and improved compliance indexes (dV/dP - VED control 1.3 +/- 0.5 10(-2)/mmHg; TNG 4.6 +/- 4.3 10(-2)/MMHg; p less than 0.01; delta V/delta P - VTS control 0.071 +/- 0.04 mmHg-1; TNG 0.170 +/- 0.14 mmHg-1, p less than 0.01). TNG decreased the average value of modulus of chamber stiffness K (control 0.031 +/- 0.009; TNG 0.028 +/- 0.008, p less than 0.02) shifting the pressure-volume curve in some patients rightward and downward. Thus the increase of end-diastolic compliance (dV/dP - VED) is due to preload reduction and in patients who presented a marked decrease in K, also to the shift of the pressure-volume relation. These effects of TNG have important implications because they permit patients with coronary artery disease to engage in a given effort at a significantly lower end-diastolic pressure, avoiding pulmonary congestion.", "PMID": 408211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4536", "title": "Mammary tumor and leukemia in male Sprague-Dawley rats evoked by a series of intragastric administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.", "content": "A series of administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene given at biweekly intervals by gastric intubation of juvenile male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain elicited considerable number of mammary carcinomas, leukemias, and ear duct tumors. The evoked leukemia shared two main types; 51.6% of erythroblastic stem cell and 48.4% of myelogenous.", "contents": "Mammary tumor and leukemia in male Sprague-Dawley rats evoked by a series of intragastric administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. A series of administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene given at biweekly intervals by gastric intubation of juvenile male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain elicited considerable number of mammary carcinomas, leukemias, and ear duct tumors. The evoked leukemia shared two main types; 51.6% of erythroblastic stem cell and 48.4% of myelogenous.", "PMID": 408213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4537", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus. Report of two cases successfully treated by intravenous high caloric nutrition and review of 59 cases collected from Japanese literature.", "content": "For the period from 1951 through 1975, 4 cases of spontaneous rupture of the esophagus have been successfully treated at the IInd Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan. Two cases of them conservatively treated with intravenous high caloric nutrition were reported. Fifty-nine Japanese cases of spontaneous rupture of the esophagus were reviewed. Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the disease were discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus. Report of two cases successfully treated by intravenous high caloric nutrition and review of 59 cases collected from Japanese literature. For the period from 1951 through 1975, 4 cases of spontaneous rupture of the esophagus have been successfully treated at the IInd Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan. Two cases of them conservatively treated with intravenous high caloric nutrition were reported. Fifty-nine Japanese cases of spontaneous rupture of the esophagus were reviewed. Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the disease were discussed.", "PMID": 408216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4538", "title": "Carrageenan in formula and infant baboon development.", "content": "Male and female infant baboons were reared from birth to 112 days of age on infant formulas containing concentrations of carrageenan varying from none to 5 times the concentration in commercially available formulas for human infants. Carrageenan content of the formula did not affect weight, characteristics of urine and feces, findinds on physical examination, hematological variables, blood chemical analyses, organ system weights, or the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Carrageenan in formula and infant baboon development. Male and female infant baboons were reared from birth to 112 days of age on infant formulas containing concentrations of carrageenan varying from none to 5 times the concentration in commercially available formulas for human infants. Carrageenan content of the formula did not affect weight, characteristics of urine and feces, findinds on physical examination, hematological variables, blood chemical analyses, organ system weights, or the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 408217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4539", "title": "Early perivenular sclerosis in alcoholic fatty liver: an index of progressive liver injury.", "content": "Alcoholic steatosis was associated with sclerosis around the terminal hepatic venules in liver biopsies of 40% of chronic alcoholics but not in those of moderate drinkers. To determine whether this sclerosis could be a precursor lesion of cirrhosis, controlled studies were performed in animal models. In the alcohol-fed baboons that developed fibrosis or cirrhosis, progressive perivenular sclerosis invariably started at the fatty liver stage before or even more commonly in the absence of alcoholic hepatitis. No sclerosis occurred in controls or in alcohol-fed baboons and rats that did not progress beyond the fatty liver stage. The clinical and experimental data indicate that sclerosis around the terminal venules, a common but often overlooked complication of alcoholic fatty liver, reflects heavy prolonged drinking, and may identify those patients who are susceptible to develop the more advanced lesions of alcoholic liver injury upon continued drinking.", "contents": "Early perivenular sclerosis in alcoholic fatty liver: an index of progressive liver injury. Alcoholic steatosis was associated with sclerosis around the terminal hepatic venules in liver biopsies of 40% of chronic alcoholics but not in those of moderate drinkers. To determine whether this sclerosis could be a precursor lesion of cirrhosis, controlled studies were performed in animal models. In the alcohol-fed baboons that developed fibrosis or cirrhosis, progressive perivenular sclerosis invariably started at the fatty liver stage before or even more commonly in the absence of alcoholic hepatitis. No sclerosis occurred in controls or in alcohol-fed baboons and rats that did not progress beyond the fatty liver stage. The clinical and experimental data indicate that sclerosis around the terminal venules, a common but often overlooked complication of alcoholic fatty liver, reflects heavy prolonged drinking, and may identify those patients who are susceptible to develop the more advanced lesions of alcoholic liver injury upon continued drinking.", "PMID": 408218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4540", "title": "Hepatic infarction and diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "A 36-year-old man with brittle diabetes mellitus developed hepatic infarction immediately after an episode of ketoacidosis. The infarction was documented by angiogram 99mTc sulfur colloid scan, and biopsy. Except for the association with ketoacidosis, no other possible cause of hepatic infarction was found.", "contents": "Hepatic infarction and diabetic ketoacidosis. A 36-year-old man with brittle diabetes mellitus developed hepatic infarction immediately after an episode of ketoacidosis. The infarction was documented by angiogram 99mTc sulfur colloid scan, and biopsy. Except for the association with ketoacidosis, no other possible cause of hepatic infarction was found.", "PMID": 408220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4541", "title": "Pseudomembranous enterocolitis in childhood.", "content": "Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is reported in five children. The clinical syndrome, characterized by the acute onset of profuse diarrhea, occurred postoperatively in 2 patients. All the patients had received or were taking antibiotics (penicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin). The disease was severe in 4 persons who presented with hypoproteinemia. Related complications were edema, ascites, pleural effusion, septicemia and/or shock. The diagnosis was made on the basis of typical rectosigmoidoscopic findings. Despite intensive therapy 2 children died. The use of parenteral nutrition is advocated in severe cases with exudative enteropathy. When profuse diarrhea occurs postoperatively or does not rapidly subside with discontinuation of antibiotic therapy, a high index of suspicion should be maintained, even in children, for the possibility of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. An emergency rectosigmoidoscopy should be done in order to make an early diagnosis.", "contents": "Pseudomembranous enterocolitis in childhood. Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is reported in five children. The clinical syndrome, characterized by the acute onset of profuse diarrhea, occurred postoperatively in 2 patients. All the patients had received or were taking antibiotics (penicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin). The disease was severe in 4 persons who presented with hypoproteinemia. Related complications were edema, ascites, pleural effusion, septicemia and/or shock. The diagnosis was made on the basis of typical rectosigmoidoscopic findings. Despite intensive therapy 2 children died. The use of parenteral nutrition is advocated in severe cases with exudative enteropathy. When profuse diarrhea occurs postoperatively or does not rapidly subside with discontinuation of antibiotic therapy, a high index of suspicion should be maintained, even in children, for the possibility of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. An emergency rectosigmoidoscopy should be done in order to make an early diagnosis.", "PMID": 408221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4542", "title": "Genetic and cytogenetic analysis of the Adh region in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Eighteen Adh-negative mutations were selected with 1-pentyn-3-ol after feeding of formaldehyde. Twelve of the 18 were shown by cytological and genetic analysis to be deletions. Cytological examination of the deletions allowed us to localize the Adh gene to a region including bands 35B3-5 on the left arm of chromosome 2. The deletions were also used to order known visible loci located near Adh.--The vital loci near Adh were also investigated. A total of 109 lethal mutations were generated with EMS and 33 of these, localized within a region defined by the overlap of two of the deletions, were found to belong to 13 complementation groups. If one includes three other loci known to belong there (el, Adh and Sco) a total of 16 complemetation groups have been identified in the region close to Adh.", "contents": "Genetic and cytogenetic analysis of the Adh region in Drosophila melanogaster. Eighteen Adh-negative mutations were selected with 1-pentyn-3-ol after feeding of formaldehyde. Twelve of the 18 were shown by cytological and genetic analysis to be deletions. Cytological examination of the deletions allowed us to localize the Adh gene to a region including bands 35B3-5 on the left arm of chromosome 2. The deletions were also used to order known visible loci located near Adh.--The vital loci near Adh were also investigated. A total of 109 lethal mutations were generated with EMS and 33 of these, localized within a region defined by the overlap of two of the deletions, were found to belong to 13 complementation groups. If one includes three other loci known to belong there (el, Adh and Sco) a total of 16 complemetation groups have been identified in the region close to Adh.", "PMID": 408228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4543", "title": "Evidence for a set of closely linked autosomal genes that interact with sex-chromosome heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "It is proposed that there exists a special region in the euchromatin of the left arm of chromosome 2 (contained within sections 31-32 of the standard salivary gland chromosome map) that is defined by a set of genes, each one of which interacts with a specific sex-chromosome heterochromatic segment. The evidence for the existence of this region is, first, the exhibition, mapping, and analysis of five different maternal-effect, embryonic semi-lethals located in region 31-32. Secondly, in each case the consequence of the maternal effect is markedly influenced by the amount of X- or Y-chromosome heterochromatin carried by the progeny of mutant mothers. The nature of this interaction and possible reasons for the existence of the cluster of autosomal genes are discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for a set of closely linked autosomal genes that interact with sex-chromosome heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster. It is proposed that there exists a special region in the euchromatin of the left arm of chromosome 2 (contained within sections 31-32 of the standard salivary gland chromosome map) that is defined by a set of genes, each one of which interacts with a specific sex-chromosome heterochromatic segment. The evidence for the existence of this region is, first, the exhibition, mapping, and analysis of five different maternal-effect, embryonic semi-lethals located in region 31-32. Secondly, in each case the consequence of the maternal effect is markedly influenced by the amount of X- or Y-chromosome heterochromatin carried by the progeny of mutant mothers. The nature of this interaction and possible reasons for the existence of the cluster of autosomal genes are discussed.", "PMID": 408229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4544", "title": "Accumulation of deleterious genes in a cage population of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Lethal and sterility mutations were accumulated in a cage population which was initiated with lethal- and sterility-free second chromosomes of D. melanogaster. It took about 2,000 days for the frequencies of these genes to reach equilibrium levels, i.e., 18% lethal and 9% male-sterile chromosomes. Two other cage populations which were initiated with random chromosomes sampled from natural populations and kept for more than eleven years in the laboratory showed 19-20% lethal content. The elimination rates of lethals by homozygosis in these populations were smaller than the mutation rate. By using NEI's formulae, the deleterious effect of a lethal gene in heterozygous condition (h) was estimated to be 0.035. The effective population number in the cage populations was estimated to be 1,000-2,900, while the actual population number was 3,500-7,800.", "contents": "Accumulation of deleterious genes in a cage population of Drosophila melanogaster. Lethal and sterility mutations were accumulated in a cage population which was initiated with lethal- and sterility-free second chromosomes of D. melanogaster. It took about 2,000 days for the frequencies of these genes to reach equilibrium levels, i.e., 18% lethal and 9% male-sterile chromosomes. Two other cage populations which were initiated with random chromosomes sampled from natural populations and kept for more than eleven years in the laboratory showed 19-20% lethal content. The elimination rates of lethals by homozygosis in these populations were smaller than the mutation rate. By using NEI's formulae, the deleterious effect of a lethal gene in heterozygous condition (h) was estimated to be 0.035. The effective population number in the cage populations was estimated to be 1,000-2,900, while the actual population number was 3,500-7,800.", "PMID": 408230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4545", "title": "[Analgos of riboflavin, lumiflavin and alloxazine derivatives. II. Effect of roseoflavin on 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine and riboflavin synthetase synthesis and growth of Bacillus subtilis].", "content": "The replacement of 8-CH3 group in the riboflavin molecule results in the formation of specific antimetabolites. They are rozeoflavin, 7-desmethylrozeoflavin, 8-amino (nor) riboflavin, 8-ribitylamino (nor) riboflavin. Effect of rozeoflavin and other riboflavin analogues on the growth and regulatory characteristics of Bacillus subtilis strains with different genetic state of riboflavin operon is studied. Roseoflavin at a concentration of 0.05 mkg/ml inhibits DRL synthesis in rib-b110 strain. An analogue inhibits the growth of auxotrophic and prototrophic strains at concentrations of 0.5 mkg/ml and 50 mkg/ml respectively. Riboflavin (1 mkg/ml) recovers the growth of bacteria. The curve of rozeoflavin regulation of DRL and riboflavin synthetase synthesis is shifted in 100 times in the direction of lesser concentrations as compared with riboflavin and 8 amino (nor) riboflavin. 180 mutants resistant to 100 mkg/ml of rozeoflavin were selected. 150 mutants over-synthetize riboflavin.", "contents": "[Analgos of riboflavin, lumiflavin and alloxazine derivatives. II. Effect of roseoflavin on 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine and riboflavin synthetase synthesis and growth of Bacillus subtilis]. The replacement of 8-CH3 group in the riboflavin molecule results in the formation of specific antimetabolites. They are rozeoflavin, 7-desmethylrozeoflavin, 8-amino (nor) riboflavin, 8-ribitylamino (nor) riboflavin. Effect of rozeoflavin and other riboflavin analogues on the growth and regulatory characteristics of Bacillus subtilis strains with different genetic state of riboflavin operon is studied. Roseoflavin at a concentration of 0.05 mkg/ml inhibits DRL synthesis in rib-b110 strain. An analogue inhibits the growth of auxotrophic and prototrophic strains at concentrations of 0.5 mkg/ml and 50 mkg/ml respectively. Riboflavin (1 mkg/ml) recovers the growth of bacteria. The curve of rozeoflavin regulation of DRL and riboflavin synthetase synthesis is shifted in 100 times in the direction of lesser concentrations as compared with riboflavin and 8 amino (nor) riboflavin. 180 mutants resistant to 100 mkg/ml of rozeoflavin were selected. 150 mutants over-synthetize riboflavin.", "PMID": 408231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4546", "title": "[Effect of calcium and magnesium ions on different stages of genetic transformation in Bacillus subtilis].", "content": "Optimal concentrations of magnesium and calcium ions under their combined effect on genetic transformation in Bacillus suttilis are 2 - 10(-2) M and 4 - 10(-2) M respectively. The same concentrations are optimal under the effect of each cation clone. Magnesium ions are efficient during irreversible DNA binding. In the presence of magnesium ions calcium ions stimulate more late stages of transformation. The greatest efficiency of transformation is shown in consecutive effect of magnesium ions at early stages of transformation and of calcium ions at late transformation stages. This suggests that magnesium and calcium ions stimulate the activity of nuclease, taking part at early and late transformation stages.", "contents": "[Effect of calcium and magnesium ions on different stages of genetic transformation in Bacillus subtilis]. Optimal concentrations of magnesium and calcium ions under their combined effect on genetic transformation in Bacillus suttilis are 2 - 10(-2) M and 4 - 10(-2) M respectively. The same concentrations are optimal under the effect of each cation clone. Magnesium ions are efficient during irreversible DNA binding. In the presence of magnesium ions calcium ions stimulate more late stages of transformation. The greatest efficiency of transformation is shown in consecutive effect of magnesium ions at early stages of transformation and of calcium ions at late transformation stages. This suggests that magnesium and calcium ions stimulate the activity of nuclease, taking part at early and late transformation stages.", "PMID": 408232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4547", "title": "Antibiotic activity of pyrenomycetes under submerged conditions.", "content": "Twenty-three pyrenomycete species were tested for antibiotic activity in submerged cultures. When they were screened against bacteria and fungi, 15 showed positive results. Among these, Eutypa acharii, Diaporthe pustulata, Melanconis flavovirens and Camarops microspora were quite promising against bacteria and/or fungi. An antibacterial antibiotic from Camarops microspora was partially purified and characterized.", "contents": "Antibiotic activity of pyrenomycetes under submerged conditions. Twenty-three pyrenomycete species were tested for antibiotic activity in submerged cultures. When they were screened against bacteria and fungi, 15 showed positive results. Among these, Eutypa acharii, Diaporthe pustulata, Melanconis flavovirens and Camarops microspora were quite promising against bacteria and/or fungi. An antibacterial antibiotic from Camarops microspora was partially purified and characterized.", "PMID": 408247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4548", "title": "[Therapy of the bronchitic syndrome in the elderly].", "content": "The prophylactic means and general modes in the treatment of the bronchitic syndrome in geriatric patients are outlined. The therapy is discussed with respect to the use of broncholytics, secretolytics and steroids on the basics of a detailed lung function test. The altered health condition of the geriatric patient needs an intensive and detailed therapy program and must include limitations caused by the old age.", "contents": "[Therapy of the bronchitic syndrome in the elderly]. The prophylactic means and general modes in the treatment of the bronchitic syndrome in geriatric patients are outlined. The therapy is discussed with respect to the use of broncholytics, secretolytics and steroids on the basics of a detailed lung function test. The altered health condition of the geriatric patient needs an intensive and detailed therapy program and must include limitations caused by the old age.", "PMID": 408251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4549", "title": "Effect of bromocryptine on the secretion of thyrotropic hormone (TSH), prolactin (Pr), human growth hormone (HGH), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyroxine (T3) in hypothyroidism.", "content": "Bromocryptine (CB-154) virtually abolished the rise of serum Pr after TRH stimulation in hypothyroid and euthyroid subjects. The response of serum TSH to TRH stimulation was significantly depressed in hypothyroid but not in euthyroid subjects. No significant changes of serum HGH, T4 and T3 after CB-154 were observed. The dual mode of action of CB-154 in pituitary and hypothalamus is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of bromocryptine on the secretion of thyrotropic hormone (TSH), prolactin (Pr), human growth hormone (HGH), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyroxine (T3) in hypothyroidism. Bromocryptine (CB-154) virtually abolished the rise of serum Pr after TRH stimulation in hypothyroid and euthyroid subjects. The response of serum TSH to TRH stimulation was significantly depressed in hypothyroid but not in euthyroid subjects. No significant changes of serum HGH, T4 and T3 after CB-154 were observed. The dual mode of action of CB-154 in pituitary and hypothalamus is discussed.", "PMID": 408253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4550", "title": "Suppression of luteinization in the baboon by thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH).", "content": "Parenteral administration of 40 microgram of synthetic thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) which began two days prior to ovulation and continued for four days suppressed the luteinization of corpus luteum as judged by the lower level of plasma progestin. In contrast, injections of saline had no effect. Simultaneous injections of 300 microgram of synthetic LHRH in TRH treated baboons brought about a resumption of postovulatory rise of plasms progestin. Injections of TRH in the early luteal phase did not suppress the postovulatory rise of progestin. It is, therefore, inferred that injections of TRH suppress the midcycle LH rise and subsequently suppress the luteinization of corpus luteum, rather than exerting a direct effect on the ovary of the baboon.", "contents": "Suppression of luteinization in the baboon by thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). Parenteral administration of 40 microgram of synthetic thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) which began two days prior to ovulation and continued for four days suppressed the luteinization of corpus luteum as judged by the lower level of plasma progestin. In contrast, injections of saline had no effect. Simultaneous injections of 300 microgram of synthetic LHRH in TRH treated baboons brought about a resumption of postovulatory rise of plasms progestin. Injections of TRH in the early luteal phase did not suppress the postovulatory rise of progestin. It is, therefore, inferred that injections of TRH suppress the midcycle LH rise and subsequently suppress the luteinization of corpus luteum, rather than exerting a direct effect on the ovary of the baboon.", "PMID": 408254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4551", "title": "[Modification of urea-N and creatinine levels using need-adapted amino acids during parenteral nutrition in patients under intensive care].", "content": "The present retrospective study concerns two sub-groups of patients having normal serum creatinine levels, adequate 24-hour urine volumes and no pathological changes in the serum or urine osmolarity. There are differences in the initial values of the serum urea nitrogen, the higher (with almost 60 mg%) being already in the azotemia range. Both sub-groups received 100 g of an amino acid mixture adapted to requirements in addition to comparable parenteral nutrition. This did not lead to non-physiological changes in urea nitrogen or any of the other parameters measured in either of the groups. The findings obtained allow the following conclusions to be drawn: Parenteral administration of a quantity of essential and non-essential amino acids adapted to requirements did not bring about a rise in urea nitrogen in either the patients with normal or raised urea nitrogen values. Hence there are not grounds for assuming that in the post-operative or post-traumatic phase the use of a mixture of essential amino acids is necessary to reduce potentially occurring azotemia.", "contents": "[Modification of urea-N and creatinine levels using need-adapted amino acids during parenteral nutrition in patients under intensive care]. The present retrospective study concerns two sub-groups of patients having normal serum creatinine levels, adequate 24-hour urine volumes and no pathological changes in the serum or urine osmolarity. There are differences in the initial values of the serum urea nitrogen, the higher (with almost 60 mg%) being already in the azotemia range. Both sub-groups received 100 g of an amino acid mixture adapted to requirements in addition to comparable parenteral nutrition. This did not lead to non-physiological changes in urea nitrogen or any of the other parameters measured in either of the groups. The findings obtained allow the following conclusions to be drawn: Parenteral administration of a quantity of essential and non-essential amino acids adapted to requirements did not bring about a rise in urea nitrogen in either the patients with normal or raised urea nitrogen values. Hence there are not grounds for assuming that in the post-operative or post-traumatic phase the use of a mixture of essential amino acids is necessary to reduce potentially occurring azotemia.", "PMID": 408267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4552", "title": "Activation of complement by opportunist pathogens and chemotypes of Salmonella minnesota.", "content": "Washed cells of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella minnesota chemotypes (S, Rb, and Re) were tested for their ability to activate the alternative complement pathway (ACP). Parameters of ACP activation were (i) conversion of C3 in 10 mM ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N1-tetraacetic acid-treated human serum supplemented with 2.5 mM MgCl2, (ii) lysis of glutathione-treated human erythrocytes in the presence of human serum, and (iii) C3 to C9 consumption in C4-deficient guinea pig serum. With the exception of S. minnesota Re and S. aureus, all of the strains were highly active in the test systems when compared with inulin. S. minnesota Re and S. aureus initiated C3 conversion in untreated human serum, suggesting that these microorganisms were capable of activating complement by a mechanism other than the ACP. These results provide direct evidence for ACP activation by opportunist gram-negative bacilli and refute the hypothesis that the lipid A moiety of the lipopolysaccharide cell wall is responsible for ACP activation.", "contents": "Activation of complement by opportunist pathogens and chemotypes of Salmonella minnesota. Washed cells of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella minnesota chemotypes (S, Rb, and Re) were tested for their ability to activate the alternative complement pathway (ACP). Parameters of ACP activation were (i) conversion of C3 in 10 mM ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N1-tetraacetic acid-treated human serum supplemented with 2.5 mM MgCl2, (ii) lysis of glutathione-treated human erythrocytes in the presence of human serum, and (iii) C3 to C9 consumption in C4-deficient guinea pig serum. With the exception of S. minnesota Re and S. aureus, all of the strains were highly active in the test systems when compared with inulin. S. minnesota Re and S. aureus initiated C3 conversion in untreated human serum, suggesting that these microorganisms were capable of activating complement by a mechanism other than the ACP. These results provide direct evidence for ACP activation by opportunist gram-negative bacilli and refute the hypothesis that the lipid A moiety of the lipopolysaccharide cell wall is responsible for ACP activation.", "PMID": 408268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4553", "title": "Rabies virus glycoprotein. II. Biological and serological characterization.", "content": "Purified rabies virus glycoprotein (G) was shown by complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests to be a second distinct antigen of the virus. It it the only structural protein of the virus that induces the formation of virus-neutralizing antibodies and which confers immunity to animals. When the G protein is taken as antigen, the complement fixation test can be used for the assay of virus-neutralizing antibodies. The total protective activity of the virus was recovered in the purified G protein preparation. The protective activity of G protein increased with purification: 9 ng of G protein was required to protect 50% of the mice as compared to 1.63 micrograms of the virus. Selective immunofluorescent membrane staining and immunocytolysis of rabies virus-infected cells were shown to be G protein specific. Due to its purity and potency, the G protein preparation can be considered the ideal human antirabies vaccine.", "contents": "Rabies virus glycoprotein. II. Biological and serological characterization. Purified rabies virus glycoprotein (G) was shown by complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests to be a second distinct antigen of the virus. It it the only structural protein of the virus that induces the formation of virus-neutralizing antibodies and which confers immunity to animals. When the G protein is taken as antigen, the complement fixation test can be used for the assay of virus-neutralizing antibodies. The total protective activity of the virus was recovered in the purified G protein preparation. The protective activity of G protein increased with purification: 9 ng of G protein was required to protect 50% of the mice as compared to 1.63 micrograms of the virus. Selective immunofluorescent membrane staining and immunocytolysis of rabies virus-infected cells were shown to be G protein specific. Due to its purity and potency, the G protein preparation can be considered the ideal human antirabies vaccine.", "PMID": 408269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4554", "title": "Immune response and dental caries incidence in Streptococcus faecalis-monoassociated Harvard caries-resistant and caries-susceptible rats.", "content": "Harvard caries-resistant rats (CR) monoassociated with cariogenic Streptococcus faecalis (SF) for 150 days developed early high levels of specific SF serum agglutinins, moderate levels of salivary antibody, and little or no caries activity. Harvard caries-susceptible (CS) SF-monoassociated rats developed serum antibody more slowly and never reached the titers of the CR group. Little or no salivary agglutinin was found, and extensive caries developed. Second-generation monoassociated CR rats (CR-2) born to SF-monoassociated CR parents showed an immune response and caries activity more nearly resembling those of the CS rat than those of their CR parent. The CR rat appeared to be a high responder and the CS rat, a low responder to viable antigen on the mucous surfaces in both serum and salivary antibody production. Immunization by parenteral injection of killed SF cells produced equally high serum titers in both CR and CS strain rats, but failed to increase salivary agglutinin titers in any group or to protect against caries. These data suggest that there may be an immunologic basis for genetic differences in caries susceptibility between CR and CS Harvard rat strains and that this difference has been modified by some factor in the environment of the CR-2 rats.", "contents": "Immune response and dental caries incidence in Streptococcus faecalis-monoassociated Harvard caries-resistant and caries-susceptible rats. Harvard caries-resistant rats (CR) monoassociated with cariogenic Streptococcus faecalis (SF) for 150 days developed early high levels of specific SF serum agglutinins, moderate levels of salivary antibody, and little or no caries activity. Harvard caries-susceptible (CS) SF-monoassociated rats developed serum antibody more slowly and never reached the titers of the CR group. Little or no salivary agglutinin was found, and extensive caries developed. Second-generation monoassociated CR rats (CR-2) born to SF-monoassociated CR parents showed an immune response and caries activity more nearly resembling those of the CS rat than those of their CR parent. The CR rat appeared to be a high responder and the CS rat, a low responder to viable antigen on the mucous surfaces in both serum and salivary antibody production. Immunization by parenteral injection of killed SF cells produced equally high serum titers in both CR and CS strain rats, but failed to increase salivary agglutinin titers in any group or to protect against caries. These data suggest that there may be an immunologic basis for genetic differences in caries susceptibility between CR and CS Harvard rat strains and that this difference has been modified by some factor in the environment of the CR-2 rats.", "PMID": 408270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4555", "title": "Effect of anti-mu-chain-specific immunosuppression on Chikungunya virus encephalitis of mice.", "content": "Mice neonatally immunosuppressed with anti-mu antiserum failed to produce circulating antibodies to sheep erythrocytes and showed a marked decrease in circulating immunoglobulins. However, when they were intracerebrally infected with Chikungunya virus (a group A togavirus), they showed a mortality rate consistently lower than non-immunosuppressed control mice. Several possible explanations for this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of anti-mu-chain-specific immunosuppression on Chikungunya virus encephalitis of mice. Mice neonatally immunosuppressed with anti-mu antiserum failed to produce circulating antibodies to sheep erythrocytes and showed a marked decrease in circulating immunoglobulins. However, when they were intracerebrally infected with Chikungunya virus (a group A togavirus), they showed a mortality rate consistently lower than non-immunosuppressed control mice. Several possible explanations for this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 408271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4556", "title": "Biological properties of Rickettsia prowazekii strains isolated from flying squirrels.", "content": "Four strains of Rickettsia prowazekii, isolated from flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans volans) from Florida and Virginia, were compared with other strains of the typhus biotype, two previously established strains each of R. prowazekii and R. typhi and one strain of R. canada, for similarities in a number of unrelated phenotypic characteristics. R. akari served as a spotted fever biotype control. All strains produced small plaques on chicken embryo cell monolayers that were clearly recognized only after 10 days of incubation at 32 degrees C. All strains were highly susceptible to erythromycin. The Renografin density gradient centrifugation procedure of separating rickettsiae from the infected yolk sacs of surviving chicken embryos was equally satisfactory in all cases and resulted in moderate to large yields of purified rickettsiae. There was relatively small variation in specific hemolytic activity or specific CO(2) formation from glutamate. None of the strains catabolized glucose. There was some strain variation in virulence for the chicken embryo, but none of the above tests separated the three species of the typhus biotype. On the other hand, R. akari was clearly distinguished by its more rapid plaque formation and by higher resistance to erythromycin. It is concluded that by the tests conducted thus far, the biological properties of the flying squirrel strains do not differ substantially from those of other strains of the typhus biotype.", "contents": "Biological properties of Rickettsia prowazekii strains isolated from flying squirrels. Four strains of Rickettsia prowazekii, isolated from flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans volans) from Florida and Virginia, were compared with other strains of the typhus biotype, two previously established strains each of R. prowazekii and R. typhi and one strain of R. canada, for similarities in a number of unrelated phenotypic characteristics. R. akari served as a spotted fever biotype control. All strains produced small plaques on chicken embryo cell monolayers that were clearly recognized only after 10 days of incubation at 32 degrees C. All strains were highly susceptible to erythromycin. The Renografin density gradient centrifugation procedure of separating rickettsiae from the infected yolk sacs of surviving chicken embryos was equally satisfactory in all cases and resulted in moderate to large yields of purified rickettsiae. There was relatively small variation in specific hemolytic activity or specific CO(2) formation from glutamate. None of the strains catabolized glucose. There was some strain variation in virulence for the chicken embryo, but none of the above tests separated the three species of the typhus biotype. On the other hand, R. akari was clearly distinguished by its more rapid plaque formation and by higher resistance to erythromycin. It is concluded that by the tests conducted thus far, the biological properties of the flying squirrel strains do not differ substantially from those of other strains of the typhus biotype.", "PMID": 408272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4557", "title": "Kinetics and maintenance of acquired resistance in mice to Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "In the mouse system, acquired resistance to Listeria monocytogenes can only be demonstrated after immunization with viable microorganisms. A successful state of immunity cannot be elicited with formalin-killed organisms or bacterial cell-derived products. Viable, serologically cross-reactive organisms (not mouse pathogenic) do not induce a state of immunity as measured by acquired resistance. The duration of immunity, once established, is dose independent, and the absolute interval of its existence is not extended by secondary challenge with large numbers of viable organisms. The decline of immunity in actively immunized animals is not altered by antigenic challenge with formalin-killed cells or cell products. This indicates that the cellular requirements for the development of host resistance are similar for induction as well as maintenance. In vitro measurements of cellular immunity by migration inhibition indicate that formalin-killed organisms as well as cell products were recognized by actively sensitized lymphocytes obtained from immune animals.", "contents": "Kinetics and maintenance of acquired resistance in mice to Listeria monocytogenes. In the mouse system, acquired resistance to Listeria monocytogenes can only be demonstrated after immunization with viable microorganisms. A successful state of immunity cannot be elicited with formalin-killed organisms or bacterial cell-derived products. Viable, serologically cross-reactive organisms (not mouse pathogenic) do not induce a state of immunity as measured by acquired resistance. The duration of immunity, once established, is dose independent, and the absolute interval of its existence is not extended by secondary challenge with large numbers of viable organisms. The decline of immunity in actively immunized animals is not altered by antigenic challenge with formalin-killed cells or cell products. This indicates that the cellular requirements for the development of host resistance are similar for induction as well as maintenance. In vitro measurements of cellular immunity by migration inhibition indicate that formalin-killed organisms as well as cell products were recognized by actively sensitized lymphocytes obtained from immune animals.", "PMID": 408273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4558", "title": "Comparative evaluation of human leukocyte and fibroblast interferon in the prevention of herpes simplex virus keratitis in a monkey model.", "content": "The prophylactic potency of topically applied human leukocyte interferon and human fibroblast interferon was compared in a monkey model with herpes simplex virus type 1-induced keratitis. Both interferons effectively prevented keratitis at 1.9 X 10(6) U of activity per ml but were ineffective at 1.9 X  10(3) U/ml. Slight differences between human leukocyte interferon and human fibroblast interferon observed at the level of 1.9 X 10(5) U/ml were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of human leukocyte and fibroblast interferon in the prevention of herpes simplex virus keratitis in a monkey model. The prophylactic potency of topically applied human leukocyte interferon and human fibroblast interferon was compared in a monkey model with herpes simplex virus type 1-induced keratitis. Both interferons effectively prevented keratitis at 1.9 X 10(6) U of activity per ml but were ineffective at 1.9 X  10(3) U/ml. Slight differences between human leukocyte interferon and human fibroblast interferon observed at the level of 1.9 X 10(5) U/ml were not statistically significant.", "PMID": 408274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4559", "title": "Direct evidence for the presence of lipopolysaccharide components in Pseudomonas ribosomal vaccine.", "content": "The presence of sugars specific to lipopolysaccharide, glucose, and rhamnose was demonstrated in a Pseudomonas ribosomal vaccine. The detection of these sugars was accomplished by radiological means after paper chromatography of the neutral fraction of acid-hydrolyzed vaccine.", "contents": "Direct evidence for the presence of lipopolysaccharide components in Pseudomonas ribosomal vaccine. The presence of sugars specific to lipopolysaccharide, glucose, and rhamnose was demonstrated in a Pseudomonas ribosomal vaccine. The detection of these sugars was accomplished by radiological means after paper chromatography of the neutral fraction of acid-hydrolyzed vaccine.", "PMID": 408275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4560", "title": "Differential sensitivity of Xeroderma pigmentosum cells of different repair capacities towards the chromosome breaking action of carcinogens and mutagens.", "content": "The sensitivity of cultured fibroblasts obtained from four unrelated Xeroderma pigmentosum patients (XP-K, XP-C, XP-E and XP-H), which showed different DNA repair levels, was examined. The frequency of metaphase plates with chromosome aberrations and the frequency of breaks and exchanges per chromosome complement were estimated following exposure to the carcinogens 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO),N-acetoxy-2-acetyl-aminofluorene (N-acetoxy-2-AAF), and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and to the mutagen daunomycin. The frequency of chromosome aberrations (breaks and exchanges) increased in the order (XP-K less than XP-C less than XP-E less than XP-H) with decreasing DNA repair capacity of the XP cells examined (XP-K greater than XP-C greater than XP-E greater than XP-H) following 4NQO and N-acetoxy-2-AAF. MNNG induced DNA repair synthesis and chromosome aberrations in the four XP cell types at levels comparable to those in fibroblasts of non-afflicted persons. Daunomycin triggered no DNA repair synthesis but induced similar frequencies of chromosome aberrations in the XP cells and controls. Heterozygous XP cells from parents of XP-K, XP-E and XP-C responded as control cells towards the three carcinogens and the mutagen used. Xeroderma pigmentosum can be considered to be an \"induced\" chromosome instability syndrome, in contrast to Bloom's syndrome or Fanconi's anaemia, which are \"spontaneous\" chromosome breakage syndromes according to German's definition.", "contents": "Differential sensitivity of Xeroderma pigmentosum cells of different repair capacities towards the chromosome breaking action of carcinogens and mutagens. The sensitivity of cultured fibroblasts obtained from four unrelated Xeroderma pigmentosum patients (XP-K, XP-C, XP-E and XP-H), which showed different DNA repair levels, was examined. The frequency of metaphase plates with chromosome aberrations and the frequency of breaks and exchanges per chromosome complement were estimated following exposure to the carcinogens 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO),N-acetoxy-2-acetyl-aminofluorene (N-acetoxy-2-AAF), and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and to the mutagen daunomycin. The frequency of chromosome aberrations (breaks and exchanges) increased in the order (XP-K less than XP-C less than XP-E less than XP-H) with decreasing DNA repair capacity of the XP cells examined (XP-K greater than XP-C greater than XP-E greater than XP-H) following 4NQO and N-acetoxy-2-AAF. MNNG induced DNA repair synthesis and chromosome aberrations in the four XP cell types at levels comparable to those in fibroblasts of non-afflicted persons. Daunomycin triggered no DNA repair synthesis but induced similar frequencies of chromosome aberrations in the XP cells and controls. Heterozygous XP cells from parents of XP-K, XP-E and XP-C responded as control cells towards the three carcinogens and the mutagen used. Xeroderma pigmentosum can be considered to be an \"induced\" chromosome instability syndrome, in contrast to Bloom's syndrome or Fanconi's anaemia, which are \"spontaneous\" chromosome breakage syndromes according to German's definition.", "PMID": 408278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4561", "title": "Visor osteotomy and vestibuloplasty--a one-stage procedure. A preliminary report.", "content": "The visor osteotomy as described by HARLE gives a considerable increase of the absolute height of the atrophic mandible, between the mental foramina. After 6 weeks a total vestibuloplasty with mucosal grafting (and a lowering of the floor of the mouth) is performed. A method is described in which the visor osteotomy and the vestibuloplasty are performed in one stage.", "contents": "Visor osteotomy and vestibuloplasty--a one-stage procedure. A preliminary report. The visor osteotomy as described by HARLE gives a considerable increase of the absolute height of the atrophic mandible, between the mental foramina. After 6 weeks a total vestibuloplasty with mucosal grafting (and a lowering of the floor of the mouth) is performed. A method is described in which the visor osteotomy and the vestibuloplasty are performed in one stage.", "PMID": 408280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4562", "title": "Behavior of cortical bone grafts under different types of fixation.", "content": "The fate of cortical bone grafts, rigidly fixed by means of a special metal splint, was studied in rabbits. Cortical grafts of fresh autologous bone were compared with dry-stored allogenous transplants frozen to -20 degrees C. To study the incorporation and remodeling, fluorochrome labeling and microradiography were used. The main parameters of remodeling were the quantities of old lamellar bone, newly formed lamellar bone, and vascular spaces present in the transplant areas. The data obtained are compared with the results of a previous similar study of grafts, which were fixed by Mersilene sutures. Fresh autologous as well as allogenous (dry-stored, frozen to -20 degrees C) cortical bone grafts, used as free transplants, show the same type of incorporation and ultimately the same amount of remodeling. Rigid fixation is a valuable contribution in promoting primary function.", "contents": "Behavior of cortical bone grafts under different types of fixation. The fate of cortical bone grafts, rigidly fixed by means of a special metal splint, was studied in rabbits. Cortical grafts of fresh autologous bone were compared with dry-stored allogenous transplants frozen to -20 degrees C. To study the incorporation and remodeling, fluorochrome labeling and microradiography were used. The main parameters of remodeling were the quantities of old lamellar bone, newly formed lamellar bone, and vascular spaces present in the transplant areas. The data obtained are compared with the results of a previous similar study of grafts, which were fixed by Mersilene sutures. Fresh autologous as well as allogenous (dry-stored, frozen to -20 degrees C) cortical bone grafts, used as free transplants, show the same type of incorporation and ultimately the same amount of remodeling. Rigid fixation is a valuable contribution in promoting primary function.", "PMID": 408281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4563", "title": "Mandibular condyle dislocation into the middle cranial fossa.", "content": "A case is reported of a woman aged 25 with a dislocation of the right mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa. The most striking clinical feature is a strongly limited mandibular movement and the fixation of the mandible in the dislocated position. Adequate radiographic examination including tomography is necessary to obtain the proper diagnosis and to determine the position of the condyle and the displaced bony fragments of the cranial base. Early diagnosis and treatment are very important for a successful reposition. In the described patient manual reposition of the dislocated condyle was obtained 2 days after trauma. The risk of intracranial complications makes close cooperation with a neurosurgeon necessary.", "contents": "Mandibular condyle dislocation into the middle cranial fossa. A case is reported of a woman aged 25 with a dislocation of the right mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa. The most striking clinical feature is a strongly limited mandibular movement and the fixation of the mandible in the dislocated position. Adequate radiographic examination including tomography is necessary to obtain the proper diagnosis and to determine the position of the condyle and the displaced bony fragments of the cranial base. Early diagnosis and treatment are very important for a successful reposition. In the described patient manual reposition of the dislocated condyle was obtained 2 days after trauma. The risk of intracranial complications makes close cooperation with a neurosurgeon necessary.", "PMID": 408282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4564", "title": "Absolute augmentation of the mandible.", "content": "In spite of all the attempts that have been made so far to bring about an absolute augmentation of the mandible, this procedure remains more or less at the experimental stage. The greatest difficulty in the known techniques is that the transplanted bone is resorbed to a great extent in a relatively short time. In the last 2 years at our department we have developed a new technique in which the resorption has up to now been minimal. Bone is no longer transplanted subperiosteally on the alveolar process, but the resorbed mandible is split into cranial and caudal portions from the region of the left 3rd molar to the region of the right 3rd molar, and between these two fragments the bone transplant is placed. In this way the resorption after 2 years is practically nil and, moreover, the patient can wear a normal prothesis.", "contents": "Absolute augmentation of the mandible. In spite of all the attempts that have been made so far to bring about an absolute augmentation of the mandible, this procedure remains more or less at the experimental stage. The greatest difficulty in the known techniques is that the transplanted bone is resorbed to a great extent in a relatively short time. In the last 2 years at our department we have developed a new technique in which the resorption has up to now been minimal. Bone is no longer transplanted subperiosteally on the alveolar process, but the resorbed mandible is split into cranial and caudal portions from the region of the left 3rd molar to the region of the right 3rd molar, and between these two fragments the bone transplant is placed. In this way the resorption after 2 years is practically nil and, moreover, the patient can wear a normal prothesis.", "PMID": 408283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4565", "title": "Condylar fractures of the mandible. II. a radiographic study of remodeling processes in the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Remodeling processes in 76 temporomandibular joints were studied on radiographs from 67 individuals sustaining condylar fractures. The indivuduals were ranged into four age groups: 3-11, 12-15, 16-19, and larger than or equal to 20 years of age at the time of fracture. The radiographic examinations were to be performed at the time of the trauma and 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36-48 months after the injury. In the age group 3-11 there was a complete return to normal skeletal relations in 20 of the 27 joints. Joints in teenagers (12-19) did not become normal to the same extent and in adults only minor remodeling was observed. In children the remodeling of the condylar process was extensive but indistinctly outlined. With increasing age there was a shift towards a more distinct apposition of bone on the posterior part of the condylar head visualized as a double contour. This contour first appeared in the late teens. In adults the remodeling processes seemed only to be part of the functional adjustment. Thus, the remodeling processes of the condylar process in a clinical sense may be looked upon as restitutional in children and adjusting or functional in adults. As regards the articular fossa, in children the remodeling processes were first observed as a double contour, of which the new one became more and more distinct, while the original roof gradually disappeared. The final results was a flattened fossa. In adults, a sclerosis of the roof of the fossa was found.", "contents": "Condylar fractures of the mandible. II. a radiographic study of remodeling processes in the temporomandibular joint. Remodeling processes in 76 temporomandibular joints were studied on radiographs from 67 individuals sustaining condylar fractures. The indivuduals were ranged into four age groups: 3-11, 12-15, 16-19, and larger than or equal to 20 years of age at the time of fracture. The radiographic examinations were to be performed at the time of the trauma and 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36-48 months after the injury. In the age group 3-11 there was a complete return to normal skeletal relations in 20 of the 27 joints. Joints in teenagers (12-19) did not become normal to the same extent and in adults only minor remodeling was observed. In children the remodeling of the condylar process was extensive but indistinctly outlined. With increasing age there was a shift towards a more distinct apposition of bone on the posterior part of the condylar head visualized as a double contour. This contour first appeared in the late teens. In adults the remodeling processes seemed only to be part of the functional adjustment. Thus, the remodeling processes of the condylar process in a clinical sense may be looked upon as restitutional in children and adjusting or functional in adults. As regards the articular fossa, in children the remodeling processes were first observed as a double contour, of which the new one became more and more distinct, while the original roof gradually disappeared. The final results was a flattened fossa. In adults, a sclerosis of the roof of the fossa was found.", "PMID": 408284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4566", "title": "Condylar fractures of the mandible. III. positional changes of the chin.", "content": "Positional changes of the chin (symphysion = sy) following unilateral condylar fractures of the mandible were studied in 21 children and 20 adults by means of repeated radiographic examinations. On each occasion and for each individual the actual position of the sy was related to an estimated normal position. In those children in whom the remodeling processes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) resulted in normal skeletal relation, the result of the subcondylar fractures seemed to be a deviation of the sy towards the nonfractured side. In cases of condylar head and neck fractures a deviation towards the fractured side frequently occurred. In four of the five children in whom normal skeletal relation in the TMJ was not obtained, the sy deviated towards the condylar fracture side. In the majority of the adulsts, a deviation towards the condylar fracture side occurred irrespective of the level of the condylar fracture.", "contents": "Condylar fractures of the mandible. III. positional changes of the chin. Positional changes of the chin (symphysion = sy) following unilateral condylar fractures of the mandible were studied in 21 children and 20 adults by means of repeated radiographic examinations. On each occasion and for each individual the actual position of the sy was related to an estimated normal position. In those children in whom the remodeling processes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) resulted in normal skeletal relation, the result of the subcondylar fractures seemed to be a deviation of the sy towards the nonfractured side. In cases of condylar head and neck fractures a deviation towards the fractured side frequently occurred. In four of the five children in whom normal skeletal relation in the TMJ was not obtained, the sy deviated towards the condylar fracture side. In the majority of the adulsts, a deviation towards the condylar fracture side occurred irrespective of the level of the condylar fracture.", "PMID": 408285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4567", "title": "Treatment of mandibular fractures by means of stable internal wire fixation.", "content": "Treatment according to the principles of stable internal fixation offers great advantages for fractures of the mandibular body. Most authors believe that a stable internal fixation can be achieved only by means of bone plating or screw fixation. At Groningen a wire connection was designed by BRONS which could be considered to be stable. The application of this stable internal wire fixation and the results of treatment in 272 fractures of the mandibular body between 1967 and 1976 are discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of mandibular fractures by means of stable internal wire fixation. Treatment according to the principles of stable internal fixation offers great advantages for fractures of the mandibular body. Most authors believe that a stable internal fixation can be achieved only by means of bone plating or screw fixation. At Groningen a wire connection was designed by BRONS which could be considered to be stable. The application of this stable internal wire fixation and the results of treatment in 272 fractures of the mandibular body between 1967 and 1976 are discussed.", "PMID": 408286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4568", "title": "Bilateral surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar teeth as a model for drug evaluation: a test with oxyphenbutazone (Tanderil).", "content": "Twenty-four healthy patients undergoing two separate operations for removal of an impacted third molar from one or the other side of the mandible, were included in a double-blind crossover study. On the two occasions either oxyphenbutazone (Tanderil) or placebo was given for 5 days, commencing on the day before surgery. Plasma analyses confirmed drug intake. A number of objective and subjective assessments were recorded for a paired comparison of the postoperative course, including swelling, trismus, local temperature and pain. On the 1st, 3rd and 5th postoperative days after the oxyphenbutazone-operation, the measured swelling averaged 86, 85 and 83%, respectively, of that after the placebo-operation; the corresponding P-values were less than or equal to 0.11, 0.03 and 0.06. Oxyphenbutazone did not significantly reduce the local hyperpyrexia. It exerted, however, an excellent pain relief, which may have contributed to less trismus and patient preference for the course with this drug. The results obtained with this model in humans showed considerable discrepancies with the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects ascribed to oxyphenbutazone from results in animal models. Side effects were mild and infrequent, and no unfavorable effects on bleeding or wound healing were noted. Routine use of oxyphenbutazone in oral surgery, however, is not recommended.", "contents": "Bilateral surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar teeth as a model for drug evaluation: a test with oxyphenbutazone (Tanderil). Twenty-four healthy patients undergoing two separate operations for removal of an impacted third molar from one or the other side of the mandible, were included in a double-blind crossover study. On the two occasions either oxyphenbutazone (Tanderil) or placebo was given for 5 days, commencing on the day before surgery. Plasma analyses confirmed drug intake. A number of objective and subjective assessments were recorded for a paired comparison of the postoperative course, including swelling, trismus, local temperature and pain. On the 1st, 3rd and 5th postoperative days after the oxyphenbutazone-operation, the measured swelling averaged 86, 85 and 83%, respectively, of that after the placebo-operation; the corresponding P-values were less than or equal to 0.11, 0.03 and 0.06. Oxyphenbutazone did not significantly reduce the local hyperpyrexia. It exerted, however, an excellent pain relief, which may have contributed to less trismus and patient preference for the course with this drug. The results obtained with this model in humans showed considerable discrepancies with the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects ascribed to oxyphenbutazone from results in animal models. Side effects were mild and infrequent, and no unfavorable effects on bleeding or wound healing were noted. Routine use of oxyphenbutazone in oral surgery, however, is not recommended.", "PMID": 408287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4569", "title": "Immunochemical investigations of human pituitary beta-lipotropin.", "content": "Antiserum to human beta-lipotropin has been raised in rabbits and characterized by gel double diffusion, quantitative precipitin, microcomplement fixation and biological neutralization tests. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for human beta-lipotropin has been developed. It was demonstrated that the antiserum shows specificity for this hormone. Human beta-melanotropin and human beta-endorphin showed only a minimal degree of cross-reaction, while ovine beta-lipotropin showed a partial but significant degree of cross-reactivity.", "contents": "Immunochemical investigations of human pituitary beta-lipotropin. Antiserum to human beta-lipotropin has been raised in rabbits and characterized by gel double diffusion, quantitative precipitin, microcomplement fixation and biological neutralization tests. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for human beta-lipotropin has been developed. It was demonstrated that the antiserum shows specificity for this hormone. Human beta-melanotropin and human beta-endorphin showed only a minimal degree of cross-reaction, while ovine beta-lipotropin showed a partial but significant degree of cross-reactivity.", "PMID": 408288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4570", "title": "Descending optic nerve degeneration in primates.", "content": "We cut the optic nerve at the orbital apex in squirrel monkeys to study the descending degeneration of optic nerve axons and their ganglion cell bodies. We could not detect progressive disintegration of the axon from the site of injury back to the cell body. Instead, the entire length of individual axons seemed to degenerate simultaneously as early as 3 weeks and as late as 6 weeks after injury, as judged both by ultrastructural integrity and by continued slow axonal transport, a reflection of local physiologic function. We could not relate the time of degeneration to the distance of the injury from the cell body. Evidently there is a signal of injury to the cell body after axotomy, though the nature of the signal and the mechanism by which it leads to cell death are unknown.", "contents": "Descending optic nerve degeneration in primates. We cut the optic nerve at the orbital apex in squirrel monkeys to study the descending degeneration of optic nerve axons and their ganglion cell bodies. We could not detect progressive disintegration of the axon from the site of injury back to the cell body. Instead, the entire length of individual axons seemed to degenerate simultaneously as early as 3 weeks and as late as 6 weeks after injury, as judged both by ultrastructural integrity and by continued slow axonal transport, a reflection of local physiologic function. We could not relate the time of degeneration to the distance of the injury from the cell body. Evidently there is a signal of injury to the cell body after axotomy, though the nature of the signal and the mechanism by which it leads to cell death are unknown.", "PMID": 408291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4571", "title": "Peroxidase permeability of the cryogenic chorioretinal adhesion.", "content": "Under normal conditions the retinal pigment epithelium does not permit passage of peroxidase tracers. Photocoagulation disrupts this barrier. Rhesus monkeys which received transconjunctival cryotheropy showed a similar disruption, with leakage of horseradish peroxidase into the retina. This leakage persisted for the 6-month duration of the experiment. One month after treatment, a firm chorioretinal adhesion was present, characterized by gliosis, adherent junctions, and cellular interdigitation. The anatomic features of the cryogenic chorioretinal adhesion were similar to those previously described in human eyes.", "contents": "Peroxidase permeability of the cryogenic chorioretinal adhesion. Under normal conditions the retinal pigment epithelium does not permit passage of peroxidase tracers. Photocoagulation disrupts this barrier. Rhesus monkeys which received transconjunctival cryotheropy showed a similar disruption, with leakage of horseradish peroxidase into the retina. This leakage persisted for the 6-month duration of the experiment. One month after treatment, a firm chorioretinal adhesion was present, characterized by gliosis, adherent junctions, and cellular interdigitation. The anatomic features of the cryogenic chorioretinal adhesion were similar to those previously described in human eyes.", "PMID": 408292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4572", "title": "Changes in health care ideology in relation to self-care by families.", "content": "Health care is shifting from a professional-independent to a business-bureaucratic orientation. Both professional and business ideology have been unfavourable to the development of self-care and a strong health care role for families. But business ideology contains more loopholes for the emergence of a higher level of family self-care activity. The shift forces consumers to take a cautious posture in the marketplace, encouraging active management of their own health care. However, families will obtain government support for their self-care activities and a policy-influential role in health system governance only through organized political action.", "contents": "Changes in health care ideology in relation to self-care by families. Health care is shifting from a professional-independent to a business-bureaucratic orientation. Both professional and business ideology have been unfavourable to the development of self-care and a strong health care role for families. But business ideology contains more loopholes for the emergence of a higher level of family self-care activity. The shift forces consumers to take a cautious posture in the marketplace, encouraging active management of their own health care. However, families will obtain government support for their self-care activities and a policy-influential role in health system governance only through organized political action.", "PMID": 408300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4573", "title": "Research and demonstration issues in self-care: measuring the decline of medicocentrism.", "content": "Emergence of consumer health self-care is a reflection of the increased commitment of health professionals to patient education, growing consumer awareness that they are capable of sophisticated self-help, and a variety of social, economic and technological currents. These currents are reviewed and a survey of existing medical self-care programs is summarized. The attempts and potentials to evaluate these programs are critically examined. A number of important research and demonstration issues are raised including the determination of behavioral outcomes, technical limits, and manpower implications. A federal program of replicative studies on such issues would provide substantive knowledge in the self-care field, generalizable to the larger field of health education, but the hazards of undermining the voluntaristic and non-establishment character of the programs must be considered in designing evaluative studies.", "contents": "Research and demonstration issues in self-care: measuring the decline of medicocentrism. Emergence of consumer health self-care is a reflection of the increased commitment of health professionals to patient education, growing consumer awareness that they are capable of sophisticated self-help, and a variety of social, economic and technological currents. These currents are reviewed and a survey of existing medical self-care programs is summarized. The attempts and potentials to evaluate these programs are critically examined. A number of important research and demonstration issues are raised including the determination of behavioral outcomes, technical limits, and manpower implications. A federal program of replicative studies on such issues would provide substantive knowledge in the self-care field, generalizable to the larger field of health education, but the hazards of undermining the voluntaristic and non-establishment character of the programs must be considered in designing evaluative studies.", "PMID": 408301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4574", "title": "The pattern of loci on Drosophila chromosomes.", "content": "In this study, we have attempted to detect and describe patterns in the arrangement of gene loci within chromosomes of a metazoon. Known loci (842 of them) on the first three chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster have been characterised according to a list of 45 properties and the distributions of these properties have been examined systematically. For all these properties, there is little, if any, evidence of clustering between known loci that are not close enough to belong to the same 10-locus group. Our analysis has, however, revealed evidence confirming that some properties show a tendency to cluster within a 10-locus group. Even this tendency is not strong, except for some of the morphological properties. However, it is apparently at variance with the findings of Elston and Glassman (1967), based on fewer data.", "contents": "The pattern of loci on Drosophila chromosomes. In this study, we have attempted to detect and describe patterns in the arrangement of gene loci within chromosomes of a metazoon. Known loci (842 of them) on the first three chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster have been characterised according to a list of 45 properties and the distributions of these properties have been examined systematically. For all these properties, there is little, if any, evidence of clustering between known loci that are not close enough to belong to the same 10-locus group. Our analysis has, however, revealed evidence confirming that some properties show a tendency to cluster within a 10-locus group. Even this tendency is not strong, except for some of the morphological properties. However, it is apparently at variance with the findings of Elston and Glassman (1967), based on fewer data.", "PMID": 408302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4575", "title": "Selection acting upon slow-migrating ADH alleles differing in enzyme activity.", "content": "Relative egg to adult viability was compared in three stocks of Drosophila melanogaster differing in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity. Two of these, Grell's standard ADHS and a mutant ADHS strain producing half the normal number of ADH molecules, had the same electrophoretic mobility. The experiment demonstrated a correlation between survival in alcohol-supplemented media and enzyme activity. This supports the hypothesis that enzyme activity per se, rather than some other attribute of allelic differences, may be responsible for the previously observed selective advantage of high activity alleles on alcohol media.", "contents": "Selection acting upon slow-migrating ADH alleles differing in enzyme activity. Relative egg to adult viability was compared in three stocks of Drosophila melanogaster differing in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity. Two of these, Grell's standard ADHS and a mutant ADHS strain producing half the normal number of ADH molecules, had the same electrophoretic mobility. The experiment demonstrated a correlation between survival in alcohol-supplemented media and enzyme activity. This supports the hypothesis that enzyme activity per se, rather than some other attribute of allelic differences, may be responsible for the previously observed selective advantage of high activity alleles on alcohol media.", "PMID": 408303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4576", "title": "Polymorphism at two loci through selection for linear metric deviation.", "content": "A model of phenotypic stabilising selection in which the fitness of an individual depends solely on its phenotype, and not directly on its genetic constitution, is explored algebraically for a system of two linked loci of unequal effect. It is found that selection for metric deviation gives rise to polymorphic gametefrequency equilibria for a variety of  fitness regimes. Stability of non-trivial equilibria occurs for a wide range of parameter sets. Stability is facilitated by close linkage and inequality between gene effects. It is suggested that, in general genetic variation may be maintained under stabilising selection when the fitness of double heterozygotes exceeds that of the phenotypically intermediate homozygotes.", "contents": "Polymorphism at two loci through selection for linear metric deviation. A model of phenotypic stabilising selection in which the fitness of an individual depends solely on its phenotype, and not directly on its genetic constitution, is explored algebraically for a system of two linked loci of unequal effect. It is found that selection for metric deviation gives rise to polymorphic gametefrequency equilibria for a variety of  fitness regimes. Stability of non-trivial equilibria occurs for a wide range of parameter sets. Stability is facilitated by close linkage and inequality between gene effects. It is suggested that, in general genetic variation may be maintained under stabilising selection when the fitness of double heterozygotes exceeds that of the phenotypically intermediate homozygotes.", "PMID": 408304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4577", "title": "Genetical composition, temperature, density and selection in an enzyme polymorphism.", "content": "Selection in egg-to-adult viability was investigated at the Esterase-6 locus of Drosophila melanogaster. A factorial experiment was carried out with three variables, temperature, density and genetical composition; there were four temperatures (15 degrees, 20 degrees, 25 degrees and 30 degrees), three densities (115 ml, 10 ml and 2-5 ml of food). Strong frequency dependent selection was observed in many environments. The strength of the selection was very much modified by an interaction between temperature and density. The results are discussed in relation to evidence for a chemical mechanism which mediates frequency dependent selection, by conditioning, in the larval environment.", "contents": "Genetical composition, temperature, density and selection in an enzyme polymorphism. Selection in egg-to-adult viability was investigated at the Esterase-6 locus of Drosophila melanogaster. A factorial experiment was carried out with three variables, temperature, density and genetical composition; there were four temperatures (15 degrees, 20 degrees, 25 degrees and 30 degrees), three densities (115 ml, 10 ml and 2-5 ml of food). Strong frequency dependent selection was observed in many environments. The strength of the selection was very much modified by an interaction between temperature and density. The results are discussed in relation to evidence for a chemical mechanism which mediates frequency dependent selection, by conditioning, in the larval environment.", "PMID": 408305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4578", "title": "Esophageal patch grafting as a treatment for esophageal stricture in a horse.", "content": "Esophageal patch grafting, using the sternocephalicus muscle, was used for treatment of cervical esophageal stricture in a mare. The mare was maintained during the initial healing phase by total parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Esophageal patch grafting as a treatment for esophageal stricture in a horse. Esophageal patch grafting, using the sternocephalicus muscle, was used for treatment of cervical esophageal stricture in a mare. The mare was maintained during the initial healing phase by total parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 408317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4579", "title": "Effects of serum lipid content on the binding of minocycline.", "content": "Minocycline was added to normal and hyperlipemic serum samples in concentrations of 1 approximately 10 mcg/ml. These specimens had similar protein contents. Chemically extractable minocycline was quantitated fluorometrically. Hyperlipemic serum (cholesterol 480 mg/100 ml; triglycerides 321 mg/100 ml) yielded an average of 50% less minocycline than did normal serum (cholesterol 170 mg/100 ml; triglycerides 114 mg/100 ml). When ultrafiltrates of serum containing 6, 12 and 20 mcg/ml minocycline were assayed microbiologically, it was evident that variations in serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels did not alter the ratio of bound to free drug. Minocycline appears to be reversibly associated with, and/or soluble in, triglyceride-cholesterol components of serum.", "contents": "Effects of serum lipid content on the binding of minocycline. Minocycline was added to normal and hyperlipemic serum samples in concentrations of 1 approximately 10 mcg/ml. These specimens had similar protein contents. Chemically extractable minocycline was quantitated fluorometrically. Hyperlipemic serum (cholesterol 480 mg/100 ml; triglycerides 321 mg/100 ml) yielded an average of 50% less minocycline than did normal serum (cholesterol 170 mg/100 ml; triglycerides 114 mg/100 ml). When ultrafiltrates of serum containing 6, 12 and 20 mcg/ml minocycline were assayed microbiologically, it was evident that variations in serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels did not alter the ratio of bound to free drug. Minocycline appears to be reversibly associated with, and/or soluble in, triglyceride-cholesterol components of serum.", "PMID": 408318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4580", "title": "The treatment of enteric fever with mecillinam.", "content": "In vitro studies carried out in this Department confirmed the high activity of mecillinam against Salmonella spp. As a result we set up a study to investigate the efficacy of mecillinam in patients suffering from enteric fever. To date 13 out of 15 patients with typhoid or paratyphoid fever have been successfully treated with this new amidinopenicillanic acid antibiotic.", "contents": "The treatment of enteric fever with mecillinam. In vitro studies carried out in this Department confirmed the high activity of mecillinam against Salmonella spp. As a result we set up a study to investigate the efficacy of mecillinam in patients suffering from enteric fever. To date 13 out of 15 patients with typhoid or paratyphoid fever have been successfully treated with this new amidinopenicillanic acid antibiotic.", "PMID": 408321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4581", "title": "In vitro studies with mecillinam on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The ability of a beta-lactam antibiotic to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria depends on three main properties: ting sites in the bacterial cell; the ability to penetrate through the outer layers of the bacterial envelope to these sites; and the ability to resist destruction by beta-lactamases that may be encountered on the way to the target. This article describes the properties of mecillinam with respect to the last two of these properties. Although able to hydrolyse mecillinam under some conditions, the beta-lactamases present in many Gram-negative species are unlikely to be very effective at protecting the bacteria in vivo because of their relatively low affinity for this penicillin and the good penetrative properties of the antibiotic.", "contents": "In vitro studies with mecillinam on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ability of a beta-lactam antibiotic to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria depends on three main properties: ting sites in the bacterial cell; the ability to penetrate through the outer layers of the bacterial envelope to these sites; and the ability to resist destruction by beta-lactamases that may be encountered on the way to the target. This article describes the properties of mecillinam with respect to the last two of these properties. Although able to hydrolyse mecillinam under some conditions, the beta-lactamases present in many Gram-negative species are unlikely to be very effective at protecting the bacteria in vivo because of their relatively low affinity for this penicillin and the good penetrative properties of the antibiotic.", "PMID": 408322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4582", "title": "Inhibition and facilitation of transfer among Pseudomonas aeruginos R plasmids.", "content": "Esamining 12 plasmids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we found two types of interaction in their transfer (inhibition and facilitation), using donor cells carrying two compatible plasmids. (i) Ten plasmids representing incompatibility groups P-1, P-2, P-5, P-6, and P-7 were all transmissible at a high frequency, 10-2 to 10-1, except for one with a lower frequency of about 10-3. The transfer of P-5 plasmids was inhibited by P-2 plasmids reciprocally or unilaterally, and the unilateral transfer inhibition was observed in other combinations between plasmids belonging to groups P-1, P-2, P-6, and P-7. It was characteristic of Pseudomonas plasmids that most plasmids with high transferability inhibited the transfer of other coexisting plasmids without distinct inhibition of their own transfer. (ii) Two plasmids, Rms149 of P-8 group and Rlb679, which was not classified, were transmissible at an exceptionally low frequency of 10-7 to 10-6, but their transfer was facilitated by plasmids with high transferability.", "contents": "Inhibition and facilitation of transfer among Pseudomonas aeruginos R plasmids. Esamining 12 plasmids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we found two types of interaction in their transfer (inhibition and facilitation), using donor cells carrying two compatible plasmids. (i) Ten plasmids representing incompatibility groups P-1, P-2, P-5, P-6, and P-7 were all transmissible at a high frequency, 10-2 to 10-1, except for one with a lower frequency of about 10-3. The transfer of P-5 plasmids was inhibited by P-2 plasmids reciprocally or unilaterally, and the unilateral transfer inhibition was observed in other combinations between plasmids belonging to groups P-1, P-2, P-6, and P-7. It was characteristic of Pseudomonas plasmids that most plasmids with high transferability inhibited the transfer of other coexisting plasmids without distinct inhibition of their own transfer. (ii) Two plasmids, Rms149 of P-8 group and Rlb679, which was not classified, were transmissible at an exceptionally low frequency of 10-7 to 10-6, but their transfer was facilitated by plasmids with high transferability.", "PMID": 408326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4583", "title": "Myxospore coat synthesis in Myxococcus xanthus: in vivo incorporation of acetate and glycine.", "content": "Myxospore coat synthesis in Myxococcus xanthus was studied by incorporation of [(14)C]acetate into intermediates in the biosynthesis of coat polysaccharide and into acid-insoluble material during vegetative growth and after glycerol induction of myxospores. During short labeling periods at 27 degrees C, the radioactivity was shown to be located primarily in N-acetyl groups rather than sugar moieties. Two hours after glycerol induction, the pools of N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate and uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDPGalNAc) plus uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-glucosamine increased about twofold and were labeled at twice the rate measured for vegetative cells. The increased rate of synthesis of UDPGalNAc and its precursors could be correlated with increased enzyme activities measured in vitro. Controlled acid hydrolysis revealed that the galactosamine portion of the myxospore coat was N-acetylated. After glycerol induction, the incorporation of acetate into acid-insoluble material increased threefold. This enhanced incorporation was sensitive to neither penicillin nor d-cycloserine. In contrast, bacitracin inhibited the incorporation of [(14)C]acetate into acid-insoluble material more effectively 2 h after myxospore induction than during vegetative growth. Chloramphenicol added to cells 90 min after induction blocked further increase in the rate of [(14)C]acetate incorporation. Since the myxospore coat contains glycine, polymer synthesis was also measured by chloramphenicol-insensitive [(14)C]glycine incorporation into acid-insoluble material. Although protein synthesis decreased after glycerol induction, glycine incorporation increased. Two hours after induction, glycine incorporation was only 75% inhibited by chloramphenicol and rifampin. The chloramphenicol-insensitive rate of incorporation of [(14)C]glycine increased during the first hour after myxospore induction and reached a peak rate after 2 to 3 h. The chloramphenicol-resistant incorporation of [(14)C]glycine was resistant to penicillin but sensitive to bacitracin.", "contents": "Myxospore coat synthesis in Myxococcus xanthus: in vivo incorporation of acetate and glycine. Myxospore coat synthesis in Myxococcus xanthus was studied by incorporation of [(14)C]acetate into intermediates in the biosynthesis of coat polysaccharide and into acid-insoluble material during vegetative growth and after glycerol induction of myxospores. During short labeling periods at 27 degrees C, the radioactivity was shown to be located primarily in N-acetyl groups rather than sugar moieties. Two hours after glycerol induction, the pools of N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate and uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDPGalNAc) plus uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-glucosamine increased about twofold and were labeled at twice the rate measured for vegetative cells. The increased rate of synthesis of UDPGalNAc and its precursors could be correlated with increased enzyme activities measured in vitro. Controlled acid hydrolysis revealed that the galactosamine portion of the myxospore coat was N-acetylated. After glycerol induction, the incorporation of acetate into acid-insoluble material increased threefold. This enhanced incorporation was sensitive to neither penicillin nor d-cycloserine. In contrast, bacitracin inhibited the incorporation of [(14)C]acetate into acid-insoluble material more effectively 2 h after myxospore induction than during vegetative growth. Chloramphenicol added to cells 90 min after induction blocked further increase in the rate of [(14)C]acetate incorporation. Since the myxospore coat contains glycine, polymer synthesis was also measured by chloramphenicol-insensitive [(14)C]glycine incorporation into acid-insoluble material. Although protein synthesis decreased after glycerol induction, glycine incorporation increased. Two hours after induction, glycine incorporation was only 75% inhibited by chloramphenicol and rifampin. The chloramphenicol-insensitive rate of incorporation of [(14)C]glycine increased during the first hour after myxospore induction and reached a peak rate after 2 to 3 h. The chloramphenicol-resistant incorporation of [(14)C]glycine was resistant to penicillin but sensitive to bacitracin.", "PMID": 408325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4584", "title": "Modulation of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase III level during the life cycle of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase III is not detectable in Bacillus subtilis spores; the enzyme activity appears 20 to 30 min after spore activation and rapidly increases just before the onset of the first round of DNA replication (30 min later); the level of polymerase III further increases and reaches its maximum (on a per-genome basis) when the cells enter the vegetative phase of growth; this level is six- to eightfold higher than the one observed during germination. In the stationary phase, the polymerase III drops to levels comparable to those found in germinating spores at the first round of replication. On the contrary, DNA polymerase I is present at appreciable levels in the dormant spore; it increases during vegetative growth by a factor of three and, during the stationary phase, reaches its maximum level which is sixfold higher than that observed in the spores. The block of protein synthesis during vegetative growth does not cause an appreciable reduction of the two enzymes (in absolute terms), showing that the regulation of their levels is probably not due to a balance between synthesis and breakdown. These results indicate that polymerase III is probably one of the factors controlling the initiation of DNA synthesis during spore germination.", "contents": "Modulation of deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase III level during the life cycle of Bacillus subtilis. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase III is not detectable in Bacillus subtilis spores; the enzyme activity appears 20 to 30 min after spore activation and rapidly increases just before the onset of the first round of DNA replication (30 min later); the level of polymerase III further increases and reaches its maximum (on a per-genome basis) when the cells enter the vegetative phase of growth; this level is six- to eightfold higher than the one observed during germination. In the stationary phase, the polymerase III drops to levels comparable to those found in germinating spores at the first round of replication. On the contrary, DNA polymerase I is present at appreciable levels in the dormant spore; it increases during vegetative growth by a factor of three and, during the stationary phase, reaches its maximum level which is sixfold higher than that observed in the spores. The block of protein synthesis during vegetative growth does not cause an appreciable reduction of the two enzymes (in absolute terms), showing that the regulation of their levels is probably not due to a balance between synthesis and breakdown. These results indicate that polymerase III is probably one of the factors controlling the initiation of DNA synthesis during spore germination.", "PMID": 408327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4585", "title": "Specific alteration of the 30S ribosomal subunits of Bacillus subtilis during sporulation.", "content": "Active 30S ribosomal subunits were isolated from vegetative and sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis. Both subunits were able to function in polyuridylic acid of phage phie messenger ribonucleic acid-dependent protein synthesis in vitro. The sporulation 30S subunits were highly active in polyuridylic acid-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis but showed a reduced activity in the presence of natural messenger ribonucleic acid as compared with their vegetative counter-parts. The reduced activity was independent of the source of 50S particles and initiation factors (vegetative or sporulation). The alteration of the 30S sporulation subunits appears to be related to the sporulation process, since the same subunits isolated from stationary-phase cells of an asporogenic mutant did not show any impairment in protein synthesis in vitro.", "contents": "Specific alteration of the 30S ribosomal subunits of Bacillus subtilis during sporulation. Active 30S ribosomal subunits were isolated from vegetative and sporulating cells of Bacillus subtilis. Both subunits were able to function in polyuridylic acid of phage phie messenger ribonucleic acid-dependent protein synthesis in vitro. The sporulation 30S subunits were highly active in polyuridylic acid-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis but showed a reduced activity in the presence of natural messenger ribonucleic acid as compared with their vegetative counter-parts. The reduced activity was independent of the source of 50S particles and initiation factors (vegetative or sporulation). The alteration of the 30S sporulation subunits appears to be related to the sporulation process, since the same subunits isolated from stationary-phase cells of an asporogenic mutant did not show any impairment in protein synthesis in vitro.", "PMID": 408328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4586", "title": "Hydrolysis of phenyl beta-maltoside catalyzed by saccharifying alpha-amylase from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "1. The hydrolytic reaction of phenyl beta-maltoside catalyzed by saccharifying alpha-amylase [EC 3.2.1.1] of Bacillus subtilis was studied at 25 degrees C and pH 5.4, by measuring the total reducing power and the amount of phenol liberated, and by thin layer chromatography. 2. The enzyme hydrolyzed phenyl beta-maltoside at the glucosidic linkage between the two glucose residues to form D-glucose and phenyl beta-D-glucoside. Besides these products, maltose, maltotriose, and phenyl beta-maltotrioside were also observed as reaction products. The identification of phenyl beta-maltotrioside is described in detail. The formation of these products was attributed to the transglycosylation reaction of the enzyme. The time course of reaction as followed by reducing power measurement showed an induction period of several minutes.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of phenyl beta-maltoside catalyzed by saccharifying alpha-amylase from Bacillus subtilis. 1. The hydrolytic reaction of phenyl beta-maltoside catalyzed by saccharifying alpha-amylase [EC 3.2.1.1] of Bacillus subtilis was studied at 25 degrees C and pH 5.4, by measuring the total reducing power and the amount of phenol liberated, and by thin layer chromatography. 2. The enzyme hydrolyzed phenyl beta-maltoside at the glucosidic linkage between the two glucose residues to form D-glucose and phenyl beta-D-glucoside. Besides these products, maltose, maltotriose, and phenyl beta-maltotrioside were also observed as reaction products. The identification of phenyl beta-maltotrioside is described in detail. The formation of these products was attributed to the transglycosylation reaction of the enzyme. The time course of reaction as followed by reducing power measurement showed an induction period of several minutes.", "PMID": 408329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4587", "title": "Coordination chemical studies on metalloenzymes. II. Kinetic behavior of various types of chelating agents towards bovine carbonic anhydrase.", "content": "In order to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of the removal of zinc ions from bovine carbonic anhydrase [EC 4.2.1.1] (BCA), several chelating agents with various stability constants were used to remove zinc from BCA. The second-order rate constants (kaap) of zinc removal from BCA were found to be in the following order; 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid greater than 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid greater than 2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid greater than 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid greater than or approximately 1,10-phenanthroline greater than or approximately 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline greater than 2,2'-bipyridine. With similar chelating agents the greater the stability constant, the faster was the rate of removal of zinc ions from BCA. With EDTA, trans-1,2-cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid, and nitrilotriacetic acid, the rate of zinc ion removal from the native enzyme was governed by the rate of spontaneous dissociation of zinc enzyme. The rate constants for the removal of zinc ions from BCA were governed by the affinity of the chelating agents for the metal ion and the conformation of the chelating agents. Based on these findings, reaction pathways for various chelating agents are proposed.", "contents": "Coordination chemical studies on metalloenzymes. II. Kinetic behavior of various types of chelating agents towards bovine carbonic anhydrase. In order to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of the removal of zinc ions from bovine carbonic anhydrase [EC 4.2.1.1] (BCA), several chelating agents with various stability constants were used to remove zinc from BCA. The second-order rate constants (kaap) of zinc removal from BCA were found to be in the following order; 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid greater than 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid greater than 2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid greater than 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid greater than or approximately 1,10-phenanthroline greater than or approximately 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline greater than 2,2'-bipyridine. With similar chelating agents the greater the stability constant, the faster was the rate of removal of zinc ions from BCA. With EDTA, trans-1,2-cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid, and nitrilotriacetic acid, the rate of zinc ion removal from the native enzyme was governed by the rate of spontaneous dissociation of zinc enzyme. The rate constants for the removal of zinc ions from BCA were governed by the affinity of the chelating agents for the metal ion and the conformation of the chelating agents. Based on these findings, reaction pathways for various chelating agents are proposed.", "PMID": 408331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4588", "title": "Purification and properties of two acid phosphatases from midgut glands of abalone Haliotis discus.", "content": "Midgut glands of abalone Haliotis discus contained two acid phosphatases [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2] separable by phosphocellulose column chromatography. They were designated as acid phosphatases I and II in order of elution and were purified 99- and 290-fold, respectively. Purified acid phosphatase II was nearly homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The substrate specificity of acid phosphatase I was narrow, whereas that of acid phosphatase II was broad. Good substrates for acid phosphatase I included p-nitrophenyl phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, inorganic pyrophosphate, and nucleoside di- and triphosphates. The acid phosphatases did not require any metal ion for  maximum activity and were inhibited by Zn2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+. Fluoride and arsenate were potent inhibitors of both enzymes. The pH optima of acid phosphatases I and II were 5.9 and 5.5, respectively. The molecular weights of acid phosphatases I and II were estimated to be 28,000 and 100,000, respectively, by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that acid phosphatase II consists of two identical subunits.", "contents": "Purification and properties of two acid phosphatases from midgut glands of abalone Haliotis discus. Midgut glands of abalone Haliotis discus contained two acid phosphatases [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2] separable by phosphocellulose column chromatography. They were designated as acid phosphatases I and II in order of elution and were purified 99- and 290-fold, respectively. Purified acid phosphatase II was nearly homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The substrate specificity of acid phosphatase I was narrow, whereas that of acid phosphatase II was broad. Good substrates for acid phosphatase I included p-nitrophenyl phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, inorganic pyrophosphate, and nucleoside di- and triphosphates. The acid phosphatases did not require any metal ion for  maximum activity and were inhibited by Zn2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+. Fluoride and arsenate were potent inhibitors of both enzymes. The pH optima of acid phosphatases I and II were 5.9 and 5.5, respectively. The molecular weights of acid phosphatases I and II were estimated to be 28,000 and 100,000, respectively, by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that acid phosphatase II consists of two identical subunits.", "PMID": 408332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4589", "title": "On the heterogeneity and organ specificity of chicken tropomyosins.", "content": "1. Tropomyosins from chicken cardiac, skeletal, and gizzard muscles were each resolved into two subunits by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a system containing sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), urea and sodium borate, and were designated C1 C2, S1 S2, and G1 G2, respectively, in descending order of mobility on electrophoresis. S1, S2, G1, and G2 were prepared as pure samples by electrophoresis. 2. The apparent molecular weights of C (C1 + C2), S1, S2, G1, and G2 were calculated to be 36,000, 36,000, 37,500, 36,000, and 40,000, respectively, based on SDS gel electrophoretic mobility according to the method of Weber and Osborn. C and S1 showed nearly the same mobility in all electrophoretic systems tried. S1 and G1, which comigrated in an SDS-sodium borate system, showed different mobilities upon addition of 5 M urea to the system. 3. Immunological evidence presented indicates that each subunit has a specific antigenic site(s) in addition to an identical one(s) in common with the others. 4. As each tropomyosin subunit formed two precipitin lines with the homologous antiserum, as many as ten kinds of subunits may exist in chicken muscles.", "contents": "On the heterogeneity and organ specificity of chicken tropomyosins. 1. Tropomyosins from chicken cardiac, skeletal, and gizzard muscles were each resolved into two subunits by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a system containing sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), urea and sodium borate, and were designated C1 C2, S1 S2, and G1 G2, respectively, in descending order of mobility on electrophoresis. S1, S2, G1, and G2 were prepared as pure samples by electrophoresis. 2. The apparent molecular weights of C (C1 + C2), S1, S2, G1, and G2 were calculated to be 36,000, 36,000, 37,500, 36,000, and 40,000, respectively, based on SDS gel electrophoretic mobility according to the method of Weber and Osborn. C and S1 showed nearly the same mobility in all electrophoretic systems tried. S1 and G1, which comigrated in an SDS-sodium borate system, showed different mobilities upon addition of 5 M urea to the system. 3. Immunological evidence presented indicates that each subunit has a specific antigenic site(s) in addition to an identical one(s) in common with the others. 4. As each tropomyosin subunit formed two precipitin lines with the homologous antiserum, as many as ten kinds of subunits may exist in chicken muscles.", "PMID": 408333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4590", "title": "Alteration in two enzymatically active forms of valyl-tRNA synthetase during the sporulation of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Two enzymatically active forms of valyl-tRNA synthetase [EC 6.1.1.9] were found in the cells of Bacillus subtilis. The aminoacylation activities of the two forms were altered during the sporulation of B. subtilis. The tRNA'S acylated by these enzymes were analyzed by methylated albumin-Kieselguhr column chromatography.", "contents": "Alteration in two enzymatically active forms of valyl-tRNA synthetase during the sporulation of Bacillus subtilis. Two enzymatically active forms of valyl-tRNA synthetase [EC 6.1.1.9] were found in the cells of Bacillus subtilis. The aminoacylation activities of the two forms were altered during the sporulation of B. subtilis. The tRNA'S acylated by these enzymes were analyzed by methylated albumin-Kieselguhr column chromatography.", "PMID": 408335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4591", "title": "Comparative characterization of four purified lysine-specific transfer ribonucleic acids from chicken embryos.", "content": "Four purified tRNALys species from 13-day-old chick embryo muscle have been characterized with respect to the following properties: qualitative oligoribonucleotide composition (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after RNase T1 digestion), anticodon response towards AAG and AAA (equilibrium dialysis and polylysine synthesis), strength of the aminoacyl bond (de-esterification kinetics), sedimentation coefficient, and temperature-dependent double helix-to-coil transition. The results confirm the existence of four molecularly independent lysine-specific tRNA's in this eukaryotic system.", "contents": "Comparative characterization of four purified lysine-specific transfer ribonucleic acids from chicken embryos. Four purified tRNALys species from 13-day-old chick embryo muscle have been characterized with respect to the following properties: qualitative oligoribonucleotide composition (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after RNase T1 digestion), anticodon response towards AAG and AAA (equilibrium dialysis and polylysine synthesis), strength of the aminoacyl bond (de-esterification kinetics), sedimentation coefficient, and temperature-dependent double helix-to-coil transition. The results confirm the existence of four molecularly independent lysine-specific tRNA's in this eukaryotic system.", "PMID": 408337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4592", "title": "Isolation of testosterone-binding globulin from bovine serum by affinity chromatography and its molecular characterization.", "content": "The testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) from bovine serum was purified by affinity chromatography and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The affinity column used was prepared by coupling 17 alpha-carboxyethynyl-17-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one to aminoethyl-Sepharose. The compound was replaceable by 17alpha-carboxyethynyl-17-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one, but not by testosterone 17-hemisuccinate, estradiol 17-hemisuccinate, or testosterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime. The TeBG isolated was homogeneous on analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and equilibrium centrifugation. The protein was a glycoprotein having a molecular weight of 89,500 and a carbohydrate content of 17%. The association constant (M-1) at 4 degrees C was 1.1 X 10(8) and the number of binding sites per molecule was 0.8. Treatment with guanidine-HCl dissociated the protein into subunits having a molecular weight of 28,400 (about one-third of that of the original molecule). SDS-gel electrophoresis showed that two of the three subunits were slightly larger than the other. The dissociation into subunits could also be accomplished by GEDTA treatment with concomitant loss of testosterone-binding activity. The activity and molecular size were reversibly restored by incubation with excess Ca2+.", "contents": "Isolation of testosterone-binding globulin from bovine serum by affinity chromatography and its molecular characterization. The testosterone-binding globulin (TeBG) from bovine serum was purified by affinity chromatography and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The affinity column used was prepared by coupling 17 alpha-carboxyethynyl-17-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one to aminoethyl-Sepharose. The compound was replaceable by 17alpha-carboxyethynyl-17-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one, but not by testosterone 17-hemisuccinate, estradiol 17-hemisuccinate, or testosterone 3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime. The TeBG isolated was homogeneous on analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and equilibrium centrifugation. The protein was a glycoprotein having a molecular weight of 89,500 and a carbohydrate content of 17%. The association constant (M-1) at 4 degrees C was 1.1 X 10(8) and the number of binding sites per molecule was 0.8. Treatment with guanidine-HCl dissociated the protein into subunits having a molecular weight of 28,400 (about one-third of that of the original molecule). SDS-gel electrophoresis showed that two of the three subunits were slightly larger than the other. The dissociation into subunits could also be accomplished by GEDTA treatment with concomitant loss of testosterone-binding activity. The activity and molecular size were reversibly restored by incubation with excess Ca2+.", "PMID": 408338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4593", "title": "Immunochemical studies on non-precipitating guinea pig antibody produced by administration of an excessive dose of Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase.", "content": "Administration of an excessive dose of Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase [EC 3.2.1.1, alpha-1,4-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase] (BalphaA) induced the production of non-precipitating (non-ppt) IgG2 antibody in guinea pigs, whereas immunization with a normal dose produced precipitating (ppt) IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies. The non-ppt IgG2 antibody thus produced could be isolated from the coexisting ppt IgG2 antibody by means of the precipitin reaction at maximum precipitation. The non-ppt antibody was incapable of forming a precipitin arc with BalphaA in a conventional agar plate. In the presence of 4% polyethylene glycol (PEG), however, it formed a single arc which fused completely with those of the ppt IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies. The non-ppt antibody could not fix complement, but inhibited BalphaA activity, though with less efficiency than the ppt antibodies. These properties of the non-ppt IgG2 antibody may be due to a low affinity for BalphaA, since both gel filtration and precipitation of soluble antigen-antibody complexes with 20% PEG showed that the antibody was easily dissociable from BalphaA.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on non-precipitating guinea pig antibody produced by administration of an excessive dose of Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase. Administration of an excessive dose of Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase [EC 3.2.1.1, alpha-1,4-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase] (BalphaA) induced the production of non-precipitating (non-ppt) IgG2 antibody in guinea pigs, whereas immunization with a normal dose produced precipitating (ppt) IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies. The non-ppt IgG2 antibody thus produced could be isolated from the coexisting ppt IgG2 antibody by means of the precipitin reaction at maximum precipitation. The non-ppt antibody was incapable of forming a precipitin arc with BalphaA in a conventional agar plate. In the presence of 4% polyethylene glycol (PEG), however, it formed a single arc which fused completely with those of the ppt IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies. The non-ppt antibody could not fix complement, but inhibited BalphaA activity, though with less efficiency than the ppt antibodies. These properties of the non-ppt IgG2 antibody may be due to a low affinity for BalphaA, since both gel filtration and precipitation of soluble antigen-antibody complexes with 20% PEG showed that the antibody was easily dissociable from BalphaA.", "PMID": 408340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4594", "title": "Use of rabbit antiboty IgG bound onto plain and aminoalkylsilyl glass surface for the enzyme-linked sandwich immunoassay.", "content": "Rabbit antibody IgG was bound onto aminoalkylsilyl or plain glass rods by simple adsorption. For comparison, rabbit antibody IgG was also bound onto glutaraldehyde-activated aminoalkylsilyl glass rods. These antibody-glass rods were tested by the sandwich procedure using Fab' fragments of rabbit antibody conjugated with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. The glutaraldehyde-activated aminoalkylsilyl glass showed the largest capacity to bind antigen and the plain glass showed the smallest. However, the antibody-glass rods prepared by simple adsorption were as useful for the sandwich immunoassay of macromolecular antigens as those prepared with glutaraldehyde. With all the antibody-glass rods prepared, 0.1 to 10 fmol of ornithine delta-aminotransferase from rat liver and 2,4-dinitrophenyl human IgG were measurable. More than 10 fmol of the antigens may be measurable with larger amounts of the antibody-beta-D-galactosidase complexes, although the non-specific binding of the complexes to the solid phase increases to limit the sensitivity of the immunoassay.", "contents": "Use of rabbit antiboty IgG bound onto plain and aminoalkylsilyl glass surface for the enzyme-linked sandwich immunoassay. Rabbit antibody IgG was bound onto aminoalkylsilyl or plain glass rods by simple adsorption. For comparison, rabbit antibody IgG was also bound onto glutaraldehyde-activated aminoalkylsilyl glass rods. These antibody-glass rods were tested by the sandwich procedure using Fab' fragments of rabbit antibody conjugated with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. The glutaraldehyde-activated aminoalkylsilyl glass showed the largest capacity to bind antigen and the plain glass showed the smallest. However, the antibody-glass rods prepared by simple adsorption were as useful for the sandwich immunoassay of macromolecular antigens as those prepared with glutaraldehyde. With all the antibody-glass rods prepared, 0.1 to 10 fmol of ornithine delta-aminotransferase from rat liver and 2,4-dinitrophenyl human IgG were measurable. More than 10 fmol of the antigens may be measurable with larger amounts of the antibody-beta-D-galactosidase complexes, although the non-specific binding of the complexes to the solid phase increases to limit the sensitivity of the immunoassay.", "PMID": 408341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4595", "title": "Activation of a new plasma enzyme by antigen-antibody reaction.", "content": "The change of enzyme activity in immunized rabbit plasma after addition of the homologous antigen was examined. The activities of N alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAMe) and N alpha-tosyl-L-lysine methyl ester (TLMe) hydrolysis increased about 15 to 18 days after immunization. This increase was especially marked before the maximal rise of antibody content, and is thought to be related to the IgM antibody not to the IgG antibody. Enzyme activation was strongly inhibited by chelation of Ca2+ with 5 mM disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), but not by other protease inhibitors, such as epsilon amino-caproic acid (epsilon-ACA), bovine lung kallikrein inhibitor (Trasylol) or soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI).", "contents": "Activation of a new plasma enzyme by antigen-antibody reaction. The change of enzyme activity in immunized rabbit plasma after addition of the homologous antigen was examined. The activities of N alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAMe) and N alpha-tosyl-L-lysine methyl ester (TLMe) hydrolysis increased about 15 to 18 days after immunization. This increase was especially marked before the maximal rise of antibody content, and is thought to be related to the IgM antibody not to the IgG antibody. Enzyme activation was strongly inhibited by chelation of Ca2+ with 5 mM disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA), but not by other protease inhibitors, such as epsilon amino-caproic acid (epsilon-ACA), bovine lung kallikrein inhibitor (Trasylol) or soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI).", "PMID": 408342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4596", "title": "Enzymic reactions of phosphate analogs.", "content": "A variety of phosphonates (XPO32-; X = H-, CH3-, CL3C-, CH3CH2-, and phenyl-) as well as methylarsonate have been shown to be suitable phosphate analogs for the reactions catalyzed by yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase. The reactivity of the phosphate analogs with these two enzymes is independent of the pKa of the analog.", "contents": "Enzymic reactions of phosphate analogs. A variety of phosphonates (XPO32-; X = H-, CH3-, CL3C-, CH3CH2-, and phenyl-) as well as methylarsonate have been shown to be suitable phosphate analogs for the reactions catalyzed by yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase. The reactivity of the phosphate analogs with these two enzymes is independent of the pKa of the analog.", "PMID": 408343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4597", "title": "Mutants of Bacillus megaterium resistant to uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.", "content": "Mutants of Bacillus megaterium displaying malate-stimulated ATP synthesis resistant to uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation were isolated and partially characterized. ATP synthesis in such mutants was resistant to carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone as well as to other uncouplers including 2,4-dinitrophenol, pentachlorophenol, and sodium azide. ATP synthesis in the wild type and in resistant mutants was sensitive to N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, tributyltin, valinomycin plus potassium, and potassium cyanide. Active transport of glycine and glutamine which are sensitive to uncouplers in the wild type was also uncoupler-sensitive in the mutants.", "contents": "Mutants of Bacillus megaterium resistant to uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Mutants of Bacillus megaterium displaying malate-stimulated ATP synthesis resistant to uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation were isolated and partially characterized. ATP synthesis in such mutants was resistant to carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone as well as to other uncouplers including 2,4-dinitrophenol, pentachlorophenol, and sodium azide. ATP synthesis in the wild type and in resistant mutants was sensitive to N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, tributyltin, valinomycin plus potassium, and potassium cyanide. Active transport of glycine and glutamine which are sensitive to uncouplers in the wild type was also uncoupler-sensitive in the mutants.", "PMID": 408344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4598", "title": "Developmentally regulated lectin from embryonic chick pectoral muscle. Purification by affinity chromatography.", "content": "A lectin, whose specific activity in soluble extracts of embryonic chick pectoral muscle increases strikingly between 8 and 16 days of development, has been purified by affinity chromatography on derivatized Sepharose 4B coupled to p-aminophenyl-beta-D-lactoside. After affinity chromatography the lectin is pure except for minor contamination with another protein possibly representing a second muscle lectin. The latter can be completely removed by preparative isoelectric focusing. The purified lectin has an apparent molecular weight of 30,000 and an apparent subunit molecular weight of 15,000. Its isoelectric point is 4.0. The most potent saccharide inhibitors tested were thiodigalactoside and lactose. An antibody has been raised to the pure lectin. Studies with this antibody indicate that the lectin is present both on the surface of and within myoblasts.", "contents": "Developmentally regulated lectin from embryonic chick pectoral muscle. Purification by affinity chromatography. A lectin, whose specific activity in soluble extracts of embryonic chick pectoral muscle increases strikingly between 8 and 16 days of development, has been purified by affinity chromatography on derivatized Sepharose 4B coupled to p-aminophenyl-beta-D-lactoside. After affinity chromatography the lectin is pure except for minor contamination with another protein possibly representing a second muscle lectin. The latter can be completely removed by preparative isoelectric focusing. The purified lectin has an apparent molecular weight of 30,000 and an apparent subunit molecular weight of 15,000. Its isoelectric point is 4.0. The most potent saccharide inhibitors tested were thiodigalactoside and lactose. An antibody has been raised to the pure lectin. Studies with this antibody indicate that the lectin is present both on the surface of and within myoblasts.", "PMID": 408346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4599", "title": "Hageman factor substrates. Human plasma prekallikrein: mechanism of activation by Hageman factor and participation in hageman factor-dependent fibrinolysis.", "content": "Two molecular forms of prekallikrein can be isolated from pooled normal human plasma. Their approximate molecular weights by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis are 88,000 and 85,000. The two bands observed are shown to represent prekallikrein by functional, immunochemical, and structural criteria. Both forms are cleaved by activated Hageman factor, they appear to share antigenic determinants, they are not interconvertible upon incubation with activated Hageman factor or kallikrein, and the ratio of kinin-generating, and plasminogen-activating activities of the preparations are independent of the relative proportion of each band. Activated Factor XII converts prekallikrein to kallikrein by limited proteolysis and two disulfide-linked chains designated kallikrein heavy chain (Mr = 52,000) and kallikrein light chains (Mr = 36,000 or 33,000) are formed. The active site is associated with the light chains as assessed by incorporation of [3H]diisopropyl fluorophosphate. No dissociable fragments were observed in the absence of reducing agents. However, kallikrein could digest prekallikrein to diminish its molecular weight by 10,000. In addition, two factors capable of activating plasminogen to plasmin have been isolated; one is identified as kallikrein. The second principle fractionates with Factor XI and is demonstrable in normal and prekallikrein-deficient plasma.", "contents": "Hageman factor substrates. Human plasma prekallikrein: mechanism of activation by Hageman factor and participation in hageman factor-dependent fibrinolysis. Two molecular forms of prekallikrein can be isolated from pooled normal human plasma. Their approximate molecular weights by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis are 88,000 and 85,000. The two bands observed are shown to represent prekallikrein by functional, immunochemical, and structural criteria. Both forms are cleaved by activated Hageman factor, they appear to share antigenic determinants, they are not interconvertible upon incubation with activated Hageman factor or kallikrein, and the ratio of kinin-generating, and plasminogen-activating activities of the preparations are independent of the relative proportion of each band. Activated Factor XII converts prekallikrein to kallikrein by limited proteolysis and two disulfide-linked chains designated kallikrein heavy chain (Mr = 52,000) and kallikrein light chains (Mr = 36,000 or 33,000) are formed. The active site is associated with the light chains as assessed by incorporation of [3H]diisopropyl fluorophosphate. No dissociable fragments were observed in the absence of reducing agents. However, kallikrein could digest prekallikrein to diminish its molecular weight by 10,000. In addition, two factors capable of activating plasminogen to plasmin have been isolated; one is identified as kallikrein. The second principle fractionates with Factor XI and is demonstrable in normal and prekallikrein-deficient plasma.", "PMID": 408348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4600", "title": "Induction of fatty acid cyclooxygenase activity in canine kidney cells (MDCK) by benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "Canine kidney cells (MDCK) in which [3H]arachidonic acid was esterified in the cellular lipids released increased levels of radioactive prostaglandins and arachidonic acid into the medium when cultured in the presence of benzo(a)pyrene. When MDCK cells were cultured in the presence of benzo(alpha)pyrene and 7,8-benzoflavone, this increased release was not observed. MDCK cells incubated with benzo(a)pyrene also converted exogenous arachidonic acid into prostaglandins more effectively than cells grown in its absence. 7,8-Benzoflavone inhibited this benzo(a)pyrene effect. Microsomes, prepared from benzo(alpha)pyrene-treated MDCK cells synthesized prostaglandin F2alpha from arachidonic acid more effectively than nontreated cells.", "contents": "Induction of fatty acid cyclooxygenase activity in canine kidney cells (MDCK) by benzo(a)pyrene. Canine kidney cells (MDCK) in which [3H]arachidonic acid was esterified in the cellular lipids released increased levels of radioactive prostaglandins and arachidonic acid into the medium when cultured in the presence of benzo(a)pyrene. When MDCK cells were cultured in the presence of benzo(alpha)pyrene and 7,8-benzoflavone, this increased release was not observed. MDCK cells incubated with benzo(a)pyrene also converted exogenous arachidonic acid into prostaglandins more effectively than cells grown in its absence. 7,8-Benzoflavone inhibited this benzo(a)pyrene effect. Microsomes, prepared from benzo(alpha)pyrene-treated MDCK cells synthesized prostaglandin F2alpha from arachidonic acid more effectively than nontreated cells.", "PMID": 408352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4601", "title": "Antibacterial activity of antibiotics in acrylic bone cement.", "content": "The release of various penicillins and other antibiotics from two brands of polymerised bone cement has been studied in vitro and in vivo in mice. Bone cement plugs containing antibiotics demonstrated antibacterial activity as a result of diffusion of antibiotic from the plugs into the surrounding medium. With all antibiotics tested, from 2-5 to 10 per cent of the antibiotic in the cement was released in vitro in active form within twenty-four hours. Most of the activity appeared within three hours of the start of the test, but in some cases low levels of activity were detected after four days. Antibiotic cement plugs implanted in mice and rats produced low concentrations of antibiotic in the blood up to two hours after implantation, but activity was seldom detected subsequently. In general, penicillins and non-penicillin antibiotics showed similar diffusion characteristics, and the pattern of release in vitro and in vivo was consistent with the leaching of antibiotic from, or near, the surface of the bone cement.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of antibiotics in acrylic bone cement. The release of various penicillins and other antibiotics from two brands of polymerised bone cement has been studied in vitro and in vivo in mice. Bone cement plugs containing antibiotics demonstrated antibacterial activity as a result of diffusion of antibiotic from the plugs into the surrounding medium. With all antibiotics tested, from 2-5 to 10 per cent of the antibiotic in the cement was released in vitro in active form within twenty-four hours. Most of the activity appeared within three hours of the start of the test, but in some cases low levels of activity were detected after four days. Antibiotic cement plugs implanted in mice and rats produced low concentrations of antibiotic in the blood up to two hours after implantation, but activity was seldom detected subsequently. In general, penicillins and non-penicillin antibiotics showed similar diffusion characteristics, and the pattern of release in vitro and in vivo was consistent with the leaching of antibiotic from, or near, the surface of the bone cement.", "PMID": 408356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4602", "title": "Incorporation of purine nucleosides in cultured fibroblasts from a patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency and associated T-cell immunodeficiency.", "content": "Cultured skin fibroblasts from a patient with T-cell immune deficiency and an absence of purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in red cells were assayed for their capacity to metabolize inosine and guanosine. The cultured fibroblasts were lacking activity of nucleoside phosphorylase and, compared to normal fibroblasts, could incorporate only 2% and 4% of 14C-inosine and 3H-guanosine, respectively, into acid precipitable material. Autoradiography visually confirmed the failure of the NP deficient cell line to incorporate the nucleosides into nuclear material. The physiological mechanism by which the deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase causes T-cell dysfunction remains unclear.", "contents": "Incorporation of purine nucleosides in cultured fibroblasts from a patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency and associated T-cell immunodeficiency. Cultured skin fibroblasts from a patient with T-cell immune deficiency and an absence of purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in red cells were assayed for their capacity to metabolize inosine and guanosine. The cultured fibroblasts were lacking activity of nucleoside phosphorylase and, compared to normal fibroblasts, could incorporate only 2% and 4% of 14C-inosine and 3H-guanosine, respectively, into acid precipitable material. Autoradiography visually confirmed the failure of the NP deficient cell line to incorporate the nucleosides into nuclear material. The physiological mechanism by which the deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase causes T-cell dysfunction remains unclear.", "PMID": 408357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4603", "title": "Induced alteration in uptake properties of Tetrahymena and its association with the development of mating competency.", "content": "The rate of uridine uptake in Tetrahymena declines by an order of magnitude by two hours after shiftdown to a non-nutrient buffer. This alteration in uptake properties cannot be accounted for by an increase in the intracellular pool of uridine, an increase in apparent Km for uptake or a decline in the rate in which uridine is processed intracellularly. It is argued that the decrease in uridine uptake is due to a reduction in numbers of functional transport molecules exposed at the cell surface and is a reflection of a developmentally related cell surface transformation. In addition, the putative decline in functional transport molecules cannot be entirely explained by metabolic turnover of these molecules in the absence of replacement, nor does it require the synthesis of new protein. We discuss the possibility that a shift in equilibrium between accessible and inaccessible transporters is operating. Finally, a close correlation between conditions which elicit the transport alteration and those which allow the development of mating competency suggests that the two phenomena may be coordinately regulated.", "contents": "Induced alteration in uptake properties of Tetrahymena and its association with the development of mating competency. The rate of uridine uptake in Tetrahymena declines by an order of magnitude by two hours after shiftdown to a non-nutrient buffer. This alteration in uptake properties cannot be accounted for by an increase in the intracellular pool of uridine, an increase in apparent Km for uptake or a decline in the rate in which uridine is processed intracellularly. It is argued that the decrease in uridine uptake is due to a reduction in numbers of functional transport molecules exposed at the cell surface and is a reflection of a developmentally related cell surface transformation. In addition, the putative decline in functional transport molecules cannot be entirely explained by metabolic turnover of these molecules in the absence of replacement, nor does it require the synthesis of new protein. We discuss the possibility that a shift in equilibrium between accessible and inaccessible transporters is operating. Finally, a close correlation between conditions which elicit the transport alteration and those which allow the development of mating competency suggests that the two phenomena may be coordinately regulated.", "PMID": 408358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4604", "title": "Mg2+-dependent electrical control of flagellar activity in Euglena.", "content": "When a Euglena gracilis in a Ca2+-containing medium is impaled with a microelectrode, the flagellum is instantly ejected. In a Ca2+-free medium to which 1 mM EGTA has been added, the flagellum remains attached to the organism, but it loses activity upon impalement. Externally added ATP at a concentration of 10 mM will sustain normal flagellar activity (at approximately 20 Hz) of an impaled Euglena. If negative direct current of several tenths of a microamp is injected through the impaling microelectrode, the flagellar activity is stopped or much reduced. When the current injection is turned off the flagellum returns to its initial activity. This cycle can be repeated many times on the same animal, independent of whether Mg2+ is present in the external medium or not. If 1 micrometer of gramicidin is added to Ca2+-free medium containing 1 mM EGTA and 10 mM ATP, the flagellar activity becomes dependent on external Mg2+. Without external Mg2+ no flagellar activity is present after one or two current injection cycles as described above. With 1 mM Mg2+ present in the external medium many cycles (up to 10) can be produced. This Mg2+-dependent flagellar activity shows a smooth dependence on the amount of current injected. Observations taken by high speed cinemicrography show that in the third injection cycle the average frequency of the flagellar motion is 16-3 Hz at 0 muA, is 8 Hz at 0-2 muA, and is approximately 0 at 0-6 muA of negative current. The injection of positive current results in an increase in flagellar frequency dependent on the amount of current injected. The data indicate that the control of motility of Euglena flagella is dependent on an electrically activated Mg2+ pump.", "contents": "Mg2+-dependent electrical control of flagellar activity in Euglena. When a Euglena gracilis in a Ca2+-containing medium is impaled with a microelectrode, the flagellum is instantly ejected. In a Ca2+-free medium to which 1 mM EGTA has been added, the flagellum remains attached to the organism, but it loses activity upon impalement. Externally added ATP at a concentration of 10 mM will sustain normal flagellar activity (at approximately 20 Hz) of an impaled Euglena. If negative direct current of several tenths of a microamp is injected through the impaling microelectrode, the flagellar activity is stopped or much reduced. When the current injection is turned off the flagellum returns to its initial activity. This cycle can be repeated many times on the same animal, independent of whether Mg2+ is present in the external medium or not. If 1 micrometer of gramicidin is added to Ca2+-free medium containing 1 mM EGTA and 10 mM ATP, the flagellar activity becomes dependent on external Mg2+. Without external Mg2+ no flagellar activity is present after one or two current injection cycles as described above. With 1 mM Mg2+ present in the external medium many cycles (up to 10) can be produced. This Mg2+-dependent flagellar activity shows a smooth dependence on the amount of current injected. Observations taken by high speed cinemicrography show that in the third injection cycle the average frequency of the flagellar motion is 16-3 Hz at 0 muA, is 8 Hz at 0-2 muA, and is approximately 0 at 0-6 muA of negative current. The injection of positive current results in an increase in flagellar frequency dependent on the amount of current injected. The data indicate that the control of motility of Euglena flagella is dependent on an electrically activated Mg2+ pump.", "PMID": 408360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4605", "title": "Electrophoretic mobility of microsomes from rat liver.", "content": "The electrophoretic mobilities of rough and smooth microsomes were studied using free electrophoresis in a sucrose gradient. Rough microsomes have a higher net negative surface charge but removal of the ribosomes decreases their mobility to that of smooth microsomes. Treatment with neuraminidase and phospholipases C and D does not affect the mobility of total smooth microsomes, but this mobility is increased by approximately 20% after trypsin and papain treatment and by approximately 12% after phospholipase A treatment. Further treatment of trypsin-digested smooth microsomes with phospholipase C re-establishes the original mobility. This effect is not caused by the removal of lipid phosphate groups, but by the liberation of negatively charged protein species that are normally buried under trypsin-sensitive proteins. Low concentrations of trypsin also solubilize enzyme proteins from smooth liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated rats, but the electrophoretic mobility is not increased, indicating structural differences between induced and control membranes.", "contents": "Electrophoretic mobility of microsomes from rat liver. The electrophoretic mobilities of rough and smooth microsomes were studied using free electrophoresis in a sucrose gradient. Rough microsomes have a higher net negative surface charge but removal of the ribosomes decreases their mobility to that of smooth microsomes. Treatment with neuraminidase and phospholipases C and D does not affect the mobility of total smooth microsomes, but this mobility is increased by approximately 20% after trypsin and papain treatment and by approximately 12% after phospholipase A treatment. Further treatment of trypsin-digested smooth microsomes with phospholipase C re-establishes the original mobility. This effect is not caused by the removal of lipid phosphate groups, but by the liberation of negatively charged protein species that are normally buried under trypsin-sensitive proteins. Low concentrations of trypsin also solubilize enzyme proteins from smooth liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated rats, but the electrophoretic mobility is not increased, indicating structural differences between induced and control membranes.", "PMID": 408361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4606", "title": "Mitotic spindles of Drosophila melanogaster: a phase-contrast and scanning electron-microscope study.", "content": "Mitotic spindles have been isolated from the blastema stage of Drosophila melanogaster embryos using modified tubulin-polymerizing medium. 'Clean' spindles, relatively free of contaminating cytoplasmic material, are obtained. Under phase contrast, mitotic stages appear remarkably similar to those seen in situ, as reported in early literature. This preservation of morphological integrity, coupled with relative structural simplicity due to low chromosome number (2n = 8), makes these spindles ideal subjects for study. Use of the scanning electron microscope provides excellent visulization of their general structural organization, changes in whole spindle structure during the course of mitosis, and higher resolution viewing of surface detail than is permitted with light microscopy.", "contents": "Mitotic spindles of Drosophila melanogaster: a phase-contrast and scanning electron-microscope study. Mitotic spindles have been isolated from the blastema stage of Drosophila melanogaster embryos using modified tubulin-polymerizing medium. 'Clean' spindles, relatively free of contaminating cytoplasmic material, are obtained. Under phase contrast, mitotic stages appear remarkably similar to those seen in situ, as reported in early literature. This preservation of morphological integrity, coupled with relative structural simplicity due to low chromosome number (2n = 8), makes these spindles ideal subjects for study. Use of the scanning electron microscope provides excellent visulization of their general structural organization, changes in whole spindle structure during the course of mitosis, and higher resolution viewing of surface detail than is permitted with light microscopy.", "PMID": 408362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4607", "title": "Proportional regulation of body form and cortical organelle pattern in the ciliate Dileptus.", "content": "Morphometric and ultrastructural studies of shape and pattern regulation were performed on Dileptus anser. In this ciliate 2 body regions can be distinguished: proboscis and trunk. When a large portion of the trunk is excised, shape regulation occurs and the proper proboscis/trunk ratio is restored through elongation of the remnant of the trunk and shortening of the proboscis. When there is nothing but proboscis left, the trunk is formed from the proximal portion of proboscis and again the right proportion is restored. Regulation of the ciliary pattern is based mainly on resorption of some ciliary elements. The resorption of somatic ciliature is especially intense within narrowing regions, where otherwise overcrowding of cilia would occur. The resorption of oral ciliature was found to occur within an area located at the apex of the proboscis. Oral structures when damaged by cutting may be repaired in situ. Changes in the microfibrillar system of the cell were found during regulation of shape of the posterior region of the cell, as well as during regulation of size of oral structures. Regulatory processes in Dileptus are compared to those known for other ciliates, and possible differences between the regulation of shape and the regulation of pattern are discussed.", "contents": "Proportional regulation of body form and cortical organelle pattern in the ciliate Dileptus. Morphometric and ultrastructural studies of shape and pattern regulation were performed on Dileptus anser. In this ciliate 2 body regions can be distinguished: proboscis and trunk. When a large portion of the trunk is excised, shape regulation occurs and the proper proboscis/trunk ratio is restored through elongation of the remnant of the trunk and shortening of the proboscis. When there is nothing but proboscis left, the trunk is formed from the proximal portion of proboscis and again the right proportion is restored. Regulation of the ciliary pattern is based mainly on resorption of some ciliary elements. The resorption of somatic ciliature is especially intense within narrowing regions, where otherwise overcrowding of cilia would occur. The resorption of oral ciliature was found to occur within an area located at the apex of the proboscis. Oral structures when damaged by cutting may be repaired in situ. Changes in the microfibrillar system of the cell were found during regulation of shape of the posterior region of the cell, as well as during regulation of size of oral structures. Regulatory processes in Dileptus are compared to those known for other ciliates, and possible differences between the regulation of shape and the regulation of pattern are discussed.", "PMID": 408363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4608", "title": "A quantitative assay to study cell movement in the myxobacteria.", "content": "A simple quantitative assay has been developed to test the rate of cell movement of myxobacteria. The assay employs an agar surface and at no time are the cells cultured in a liquid environment. Isolation of a rate-increasing substance(s) from fruiting Myxococcus xanthus is reported. The understanding of the aggregative process in these bacteria will be aided by characterization of the chemotactic system.", "contents": "A quantitative assay to study cell movement in the myxobacteria. A simple quantitative assay has been developed to test the rate of cell movement of myxobacteria. The assay employs an agar surface and at no time are the cells cultured in a liquid environment. Isolation of a rate-increasing substance(s) from fruiting Myxococcus xanthus is reported. The understanding of the aggregative process in these bacteria will be aided by characterization of the chemotactic system.", "PMID": 408365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4609", "title": "Analysis of contractile vacuole pore morphogenesis in Tetrahymena pyriformis by 180 degree rotation of ciliary meridians.", "content": "The contractile vacuole pores (CVPs) in Tetrahymena pyriformis are usually found to the left of ciliary meridians (CVP meridians). When the CVP meridians are experimentally rotated 180 degrees ('inverted'), the CVPs are now found to the right of the rotated CVP meridians. In other words, the CVP is almost invariably found on the same side with respect to the CVP meridian. Thus, the 2 sides of the CVP meridian have different morphogenetic properties and such differences are determinative in the asymmetrical fine-positioning of the CVP. The number of CVPs per animal and their general placement on the animal (i.e. with which ciliary meridians the CVPs are associated) are known to be a function of the total number of ciliary meridians possessed by the animal. Rotation of the CVP meridians affects both the number of CVPs per animal and their general placement. The specificity of such effects appears to depend on whether both, or one, or which one, of the CVP meridians is rotated. Rotation of ciliary meridians may be used as a tool in analysing the mechanism determining the number of CVPs per animal and their general placement.", "contents": "Analysis of contractile vacuole pore morphogenesis in Tetrahymena pyriformis by 180 degree rotation of ciliary meridians. The contractile vacuole pores (CVPs) in Tetrahymena pyriformis are usually found to the left of ciliary meridians (CVP meridians). When the CVP meridians are experimentally rotated 180 degrees ('inverted'), the CVPs are now found to the right of the rotated CVP meridians. In other words, the CVP is almost invariably found on the same side with respect to the CVP meridian. Thus, the 2 sides of the CVP meridian have different morphogenetic properties and such differences are determinative in the asymmetrical fine-positioning of the CVP. The number of CVPs per animal and their general placement on the animal (i.e. with which ciliary meridians the CVPs are associated) are known to be a function of the total number of ciliary meridians possessed by the animal. Rotation of the CVP meridians affects both the number of CVPs per animal and their general placement. The specificity of such effects appears to depend on whether both, or one, or which one, of the CVP meridians is rotated. Rotation of ciliary meridians may be used as a tool in analysing the mechanism determining the number of CVPs per animal and their general placement.", "PMID": 408366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4610", "title": "The ultrastructure of the somatic cortex of Pseudomicrothorax dubius: structure and function of the epiplasm in ciliated protozoa.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the somatic cortex of the ciliate Pseudomicrothorax dubius is studied with emphasis on the epiplasm layer which lies immediately under the inner alveolar membrane and is continuous with the terminal plates of cortical basal bodies. In addition to a clearly demonstrable cytoskeletal role, the epiplasm appears to function as a comenting substance which integrates numerous cortical fibres and membranes. The kinetodesmal, postciliary and transverse fibre systems which originate at the proximal ends of basal bodies extend toward the cell surface and end at or in the epiplasm. Inner alveolar membranes and trichocyst membranes are attached to the epiplasm. Basal bodies are anchored into the epiplasm via their terminal plates. The epiplasm appears to be morphogenetically important as a matrix into which newly formed basal bodies insert. Electron-opaque arms occur at the terminal plate level of new basal bodies, and these arms fuse with the epiplasm when basal body insertion occurs. The position of trichocysts in the cortex is specified by the epiplasm. Evidence from numerous other ciliates tends to confirm both structural and morphogenetic roles of the epiplasm.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the somatic cortex of Pseudomicrothorax dubius: structure and function of the epiplasm in ciliated protozoa. The ultrastructure of the somatic cortex of the ciliate Pseudomicrothorax dubius is studied with emphasis on the epiplasm layer which lies immediately under the inner alveolar membrane and is continuous with the terminal plates of cortical basal bodies. In addition to a clearly demonstrable cytoskeletal role, the epiplasm appears to function as a comenting substance which integrates numerous cortical fibres and membranes. The kinetodesmal, postciliary and transverse fibre systems which originate at the proximal ends of basal bodies extend toward the cell surface and end at or in the epiplasm. Inner alveolar membranes and trichocyst membranes are attached to the epiplasm. Basal bodies are anchored into the epiplasm via their terminal plates. The epiplasm appears to be morphogenetically important as a matrix into which newly formed basal bodies insert. Electron-opaque arms occur at the terminal plate level of new basal bodies, and these arms fuse with the epiplasm when basal body insertion occurs. The position of trichocysts in the cortex is specified by the epiplasm. Evidence from numerous other ciliates tends to confirm both structural and morphogenetic roles of the epiplasm.", "PMID": 408367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4611", "title": "Preferential inhibition of rDNA transcription by 5-bromodeoxyuridine.", "content": "On a chemically defined growth medium the degree of substitution of thymidine with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) in DNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis was controlled by the concentration of tetrahydrofiolic acid, BUdR and thymidine in the medium. A correlation between the degree of BUdR substitution in DNA and the reduction in rate of total RNA synthesis has been established. It was found that the reduction of total RNA synthesis results from inhibition of transcription of all RNA species which have been measured. However, independent of the degree of BUdR substitution in DNA, a preferential inhibition of the synthesis of 25s and 17s ribosomal RNA was found. It is concluded that the various genes may respond differently to BUdR substitution with respect to transcription.", "contents": "Preferential inhibition of rDNA transcription by 5-bromodeoxyuridine. On a chemically defined growth medium the degree of substitution of thymidine with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) in DNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis was controlled by the concentration of tetrahydrofiolic acid, BUdR and thymidine in the medium. A correlation between the degree of BUdR substitution in DNA and the reduction in rate of total RNA synthesis has been established. It was found that the reduction of total RNA synthesis results from inhibition of transcription of all RNA species which have been measured. However, independent of the degree of BUdR substitution in DNA, a preferential inhibition of the synthesis of 25s and 17s ribosomal RNA was found. It is concluded that the various genes may respond differently to BUdR substitution with respect to transcription.", "PMID": 408368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4612", "title": "Use of ethyl ethers, deuteriomethyl ethers and cyclic n-butylboronates of hydroxychlorobiphenyls in identification of metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls.", "content": "The mass spectra and gas chromatographic properties of a number of chlorobiphenylols, chlorobiphenyldiols, chlorophenols and naphthols, as well as their methyl, deuteriomethyl and ethyl  ethers and some cyclic n-butylboronates have been investigated. Metabolism experiments with 4'-chloro-4-biphenylol showed that the selective use of ethylation and methylation is most effective in both detection and structure elucidation of metabolites partly methylated by metabolic processes. The usefulness of deuteriomethylation in such studies seems to be limited. The formation of cyclic n-butylboronates provides specific information on o-dihydroxy derivatives of chlorobiphenyls.", "contents": "Use of ethyl ethers, deuteriomethyl ethers and cyclic n-butylboronates of hydroxychlorobiphenyls in identification of metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls. The mass spectra and gas chromatographic properties of a number of chlorobiphenylols, chlorobiphenyldiols, chlorophenols and naphthols, as well as their methyl, deuteriomethyl and ethyl  ethers and some cyclic n-butylboronates have been investigated. Metabolism experiments with 4'-chloro-4-biphenylol showed that the selective use of ethylation and methylation is most effective in both detection and structure elucidation of metabolites partly methylated by metabolic processes. The usefulness of deuteriomethylation in such studies seems to be limited. The formation of cyclic n-butylboronates provides specific information on o-dihydroxy derivatives of chlorobiphenyls.", "PMID": 408370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4613", "title": "Sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against typhus rickettsiae, Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia typhi.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the titration of rickettsial antibodies in human and animal sera. Two preparations of soluble typhus-group antigens were obtained from Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia prowazekii by ether extraction: a standard antigen from infected yolk sacs (YS antigen) and one free of yolk sac contaminants from Renografin-purified rickettsiae (PR antigen). Rabbit, mouse, and guinea pig sera were obtained by immunization with viable purified R. typhi or R. prowazekii. Human sera were obtained from individuals who had recovered from laboratory infections with either typhus rickettsia months or years previously. Goat-derived anti-immunoglobulins were conjugated to alkaline phosphatase with glutaraldehyde. Although the PR and YS antigens gave equivalent antibody titers in the complement fixation test, the PR antigen was clearly superior in the ELISA. With this antigen, the titration curves of all antisera were linear over a wider range of serum concentrations and the titers were higher than with the YS antigen. With YS and PR antigens, ELISA titers were higher than those obtained by complement fixation by one and two orders of magnitude, respectively. In human sera, immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M antibodies were demonstrated by their respective anti-immunoglobulins and by differential susceptibility to ethanethiol. ELISA titers showed some type specificity, whereas none was observed in complement fixation tests. The ELISA is highly sensitive, reproducible, and easily adaptable to the various requirements of clinical and research laboratories.", "contents": "Sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against typhus rickettsiae, Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia typhi. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the titration of rickettsial antibodies in human and animal sera. Two preparations of soluble typhus-group antigens were obtained from Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia prowazekii by ether extraction: a standard antigen from infected yolk sacs (YS antigen) and one free of yolk sac contaminants from Renografin-purified rickettsiae (PR antigen). Rabbit, mouse, and guinea pig sera were obtained by immunization with viable purified R. typhi or R. prowazekii. Human sera were obtained from individuals who had recovered from laboratory infections with either typhus rickettsia months or years previously. Goat-derived anti-immunoglobulins were conjugated to alkaline phosphatase with glutaraldehyde. Although the PR and YS antigens gave equivalent antibody titers in the complement fixation test, the PR antigen was clearly superior in the ELISA. With this antigen, the titration curves of all antisera were linear over a wider range of serum concentrations and the titers were higher than with the YS antigen. With YS and PR antigens, ELISA titers were higher than those obtained by complement fixation by one and two orders of magnitude, respectively. In human sera, immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M antibodies were demonstrated by their respective anti-immunoglobulins and by differential susceptibility to ethanethiol. ELISA titers showed some type specificity, whereas none was observed in complement fixation tests. The ELISA is highly sensitive, reproducible, and easily adaptable to the various requirements of clinical and research laboratories.", "PMID": 408372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4614", "title": "Preservation of mycobacteria st -70 degrees C: persistence of key differential features.", "content": "The advantages of long-term preservation of suspensions of mycobacteria by storage at -70 degrees C established in earlier studies are reinforced by present evidence that freezer storage does not alter key taxonomic features used to identify mycobacteria. Occasional discrepancies in biochemical test characteristics of mycobacteria that have been stored in the freezer and reconstituted at 37 degrees C reflect only sluggish metabolic activity, which is restored to normal on repeat testing.", "contents": "Preservation of mycobacteria st -70 degrees C: persistence of key differential features. The advantages of long-term preservation of suspensions of mycobacteria by storage at -70 degrees C established in earlier studies are reinforced by present evidence that freezer storage does not alter key taxonomic features used to identify mycobacteria. Occasional discrepancies in biochemical test characteristics of mycobacteria that have been stored in the freezer and reconstituted at 37 degrees C reflect only sluggish metabolic activity, which is restored to normal on repeat testing.", "PMID": 408373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4615", "title": "Modified indirect fluorescent-antibody test for aspergillosis.", "content": "Diffuse fluorescence in an indirect fluorescent-antibody test for antibody to Aspergillus fumigatus was eliminated by using germlings, rather than hyphae, as antigen. The modified method yielded diagnostic titers larger than or equal to 1:32 in 24 of 25 known cases, was highly specific, and showed good correlation with clinical status and results of immunodiffusion. This technique, which uses the germling antigen, inactivation of test serum at 59 +/- 1 degrees C, and anti-immunoglobulin G conjugate, is a sensitive, specific, and reliable quantitative indicator of aspergillosis and is useful in following the course of the disease.", "contents": "Modified indirect fluorescent-antibody test for aspergillosis. Diffuse fluorescence in an indirect fluorescent-antibody test for antibody to Aspergillus fumigatus was eliminated by using germlings, rather than hyphae, as antigen. The modified method yielded diagnostic titers larger than or equal to 1:32 in 24 of 25 known cases, was highly specific, and showed good correlation with clinical status and results of immunodiffusion. This technique, which uses the germling antigen, inactivation of test serum at 59 +/- 1 degrees C, and anti-immunoglobulin G conjugate, is a sensitive, specific, and reliable quantitative indicator of aspergillosis and is useful in following the course of the disease.", "PMID": 408374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4616", "title": "Application of freeze-dried monkey erythrocytes to measles viral hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests.", "content": "Erthrocytes collected from monkey species including grivet, rhesus, and cynomolgus monkeys were stabilized by fixation with glutaraldehyde of a low concentration and were freeze-dried in vacuo. These freeze-dried erythrocytes were compared with fresh erythrocytes for measles viral hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition and could be used in both tests instead of fresh erythrocytes. They maintained their initial appearance and sensitivity to measles viral hemagglutinins after storage at 4 degrees C for 4 months more.", "contents": "Application of freeze-dried monkey erythrocytes to measles viral hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. Erthrocytes collected from monkey species including grivet, rhesus, and cynomolgus monkeys were stabilized by fixation with glutaraldehyde of a low concentration and were freeze-dried in vacuo. These freeze-dried erythrocytes were compared with fresh erythrocytes for measles viral hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition and could be used in both tests instead of fresh erythrocytes. They maintained their initial appearance and sensitivity to measles viral hemagglutinins after storage at 4 degrees C for 4 months more.", "PMID": 408375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4617", "title": "Nontypable group B streptococci isolated from human sources.", "content": "The present study was done to determine whether so-called nontypable (NT) group B streptococci from human sources possess as yet unrecognized type antigens. Antisera were raised in rabbits against several NT strains and then tested with hydrochloric acid extracts of 53 NT group B streptococci. One serum was strain specific, another was nonspecific in that it contained only R-protein antibodies, and a third (NT1), although apparently type specific, reacted with only five strains. These results do not justify using NT1 serum in the group B typing system.", "contents": "Nontypable group B streptococci isolated from human sources. The present study was done to determine whether so-called nontypable (NT) group B streptococci from human sources possess as yet unrecognized type antigens. Antisera were raised in rabbits against several NT strains and then tested with hydrochloric acid extracts of 53 NT group B streptococci. One serum was strain specific, another was nonspecific in that it contained only R-protein antibodies, and a third (NT1), although apparently type specific, reacted with only five strains. These results do not justify using NT1 serum in the group B typing system.", "PMID": 408376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4618", "title": "Thyroid dysfunction in chronic renal failure. A study of the pituitary-thyroid axis and peripheral turnover kinetics of thyroxine and triiodothyronine.", "content": "Thyroid function was evaluated in 46 patients with end-stage kidney disease and 42 normal subjects. Patients were studied before and after the institution of maintenance hemodialysis (HD) and after renal transplantation (RT). Serum total triiodothyronine concentrations (TT(3), ng/100 ml, mean+/-SD) were 63+/-17 and 83+/-22 in the non-HD and HD groups, respectively. Values from normal subjects were 128+/-25 and from RT patients 134+/-20. The TT(3) was in the hypothyroid range (<78 ng/100 ml; 2 SD below normal mean) in 80% of non-HD and 43% of HD patients. Mean serum total thyroxine concentration (TT(4)), although within the normal range, was lower than the control value. T(4)-binding globulin capacity was also slightly lower but the difference was not statistically significant. Among patients whose TT(4) was 1 SD below the normal mean, the free T(4) index was equally depressed, suggesting that factors other than decreased binding capacity might be responsible for the low TT(4). In addition, there was a 37% incidence of goiter. Mean serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was not elevated and the TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was distinctly blunted, suggesting the possibility of pituitary dysfunction as well. In vivo (125)I-l-T(4) and (131)I-l-T(3) kinetics during 0.2 mg/day of l-T(4) replacement showed marked reduction in T(3) turnover rate in the uremic patients, both before and during HD; the values (mug T(3)/day, mean+/-SD) for the different groups were as follows: normal, 33.8+/-6.1; non-HD, 13.5+/-2.6; HD, 12.9+/-3.1; and RT, 30.3+/-7.1. The low T(3) turnover rate was due to impaired extrathyroidal conversion of T(4) to T(3). The mean percent+/-SD of metabolized T(4) converted to T(3) was 37.2+/-5.8 in normal subjects, 15.7+/-3.1 in non-HD, 12.8+/-1.7 in HD, and 34.0+/-14.7 in RT patients. In contrast, thyroidal T(3) secretion rate was not different between the control and the three patient groups. Thus, it appears that uremia affects thyroid function at several levels: (a) subnormal pituitary TSH response to TRH; (b) possible intrathyroidal abnormalities as suggested by slightly decreased TT(4) and high incidence of goiter; and (c) abnormal peripheral generation of T(3) from T(4). Restoration of renal function with RT resulted in normalization of all parameters of thyroid function with the exception of blunted or absent TSH response to TRH. The latter may be a direct consequence of glucocorticoid administration.", "contents": "Thyroid dysfunction in chronic renal failure. A study of the pituitary-thyroid axis and peripheral turnover kinetics of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Thyroid function was evaluated in 46 patients with end-stage kidney disease and 42 normal subjects. Patients were studied before and after the institution of maintenance hemodialysis (HD) and after renal transplantation (RT). Serum total triiodothyronine concentrations (TT(3), ng/100 ml, mean+/-SD) were 63+/-17 and 83+/-22 in the non-HD and HD groups, respectively. Values from normal subjects were 128+/-25 and from RT patients 134+/-20. The TT(3) was in the hypothyroid range (<78 ng/100 ml; 2 SD below normal mean) in 80% of non-HD and 43% of HD patients. Mean serum total thyroxine concentration (TT(4)), although within the normal range, was lower than the control value. T(4)-binding globulin capacity was also slightly lower but the difference was not statistically significant. Among patients whose TT(4) was 1 SD below the normal mean, the free T(4) index was equally depressed, suggesting that factors other than decreased binding capacity might be responsible for the low TT(4). In addition, there was a 37% incidence of goiter. Mean serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was not elevated and the TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was distinctly blunted, suggesting the possibility of pituitary dysfunction as well. In vivo (125)I-l-T(4) and (131)I-l-T(3) kinetics during 0.2 mg/day of l-T(4) replacement showed marked reduction in T(3) turnover rate in the uremic patients, both before and during HD; the values (mug T(3)/day, mean+/-SD) for the different groups were as follows: normal, 33.8+/-6.1; non-HD, 13.5+/-2.6; HD, 12.9+/-3.1; and RT, 30.3+/-7.1. The low T(3) turnover rate was due to impaired extrathyroidal conversion of T(4) to T(3). The mean percent+/-SD of metabolized T(4) converted to T(3) was 37.2+/-5.8 in normal subjects, 15.7+/-3.1 in non-HD, 12.8+/-1.7 in HD, and 34.0+/-14.7 in RT patients. In contrast, thyroidal T(3) secretion rate was not different between the control and the three patient groups. Thus, it appears that uremia affects thyroid function at several levels: (a) subnormal pituitary TSH response to TRH; (b) possible intrathyroidal abnormalities as suggested by slightly decreased TT(4) and high incidence of goiter; and (c) abnormal peripheral generation of T(3) from T(4). Restoration of renal function with RT resulted in normalization of all parameters of thyroid function with the exception of blunted or absent TSH response to TRH. The latter may be a direct consequence of glucocorticoid administration.", "PMID": 408377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4619", "title": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Evidence for molecular heterogeneity in two families with enzyme-deficient members.", "content": "Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) deficiency is associated with severely defective thymus-derived (T)-cell and normally functioning bone marrow-derived (B)-cell immunity. In this study, two unrelated families with a total of three NP deficient members were investigated. High pressure liquid chromatography of the plasma of the three patients showed inosine levels greater than 66 muM. This nucleoside was absent from the plasma of their parents and control samples.NP was purified from normal human erythrocytes by affinity chromatography and an antiserum prepared in rabbits was used to study the NP variants in the two families. In family M the patient had no detectable erythrocyte NP activity and no detectable immunological-reacting material (irm) to the NP antibody. The parents, who are second cousins, had less than one-half of normal enzyme activity and approximately 14% irm attributable to a variant protein. Their electrophoretic patterns revealed a series of isozymes with slower than normal migration. In family B the patients had 0.5% residual enzyme activity and about one-half normal irm. Their electrophoretic pattern showed faintly staining bands which migrated faster than normal NP. The mother of the patients had one-half normal enzyme activity, 11% irm attributable to her variant protein, and a normal electrophoretic pattern. The father had less than one-half normal enzyme activity, equal amounts of normal and variant irm, and an electrophoretic pattern that showed increased activity of the more rapidly migrating isozyme bands.The combined use of immunological and electrophoretic techniques has shown the presence of three separate mutations; one in family M and two in family B associated with severely defective T-cell function.", "contents": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Evidence for molecular heterogeneity in two families with enzyme-deficient members. Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) deficiency is associated with severely defective thymus-derived (T)-cell and normally functioning bone marrow-derived (B)-cell immunity. In this study, two unrelated families with a total of three NP deficient members were investigated. High pressure liquid chromatography of the plasma of the three patients showed inosine levels greater than 66 muM. This nucleoside was absent from the plasma of their parents and control samples.NP was purified from normal human erythrocytes by affinity chromatography and an antiserum prepared in rabbits was used to study the NP variants in the two families. In family M the patient had no detectable erythrocyte NP activity and no detectable immunological-reacting material (irm) to the NP antibody. The parents, who are second cousins, had less than one-half of normal enzyme activity and approximately 14% irm attributable to a variant protein. Their electrophoretic patterns revealed a series of isozymes with slower than normal migration. In family B the patients had 0.5% residual enzyme activity and about one-half normal irm. Their electrophoretic pattern showed faintly staining bands which migrated faster than normal NP. The mother of the patients had one-half normal enzyme activity, 11% irm attributable to her variant protein, and a normal electrophoretic pattern. The father had less than one-half normal enzyme activity, equal amounts of normal and variant irm, and an electrophoretic pattern that showed increased activity of the more rapidly migrating isozyme bands.The combined use of immunological and electrophoretic techniques has shown the presence of three separate mutations; one in family M and two in family B associated with severely defective T-cell function.", "PMID": 408378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4620", "title": "Some effects of calcium on the activation of human factor VIII/Von Willebrand factor protein by thrombin.", "content": "When Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF) protein is rechromatographed on 4% agarose in 0.25 M CaCl(2), the protein and vWF activity appear in the void volume, but most of the FVIII procoagulant activity elutes later. Recent evidence suggests that the delayed FVIII procoagulant activity is a proteolytically modified form of FVIII/vWF protein that filters anomalously from agarose in 0.25 M CaCl(2). To test whether or not thrombin is the protease involved, the effect of 0.25 M CaCl(2) on FVIII/vWF and its reaction with thrombin was examined. About 30% of the FVIII procoagulant activity was lost immediately when solutions of FVIII/vWF protein were made 0.25 M in CaCl(2). When FVIII in 0.15 M NaCl was activated with 0.04 U thrombin/ml and then made 0.25 M in CaCl(2), the procoagulant activity of a broad range of FVIII/vWF protein concentrations remained activated for at least 6 h. But, in 0.25 M CaCl(2), the increase in FVIII procoagulant activity in response to thrombin was much more gradual and once activated, the procoagulant activity was stabilized by 0.25 M CaCl(2). When thrombin-activated FVIII/vWF protein was filtered on 4% agarose in 0.15 M NaCl, there was considerable inactivation of FVIII procoagulant activity; however, the procoagulant activity that did remain eluted in the void volume. In contrast, when thrombin-activated FVIII/vWF protein was filtered in 0.25 M CaCl(2), the FVIII procoagulant activity eluted well after the void volume and remained activated for 6 h. The procoagulant peak isolated by filtering nonthrombin-activated FVIII/vWF protein on agarose in 0.25 M CaCl(2) was compared to that isolated from thrombin-activated FVIII/vWF protein. Both procoagulant activity peak proteins had about the same specific vWF activity as the corresponding void volume protein. Before reduction, the sodium dodecyl sulfate gel patterns for the two procoagulant activity peak proteins were the same. After reduction, the gel pattern for the nonthrombin-activated procoagulant activity peak protein contained bands of 195,000, 148,000-120,000, 79,000, 61,000, 51,000, and 18,000 daltons whereas the pattern for the reduced thrombin-activated procoagulant activity peak protein always lacked the higher molecular weight bands, but consistently showed the four lower molecular weight bands to be well resolved. Taken together, these results imply that thrombin generates the FVIII procoagulant activity that is stabilized by 0.25 M CaCl(2) and elutes aberrantly from 4% agarose in that solvent.", "contents": "Some effects of calcium on the activation of human factor VIII/Von Willebrand factor protein by thrombin. When Factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF) protein is rechromatographed on 4% agarose in 0.25 M CaCl(2), the protein and vWF activity appear in the void volume, but most of the FVIII procoagulant activity elutes later. Recent evidence suggests that the delayed FVIII procoagulant activity is a proteolytically modified form of FVIII/vWF protein that filters anomalously from agarose in 0.25 M CaCl(2). To test whether or not thrombin is the protease involved, the effect of 0.25 M CaCl(2) on FVIII/vWF and its reaction with thrombin was examined. About 30% of the FVIII procoagulant activity was lost immediately when solutions of FVIII/vWF protein were made 0.25 M in CaCl(2). When FVIII in 0.15 M NaCl was activated with 0.04 U thrombin/ml and then made 0.25 M in CaCl(2), the procoagulant activity of a broad range of FVIII/vWF protein concentrations remained activated for at least 6 h. But, in 0.25 M CaCl(2), the increase in FVIII procoagulant activity in response to thrombin was much more gradual and once activated, the procoagulant activity was stabilized by 0.25 M CaCl(2). When thrombin-activated FVIII/vWF protein was filtered on 4% agarose in 0.15 M NaCl, there was considerable inactivation of FVIII procoagulant activity; however, the procoagulant activity that did remain eluted in the void volume. In contrast, when thrombin-activated FVIII/vWF protein was filtered in 0.25 M CaCl(2), the FVIII procoagulant activity eluted well after the void volume and remained activated for 6 h. The procoagulant peak isolated by filtering nonthrombin-activated FVIII/vWF protein on agarose in 0.25 M CaCl(2) was compared to that isolated from thrombin-activated FVIII/vWF protein. Both procoagulant activity peak proteins had about the same specific vWF activity as the corresponding void volume protein. Before reduction, the sodium dodecyl sulfate gel patterns for the two procoagulant activity peak proteins were the same. After reduction, the gel pattern for the nonthrombin-activated procoagulant activity peak protein contained bands of 195,000, 148,000-120,000, 79,000, 61,000, 51,000, and 18,000 daltons whereas the pattern for the reduced thrombin-activated procoagulant activity peak protein always lacked the higher molecular weight bands, but consistently showed the four lower molecular weight bands to be well resolved. Taken together, these results imply that thrombin generates the FVIII procoagulant activity that is stabilized by 0.25 M CaCl(2) and elutes aberrantly from 4% agarose in that solvent.", "PMID": 408379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4621", "title": "Cells of origin and terminal distribution of descending projections of the rat somatic sensory cortex.", "content": "The retrograde, horseradish peroxidase technique has been used to demonstrate the cells of origin of corticofugal fiber systems arising in the rat somatic sensory cortex and projecting to the striatum, diencephalon, brainstem, and spinal cord. Correlative experiments conducted with the anterograde, autoradiographic method have been used to confirm the terminal distribution of many of these fiber systems. Corticofugal pathways directed to subcortical structures arise in the first and second somatic sensory areas exclusively from pyramidal cells of the infragranular layers, V and VI. Fibers which descend to the midbrain, pons, medulla and spinal cord arise exclusively from the largest pyramidal cells, the somata of which are found in the deep part of layer V (layer VB). There is some evidence for a sublaminar organization of the different classes of efferent cells within this layer. Fibers projecting to the diencephalon arise from somata situated throughout layer VI and to a lesser extent in layer V. Corticostriatal fibers arise only from cells with somata in layer V, but the somata are more superficially situated than those of the other classes of corticofugal neurons. The laminar distribution of the somata of corticofugal neurons differs considerably from that of commissural and ipsilateral corticocortical neurons.", "contents": "Cells of origin and terminal distribution of descending projections of the rat somatic sensory cortex. The retrograde, horseradish peroxidase technique has been used to demonstrate the cells of origin of corticofugal fiber systems arising in the rat somatic sensory cortex and projecting to the striatum, diencephalon, brainstem, and spinal cord. Correlative experiments conducted with the anterograde, autoradiographic method have been used to confirm the terminal distribution of many of these fiber systems. Corticofugal pathways directed to subcortical structures arise in the first and second somatic sensory areas exclusively from pyramidal cells of the infragranular layers, V and VI. Fibers which descend to the midbrain, pons, medulla and spinal cord arise exclusively from the largest pyramidal cells, the somata of which are found in the deep part of layer V (layer VB). There is some evidence for a sublaminar organization of the different classes of efferent cells within this layer. Fibers projecting to the diencephalon arise from somata situated throughout layer VI and to a lesser extent in layer V. Corticostriatal fibers arise only from cells with somata in layer V, but the somata are more superficially situated than those of the other classes of corticofugal neurons. The laminar distribution of the somata of corticofugal neurons differs considerably from that of commissural and ipsilateral corticocortical neurons.", "PMID": 408380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4622", "title": "Factors influencing sexual performance in male rhesus monkeys.", "content": "A 5-yr retrospective study of the sexual behavior of eight adult male rhesus monkeys showed that sexual vigor declined over the years but testosterone levels in peripheral vein plasma did not. Two prospective experiments were then carried out on these males during the sixth year. (a) The four poorest performers were injected daily for 28 days with testosterone propionate (1 mg/kg of body weight). There was no significant increase in level of performance, and behavior was not correlated with plasma levels of testosterone either before or 24 hr after the last hormone injection. (b) All eight males were exposed to novel nonspecific sensory stimulation during tests of sexual behavior. Eight different adult male rhesus strangers-present in the room but not in the test cage-were used as stimuli, one for each experimental test. Sexual behavior during experimental and control tests did not differ.", "contents": "Factors influencing sexual performance in male rhesus monkeys. A 5-yr retrospective study of the sexual behavior of eight adult male rhesus monkeys showed that sexual vigor declined over the years but testosterone levels in peripheral vein plasma did not. Two prospective experiments were then carried out on these males during the sixth year. (a) The four poorest performers were injected daily for 28 days with testosterone propionate (1 mg/kg of body weight). There was no significant increase in level of performance, and behavior was not correlated with plasma levels of testosterone either before or 24 hr after the last hormone injection. (b) All eight males were exposed to novel nonspecific sensory stimulation during tests of sexual behavior. Eight different adult male rhesus strangers-present in the room but not in the test cage-were used as stimuli, one for each experimental test. Sexual behavior during experimental and control tests did not differ.", "PMID": 408381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4623", "title": "Task dependence of slowing after pyramidal lesions in monkeys.", "content": "The effect of lesions in a medullary pyramid was studied in two experiments. (a) Monkeys were trained to press a key with a rear-projected circle, presented together with different numbers of keys with ellipses. Two to eight choices were presented in a random sequence. Discrimination was measured with a titration schedule, and short choice reaction times were reinforced selectively. Choice reaction time and the function relating it to the number of choices were unaffected by lesions reducing the area of a transverse section of the pyramid up to 93%. (b) A repetitive response controlled by a fixed-ratio schedule was performed simultaneously with a holding response with the other hand, and the two hands changed function after each food pellet. Lesions reducing the pyramid only 25% increased interresponse times of the phasic response with the contralateral hand. Experiment 1 and previous studies are interpreted to indicate that slowing after pyramidal lesions is dependent on behavioral context. Experiment 2 showed that a simple repetitive movement is affected when the rate is high. The static response was more clearly affected than the phasic response, which indicates a role for the pyramidal tract in posture.", "contents": "Task dependence of slowing after pyramidal lesions in monkeys. The effect of lesions in a medullary pyramid was studied in two experiments. (a) Monkeys were trained to press a key with a rear-projected circle, presented together with different numbers of keys with ellipses. Two to eight choices were presented in a random sequence. Discrimination was measured with a titration schedule, and short choice reaction times were reinforced selectively. Choice reaction time and the function relating it to the number of choices were unaffected by lesions reducing the area of a transverse section of the pyramid up to 93%. (b) A repetitive response controlled by a fixed-ratio schedule was performed simultaneously with a holding response with the other hand, and the two hands changed function after each food pellet. Lesions reducing the pyramid only 25% increased interresponse times of the phasic response with the contralateral hand. Experiment 1 and previous studies are interpreted to indicate that slowing after pyramidal lesions is dependent on behavioral context. Experiment 2 showed that a simple repetitive movement is affected when the rate is high. The static response was more clearly affected than the phasic response, which indicates a role for the pyramidal tract in posture.", "PMID": 408382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4624", "title": "Immune neutrality of calf skin collagen gel used to stimulate revitalization in pulpless open apex teeth of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "A collagen mineral gel has recently been shown to stimulate revitalization of pulpless open apex teeth when syringed into debrided root canals. Experiments were conducted to examine possible stimulation of the immune system by the experimental procedure. Ring tests (interface precipitation analysis), Ouchterlony plates and hemagglutination tests on plasma samples taken from experimental rhesus monkeys throughout the healing process indicate a complete lack of humoral immune responsiveness to the injected collagen.", "contents": "Immune neutrality of calf skin collagen gel used to stimulate revitalization in pulpless open apex teeth of rhesus monkeys. A collagen mineral gel has recently been shown to stimulate revitalization of pulpless open apex teeth when syringed into debrided root canals. Experiments were conducted to examine possible stimulation of the immune system by the experimental procedure. Ring tests (interface precipitation analysis), Ouchterlony plates and hemagglutination tests on plasma samples taken from experimental rhesus monkeys throughout the healing process indicate a complete lack of humoral immune responsiveness to the injected collagen.", "PMID": 408383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4625", "title": "Toward organism identification through analysis of bacterial colonies.", "content": "The clinical problem of bacterial identification has been approached by applying pattern-recognition techniques to multi-wavelength surface-scattering and reflectance data derived from real-time scans of isolated colonies. Preliminary results, obtained from blood-agar plates inoculated with a mixture of staphylococci, streptococci and escherichieae, indicate that these organisms can be differentiated with better than 90% certainty, provided the colonies are physically separated and their growth conditions closely controlled. Data collection and classification characteristics of the experimental system are briefly described; it is felt that the technique, possibly expanded to include boundary characteristics of the colonies, may offer a viable means of identifying clinically important bacteria.", "contents": "Toward organism identification through analysis of bacterial colonies. The clinical problem of bacterial identification has been approached by applying pattern-recognition techniques to multi-wavelength surface-scattering and reflectance data derived from real-time scans of isolated colonies. Preliminary results, obtained from blood-agar plates inoculated with a mixture of staphylococci, streptococci and escherichieae, indicate that these organisms can be differentiated with better than 90% certainty, provided the colonies are physically separated and their growth conditions closely controlled. Data collection and classification characteristics of the experimental system are briefly described; it is felt that the technique, possibly expanded to include boundary characteristics of the colonies, may offer a viable means of identifying clinically important bacteria.", "PMID": 408409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4626", "title": "[Qualitative and quantitative investigations of the area striata in an ontogenic series of male Tupaia belangeri].", "content": "The cyto-, myelo- and fibrilloarchitectonics of the area striata and its laminae were described in 36 male Tupaia belangeri at an age of 36 to 536 days of ontogenesis. The fresh volumes of the area striata and its laminae were determined and the growth of the fresh volumes described with the 6-parametric growth-function: (formula: see text) Likewise, the matter lying directly under the area striata were determined and these data were analysed with the logistic growth-function: (formula: see text) 1) During ontogenesis, the area striata and its laminae show a growth over-shoot of the fresh volumes with differing procentual reduction, which is greatest (45%) at lamina IIIc and the least (18%) at lamina VI. The points in time for maximal fresh volume and the reduction speeds are different. Initially, the reduction of lamina VI is finished and that of lamina I, lastly. 2) The associated white matter of the area striata shows a nonlinear a monotonous increase in fresh volumes.", "contents": "[Qualitative and quantitative investigations of the area striata in an ontogenic series of male Tupaia belangeri]. The cyto-, myelo- and fibrilloarchitectonics of the area striata and its laminae were described in 36 male Tupaia belangeri at an age of 36 to 536 days of ontogenesis. The fresh volumes of the area striata and its laminae were determined and the growth of the fresh volumes described with the 6-parametric growth-function: (formula: see text) Likewise, the matter lying directly under the area striata were determined and these data were analysed with the logistic growth-function: (formula: see text) 1) During ontogenesis, the area striata and its laminae show a growth over-shoot of the fresh volumes with differing procentual reduction, which is greatest (45%) at lamina IIIc and the least (18%) at lamina VI. The points in time for maximal fresh volume and the reduction speeds are different. Initially, the reduction of lamina VI is finished and that of lamina I, lastly. 2) The associated white matter of the area striata shows a nonlinear a monotonous increase in fresh volumes.", "PMID": 408411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4627", "title": "Measurements of skinfold thickness and musculature in the assessment of growth and nutritional status of malnourished children.", "content": "Measurements of the mid-upper arm circumference and the triceps skin-fold thickness were made at six montly intervals in 15 malnourished children. From these measurements, values were obtained for 'muscle bulk' and 'fat bulk' using local standards. Over a 12 month period, both measurements increased among the overtly malnourished children. The fat increased most in the children who were initially underweight (marasmic children). All these indicated an improvement in the nutritional status of these children. The Oje group of children deteriorated in all the parameters without any evidence of acute illness. A possible reason for this situation was a false sense of confidence on the part of the children's mothers and consequently, inadequate provision of food. The use of subcutaneous fat as an index of inadequate intake, and skeletal muscle for evidence of protein depletion, was also highlighted.", "contents": "Measurements of skinfold thickness and musculature in the assessment of growth and nutritional status of malnourished children. Measurements of the mid-upper arm circumference and the triceps skin-fold thickness were made at six montly intervals in 15 malnourished children. From these measurements, values were obtained for 'muscle bulk' and 'fat bulk' using local standards. Over a 12 month period, both measurements increased among the overtly malnourished children. The fat increased most in the children who were initially underweight (marasmic children). All these indicated an improvement in the nutritional status of these children. The Oje group of children deteriorated in all the parameters without any evidence of acute illness. A possible reason for this situation was a false sense of confidence on the part of the children's mothers and consequently, inadequate provision of food. The use of subcutaneous fat as an index of inadequate intake, and skeletal muscle for evidence of protein depletion, was also highlighted.", "PMID": 408413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4628", "title": "Immunologic classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with micro-immunofluorescence.", "content": "A reproducible immunologic classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains has been achieved by the micro-immunofluorescence (Micro-IF)3 method by using formalinized whole organisms as test antigens and mouse antisera prepared by i.v. immunization with the whole organisms as antibody. Immunologic differences among Neisseria species were also distinct in this test system. Immunologic differences among gonococcal strains were not influenced by gonococcal colony type. Classification of gonococci was facilitated by use of antisera absorbed with an antigenically unique gonococcus strain. Of 180 gonococcal strains, 175 could be classified into three immunotypes: A, B, and C. Each type was further divided into subtypes designated A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, and C2. Minor antigenic differences still exist within each subtype. The two gonococcal isolates from each of 17 pairs of sexual contacts fell into the same subtype. Seventy-one of 73 isolates which required arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil for growth (Arg-Hyx-Ura-) and seven of 107 other auxotypes belonged to subtypes A2 and A3. Marked geographical differences in distribution of gonococcal immunotypes were observed among those available for testing. Subtypes A2 and A3 were predominant in Seattle whereas types B and C were predominant in Southeast Asia. The only Arg-Hyx-Ura- isolates not belonging to subtypes A2 or A3 were the only two that were serum sensitive. This Micro-IF immunotyping appears potentially useful for future immunologic, epidemiologic, and genetic studies of N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Immunologic classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with micro-immunofluorescence. A reproducible immunologic classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains has been achieved by the micro-immunofluorescence (Micro-IF)3 method by using formalinized whole organisms as test antigens and mouse antisera prepared by i.v. immunization with the whole organisms as antibody. Immunologic differences among Neisseria species were also distinct in this test system. Immunologic differences among gonococcal strains were not influenced by gonococcal colony type. Classification of gonococci was facilitated by use of antisera absorbed with an antigenically unique gonococcus strain. Of 180 gonococcal strains, 175 could be classified into three immunotypes: A, B, and C. Each type was further divided into subtypes designated A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, and C2. Minor antigenic differences still exist within each subtype. The two gonococcal isolates from each of 17 pairs of sexual contacts fell into the same subtype. Seventy-one of 73 isolates which required arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil for growth (Arg-Hyx-Ura-) and seven of 107 other auxotypes belonged to subtypes A2 and A3. Marked geographical differences in distribution of gonococcal immunotypes were observed among those available for testing. Subtypes A2 and A3 were predominant in Seattle whereas types B and C were predominant in Southeast Asia. The only Arg-Hyx-Ura- isolates not belonging to subtypes A2 or A3 were the only two that were serum sensitive. This Micro-IF immunotyping appears potentially useful for future immunologic, epidemiologic, and genetic studies of N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 408415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4629", "title": "Structural evidence for an unblocked VHI sub-subgroup of human heavy chains.", "content": "The N-terminal amino acid sequence of an unblocked human heavy chain of an IgGK paraprotein from patient Tho is reported. This unblocked VH sequence belongs to the VHI subgroup and has striking structural homology to an unblocked VHI sequence previously reported for the IgGK paraprotein isolated from the serum of patient Bro. Direct sequence comparison of the Tho and Bro proteins reveals complete structural identity in 25 of the N-terminal 27 residues, with unique amino acid substitutions shared at the N-terminus and positions 16, 18, and 24. This remarkable sequence homology suggests that the two VH sequences represent examples of an unblocked VHI sub-subgroup. The Tho and Bro sequences possess an ala-glu-val basic triplet at positions 9 to 11 in common with the other previously reported VHI proteins which help to further establish this sequence triplet as a recognizable VHI subgroup-specific region. Moreover, in this regard, the unblocked sequences of Tho and Bro emphasize the importance of extending an unblocked VHI sequence beyond positions 9 to 11 before a subgroup assignment can be determined.", "contents": "Structural evidence for an unblocked VHI sub-subgroup of human heavy chains. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of an unblocked human heavy chain of an IgGK paraprotein from patient Tho is reported. This unblocked VH sequence belongs to the VHI subgroup and has striking structural homology to an unblocked VHI sequence previously reported for the IgGK paraprotein isolated from the serum of patient Bro. Direct sequence comparison of the Tho and Bro proteins reveals complete structural identity in 25 of the N-terminal 27 residues, with unique amino acid substitutions shared at the N-terminus and positions 16, 18, and 24. This remarkable sequence homology suggests that the two VH sequences represent examples of an unblocked VHI sub-subgroup. The Tho and Bro sequences possess an ala-glu-val basic triplet at positions 9 to 11 in common with the other previously reported VHI proteins which help to further establish this sequence triplet as a recognizable VHI subgroup-specific region. Moreover, in this regard, the unblocked sequences of Tho and Bro emphasize the importance of extending an unblocked VHI sequence beyond positions 9 to 11 before a subgroup assignment can be determined.", "PMID": 408416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4630", "title": "Cell-mediated immune response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis and vaccinia virus in rats.", "content": "The parameters of cell-mediated immune responses of rats to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or vaccinia virus were assessed by measuring primary footpad swelling, increased weights of the local lymph nodes, increased numbers of lymphocytes per lymph node, and the course of virus-specific cytolytic activity by these lymphocytes. Except for lack of a defined swelling caused by vaccinia virus injected into the hind footpads of rats, the kinetics of all these responses correlated and were in accord with the usual time course of cellular immune responses. Starting 3 days after infection, peaking at 5 to 7 days, and disappearing after 10 to 12 days, the responses by rats to both viruses were comparable to those found in mice. The phagocytes of these infected rats inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in vivo, indicating activation of the macrophages by virus-specific cellular immunity. The rat cytotoxic lymphocytes were thymus derived as judged by various criteria: inactivation by an absorbed rabbit anti-rat brain antiserum plus C, susceptibility to anti Thy 1.1 plus C, restriction of the lytic activity within inbred strains and probably by the Ag-B locus, and the kinetics of the response. The cytotoxic T lymphocytes were virus specific since they killed only target cells infected with the same virus but not uninfected cells, or targets that were infected with an unrelated virus.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis and vaccinia virus in rats. The parameters of cell-mediated immune responses of rats to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or vaccinia virus were assessed by measuring primary footpad swelling, increased weights of the local lymph nodes, increased numbers of lymphocytes per lymph node, and the course of virus-specific cytolytic activity by these lymphocytes. Except for lack of a defined swelling caused by vaccinia virus injected into the hind footpads of rats, the kinetics of all these responses correlated and were in accord with the usual time course of cellular immune responses. Starting 3 days after infection, peaking at 5 to 7 days, and disappearing after 10 to 12 days, the responses by rats to both viruses were comparable to those found in mice. The phagocytes of these infected rats inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in vivo, indicating activation of the macrophages by virus-specific cellular immunity. The rat cytotoxic lymphocytes were thymus derived as judged by various criteria: inactivation by an absorbed rabbit anti-rat brain antiserum plus C, susceptibility to anti Thy 1.1 plus C, restriction of the lytic activity within inbred strains and probably by the Ag-B locus, and the kinetics of the response. The cytotoxic T lymphocytes were virus specific since they killed only target cells infected with the same virus but not uninfected cells, or targets that were infected with an unrelated virus.", "PMID": 408419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4631", "title": "Analysis of the diversity of murine antibodies to dextran B1355. II. Demonstration of multiple idiotypes with variable expression in several strains.", "content": "We have developed radioimmunoassays that detect idiotypic (variable region) differences among the alpha(1 leads to 3) dextran-binding meyloma proteins U102, J558, and M104 as well as an assay that detects variable region determinants common to all three proteins. Using these assays, we have examined 7S and 19S anti-alpha(1 leads to 3) dextran antibodies induced in five murine strains of the a1 IgCH linkage group and the recombinant strain BAB/14. All idiotypes were expressed in both 19S and 7S antibodies from all strains, but with considerable strain-specific variability in penetrance. In two strains, one additional type of antibody, which lacked all four idiotypic determinants, generally constituted the bulk of total anti-alpha(1 leads to 3) dextran antibodies.", "contents": "Analysis of the diversity of murine antibodies to dextran B1355. II. Demonstration of multiple idiotypes with variable expression in several strains. We have developed radioimmunoassays that detect idiotypic (variable region) differences among the alpha(1 leads to 3) dextran-binding meyloma proteins U102, J558, and M104 as well as an assay that detects variable region determinants common to all three proteins. Using these assays, we have examined 7S and 19S anti-alpha(1 leads to 3) dextran antibodies induced in five murine strains of the a1 IgCH linkage group and the recombinant strain BAB/14. All idiotypes were expressed in both 19S and 7S antibodies from all strains, but with considerable strain-specific variability in penetrance. In two strains, one additional type of antibody, which lacked all four idiotypic determinants, generally constituted the bulk of total anti-alpha(1 leads to 3) dextran antibodies.", "PMID": 408420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4632", "title": "Immunoepidemiology of meningococcal disease in military recruits. I. A model for serogroup independency of epidemic potential as determined by serotyping.", "content": "One hundred twenty strains of Neisseria meningitidis were serotyped with use of cross-absorbed rabbit antisera in a bactericidal test. Fifty-eight epidemic strains of serogroup B, C, and Y that occurred simultaneously among military recruits at two basic training centers during a period of epidemic meningococcal disease were compared with 62 strains of serogroups A, B, C, and Y isolated worldwide. Antisera to the six original antigenic factors of the Gold serotyping schema were adequate for typing 94% of strains, including all of the epidemic strains. The array of serotyping factors in the epidemic strains differed from those in the nonepidemic strains. Epidemic strains were almost exclusively of two serotypes, with type CII predominant among strains of groups B and C. Concurrent strains of groups B and C were invariably of the same serotype. A model for the epidemic potential of meningococcal strains, which is based on their serotype and serogroup antigens, and a modification of the original Gold typing schema are presented.", "contents": "Immunoepidemiology of meningococcal disease in military recruits. I. A model for serogroup independency of epidemic potential as determined by serotyping. One hundred twenty strains of Neisseria meningitidis were serotyped with use of cross-absorbed rabbit antisera in a bactericidal test. Fifty-eight epidemic strains of serogroup B, C, and Y that occurred simultaneously among military recruits at two basic training centers during a period of epidemic meningococcal disease were compared with 62 strains of serogroups A, B, C, and Y isolated worldwide. Antisera to the six original antigenic factors of the Gold serotyping schema were adequate for typing 94% of strains, including all of the epidemic strains. The array of serotyping factors in the epidemic strains differed from those in the nonepidemic strains. Epidemic strains were almost exclusively of two serotypes, with type CII predominant among strains of groups B and C. Concurrent strains of groups B and C were invariably of the same serotype. A model for the epidemic potential of meningococcal strains, which is based on their serotype and serogroup antigens, and a modification of the original Gold typing schema are presented.", "PMID": 408422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4633", "title": "Ultrastructural study of cervical gonorrhea.", "content": "An ultrastructural examination of the squamocolumnar junction of the cervix of patients infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae is described. Gonococci were found to become firmly attached to stratified squamous epithelium, a process that appeared to be initiated by activity of the cytoplasmic membrane of superficial squames. By contrast, gonococci were not found attached to, or even closely associated with, mucus-secreting columnar epithelium. Gonococcal growth, as evidenced by numbers of organisms and surface vesicle formation, appeared most active in cervical secretions, chiefly on exfoliated squames, but also lying free. Survival after phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes was found not to be unique to gonococci, and it is suggested that continual phagocytic recycling minimizes the significance of this occurrence. It seems probable that persistence of gonorrhea in the female depends upon the adherence of gonococci to stratified epithelium, where they are protected from phagocytosis, and the infectivity of gonorrhea arises from the ability of gonococci to divide rapidly on the surface of exfoliated squames, from where they are released into secretions.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of cervical gonorrhea. An ultrastructural examination of the squamocolumnar junction of the cervix of patients infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae is described. Gonococci were found to become firmly attached to stratified squamous epithelium, a process that appeared to be initiated by activity of the cytoplasmic membrane of superficial squames. By contrast, gonococci were not found attached to, or even closely associated with, mucus-secreting columnar epithelium. Gonococcal growth, as evidenced by numbers of organisms and surface vesicle formation, appeared most active in cervical secretions, chiefly on exfoliated squames, but also lying free. Survival after phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes was found not to be unique to gonococci, and it is suggested that continual phagocytic recycling minimizes the significance of this occurrence. It seems probable that persistence of gonorrhea in the female depends upon the adherence of gonococci to stratified epithelium, where they are protected from phagocytosis, and the infectivity of gonorrhea arises from the ability of gonococci to divide rapidly on the surface of exfoliated squames, from where they are released into secretions.", "PMID": 408425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4634", "title": "Antifungal activity of four tetracycline analogues against Candida albicans in vitro: potentiation by amphotericin B.", "content": "The antifungal activities of four tetracycline analogues in combination with amphotericin B (AmB) were determined against 20 strains of Candida albicans. When a microtiter checkerboard technique was used, minocycline (less than or equal to 10 microgram/ml) acted synergistically with AmB against all strains, whereas doxycycline had a reduced effect, and demeclocycline and tetracycline had no potentiating effect at this concentration. Killing-curve experiments with two strains of C. albicans demonstrated that the combination of minocycline and AmB produced a decrease in number of colony-forming units (cfu) of greater than 2 logs in 4 hr and a 4-log decrease in cfu in 24 hr at concentrations (minocycline, 0.64 microgram/ml; AmB, 0.1 microgram/ml) that were subinhibitory when each agent was used alone and that are readily achieved in human serum and body fluids with conventional doses. The killing-curve technique indicated that doxycycline had an intermediate degree of synergistic activity, whereas tetracycline had no synergistic activity at clinically relevant concentrations.", "contents": "Antifungal activity of four tetracycline analogues against Candida albicans in vitro: potentiation by amphotericin B. The antifungal activities of four tetracycline analogues in combination with amphotericin B (AmB) were determined against 20 strains of Candida albicans. When a microtiter checkerboard technique was used, minocycline (less than or equal to 10 microgram/ml) acted synergistically with AmB against all strains, whereas doxycycline had a reduced effect, and demeclocycline and tetracycline had no potentiating effect at this concentration. Killing-curve experiments with two strains of C. albicans demonstrated that the combination of minocycline and AmB produced a decrease in number of colony-forming units (cfu) of greater than 2 logs in 4 hr and a 4-log decrease in cfu in 24 hr at concentrations (minocycline, 0.64 microgram/ml; AmB, 0.1 microgram/ml) that were subinhibitory when each agent was used alone and that are readily achieved in human serum and body fluids with conventional doses. The killing-curve technique indicated that doxycycline had an intermediate degree of synergistic activity, whereas tetracycline had no synergistic activity at clinically relevant concentrations.", "PMID": 408426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4635", "title": "Successful prophylaxis against rabies in mice and Rhesus monkeys: the interferon system and vaccine.", "content": "Addition of interferon to ineffective rabies virus vaccines by the local injection of either exogenous interferon or a potent interferon inducer (a complex of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid containing poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose) into the footpads of mice previously challenged with rabies virus dramatically reduced the mortality rate. A significant reduction in mortality rate was also noted when the interferon system was administered to rhesus monkeys, but only when treatment was given 6 hr after challenge with rabies virus. Since the monkeys were given an overwhelming challenge of virus, the treatment had to be given quickly to obtain results comparable to those in mice.", "contents": "Successful prophylaxis against rabies in mice and Rhesus monkeys: the interferon system and vaccine. Addition of interferon to ineffective rabies virus vaccines by the local injection of either exogenous interferon or a potent interferon inducer (a complex of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid containing poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose) into the footpads of mice previously challenged with rabies virus dramatically reduced the mortality rate. A significant reduction in mortality rate was also noted when the interferon system was administered to rhesus monkeys, but only when treatment was given 6 hr after challenge with rabies virus. Since the monkeys were given an overwhelming challenge of virus, the treatment had to be given quickly to obtain results comparable to those in mice.", "PMID": 408427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4636", "title": "Protection against infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae by immunization with outer membrane protein complex and purified pili.", "content": "Some of the antigens that are capable of producing strain-related immunity to gonococcal infection in the guinea pig are located on the outer membrane of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This finding has been demonstrated by immunization of guinea pigs with isolated outer membranes from two different strains of N. gonorrhoeae prior to challenged. Isolated principal outer membrane protein complex proved a better protective immunogen than purified pili from the same strain of N. gonorrhoeae. Principal outer membrane protein appears to react in antibody-complement-mediated killing of gonococci, whereas antibodies to pili are only weakly bactericidal. Pili-mediated attachment of N. gonorrhoeae to human cells is inhibited by antibodies to pili, and maximal inhibition occurs when antibodies are directed at pili antigenically identical to the pili mediating the attachment.", "contents": "Protection against infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae by immunization with outer membrane protein complex and purified pili. Some of the antigens that are capable of producing strain-related immunity to gonococcal infection in the guinea pig are located on the outer membrane of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This finding has been demonstrated by immunization of guinea pigs with isolated outer membranes from two different strains of N. gonorrhoeae prior to challenged. Isolated principal outer membrane protein complex proved a better protective immunogen than purified pili from the same strain of N. gonorrhoeae. Principal outer membrane protein appears to react in antibody-complement-mediated killing of gonococci, whereas antibodies to pili are only weakly bactericidal. Pili-mediated attachment of N. gonorrhoeae to human cells is inhibited by antibodies to pili, and maximal inhibition occurs when antibodies are directed at pili antigenically identical to the pili mediating the attachment.", "PMID": 408428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4637", "title": "Surface components affecting interactions between Neisserai gonorrhoeae and eucaryotic cells.", "content": "Interactions of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with nonleukocytic eucaryotic cells including tissue culture cells (either primary or continuous lines), human sperm, and buccal mucosal cells appear to be influenced primarily by the presence or absence of pili on the bacteria. In this context, piliation enhances attachment to or association of microorganisms with the eucaryotic cells. Pili, on the other hand, appear to reduce interaction of N. gonorrhoeae with mouse peritoneal macrophages. Other groups have demonstrated that pili reduce phagocytosis of gonococci by neutrophils, but in out studies this affect is secondary to that dependent on \"leukocyte-association\" factor. The presence of such a factor is correlated with a particular protein found by polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Adherence among N. gonorrhoeae varies and results in colony forms of different coloration or aggregation characteristics. These different coloration forms correlate with the protein patterns of gonococci as found in polyacrylamide electrophoresis and also with the susceptibility of gonococci to killing by trypsin.", "contents": "Surface components affecting interactions between Neisserai gonorrhoeae and eucaryotic cells. Interactions of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with nonleukocytic eucaryotic cells including tissue culture cells (either primary or continuous lines), human sperm, and buccal mucosal cells appear to be influenced primarily by the presence or absence of pili on the bacteria. In this context, piliation enhances attachment to or association of microorganisms with the eucaryotic cells. Pili, on the other hand, appear to reduce interaction of N. gonorrhoeae with mouse peritoneal macrophages. Other groups have demonstrated that pili reduce phagocytosis of gonococci by neutrophils, but in out studies this affect is secondary to that dependent on \"leukocyte-association\" factor. The presence of such a factor is correlated with a particular protein found by polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Adherence among N. gonorrhoeae varies and results in colony forms of different coloration or aggregation characteristics. These different coloration forms correlate with the protein patterns of gonococci as found in polyacrylamide electrophoresis and also with the susceptibility of gonococci to killing by trypsin.", "PMID": 408429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4638", "title": "Formation of antibody in the newborn mouse: study of T-cell-independent antibody response.", "content": "The ontogeny of immune responsiveness, as assayed by antibody formation in vitro, of mouse spleen lymphocytes to thymus-independent antigens is reviewed. Responsiveness to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-lipopolysaccharide and TNP-Brucella abortus appear soon after birth and one to two weeks before TNP-Ficoll or capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SSS-III) elicits significant antibody formation. This hierarchy of responsiveness to antigens is also apparent in the CBA/N mutant mouse strain, which has a bone marrow-derived (B-) cell maturation arrest and fails to respond to either TNP-ficoll or SSS-III. These findings are interpreted to suggest sequential maturation of different populations or lines of B-lymphocytes, each of which can respond to a defined class of thymus-independent antigens. The implication for vaccine use in humans is that a late-appearing subclass of B-cells may be required for adequate immune responses to polyaccharide antigens.", "contents": "Formation of antibody in the newborn mouse: study of T-cell-independent antibody response. The ontogeny of immune responsiveness, as assayed by antibody formation in vitro, of mouse spleen lymphocytes to thymus-independent antigens is reviewed. Responsiveness to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-lipopolysaccharide and TNP-Brucella abortus appear soon after birth and one to two weeks before TNP-Ficoll or capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SSS-III) elicits significant antibody formation. This hierarchy of responsiveness to antigens is also apparent in the CBA/N mutant mouse strain, which has a bone marrow-derived (B-) cell maturation arrest and fails to respond to either TNP-ficoll or SSS-III. These findings are interpreted to suggest sequential maturation of different populations or lines of B-lymphocytes, each of which can respond to a defined class of thymus-independent antigens. The implication for vaccine use in humans is that a late-appearing subclass of B-cells may be required for adequate immune responses to polyaccharide antigens.", "PMID": 408430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4639", "title": "Interim report of a controlled field trial of immunization with capsular polysaccharides of Haemophilus influenzae type b and group C Neisseria meningitidis in Mecklenburg county, North Carolina (March 1974-March 1976).", "content": "Approximately 16,000 children, from two months to five years of age, were vaccinated with the capsular polysaccharide of either Haemophilus influenzae type b or group C Neisseria meningitidis. Immunizations were carried out in a double-masked, randomized manner; the doses of immunogens used were 10 microgram of H. influenzae type b polysaccharide and 25 micron g of the group CN. meningitidis polysaccharide. Immunogenicity of the two vaccines was measured in single, random specimens of blood taken from vaccinees of all ages at various intervals after immunization. A positive effect on formation of serum antibody was observed in children of all ages vaccinated with N. meningitidis polysaccharide, but increased levels of serum antibody to H. influenzae type b were observed only in recipients of that vaccine who were three years of age or older. No untoward reactions to either vaccine were noted, and both vaccines retained their original molecular size after storage for three years. Too few cases of disease have been studied for a definitive assessment of vaccine efficacy; however, a slightly protective effect against meningitis was observed for the H. influenzae type b vaccine in infants up to one year of age.", "contents": "Interim report of a controlled field trial of immunization with capsular polysaccharides of Haemophilus influenzae type b and group C Neisseria meningitidis in Mecklenburg county, North Carolina (March 1974-March 1976). Approximately 16,000 children, from two months to five years of age, were vaccinated with the capsular polysaccharide of either Haemophilus influenzae type b or group C Neisseria meningitidis. Immunizations were carried out in a double-masked, randomized manner; the doses of immunogens used were 10 microgram of H. influenzae type b polysaccharide and 25 micron g of the group CN. meningitidis polysaccharide. Immunogenicity of the two vaccines was measured in single, random specimens of blood taken from vaccinees of all ages at various intervals after immunization. A positive effect on formation of serum antibody was observed in children of all ages vaccinated with N. meningitidis polysaccharide, but increased levels of serum antibody to H. influenzae type b were observed only in recipients of that vaccine who were three years of age or older. No untoward reactions to either vaccine were noted, and both vaccines retained their original molecular size after storage for three years. Too few cases of disease have been studied for a definitive assessment of vaccine efficacy; however, a slightly protective effect against meningitis was observed for the H. influenzae type b vaccine in infants up to one year of age.", "PMID": 408433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4640", "title": "Sialic acid-containing polysaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli strain Bos-12: structure and immunology.", "content": "A polysaccharide antigenically related to that of group C Neisseria meningitidis was isolated from Escherichia coli strain Bos-12 (O48: K91:NM). Like the polysaccharides of groups B and CN. meningitidis, the Bos-12 antigen was shown to be a pure polymer of sialic acid. The 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the groups B and C polysaccharides indicated that the former consists of units of sialic acid joined in alpha-2 leads to 8 linkages, whereas the latter contains sialic acid residues linked by alpha-2 leads to 9 glycosidic bonds. Chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the polysaccharide of E. coli strain Bos-12 established that it is a heteropolymer containing both alpha-2 leads to 8 and alpha-2 leads to 9 linkages. Physical parameters including partial specific volume, reduced viscosity, diffusion and sedimentation coefficients, shape, weight-average molecular weight, and the Stokes radius of the polysaccharides of groups A, B, and C N. meningitidis have been determined. The results indicate that the polysaccharides are highly asymmetric and exist in solution as rigid rods; aggregates are formed by the association of these rods. The polysaccharides appear to have \"restricted\" length.", "contents": "Sialic acid-containing polysaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli strain Bos-12: structure and immunology. A polysaccharide antigenically related to that of group C Neisseria meningitidis was isolated from Escherichia coli strain Bos-12 (O48: K91:NM). Like the polysaccharides of groups B and CN. meningitidis, the Bos-12 antigen was shown to be a pure polymer of sialic acid. The 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the groups B and C polysaccharides indicated that the former consists of units of sialic acid joined in alpha-2 leads to 8 linkages, whereas the latter contains sialic acid residues linked by alpha-2 leads to 9 glycosidic bonds. Chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the polysaccharide of E. coli strain Bos-12 established that it is a heteropolymer containing both alpha-2 leads to 8 and alpha-2 leads to 9 linkages. Physical parameters including partial specific volume, reduced viscosity, diffusion and sedimentation coefficients, shape, weight-average molecular weight, and the Stokes radius of the polysaccharides of groups A, B, and C N. meningitidis have been determined. The results indicate that the polysaccharides are highly asymmetric and exist in solution as rigid rods; aggregates are formed by the association of these rods. The polysaccharides appear to have \"restricted\" length.", "PMID": 408434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4641", "title": "Strucutres of the capsular polysaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis as determined by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "The application of 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the structural determination of the capsular polysaccharide antigens of Neisseria meningitidis is described. Complete assignments of the spectra of the polysaccharides of serogroups A, B, C, W-135, X and Y were made and were based mainly on previous assignments made for the monomer units of the respective polysaccharides. This technique provides information on all structural aspects of the polysaccharides including composition, mode of linkage, location of O-acetyl substituents, sequence, and conformation. In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance is nondestructive, extremely rapid, and has enormous potential in bacteriological research.", "contents": "Strucutres of the capsular polysaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis as determined by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The application of 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the structural determination of the capsular polysaccharide antigens of Neisseria meningitidis is described. Complete assignments of the spectra of the polysaccharides of serogroups A, B, C, W-135, X and Y were made and were based mainly on previous assignments made for the monomer units of the respective polysaccharides. This technique provides information on all structural aspects of the polysaccharides including composition, mode of linkage, location of O-acetyl substituents, sequence, and conformation. In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance is nondestructive, extremely rapid, and has enormous potential in bacteriological research.", "PMID": 408435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4642", "title": "Role of protein serotype antigens in protection against disease due to Neisseria meningitidis.", "content": "Evidence is provided for the protective effects of antibody to noncapsular antigens in immunity to meningococcal disease. Serotype 2 strains were associated with 50% of disease due to group B Neisseria meningitidis in Europe. The amount of serotype antibody in normal individuals is related to age, and adult levels are reached by about 10 years of age. Children under two years of age who have recovered from disease due to groups B and CN. meningitidis of serotype 2 make antibody to serotype 2; this fact indicates the potential immunogenicity of the serotype antigen in young children. The isolated serotype 2 antigen injected into rabbits elicited bactericidal antibody that was only weakly opsonic. Guinea pigs that were infected via spring implants with serotype 2 N. meningitidis developed antibody to serotype 2. After clearance of infection these animals became resistant to challenge with serotype 2 strains of groups B and C N. meningitidis. This serotypes-specific immunity to reinfection persisted for at least four months.", "contents": "Role of protein serotype antigens in protection against disease due to Neisseria meningitidis. Evidence is provided for the protective effects of antibody to noncapsular antigens in immunity to meningococcal disease. Serotype 2 strains were associated with 50% of disease due to group B Neisseria meningitidis in Europe. The amount of serotype antibody in normal individuals is related to age, and adult levels are reached by about 10 years of age. Children under two years of age who have recovered from disease due to groups B and CN. meningitidis of serotype 2 make antibody to serotype 2; this fact indicates the potential immunogenicity of the serotype antigen in young children. The isolated serotype 2 antigen injected into rabbits elicited bactericidal antibody that was only weakly opsonic. Guinea pigs that were infected via spring implants with serotype 2 N. meningitidis developed antibody to serotype 2. After clearance of infection these animals became resistant to challenge with serotype 2 strains of groups B and C N. meningitidis. This serotypes-specific immunity to reinfection persisted for at least four months.", "PMID": 408436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4643", "title": "Quantitative measurement of the bactericidal capability of neutrophils from patients and carriers of chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "Previous studies examined the ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from patients and carriers of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) to kill small numbers of bacteria in vitro. The purpose of the present study was to accurately measure the number of microorganisms killed by CGD PMN when the initial number of bacteria per neutrophil was increased. Bactericidal capacities of PMN from seven patients and five proven carriers of CGD were examined with five test ratios ranging from 1.25 to 100 bacteria/neutrophil. CGD PMN killed a limited number of catalase-positive S. aureus but the number of bacteria killed increased progressively as the initial test ratio was advanced. At the highest ratio (100:1) patient PMN killed a mean of nine S. aureus per cell (normal 48 +/- 13.2 SD). PMN from patients with CGD killed increasing numbers of catalase-negative S. faecalis with normal efficiency, reaching a mean of 14 S. faecalis killed per cell at 100:1. Individual variation in the ability of CGD PMN to kill S. Aureus was apparent but the degree of PMN bactericidal effectiveness did not correlate with the patient's clinical course. PMN from asymptomatic carriers of proven sex-linked CGD also had a wide spectrum of staphylocidal activity which ranged from normal to levels comparable to CGD patients.", "contents": "Quantitative measurement of the bactericidal capability of neutrophils from patients and carriers of chronic granulomatous disease. Previous studies examined the ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from patients and carriers of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) to kill small numbers of bacteria in vitro. The purpose of the present study was to accurately measure the number of microorganisms killed by CGD PMN when the initial number of bacteria per neutrophil was increased. Bactericidal capacities of PMN from seven patients and five proven carriers of CGD were examined with five test ratios ranging from 1.25 to 100 bacteria/neutrophil. CGD PMN killed a limited number of catalase-positive S. aureus but the number of bacteria killed increased progressively as the initial test ratio was advanced. At the highest ratio (100:1) patient PMN killed a mean of nine S. aureus per cell (normal 48 +/- 13.2 SD). PMN from patients with CGD killed increasing numbers of catalase-negative S. faecalis with normal efficiency, reaching a mean of 14 S. faecalis killed per cell at 100:1. Individual variation in the ability of CGD PMN to kill S. Aureus was apparent but the degree of PMN bactericidal effectiveness did not correlate with the patient's clinical course. PMN from asymptomatic carriers of proven sex-linked CGD also had a wide spectrum of staphylocidal activity which ranged from normal to levels comparable to CGD patients.", "PMID": 408453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4644", "title": "Audiometric findings in 34 patients with Waardenburg's syndrome.", "content": "The dominant hereditary form of deafness as part of Waardenburg's syndrome was found in 12 (35%) of 34 patients never previously described with Waardenburg's syndrome among 5 families in the Netherlands. Extensive audiometric examination could be performed in 11 patients, 5 patients with deafness on both sides and 6 patients with hearing deficiency on one side. The hearing loss could be divided into 4 types: (type I) (sub) total deafness on both sides; (type II) serious lack of hearing on both sides; (type III) (sub) total deafness on one side; (type IV) moderate hearing deficiency on one side, particularly in the low frequencies. An extensive review was made of the more than 1,000 patients with Waardenburg's syndrome described in the literature. This revealed that deafness in both ears (the most serious expression of the syndrome) occurred in about 25% of the patients with Waardenburg's syndrome type I (including dystopia canthorum) and in 50% of the patients with Waardenburg's syndrome type II (without dystopia canthorum). This striking difference is connected with the close relationship between deafness and pigmentary disorders.", "contents": "Audiometric findings in 34 patients with Waardenburg's syndrome. The dominant hereditary form of deafness as part of Waardenburg's syndrome was found in 12 (35%) of 34 patients never previously described with Waardenburg's syndrome among 5 families in the Netherlands. Extensive audiometric examination could be performed in 11 patients, 5 patients with deafness on both sides and 6 patients with hearing deficiency on one side. The hearing loss could be divided into 4 types: (type I) (sub) total deafness on both sides; (type II) serious lack of hearing on both sides; (type III) (sub) total deafness on one side; (type IV) moderate hearing deficiency on one side, particularly in the low frequencies. An extensive review was made of the more than 1,000 patients with Waardenburg's syndrome described in the literature. This revealed that deafness in both ears (the most serious expression of the syndrome) occurred in about 25% of the patients with Waardenburg's syndrome type I (including dystopia canthorum) and in 50% of the patients with Waardenburg's syndrome type II (without dystopia canthorum). This striking difference is connected with the close relationship between deafness and pigmentary disorders.", "PMID": 408454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4645", "title": "Deafness, ichthyosiform erythroderma, corneal involvement, photophobia and dental dysplasia.", "content": "Early childhood deafness, congenital non-bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma, corneal involvement, photophobia, chronic blepharoconjunctivitis, hypotrichosis, anhidrosis, hyperkeratosis of the nails and dental dysplasia were the symptoms observed in the 19-year-old girl described in this paper. The literature comprises reports on 8 patients with this syndrome, which McKusick (1975) listed as no. 24215.", "contents": "Deafness, ichthyosiform erythroderma, corneal involvement, photophobia and dental dysplasia. Early childhood deafness, congenital non-bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma, corneal involvement, photophobia, chronic blepharoconjunctivitis, hypotrichosis, anhidrosis, hyperkeratosis of the nails and dental dysplasia were the symptoms observed in the 19-year-old girl described in this paper. The literature comprises reports on 8 patients with this syndrome, which McKusick (1975) listed as no. 24215.", "PMID": 408455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4646", "title": "Methods for the study of antidiarrheal agents. Study of commonly used protective and adsorbent agents.", "content": "Several agents were employed to induce diarrhea in squirrel monkeys: (1) diarrhaogenic diets, (2) various doses of cholera toxin, (3) prostaglandin derivatives, (4) bile, (5) lactulose, (6) phenolphthalein, (7) castor oil. Kaolin, pectin, Kaopectate and placebo were used as antidiarrheal treatment. Evaluation was based on (a) frequency, (b) consistency, (c) total and dry weight of the stools, and (d) electrolyte loss. The spectrum of procedures employed appeared to be suitable for the evaluation of antidiarrheal agents of the protective and adsorbent class.", "contents": "Methods for the study of antidiarrheal agents. Study of commonly used protective and adsorbent agents. Several agents were employed to induce diarrhea in squirrel monkeys: (1) diarrhaogenic diets, (2) various doses of cholera toxin, (3) prostaglandin derivatives, (4) bile, (5) lactulose, (6) phenolphthalein, (7) castor oil. Kaolin, pectin, Kaopectate and placebo were used as antidiarrheal treatment. Evaluation was based on (a) frequency, (b) consistency, (c) total and dry weight of the stools, and (d) electrolyte loss. The spectrum of procedures employed appeared to be suitable for the evaluation of antidiarrheal agents of the protective and adsorbent class.", "PMID": 408456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4647", "title": "Isolated hapten-binding receptors of sensitized lymphocytes. II. Receptors from nylon wool-enriched rabbit T lymphocytes lack serological determinants of immunoglobulin constant domains but carry the A locus allotypic markers.", "content": "Hapten-binding receptor material was isolated from sensitized rabbit lymphocytes by a method described previously for murine receptor material. The material was separated into a fraction expressing immunoglobulin determinants (anti-Ig+ fraction) and a fraction lacking known class and type-specific determinants of Ig constant domains (anti-Ig- fraction). We present evidence in support of the notion that--in analogy to the mouse system--the anti-Ig+ fraction is B-cell-derived, whereas the anti-Ig- fraction originates from T lymphocytes. Receptors of the anti-Ig- phenotype are found to express a locus allotypic determinants and, thus, appear to carry variable portions of immunoglobulin heavy chains.", "contents": "Isolated hapten-binding receptors of sensitized lymphocytes. II. Receptors from nylon wool-enriched rabbit T lymphocytes lack serological determinants of immunoglobulin constant domains but carry the A locus allotypic markers. Hapten-binding receptor material was isolated from sensitized rabbit lymphocytes by a method described previously for murine receptor material. The material was separated into a fraction expressing immunoglobulin determinants (anti-Ig+ fraction) and a fraction lacking known class and type-specific determinants of Ig constant domains (anti-Ig- fraction). We present evidence in support of the notion that--in analogy to the mouse system--the anti-Ig+ fraction is B-cell-derived, whereas the anti-Ig- fraction originates from T lymphocytes. Receptors of the anti-Ig- phenotype are found to express a locus allotypic determinants and, thus, appear to carry variable portions of immunoglobulin heavy chains.", "PMID": 408458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4648", "title": "[The use of primate tissue homogenates for quality control in the creatine kinase-MB determination with inhibiting antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "The creatine kinase isoenzymes CK-MM, CK-MB and CK-BB from Rhesus monkey heart and brain tissue homogenates were separated chromatographically. Thereafter it could be demonstrated that the activity of the simian subunit CK-M is completely inhibited by anti-inhibitory-CK-M serum. Thus control sera from simian tissue are in principle suited for quality control in an immunological determination of creatine kinase-MB. The intra-assay variance and interassay variance were n = 56, -/x = 29.2 U/1, SD = 3.2 U/1, CV = 11.1% and n= 12, -/x = 166.7 U/1, SD = 5.0 U/1, CV = 3.0% respectively. It is desirable to develop control sera with catalytic concentrations of creatine kinase-MB in a lower range.", "contents": "[The use of primate tissue homogenates for quality control in the creatine kinase-MB determination with inhibiting antibodies (author's transl)]. The creatine kinase isoenzymes CK-MM, CK-MB and CK-BB from Rhesus monkey heart and brain tissue homogenates were separated chromatographically. Thereafter it could be demonstrated that the activity of the simian subunit CK-M is completely inhibited by anti-inhibitory-CK-M serum. Thus control sera from simian tissue are in principle suited for quality control in an immunological determination of creatine kinase-MB. The intra-assay variance and interassay variance were n = 56, -/x = 29.2 U/1, SD = 3.2 U/1, CV = 11.1% and n= 12, -/x = 166.7 U/1, SD = 5.0 U/1, CV = 3.0% respectively. It is desirable to develop control sera with catalytic concentrations of creatine kinase-MB in a lower range.", "PMID": 408459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4649", "title": "[Occurrence of purine deoxyribosides in urine (author's transl)].", "content": "It was shown that purine deoxyribosides are normal constituents of human urine. Healthy probands excrete about 25 microgram (41% of the total urinary deoxyribosides) per 24 h. Purine deoxyribosides were determined as the acid-labile fraction of the total deoxyribosides by the microbiological assay with Lactobacillus acidophilus R 26.", "contents": "[Occurrence of purine deoxyribosides in urine (author's transl)]. It was shown that purine deoxyribosides are normal constituents of human urine. Healthy probands excrete about 25 microgram (41% of the total urinary deoxyribosides) per 24 h. Purine deoxyribosides were determined as the acid-labile fraction of the total deoxyribosides by the microbiological assay with Lactobacillus acidophilus R 26.", "PMID": 408460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4650", "title": "Diffusion of carbon dioxide through lipid bilayer membranes: effects of carbonic anhydrase, bicarbonate, and unstirred layers.", "content": "Diffusion of (14)C-labeled CO(2) was measured through lipid bilayer membranes composed of egg lecithin and cholesterol (1:1 mol ratio) dissolved in n-decane. The results indicate that CO(2), but not HCO(3-), crosses the membrane and that different steps in the transport process are rate limiting under different conditions. In one series of experiments we studied one-way fluxes between identical solutions at constant pCO(2) but differing [HCO(3-)] and pH. In the absence of carbonic anhydrase (CA) the diffusion of CO(2) through the aqueous unstirred layers is rate limiting because the uncatalyzed hydration-dehydration of CO(2) is too slow to permit the high [HCO(3-)] to facilitate tracer diffusion through the unstirred layers. Addition of CA (ca. 1 mg/ml) to both bathing solutions causes a 10-100-fold stimulation of the CO(2) flux, which is proportional to [HCO(3-)] over the pH range 7-8. In the presence of CA the hydration- dehydration reaction is so fast that CO(2) transport across the entire system is rate limited by diffusion of HCO(3-) through unstirred layers. However, in the presence of CA when the ratio [HCO(3-) + CO(3=)]:[CO(2)] more than 1,000 (pH 9-10) the CO(2) flux reaches a maximum value. Under these conditions the diffusion of CO(2) through the membrane becomes rate limiting, which allows us to estimate a permeability coefficient of the membrane to CO(2) of 0.35 cm s(-1). In a second series of experiments we studied the effects of CA and buffer concentration on the net flux of CO(2). CA stimulates the net CO(2) flux in well buffered, but no in unbuffered, solutions. The buffer provides a proton source on the upstream side of the membrane and proton sink on the downstream side, thus allowing HCO(3-) to facilitate the net transport of CO(2) through the unstirred layers.", "contents": "Diffusion of carbon dioxide through lipid bilayer membranes: effects of carbonic anhydrase, bicarbonate, and unstirred layers. Diffusion of (14)C-labeled CO(2) was measured through lipid bilayer membranes composed of egg lecithin and cholesterol (1:1 mol ratio) dissolved in n-decane. The results indicate that CO(2), but not HCO(3-), crosses the membrane and that different steps in the transport process are rate limiting under different conditions. In one series of experiments we studied one-way fluxes between identical solutions at constant pCO(2) but differing [HCO(3-)] and pH. In the absence of carbonic anhydrase (CA) the diffusion of CO(2) through the aqueous unstirred layers is rate limiting because the uncatalyzed hydration-dehydration of CO(2) is too slow to permit the high [HCO(3-)] to facilitate tracer diffusion through the unstirred layers. Addition of CA (ca. 1 mg/ml) to both bathing solutions causes a 10-100-fold stimulation of the CO(2) flux, which is proportional to [HCO(3-)] over the pH range 7-8. In the presence of CA the hydration- dehydration reaction is so fast that CO(2) transport across the entire system is rate limited by diffusion of HCO(3-) through unstirred layers. However, in the presence of CA when the ratio [HCO(3-) + CO(3=)]:[CO(2)] more than 1,000 (pH 9-10) the CO(2) flux reaches a maximum value. Under these conditions the diffusion of CO(2) through the membrane becomes rate limiting, which allows us to estimate a permeability coefficient of the membrane to CO(2) of 0.35 cm s(-1). In a second series of experiments we studied the effects of CA and buffer concentration on the net flux of CO(2). CA stimulates the net CO(2) flux in well buffered, but no in unbuffered, solutions. The buffer provides a proton source on the upstream side of the membrane and proton sink on the downstream side, thus allowing HCO(3-) to facilitate the net transport of CO(2) through the unstirred layers.", "PMID": 408462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4651", "title": "Juvenile Gaucher's disease with horizontal gaze palsy in three siblings.", "content": "Three children in a West African family had Gaucher's disease of juvenile onset (Type 3), and all showed an identical neurological disorder. The diagnosis was substantiated by histochemical demonstration of Gaucher cells in bone marrow, liver, and spleen, the finding of an excess of glucosyl ceramides in a liver extract, and a deficient activity of the enzyme beta-glucosidase in cultured skin fibroblasts. The neurological picture was characterised by myoclonic epilepsy, muscle wasting, hypotonia, pyramidal signs, some intellectual deterioration, and a striking disturbance of eye movements. The latter appears to result from specific involvement of the supranuclear pathways subserving lateral gaze. The distinctive features of this clinical syndrome are emphasised.", "contents": "Juvenile Gaucher's disease with horizontal gaze palsy in three siblings. Three children in a West African family had Gaucher's disease of juvenile onset (Type 3), and all showed an identical neurological disorder. The diagnosis was substantiated by histochemical demonstration of Gaucher cells in bone marrow, liver, and spleen, the finding of an excess of glucosyl ceramides in a liver extract, and a deficient activity of the enzyme beta-glucosidase in cultured skin fibroblasts. The neurological picture was characterised by myoclonic epilepsy, muscle wasting, hypotonia, pyramidal signs, some intellectual deterioration, and a striking disturbance of eye movements. The latter appears to result from specific involvement of the supranuclear pathways subserving lateral gaze. The distinctive features of this clinical syndrome are emphasised.", "PMID": 408464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4652", "title": "Proprioceptive pathways of the spinal cord.", "content": "In the Macaque, surgical lesions were made in the dorsal funiculus, in the dorsolateral funiculus, and through half of the spinal cord. The somatosensory and motor capacity of the animal were examined neurologically and electrophysiologically. The exact lesion was then confirmed pathologically in detail. The results of these experiments indicate that limb position information from the distal limb and proximal limb are relayed to the brain in two different fashions. Distal limb position information, especially the cortical representation of the limbs' volar surface as it moves in space, is drastically impaired by dorsal funiculus or posterior white column lesions. Proximal limb position may or may not be impaired by similar lesions, for this information while initially in the dorsal or posterior white columns is sorted out (as it ascends in the spinal cord) to the dorsolateral funiculus or white columns. For example, in the lower thoracic spinal cord, both distal and proximal hind limb sensation are impaired by posterior white column damage; in the cervical cord, only distal sensation is impaired by the same lesion, and proximal information is spared. We refer to this neuroanatomic rearranging as \"fibre sorting\", and we believe that it is clinically significant in spinal cord disease.", "contents": "Proprioceptive pathways of the spinal cord. In the Macaque, surgical lesions were made in the dorsal funiculus, in the dorsolateral funiculus, and through half of the spinal cord. The somatosensory and motor capacity of the animal were examined neurologically and electrophysiologically. The exact lesion was then confirmed pathologically in detail. The results of these experiments indicate that limb position information from the distal limb and proximal limb are relayed to the brain in two different fashions. Distal limb position information, especially the cortical representation of the limbs' volar surface as it moves in space, is drastically impaired by dorsal funiculus or posterior white column lesions. Proximal limb position may or may not be impaired by similar lesions, for this information while initially in the dorsal or posterior white columns is sorted out (as it ascends in the spinal cord) to the dorsolateral funiculus or white columns. For example, in the lower thoracic spinal cord, both distal and proximal hind limb sensation are impaired by posterior white column damage; in the cervical cord, only distal sensation is impaired by the same lesion, and proximal information is spared. We refer to this neuroanatomic rearranging as \"fibre sorting\", and we believe that it is clinically significant in spinal cord disease.", "PMID": 408463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4653", "title": "Blood flow and oxygen consumption of the focally traumatized monkey brain.", "content": "The exposed left superior frontal gyrus of the anesthetized macaque brain was focally traumatized by a jet of compressed air. Focal blood flow in tissue around the lesion and total cerebral blood flow was determined before and during the 4 hours after trauma by the hydrogen clearance technique. Blood flow fell in tissue adjacent to the injured brain but the reduction was not statistically significant. Total cerebral blood flow, blood flow in the right superior-frontal gyrus, and oxygen consumption of the brain was unaffected by the trauma. The authors conclude that neither spreading ischemia within uninjured tissue surrounding focally traumatized brain nor posttraumatic diaschisis is readily provoked in the anesthetized brain of the monkey.", "contents": "Blood flow and oxygen consumption of the focally traumatized monkey brain. The exposed left superior frontal gyrus of the anesthetized macaque brain was focally traumatized by a jet of compressed air. Focal blood flow in tissue around the lesion and total cerebral blood flow was determined before and during the 4 hours after trauma by the hydrogen clearance technique. Blood flow fell in tissue adjacent to the injured brain but the reduction was not statistically significant. Total cerebral blood flow, blood flow in the right superior-frontal gyrus, and oxygen consumption of the brain was unaffected by the trauma. The authors conclude that neither spreading ischemia within uninjured tissue surrounding focally traumatized brain nor posttraumatic diaschisis is readily provoked in the anesthetized brain of the monkey.", "PMID": 408466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4654", "title": "Electrophysiological studies of long-term electrical stimulation of the cerebellum in monkeys.", "content": "Six rhesus monkeys were stimulated on the paravermal cortex for 205 hours (18 days) with different charge densities in order to determine the electrode performance and neural damage that may result from long-term cerebellar stimulation comparable to that being used in man. The electrode-tissue interface was relatively stable and no neural damage was found when the charge/phase (0.5 muC/ph) or charge density (7.4 muC/sq cm/ph) was very low. At all higher charge levels tested (2.4, 4.8, 10, and 22 muC/ph), changes in the electrode-tissue interface, meningeal encapsulation, and neural damage were directly related to the charge density delivered. Unstimulated electrodes on the opposite paravermal cortex exhibited mild tissue reactivity and cell damage, probably due to mechanical compression of the molecular layer and pial vessels. Motor cortex field potentials could be evoked by charges as low as 0.1 muC/ph delivered to paravermal cortex; for a given charge/phase longer pulses were more effective than short pulses. After neural damage resulting from 205 hours of 4.8 muC pulses at 10 per second (total charge 14.76 C), the threshold for the motor cortex evoked potential increased by a factor of four or more. With the charge held constant to different-sized electrodes placed bilaterally in the same monkey, damage was greater under the smaller electtrode. This finding suggests that the charge density to cerebellar cortex must be controlled to avoid neural damage.", "contents": "Electrophysiological studies of long-term electrical stimulation of the cerebellum in monkeys. Six rhesus monkeys were stimulated on the paravermal cortex for 205 hours (18 days) with different charge densities in order to determine the electrode performance and neural damage that may result from long-term cerebellar stimulation comparable to that being used in man. The electrode-tissue interface was relatively stable and no neural damage was found when the charge/phase (0.5 muC/ph) or charge density (7.4 muC/sq cm/ph) was very low. At all higher charge levels tested (2.4, 4.8, 10, and 22 muC/ph), changes in the electrode-tissue interface, meningeal encapsulation, and neural damage were directly related to the charge density delivered. Unstimulated electrodes on the opposite paravermal cortex exhibited mild tissue reactivity and cell damage, probably due to mechanical compression of the molecular layer and pial vessels. Motor cortex field potentials could be evoked by charges as low as 0.1 muC/ph delivered to paravermal cortex; for a given charge/phase longer pulses were more effective than short pulses. After neural damage resulting from 205 hours of 4.8 muC pulses at 10 per second (total charge 14.76 C), the threshold for the motor cortex evoked potential increased by a factor of four or more. With the charge held constant to different-sized electrodes placed bilaterally in the same monkey, damage was greater under the smaller electtrode. This finding suggests that the charge density to cerebellar cortex must be controlled to avoid neural damage.", "PMID": 408467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4655", "title": "Tissue reactions to long-term electrical stimulation of the cerebellum in monkeys.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic analyses were carried out on the stimulated and unstimulated paravermal cortices of six rhesus monkeys that had electrodes implanted on their cerebella for 2 months. The electrodes and the stimulation regime (10 p.p.s.: 8 min on, 8 min off) were similar to those used to stimulate the human cerebellum for treatment of certain neurological disorders. Mere presence of the electrode array in the posterior fossa for 2 months resulted in some meningeal thickening, attenuation of the molecular layer, and loss of Purkinje cells immediately beneath the electrode array. There was no evidence of scarring. After 205 hours of stimulation (7.35 X 10(6) pulses) over 18 days, a charge of 0.5 muC/ph or estimated charge density of 7.4 muC/sq cm/ph resulted in no damage to the cerebellum attributable to electrical stimulation per se. Such a charge/phase is about five times the threshold for evocation of cerebellar efferent activity, and might be considered \"safe\" for stimulation of human cerebellum. Charge density/phase and charge/phase were directly related to increased cerebellar injury in the six other cerebellar cortices stimulated. Leptomeningeal thickening increased with increased charge density. Injury included severe molecular layer attenuation, ongoing destruction of Purkinje cells, gliosis, ongoing degeneration of myelinated axons, collagen intrusion, and increased levels of local polysaccharides. In all cases, even with damage that destroyed all conducting elements beneath the electrodes, there was no damage further than 1 to 2 mm from the edges of the electrode arrays.", "contents": "Tissue reactions to long-term electrical stimulation of the cerebellum in monkeys. Light and electron microscopic analyses were carried out on the stimulated and unstimulated paravermal cortices of six rhesus monkeys that had electrodes implanted on their cerebella for 2 months. The electrodes and the stimulation regime (10 p.p.s.: 8 min on, 8 min off) were similar to those used to stimulate the human cerebellum for treatment of certain neurological disorders. Mere presence of the electrode array in the posterior fossa for 2 months resulted in some meningeal thickening, attenuation of the molecular layer, and loss of Purkinje cells immediately beneath the electrode array. There was no evidence of scarring. After 205 hours of stimulation (7.35 X 10(6) pulses) over 18 days, a charge of 0.5 muC/ph or estimated charge density of 7.4 muC/sq cm/ph resulted in no damage to the cerebellum attributable to electrical stimulation per se. Such a charge/phase is about five times the threshold for evocation of cerebellar efferent activity, and might be considered \"safe\" for stimulation of human cerebellum. Charge density/phase and charge/phase were directly related to increased cerebellar injury in the six other cerebellar cortices stimulated. Leptomeningeal thickening increased with increased charge density. Injury included severe molecular layer attenuation, ongoing destruction of Purkinje cells, gliosis, ongoing degeneration of myelinated axons, collagen intrusion, and increased levels of local polysaccharides. In all cases, even with damage that destroyed all conducting elements beneath the electrodes, there was no damage further than 1 to 2 mm from the edges of the electrode arrays.", "PMID": 408468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4656", "title": "Effect of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and dietary fluoride on biomechanical and morphological changes in chick bones.", "content": "There are only a few papers in the literature in which parameters related to bone strength are examined over wide range of fluoride concentrations. In this report, chicks were used and fed diets containing fluoride added at 0, 50, 200, or 800 ppm in preparation for measurements on bone strength. The diets were fed for 20 days. After 10 days, the birds were also injected daily with solutions containing either isotonic saline or 5 mg of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) as phosphorus/kg body weight or 10 mg of EHDP as phosphorus/kg body weight. The effects of added fluoride and EHDP on bone morphology and the biomechanical properties of bone were then examined. The rate of bone formation was assessed using histological and tetracycline labeling techniques. Administration of high fluoride and/or EHDP resulted in significant changes in bone morphology. The changes effected by the administration of EHDP appeared independent of fluoride induced changes. Biomechanical studies also indicated that both high levels of fluoride and EHDP caused a significant reduction in bone torsional breaking strength. The reductions in breaking strength were independent of changes in body size.", "contents": "Effect of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and dietary fluoride on biomechanical and morphological changes in chick bones. There are only a few papers in the literature in which parameters related to bone strength are examined over wide range of fluoride concentrations. In this report, chicks were used and fed diets containing fluoride added at 0, 50, 200, or 800 ppm in preparation for measurements on bone strength. The diets were fed for 20 days. After 10 days, the birds were also injected daily with solutions containing either isotonic saline or 5 mg of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) as phosphorus/kg body weight or 10 mg of EHDP as phosphorus/kg body weight. The effects of added fluoride and EHDP on bone morphology and the biomechanical properties of bone were then examined. The rate of bone formation was assessed using histological and tetracycline labeling techniques. Administration of high fluoride and/or EHDP resulted in significant changes in bone morphology. The changes effected by the administration of EHDP appeared independent of fluoride induced changes. Biomechanical studies also indicated that both high levels of fluoride and EHDP caused a significant reduction in bone torsional breaking strength. The reductions in breaking strength were independent of changes in body size.", "PMID": 408470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4657", "title": "Kerosene absorption in primates.", "content": "Kerosene, labeled with 3H-toluene or 14C-hexadecane, was given to baboons by nasogastric tube after a tracheostomy had been performed. Six hours later the animals were killed and samples of tissues taken for analysis. The radioactive label was recovered from all the tissues analyzed. 3H-toluene appeared to be absorbed and taken up by most tissues to a greater extent than was 14C-hexadecane. No abnormal neurologic signs or behavior was noted in the baboons which were conscious during the study period. It appears that primates absorb kerosene from the gastrointestinal tract, but the volumes are very small and do not cause gross neurologic signs.", "contents": "Kerosene absorption in primates. Kerosene, labeled with 3H-toluene or 14C-hexadecane, was given to baboons by nasogastric tube after a tracheostomy had been performed. Six hours later the animals were killed and samples of tissues taken for analysis. The radioactive label was recovered from all the tissues analyzed. 3H-toluene appeared to be absorbed and taken up by most tissues to a greater extent than was 14C-hexadecane. No abnormal neurologic signs or behavior was noted in the baboons which were conscious during the study period. It appears that primates absorb kerosene from the gastrointestinal tract, but the volumes are very small and do not cause gross neurologic signs.", "PMID": 408472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4658", "title": "Plexiform neurofibromatosis of the ileum in an infant.", "content": "An infant is reported in whom severe malabsorptive symptoms developed shortly after birth associated with intermittent episodes of intestinal obstruction. Plexiform neurofibromatosis involving the terminal ileum was found at laparotomy at the age of 6 mo. The infant died from gastrointestinal functional impairment at the age of 1 yr.", "contents": "Plexiform neurofibromatosis of the ileum in an infant. An infant is reported in whom severe malabsorptive symptoms developed shortly after birth associated with intermittent episodes of intestinal obstruction. Plexiform neurofibromatosis involving the terminal ileum was found at laparotomy at the age of 6 mo. The infant died from gastrointestinal functional impairment at the age of 1 yr.", "PMID": 408474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4659", "title": "Application of proton and 13C-NMR spectroscopy to estimation of diastereoisomer ratio in phenethicillin.", "content": "A procedure for the determination of the diastereoisomer ratio in phenethicillin potassium and its formulations is described. The method utilizes analyses of PMR and 13C-NMR data. Assignments of 13C-chemical shifts in D- and L-phenethicillin potassium also are included.", "contents": "Application of proton and 13C-NMR spectroscopy to estimation of diastereoisomer ratio in phenethicillin. A procedure for the determination of the diastereoisomer ratio in phenethicillin potassium and its formulations is described. The method utilizes analyses of PMR and 13C-NMR data. Assignments of 13C-chemical shifts in D- and L-phenethicillin potassium also are included.", "PMID": 408475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4660", "title": "Factors influencing decomposition rate of amitriptyline hydrochloride in aqueous solution.", "content": "The degradation rate of amitriptyline hydrochloride in buffered aqueous solution containing various additives was determined. The oxidation was a free radical-mediated process, and the rate was accelerated by the presence of metal-ion contaminants. Glass ampuls, particularly amber ones, in which the solutions were stored were the major source of these contaminants. Edetate disodium stabilized the solution, but the primary antioxidants propyl gallate and hydroquinone were less effective. Sodium metabisulfite accelerated the decomposition, and it is postulated that there was direct attack by metabisulfite at the olefinic double bond in the drug molecule.", "contents": "Factors influencing decomposition rate of amitriptyline hydrochloride in aqueous solution. The degradation rate of amitriptyline hydrochloride in buffered aqueous solution containing various additives was determined. The oxidation was a free radical-mediated process, and the rate was accelerated by the presence of metal-ion contaminants. Glass ampuls, particularly amber ones, in which the solutions were stored were the major source of these contaminants. Edetate disodium stabilized the solution, but the primary antioxidants propyl gallate and hydroquinone were less effective. Sodium metabisulfite accelerated the decomposition, and it is postulated that there was direct attack by metabisulfite at the olefinic double bond in the drug molecule.", "PMID": 408476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4661", "title": "Dissolution rates of model gallstones in human and animal biles and importance of interfacial resistance.", "content": "Cholesterol monohydrate dissolution kinetics in human gallbladder bile were studied to determine the magnitudes of the in vitro dissolution rates, the rate resistances in human gallbladder bile, and the extent that the interfacial resistance is the rate-determining factor. Dissolution rate studies also were conducted using human duodenal bile and animal bile for comparison. The dissolution rate resistance, R, ranged from 10(4) sec/cm for chicken bile to 10(4)-10(6) sec/cm for human bile. Interfacial resistance was the rate-determining factor for essentially all results. Where chemical composition data were obtained, the R values for the human bile samples were consistent with predictions made from the simulated bile studies. In two human gallbladder specimens having low bile acid-lecithin molar ratios (i.e., 2.9 and 2.3), very high R values of 1.9 X 10(5) and 4.1 X 10(5) sec/cm were found. These values were in good agreement with the findings in the simulated bile studies and suggest that stone dissolution in patients with low bile acid-lecithin ratios may proceed very slowly, even when the bile is highly undersaturated with respect to cholesterol.", "contents": "Dissolution rates of model gallstones in human and animal biles and importance of interfacial resistance. Cholesterol monohydrate dissolution kinetics in human gallbladder bile were studied to determine the magnitudes of the in vitro dissolution rates, the rate resistances in human gallbladder bile, and the extent that the interfacial resistance is the rate-determining factor. Dissolution rate studies also were conducted using human duodenal bile and animal bile for comparison. The dissolution rate resistance, R, ranged from 10(4) sec/cm for chicken bile to 10(4)-10(6) sec/cm for human bile. Interfacial resistance was the rate-determining factor for essentially all results. Where chemical composition data were obtained, the R values for the human bile samples were consistent with predictions made from the simulated bile studies. In two human gallbladder specimens having low bile acid-lecithin molar ratios (i.e., 2.9 and 2.3), very high R values of 1.9 X 10(5) and 4.1 X 10(5) sec/cm were found. These values were in good agreement with the findings in the simulated bile studies and suggest that stone dissolution in patients with low bile acid-lecithin ratios may proceed very slowly, even when the bile is highly undersaturated with respect to cholesterol.", "PMID": 408477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4662", "title": "Time-dependent kinetics III: diurnal oscillations in steady-state plasma valproic acid levels in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Valproic acid was administered by constant rate intravenous infusion to catheterized chained rhesus monkeys for 8-10 weeks under controlled environmental conditions. Steady-state plasma levels were monitored at 2-hr intervals for 26 hr (10 am-12 noon on the following day), 1 day/week for 6 weeks. Individual steady-state plasma concentration-time plots exhibited the following characteristics. During Period A (10 am-6 pm), plasma levels remained stable or decreased. During Period B (6 pm-6 am), plasma levels increased, reached a maximum, and remained markedly higher than during Period A. The maximum concentrations were 40-140% higher than the observed minimum concentrations. During Period C (6 am-noon), plasma levels tended to decline from the maximum concentrations achieved in Period B. In most cases, plasma concentrations at 10 am and 12 noon of the 2nd experimental day fell within 10% of their respective values on the previous day. The mean (+/- SD) periods obtained by cross-correlation analysis of individual plasma concentration-time plots were 30.7 (+/- 3.7) and 22.8 (+/- 3.6) hr for Animals 903 and 923, respectively. The corresponding mean (+/- SD) amplitudes were 27.3 (+/- 12.6) and 17.4 (+/- 2.3)%. A circadian rhythm in total body clearance was hypothesized, and its pharmacokinetic implications are discussed.", "contents": "Time-dependent kinetics III: diurnal oscillations in steady-state plasma valproic acid levels in rhesus monkeys. Valproic acid was administered by constant rate intravenous infusion to catheterized chained rhesus monkeys for 8-10 weeks under controlled environmental conditions. Steady-state plasma levels were monitored at 2-hr intervals for 26 hr (10 am-12 noon on the following day), 1 day/week for 6 weeks. Individual steady-state plasma concentration-time plots exhibited the following characteristics. During Period A (10 am-6 pm), plasma levels remained stable or decreased. During Period B (6 pm-6 am), plasma levels increased, reached a maximum, and remained markedly higher than during Period A. The maximum concentrations were 40-140% higher than the observed minimum concentrations. During Period C (6 am-noon), plasma levels tended to decline from the maximum concentrations achieved in Period B. In most cases, plasma concentrations at 10 am and 12 noon of the 2nd experimental day fell within 10% of their respective values on the previous day. The mean (+/- SD) periods obtained by cross-correlation analysis of individual plasma concentration-time plots were 30.7 (+/- 3.7) and 22.8 (+/- 3.6) hr for Animals 903 and 923, respectively. The corresponding mean (+/- SD) amplitudes were 27.3 (+/- 12.6) and 17.4 (+/- 2.3)%. A circadian rhythm in total body clearance was hypothesized, and its pharmacokinetic implications are discussed.", "PMID": 408478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4663", "title": "Quantification of lidocaine and several metabolites utilizing chemical-ionization mass spectrometry and stable isotope labeling.", "content": "Quantification of the suspected metabolites of lidocaine in humans was carried out using the direct insertion probe and chemicalionization mass spectrometry. Deuterated analogs of the metabolites of lidocaine were added to serial human plasma and urine samples and were used as internal standards following oral administration of 250 mg of lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate to two male subjects and 202 mg of lidocaine free base to one male subject. The average results after analysis of the 0-24 hr urine samples, before beta-glucuronidase-sulfatase treatment, indicated the presence of seven of the possible metabolites in the following amounts (percent of administered dose based on the free base): lidocaine, 1.95; omega-ethylamino-2,6-dimethylacetanilide, 4.90; omega-amino-2,6-dimethylacetanilide, 0.88; m- and/or p-hydroxylidocaine, 0.73; m- and/or p-hydroxy-omega-ethylamino-2,6-dimethylacetanilide, 0.56; 2,6-dimethylaniline, 0.97; and 4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylaniline, 63.5. Both N-ethyl- and N,N-diethylglycine were detected in human and Rhesus monkey urine, although quantification was not achieved.", "contents": "Quantification of lidocaine and several metabolites utilizing chemical-ionization mass spectrometry and stable isotope labeling. Quantification of the suspected metabolites of lidocaine in humans was carried out using the direct insertion probe and chemicalionization mass spectrometry. Deuterated analogs of the metabolites of lidocaine were added to serial human plasma and urine samples and were used as internal standards following oral administration of 250 mg of lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate to two male subjects and 202 mg of lidocaine free base to one male subject. The average results after analysis of the 0-24 hr urine samples, before beta-glucuronidase-sulfatase treatment, indicated the presence of seven of the possible metabolites in the following amounts (percent of administered dose based on the free base): lidocaine, 1.95; omega-ethylamino-2,6-dimethylacetanilide, 4.90; omega-amino-2,6-dimethylacetanilide, 0.88; m- and/or p-hydroxylidocaine, 0.73; m- and/or p-hydroxy-omega-ethylamino-2,6-dimethylacetanilide, 0.56; 2,6-dimethylaniline, 0.97; and 4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylaniline, 63.5. Both N-ethyl- and N,N-diethylglycine were detected in human and Rhesus monkey urine, although quantification was not achieved.", "PMID": 408479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4664", "title": "Some effects of cocaine and two cocaine analogs on schedule-controlled behavior of squirrel monkeys.", "content": "The behavioral effects of two phenyltropane derivatives of coaine were compared with those of cocaine. Squirrel monkeys responded under multiple fixed-interval, fixed-ratio schedules of either stimulus-shock termination or food presentation or under a fixed-ratio schedule of food presentation. The effects of the three drugs were independent of the type of event that maintained responding. Under the fixed-interval schedules, some doses of each drug increased responding, whereas larger doses generally decreased responding. Maximal increases in responding were similar with each drug. Appropriate doses of each drug increased low response rates, which occurred during the initial segments of the fixed intervals, but had little effect on or decreased higher response rates, which occurred during the later segments of the fixed intervals. Under the fixed-ratio schedules, each drug decreased responding in a dose-related manner. Decreases in fixed-ratio responding resulted both from increased periods of no responding at the beginning of the fixed ratios and from decreased rates of responding once responding began. Each cocaine analog had a slower onset of effect and longer responding began. Each cocaine analog had a slower onset of effect and a  longer duration of effect than cocaine. The behavioral effects of the two cocaine analogs were qualitatively similar to those of cocaine, but each was 3 to 10 times more potent than cocaine.", "contents": "Some effects of cocaine and two cocaine analogs on schedule-controlled behavior of squirrel monkeys. The behavioral effects of two phenyltropane derivatives of coaine were compared with those of cocaine. Squirrel monkeys responded under multiple fixed-interval, fixed-ratio schedules of either stimulus-shock termination or food presentation or under a fixed-ratio schedule of food presentation. The effects of the three drugs were independent of the type of event that maintained responding. Under the fixed-interval schedules, some doses of each drug increased responding, whereas larger doses generally decreased responding. Maximal increases in responding were similar with each drug. Appropriate doses of each drug increased low response rates, which occurred during the initial segments of the fixed intervals, but had little effect on or decreased higher response rates, which occurred during the later segments of the fixed intervals. Under the fixed-ratio schedules, each drug decreased responding in a dose-related manner. Decreases in fixed-ratio responding resulted both from increased periods of no responding at the beginning of the fixed ratios and from decreased rates of responding once responding began. Each cocaine analog had a slower onset of effect and longer responding began. Each cocaine analog had a slower onset of effect and a  longer duration of effect than cocaine. The behavioral effects of the two cocaine analogs were qualitatively similar to those of cocaine, but each was 3 to 10 times more potent than cocaine.", "PMID": 408481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4665", "title": "Buphthalmos in neurofibromatosis: is it an expression of regional giantism?", "content": "A case of buphthalmos and regional giantism in neurofibromatosis with the characteristics of the Francois syndrome is reported. Difficulties of early diagnosis are emphasized. A discussion of the mechanisms which may produce buphthalmos in neurofibromatosis is presented. We propose that buphthalmos in neurofibromatosis may be primarily an expression of regional giantism rather than a consequence of uncontrolled intraocular pressure.", "contents": "Buphthalmos in neurofibromatosis: is it an expression of regional giantism? A case of buphthalmos and regional giantism in neurofibromatosis with the characteristics of the Francois syndrome is reported. Difficulties of early diagnosis are emphasized. A discussion of the mechanisms which may produce buphthalmos in neurofibromatosis is presented. We propose that buphthalmos in neurofibromatosis may be primarily an expression of regional giantism rather than a consequence of uncontrolled intraocular pressure.", "PMID": 408473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4666", "title": "Effects of injections of calcium and EGTA into the outer segments of retinal rods of Bufo marinus.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings were made from the outer segments of rods in the isolated, superfused retina of Bufo marinus. Cells were impaled under observation with a compound microscope fitted with an infra-red image converter. Changes of membrane voltage and some concomitant changes of input resistance were measured in response to light, membrane polarization and iontophoretic injections.2. By means of a double barrel micropipette, charge was passed into a rod from a micropipette barrel that contained Ca(2+) while no net current crossed the plasma membrane. In about half the cells, immediately after the injection, a hyperpolarization was observed that decayed with a time course similar to the decay of the receptor potential.3. Membrane hyperpolarization also occurred after a depolarizing current stopped flowing into a rod through a single barrel pipette that contained only K-acetate. This hyperpolarization was accompanied by an increase of membrane conductance. The reversal potential for the conductance-increase was between the voltage in the dark and the voltage in the absence of [Na(+)](out). A larger hyperpolarization became evident after an equal depolarizing current stopped flowing into a rod through a pipette that also contained Ca(2+); this larger after-hyperpolarization was due to both the cessation of depolarizing current and the injection of Ca(2+).4. A depolarization of 10-20 mV that lasted 2-60 sec became evident after hyperpolarizing current stopped flowing into a rod through a single-barrel pipette filled with K-EGTA. During the after-depolarization, the responses to small, dim spots of light were attenuated. No depolarization was observed after passing hyperpolarizing currents into rods through pipettes that contained either acetate(-), SO(2-) (4) or MOPS(-).5. These results show that sequestration of [Ca(2+)](in) depolarizes the plasma membrane and that an increase in [Ca(2+)](in) hyperpolarizes the membrane mimicking the later part of the receptor potential. These findings support the hypothesis of Yoshikami & Hagins (1971) that Ca(2+) is an intracellular messenger for excitation in vertebrate rods.", "contents": "Effects of injections of calcium and EGTA into the outer segments of retinal rods of Bufo marinus. 1. Intracellular recordings were made from the outer segments of rods in the isolated, superfused retina of Bufo marinus. Cells were impaled under observation with a compound microscope fitted with an infra-red image converter. Changes of membrane voltage and some concomitant changes of input resistance were measured in response to light, membrane polarization and iontophoretic injections.2. By means of a double barrel micropipette, charge was passed into a rod from a micropipette barrel that contained Ca(2+) while no net current crossed the plasma membrane. In about half the cells, immediately after the injection, a hyperpolarization was observed that decayed with a time course similar to the decay of the receptor potential.3. Membrane hyperpolarization also occurred after a depolarizing current stopped flowing into a rod through a single barrel pipette that contained only K-acetate. This hyperpolarization was accompanied by an increase of membrane conductance. The reversal potential for the conductance-increase was between the voltage in the dark and the voltage in the absence of [Na(+)](out). A larger hyperpolarization became evident after an equal depolarizing current stopped flowing into a rod through a pipette that also contained Ca(2+); this larger after-hyperpolarization was due to both the cessation of depolarizing current and the injection of Ca(2+).4. A depolarization of 10-20 mV that lasted 2-60 sec became evident after hyperpolarizing current stopped flowing into a rod through a single-barrel pipette filled with K-EGTA. During the after-depolarization, the responses to small, dim spots of light were attenuated. No depolarization was observed after passing hyperpolarizing currents into rods through pipettes that contained either acetate(-), SO(2-) (4) or MOPS(-).5. These results show that sequestration of [Ca(2+)](in) depolarizes the plasma membrane and that an increase in [Ca(2+)](in) hyperpolarizes the membrane mimicking the later part of the receptor potential. These findings support the hypothesis of Yoshikami & Hagins (1971) that Ca(2+) is an intracellular messenger for excitation in vertebrate rods.", "PMID": 408483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4667", "title": "Transepithelial sodium transport and carbon dioxide production by the toad urinary bladder in the absence of serosal sodium.", "content": "1. The production of CO2 in relation to sodium transport by toad urinary bladder has been examined in the absence of sodium from the serosal medium. 2. Replacement of serosal sodium by choline increased CO2 production without stimulating short-circuit current. Replacement of serosal medium by Tris did not have this effect. 3. With serosal sodium Ringer replaced by Tris Ringer, the ratio of sodium transported to CO2 produced was not altered significantly. 4. The results therefore suggest that there is no important recycling of sodium between the serosal medium and the transporting epithelial cells.", "contents": "Transepithelial sodium transport and carbon dioxide production by the toad urinary bladder in the absence of serosal sodium. 1. The production of CO2 in relation to sodium transport by toad urinary bladder has been examined in the absence of sodium from the serosal medium. 2. Replacement of serosal sodium by choline increased CO2 production without stimulating short-circuit current. Replacement of serosal medium by Tris did not have this effect. 3. With serosal sodium Ringer replaced by Tris Ringer, the ratio of sodium transported to CO2 produced was not altered significantly. 4. The results therefore suggest that there is no important recycling of sodium between the serosal medium and the transporting epithelial cells.", "PMID": 408484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4668", "title": "Appraising the performance of dentists.", "content": "This paper has attempted to provide an overview on the subject of performance appraisal of dentists, particularly those in supervisory positions in publicly funded clinical programs. Some of the problems inherent to the definition and measurement of the quality, quantity, and effective management of dental care have been discussed. The qualitative aspects of dental care have been the most thoroughly investigated of the subareas, but primarily with regard to evaluating the care rather than the performance of the person providing it. Less has been written on the quantitative or managerial aspects of appraising a dentist's performance. While further research is certainly indicated about the appropriateness of the measures proposed and their usefulness in identifying and helping to correct performance deficiencies, the intent is to begin using such a system on a pilot basis rather than waiting for the \"perfect\" program to come along. As long as the scarcity of public resources for dental care persists, public programs ought to use those appropriate means available to demonstrate their accountability in order to ensure optimal use of public dollars.", "contents": "Appraising the performance of dentists. This paper has attempted to provide an overview on the subject of performance appraisal of dentists, particularly those in supervisory positions in publicly funded clinical programs. Some of the problems inherent to the definition and measurement of the quality, quantity, and effective management of dental care have been discussed. The qualitative aspects of dental care have been the most thoroughly investigated of the subareas, but primarily with regard to evaluating the care rather than the performance of the person providing it. Less has been written on the quantitative or managerial aspects of appraising a dentist's performance. While further research is certainly indicated about the appropriateness of the measures proposed and their usefulness in identifying and helping to correct performance deficiencies, the intent is to begin using such a system on a pilot basis rather than waiting for the \"perfect\" program to come along. As long as the scarcity of public resources for dental care persists, public programs ought to use those appropriate means available to demonstrate their accountability in order to ensure optimal use of public dollars.", "PMID": 408485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4669", "title": "Otitis externa due to Pseudomonas in swimming pool bathers.", "content": "An outbreak of otitis externa was observed to affect one third of 230 swimmers using a new swimming pool within three weeks of its opening. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was grown from the water and from all of the nine swabs taken from the infected ears of the swimmers. During the same period only six other cases of otitis externa were seen in the local general practice serving 4,000 patients. The disinfection procedures were found to be defective and after they were corrected the outbreak subsided.", "contents": "Otitis externa due to Pseudomonas in swimming pool bathers. An outbreak of otitis externa was observed to affect one third of 230 swimmers using a new swimming pool within three weeks of its opening. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was grown from the water and from all of the nine swabs taken from the infected ears of the swimmers. During the same period only six other cases of otitis externa were seen in the local general practice serving 4,000 patients. The disinfection procedures were found to be defective and after they were corrected the outbreak subsided.", "PMID": 408486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4670", "title": "Advances in perinatal care: 1970--1980.", "content": "Although recognition of the neonate as an entity deserving special consideration was slow at first, the rise of perinatology to the rank of subspecialty has occurred swiftly over the last 25 years. Considerable improvements in both the quantity and quality of perinatal survival have resulted. The more significant recent advances in selected areas (hemolytic diseases, hyperbilirubinemia, maternal diabetes, hyaline membrane disease, nutrition of the tiny premature neonate, infections, monitoring and mother-child interaction) are discussed, and speculations are made about the next five years.", "contents": "Advances in perinatal care: 1970--1980. Although recognition of the neonate as an entity deserving special consideration was slow at first, the rise of perinatology to the rank of subspecialty has occurred swiftly over the last 25 years. Considerable improvements in both the quantity and quality of perinatal survival have resulted. The more significant recent advances in selected areas (hemolytic diseases, hyperbilirubinemia, maternal diabetes, hyaline membrane disease, nutrition of the tiny premature neonate, infections, monitoring and mother-child interaction) are discussed, and speculations are made about the next five years.", "PMID": 408487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4671", "title": "Pyrrole esters of tropanols and related structures as analgesics.", "content": "2,4,5-Trimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylic acid esters of tropanols and related monocyclic amino alcohols were synthesized and evaluated for analgesic activity by the mouse hot-plate and Nilsen methods. 1-Methyl-4-piperidinol 4-(2,4,5-trimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate) (7) exhibited activity in the morphine--codeine range (mouse hot plate). In monkeys, 7 acted neither as a typical narcotic agonist nor as a typical antagonist and it showed no physical dependence liability of the morphine-type. Whereas the pethidine and prodine analgesics have quaternary phenyl substituion at C-4 of the piperidine ring, compound 7 does not.", "contents": "Pyrrole esters of tropanols and related structures as analgesics. 2,4,5-Trimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylic acid esters of tropanols and related monocyclic amino alcohols were synthesized and evaluated for analgesic activity by the mouse hot-plate and Nilsen methods. 1-Methyl-4-piperidinol 4-(2,4,5-trimethylpyrrole-3-carboxylate) (7) exhibited activity in the morphine--codeine range (mouse hot plate). In monkeys, 7 acted neither as a typical narcotic agonist nor as a typical antagonist and it showed no physical dependence liability of the morphine-type. Whereas the pethidine and prodine analgesics have quaternary phenyl substituion at C-4 of the piperidine ring, compound 7 does not.", "PMID": 408488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4672", "title": "Modifications of primaquine as antimalarials. 1. 5-Phenoxy derivatives of primaquine.", "content": "Various 5-phenoxy derivatives of primaquine have been prepared which are more active and less toxic than the parent compound in murine and monkey antimalarial screens. An improved method for the phthalimido alkylation of amines is described.", "contents": "Modifications of primaquine as antimalarials. 1. 5-Phenoxy derivatives of primaquine. Various 5-phenoxy derivatives of primaquine have been prepared which are more active and less toxic than the parent compound in murine and monkey antimalarial screens. An improved method for the phthalimido alkylation of amines is described.", "PMID": 408489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4673", "title": "Sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to sulphonamides and trimethoprim and the activity of the combination trimethoprim: sulphamethoxazole.", "content": "The activities of three sulphonamides and trimethoprim against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been studied. Sulphadiazine had most activity, sulphadimidine had little, and the activity of sulphamethoxazole was intermediate. According to their sensitivity to sulphamethoxazole, strains were divided into two groups: \"highly resistant\" (16%, MIC greater than 1000 microgram per ml) and \"moderately resistant\" (84%, MIC less than or equal to 1000 microgram per ml). The former were resistant on disk testing to Sulphatriad 300 microgram. Sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim did not act in synergy against them. The moderately resistant strains were sensitive to Sulphatriad; trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole showed marked synergy against them in agar-plate dilution tests. The concentrations of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole necessary for synergy lay for each drug within the range of concentrations at which they have been found in urine, and the ratio of their MICs when acting in synergy was similar to the ratio of their concentrations in urine. It is suggested that a disk containing trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in a ratio of 1 : 2 rather than 1 : 20 would be more appropriate when testing strains from urine for their sensitivity to co-trimoxazole.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to sulphonamides and trimethoprim and the activity of the combination trimethoprim: sulphamethoxazole. The activities of three sulphonamides and trimethoprim against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been studied. Sulphadiazine had most activity, sulphadimidine had little, and the activity of sulphamethoxazole was intermediate. According to their sensitivity to sulphamethoxazole, strains were divided into two groups: \"highly resistant\" (16%, MIC greater than 1000 microgram per ml) and \"moderately resistant\" (84%, MIC less than or equal to 1000 microgram per ml). The former were resistant on disk testing to Sulphatriad 300 microgram. Sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim did not act in synergy against them. The moderately resistant strains were sensitive to Sulphatriad; trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole showed marked synergy against them in agar-plate dilution tests. The concentrations of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole necessary for synergy lay for each drug within the range of concentrations at which they have been found in urine, and the ratio of their MICs when acting in synergy was similar to the ratio of their concentrations in urine. It is suggested that a disk containing trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in a ratio of 1 : 2 rather than 1 : 20 would be more appropriate when testing strains from urine for their sensitivity to co-trimoxazole.", "PMID": 408490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4674", "title": "A solid phase assay with radioactively-labelled antibody for the detection of Brucella abortus.", "content": "An assay for the detection of Brucella abortus is described. IgG from rabbit antisera against live brucellae or brucella extracts was chemically linked to cellulose to form a solid phase reagent capable of binding brucella antigens present in buffer solutions or serum. After washing away any unbound material the presence of bound antigen was revealed by incubation with radioactively-labelled anti-brucella antibodies. The assay was capable of detecting less than 100 pg brucella antigen in a 20 microliter sample. Experiments in which IgG of non-related specificity was used in place of anti-brucella IgG showed that the test was specific. Normal human serum had only a slight inhibitory effect but anti-brucella antibodies were strongly inhibitory if present in the test sample. The extent of this effect and its relationship to antibody titre was investigated in 12 sera from brucellosis patients.", "contents": "A solid phase assay with radioactively-labelled antibody for the detection of Brucella abortus. An assay for the detection of Brucella abortus is described. IgG from rabbit antisera against live brucellae or brucella extracts was chemically linked to cellulose to form a solid phase reagent capable of binding brucella antigens present in buffer solutions or serum. After washing away any unbound material the presence of bound antigen was revealed by incubation with radioactively-labelled anti-brucella antibodies. The assay was capable of detecting less than 100 pg brucella antigen in a 20 microliter sample. Experiments in which IgG of non-related specificity was used in place of anti-brucella IgG showed that the test was specific. Normal human serum had only a slight inhibitory effect but anti-brucella antibodies were strongly inhibitory if present in the test sample. The extent of this effect and its relationship to antibody titre was investigated in 12 sera from brucellosis patients.", "PMID": 408491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4675", "title": "Inhibition of different serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes by enterocins in solid and liquid media.", "content": "Twenty-one enterocinogenic strains of enterococci were examined for their ability to inhibit 51 strains of Listeria monocytogenes belonging to eight different serotypes; 50 strains of L. monocytogenes were uniformly inhibited on solid media and in broth cultures by strains of Streptococcus faecium. However, only four strains of L. monocytogenes were inhibited by strains of Streptococcus faecalis, S. faecalis v. zymogenes or S. faecalis v. liquefaciens. Enterocin E1A prepared from the supernant fluid of S. faecium strain E1 rapidly killed sensitive cells of L. monocytogenes but did not lyse them.", "contents": "Inhibition of different serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes by enterocins in solid and liquid media. Twenty-one enterocinogenic strains of enterococci were examined for their ability to inhibit 51 strains of Listeria monocytogenes belonging to eight different serotypes; 50 strains of L. monocytogenes were uniformly inhibited on solid media and in broth cultures by strains of Streptococcus faecium. However, only four strains of L. monocytogenes were inhibited by strains of Streptococcus faecalis, S. faecalis v. zymogenes or S. faecalis v. liquefaciens. Enterocin E1A prepared from the supernant fluid of S. faecium strain E1 rapidly killed sensitive cells of L. monocytogenes but did not lyse them.", "PMID": 408493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4676", "title": "Reversion of Kellogg's colonial types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in liquid medium.", "content": "Colonial type variation of gonococci is well known, but change from type 4 to type 4 to type 1 is rare except in vivo. By observing quantitatively subcultures from a new liquid medium it was possible to follow the day-to-day changes in the ratio of colonial types present. The results obtained showed that type 1 colonies could be derived from type 5 inocula even in unsupplemented media. In unsupplemented liquid medium, type 4 inocula did not revert to other types and indeed colonial type 4 appeared to be the final form of the organism before it died out. If, however, iron in the form of ferric citrate was added to the medium, reversion occurred and type 1 colonies rapidly came to predominate.", "contents": "Reversion of Kellogg's colonial types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in liquid medium. Colonial type variation of gonococci is well known, but change from type 4 to type 4 to type 1 is rare except in vivo. By observing quantitatively subcultures from a new liquid medium it was possible to follow the day-to-day changes in the ratio of colonial types present. The results obtained showed that type 1 colonies could be derived from type 5 inocula even in unsupplemented media. In unsupplemented liquid medium, type 4 inocula did not revert to other types and indeed colonial type 4 appeared to be the final form of the organism before it died out. If, however, iron in the form of ferric citrate was added to the medium, reversion occurred and type 1 colonies rapidly came to predominate.", "PMID": 408494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4677", "title": "A simple method for determining bacterial susceptibility to aminoglycosides.", "content": "A method is described of determining the susceptibility of enterobacteria to four amino-glycosides by means of an antibiotic diffusion method. The results are exose obtained by a method that involved titration in agar plates and the use of a multi-point inoculator. A statistical analysis showed that the diffusion method gave accurate reproducible results. The antibiotic can be incorporated into paper disks, paper strips or agar ditches and the calculation converting the measured zones of inhibition to MIC values is easily performed. The appropriate equation is derived from another--obtained from observations on a single strain of known sensitivity--describing the diffusion of the antibiotic from the reservoir.", "contents": "A simple method for determining bacterial susceptibility to aminoglycosides. A method is described of determining the susceptibility of enterobacteria to four amino-glycosides by means of an antibiotic diffusion method. The results are exose obtained by a method that involved titration in agar plates and the use of a multi-point inoculator. A statistical analysis showed that the diffusion method gave accurate reproducible results. The antibiotic can be incorporated into paper disks, paper strips or agar ditches and the calculation converting the measured zones of inhibition to MIC values is easily performed. The appropriate equation is derived from another--obtained from observations on a single strain of known sensitivity--describing the diffusion of the antibiotic from the reservoir.", "PMID": 408495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4678", "title": "Contribution of mucosal chloride to chloride in toad bladder epithelial cells.", "content": "Epithelial cells were scraped from the bladders of toads of the species Bufo marinus obtained from the Dominican Republic. These epithelial cells exchanged their chloride virtually completely with 36Cl i; the medium within 60 min. Of this chloride, about 93% came from the serosal medium. The approximately 20 mmole/kg dry wt of chloride which equilibrates with 36Cl in the mucosal medium was still present when choline replaced sodium in the medium in the presence of amiloride (10(-4) M) and was almost all readily removed by rapid washing of the mucosal surface immediately prior to analysis. These observations suggest that little chloride of mucosal origin is truly intracellular. This conclusion is supported by the fact that after vasopressin the increased cellular chloride was not of mucosal origin.", "contents": "Contribution of mucosal chloride to chloride in toad bladder epithelial cells. Epithelial cells were scraped from the bladders of toads of the species Bufo marinus obtained from the Dominican Republic. These epithelial cells exchanged their chloride virtually completely with 36Cl i; the medium within 60 min. Of this chloride, about 93% came from the serosal medium. The approximately 20 mmole/kg dry wt of chloride which equilibrates with 36Cl in the mucosal medium was still present when choline replaced sodium in the medium in the presence of amiloride (10(-4) M) and was almost all readily removed by rapid washing of the mucosal surface immediately prior to analysis. These observations suggest that little chloride of mucosal origin is truly intracellular. This conclusion is supported by the fact that after vasopressin the increased cellular chloride was not of mucosal origin.", "PMID": 408496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4679", "title": "Structure and organization of radial spokes in cilia of Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "The structure and organization of radial spokes, the principal components between each of the peripheral doublet microtubules and the central sheath which surrounds the central pair of microtubules have been described in Tetrahymena pyriformis cilia. The radial spokes are grouped in triplets and are attached to the A-microtubule of each peripheral doublet at intervals of 200/280/360 A, the 200 A spacing being most distal to the base of the cilium. The radial spoke triplets are organized in the axoneme in a double helix with a pitch of 4,680 A. A method for determining the helical disposition by correcting for doublet sliding is presented.", "contents": "Structure and organization of radial spokes in cilia of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The structure and organization of radial spokes, the principal components between each of the peripheral doublet microtubules and the central sheath which surrounds the central pair of microtubules have been described in Tetrahymena pyriformis cilia. The radial spokes are grouped in triplets and are attached to the A-microtubule of each peripheral doublet at intervals of 200/280/360 A, the 200 A spacing being most distal to the base of the cilium. The radial spoke triplets are organized in the axoneme in a double helix with a pitch of 4,680 A. A method for determining the helical disposition by correcting for doublet sliding is presented.", "PMID": 408499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4680", "title": "An ancient divergence among the bacteria.", "content": "The 16S ribosomal RNAs from two species of methanogenic bacteria, the mesophile Methanobacterium ruminantium and the thermophile Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, have been characterized in terms of the oligonucleotides produced by digestion with T1 ribonuclease. These two organisms are found to be sufficiently related that they can be considered members of the same genus or family. However, they bear only slight resemblance to \"typical\" Procaryotic genera; such as Escherichia, Bacillus and Anacystis. The divergence of the methanogenic bacteria from other bacteria may be the most ancient phylogenetic event yet detected--antedating considerably the divergence of the blue green algal line for example, from the main bacterial line.", "contents": "An ancient divergence among the bacteria. The 16S ribosomal RNAs from two species of methanogenic bacteria, the mesophile Methanobacterium ruminantium and the thermophile Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, have been characterized in terms of the oligonucleotides produced by digestion with T1 ribonuclease. These two organisms are found to be sufficiently related that they can be considered members of the same genus or family. However, they bear only slight resemblance to \"typical\" Procaryotic genera; such as Escherichia, Bacillus and Anacystis. The divergence of the methanogenic bacteria from other bacteria may be the most ancient phylogenetic event yet detected--antedating considerably the divergence of the blue green algal line for example, from the main bacterial line.", "PMID": 408502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4681", "title": "Clonal behavior of a rat liver cell line and its modification by repeated treatments with a carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon.", "content": "A rat liver cell line, Lew A1, was isolated from W/LEW rats. It had the normal female karyotype in the lower passage numbers, but in the higher passages it was aneuploid. This line was passaged 65 times, produced rat serum albumin, and consisted of an apparently homogeneous population of typical epithelial cells. The cells also had high levels of the inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme complex. A series of experiments described here defined the normal clonal behavior of this line and its modification by repeated treatments with a carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The results were discussed with particular reference to metastasis, preneoplastic changes, and neoplastic progression.", "contents": "Clonal behavior of a rat liver cell line and its modification by repeated treatments with a carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon. A rat liver cell line, Lew A1, was isolated from W/LEW rats. It had the normal female karyotype in the lower passage numbers, but in the higher passages it was aneuploid. This line was passaged 65 times, produced rat serum albumin, and consisted of an apparently homogeneous population of typical epithelial cells. The cells also had high levels of the inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme complex. A series of experiments described here defined the normal clonal behavior of this line and its modification by repeated treatments with a carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The results were discussed with particular reference to metastasis, preneoplastic changes, and neoplastic progression.", "PMID": 408504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4682", "title": "Transplantable mammary tumors in Wistar/Furth rats: development, antigenicity, and effect of hormone manipulations.", "content": "Transplantable tumor lines were developed from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors in inbred WF rats. Although the primary tumors regressed following oophorectomy, the growth of late generations of the transplantable lines was not affected by castration or by treatment with estrogens, androgens, and progesterone. This result coincided with a change in the morphology of the tumors from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated anaplastic tumors. The transplantable mammary tumors were antigenic in vitro as evidenced by stimulation of syngeneic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell cultures. However, prior sensitization by excision of a first tumor graft failed to protect the animals against a second challenge with cells from the same tumor line.", "contents": "Transplantable mammary tumors in Wistar/Furth rats: development, antigenicity, and effect of hormone manipulations. Transplantable tumor lines were developed from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors in inbred WF rats. Although the primary tumors regressed following oophorectomy, the growth of late generations of the transplantable lines was not affected by castration or by treatment with estrogens, androgens, and progesterone. This result coincided with a change in the morphology of the tumors from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated anaplastic tumors. The transplantable mammary tumors were antigenic in vitro as evidenced by stimulation of syngeneic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell cultures. However, prior sensitization by excision of a first tumor graft failed to protect the animals against a second challenge with cells from the same tumor line.", "PMID": 408505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4683", "title": "Oncornavirus-like particles in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) placenta and placenta culture.", "content": "Oncornavirus-like particles similar in morphology to type D particles were observed in 1 of 2 squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) placentas. Intracytoplasmic type A particles, immature virus particles, and mature viruses with eccentric or occasionally centric nucleoids were associated with placental syncytiotrophoblasts. A spike layer typical of type B viruses was not detected in viral envelopes. Onvornaviruses, identical to those previously isolated from squirrel monkey tissues and similar to Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, were seen in cultures derived from the virus-positive squirrel monkey placenta cocultivated with a mink lung culture. The major morphologic difference between the in vivo and the in vitro squirrel monkey virus was in the nucleoid position of mature virus particles.", "contents": "Oncornavirus-like particles in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) placenta and placenta culture. Oncornavirus-like particles similar in morphology to type D particles were observed in 1 of 2 squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) placentas. Intracytoplasmic type A particles, immature virus particles, and mature viruses with eccentric or occasionally centric nucleoids were associated with placental syncytiotrophoblasts. A spike layer typical of type B viruses was not detected in viral envelopes. Onvornaviruses, identical to those previously isolated from squirrel monkey tissues and similar to Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, were seen in cultures derived from the virus-positive squirrel monkey placenta cocultivated with a mink lung culture. The major morphologic difference between the in vivo and the in vitro squirrel monkey virus was in the nucleoid position of mature virus particles.", "PMID": 408507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4684", "title": "Selective hyperalimentation: a new look at an old problem.", "content": "Safe and consistently reliable parenteral hyperalimentation in the care of the critically ill or injured remains an unrealized expectation. Our experience with critically ill patients managed with standard 25% dextrose/4.25% protein hyperalimentation solution (S.H.A.) delivered through a centrally placed catheter demonstrated that S.H.A. was associated with a high catheter infection rate, fluctuations in hyperosmolar tolerance, unstable insulin requirements, and a high discontinuation rate. In retrospect this unsatisfactory experience resulted from the inappropriate assumption that a single type of nutritional support and delivery system could meet the varying metabolic requirements of the critically ill or injured. In an effort to reduce these complications, we have recently utilized a system of selective hyperalimentation in managing 25 consecutive patients. We now identify specific risk factors for groups of patients and use these factors to select the appropriate rout and solution. Selective hyperalimentation has resulted in a lowering of infusion complications and an improvement in completion rate, with satisfactory weight gain and protein response. These results suggest that our approach is sucessful in meeting the nutritional requirements of differing groups of critically ill patients without exposing upsuitable candidates to the potential risks of standard hyperalimentation.", "contents": "Selective hyperalimentation: a new look at an old problem. Safe and consistently reliable parenteral hyperalimentation in the care of the critically ill or injured remains an unrealized expectation. Our experience with critically ill patients managed with standard 25% dextrose/4.25% protein hyperalimentation solution (S.H.A.) delivered through a centrally placed catheter demonstrated that S.H.A. was associated with a high catheter infection rate, fluctuations in hyperosmolar tolerance, unstable insulin requirements, and a high discontinuation rate. In retrospect this unsatisfactory experience resulted from the inappropriate assumption that a single type of nutritional support and delivery system could meet the varying metabolic requirements of the critically ill or injured. In an effort to reduce these complications, we have recently utilized a system of selective hyperalimentation in managing 25 consecutive patients. We now identify specific risk factors for groups of patients and use these factors to select the appropriate rout and solution. Selective hyperalimentation has resulted in a lowering of infusion complications and an improvement in completion rate, with satisfactory weight gain and protein response. These results suggest that our approach is sucessful in meeting the nutritional requirements of differing groups of critically ill patients without exposing upsuitable candidates to the potential risks of standard hyperalimentation.", "PMID": 408508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4685", "title": "[Essential diet in extensive cervico-facial surgery].", "content": "A prospective nutritional study was undertaken on 26 patients submitted to pharyngo-laryngectomy with pre-operative irradiation. Three diets were compared, given through a naso-gastric Levine tube. The first diet being the hospital blenderized diet, the second one Flexical, and the third one, Flexical Control. There was no significant difference between Flexical and Flexical Control, but the biological parameters and the clinical evolution militate in favor of a widespread use of the Flexical method. The authors recommend the use of controlled defined diet as compared to the hospital blenderized diet and the more sophisticated and more expensive method as the intravenous hyperalimentation.", "contents": "[Essential diet in extensive cervico-facial surgery]. A prospective nutritional study was undertaken on 26 patients submitted to pharyngo-laryngectomy with pre-operative irradiation. Three diets were compared, given through a naso-gastric Levine tube. The first diet being the hospital blenderized diet, the second one Flexical, and the third one, Flexical Control. There was no significant difference between Flexical and Flexical Control, but the biological parameters and the clinical evolution militate in favor of a widespread use of the Flexical method. The authors recommend the use of controlled defined diet as compared to the hospital blenderized diet and the more sophisticated and more expensive method as the intravenous hyperalimentation.", "PMID": 408509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4686", "title": "Identification of the cell wall receptor for bacteriophage E79 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO.", "content": "Bacteriophage E79 was shown to interact with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO. LPS isolated from an E79-sensitive, smooth strain inactivated the phage, exhibiting a Phl50 value (concentration of LPS that caused a 50% decrease in the titer of phage during 1 h of incubation at 37 degrees C) of 0.04 microgram/ml, whereas the LPS isolated from a rough mutant derived from the wild type showed no neutralizing activity towards E79. EDTA and sodium deoxycholate were demonstrated to abolish the neutralizing capacity of the smooth LPS. One E79 receptor site was shown to be equivalent to 10(-16) g of LPS.", "contents": "Identification of the cell wall receptor for bacteriophage E79 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO. Bacteriophage E79 was shown to interact with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO. LPS isolated from an E79-sensitive, smooth strain inactivated the phage, exhibiting a Phl50 value (concentration of LPS that caused a 50% decrease in the titer of phage during 1 h of incubation at 37 degrees C) of 0.04 microgram/ml, whereas the LPS isolated from a rough mutant derived from the wild type showed no neutralizing activity towards E79. EDTA and sodium deoxycholate were demonstrated to abolish the neutralizing capacity of the smooth LPS. One E79 receptor site was shown to be equivalent to 10(-16) g of LPS.", "PMID": 408513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4687", "title": "Inhibition of lytic induction in lysogenic cyanophyces.", "content": "When the lysogenic strain SPIcts1 of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in the LPP2 prophage was heated at a nonpermissive temperature in the light, a lytic cycle occurred, with production of infectious viral particles. Inhibitors of transcription, translation, and photosynthetic functions interfered with this process and produced different effects when administered at different phases of the viral cycle. The presence of the inhibitors during the temperature shift did not allow a successful induction to take place; lysogens submitted to such a process produced a normal virus yield, however, when the drugs were removed and the temperature was shifted again. Incubation with the inhibitors during the early postinduction period reduced the virus yield; at later times, however, the inhibitory action rapidly declined. When cells were induced in the presence of chloramphenicol, incubated with actinomycin, and then grown in the dark, at either permissive or nonpermissive temperatures, virus multiplication was equally inhibited. These data indicate that: (i) provirus induction in lysogenic cyanophyces relies on the synthesis of early viral proteins; (ii) induction of mRNA is unstable and becomes rapidly inactivated when its translation is prevented; and (iii) inhibition of photosynthesis prevents the induction message from being expressed. It is suggested that the SPIcts1 prophage codes for a mutated repressor, which is reversibly inactivated at a nonpermissive temperature, and that the repressor must be inactivated at the same time that the message coded for by very early genes is translated, for a successful induction of the lytic cycle.", "contents": "Inhibition of lytic induction in lysogenic cyanophyces. When the lysogenic strain SPIcts1 of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in the LPP2 prophage was heated at a nonpermissive temperature in the light, a lytic cycle occurred, with production of infectious viral particles. Inhibitors of transcription, translation, and photosynthetic functions interfered with this process and produced different effects when administered at different phases of the viral cycle. The presence of the inhibitors during the temperature shift did not allow a successful induction to take place; lysogens submitted to such a process produced a normal virus yield, however, when the drugs were removed and the temperature was shifted again. Incubation with the inhibitors during the early postinduction period reduced the virus yield; at later times, however, the inhibitory action rapidly declined. When cells were induced in the presence of chloramphenicol, incubated with actinomycin, and then grown in the dark, at either permissive or nonpermissive temperatures, virus multiplication was equally inhibited. These data indicate that: (i) provirus induction in lysogenic cyanophyces relies on the synthesis of early viral proteins; (ii) induction of mRNA is unstable and becomes rapidly inactivated when its translation is prevented; and (iii) inhibition of photosynthesis prevents the induction message from being expressed. It is suggested that the SPIcts1 prophage codes for a mutated repressor, which is reversibly inactivated at a nonpermissive temperature, and that the repressor must be inactivated at the same time that the message coded for by very early genes is translated, for a successful induction of the lytic cycle.", "PMID": 408514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4688", "title": "Transcription of the genome of bacteriophage phi 29: isolation and mapping of the major early mRNA synthesized in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The phi29 early mRNA's synthesized in infected Bacillus subtilis were studied by using sedimentation velocity analysis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and hybridization of phi29 DNA fragments generated by the restriction endonuclease Eco RI. Viral RNAs synthesized in vivo in the resence of chloramphenicol were found to hybridize to Eco RI-A, -C, and -D fragments, but not to Eco RI-B and -E fragments, of the viral genome. Major early mRNA sedimenting as 16S material in neutral sucrose gradients was examined in detail. Radioactive phi29 RNA, purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation, was hybridized to either the Eco RI-A or Eco RI-C DNA fragment. The RNA was eluted from the hybrids and then tested for complementary hybrid formation with Eco RI-A and -C fragments. RNA eluted from the Eco RI-A fragment annealed only to the Eco RI-A fragment and not to the Eco RI-C fragment. Similarly, RNA eluted from the Eco RI-C fragment hybridized to the Eco RI-C and -D fragments. Viral RNAs synthesized in vitro using B. subtilis RNA polymerase hybridized to both Eco RI-A and -C DNA fragments. Furthermore, RNA initiated with [gamma-(32)P]GTP also hybridized to both Eco RI-A and -C fragments. These results indicate that there are at least two efficient promotors for early transcription on the phi29 chromosome. In addition, a low-molecular-weight RNA initiated with [gamma-(32)P]ATP was found to hybridize exclusively with the Eco RI-A fragment. Kinetic studies of phi29 mRNA synthesis during the lytic cycle have shown that viral RNAs hybridizable to the Eco RI-A and -C fragments are synthesized immediately after phage infection. On the other hand, mRNA specific for the Eco RI-B fragment was not synthesized for several minutes after phage infection. Based on the results of the in vivo and in vitro transcription studies, a transcription map of the phi29 chromosome is proposed.", "contents": "Transcription of the genome of bacteriophage phi 29: isolation and mapping of the major early mRNA synthesized in vivo and in vitro. The phi29 early mRNA's synthesized in infected Bacillus subtilis were studied by using sedimentation velocity analysis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and hybridization of phi29 DNA fragments generated by the restriction endonuclease Eco RI. Viral RNAs synthesized in vivo in the resence of chloramphenicol were found to hybridize to Eco RI-A, -C, and -D fragments, but not to Eco RI-B and -E fragments, of the viral genome. Major early mRNA sedimenting as 16S material in neutral sucrose gradients was examined in detail. Radioactive phi29 RNA, purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation, was hybridized to either the Eco RI-A or Eco RI-C DNA fragment. The RNA was eluted from the hybrids and then tested for complementary hybrid formation with Eco RI-A and -C fragments. RNA eluted from the Eco RI-A fragment annealed only to the Eco RI-A fragment and not to the Eco RI-C fragment. Similarly, RNA eluted from the Eco RI-C fragment hybridized to the Eco RI-C and -D fragments. Viral RNAs synthesized in vitro using B. subtilis RNA polymerase hybridized to both Eco RI-A and -C DNA fragments. Furthermore, RNA initiated with [gamma-(32)P]GTP also hybridized to both Eco RI-A and -C fragments. These results indicate that there are at least two efficient promotors for early transcription on the phi29 chromosome. In addition, a low-molecular-weight RNA initiated with [gamma-(32)P]ATP was found to hybridize exclusively with the Eco RI-A fragment. Kinetic studies of phi29 mRNA synthesis during the lytic cycle have shown that viral RNAs hybridizable to the Eco RI-A and -C fragments are synthesized immediately after phage infection. On the other hand, mRNA specific for the Eco RI-B fragment was not synthesized for several minutes after phage infection. Based on the results of the in vivo and in vitro transcription studies, a transcription map of the phi29 chromosome is proposed.", "PMID": 408515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4689", "title": "Heat-inducible mutants of corynebacteriophage.", "content": "Heat-inducible mutants of temperate cornebacteriophage beta and gamma, called temperature-sensitive repression (tsr) mutants, were isolated and characterized. Lysogens carrying these mutants were induced at 38 degrees C, produced a normal or slightly increased yield of phage, and underwent extensive lysis at this temperature. In some cases mutation to heat inducibility had altered the UV inducibility of the phage, the changes ranging from loss to enhancement of this trait. Complementation tests showed that all five beta-tsr strains had mutated in the same cistron and suggested that these mutations were in the gene responsible for repressor production.", "contents": "Heat-inducible mutants of corynebacteriophage. Heat-inducible mutants of temperate cornebacteriophage beta and gamma, called temperature-sensitive repression (tsr) mutants, were isolated and characterized. Lysogens carrying these mutants were induced at 38 degrees C, produced a normal or slightly increased yield of phage, and underwent extensive lysis at this temperature. In some cases mutation to heat inducibility had altered the UV inducibility of the phage, the changes ranging from loss to enhancement of this trait. Complementation tests showed that all five beta-tsr strains had mutated in the same cistron and suggested that these mutations were in the gene responsible for repressor production.", "PMID": 408516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4690", "title": "Bacteriophage production by doubly lysogenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae.", "content": "Parental and recombinant phage production by tandem, double lysogens of Corynebacterium diphtheriae was studied in strains in which the coupling of prophage markers and the order of prophage was established. The results from studies of mass lysates and single bursts showed that the recombinant class of phage, designated R1, was predominant in UV-induced lysates followed by the parental, P1 class and to a lesser extent the P2 and R2 classes. Single bursts of UV-treated cells contained phage from one to all four of the phage classes, and this appeared to reflect the action of two excision processes. The data indicate that recombinant phages R1 and R2 are formed by a process of general recombinational excision and that this is the primary event leading to phage production in both UV-irradiated and spontaneously induced double lysogens. This process, which depends on exchange between homologous genes and is reciprocal, accounts for the excision of R1 phage from the host chromosome. A second excision process, probably site-specific excision, also occurs in many of the same cells and accounts for the excision of P1, P2, and R2 phages. The significance of these results for the spread of toxinogenicity in strains of C. diphtheriae is discussed.", "contents": "Bacteriophage production by doubly lysogenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Parental and recombinant phage production by tandem, double lysogens of Corynebacterium diphtheriae was studied in strains in which the coupling of prophage markers and the order of prophage was established. The results from studies of mass lysates and single bursts showed that the recombinant class of phage, designated R1, was predominant in UV-induced lysates followed by the parental, P1 class and to a lesser extent the P2 and R2 classes. Single bursts of UV-treated cells contained phage from one to all four of the phage classes, and this appeared to reflect the action of two excision processes. The data indicate that recombinant phages R1 and R2 are formed by a process of general recombinational excision and that this is the primary event leading to phage production in both UV-irradiated and spontaneously induced double lysogens. This process, which depends on exchange between homologous genes and is reciprocal, accounts for the excision of R1 phage from the host chromosome. A second excision process, probably site-specific excision, also occurs in many of the same cells and accounts for the excision of P1, P2, and R2 phages. The significance of these results for the spread of toxinogenicity in strains of C. diphtheriae is discussed.", "PMID": 408517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4691", "title": "Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections. VIII. The role of bacterial interference.", "content": "The non-pathogenic aerobic bacteria in 97 quantitative introital cultures from 11 women with documented recurrent bacteriuria were compared statistically to those in 100 quantitative introital cultures from 10 control women with no history of bacteriuria. The colonization incidence of the non-pathogenic organisms was not statistically different for the 2 groups, except for gamma hemolytic Streptococcus (p equals 0.002). No strongly significant correlations were demonstrated between the colonization incidence of Enterobacteriaceae or enterococci and the colonization incidence of the common non-pathogenic organisms, when analyzed for the bacteriuric and control groups or when analyzed for the individual cultures of each subject. A quantitative analysis of the 197 individual cultures failed to establish correlations between the presence of the common non-pathogenic organisms and Enterobacteriaceae or enterococci. The susceptibility of the vaginal introitus to colonization by urinary pathogens cannot be explained by interrelationships between these pathogens and the normal aerobic vaginal flora.", "contents": "Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections. VIII. The role of bacterial interference. The non-pathogenic aerobic bacteria in 97 quantitative introital cultures from 11 women with documented recurrent bacteriuria were compared statistically to those in 100 quantitative introital cultures from 10 control women with no history of bacteriuria. The colonization incidence of the non-pathogenic organisms was not statistically different for the 2 groups, except for gamma hemolytic Streptococcus (p equals 0.002). No strongly significant correlations were demonstrated between the colonization incidence of Enterobacteriaceae or enterococci and the colonization incidence of the common non-pathogenic organisms, when analyzed for the bacteriuric and control groups or when analyzed for the individual cultures of each subject. A quantitative analysis of the 197 individual cultures failed to establish correlations between the presence of the common non-pathogenic organisms and Enterobacteriaceae or enterococci. The susceptibility of the vaginal introitus to colonization by urinary pathogens cannot be explained by interrelationships between these pathogens and the normal aerobic vaginal flora.", "PMID": 408518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4692", "title": "Origin of seizures in elderly patients.", "content": "Among 50 previously well patients, aged 69 years or older, who had a first seizure, a cause could be identified in only 25 (50%). Cerebrovascular disease accounted for the seizures in 30% of the total group. Only one tumor was found. Treatable causes were found in 20%. In 25 patients (50%), a cause could not be identified. A total of 56% of the patients had focal motor seizures, and in 44%, the seizures were generalized. A definite cause could be established in 57% of those with focal seizure and in 41% of those with generalized seizures. These results are compared with previous surveys of adult-onset epilepsy and indicate a somewhat different etiologic distribution in elderly patients.", "contents": "Origin of seizures in elderly patients. Among 50 previously well patients, aged 69 years or older, who had a first seizure, a cause could be identified in only 25 (50%). Cerebrovascular disease accounted for the seizures in 30% of the total group. Only one tumor was found. Treatable causes were found in 20%. In 25 patients (50%), a cause could not be identified. A total of 56% of the patients had focal motor seizures, and in 44%, the seizures were generalized. A definite cause could be established in 57% of those with focal seizure and in 41% of those with generalized seizures. These results are compared with previous surveys of adult-onset epilepsy and indicate a somewhat different etiologic distribution in elderly patients.", "PMID": 408520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4693", "title": "Comparison of erythromycin base and estolate in gonococcal urethritis.", "content": "A randomized double-blind trial of 152 men with gonococcal urethritis compared the therapeutic efficacy of erythromycin estolate and erythromycin base. Twenty-one of 86 (24%) men treated with the estolate and 15 of 66 (23%) treated with the base had recurrent or persistent gonococcal infection when seen after a 9-g course of erythromycin. The serum erythromycin activity among estolate-treated patients (3.57 +/- 0.84 microgram/ml) was nearly twice that for base-treated patients (1.76 +/- 0.80 microgram/ml). Our findings do not support routine use of erythromycin for treatment of pregnant, penicillin-allergic patients.", "contents": "Comparison of erythromycin base and estolate in gonococcal urethritis. A randomized double-blind trial of 152 men with gonococcal urethritis compared the therapeutic efficacy of erythromycin estolate and erythromycin base. Twenty-one of 86 (24%) men treated with the estolate and 15 of 66 (23%) treated with the base had recurrent or persistent gonococcal infection when seen after a 9-g course of erythromycin. The serum erythromycin activity among estolate-treated patients (3.57 +/- 0.84 microgram/ml) was nearly twice that for base-treated patients (1.76 +/- 0.80 microgram/ml). Our findings do not support routine use of erythromycin for treatment of pregnant, penicillin-allergic patients.", "PMID": 408522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4694", "title": "Parenteral nutrition with lipids.", "content": "Total parenteral nutrition with a peripherally administered fat emulsion as the major calorie source appears to be efficacious and safe. Such a regimen complements rather than replaces the glucose system an an important adjunct in patient therapy. The lipid system obviates the necessity for central venous administration, the major disadvantage of the glucose system, while the latter provides a greater caloric density.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition with lipids. Total parenteral nutrition with a peripherally administered fat emulsion as the major calorie source appears to be efficacious and safe. Such a regimen complements rather than replaces the glucose system an an important adjunct in patient therapy. The lipid system obviates the necessity for central venous administration, the major disadvantage of the glucose system, while the latter provides a greater caloric density.", "PMID": 408523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4695", "title": "Respiratory distress syndrome and the value of amniotic fluid phospholipids in predicting such complications before birth.", "content": "The amniotic fluid study of 80 samples from 40 patients, obtained by amniocentesis between 28 and 40 weeks of pregnancy, was carried out. It was noted that L/S (Lecithin/Sphingomyelin) ratio was significantly different at 36-38 weeks of pregnancy when compared with values in pregnancies of less than 36 weeks gestation (P less than 0001). No cases of RDS occurred when the L/S ratio was mature 4 or more. A brief review of recent developments in etiology of RDS are also presented.", "contents": "Respiratory distress syndrome and the value of amniotic fluid phospholipids in predicting such complications before birth. The amniotic fluid study of 80 samples from 40 patients, obtained by amniocentesis between 28 and 40 weeks of pregnancy, was carried out. It was noted that L/S (Lecithin/Sphingomyelin) ratio was significantly different at 36-38 weeks of pregnancy when compared with values in pregnancies of less than 36 weeks gestation (P less than 0001). No cases of RDS occurred when the L/S ratio was mature 4 or more. A brief review of recent developments in etiology of RDS are also presented.", "PMID": 408527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4696", "title": "A study of newborn infants at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi.", "content": "A study was carried out of 3165 newborn infants delivered consecutively from January to December, 1973 in the Department of Obstetrics, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. A prematurity rate of 24.3% and a perinatal mortality of 96/1000 was observed. The incidence of congenital defects was 2.5%. Study of high risk infants showed an average fasting blood sugar in infants of diabetic mothers at 65.9 mg% and none had hypoglycaemia symptoms. A high prematurity rate was found in infants of mothers with Anaemia (39%), Toxemia (43%) and Jaundice (73%). The incidence of congenital malformations was 8.5% in the infants of diabetic mothers.", "contents": "A study of newborn infants at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. A study was carried out of 3165 newborn infants delivered consecutively from January to December, 1973 in the Department of Obstetrics, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. A prematurity rate of 24.3% and a perinatal mortality of 96/1000 was observed. The incidence of congenital defects was 2.5%. Study of high risk infants showed an average fasting blood sugar in infants of diabetic mothers at 65.9 mg% and none had hypoglycaemia symptoms. A high prematurity rate was found in infants of mothers with Anaemia (39%), Toxemia (43%) and Jaundice (73%). The incidence of congenital malformations was 8.5% in the infants of diabetic mothers.", "PMID": 408528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4697", "title": "[Mechanism of nitroglycerin action].", "content": "Data are presented on the effect of nitroglycerin upon the intracardiac haemodynamics studied by means of echocardiography in normal individuals and in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Three types of changes in the intracardiac haemodynamics under the effect of the drug were revealed. The possible mechanism of action of nitroglycerin is discussed in the light of the obtained data.", "contents": "[Mechanism of nitroglycerin action]. Data are presented on the effect of nitroglycerin upon the intracardiac haemodynamics studied by means of echocardiography in normal individuals and in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Three types of changes in the intracardiac haemodynamics under the effect of the drug were revealed. The possible mechanism of action of nitroglycerin is discussed in the light of the obtained data.", "PMID": 408554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4698", "title": "[Indomethacin induced corneal deposits (author's transl)].", "content": "After a summary of corneal changes, caused by drugs (gold, Chloroquine, Phenothiazines, Amiodaron), a personal case of indomethacin induced deposits is described. The chief characteristic was was a ring-shaped formation of the grey-whitish lines in the epithelium. A retinopathy was not present.", "contents": "[Indomethacin induced corneal deposits (author's transl)]. After a summary of corneal changes, caused by drugs (gold, Chloroquine, Phenothiazines, Amiodaron), a personal case of indomethacin induced deposits is described. The chief characteristic was was a ring-shaped formation of the grey-whitish lines in the epithelium. A retinopathy was not present.", "PMID": 408555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4699", "title": "[Studies of lysozyme activity in serum, urine and blood smears from patients with haematological diseases].", "content": "Lysozyme activity was studied in blood smears, serum, and urine of patients suffering from leukaemia or other haematological diseases. Increased enzyme activity was found in myelocytic, myelomonocytic and monocytic leukaemia and equally in secondary granulocytosis and polycythaemia vera. Reduced rates were found in lymphocytie leukaemia, malignant lymphoma with bone marrow involvement, and myelophthisic conditions. A rise in urinary lysozyme occurred when the serum level exceeded 50 microgram/ml. Abundant activities were found in myelomonocytic and monocytic leukaemias. Using the bacteriolytic method in blood smears, no enzyme activity was demonstrated in cells of acute or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, in monocytic leukaemia however, almost all cells show strong reaction. In acute myelocytic or myelomonocytic leukaemia, the portion of positive cells changes from case to case depending on the degree of cell differentiation and maturation. In chronic myelocytic leukaemia there was no difference as compared to enzyme activity of myelocytes in bone marrow of control cases. Thus the bacteriolytic demonstration of lysozyme in blood smears may additionally contribute to distinction of different types of blastic leukaemias, and serum lysozyme also may allow more reliable insight into granulocytic and monocytic myelopoiesis than morphologic studies of blood or bone marrow smears can do, e.g. in agranulocytosis and pancytopenia.", "contents": "[Studies of lysozyme activity in serum, urine and blood smears from patients with haematological diseases]. Lysozyme activity was studied in blood smears, serum, and urine of patients suffering from leukaemia or other haematological diseases. Increased enzyme activity was found in myelocytic, myelomonocytic and monocytic leukaemia and equally in secondary granulocytosis and polycythaemia vera. Reduced rates were found in lymphocytie leukaemia, malignant lymphoma with bone marrow involvement, and myelophthisic conditions. A rise in urinary lysozyme occurred when the serum level exceeded 50 microgram/ml. Abundant activities were found in myelomonocytic and monocytic leukaemias. Using the bacteriolytic method in blood smears, no enzyme activity was demonstrated in cells of acute or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, in monocytic leukaemia however, almost all cells show strong reaction. In acute myelocytic or myelomonocytic leukaemia, the portion of positive cells changes from case to case depending on the degree of cell differentiation and maturation. In chronic myelocytic leukaemia there was no difference as compared to enzyme activity of myelocytes in bone marrow of control cases. Thus the bacteriolytic demonstration of lysozyme in blood smears may additionally contribute to distinction of different types of blastic leukaemias, and serum lysozyme also may allow more reliable insight into granulocytic and monocytic myelopoiesis than morphologic studies of blood or bone marrow smears can do, e.g. in agranulocytosis and pancytopenia.", "PMID": 408556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4700", "title": "Studies on alkaline phosphatase activity cultured cells from a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.", "content": "The cytoplasm of tumor cells from a subdermal nodule in a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) exhibited intense enzymatic activity in cryostat sections processed for demonstration of alkaline phosphatase. Nuclear heterochromatin and nucleoli, particularly in the area of the dense component, also showed strong reactivity. Finely minced blocks from the lesion of the patient with FOP revealed lighter reactivity which, in the tumor cells, avoided membrane limited spaces and appeared to be confined to hyaloplasm. Extracellular spaces disclosed very little or no reactivity and specimens from the patient's uninvolved skin lacked staining. The tumor cells from the subdermal nodule did not exhibit increased acid phosphatase activity. Cells (L-FOP) derived from a subdermal nodule and grown by tissue culture techniques also synthesized large amounts of prostaglandin E-like material and alkaline phosphatase. The amounts of prostaglandin E-like material synthesized by these L-FOP cells was reduced by more than 31 per cent by the antiinflammatory drugs indomethacin and sodium meclofenmate. Also, the production of alkaline phosphatase by these L-FOP cells was reduced by more than 40 per cent by ethane-1-hydroxyl-1,1-diphosphonate. Addition of prostaglandin E to nonlesion cells did not result in increased alkaline phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Studies on alkaline phosphatase activity cultured cells from a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. The cytoplasm of tumor cells from a subdermal nodule in a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) exhibited intense enzymatic activity in cryostat sections processed for demonstration of alkaline phosphatase. Nuclear heterochromatin and nucleoli, particularly in the area of the dense component, also showed strong reactivity. Finely minced blocks from the lesion of the patient with FOP revealed lighter reactivity which, in the tumor cells, avoided membrane limited spaces and appeared to be confined to hyaloplasm. Extracellular spaces disclosed very little or no reactivity and specimens from the patient's uninvolved skin lacked staining. The tumor cells from the subdermal nodule did not exhibit increased acid phosphatase activity. Cells (L-FOP) derived from a subdermal nodule and grown by tissue culture techniques also synthesized large amounts of prostaglandin E-like material and alkaline phosphatase. The amounts of prostaglandin E-like material synthesized by these L-FOP cells was reduced by more than 31 per cent by the antiinflammatory drugs indomethacin and sodium meclofenmate. Also, the production of alkaline phosphatase by these L-FOP cells was reduced by more than 40 per cent by ethane-1-hydroxyl-1,1-diphosphonate. Addition of prostaglandin E to nonlesion cells did not result in increased alkaline phosphatase activity.", "PMID": 408558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4701", "title": "Effects of the combination of tumor-specific and nonspecific immunization on tumor suppression.", "content": "The crushed whole Aoyama B cells attached to oil droplets were found to be most suitable for the adjuvant effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis against tumor growth when judged by the criterion of effectiveness and a clinical application with minimal side effects. The immunogenicity of tumor cells was well stabilized and maintained with a suitable concentration of formalin; this was less than 1% and the optimum concentration was 0.05% or 0.1%. When the tumor cells treated with the optimum concentration of formalin were combined with suitable adjuvant, immunoprotection against the tumor progress was accelerated.", "contents": "Effects of the combination of tumor-specific and nonspecific immunization on tumor suppression. The crushed whole Aoyama B cells attached to oil droplets were found to be most suitable for the adjuvant effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis against tumor growth when judged by the criterion of effectiveness and a clinical application with minimal side effects. The immunogenicity of tumor cells was well stabilized and maintained with a suitable concentration of formalin; this was less than 1% and the optimum concentration was 0.05% or 0.1%. When the tumor cells treated with the optimum concentration of formalin were combined with suitable adjuvant, immunoprotection against the tumor progress was accelerated.", "PMID": 408563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4702", "title": "[The medical management of malabsorption (author's transl)].", "content": "A broad overview of the modalities available for the medical treatment of malabsorptions is presented with emphasis on practical applications. The more common disorders, such as sprue, lactase deficiency, and pancreatic insufficiency, are generally managed successfully with specific dietary and drug regimens. Nonspecific dietary therapy is available for patients to whom specific therapy cannot be offered.", "contents": "[The medical management of malabsorption (author's transl)]. A broad overview of the modalities available for the medical treatment of malabsorptions is presented with emphasis on practical applications. The more common disorders, such as sprue, lactase deficiency, and pancreatic insufficiency, are generally managed successfully with specific dietary and drug regimens. Nonspecific dietary therapy is available for patients to whom specific therapy cannot be offered.", "PMID": 408572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4703", "title": "Biosynthesis of prostaglandins.", "content": "Highly purified cyclooxygenase from sheep vesicular glands is stimulated by the presence of protoporphyrin IX compounds. This stimulation may be due to the conversion of an apoenzyme to the holoenzyme, and full activity is achieved when half of the enzyme subunits (70,000 daltons) bind heme. Also, one-half of the subunits appear to contain non-heme iron. The apparent molecular weight of the holoenzyme is approximately 300,000 daltons and is compatible with a complex of four 70,000 dalton subunits. Thus, we suggest that heme and non-heme iron may be attached to different 70,000 daltons subunits that make up an A2B2-type of peptide chain arrangement.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Highly purified cyclooxygenase from sheep vesicular glands is stimulated by the presence of protoporphyrin IX compounds. This stimulation may be due to the conversion of an apoenzyme to the holoenzyme, and full activity is achieved when half of the enzyme subunits (70,000 daltons) bind heme. Also, one-half of the subunits appear to contain non-heme iron. The apparent molecular weight of the holoenzyme is approximately 300,000 daltons and is compatible with a complex of four 70,000 dalton subunits. Thus, we suggest that heme and non-heme iron may be attached to different 70,000 daltons subunits that make up an A2B2-type of peptide chain arrangement.", "PMID": 408576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4704", "title": "[Effect of EDTA on the activity of aminolevulinic dehydratase in vitro and in vivo].", "content": "To blood samples taken from persons who are not exposed to the effect of lead, ions Pb++ were added. Then lowering of the activity of aminolevulinic dehydratase (ALAD) in proportion to an amount of lead added was observed. Parallel introduction of ions Pb++ and EDTA prevented a significant lowering of ALAD activity. The persons who were exposed to chronic effect of lead, with a lowered activity of ALAD, were given EDTA, as a treatment. Significant increase in the form of doubled activity of the enzyme occurred in the period between 8-16 day of treatment.", "contents": "[Effect of EDTA on the activity of aminolevulinic dehydratase in vitro and in vivo]. To blood samples taken from persons who are not exposed to the effect of lead, ions Pb++ were added. Then lowering of the activity of aminolevulinic dehydratase (ALAD) in proportion to an amount of lead added was observed. Parallel introduction of ions Pb++ and EDTA prevented a significant lowering of ALAD activity. The persons who were exposed to chronic effect of lead, with a lowered activity of ALAD, were given EDTA, as a treatment. Significant increase in the form of doubled activity of the enzyme occurred in the period between 8-16 day of treatment.", "PMID": 408580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4705", "title": "[Amylase formation in a periodic and continuous culture of Bacillus subtilis].", "content": "The dynamics of alpha-amylase production by two strains of Bacillus subtilis (A32 and A32.6) was studied under periodic and continuous conditions of cultivation on a chemically defined medium and on a natural medium. In the periodic culture, the highest activity of the enzyme was found during the stationary growth phase. In the conditions of chemostat, as the dilution rate from 0.05 to 0.15 hr-1, the activity of amylase remained at the same, high level for a certain lapse of time and then decreased. The rate of the decrease of alpha-amylase activity depended on the dilution rate.", "contents": "[Amylase formation in a periodic and continuous culture of Bacillus subtilis]. The dynamics of alpha-amylase production by two strains of Bacillus subtilis (A32 and A32.6) was studied under periodic and continuous conditions of cultivation on a chemically defined medium and on a natural medium. In the periodic culture, the highest activity of the enzyme was found during the stationary growth phase. In the conditions of chemostat, as the dilution rate from 0.05 to 0.15 hr-1, the activity of amylase remained at the same, high level for a certain lapse of time and then decreased. The rate of the decrease of alpha-amylase activity depended on the dilution rate.", "PMID": 408583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4706", "title": "[Epiphase carotenoids of the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilia].", "content": "Epiphase carotenoids were studied in the cells of the obligate phototrophous blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis. Ten pigment zones were detected by column chromatography on alumina and by TLC on cellulose and Silufol UV-254 plates. TLC in the B layer and paper chromatography did not reveal all pigment zones obtained on a column. The data of TLC on cellulose and on Silufol plates confirmed the purity and individual character of the fractions obtained on a column. These data showed also that the pigments obtained upon the separation of the extract on a column were not the products of its interaction with an active adsorbent. Absorption spectra of the isolated pigments were determined in various solvents, and speculations were made concerning the structure of the carotenoids.", "contents": "[Epiphase carotenoids of the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilia]. Epiphase carotenoids were studied in the cells of the obligate phototrophous blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis. Ten pigment zones were detected by column chromatography on alumina and by TLC on cellulose and Silufol UV-254 plates. TLC in the B layer and paper chromatography did not reveal all pigment zones obtained on a column. The data of TLC on cellulose and on Silufol plates confirmed the purity and individual character of the fractions obtained on a column. These data showed also that the pigments obtained upon the separation of the extract on a column were not the products of its interaction with an active adsorbent. Absorption spectra of the isolated pigments were determined in various solvents, and speculations were made concerning the structure of the carotenoids.", "PMID": 408584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4707", "title": "[Structure and cell division of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum].", "content": "Our data on the structure of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum, as well as the analysis of the data of other authors, show that its cells resemble bacterial cells in the basic features of their fine structure (the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, nucleoid, membraneous formations, ribosomal apparatus). Besides the organelles typical of blue-green algae, organelles similar to mesosomes and formations looking like lysosomes were found in Pl. boryanum. Data obtained in the course of the formation of cell partitions evidently speak in favour of the many-sided activity of the lamellae of the photosynthetic apparatus (the parachromatophore) of Pl. boryanum.", "contents": "[Structure and cell division of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum]. Our data on the structure of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum, as well as the analysis of the data of other authors, show that its cells resemble bacterial cells in the basic features of their fine structure (the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, nucleoid, membraneous formations, ribosomal apparatus). Besides the organelles typical of blue-green algae, organelles similar to mesosomes and formations looking like lysosomes were found in Pl. boryanum. Data obtained in the course of the formation of cell partitions evidently speak in favour of the many-sided activity of the lamellae of the photosynthetic apparatus (the parachromatophore) of Pl. boryanum.", "PMID": 408585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4708", "title": "[Comparative study of the multiplicity of exoenzymes produced by different strains of Bacillus subtilis].", "content": "Molecular forms of two exoenzymes, subtilisin and alpha-amylase, produced by mutants of Bacillus subtilis were studied. The degree of the post-translational modification of subtilisin was less pronounced for P and M mutants than for R mutants. Some of the P and M mutants produced subtilisin having higher molecular weight and hydrophobicity as compared to the R mutants. This form of subtilisin may be the primary product of translation of the structural gene and therefore a precursor of subtilisin. Its appearance outside the cell may be due to the alteration in the cell surface structures in the P and M mutants and abnormal post-translational modification. The P and M mutants produced also differing exocellular proteins as compared to the R mutants, e.g. alpha-amylase forms with the higher isoelectric points.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the multiplicity of exoenzymes produced by different strains of Bacillus subtilis]. Molecular forms of two exoenzymes, subtilisin and alpha-amylase, produced by mutants of Bacillus subtilis were studied. The degree of the post-translational modification of subtilisin was less pronounced for P and M mutants than for R mutants. Some of the P and M mutants produced subtilisin having higher molecular weight and hydrophobicity as compared to the R mutants. This form of subtilisin may be the primary product of translation of the structural gene and therefore a precursor of subtilisin. Its appearance outside the cell may be due to the alteration in the cell surface structures in the P and M mutants and abnormal post-translational modification. The P and M mutants produced also differing exocellular proteins as compared to the R mutants, e.g. alpha-amylase forms with the higher isoelectric points.", "PMID": 408586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4709", "title": "[Carbonic anhydrase activity of phototropic bacteria].", "content": "The activity of carboanhydrase was assayed in seven species of phototrophous bacteria: three species of the Rhodospirillaceae genus, three species of the Chromatiaceae genus, and one species of the Chlorobiaceae genus. The activity of carboanhydrase was found in five species among seven. It decreased on passing from photoautotrophous to photoheterotrophous conditions of growth, and then to dark heterotrophous conditions, which correlated with the activity of the Calvin cycle in the bacteria. No activity of carboanhydrase was detected in Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii and Chlorobium limicola, probably because Chl. limicola fixed carbon dioxide not in the Calvin cycle, but in the reactions of reductive carboxylation of organic acids.", "contents": "[Carbonic anhydrase activity of phototropic bacteria]. The activity of carboanhydrase was assayed in seven species of phototrophous bacteria: three species of the Rhodospirillaceae genus, three species of the Chromatiaceae genus, and one species of the Chlorobiaceae genus. The activity of carboanhydrase was found in five species among seven. It decreased on passing from photoautotrophous to photoheterotrophous conditions of growth, and then to dark heterotrophous conditions, which correlated with the activity of the Calvin cycle in the bacteria. No activity of carboanhydrase was detected in Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii and Chlorobium limicola, probably because Chl. limicola fixed carbon dioxide not in the Calvin cycle, but in the reactions of reductive carboxylation of organic acids.", "PMID": 408582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4710", "title": "[Characteristics of phages of spore-forming bacteria isolated from the soil].", "content": "Phages lyzing spore forming bacteria were isolated from soil, and their biological properties and fine structure were studied. The spectrum of lytic activity was determined as well as parameters of the intracellular phage growth. The burst size of the phage varies from 8 to 725 particles per infected cell, the latent period lasts 25-100 min for various phages. According to the data of electron microscopy, the phages are divided into three morphological groups. The phages Tg7, AR13 and BPP10 have a complex structure.", "contents": "[Characteristics of phages of spore-forming bacteria isolated from the soil]. Phages lyzing spore forming bacteria were isolated from soil, and their biological properties and fine structure were studied. The spectrum of lytic activity was determined as well as parameters of the intracellular phage growth. The burst size of the phage varies from 8 to 725 particles per infected cell, the latent period lasts 25-100 min for various phages. According to the data of electron microscopy, the phages are divided into three morphological groups. The phages Tg7, AR13 and BPP10 have a complex structure.", "PMID": 408587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4711", "title": "Carriage of non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae by Australian Aboriginals.", "content": "A survey of 200 Aboriginals in Western Australia revealed five carriers of non-toxogenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae; four of these were variety mitis and one was variety gravis.", "contents": "Carriage of non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae by Australian Aboriginals. A survey of 200 Aboriginals in Western Australia revealed five carriers of non-toxogenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae; four of these were variety mitis and one was variety gravis.", "PMID": 408595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4712", "title": "Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Australian hospitals having R-plasmid determined antibiotic resistance.", "content": "Six hundred and fifty hospital isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Australian sources have been examined for high-level resistance to a number of antibiotics. Fifty-four strains were resistant to one or more of the antibiotics, and four of these strains carried as R-plasmid conferring resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline and sulphanilamide, and belonging to incompatibility group P-2. Possible reasons for the low incidence of R-plasmids in P. aeruginosa from Australian sources are discussed.", "contents": "Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Australian hospitals having R-plasmid determined antibiotic resistance. Six hundred and fifty hospital isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Australian sources have been examined for high-level resistance to a number of antibiotics. Fifty-four strains were resistant to one or more of the antibiotics, and four of these strains carried as R-plasmid conferring resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline and sulphanilamide, and belonging to incompatibility group P-2. Possible reasons for the low incidence of R-plasmids in P. aeruginosa from Australian sources are discussed.", "PMID": 408596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4713", "title": "Language acquisition: the new synthesis.", "content": "Developments concerning the nature of language have taken place in the disparate disciplines of linguistics, ethology and neurology. It is not widely known that these developments have brought these fields of study into accord, and have helped clarify the mechanism of language acquisition in childhood. They carry practical implications important to the teaching of language and to the understanding of language disabilities. The conclusions have also led to the discovery of cranial vault asymmetries which promise insight into the evolution of language in man's prehistory. The learning of language has become better understood as a result of recent developments in the fields of linguistics, ethology and comparative neurology.", "contents": "Language acquisition: the new synthesis. Developments concerning the nature of language have taken place in the disparate disciplines of linguistics, ethology and neurology. It is not widely known that these developments have brought these fields of study into accord, and have helped clarify the mechanism of language acquisition in childhood. They carry practical implications important to the teaching of language and to the understanding of language disabilities. The conclusions have also led to the discovery of cranial vault asymmetries which promise insight into the evolution of language in man's prehistory. The learning of language has become better understood as a result of recent developments in the fields of linguistics, ethology and comparative neurology.", "PMID": 408597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4714", "title": "Insufficient conjugate glucuronidation activity: a possible factor in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) toxicity.", "content": "Considerable evidence indicates that phenolic and biphenolic compounds are detoxified and excreted primarily via conjugate glucuronidation in man. Since fetuses, neonates and certain enzyme deficient adults have significant functional deficiencies in their capacities to excrete toxic compounds via conjugate glucuronidation, it is predicted that these groups of individuals are biochemically predisposed to accumulate polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), a widely distributed and highly toxic environmental contaminant.", "contents": "Insufficient conjugate glucuronidation activity: a possible factor in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) toxicity. Considerable evidence indicates that phenolic and biphenolic compounds are detoxified and excreted primarily via conjugate glucuronidation in man. Since fetuses, neonates and certain enzyme deficient adults have significant functional deficiencies in their capacities to excrete toxic compounds via conjugate glucuronidation, it is predicted that these groups of individuals are biochemically predisposed to accumulate polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), a widely distributed and highly toxic environmental contaminant.", "PMID": 408592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4715", "title": "Biolized intrathoracic left ventricular assist device (LVAD).", "content": "The design of an intrathoracic left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is briefly described. The unique feature of the LVAD is that all blood-contacting surfaces are biolized, having either chemically treated natural tissues or protein coatings. The blood-contacting surface of the housing is glutaraldehyde-treated pericardium and is covered with natural rubber and polyurethane. Tri-leaflet valves fabricated from human dura mater are used at the pump inlet; glutaraldehyde-treated bovine aortic valves are used at the outlet. The pumping diaphragm, made of polyolefin rubber with a textured surface, is coated with gelatin and treated with glutaraldehyde. Anticoagulants are not used with this device. Extensive in vivo and in vitro testing in the development of the pumps led to the current configuration having good performance, long life, and improved blood compatibility.", "contents": "Biolized intrathoracic left ventricular assist device (LVAD). The design of an intrathoracic left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is briefly described. The unique feature of the LVAD is that all blood-contacting surfaces are biolized, having either chemically treated natural tissues or protein coatings. The blood-contacting surface of the housing is glutaraldehyde-treated pericardium and is covered with natural rubber and polyurethane. Tri-leaflet valves fabricated from human dura mater are used at the pump inlet; glutaraldehyde-treated bovine aortic valves are used at the outlet. The pumping diaphragm, made of polyolefin rubber with a textured surface, is coated with gelatin and treated with glutaraldehyde. Anticoagulants are not used with this device. Extensive in vivo and in vitro testing in the development of the pumps led to the current configuration having good performance, long life, and improved blood compatibility.", "PMID": 408593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4716", "title": "The use of modified human umbilical cord vein in femoral popliteal reconstruction.", "content": "Glutaraldehyde-tanned human umbilical cord veins were employed for reconstruction of the femoral popliteal segment in 80 instances. The primary indication for surgery was imminent loss of limb. The cumulative patency to 20 months was 84.8 percent. The primary mechanism for graft failure was thrombosis usually due to progressive atherosclerosis of the distal circulation (6 cases). There were no instances of infection, dilatation of the graft or aneurysm formation. The data indicate that the results obtained when the glutaraldehyde-tanned umbilical vein in femoral popliteal location are comparable and perhaps even superior to those obtained with the saphenous vein. This suggests that this graft material will be applicable as avascular prosthesis in many instances and will provide for limb salvage and function in patients who face potential loss of limb.", "contents": "The use of modified human umbilical cord vein in femoral popliteal reconstruction. Glutaraldehyde-tanned human umbilical cord veins were employed for reconstruction of the femoral popliteal segment in 80 instances. The primary indication for surgery was imminent loss of limb. The cumulative patency to 20 months was 84.8 percent. The primary mechanism for graft failure was thrombosis usually due to progressive atherosclerosis of the distal circulation (6 cases). There were no instances of infection, dilatation of the graft or aneurysm formation. The data indicate that the results obtained when the glutaraldehyde-tanned umbilical vein in femoral popliteal location are comparable and perhaps even superior to those obtained with the saphenous vein. This suggests that this graft material will be applicable as avascular prosthesis in many instances and will provide for limb salvage and function in patients who face potential loss of limb.", "PMID": 408594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4717", "title": "The genetic organization of arginine biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Six loci coding for arginine biosynthetic enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO were identified by enzyme assay: argA (N-acetylglutamate synthase), argB (N-acetylglutamate 5-phosphotransferase), argC (N-acetylglutamate 5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase), argF (anabolic ornithine carbamoyl-transferase), argG (argininosuccinate synthetase), and argH (argininosuccinase). One-step mutants which had a requirement for arginine and uracil were defective in carbamoylphosphate synthase, specified by a locus designated car. To map these mutations we used the sex factor FP2 in an improved interrupted mating technique as well as the generalized transducing phages F116L and G101. We confirmed earlier studies, and found no clustering of arg and car loci. However, argA, argH, and argB were mapped on a short chromosome segment (approx. 3 min long), and argF and argG were cotransducible, but not contiguous. N-Acetylglutamate synthase, the enzyme which replenishes the cycle of acetylated intermediates in ornithine synthesis of Pseudomonas, appears to be essential for arginine synthesis since argA mutants showed no growth on unsupplemented minimal medium.", "contents": "The genetic organization of arginine biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Six loci coding for arginine biosynthetic enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO were identified by enzyme assay: argA (N-acetylglutamate synthase), argB (N-acetylglutamate 5-phosphotransferase), argC (N-acetylglutamate 5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase), argF (anabolic ornithine carbamoyl-transferase), argG (argininosuccinate synthetase), and argH (argininosuccinase). One-step mutants which had a requirement for arginine and uracil were defective in carbamoylphosphate synthase, specified by a locus designated car. To map these mutations we used the sex factor FP2 in an improved interrupted mating technique as well as the generalized transducing phages F116L and G101. We confirmed earlier studies, and found no clustering of arg and car loci. However, argA, argH, and argB were mapped on a short chromosome segment (approx. 3 min long), and argF and argG were cotransducible, but not contiguous. N-Acetylglutamate synthase, the enzyme which replenishes the cycle of acetylated intermediates in ornithine synthesis of Pseudomonas, appears to be essential for arginine synthesis since argA mutants showed no growth on unsupplemented minimal medium.", "PMID": 408599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4718", "title": "Comparative studies of RNA polymerase subunits from various bacteria.", "content": "The molecular structure of RNA polymerases from Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella anatum,serratia marcescens, Aerobacter aerogens, Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus subtilis were compared based on:i) inhibition of the enzyme activity by treatment with antibodies against E. coli RNA polymerase subunits;ii) analysis of antibody precipitates by sodium ododecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; and iii) analysis of antibody precipitates by urea-isoelectrofocusing followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-slab gel electrophoresis in the second dimension. All the bacterial RNA polymerases examined cross-react equally with anti-E. COLI HOLOPOLYMERASE BUT EXHIbit different extents of cross-reaction with antibodies against individual subunits. Except for B. subtilis RNA polymerase, the molecular weight and isoelectric point of the enzyme subunits are close to those of E. coli polymerase. However, minor difference were found at least within the resolution of the techniques employed:S. anatum polymerase has sigma subunit larger than E. coli sigma subunit; P. mirabilis enzyme has sigma subunit larger in size and more acidic in charge, and alpha subunit smaller and more basic than corresponding E. coli subunits. The electrophoretic map of B. subtilis enzyme subunits is completely different from that of E. coli enzyme.", "contents": "Comparative studies of RNA polymerase subunits from various bacteria. The molecular structure of RNA polymerases from Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella anatum,serratia marcescens, Aerobacter aerogens, Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus subtilis were compared based on:i) inhibition of the enzyme activity by treatment with antibodies against E. coli RNA polymerase subunits;ii) analysis of antibody precipitates by sodium ododecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; and iii) analysis of antibody precipitates by urea-isoelectrofocusing followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-slab gel electrophoresis in the second dimension. All the bacterial RNA polymerases examined cross-react equally with anti-E. COLI HOLOPOLYMERASE BUT EXHIbit different extents of cross-reaction with antibodies against individual subunits. Except for B. subtilis RNA polymerase, the molecular weight and isoelectric point of the enzyme subunits are close to those of E. coli polymerase. However, minor difference were found at least within the resolution of the techniques employed:S. anatum polymerase has sigma subunit larger than E. coli sigma subunit; P. mirabilis enzyme has sigma subunit larger in size and more acidic in charge, and alpha subunit smaller and more basic than corresponding E. coli subunits. The electrophoretic map of B. subtilis enzyme subunits is completely different from that of E. coli enzyme.", "PMID": 408600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4719", "title": "[Prescreening methods for gynecological cytology (author's transl)].", "content": "In cytological investigations to trace gynecological cancer a large number of preparations must be examined in order to discover a small number of positive and suspicious findings. In 1974, 5.5 million investigations were carried out in the German Federal Republic, of which 2% positive, 9.2% suspicious and 2.4% technically useless cytological results were obtained. 98.64% of the cytological results were negative. Consequently in different parts of the world efforts are being made to automate the preliminary microscopic sampling of the cytological preparations. False negative cytological findings must be no higher than in conventional diagnosis (without extraction error approximately 5%), while false positive cytological findings (in conventional diagnosis less than 1%) may be higher, because they can be classified correctly on subsequent assessment.", "contents": "[Prescreening methods for gynecological cytology (author's transl)]. In cytological investigations to trace gynecological cancer a large number of preparations must be examined in order to discover a small number of positive and suspicious findings. In 1974, 5.5 million investigations were carried out in the German Federal Republic, of which 2% positive, 9.2% suspicious and 2.4% technically useless cytological results were obtained. 98.64% of the cytological results were negative. Consequently in different parts of the world efforts are being made to automate the preliminary microscopic sampling of the cytological preparations. False negative cytological findings must be no higher than in conventional diagnosis (without extraction error approximately 5%), while false positive cytological findings (in conventional diagnosis less than 1%) may be higher, because they can be classified correctly on subsequent assessment.", "PMID": 408603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4720", "title": "[Postpartum contraception: effect of lynestrenol during the lactation period (author's transl)].", "content": "167 women were treated with 0.5 mg lynestrenol/day for a period of 8-32 weeks immediately postpartum. The lactation periods of 67 of the women were observed during the stay in hospital (maximum 7 days) in comparison with a control group (n = 20) of untreated women in the puerperium. There was no quantitative difference in milk production between the lynestrenol-treated women and the control group. In order to exclude a possible thromboembolic effect the lynestrenol the thrombocyte aggregation was determined in all women at 4-weekly intervals as a measure of a thrombotic tendency. During the entire period of the investigation the mean PAT rating remained between I and II. Among the clinical parameters a raised amenorrhea rate of 21% and a larger proportion (39%) of breakthrough bleedings were notable. The responded easily to treatment.", "contents": "[Postpartum contraception: effect of lynestrenol during the lactation period (author's transl)]. 167 women were treated with 0.5 mg lynestrenol/day for a period of 8-32 weeks immediately postpartum. The lactation periods of 67 of the women were observed during the stay in hospital (maximum 7 days) in comparison with a control group (n = 20) of untreated women in the puerperium. There was no quantitative difference in milk production between the lynestrenol-treated women and the control group. In order to exclude a possible thromboembolic effect the lynestrenol the thrombocyte aggregation was determined in all women at 4-weekly intervals as a measure of a thrombotic tendency. During the entire period of the investigation the mean PAT rating remained between I and II. Among the clinical parameters a raised amenorrhea rate of 21% and a larger proportion (39%) of breakthrough bleedings were notable. The responded easily to treatment.", "PMID": 408604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4721", "title": "[Anticonvulsants and simultaneous medication - a problem in pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "As more recent investigations have shown, many women regularly take drugs not prescribed by the doctor during pregnancy, in addition to those that are. It is not always a matter of diseases which require treatment. It is shown, with reference to a number of patients, that unproblematic longterm anticonvulsant therapy - with years practically free from attack - can be complicated by pregnancy. During an essential treatment with multiple drugs made necessary by the pregnancy, 6 attacks of grand mal were recorded in 6 months and sometimes very low serum DPH concentrations were found in spite of reliable, high doses of Zentropil.", "contents": "[Anticonvulsants and simultaneous medication - a problem in pregnancy (author's transl)]. As more recent investigations have shown, many women regularly take drugs not prescribed by the doctor during pregnancy, in addition to those that are. It is not always a matter of diseases which require treatment. It is shown, with reference to a number of patients, that unproblematic longterm anticonvulsant therapy - with years practically free from attack - can be complicated by pregnancy. During an essential treatment with multiple drugs made necessary by the pregnancy, 6 attacks of grand mal were recorded in 6 months and sometimes very low serum DPH concentrations were found in spite of reliable, high doses of Zentropil.", "PMID": 408605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4722", "title": "[Patient's opinions on doctors' explanations (author's transl)].", "content": "An inquiry by means of a questionnaire among 1043 persons (566 in-patients, 269 employees of industrial firms, 208 teachers) revealed: 32.5% were \"often not\" and 26.5% were \"nearly always\" satisfied with the medical information provided by their doctors. They were mainly interested in the causes of complaints (77.7%), in the prognosis (66.4%), in the effect of the medicament (44.5%) and in the diagnosis, using technical terminology (37.7%). Nearly all of them wanted to know about the contents of the specialist's report: 35.5% would like to read the report for themselves and 61.4% wanted an intelligible explanation by the family doctor. In incurable malignant disease, 49.5% preferred the patient to be fully informed, whereas 24.4% wanted information about a serious illness which might lead to death. Other questions concerned the information of relatives and between doctors.", "contents": "[Patient's opinions on doctors' explanations (author's transl)]. An inquiry by means of a questionnaire among 1043 persons (566 in-patients, 269 employees of industrial firms, 208 teachers) revealed: 32.5% were \"often not\" and 26.5% were \"nearly always\" satisfied with the medical information provided by their doctors. They were mainly interested in the causes of complaints (77.7%), in the prognosis (66.4%), in the effect of the medicament (44.5%) and in the diagnosis, using technical terminology (37.7%). Nearly all of them wanted to know about the contents of the specialist's report: 35.5% would like to read the report for themselves and 61.4% wanted an intelligible explanation by the family doctor. In incurable malignant disease, 49.5% preferred the patient to be fully informed, whereas 24.4% wanted information about a serious illness which might lead to death. Other questions concerned the information of relatives and between doctors.", "PMID": 408606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4723", "title": "[Iron or combined iron-folic acid-vitamin B12 therapy during pregnancy? (author's transl)].", "content": "128 women with mild anemias below 12 g% Hb received 100 mg iron or 100 mg iron, 0.44 mg folic acid and 0.66 mg vitamin B12 daily from the 20th to the 24th weeks of pregnancy until confinement. With pure iron therapy the maternal hemoglobin, erythrocyte, hematocrit and serum levels rose significantly, whereas in the placebo group (37 pregnant women) they fell markedly. Iron-folic acid-vitamin B12 administration led to no improvement in the hemoglobin regeneration or in the serum iron. After 60 days' treatment with the combined iron preparation, a rise in the serum and erythrocyte folate levels had already been achieved in the pregnancy women.", "contents": "[Iron or combined iron-folic acid-vitamin B12 therapy during pregnancy? (author's transl)]. 128 women with mild anemias below 12 g% Hb received 100 mg iron or 100 mg iron, 0.44 mg folic acid and 0.66 mg vitamin B12 daily from the 20th to the 24th weeks of pregnancy until confinement. With pure iron therapy the maternal hemoglobin, erythrocyte, hematocrit and serum levels rose significantly, whereas in the placebo group (37 pregnant women) they fell markedly. Iron-folic acid-vitamin B12 administration led to no improvement in the hemoglobin regeneration or in the serum iron. After 60 days' treatment with the combined iron preparation, a rise in the serum and erythrocyte folate levels had already been achieved in the pregnancy women.", "PMID": 408607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4724", "title": "[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of their rapidly changing hemodynamic inconstancy depending on many, sometimes competing, processes, hypertrophic cardiomyopathies present a clinical picture extraordinary among the cardiac diseases, with severely altered diastolic compliance of the left ventricle and a functional stenosis in the obstructive forms. They are of increasing importance for the doctor in hospital or general practive, particularly because they are among the very few diseases in which the usual cardiac therapy with digitalis or else the administration of sympathomimetics is contraindicated.", "contents": "[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathies (author's transl)]. Because of their rapidly changing hemodynamic inconstancy depending on many, sometimes competing, processes, hypertrophic cardiomyopathies present a clinical picture extraordinary among the cardiac diseases, with severely altered diastolic compliance of the left ventricle and a functional stenosis in the obstructive forms. They are of increasing importance for the doctor in hospital or general practive, particularly because they are among the very few diseases in which the usual cardiac therapy with digitalis or else the administration of sympathomimetics is contraindicated.", "PMID": 408613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4725", "title": "[Continuous monitoring of the pulmonary artery pressure in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "The method of continuous pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) monitoring and its use in 66 patients with acute myocardial infarction is described. Measurement of PAP should be the first diagnostic step in hemodynamic monitoring and early recognition of left ventricular failure. In cases of elevated PAP and critical general state of the patient, monitoring should be extended by measuring pulmonary wedge pressure and cardiac output. Hemodynamic monitoring should be continued for 3 to 5 days, since some cases of acute myocardial infarction with increasing PAP up to the 4th day after the onset were recorded. With the safety precautions mentioned, neither threatening, arrhythmia, nor thromboembolic or septic complications were observed.", "contents": "[Continuous monitoring of the pulmonary artery pressure in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. The method of continuous pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) monitoring and its use in 66 patients with acute myocardial infarction is described. Measurement of PAP should be the first diagnostic step in hemodynamic monitoring and early recognition of left ventricular failure. In cases of elevated PAP and critical general state of the patient, monitoring should be extended by measuring pulmonary wedge pressure and cardiac output. Hemodynamic monitoring should be continued for 3 to 5 days, since some cases of acute myocardial infarction with increasing PAP up to the 4th day after the onset were recorded. With the safety precautions mentioned, neither threatening, arrhythmia, nor thromboembolic or septic complications were observed.", "PMID": 408614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4726", "title": "[Rheocardiography in the orthostatic test (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardiac output and peripheral flow resistance were determined rheocardiographically under resting conditions and in orthostasis in 175 patients who came for examination to clarify circulatory disturbances with suspected orthostatic dysregulation. The method was examined critically and compared with other procedures. Different modes of reaction in the cardiovascular system were portrayed and their importance for therapy is indicated.", "contents": "[Rheocardiography in the orthostatic test (author's transl)]. Cardiac output and peripheral flow resistance were determined rheocardiographically under resting conditions and in orthostasis in 175 patients who came for examination to clarify circulatory disturbances with suspected orthostatic dysregulation. The method was examined critically and compared with other procedures. Different modes of reaction in the cardiovascular system were portrayed and their importance for therapy is indicated.", "PMID": 408615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4727", "title": "[Clinical trial of Trental 100 in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The preparation Trental 100 was given to 73 patients in a vascular surgery department at a daily dose of 2-3 dragees over an average of 2-3 months. 51 of 67 patients with chronic arterial disorders of the lower extremities and 5 of 6 patients with circulatory disturbances in the brachial region improved, as measured by the walking distance, reactive hyperemia time, pain at rest and effect in tissue defects. Tests for objective tolerance showed no effects on the blood picture, liver and kidney functions and carbohydrate metabolism. In a few patients, subjective intolerance disappeared after reducing the dose.", "contents": "[Clinical trial of Trental 100 in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive diseases (author's transl)]. The preparation Trental 100 was given to 73 patients in a vascular surgery department at a daily dose of 2-3 dragees over an average of 2-3 months. 51 of 67 patients with chronic arterial disorders of the lower extremities and 5 of 6 patients with circulatory disturbances in the brachial region improved, as measured by the walking distance, reactive hyperemia time, pain at rest and effect in tissue defects. Tests for objective tolerance showed no effects on the blood picture, liver and kidney functions and carbohydrate metabolism. In a few patients, subjective intolerance disappeared after reducing the dose.", "PMID": 408616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4728", "title": "[History-taking in neurology (author's transl)].", "content": "History-taking in neurology is particularly favored by the fact that the disease processes occur at or in structures which underlie direct sensation and perception. No-one can so exactly report on disturbances of seeing, hearing, feeling, smelling, tasting, and equilibrium as the patient himself. But the personality of the observer is particularly involved: Is he minimizing, dramatizing, or are there changes in the cerebral cortex? For this reason the statements of relatives have special importance, particularly in convulsions and in the matter of personality changes.", "contents": "[History-taking in neurology (author's transl)]. History-taking in neurology is particularly favored by the fact that the disease processes occur at or in structures which underlie direct sensation and perception. No-one can so exactly report on disturbances of seeing, hearing, feeling, smelling, tasting, and equilibrium as the patient himself. But the personality of the observer is particularly involved: Is he minimizing, dramatizing, or are there changes in the cerebral cortex? For this reason the statements of relatives have special importance, particularly in convulsions and in the matter of personality changes.", "PMID": 408619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4729", "title": "[Applied neurochemistry (author's transl)].", "content": "Metabolic disorders may also be accompanied by neurological symptoms. Diagnosis is ofter difficult because clinical opportunities are rare. But some things can be detected even by simple means. In particular, primary biochemical disturbances are discussed, insofar as they may have an unfavorable effect on the nervous system. Among these are hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, cerebral nutritional disorders, phenylketonuria. Wilson's disease, folic acid deficiency and acute intermittent porphyria.", "contents": "[Applied neurochemistry (author's transl)]. Metabolic disorders may also be accompanied by neurological symptoms. Diagnosis is ofter difficult because clinical opportunities are rare. But some things can be detected even by simple means. In particular, primary biochemical disturbances are discussed, insofar as they may have an unfavorable effect on the nervous system. Among these are hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, cerebral nutritional disorders, phenylketonuria. Wilson's disease, folic acid deficiency and acute intermittent porphyria.", "PMID": 408620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4730", "title": "[Bioptic investigations of the nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "Bioptic investigation of nervous tissue can be made by taking tissue samples of nerves, skin, muscle, rectum, dental pulp and brain. The choice of site for the biopsy depends on the results of previous clinical neurological, neurophysiological and biochemical investigations. Indications are: unexplained peripheral neuropathies, progressive degenerative diseases of the central nervous system and enzymopathies which are principally manifest in the nervous system (neurometabolic diseases). The result of a nerve tissue biopsy usually only leads to classification in a disease group (pathogenic unit) which only becomes diagnostically relevant in conjunction with the clinical data. In biopsies of the brain a virological examination should always be performed in addition to the morphological (light and electron microscopic) and biochemical investigation.", "contents": "[Bioptic investigations of the nervous system (author's transl)]. Bioptic investigation of nervous tissue can be made by taking tissue samples of nerves, skin, muscle, rectum, dental pulp and brain. The choice of site for the biopsy depends on the results of previous clinical neurological, neurophysiological and biochemical investigations. Indications are: unexplained peripheral neuropathies, progressive degenerative diseases of the central nervous system and enzymopathies which are principally manifest in the nervous system (neurometabolic diseases). The result of a nerve tissue biopsy usually only leads to classification in a disease group (pathogenic unit) which only becomes diagnostically relevant in conjunction with the clinical data. In biopsies of the brain a virological examination should always be performed in addition to the morphological (light and electron microscopic) and biochemical investigation.", "PMID": 408621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4731", "title": "[Neuroophthalmological diagnosis today (author's transl)].", "content": "The standard investigations in neuroophthalmological diagnosis (inspection of the eye for accomodation, determination of visual acuity, perimetry, ophthalmoscopy) are compared with special methods of investigation. Echography and computer tomography in orbital diseases and fluorescence angiography as a differential diagnostic aid in pathological findings in the papilla are dealt with in detail.", "contents": "[Neuroophthalmological diagnosis today (author's transl)]. The standard investigations in neuroophthalmological diagnosis (inspection of the eye for accomodation, determination of visual acuity, perimetry, ophthalmoscopy) are compared with special methods of investigation. Echography and computer tomography in orbital diseases and fluorescence angiography as a differential diagnostic aid in pathological findings in the papilla are dealt with in detail.", "PMID": 408623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4732", "title": "[Reduced radiation sensitivity of hyperthyroid goiter with endocrine ophthalmopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The therapeutic success of fractionated radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroid patients with and without endocrine ophthalmopathy is examined. To achieve a stable euthyroid metabolism, patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy generally need a greater number of treatments with a necessarily higher total dose of radioiodine and longer duration of treatment than hyperthyroid patients without endocrine ophthalmopathy. The average age, the average uptake of 131l and the serum concentration of free T4 were comparable in both groups of patients. A struma nodosa was more frequently found in the group of hyperthyroid patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy than in hyperthyroid patients without exophthalmus.", "contents": "[Reduced radiation sensitivity of hyperthyroid goiter with endocrine ophthalmopathy (author's transl)]. The therapeutic success of fractionated radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroid patients with and without endocrine ophthalmopathy is examined. To achieve a stable euthyroid metabolism, patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy generally need a greater number of treatments with a necessarily higher total dose of radioiodine and longer duration of treatment than hyperthyroid patients without endocrine ophthalmopathy. The average age, the average uptake of 131l and the serum concentration of free T4 were comparable in both groups of patients. A struma nodosa was more frequently found in the group of hyperthyroid patients with endocrine ophthalmopathy than in hyperthyroid patients without exophthalmus.", "PMID": 408626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4733", "title": "[Studies on the clinical application of peritoneography (author's transl)].", "content": "Peritoneography is the radiological presentation of the peritoneal cavity or a part of it. In 20 patients a water-soluble contrast medium (Urovison for infusion 30%, 500 ml) was injected after addition of indifferent infusion solutions, or the contrast medium was mixed with the ascitic fluid remaining in the cavity after abdominal puncture of patients with ascites. In all 20 patients the diaphragm and the liver or its right lobe, in 16 patients (50%) the spleen, in 8 patients (40%) the right kidney and in 5 patients (25%) the fundus of the gall bladder could be defined. The filling of hernial sacs, outlining extraluminal tumors and the subphrenic space are considered to be the most important clinical indications for this simple and harmless method investigation.", "contents": "[Studies on the clinical application of peritoneography (author's transl)]. Peritoneography is the radiological presentation of the peritoneal cavity or a part of it. In 20 patients a water-soluble contrast medium (Urovison for infusion 30%, 500 ml) was injected after addition of indifferent infusion solutions, or the contrast medium was mixed with the ascitic fluid remaining in the cavity after abdominal puncture of patients with ascites. In all 20 patients the diaphragm and the liver or its right lobe, in 16 patients (50%) the spleen, in 8 patients (40%) the right kidney and in 5 patients (25%) the fundus of the gall bladder could be defined. The filling of hernial sacs, outlining extraluminal tumors and the subphrenic space are considered to be the most important clinical indications for this simple and harmless method investigation.", "PMID": 408628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4734", "title": "[The significance of intraoperative bacteriological findings in operations on the gallbladder and biliary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "The symptomless bacterial contamination of the biliary tree is apt to be the origin of general or local postoperative complications. The present retrospective study of 369 bilary operations with intraoperative bacteriologica investigations yielded the following results: septic wound complications were found in 9% of the cases with bacteriocholia against 3.5% in the cases with abacterial bile. In geriatric patients with complicated gallstone disease the bacterial contamination of the bile exceeds 50% of all cases. The importance of an adequate antibiotic treatment for this group, starting intraoperatively, is stressed.", "contents": "[The significance of intraoperative bacteriological findings in operations on the gallbladder and biliary tract (author's transl)]. The symptomless bacterial contamination of the biliary tree is apt to be the origin of general or local postoperative complications. The present retrospective study of 369 bilary operations with intraoperative bacteriologica investigations yielded the following results: septic wound complications were found in 9% of the cases with bacteriocholia against 3.5% in the cases with abacterial bile. In geriatric patients with complicated gallstone disease the bacterial contamination of the bile exceeds 50% of all cases. The importance of an adequate antibiotic treatment for this group, starting intraoperatively, is stressed.", "PMID": 408629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4735", "title": "[Allergic vasculitis with arthritis due to bactrim allergy (author's transl)].", "content": "A new type of Bactrim allergy is reported for the first time. purpura caused by allergic vasculitis together with arthritis occurred in a 71-year-old man. Thrombocyte counts and global coagulation were normal.", "contents": "[Allergic vasculitis with arthritis due to bactrim allergy (author's transl)]. A new type of Bactrim allergy is reported for the first time. purpura caused by allergic vasculitis together with arthritis occurred in a 71-year-old man. Thrombocyte counts and global coagulation were normal.", "PMID": 408630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4736", "title": "[The effect of Aspisol on platelet function after vascular surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "We found increased aggregation of thrombocytes in more than two thirds of the patients with vascular processes referred to us for vascular reconstruction. But even in patients with normal preoperative thrombocyte aggregation (control group), the aggregaiton is increased in three quarters of the cases portoperatively. Therefore in all vascular operations we have changed over to a therapy for the inhibition of thrombocyte aggregation according to the following scheme: intravenous injection of 2 ampoules Aspisol on the evening before the operation, 2 ampoules Aspisol in the morning and evening of the day of the operation and 1 ampoule Aspisol in the morning and evening on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd day after the operation, overlapping with 1 Colfarit tablet given orally 3 times a day from the 2nd day after the operation.", "contents": "[The effect of Aspisol on platelet function after vascular surgery (author's transl)]. We found increased aggregation of thrombocytes in more than two thirds of the patients with vascular processes referred to us for vascular reconstruction. But even in patients with normal preoperative thrombocyte aggregation (control group), the aggregaiton is increased in three quarters of the cases portoperatively. Therefore in all vascular operations we have changed over to a therapy for the inhibition of thrombocyte aggregation according to the following scheme: intravenous injection of 2 ampoules Aspisol on the evening before the operation, 2 ampoules Aspisol in the morning and evening of the day of the operation and 1 ampoule Aspisol in the morning and evening on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd day after the operation, overlapping with 1 Colfarit tablet given orally 3 times a day from the 2nd day after the operation.", "PMID": 408631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4737", "title": "[Advances in sphygmomanometry (author's transl)].", "content": "Problems of the accuracy and reliability of Riva-Rocci's non-invasive method of measuring blood pressure always arise when the cuff does not fit well, i.e. with a very conical upper limb, adiposity or in neonates or patients in shock. From thorough clinical investigations it appeared that the cuff used for blood pressure measurements in adults and the few models for neonates and children are too inaccurate. The cuff must enclose the limb completely and have a minimum ratio of breadth to length of 1 : 3. An integral inflatable cuff unit has been developed and clinically tested in our laboratory during the last two years. It consists of a heat-sealed polyolefine film.", "contents": "[Advances in sphygmomanometry (author's transl)]. Problems of the accuracy and reliability of Riva-Rocci's non-invasive method of measuring blood pressure always arise when the cuff does not fit well, i.e. with a very conical upper limb, adiposity or in neonates or patients in shock. From thorough clinical investigations it appeared that the cuff used for blood pressure measurements in adults and the few models for neonates and children are too inaccurate. The cuff must enclose the limb completely and have a minimum ratio of breadth to length of 1 : 3. An integral inflatable cuff unit has been developed and clinically tested in our laboratory during the last two years. It consists of a heat-sealed polyolefine film.", "PMID": 408633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4738", "title": "[Ultrasonic methods in the differential diagnosis of the \"postcholecystectomy syndrome\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"postcholecystectomy syndrome\" as a collective term for all upper abdominal complaints following cholecystectomy is a common clinical picture. For the purpose of clarification the easily practicable sonography offers itself in addition to conventional cholangiography and to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP). By means of echography, pathological changes in the upper abdominal organs can be detected or excluded. Chronologically, echography should be carried out at the beginning of diagnosis as an informative, harmless and rapid method. The most invasive investigations can then be omitted or performed specifically as required.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic methods in the differential diagnosis of the \"postcholecystectomy syndrome\" (author's transl)]. The \"postcholecystectomy syndrome\" as a collective term for all upper abdominal complaints following cholecystectomy is a common clinical picture. For the purpose of clarification the easily practicable sonography offers itself in addition to conventional cholangiography and to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP). By means of echography, pathological changes in the upper abdominal organs can be detected or excluded. Chronologically, echography should be carried out at the beginning of diagnosis as an informative, harmless and rapid method. The most invasive investigations can then be omitted or performed specifically as required.", "PMID": 408634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4739", "title": "[Angiocinematography of cerebral circulatory disturbances using angiografin (author's transl)].", "content": "The arterial flow rate in the three superficial groups of branches of the middle cerebral artery was determined angiocinematographically in 37 hemispheres of 24 patients. In 10 hemispheres of patients with cerebrovascular diseases the arterial flow rate in the corresponding group of branches was lowered to a statistically significant extent. The importance of the choice of contrast medium is emphasized and that used in our investigations, Angiografin, dealt with in more detail. The diagnostic value of conventional determination of cerebral circulation time from serial angiograms is questioned and compared with the results of angiocinematographic investigation.", "contents": "[Angiocinematography of cerebral circulatory disturbances using angiografin (author's transl)]. The arterial flow rate in the three superficial groups of branches of the middle cerebral artery was determined angiocinematographically in 37 hemispheres of 24 patients. In 10 hemispheres of patients with cerebrovascular diseases the arterial flow rate in the corresponding group of branches was lowered to a statistically significant extent. The importance of the choice of contrast medium is emphasized and that used in our investigations, Angiografin, dealt with in more detail. The diagnostic value of conventional determination of cerebral circulation time from serial angiograms is questioned and compared with the results of angiocinematographic investigation.", "PMID": 408635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4740", "title": "[Improvement of the preoperative localization technique in the surgery of hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility of preoperatively localizing overactive parathyroid adenoma by measuring the difference in parathormone levels in selective blood samples from the thyroid venous plexus and from the periphery (large veins) by radioimmunoassay has brought a decisive advance in parathyroid surgery. We report our experience with this preoperative localization technique, which we have used in 10 patients.", "contents": "[Improvement of the preoperative localization technique in the surgery of hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)]. The possibility of preoperatively localizing overactive parathyroid adenoma by measuring the difference in parathormone levels in selective blood samples from the thyroid venous plexus and from the periphery (large veins) by radioimmunoassay has brought a decisive advance in parathyroid surgery. We report our experience with this preoperative localization technique, which we have used in 10 patients.", "PMID": 408640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4741", "title": "[Complications and lethality after kidney grafts (author's transl)].", "content": "Similarly good survival rates were obtained in 113 patients with kidneys transplanted from deceased persons as with patients on home dialysis. The retrospective study showed that fatal complications were not predominantly caused by septic diseases running fateful courses under immunosuppression, but by risk factors which were not recognized soon enough or were incorrectly treated. In our opinion, with careful preparation and supervision of these patients, even in the still unsatisfactory state of immunosuppressive therapy, the possibility exists of carrying out renal grafting without increased risk of mortality compared with dialysis treatment.", "contents": "[Complications and lethality after kidney grafts (author's transl)]. Similarly good survival rates were obtained in 113 patients with kidneys transplanted from deceased persons as with patients on home dialysis. The retrospective study showed that fatal complications were not predominantly caused by septic diseases running fateful courses under immunosuppression, but by risk factors which were not recognized soon enough or were incorrectly treated. In our opinion, with careful preparation and supervision of these patients, even in the still unsatisfactory state of immunosuppressive therapy, the possibility exists of carrying out renal grafting without increased risk of mortality compared with dialysis treatment.", "PMID": 408641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4742", "title": "[Behavior of the serum titer after treatment with mebendazole in guinea-pigs infected with trichinella spiralis (author's transl)].", "content": "The behavior of the IFT serum titer in 80 guinea-pigs, experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis, was tested before and after treatment with mebendazole for 6 months. For 14 consecutive days each animal was drenched with 40 mg mebendazole/kg bw on the 25th, 35th and 45th day after infection. After the 2 weeks therapy, living trichinella larvae were not found in any of the 3 treated groups of guinea-pigs. On the other hand even after 6 months viable larvae were found in the muscular tissue of the control animals. Within the first two months p.i. the titers were rising equally in both treated and untreated animals. Only then did the titer in the treated animals decrease markedly, whereas it fell gradually in the controls. After 6 months both groups were negative in the IFT.", "contents": "[Behavior of the serum titer after treatment with mebendazole in guinea-pigs infected with trichinella spiralis (author's transl)]. The behavior of the IFT serum titer in 80 guinea-pigs, experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis, was tested before and after treatment with mebendazole for 6 months. For 14 consecutive days each animal was drenched with 40 mg mebendazole/kg bw on the 25th, 35th and 45th day after infection. After the 2 weeks therapy, living trichinella larvae were not found in any of the 3 treated groups of guinea-pigs. On the other hand even after 6 months viable larvae were found in the muscular tissue of the control animals. Within the first two months p.i. the titers were rising equally in both treated and untreated animals. Only then did the titer in the treated animals decrease markedly, whereas it fell gradually in the controls. After 6 months both groups were negative in the IFT.", "PMID": 408642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4743", "title": "[Viruses as causal agents of gastroenteritis in infants and young children (author's transl)].", "content": "Electron microscopic examination of stool samples from 195 infants and young children with acute gastroenteritis revealed rota virus in 31 samples (= 16%), corona virus in 44 samples (= 23%) and adenovirus in 13 samples (= 7%). Viruses were excreted for between 4 and 8 days in patients infected with rota virus and corona virus respectively. An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in a premature baby unit with 24 cases is reported: corona virus was found in the stools of 15 infants. It is suggested that corona virus as well as rota virus may cause gastroenteritis in infants and small children.", "contents": "[Viruses as causal agents of gastroenteritis in infants and young children (author's transl)]. Electron microscopic examination of stool samples from 195 infants and young children with acute gastroenteritis revealed rota virus in 31 samples (= 16%), corona virus in 44 samples (= 23%) and adenovirus in 13 samples (= 7%). Viruses were excreted for between 4 and 8 days in patients infected with rota virus and corona virus respectively. An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in a premature baby unit with 24 cases is reported: corona virus was found in the stools of 15 infants. It is suggested that corona virus as well as rota virus may cause gastroenteritis in infants and small children.", "PMID": 408644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4744", "title": "[The frequency of chronic and terminal renal insufficiency in childhood. Results of an inquiry in Bavaria (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of chronic renal insufficiency in children and adolescents up to the age of 17 was found by an inquiry addressed to 6625 doctors practising in Bavaria. The survey extended over an observation period of 5 years (1969-1974). According to the results, the frequency of chronic renal insufficiency in the age groups stated was calculated to be 8.7 per million inhabitants. An incidence of 0.83 per million inhabitants per year is to be expected for terminal renal insufficiency. From these figures the annual admissions for dialysis of patients aged between 0 and 17 years in Bavaria can be calculated at 9-13. To cater for these children with terminal renal insufficiency, the capacity must be increased from the present 10 to about 30 dialysis places in the next 5 years.", "contents": "[The frequency of chronic and terminal renal insufficiency in childhood. Results of an inquiry in Bavaria (author's transl)]. The frequency of chronic renal insufficiency in children and adolescents up to the age of 17 was found by an inquiry addressed to 6625 doctors practising in Bavaria. The survey extended over an observation period of 5 years (1969-1974). According to the results, the frequency of chronic renal insufficiency in the age groups stated was calculated to be 8.7 per million inhabitants. An incidence of 0.83 per million inhabitants per year is to be expected for terminal renal insufficiency. From these figures the annual admissions for dialysis of patients aged between 0 and 17 years in Bavaria can be calculated at 9-13. To cater for these children with terminal renal insufficiency, the capacity must be increased from the present 10 to about 30 dialysis places in the next 5 years.", "PMID": 408645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4745", "title": "[Bacteriological investigation of drains and catheters in pediatric surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "About 30% of 209 drains (wound drains, venous catheters, ureteral splints) from 92 pediatric surgical patients were contaminated with pathogens. 70% were sterile. E. coli and staphylococci were most frequently found. Wound drains after abdominal operations had the highest contamination rate at 70%, followed by ureteral splints with 50% and venous catheters with about 10%. Differences in the contamination rate in relation to the period of drainage could not be established. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. Giving antibiotics when pathogens have been detected in a wound drain is only recommended if this organism has also been found in other material from the patient. 2. If organisms are found in a venous catheter, a blood culture should always be carried out. 3. Antibiotic prophylaxis or topical treatment of the skin are not recommended. 4. Timely removal or changing of the catheter is the best prophylaxis against infection.", "contents": "[Bacteriological investigation of drains and catheters in pediatric surgery (author's transl)]. About 30% of 209 drains (wound drains, venous catheters, ureteral splints) from 92 pediatric surgical patients were contaminated with pathogens. 70% were sterile. E. coli and staphylococci were most frequently found. Wound drains after abdominal operations had the highest contamination rate at 70%, followed by ureteral splints with 50% and venous catheters with about 10%. Differences in the contamination rate in relation to the period of drainage could not be established. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. Giving antibiotics when pathogens have been detected in a wound drain is only recommended if this organism has also been found in other material from the patient. 2. If organisms are found in a venous catheter, a blood culture should always be carried out. 3. Antibiotic prophylaxis or topical treatment of the skin are not recommended. 4. Timely removal or changing of the catheter is the best prophylaxis against infection.", "PMID": 408646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4746", "title": "[Principles of treatment and nursing of children with diphtheria (author's transl)].", "content": "The principles of treatment of diphtheria are discussed: in the present epidemic situation, diphtheritic children must be admitted to a pediatric hospital. The children need at least 3 to 4 weeks, to a large extent strict, bed rest. The basic concepts of the treatment of both peripheral circulatory weaknesses and of myocardial damage are communicated. Glucocorticoids have proved their value in myocarditis. Prophylactic digitalization is to be rejected. Confirmed heart failure is a binding indication for digitalization. A causal therapy for para- and metadiphtheritic paralysis does not exist. All forms must be treated with antibiotics nowadays. In croup, tracheotomy must not be delayed too long. The nursing must be left the best staff only and requires, in addition to a fundamental knowledge of the disease picture, an exceptional empathy in the particular, especially psychic, situation of the sick children.", "contents": "[Principles of treatment and nursing of children with diphtheria (author's transl)]. The principles of treatment of diphtheria are discussed: in the present epidemic situation, diphtheritic children must be admitted to a pediatric hospital. The children need at least 3 to 4 weeks, to a large extent strict, bed rest. The basic concepts of the treatment of both peripheral circulatory weaknesses and of myocardial damage are communicated. Glucocorticoids have proved their value in myocarditis. Prophylactic digitalization is to be rejected. Confirmed heart failure is a binding indication for digitalization. A causal therapy for para- and metadiphtheritic paralysis does not exist. All forms must be treated with antibiotics nowadays. In croup, tracheotomy must not be delayed too long. The nursing must be left the best staff only and requires, in addition to a fundamental knowledge of the disease picture, an exceptional empathy in the particular, especially psychic, situation of the sick children.", "PMID": 408651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4747", "title": "[Pentazocine--an addiction problem? (author's transl)].", "content": "Pentazocine dependencies are rare. In a period of 5 years, 60 were notified. The majority of these were not dependent. Of 46 utilizable notifications, 38 were false, 5 had taken pentazocine only temporarily or not at all. 19 received it for chronic or recurrent pains, 13 were polytoxicomaniacs, and 1 patient could not be classified. Only 8 cases could be referred to as pentazocine-dependent. The dose for addicts and polytoxicomaniacs was 11 ampoules daily on the average, almost three times as high as that for patients with painful diseases. Pentazocine dependencies are considerably less of a problem than those of opiates used up to now: withdrawal symptoms are slight, neglect and social dangers need scarely be considered. \"Users\" generally only turn to pentazocine when a painful disease supervenes. Dependency practically never occurs with oral administration.", "contents": "[Pentazocine--an addiction problem? (author's transl)]. Pentazocine dependencies are rare. In a period of 5 years, 60 were notified. The majority of these were not dependent. Of 46 utilizable notifications, 38 were false, 5 had taken pentazocine only temporarily or not at all. 19 received it for chronic or recurrent pains, 13 were polytoxicomaniacs, and 1 patient could not be classified. Only 8 cases could be referred to as pentazocine-dependent. The dose for addicts and polytoxicomaniacs was 11 ampoules daily on the average, almost three times as high as that for patients with painful diseases. Pentazocine dependencies are considerably less of a problem than those of opiates used up to now: withdrawal symptoms are slight, neglect and social dangers need scarely be considered. \"Users\" generally only turn to pentazocine when a painful disease supervenes. Dependency practically never occurs with oral administration.", "PMID": 408653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4748", "title": "[The structure of drug costs. A criticism of monocausal explanation (author's transl)].", "content": "Proceeding from the arguments of a recent publication, an attempt is made to establish whether a monocausal assessment is fruitful in the explanation of the development of drug costs in the statutory health insurance. The question is raised whether the price increase for drugs is in fact the decisive variable determining the costs. This is denied on the grounds of a differential analysis of the causative variables involved and it is shown what role, besides price and quantity components, the innovation or structure effect plays in the development of drug costs.", "contents": "[The structure of drug costs. A criticism of monocausal explanation (author's transl)]. Proceeding from the arguments of a recent publication, an attempt is made to establish whether a monocausal assessment is fruitful in the explanation of the development of drug costs in the statutory health insurance. The question is raised whether the price increase for drugs is in fact the decisive variable determining the costs. This is denied on the grounds of a differential analysis of the causative variables involved and it is shown what role, besides price and quantity components, the innovation or structure effect plays in the development of drug costs.", "PMID": 408654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4749", "title": "[Clinical trial of a combination preparation of clonidine and cyclothiazide (author's transl)].", "content": "Three dosage combinations of clonidine and cyclothiazide were tested in at least 20 patients each, under clinical (4 weeks) and oupatients (longterm) conditions, in order to find a suitable combination with fewer side effects than the single drugs with at least equal efficacy for the longterm treatment of hypertension. The combination of 150 mcg clonidine and 2.5 mg cyclothiazide (Dimapres) in the form of a scored oblong sugar-coated tablet seems to satisfy these demands best and to be an optimal combination of clonidine and cyclothiazide. It is an antihypertensive agent which has shown particularly good results in mild and moderate hypertension, as demonstrated by daily measurement of blood pressure and ergometric tests.", "contents": "[Clinical trial of a combination preparation of clonidine and cyclothiazide (author's transl)]. Three dosage combinations of clonidine and cyclothiazide were tested in at least 20 patients each, under clinical (4 weeks) and oupatients (longterm) conditions, in order to find a suitable combination with fewer side effects than the single drugs with at least equal efficacy for the longterm treatment of hypertension. The combination of 150 mcg clonidine and 2.5 mg cyclothiazide (Dimapres) in the form of a scored oblong sugar-coated tablet seems to satisfy these demands best and to be an optimal combination of clonidine and cyclothiazide. It is an antihypertensive agent which has shown particularly good results in mild and moderate hypertension, as demonstrated by daily measurement of blood pressure and ergometric tests.", "PMID": 408656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4750", "title": "[The treatment of metastasizing hypernephroid (renal cell) carcinoma with medroxyprogesterone acetate (Clinovir) (author's transl].", "content": "15 patients with distant metastases of hypernephroid carcinoma were treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (usually 300 mg daily by mouth). In 5 patients the metastases showed slower growth, remained stationary or regressed somewhat under this treatment. But a complete regression of metastases could not be obtained. The treatment was very well tolerated. Monitoring the transaminases and alkaline phosphatase during treatment is to be recommended.", "contents": "[The treatment of metastasizing hypernephroid (renal cell) carcinoma with medroxyprogesterone acetate (Clinovir) (author's transl]. 15 patients with distant metastases of hypernephroid carcinoma were treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (usually 300 mg daily by mouth). In 5 patients the metastases showed slower growth, remained stationary or regressed somewhat under this treatment. But a complete regression of metastases could not be obtained. The treatment was very well tolerated. Monitoring the transaminases and alkaline phosphatase during treatment is to be recommended.", "PMID": 408657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4751", "title": "[Social medical aspects of hypertension problems (author's transl)].", "content": "There is no doubt of the need of and benefit from consistent longterm treatment of \"severe\" hypertension. To realize this is the urgent task. In view of the poor results of the usually lax handling of therapy hitherto an attempt should be made to motivate suitable patients to prolonged active participation in the treatment as part of a special course of clinical therapy.", "contents": "[Social medical aspects of hypertension problems (author's transl)]. There is no doubt of the need of and benefit from consistent longterm treatment of \"severe\" hypertension. To realize this is the urgent task. In view of the poor results of the usually lax handling of therapy hitherto an attempt should be made to motivate suitable patients to prolonged active participation in the treatment as part of a special course of clinical therapy.", "PMID": 408663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4752", "title": "[Immunosuppressive treatment of multiple sclerosis. 4. Results of treatment with azathioprine and antilymphocyte globulin (author's transl)].", "content": "During the long-term treatment with azathioprine of 79 patients suffering from MS there was a significant reduction in the relapse rate; the course of the disease was also favorabley influenced. In about one third of the patiens afflicted with the chronic progressive form of MS, there was no further progression. After conclusion of the treatment its favorable effect lasted for 1 to 2 years; then the disease worsened, and the relapse rate increased again. Treatment with antilymphocyte globulin and/or thoracic duct drainage in 18 patients led to impressive improvement or a stabilization of the neurological signs in those with a relapsing course. The chronic progressive course of MS was arrested in about two thirds of the patients. The effect of the treatment lasted from one to several years.", "contents": "[Immunosuppressive treatment of multiple sclerosis. 4. Results of treatment with azathioprine and antilymphocyte globulin (author's transl)]. During the long-term treatment with azathioprine of 79 patients suffering from MS there was a significant reduction in the relapse rate; the course of the disease was also favorabley influenced. In about one third of the patiens afflicted with the chronic progressive form of MS, there was no further progression. After conclusion of the treatment its favorable effect lasted for 1 to 2 years; then the disease worsened, and the relapse rate increased again. Treatment with antilymphocyte globulin and/or thoracic duct drainage in 18 patients led to impressive improvement or a stabilization of the neurological signs in those with a relapsing course. The chronic progressive course of MS was arrested in about two thirds of the patients. The effect of the treatment lasted from one to several years.", "PMID": 408666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4753", "title": "[Research in the campaign against leprosy (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Leprosy Relief through Leprosy Research\" means that the results of research are made available for curing and eradicating the disease. The \"Marinum Model\" and the \"planter test in mice\" are, along with determination of serum activity in healthy test subjects, part of a complex of experiments for the assessment of the therapeutic value of an antimycobacterial substance. This replaces the \"controlled studies\" which, in their proper form, are scarcely possible for leprosy. With the recently developed forms of combination therapy, the duration of leprosy treatment is reduced to a few years. Because of the relationship of Mycobacterium leprae to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, certain types of combination therapy can be used in both diseases at the same time.", "contents": "[Research in the campaign against leprosy (author's transl)]. \"Leprosy Relief through Leprosy Research\" means that the results of research are made available for curing and eradicating the disease. The \"Marinum Model\" and the \"planter test in mice\" are, along with determination of serum activity in healthy test subjects, part of a complex of experiments for the assessment of the therapeutic value of an antimycobacterial substance. This replaces the \"controlled studies\" which, in their proper form, are scarcely possible for leprosy. With the recently developed forms of combination therapy, the duration of leprosy treatment is reduced to a few years. Because of the relationship of Mycobacterium leprae to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, certain types of combination therapy can be used in both diseases at the same time.", "PMID": 408667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4754", "title": "[Rescue helicopter services for emergency treatment at the scene of the accident (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last three years 3639 emergencies were dealt with using the rescue helicopter \"Christoph 4\" in Hannover. Of these, 89.3% were primary flights to the scene of the accident to give qualified first aid by a medical team. The average distance to the scene of the accident was 20.8 km with an average flight time of 8.5 min. 2688 patients were treated by the helicopter crew. 89.8% of the patients had injuries of a severity of NACA (National Commitee for Aeronautics) 3 and more. Intubation and artificial respiration was carried out on 293 occasions. Shock treatment with blood substitute was given in 1593 cases. 30 resuscitations at the scene of the accident were successful.", "contents": "[Rescue helicopter services for emergency treatment at the scene of the accident (author's transl)]. During the last three years 3639 emergencies were dealt with using the rescue helicopter \"Christoph 4\" in Hannover. Of these, 89.3% were primary flights to the scene of the accident to give qualified first aid by a medical team. The average distance to the scene of the accident was 20.8 km with an average flight time of 8.5 min. 2688 patients were treated by the helicopter crew. 89.8% of the patients had injuries of a severity of NACA (National Commitee for Aeronautics) 3 and more. Intubation and artificial respiration was carried out on 293 occasions. Shock treatment with blood substitute was given in 1593 cases. 30 resuscitations at the scene of the accident were successful.", "PMID": 408669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4755", "title": "Sensitivity of wild type and recombination-deficient strains of Drosophila melanogaster to ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "The sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster to ultraviolet light has been studied in wild type and recombination-deficient strains. Survival was measured as the proportion of irradiated embryos or larvae which developed to adult flies. In view of the fact that males of this species do not participate in meiotic recombination, emphasis was placed on the relative sensitivity of males and females. The results show that young wild type male larvae are more sensitive to UV radiation than are young female larvae. This difference in sensitivity, however, is not apparent in some recombination-deficient strains. In addition, young embryos of the recombination-deficient strain Df(3)sbd105/T(2;E)Xa are exceptionally sensitive to UV radiation.", "contents": "Sensitivity of wild type and recombination-deficient strains of Drosophila melanogaster to ultraviolet radiation. The sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster to ultraviolet light has been studied in wild type and recombination-deficient strains. Survival was measured as the proportion of irradiated embryos or larvae which developed to adult flies. In view of the fact that males of this species do not participate in meiotic recombination, emphasis was placed on the relative sensitivity of males and females. The results show that young wild type male larvae are more sensitive to UV radiation than are young female larvae. This difference in sensitivity, however, is not apparent in some recombination-deficient strains. In addition, young embryos of the recombination-deficient strain Df(3)sbd105/T(2;E)Xa are exceptionally sensitive to UV radiation.", "PMID": 408677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4756", "title": "Chromosomal effects of carcinogens and non-carcinogens on WI-38 after short term exposures with and without metabolic activation.", "content": "The human diploid fibroblast culture, WI-38 was analyzed for chromosomal damage after 24 h exposures to benzo(a)pyrene (BP), 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), n-methyl-n'-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), pyrene and caffeine. A low concentration of 4NQO (0.15 micron) and MNNG (1.9 micron) produced breakage and exchange figures. A relatively high concentration of caffeine (1300 micron) caused breakage. The other compounds (BP, MCA and pyrene) caused little or no increase in damage above the control levels. A 1-h pulse exposure of WI-38 cells to BP (40 micron) in the presence of a rat liver homogenate supernate (S-9) resulted in damage significantly greater than the untreated cells or cells treated with BP alone. 4NQO (0.25 micron) produced exchange figures after a similar 1-h exposure, but this effect was eliminated by the S-9. A much higher concentration of caffeine (10,300 micron) was required to cause breakage greater than control levels after a one hour exposure. The results indicate a possible short term in vitro human cell system for distinguishing carcinogens, procarcinogens, and noncarcinogens.", "contents": "Chromosomal effects of carcinogens and non-carcinogens on WI-38 after short term exposures with and without metabolic activation. The human diploid fibroblast culture, WI-38 was analyzed for chromosomal damage after 24 h exposures to benzo(a)pyrene (BP), 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), n-methyl-n'-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), pyrene and caffeine. A low concentration of 4NQO (0.15 micron) and MNNG (1.9 micron) produced breakage and exchange figures. A relatively high concentration of caffeine (1300 micron) caused breakage. The other compounds (BP, MCA and pyrene) caused little or no increase in damage above the control levels. A 1-h pulse exposure of WI-38 cells to BP (40 micron) in the presence of a rat liver homogenate supernate (S-9) resulted in damage significantly greater than the untreated cells or cells treated with BP alone. 4NQO (0.25 micron) produced exchange figures after a similar 1-h exposure, but this effect was eliminated by the S-9. A much higher concentration of caffeine (10,300 micron) was required to cause breakage greater than control levels after a one hour exposure. The results indicate a possible short term in vitro human cell system for distinguishing carcinogens, procarcinogens, and noncarcinogens.", "PMID": 408680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4757", "title": "Clinical efficacy of meningococcus group A capsular polysaccharide vaccine in children three months to five years of age.", "content": "We performed field trials in the course of an epidemic in Finland to learn whether Group A memingococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine protects infants and young children from meningitis. The first trial involved 130,178 children between the ages of three months and five years; 49,295 children received the vaccine, 48,977 received a control Haemophilus influenzae Type b polysaccharide vaccine, and 31.906 remained unvaccinated. No cases of meningitis or sepsis caused by Group A meningococci were seen in the first year of observation among the children vaccinated with meningococcal vaccine whereas six occurred among those vaccinated with the H. influenzae vaccine and 13 among those not vaccinated. In the second trial 21,007 children of the same ages received the meningococcal vaccine. No cases caused by Group A occurred among those vaccinated, although five to seven would have been expected within the year. Meningococcal Group A vaccine appears efficacious in young infants and children.", "contents": "Clinical efficacy of meningococcus group A capsular polysaccharide vaccine in children three months to five years of age. We performed field trials in the course of an epidemic in Finland to learn whether Group A memingococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine protects infants and young children from meningitis. The first trial involved 130,178 children between the ages of three months and five years; 49,295 children received the vaccine, 48,977 received a control Haemophilus influenzae Type b polysaccharide vaccine, and 31.906 remained unvaccinated. No cases of meningitis or sepsis caused by Group A meningococci were seen in the first year of observation among the children vaccinated with meningococcal vaccine whereas six occurred among those vaccinated with the H. influenzae vaccine and 13 among those not vaccinated. In the second trial 21,007 children of the same ages received the meningococcal vaccine. No cases caused by Group A occurred among those vaccinated, although five to seven would have been expected within the year. Meningococcal Group A vaccine appears efficacious in young infants and children.", "PMID": 408682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4758", "title": "Association of Streptococcus bovis with carcinoma of the colon.", "content": "Two patients with colonic adenocarcinoma and Streptococcus bovis endocarditis suggested a possible association between the two. Non-enterococcal Group D streptococci were isolated from fecal cultures of 11 of 105 controls, 35 of 63 patients with carcinoma of the colon, seven of 25 with inflammatory bowel disease, four of 21 with non-colonic neoplasms and five of 37 with other gastrointestinal disorders. All such streptococci examined for lactose fermentation were S. bovis. The prevalence of S. bovis in fecal cultures from patients with carcinoma of the colon was significantly increased (P less than 0.001) as compared to that in controls, and also to all other groups (P less than 0.001). No other group had results significantly different from those of controls (P less than 0.05) although patients with inflammatory bowel disease were more frequently carriers. The carrier state was unrelated to age, hospitalization status, colonic stasis, gastrointestinal bleeding or recent barium-enema examination. The implications of this association are unknown.", "contents": "Association of Streptococcus bovis with carcinoma of the colon. Two patients with colonic adenocarcinoma and Streptococcus bovis endocarditis suggested a possible association between the two. Non-enterococcal Group D streptococci were isolated from fecal cultures of 11 of 105 controls, 35 of 63 patients with carcinoma of the colon, seven of 25 with inflammatory bowel disease, four of 21 with non-colonic neoplasms and five of 37 with other gastrointestinal disorders. All such streptococci examined for lactose fermentation were S. bovis. The prevalence of S. bovis in fecal cultures from patients with carcinoma of the colon was significantly increased (P less than 0.001) as compared to that in controls, and also to all other groups (P less than 0.001). No other group had results significantly different from those of controls (P less than 0.05) although patients with inflammatory bowel disease were more frequently carriers. The carrier state was unrelated to age, hospitalization status, colonic stasis, gastrointestinal bleeding or recent barium-enema examination. The implications of this association are unknown.", "PMID": 408687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4759", "title": "Solubilizing effect of Trition X-100 on melanosome tyrosinase in hamster pigmented melanoma.", "content": "A study was made on the effect of Triton X-100 in different concentrations on the tyrosinase activity of two differently pigmented melanosome fractions of pigmented hamster melanoma, obtained by gradient centrifugation. Release of considerable tyrosinase activity was established spectrophotometrically in the supernatant of the treated melanosomes. The release of enzyme activity after treatment of the melanosome is probably due to a change in the permeability of the melanosome structures under the effect of the non-ionic detergent Trition X-100. A direct activating effect of Trition X-100 on the particulate enzyme should be excluded, since inhibition of DOPA-oxidase activity was established in the soluble tyrosinase fraction.", "contents": "Solubilizing effect of Trition X-100 on melanosome tyrosinase in hamster pigmented melanoma. A study was made on the effect of Triton X-100 in different concentrations on the tyrosinase activity of two differently pigmented melanosome fractions of pigmented hamster melanoma, obtained by gradient centrifugation. Release of considerable tyrosinase activity was established spectrophotometrically in the supernatant of the treated melanosomes. The release of enzyme activity after treatment of the melanosome is probably due to a change in the permeability of the melanosome structures under the effect of the non-ionic detergent Trition X-100. A direct activating effect of Trition X-100 on the particulate enzyme should be excluded, since inhibition of DOPA-oxidase activity was established in the soluble tyrosinase fraction.", "PMID": 408715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4760", "title": "Immunofluorescent studies of urinary casts.", "content": "Immunofluorescent staining of urinary casts of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis or with acute renal failure was performed. Urinary and cast Tamm-Horsfall mucoproteins were purified by a modified McQueen's method. Rabbits were immunized by both of these materials to obtain antisera. The antigenic specificity of the prepared material was examined by Ouchterlony gel diffusion method and immunoelectrophoresis. Indirect and direct immunofluorescent staining methods were done using Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein antiserum and FITC-GARG, FITC-labelled IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and albumin. Hyaline casts of both chronic glomerulonephritis and acute renal failure demonstrated fluorescence with Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein antiserum. The nature of the granular casts of chronic glomerulonephritis seemed to be different from those of acute renal failure because the granules of the former fluoresced for some serum protein fractions, but the latter fluoresced only for Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein. The absence of fluorescence with epithelial casts for any serum protein fractions implied a different pathogenesis for epithelial casts as compared to granular casts, contrary to Lippman's assumption. A routine technique of immunofluorescent staining of urinary casts was developed. The interpretation of urinary casts should be more specific by this new technique.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent studies of urinary casts. Immunofluorescent staining of urinary casts of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis or with acute renal failure was performed. Urinary and cast Tamm-Horsfall mucoproteins were purified by a modified McQueen's method. Rabbits were immunized by both of these materials to obtain antisera. The antigenic specificity of the prepared material was examined by Ouchterlony gel diffusion method and immunoelectrophoresis. Indirect and direct immunofluorescent staining methods were done using Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein antiserum and FITC-GARG, FITC-labelled IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and albumin. Hyaline casts of both chronic glomerulonephritis and acute renal failure demonstrated fluorescence with Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein antiserum. The nature of the granular casts of chronic glomerulonephritis seemed to be different from those of acute renal failure because the granules of the former fluoresced for some serum protein fractions, but the latter fluoresced only for Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein. The absence of fluorescence with epithelial casts for any serum protein fractions implied a different pathogenesis for epithelial casts as compared to granular casts, contrary to Lippman's assumption. A routine technique of immunofluorescent staining of urinary casts was developed. The interpretation of urinary casts should be more specific by this new technique.", "PMID": 408719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4761", "title": "Occult thoracic and sacral meningoceles.", "content": "Two cases of occult meningoceles are reported. The first case exhibited a combination of thoracic meningocele and neurofibromatosis with additional generalised osteomalacia. The second case was an anterior sacral meningocele. Based on these reports pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy are discussed. The importance of myelography for the diagnosis of this condition and the indications for operative treatment are pointed out.", "contents": "Occult thoracic and sacral meningoceles. Two cases of occult meningoceles are reported. The first case exhibited a combination of thoracic meningocele and neurofibromatosis with additional generalised osteomalacia. The second case was an anterior sacral meningocele. Based on these reports pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy are discussed. The importance of myelography for the diagnosis of this condition and the indications for operative treatment are pointed out.", "PMID": 408720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4762", "title": "Plasma growth hormone and cortisol changes following limbic stimulation in conscious monkeys.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid nuclei in conscious monkeys sufficient to produce after-discharge was found also to produce a prompt and usually large increase in plasma growth hormone (GH) levels if prestimulation values were low and stable. Plasma GH responses were observed to parallel and slightly precede changes in serum cortisol. Stimulation of the temporal tip of the hippocampus, just posterior to the amygdala, did not produce elevations of GH or cortisol despite the spread of after-discharge activity to the amygdala.", "contents": "Plasma growth hormone and cortisol changes following limbic stimulation in conscious monkeys. Electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid nuclei in conscious monkeys sufficient to produce after-discharge was found also to produce a prompt and usually large increase in plasma growth hormone (GH) levels if prestimulation values were low and stable. Plasma GH responses were observed to parallel and slightly precede changes in serum cortisol. Stimulation of the temporal tip of the hippocampus, just posterior to the amygdala, did not produce elevations of GH or cortisol despite the spread of after-discharge activity to the amygdala.", "PMID": 408725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4763", "title": "Temporal patterns of vasopressin release following electrical stimulation of the amygdala and the neuroendocrine pathway in the monkey.", "content": "To evaluate a possible role of the amygdala (Amyg) in the neural control of arginine vasopressin (AVP) release, adult female monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with electrodes chronically implanted in the Amyg, hypothalamus and pituitary gland were given 5% dextrose and water infusions and were stimulated electrically at these sites. Immediately before and after, and at 5, 10, 15 and 30 min intervals following electrical stimulation, blood samples were withdrawn from unanesthetized monkeys, through implanted cardiac cannulae, for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of plasma AVP and for plasma osmolality determination. In the Amyg-stimulated monkeys, plasma AVP rose rapidly to peak values at the end of stimulation followed by an abrupt post-stimulation fall to control levels in 30 min. A small yet significant rise in plasma osmolality was also observed. Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland yielded a temporal pattern of plasma AVP rise and fall identical to that seen following Amyg stimulation. Blood sampling, precisely timed to the onset and end of the stimulus train, was important in capturing the rise and fall in plasma AVP. Stimulus intensity determined the magnitude of plasma AVP elevation at each of these sites, with the highest current densities yielding the highest levels of plasma AVP. It is suggested that the Amyg may be involved in the neural triggering of AVP release from the neurohypophysis.", "contents": "Temporal patterns of vasopressin release following electrical stimulation of the amygdala and the neuroendocrine pathway in the monkey. To evaluate a possible role of the amygdala (Amyg) in the neural control of arginine vasopressin (AVP) release, adult female monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with electrodes chronically implanted in the Amyg, hypothalamus and pituitary gland were given 5% dextrose and water infusions and were stimulated electrically at these sites. Immediately before and after, and at 5, 10, 15 and 30 min intervals following electrical stimulation, blood samples were withdrawn from unanesthetized monkeys, through implanted cardiac cannulae, for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of plasma AVP and for plasma osmolality determination. In the Amyg-stimulated monkeys, plasma AVP rose rapidly to peak values at the end of stimulation followed by an abrupt post-stimulation fall to control levels in 30 min. A small yet significant rise in plasma osmolality was also observed. Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland yielded a temporal pattern of plasma AVP rise and fall identical to that seen following Amyg stimulation. Blood sampling, precisely timed to the onset and end of the stimulus train, was important in capturing the rise and fall in plasma AVP. Stimulus intensity determined the magnitude of plasma AVP elevation at each of these sites, with the highest current densities yielding the highest levels of plasma AVP. It is suggested that the Amyg may be involved in the neural triggering of AVP release from the neurohypophysis.", "PMID": 408726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4764", "title": "Thyrotropin and prolactin response to intraspinal TRH administration in man.", "content": "The effect of intraspinal (i.s.) TRH administration of Prolactin (Prl) and thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH) serum levels was studied in order to verify the existence of a ventricular route in man for releasing factor delivery to the anterior pituitary, which has been previously reported in rats. Ten young male subjects were given 200 microgram thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) i.s. injections and Prl and TSH were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) before and at various times after TRH administration. In the same subjects, an i.v. TRH test was also performed. After i.s. TRH, a prompt Prl increase (peak values at 10-30 min and return to baseline within 150 min) and a delayed increase (3-5 h following TRH injection) were observed in 7 and 5 subjects respectively, while an early elevation in serum TSH occurred in 6 subjects and a late one in other 6. In two subjects, a biphasic response of both tropins was present. Prl and TSH response to i.v. TRH was within the normal range in all cases; no late rise of the 2 hormones was observed. A kinetic experiment with 125I-TRH was also carried out to elucidate the mode of i.s. vs i.v. TRH action. These results confirm in man data reported in animals which suggest that TRH can be transported from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the portal system and the hypophysis.", "contents": "Thyrotropin and prolactin response to intraspinal TRH administration in man. The effect of intraspinal (i.s.) TRH administration of Prolactin (Prl) and thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH) serum levels was studied in order to verify the existence of a ventricular route in man for releasing factor delivery to the anterior pituitary, which has been previously reported in rats. Ten young male subjects were given 200 microgram thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) i.s. injections and Prl and TSH were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) before and at various times after TRH administration. In the same subjects, an i.v. TRH test was also performed. After i.s. TRH, a prompt Prl increase (peak values at 10-30 min and return to baseline within 150 min) and a delayed increase (3-5 h following TRH injection) were observed in 7 and 5 subjects respectively, while an early elevation in serum TSH occurred in 6 subjects and a late one in other 6. In two subjects, a biphasic response of both tropins was present. Prl and TSH response to i.v. TRH was within the normal range in all cases; no late rise of the 2 hormones was observed. A kinetic experiment with 125I-TRH was also carried out to elucidate the mode of i.s. vs i.v. TRH action. These results confirm in man data reported in animals which suggest that TRH can be transported from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the portal system and the hypophysis.", "PMID": 408727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4765", "title": "[Use of propanidid in bioelectrical brain activation].", "content": "The purpose of the study was evaluation of propanidid as an agent activating the bioelectric activity of the brain. Examinations were carried out in 200 patients. In patients with generalized epileptic seizures a positive result of activation trial was obtained in 92,8% of the cases. In cases of focal epilepsy, temporal or not temporal, administration of propanidid revealed or increased pathological focal activity all. Activation permitted also brain tumours to be localized more precisely. In patients with cerebraal circulatory disturbances the activating effect of propanidid was observed in 82,8% of the cases. The drug is suitable for outpatient practice and for follow-up examinations.", "contents": "[Use of propanidid in bioelectrical brain activation]. The purpose of the study was evaluation of propanidid as an agent activating the bioelectric activity of the brain. Examinations were carried out in 200 patients. In patients with generalized epileptic seizures a positive result of activation trial was obtained in 92,8% of the cases. In cases of focal epilepsy, temporal or not temporal, administration of propanidid revealed or increased pathological focal activity all. Activation permitted also brain tumours to be localized more precisely. In patients with cerebraal circulatory disturbances the activating effect of propanidid was observed in 82,8% of the cases. The drug is suitable for outpatient practice and for follow-up examinations.", "PMID": 408721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4766", "title": "[Comparison between thiopental and brietal in the activation electrocorticographic records in epileptics].", "content": "For activation of electrocorticographic records the authors administered intravenously thiopental or Brietal to 86 patients undergoing operations for various types of focal epilepsy. Thiopental was administered either in intravenous drip infusion as 0.2% solution, or in a single injection of 2.5% solution. Brietal was injected as 1% solution intravenously. Thiopental activated electrocorticographic tracings in 56.3% and Brietal in 84% of the patients. In the conclusions the authors stress that both these agents may be used for activation of pathological discharges in ECoG in patients with epilepsy operated upon under general anaesthesia. Brietal seems to be better and it may be administered many times.", "contents": "[Comparison between thiopental and brietal in the activation electrocorticographic records in epileptics]. For activation of electrocorticographic records the authors administered intravenously thiopental or Brietal to 86 patients undergoing operations for various types of focal epilepsy. Thiopental was administered either in intravenous drip infusion as 0.2% solution, or in a single injection of 2.5% solution. Brietal was injected as 1% solution intravenously. Thiopental activated electrocorticographic tracings in 56.3% and Brietal in 84% of the patients. In the conclusions the authors stress that both these agents may be used for activation of pathological discharges in ECoG in patients with epilepsy operated upon under general anaesthesia. Brietal seems to be better and it may be administered many times.", "PMID": 408722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4767", "title": "The intra-arterial injection of Iskedyl for hyperselective vascular exploration.", "content": "The development of spasm with the introduction of catheters into very small calibered arteries has tended to interfere with routine superselective catheterization. To overcome this problem the vasodilating drug Iskedyl, which containes raubasine 6.25 mg and dihydroergosistine 0.3125 mg in an ampule of 2.5 ml, has been injected into the artery being manipulated. The study was conducted on 112 patients undergoing hyperselective explorations of intracranial, thoracic, abdominal and peripheral arteries of small caliber and the results have been most gratifying and encouraging.", "contents": "The intra-arterial injection of Iskedyl for hyperselective vascular exploration. The development of spasm with the introduction of catheters into very small calibered arteries has tended to interfere with routine superselective catheterization. To overcome this problem the vasodilating drug Iskedyl, which containes raubasine 6.25 mg and dihydroergosistine 0.3125 mg in an ampule of 2.5 ml, has been injected into the artery being manipulated. The study was conducted on 112 patients undergoing hyperselective explorations of intracranial, thoracic, abdominal and peripheral arteries of small caliber and the results have been most gratifying and encouraging.", "PMID": 408732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4768", "title": "Phenylethylamine and cerebral blood flow. Possible involvement of phenylethylamine in migraine.", "content": "Phenylethylamine can initiate migraine-type headaches in susceptible individuals. Migraine sufferers have a reduced ability to deaminate all monoamines, but particularly phenylethylamine. Phenylethylamine readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and thus could be a mediator of the cerebrovascular disturbances seen in migraine attacks. Cerebral blood flow was measured in 15 anesthetized baboons by the intracarotid 133Xe clearance technique. Phenylethylamine (4 x 10(-7) moles.kg-1min-1) produced significant increases in cerebral blood flow (36 percent) and cerebral oxygen consumption (45 percent) during the first 40 minutes of infusion. In contrast, an increased phenylethylamine concentration (2 X 10(-6) moles.kg-1min-1) constricted the cerebral bed (cerebral blood flow reduced by 28 percent). The response of the cerebral circulation to hypercapnia was preserved during the infusion. Phenylethylamine thus is capable of producing in an experimental animal a pattern of cerebrovascular events similar to those seen in migraine.", "contents": "Phenylethylamine and cerebral blood flow. Possible involvement of phenylethylamine in migraine. Phenylethylamine can initiate migraine-type headaches in susceptible individuals. Migraine sufferers have a reduced ability to deaminate all monoamines, but particularly phenylethylamine. Phenylethylamine readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and thus could be a mediator of the cerebrovascular disturbances seen in migraine attacks. Cerebral blood flow was measured in 15 anesthetized baboons by the intracarotid 133Xe clearance technique. Phenylethylamine (4 x 10(-7) moles.kg-1min-1) produced significant increases in cerebral blood flow (36 percent) and cerebral oxygen consumption (45 percent) during the first 40 minutes of infusion. In contrast, an increased phenylethylamine concentration (2 X 10(-6) moles.kg-1min-1) constricted the cerebral bed (cerebral blood flow reduced by 28 percent). The response of the cerebral circulation to hypercapnia was preserved during the infusion. Phenylethylamine thus is capable of producing in an experimental animal a pattern of cerebrovascular events similar to those seen in migraine.", "PMID": 408734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4769", "title": "Regional distribution of mast cells containing histamine, dopamine, or 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mammalian brain.", "content": "Brain mast cells were studied in mice, rats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, cats, cows, monkeys, and humans with use of a variety of techniques. They were localized by staining with Astrablau or by toluidine blue-induced metachromasia and characterized by their ultrastructural appearance and by the presence of histochemically demonstrable histamine (o-phthaldiadehyde fluorescence method). The identity of the fluorophore was secured by microspectrofluorometry. Mast cells in brain usually had a perivascular localization but were also found scattered in the parenchyma. The regional variations in the number of mast cells agreed with the histamine concentration as measured fluorometrically. The variation was in the order leptomeninges greater than hypothalamus greater than cerebral cortex = mesencephalon greater than cerebellum = brain stem. In addition to histamine, murine mast cells stored serotonin, whereas bovine mast cells contained dopamine, visualized histochemically by the formaldehyde technique.", "contents": "Regional distribution of mast cells containing histamine, dopamine, or 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mammalian brain. Brain mast cells were studied in mice, rats, rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, cats, cows, monkeys, and humans with use of a variety of techniques. They were localized by staining with Astrablau or by toluidine blue-induced metachromasia and characterized by their ultrastructural appearance and by the presence of histochemically demonstrable histamine (o-phthaldiadehyde fluorescence method). The identity of the fluorophore was secured by microspectrofluorometry. Mast cells in brain usually had a perivascular localization but were also found scattered in the parenchyma. The regional variations in the number of mast cells agreed with the histamine concentration as measured fluorometrically. The variation was in the order leptomeninges greater than hypothalamus greater than cerebral cortex = mesencephalon greater than cerebellum = brain stem. In addition to histamine, murine mast cells stored serotonin, whereas bovine mast cells contained dopamine, visualized histochemically by the formaldehyde technique.", "PMID": 408735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4770", "title": "Febrile convulsions followed by nonfebrile convulsions. A clinical, electroencephalographic and follow-up study.", "content": "103 patients with febrile convulsions followed by nonfebrile convulsions and 512 patients with febrile convulsions only (FC group) under 5 years of age at the first examination were analyzed from many aspects. A trimodal curve in distribution by age at onset of nonfebrile convulsions was seen: 2--3 years of age with occasional grand mal, 5--6 years of age with absence, and 12 years of age with awakening grand mal. Specific EEG abnormality was observed in 40% at the first examination (29% in FC group). Typical or atypical spike-and-wave complex, polyspikes, or continuous EEG abnormality were characteristic (slow wave burst with spike for FC group). Development from febrile convulsions into nonfebrile convulsions was detected in 17% among male and female patients. To identify an effective sign for the prediction of this development, the ratio between correct and incorrect prediction rates was analyzed. Specific paroxysmal EEG abnormality was increased over 3 years of age. EEG change due to aging and the significance of EEG reexamination were indicated.", "contents": "Febrile convulsions followed by nonfebrile convulsions. A clinical, electroencephalographic and follow-up study. 103 patients with febrile convulsions followed by nonfebrile convulsions and 512 patients with febrile convulsions only (FC group) under 5 years of age at the first examination were analyzed from many aspects. A trimodal curve in distribution by age at onset of nonfebrile convulsions was seen: 2--3 years of age with occasional grand mal, 5--6 years of age with absence, and 12 years of age with awakening grand mal. Specific EEG abnormality was observed in 40% at the first examination (29% in FC group). Typical or atypical spike-and-wave complex, polyspikes, or continuous EEG abnormality were characteristic (slow wave burst with spike for FC group). Development from febrile convulsions into nonfebrile convulsions was detected in 17% among male and female patients. To identify an effective sign for the prediction of this development, the ratio between correct and incorrect prediction rates was analyzed. Specific paroxysmal EEG abnormality was increased over 3 years of age. EEG change due to aging and the significance of EEG reexamination were indicated.", "PMID": 408736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4771", "title": "Anorexia nervosa with acute tubular necrosis treated with parenteral nutrition.", "content": "A patient with nonoliguric acute renal failure secondary to acute tubular necrosis in conjunction with anorexia nervosa is described. Parenteral feeding at a critical time has salutory effects on the biosynthesis of new protein and thereby reduces many of the hazards of azotemia. The technique of estimating endogenous acid production is applied for the first time in a severely malnourished subject and documents the retention of dietary sulfur which presumably is retained in the formation of new tissue in the recovery phase.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa with acute tubular necrosis treated with parenteral nutrition. A patient with nonoliguric acute renal failure secondary to acute tubular necrosis in conjunction with anorexia nervosa is described. Parenteral feeding at a critical time has salutory effects on the biosynthesis of new protein and thereby reduces many of the hazards of azotemia. The technique of estimating endogenous acid production is applied for the first time in a severely malnourished subject and documents the retention of dietary sulfur which presumably is retained in the formation of new tissue in the recovery phase.", "PMID": 408763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4772", "title": "Intrauterine transfusion. Safeguard or peril?", "content": "Questions have been raised whether intrauterine transfusion (IUT) results in a better survival rate than premature delivery and intensive newborn care. A 20% mortality for each IUT seems the basis for the query. Our method of IUT is described which resulted in 75% survival in nonhydropic babies overall with a 3.6% mortality for each IUT. In the last 5 years the survivors were 84.6% with a mortality rate of 2.2% for each  IUT. The results in hydropic babies are poor. Intrauterine transfusion by our method permits delivery of a more mature baby requiring much shorter hospitalization and reduced costs.", "contents": "Intrauterine transfusion. Safeguard or peril? Questions have been raised whether intrauterine transfusion (IUT) results in a better survival rate than premature delivery and intensive newborn care. A 20% mortality for each IUT seems the basis for the query. Our method of IUT is described which resulted in 75% survival in nonhydropic babies overall with a 3.6% mortality for each IUT. In the last 5 years the survivors were 84.6% with a mortality rate of 2.2% for each  IUT. The results in hydropic babies are poor. Intrauterine transfusion by our method permits delivery of a more mature baby requiring much shorter hospitalization and reduced costs.", "PMID": 408767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4773", "title": "Rh immunoglobulin utlization after spontaneous and induced abortion.", "content": "To monitor the utilization of Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG), we reviewed the charts of 389 spontaneous and 1350 induced abortion patients treated in 1975 at a metropolitan hospital. The rate of ascertainment of Rh type was significantly higher for induced (99.6%) than for spontaneous abortion patients (95.1%) (P less than 0.001). Utilization of Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG) also was significantly higher for induced (98.9%) than for spontaneous abortion patients (80.6%) (P less than 0.001). Women at risk who did not receive RhIG after spontaneous abortion were mostly young, of low gravidity, and at gestational ages (mean 14.4 weeks) associated with substantial risks of Rh sensitization. Eradication of Rh hemolytic disease requires improvement in the system of identifying and treating patients who need prophylaxis.", "contents": "Rh immunoglobulin utlization after spontaneous and induced abortion. To monitor the utilization of Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG), we reviewed the charts of 389 spontaneous and 1350 induced abortion patients treated in 1975 at a metropolitan hospital. The rate of ascertainment of Rh type was significantly higher for induced (99.6%) than for spontaneous abortion patients (95.1%) (P less than 0.001). Utilization of Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG) also was significantly higher for induced (98.9%) than for spontaneous abortion patients (80.6%) (P less than 0.001). Women at risk who did not receive RhIG after spontaneous abortion were mostly young, of low gravidity, and at gestational ages (mean 14.4 weeks) associated with substantial risks of Rh sensitization. Eradication of Rh hemolytic disease requires improvement in the system of identifying and treating patients who need prophylaxis.", "PMID": 408768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4774", "title": "Single versus fractionated doses of X-radiation and their effect on mammary carcinoma in the rat.", "content": "Selective destruction of neoplastic tissue by X-radiation, delivered as a single pulse or as a series of fractions, was investigated in transplanted DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors. Dosage was based on Strandqvist's fractionation curve, and compared with nominal standard doses. Tumor growth was most effectively inhibited when radiation was divided into three fractions. These results are consistent with predictions based on the NSD formula, rather than with the expected isoeffect of Strandqvist's curve. The higher doses of the three fractions were significantly more effective.", "contents": "Single versus fractionated doses of X-radiation and their effect on mammary carcinoma in the rat. Selective destruction of neoplastic tissue by X-radiation, delivered as a single pulse or as a series of fractions, was investigated in transplanted DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors. Dosage was based on Strandqvist's fractionation curve, and compared with nominal standard doses. Tumor growth was most effectively inhibited when radiation was divided into three fractions. These results are consistent with predictions based on the NSD formula, rather than with the expected isoeffect of Strandqvist's curve. The higher doses of the three fractions were significantly more effective.", "PMID": 408774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4775", "title": "Survey of major blinding conditions in Qatar.", "content": "Qatar is one of the rapidly developing Gulf States. Its life style is rapidly changing from a seminomadic to a more settled urban one. This is the first study of the causes of economic blindness (6/60) in Qatar. It embraces 3,072 patients (70% males and 30% females). The most common causes in those under 40 years of age were trachoma, infectious diseases, retinal diseases, trauma and congenital malformations. After 40 years, cataract and glucoma occupy the second and third commonest causes after trachoma. Thus, a proper antitrachoma campaign will cut down the incidence of blidness by 50%. Control of individual behavior and antenatal caution in prescribing medicines can reduce the risk of trauma and congenital malformations. Cataract is not preventable, but early detection of glaucoma delays the damage of ocular tissues. This is the same with systemic disease.", "contents": "Survey of major blinding conditions in Qatar. Qatar is one of the rapidly developing Gulf States. Its life style is rapidly changing from a seminomadic to a more settled urban one. This is the first study of the causes of economic blindness (6/60) in Qatar. It embraces 3,072 patients (70% males and 30% females). The most common causes in those under 40 years of age were trachoma, infectious diseases, retinal diseases, trauma and congenital malformations. After 40 years, cataract and glucoma occupy the second and third commonest causes after trachoma. Thus, a proper antitrachoma campaign will cut down the incidence of blidness by 50%. Control of individual behavior and antenatal caution in prescribing medicines can reduce the risk of trauma and congenital malformations. Cataract is not preventable, but early detection of glaucoma delays the damage of ocular tissues. This is the same with systemic disease.", "PMID": 408775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4776", "title": "Ocular phenotype in partial trisomy 10 q.", "content": "A list of the ocular signs of the partial trisomy 10 q, which is drawn up according to the literature, is not satisfactory as almost only the external appearance of the eyes and their adnexa is considered. The authors report the case of a child still living, whose visual function could be evaluated by subjective and objective (electrophysiological) methods.", "contents": "Ocular phenotype in partial trisomy 10 q. A list of the ocular signs of the partial trisomy 10 q, which is drawn up according to the literature, is not satisfactory as almost only the external appearance of the eyes and their adnexa is considered. The authors report the case of a child still living, whose visual function could be evaluated by subjective and objective (electrophysiological) methods.", "PMID": 408776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4777", "title": "Gonococcal tonsillitis. Report of a case.", "content": "Oral gonorrhea is not a commonly reported entity. One case of primary gonococcal tonsillitis in a 20-year-old Caucasian man is reported. The clinical and laboratory findings, differential diagnosis, and treatment of gonococcal infections are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Gonococcal tonsillitis. Report of a case. Oral gonorrhea is not a commonly reported entity. One case of primary gonococcal tonsillitis in a 20-year-old Caucasian man is reported. The clinical and laboratory findings, differential diagnosis, and treatment of gonococcal infections are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 408777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4778", "title": "Pulp effects of neodymium laser. A preliminary report.", "content": "A total of eight teeth from two rhesus monkeys were exposed to various amounts of neodymium laser radiation. The pulp response was found to be much less severe than that in a study of nineteen teeth previously reported for exposure to similar amounts of ruby laser radiation. If additional studies support this initial finding, it is suggested that a re-evaluation of neodymium laser-mediated procedures in vital teeth be initiated.", "contents": "Pulp effects of neodymium laser. A preliminary report. A total of eight teeth from two rhesus monkeys were exposed to various amounts of neodymium laser radiation. The pulp response was found to be much less severe than that in a study of nineteen teeth previously reported for exposure to similar amounts of ruby laser radiation. If additional studies support this initial finding, it is suggested that a re-evaluation of neodymium laser-mediated procedures in vital teeth be initiated.", "PMID": 408778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4779", "title": "[Complement pattern in children with allergic-toxic exanthema--a contribution to differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "25 Sera from children with the clinical diagnosis: urticaria, allergic-toxic exanthema were examined for the complement components C3, C4 and C3-Activator. We applied the radial immunodiddusion. As controls served 50 helathy children and 25 children with morbili, rubeolae and scarlet fever. C3 was found to be decreased in 23 cases, C4 in 4 and C3-Activator in 19 cases  of urticaria. This indicates the possiblity for the differential diagnosis, but children of the control groups did not show any consumption of one of the described complement components.", "contents": "[Complement pattern in children with allergic-toxic exanthema--a contribution to differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. 25 Sera from children with the clinical diagnosis: urticaria, allergic-toxic exanthema were examined for the complement components C3, C4 and C3-Activator. We applied the radial immunodiddusion. As controls served 50 helathy children and 25 children with morbili, rubeolae and scarlet fever. C3 was found to be decreased in 23 cases, C4 in 4 and C3-Activator in 19 cases  of urticaria. This indicates the possiblity for the differential diagnosis, but children of the control groups did not show any consumption of one of the described complement components.", "PMID": 408779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4780", "title": "\"The intraureteric diverticulum\", a manifestation of ureterocoele intussusception.", "content": "An ectopic ureterocoele may present as a diverticular-like structure at the bladder base appearing during voiding cystography. The radiological appearances are described and the mechanism of formation as seen in serial 70 mm film is discussed. The conventional intravesical filling defect of an ureterocoele may not be recognised when the bladder is filled by contrast medium. This sign of extra-vesical intra-ureteric invagination is only seen during voiding.", "contents": "\"The intraureteric diverticulum\", a manifestation of ureterocoele intussusception. An ectopic ureterocoele may present as a diverticular-like structure at the bladder base appearing during voiding cystography. The radiological appearances are described and the mechanism of formation as seen in serial 70 mm film is discussed. The conventional intravesical filling defect of an ureterocoele may not be recognised when the bladder is filled by contrast medium. This sign of extra-vesical intra-ureteric invagination is only seen during voiding.", "PMID": 408785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4781", "title": "Effect of systemic antibiotics on the microbial flora of the external ear canal in hospitalized children.", "content": "The effect of antibiotic therapy and hospitalization on the external ear canal flora was investigated in 131 children. Fifty-eight percent of the patients receiving antibiotic therapy had Gram-negative bacilli or yeasts in their external ear canal, compared with 17% of the patients who were hospitalized for ten days or longer and only 3% of the patients who were hospitalized for short periods. Antibiotic therapy is the major factor in determining the colonization rate of the external ear canal with potentially pathogenic flora. Children under 1 year of age seem to be the most susceptible group to this shift of flora.", "contents": "Effect of systemic antibiotics on the microbial flora of the external ear canal in hospitalized children. The effect of antibiotic therapy and hospitalization on the external ear canal flora was investigated in 131 children. Fifty-eight percent of the patients receiving antibiotic therapy had Gram-negative bacilli or yeasts in their external ear canal, compared with 17% of the patients who were hospitalized for ten days or longer and only 3% of the patients who were hospitalized for short periods. Antibiotic therapy is the major factor in determining the colonization rate of the external ear canal with potentially pathogenic flora. Children under 1 year of age seem to be the most susceptible group to this shift of flora.", "PMID": 408786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4782", "title": "Amikacin therapy of exacerbations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Amikacin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic with activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was used to treat 22 acute exacerbations of chronic pulmonary infections in 18 patients with cystic fibrosis. Patients ranged from 5 to 32 years of age and had mucoid P. aeruginosa isolated from sputum. The amikacin dose was usually 7.5 mg/kg every eight hours but was increased to 10 mg/kg and/or carbenicillin was added in selected cases depending on clinical course. Although P. aeruginosa was not eliminated from our patients' sputum except in two cases, there was a good clinical response in 19 of 22 courses. Significant improvement in chest x-ray films, spirometry, or arterial oxygen tension was documented in 11 of 17 courses. One instance of serum creatinine level elevation could not be attributed to this antibiotic. Two patients showed minimal (15 dB) unilateral high-frequency hearing loss on serial audiograms. Activity against many gentamicin-resistant strains and high blood levels are among the attractive properties of amikacin. Amikacin is clinically effective in treating Pseudomonas-associated pulmonary infections complicating cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Amikacin therapy of exacerbations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Amikacin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic with activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was used to treat 22 acute exacerbations of chronic pulmonary infections in 18 patients with cystic fibrosis. Patients ranged from 5 to 32 years of age and had mucoid P. aeruginosa isolated from sputum. The amikacin dose was usually 7.5 mg/kg every eight hours but was increased to 10 mg/kg and/or carbenicillin was added in selected cases depending on clinical course. Although P. aeruginosa was not eliminated from our patients' sputum except in two cases, there was a good clinical response in 19 of 22 courses. Significant improvement in chest x-ray films, spirometry, or arterial oxygen tension was documented in 11 of 17 courses. One instance of serum creatinine level elevation could not be attributed to this antibiotic. Two patients showed minimal (15 dB) unilateral high-frequency hearing loss on serial audiograms. Activity against many gentamicin-resistant strains and high blood levels are among the attractive properties of amikacin. Amikacin is clinically effective in treating Pseudomonas-associated pulmonary infections complicating cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 408787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4783", "title": "[Iron metabolism during proteoenergetic malnutrition in children].", "content": "The iron stores are normal in marasmic kwashiorkor in kivu, but they notably decrease on re-feeding. On admission, the total iron binding capacity depends not only on the severity of the protein depletion but also on the iron stores. There exists an abnormality of the iron release from the stores; this cannot be attributed to the hypotransferrinemia or to the hypoceruloplasminemia, which are too moderate, nor to an ascorbic acid deficiency, but possibly to the inflammatory state which is a feature of kwashiorkor. The iron deficiency which occurs on re-feeding is not explained by abnormalities of iron absorption or by increased iron loss, but by the raised requirement for iron. Parental iron treatment alone is required to normalise the packed cell volume and the red cell volume after re-feeding.", "contents": "[Iron metabolism during proteoenergetic malnutrition in children]. The iron stores are normal in marasmic kwashiorkor in kivu, but they notably decrease on re-feeding. On admission, the total iron binding capacity depends not only on the severity of the protein depletion but also on the iron stores. There exists an abnormality of the iron release from the stores; this cannot be attributed to the hypotransferrinemia or to the hypoceruloplasminemia, which are too moderate, nor to an ascorbic acid deficiency, but possibly to the inflammatory state which is a feature of kwashiorkor. The iron deficiency which occurs on re-feeding is not explained by abnormalities of iron absorption or by increased iron loss, but by the raised requirement for iron. Parental iron treatment alone is required to normalise the packed cell volume and the red cell volume after re-feeding.", "PMID": 408793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4784", "title": "Methylation of an adenosine in the D-loop of specific transfer RNAs from yeast by a procaryotic tRNA (adenine-1) methyltransferase.", "content": "tRNA (adenine-1) methyltransferase occurs in Bacillus subtilis. Eucaryotic tRNAThr and tRNATyr from yeast in which 1-methyladenosine (m1A) is already present in the TpsiC loop, can be methylated in vitro with S-adenosylmethionine and B. subtilis extracts. Each of the specific tRNAs accepts 1 mol of methyl groups per mol tRNA. The enzyme transforms into m1A the 3'-terminal adenylic acid residue of the dihydrouridine loop, a new position for a modified adenosine residue in tRNA. Both tRNAs have the sequence Py-A-A-G-G-C-m2(2)G in the D-loop and D-stem region. Other tRNAs with the same sequence in this region also serve as substrates for the tRNA (adenine-1) methyltransferase.", "contents": "Methylation of an adenosine in the D-loop of specific transfer RNAs from yeast by a procaryotic tRNA (adenine-1) methyltransferase. tRNA (adenine-1) methyltransferase occurs in Bacillus subtilis. Eucaryotic tRNAThr and tRNATyr from yeast in which 1-methyladenosine (m1A) is already present in the TpsiC loop, can be methylated in vitro with S-adenosylmethionine and B. subtilis extracts. Each of the specific tRNAs accepts 1 mol of methyl groups per mol tRNA. The enzyme transforms into m1A the 3'-terminal adenylic acid residue of the dihydrouridine loop, a new position for a modified adenosine residue in tRNA. Both tRNAs have the sequence Py-A-A-G-G-C-m2(2)G in the D-loop and D-stem region. Other tRNAs with the same sequence in this region also serve as substrates for the tRNA (adenine-1) methyltransferase.", "PMID": 408794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4785", "title": "[Simultaneous determination of kidney glomerular and tubular partial functions with 99mTc-DTPA and 131I-hippuran using a partially shielded whole body counter].", "content": "The methodical prerequisitis and the clinical results-of simultaneous double-radionuclide determinations of renal clearances of 99mTc-DTPA (Sn) and 131I-Hippuran, using a partially shielded whole-body counter, are reported. Examination of the in vitro stability of the 99mTc-DTPA (Sn) complex by radiochromatographic separation revealed an unbound 99mTc fraction of 4.7%. The whole body measurement geometry was found over the non-shielded regions of the body to be independent of the various physiological distribution volumes of the clearance substances. The simultaneously determined clearances of 51Cr-EDTA and 99mTc-DTPA resulted in a strong linear correlation (r = 0.96; n = 20). The relation between serum creatinine concentration and 99mTc-DTPA clearance was approximately hyperbolic (r = 0.89; n = 154). In a group of normals (n = 102) the renal filtration fraction (FF - ClTc-DTPA/ClOIH) was 0.18 +/- 0.04. In a group of urological patients (n = 72) this fraction did not change appreciably before and after operations, whereas it was found increased to 0.25 and 0.24, respectively, in patients with diabetes and albuminuria or urinary tract infection (n = 37). The relative error of the clearance determination with a partially shielded whole-body counter was about 15% down to clearances of some 50 ml/min, and higher than 50% with clearances below 20 ml/min.", "contents": "[Simultaneous determination of kidney glomerular and tubular partial functions with 99mTc-DTPA and 131I-hippuran using a partially shielded whole body counter]. The methodical prerequisitis and the clinical results-of simultaneous double-radionuclide determinations of renal clearances of 99mTc-DTPA (Sn) and 131I-Hippuran, using a partially shielded whole-body counter, are reported. Examination of the in vitro stability of the 99mTc-DTPA (Sn) complex by radiochromatographic separation revealed an unbound 99mTc fraction of 4.7%. The whole body measurement geometry was found over the non-shielded regions of the body to be independent of the various physiological distribution volumes of the clearance substances. The simultaneously determined clearances of 51Cr-EDTA and 99mTc-DTPA resulted in a strong linear correlation (r = 0.96; n = 20). The relation between serum creatinine concentration and 99mTc-DTPA clearance was approximately hyperbolic (r = 0.89; n = 154). In a group of normals (n = 102) the renal filtration fraction (FF - ClTc-DTPA/ClOIH) was 0.18 +/- 0.04. In a group of urological patients (n = 72) this fraction did not change appreciably before and after operations, whereas it was found increased to 0.25 and 0.24, respectively, in patients with diabetes and albuminuria or urinary tract infection (n = 37). The relative error of the clearance determination with a partially shielded whole-body counter was about 15% down to clearances of some 50 ml/min, and higher than 50% with clearances below 20 ml/min.", "PMID": 408795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4786", "title": "Traumatic injuries. Office treatment of fractures.", "content": "Fractures that can be successfully treated in the office are, in general, those that can be definitively diagnosed, have little or no displacement or can be adequately reduced through closed manipulation with use of local or regional anesthesia, and involve areas that can be securely immobilized for the period needed to achieve healing. X-ray films should be made before any treatment is given and again soon after immobilization to check on the status of reduction, if this was done, or on alignment, if the fracture did not require reduction. After the fracture has healed and the immobilizing device has been removed, convalescence is not considered complete until maximal function of the affected part has been regained. To this end, a vigorous program of reconditioning should be instituted.", "contents": "Traumatic injuries. Office treatment of fractures. Fractures that can be successfully treated in the office are, in general, those that can be definitively diagnosed, have little or no displacement or can be adequately reduced through closed manipulation with use of local or regional anesthesia, and involve areas that can be securely immobilized for the period needed to achieve healing. X-ray films should be made before any treatment is given and again soon after immobilization to check on the status of reduction, if this was done, or on alignment, if the fracture did not require reduction. After the fracture has healed and the immobilizing device has been removed, convalescence is not considered complete until maximal function of the affected part has been regained. To this end, a vigorous program of reconditioning should be instituted.", "PMID": 408804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4787", "title": "[Schwannoma of the trachea: discussion of a case and review of the literature].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 71 years old woman admitted for severe asthmatic condition of recent origin. The chest X ray showed the opaque image of a tumour against the clearness of the trachea. Its benignity was confirmed by endoscopy. A complete surgical exerese is impossible because of the friable nature of the tumour but was attempted to relieve a worsening respiratory distress. A new intervention was necessary because of a mediastinitis; the patient died of renal insufficiency. Only one observation of schwannoma and 3 cases of tracheo-bronchial schwannoma were found in the literature. The nosological place of these tumours was debated particularly in their relation with Recklinghausen disease. Diagnosis was usually done only a few years after an endoscopic exploration. Some symptoms could nevertheless make up a \"tracheal syndrome\". Endoscopic exeresis of the tumour successfully tried on some cases should be attempted on a first step.", "contents": "[Schwannoma of the trachea: discussion of a case and review of the literature]. The authors report the case of a 71 years old woman admitted for severe asthmatic condition of recent origin. The chest X ray showed the opaque image of a tumour against the clearness of the trachea. Its benignity was confirmed by endoscopy. A complete surgical exerese is impossible because of the friable nature of the tumour but was attempted to relieve a worsening respiratory distress. A new intervention was necessary because of a mediastinitis; the patient died of renal insufficiency. Only one observation of schwannoma and 3 cases of tracheo-bronchial schwannoma were found in the literature. The nosological place of these tumours was debated particularly in their relation with Recklinghausen disease. Diagnosis was usually done only a few years after an endoscopic exploration. Some symptoms could nevertheless make up a \"tracheal syndrome\". Endoscopic exeresis of the tumour successfully tried on some cases should be attempted on a first step.", "PMID": 408805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4788", "title": "Genetic instability in Drosophila melanogaster: putative multiple insertion mutants at the singed bristle locus.", "content": "A series of eleven independent mutants at the X chromosome singed bristle (sn) locus of Drosophila melanogaster is described. All mutants descend from flies caught in the wild and bred in the laboratory. On the basis of their inordinately high spontaneous mutation frequency, ten of the mutants are classified as putative insertion mutants. Reversions to wild type occur at frequencies of 10(-4)-10(-3). Some reversions appear to be losses of the inserted element, others appear (by analogy with prokaryotes) to be changes in the orientation of the inserted elements. Consistent with the insertion hypothesis, some sn mutants generate what are interpreted to be deletions at the sn locus. In their mutational properties, the sn mutants are analogous to insertion sequence (IS) elements and bacteriophage Mu of Escherichia coli, but the precise nature of the insertion remains unknown.", "contents": "Genetic instability in Drosophila melanogaster: putative multiple insertion mutants at the singed bristle locus. A series of eleven independent mutants at the X chromosome singed bristle (sn) locus of Drosophila melanogaster is described. All mutants descend from flies caught in the wild and bred in the laboratory. On the basis of their inordinately high spontaneous mutation frequency, ten of the mutants are classified as putative insertion mutants. Reversions to wild type occur at frequencies of 10(-4)-10(-3). Some reversions appear to be losses of the inserted element, others appear (by analogy with prokaryotes) to be changes in the orientation of the inserted elements. Consistent with the insertion hypothesis, some sn mutants generate what are interpreted to be deletions at the sn locus. In their mutational properties, the sn mutants are analogous to insertion sequence (IS) elements and bacteriophage Mu of Escherichia coli, but the precise nature of the insertion remains unknown.", "PMID": 408811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4789", "title": "Chronic intravenous dosing and blood collection in the unanesthetized monkey.", "content": "A procedure is described which allows chronic dosing and blood collection from awake monkeys. The procedure involves only minor surgical anesthesia and allows the same vein of the animal to be used several different times with home-cage recuperation periods intervening between sequential chronic catheterizations.", "contents": "Chronic intravenous dosing and blood collection in the unanesthetized monkey. A procedure is described which allows chronic dosing and blood collection from awake monkeys. The procedure involves only minor surgical anesthesia and allows the same vein of the animal to be used several different times with home-cage recuperation periods intervening between sequential chronic catheterizations.", "PMID": 408826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4790", "title": "Influence of norethindrone on drug-metabolizing enzymes of female rat liver in various B-vitamin deficiency states.", "content": "Ingestion of high levels of thiamin significantly decreased the activity of cytochrome P-450, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, and the metabolism of aniline and ethylmorphine. Apparent VmaxS for ethylmorphine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase were decreased by high levels of riboflavin even though NADPH cytochrome c reductase was elevated. High levels of dietary pyridoxine significantly decreased only the Vmax for aniline hydroxylase. Generally, norethindrone produces either no change or slight depression of cytochrome P-450 regardless or diet, whereas the administration of norethindrone produced no change or an increase in activity of c reductase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase. Norethindrone induces aniline hydroxylase in animals fed all diets except those deficient in thiamin and riboflavin. The activities of the four parameters of the drug metabolizing system measured in these studies as well as the effects of norethindrone are clearly affected by the dietary status of the animal.", "contents": "Influence of norethindrone on drug-metabolizing enzymes of female rat liver in various B-vitamin deficiency states. Ingestion of high levels of thiamin significantly decreased the activity of cytochrome P-450, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, and the metabolism of aniline and ethylmorphine. Apparent VmaxS for ethylmorphine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase were decreased by high levels of riboflavin even though NADPH cytochrome c reductase was elevated. High levels of dietary pyridoxine significantly decreased only the Vmax for aniline hydroxylase. Generally, norethindrone produces either no change or slight depression of cytochrome P-450 regardless or diet, whereas the administration of norethindrone produced no change or an increase in activity of c reductase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase. Norethindrone induces aniline hydroxylase in animals fed all diets except those deficient in thiamin and riboflavin. The activities of the four parameters of the drug metabolizing system measured in these studies as well as the effects of norethindrone are clearly affected by the dietary status of the animal.", "PMID": 408827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4791", "title": "Some effects of naloxone on behavior in the mouse.", "content": "The effect of naloxone on the latency of mice to enter a dark box was determined and the study of Jacob et al. (1974) on the effect of naloxone on hotplate behavior was replicated. Mice took significantly longer to enter a dark box after receiving 10 mg/kg of naloxone than did the saline controls. With the hot-plate technique, at all doses (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) except the lowest (0.03 mg/kg), naloxone-treated mice jumped from the hot plate significantly sooner than did the saline controls. No effect of naloxone on paw-lick latency was found. All the data confirm the findings of Jacob et al. (1974). The hotplate results suggest that prolonged exposure to a noxious stimulus may be necessary to activate the endorphin system.", "contents": "Some effects of naloxone on behavior in the mouse. The effect of naloxone on the latency of mice to enter a dark box was determined and the study of Jacob et al. (1974) on the effect of naloxone on hotplate behavior was replicated. Mice took significantly longer to enter a dark box after receiving 10 mg/kg of naloxone than did the saline controls. With the hot-plate technique, at all doses (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) except the lowest (0.03 mg/kg), naloxone-treated mice jumped from the hot plate significantly sooner than did the saline controls. No effect of naloxone on paw-lick latency was found. All the data confirm the findings of Jacob et al. (1974). The hotplate results suggest that prolonged exposure to a noxious stimulus may be necessary to activate the endorphin system.", "PMID": 408836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4792", "title": "Actions of amphetamine and antagonists on pupil diameter in the chronic sympathectomized dog.", "content": "The left superior cervical ganglia were removed from 5 dogs. Beginning 30 days postoperatively, epinephrine (10 microgram/kg/min), norepinephrine (10 microgram/kg/min), and d-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) were infused i.v. for 10 min following either vehicle, phenoxybenzamine, pimozide, or haloperidol. Epinephrine and norepinephrine dilated the pupil and retracted the nictitating membrane of the denervated side, whereas amphetamine dilated both pupils and retracted both nictitating membranes. Phenoxybenzamine (4 mg/kg) constricted primarily the pupil of the innervated iris and completely antagonized the effects of the catecholamines on the irides and amphetamine on the nictitating membranes, but only partially antagonized amphetamine-induced mydriasis. Haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg) constricted both pupils, possessed only modest alpha-adrenergic blocking activity, and was as effective as phenoxybenzamine in antagonizing amphetamine-induced mydriasis. Pimozide (0.1 mg/kg) constricted both pupils, had no significant alpha-adrenergic blocking activity, and did not antagonize amphetamine-induced mydriasis. Pimozide and haloperidol, but not phenoxybenzamine, blocked amphetamine-induced stereotyped head bobbing. These results suggest that amphetamine produces mydriasis in the dog through a peripheral sympathetic action and also through a central mechanism involving inhibition of the oculomotor nucleus. However, the role of dopamine is not clear.", "contents": "Actions of amphetamine and antagonists on pupil diameter in the chronic sympathectomized dog. The left superior cervical ganglia were removed from 5 dogs. Beginning 30 days postoperatively, epinephrine (10 microgram/kg/min), norepinephrine (10 microgram/kg/min), and d-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) were infused i.v. for 10 min following either vehicle, phenoxybenzamine, pimozide, or haloperidol. Epinephrine and norepinephrine dilated the pupil and retracted the nictitating membrane of the denervated side, whereas amphetamine dilated both pupils and retracted both nictitating membranes. Phenoxybenzamine (4 mg/kg) constricted primarily the pupil of the innervated iris and completely antagonized the effects of the catecholamines on the irides and amphetamine on the nictitating membranes, but only partially antagonized amphetamine-induced mydriasis. Haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg) constricted both pupils, possessed only modest alpha-adrenergic blocking activity, and was as effective as phenoxybenzamine in antagonizing amphetamine-induced mydriasis. Pimozide (0.1 mg/kg) constricted both pupils, had no significant alpha-adrenergic blocking activity, and did not antagonize amphetamine-induced mydriasis. Pimozide and haloperidol, but not phenoxybenzamine, blocked amphetamine-induced stereotyped head bobbing. These results suggest that amphetamine produces mydriasis in the dog through a peripheral sympathetic action and also through a central mechanism involving inhibition of the oculomotor nucleus. However, the role of dopamine is not clear.", "PMID": 408837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4793", "title": "Plasma concentrations of perphenazine and its sulphoxide metabolite during continuous oral treatment.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of perphenazine (PPZ) (Trilafon) and perphenazinesulphoxide (PPZSO) were estimated during a 2-week period in 16 patients receiving peroral PPZ treatment for various psychotic disorders. The results demonstrated that the average concentration of three plasma samples was a reasonably good expression of the steady-state plasma level despite a great fluctuation in the concentration from sample to sample. Increased doses in three of the patients resulted in disproportionate increases in the plasma levels. Neurological side effects were recorded and their relation to plasma concentrations are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of perphenazine and its sulphoxide metabolite during continuous oral treatment. Plasma concentrations of perphenazine (PPZ) (Trilafon) and perphenazinesulphoxide (PPZSO) were estimated during a 2-week period in 16 patients receiving peroral PPZ treatment for various psychotic disorders. The results demonstrated that the average concentration of three plasma samples was a reasonably good expression of the steady-state plasma level despite a great fluctuation in the concentration from sample to sample. Increased doses in three of the patients resulted in disproportionate increases in the plasma levels. Neurological side effects were recorded and their relation to plasma concentrations are discussed.", "PMID": 408838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4794", "title": "The insomnia of 'sleeping in a strange place': effects of l-tryptophane.", "content": "Forty-two normal human subjects were studied in the sleep laboratory for one night each. Fourteen were given placebo at bedtime, 14 took l-tryptophane 1 g, and 14 took l-tryptophane 3 g. Both tryptophane groups had significantly lower sleep latency than the placebo group. The usually discarded 'first laboratory night' produces a mild situational insomnia in normal persons and thus can be useful in certain sleep studies.", "contents": "The insomnia of 'sleeping in a strange place': effects of l-tryptophane. Forty-two normal human subjects were studied in the sleep laboratory for one night each. Fourteen were given placebo at bedtime, 14 took l-tryptophane 1 g, and 14 took l-tryptophane 3 g. Both tryptophane groups had significantly lower sleep latency than the placebo group. The usually discarded 'first laboratory night' produces a mild situational insomnia in normal persons and thus can be useful in certain sleep studies.", "PMID": 408839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4795", "title": "Changes in the rate-increasing effects of d-amphetamine and pentobarbital by response consequences.", "content": "Keypecking in one group of pigeons was maintained under schedules in which food was presented only when a specified number of responses was followed by a 30-s pause without a response. d-Amphetamine and pentobarbital increased low rates of responding (and, thus, decreased food presentation) only after initial injections or when, during drug sessions, responses during the 30-s period did not reset the period. When responses during the pause-interval postponed food delivery, the rate-increasing effects of both drugs diminished over succeeding administrations. Thus, immediate effects of response consequences were as influential as the actual presence of a drug in determining the reproducibility of the behavioral effects of that drug. In a second experiment, keypecking in another group of pigeons was maintained under a 10-min fixed-interval schedule of food presentation but suppressed by a 100-response fixed-ratio schedule of shock delivery (punishment). d-Amphetamine and pentobarbital increased low rates of punished responding when shock delivery was eliminated during drug sessions. Pentobarbital, but not d-amphetamine, also increased punished responding when shock delivery was present. Rate-increasing effects of these drugs were determined by not only predrug patterns of responding but also effects of reinforcers and punishers that occurred during exposure to the drug.", "contents": "Changes in the rate-increasing effects of d-amphetamine and pentobarbital by response consequences. Keypecking in one group of pigeons was maintained under schedules in which food was presented only when a specified number of responses was followed by a 30-s pause without a response. d-Amphetamine and pentobarbital increased low rates of responding (and, thus, decreased food presentation) only after initial injections or when, during drug sessions, responses during the 30-s period did not reset the period. When responses during the pause-interval postponed food delivery, the rate-increasing effects of both drugs diminished over succeeding administrations. Thus, immediate effects of response consequences were as influential as the actual presence of a drug in determining the reproducibility of the behavioral effects of that drug. In a second experiment, keypecking in another group of pigeons was maintained under a 10-min fixed-interval schedule of food presentation but suppressed by a 100-response fixed-ratio schedule of shock delivery (punishment). d-Amphetamine and pentobarbital increased low rates of punished responding when shock delivery was eliminated during drug sessions. Pentobarbital, but not d-amphetamine, also increased punished responding when shock delivery was present. Rate-increasing effects of these drugs were determined by not only predrug patterns of responding but also effects of reinforcers and punishers that occurred during exposure to the drug.", "PMID": 408840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4796", "title": "Readaptation time after photo stress. Alcohol-induced acute and post-alcohol 'hangover' changes in ocular readaptation time.", "content": "The effect of alcohol intake on readaptation time (RAT) after photo stress is studied. Ten healthy subjects were given 0.72 g alcohol per kg body weight to be consumed within 20 min. The tests were made during a total period of 11-12 h. The findings demonstrate that moderate blood alcohol concentrations induce definite changes in RAT. An average RAT-prolongation of 60-70% was seen during the acute phase of intoxication. RAT-prolongation ended before the blood alcohol concentration had reached zero, but did not have the same downward slope. Following a period of reduction, a new prolongation of RAT was observed. The lack of congruence between the RAT-curve and the blood alcohol curve in the acute phase of intoxication and the post-alcohol increase are discussed. It is concluded that the alcohol-induced RAT-changes probably are CNS-effects and that the equipment used constitutes a sensitive method of estimating these effects.", "contents": "Readaptation time after photo stress. Alcohol-induced acute and post-alcohol 'hangover' changes in ocular readaptation time. The effect of alcohol intake on readaptation time (RAT) after photo stress is studied. Ten healthy subjects were given 0.72 g alcohol per kg body weight to be consumed within 20 min. The tests were made during a total period of 11-12 h. The findings demonstrate that moderate blood alcohol concentrations induce definite changes in RAT. An average RAT-prolongation of 60-70% was seen during the acute phase of intoxication. RAT-prolongation ended before the blood alcohol concentration had reached zero, but did not have the same downward slope. Following a period of reduction, a new prolongation of RAT was observed. The lack of congruence between the RAT-curve and the blood alcohol curve in the acute phase of intoxication and the post-alcohol increase are discussed. It is concluded that the alcohol-induced RAT-changes probably are CNS-effects and that the equipment used constitutes a sensitive method of estimating these effects.", "PMID": 408841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4797", "title": "Differential haloperidol effect on two indices of fentanyl-saline discrimination.", "content": "Using a discrete-trial, two-lever, food-reward discrimination learning paradigm, we trained rats (n = 6) to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl (s.c. t-30') from saline. Stimulus generalization experiments with an adequate dose range (0.01-0.04 mg/kg) of fentanyl revealed that the ED50 value for drug lever selection is 0.02 mg/kg, irrespective of whether the animals were pretreated (s.c., t-60') with either saline or 0.08 mg/kg haloperidol. With increasing doses of the haloperidol-fentanyl combination, the percentage of total responding on the selected lever progressively decreased, and reached the 50% level at the highest drug combination. It is concluded that this percentage is heavily contaminated by factors unrelated to the discrimination condition being studied; these factors seem to invalidate this percentage as a discrimination index under experimental conditions (e.g., behaviorally toxic doses of drugs) where they are likely to operate. The use of response selection as a discrimination index in drug discrimination research is further argued.", "contents": "Differential haloperidol effect on two indices of fentanyl-saline discrimination. Using a discrete-trial, two-lever, food-reward discrimination learning paradigm, we trained rats (n = 6) to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl (s.c. t-30') from saline. Stimulus generalization experiments with an adequate dose range (0.01-0.04 mg/kg) of fentanyl revealed that the ED50 value for drug lever selection is 0.02 mg/kg, irrespective of whether the animals were pretreated (s.c., t-60') with either saline or 0.08 mg/kg haloperidol. With increasing doses of the haloperidol-fentanyl combination, the percentage of total responding on the selected lever progressively decreased, and reached the 50% level at the highest drug combination. It is concluded that this percentage is heavily contaminated by factors unrelated to the discrimination condition being studied; these factors seem to invalidate this percentage as a discrimination index under experimental conditions (e.g., behaviorally toxic doses of drugs) where they are likely to operate. The use of response selection as a discrimination index in drug discrimination research is further argued.", "PMID": 408842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4798", "title": "A comparative study of different amphetamines on copulatory behavior and stereotype activity in the female rat.", "content": "The influence of D- and L-amphetamine, fenfluramine, and p-chloroamphetamine on female copulatory behavior (lordosis response) and the induction of stereotype activity was compared. Lordosis response in the female rat has been shown to be inhibited by increased central nervous serotonergic (5-HT) as well as dopaminergic (DA) activity. A dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the estrogen- + progesterone-induced lordosis response in ovariectomized rats was demonstrated after treatment with the four amphetamines. In contrast, only D- and L-amphetamine induced a stereotype activity, which is considered to be mediated by DA mechanisms. A decrease in DA receptor activity, achieved by pimozide pretreatment, abolished the effect of D-amphetamine on lordosis behavior, but the effect of L-amphetamine was only slightly diminished and the action of fenfluramine and p-chloroamphetamine was unaffected. On the other hand, both L- and D-amphetamine-induced stereotype activity was prevented by pimozide treatment. The data suggest that the D-amphetamine effect on lordosis behavior is mediated by increased DA receptor activity. Although it induces stereotype activity by increased DA activity, L-amphetamine, like fenfluramine and p-chloroamphetamine, inhibits the lordosis response by some other action presumably related to serotonergic mechanisms.", "contents": "A comparative study of different amphetamines on copulatory behavior and stereotype activity in the female rat. The influence of D- and L-amphetamine, fenfluramine, and p-chloroamphetamine on female copulatory behavior (lordosis response) and the induction of stereotype activity was compared. Lordosis response in the female rat has been shown to be inhibited by increased central nervous serotonergic (5-HT) as well as dopaminergic (DA) activity. A dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the estrogen- + progesterone-induced lordosis response in ovariectomized rats was demonstrated after treatment with the four amphetamines. In contrast, only D- and L-amphetamine induced a stereotype activity, which is considered to be mediated by DA mechanisms. A decrease in DA receptor activity, achieved by pimozide pretreatment, abolished the effect of D-amphetamine on lordosis behavior, but the effect of L-amphetamine was only slightly diminished and the action of fenfluramine and p-chloroamphetamine was unaffected. On the other hand, both L- and D-amphetamine-induced stereotype activity was prevented by pimozide treatment. The data suggest that the D-amphetamine effect on lordosis behavior is mediated by increased DA receptor activity. Although it induces stereotype activity by increased DA activity, L-amphetamine, like fenfluramine and p-chloroamphetamine, inhibits the lordosis response by some other action presumably related to serotonergic mechanisms.", "PMID": 408843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4799", "title": "Sleep deprivation deficits and their reversal by d- and l-amphetamine.", "content": "Vigilance performance, waking EEG patterns and mood were studied before and after one night of sleep deprivation in normal males. The effects of d-amphetamine 10 mg, l-amphetamine 10 mg and placebo on these measures were compared. Changes were found in all three measures after one night of sleep-deprivation. d-Amphetamine was more powerful than l-amphetamine in reversing sleep deprivation effects on vigilance and on waking EEG.", "contents": "Sleep deprivation deficits and their reversal by d- and l-amphetamine. Vigilance performance, waking EEG patterns and mood were studied before and after one night of sleep deprivation in normal males. The effects of d-amphetamine 10 mg, l-amphetamine 10 mg and placebo on these measures were compared. Changes were found in all three measures after one night of sleep-deprivation. d-Amphetamine was more powerful than l-amphetamine in reversing sleep deprivation effects on vigilance and on waking EEG.", "PMID": 408844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4800", "title": "Comparison of ethanol, pentobarbital, and phenobarbital using drug vs. drug discrimination training.", "content": "Rats learned drug vs. drug (D vs. D) or drug vs. no drug (D vs. N) discriminations in a T-maze shock escape task with various doses of pentobarbital, phenobarbital, or ethanol. Dose-effect curves were obtained for each drug using D vs. N training. After D vs. N training with any one of these drugs, rats made D choices during substitution tests with the other two drugs, suggesting drug interchangeability. D vs. D training also showed that pentobarbital and phenobarbital were virtually indistinguishable from one another. However, ethanol was readily discriminated from pentobarbital, showing that the two drugs differed. The results show the utility of D vs. D training as a method for studying drug differences that may be too small to detect with substitution tests.", "contents": "Comparison of ethanol, pentobarbital, and phenobarbital using drug vs. drug discrimination training. Rats learned drug vs. drug (D vs. D) or drug vs. no drug (D vs. N) discriminations in a T-maze shock escape task with various doses of pentobarbital, phenobarbital, or ethanol. Dose-effect curves were obtained for each drug using D vs. N training. After D vs. N training with any one of these drugs, rats made D choices during substitution tests with the other two drugs, suggesting drug interchangeability. D vs. D training also showed that pentobarbital and phenobarbital were virtually indistinguishable from one another. However, ethanol was readily discriminated from pentobarbital, showing that the two drugs differed. The results show the utility of D vs. D training as a method for studying drug differences that may be too small to detect with substitution tests.", "PMID": 408845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4801", "title": "Tolerance to ethanol: effect of congeners present in bourbon.", "content": "Fish were exposed to water and to ethanol or bourbon solutions of the same ethanol concentration (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8 g/100 ml) during 6 h and then tested in 3.1 g/100 ml ethanol for loss of righting reflex or overturn point. The content of ethanol in the brain at overturn was determined for each fish. Although the ethanol brain levels at overturn of bourbon-exposed fish were higher than those of the ethanol group, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. Moreover, there was a tendency for the bourbon fish to take longer times to overturn than the ethanol fish. These findings indicate that the congeners present in bourbon did not affect significantly the development of tolerance to ethanol in goldfish.", "contents": "Tolerance to ethanol: effect of congeners present in bourbon. Fish were exposed to water and to ethanol or bourbon solutions of the same ethanol concentration (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8 g/100 ml) during 6 h and then tested in 3.1 g/100 ml ethanol for loss of righting reflex or overturn point. The content of ethanol in the brain at overturn was determined for each fish. Although the ethanol brain levels at overturn of bourbon-exposed fish were higher than those of the ethanol group, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. Moreover, there was a tendency for the bourbon fish to take longer times to overturn than the ethanol fish. These findings indicate that the congeners present in bourbon did not affect significantly the development of tolerance to ethanol in goldfish.", "PMID": 408846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4802", "title": "Dose-response effects of taurine on some open-field behaviors in the rat.", "content": "In two experiments albino rats were injected i.p. with various doses of taurine and their subsequent behavior in an open-field apparatus was observed. Increasing doses of taurine significantly decreased ambulation levels, increased latency scores, and increased thigmotaxis ('wall-hugging' behavior). In general, 50 mg/kg or more of taurine was required to produce significant changes in the dependent behavioral measures. The open-field behaviors of rearing and defecation were not significantly affected by the drug manipulation. The results of these experiments suggest that taurine may act as modulating or stabilizing agent in the central nervous-motor system rather than as a diffuse inhibitory agent.", "contents": "Dose-response effects of taurine on some open-field behaviors in the rat. In two experiments albino rats were injected i.p. with various doses of taurine and their subsequent behavior in an open-field apparatus was observed. Increasing doses of taurine significantly decreased ambulation levels, increased latency scores, and increased thigmotaxis ('wall-hugging' behavior). In general, 50 mg/kg or more of taurine was required to produce significant changes in the dependent behavioral measures. The open-field behaviors of rearing and defecation were not significantly affected by the drug manipulation. The results of these experiments suggest that taurine may act as modulating or stabilizing agent in the central nervous-motor system rather than as a diffuse inhibitory agent.", "PMID": 408847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4803", "title": "Unilateral catecholamine depletion of the corpus striatum and amphetamine-induced turning: an ontogenetic study.", "content": "Unilateral intrastriatal microinjections of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine followed by systemic amphetamine treatment produced turning ipsilateral to the side of the injection in rats from 12 days of age to maturity, but not in rats younger than 12 days. These results are consistent with other findings that indicate rapid development of the striatal dopaminergic system and dopaminergic component  of the amphetamine stereotypy in the second postnatal week.", "contents": "Unilateral catecholamine depletion of the corpus striatum and amphetamine-induced turning: an ontogenetic study. Unilateral intrastriatal microinjections of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine followed by systemic amphetamine treatment produced turning ipsilateral to the side of the injection in rats from 12 days of age to maturity, but not in rats younger than 12 days. These results are consistent with other findings that indicate rapid development of the striatal dopaminergic system and dopaminergic component  of the amphetamine stereotypy in the second postnatal week.", "PMID": 408848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4804", "title": "Alcohol-associated conditioned reinforcement.", "content": "Research was conducted to examine the ability of alcohol to impart conditioned reinforcement. Rats were allowed to self-administer solutions of either saline or alcohol (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/infusion) by the intragastric route. Superimposed on the infusion interval was a buzzer (conditioned reinforcing stimulus). Tests during extinction revealed that conditioned reinforcement had been acquired. Results also indicated that as the paired unit dose was increased, potency of the conditioned reinforcer increased. In a second study, the lever-pressing response, which produced saline infusion and the buzzer, became available only subsequent to 5 sessions of pairing the buzzer with infusions of saline or alcohol. The results indicated that lever pressing increased with increasing unit dosage of alcohol infusions in prior pairings.", "contents": "Alcohol-associated conditioned reinforcement. Research was conducted to examine the ability of alcohol to impart conditioned reinforcement. Rats were allowed to self-administer solutions of either saline or alcohol (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/infusion) by the intragastric route. Superimposed on the infusion interval was a buzzer (conditioned reinforcing stimulus). Tests during extinction revealed that conditioned reinforcement had been acquired. Results also indicated that as the paired unit dose was increased, potency of the conditioned reinforcer increased. In a second study, the lever-pressing response, which produced saline infusion and the buzzer, became available only subsequent to 5 sessions of pairing the buzzer with infusions of saline or alcohol. The results indicated that lever pressing increased with increasing unit dosage of alcohol infusions in prior pairings.", "PMID": 408850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4805", "title": "Effects of pimozide on the acquisition, maintenance, and extinction of an amphetamine-induced taste aversion.", "content": "Different groups of rats were pretreated with the dopamine receptor blocker, pimozide (0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg), in an attempt to investigate the role of dopaminergic transmission in the acquisition, maintenance, and extinction of a taste aversion produced by d-amphetamine dulphate (1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg). In the first phase of the experiment, all doses of pimozide attenuated but did not block the acquisition of the aversion produced by 1.0 mg/kg but not by 2.0 mg/kg amphetamine. In Phase II, pimozide pretreatment was suspended to allow the attenuated groups to acquire the aversion and then reintroduced in Phase III. In this phase all groups continued to avoid the taste, indicating a failure of pimozide to affect the maintenance of the avoidance response. When amphetamine treatment was suspended in Phase IV, pimozide accelerated the extinction, especially in those groups that had previously received the 1.0 mg/kg dose of amphetamine. These results are discussed with reference to dopaminergic mechanisms in avoidance learning and a pimozide-mediated reduction in the functional strength of amphetamine as an unconditioned stimulus.", "contents": "Effects of pimozide on the acquisition, maintenance, and extinction of an amphetamine-induced taste aversion. Different groups of rats were pretreated with the dopamine receptor blocker, pimozide (0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg), in an attempt to investigate the role of dopaminergic transmission in the acquisition, maintenance, and extinction of a taste aversion produced by d-amphetamine dulphate (1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg). In the first phase of the experiment, all doses of pimozide attenuated but did not block the acquisition of the aversion produced by 1.0 mg/kg but not by 2.0 mg/kg amphetamine. In Phase II, pimozide pretreatment was suspended to allow the attenuated groups to acquire the aversion and then reintroduced in Phase III. In this phase all groups continued to avoid the taste, indicating a failure of pimozide to affect the maintenance of the avoidance response. When amphetamine treatment was suspended in Phase IV, pimozide accelerated the extinction, especially in those groups that had previously received the 1.0 mg/kg dose of amphetamine. These results are discussed with reference to dopaminergic mechanisms in avoidance learning and a pimozide-mediated reduction in the functional strength of amphetamine as an unconditioned stimulus.", "PMID": 408851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4806", "title": "Primate information processing under sodium pentobarbital and chlorpromazine: differential drug effects with tachistoscopically presented discriminative stimuli.", "content": "Sodium pentobarbital and chlorpromazine were evaluated for the degree to which they differentially reduce the speed or efficiency with which sensory information can be processed. Rhesus monkeys were tested under comparable doses of sodium pentobarbital and CPZ on a visual discrimination problem with varying durations of tachistoscopically presented stimulus information. When unlimited stimulus information was available, no effects of the two drugs were observed at the doses used, but as the duration of stimulus presentation was progressively decreased, the effects of sodium pentobarbital became more severe, whereas CPZ did not differe from the saline control an any presentation duration. While previously published literature indicates that CPZ impairs performance by intermittantly blocking sensory input or transmission, the present data provide the first direct behavioral confirmation that barbiturates impair performance by retarding the rate at which sensory stimuli can be processed and utilized.", "contents": "Primate information processing under sodium pentobarbital and chlorpromazine: differential drug effects with tachistoscopically presented discriminative stimuli. Sodium pentobarbital and chlorpromazine were evaluated for the degree to which they differentially reduce the speed or efficiency with which sensory information can be processed. Rhesus monkeys were tested under comparable doses of sodium pentobarbital and CPZ on a visual discrimination problem with varying durations of tachistoscopically presented stimulus information. When unlimited stimulus information was available, no effects of the two drugs were observed at the doses used, but as the duration of stimulus presentation was progressively decreased, the effects of sodium pentobarbital became more severe, whereas CPZ did not differe from the saline control an any presentation duration. While previously published literature indicates that CPZ impairs performance by intermittantly blocking sensory input or transmission, the present data provide the first direct behavioral confirmation that barbiturates impair performance by retarding the rate at which sensory stimuli can be processed and utilized.", "PMID": 408852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4807", "title": "Effect of di-n-propylacetate on the 'binding of GABA to synaptosome-enriched fraction of rat cerebral cortex.", "content": "The effect of di-n-propylacetate (DPA) on the 'binding' of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to a synaptosome-enriched fraction of rat cerebral cortex has been examined using differential centrifugation and double-isotope liquid scintillation spectrometry. DPA at 10(-4) M caused a slight decrease in GABA binding. This effect could explain in part the in vivo anticonvulsant and behavioral effects of this drug when administered to animals in high systemic doses.", "contents": "Effect of di-n-propylacetate on the 'binding of GABA to synaptosome-enriched fraction of rat cerebral cortex. The effect of di-n-propylacetate (DPA) on the 'binding' of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to a synaptosome-enriched fraction of rat cerebral cortex has been examined using differential centrifugation and double-isotope liquid scintillation spectrometry. DPA at 10(-4) M caused a slight decrease in GABA binding. This effect could explain in part the in vivo anticonvulsant and behavioral effects of this drug when administered to animals in high systemic doses.", "PMID": 408853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4808", "title": "Effects of chronic administration of diphenylhydantoin on learning and offspring behavior.", "content": "An original parent group of 72 Sprague-Dawley albino rats was subdivided into four treatment groups that were administered 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg diphenylhydantoin and distilled water on days 5 to 55 after birth. At 85 days of age the drug females were bred to naive males to produce an F1 generation. In similar fashion, the F1 females were bred at maturity to produce and F2 generation. Neither offspring group received any drug administrations or experimental treatments. All three groups were tested on avoidance conditioning at 75 days of age for a total of 150 trials. The results of statistical analysis indicated no significant differences in number of correct responses in the parent group, a significant Drug effect in the offspring groups and a significant Dose effect in the F2 generation. This detrimental cross-generational effect on avoidance conditioning, caused by chronic diphenylhydantoin administration, is consistent with previously noted cross-generational effects of trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, and methylphenidate.", "contents": "Effects of chronic administration of diphenylhydantoin on learning and offspring behavior. An original parent group of 72 Sprague-Dawley albino rats was subdivided into four treatment groups that were administered 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg diphenylhydantoin and distilled water on days 5 to 55 after birth. At 85 days of age the drug females were bred to naive males to produce an F1 generation. In similar fashion, the F1 females were bred at maturity to produce and F2 generation. Neither offspring group received any drug administrations or experimental treatments. All three groups were tested on avoidance conditioning at 75 days of age for a total of 150 trials. The results of statistical analysis indicated no significant differences in number of correct responses in the parent group, a significant Drug effect in the offspring groups and a significant Dose effect in the F2 generation. This detrimental cross-generational effect on avoidance conditioning, caused by chronic diphenylhydantoin administration, is consistent with previously noted cross-generational effects of trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, and methylphenidate.", "PMID": 408854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4809", "title": "Genetic analysis of the behavioral response to d-amphetamine in mice.", "content": "The ambulatory and rearing responses to d-amphetamine were studied in a battery of recombinant inbred strains and in three closely related strains: C57BL/6J, C57Bl/10J, and C57BL/LBy. Differences in the increase of ambulation (stimulation) caused by d-amphetamine were seen between C57BL/6By and the other two C57BL strains. Analysis of F1 and backcross matings suggests a one-gene model. A mutation at the genetic locus that affects the response to d-amphetamine seems to have taken place in the C5BL/6By strain. Strain differences in the decrease of rearing behavior (inhibition) produced by the drug were observed in recombinant inbred strains. Although th of l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) and d,l,5-hydroxytryptophan (d,l,5-HTP) on reserpine-induced amnesia.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of the behavioral response to d-amphetamine in mice. The ambulatory and rearing responses to d-amphetamine were studied in a battery of recombinant inbred strains and in three closely related strains: C57BL/6J, C57Bl/10J, and C57BL/LBy. Differences in the increase of ambulation (stimulation) caused by d-amphetamine were seen between C57BL/6By and the other two C57BL strains. Analysis of F1 and backcross matings suggests a one-gene model. A mutation at the genetic locus that affects the response to d-amphetamine seems to have taken place in the C5BL/6By strain. Strain differences in the decrease of rearing behavior (inhibition) produced by the drug were observed in recombinant inbred strains. Although th of l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) and d,l,5-hydroxytryptophan (d,l,5-HTP) on reserpine-induced amnesia.", "PMID": 408855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4810", "title": "Genetic analysis of the behavioral response to d-amphetamine in mice.", "content": "The ambulatory and rearing responses to d-amphetamine were studied in a battery of recombinant inbred strains and in three closely related strains: C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, and C57BL/6By. Differences in the increase of ambulation (stimulation) caused by d-amphetamine were seen between C57BL/6By and the other two C57BL strains. Analysis of F1 and backcross matings suggests a one-gene model. A mutation at the genetic locus that affects the response to d-amphetamine seems to have taken place in the C57BL/6By strain. Strain differences in the decrease of rearing behavior (inhibition) produced by the drug were observed in recombinant inbred strains. Although the genetic analysis is not conclusive, it appears to be compatible with regulation by a single major gene. The two single-gene models reported here (one affecting the stimulatory response and the other the inhibitory response to d-amphetamine) may be useful in the study of neural mechanisms involved in stimulation and inhibition of behavior by d-amphetamine.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of the behavioral response to d-amphetamine in mice. The ambulatory and rearing responses to d-amphetamine were studied in a battery of recombinant inbred strains and in three closely related strains: C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, and C57BL/6By. Differences in the increase of ambulation (stimulation) caused by d-amphetamine were seen between C57BL/6By and the other two C57BL strains. Analysis of F1 and backcross matings suggests a one-gene model. A mutation at the genetic locus that affects the response to d-amphetamine seems to have taken place in the C57BL/6By strain. Strain differences in the decrease of rearing behavior (inhibition) produced by the drug were observed in recombinant inbred strains. Although the genetic analysis is not conclusive, it appears to be compatible with regulation by a single major gene. The two single-gene models reported here (one affecting the stimulatory response and the other the inhibitory response to d-amphetamine) may be useful in the study of neural mechanisms involved in stimulation and inhibition of behavior by d-amphetamine.", "PMID": 408856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4811", "title": "The effects of electric shock on responding maintained by cocaine injections in a choice procedure in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "A choice procedure was used to determine the ability of electric shock to suppress cocaine-maintained responding in a situation where cocaine was also available on a second lever without shock. In each session rhesus monkeys were allowed to self-inject cocaine five times in the presence of a stimulus. Thirty minutes after the fifth injection a second dose of cocaine could be self-injected five times in the presence of a different stimulus. At the onset of the injection of this dose a 5 or 10 mA electric shock was delivered. Thirty minutes later choice trials began in which both stimuli were present and monkeys could choose one of the two doses of cocaine. Electric shock was delivered at the onset of the injection of one of these alternatives. Initially, both doses of cocaine were 0.1 mg/kg. The dose of cocaine associated with electric shock was systematically increased until it was preferred to the dose not associated with electric shock. The results indicate that although responding maintained by cocaine can be suppressed by punishment, this effect can be attenuated by increasing magnitude of reinforcement.", "contents": "The effects of electric shock on responding maintained by cocaine injections in a choice procedure in the rhesus monkey. A choice procedure was used to determine the ability of electric shock to suppress cocaine-maintained responding in a situation where cocaine was also available on a second lever without shock. In each session rhesus monkeys were allowed to self-inject cocaine five times in the presence of a stimulus. Thirty minutes after the fifth injection a second dose of cocaine could be self-injected five times in the presence of a different stimulus. At the onset of the injection of this dose a 5 or 10 mA electric shock was delivered. Thirty minutes later choice trials began in which both stimuli were present and monkeys could choose one of the two doses of cocaine. Electric shock was delivered at the onset of the injection of one of these alternatives. Initially, both doses of cocaine were 0.1 mg/kg. The dose of cocaine associated with electric shock was systematically increased until it was preferred to the dose not associated with electric shock. The results indicate that although responding maintained by cocaine can be suppressed by punishment, this effect can be attenuated by increasing magnitude of reinforcement.", "PMID": 408857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4812", "title": "Movement disorders induced in monkeys by chronic haloperidol treatment.", "content": "After several months of treatment, Cebus apella, Cebus albifrons, and Saimiri sciurea monkeys maintained on haloperidol, in doses of 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg orally 5 days per week, began to display severe movement disorders, typically 1-6 h post-drug. Cebus monkeys exhibited violent, uncontrolled movements that flung the animals about the cage. Such episodes usually lasted only a few minutes, recurring several times during the period following drug ingestion. Writhing and bizarre postures dominated the response in S. sciurea. Cessation of drug treatment produced no distinctive after-effects. When tested as long as 508 days after the last administration, however, Cebus monkeys responded to haloperidol with several episodes of hyperkinesis, even at challenge doses considerably lower than those in the original treatment.", "contents": "Movement disorders induced in monkeys by chronic haloperidol treatment. After several months of treatment, Cebus apella, Cebus albifrons, and Saimiri sciurea monkeys maintained on haloperidol, in doses of 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg orally 5 days per week, began to display severe movement disorders, typically 1-6 h post-drug. Cebus monkeys exhibited violent, uncontrolled movements that flung the animals about the cage. Such episodes usually lasted only a few minutes, recurring several times during the period following drug ingestion. Writhing and bizarre postures dominated the response in S. sciurea. Cessation of drug treatment produced no distinctive after-effects. When tested as long as 508 days after the last administration, however, Cebus monkeys responded to haloperidol with several episodes of hyperkinesis, even at challenge doses considerably lower than those in the original treatment.", "PMID": 408858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4813", "title": "Comparative study of retrograde amnesia in rats on active and passive avoidance tasks and spontaneous recovery of memory.", "content": "Naive and pretrained rats were trained in two active avoidance paradigms using a pole-climbing box and in a single-trial passive avoidance task using a T-maze. They were then subjected to amnestic treatments with electroshock, leptazol, pentobarbitone, or ether anesthesia. Single retention tests were given at 20-24, 44-48, or 68-96 h posttreatment. Electroshock and leptazol seizures produced retrograde amnesia in all three paradigms, provided that seizures were maximal and retention was tested before 48 h. Prior treatment with anticonvulsant drugs prevented amnesia. Ether and pentobarbitone anesthesia failed to produce amnesia in all three tasks. A trend of recovery from amnesia was observed in the electroshock and leptazol groups when tested for retention 48-96 h posttreatment. On the other hand, the non-amnesic control, pentobarbitone, and ether groups showed signs of forgetting at these longer intervals. Consolidation failure and/or retrieval block was surmised to be the cause of amnesia; recovery was the possible result of removing the block.", "contents": "Comparative study of retrograde amnesia in rats on active and passive avoidance tasks and spontaneous recovery of memory. Naive and pretrained rats were trained in two active avoidance paradigms using a pole-climbing box and in a single-trial passive avoidance task using a T-maze. They were then subjected to amnestic treatments with electroshock, leptazol, pentobarbitone, or ether anesthesia. Single retention tests were given at 20-24, 44-48, or 68-96 h posttreatment. Electroshock and leptazol seizures produced retrograde amnesia in all three paradigms, provided that seizures were maximal and retention was tested before 48 h. Prior treatment with anticonvulsant drugs prevented amnesia. Ether and pentobarbitone anesthesia failed to produce amnesia in all three tasks. A trend of recovery from amnesia was observed in the electroshock and leptazol groups when tested for retention 48-96 h posttreatment. On the other hand, the non-amnesic control, pentobarbitone, and ether groups showed signs of forgetting at these longer intervals. Consolidation failure and/or retrieval block was surmised to be the cause of amnesia; recovery was the possible result of removing the block.", "PMID": 408859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4814", "title": "The effect of L-tryptophan administration on the concentration of probenecid in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients.", "content": "The administration of large doses of probenecid has been used to study the central nervous system metabolism of catecholamines and indoleamines in patients with affective disease. It has been reported that alterations of the binding of L-tryptophan to plasma albumin binding sites occur during probenecid administration. The present study sought to determine if the administration of large doses of L-tryptophan affected probenecid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and/or plasma. The data indicate that during L-tryptophan treatment, plasma probenecid concentrations are reduced but that no significant alterations in cerebrospinal fluid probenecid concentrations occur. This would suggest that the kinetics of the probenecid blockade of transport of acidic biogenic amine metabolites out of cerebrospinal fluid are not altered by L-tryptophan loading.", "contents": "The effect of L-tryptophan administration on the concentration of probenecid in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients. The administration of large doses of probenecid has been used to study the central nervous system metabolism of catecholamines and indoleamines in patients with affective disease. It has been reported that alterations of the binding of L-tryptophan to plasma albumin binding sites occur during probenecid administration. The present study sought to determine if the administration of large doses of L-tryptophan affected probenecid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and/or plasma. The data indicate that during L-tryptophan treatment, plasma probenecid concentrations are reduced but that no significant alterations in cerebrospinal fluid probenecid concentrations occur. This would suggest that the kinetics of the probenecid blockade of transport of acidic biogenic amine metabolites out of cerebrospinal fluid are not altered by L-tryptophan loading.", "PMID": 408860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4815", "title": "Uptake inhibition of biogenic amines by newer antidepressant drugs: relevance to the dopamine hypothesis of depression.", "content": "The dopamine theory of depression was studied by assessing the effect of antidepressant drugs on uptake of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin in synaptosomes from rat brain. Five newer drugs--butriptyline, maprotiline, trimipramine, iprindole, and mianserine--exhibited rather potent inhibition of 3H-dopamine uptake in corpus striatum, as their IC50 values, which were in the order of 10(-6)-10(-5) M, were only about 50 times higher than for nomifensine (IC50 = 10(-7) M). The five drugs were weak, compared to chlorimipramine, on 14C-serotonin uptake in the whole forebrain, as their IC50 were about 10(-5) M. Butriptyline, trimipramine, and iprindole were very weak uptake inhibitors of 3H-noradrenaline in the occipital cortex. Their IC50 values were about 10(-6) M, which is almost 1000 times higher than for desmethylimipramine. These results are discussed in relation to comprehensive recent literature as further indicating a link between dopamine and depression.", "contents": "Uptake inhibition of biogenic amines by newer antidepressant drugs: relevance to the dopamine hypothesis of depression. The dopamine theory of depression was studied by assessing the effect of antidepressant drugs on uptake of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin in synaptosomes from rat brain. Five newer drugs--butriptyline, maprotiline, trimipramine, iprindole, and mianserine--exhibited rather potent inhibition of 3H-dopamine uptake in corpus striatum, as their IC50 values, which were in the order of 10(-6)-10(-5) M, were only about 50 times higher than for nomifensine (IC50 = 10(-7) M). The five drugs were weak, compared to chlorimipramine, on 14C-serotonin uptake in the whole forebrain, as their IC50 were about 10(-5) M. Butriptyline, trimipramine, and iprindole were very weak uptake inhibitors of 3H-noradrenaline in the occipital cortex. Their IC50 values were about 10(-6) M, which is almost 1000 times higher than for desmethylimipramine. These results are discussed in relation to comprehensive recent literature as further indicating a link between dopamine and depression.", "PMID": 408861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4816", "title": "Probenecid in CSF and plasma of rabbits and dogs measured by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Probenecid (P) in CSF of rabbits and dogs was investigated using a new radioimmunoassay technique. In rabbits, under steady-state conditions, CSF/free plasma concentration ratios of P were found to be similar to those reported in man. The ratios were concentration dependent and less than 0.5 suggesting an inhibition of transport of the drug in CNS. Under nonsteady-state conditions, no clear evidence of a transport system was found in dogs.", "contents": "Probenecid in CSF and plasma of rabbits and dogs measured by radioimmunoassay. Probenecid (P) in CSF of rabbits and dogs was investigated using a new radioimmunoassay technique. In rabbits, under steady-state conditions, CSF/free plasma concentration ratios of P were found to be similar to those reported in man. The ratios were concentration dependent and less than 0.5 suggesting an inhibition of transport of the drug in CNS. Under nonsteady-state conditions, no clear evidence of a transport system was found in dogs.", "PMID": 408862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4817", "title": "The effects of amphetamine on maze learning by goldfish.", "content": "Goldfish performed a simple left-right discrimination in a Y-maze under the influence of amphetamine. The subjects showed facilitation of learning at a low dose (1.25 mg/l) but not at 2.0 mg/l.", "contents": "The effects of amphetamine on maze learning by goldfish. Goldfish performed a simple left-right discrimination in a Y-maze under the influence of amphetamine. The subjects showed facilitation of learning at a low dose (1.25 mg/l) but not at 2.0 mg/l.", "PMID": 408863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4818", "title": "Hypervascular pattern associated with idiopathic focal status epilepticus.", "content": "Cerebral angiography in 5 patients in idiopathic focal status epilepticus demonstrated a hypervascular pattern consisting of arteriolar or capillary \"blush\" with early filling veins and corresponding to the seizure focus; however, there was no evidence of vascular occlusion, neovascularity, or mass effect except for minimal local brain swelling. All showed clearing of neurological deficits; repeat angiograms in 2 patients after arrest of seizure activity returned to normal with complete disappearance of the hypervascular pattern. This reversible but potentially misleading angiographic pattern should be recognized as a benign process.", "contents": "Hypervascular pattern associated with idiopathic focal status epilepticus. Cerebral angiography in 5 patients in idiopathic focal status epilepticus demonstrated a hypervascular pattern consisting of arteriolar or capillary \"blush\" with early filling veins and corresponding to the seizure focus; however, there was no evidence of vascular occlusion, neovascularity, or mass effect except for minimal local brain swelling. All showed clearing of neurological deficits; repeat angiograms in 2 patients after arrest of seizure activity returned to normal with complete disappearance of the hypervascular pattern. This reversible but potentially misleading angiographic pattern should be recognized as a benign process.", "PMID": 408873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4819", "title": "Supervoltage irradiation in the management of giant cell tumor of bone.", "content": "Thirteen patients with giant cell tumor of bone were treated with megavoltage irradiation from 1958 to 1972. Nine cases were believed to be true giant cell tumors of bone. The only patient with recurrence following a geographic miss was salvaged surgically. Curative therapy for giant cell tumor of bone may be 3500 rads in 15 fractions in 3 weeks; it is well tolerated with minimal morbidity. Special care must be used in interpretation of the post-therapy radiologic appearance of these lesions because an initial period of osteolysis lasts many weeks before any radiographic indication of healing by recalcification occurs.", "contents": "Supervoltage irradiation in the management of giant cell tumor of bone. Thirteen patients with giant cell tumor of bone were treated with megavoltage irradiation from 1958 to 1972. Nine cases were believed to be true giant cell tumors of bone. The only patient with recurrence following a geographic miss was salvaged surgically. Curative therapy for giant cell tumor of bone may be 3500 rads in 15 fractions in 3 weeks; it is well tolerated with minimal morbidity. Special care must be used in interpretation of the post-therapy radiologic appearance of these lesions because an initial period of osteolysis lasts many weeks before any radiographic indication of healing by recalcification occurs.", "PMID": 408874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4820", "title": "Digital K-edge subtraction radiography.", "content": "K-edge subtraction images have been produced using a digital video image processor. Images formed by three filtered x-ray beams are detected by an image intensifier-Plumbicon system, digitilized, and combined in real time to produce bone- and tissue-free K-edge subtraction images of iodinated structures. Preliminary studies of rhesus monkey cranial, spinal, and abdominal structures are compared with those of conventional radiography.", "contents": "Digital K-edge subtraction radiography. K-edge subtraction images have been produced using a digital video image processor. Images formed by three filtered x-ray beams are detected by an image intensifier-Plumbicon system, digitilized, and combined in real time to produce bone- and tissue-free K-edge subtraction images of iodinated structures. Preliminary studies of rhesus monkey cranial, spinal, and abdominal structures are compared with those of conventional radiography.", "PMID": 408875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4821", "title": "Computed tomography: the cost-benefit dilemma.", "content": "Although cost-benefit analysis is used for most systems of health care planning, its use in evaluating CT scanning is not appropriate. The authors suggest that cost-effectiveness is a more reasonable approach to the economic analysis of CT installations. Cost effectiveness attempts to assure that disease is treated with the most effective means available which minimizes the cost of such treatment. This method involves such factors as the impact of CT on the existing health care system, health outcome of patients, and reduction of hospital occupancy.", "contents": "Computed tomography: the cost-benefit dilemma. Although cost-benefit analysis is used for most systems of health care planning, its use in evaluating CT scanning is not appropriate. The authors suggest that cost-effectiveness is a more reasonable approach to the economic analysis of CT installations. Cost effectiveness attempts to assure that disease is treated with the most effective means available which minimizes the cost of such treatment. This method involves such factors as the impact of CT on the existing health care system, health outcome of patients, and reduction of hospital occupancy.", "PMID": 408876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4822", "title": "Differential inhibitory effects of vitamin E and other antioxidants on prostaglandin synthetase, platelet aggregation and lipoxidase.", "content": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis from eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid in microsomes from the bovine vesicular gland is inhibited by the antioxidants alpha-naphthol. guaiacol, NDGA and propyl gallate. Prostaglandin biosynthesis in this system is not inhibited by the antioxidants BHT, DL-alpha-tocopherol and Trolox C. Arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation is inhibited by specifically by alpha-naphthol. guaiacol, NDGA and propyl gallate. Both arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation and ADP induced platelet aggregation are inhibited non-specifically by the antioxidants BHT, DL-alpha-tocopherol and Trolox C. All antioxidants tested in this study inhibit soybean lipoxidase. Thus alpha-naphthol, NDGA and propyl gallate are non-specific inhibitors of both prostaglandin synthetase and soybean lipoxidase while BHT, DL-alpha-tocopherol and Trolox C are specific inhibitors of soybean lipoxidase alone.", "contents": "Differential inhibitory effects of vitamin E and other antioxidants on prostaglandin synthetase, platelet aggregation and lipoxidase. Prostaglandin biosynthesis from eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid in microsomes from the bovine vesicular gland is inhibited by the antioxidants alpha-naphthol. guaiacol, NDGA and propyl gallate. Prostaglandin biosynthesis in this system is not inhibited by the antioxidants BHT, DL-alpha-tocopherol and Trolox C. Arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation is inhibited by specifically by alpha-naphthol. guaiacol, NDGA and propyl gallate. Both arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation and ADP induced platelet aggregation are inhibited non-specifically by the antioxidants BHT, DL-alpha-tocopherol and Trolox C. All antioxidants tested in this study inhibit soybean lipoxidase. Thus alpha-naphthol, NDGA and propyl gallate are non-specific inhibitors of both prostaglandin synthetase and soybean lipoxidase while BHT, DL-alpha-tocopherol and Trolox C are specific inhibitors of soybean lipoxidase alone.", "PMID": 408877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4823", "title": "Inhibitor(s) of prostaglandin biosynthesis and epidermal injury.", "content": "Inhibition of the activity of sheep vesicular gland prostaglandin synthetase (a rare limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins) was demonstrated in the presence of homogenates prepared from skin lesions characterized histologically by epidermal disruption. These inhibitory effects were not observed in homogenates of skin lesions characterized by a lack of epidermal disruption.", "contents": "Inhibitor(s) of prostaglandin biosynthesis and epidermal injury. Inhibition of the activity of sheep vesicular gland prostaglandin synthetase (a rare limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins) was demonstrated in the presence of homogenates prepared from skin lesions characterized histologically by epidermal disruption. These inhibitory effects were not observed in homogenates of skin lesions characterized by a lack of epidermal disruption.", "PMID": 408878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4824", "title": "[Natural infection of Calomys musculinus (Rodentia, Cricetidae) by Trypanosoma cruzi].", "content": "In the rural area of Las Higueras, R\u00edo Cuarto, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina, a trypanosoma was isolated from a wild rodent (C. musculinus). The trypanosome was classified as Trypanosoma cruzi because of the following characteristics: morphology as described by Hoare for the Schizotrypanum sub-genus: thin shaped, pointed back end, nucleus placed approximately in the middle of the body, prominent and subterminal kinetoplast and short free flagellum. The size measurements were as follows: total lengh 22.02 +/- 0.40 micron, flagellum lengh 5.93 +/- 0.29 mu, Nuclear mean index (NP/NA) 1,21 +/- 0.07 (Table 1). For some authors, this last value is very important for diagnosis of the parasite. BALB/c albino mice were infected with blood of the captured animal; those mice showed a mild parasitemia and amastigotes nests in cardiac fiber (Fig 2 a y b). The xenodiagnosis performed with nimphs of Triatoma infestans on the laboratory mice was positive. The trypanosome grew very well in blood-agar medium. According with these findings along with the wide geographic distribution and density of C. musculinus in Argentina, one should wonder whether or not this rodent is infested withT. cruzi on its whole distribution range. Passages through T. infestans and laboratory mice produced a virulence enhancement of this strain. With these findings, the question is if this situation should take place in nature, affecting domestic animals in any way. The stated questions and findings should estimulate further research on the role of the wild fauna in the epidemiclogy of Chagas' disease in Argintina.", "contents": "[Natural infection of Calomys musculinus (Rodentia, Cricetidae) by Trypanosoma cruzi]. In the rural area of Las Higueras, R\u00edo Cuarto, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina, a trypanosoma was isolated from a wild rodent (C. musculinus). The trypanosome was classified as Trypanosoma cruzi because of the following characteristics: morphology as described by Hoare for the Schizotrypanum sub-genus: thin shaped, pointed back end, nucleus placed approximately in the middle of the body, prominent and subterminal kinetoplast and short free flagellum. The size measurements were as follows: total lengh 22.02 +/- 0.40 micron, flagellum lengh 5.93 +/- 0.29 mu, Nuclear mean index (NP/NA) 1,21 +/- 0.07 (Table 1). For some authors, this last value is very important for diagnosis of the parasite. BALB/c albino mice were infected with blood of the captured animal; those mice showed a mild parasitemia and amastigotes nests in cardiac fiber (Fig 2 a y b). The xenodiagnosis performed with nimphs of Triatoma infestans on the laboratory mice was positive. The trypanosome grew very well in blood-agar medium. According with these findings along with the wide geographic distribution and density of C. musculinus in Argentina, one should wonder whether or not this rodent is infested withT. cruzi on its whole distribution range. Passages through T. infestans and laboratory mice produced a virulence enhancement of this strain. With these findings, the question is if this situation should take place in nature, affecting domestic animals in any way. The stated questions and findings should estimulate further research on the role of the wild fauna in the epidemiclogy of Chagas' disease in Argintina.", "PMID": 408884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4825", "title": "[An avian strain of Escherichia coli with antigens common to the genus Salmonella].", "content": "On a commercial poultry farm, a large percentage (9%) of clinically healthy fowls had positive reaction to the plate test, with commercial polyvalent pullorum antigens. We could not isolate Salmonella from the positive birds. An strain, of Escherichia coli Balcarce (E. coli B) was isolated from the feces of one of the birds. The isolate was identified biochemically and the antigenic study showed correlation with E. coli 044 and the somatic fraction 1, 2, 8, 14 and 23 of the Salmonella genus. The common antigens were studied by agglutination, absorption and crossed immunodiffusion tests, comparing the isolated strain and the different Salmonella serotypes. Four pullorum polyvalent commercial antigens reacted with sera containing somatic agglutinins 1, and with the E. coli B antiserum. These observations confirm the high antigenic correlation between the genus of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is indicated that for the diagnosis of avian salmonelosis rather than using a single serological tests, the isolation and identification of the etiological agent is required.", "contents": "[An avian strain of Escherichia coli with antigens common to the genus Salmonella]. On a commercial poultry farm, a large percentage (9%) of clinically healthy fowls had positive reaction to the plate test, with commercial polyvalent pullorum antigens. We could not isolate Salmonella from the positive birds. An strain, of Escherichia coli Balcarce (E. coli B) was isolated from the feces of one of the birds. The isolate was identified biochemically and the antigenic study showed correlation with E. coli 044 and the somatic fraction 1, 2, 8, 14 and 23 of the Salmonella genus. The common antigens were studied by agglutination, absorption and crossed immunodiffusion tests, comparing the isolated strain and the different Salmonella serotypes. Four pullorum polyvalent commercial antigens reacted with sera containing somatic agglutinins 1, and with the E. coli B antiserum. These observations confirm the high antigenic correlation between the genus of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is indicated that for the diagnosis of avian salmonelosis rather than using a single serological tests, the isolation and identification of the etiological agent is required.", "PMID": 408885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4826", "title": "[Multiple and familial meningiomatosis. A syndrome bordering on Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis].", "content": "The authors present three cases of multiple, intra-cranial meningiomatosis with contact hyperostosis affecting the grandmother, mother and daughter, in a very stereotypic manner. No other sign of von Recklinghausen's disease was noted, except for two tiny neurofibromas on the left hand in the mother. Only the latter suffered from bilateral deafness, but it was not possible to give definite proof of the presence of an acoustic neuroma in this patient. Anatomical verification in the first case, and surgical intervention in the last, confirmed that it was in fact a meningioma. Thus, a new clinical form of expression of neuro-fibromatosis has been found.", "contents": "[Multiple and familial meningiomatosis. A syndrome bordering on Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis]. The authors present three cases of multiple, intra-cranial meningiomatosis with contact hyperostosis affecting the grandmother, mother and daughter, in a very stereotypic manner. No other sign of von Recklinghausen's disease was noted, except for two tiny neurofibromas on the left hand in the mother. Only the latter suffered from bilateral deafness, but it was not possible to give definite proof of the presence of an acoustic neuroma in this patient. Anatomical verification in the first case, and surgical intervention in the last, confirmed that it was in fact a meningioma. Thus, a new clinical form of expression of neuro-fibromatosis has been found.", "PMID": 408890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4827", "title": "[Detection and titration of antitetanus antibodies using an automated passive hemagglutination method].", "content": "An automated reversed passive haemagglutination technique is described, using human erythrocytes sensitized by the chromic chloride method with higly purified tetanus toxoid. Such erythrocytes are agglutinated by the specific antibodies in a Technicon autoanalyzer. Clots are decanted, supernatant is hemolyzed and optical density is measured at 550 millimicron. Assay standards for comparison, ranging from 5 to 25 UI/ml, are prepared from human antitetanus immunoglobulins titrated by toxin neutralisation assay in mice. This method allows to screen donors' sera for presence of high titers of tetanus antibodies (larger than or equal to 5 UI) suitable for preparation of antitetanus immunoglobulins. 4,4% of donors have circulating antitetanus antibody levels corresponding to 5 UI/ml or more, by this method. The specificity of antibodies has been confirmed by the neutralisation assay in mice. The results obtained among 1.000 donors well agree with those of the counter-immuno-electrophoresis technique (C.E.P.). But, when, compared with C.E.P., the haemagglutination assay appears more objective, more quantitative and sensitive, and allows to get not only a rapid screening test but also a precise titration simultaneously.", "contents": "[Detection and titration of antitetanus antibodies using an automated passive hemagglutination method]. An automated reversed passive haemagglutination technique is described, using human erythrocytes sensitized by the chromic chloride method with higly purified tetanus toxoid. Such erythrocytes are agglutinated by the specific antibodies in a Technicon autoanalyzer. Clots are decanted, supernatant is hemolyzed and optical density is measured at 550 millimicron. Assay standards for comparison, ranging from 5 to 25 UI/ml, are prepared from human antitetanus immunoglobulins titrated by toxin neutralisation assay in mice. This method allows to screen donors' sera for presence of high titers of tetanus antibodies (larger than or equal to 5 UI) suitable for preparation of antitetanus immunoglobulins. 4,4% of donors have circulating antitetanus antibody levels corresponding to 5 UI/ml or more, by this method. The specificity of antibodies has been confirmed by the neutralisation assay in mice. The results obtained among 1.000 donors well agree with those of the counter-immuno-electrophoresis technique (C.E.P.). But, when, compared with C.E.P., the haemagglutination assay appears more objective, more quantitative and sensitive, and allows to get not only a rapid screening test but also a precise titration simultaneously.", "PMID": 408892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4828", "title": "Recent advances in radiotherapy.", "content": "Significant recent achievement in radiotherapy are presented, with brief discussions of brachytherapy, clinical dose-rate effects, ultrafractionation, and total and half-body irradiation. Reports on radiation modifiers, including hyperbaric oxygen, chemical radiosensitizers, and normal tissue protective agents are briefly summarized, while the potential of local and systemic hyperthermia is discussed in greater detail. Recent reports of local tumor control in so-called \"radioresistant tumors,\" such as salivary gland tumors, adenocarcinomas of the breast, prostate and pancreas, malignant melanoma and malignant carcinoid, are summarized. Current status of heavy particle radiotherapy is discussed in detail. Results of initial clinical trials of neutron beam therapy are summarized, and a brief review of proton beam clinical trials and pion beam facilities is included. Recent reports defining the role of combined irradiation and surgery in rectal and breast cancer, and in soft tissue sarcomas, are discussed. Reports of enhanced radiation toxicity seen with concomitant or sequential chemotherapy and radiotherapy are detailed, including CNS toxicity seen with methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside, cardiotoxicity with adriamycin, and pulmonary toxicity with bleomycin. New or improved diagnostic techniques with special relevance to radiotherapy treatment planning, including CT scanning, histerography, internal mammary lymphoscintigraphy, and upper extremity lymphangiography are described.", "contents": "Recent advances in radiotherapy. Significant recent achievement in radiotherapy are presented, with brief discussions of brachytherapy, clinical dose-rate effects, ultrafractionation, and total and half-body irradiation. Reports on radiation modifiers, including hyperbaric oxygen, chemical radiosensitizers, and normal tissue protective agents are briefly summarized, while the potential of local and systemic hyperthermia is discussed in greater detail. Recent reports of local tumor control in so-called \"radioresistant tumors,\" such as salivary gland tumors, adenocarcinomas of the breast, prostate and pancreas, malignant melanoma and malignant carcinoid, are summarized. Current status of heavy particle radiotherapy is discussed in detail. Results of initial clinical trials of neutron beam therapy are summarized, and a brief review of proton beam clinical trials and pion beam facilities is included. Recent reports defining the role of combined irradiation and surgery in rectal and breast cancer, and in soft tissue sarcomas, are discussed. Reports of enhanced radiation toxicity seen with concomitant or sequential chemotherapy and radiotherapy are detailed, including CNS toxicity seen with methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside, cardiotoxicity with adriamycin, and pulmonary toxicity with bleomycin. New or improved diagnostic techniques with special relevance to radiotherapy treatment planning, including CT scanning, histerography, internal mammary lymphoscintigraphy, and upper extremity lymphangiography are described.", "PMID": 408898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4829", "title": "Immunological investigations of meningococcal disease. III. Brevity of group C acquisition prior to disease occurrence.", "content": "A surveillance program to determine group C meningococcal acquisition in military personnel during an epidemic was made. Data from fortnightly nasopharyngeal cultures show that individuals who were admitted with meningococcal disease acquired the organism within a week of disease onset. There were 24 company/platoons in which a single case occurred. Six company/platoons had 2 cases each. While other conditions which could act as predisposing factors were not ruled out, the data here favor acute respiratory disease as a predisposing factor(s) that may cause the increased incidence of meningococcal disease seen in military recruits. The exact mechanism is yet to be defined.", "contents": "Immunological investigations of meningococcal disease. III. Brevity of group C acquisition prior to disease occurrence. A surveillance program to determine group C meningococcal acquisition in military personnel during an epidemic was made. Data from fortnightly nasopharyngeal cultures show that individuals who were admitted with meningococcal disease acquired the organism within a week of disease onset. There were 24 company/platoons in which a single case occurred. Six company/platoons had 2 cases each. While other conditions which could act as predisposing factors were not ruled out, the data here favor acute respiratory disease as a predisposing factor(s) that may cause the increased incidence of meningococcal disease seen in military recruits. The exact mechanism is yet to be defined.", "PMID": 408918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4830", "title": "Aeromonas hydrophila septicaemia producing ecthyma gangrenosum in a child with leukaemia.", "content": "A 4-year-old girl with leukaemia developed fever and ecthyma gangrenosum. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from blood and skin lesions. Ecthyma gangrenosum is often considered pathognomonic of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia. As is evident from the case reported, it may also result from infection with A. hydrophila, which has different antibiotic sensitivities, and which is now being recognised more frequently as a serious pathogen in immunosuppressed patients.", "contents": "Aeromonas hydrophila septicaemia producing ecthyma gangrenosum in a child with leukaemia. A 4-year-old girl with leukaemia developed fever and ecthyma gangrenosum. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from blood and skin lesions. Ecthyma gangrenosum is often considered pathognomonic of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia. As is evident from the case reported, it may also result from infection with A. hydrophila, which has different antibiotic sensitivities, and which is now being recognised more frequently as a serious pathogen in immunosuppressed patients.", "PMID": 408919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4831", "title": "Urodynamic studies in boys with disorders of the lower urinary tract. III. Urethral diverticula. A pre- and postoperative study.", "content": "Eight boys with urethral diverticula underwent urodynamic investigation. According to the findins, the patients were divided into three groups: normal micturition pattern; definite infravesical obstruction; miscellaneous group with varying patterns. Urodynamic investigation proved to be of value for the evaluation of postoperative results. The final results of treatment were good in all patients.", "contents": "Urodynamic studies in boys with disorders of the lower urinary tract. III. Urethral diverticula. A pre- and postoperative study. Eight boys with urethral diverticula underwent urodynamic investigation. According to the findins, the patients were divided into three groups: normal micturition pattern; definite infravesical obstruction; miscellaneous group with varying patterns. Urodynamic investigation proved to be of value for the evaluation of postoperative results. The final results of treatment were good in all patients.", "PMID": 408920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4832", "title": "A study of the variable heavy chain (VH) regions in human polyclonal IgM rheumatoid factors.", "content": "Ten IgM polyclonal rheumatoid factor (RF) preparations isolated from sera from various patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were investigated with respect to their variable heavy chain (VH) subgroups. They were tested in a haemagglutination inhibition system using red cells sensitized with myeloma proteins with known chemical VH subgroups and anti-VH subgroup specific antisera. Most of the preparations showed a considerable degree of restriction to one VH subgroup. Seven of the IgM-RF preparations were restricted to the VHIII subgroup, two to the VHI subgroup and one to the VHII subgroup. However, a weak reaction in other VH subgroup systems was seen in several instances. Two normal IgM fractions from healthy persons showed no VH subgroup restriction, and showed a rather similar degree of reaction in all the three subgroup systems.", "contents": "A study of the variable heavy chain (VH) regions in human polyclonal IgM rheumatoid factors. Ten IgM polyclonal rheumatoid factor (RF) preparations isolated from sera from various patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were investigated with respect to their variable heavy chain (VH) subgroups. They were tested in a haemagglutination inhibition system using red cells sensitized with myeloma proteins with known chemical VH subgroups and anti-VH subgroup specific antisera. Most of the preparations showed a considerable degree of restriction to one VH subgroup. Seven of the IgM-RF preparations were restricted to the VHIII subgroup, two to the VHI subgroup and one to the VHII subgroup. However, a weak reaction in other VH subgroup systems was seen in several instances. Two normal IgM fractions from healthy persons showed no VH subgroup restriction, and showed a rather similar degree of reaction in all the three subgroup systems.", "PMID": 408921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4833", "title": "Swine influenza virus vaccine: potentiation of antibody responses in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid stabilized with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose [poly(ICLC)] enhances the antibody response in rhesus monkeys immunized with swine influenza virus subunit vaccine. Monkeys given the vaccine-adjuvant combination had earlier and significantly (P less than .05) higher titers by 14 days compared to those that received vaccine alone. The potentiation of the antibody response of young monkeys given a split-virus vaccine in combination with poly(ICLC) suggests that this vaccine-adjuvant combination may similarly provide a potentially useful alternative approach to the immunization of pediatric and young adult age groups against swine influenza.", "contents": "Swine influenza virus vaccine: potentiation of antibody responses in rhesus monkeys. Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid stabilized with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose [poly(ICLC)] enhances the antibody response in rhesus monkeys immunized with swine influenza virus subunit vaccine. Monkeys given the vaccine-adjuvant combination had earlier and significantly (P less than .05) higher titers by 14 days compared to those that received vaccine alone. The potentiation of the antibody response of young monkeys given a split-virus vaccine in combination with poly(ICLC) suggests that this vaccine-adjuvant combination may similarly provide a potentially useful alternative approach to the immunization of pediatric and young adult age groups against swine influenza.", "PMID": 408923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4834", "title": "Visual input to the visuomotor mechanisms of the monkey's parietal lobe.", "content": "A newly identified class of neurons of the parietal cortex, studied in waking monkeys (Macaca mulatta), is activated by visual stimuli, perhaps via the retino-collicular visual pathway. This afferent input is thought to provide the visual cues activating the visuomotor mechanisms of the parietal lobe for the direction of visual attention.", "contents": "Visual input to the visuomotor mechanisms of the monkey's parietal lobe. A newly identified class of neurons of the parietal cortex, studied in waking monkeys (Macaca mulatta), is activated by visual stimuli, perhaps via the retino-collicular visual pathway. This afferent input is thought to provide the visual cues activating the visuomotor mechanisms of the parietal lobe for the direction of visual attention.", "PMID": 408924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4835", "title": "Behavioral history as a determinant of the effects of d-amphetamine on punished behavior.", "content": "Food-maintained responding by four squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) was suppressed by the presentation of electric shock (punishment). Two of these monkeys were experimentally naive and two had a history of responding maintained by both shock-postponement and shock-presentation schedules. In accord with earlier studies, d-amphetamine did not increase punished responding by naive monkeys. However, it did increase punished responding in the others. Subsequently, d-amphetamine also increased punished responding by the initially naive monkeys after they were trained under a shock-postponement schedule. Even though not evident in current behavior, an organism's prior experience can influence the behavioral effects of drugs.", "contents": "Behavioral history as a determinant of the effects of d-amphetamine on punished behavior. Food-maintained responding by four squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) was suppressed by the presentation of electric shock (punishment). Two of these monkeys were experimentally naive and two had a history of responding maintained by both shock-postponement and shock-presentation schedules. In accord with earlier studies, d-amphetamine did not increase punished responding by naive monkeys. However, it did increase punished responding in the others. Subsequently, d-amphetamine also increased punished responding by the initially naive monkeys after they were trained under a shock-postponement schedule. Even though not evident in current behavior, an organism's prior experience can influence the behavioral effects of drugs.", "PMID": 408925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4836", "title": "Ovenstone Factor in the management of Rh sensitization.", "content": "Several methods have been developed for analyzing amniotic fluid to aid in the management of rhesus isoimmunization. Because all methods attempt to predict the severity of fetal hemolysis based on the original findings of Bevis and on the amount of unconjugated bilirubin in amniotic fluid as measured by its optical density at 450 millimicron, they share two possible sources of error: calculation of exact gestational age and accurately reading bloody or contaminated amniotic fluid. The Ovenstone Factor measures the derivative of the bilirubin curve against wavelength and thereby avoids some of the contaminating pigments at 450 millimicron. This paper compares the predictive accuracy of two methods, Liley versus Ovenstone Factor, in 78 samples of fluid from 46 patients. Predictions were correct in 80% of infants using Ovenstone Factor and 67% using the Liley curve, and incorrect in only 7% and 13%, respectively. The Ovenstone Factor, with its simplicity and high predictive accuracy, is an excellent additional tool in the management of Rh-sensitized pregnancies.", "contents": "Ovenstone Factor in the management of Rh sensitization. Several methods have been developed for analyzing amniotic fluid to aid in the management of rhesus isoimmunization. Because all methods attempt to predict the severity of fetal hemolysis based on the original findings of Bevis and on the amount of unconjugated bilirubin in amniotic fluid as measured by its optical density at 450 millimicron, they share two possible sources of error: calculation of exact gestational age and accurately reading bloody or contaminated amniotic fluid. The Ovenstone Factor measures the derivative of the bilirubin curve against wavelength and thereby avoids some of the contaminating pigments at 450 millimicron. This paper compares the predictive accuracy of two methods, Liley versus Ovenstone Factor, in 78 samples of fluid from 46 patients. Predictions were correct in 80% of infants using Ovenstone Factor and 67% using the Liley curve, and incorrect in only 7% and 13%, respectively. The Ovenstone Factor, with its simplicity and high predictive accuracy, is an excellent additional tool in the management of Rh-sensitized pregnancies.", "PMID": 408928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4837", "title": "Familial Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia: a case report.", "content": "A patient with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia, whose father died of the same condition, is presented. The literature on familial occurrence of paraproteinaemia is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Familial Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia: a case report. A patient with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia, whose father died of the same condition, is presented. The literature on familial occurrence of paraproteinaemia is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 408931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4838", "title": "Age differences in health care spending, fiscal year 1976.", "content": "Of the $120.4 billion spent by the Nation for personal health care in fiscal year 1976, 29% was spent for those aged 65 or older, 15% for those under age 19, and the remaining 56% for those aged 19-64. The average health bill reached $1,521 for the aged, $547 for the intermediate age group, and $249 for the young. Public funds financed 68% of the health expenses of the aged with Medicare and Medicaid together accounting for 59%. Private sources paid 74% of the health expenses of the young and 70% of the expenses of those aged 19-64. Third-party payments met 65% of the health expenditures of all those under age 65.", "contents": "Age differences in health care spending, fiscal year 1976. Of the $120.4 billion spent by the Nation for personal health care in fiscal year 1976, 29% was spent for those aged 65 or older, 15% for those under age 19, and the remaining 56% for those aged 19-64. The average health bill reached $1,521 for the aged, $547 for the intermediate age group, and $249 for the young. Public funds financed 68% of the health expenses of the aged with Medicare and Medicaid together accounting for 59%. Private sources paid 74% of the health expenses of the young and 70% of the expenses of those aged 19-64. Third-party payments met 65% of the health expenditures of all those under age 65.", "PMID": 408934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4839", "title": "Serum hepatic enzyme and bilirubin elevations during parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Serial liver enzyme and bilirubin concentrations were measured in 100 patients undergoing total parenteral nutrition. Between the eighth and tenth days, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase levels rose to 5.4 times pretotal parenteral nutrition levels; serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, 2.8 times; bilirubin, 2.3 times, and lactic dehydrogenase, 1.5 times. These elevations were transient, lasting four to ten days. Biopsies  of the liver taken during maximal elevations demonstrated marked periportal fatty change. A second elevation of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase occurred in one-third to one-half of those patients receiving total parenteral nutrition for longer than a 20 day period. These elevations were more prolonged, and no biopsies were taken. Amino acid solutions contain conversion products of tryptophan, an amino acid that is unstable in the presence of the preservative sodium bisulfite which is added to all commercially available protein solutions. Infusion of these products into rats, either alone or as part of total parenteral nutrition solutions, resulted in periportal fatty change of the livers identical to that seen in our patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. A toxic effect of tryptophan conversion products in total parenteral nutrition solutions is proposed.", "contents": "Serum hepatic enzyme and bilirubin elevations during parenteral nutrition. Serial liver enzyme and bilirubin concentrations were measured in 100 patients undergoing total parenteral nutrition. Between the eighth and tenth days, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase levels rose to 5.4 times pretotal parenteral nutrition levels; serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, 2.8 times; bilirubin, 2.3 times, and lactic dehydrogenase, 1.5 times. These elevations were transient, lasting four to ten days. Biopsies  of the liver taken during maximal elevations demonstrated marked periportal fatty change. A second elevation of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase occurred in one-third to one-half of those patients receiving total parenteral nutrition for longer than a 20 day period. These elevations were more prolonged, and no biopsies were taken. Amino acid solutions contain conversion products of tryptophan, an amino acid that is unstable in the presence of the preservative sodium bisulfite which is added to all commercially available protein solutions. Infusion of these products into rats, either alone or as part of total parenteral nutrition solutions, resulted in periportal fatty change of the livers identical to that seen in our patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. A toxic effect of tryptophan conversion products in total parenteral nutrition solutions is proposed.", "PMID": 408935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4840", "title": "Studies on the in vivo cellular reactions of insects: an ultrastructural analysis of nodule formation in Galleria mellonella.", "content": "Cellular aggregates or nodules which formed in Galleria mellonella larvae in response to injections of killed Bacillus cereus were examined during their first 24 hr of development. The initial aggregation stage was very rapid, occurring within 1 min, and was brought about by the release of an adhesive flocculent material by granular haemocytes in contact with the bacteria. This material, which subsequently became increasingly electron dense owing to melanin deposition, consolidated and by 5 min ramified all the intercellular spaces. The granular cells degenerated, releasing portions of cytoplasm form their peripheries, and eventurally appeared in the matrix as voids containing loosely flocculent material. No bacterial breakdown was seen, however. From 2-4 hr, plasmatocytes began to encapsulate the necrotic mass, and by 24 hr a complete sheath, composed of three discrete regions of cells, was formed. These findings are discussed in relation to the various proposed mechanisms of nodule and capsule formation.", "contents": "Studies on the in vivo cellular reactions of insects: an ultrastructural analysis of nodule formation in Galleria mellonella. Cellular aggregates or nodules which formed in Galleria mellonella larvae in response to injections of killed Bacillus cereus were examined during their first 24 hr of development. The initial aggregation stage was very rapid, occurring within 1 min, and was brought about by the release of an adhesive flocculent material by granular haemocytes in contact with the bacteria. This material, which subsequently became increasingly electron dense owing to melanin deposition, consolidated and by 5 min ramified all the intercellular spaces. The granular cells degenerated, releasing portions of cytoplasm form their peripheries, and eventurally appeared in the matrix as voids containing loosely flocculent material. No bacterial breakdown was seen, however. From 2-4 hr, plasmatocytes began to encapsulate the necrotic mass, and by 24 hr a complete sheath, composed of three discrete regions of cells, was formed. These findings are discussed in relation to the various proposed mechanisms of nodule and capsule formation.", "PMID": 408940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4841", "title": "[Contribution to the radiation therapy of cerebral tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Postoperative radiation therapy chiefly has to be regarded under the aspects of prevention or delay of recurrences. Primary radiation therapy without surgical extirpation of the principal mass of the tumor generally represents a palliative measure. As the radiosensitivity of a cerebral tumor is not exclusively dependent on the histological picture, histology should not influence the indication for radiotherapy. A diagnosis however, based on all clinical means, being reliable to a high degree, is a condition of the radiation therapy of brain tumors without a clear histologic determination. In this paper are reported the results of treatment from 132 intracranial tumors, and compared with data from literature.", "contents": "[Contribution to the radiation therapy of cerebral tumors (author's transl)]. Postoperative radiation therapy chiefly has to be regarded under the aspects of prevention or delay of recurrences. Primary radiation therapy without surgical extirpation of the principal mass of the tumor generally represents a palliative measure. As the radiosensitivity of a cerebral tumor is not exclusively dependent on the histological picture, histology should not influence the indication for radiotherapy. A diagnosis however, based on all clinical means, being reliable to a high degree, is a condition of the radiation therapy of brain tumors without a clear histologic determination. In this paper are reported the results of treatment from 132 intracranial tumors, and compared with data from literature.", "PMID": 408946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4842", "title": "[Pendulum irradiation of the middle part of the esophagus with rapid electrons and ultrahard X-rays (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to find out whether the moving field irradiation with rapid electrons and ultrahard X-rays of a 42 MeV betatron is suitable for the radiotherapy of the esophagus carcinoma, we took measurements on the Alderson phantom. By both methods--irradiation with rapid electrons as well as mono-axial pendulum irradiatin with ultra-hard X-rays--we did not achieve a satisfactory dose distribution, because lung segments of different sizes or the spinal marrow were reached by a relative dose which was too high. The bisegmental pendulum irradiation is the only one which leads to a dose distribution producing a good concentration in the target volume and sparing the surrounding tissues.", "contents": "[Pendulum irradiation of the middle part of the esophagus with rapid electrons and ultrahard X-rays (author's transl)]. In order to find out whether the moving field irradiation with rapid electrons and ultrahard X-rays of a 42 MeV betatron is suitable for the radiotherapy of the esophagus carcinoma, we took measurements on the Alderson phantom. By both methods--irradiation with rapid electrons as well as mono-axial pendulum irradiatin with ultra-hard X-rays--we did not achieve a satisfactory dose distribution, because lung segments of different sizes or the spinal marrow were reached by a relative dose which was too high. The bisegmental pendulum irradiation is the only one which leads to a dose distribution producing a good concentration in the target volume and sparing the surrounding tissues.", "PMID": 408947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4843", "title": "Carcinoma within urethral diverticula.", "content": "Because diagnosis of urethral diverticulum is often elusive the presence of a tumor within the diverticular cavity may be overlooked until it has grown beyond the confines of the diverticulum. A search of the medical records from 1940 to 1975 at the University of California Medical Center in San Francisco and Alta Bates Hospital in Berkeley has revealed only 3 cases of carcinoma within a urethral diverticulum. Two are presented here and the third was reported by Hinman in 1960. The paucity of cases in the literature reflects the rarity of such location for the tumor--or, perhaps, rather its evasive diagnostic nature. Undoubtedly, many cases are unreported but the important message for the clinician is that he suspect a urethral diverticulum (with the possibility of underlying neoplasm) in any patient with unexplained persistent irritative symptoms of the lower genitourinary tract.", "contents": "Carcinoma within urethral diverticula. Because diagnosis of urethral diverticulum is often elusive the presence of a tumor within the diverticular cavity may be overlooked until it has grown beyond the confines of the diverticulum. A search of the medical records from 1940 to 1975 at the University of California Medical Center in San Francisco and Alta Bates Hospital in Berkeley has revealed only 3 cases of carcinoma within a urethral diverticulum. Two are presented here and the third was reported by Hinman in 1960. The paucity of cases in the literature reflects the rarity of such location for the tumor--or, perhaps, rather its evasive diagnostic nature. Undoubtedly, many cases are unreported but the important message for the clinician is that he suspect a urethral diverticulum (with the possibility of underlying neoplasm) in any patient with unexplained persistent irritative symptoms of the lower genitourinary tract.", "PMID": 408951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4844", "title": "Comparative effects of chloralose anesthesia and Sernylan analgesia on cerebral blood flow, CO2 responsiveness, and brain metabolism in the baboon.", "content": "A comparison was made between the effects of two different anesthetics, alpha-D-gluco-chloralose and 1-1-phenylcyclohexyl piperidine hydrochloride (Sernylan), on cerebral blood flow (CBF), brain metabolism and cerebrovascular CO2 responsiveness in primates. The experiments were carried out on immobilized and artificially ventilated baboons. Anesthesia was induced either with 100/mg/kg chloralose (i.p.) or with 1 mg/kg Sernylan (i.m.). CBF in 8 different brain regions was measured by the intra-arterial 133Xe clearance technique. The CO2 responsiveness of the cerebrovascular bed was tested by a gas mixture containing 5% CO2. Chloralose depressed total as well as regional CBF compared to the effect of Sernylan. A significant shift occurred toward lower CBF values in the grey matter while white matter flow was identical in the two groups. Brain O2 consumption was significantly higher during Sernylan analgesia (3.35 +/- 0.34 ml/100 g/min) than during chloralose anesthesia (2.42 +/- 0.22 ml/100 g/min). There were no differences in glucose uptake, lactate and pyruvate production, or in arterial and cerebral venous blood gases in the two types of anesthesia. The cerebrovascular CO2 sensitivity of the Sernylan-treated baboons was higher than that of the chloralose-anesthetized animals, in both the grey and white matter.", "contents": "Comparative effects of chloralose anesthesia and Sernylan analgesia on cerebral blood flow, CO2 responsiveness, and brain metabolism in the baboon. A comparison was made between the effects of two different anesthetics, alpha-D-gluco-chloralose and 1-1-phenylcyclohexyl piperidine hydrochloride (Sernylan), on cerebral blood flow (CBF), brain metabolism and cerebrovascular CO2 responsiveness in primates. The experiments were carried out on immobilized and artificially ventilated baboons. Anesthesia was induced either with 100/mg/kg chloralose (i.p.) or with 1 mg/kg Sernylan (i.m.). CBF in 8 different brain regions was measured by the intra-arterial 133Xe clearance technique. The CO2 responsiveness of the cerebrovascular bed was tested by a gas mixture containing 5% CO2. Chloralose depressed total as well as regional CBF compared to the effect of Sernylan. A significant shift occurred toward lower CBF values in the grey matter while white matter flow was identical in the two groups. Brain O2 consumption was significantly higher during Sernylan analgesia (3.35 +/- 0.34 ml/100 g/min) than during chloralose anesthesia (2.42 +/- 0.22 ml/100 g/min). There were no differences in glucose uptake, lactate and pyruvate production, or in arterial and cerebral venous blood gases in the two types of anesthesia. The cerebrovascular CO2 sensitivity of the Sernylan-treated baboons was higher than that of the chloralose-anesthetized animals, in both the grey and white matter.", "PMID": 408948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4845", "title": "Brain water alterations after unilateral nephrectomy. A study of regional circulatory factors in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "White and regional gray matter distributions of water, blood flow, and the protein tracer pertechnetate were measured in five normal squirrel monkeys. A second group of five monkeys, which had undergone unilateral nephrectomy six months previously, were found at the time of study to have blood pressures similar to those of the control animals but increased brain water and altered distribution of blood flow which was increased in white matter. No alteration of capillary permeability to the protein traces attended these changes, which appeared to be influenced by blood pressure. Nephrectomy without hypertension influences brain water content, perhaps because of an effect on cerebral resistance vessels. In hypertensive encephalopathy renal lesions, as well as intraluminal pressure changes, may be related to cerebral edema.", "contents": "Brain water alterations after unilateral nephrectomy. A study of regional circulatory factors in squirrel monkeys. White and regional gray matter distributions of water, blood flow, and the protein tracer pertechnetate were measured in five normal squirrel monkeys. A second group of five monkeys, which had undergone unilateral nephrectomy six months previously, were found at the time of study to have blood pressures similar to those of the control animals but increased brain water and altered distribution of blood flow which was increased in white matter. No alteration of capillary permeability to the protein traces attended these changes, which appeared to be influenced by blood pressure. Nephrectomy without hypertension influences brain water content, perhaps because of an effect on cerebral resistance vessels. In hypertensive encephalopathy renal lesions, as well as intraluminal pressure changes, may be related to cerebral edema.", "PMID": 408949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4846", "title": "[Intravital effect of DDT and gamma-HCH residues on selected parameters of the nutritive value of porcine lard].", "content": "On the basis of FAO/WHO tolerance recommendations, slaughtered pigs were divided into groups with gamma-HCH residues ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mg per kg and with DDT residues ranging between 0.5 and 5.0 mg per kg in fat. Groups with negative residue findings were formed for control. Some parameters of the biological value of lard were determined in pig back fat. The presence of DDT and gamma-HCH residues did not change the melting and congelation points of lard. The acid number was higher by 31%, the saponification number dropped by 2.6%, the iodine number by 7.6%, the level of palmito-oleic acid by 16%, linoleic acid by 15% and linolenic acid by 40% due to the presence of DDT residues in lard. In the lard containing gamma-HCH residues the acid number increased by 42%, the saponification number decreased by 3.6%, the number of 8.1%, the level of palmito-oleic acid by 14%, linoleic acid by 18% and linolenic acid by 30%. It has been inferred from the results that the presence of DDT and gamma-HCH residues in the organism of a pig reduces the biological value of lard owing to the probable alteration of fat metabolism.", "contents": "[Intravital effect of DDT and gamma-HCH residues on selected parameters of the nutritive value of porcine lard]. On the basis of FAO/WHO tolerance recommendations, slaughtered pigs were divided into groups with gamma-HCH residues ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mg per kg and with DDT residues ranging between 0.5 and 5.0 mg per kg in fat. Groups with negative residue findings were formed for control. Some parameters of the biological value of lard were determined in pig back fat. The presence of DDT and gamma-HCH residues did not change the melting and congelation points of lard. The acid number was higher by 31%, the saponification number dropped by 2.6%, the iodine number by 7.6%, the level of palmito-oleic acid by 16%, linoleic acid by 15% and linolenic acid by 40% due to the presence of DDT residues in lard. In the lard containing gamma-HCH residues the acid number increased by 42%, the saponification number decreased by 3.6%, the number of 8.1%, the level of palmito-oleic acid by 14%, linoleic acid by 18% and linolenic acid by 30%. It has been inferred from the results that the presence of DDT and gamma-HCH residues in the organism of a pig reduces the biological value of lard owing to the probable alteration of fat metabolism.", "PMID": 408959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4847", "title": "[Therapy of hypodermyiasis in heifers from the economic point of view].", "content": "The test set of animals consisted of sixty one- to two-year-old heifers of the Slovak Spotted and Pinzgau breeds kept at three sites. The Hypocid preparation (containing 40% trichlorphon) in the dose of 15 ml per 100 kg of live weight was applied to these cows by the lavage method in the sacrolumbar region of the spine in 1973. Another group, consisting of 58 heifers, was left untreated as controls. In the experimental period extending over 158, 150 and 120 days at different sites (143 days on an average), weight gains and the health condition of the experimental and control animals were checked in monthly intervals. The average extensity of invasion in the control heifers was 79.31% and the intensity of invasion was 14.58%. The extenseffectiveness of Hypocid (EE) was 97.90% and the intenseffectiveness of the preparation (IE) was 99.99%. The results prove a negative effect of hypodermatosis on the weight gains of untreated heifers and high profitability of the therapy: after subtraction of the costs of therapy the savings were 1.74, 3.88 and 2.25 crowns per kg gain per day (2.62 crowns on an average). The veterinary measures gave the following savings per each crown expended: 2,243.55; 3,066.85 and 922.83 crowns (depending on site).", "contents": "[Therapy of hypodermyiasis in heifers from the economic point of view]. The test set of animals consisted of sixty one- to two-year-old heifers of the Slovak Spotted and Pinzgau breeds kept at three sites. The Hypocid preparation (containing 40% trichlorphon) in the dose of 15 ml per 100 kg of live weight was applied to these cows by the lavage method in the sacrolumbar region of the spine in 1973. Another group, consisting of 58 heifers, was left untreated as controls. In the experimental period extending over 158, 150 and 120 days at different sites (143 days on an average), weight gains and the health condition of the experimental and control animals were checked in monthly intervals. The average extensity of invasion in the control heifers was 79.31% and the intensity of invasion was 14.58%. The extenseffectiveness of Hypocid (EE) was 97.90% and the intenseffectiveness of the preparation (IE) was 99.99%. The results prove a negative effect of hypodermatosis on the weight gains of untreated heifers and high profitability of the therapy: after subtraction of the costs of therapy the savings were 1.74, 3.88 and 2.25 crowns per kg gain per day (2.62 crowns on an average). The veterinary measures gave the following savings per each crown expended: 2,243.55; 3,066.85 and 922.83 crowns (depending on site).", "PMID": 408960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4848", "title": "Obliteration of vestibular and cochlear aqueducts in animals.", "content": "The right vestibular aqueduct was obliterated in guinea pigs, chinchillas, and monkeys, and the right cochlear aqueduct and both the right vestibular and right cochlear aqueducts were obliterated in guinea pigs and chinchilas. Changes in auditory acuity were monitored by determining averaged temporal-response thresholds, and temporal-bone histologic studies were performed. Obliteration of the vestibular aqueduct or both the vestibular and cochlear aqueducts consistently produced endolymphatic hydrops in guinea pigs. In these animals, the auditory acuity gradually deteriorated. The low tones consistently were depressed more than the high tones. The auditory changes corresponded to the severity of endolymphatic hydrops. On the other hand, no significant histologic or audiometric changes were demonstrated in monkeys after obliteration of the vestibular aqueduct or in chinchillas after obliteration of the vestibular aqueduct or of both the vestibular and cochlear aqueducts. No significant histologic or audiometric changes were demonstrated in guinea pigs and chinchillas after obliteration of the cochlear aqueduct.", "contents": "Obliteration of vestibular and cochlear aqueducts in animals. The right vestibular aqueduct was obliterated in guinea pigs, chinchillas, and monkeys, and the right cochlear aqueduct and both the right vestibular and right cochlear aqueducts were obliterated in guinea pigs and chinchilas. Changes in auditory acuity were monitored by determining averaged temporal-response thresholds, and temporal-bone histologic studies were performed. Obliteration of the vestibular aqueduct or both the vestibular and cochlear aqueducts consistently produced endolymphatic hydrops in guinea pigs. In these animals, the auditory acuity gradually deteriorated. The low tones consistently were depressed more than the high tones. The auditory changes corresponded to the severity of endolymphatic hydrops. On the other hand, no significant histologic or audiometric changes were demonstrated in monkeys after obliteration of the vestibular aqueduct or in chinchillas after obliteration of the vestibular aqueduct or of both the vestibular and cochlear aqueducts. No significant histologic or audiometric changes were demonstrated in guinea pigs and chinchillas after obliteration of the cochlear aqueduct.", "PMID": 408954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4849", "title": "[Effectiveness of fenbendazole (Panacur) in cattle invaded by gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes].", "content": "The effectiveness of the new anthelmintic fenbendazole (Panacur) produced by Hoechst, W. Germany, was tested in cattle naturally invaded by gastro-intestinal and pulmonary nematodes. The single dose of 5.7 mg per kg or 7.5 mg per kg body weight administered either in the form of a 10% suspension or in pellets containing 1.5% of the active substance gave 100% intenseffectiveness and 100% extenseffectiveness in the control of Dictyocaulus viviparus, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., Ostertagia spp., Oesophagostomum spp. and Cooperia spp. The animals tolerated the administration of both drug forms without showing any undesirable symptoms.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of fenbendazole (Panacur) in cattle invaded by gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes]. The effectiveness of the new anthelmintic fenbendazole (Panacur) produced by Hoechst, W. Germany, was tested in cattle naturally invaded by gastro-intestinal and pulmonary nematodes. The single dose of 5.7 mg per kg or 7.5 mg per kg body weight administered either in the form of a 10% suspension or in pellets containing 1.5% of the active substance gave 100% intenseffectiveness and 100% extenseffectiveness in the control of Dictyocaulus viviparus, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., Ostertagia spp., Oesophagostomum spp. and Cooperia spp. The animals tolerated the administration of both drug forms without showing any undesirable symptoms.", "PMID": 408961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4850", "title": "[Nonspecific esterase and naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase in monocytoid and myeloid cells of healthy cattle and cattle suffering from leukosis].", "content": "The reaction to non-specific esterase can be used for the identification of the monocytoid cells of the periphery. A negative reaction is exhibited by neutrophile and eosinophile leucocytes and erythrocytes. Varying results are obtained from lymphocytes, rendering it impossible to use this method in the group of lymphoid cells of the periphery or marrow. In the group of large marrow cells (promonocytes), non-specific esterase gave a very strong reaction; this applies both to the marrow of healthy cattle and cattle suffering from leucosis. For the time being, efforts to use this reaction for the solution of the problem of the differentiation of monocytoid cells and cells of similar size in the myeloid series of the bone marrow have not been successful. In neutrophile leucocytes of the periphery, naphtol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase gives a less intensive reaction than in humans. For this reason, it is less suitable for the differentiation of these cells. Other cell types (eosinophile leucocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes as well as their bone-marrow stages) give a negative reaction. In the group of large marrow cells of the myeloid series (promyelocytes and neutrophile myelocytes), naphtol-AS-D-chloracetate esterase shows a more intensive reaction in healthy cattle, as compared with cattle suffering from leucosis.", "contents": "[Nonspecific esterase and naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase in monocytoid and myeloid cells of healthy cattle and cattle suffering from leukosis]. The reaction to non-specific esterase can be used for the identification of the monocytoid cells of the periphery. A negative reaction is exhibited by neutrophile and eosinophile leucocytes and erythrocytes. Varying results are obtained from lymphocytes, rendering it impossible to use this method in the group of lymphoid cells of the periphery or marrow. In the group of large marrow cells (promonocytes), non-specific esterase gave a very strong reaction; this applies both to the marrow of healthy cattle and cattle suffering from leucosis. For the time being, efforts to use this reaction for the solution of the problem of the differentiation of monocytoid cells and cells of similar size in the myeloid series of the bone marrow have not been successful. In neutrophile leucocytes of the periphery, naphtol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase gives a less intensive reaction than in humans. For this reason, it is less suitable for the differentiation of these cells. Other cell types (eosinophile leucocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes as well as their bone-marrow stages) give a negative reaction. In the group of large marrow cells of the myeloid series (promyelocytes and neutrophile myelocytes), naphtol-AS-D-chloracetate esterase shows a more intensive reaction in healthy cattle, as compared with cattle suffering from leucosis.", "PMID": 408962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4851", "title": "[Metabolic reactions of calves to the feeding with Laktosan or unpasteurized whole milk].", "content": "The acid-base and other metabolic reactions to nutrition with Laktosan produced by two feed plants and with unpasteurized whole milk after transport to a dairy plant were studied in calves up to the ninth week of age. Laktosan feeding reduces the metabolic component of the acid-base balance; the use of a lower-quality Laktosan mixture, containing drum-dried milk, gives a picture of metabolic acidosis lasting about 11 days. The changes are cuased by an increased intensity of dissimilation, by the release of metabolic H+, and, in part, by the loss of bases during diarrhoea. With the use of low-quality Laktosan, the utilization of the nutrients of the feed ration is much lower than the utilization of the nutrients of unpasteurized milk or high-quality Laktosan. The use of high-quality Laktosan causes much lower acid-base changes, far from reaching pathological values. At the same time, the utilization of nutrients is higher than with the use of unpasteurized milk. This milk which cannot be considered microbially or chemically undamaged offers no advantages from the health-condition and economic point of view. The facts, revealed by the study, emphasize the high health and economic importance of the production of calf feed mixtures. At the same time the results show that enither milk nor Laktosan feeding provides enough magnesium for the calves to grow. Other metabolic aspects of different calf nutrition are discussed.", "contents": "[Metabolic reactions of calves to the feeding with Laktosan or unpasteurized whole milk]. The acid-base and other metabolic reactions to nutrition with Laktosan produced by two feed plants and with unpasteurized whole milk after transport to a dairy plant were studied in calves up to the ninth week of age. Laktosan feeding reduces the metabolic component of the acid-base balance; the use of a lower-quality Laktosan mixture, containing drum-dried milk, gives a picture of metabolic acidosis lasting about 11 days. The changes are cuased by an increased intensity of dissimilation, by the release of metabolic H+, and, in part, by the loss of bases during diarrhoea. With the use of low-quality Laktosan, the utilization of the nutrients of the feed ration is much lower than the utilization of the nutrients of unpasteurized milk or high-quality Laktosan. The use of high-quality Laktosan causes much lower acid-base changes, far from reaching pathological values. At the same time, the utilization of nutrients is higher than with the use of unpasteurized milk. This milk which cannot be considered microbially or chemically undamaged offers no advantages from the health-condition and economic point of view. The facts, revealed by the study, emphasize the high health and economic importance of the production of calf feed mixtures. At the same time the results show that enither milk nor Laktosan feeding provides enough magnesium for the calves to grow. Other metabolic aspects of different calf nutrition are discussed.", "PMID": 408963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4852", "title": "Conservation of hearing in acoustic neurilemmoma excision.", "content": "Conservation of hearing in acoustic neurilemmoma surgery is possible by the suboccipital route. The hearing preservation prognosis decreases as the size of the cerebellopontine angle neoplasm increases. Von Recklinghausen disease spells a poor prognosis for hearing. Some hearing was retained in seven of ten patients with preoperative hearing. Three patients retained postoperative hearing levels and speech sound discrimination equal to preoperative levels. One patient had a progressive high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss in the nontumor ear and was fitted with a hearing aid for the postoperative ear; he now has successful binaural hearing function. Gentle technique, microhemostasis, special instrumentation, and well-developed surgical craft are essential for preserving the microstructures necessary for hearing. Furthermore, the suboccipital approach for neurilemmomas less than 2 cm gives good surgical exposure and a reasonable chance to save hearing.", "contents": "Conservation of hearing in acoustic neurilemmoma excision. Conservation of hearing in acoustic neurilemmoma surgery is possible by the suboccipital route. The hearing preservation prognosis decreases as the size of the cerebellopontine angle neoplasm increases. Von Recklinghausen disease spells a poor prognosis for hearing. Some hearing was retained in seven of ten patients with preoperative hearing. Three patients retained postoperative hearing levels and speech sound discrimination equal to preoperative levels. One patient had a progressive high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss in the nontumor ear and was fitted with a hearing aid for the postoperative ear; he now has successful binaural hearing function. Gentle technique, microhemostasis, special instrumentation, and well-developed surgical craft are essential for preserving the microstructures necessary for hearing. Furthermore, the suboccipital approach for neurilemmomas less than 2 cm gives good surgical exposure and a reasonable chance to save hearing.", "PMID": 408957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4853", "title": "[Effect of potassium-hydrogen interaction in the excretory mechanism of the kidneys on the acid-base and other biochemical values of the blood and urine in calves].", "content": "The effect of the competitive relationship between potassium and hydrogen in the excretory mechanism of the kidneys on metabolism was studied in calves. The intraruminal exposure of calves to 5.6 meq potassium chloride (KCl) per kg per day has, in itself, only a slight acidotic effect ascribable to a slight reduction of the excretion of acid by the kidney. The same dose of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) has a strong acidotic effect combined with a negative influence on weight gain. Both basic types of exposure increase the concentration of inorganic phosphorus and reduce the concentration of chlorine in the blood serum. The addition of 2.8 meq of potassium chloride per kg per day to the basic dose of ammonium chloride increases metabolic acidosis, worsens the health condition (being, at times, hazardeous to life) and leads to weight losses. The same amount of ammonium chloride added to the basic dose of ammonium chloride has a relatively small acidotic action on the blood, evoking only a slight and temporary potassium retention in the serum. The negative action on the weight gains and clinical symptoms are generally weaker than in the other group. The results indicate that the acidotic environment creates in ruminants a very dangerous situation if the organism is excessively exposed to the effect of potassium at the same time.", "contents": "[Effect of potassium-hydrogen interaction in the excretory mechanism of the kidneys on the acid-base and other biochemical values of the blood and urine in calves]. The effect of the competitive relationship between potassium and hydrogen in the excretory mechanism of the kidneys on metabolism was studied in calves. The intraruminal exposure of calves to 5.6 meq potassium chloride (KCl) per kg per day has, in itself, only a slight acidotic effect ascribable to a slight reduction of the excretion of acid by the kidney. The same dose of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) has a strong acidotic effect combined with a negative influence on weight gain. Both basic types of exposure increase the concentration of inorganic phosphorus and reduce the concentration of chlorine in the blood serum. The addition of 2.8 meq of potassium chloride per kg per day to the basic dose of ammonium chloride increases metabolic acidosis, worsens the health condition (being, at times, hazardeous to life) and leads to weight losses. The same amount of ammonium chloride added to the basic dose of ammonium chloride has a relatively small acidotic action on the blood, evoking only a slight and temporary potassium retention in the serum. The negative action on the weight gains and clinical symptoms are generally weaker than in the other group. The results indicate that the acidotic environment creates in ruminants a very dangerous situation if the organism is excessively exposed to the effect of potassium at the same time.", "PMID": 408964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4854", "title": "[Examination of muscular and liver tissues of fish for the presence of aflatoxin B 1].", "content": "A method of the determination of aflatoxin B1 in the liver and muscular tissue of carp is described, enabling the capture of 50 ng in one kilogram. Extraction and purification were followed by thin-layer chromatography and by identification by means of ultraviolet light with simultaneous comparison with the standard. The examination was performed with 44 samples coming from healthy table carp from the Pohorelice farm of the State Fisheries National Corporation. None of the 44 the Pohorelice farm of the State Fisheries National Corporation. None of the 44 samples contained aflatoxin residues.", "contents": "[Examination of muscular and liver tissues of fish for the presence of aflatoxin B 1]. A method of the determination of aflatoxin B1 in the liver and muscular tissue of carp is described, enabling the capture of 50 ng in one kilogram. Extraction and purification were followed by thin-layer chromatography and by identification by means of ultraviolet light with simultaneous comparison with the standard. The examination was performed with 44 samples coming from healthy table carp from the Pohorelice farm of the State Fisheries National Corporation. None of the 44 the Pohorelice farm of the State Fisheries National Corporation. None of the 44 samples contained aflatoxin residues.", "PMID": 408965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4855", "title": "[Pathogenicity of aerobically sporulating microorganisms: Bacillus subtilis].", "content": "Bioassays were made on white mice and rats to find the potential pathogenicity of B. subtilis and its metabolites. The peroral and intraperitoneal application of several strains of B. subtilis to white mice did not cause any changes either in the behaviour or health condition of the animals until the first to seventh day after test. B. subtilis cultures or cellular suspensions on the one hand and non-cellular filtrates of cultures represented by the B. subtilis metabolism products on the other hand were given to the animals. No changes in the health condition of the mice and rats were observed when feed artificially infected with B. subtilis was fed. Dissection did not reveal any macroscopic changes on the organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavity. Cultures from the individual body organs (liver, spleen, kidneys, parts of the small and large intestines, stomach) perorally infected with B. subtilis showed the presence of the microbe only in parts of the digestive tracts.", "contents": "[Pathogenicity of aerobically sporulating microorganisms: Bacillus subtilis]. Bioassays were made on white mice and rats to find the potential pathogenicity of B. subtilis and its metabolites. The peroral and intraperitoneal application of several strains of B. subtilis to white mice did not cause any changes either in the behaviour or health condition of the animals until the first to seventh day after test. B. subtilis cultures or cellular suspensions on the one hand and non-cellular filtrates of cultures represented by the B. subtilis metabolism products on the other hand were given to the animals. No changes in the health condition of the mice and rats were observed when feed artificially infected with B. subtilis was fed. Dissection did not reveal any macroscopic changes on the organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavity. Cultures from the individual body organs (liver, spleen, kidneys, parts of the small and large intestines, stomach) perorally infected with B. subtilis showed the presence of the microbe only in parts of the digestive tracts.", "PMID": 408966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4856", "title": "Recurrent convulsions in a thoroughbred foal: management and treatment.", "content": "A thoroughbred foal had a convulsive attack 12 hours after birth followed by further convulsions on the 10th, 11th and 12th days after birth. It was treated successfully by medication with primidone, feeding by stomach tube and careful nursing.", "contents": "Recurrent convulsions in a thoroughbred foal: management and treatment. A thoroughbred foal had a convulsive attack 12 hours after birth followed by further convulsions on the 10th, 11th and 12th days after birth. It was treated successfully by medication with primidone, feeding by stomach tube and careful nursing.", "PMID": 408967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4857", "title": "[Chemical and serological studies of Brucella abortus 99 bacterial wall fractions].", "content": "Mahadevan and Tatum's method was used to isolate four fractions from the bacterial walls of Brucella abortus 99. Determined were the amino acid composition and the purity (by means of the complement fixation test) of these fractions. Infrared spectroscopy was carried out as well. It was found that: 1. The particular fractions differ by their amino acid composition. 2. The fractions are practically pure. 3. The functional groups established confirm previous data of the author on the chemical composition of the wall, and give an idea about the distribution of these groups among the individual fractions. The fractions obtained prove to be the building ingredients of the Brucella abortus 99 bacterial wall.", "contents": "[Chemical and serological studies of Brucella abortus 99 bacterial wall fractions]. Mahadevan and Tatum's method was used to isolate four fractions from the bacterial walls of Brucella abortus 99. Determined were the amino acid composition and the purity (by means of the complement fixation test) of these fractions. Infrared spectroscopy was carried out as well. It was found that: 1. The particular fractions differ by their amino acid composition. 2. The fractions are practically pure. 3. The functional groups established confirm previous data of the author on the chemical composition of the wall, and give an idea about the distribution of these groups among the individual fractions. The fractions obtained prove to be the building ingredients of the Brucella abortus 99 bacterial wall.", "PMID": 408968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4858", "title": "Plants as hosts for animal viruses.", "content": "Theoretical considerations and experimental data on the modification of incompatibility relationships between animal viruses and plants are reviewed. Some cases of interaction between presumably incompatible partners are described, and the possible resistance mechanisms are analysed. The new possibilities of virus--cell interaction are discussed as regards both their theoretical implications and the prospects of their application in research and clinic.", "contents": "Plants as hosts for animal viruses. Theoretical considerations and experimental data on the modification of incompatibility relationships between animal viruses and plants are reviewed. Some cases of interaction between presumably incompatible partners are described, and the possible resistance mechanisms are analysed. The new possibilities of virus--cell interaction are discussed as regards both their theoretical implications and the prospects of their application in research and clinic.", "PMID": 408969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4859", "title": "[Effect of fractionation dosage of fast electrons on the cell cycle of ascites tumor NK/Ly].", "content": "It was found that irradiation increases the duration of the cell cycle (Tc) and decreases the proliferative pool (Pc) in ascites tumor NK/Ly. In fractionated schedules Tc was dependent on the dosage per fraction, while for Pc no such dependence was noted.", "contents": "[Effect of fractionation dosage of fast electrons on the cell cycle of ascites tumor NK/Ly]. It was found that irradiation increases the duration of the cell cycle (Tc) and decreases the proliferative pool (Pc) in ascites tumor NK/Ly. In fractionated schedules Tc was dependent on the dosage per fraction, while for Pc no such dependence was noted.", "PMID": 408976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4860", "title": "Observations on the number of available C antigen sites on red cells.", "content": "The number of available C (rh', Rh 2) antigen sites within the Rh system was estimated using trace-labelled antibody. The results, as available sites per red cell, were as follows: CDe/CDe: 45,700-56,400; Cde/Cde: 42,200; CDe/cDE: 25,500-39,700; CwDe/cde: 21,500-40, 000; Cde/cde: 31,100; CDE/cDE: 8,500-9,800; Cde/cde: 7,200. The average equilibrium constant of the anti-C was 0.5 X 10(7) M-1.", "contents": "Observations on the number of available C antigen sites on red cells. The number of available C (rh', Rh 2) antigen sites within the Rh system was estimated using trace-labelled antibody. The results, as available sites per red cell, were as follows: CDe/CDe: 45,700-56,400; Cde/Cde: 42,200; CDe/cDE: 25,500-39,700; CwDe/cde: 21,500-40, 000; Cde/cde: 31,100; CDE/cDE: 8,500-9,800; Cde/cde: 7,200. The average equilibrium constant of the anti-C was 0.5 X 10(7) M-1.", "PMID": 408977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4861", "title": "[Thermal inactivation and storage behavior of technologically important enzymes. II. Lipase from Geotrichum candidum and lipoxygenase from soybeans].", "content": "The thermal inactivation of lipase out of Geotrichum candidum and of lipoxigenase out of soybeans was investigated in phosphate buffer solution. Comparable to peroxidase, a sharp bend was observed in the inactivation curves of both enzymes. The z-value of 19 degrees C for lipase out of Geotrichum candidum was higher than the values indicated in the pertinent literature for pancreas lipase and milk lipase. The z-value for soy lipoxigenase was found to be 9.8 degrees C.", "contents": "[Thermal inactivation and storage behavior of technologically important enzymes. II. Lipase from Geotrichum candidum and lipoxygenase from soybeans]. The thermal inactivation of lipase out of Geotrichum candidum and of lipoxigenase out of soybeans was investigated in phosphate buffer solution. Comparable to peroxidase, a sharp bend was observed in the inactivation curves of both enzymes. The z-value of 19 degrees C for lipase out of Geotrichum candidum was higher than the values indicated in the pertinent literature for pancreas lipase and milk lipase. The z-value for soy lipoxigenase was found to be 9.8 degrees C.", "PMID": 408985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4862", "title": "[Thermal inactivation and storage behavior of technologically important enzymes. III. Effect of reagents added to peroxidase and lipoxygenase].", "content": "The influence of milieu factors on the thermal inactivation of peroxidase and lipoxigenase was investigated. Cationogenic, anionogenic, non-ionogenic and amphoteric tensides were more or less effective in inactivating horseradish peroxidase. Most effective in this respect were lecithine and monoglyceride, both capable of swelling in water. In presence of lecithine, peroxidase was inactivated already at 0 degrees C and pH 4.0. Linoleic acid was more efficient in an oxygen stream than in presence of nitrogen, in a stream of nitrogen its influence was comparable to oleic acid. This suggests an additional effect by lipid peroxides which are formed of linoleic acid under the heating process. Tensides prevented the regeneration of the heated peroxidase. In the case of lipoxigenase, the authors investigated the influence of lecithine and various fatty acids on the thermal inactivation at 60 degrees and pH 7.0. Lecithine accelerated the inactivation less distinctly than with peroxidase. The accelerated the inactivation less distinctly than with peroxidase. The accelerating effect of the fatty acids decreased in the order oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid and stearic acid.", "contents": "[Thermal inactivation and storage behavior of technologically important enzymes. III. Effect of reagents added to peroxidase and lipoxygenase]. The influence of milieu factors on the thermal inactivation of peroxidase and lipoxigenase was investigated. Cationogenic, anionogenic, non-ionogenic and amphoteric tensides were more or less effective in inactivating horseradish peroxidase. Most effective in this respect were lecithine and monoglyceride, both capable of swelling in water. In presence of lecithine, peroxidase was inactivated already at 0 degrees C and pH 4.0. Linoleic acid was more efficient in an oxygen stream than in presence of nitrogen, in a stream of nitrogen its influence was comparable to oleic acid. This suggests an additional effect by lipid peroxides which are formed of linoleic acid under the heating process. Tensides prevented the regeneration of the heated peroxidase. In the case of lipoxigenase, the authors investigated the influence of lecithine and various fatty acids on the thermal inactivation at 60 degrees and pH 7.0. Lecithine accelerated the inactivation less distinctly than with peroxidase. The accelerated the inactivation less distinctly than with peroxidase. The accelerating effect of the fatty acids decreased in the order oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid and stearic acid.", "PMID": 408986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4863", "title": "Synergy of vancomycin with penicillins and cephalosporins against pseudomonas, klebsiella, and serratia.", "content": "A model of antibiotic synergy based on a molecular mechanism of action which blocked sequential steps in a single metabolic pathway was tested. Twenty-five strains each of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Serratia were tested in vitro against three different two drug combinations of vancomycin, carbenicillin, or cephalothin. Synergy was observed when vancomycin was combined with either carbenicillin or cephalothin against isolates of Pseudomonas or Serratia, whereas the combination of carbenicillin and cephalothin did not result in significant synergy against these isolates. The presence of synergy was not related to the sensitivity or resistance of the isolates to the drugs in the combination. Synergy was also observed with all three antibiotic combinations against Klebsiella isolates which may be related to enzyme inactivation by one of the drugs in the combination. These observations support the hypothetical model of antibiotic synergy based on sequential blocking of one biochemical pathway.", "contents": "Synergy of vancomycin with penicillins and cephalosporins against pseudomonas, klebsiella, and serratia. A model of antibiotic synergy based on a molecular mechanism of action which blocked sequential steps in a single metabolic pathway was tested. Twenty-five strains each of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Serratia were tested in vitro against three different two drug combinations of vancomycin, carbenicillin, or cephalothin. Synergy was observed when vancomycin was combined with either carbenicillin or cephalothin against isolates of Pseudomonas or Serratia, whereas the combination of carbenicillin and cephalothin did not result in significant synergy against these isolates. The presence of synergy was not related to the sensitivity or resistance of the isolates to the drugs in the combination. Synergy was also observed with all three antibiotic combinations against Klebsiella isolates which may be related to enzyme inactivation by one of the drugs in the combination. These observations support the hypothetical model of antibiotic synergy based on sequential blocking of one biochemical pathway.", "PMID": 408984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4864", "title": "[Left ventricular contraction reserve in coronary heart disease. Evaluation, quantification and prognostic value (author's transl)].", "content": "Regional and overall left ventricular contraction reserve was studied in 14 patients with coronary heart disease, in 5 healthy subjects and in 4 patients before and after aorto-coronary bypass surgery. Quantification of overall contraction was based on ventricular volumes and ejection fraction. Regional contraction reserve was calculated with the hemiaxis method and a ventricular score. Contraction reserve under nitroglycerin and in postextrasystolic beats was compared. For routine quantification of contraction reserve the ventricular score is recommended. For research purposes the hemiaxis method is to be preferred. Postextrasystolic beats are better suited for analysis of contraction reserve than are angiograms following administration of nitroglycerin. This is due to the minor expense of the procedure, furthermore, postextrasystolic beats allow better differentiation between contracting and non-contracting areas. Left ventricular contraction reserve is larger in patients with coronary heart disease, angina pectoris and ischemic reactions in the exercise ECG than in control patients. These findings are based on overall and on regional volume parameters.  A quantitatively greater improvement in contraction could be provoked in the anterior wall than in the posterior wall. Regional contraction improved significantly in most cases either in the anterior wall or in the posterior wall; rarely it improved simultaneously in both left ventricular regions. In a few cases contraction deteriorated in one area with a simultaneous improvement in the opposite area. Overall and regional ventricular function, as assessed preoperatively by contraction reserve determinations could not be completely regained in normal beats after successful bypass surgery. Differences in the regional contraction reserve seemed to be mainly due to varying degrees of ischemia and scarring.", "contents": "[Left ventricular contraction reserve in coronary heart disease. Evaluation, quantification and prognostic value (author's transl)]. Regional and overall left ventricular contraction reserve was studied in 14 patients with coronary heart disease, in 5 healthy subjects and in 4 patients before and after aorto-coronary bypass surgery. Quantification of overall contraction was based on ventricular volumes and ejection fraction. Regional contraction reserve was calculated with the hemiaxis method and a ventricular score. Contraction reserve under nitroglycerin and in postextrasystolic beats was compared. For routine quantification of contraction reserve the ventricular score is recommended. For research purposes the hemiaxis method is to be preferred. Postextrasystolic beats are better suited for analysis of contraction reserve than are angiograms following administration of nitroglycerin. This is due to the minor expense of the procedure, furthermore, postextrasystolic beats allow better differentiation between contracting and non-contracting areas. Left ventricular contraction reserve is larger in patients with coronary heart disease, angina pectoris and ischemic reactions in the exercise ECG than in control patients. These findings are based on overall and on regional volume parameters.  A quantitatively greater improvement in contraction could be provoked in the anterior wall than in the posterior wall. Regional contraction improved significantly in most cases either in the anterior wall or in the posterior wall; rarely it improved simultaneously in both left ventricular regions. In a few cases contraction deteriorated in one area with a simultaneous improvement in the opposite area. Overall and regional ventricular function, as assessed preoperatively by contraction reserve determinations could not be completely regained in normal beats after successful bypass surgery. Differences in the regional contraction reserve seemed to be mainly due to varying degrees of ischemia and scarring.", "PMID": 408989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4865", "title": "[Vitamin A and lipids in serum during long term dialysis program].", "content": "The author stated an increased serum level of A-vitamin and triglycerides in non-dialysed and dialysed patients with chronic renal insufficiency. The beta-carotene-serum level was higher only in the group of the non-dialysed patients. Under influence of the haemodialysis a reduction of the triglycerides in the serum developed. A linear correlation between the beta-carotene and the cholesterol serum level in non-dialysed patients and the vitamin A and the triglyceride serum level in patients in the permanent dialysis programme. Finally follows a discussion of the authors on the metabolic sequels of the A-hypervitaminosis in the uraemic syndrome of patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Vitamin A and lipids in serum during long term dialysis program]. The author stated an increased serum level of A-vitamin and triglycerides in non-dialysed and dialysed patients with chronic renal insufficiency. The beta-carotene-serum level was higher only in the group of the non-dialysed patients. Under influence of the haemodialysis a reduction of the triglycerides in the serum developed. A linear correlation between the beta-carotene and the cholesterol serum level in non-dialysed patients and the vitamin A and the triglyceride serum level in patients in the permanent dialysis programme. Finally follows a discussion of the authors on the metabolic sequels of the A-hypervitaminosis in the uraemic syndrome of patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 408996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4866", "title": "[Ultraviolet spectrophotomerty studies of serum dialysate from patients with long term intermittent artificial kidney treatment].", "content": "In 16 chronically dialysed uraemic patients in the course of altogether 61 treatments with the artificial kidney the UV-absorption spectre of the in-vitro-dialysate of the serum was studied. In uraemia on account of the retention of the metabolic products the UV-absorption spectre of the serum dialysate is extremely increased, a decrease is to be registered after the dialysis. The method discussed is suitable for the control of the effectiveness of haemodialysis and gives a more complex picture concerning the changes during the treatment than the usual laboratory parameters.", "contents": "[Ultraviolet spectrophotomerty studies of serum dialysate from patients with long term intermittent artificial kidney treatment]. In 16 chronically dialysed uraemic patients in the course of altogether 61 treatments with the artificial kidney the UV-absorption spectre of the in-vitro-dialysate of the serum was studied. In uraemia on account of the retention of the metabolic products the UV-absorption spectre of the serum dialysate is extremely increased, a decrease is to be registered after the dialysis. The method discussed is suitable for the control of the effectiveness of haemodialysis and gives a more complex picture concerning the changes during the treatment than the usual laboratory parameters.", "PMID": 408997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4867", "title": "[Combined therapy for lung cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "During 1963 to 1975, 188 patients were operated following pre-operative irradiation on a betatron with 25 MEV energy. The irradiation was conducted for 2 to 3 weeks from 2 or 3 fields daily. The total focal dose ranged 2500 to 4500 rad. Radical interventions were performed in 159 patients (pneumonectomy in 80, bilobectomy in 13, lobectomy in 60, lobectomy with main bronchus resection in 6). Th lethality rate comprised, 6,7%. Over 3-years survival was achieved in 69.1%, over 5-years survival in 57.3%. Preoperative irradiation on a 25 MEV betatron favours an improvement of the patient's state and produces a favourable effect on the clinical and radiological manifestations of lung cancer. A comparative study of the morphology in the diagnostic biopsy material and in the lung specimens removed following irradiation demonstrated a varying degree of pathomorphism of cancer, down to a complete disappearance of the tumour and radial sclerosis development.", "contents": "[Combined therapy for lung cancer (author's transl)]. During 1963 to 1975, 188 patients were operated following pre-operative irradiation on a betatron with 25 MEV energy. The irradiation was conducted for 2 to 3 weeks from 2 or 3 fields daily. The total focal dose ranged 2500 to 4500 rad. Radical interventions were performed in 159 patients (pneumonectomy in 80, bilobectomy in 13, lobectomy in 60, lobectomy with main bronchus resection in 6). Th lethality rate comprised, 6,7%. Over 3-years survival was achieved in 69.1%, over 5-years survival in 57.3%. Preoperative irradiation on a 25 MEV betatron favours an improvement of the patient's state and produces a favourable effect on the clinical and radiological manifestations of lung cancer. A comparative study of the morphology in the diagnostic biopsy material and in the lung specimens removed following irradiation demonstrated a varying degree of pathomorphism of cancer, down to a complete disappearance of the tumour and radial sclerosis development.", "PMID": 408998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4868", "title": "[Quantitative determination of menstrual blood loss using the clinical whole-body counter].", "content": "In 20 females the whole-body retention test using 59Fe was carried out for quantitative determination of menstrual blood loss. In hypomenorrhoea blood loss ranged from 10 to 40 ml and in normal menstruation from 70 to 150 ml. Blood losses in excess of 150 ml should be considered as hypermenorrhoea. This method constitutes an extension of diagnostic facilities with respect to confirmation of data given in the history of the patients concerning blood loss at menstruation and with particular problems (e.g. undisclosed cases of anaemia, bleedings with uterus myomatosus or with an indwelling endouterine pessary).", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of menstrual blood loss using the clinical whole-body counter]. In 20 females the whole-body retention test using 59Fe was carried out for quantitative determination of menstrual blood loss. In hypomenorrhoea blood loss ranged from 10 to 40 ml and in normal menstruation from 70 to 150 ml. Blood losses in excess of 150 ml should be considered as hypermenorrhoea. This method constitutes an extension of diagnostic facilities with respect to confirmation of data given in the history of the patients concerning blood loss at menstruation and with particular problems (e.g. undisclosed cases of anaemia, bleedings with uterus myomatosus or with an indwelling endouterine pessary).", "PMID": 408999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4869", "title": "[Studies on the binding capacity of thyroxin-binding globulin (TBC), total thyroxin (T4), free thyroxin index (FT4-I) and the ETR-test in gestosis and placental insufficiency].", "content": "Total serum thyroxine (T4), thyroxine binding capacity (TBC), free thyroxine index (FT4-I) and effective thyroxine ratio (ETR) were measured in 53 toxemias of pregnancy and in 5 cases with placental insufficiency. Total serum thyroxine, ETR and FT4-I were found in physiological ranges of the normal pregnancy, the TBC-index was decreased. Between the 19. and 34. week of pregnancy, the decrease of the TBC-index was smaller than after the 34. week of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Studies on the binding capacity of thyroxin-binding globulin (TBC), total thyroxin (T4), free thyroxin index (FT4-I) and the ETR-test in gestosis and placental insufficiency]. Total serum thyroxine (T4), thyroxine binding capacity (TBC), free thyroxine index (FT4-I) and effective thyroxine ratio (ETR) were measured in 53 toxemias of pregnancy and in 5 cases with placental insufficiency. Total serum thyroxine, ETR and FT4-I were found in physiological ranges of the normal pregnancy, the TBC-index was decreased. Between the 19. and 34. week of pregnancy, the decrease of the TBC-index was smaller than after the 34. week of pregnancy.", "PMID": 409000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4870", "title": "[Suprapubic puncture of the bladder within the scope of bacteriological urine diagnosis in gynecological-obstetrical patients].", "content": "Technology, evidence as well as indications and contraindications of the suprapubic bladder puncture are shown from a gynecological and obstetrical point of view. The bacteriological result of urine obtained by puncture from 476 women has been compared with that obtained subsequently by midstream voiding. It was proved statistically that bladder puncture yielded less positive results than midstream voiding. In 8.4 per cent of the cases there was a positive voided midstream urine culture with pathogenic bacteria while the samples of bladder puncture were sterile, thus 29.2 per cent of the positive voided midstream urine cultures proving to be \"false-positive\" concerning an infection of the bladder and of the upper urinary tract. The frequency of pathogenic bacteria, \"apathogenic\" bacteria and mixed cultures is given, divided into conforming and nonconforming culture results of puncture and midstream urines.", "contents": "[Suprapubic puncture of the bladder within the scope of bacteriological urine diagnosis in gynecological-obstetrical patients]. Technology, evidence as well as indications and contraindications of the suprapubic bladder puncture are shown from a gynecological and obstetrical point of view. The bacteriological result of urine obtained by puncture from 476 women has been compared with that obtained subsequently by midstream voiding. It was proved statistically that bladder puncture yielded less positive results than midstream voiding. In 8.4 per cent of the cases there was a positive voided midstream urine culture with pathogenic bacteria while the samples of bladder puncture were sterile, thus 29.2 per cent of the positive voided midstream urine cultures proving to be \"false-positive\" concerning an infection of the bladder and of the upper urinary tract. The frequency of pathogenic bacteria, \"apathogenic\" bacteria and mixed cultures is given, divided into conforming and nonconforming culture results of puncture and midstream urines.", "PMID": 409001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4871", "title": "[Heterologous transformation in Bacillus subtilis. 1. Transmission of DNA of the R1drd19 plasmid].", "content": "Bac. subtilis 168 (BD-25) cells were infected with DNA of plasmide R1drd19 isolated from E. coli strain; transformants resistant to streptomycin (500 microgram/ml) and kanamycin (40 microgram/ml) appeared with the frequency of 2.10(-6). These transformants retained resistance to the mentioned antibiotics stably. A satellite DNA peak was revealed in centrifugation in the density gradient of cesium chloride with ethidium bromide. It was possible to infect cells of Bac. subtilis 168 (BD-25) with plasmide DNA isolated from the transformants. Plasmide transduction with the aid of phages AR9 and PBSI multiplied on the transformant strains was also effected. Physico-chemical analysis of the transformed plasmide DNA was conducted; its molecular weight was determined.", "contents": "[Heterologous transformation in Bacillus subtilis. 1. Transmission of DNA of the R1drd19 plasmid]. Bac. subtilis 168 (BD-25) cells were infected with DNA of plasmide R1drd19 isolated from E. coli strain; transformants resistant to streptomycin (500 microgram/ml) and kanamycin (40 microgram/ml) appeared with the frequency of 2.10(-6). These transformants retained resistance to the mentioned antibiotics stably. A satellite DNA peak was revealed in centrifugation in the density gradient of cesium chloride with ethidium bromide. It was possible to infect cells of Bac. subtilis 168 (BD-25) with plasmide DNA isolated from the transformants. Plasmide transduction with the aid of phages AR9 and PBSI multiplied on the transformant strains was also effected. Physico-chemical analysis of the transformed plasmide DNA was conducted; its molecular weight was determined.", "PMID": 409005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4872", "title": "[Certain characteristics of isolation of human myelomic IgG of different subclasses and their distribution according to the allotypes, subclasses and types of light chain].", "content": "A combination of the methods of preparative electrophoresis in agar gel and of the ion-exchange chromatography on DE-32 cellulose permitted to obtain 32 immunochemically pure human myelomic IgG. The proteins of the first three subclasses were obtained by elution in the 0.01 phosphate buffer at pH 7.6. IgG4 was eluted with the increase of the gradient to 1 M NaCl in the phosphate buffer. Of the 32 human myelomic IgG 26 represented IgG1,4--IgG2, 1--IgG3, and 1--IgG4. Among the 26 IgG1 11 were of the Gm(a) allotype, and 15 proteins had the Gm(f) determinant; one IgG2 protein was Gm(n+) and 3--Gm(n-). One IgG3 protein was referred to the Gm(b) variant. The majority of the IgG proteins of the subclass I had chi-type of the L-chains, and the chi: lambda ratio constituted 2.71.", "contents": "[Certain characteristics of isolation of human myelomic IgG of different subclasses and their distribution according to the allotypes, subclasses and types of light chain]. A combination of the methods of preparative electrophoresis in agar gel and of the ion-exchange chromatography on DE-32 cellulose permitted to obtain 32 immunochemically pure human myelomic IgG. The proteins of the first three subclasses were obtained by elution in the 0.01 phosphate buffer at pH 7.6. IgG4 was eluted with the increase of the gradient to 1 M NaCl in the phosphate buffer. Of the 32 human myelomic IgG 26 represented IgG1,4--IgG2, 1--IgG3, and 1--IgG4. Among the 26 IgG1 11 were of the Gm(a) allotype, and 15 proteins had the Gm(f) determinant; one IgG2 protein was Gm(n+) and 3--Gm(n-). One IgG3 protein was referred to the Gm(b) variant. The majority of the IgG proteins of the subclass I had chi-type of the L-chains, and the chi: lambda ratio constituted 2.71.", "PMID": 409006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4873", "title": "[Coexistence of coacervate systems of different chemical composition].", "content": "Protein--nucleic acids--carbohydrate drops stabilized at pH 6.0 by the products of oxidative enzymes (polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase) were mixed with unstabilized ones. Using light, luminescent and electron microscopic techniques, a possibility was demonstrated of co-existence of coacervate drops with different chemical composition and formation of colonies from them. Coacervate drops are considered as a primitive form of cooperation of molecules in the course of the origin of the living matter. The results obtained will be used for obtaining more complex coacervate systems by imitation of a chain of catalytic reactions.", "contents": "[Coexistence of coacervate systems of different chemical composition]. Protein--nucleic acids--carbohydrate drops stabilized at pH 6.0 by the products of oxidative enzymes (polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase) were mixed with unstabilized ones. Using light, luminescent and electron microscopic techniques, a possibility was demonstrated of co-existence of coacervate drops with different chemical composition and formation of colonies from them. Coacervate drops are considered as a primitive form of cooperation of molecules in the course of the origin of the living matter. The results obtained will be used for obtaining more complex coacervate systems by imitation of a chain of catalytic reactions.", "PMID": 409002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4874", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of corticosteroid metabolism in lower simians and man].", "content": "Corticosteroid metabolism has been investigated in Macaca mulatta, Papio hamadryas, Cercopithecus aethiops, Erithrocebus patas and man. Similar character of corticosteroid metabolism in monkeys and man was found. Significant interspecific differences with respect to quatitative and qualitative parameters of the metabolism of steroid hormones were found. In this respect M. mulatta and P. hamadryas are most similar to man as compared with other monkeys. These two species may be used as an adequate model in studies on human cortico-adrenal system.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of corticosteroid metabolism in lower simians and man]. Corticosteroid metabolism has been investigated in Macaca mulatta, Papio hamadryas, Cercopithecus aethiops, Erithrocebus patas and man. Similar character of corticosteroid metabolism in monkeys and man was found. Significant interspecific differences with respect to quatitative and qualitative parameters of the metabolism of steroid hormones were found. In this respect M. mulatta and P. hamadryas are most similar to man as compared with other monkeys. These two species may be used as an adequate model in studies on human cortico-adrenal system.", "PMID": 409003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4875", "title": "[Evaluation of the quality of dry anatoxins in the process of their production].", "content": "On the example of production of botulin toxoids of A, B and E types the authors demon strated the expediency of using the agar gel diffuse precipitation test for preliminary assessment of the toxoid activity, instead of a more expensive and complicated antitoxin-binding test.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the quality of dry anatoxins in the process of their production]. On the example of production of botulin toxoids of A, B and E types the authors demon strated the expediency of using the agar gel diffuse precipitation test for preliminary assessment of the toxoid activity, instead of a more expensive and complicated antitoxin-binding test.", "PMID": 409007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4876", "title": "[Duration and intensity of postvaccinal immunity to plague in experimental animals].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs and Papio hamadryas; it was shown that a reduction of the intensity of postvaccinal immunity occurred at various periods after a single vaccination. In inhalation method of immunization in guinea pigs it decreased in 6 months 135 times, in monkeys in one year--133 times. However, at the mentioned periods vaccination provided protection of 50% of the animals from infection with Past. pestis in a dose constitutin 20 to 25 aerosol LD50 for nonimmunized animals. Despite the more pronounced (57--640 times) reduction of the intensity of immunity than in the animals vaccinated by inhalation, in the subcutaneously vaccinated guinea pigs in subcutaneously infected with Past. pestis protection level remained high (resistance index in 3 and 6 months constituted 37.10(6) and 3-3-10(6), respectively).", "contents": "[Duration and intensity of postvaccinal immunity to plague in experimental animals]. Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs and Papio hamadryas; it was shown that a reduction of the intensity of postvaccinal immunity occurred at various periods after a single vaccination. In inhalation method of immunization in guinea pigs it decreased in 6 months 135 times, in monkeys in one year--133 times. However, at the mentioned periods vaccination provided protection of 50% of the animals from infection with Past. pestis in a dose constitutin 20 to 25 aerosol LD50 for nonimmunized animals. Despite the more pronounced (57--640 times) reduction of the intensity of immunity than in the animals vaccinated by inhalation, in the subcutaneously vaccinated guinea pigs in subcutaneously infected with Past. pestis protection level remained high (resistance index in 3 and 6 months constituted 37.10(6) and 3-3-10(6), respectively).", "PMID": 409008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4877", "title": "[Several features of the antigenic structure of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus].", "content": "A method of growing Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (Bdv) based on the use of the host microbe in the state of reduced vital activity permitted to obtain Bdv cultures which could be used for the preparation specific antisera. Immunochemical analysis of 4 Bdv strains showed them to possess individual antigenic components localized in the alpha 2-globulin zone. Testing 17 Bdv strains isolated from natural water bodies showed 11 of them to form precipitation lines with the antisera to 4 Bdv strains.", "contents": "[Several features of the antigenic structure of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus]. A method of growing Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (Bdv) based on the use of the host microbe in the state of reduced vital activity permitted to obtain Bdv cultures which could be used for the preparation specific antisera. Immunochemical analysis of 4 Bdv strains showed them to possess individual antigenic components localized in the alpha 2-globulin zone. Testing 17 Bdv strains isolated from natural water bodies showed 11 of them to form precipitation lines with the antisera to 4 Bdv strains.", "PMID": 409009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4878", "title": "[Penetration of vaccinia virus through the mucosa of the small intestine and its dissemination in the body following enteric immunization of monkeys].", "content": "The authors studied the penetration of variolo-vaccine virus through the mucosa of the small intestine of Macacus rhesus in enteral immunization, by immunofluorescent and virological methods. Fifteen minutes after the immunization the variolo-vaccine virus was revealed at the surface of the mucosal prismatic epithelium and in the t. mucosa propria within the cytoplasm of cells of the macrophage type. Dissemination of the process with detection of the variolo-vaccine virus in the blood, the lymph nodes, spleen and liver was determined within the range of 1 to 3 hours.", "contents": "[Penetration of vaccinia virus through the mucosa of the small intestine and its dissemination in the body following enteric immunization of monkeys]. The authors studied the penetration of variolo-vaccine virus through the mucosa of the small intestine of Macacus rhesus in enteral immunization, by immunofluorescent and virological methods. Fifteen minutes after the immunization the variolo-vaccine virus was revealed at the surface of the mucosal prismatic epithelium and in the t. mucosa propria within the cytoplasm of cells of the macrophage type. Dissemination of the process with detection of the variolo-vaccine virus in the blood, the lymph nodes, spleen and liver was determined within the range of 1 to 3 hours.", "PMID": 409010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4879", "title": "[Morphologic characteristics of spheroid elements in a culture of bacterial L-forms according to scanning electron microscopy findings].", "content": "The authors studied stable L-cultures of Proteus valgaris, Bac. subtillis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes of group A, and also unstable cultures of the L-forms of Proteus vulgaris and Proteus vulgaris culture at the stage of spheroplasts. Spheroid cells proved to appear at the stage of spheroplasts, prevailed at the log phase in stable and unstable L-cultures, but were less frequent at the stationary phase. Cross section of L-colonies showed that they were located at the surface. The size of spheroid elements was from 1 to 5 micron; their surface was smooth or slightly wrinkled with numerous protrusions and individual sockets. The spheroid cells were distributed in the colonies freely, in clusters, or were connected to one another by anastomosis. Several methods of reproduction of spheroid cells are described, including equal and unequal binary fission, budding, and formation of elementary bodies within the cell. Morphological connection of spheroid cells with large bodies, filamentous structures and structureless matrix of the L-colony apparently pointed to their origin from the corresponding elements of the L-cultures.", "contents": "[Morphologic characteristics of spheroid elements in a culture of bacterial L-forms according to scanning electron microscopy findings]. The authors studied stable L-cultures of Proteus valgaris, Bac. subtillis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes of group A, and also unstable cultures of the L-forms of Proteus vulgaris and Proteus vulgaris culture at the stage of spheroplasts. Spheroid cells proved to appear at the stage of spheroplasts, prevailed at the log phase in stable and unstable L-cultures, but were less frequent at the stationary phase. Cross section of L-colonies showed that they were located at the surface. The size of spheroid elements was from 1 to 5 micron; their surface was smooth or slightly wrinkled with numerous protrusions and individual sockets. The spheroid cells were distributed in the colonies freely, in clusters, or were connected to one another by anastomosis. Several methods of reproduction of spheroid cells are described, including equal and unequal binary fission, budding, and formation of elementary bodies within the cell. Morphological connection of spheroid cells with large bodies, filamentous structures and structureless matrix of the L-colony apparently pointed to their origin from the corresponding elements of the L-cultures.", "PMID": 409012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4880", "title": "[Role of the vascular component in the pathogenesis of headaches in neurotic patients].", "content": "The authors studied the volume velocity of extracranial blood flow by an original method of venous occlusional cranial pletysmography in 40 individuals with headaches of stress and in 30 examinees without headaches in conditions of calmness and in stress influences (cold test, terminal desympathization, counting by mind and a nitroglycerine test). Different types of reactivity of the extracranial vessels in 20 patients with headaches of stress and in 20 examiness of the control group were studied. It was established that the medium figures of the extracranial blood flow in patients with headaches of stress do not differ from the corresponding figures of the normals in the control group. Some stress influences (counting in mind and nitroglycerine tests) in patients with headaches of stress call forth a more frequent increase of the blood flow than in the control group of normals.", "contents": "[Role of the vascular component in the pathogenesis of headaches in neurotic patients]. The authors studied the volume velocity of extracranial blood flow by an original method of venous occlusional cranial pletysmography in 40 individuals with headaches of stress and in 30 examinees without headaches in conditions of calmness and in stress influences (cold test, terminal desympathization, counting by mind and a nitroglycerine test). Different types of reactivity of the extracranial vessels in 20 patients with headaches of stress and in 20 examiness of the control group were studied. It was established that the medium figures of the extracranial blood flow in patients with headaches of stress do not differ from the corresponding figures of the normals in the control group. Some stress influences (counting in mind and nitroglycerine tests) in patients with headaches of stress call forth a more frequent increase of the blood flow than in the control group of normals.", "PMID": 409013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4881", "title": "[Quantitative analysis of conditional-optimal doses of succilep and trimetin in the treatment of children and adolescents with minor forms of epilepsy].", "content": "On the basis of a study of 156 patients the authors with the aid of a computer convened a dispersion analysis of interaction found in the process of treatment by conditional optimal doses of trimetin and succilep with 23 clinical parameters of the disease. It was established that on a statistically significant level the largest dose of trimetin (per 1 kg of body weight) was required in the treatment of myoclonic forms of seizures, with duration less that one year, pathological changes in the craniogram, signs of hypertension and the absence of prenatal noxious factors and pathology in the neurological state. The interaction of optimal doses of succilep with the cliniel characteristics is less expressed than for Trimetin and on a significant level is detected only for two of them: a larger dosage in longer duration of the disease and in the existence of prenatal noxious factors in the past history. It was established that with years the used amount of trimetin adn saccilep (per 1 kg of body weight) declines, while the therapeutical effectiveness does not drop.", "contents": "[Quantitative analysis of conditional-optimal doses of succilep and trimetin in the treatment of children and adolescents with minor forms of epilepsy]. On the basis of a study of 156 patients the authors with the aid of a computer convened a dispersion analysis of interaction found in the process of treatment by conditional optimal doses of trimetin and succilep with 23 clinical parameters of the disease. It was established that on a statistically significant level the largest dose of trimetin (per 1 kg of body weight) was required in the treatment of myoclonic forms of seizures, with duration less that one year, pathological changes in the craniogram, signs of hypertension and the absence of prenatal noxious factors and pathology in the neurological state. The interaction of optimal doses of succilep with the cliniel characteristics is less expressed than for Trimetin and on a significant level is detected only for two of them: a larger dosage in longer duration of the disease and in the existence of prenatal noxious factors in the past history. It was established that with years the used amount of trimetin adn saccilep (per 1 kg of body weight) declines, while the therapeutical effectiveness does not drop.", "PMID": 409014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4882", "title": "A 14-month study of severe non-wound infectious complications in general surgery.", "content": "A retrospective study of serious non-wound infectious complications in general surgery during at 14-month period is reported. A prospective study on wound infections in available from the same institution and period. Septicemia, intraabdominal and intrathoracal abscesses and rare cases of osteomyelitis occurred in 1.3% of all treated patients, whereas postoperative wound infection developed in 7.5% of primarily non-infected patients. Mortality was significantly higher among patients with serious infections than in all patients nursed during the same period. Severe postoperative infectious complications was in fact the third most common cause of death and accounted for 14% of the mortality of the clinic. This rate rises to close to 50% when death from incurable disease is excluded. Septicemia carried a significantly higher mortality rate than intraabdominal abscesses. The risk of a serious infection developing was significantly higher in operations on the small or large intestine than after appendectomies or biliary operations. Gram negative bacteria dominated, especially in cases with a fatal outcome. Contributing factors such as malignancy, preoperative infection or macroscopic peroperative wound soiling, were more common in patients where a serious infectious complication developed postoperatively.", "contents": "A 14-month study of severe non-wound infectious complications in general surgery. A retrospective study of serious non-wound infectious complications in general surgery during at 14-month period is reported. A prospective study on wound infections in available from the same institution and period. Septicemia, intraabdominal and intrathoracal abscesses and rare cases of osteomyelitis occurred in 1.3% of all treated patients, whereas postoperative wound infection developed in 7.5% of primarily non-infected patients. Mortality was significantly higher among patients with serious infections than in all patients nursed during the same period. Severe postoperative infectious complications was in fact the third most common cause of death and accounted for 14% of the mortality of the clinic. This rate rises to close to 50% when death from incurable disease is excluded. Septicemia carried a significantly higher mortality rate than intraabdominal abscesses. The risk of a serious infection developing was significantly higher in operations on the small or large intestine than after appendectomies or biliary operations. Gram negative bacteria dominated, especially in cases with a fatal outcome. Contributing factors such as malignancy, preoperative infection or macroscopic peroperative wound soiling, were more common in patients where a serious infectious complication developed postoperatively.", "PMID": 409015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4883", "title": "Function of the thyroid gland after subtotal resection for hyperthyroidism in relation to remnant size.", "content": "The size of the remnant gland after subtotal thyroidectomy varied between 5 and 12 g in 85 hyperthyroid patients. The patients were then examined 6 weeks and 6 months after surgery with estimation of TSH and TRH stimulation test as well as thyroxine and triiodothyronine. A significant correlation between TSH response to TRH and remnant weight was found ( r= 0.94, p less than 0.01). The frequency of raised S-TSH was higher in the group with small remnants compared with those with larger ones. There was only minor correlation between raised S-TSH or high TSH response to TRH and remnant size expressed in per cent of the total thyroid weight (relative remnant size). No significant difference in thyroxine and triiodothyronine was found between the weight groups. Hypothyroidism developed in two patients with small remnants (6 g) and in one patient with a remnant weight of 8 g. Recurrent hyperthyroidism occurred in one patient in the 8-gram weight group. These results indicate that the remnant size may be one factor influencing the outcome of thyroid function after surgery.", "contents": "Function of the thyroid gland after subtotal resection for hyperthyroidism in relation to remnant size. The size of the remnant gland after subtotal thyroidectomy varied between 5 and 12 g in 85 hyperthyroid patients. The patients were then examined 6 weeks and 6 months after surgery with estimation of TSH and TRH stimulation test as well as thyroxine and triiodothyronine. A significant correlation between TSH response to TRH and remnant weight was found ( r= 0.94, p less than 0.01). The frequency of raised S-TSH was higher in the group with small remnants compared with those with larger ones. There was only minor correlation between raised S-TSH or high TSH response to TRH and remnant size expressed in per cent of the total thyroid weight (relative remnant size). No significant difference in thyroxine and triiodothyronine was found between the weight groups. Hypothyroidism developed in two patients with small remnants (6 g) and in one patient with a remnant weight of 8 g. Recurrent hyperthyroidism occurred in one patient in the 8-gram weight group. These results indicate that the remnant size may be one factor influencing the outcome of thyroid function after surgery.", "PMID": 409016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4884", "title": "Nonspecific esterase activity in 'hairy cells'.", "content": "Nonspecific esterase activity using alpha-naphthyl butyrate as substrate was found to be present in hairy cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia. Activity of this enzyme was markedly diminished and in some instances obliterated by sodium fluoride. Since alpha-naphthyl butyrate is believed to be a more specific substrate for monocytic-type nonspecific esterase than alpha-naphthyl acetate, its presence in hairy cells combined with fluoride inhibition which is also characteristic of monocytic nonspecific esterase provides additional evidence of monocytic properties of hairy cells.", "contents": "Nonspecific esterase activity in 'hairy cells'. Nonspecific esterase activity using alpha-naphthyl butyrate as substrate was found to be present in hairy cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia. Activity of this enzyme was markedly diminished and in some instances obliterated by sodium fluoride. Since alpha-naphthyl butyrate is believed to be a more specific substrate for monocytic-type nonspecific esterase than alpha-naphthyl acetate, its presence in hairy cells combined with fluoride inhibition which is also characteristic of monocytic nonspecific esterase provides additional evidence of monocytic properties of hairy cells.", "PMID": 409018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4885", "title": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia: results of therapy and analysis of 13 cases.", "content": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) was diagnosed in 13 of 84 adult patients (15.4%) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) first admitted between 1972 and 1976. All patients had clinical and/or laboratory evidence of defibrination syndrome. Four patients died of cerebral hemorrhage within 2 days of admission. Two patients died of generalized infection on days 7, and 16, respectively, after admission. The remaining 7 patients (54%) underwent complete remission (CR) with daunomycin, arabinosyl cytosine, and adriamycin. All patients received massive platelet transfusion, no heparin, and no granulocyte transfusion. CR was more frequent in patients with a very low blast cell count and a fibrinogen level higher than 100 mg/100 ml. Median survival of these seven CR patients with APL is similar (15 months) to that of CR patients with other types of AML treated at the same institution during the same period.", "contents": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia: results of therapy and analysis of 13 cases. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) was diagnosed in 13 of 84 adult patients (15.4%) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) first admitted between 1972 and 1976. All patients had clinical and/or laboratory evidence of defibrination syndrome. Four patients died of cerebral hemorrhage within 2 days of admission. Two patients died of generalized infection on days 7, and 16, respectively, after admission. The remaining 7 patients (54%) underwent complete remission (CR) with daunomycin, arabinosyl cytosine, and adriamycin. All patients received massive platelet transfusion, no heparin, and no granulocyte transfusion. CR was more frequent in patients with a very low blast cell count and a fibrinogen level higher than 100 mg/100 ml. Median survival of these seven CR patients with APL is similar (15 months) to that of CR patients with other types of AML treated at the same institution during the same period.", "PMID": 409019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4886", "title": "An in vitro demonstration of the ability of human bone marrow stromal elements to sustain granulocytopoiesis.", "content": "The ability of human bone marrow particles to produce a microenvironment conducive to granulocytopoiesis was tested by culturing them in vitro without an exogenous source of colony stimulating activity (CSA). Granulocytopoiesis in this system was confirmed by the following observations: (1) presence of mitotic figures in promyelocytes and myelocytes; (2) early disappearance of mature granulocytes, followed by their reemergence after 4 days in culture, and (3) presence of immature granulocytes even after 10-14 days in culture. Although no exogenous source of CSA was added to the culture plates, a probable endogenous source was the dense accumulation of stromal elements in the core of particles; these cells may generate sufficiently high local levels of CSA to stimulate and nurture granulocyte proliferation and maturation.", "contents": "An in vitro demonstration of the ability of human bone marrow stromal elements to sustain granulocytopoiesis. The ability of human bone marrow particles to produce a microenvironment conducive to granulocytopoiesis was tested by culturing them in vitro without an exogenous source of colony stimulating activity (CSA). Granulocytopoiesis in this system was confirmed by the following observations: (1) presence of mitotic figures in promyelocytes and myelocytes; (2) early disappearance of mature granulocytes, followed by their reemergence after 4 days in culture, and (3) presence of immature granulocytes even after 10-14 days in culture. Although no exogenous source of CSA was added to the culture plates, a probable endogenous source was the dense accumulation of stromal elements in the core of particles; these cells may generate sufficiently high local levels of CSA to stimulate and nurture granulocyte proliferation and maturation.", "PMID": 409020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4887", "title": "Regulation of human hemopoietic stem cell proliferation by syngeneic thymus-derived lymphocytes.", "content": "Viable T lymphocytes stimulate the proliferation of human syngeneic hemopoietic stem cells, but not influence their differentiation. The biological significance of this activity is discussed and its possible physiological role in the regulation of hemopoiesis is considered.", "contents": "Regulation of human hemopoietic stem cell proliferation by syngeneic thymus-derived lymphocytes. Viable T lymphocytes stimulate the proliferation of human syngeneic hemopoietic stem cells, but not influence their differentiation. The biological significance of this activity is discussed and its possible physiological role in the regulation of hemopoiesis is considered.", "PMID": 409021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4888", "title": "Sensitization of stabilized fibrin to urea dispersion by undiluted plasma and serum.", "content": "Clots obtained from normal native platelet-poor plasma are dispersed by the addition of 5 M urea. Clots from plasma diluted greater than 1/4 and clots from undiluted plasma, thoroughly washed, are not dispersed by urea, but are rendered susceptible to its dispersing action by prior incubation in normal undiluted plasma or serum. The same phenomenon was observed by incubating the otherwise unsoluble clots in normal plasma or serum fractions precipitated at 33% saturation with (NH4)2SO4. The serum fraction does not interfere with the incorporation of putrescine into casein, although it conditions the urea-dispersing action on stable clots.", "contents": "Sensitization of stabilized fibrin to urea dispersion by undiluted plasma and serum. Clots obtained from normal native platelet-poor plasma are dispersed by the addition of 5 M urea. Clots from plasma diluted greater than 1/4 and clots from undiluted plasma, thoroughly washed, are not dispersed by urea, but are rendered susceptible to its dispersing action by prior incubation in normal undiluted plasma or serum. The same phenomenon was observed by incubating the otherwise unsoluble clots in normal plasma or serum fractions precipitated at 33% saturation with (NH4)2SO4. The serum fraction does not interfere with the incorporation of putrescine into casein, although it conditions the urea-dispersing action on stable clots.", "PMID": 409022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4889", "title": "Binding of deoxyribonucleic acid to the surface of human platelets.", "content": "It was demonstrated that washed human platelets can bind minute amounts of 14C-DNA on their surface during short-term incubation. The binding was specific and firm in the described experimental conditions. Washed platelets bound also 14C-DNA anti-DNA antibody complexes, although to a lesser amount than 14C-DNA alone. The possible significance of these findings is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Binding of deoxyribonucleic acid to the surface of human platelets. It was demonstrated that washed human platelets can bind minute amounts of 14C-DNA on their surface during short-term incubation. The binding was specific and firm in the described experimental conditions. Washed platelets bound also 14C-DNA anti-DNA antibody complexes, although to a lesser amount than 14C-DNA alone. The possible significance of these findings is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 409023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4890", "title": "Metoprolol and the peripheral platelet count.", "content": "An acute oral administration of 50 mg metoprolol (a selective beta-1-receptor antagonist) to 18 healthy volunteers induced a significant increase in the peripheral platelet concentration lasting more than 4 h. It is suggested that this increment in the platelet count originates from the exchangeable splenic platelet pool. The mechanism by which metoprolol exerts its effect remains to be established.", "contents": "Metoprolol and the peripheral platelet count. An acute oral administration of 50 mg metoprolol (a selective beta-1-receptor antagonist) to 18 healthy volunteers induced a significant increase in the peripheral platelet concentration lasting more than 4 h. It is suggested that this increment in the platelet count originates from the exchangeable splenic platelet pool. The mechanism by which metoprolol exerts its effect remains to be established.", "PMID": 409024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4891", "title": "Classic hemophilia A in a female.", "content": "A 53-year-old woman with a history of recurrent bleeding complications since childhood and a positive family bleeding history, previously diagnosed as von Willebrand's disease, was investigated. She was found to have a markedly reduced level of antihemophilic factor (AHF) activity, a low AHF activity/AHF antigen ratio, normal Ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation and a normal level of von Willebrand factor activity. These findings were consistent with the diagnosis of classic hemophilia A which was confirmed by the results of similar studies in nine of the patient's relatives. The report illustrates the usefulness of newer laboratory methods in the differentiation between classic hemophilia A and von Willebrand's disease which may have important clinical implications.", "contents": "Classic hemophilia A in a female. A 53-year-old woman with a history of recurrent bleeding complications since childhood and a positive family bleeding history, previously diagnosed as von Willebrand's disease, was investigated. She was found to have a markedly reduced level of antihemophilic factor (AHF) activity, a low AHF activity/AHF antigen ratio, normal Ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation and a normal level of von Willebrand factor activity. These findings were consistent with the diagnosis of classic hemophilia A which was confirmed by the results of similar studies in nine of the patient's relatives. The report illustrates the usefulness of newer laboratory methods in the differentiation between classic hemophilia A and von Willebrand's disease which may have important clinical implications.", "PMID": 409025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4892", "title": "Incorporation of H3-leucine in the mouse kidney in thrombocytopenia. Attempt to demonstrate thrombopoietin production.", "content": "Light and dark field autoradiography of semithin sections prepared 6 h after a treatment with APS showed that the incorporation of H3-leucine into the cells of the convoluted tubules of the kidney was increased in mice. There was no difference in the H3-leucine incorporation in the liver, either in thrombocytopenic or in untreated animals. The increased incorporation of leucine in the kidney in APS-induced thrombocytopenia showed coincidence with increased thrombopoietin production.", "contents": "Incorporation of H3-leucine in the mouse kidney in thrombocytopenia. Attempt to demonstrate thrombopoietin production. Light and dark field autoradiography of semithin sections prepared 6 h after a treatment with APS showed that the incorporation of H3-leucine into the cells of the convoluted tubules of the kidney was increased in mice. There was no difference in the H3-leucine incorporation in the liver, either in thrombocytopenic or in untreated animals. The increased incorporation of leucine in the kidney in APS-induced thrombocytopenia showed coincidence with increased thrombopoietin production.", "PMID": 409027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4893", "title": "Oral contraceptives, anti-thrombin III and fibrinolytic activity in Africans.", "content": "A comparison of the effects of progestogen-only and combined progestogen-oestrogen types of oral contraceptives on anti-thrombin III activity and fibrinolysis in African subjects in South Africa is reported. The changes in anti-thrombin III activity are similar to those reported in other races, but the augmentation of fibrinolytic activity is more marked than has been reported elsewhere. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives, anti-thrombin III and fibrinolytic activity in Africans. A comparison of the effects of progestogen-only and combined progestogen-oestrogen types of oral contraceptives on anti-thrombin III activity and fibrinolysis in African subjects in South Africa is reported. The changes in anti-thrombin III activity are similar to those reported in other races, but the augmentation of fibrinolytic activity is more marked than has been reported elsewhere. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 409028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4894", "title": "Permeability of membrane to potassium in hypochromic red cells with different specific density.", "content": "In hypochromic anaemias (heterozygous beta-thalassaemia and iron deficiency anaemia) ligher red cells lose more K+ than heavier ones, following incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Both in the light and heavy fractions two subpopulations of cells with different permeability to K+ can be separated by a new centrifugation after incubation. On the basis of the results, a relationship between K+ permeability and probability of survival in hypochromic cells is suggested.", "contents": "Permeability of membrane to potassium in hypochromic red cells with different specific density. In hypochromic anaemias (heterozygous beta-thalassaemia and iron deficiency anaemia) ligher red cells lose more K+ than heavier ones, following incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Both in the light and heavy fractions two subpopulations of cells with different permeability to K+ can be separated by a new centrifugation after incubation. On the basis of the results, a relationship between K+ permeability and probability of survival in hypochromic cells is suggested.", "PMID": 409029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4895", "title": "Red cell metabolism and severe neonatal jaundice in West Malaysia.", "content": "A study was carried out of 332 babies suffering from severe neonatal jaundice who were admitted to the General Hospital, Kuala Lumpar, Malaysia. Of the 332 neonates, 51 were premature and 281 were full-term babies, 178 (110 Chinese, 58 Malay, 9 Indian and 1 European-Pakistani) had bilirubin levels of 20 mg% or higher, requiring exchange blood transfusion. Of the Chinese neonates, 23 (20.9%) had G6PD deficiency, 9 (8.2%) had Hb Bart's and 2 (1.8%) had an abnormal haemoglobin, one Hb Q and one fetal variant. Among the Malay infants, 10 (17.2%) had G6PD deficiency, 7 (12.1%) had Hb Bart's and 10 (17.2%) had abnormal haemoglobins (four had Hb E trait, one had Hb K and Bart's in addition to Hb E, three had Hb CoSp with Hb Bart's, one had Hb Q and one Hb Tak). One of the nine Indian neonates had G6PD deficiency and one had Hb S trait. The one European-Pakistani baby was a carrier of Hb D Punjab. In addition to G6PD deficiency, abnormal haemoglobins seem to have contributed to the high incidence of severe neonatal jaundice in Malaysia. The mean activities of GP, GR and GR after stimulation with FAD were higher, while the mean activity of PK and mean level of reduced glutathione were lower than in normal cord bloods. The percent increase of GR after FAD stimulation was significantly lower; fewer in this group had increases above 20% than in normal cord blood. The possible significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "Red cell metabolism and severe neonatal jaundice in West Malaysia. A study was carried out of 332 babies suffering from severe neonatal jaundice who were admitted to the General Hospital, Kuala Lumpar, Malaysia. Of the 332 neonates, 51 were premature and 281 were full-term babies, 178 (110 Chinese, 58 Malay, 9 Indian and 1 European-Pakistani) had bilirubin levels of 20 mg% or higher, requiring exchange blood transfusion. Of the Chinese neonates, 23 (20.9%) had G6PD deficiency, 9 (8.2%) had Hb Bart's and 2 (1.8%) had an abnormal haemoglobin, one Hb Q and one fetal variant. Among the Malay infants, 10 (17.2%) had G6PD deficiency, 7 (12.1%) had Hb Bart's and 10 (17.2%) had abnormal haemoglobins (four had Hb E trait, one had Hb K and Bart's in addition to Hb E, three had Hb CoSp with Hb Bart's, one had Hb Q and one Hb Tak). One of the nine Indian neonates had G6PD deficiency and one had Hb S trait. The one European-Pakistani baby was a carrier of Hb D Punjab. In addition to G6PD deficiency, abnormal haemoglobins seem to have contributed to the high incidence of severe neonatal jaundice in Malaysia. The mean activities of GP, GR and GR after stimulation with FAD were higher, while the mean activity of PK and mean level of reduced glutathione were lower than in normal cord bloods. The percent increase of GR after FAD stimulation was significantly lower; fewer in this group had increases above 20% than in normal cord blood. The possible significance of the findings is discussed.", "PMID": 409030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4896", "title": "Proportions of mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming lymphocytes, immunoglobulin-bearing cells and E rosettes in patients with lymphoproliferative diseases.", "content": "The proportions of mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming (MERF) lymphocytes, immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing cells and E rosettes were examined in the peripheral blood of patients with lymphoproliferative diseases. The proportion of MERF lymphocytes was considerably increased in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The correlation between the proportions of MERF and Ig-bearing cells, characteristic of healthy individuals, is not observed in the lymphoproliferative diseases. It is suggested that in a part of the patients with these diseases, the study of the proportion of MERF cells provides more accurate information on the proportion of lymphocytes of bursal origin than does counting of the Ig-bearing cells.", "contents": "Proportions of mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming lymphocytes, immunoglobulin-bearing cells and E rosettes in patients with lymphoproliferative diseases. The proportions of mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming (MERF) lymphocytes, immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing cells and E rosettes were examined in the peripheral blood of patients with lymphoproliferative diseases. The proportion of MERF lymphocytes was considerably increased in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The correlation between the proportions of MERF and Ig-bearing cells, characteristic of healthy individuals, is not observed in the lymphoproliferative diseases. It is suggested that in a part of the patients with these diseases, the study of the proportion of MERF cells provides more accurate information on the proportion of lymphocytes of bursal origin than does counting of the Ig-bearing cells.", "PMID": 409031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4897", "title": "Atypical B cell dyscrasia with Bence-Jones proteinuria and intracellular retention of gamma-chains.", "content": "A case of atypical B cell dyscrasia is described. The patient presented with a history of weakness, bone pain, and bleeding. A K-type paraprotein was found in serum and urine. The histology of bone marrow was that of a malignant lymphoma, but no enlargement of peripheral lymphoid organs was detectable. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were increased in number and included two populations of immature cells, one lymphoid and the other lymphoplasmocytoid. Immunofluorescent staining showed both populations to contain K and gamma chains in their cytoplasm. The clinicopathological heterogeneity suggests a malignant clone of B cells undergoing incomplete maturation, with arrest at different stages of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Atypical B cell dyscrasia with Bence-Jones proteinuria and intracellular retention of gamma-chains. A case of atypical B cell dyscrasia is described. The patient presented with a history of weakness, bone pain, and bleeding. A K-type paraprotein was found in serum and urine. The histology of bone marrow was that of a malignant lymphoma, but no enlargement of peripheral lymphoid organs was detectable. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were increased in number and included two populations of immature cells, one lymphoid and the other lymphoplasmocytoid. Immunofluorescent staining showed both populations to contain K and gamma chains in their cytoplasm. The clinicopathological heterogeneity suggests a malignant clone of B cells undergoing incomplete maturation, with arrest at different stages of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 409032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4898", "title": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy study on the plasma cells of a patient with multiple myeloma.", "content": "The ultrastructural features of the plasma cells of a 32-year-old patient suffering from multiple myeloma are described. The high percentage (90%) of plasma cells in the bone marrow aspirate permitted the examination of an almost homogenous population. The appearance of the plasma cells seen with the transmission electron microscope did not differ from that described in other reports. The surface architecture of the plasma cells, such as revealed by the scanning electron microscope, differed from that of the normal and pathological white blood cells. Of particular interest were the membrane-bound portions of the cytoplasm seen as 'buddings', or round bodies in the vicinity of the plasma cells which contained most probably pathological proteins.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy study on the plasma cells of a patient with multiple myeloma. The ultrastructural features of the plasma cells of a 32-year-old patient suffering from multiple myeloma are described. The high percentage (90%) of plasma cells in the bone marrow aspirate permitted the examination of an almost homogenous population. The appearance of the plasma cells seen with the transmission electron microscope did not differ from that described in other reports. The surface architecture of the plasma cells, such as revealed by the scanning electron microscope, differed from that of the normal and pathological white blood cells. Of particular interest were the membrane-bound portions of the cytoplasm seen as 'buddings', or round bodies in the vicinity of the plasma cells which contained most probably pathological proteins.", "PMID": 409033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4899", "title": "Susceptibility to autoxidation of lipids of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)-like red cells.", "content": "The susceptibility to autoxidation of red cell lipids was studied before and after transformation of normal red cells to PNH-like erythrocytes. The transformation was effected by treatment of the red cells with the sulfydryl compounds D-penicillamine (DP) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The autoxidation was induced by incubating the cells with H2O2 and was estimated by measuring the generated malonyl dialdehyde. The susceptibility to autoxidation was significantly higher in DP-treated cells, while the opposite was true for NAC-treated cells. However, both DP- and NAC-treated cells showed a similar sensitivity to lysis by acid serum and about the same degree of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity decrease, thus indicating that the susceptibility to autoxidation of lipids is not involved in the determination of complement sensitivity or in the AChE activity decrease of the sulfydryl-treated cells. Finally, since, as evidenced from most of the reported cases in the literature, increased susceptibility to autoxidation is a feature of PNH cells, it seems reasonable to suggest that DP-treated cells should be used in preference to NAC-treated cells as a laboratory substitute for PNH cells.", "contents": "Susceptibility to autoxidation of lipids of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)-like red cells. The susceptibility to autoxidation of red cell lipids was studied before and after transformation of normal red cells to PNH-like erythrocytes. The transformation was effected by treatment of the red cells with the sulfydryl compounds D-penicillamine (DP) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The autoxidation was induced by incubating the cells with H2O2 and was estimated by measuring the generated malonyl dialdehyde. The susceptibility to autoxidation was significantly higher in DP-treated cells, while the opposite was true for NAC-treated cells. However, both DP- and NAC-treated cells showed a similar sensitivity to lysis by acid serum and about the same degree of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity decrease, thus indicating that the susceptibility to autoxidation of lipids is not involved in the determination of complement sensitivity or in the AChE activity decrease of the sulfydryl-treated cells. Finally, since, as evidenced from most of the reported cases in the literature, increased susceptibility to autoxidation is a feature of PNH cells, it seems reasonable to suggest that DP-treated cells should be used in preference to NAC-treated cells as a laboratory substitute for PNH cells.", "PMID": 409034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4900", "title": "Simultaneous demonstration of cholinesterases and glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence of catecholamines in stretch preparations.", "content": "A combined simultaneous method to demonstrate adrenergic nerves using glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence and nerves showing cholinesterase activity using the thiocholine technique is described in whole-mount preparations. The subcutaneous fascia and the right atrium of the heart of the rat and guinea-pig were used as tissue specimens, and the innervation patterns of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were demonstrated in UV and transmitted light. Technical points and the limitations of the method are discussed.", "contents": "Simultaneous demonstration of cholinesterases and glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence of catecholamines in stretch preparations. A combined simultaneous method to demonstrate adrenergic nerves using glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence and nerves showing cholinesterase activity using the thiocholine technique is described in whole-mount preparations. The subcutaneous fascia and the right atrium of the heart of the rat and guinea-pig were used as tissue specimens, and the innervation patterns of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were demonstrated in UV and transmitted light. Technical points and the limitations of the method are discussed.", "PMID": 409035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4901", "title": "Morphohistochemical character of various cellular elements of normal and goitrous thyroid gland.", "content": "There are many ASKANAZY cells in the goitrous the aged patients with the parenchymal dystrophy. The high level of phospholipids in the C-cells can be the basis of a new histochemical test for identification of these cells. The desquamation of the follicular epithelium on the one hand can be the result of the increase of the goitrous thyroids functional activity, on the other hand it can be the expression of the dystrophic processes of the follicular epithelium.", "contents": "Morphohistochemical character of various cellular elements of normal and goitrous thyroid gland. There are many ASKANAZY cells in the goitrous the aged patients with the parenchymal dystrophy. The high level of phospholipids in the C-cells can be the basis of a new histochemical test for identification of these cells. The desquamation of the follicular epithelium on the one hand can be the result of the increase of the goitrous thyroids functional activity, on the other hand it can be the expression of the dystrophic processes of the follicular epithelium.", "PMID": 409036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4902", "title": "Cytophotometric determination of basic proteins with heparin-alcian blue method.", "content": "For the quantitative cytochemical determination of basic proteins, Heparin-Alcian Blue (HAB-was found to be a more suitable staining procedure than the generally used alcalic Fast green reaction. HAB is able to stain all the histone fractions, but there is no staining following deamination (gelelectrophoretic examinations) and no aspecific staining (Millipore filter model). In EHRLICH ascites tumour cells, changes in the FEULGEN-DNA content is followed by the proportional changes of HAB-basic protein content. After HAB reaction, the FEULGEN reaction can be performed on the same slide.", "contents": "Cytophotometric determination of basic proteins with heparin-alcian blue method. For the quantitative cytochemical determination of basic proteins, Heparin-Alcian Blue (HAB-was found to be a more suitable staining procedure than the generally used alcalic Fast green reaction. HAB is able to stain all the histone fractions, but there is no staining following deamination (gelelectrophoretic examinations) and no aspecific staining (Millipore filter model). In EHRLICH ascites tumour cells, changes in the FEULGEN-DNA content is followed by the proportional changes of HAB-basic protein content. After HAB reaction, the FEULGEN reaction can be performed on the same slide.", "PMID": 409037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4903", "title": "Localization of alkaline and acid phosphatase activity in the intestine of healthy breams (Abramis brama l.) and those infected with plerocercoid of tapeworm Ligula intestinalis (Linn\u00e9 1758).", "content": "The examination included 40 breams 4 to 7 years old (18 infected and 22 uninfected). Alkaline and acid phosphatase activity, as shown by the azo-coupling method, has been localized in the oesophagus and the intestine, being the strongest in the epithelium. It was distinctly less intensive in the Lamina propria mucosae and in the intermuscular connective tissue of the oesophagus, in the submucosa, in the cells of AUERBACH plexus and in the blood vessel walls. Besides only the acid phosphatase activity was noted in single (sometimes rather numerous) spherical cells - visible within the epithelium and Lamina propria mucosae. The cells are known as the components of so called \"yellow bodies\" (melanine macrophage centers) entering particular numerously in the spleen and in the pronephric kidney of infected breams. The activity of both enzymes in the epithelium was considerably weaker in the last third of the intestine, and none in cloaca and in Tunica muscularis all over the length of the intestine (and oesophagus) except for some cells of the connective tissue separating the layers of muscle fibres. No perceptible differences in the activity and localization of both enzymes in the intestine were observed between infected and uninfected fishes examined in different seasons of the year.", "contents": "Localization of alkaline and acid phosphatase activity in the intestine of healthy breams (Abramis brama l.) and those infected with plerocercoid of tapeworm Ligula intestinalis (Linn\u00e9 1758). The examination included 40 breams 4 to 7 years old (18 infected and 22 uninfected). Alkaline and acid phosphatase activity, as shown by the azo-coupling method, has been localized in the oesophagus and the intestine, being the strongest in the epithelium. It was distinctly less intensive in the Lamina propria mucosae and in the intermuscular connective tissue of the oesophagus, in the submucosa, in the cells of AUERBACH plexus and in the blood vessel walls. Besides only the acid phosphatase activity was noted in single (sometimes rather numerous) spherical cells - visible within the epithelium and Lamina propria mucosae. The cells are known as the components of so called \"yellow bodies\" (melanine macrophage centers) entering particular numerously in the spleen and in the pronephric kidney of infected breams. The activity of both enzymes in the epithelium was considerably weaker in the last third of the intestine, and none in cloaca and in Tunica muscularis all over the length of the intestine (and oesophagus) except for some cells of the connective tissue separating the layers of muscle fibres. No perceptible differences in the activity and localization of both enzymes in the intestine were observed between infected and uninfected fishes examined in different seasons of the year.", "PMID": 409038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4904", "title": "[Evolution of the adipose tissue during the postembryonic development in Coleoptera Catopidae. I. Studies in Choleva fagniezi and Speophyes lucidulus (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytological studies of the fat body have been performed during the postembryonic development of 2 Coleoptera Catopidae: Choleva fagniezi and Speophyes lucidulus. As in other insects, the cells store large amounts of glycogen, lipids and proteins during the larval life; these reserves would be lysed and used during the metamorphosis. According to the species, protein globules are constituted at different larval life periods. In Choleva fagniezi they appear during the 3rd and last larval instar. In Speophyes lucidulus, protein globules appear during the 10 first days of the 1st larval instar. In the prenymphs of the 2 species, the protein globules become rich in RNA.", "contents": "[Evolution of the adipose tissue during the postembryonic development in Coleoptera Catopidae. I. Studies in Choleva fagniezi and Speophyes lucidulus (author's transl)]. Cytological studies of the fat body have been performed during the postembryonic development of 2 Coleoptera Catopidae: Choleva fagniezi and Speophyes lucidulus. As in other insects, the cells store large amounts of glycogen, lipids and proteins during the larval life; these reserves would be lysed and used during the metamorphosis. According to the species, protein globules are constituted at different larval life periods. In Choleva fagniezi they appear during the 3rd and last larval instar. In Speophyes lucidulus, protein globules appear during the 10 first days of the 1st larval instar. In the prenymphs of the 2 species, the protein globules become rich in RNA.", "PMID": 409039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4905", "title": "Electron  histochemical and developmental study of glycogen metabolism in the retina of the chick fetus.", "content": "The activities of glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase were electron histochemically examined in the retina of the fetal chick. These enzyme activities appeared in the cytoplasmic matrices of the developing paraboloid in the photoreceptor inner segment almost simultaneously at the 17th day of incubation. After the appearance of these 2 enzyme activities, glycogen particles were found in the developing paraboloid. It is concluded that glycogen is synthesized through the enzymatic pathway in the fetal retina and that glycogen is not found before the enzymes related to glycogen metabolism appear in the cell except the appearance of native glycogen in the egg. Branching glycosyltransferase seemed to appear after phosphorylase was activated and these enzymes became higher in their activity with the differentiation in the paraboloid in the fetal and early postnatal periods.", "contents": "Electron  histochemical and developmental study of glycogen metabolism in the retina of the chick fetus. The activities of glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase were electron histochemically examined in the retina of the fetal chick. These enzyme activities appeared in the cytoplasmic matrices of the developing paraboloid in the photoreceptor inner segment almost simultaneously at the 17th day of incubation. After the appearance of these 2 enzyme activities, glycogen particles were found in the developing paraboloid. It is concluded that glycogen is synthesized through the enzymatic pathway in the fetal retina and that glycogen is not found before the enzymes related to glycogen metabolism appear in the cell except the appearance of native glycogen in the egg. Branching glycosyltransferase seemed to appear after phosphorylase was activated and these enzymes became higher in their activity with the differentiation in the paraboloid in the fetal and early postnatal periods.", "PMID": 409040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4906", "title": "Cytochemical localization of peroxidase activity in normal, proliferating and neoplastic thyroid tissues of rats. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "In the control animals of thyroid peroxidase is localized within the membrane of rough endoplasmic reticulum, perinuclear cisternae, microvilli, lamellar structures of the GOLGI apparatus and dispersed through the cytoplasm small vesicles. 3 weeks treatment of the animals with MTU leads to disappearance of the peroxidase activity from the follicular cells. However, a prolongation of MTU administration until the 6th month and latter causes a reappearance of the peroxidase activity within the same structures of the proliferating cells as in the control animals. In the epithelial cells of follicular and papillary carcinomas the reaction product is observed predominantly within the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, perinuclear space and outher membrane of the microvilli. The changes in the inhibitory effect of MTU on the peroxidase activity during thyroid carcinogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of peroxidase activity in normal, proliferating and neoplastic thyroid tissues of rats. An ultrastructural study. In the control animals of thyroid peroxidase is localized within the membrane of rough endoplasmic reticulum, perinuclear cisternae, microvilli, lamellar structures of the GOLGI apparatus and dispersed through the cytoplasm small vesicles. 3 weeks treatment of the animals with MTU leads to disappearance of the peroxidase activity from the follicular cells. However, a prolongation of MTU administration until the 6th month and latter causes a reappearance of the peroxidase activity within the same structures of the proliferating cells as in the control animals. In the epithelial cells of follicular and papillary carcinomas the reaction product is observed predominantly within the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, perinuclear space and outher membrane of the microvilli. The changes in the inhibitory effect of MTU on the peroxidase activity during thyroid carcinogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 409041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4907", "title": "Histochemical (polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids and enzymes) and autoradiographic (incorporation of 35S labelled sodium sulfate) study of the epithelial intestinal cells of Xenodon merremii Wagler, 1824 (Ophidia).", "content": "A histochemical and autoradiographic study of the lining intestinal epithelium of the snake Xenodon merremii is reported. The absorptive cells present neutral polysaccharides, arginine, tyrosine, tryptophan, cysteine, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, ATPase, AMPase, esterase and RNA. There are histochemical differences between the goblet cells of the small and of the large intestine. Whereas in the former predominates the neutral polysaccharides and are found arginine, tyrosine, tryptophan and cysteine, in the latter predominates the sulfated polysaccharides (confirmed by the uptake of radioactive sulfur) and no amino acids were found.", "contents": "Histochemical (polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids and enzymes) and autoradiographic (incorporation of 35S labelled sodium sulfate) study of the epithelial intestinal cells of Xenodon merremii Wagler, 1824 (Ophidia). A histochemical and autoradiographic study of the lining intestinal epithelium of the snake Xenodon merremii is reported. The absorptive cells present neutral polysaccharides, arginine, tyrosine, tryptophan, cysteine, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, ATPase, AMPase, esterase and RNA. There are histochemical differences between the goblet cells of the small and of the large intestine. Whereas in the former predominates the neutral polysaccharides and are found arginine, tyrosine, tryptophan and cysteine, in the latter predominates the sulfated polysaccharides (confirmed by the uptake of radioactive sulfur) and no amino acids were found.", "PMID": 409042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4908", "title": "[Computer analyse of ultrahistochemical observed metal containing secretory granules in Langerhans islets cells of normoglycemic and diabetic rat].", "content": "Metal-containing secretory granules of alpha 2-cells of the LANGERHANS' islets of normal and alloxan-diabetic rats were stained for electron microscopy by a special method. Thereafter the electron micrographs were analysed by the Quantimet 720 image analysing computer with respect to size of the granules and their quantitative distribution in classes. The following statistical tests verified significant differences between the distributions of the secretory granules under normal and diabetic conditions. The secretory granules from alloxan-diabetic animals were diminished distinctly. The examination by image analysing computer confirmed objectively observations, we have made and published formerly.", "contents": "[Computer analyse of ultrahistochemical observed metal containing secretory granules in Langerhans islets cells of normoglycemic and diabetic rat]. Metal-containing secretory granules of alpha 2-cells of the LANGERHANS' islets of normal and alloxan-diabetic rats were stained for electron microscopy by a special method. Thereafter the electron micrographs were analysed by the Quantimet 720 image analysing computer with respect to size of the granules and their quantitative distribution in classes. The following statistical tests verified significant differences between the distributions of the secretory granules under normal and diabetic conditions. The secretory granules from alloxan-diabetic animals were diminished distinctly. The examination by image analysing computer confirmed objectively observations, we have made and published formerly.", "PMID": 409044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4909", "title": "X-ray microanalytical study of Mn and Fe compartmentation in maize chloroplasts.", "content": "X-ray microanalysis of mesophyll and bundle sheath maize chloroplasts showed that bound manganese is located within thylakoids, whereas bound iron is equally present in thylakoids and stroma. A simple correlation between manganese content and oxygen evolution capacity (Photosystem II activity) is unlikely since Mn is also present in bundle sheath thylakoids of low Photosystem II activity. A major part of manganese has probably a distinct function and only a minor part plays a role in the process of oxygen evolution.", "contents": "X-ray microanalytical study of Mn and Fe compartmentation in maize chloroplasts. X-ray microanalysis of mesophyll and bundle sheath maize chloroplasts showed that bound manganese is located within thylakoids, whereas bound iron is equally present in thylakoids and stroma. A simple correlation between manganese content and oxygen evolution capacity (Photosystem II activity) is unlikely since Mn is also present in bundle sheath thylakoids of low Photosystem II activity. A major part of manganese has probably a distinct function and only a minor part plays a role in the process of oxygen evolution.", "PMID": 409045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4910", "title": "[Concanavalin A-binding to cyclic reassembled microtubules from pig brain-tubulin (author's transl)].", "content": "Concanavalin A reacts to cyclic reassembled microtubules. The results were analysed morphometrically and topochemically. Concanavalin A can be observed mainly on the outer part of the microtubules and also partly in the lumen. After Concanavalin A reaction the diameters of microtubules are significantly higher than in the controls. It is shown that the saccharide component does not disappear during cyclic reassembly of microtubules. This compoenent is seen as a glycoprotein and as a part of at least one of their protein fractions or as a constitutive factor of microtubules.", "contents": "[Concanavalin A-binding to cyclic reassembled microtubules from pig brain-tubulin (author's transl)]. Concanavalin A reacts to cyclic reassembled microtubules. The results were analysed morphometrically and topochemically. Concanavalin A can be observed mainly on the outer part of the microtubules and also partly in the lumen. After Concanavalin A reaction the diameters of microtubules are significantly higher than in the controls. It is shown that the saccharide component does not disappear during cyclic reassembly of microtubules. This compoenent is seen as a glycoprotein and as a part of at least one of their protein fractions or as a constitutive factor of microtubules.", "PMID": 409046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4911", "title": "Electron microscopic study on the lipid content of intramitochondrial granules in proximal convoluted tubule of guinea pig kidney and their ability to accumulate calcium ions.", "content": "The intramitochondrial dense granules of the kidney proximal tubule fixed with OsO4 are osmiophilic since they are bleached by H2O2 treatment and they disappear after glutaraldehyde fixation alone. Following ethanol extraction and subsequent osmification these granules become invisible but pure aceton treatment does not greatly alter their osmiophilia. The findings suggests that the osmiophilic intramitochondrial granules are rich in phospholipids. When the kidney cortex is incubated in the presence of calcium of acetate, calcium accumulates on the intramitochondrial granules increasing their size and number. The intramitochondrial granules are found more frequently in tissues where the transport of water or ions is big. They contribute to the sodium transport (RIEDEL, BUCHER and ERKOCAK 1968). They are composed mainly of neutral lipids (SANZONE, SWARTZENDRUBER and SNYDER 1970) and phospholipids (WENDEL and BARNARD 1974). They are formed by the precipitation of calcium and other ions (GREENAWALT, ROSSI and LEHNINGER 1964; Peachey 1964). in this present work the structure of dense intramitochondrial granules has been studied regarding electron opaque materials. This way on one hand the lipids and the nucleic acids have been investigated, on the other hand the intramitochondrial granules have been loaded with calcium, a cation showing density in precipitated form and found in great amount into the cell.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study on the lipid content of intramitochondrial granules in proximal convoluted tubule of guinea pig kidney and their ability to accumulate calcium ions. The intramitochondrial dense granules of the kidney proximal tubule fixed with OsO4 are osmiophilic since they are bleached by H2O2 treatment and they disappear after glutaraldehyde fixation alone. Following ethanol extraction and subsequent osmification these granules become invisible but pure aceton treatment does not greatly alter their osmiophilia. The findings suggests that the osmiophilic intramitochondrial granules are rich in phospholipids. When the kidney cortex is incubated in the presence of calcium of acetate, calcium accumulates on the intramitochondrial granules increasing their size and number. The intramitochondrial granules are found more frequently in tissues where the transport of water or ions is big. They contribute to the sodium transport (RIEDEL, BUCHER and ERKOCAK 1968). They are composed mainly of neutral lipids (SANZONE, SWARTZENDRUBER and SNYDER 1970) and phospholipids (WENDEL and BARNARD 1974). They are formed by the precipitation of calcium and other ions (GREENAWALT, ROSSI and LEHNINGER 1964; Peachey 1964). in this present work the structure of dense intramitochondrial granules has been studied regarding electron opaque materials. This way on one hand the lipids and the nucleic acids have been investigated, on the other hand the intramitochondrial granules have been loaded with calcium, a cation showing density in precipitated form and found in great amount into the cell.", "PMID": 409048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4912", "title": "The effect of disodium cromoglycate in perennial allergic rhinitis. A controlled clinical study.", "content": "The clinical effect of disodium cromoglycate was compared with placebo in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. The results of a double-blind cross-over trial in 17 patients suggest that insufflation with 10 mg disodium cromoglycate four times a day has no better effect than placebo. No significant differences between the side effect of disodium cromoglycate and placebo were noted.", "contents": "The effect of disodium cromoglycate in perennial allergic rhinitis. A controlled clinical study. The clinical effect of disodium cromoglycate was compared with placebo in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. The results of a double-blind cross-over trial in 17 patients suggest that insufflation with 10 mg disodium cromoglycate four times a day has no better effect than placebo. No significant differences between the side effect of disodium cromoglycate and placebo were noted.", "PMID": 409052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4913", "title": "Nucleolar activity in the primate dorsal root ganglion cells associated with dietary protein malnutrition.", "content": "The nucleolar changes in the dorsal root ganglion cells of the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus, have been investigated by the use of histological and histochemical methods in the healthy neonates (born to mothers maintained on 25% protein diet during gestation) and young adults, and compared with those observed in the protein-malnourished neonates (born to mothers maintained on a 8% protein diet during gestation). Also studied were young adults maintained on a high protein diet (25% protein) as well as on a low protein diet (2% protein content) for a period of 15 weeks. Whereas in the healthy animals (neonates and young adults) only a few cells show nucleolar budding and finally their extrusion into the cytoplasm, the protein-malnourished animals show a significantly enhanced nucleolar activity in the form of increased size (3-4 times the original) and active budding either from one focal point or at several places on the body of the nucleolus. In the neurons which show chromatolytic changes, these extrusions migrate to the nuclear membrane, wherefrom they pass on to the cytoplasm through an evagination of the nuclear envelope. Such a migration appears to occur by a focal dissolution of the nuclear membrane. It appears that, under conditions of severe malnutrition and advanced chromatolytic changes in the neuronal cytoplasm, the nucleolar material provides a compensatory mechanism for the increased cytoplasmic catabolism and loss of ribonucleoprotein material in order to facilitate additional protein synthesis for cell survival.", "contents": "Nucleolar activity in the primate dorsal root ganglion cells associated with dietary protein malnutrition. The nucleolar changes in the dorsal root ganglion cells of the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus, have been investigated by the use of histological and histochemical methods in the healthy neonates (born to mothers maintained on 25% protein diet during gestation) and young adults, and compared with those observed in the protein-malnourished neonates (born to mothers maintained on a 8% protein diet during gestation). Also studied were young adults maintained on a high protein diet (25% protein) as well as on a low protein diet (2% protein content) for a period of 15 weeks. Whereas in the healthy animals (neonates and young adults) only a few cells show nucleolar budding and finally their extrusion into the cytoplasm, the protein-malnourished animals show a significantly enhanced nucleolar activity in the form of increased size (3-4 times the original) and active budding either from one focal point or at several places on the body of the nucleolus. In the neurons which show chromatolytic changes, these extrusions migrate to the nuclear membrane, wherefrom they pass on to the cytoplasm through an evagination of the nuclear envelope. Such a migration appears to occur by a focal dissolution of the nuclear membrane. It appears that, under conditions of severe malnutrition and advanced chromatolytic changes in the neuronal cytoplasm, the nucleolar material provides a compensatory mechanism for the increased cytoplasmic catabolism and loss of ribonucleoprotein material in order to facilitate additional protein synthesis for cell survival.", "PMID": 409053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4914", "title": "Cerebral and retinal fat emboli in normal animals fixed by perfusion.", "content": "The brains and retinas of laboratory animals fixed by perfusion occasionally contain isolated round fat emboli, which increase in number if the two organs are covered with oil during the autopsy. These emboli, in contrast to emboli induced by intravenous injection of oil, are present in smaller numbers, occur without adjacent aggregation of erythrocytes and do not cause widening of the occluded vascular channel. The fat emboli in the normal brain are attributed to connective tissue fat aggregating on the exposed cerebral surface and flowing through openings cut in the leptomeninges and the vascular walls during removal of the brain. Their formation could not be entirely prevented by covering the brain with running water or by submerging the forepart of the animal's body in water during the autopsy. Nevertheless, such a procedure is recommended to avoid introduction of extraneous fat when in a given experiment the question of fat embolism arises. Fat emboli demonstrable in the flattened retina of the cat and the mulatta monkey are ascribed to aspiration of retrobulbar connective tissue fat; they can be prevented by placing a ligature around the optic nerve prior to removal of the eye.", "contents": "Cerebral and retinal fat emboli in normal animals fixed by perfusion. The brains and retinas of laboratory animals fixed by perfusion occasionally contain isolated round fat emboli, which increase in number if the two organs are covered with oil during the autopsy. These emboli, in contrast to emboli induced by intravenous injection of oil, are present in smaller numbers, occur without adjacent aggregation of erythrocytes and do not cause widening of the occluded vascular channel. The fat emboli in the normal brain are attributed to connective tissue fat aggregating on the exposed cerebral surface and flowing through openings cut in the leptomeninges and the vascular walls during removal of the brain. Their formation could not be entirely prevented by covering the brain with running water or by submerging the forepart of the animal's body in water during the autopsy. Nevertheless, such a procedure is recommended to avoid introduction of extraneous fat when in a given experiment the question of fat embolism arises. Fat emboli demonstrable in the flattened retina of the cat and the mulatta monkey are ascribed to aspiration of retrobulbar connective tissue fat; they can be prevented by placing a ligature around the optic nerve prior to removal of the eye.", "PMID": 409054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4915", "title": "Features of the prosimian wrist joint in relation to hominoid specializations.", "content": "The wrist joint of lemuroid and lorisoid prosimians is examined in relation to variations among higher primates, particularly the specializations characteristic of hominoids. The lorisines Nycticebus and Perodicticus share a metrically defined primitive morphopattern with other prosimians and cercopithecine monkeys, showing little convergence on apes in carpal bone and distal radius and ulna shape.", "contents": "Features of the prosimian wrist joint in relation to hominoid specializations. The wrist joint of lemuroid and lorisoid prosimians is examined in relation to variations among higher primates, particularly the specializations characteristic of hominoids. The lorisines Nycticebus and Perodicticus share a metrically defined primitive morphopattern with other prosimians and cercopithecine monkeys, showing little convergence on apes in carpal bone and distal radius and ulna shape.", "PMID": 409055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4916", "title": "Mucopolysaccharidosis type I, II, IIIA and V. Pathological and biochemical abnormalities in the neural and mesenchymal elements of the brain.", "content": "Histochemical and electron microscopic studies of the brains inclusive of the leptomeninges containing large blood vessels from 7 patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) I, II, IIIA and V showed marked increase in mesenchymal elements and the generalized presence of characteristic lesions around cerebral veins and arteries. The periadventitial space was greatly distended and filled with viscous fluid and numerous mononuclear cells containing large cytoplasmic vacuoles; these cells stained positively for glycosaminoglycans (GAG). In contrast, the neurons showed only a slight increase of GAG over the normal controls but contained an excessive amount of glycolipid-like material. The amount of GAG in the leptomeninges, inclusive of the large blood vessels, was 10.8, 6.5, 4.5 and 2.2 times greater in patients with MPS I, II, V and IIIA respectively, than the mean of unaffected controls. Dermatan sulfate (DS) accounted for most of the GAG increase in MPS I, II and V [mixed excretors of DS and heparan sulfate (HS)], and HS for the GAG increase in MPS IIIA (HS excretor). With the exception of the patient with MPS IIIA, whose GAG content and composition were the same in both the neural and mesenchymal elements, in all the other MPS types the mesenchymal elements contained more GAG, with a preponderance of DS. We conclude that the mesenchymal elements contribute substantially to the increased content of GAG in the brain and its coverings, mostly in the form of dermatan sulfate.", "contents": "Mucopolysaccharidosis type I, II, IIIA and V. Pathological and biochemical abnormalities in the neural and mesenchymal elements of the brain. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies of the brains inclusive of the leptomeninges containing large blood vessels from 7 patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) I, II, IIIA and V showed marked increase in mesenchymal elements and the generalized presence of characteristic lesions around cerebral veins and arteries. The periadventitial space was greatly distended and filled with viscous fluid and numerous mononuclear cells containing large cytoplasmic vacuoles; these cells stained positively for glycosaminoglycans (GAG). In contrast, the neurons showed only a slight increase of GAG over the normal controls but contained an excessive amount of glycolipid-like material. The amount of GAG in the leptomeninges, inclusive of the large blood vessels, was 10.8, 6.5, 4.5 and 2.2 times greater in patients with MPS I, II, V and IIIA respectively, than the mean of unaffected controls. Dermatan sulfate (DS) accounted for most of the GAG increase in MPS I, II and V [mixed excretors of DS and heparan sulfate (HS)], and HS for the GAG increase in MPS IIIA (HS excretor). With the exception of the patient with MPS IIIA, whose GAG content and composition were the same in both the neural and mesenchymal elements, in all the other MPS types the mesenchymal elements contained more GAG, with a preponderance of DS. We conclude that the mesenchymal elements contribute substantially to the increased content of GAG in the brain and its coverings, mostly in the form of dermatan sulfate.", "PMID": 409090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4917", "title": "The effects of ethylene-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate on the developing mandibular condyle -- a light microscopic study.", "content": "The effects of high doses of ethylene-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP), a potential mineralization inhibitor, were studied in the developing mandibular condyle of the rat. The animals were given one injection of EHDP/day for four consecutive days. One group of animals received 30 mg and another group 50 mg EHDP/day. Animals from each group were killed either the day after or three days after the last EHDP-injection. EHDP-administration resulted in a failure of mineralization of the cartilage and osteoid, a widening of the hypertrophic zone, an appearance of cells in lacunae at the cartilage-methphyseal junction and in an inhibited capillary invasion. There was little evidence of a resumed mineralization in rats left to survive for three days after the last EHDP-injection. The results indicate additional effects of EHDP besides an inhibition of calcium phosphate crystallization, and also that EHDP may be a useful tool in the study of mechanisms of cellular hypertrophy and capillary invasion in mineralizing cartilage.", "contents": "The effects of ethylene-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate on the developing mandibular condyle -- a light microscopic study. The effects of high doses of ethylene-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP), a potential mineralization inhibitor, were studied in the developing mandibular condyle of the rat. The animals were given one injection of EHDP/day for four consecutive days. One group of animals received 30 mg and another group 50 mg EHDP/day. Animals from each group were killed either the day after or three days after the last EHDP-injection. EHDP-administration resulted in a failure of mineralization of the cartilage and osteoid, a widening of the hypertrophic zone, an appearance of cells in lacunae at the cartilage-methphyseal junction and in an inhibited capillary invasion. There was little evidence of a resumed mineralization in rats left to survive for three days after the last EHDP-injection. The results indicate additional effects of EHDP besides an inhibition of calcium phosphate crystallization, and also that EHDP may be a useful tool in the study of mechanisms of cellular hypertrophy and capillary invasion in mineralizing cartilage.", "PMID": 409091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4918", "title": "Permeability properties of the tissues in the optic nerve head region in the rabbit and the monkey. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "The distribution of the protein tracer, horseradish peroxidase, has been studied in the optic nerve head region in rabbits and monkeys by light and electron microscopy. Following intravenous injection of the tracer, the eyes were enucleated after varying time intervals. Leaking out of the choroidal capillaries in the peripapillary choroid, peroxidase rapidly spread to the adjacent sclera and to the intraneural connective tissue, that is lamina cribrosa and the connective tissue surrounding the intraneural vessels. The tracer then diffused from both the perineural and intraneural connective tissue into the adjacent optic nerve tissue. This diffusion could take place because the intercellular spaces in the astrocytic cell layer interposed between the connective and neural tissues were freely permeable to the tracer. The present investigation confirms the presence of a defect in the blood optic nerve barrier in the optic nerve head. The clinical importance of this defect in the permeability barrier is not known. It may represent a predilection point for pathological events, e.g. in retrobulbar neuritis.", "contents": "Permeability properties of the tissues in the optic nerve head region in the rabbit and the monkey. An ultrastructural study. The distribution of the protein tracer, horseradish peroxidase, has been studied in the optic nerve head region in rabbits and monkeys by light and electron microscopy. Following intravenous injection of the tracer, the eyes were enucleated after varying time intervals. Leaking out of the choroidal capillaries in the peripapillary choroid, peroxidase rapidly spread to the adjacent sclera and to the intraneural connective tissue, that is lamina cribrosa and the connective tissue surrounding the intraneural vessels. The tracer then diffused from both the perineural and intraneural connective tissue into the adjacent optic nerve tissue. This diffusion could take place because the intercellular spaces in the astrocytic cell layer interposed between the connective and neural tissues were freely permeable to the tracer. The present investigation confirms the presence of a defect in the blood optic nerve barrier in the optic nerve head. The clinical importance of this defect in the permeability barrier is not known. It may represent a predilection point for pathological events, e.g. in retrobulbar neuritis.", "PMID": 409092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4919", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition in infants. Blood levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, free  fatty acids, glycerol, d-beta-hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides, free amino acids and insulin.", "content": "Two regimens (A and B) for TPN were designed to meet the requirements of newborn infants for calories, amino acids, fatty acids, electrolytes, trace elements and vitamins. Both \"A\" and \"B\" included fat emulsion (Intralipid). \"A\" contained fructose and glucose, \"B\" glucose only. \"A\" provided amino acids (Vamin) in proportions similar to those of whole egg, \"B\" similar to those of human milk. All nutrients were given simultaneously into peripheral veins by constant infusion. Nineteen patients (11 newborns, 8 infants) were studied for 1-28 days. Twelve infants recovered, 7 died. In none could TPN be regarded as the cause of death. Treatment was complicated by sepsis in 5 infants. During the course of treatment, blood levels of substrates and insulin were measured before, during and 30 min after discontinuation of TPN. Highly raised concentrations of circulating substrates seen in 3 infants seemed to be related to a poor clinical condition rather than to the regimen used. Infants in good condition tolerated TPN well. Low levels of branch-chained amino acids and tendency to ketonemia, when infusion was stopped, suggested that minimal rather than optimal supply of energy and of amino acids in relation to energy was provided with both regimens. Low insulin levels associated with elevated blood levels of substrates suggested that insulin administration to selected cases might be indicated. Fructose (0.30 g/kg X hour-1) given with regimen A increased blood lactate concentrations. Homocystinaemia appeared in 2 cases; disappearance after excess vitamin B6 administration indicated increased B6 requirement.", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition in infants. Blood levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, free  fatty acids, glycerol, d-beta-hydroxybutyrate, triglycerides, free amino acids and insulin. Two regimens (A and B) for TPN were designed to meet the requirements of newborn infants for calories, amino acids, fatty acids, electrolytes, trace elements and vitamins. Both \"A\" and \"B\" included fat emulsion (Intralipid). \"A\" contained fructose and glucose, \"B\" glucose only. \"A\" provided amino acids (Vamin) in proportions similar to those of whole egg, \"B\" similar to those of human milk. All nutrients were given simultaneously into peripheral veins by constant infusion. Nineteen patients (11 newborns, 8 infants) were studied for 1-28 days. Twelve infants recovered, 7 died. In none could TPN be regarded as the cause of death. Treatment was complicated by sepsis in 5 infants. During the course of treatment, blood levels of substrates and insulin were measured before, during and 30 min after discontinuation of TPN. Highly raised concentrations of circulating substrates seen in 3 infants seemed to be related to a poor clinical condition rather than to the regimen used. Infants in good condition tolerated TPN well. Low levels of branch-chained amino acids and tendency to ketonemia, when infusion was stopped, suggested that minimal rather than optimal supply of energy and of amino acids in relation to energy was provided with both regimens. Low insulin levels associated with elevated blood levels of substrates suggested that insulin administration to selected cases might be indicated. Fructose (0.30 g/kg X hour-1) given with regimen A increased blood lactate concentrations. Homocystinaemia appeared in 2 cases; disappearance after excess vitamin B6 administration indicated increased B6 requirement.", "PMID": 409094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4920", "title": "Abnormalities of immunglobulins in infants with congenital heart disease.", "content": "Twenty-eight infants had their serum immunoglobulins estimated (by radial immunodiffusion) in early infancy. The IgG level was abnormal in twelve infants. Elevated levels of IgA were found in ten and IgM in fourteen. These variations, mostly obvious in the first ten days of life, were detected in the absence of clinical or immunological evidence of congenital rubella infection.", "contents": "Abnormalities of immunglobulins in infants with congenital heart disease. Twenty-eight infants had their serum immunoglobulins estimated (by radial immunodiffusion) in early infancy. The IgG level was abnormal in twelve infants. Elevated levels of IgA were found in ten and IgM in fourteen. These variations, mostly obvious in the first ten days of life, were detected in the absence of clinical or immunological evidence of congenital rubella infection.", "PMID": 409095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4921", "title": "Adaptation of a single injection clearance method to physiological and pathophysiological facts. A review of data obtained in infancy and childhood.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 395 51Chromiumethylenediaminotetraacetate single injection clearances performed in infants and children is presented. In 61% of infants and 30% of the children the clearance values were calculated on the basis of a plasma disappearance half time of the reference substance, which was longer than the standard study, i.e. on the basis of extrapolated data. Plasma creatinine and urea levels were found to be appropriate indicators for predicting the plasma disappearance half time of the marker substance. 14 additional patients were studied prospectively with a duration of the study predicted by means of the plasma creatinine and urea levels.  In these patients, separate determinations of the clearances using either the data obtained during the standard time of procedure only, or the data of the entire study, clearly demonstrated that the clearances obtained by means of the standard procedure overestimated glomerular filtration rate. The analysis of the data in infants show that the plasma urea level is a reasonably good indicator for predicting the time schedule of the study whereas plasma creatinine should not be used. Additionally the retrospective data indicate that a prolongation of the study should be recommended in all infants. This study demonstrates the necessity and offers means of adapting the time schedule of isotope single injection clearances to physiological and pathophysiological facts.", "contents": "Adaptation of a single injection clearance method to physiological and pathophysiological facts. A review of data obtained in infancy and childhood. A retrospective analysis of 395 51Chromiumethylenediaminotetraacetate single injection clearances performed in infants and children is presented. In 61% of infants and 30% of the children the clearance values were calculated on the basis of a plasma disappearance half time of the reference substance, which was longer than the standard study, i.e. on the basis of extrapolated data. Plasma creatinine and urea levels were found to be appropriate indicators for predicting the plasma disappearance half time of the marker substance. 14 additional patients were studied prospectively with a duration of the study predicted by means of the plasma creatinine and urea levels.  In these patients, separate determinations of the clearances using either the data obtained during the standard time of procedure only, or the data of the entire study, clearly demonstrated that the clearances obtained by means of the standard procedure overestimated glomerular filtration rate. The analysis of the data in infants show that the plasma urea level is a reasonably good indicator for predicting the time schedule of the study whereas plasma creatinine should not be used. Additionally the retrospective data indicate that a prolongation of the study should be recommended in all infants. This study demonstrates the necessity and offers means of adapting the time schedule of isotope single injection clearances to physiological and pathophysiological facts.", "PMID": 409096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4922", "title": "Pituitary-thyroid responsiveness to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in preterm and small-for-gestational age newborns.", "content": "A dose of 40 microgram TRH was injected intravenously in 12 preterm (PT) and 15 small-for-gestational age (SGA) babies (with advanced gestational ages) between 5 and 167 hours after birth. Serum-thyrotropin (TSH) was measured prior to and 30 and 180 min after TRH; serum-thyroxine (T4) and serum-triiodothyronine (T3) were measured prior to and 180 min after TRH. The percentage increase in serum-TSH in PT and SGA babies was comparable to that of fullterm newborns. The serum-TSH 30 min after TRH in SGA newborns was significantly correlated to basal TSH values, such a correlation could not be shown in the preterms. One SGA and four PT babies had a repeat TRH-test performed later in infancy: In all but one PT with a gestational age of 27 weeks the TSH rise was lower than in the neonatal period. The thyroid hormone responses after TRH were similar in the two groups of babies. The percentage increase above basal levels were: Median serum-T3 increase about 46% and median serum-T4 increase about 14%. It is concluded that in low-birth-weight newborn babies the pituitary TSH response to exogenous TRH was like that detected in fullterm newborns and more pronounced that later in infancy. The effect of endogenous TSH as measured by thyroid hormone increases was of the same magnitude as observed in fullterms and in adults.", "contents": "Pituitary-thyroid responsiveness to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in preterm and small-for-gestational age newborns. A dose of 40 microgram TRH was injected intravenously in 12 preterm (PT) and 15 small-for-gestational age (SGA) babies (with advanced gestational ages) between 5 and 167 hours after birth. Serum-thyrotropin (TSH) was measured prior to and 30 and 180 min after TRH; serum-thyroxine (T4) and serum-triiodothyronine (T3) were measured prior to and 180 min after TRH. The percentage increase in serum-TSH in PT and SGA babies was comparable to that of fullterm newborns. The serum-TSH 30 min after TRH in SGA newborns was significantly correlated to basal TSH values, such a correlation could not be shown in the preterms. One SGA and four PT babies had a repeat TRH-test performed later in infancy: In all but one PT with a gestational age of 27 weeks the TSH rise was lower than in the neonatal period. The thyroid hormone responses after TRH were similar in the two groups of babies. The percentage increase above basal levels were: Median serum-T3 increase about 46% and median serum-T4 increase about 14%. It is concluded that in low-birth-weight newborn babies the pituitary TSH response to exogenous TRH was like that detected in fullterm newborns and more pronounced that later in infancy. The effect of endogenous TSH as measured by thyroid hormone increases was of the same magnitude as observed in fullterms and in adults.", "PMID": 409097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4923", "title": "Tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica. A clinical study of thirty cases.", "content": "During the last 12 years, 30 cases of tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica have been diagnosed at the Department of Otolaryngology of Kuopio University. Ten of these were accidentally revealed by bronchoscopy, 2 by autopsy, but 18 were revealed through a systematic examination. Ten of these 18 were preliminarily diagnosed by indirect laryngoscopy. The average age for women was 51 and for men 42, the youngest patient being 11 and the oldest 71 years of age. The characteristic symptoms were long-term recurrent cough, hoarseness and periodic expectoration. The sputum was frequently abundant and crusty, and sometimes contained streaks of blood. Shortness of breath was a common symptom, but there were often entirely asymptomatic periods. The disease begins with a persistent purulent tracheitis, which, probably owing to calciphylaxis, causes accumulation of calcium salts in the tracheal mucosa. Cartilage and bone later develop around these accumulations. In most of the cases of tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica in the present series, the condition was associated with atrophic rhinitis or pharyngitis. As the nasal disease improves, some regression may occur, though hardly healing. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism was not disturbed, and no immunological aberrations were found in any of the patients in this series.", "contents": "Tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica. A clinical study of thirty cases. During the last 12 years, 30 cases of tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica have been diagnosed at the Department of Otolaryngology of Kuopio University. Ten of these were accidentally revealed by bronchoscopy, 2 by autopsy, but 18 were revealed through a systematic examination. Ten of these 18 were preliminarily diagnosed by indirect laryngoscopy. The average age for women was 51 and for men 42, the youngest patient being 11 and the oldest 71 years of age. The characteristic symptoms were long-term recurrent cough, hoarseness and periodic expectoration. The sputum was frequently abundant and crusty, and sometimes contained streaks of blood. Shortness of breath was a common symptom, but there were often entirely asymptomatic periods. The disease begins with a persistent purulent tracheitis, which, probably owing to calciphylaxis, causes accumulation of calcium salts in the tracheal mucosa. Cartilage and bone later develop around these accumulations. In most of the cases of tracheopathia chondro-osteoplastica in the present series, the condition was associated with atrophic rhinitis or pharyngitis. As the nasal disease improves, some regression may occur, though hardly healing. Calcium and phosphorus metabolism was not disturbed, and no immunological aberrations were found in any of the patients in this series.", "PMID": 409093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4924", "title": "The gastrointestinal absorption of penicillin V in children with suspected coeliac disease.", "content": "The gastrointestinal absorption of penicillin V (pc-V) was investigated in 6 children, 6-12 months old, with suspected coeliac disease. The diagnosis was set after small bowel biopsy and absorption tests of vitamin A and d-xylose. As control groups served 7 children with diarrhoea but with normal small bowel biopsy and/or absorption tests and a group of 9 children with upper respiratory tract infection of the same ages as the children in the test group. The absorption of calcium pc-V in oil suspension (Penicals) was impaired in the patients with suspected coeliac disease compared to that of the control groups. There was no significantly different absorption of pc-V between the control children with diarrhoea and those with upper respiratory tract infection. After 6-8 months of gluten free diet in the children with suspected coeliac disease their absorptive ability of oral calcium pc-V in suspension form was equal with that of a control group.", "contents": "The gastrointestinal absorption of penicillin V in children with suspected coeliac disease. The gastrointestinal absorption of penicillin V (pc-V) was investigated in 6 children, 6-12 months old, with suspected coeliac disease. The diagnosis was set after small bowel biopsy and absorption tests of vitamin A and d-xylose. As control groups served 7 children with diarrhoea but with normal small bowel biopsy and/or absorption tests and a group of 9 children with upper respiratory tract infection of the same ages as the children in the test group. The absorption of calcium pc-V in oil suspension (Penicals) was impaired in the patients with suspected coeliac disease compared to that of the control groups. There was no significantly different absorption of pc-V between the control children with diarrhoea and those with upper respiratory tract infection. After 6-8 months of gluten free diet in the children with suspected coeliac disease their absorptive ability of oral calcium pc-V in suspension form was equal with that of a control group.", "PMID": 409098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4925", "title": "In vitro studies on normal, stimulated and immunologically activated mouse macrophages. III. Intracellular multiplication of Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "The intracellular generation time of Listeria monocytogenes is increased in monolayers of PE macrophages from mice immunized with BCG, listeria and T.A.B. vaccine as compared with monolayers of PE macrophages from normal mice stimulated intraperitoneally with proteosepeptone. Thus non-specifically stimulated and immunologically activated macrophages, although sharing several other characteristics, differ in their capacity to control intracellular bacterial infection.", "contents": "In vitro studies on normal, stimulated and immunologically activated mouse macrophages. III. Intracellular multiplication of Listeria monocytogenes. The intracellular generation time of Listeria monocytogenes is increased in monolayers of PE macrophages from mice immunized with BCG, listeria and T.A.B. vaccine as compared with monolayers of PE macrophages from normal mice stimulated intraperitoneally with proteosepeptone. Thus non-specifically stimulated and immunologically activated macrophages, although sharing several other characteristics, differ in their capacity to control intracellular bacterial infection.", "PMID": 409099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4926", "title": "Effects of pure chlorobiphenyls (2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl or 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) on the disappearance of 14C from the  blood plasma after intravenous injection of 4-14C-progesterone and on the hepatic drug metabolizing system in the female rat.", "content": "Effects of two pure chlorobiphenyls (2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl or 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) on the hepatic drug metabolizing system and on the elimination rate of 14C from the blood after intravenous injection of 4(-14)C- progesterone have been studied in the female rat. The results obtained show that females pre-treated with small amounts of 2,2',4,4'5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (o.5 mg/day for 14 consecutive days) have significantly higher elimination rates of 14C (originating from intravenous injection of 4(-14C-progesterone) from the blood plasma, significantly higher content of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and significantly heavier livers than control females. On the other hand, trichlorobiphenyl (0.5 mg/day for 14 consecutive days) do not differ significantly from the results obtained from control females.", "contents": "Effects of pure chlorobiphenyls (2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl or 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) on the disappearance of 14C from the  blood plasma after intravenous injection of 4-14C-progesterone and on the hepatic drug metabolizing system in the female rat. Effects of two pure chlorobiphenyls (2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl or 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) on the hepatic drug metabolizing system and on the elimination rate of 14C from the blood after intravenous injection of 4(-14)C- progesterone have been studied in the female rat. The results obtained show that females pre-treated with small amounts of 2,2',4,4'5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (o.5 mg/day for 14 consecutive days) have significantly higher elimination rates of 14C (originating from intravenous injection of 4(-14C-progesterone) from the blood plasma, significantly higher content of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and significantly heavier livers than control females. On the other hand, trichlorobiphenyl (0.5 mg/day for 14 consecutive days) do not differ significantly from the results obtained from control females.", "PMID": 409100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4927", "title": "Psychoendocrinological and therapeutic effects of TRH in depression.", "content": "The antidepressive efficacy of TRH was investigated in 15 endogenous depressive patients in a double-blind cross-over design. The Hamilton depression scale, the AMP (PAS) system, v. Zerssen scale and thermometer scales were used. No therapeutic effect could be demonstrated. The blunted TSH-response to TRH, which has been described by other investigators, was confirmed. There was suggestive evidence of a psychoendocrinological relationship in the sense that the more severe the \"somatic depressive\" syndrome as calculated from the AMP system, and the more marked the diurnal variation of the endogenous type is, the lower are the basal TSH-values and the smaller the response to TRH. Thus, TRH may become a useful tool to identify subgroups of depressive patient populations.", "contents": "Psychoendocrinological and therapeutic effects of TRH in depression. The antidepressive efficacy of TRH was investigated in 15 endogenous depressive patients in a double-blind cross-over design. The Hamilton depression scale, the AMP (PAS) system, v. Zerssen scale and thermometer scales were used. No therapeutic effect could be demonstrated. The blunted TSH-response to TRH, which has been described by other investigators, was confirmed. There was suggestive evidence of a psychoendocrinological relationship in the sense that the more severe the \"somatic depressive\" syndrome as calculated from the AMP system, and the more marked the diurnal variation of the endogenous type is, the lower are the basal TSH-values and the smaller the response to TRH. Thus, TRH may become a useful tool to identify subgroups of depressive patient populations.", "PMID": 409101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4928", "title": "Combination chemotherapy of an APUDoma. With special reference to the therapeutic value of monitoring hormonal substances.", "content": "Investigations are presented on the occurrence of tumour products during combination chemotherapy of a 49-year-old female with an APUDoma metastatic to the liver. Calcitonin was demonstrated in high concentration in the tumour tissue. Serum calcitonin, serum histaminase and 5-HIAA in a 24-hour urine sample increased immediately after the administration of cytotoxic agents, falling subsequently below the pretreatment level. These findings indicate a therapeutic effect with lysis of tumour cells. Continuous determination of the three tumour substances showed an increase in these products before clinical suspicion of progression. Electron microscopic examination during the initial course disclosed the tumour to be an APUDoma. Autopsy failed to disclose a primary site outside the liver. Further autopsy findings were an adenoma of the thyroid and a chromofobe adenoma of the pituitary, thus assigning the patient to type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy of an APUDoma. With special reference to the therapeutic value of monitoring hormonal substances. Investigations are presented on the occurrence of tumour products during combination chemotherapy of a 49-year-old female with an APUDoma metastatic to the liver. Calcitonin was demonstrated in high concentration in the tumour tissue. Serum calcitonin, serum histaminase and 5-HIAA in a 24-hour urine sample increased immediately after the administration of cytotoxic agents, falling subsequently below the pretreatment level. These findings indicate a therapeutic effect with lysis of tumour cells. Continuous determination of the three tumour substances showed an increase in these products before clinical suspicion of progression. Electron microscopic examination during the initial course disclosed the tumour to be an APUDoma. Autopsy failed to disclose a primary site outside the liver. Further autopsy findings were an adenoma of the thyroid and a chromofobe adenoma of the pituitary, thus assigning the patient to type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia.", "PMID": 409102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4929", "title": "Skeletal growth in uremia.", "content": "Stable long-term chronic renal failure in the growing Sprague Dawley rat causes marked bone disease with impaired mineralization (i.e. rickets) and evidence of increased parathyroid hormone activity. Although significant bone disease is present, the rate of longitudinal growth is not diminished in preterminal renal failure. However, it is significantly diminished in terminal renal failure, when uremic rats are compared with sham-operated control rats at identical levels of food intake. At identical levels of food intake, weight gain is also diminished in rats with terminal uremia as compared with sham-operated control rats, suggesting increased calorie cost for growth.", "contents": "Skeletal growth in uremia. Stable long-term chronic renal failure in the growing Sprague Dawley rat causes marked bone disease with impaired mineralization (i.e. rickets) and evidence of increased parathyroid hormone activity. Although significant bone disease is present, the rate of longitudinal growth is not diminished in preterminal renal failure. However, it is significantly diminished in terminal renal failure, when uremic rats are compared with sham-operated control rats at identical levels of food intake. At identical levels of food intake, weight gain is also diminished in rats with terminal uremia as compared with sham-operated control rats, suggesting increased calorie cost for growth.", "PMID": 409107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4930", "title": "The role of membrane damage in radiation-induced cell death.", "content": "Radiation-induced cell death is probably mediated primarily through deposition of energy, in single events, in a few vital macromolecules, or targets, the integrity of which is indispensable for proliferation. The genome is customarily regarded as the main target, but several lines of evidence support the inference that there are important consequences of events in nuclear membranes in eukaryotes, and plasma membrane in bacteria. The identification of a target depends to some extent on parallelism between modifications of biological damage to putative targets and to the cell as a whole. An important modifying procedure is removal of oxygen from the irradiated system. The presence of oxygen almost always sensitizes cells, but when model systems with biological function are irradiated extra-cellularly a high degree of sensitization by oxygen has been observed only with those in which membrane function is important. This makes sense because the lipid content of membranes renders them readily peroxidizable. When the quality of the radiation is changed, its effectiveness changes in opposite directions for subcellular model targets and for cells. This could be accounted for if interactions between lesions in membranes and in attached DNA play a substantial role in cellular radiation effects.", "contents": "The role of membrane damage in radiation-induced cell death. Radiation-induced cell death is probably mediated primarily through deposition of energy, in single events, in a few vital macromolecules, or targets, the integrity of which is indispensable for proliferation. The genome is customarily regarded as the main target, but several lines of evidence support the inference that there are important consequences of events in nuclear membranes in eukaryotes, and plasma membrane in bacteria. The identification of a target depends to some extent on parallelism between modifications of biological damage to putative targets and to the cell as a whole. An important modifying procedure is removal of oxygen from the irradiated system. The presence of oxygen almost always sensitizes cells, but when model systems with biological function are irradiated extra-cellularly a high degree of sensitization by oxygen has been observed only with those in which membrane function is important. This makes sense because the lipid content of membranes renders them readily peroxidizable. When the quality of the radiation is changed, its effectiveness changes in opposite directions for subcellular model targets and for cells. This could be accounted for if interactions between lesions in membranes and in attached DNA play a substantial role in cellular radiation effects.", "PMID": 409108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4931", "title": "The inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase in vivo by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "The effects of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds, fenclorac and indomethacin, on arachidonate and prostaglandins (PG) E1- and E2-induced vasodepressor responses were determined in the spontaneously hypertensive male rat. A 0.4 to 2 mg/kg intravenous dose of fenclorac blocked the arachidonate-induced vasodepressor response and had no effect on PGE1- and E2-induced hypotension. Similar responses were observed after indomethacin. These results were indicative of in vivo inhibition of PG synthetase by fenclorac and indomethacin. Administration of propranolol did not alter the arachidonate or PG responses; regitine reduced the arachidonate and PG response, suggesting that alpha-adrengergic receptors in vascular smooth muscle may play a role in the prostaglandin-induced hypotension.", "contents": "The inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase in vivo by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The effects of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds, fenclorac and indomethacin, on arachidonate and prostaglandins (PG) E1- and E2-induced vasodepressor responses were determined in the spontaneously hypertensive male rat. A 0.4 to 2 mg/kg intravenous dose of fenclorac blocked the arachidonate-induced vasodepressor response and had no effect on PGE1- and E2-induced hypotension. Similar responses were observed after indomethacin. These results were indicative of in vivo inhibition of PG synthetase by fenclorac and indomethacin. Administration of propranolol did not alter the arachidonate or PG responses; regitine reduced the arachidonate and PG response, suggesting that alpha-adrengergic receptors in vascular smooth muscle may play a role in the prostaglandin-induced hypotension.", "PMID": 409117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4932", "title": "Impact of computed tomography on utilization of cerebral angiograms.", "content": "In order to assess the effects of computed tomography (CT) of the brain on utilization of cerebral angiography, a retrospective analysis of three cohorts of patients was undertaken. Each cohort consisted of 50 consecutive patients receiving angiography either before a CT scanner was available, after installation of CT, or 1 year after CT. Since availability of CT, a progressive decrease in the proportion of angiograms that are normal has occurred (from 36% to 16%). Patients being evaluated for mass lesions account for the decrease. We conclude that CT is making neurodiagnostic evaluation more efficient and less invasive for patients with suspected mass lesions.", "contents": "Impact of computed tomography on utilization of cerebral angiograms. In order to assess the effects of computed tomography (CT) of the brain on utilization of cerebral angiography, a retrospective analysis of three cohorts of patients was undertaken. Each cohort consisted of 50 consecutive patients receiving angiography either before a CT scanner was available, after installation of CT, or 1 year after CT. Since availability of CT, a progressive decrease in the proportion of angiograms that are normal has occurred (from 36% to 16%). Patients being evaluated for mass lesions account for the decrease. We conclude that CT is making neurodiagnostic evaluation more efficient and less invasive for patients with suspected mass lesions.", "PMID": 409118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4933", "title": "Sarcoma of the kidney: angiographic features.", "content": "Sarcomas of the kidney are highly malignant neoplasms. Abnormal vascularity can be detected in almost all types of sarcomas, but arteriovenous shunting, pooling of contrast material, and tumor staining are seldom present. Extension to renal vein and inferior vena cava may occur. While angiographic findings in our seven cases of renal sarcomas were nonspecific, this diagnosis should be considered in a relatively hypovascular neoplasm especially when the capsular arteries contribute considerably to the vascular supply. Nevertheless, statistically the most likely diagnosis of a hypovascular mass is renal cell carcinoma. Angiographic studies do not alter the management of the patient but merely suggest the diagnostic possibility of sarcoma. Angiographic diagnosis of different histologic types of sarcomas is not possible.", "contents": "Sarcoma of the kidney: angiographic features. Sarcomas of the kidney are highly malignant neoplasms. Abnormal vascularity can be detected in almost all types of sarcomas, but arteriovenous shunting, pooling of contrast material, and tumor staining are seldom present. Extension to renal vein and inferior vena cava may occur. While angiographic findings in our seven cases of renal sarcomas were nonspecific, this diagnosis should be considered in a relatively hypovascular neoplasm especially when the capsular arteries contribute considerably to the vascular supply. Nevertheless, statistically the most likely diagnosis of a hypovascular mass is renal cell carcinoma. Angiographic studies do not alter the management of the patient but merely suggest the diagnostic possibility of sarcoma. Angiographic diagnosis of different histologic types of sarcomas is not possible.", "PMID": 409119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4934", "title": "Refinements in Chiba needle trans hepatic cholangiography.", "content": "The recent wide acceptance of Chiba needle transhepatic cholangiography prompted this elaboration of present techniques, intraprocedure observations, and special interpretive considerations based on a series of 100 consecutive examinations. The established safety margin of this technique now permits up to 15 needle passes to obtain a cholangiogram; thus success rates of duct opacification presently approach 100%. Special phenomena related to the small caliber of the needle include duct filling from \"invisible\" radicles, perivenous or periductal dissection of contrast, and pseudolesions in an incompletely decompressed stagnant bile column. The role of fine needle cholangiography in light of other present day technology for evaluating obstructive jaundice (ultrasonography, computed tomography, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography) is discussed.", "contents": "Refinements in Chiba needle trans hepatic cholangiography. The recent wide acceptance of Chiba needle transhepatic cholangiography prompted this elaboration of present techniques, intraprocedure observations, and special interpretive considerations based on a series of 100 consecutive examinations. The established safety margin of this technique now permits up to 15 needle passes to obtain a cholangiogram; thus success rates of duct opacification presently approach 100%. Special phenomena related to the small caliber of the needle include duct filling from \"invisible\" radicles, perivenous or periductal dissection of contrast, and pseudolesions in an incompletely decompressed stagnant bile column. The role of fine needle cholangiography in light of other present day technology for evaluating obstructive jaundice (ultrasonography, computed tomography, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography) is discussed.", "PMID": 409120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4935", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of the obstructed duplex kidney.", "content": "The problem of a duplex collecting system associated with an obstructed ectopic ureter or ureterocele is common in pediatric urology. Four such patients were studied by gray scale ultrasound which was useful in demonstrating the dilated upper pole collecting system as well as an ectopic ureter and a ureterocele. Although the diagnosis of a nonfunctioning upper pole unit in a duplex kidney is usually suggested by the urogram, ultrasound provides a noninvasive means of confirmation which is independant of function. Further, ultrasound-guided puncture with antegrade pyelography demonstrates the course of the ectopic ureter, thus providing a more complete preoperative evaluation.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of the obstructed duplex kidney. The problem of a duplex collecting system associated with an obstructed ectopic ureter or ureterocele is common in pediatric urology. Four such patients were studied by gray scale ultrasound which was useful in demonstrating the dilated upper pole collecting system as well as an ectopic ureter and a ureterocele. Although the diagnosis of a nonfunctioning upper pole unit in a duplex kidney is usually suggested by the urogram, ultrasound provides a noninvasive means of confirmation which is independant of function. Further, ultrasound-guided puncture with antegrade pyelography demonstrates the course of the ectopic ureter, thus providing a more complete preoperative evaluation.", "PMID": 409121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4936", "title": "Stereotaxic instrument for needle biopsy of the mamma.", "content": "A stereotaxic instrument is described which facilitates percutaneous needle biopsy of the breast for microscopic diagnosis. The instrument consists of an x-ray tube mounted on a hinged arm, pivoting stand, patient table, compression device with film holder and scale system, coordinate-controlled puncture device with separate stand, biopsy instrument, and calculator. The sampling site can be located at a precision within +/- 1 mm. The instrument can also be used for positioning of metal and dye indicators for guiding surgery and for postoperative identification of excised tumors.", "contents": "Stereotaxic instrument for needle biopsy of the mamma. A stereotaxic instrument is described which facilitates percutaneous needle biopsy of the breast for microscopic diagnosis. The instrument consists of an x-ray tube mounted on a hinged arm, pivoting stand, patient table, compression device with film holder and scale system, coordinate-controlled puncture device with separate stand, biopsy instrument, and calculator. The sampling site can be located at a precision within +/- 1 mm. The instrument can also be used for positioning of metal and dye indicators for guiding surgery and for postoperative identification of excised tumors.", "PMID": 409122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4937", "title": "Severe radiation injuries of the lung.", "content": "The lung is a radiosensitive organ whose limited tolerance must be treated with great respect in the radiation management of malignant tumors in the thorax. Severe radiation pneumonopathy can cripple and kill as the outcome of faulty judgment, error, accident, or calculated risk in an effort to control a locally advanced cancer. The clinical and radiologic profile of this unique and challenging syndrome is described and the histopathology and pathogenesis are reviewed. The clinical and technical factors of high risk are discussed, and guidelines for therapeutic management and safer clinical practice are offered.", "contents": "Severe radiation injuries of the lung. The lung is a radiosensitive organ whose limited tolerance must be treated with great respect in the radiation management of malignant tumors in the thorax. Severe radiation pneumonopathy can cripple and kill as the outcome of faulty judgment, error, accident, or calculated risk in an effort to control a locally advanced cancer. The clinical and radiologic profile of this unique and challenging syndrome is described and the histopathology and pathogenesis are reviewed. The clinical and technical factors of high risk are discussed, and guidelines for therapeutic management and safer clinical practice are offered.", "PMID": 409123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4938", "title": "CT demonstration of the splenic vein-pancreatic relationship: the pseudodilated pancreatic duct.", "content": "Cross-sectional anatomy of the splenic vein-pancreatic relationship is reviewed and correlated with findings on computed tomography. A layer of fat which is normally present between the splenic vein and the pancreas may simulate a dilated pancreatic duct. Distinct demonstration of the splenic vein as a structure separate from the pancreas was possible in 43 of 86 patients studied. An additional 25% of the patients had partial or indistinct demonstration of the splenic vein. Appreciation of this normal relationship on CT is imperative to avoid misinterpretation of the fat layer as a dilated pancreatic duct. In addition, the measured size of the pancreas may be falsely overestimated by addition of the splenic vein width if the intervening fat is not identified.", "contents": "CT demonstration of the splenic vein-pancreatic relationship: the pseudodilated pancreatic duct. Cross-sectional anatomy of the splenic vein-pancreatic relationship is reviewed and correlated with findings on computed tomography. A layer of fat which is normally present between the splenic vein and the pancreas may simulate a dilated pancreatic duct. Distinct demonstration of the splenic vein as a structure separate from the pancreas was possible in 43 of 86 patients studied. An additional 25% of the patients had partial or indistinct demonstration of the splenic vein. Appreciation of this normal relationship on CT is imperative to avoid misinterpretation of the fat layer as a dilated pancreatic duct. In addition, the measured size of the pancreas may be falsely overestimated by addition of the splenic vein width if the intervening fat is not identified.", "PMID": 409134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4939", "title": "The federal government's impact on radiology.", "content": "The areas of involvement by federal agencies which have primary health missions are outlined. The roles of many federal agencies which touch on health peripherally are also discussed.", "contents": "The federal government's impact on radiology. The areas of involvement by federal agencies which have primary health missions are outlined. The roles of many federal agencies which touch on health peripherally are also discussed.", "PMID": 409135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4940", "title": "Retrospective comparison of radionuclide scans and computed tomography of the liver and pancreas.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) and radionuclide examinations of the liver and pancreas in 50 patients were compared retrospectively to evaluate their value as diagnostic tests. CT was superior to 75Se-selenomethionine in evaluating pancreatic disease. Both 99mTc-sulfur colloid scans and CT scans were sensitive detectors of liver masses; however, there were more false positive 99mTc-sulfur colloid scans (16% compared to 4%). CT was superior in detecting biliary obstruction and ascites, in assessing diseases that involved the liver extrinsically, and in evaluating the status of adjacent organs. 99mTc-sulfur colloid scans were more sensitive in detection of diffuse non-neoplastic liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, and cholangitis). Simultaneous interpretation of CT and radionuclide scans was often more helpful than independent interpretation, and the two techniques are therefore complementary.", "contents": "Retrospective comparison of radionuclide scans and computed tomography of the liver and pancreas. Computed tomography (CT) and radionuclide examinations of the liver and pancreas in 50 patients were compared retrospectively to evaluate their value as diagnostic tests. CT was superior to 75Se-selenomethionine in evaluating pancreatic disease. Both 99mTc-sulfur colloid scans and CT scans were sensitive detectors of liver masses; however, there were more false positive 99mTc-sulfur colloid scans (16% compared to 4%). CT was superior in detecting biliary obstruction and ascites, in assessing diseases that involved the liver extrinsically, and in evaluating the status of adjacent organs. 99mTc-sulfur colloid scans were more sensitive in detection of diffuse non-neoplastic liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, and cholangitis). Simultaneous interpretation of CT and radionuclide scans was often more helpful than independent interpretation, and the two techniques are therefore complementary.", "PMID": 409138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4941", "title": "Calcitonin treatment in hereditary bone dysplasia with hyperphosphatasemia: a radiographic and histologic study of bone.", "content": "Two children with bone dysplasia with hyperphosphatasemia (juvenile Paget's disease) were treated with synthetic human calcitonin. The progress of bone disease was monitored radiographically and histologically. Pretreatment radiographs showed markedly abnormal bone, characterized by lack of discrete cortex and absence of normal modeling. During treatment a discrete cortex was formed composed of compact bone, and more normal modeling occurred. This coincided with a histologic change from woven bone before treatment to a more lamellar type during treatment.", "contents": "Calcitonin treatment in hereditary bone dysplasia with hyperphosphatasemia: a radiographic and histologic study of bone. Two children with bone dysplasia with hyperphosphatasemia (juvenile Paget's disease) were treated with synthetic human calcitonin. The progress of bone disease was monitored radiographically and histologically. Pretreatment radiographs showed markedly abnormal bone, characterized by lack of discrete cortex and absence of normal modeling. During treatment a discrete cortex was formed composed of compact bone, and more normal modeling occurred. This coincided with a histologic change from woven bone before treatment to a more lamellar type during treatment.", "PMID": 409139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4942", "title": "Neonatal mucolipidosis II (I-cell disease): clinical and radiologic features in three cases.", "content": "Three unrelated southern Italian children manifested I-cell within the first month of life, but it was not recognized initially. Radiologic findings of osteopenia, subperiosteal new bone formation and resorption, and irregular metaphyses suggested systemic bone disease. Premature suture synostosis was evident at age 2-4 weeks. Review of the literature and experience with these cases establish these findings as valuable and specific clue to the diagnosis of I-cell disease. By 6-10 months of age, the clinical and radiologic features were similar to those in Hurler syndrome. Cardiorespiratory death occurred in two cases.", "contents": "Neonatal mucolipidosis II (I-cell disease): clinical and radiologic features in three cases. Three unrelated southern Italian children manifested I-cell within the first month of life, but it was not recognized initially. Radiologic findings of osteopenia, subperiosteal new bone formation and resorption, and irregular metaphyses suggested systemic bone disease. Premature suture synostosis was evident at age 2-4 weeks. Review of the literature and experience with these cases establish these findings as valuable and specific clue to the diagnosis of I-cell disease. By 6-10 months of age, the clinical and radiologic features were similar to those in Hurler syndrome. Cardiorespiratory death occurred in two cases.", "PMID": 409140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4943", "title": "Unilateral locked facet in cervical spine injuries.", "content": "Among 525 patients who sustained trauma to the cervical spinal cord, 86 (16%) had unilateral locking of facets. If the diagnosis is not promptly made, neurological recovery of root deficit will be impaired and orthopedic deformity will result. Since there is often only minimal forward displacement at the site of dislocation, it is possible not only to miss the locking of facets but even to erroneously conclude that no fracture or dislocation is present. Rotation of the cervical spine above the level of dislocation results in a diagnostic appearance on the lateral view. Rotation of the spinous processes was seen in the anteroposterior view in only one-third of the cases. The necessity of obtaining x-rays which adequately demonstrate the lower cervical spine is emphasized and the technique briefly described.", "contents": "Unilateral locked facet in cervical spine injuries. Among 525 patients who sustained trauma to the cervical spinal cord, 86 (16%) had unilateral locking of facets. If the diagnosis is not promptly made, neurological recovery of root deficit will be impaired and orthopedic deformity will result. Since there is often only minimal forward displacement at the site of dislocation, it is possible not only to miss the locking of facets but even to erroneously conclude that no fracture or dislocation is present. Rotation of the cervical spine above the level of dislocation results in a diagnostic appearance on the lateral view. Rotation of the spinous processes was seen in the anteroposterior view in only one-third of the cases. The necessity of obtaining x-rays which adequately demonstrate the lower cervical spine is emphasized and the technique briefly described.", "PMID": 409141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4944", "title": "Injuries of the medial epicondylar ossification center of the humerus.", "content": "The complex nature of the ossification centers makes elbow injuries in a child or adolescent difficult to evaluate. The medial epicondylar ossification center is involved in a significant proportion. Injuries vary from simple avulsions to wide displacement with entrapment in the elbow. When entrapment occurs, it may be mistaken for the trochlear ossification center and the true nature of the injury overlooked. Radiographic findings are presented. The anteroposterior view was found to be diagnostic in minimal or marked avulsions of the medial epicondyle because of the characteristic inferior displacement. The anteroposterior view may not always be diagnostic in cases of entrapment of the medial epicondyle; the lateral view is usually diagnostic. In elbow dislocation, the presence and position of the medial epicondyle must be ascertained. Comparison and oblique views are often of value.", "contents": "Injuries of the medial epicondylar ossification center of the humerus. The complex nature of the ossification centers makes elbow injuries in a child or adolescent difficult to evaluate. The medial epicondylar ossification center is involved in a significant proportion. Injuries vary from simple avulsions to wide displacement with entrapment in the elbow. When entrapment occurs, it may be mistaken for the trochlear ossification center and the true nature of the injury overlooked. Radiographic findings are presented. The anteroposterior view was found to be diagnostic in minimal or marked avulsions of the medial epicondyle because of the characteristic inferior displacement. The anteroposterior view may not always be diagnostic in cases of entrapment of the medial epicondyle; the lateral view is usually diagnostic. In elbow dislocation, the presence and position of the medial epicondyle must be ascertained. Comparison and oblique views are often of value.", "PMID": 409142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4945", "title": "Computed tomography in cerebral hemiatrophy.", "content": "The clinical and radiographic findings in four cases of cerebral hemiatrophy are presented. CT findings reflect the underlying gross pathologic changes and are in agreement with those seen on plain skull radiography and pneumoencephalography. The most impressive finding was unilateral loss of cerebral volume with ipsilateral displacement of the midline structures. The differential diagnosis primarily includes Sturge-Weber syndrome and linear sebaceous nevus syndrome. The recognition of compensatory calvarial changes should indicate that the cerebral abnormalities are the result of an atrophic or hypoplastic process that began in early life.", "contents": "Computed tomography in cerebral hemiatrophy. The clinical and radiographic findings in four cases of cerebral hemiatrophy are presented. CT findings reflect the underlying gross pathologic changes and are in agreement with those seen on plain skull radiography and pneumoencephalography. The most impressive finding was unilateral loss of cerebral volume with ipsilateral displacement of the midline structures. The differential diagnosis primarily includes Sturge-Weber syndrome and linear sebaceous nevus syndrome. The recognition of compensatory calvarial changes should indicate that the cerebral abnormalities are the result of an atrophic or hypoplastic process that began in early life.", "PMID": 409143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4946", "title": "Laminar avulsion in a cervical vertebra.", "content": "An unusual avulsion fracture involving the lamina of a cervical vertebra, most likely due to tear of a ligamentum flavum, is described. Its radiographic features may be quite subtle. Simulation of this fracture on dried skeleton allowed a better understanding of its appearance on the standard projections, its mechanism of occurrence, and its delayed recognition on the patient's anteroposterior view. Only awareness of the existence of this type of fracture and special efforts directed toward its detection will determine its true frequency.", "contents": "Laminar avulsion in a cervical vertebra. An unusual avulsion fracture involving the lamina of a cervical vertebra, most likely due to tear of a ligamentum flavum, is described. Its radiographic features may be quite subtle. Simulation of this fracture on dried skeleton allowed a better understanding of its appearance on the standard projections, its mechanism of occurrence, and its delayed recognition on the patient's anteroposterior view. Only awareness of the existence of this type of fracture and special efforts directed toward its detection will determine its true frequency.", "PMID": 409144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4947", "title": "Radiographic manifestations of bone metastases from renal carcinoma.", "content": "From 1964 to 1974, 1,668 patients with renal carcinoma were seen at the Mayo Clinic. Bone metastases were present in 167 of these patients (only lung metastatic involvement ranked higher in frequency). More than one-third of the patients with bone metastasis from renal carcinoma had this as a presenting lesion of occult renal tumor. This group constituted 4% of all patients with renal carcinoma evaluated during the study period. While most bone lesions were in the  pelvis and lower lumbar spine, any bone may be involved. All patients with bone metastases from renal carcinoma have a poor prognosis. However, some bone lesions appeared as long as 10 or more years after the initial tumor. The most common radiographic features are a lytic destructive process with indistinct margins, erosion of the cortex, and frequent expansion into the soft tissues. Pathological features are common in the long bones, and calcifications are occasionally seen. The synovial joints are not affected. A well defined sclerotic margin is a common finding after radiation treatment, although it is not a reliable indicator of the stability of the lesion.", "contents": "Radiographic manifestations of bone metastases from renal carcinoma. From 1964 to 1974, 1,668 patients with renal carcinoma were seen at the Mayo Clinic. Bone metastases were present in 167 of these patients (only lung metastatic involvement ranked higher in frequency). More than one-third of the patients with bone metastasis from renal carcinoma had this as a presenting lesion of occult renal tumor. This group constituted 4% of all patients with renal carcinoma evaluated during the study period. While most bone lesions were in the  pelvis and lower lumbar spine, any bone may be involved. All patients with bone metastases from renal carcinoma have a poor prognosis. However, some bone lesions appeared as long as 10 or more years after the initial tumor. The most common radiographic features are a lytic destructive process with indistinct margins, erosion of the cortex, and frequent expansion into the soft tissues. Pathological features are common in the long bones, and calcifications are occasionally seen. The synovial joints are not affected. A well defined sclerotic margin is a common finding after radiation treatment, although it is not a reliable indicator of the stability of the lesion.", "PMID": 409145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4948", "title": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of subcapsular and perirenal hematoma.", "content": "Six patients are described in whom subcapsular and perirenal hematomas were demonstrated by computed tomography. This new diagnostic tool provided a rapid noninvasive means of visualizing the hematoma, its extent, location, and relationship to renal parenchyma. Serial examinations were used to follow progress of the hematomas toward resolution. Correlation is made with conventional rediography, angiography, and gray scale ultrasound.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of subcapsular and perirenal hematoma. Six patients are described in whom subcapsular and perirenal hematomas were demonstrated by computed tomography. This new diagnostic tool provided a rapid noninvasive means of visualizing the hematoma, its extent, location, and relationship to renal parenchyma. Serial examinations were used to follow progress of the hematomas toward resolution. Correlation is made with conventional rediography, angiography, and gray scale ultrasound.", "PMID": 409146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4949", "title": "Visualization of the medullary rays on excretory urography in experimental ureteric obstruction.", "content": "Excretory urography occasionally delineates striations of alternating density in the renal parenchyma. Experimental observations on a dog model of ureteric obstruction show that the dense striations have the same dynamic alterations as the obstructive nephrogram. They become progressively more dense to a plateau and then fade with relief of obstruction. Previous obstruction is shown to facilitate visualization of the striations presumably by having dilated the tubules. Previous obstructive episode, previous symptoms, or chronic obstruction were present in each of the clinical cases collected which show a similar striation pattern. We conclude that the dense striations represent shadows produced by hyperconcentrated contrast material which has accumulated in dilated collecting ducts or groups of ducts within the medullary rays.", "contents": "Visualization of the medullary rays on excretory urography in experimental ureteric obstruction. Excretory urography occasionally delineates striations of alternating density in the renal parenchyma. Experimental observations on a dog model of ureteric obstruction show that the dense striations have the same dynamic alterations as the obstructive nephrogram. They become progressively more dense to a plateau and then fade with relief of obstruction. Previous obstruction is shown to facilitate visualization of the striations presumably by having dilated the tubules. Previous obstructive episode, previous symptoms, or chronic obstruction were present in each of the clinical cases collected which show a similar striation pattern. We conclude that the dense striations represent shadows produced by hyperconcentrated contrast material which has accumulated in dilated collecting ducts or groups of ducts within the medullary rays.", "PMID": 409147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4950", "title": "Parenchymal striations in renal vein thrombosis: arteriographic demonstration.", "content": "Arteriographic visualization of parenchymal striation in renal vein thrombosis is reported for the first time. The striations correspond to the location and orientation of the peritubular capillary beds of the renal cortex, which are in linear continuity with the vasa recta of the medulla. Opacification of these vascular structures in a cadaver kidney produced the same striation pattern. One possible physiologic explanation is that renal vein thrombosis causes elevated renal interstitial pressure which slows tubular urine flow. This altered intrarenal state prevents opacification of renal tubular structures while adjacent peritubular vascular structures are opacified, thereby producing a pattern of alternating striation.", "contents": "Parenchymal striations in renal vein thrombosis: arteriographic demonstration. Arteriographic visualization of parenchymal striation in renal vein thrombosis is reported for the first time. The striations correspond to the location and orientation of the peritubular capillary beds of the renal cortex, which are in linear continuity with the vasa recta of the medulla. Opacification of these vascular structures in a cadaver kidney produced the same striation pattern. One possible physiologic explanation is that renal vein thrombosis causes elevated renal interstitial pressure which slows tubular urine flow. This altered intrarenal state prevents opacification of renal tubular structures while adjacent peritubular vascular structures are opacified, thereby producing a pattern of alternating striation.", "PMID": 409148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4951", "title": "Transitional cell tumors of the kidney: how diagnostic is the angiogram?", "content": "Angiograms of 51 tests cases including 34 transitional cell carcinomas, eight inflammatory lesions, four hypernephromas, and five miscellaneous disorders were shown to six radiologists for analysis of the angiographic features and specific diagnosis. Overall accuracy was 60% with a false positive rate of 44%. The most common false positive diagnosis occurred with inflammatory lesions (seven of eight). False negative cases were variously called normal, hypernephromas, inflammatory, or other. Vessel encasement (26%), neovascularity (56%), and tumor blush (15%) were recognized far less frequently in the transitional cell tumors of this series than in previous reports in the literature. Further, when hydronephorsis was present, the angiogram was not helpful in determining the etiology. It is concluded that the \"classic\" angiographic findings associated with this tumor are only moderately reliable since they can be mimicked by other conditions.", "contents": "Transitional cell tumors of the kidney: how diagnostic is the angiogram? Angiograms of 51 tests cases including 34 transitional cell carcinomas, eight inflammatory lesions, four hypernephromas, and five miscellaneous disorders were shown to six radiologists for analysis of the angiographic features and specific diagnosis. Overall accuracy was 60% with a false positive rate of 44%. The most common false positive diagnosis occurred with inflammatory lesions (seven of eight). False negative cases were variously called normal, hypernephromas, inflammatory, or other. Vessel encasement (26%), neovascularity (56%), and tumor blush (15%) were recognized far less frequently in the transitional cell tumors of this series than in previous reports in the literature. Further, when hydronephorsis was present, the angiogram was not helpful in determining the etiology. It is concluded that the \"classic\" angiographic findings associated with this tumor are only moderately reliable since they can be mimicked by other conditions.", "PMID": 409149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4952", "title": "Effect of size and position on chest lesion detection.", "content": "A test series of radiographs was developed by duplicating normal chest radiographs with superimposed masks containing either a 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 cm pseudolesion. Nine observers participated in the study. Receiver operating characteristic curves were formed and the responses from radiologists and physicists compared. The accuracy rate for detecting 1.0 and 1.5 cm lesions was 44%; for 0.5 cm lesions, 8%. Lesions located in the upper left quadrant were detected with an accuracy of 56% compared to 29% for those in the lower left quadrant.", "contents": "Effect of size and position on chest lesion detection. A test series of radiographs was developed by duplicating normal chest radiographs with superimposed masks containing either a 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 cm pseudolesion. Nine observers participated in the study. Receiver operating characteristic curves were formed and the responses from radiologists and physicists compared. The accuracy rate for detecting 1.0 and 1.5 cm lesions was 44%; for 0.5 cm lesions, 8%. Lesions located in the upper left quadrant were detected with an accuracy of 56% compared to 29% for those in the lower left quadrant.", "PMID": 409150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4953", "title": "PEEP: radiographic features and associated complications.", "content": "Positive and expiratory pressure (PEEP) has been used for several years in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Dramatic improvement in the chest radiograph may occur with institution of PEEP; the degree of change parallels the levels of positive and expiratory pressure used. Conversely, weaning from mechanical ventilation may be associated with deterioration in the radiographic picture despite improvement in arterial blood gases and lung compliance. Serial chest films of representative patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome are reviewed and changes in the radiographic pattern are correlated with the amount of PEEP. The efficacy of PEEP in reducing intrapulmonary shunting and improving arterial oxygenation is related to increasing functional residual capacity, with improvement of diffuse atelectasis and associated shift of pulmonary water from the alveoli to the interstitial space and pulmonary capillaries. The changing radiologic manifestations reflect these physiologic phenomena. Pulmonary barotrauma is a frequent complication of PEEP therapy. Pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and interstitial emphysema may lead to rapid deterioration of a patient maintained on mechanical ventilation with an already compromised respiratory status.", "contents": "PEEP: radiographic features and associated complications. Positive and expiratory pressure (PEEP) has been used for several years in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Dramatic improvement in the chest radiograph may occur with institution of PEEP; the degree of change parallels the levels of positive and expiratory pressure used. Conversely, weaning from mechanical ventilation may be associated with deterioration in the radiographic picture despite improvement in arterial blood gases and lung compliance. Serial chest films of representative patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome are reviewed and changes in the radiographic pattern are correlated with the amount of PEEP. The efficacy of PEEP in reducing intrapulmonary shunting and improving arterial oxygenation is related to increasing functional residual capacity, with improvement of diffuse atelectasis and associated shift of pulmonary water from the alveoli to the interstitial space and pulmonary capillaries. The changing radiologic manifestations reflect these physiologic phenomena. Pulmonary barotrauma is a frequent complication of PEEP therapy. Pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and interstitial emphysema may lead to rapid deterioration of a patient maintained on mechanical ventilation with an already compromised respiratory status.", "PMID": 409151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4954", "title": "Evaluation of a new transthoracic needle for biopsy of benign and malignant lung lesions.", "content": "The results of 88 transthoracic needle biopsies of lung lesions using the Rotex biopsy instrument are analyzed. Of 57 malignant lung lesions, 55 were diagnosed correctly. Two patients with false negative biopsies had technically inadequate examinations. All but one of the 28 benign lung lesions were correctly diagnosed as nonmalignant. One false positive diagnosis of malignancy was made. The occurrence of complications was similar to those reported for conventional fine needle aspiration. The high accuracy rate is attributed to the effectiveness of the Rotex instrument in sampling the lesions and to the use of biplane fluoroscopy.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new transthoracic needle for biopsy of benign and malignant lung lesions. The results of 88 transthoracic needle biopsies of lung lesions using the Rotex biopsy instrument are analyzed. Of 57 malignant lung lesions, 55 were diagnosed correctly. Two patients with false negative biopsies had technically inadequate examinations. All but one of the 28 benign lung lesions were correctly diagnosed as nonmalignant. One false positive diagnosis of malignancy was made. The occurrence of complications was similar to those reported for conventional fine needle aspiration. The high accuracy rate is attributed to the effectiveness of the Rotex instrument in sampling the lesions and to the use of biplane fluoroscopy.", "PMID": 409152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4955", "title": "Nonmalignant lymphoid disorders of the chest.", "content": "Several nonmalignant lymphoid disorders involve the lung parenchyma or the mediastinal or hilar lymph nodes. The pulmonary parenchymal lesions include lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, pseudolymphoma, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. These disorders are generally not accompanied by lymph node enlargement. Lymph nodes (e.g., in the mediastinum and hilum) are involved in lymphadenitis, giant lymph node hyperplasia, and a new and unclearly defined entity called angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. An awareness of the distinction between these reactive disorders and lymphoma is important because the radiologic appearances may be similar. Histologic diagnosis is essential before treatment is initiated. With the exception of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and possibly of lymphadenitis, involvement of the pulmonary parenchyma associated with radiologic evidence of lymph node enlargement militates against the presence of any of these nonmalignant disorders.", "contents": "Nonmalignant lymphoid disorders of the chest. Several nonmalignant lymphoid disorders involve the lung parenchyma or the mediastinal or hilar lymph nodes. The pulmonary parenchymal lesions include lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, pseudolymphoma, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. These disorders are generally not accompanied by lymph node enlargement. Lymph nodes (e.g., in the mediastinum and hilum) are involved in lymphadenitis, giant lymph node hyperplasia, and a new and unclearly defined entity called angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. An awareness of the distinction between these reactive disorders and lymphoma is important because the radiologic appearances may be similar. Histologic diagnosis is essential before treatment is initiated. With the exception of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy and possibly of lymphadenitis, involvement of the pulmonary parenchyma associated with radiologic evidence of lymph node enlargement militates against the presence of any of these nonmalignant disorders.", "PMID": 409153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4956", "title": "Radiographic appearance of the chest after pleural space reduction procedures: construction of a pleural tent and phrenoplasty.", "content": "Construction of a pleural tent and phrenoplasty are surgical procedures performed to reduce intrapleural dead space after partial lung resection. Both alter the radiographic appearance of the chest and may cause erroneous diagnosis including pneumothorax, subphrenic disease, subpulmonic effusion, diagphragmatic hernia, or diaphragmatic eventration. Radiologists should be aware of the potentially misleading appearance that these surgical procedures may present.", "contents": "Radiographic appearance of the chest after pleural space reduction procedures: construction of a pleural tent and phrenoplasty. Construction of a pleural tent and phrenoplasty are surgical procedures performed to reduce intrapleural dead space after partial lung resection. Both alter the radiographic appearance of the chest and may cause erroneous diagnosis including pneumothorax, subphrenic disease, subpulmonic effusion, diagphragmatic hernia, or diaphragmatic eventration. Radiologists should be aware of the potentially misleading appearance that these surgical procedures may present.", "PMID": 409154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4957", "title": "Transpleural abdominal systemic artery-pulmonary artery anastomosis in patients with chronic pulmonary infection.", "content": "Systemic-pulmonary artery anastomoses commonly occur in lung diseases characterized by inflammation and decreased pulmonary artery perfusion. Three cases are reported in which anastomotic branches arose within the abdomen and crossed the pleural space. Arteriography differentiated acquired abdominal systemic artery supply from that seen in sequestration. In each case an inferior phrenic artery was involved, and a tangle of anastomotic branches was present at the pleural surface. Intensive medical therapy prior to lobectomy may be indicated in such patients.", "contents": "Transpleural abdominal systemic artery-pulmonary artery anastomosis in patients with chronic pulmonary infection. Systemic-pulmonary artery anastomoses commonly occur in lung diseases characterized by inflammation and decreased pulmonary artery perfusion. Three cases are reported in which anastomotic branches arose within the abdomen and crossed the pleural space. Arteriography differentiated acquired abdominal systemic artery supply from that seen in sequestration. In each case an inferior phrenic artery was involved, and a tangle of anastomotic branches was present at the pleural surface. Intensive medical therapy prior to lobectomy may be indicated in such patients.", "PMID": 409155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4958", "title": "Transhepatic obliteration of gastroesophageal varices: results in acute and nonacute bleeders.", "content": "Seventy-three patients with hepatic cirrhosis and bleeding gastroesophageal varices underwent transhepatic portal vein catheterization and variceal obliteration. Gastroesophageal varices were successfully obliterated in 32 patients actively bleeding and in 35 patients with stabilized bleeding gastroesophageal varices. The remaining six were technical failures. Follow-up examinations in 10 patients from 1 month to 3 years later showed persistent obliteration of embolized veins. Recurrence of variceal bleeding occurred in nine patients. This method should be considered as a palliative, effective adjuvant to the medical treatment of patients with bleeding gastroesophageal varices.", "contents": "Transhepatic obliteration of gastroesophageal varices: results in acute and nonacute bleeders. Seventy-three patients with hepatic cirrhosis and bleeding gastroesophageal varices underwent transhepatic portal vein catheterization and variceal obliteration. Gastroesophageal varices were successfully obliterated in 32 patients actively bleeding and in 35 patients with stabilized bleeding gastroesophageal varices. The remaining six were technical failures. Follow-up examinations in 10 patients from 1 month to 3 years later showed persistent obliteration of embolized veins. Recurrence of variceal bleeding occurred in nine patients. This method should be considered as a palliative, effective adjuvant to the medical treatment of patients with bleeding gastroesophageal varices.", "PMID": 409156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4959", "title": "Arteriography in the evaluation of pancreatic pseudocysts.", "content": "A policy of limiting preoperative diagnostic imaging of pancreatic pseudocysts to barium studies, sonography, or computed tomography will result in failure to detect frequently associated lesions which may only be appreciated by arteriography and which radically alter both the prognosis and surgical approach. These associated lesions include: (1) pseudoaneurysms, probably the most common cause of major gastrointestinal hemorrhage in pseudocyst patients; (2) pancreatic carcinoma, a possible etiologic factor leading to formation of the pseudocyst; (3) benign or malignant cystadenomas which mimic pseudocysts clinically but can be usually identified arteriographically by prominant neovascularity; and (4) splenic vein obstruction which can produce extrahepatic portal hypertension and necessitate splenectomy. In our experience, these complicating lesions are relatively common. Their preoperative detection is desirable and is best accomplished by arteriography. For this reason, arteriography should be routinely performed in patients suspected of pancreatic pseudocyst.", "contents": "Arteriography in the evaluation of pancreatic pseudocysts. A policy of limiting preoperative diagnostic imaging of pancreatic pseudocysts to barium studies, sonography, or computed tomography will result in failure to detect frequently associated lesions which may only be appreciated by arteriography and which radically alter both the prognosis and surgical approach. These associated lesions include: (1) pseudoaneurysms, probably the most common cause of major gastrointestinal hemorrhage in pseudocyst patients; (2) pancreatic carcinoma, a possible etiologic factor leading to formation of the pseudocyst; (3) benign or malignant cystadenomas which mimic pseudocysts clinically but can be usually identified arteriographically by prominant neovascularity; and (4) splenic vein obstruction which can produce extrahepatic portal hypertension and necessitate splenectomy. In our experience, these complicating lesions are relatively common. Their preoperative detection is desirable and is best accomplished by arteriography. For this reason, arteriography should be routinely performed in patients suspected of pancreatic pseudocyst.", "PMID": 409157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4960", "title": "Emergency embolization in blunt hepatic trauma.", "content": "The right hepatic artery in a patient with traumatic liver tear was embolized with Gelfoam to stop an otherwise uncontrollable hemorrhage. The procedure was probably life saving in this patient. Transient elevated transaminase and bilirubin levels returned to normal 3 weeks after embolization. A repeat hepatic arteriogram 4 months after embolization demonstrated good revascularization of the right hepatic lobe from the left hepatic, left gastric, and gastroduodenal arteries. This case demonstrates the therapeutic value and safety of selective hepatic arterial branch embolization in massive life-threatening hemorrhage.", "contents": "Emergency embolization in blunt hepatic trauma. The right hepatic artery in a patient with traumatic liver tear was embolized with Gelfoam to stop an otherwise uncontrollable hemorrhage. The procedure was probably life saving in this patient. Transient elevated transaminase and bilirubin levels returned to normal 3 weeks after embolization. A repeat hepatic arteriogram 4 months after embolization demonstrated good revascularization of the right hepatic lobe from the left hepatic, left gastric, and gastroduodenal arteries. This case demonstrates the therapeutic value and safety of selective hepatic arterial branch embolization in massive life-threatening hemorrhage.", "PMID": 409158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4961", "title": "Selective hepatic artery embolization to control massive hepatic hemorrhage after trauma.", "content": "Two patients who sustained liver trauma with intrahepatic and intraperitoneal hemorrhage are reported. Selective and subselective arteriography identified the hemorrhagic artery in each case. Transcatheter therapeutic embolization successfully stopped the hemorrhage acutely in one patient and produced almost complete cessation of hemorrhage in the other patient. No further blood replacement was required after the emoblization procedures. Liver function tests were abnormal prior to embolization and gradually improved afterward. Neither patient required surgery, and both were discharged from the hospital. Each patient has remained free of symptoms for 5 and 4 months, respectively. Arteriography offers accurate diagnostic information and therapeutic potential in patients who experience hemorrhage following trauma. In addition, therapeutic embolization may offer decreased morbidity and reduced hospital stay. Successful results of therapeutic embolization depend on awareness of its usefulness and upon rapid mobilization of angiographic and support personnel.", "contents": "Selective hepatic artery embolization to control massive hepatic hemorrhage after trauma. Two patients who sustained liver trauma with intrahepatic and intraperitoneal hemorrhage are reported. Selective and subselective arteriography identified the hemorrhagic artery in each case. Transcatheter therapeutic embolization successfully stopped the hemorrhage acutely in one patient and produced almost complete cessation of hemorrhage in the other patient. No further blood replacement was required after the emoblization procedures. Liver function tests were abnormal prior to embolization and gradually improved afterward. Neither patient required surgery, and both were discharged from the hospital. Each patient has remained free of symptoms for 5 and 4 months, respectively. Arteriography offers accurate diagnostic information and therapeutic potential in patients who experience hemorrhage following trauma. In addition, therapeutic embolization may offer decreased morbidity and reduced hospital stay. Successful results of therapeutic embolization depend on awareness of its usefulness and upon rapid mobilization of angiographic and support personnel.", "PMID": 409159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4962", "title": "Right and left ventricular volumes and wall measurements: determination by computed tomography in arrested canine hearts.", "content": "Computed tomographic (CT) images of in vitro hearts filled with iodinated contrast medium have delineated right and left ventricular cavities, papillary muscles, major trabeculae, pulmonary artery, and the aorta. Because of relatively good structural definition, this study was undertaken to determine the potential use of CT in the measurement of cardiac dimensions and cavity volumes. Ten isolated arrested canine hearts were filled with an iodinated oil-paraffin mixture and scanned transversely from base to apex. Measurements of the thickness of the interventricular septum and of the left ventricular posterior wall (indexes of cardiac hypertrophy) had a high degree of correlation to similar measurements of corresponding heart specimens. Using serial tomographic images, the cavity volumes of individual tomographic scans were totaled. The volume of each scan of given thickness was obtained either by the use of planimetry or from a numerical computer printout. Both the planimetric and computer methods gave right and left ventricular volumes which correlated well (P less than .05) with the volumes of paraffin casts. Unlike other techniques widely used for ventricular volume measurement, the method described does not depend on an assumption that the chamber resembles a specific geometric model. This method of volume measurement is applicable to both the left ventricle, regardless of its shape, and to the concave irregularly shaped right ventricle.", "contents": "Right and left ventricular volumes and wall measurements: determination by computed tomography in arrested canine hearts. Computed tomographic (CT) images of in vitro hearts filled with iodinated contrast medium have delineated right and left ventricular cavities, papillary muscles, major trabeculae, pulmonary artery, and the aorta. Because of relatively good structural definition, this study was undertaken to determine the potential use of CT in the measurement of cardiac dimensions and cavity volumes. Ten isolated arrested canine hearts were filled with an iodinated oil-paraffin mixture and scanned transversely from base to apex. Measurements of the thickness of the interventricular septum and of the left ventricular posterior wall (indexes of cardiac hypertrophy) had a high degree of correlation to similar measurements of corresponding heart specimens. Using serial tomographic images, the cavity volumes of individual tomographic scans were totaled. The volume of each scan of given thickness was obtained either by the use of planimetry or from a numerical computer printout. Both the planimetric and computer methods gave right and left ventricular volumes which correlated well (P less than .05) with the volumes of paraffin casts. Unlike other techniques widely used for ventricular volume measurement, the method described does not depend on an assumption that the chamber resembles a specific geometric model. This method of volume measurement is applicable to both the left ventricle, regardless of its shape, and to the concave irregularly shaped right ventricle.", "PMID": 409160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4963", "title": "Utilization, reliability, and cost effectiveness of cranial computed tomography in evaluating pseudotumor cerebri.", "content": "Cranial computed tomography (CT) has reduced the frequency of cerebral angiography from 95% to 32% and pneumoencephalography from 71% to 11% in patients with pseudotumor cerebri. Total hospital stay has been significantly reduced from a mean of 19.6 to 13.3 days and the hospital days required for diagnosis from a mean of 5.8 to 3.4. The diagnostic reliability of CT in pseudotumor cerebri was estimated using Bayes's decision theorem. The combination of CT and radionuclide brain scans provide diagnostic accuracy similar to radiologic contrast studies. The diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri can be adequately established without cerebral angiography and air studies. CT has significantly reduced the morbidity, time, and cost of diagnostic evaluation in these patients.", "contents": "Utilization, reliability, and cost effectiveness of cranial computed tomography in evaluating pseudotumor cerebri. Cranial computed tomography (CT) has reduced the frequency of cerebral angiography from 95% to 32% and pneumoencephalography from 71% to 11% in patients with pseudotumor cerebri. Total hospital stay has been significantly reduced from a mean of 19.6 to 13.3 days and the hospital days required for diagnosis from a mean of 5.8 to 3.4. The diagnostic reliability of CT in pseudotumor cerebri was estimated using Bayes's decision theorem. The combination of CT and radionuclide brain scans provide diagnostic accuracy similar to radiologic contrast studies. The diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri can be adequately established without cerebral angiography and air studies. CT has significantly reduced the morbidity, time, and cost of diagnostic evaluation in these patients.", "PMID": 409161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4964", "title": "On the nature and significance of bony proliferation in \"rheumatoid variant\" disorders.", "content": "Radiographic and pathologic abnormalities of the peripheral joints in a cadaver with ankylosing spondylitis are described. Bony proliferation about involved articulations is is characteristic of all \"rheumatoid variant\" disorders and results from subchondral bony hyperplasia and periosteal new bone formation. Such proliferation may be related to the presence of the histocompatibility antigen B27 in these diseases.", "contents": "On the nature and significance of bony proliferation in \"rheumatoid variant\" disorders. Radiographic and pathologic abnormalities of the peripheral joints in a cadaver with ankylosing spondylitis are described. Bony proliferation about involved articulations is is characteristic of all \"rheumatoid variant\" disorders and results from subchondral bony hyperplasia and periosteal new bone formation. Such proliferation may be related to the presence of the histocompatibility antigen B27 in these diseases.", "PMID": 409162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4965", "title": "The metal-cement interface in total hip prostheses.", "content": "Serial radiographs of 101 total hip arthroplasties were reviewed to evaluate the clinical significance of lucent zones at the femoral metal-cement interface. Such lucent zones were identified in 19 hip prostheses, but only in four was there clinical evidence of infection loosening of the prosthesis. The remaining 14 patients (15 prostheses) were followed for periods ranging from 18 months to 5 years; none had complications despite the development of these lucent zones. Microdensitometry confirmed the existence of a true lucent zone in most cases, but in several the apparent lucency was due to the Mach effect. While progressive widening of the lucent zone or a lucency measuring greater than 2 mm in width should prompt careful clinical evaluation for evidence of infection or loosening, our data indicate that such complications need not necessarily be present.", "contents": "The metal-cement interface in total hip prostheses. Serial radiographs of 101 total hip arthroplasties were reviewed to evaluate the clinical significance of lucent zones at the femoral metal-cement interface. Such lucent zones were identified in 19 hip prostheses, but only in four was there clinical evidence of infection loosening of the prosthesis. The remaining 14 patients (15 prostheses) were followed for periods ranging from 18 months to 5 years; none had complications despite the development of these lucent zones. Microdensitometry confirmed the existence of a true lucent zone in most cases, but in several the apparent lucency was due to the Mach effect. While progressive widening of the lucent zone or a lucency measuring greater than 2 mm in width should prompt careful clinical evaluation for evidence of infection or loosening, our data indicate that such complications need not necessarily be present.", "PMID": 409163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4966", "title": "Arthrography in the diagnosis of unexplained chronic hip pain with regional osteopenia.", "content": "Three cases of chronic hip pain with radiographic periarticular osteopenia and normal joint spaces are reported. The articular nature of symptomatology, periarticular demineralization, and radionuclide localization suggested intraarticular disease. Computed tomography did not disclose the cause of hip pain when utilized in two instances. Positive contrast hip arthrography was the only diagnostic modality which demonstrated the chondromatosis or adhesive capsulitis responsible for pain. Differential diagnosis and pathophysiologic mechanisms are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Arthrography in the diagnosis of unexplained chronic hip pain with regional osteopenia. Three cases of chronic hip pain with radiographic periarticular osteopenia and normal joint spaces are reported. The articular nature of symptomatology, periarticular demineralization, and radionuclide localization suggested intraarticular disease. Computed tomography did not disclose the cause of hip pain when utilized in two instances. Positive contrast hip arthrography was the only diagnostic modality which demonstrated the chondromatosis or adhesive capsulitis responsible for pain. Differential diagnosis and pathophysiologic mechanisms are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 409164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4967", "title": "Backward \"displacement\" of the spinolaminal line at C2: a normal variation.", "content": "The base of the spinous process of C2 may be \"displaced\" backward in relation to the other vertebrae in some adult patients examined for reasons other than trauma. In 10.2% of normal children, it was 2-3 mm behind a line joining the base of the spinous process of C3 and the inner side of the posterior arch of the atlas. By recognition of this normal variant, an erroneous diagnosis of subluxation is avoided.", "contents": "Backward \"displacement\" of the spinolaminal line at C2: a normal variation. The base of the spinous process of C2 may be \"displaced\" backward in relation to the other vertebrae in some adult patients examined for reasons other than trauma. In 10.2% of normal children, it was 2-3 mm behind a line joining the base of the spinous process of C3 and the inner side of the posterior arch of the atlas. By recognition of this normal variant, an erroneous diagnosis of subluxation is avoided.", "PMID": 409165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4968", "title": "Erosion of the inferior aspect of the clavicle in secondary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Erosion of the inferior aspect of the outer third of the clavicle has been found on chest films in 19 out of 100 randomly selected azotemic patients. This important manifestation of secondary hyperparathyroidism compares favorably with other sites of clavicular erosion. Its frequency and degree increase with length of time on dialysis. A review of the local anatomy and of the mechanical stresses imposed on the coracoclavicular ligament explains why anteroposterior and portable chest films are particularly well suited for early detection of these changes.", "contents": "Erosion of the inferior aspect of the clavicle in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Erosion of the inferior aspect of the outer third of the clavicle has been found on chest films in 19 out of 100 randomly selected azotemic patients. This important manifestation of secondary hyperparathyroidism compares favorably with other sites of clavicular erosion. Its frequency and degree increase with length of time on dialysis. A review of the local anatomy and of the mechanical stresses imposed on the coracoclavicular ligament explains why anteroposterior and portable chest films are particularly well suited for early detection of these changes.", "PMID": 409166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4969", "title": "Gray scale ultrasonography in medullary cystic disease of the kidney and congenital hepatic fibrosis with tubular ectasia: new observations.", "content": "The gray scale ultrasound findings of three patients with medullary cystic disease of the kidney and two patients with congenital hepatic fibrosis with tubular ectasia are reported. Medullary cystic disease of the kidney typically presents early in adulthood with renal failure and salt-losing nephropathy. The spectrum of gray scale ultrasound findings in this entity includes irregular widened central echoes when small cysts are present and well defined cystic structures when larger medullary cysts are the predominant lesion. The ultrasound findings in congenital hepatic fibrosis with tubular ectasia seem to be a characteristic combination of nephromegaly, a distorted renal echo pattern, and high level echoes in the liver. Ultrasound is a useful noninvasive method which is complementary to other methods in the identification and differential diagnosis of bilateral renal cystic disease.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasonography in medullary cystic disease of the kidney and congenital hepatic fibrosis with tubular ectasia: new observations. The gray scale ultrasound findings of three patients with medullary cystic disease of the kidney and two patients with congenital hepatic fibrosis with tubular ectasia are reported. Medullary cystic disease of the kidney typically presents early in adulthood with renal failure and salt-losing nephropathy. The spectrum of gray scale ultrasound findings in this entity includes irregular widened central echoes when small cysts are present and well defined cystic structures when larger medullary cysts are the predominant lesion. The ultrasound findings in congenital hepatic fibrosis with tubular ectasia seem to be a characteristic combination of nephromegaly, a distorted renal echo pattern, and high level echoes in the liver. Ultrasound is a useful noninvasive method which is complementary to other methods in the identification and differential diagnosis of bilateral renal cystic disease.", "PMID": 409167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4970", "title": "Posterior widening of the S1-S2 interspace in children: a normal variant of sacral development.", "content": "A lucency in the posterior S1-S2 area of the sacrum was seen in two pediatric patients. Bone scans in both and a myelogram in one case were normal. Follow-up has failed to show any clinical evidence of pathology. The lucencies are felt to represent normal variations in the development of the sacrum. A series of radiographs at different ages is presented to illustrate how normal developmental progresses in this area.", "contents": "Posterior widening of the S1-S2 interspace in children: a normal variant of sacral development. A lucency in the posterior S1-S2 area of the sacrum was seen in two pediatric patients. Bone scans in both and a myelogram in one case were normal. Follow-up has failed to show any clinical evidence of pathology. The lucencies are felt to represent normal variations in the development of the sacrum. A series of radiographs at different ages is presented to illustrate how normal developmental progresses in this area.", "PMID": 409168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4971", "title": "Lateral widening of epiphyseal plates in knees of children with bowed legs.", "content": "Five children are described in whom genu varum was associated with widening of the lateral segment of epiphyseal growth plates at the knees. The proximal end of one tibia was involved in three cases and the distal end of one femur in two. This finding is thought to represent an epiphyseal diastasis caused by the low grade chronic stress of the bow leg deformity.", "contents": "Lateral widening of epiphyseal plates in knees of children with bowed legs. Five children are described in whom genu varum was associated with widening of the lateral segment of epiphyseal growth plates at the knees. The proximal end of one tibia was involved in three cases and the distal end of one femur in two. This finding is thought to represent an epiphyseal diastasis caused by the low grade chronic stress of the bow leg deformity.", "PMID": 409169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4972", "title": "Hepatic cavernous hemangiomas and hemangioendotheliomas in infancy.", "content": "Six infants with either cavernous hemangiomas or hemangioendotheliomas of the liver are described. Typical clinical features include cardiac failure, hepatomegaly, and cutaneous hamangiomas. Prompt recognition will direct management to prevent lethal complications of cardiac failure, hyperconsumptive coagulopathy, and hepatic rupture. Dynamic and static hepatic scintigraphy will demonstrate the vascularity and size of the liver mass and provide distinction from other tumors, although in certain circumstances angiography is required.", "contents": "Hepatic cavernous hemangiomas and hemangioendotheliomas in infancy. Six infants with either cavernous hemangiomas or hemangioendotheliomas of the liver are described. Typical clinical features include cardiac failure, hepatomegaly, and cutaneous hamangiomas. Prompt recognition will direct management to prevent lethal complications of cardiac failure, hyperconsumptive coagulopathy, and hepatic rupture. Dynamic and static hepatic scintigraphy will demonstrate the vascularity and size of the liver mass and provide distinction from other tumors, although in certain circumstances angiography is required.", "PMID": 409170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4973", "title": "Clearance of radioactive tantalum from the human lung after accidental inhalation.", "content": "Techniques of body radioactivity measurement were used to study the clearance of activated tantalum oxide accidentally inhaled by three reactor workers. The whole-body retention after 7 days was about 1% of the initial deposit. In one subject studied for a further 424 days the residual activity in the thorax was cleared with a biological half-life of about 1,400 days. The results support indications from other studies that tantalum powder administered in aerosol bronchography may be subject to prolonged alveolar retention.", "contents": "Clearance of radioactive tantalum from the human lung after accidental inhalation. Techniques of body radioactivity measurement were used to study the clearance of activated tantalum oxide accidentally inhaled by three reactor workers. The whole-body retention after 7 days was about 1% of the initial deposit. In one subject studied for a further 424 days the residual activity in the thorax was cleared with a biological half-life of about 1,400 days. The results support indications from other studies that tantalum powder administered in aerosol bronchography may be subject to prolonged alveolar retention.", "PMID": 409171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4974", "title": "Diagnosis and evaluation of retroperitoneal tumors by computed tomography.", "content": "Nineteen patients with primary and recurrent retroperitoneal tumors were examined by computed tomography. Correlation between CT and subsequent operative findings was remarkably accurate. CT provided clinically useful information regarding the presence, size, extent, and composition of the tumors and also their effect on adjacent structures. CT is recommended for any patient suspected to have a primary or recurrent retroperitoneal tumor.", "contents": "Diagnosis and evaluation of retroperitoneal tumors by computed tomography. Nineteen patients with primary and recurrent retroperitoneal tumors were examined by computed tomography. Correlation between CT and subsequent operative findings was remarkably accurate. CT provided clinically useful information regarding the presence, size, extent, and composition of the tumors and also their effect on adjacent structures. CT is recommended for any patient suspected to have a primary or recurrent retroperitoneal tumor.", "PMID": 409190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4975", "title": "Detection of retroperitoneal hemorrhage by computed tomography.", "content": "Retroperitoneal hemorrhage can be directly documented by computed tomography. In patients with confusing clinical findings, CT scans may provide a definite diagnoses and direct appropriate therapy. This contention is supported by seven illustrative cases.", "contents": "Detection of retroperitoneal hemorrhage by computed tomography. Retroperitoneal hemorrhage can be directly documented by computed tomography. In patients with confusing clinical findings, CT scans may provide a definite diagnoses and direct appropriate therapy. This contention is supported by seven illustrative cases.", "PMID": 409191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4976", "title": "Diagnosis of urine extravasation after renal transplantation.", "content": "Urine extravasation in the early postoperative period after renal transplantation is a serious complication requiring expedient surgical intervention. Whereas clinical and laboratory findings are inconclusive, radiologic diagnostic studies have definite value. Routine ultrasound and radioisotope studies were performed on 111 renal transplant patients. In the eight who developed urine extravasation, ultrasound and/or radioisotope studies identified the extravasation in seven cases. Four of the eight were studied by intravenous pyelography and another two were studied by cystography. All results were positive. We recommend use of radioisotope and ultrasound studies for routine postoperative screening with invasive techniques reserved for inconclusive cases.", "contents": "Diagnosis of urine extravasation after renal transplantation. Urine extravasation in the early postoperative period after renal transplantation is a serious complication requiring expedient surgical intervention. Whereas clinical and laboratory findings are inconclusive, radiologic diagnostic studies have definite value. Routine ultrasound and radioisotope studies were performed on 111 renal transplant patients. In the eight who developed urine extravasation, ultrasound and/or radioisotope studies identified the extravasation in seven cases. Four of the eight were studied by intravenous pyelography and another two were studied by cystography. All results were positive. We recommend use of radioisotope and ultrasound studies for routine postoperative screening with invasive techniques reserved for inconclusive cases.", "PMID": 409192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4977", "title": "Fungal infection of the urinary tract: demonstration by antegrade pyelography and drainage by percutaneous nephrostomy.", "content": "Most fungal infections of the urinary tract involve the drainage structures rather than the kidney parenchyma. They usually occur in patients with diabetes or other chronic debilitating diseases and in the presence of urinary stasis. Conglomeration of fibrillar hyphae results in fungal balls which produce nonopaque filling defects in the renal pelvis, ureter, or bladder. Such fungal ball colonies were demonstrated by percutaneous (antegrade) pyelography in the upper urinary tract in two cases. A percutaneous nephrostomy was performed in one patient to provide drainage of pus in the renal pelvis.", "contents": "Fungal infection of the urinary tract: demonstration by antegrade pyelography and drainage by percutaneous nephrostomy. Most fungal infections of the urinary tract involve the drainage structures rather than the kidney parenchyma. They usually occur in patients with diabetes or other chronic debilitating diseases and in the presence of urinary stasis. Conglomeration of fibrillar hyphae results in fungal balls which produce nonopaque filling defects in the renal pelvis, ureter, or bladder. Such fungal ball colonies were demonstrated by percutaneous (antegrade) pyelography in the upper urinary tract in two cases. A percutaneous nephrostomy was performed in one patient to provide drainage of pus in the renal pelvis.", "PMID": 409193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4978", "title": "Radiologic spectrum of opportunistic infections of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Clinical findings and barium studies were reviewed in 34 patients with upper gastrointestinal opportunistic infections, including two with gastric involvement. The spectrum of radiologic features is presented with particular attention to early subtle findings such as disturbance of esophageal motility and tiny marginal filling defects. While most cases are due to Candida albicans, other organisms may also invade the upper gastrointestinal tract in the debilitated host.", "contents": "Radiologic spectrum of opportunistic infections of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Clinical findings and barium studies were reviewed in 34 patients with upper gastrointestinal opportunistic infections, including two with gastric involvement. The spectrum of radiologic features is presented with particular attention to early subtle findings such as disturbance of esophageal motility and tiny marginal filling defects. While most cases are due to Candida albicans, other organisms may also invade the upper gastrointestinal tract in the debilitated host.", "PMID": 409194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4979", "title": "Radiologic aspects of Beck gastric tube in esophageal reconstruction.", "content": "Over a 28 month period, 19 patients underwent esophageal reconstruction using the Beck tube fashioned from the greater curvature of the stomach. Eighteen had unresectable carcinoma of the esophagus and one had a benign stricture secondary to reflux esophagitis. The degree of palliation was considered good in 13 cases. The surgical aspects of the Beck gastric tube are described and radiologic features in both uncomplicated and complicated cases are illustrated. Early experience with the procedure is encouraging.", "contents": "Radiologic aspects of Beck gastric tube in esophageal reconstruction. Over a 28 month period, 19 patients underwent esophageal reconstruction using the Beck tube fashioned from the greater curvature of the stomach. Eighteen had unresectable carcinoma of the esophagus and one had a benign stricture secondary to reflux esophagitis. The degree of palliation was considered good in 13 cases. The surgical aspects of the Beck gastric tube are described and radiologic features in both uncomplicated and complicated cases are illustrated. Early experience with the procedure is encouraging.", "PMID": 409195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4980", "title": "Air in the esophagus: a frequent radiographic finding.", "content": "While the radiologic literature discusses the presence of air in the esophagus on chest radiographs, this has almost always been reported as a finding associated with other radiologic abnormalities. In a retrospective study, esophageal air was noted on 36% of normal posteroanterior chest radiographs. The radiologic anatomy of the esophagus and the typical locations of air within it are discussed.", "contents": "Air in the esophagus: a frequent radiographic finding. While the radiologic literature discusses the presence of air in the esophagus on chest radiographs, this has almost always been reported as a finding associated with other radiologic abnormalities. In a retrospective study, esophageal air was noted on 36% of normal posteroanterior chest radiographs. The radiologic anatomy of the esophagus and the typical locations of air within it are discussed.", "PMID": 409196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4981", "title": "Hepatic venography and wedge hepatic vein pressure measurements in diffuse liver disease.", "content": "Ninety patients with chronic diffuse liver disease were evaluated with free hepatic venography, wedge hepatic venography, hepatic vein pressure measurements, and liver biopsy. Free hepatic venograms were normal and minimally pruned in patients with hepatic sarcoidosis and fatty liver due to alcohol, and their biopsies showed little or no fibrosis. Pruning of hepatic vein branches on free hepatic venography correlated well with the corrected wedged hepatic vein pressure and with the degree of fibrosis in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and postnecrotic cirrhosis. Free hepatic venography correlated better with hemodynamic measurements and fibrosis than did wedge hepatic venography. Free hepatic venography is a reliable predictor of the presence and degree of hepatic fibrosis and may be a useful alternative to liver biopsy in patients with clotting disorders.", "contents": "Hepatic venography and wedge hepatic vein pressure measurements in diffuse liver disease. Ninety patients with chronic diffuse liver disease were evaluated with free hepatic venography, wedge hepatic venography, hepatic vein pressure measurements, and liver biopsy. Free hepatic venograms were normal and minimally pruned in patients with hepatic sarcoidosis and fatty liver due to alcohol, and their biopsies showed little or no fibrosis. Pruning of hepatic vein branches on free hepatic venography correlated well with the corrected wedged hepatic vein pressure and with the degree of fibrosis in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and postnecrotic cirrhosis. Free hepatic venography correlated better with hemodynamic measurements and fibrosis than did wedge hepatic venography. Free hepatic venography is a reliable predictor of the presence and degree of hepatic fibrosis and may be a useful alternative to liver biopsy in patients with clotting disorders.", "PMID": 409197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4982", "title": "Doppler ultrasonic screening prior to venography for deep venous thrombosis.", "content": "A total of 244 patients were examined using both ultrasonic Doppler technique and conventional venography for deep venous thrombosis. The Doppler examination was 93.8% accurate overall in detecting the condition, with a specificity of 96% and sensitivity of 85.7%. Indications for venography after Doppler evaluation include: (1) a positive or equivocal Doppler examination; and (2) critically ill patients with negative Doppler results where absolute diagnostic accuracy is essential. Had these criteria been followed in this study, 174 normal examinations would have been avoided and only six large vein thrombi (ileofemoral or popliteal) in 244 examinations would have been misdiagnosed.", "contents": "Doppler ultrasonic screening prior to venography for deep venous thrombosis. A total of 244 patients were examined using both ultrasonic Doppler technique and conventional venography for deep venous thrombosis. The Doppler examination was 93.8% accurate overall in detecting the condition, with a specificity of 96% and sensitivity of 85.7%. Indications for venography after Doppler evaluation include: (1) a positive or equivocal Doppler examination; and (2) critically ill patients with negative Doppler results where absolute diagnostic accuracy is essential. Had these criteria been followed in this study, 174 normal examinations would have been avoided and only six large vein thrombi (ileofemoral or popliteal) in 244 examinations would have been misdiagnosed.", "PMID": 409198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4983", "title": "The target sign: a new radiologic sign of septic pulmonary emboli.", "content": "A new radiographic sign consisting of a pulmonary density suspended in a thin-walled cystic area is described in five patients with hematogenously disseminated infection. A pathogenetic mechanism is suggested to account for this \"target sign.\" The relationship of these findings to pulmonary pneumatoceles is also discussed.", "contents": "The target sign: a new radiologic sign of septic pulmonary emboli. A new radiographic sign consisting of a pulmonary density suspended in a thin-walled cystic area is described in five patients with hematogenously disseminated infection. A pathogenetic mechanism is suggested to account for this \"target sign.\" The relationship of these findings to pulmonary pneumatoceles is also discussed.", "PMID": 409199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4984", "title": "A statistical description of the normal computerized brain scan.", "content": "A total of 100 CT brain scans performed with an EMI head scanner were analyzed in order to define the statistical limits of normal. The statistical parameters are means and standard deviations. Frequency polygons of the attenuation coefficients for each of five brain slices have been constructed. The concept of the water to brain ratio is introduced.", "contents": "A statistical description of the normal computerized brain scan. A total of 100 CT brain scans performed with an EMI head scanner were analyzed in order to define the statistical limits of normal. The statistical parameters are means and standard deviations. Frequency polygons of the attenuation coefficients for each of five brain slices have been constructed. The concept of the water to brain ratio is introduced.", "PMID": 409200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4985", "title": "Cerebral granulomatous angiitis: case report and literature review.", "content": "Granulomatous angiitis is a pathologically distinct central nervous system segmental vasculitis of unknown etiology and pathogenesis which may be indirectly related to herpes zoster infections. The condition primarily affects adults and presents with nonspecific, unexplained progressive neurological dysfunction. The cerebrospinal fluid is often under increased pressure and contains excess protein and white cells, mostly lymphocytes. The necrotizing vasculitis primarily affects the small intracranial arteries and veins and alters vascular permeability, ind,cing cerebral edema. Angiography demonstrates segmental, diffuse, distal vascular irregularity and narrowing, while computed tomography shows poorly defined, diffuse, non-contrast-enhancing low density areas with or without mass effect. In the approprite clinical setting, the angiographic and CT findings should be highly suggestive. The possibility of efficious therapeutic intervention makes early diagnosis important. CT can also be used to monitor therapeutic response.", "contents": "Cerebral granulomatous angiitis: case report and literature review. Granulomatous angiitis is a pathologically distinct central nervous system segmental vasculitis of unknown etiology and pathogenesis which may be indirectly related to herpes zoster infections. The condition primarily affects adults and presents with nonspecific, unexplained progressive neurological dysfunction. The cerebrospinal fluid is often under increased pressure and contains excess protein and white cells, mostly lymphocytes. The necrotizing vasculitis primarily affects the small intracranial arteries and veins and alters vascular permeability, ind,cing cerebral edema. Angiography demonstrates segmental, diffuse, distal vascular irregularity and narrowing, while computed tomography shows poorly defined, diffuse, non-contrast-enhancing low density areas with or without mass effect. In the approprite clinical setting, the angiographic and CT findings should be highly suggestive. The possibility of efficious therapeutic intervention makes early diagnosis important. CT can also be used to monitor therapeutic response.", "PMID": 409201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4986", "title": "Angiography in vascular malformations of the face.", "content": "While angiography has been established as a useful procedure in evaluating vascular malformations of the face, the role of selective catheterization has not been stressed. Five patients with either capillary-cavernous hemangiomas or arteriovenous racemose hemangiomas were selected to illustrate the angiographic features of vascular malformations of the face as well as problems in angiographic evaluation and therapeutic techniques. Angiographic studies were valuable in establishing the extent and type of hemangioma, its blood supply and drainage, and associated intraorbital or intracranial extensions. We believe that selective catheterization is essential in preoperative evaluation of facial hemoangiomas, particularly in detecting unsuspected intracranial involvement.", "contents": "Angiography in vascular malformations of the face. While angiography has been established as a useful procedure in evaluating vascular malformations of the face, the role of selective catheterization has not been stressed. Five patients with either capillary-cavernous hemangiomas or arteriovenous racemose hemangiomas were selected to illustrate the angiographic features of vascular malformations of the face as well as problems in angiographic evaluation and therapeutic techniques. Angiographic studies were valuable in establishing the extent and type of hemangioma, its blood supply and drainage, and associated intraorbital or intracranial extensions. We believe that selective catheterization is essential in preoperative evaluation of facial hemoangiomas, particularly in detecting unsuspected intracranial involvement.", "PMID": 409202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4987", "title": "Metrizamide myelography.", "content": "Complete myelography using metrizamide and a lumbar puncture is described with special emphasis on the cervical region. Good visualization of the cervical region was obtained in 19 of 20 patients using 10-12 ml and iodine concentrations of 250 mg/ml without special techniques or precautions. Possible explanations of failure to visualize the complete subarachnoid space are discussed.", "contents": "Metrizamide myelography. Complete myelography using metrizamide and a lumbar puncture is described with special emphasis on the cervical region. Good visualization of the cervical region was obtained in 19 of 20 patients using 10-12 ml and iodine concentrations of 250 mg/ml without special techniques or precautions. Possible explanations of failure to visualize the complete subarachnoid space are discussed.", "PMID": 409203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4988", "title": "Avulsion of nerve rootlets with the Cuatico needle during Pantopaque removal after myelography.", "content": "Three cases of histologically proven nerve root avulsion during Pantopaque removal with a Cuatico needle are described. While use of such multihole needles poses some risk to patients, we feel the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, particularly when a large volume of Pantopaque has to be removed. To minimize the possibility of nerve root avulsion, we recommend minimal manipulation of the needle and cannula during Pantopaque removal, use of gentle suction, termination of suction and injection of cerebrospinal fluid if pain occurs, and slow withdrawal of the cannula and stylet.", "contents": "Avulsion of nerve rootlets with the Cuatico needle during Pantopaque removal after myelography. Three cases of histologically proven nerve root avulsion during Pantopaque removal with a Cuatico needle are described. While use of such multihole needles poses some risk to patients, we feel the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, particularly when a large volume of Pantopaque has to be removed. To minimize the possibility of nerve root avulsion, we recommend minimal manipulation of the needle and cannula during Pantopaque removal, use of gentle suction, termination of suction and injection of cerebrospinal fluid if pain occurs, and slow withdrawal of the cannula and stylet.", "PMID": 409204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4989", "title": "Extramedullary hematopoiesis in Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "Two cases of Paget's disease of bone with radiographic manifestation of extramedullary hematopoiesis are described. While extramedullary hematopoiesis usually occurs as compensatory phenomenon in response to anemia, this was not the case in our patients. We believe pathologic fractures led to extrusion of hematopoietic marrow and resultant tumorous extramedullary hematopoiesis.", "contents": "Extramedullary hematopoiesis in Paget's disease of bone. Two cases of Paget's disease of bone with radiographic manifestation of extramedullary hematopoiesis are described. While extramedullary hematopoiesis usually occurs as compensatory phenomenon in response to anemia, this was not the case in our patients. We believe pathologic fractures led to extrusion of hematopoietic marrow and resultant tumorous extramedullary hematopoiesis.", "PMID": 409205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4990", "title": "Scanning multiple slit assembly: a practical and efficient device to reduce scatter.", "content": "A scanning multiple slit assembly consisting of an array of long narrow beam-defining slits coupled with scatter-eliminating slots beneath the patient is a feasible, practical, and efficient method of reducing scatter and increasing contrast and image quality in diagnostic radiology. Measurements of the ratio of scattered-to-primary radiation transmitted by a scanning multiple slit assembly and a conventional high ratio grid under similar conditions showed the relative intensity of scatter transmitted by the slit assembly to be only one-third that of the grid. A noticeable improvement in contrast was obtained using the slit assembly, without increase in patient exposure. The design, construction, and clinical implications of such a scatter-eliminating technique are discussed.", "contents": "Scanning multiple slit assembly: a practical and efficient device to reduce scatter. A scanning multiple slit assembly consisting of an array of long narrow beam-defining slits coupled with scatter-eliminating slots beneath the patient is a feasible, practical, and efficient method of reducing scatter and increasing contrast and image quality in diagnostic radiology. Measurements of the ratio of scattered-to-primary radiation transmitted by a scanning multiple slit assembly and a conventional high ratio grid under similar conditions showed the relative intensity of scatter transmitted by the slit assembly to be only one-third that of the grid. A noticeable improvement in contrast was obtained using the slit assembly, without increase in patient exposure. The design, construction, and clinical implications of such a scatter-eliminating technique are discussed.", "PMID": 409206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4991", "title": "Special lecture: the breast cancer screening controversy: a perspective.", "content": "Analysis of the data of the Health Insurance Plan of New York Breast Cancer Screening Study indicates that in patients whose cancers were found by screening, the case fatality rate at all ages is almost half the case fatality rate of controls. The data also strongly suggest that maximal benefit in young women resides in the detection of in situ cancers. Due to relatively low yield of these early lesions, projected 20 year survival in that study may be little different for all women screened compared to controls. We have shown that the yield of these early lesions can be increased by aggressive screening and liberal use of biopsy. Furthermore, where J.C. Bailar has indicated a net gain (or loss) of -4 to +8 lives per 20,000 women using the HIP data, using his method and our data we find a savings of 25-27 lives/20,000 women by 3 year screening to date. These are lives that have been saved by mammography alone.", "contents": "Special lecture: the breast cancer screening controversy: a perspective. Analysis of the data of the Health Insurance Plan of New York Breast Cancer Screening Study indicates that in patients whose cancers were found by screening, the case fatality rate at all ages is almost half the case fatality rate of controls. The data also strongly suggest that maximal benefit in young women resides in the detection of in situ cancers. Due to relatively low yield of these early lesions, projected 20 year survival in that study may be little different for all women screened compared to controls. We have shown that the yield of these early lesions can be increased by aggressive screening and liberal use of biopsy. Furthermore, where J.C. Bailar has indicated a net gain (or loss) of -4 to +8 lives per 20,000 women using the HIP data, using his method and our data we find a savings of 25-27 lives/20,000 women by 3 year screening to date. These are lives that have been saved by mammography alone.", "PMID": 409220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4992", "title": "Acute cholecystitis: 137 patients studied by infusion tomography of the gallbladder.", "content": "Clinical experience with inflammatory cholecystopathy recognized in 137 patients studied by infusion tomography of the gallbladder is presented. Diagnostic accuracy was 96% in positive and 94% in negative histologically proven cases. Our results show that infusion tomography of the gallbladder is an accurate, rapid, and safe diagnostic aid in the evaluation of acute cholecystitis. In cases of chronic cholecystitis, infusion tomography may be confirmatory but should not be relied on as a final diagnostic test due to a high percentage of false negative cases.", "contents": "Acute cholecystitis: 137 patients studied by infusion tomography of the gallbladder. Clinical experience with inflammatory cholecystopathy recognized in 137 patients studied by infusion tomography of the gallbladder is presented. Diagnostic accuracy was 96% in positive and 94% in negative histologically proven cases. Our results show that infusion tomography of the gallbladder is an accurate, rapid, and safe diagnostic aid in the evaluation of acute cholecystitis. In cases of chronic cholecystitis, infusion tomography may be confirmatory but should not be relied on as a final diagnostic test due to a high percentage of false negative cases.", "PMID": 409225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4993", "title": "Infusion tomography of the gallbladder: mechanism of gallbladder wall opacification in experimental acute cholecystitis.", "content": "A canine model of acute cholecystitis was used to determine the mechanism of opacification of the gallbladder wall by infusion tomography. The experimental data indicate that opacification of the thickened wall of the gallbladder in acute cholecystitis is a function of hypervascularity and transport of the radiopaque material across the capillary wall by polymorphonuclear cells. Tissue-fluid equilibration of the contrast agent may also play a role.", "contents": "Infusion tomography of the gallbladder: mechanism of gallbladder wall opacification in experimental acute cholecystitis. A canine model of acute cholecystitis was used to determine the mechanism of opacification of the gallbladder wall by infusion tomography. The experimental data indicate that opacification of the thickened wall of the gallbladder in acute cholecystitis is a function of hypervascularity and transport of the radiopaque material across the capillary wall by polymorphonuclear cells. Tissue-fluid equilibration of the contrast agent may also play a role.", "PMID": 409226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4994", "title": "Gray scale ultrasonography of calcified liver metastases.", "content": "Three cases of calcified liver metastases demonstrating acoustical shadowing on gray scale ultrasonography are reported. Ultrasonography may show calcified liver masses that are not readily apparent on plain film radiographs. The discovery of calcified liver metastases by ultrasound can suggest a primary site of malignancy.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasonography of calcified liver metastases. Three cases of calcified liver metastases demonstrating acoustical shadowing on gray scale ultrasonography are reported. Ultrasonography may show calcified liver masses that are not readily apparent on plain film radiographs. The discovery of calcified liver metastases by ultrasound can suggest a primary site of malignancy.", "PMID": 409227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4995", "title": "Intraluminal diverticulum of the esophagus.", "content": "Two patients with intraluminal esophageal diverticulum are described and illustrated. Both had chronic esophagitis. One had a distal esophageal stricture, while the other showed persistent retrograde gastroesophageal reflux following hiatal hernia repair. Possible causes are considered, based on the presumption of intermittently or chronically increased intraluminal pressure associated with an area of congenital or acquired weakness of the esophageal wall.", "contents": "Intraluminal diverticulum of the esophagus. Two patients with intraluminal esophageal diverticulum are described and illustrated. Both had chronic esophagitis. One had a distal esophageal stricture, while the other showed persistent retrograde gastroesophageal reflux following hiatal hernia repair. Possible causes are considered, based on the presumption of intermittently or chronically increased intraluminal pressure associated with an area of congenital or acquired weakness of the esophageal wall.", "PMID": 409228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4996", "title": "Primary ulcerative carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "Six patients with primary ulcerative carcinoma of the esophagus are described. The radiologic appearance is analogous to the Carman-Kirklin complex seen with gastric malignancies. The clinical course of this uncommon type of esophageal carcinoma is the same as the more common constricting and polypoid varieties.", "contents": "Primary ulcerative carcinoma of the esophagus. Six patients with primary ulcerative carcinoma of the esophagus are described. The radiologic appearance is analogous to the Carman-Kirklin complex seen with gastric malignancies. The clinical course of this uncommon type of esophageal carcinoma is the same as the more common constricting and polypoid varieties.", "PMID": 409229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4997", "title": "Pneumatosis intestinalis as a complication of jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "Four patients with pneumatosis intestinalis involving the unbypassed functioning bowel after jejunoileal bypass for obesity are reported. Previous publications of pneumatosis intestinalis after jejunoileal bypass discussed involvement only of the bypassed defunctionalized bowel. Symptomatology can range from mild to severe. The treatment of pneumatosis intestinalis is conservative. The specific etiology of the pneumatosis in this group of patients is not known.", "contents": "Pneumatosis intestinalis as a complication of jejunoileal bypass. Four patients with pneumatosis intestinalis involving the unbypassed functioning bowel after jejunoileal bypass for obesity are reported. Previous publications of pneumatosis intestinalis after jejunoileal bypass discussed involvement only of the bypassed defunctionalized bowel. Symptomatology can range from mild to severe. The treatment of pneumatosis intestinalis is conservative. The specific etiology of the pneumatosis in this group of patients is not known.", "PMID": 409230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4998", "title": "Radiologic spectrum of melanoma metastatic to the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Radiologic experience in 67 patients with melanoma metastatic to all portions of the gastrointestinal tract is reviewed. Besides the well known \"bull's-eye\" lesion of the upper gastrointestinal tract, a large variety of radiologic presentations of melanoma metastases is discussed and illustrated. Because of extended survival due to improved chemotherapy and immunotherapy, the importance of careful radiologic examination of the melanoma patient is stressed.", "contents": "Radiologic spectrum of melanoma metastatic to the gastrointestinal tract. Radiologic experience in 67 patients with melanoma metastatic to all portions of the gastrointestinal tract is reviewed. Besides the well known \"bull's-eye\" lesion of the upper gastrointestinal tract, a large variety of radiologic presentations of melanoma metastases is discussed and illustrated. Because of extended survival due to improved chemotherapy and immunotherapy, the importance of careful radiologic examination of the melanoma patient is stressed.", "PMID": 409231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_4999", "title": "Cavitating metastases of the small intestine.", "content": "Ten patients with small intestinal excavating metastatic lesions are described. Cavitation of a mass is a generally unrecognized appearance of metastatic disease to the small intestine and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of small bowel excavation.", "contents": "Cavitating metastases of the small intestine. Ten patients with small intestinal excavating metastatic lesions are described. Cavitation of a mass is a generally unrecognized appearance of metastatic disease to the small intestine and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of small bowel excavation.", "PMID": 409232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5000", "title": "The use of prone films for suspected bowel obstruction in infants and children.", "content": "Prone frontal and cross-table lateral views of the abdomen are recommended as most helpful in radiographic evaluation of infants and children suspected of having obstructive of nonobstructive ileus. A series of films in multiple projections is recommended to evaluate the gas in the large bowel, particularly the rectum. When studies must be limited, prone and left lateral decubitus views are recommended. In obstructive ileus, the collapsed rectum contains little or no air. Utilization of the prone view will often obviate the use of fluoroscopic contrast studies. The level of obstruction, as well as the cause, can often be determined by this plain film approach. Six cases are presented to illustrate these points.", "contents": "The use of prone films for suspected bowel obstruction in infants and children. Prone frontal and cross-table lateral views of the abdomen are recommended as most helpful in radiographic evaluation of infants and children suspected of having obstructive of nonobstructive ileus. A series of films in multiple projections is recommended to evaluate the gas in the large bowel, particularly the rectum. When studies must be limited, prone and left lateral decubitus views are recommended. In obstructive ileus, the collapsed rectum contains little or no air. Utilization of the prone view will often obviate the use of fluoroscopic contrast studies. The level of obstruction, as well as the cause, can often be determined by this plain film approach. Six cases are presented to illustrate these points.", "PMID": 409233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5001", "title": "Imperforate vagina with vaginourethral communication.", "content": "Six female children are described with an unusual congenital anomaly characterized by imperforate vagina with otherwise normal external genitalia as well as communication between the proximal patent vagina and a normal female urethra. This abnormality was associated with hydrometrocolpos at birth in two patients. The anomaly may embryologically be related to the primitive urogenital sinus.", "contents": "Imperforate vagina with vaginourethral communication. Six female children are described with an unusual congenital anomaly characterized by imperforate vagina with otherwise normal external genitalia as well as communication between the proximal patent vagina and a normal female urethra. This abnormality was associated with hydrometrocolpos at birth in two patients. The anomaly may embryologically be related to the primitive urogenital sinus.", "PMID": 409234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5002", "title": "Hypothyroidism in cystinosis.", "content": "It has recently been shown that hypothyroidism complicates cystinosis. The radiographic bone changes of hypothyroidism (retarded skeletal age) cannot be detected while the patient has overt rickets, since the secondary ossification centers are not ossified. When the rickets is treated and the secondary ossification centers fail to appear (the skeletal age remains retarded), then the diagnosis of hypothyroidism should be suspected. After treatment with thyroid hormone is begun and a growth spurt occurs, rickets that has been controlled may reactivate. The previous doses of vitamin D will no longer be adequate because of the patient's growth spurt.", "contents": "Hypothyroidism in cystinosis. It has recently been shown that hypothyroidism complicates cystinosis. The radiographic bone changes of hypothyroidism (retarded skeletal age) cannot be detected while the patient has overt rickets, since the secondary ossification centers are not ossified. When the rickets is treated and the secondary ossification centers fail to appear (the skeletal age remains retarded), then the diagnosis of hypothyroidism should be suspected. After treatment with thyroid hormone is begun and a growth spurt occurs, rickets that has been controlled may reactivate. The previous doses of vitamin D will no longer be adequate because of the patient's growth spurt.", "PMID": 409235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5003", "title": "The trichorhinophalangeal syndrome: study of 16 patients in one family.", "content": "The trichorhinophalangeal syndrome has recognizable clinical and radiographic features. In most patients, hand radiographs show typical cone-shaped epiphyses which affect predominantly the middle phalanges. Pattern profile analysis may help establish the diagnosis in the absence of typical clinical features of radiographic hand changes. The evolution of hip disease in young and older patients is illustrated and differs from what has been reported previously. Chest and spinal abnormalities, though not well known, are also features of this syndrome.", "contents": "The trichorhinophalangeal syndrome: study of 16 patients in one family. The trichorhinophalangeal syndrome has recognizable clinical and radiographic features. In most patients, hand radiographs show typical cone-shaped epiphyses which affect predominantly the middle phalanges. Pattern profile analysis may help establish the diagnosis in the absence of typical clinical features of radiographic hand changes. The evolution of hip disease in young and older patients is illustrated and differs from what has been reported previously. Chest and spinal abnormalities, though not well known, are also features of this syndrome.", "PMID": 409236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5004", "title": "Pediatric lymphography: performance, interpretation, and accuracy in 193 consecutive children.", "content": "Experience with 193 children 15 years of age or less who were referred for pedal lymphography over the past 11 1/2 years was reviewed. Successful bilateral lymphatic cannulation was obtained in 94% of cases; in only 2% was the study a bilateral failure. No significant complications or permanent sequelae were encountered. Lymphographic-histologic correlation in 94 children yielded an overall accuracy rate of 95% (specificity, 99%; sensitivity, 80%). Interpretative aspects were similar to that in adults; however, the frequent presence of reactive hyperplasia in childhood was noted. These results suggest that lymphography can be successfully and safely performed in children and that its diagnostic accuracy is at least as high as in adults.", "contents": "Pediatric lymphography: performance, interpretation, and accuracy in 193 consecutive children. Experience with 193 children 15 years of age or less who were referred for pedal lymphography over the past 11 1/2 years was reviewed. Successful bilateral lymphatic cannulation was obtained in 94% of cases; in only 2% was the study a bilateral failure. No significant complications or permanent sequelae were encountered. Lymphographic-histologic correlation in 94 children yielded an overall accuracy rate of 95% (specificity, 99%; sensitivity, 80%). Interpretative aspects were similar to that in adults; however, the frequent presence of reactive hyperplasia in childhood was noted. These results suggest that lymphography can be successfully and safely performed in children and that its diagnostic accuracy is at least as high as in adults.", "PMID": 409237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5005", "title": "Involvement of an aberrant right subclavian artery in dissection of the thoracic aorta: diagnostic and therapeutic implications.", "content": "There have been few reports of an aberrant right subclavian artery in patients with aortic dissection. The diagnostic and therapeutic implications of the association of these two abnormalities are important and potentially ominous. Two patients with extensive type III dissections of the thoracic and abdominal aorta are described. In one patient, extension of the dissection into the aberrant right subclavian artery led to eventual exsanguination into the esophagus. In the second patient, cross-clamping of the abdominal aorta proximal to the left subclavian artery at surgery resulted in complete cutoff of blood supply to both vertebral arteries and the patient's subsequent demise.", "contents": "Involvement of an aberrant right subclavian artery in dissection of the thoracic aorta: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. There have been few reports of an aberrant right subclavian artery in patients with aortic dissection. The diagnostic and therapeutic implications of the association of these two abnormalities are important and potentially ominous. Two patients with extensive type III dissections of the thoracic and abdominal aorta are described. In one patient, extension of the dissection into the aberrant right subclavian artery led to eventual exsanguination into the esophagus. In the second patient, cross-clamping of the abdominal aorta proximal to the left subclavian artery at surgery resulted in complete cutoff of blood supply to both vertebral arteries and the patient's subsequent demise.", "PMID": 409238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5006", "title": "Radiographic isolation of the inferior vena cava.", "content": "On the lateral chest radiograph, the posterior wall of the inferior vena cava is an almost constant structure in the posterior cardiophrenic angle. Recently the anterior as well as the posterior walls of the vein have been noted in several patients. The \"isolation\" of the inferior vena cava, creating a linear density on the lateral chest radiograph, is a normal variant and should not be mistaken for chest pathology.", "contents": "Radiographic isolation of the inferior vena cava. On the lateral chest radiograph, the posterior wall of the inferior vena cava is an almost constant structure in the posterior cardiophrenic angle. Recently the anterior as well as the posterior walls of the vein have been noted in several patients. The \"isolation\" of the inferior vena cava, creating a linear density on the lateral chest radiograph, is a normal variant and should not be mistaken for chest pathology.", "PMID": 409239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5007", "title": "Extaarticular manifestations of septic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint.", "content": "Five patients with septic arthritis involving the glenohumeral joint are described. Although initial plain films were normal in all six involved joints, abnormalities were frequent on subsequent examinations, including demineralization (five joints), joint space narrowing (three joints), superior subluxation of the humeral head (three joints), osseous erosion (two joints), and inferior subluxation of the humeral head (one joint). Arthrography was helpful in documenting intraarticular placement of the needle for aspiration, synovial abnormalities, and extraarticular extension of disease. Particularly noteworthy was the occurrence of rotator cuff tears in four of six shoulders, suggesting a possible relationship between joint infection and disruption of the rotator cuff.", "contents": "Extaarticular manifestations of septic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint. Five patients with septic arthritis involving the glenohumeral joint are described. Although initial plain films were normal in all six involved joints, abnormalities were frequent on subsequent examinations, including demineralization (five joints), joint space narrowing (three joints), superior subluxation of the humeral head (three joints), osseous erosion (two joints), and inferior subluxation of the humeral head (one joint). Arthrography was helpful in documenting intraarticular placement of the needle for aspiration, synovial abnormalities, and extraarticular extension of disease. Particularly noteworthy was the occurrence of rotator cuff tears in four of six shoulders, suggesting a possible relationship between joint infection and disruption of the rotator cuff.", "PMID": 409240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5008", "title": "Metastatic disease to the breast: clinical, pathologic, and radiographic features.", "content": "Metastatic lesions to the breast are unusual. We add 21 cases to the previously reported 131 clinical cases. The most common sources are malignant melanomas and the lymphoma/leukemia group. Metastatic lesions to the breast tend to be painless discrete lumps that are generally small at the time of discovery. They usually occur in the upper outer quadrant and are commonly associated with axillary adenopathy. Occasionally, they are the initial manifestation of an occult extramammary primary cancer. Prognosis is poor but appears slightly improved since availability of more refined chemo- and immunotherapeutic regimens. The clinical, pathologic, and radiographic features of this problem are described.", "contents": "Metastatic disease to the breast: clinical, pathologic, and radiographic features. Metastatic lesions to the breast are unusual. We add 21 cases to the previously reported 131 clinical cases. The most common sources are malignant melanomas and the lymphoma/leukemia group. Metastatic lesions to the breast tend to be painless discrete lumps that are generally small at the time of discovery. They usually occur in the upper outer quadrant and are commonly associated with axillary adenopathy. Occasionally, they are the initial manifestation of an occult extramammary primary cancer. Prognosis is poor but appears slightly improved since availability of more refined chemo- and immunotherapeutic regimens. The clinical, pathologic, and radiographic features of this problem are described.", "PMID": 409241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5009", "title": "Laryngeal tuberculosis.", "content": "Laryngeal lesions observed in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis are most likely tuberculous. Although tuberculosis and carcinoma may be indistinguishable clinically and radiographically, specific radiographic studies better delineate the lesion and may suggest its true etiology. Five cases of laryngeal tuberculosis referred to M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute as carcinoma of the larynx are described and illustrated. In the acute exudative type, inflammatory disease was suspected, but in the chronic localized lesion, carcinoma was the primary consideration. The histologic diagnosis was established by biopsy.", "contents": "Laryngeal tuberculosis. Laryngeal lesions observed in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis are most likely tuberculous. Although tuberculosis and carcinoma may be indistinguishable clinically and radiographically, specific radiographic studies better delineate the lesion and may suggest its true etiology. Five cases of laryngeal tuberculosis referred to M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute as carcinoma of the larynx are described and illustrated. In the acute exudative type, inflammatory disease was suspected, but in the chronic localized lesion, carcinoma was the primary consideration. The histologic diagnosis was established by biopsy.", "PMID": 409242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5010", "title": "Computed tomography of intracerebral hematomas. I. Transmission CT observations on hematoma resolution.", "content": "Changes in the size and density of intracerebral hematomas were investigated by analyzing the sequential CT studies of 40 patients. Intracerebral hematomas decrease in density by an average of 0.7 EMI units per day. The dense portion of the hematoma decreases in size by an average of 0.65 mm per day. Mass effect does not decrease in proportion to the decrease in size of the dense portion of the hematoma but is delayed. The only instances of increasing mass effect occurred in patients undergoing surgical evacuation of the hematoma and in those who sustained trauma. Posthematoma residua include decreased parenchymal density, focal atrophy, and ventricular enlargement.", "contents": "Computed tomography of intracerebral hematomas. I. Transmission CT observations on hematoma resolution. Changes in the size and density of intracerebral hematomas were investigated by analyzing the sequential CT studies of 40 patients. Intracerebral hematomas decrease in density by an average of 0.7 EMI units per day. The dense portion of the hematoma decreases in size by an average of 0.65 mm per day. Mass effect does not decrease in proportion to the decrease in size of the dense portion of the hematoma but is delayed. The only instances of increasing mass effect occurred in patients undergoing surgical evacuation of the hematoma and in those who sustained trauma. Posthematoma residua include decreased parenchymal density, focal atrophy, and ventricular enlargement.", "PMID": 409243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5011", "title": "Computed tomography of intracerebral hematomas. II. Radionuclide and transmission CT studies of the perihematoma region.", "content": "Transmission CT studies of 40 patients with intracerebral hematomas were used for an analysis of the perihematoma region. Nineteen of these patients had radionuclide studies. In the brain adjacent to an intracerebral hematoma, the patterns of pertechnetate uptake on scintillation scans and contrast enhancement on transmission CT resemble those observed in cerebral infarctions. The healing of the perihematoma region proceeds similarly to that of infarcts. The brain about the hematoma is ischemic tissue which behaves much like cerebral infarction not related to hematomas.", "contents": "Computed tomography of intracerebral hematomas. II. Radionuclide and transmission CT studies of the perihematoma region. Transmission CT studies of 40 patients with intracerebral hematomas were used for an analysis of the perihematoma region. Nineteen of these patients had radionuclide studies. In the brain adjacent to an intracerebral hematoma, the patterns of pertechnetate uptake on scintillation scans and contrast enhancement on transmission CT resemble those observed in cerebral infarctions. The healing of the perihematoma region proceeds similarly to that of infarcts. The brain about the hematoma is ischemic tissue which behaves much like cerebral infarction not related to hematomas.", "PMID": 409244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5012", "title": "Diagnosis of isodense subdural hematomas by computed tomography.", "content": "Subdural hematomas, whose absorption values approximate those of adjacent brain, are not visualized in routine computed tomography. Two clues indicating the presence of such \"isodense\" subdural hematomas are: (1) unilateral effacement of cerebral sulci on the convexities, and (2) midline shift or mass effect on the ventricles in the absence of abnormal areas of diminished or increased density in the brain. Nine cases were detected on pre- and postcontrast studies in 2,500 CT scans of the brain over a 10 month period. Delayed CT scanning 4-6 hr after intravenous contrast injection showed enhancement of the subdural hematoma in three of seven cases.", "contents": "Diagnosis of isodense subdural hematomas by computed tomography. Subdural hematomas, whose absorption values approximate those of adjacent brain, are not visualized in routine computed tomography. Two clues indicating the presence of such \"isodense\" subdural hematomas are: (1) unilateral effacement of cerebral sulci on the convexities, and (2) midline shift or mass effect on the ventricles in the absence of abnormal areas of diminished or increased density in the brain. Nine cases were detected on pre- and postcontrast studies in 2,500 CT scans of the brain over a 10 month period. Delayed CT scanning 4-6 hr after intravenous contrast injection showed enhancement of the subdural hematoma in three of seven cases.", "PMID": 409245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5013", "title": "Computed angiotomography.", "content": "Branches of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries and thalamostriate, septal, and internal cerebral veins can be clearly defined with computed tomography during contrast enhancement with the Ohio Nuclear Delta 25 scanner. Pathologic vessels can also be recognized. Visualization of vessels smaller than 1.5 mm belongs in the province of angiography.", "contents": "Computed angiotomography. Branches of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries and thalamostriate, septal, and internal cerebral veins can be clearly defined with computed tomography during contrast enhancement with the Ohio Nuclear Delta 25 scanner. Pathologic vessels can also be recognized. Visualization of vessels smaller than 1.5 mm belongs in the province of angiography.", "PMID": 409246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5014", "title": "Scleral thickening: a CT sign of orbital pseudotumor.", "content": "Orbital pseudotumor is a benign inflammatory lesion of the orbit. Computed tomography is a new method for evaluation of orbits. Scleral uveal rim thickening with contrast enhancement was found in eight of 15 patients with pseudotumor (53%). Similar rim thickening was seen in one postoperative patient and two cases of recent trauma. Therefore, the sign presumably represents inflammation. It was not seen in 47 cases of thyroid disease and 66 cases of neoplasm.", "contents": "Scleral thickening: a CT sign of orbital pseudotumor. Orbital pseudotumor is a benign inflammatory lesion of the orbit. Computed tomography is a new method for evaluation of orbits. Scleral uveal rim thickening with contrast enhancement was found in eight of 15 patients with pseudotumor (53%). Similar rim thickening was seen in one postoperative patient and two cases of recent trauma. Therefore, the sign presumably represents inflammation. It was not seen in 47 cases of thyroid disease and 66 cases of neoplasm.", "PMID": 409247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5015", "title": "High energy fast neutrons from the Harwell variable energy cyclotron. I. Physical characteristics.", "content": "A high energy fast neutron beam potentially suitable for radiotherapy was built at the Harwell variable energy cyclotron. The beam line is described and results are given of physical measurements on the fast neutron beams produced by 42 MeV deuterons on thick (4 mm) and thin (2 mm) beryllium targets. With 20 muA beam current the entrance dose rate in a phantom 150 cm from the target was about 130 rad min-1 with the thick target and about 60 rad min-1 with the thin target. Therefore, it is possible to use both the thin target and the relatively large target-skin distance of 150 cm to improve depth dose for radiotherapy or radiobiology. With this arrangement the dose rate decreased to 50% at depths in the phantom of 11.3-15.4 cm, depending on the field size. The use of primarily hydrogenous materials for shielding and collimation provided beam edge definition similar to that of 60Co teletherapy units, and off-axis radiation levels of approximately 1% which compare favorably with 14 MeV deuteron-tritium generators. The copper backing of the thin target became highly radioactive and an alterative material may be preferable. Biologic characteristics of the beam are described in a companion paper.", "contents": "High energy fast neutrons from the Harwell variable energy cyclotron. I. Physical characteristics. A high energy fast neutron beam potentially suitable for radiotherapy was built at the Harwell variable energy cyclotron. The beam line is described and results are given of physical measurements on the fast neutron beams produced by 42 MeV deuterons on thick (4 mm) and thin (2 mm) beryllium targets. With 20 muA beam current the entrance dose rate in a phantom 150 cm from the target was about 130 rad min-1 with the thick target and about 60 rad min-1 with the thin target. Therefore, it is possible to use both the thin target and the relatively large target-skin distance of 150 cm to improve depth dose for radiotherapy or radiobiology. With this arrangement the dose rate decreased to 50% at depths in the phantom of 11.3-15.4 cm, depending on the field size. The use of primarily hydrogenous materials for shielding and collimation provided beam edge definition similar to that of 60Co teletherapy units, and off-axis radiation levels of approximately 1% which compare favorably with 14 MeV deuteron-tritium generators. The copper backing of the thin target became highly radioactive and an alterative material may be preferable. Biologic characteristics of the beam are described in a companion paper.", "PMID": 409249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5016", "title": "The practical use of thyroid function tests.", "content": "The diagnosis of thyroid disorders can usually be established by two tests: the serum T4 and the resin T3 uptake (RT3U). The T4 test measures both free and bound thyroxine; the RT3U reflects the number of binding sites available on thyroid-binding globulin. The values of these two tests can be used to calculate a free thyroxine index (FTI), which gives an approximation of the free T4 in the serum. Measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is useful for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism, while the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) test may facilitate diagnosis of hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "The practical use of thyroid function tests. The diagnosis of thyroid disorders can usually be established by two tests: the serum T4 and the resin T3 uptake (RT3U). The T4 test measures both free and bound thyroxine; the RT3U reflects the number of binding sites available on thyroid-binding globulin. The values of these two tests can be used to calculate a free thyroxine index (FTI), which gives an approximation of the free T4 in the serum. Measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is useful for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism, while the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) test may facilitate diagnosis of hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 409266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5017", "title": "Structural changes in porcine xenografts used as substitute cardiac valves. Gross and histologic observations in 51 glutaraldehyde-preserved Hancock valves in 41 patients.", "content": "Gross and histologic changes are described in 51 Hancock glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine heterograft bioprostheses from 41 patients: 33 valves from 25 patients had been in place for less than 2 months (\"early\") and 18 valves from 17 patients were examined at later periods up to 75 months (\"late\") after implantation. The major gross changes were thrombosis (five bioprostheses) and degeneration (three bioprotheses) of the cusps. Major histologic changes observed in 44 bioprostheses (26 early and 18 late) examined histologically were: (1) fibrin deposits on inflow and outflow surfaces of the cusps; (2) inflammatory cell infiltrates; (3) histiocyte deposition; (4) giant cell formation, and (5) focal disruption of the fibrocollagenous structure of the cusps. These observations indicate that porcine bioprostheses are not biologically inert in the human circulation. However, valve failure is rare at the implantation periods studied.", "contents": "Structural changes in porcine xenografts used as substitute cardiac valves. Gross and histologic observations in 51 glutaraldehyde-preserved Hancock valves in 41 patients. Gross and histologic changes are described in 51 Hancock glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine heterograft bioprostheses from 41 patients: 33 valves from 25 patients had been in place for less than 2 months (\"early\") and 18 valves from 17 patients were examined at later periods up to 75 months (\"late\") after implantation. The major gross changes were thrombosis (five bioprostheses) and degeneration (three bioprotheses) of the cusps. Major histologic changes observed in 44 bioprostheses (26 early and 18 late) examined histologically were: (1) fibrin deposits on inflow and outflow surfaces of the cusps; (2) inflammatory cell infiltrates; (3) histiocyte deposition; (4) giant cell formation, and (5) focal disruption of the fibrocollagenous structure of the cusps. These observations indicate that porcine bioprostheses are not biologically inert in the human circulation. However, valve failure is rare at the implantation periods studied.", "PMID": 409267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5018", "title": "Formazan cells in protein and protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Formazan cells were less numerous in the peripheral blood of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) receiving a \"O\" protein-low calorie diet than in animals fed a full or a protein but not calorie deficient diet.", "contents": "Formazan cells in protein and protein-calorie malnutrition. Formazan cells were less numerous in the peripheral blood of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) receiving a \"O\" protein-low calorie diet than in animals fed a full or a protein but not calorie deficient diet.", "PMID": 409269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5019", "title": "Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes in protein deficiency.", "content": "The number of white blood cells and of polymorphonuclear leukocytes remained unchanged in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) receiving a \"O\" protein diet. The motility of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes and their phagocytic and killing indices with and without leukokinin stimulation decreased in protein-depleted animals. Acid cathepsin decreased, DNA relatively increased, and peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phenylphosphatase, and lysozyme reached higher levels in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes of animals on a \"O\" protein diet.", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes in protein deficiency. The number of white blood cells and of polymorphonuclear leukocytes remained unchanged in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) receiving a \"O\" protein diet. The motility of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes and their phagocytic and killing indices with and without leukokinin stimulation decreased in protein-depleted animals. Acid cathepsin decreased, DNA relatively increased, and peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phenylphosphatase, and lysozyme reached higher levels in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes of animals on a \"O\" protein diet.", "PMID": 409270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5020", "title": "Sequential changes in body composition during infection: electron probe study IV.", "content": "Alterations occur in human muscle electrolyte and water composition in response to infection. There appear to be at least two basic mechanisms; the first is an exchange of sodium for potassium without alteration in water content of muscle. The second is an increase in cellular Na and water without a loss of K on a dry weight basis. In a series of studies in monkeys, Salmonella typhimurium sepsis was induced as an experimental model. Both patterns of muscle response to infection were detected. Electron probe microanalysis revealed that the loss of K concentration was due to an accumulation of intracellular saline which dilute the K content. The mechanism of this is unclear; however, a concomitant increase in undertermined osmoles in the serum suggests that there may be an increase in organic osmoles within the cell which leads to the dilution of intracellular K concentration.", "contents": "Sequential changes in body composition during infection: electron probe study IV. Alterations occur in human muscle electrolyte and water composition in response to infection. There appear to be at least two basic mechanisms; the first is an exchange of sodium for potassium without alteration in water content of muscle. The second is an increase in cellular Na and water without a loss of K on a dry weight basis. In a series of studies in monkeys, Salmonella typhimurium sepsis was induced as an experimental model. Both patterns of muscle response to infection were detected. Electron probe microanalysis revealed that the loss of K concentration was due to an accumulation of intracellular saline which dilute the K content. The mechanism of this is unclear; however, a concomitant increase in undertermined osmoles in the serum suggests that there may be an increase in organic osmoles within the cell which leads to the dilution of intracellular K concentration.", "PMID": 409271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5021", "title": "Leukocyte electrolytes and sodium transport in protein energy malnutrition.", "content": "Intracellular electrolytes and sodium transport were measured in leukocytes obtained from malnourished children. In the presence of edema, leukocyte sodium and potassium were raised. The total flux and the glycoside-sensitive portion were increased. Loss of edema was associated with reductions in all these measurements. In marasmus, glycoside-sensitive sodium efflux was reduced compared to recovered values. Sodium was increased and potassium reduced. It is concluded that at least two defects in sodium transport may occur in protein energy malnutrition, an increased passive permeability in kwashiorkor and a reduced active transport for sodium in marasmus.", "contents": "Leukocyte electrolytes and sodium transport in protein energy malnutrition. Intracellular electrolytes and sodium transport were measured in leukocytes obtained from malnourished children. In the presence of edema, leukocyte sodium and potassium were raised. The total flux and the glycoside-sensitive portion were increased. Loss of edema was associated with reductions in all these measurements. In marasmus, glycoside-sensitive sodium efflux was reduced compared to recovered values. Sodium was increased and potassium reduced. It is concluded that at least two defects in sodium transport may occur in protein energy malnutrition, an increased passive permeability in kwashiorkor and a reduced active transport for sodium in marasmus.", "PMID": 409272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5022", "title": "Infection and iron metabolism.", "content": "An important component of nonspecific defense of vertebrates against microbial invasion is that of nutritional immunity. Hosts attempt to withhold growth-essential iron from invading bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Clinical conditions in which hosts are stressed by excess quantities of iron in specific fluids, tissues, or cells result in enhanced susceptibility to infection. Methods for strengthening nutritional immunity are known in theory; research is needed to determine if these would be useful in clinical practice.", "contents": "Infection and iron metabolism. An important component of nonspecific defense of vertebrates against microbial invasion is that of nutritional immunity. Hosts attempt to withhold growth-essential iron from invading bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Clinical conditions in which hosts are stressed by excess quantities of iron in specific fluids, tissues, or cells result in enhanced susceptibility to infection. Methods for strengthening nutritional immunity are known in theory; research is needed to determine if these would be useful in clinical practice.", "PMID": 409273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5023", "title": "Newer products and formulas for alimentation.", "content": "Adequate nutritional support for the critically ill patient has evolved over the past 150 years from a time when starvation was accepted practice for patients with fever. Three to four thousand calories and other essential nutrients can now be safely provided each day to patients with infection or other critical illness. Nutrients may be provided in meals, administered by specialized enteral feedings, or infused intravenously. Nutrient mixtures with a high proportion of carbohydrate and protein appear the best dietary therapy to maintain body protein and support other organ systems and and cellular functions. New products and formulas offer the physician a wide variety of techniques for providing adequate nutrition to all patients with critical illness.", "contents": "Newer products and formulas for alimentation. Adequate nutritional support for the critically ill patient has evolved over the past 150 years from a time when starvation was accepted practice for patients with fever. Three to four thousand calories and other essential nutrients can now be safely provided each day to patients with infection or other critical illness. Nutrients may be provided in meals, administered by specialized enteral feedings, or infused intravenously. Nutrient mixtures with a high proportion of carbohydrate and protein appear the best dietary therapy to maintain body protein and support other organ systems and and cellular functions. New products and formulas offer the physician a wide variety of techniques for providing adequate nutrition to all patients with critical illness.", "PMID": 409274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5024", "title": "An experience with total parenteral nutrition in children.", "content": "Total parenteral nutrition has been used in the treatment of more than 100 children with gastrointestinal illnesses, including 90 under the age of 6 months. The incidence of complications has been reduced markedly as experience was acquired. Total parenteral nutrition has been especially valuable in patients with intractable diarrhea syndrome and it has been used successfully in the management of infants with overwhelming systemic infections.", "contents": "An experience with total parenteral nutrition in children. Total parenteral nutrition has been used in the treatment of more than 100 children with gastrointestinal illnesses, including 90 under the age of 6 months. The incidence of complications has been reduced markedly as experience was acquired. Total parenteral nutrition has been especially valuable in patients with intractable diarrhea syndrome and it has been used successfully in the management of infants with overwhelming systemic infections.", "PMID": 409275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5025", "title": "The energy cost of repleting tissue deficits during recovery from protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "Five children with protein-energy malnutrition were were treated with a high calorie, high protein diet and the energy cost of growth in body weight and muscle mass were calculated. Energy expenditures correlated statistically with increases in muscle mass, estimated by [15N]creatine kinetics, but not with gains in body weight.", "contents": "The energy cost of repleting tissue deficits during recovery from protein-energy malnutrition. Five children with protein-energy malnutrition were were treated with a high calorie, high protein diet and the energy cost of growth in body weight and muscle mass were calculated. Energy expenditures correlated statistically with increases in muscle mass, estimated by [15N]creatine kinetics, but not with gains in body weight.", "PMID": 409276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5026", "title": "Failure of postoperative infection to increase nitrogen excretion in patients maintained on peripheral amono acids.", "content": "Fourteen well-nourished patients undergoing elective major surgery were maintained on intravenous, dextrose-free isotonic (3%) amino acid solution postoperatively. Seven patients developed fevers greater than 100 F due to a variety of mild infective complications. While all patients developed a negative nitrogen balance postoperatively in this ketonemic state, infection did not appear to increase nitrogen loss. This is in striking contrast to the response observed in the fed state. Adaptation to starvation, particulary the effect of ketones on muscle metabolism, would appear to reduce significantly the nitrogen loss during infection.", "contents": "Failure of postoperative infection to increase nitrogen excretion in patients maintained on peripheral amono acids. Fourteen well-nourished patients undergoing elective major surgery were maintained on intravenous, dextrose-free isotonic (3%) amino acid solution postoperatively. Seven patients developed fevers greater than 100 F due to a variety of mild infective complications. While all patients developed a negative nitrogen balance postoperatively in this ketonemic state, infection did not appear to increase nitrogen loss. This is in striking contrast to the response observed in the fed state. Adaptation to starvation, particulary the effect of ketones on muscle metabolism, would appear to reduce significantly the nitrogen loss during infection.", "PMID": 409277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5027", "title": "Effect of deep surgical sepsis on protein-sparing therapies and nitrogen balance.", "content": "Four patients from a larger group of 18 patients receiving dextrose-free isotonic (3%) amino acid solution as nutritional support, form the basis of this report. An additional seven patients received intravenous isotonic (5%) dextrose as their sole support in the postoperative period following major elective surgery (average nitrogen balance = -12.3 +/- 2.7 g). All patients were well-nourished as determined by anthropometric measurements. The nonseptic patients receiving infusions of isotonic amino acids demonstrated an improvement in nitrogen balance (= delta 8.5 +2, P less than 0.001) when compared to the postoperative use of 100 to 150 g of glucose. However, sepsis produced a decreased net utilization of the infused crystalline amino acids such that nitrogen balance was similar to the intravenous glucose group (- 10.6 +/- 2.1). This septic response was associated with decreased plasma free fatty acid concentrations and the absence of starvation ketosis and ketonuria. While the nitrogen balance was not different in the septic and the dextrose control groups, deficiencies in plasma amino acid concentrations were observed in the group receiving intravenous infusion of glucose.", "contents": "Effect of deep surgical sepsis on protein-sparing therapies and nitrogen balance. Four patients from a larger group of 18 patients receiving dextrose-free isotonic (3%) amino acid solution as nutritional support, form the basis of this report. An additional seven patients received intravenous isotonic (5%) dextrose as their sole support in the postoperative period following major elective surgery (average nitrogen balance = -12.3 +/- 2.7 g). All patients were well-nourished as determined by anthropometric measurements. The nonseptic patients receiving infusions of isotonic amino acids demonstrated an improvement in nitrogen balance (= delta 8.5 +2, P less than 0.001) when compared to the postoperative use of 100 to 150 g of glucose. However, sepsis produced a decreased net utilization of the infused crystalline amino acids such that nitrogen balance was similar to the intravenous glucose group (- 10.6 +/- 2.1). This septic response was associated with decreased plasma free fatty acid concentrations and the absence of starvation ketosis and ketonuria. While the nitrogen balance was not different in the septic and the dextrose control groups, deficiencies in plasma amino acid concentrations were observed in the group receiving intravenous infusion of glucose.", "PMID": 409278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5028", "title": "Protein and energy requirements of young children living in the developing countries to allow for catch-up growth after infections.", "content": "Children who have lost weight because of infection or other causes of ill-health need to produce catch-up growth after the illness is over. This catch-up growth can be rapid and requires a higher minimum protein intake relative to energy intake than does normal growth. Suitable protein-energy ratios for catch-up growth have been calculated.", "contents": "Protein and energy requirements of young children living in the developing countries to allow for catch-up growth after infections. Children who have lost weight because of infection or other causes of ill-health need to produce catch-up growth after the illness is over. This catch-up growth can be rapid and requires a higher minimum protein intake relative to energy intake than does normal growth. Suitable protein-energy ratios for catch-up growth have been calculated.", "PMID": 409279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5029", "title": "Meningococcal bacteremia: clinical and serologic studies of infants with mild illness.", "content": "We report three mildly ill infants who had meningococcal bacteremia and in whom meningitis or fulminant septicemia never developed. The infants were observed during a three-month period. Two of these infants had pneumonia, as evidenced by infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. The serogroups of the organisms isolated were B, Y, and 135. In none of the infants could specific bactericidal antibody be demonstrated in acute or convalescent serum.", "contents": "Meningococcal bacteremia: clinical and serologic studies of infants with mild illness. We report three mildly ill infants who had meningococcal bacteremia and in whom meningitis or fulminant septicemia never developed. The infants were observed during a three-month period. Two of these infants had pneumonia, as evidenced by infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. The serogroups of the organisms isolated were B, Y, and 135. In none of the infants could specific bactericidal antibody be demonstrated in acute or convalescent serum.", "PMID": 409280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5030", "title": "Human complement: onset and site of synthesis during fetal life.", "content": "The site and onset of synthesis of the various components of complement (C), in man and other mammals, has been studied by incubating fetal tissues in media containing labelled amino acid, and by the analysis of the culture fluids for the presence of newly synthesised proteins. Another useful approach has been that of detecting genetic variants of single components in pairs of maternal and fetal samples. These investigations have shown that all components of human C are produced at an early stage of fetal development and that, in cord blood, the mean level of most components is about half the value detected in samples from normal adults. In agreement with the results observed in man, the maturation of C occurs at an early stage of life in many other mammals.", "contents": "Human complement: onset and site of synthesis during fetal life. The site and onset of synthesis of the various components of complement (C), in man and other mammals, has been studied by incubating fetal tissues in media containing labelled amino acid, and by the analysis of the culture fluids for the presence of newly synthesised proteins. Another useful approach has been that of detecting genetic variants of single components in pairs of maternal and fetal samples. These investigations have shown that all components of human C are produced at an early stage of fetal development and that, in cord blood, the mean level of most components is about half the value detected in samples from normal adults. In agreement with the results observed in man, the maturation of C occurs at an early stage of life in many other mammals.", "PMID": 409281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5031", "title": "Differences between sexes in the nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis.", "content": "Nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis was investigated among male and female students sharing similar occupational and living environments at the U.S. Naval Hospital Corps School, Great Lakes, Illinois, in 1972-1973. When students beginning the study without meningococcal carriage were evaluated, meningococcal acquisition, weekly carrier prevalence, number of different serogroups carried, proportion of serogroup Y carriers, and average duration of group Y carriage were approximately equal for each sex. In this comparable group of men and women, there was no evidence of differences in meningococcal carriage associated solely with the sex of the host.", "contents": "Differences between sexes in the nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis was investigated among male and female students sharing similar occupational and living environments at the U.S. Naval Hospital Corps School, Great Lakes, Illinois, in 1972-1973. When students beginning the study without meningococcal carriage were evaluated, meningococcal acquisition, weekly carrier prevalence, number of different serogroups carried, proportion of serogroup Y carriers, and average duration of group Y carriage were approximately equal for each sex. In this comparable group of men and women, there was no evidence of differences in meningococcal carriage associated solely with the sex of the host.", "PMID": 409282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5032", "title": "X-linked Hunter syndrome: the heterozygous phenotype in cell culture.", "content": "Fibroblast cultures derived from the skin of three Hunter heterozygotes have been examined for iduronate sulfatase deficiency primarily by measurement of [35S]-mucopolysaccharide accumulation in the presence and absence of Hunter corrective factor. For each heterozygote, two populations of clones were observed: normal and enzyme deficient, as predicted by the Lyon hypothesis. However, the phenotype of the uncloned cultures was usually normal, presumably because of cross-correction, even after storage in liquid N2. Mixing experiments indicate that the presence of a majority of cells with the Hunter phenotype may be obscured as the result of correction by the minority population of normal cells in the mixture. Variability in the ability to cross-correct was also demonstrated. The unpredictable behavior of uncloned cultures make them unsuitable for diagnosing the Hunter carrier state.", "contents": "X-linked Hunter syndrome: the heterozygous phenotype in cell culture. Fibroblast cultures derived from the skin of three Hunter heterozygotes have been examined for iduronate sulfatase deficiency primarily by measurement of [35S]-mucopolysaccharide accumulation in the presence and absence of Hunter corrective factor. For each heterozygote, two populations of clones were observed: normal and enzyme deficient, as predicted by the Lyon hypothesis. However, the phenotype of the uncloned cultures was usually normal, presumably because of cross-correction, even after storage in liquid N2. Mixing experiments indicate that the presence of a majority of cells with the Hunter phenotype may be obscured as the result of correction by the minority population of normal cells in the mixture. Variability in the ability to cross-correct was also demonstrated. The unpredictable behavior of uncloned cultures make them unsuitable for diagnosing the Hunter carrier state.", "PMID": 409283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5033", "title": "The Hunter syndrome in females: is there an autosomal recessive form of iduronate sulfatase deficiency?", "content": "Profound iduronate sulfatase deficiency, characteristic of the Hunter syndrome, has been found in cultured fibroblasts, serum, lymphocytes, and tissues of two clinically affected girls. The patients are karyotypically normal and have normal fathers; cloning of the mothers' fibroblasts did not reveal the mosaicism expected of carriers of an X-linked disease. Homozygosity for a previously unsuspected autosomal recessive gene for iduronate sulfatase is considered the most likely explanation, although heterozygosity for the X-linked gene and subsequent selection cannot be completely excluded.", "contents": "The Hunter syndrome in females: is there an autosomal recessive form of iduronate sulfatase deficiency? Profound iduronate sulfatase deficiency, characteristic of the Hunter syndrome, has been found in cultured fibroblasts, serum, lymphocytes, and tissues of two clinically affected girls. The patients are karyotypically normal and have normal fathers; cloning of the mothers' fibroblasts did not reveal the mosaicism expected of carriers of an X-linked disease. Homozygosity for a previously unsuspected autosomal recessive gene for iduronate sulfatase is considered the most likely explanation, although heterozygosity for the X-linked gene and subsequent selection cannot be completely excluded.", "PMID": 409284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5034", "title": "Immunochemical and biochemical investigation of hexosaminidase S.", "content": "Hexosaminidase S (HEX S), the residual isozyme found in tissues and body fluids of children with the O variant of GM2 gangliosidosis, was purified from tissues of variant individuals and biochemically and immunochemically characterized. This enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 103,000 with an isoelectric point of 4.2, is heat labile to the same extent as HEX A, and loses most of its activity following heating for 30 min at 50 degrees C. HEX S reacts immunologically with the antisera against either HEX A or B, but the reaction is considerably stronger with the anti-A serum or with antibody preparations which react exclusively with the A isozyme. Results obtained by a radioimmunoassay using the various antisera indicated that there is no antigenically cross reacting material which lacks enzymatic activity in the variant tissues. These findings are in accord with a suggested molecular structure of two subunits, each composed of two alpha chains (alpha2 alpha2) for HEX S; it also implies that alpha and beta chains have some structural similarity which is manifested in antigenic cross-reactivity.", "contents": "Immunochemical and biochemical investigation of hexosaminidase S. Hexosaminidase S (HEX S), the residual isozyme found in tissues and body fluids of children with the O variant of GM2 gangliosidosis, was purified from tissues of variant individuals and biochemically and immunochemically characterized. This enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 103,000 with an isoelectric point of 4.2, is heat labile to the same extent as HEX A, and loses most of its activity following heating for 30 min at 50 degrees C. HEX S reacts immunologically with the antisera against either HEX A or B, but the reaction is considerably stronger with the anti-A serum or with antibody preparations which react exclusively with the A isozyme. Results obtained by a radioimmunoassay using the various antisera indicated that there is no antigenically cross reacting material which lacks enzymatic activity in the variant tissues. These findings are in accord with a suggested molecular structure of two subunits, each composed of two alpha chains (alpha2 alpha2) for HEX S; it also implies that alpha and beta chains have some structural similarity which is manifested in antigenic cross-reactivity.", "PMID": 409285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5035", "title": "Hypothyroidism and amenorrhea due to hypothalamic insufficiency. A study in four young women.", "content": "Four women, aged 17 to 23, were evaluated for secondary amenorrhea of 12 to 36 months' duration. All were considered to have hypothalamic hypothyroidism on the basis of low thyroxine (T4) concentrations, inappropriately low thyrotropin (TSH) levels, with a normal TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, 500 microgram intravenously) in three, and absence of a pituitary lesion. Nevertheless, menses did not resume after adequate replacement with thyroid hormone. Investigation of the pituitary-gonadal axis revealed a normal increase in both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) following the intravenous administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Three subjects received clomiphene citrate, 100 mg/day for five days, but a normal menstrual cycle was not induced. It is concluded that the amenorrhea was not due to thyroid hormone deficiency but, like the hypothyroidism, to a hypothalamic abnormality involving secretion of the appropriate releasing hormone.", "contents": "Hypothyroidism and amenorrhea due to hypothalamic insufficiency. A study in four young women. Four women, aged 17 to 23, were evaluated for secondary amenorrhea of 12 to 36 months' duration. All were considered to have hypothalamic hypothyroidism on the basis of low thyroxine (T4) concentrations, inappropriately low thyrotropin (TSH) levels, with a normal TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, 500 microgram intravenously) in three, and absence of a pituitary lesion. Nevertheless, menses did not resume after adequate replacement with thyroid hormone. Investigation of the pituitary-gonadal axis revealed a normal increase in both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) following the intravenous administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Three subjects received clomiphene citrate, 100 mg/day for five days, but a normal menstrual cycle was not induced. It is concluded that the amenorrhea was not due to thyroid hormone deficiency but, like the hypothyroidism, to a hypothalamic abnormality involving secretion of the appropriate releasing hormone.", "PMID": 409287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5036", "title": "Primary hypothyroidism and galactorrhea.", "content": "Ten of 16 women with primary hypothyroidism and high thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations had high serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations. A positive correlation was observed between the basal TSH and PRL levels in the hypothyroid patients. Five of these patients complained of persistent galactorrhea after delivery. After treatment with triiodothyronine (T3), the elevated TSH and PRL levels fell to within normal ranges, and the galactorrhea disappeared. It is suggested that the elevated serum PRL levels of patients with primary hypothyroidism are mediated by feedback-induced thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) secretion or an enhanced response to endogenous TRH, and that the combination of delivery and the PRL excess may induce persistent galactorrhea in patients with primary hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Primary hypothyroidism and galactorrhea. Ten of 16 women with primary hypothyroidism and high thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations had high serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations. A positive correlation was observed between the basal TSH and PRL levels in the hypothyroid patients. Five of these patients complained of persistent galactorrhea after delivery. After treatment with triiodothyronine (T3), the elevated TSH and PRL levels fell to within normal ranges, and the galactorrhea disappeared. It is suggested that the elevated serum PRL levels of patients with primary hypothyroidism are mediated by feedback-induced thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) secretion or an enhanced response to endogenous TRH, and that the combination of delivery and the PRL excess may induce persistent galactorrhea in patients with primary hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 409288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5037", "title": "The modulating effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on lymphocyte blastogenesis.", "content": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) produced by fetal trophoblastic cells was suggested to play a role in the suppression of maternal lymphocyte response against the fetal allograft. Reports supporting this concept have demonstrated a suppressive effect of crude HCG on lymphocyte blastogenesis. However, similar doses of purified hormone preparations were unable to inhibit lymphocyte stimulation with mitogens. A modulating influence of phenol-free and immunoglobulin-free HCG preparation on lymphocyte blastogenesis is presented. Enhanced lymphocyte stimulation with various mitogens occurred in cultures supplemented with HCG at low doses. On the other hand, higher hormone concentration exerted an inhibitory effect on lymphocyte blastogenesis. An increase in lymphoid cell concentrations was demonostrated in cultures supplemented with the hormone preparation. These observations are compatible with the suggested role of HCG in the maternal tolerance toward a histoincompatible fetus.", "contents": "The modulating effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on lymphocyte blastogenesis. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) produced by fetal trophoblastic cells was suggested to play a role in the suppression of maternal lymphocyte response against the fetal allograft. Reports supporting this concept have demonstrated a suppressive effect of crude HCG on lymphocyte blastogenesis. However, similar doses of purified hormone preparations were unable to inhibit lymphocyte stimulation with mitogens. A modulating influence of phenol-free and immunoglobulin-free HCG preparation on lymphocyte blastogenesis is presented. Enhanced lymphocyte stimulation with various mitogens occurred in cultures supplemented with HCG at low doses. On the other hand, higher hormone concentration exerted an inhibitory effect on lymphocyte blastogenesis. An increase in lymphoid cell concentrations was demonostrated in cultures supplemented with the hormone preparation. These observations are compatible with the suggested role of HCG in the maternal tolerance toward a histoincompatible fetus.", "PMID": 409289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5038", "title": "Elective hysterectomy.", "content": "Hysterectomy is the most frequently performed major operation. Its frequency is increasing due to greater use of elective indications such as uterine cancer prophylaxis, contraception, and menopausal problems. The effects of elective simple hysterectomy are evaluated in terms of morbidity and mortality rates and costs. Among 35-year-old women operated upon, the average over-all gain in life expectancy is only 0.2 years. This is due to the saving of 1.3 per cent of women who would have died from cancer of the cervix or endometrium; they gained 14.3 years of life. In addition, 3 per cent of women are spared the development of and treatment for these two conditions. All women operated upon would be relieved of some undesirable aspects of the menopausal years such as irregular uterine bleeding. There are also economic gains. However, the operation has adverse health effects which could offset any gains from cancer prevention. In addition, each year of life saved would cost about $12,800 and most of the added years would be lived in old age. Delaying the operation to age 45 and including oophorectomy would result in a lower cost per year of life saved-about $9,800-but the risk of adverse health effects probably would be increased very much. Cancer prophylaxis cannot justify elective hysterectomy; we cannot assess whether quality-of-life considerations do.", "contents": "Elective hysterectomy. Hysterectomy is the most frequently performed major operation. Its frequency is increasing due to greater use of elective indications such as uterine cancer prophylaxis, contraception, and menopausal problems. The effects of elective simple hysterectomy are evaluated in terms of morbidity and mortality rates and costs. Among 35-year-old women operated upon, the average over-all gain in life expectancy is only 0.2 years. This is due to the saving of 1.3 per cent of women who would have died from cancer of the cervix or endometrium; they gained 14.3 years of life. In addition, 3 per cent of women are spared the development of and treatment for these two conditions. All women operated upon would be relieved of some undesirable aspects of the menopausal years such as irregular uterine bleeding. There are also economic gains. However, the operation has adverse health effects which could offset any gains from cancer prevention. In addition, each year of life saved would cost about $12,800 and most of the added years would be lived in old age. Delaying the operation to age 45 and including oophorectomy would result in a lower cost per year of life saved-about $9,800-but the risk of adverse health effects probably would be increased very much. Cancer prophylaxis cannot justify elective hysterectomy; we cannot assess whether quality-of-life considerations do.", "PMID": 409291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5039", "title": "Immunologic studies on the cystic effusions of ovarian epithelial neoplasms.", "content": "Cystic effusions from 12 epithelial tumors of the ovary and pooled normal ovarian tissue were studied by immunodiffusion for the presence of immunoglobulins G (IgG), M (IgM), and A (IgA) and free secretory component (FSC). In pooled normal ovarian tissue, IgG was the only immunoglobulin detected. In the neoplastic samples studied, IgG was detected in each of the 12 samples (100%), IgM was found in 10 of the 12 samples (83%), and IgA was detected in 11 of the 12 samples (92%). There was no discernible correlation between the immunoglobulins detected and the composition of the effusions or the pathologic classification of the tumors. FSC was detected in all mucinous samples studied, malignant as well as benign. This substance was not detected in any of the nonmucinous samples or in pooled normal ovarian tissue. The data suggest a correlation between the presence of FSC and the mucinous composition of the tumor effusion. Possible use of FSC assays in the study of mucinous tumors of the ovary is discussed.", "contents": "Immunologic studies on the cystic effusions of ovarian epithelial neoplasms. Cystic effusions from 12 epithelial tumors of the ovary and pooled normal ovarian tissue were studied by immunodiffusion for the presence of immunoglobulins G (IgG), M (IgM), and A (IgA) and free secretory component (FSC). In pooled normal ovarian tissue, IgG was the only immunoglobulin detected. In the neoplastic samples studied, IgG was detected in each of the 12 samples (100%), IgM was found in 10 of the 12 samples (83%), and IgA was detected in 11 of the 12 samples (92%). There was no discernible correlation between the immunoglobulins detected and the composition of the effusions or the pathologic classification of the tumors. FSC was detected in all mucinous samples studied, malignant as well as benign. This substance was not detected in any of the nonmucinous samples or in pooled normal ovarian tissue. The data suggest a correlation between the presence of FSC and the mucinous composition of the tumor effusion. Possible use of FSC assays in the study of mucinous tumors of the ovary is discussed.", "PMID": 409292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5040", "title": "Pseudomonas-induced corneal ulcers associated with contaminated eye mascaras.", "content": "Seven Pseudomonas-induced corneal ulcers were associated with the use of four brands of mascara contaminated with P. aeruginosa. In laboratory studies, preservative systems of three of the four brands were inadequate in comparison with a control mascara of known antimicrobial activity. If the corneal epithelium is scratched during the application of mascara, particularly if the applicator is old, the cornea should be treated immediately and the mascara cultured to detect Pseudomonas. The high incidence of recurrent corneal ulceration in cases of Pseudomonas-induced keratitis indicates that initial chemotherapy should be intensive and maintained until the lesion stabilizes.", "contents": "Pseudomonas-induced corneal ulcers associated with contaminated eye mascaras. Seven Pseudomonas-induced corneal ulcers were associated with the use of four brands of mascara contaminated with P. aeruginosa. In laboratory studies, preservative systems of three of the four brands were inadequate in comparison with a control mascara of known antimicrobial activity. If the corneal epithelium is scratched during the application of mascara, particularly if the applicator is old, the cornea should be treated immediately and the mascara cultured to detect Pseudomonas. The high incidence of recurrent corneal ulceration in cases of Pseudomonas-induced keratitis indicates that initial chemotherapy should be intensive and maintained until the lesion stabilizes.", "PMID": 409295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5041", "title": "The effect of photocoagulation on the choroidal vasculature and retinal oxygen tension.", "content": "Light microscopy and latex-pigment injection of rhesus monkey eyes studied at varying times after retinal laser and xenon photocoagulation of varying intensity showed that the choriocapillaris was obliterated by a wide range of intensities but that the choroidal arteries and veins remained open. Retinal oxygen tensions acutely increased over the lesion but later subsided to normal. Multiple treatment sessions several days apart may reduce the risk of hemorrhage associated with hypermia secondary to photocoagulation.", "contents": "The effect of photocoagulation on the choroidal vasculature and retinal oxygen tension. Light microscopy and latex-pigment injection of rhesus monkey eyes studied at varying times after retinal laser and xenon photocoagulation of varying intensity showed that the choriocapillaris was obliterated by a wide range of intensities but that the choroidal arteries and veins remained open. Retinal oxygen tensions acutely increased over the lesion but later subsided to normal. Multiple treatment sessions several days apart may reduce the risk of hemorrhage associated with hypermia secondary to photocoagulation.", "PMID": 409296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5042", "title": "Experimental intraocular penetration of dacarbazine.", "content": "Radioactive carbon (14C)-labeled dacarbazine was used to trace penetration of the drug to the eye after intravenous and subtenon-retrobulbar injection on experimental animals. After subtenonretrobulbar injection of 1 or 2.5 mg of commercial dacarbazine twice daily for two weeks, there were no clinical changes. However, doses of 5 to 7.5 mg per injection produced destructive chorioretinitis, and a proliferative type of retinopathy was confirmed histopathologically.", "contents": "Experimental intraocular penetration of dacarbazine. Radioactive carbon (14C)-labeled dacarbazine was used to trace penetration of the drug to the eye after intravenous and subtenon-retrobulbar injection on experimental animals. After subtenonretrobulbar injection of 1 or 2.5 mg of commercial dacarbazine twice daily for two weeks, there were no clinical changes. However, doses of 5 to 7.5 mg per injection produced destructive chorioretinitis, and a proliferative type of retinopathy was confirmed histopathologically.", "PMID": 409297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5043", "title": "The effect of systolic hypertension on rhesus monkey eyes after ocular sympathectomy.", "content": "Systolic hypertension was induced in rhesus monkeys by obstructing the thoracic aorta and by ocular sympathectomy obtained with the retrobulbar injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. During the late phase of fluorescein angiography, fluorescein leaked from the choroidal circulation into the retina. The retinal vessels did not leak fluorescein. The effect was not permanent since fluorescein did not leak into the retina after the blood pressure returned to normal.", "contents": "The effect of systolic hypertension on rhesus monkey eyes after ocular sympathectomy. Systolic hypertension was induced in rhesus monkeys by obstructing the thoracic aorta and by ocular sympathectomy obtained with the retrobulbar injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. During the late phase of fluorescein angiography, fluorescein leaked from the choroidal circulation into the retina. The retinal vessels did not leak fluorescein. The effect was not permanent since fluorescein did not leak into the retina after the blood pressure returned to normal.", "PMID": 409298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5044", "title": "Glial cell proliferation in human retinal detachment with massive periretinal proliferation.", "content": "By transmission electron microscopy we studied 38 epiretinal membranes obtained from human eyes by vitrectomy operation in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Two of the membranes were composed of closely packed glial cell processes. The cytoplasm of the glial cell processes in both membranes contained little besides loosely packed filaments and microtubules. Microvilli protruded from the cells at the vitreal surface of one of the membranes. Junctional complexes were present between the cells only at the vitreal surface. In the other glial membrane, microvilli extended into a duct-like structure with junctional complexes sealing the lumen. A discontinuous basal lamina was laid down by cell processes at the retinal side of the membranes. Similar glial membranes, formed by migration and proliferation of astrocytes from the retina, were seen in owl monkeys with experimental and naturally occurring retinal detachment. A new epiretinal membrane (reformed in one of the eyes from which a dense glial membrane had been removed three weeks previously), was composed primarily of single large cells with extensively developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. The new cells were surrounded by collagen, fine fibrillar material, and fibrin. The new membrane also contained free pigment granules and pigment-containing macrophages. Additionally, we observed spicule-like crystals between the cells in the glial membrane specimens, identified as calcium phosphates by energy-dispersive x-ray analysis.", "contents": "Glial cell proliferation in human retinal detachment with massive periretinal proliferation. By transmission electron microscopy we studied 38 epiretinal membranes obtained from human eyes by vitrectomy operation in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Two of the membranes were composed of closely packed glial cell processes. The cytoplasm of the glial cell processes in both membranes contained little besides loosely packed filaments and microtubules. Microvilli protruded from the cells at the vitreal surface of one of the membranes. Junctional complexes were present between the cells only at the vitreal surface. In the other glial membrane, microvilli extended into a duct-like structure with junctional complexes sealing the lumen. A discontinuous basal lamina was laid down by cell processes at the retinal side of the membranes. Similar glial membranes, formed by migration and proliferation of astrocytes from the retina, were seen in owl monkeys with experimental and naturally occurring retinal detachment. A new epiretinal membrane (reformed in one of the eyes from which a dense glial membrane had been removed three weeks previously), was composed primarily of single large cells with extensively developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. The new cells were surrounded by collagen, fine fibrillar material, and fibrin. The new membrane also contained free pigment granules and pigment-containing macrophages. Additionally, we observed spicule-like crystals between the cells in the glial membrane specimens, identified as calcium phosphates by energy-dispersive x-ray analysis.", "PMID": 409299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5045", "title": "On the safety of long-term treatment with lithium.", "content": "Thirteen patients with bipolar affective illness who had received lithium therapy for 1-5 years were tested retrospectively for evidence of cortical dysfunction. Data on patients younger than 55 show no abnormalities on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery and suggest that chronic lithium therapy is relatively safe. Significantly elevated Halstead Impairment indexes were observed among elderly patients, but these data are difficult to interpret.", "contents": "On the safety of long-term treatment with lithium. Thirteen patients with bipolar affective illness who had received lithium therapy for 1-5 years were tested retrospectively for evidence of cortical dysfunction. Data on patients younger than 55 show no abnormalities on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery and suggest that chronic lithium therapy is relatively safe. Significantly elevated Halstead Impairment indexes were observed among elderly patients, but these data are difficult to interpret.", "PMID": 409300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5046", "title": "Pituitary thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in affective illness: relationship to spinal fluid amine metabolites.", "content": "The authors studied pituitary thyrotropin, i.e., thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in patients with primary affective disorder. There were no overall differences between either depressed or manic patients and normal controls; however, the TSH response was significantly lower in the unipolar depressed patients than in either bipolar depressed patients or normal subjects. Bipolar patients in the manic phase tended to have a lower response than bipolar depressed patients. In the unipolar group, the TSH response showed a significant negative correlation with the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the CSF. These neuroendocrine responses may constitute markers of specific monoamine dysfunction in subgroups of patients with affective illness.", "contents": "Pituitary thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in affective illness: relationship to spinal fluid amine metabolites. The authors studied pituitary thyrotropin, i.e., thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in patients with primary affective disorder. There were no overall differences between either depressed or manic patients and normal controls; however, the TSH response was significantly lower in the unipolar depressed patients than in either bipolar depressed patients or normal subjects. Bipolar patients in the manic phase tended to have a lower response than bipolar depressed patients. In the unipolar group, the TSH response showed a significant negative correlation with the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the CSF. These neuroendocrine responses may constitute markers of specific monoamine dysfunction in subgroups of patients with affective illness.", "PMID": 409301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5047", "title": "Tardive dyskinesia in young adults.", "content": "The authors describe two cases of tardive dyskinesia in which severe axial dystonia and intense facial grimacing produced marked discomfort as well as social and physical disability. Both patients experienced the onset of psychiatric symptoms as young adults, showed a prompt response to antipsychotic drug therapy, and were subsequently left on maintenance treatment for indefinite periods. The severity of this frequently irreversible and disabling condition warrants careful consideration in the use of long-term antipsychotic drug treatment in the young psychiatric outpatient population.", "contents": "Tardive dyskinesia in young adults. The authors describe two cases of tardive dyskinesia in which severe axial dystonia and intense facial grimacing produced marked discomfort as well as social and physical disability. Both patients experienced the onset of psychiatric symptoms as young adults, showed a prompt response to antipsychotic drug therapy, and were subsequently left on maintenance treatment for indefinite periods. The severity of this frequently irreversible and disabling condition warrants careful consideration in the use of long-term antipsychotic drug treatment in the young psychiatric outpatient population.", "PMID": 409302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5048", "title": "Pediatric nurse associates in a large official health agency: their education, training, productivity, and cost.", "content": "During 1974, 29 pediatric nurse associates and 15 pediatric nurse associate trainees worked in the child health care system of the New York City Department of Health. All of these nurse associates, formerly public health nurses from the Department of Health, were trained in a one-year, intensive, closely supervised didactic and clinical course. Within the child health units the nurse associates  assumed clinical roles in the care of well and sick preschool children according to the written guidelines and protocols of the Department. In addition, they continued to function in the traditional role of the public health nurse for their own patients, rendering counseling, referral, and follow-up services as indicated. Physicians acted as consultants to the pediatric nurse associates. Comparisons are made between pediatric nurse associate-physician staff versus public health nurse-physician staff in terms of productivity and cost.", "contents": "Pediatric nurse associates in a large official health agency: their education, training, productivity, and cost. During 1974, 29 pediatric nurse associates and 15 pediatric nurse associate trainees worked in the child health care system of the New York City Department of Health. All of these nurse associates, formerly public health nurses from the Department of Health, were trained in a one-year, intensive, closely supervised didactic and clinical course. Within the child health units the nurse associates  assumed clinical roles in the care of well and sick preschool children according to the written guidelines and protocols of the Department. In addition, they continued to function in the traditional role of the public health nurse for their own patients, rendering counseling, referral, and follow-up services as indicated. Physicians acted as consultants to the pediatric nurse associates. Comparisons are made between pediatric nurse associate-physician staff versus public health nurse-physician staff in terms of productivity and cost.", "PMID": 409303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5049", "title": "Life support systems in intensive care: a review of history, ethics, cost, benefit and rational use.", "content": "This paper outlines the development of life support systems, i.e. artificial support systems for failing essential organs such as heart, lungs, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. The current status of organ support is discussed, particularly in relation to intensive care units. Ethical problems posed by the availability of these systems are presented, cost and cost/benefit ratios are discussed, and proposals are made for the rational use of life support systems in the intensive care situation.", "contents": "Life support systems in intensive care: a review of history, ethics, cost, benefit and rational use. This paper outlines the development of life support systems, i.e. artificial support systems for failing essential organs such as heart, lungs, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. The current status of organ support is discussed, particularly in relation to intensive care units. Ethical problems posed by the availability of these systems are presented, cost and cost/benefit ratios are discussed, and proposals are made for the rational use of life support systems in the intensive care situation.", "PMID": 409306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5050", "title": "An electron microscope study of the perfusion-fixed spleen. II. Fine structure of the sinus lining cells with respect to filamentous structures in monkey spleens.", "content": "In the perfusion-fixed spleen of monkey (Macaca mulatta) were studied with the electron microscope the cytoplasmatic structures of the sinus lining cells. The particular interest find the contractile filaments in this cells, which are important for the cell contraction. The connections to the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum are very strong as in the muscle fiber or muscle cell.", "contents": "An electron microscope study of the perfusion-fixed spleen. II. Fine structure of the sinus lining cells with respect to filamentous structures in monkey spleens. In the perfusion-fixed spleen of monkey (Macaca mulatta) were studied with the electron microscope the cytoplasmatic structures of the sinus lining cells. The particular interest find the contractile filaments in this cells, which are important for the cell contraction. The connections to the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum are very strong as in the muscle fiber or muscle cell.", "PMID": 409310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5051", "title": "Sperm/egg interaction: the specificity of human spermatozoa.", "content": "Human spermatozoa display unusually limited affinities in their interaction with oocytes of other species. They adhered to and, when capacitated, penetrated the vestments of the oocyte of an ape--the gibbon, Hylobates lar--both in vivo and in vitro. On the other hand, human spermatozoa would not even attach to the zona surface of sub-hominoid primate (baboon, rhesus monkey, squirrel monkey), nor to the non-primate eutherian oocytes tested. Among the apes the gibbon stands furthest from man. Thus, although the specificity of human spermatozoa is not confined to man alone, it probably is restricted to the Hominoidea. This study also suggests that the evolution of man and perhaps the other hominids has been accompanied by a restrictive change in the nature of the sperm surface which has limited and made more specific the complementary surface to which their spermatozoa may adhere. For the failure of human spermatozoa to attach to the zona surface of all non-hominoid oocytes stands in contrast to the behaviour of spermatozoa of the several other mammals studied which, in most combinations, adhered readily to foreign oocytes, including those of man. Taxonomically, the demonstration of a compatibility between the gametes of man and gibbon, not shared with cercopithecids, constitutes further evidence for inclusion of the Hylobatidae within the Hominoidea.", "contents": "Sperm/egg interaction: the specificity of human spermatozoa. Human spermatozoa display unusually limited affinities in their interaction with oocytes of other species. They adhered to and, when capacitated, penetrated the vestments of the oocyte of an ape--the gibbon, Hylobates lar--both in vivo and in vitro. On the other hand, human spermatozoa would not even attach to the zona surface of sub-hominoid primate (baboon, rhesus monkey, squirrel monkey), nor to the non-primate eutherian oocytes tested. Among the apes the gibbon stands furthest from man. Thus, although the specificity of human spermatozoa is not confined to man alone, it probably is restricted to the Hominoidea. This study also suggests that the evolution of man and perhaps the other hominids has been accompanied by a restrictive change in the nature of the sperm surface which has limited and made more specific the complementary surface to which their spermatozoa may adhere. For the failure of human spermatozoa to attach to the zona surface of all non-hominoid oocytes stands in contrast to the behaviour of spermatozoa of the several other mammals studied which, in most combinations, adhered readily to foreign oocytes, including those of man. Taxonomically, the demonstration of a compatibility between the gametes of man and gibbon, not shared with cercopithecids, constitutes further evidence for inclusion of the Hylobatidae within the Hominoidea.", "PMID": 409311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5052", "title": "Treatment of chronic perennial allergic rhinitis: a double-blind trial of cromolyn sodium.", "content": "In a double-blind, crossover study to determine the efficacy of cromolyn sodium in chronic perennial allergic rhinitis five of 12 patients with significant sneezing problems and four of 12 patients with significant rhinorrhea showed major improvement after a four-week course of the drug. Nasal eosinophils disappeared in five of six patients after a course of cromolyn sodium.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic perennial allergic rhinitis: a double-blind trial of cromolyn sodium. In a double-blind, crossover study to determine the efficacy of cromolyn sodium in chronic perennial allergic rhinitis five of 12 patients with significant sneezing problems and four of 12 patients with significant rhinorrhea showed major improvement after a four-week course of the drug. Nasal eosinophils disappeared in five of six patients after a course of cromolyn sodium.", "PMID": 409315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5053", "title": "[Fast immunochemical assay of proteins with Gemsaec centrifugal analyser. Application to serum transferrin and IgA assay].", "content": "An automated method for measurement of specific proteins on a centrifugal analyser is reported. Based on the immunoprecipitin turbidimetric reaction enhanced by polyethylene-glycol, the technique, simple and fast, gives precise and accurate results with following cautions: the antigen and antibody concentrations must be carefully chosen according to defined specific antiserum, and two dilutions of each serum sample must be assayed to control quite satisfactory determination and exhibit any antigen excess error. Large series of serum transferrin and IgA assays were studied and compared with radial immunodiffusion and continuous-flow immunonephelometric method: good correlations prove the value of the reported method.", "contents": "[Fast immunochemical assay of proteins with Gemsaec centrifugal analyser. Application to serum transferrin and IgA assay]. An automated method for measurement of specific proteins on a centrifugal analyser is reported. Based on the immunoprecipitin turbidimetric reaction enhanced by polyethylene-glycol, the technique, simple and fast, gives precise and accurate results with following cautions: the antigen and antibody concentrations must be carefully chosen according to defined specific antiserum, and two dilutions of each serum sample must be assayed to control quite satisfactory determination and exhibit any antigen excess error. Large series of serum transferrin and IgA assays were studied and compared with radial immunodiffusion and continuous-flow immunonephelometric method: good correlations prove the value of the reported method.", "PMID": 409316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5054", "title": "[Protein assay by immunoprecipitation with Centrifichem centrifugal analyser].", "content": "The authors present an automatic technic of estimation of ten serum proteins (albumin, alpha-antitrypsin, orosomucoid, alpha-1-macroglobulin, haptoglobin, C'3 complement, transferrin, IgM, IgG, IgA) by immunoopacimetry on a Centrifichem centrifugal analyser. This technic is derived from an immunonephelometric method, with the following differences: --the use of two concentrations of polyethylene glycol permitting one to obtain for all proteins, a constant levelling-out of the reaction within 3 minutes; --by a first reading at 3 seconds avoiding the prior determination of blank reagents and sera; --by the use of two dilutions of serum permitting calculation of all concentrations. The results are reproducible and are satisfactory: 95% of the coefficients of variation are less than +/- 5% in the case of all the proteins. The correlation with IDR is good. The coefficients vary from 0.91 to 0.99.", "contents": "[Protein assay by immunoprecipitation with Centrifichem centrifugal analyser]. The authors present an automatic technic of estimation of ten serum proteins (albumin, alpha-antitrypsin, orosomucoid, alpha-1-macroglobulin, haptoglobin, C'3 complement, transferrin, IgM, IgG, IgA) by immunoopacimetry on a Centrifichem centrifugal analyser. This technic is derived from an immunonephelometric method, with the following differences: --the use of two concentrations of polyethylene glycol permitting one to obtain for all proteins, a constant levelling-out of the reaction within 3 minutes; --by a first reading at 3 seconds avoiding the prior determination of blank reagents and sera; --by the use of two dilutions of serum permitting calculation of all concentrations. The results are reproducible and are satisfactory: 95% of the coefficients of variation are less than +/- 5% in the case of all the proteins. The correlation with IDR is good. The coefficients vary from 0.91 to 0.99.", "PMID": 409317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5055", "title": "[Meningitis due to \"Listeria monocytogenes\": small postnatal outbreak (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of \"Listeria monocytogenes\" serotype 4 neonatal meningitis are reported. In all, the study of maternal antecedents and the circumstances of their outcome as small epidemy suggest a raisonable evidence that postnatal contamination within the early twenty-four hours of life happened. A proper treatment succeded in complete healing without sequelae in all cases.", "contents": "[Meningitis due to \"Listeria monocytogenes\": small postnatal outbreak (author's transl)]. Four cases of \"Listeria monocytogenes\" serotype 4 neonatal meningitis are reported. In all, the study of maternal antecedents and the circumstances of their outcome as small epidemy suggest a raisonable evidence that postnatal contamination within the early twenty-four hours of life happened. A proper treatment succeded in complete healing without sequelae in all cases.", "PMID": 409322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5056", "title": "Association of ocular, cervical, and cardiac malformations.", "content": "Association of ocular, cervical, and cardiac anomalies is discussed. A case with severe congenital heart disease, unusual Duane's retraction syndrome, classified here as atypical typical, and Klippel-Feil anomaly is described. To alert the physicians to such an association of congenital malformations and for nosological purposes this entity may be called oculo-cervico-cardiac syndrome. Importance of the association of heart and eye abnormalities is stressed and syndromes with associated ocular and cardiac anomalies are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Association of ocular, cervical, and cardiac malformations. Association of ocular, cervical, and cardiac anomalies is discussed. A case with severe congenital heart disease, unusual Duane's retraction syndrome, classified here as atypical typical, and Klippel-Feil anomaly is described. To alert the physicians to such an association of congenital malformations and for nosological purposes this entity may be called oculo-cervico-cardiac syndrome. Importance of the association of heart and eye abnormalities is stressed and syndromes with associated ocular and cardiac anomalies are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 409324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5057", "title": "The use of fluorescein angiography to study oxygen toxicity.", "content": "This study was designed to test whether oxygen toxicity results in retinal damage that could be documented by the technique of fluorescein angiography. Three squirrel monkeys lived in 100% oxygen environments for periods ranging from 50 to 117 hours. Two of the monkeys incurred damage as evidenced by early multifocal leakage and subsequent accumulation of dye in the retina. All monkeys survived the exposures and were followed for several weeks thereafter. The pathology appeared to be reversible since later angiograms were either normal, or approaching normality, when the animals were sacrificed. Subsequent histopathologic examination revealed no abnormalities.", "contents": "The use of fluorescein angiography to study oxygen toxicity. This study was designed to test whether oxygen toxicity results in retinal damage that could be documented by the technique of fluorescein angiography. Three squirrel monkeys lived in 100% oxygen environments for periods ranging from 50 to 117 hours. Two of the monkeys incurred damage as evidenced by early multifocal leakage and subsequent accumulation of dye in the retina. All monkeys survived the exposures and were followed for several weeks thereafter. The pathology appeared to be reversible since later angiograms were either normal, or approaching normality, when the animals were sacrificed. Subsequent histopathologic examination revealed no abnormalities.", "PMID": 409325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5058", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of \"Listeria monocytogenes\" bacteriophages (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen L. monocytogenes phages are isolated from lysogenic strains without induction and are selected for phage-typing. Four of these phages are produced by strains belonging to serotype 1/2a and 1/2b, eight by strains 4b and three other phages respectively by strains 4ab, 4g and 3c. Electron micrographs of 5 of these phages show isometric heads with non contractile tails. They belong to morphological group B of Bradley. Rabbits are immunized with 7 bacteriophages and all the phages are studied by neutralization tests with these 7 antisera. This study seems complex nevertheless it is possible to distinguish four antigenic groups: A, B, C, and D. The lytic spectrum of each phage is usually restricted to strains of the serotype from which that phage is obtained. It appears that a good correlation exists between phage sensitivity and serological type of the strains. With this first set of fifteen phages, 159 of 214 (74,3%) strains of L. monocytogenes can be classified in more than 21 types but it appears that some new phages obtained from strains of serotype 1/2 must be isolated in the future. Our data indicate that these phages can be used as a phage-typing scheme for L. monocytogenes.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of \"Listeria monocytogenes\" bacteriophages (author's transl)]. Fifteen L. monocytogenes phages are isolated from lysogenic strains without induction and are selected for phage-typing. Four of these phages are produced by strains belonging to serotype 1/2a and 1/2b, eight by strains 4b and three other phages respectively by strains 4ab, 4g and 3c. Electron micrographs of 5 of these phages show isometric heads with non contractile tails. They belong to morphological group B of Bradley. Rabbits are immunized with 7 bacteriophages and all the phages are studied by neutralization tests with these 7 antisera. This study seems complex nevertheless it is possible to distinguish four antigenic groups: A, B, C, and D. The lytic spectrum of each phage is usually restricted to strains of the serotype from which that phage is obtained. It appears that a good correlation exists between phage sensitivity and serological type of the strains. With this first set of fifteen phages, 159 of 214 (74,3%) strains of L. monocytogenes can be classified in more than 21 types but it appears that some new phages obtained from strains of serotype 1/2 must be isolated in the future. Our data indicate that these phages can be used as a phage-typing scheme for L. monocytogenes.", "PMID": 409323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5059", "title": "Destaining effects of immersion oils on Giemsa-stained chromosomes (R-bands).", "content": "In 24-48 hours, immersion oils without PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) destroy Giemsa-stained chromosomes (R-bands) on uncovered slides. We can recommend yellow paraffin oil as immersion oil. It has a preserving effect on the chromosomes like immersion oils containing PCB.", "contents": "Destaining effects of immersion oils on Giemsa-stained chromosomes (R-bands). In 24-48 hours, immersion oils without PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) destroy Giemsa-stained chromosomes (R-bands) on uncovered slides. We can recommend yellow paraffin oil as immersion oil. It has a preserving effect on the chromosomes like immersion oils containing PCB.", "PMID": 409334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5060", "title": "[GH secretion induced by continuous infusion of insulin (4 u/hour) in 9 insulin treated adult diabetics before and after CB 154 (2.5 mg/24 h) (author's transl)].", "content": "Continuous infusion of insulin (4 u/h) was performed in 9 insulin treated adult diabetics before and after CB 154 (2.5 mg/24 h). In 4 patients GH secretion do not exist under insulin infusion before CB 154 in spite of mean blood glucose level decrease of 1.5 g/l. In the same group GH secretion appears after CB 154. In the 5 others patients CH secretion is induced by blood glucose level decrease and became higher after CB 154.", "contents": "[GH secretion induced by continuous infusion of insulin (4 u/hour) in 9 insulin treated adult diabetics before and after CB 154 (2.5 mg/24 h) (author's transl)]. Continuous infusion of insulin (4 u/h) was performed in 9 insulin treated adult diabetics before and after CB 154 (2.5 mg/24 h). In 4 patients GH secretion do not exist under insulin infusion before CB 154 in spite of mean blood glucose level decrease of 1.5 g/l. In the same group GH secretion appears after CB 154. In the 5 others patients CH secretion is induced by blood glucose level decrease and became higher after CB 154.", "PMID": 409333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5061", "title": "Neonatal endotoxin encephalopathy.", "content": "Telencephalic white matter of the neonatal kitten frequently contained diffuse astrogliosis or focal necrosis (sometimes including the thalamus and the caudate) following a single intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. No evidence for a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy was found. Telencephalic lesions in neonatal monkey and rabbit were also hemorrhagic. Enhanced karyorrhexis of glial nuclei was presented in the telencephalic white matter of the neonatal rat. In the kitten, a delay in the generation of macrophages and hypertrophic astrocytes occurs following transient neonatal endotoxemia. Marked weight loss and temperature fluctuation are prominent systemic effects. Large hemispheric cavitary lesions are not accompanied by obvious neurological deficits in the kitten.", "contents": "Neonatal endotoxin encephalopathy. Telencephalic white matter of the neonatal kitten frequently contained diffuse astrogliosis or focal necrosis (sometimes including the thalamus and the caudate) following a single intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. No evidence for a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy was found. Telencephalic lesions in neonatal monkey and rabbit were also hemorrhagic. Enhanced karyorrhexis of glial nuclei was presented in the telencephalic white matter of the neonatal rat. In the kitten, a delay in the generation of macrophages and hypertrophic astrocytes occurs following transient neonatal endotoxemia. Marked weight loss and temperature fluctuation are prominent systemic effects. Large hemispheric cavitary lesions are not accompanied by obvious neurological deficits in the kitten.", "PMID": 409336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5062", "title": "Immunoassay of enzymes.", "content": "Antisera against purified human placental alkaline phosphatase (PAP) and crystallized creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme from human skeletal muscle (MM) were raised in rabbits. The PAP antiserum was shown by radial immunodiffusion not to react with purified alkaline phosphatases from human liver and intestine, nor with the alkaline phosphatase in sera from patients with osteoblastic bone disease. CK antiserum also demonstrated no cross-reaction and was precipitated quantitatively by its homologous antisera. A \"rocket\" electroimmunoassay for PAP and CK is described. The method is simple, reproducible and uses small volumes of antiserum. The isoenzyme patterns were compared with those developed by several electrophoretic methods. These techniques share with other immunoassay the advantages of specificity for the antigen and enhance the quantitation of isoenzyme assays.", "contents": "Immunoassay of enzymes. Antisera against purified human placental alkaline phosphatase (PAP) and crystallized creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme from human skeletal muscle (MM) were raised in rabbits. The PAP antiserum was shown by radial immunodiffusion not to react with purified alkaline phosphatases from human liver and intestine, nor with the alkaline phosphatase in sera from patients with osteoblastic bone disease. CK antiserum also demonstrated no cross-reaction and was precipitated quantitatively by its homologous antisera. A \"rocket\" electroimmunoassay for PAP and CK is described. The method is simple, reproducible and uses small volumes of antiserum. The isoenzyme patterns were compared with those developed by several electrophoretic methods. These techniques share with other immunoassay the advantages of specificity for the antigen and enhance the quantitation of isoenzyme assays.", "PMID": 409331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5063", "title": "Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLED's) and nystagmus retractorius.", "content": "A 57-year-old diabetic woman presented with focal right-sided seizures and hyperglycemia. She later showed periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs), originating in the left hemisphere, which were temporally associated with nystagmus retractorius. It appears that the left hemisphere epileptiform activity diffusely excited brainstem structures via polysynaptic pathways to produce the nystagmus.", "contents": "Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLED's) and nystagmus retractorius. A 57-year-old diabetic woman presented with focal right-sided seizures and hyperglycemia. She later showed periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs), originating in the left hemisphere, which were temporally associated with nystagmus retractorius. It appears that the left hemisphere epileptiform activity diffusely excited brainstem structures via polysynaptic pathways to produce the nystagmus.", "PMID": 409337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5064", "title": "Antimicrobial activity of amine oxides: mode of action and structure-activity correlation.", "content": "The effect of N-alkyl derivatives of saturated heterocyclic amine oxides on the growth and metabolism of microorganisms has been studied. 4-Dodecylmorpholine-N-oxide inhibited the differentiation and growth of Bacillus cereus, of different species of filamentous fungi, and of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For vegetative cells, the effect of 4-dodecylmorpholine-N-oxide was lethal. Cells of S. cerevisiae, after interaction with 4-dodecylmorpholine-N-oxide, released intracellular K(+) and were unable to oxidize or ferment glucose. The functions of isolated yeast mitochondria were also impaired. 4-Dodecylmorpholine-N-oxide at growth-inhibiting concentrations induced rapid lysis of osmotically stabilized yeast protoplasts, with the rate of lysis a function of temperature and of amine oxide concentration. A study of the relationships between structure, antimicrobial activity, and cytolytic activity was made with a group of structurally different amine oxides involving a series of homologous 4-alkylmorpholine-N-oxides, 1-alkylpiperidine-N-oxides, 1-dodecylpyrrolidine-N-oxide, 1-dodecylperhydroasepine-N-oxide, and N,N-dimethyldodecylamine oxide. Disorganization of the membrane structure after interaction of cells with the tested amine oxides was primarily responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the amine oxides. This activity was found to be dependent on the chain length of the hydrophobic alkyl group and was only moderately influenced by other substituents of the polarized N-oxide group.", "contents": "Antimicrobial activity of amine oxides: mode of action and structure-activity correlation. The effect of N-alkyl derivatives of saturated heterocyclic amine oxides on the growth and metabolism of microorganisms has been studied. 4-Dodecylmorpholine-N-oxide inhibited the differentiation and growth of Bacillus cereus, of different species of filamentous fungi, and of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For vegetative cells, the effect of 4-dodecylmorpholine-N-oxide was lethal. Cells of S. cerevisiae, after interaction with 4-dodecylmorpholine-N-oxide, released intracellular K(+) and were unable to oxidize or ferment glucose. The functions of isolated yeast mitochondria were also impaired. 4-Dodecylmorpholine-N-oxide at growth-inhibiting concentrations induced rapid lysis of osmotically stabilized yeast protoplasts, with the rate of lysis a function of temperature and of amine oxide concentration. A study of the relationships between structure, antimicrobial activity, and cytolytic activity was made with a group of structurally different amine oxides involving a series of homologous 4-alkylmorpholine-N-oxides, 1-alkylpiperidine-N-oxides, 1-dodecylpyrrolidine-N-oxide, 1-dodecylperhydroasepine-N-oxide, and N,N-dimethyldodecylamine oxide. Disorganization of the membrane structure after interaction of cells with the tested amine oxides was primarily responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the amine oxides. This activity was found to be dependent on the chain length of the hydrophobic alkyl group and was only moderately influenced by other substituents of the polarized N-oxide group.", "PMID": 409340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5065", "title": "Auxotypes and penicillin susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from patients with gonorrhea involving two or more sites.", "content": "A system of auxotyping described in 1973 is based on the differing nutritional requirement patterns of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains. Our ongoing evaluation of the reliability of auxotyping has involved a study of the constancy of characteristics of gonococci isolated at one time from two or more sites of a given subject. The auxotypes and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin G were determined for 181 isolates obtained from 84 patients with uncomplicated gonorrhea, for 16 isolates from 8 couples with uncomplicated gonorrhea, and for 21 isolates from 12 other patients, 9 with disseminated gonococcal infection and three consorts. The penicillin MIC served to distinguish between many members of auxotypes 1, 2, and 3, which are commonly involved in uncomplicated gonorrhea. Thus, for proline-requiring gonococci (auxotype 2) the MIC ranged from 0.01 to 1.2 IU of penicillin per ml. The profile of gonococcal responses to seven other antibacterial drugs provided useful additional information where the extent of phenotypic similarity was in doubt. In all but seven instances, the gonococci isolated from different sites of the same patient, or from a consort, had the same nutritional requirements and penicillin MIC. The gonococci isolated from one patient with disseminated gonococcal infection and from one of her two sexual contacts had nutritional requirements for arginine, hypoxanthine, uracil, and thiamine pyrophosphate, whereas the strain isolated from her second contact differed in having no requirement for thiamine pyrophosphate. The paired cervical and rectal isolates from one patient with uncomplicated gonorrhea differed only with respect to a requirement for hypoxanthine. Pairs of isolates from three patients differed slightly in degree of susceptibility to penicillin. In the remaining two instances, however, numerous differences between the isolates from the endocervix and the anal canal of a given patient indicated the presence of concomitant infections with different strains of N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Auxotypes and penicillin susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from patients with gonorrhea involving two or more sites. A system of auxotyping described in 1973 is based on the differing nutritional requirement patterns of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains. Our ongoing evaluation of the reliability of auxotyping has involved a study of the constancy of characteristics of gonococci isolated at one time from two or more sites of a given subject. The auxotypes and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin G were determined for 181 isolates obtained from 84 patients with uncomplicated gonorrhea, for 16 isolates from 8 couples with uncomplicated gonorrhea, and for 21 isolates from 12 other patients, 9 with disseminated gonococcal infection and three consorts. The penicillin MIC served to distinguish between many members of auxotypes 1, 2, and 3, which are commonly involved in uncomplicated gonorrhea. Thus, for proline-requiring gonococci (auxotype 2) the MIC ranged from 0.01 to 1.2 IU of penicillin per ml. The profile of gonococcal responses to seven other antibacterial drugs provided useful additional information where the extent of phenotypic similarity was in doubt. In all but seven instances, the gonococci isolated from different sites of the same patient, or from a consort, had the same nutritional requirements and penicillin MIC. The gonococci isolated from one patient with disseminated gonococcal infection and from one of her two sexual contacts had nutritional requirements for arginine, hypoxanthine, uracil, and thiamine pyrophosphate, whereas the strain isolated from her second contact differed in having no requirement for thiamine pyrophosphate. The paired cervical and rectal isolates from one patient with uncomplicated gonorrhea differed only with respect to a requirement for hypoxanthine. Pairs of isolates from three patients differed slightly in degree of susceptibility to penicillin. In the remaining two instances, however, numerous differences between the isolates from the endocervix and the anal canal of a given patient indicated the presence of concomitant infections with different strains of N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 409341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5066", "title": "Transferable plasmids mediating multiple-antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens.", "content": "In strain HK187 (Streptococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens) four plasmids were isolated. The molecular weights, as analyzed in neutral sucrose gradients and by electron microscopy, were found to be about 36 x 10(6), 31 x 10(6), 26 x 10(6), and 4 x 10(6). Plasmid 3, also designated pFK14, with a molecular weight of 26 x 10(6), was found to be responsible for resistance to chloramphenicol and erythromycin and also for high-level resistance to streptomycin and lincomycin. In mixed cultures these four resistances could be transferred with high frequency to a plasmid-free recipient, S. faecalis strain JH2-2.", "contents": "Transferable plasmids mediating multiple-antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens. In strain HK187 (Streptococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens) four plasmids were isolated. The molecular weights, as analyzed in neutral sucrose gradients and by electron microscopy, were found to be about 36 x 10(6), 31 x 10(6), 26 x 10(6), and 4 x 10(6). Plasmid 3, also designated pFK14, with a molecular weight of 26 x 10(6), was found to be responsible for resistance to chloramphenicol and erythromycin and also for high-level resistance to streptomycin and lincomycin. In mixed cultures these four resistances could be transferred with high frequency to a plasmid-free recipient, S. faecalis strain JH2-2.", "PMID": 409342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5067", "title": "Transfer of plasmid-borne beta-lactamase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain GC82 contains a plasmid specifying a beta-lactamase (beta-Lam(+)). Mixed incubation of strain GC82 with a penicillin-susceptible (beta-Lam(-)), streptomycin-resistant mutant of strain GC9 results in the expression of beta-lactamase activity and streptomycin resistance in the transcipients. The frequency of transfer of the plasmid-specified resistance to penicillin seems to be proportional to the initial input ratio of the mating mixture of donor to recipient and to correlate positively with bacterial density. Cell-to-cell transmission of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) appears to be by a conjugal mechanism or, alternatively, by an as yet undescribed transducing phage. Additionally, whole-cell DNA from a beta-lactamase-producing strain could be used to transform streptomycin-resistant recipients, resulting in the expression of both beta-lactamase activity and streptomycin resistance in the transformants, and purified gonococcal plasmid DNA transformed Escherichia coli but not the gonococcus. Circular DNA extracted from donor GC82 comprised three molecular species (approximately 2.7, 4.8, and 25 megadaltons [Mdal]), whereas the recipients GC9-S (Str(r)) contained only the 2.7-Mdal cryptic DNA species. DNA from the GC9-S82 (Str(r), beta-Lam(+)) transcipient contained a 4.8-Mdal species in addition to the cryptic molecular species (2.7 Mdal). The finding that the transcipient will not retransfer beta-lactamase is consistent with the hypothesis that the 25-Mdal plasmid promotes mobilization of the smaller 4.8-Mdal R plasmid.", "contents": "Transfer of plasmid-borne beta-lactamase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain GC82 contains a plasmid specifying a beta-lactamase (beta-Lam(+)). Mixed incubation of strain GC82 with a penicillin-susceptible (beta-Lam(-)), streptomycin-resistant mutant of strain GC9 results in the expression of beta-lactamase activity and streptomycin resistance in the transcipients. The frequency of transfer of the plasmid-specified resistance to penicillin seems to be proportional to the initial input ratio of the mating mixture of donor to recipient and to correlate positively with bacterial density. Cell-to-cell transmission of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) appears to be by a conjugal mechanism or, alternatively, by an as yet undescribed transducing phage. Additionally, whole-cell DNA from a beta-lactamase-producing strain could be used to transform streptomycin-resistant recipients, resulting in the expression of both beta-lactamase activity and streptomycin resistance in the transformants, and purified gonococcal plasmid DNA transformed Escherichia coli but not the gonococcus. Circular DNA extracted from donor GC82 comprised three molecular species (approximately 2.7, 4.8, and 25 megadaltons [Mdal]), whereas the recipients GC9-S (Str(r)) contained only the 2.7-Mdal cryptic DNA species. DNA from the GC9-S82 (Str(r), beta-Lam(+)) transcipient contained a 4.8-Mdal species in addition to the cryptic molecular species (2.7 Mdal). The finding that the transcipient will not retransfer beta-lactamase is consistent with the hypothesis that the 25-Mdal plasmid promotes mobilization of the smaller 4.8-Mdal R plasmid.", "PMID": 409343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5068", "title": "Temperature effects on minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of cell wall antibiotics in Streptococcus faecalis.", "content": "The minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were determined at 30 and 37 degrees C for several antibiotics affecting cell wall biosynthesis. The test organism, Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790, possesses a single autolytic enzyme and does not produce penicillinase. Penicillin, methicillin, and, possibly, bacitracin appeared more effective at 37 than at 30 degrees C. Vancomycin, ristocetin, and phosphonomycin appeared equally effective at both temperatures, and cycloserine appeared consistently more active at 30 than at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Temperature effects on minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of cell wall antibiotics in Streptococcus faecalis. The minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were determined at 30 and 37 degrees C for several antibiotics affecting cell wall biosynthesis. The test organism, Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790, possesses a single autolytic enzyme and does not produce penicillinase. Penicillin, methicillin, and, possibly, bacitracin appeared more effective at 37 than at 30 degrees C. Vancomycin, ristocetin, and phosphonomycin appeared equally effective at both temperatures, and cycloserine appeared consistently more active at 30 than at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 409344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5069", "title": "In vitro activity of rosamicin against Neisseria and Haemophilus, including penicillinase-producing strains.", "content": "Rosamicin was significantly more active against Haemophilus and Neisseria than are many antibiotics currently used to treat or prevent infection caused by these organisms. This enhanced activity was also observed against penicillinase-producing strains.", "contents": "In vitro activity of rosamicin against Neisseria and Haemophilus, including penicillinase-producing strains. Rosamicin was significantly more active against Haemophilus and Neisseria than are many antibiotics currently used to treat or prevent infection caused by these organisms. This enhanced activity was also observed against penicillinase-producing strains.", "PMID": 409345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5070", "title": "Current status of PCB toxicity to mink, and effect on their reproduction.", "content": "Experiments were conducted from 1968 to 1974 to investigate reproductive complications and mortality in mink fed Great Lakes coho salmon and to ascertain the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) on this fur bearer. The results of mink feeding trials indicated that coho salmon, as such, were not responsible for the loss of reproduction in the adult, or the kit mortality. Mink diets that contained other species of Great Lakes fish caused similar reproductive complications, but to a lesser degree. Rancidity, mercury poisoning and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide contamination of the fish were all discounted as being responsible for the problem. The clinical signs and lesions noted in mink that died while receiving diets that contained Lake Michigan coho salmon were very similar to those observed in mink fed on rations that contained supplemental PCB's. These included anorexia, blood stools, fatty liver, kidney degeneration, and hemorrhagic gastric ulcers. Analyses of tissues from mink that died when fed 30% Lake Michigan coho salmon or 30 ppm supplemental PCB diets showed similar PCB residues. PCB toxicity experiments revealed that mink are very sensitive to these compounds and that the lethal dose varied inversely with the chlorine content of the PCB's although only Aroclor 1254 exerted a detrimental effect on reproduction when fed at a low level (2 ppm) for 8 months. The reproductive failure encountered in feeding mink Lake Michigan coho salmon and Aroclor 1254 was shown to be of a non-permanent nature.", "contents": "Current status of PCB toxicity to mink, and effect on their reproduction. Experiments were conducted from 1968 to 1974 to investigate reproductive complications and mortality in mink fed Great Lakes coho salmon and to ascertain the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) on this fur bearer. The results of mink feeding trials indicated that coho salmon, as such, were not responsible for the loss of reproduction in the adult, or the kit mortality. Mink diets that contained other species of Great Lakes fish caused similar reproductive complications, but to a lesser degree. Rancidity, mercury poisoning and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide contamination of the fish were all discounted as being responsible for the problem. The clinical signs and lesions noted in mink that died while receiving diets that contained Lake Michigan coho salmon were very similar to those observed in mink fed on rations that contained supplemental PCB's. These included anorexia, blood stools, fatty liver, kidney degeneration, and hemorrhagic gastric ulcers. Analyses of tissues from mink that died when fed 30% Lake Michigan coho salmon or 30 ppm supplemental PCB diets showed similar PCB residues. PCB toxicity experiments revealed that mink are very sensitive to these compounds and that the lethal dose varied inversely with the chlorine content of the PCB's although only Aroclor 1254 exerted a detrimental effect on reproduction when fed at a low level (2 ppm) for 8 months. The reproductive failure encountered in feeding mink Lake Michigan coho salmon and Aroclor 1254 was shown to be of a non-permanent nature.", "PMID": 409355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5071", "title": "Insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and metals in African lake ecosystems. I. Hartbeespoort Dam, Transvaal and Vo\u00eblvlei Dam, Cape Province, Republic of South Africa.", "content": "Concentrations and distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) and some metals were determined in two South African lakes, Hartbeespoort Dam and Vo\u00eblvlei Dam. Water, bottom sediments, aquatic plants, aquatic insects, fish, fish-eating birds and their eggs were collected. Insecticides and PCB's were analyzed by thin layer and gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry. Analysis of metals was accomplished with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metals included arsenic, cadmium, copper, mangenese, lead, zinc, and mercury. The insecticide residue most commonly found in both dams were DDE, DDD, DDT, and dieldrin. Hartbeespoort had higher levesl than Vo\u00eblvlei of insecticides and PCB's in all types of samples common to both lakes. Concentrations of PCB's in all types of samples common to both lakes. Concentrations of PCB's having six or more chlorines increased with an increase in the trophic level. Concentrations of PCB's in the brains of the African birds were greater than the average total concentration of insecticides while the opposite was true for carcasses. Biological magnification of insecticides and PCB's occurred in both lakes. Hartbeespoort Dam had higher levels than Vo\u00eblvlei for all metals examined in bottom sediments and birds, except for copper in bird carcasses. Mercury levels in bird carcasses ranged from 2- to 5-fold greater than in fish while lead concentrations ranged from 2- to 10-fold greater.", "contents": "Insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and metals in African lake ecosystems. I. Hartbeespoort Dam, Transvaal and Vo\u00eblvlei Dam, Cape Province, Republic of South Africa. Concentrations and distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) and some metals were determined in two South African lakes, Hartbeespoort Dam and Vo\u00eblvlei Dam. Water, bottom sediments, aquatic plants, aquatic insects, fish, fish-eating birds and their eggs were collected. Insecticides and PCB's were analyzed by thin layer and gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry. Analysis of metals was accomplished with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metals included arsenic, cadmium, copper, mangenese, lead, zinc, and mercury. The insecticide residue most commonly found in both dams were DDE, DDD, DDT, and dieldrin. Hartbeespoort had higher levesl than Vo\u00eblvlei of insecticides and PCB's in all types of samples common to both lakes. Concentrations of PCB's in all types of samples common to both lakes. Concentrations of PCB's having six or more chlorines increased with an increase in the trophic level. Concentrations of PCB's in the brains of the African birds were greater than the average total concentration of insecticides while the opposite was true for carcasses. Biological magnification of insecticides and PCB's occurred in both lakes. Hartbeespoort Dam had higher levels than Vo\u00eblvlei for all metals examined in bottom sediments and birds, except for copper in bird carcasses. Mercury levels in bird carcasses ranged from 2- to 5-fold greater than in fish while lead concentrations ranged from 2- to 10-fold greater.", "PMID": 409356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5072", "title": "The knees and ankles in sport and veteran military parachutists.", "content": "112 actively parachuting sport (free fall) parachutists with more than 200 descents each and 109 veteran military parachutists no longer active returned a postal questionnaire about their parachuting activities, injuries, and current and past musculoskeletal symptoms. A high frequency of fractures and injuries was reported by each group, both in relation to parachuting and to other activities. 58 sport parachutists aged 23 to 57 years (mean 33 - 3 years) had weight-bearing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs taken of each knee. These showed a prevalence of radiological osteoarthrosis of 10 - 4% which was mild in degree in all but one knee in one subject. 46 ex-military parachutists aged 50 to 70 years (mean 55 - 2 years) had weight-bearing anteroposterior radiographs taken of both knees and showed a prevalence of radiological osteroarthrosis of 41 - 3%. Moderate and severe changes were found in 10 - 9%. In both groups of parachutists six of the eight knee joints showing either moderate or severe radiological osteroarthrosis had been subjected to a previous meniscectomy. Forty ex-military parachutists had anteroposterior radiographs of the ankles (talotibial articulation) and showed a prevalence of osteoarthrosis of 17 - 5%, with the majority showing mild changes. There was a poor correlation between radiological osteoarthrosis, ankle symptoms, and previous fractures. With the reservation that the great majority of the sport group are still young (95% aged less than 50 years), it is concluded that parachutists as a group do not show an increased prevalence of radiological osteoarthrosis of the knee or ankle.", "contents": "The knees and ankles in sport and veteran military parachutists. 112 actively parachuting sport (free fall) parachutists with more than 200 descents each and 109 veteran military parachutists no longer active returned a postal questionnaire about their parachuting activities, injuries, and current and past musculoskeletal symptoms. A high frequency of fractures and injuries was reported by each group, both in relation to parachuting and to other activities. 58 sport parachutists aged 23 to 57 years (mean 33 - 3 years) had weight-bearing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs taken of each knee. These showed a prevalence of radiological osteoarthrosis of 10 - 4% which was mild in degree in all but one knee in one subject. 46 ex-military parachutists aged 50 to 70 years (mean 55 - 2 years) had weight-bearing anteroposterior radiographs taken of both knees and showed a prevalence of radiological osteroarthrosis of 41 - 3%. Moderate and severe changes were found in 10 - 9%. In both groups of parachutists six of the eight knee joints showing either moderate or severe radiological osteroarthrosis had been subjected to a previous meniscectomy. Forty ex-military parachutists had anteroposterior radiographs of the ankles (talotibial articulation) and showed a prevalence of osteoarthrosis of 17 - 5%, with the majority showing mild changes. There was a poor correlation between radiological osteoarthrosis, ankle symptoms, and previous fractures. With the reservation that the great majority of the sport group are still young (95% aged less than 50 years), it is concluded that parachutists as a group do not show an increased prevalence of radiological osteoarthrosis of the knee or ankle.", "PMID": 409358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5073", "title": "[Left bundle of His branch block in stages 3 and 4 with conduction in the right branch only in a super-normal period].", "content": "The authors report a case of chronic second degree atrio-ventricular block with permanent right bundle branch block. Intracavitary electrophysiological recordings allowed them to delimit the refractory period of the left branch, which was affected by a block during phase 3 but also during phase 4. They showed that there was possible conduction by the right branch during the extremely fine time limits of a supernormal period; using an atrial stimulation rate of 150/mn, it is therefore possible to obtain 1/1 conduction in the presence of a left bundle branch block.", "contents": "[Left bundle of His branch block in stages 3 and 4 with conduction in the right branch only in a super-normal period]. The authors report a case of chronic second degree atrio-ventricular block with permanent right bundle branch block. Intracavitary electrophysiological recordings allowed them to delimit the refractory period of the left branch, which was affected by a block during phase 3 but also during phase 4. They showed that there was possible conduction by the right branch during the extremely fine time limits of a supernormal period; using an atrial stimulation rate of 150/mn, it is therefore possible to obtain 1/1 conduction in the presence of a left bundle branch block.", "PMID": 409360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5074", "title": "[Phonomechanographic evaluation of the severity of pulmonary stenosis].", "content": "External phonomechanographic methods allow us to obtain a fairly precise estimate of the degree of obstruction to the pulmonary outflow, whether such an obstruction is a single entity or associated with another intracardiac malformation. The greatest precision in this field is obtained with the cases of pure pulmonary stenosis. The findings on phonomechanographic investigation of 54 cases with pulmonary stenosis have been compared with the results of the haemodynamic tests (catheterisation and angiography) as well as with the anatomical findings after a surgical cure had been effected in a certain number of cases. This study has allowed us to pick out five phonomechanographic criteria of severity of pulmonary stenosis: an increased reduplication of the second sound, lenghening of the interval between the Q wave of the electrocardiogram and the maximum portion of the systolic murmur, an increase in Furuta's ratio and also in the amplitude of the jugular venous a-wave as a function of the total height t (the a/t ratio), but most especially the \"corrected\" Furuta ratio as a function of the length of the ejection phase of the right ventricle, as this has been shown to possess the best correlation with the right ventricular systolic pressures.", "contents": "[Phonomechanographic evaluation of the severity of pulmonary stenosis]. External phonomechanographic methods allow us to obtain a fairly precise estimate of the degree of obstruction to the pulmonary outflow, whether such an obstruction is a single entity or associated with another intracardiac malformation. The greatest precision in this field is obtained with the cases of pure pulmonary stenosis. The findings on phonomechanographic investigation of 54 cases with pulmonary stenosis have been compared with the results of the haemodynamic tests (catheterisation and angiography) as well as with the anatomical findings after a surgical cure had been effected in a certain number of cases. This study has allowed us to pick out five phonomechanographic criteria of severity of pulmonary stenosis: an increased reduplication of the second sound, lenghening of the interval between the Q wave of the electrocardiogram and the maximum portion of the systolic murmur, an increase in Furuta's ratio and also in the amplitude of the jugular venous a-wave as a function of the total height t (the a/t ratio), but most especially the \"corrected\" Furuta ratio as a function of the length of the ejection phase of the right ventricle, as this has been shown to possess the best correlation with the right ventricular systolic pressures.", "PMID": 409361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5075", "title": "[An attempt to estimate the value of myocardial contractility in left ventricular aneurysms].", "content": "Using monoplanar angiography at 30 degrees, the authors have attempted to quantify the effectiveness of the non-aneurysmal myocardium in 50 patients (17 of them having undergone surgery) with an aneurysm of the left ventricle. Having fixed the position of two points during systole and diastole, they first delimit the aneurysmal zone and/or neighbouring dyskinetic zones in relation to the zones which are still 'healthy'. By a method of integration based on the formula of the three levels, they first measure the global volume of the left ventricle and its ejection fraction, and gain an idea of the size of the aneurysm. They then evaluate the ejection fraction and the volumes of each of the other zones. They have shown that the prognosis depends upon the ejection fraction and the end-diastolic volume of the ventricle which is presumed to be healthy, these measurements being corrected according to the size, expressed as an ejection volume, of the adjacent dyskinetic zone, which can be assessed by an index (volume of the dyskinetic zone as a proportion of the total 'healthy' and dyskinetic zones, in turn expressed as a ratio of the ejection fraction). The application of this work is to be found in seeking a limit of operability for extensive left ventricular aneurysms with cardiac failure.", "contents": "[An attempt to estimate the value of myocardial contractility in left ventricular aneurysms]. Using monoplanar angiography at 30 degrees, the authors have attempted to quantify the effectiveness of the non-aneurysmal myocardium in 50 patients (17 of them having undergone surgery) with an aneurysm of the left ventricle. Having fixed the position of two points during systole and diastole, they first delimit the aneurysmal zone and/or neighbouring dyskinetic zones in relation to the zones which are still 'healthy'. By a method of integration based on the formula of the three levels, they first measure the global volume of the left ventricle and its ejection fraction, and gain an idea of the size of the aneurysm. They then evaluate the ejection fraction and the volumes of each of the other zones. They have shown that the prognosis depends upon the ejection fraction and the end-diastolic volume of the ventricle which is presumed to be healthy, these measurements being corrected according to the size, expressed as an ejection volume, of the adjacent dyskinetic zone, which can be assessed by an index (volume of the dyskinetic zone as a proportion of the total 'healthy' and dyskinetic zones, in turn expressed as a ratio of the ejection fraction). The application of this work is to be found in seeking a limit of operability for extensive left ventricular aneurysms with cardiac failure.", "PMID": 409362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5076", "title": "[Vasodilator treatment of left ventricular insufficiency in the acute stage of myocardial infarction].", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of two vasodilators (phentolamine and nitroprusside) have been studied in 11 patients who developed acute left ventricular failure during the acute phase of a myocardial infarction. The dose was adjusted to the highest level failing to cause tachycardia (phentolamine: 0.19 to 0.76 mg/mn; nitroprusside: 0.07 mg/mn), and the treatment was maintained for between 5 hours and 8 days. Under these conditions, after one hour a diminution in mean arterial pressure can be observed (from 94 to 82 mmHg, p less than 0.005), as can a decrease in pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (from 21 to 14 mmHg, p less than 0.001); the cardiac index rises slightly (from 3.1 to 3.51/mn/m2(NS), and the systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance are decreased by 20% and 30% respectively. The index of systolic work does not increase to a significant degree (30.7 to 32.9 g-m-syst-m2), the same work being carried out with smaller filling pressures. Together with the lessened resistance to ventricular ejection, and also, it seems, to a dedrease in venous tone, this beneficial effect has been particularly marked in a case of posterior papillary syndrome with mitral incompetence. As the response varies from individual to individual, constant monitoring of arterial pressure and cardiac rate is vital if the maximum therapeutic effect is to be achieved, particularly in hypertensive patients, in whom tachycardia in response to lowering of the arterial pressure occurs more readily.", "contents": "[Vasodilator treatment of left ventricular insufficiency in the acute stage of myocardial infarction]. The haemodynamic effects of two vasodilators (phentolamine and nitroprusside) have been studied in 11 patients who developed acute left ventricular failure during the acute phase of a myocardial infarction. The dose was adjusted to the highest level failing to cause tachycardia (phentolamine: 0.19 to 0.76 mg/mn; nitroprusside: 0.07 mg/mn), and the treatment was maintained for between 5 hours and 8 days. Under these conditions, after one hour a diminution in mean arterial pressure can be observed (from 94 to 82 mmHg, p less than 0.005), as can a decrease in pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (from 21 to 14 mmHg, p less than 0.001); the cardiac index rises slightly (from 3.1 to 3.51/mn/m2(NS), and the systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance are decreased by 20% and 30% respectively. The index of systolic work does not increase to a significant degree (30.7 to 32.9 g-m-syst-m2), the same work being carried out with smaller filling pressures. Together with the lessened resistance to ventricular ejection, and also, it seems, to a dedrease in venous tone, this beneficial effect has been particularly marked in a case of posterior papillary syndrome with mitral incompetence. As the response varies from individual to individual, constant monitoring of arterial pressure and cardiac rate is vital if the maximum therapeutic effect is to be achieved, particularly in hypertensive patients, in whom tachycardia in response to lowering of the arterial pressure occurs more readily.", "PMID": 409363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5077", "title": "[Sinus dysfunction and nodo-hisian conductive disorders. Indication for definitive cardiac stimulation].", "content": "A consecutive series of 80 patients has been the object of intracavitary electrophysiological studies, including a study of sinus function and of node/His conduction, before implantation of a definitive cardiac pacemaker. Investigation of the sinus yielded normal or insignificant results in 32 cases. It revealed certain criteria of \"major\" sinus dysfunction (TRSC 1000 ms; more than compensatory return cycles where there was SAP) in 39 cases, made up of 18/20 in group I (documented evidence of sinus malfunction), 10/14 in group II (sinus bradycardia less than or equal to 55/mn), 9/44 in group III (A-V conduction defects), and 2/2 in group IV (paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia); criteria of \"minor\" sinus dysfunction (TRSC between 550 and 1000 ms, TECASA greater than 210 ms) were found in only 9 cases (group I--1; group II--2, group III--6). The association of sinus malfunction with node/His conduction defects was found in 29 cases, the site of the AV block being nodal in 7 cases, intra-His in 2 cases, infra-His in 10 cases, and a combination of nodal and infra-nodal in 10 cases. In 59 cases, the severity of the AV block (40 cases), of the sinus malfunction (17 cases) or of the sinus bradycardia (2 cases) was already obvious, and investigation of the sinus was not critical in determining the indications for a cardiac pacemaker. In 21 cases, however, this investigation was a determining factor, and most especially in 12 cases from group II. Sinus investigation seems to represent, in addition, a valuable indicator for the decision to install a pacemaker in a certain number of litigious cases.", "contents": "[Sinus dysfunction and nodo-hisian conductive disorders. Indication for definitive cardiac stimulation]. A consecutive series of 80 patients has been the object of intracavitary electrophysiological studies, including a study of sinus function and of node/His conduction, before implantation of a definitive cardiac pacemaker. Investigation of the sinus yielded normal or insignificant results in 32 cases. It revealed certain criteria of \"major\" sinus dysfunction (TRSC 1000 ms; more than compensatory return cycles where there was SAP) in 39 cases, made up of 18/20 in group I (documented evidence of sinus malfunction), 10/14 in group II (sinus bradycardia less than or equal to 55/mn), 9/44 in group III (A-V conduction defects), and 2/2 in group IV (paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia); criteria of \"minor\" sinus dysfunction (TRSC between 550 and 1000 ms, TECASA greater than 210 ms) were found in only 9 cases (group I--1; group II--2, group III--6). The association of sinus malfunction with node/His conduction defects was found in 29 cases, the site of the AV block being nodal in 7 cases, intra-His in 2 cases, infra-His in 10 cases, and a combination of nodal and infra-nodal in 10 cases. In 59 cases, the severity of the AV block (40 cases), of the sinus malfunction (17 cases) or of the sinus bradycardia (2 cases) was already obvious, and investigation of the sinus was not critical in determining the indications for a cardiac pacemaker. In 21 cases, however, this investigation was a determining factor, and most especially in 12 cases from group II. Sinus investigation seems to represent, in addition, a valuable indicator for the decision to install a pacemaker in a certain number of litigious cases.", "PMID": 409364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5078", "title": "[Echocardiographic criteria of obstructive cardiomyopathy].", "content": "In defining the characteristic abnormalities of obstructive cardiomyopathy (OCM), the echocardiogram appears to offer an excellent method. We have used this technique in 22 adults presenting with this condition, and have compared the results of echocardiography with those taken from 17 normal subjects. All those with OCM had asymmetrical hypertrophy of the septum (meaning hypertrophy of the septum without proportional thickening of the posterior wall of the left ventricle); certain other facts were noted: an undilated left ventricular cavity, good systolic function, and indications of poor diastolic compliance. In addition, from the thickeness of the posterior wall and the movement of the mitral valve complex during systole, it has been possible to draw a distinction between the patients with and those without obstruction while they were all at rest. These results confirm that it is possible to identify obstructive cardiomyopathy and the frequently associated defects of ventricular function by an echocardiographic method.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic criteria of obstructive cardiomyopathy]. In defining the characteristic abnormalities of obstructive cardiomyopathy (OCM), the echocardiogram appears to offer an excellent method. We have used this technique in 22 adults presenting with this condition, and have compared the results of echocardiography with those taken from 17 normal subjects. All those with OCM had asymmetrical hypertrophy of the septum (meaning hypertrophy of the septum without proportional thickening of the posterior wall of the left ventricle); certain other facts were noted: an undilated left ventricular cavity, good systolic function, and indications of poor diastolic compliance. In addition, from the thickeness of the posterior wall and the movement of the mitral valve complex during systole, it has been possible to draw a distinction between the patients with and those without obstruction while they were all at rest. These results confirm that it is possible to identify obstructive cardiomyopathy and the frequently associated defects of ventricular function by an echocardiographic method.", "PMID": 409365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5079", "title": "[Coronary circulation in abnormal left coronary artery arizing from the pulmonary artery trunk, before and after correction].", "content": "Two patients, both of them young girls, aged 14 and 15, had this condition and were studied by haemodynamic methods preoperatively and during the seventh postoperative month. In both cases, the retrograde perfusion of the left coronary vascular tree was shown up well, demonstrating the \"coronary steal\" and a left-right shunt of 2 volumes. In both cases also, the postoperative coronary arteriogram showed a return of the left coronary circulation to normal, disappearance of the large anastomatic vessels, and above all a return to normal dimensions of the right coronary artery, previously extremely tortuous and dilated. The 30 or so cases of total correction published in the world literature have been reviewed in the light of these two new cases.", "contents": "[Coronary circulation in abnormal left coronary artery arizing from the pulmonary artery trunk, before and after correction]. Two patients, both of them young girls, aged 14 and 15, had this condition and were studied by haemodynamic methods preoperatively and during the seventh postoperative month. In both cases, the retrograde perfusion of the left coronary vascular tree was shown up well, demonstrating the \"coronary steal\" and a left-right shunt of 2 volumes. In both cases also, the postoperative coronary arteriogram showed a return of the left coronary circulation to normal, disappearance of the large anastomatic vessels, and above all a return to normal dimensions of the right coronary artery, previously extremely tortuous and dilated. The 30 or so cases of total correction published in the world literature have been reviewed in the light of these two new cases.", "PMID": 409366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5080", "title": "[Valve replacement in case of a partial atrioventricular canal. A propos of 17 cases].", "content": "In 17 patients with a partial form of atrioventricular canal, at least one valve was replaced. The mitral valve was the most commonly affected (16 cases), sometimes in association with the tricuspid valve (5 cases) or the aortic valve (1 case); the tricuspid valve alone was replaced in one case. 7 cases were ranked as operative deaths, and the longer term mortality was of 4 cases. The factors leading to this high mortality figure are discussed. The future treatment policy for this condition is discussed.", "contents": "[Valve replacement in case of a partial atrioventricular canal. A propos of 17 cases]. In 17 patients with a partial form of atrioventricular canal, at least one valve was replaced. The mitral valve was the most commonly affected (16 cases), sometimes in association with the tricuspid valve (5 cases) or the aortic valve (1 case); the tricuspid valve alone was replaced in one case. 7 cases were ranked as operative deaths, and the longer term mortality was of 4 cases. The factors leading to this high mortality figure are discussed. The future treatment policy for this condition is discussed.", "PMID": 409367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5081", "title": "[Progressive external ophthalmoplegia and disorders of ventricular conduction. Apropos of 3 recent cases].", "content": "The authors report 3 cases with an association of progressive external ophthalmoplegia (OEP) and disordered intracardiac conduction. These cases, and the twenty or so similar ones reported in the literature, show that this association is important for two reasons:--there is a therapeutic importance in that the condition affects young patients, who are at risk from sudden death due to the conduction defect; for this reason electrocardiographic follow-up must be regular, and an intracavitary pacemaker must be introduced definitively at the least indication;--there is a physiopathological importance in that the effect of the myopathies on the myocardium is well known, but most information relates to the diffuse cardiomyopathies, and in only 10% of cases are there conduction defects. By contrast, the conductive tissue appears to be involved in all cases of OEP, while cardiac failure is rare. It seems likely, therefore, that cases of OEP have a pathogenesis different from that of the diffuse myopathies, whether or not these involve the external occular muscles.", "contents": "[Progressive external ophthalmoplegia and disorders of ventricular conduction. Apropos of 3 recent cases]. The authors report 3 cases with an association of progressive external ophthalmoplegia (OEP) and disordered intracardiac conduction. These cases, and the twenty or so similar ones reported in the literature, show that this association is important for two reasons:--there is a therapeutic importance in that the condition affects young patients, who are at risk from sudden death due to the conduction defect; for this reason electrocardiographic follow-up must be regular, and an intracavitary pacemaker must be introduced definitively at the least indication;--there is a physiopathological importance in that the effect of the myopathies on the myocardium is well known, but most information relates to the diffuse cardiomyopathies, and in only 10% of cases are there conduction defects. By contrast, the conductive tissue appears to be involved in all cases of OEP, while cardiac failure is rare. It seems likely, therefore, that cases of OEP have a pathogenesis different from that of the diffuse myopathies, whether or not these involve the external occular muscles.", "PMID": 409368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5082", "title": "[The risk of hemorrhage versus the thromboembolic risk in patients with prosthetic valve].", "content": "376 adults were followed up for between 2 and 153 months after surgery (mean: 3.8 years); all of them, with the exception of 8, received anticoagulant treatment. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using several tests. Thromboembolic complications occurred in 16 per 100 after 5 years, and 8.5. per 100 of them were fatal. Among the factors favoring this complication are the type of valvular disorder (the rate of throembolism being 4 times greater with mitral valve defects), the type of prosthesis, and the efficiency of the anticoagulant therapy (the risk of thromboembolism being four times greater in those patients whose treatment has been inneffective). Against the vitamin antagonists must be set the haemorrhages: the incidence of lethal haemorrhage in this series was 6.4 per 100 patients per treatment year. There was a proven hypoprothrombinaemia to below the desirable level in two thirds of these cases, and in one case out of four an additional predisposing factor could be demonstrated. Haemorrhage and thromboembolism are together responsible for one in four of the late deaths. In order to reduce the mortality, several solutions are considered, one of which is to utilise anti-aggregation treatment. However, the vitamin K antagonists remain an essential part of treatment in the majority of cases; it can only be justifiable to withhold them in those patients in whom the risks of haemorrhage are for various reasons considered to be too high. The introduction of biological valves or of valves with a lessened risk of embolism is highly desirable in such cases.", "contents": "[The risk of hemorrhage versus the thromboembolic risk in patients with prosthetic valve]. 376 adults were followed up for between 2 and 153 months after surgery (mean: 3.8 years); all of them, with the exception of 8, received anticoagulant treatment. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using several tests. Thromboembolic complications occurred in 16 per 100 after 5 years, and 8.5. per 100 of them were fatal. Among the factors favoring this complication are the type of valvular disorder (the rate of throembolism being 4 times greater with mitral valve defects), the type of prosthesis, and the efficiency of the anticoagulant therapy (the risk of thromboembolism being four times greater in those patients whose treatment has been inneffective). Against the vitamin antagonists must be set the haemorrhages: the incidence of lethal haemorrhage in this series was 6.4 per 100 patients per treatment year. There was a proven hypoprothrombinaemia to below the desirable level in two thirds of these cases, and in one case out of four an additional predisposing factor could be demonstrated. Haemorrhage and thromboembolism are together responsible for one in four of the late deaths. In order to reduce the mortality, several solutions are considered, one of which is to utilise anti-aggregation treatment. However, the vitamin K antagonists remain an essential part of treatment in the majority of cases; it can only be justifiable to withhold them in those patients in whom the risks of haemorrhage are for various reasons considered to be too high. The introduction of biological valves or of valves with a lessened risk of embolism is highly desirable in such cases.", "PMID": 409369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5083", "title": "[Karyovolumetric studies on possible central-nervous-system action sites of the positive estrogen feedback].", "content": "In adult, progesterone-pretreated female rats, the medial preoptic and ventral premamillary nuclei of the hypothalamus, and the medial amygdaloid nucleus of the limbic system exhibit a significant karyovolumetrically measurable activation of their neurons after the subcutaneous administration of an ovulation-inducing dose of oestradiol benzoate. The finding suggests that these nuclear regions are sites of action of the positive oestrogen feedback and are involved in the induction of ovulation. The infundibular and lateral septal nuclei, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis were also investigated karyovoumetrically but failed to reveal, at the time of testing, any quantifiable morphokinesis that might have been attributable to the administration of the hormone.", "contents": "[Karyovolumetric studies on possible central-nervous-system action sites of the positive estrogen feedback]. In adult, progesterone-pretreated female rats, the medial preoptic and ventral premamillary nuclei of the hypothalamus, and the medial amygdaloid nucleus of the limbic system exhibit a significant karyovolumetrically measurable activation of their neurons after the subcutaneous administration of an ovulation-inducing dose of oestradiol benzoate. The finding suggests that these nuclear regions are sites of action of the positive oestrogen feedback and are involved in the induction of ovulation. The infundibular and lateral septal nuclei, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis were also investigated karyovoumetrically but failed to reveal, at the time of testing, any quantifiable morphokinesis that might have been attributable to the administration of the hormone.", "PMID": 409370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5084", "title": "Persisting symptoms in schizophrenia predicted by background factors.", "content": "A social worker's Home Inquiry was conducted for 75 schizophrenic males as soon as possible after hospitalization. A standard set of items based on this inquiry was scored in terms of nine factors. These Home Inquiry factor scores were found to have modest but statistically significant correlations with specific symptom ratings conducted two years after admission. In the present sample, an interpersonally uncomfortable childhood home and low premorbid self-esteem have untoward implications for the remission of symptoms.", "contents": "Persisting symptoms in schizophrenia predicted by background factors. A social worker's Home Inquiry was conducted for 75 schizophrenic males as soon as possible after hospitalization. A standard set of items based on this inquiry was scored in terms of nine factors. These Home Inquiry factor scores were found to have modest but statistically significant correlations with specific symptom ratings conducted two years after admission. In the present sample, an interpersonally uncomfortable childhood home and low premorbid self-esteem have untoward implications for the remission of symptoms.", "PMID": 409371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5085", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition using peripheral veins in surgical neonates.", "content": "A new program of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for surgical neonates has been described an investigated. The program is based on the use of fat emulsion as the major source of calories and infusion of large volumes of the solution via peripheral veins. This program has three main advantages over conventional hyperalimentation using a central venous catheter: (1) it avoids complications such as septicemia, thrombosis of large vessels, and metabolic complications such as hyperglycemia or osmotic diuresis; (2) it provides physiological nutritive elements containing a normal composition of glucose, protein, and fat; and (3) it is easy to start and manage the TPN using a peripheral vein. Thirty-four neonatal surgical patients with life-threatening gastrointestinal anomalies have been placed on this TPN program. Infusion of fat emulsion and large volumes of fluid were well tolerated and all patients gained weight during the period of observation.", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition using peripheral veins in surgical neonates. A new program of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for surgical neonates has been described an investigated. The program is based on the use of fat emulsion as the major source of calories and infusion of large volumes of the solution via peripheral veins. This program has three main advantages over conventional hyperalimentation using a central venous catheter: (1) it avoids complications such as septicemia, thrombosis of large vessels, and metabolic complications such as hyperglycemia or osmotic diuresis; (2) it provides physiological nutritive elements containing a normal composition of glucose, protein, and fat; and (3) it is easy to start and manage the TPN using a peripheral vein. Thirty-four neonatal surgical patients with life-threatening gastrointestinal anomalies have been placed on this TPN program. Infusion of fat emulsion and large volumes of fluid were well tolerated and all patients gained weight during the period of observation.", "PMID": 409373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5086", "title": "Vitamin requirements in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "This study represents an initial attempt to define intravenous vitamin requirements in adult patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We have investigated two different vitamin formulations for their ability to maintain normal circulating blood levels of vitamins A, C, E, B12, folic acid and riboflavin. Administration of 1.1 ml of Multi-Vitamin Infusion (MVI) solution supplemented with 100 microgram of folic acid, 10 microgram of vitamin b12, and 100 mg of vitamin C, per liter of TPN infusate (patients received an average of about 3 liters/day), maintained normal or higher than normal levels of vitamins C, B12, and riboflavin, but resulted in less-than-normal levels of vitamins A, E, and folic acid. Increasing the amount of MVI to 1.4 ml and the folic acid to 200 microgram, and decreasing the ascorbic acid to 70 mg and vitamin B12 to 5 microgram/liter of TPN infusate, resulted in normal blood levels of all tested vitamins within two weeks after initiating TPN therapy, and normal blood levels were then maintained at this dosage for additional periods of time up to three weeks.", "contents": "Vitamin requirements in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. This study represents an initial attempt to define intravenous vitamin requirements in adult patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We have investigated two different vitamin formulations for their ability to maintain normal circulating blood levels of vitamins A, C, E, B12, folic acid and riboflavin. Administration of 1.1 ml of Multi-Vitamin Infusion (MVI) solution supplemented with 100 microgram of folic acid, 10 microgram of vitamin b12, and 100 mg of vitamin C, per liter of TPN infusate (patients received an average of about 3 liters/day), maintained normal or higher than normal levels of vitamins C, B12, and riboflavin, but resulted in less-than-normal levels of vitamins A, E, and folic acid. Increasing the amount of MVI to 1.4 ml and the folic acid to 200 microgram, and decreasing the ascorbic acid to 70 mg and vitamin B12 to 5 microgram/liter of TPN infusate, resulted in normal blood levels of all tested vitamins within two weeks after initiating TPN therapy, and normal blood levels were then maintained at this dosage for additional periods of time up to three weeks.", "PMID": 409374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5087", "title": "[Ultrastructure of \"villose cells\" in the early stages of their formation in the process of chemical carcinogenesis in the CNS].", "content": "Early stages of redistribution of cellular elements around the pill of carcinogenic agent DMBA introduced into the right hemisphere of the brain of female SHK albino rats were studied. Precursors of the ciliated cells were established to appear in the perivascular tissue within 12 h. Within 24 h they accumulate around the pill bed, and within 48 h a cellular edging is formed around DMBA. The cytoplasm of ciliated cells become richer in organelles. The main marker in identification of cells in all periods of experiment were lipoid inclusions in the cytoplasm which are different from lipids of usual macrophages occurring both in experiments and in control, in a polygonal shape and sinuous contour. Within 48 h the cytoplasm of ciliated cells form long lancet-shaped spiculae with upright walls. The cytoplasm of macrophages gives only short, somewhat sinuous processes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of \"villose cells\" in the early stages of their formation in the process of chemical carcinogenesis in the CNS]. Early stages of redistribution of cellular elements around the pill of carcinogenic agent DMBA introduced into the right hemisphere of the brain of female SHK albino rats were studied. Precursors of the ciliated cells were established to appear in the perivascular tissue within 12 h. Within 24 h they accumulate around the pill bed, and within 48 h a cellular edging is formed around DMBA. The cytoplasm of ciliated cells become richer in organelles. The main marker in identification of cells in all periods of experiment were lipoid inclusions in the cytoplasm which are different from lipids of usual macrophages occurring both in experiments and in control, in a polygonal shape and sinuous contour. Within 48 h the cytoplasm of ciliated cells form long lancet-shaped spiculae with upright walls. The cytoplasm of macrophages gives only short, somewhat sinuous processes.", "PMID": 409376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5088", "title": "[Comparison of the field formation in the frontal area during prenatal period in Macaca (Macacus rhesus, S. Macaca mulatta) and man].", "content": "A developmental comparison of the fields 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 47 during prenatal life in macacus rhesus and man was performed. Cytomyeloarchitectonic and morphometric methods of investigation were applied: the areas of the fields in question, the transverse thickness of the cortex, separate cortical layers, neuronal dimentions were measured. Alongside, general regularities in the development of these fields in both species (the frontal cortex is laid earlier than other parts of the cortex, the terms of the field differentiation coincide, uneven development of the fields with different phylogenic origin) some important differences are demonstrated. They are seen a) in the rate of the frontal field maturation--in man it takes longer time, b) in a more complex organization of the frontal part in man--during prenatal life new structural features of the fields, 44, 45, 46 and subfields in the field 47 appear. During prenatal life of monkey and man in the development of the frontal area the phenomena of heterochrony (common for both species) and anabolia (peculiar for man only) are observed (the appearance of new more complex structures). These phenomena display themselves in the shift of the laying of the frontal area towards earlier stages of embryogenesis.", "contents": "[Comparison of the field formation in the frontal area during prenatal period in Macaca (Macacus rhesus, S. Macaca mulatta) and man]. A developmental comparison of the fields 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 47 during prenatal life in macacus rhesus and man was performed. Cytomyeloarchitectonic and morphometric methods of investigation were applied: the areas of the fields in question, the transverse thickness of the cortex, separate cortical layers, neuronal dimentions were measured. Alongside, general regularities in the development of these fields in both species (the frontal cortex is laid earlier than other parts of the cortex, the terms of the field differentiation coincide, uneven development of the fields with different phylogenic origin) some important differences are demonstrated. They are seen a) in the rate of the frontal field maturation--in man it takes longer time, b) in a more complex organization of the frontal part in man--during prenatal life new structural features of the fields, 44, 45, 46 and subfields in the field 47 appear. During prenatal life of monkey and man in the development of the frontal area the phenomena of heterochrony (common for both species) and anabolia (peculiar for man only) are observed (the appearance of new more complex structures). These phenomena display themselves in the shift of the laying of the frontal area towards earlier stages of embryogenesis.", "PMID": 409377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5089", "title": "[Quantitative characteristics of the systems of truncal auditory and visual brain formations in Artiodactyla and perissodactyla].", "content": "On the ground of cytoarchitectonic investigation and planimetric measurements a volumetric comparison between the systems of truncal formations of auditory and optical analysers were made in the representatives of artiodactyla (deer, elk, gazelle, sheep, wild boar, hippopotamus) and perissodactyla orders (horse). The data obtained demonstrated a great quantitative predominance of the system of optical formation in comparison with that of auditory, which correlates to the leading role of the optical system in these animals. In non-ruminants, according to other environmental conditions, vision looses its biological importance, such as in ruminants. In the former, therefore, a much less predominance of the optical formations comparing with the auditory ones was revealed. Comparisons with the previous results of the author obtained in other mammal orders, demonstrated quantative changebility--plasticity of corresponding truncal auditory, optical and vesitbular formations in response to ecologically stipulated changes of leading afferentation in different mammals.", "contents": "[Quantitative characteristics of the systems of truncal auditory and visual brain formations in Artiodactyla and perissodactyla]. On the ground of cytoarchitectonic investigation and planimetric measurements a volumetric comparison between the systems of truncal formations of auditory and optical analysers were made in the representatives of artiodactyla (deer, elk, gazelle, sheep, wild boar, hippopotamus) and perissodactyla orders (horse). The data obtained demonstrated a great quantitative predominance of the system of optical formation in comparison with that of auditory, which correlates to the leading role of the optical system in these animals. In non-ruminants, according to other environmental conditions, vision looses its biological importance, such as in ruminants. In the former, therefore, a much less predominance of the optical formations comparing with the auditory ones was revealed. Comparisons with the previous results of the author obtained in other mammal orders, demonstrated quantative changebility--plasticity of corresponding truncal auditory, optical and vesitbular formations in response to ecologically stipulated changes of leading afferentation in different mammals.", "PMID": 409378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5090", "title": "[Blood vessels of the epiphysis in comparative-anatomical aspect].", "content": "The structure of the epiphysis and its inner blood vessels were studied in the representatives of nine orders of placental mammals and in man by means of injection of stained masses into the arteries and veins and subsequent preparation of histological sections. Not only form and topography of the organ differ in the representatives of different orders, but histological picture of the epiphysis is specific for each of them. In insectivores and chiroptera the loops of the inner three-dimensional capillary network are stretched along the longitudinal axis of the organ. In the epiphysis of carnivores, ungulata and monkey, the intraorganic vessels are situated in stromal trabeculae and the loops of the capillary network have polygonal shape. The intraepiphyseal vessels in man are arranged in peculiar baskets which envelope parenchymal lobules. The intraorganic veins beginning from the loops of the capillary network do not follow the arteries penetrating into the organ, but independently go to different surface parts of the organ where they flow into extraorganic veins.", "contents": "[Blood vessels of the epiphysis in comparative-anatomical aspect]. The structure of the epiphysis and its inner blood vessels were studied in the representatives of nine orders of placental mammals and in man by means of injection of stained masses into the arteries and veins and subsequent preparation of histological sections. Not only form and topography of the organ differ in the representatives of different orders, but histological picture of the epiphysis is specific for each of them. In insectivores and chiroptera the loops of the inner three-dimensional capillary network are stretched along the longitudinal axis of the organ. In the epiphysis of carnivores, ungulata and monkey, the intraorganic vessels are situated in stromal trabeculae and the loops of the capillary network have polygonal shape. The intraepiphyseal vessels in man are arranged in peculiar baskets which envelope parenchymal lobules. The intraorganic veins beginning from the loops of the capillary network do not follow the arteries penetrating into the organ, but independently go to different surface parts of the organ where they flow into extraorganic veins.", "PMID": 409379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5091", "title": "[Anatomy of the lymph vessels and nodes of the head and neck in green marmosets].", "content": "In 50 mature green monkeys, the lymphatic system of the skin on the hairy part of the skull (occipital, parietal, frontal) and on the face was studied. The lymphatic vessels of cranial and cervical organs flow into submental, submandibular (anterior, medial, posterior) lymph nodes and into profound cervical (cranial, medial, caudal) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes together with efferent lymphatic vessels form lymph collectors of the neck which follow the blood vessels branching: superficial jugular, profound jugular and paratracheal network.", "contents": "[Anatomy of the lymph vessels and nodes of the head and neck in green marmosets]. In 50 mature green monkeys, the lymphatic system of the skin on the hairy part of the skull (occipital, parietal, frontal) and on the face was studied. The lymphatic vessels of cranial and cervical organs flow into submental, submandibular (anterior, medial, posterior) lymph nodes and into profound cervical (cranial, medial, caudal) lymph nodes. Lymph nodes together with efferent lymphatic vessels form lymph collectors of the neck which follow the blood vessels branching: superficial jugular, profound jugular and paratracheal network.", "PMID": 409381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5092", "title": "Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. VI. Associated visual disturbances and their pathogenesis.", "content": "The pattern and pathogenesis of nonlocalizing visual disturbances, associated with optic disc edema (ODE). raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and intracranial space-taking lesions were investigated experimentally in rhesus monkeys with simulated progressive brain tumor and clinically in patients with benign intracranial hypertension. The visual disturbances occurring in one of both eyes were of three types: recurrent attacks of transient obscuration, permanent blindness, and various types of visual field defects. The studies indicate that the visual disturbances are usually due to two mechanisms. The most common is ischemia of the optic disc secondary to ODE. The other, rarer mechanism probably consists of the space-taking lesion causing downward herniation of the parahippocampal gyrus into the tentorial notch, producing compression of the lateral geniculate body and optic tract.", "contents": "Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. VI. Associated visual disturbances and their pathogenesis. The pattern and pathogenesis of nonlocalizing visual disturbances, associated with optic disc edema (ODE). raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and intracranial space-taking lesions were investigated experimentally in rhesus monkeys with simulated progressive brain tumor and clinically in patients with benign intracranial hypertension. The visual disturbances occurring in one of both eyes were of three types: recurrent attacks of transient obscuration, permanent blindness, and various types of visual field defects. The studies indicate that the visual disturbances are usually due to two mechanisms. The most common is ischemia of the optic disc secondary to ODE. The other, rarer mechanism probably consists of the space-taking lesion causing downward herniation of the parahippocampal gyrus into the tentorial notch, producing compression of the lateral geniculate body and optic tract.", "PMID": 409382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5093", "title": "Hearing patterns in Morquio's syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis IV).", "content": "The hearing status of 18 patients with Morquio's syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis IV) was evaluated. All three patients under age 8 years had a conductive hearing loss. Fourteen of 15 patients 8 years of age and older had a mixed or sensorineural hearing loss; one had normal hearing. Six patients wore hearing aids. By the end of the first decade of life, most persons with Morquio's syndrome may be expected to have either a mixed or sensorineural hearing loss. Amplification may be required.", "contents": "Hearing patterns in Morquio's syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis IV). The hearing status of 18 patients with Morquio's syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis IV) was evaluated. All three patients under age 8 years had a conductive hearing loss. Fourteen of 15 patients 8 years of age and older had a mixed or sensorineural hearing loss; one had normal hearing. Six patients wore hearing aids. By the end of the first decade of life, most persons with Morquio's syndrome may be expected to have either a mixed or sensorineural hearing loss. Amplification may be required.", "PMID": 409383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5094", "title": "Factors determining the effects of chronic protein-deficiency on antibody responses to sheep red blood cells and Brucella abortus vaccine in mice.", "content": "Chronic protein-deficiency in weanling mice caused variable suppression of the humoral plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to sheep erythrocytes. This was most prominent at high antigen doses and did not increase when mice were maintained on the diets for longer periods. Antibody responses produced by deficient mice were often short-lived and involved high levels of IgM. Total PFC counts were depressed slightly more than were circulating antibodies. Antibody responses to Brucella abortus were slightly decreased by protein-deficiency at high antigen doses but were normal or elevated at lower doses, the proportion of IgM produced was increased and the splenomegaly response to B. abortus was severely depressed. These results suggest that the depression of antibody production by protein-deficiency is not simply due to an impairment of helper T cell function, but a reduction in the availability or effectiveness of macrophage and regulatory or suppressor T cells may be important.", "contents": "Factors determining the effects of chronic protein-deficiency on antibody responses to sheep red blood cells and Brucella abortus vaccine in mice. Chronic protein-deficiency in weanling mice caused variable suppression of the humoral plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to sheep erythrocytes. This was most prominent at high antigen doses and did not increase when mice were maintained on the diets for longer periods. Antibody responses produced by deficient mice were often short-lived and involved high levels of IgM. Total PFC counts were depressed slightly more than were circulating antibodies. Antibody responses to Brucella abortus were slightly decreased by protein-deficiency at high antigen doses but were normal or elevated at lower doses, the proportion of IgM produced was increased and the splenomegaly response to B. abortus was severely depressed. These results suggest that the depression of antibody production by protein-deficiency is not simply due to an impairment of helper T cell function, but a reduction in the availability or effectiveness of macrophage and regulatory or suppressor T cells may be important.", "PMID": 409385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5095", "title": "Cardiopulmonary vagal afferents in the monkey: a survey of receptor activity.", "content": "A survey was made of vagal afferents whose endings originated in cardiopulmonary areas of the Rhesus monkey. Recordings of action potentials from single fiber preparations of the left cervical vagus were made in both open and closed chest monkeys. A total of 425 receptors were identified in sixteen animals. These consisted of 347 pulmonary stretch receptors (one of which increased its discharge during expiration), 42 aortic baroreceptors, 4 ventricular pressure receptors, 1 epicardial ventricular receptor, 7 type A atrial receptors and 24 type B atrial receptors. The response of each cardiovascular receptor was tested by altering the stimulus for their discharge. Aortic and ventricular baroreceptors increased their discharge in response to an increase in blood pressure induced by intravenous norepinephrine. Type A atrial receptors did not increase their discharge in response to an increase in atrial pressure during intravenous administration of isotonic saline, while type B atrial receptors did. The discharge of the latter became continuous following the intravenous administration of veratridine sulphate (20 microgram). It is concluded that the basic types of cardiopulmonary afferents exist in the non-human primate and that they respond similarly to those which have been demonstrated in lower species.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary vagal afferents in the monkey: a survey of receptor activity. A survey was made of vagal afferents whose endings originated in cardiopulmonary areas of the Rhesus monkey. Recordings of action potentials from single fiber preparations of the left cervical vagus were made in both open and closed chest monkeys. A total of 425 receptors were identified in sixteen animals. These consisted of 347 pulmonary stretch receptors (one of which increased its discharge during expiration), 42 aortic baroreceptors, 4 ventricular pressure receptors, 1 epicardial ventricular receptor, 7 type A atrial receptors and 24 type B atrial receptors. The response of each cardiovascular receptor was tested by altering the stimulus for their discharge. Aortic and ventricular baroreceptors increased their discharge in response to an increase in blood pressure induced by intravenous norepinephrine. Type A atrial receptors did not increase their discharge in response to an increase in atrial pressure during intravenous administration of isotonic saline, while type B atrial receptors did. The discharge of the latter became continuous following the intravenous administration of veratridine sulphate (20 microgram). It is concluded that the basic types of cardiopulmonary afferents exist in the non-human primate and that they respond similarly to those which have been demonstrated in lower species.", "PMID": 409390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5096", "title": "Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of phentolamine, sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerin in anaesthetized cats (comparison of vasodilators).", "content": "The effects of phentolamine (PH), sodium nitroprusside (NP) and nitroglycerin (GTN) were compared in experiments on anaesthetized cats. All three agents diminished vascular resistance and lowered blood pressure, although they differed in the intensity of their effects (NP greater than PH = GTN) and in the steepness of their dose-response curves (NP greater than PH greater than GTN). NP and GTN did not cause consistent changes in heart rate and dP/dt, whereas PH produced marked, dose-dependent increases in these two variables and in cardiac output, which was augmented to a lesser extent by NP and not affected by GTN. It is concluded that whereas the beneficial therapeutic effects of NP and GTN are presumably due exclusively to the reduction of preload and afterload, PH has an additional cardiostimulant action.", "contents": "Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of phentolamine, sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerin in anaesthetized cats (comparison of vasodilators). The effects of phentolamine (PH), sodium nitroprusside (NP) and nitroglycerin (GTN) were compared in experiments on anaesthetized cats. All three agents diminished vascular resistance and lowered blood pressure, although they differed in the intensity of their effects (NP greater than PH = GTN) and in the steepness of their dose-response curves (NP greater than PH greater than GTN). NP and GTN did not cause consistent changes in heart rate and dP/dt, whereas PH produced marked, dose-dependent increases in these two variables and in cardiac output, which was augmented to a lesser extent by NP and not affected by GTN. It is concluded that whereas the beneficial therapeutic effects of NP and GTN are presumably due exclusively to the reduction of preload and afterload, PH has an additional cardiostimulant action.", "PMID": 409391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5097", "title": "Effect of toloxatone on behaviour of primates.", "content": "1. The effects of (3-methyl)-3-phenyl-5-hydroxy-methyl-2-oxazolidinone (toloxatone) were studied on the behaviour of three species of primates: baboon, rhesus monkeys and chimpanzee. 2. The activity against reserpine-induced depression is observed in baboon as in rodents. 2. The administration of toloxatone induces three effects which probably have the same origin: suppression of feeding inhibition of the subordinate baboon, improvement of escape reaction in the conditioned chimpanzee, increase in general activity and the active component of social behaviour in grouped rhesus monkeys. These three effects can be interpreted as resulting from the stimulating effect of toloxatone, or more precisely from a disinhibiting effect. 4. Contrary to amphetamine, toloxatone does not induce, even at high or repeated doses, behavioural disturbances.", "contents": "Effect of toloxatone on behaviour of primates. 1. The effects of (3-methyl)-3-phenyl-5-hydroxy-methyl-2-oxazolidinone (toloxatone) were studied on the behaviour of three species of primates: baboon, rhesus monkeys and chimpanzee. 2. The activity against reserpine-induced depression is observed in baboon as in rodents. 2. The administration of toloxatone induces three effects which probably have the same origin: suppression of feeding inhibition of the subordinate baboon, improvement of escape reaction in the conditioned chimpanzee, increase in general activity and the active component of social behaviour in grouped rhesus monkeys. These three effects can be interpreted as resulting from the stimulating effect of toloxatone, or more precisely from a disinhibiting effect. 4. Contrary to amphetamine, toloxatone does not induce, even at high or repeated doses, behavioural disturbances.", "PMID": 409416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5098", "title": "Antibacterial and anthelminthic properties of visnaginone and khellinone derivatives.", "content": "The compounds tested, derivatives of visnaginone and khellinone, showed antibacterial activity on gram negative and gram positive micro-organisms. Some of the compounds possess an antibacterial activity on some pathogenic bacteria, i.e. Brucella abortus, for which there is no remedy as yet. All the chalcones tested were inactive except Ib, which showed antiparasitic broad spectrum.", "contents": "Antibacterial and anthelminthic properties of visnaginone and khellinone derivatives. The compounds tested, derivatives of visnaginone and khellinone, showed antibacterial activity on gram negative and gram positive micro-organisms. Some of the compounds possess an antibacterial activity on some pathogenic bacteria, i.e. Brucella abortus, for which there is no remedy as yet. All the chalcones tested were inactive except Ib, which showed antiparasitic broad spectrum.", "PMID": 409417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5099", "title": "Comparison of two dosage schedules of gold salts in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Relationship of serum gold levels to therapeutic response.", "content": "Two doses of gold sodium thiomalate were compared for their effect on rheumatoid arthritis. Thirty-seven patients with active disease for longer than 6 months were treated with 25 mg of gold sodium thiomalate for an average of 29.6 weeks, then at biweekly or monthly intervals to complete 2 years of treatment. Thirty-eight patients were given more than twice as much gold salt at the same intervals on a flexible dose schedule that produced serum gold levels which averaged 332 microgram/dl during the weekly injection phase. No differences were observed in the therapeutic responses of the two groups. Therefore the minimal dose of gold sodium thiomalate required to induce a response in rheumatoid arthritis is 25 mg or less per week. Serum gold levels in the steady state varied between 95 and 386 microgram/dl and were not related to response. Serum half-life for gold was calculated for patients who had an excellent response and for those who were treatment failures. The rate at which gold disappeared from serum was not related to therapeutic responses.", "contents": "Comparison of two dosage schedules of gold salts in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Relationship of serum gold levels to therapeutic response. Two doses of gold sodium thiomalate were compared for their effect on rheumatoid arthritis. Thirty-seven patients with active disease for longer than 6 months were treated with 25 mg of gold sodium thiomalate for an average of 29.6 weeks, then at biweekly or monthly intervals to complete 2 years of treatment. Thirty-eight patients were given more than twice as much gold salt at the same intervals on a flexible dose schedule that produced serum gold levels which averaged 332 microgram/dl during the weekly injection phase. No differences were observed in the therapeutic responses of the two groups. Therefore the minimal dose of gold sodium thiomalate required to induce a response in rheumatoid arthritis is 25 mg or less per week. Serum gold levels in the steady state varied between 95 and 386 microgram/dl and were not related to response. Serum half-life for gold was calculated for patients who had an excellent response and for those who were treatment failures. The rate at which gold disappeared from serum was not related to therapeutic responses.", "PMID": 409413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5100", "title": "Postinjection nonvasomotor reactions during chrysotherapy. Constitutional and rheumatic symptoms following injections of gold salts.", "content": "During gold sodium thiomalate (GST) therapy, 15% of 100 unselected patients described recurring postinjection reactions (PIRs), consisting of transient stiffness, arthralgias, myalgias, and constitutional symptoms. Six patients with more severe reactions requested discontinuation of chrysotherapy and for these, gold thioglucose (GTG) substitution abolished or amelioriated the reactions. The major significance of the PIR is that it may be a frequent cause of unwarranted premature abandonment of chrysotherapy.", "contents": "Postinjection nonvasomotor reactions during chrysotherapy. Constitutional and rheumatic symptoms following injections of gold salts. During gold sodium thiomalate (GST) therapy, 15% of 100 unselected patients described recurring postinjection reactions (PIRs), consisting of transient stiffness, arthralgias, myalgias, and constitutional symptoms. Six patients with more severe reactions requested discontinuation of chrysotherapy and for these, gold thioglucose (GTG) substitution abolished or amelioriated the reactions. The major significance of the PIR is that it may be a frequent cause of unwarranted premature abandonment of chrysotherapy.", "PMID": 409414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5101", "title": "Amino acid sequence of normal (microheterogeneous) porcine immunoglobulin lambda chains.", "content": "The partial amino acid sequence of pooled, microheterogeneous pig immunoglobulin lambda chains was determined previously (Fran\u0115k, F. (1970), FEBS Lett. 8, 269; Novotn\u00fd, J., and Fran\u0115k, F. (1975), FEBS Lett. 58, 24). In the present study, citraconylated pig lambda chains were digested by trypsin under conditions in which some of the epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues unmask. The resulting fragments were purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography at pH 3.0  in buffers containing urea; some of the fragments were found to be of intermediate size (i.e., larger than normal tryptic peptides but smaller than \"citraconyl\" peptides), thus permitting overlap information and amino acid sequences of all the 14 tryptic peptides to be deduced from amino acid compositions and partial amino acid sequences of selected fragments. In addition to completing the major amino acid sequence of pig immunoglobulin lambda chains, the present study demonstrates that it is possible to sequence microheterogeneous proteins with a suitable fragmentation strategy.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of normal (microheterogeneous) porcine immunoglobulin lambda chains. The partial amino acid sequence of pooled, microheterogeneous pig immunoglobulin lambda chains was determined previously (Fran\u0115k, F. (1970), FEBS Lett. 8, 269; Novotn\u00fd, J., and Fran\u0115k, F. (1975), FEBS Lett. 58, 24). In the present study, citraconylated pig lambda chains were digested by trypsin under conditions in which some of the epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues unmask. The resulting fragments were purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography at pH 3.0  in buffers containing urea; some of the fragments were found to be of intermediate size (i.e., larger than normal tryptic peptides but smaller than \"citraconyl\" peptides), thus permitting overlap information and amino acid sequences of all the 14 tryptic peptides to be deduced from amino acid compositions and partial amino acid sequences of selected fragments. In addition to completing the major amino acid sequence of pig immunoglobulin lambda chains, the present study demonstrates that it is possible to sequence microheterogeneous proteins with a suitable fragmentation strategy.", "PMID": 409425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5102", "title": "Acetylation of prostaglandin synthetase by aspirin. Purification and properties of the acetylated protein from sheep vesicular gland.", "content": "We previously presented evidence that aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) inhibits prostaglandin synthetase by acetylating and active site of the enzyme. In the current work, we have labeled the enzyme from an aceton-pentane powder of sheep vesicular gland using [acetyl-3H]aspirin and purified the [3H]acetyl-protein to near homogeneity. The final preparation contains protein of a single molecular weight (85 000) and an amino-terminal sequence of Asp-Ala-Gly-Arg-Ala. The [3H]acetyl-protein contained 0.5 mol of acetyl residues per mol of protein based on amino acid composition but only a single sequence was found.", "contents": "Acetylation of prostaglandin synthetase by aspirin. Purification and properties of the acetylated protein from sheep vesicular gland. We previously presented evidence that aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) inhibits prostaglandin synthetase by acetylating and active site of the enzyme. In the current work, we have labeled the enzyme from an aceton-pentane powder of sheep vesicular gland using [acetyl-3H]aspirin and purified the [3H]acetyl-protein to near homogeneity. The final preparation contains protein of a single molecular weight (85 000) and an amino-terminal sequence of Asp-Ala-Gly-Arg-Ala. The [3H]acetyl-protein contained 0.5 mol of acetyl residues per mol of protein based on amino acid composition but only a single sequence was found.", "PMID": 409429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5103", "title": "Molecular characterization of limulin, a sialic acid binding lectin from the hemolymph of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus.", "content": "The sialic acid binding lectin, limulin, was isolated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography from the hemolymph of Limulus polyphemus. When the purified protein was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol, two major protein bands were observed. These two bands, subsequently found to contain carbohydrate as well, corresponded to molecular weights of 25 000 and 27 000. Amino acid sequence analyses were performed on both the intact protein and isolated cyanogen bromide fragments. The following primary structural features were noted in the amino-terminal region of limulin: (1) the absence of histidine and alanine from the NH2-terminal 50 residues; (2) the presence of five of the total eight prolines of the molecule between positions 13 and 30; and (3) a possible carbohydrate attachment site consisting of only the amino acids proline and serine between residues 13 and 19. The resultsof cyanogen bromide cleavage studies confirmed the presence of 2 methionine residues per subunit, at positions 25 and 58 respectively. No sequence heterogeneity was observed in this study. While it is quite possible that limulin plays some role in the defense mechanisms of the horseshoe crab, there is no obvious sequence homology between this invertebrate lectin and vertebrate immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Molecular characterization of limulin, a sialic acid binding lectin from the hemolymph of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. The sialic acid binding lectin, limulin, was isolated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography from the hemolymph of Limulus polyphemus. When the purified protein was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol, two major protein bands were observed. These two bands, subsequently found to contain carbohydrate as well, corresponded to molecular weights of 25 000 and 27 000. Amino acid sequence analyses were performed on both the intact protein and isolated cyanogen bromide fragments. The following primary structural features were noted in the amino-terminal region of limulin: (1) the absence of histidine and alanine from the NH2-terminal 50 residues; (2) the presence of five of the total eight prolines of the molecule between positions 13 and 30; and (3) a possible carbohydrate attachment site consisting of only the amino acids proline and serine between residues 13 and 19. The resultsof cyanogen bromide cleavage studies confirmed the presence of 2 methionine residues per subunit, at positions 25 and 58 respectively. No sequence heterogeneity was observed in this study. While it is quite possible that limulin plays some role in the defense mechanisms of the horseshoe crab, there is no obvious sequence homology between this invertebrate lectin and vertebrate immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 409430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5104", "title": "Photosynthetic activity of diimidoester-modified cells, permeaplasts, and cell-free membrane fragments of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "On treating the blue green alga Anacystis nidulans with dimethylsuberimidate up to 70% of the free NH2 of the photosynthetic membrane is amidinated, and presumably inter- and intramolecular cross-links are established in the membrane proteins. Amidination destroys the ability of A. nidulans to photoreduce HCO3(-) but leaves the photochemical activities of Photosystems II and I nearly intact. With added electron acceptors, photosynthetic O2 evolution can be demonstrated both with permeable cells (permeaplasts) prepared by digestion of the cell wall of dimethylsuberimidate-reacted A. nidulans with lysozyme, as well as with heavy membrane particles (36 000 x g) prepared from dimethylsuberimidate-reacted cells. Permeaplasts prepared from dimethylsuberimidate-reacted cells resist damage in hypoosmotic medium, whereas those prepared from unreacted cells are induced to release C-phycocyanin. On the other hand, the former are inactivated more easily by heat stress than the latter. On this basis, it is concluded that cross-linking with dimethylsuberimidate confers functional instability to photosynthetic membranes.", "contents": "Photosynthetic activity of diimidoester-modified cells, permeaplasts, and cell-free membrane fragments of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. On treating the blue green alga Anacystis nidulans with dimethylsuberimidate up to 70% of the free NH2 of the photosynthetic membrane is amidinated, and presumably inter- and intramolecular cross-links are established in the membrane proteins. Amidination destroys the ability of A. nidulans to photoreduce HCO3(-) but leaves the photochemical activities of Photosystems II and I nearly intact. With added electron acceptors, photosynthetic O2 evolution can be demonstrated both with permeable cells (permeaplasts) prepared by digestion of the cell wall of dimethylsuberimidate-reacted A. nidulans with lysozyme, as well as with heavy membrane particles (36 000 x g) prepared from dimethylsuberimidate-reacted cells. Permeaplasts prepared from dimethylsuberimidate-reacted cells resist damage in hypoosmotic medium, whereas those prepared from unreacted cells are induced to release C-phycocyanin. On the other hand, the former are inactivated more easily by heat stress than the latter. On this basis, it is concluded that cross-linking with dimethylsuberimidate confers functional instability to photosynthetic membranes.", "PMID": 409432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5105", "title": "Studies on DNA repair in Bacillus subtilis. III. Identification of an exonuclease which enhances the priming activity of gamma-irradiated dna by \"cleaning' damaged ends.", "content": "An enzyme which enhances the priming activity of gamma-irradiated DNA for type I DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) was identified and partially purified from extracts of Bacillus subtilis cells. The enzyme preferentially degraded gamma-irradiated DNA into acid-soluble materials. DNA preparations treated with heat, ultraviolet light, pancreatic DNAase (EC 3.1.4.5) or micrococcal DNAase (EC 3.1.4.7) were not susceptible to the enzyme. However, sonication rendered DNA susceptible to the enzyme to some extent. From these results, it is supposed that this enzyme may function by 'cleaning' damaged terminals produced by gamma-irradiation to serve as effective priming sites for repair synthesis by the type I DNA polymerase.", "contents": "Studies on DNA repair in Bacillus subtilis. III. Identification of an exonuclease which enhances the priming activity of gamma-irradiated dna by \"cleaning' damaged ends. An enzyme which enhances the priming activity of gamma-irradiated DNA for type I DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) was identified and partially purified from extracts of Bacillus subtilis cells. The enzyme preferentially degraded gamma-irradiated DNA into acid-soluble materials. DNA preparations treated with heat, ultraviolet light, pancreatic DNAase (EC 3.1.4.5) or micrococcal DNAase (EC 3.1.4.7) were not susceptible to the enzyme. However, sonication rendered DNA susceptible to the enzyme to some extent. From these results, it is supposed that this enzyme may function by 'cleaning' damaged terminals produced by gamma-irradiation to serve as effective priming sites for repair synthesis by the type I DNA polymerase.", "PMID": 409435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5106", "title": "The influence of micelle formation on lipoxygenase kinetics.", "content": "The effects of a series of n-alcohols and n-carboxylic acids on lipoxygenase activity was studied. It was shown that to a large extent the effects of these compounds could be ascribed to physiochemical interaction with the substrate solution rather than a direct action on the enzyme itself. The effect of better substrate analogues such as stearate and oleate could also be ascribed to this effect. A type-2 lipoxygenase was found to have a very unusual velocity-substrate relationship which could be normalized by addition of calcium chloride in amounts stoichiometric with the substrate. An excess of calcium inhibited the enzyme. By comparison of results with linoleoyl sulphate/linoleoyl alcohol mixed micelles, an explanation for this unusual velocity-substrate activity is presented.", "contents": "The influence of micelle formation on lipoxygenase kinetics. The effects of a series of n-alcohols and n-carboxylic acids on lipoxygenase activity was studied. It was shown that to a large extent the effects of these compounds could be ascribed to physiochemical interaction with the substrate solution rather than a direct action on the enzyme itself. The effect of better substrate analogues such as stearate and oleate could also be ascribed to this effect. A type-2 lipoxygenase was found to have a very unusual velocity-substrate relationship which could be normalized by addition of calcium chloride in amounts stoichiometric with the substrate. An excess of calcium inhibited the enzyme. By comparison of results with linoleoyl sulphate/linoleoyl alcohol mixed micelles, an explanation for this unusual velocity-substrate activity is presented.", "PMID": 409436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5107", "title": "[Effect of chemical modification on thermal stability of horseradish peroxidase].", "content": "Soluble preparations of horse radish peroxidase are obtained by means of its amino groups modification with glutaric aldehyde, maleic anhydride and inert proteins including albumin. The enzyme activity is found to decrease under the modification with glutaric aldehyde and to be unchanged at all other cases. Thermal stability of the enzyme preparations obtained is studied within the temperature range from 56 to 80 degrees C. Thermostability of glutaric aldehyde-modified peroxidase is approximately 2.5-fold decreased at 56 degrees C. Thermostability of other preparations exceeds the stability of native peroxidase in 25--90 times at 56 degrees C. Thermodynamic parameters of activation for the process of irreversible thermoinactivation of native and modified enzyme are calculated. A strong compensation effect between activation enthalpy and entropy values is observed, which were changed in 1.5--2 times, while the free activation energy is changed by 2--3 kcal/mol only. Possible mechanism of the change of the enzyme thermal stability under its chemical modification is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of chemical modification on thermal stability of horseradish peroxidase]. Soluble preparations of horse radish peroxidase are obtained by means of its amino groups modification with glutaric aldehyde, maleic anhydride and inert proteins including albumin. The enzyme activity is found to decrease under the modification with glutaric aldehyde and to be unchanged at all other cases. Thermal stability of the enzyme preparations obtained is studied within the temperature range from 56 to 80 degrees C. Thermostability of glutaric aldehyde-modified peroxidase is approximately 2.5-fold decreased at 56 degrees C. Thermostability of other preparations exceeds the stability of native peroxidase in 25--90 times at 56 degrees C. Thermodynamic parameters of activation for the process of irreversible thermoinactivation of native and modified enzyme are calculated. A strong compensation effect between activation enthalpy and entropy values is observed, which were changed in 1.5--2 times, while the free activation energy is changed by 2--3 kcal/mol only. Possible mechanism of the change of the enzyme thermal stability under its chemical modification is discussed.", "PMID": 409438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5108", "title": "Is taurine essential for the neonates?", "content": "Serum amino acid concentration measurements in infants with low birth weight fed on human milk or on two humanized formulas and in infants on total parenteral nutrition showed that taurine was significantly decreased in the three groups on artificial diet. Infants weighing more than 2,000 g on total parenteral nutrition perfused with a solution containing no taurine and little cystine showed a low taurine concentration despite a significant increase of cystine. These results favor the hypothesis of Sturman et al., that the human infant cannot synthetize in adequate amount of taurine from cystine and methionine precursors and may be dependent on its diets as a taurine source.", "contents": "Is taurine essential for the neonates? Serum amino acid concentration measurements in infants with low birth weight fed on human milk or on two humanized formulas and in infants on total parenteral nutrition showed that taurine was significantly decreased in the three groups on artificial diet. Infants weighing more than 2,000 g on total parenteral nutrition perfused with a solution containing no taurine and little cystine showed a low taurine concentration despite a significant increase of cystine. These results favor the hypothesis of Sturman et al., that the human infant cannot synthetize in adequate amount of taurine from cystine and methionine precursors and may be dependent on its diets as a taurine source.", "PMID": 409439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5109", "title": "Theoretical conversion yields for penicillin synthesis.", "content": "The efficiency of conversion of the carbon-energy source to product is of primary importance in many fermentation processes. In order to assess the efficiency of a process, one must know how close the actual conversion yield is to the theoretical maximum. Theoretical conversion yields are useful, therefore, as guides in improving a process. This knowledge is particularly important today because the cost of raw materials is rapidly rising. In this study, the biochemical pathway of penicillin synthesis was used to estimate the theoretical yield of penicillin from glucose, ammonia, and sulfate. These values are compared with experimental data from the literature. An analysis of the role of glucose in the synthesis of cell mass and penicillin and in the maintenance of cells makes it possible to assess the efficiency of carbon-source utilization and to direct further advances in penicillin fermentations.", "contents": "Theoretical conversion yields for penicillin synthesis. The efficiency of conversion of the carbon-energy source to product is of primary importance in many fermentation processes. In order to assess the efficiency of a process, one must know how close the actual conversion yield is to the theoretical maximum. Theoretical conversion yields are useful, therefore, as guides in improving a process. This knowledge is particularly important today because the cost of raw materials is rapidly rising. In this study, the biochemical pathway of penicillin synthesis was used to estimate the theoretical yield of penicillin from glucose, ammonia, and sulfate. These values are compared with experimental data from the literature. An analysis of the role of glucose in the synthesis of cell mass and penicillin and in the maintenance of cells makes it possible to assess the efficiency of carbon-source utilization and to direct further advances in penicillin fermentations.", "PMID": 409442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5110", "title": "[Characteristics of the interaction of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene with the hairy cells in the central nervous system].", "content": "The implantation of a pill containing carcinogen DMBA into the right hemisphere of the rat brain induces the formation of a capsule, the innermost layer of which is composed of \"hairy\" cells. Two principally different mechanisms of carcinogen penetration into the \"hairy\" cell were distinguished: ordinary phagocytosis and biochemical interaction of carcinogen with the cell membrane. It is supposed that in the second case there occurs formation of secondary carcinogenic products in the form of steroid hormone which could be morphologically identified as lipid-like structures of the \"hairy\" cell.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the interaction of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene with the hairy cells in the central nervous system]. The implantation of a pill containing carcinogen DMBA into the right hemisphere of the rat brain induces the formation of a capsule, the innermost layer of which is composed of \"hairy\" cells. Two principally different mechanisms of carcinogen penetration into the \"hairy\" cell were distinguished: ordinary phagocytosis and biochemical interaction of carcinogen with the cell membrane. It is supposed that in the second case there occurs formation of secondary carcinogenic products in the form of steroid hormone which could be morphologically identified as lipid-like structures of the \"hairy\" cell.", "PMID": 409443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5111", "title": "[Differentiation of type D virus from continuous human cells (Il'in-Bykovski\u012d virus) and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus by the antigens of the viral envelopes].", "content": "For differentiation of Ilvin-Bykovsky virus (IBV) and monkey Meson-Pfeizer virus (M-PMV) the method of virus neutralization with antibodies against the envelope virus antigen was used. The viruses were cultivated in similar human embryo cells. The results of the virus neutralization were determined by presence or absence of the gs-antigen in the infected cells. The antiserum to M-PMV envelope antigens did not neutralize the IBV antigen. It has been concluded that IBV and M-PMV differ by their envelope antigens and should be regarded as different viruses.", "contents": "[Differentiation of type D virus from continuous human cells (Il'in-Bykovski\u012d virus) and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus by the antigens of the viral envelopes]. For differentiation of Ilvin-Bykovsky virus (IBV) and monkey Meson-Pfeizer virus (M-PMV) the method of virus neutralization with antibodies against the envelope virus antigen was used. The viruses were cultivated in similar human embryo cells. The results of the virus neutralization were determined by presence or absence of the gs-antigen in the infected cells. The antiserum to M-PMV envelope antigens did not neutralize the IBV antigen. It has been concluded that IBV and M-PMV differ by their envelope antigens and should be regarded as different viruses.", "PMID": 409444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5112", "title": "Agonist and antagonist properties of buprenorphine, a new antinociceptive agent.", "content": "1. Buprenorphine is a highly lipophilic derivative of oripavine. In rodent antinociceptive assays (writhing, tail pressure), buprenorphine had an action which was rapid in onset and of long duration; it was 25-40 times more potent than morphine after parenteral injection and 7-10 times more potent after oral administration. 2. The log dose-response relationship for buprenorphine was curvilinear in mouse and rat tail flick tests with the antinociceptive effect decreasing at higher, non-toxic doses. 3. Tolerance developed to the antinociceptive activity of buprenorphine in mice. 4. No signs of abstinence were observed on naloxone challenge or after abrupt withdrawal in monkeys receiving buprenorphine chronically for one month. 5. Buprenorphine antagonized the antinociceptive actions of morphine in mouse and rat tail flick tests but was an ineffective antagonist in the rat tail pressure test. 6. Buprenorphine precipitated signs of abstinence in morphine-dependent mice and monkeys but not in morphine-dependent rats. 7. Buprenorphine produced Straub tails in mice. This effect was not antagonized when the animals were pretreated with naloxone. However, in the rat tail pressure test high doses of diprenorphine antagonized established antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine. 8. It is concluded that buprenorphine represents a definite advance in the search for a narcotic antagonist analgesic of low physical dependence potential.", "contents": "Agonist and antagonist properties of buprenorphine, a new antinociceptive agent. 1. Buprenorphine is a highly lipophilic derivative of oripavine. In rodent antinociceptive assays (writhing, tail pressure), buprenorphine had an action which was rapid in onset and of long duration; it was 25-40 times more potent than morphine after parenteral injection and 7-10 times more potent after oral administration. 2. The log dose-response relationship for buprenorphine was curvilinear in mouse and rat tail flick tests with the antinociceptive effect decreasing at higher, non-toxic doses. 3. Tolerance developed to the antinociceptive activity of buprenorphine in mice. 4. No signs of abstinence were observed on naloxone challenge or after abrupt withdrawal in monkeys receiving buprenorphine chronically for one month. 5. Buprenorphine antagonized the antinociceptive actions of morphine in mouse and rat tail flick tests but was an ineffective antagonist in the rat tail pressure test. 6. Buprenorphine precipitated signs of abstinence in morphine-dependent mice and monkeys but not in morphine-dependent rats. 7. Buprenorphine produced Straub tails in mice. This effect was not antagonized when the animals were pretreated with naloxone. However, in the rat tail pressure test high doses of diprenorphine antagonized established antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine. 8. It is concluded that buprenorphine represents a definite advance in the search for a narcotic antagonist analgesic of low physical dependence potential.", "PMID": 409448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5113", "title": "The animal pharmacology of buprenorphine, an oripavine analgesic agent.", "content": "1. The general pharmacology of buprenorphine, a potent analgesic agent derived from oripavine, is described. 2. After cute administration of buprenorphine, the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice was increased; rats displayed stereotyped licking and biting movements; behavioural depression was marked in guinea-pigs but mild in rhesus monkeys. The behaviour of cats was unchanged. 3. In general, buprenorphine reduced heart rate but had no significant effect on arterial blood pressure in conscious rats and dogs. 4. In anaesthetized, open-chest cats buprenorphine (0.10 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.v.) caused no major haemodynamic changes. 5. Buprenorphine (0.01-10 mg/kg i.a.) and morphine (0.30-30 mg/kg, i.a.) increased arterial PCO2 values and reduced PO2 values in conscious rats. With doses of buprenorphine greater than 0.10 mg/kg (a) the duration of respiratory depression became less, (b) ceiling effects occurred such that the maximum effects produced were less than those obtained with morphine. 6. Buprenorphine was a potent and long-lasting antagonist of citric acid-induced coughing in guinea-pigs. 7. At a dose level 20 times greater than the ED50 for antinociception (tail pressure), morphine suppressed urine output to a greater extent than the corresponding dose of buprenorphine in rats. 8. Over the range 0.01-1.0 mg/kg (s.c.), buprenorphine slowed the passage of a charcoal meal along the gastrointestinal tract in rats. After doses in excess of 1 mg/kg, the meal travelled increasingly further such that the distances measured at 10 and 30 mg/kg did not differ significantly from control values. In contrast, the morphine dose-response relationship was linear.", "contents": "The animal pharmacology of buprenorphine, an oripavine analgesic agent. 1. The general pharmacology of buprenorphine, a potent analgesic agent derived from oripavine, is described. 2. After cute administration of buprenorphine, the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice was increased; rats displayed stereotyped licking and biting movements; behavioural depression was marked in guinea-pigs but mild in rhesus monkeys. The behaviour of cats was unchanged. 3. In general, buprenorphine reduced heart rate but had no significant effect on arterial blood pressure in conscious rats and dogs. 4. In anaesthetized, open-chest cats buprenorphine (0.10 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.v.) caused no major haemodynamic changes. 5. Buprenorphine (0.01-10 mg/kg i.a.) and morphine (0.30-30 mg/kg, i.a.) increased arterial PCO2 values and reduced PO2 values in conscious rats. With doses of buprenorphine greater than 0.10 mg/kg (a) the duration of respiratory depression became less, (b) ceiling effects occurred such that the maximum effects produced were less than those obtained with morphine. 6. Buprenorphine was a potent and long-lasting antagonist of citric acid-induced coughing in guinea-pigs. 7. At a dose level 20 times greater than the ED50 for antinociception (tail pressure), morphine suppressed urine output to a greater extent than the corresponding dose of buprenorphine in rats. 8. Over the range 0.01-1.0 mg/kg (s.c.), buprenorphine slowed the passage of a charcoal meal along the gastrointestinal tract in rats. After doses in excess of 1 mg/kg, the meal travelled increasingly further such that the distances measured at 10 and 30 mg/kg did not differ significantly from control values. In contrast, the morphine dose-response relationship was linear.", "PMID": 409449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5114", "title": "Avoidable factors contributing to death after head injury.", "content": "We reviewed 116 patients, known to have talked before dying after head injury, to discover factors which had contributed to death but which might have been avoided. All the patients were admitted to a neurosurgical unit and had a neuropathological post-mortem examination. One or more avoidable factors were identified in 86 patients (74%); an avoidable factor was judged certainly to have contributed to death in 63 patients (54%). The most common avoidable factor was delay in the treatment of an intracranial haematoma; others included poorly controlled epilepsy, meningitis, hypoxia, and hypotension. Changes in the management of patients with head injuries which reduce the incidence of avoidable factors should decrease mortality from this condition.", "contents": "Avoidable factors contributing to death after head injury. We reviewed 116 patients, known to have talked before dying after head injury, to discover factors which had contributed to death but which might have been avoided. All the patients were admitted to a neurosurgical unit and had a neuropathological post-mortem examination. One or more avoidable factors were identified in 86 patients (74%); an avoidable factor was judged certainly to have contributed to death in 63 patients (54%). The most common avoidable factor was delay in the treatment of an intracranial haematoma; others included poorly controlled epilepsy, meningitis, hypoxia, and hypotension. Changes in the management of patients with head injuries which reduce the incidence of avoidable factors should decrease mortality from this condition.", "PMID": 409450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5115", "title": "An experimental study of the efferent connections of the superior cerebellar peduncle in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Unilateral electrolytic lesions were made in the right superior cerebellar peduncle immediately lateral of its decussation or in the dentate nucleus of 6 monkeys. The course of the contralateral ascending and descending degenerated fibers and sites of preterminal degenerated fibers were studied in material stained by Fink-Heimer, Nissl and Weil methods. Major thalamic sites of preterminal degeneration were in the rostral part of VPLo, and in VPI, VLo, VApc, CL and PCn. In other thalamic nuclei or subdivisions, no preterminal was observed or was questionable. No degenerated fibers entered the internal capsule or corpus striatum. There was abundant preterminal degeneration in the rostral part of the nucleus ruber and adjacent reticular formation. The descending degenerated fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle led to massive preterminal degeneration in the central part of the nucleus reticularis tegmentalis and in nuclei raphe pontis and magnus. The most caudal site of preterminal degeneration (minimal) was in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis adjacent to the median longitudinal fasciculus.", "contents": "An experimental study of the efferent connections of the superior cerebellar peduncle in the rhesus monkey. Unilateral electrolytic lesions were made in the right superior cerebellar peduncle immediately lateral of its decussation or in the dentate nucleus of 6 monkeys. The course of the contralateral ascending and descending degenerated fibers and sites of preterminal degenerated fibers were studied in material stained by Fink-Heimer, Nissl and Weil methods. Major thalamic sites of preterminal degeneration were in the rostral part of VPLo, and in VPI, VLo, VApc, CL and PCn. In other thalamic nuclei or subdivisions, no preterminal was observed or was questionable. No degenerated fibers entered the internal capsule or corpus striatum. There was abundant preterminal degeneration in the rostral part of the nucleus ruber and adjacent reticular formation. The descending degenerated fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle led to massive preterminal degeneration in the central part of the nucleus reticularis tegmentalis and in nuclei raphe pontis and magnus. The most caudal site of preterminal degeneration (minimal) was in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis adjacent to the median longitudinal fasciculus.", "PMID": 409452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5116", "title": "Absolute and differential sensitivities to touch stimuli after spinal cord lesions in monkeys.", "content": "Concurrent two-choice and go--no-go procedures were used to measure difference thresholds (DLs) for discrimination of touch intensities and absolute thresholds (RLs) for detection of light tactile stimuli by Macaca speciosa monkeys. Consistent with the classical proposition that the spinothalamic tracts of primates contain sufficient tactile input to support simple recognition of light skin contact, RLs were not affected by lesions of the ipsilateral dorsal column or by subsequent section of the ipsilateral dorsolateral column. There was, however, a clear dissociation of the effects of the spinal lesions on the absolute and difference thresholds. DLs were elevated ipsilaterally by lesions of the dorsal column and, after long periods of postoperative testing (more than 6 months), the DLs returned to postoperative levels. Subsequent interruption of the dorsolateral column again elevated DLs ipsilaterally and with extensive testing DLs again returned to preoperative levels.", "contents": "Absolute and differential sensitivities to touch stimuli after spinal cord lesions in monkeys. Concurrent two-choice and go--no-go procedures were used to measure difference thresholds (DLs) for discrimination of touch intensities and absolute thresholds (RLs) for detection of light tactile stimuli by Macaca speciosa monkeys. Consistent with the classical proposition that the spinothalamic tracts of primates contain sufficient tactile input to support simple recognition of light skin contact, RLs were not affected by lesions of the ipsilateral dorsal column or by subsequent section of the ipsilateral dorsolateral column. There was, however, a clear dissociation of the effects of the spinal lesions on the absolute and difference thresholds. DLs were elevated ipsilaterally by lesions of the dorsal column and, after long periods of postoperative testing (more than 6 months), the DLs returned to postoperative levels. Subsequent interruption of the dorsolateral column again elevated DLs ipsilaterally and with extensive testing DLs again returned to preoperative levels.", "PMID": 409453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5117", "title": "Mannose-binding hemagglutinins in extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Mannose-binding hemagglutinins were found in the extracts of a pyocyanin-forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which contain galactose-specific hemagglutinins. They were purified simultaneously with the latter proteins by heating to 70 degrees C, precipitating with ammonium sulfate, application to a Sepharose 4B column, and elution from it by 0.05 M mannose. The mannose-specific hemagglutinins were shown to be similar to the galactophilic ones in (a) being glycoproteins of very low molecular weight (about 11 000 by SDS gel electrophoresis), (b) their tendency to aggregate, and (c) their ability to effect stronger agglutination of erythrocytes treated with papain than of untreated ones. They were found to resemble them also in their reaction with simple sugars and interactions with divalent cations, which are essential for their activity. In these properties, as well as in their relative resistance to heat and to proteolytic enzymes, these two types of bacterial hemagglutinins are like most of the plant, contrasted with the animal, hemagglutinins. The reactions with mannose and mannose-bearing compounds (yeast mannan, horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), and serum globulins), which are not shared with the galactophilic Pseudomonas hemagglutinins, indicate a relationship of the mannose-binding protein of Pseudomonas to the plant lectin concanavalin A. The mannose-binding hemagglutinins do not exhibit identical cell-agglutinating spectra owing to difference in profiles of sugar specificity and relative affinity to mannose derivatives compared with free mannose.", "contents": "Mannose-binding hemagglutinins in extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mannose-binding hemagglutinins were found in the extracts of a pyocyanin-forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which contain galactose-specific hemagglutinins. They were purified simultaneously with the latter proteins by heating to 70 degrees C, precipitating with ammonium sulfate, application to a Sepharose 4B column, and elution from it by 0.05 M mannose. The mannose-specific hemagglutinins were shown to be similar to the galactophilic ones in (a) being glycoproteins of very low molecular weight (about 11 000 by SDS gel electrophoresis), (b) their tendency to aggregate, and (c) their ability to effect stronger agglutination of erythrocytes treated with papain than of untreated ones. They were found to resemble them also in their reaction with simple sugars and interactions with divalent cations, which are essential for their activity. In these properties, as well as in their relative resistance to heat and to proteolytic enzymes, these two types of bacterial hemagglutinins are like most of the plant, contrasted with the animal, hemagglutinins. The reactions with mannose and mannose-bearing compounds (yeast mannan, horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), and serum globulins), which are not shared with the galactophilic Pseudomonas hemagglutinins, indicate a relationship of the mannose-binding protein of Pseudomonas to the plant lectin concanavalin A. The mannose-binding hemagglutinins do not exhibit identical cell-agglutinating spectra owing to difference in profiles of sugar specificity and relative affinity to mannose derivatives compared with free mannose.", "PMID": 409463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5118", "title": "Polymers of biogenic amines.", "content": "Biogenic amines, with a primary amino group, were reacted with glutaraldehyde to form insoluble precipitates. These precipitates had distinctive ultrastructural features upon further reaction with osmic acid. When tested in vitro, they had biological activity and showed evidence that part of this biological activity was due to the large polymer of glutaraldehyde and amine. Experiments with isotope-labelled amines in the production of these precipitates showed that the precipitated polymers were not completely stable and that free amine was liberated from them. Since they were not stable, , they could not be used for the morphological localization of the amines as had been intended, but they may have some use as depot drugs or in the immunization of animals against these amines.", "contents": "Polymers of biogenic amines. Biogenic amines, with a primary amino group, were reacted with glutaraldehyde to form insoluble precipitates. These precipitates had distinctive ultrastructural features upon further reaction with osmic acid. When tested in vitro, they had biological activity and showed evidence that part of this biological activity was due to the large polymer of glutaraldehyde and amine. Experiments with isotope-labelled amines in the production of these precipitates showed that the precipitated polymers were not completely stable and that free amine was liberated from them. Since they were not stable, , they could not be used for the morphological localization of the amines as had been intended, but they may have some use as depot drugs or in the immunization of animals against these amines.", "PMID": 409465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5119", "title": "Mitogenic activity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae surface antigens in mouse splenic lymphocyte culture.", "content": "The mitogenic effects of Neisseria gonorrhoeae endotoxin, fractionated envelope componenents, and intact cells were examined on unsensitized mouse splenic lymphocytes in vitro. The stimulatory effect of these substances was measured by increased [3H]thymidine incorporation in spleen cell cultures. Intact cells, purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cell envelope preparations were highly stimulatory and the stimulation index was dose dependent. Fractionated components of the envelope demonstrated variable stimulation when tested at identical LPS concentrations, reflecting the mitogenic activity of the protein moieties. The stimulatory dose responses for purified N. gonorrhoeae and Escherichia coli LPS were compared and mitogenicity was higher with gonococcal LPS at all concentrations tested. Alkaline detoxification or succinylation of N. gonorrhoeae LPS results in loss of ability to induce blast transformation. The mitogenicity of cell-surface components of N. gonorrhoeae is discussed in terms of LPS and protein content.", "contents": "Mitogenic activity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae surface antigens in mouse splenic lymphocyte culture. The mitogenic effects of Neisseria gonorrhoeae endotoxin, fractionated envelope componenents, and intact cells were examined on unsensitized mouse splenic lymphocytes in vitro. The stimulatory effect of these substances was measured by increased [3H]thymidine incorporation in spleen cell cultures. Intact cells, purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cell envelope preparations were highly stimulatory and the stimulation index was dose dependent. Fractionated components of the envelope demonstrated variable stimulation when tested at identical LPS concentrations, reflecting the mitogenic activity of the protein moieties. The stimulatory dose responses for purified N. gonorrhoeae and Escherichia coli LPS were compared and mitogenicity was higher with gonococcal LPS at all concentrations tested. Alkaline detoxification or succinylation of N. gonorrhoeae LPS results in loss of ability to induce blast transformation. The mitogenicity of cell-surface components of N. gonorrhoeae is discussed in terms of LPS and protein content.", "PMID": 409466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5120", "title": "[Demonstration of 2 enzymes with beta-galactosidase activity in Rhizobium meliloti].", "content": "The beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) activities of wild-type Rhizobium meliloti and its lactose slow-hydrolyzing mutant have been compared. The properties of the enzyme are very different in each strain. These differences allow us to prove that two enzymes with a beta-galactosidase activity can be found in the wild-type whereas only one enzyme remains in the mutant strain.", "contents": "[Demonstration of 2 enzymes with beta-galactosidase activity in Rhizobium meliloti]. The beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) activities of wild-type Rhizobium meliloti and its lactose slow-hydrolyzing mutant have been compared. The properties of the enzyme are very different in each strain. These differences allow us to prove that two enzymes with a beta-galactosidase activity can be found in the wild-type whereas only one enzyme remains in the mutant strain.", "PMID": 409467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5121", "title": "Mast cell response during the early phase of tuberculosis: an electron-microscopic study.", "content": "Guinea pig lungs were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis by intratracheal route and examined under electron microscope to investigate the morphological alterations of the organisms, if any, and the response of the host tissue. The bacilli showed no changes in their morphology, while the host tissues revealed several cells containing many electron-dense intracytoplasmic granules. These cells were predominantly seen during the 1st week of infection. The electron-dense bodies of these cells may be the ones observed by earlier workers and suggested to be the altered forms of tubercle bacilli. The present investigation, however, revealed them to be the granules of the mast cells. These cells were observed to respond to tuberculous infection during the first few days by appearing in large numbers crowded with intracytoplasmic granules and soon disintegrating as the result of subsequent degranulation. The above observation is presented and its significance discussed.", "contents": "Mast cell response during the early phase of tuberculosis: an electron-microscopic study. Guinea pig lungs were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis by intratracheal route and examined under electron microscope to investigate the morphological alterations of the organisms, if any, and the response of the host tissue. The bacilli showed no changes in their morphology, while the host tissues revealed several cells containing many electron-dense intracytoplasmic granules. These cells were predominantly seen during the 1st week of infection. The electron-dense bodies of these cells may be the ones observed by earlier workers and suggested to be the altered forms of tubercle bacilli. The present investigation, however, revealed them to be the granules of the mast cells. These cells were observed to respond to tuberculous infection during the first few days by appearing in large numbers crowded with intracytoplasmic granules and soon disintegrating as the result of subsequent degranulation. The above observation is presented and its significance discussed.", "PMID": 409468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5122", "title": "Virulence and immunogenicity of types 1 and 3 Neisseria gonorrhoeae in guinea pig subcutaneous chambers.", "content": "The relative virulence and immunogenicity of type 1 (T1) and type 3 (T3) cells of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were determined by tests with two different kinds of subcutaneous chambers in guinea pigs. In tests with a tissue nonencapsulated (NE) chamber, T1 gonococci were found to be greater than 1000 times more virulent as well as about 1000 times more immunogenic than T3 cells of the same gonococcal strain. However, T1 and T3 cells were found to be equally virulent for a tissue encapsulated (TE) chamber in guinea pigs. Analysis of fluids from the two types of chambers in a complement-dependent bactericidal assay revealed that the NE chamber fluid contained a substantially higher level of complement activity than fluid from TE chambers. The decline in complement level of chamber fluids due to tissue encapsulation was also confirmed by quantitation with rocket gel electrophoresis. A greater resistance of T1 cells to the bactericidal effects of complement appeared to provide a mechanism by which the T1 cells were most virulent than T3 cells for subcutaneous chambers in guinea pigs. Consequently, the NE chamber implant would appear to provide a more relevant environment for studying the virulence, as well as immunological characteristics of gonococcal strains and experimental immunogens.", "contents": "Virulence and immunogenicity of types 1 and 3 Neisseria gonorrhoeae in guinea pig subcutaneous chambers. The relative virulence and immunogenicity of type 1 (T1) and type 3 (T3) cells of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were determined by tests with two different kinds of subcutaneous chambers in guinea pigs. In tests with a tissue nonencapsulated (NE) chamber, T1 gonococci were found to be greater than 1000 times more virulent as well as about 1000 times more immunogenic than T3 cells of the same gonococcal strain. However, T1 and T3 cells were found to be equally virulent for a tissue encapsulated (TE) chamber in guinea pigs. Analysis of fluids from the two types of chambers in a complement-dependent bactericidal assay revealed that the NE chamber fluid contained a substantially higher level of complement activity than fluid from TE chambers. The decline in complement level of chamber fluids due to tissue encapsulation was also confirmed by quantitation with rocket gel electrophoresis. A greater resistance of T1 cells to the bactericidal effects of complement appeared to provide a mechanism by which the T1 cells were most virulent than T3 cells for subcutaneous chambers in guinea pigs. Consequently, the NE chamber implant would appear to provide a more relevant environment for studying the virulence, as well as immunological characteristics of gonococcal strains and experimental immunogens.", "PMID": 409469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5123", "title": "A dendrogram of plant viruses.", "content": "To facilitate the recognition of plant viruses with similar characteristics a dendrogram of characterized viruses was constructed. The sequence of criteria included: type of nucleic acid; single or double stranded; presence or absence of lipid envelope; helical or nonhelical symmetry; and divided or single genome. Nonhelical RNA viruses with divided genomes were further divided into viruses with one or more than one capsid size. Those with one capsid size were subdivided into viruses with one or more than one sedimenting component. Nonhelical RNA viruses with a single genome were divided according to their RNA size, and their sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.", "contents": "A dendrogram of plant viruses. To facilitate the recognition of plant viruses with similar characteristics a dendrogram of characterized viruses was constructed. The sequence of criteria included: type of nucleic acid; single or double stranded; presence or absence of lipid envelope; helical or nonhelical symmetry; and divided or single genome. Nonhelical RNA viruses with divided genomes were further divided into viruses with one or more than one capsid size. Those with one capsid size were subdivided into viruses with one or more than one sedimenting component. Nonhelical RNA viruses with a single genome were divided according to their RNA size, and their sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.", "PMID": 409470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5124", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on thyrotropin, prolactin, growth hormone and insulin responses to thyrotropin releasing hormone and arginine in healthy, hypothyroid and acromegalic subjects.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin on the thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin, growth hormone (GH) and insulin responses to the combined administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and arginine was studied in six healthy subjects, three hypothyroid patients and three acromegalic patients. Similar inhibition by somatostatin of the TSH and insulin responses was observed in the three groups. While the tetradecapeptide had no significant effect on the prolactin response in the healthy and acromegalic subjects, it caused an unexpected inhibition of the prolactin response in two of the hypothyroid subjects. Contrary to the findings in the healthy and hypothyroid subjects, somatostatin did not inhibit the GH response in the acromegalic patients. Normal inhibition by somatostatin of the insulin response, followed by a rebound in insulin secretion, was observed in all subjects. These preliminary data indicate increased sensitivity of the prolactin-secreting cells to somatostatin in hypothyroidism and suggest that decreased responsiveness of the somatotrophs to somatostatin could play a role in the pathogenesis of acromegaly.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on thyrotropin, prolactin, growth hormone and insulin responses to thyrotropin releasing hormone and arginine in healthy, hypothyroid and acromegalic subjects. The effect of somatostatin on the thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin, growth hormone (GH) and insulin responses to the combined administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and arginine was studied in six healthy subjects, three hypothyroid patients and three acromegalic patients. Similar inhibition by somatostatin of the TSH and insulin responses was observed in the three groups. While the tetradecapeptide had no significant effect on the prolactin response in the healthy and acromegalic subjects, it caused an unexpected inhibition of the prolactin response in two of the hypothyroid subjects. Contrary to the findings in the healthy and hypothyroid subjects, somatostatin did not inhibit the GH response in the acromegalic patients. Normal inhibition by somatostatin of the insulin response, followed by a rebound in insulin secretion, was observed in all subjects. These preliminary data indicate increased sensitivity of the prolactin-secreting cells to somatostatin in hypothyroidism and suggest that decreased responsiveness of the somatotrophs to somatostatin could play a role in the pathogenesis of acromegaly.", "PMID": 409475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5125", "title": "Effect of chronic home care on admission to institutions providing long-term care.", "content": "Home care programs are operating throughout Ontario. In October 1975 pilot-test chronic home care (CHC) programs were added in three areas. Whether the Kingston CHC program prevented or delayed admission to an institution providing long-term care was studied in the 218 patients admitted to the program up to mid-March 1976. Forms were completed for all 218 patients admitted, for the 109 still in the program 6 months later, and for the 131 who had left the program by August 1976. Of the 218 patients 20% had applied for admission to an institution providing long-term care before applying for CHC, and another 22% had seriously considered applying to such an institution. The CHC staff judged that 61% would have needed institutional care without CHC. Only 12% of the 218 patients left the CHC program to enter an institution, only 1 of the 48 patients discharged to self-care at home was considering a move to an institution, and only 2 receiving CHC for 6 months applied to an institution during that time. CHC therefore seems to delay greatly admission to an institution providing long-term care for a substantial group of patients.", "contents": "Effect of chronic home care on admission to institutions providing long-term care. Home care programs are operating throughout Ontario. In October 1975 pilot-test chronic home care (CHC) programs were added in three areas. Whether the Kingston CHC program prevented or delayed admission to an institution providing long-term care was studied in the 218 patients admitted to the program up to mid-March 1976. Forms were completed for all 218 patients admitted, for the 109 still in the program 6 months later, and for the 131 who had left the program by August 1976. Of the 218 patients 20% had applied for admission to an institution providing long-term care before applying for CHC, and another 22% had seriously considered applying to such an institution. The CHC staff judged that 61% would have needed institutional care without CHC. Only 12% of the 218 patients left the CHC program to enter an institution, only 1 of the 48 patients discharged to self-care at home was considering a move to an institution, and only 2 receiving CHC for 6 months applied to an institution during that time. CHC therefore seems to delay greatly admission to an institution providing long-term care for a substantial group of patients.", "PMID": 409477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5126", "title": "A comparative study of two preoperative radiation regimens with cystectomy for bladder cancer.", "content": "This report surveys the results of two programs of preoperative irradiation with radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in 205 patients. Irradiating the true pelvis to 4000 rads in 4 weeks with radical cystectomy after 6 weeks was implemented in 119 patients (Group 1) from 1959 to 1965; 2000 rads given in 1 week to the true pelvis and radical cystectomy within the following week was implemented in 86 patients (Group 2) from 1966 to 1970. Determinate survival without evidence of recurrence at 5 years was 43% in Group 1 and 42% in Group 2. Mortality with recurrence of bladder cancer in 5 or more years was 44% in group 1 and 42% in group 2. Pelvic complications occurred in 13% of group 1 and 9% of group 2.", "contents": "A comparative study of two preoperative radiation regimens with cystectomy for bladder cancer. This report surveys the results of two programs of preoperative irradiation with radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in 205 patients. Irradiating the true pelvis to 4000 rads in 4 weeks with radical cystectomy after 6 weeks was implemented in 119 patients (Group 1) from 1959 to 1965; 2000 rads given in 1 week to the true pelvis and radical cystectomy within the following week was implemented in 86 patients (Group 2) from 1966 to 1970. Determinate survival without evidence of recurrence at 5 years was 43% in Group 1 and 42% in Group 2. Mortality with recurrence of bladder cancer in 5 or more years was 44% in group 1 and 42% in group 2. Pelvic complications occurred in 13% of group 1 and 9% of group 2.", "PMID": 409478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5127", "title": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a delayed complication of Hodgkin's disease therapy: analysis of 109 cases.", "content": "The use of combined modality therapy (irradiation and combinations of drugs) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease has produced a significant improvement in survival, during which most patients lead an active and productive life. The estimated 1% incidence of leukemia in treated Hodgkin's disease patients, however, is greater than would be expected in the general population. There is a vast amount of literature which indicates that alkylating agents, procarbazine and irradiation are leukemogenic and immunosuppressive in animals and man. It is than conceivable that the current intensive treatment programs which use these agents are promoting the development of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). This leukemia has occurred most often in patients whose Hodgkin's disease is poorly controlled and who have received more aggressive therapy. The latent period from the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease to the diagnosis of leukemia is significantly shorter (p less than .0005) in those patients who have received intensive and near maximal radiotherapy (total nodal irradiation), combination chemotherapy (MOPP or equivalent) or a sequential combination of the two modalities than similar patients who were treated with less than total nodal irradiation and or single agent chemotherapy. The following characteristic features have occurred with sufficient frequency to suggest that the subsequent leukemia is a distinct clinicopathological entity: pancytopenia, megaloblastoid marrow, nucleated red blood cells in the peripheral blood, random chromosomal aberrations of the bone marrow in most patients (94%), and refractoriness to antileukemia therapy (response rate 6.5%) with a very short survival (median one month).", "contents": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a delayed complication of Hodgkin's disease therapy: analysis of 109 cases. The use of combined modality therapy (irradiation and combinations of drugs) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease has produced a significant improvement in survival, during which most patients lead an active and productive life. The estimated 1% incidence of leukemia in treated Hodgkin's disease patients, however, is greater than would be expected in the general population. There is a vast amount of literature which indicates that alkylating agents, procarbazine and irradiation are leukemogenic and immunosuppressive in animals and man. It is than conceivable that the current intensive treatment programs which use these agents are promoting the development of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). This leukemia has occurred most often in patients whose Hodgkin's disease is poorly controlled and who have received more aggressive therapy. The latent period from the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease to the diagnosis of leukemia is significantly shorter (p less than .0005) in those patients who have received intensive and near maximal radiotherapy (total nodal irradiation), combination chemotherapy (MOPP or equivalent) or a sequential combination of the two modalities than similar patients who were treated with less than total nodal irradiation and or single agent chemotherapy. The following characteristic features have occurred with sufficient frequency to suggest that the subsequent leukemia is a distinct clinicopathological entity: pancytopenia, megaloblastoid marrow, nucleated red blood cells in the peripheral blood, random chromosomal aberrations of the bone marrow in most patients (94%), and refractoriness to antileukemia therapy (response rate 6.5%) with a very short survival (median one month).", "PMID": 409479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5128", "title": "Multiple primary neoplasms and the nervous system.", "content": "Studies of multiple primary neoplasms and their relation to the nervous system should consider two important principles: 1) neoplasms of the nervous system have certain unusual features that distinguish them from tumors occurring elsewhere in the body; and 2) there is good evidence that the various histologic types of nervous system tumors should be regarded as separate diseases. The association of nervous system neoplasms and tumors of other sites may occur in patients with phacomatoses or particular genetic syndromes. In addition, certain nervous system neoplasms may be multicentric in origin. Retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma occur together in the same patient more often than expected by chance, as do meningioma and breast cancer. These relationships are important in that they serve to identify the high risk patient, may provide etiologic clues, may point to the presence of genetic syndromes, and may highlight sites in which subsequent tumors are most likely to develop.", "contents": "Multiple primary neoplasms and the nervous system. Studies of multiple primary neoplasms and their relation to the nervous system should consider two important principles: 1) neoplasms of the nervous system have certain unusual features that distinguish them from tumors occurring elsewhere in the body; and 2) there is good evidence that the various histologic types of nervous system tumors should be regarded as separate diseases. The association of nervous system neoplasms and tumors of other sites may occur in patients with phacomatoses or particular genetic syndromes. In addition, certain nervous system neoplasms may be multicentric in origin. Retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma occur together in the same patient more often than expected by chance, as do meningioma and breast cancer. These relationships are important in that they serve to identify the high risk patient, may provide etiologic clues, may point to the presence of genetic syndromes, and may highlight sites in which subsequent tumors are most likely to develop.", "PMID": 409481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5129", "title": "The activity of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene metabolites in an in vitro-in vivo carcinogenicity test using mouse lung tissue.", "content": "7-Methylbenz(a)anthracene (7-MBA) and its 5,6-oxide and trans-5,6- and trans-8,9-dihydrodiol were tested for carcinogenic activity in a system in which mouse lung tissue was incubated in the presence of a test compound for 1 h and then implanted into isologous mice. All four compounds gave small yields of adenomas and in addition the 5,6-oxide gave two carcinomas.", "contents": "The activity of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene metabolites in an in vitro-in vivo carcinogenicity test using mouse lung tissue. 7-Methylbenz(a)anthracene (7-MBA) and its 5,6-oxide and trans-5,6- and trans-8,9-dihydrodiol were tested for carcinogenic activity in a system in which mouse lung tissue was incubated in the presence of a test compound for 1 h and then implanted into isologous mice. All four compounds gave small yields of adenomas and in addition the 5,6-oxide gave two carcinomas.", "PMID": 409482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5130", "title": "Reaction of arene oxides with nucleosides.", "content": "Inosine was reacted with phenanthrene-9,10-oxide and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-5,6-oxide (DMBA-5,6-oxide) to yield the corresponding N-1-alkylinosines. They were shown to undergo hydrolysis to 5-amino-4-imidazole-N-alkylcarboxamide ribosides when heated in the presence of sodium carbonate. Guanosine was reacted with DMBA-5,6-oxide to yield a mixture of N-7-alkylguanines along with a smaller amount of an orcine positive product exhibiting an ultraviolet spectrum resembling that of DMBA-5,6-dihydrodiol.", "contents": "Reaction of arene oxides with nucleosides. Inosine was reacted with phenanthrene-9,10-oxide and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-5,6-oxide (DMBA-5,6-oxide) to yield the corresponding N-1-alkylinosines. They were shown to undergo hydrolysis to 5-amino-4-imidazole-N-alkylcarboxamide ribosides when heated in the presence of sodium carbonate. Guanosine was reacted with DMBA-5,6-oxide to yield a mixture of N-7-alkylguanines along with a smaller amount of an orcine positive product exhibiting an ultraviolet spectrum resembling that of DMBA-5,6-dihydrodiol.", "PMID": 409483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5131", "title": "Dose dependence of immunopotentiation and tumor regression induced by levamisole.", "content": "Breast cancer was induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Once tumors had become established, they were treated with varying doses of the immunopotentiating drug, levamisole. Tumor growth was measured in the various dosage groups, and at 6 months after tumor induction the animals were sacrificed. Their immunological competence at this time was measured by the mitogen responses of splenic lymphocytes. Untreated animals with breast cancer were found to be immunosuppressed compared to normal animals. The drug levamisole resulted in immunopotentiation, but at high doses it was immunosuppressive. Tumor regression was observed at doses that resulted in immunopotentiation, but not at high doses. There was a significant correlation between immune competence and tumor regression. It is concluded that levamisole can cause regression of breast cancer in the rat but that this effect is critically dependent on the dose of the drug; these observations confirm previous studies carried out on human cells in vitro. It is recommended that high doses of the drug be avoided in human clinical trials and that the patients who receive this drug should have their immune responses carefully monitored.", "contents": "Dose dependence of immunopotentiation and tumor regression induced by levamisole. Breast cancer was induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Once tumors had become established, they were treated with varying doses of the immunopotentiating drug, levamisole. Tumor growth was measured in the various dosage groups, and at 6 months after tumor induction the animals were sacrificed. Their immunological competence at this time was measured by the mitogen responses of splenic lymphocytes. Untreated animals with breast cancer were found to be immunosuppressed compared to normal animals. The drug levamisole resulted in immunopotentiation, but at high doses it was immunosuppressive. Tumor regression was observed at doses that resulted in immunopotentiation, but not at high doses. There was a significant correlation between immune competence and tumor regression. It is concluded that levamisole can cause regression of breast cancer in the rat but that this effect is critically dependent on the dose of the drug; these observations confirm previous studies carried out on human cells in vitro. It is recommended that high doses of the drug be avoided in human clinical trials and that the patients who receive this drug should have their immune responses carefully monitored.", "PMID": 409485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5132", "title": "Characterization of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase of trout liver.", "content": "Trout liver microsomes contained as 0.40 nmole of cytochrome P-450 per mg of protein and a NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity of 23 nmoles of cytochrome c reduced per mg of protein per min at 22 degrees. Associated with these was a high benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity, which required NADPH and O2 and was inhibited by CO. With thin-layer chromatography, at least five metabolites could be identified (including dihydrodiols, phenols, and quinones of benzo(a)pyrene). Inhibitors such as 2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenylvalerate, aminopyrine, metyrapone, pyridine, n-octylamine, and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane were relatively ineffective in inhibiting trout benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase. Typical inhibitors of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced cytochrome (P-448), such as alpha-naphthoflavone, zoxazolamine, and testosterone, were effective, however. With benzo(a)pyrene it was possible to induce type I spectral change in trout cytochrome P-450. In spite of the many enzymatic characteristics of cytochrome P-448, trout cytochrome P-450 had maximum absorbance at 450.6 nm. when in reduced form and complexed with CO. the ethyl isocyanide gave an interaction spectrum with reduced trout liver cytochrome P-450 resembling that of control rat.", "contents": "Characterization of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase of trout liver. Trout liver microsomes contained as 0.40 nmole of cytochrome P-450 per mg of protein and a NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity of 23 nmoles of cytochrome c reduced per mg of protein per min at 22 degrees. Associated with these was a high benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity, which required NADPH and O2 and was inhibited by CO. With thin-layer chromatography, at least five metabolites could be identified (including dihydrodiols, phenols, and quinones of benzo(a)pyrene). Inhibitors such as 2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenylvalerate, aminopyrine, metyrapone, pyridine, n-octylamine, and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane were relatively ineffective in inhibiting trout benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase. Typical inhibitors of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced cytochrome (P-448), such as alpha-naphthoflavone, zoxazolamine, and testosterone, were effective, however. With benzo(a)pyrene it was possible to induce type I spectral change in trout cytochrome P-450. In spite of the many enzymatic characteristics of cytochrome P-448, trout cytochrome P-450 had maximum absorbance at 450.6 nm. when in reduced form and complexed with CO. the ethyl isocyanide gave an interaction spectrum with reduced trout liver cytochrome P-450 resembling that of control rat.", "PMID": 409487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5133", "title": "Stages in neoplastic transformation of adult epithelial cells by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in vitro.", "content": "Five tumor-producing cell lines were established from explant cultures of adult C57BL mouse submandibular gland. Four lines were from cultures treated for 24 hr on Day 4 of culture with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Three of these gave rise to adenocarcinomas after transplantation into syngeneic mice; the fourth produced tumors with carcinomatous and sarcomatous areas. The fifth cell line was derived from an untreated culture and gave rise to adenocarcinomas. A series of four well-defined morphological stages occurred in the cultures before tumor-producing cell lines were established. In Stage I (0 to 30 days) there was an outgrowth of epithelium; in Stage II (30 to 70 days) ductal differentiation occurred in some epithelium; in Stage III (70 to 100 days) small, slowly proliferating foci developed either from the ducts or from flat epithelial areas. In Stage IV (over 100 days) the proliferation rate in some of the foci increased, and the cells became more irregular. The cells could not be transferred easily until about 150 days, after which time they were tumor producing. Neoplastic transformation occurred between 158 and 240 days in the treated cultures and at 325 days in the untreated culture.", "contents": "Stages in neoplastic transformation of adult epithelial cells by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in vitro. Five tumor-producing cell lines were established from explant cultures of adult C57BL mouse submandibular gland. Four lines were from cultures treated for 24 hr on Day 4 of culture with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Three of these gave rise to adenocarcinomas after transplantation into syngeneic mice; the fourth produced tumors with carcinomatous and sarcomatous areas. The fifth cell line was derived from an untreated culture and gave rise to adenocarcinomas. A series of four well-defined morphological stages occurred in the cultures before tumor-producing cell lines were established. In Stage I (0 to 30 days) there was an outgrowth of epithelium; in Stage II (30 to 70 days) ductal differentiation occurred in some epithelium; in Stage III (70 to 100 days) small, slowly proliferating foci developed either from the ducts or from flat epithelial areas. In Stage IV (over 100 days) the proliferation rate in some of the foci increased, and the cells became more irregular. The cells could not be transferred easily until about 150 days, after which time they were tumor producing. Neoplastic transformation occurred between 158 and 240 days in the treated cultures and at 325 days in the untreated culture.", "PMID": 409488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5134", "title": "Comparative effects of a series of prolactin inhibitors, 17beta-estradiol and 2alpha-methyldihydrotestosterone propionate, on growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary carcinomas.", "content": "Eight ergot alkaloids and ergoline derivatives, effective prolactin inhibitors, were tested for activity against DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinomas. Compounds were administered daily, 5 times/week for 4 weeks, and rats were observed for an additional 4 weeks. Groups treated with androgen and estrogen were used as positive controls. Those ergot compounds and ergolines that proved to be highly effective in reducing tumor size or in inducing regression of tumors to nonpalpability were Deprenon (D-6-methyl-8-ergolin-I-ylacetic acid amide) and ergocryptine; effective to an intermediate degree were Dironyl [N-(D-6-methyl-8-isoergolin-I-yl)-N',N'-diethylurea], ergocornine, and Lysenyl [N-(D-6-methyl-8-isoergolenyl)-N',N'-diethyl-urea]; and effective to a minimal degree were Lergotrile (2-chloro-6-methylergoline-8beta-acetonitrile), CB-154, and 6605-VUFB (D-6-methyl-8-cyanomethylergolin-I). Remission of many individual carcinomas was brief, and duration of complete regression (all tumors in the rat were nonpalpable) was less than 10 weeks.", "contents": "Comparative effects of a series of prolactin inhibitors, 17beta-estradiol and 2alpha-methyldihydrotestosterone propionate, on growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary carcinomas. Eight ergot alkaloids and ergoline derivatives, effective prolactin inhibitors, were tested for activity against DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinomas. Compounds were administered daily, 5 times/week for 4 weeks, and rats were observed for an additional 4 weeks. Groups treated with androgen and estrogen were used as positive controls. Those ergot compounds and ergolines that proved to be highly effective in reducing tumor size or in inducing regression of tumors to nonpalpability were Deprenon (D-6-methyl-8-ergolin-I-ylacetic acid amide) and ergocryptine; effective to an intermediate degree were Dironyl [N-(D-6-methyl-8-isoergolin-I-yl)-N',N'-diethylurea], ergocornine, and Lysenyl [N-(D-6-methyl-8-isoergolenyl)-N',N'-diethyl-urea]; and effective to a minimal degree were Lergotrile (2-chloro-6-methylergoline-8beta-acetonitrile), CB-154, and 6605-VUFB (D-6-methyl-8-cyanomethylergolin-I). Remission of many individual carcinomas was brief, and duration of complete regression (all tumors in the rat were nonpalpable) was less than 10 weeks.", "PMID": 409489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5135", "title": "Prolactin binding to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors and liver in diabetic rats.", "content": "Growth rates of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors and the specific 125I-labeled prolactin binding to membrane fractions prepared from livers and tumors were studied in rats made diabetic by streptozotocin injection. Growth was inhibited in a majority of tumors and prolactin binding was reduced in both tumors and livers from diabetic animals. Prolactin binding to individual tumors varied over a wide range in both intact and diabetic animals. Scatchard analysis of binding data revealed that the apparent affinity of prolactin binding to liver and tumor membranes was similar (Ka approximately 3.0 X 10(9) M-1) and was not affected by diabetes. We suggest that the reduction in prolactin binding to tumors may render these tissues less responsive to prolactin and thereby explain, at least in part, the observed inhibition of tumor growth in diabetic rats. However, some tumors in diabetic animals regressed despite relatively high levels of prolactin binding activity. Therefore, additional factors most certainly play important roles in the mechanism(s) by which the growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced tumors is impaired in the diabetic rat.", "contents": "Prolactin binding to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors and liver in diabetic rats. Growth rates of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors and the specific 125I-labeled prolactin binding to membrane fractions prepared from livers and tumors were studied in rats made diabetic by streptozotocin injection. Growth was inhibited in a majority of tumors and prolactin binding was reduced in both tumors and livers from diabetic animals. Prolactin binding to individual tumors varied over a wide range in both intact and diabetic animals. Scatchard analysis of binding data revealed that the apparent affinity of prolactin binding to liver and tumor membranes was similar (Ka approximately 3.0 X 10(9) M-1) and was not affected by diabetes. We suggest that the reduction in prolactin binding to tumors may render these tissues less responsive to prolactin and thereby explain, at least in part, the observed inhibition of tumor growth in diabetic rats. However, some tumors in diabetic animals regressed despite relatively high levels of prolactin binding activity. Therefore, additional factors most certainly play important roles in the mechanism(s) by which the growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced tumors is impaired in the diabetic rat.", "PMID": 409490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5136", "title": "Antitumor activity of Propionibacterium acnes (Corynebacterium parvum) and isolated cytoplasmic fractions.", "content": "The tumor-inhibitory effect of an intralesional injection of Propionibacterium acnes was of limited duration (\"finite\"). Our model was the DBA/2 syngeneic mouse injected with P815 mastocytoma cells (5 X 10(5)) into each rear footpad; only the left was treated, leaving the right as a \"pseudometastasis.\" The finite effect occurred at approximately 21 days after the first treatment. Subsequent i.p. treatments with P. acnes did not alter this effect, although they increased mean survival time. With one footpad tumor, we achieved 22% cures with complete regression and no sign of metastatic growth. A RNA fraction from P. acnes produced inhibition of tumor growth, but crude cell walls and cell walls treated with Pronase had no effect. A P. acnes cytoplasmic fraction with tumor-inhibitory activity was pelleted by high-speed centrifugation; this fraction inhibited P815 mastocytoma as fully as whole cells injected in one-fifth the dose on a nitrogen basis and did not cause a local inflammatory reaction. The activity of the pellet also differed from whole cells in that it was equally inhibitory to the pseudometastasis in the contralateral right rear footpad. The cytoplasmic fraction apparently contained at least two active components since activity was obtained at two dilution levels. Such activity was relatively stable at 5 degrees, but it was unstable at -30 degrees.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of Propionibacterium acnes (Corynebacterium parvum) and isolated cytoplasmic fractions. The tumor-inhibitory effect of an intralesional injection of Propionibacterium acnes was of limited duration (\"finite\"). Our model was the DBA/2 syngeneic mouse injected with P815 mastocytoma cells (5 X 10(5)) into each rear footpad; only the left was treated, leaving the right as a \"pseudometastasis.\" The finite effect occurred at approximately 21 days after the first treatment. Subsequent i.p. treatments with P. acnes did not alter this effect, although they increased mean survival time. With one footpad tumor, we achieved 22% cures with complete regression and no sign of metastatic growth. A RNA fraction from P. acnes produced inhibition of tumor growth, but crude cell walls and cell walls treated with Pronase had no effect. A P. acnes cytoplasmic fraction with tumor-inhibitory activity was pelleted by high-speed centrifugation; this fraction inhibited P815 mastocytoma as fully as whole cells injected in one-fifth the dose on a nitrogen basis and did not cause a local inflammatory reaction. The activity of the pellet also differed from whole cells in that it was equally inhibitory to the pseudometastasis in the contralateral right rear footpad. The cytoplasmic fraction apparently contained at least two active components since activity was obtained at two dilution levels. Such activity was relatively stable at 5 degrees, but it was unstable at -30 degrees.", "PMID": 409491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5137", "title": "Induction of the formation of new hair follicles in mouse tail epidermis by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.", "content": "The formation of new hair follicles was quantitatively demonstrated in the tail skin of adult mice in the course of a two-stage carcinogenesis experiment with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene as an initiator and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate as a promoter, as well as in experiments with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate alone. Two kinds of follicular neogenesis could be distinguished. The most frequently encountered type was characterized by the organization of new follicles from the upper neck and orifice regions of already existing follicles. During their development, these new follicles remained in close apposition to the original follicles but, after having reached a critical size, split off to form fully independent follicles. In the second, type of follicular neogenesis, which occurred very rarely, the new follicles seemed to arise directly from the epidermis between two sets of hair triads; however, these follicles never reached their final stage and did not produce hairs. The formation of new hair follicles may be explained by a \"dedifferentiation\" of epidermal cells caused by the tumor promoter. Because of the paucity and advanced stage of the papillomas formed in tail skin after long-term treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, no reliable comment as to whether the papillomas derive from the hair follicles can be made.", "contents": "Induction of the formation of new hair follicles in mouse tail epidermis by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The formation of new hair follicles was quantitatively demonstrated in the tail skin of adult mice in the course of a two-stage carcinogenesis experiment with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene as an initiator and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate as a promoter, as well as in experiments with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate alone. Two kinds of follicular neogenesis could be distinguished. The most frequently encountered type was characterized by the organization of new follicles from the upper neck and orifice regions of already existing follicles. During their development, these new follicles remained in close apposition to the original follicles but, after having reached a critical size, split off to form fully independent follicles. In the second, type of follicular neogenesis, which occurred very rarely, the new follicles seemed to arise directly from the epidermis between two sets of hair triads; however, these follicles never reached their final stage and did not produce hairs. The formation of new hair follicles may be explained by a \"dedifferentiation\" of epidermal cells caused by the tumor promoter. Because of the paucity and advanced stage of the papillomas formed in tail skin after long-term treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, no reliable comment as to whether the papillomas derive from the hair follicles can be made.", "PMID": 409492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5138", "title": "Effect of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene on the binding of aminoacyl transfer RNA in rat liver.", "content": "Homogenates of the liver of female rats obtained 2 or 7 days or 3 months after the i.v. injection of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene were used to prepare ribosomes and postmicrosomal supernatant fractions and to prepare 0.5 M KCl salt wash fractions of the 40 S ribosomal subunits. The activity of the ribosomes was unchanged by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. The activity of the supernatant preparation, which contained limiting amounts of Elongation Factor 1 relative to Elongation Factor 2, in peptide synthesis was significantly increased 2 days not 7 days after the injection. Evidence was obtained that this increase was due to increased activity in binding phenylalanyl transfer RNA. The factor-dependent binding of methionyl transfer RNAfMet to control rat liver ribosomes was also markedly increased 2 days but not 7 days after the injection. The liver of animals that bore mammary tumors 3 months after 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene injection also showed an increase in binding both of the aminoacyl transfer RNA species. The results are discussed in relation to the induction of liver drug-metabolizing enzymes and to liver regeneration.", "contents": "Effect of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene on the binding of aminoacyl transfer RNA in rat liver. Homogenates of the liver of female rats obtained 2 or 7 days or 3 months after the i.v. injection of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene were used to prepare ribosomes and postmicrosomal supernatant fractions and to prepare 0.5 M KCl salt wash fractions of the 40 S ribosomal subunits. The activity of the ribosomes was unchanged by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. The activity of the supernatant preparation, which contained limiting amounts of Elongation Factor 1 relative to Elongation Factor 2, in peptide synthesis was significantly increased 2 days not 7 days after the injection. Evidence was obtained that this increase was due to increased activity in binding phenylalanyl transfer RNA. The factor-dependent binding of methionyl transfer RNAfMet to control rat liver ribosomes was also markedly increased 2 days but not 7 days after the injection. The liver of animals that bore mammary tumors 3 months after 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene injection also showed an increase in binding both of the aminoacyl transfer RNA species. The results are discussed in relation to the induction of liver drug-metabolizing enzymes and to liver regeneration.", "PMID": 409493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5139", "title": "alpha-L-Arabinofuranosidases and beta-D-galactosidases in germinating-lupin cotyledons.", "content": "Extraction of germinating-lupin cocyledons, followed by ion-exchange and gel chromatography, gave two alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases and three beta-D-galactopyranosidases. Some fractions were further purified by using Concanavalin A-Sepharose. The changes in the activities of the enzymes during germination have been determined. Some kinetic and physical properties of these enzymes are described, and their role in the modification of cell-wall polysaccharides is discussed.", "contents": "alpha-L-Arabinofuranosidases and beta-D-galactosidases in germinating-lupin cotyledons. Extraction of germinating-lupin cocyledons, followed by ion-exchange and gel chromatography, gave two alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases and three beta-D-galactopyranosidases. Some fractions were further purified by using Concanavalin A-Sepharose. The changes in the activities of the enzymes during germination have been determined. Some kinetic and physical properties of these enzymes are described, and their role in the modification of cell-wall polysaccharides is discussed.", "PMID": 409495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5140", "title": "Cellulase from Fusarium solani: purification and properties of the C1 component.", "content": "The C1 component from Fusarium solani cellulase was purified extensively by molecular-sieve chromatography on Ultrogel AcA-54 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. The purified component showed little capacity for hydrolysing highly ordered substrates (e.g., cotton fibre), but poorly ordered substrates (e.g., H3PO4-swollen cellulose), and the soluble cello-oligosaccharides cellotetraose and cellohexaose, were readily hydrolysed; cellobiose was the principal product in each case. Attack on O(-carboxymethyl)cellulose, a substrate widely used for measuring the activity of the randomly acting enzymes (Cx enzymes) of the cellulase complex, was minimal, and ceased after the removal of a few unsubstituted residues from the end of the chain. These observations, and the fact that the rate of change of degree of polymerisation of H3PO4-swollen cellulose was very slow compared with that effected by the randomly acting endoglucanases (Cx, CM-cellulases), indicate that C1 is a cellobiohydrolase. Fractionation by a variety of methods gave no evidence for the non-identity of the cellobiohydrolase and the component that acted in synergism with the randomly acting Cx enzyme when solubilizing cotton fibre.", "contents": "Cellulase from Fusarium solani: purification and properties of the C1 component. The C1 component from Fusarium solani cellulase was purified extensively by molecular-sieve chromatography on Ultrogel AcA-54 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. The purified component showed little capacity for hydrolysing highly ordered substrates (e.g., cotton fibre), but poorly ordered substrates (e.g., H3PO4-swollen cellulose), and the soluble cello-oligosaccharides cellotetraose and cellohexaose, were readily hydrolysed; cellobiose was the principal product in each case. Attack on O(-carboxymethyl)cellulose, a substrate widely used for measuring the activity of the randomly acting enzymes (Cx enzymes) of the cellulase complex, was minimal, and ceased after the removal of a few unsubstituted residues from the end of the chain. These observations, and the fact that the rate of change of degree of polymerisation of H3PO4-swollen cellulose was very slow compared with that effected by the randomly acting endoglucanases (Cx, CM-cellulases), indicate that C1 is a cellobiohydrolase. Fractionation by a variety of methods gave no evidence for the non-identity of the cellobiohydrolase and the component that acted in synergism with the randomly acting Cx enzyme when solubilizing cotton fibre.", "PMID": 409496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5141", "title": "Purification of some glycoside hydrolases by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Two glycoproteins have been isolated from the cell walls of baker's yeast. One is a glucan-protein complex which has been partially characterised as having a branched carbohydrate structure composed of chains of (1 leads to 3)-linked beta-D-glucosyl residues, some of which are attached by (1 leads to 6)-linkages to the main chain. Immobilization of this glycoprotein was achieved by covalent attachment to Sepharose, and the product was used to isolate a number of (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucan hydrolases from Helix pomatia, malted barley, and Basidiomycete QM806. The second glycoprotein, a mannan-protein complex, after immobilization, has been used in the purification of an alpha-D-mannosidase from jack-bean meal.", "contents": "Purification of some glycoside hydrolases by affinity chromatography. Two glycoproteins have been isolated from the cell walls of baker's yeast. One is a glucan-protein complex which has been partially characterised as having a branched carbohydrate structure composed of chains of (1 leads to 3)-linked beta-D-glucosyl residues, some of which are attached by (1 leads to 6)-linkages to the main chain. Immobilization of this glycoprotein was achieved by covalent attachment to Sepharose, and the product was used to isolate a number of (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucan hydrolases from Helix pomatia, malted barley, and Basidiomycete QM806. The second glycoprotein, a mannan-protein complex, after immobilization, has been used in the purification of an alpha-D-mannosidase from jack-bean meal.", "PMID": 409497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5142", "title": "A single integrated gene for ribosomal RNA in a eucaryote, Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "The macronucleus of the protozoan, Tetrahymena, is known to contain multiple rRNA genes which are not linked to the chromosomes. Here we present evidence that the germinal micronucleus of this organism contains a single gene for rRNA integrated into the chromosomal DNA. Unlike the extrachromosomal copies of the macronucleus, which are composed of a pair of reversely repeated sequences (a palindrome), the integrated copy of rDNA is nonrepetitive or half the size of the extrachromosomal rDNA. Furthermore, we have failed to detect such an integrated copy of rDNA in the macronucleus. The implications of these observations for the amplification and evolution of rDNA are discussed.", "contents": "A single integrated gene for ribosomal RNA in a eucaryote, Tetrahymena pyriformis. The macronucleus of the protozoan, Tetrahymena, is known to contain multiple rRNA genes which are not linked to the chromosomes. Here we present evidence that the germinal micronucleus of this organism contains a single gene for rRNA integrated into the chromosomal DNA. Unlike the extrachromosomal copies of the macronucleus, which are composed of a pair of reversely repeated sequences (a palindrome), the integrated copy of rDNA is nonrepetitive or half the size of the extrachromosomal rDNA. Furthermore, we have failed to detect such an integrated copy of rDNA in the macronucleus. The implications of these observations for the amplification and evolution of rDNA are discussed.", "PMID": 409501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5143", "title": "Ecdysone-stimulated RNA synthesis in salivary glands of drosophila melanogaster: assay by in situ hybridization.", "content": "3H-RNA was isolated from nuclei and cytoplasm of Drosophila melanogaster larval salivary glands after labeling in organ culture in the presence or absence of ecdysone. Hybridization to the sites of the ecdysone-induced puffs 74EF and 75B could be detected only if the RNA was labeled in the presence of ecdysone, while hybridization to the ecdysone-repressed puff 68C was found primarily in the cytoplasmic RNA sample labeled in the absence of ecdysone. Hybridization at the site of an ecdysone-insensitive puff, 50CD, was readily detectable in all RNA samples. RNA hybridizing to the unpuffed region 60D seemed to be restricted to the nucleus of salivary gland cells and was present at only a low level in cytoplasmic RNA samples. The data indicate that in situ hybridization can be used to detect specific hormone-induced changes in transcription.", "contents": "Ecdysone-stimulated RNA synthesis in salivary glands of drosophila melanogaster: assay by in situ hybridization. 3H-RNA was isolated from nuclei and cytoplasm of Drosophila melanogaster larval salivary glands after labeling in organ culture in the presence or absence of ecdysone. Hybridization to the sites of the ecdysone-induced puffs 74EF and 75B could be detected only if the RNA was labeled in the presence of ecdysone, while hybridization to the ecdysone-repressed puff 68C was found primarily in the cytoplasmic RNA sample labeled in the absence of ecdysone. Hybridization at the site of an ecdysone-insensitive puff, 50CD, was readily detectable in all RNA samples. RNA hybridizing to the unpuffed region 60D seemed to be restricted to the nucleus of salivary gland cells and was present at only a low level in cytoplasmic RNA samples. The data indicate that in situ hybridization can be used to detect specific hormone-induced changes in transcription.", "PMID": 409502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5144", "title": "Polytene chromosome puffing and in situ hybridization measure different aspects of RNA metabolism.", "content": "Direct autoradiography of Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes which have incorporated 3H-uridine suggests that the chromosomal puffs are the most active sites of incorporation; that the puffs are not the only sites of incorporation; and that there are sites which do not incorporate at all. In situ hybridization of 3H-RNA from salivary gland nuclei labels all three types of chromosomal sites. Labeling by in situ hybridization is not proportional to labeling by direct autoradiography. The differences may be explained by several models. Nuclear RNA of salivary glands probably contains transcripts from multiply repeated genes; these transcripts may hybridize to many chromosomal sites. The data furthermore suggest that the phenomenon of puffing may not be a simple reflection of transcription rate, since several puffs hybridize RNAs with quite different metabolic characteristics.", "contents": "Polytene chromosome puffing and in situ hybridization measure different aspects of RNA metabolism. Direct autoradiography of Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes which have incorporated 3H-uridine suggests that the chromosomal puffs are the most active sites of incorporation; that the puffs are not the only sites of incorporation; and that there are sites which do not incorporate at all. In situ hybridization of 3H-RNA from salivary gland nuclei labels all three types of chromosomal sites. Labeling by in situ hybridization is not proportional to labeling by direct autoradiography. The differences may be explained by several models. Nuclear RNA of salivary glands probably contains transcripts from multiply repeated genes; these transcripts may hybridize to many chromosomal sites. The data furthermore suggest that the phenomenon of puffing may not be a simple reflection of transcription rate, since several puffs hybridize RNAs with quite different metabolic characteristics.", "PMID": 409503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5145", "title": "[Variation in the number and size of myelinated nerve fibers regenerated after repeated localized freezing of the sciatic nerve of rats].", "content": "The number and size of myelinated fibres have been determined in the nerve to medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle of Rats in which the sciatic nerve had been frozen locally 1 to 5 times at monthly intervals. The contralateral nerve was used as a control. When the measurements were made one month after the last freezing, the number of fibres increased progressively until the 3rd freezing, reaching about 220% of the normal value. No higher values were observed after 4 or 5 freezings. The mean diameter of fibres decreased with the number of operations. When the measurements were made 3, 6, 12 or 18 months after the 3rd freezing, the number of fibres decreased by about 30% between the 1st and the 3rd month and then stabilized. The mean diameter of fibres increased progressively. However, at the 18th month, the size of the myelinated fibres had not reached the normal value.", "contents": "[Variation in the number and size of myelinated nerve fibers regenerated after repeated localized freezing of the sciatic nerve of rats]. The number and size of myelinated fibres have been determined in the nerve to medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle of Rats in which the sciatic nerve had been frozen locally 1 to 5 times at monthly intervals. The contralateral nerve was used as a control. When the measurements were made one month after the last freezing, the number of fibres increased progressively until the 3rd freezing, reaching about 220% of the normal value. No higher values were observed after 4 or 5 freezings. The mean diameter of fibres decreased with the number of operations. When the measurements were made 3, 6, 12 or 18 months after the 3rd freezing, the number of fibres decreased by about 30% between the 1st and the 3rd month and then stabilized. The mean diameter of fibres increased progressively. However, at the 18th month, the size of the myelinated fibres had not reached the normal value.", "PMID": 409512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5146", "title": "[Chronic hyperesthesia in rats caused by lesions in the dorsal roots of the branchial plexus].", "content": "Traumatic avulsions of the brachial plexus in Man is followed by development of hyperesthesia which is known to be reistant to pharmacological medication. We have been able to reproduce this syndrome in the Rat and have used this disturbed animal as a model. This model will give us the possibility of studying nervous mechanisms responsible for these abnormal pains and to look for effective treatments.", "contents": "[Chronic hyperesthesia in rats caused by lesions in the dorsal roots of the branchial plexus]. Traumatic avulsions of the brachial plexus in Man is followed by development of hyperesthesia which is known to be reistant to pharmacological medication. We have been able to reproduce this syndrome in the Rat and have used this disturbed animal as a model. This model will give us the possibility of studying nervous mechanisms responsible for these abnormal pains and to look for effective treatments.", "PMID": 409515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5147", "title": "[Persistance of endocrine cells in immuno-induced carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas: insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin cells].", "content": "In immuno-induced exocrine pancreatic carcinomas, which keep their exocrine secretory specificity through their different evolution stages [(1), (2)], normal B, A and D endocrine cells are still found, demonstrated by immunochemical techniques. They are localized in the islets of Langerhans. B and A cells are scattered in adenomatous pancreatic remains, and in the anaplasic carcinoma; D cells are found in the ductular and adenomatous remains. The three types of endocrine secretion granules are analyzed by electron microscopy at the early and late stages of carcinogenesis. The origin of the persisting endocrine cells and the nature of undifferentiated cells proliferating from the ductular epithelium are discussed.", "contents": "[Persistance of endocrine cells in immuno-induced carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas: insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin cells]. In immuno-induced exocrine pancreatic carcinomas, which keep their exocrine secretory specificity through their different evolution stages [(1), (2)], normal B, A and D endocrine cells are still found, demonstrated by immunochemical techniques. They are localized in the islets of Langerhans. B and A cells are scattered in adenomatous pancreatic remains, and in the anaplasic carcinoma; D cells are found in the ductular and adenomatous remains. The three types of endocrine secretion granules are analyzed by electron microscopy at the early and late stages of carcinogenesis. The origin of the persisting endocrine cells and the nature of undifferentiated cells proliferating from the ductular epithelium are discussed.", "PMID": 409516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5148", "title": "A possible physiochemical explanation for the psychotherapeutic role of lithium.", "content": "Manic-depressive psychosis could result from degradation of lipids in some neuronic membranes. This degradation could lead to fatty acids, which when ionized in the external medium would definitely disappear. If this medium contains Li+, a poorly soluble precipitate would be formed with the fatty anions. This precipitate, impermeable to its formative ions would slow down the dissipation of the fatty acids and thus facilitate the resynthesis of the original lipids. Ca++ cations being divalent could not play the same role.", "contents": "A possible physiochemical explanation for the psychotherapeutic role of lithium. Manic-depressive psychosis could result from degradation of lipids in some neuronic membranes. This degradation could lead to fatty acids, which when ionized in the external medium would definitely disappear. If this medium contains Li+, a poorly soluble precipitate would be formed with the fatty anions. This precipitate, impermeable to its formative ions would slow down the dissipation of the fatty acids and thus facilitate the resynthesis of the original lipids. Ca++ cations being divalent could not play the same role.", "PMID": 409517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5149", "title": "[Non-mendelial female sterility in Drosophila melanogaster: demonstration of an inducer chromosome 4].", "content": "Crosses between two classes of Drosophila melanogaster strains (reactive and inducer) may lead to partially sterile F1 females. This sterility, called S.F. sterility, can be characterized  by its physiological features. It appears to be the result of an interaction between two factors: \"R\" brought into the initial croos by the reactive mother and \"I\" by chromosomes of the inducer father. Except for chromosome 4, each chromosome of the well known inducer strains may carry the I factor (inducer chromosomes). The present results provide evidence for the presence of an inducer fourth chromosome in the inducer strain Nagasaki.", "contents": "[Non-mendelial female sterility in Drosophila melanogaster: demonstration of an inducer chromosome 4]. Crosses between two classes of Drosophila melanogaster strains (reactive and inducer) may lead to partially sterile F1 females. This sterility, called S.F. sterility, can be characterized  by its physiological features. It appears to be the result of an interaction between two factors: \"R\" brought into the initial croos by the reactive mother and \"I\" by chromosomes of the inducer father. Except for chromosome 4, each chromosome of the well known inducer strains may carry the I factor (inducer chromosomes). The present results provide evidence for the presence of an inducer fourth chromosome in the inducer strain Nagasaki.", "PMID": 409518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5150", "title": "[Liberation of adenosine triphosphate after depolarization of the Torpedo electroplaque by potassium chloride].", "content": "The release of ATP after potassium depolarization was measured on fragments of electric tissue incubated in a solution containing the firefly extract. Light emission was proportional to the extracellular KCL concentration. In contrast to the release of ATP after single nerve impulses, the release after direct KCL depolarization was insensitive to curare of eserin.", "contents": "[Liberation of adenosine triphosphate after depolarization of the Torpedo electroplaque by potassium chloride]. The release of ATP after potassium depolarization was measured on fragments of electric tissue incubated in a solution containing the firefly extract. Light emission was proportional to the extracellular KCL concentration. In contrast to the release of ATP after single nerve impulses, the release after direct KCL depolarization was insensitive to curare of eserin.", "PMID": 409519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5151", "title": "[Inhibitory effect of some antrogenic hormones, administered in ovo after sex differentiation, on the development of M\u00fcllerian ducts in female bird embryos].", "content": "Some androgenic hormones injected into the vitellus of quail (8 and 10 days old) or chick eggs (10 and 12 days of incubation) inhibit the left M\u00fcllerian duct development and mainly that of the shell gland. They slow down or stop the right duct involution. After these effects, histo-pathogenic disturbances, affect them.", "contents": "[Inhibitory effect of some antrogenic hormones, administered in ovo after sex differentiation, on the development of M\u00fcllerian ducts in female bird embryos]. Some androgenic hormones injected into the vitellus of quail (8 and 10 days old) or chick eggs (10 and 12 days of incubation) inhibit the left M\u00fcllerian duct development and mainly that of the shell gland. They slow down or stop the right duct involution. After these effects, histo-pathogenic disturbances, affect them.", "PMID": 409520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5152", "title": "[Urea cycle and purinolysis in the embryos and pregnant females of the teleost fish Poecilia reticulata].", "content": "The presence of a functional ornithine-urea cycle is evidenced in the embryos of the viviparous Teleost Poecilia reticulata. The activity of the cycle decreases during developmental period but persists in adult tissues. Purinolytic (uricolytic) pathway is another source of urea in both embryos and adults. The implications of these findings are briefly discussed in relation to the problems of ureogenic and ureosmotic phenomena in Teleostean Fishes.", "contents": "[Urea cycle and purinolysis in the embryos and pregnant females of the teleost fish Poecilia reticulata]. The presence of a functional ornithine-urea cycle is evidenced in the embryos of the viviparous Teleost Poecilia reticulata. The activity of the cycle decreases during developmental period but persists in adult tissues. Purinolytic (uricolytic) pathway is another source of urea in both embryos and adults. The implications of these findings are briefly discussed in relation to the problems of ureogenic and ureosmotic phenomena in Teleostean Fishes.", "PMID": 409521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5153", "title": "[Joint effects of dietary protein levels and vitamin A additions on the induction of cytochrome P450 by DDT in rats].", "content": "A 5 P. 100 level of protein from casein in a diet does not allow vitamin A to modify significantly induction of cytochrome P 450 on the Rat receiving or not receiving DDT. When the protein increases to a 15 p. 100 level, the induction is better providing vitamin A is to be given. If protein and vitamin A are necessary for cytochrom P 450 induction, an increase of protein level remains inefficient without vitamin A.", "contents": "[Joint effects of dietary protein levels and vitamin A additions on the induction of cytochrome P450 by DDT in rats]. A 5 P. 100 level of protein from casein in a diet does not allow vitamin A to modify significantly induction of cytochrome P 450 on the Rat receiving or not receiving DDT. When the protein increases to a 15 p. 100 level, the induction is better providing vitamin A is to be given. If protein and vitamin A are necessary for cytochrom P 450 induction, an increase of protein level remains inefficient without vitamin A.", "PMID": 409522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5154", "title": "[Transfer and induction of delayed hypersensitivity to methylated bovine serum albumin in the absence of adjuvant].", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity to methylated bovine serum albumin may be induced in Mice without adjuvant, by injecting the antigen either with sensitized T lymphocytes, or by injecting just the antigen in Mice preptreated with Cyclophosphamid.", "contents": "[Transfer and induction of delayed hypersensitivity to methylated bovine serum albumin in the absence of adjuvant]. Delayed hypersensitivity to methylated bovine serum albumin may be induced in Mice without adjuvant, by injecting the antigen either with sensitized T lymphocytes, or by injecting just the antigen in Mice preptreated with Cyclophosphamid.", "PMID": 409523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5155", "title": "[The maternal protection reaction against a mother's rejection of her own larva in Salamandra salamandra L].", "content": "In vitro experiments have shown that maternal spleen cells from Salamandra salamandra are cytotoxic to cells from their embryos. This reaction can be inhibited by maternal serum. In this paper, we show that maternal serum protection acts through two effects: by inactivating spleen cells and by protecting embryonic cells. The more numerous the embryos are in a female, the stronger the protection is. The effect of the maternal serum does not appear to be individual specific.", "contents": "[The maternal protection reaction against a mother's rejection of her own larva in Salamandra salamandra L]. In vitro experiments have shown that maternal spleen cells from Salamandra salamandra are cytotoxic to cells from their embryos. This reaction can be inhibited by maternal serum. In this paper, we show that maternal serum protection acts through two effects: by inactivating spleen cells and by protecting embryonic cells. The more numerous the embryos are in a female, the stronger the protection is. The effect of the maternal serum does not appear to be individual specific.", "PMID": 409525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5156", "title": "[Diminution of the percentage of mononucleated phagocytes in patients with breast cancer].", "content": "Phagocytic activity of macrophages obtained directly from blisters induced by cantharide was studied in 19 normal women and 21 patients with untreated operable carcinoma of the breast. The percentage of mononuclear phagocytes from cancer patients was significantly decreased as compared to the percentage from control Women. The reasons for this phagocyte inertia in these patients remain to be determined.", "contents": "[Diminution of the percentage of mononucleated phagocytes in patients with breast cancer]. Phagocytic activity of macrophages obtained directly from blisters induced by cantharide was studied in 19 normal women and 21 patients with untreated operable carcinoma of the breast. The percentage of mononuclear phagocytes from cancer patients was significantly decreased as compared to the percentage from control Women. The reasons for this phagocyte inertia in these patients remain to be determined.", "PMID": 409526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5157", "title": "[Anatomical variations and taxonomic relatedness in Hominoidea].", "content": "31 anatomical variations were examined in 125 Pan paniscus and 96 Gorilla gorilla beringei skulls. Comparisons with published data of Hominoidea show that differences in their frequencies are proportional and parallel to taxonomic relationships on the subspecific, specific and generic level.", "contents": "[Anatomical variations and taxonomic relatedness in Hominoidea]. 31 anatomical variations were examined in 125 Pan paniscus and 96 Gorilla gorilla beringei skulls. Comparisons with published data of Hominoidea show that differences in their frequencies are proportional and parallel to taxonomic relationships on the subspecific, specific and generic level.", "PMID": 409527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5158", "title": "[Variation of the time constant (tau) of the decay of end-plate current during focalized transmitter release].", "content": "The variations of the time constant tau of the end-plate current (epc) have been studied at the clamped neuromuscular junction of the frog while transmitter release was focalised by local iontophoretic application of Ca++. In the absence of any anticholinesterasic drug, tau varies according to the variations of the intensity of epc (Iepc) due to pre or postsynaptic experimental procedure. It is suggested that focalisation of transmitter release induces local acetylcholinesterase inhibition by an excess of substrate; then the transmitter life time in the synaptic cleft is momentarily increased, allowing repeated binding of Ach to postsynaptic receptors.", "contents": "[Variation of the time constant (tau) of the decay of end-plate current during focalized transmitter release]. The variations of the time constant tau of the end-plate current (epc) have been studied at the clamped neuromuscular junction of the frog while transmitter release was focalised by local iontophoretic application of Ca++. In the absence of any anticholinesterasic drug, tau varies according to the variations of the intensity of epc (Iepc) due to pre or postsynaptic experimental procedure. It is suggested that focalisation of transmitter release induces local acetylcholinesterase inhibition by an excess of substrate; then the transmitter life time in the synaptic cleft is momentarily increased, allowing repeated binding of Ach to postsynaptic receptors.", "PMID": 409528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5159", "title": "[Origin of ammonia excreted by trout gill (Salmo gairdneri)].", "content": "In the perfused head of Trout the gills are the site of ammonia clearance which corresponds exactly to the appearance rate of ammonia in the external medium. Thus metabolic production of ammonia by the gill apparently does not participate to its excretion. Under ammonia-free Ringer perfusion however, endogenous production is observed and ammonia is excreted in both external and internal media.", "contents": "[Origin of ammonia excreted by trout gill (Salmo gairdneri)]. In the perfused head of Trout the gills are the site of ammonia clearance which corresponds exactly to the appearance rate of ammonia in the external medium. Thus metabolic production of ammonia by the gill apparently does not participate to its excretion. Under ammonia-free Ringer perfusion however, endogenous production is observed and ammonia is excreted in both external and internal media.", "PMID": 409529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5160", "title": "[Facilitation of avoidance conditioning by reticular stimulation in the cat].", "content": "Learning is facilitated in Cats by posttrial reticular stimulation. It has been pointed out that this stimulation has no immediate anterograde effect and does not evoke any change in the cortical, motor or autonomic functions during its delivery. Moreover this stimulation has no effect on the time course of cortical and autonomic responses to the conditioned stimulus. Therefore, these results suggest that reticular stimulation has a specific action on memory consolidation or information processing.", "contents": "[Facilitation of avoidance conditioning by reticular stimulation in the cat]. Learning is facilitated in Cats by posttrial reticular stimulation. It has been pointed out that this stimulation has no immediate anterograde effect and does not evoke any change in the cortical, motor or autonomic functions during its delivery. Moreover this stimulation has no effect on the time course of cortical and autonomic responses to the conditioned stimulus. Therefore, these results suggest that reticular stimulation has a specific action on memory consolidation or information processing.", "PMID": 409530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5161", "title": "[Influence of age on the plasma hormonal iodine response to thyrotropin injection in young calves].", "content": "The influence of age upon the increase in plasma hormonal iodine level following an intravenous injection of bovine TSH (0.2 USP units/kg) was studied in young jersey calves. The response to TSH increased between birth and the 7th day, then decreased regularly until the end of the third month. Reasons for these variations are discussed according to some results obtained following TSH injections.", "contents": "[Influence of age on the plasma hormonal iodine response to thyrotropin injection in young calves]. The influence of age upon the increase in plasma hormonal iodine level following an intravenous injection of bovine TSH (0.2 USP units/kg) was studied in young jersey calves. The response to TSH increased between birth and the 7th day, then decreased regularly until the end of the third month. Reasons for these variations are discussed according to some results obtained following TSH injections.", "PMID": 409531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5162", "title": "[Evolution of testosterone metabolism during neonatal life in the guinea pig].", "content": "The neonatal period is characterized in the male Guinea-Pig by a steady increase in the metabolic clearance rate of testosterone and by a decrease in the conversion rate of testosterone to androstenedione. The transient rise in testosterone production rate on day 3 is concomitant with the neonatal peak in plasma testosterone.", "contents": "[Evolution of testosterone metabolism during neonatal life in the guinea pig]. The neonatal period is characterized in the male Guinea-Pig by a steady increase in the metabolic clearance rate of testosterone and by a decrease in the conversion rate of testosterone to androstenedione. The transient rise in testosterone production rate on day 3 is concomitant with the neonatal peak in plasma testosterone.", "PMID": 409532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5163", "title": "[Natural pollution of continental waters by the antioxygenic effect of phytomelanin genesis in aqueous extract of autumn leaves, especially poplars].", "content": "Phenolase-acid phenol systems are present in variable amounts, variable proportion and variable water solubility in the autumn leaves of trees and bushes. The oxidative polycondensations into phytomelanins caused by these systems confer antioxygen properties to aqueous macerations of senescent leaves, which are sometimes very intense. They induce therefore a biochemical natural pollution of continental waters. The Poplars proved to be particularly deleterious.", "contents": "[Natural pollution of continental waters by the antioxygenic effect of phytomelanin genesis in aqueous extract of autumn leaves, especially poplars]. Phenolase-acid phenol systems are present in variable amounts, variable proportion and variable water solubility in the autumn leaves of trees and bushes. The oxidative polycondensations into phytomelanins caused by these systems confer antioxygen properties to aqueous macerations of senescent leaves, which are sometimes very intense. They induce therefore a biochemical natural pollution of continental waters. The Poplars proved to be particularly deleterious.", "PMID": 409533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5164", "title": "[Replication of immune RNA by human lymphoblastoid cells].", "content": "Animal immune RNA used for the induction of the human lymphoblastoid cell line LDV/7, induces the appearance of receptor sites on the surface of these cells and the synthesis of specific immunoglobulins which are liberated into the culture medium. Furthermore, RNA has been extracted from these cells, which possesses the same properties of specific cytotoxicity as the RNA used for induction. It is supposed that the immune RNA derepresses specific genes on the genome of the induced cells.", "contents": "[Replication of immune RNA by human lymphoblastoid cells]. Animal immune RNA used for the induction of the human lymphoblastoid cell line LDV/7, induces the appearance of receptor sites on the surface of these cells and the synthesis of specific immunoglobulins which are liberated into the culture medium. Furthermore, RNA has been extracted from these cells, which possesses the same properties of specific cytotoxicity as the RNA used for induction. It is supposed that the immune RNA derepresses specific genes on the genome of the induced cells.", "PMID": 409534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5165", "title": "[4-Thiouridine and photoprotection in Escherichia coli K 12].", "content": "A high level of protection is observed in the Escherichia coli K 12 strain AB 1157 rec A 1 nuv+ whose transfer RNA contains 4-thiouridine. In contrast, the photoprotection level is low and observed at higher doses in a strain which differs from the former by a single mutation, nuv-, (lack of 4-thiouridine). This nucleoside is therefore an important chromophore leading to photoprotection. This conclusion is corroborated by the similarity of the action spectra for 8-13 link formation in tRNA and for photoprotection.", "contents": "[4-Thiouridine and photoprotection in Escherichia coli K 12]. A high level of protection is observed in the Escherichia coli K 12 strain AB 1157 rec A 1 nuv+ whose transfer RNA contains 4-thiouridine. In contrast, the photoprotection level is low and observed at higher doses in a strain which differs from the former by a single mutation, nuv-, (lack of 4-thiouridine). This nucleoside is therefore an important chromophore leading to photoprotection. This conclusion is corroborated by the similarity of the action spectra for 8-13 link formation in tRNA and for photoprotection.", "PMID": 409535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5166", "title": "[In vitro comparison of antigraft protection mechanisms in 2 genera of lumbricians: Eisenia and Lumbricus].", "content": "We sum up our in vitro experiments on allograft reactions in 2 genera of Lumbricians: Eisenia and Lumbricus. In Eisenia, first this reaction is a non-specific humoral one, then it becomes a specific cellular reaction. In Lumbricus the allograft reaction is a specific, mostly cellular one. Nevertheless it interferes with an acquired, specific humoral reaction.", "contents": "[In vitro comparison of antigraft protection mechanisms in 2 genera of lumbricians: Eisenia and Lumbricus]. We sum up our in vitro experiments on allograft reactions in 2 genera of Lumbricians: Eisenia and Lumbricus. In Eisenia, first this reaction is a non-specific humoral one, then it becomes a specific cellular reaction. In Lumbricus the allograft reaction is a specific, mostly cellular one. Nevertheless it interferes with an acquired, specific humoral reaction.", "PMID": 409536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5167", "title": "[Abnormal sensitivity to erythropoietin in the erythroblast precursors in Vaquez disease].", "content": "Marrow specimens of patients with polycythemia vera rise to erythrocytic colonies in vitro without addition of erythropoietin to the culture. This behavior was never observed with marrow cells of normal subjects or secondary erythrocytosis. These results indicate that the sensitivity of some erythrocytic progenitor cells to erythropoietin is altered in polycythemia vera.", "contents": "[Abnormal sensitivity to erythropoietin in the erythroblast precursors in Vaquez disease]. Marrow specimens of patients with polycythemia vera rise to erythrocytic colonies in vitro without addition of erythropoietin to the culture. This behavior was never observed with marrow cells of normal subjects or secondary erythrocytosis. These results indicate that the sensitivity of some erythrocytic progenitor cells to erythropoietin is altered in polycythemia vera.", "PMID": 409538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5168", "title": "[Modification of chromatin condensation in cultured macrophages during induction of cell division by an inflammatory exudate].", "content": "The determination of chromatin condensation in rat peritoneal macrophages in culture showed a predominance of heterochromatin with low transcriptory activity. After induction of division in rat peritoneal macrophages in culture by an acute inflammatory exudate, a decrease of heterochromatin and an increase of euchromatin were observed. This result brings further evidence to support previous observations according to which this type of exudate shows mitogenic properties.", "contents": "[Modification of chromatin condensation in cultured macrophages during induction of cell division by an inflammatory exudate]. The determination of chromatin condensation in rat peritoneal macrophages in culture showed a predominance of heterochromatin with low transcriptory activity. After induction of division in rat peritoneal macrophages in culture by an acute inflammatory exudate, a decrease of heterochromatin and an increase of euchromatin were observed. This result brings further evidence to support previous observations according to which this type of exudate shows mitogenic properties.", "PMID": 409539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5169", "title": "[Accumulation of mercuric selenide granules in the liver of Odontocetes (Mammifers, Cetacea): a possible method of detoxification of methylmercury by selenium].", "content": "In Mediterranean Cetaceans, concretions of pure mercuric selenide are found in the connective tissue of the liver. Their presence explains that high levels of mercury and selenium coexist with low level of methylmercury. The selenide could be produced parallel with demethylation of mercury, a process leading to the fossilization of mercury and partially of selenium under the form of a non biodegradable component.", "contents": "[Accumulation of mercuric selenide granules in the liver of Odontocetes (Mammifers, Cetacea): a possible method of detoxification of methylmercury by selenium]. In Mediterranean Cetaceans, concretions of pure mercuric selenide are found in the connective tissue of the liver. Their presence explains that high levels of mercury and selenium coexist with low level of methylmercury. The selenide could be produced parallel with demethylation of mercury, a process leading to the fossilization of mercury and partially of selenium under the form of a non biodegradable component.", "PMID": 409540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5170", "title": "[Pollution in Lake Leman. Evidence for the accumulation of tin in crustacean plankton: first results obtained by X ray spectrography].", "content": "Zooplankton was collected monthly from Leman Lake, from November 1976 to April 1977. Six of the most representative species of freshwater zooplankton were analyzed: Bosmina sp, Daphnia longispina, Bythotrephes longimanus, Leptodora kindtii, Eudiaptomus gracilis and Cyclops prealpinus. All of the samples were shown to accumulate tin in their different organs and tissues where high values were generally found. The consequences of concentration of this toxic element for aquatic food chains are discussed.", "contents": "[Pollution in Lake Leman. Evidence for the accumulation of tin in crustacean plankton: first results obtained by X ray spectrography]. Zooplankton was collected monthly from Leman Lake, from November 1976 to April 1977. Six of the most representative species of freshwater zooplankton were analyzed: Bosmina sp, Daphnia longispina, Bythotrephes longimanus, Leptodora kindtii, Eudiaptomus gracilis and Cyclops prealpinus. All of the samples were shown to accumulate tin in their different organs and tissues where high values were generally found. The consequences of concentration of this toxic element for aquatic food chains are discussed.", "PMID": 409541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5171", "title": "[Nickel content of human lymphoblastoid cells cultured in a nickel sulfate-enriched medium].", "content": "Nickel is titrated by atomic absorption in nuclear and non-nuclear fractions of cells cultured in media supplemented by nickel sulphate. The living cell percentages are estimated in the same culture conditions. We try to connect the nickel presence in cellular fractions and the living cell percentages. These used cells seem to have mortality probability when nuclear fraction has 55 x 10(-6) of nickel and non-nuclear fraction has 33 x 10(-6) of nickel. We discuss the nickel stimulating effect for the start of DNA synthesis and the nickel penetration into cells.", "contents": "[Nickel content of human lymphoblastoid cells cultured in a nickel sulfate-enriched medium]. Nickel is titrated by atomic absorption in nuclear and non-nuclear fractions of cells cultured in media supplemented by nickel sulphate. The living cell percentages are estimated in the same culture conditions. We try to connect the nickel presence in cellular fractions and the living cell percentages. These used cells seem to have mortality probability when nuclear fraction has 55 x 10(-6) of nickel and non-nuclear fraction has 33 x 10(-6) of nickel. We discuss the nickel stimulating effect for the start of DNA synthesis and the nickel penetration into cells.", "PMID": 409542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5172", "title": "[Ultrastructural localization of photosystem I and II active sites in chloroplasts in situ].", "content": "Activities related to photosystem I and photosystem II are cytochemically localized at the electron microscope level by using suitable artificial electron donors and acceptors with, or without, factors uncoupling the light-induced electron flow between the two systems. Photo-oxidation of DAB, insensitive to DCMU, is linked to photosystem I activity. It occurs within the grana and stroma membranes of the chloroplasts. Photo-reduction of TC-NBT sensitive to DCMU, is a photosystem II mediated reaction. It is trapped within the grana membranes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural localization of photosystem I and II active sites in chloroplasts in situ]. Activities related to photosystem I and photosystem II are cytochemically localized at the electron microscope level by using suitable artificial electron donors and acceptors with, or without, factors uncoupling the light-induced electron flow between the two systems. Photo-oxidation of DAB, insensitive to DCMU, is linked to photosystem I activity. It occurs within the grana and stroma membranes of the chloroplasts. Photo-reduction of TC-NBT sensitive to DCMU, is a photosystem II mediated reaction. It is trapped within the grana membranes.", "PMID": 409543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5173", "title": "[An in vitro method for studying the metabolism of young bone matrix].", "content": "A method for studying in vitro bone resorption by the use of 35S labeled injection was investigated. Various substances (papaine) and hormones (calcitonin, vitamin D analogues) were tested and their effects on 35S and 45Ca metabolism were compared.", "contents": "[An in vitro method for studying the metabolism of young bone matrix]. A method for studying in vitro bone resorption by the use of 35S labeled injection was investigated. Various substances (papaine) and hormones (calcitonin, vitamin D analogues) were tested and their effects on 35S and 45Ca metabolism were compared.", "PMID": 409544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5174", "title": "[Modification of alpha-glucosidases (E.C. 3.2.1.20) activity in honeybee hemolymph during nymphosis].", "content": "The main alpha-glucosidase fraction of Honey-Bee hemolymph undergoes an important increase of activity for a short time, at a precise stage of nymphosis (pink-brown eyes), without any changes of the apparent-Michaelis constant, nor corresponding increase of the protein quantity.", "contents": "[Modification of alpha-glucosidases (E.C. 3.2.1.20) activity in honeybee hemolymph during nymphosis]. The main alpha-glucosidase fraction of Honey-Bee hemolymph undergoes an important increase of activity for a short time, at a precise stage of nymphosis (pink-brown eyes), without any changes of the apparent-Michaelis constant, nor corresponding increase of the protein quantity.", "PMID": 409545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5175", "title": "[Effects of prolonged ingestion of dodecanoic or lauric acid on the secretion of fatty acids in the rat mammary gland].", "content": "Dodecanoic or lauric acid (C 12 : 0) ingestion before and during lactation causes profound changes in the fatty-acid secretion by Rat mammary gland. Lauric acid concentration in milk lipids may reach 35% of total fatty-acids; saturated fatty-acids represent 80% of total secreted fatty-acids. When exogenous lauric acid supply is given, mammary tissue does not efficiently regulate the qualitative aspects of fatty-acid secretion.", "contents": "[Effects of prolonged ingestion of dodecanoic or lauric acid on the secretion of fatty acids in the rat mammary gland]. Dodecanoic or lauric acid (C 12 : 0) ingestion before and during lactation causes profound changes in the fatty-acid secretion by Rat mammary gland. Lauric acid concentration in milk lipids may reach 35% of total fatty-acids; saturated fatty-acids represent 80% of total secreted fatty-acids. When exogenous lauric acid supply is given, mammary tissue does not efficiently regulate the qualitative aspects of fatty-acid secretion.", "PMID": 409546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5176", "title": "[Calcitonin in the ultimobrancial body of Anguilla (Anguilla anguilla L.): cytologic localization by indirect immunofluorescence using human anti-salmon-calcitonin antibodies].", "content": "The localization of intracellular calcitonin has been achieved by immunofluorescence in the cytoplasm of all cells forming the epithelium of the ultimobranchial body of eels, using a human antiserum against synthetic Salmon calcitonin I. The specificity of the reaction is demonstrated by inhibition with synthetic salmon calcitonin (S.C.T.); the fluorescence is not inhibited by synthetic human calcitonin (H.C.T.).", "contents": "[Calcitonin in the ultimobrancial body of Anguilla (Anguilla anguilla L.): cytologic localization by indirect immunofluorescence using human anti-salmon-calcitonin antibodies]. The localization of intracellular calcitonin has been achieved by immunofluorescence in the cytoplasm of all cells forming the epithelium of the ultimobranchial body of eels, using a human antiserum against synthetic Salmon calcitonin I. The specificity of the reaction is demonstrated by inhibition with synthetic salmon calcitonin (S.C.T.); the fluorescence is not inhibited by synthetic human calcitonin (H.C.T.).", "PMID": 409547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5177", "title": "[Binding of corticosteroids to plasma proteins in the adult green frog, in various physiological conditions].", "content": "Binding of corticosterone and aldosterone to plasma proteins of the edible Frog was studied by equilibrium dialysis technique. A high-affinity, transcortin-like, corticosterone binding system has been demonstrated, but, in vivo, the unbound fraction of this corticosteroid is higher that the bound one. Hypophysectomy and thyroidectomy do not change corticosteroids binding parameters which are modified by a variation of temperature.", "contents": "[Binding of corticosteroids to plasma proteins in the adult green frog, in various physiological conditions]. Binding of corticosterone and aldosterone to plasma proteins of the edible Frog was studied by equilibrium dialysis technique. A high-affinity, transcortin-like, corticosterone binding system has been demonstrated, but, in vivo, the unbound fraction of this corticosteroid is higher that the bound one. Hypophysectomy and thyroidectomy do not change corticosteroids binding parameters which are modified by a variation of temperature.", "PMID": 409548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5178", "title": "[Influence of testicular fluid, spermatozoa and androgens on physiological activity of rat epididymis].", "content": "By ligation of the efferent duct and the corpus epididymis, the GPC concentration in this delimited anterior region decreased. However, HCG infection increased the GPC concentration. When spermatozoa are present in the epididymal tubule there is always a decrease in GPC concentration in these experimental conditions. Activity of the epididymis is disturbed by ligation.", "contents": "[Influence of testicular fluid, spermatozoa and androgens on physiological activity of rat epididymis]. By ligation of the efferent duct and the corpus epididymis, the GPC concentration in this delimited anterior region decreased. However, HCG infection increased the GPC concentration. When spermatozoa are present in the epididymal tubule there is always a decrease in GPC concentration in these experimental conditions. Activity of the epididymis is disturbed by ligation.", "PMID": 409549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5179", "title": "[In vitro evaluation of cutaneous potentials in the triton, Pleurodeles waltlii Michah., by measuring transepithelial potentials].", "content": "Surface potentials previously measured in vivo have been approximately evaluated in vitro by means of an experimental device allowing a simultaneous record of transepithelial potential differences in 2 areas of the same skin piece cut out along the proximo-distal direction of the anterior limb of Pleurodeles waltlii. These potentials are thus explained by unequal transepithelial potential differences in the proximal and distal areas of the same skin sample.", "contents": "[In vitro evaluation of cutaneous potentials in the triton, Pleurodeles waltlii Michah., by measuring transepithelial potentials]. Surface potentials previously measured in vivo have been approximately evaluated in vitro by means of an experimental device allowing a simultaneous record of transepithelial potential differences in 2 areas of the same skin piece cut out along the proximo-distal direction of the anterior limb of Pleurodeles waltlii. These potentials are thus explained by unequal transepithelial potential differences in the proximal and distal areas of the same skin sample.", "PMID": 409550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5180", "title": "[Effect of concanavalin A on the development of blastulae in Pleurodeles waltlii (Amphibia, Urodeles)].", "content": "The effect of concanavalin A (con A) on Pleurodeles waltlii blastulae was studied by incubating the eggs in presence of lectin. It was found that the protein exercised an inhibitory effect upon morphogenesis. This inhibition was concentration dependent. In certain cases, the inhibitory effect of con A was attenuated by alpha-D-methyl-mannose (0,05 M).", "contents": "[Effect of concanavalin A on the development of blastulae in Pleurodeles waltlii (Amphibia, Urodeles)]. The effect of concanavalin A (con A) on Pleurodeles waltlii blastulae was studied by incubating the eggs in presence of lectin. It was found that the protein exercised an inhibitory effect upon morphogenesis. This inhibition was concentration dependent. In certain cases, the inhibitory effect of con A was attenuated by alpha-D-methyl-mannose (0,05 M).", "PMID": 409552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5181", "title": "[Preventive effects of gliclazide on the development of cholesterol induced atherosclerosis in rabbits].", "content": "Administration of gliclazide inhibited the development of aortic and particularly coronary lesions induced by the cholesterol-containing diet; but it did not noticeably affect the evolution of plasma lipid disturbances.", "contents": "[Preventive effects of gliclazide on the development of cholesterol induced atherosclerosis in rabbits]. Administration of gliclazide inhibited the development of aortic and particularly coronary lesions induced by the cholesterol-containing diet; but it did not noticeably affect the evolution of plasma lipid disturbances.", "PMID": 409553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5182", "title": "[Morphologic alterations induced by aflatoxin B1 in Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner)].", "content": "Significative ultrastructural alterations shown in aflatoxin B1, treated cells of Bacillus thuringiensis are: increase of number of mesosomes which are hypertrophied, decrease of ribosomes and formation of imperfect cell septa.", "contents": "[Morphologic alterations induced by aflatoxin B1 in Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner)]. Significative ultrastructural alterations shown in aflatoxin B1, treated cells of Bacillus thuringiensis are: increase of number of mesosomes which are hypertrophied, decrease of ribosomes and formation of imperfect cell septa.", "PMID": 409554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5183", "title": "[Water and electrolyte movements across the duodenal mucosa in laying hens during in vivo perfusion].", "content": "The net water movements through the duodenum in laying hens are directly dependent on the applied osmotic gradient. The passive water permeability (Lp) of the mucosa is 6 times higher during absorption (mucosa to serosa: 70 microliter/h/mOsm) than in the opposite direction (secretion: 11.5 microliter/h/mOsm) and its semi permeability is 0.49 (reflexion coefficient sigma). Net sodium and potassium movements seem to be linked to net water flux. Duodenal water absorption should not be explained by a process of passive permeability.", "contents": "[Water and electrolyte movements across the duodenal mucosa in laying hens during in vivo perfusion]. The net water movements through the duodenum in laying hens are directly dependent on the applied osmotic gradient. The passive water permeability (Lp) of the mucosa is 6 times higher during absorption (mucosa to serosa: 70 microliter/h/mOsm) than in the opposite direction (secretion: 11.5 microliter/h/mOsm) and its semi permeability is 0.49 (reflexion coefficient sigma). Net sodium and potassium movements seem to be linked to net water flux. Duodenal water absorption should not be explained by a process of passive permeability.", "PMID": 409556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5184", "title": "[Origin of the differences of superficial potentials in Rana esculenta].", "content": "The spatial distributions of superficial D.C. potentials on the skin of Rana esculenta have been compared to those of the intensity of short-circuit current (S.C.C.) expressing the transcutaneous active transport of sodium ions. It has been observed that the sites of maximum D.C. potentials coincide with the localisations of maximum S.C.C. values. Moreover, superficial D.C. potentials and S.C.C. are similarly modified by the depression of metabolic activity due to lowered temperature or poisoning by dinitrophenol (DNP). It is thus proposed that the spatial distribution of the transcutaneous active transport system for sodium ions is the origin of the electric generator of superficial D.C. potentials.", "contents": "[Origin of the differences of superficial potentials in Rana esculenta]. The spatial distributions of superficial D.C. potentials on the skin of Rana esculenta have been compared to those of the intensity of short-circuit current (S.C.C.) expressing the transcutaneous active transport of sodium ions. It has been observed that the sites of maximum D.C. potentials coincide with the localisations of maximum S.C.C. values. Moreover, superficial D.C. potentials and S.C.C. are similarly modified by the depression of metabolic activity due to lowered temperature or poisoning by dinitrophenol (DNP). It is thus proposed that the spatial distribution of the transcutaneous active transport system for sodium ions is the origin of the electric generator of superficial D.C. potentials.", "PMID": 409557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5185", "title": "[Influence of sexual activity on longevity in adult male Drosophilia melanogaster].", "content": "Ageing in Drosophilia is modified according to their physiological state. Adult longevity is decreased by sexual activity: in both sexes the life span of virgins is higher. For the same physiological state male longevity is always lower than that of females.", "contents": "[Influence of sexual activity on longevity in adult male Drosophilia melanogaster]. Ageing in Drosophilia is modified according to their physiological state. Adult longevity is decreased by sexual activity: in both sexes the life span of virgins is higher. For the same physiological state male longevity is always lower than that of females.", "PMID": 409558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5186", "title": "[Influence of an injection of chorionic hormone (HCG) on the accumulation of testicular fluid following ligature of the vas deferens in adult Wistar rats].", "content": "Using the weight gain of the testis after efferent duct ligation, we have measured the testis fluid secretion. A single injection of HCG to Rats before, at the time or after the ligation leads to three types of effects: no effect which can be explained by the metabolisation of the hormone: a positive and/or a negative one. If the stimulating action of HCG remains unexplained, it must be related with ether anaesthesia. It seems likely that the decrease of testicular fluid secretion may represent the fundamental action of HCG upon the exocrine function of the testis, but the mecanism by which this action occurs remains to be solved.", "contents": "[Influence of an injection of chorionic hormone (HCG) on the accumulation of testicular fluid following ligature of the vas deferens in adult Wistar rats]. Using the weight gain of the testis after efferent duct ligation, we have measured the testis fluid secretion. A single injection of HCG to Rats before, at the time or after the ligation leads to three types of effects: no effect which can be explained by the metabolisation of the hormone: a positive and/or a negative one. If the stimulating action of HCG remains unexplained, it must be related with ether anaesthesia. It seems likely that the decrease of testicular fluid secretion may represent the fundamental action of HCG upon the exocrine function of the testis, but the mecanism by which this action occurs remains to be solved.", "PMID": 409560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5187", "title": "[Congruence of monotonous DNA/protein polymers].", "content": "The comparative study of the monotonous polynucleotides and polypeptides reveals an univocal congruence between: poly-C and poly-PRO;poly-G and poly-GLY;poly-T and poly-PHE;poly-A and poly-LYS. The hypothesis is presented of a code of congruence ruling the specific recognition of the wide groove of the DNA by proteins.", "contents": "[Congruence of monotonous DNA/protein polymers]. The comparative study of the monotonous polynucleotides and polypeptides reveals an univocal congruence between: poly-C and poly-PRO;poly-G and poly-GLY;poly-T and poly-PHE;poly-A and poly-LYS. The hypothesis is presented of a code of congruence ruling the specific recognition of the wide groove of the DNA by proteins.", "PMID": 409562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5188", "title": "[Formation of a depside-caffeine complex during cold conservation of coffee leaf samples in a hydro-ethanolic medium. Methodologic implications for the extraction of depsides].", "content": "The depsides present in coffee leaves are not apparent upon extraction with ethanol if the plant material has been fixed in boiling ethanol then maintained at - 25 degrees C. A complex formed with cafein prevents the extraction and this artefact from cold conservation concerns chlorogenic acid and its isomers. A treatment with chloroform can break the complex and allows the depsides to be dosed. The complex does not seem to exist in living tissues.", "contents": "[Formation of a depside-caffeine complex during cold conservation of coffee leaf samples in a hydro-ethanolic medium. Methodologic implications for the extraction of depsides]. The depsides present in coffee leaves are not apparent upon extraction with ethanol if the plant material has been fixed in boiling ethanol then maintained at - 25 degrees C. A complex formed with cafein prevents the extraction and this artefact from cold conservation concerns chlorogenic acid and its isomers. A treatment with chloroform can break the complex and allows the depsides to be dosed. The complex does not seem to exist in living tissues.", "PMID": 409563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5189", "title": "[Determination of the kinetic parameters of enzyme inhibition of the K-type mechanism: application to the control of alpha-glucosidase activity of honeybee hemolymph by glucose].", "content": "The alpha-glucosidasic activity of emerging honeybees haemolymph is submitted to a feed-back inhibition by glucose, according to a mechanism of the \"K\" type (competitive). The \"resulting affinity-constant\" (measured in the presence of the enzyme both with substrate and inhibitor) is linear function of the inhibitor concentration. The affinity constants between enzyme and pure substrate on one hand, and between enzyme and pure inhibitor on the other hand, were determined by means of this relation, which led to respectively equivalent values after determinations under in vitro or in vivo inhibitions.", "contents": "[Determination of the kinetic parameters of enzyme inhibition of the K-type mechanism: application to the control of alpha-glucosidase activity of honeybee hemolymph by glucose]. The alpha-glucosidasic activity of emerging honeybees haemolymph is submitted to a feed-back inhibition by glucose, according to a mechanism of the \"K\" type (competitive). The \"resulting affinity-constant\" (measured in the presence of the enzyme both with substrate and inhibitor) is linear function of the inhibitor concentration. The affinity constants between enzyme and pure substrate on one hand, and between enzyme and pure inhibitor on the other hand, were determined by means of this relation, which led to respectively equivalent values after determinations under in vitro or in vivo inhibitions.", "PMID": 409564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5190", "title": "[5-hydroxytryptamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in brain synaptosomal membrane preparations].", "content": "A serotonine-sensitive adenylate cyclase system has been observed in horse brain membrane preparations. In crude mitochondrial fraction two types of activation sites were characterized, the Ka being = 2 nM and 1 micrometer. In purified synaptosomal membranes, a single adenylate cyclase activation was observed corresponding to the highest apparent affinity (KD = 2nM). This activation site might be related to the high affinity binding site (KD = 2NM) were previously described in the same membrane preparations.", "contents": "[5-hydroxytryptamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in brain synaptosomal membrane preparations]. A serotonine-sensitive adenylate cyclase system has been observed in horse brain membrane preparations. In crude mitochondrial fraction two types of activation sites were characterized, the Ka being = 2 nM and 1 micrometer. In purified synaptosomal membranes, a single adenylate cyclase activation was observed corresponding to the highest apparent affinity (KD = 2nM). This activation site might be related to the high affinity binding site (KD = 2NM) were previously described in the same membrane preparations.", "PMID": 409565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5191", "title": "Action potentials, afterpotentials, and arrhythmias.", "content": "Triggered activity must be added to spontaneous activity and to circus movement as a cause for extrasystoles and tachycardias of either atrial or ventricular origin. The activity of a triggerable focus requires phase 4 depolarization caused by an afterpotential; this distinguishes it from the activity seen in circus movement. A triggerable focus becomes rhythmically active only if driven at a critical rate or by a critically timed premature impulse; this distinguishes it from a focus of spontaneous or automatic activity. The ease of triggering a triggerable focus increases in the presence of catecholamines; triggerable foci in the atrium become quiescent when exposed to acetylcholine. At the present time, fibers within the coronary sinus provide the most persuasive example of triggered activity as a possible cause of arrhythmias of clinical significance. It is possible that the coupled extrasystoles of digitalis toxicity may be triggered; there is every reason to believe that further examples of triggered arrhythmias of possible clinical significance will be discovered.", "contents": "Action potentials, afterpotentials, and arrhythmias. Triggered activity must be added to spontaneous activity and to circus movement as a cause for extrasystoles and tachycardias of either atrial or ventricular origin. The activity of a triggerable focus requires phase 4 depolarization caused by an afterpotential; this distinguishes it from the activity seen in circus movement. A triggerable focus becomes rhythmically active only if driven at a critical rate or by a critically timed premature impulse; this distinguishes it from a focus of spontaneous or automatic activity. The ease of triggering a triggerable focus increases in the presence of catecholamines; triggerable foci in the atrium become quiescent when exposed to acetylcholine. At the present time, fibers within the coronary sinus provide the most persuasive example of triggered activity as a possible cause of arrhythmias of clinical significance. It is possible that the coupled extrasystoles of digitalis toxicity may be triggered; there is every reason to believe that further examples of triggered arrhythmias of possible clinical significance will be discovered.", "PMID": 409566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5192", "title": "Large scale purification of hog renin. Physicochemical characterization.", "content": "Renin was purified from 47 kg of hog kidney to produce enough enzyme for enzymatic and physicochemical characterization. The procedure included extraction at pH 3.5 in the presence of protease inhibitors, two ammonium sulfate precipitations, ion exchange chromatography on Sepharose-hexamethylenediamino-pepstatin gel, gel filtration, and isoelectric focusing. Renin, 2.3 mg, with a specific activity of 1,100 GU/mg of protein was obtained with about 70,000-fold purification and 16% overall recovery. The purity criteria were: (1) a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis, (2) same retardation factor on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for renin activity, protein and glycoprotein coloration. Renin was characterized by its stability at--20 degrees C, pH 6.5; its molecular weight on SDS-gel electrophoresis, 36,800; its relative mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 7.8; its isoelectric point, 5.15; its amino acid composition, which revealed that renin is a glycoprotein; and its Michaelis constant on tetradecapeptide substrate at pH 6.6, Km = 7.7 X 10(-6) M.", "contents": "Large scale purification of hog renin. Physicochemical characterization. Renin was purified from 47 kg of hog kidney to produce enough enzyme for enzymatic and physicochemical characterization. The procedure included extraction at pH 3.5 in the presence of protease inhibitors, two ammonium sulfate precipitations, ion exchange chromatography on Sepharose-hexamethylenediamino-pepstatin gel, gel filtration, and isoelectric focusing. Renin, 2.3 mg, with a specific activity of 1,100 GU/mg of protein was obtained with about 70,000-fold purification and 16% overall recovery. The purity criteria were: (1) a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis, (2) same retardation factor on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for renin activity, protein and glycoprotein coloration. Renin was characterized by its stability at--20 degrees C, pH 6.5; its molecular weight on SDS-gel electrophoresis, 36,800; its relative mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 7.8; its isoelectric point, 5.15; its amino acid composition, which revealed that renin is a glycoprotein; and its Michaelis constant on tetradecapeptide substrate at pH 6.6, Km = 7.7 X 10(-6) M.", "PMID": 409568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5193", "title": "The effect of acute changes in coronary blood flow on left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness. An echocardiographic study.", "content": "The effect of acute alterations in coronary blood flow (CBF) on left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic wall thickness was measured by reflected ultrasound in twelve anesthetized dogs. During five minutes of coronary ligation, wall thickness decreased from a control of 9.0 +/- 0.3 mm to 8.1 +/- 0.3 mm (P less than 0.001); during reperfusion (reactive hyperemia), wall thickness was greater than control (10.2 +/- 0.2 mm at one minute, P less than 0.001). Increased CBF produced by intracoronary nitroglycerin or papaverine resulted in transient increases in wall thickness from 8.9 +/- 0.1 mm to 9.7 +/- 0.2 at one minute (P less than 0.001) and 10.0 +/- 0.6 mm to 11.2 +/- 0.7 mm at one minute (P less than 0.001), respectively. The observed direct relation between CBF and wall thickness suggests a dynamic role for CBF in calculations of LV mass, diastolic wall stress, and myocardial stiffness constants.", "contents": "The effect of acute changes in coronary blood flow on left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness. An echocardiographic study. The effect of acute alterations in coronary blood flow (CBF) on left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic wall thickness was measured by reflected ultrasound in twelve anesthetized dogs. During five minutes of coronary ligation, wall thickness decreased from a control of 9.0 +/- 0.3 mm to 8.1 +/- 0.3 mm (P less than 0.001); during reperfusion (reactive hyperemia), wall thickness was greater than control (10.2 +/- 0.2 mm at one minute, P less than 0.001). Increased CBF produced by intracoronary nitroglycerin or papaverine resulted in transient increases in wall thickness from 8.9 +/- 0.1 mm to 9.7 +/- 0.2 at one minute (P less than 0.001) and 10.0 +/- 0.6 mm to 11.2 +/- 0.7 mm at one minute (P less than 0.001), respectively. The observed direct relation between CBF and wall thickness suggests a dynamic role for CBF in calculations of LV mass, diastolic wall stress, and myocardial stiffness constants.", "PMID": 409570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5194", "title": "Comparison of immunoglobulin determinations in pathological sera by radial immunodiffusion and laser nephelometry.", "content": "Immunoglobulins G, A, and M were measured by radial immunodiffusion and by laser nephelometry in sera from 33 patients and in a preparation of purified colostral IgA. In general the results agreed for the two methods, with some exceptions attributed to the physicochemical characteristics of the immunoglobulins assayed: low-molecular-weight (monomeric) IgM gives falsely high values and IgA proteins (consisting predominantly of polymeric molecules) give falsely low values when assayed by radial immunodiffusion. Results from laser nephelometry apparently are not affected by the molecular-size characteristics of the proteins assayed.", "contents": "Comparison of immunoglobulin determinations in pathological sera by radial immunodiffusion and laser nephelometry. Immunoglobulins G, A, and M were measured by radial immunodiffusion and by laser nephelometry in sera from 33 patients and in a preparation of purified colostral IgA. In general the results agreed for the two methods, with some exceptions attributed to the physicochemical characteristics of the immunoglobulins assayed: low-molecular-weight (monomeric) IgM gives falsely high values and IgA proteins (consisting predominantly of polymeric molecules) give falsely low values when assayed by radial immunodiffusion. Results from laser nephelometry apparently are not affected by the molecular-size characteristics of the proteins assayed.", "PMID": 409572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5195", "title": "The effect of glycosaminoglycans on the in vitro activity of human skin fibroblast glycosphingolipid beta-galactosidases and neuraminidases.", "content": "The apparent low level of synthetic substrate beta-D-galactosidase activity in liver from patients with the Hurler-Hunter syndrome is caused by the inhibitory effect of accumulated glycosaminoglycans. We have demonstrated complete inhibition of GM1 ganglioside beta-galactosidase activity in vitro by both heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate, but the effect on lactosylceramide and galactosylceramide hydrolysis was less marked. In contrast, lysosomal neuraminidase activity in vitro was enhanced by the addition of glycosaminoglycans. These observations are discussed in relationship to the observed storage pattern of glycosphingolipids in liver from patients with mucopolysaccharidoses.", "contents": "The effect of glycosaminoglycans on the in vitro activity of human skin fibroblast glycosphingolipid beta-galactosidases and neuraminidases. The apparent low level of synthetic substrate beta-D-galactosidase activity in liver from patients with the Hurler-Hunter syndrome is caused by the inhibitory effect of accumulated glycosaminoglycans. We have demonstrated complete inhibition of GM1 ganglioside beta-galactosidase activity in vitro by both heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate, but the effect on lactosylceramide and galactosylceramide hydrolysis was less marked. In contrast, lysosomal neuraminidase activity in vitro was enhanced by the addition of glycosaminoglycans. These observations are discussed in relationship to the observed storage pattern of glycosphingolipids in liver from patients with mucopolysaccharidoses.", "PMID": 409573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5196", "title": "Properties of human erythrocyte hexokinase related to cell age.", "content": "The kinetic, electrophoretic and immunological properties of hexokinase from human erythrocytes have been studied in relation to cell age. No differences in kinetic behaviour between hexokinase partly purified from reticulocytes, 10% youngest cells, normal red cell population or from 10% oldest cells were observed. The stability of the enzyme preparations showed little differences; hexokinase from the 10% youngest cells was the most labile enzyme, followed respectively by the enzyme from reticulocytes, normal red cell population and the 10% oldest cells. The electrophoretic pattern of erythrocyte hexokinase changed during senescence. The hexokinase activity located in the second band from the anode is shifted to the third with increasing cell age. The molecular specific acitivity of the enzyme from the 10% youngest cells, the normal red cell population and the 10% oldest cells remains the same, while the molecular specific activity of hexokinase from reticulocytes was much lower.", "contents": "Properties of human erythrocyte hexokinase related to cell age. The kinetic, electrophoretic and immunological properties of hexokinase from human erythrocytes have been studied in relation to cell age. No differences in kinetic behaviour between hexokinase partly purified from reticulocytes, 10% youngest cells, normal red cell population or from 10% oldest cells were observed. The stability of the enzyme preparations showed little differences; hexokinase from the 10% youngest cells was the most labile enzyme, followed respectively by the enzyme from reticulocytes, normal red cell population and the 10% oldest cells. The electrophoretic pattern of erythrocyte hexokinase changed during senescence. The hexokinase activity located in the second band from the anode is shifted to the third with increasing cell age. The molecular specific acitivity of the enzyme from the 10% youngest cells, the normal red cell population and the 10% oldest cells remains the same, while the molecular specific activity of hexokinase from reticulocytes was much lower.", "PMID": 409574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5197", "title": "An immunological study of nine proteins in CSF and serum of a group of epileptic patients.", "content": "The concentrations of nine proteins, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, antitrypsin, prealbumin, transferrin, albumin, IgG, ceruloplasmin, IgA and alpha-2-macroglobulin, have been determined in the serum and CSF of two groups of patients, one control and one experimental, by an immunological method. The experimental group were patients suffering from grand mal epilepsy. The control group showed no detectable neurological disorder. In the group of grand mal epileptics, only prealbumin showed a significant elevation in CSF when compared with the control group. In contrast, the rest of the proteins are decreased with respect to the controls except for alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and transferrin. The results from this study also suggest that something more than an ultrafiltration process dependent upon molecular weight, is important in determining the concentration of some serum proteins in the CSF.", "contents": "An immunological study of nine proteins in CSF and serum of a group of epileptic patients. The concentrations of nine proteins, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, antitrypsin, prealbumin, transferrin, albumin, IgG, ceruloplasmin, IgA and alpha-2-macroglobulin, have been determined in the serum and CSF of two groups of patients, one control and one experimental, by an immunological method. The experimental group were patients suffering from grand mal epilepsy. The control group showed no detectable neurological disorder. In the group of grand mal epileptics, only prealbumin showed a significant elevation in CSF when compared with the control group. In contrast, the rest of the proteins are decreased with respect to the controls except for alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and transferrin. The results from this study also suggest that something more than an ultrafiltration process dependent upon molecular weight, is important in determining the concentration of some serum proteins in the CSF.", "PMID": 409575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5198", "title": "Lysosomal enzymes in medium from cultured skin fibroblasts from normal individuals and patients with lysosomal diseases.", "content": "The release of acid hydrolases from cultured skin fibroblasts into the cell culture medium was studied in several lysosomal storage disorders (GM1-gangliosidosis, Fabry's disease, Hurler's disease, mannosidosis, and mucolipidosis). The levels of different activities were proportional to time (up to 44 h after medium change) and cell density with the exception of beta-glucosidase, which was not released. Culture medium from the fibroblasts of mucolipidosis patients exhibited higher activity of acid hydrolases than medium from cells of patients with GM1-gangliosidosis, Fabry's disease, Hurler's disease, and mannosidosis. These cells, however, exhibited somewhat higher levels of enzyme activity in their culture medium than control fibroblasts. The total production of acid hydrolases was yet rather similar in fibroblasts from controls and patients. Differential centrifugation showed that the highest specific activity of acid hydrolases was seen, as expected, in the lysosomal fraction, except in fibroblasts from patients with mucolipidosis, where the supernatant exhibited most activity. beta-Glucosidase, however, showed a normal differential centrifugation pattern also in fibroblasts from these patients.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzymes in medium from cultured skin fibroblasts from normal individuals and patients with lysosomal diseases. The release of acid hydrolases from cultured skin fibroblasts into the cell culture medium was studied in several lysosomal storage disorders (GM1-gangliosidosis, Fabry's disease, Hurler's disease, mannosidosis, and mucolipidosis). The levels of different activities were proportional to time (up to 44 h after medium change) and cell density with the exception of beta-glucosidase, which was not released. Culture medium from the fibroblasts of mucolipidosis patients exhibited higher activity of acid hydrolases than medium from cells of patients with GM1-gangliosidosis, Fabry's disease, Hurler's disease, and mannosidosis. These cells, however, exhibited somewhat higher levels of enzyme activity in their culture medium than control fibroblasts. The total production of acid hydrolases was yet rather similar in fibroblasts from controls and patients. Differential centrifugation showed that the highest specific activity of acid hydrolases was seen, as expected, in the lysosomal fraction, except in fibroblasts from patients with mucolipidosis, where the supernatant exhibited most activity. beta-Glucosidase, however, showed a normal differential centrifugation pattern also in fibroblasts from these patients.", "PMID": 409577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5199", "title": "The Stickler syndrome (hereditary arthro-ophthalmopathy).", "content": "Three patients with Stickler syndrome are reported. Two of the patients were found among the 26 children attending a special pre-school for the visually impaired. One of the patients had bilateral choanal atresia which may represent an extreme example of the mid-facial hypoplasia commonly seen in these patients. It appears that Stickler syndrome may not be as rare as previously thought.", "contents": "The Stickler syndrome (hereditary arthro-ophthalmopathy). Three patients with Stickler syndrome are reported. Two of the patients were found among the 26 children attending a special pre-school for the visually impaired. One of the patients had bilateral choanal atresia which may represent an extreme example of the mid-facial hypoplasia commonly seen in these patients. It appears that Stickler syndrome may not be as rare as previously thought.", "PMID": 409578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5200", "title": "Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in the vervet monkey.", "content": "Autoimmune thyroiditis was induced in two vervet monkeys by immunizing them with human thyroid extract. As expected, both animals developed cytotoxic antibodies which were active against human thyroid and other human cells in tissue culture. In addition, a second serum factor was detected. This was capable of sensitizing human thyroid (and other) cells and rendering them susceptible to killing by normal lymphocytes. This finding implicates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis.", "contents": "Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in the vervet monkey. Autoimmune thyroiditis was induced in two vervet monkeys by immunizing them with human thyroid extract. As expected, both animals developed cytotoxic antibodies which were active against human thyroid and other human cells in tissue culture. In addition, a second serum factor was detected. This was capable of sensitizing human thyroid (and other) cells and rendering them susceptible to killing by normal lymphocytes. This finding implicates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis.", "PMID": 409579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5201", "title": "Antibacterial activity of ticarcillin, tobramycin and gentamicin alone and in combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro.", "content": "Using the biophotometer with ticarcillin no persistent bactericidal effect was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 10490. After addition of 1.2 microgram/ml gentamicin an increase of multiplication of bacteria was observed, but not after 1.2 microgram/ml tobramycin. With 6.2 microgram/ml tobramycin bactericidal effects lasted more than 24 h. In tube dilution test with Isotonic Sensi-test Broth out of 109 examined strains 51% were resistant to gentamicin, 16% to tobramycin and 4.5% to ticarcillin. If MIC values of gentamicin and tobramycin were calculated for magnesium-free media the resistance rate would be 10% for gentamicin and 3% for tobramycin. Combining subinhibitory doses of gentamicin or tobramycin with ticarcillin, most of the strains resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin became susceptible. The rate of inactivation of tobramycin by ticarcillin depends on the fluid into which they are placed. In combination therapy both antibiotics should be applied separately and immediately one after the other.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of ticarcillin, tobramycin and gentamicin alone and in combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. Using the biophotometer with ticarcillin no persistent bactericidal effect was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 10490. After addition of 1.2 microgram/ml gentamicin an increase of multiplication of bacteria was observed, but not after 1.2 microgram/ml tobramycin. With 6.2 microgram/ml tobramycin bactericidal effects lasted more than 24 h. In tube dilution test with Isotonic Sensi-test Broth out of 109 examined strains 51% were resistant to gentamicin, 16% to tobramycin and 4.5% to ticarcillin. If MIC values of gentamicin and tobramycin were calculated for magnesium-free media the resistance rate would be 10% for gentamicin and 3% for tobramycin. Combining subinhibitory doses of gentamicin or tobramycin with ticarcillin, most of the strains resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin became susceptible. The rate of inactivation of tobramycin by ticarcillin depends on the fluid into which they are placed. In combination therapy both antibiotics should be applied separately and immediately one after the other.", "PMID": 409590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5202", "title": "Diverticular disease of the appendix.", "content": "Diverticular disease of the appendix involves about 1 per cent of all appendices removed. Considering the large number, the subject appears to have been neglected in medical literature. Since the symptomatology is similar to that of appendicits and diverticula are frequently very small, they could go unnoticed. A comparison of 30 cases of diverticular disease and 30 cases of acute appendicitis reveals a few fine differences. The patients with diverticular disease are at least a decade older, the duration of pain in these patients is longer, and the diverticula and appendix may or may not be inflamed.", "contents": "Diverticular disease of the appendix. Diverticular disease of the appendix involves about 1 per cent of all appendices removed. Considering the large number, the subject appears to have been neglected in medical literature. Since the symptomatology is similar to that of appendicits and diverticula are frequently very small, they could go unnoticed. A comparison of 30 cases of diverticular disease and 30 cases of acute appendicitis reveals a few fine differences. The patients with diverticular disease are at least a decade older, the duration of pain in these patients is longer, and the diverticula and appendix may or may not be inflamed.", "PMID": 409591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5203", "title": "The effects of long-term psychotherapy on patients' self-perception.", "content": "A review of the literature regarding the effects of long-term psychotherapy indicates that it has rarely been examined purely from the standpoint of the patient. This study attempts to determine how the patients perceive attitudinal change in themselves and their therapists during the treatment process. Twenty patients who received dynamically oriented psychotherapy in excess of one year in a typical outpatient clinic participated. These patients were randomly assigned a therapist who was either a Clinic staff member or senior resident in psychiatry. Slightly more than half the patients included in the study had a diagnosis of psychoneurosis, while the remainder were viewed as possessing characterological or psychotic disturbances. Evaluation of patient attitudes was achieved through the use of a modified version of Osgood's Semantic Differential Scale. It was determined that patients perceived themselves as becoming significantly more like their therapists after one year of psychotherapy. They saw themselves as more active, independent, dominant, outgoing, realistic and happy. This \"psychic shift\" is discussed in terms of identification, transference and counter-transference phenomena.", "contents": "The effects of long-term psychotherapy on patients' self-perception. A review of the literature regarding the effects of long-term psychotherapy indicates that it has rarely been examined purely from the standpoint of the patient. This study attempts to determine how the patients perceive attitudinal change in themselves and their therapists during the treatment process. Twenty patients who received dynamically oriented psychotherapy in excess of one year in a typical outpatient clinic participated. These patients were randomly assigned a therapist who was either a Clinic staff member or senior resident in psychiatry. Slightly more than half the patients included in the study had a diagnosis of psychoneurosis, while the remainder were viewed as possessing characterological or psychotic disturbances. Evaluation of patient attitudes was achieved through the use of a modified version of Osgood's Semantic Differential Scale. It was determined that patients perceived themselves as becoming significantly more like their therapists after one year of psychotherapy. They saw themselves as more active, independent, dominant, outgoing, realistic and happy. This \"psychic shift\" is discussed in terms of identification, transference and counter-transference phenomena.", "PMID": 409592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5204", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition: a safe procedure in the small community hospital?", "content": "The complication rate for all patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) over a 4-year period of time in a small community hospital has been continuously reviewed. Audit of the complication rate of the initial 15 patients receiving TPN revealed a 12.5% sepsis rate. After instituting rigid protocols concerning catheter insertion and care, a nursing care plan, and metabolic flow sheet, we found that the catheter sepsis rate decreased to 5.1% (P less than 0.05) in the subsequent group of 31 patients. However, metabolic complications related to TPN were not significantly different in the two groups. We conclude that community hospitals without a nutritional team can achieve acceptable complication rates for patients receiving TPN if the staff is committed to continuous critical analysis of complications. Transfer of depleted patients to institutions with demonstrated expertise in this area is recommended if such an analysis shows unacceptable complication rates.", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition: a safe procedure in the small community hospital? The complication rate for all patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) over a 4-year period of time in a small community hospital has been continuously reviewed. Audit of the complication rate of the initial 15 patients receiving TPN revealed a 12.5% sepsis rate. After instituting rigid protocols concerning catheter insertion and care, a nursing care plan, and metabolic flow sheet, we found that the catheter sepsis rate decreased to 5.1% (P less than 0.05) in the subsequent group of 31 patients. However, metabolic complications related to TPN were not significantly different in the two groups. We conclude that community hospitals without a nutritional team can achieve acceptable complication rates for patients receiving TPN if the staff is committed to continuous critical analysis of complications. Transfer of depleted patients to institutions with demonstrated expertise in this area is recommended if such an analysis shows unacceptable complication rates.", "PMID": 409588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5205", "title": "[Clinical studies on the reduction of dental calculus formation by the use of a percent HEDP containing toothpaste].", "content": "In a clinical, uncontrolled double blind test, the effect of a 1% HEDP containing toothpaste on the formation and degree of mineralization of supragingival calculus was examined in 50 subjects over two periods of three month each. Considering all subjects the HEDP-containing paste reduced the new formation of calculus by 34.1% or 41.1% depending on the method of evaluation (CS or VM index) and the mineral content by 20.3%.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on the reduction of dental calculus formation by the use of a percent HEDP containing toothpaste]. In a clinical, uncontrolled double blind test, the effect of a 1% HEDP containing toothpaste on the formation and degree of mineralization of supragingival calculus was examined in 50 subjects over two periods of three month each. Considering all subjects the HEDP-containing paste reduced the new formation of calculus by 34.1% or 41.1% depending on the method of evaluation (CS or VM index) and the mineral content by 20.3%.", "PMID": 409597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5206", "title": "Estrogen-induced gonadotropin surges in decerebrated female rhesus monkeys with medial basal hypothalamic peninsulae.", "content": "Hypothalamic peninsulae, posteriorly continuous with the brain stem, were produced in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys by aspiration of the cerebral hemispheres and all brain structures anterior and dorsal to the optic chiasm. These preparations were sustained for 52 to 60 h postoperatively by maintaining blood gases and pH within physiological limits and by supporting arterial blood pressure, when necessary, with infusions of rhesus monkey blood and norepinephrine. The sc injection of estradiol benzoate (EB) to such animals upon completion of the ablation procedure was followed 18-24 h later by unambiguous surges of serum LH and FSH with durations in the excess of 24 h. These findings are consonant with the view that the central components of the control system that initiates the preovulatory gonadotropin surge in the rhesus monkey are resident within the medial basal hypothalamic-hypophysial apparatus.", "contents": "Estrogen-induced gonadotropin surges in decerebrated female rhesus monkeys with medial basal hypothalamic peninsulae. Hypothalamic peninsulae, posteriorly continuous with the brain stem, were produced in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys by aspiration of the cerebral hemispheres and all brain structures anterior and dorsal to the optic chiasm. These preparations were sustained for 52 to 60 h postoperatively by maintaining blood gases and pH within physiological limits and by supporting arterial blood pressure, when necessary, with infusions of rhesus monkey blood and norepinephrine. The sc injection of estradiol benzoate (EB) to such animals upon completion of the ablation procedure was followed 18-24 h later by unambiguous surges of serum LH and FSH with durations in the excess of 24 h. These findings are consonant with the view that the central components of the control system that initiates the preovulatory gonadotropin surge in the rhesus monkey are resident within the medial basal hypothalamic-hypophysial apparatus.", "PMID": 409600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5207", "title": "[The structure of bacillomycin L, an antibiotic from Bacillus subtilis (author's transl)].", "content": "The structure of bacillomycin L, an antifungal agent isolated from the culture medium of a strain of Bacillus subtilis, has been investigated. The peptide moiety contains one mole each of D-aspartic acid, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamine, L-serine, D-serine, L-threonine, and D-tyrosine. The lipid moiety is a mixture of 3-amino-12-methyltridecanoic acid (46%), 3-amino-12-methyltetradecanoic acid (38%, 3-amino-14-methylpentadecanoic acid (11%), and two minor homologues. The peptide sequence and the cyclic structure were determined by structural analysis of the peptides obtained by mild acid hydrolysis. The molecular weight was determined by the thermoosmotic method; this showed that bacillomycin L has a monomeric structure which is given in Formula 1.", "contents": "[The structure of bacillomycin L, an antibiotic from Bacillus subtilis (author's transl)]. The structure of bacillomycin L, an antifungal agent isolated from the culture medium of a strain of Bacillus subtilis, has been investigated. The peptide moiety contains one mole each of D-aspartic acid, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamine, L-serine, D-serine, L-threonine, and D-tyrosine. The lipid moiety is a mixture of 3-amino-12-methyltridecanoic acid (46%), 3-amino-12-methyltetradecanoic acid (38%, 3-amino-14-methylpentadecanoic acid (11%), and two minor homologues. The peptide sequence and the cyclic structure were determined by structural analysis of the peptides obtained by mild acid hydrolysis. The molecular weight was determined by the thermoosmotic method; this showed that bacillomycin L has a monomeric structure which is given in Formula 1.", "PMID": 409602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5208", "title": "Biosynthesis of the blood-group-B-specific trisaccharide in a rhesus monkey.", "content": "A Rhesus monkey, serologically grouped as B, has been shown to excrete low-molecular-weight carbohydrate material in urine closely related to that found in human urine. Galactose feeding resulted in the excretion of a trisaccharide which was shown to be identical to the trisaccharide isolated from the urine of group B humans under the same conditions. Experiments in which [14C]galactose was administered both orally and via an intestinal vein demonstrated that the intestine is the site of biosynthesis.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the blood-group-B-specific trisaccharide in a rhesus monkey. A Rhesus monkey, serologically grouped as B, has been shown to excrete low-molecular-weight carbohydrate material in urine closely related to that found in human urine. Galactose feeding resulted in the excretion of a trisaccharide which was shown to be identical to the trisaccharide isolated from the urine of group B humans under the same conditions. Experiments in which [14C]galactose was administered both orally and via an intestinal vein demonstrated that the intestine is the site of biosynthesis.", "PMID": 409603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5209", "title": "The combined clinical and hemodynamic effects of trinitrin and propranolol.", "content": "The clinical and hemodynamic effects of trinitrin (nitroglycerin) have been studied in 5 patients with long-established coronary artery disease who had been receiving long-term beta blockade therapy (propranolol). 5 similar patients not on propranolol acted as controls. Patients on propranolol reported as effective relief of angina with trinitrin as patients not on this therapy. Although the patients on propranolol had an initially lower systolic blood pressure and mean ventricular rate, sublingual trinitrin caused in both groups a similar fall in aortic pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, oxygen consumption and stroke volume, together with a similar rise in ventricular rate. It was concluded that trinitrin was as effective, both subjectively and objectively, in patients on propranolol as in those without beta blockade and promoted similar side effects.", "contents": "The combined clinical and hemodynamic effects of trinitrin and propranolol. The clinical and hemodynamic effects of trinitrin (nitroglycerin) have been studied in 5 patients with long-established coronary artery disease who had been receiving long-term beta blockade therapy (propranolol). 5 similar patients not on propranolol acted as controls. Patients on propranolol reported as effective relief of angina with trinitrin as patients not on this therapy. Although the patients on propranolol had an initially lower systolic blood pressure and mean ventricular rate, sublingual trinitrin caused in both groups a similar fall in aortic pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, oxygen consumption and stroke volume, together with a similar rise in ventricular rate. It was concluded that trinitrin was as effective, both subjectively and objectively, in patients on propranolol as in those without beta blockade and promoted similar side effects.", "PMID": 409604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5210", "title": "Idiotypic analysis of the response of C57BL/6 mice to the (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl group.", "content": "Strain C57BL/6 mice produce a highly restricted primary response to the (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) group. This response is composed of molecules having mu or gamma1 heavy chains and light chains of the lambda type. A guinea pig anti-idiotype was raised to the purified C57BL/6 primary anti-NP immunoglobulin. After suitable absorption, this anti-idiotype was shown to detect markers present on the primary anti-NP immunoglobulin only of those strains which express the Ig-1b allotype. Breeding experiments demonstrated that the marker segregated with the heavy chain linkage group.", "contents": "Idiotypic analysis of the response of C57BL/6 mice to the (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl group. Strain C57BL/6 mice produce a highly restricted primary response to the (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) group. This response is composed of molecules having mu or gamma1 heavy chains and light chains of the lambda type. A guinea pig anti-idiotype was raised to the purified C57BL/6 primary anti-NP immunoglobulin. After suitable absorption, this anti-idiotype was shown to detect markers present on the primary anti-NP immunoglobulin only of those strains which express the Ig-1b allotype. Breeding experiments demonstrated that the marker segregated with the heavy chain linkage group.", "PMID": 409605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5211", "title": "An IgM-producing tumor with biochemical characteristics of a small B lymphocyte.", "content": "A lymphocytic tumor, 38C-13, induced by the chemical carcinogen 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in C3H/eB mice and adapted to tissue culture, produces 7-8 S IgM with \"core\" carbohydrates (N-acetylglucosamines, mannoses), but not \"branch\" carbohydrates (neuraminic acids, fucoses, galactoses) attached to the mu heavy, but not to the light chains. Turnover of the 7-8 S 38C-13 IgM is slow (half disappearance time = 10-15 h). The IgM is released from the cells as 7-8 S IgM. The ratio of IgM synthesis to the synthesis of all cellular glycoproteins is 0.005-0.01. After comparison of these data with data obtained with normal B lymphocytes before and after mitogenic stimulation, we conclude that 38C-13 tumor cells are transformed counterparts very near or within the population of small, mitogen-sensitive, resting B lymphocytes.", "contents": "An IgM-producing tumor with biochemical characteristics of a small B lymphocyte. A lymphocytic tumor, 38C-13, induced by the chemical carcinogen 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in C3H/eB mice and adapted to tissue culture, produces 7-8 S IgM with \"core\" carbohydrates (N-acetylglucosamines, mannoses), but not \"branch\" carbohydrates (neuraminic acids, fucoses, galactoses) attached to the mu heavy, but not to the light chains. Turnover of the 7-8 S 38C-13 IgM is slow (half disappearance time = 10-15 h). The IgM is released from the cells as 7-8 S IgM. The ratio of IgM synthesis to the synthesis of all cellular glycoproteins is 0.005-0.01. After comparison of these data with data obtained with normal B lymphocytes before and after mitogenic stimulation, we conclude that 38C-13 tumor cells are transformed counterparts very near or within the population of small, mitogen-sensitive, resting B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 409606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5212", "title": "Calcium ionophores and tension production in skinned frog muscle fibers.", "content": "Antibiotics, X-537A and A23187, were added in micromolar concentrations to selected bathing solutions of skinned frog muscle fibers, and they were shown to affect the production of tension in the skinned fibers. Segments of skinned fibers were bathed in a buffered calcium solution with a pCa near the threshold for contraction. When a segment was moved to a lightly buffered calcium solution with a pCa higher than the threshold for contraction but one containing either antibiotic, a transient contracture of the segment resulted. if the procedure was repeated in the same segment, no contracture was produced. The results are consistent with the idea that the antibiotics function as calcium ionophores in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skinned fibers.", "contents": "Calcium ionophores and tension production in skinned frog muscle fibers. Antibiotics, X-537A and A23187, were added in micromolar concentrations to selected bathing solutions of skinned frog muscle fibers, and they were shown to affect the production of tension in the skinned fibers. Segments of skinned fibers were bathed in a buffered calcium solution with a pCa near the threshold for contraction. When a segment was moved to a lightly buffered calcium solution with a pCa higher than the threshold for contraction but one containing either antibiotic, a transient contracture of the segment resulted. if the procedure was repeated in the same segment, no contracture was produced. The results are consistent with the idea that the antibiotics function as calcium ionophores in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skinned fibers.", "PMID": 409607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5213", "title": "[Effects of colchicine treatment on rat intestinal disaccharidase activities].", "content": "The changes in morphology and proliferation kinetics produced by colchicine in the intestinal mucosa are known. Contrarily, the functional changes have yet not been investigated systematically. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of colchicine treatment on rat intestinal disaccharidase activities. For the experiments male SPF-Wistar rats, body weight 180--200 g (supplied by Mus-Rattus AG, 8011 Brunnthal, FRG) were used. The animals were kept under constant conditions (6 rats per cage) and fed Altromin (Altromin Gmb H,Lage/Lippe), tap water ad libitum. Per day 6 animals of each test group were scarificed by cervical dislocation at defined time. About 3 cm of the intestine were removed 8--10 cm distally of the pylorus and cut longitudinally. After cautious cleaning the mucosa was detached using a scalpel. The thus obtained specimens of the mucosa were frozen at -- 20 degrees C in an air-tight humidity chamber and preserved there until further handling. For histological examination the correspondent parts of the intestine were fixed in 10% formol. From each specimen 4 different stainings were made (haematoxylin-eosin, Giemsa, PAS and Feulgen stain). Per test series 60--66 rats were used. The following doses of colchicine were applied: 1 X 1.0 mg/kg body weight, 1 X 0.5 mg/kg body weight, 5 X 0.1 mg/kg body weight within 24 hours. The single doses were dissolved in about 0.5 physiological saline and applied intraperitoneally. In each 6 rats per group the activities of the following diasccharidases were measured at 24 hours intervals from the 1st to 10th or 14th day: sucrase, maltase, lactase, and cellobiase. The enzyme activities were determined after the two-step method developed by DAHLQVIST (5,6) which can be used as micromethod. The ascertained enzyme activities were always related to the protein content. Protein determination was done after the method of Folin-Ciocalteu as modified by LOWRY et al. (14). The enzyme activities were expressed in international units per g protein (U/g protein). the results obtained were statistically ascertained by the non-parametric test after Kruskal-Wallis, variance analysis with linear contrasts after Scheffe as well as by double variance analyses (26).", "contents": "[Effects of colchicine treatment on rat intestinal disaccharidase activities]. The changes in morphology and proliferation kinetics produced by colchicine in the intestinal mucosa are known. Contrarily, the functional changes have yet not been investigated systematically. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of colchicine treatment on rat intestinal disaccharidase activities. For the experiments male SPF-Wistar rats, body weight 180--200 g (supplied by Mus-Rattus AG, 8011 Brunnthal, FRG) were used. The animals were kept under constant conditions (6 rats per cage) and fed Altromin (Altromin Gmb H,Lage/Lippe), tap water ad libitum. Per day 6 animals of each test group were scarificed by cervical dislocation at defined time. About 3 cm of the intestine were removed 8--10 cm distally of the pylorus and cut longitudinally. After cautious cleaning the mucosa was detached using a scalpel. The thus obtained specimens of the mucosa were frozen at -- 20 degrees C in an air-tight humidity chamber and preserved there until further handling. For histological examination the correspondent parts of the intestine were fixed in 10% formol. From each specimen 4 different stainings were made (haematoxylin-eosin, Giemsa, PAS and Feulgen stain). Per test series 60--66 rats were used. The following doses of colchicine were applied: 1 X 1.0 mg/kg body weight, 1 X 0.5 mg/kg body weight, 5 X 0.1 mg/kg body weight within 24 hours. The single doses were dissolved in about 0.5 physiological saline and applied intraperitoneally. In each 6 rats per group the activities of the following diasccharidases were measured at 24 hours intervals from the 1st to 10th or 14th day: sucrase, maltase, lactase, and cellobiase. The enzyme activities were determined after the two-step method developed by DAHLQVIST (5,6) which can be used as micromethod. The ascertained enzyme activities were always related to the protein content. Protein determination was done after the method of Folin-Ciocalteu as modified by LOWRY et al. (14). The enzyme activities were expressed in international units per g protein (U/g protein). the results obtained were statistically ascertained by the non-parametric test after Kruskal-Wallis, variance analysis with linear contrasts after Scheffe as well as by double variance analyses (26).", "PMID": 409615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5214", "title": "[Muscarin-sensitive cholinoreactive systems in the respiratory center].", "content": "Muscarinic cholinergic drugs (arecoline, oxotremorine) which can easily overcome the blood-brain barrier inhibit the action potentials of the phrenic nerve in anesthetized or decerebrate curarized cats after a selective blockade of peripheral muscarinic cholinoreceptors with quaternary anticholinergic drugs (oxyphenonium, benzilycholine). These inhibitory effects are abolished by drugs blocking the central muscarinic cholinoreceptors (atropine, scopolamine, benactyzine). This suggests the existence of muscarinic cholinoreceptive neurons in the respiratory center of the cerebral ponto-bulbar region, the said neurons inhibiting the activity of the inspiratory motonerons.", "contents": "[Muscarin-sensitive cholinoreactive systems in the respiratory center]. Muscarinic cholinergic drugs (arecoline, oxotremorine) which can easily overcome the blood-brain barrier inhibit the action potentials of the phrenic nerve in anesthetized or decerebrate curarized cats after a selective blockade of peripheral muscarinic cholinoreceptors with quaternary anticholinergic drugs (oxyphenonium, benzilycholine). These inhibitory effects are abolished by drugs blocking the central muscarinic cholinoreceptors (atropine, scopolamine, benactyzine). This suggests the existence of muscarinic cholinoreceptive neurons in the respiratory center of the cerebral ponto-bulbar region, the said neurons inhibiting the activity of the inspiratory motonerons.", "PMID": 409618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5215", "title": "[Trial of the culture media Microcult GC for detection of gonococci].", "content": "A trial of the culture medium 'Microcult GC' for the detection of gonorrhea in 246 patients confirms its utility. The direct smear of the exudate is still indispensable. The best culture medium is the Thayer-Martin plate. The main advantage of the new medium tested is its simple utilization technique which makes it suitable for the practitioner.", "contents": "[Trial of the culture media Microcult GC for detection of gonococci]. A trial of the culture medium 'Microcult GC' for the detection of gonorrhea in 246 patients confirms its utility. The direct smear of the exudate is still indispensable. The best culture medium is the Thayer-Martin plate. The main advantage of the new medium tested is its simple utilization technique which makes it suitable for the practitioner.", "PMID": 409626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5216", "title": "The direct effect of hypoglycaemic sulphonylureas on myocardial contractile force and arterial blood pressure.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of glibenclamide, gliclazide and carbutamide were studied on myocardial contractile force, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure and heart rate in 43 intact, 14 pancreatectomized and 18 adrenalectomized dogs. It is shown that a positive inotropic and hypertensive effect of hypoglycaemic sulphonylureas develops without the mediation of glucagon, insulin or adrenaline. Contrary to the other investigated sulphonylureas, glibenclamide reduced myocardial contractile force and arterial blood pressure.", "contents": "The direct effect of hypoglycaemic sulphonylureas on myocardial contractile force and arterial blood pressure. The cardiovascular effects of glibenclamide, gliclazide and carbutamide were studied on myocardial contractile force, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure and heart rate in 43 intact, 14 pancreatectomized and 18 adrenalectomized dogs. It is shown that a positive inotropic and hypertensive effect of hypoglycaemic sulphonylureas develops without the mediation of glucagon, insulin or adrenaline. Contrary to the other investigated sulphonylureas, glibenclamide reduced myocardial contractile force and arterial blood pressure.", "PMID": 409640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5217", "title": "Home parenteral nutrition as primary therapy in patients with extensive Crohn's disease of the small bowel and malnutrition.", "content": "Seven patients with extensive Crohn's disease have received nightly supplementary home parenteral nutrition (HPN) for a total of 120 patient months. Indications for HPN were short bowel in 5, growth failure in 1, and gastric outlet obstruction in 1. Before HPN, body weight averaged 72% of ideal body weight in 5 patients; 1 adolescent was less than the third percentile in weight. Anthropometry in 6 patients confirmed decrease in fat and lean body mass in all. All patients were anemic and serum albumin was low in 6 of 7 (1.8 to 3.0 g per dl). During HPN average weight gain was 11 kg in the 6 patients treated for 6 months or longer. Hemoglobin increased an average of 1.5 g per dl and serum albumin increased an average of 1.0 g per dl. There were 50% fewer hospitalizations after HPN was begun compared with similar time periods before HPN. HPN did not prevent or reverse complications of Crohn's disease other than malnutrition. Major complications were displacement of the catheter on two occasions in 1 patient and metabolic acidosis in 2 patients. Sepsis did not occur. HPN is justified in selected patients with extensive Crohn's disease and malnutrition in that patients gain weight, nutritional parameters improve, and patients' activities increase as number of hospitalizations decrease.", "contents": "Home parenteral nutrition as primary therapy in patients with extensive Crohn's disease of the small bowel and malnutrition. Seven patients with extensive Crohn's disease have received nightly supplementary home parenteral nutrition (HPN) for a total of 120 patient months. Indications for HPN were short bowel in 5, growth failure in 1, and gastric outlet obstruction in 1. Before HPN, body weight averaged 72% of ideal body weight in 5 patients; 1 adolescent was less than the third percentile in weight. Anthropometry in 6 patients confirmed decrease in fat and lean body mass in all. All patients were anemic and serum albumin was low in 6 of 7 (1.8 to 3.0 g per dl). During HPN average weight gain was 11 kg in the 6 patients treated for 6 months or longer. Hemoglobin increased an average of 1.5 g per dl and serum albumin increased an average of 1.0 g per dl. There were 50% fewer hospitalizations after HPN was begun compared with similar time periods before HPN. HPN did not prevent or reverse complications of Crohn's disease other than malnutrition. Major complications were displacement of the catheter on two occasions in 1 patient and metabolic acidosis in 2 patients. Sepsis did not occur. HPN is justified in selected patients with extensive Crohn's disease and malnutrition in that patients gain weight, nutritional parameters improve, and patients' activities increase as number of hospitalizations decrease.", "PMID": 409641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5218", "title": "Function of hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis in depressed patients.", "content": "Nineteen out of 51 depressed patients showed abnormal TSH response to TRH in terms of exaggerated, diminished and delayed responses. The basal value of T3 and its response to TRH were significantly lower in patients with delayed or diminished response than in the normal subjects. These results indicate that the dysfunction of the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression.", "contents": "Function of hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis in depressed patients. Nineteen out of 51 depressed patients showed abnormal TSH response to TRH in terms of exaggerated, diminished and delayed responses. The basal value of T3 and its response to TRH were significantly lower in patients with delayed or diminished response than in the normal subjects. These results indicate that the dysfunction of the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression.", "PMID": 409654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5219", "title": "[Hepatic coma in liver cirrhosis. Prevention and treatment].", "content": "The prognosis of hepatic coma is poor if the patient has jaundice, ascites, defects in clotting factors, a low serum-albumin level and haemorrhage from oesophageal varices. After 5 years, the survival rate is less than 20%. Approved methods of intensive care are recommended. Cerebral oedema, respiratory and renal failure, infection and lactate acidosis are dangerous complications with the necessity to early treatment. The difficulty of parenteral nutrition depends on the extent of liver cell failure. In spite of the rise in blood ammonia mixtures of selected amino acids should be given in small doses. In selected cases temporary hepatic support and detoxification methods are indicated in hepatic coma. Charcoal haemoperfusion decreases the depth of coma and regulates the electroencephalogram, some patients fully recover consciousness. But there is no long-term improvement of survival-rates in cases complicated by bleeding oesophageal varices and by septic circulatory failure. The lethality of the first bleeding from varices is about 50%. Diagnostic endoscopy is necessary, sclerosing of oesophageal varicosis and laser-coagulation can be life-saving in hepatic pre-coma. The mortality of surgical procedures is more than 60%. Emergency anastomosis shunting portal blood has a better prognosis than ligation of the varices or oesophageal and high gastric transsection operations, demonstrated by surgical management in 248 cases. Even with this long-term succes is unusual.", "contents": "[Hepatic coma in liver cirrhosis. Prevention and treatment]. The prognosis of hepatic coma is poor if the patient has jaundice, ascites, defects in clotting factors, a low serum-albumin level and haemorrhage from oesophageal varices. After 5 years, the survival rate is less than 20%. Approved methods of intensive care are recommended. Cerebral oedema, respiratory and renal failure, infection and lactate acidosis are dangerous complications with the necessity to early treatment. The difficulty of parenteral nutrition depends on the extent of liver cell failure. In spite of the rise in blood ammonia mixtures of selected amino acids should be given in small doses. In selected cases temporary hepatic support and detoxification methods are indicated in hepatic coma. Charcoal haemoperfusion decreases the depth of coma and regulates the electroencephalogram, some patients fully recover consciousness. But there is no long-term improvement of survival-rates in cases complicated by bleeding oesophageal varices and by septic circulatory failure. The lethality of the first bleeding from varices is about 50%. Diagnostic endoscopy is necessary, sclerosing of oesophageal varicosis and laser-coagulation can be life-saving in hepatic pre-coma. The mortality of surgical procedures is more than 60%. Emergency anastomosis shunting portal blood has a better prognosis than ligation of the varices or oesophageal and high gastric transsection operations, demonstrated by surgical management in 248 cases. Even with this long-term succes is unusual.", "PMID": 409655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5220", "title": "[Nutrition after gastrectomy].", "content": "Dietary therapy after gastrectomy demands a differentiated approach. In the immediate postoperative phase parenteral nutrition is indicated. If no complications occur, the transition to oral nutrition can soon be made, the basic principle of which is adherence to 6-8 small meals. Since, in our experience, after gastric resections numerous disorders can occur, a carefully controlled diet with the aid of nutrional anamnesis is to be recommended. At the same time substitution of vitamin B12, iron, calcium and pancreatic enzymes is absolutely essential.", "contents": "[Nutrition after gastrectomy]. Dietary therapy after gastrectomy demands a differentiated approach. In the immediate postoperative phase parenteral nutrition is indicated. If no complications occur, the transition to oral nutrition can soon be made, the basic principle of which is adherence to 6-8 small meals. Since, in our experience, after gastric resections numerous disorders can occur, a carefully controlled diet with the aid of nutrional anamnesis is to be recommended. At the same time substitution of vitamin B12, iron, calcium and pancreatic enzymes is absolutely essential.", "PMID": 409656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5221", "title": "Islet cell transplantation in treatment of diabetes.", "content": "Transplantation of isolated islets in volunteer patients with functioning renal allografts reduced their insulin requirements for up to 18 months. These trials were based on experiments with rats with induced diabetes in which plasma glucose levels and glucosuria were decreased, and retinal and renal complications prevented or reversed. The approach may make possible correction of the carbohydrate metabolism defect.", "contents": "Islet cell transplantation in treatment of diabetes. Transplantation of isolated islets in volunteer patients with functioning renal allografts reduced their insulin requirements for up to 18 months. These trials were based on experiments with rats with induced diabetes in which plasma glucose levels and glucosuria were decreased, and retinal and renal complications prevented or reversed. The approach may make possible correction of the carbohydrate metabolism defect.", "PMID": 409659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5222", "title": "Investigations on the polymorphism of glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) in the population of Hessen, Germany.", "content": "The phenotypes of glyoxalase I (GLO) were determined in a random population from Hessen (Germany) by  high-voltage agarose gel electrophoresis. The gene frequencies in 1150 unrelated individuals were 0.4391 for GLO1 and 0.5609 fro GLO2. Rare phenotypes were not observed. The segregation of phenotypes in 50 families and 32 mother-child combinations supports the assumed autosomal codominant inheritance. The possibility of a simultaneous typing for GLO, esterase D (EsD), and carbonic anhydrase2 (CA2) on one gel is discussed.", "contents": "Investigations on the polymorphism of glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) in the population of Hessen, Germany. The phenotypes of glyoxalase I (GLO) were determined in a random population from Hessen (Germany) by  high-voltage agarose gel electrophoresis. The gene frequencies in 1150 unrelated individuals were 0.4391 for GLO1 and 0.5609 fro GLO2. Rare phenotypes were not observed. The segregation of phenotypes in 50 families and 32 mother-child combinations supports the assumed autosomal codominant inheritance. The possibility of a simultaneous typing for GLO, esterase D (EsD), and carbonic anhydrase2 (CA2) on one gel is discussed.", "PMID": 409660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5223", "title": "Red cell enzyme polymorphisms in the Yoruba.", "content": "In this study are presented the results of an investigation of variation in 17 red cell enzyme systems in the Yoruba, a Negro population of western Nigeria. Nine of the systems were found not to be polymorphic. The other eight systems revealed a close resemblance to the Negroes of Southern Africa, and a marked contrast with the San ('Bushmen'). The Yoruba have a history of many centuries of urbanization, while the Southern African Negroes have only recently begun to inhabit large towns. It would appear not only that the polymorphisms investigated are irrelevant to adaptation to urban conditions, but also that no selective forces, and very little drift, has operated on them since the remote ancestral separation of the populations. These results also suggest that the Khoisan contribution to the Southern African Negro gene pool might not be as uniform or as considerable as might be supposed.", "contents": "Red cell enzyme polymorphisms in the Yoruba. In this study are presented the results of an investigation of variation in 17 red cell enzyme systems in the Yoruba, a Negro population of western Nigeria. Nine of the systems were found not to be polymorphic. The other eight systems revealed a close resemblance to the Negroes of Southern Africa, and a marked contrast with the San ('Bushmen'). The Yoruba have a history of many centuries of urbanization, while the Southern African Negroes have only recently begun to inhabit large towns. It would appear not only that the polymorphisms investigated are irrelevant to adaptation to urban conditions, but also that no selective forces, and very little drift, has operated on them since the remote ancestral separation of the populations. These results also suggest that the Khoisan contribution to the Southern African Negro gene pool might not be as uniform or as considerable as might be supposed.", "PMID": 409661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5224", "title": "Adenosine phosphorylase activity in a mutant HEp-2 cell line contaminated with Mycoplasm hyorhinis.", "content": "Metabolic studies in HEp-2/MP,MIR cells (an adenosine kinase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase negative mutant) indicated the presence of adenosine phosphorylase activity. This activity, unknown in established mammalian cell lines, resulted in the glycosidic cleavage of both adenosine and the antiviral drug arabinosyladenine. The activity was observed readily in the presence or absence of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor conformycin. Isopycnic separation of [3H] thymidine-labeled DNA species in CsCl density gradients resulted in the appearance of two distinct peaks. The heavier peak coincided with [14C]thymidine-labeled marker DNA of human origin, whereas the lighter peak was within the range associated with mycoplasmal DNA. Testing by commercial laboratories confirmed the presence of mycoplasma in HEp-2/MP,MIR cells. The contaminant was identified as Mycoplasma hyorhinis, a porcine mycoplasma. Following gamma-irradiation (3000 rads) to block cellular mitosis, the mucoplasma-contaminated HEp-2/MP,MIR cells were cocultivated with mycoplasma-free wild-type HEp-2 cells which did not exhibit adenosine phosphorylase activity. Following serial cocultivation in a medium designed to favor the survival of the wild-type cells, adenosine phosphorylase activity was found in the previously uninfected cells. Studies of this nature emphasize the need for investigators to carefully monitor their cell lines for mycoplasma.", "contents": "Adenosine phosphorylase activity in a mutant HEp-2 cell line contaminated with Mycoplasm hyorhinis. Metabolic studies in HEp-2/MP,MIR cells (an adenosine kinase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase negative mutant) indicated the presence of adenosine phosphorylase activity. This activity, unknown in established mammalian cell lines, resulted in the glycosidic cleavage of both adenosine and the antiviral drug arabinosyladenine. The activity was observed readily in the presence or absence of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor conformycin. Isopycnic separation of [3H] thymidine-labeled DNA species in CsCl density gradients resulted in the appearance of two distinct peaks. The heavier peak coincided with [14C]thymidine-labeled marker DNA of human origin, whereas the lighter peak was within the range associated with mycoplasmal DNA. Testing by commercial laboratories confirmed the presence of mycoplasma in HEp-2/MP,MIR cells. The contaminant was identified as Mycoplasma hyorhinis, a porcine mycoplasma. Following gamma-irradiation (3000 rads) to block cellular mitosis, the mucoplasma-contaminated HEp-2/MP,MIR cells were cocultivated with mycoplasma-free wild-type HEp-2 cells which did not exhibit adenosine phosphorylase activity. Following serial cocultivation in a medium designed to favor the survival of the wild-type cells, adenosine phosphorylase activity was found in the previously uninfected cells. Studies of this nature emphasize the need for investigators to carefully monitor their cell lines for mycoplasma.", "PMID": 409662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5225", "title": "Increased cell-mediated lysis of chicken erythrocytes following the addition of metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "The effect of a variety of metabolic inhibitors on the cell-mediated lysis of chicken erythrocytes by immune spleen cells was investigated using the Cr-release assay. The addition of cycloheximide, puromycin, emetine, pactamycin, actinomycin D or EDTA during the early stages of the reaction (0-2 h) produced partial to complete inhibition of the cytotoxic reaction, while the addition of these compounds at later time periods (2-4 h) resulted in the progressive loss of inhibitory effects. Later additions (4-6 h) of all compounds, except EDTA, resulted in a significant increase in target cell lysis. The ability of these compounds to induce increased cytotoxicity required complete inhibition of protein synthesis and the presence of reactive effector cells. It did not appear to be due to an increase in the rate of 51Cr release from previously damaged target cells, or inhibition of a target-cell repair mechanism dependent on protein synthesis. At least a portion of the increased reactivity was due to effector cell-target cell adhesions which formed after the addition of the inhibitor. The data suggests that the addition of metabolic inhibitors during the later stages of the reaction induced an increase in the efficiency or number of cytotoxic attacks.", "contents": "Increased cell-mediated lysis of chicken erythrocytes following the addition of metabolic inhibitors. The effect of a variety of metabolic inhibitors on the cell-mediated lysis of chicken erythrocytes by immune spleen cells was investigated using the Cr-release assay. The addition of cycloheximide, puromycin, emetine, pactamycin, actinomycin D or EDTA during the early stages of the reaction (0-2 h) produced partial to complete inhibition of the cytotoxic reaction, while the addition of these compounds at later time periods (2-4 h) resulted in the progressive loss of inhibitory effects. Later additions (4-6 h) of all compounds, except EDTA, resulted in a significant increase in target cell lysis. The ability of these compounds to induce increased cytotoxicity required complete inhibition of protein synthesis and the presence of reactive effector cells. It did not appear to be due to an increase in the rate of 51Cr release from previously damaged target cells, or inhibition of a target-cell repair mechanism dependent on protein synthesis. At least a portion of the increased reactivity was due to effector cell-target cell adhesions which formed after the addition of the inhibitor. The data suggests that the addition of metabolic inhibitors during the later stages of the reaction induced an increase in the efficiency or number of cytotoxic attacks.", "PMID": 409663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5226", "title": "[Comparison of peripheral parenteral feeding with an exclusively carbohydrate diet during the postoperative period].", "content": "40 patients, who underwent abdominal surgical procedures, received 3 different types of peripheral-venous postoperative infusions. Two groups had peripheral parenteral nutrition with different amounts of amino acid substitution, whereas a comparable group only received carbohydrates and electrolytes with same energy content. Regarding plasma proteins there was no evident difference among the various groups. In all patients, however, we found a significant decrease of protein-levels in the early postoperative period indicating a malnutrition at this time. Supply of amino acids had a significant positive effect on nitrogen balance. Utilisation of added protein theoretically came up to 65-70%. Therefore postoperative peripheral parenteral nutrition should be preferred.", "contents": "[Comparison of peripheral parenteral feeding with an exclusively carbohydrate diet during the postoperative period]. 40 patients, who underwent abdominal surgical procedures, received 3 different types of peripheral-venous postoperative infusions. Two groups had peripheral parenteral nutrition with different amounts of amino acid substitution, whereas a comparable group only received carbohydrates and electrolytes with same energy content. Regarding plasma proteins there was no evident difference among the various groups. In all patients, however, we found a significant decrease of protein-levels in the early postoperative period indicating a malnutrition at this time. Supply of amino acids had a significant positive effect on nitrogen balance. Utilisation of added protein theoretically came up to 65-70%. Therefore postoperative peripheral parenteral nutrition should be preferred.", "PMID": 409668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5227", "title": "[Hyperammonemia during parenteral nutrition of intensive-care patients].", "content": "Metabolic features of parenteral feeding with conventional amino acid solutions were examined in 47 patients over a long period. 30 patients were kept alive by artificial respiration. The metabolic parameters ammonium, blood urea nitrogen, GOT, alkaline phosphatase were carried out, in 6 patients the pattern of amino acids was analysed. All patients showed a significant increase of ammonium during the course of parenteral feeding. The amino acids demonstrated pattern of imbalance. The other other parameters were not changed significantly. Traumatic, hypoxic or toxic liver damage might influence the reduction of liver function.", "contents": "[Hyperammonemia during parenteral nutrition of intensive-care patients]. Metabolic features of parenteral feeding with conventional amino acid solutions were examined in 47 patients over a long period. 30 patients were kept alive by artificial respiration. The metabolic parameters ammonium, blood urea nitrogen, GOT, alkaline phosphatase were carried out, in 6 patients the pattern of amino acids was analysed. All patients showed a significant increase of ammonium during the course of parenteral feeding. The amino acids demonstrated pattern of imbalance. The other other parameters were not changed significantly. Traumatic, hypoxic or toxic liver damage might influence the reduction of liver function.", "PMID": 409669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5228", "title": "[Complete parenteral nutrition of amino acids, glucose, vitamins and minerals with inclusion of fats].", "content": "The objective of complete intravenous nutrition is to supply by the intravenous route all the nutrients normally obtained in the oral diet and the same relative proportions as absorbed from an oral diet. Some suggested allowances to meet these nutritional requirements in patients with different clinical conditions are made. There appears to be little overall difference in the clinical effectiveness of an intravenous regime in which all the non-protein energy is provided by glucose and one in which both glucose and lipid are used. However, the use of a system of complete intravenous nutrition, which by definition must contain lipid, does have specific practical advantages which make it the system of choice in certain circumstances.", "contents": "[Complete parenteral nutrition of amino acids, glucose, vitamins and minerals with inclusion of fats]. The objective of complete intravenous nutrition is to supply by the intravenous route all the nutrients normally obtained in the oral diet and the same relative proportions as absorbed from an oral diet. Some suggested allowances to meet these nutritional requirements in patients with different clinical conditions are made. There appears to be little overall difference in the clinical effectiveness of an intravenous regime in which all the non-protein energy is provided by glucose and one in which both glucose and lipid are used. However, the use of a system of complete intravenous nutrition, which by definition must contain lipid, does have specific practical advantages which make it the system of choice in certain circumstances.", "PMID": 409670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5229", "title": "[Metabolically adapted nutrition following the concept of clinical nutrition therapy--success and prospects].", "content": "Modern dietetics abandon the traditional, mainly hypothetically based special types of nutrition. A better knowledge of the physiological and pathological metabolic reactions and the technical possibilities to produce defined, tailor-made dietetics products require a new way of thinking. It is attempted to establish a simple scheme according to the composition and use of balanced and defined diets and to outline future tendencies. In summary, it is concluded that the consequent use of modern nutritional physiology and the application of the actual technologies allow to supply patients with a metabolicly adapted nutrition even under difficult conditions.", "contents": "[Metabolically adapted nutrition following the concept of clinical nutrition therapy--success and prospects]. Modern dietetics abandon the traditional, mainly hypothetically based special types of nutrition. A better knowledge of the physiological and pathological metabolic reactions and the technical possibilities to produce defined, tailor-made dietetics products require a new way of thinking. It is attempted to establish a simple scheme according to the composition and use of balanced and defined diets and to outline future tendencies. In summary, it is concluded that the consequent use of modern nutritional physiology and the application of the actual technologies allow to supply patients with a metabolicly adapted nutrition even under difficult conditions.", "PMID": 409671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5230", "title": "[Practice in infusion therapy and parenteral feeding].", "content": "Today, the steadily growing selection of industrially produced infusion and nutritive solutions can hardly be overlooked by the clinician. It is therefore most important for him to limit himself to a number of modern, clinically approved solutions whose composition, maximal infusion rate, indications, contra-indications and side-effects are well known to him. Moreover, a successful infusion therapy and parenteral nutrition postulate the mastery of modern infusion techniques.", "contents": "[Practice in infusion therapy and parenteral feeding]. Today, the steadily growing selection of industrially produced infusion and nutritive solutions can hardly be overlooked by the clinician. It is therefore most important for him to limit himself to a number of modern, clinically approved solutions whose composition, maximal infusion rate, indications, contra-indications and side-effects are well known to him. Moreover, a successful infusion therapy and parenteral nutrition postulate the mastery of modern infusion techniques.", "PMID": 409672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5231", "title": "Heterogeneity of nonimmune immunoglobulin Fc reactivity among gram-positive cocci: description of three major types of receptors for human immunoglobulin G.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty strains of various gram-positive cocci were tested for quantitative, nonimmune binding of radiolabeled human polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG). The majority of coagulase-positive staphylococci and streptococci belonging to serogroups C and G showed a high uptake of IgG. The binding of immunoglobulin to group A streptococci was considerably less, with a number of strains completely negative. None of the pneumococcal or the group B or D streptococcal strains displayed any binding capacity. Heterogeneity of the IgG reactivity of various reactive strains was studied in an inhibition assay using 10 different animal serum pools. Three different inhibition patterns were seen, each of them revealing a striking degree of homogeneity within single bacterial species. Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci, respectively, constituted two homogeneous groups which differed markedly from each other and from C and G streptococci. No differences were observed between group C and G streptococci. Based on the profound differences between these homogeneous groups, three major types of Fc receptors could be defined. Type I and II Fc receptors were found on S. aureus and on group A streptococci, respectively. Fc receptor type III represented the immunoglobulin-binding structure of both group C and G streptococci.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of nonimmune immunoglobulin Fc reactivity among gram-positive cocci: description of three major types of receptors for human immunoglobulin G. Two hundred and thirty strains of various gram-positive cocci were tested for quantitative, nonimmune binding of radiolabeled human polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG). The majority of coagulase-positive staphylococci and streptococci belonging to serogroups C and G showed a high uptake of IgG. The binding of immunoglobulin to group A streptococci was considerably less, with a number of strains completely negative. None of the pneumococcal or the group B or D streptococcal strains displayed any binding capacity. Heterogeneity of the IgG reactivity of various reactive strains was studied in an inhibition assay using 10 different animal serum pools. Three different inhibition patterns were seen, each of them revealing a striking degree of homogeneity within single bacterial species. Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci, respectively, constituted two homogeneous groups which differed markedly from each other and from C and G streptococci. No differences were observed between group C and G streptococci. Based on the profound differences between these homogeneous groups, three major types of Fc receptors could be defined. Type I and II Fc receptors were found on S. aureus and on group A streptococci, respectively. Fc receptor type III represented the immunoglobulin-binding structure of both group C and G streptococci.", "PMID": 409673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5232", "title": "Immunochemical studies on the galactomannans isolated from mycelia and culture broths of three Hormodendrum strains.", "content": "Six major antigenic galactomannans isolated from both mycelia and culture broths of three representative strains of three species of the genus Hormodendrum, H. pedrosoi IFO 6071, H. compactum IFO 6726, and H. dermatitidis IFO 6421, were investigated for their immunochemical properties by precipitin reaction and the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. We found that partial acid hydrolysis of the these galactomannans with 0.005 M sulfuric acid yielded free galactose and corresponding acid-resistant core moieties. In agar-gel double-diffusion reactions, no acid-resistant core moiety of galactomannan showed a corresponding precipitin line against homologous antiserum, indicating that the acid-labile galactofuranosyl residues were solely responsible for the precipitin activity of these galactomannans. All galactomannans and their core moieties gave sharp cross-precipitin lines against anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae serum, specific for the alpha1 leads to 3- or alpha1 leads to 2-linked D-mannopyranosyl residue. Quantitative precipitin reactions of the same antigen-antibody systems showed that all acid-resistant core moieties were completely inactive in the homologous systems but were highly cross-reactive with anti-S. cerevisiae serum. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests using guinea pigs sensitized with homologous antisera or with anti-S. cerevisiae serum provided results consistent with those obtained in the in vitro assay.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on the galactomannans isolated from mycelia and culture broths of three Hormodendrum strains. Six major antigenic galactomannans isolated from both mycelia and culture broths of three representative strains of three species of the genus Hormodendrum, H. pedrosoi IFO 6071, H. compactum IFO 6726, and H. dermatitidis IFO 6421, were investigated for their immunochemical properties by precipitin reaction and the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. We found that partial acid hydrolysis of the these galactomannans with 0.005 M sulfuric acid yielded free galactose and corresponding acid-resistant core moieties. In agar-gel double-diffusion reactions, no acid-resistant core moiety of galactomannan showed a corresponding precipitin line against homologous antiserum, indicating that the acid-labile galactofuranosyl residues were solely responsible for the precipitin activity of these galactomannans. All galactomannans and their core moieties gave sharp cross-precipitin lines against anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae serum, specific for the alpha1 leads to 3- or alpha1 leads to 2-linked D-mannopyranosyl residue. Quantitative precipitin reactions of the same antigen-antibody systems showed that all acid-resistant core moieties were completely inactive in the homologous systems but were highly cross-reactive with anti-S. cerevisiae serum. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests using guinea pigs sensitized with homologous antisera or with anti-S. cerevisiae serum provided results consistent with those obtained in the in vitro assay.", "PMID": 409674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5233", "title": "Synchronized replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.", "content": "When Mycobacterium tuberculosis was grown in Tween-albumin broth without any agitation, the bacilli replicated in the upper, oxygen-rich portion of the medium at a rate that was just balanced by the rate at which the bacilli settled toward the bottom of the tube. When the organisms that accumulated in the sediment were suspended and diluted into fresh medium, they exhibited synchronous replication. The bacilli initiated ribonucleic acid synthesis immediately upon suspension, but marked deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was not apparent until after the first cellular division was completed, about 14 h after suspension.", "contents": "Synchronized replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When Mycobacterium tuberculosis was grown in Tween-albumin broth without any agitation, the bacilli replicated in the upper, oxygen-rich portion of the medium at a rate that was just balanced by the rate at which the bacilli settled toward the bottom of the tube. When the organisms that accumulated in the sediment were suspended and diluted into fresh medium, they exhibited synchronous replication. The bacilli initiated ribonucleic acid synthesis immediately upon suspension, but marked deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was not apparent until after the first cellular division was completed, about 14 h after suspension.", "PMID": 409675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5234", "title": "Bacterial adherence to nasal mucosal cells.", "content": "The ability of several bacterial species to adhere to human nasal mucosal cells and their distribution on nasal mucosal surfaces was studied. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhered to scraped nasal mucosal cells. In contrast, viridans streptococci and Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibited feeble or no adherence to nasal mucosal cells. S. aureus affinity for the nasal mucosal cells of carriers of S. aureus was greater than for those of the noncarriers (P less than 0.005). Heat treatment of S. aureus did not block, but slightly reduced, its binding to mucosal cells. The data suggest a high degree of specificity involved in the adherence of bacteria to nasal mucosal cells. The greater affinity of S. aureus for the nasal mucosal cells of carriers (than noncarriers) seems to be a property of mucosal cells rather than bacteria.", "contents": "Bacterial adherence to nasal mucosal cells. The ability of several bacterial species to adhere to human nasal mucosal cells and their distribution on nasal mucosal surfaces was studied. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhered to scraped nasal mucosal cells. In contrast, viridans streptococci and Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibited feeble or no adherence to nasal mucosal cells. S. aureus affinity for the nasal mucosal cells of carriers of S. aureus was greater than for those of the noncarriers (P less than 0.005). Heat treatment of S. aureus did not block, but slightly reduced, its binding to mucosal cells. The data suggest a high degree of specificity involved in the adherence of bacteria to nasal mucosal cells. The greater affinity of S. aureus for the nasal mucosal cells of carriers (than noncarriers) seems to be a property of mucosal cells rather than bacteria.", "PMID": 409676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5235", "title": "Matrix protein from influenza A virus and its role in cross-protection in mice.", "content": "The matrix (M) protein of influenza A virus, one of the two group-specific internal proteins of the virion, was isolated in a pure form, and its immunogenicity was stable to heating at 100 degrees C for 2 min. Mice immunized with isolated M protein in complete Freund adjuvant and subsequently infected with influenza virus cleared virus more rapidly from their lungs than did unimmunized mice. Despite the rapid clearance of virus, the mice developed pneumonia that was at least as severe as in unimmunized mice. Preliminary studies suggest that the rapid clearance of influenza virus from the lungs of mice immunized with M protein may be initiated by a cell-mediated rather than a humoral response. The mechanism by which a cross-reactive internal virion protein can initiate clearance of the different subtypes of influenza is not clear. Perhaps the M protein is exposed on the surface of the virus-infected cell and is responsible for the cross-reactivity at the cytotoxic T-cell level recently detected between influenza A virus subtypes.", "contents": "Matrix protein from influenza A virus and its role in cross-protection in mice. The matrix (M) protein of influenza A virus, one of the two group-specific internal proteins of the virion, was isolated in a pure form, and its immunogenicity was stable to heating at 100 degrees C for 2 min. Mice immunized with isolated M protein in complete Freund adjuvant and subsequently infected with influenza virus cleared virus more rapidly from their lungs than did unimmunized mice. Despite the rapid clearance of virus, the mice developed pneumonia that was at least as severe as in unimmunized mice. Preliminary studies suggest that the rapid clearance of influenza virus from the lungs of mice immunized with M protein may be initiated by a cell-mediated rather than a humoral response. The mechanism by which a cross-reactive internal virion protein can initiate clearance of the different subtypes of influenza is not clear. Perhaps the M protein is exposed on the surface of the virus-infected cell and is responsible for the cross-reactivity at the cytotoxic T-cell level recently detected between influenza A virus subtypes.", "PMID": 409677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5236", "title": "Processing of streptococcal cell walls by rat macrophages and human monocytes in vitro.", "content": "Phagocytosis and degradation of cell walls by peritoneal macrophages obtained from Fischer 344 or Buffalo rats was measured in tissue culture. Group A cell wall antigen, detected by immunofluorescence, persisted in cultured rat macrophages for at least 40 days, whereas group D cell wall material was eliminated by 6 to 8 days. This same pattern of persistence of group A cell walls and elimination of group D cell walls was observed in cultures of human monocytes followed for 24 days in culture. Group A streptococcal cell walls labeled with either [14C]alanine or [14C]glucose were handled in a similar manner by macrophages from either Fischer 344 or Buffalo rats. In contrast, [14C]glucose-labeled group D cell walls were degraded at a much faster rate. Buffalo macrophages were more efficient than Fischer 344 macrophages in degrading group D cell walls. The inability of macrophages to degrade group A cell walls was not due to a failure of lysosomes to fuse with phagosomes. Neither serum lysozyme in the culture medium nor cell wall-associated autolysin contributed to the degradation of group D cell walls by macrophages. Neither immune serum nor macrophages obtained from specifically immunized rats influenced phagocytosis or persistence of group A cell walls.", "contents": "Processing of streptococcal cell walls by rat macrophages and human monocytes in vitro. Phagocytosis and degradation of cell walls by peritoneal macrophages obtained from Fischer 344 or Buffalo rats was measured in tissue culture. Group A cell wall antigen, detected by immunofluorescence, persisted in cultured rat macrophages for at least 40 days, whereas group D cell wall material was eliminated by 6 to 8 days. This same pattern of persistence of group A cell walls and elimination of group D cell walls was observed in cultures of human monocytes followed for 24 days in culture. Group A streptococcal cell walls labeled with either [14C]alanine or [14C]glucose were handled in a similar manner by macrophages from either Fischer 344 or Buffalo rats. In contrast, [14C]glucose-labeled group D cell walls were degraded at a much faster rate. Buffalo macrophages were more efficient than Fischer 344 macrophages in degrading group D cell walls. The inability of macrophages to degrade group A cell walls was not due to a failure of lysosomes to fuse with phagosomes. Neither serum lysozyme in the culture medium nor cell wall-associated autolysin contributed to the degradation of group D cell walls by macrophages. Neither immune serum nor macrophages obtained from specifically immunized rats influenced phagocytosis or persistence of group A cell walls.", "PMID": 409678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5237", "title": "Cytotoxicity of rat macrophages activated by persistent or biodegradable bacterial cell walls.", "content": "Peritoneal macrophages from Fischer 344 rats were cytotoxic for mouse fibroblasts after in vitro phagocytosis of non-biodegradable group A streptococcal cell walls. In contrast, macrophages from Buffalo rats were not activated to cytotoxicity by bacterial cell walls. Activation to cytotoxicity was only achieved by the macrophages after an interval of at least 3 days in culture after ingestion of group A cell walls. If macrophages were cultured only 24 h after ingestion of cell walls, a cytostatic effect on target cells was observed. Phagocytosis of biodegradable group D streptococcal cell walls did not activate macrophages from either rat strain to become cytotoxic. No direct toxicity of cell walls for macrophages or mouse L-cells was observed. The cytotoxicity of Fischer 344 macrophages appears to require direct cell contact with target cells.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of rat macrophages activated by persistent or biodegradable bacterial cell walls. Peritoneal macrophages from Fischer 344 rats were cytotoxic for mouse fibroblasts after in vitro phagocytosis of non-biodegradable group A streptococcal cell walls. In contrast, macrophages from Buffalo rats were not activated to cytotoxicity by bacterial cell walls. Activation to cytotoxicity was only achieved by the macrophages after an interval of at least 3 days in culture after ingestion of group A cell walls. If macrophages were cultured only 24 h after ingestion of cell walls, a cytostatic effect on target cells was observed. Phagocytosis of biodegradable group D streptococcal cell walls did not activate macrophages from either rat strain to become cytotoxic. No direct toxicity of cell walls for macrophages or mouse L-cells was observed. The cytotoxicity of Fischer 344 macrophages appears to require direct cell contact with target cells.", "PMID": 409679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5238", "title": "Rickettsial hemolysis: adsorption, desorption, readsorption, and hemagglutination.", "content": "The energy-dependent adsorption of radioiodinated rickettsiae to sheep erythrocytes was demonstrated. The iodination procedure, however, decreased the hemolytic activity of the rickettsiae. No desorption of rickettsiae from isolated rickettsia-erythrocyte complexes (prevented from lysing by NaF) could be measured. On the other hand, rickettsiae desorbed from this complex during or after lysis and readsorbed and lysed other erythrocytes. Thus, the usual hemolytic assay measures multiple rounds of adsorption and lysis. Although lysis of the rickettsia-erythrocyte complex was insensitive to anti-rickettsial rabbit serum, adsorption and readsorption were completely inhibited by such antiserum. Hemagglutination of erythrocytes by rickettsiae was observed (in the presence of NaF to prevent lysis) and was sensitive to the same inhibitors as adsorption.", "contents": "Rickettsial hemolysis: adsorption, desorption, readsorption, and hemagglutination. The energy-dependent adsorption of radioiodinated rickettsiae to sheep erythrocytes was demonstrated. The iodination procedure, however, decreased the hemolytic activity of the rickettsiae. No desorption of rickettsiae from isolated rickettsia-erythrocyte complexes (prevented from lysing by NaF) could be measured. On the other hand, rickettsiae desorbed from this complex during or after lysis and readsorbed and lysed other erythrocytes. Thus, the usual hemolytic assay measures multiple rounds of adsorption and lysis. Although lysis of the rickettsia-erythrocyte complex was insensitive to anti-rickettsial rabbit serum, adsorption and readsorption were completely inhibited by such antiserum. Hemagglutination of erythrocytes by rickettsiae was observed (in the presence of NaF to prevent lysis) and was sensitive to the same inhibitors as adsorption.", "PMID": 409680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5239", "title": "Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: role of spleen and peritoneal exudate lymphocytes in cellular immunity.", "content": "Lymphocytes obtained from spleens or peritoneal exudates of immune donor mice were evaluated for their ability to passively confer protection on recipients subsequently challenged with virulent scrub typhus rickettsiae. Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PELs) injected intraperitoneally were able to transfer complete protection against rickettsial challenge by 5 days after immunization, whereas splenic lymphocytes (SpL's) required 15 days to exhibit similar resistance. When immune lymphocytes were transferred intravenously, cells from both anatomical compartments required 15 days after immunization before they were able to completely protect recipients. PELs maintained this protective capacity for 2 weeks, but the passive immunity induced by intravenously transferred SpL's rapidly diminished to insignificant levels. It was particularly interesting that the protective effect of SpL's could be dramatically reduced by the concomitant presence of a mineral oil-induced peritoneal exudate. Almost total abrogation of resistance was observed when SpL's obtained from exudate-bearing mice were transferred intravenously. The protective capacity of both PELs and SpL's was resistant to 1,200 rads of gamma radiation at 7 to 10 days after immunization, but resistance was transient and by 3 weeks was undetectable. It was not possible to determine from this study whether the transferred lymphocytes were proximate mediators of protection in scrub typhus infection of mice or whether they served to recruit the host's own defenses, or both. However, it was possible to conclude that PEL's and SpLs exhibited functional heterogeneity and that PELs were more efficient mediators of protection.", "contents": "Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: role of spleen and peritoneal exudate lymphocytes in cellular immunity. Lymphocytes obtained from spleens or peritoneal exudates of immune donor mice were evaluated for their ability to passively confer protection on recipients subsequently challenged with virulent scrub typhus rickettsiae. Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PELs) injected intraperitoneally were able to transfer complete protection against rickettsial challenge by 5 days after immunization, whereas splenic lymphocytes (SpL's) required 15 days to exhibit similar resistance. When immune lymphocytes were transferred intravenously, cells from both anatomical compartments required 15 days after immunization before they were able to completely protect recipients. PELs maintained this protective capacity for 2 weeks, but the passive immunity induced by intravenously transferred SpL's rapidly diminished to insignificant levels. It was particularly interesting that the protective effect of SpL's could be dramatically reduced by the concomitant presence of a mineral oil-induced peritoneal exudate. Almost total abrogation of resistance was observed when SpL's obtained from exudate-bearing mice were transferred intravenously. The protective capacity of both PELs and SpL's was resistant to 1,200 rads of gamma radiation at 7 to 10 days after immunization, but resistance was transient and by 3 weeks was undetectable. It was not possible to determine from this study whether the transferred lymphocytes were proximate mediators of protection in scrub typhus infection of mice or whether they served to recruit the host's own defenses, or both. However, it was possible to conclude that PEL's and SpLs exhibited functional heterogeneity and that PELs were more efficient mediators of protection.", "PMID": 409681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5240", "title": "Virulence and immunogenicity of a temperature-sensitive dengue-2 virus in lower primates.", "content": "Clones of dengue-2 virus were tested for virulence by inoculation of rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees. Although primates showed no overt signs of illness, inoculation with the parent virus or a subline of a large-plaque clone resulted in a viremia lasting 1 to 7 days. By these criteria, sublines of a small-plaque clone were significantly less virulent and produced little or no viremia in primate hosts. Although they had a substantially reduced viremia, primates inoculated with the small-plaque sublines showed stimulation of complement-fixing, hemagglutination-inhibiting, and neutralizing antibodies. The protection afforded rhesus monkeys 3 months after inoculation with two of the small-plaque sublines was demonstrated by a lack of viremia and a failure to escalate preexisting antibody levels after challenge with the parent virus. Both the S-1 subline and the parent virus had a limited capacity to produce central nervous system pathology in monkeys inoculated intrathalamically and intrathecally. Evidence thus far accumulated for primates indicates that the S-1 subline of dengue-2 virus has potential value as a candidate vaccine virus.", "contents": "Virulence and immunogenicity of a temperature-sensitive dengue-2 virus in lower primates. Clones of dengue-2 virus were tested for virulence by inoculation of rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees. Although primates showed no overt signs of illness, inoculation with the parent virus or a subline of a large-plaque clone resulted in a viremia lasting 1 to 7 days. By these criteria, sublines of a small-plaque clone were significantly less virulent and produced little or no viremia in primate hosts. Although they had a substantially reduced viremia, primates inoculated with the small-plaque sublines showed stimulation of complement-fixing, hemagglutination-inhibiting, and neutralizing antibodies. The protection afforded rhesus monkeys 3 months after inoculation with two of the small-plaque sublines was demonstrated by a lack of viremia and a failure to escalate preexisting antibody levels after challenge with the parent virus. Both the S-1 subline and the parent virus had a limited capacity to produce central nervous system pathology in monkeys inoculated intrathalamically and intrathecally. Evidence thus far accumulated for primates indicates that the S-1 subline of dengue-2 virus has potential value as a candidate vaccine virus.", "PMID": 409682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5241", "title": "Impairment of cell-mediated immune responses by infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium.", "content": "The effect of chronic infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium upon cell-mediated immune responses was studied in Lewis rats. Rats infected for 40 to 175 days were completely protected from attempted induction of experimental adjuvant disease, and the severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in leprous rats was markedly attenuated. Full manifestations of each autoimmune disease were expressed in littermate control groups. Skin homograft rejection by infected rats was significantly impaired (P less than 0.001) as was the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sheep erythrocytes (P less than 0.02). It is suggested that chronic infection with M. lepraemurium exerts a nonspecific inhibitory effect on cell-mediated immunity by perturbation of normal lymphocyte recirculation and by induction of immuno-suppressor cell activity.", "contents": "Impairment of cell-mediated immune responses by infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium. The effect of chronic infection with Mycobacterium lepraemurium upon cell-mediated immune responses was studied in Lewis rats. Rats infected for 40 to 175 days were completely protected from attempted induction of experimental adjuvant disease, and the severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in leprous rats was markedly attenuated. Full manifestations of each autoimmune disease were expressed in littermate control groups. Skin homograft rejection by infected rats was significantly impaired (P less than 0.001) as was the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sheep erythrocytes (P less than 0.02). It is suggested that chronic infection with M. lepraemurium exerts a nonspecific inhibitory effect on cell-mediated immunity by perturbation of normal lymphocyte recirculation and by induction of immuno-suppressor cell activity.", "PMID": 409683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5242", "title": "Genetic studies on Neisseria gonorrhoeae from disseminated gonococcal infections.", "content": "Isolates from uncomplicated and disseminated gonococcal infections were analyzed by using deoxyribonucleic acid-mediated transformation. Most pairs of auxotrophs could recombine, producing independent transformants. When the constellation of arginine (Arg), hypoxanthine (Hyx), and uracil (Ura) requirements was present in donor and recipient, no recombination for these traits could be detected. Except for Arg to Hyx, no linkage between Arg, Hyx, Ura, penicillin G sensitivity, and serum resistance could be demonstrated. Some distant linkage of Ura to nalidixic acid and rifampin resistances was found. The data show that the traits associated with disseminated gonococcal infection strains are not closely linked but are identical in all strains, indicating a common origin.", "contents": "Genetic studies on Neisseria gonorrhoeae from disseminated gonococcal infections. Isolates from uncomplicated and disseminated gonococcal infections were analyzed by using deoxyribonucleic acid-mediated transformation. Most pairs of auxotrophs could recombine, producing independent transformants. When the constellation of arginine (Arg), hypoxanthine (Hyx), and uracil (Ura) requirements was present in donor and recipient, no recombination for these traits could be detected. Except for Arg to Hyx, no linkage between Arg, Hyx, Ura, penicillin G sensitivity, and serum resistance could be demonstrated. Some distant linkage of Ura to nalidixic acid and rifampin resistances was found. The data show that the traits associated with disseminated gonococcal infection strains are not closely linked but are identical in all strains, indicating a common origin.", "PMID": 409684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5243", "title": "Isolation from corynebacterium diphtheriae C7(beta) of bacterial mutants that produce toxin in medium with excess iron.", "content": "Five mutants that produce toxin in medium with excess iron were isolated from strain C7(beta). The iron content of bacteria grown on this medium was considerably higher than that of C7(beta) cells grown in medium containing the minimum amount of iron needed to inhibit toxin production. When the nonlysogenic, nontoxinogenic strain C7(-) was lysogenized with phages from each of the mutants, toxin production by all of the resulting lysogens, like that by parent strain C7(beta), ceased upon iron addition. When the mutants were superinfected with beta45 phage, both toxin and CRM45 were produced in medium with excess iron. One of the mutant strains lost its prophage as a result of treatment with ultraviolet light. When the cured strain was lysogenized with phage carrying a mutation in the tox structural gene, the lysogen produced the mutant protein at the maximum rate in medium with excess iron. These findings show that the mutant strains are not phage mutants, but are bacterial host mutants, and that a host factor(s) is involved in the inhibition of toxin production by iron.", "contents": "Isolation from corynebacterium diphtheriae C7(beta) of bacterial mutants that produce toxin in medium with excess iron. Five mutants that produce toxin in medium with excess iron were isolated from strain C7(beta). The iron content of bacteria grown on this medium was considerably higher than that of C7(beta) cells grown in medium containing the minimum amount of iron needed to inhibit toxin production. When the nonlysogenic, nontoxinogenic strain C7(-) was lysogenized with phages from each of the mutants, toxin production by all of the resulting lysogens, like that by parent strain C7(beta), ceased upon iron addition. When the mutants were superinfected with beta45 phage, both toxin and CRM45 were produced in medium with excess iron. One of the mutant strains lost its prophage as a result of treatment with ultraviolet light. When the cured strain was lysogenized with phage carrying a mutation in the tox structural gene, the lysogen produced the mutant protein at the maximum rate in medium with excess iron. These findings show that the mutant strains are not phage mutants, but are bacterial host mutants, and that a host factor(s) is involved in the inhibition of toxin production by iron.", "PMID": 409685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5244", "title": "Purification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae surface L-antigen.", "content": "A purified preparation of the L-antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with a 40-fold increase of antigenic activity over the crude extract was prepared. The antigen was extracted from the cell envelope by mild treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and purified by Sepharose 4B, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, and diethyl-(2-hydroxypropyl)aminoethyl (QAE)-Sephadex column chromatography. The purified antigen was heat labile and trypsin sensitive. The smallest antigenically active subunit appeared to have a molecular weight of 38,500, as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the product incubated with sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "contents": "Purification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae surface L-antigen. A purified preparation of the L-antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with a 40-fold increase of antigenic activity over the crude extract was prepared. The antigen was extracted from the cell envelope by mild treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and purified by Sepharose 4B, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, and diethyl-(2-hydroxypropyl)aminoethyl (QAE)-Sephadex column chromatography. The purified antigen was heat labile and trypsin sensitive. The smallest antigenically active subunit appeared to have a molecular weight of 38,500, as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the product incubated with sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "PMID": 409686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5245", "title": "Binding of sodium [195Au]aurothiomalate to Mycoplasma arthritidis.", "content": "The binding of sodium [195Au]aurothiomalate (ATM) to whole cells of Mycoplasma arthritidis has been measured within the temperature range of 4 to 53 degrees C. The time course (kinetics) and the effect of varying the total concentration of free ATM in the suspension at 37 degrees C were also measured. The extent of binding at 37 degrees C leveled off after 30 min at approximately 65 nCi of [195Au]ATM per mg of membrane protein. The amount of ATM bound per cell appeared to be directly proportional to the concentration of free ATM in the range of 0.25 to 0.60 muCi of [195Au]ATM per ml. An Arrhenius plot showed two distinct regions with slopes of -0.56 degrees K/mg of protein (5 to 22 degrees C) and -2.78 degrees K/mg of protein (22 to 53 degrees C). The break in the Arrhenius plot corresponds to a temperature known to be related to a sudden change in mycoplasma membrane fluidity. Estimations of Scatchard binding constants and number of binding sites per membrane protein molecule resulted in 0.8 to 1.4 sites per molecule in the intact organisms compared to 1.4 to 1.8 sites in membrane fragments. The latter were purified by repeated washings in phosphate-buffered saline after alkaline lysis of the cells. It is suggested that ATM reacts with available protein sulfhydryl groups in the mycoplasmal membrane.", "contents": "Binding of sodium [195Au]aurothiomalate to Mycoplasma arthritidis. The binding of sodium [195Au]aurothiomalate (ATM) to whole cells of Mycoplasma arthritidis has been measured within the temperature range of 4 to 53 degrees C. The time course (kinetics) and the effect of varying the total concentration of free ATM in the suspension at 37 degrees C were also measured. The extent of binding at 37 degrees C leveled off after 30 min at approximately 65 nCi of [195Au]ATM per mg of membrane protein. The amount of ATM bound per cell appeared to be directly proportional to the concentration of free ATM in the range of 0.25 to 0.60 muCi of [195Au]ATM per ml. An Arrhenius plot showed two distinct regions with slopes of -0.56 degrees K/mg of protein (5 to 22 degrees C) and -2.78 degrees K/mg of protein (22 to 53 degrees C). The break in the Arrhenius plot corresponds to a temperature known to be related to a sudden change in mycoplasma membrane fluidity. Estimations of Scatchard binding constants and number of binding sites per membrane protein molecule resulted in 0.8 to 1.4 sites per molecule in the intact organisms compared to 1.4 to 1.8 sites in membrane fragments. The latter were purified by repeated washings in phosphate-buffered saline after alkaline lysis of the cells. It is suggested that ATM reacts with available protein sulfhydryl groups in the mycoplasmal membrane.", "PMID": 409687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5246", "title": "Detection and differentiation of iron-responsive avirulent mutants on Congo red agar.", "content": "Agar medium containing Congo red dye differentiates virulent and avirulent colonies of Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, and Neisseria meningitidis. Like virulent plague bacilli, wild-type cells of these species absorb the dye and produce red colonies. Mutants or colonial variants have been isolated that fail to absorb the dye and produce colorless colonies. These mutants exhibit reduced virulence in the chicken embryo model, but their virulence is enhanced by supplementation with iron. Of those species tested, only Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates failed to grow in the presence of this dye. Inhibition of growth by Congo red may thus provide a simple means for differentiating gonococci from other Neisseria.", "contents": "Detection and differentiation of iron-responsive avirulent mutants on Congo red agar. Agar medium containing Congo red dye differentiates virulent and avirulent colonies of Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, and Neisseria meningitidis. Like virulent plague bacilli, wild-type cells of these species absorb the dye and produce red colonies. Mutants or colonial variants have been isolated that fail to absorb the dye and produce colorless colonies. These mutants exhibit reduced virulence in the chicken embryo model, but their virulence is enhanced by supplementation with iron. Of those species tested, only Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates failed to grow in the presence of this dye. Inhibition of growth by Congo red may thus provide a simple means for differentiating gonococci from other Neisseria.", "PMID": 409688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5247", "title": "Photosensitivity of DNA-bound 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene.", "content": "Structural information about the products formed when 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA) is bound to DNA in mammalian cell cultures has been sought through studies of the photosensitivities of these products and of various model compounds. Under conditions of light exposure in which the DNA-DMBA products were highly photosensitive, 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-DMBA and 5,6-dihydro-DMBA were stable, whereas 9,10-dimethyl-anthracene and DMBA itself were highly photosensitive. This indicates that in the binding reaction with DNA, DMBA retains either the aromatic benz(alpha)anthracene nucleus or is metabolically activated in the 1,2,3,4-ring.", "contents": "Photosensitivity of DNA-bound 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene. Structural information about the products formed when 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA) is bound to DNA in mammalian cell cultures has been sought through studies of the photosensitivities of these products and of various model compounds. Under conditions of light exposure in which the DNA-DMBA products were highly photosensitive, 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-DMBA and 5,6-dihydro-DMBA were stable, whereas 9,10-dimethyl-anthracene and DMBA itself were highly photosensitive. This indicates that in the binding reaction with DNA, DMBA retains either the aromatic benz(alpha)anthracene nucleus or is metabolically activated in the 1,2,3,4-ring.", "PMID": 409689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5248", "title": "Biologic and antigenic characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus-related Herpesviruses of chimpanzees and baboons.", "content": "Leukocyte-transforming agents were isolated in baboon leukocytes inoculated with oral excretions from immunosuppressed chimpanzees. The transformed lymphoblasts had B cell surface markers and harbored herpes-type virus particles; 5-10% of the cells contained cytoplasmic antigens reactive with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-antibody-positive chimpanzee, human and baboon sera. These sera also neutralized the transforming activity of the chimpanzee virus. Long-term lymphoid cell lines were established from circulating lymphocytes of normal baboons: two from Papio cynocephalus and three from P. hamadryas. The cells had B cell surface markers, contained herpes-type virus particles and produced virus with leukocyte-transforming activity. No virus-associated nuclear antigen was detectable with reference baboon and chimpanzee sera; however, the cells reacted with selected human sera containing antibodies to EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA). Absorption experiments confirmed the specificity of this reaction. Baboon lymphoblasts produced baboon virus-associated soluble complement-fixing (CF/S) antigen. Baboon sera had CF antibodies to viral (CF/V) antigen derived from EBV but failed to react with EBV-associated CF/S antigen. Chimpanzee and baboon herpesviruses had similar in vitro host cell ranges but were different from those of EBV. Inoculation of baboons, rhesus monkeys and cottontop marmosets failed to produce detectable illness or palpable tumors.", "contents": "Biologic and antigenic characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus-related Herpesviruses of chimpanzees and baboons. Leukocyte-transforming agents were isolated in baboon leukocytes inoculated with oral excretions from immunosuppressed chimpanzees. The transformed lymphoblasts had B cell surface markers and harbored herpes-type virus particles; 5-10% of the cells contained cytoplasmic antigens reactive with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-antibody-positive chimpanzee, human and baboon sera. These sera also neutralized the transforming activity of the chimpanzee virus. Long-term lymphoid cell lines were established from circulating lymphocytes of normal baboons: two from Papio cynocephalus and three from P. hamadryas. The cells had B cell surface markers, contained herpes-type virus particles and produced virus with leukocyte-transforming activity. No virus-associated nuclear antigen was detectable with reference baboon and chimpanzee sera; however, the cells reacted with selected human sera containing antibodies to EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA). Absorption experiments confirmed the specificity of this reaction. Baboon lymphoblasts produced baboon virus-associated soluble complement-fixing (CF/S) antigen. Baboon sera had CF antibodies to viral (CF/V) antigen derived from EBV but failed to react with EBV-associated CF/S antigen. Chimpanzee and baboon herpesviruses had similar in vitro host cell ranges but were different from those of EBV. Inoculation of baboons, rhesus monkeys and cottontop marmosets failed to produce detectable illness or palpable tumors.", "PMID": 409690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5249", "title": "Reflection of light by small areas of the ocular fundus.", "content": "Light reflected from 50 micrometer spots on the fundi of two rhesus monkeys and three human volunteers was measured as a function of wavelength in 10 nm. jumps from 400 to 900 nm. The areas measured were a retinal artery and vein, areas of the disk, macula, and retina devoid of visible blood vessels, and the fovea.", "contents": "Reflection of light by small areas of the ocular fundus. Light reflected from 50 micrometer spots on the fundi of two rhesus monkeys and three human volunteers was measured as a function of wavelength in 10 nm. jumps from 400 to 900 nm. The areas measured were a retinal artery and vein, areas of the disk, macula, and retina devoid of visible blood vessels, and the fovea.", "PMID": 409694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5250", "title": "Effect of oral estramustine phosphate on pituitary, gonadal, and adrenal function in the green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus).", "content": "We studied the effects of estramustine phosphate on pituitary, gonadal, and adrenal function in the green monkey. A 2-week course of estramustine phosphate (75 mg per day) reversibly suppressed the luteinizing hormone and testosterone response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone but did not affect pituitary-adrenal function assessed by the 11-deoxycorticosterone response to metyrapone. Treatment with oral estramustine phosphate also resulted in a significant increase in corticosteroid-binding globulin but did not affect a series of liver enzymes nor hematology. The results are consistent with a pure estrogen effect produced by hydrolysis of the carbamate-ester bona at a site distant from estrogen target tissues and could explain most of the reported in vivo effects of this compound.", "contents": "Effect of oral estramustine phosphate on pituitary, gonadal, and adrenal function in the green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). We studied the effects of estramustine phosphate on pituitary, gonadal, and adrenal function in the green monkey. A 2-week course of estramustine phosphate (75 mg per day) reversibly suppressed the luteinizing hormone and testosterone response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone but did not affect pituitary-adrenal function assessed by the 11-deoxycorticosterone response to metyrapone. Treatment with oral estramustine phosphate also resulted in a significant increase in corticosteroid-binding globulin but did not affect a series of liver enzymes nor hematology. The results are consistent with a pure estrogen effect produced by hydrolysis of the carbamate-ester bona at a site distant from estrogen target tissues and could explain most of the reported in vivo effects of this compound.", "PMID": 409695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5251", "title": "A study of alleged leprosy bacillus strain HI-75.", "content": "Subcultures of strain HI-75 of Skinsnes leprosy bacillus received in Antwerp and London have been studied bacteriologically and compared. Both contained moderately large acid-fast bacilli readily subcultured and maintained on ordinary mycobacteriologic media. These organisms were found to be a variety of Mycobacterium marianum (syn. serofulaceum) and were considered likely to be a laboratory contaminant. The earlier subculture studied also contained numbers of a much smaller mycobacterium (of a similar size to M. leprae) which appeared to be dead and which did not grow on the ordinary media. Skin tests and immunodiffusion analyses performed with extracts of the earlier subculture failed to demonstrate the presence of the specific antigens of leprosy bacilli. Similar studies on other cultures of Skinsnes bacillus must be performed to confirm or refute its identity as M. leprae.", "contents": "A study of alleged leprosy bacillus strain HI-75. Subcultures of strain HI-75 of Skinsnes leprosy bacillus received in Antwerp and London have been studied bacteriologically and compared. Both contained moderately large acid-fast bacilli readily subcultured and maintained on ordinary mycobacteriologic media. These organisms were found to be a variety of Mycobacterium marianum (syn. serofulaceum) and were considered likely to be a laboratory contaminant. The earlier subculture studied also contained numbers of a much smaller mycobacterium (of a similar size to M. leprae) which appeared to be dead and which did not grow on the ordinary media. Skin tests and immunodiffusion analyses performed with extracts of the earlier subculture failed to demonstrate the presence of the specific antigens of leprosy bacilli. Similar studies on other cultures of Skinsnes bacillus must be performed to confirm or refute its identity as M. leprae.", "PMID": 409691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5252", "title": "Compartmentation of enzymes in the rabbit parotid salivary gland. A study by enzyme histochemical, tissue fractionation and morphometric techniques.", "content": "Rabbit parotid gland was chosen as a suitable model tissue for studying the role of membranes in enzyme secretion by acinar cells. The study was initiated using subcellular fractionation techniques. During these experiments the effects of various tissue disruption conditions such as the medium and the duration and vigour of homogenization were explored and the results assessed by enzyme and chemical assays and both quantitatively and qualitatively by electron microscopy. A series of basic fractions was isolated and marker enzyme or chemical assays selected for each of the relevant membrane types (rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, zymogen granule, plasmalemma). A parallel study was effected using enzyme histochemical methods applied to frozen sections. Interesting comparisons could then be made between histochemical and biochemical methods of enzyme demonstration. These comparisons are discussed. The basic fractions provide the material from which specimens of purified membranes of the four species can be obtained. The isolation and characterization of such purified membranes is the subject of another report.", "contents": "Compartmentation of enzymes in the rabbit parotid salivary gland. A study by enzyme histochemical, tissue fractionation and morphometric techniques. Rabbit parotid gland was chosen as a suitable model tissue for studying the role of membranes in enzyme secretion by acinar cells. The study was initiated using subcellular fractionation techniques. During these experiments the effects of various tissue disruption conditions such as the medium and the duration and vigour of homogenization were explored and the results assessed by enzyme and chemical assays and both quantitatively and qualitatively by electron microscopy. A series of basic fractions was isolated and marker enzyme or chemical assays selected for each of the relevant membrane types (rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, zymogen granule, plasmalemma). A parallel study was effected using enzyme histochemical methods applied to frozen sections. Interesting comparisons could then be made between histochemical and biochemical methods of enzyme demonstration. These comparisons are discussed. The basic fractions provide the material from which specimens of purified membranes of the four species can be obtained. The isolation and characterization of such purified membranes is the subject of another report.", "PMID": 409698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5253", "title": "Localization of neurotensin-immunoreactive cells in the small intestine of man and various mammals.", "content": "Antibodies against synthetic bovine neurotensin were raised in rabbits and used to demonstrate neurotensin-immunreactive cells by immunohistochemical methods. In the jejunum and ileum of all species investigated (man, dog, monkey, cat, rabbit, sheep, rat, mouse, hamster, chinese hamster, gerbil, pig and guinea pig) cells were present in the mucosa, which reacted specifically with antineurotensin serum using the indirect immunofluorescence and peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods. In the monkey Tupaia the distribution of neurotensin-immunoreactive cells was examined by investigating serial sections through  the entire gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine system, again showing most neurotensin-immunoreactive cells in the jejunum and ileum. The functional role of the presence of neurotensin immunoreactivity in the gut is discussed.", "contents": "Localization of neurotensin-immunoreactive cells in the small intestine of man and various mammals. Antibodies against synthetic bovine neurotensin were raised in rabbits and used to demonstrate neurotensin-immunreactive cells by immunohistochemical methods. In the jejunum and ileum of all species investigated (man, dog, monkey, cat, rabbit, sheep, rat, mouse, hamster, chinese hamster, gerbil, pig and guinea pig) cells were present in the mucosa, which reacted specifically with antineurotensin serum using the indirect immunofluorescence and peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods. In the monkey Tupaia the distribution of neurotensin-immunoreactive cells was examined by investigating serial sections through  the entire gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine system, again showing most neurotensin-immunoreactive cells in the jejunum and ileum. The functional role of the presence of neurotensin immunoreactivity in the gut is discussed.", "PMID": 409699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5254", "title": "[Inhalation therapy in respiratory diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The various techniques for aerosol therapy are described, as applied to inflammations of the upper and lower airways. Advances in treatment include dinatrium cromoglicicum and beclomethasone-dipropionate, with the latter medication improving results in patients with allergic reactions of the nasal and bronchial mucosa.", "contents": "[Inhalation therapy in respiratory diseases (author's transl)]. The various techniques for aerosol therapy are described, as applied to inflammations of the upper and lower airways. Advances in treatment include dinatrium cromoglicicum and beclomethasone-dipropionate, with the latter medication improving results in patients with allergic reactions of the nasal and bronchial mucosa.", "PMID": 409700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5255", "title": "Practical methods of determining serum immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G concentrations in foals.", "content": "Serum concentrations of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) can be determined in the horse with a satisfactory degree of accuracy, using commercially available reagents. Selected lots of anti-human IgM can be used in precipitation tests to detect and quantitate equine IgM. Commercially available anti-equine IgG tended to overestimate the amount of IgG in single radial immunodiffusion tests. Even with these limitations, commercial reagents can be used to differentiate immunodeficiency disorders of foals, including combined immunodeficiency and failure of passive transfer of colostral antibody from mare to foal.", "contents": "Practical methods of determining serum immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G concentrations in foals. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) can be determined in the horse with a satisfactory degree of accuracy, using commercially available reagents. Selected lots of anti-human IgM can be used in precipitation tests to detect and quantitate equine IgM. Commercially available anti-equine IgG tended to overestimate the amount of IgG in single radial immunodiffusion tests. Even with these limitations, commercial reagents can be used to differentiate immunodeficiency disorders of foals, including combined immunodeficiency and failure of passive transfer of colostral antibody from mare to foal.", "PMID": 409701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5256", "title": "Ribosomal ribonucleic acids from Streptomyces griseus.", "content": "Nucleic acids from Streptomyces griseus 178 were isolated during cultivation. After their fractionation on a column of methylated serum albumin adsorbed on Kieselguhr, the 16 S and 23 S RNA were isolated. To characterize RNAs their sedimentation coefficients, Tm and nucleotide composition were determined. During cultivation of S. griseus 178 rRNA level reaches two maximum peaks and the production of streptomycin influences nucleic aicds of the producer organism.", "contents": "Ribosomal ribonucleic acids from Streptomyces griseus. Nucleic acids from Streptomyces griseus 178 were isolated during cultivation. After their fractionation on a column of methylated serum albumin adsorbed on Kieselguhr, the 16 S and 23 S RNA were isolated. To characterize RNAs their sedimentation coefficients, Tm and nucleotide composition were determined. During cultivation of S. griseus 178 rRNA level reaches two maximum peaks and the production of streptomycin influences nucleic aicds of the producer organism.", "PMID": 409702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5257", "title": "Renal vascular response to heat stress in baboons--role of renin-angiotensin.", "content": "To determine if hyperthermia in the baboon caused a reduction of renal blood flow (RBF) similar to that reported in man, we repeatedly exposed six unanesthetized male baboons (Papio cynocephalus) to ambient temperatures of 42.5-49.0 degrees C for 55-175 min. Internal temperatures rose 1.0-2.0 degrees C. On the average, RBF fell 23.7% per degrees C, renal vascular resistance (RVR) rose 34.0% per degrees C, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) fell by only 2.9 Torr. Plasma renin activity (PRA), measured in four baboons, rose 97.5% per degrees C. To investigate the role of the renin-angiotensin system in this renal response, we infused propranolol or saralasin (1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II), an angiotensin II antagonist, systemically in 14 experiments on three baboons. Both propranolol and saralasin infusions prevented most of the reduction in RBF during hyperthermia. Propranolol prevented the increase in PRA. We conclude that renal vasoconstriction accompanies moderate hyperthermia in the awake baboon, and much of this response is mediated by a beta-adrenergic release of renin.", "contents": "Renal vascular response to heat stress in baboons--role of renin-angiotensin. To determine if hyperthermia in the baboon caused a reduction of renal blood flow (RBF) similar to that reported in man, we repeatedly exposed six unanesthetized male baboons (Papio cynocephalus) to ambient temperatures of 42.5-49.0 degrees C for 55-175 min. Internal temperatures rose 1.0-2.0 degrees C. On the average, RBF fell 23.7% per degrees C, renal vascular resistance (RVR) rose 34.0% per degrees C, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) fell by only 2.9 Torr. Plasma renin activity (PRA), measured in four baboons, rose 97.5% per degrees C. To investigate the role of the renin-angiotensin system in this renal response, we infused propranolol or saralasin (1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II), an angiotensin II antagonist, systemically in 14 experiments on three baboons. Both propranolol and saralasin infusions prevented most of the reduction in RBF during hyperthermia. Propranolol prevented the increase in PRA. We conclude that renal vasoconstriction accompanies moderate hyperthermia in the awake baboon, and much of this response is mediated by a beta-adrenergic release of renin.", "PMID": 409711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5258", "title": "Structure-function relationships in the interaction of alpha-thrombin with blood platelets.", "content": "Highly purified alpha-thrombin has been chemically modified in an attempt to determine which features of the molecule are important for normal platelet-thrombin interactions. Modifying agents included diisopropylphosphorofluoridate and 1-chloro-3-tosylamido-7-amino-L-2-heptanone, which modify serine and histidine, respectively, at the catalytic site, as well as N-bromosuccinimide and 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide, which modify a single tryptophan at or near the fibrinogen-binding site. Active site-directed modification did not appreciably affect the binding characteristics, but prevented platelet activation. In contrast, modification of tryptophan at the macromolecular substrate-binding site resulted in the loss of high affinity binding of thrombin to platelets, while low affinity binding was apparently unaffected. This modification altered but did not abolish the ability of thrombin to effect platelet aggregation and release of [14C]serotonin. These results suggest that residues at the catalytic site are not involved in binding and that the macromolecular substrate-binding site of alpha-thrombin participates in high affinity binding to platelets. These data are also consistent with the existence of at least two types of binding sites for thrombin on the platelet surface as well as more than one platelet-binding region on the thrombin molecule.", "contents": "Structure-function relationships in the interaction of alpha-thrombin with blood platelets. Highly purified alpha-thrombin has been chemically modified in an attempt to determine which features of the molecule are important for normal platelet-thrombin interactions. Modifying agents included diisopropylphosphorofluoridate and 1-chloro-3-tosylamido-7-amino-L-2-heptanone, which modify serine and histidine, respectively, at the catalytic site, as well as N-bromosuccinimide and 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide, which modify a single tryptophan at or near the fibrinogen-binding site. Active site-directed modification did not appreciably affect the binding characteristics, but prevented platelet activation. In contrast, modification of tryptophan at the macromolecular substrate-binding site resulted in the loss of high affinity binding of thrombin to platelets, while low affinity binding was apparently unaffected. This modification altered but did not abolish the ability of thrombin to effect platelet aggregation and release of [14C]serotonin. These results suggest that residues at the catalytic site are not involved in binding and that the macromolecular substrate-binding site of alpha-thrombin participates in high affinity binding to platelets. These data are also consistent with the existence of at least two types of binding sites for thrombin on the platelet surface as well as more than one platelet-binding region on the thrombin molecule.", "PMID": 409714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5259", "title": "Retention of amylase in the secretory granules of parotid gland after extensive release of Ca++ by ionophore A-23187.", "content": "The effect of the ionophore A-23187 was tested on isolated secretory granules of rat parotid gland. The ionophore caused extensive release of calcium from the granules without effecting release of amylase or other secretory proteins. It is therefore concluded that the role of calcium in the granules is probably not that of a stabilizing agent.", "contents": "Retention of amylase in the secretory granules of parotid gland after extensive release of Ca++ by ionophore A-23187. The effect of the ionophore A-23187 was tested on isolated secretory granules of rat parotid gland. The ionophore caused extensive release of calcium from the granules without effecting release of amylase or other secretory proteins. It is therefore concluded that the role of calcium in the granules is probably not that of a stabilizing agent.", "PMID": 409721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5260", "title": "Membrane interactions between adjacent mucols secretion granules.", "content": "In primate goblet cells, the membranes of adjacent mucous granules from contact areas which appear as extensive pentalaminar fusion sites in thin sections. In freeze-fracture replicas, the same membrane areas are smooth, except for a few 6-8-nm particles which adhere to the E face. These protein-poor membrane interaction sites are relatively long-lived, and it is proposed that further stimulus may be required to trigger membrane fission.", "contents": "Membrane interactions between adjacent mucols secretion granules. In primate goblet cells, the membranes of adjacent mucous granules from contact areas which appear as extensive pentalaminar fusion sites in thin sections. In freeze-fracture replicas, the same membrane areas are smooth, except for a few 6-8-nm particles which adhere to the E face. These protein-poor membrane interaction sites are relatively long-lived, and it is proposed that further stimulus may be required to trigger membrane fission.", "PMID": 409723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5261", "title": "Effect of insulin on ultrastructure and glycogenesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Insulin in the presence of high concentrations of glucose has a beneficial trophic effect on the development of primary cultures of hepatocytes. Compared to the situation observed in hormone-free control cultures, the flattening of the reaggregated hepatocytes is enhanced, and the reconstituted cell trabeculae are enlarged and tend to form a confluent monolayer after 3 days; the survival time is prolonged from 3 to 5 or 6 days. Ultrastructural modifications are also initiated by insulin; numerous glycogen particles appear after 24 h, in between the cisternae of the proliferated smooth endoplasmic reticulum. After 48 h, large amounts of glycogen are stored, and numerous polysomes are present. A small number of cells showed an increased synthesis of lipid droplets in the lumen of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and form liposomes at the same time. After 72 h, cytolysomes filled with glycogen develop, simulating glycogenosis type II. Simultaneously, microtubules and microfilaments, closely related to numerous polysomes, appear in cytoplasmic extensions constituting undulating membranes. The biochemical data demonstrate that, in the absence of insulin, a high concentration of glucose stimulates glycogenesis and hinders glycogenolysis. This effect of glucose on polysaccharide synthesis is progressively lost. The addition of insulin to the culture induces after 48 and 72 h, a three- to fivefold increase of the glucose incorporation into glycogen, as compared to the controls. The presence of insulin is required to maintain the hepatocyte's capacity to store glycogen. Glycogen synthetase is converted into its active form under the influence of glucose. Insulin increases the rate of activation.", "contents": "Effect of insulin on ultrastructure and glycogenesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Insulin in the presence of high concentrations of glucose has a beneficial trophic effect on the development of primary cultures of hepatocytes. Compared to the situation observed in hormone-free control cultures, the flattening of the reaggregated hepatocytes is enhanced, and the reconstituted cell trabeculae are enlarged and tend to form a confluent monolayer after 3 days; the survival time is prolonged from 3 to 5 or 6 days. Ultrastructural modifications are also initiated by insulin; numerous glycogen particles appear after 24 h, in between the cisternae of the proliferated smooth endoplasmic reticulum. After 48 h, large amounts of glycogen are stored, and numerous polysomes are present. A small number of cells showed an increased synthesis of lipid droplets in the lumen of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and form liposomes at the same time. After 72 h, cytolysomes filled with glycogen develop, simulating glycogenosis type II. Simultaneously, microtubules and microfilaments, closely related to numerous polysomes, appear in cytoplasmic extensions constituting undulating membranes. The biochemical data demonstrate that, in the absence of insulin, a high concentration of glucose stimulates glycogenesis and hinders glycogenolysis. This effect of glucose on polysaccharide synthesis is progressively lost. The addition of insulin to the culture induces after 48 and 72 h, a three- to fivefold increase of the glucose incorporation into glycogen, as compared to the controls. The presence of insulin is required to maintain the hepatocyte's capacity to store glycogen. Glycogen synthetase is converted into its active form under the influence of glucose. Insulin increases the rate of activation.", "PMID": 409722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5262", "title": "Diminished prolactin reserve: a case report.", "content": "A 17 year old male patient presented with short stature and delayed puberty. Investigations showed normal thyroid function and intact TSH response to TSH-releasing hormone (TRH). Although basal levels of LH were low, both LH and FSH rose following the administration of LH-releasing hormone (LHRH). ACTH secretion assessed indirectly by the cortisol response to insulin hypoglycemia was normal. Growth hormone levels increased following the onset of sleep, as well as after the administration of insulin, L-dopa and L-arginine. Basal levels of prolactin were low (2-5 ng/ml) compared with 5-12 ng/ml in controls. There was a markedly impaired prolactin response to TRH (maximum rise above basal values of 3 ng/ml compared to a rise of 12-29 ng/ml in controls). Prolactin levels did not rise after the administration of chlorpromazine or L-arginine. There was some suppression of prolactin levels after L-dopa. Similar patterns of prolactin are seen in panhypopituitarism, where they are usually associated with other hypophyseal hormonal deficiencies. The diminished prolactin reserve demonstrated in this subject in the presence of intact function of the remainder of the anterior pituitary is compatible with the diagnosis of diminished prolactin reserve.", "contents": "Diminished prolactin reserve: a case report. A 17 year old male patient presented with short stature and delayed puberty. Investigations showed normal thyroid function and intact TSH response to TSH-releasing hormone (TRH). Although basal levels of LH were low, both LH and FSH rose following the administration of LH-releasing hormone (LHRH). ACTH secretion assessed indirectly by the cortisol response to insulin hypoglycemia was normal. Growth hormone levels increased following the onset of sleep, as well as after the administration of insulin, L-dopa and L-arginine. Basal levels of prolactin were low (2-5 ng/ml) compared with 5-12 ng/ml in controls. There was a markedly impaired prolactin response to TRH (maximum rise above basal values of 3 ng/ml compared to a rise of 12-29 ng/ml in controls). Prolactin levels did not rise after the administration of chlorpromazine or L-arginine. There was some suppression of prolactin levels after L-dopa. Similar patterns of prolactin are seen in panhypopituitarism, where they are usually associated with other hypophyseal hormonal deficiencies. The diminished prolactin reserve demonstrated in this subject in the presence of intact function of the remainder of the anterior pituitary is compatible with the diagnosis of diminished prolactin reserve.", "PMID": 409726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5263", "title": "Elevated basal growth hormone levels and growth hormone response to TRH in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis.", "content": "Basal plasma growth hormone (GH) and GH responses after the administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) were studied in 9 male alcoholic patients with cirrhosis. Basal GH was significantly higher in cirrhotic patients than in normal men. Intravenous injection of synthetic TRH (400 microgram) caused a significant increase in plasma GH in 7 out of the 9 cirrhotic patients examined, while it did not increase GH levels in normal subjects.", "contents": "Elevated basal growth hormone levels and growth hormone response to TRH in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis. Basal plasma growth hormone (GH) and GH responses after the administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) were studied in 9 male alcoholic patients with cirrhosis. Basal GH was significantly higher in cirrhotic patients than in normal men. Intravenous injection of synthetic TRH (400 microgram) caused a significant increase in plasma GH in 7 out of the 9 cirrhotic patients examined, while it did not increase GH levels in normal subjects.", "PMID": 409728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5264", "title": "Rapid method for auxotyping multiple strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "A rapid method for auxotyping strains was developed that uses microtiter plates. This miniplate technique enables rapid identification of major auxotypes present in clinical strains. Additional growth requirements can be identified by adding individual amino acid supplements to complete gonococcal genetic medium. Analysis of 8 clones from 40 patients revealed that 10 had more than 1 auxotype. Deoxyribonucleic acid-mediated transformation can be used to establish whether the strains with apparently more than one auxotype are defective in the same locus in each of the involved biosynthetic pathways. Selection of more than one clone is required in precise epidemiological studies.", "contents": "Rapid method for auxotyping multiple strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A rapid method for auxotyping strains was developed that uses microtiter plates. This miniplate technique enables rapid identification of major auxotypes present in clinical strains. Additional growth requirements can be identified by adding individual amino acid supplements to complete gonococcal genetic medium. Analysis of 8 clones from 40 patients revealed that 10 had more than 1 auxotype. Deoxyribonucleic acid-mediated transformation can be used to establish whether the strains with apparently more than one auxotype are defective in the same locus in each of the involved biosynthetic pathways. Selection of more than one clone is required in precise epidemiological studies.", "PMID": 409729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5265", "title": "Imferon agar: improved medium for isolation of pathogenic Neisseria.", "content": "Imferon, an iron-dextran complex, enhances the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. The use of Imferon as a replacement for ferric nitrate, in a defined supplement for GC agar significantly increased the average colony sizes of both gonococci and meningococci. In comparison with Thayer-Martin medium, Imferon agar increased the speed and rate of isolation of gonococci from clinical specimens.", "contents": "Imferon agar: improved medium for isolation of pathogenic Neisseria. Imferon, an iron-dextran complex, enhances the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. The use of Imferon as a replacement for ferric nitrate, in a defined supplement for GC agar significantly increased the average colony sizes of both gonococci and meningococci. In comparison with Thayer-Martin medium, Imferon agar increased the speed and rate of isolation of gonococci from clinical specimens.", "PMID": 409730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5266", "title": "Radiometric detection of carbohydrate catabolism by pathogenic Neisseria.", "content": "A liquid scintillation procedure for the catabolism of D-[1-14C]glucose and [U-14C]maltose by pathogenic Neisseria was tested. Definitive results were obtained within a 30-min incubation period.", "contents": "Radiometric detection of carbohydrate catabolism by pathogenic Neisseria. A liquid scintillation procedure for the catabolism of D-[1-14C]glucose and [U-14C]maltose by pathogenic Neisseria was tested. Definitive results were obtained within a 30-min incubation period.", "PMID": 409731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5267", "title": "Hereditary C7 deficiency. Diagnosis and HLA studies in a French-Canadian family.", "content": "The serum of a 44-yr-old woman of French-Canadian descent having a B-27 positive ankylosing spondylitis was deficient in the seventh component of complement (C7) as determined by hemolytic and immunochemical methods. No inhibitor against C7 was detected, and the levels of all other complement components were normal. No deficiency in the opsonic activity of the serum was found, and the results of basic coagulation studies of the plasma were normal. On investigation of the patient's family, two sisters were found to have the same deficiency but were otherwise in good health. The seven other siblings were heterozygous for C7 deficiency, while the paternal aunt had a normal C7 level. In the third generation, six children of the three homozygous sisters and five children of heterozygotes were available for testing. Studies of the HLA antigens in all the 22 subjects and in three spouses indicated no close linkage between the CM deficienty and the HLA system. In addition, the simultaneous occurrence of two hereditary complement deficiencies (C2 and C7) was discovered in one family of this remarkable kindred.", "contents": "Hereditary C7 deficiency. Diagnosis and HLA studies in a French-Canadian family. The serum of a 44-yr-old woman of French-Canadian descent having a B-27 positive ankylosing spondylitis was deficient in the seventh component of complement (C7) as determined by hemolytic and immunochemical methods. No inhibitor against C7 was detected, and the levels of all other complement components were normal. No deficiency in the opsonic activity of the serum was found, and the results of basic coagulation studies of the plasma were normal. On investigation of the patient's family, two sisters were found to have the same deficiency but were otherwise in good health. The seven other siblings were heterozygous for C7 deficiency, while the paternal aunt had a normal C7 level. In the third generation, six children of the three homozygous sisters and five children of heterozygotes were available for testing. Studies of the HLA antigens in all the 22 subjects and in three spouses indicated no close linkage between the CM deficienty and the HLA system. In addition, the simultaneous occurrence of two hereditary complement deficiencies (C2 and C7) was discovered in one family of this remarkable kindred.", "PMID": 409732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5268", "title": "Characterization of gonococcal antigens responsible for induction of bactericidal antibody in disseminated infection.", "content": "The role of gonococcal antigens in serum bactericidal activity was determined for an isolate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from a patient with disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). Gonococcal outer membranes were purified by differential ultracentrifugation of sheared organisms treated with EDTA. The membranes were solubilized in an endotoxin-disaggregating buffer, and the proteins were separated from the endotoxin by molecular sieve chromatography. Chemical characterization of the endotoxin from the DGI strain revealed the presence of heptose (7.8% of carbohydrate composition) and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (6.1%, wt/wt) in concentrations similar to rough endotoxins of gram-negative enteric bacteria. Dermal Schwartzman reactions were positive for this endotoxin (4 mug) and the corresponding outer membrane (139 mug), but negative for the protein fraction (>500 mug). The patient's whole serum or the IgG fraction, each with complement, reduced the number of the infecting organisms by greater than 1 log(10) in a bactericidal assay. Outer membrane and its protein and endotoxin fractions (0.8-500 mug) from the DGI strain were separately preincubated with the patient's convalescent serum and specific inhibition of bactericidal activity occurred with the endotoxin fraction (25 mug) and the outer membrane (100 mug); the protein (500 mug) exhibited no inhibition. Similar results were obtained by inhibiting the bactericidal activity of rabbit antiserum, prepared by intravenous inoculation of an isolate from a patient with pelvic inflammatory disease, with antigen purified from that strain. That this was specific immune inhibition and not anticomplementary activity was shown by the failure of these antigens to inhibit other complement-dependent bactericidal systems.", "contents": "Characterization of gonococcal antigens responsible for induction of bactericidal antibody in disseminated infection. The role of gonococcal antigens in serum bactericidal activity was determined for an isolate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from a patient with disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). Gonococcal outer membranes were purified by differential ultracentrifugation of sheared organisms treated with EDTA. The membranes were solubilized in an endotoxin-disaggregating buffer, and the proteins were separated from the endotoxin by molecular sieve chromatography. Chemical characterization of the endotoxin from the DGI strain revealed the presence of heptose (7.8% of carbohydrate composition) and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (6.1%, wt/wt) in concentrations similar to rough endotoxins of gram-negative enteric bacteria. Dermal Schwartzman reactions were positive for this endotoxin (4 mug) and the corresponding outer membrane (139 mug), but negative for the protein fraction (>500 mug). The patient's whole serum or the IgG fraction, each with complement, reduced the number of the infecting organisms by greater than 1 log(10) in a bactericidal assay. Outer membrane and its protein and endotoxin fractions (0.8-500 mug) from the DGI strain were separately preincubated with the patient's convalescent serum and specific inhibition of bactericidal activity occurred with the endotoxin fraction (25 mug) and the outer membrane (100 mug); the protein (500 mug) exhibited no inhibition. Similar results were obtained by inhibiting the bactericidal activity of rabbit antiserum, prepared by intravenous inoculation of an isolate from a patient with pelvic inflammatory disease, with antigen purified from that strain. That this was specific immune inhibition and not anticomplementary activity was shown by the failure of these antigens to inhibit other complement-dependent bactericidal systems.", "PMID": 409733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5269", "title": "Glucagon release from rat pancreatic islets. A combined morphological and functional approach.", "content": "The release of glucagon induced in isolated rat islets by arginine or by calcium deprivation has been subjected to combined functional and morphological quantifications. Arginine-stimulated glucagon release was associated with a significant increase of morphological events linked to exocytosis. By contrast, the paradoxical events linked to exocytosis. By contrast, the paradoxical release of glucagon provoked by calcium deprivation, although accompanied by a significant loss of granule stores, was not associated with an increase of morphologically detectable exocytosis.", "contents": "Glucagon release from rat pancreatic islets. A combined morphological and functional approach. The release of glucagon induced in isolated rat islets by arginine or by calcium deprivation has been subjected to combined functional and morphological quantifications. Arginine-stimulated glucagon release was associated with a significant increase of morphological events linked to exocytosis. By contrast, the paradoxical events linked to exocytosis. By contrast, the paradoxical release of glucagon provoked by calcium deprivation, although accompanied by a significant loss of granule stores, was not associated with an increase of morphologically detectable exocytosis.", "PMID": 409734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5270", "title": "The effect of thrombocytopenia on experimental arteriosclerotic lesion formation in rabbits. Smooth muscle cell proliferation and re-endothelialization.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the mechanisms involved in fibromusculoelastic lesion formation produced by selective de-endothelialization by the intra-arterial balloon catheter technique in thrombocytopenic rabbits. Thrombocytopenia was induced and maintained for up to 30 days by daily injections fo highly specific sheep anti-rabbit platelet sera (APS). Evidence for re-endothelialization was obtained by i.v. Evans blue dye 30 min before sacrifice. Rabbits received daily injections of APS, which reduced the mean platelet count to 5,600/cm3; control animals received identically treated normal sheep sera on the same schedule, and had mean daily platelet counts of 363,000/cm3. Evaluation of intimal thickness was assessed by counting cell layers in semithin sections. Intimal thickening in aortae from rabbits treated with APS was strikingly suppressed, in contrast to those from normal sheep sera-treated animals which showed a mean intimal thickness of 18 cell layers within 28 days often after de-endothelialization. Re-endothelialization was not affected by APS treatment. These results indicate that the proliferation of smooth muscle cells is dramatically inhibited by reduction of platelets.", "contents": "The effect of thrombocytopenia on experimental arteriosclerotic lesion formation in rabbits. Smooth muscle cell proliferation and re-endothelialization. This study was designed to investigate the mechanisms involved in fibromusculoelastic lesion formation produced by selective de-endothelialization by the intra-arterial balloon catheter technique in thrombocytopenic rabbits. Thrombocytopenia was induced and maintained for up to 30 days by daily injections fo highly specific sheep anti-rabbit platelet sera (APS). Evidence for re-endothelialization was obtained by i.v. Evans blue dye 30 min before sacrifice. Rabbits received daily injections of APS, which reduced the mean platelet count to 5,600/cm3; control animals received identically treated normal sheep sera on the same schedule, and had mean daily platelet counts of 363,000/cm3. Evaluation of intimal thickness was assessed by counting cell layers in semithin sections. Intimal thickening in aortae from rabbits treated with APS was strikingly suppressed, in contrast to those from normal sheep sera-treated animals which showed a mean intimal thickness of 18 cell layers within 28 days often after de-endothelialization. Re-endothelialization was not affected by APS treatment. These results indicate that the proliferation of smooth muscle cells is dramatically inhibited by reduction of platelets.", "PMID": 409735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5271", "title": "Unconjugated bilirubin and an increased proportion of bilirubin monoconjugates in the bile of patients with Gilbert's syndrome and Crigler-Najjar disease.", "content": "Bilirubin pigments were studied in the bile of 20 normal adults, 25 patients with Gilbert's syndrome, 9 children with Crigler-Najjar disease, and 6 patients with hemolysis, to determine how a deficiency of hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase would affect the end products of bilirubin biotransformation. In the bile from patients with Gilbert's syndrome, a striking increase was found in the proportion of bilirubin monoconjugates (48.6+/-9.8% of total conjugates) relative to that in normal bile (27.2+/-7.8%). This increase was even more pronounced in children with Crigler-Najjar disease, in whom, even in the most severe cases, glucuronide could always be demonstrated in the bile. Furthermore, unconjugated bilirubin-IXalpha was unquestionably present in the bile of these children and amounted to 30-57% of their total bilirubin pigments (<1% in the controls). It was not possible to predict from the biliary bilirubin composition whether a child would respond to phenobarbital therapy or not. Bile composition was normal in patients with hemolysis, except when there was associated deficiency of hepatic glucuronosyltransferase. Therefore, the observed alterations were not a simple consequence of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The present findings suggest that Crigler-Najjar disease represents a more pronounced expression than Gilbert's syndrome of a common biochemical defect. Hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase deficiency leads to decreased formation of diconjugates with an ensuing increase in the proportion of bilirubin monoconjugates in bile; in the most severe cases, an elevated content of biliary unconjugated bilirubin is also found.", "contents": "Unconjugated bilirubin and an increased proportion of bilirubin monoconjugates in the bile of patients with Gilbert's syndrome and Crigler-Najjar disease. Bilirubin pigments were studied in the bile of 20 normal adults, 25 patients with Gilbert's syndrome, 9 children with Crigler-Najjar disease, and 6 patients with hemolysis, to determine how a deficiency of hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase would affect the end products of bilirubin biotransformation. In the bile from patients with Gilbert's syndrome, a striking increase was found in the proportion of bilirubin monoconjugates (48.6+/-9.8% of total conjugates) relative to that in normal bile (27.2+/-7.8%). This increase was even more pronounced in children with Crigler-Najjar disease, in whom, even in the most severe cases, glucuronide could always be demonstrated in the bile. Furthermore, unconjugated bilirubin-IXalpha was unquestionably present in the bile of these children and amounted to 30-57% of their total bilirubin pigments (<1% in the controls). It was not possible to predict from the biliary bilirubin composition whether a child would respond to phenobarbital therapy or not. Bile composition was normal in patients with hemolysis, except when there was associated deficiency of hepatic glucuronosyltransferase. Therefore, the observed alterations were not a simple consequence of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The present findings suggest that Crigler-Najjar disease represents a more pronounced expression than Gilbert's syndrome of a common biochemical defect. Hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase deficiency leads to decreased formation of diconjugates with an ensuing increase in the proportion of bilirubin monoconjugates in bile; in the most severe cases, an elevated content of biliary unconjugated bilirubin is also found.", "PMID": 409736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5272", "title": "Complementary laminar terminations of afferents to area 17 originating in area 18 and in the lateral geniculate nucleus in squirrel monkey.", "content": "The projections from area 18 and the lateral geniculate nucleus onto area 17 of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri) were investigated with retrograde (horseradish peroxidase) and anterograde (tritiated proline) labelling techniques, and the (Fink-Heimer) silver impregnation method for degenerating axons and their terminals. The association fibers from area 18 terminated in all layers of area 17 except in layer IV and in the lower aspect of layer IIIc. The greatest number of terminals were in layers I, V and VI. The bulk of geniculocortical fibers terminated in layer IV and the lower aspect of layer IIIc; a minority of the geniculocortical fibers terminated in layer VI and the lower aspect of layer IIIb. Thus, the majority of fibers from the two sources investigated terminate in a complementary laminar fashion in area 17. The portion of area 17 on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, where the central visual field is represented, received a less dense projection from the geniculate nucleus than the striate cortex in the calcarine fissure, where the peripheral visual field is represented. Ocular dominance columns were not apparent in the striate cortex. No evidence was found that the lateral geniculate nucleus projects to area 18. The results of combined injections of horseradish peroxidase and tritiated proline in area 17 indicated a point-to-point reciprocity between area 17 and the ipsilateral lateral geniculate nucleus.", "contents": "Complementary laminar terminations of afferents to area 17 originating in area 18 and in the lateral geniculate nucleus in squirrel monkey. The projections from area 18 and the lateral geniculate nucleus onto area 17 of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri) were investigated with retrograde (horseradish peroxidase) and anterograde (tritiated proline) labelling techniques, and the (Fink-Heimer) silver impregnation method for degenerating axons and their terminals. The association fibers from area 18 terminated in all layers of area 17 except in layer IV and in the lower aspect of layer IIIc. The greatest number of terminals were in layers I, V and VI. The bulk of geniculocortical fibers terminated in layer IV and the lower aspect of layer IIIc; a minority of the geniculocortical fibers terminated in layer VI and the lower aspect of layer IIIb. Thus, the majority of fibers from the two sources investigated terminate in a complementary laminar fashion in area 17. The portion of area 17 on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, where the central visual field is represented, received a less dense projection from the geniculate nucleus than the striate cortex in the calcarine fissure, where the peripheral visual field is represented. Ocular dominance columns were not apparent in the striate cortex. No evidence was found that the lateral geniculate nucleus projects to area 18. The results of combined injections of horseradish peroxidase and tritiated proline in area 17 indicated a point-to-point reciprocity between area 17 and the ipsilateral lateral geniculate nucleus.", "PMID": 409740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5273", "title": "Antiplaque potential of topical stannous fluoride.", "content": "Sterile enamel samples treated by topical application of 10% stannous fluoride were incubated with S mutans and S sanguis respectively and with a mixed culture to which L casei had been added. The results were compared with sterile nonfluoridated enamel samples subjected to the same procedures. The parameters compared were postincubation pH values, bacterial concentrations on the surfaces, and enamel surface alterations. Stannous fluoride treated samples consistently yielded higher pH readings than nonfluoridated samples; the concentration of microorganisms adhering to the surfaces was conspicuously reduced on the pretreated enamel when compared by scanning electron microscopy to untreated samples, as were enamel surface alterations. These findings lend support to other recent investigations which have shown that fluorides act in several ways to inhibit cariogenesis in addition to reducing hydroxyapatite solubility.", "contents": "Antiplaque potential of topical stannous fluoride. Sterile enamel samples treated by topical application of 10% stannous fluoride were incubated with S mutans and S sanguis respectively and with a mixed culture to which L casei had been added. The results were compared with sterile nonfluoridated enamel samples subjected to the same procedures. The parameters compared were postincubation pH values, bacterial concentrations on the surfaces, and enamel surface alterations. Stannous fluoride treated samples consistently yielded higher pH readings than nonfluoridated samples; the concentration of microorganisms adhering to the surfaces was conspicuously reduced on the pretreated enamel when compared by scanning electron microscopy to untreated samples, as were enamel surface alterations. These findings lend support to other recent investigations which have shown that fluorides act in several ways to inhibit cariogenesis in addition to reducing hydroxyapatite solubility.", "PMID": 409742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5274", "title": "Evaluation of intracytoplasmic particles in histiocytes after endodontic therapy with a hydrophilic plastic.", "content": "The presence of granules within the cytoplasm of periapical tissue histiocytes had been observed in teeth which had a root canal overfilled with a hydrophilic plastic polymer. SEM examinations revealed these granules to be barium sulfate, which was added to the polymer for radiopacity. X-ray spectra revealed strong calcium peaks in bone adjacent to the histiocytes, which showed strong barium peaks. In addition, between the histiocytes and the bone a greater concentration of calcium was seen. Because the histiocytes and not the plastic polymer contained barium sulfate, the evidence for this material's biocompatibility is greatly enhanced.", "contents": "Evaluation of intracytoplasmic particles in histiocytes after endodontic therapy with a hydrophilic plastic. The presence of granules within the cytoplasm of periapical tissue histiocytes had been observed in teeth which had a root canal overfilled with a hydrophilic plastic polymer. SEM examinations revealed these granules to be barium sulfate, which was added to the polymer for radiopacity. X-ray spectra revealed strong calcium peaks in bone adjacent to the histiocytes, which showed strong barium peaks. In addition, between the histiocytes and the bone a greater concentration of calcium was seen. Because the histiocytes and not the plastic polymer contained barium sulfate, the evidence for this material's biocompatibility is greatly enhanced.", "PMID": 409743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5275", "title": "Effectiveness of glutaraldehyde  as a chemosterilizer used in a wrapping technique on simulated metal instruments.", "content": "Chemosterilization utilizing glutaraldehyde-moistened gauze as a wrap on simulated metal instruments was evaluated. Non-sporeforming test organisms were killed within five minutes. Two sporeforming test organisms were killed in six hours. The sporicidal effect obtained would indicate that glutaraldehyde used in a wrap technique could sterilize objects.", "contents": "Effectiveness of glutaraldehyde  as a chemosterilizer used in a wrapping technique on simulated metal instruments. Chemosterilization utilizing glutaraldehyde-moistened gauze as a wrap on simulated metal instruments was evaluated. Non-sporeforming test organisms were killed within five minutes. Two sporeforming test organisms were killed in six hours. The sporicidal effect obtained would indicate that glutaraldehyde used in a wrap technique could sterilize objects.", "PMID": 409744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5276", "title": "Indium-111-labeled autologous leukocytes in man.", "content": "Autologous leukocytes have been isolated, labeled with indium-111, and administered to 15 patients suspected of inflammatory disease. The stability of the label has been demonstrated and the in vivo kinetics and distribution of the labeled cells studied. The distribution is influenced by the type and viability of the cells separated by three different techniques. Generally, there was initial accumulation of radioactivity in the lungs; approximately half of this cleared in 15 min and the remainder slowly. Twenty-five to 50 percent of the radioactivity subsequently distributed in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, and these did not show significant change with time up to 48 hr post injection. The In-111 radioactivity administered as labeled leukocytes free from erythrocytes cleared from the circulating blood with a half-time of 7.5 hr. In three of 15 patients, the suspicion of inflammatory disease could not be confirmed, and in these a normal distribution of radioactivity was observed. In the remaining 12 patients, focal accumulation of radioactivity was detectable within 4 to 24 hr after administration, and subsequent confirmation of sepsis was obtained. From three such patients, samples of abscesses were recovered which showed markedly higher radioactivity than that in the same weight of blood.", "contents": "Indium-111-labeled autologous leukocytes in man. Autologous leukocytes have been isolated, labeled with indium-111, and administered to 15 patients suspected of inflammatory disease. The stability of the label has been demonstrated and the in vivo kinetics and distribution of the labeled cells studied. The distribution is influenced by the type and viability of the cells separated by three different techniques. Generally, there was initial accumulation of radioactivity in the lungs; approximately half of this cleared in 15 min and the remainder slowly. Twenty-five to 50 percent of the radioactivity subsequently distributed in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, and these did not show significant change with time up to 48 hr post injection. The In-111 radioactivity administered as labeled leukocytes free from erythrocytes cleared from the circulating blood with a half-time of 7.5 hr. In three of 15 patients, the suspicion of inflammatory disease could not be confirmed, and in these a normal distribution of radioactivity was observed. In the remaining 12 patients, focal accumulation of radioactivity was detectable within 4 to 24 hr after administration, and subsequent confirmation of sepsis was obtained. From three such patients, samples of abscesses were recovered which showed markedly higher radioactivity than that in the same weight of blood.", "PMID": 409745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5277", "title": "Indium-111-labeled cellular blood components: mechanism of labeling and intracellular location in human neutrophils.", "content": "Human neutrophils were labeled with In-111 oxine by incubation at room temperature, and the fate of the oxine and the intracellular location of the In-111 were determined. Neutral (1:3) In-111 oxine complex diffuses rapidly across the cell membrane and then dissociates. Some of the oxine leaves the cell and the In-111 binds intracellularly. After short periods of incubation the label is distributed mostly to four soluble components, a small proportion of which had a distribution similar to that of specific and azurophil granules. After longer incubation periods there was relatively less radioactivity with the soluble components and probably more attached to the particulate material. A small peak of radioactivity also appeared in the region of DNA distribution, but no confirmation could be obtained for the association of the In-111 radioactivity with DNA.", "contents": "Indium-111-labeled cellular blood components: mechanism of labeling and intracellular location in human neutrophils. Human neutrophils were labeled with In-111 oxine by incubation at room temperature, and the fate of the oxine and the intracellular location of the In-111 were determined. Neutral (1:3) In-111 oxine complex diffuses rapidly across the cell membrane and then dissociates. Some of the oxine leaves the cell and the In-111 binds intracellularly. After short periods of incubation the label is distributed mostly to four soluble components, a small proportion of which had a distribution similar to that of specific and azurophil granules. After longer incubation periods there was relatively less radioactivity with the soluble components and probably more attached to the particulate material. A small peak of radioactivity also appeared in the region of DNA distribution, but no confirmation could be obtained for the association of the In-111 radioactivity with DNA.", "PMID": 409746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5278", "title": "A quantitative evaluation of rheumatoid arthritic activity with Tc-99m HEDP.", "content": "In an attempt to develop a quantitative method of evaluating rheumatoid arthritic activity, Tc-99m HEDP joint uptake values and joint-to-bone ratios were studied in ten adult rheumatoid arthritic patients and 17 nonarthritic patients. A joint-to-bone activity ratio of 1.8 at the fourth hour after injection (RA Index) discriminated clinically active rheumatoid arthritic joints from control joints with 95% accuracy. Serial studies on five patients during drug trial demonstrated a positive correlation between RA Index and the clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritic activity. The RA Index may be a useful quantitative parameter for evaluation of rheumatoid arthritic activity following therapy.", "contents": "A quantitative evaluation of rheumatoid arthritic activity with Tc-99m HEDP. In an attempt to develop a quantitative method of evaluating rheumatoid arthritic activity, Tc-99m HEDP joint uptake values and joint-to-bone ratios were studied in ten adult rheumatoid arthritic patients and 17 nonarthritic patients. A joint-to-bone activity ratio of 1.8 at the fourth hour after injection (RA Index) discriminated clinically active rheumatoid arthritic joints from control joints with 95% accuracy. Serial studies on five patients during drug trial demonstrated a positive correlation between RA Index and the clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritic activity. The RA Index may be a useful quantitative parameter for evaluation of rheumatoid arthritic activity following therapy.", "PMID": 409749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5279", "title": "Lenticular complications of long-term steroid therapy in children with asthma and eczema.", "content": "Forty-two chronic asthmatic children, including 10 with associated eczema, were examined for lenticular complications. The children had received oral corticosteroids for a minimum of 3 years. Twelve were treated with beclomethasone inhalant therapy, and the children with eczema had had topical corticosteroids. Only one child was found to have cataracts commensurate with corticosteroid therapy. Possible reasons for the low incidence of cataracts in this study are discussed.", "contents": "Lenticular complications of long-term steroid therapy in children with asthma and eczema. Forty-two chronic asthmatic children, including 10 with associated eczema, were examined for lenticular complications. The children had received oral corticosteroids for a minimum of 3 years. Twelve were treated with beclomethasone inhalant therapy, and the children with eczema had had topical corticosteroids. Only one child was found to have cataracts commensurate with corticosteroid therapy. Possible reasons for the low incidence of cataracts in this study are discussed.", "PMID": 409750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5280", "title": "Variability of extracts used in immunoprecipitin tests.", "content": "Immunodiffusion reactions of several different commercial fungal extracts from organisms were compared to those obtained from patients' environments. Sera were obtained from patients suspected of having hypersensitivity lung disease (HLD). There was a difference in reactivity among the sources of the antigen and in some lots of antigen from the same commercial supplier. The results demonstrate a wide variation in the reactivity of different antigenic extracts and emphasize the need for uniform standardization of preparations used in precipitin tests.", "contents": "Variability of extracts used in immunoprecipitin tests. Immunodiffusion reactions of several different commercial fungal extracts from organisms were compared to those obtained from patients' environments. Sera were obtained from patients suspected of having hypersensitivity lung disease (HLD). There was a difference in reactivity among the sources of the antigen and in some lots of antigen from the same commercial supplier. The results demonstrate a wide variation in the reactivity of different antigenic extracts and emphasize the need for uniform standardization of preparations used in precipitin tests.", "PMID": 409751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5281", "title": "Incidence of IgG short-term sensitizing antibodies in an allergic population.", "content": "Heat-stable, immunoglobulin G, short-term sensitizing antibodies (IgG S-T S) were sought in serum from 149 allergic patients who had strongly positive immediate skin tests to inhalant allergens. The sera were tested by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in monkeys. No IgG S-T S antibodies were demonstrated in 169 tests with a variety of allergens. Antibody with the characteristics of IgE was demonstrated in 47% of monkey PCA tests and, in an additional 34% of sera. IgE antibody to the same allergen was demonstrated by radioallergosorbent testing (RAST).", "contents": "Incidence of IgG short-term sensitizing antibodies in an allergic population. Heat-stable, immunoglobulin G, short-term sensitizing antibodies (IgG S-T S) were sought in serum from 149 allergic patients who had strongly positive immediate skin tests to inhalant allergens. The sera were tested by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in monkeys. No IgG S-T S antibodies were demonstrated in 169 tests with a variety of allergens. Antibody with the characteristics of IgE was demonstrated in 47% of monkey PCA tests and, in an additional 34% of sera. IgE antibody to the same allergen was demonstrated by radioallergosorbent testing (RAST).", "PMID": 409752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5282", "title": "Failure of anti-gamma 3 antibodies to detect some gamma3 chains by an agglutination inhibition test.", "content": "Four of eight anti-gamma3 antibodies that detect gamma3 by double diffusion were found to test for Gm allotypes when they were used in the agglutination inhibition test. One tested for Gm (26), two for Gm (11), and one for both allotypes. So far as the present data show, the remaining four test for a gamma3 isotype in the agglutination inhibition test. We suggest that a sample that is negative by the agglutination inhibition test should be tested by double diffusion before it is concluded that the sample lacks gamma3.", "contents": "Failure of anti-gamma 3 antibodies to detect some gamma3 chains by an agglutination inhibition test. Four of eight anti-gamma3 antibodies that detect gamma3 by double diffusion were found to test for Gm allotypes when they were used in the agglutination inhibition test. One tested for Gm (26), two for Gm (11), and one for both allotypes. So far as the present data show, the remaining four test for a gamma3 isotype in the agglutination inhibition test. We suggest that a sample that is negative by the agglutination inhibition test should be tested by double diffusion before it is concluded that the sample lacks gamma3.", "PMID": 409778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5283", "title": "Platelet immuno-assay (PIA) as a simple and sensitive technique for the detection of antigens.", "content": "The platelet immuno-assay (PIA) is a simple and inexpensive technique to detect antigens with ng/ml sensitivity using micro-titer equipment and commercially available antisera. It can be easily adapted for virtually any antigen to which rabbit antiserum containing specific IgG-antibodies cna be obtained. The assay is inhibited by IgG and C1q in amounts greater than or equal to 125 microgram/ml and 12.5 microgram/ml respectively. Its application is thus limited to those fluids where IgG and C1q are present in less than these concentrations.", "contents": "Platelet immuno-assay (PIA) as a simple and sensitive technique for the detection of antigens. The platelet immuno-assay (PIA) is a simple and inexpensive technique to detect antigens with ng/ml sensitivity using micro-titer equipment and commercially available antisera. It can be easily adapted for virtually any antigen to which rabbit antiserum containing specific IgG-antibodies cna be obtained. The assay is inhibited by IgG and C1q in amounts greater than or equal to 125 microgram/ml and 12.5 microgram/ml respectively. Its application is thus limited to those fluids where IgG and C1q are present in less than these concentrations.", "PMID": 409779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5284", "title": "[Grippe and pregnancy. Relation of birth weight to placenta weight].", "content": "The different results that have been published concerning the problem of the final outcome for patients who have had influenza during pregnancy reported in numerous works might be explained by differences in methodology used by the different authors. A study was carried out in the Haguenau Maternity Hospital (Bas-Rhin) when an epidemic of influenza occurred in 1972-173. The virological diagnosis was made by carrying out separate serological estimations on 1940 pregnant women. It can be shown that the mean birthweight dropped in infants of mothers who had contracted influenza during pregnancy even when corrections were made for sex and the duration of the pregnancy. The drop in weight of the placenta (37.3 g as a mean) was more obvious and can totally explain the drop in fetal weight. It was not possible to demonstrate any increase in the number of congenital malformations that were found in the neonatal period in the infants born to women who had had influenza. These results suggest that there is no direct passage of the influenza virus across the placenta which, however, is itself modified by the infection.", "contents": "[Grippe and pregnancy. Relation of birth weight to placenta weight]. The different results that have been published concerning the problem of the final outcome for patients who have had influenza during pregnancy reported in numerous works might be explained by differences in methodology used by the different authors. A study was carried out in the Haguenau Maternity Hospital (Bas-Rhin) when an epidemic of influenza occurred in 1972-173. The virological diagnosis was made by carrying out separate serological estimations on 1940 pregnant women. It can be shown that the mean birthweight dropped in infants of mothers who had contracted influenza during pregnancy even when corrections were made for sex and the duration of the pregnancy. The drop in weight of the placenta (37.3 g as a mean) was more obvious and can totally explain the drop in fetal weight. It was not possible to demonstrate any increase in the number of congenital malformations that were found in the neonatal period in the infants born to women who had had influenza. These results suggest that there is no direct passage of the influenza virus across the placenta which, however, is itself modified by the infection.", "PMID": 409756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5285", "title": "In vivo chemotaxis induced by polyunsaturated fatty acids.", "content": "Intradermal injection of as little as 500 ng of arachidonic acid or the metabolites from arachidonic acid incubated with soybean lipoxygenase produced infiltration of the upper dermis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes 18 hours after injection. In experiments comparing the chemotactic properties of four fatty acids in varying concentrations, oxidative products of arachidonic acid by soybean lipoxygenase were the most powerful followed by free arachidonic acid and free linoleic acid while stearic acid did not produce significant infiltration. These findings suggest that the elevated levels of free arachidonic acid and an arachidonic acid metabolite (12L-hydroxy-5, 8, 10, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid), recently found in psoriatic epidermis, may at least in part be attracting polymorphonuclear leukocytes into psoriatic skin.", "contents": "In vivo chemotaxis induced by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Intradermal injection of as little as 500 ng of arachidonic acid or the metabolites from arachidonic acid incubated with soybean lipoxygenase produced infiltration of the upper dermis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes 18 hours after injection. In experiments comparing the chemotactic properties of four fatty acids in varying concentrations, oxidative products of arachidonic acid by soybean lipoxygenase were the most powerful followed by free arachidonic acid and free linoleic acid while stearic acid did not produce significant infiltration. These findings suggest that the elevated levels of free arachidonic acid and an arachidonic acid metabolite (12L-hydroxy-5, 8, 10, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid), recently found in psoriatic epidermis, may at least in part be attracting polymorphonuclear leukocytes into psoriatic skin.", "PMID": 409781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5286", "title": "Immunization with Shigella dysenteriae type 1: evaluation of antitoxic immunity in prevention of experimental disease in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "The role of serum antitoxic antibody in protection against the dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Shiga's bacillus) was studied in monkeys fed 10(10) virulent organisms after parenteral immunization with a formalin-inactivated Shiga toxoid preparation standardized in mice. Two 125-microgram doses of toxoid adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and given 14 days apart provided mice with a 54-fold increase in resistance to parenteral toxin. In rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), the same regimen of toxoid permitted the safe parenteral administration of toxin in incremental doses ranging from 100 to 1,000 mouse 50% lethal doses and resulted in correspondingly high titers of antitoxin in serum. Nevertheless, the immunized monkeys responded to orally administered Shiga bacilli by development of diarrhea and dysentery that was as severe as (or more severe than) the response of unimmunized controls. The failure of extraordinarily high levels of circulating antibody to protect against experimental shigellosis suggests that the intestinal mucosal sites of toxinmediated response are beyond the reach of systemic antitoxin.", "contents": "Immunization with Shigella dysenteriae type 1: evaluation of antitoxic immunity in prevention of experimental disease in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The role of serum antitoxic antibody in protection against the dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Shiga's bacillus) was studied in monkeys fed 10(10) virulent organisms after parenteral immunization with a formalin-inactivated Shiga toxoid preparation standardized in mice. Two 125-microgram doses of toxoid adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and given 14 days apart provided mice with a 54-fold increase in resistance to parenteral toxin. In rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), the same regimen of toxoid permitted the safe parenteral administration of toxin in incremental doses ranging from 100 to 1,000 mouse 50% lethal doses and resulted in correspondingly high titers of antitoxin in serum. Nevertheless, the immunized monkeys responded to orally administered Shiga bacilli by development of diarrhea and dysentery that was as severe as (or more severe than) the response of unimmunized controls. The failure of extraordinarily high levels of circulating antibody to protect against experimental shigellosis suggests that the intestinal mucosal sites of toxinmediated response are beyond the reach of systemic antitoxin.", "PMID": 409782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5287", "title": "Rapid bioassay for clindamycin alone and in the presence of aminoglycoside antibiotics.", "content": "A rapid bioassay for determination of concentrations of clindamycin in serum was developed with use of a strain of Lancefield group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) that is uniformly resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics, tetracycline, and polymyxin. An agar diffusion assay system was used that included the addition of patient's sera and three standard concentrations of clindamycin to 5-mm wells cut in the seeded agar. Pretreatment of serum with penicillinase allowed measurement of clindamycin in the presence of penicillins and cephalosporins by the same assay method. Assays of clindamycin in serum using this system could be read routinely in as little as 4 hr and allowed determination of levels of drug in serum of 2.5-40 microgram/ml. Linear regression analyses indicated that values obtained by this assay compared favorably with the results obtained with use of Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC 6633 or Sarcina lutea strain ATCC 9341 (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md.). Repetitive measurement of sera with known concentrations of clindamycin indicated the average deviation to be +/- 10%. Seeded bioassay plates could be prepared in advance and stored at 2 C-8 C for up to one week before use. This assay may also be used for measurement of lincomycin, erythromycin, vancomycin, and certain beta-lactam antibiotics in the presence of aminoglycosides.", "contents": "Rapid bioassay for clindamycin alone and in the presence of aminoglycoside antibiotics. A rapid bioassay for determination of concentrations of clindamycin in serum was developed with use of a strain of Lancefield group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) that is uniformly resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics, tetracycline, and polymyxin. An agar diffusion assay system was used that included the addition of patient's sera and three standard concentrations of clindamycin to 5-mm wells cut in the seeded agar. Pretreatment of serum with penicillinase allowed measurement of clindamycin in the presence of penicillins and cephalosporins by the same assay method. Assays of clindamycin in serum using this system could be read routinely in as little as 4 hr and allowed determination of levels of drug in serum of 2.5-40 microgram/ml. Linear regression analyses indicated that values obtained by this assay compared favorably with the results obtained with use of Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC 6633 or Sarcina lutea strain ATCC 9341 (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md.). Repetitive measurement of sera with known concentrations of clindamycin indicated the average deviation to be +/- 10%. Seeded bioassay plates could be prepared in advance and stored at 2 C-8 C for up to one week before use. This assay may also be used for measurement of lincomycin, erythromycin, vancomycin, and certain beta-lactam antibiotics in the presence of aminoglycosides.", "PMID": 409783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5288", "title": "Host-parasite relationships in experimental airborne tuberculosis. VI. Influence of vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin on the onset and/or extent of hematogenous dissemination of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis to the lungs.", "content": "Guinea pigs vaccinated with bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and unvaccinated guinea pigs were challenged by the respiratory route six weeks or six months after vaccination and sacrificed at various intervals after challenge. The six lobes of the lung were cultured separately, and the percentage of culture-positive lobes was calculated, as well as the log10 number of virulent bacilli recovered. The latter was subjected to an analysis of variance, which compared the fate of bacilli in the four largest lobes with the fate of those in the two smallest lobes. The results indicated no difference between the six-week and six-month intervals between vaccination and challenge. In the longer intervals between challenge and sacrifice, small numbers of secondary lesions could be seen on the lobes of the BCG-vaccinated animals. It was concluded that vaccination with BCG retarded the onset and/or reduced the extent of hematogenous dissemination of virulent mycobacteria to the lungs.", "contents": "Host-parasite relationships in experimental airborne tuberculosis. VI. Influence of vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin on the onset and/or extent of hematogenous dissemination of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis to the lungs. Guinea pigs vaccinated with bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and unvaccinated guinea pigs were challenged by the respiratory route six weeks or six months after vaccination and sacrificed at various intervals after challenge. The six lobes of the lung were cultured separately, and the percentage of culture-positive lobes was calculated, as well as the log10 number of virulent bacilli recovered. The latter was subjected to an analysis of variance, which compared the fate of bacilli in the four largest lobes with the fate of those in the two smallest lobes. The results indicated no difference between the six-week and six-month intervals between vaccination and challenge. In the longer intervals between challenge and sacrifice, small numbers of secondary lesions could be seen on the lobes of the BCG-vaccinated animals. It was concluded that vaccination with BCG retarded the onset and/or reduced the extent of hematogenous dissemination of virulent mycobacteria to the lungs.", "PMID": 409784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5289", "title": "Patterns and mechanisms of emergence of resistance to amikacin.", "content": "Emergence of gram-negative bacilli resistant to amikacin occurred in five of 96 patients treated. Three of the five instances were associated with clinical failure and arose during therapy for an infection caused by a pathogen also susceptible to gentamicin. The other two episodes were associated with colonization. The enzyme aminoglycoside-6'-acetyltransferase, which inactivates amikacin, was found in Serratia marcescens. Decreased permeability to amikacin was shown in four isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The emergence and existence of these organisms is of great epidemiologic importance. Judicious use of amikacin and adherence to general principles of infection control are advised.", "contents": "Patterns and mechanisms of emergence of resistance to amikacin. Emergence of gram-negative bacilli resistant to amikacin occurred in five of 96 patients treated. Three of the five instances were associated with clinical failure and arose during therapy for an infection caused by a pathogen also susceptible to gentamicin. The other two episodes were associated with colonization. The enzyme aminoglycoside-6'-acetyltransferase, which inactivates amikacin, was found in Serratia marcescens. Decreased permeability to amikacin was shown in four isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The emergence and existence of these organisms is of great epidemiologic importance. Judicious use of amikacin and adherence to general principles of infection control are advised.", "PMID": 409785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5290", "title": "Rifampin in the treatment of experimental brucellosis in mice and guinea pigs.", "content": "Rifampin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic able to penetrate intracellularly, was used for treatment of infections with Brucella melitensis in mice and Brucella abortus in guinea pigs. Treatments were administered for seven, 14, or 21 days; mice were given 25 mg of rifampin/kg per day, and guinea pigs 100 mg/kg per day. Efficacy of the drug was determined by comparison of rifampin-treated animals with saline-treated controls and with tetracycline-treated mice (200 mg/kg per day) according to the following criteria: (1) primary infections of the spleen and (in guinea pigs) of the lymph nodes; (2) residual infections of the spleen, i.e., infections shown after complementary treatment with suspensions of killed Corynebacterium parvum or with cortisone; (3) splenomegaly; and (4) serological response (in guinea pigs). Treatment with rifampin, even for one or two weeks, drastically reduced the number of infections by all of these criteris, and treatment for three weeks cured nearly all mice; the incidences of primary and residual infections in rifampin-treated mice after three weeks were 0 and 8.5%, respectively, as compared with 70.3% and 73.5%, respectively, in tetracycline-treated mice. Of 25 guinea pigs treated with rifampin for three weeks, spleen infection was shown in one, and lymph node infections in 10.", "contents": "Rifampin in the treatment of experimental brucellosis in mice and guinea pigs. Rifampin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic able to penetrate intracellularly, was used for treatment of infections with Brucella melitensis in mice and Brucella abortus in guinea pigs. Treatments were administered for seven, 14, or 21 days; mice were given 25 mg of rifampin/kg per day, and guinea pigs 100 mg/kg per day. Efficacy of the drug was determined by comparison of rifampin-treated animals with saline-treated controls and with tetracycline-treated mice (200 mg/kg per day) according to the following criteria: (1) primary infections of the spleen and (in guinea pigs) of the lymph nodes; (2) residual infections of the spleen, i.e., infections shown after complementary treatment with suspensions of killed Corynebacterium parvum or with cortisone; (3) splenomegaly; and (4) serological response (in guinea pigs). Treatment with rifampin, even for one or two weeks, drastically reduced the number of infections by all of these criteris, and treatment for three weeks cured nearly all mice; the incidences of primary and residual infections in rifampin-treated mice after three weeks were 0 and 8.5%, respectively, as compared with 70.3% and 73.5%, respectively, in tetracycline-treated mice. Of 25 guinea pigs treated with rifampin for three weeks, spleen infection was shown in one, and lymph node infections in 10.", "PMID": 409786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5291", "title": "Kinetics of phagocytosis and bacterial killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes.", "content": "The kinetics of phagocytosis and bacterial killing by normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) and by monocytes (MNs) were compared by use of [3H]thymidine-labeled Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. The rate of phagocytosis by PMNLs was approximately twice that by MNs for all three bacterial species. Although a marked difference was found in opsonic requirements for phagocytosis of S. aureus, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, phagocytosis by PMNLs and MNs was mediated via the same serum factors. All three species were killed rapidly once they were associated with leukocytes; however, the rate of killing by MNs was slower than that of PMNLs. The slower rate of killing appeared to be secondary to slower ingestion of attached bacteria by MNs. Thus, PMNLs and MNs appear to possess receptors with specificity for the same bacterial opsonins; however, PMNLs are capable of more efficienct bacterial phagocytosis (attachment and ingestion) than are MNs.", "contents": "Kinetics of phagocytosis and bacterial killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. The kinetics of phagocytosis and bacterial killing by normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) and by monocytes (MNs) were compared by use of [3H]thymidine-labeled Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. The rate of phagocytosis by PMNLs was approximately twice that by MNs for all three bacterial species. Although a marked difference was found in opsonic requirements for phagocytosis of S. aureus, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, phagocytosis by PMNLs and MNs was mediated via the same serum factors. All three species were killed rapidly once they were associated with leukocytes; however, the rate of killing by MNs was slower than that of PMNLs. The slower rate of killing appeared to be secondary to slower ingestion of attached bacteria by MNs. Thus, PMNLs and MNs appear to possess receptors with specificity for the same bacterial opsonins; however, PMNLs are capable of more efficienct bacterial phagocytosis (attachment and ingestion) than are MNs.", "PMID": 409787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5292", "title": "Experimental studies on the pathogenesis of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: direct evidence for toxin production during Pseudomonas infection of burned skin tissues.", "content": "Direct evidence is presented for the production of an exotoxin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa multiplying at the burned site in an infected mouse. Pseudomonas toxin was assayed by measurement of its ability to catalyze the transfer of radioactivity from [14C]adenine-labeled nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to elongation factor 2 (adenosine diphosphate ribosylation activity). This enzyme activity was found in saline extracts of burned infected skin but was not present in similar extracts of burned uninfected skin. It was detected in the serum of infected animals by 26 hr after infection. The level of active elongation factor 2 in the livers of infected mice was reduced significantly after infection. These data suggest that pseudomonas exotoxin, produced by bacteria multiplying at the burn site, enters the circulation and is disseminated to different organs where it acts by depletion of elongation factor 2 and thus causes a reduction in protein synthesis.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the pathogenesis of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: direct evidence for toxin production during Pseudomonas infection of burned skin tissues. Direct evidence is presented for the production of an exotoxin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa multiplying at the burned site in an infected mouse. Pseudomonas toxin was assayed by measurement of its ability to catalyze the transfer of radioactivity from [14C]adenine-labeled nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to elongation factor 2 (adenosine diphosphate ribosylation activity). This enzyme activity was found in saline extracts of burned infected skin but was not present in similar extracts of burned uninfected skin. It was detected in the serum of infected animals by 26 hr after infection. The level of active elongation factor 2 in the livers of infected mice was reduced significantly after infection. These data suggest that pseudomonas exotoxin, produced by bacteria multiplying at the burn site, enters the circulation and is disseminated to different organs where it acts by depletion of elongation factor 2 and thus causes a reduction in protein synthesis.", "PMID": 409788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5293", "title": "Application of the indirect enzyme-labeled antibody microtest to the detection and surveillance of animal diseases.", "content": "The rapid, indirect enzyme-labeled antibody (ELA) microplate test has been developed as a diagnostic and surveillance tool to aid in the control of animal disease. The test has been applied to viral (hog cholera), parasitic (trichinosis), and bacterial (brucellosis) diseases of animals. A correlation of greater than 95% was observed between the hog cholera ELA test and the serum neutralization test for hog cholera in greater than 2,000 field samples obtained during the 1976 epizootic in New Jersey. Serum samples from all of 56 swine naturally infected with Trichinella spiralis at a level considered dangerous to humans were ELA-positive, whereas only one of 360 packinghouse sera negative for T. spiralis was ELA-positive. Preliminary experiments with bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) indicate that the ELA test is more sensitive than other test methods currently in use. ELA procedures should soon become tests of choice for the detection of antibodies to animal disease agents.", "contents": "Application of the indirect enzyme-labeled antibody microtest to the detection and surveillance of animal diseases. The rapid, indirect enzyme-labeled antibody (ELA) microplate test has been developed as a diagnostic and surveillance tool to aid in the control of animal disease. The test has been applied to viral (hog cholera), parasitic (trichinosis), and bacterial (brucellosis) diseases of animals. A correlation of greater than 95% was observed between the hog cholera ELA test and the serum neutralization test for hog cholera in greater than 2,000 field samples obtained during the 1976 epizootic in New Jersey. Serum samples from all of 56 swine naturally infected with Trichinella spiralis at a level considered dangerous to humans were ELA-positive, whereas only one of 360 packinghouse sera negative for T. spiralis was ELA-positive. Preliminary experiments with bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) indicate that the ELA test is more sensitive than other test methods currently in use. ELA procedures should soon become tests of choice for the detection of antibodies to animal disease agents.", "PMID": 409789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5294", "title": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its application to parasitic infections.", "content": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the serodiagnosis of four parasitic infections. ELISA was performed as a macromethod in polystyrene tubes and/or as a micromethod in polystyrene microplates. Conventionally raised pigs were infected orally with different numbers of Trichinealla spiralis larvae, and the pigs' sera were tested for antibody to T. spiralis. Results were compared with those from sera of uninfected conventionally raised pigs. Cynomolgus monkeys were infected orally and immunized with Toxocara canis. The results of macro-ELISA and micro-ELISA were compared with those of immunofluorescence. Micro-ELISA proved to be more sensitive than macro-ELISA, the latter being more sensitive than immunofluorescence. The applicability of ELISA for seroepidemiology was demonstrated by results obtained with sera from patients with proved African trypanosomiasis. With both macro-ELISA and micro-ELISA it was possible to discriminate between the positive and negative sera. ELISA was used for study of the seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis. Again, positive sera could be distinguished from negative sera. The examples presented show that ELISA can be used as an additional serologic tool for the detection of both helminthic and protozoal infections.", "contents": "The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its application to parasitic infections. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the serodiagnosis of four parasitic infections. ELISA was performed as a macromethod in polystyrene tubes and/or as a micromethod in polystyrene microplates. Conventionally raised pigs were infected orally with different numbers of Trichinealla spiralis larvae, and the pigs' sera were tested for antibody to T. spiralis. Results were compared with those from sera of uninfected conventionally raised pigs. Cynomolgus monkeys were infected orally and immunized with Toxocara canis. The results of macro-ELISA and micro-ELISA were compared with those of immunofluorescence. Micro-ELISA proved to be more sensitive than macro-ELISA, the latter being more sensitive than immunofluorescence. The applicability of ELISA for seroepidemiology was demonstrated by results obtained with sera from patients with proved African trypanosomiasis. With both macro-ELISA and micro-ELISA it was possible to discriminate between the positive and negative sera. ELISA was used for study of the seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis. Again, positive sera could be distinguished from negative sera. The examples presented show that ELISA can be used as an additional serologic tool for the detection of both helminthic and protozoal infections.", "PMID": 409790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5295", "title": "Screening for primary immunodeficiencies associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency or adenosine deaminase deficiency.", "content": "A screening method has been established for PNP deficiency. This enzyme activity in dried blood absorbed on filter paper can be detected by the formation of a blue insoluble formazan with a gel containing inosine, xanthine oxidase, MTT-tetrazolium, and phenazine methosulfate. The color change is very clear and definite and no false results have been obtained in the testing of 256 enzyme-positive and 107 enzyme-negative samples. The enzyme activity in dried blood on filter paper is so stable at room temperature that samples can be mailed. A screening method for ADA deficiency was developed, also depending on the color change of MTT-tetrazolium. Although the test is slightly more expensive than that developed by Moore and Meuwissen, its accuracy is greater. A common screening method for detecting deficiencies of either PNP or ADA is described.", "contents": "Screening for primary immunodeficiencies associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency or adenosine deaminase deficiency. A screening method has been established for PNP deficiency. This enzyme activity in dried blood absorbed on filter paper can be detected by the formation of a blue insoluble formazan with a gel containing inosine, xanthine oxidase, MTT-tetrazolium, and phenazine methosulfate. The color change is very clear and definite and no false results have been obtained in the testing of 256 enzyme-positive and 107 enzyme-negative samples. The enzyme activity in dried blood on filter paper is so stable at room temperature that samples can be mailed. A screening method for ADA deficiency was developed, also depending on the color change of MTT-tetrazolium. Although the test is slightly more expensive than that developed by Moore and Meuwissen, its accuracy is greater. A common screening method for detecting deficiencies of either PNP or ADA is described.", "PMID": 409794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5296", "title": "Serum lysozyme in multiple myeloma.", "content": "SLL's were tested by turbidometric assay on 33 male patients with multiple myeloma with three to 58 tests (mean 11) for each patient over a 7-year period. The age of the patients ranged from 31 to 83 years, with a median age of 58 years. SLL's in the normal controls were 14.4 +/- 3.5 microgram/ml. Patients with myeloma had a median lysozyme level of 16 microgram/ml and mean of 16.5. The SLL's in patients with lgG1,2,3,4, Iga, and kappa and lambda light-chain myeloma were similar. Slightly higher mean SLL'S were noted in older patients. Patients with severe renal disease also had higher SLL'S. No significant changes in SLL's were seen during infections or during mild granulocytopenia (granulocyte count greater than 500 cells/mm3). In severe granulocytopenia (granulocyte count less than 500 cells/mm3) the SLL's decreased and returned to normal levels when the white blood cell counts improved. In eight patients surviving for more than 5 years, the SLL's were not different from those of the other patients. SLL values in patients with multiple myeloma did not differ significantly by statistical test from those of controls when those patients with impaired renal function are excluded.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme in multiple myeloma. SLL's were tested by turbidometric assay on 33 male patients with multiple myeloma with three to 58 tests (mean 11) for each patient over a 7-year period. The age of the patients ranged from 31 to 83 years, with a median age of 58 years. SLL's in the normal controls were 14.4 +/- 3.5 microgram/ml. Patients with myeloma had a median lysozyme level of 16 microgram/ml and mean of 16.5. The SLL's in patients with lgG1,2,3,4, Iga, and kappa and lambda light-chain myeloma were similar. Slightly higher mean SLL'S were noted in older patients. Patients with severe renal disease also had higher SLL'S. No significant changes in SLL's were seen during infections or during mild granulocytopenia (granulocyte count greater than 500 cells/mm3). In severe granulocytopenia (granulocyte count less than 500 cells/mm3) the SLL's decreased and returned to normal levels when the white blood cell counts improved. In eight patients surviving for more than 5 years, the SLL's were not different from those of the other patients. SLL values in patients with multiple myeloma did not differ significantly by statistical test from those of controls when those patients with impaired renal function are excluded.", "PMID": 409795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5297", "title": "Electric shock produced drinking in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "Squirrel monkeys were periodically exposed to brief electric tail shocks in a test environment containing a rubber hose, response lever, and a water spout. Shock delivery produced preshock lever pressing and postshock hose biting. Additionally, all subjects displayed licking responses following postshock biting-attack episodes. Further experiments showed that licking was: (1) influenced by hours of water deprivation; (2) drinking behavior; (3) the direct result of shock delivery; and (4) developed spontaneously in naive subjects with or without opportunities for hose biting or lever pressing. Removing the opportunity to attack increased postshock drinking. A noxious environmental stimulus that causes aggression can also produce drinking.", "contents": "Electric shock produced drinking in the squirrel monkey. Squirrel monkeys were periodically exposed to brief electric tail shocks in a test environment containing a rubber hose, response lever, and a water spout. Shock delivery produced preshock lever pressing and postshock hose biting. Additionally, all subjects displayed licking responses following postshock biting-attack episodes. Further experiments showed that licking was: (1) influenced by hours of water deprivation; (2) drinking behavior; (3) the direct result of shock delivery; and (4) developed spontaneously in naive subjects with or without opportunities for hose biting or lever pressing. Removing the opportunity to attack increased postshock drinking. A noxious environmental stimulus that causes aggression can also produce drinking.", "PMID": 409801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5298", "title": "Preliminary evidence for the intracellular localization of luteinizing hormones in mammalian oocytes.", "content": "Preliminary autoradiographic and immunofluorescent evidence is presented which suggests the localization of hLH beta, hCG and oLH within the oocytes of several mammalian species. Specificity of the response is supported by negative observations in the presence of cold hormone or antibodies to other proteins. The mechanism of action of these gonadotrophins in such a site remains to be defined.", "contents": "Preliminary evidence for the intracellular localization of luteinizing hormones in mammalian oocytes. Preliminary autoradiographic and immunofluorescent evidence is presented which suggests the localization of hLH beta, hCG and oLH within the oocytes of several mammalian species. Specificity of the response is supported by negative observations in the presence of cold hormone or antibodies to other proteins. The mechanism of action of these gonadotrophins in such a site remains to be defined.", "PMID": 409802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5299", "title": "Treatment of epilepsy with clonazepam and its effect on other anticonvulsants.", "content": "Clonazepam was added to the treatment of patients with poorly controlled epilepsy in a double-blind trial and an open trial. Considerable improvement occurred with patients with myoclonic jerks and tonic-clonic convulsions, and with photosensitive epilepsy. Patients with atypical petit mal and focal epilepsies also improved. Drowsiness was initially common but lasted only a short time. No evidence was found for an action of clonazepam on the metabolism of other drugs, but treatment with phenobarbitone lowered serum concentrations of clonazepam. We conclude that clonazepam is particularly valuable in epilepsy with associated myoclonsu and in photosensitive epilepsy.", "contents": "Treatment of epilepsy with clonazepam and its effect on other anticonvulsants. Clonazepam was added to the treatment of patients with poorly controlled epilepsy in a double-blind trial and an open trial. Considerable improvement occurred with patients with myoclonic jerks and tonic-clonic convulsions, and with photosensitive epilepsy. Patients with atypical petit mal and focal epilepsies also improved. Drowsiness was initially common but lasted only a short time. No evidence was found for an action of clonazepam on the metabolism of other drugs, but treatment with phenobarbitone lowered serum concentrations of clonazepam. We conclude that clonazepam is particularly valuable in epilepsy with associated myoclonsu and in photosensitive epilepsy.", "PMID": 409803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5300", "title": "Regeneration distal to a prolonged conduction block.", "content": "In 6 baboons a tourniquet round the knee was used to produce a prolonged local conduction block. This was followed, within a few days, by a surgical crush of the tibial or deep peroneal nerve at the ankle, in order to produce Wallerian degeneration distally. Electrophysiological recordings from small foot muscles were then used to study the time-course of regeneration in motor fibres. When the results were compared with those from crushed but unblocked nerves of the opposite leg, there was no evidence that either reinnervation of muscles or the subsequent maturation of the regenerating motor nerve fibres was delayed by the prolonged proximal conduction block.", "contents": "Regeneration distal to a prolonged conduction block. In 6 baboons a tourniquet round the knee was used to produce a prolonged local conduction block. This was followed, within a few days, by a surgical crush of the tibial or deep peroneal nerve at the ankle, in order to produce Wallerian degeneration distally. Electrophysiological recordings from small foot muscles were then used to study the time-course of regeneration in motor fibres. When the results were compared with those from crushed but unblocked nerves of the opposite leg, there was no evidence that either reinnervation of muscles or the subsequent maturation of the regenerating motor nerve fibres was delayed by the prolonged proximal conduction block.", "PMID": 409804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5301", "title": "Transoral, transsphenoidal microsurgical exposure of the pituitary gland and infundibulum in the rhesus monkey. Description of operative technique.", "content": "A transoral, transsphenoidal microsurgical technique for exposing the pituitary stalk and gland of the rhesus monkey is described and illustrated. The technique has proved to be a safe and practical method for performing a variety of pituitary operations in a total of 37 animals. The procedures have included complete hypophysectomy, posterior lobe resection, pituitary stalk section, collection of portal venous blood, collection of pituitary venous blood, and placement of lessions in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis.", "contents": "Transoral, transsphenoidal microsurgical exposure of the pituitary gland and infundibulum in the rhesus monkey. Description of operative technique. A transoral, transsphenoidal microsurgical technique for exposing the pituitary stalk and gland of the rhesus monkey is described and illustrated. The technique has proved to be a safe and practical method for performing a variety of pituitary operations in a total of 37 animals. The procedures have included complete hypophysectomy, posterior lobe resection, pituitary stalk section, collection of portal venous blood, collection of pituitary venous blood, and placement of lessions in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis.", "PMID": 409810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5302", "title": "Xylitol associated changes in amylase and protein content of monkey parotid saliva.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine amylase activity in the parotid saliva of monkeys fed a high sugar diet supplemented for 3-day periods with either sucrose or xylitol. All monkeys fed xylitol displayed a significant elevation of amylase activity and total protein content in their parotid saliva. The specific activity of amylase (units/mg protein) did not differ between the two diets. The possible importance of this observation to the purported cariostatic action of xylitol is discussed.", "contents": "Xylitol associated changes in amylase and protein content of monkey parotid saliva. The purpose of this study was to examine amylase activity in the parotid saliva of monkeys fed a high sugar diet supplemented for 3-day periods with either sucrose or xylitol. All monkeys fed xylitol displayed a significant elevation of amylase activity and total protein content in their parotid saliva. The specific activity of amylase (units/mg protein) did not differ between the two diets. The possible importance of this observation to the purported cariostatic action of xylitol is discussed.", "PMID": 409811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5303", "title": "Sparing effect of folic acid deficiency on the development of vitamin B12 deficiency in baboons fed a vitamin B12 deficient diet.", "content": "The effect of a vitamin B12 and folic acid deficient diet on juvenile and adolescent baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) was studied. The baboons developed clinical and hematological signs characteristics of folacin deficiency, although they were less severe in juvenile baboons. The signs disappeared when folic acid was replaced in the diet. The serum vitamin B12 levels increased in all baboons fed the vitamin B12 and folic acid deficient diet. When folic acid was added to the diet, the levels gradually decreased in adolescent baboons, liver vitamin B12 levels decreased to a lesser extent when fed a vitamin B12 and folic acid deficient diet than when fed a vitamin B12 deficient diet. In juvenile baboons fed a vitamin B12 and folic acid deficient diet, for 7 months and a vitamin B12 deficient diet for a further 11 months, liver vitamin B12 levels did not decrease at any time but were similar to those in baboons fed a vitamin B12 and folic acid supplemented diet.", "contents": "Sparing effect of folic acid deficiency on the development of vitamin B12 deficiency in baboons fed a vitamin B12 deficient diet. The effect of a vitamin B12 and folic acid deficient diet on juvenile and adolescent baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) was studied. The baboons developed clinical and hematological signs characteristics of folacin deficiency, although they were less severe in juvenile baboons. The signs disappeared when folic acid was replaced in the diet. The serum vitamin B12 levels increased in all baboons fed the vitamin B12 and folic acid deficient diet. When folic acid was added to the diet, the levels gradually decreased in adolescent baboons, liver vitamin B12 levels decreased to a lesser extent when fed a vitamin B12 and folic acid deficient diet than when fed a vitamin B12 deficient diet. In juvenile baboons fed a vitamin B12 and folic acid deficient diet, for 7 months and a vitamin B12 deficient diet for a further 11 months, liver vitamin B12 levels did not decrease at any time but were similar to those in baboons fed a vitamin B12 and folic acid supplemented diet.", "PMID": 409812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5304", "title": "Short- and long-term effects of nitrogen metabolism of feeding protein during mild or severe energy restriction.", "content": "The complex relationship between protein intake and energy restriction was studied in acutely and chronically restricted adult rats. Rats were fed either 12 or 24 kcal/day from protein alone or protein plus carbohydrate from 3 to 16 days in one experiment. In another, groups were fed either 0.75 or 1.5 g lactalbumin/day in diets supplying 90%, 80% or 70% of the ad libitum energy intake for 8 or 104 days. Body composition and nitrogen of various tissues were determined. In experiment 1, feeding protein conserved tissue and body nitrogen as long as sufficient adipose stores were maintained, but thereafter had no advantage over lower protein intakes supplemented with carbohydrate. In experiment 2, all rats gained weight in proportion to energy intake. Protein level was protective of carcass nitrogen, water and liver nitrogen in both the short- and long-term at the 80% and 90% level of energy intake. Energy intake was more important than protein in conserving muscle nitrogen. Effects of energy and protein restriction are complex and dependent upon the total amount of protein and energy provided, body reserves and duration of restriction.", "contents": "Short- and long-term effects of nitrogen metabolism of feeding protein during mild or severe energy restriction. The complex relationship between protein intake and energy restriction was studied in acutely and chronically restricted adult rats. Rats were fed either 12 or 24 kcal/day from protein alone or protein plus carbohydrate from 3 to 16 days in one experiment. In another, groups were fed either 0.75 or 1.5 g lactalbumin/day in diets supplying 90%, 80% or 70% of the ad libitum energy intake for 8 or 104 days. Body composition and nitrogen of various tissues were determined. In experiment 1, feeding protein conserved tissue and body nitrogen as long as sufficient adipose stores were maintained, but thereafter had no advantage over lower protein intakes supplemented with carbohydrate. In experiment 2, all rats gained weight in proportion to energy intake. Protein level was protective of carcass nitrogen, water and liver nitrogen in both the short- and long-term at the 80% and 90% level of energy intake. Energy intake was more important than protein in conserving muscle nitrogen. Effects of energy and protein restriction are complex and dependent upon the total amount of protein and energy provided, body reserves and duration of restriction.", "PMID": 409813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5305", "title": "Accumulation of orthochromatophilic normoblasts in bone marrow of vitamin E-deficient monkey, Macaca fasicularis.", "content": "Crab-eating monkeys, Macaca fasicularis, fed a vitamin E-depleted diet for over 15 months, showed signs of anemia manifested by a lowering in hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell number, and by an increased susceptibility of erythrocytes to hydrogen peroxide lysis. Bone marrow pictures indicated the presence of multinucleated erythroid precursor cells and an accumulation of orthochromatophilic normoblasts. Supplementation with vitamin E resulted in reticulocytosis and a return of the normal bone marrow picture.", "contents": "Accumulation of orthochromatophilic normoblasts in bone marrow of vitamin E-deficient monkey, Macaca fasicularis. Crab-eating monkeys, Macaca fasicularis, fed a vitamin E-depleted diet for over 15 months, showed signs of anemia manifested by a lowering in hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell number, and by an increased susceptibility of erythrocytes to hydrogen peroxide lysis. Bone marrow pictures indicated the presence of multinucleated erythroid precursor cells and an accumulation of orthochromatophilic normoblasts. Supplementation with vitamin E resulted in reticulocytosis and a return of the normal bone marrow picture.", "PMID": 409814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5306", "title": "Evaluation of single-pigment shift model of anomalous trichromacy.", "content": "The spectral sensitivity of the visual photopigments, the interobserver variability in color judgments, and the spectral locus of unique yellow provide three major problems for accounts of X-chromosomal-linked anomalous trichromacy. According to the single-pigment hypothesis, the primary defect in anomalous trichromacy is a wavelength shift in the peak sensitivity of one of the three visual photopigments. We show that this shift results in reduction of the anomalous trichromat's r-g opponent chromatic channel. The distribution of response variability in Rayleigh equation match widths due to factors other than the spectral characteristics of the photopigments is similar in normal and anomalous trichromats. When normal and anomalous trichromats make hue estimations of sets of stimuli designed to contain similar chromatic information, their judgments show similar variability. Calculation of the r-g opponent chromatic channel can provide correct predictions of the spectral loci for unique yellow for anomalous trichromats.", "contents": "Evaluation of single-pigment shift model of anomalous trichromacy. The spectral sensitivity of the visual photopigments, the interobserver variability in color judgments, and the spectral locus of unique yellow provide three major problems for accounts of X-chromosomal-linked anomalous trichromacy. According to the single-pigment hypothesis, the primary defect in anomalous trichromacy is a wavelength shift in the peak sensitivity of one of the three visual photopigments. We show that this shift results in reduction of the anomalous trichromat's r-g opponent chromatic channel. The distribution of response variability in Rayleigh equation match widths due to factors other than the spectral characteristics of the photopigments is similar in normal and anomalous trichromats. When normal and anomalous trichromats make hue estimations of sets of stimuli designed to contain similar chromatic information, their judgments show similar variability. Calculation of the r-g opponent chromatic channel can provide correct predictions of the spectral loci for unique yellow for anomalous trichromats.", "PMID": 409816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5307", "title": "The ultrastructure of oral neuromas in multiple mucosal neuromas, pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma syndrome.", "content": "The ultrastructure of oral neuromas from 2 patients with multiple mucosal neuromas, pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma syndrome reveals numerous hypertrophic unmyelinated and myelinated axons, hyperplastic neurilemmal cells and associated collagen fiber formation. These tumors are described and compared ultrastructurally with neurilemmomas and neurofibromas as described by other authors. On the basis of this comparison, these tumors are not considered to be of neurilemmal origin. On the basis of light and electron microscopic histology it is postulated that these tumors represent hypertrophy of axons similar to that noted in amputation neuromas.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of oral neuromas in multiple mucosal neuromas, pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma syndrome. The ultrastructure of oral neuromas from 2 patients with multiple mucosal neuromas, pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma syndrome reveals numerous hypertrophic unmyelinated and myelinated axons, hyperplastic neurilemmal cells and associated collagen fiber formation. These tumors are described and compared ultrastructurally with neurilemmomas and neurofibromas as described by other authors. On the basis of this comparison, these tumors are not considered to be of neurilemmal origin. On the basis of light and electron microscopic histology it is postulated that these tumors represent hypertrophy of axons similar to that noted in amputation neuromas.", "PMID": 409817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5308", "title": "Estimation of the volumes of multinucleate giant cells.", "content": "An estimation of the volumes of three multinucleate giant cells has been attempted by measurements of the areas of enlarged tracings of serial paraffin sections which was estimated at approximately 5 mum in scanning electron-micrographs. In addition, three-dimensional models of these tracings constructed in wax were used to estimate the volumes of the same cells by means of Archimedes' Principle. The results indicate a close correlation between the estimates derived from the two procedures and suggest that the three cells measured have a volume of the order of magnitude of 50,000 to 100,000 mum(3).", "contents": "Estimation of the volumes of multinucleate giant cells. An estimation of the volumes of three multinucleate giant cells has been attempted by measurements of the areas of enlarged tracings of serial paraffin sections which was estimated at approximately 5 mum in scanning electron-micrographs. In addition, three-dimensional models of these tracings constructed in wax were used to estimate the volumes of the same cells by means of Archimedes' Principle. The results indicate a close correlation between the estimates derived from the two procedures and suggest that the three cells measured have a volume of the order of magnitude of 50,000 to 100,000 mum(3).", "PMID": 409818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5309", "title": "The effect of turpentine on hamster cheek pouch mucosa: a model of epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis.", "content": "Hamster cheek pouches were painted thrice weekly with 50% v/v turpentine in liquid paraffin over periods ranging from 1 day to 16 weeks. Pouch mucosa was examined histologically for changes and measurements of epithelial thickness were made with a calibrated eyepiece micrometer. An increase in epithelial thickness was first observed 48 hrs. after a single painting and was accompanied by inflammatory changes in both epithelium and connective tissue. Maximal epithelial thickening occurred after 9 weeks of thrice weekly painting. Cheek pouches of animals left without further treatment for up to 1 year following 9 weeks painting were indistinguishable from controls. The epithelial response to treatment with turpentine is that of a reversible benign epithelial hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis.", "contents": "The effect of turpentine on hamster cheek pouch mucosa: a model of epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis. Hamster cheek pouches were painted thrice weekly with 50% v/v turpentine in liquid paraffin over periods ranging from 1 day to 16 weeks. Pouch mucosa was examined histologically for changes and measurements of epithelial thickness were made with a calibrated eyepiece micrometer. An increase in epithelial thickness was first observed 48 hrs. after a single painting and was accompanied by inflammatory changes in both epithelium and connective tissue. Maximal epithelial thickening occurred after 9 weeks of thrice weekly painting. Cheek pouches of animals left without further treatment for up to 1 year following 9 weeks painting were indistinguishable from controls. The epithelial response to treatment with turpentine is that of a reversible benign epithelial hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis.", "PMID": 409819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5310", "title": "Pulpal response to a new visible light-cured composite restorative material: Fotofil.", "content": "A new visible light-cured composite resin, Fotofil, has been developed for the esthetic restoration of anterior teeth. The pulpal responses elicited by this material in unlined cavities and cavities lined with Dycal were compared with those elicited by a negative control consisting of modified zinc oxide-eugenol cement Notebec and a silicate cement Syntrex. The pulpal responses were evaluated in the permanent maxillary and mandibular incisors in vervet monkeys using labial Claterial in each monkey. Groups of 10 monkeys were killed at intervals of 2 days, and 2 and 8 weeks after restoration of the teeth. The most severe pulpal responses were elicited by the unlined Fotofil and Syntrex restorations at all three time intervals.  The Dycal lined Fotofil restorations elicited a milder pulp response than the Nobetec at 2 days and 2 weeks. No pulpal response was elicited by the latter two materials at 8 weeks. These results clearly showed that Fotofil and Syntrex are irritant to the dental pulp up to 8 weeks. The placement of a Dycal liner beneath Fotofil restorations reduced the pulpal irritation elicited by this material to levels which were lower than those elicited by the Nobetec control at 2 days and 2 weeks.", "contents": "Pulpal response to a new visible light-cured composite restorative material: Fotofil. A new visible light-cured composite resin, Fotofil, has been developed for the esthetic restoration of anterior teeth. The pulpal responses elicited by this material in unlined cavities and cavities lined with Dycal were compared with those elicited by a negative control consisting of modified zinc oxide-eugenol cement Notebec and a silicate cement Syntrex. The pulpal responses were evaluated in the permanent maxillary and mandibular incisors in vervet monkeys using labial Claterial in each monkey. Groups of 10 monkeys were killed at intervals of 2 days, and 2 and 8 weeks after restoration of the teeth. The most severe pulpal responses were elicited by the unlined Fotofil and Syntrex restorations at all three time intervals.  The Dycal lined Fotofil restorations elicited a milder pulp response than the Nobetec at 2 days and 2 weeks. No pulpal response was elicited by the latter two materials at 8 weeks. These results clearly showed that Fotofil and Syntrex are irritant to the dental pulp up to 8 weeks. The placement of a Dycal liner beneath Fotofil restorations reduced the pulpal irritation elicited by this material to levels which were lower than those elicited by the Nobetec control at 2 days and 2 weeks.", "PMID": 409820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5311", "title": "Immunopathology of Sj\u00f6gren-like disease in NZB/HZW mice.", "content": "In vitro responsiveness of spleen cells from NZP/NZW (B/W) female mice, aged 2 through 40 weeks, to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin-A (Con-A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was determined. An age-related decline in proliferative response of splenic cells was found; this decline correlated with the age of onset and progression of lymphoid infiltration in lacrimal and salivary glands in the mice. The worsening with age of this lymphoid infiltrate, coupled with the decline in responsiveness to mitogens, suggests a complex immunopathologic process with destruction of glands terminating in a disease similar to the Sj\u00f6gren syndrome in humans.", "contents": "Immunopathology of Sj\u00f6gren-like disease in NZB/HZW mice. In vitro responsiveness of spleen cells from NZP/NZW (B/W) female mice, aged 2 through 40 weeks, to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin-A (Con-A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was determined. An age-related decline in proliferative response of splenic cells was found; this decline correlated with the age of onset and progression of lymphoid infiltration in lacrimal and salivary glands in the mice. The worsening with age of this lymphoid infiltrate, coupled with the decline in responsiveness to mitogens, suggests a complex immunopathologic process with destruction of glands terminating in a disease similar to the Sj\u00f6gren syndrome in humans.", "PMID": 409821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5312", "title": "The influence of traumatic intrusion of primary teeth on their permanent successors in monkeys. A macroscopic, polarized light and scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Primary maxillary and mandibular central incisors were experimentally intruded on 13 monkeys, in order to examine changes of the enamel in the permanent successors. To study the effect of removal of the displaced tooth, the left primary incisor was extracted 1 h after the trauma, whereas that on the right was left in the jaw. Six weeks later the animals were sacrificed. Macroscopically, circumscribed areas of opacities on labial enamel were noted. The SEM examination showed that non-affected parts of enamel had reached anatomical form, whereas inhibition studies and microradiographs demonstrated that the maturation process was far from complete. Arrest of enamel maturation was noted as corresponding to the extent of the surface opacity. In the SEM small areas displaying rupture of the surface enamel were seen. No differences were observed either macroscopically or histologically in relation to immediate removal or preservation of the intruded primary incisor.", "contents": "The influence of traumatic intrusion of primary teeth on their permanent successors in monkeys. A macroscopic, polarized light and scanning electron microscopic study. Primary maxillary and mandibular central incisors were experimentally intruded on 13 monkeys, in order to examine changes of the enamel in the permanent successors. To study the effect of removal of the displaced tooth, the left primary incisor was extracted 1 h after the trauma, whereas that on the right was left in the jaw. Six weeks later the animals were sacrificed. Macroscopically, circumscribed areas of opacities on labial enamel were noted. The SEM examination showed that non-affected parts of enamel had reached anatomical form, whereas inhibition studies and microradiographs demonstrated that the maturation process was far from complete. Arrest of enamel maturation was noted as corresponding to the extent of the surface opacity. In the SEM small areas displaying rupture of the surface enamel were seen. No differences were observed either macroscopically or histologically in relation to immediate removal or preservation of the intruded primary incisor.", "PMID": 409822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5313", "title": "Calcification mechanisms: roles for cells and mineral.", "content": "Recent findings slggest that cellular activity and mineral chemistry have important roles in initiating mineral formation in calcifying tissues. Under biological conditions, hydroxyapatite (HA), the predominant and most stable form of insoluble calcium phosphate, forms only through a more soluble, noncrystalline precursor, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). The conversion of ACP to HA can be extensively inhibited by many biologically ubiquitous small ions at their typical tissue concentrations. The earliest mineral deposits in the matrix of several calcifying tissues are associated with tiny membranous vesicles. Intramitochondrial calcium phosphate granules are also seen within intact cells of certain calcifying tissues. Current hypotheses for initial mineral deposition, based on these findings, are reviewed.", "contents": "Calcification mechanisms: roles for cells and mineral. Recent findings slggest that cellular activity and mineral chemistry have important roles in initiating mineral formation in calcifying tissues. Under biological conditions, hydroxyapatite (HA), the predominant and most stable form of insoluble calcium phosphate, forms only through a more soluble, noncrystalline precursor, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). The conversion of ACP to HA can be extensively inhibited by many biologically ubiquitous small ions at their typical tissue concentrations. The earliest mineral deposits in the matrix of several calcifying tissues are associated with tiny membranous vesicles. Intramitochondrial calcium phosphate granules are also seen within intact cells of certain calcifying tissues. Current hypotheses for initial mineral deposition, based on these findings, are reviewed.", "PMID": 409823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5314", "title": "Effectiveness of low-dose continuous intravenous insulin infusion in diabetic ketoacidosis. A prospective comparative study.", "content": "Twenty pediatric patients with diabetic ketoacidosis were randomly assigned in equal numbers to receive insulin either as a low-dose continuous intravenous infusion or as high-dose intermittent subcutaneous injections. Blood was obtained hourly for determinations of total CO2, plasma glucose, and osmolality, and, in previously untreated patients, plasma insulin. Serum values of beta hydroxybutyrate, electrolytes, and acetone were monitored every two hours. Plasma insulin levels were in the therapeutically effective range with each method of administration. There were no statistically significant differences in rate of correction of ketoacidosis, rate of reduction of plasma glucose, or decline in plasma osmolality. The incidence and the severity of hypokalemia were increased in the patients receiving subcutaneous insulin. There was less variation in the rate of reduction of plasma glucose in the infusion group. Low-dose continuous intravenous infusion of insulin is at least as effective in treating diabetic ketoacidosis as the traditional high-dose intermittent subcutaneous injection of insulin and offers some definite advantages.", "contents": "Effectiveness of low-dose continuous intravenous insulin infusion in diabetic ketoacidosis. A prospective comparative study. Twenty pediatric patients with diabetic ketoacidosis were randomly assigned in equal numbers to receive insulin either as a low-dose continuous intravenous infusion or as high-dose intermittent subcutaneous injections. Blood was obtained hourly for determinations of total CO2, plasma glucose, and osmolality, and, in previously untreated patients, plasma insulin. Serum values of beta hydroxybutyrate, electrolytes, and acetone were monitored every two hours. Plasma insulin levels were in the therapeutically effective range with each method of administration. There were no statistically significant differences in rate of correction of ketoacidosis, rate of reduction of plasma glucose, or decline in plasma osmolality. The incidence and the severity of hypokalemia were increased in the patients receiving subcutaneous insulin. There was less variation in the rate of reduction of plasma glucose in the infusion group. Low-dose continuous intravenous infusion of insulin is at least as effective in treating diabetic ketoacidosis as the traditional high-dose intermittent subcutaneous injection of insulin and offers some definite advantages.", "PMID": 409824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5315", "title": "Studies on the biology of the periodontium of marmosets. XIII. Histopathology of niacin deficiency stomatitis in the marmoset.", "content": "Adult cotton top marmosets made niacin deficient by long-term dietary deprivation, developed a syndrome characterized by anorexia, weight loss, weakness, diarrhea, dermatitis, enterocolitis and stomatitis. The stomatitis was highlighted by a necrotizing gingivitis and periodontitis and by an ulcerative and atrophic glossitis.", "contents": "Studies on the biology of the periodontium of marmosets. XIII. Histopathology of niacin deficiency stomatitis in the marmoset. Adult cotton top marmosets made niacin deficient by long-term dietary deprivation, developed a syndrome characterized by anorexia, weight loss, weakness, diarrhea, dermatitis, enterocolitis and stomatitis. The stomatitis was highlighted by a necrotizing gingivitis and periodontitis and by an ulcerative and atrophic glossitis.", "PMID": 409831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5316", "title": "Polymer sorption of nitroglycerin and stability of molded nitroglycerin tablets in unit-dose packaging.", "content": "The sorption of nitroglycerin by thermoplastic polymers and the stability of molded nitroglycerin tablets in strip packaging were studied. The polymers investigated varied greatly in their affinity for nitroglycerin, the order of decreasing affinity being: vinyls greater than low density polyethylene greater than ionomers greater than high density polyethylene. With the proper choice of packaging, molded nitroglycerin tablets stabilized with povidone maintained acceptable potency for up to 2 years at 26 degrees when strip packaged in unit doses. Chemical decomposition (hydrolysis) of nitroglycerin also was investigated. Povidone accelerated the decomposition of nitroglycerin; at high temperature, decomposition was a significant factor in tablet stability for tablets containing povidone.", "contents": "Polymer sorption of nitroglycerin and stability of molded nitroglycerin tablets in unit-dose packaging. The sorption of nitroglycerin by thermoplastic polymers and the stability of molded nitroglycerin tablets in strip packaging were studied. The polymers investigated varied greatly in their affinity for nitroglycerin, the order of decreasing affinity being: vinyls greater than low density polyethylene greater than ionomers greater than high density polyethylene. With the proper choice of packaging, molded nitroglycerin tablets stabilized with povidone maintained acceptable potency for up to 2 years at 26 degrees when strip packaged in unit doses. Chemical decomposition (hydrolysis) of nitroglycerin also was investigated. Povidone accelerated the decomposition of nitroglycerin; at high temperature, decomposition was a significant factor in tablet stability for tablets containing povidone.", "PMID": 409834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5317", "title": "The mode of action of bumetanide: inhibition of chloride transport across the amphibian cornea.", "content": "The diuretic drug bumetanide (10(-7 M) reduced the transmural potential difference and short-circuit current across the amphibian cornea in vitro. This effect reflected a decline in the outflux (endothelial to epithelial, or tear, side) of CI, which is the direction of its active transport. There was no change in the influx. The effect was slowly reversible at 10(-4) M and was about two times as great when the drug was on the endothelial as compared to the epithelial side. Furosemide had a similar effect on CI transport, but the dose-response curves of the two drugs were not parallel. Furosemide was about 60 to 200 times less potent than bumetanide. The effect of furosemide was about five times as great when the drug was on the endothelial rather than when it was placed on the epithelial side. Thiocyanate (2 x 10(-2) M) also inhibited the active CI transport across the cornea, but it was equally effective on either side of the membrane. Bumetanide had no effect on the passive CI movements across the toad lens or frog skin in vitro. The response of the skin differs from that of furosemide and thiocyanate. These observations of the effects of bumetanide on CI transport may be relevant to the mechanism of its diuretic actions in the kidney tubule.", "contents": "The mode of action of bumetanide: inhibition of chloride transport across the amphibian cornea. The diuretic drug bumetanide (10(-7 M) reduced the transmural potential difference and short-circuit current across the amphibian cornea in vitro. This effect reflected a decline in the outflux (endothelial to epithelial, or tear, side) of CI, which is the direction of its active transport. There was no change in the influx. The effect was slowly reversible at 10(-4) M and was about two times as great when the drug was on the endothelial as compared to the epithelial side. Furosemide had a similar effect on CI transport, but the dose-response curves of the two drugs were not parallel. Furosemide was about 60 to 200 times less potent than bumetanide. The effect of furosemide was about five times as great when the drug was on the endothelial rather than when it was placed on the epithelial side. Thiocyanate (2 x 10(-2) M) also inhibited the active CI transport across the cornea, but it was equally effective on either side of the membrane. Bumetanide had no effect on the passive CI movements across the toad lens or frog skin in vitro. The response of the skin differs from that of furosemide and thiocyanate. These observations of the effects of bumetanide on CI transport may be relevant to the mechanism of its diuretic actions in the kidney tubule.", "PMID": 409836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5318", "title": "Ketamine self-administration by the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Intravenously administered ketamine served as a reinforcer of self-administration behavior in rhesus monkeys during daily 2-hour sessions. When the dose of ketamine was varied over a wide range at fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement of 1, 8 and 64, the response rate was an inverted U-shaped function of the dose. Maximal response rates occurred at progressively higher doses as the fixed-ratio size was increased; drug intake per session was positively related to the dose. When the ketamine dose was held constant and the fixed-ratio was increased in a geometric series, the response rate increased as the fixed-ratio was increased to FR 128 or FR 256; additional increases in fixed-ratio size produced abrupt decreases in response rates. Since the response rate increased linearly as the fixed-ratio was increased geometrically, drug intake was a decreasing function of the response requirement. With respect to magnitude of reinforcement and fixed-ratio response requirement, the data show that ketamine maintains self-administration behavior in a manner similar to that of a number of other drugs and conventional reinforcers.", "contents": "Ketamine self-administration by the rhesus monkey. Intravenously administered ketamine served as a reinforcer of self-administration behavior in rhesus monkeys during daily 2-hour sessions. When the dose of ketamine was varied over a wide range at fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement of 1, 8 and 64, the response rate was an inverted U-shaped function of the dose. Maximal response rates occurred at progressively higher doses as the fixed-ratio size was increased; drug intake per session was positively related to the dose. When the ketamine dose was held constant and the fixed-ratio was increased in a geometric series, the response rate increased as the fixed-ratio was increased to FR 128 or FR 256; additional increases in fixed-ratio size produced abrupt decreases in response rates. Since the response rate increased linearly as the fixed-ratio was increased geometrically, drug intake was a decreasing function of the response requirement. With respect to magnitude of reinforcement and fixed-ratio response requirement, the data show that ketamine maintains self-administration behavior in a manner similar to that of a number of other drugs and conventional reinforcers.", "PMID": 409837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5319", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the velocity characteristics of optokinetic nystagmus and optokinetic after-nystagmus.", "content": "1. Velocity characteristics of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) induced by constant velocity full field rotation were studied in rhesus monkeys. A technique is described for estimating the dominant time constant of slow phase velocity curves and of monotonically changing data. Time constants obtained by this technique were used in formulating a model of the mechanism responsible for producing OKN and OKAN.2. Slow phase velocity of optokinetic nystagmus in response to steps in stimulus velocity was shown to be composed of two components, a rapid rise, followed by a slower rise to a steady-state value. Peak values of OKN slow phase velocity increased linearly with increases in stimulus velocity to 180 degrees /sec. Maximum slow phase eye velocities in the monkey are 2-3 times as great as in humans.3. At the onset of OKAN, slow phase velocity falls by about 10-20%, followed by a slower decline to zero. Peak OKAN slow phase velocities were linearly related to optokinetic stimulus velocities up to 90-120 degrees /sec. Above 120 degrees /sec OKAN slow phase velocity saturated although OKN slow phase velocity continued to increase.4. The charge and discharge characteristics of OKAN were studied. The OKAN mechanism charged in 5-10 sec and discharged over 20-60 sec in darkness. The time constants of decay in OKAN slow phase velocity decreased as stimulus velocities increased. They also decreased on repeated testing. In several monkeys there was a consistent difference in the rate of decay of OKAN slow phase velocity to the right and left.5. Extended visual fixation discharged the activity responsible for producing OKAN. Short fixation times caused only a partial discharge of the OKAN mechanism. Following brief periods of fixation, OKAN resumed but with depressed slow phase velocities.6. A model based on a state realisation of a peak detector was formulated which approximately reproduces the salient characteristics of OKN and OKAN. This model predicts the three dominant characteristics of OKAN: (1) charge over 5-7 sec, (2) slow discharge in darkness, and (3) rapid discharge with visual fixation. With the addition of direct fast forward pathways, it also correctly predicts the rapid and slow rise in OKN. We postulate that OKAN is produced by a central integrator which is also active during OKN. Presumably this integrator acts to maximize velocities during OKN and to smooth and stabilize ocular following during movement of the visual surround.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the velocity characteristics of optokinetic nystagmus and optokinetic after-nystagmus. 1. Velocity characteristics of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) induced by constant velocity full field rotation were studied in rhesus monkeys. A technique is described for estimating the dominant time constant of slow phase velocity curves and of monotonically changing data. Time constants obtained by this technique were used in formulating a model of the mechanism responsible for producing OKN and OKAN.2. Slow phase velocity of optokinetic nystagmus in response to steps in stimulus velocity was shown to be composed of two components, a rapid rise, followed by a slower rise to a steady-state value. Peak values of OKN slow phase velocity increased linearly with increases in stimulus velocity to 180 degrees /sec. Maximum slow phase eye velocities in the monkey are 2-3 times as great as in humans.3. At the onset of OKAN, slow phase velocity falls by about 10-20%, followed by a slower decline to zero. Peak OKAN slow phase velocities were linearly related to optokinetic stimulus velocities up to 90-120 degrees /sec. Above 120 degrees /sec OKAN slow phase velocity saturated although OKN slow phase velocity continued to increase.4. The charge and discharge characteristics of OKAN were studied. The OKAN mechanism charged in 5-10 sec and discharged over 20-60 sec in darkness. The time constants of decay in OKAN slow phase velocity decreased as stimulus velocities increased. They also decreased on repeated testing. In several monkeys there was a consistent difference in the rate of decay of OKAN slow phase velocity to the right and left.5. Extended visual fixation discharged the activity responsible for producing OKAN. Short fixation times caused only a partial discharge of the OKAN mechanism. Following brief periods of fixation, OKAN resumed but with depressed slow phase velocities.6. A model based on a state realisation of a peak detector was formulated which approximately reproduces the salient characteristics of OKN and OKAN. This model predicts the three dominant characteristics of OKAN: (1) charge over 5-7 sec, (2) slow discharge in darkness, and (3) rapid discharge with visual fixation. With the addition of direct fast forward pathways, it also correctly predicts the rapid and slow rise in OKN. We postulate that OKAN is produced by a central integrator which is also active during OKN. Presumably this integrator acts to maximize velocities during OKN and to smooth and stabilize ocular following during movement of the visual surround.", "PMID": 409838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5320", "title": "Effects of calcium and calcium-chelating agents on the inward and outward current in the membrane of mollusc neurones.", "content": "1. Effects of internal and external Ca and Ca-chelating agents, EGTA and EDTA on transmembrane ionic currents were studied in isolated, internally dialysed neurones from the molluscs, Helix pomatia and Limnea stagnalis.2. The possible pharmacological effect of internally applied EGTA was investigated on the background of constant free Ca concentration (5.3 x 10(-9)M). EGTA had no effect on Ca and Na inward currents but considerably depressed the delayed K outward current. No effective removal of this action could be achieved by the elevation of intracellular free Ca.3. In the absence of divalent cations in the external medium, EGTA (as well as EDTA) applied either intra- or extracellularly caused the appearance of a very large Na inward current with kinetics similar to those of Ca inward current and with the reversal potential around 10 mV. Effective concentrations of chelating agents were 0.1 mM (extracellular) and 1.0 mM (intracellular).4. Increase in intracellular Ca in the absence of EGTA (by dialysis of the cell with Ca-saturated solutions) did not produce any significant effect on the delayed K outward current. The small change observed in this current could be evaluated as a depression of maximum slope conductance and a shift to more negative membrane potential.5. Ca inward current has been found extremely sensitive to internal Ca. 5.8 x 10(-8)M of internal free Ca produced its complete depression. This effect was reversible. Na inward current could be inhibited with 3.5 x 10(-7)M intracellular Ca.", "contents": "Effects of calcium and calcium-chelating agents on the inward and outward current in the membrane of mollusc neurones. 1. Effects of internal and external Ca and Ca-chelating agents, EGTA and EDTA on transmembrane ionic currents were studied in isolated, internally dialysed neurones from the molluscs, Helix pomatia and Limnea stagnalis.2. The possible pharmacological effect of internally applied EGTA was investigated on the background of constant free Ca concentration (5.3 x 10(-9)M). EGTA had no effect on Ca and Na inward currents but considerably depressed the delayed K outward current. No effective removal of this action could be achieved by the elevation of intracellular free Ca.3. In the absence of divalent cations in the external medium, EGTA (as well as EDTA) applied either intra- or extracellularly caused the appearance of a very large Na inward current with kinetics similar to those of Ca inward current and with the reversal potential around 10 mV. Effective concentrations of chelating agents were 0.1 mM (extracellular) and 1.0 mM (intracellular).4. Increase in intracellular Ca in the absence of EGTA (by dialysis of the cell with Ca-saturated solutions) did not produce any significant effect on the delayed K outward current. The small change observed in this current could be evaluated as a depression of maximum slope conductance and a shift to more negative membrane potential.5. Ca inward current has been found extremely sensitive to internal Ca. 5.8 x 10(-8)M of internal free Ca produced its complete depression. This effect was reversible. Na inward current could be inhibited with 3.5 x 10(-7)M intracellular Ca.", "PMID": 409839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5321", "title": "Evaluation of radiotherapists' reports for treatment of prosthodontic patients after irradiation.", "content": "A simplified explanation of gaining insight into the radiotherapist's report in order to deal with a patient who has received radiation treatment has been discussed. The best method for increasing understanding of this report is to work in conjunction with the radiotherapist before and after the patient is given radium. Five factors are important in the treatment of the irradiated patient. These are: (1) initially recognizing the radiation patient, (2) understanding the radiotherapist's report, (3) following good prosthodontic principles, (4) integrating treatment with the radiotherapist's report to prevent future problems, and (5) maintaining extremely close follow-up to detect any sore spots that could lead to major complications such as bone or soft-tissue necrosis. A poor candidate for dentures is normally a difficult candidate following radiation. Not all patients are capable of tolerating a prosthesis following radiation therapy. However, for many, function and esthetics can be restored.", "contents": "Evaluation of radiotherapists' reports for treatment of prosthodontic patients after irradiation. A simplified explanation of gaining insight into the radiotherapist's report in order to deal with a patient who has received radiation treatment has been discussed. The best method for increasing understanding of this report is to work in conjunction with the radiotherapist before and after the patient is given radium. Five factors are important in the treatment of the irradiated patient. These are: (1) initially recognizing the radiation patient, (2) understanding the radiotherapist's report, (3) following good prosthodontic principles, (4) integrating treatment with the radiotherapist's report to prevent future problems, and (5) maintaining extremely close follow-up to detect any sore spots that could lead to major complications such as bone or soft-tissue necrosis. A poor candidate for dentures is normally a difficult candidate following radiation. Not all patients are capable of tolerating a prosthesis following radiation therapy. However, for many, function and esthetics can be restored.", "PMID": 409840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5322", "title": "Effect of colloidal association on the measured activity of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The antibacterial activities of a homologous series (C8-C18) of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium cholorides (ABDAC) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been measured using both a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) procedure and a sterilization kinetics test carried out in deionized water. There was a log-linear relationship between activity measured by kinetics and carbon number. With MIC there was a log-linear relationship up to C14, when there was a turndown in activity. Consideration of the colloidal association of ABDAC in deionized water and in a simple salts growth media leads us to suggest that use of high concentrations of nutrient salts in MIC tests will lower the effective concentration of the surface active agents. This change may be responsible for the turndown in activity observed in MIC tests, and that in such circumstances the MIC test does not give a true reflection of the intrinsic activity of the compounds. Literature reports of parabolic relationships between ABDAC alkyl chain length and antimicrobial activity are reinterpreted on this basis.", "contents": "Effect of colloidal association on the measured activity of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial activities of a homologous series (C8-C18) of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium cholorides (ABDAC) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been measured using both a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) procedure and a sterilization kinetics test carried out in deionized water. There was a log-linear relationship between activity measured by kinetics and carbon number. With MIC there was a log-linear relationship up to C14, when there was a turndown in activity. Consideration of the colloidal association of ABDAC in deionized water and in a simple salts growth media leads us to suggest that use of high concentrations of nutrient salts in MIC tests will lower the effective concentration of the surface active agents. This change may be responsible for the turndown in activity observed in MIC tests, and that in such circumstances the MIC test does not give a true reflection of the intrinsic activity of the compounds. Literature reports of parabolic relationships between ABDAC alkyl chain length and antimicrobial activity are reinterpreted on this basis.", "PMID": 409841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5323", "title": "Methotrexate analogues. 9. Synthesis and biological properties of some 8-alkyl-7,8-dihydro analogues.", "content": "A series of 8-alkyl-7,8,-dihydromethotrexate analogues was prepared by direct alkylation of 7,8-dihydromethotrexate, after pilot studies were performed with simpler pteridines. These compounds are tested for in vitro inhibitory activity against Lactobacillus casei and as enzyme inhibitors against dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase derived from this organism. All of the analogues were less inhibitory toward dihydrofolate reductase than was methotrexate but were more inhibitory toward thymidylate synthetase. The analogues were also evaluated for in vitro inhibitory activity against the CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastic leukemia cells. In vivo against the L-1210 leukemia in mice, several of the analogues exhibited some antileukemic activity.", "contents": "Methotrexate analogues. 9. Synthesis and biological properties of some 8-alkyl-7,8-dihydro analogues. A series of 8-alkyl-7,8,-dihydromethotrexate analogues was prepared by direct alkylation of 7,8-dihydromethotrexate, after pilot studies were performed with simpler pteridines. These compounds are tested for in vitro inhibitory activity against Lactobacillus casei and as enzyme inhibitors against dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase derived from this organism. All of the analogues were less inhibitory toward dihydrofolate reductase than was methotrexate but were more inhibitory toward thymidylate synthetase. The analogues were also evaluated for in vitro inhibitory activity against the CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastic leukemia cells. In vivo against the L-1210 leukemia in mice, several of the analogues exhibited some antileukemic activity.", "PMID": 409842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5324", "title": "Synthesis of 2-benzyloxy and 2-benzylthio analogues of primaquine as potential antimalarials.", "content": "A series of 2-benzyloxy and 2-benzylthio analogues of primaquine has been synthesized and evaluated against Plasmodium berghei in the mouse and Plasmodium cynomolgi in the rhesus monkey. 8-Aminoquinoline toxicity, as measured in the Rane mouse screen, was reduced, and these compounds showed significant blood schizonticidal antimalarial activity in mice. In monkeys, significant tissue-schizonticidal activity was observed.", "contents": "Synthesis of 2-benzyloxy and 2-benzylthio analogues of primaquine as potential antimalarials. A series of 2-benzyloxy and 2-benzylthio analogues of primaquine has been synthesized and evaluated against Plasmodium berghei in the mouse and Plasmodium cynomolgi in the rhesus monkey. 8-Aminoquinoline toxicity, as measured in the Rane mouse screen, was reduced, and these compounds showed significant blood schizonticidal antimalarial activity in mice. In monkeys, significant tissue-schizonticidal activity was observed.", "PMID": 409843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5325", "title": "Urea uptake and translocation in toad urinary bladder: the effect of antidiuretic hormone.", "content": "The uptake of C14-urea into everted and noneverted bladder sacs was compared, over short time periods (up to 2 min), with the transepithelial urea fluxes. This method allowed the study of the time course of urea uptake and distribution, while previously this problem was only studied in steady-state conditions. When mucosal uptake was studied no accumulation of C14-urea inside the tissue was observed, indicating that the mucosal border could be the limiting step. Comparative studies of urea and inulin uptake from the serosal side showed that urea equilibrated with the water epithelial cells in less than 30 sec. This accumulation suggested again that the mucosal border is an effective barrier for urea translocation. The kinetics of the increase in urea permeability induced by antidiuretic hormone was also studied and it was similar (T1/2:4.3 min) to the kinetics of the increase in water permeability induced by the hormone (T1/2:5.6 min). A strong parallelism was also observed between the time course of the increases in water and urea permeabilities induced by medium hypertonicity (T1/2 25 and 26 min, respectively). The values obtained for the permeability coefficient ktrans), either at rest or under ADH were similar to those previously reported employing steady-state techniques (28+/-8 and 432+/-25 cm-sec-1-10(-7), respectively).", "contents": "Urea uptake and translocation in toad urinary bladder: the effect of antidiuretic hormone. The uptake of C14-urea into everted and noneverted bladder sacs was compared, over short time periods (up to 2 min), with the transepithelial urea fluxes. This method allowed the study of the time course of urea uptake and distribution, while previously this problem was only studied in steady-state conditions. When mucosal uptake was studied no accumulation of C14-urea inside the tissue was observed, indicating that the mucosal border could be the limiting step. Comparative studies of urea and inulin uptake from the serosal side showed that urea equilibrated with the water epithelial cells in less than 30 sec. This accumulation suggested again that the mucosal border is an effective barrier for urea translocation. The kinetics of the increase in urea permeability induced by antidiuretic hormone was also studied and it was similar (T1/2:4.3 min) to the kinetics of the increase in water permeability induced by the hormone (T1/2:5.6 min). A strong parallelism was also observed between the time course of the increases in water and urea permeabilities induced by medium hypertonicity (T1/2 25 and 26 min, respectively). The values obtained for the permeability coefficient ktrans), either at rest or under ADH were similar to those previously reported employing steady-state techniques (28+/-8 and 432+/-25 cm-sec-1-10(-7), respectively).", "PMID": 409846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5326", "title": "Cell and organelle shrinkage during preparation for scanning electron microscopy: effects of fixation, dehydration and critical point drying.", "content": "The critical point drying method of preparing samples for scanning electron microscopy is associated with a variable amount of specimen shrinkage. We studied  the causes of this phenomenon is isolated mouse hepatocyte nuclei and in human erythrocytes and found that the critical point drying process itself caused most of the shrinkage that we observed (a 25-30% reduction in diameter in both specimens). Glutaraldehyde fixation and ethanol dehydration caused only minimal size reduction, prior to critical point drying. Substitution of an inert (ethylene glycol-ethylene glycol monethyl ether) dehydration technique did not alter the final result. Previous studies in our laboratory using high resolution SEM and correlative transmission microscopy of isolated nuclei have demonstrated that the shrinkage represents a miniaturization of the organelles in which all structural components retain their usual relationships.", "contents": "Cell and organelle shrinkage during preparation for scanning electron microscopy: effects of fixation, dehydration and critical point drying. The critical point drying method of preparing samples for scanning electron microscopy is associated with a variable amount of specimen shrinkage. We studied  the causes of this phenomenon is isolated mouse hepatocyte nuclei and in human erythrocytes and found that the critical point drying process itself caused most of the shrinkage that we observed (a 25-30% reduction in diameter in both specimens). Glutaraldehyde fixation and ethanol dehydration caused only minimal size reduction, prior to critical point drying. Substitution of an inert (ethylene glycol-ethylene glycol monethyl ether) dehydration technique did not alter the final result. Previous studies in our laboratory using high resolution SEM and correlative transmission microscopy of isolated nuclei have demonstrated that the shrinkage represents a miniaturization of the organelles in which all structural components retain their usual relationships.", "PMID": 409847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5327", "title": "Partial enzyme digestion studies on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Chlorella, Drosophila, HeLa and yeast 5S RNAs support a general class of 5S RNA models.", "content": "Fox and Woese (1975a) have shown that a model of 5S RNA secondary structure similar to the one originally derived for Chlorella 5S RNA can be generalized with relatively minor variations to all sequenced 5S RNA molecules, i.e. that corresponding base paired regions can be formed at approximately the same positions. We present experimental data in favour of this hypothesis and show that the points at which ribonucleases T1, T2 and pancreatic ribonuclease cleave six different 5S RNA molecules under 'mild' conditions (high ionic strength, low temperature, low RNAase concentration) nearly always fall in the proposed single-stranded regions. We conclude that this model is a good approximation to the conformation of 5S RNA in solution.", "contents": "Partial enzyme digestion studies on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Chlorella, Drosophila, HeLa and yeast 5S RNAs support a general class of 5S RNA models. Fox and Woese (1975a) have shown that a model of 5S RNA secondary structure similar to the one originally derived for Chlorella 5S RNA can be generalized with relatively minor variations to all sequenced 5S RNA molecules, i.e. that corresponding base paired regions can be formed at approximately the same positions. We present experimental data in favour of this hypothesis and show that the points at which ribonucleases T1, T2 and pancreatic ribonuclease cleave six different 5S RNA molecules under 'mild' conditions (high ionic strength, low temperature, low RNAase concentration) nearly always fall in the proposed single-stranded regions. We conclude that this model is a good approximation to the conformation of 5S RNA in solution.", "PMID": 409850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5328", "title": "In vivo growth advantage of the MOPC-315 mouse myeloma over its immunoselected variants.", "content": "Myeloma cells of the \"wild type\" that produce complete immunoglobulin molecules and those of the more usual variant type that display only one kind of chain [either light (L) or heavy (H)] were cocultivated ip and sc in syngeneic BALB/c mice. With each of six deliberately selected variants, a progressive increase in the proportion of wild-type cells was observed; the rate of change suggested that these variants had an approximately 10% slower growth rate than that of the wild-type tumor. In contrast, a variant that arose spontaneously overgrew the wild-type cells. The results may account for a) the stable capacity of most wild-type tumors to produce complete immunoglobulin molecules (L- plus H-chains) over many years, even though they frequently generate variant cells that produce only L- or only H-chains; and b) the occasional spontaneous change of myeloma cell populations from predominantly wild-type to variant cells.", "contents": "In vivo growth advantage of the MOPC-315 mouse myeloma over its immunoselected variants. Myeloma cells of the \"wild type\" that produce complete immunoglobulin molecules and those of the more usual variant type that display only one kind of chain [either light (L) or heavy (H)] were cocultivated ip and sc in syngeneic BALB/c mice. With each of six deliberately selected variants, a progressive increase in the proportion of wild-type cells was observed; the rate of change suggested that these variants had an approximately 10% slower growth rate than that of the wild-type tumor. In contrast, a variant that arose spontaneously overgrew the wild-type cells. The results may account for a) the stable capacity of most wild-type tumors to produce complete immunoglobulin molecules (L- plus H-chains) over many years, even though they frequently generate variant cells that produce only L- or only H-chains; and b) the occasional spontaneous change of myeloma cell populations from predominantly wild-type to variant cells.", "PMID": 409851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5329", "title": "Secondary structure of RNA from bacteriophages f2 Qbeta, and PP7.", "content": "Electron microscopy of RNA-protein monolayers prepared under partial denaturing conditions has been used to compare the secondary structure of coliphage f2 and Qbeta and Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage PP7 RNAs. The secondary structure map of f2 RNA contains a central open loop and four symmetrically placed hairpins, which is similar to the pattern reported by Jacobson (A. B. Jacobson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:307-311, 1976) for the closely related phage MS2. With the same denaturing conditions, Qbeta RNA, which is 20% larger than f2 or PP7 RNA, has a central open loop and a smaller terminal loop. PP7 RNA has two large, closed secondary structures, one of which is nearly central. The base composition of PP7 RNA was determined and is similar to that of the group I coliphage RNAs. Thus, the greater amount of large base-paired structure is not related to an increased guanine-plus-cytosine content of PP7 RNA. With increased denaturing conditions, the central, closed structure of PP7 RNA is converted into an open loop. The central structures of all three phages include about 700 nucleotides. The relevance of these findings to the genetic maps of the coliphage RNAs is discussed.", "contents": "Secondary structure of RNA from bacteriophages f2 Qbeta, and PP7. Electron microscopy of RNA-protein monolayers prepared under partial denaturing conditions has been used to compare the secondary structure of coliphage f2 and Qbeta and Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage PP7 RNAs. The secondary structure map of f2 RNA contains a central open loop and four symmetrically placed hairpins, which is similar to the pattern reported by Jacobson (A. B. Jacobson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:307-311, 1976) for the closely related phage MS2. With the same denaturing conditions, Qbeta RNA, which is 20% larger than f2 or PP7 RNA, has a central open loop and a smaller terminal loop. PP7 RNA has two large, closed secondary structures, one of which is nearly central. The base composition of PP7 RNA was determined and is similar to that of the group I coliphage RNAs. Thus, the greater amount of large base-paired structure is not related to an increased guanine-plus-cytosine content of PP7 RNA. With increased denaturing conditions, the central, closed structure of PP7 RNA is converted into an open loop. The central structures of all three phages include about 700 nucleotides. The relevance of these findings to the genetic maps of the coliphage RNAs is discussed.", "PMID": 409852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5330", "title": "Bacteriophage PMB12 conversion of the sporulation defect in RNA polymerase mutants of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The pseudotemperate phage PMB12 was isolated from soil on the basis of its ability to enhance the rate of sporulation of Bacillus subtilis 168. PMB12 was subsequently shown to convert the sporulation defect in two genetically distinct classes of sporulation mutants. One class includes those rifampin-resistant mutants that are also spore-negative (mutated at the rif locus). The other class includes a strain carrying the sporulation mutation spoCM-1. The spoCM-1 mutation is linked to cysA15 by PBS1 transduction but is distinct from the rif locus. Several other sporulation mutants were not converted by PMB12. PMB12 is related to phage PBS1. However, PBS1 did not convert the above sporulation mutants. The replication of PBS2, a clear-plaquing derivative of PBS1, is rifampin insensitive, apparently due to a phage-induced rifampin-insensitive RNA polymerase. PMB12 replication is also rifampin insensitive.", "contents": "Bacteriophage PMB12 conversion of the sporulation defect in RNA polymerase mutants of Bacillus subtilis. The pseudotemperate phage PMB12 was isolated from soil on the basis of its ability to enhance the rate of sporulation of Bacillus subtilis 168. PMB12 was subsequently shown to convert the sporulation defect in two genetically distinct classes of sporulation mutants. One class includes those rifampin-resistant mutants that are also spore-negative (mutated at the rif locus). The other class includes a strain carrying the sporulation mutation spoCM-1. The spoCM-1 mutation is linked to cysA15 by PBS1 transduction but is distinct from the rif locus. Several other sporulation mutants were not converted by PMB12. PMB12 is related to phage PBS1. However, PBS1 did not convert the above sporulation mutants. The replication of PBS2, a clear-plaquing derivative of PBS1, is rifampin insensitive, apparently due to a phage-induced rifampin-insensitive RNA polymerase. PMB12 replication is also rifampin insensitive.", "PMID": 409853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5331", "title": "Morphogenesis of bacteriophage phi 29 of Bacillus subtilis: mapping and functional analysis of the head fiber gene.", "content": "A set of mutants of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi29 unable to synthesize the head fiber protein has been identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Infectious phage are produced during restrictive infection. We have focused on mutant sus 8.5(900) because the mutation is suppressible by both the su(+3) and su(+44) hosts, and it can be mapped by three- and four-factor crosses. After restrictive infection with mutant sus 8.5(900), a fragment about 70% of the size of the normal fiber is produced as well as particles that are fast-sedimenting in sucrose gradients relative to phi29(+). These particles have the buoyant density of particles with the fibers removed and have the absolute plating efficiency of phi29(+). Fiber protein is absent from prohead as well as virion. A second set of mutants produces fiber protein with a slightly altered electrophoretic mobility. This type of fiber protein is either present or absent on both prohead and virion. A third class of mutants, typified by 914, produces a \"normal\" fiber, but a major head protein of altered electrophoretic mobility. After infection by this mutant, the fiber is absent from both prohead and virion, and the biological and physical properties of the 914(-) particle are similar to those of particles produced after infection of the su(-) host by sus8.5(900). These observations suggest that the head fiber is not an essential component of the prohead or virion and that the assembly process is efficient in the absence of fiber protein. Three- and four-factor genetic crosses have established the order sus8(769)-8(914)-sus8.5(900)-sus9(756) and indicate that cistrons 8 and 8.5 code for the major head protein and head fiber protein, respectively.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of bacteriophage phi 29 of Bacillus subtilis: mapping and functional analysis of the head fiber gene. A set of mutants of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi29 unable to synthesize the head fiber protein has been identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Infectious phage are produced during restrictive infection. We have focused on mutant sus 8.5(900) because the mutation is suppressible by both the su(+3) and su(+44) hosts, and it can be mapped by three- and four-factor crosses. After restrictive infection with mutant sus 8.5(900), a fragment about 70% of the size of the normal fiber is produced as well as particles that are fast-sedimenting in sucrose gradients relative to phi29(+). These particles have the buoyant density of particles with the fibers removed and have the absolute plating efficiency of phi29(+). Fiber protein is absent from prohead as well as virion. A second set of mutants produces fiber protein with a slightly altered electrophoretic mobility. This type of fiber protein is either present or absent on both prohead and virion. A third class of mutants, typified by 914, produces a \"normal\" fiber, but a major head protein of altered electrophoretic mobility. After infection by this mutant, the fiber is absent from both prohead and virion, and the biological and physical properties of the 914(-) particle are similar to those of particles produced after infection of the su(-) host by sus8.5(900). These observations suggest that the head fiber is not an essential component of the prohead or virion and that the assembly process is efficient in the absence of fiber protein. Three- and four-factor genetic crosses have established the order sus8(769)-8(914)-sus8.5(900)-sus9(756) and indicate that cistrons 8 and 8.5 code for the major head protein and head fiber protein, respectively.", "PMID": 409854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5332", "title": "Order of the two major head protein genes of bacteriophage phi 29 of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Bacteriophage phi 29 mutation sus8(22) has been mapped by two-factor crosses between markers sus8(769) and ts8(93). Whe sus8(22) infects Bacillus subtilis su- proteins, HP1 (major head protein) and HP3 (fiber protein) are not synthesized; instead, a fragment with a molecular weight of 25,000 is produced. The tryptic peptides of the fragments overlap with corresponding peptides in protein HP1, but not with the peptides of protein HP3, showing that cistron 8 codes for the major head protein HP1.", "contents": "Order of the two major head protein genes of bacteriophage phi 29 of Bacillus subtilis. Bacteriophage phi 29 mutation sus8(22) has been mapped by two-factor crosses between markers sus8(769) and ts8(93). Whe sus8(22) infects Bacillus subtilis su- proteins, HP1 (major head protein) and HP3 (fiber protein) are not synthesized; instead, a fragment with a molecular weight of 25,000 is produced. The tryptic peptides of the fragments overlap with corresponding peptides in protein HP1, but not with the peptides of protein HP3, showing that cistron 8 codes for the major head protein HP1.", "PMID": 409855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5333", "title": "Urethral pressure profile: current concepts.", "content": "The urethral pressure profile is an artifactual assessment of urethral response to physiologic distension. It is a reproducible clinical tool used to evaluate numerous disease states. Examples of its usefulness are presented to illustrate the wide variety of clinical uses. The urethral pressure profile assists the clinician in the selection of the proper form of management in difficult cases of urinary incontinence or obstruction.", "contents": "Urethral pressure profile: current concepts. The urethral pressure profile is an artifactual assessment of urethral response to physiologic distension. It is a reproducible clinical tool used to evaluate numerous disease states. Examples of its usefulness are presented to illustrate the wide variety of clinical uses. The urethral pressure profile assists the clinician in the selection of the proper form of management in difficult cases of urinary incontinence or obstruction.", "PMID": 409856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5334", "title": "Clinical trial with glipizide in uncomplicated maturity onset diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A clinical trial with a new hypoglycaemic drug glipizide was carried out for an average period of 7 months, on 51 non-insulin independent adult diabetics attending the out-patients clinic of the Diabetic Association of Pakistan, Karachi. Forty five patients were satisfactorily controlled on glipizide. No toxic side effects were observed and the drug was well tolerated.", "contents": "Clinical trial with glipizide in uncomplicated maturity onset diabetes mellitus. A clinical trial with a new hypoglycaemic drug glipizide was carried out for an average period of 7 months, on 51 non-insulin independent adult diabetics attending the out-patients clinic of the Diabetic Association of Pakistan, Karachi. Forty five patients were satisfactorily controlled on glipizide. No toxic side effects were observed and the drug was well tolerated.", "PMID": 409862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5335", "title": "Aspects of paediatric liver disease in Karachi.", "content": "Seventy children with hepatomegaly, between the ages of 3 months and 13 years, were investigated including a liver biopsy in 60, to study the general pattern of liver disease in children. Thirty percent had acute viral hapatitis, 20 percent cirrhosis, 17.6 percent pulmonary tuberculosis, 18 percent hereditary diseases and 14 percent miscellaneous diseases involving the liver. None of the cases met the criteria for Indian childhood cirrhosis. It was concluded that in Karachi pulmonary tuberculosis was a common case of hepatosplenomegaly in children and that the aetiology of cirrhosis was probably multifactorial.", "contents": "Aspects of paediatric liver disease in Karachi. Seventy children with hepatomegaly, between the ages of 3 months and 13 years, were investigated including a liver biopsy in 60, to study the general pattern of liver disease in children. Thirty percent had acute viral hapatitis, 20 percent cirrhosis, 17.6 percent pulmonary tuberculosis, 18 percent hereditary diseases and 14 percent miscellaneous diseases involving the liver. None of the cases met the criteria for Indian childhood cirrhosis. It was concluded that in Karachi pulmonary tuberculosis was a common case of hepatosplenomegaly in children and that the aetiology of cirrhosis was probably multifactorial.", "PMID": 409863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5336", "title": "The role of drug information centres for improving patient care in Pakistan and other developing countries.", "content": "Relevant and uptodate information about drugs in common use is either unavailable or scarce, in Pakistan and other developing countries. Developed countries inspite of all the facilities available for learning have recognised the limitation of human memory. Drug information centres have therefore been established for repeated reminder and continued education for the practicing doctors in prescribing drugs and early recognition of adverse reactions to them. The proposal for establishing such drug information centres in Pakistan and other developing countries for further improving the patient care and early reporting of adverse reaction to drugs in this paper is based on the encouraging response to and beneficial experience by such centres in the western world. There is every reason that it will succeed in improving the health of the people of Pakistan.", "contents": "The role of drug information centres for improving patient care in Pakistan and other developing countries. Relevant and uptodate information about drugs in common use is either unavailable or scarce, in Pakistan and other developing countries. Developed countries inspite of all the facilities available for learning have recognised the limitation of human memory. Drug information centres have therefore been established for repeated reminder and continued education for the practicing doctors in prescribing drugs and early recognition of adverse reactions to them. The proposal for establishing such drug information centres in Pakistan and other developing countries for further improving the patient care and early reporting of adverse reaction to drugs in this paper is based on the encouraging response to and beneficial experience by such centres in the western world. There is every reason that it will succeed in improving the health of the people of Pakistan.", "PMID": 409864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5337", "title": "The relationship between the chemical structure of fatty acids and their mycobactericidal activity.", "content": "The bactericidal activity of long-chain fatty acids on mycobacteria was examined by exposing the organisms to these acids at 0.04 mM in 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 5.6). The lethal effect of saturated fatty acids was related to the chain-length of hydrocarbon, C14:0 being the strongest in the activity and longer and shorter fatty acids being less active. Unsaturation, isomerism and the presence of alpha-hydroxy group were found to be other factors governing the activity. The lethal effect was greater in the order of C18:3 greater than C18:2 greater than C18:1(cis) greater than C18:1(trans) greater than alpha-OH C18:0 greater than C18:0. C20:4 was placed between C18:3 and C18:2 in this respect. Esterification of C14:0,  C18:1 and C20:4 to methyl esters and cholesteryl esters abolished completely the bactericidal activity of these acids, suggesting the requirement of carboxyl group for the activity. The relationship between the fatty acid structure and the lethal effect was discussed in reference to these observations.", "contents": "The relationship between the chemical structure of fatty acids and their mycobactericidal activity. The bactericidal activity of long-chain fatty acids on mycobacteria was examined by exposing the organisms to these acids at 0.04 mM in 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 5.6). The lethal effect of saturated fatty acids was related to the chain-length of hydrocarbon, C14:0 being the strongest in the activity and longer and shorter fatty acids being less active. Unsaturation, isomerism and the presence of alpha-hydroxy group were found to be other factors governing the activity. The lethal effect was greater in the order of C18:3 greater than C18:2 greater than C18:1(cis) greater than C18:1(trans) greater than alpha-OH C18:0 greater than C18:0. C20:4 was placed between C18:3 and C18:2 in this respect. Esterification of C14:0,  C18:1 and C20:4 to methyl esters and cholesteryl esters abolished completely the bactericidal activity of these acids, suggesting the requirement of carboxyl group for the activity. The relationship between the fatty acid structure and the lethal effect was discussed in reference to these observations.", "PMID": 409867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5338", "title": "A new Paramyxovirus isolated from cynomolgus monkeys.", "content": "A new virus was isolated from cynomolgus monkeys for laboratory use imported from Indonesia in July, 1973. The virus agglutinated erythrocytes of some avian and mammalian species and hemolyzed chick erythrocytes. The virus was eluted from the surface of chick red blood cells by its neuraminidase activity. The virus was inactivated by ether; its nucleic acid was RNA. On electron micrographs, the particles varied from 250 to 400 nm in diameter, being covered with envelopes in which the surface projections were embedded. The diameter of inner helical structure was about 18 nm. These observations indicate that the virus belongs to a group of paramyxoviruses. On the basis of serological examinations, this virus can be identified as a new virus having some relations with Yucaipa or Bangore viruses. This virus is designated as \"Murayama virus\" from the name of the place where it was isolated.", "contents": "A new Paramyxovirus isolated from cynomolgus monkeys. A new virus was isolated from cynomolgus monkeys for laboratory use imported from Indonesia in July, 1973. The virus agglutinated erythrocytes of some avian and mammalian species and hemolyzed chick erythrocytes. The virus was eluted from the surface of chick red blood cells by its neuraminidase activity. The virus was inactivated by ether; its nucleic acid was RNA. On electron micrographs, the particles varied from 250 to 400 nm in diameter, being covered with envelopes in which the surface projections were embedded. The diameter of inner helical structure was about 18 nm. These observations indicate that the virus belongs to a group of paramyxoviruses. On the basis of serological examinations, this virus can be identified as a new virus having some relations with Yucaipa or Bangore viruses. This virus is designated as \"Murayama virus\" from the name of the place where it was isolated.", "PMID": 409868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5339", "title": "[Parathyroid function in patients on chronic intermittent hemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "In three groups of hemodialysis patients the effects of an acute elevation of the serum calcium concentration on the predialysis parathyroid hormone concentration was studied. In the first group (13 patients) the predialysis parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were normal, in the second group (11 patients) slightly elevated, in the third group (5 patients) highly elevated. Calcium was determined by atomic absorption-spectrophotometry, PTH by radioimmunological methods. In hemodialysis patients with normal predialysis PTH concentrations a correlation between the serum calcium concentration and the serum PTH concentration could not be detected. In hemodialysis patients with slightly as well as with highly elevated predialysis PTH concentrations a significant, linear, negative correlation was found between the calcium and the PTH concentration. This correlation, however, was only strong within groups of similar parathyroid hyperfunction. If instead of the absolute PTH concentration calcium is correlated with the changes of the PTH concentration in per cent, a strong correlation between these two parameters can be detected, it is independent of the degree of parathyroid hyperfunction.", "contents": "[Parathyroid function in patients on chronic intermittent hemodialysis (author's transl)]. In three groups of hemodialysis patients the effects of an acute elevation of the serum calcium concentration on the predialysis parathyroid hormone concentration was studied. In the first group (13 patients) the predialysis parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were normal, in the second group (11 patients) slightly elevated, in the third group (5 patients) highly elevated. Calcium was determined by atomic absorption-spectrophotometry, PTH by radioimmunological methods. In hemodialysis patients with normal predialysis PTH concentrations a correlation between the serum calcium concentration and the serum PTH concentration could not be detected. In hemodialysis patients with slightly as well as with highly elevated predialysis PTH concentrations a significant, linear, negative correlation was found between the calcium and the PTH concentration. This correlation, however, was only strong within groups of similar parathyroid hyperfunction. If instead of the absolute PTH concentration calcium is correlated with the changes of the PTH concentration in per cent, a strong correlation between these two parameters can be detected, it is independent of the degree of parathyroid hyperfunction.", "PMID": 409876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5340", "title": "Breeding the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) in a laboratory environment.", "content": "A breeding colony of owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) established in 1972 produced 35 live infants during the first 3 years from an average daily population of 30 monogamous pairs. Initial productivity was poor, but once the breeding pairs were set up by karyotypes, reproductive performance improved. No seasonal influence on births was observed and most births occurred during daylight hours. Uterine size during gestation ranged from about 1 cm in diameter at 30 days after conception to 7--8 cm (transverse diameter) x 18--20 cm (longitudinal diameter) at 115 days after conception. The fetal head was palpable at 85 days. A gestation period of 120-140 days was estimated from extrapolation of uterine palpation data and interbirth intervals. Vaginal swabs collected from six females during two separate 1-month periods did not consistently reveal estrous cycles. An analysis of owl monkey milk showed it to contain 88.2% water, 2.16% crude protein, 2.09% fat, 7.52% lactose, and 0.36% ash.", "contents": "Breeding the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) in a laboratory environment. A breeding colony of owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) established in 1972 produced 35 live infants during the first 3 years from an average daily population of 30 monogamous pairs. Initial productivity was poor, but once the breeding pairs were set up by karyotypes, reproductive performance improved. No seasonal influence on births was observed and most births occurred during daylight hours. Uterine size during gestation ranged from about 1 cm in diameter at 30 days after conception to 7--8 cm (transverse diameter) x 18--20 cm (longitudinal diameter) at 115 days after conception. The fetal head was palpable at 85 days. A gestation period of 120-140 days was estimated from extrapolation of uterine palpation data and interbirth intervals. Vaginal swabs collected from six females during two separate 1-month periods did not consistently reveal estrous cycles. An analysis of owl monkey milk showed it to contain 88.2% water, 2.16% crude protein, 2.09% fat, 7.52% lactose, and 0.36% ash.", "PMID": 409879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5341", "title": "Behavioral research in breeding colonies of Old World monkeys.", "content": "The existence of an active behavioral research program using animals in primate breeding colonies was considered to be not only a compatable multiple use of animals, but a way of materially improving the management and efficiency of the breeding colonies. In colonies of monkeys specifically established for behavioral research programs directed at the examination of social relationships, incidental breeding resulted in levels of reproductive success equivalent to or greater than that normally experienced in colonies devoted entirely to breeding. Behavioral research revealed patterns of seasonality, fostering, kidnapping, and infant care which would otherwise have escaped notice and which would significantly influence culling and management choices in a breeding colony. Many young males and certain low ranking adult males actively contributed to reproduction. Females born and reared in the colonies were the most productive, exceeding wild born or other introduced females in reproductive efficiency. Specific recommendations for establishing, expanding and culling of nonhuman primate breeding colonies were derived from the behavioral research.", "contents": "Behavioral research in breeding colonies of Old World monkeys. The existence of an active behavioral research program using animals in primate breeding colonies was considered to be not only a compatable multiple use of animals, but a way of materially improving the management and efficiency of the breeding colonies. In colonies of monkeys specifically established for behavioral research programs directed at the examination of social relationships, incidental breeding resulted in levels of reproductive success equivalent to or greater than that normally experienced in colonies devoted entirely to breeding. Behavioral research revealed patterns of seasonality, fostering, kidnapping, and infant care which would otherwise have escaped notice and which would significantly influence culling and management choices in a breeding colony. Many young males and certain low ranking adult males actively contributed to reproduction. Females born and reared in the colonies were the most productive, exceeding wild born or other introduced females in reproductive efficiency. Specific recommendations for establishing, expanding and culling of nonhuman primate breeding colonies were derived from the behavioral research.", "PMID": 409882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5342", "title": "Factors influencing aggressive behavior and risk of trauma in the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina).", "content": "Several experiments and surveys were conducted in a large colony of pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) to determine some of the influences of spatial and social factors on aggressive behavior and risk of trauma. Female subjects exhibited more aggression when they had access to two-room suites than when they had access to single rooms. The frequency of aggressive interactions among females was positively related to the number of females per group. The presence of one or more males in groups inhibited aggressive interaction among females. Less aggression occurred among females in groups containing infants than in groups containing no infants. Provision of cover by introduction of concrete cylinders into rooms reduced aggression among members of stable groups. Subjects in newly-formed groups composed of unfamiliar animals sustained fewer injuries than did those in groups formed by merger of groups or subgroups of familiar animals.", "contents": "Factors influencing aggressive behavior and risk of trauma in the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Several experiments and surveys were conducted in a large colony of pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) to determine some of the influences of spatial and social factors on aggressive behavior and risk of trauma. Female subjects exhibited more aggression when they had access to two-room suites than when they had access to single rooms. The frequency of aggressive interactions among females was positively related to the number of females per group. The presence of one or more males in groups inhibited aggressive interaction among females. Less aggression occurred among females in groups containing infants than in groups containing no infants. Provision of cover by introduction of concrete cylinders into rooms reduced aggression among members of stable groups. Subjects in newly-formed groups composed of unfamiliar animals sustained fewer injuries than did those in groups formed by merger of groups or subgroups of familiar animals.", "PMID": 409883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5343", "title": "Breeding and rearing squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) in captivity.", "content": "A breeding colony of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) was established to provide animals for behavioral research concerned with early development. The origin of the initial breeders was Peru, Colombia, and Bolivia. During the past 10 years, the colony has grown to 125 adult females, 20 adult males, and 120 immature animals of various ages. The annual conception rate for the last 5 years averaged 68%. This resulted in 84% viable births of which 82% survived past 6 months of age. The majority of the births (65%) occurred during June-August, and 87% during May-September. The most efficient and successful breeding strategy was to form mixed-sexed groups of 10--15 females and 2--3 males before the mating season began and to maintain the integrity of these groups with minimal interference. Progeny were reared apart from their natural mother without difficulty, and their growth and development were found to be similar to those of mother-reared monkeys.", "contents": "Breeding and rearing squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) in captivity. A breeding colony of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) was established to provide animals for behavioral research concerned with early development. The origin of the initial breeders was Peru, Colombia, and Bolivia. During the past 10 years, the colony has grown to 125 adult females, 20 adult males, and 120 immature animals of various ages. The annual conception rate for the last 5 years averaged 68%. This resulted in 84% viable births of which 82% survived past 6 months of age. The majority of the births (65%) occurred during June-August, and 87% during May-September. The most efficient and successful breeding strategy was to form mixed-sexed groups of 10--15 females and 2--3 males before the mating season began and to maintain the integrity of these groups with minimal interference. Progeny were reared apart from their natural mother without difficulty, and their growth and development were found to be similar to those of mother-reared monkeys.", "PMID": 409884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5344", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of the heterophile antigen of infectious mononucleosis from bovine erythrocytes.", "content": "The heterophile antigen (Paul-Bunnell antigen, PBA) of infectious mononucleosis was isolated by extraction of an aqueous suspension of bovine erythrocyte stromata with chloroform-methanol (2:1). The upper aqueous layer contained gangliosides, PBA, and a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein. PBA and gangliosides were separated from the high-molecular-weight glycoprotein by extraction of lyophilized upper layer with chloroform-methanol solvents. Separation of PBA from gangliosides was carried out by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose with chloroform-methanol solvents. PBA appeared to be a minor glycoprotein component of the erythrocyte membrane and had both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties. It was soluble in either organic or aqueous solvents. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it migrated as a single component that stained for protein with Coomassie blue, for carbohydrate with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, and for lipid with oil red 0; it had an apparent molecular weight of 26,000. It was composed of 62% protein with major amino acids; glutamic acid, proline, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, and threonine (158, 116, 98, 90, 85, and 82 residues per 1,000 residues, respectively). Carbohydrate content was 9.2% with major sugar constituents: sialic acid, galactosamine, and galactose. Serologic activity of PBA was destroyed by pronase but not by trypsin.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of the heterophile antigen of infectious mononucleosis from bovine erythrocytes. The heterophile antigen (Paul-Bunnell antigen, PBA) of infectious mononucleosis was isolated by extraction of an aqueous suspension of bovine erythrocyte stromata with chloroform-methanol (2:1). The upper aqueous layer contained gangliosides, PBA, and a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein. PBA and gangliosides were separated from the high-molecular-weight glycoprotein by extraction of lyophilized upper layer with chloroform-methanol solvents. Separation of PBA from gangliosides was carried out by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose with chloroform-methanol solvents. PBA appeared to be a minor glycoprotein component of the erythrocyte membrane and had both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties. It was soluble in either organic or aqueous solvents. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it migrated as a single component that stained for protein with Coomassie blue, for carbohydrate with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, and for lipid with oil red 0; it had an apparent molecular weight of 26,000. It was composed of 62% protein with major amino acids; glutamic acid, proline, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, and threonine (158, 116, 98, 90, 85, and 82 residues per 1,000 residues, respectively). Carbohydrate content was 9.2% with major sugar constituents: sialic acid, galactosamine, and galactose. Serologic activity of PBA was destroyed by pronase but not by trypsin.", "PMID": 409889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5345", "title": "Radiation induced carcinoma of the temporal bone.", "content": "This report presents a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone induced by high dose radiation therapy. Several important surgical techniques are stressed which serve to make this procedure far safer in the avoidance of catastrophic hemorrhage.", "contents": "Radiation induced carcinoma of the temporal bone. This report presents a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone induced by high dose radiation therapy. Several important surgical techniques are stressed which serve to make this procedure far safer in the avoidance of catastrophic hemorrhage.", "PMID": 409894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5346", "title": "Antimicrobial lipids: natural and synthetic fatty acids and monoglycerides.", "content": "Over 40 natural or synthetic lipophilic compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity. Gram (+) bacteria and yeasts but not Gram (-) bacteria were affected by these agents. Epimino and selena fatty acids are more active than their corresponding straight chain unsubstituted fatty acids. The position of selenium influenced the antimicrobial activity of the fatty acids. The presence and position of a double or triple bond, usually an important factor in long chain fatty acids (greater than C14) had little or no effect in C11 fatty acids. Optimum antimicrobial activity was found for fatty acids and their corresponding monoglycerides when the chain lenght was C12. The dilaurin derivative was not active.", "contents": "Antimicrobial lipids: natural and synthetic fatty acids and monoglycerides. Over 40 natural or synthetic lipophilic compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity. Gram (+) bacteria and yeasts but not Gram (-) bacteria were affected by these agents. Epimino and selena fatty acids are more active than their corresponding straight chain unsubstituted fatty acids. The position of selenium influenced the antimicrobial activity of the fatty acids. The presence and position of a double or triple bond, usually an important factor in long chain fatty acids (greater than C14) had little or no effect in C11 fatty acids. Optimum antimicrobial activity was found for fatty acids and their corresponding monoglycerides when the chain lenght was C12. The dilaurin derivative was not active.", "PMID": 409896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5347", "title": "[Effect of different carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources on the biosynthesis of proteases with coagulase activity by Bacillus subtilis var, amyloliquefaciens].", "content": "Proteolytic enzymes with coagulase activity were found in the cultural broth of Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens 759 grown on chemically defined and natural media. The effect of various sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus on biosynthesis of proteases with coagulase activity was studied; mineral and organic nitrogen sources were equally favourable for the growth and protease biosynthesis. The best sources of carbon for biosynthesis of the enzymes were glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose, and sorbitol. Potassium salts of ortho-phosphoric acid were assimilated as a source of phosphorus.", "contents": "[Effect of different carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources on the biosynthesis of proteases with coagulase activity by Bacillus subtilis var, amyloliquefaciens]. Proteolytic enzymes with coagulase activity were found in the cultural broth of Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens 759 grown on chemically defined and natural media. The effect of various sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus on biosynthesis of proteases with coagulase activity was studied; mineral and organic nitrogen sources were equally favourable for the growth and protease biosynthesis. The best sources of carbon for biosynthesis of the enzymes were glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose, and sorbitol. Potassium salts of ortho-phosphoric acid were assimilated as a source of phosphorus.", "PMID": 409907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5348", "title": "[Hypophase carotenoids and the structure of epiphase carotenoids of Anabaena variabilis].", "content": "Four major and three minor carotenoids of the glucoside nature were isolated by column and thin-layer chromatography on cellulose from the hypophase fraction of the pigment extract of Anabaena variabilis growing for 8 days. One of these major pigment components was supposed to be myxoxanthophyll. The structure of some epiphase carotenoids of Anabaena variabilis was established. The following pigments were also found to be present in the cell: beta-carotene, echinenone, neoechinenone U, and 3'-hydroxyechinenone, cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin.", "contents": "[Hypophase carotenoids and the structure of epiphase carotenoids of Anabaena variabilis]. Four major and three minor carotenoids of the glucoside nature were isolated by column and thin-layer chromatography on cellulose from the hypophase fraction of the pigment extract of Anabaena variabilis growing for 8 days. One of these major pigment components was supposed to be myxoxanthophyll. The structure of some epiphase carotenoids of Anabaena variabilis was established. The following pigments were also found to be present in the cell: beta-carotene, echinenone, neoechinenone U, and 3'-hydroxyechinenone, cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin.", "PMID": 409908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5349", "title": "[Relation of the growth of Anabaena variabilis cyanophages to photosynthesis and respiration].", "content": "Cyanophages A-1 (L) and A-4C (L) grow within the cells of Anabaena variabilis under aerobic conditions in the dark in the presence of endogenous or exogenous (surcose) sources of energy. DNP inhibits the growth of cyanophages in the light and almost completely supresses it in the dark, o-phenanthroline entirely supresses the growth in both cases. DCMU has almost no effect on the yield of the virus in the light. Virus particles can apparently be synthesized at the account of the energy of both oxidative and cyclic photophosphorylation.", "contents": "[Relation of the growth of Anabaena variabilis cyanophages to photosynthesis and respiration]. Cyanophages A-1 (L) and A-4C (L) grow within the cells of Anabaena variabilis under aerobic conditions in the dark in the presence of endogenous or exogenous (surcose) sources of energy. DNP inhibits the growth of cyanophages in the light and almost completely supresses it in the dark, o-phenanthroline entirely supresses the growth in both cases. DCMU has almost no effect on the yield of the virus in the light. Virus particles can apparently be synthesized at the account of the energy of both oxidative and cyclic photophosphorylation.", "PMID": 409909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5350", "title": "[Effect of formaldehyde on a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain].", "content": "The strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens was isolated from active ooze and was capable of growth on a medium containing 100 mg/litre of formaldehyde. As a result of stepwise selection, a variant of Ps. fluorescens 27 oxidizing 250 mg/litre of formaldehyde was obtained. It differed from the parent strain in cultural, morphological, and biochemical properties.", "contents": "[Effect of formaldehyde on a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain]. The strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens was isolated from active ooze and was capable of growth on a medium containing 100 mg/litre of formaldehyde. As a result of stepwise selection, a variant of Ps. fluorescens 27 oxidizing 250 mg/litre of formaldehyde was obtained. It differed from the parent strain in cultural, morphological, and biochemical properties.", "PMID": 409910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5351", "title": "[Transport and excretion of a fluorescent pigment by cells of a Pseudomonas fluorescens culture].", "content": "The transport and exretion  of a yellow-green pigment were studied with the culture of Pseudomonas fluorescens K-1. These processes were found to be accomplished by means of membranous formations having a lamellar structure.", "contents": "[Transport and excretion of a fluorescent pigment by cells of a Pseudomonas fluorescens culture]. The transport and exretion  of a yellow-green pigment were studied with the culture of Pseudomonas fluorescens K-1. These processes were found to be accomplished by means of membranous formations having a lamellar structure.", "PMID": 409911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5352", "title": "Fast neutrons from a 25-MeV betatron.", "content": "Since published results for the fast-neutron dose per x-ray rad from high-energy therapy installations have differed by as much as a factor of 300, we have measured the neutron production from our 25-MeV betatron. Fast-neutron activation of aluminum foils was the method used. The effect of photoneutron production in the detectors, which has affected some past work, has been eliminated. A major source of neutrons in the treatment field was the platinum target. The neutron spectra used in the calculations of fluence were obtained by interpolation between published energies and between neighboring elements. Fluences per rad of x rays without a phantom were largely independent of field size and energy in the range 18-23 MeV. At 100 cm SSD and 23 MeV a large beam flattener contributed 15% of the neutrons, the remainder coming equally from the target and background. A phantom increased the neutron fluence/rad of x rays by 0%-10% depending on the field size. At 23 MeV we estimated the neutron dose to a patient to be 2.2 X 10(-4) rad per rad of x rays inside the treatment field and 3 X 10(-5) at 20 cm outside the field. The uncertainty in these figures is believed to be +/- 50%. In the electron beam the neutron dose per rad was about 50 times smaller than in the x-ray beam. Estimates were made of neutron fluences at other energies and target thicknesses. We discuss our results in comparison with those of others.", "contents": "Fast neutrons from a 25-MeV betatron. Since published results for the fast-neutron dose per x-ray rad from high-energy therapy installations have differed by as much as a factor of 300, we have measured the neutron production from our 25-MeV betatron. Fast-neutron activation of aluminum foils was the method used. The effect of photoneutron production in the detectors, which has affected some past work, has been eliminated. A major source of neutrons in the treatment field was the platinum target. The neutron spectra used in the calculations of fluence were obtained by interpolation between published energies and between neighboring elements. Fluences per rad of x rays without a phantom were largely independent of field size and energy in the range 18-23 MeV. At 100 cm SSD and 23 MeV a large beam flattener contributed 15% of the neutrons, the remainder coming equally from the target and background. A phantom increased the neutron fluence/rad of x rays by 0%-10% depending on the field size. At 23 MeV we estimated the neutron dose to a patient to be 2.2 X 10(-4) rad per rad of x rays inside the treatment field and 3 X 10(-5) at 20 cm outside the field. The uncertainty in these figures is believed to be +/- 50%. In the electron beam the neutron dose per rad was about 50 times smaller than in the x-ray beam. Estimates were made of neutron fluences at other energies and target thicknesses. We discuss our results in comparison with those of others.", "PMID": 409919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5353", "title": "Use of a dynamic rangeshifter for modifying the depth-dose distributions of negative pions.", "content": "In order to use negative pions for the treatment of large deep-seated tumors in radiotherapy, it is necessary to produce depth-dose distributions tailored to specific shapes. We present here a method of beam shaping which utilizes a fluid-filled piston having a programmable, computer-controlled, time-dependent thickness. The fluid alters the residual range of the pions such that predetermined depth-dose distributions can be obtained. Changing from one distribution to another can be accomplished simply and rapidly without access to the treatment room. Depth-dose distributions which are flat over a range in depth up to 10 cm have been produced. Distributions tailored to produce flat \"effective dose\" versus depth have also been obtained.", "contents": "Use of a dynamic rangeshifter for modifying the depth-dose distributions of negative pions. In order to use negative pions for the treatment of large deep-seated tumors in radiotherapy, it is necessary to produce depth-dose distributions tailored to specific shapes. We present here a method of beam shaping which utilizes a fluid-filled piston having a programmable, computer-controlled, time-dependent thickness. The fluid alters the residual range of the pions such that predetermined depth-dose distributions can be obtained. Changing from one distribution to another can be accomplished simply and rapidly without access to the treatment room. Depth-dose distributions which are flat over a range in depth up to 10 cm have been produced. Distributions tailored to produce flat \"effective dose\" versus depth have also been obtained.", "PMID": 409920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5354", "title": "Measurement of photon dose fraction in a neutron radiotherapy beam.", "content": "Photon dose fractions (PDFs) have been measured in and around a neutron radiotherapy beam with a tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) and with paired ion chambers. The PDFs were found to increase linearly with increasing field size and width depth in phantom. PDFs were shown to decrease with decreasing phantom size and to be larger in the shielded region of the phantom than in the direct beam. Uncertainties in the PDF values were estimated to be 10%-15% for the TEPC measurements but about 50% for the measurement made with ion chambers.", "contents": "Measurement of photon dose fraction in a neutron radiotherapy beam. Photon dose fractions (PDFs) have been measured in and around a neutron radiotherapy beam with a tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) and with paired ion chambers. The PDFs were found to increase linearly with increasing field size and width depth in phantom. PDFs were shown to decrease with decreasing phantom size and to be larger in the shielded region of the phantom than in the direct beam. Uncertainties in the PDF values were estimated to be 10%-15% for the TEPC measurements but about 50% for the measurement made with ion chambers.", "PMID": 409918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5355", "title": "Dosimetry of pion therapy beams.", "content": "Cellular, animal, and human radiobiology studies are in progress at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility as part of a joint University of New Mexico and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory pion therapy project. To support these activities, dosimetry has been performed on many different pion beam configurations. The effect of both static and dynamic momentum spreaders and of collimators on beam profiles, depth-dose distributions, and peak-to-plateau ratios have been studied. The absorbed dose is obtained by the application of Bragg-Gray cavity theory to ionization chamber measurements. Calculations have been made for the effective W values and average mass-stopping-power ratios needed for the Bragg-Gray equation. Kerma corrections are applied to transform the dose from the chamber wall to dose in muscle.", "contents": "Dosimetry of pion therapy beams. Cellular, animal, and human radiobiology studies are in progress at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility as part of a joint University of New Mexico and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory pion therapy project. To support these activities, dosimetry has been performed on many different pion beam configurations. The effect of both static and dynamic momentum spreaders and of collimators on beam profiles, depth-dose distributions, and peak-to-plateau ratios have been studied. The absorbed dose is obtained by the application of Bragg-Gray cavity theory to ionization chamber measurements. Calculations have been made for the effective W values and average mass-stopping-power ratios needed for the Bragg-Gray equation. Kerma corrections are applied to transform the dose from the chamber wall to dose in muscle.", "PMID": 409921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5356", "title": "High-energy-photon dose measurements using exposure-calibrated ionization chambers.", "content": "The current method for determining absorbed dose from high-energy photons is to use in water a Cobalt-60 exposure-calibrated ionization chamber and Clambda. Recently questions have arisen about the correctness of currently recommended Clambda values and whether or not the Cobalt-60 buildup cap should be used for in-water dose measurements. The effect of the buidup cap on Clambda was obtained by measuring Farmer chamber response in water with and without the buildup cap. Results show no measurable change at Cobalt-60 or 4 MV but an increase of 1%-2% above 20 MV. The effects of the wall materials and the displacement factors on Clambda are also considered. It is shown that at high energies errors of 3%-5% can be made in determining dose in water using commercially available Farmer or Farmer-like chambers and currently recommended Clambda. The exact size of the error depends upon the materials and thicknesses of the wall and cap, the chamber cavity volume, and whether or not the buildup cap is used.", "contents": "High-energy-photon dose measurements using exposure-calibrated ionization chambers. The current method for determining absorbed dose from high-energy photons is to use in water a Cobalt-60 exposure-calibrated ionization chamber and Clambda. Recently questions have arisen about the correctness of currently recommended Clambda values and whether or not the Cobalt-60 buildup cap should be used for in-water dose measurements. The effect of the buidup cap on Clambda was obtained by measuring Farmer chamber response in water with and without the buildup cap. Results show no measurable change at Cobalt-60 or 4 MV but an increase of 1%-2% above 20 MV. The effects of the wall materials and the displacement factors on Clambda are also considered. It is shown that at high energies errors of 3%-5% can be made in determining dose in water using commercially available Farmer or Farmer-like chambers and currently recommended Clambda. The exact size of the error depends upon the materials and thicknesses of the wall and cap, the chamber cavity volume, and whether or not the buildup cap is used.", "PMID": 409922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5357", "title": "Bacterial sensitivity to the aminoglycosides.", "content": "From the reports of bacterial sensitivity testing reviewed here, it can be concluded that gentamicin has currently a very broad spectrum, with few resistant organisms. Gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin are the most effective of the aminoglycosides against Pseudomonas. They are also effective against Escherichia, salmonellae, staphylococci, pasteurellae, Klebsiella, and others; they are less effective against streptococci. Streptomycin is effective but bacterial resistance to it develops very rapidly and there are a large number of resistant strains involved in animal diseases. It is the least effective aminoglycoside that is commercially available. Neomycin is fairly effective against staphylococci, less effective against streptococci, and fairly effective against gram-negative intestinal organisms.", "contents": "Bacterial sensitivity to the aminoglycosides. From the reports of bacterial sensitivity testing reviewed here, it can be concluded that gentamicin has currently a very broad spectrum, with few resistant organisms. Gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin are the most effective of the aminoglycosides against Pseudomonas. They are also effective against Escherichia, salmonellae, staphylococci, pasteurellae, Klebsiella, and others; they are less effective against streptococci. Streptomycin is effective but bacterial resistance to it develops very rapidly and there are a large number of resistant strains involved in animal diseases. It is the least effective aminoglycoside that is commercially available. Neomycin is fairly effective against staphylococci, less effective against streptococci, and fairly effective against gram-negative intestinal organisms.", "PMID": 409927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5358", "title": "Tissue-maximum ratios for high-energy x rays.", "content": "The tissue-maximum ratios for high-energy betatron x rays, measured at target-axis distances of 90, 110, and 130 cm, exhibit a strong dependence on the target-axis distance in the buildup region as well as a significant dependence in the exponential region. This dependence and the field-size dependence of the tissue-maximum ratios at a fixed target-axis distance are studied with the use of phantom and collimator scatter factors. The depth and field-size dependence of these scatter factors are determined experimentally. The measurements indicate that the collimator scatter factor is dependent on both the collimator opening and the targetaxis distance. These components are quantitated separately and are associated primarily with high-energy electron scatter from the collimating system. An equation involving these components of the collimator scatter factor is derived for the conversion of tissue-maximum ratios from one target-axis distance to another. With the use of this equation, the tissue-maximum ratios measured for one target-axis distance can be used to calculate within 1% those at other target-axis distances.", "contents": "Tissue-maximum ratios for high-energy x rays. The tissue-maximum ratios for high-energy betatron x rays, measured at target-axis distances of 90, 110, and 130 cm, exhibit a strong dependence on the target-axis distance in the buildup region as well as a significant dependence in the exponential region. This dependence and the field-size dependence of the tissue-maximum ratios at a fixed target-axis distance are studied with the use of phantom and collimator scatter factors. The depth and field-size dependence of these scatter factors are determined experimentally. The measurements indicate that the collimator scatter factor is dependent on both the collimator opening and the targetaxis distance. These components are quantitated separately and are associated primarily with high-energy electron scatter from the collimating system. An equation involving these components of the collimator scatter factor is derived for the conversion of tissue-maximum ratios from one target-axis distance to another. With the use of this equation, the tissue-maximum ratios measured for one target-axis distance can be used to calculate within 1% those at other target-axis distances.", "PMID": 409924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5359", "title": "Characteristics of Clinac-18 wedged fields for 10-MV x rays.", "content": "The characteristics of wedged fields which affect their clinical use have been examined for the 10-MV x-ray beam from the Clinac-18. The methods used for obtaining and analyzing the wedged-field data are discussed. These characteristics have been examined in terms of (a) the wedge angle, (b) the variation of the wedge angle with field size, (c) the variation in the angle through which isodose curves between the approximate depths of 5 and 15 cm are turned relative to the central axis as a function of depth, and (d) the variation of wedge central-axis transmission factor with field size. Analysis of the data pertinent to these categories is presented for the 15-, 30-, 45-, and 60-deg wedges. In addition, the effect of the 60-deg wedge upon the position of maximum dose on the central axis was determined.", "contents": "Characteristics of Clinac-18 wedged fields for 10-MV x rays. The characteristics of wedged fields which affect their clinical use have been examined for the 10-MV x-ray beam from the Clinac-18. The methods used for obtaining and analyzing the wedged-field data are discussed. These characteristics have been examined in terms of (a) the wedge angle, (b) the variation of the wedge angle with field size, (c) the variation in the angle through which isodose curves between the approximate depths of 5 and 15 cm are turned relative to the central axis as a function of depth, and (d) the variation of wedge central-axis transmission factor with field size. Analysis of the data pertinent to these categories is presented for the 15-, 30-, 45-, and 60-deg wedges. In addition, the effect of the 60-deg wedge upon the position of maximum dose on the central axis was determined.", "PMID": 409923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5360", "title": "Satellite digital display for the Clinac-18.", "content": "A satellite digital display of the gantry and collimator positions has been mounted on the Clinac-18 console. This module provides simultaneous digital readout of the gantry angle, collimator rotation angle, upper-jaw position, and lower-jaw position. Continuous display of these parameters during the treatment is important in minimizing patient treatment errors.", "contents": "Satellite digital display for the Clinac-18. A satellite digital display of the gantry and collimator positions has been mounted on the Clinac-18 console. This module provides simultaneous digital readout of the gantry angle, collimator rotation angle, upper-jaw position, and lower-jaw position. Continuous display of these parameters during the treatment is important in minimizing patient treatment errors.", "PMID": 409925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5361", "title": "Contributions from the animal laboratory-- drug and response inhibition.", "content": "Recent developments in animal psychopharmacology were reviewed with special reference to our 10-year studies in confirming the disinhibitory theory of chlordiazepoxide in frustrative nonreward (rats), spontaneous alternation (rats), discrimination reversal (rats), successive discrimination (rats), go/no-go type descrimination (rats, monkeys), passive and shuttle avoidance (rats) and differential heart rate conditioning (rats). Although anticholinergics have a similar behavioral function, their sites of action seem to be different because of their effect on the hippocampal electrical activity is markedly distinct from that of chlordiazepoxide.", "contents": "Contributions from the animal laboratory-- drug and response inhibition. Recent developments in animal psychopharmacology were reviewed with special reference to our 10-year studies in confirming the disinhibitory theory of chlordiazepoxide in frustrative nonreward (rats), spontaneous alternation (rats), discrimination reversal (rats), successive discrimination (rats), go/no-go type descrimination (rats, monkeys), passive and shuttle avoidance (rats) and differential heart rate conditioning (rats). Although anticholinergics have a similar behavioral function, their sites of action seem to be different because of their effect on the hippocampal electrical activity is markedly distinct from that of chlordiazepoxide.", "PMID": 409929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5362", "title": "[The effect of primidone treatment of thyroid hormones in epileptic children and adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "In primidon-treated patients there are significantly decreased serum concentrations of total and free thyroxin, protein bound iodine and base line serum TSH values. In primidon-treated children T3-resin test values, concentration of thyroxin-binding protein and total cholesterol are identical to those of the control group. Degree of diminution in serum concentration of protein bound iodine, total and free thyroxin and base line TSH was independant of the primidon dose per day. Probably the demonstrated alteration in the thyroid function tests studied, is mainly caused by phenobarbital, the major metabolite of primidon and not directly by unmetabolized primidon. It is suggested that the high protein-binding capacity of phenobarbital results in a competitive displacement of protein bound thyroxin comparable to that of DPH. Phenobarbital is know to be a stimulator of the drug metabolizing enzyme system in the liver. This effect may be the cause of an increased turnover of T4 which results in a decreased serum concentration of total and free T4 at last. It seems possible that there is a balance in serum concentration of thyroid hormones on a lower level. Normal euthyroid state may be presumed, if T4-secretion raises, but there is no clue for an increased pituarity response. In contrast to the normal group in primidon-treated children the base line serum TSH values are decreased. It is supposed that another effect of primidon is responsible for this fact. There may be an influence of primidon treatment on hypothalamic pituarity axis. Our findings do not indicate clearly a hypothyroid state in primidon-treated patients; further investigations should give an answer to the guestion, if side effects as tiredness, decreased impetus and constipation are not partly caused by alterations in thyroid hormone system.", "contents": "[The effect of primidone treatment of thyroid hormones in epileptic children and adolescents (author's transl)]. In primidon-treated patients there are significantly decreased serum concentrations of total and free thyroxin, protein bound iodine and base line serum TSH values. In primidon-treated children T3-resin test values, concentration of thyroxin-binding protein and total cholesterol are identical to those of the control group. Degree of diminution in serum concentration of protein bound iodine, total and free thyroxin and base line TSH was independant of the primidon dose per day. Probably the demonstrated alteration in the thyroid function tests studied, is mainly caused by phenobarbital, the major metabolite of primidon and not directly by unmetabolized primidon. It is suggested that the high protein-binding capacity of phenobarbital results in a competitive displacement of protein bound thyroxin comparable to that of DPH. Phenobarbital is know to be a stimulator of the drug metabolizing enzyme system in the liver. This effect may be the cause of an increased turnover of T4 which results in a decreased serum concentration of total and free T4 at last. It seems possible that there is a balance in serum concentration of thyroid hormones on a lower level. Normal euthyroid state may be presumed, if T4-secretion raises, but there is no clue for an increased pituarity response. In contrast to the normal group in primidon-treated children the base line serum TSH values are decreased. It is supposed that another effect of primidon is responsible for this fact. There may be an influence of primidon treatment on hypothalamic pituarity axis. Our findings do not indicate clearly a hypothyroid state in primidon-treated patients; further investigations should give an answer to the guestion, if side effects as tiredness, decreased impetus and constipation are not partly caused by alterations in thyroid hormone system.", "PMID": 409930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5363", "title": "[Rational diagnosis of malignant systemic hematological diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The present discussion on the cost explosion in the health system compels all concerned to act according to the basic principles of economy. Efficiency in diagnosis, therapy and the supervision of the patient during treatment must not suffer, however, from a wrong idea of economy. Discussion of the diagnostic and differential diagnostic measures for the detection of acute leukemias, of myeloproliferative and lymphoreticular diseases and of monoclonal gammopathies takes place principally from the point of view of clinical relevance. In particular it ought to be stated which laboratory investigations are indispensable for an exact diagnosis.", "contents": "[Rational diagnosis of malignant systemic hematological diseases (author's transl)]. The present discussion on the cost explosion in the health system compels all concerned to act according to the basic principles of economy. Efficiency in diagnosis, therapy and the supervision of the patient during treatment must not suffer, however, from a wrong idea of economy. Discussion of the diagnostic and differential diagnostic measures for the detection of acute leukemias, of myeloproliferative and lymphoreticular diseases and of monoclonal gammopathies takes place principally from the point of view of clinical relevance. In particular it ought to be stated which laboratory investigations are indispensable for an exact diagnosis.", "PMID": 409933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5364", "title": "[Hemorrhage in portal hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "The increasing number of toxic cirrhoses of the liver and their concomitant diseases demands differentiation in the choice of surgical technique in acute hemorrhage. The characteristics of the habitually orthostatic human circulation give some indications on the formation of varices. Experience offers new approaches to the prevention of reflux in the esophagus. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the different types of bleeding in the acute hemorrhage of portal hypertension and intrahepatic block are discussed.", "contents": "[Hemorrhage in portal hypertension (author's transl)]. The increasing number of toxic cirrhoses of the liver and their concomitant diseases demands differentiation in the choice of surgical technique in acute hemorrhage. The characteristics of the habitually orthostatic human circulation give some indications on the formation of varices. Experience offers new approaches to the prevention of reflux in the esophagus. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the different types of bleeding in the acute hemorrhage of portal hypertension and intrahepatic block are discussed.", "PMID": 409934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5365", "title": "[Symptom changes and rational therapy of vitamin B12 absorption disturbances (author's transl)].", "content": "Longterm parenteral therapy with the physiological depot form of vitamin B12 (aquocobalamin) is now the treatment of choice for pernicious anemia and funicular myelopathy. An optimal dosage scheme is given. High-dose oral and intrathecal applications of viatamin B12 are also possible in the individual case. If symptoms of neurological deficiency are already present in funicular myelopathy, additional physiotherapeutic measures, supervision of bladder function, prophylaxis of decubitus ulcers and contractures are necessary.", "contents": "[Symptom changes and rational therapy of vitamin B12 absorption disturbances (author's transl)]. Longterm parenteral therapy with the physiological depot form of vitamin B12 (aquocobalamin) is now the treatment of choice for pernicious anemia and funicular myelopathy. An optimal dosage scheme is given. High-dose oral and intrathecal applications of viatamin B12 are also possible in the individual case. If symptoms of neurological deficiency are already present in funicular myelopathy, additional physiotherapeutic measures, supervision of bladder function, prophylaxis of decubitus ulcers and contractures are necessary.", "PMID": 409935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5366", "title": "[Echography of knee joint cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of a palpable swelling, 57 popliteal fossae were examined echographically. In 24 cases, the echography revealed a probable Baker's cyst. This diagnosis was confirmed by arthrography or at operation in 21 of the 24 cases. Two of the three findings which did not correspond were due to over-interpretation of the echographic picture and can be avoided in future by giving particular intention to the sound intensity. The causes of the discrepancy in the third case are still undetermined. These results show that echography is suitable for the discovery and assessment of Baker's cysts and should be used first as a non-invasive, painless, rapidly reproducible method.", "contents": "[Echography of knee joint cysts (author's transl)]. Because of a palpable swelling, 57 popliteal fossae were examined echographically. In 24 cases, the echography revealed a probable Baker's cyst. This diagnosis was confirmed by arthrography or at operation in 21 of the 24 cases. Two of the three findings which did not correspond were due to over-interpretation of the echographic picture and can be avoided in future by giving particular intention to the sound intensity. The causes of the discrepancy in the third case are still undetermined. These results show that echography is suitable for the discovery and assessment of Baker's cysts and should be used first as a non-invasive, painless, rapidly reproducible method.", "PMID": 409937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5367", "title": "[Recurrent retroperitoneal giant lipoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A giant lipoma weighing 9.1 kg situated retroperitoneally which was removed by operation from a 74-year-old woman is reported. The diagnosis of tumors is discussed. The characteristics of this primary benign tumor such as the rapid growth, tendency to malignant degeneration and recurrence make radical surgical removal necessary.", "contents": "[Recurrent retroperitoneal giant lipoma (author's transl)]. A giant lipoma weighing 9.1 kg situated retroperitoneally which was removed by operation from a 74-year-old woman is reported. The diagnosis of tumors is discussed. The characteristics of this primary benign tumor such as the rapid growth, tendency to malignant degeneration and recurrence make radical surgical removal necessary.", "PMID": 409938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5368", "title": "[Whole body computer tomography: principle-purpose - requirements (author's transl)].", "content": "After explaining the principle of whole body computer tomography the field of indication is outlined with reference to some of our own experiences. Up to now, it has proved its value in the following indications: preoperative diagnosis, supplementing pulmonary radiodiagnosis, substitution of invasive diagnostic procedures in mediastinal diseases, clarification of diseases of the abdominal cavity, of space-occupying processes in the kidney, in the true pelvis, and detection of retroperitoneal processes. The financial expenditure for this novel method of investigation is described according to a formula. The cost of given or estimated numerical values show the importance of adequate usage. The added costs for a second personnel shift for an examination rate of more than 7 patients a day are trivial because of the high basic expenditure.", "contents": "[Whole body computer tomography: principle-purpose - requirements (author's transl)]. After explaining the principle of whole body computer tomography the field of indication is outlined with reference to some of our own experiences. Up to now, it has proved its value in the following indications: preoperative diagnosis, supplementing pulmonary radiodiagnosis, substitution of invasive diagnostic procedures in mediastinal diseases, clarification of diseases of the abdominal cavity, of space-occupying processes in the kidney, in the true pelvis, and detection of retroperitoneal processes. The financial expenditure for this novel method of investigation is described according to a formula. The cost of given or estimated numerical values show the importance of adequate usage. The added costs for a second personnel shift for an examination rate of more than 7 patients a day are trivial because of the high basic expenditure.", "PMID": 409939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5369", "title": "[The oral antidiabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "Oral antidiabetics are given for preference to adult diabetics who do not need insulin. Biguanides are particularly indicated for adipose diabetics, sulphonamides for those of normal weight. Phenformin must not be used in the presence of renal insufficiency and severe liver diseases because of the high risk of lactacidosis. Oral antidiabetics should not to be given during pregnancy. With oral treatment of diabetics under the age of 30, proteinuria, peripheral vascular diseases and disturbances of fat metabolism occure more frequently while retinopathies, coronary diseases, peripheral neuropathies or infections of the urinary tract cannot be influenced orally, nor by insulin nor by a combination of the two. The i. v. lipid tolerance test is always pathological even in apparently well-adjusted orally treated diabetics. On the other hand it is normal even in less well adjusted insulin therapy. More epidemiological investigations should be carried out in order to be able to assess clearly the longterm effects of oral antidiabetics.", "contents": "[The oral antidiabetics (author's transl)]. Oral antidiabetics are given for preference to adult diabetics who do not need insulin. Biguanides are particularly indicated for adipose diabetics, sulphonamides for those of normal weight. Phenformin must not be used in the presence of renal insufficiency and severe liver diseases because of the high risk of lactacidosis. Oral antidiabetics should not to be given during pregnancy. With oral treatment of diabetics under the age of 30, proteinuria, peripheral vascular diseases and disturbances of fat metabolism occure more frequently while retinopathies, coronary diseases, peripheral neuropathies or infections of the urinary tract cannot be influenced orally, nor by insulin nor by a combination of the two. The i. v. lipid tolerance test is always pathological even in apparently well-adjusted orally treated diabetics. On the other hand it is normal even in less well adjusted insulin therapy. More epidemiological investigations should be carried out in order to be able to assess clearly the longterm effects of oral antidiabetics.", "PMID": 409941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5370", "title": "[Etiology of diabetes (author's transl)].", "content": "Numerous factors are involved in the genesis of diabetes. Consequently it is difficult to summarize the different theories and ideas in a uniform hypothesis. The principal factor is the failure of the beta-cells. Genetic factors, auto-immune reactions, virus infections, all may play a role. Age, sex, menopause, pregnancy and adiposity may be important for triggering a diabetes, quite apart from diseases of the pancreas, endocrine disturbances and possible effects of medicaments. And this is not the end of the list of potential factors either.", "contents": "[Etiology of diabetes (author's transl)]. Numerous factors are involved in the genesis of diabetes. Consequently it is difficult to summarize the different theories and ideas in a uniform hypothesis. The principal factor is the failure of the beta-cells. Genetic factors, auto-immune reactions, virus infections, all may play a role. Age, sex, menopause, pregnancy and adiposity may be important for triggering a diabetes, quite apart from diseases of the pancreas, endocrine disturbances and possible effects of medicaments. And this is not the end of the list of potential factors either.", "PMID": 409942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5371", "title": "[Monocomponent insulins (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Monocomponent\" insulins (M. C. insulins) are characterized by a high degree of purity. They do not stimulate the production of antibodies at all or only very slightly, reduce insulin resistance and allergic reactions, cause lipodystrophies to disappear and lower the insulin requirement. The author was able to confirm this from his own experience. With the exception of one Australian team, other authors also judge M. C. insulins favorably. Whether these insulins can also reduce vascular complications cannot yet be finally decided.", "contents": "[Monocomponent insulins (author's transl)]. \"Monocomponent\" insulins (M. C. insulins) are characterized by a high degree of purity. They do not stimulate the production of antibodies at all or only very slightly, reduce insulin resistance and allergic reactions, cause lipodystrophies to disappear and lower the insulin requirement. The author was able to confirm this from his own experience. With the exception of one Australian team, other authors also judge M. C. insulins favorably. Whether these insulins can also reduce vascular complications cannot yet be finally decided.", "PMID": 409943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5372", "title": "[Insulin receptors (author's transl)].", "content": "The saturable insulin binding is linked to insulin degradation in two important target cells: The hepatocyte and the adipocyte. One of the consequences is that the changes in binding which are observed under various conditions cannot a priori be regarded as caused by either increased number of receptors or increased affinity of the binding site. This observation raises new questions. For instance, could the effect of insulin be mediated by a fragment of the molecule? No evidence which is available for the moment seems to rule out this hypothesis. The findings with insulin analogues, the kinetics of insulin binding and activation and the effect of mild trypsin treatment, would equally well support the hypothesis that the binding itself causes activation of hexose transport and that degradation secondary to binding mediates the activation.", "contents": "[Insulin receptors (author's transl)]. The saturable insulin binding is linked to insulin degradation in two important target cells: The hepatocyte and the adipocyte. One of the consequences is that the changes in binding which are observed under various conditions cannot a priori be regarded as caused by either increased number of receptors or increased affinity of the binding site. This observation raises new questions. For instance, could the effect of insulin be mediated by a fragment of the molecule? No evidence which is available for the moment seems to rule out this hypothesis. The findings with insulin analogues, the kinetics of insulin binding and activation and the effect of mild trypsin treatment, would equally well support the hypothesis that the binding itself causes activation of hexose transport and that degradation secondary to binding mediates the activation.", "PMID": 409944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5373", "title": "Laboratory-acquired Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The hazard of aerosol transmission.", "content": "Nine patients with laboratory-acquired Rocky Mountain spotted fever were seen during the period 1971 to 1976. Investigation of each case revealed either definite or probable exposure to an aerosol containing infectious rickettsiae; in no case was there evidence of parenteral exposure either by accidental self-inoculation or by tick bite. These illnesses are believed to represent infection acquired via the respiratory route. This report emphasizes the aerosol hazard of Rickettsia rickettsii in the laboratory and discusses the possibility of respiratory transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in nature. The illness occurred only in personnel who had received either no vaccination or the primary series of the commercial (Lederie) vaccine against this infection. Other personnel who had received the primary series with multiple booster vaccinations demonstrated increased immunity as measured by humoral antibody titers and rickettsial antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation; no cases of clinical disease developed in these multiply-vaccinated personnel.", "contents": "Laboratory-acquired Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The hazard of aerosol transmission. Nine patients with laboratory-acquired Rocky Mountain spotted fever were seen during the period 1971 to 1976. Investigation of each case revealed either definite or probable exposure to an aerosol containing infectious rickettsiae; in no case was there evidence of parenteral exposure either by accidental self-inoculation or by tick bite. These illnesses are believed to represent infection acquired via the respiratory route. This report emphasizes the aerosol hazard of Rickettsia rickettsii in the laboratory and discusses the possibility of respiratory transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in nature. The illness occurred only in personnel who had received either no vaccination or the primary series of the commercial (Lederie) vaccine against this infection. Other personnel who had received the primary series with multiple booster vaccinations demonstrated increased immunity as measured by humoral antibody titers and rickettsial antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation; no cases of clinical disease developed in these multiply-vaccinated personnel.", "PMID": 409947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5374", "title": "Prostaglandin-producing suppressor cells in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "We examined the role of a prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell in the hyporesponsiveness to phytohemagglutinin seen in Hodgkin's disease. Addition of indomethacin to phytohemagglutinin cultures of lymphocytes from six patients with Hodgkin's disease resulted in an increase of 182 +/- 60 per cent in 3H-thymidine incorporation versus a 44 +/- 18% increase in 29 controls (mean +/- S.D., P less than 0.001). Without indomethacin the mean response of the lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease was 48% of that of control. With indomethacin it was 94% of the control value. Phytohemagglutinin cultures of Hodgkin-disease lymphocytes produced approximately fourfold more prostaglandin E2 after 48 hours than did normal lymphocytes (P less than 0.02). Removal of glass-adherent cells markedly decreased the enhancement seen with indomethacin; it reduced prostaglandin E2 production by more than 80% and eliminated the differences in response to phytohemagglutinin between Hodgkin-disease and normal lymphocytes. Thus, a glass-adherent, prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell is responsible for the hyporesponsiveness to phytohemagglutinin seen with Hodgkin-disease lymphocytes.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-producing suppressor cells in Hodgkin's disease. We examined the role of a prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell in the hyporesponsiveness to phytohemagglutinin seen in Hodgkin's disease. Addition of indomethacin to phytohemagglutinin cultures of lymphocytes from six patients with Hodgkin's disease resulted in an increase of 182 +/- 60 per cent in 3H-thymidine incorporation versus a 44 +/- 18% increase in 29 controls (mean +/- S.D., P less than 0.001). Without indomethacin the mean response of the lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease was 48% of that of control. With indomethacin it was 94% of the control value. Phytohemagglutinin cultures of Hodgkin-disease lymphocytes produced approximately fourfold more prostaglandin E2 after 48 hours than did normal lymphocytes (P less than 0.02). Removal of glass-adherent cells markedly decreased the enhancement seen with indomethacin; it reduced prostaglandin E2 production by more than 80% and eliminated the differences in response to phytohemagglutinin between Hodgkin-disease and normal lymphocytes. Thus, a glass-adherent, prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell is responsible for the hyporesponsiveness to phytohemagglutinin seen with Hodgkin-disease lymphocytes.", "PMID": 409950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5375", "title": "Human mammary gland associated antigens. Lack of D-type retravirus-induced antigens.", "content": "Antisera against tumor-associated and organ-specific antigens of human mammary glands, as well as mammary carcinoma patient sera were used in cross-reactions with the test-system for a nucleoid antigen of Hep-2 retravirus. None of the antigens, revealed in mammary carcinomas and human milk seems to be either viral structural, or virus-induced cellular antigen. No cross-reactivity was revealed between preparations, containing A-type particles, isolated from Hep-2 cells and human milk and mammary carcinomas. Cell surface antigen, nonidentical to viral structural antigens, was detected in Hep-2 cells. It proved to be shared by E16b and some other stable cell lines, however it cannot be detected in mammary fibroadenomas, positive for the D-type nucleoid antigen, and in mammary carcinomas. Only gastric carcinoma homogenates exhibited reaction of identity with the cell surface antigen, shared by Hep-2 and E16b cells. It suggests that some common stem cells might be involved in its synthesis, rather than D-type retravirus genome. This question is worth a special investigation. The findings obtained show the genome of D-type retravirus is repressed in mammary carcinomas in contrast with fibroadenomas, when synthesis of nucleoid antigens was revealed by ILYIN [7].", "contents": "Human mammary gland associated antigens. Lack of D-type retravirus-induced antigens. Antisera against tumor-associated and organ-specific antigens of human mammary glands, as well as mammary carcinoma patient sera were used in cross-reactions with the test-system for a nucleoid antigen of Hep-2 retravirus. None of the antigens, revealed in mammary carcinomas and human milk seems to be either viral structural, or virus-induced cellular antigen. No cross-reactivity was revealed between preparations, containing A-type particles, isolated from Hep-2 cells and human milk and mammary carcinomas. Cell surface antigen, nonidentical to viral structural antigens, was detected in Hep-2 cells. It proved to be shared by E16b and some other stable cell lines, however it cannot be detected in mammary fibroadenomas, positive for the D-type nucleoid antigen, and in mammary carcinomas. Only gastric carcinoma homogenates exhibited reaction of identity with the cell surface antigen, shared by Hep-2 and E16b cells. It suggests that some common stem cells might be involved in its synthesis, rather than D-type retravirus genome. This question is worth a special investigation. The findings obtained show the genome of D-type retravirus is repressed in mammary carcinomas in contrast with fibroadenomas, when synthesis of nucleoid antigens was revealed by ILYIN [7].", "PMID": 409960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5376", "title": "[Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and biliary lipid secretion].", "content": "The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in man is reviewed. The chemistry of biliary bile acids is summarized and related to the formation of primary bile acids in the liver and secondary bile acids in the intestinal lumen. New findings showing that lithocholic acid is absorbed in man are presented, and the recent experiments showing that lithocholic acid is extensively sulfated are reviewed. The consistent hepatotoxicity of chenodeoxycholic acid in the rhesus monkey, which contrasts with its non-toxicity in man, is explained by the inability of the rhesus monkey to sulfate abosrbed lithocholic acid; this accumulates in the enterohepatic circulation of the monkey causing liver damage. In man, absorbed lithocholic acid is rapidly sulfated, and the sulfated conjugates are excreted fecally without enterohepatic cycling. The physical chemistry of bile is highlighted, and it is shown that the saturation of bile with cholesterol depends on the amount of bile acids passing through the liver: at low bile acid flow rates, such as occurs during overnight fasting, bile is supersaturated in both gallstone and healthy persons. Chenodeoxycholic acid decreases cholesterol secretion into bile, renders bile unsaturated during most of the day and night, and thus induces gallstone dissolution.", "contents": "[Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and biliary lipid secretion]. The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in man is reviewed. The chemistry of biliary bile acids is summarized and related to the formation of primary bile acids in the liver and secondary bile acids in the intestinal lumen. New findings showing that lithocholic acid is absorbed in man are presented, and the recent experiments showing that lithocholic acid is extensively sulfated are reviewed. The consistent hepatotoxicity of chenodeoxycholic acid in the rhesus monkey, which contrasts with its non-toxicity in man, is explained by the inability of the rhesus monkey to sulfate abosrbed lithocholic acid; this accumulates in the enterohepatic circulation of the monkey causing liver damage. In man, absorbed lithocholic acid is rapidly sulfated, and the sulfated conjugates are excreted fecally without enterohepatic cycling. The physical chemistry of bile is highlighted, and it is shown that the saturation of bile with cholesterol depends on the amount of bile acids passing through the liver: at low bile acid flow rates, such as occurs during overnight fasting, bile is supersaturated in both gallstone and healthy persons. Chenodeoxycholic acid decreases cholesterol secretion into bile, renders bile unsaturated during most of the day and night, and thus induces gallstone dissolution.", "PMID": 409965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5377", "title": "A fever index evaluation of chloramphenicol or clindamycin in patients with serious pelvic infections.", "content": "The fever index measured the responses of 102 women with serious pelvic infections who had received either chloramphenicol or clindamycin, in combination with other antibiotics. There was no statistical difference in the number of degree hours in the two populations. Patients with salpingo-oophoritis had significantly more fever than those with a septic abortion. Bacteremia did not delineate a group of women with a markedly elevated febrile response. Within the populaton with salpingo-oophoritis, neither black women nor women with an intrauterine device in place had significantly more fever, but patients requiring operation had more fever while those with an endocervical culture positive for the gonococcus at the time of admission had the most favorable clinical response. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "A fever index evaluation of chloramphenicol or clindamycin in patients with serious pelvic infections. The fever index measured the responses of 102 women with serious pelvic infections who had received either chloramphenicol or clindamycin, in combination with other antibiotics. There was no statistical difference in the number of degree hours in the two populations. Patients with salpingo-oophoritis had significantly more fever than those with a septic abortion. Bacteremia did not delineate a group of women with a markedly elevated febrile response. Within the populaton with salpingo-oophoritis, neither black women nor women with an intrauterine device in place had significantly more fever, but patients requiring operation had more fever while those with an endocervical culture positive for the gonococcus at the time of admission had the most favorable clinical response. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 409968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5378", "title": "Aortic compression and uterine blood flow during pregnancy.", "content": "To understand the effects of uterine compression on the abdominal aorta in pregnant women, the abdominal aorta in pregnant animals was experimentally constricted. This procedure produced symptoms identical to toxemia in humans. A physical model simulating the human aorta with blood flowing under physiologic pressure, and a \"term uterus\" pressing on it showed that blood flow reduction thus produced easily could be within the range observed in the toxemic human. Experimental constriction or compression of the abdominal aorta in pregnant animals produced a parallel drop in the femoral artery pulse pressure and uterine artery blood flow. This observation is applicable to pregnant women in the supine position. When the pregnant uterus presses on the abdominal aorta, reduced uterine artery blood flow was noted by following femoral or popliteal artery pulse pressure reduction. In 379 pregnant patients studied, 40% showed a drop in popliteal artery pulse pressure during uterine contraction and 11% during uterine relaxation. During relaxation, this was observed in 16% of primiparous patients and in 6% of multiparious patients.", "contents": "Aortic compression and uterine blood flow during pregnancy. To understand the effects of uterine compression on the abdominal aorta in pregnant women, the abdominal aorta in pregnant animals was experimentally constricted. This procedure produced symptoms identical to toxemia in humans. A physical model simulating the human aorta with blood flowing under physiologic pressure, and a \"term uterus\" pressing on it showed that blood flow reduction thus produced easily could be within the range observed in the toxemic human. Experimental constriction or compression of the abdominal aorta in pregnant animals produced a parallel drop in the femoral artery pulse pressure and uterine artery blood flow. This observation is applicable to pregnant women in the supine position. When the pregnant uterus presses on the abdominal aorta, reduced uterine artery blood flow was noted by following femoral or popliteal artery pulse pressure reduction. In 379 pregnant patients studied, 40% showed a drop in popliteal artery pulse pressure during uterine contraction and 11% during uterine relaxation. During relaxation, this was observed in 16% of primiparous patients and in 6% of multiparious patients.", "PMID": 409969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5379", "title": "The effect of angiotensin II and indomethacin on uterine artery blood flow in pregnant monkeys.", "content": "In experiments performed in anesthetized monkeys in the third trimester of pregnancy, mean maternal arterial blood pressure was continuously monitored, the uterine artery blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe, and prostaglandin levels were assayed in the uterine venous effluent. After inhibition of prostaglandin systhesis with indomethacin, the mean arterial blood pressure in response to angiotensin II was greater than the response prior to indomethacin treatment, and an increase in uterine artery blood flow was prevented. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that prostaglandins mediate the uterine artery blood flow response to angiotensin II, as well as modifying the maternal systemic blood pressure response.", "contents": "The effect of angiotensin II and indomethacin on uterine artery blood flow in pregnant monkeys. In experiments performed in anesthetized monkeys in the third trimester of pregnancy, mean maternal arterial blood pressure was continuously monitored, the uterine artery blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe, and prostaglandin levels were assayed in the uterine venous effluent. After inhibition of prostaglandin systhesis with indomethacin, the mean arterial blood pressure in response to angiotensin II was greater than the response prior to indomethacin treatment, and an increase in uterine artery blood flow was prevented. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that prostaglandins mediate the uterine artery blood flow response to angiotensin II, as well as modifying the maternal systemic blood pressure response.", "PMID": 409970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5380", "title": "[Time of gene activity during drosophila ontogenesis. III. Temperature-sensitive period of the homeotic mutation nasobemia].", "content": "The temperature-sensitive period (TSP) was determined for the homoeotic mutation Nasobemia which causes the antenna to leg transformation in D. melanogaster. The rate of homoetic transformation was measured in the adult flies which emerged after the temperature shift from 29 to 17 degrees and vice versa applied at different larval stages. The TSP begins at 29 degrees at 63 hrs and ends at 39 hrs prior to the pupation, while at 17 degrees it begins at 216 hrs and ends at 132 hrs prior to the pupation. This means that the end of the 1 st larval instar and practically all the 2nd instar are temperature sensitive. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that the TSP corresponds to the period during which the process of abnormal determination of the imaginal disc cells takes place.", "contents": "[Time of gene activity during drosophila ontogenesis. III. Temperature-sensitive period of the homeotic mutation nasobemia]. The temperature-sensitive period (TSP) was determined for the homoeotic mutation Nasobemia which causes the antenna to leg transformation in D. melanogaster. The rate of homoetic transformation was measured in the adult flies which emerged after the temperature shift from 29 to 17 degrees and vice versa applied at different larval stages. The TSP begins at 29 degrees at 63 hrs and ends at 39 hrs prior to the pupation, while at 17 degrees it begins at 216 hrs and ends at 132 hrs prior to the pupation. This means that the end of the 1 st larval instar and practically all the 2nd instar are temperature sensitive. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that the TSP corresponds to the period during which the process of abnormal determination of the imaginal disc cells takes place.", "PMID": 409971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5381", "title": "[Changes in glycogen metabolism in chick embryo liver in relation to the formation of glycosomes].", "content": "In the chick embryo liver the portion of granular glycogen increases from 15 to 90% of the total content during the period from the 8th till the 14th days of developments. The activity of glycogen synthetase (KF 2.4.1.11) localized in the fraction of granular glycogen increases from 40 to 90% of the total activity in the 18 days old embryo. The activity of phosphorylase (KF 2.4.1.1) is detected in the granular glycogen of the liver only on the 12th day of development (10% of the total activity) and increase up to 80% on the 19th day of development. The maximal activation of glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase is noted after the glycosomes of formation in the developing embryoliver. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that the process of glycosome formation is a factor of the control of glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase activity.", "contents": "[Changes in glycogen metabolism in chick embryo liver in relation to the formation of glycosomes]. In the chick embryo liver the portion of granular glycogen increases from 15 to 90% of the total content during the period from the 8th till the 14th days of developments. The activity of glycogen synthetase (KF 2.4.1.11) localized in the fraction of granular glycogen increases from 40 to 90% of the total activity in the 18 days old embryo. The activity of phosphorylase (KF 2.4.1.1) is detected in the granular glycogen of the liver only on the 12th day of development (10% of the total activity) and increase up to 80% on the 19th day of development. The maximal activation of glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase is noted after the glycosomes of formation in the developing embryoliver. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that the process of glycosome formation is a factor of the control of glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase activity.", "PMID": 409972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5382", "title": "Effects of the water-soluble carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide on hamster lingual mucosa.", "content": "The water-soluble carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4NQO) was painted onto hamster ventral lingual mucosa twice weekly for up to 20 weeks. No neoplasms developed during this period. The promoting agent croton oil was applied to the treated areas in an attempt to determine whether initiation had occurred. During the following 6 months, one animal developed a papilloma and three animals showed areas of epithelial atypia in the treated mucosa. No malignant neoplasms were seen. Despite its efficiency in producing intraoral neoplasms in the rat, 4NQO would appear to be a poor choice in the hamster.", "contents": "Effects of the water-soluble carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide on hamster lingual mucosa. The water-soluble carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4NQO) was painted onto hamster ventral lingual mucosa twice weekly for up to 20 weeks. No neoplasms developed during this period. The promoting agent croton oil was applied to the treated areas in an attempt to determine whether initiation had occurred. During the following 6 months, one animal developed a papilloma and three animals showed areas of epithelial atypia in the treated mucosa. No malignant neoplasms were seen. Despite its efficiency in producing intraoral neoplasms in the rat, 4NQO would appear to be a poor choice in the hamster.", "PMID": 409974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5383", "title": "The effect of topical antihistamine on the initial pulpal inflammatory response of monkey teeth.", "content": "Cavity preparations were made in sixty sound teeth of healthy monkeys. Thermal trauma was delivered to the pulps of all teeth through application of a heated soldering iron to the floor of a cavity preparation. Fifteen teeth were randomly designated as controls and were restored immediately with zinc oxide and eugenol. Forty-five teeth were designated as test teeth. These were treated topically with a 4 per cent antihistamine solution and restored with zinc oxide and eugenol. Histologic sections were prepared to show the effect of the antihistamine on the thermally initiated inflammatory response during the postoperative period. No significant difference was observed in the inflammatory reactions of treated or untreated pulps. A 4 per cent aqueous solution of topically applied antihistamine did not appear to be of any significant value in obviating pulpal inflammation.", "contents": "The effect of topical antihistamine on the initial pulpal inflammatory response of monkey teeth. Cavity preparations were made in sixty sound teeth of healthy monkeys. Thermal trauma was delivered to the pulps of all teeth through application of a heated soldering iron to the floor of a cavity preparation. Fifteen teeth were randomly designated as controls and were restored immediately with zinc oxide and eugenol. Forty-five teeth were designated as test teeth. These were treated topically with a 4 per cent antihistamine solution and restored with zinc oxide and eugenol. Histologic sections were prepared to show the effect of the antihistamine on the thermally initiated inflammatory response during the postoperative period. No significant difference was observed in the inflammatory reactions of treated or untreated pulps. A 4 per cent aqueous solution of topically applied antihistamine did not appear to be of any significant value in obviating pulpal inflammation.", "PMID": 409975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5384", "title": "Effect of otolith end organ ablation on horizontal optokinetic nystagmus, and optokinetic afternystagmus in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN) (stimulus speed 0-200 degrees/sec with 1 degree/sec constant angular acceleration) were examined before and after utriculo-sacculectomy (bilateral, two-stage) in squirrel monkeys. OKN exhibited a slight decline only after bilateral otolith and organ ablations. OKAN showed a minimal decline after unilateral operation but no change after bilateral operations. Severe OKN reduction and disappearance of OKAN after bilateral labyrinthectomy in primates should basically reflect the elimination of inputs from the cristae ampullares, and not from the maculae.", "contents": "Effect of otolith end organ ablation on horizontal optokinetic nystagmus, and optokinetic afternystagmus in the squirrel monkey. Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN) (stimulus speed 0-200 degrees/sec with 1 degree/sec constant angular acceleration) were examined before and after utriculo-sacculectomy (bilateral, two-stage) in squirrel monkeys. OKN exhibited a slight decline only after bilateral otolith and organ ablations. OKAN showed a minimal decline after unilateral operation but no change after bilateral operations. Severe OKN reduction and disappearance of OKAN after bilateral labyrinthectomy in primates should basically reflect the elimination of inputs from the cristae ampullares, and not from the maculae.", "PMID": 409976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5385", "title": "[Treatment of severe Rhesus erythroblastosis].", "content": "Report about the management of cases of severe Rhesus erythroblastosis. One case is specially discussed because of it's actuality. This was a patient with severe Rh-sensitization (OOD at 450 mm from the beginning of the 30th week of gestation in zone III according to Liley). Because of the haemolytic disease and the chronic fetal distress the Caesarean section was already performed in the 32nd week of gestation after Betamethason treatment of the mother. The Lecithin-Sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in the amniotic fluid as a criterium of fetal lung maturity raised almost twicefold (from 0.9 to 1.6) after Cortison treatment. The intensive care (assisted ventilation with PEEP, correction of the acidosis and transfusion of packed red cells) of the severely anaemic (Hb 3.5 g%, Hk 15 vol.%) and hydropic newborn was already started in the delivery room. The newborn developed no RDS and was discharged healthy. With reference to this and other cases the management of severe Rh-sensitization before the 34th week of gestation is discussed. Premature infants are mainly susceptable to the development of a Respiratory Distress syndrome (RDS). After antepartum Cortison treatment for prevention of an RDS the date of confinement should be arranged earlier. The value of an early Caesarian section after antepartum Glucocorticoid treatment as compared to the application of intrauterine transfusions in cases of severe erythroblastosis is discussed. It is also reported about recent methods of treatment of severe conditions of hydrops fetalis.", "contents": "[Treatment of severe Rhesus erythroblastosis]. Report about the management of cases of severe Rhesus erythroblastosis. One case is specially discussed because of it's actuality. This was a patient with severe Rh-sensitization (OOD at 450 mm from the beginning of the 30th week of gestation in zone III according to Liley). Because of the haemolytic disease and the chronic fetal distress the Caesarean section was already performed in the 32nd week of gestation after Betamethason treatment of the mother. The Lecithin-Sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in the amniotic fluid as a criterium of fetal lung maturity raised almost twicefold (from 0.9 to 1.6) after Cortison treatment. The intensive care (assisted ventilation with PEEP, correction of the acidosis and transfusion of packed red cells) of the severely anaemic (Hb 3.5 g%, Hk 15 vol.%) and hydropic newborn was already started in the delivery room. The newborn developed no RDS and was discharged healthy. With reference to this and other cases the management of severe Rh-sensitization before the 34th week of gestation is discussed. Premature infants are mainly susceptable to the development of a Respiratory Distress syndrome (RDS). After antepartum Cortison treatment for prevention of an RDS the date of confinement should be arranged earlier. The value of an early Caesarian section after antepartum Glucocorticoid treatment as compared to the application of intrauterine transfusions in cases of severe erythroblastosis is discussed. It is also reported about recent methods of treatment of severe conditions of hydrops fetalis.", "PMID": 409979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5386", "title": "[Complement levels in children with idiophatic nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "C3, C4 and C3-activator were found in normal plasma-concentrations in 12 children with INS, compared to 26 healthy children. We could not find an activation of the complement-system by classical or alternate way in this disease. These results can be used for an additional possibility of differential diagnosis of glomerulopathies.", "contents": "[Complement levels in children with idiophatic nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)]. C3, C4 and C3-activator were found in normal plasma-concentrations in 12 children with INS, compared to 26 healthy children. We could not find an activation of the complement-system by classical or alternate way in this disease. These results can be used for an additional possibility of differential diagnosis of glomerulopathies.", "PMID": 409980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5387", "title": "Quality control in the microbiological serum folate assay.", "content": "Low values obtained in the microbiological assay of serum folate are often due to the presence of antibiotics in the test serum. The assay has been modified to permit consistent recognition of the presence and extent of such contamination. Other assay variables have been investigated and a quality control system devised which rapidly identifies the presence of inconsistencies in any one assay batch. The system further allows for the reporting of some clinically useful results from an imperfect assay batch thus reducing the necessity for reassay of some test sera.", "contents": "Quality control in the microbiological serum folate assay. Low values obtained in the microbiological assay of serum folate are often due to the presence of antibiotics in the test serum. The assay has been modified to permit consistent recognition of the presence and extent of such contamination. Other assay variables have been investigated and a quality control system devised which rapidly identifies the presence of inconsistencies in any one assay batch. The system further allows for the reporting of some clinically useful results from an imperfect assay batch thus reducing the necessity for reassay of some test sera.", "PMID": 409982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5388", "title": "Red blood cell carbonic anhydrase activity in children with distal renal tubular acidosis.", "content": "Red blood cell carbonic anhydrase activity was studied in three children with distal renal tubular acidosis, the parents of one of the patients, and in control subjects. Although each patient had distal renal tubular acidosis as defined by an inappropriately high urine pH in the face of a systemic metabolic acidosis, hyperchloremia and a low (U-B)pCO2, they differed in that two had deafness. The deafness was inherited as an autosomal recessive mode in one and by an autosomal dominant gene in the other. Red blood cell carbonic anhydrase activity was determined in hemoglobin-free hemolysate by the esterolytic action of the enzyme on the substrate p-nitrophenyl acetate. The two isoenzymes, B and C, of carbonic anhydrase were identified using polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The red blood cell carbonic anhydrase activity of nine control children aged 2-10 years was 3.8 (3.2-5.0) units/g Hb. The values obtained from the three patients were 3.0, 3.7, and 4.36 units/g Hb. These did not differ from those of the control subjects. No abnormalities were found in the ratios of the B and C peaks or in their electrophoretic mobility.", "contents": "Red blood cell carbonic anhydrase activity in children with distal renal tubular acidosis. Red blood cell carbonic anhydrase activity was studied in three children with distal renal tubular acidosis, the parents of one of the patients, and in control subjects. Although each patient had distal renal tubular acidosis as defined by an inappropriately high urine pH in the face of a systemic metabolic acidosis, hyperchloremia and a low (U-B)pCO2, they differed in that two had deafness. The deafness was inherited as an autosomal recessive mode in one and by an autosomal dominant gene in the other. Red blood cell carbonic anhydrase activity was determined in hemoglobin-free hemolysate by the esterolytic action of the enzyme on the substrate p-nitrophenyl acetate. The two isoenzymes, B and C, of carbonic anhydrase were identified using polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The red blood cell carbonic anhydrase activity of nine control children aged 2-10 years was 3.8 (3.2-5.0) units/g Hb. The values obtained from the three patients were 3.0, 3.7, and 4.36 units/g Hb. These did not differ from those of the control subjects. No abnormalities were found in the ratios of the B and C peaks or in their electrophoretic mobility.", "PMID": 409983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5389", "title": "[Toxoplasmids, their life cycle and systematic position].", "content": "Recent evidence on the life cycles of the toxoplasmids (Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis, Hammondia, Frenkelia) has been analysed. The availability of the complex life cycles, including the alternation of sexual and asexual reproduction, in addition to gametogenesis involving the independent development of gametes that produce unequal numbers of gametes, makes it possible to include the toxoplasmids into the family Eimeriidae within the order Coccidiida. A detailed evidence recently provided for Isospora has suggested a kinship of this typical coccidian genus with toxoplasmids. At the same time much similarity is obvious between Isospora and Eimeria in the general pattern of their life cycles. Hence, the family Eimeriidae is suggested to be divided into two subfamilies: Eimeriinae Wenyon, 1926 with Eimeria as the type genus and Isosporinae Wenyon, 1926 with Isospora, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis, Frenkelia and Hammondia. The main features of the former subfamily are: various oocyst structures, the lack of the extra-intestinal development, obligatory monoxeny. The main characters of the latter subfamily: oocysts of the same pattern, the involvement of extra-intestinal development, shifts from facultative to obligatory heteroxeny.", "contents": "[Toxoplasmids, their life cycle and systematic position]. Recent evidence on the life cycles of the toxoplasmids (Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis, Hammondia, Frenkelia) has been analysed. The availability of the complex life cycles, including the alternation of sexual and asexual reproduction, in addition to gametogenesis involving the independent development of gametes that produce unequal numbers of gametes, makes it possible to include the toxoplasmids into the family Eimeriidae within the order Coccidiida. A detailed evidence recently provided for Isospora has suggested a kinship of this typical coccidian genus with toxoplasmids. At the same time much similarity is obvious between Isospora and Eimeria in the general pattern of their life cycles. Hence, the family Eimeriidae is suggested to be divided into two subfamilies: Eimeriinae Wenyon, 1926 with Eimeria as the type genus and Isosporinae Wenyon, 1926 with Isospora, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis, Frenkelia and Hammondia. The main features of the former subfamily are: various oocyst structures, the lack of the extra-intestinal development, obligatory monoxeny. The main characters of the latter subfamily: oocysts of the same pattern, the involvement of extra-intestinal development, shifts from facultative to obligatory heteroxeny.", "PMID": 409981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5390", "title": "Regional services for children and youth with diabetes.", "content": "A regional diabetes program for children and youth comprising outreach clinics, frequent routine and emergency telephone contact, and a camping program was developed within the State Children's Medical Services (Crippled Children's) Program. The pediatric nurse specialist in diabetes served as the pivotal professional in the education and supervision of patients. Cost benefit was calculated from estimated hospital days prevented based on average length of admissions at diagnosis (14 days) and hospital days in the year prior to referral of those with established diabetes. During the first year 369 hospital days were prevented, for an estimated savings of $65,000; the second year 547 hospital days were avoided, a value of $96,000. Total annual program costs to the state and private patients (including camp fees) were $36,000. Although hospital costs are an apparent and useful reference to justify funding, the main value of the program must be in the prevention of secondary physical and emotional disability. This requires continuous commitment and availability of persons who know the patient and family, who can interpret information related to metabolic control of diabetes, and who are able to influence the family and community to respond appropriately to the youngster's needs.", "contents": "Regional services for children and youth with diabetes. A regional diabetes program for children and youth comprising outreach clinics, frequent routine and emergency telephone contact, and a camping program was developed within the State Children's Medical Services (Crippled Children's) Program. The pediatric nurse specialist in diabetes served as the pivotal professional in the education and supervision of patients. Cost benefit was calculated from estimated hospital days prevented based on average length of admissions at diagnosis (14 days) and hospital days in the year prior to referral of those with established diabetes. During the first year 369 hospital days were prevented, for an estimated savings of $65,000; the second year 547 hospital days were avoided, a value of $96,000. Total annual program costs to the state and private patients (including camp fees) were $36,000. Although hospital costs are an apparent and useful reference to justify funding, the main value of the program must be in the prevention of secondary physical and emotional disability. This requires continuous commitment and availability of persons who know the patient and family, who can interpret information related to metabolic control of diabetes, and who are able to influence the family and community to respond appropriately to the youngster's needs.", "PMID": 409987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5391", "title": "Protein deprivation in primates: XII. food preferences of juvenile rhesus monkeys.", "content": "21 male and 18 female juvenile rhesus monkeys whose mothers' prenatal diets varied according to protein content (either 1-, 2-, or 4-gm protein/kg body weight/day) were given a food-preference task. 20 monkeys were between 3 and 4 yr. old; 19 were between 1 1/2 and 2 1/2 yr. old. For each trial small pieces of the same type food were placed in 8 equally spaced wells about the circumference of a circular tray held outside each monkey's cage. Responsiveness to the 21 natural foods (assorted cheeses, meats, vegetables, nuts, cereals, fruits, and candies) offered 3 times on 3 different occasions was measured by recording number of pieces taken, number eaten, and elapsed time for taking all 8 pieces. All 3 measures were highly correlated. All diet groups exhibited the same general order of preference, males taking and eating more food pieces faster than females. Order of preference was significantly different for old versus young juveniles, with older juveniles' preferences more similar to those of adult female monkeys given the same task. The most notable differences in eating behavior were that younger juveniles played with their food and were less finicky about what they ate. Results suggest that food preferences of juvenile monkeys are not altered as a consequence of their mothers' prenatal protein deprivation.", "contents": "Protein deprivation in primates: XII. food preferences of juvenile rhesus monkeys. 21 male and 18 female juvenile rhesus monkeys whose mothers' prenatal diets varied according to protein content (either 1-, 2-, or 4-gm protein/kg body weight/day) were given a food-preference task. 20 monkeys were between 3 and 4 yr. old; 19 were between 1 1/2 and 2 1/2 yr. old. For each trial small pieces of the same type food were placed in 8 equally spaced wells about the circumference of a circular tray held outside each monkey's cage. Responsiveness to the 21 natural foods (assorted cheeses, meats, vegetables, nuts, cereals, fruits, and candies) offered 3 times on 3 different occasions was measured by recording number of pieces taken, number eaten, and elapsed time for taking all 8 pieces. All 3 measures were highly correlated. All diet groups exhibited the same general order of preference, males taking and eating more food pieces faster than females. Order of preference was significantly different for old versus young juveniles, with older juveniles' preferences more similar to those of adult female monkeys given the same task. The most notable differences in eating behavior were that younger juveniles played with their food and were less finicky about what they ate. Results suggest that food preferences of juvenile monkeys are not altered as a consequence of their mothers' prenatal protein deprivation.", "PMID": 409989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5392", "title": "[Simple propositions in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemias which are, at the present time, curable are those which go 01.cfh\u00e7into remission following treatment with the combination prednisone-vincristine, in which lymphoblastic meningitis does not occur after preventive treatment of the central nervous system and which show no recurrence during maintenance chemotherapy. In order that the largest possible number of these potentially curable patients may be transformed into truly cured cases, we propose here a simple outline of treatment: induction of remission by one month of treatment with prednisone 40 mg/m2/day and vincristine 1.5 mg/m2/week, immediately followed by treatment of the central nervous system: 2 400 rads to the brain down to C2 in two weeks and an half and 6 injection (2 per week) of intrathecal methotrexate 5 mg/m2/injection and maintenance chemotherapy for two years with 6 MP, 25 to 50 mg/m2/day and parenteral methotrexate, 10 to 15 mg/m2/week, then immunotherapy with BCG, for a minimum of three years and a maximum of five.", "contents": "[Simple propositions in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)]. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemias which are, at the present time, curable are those which go 01.cfh\u00e7into remission following treatment with the combination prednisone-vincristine, in which lymphoblastic meningitis does not occur after preventive treatment of the central nervous system and which show no recurrence during maintenance chemotherapy. In order that the largest possible number of these potentially curable patients may be transformed into truly cured cases, we propose here a simple outline of treatment: induction of remission by one month of treatment with prednisone 40 mg/m2/day and vincristine 1.5 mg/m2/week, immediately followed by treatment of the central nervous system: 2 400 rads to the brain down to C2 in two weeks and an half and 6 injection (2 per week) of intrathecal methotrexate 5 mg/m2/injection and maintenance chemotherapy for two years with 6 MP, 25 to 50 mg/m2/day and parenteral methotrexate, 10 to 15 mg/m2/week, then immunotherapy with BCG, for a minimum of three years and a maximum of five.", "PMID": 409993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5393", "title": "A rapid cytosine-specific modification of E. coli tRNA Leu 1 by semicarbazide-bisulfite, a probe for polynucleotide conformations.", "content": "Cytosine residues in 32P-labeled E. coli tRNA Leu 1 were modified by treatment of the tRNA with the semicarbazide-bisulfite reagents [Hayatsu, H. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 2677-2682]. Analysis of the modification sites showed that only four cytidine residues, i.e. C35, C53, C85 and C86, reacted. They were identical with the cytidines of this tRNA accessible to methoxyamine [Chang, S. E. and Ish-Horowicz, D. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 84, 375-388] and the accessibility was consistent with the conformational features recognized for tRNA in general. The rapidity and the simple nature of this modification demonstrate that the semicarbazide-bisulfite reaction is a useful tool in studying conformations of polynucleotides.", "contents": "A rapid cytosine-specific modification of E. coli tRNA Leu 1 by semicarbazide-bisulfite, a probe for polynucleotide conformations. Cytosine residues in 32P-labeled E. coli tRNA Leu 1 were modified by treatment of the tRNA with the semicarbazide-bisulfite reagents [Hayatsu, H. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 2677-2682]. Analysis of the modification sites showed that only four cytidine residues, i.e. C35, C53, C85 and C86, reacted. They were identical with the cytidines of this tRNA accessible to methoxyamine [Chang, S. E. and Ish-Horowicz, D. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 84, 375-388] and the accessibility was consistent with the conformational features recognized for tRNA in general. The rapidity and the simple nature of this modification demonstrate that the semicarbazide-bisulfite reaction is a useful tool in studying conformations of polynucleotides.", "PMID": 409997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5394", "title": "Nucleotide sequence relationships between vertebrate 5.8 S ribosomal RNAs.", "content": "Nucleotide sequences of the 5.8 S ribosomal RNAs from HeLa cells, Xenopus laevis and chick embryo fibroblasts were compared. Xenopus laevis 5.8 S RNA differs from that of HeLa cells in four internal positions and at the 3' end of the molecule. Chick 5.8 S RNA differs from that of HeLa cells in two positions. Six out of the seven interspecies differences are due to base substitutions. The other difference is due to the presence of an extra nucleotide, internally located, within the Xenopus 5.8 S sequence.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence relationships between vertebrate 5.8 S ribosomal RNAs. Nucleotide sequences of the 5.8 S ribosomal RNAs from HeLa cells, Xenopus laevis and chick embryo fibroblasts were compared. Xenopus laevis 5.8 S RNA differs from that of HeLa cells in four internal positions and at the 3' end of the molecule. Chick 5.8 S RNA differs from that of HeLa cells in two positions. Six out of the seven interspecies differences are due to base substitutions. The other difference is due to the presence of an extra nucleotide, internally located, within the Xenopus 5.8 S sequence.", "PMID": 409998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5395", "title": "Mapping adenines, guanines, and pyrimidines in RNA.", "content": "The positions of adenines, guanines, and pyrimidines can be determined by partial nuclease digestion of a terminally labeles RNA molecule. In urea, at elevated temperatures, RNase T1 generates a pattern reflecting cleavage at guanines while RNase U2 cleaves only at adenine. A limited alkaline hydrolysis provides a continuum of fragments derived from breaks at every phosphodiester bond. The reaction products are electrophoretically fractionated by size in adjacent lanes of a polyacrylamide gel. An autoradiograph of the gel displays the sequence up to 100 nucleotides from the end of the molecule, although uracil cannot as yet be distinguished from cytosine. These techniques form the basis of an RNA sequencing method and are demonstrated on yeast 5.8S ribosomal RNA.", "contents": "Mapping adenines, guanines, and pyrimidines in RNA. The positions of adenines, guanines, and pyrimidines can be determined by partial nuclease digestion of a terminally labeles RNA molecule. In urea, at elevated temperatures, RNase T1 generates a pattern reflecting cleavage at guanines while RNase U2 cleaves only at adenine. A limited alkaline hydrolysis provides a continuum of fragments derived from breaks at every phosphodiester bond. The reaction products are electrophoretically fractionated by size in adjacent lanes of a polyacrylamide gel. An autoradiograph of the gel displays the sequence up to 100 nucleotides from the end of the molecule, although uracil cannot as yet be distinguished from cytosine. These techniques form the basis of an RNA sequencing method and are demonstrated on yeast 5.8S ribosomal RNA.", "PMID": 409999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5396", "title": "Action of pancreatic DNase: requirements for activation of DNA as a template-primer for DNA polymerase.", "content": "Pancreatic DNase requires both Ca2+ and Mg2+ for its activity as measured by formation of an activated DNA template for in vitro DNA polymerase alpha assay and by the hyperchromic shift. Mn2+ can partially satisfy the Mg2+ requirement of the DNase for activation of DNA but the resulting template is only 50% as active in the DNA polymerase assay. When precautions are taken to avoid divalent ion contamination, pancreatic DNase is not active in the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ alone. analysis of the DNA by sucrose gradient centrifugation shows that only in the presence of Ca2+ plus Mg2+ or Mn2+ does pancreatic DNase produce extensive strand breaks in the DNA. The activated DNA template that yields maximal DNA polymerase activity is low molecular weight material of 30,000 to 50,000 daltons.", "contents": "Action of pancreatic DNase: requirements for activation of DNA as a template-primer for DNA polymerase. Pancreatic DNase requires both Ca2+ and Mg2+ for its activity as measured by formation of an activated DNA template for in vitro DNA polymerase alpha assay and by the hyperchromic shift. Mn2+ can partially satisfy the Mg2+ requirement of the DNase for activation of DNA but the resulting template is only 50% as active in the DNA polymerase assay. When precautions are taken to avoid divalent ion contamination, pancreatic DNase is not active in the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ alone. analysis of the DNA by sucrose gradient centrifugation shows that only in the presence of Ca2+ plus Mg2+ or Mn2+ does pancreatic DNase produce extensive strand breaks in the DNA. The activated DNA template that yields maximal DNA polymerase activity is low molecular weight material of 30,000 to 50,000 daltons.", "PMID": 410000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5397", "title": "Search for revertants of the glutamine mischarging mutans of Escherichia coli su+3 tyrosine suppressor tRNA that are able to insert tyrosine at the site of amber mutation.", "content": "We have isolated a bacterial amber mutation (nadam) that is suppressed by the tyrosine inserting suppressor su+3 but not by the glutamine (su+2, su+3 A1, su+3 G82 and su+3 A1G82), serine (su+1) and leucine (su+6) inserting suppressors. The su+7 suppressor which inserts glutamine and tryptophan also suppresses this mutation indicating that tryptophan, in addition to tyrosine, is accepted at the site of amber mutation. We have used this amber mutation to search for revertants of the su+3 glutamine mischarging mutants su+3 A1, su+3 G82 and su+3 A1G82 that are able to insert tyrosine at the site of amber mutation. Two types of revertants were found in the case of su+3 A1. One type corresponding to the true revertant A1 leads to G, and the other to the second site revertants C81 leads to U (A1U81). The A1U81 revertant has been shown to insert both glutamine and tyrosine at the site of amber mutation. Only true revertants (G82 leads to A) were obtained when su+3 G82 was analyzed. No revertants were obtained in the case of the su+3 A1G82. These results are discussed in relation to aminoacyl-tRNA recognition.", "contents": "Search for revertants of the glutamine mischarging mutans of Escherichia coli su+3 tyrosine suppressor tRNA that are able to insert tyrosine at the site of amber mutation. We have isolated a bacterial amber mutation (nadam) that is suppressed by the tyrosine inserting suppressor su+3 but not by the glutamine (su+2, su+3 A1, su+3 G82 and su+3 A1G82), serine (su+1) and leucine (su+6) inserting suppressors. The su+7 suppressor which inserts glutamine and tryptophan also suppresses this mutation indicating that tryptophan, in addition to tyrosine, is accepted at the site of amber mutation. We have used this amber mutation to search for revertants of the su+3 glutamine mischarging mutants su+3 A1, su+3 G82 and su+3 A1G82 that are able to insert tyrosine at the site of amber mutation. Two types of revertants were found in the case of su+3 A1. One type corresponding to the true revertant A1 leads to G, and the other to the second site revertants C81 leads to U (A1U81). The A1U81 revertant has been shown to insert both glutamine and tyrosine at the site of amber mutation. Only true revertants (G82 leads to A) were obtained when su+3 G82 was analyzed. No revertants were obtained in the case of the su+3 A1G82. These results are discussed in relation to aminoacyl-tRNA recognition.", "PMID": 410001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5398", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of phenylalanine tRNA from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of tRNA(Phe) from Bacillussubtilis W 23 has been determined using (32)P labeled tRNA. This is the second B. subtilis tRNA so far reported. The nucleotide sequence was found to be pG-G-C-U-C-G-G-U-A-G-C-U-C-A-G-U-D-G-G-D-A-G-A-G-C-A-A-C-G-G-A-C-U-Gm-A-A- ms(2)i(6)A-A-psi-C-C-G-U-G-U-m(7)G-U-C-G-G-C-G-G-T-psi- C-G-A-U-U-C-C-G-U-C-C-C-G-A-G-C-C-A-C-C-A(OH).Images", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of phenylalanine tRNA from Bacillus subtilis. The nucleotide sequence of tRNA(Phe) from Bacillussubtilis W 23 has been determined using (32)P labeled tRNA. This is the second B. subtilis tRNA so far reported. The nucleotide sequence was found to be pG-G-C-U-C-G-G-U-A-G-C-U-C-A-G-U-D-G-G-D-A-G-A-G-C-A-A-C-G-G-A-C-U-Gm-A-A- ms(2)i(6)A-A-psi-C-C-G-U-G-U-m(7)G-U-C-G-G-C-G-G-T-psi- C-G-A-U-U-C-C-G-U-C-C-C-G-A-G-C-C-A-C-C-A(OH).Images", "PMID": 410002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5399", "title": "Oligonucleotide mapping of non-radioactive virus and messenger RNAs.", "content": "A modification of the known method for obtaining radioactive fingerprints from non-radioactive nucleic acids by labelling a digest with 5'-hydroxyl polynucleotide kinase and [gamma-32P]-ATP has been applied to RNase T1 digests from various high molecular weight virus RNAs and to ovalbumin mRNA. Fractionation of the resultant [32P]-labelled T1 RNase digests by two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis demonstrates that in the case of virus RNAs, the fingerprints thus obtained are very similar to those derived from uniformly labelled RNAs. The value of this technique is that it requires only 1-5 microgram of purified virus RNA and at least three orders of magnitude less radioactivity than is routinely employed in preparing uniformly labelled RNA.", "contents": "Oligonucleotide mapping of non-radioactive virus and messenger RNAs. A modification of the known method for obtaining radioactive fingerprints from non-radioactive nucleic acids by labelling a digest with 5'-hydroxyl polynucleotide kinase and [gamma-32P]-ATP has been applied to RNase T1 digests from various high molecular weight virus RNAs and to ovalbumin mRNA. Fractionation of the resultant [32P]-labelled T1 RNase digests by two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis demonstrates that in the case of virus RNAs, the fingerprints thus obtained are very similar to those derived from uniformly labelled RNAs. The value of this technique is that it requires only 1-5 microgram of purified virus RNA and at least three orders of magnitude less radioactivity than is routinely employed in preparing uniformly labelled RNA.", "PMID": 410003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5400", "title": "Antibodies specific to a deoxyribodinucleotide sequence.", "content": "Antibodies were raised in rabbits against the bovine serum albumin conjugate of dpApT. Analysis by double diffusion in agar gel and quantitative precipitation test showed the presence of antibodies specific to the hapten in the antisera. Quantitative data on the specificity of the antibodies were obtained by studying the inhibition of the binding of 3H-dpApT to the antisera by various nonradioactive mono- and oligonucleotides, using a nitrocellulose membrane binding assay. The antibodies were found to be highly specific for the dinucleotide sequence dpApT. The antibodies were able to bind to synthetic oligonucleotides containing the sequence dpApT and to denatured calf thymus DNA.", "contents": "Antibodies specific to a deoxyribodinucleotide sequence. Antibodies were raised in rabbits against the bovine serum albumin conjugate of dpApT. Analysis by double diffusion in agar gel and quantitative precipitation test showed the presence of antibodies specific to the hapten in the antisera. Quantitative data on the specificity of the antibodies were obtained by studying the inhibition of the binding of 3H-dpApT to the antisera by various nonradioactive mono- and oligonucleotides, using a nitrocellulose membrane binding assay. The antibodies were found to be highly specific for the dinucleotide sequence dpApT. The antibodies were able to bind to synthetic oligonucleotides containing the sequence dpApT and to denatured calf thymus DNA.", "PMID": 410004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5401", "title": "Changes in chromatin structure induced by EDTA treatment and partial removal of histone H1.", "content": "Electron microscopy shows that EDTA treatment or partial removal of histone HI converts 200-250 A chromatin fibres characteristic for native chromatin, isolated in low ionic strength conditions into fibres consisting of nucleosomes connected by segments of DNA. This structural transition is accompanied by an increase in the amplitude of positive band of CD spectra at 280 nm. Comparison of electron microscopic, thermal denaturation and electrophoretic data suggests that multiphasic character of melting curves, observed for chromatin, lacking histone HI is due to the removal of histone HI and destabilisation of the DNA segments, connecting nucleosomes. It is also shown that bivalent cations play an important part both in the stabilisation of 200 A globules and of nucleosomes.", "contents": "Changes in chromatin structure induced by EDTA treatment and partial removal of histone H1. Electron microscopy shows that EDTA treatment or partial removal of histone HI converts 200-250 A chromatin fibres characteristic for native chromatin, isolated in low ionic strength conditions into fibres consisting of nucleosomes connected by segments of DNA. This structural transition is accompanied by an increase in the amplitude of positive band of CD spectra at 280 nm. Comparison of electron microscopic, thermal denaturation and electrophoretic data suggests that multiphasic character of melting curves, observed for chromatin, lacking histone HI is due to the removal of histone HI and destabilisation of the DNA segments, connecting nucleosomes. It is also shown that bivalent cations play an important part both in the stabilisation of 200 A globules and of nucleosomes.", "PMID": 410005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5402", "title": "Use of aurintricarboxylic acid as an inhibitor of nucleases during nucleic acid isolation.", "content": "Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) is a general inhibitor of nucleases. ATA has been shown to inhibit the following enzymes in vitro: DNAse I, RNAse A, S1 nuclease, exonuclease III, and restriction endonucleases Sal I, Bam HI, Pst I and Sma I. The observed inhibition is consistent with the proposal by Blumenthal and Landers (BBRC 55, 680, 1973) that most nucleic acid binding proteins will be sensitive to ATA. The action of ATA as a nuclease inhibitor can be used to advantage in the isolation of cellular nucleic acids.", "contents": "Use of aurintricarboxylic acid as an inhibitor of nucleases during nucleic acid isolation. Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) is a general inhibitor of nucleases. ATA has been shown to inhibit the following enzymes in vitro: DNAse I, RNAse A, S1 nuclease, exonuclease III, and restriction endonucleases Sal I, Bam HI, Pst I and Sma I. The observed inhibition is consistent with the proposal by Blumenthal and Landers (BBRC 55, 680, 1973) that most nucleic acid binding proteins will be sensitive to ATA. The action of ATA as a nuclease inhibitor can be used to advantage in the isolation of cellular nucleic acids.", "PMID": 410006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5403", "title": "The nucleotide sequence surrounding the origin of DNA replication of Col E1.", "content": "The DNA of Col E1 replicates from a unique origin located at a distance of 17-19% of the genome length from the single Eco RI clevage site. The nucleotide sequence about this site has been determined by a combination of RNA and DNA sequencing techniques. The principal features of the sequence are two palindromes, one of which resembles a palindrome located in the intercistronic region of 0X174. The sequence also contains stretches of purine and pyrimidine clusters of the following compositions: pAT5G, pC2T5G, pGT5G. The origin sequence demonstrates that initiation of DNA replication takes place in an intercistronic region of Col E1DNA, although the possibility that this region makes small polypeptides 30-40 residues long cannot be strictly eliminated at this time.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence surrounding the origin of DNA replication of Col E1. The DNA of Col E1 replicates from a unique origin located at a distance of 17-19% of the genome length from the single Eco RI clevage site. The nucleotide sequence about this site has been determined by a combination of RNA and DNA sequencing techniques. The principal features of the sequence are two palindromes, one of which resembles a palindrome located in the intercistronic region of 0X174. The sequence also contains stretches of purine and pyrimidine clusters of the following compositions: pAT5G, pC2T5G, pGT5G. The origin sequence demonstrates that initiation of DNA replication takes place in an intercistronic region of Col E1DNA, although the possibility that this region makes small polypeptides 30-40 residues long cannot be strictly eliminated at this time.", "PMID": 410007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5404", "title": "Primary structure of baker's yeast tRNAVal 2b.", "content": "The minor form of valine tRNA from baker's yeast-tRNAVal 2b--purified by column chromatography was completely digested with guanylo-RNase and pancreatic RNase. The products of these digestions were separated by a combination of thin-layer chromatography on cellulose and high voltage electrophoresis on DEAE-paper and then identified. The halves of tRNA Val 2b were prepared by partial digestion with pancreatic RNase, and their complete guanylo-RNase and pancreatic RNase digests were analysed. Basing on the obtained data the primary structure of baker's yeast tRNA Val 2b was reconstructed.", "contents": "Primary structure of baker's yeast tRNAVal 2b. The minor form of valine tRNA from baker's yeast-tRNAVal 2b--purified by column chromatography was completely digested with guanylo-RNase and pancreatic RNase. The products of these digestions were separated by a combination of thin-layer chromatography on cellulose and high voltage electrophoresis on DEAE-paper and then identified. The halves of tRNA Val 2b were prepared by partial digestion with pancreatic RNase, and their complete guanylo-RNase and pancreatic RNase digests were analysed. Basing on the obtained data the primary structure of baker's yeast tRNA Val 2b was reconstructed.", "PMID": 410008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5405", "title": "The attempts of retarding the release of nitroglycerin from granules.", "content": "The effect of Eudragit S, RL, or RS and ethylcellulose on the rate of release of nitroglycerin from granules has been studied. It was shown that Eudragits (acryl resins) and ethylcellulose decrease the rate of release of nitroglycerin from granules. The retarding effect depends on the amount and the kind of a retarding agent. Eudragit RS was the most effective one.", "contents": "The attempts of retarding the release of nitroglycerin from granules. The effect of Eudragit S, RL, or RS and ethylcellulose on the rate of release of nitroglycerin from granules has been studied. It was shown that Eudragits (acryl resins) and ethylcellulose decrease the rate of release of nitroglycerin from granules. The retarding effect depends on the amount and the kind of a retarding agent. Eudragit RS was the most effective one.", "PMID": 410011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5406", "title": "[Rhesus factor distribution in the families of hypophyseal nanism patients].", "content": "The author examined 211 members of 57 families with a genetic (familial) and idiopathic (sporadic) hypophysial nanism of obscure genesis. Rh-negative blood or weakened varieties of the Rh-antigen were revealed in 71 of 211 persons (33.1%), in 44 of 57 families (77.2%). Heterozygotic character of the majority of the positive parents of the sick children, by the Rh-factor, is undoubtful. Analysis of the Rh-factor distribution and of the antigens of the ABO system in the families suffering from hypophysial nanism permitted to exclude the significance of the hematological conflict by these antigens between the mother and the fetus, as a determining factor. It is supposed that there is a possible pathogenetic association between the hypophysial nanism and the absence of the Rh-antigen which is inherited also as an autosomic-recessive sign.", "contents": "[Rhesus factor distribution in the families of hypophyseal nanism patients]. The author examined 211 members of 57 families with a genetic (familial) and idiopathic (sporadic) hypophysial nanism of obscure genesis. Rh-negative blood or weakened varieties of the Rh-antigen were revealed in 71 of 211 persons (33.1%), in 44 of 57 families (77.2%). Heterozygotic character of the majority of the positive parents of the sick children, by the Rh-factor, is undoubtful. Analysis of the Rh-factor distribution and of the antigens of the ABO system in the families suffering from hypophysial nanism permitted to exclude the significance of the hematological conflict by these antigens between the mother and the fetus, as a determining factor. It is supposed that there is a possible pathogenetic association between the hypophysial nanism and the absence of the Rh-antigen which is inherited also as an autosomic-recessive sign.", "PMID": 410013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5407", "title": "Independent expression of the gene coding for the constant domain of immunoglobulin light chain: evidence from sequence analyses of the precursor of the constant region polypeptide.", "content": "The mRNA coding for the kappa-type constant region (C(kappa)) was purified from two clones derived from the MPC-11 mouse myeloma. This mRNA directs the cell-free synthesis of a C(kappa) precursor (molecular weight, about 15,000) in which an extra piece, 17 residues long, precedes the NH(2)-terminal residue (Ala(109)) of the C(kappa) region. The partial sequence of the extra piece is: Met-X-Thr-Asp-Thr-Leu-Leu-Leu-Trp-Val-Leu-Leu-Leu-Trp-Val-Pro-X- (X is unknown). Met(1) was shown to be the initiator methionine. The sequence of the C(kappa) extra piece is completely different from any known sequence preceding residue Ala(109) in whole light (L) chains, thus establishing that the C(kappa)-region mRNA could not have originated from mRNA coding for the whole L chain. The structural features of the C(kappa) extra piece (marked hydrophobicity, size, and a methionine at the NH(2)-terminus) are identical to those characteristic of the NH(2)-terminal extra piece linked to the variable (V) region of whole L-chain precursors. In addition, the C(kappa) extra piece and the extra piece linked to the V region of MOPC-321 L chain have 70% sequence homology. These findings can be explained by the two genes-one Ig chain hypothesis, if we assume that the DNA coding for the extra piece (xp-DNA) is a constitutive part of the V gene. According to this model, the C(kappa)-region mRNA could have originated from: (i) translocation of this V gene to the C gene, deletion of the entire mature V gene, and \"end-to-end\" repair of the remaining xp-DNA to the C gene; (ii) translocation to the C gene only of the xp-DNA portion of the V gene. Alternatively, we may assume that the xp-DNA is not covalently linked to the mature V gene at all times, as might be the case for the DNA of hypervariable regions presumed to be in episomes. This raises the intriguing speculation that the xp-DNA represents a third distinct gene, designated xp-gene. The presumed xp-gene may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription: when linked to the mature V gene it initiates a chain of events leading to whole L-chain mRNA formation; when attached to the C gene it leads to its transcription to provide the C-region mRNA.", "contents": "Independent expression of the gene coding for the constant domain of immunoglobulin light chain: evidence from sequence analyses of the precursor of the constant region polypeptide. The mRNA coding for the kappa-type constant region (C(kappa)) was purified from two clones derived from the MPC-11 mouse myeloma. This mRNA directs the cell-free synthesis of a C(kappa) precursor (molecular weight, about 15,000) in which an extra piece, 17 residues long, precedes the NH(2)-terminal residue (Ala(109)) of the C(kappa) region. The partial sequence of the extra piece is: Met-X-Thr-Asp-Thr-Leu-Leu-Leu-Trp-Val-Leu-Leu-Leu-Trp-Val-Pro-X- (X is unknown). Met(1) was shown to be the initiator methionine. The sequence of the C(kappa) extra piece is completely different from any known sequence preceding residue Ala(109) in whole light (L) chains, thus establishing that the C(kappa)-region mRNA could not have originated from mRNA coding for the whole L chain. The structural features of the C(kappa) extra piece (marked hydrophobicity, size, and a methionine at the NH(2)-terminus) are identical to those characteristic of the NH(2)-terminal extra piece linked to the variable (V) region of whole L-chain precursors. In addition, the C(kappa) extra piece and the extra piece linked to the V region of MOPC-321 L chain have 70% sequence homology. These findings can be explained by the two genes-one Ig chain hypothesis, if we assume that the DNA coding for the extra piece (xp-DNA) is a constitutive part of the V gene. According to this model, the C(kappa)-region mRNA could have originated from: (i) translocation of this V gene to the C gene, deletion of the entire mature V gene, and \"end-to-end\" repair of the remaining xp-DNA to the C gene; (ii) translocation to the C gene only of the xp-DNA portion of the V gene. Alternatively, we may assume that the xp-DNA is not covalently linked to the mature V gene at all times, as might be the case for the DNA of hypervariable regions presumed to be in episomes. This raises the intriguing speculation that the xp-DNA represents a third distinct gene, designated xp-gene. The presumed xp-gene may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription: when linked to the mature V gene it initiates a chain of events leading to whole L-chain mRNA formation; when attached to the C gene it leads to its transcription to provide the C-region mRNA.", "PMID": 410016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5408", "title": "Presence of a putative 15S precursor to beta-globin mRNA but not to alpha-globin mRNA in Friend cells.", "content": "Dimethyl sulfoxide-induced Friend cells were labeled for periods of 5-60 min. The denatured RNA was fractionated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and the distribution of alpha- and beta-globin-specific [(3)H]RNA was determined by hybridization to hybrid plasmids containing mouse alpha- and beta-globin DNA, respectively. After 5 min of labeling, a 15S peak of beta-globin-specific (but not alpha-globin-specific) [(3)H]RNA was detected, next to an equal amount of 10S beta-globin [(3)H]RNA. With increasing periods of labeling, the amount of 15S beta-globin [(3)H]RNA remained constant but the amount 10S beta-globin [(3)H]RNA increased steadily. alpha-Globin-specific [(3)H]RNA sedimented at 11 S after 5 min of labeling and at 9.5 S after longer labeling periods. Analysis of 15S globin-specific [(3)H]RNA purified by the poly(dC)-cDNA method [Curtis, P. J. & Weissmann, C. (1976) J. Mol. Biol. 106, 1061-1075] showed oligonucleotides characteristic of beta-globin mRNA but not of alpha-globin mRNA, as well as about 20 new oligonucleotides. Our results suggest that 10S beta-globin mRNA arises via a 15S precursor that has a half-life of 5 min or less; 9.5S alpha-globin mRNA may be derived from an 11S precursor.", "contents": "Presence of a putative 15S precursor to beta-globin mRNA but not to alpha-globin mRNA in Friend cells. Dimethyl sulfoxide-induced Friend cells were labeled for periods of 5-60 min. The denatured RNA was fractionated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and the distribution of alpha- and beta-globin-specific [(3)H]RNA was determined by hybridization to hybrid plasmids containing mouse alpha- and beta-globin DNA, respectively. After 5 min of labeling, a 15S peak of beta-globin-specific (but not alpha-globin-specific) [(3)H]RNA was detected, next to an equal amount of 10S beta-globin [(3)H]RNA. With increasing periods of labeling, the amount of 15S beta-globin [(3)H]RNA remained constant but the amount 10S beta-globin [(3)H]RNA increased steadily. alpha-Globin-specific [(3)H]RNA sedimented at 11 S after 5 min of labeling and at 9.5 S after longer labeling periods. Analysis of 15S globin-specific [(3)H]RNA purified by the poly(dC)-cDNA method [Curtis, P. J. & Weissmann, C. (1976) J. Mol. Biol. 106, 1061-1075] showed oligonucleotides characteristic of beta-globin mRNA but not of alpha-globin mRNA, as well as about 20 new oligonucleotides. Our results suggest that 10S beta-globin mRNA arises via a 15S precursor that has a half-life of 5 min or less; 9.5S alpha-globin mRNA may be derived from an 11S precursor.", "PMID": 410017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5409", "title": "DNA-directed synthesis in vitro of beta-galactosidase: requirement for a ribosome release factor.", "content": "The DNA-directed synthesis of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli extracts has been investigated in a partially fractionated system. A dependency was obtained for 3',5'-cyclic AMP receptor protein and also for a factor, from the salt wash of ribosomes, that has been purified to near homogeneity. This factor has been identified with a ribosome release factor previously purified from the supernatant fraction by A. Hirashima and A. Kaji [(1972) Biochemistry 11,4037-4044]. In the coupled transcription-translation system this factor stimulates beta-galactosidase synthesis and total protein synthesis 2- to 4-fold. It is thus clear that the ribosome release factor has a physiological function in translation. It may also affect transcription, because it stimulated total RNA synthesis up to 50% in this in vitro system.", "contents": "DNA-directed synthesis in vitro of beta-galactosidase: requirement for a ribosome release factor. The DNA-directed synthesis of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli extracts has been investigated in a partially fractionated system. A dependency was obtained for 3',5'-cyclic AMP receptor protein and also for a factor, from the salt wash of ribosomes, that has been purified to near homogeneity. This factor has been identified with a ribosome release factor previously purified from the supernatant fraction by A. Hirashima and A. Kaji [(1972) Biochemistry 11,4037-4044]. In the coupled transcription-translation system this factor stimulates beta-galactosidase synthesis and total protein synthesis 2- to 4-fold. It is thus clear that the ribosome release factor has a physiological function in translation. It may also affect transcription, because it stimulated total RNA synthesis up to 50% in this in vitro system.", "PMID": 410018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5410", "title": "Isolation of an iron-molybdenum cofactor from nitrogenase.", "content": "A method for the isolation of an iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMoCo) from component I of nitrogenase is described. This method is used to isolate FeMoCo from aerobic, anaerobic, facultative, and photosynthetic nitrogen-fixing organisms. The Fe/Mo ratio in the FeMoCo from Azotobacter vinelandii and Clostridium pasteurianum is 8:1. The FeMoCo contains six atoms of acid-labile sulfide per eight Fe atoms. Crystalline component I from A. vinelandii contains 2 Mo, 33 Fe, and 27 acid-labile sulfide atoms per molecular weight of 250,000. The specific activity of FeMoCo is 425 nmol of C(2)H(4) formed/min per nmol of Mo. There is better than 98% reconstitution between FeMoCo and inactive component I in A. vinelandii mutant strain UW45. The FeMoCo yield from component I is about 90%. FeMoCo from nitrogenase component I of C. pasteurianum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus polymyxa, and Rhodospirillum rubrum activates inactive component I in an extract from mutant strain UW45 and follows saturation kinetics. The FeMoCo in various nitrogen-fixing organisms seems to be very similar. Wild-type A. vinelandii derepressed for nitrogenase synthesis in tungsten-containing medium and K. pneumoniae mutant strain UN109 are also activated in vitro by FeMoCo. The FeMoCo is very sensitive to oxygen, but is stable even at room temperature as long as it is kept anaerobic and in N-methylformamide, the solvent used for its isolation. FeMoCo is unstable in an aqueous environment, even though it is kept strictly anaerobic. Knowledge of the structure of this cofactor should be useful for understanding the role of molybdenum at the active site of nitrogenase, role of ligands close to molybdenum in electron and proton transfer, and the catalytic mechanism of nitrogen fixation. The FeMoCo might be used as a model for synthesizing catalysts for chemical nitrogen fixation.", "contents": "Isolation of an iron-molybdenum cofactor from nitrogenase. A method for the isolation of an iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMoCo) from component I of nitrogenase is described. This method is used to isolate FeMoCo from aerobic, anaerobic, facultative, and photosynthetic nitrogen-fixing organisms. The Fe/Mo ratio in the FeMoCo from Azotobacter vinelandii and Clostridium pasteurianum is 8:1. The FeMoCo contains six atoms of acid-labile sulfide per eight Fe atoms. Crystalline component I from A. vinelandii contains 2 Mo, 33 Fe, and 27 acid-labile sulfide atoms per molecular weight of 250,000. The specific activity of FeMoCo is 425 nmol of C(2)H(4) formed/min per nmol of Mo. There is better than 98% reconstitution between FeMoCo and inactive component I in A. vinelandii mutant strain UW45. The FeMoCo yield from component I is about 90%. FeMoCo from nitrogenase component I of C. pasteurianum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus polymyxa, and Rhodospirillum rubrum activates inactive component I in an extract from mutant strain UW45 and follows saturation kinetics. The FeMoCo in various nitrogen-fixing organisms seems to be very similar. Wild-type A. vinelandii derepressed for nitrogenase synthesis in tungsten-containing medium and K. pneumoniae mutant strain UN109 are also activated in vitro by FeMoCo. The FeMoCo is very sensitive to oxygen, but is stable even at room temperature as long as it is kept anaerobic and in N-methylformamide, the solvent used for its isolation. FeMoCo is unstable in an aqueous environment, even though it is kept strictly anaerobic. Knowledge of the structure of this cofactor should be useful for understanding the role of molybdenum at the active site of nitrogenase, role of ligands close to molybdenum in electron and proton transfer, and the catalytic mechanism of nitrogen fixation. The FeMoCo might be used as a model for synthesizing catalysts for chemical nitrogen fixation.", "PMID": 410019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5411", "title": "Murine leukemia virus morphogenesis: cleavage of P70 in vitro can be accompanied by a shift from a concentrically coiled internal strand (\"immature\") to a collapsed (\"mature\") form of the virus core.", "content": "Disruption of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) with low levels of Nonidet P-40 yielded \"immature\" cores. These cores have a diameter of about 920 A, as opposed to the 1300-A diameter of RLV, possess knob-like protuberances, and contain a concentrically coiled internal strand apposed to the core shell. The two major polypeptide components of immature cores are (i) p30, the 30,000-dalton group-specific antigen, and (ii) a polypeptide that has the size and antigenic characteristics of P70, the 70,000-dalton precursor protein of the group-specific antigens of murine leukemia virus. Disruption of RLV at high ratios of Nonidet P-40 to virus yielded \"mature\" cores. These cores have an average diameter of 850 A, a smooth proteinaceous perimeter, and a collapsed internal strand, and they contain predominantly p30. Treatment of RLV with low levels of Nonidet P-40 for 16 hr at 22 degrees yielded cores that showed (I) a 70% decrease in the number of immature forms and concomitant increase in the number of mature forms, (II) a 60-90% decrease of P70, and (iii) a 30% increase in a 40,000- to 42,000-dalton protein. These results suggest that maturation of RLV cores is accomplished by cleavage of P70.", "contents": "Murine leukemia virus morphogenesis: cleavage of P70 in vitro can be accompanied by a shift from a concentrically coiled internal strand (\"immature\") to a collapsed (\"mature\") form of the virus core. Disruption of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) with low levels of Nonidet P-40 yielded \"immature\" cores. These cores have a diameter of about 920 A, as opposed to the 1300-A diameter of RLV, possess knob-like protuberances, and contain a concentrically coiled internal strand apposed to the core shell. The two major polypeptide components of immature cores are (i) p30, the 30,000-dalton group-specific antigen, and (ii) a polypeptide that has the size and antigenic characteristics of P70, the 70,000-dalton precursor protein of the group-specific antigens of murine leukemia virus. Disruption of RLV at high ratios of Nonidet P-40 to virus yielded \"mature\" cores. These cores have an average diameter of 850 A, a smooth proteinaceous perimeter, and a collapsed internal strand, and they contain predominantly p30. Treatment of RLV with low levels of Nonidet P-40 for 16 hr at 22 degrees yielded cores that showed (I) a 70% decrease in the number of immature forms and concomitant increase in the number of mature forms, (II) a 60-90% decrease of P70, and (iii) a 30% increase in a 40,000- to 42,000-dalton protein. These results suggest that maturation of RLV cores is accomplished by cleavage of P70.", "PMID": 410020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5412", "title": "Cloning of an immunoglobulin variable region gene from mouse embryo.", "content": "A 4.8-kilobase DNA fragment carrying an immunoglobulin gene coding for a mouse lambda chain variable region (Vlambda gene) was enriched about 350-fold from a total endonuclease  EcoRI digest of embryonic DNA by a combination of preparative agarose gel electrophoresis of double-stranded DNA and CsCl density gradient centrifugation of R-loops formed with a purified lambda chain mRNA. DNA fragments thus enriched for the immunoglobulin gene were inserted in vitro in the middle of the genome of the vector phage lambdagt Wam  403, Eam 100, Sam 100 by use of the EcoRI cohesive ends. Transfection of CaCl2-treated Escherichia coli 803 [rk-, mk- (lacking restriction and modification systems for K-12)] with such hybrid DNA and subsequent screening of about 4000 plaques by in situ hybridization with purified 125I-labeled lambda chain mRNA led to isolation of a clone that carries a Vlambda gene (lambdagtWES-Ig 13). Electron microscopy of R-loops confirmed the presence of sequences homologous to part of the lambda chain mRNA in its 5'-end.", "contents": "Cloning of an immunoglobulin variable region gene from mouse embryo. A 4.8-kilobase DNA fragment carrying an immunoglobulin gene coding for a mouse lambda chain variable region (Vlambda gene) was enriched about 350-fold from a total endonuclease  EcoRI digest of embryonic DNA by a combination of preparative agarose gel electrophoresis of double-stranded DNA and CsCl density gradient centrifugation of R-loops formed with a purified lambda chain mRNA. DNA fragments thus enriched for the immunoglobulin gene were inserted in vitro in the middle of the genome of the vector phage lambdagt Wam  403, Eam 100, Sam 100 by use of the EcoRI cohesive ends. Transfection of CaCl2-treated Escherichia coli 803 [rk-, mk- (lacking restriction and modification systems for K-12)] with such hybrid DNA and subsequent screening of about 4000 plaques by in situ hybridization with purified 125I-labeled lambda chain mRNA led to isolation of a clone that carries a Vlambda gene (lambdagtWES-Ig 13). Electron microscopy of R-loops confirmed the presence of sequences homologous to part of the lambda chain mRNA in its 5'-end.", "PMID": 410021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5413", "title": "Secretion of mediators following T lymphocyte-macrophage interaction is regulated by the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "In this study we show that T cells from mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes can interact in vitro with normal macrophages to produce a number of soluble mediators, including lymphostimulatory molecules. One of these molecules was a 15,000-dalton protein mitogenic for thymocytes. Generation of mitogenic activity was essentially completed by the first 24 hr of culture and did not require the addition of Listeria antigens. Production of mitogenic protein required contact between the lymphocytes and macrophages, because it did not occur when the two cells were separated by a cell-impermeable membrane. Optimal production of mitogenic protein occurred only when the lymphocytes and macrophages shared homologous I-A regions of the major histocompatibility complex. Once generated, the mitogenic protein did not display histocompatibility restriction and could stimulate allogeneic as well as syngeneic thymocytes. Strains of mice with the C57 background responded poorly to mitogenic protein even though those strains were capable of producing it. We conclude that an early stage in T cell immunity to Listeria involves an intimate association with macrophages regulated by the H-2 complex.", "contents": "Secretion of mediators following T lymphocyte-macrophage interaction is regulated by the major histocompatibility complex. In this study we show that T cells from mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes can interact in vitro with normal macrophages to produce a number of soluble mediators, including lymphostimulatory molecules. One of these molecules was a 15,000-dalton protein mitogenic for thymocytes. Generation of mitogenic activity was essentially completed by the first 24 hr of culture and did not require the addition of Listeria antigens. Production of mitogenic protein required contact between the lymphocytes and macrophages, because it did not occur when the two cells were separated by a cell-impermeable membrane. Optimal production of mitogenic protein occurred only when the lymphocytes and macrophages shared homologous I-A regions of the major histocompatibility complex. Once generated, the mitogenic protein did not display histocompatibility restriction and could stimulate allogeneic as well as syngeneic thymocytes. Strains of mice with the C57 background responded poorly to mitogenic protein even though those strains were capable of producing it. We conclude that an early stage in T cell immunity to Listeria involves an intimate association with macrophages regulated by the H-2 complex.", "PMID": 410022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5414", "title": "Formation of lung surfactant films from intact lamellar bodies.", "content": "Lamellar bodies, an intracellular source of lung alveolar surfactant, were isolated from rat lung homogenates and studied in the Langmuir-Adams surface balance. By layering intact lamellar bodies on the surface of a more dense sucrose subphase, we studied the factors affecting film formation from surface tension-vs-time data and determined surface tension-surface area isotherms by compression and expansion of the resulting films. We found that films with properties representative of the alveolar surfactant are formed in the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ alone, or either plus Na+; that film formation is incomplete with Na+ alone or on ion-free subphases; and that Ca2+-induced film formation is blocked by chelation with EGTA but is unaffected by diisopropylfluorophosphate. The results suggest that divalent cations induce film formation by interactions at sites within the lamellar bodies and may be responsible for the binding of membrane lipids to membrane proteins in lung surfactant.", "contents": "Formation of lung surfactant films from intact lamellar bodies. Lamellar bodies, an intracellular source of lung alveolar surfactant, were isolated from rat lung homogenates and studied in the Langmuir-Adams surface balance. By layering intact lamellar bodies on the surface of a more dense sucrose subphase, we studied the factors affecting film formation from surface tension-vs-time data and determined surface tension-surface area isotherms by compression and expansion of the resulting films. We found that films with properties representative of the alveolar surfactant are formed in the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ alone, or either plus Na+; that film formation is incomplete with Na+ alone or on ion-free subphases; and that Ca2+-induced film formation is blocked by chelation with EGTA but is unaffected by diisopropylfluorophosphate. The results suggest that divalent cations induce film formation by interactions at sites within the lamellar bodies and may be responsible for the binding of membrane lipids to membrane proteins in lung surfactant.", "PMID": 410023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5415", "title": "Resolution of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase and thromboxane synthase of human platelets.", "content": "Thromboxane synthase was localized to the microsomes of human platelets. The enzyme was insensitive to sulfhydryl reagents and thiols but was inhibited by 12L-hydroperoxy-5, 8, 10, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid (concentration for 50% inhibition = 0.1 mM). Treatment of microsomes with Triton X-100 solubilized the enzymes that catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to thromboxane B2. The solubilized material was resolved by DEAE-cellulose chromatography into two components, one converting arachidonic acid to prostaglandins G2 and H2 and the other converting prostaglandin H2 to thromboxane B2.", "contents": "Resolution of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase and thromboxane synthase of human platelets. Thromboxane synthase was localized to the microsomes of human platelets. The enzyme was insensitive to sulfhydryl reagents and thiols but was inhibited by 12L-hydroperoxy-5, 8, 10, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid (concentration for 50% inhibition = 0.1 mM). Treatment of microsomes with Triton X-100 solubilized the enzymes that catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to thromboxane B2. The solubilized material was resolved by DEAE-cellulose chromatography into two components, one converting arachidonic acid to prostaglandins G2 and H2 and the other converting prostaglandin H2 to thromboxane B2.", "PMID": 410024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5416", "title": "Secondary structure of heterogeneous nuclear RNA: two classes of double-stranded RNA in native ribonucleoprotein.", "content": "Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) from HeLa cells contains intramolecular duplexes. Since hnRNA is associated with protein in vivo, it is possible that the double-stranded regions observed in deproteinized hnRNA form spontaneously upon the release of protein from single-stranded but potentially complementary sequences. We show here that this is not the case for a class of double-stranded sequences that is defined by resistance to RNases A + T(1) at high ionic strength. Exposure of HeLa hnRNA.ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) particles to Escherichia coli RNase III, a double-strand-specific endoribonuclease, destroys most of the sequences resistant to RNases A + T(1). This effect is completely blocked when hnRNP is exposed to RNase III in the presence of an excess of purified double-stranded RNA. In addition, we show that there exist two classes of double-stranded RNA in hnRNP at a salt concentration of 0.13 M. These are distinguished by their relative resistance to RNases A + T(1). The more stable double-stranded sequences, which are resistant to RNases A + T(1) at 0.13 M, comprise 1.0-1.1% of the nucleotides in hnRNP. The less stable double-stranded sequences comprise an additional 1.5-2.0% of the nucleotides in hnRNP. These are sensitive to RNase III at 0.13 M, but are not resistant to RNases A + T(1) unless the salt concentration is raised to 0.63 M. The demonstration that double-stranded sequences resistant to RNases A + T(1) exist in native ribonucleoprotein and are not artifacts of deproteinization now makes it appropriate to seriously consider their possible functional role in hnRNA metabolism, perhaps as binding sites for regulatory proteins involved in mRNA processing.", "contents": "Secondary structure of heterogeneous nuclear RNA: two classes of double-stranded RNA in native ribonucleoprotein. Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) from HeLa cells contains intramolecular duplexes. Since hnRNA is associated with protein in vivo, it is possible that the double-stranded regions observed in deproteinized hnRNA form spontaneously upon the release of protein from single-stranded but potentially complementary sequences. We show here that this is not the case for a class of double-stranded sequences that is defined by resistance to RNases A + T(1) at high ionic strength. Exposure of HeLa hnRNA.ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) particles to Escherichia coli RNase III, a double-strand-specific endoribonuclease, destroys most of the sequences resistant to RNases A + T(1). This effect is completely blocked when hnRNP is exposed to RNase III in the presence of an excess of purified double-stranded RNA. In addition, we show that there exist two classes of double-stranded RNA in hnRNP at a salt concentration of 0.13 M. These are distinguished by their relative resistance to RNases A + T(1). The more stable double-stranded sequences, which are resistant to RNases A + T(1) at 0.13 M, comprise 1.0-1.1% of the nucleotides in hnRNP. The less stable double-stranded sequences comprise an additional 1.5-2.0% of the nucleotides in hnRNP. These are sensitive to RNase III at 0.13 M, but are not resistant to RNases A + T(1) unless the salt concentration is raised to 0.63 M. The demonstration that double-stranded sequences resistant to RNases A + T(1) exist in native ribonucleoprotein and are not artifacts of deproteinization now makes it appropriate to seriously consider their possible functional role in hnRNA metabolism, perhaps as binding sites for regulatory proteins involved in mRNA processing.", "PMID": 410025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5417", "title": "New detection of brain dopamine receptors with (3H)dihydroergocryptine.", "content": "Because dihydroergocryptine (DHE) and closely related ergots are dopamine-mimetic agonists, we tested [3H]DHE as a possible ligand for [3H]dopamine receptors in the calf caudate. In order to avoid [3H]DHE from tagging alpha-adrenergic receptors, an excess of 500 nM phentolamine was used to block these sites, permitting the dopamine receptors to be measured separately. Specific binding of [3H]DHE was defined as total binding minus that occurring in the presence of 1 muM (+)-butaclamol. Excess phentolamine reduced the specific binding of [3H]DHE from 328 down to 138 fmol/mg, the difference presumably representing alpha-receptors. The KD for [3H]DHE was 0.55 nM (with or without phentolamine), and this high affinity site was blocked (in the presence of phentolamine) by 250nM apomorphine, 650 nM dopamine, and 1200 mM (minus)-norepinephrine, indicating that[3H]DHE was binding to dopamine receptors. All neuroleptics blocked specific [3H]DHE binding in direct relation to the clinical potency of the neuroleptic. The displacement of specific [3H]DHE binding by dopamine or by norepinephrine (in the presence of phentolamine) revealed two subsets of dopamine receptors.", "contents": "New detection of brain dopamine receptors with (3H)dihydroergocryptine. Because dihydroergocryptine (DHE) and closely related ergots are dopamine-mimetic agonists, we tested [3H]DHE as a possible ligand for [3H]dopamine receptors in the calf caudate. In order to avoid [3H]DHE from tagging alpha-adrenergic receptors, an excess of 500 nM phentolamine was used to block these sites, permitting the dopamine receptors to be measured separately. Specific binding of [3H]DHE was defined as total binding minus that occurring in the presence of 1 muM (+)-butaclamol. Excess phentolamine reduced the specific binding of [3H]DHE from 328 down to 138 fmol/mg, the difference presumably representing alpha-receptors. The KD for [3H]DHE was 0.55 nM (with or without phentolamine), and this high affinity site was blocked (in the presence of phentolamine) by 250nM apomorphine, 650 nM dopamine, and 1200 mM (minus)-norepinephrine, indicating that[3H]DHE was binding to dopamine receptors. All neuroleptics blocked specific [3H]DHE binding in direct relation to the clinical potency of the neuroleptic. The displacement of specific [3H]DHE binding by dopamine or by norepinephrine (in the presence of phentolamine) revealed two subsets of dopamine receptors.", "PMID": 410026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5418", "title": "Occurrence of a major protein associated with fruiting body development in Neurospora and related Ascomycetes.", "content": "Electrophoretic and immunological analysis of fruiting body (perithecial) extracts demonstrates the occurrence of a major phase-specific perithecial protein in all Neurospora species and in the closely related Gelasinospora cerealis and Sordariafimicola. The perithecial proteins from these different species fall into a number of groups with different electrophoretic mobilities. They appear to be immunologically closely related but not identical to one another even within the same genus, with only partial identity exhibited between the heterothallic and pseudohomothallic Neurospora on the one hand and the homothallic Neurospora on the other hand. In immunological analysis of fruiting body extracts of the other Ascomycetes, Podospora anserina, Cochliobolus maydis, and Aspergillus nidulans, and of ascus extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, no crossreaction with the Neurospora perithecial protein was found.", "contents": "Occurrence of a major protein associated with fruiting body development in Neurospora and related Ascomycetes. Electrophoretic and immunological analysis of fruiting body (perithecial) extracts demonstrates the occurrence of a major phase-specific perithecial protein in all Neurospora species and in the closely related Gelasinospora cerealis and Sordariafimicola. The perithecial proteins from these different species fall into a number of groups with different electrophoretic mobilities. They appear to be immunologically closely related but not identical to one another even within the same genus, with only partial identity exhibited between the heterothallic and pseudohomothallic Neurospora on the one hand and the homothallic Neurospora on the other hand. In immunological analysis of fruiting body extracts of the other Ascomycetes, Podospora anserina, Cochliobolus maydis, and Aspergillus nidulans, and of ascus extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, no crossreaction with the Neurospora perithecial protein was found.", "PMID": 410027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5419", "title": "Induction of spectrin in erythroleukemic cells transformed by Friend virus.", "content": "The presence and accumulation in murine erythroleukemic cells transformed by Friend virus of the erythrocyte membrane-associated protein spectrin has been investigated. Spectrin was present in the uninduced cells and was induced 10- to 20-fold in dimethyl sulfoxide-treated differentiating cells. The intracellular concentration of spectrin reached a peak on the third day of dimethyl sulfoxide treatment, after which it fell to levels found in mouse erythrocytes. We also found that the small subunit of spectrin was phosphorylated in the cells.", "contents": "Induction of spectrin in erythroleukemic cells transformed by Friend virus. The presence and accumulation in murine erythroleukemic cells transformed by Friend virus of the erythrocyte membrane-associated protein spectrin has been investigated. Spectrin was present in the uninduced cells and was induced 10- to 20-fold in dimethyl sulfoxide-treated differentiating cells. The intracellular concentration of spectrin reached a peak on the third day of dimethyl sulfoxide treatment, after which it fell to levels found in mouse erythrocytes. We also found that the small subunit of spectrin was phosphorylated in the cells.", "PMID": 410028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5420", "title": "Potentiation of a primary in vivo antibody response by alloantisera against gene products of the I region of the H-2 complex.", "content": "Mice were immunized intravenously with suboptimal numbers (3.5-5 X 10(5)) of sheep erythrocytes together with various anti-Ia antisera or with sheep erythrocytes alone, and the primary IgM and IgG plaque-forming cell responses were assayed 6 days later9 A/J (H-2a) mice given 5 X 10(5) sheep erythrocytes together with as little as 0.4 mul of a (129 X A.TH)F1 anti-A.TL (anti-Iak) antiserum developed 2-3 times as many IgM and IGG plaque-forming cells as mice injected with antigen alone or together with various antisera not containing anti-Ia antibodies. Similar results were obtained with BALB/c (H-2d) mice and a (C3H X LG/Ckc)F1 anti-C3H. OH (anti-Iad) antiserum plus sheep erythrocytes. In the case of the anti-Iad antiserum, the potentiating activity could be absorbed with C3H. OH (Id) but not C3H(Ik) spleen cells, demonstrating that the active antibodies were specific for the Id region. Antiserum to I-Jk subregion-coded determinants was tested in A/J (I-Jk) mice and found to also potentiate 2- to 3-fold the plaque-forming cell response to suboptimal erythrocyte immunization. This antiserum [(BIO.A(3R) X DBA/2)F1 anti-B10.(5R)] failed to potentiate responses in BALB/c (I-Jd) mice, as expected on a genetic basis. The potentiating antibodies could be removed by absorption with B10.BR (I-Jk) but not B10 (I-Jb) spleen cells, also confirming the I-J specificity of the activity. The interference of anti-I-J antibodies with T lymphocyte suppressor mechanisms is prposed as a possible explanation for this phenomenon.", "contents": "Potentiation of a primary in vivo antibody response by alloantisera against gene products of the I region of the H-2 complex. Mice were immunized intravenously with suboptimal numbers (3.5-5 X 10(5)) of sheep erythrocytes together with various anti-Ia antisera or with sheep erythrocytes alone, and the primary IgM and IgG plaque-forming cell responses were assayed 6 days later9 A/J (H-2a) mice given 5 X 10(5) sheep erythrocytes together with as little as 0.4 mul of a (129 X A.TH)F1 anti-A.TL (anti-Iak) antiserum developed 2-3 times as many IgM and IGG plaque-forming cells as mice injected with antigen alone or together with various antisera not containing anti-Ia antibodies. Similar results were obtained with BALB/c (H-2d) mice and a (C3H X LG/Ckc)F1 anti-C3H. OH (anti-Iad) antiserum plus sheep erythrocytes. In the case of the anti-Iad antiserum, the potentiating activity could be absorbed with C3H. OH (Id) but not C3H(Ik) spleen cells, demonstrating that the active antibodies were specific for the Id region. Antiserum to I-Jk subregion-coded determinants was tested in A/J (I-Jk) mice and found to also potentiate 2- to 3-fold the plaque-forming cell response to suboptimal erythrocyte immunization. This antiserum [(BIO.A(3R) X DBA/2)F1 anti-B10.(5R)] failed to potentiate responses in BALB/c (I-Jd) mice, as expected on a genetic basis. The potentiating antibodies could be removed by absorption with B10.BR (I-Jk) but not B10 (I-Jb) spleen cells, also confirming the I-J specificity of the activity. The interference of anti-I-J antibodies with T lymphocyte suppressor mechanisms is prposed as a possible explanation for this phenomenon.", "PMID": 410029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5421", "title": "Further structural studies of the heavy chain of HLA antigens and its similarity to immunoglobulins.", "content": "The papain-solubilized fragment of the heavy chain of HLA-B7, which is the NH2-terminal part of the whole polypeptide chain, can be divided into three regions by mild acid and cyanogen bromide cleavages. The first 100 amino acids terminating in a methionine residue contain the carbohydrate moiety; this segment is followed by two others of molecular weights 9,999 and 13,000, each containing an intrachain disulfide bridge. The two intrachain disulfide bridges are separated by a stretch of amino acids containing an acid-labile aspartyl-prolHLA-2, A28, and AW25 contain this acid-labile peptide bond in their larger subunit. Sequencing from the acid cleavage site of HLA-7 through the third half-cystine revealed consideralbe homology with amino acid sequences around a half-cystine in immunoglobulin variable regions.", "contents": "Further structural studies of the heavy chain of HLA antigens and its similarity to immunoglobulins. The papain-solubilized fragment of the heavy chain of HLA-B7, which is the NH2-terminal part of the whole polypeptide chain, can be divided into three regions by mild acid and cyanogen bromide cleavages. The first 100 amino acids terminating in a methionine residue contain the carbohydrate moiety; this segment is followed by two others of molecular weights 9,999 and 13,000, each containing an intrachain disulfide bridge. The two intrachain disulfide bridges are separated by a stretch of amino acids containing an acid-labile aspartyl-prolHLA-2, A28, and AW25 contain this acid-labile peptide bond in their larger subunit. Sequencing from the acid cleavage site of HLA-7 through the third half-cystine revealed consideralbe homology with amino acid sequences around a half-cystine in immunoglobulin variable regions.", "PMID": 410030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5422", "title": "Histopathogenesis of 7,12-diemthylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors.", "content": "The histopathogenesis and growth behavior of mammary tumors and dysplasias induced by a single intragastric dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in 50-day-old virgin female Lewis rats were examined both in situ and after transplantation into gland-free mammary fat pads of syngeneic hosts. Terminal mammary ductules are indicated as a site of origin of both ovarian hormone-dependent mammary tumors and spontaneously gegressing mammary tumors, and terminal ductule hyperplasia appears to be an early stage in mammary tumor formation. The precancerous nature of hyperplastic alveolar nodules induced by dimethylbenzanthracene in rats has been further examined, and our studies indicate that these nodules are not significantly preneoplastic.", "contents": "Histopathogenesis of 7,12-diemthylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors. The histopathogenesis and growth behavior of mammary tumors and dysplasias induced by a single intragastric dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in 50-day-old virgin female Lewis rats were examined both in situ and after transplantation into gland-free mammary fat pads of syngeneic hosts. Terminal mammary ductules are indicated as a site of origin of both ovarian hormone-dependent mammary tumors and spontaneously gegressing mammary tumors, and terminal ductule hyperplasia appears to be an early stage in mammary tumor formation. The precancerous nature of hyperplastic alveolar nodules induced by dimethylbenzanthracene in rats has been further examined, and our studies indicate that these nodules are not significantly preneoplastic.", "PMID": 410031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5423", "title": "Action potentials occur in cells of the normal anterior pituitary gland and are stimulated by the hypophysiotropic peptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "Electrical activity in the form of action potentials (spikes) was discovered in normal anterior pituitary cells obtained from rats by tissue dissociation and maintained in culture. Passage of outward current through the microsuction electrodes used for recording often increased spike frequency in spontaneously active cells or initiated spikes in cells previously electrically silent. Spiking persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin and in the absence of sodium, but was inhibited by the calcium blockers D600 and lanthanum. Such spikes appear, therefore, to be calcium spikes, but contributions to spiking by other ions are not excluded. The stimulant hypophysiotropic peptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone elicited spiking in about ten percent of the cells on which it was tested. These cells are possibly thyrotrophs and mammotrophs, the physiological target cells for this hormone. These results, considered along with existing evidence that adenohypophyseal secretion requires calcium and is elicited by calcium ionophores, prompt the conclusion that action potentials involving calcium influx participate in stimulus-secretion coupling in the anterior pituitary. It may be by stimulating or modulating such electrical activity (with hypophysiotropic hormones) that the brain regulates anterior pituitary secretion.", "contents": "Action potentials occur in cells of the normal anterior pituitary gland and are stimulated by the hypophysiotropic peptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Electrical activity in the form of action potentials (spikes) was discovered in normal anterior pituitary cells obtained from rats by tissue dissociation and maintained in culture. Passage of outward current through the microsuction electrodes used for recording often increased spike frequency in spontaneously active cells or initiated spikes in cells previously electrically silent. Spiking persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin and in the absence of sodium, but was inhibited by the calcium blockers D600 and lanthanum. Such spikes appear, therefore, to be calcium spikes, but contributions to spiking by other ions are not excluded. The stimulant hypophysiotropic peptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone elicited spiking in about ten percent of the cells on which it was tested. These cells are possibly thyrotrophs and mammotrophs, the physiological target cells for this hormone. These results, considered along with existing evidence that adenohypophyseal secretion requires calcium and is elicited by calcium ionophores, prompt the conclusion that action potentials involving calcium influx participate in stimulus-secretion coupling in the anterior pituitary. It may be by stimulating or modulating such electrical activity (with hypophysiotropic hormones) that the brain regulates anterior pituitary secretion.", "PMID": 410032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5424", "title": "Effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate on fixed-interval responding in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "The effects of oral doses of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate on a fixed-interval operant response were studied in four young male squirrel monkeys. A fixed-interval of 80 sec with a limited hold of 20 sec was used. Methylphenidate produced no observable changes in behavior, while d-amphetamine produced dose related changes in both the rate of responding and the temporal patterning of responses. Since dose levels used included, and exceeded, human clinical dosages, the present findings may have implications for future research involving the clinical use of these drugs.", "contents": "Effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate on fixed-interval responding in the squirrel monkey. The effects of oral doses of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate on a fixed-interval operant response were studied in four young male squirrel monkeys. A fixed-interval of 80 sec with a limited hold of 20 sec was used. Methylphenidate produced no observable changes in behavior, while d-amphetamine produced dose related changes in both the rate of responding and the temporal patterning of responses. Since dose levels used included, and exceeded, human clinical dosages, the present findings may have implications for future research involving the clinical use of these drugs.", "PMID": 410037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5425", "title": "Hydroxylation of tyrosine by plant peroxidase and mushroom tyrosinase, with and without hydrazine, to retard the oxidation of dopa.", "content": "Tyrosine was oxidized to dopa by horseradish peroxidase and mushroom tyrosinase. The first step of hydroxylation of tyrosine in the synthesis of melanin was demonstrated by isolation of dopa from the reaction mixture using hydrazine as a selective retardant.", "contents": "Hydroxylation of tyrosine by plant peroxidase and mushroom tyrosinase, with and without hydrazine, to retard the oxidation of dopa. Tyrosine was oxidized to dopa by horseradish peroxidase and mushroom tyrosinase. The first step of hydroxylation of tyrosine in the synthesis of melanin was demonstrated by isolation of dopa from the reaction mixture using hydrazine as a selective retardant.", "PMID": 410043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5426", "title": "[Some little-known conservative methods of treatment of Raynaud's syndrome].", "content": "In 20 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon affecting the upper or lower limbs (1974-1976), 4 methods of conservative therapy were used, in combinations according to the case: 1) Intraarterial injections of xylocaine-priscol-pronestyl. 2) Nitroglycerine ointment. 3) More rarely, paraphalangeal injections of 1% quinine-urea. 4) The hypertensive regime of Lassen and Larsen (mineralocorticoids by mouth). The age was in general between 45 and 75 years, and a vascular context, either arterial or venous, was frequent. Signs of scleroderma were absent. Disc disorders with radicular signs were not rare (6 cases). The most frequent combination, intraarterial injections and nitroglycerine ointment, generally had a remarkable effect. On only 3 occasions was recourse had to other methods. No patient had to undergo sympathectomy.", "contents": "[Some little-known conservative methods of treatment of Raynaud's syndrome]. In 20 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon affecting the upper or lower limbs (1974-1976), 4 methods of conservative therapy were used, in combinations according to the case: 1) Intraarterial injections of xylocaine-priscol-pronestyl. 2) Nitroglycerine ointment. 3) More rarely, paraphalangeal injections of 1% quinine-urea. 4) The hypertensive regime of Lassen and Larsen (mineralocorticoids by mouth). The age was in general between 45 and 75 years, and a vascular context, either arterial or venous, was frequent. Signs of scleroderma were absent. Disc disorders with radicular signs were not rare (6 cases). The most frequent combination, intraarterial injections and nitroglycerine ointment, generally had a remarkable effect. On only 3 occasions was recourse had to other methods. No patient had to undergo sympathectomy.", "PMID": 410040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5427", "title": "Pharmacological characterization of tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "Tardive dyskinesia (TD) may be a clinical manifestation of a relative imbalance between the inversely related dopaminergic (DA) and acetylcholinergic (ACh) influences in the central nervous system (CNS). Six patients were evaluated with single challenge doses of a DA agonist, levodopa, and antagonist, droperidol, as well as with an ACh agonist, physostigmine, an antagonist, benztropine, and a placebo. A single blind trial with deanol and placebo followed. Responses, measured by an electrophysiological technique, formed two subgroups. The patients who improved with a DA antagonist or an ACh agonist improved while taking deanol. Another group of patients were made worse with a DA antagonist or ACh agonist and were worsened or had no response while taking deanol. While the results add support to the concept of counterbalancing DA-ACh influences in TD, further investigation of TD subtypes and predictors of drug response is warranted.", "contents": "Pharmacological characterization of tardive dyskinesia. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) may be a clinical manifestation of a relative imbalance between the inversely related dopaminergic (DA) and acetylcholinergic (ACh) influences in the central nervous system (CNS). Six patients were evaluated with single challenge doses of a DA agonist, levodopa, and antagonist, droperidol, as well as with an ACh agonist, physostigmine, an antagonist, benztropine, and a placebo. A single blind trial with deanol and placebo followed. Responses, measured by an electrophysiological technique, formed two subgroups. The patients who improved with a DA antagonist or an ACh agonist improved while taking deanol. Another group of patients were made worse with a DA antagonist or ACh agonist and were worsened or had no response while taking deanol. While the results add support to the concept of counterbalancing DA-ACh influences in TD, further investigation of TD subtypes and predictors of drug response is warranted.", "PMID": 410053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5428", "title": "Reduced renal calcium excretion during lithium therapy.", "content": "The renal excretion of calcium was determined in ten subjects before and at intervals during 3 months of lithium treatment. The calcium excretion fell by more than 40% within the first week of treatment and remained low throughout the treatment period. The reduction in urinary calcium excretion could be accounted for by an increase in fractional tubular reabsorption of calcium. There were no changes in serum calcium or inorganic phosphate, nor in urinary inorganic phosphate. The results indicate that lithium interferes with the regulation of calcium metabolism.", "contents": "Reduced renal calcium excretion during lithium therapy. The renal excretion of calcium was determined in ten subjects before and at intervals during 3 months of lithium treatment. The calcium excretion fell by more than 40% within the first week of treatment and remained low throughout the treatment period. The reduction in urinary calcium excretion could be accounted for by an increase in fractional tubular reabsorption of calcium. There were no changes in serum calcium or inorganic phosphate, nor in urinary inorganic phosphate. The results indicate that lithium interferes with the regulation of calcium metabolism.", "PMID": 410054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5429", "title": "Head-shake distributions during self-maintained dependence on morphine, methadone, and l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) in the rat.", "content": "Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared with chronic cortical and muscle electrodes and i.v. cannulas, made tolerant to and physically dependent on morphine, and trained to level press for i.v. morphine self-injections to maintain dependence. Methadone or l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) was then substituted for morphine in some of these rats. During self-maintained dependence on either morphine or methadone, head shakes appeared and increased in frequency before lever pressing for self-injections. In contrast, there were fewer head shakes during LAAM dependence, which were evenly distributed over the entire duration of the interinjection interval. These findings suggest a relationship between head-shake distributions, drug-seeking behavior and the pharmacodynamics of these three narcotics.", "contents": "Head-shake distributions during self-maintained dependence on morphine, methadone, and l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) in the rat. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared with chronic cortical and muscle electrodes and i.v. cannulas, made tolerant to and physically dependent on morphine, and trained to level press for i.v. morphine self-injections to maintain dependence. Methadone or l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) was then substituted for morphine in some of these rats. During self-maintained dependence on either morphine or methadone, head shakes appeared and increased in frequency before lever pressing for self-injections. In contrast, there were fewer head shakes during LAAM dependence, which were evenly distributed over the entire duration of the interinjection interval. These findings suggest a relationship between head-shake distributions, drug-seeking behavior and the pharmacodynamics of these three narcotics.", "PMID": 410055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5430", "title": "Effects on retention of posttraining amphetamine injections in mice: interaction with pretraining experience.", "content": "These experiments examined the effects of d-amphethamine on retention of one-trial inhibitory (passive) avoidance training in mice. Water-deprived mice were pretrained to lick from a water spout at the end of a darkened compartment. Footshock was administered during licking after 4, 6, or 7 days of pretraining. Retention performance (latency to lick) was measured 24 h after training. The effects on memory of posttraining amphetamine varied not only with amphetamine dose but also with the amount of pretraining. In animals pretraining for 7 days, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg but not 0.03, 0.1, or 3.0 mg/kg posttraining amphetamine significantly enhanced later retention performance. In mice pretrained for 6 days, 1 mg/kg amphetamine also enhanced retention performance. However, in mice pretrained for only 4 days, 1 mg/kg amphetamine impaired later retention erd for only 4 days, 1 mg/kg amphetamine impaired later retention performance. These results are consistent with the view that posttraining treatment may affect memory storage processes by interacting with training-related arousal levels.", "contents": "Effects on retention of posttraining amphetamine injections in mice: interaction with pretraining experience. These experiments examined the effects of d-amphethamine on retention of one-trial inhibitory (passive) avoidance training in mice. Water-deprived mice were pretrained to lick from a water spout at the end of a darkened compartment. Footshock was administered during licking after 4, 6, or 7 days of pretraining. Retention performance (latency to lick) was measured 24 h after training. The effects on memory of posttraining amphetamine varied not only with amphetamine dose but also with the amount of pretraining. In animals pretraining for 7 days, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg but not 0.03, 0.1, or 3.0 mg/kg posttraining amphetamine significantly enhanced later retention performance. In mice pretrained for 6 days, 1 mg/kg amphetamine also enhanced retention performance. However, in mice pretrained for only 4 days, 1 mg/kg amphetamine impaired later retention erd for only 4 days, 1 mg/kg amphetamine impaired later retention performance. These results are consistent with the view that posttraining treatment may affect memory storage processes by interacting with training-related arousal levels.", "PMID": 410056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5431", "title": "Differential attenuation by atropine and d-amphetamine on hyperactivity: possible clinical implications.", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of physostigmine (0.025 to 0.18 mg/kg) to rats resulted in significant increases in motor activity as measured with jiggle platforms. Doses of physostigmine 0.2 mg/kg or more decreased motor activity. The physostigmine-induced hyperactivity was attenuated by atropine (5 mg/kg) given before or after physostigmine (0.05 mg/kg). On the contrary, d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg), given before or after, significantly potentiated the physostigmine-induced increase in motor activity. The relevance of the cholinergic system in mediating hyperactive behaviour in children is discussed.", "contents": "Differential attenuation by atropine and d-amphetamine on hyperactivity: possible clinical implications. Intraperitoneal administration of physostigmine (0.025 to 0.18 mg/kg) to rats resulted in significant increases in motor activity as measured with jiggle platforms. Doses of physostigmine 0.2 mg/kg or more decreased motor activity. The physostigmine-induced hyperactivity was attenuated by atropine (5 mg/kg) given before or after physostigmine (0.05 mg/kg). On the contrary, d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg), given before or after, significantly potentiated the physostigmine-induced increase in motor activity. The relevance of the cholinergic system in mediating hyperactive behaviour in children is discussed.", "PMID": 410057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5432", "title": "Naloxone (Narcan) treatment in depression: clinical observations and effects on CSF endorphins and monoamine metabolites.", "content": "Various dysphoric states are seen both in mood depression and on taking opiates. On the hypothesis that opiate antagonists would alter mood level, naloxone (Narcan), 0.4--0.8 mg t.i.d., was given to five depressed patients in six trials for a duration of 6--12 days. The CSF endorphin and monoamine metabolite content was analyzed before and after naloxone treatment. We observed no positive effect on mood level. However, an abrupt worsening of symptoms was noted in two cases on discontinuation of treatment. Decreasing values of endorphin Fraction I as a result of treatment was noted as a general trend. Fraction II, although elevated, showed no distinct trend. 5HIAA increased in four of the six trials. The results suggest that naloxone treatment changes endorphin and serotonin activity, though not to a clinically observable extent.", "contents": "Naloxone (Narcan) treatment in depression: clinical observations and effects on CSF endorphins and monoamine metabolites. Various dysphoric states are seen both in mood depression and on taking opiates. On the hypothesis that opiate antagonists would alter mood level, naloxone (Narcan), 0.4--0.8 mg t.i.d., was given to five depressed patients in six trials for a duration of 6--12 days. The CSF endorphin and monoamine metabolite content was analyzed before and after naloxone treatment. We observed no positive effect on mood level. However, an abrupt worsening of symptoms was noted in two cases on discontinuation of treatment. Decreasing values of endorphin Fraction I as a result of treatment was noted as a general trend. Fraction II, although elevated, showed no distinct trend. 5HIAA increased in four of the six trials. The results suggest that naloxone treatment changes endorphin and serotonin activity, though not to a clinically observable extent.", "PMID": 410058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5433", "title": "The effects of methaqualone on the seizure susceptibility of mice.", "content": "Methaqualone produces dose- and time-dependent decreases in susceptibility to electrically, chemically, and sound-induced seizures. The antagonism of methaqualone to electroconvulsive shock can be dissociated from its effects on temperature regulation and plasma corticosterone. Studies with SKF525A, a drug known to block enzymes in the liver that metabolize drugs, suggest that methaqualone, rather than a metabolite produced in the liver, is responsible for its anticonvulsant effects. Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of methaqualone is also demonstrated.", "contents": "The effects of methaqualone on the seizure susceptibility of mice. Methaqualone produces dose- and time-dependent decreases in susceptibility to electrically, chemically, and sound-induced seizures. The antagonism of methaqualone to electroconvulsive shock can be dissociated from its effects on temperature regulation and plasma corticosterone. Studies with SKF525A, a drug known to block enzymes in the liver that metabolize drugs, suggest that methaqualone, rather than a metabolite produced in the liver, is responsible for its anticonvulsant effects. Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of methaqualone is also demonstrated.", "PMID": 410059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5434", "title": "The effects of methaqualone on pituitary-adrenocortical activity in mice.", "content": "Methaqualone produces a dose- and time-dependent increase in plasma corticosterone concentration in mice. Acute studies showed that this effect is largely independent of methaqualone-induced hypothermia but can be blocked by pretreatment with dexamethasone, thus demonstrating that the adrenal cortex is not being directly stimulated. It is not clear whether the pituitary-adrenal activation is primarily caused by methaqualone itself or by a hepatic metabolite(s) since pretreatment with SKF 525-A failed either to potentiate or block the effect. Studies employing chronic methaqualone administration provided evidence for a rapid development of tolerance to the pituitary-adrenal effect of the drug. Dose- and time-response studies demonstrated a parallel between plasma concentrations of methaqualone and the stimulation of pituitary-adrenal activity. Furthermore, drug concentrations 1 h following methaqualone administration were diminished in chronically pretreated animals was compared to those previously untreated, suggesting that an altered metabolism of methaqualone may be responsible for the development of tolerance.", "contents": "The effects of methaqualone on pituitary-adrenocortical activity in mice. Methaqualone produces a dose- and time-dependent increase in plasma corticosterone concentration in mice. Acute studies showed that this effect is largely independent of methaqualone-induced hypothermia but can be blocked by pretreatment with dexamethasone, thus demonstrating that the adrenal cortex is not being directly stimulated. It is not clear whether the pituitary-adrenal activation is primarily caused by methaqualone itself or by a hepatic metabolite(s) since pretreatment with SKF 525-A failed either to potentiate or block the effect. Studies employing chronic methaqualone administration provided evidence for a rapid development of tolerance to the pituitary-adrenal effect of the drug. Dose- and time-response studies demonstrated a parallel between plasma concentrations of methaqualone and the stimulation of pituitary-adrenal activity. Furthermore, drug concentrations 1 h following methaqualone administration were diminished in chronically pretreated animals was compared to those previously untreated, suggesting that an altered metabolism of methaqualone may be responsible for the development of tolerance.", "PMID": 410060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5435", "title": "Noradrenaline, depressive illness, and the action of amitriptyline.", "content": "The tyramine-dose/pressor response test was carried out on a series of patients suffering from primary depressive illness before and during treatment with amitriptyline. The severity of their depression was assessed during the study of the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS). The decreased tyramine sensitivity induced by the drug, which is related to the inhibition of NA reuptake, correlated significantly with the plasma concentration of nortriptyline. However, contrary to the expectation of the noradrenaline hypothesis of depression, the decreased tyramine sensitivity, i.e., the degree of NA-reuptake blockade, did not show any correlation with clinical improvement following 6 weeks' treatment with amitriptyline.", "contents": "Noradrenaline, depressive illness, and the action of amitriptyline. The tyramine-dose/pressor response test was carried out on a series of patients suffering from primary depressive illness before and during treatment with amitriptyline. The severity of their depression was assessed during the study of the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS). The decreased tyramine sensitivity induced by the drug, which is related to the inhibition of NA reuptake, correlated significantly with the plasma concentration of nortriptyline. However, contrary to the expectation of the noradrenaline hypothesis of depression, the decreased tyramine sensitivity, i.e., the degree of NA-reuptake blockade, did not show any correlation with clinical improvement following 6 weeks' treatment with amitriptyline.", "PMID": 410061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5436", "title": "Narcotic blockade, length of addiction, and persistence of intravenous morphine self-administration in rats.", "content": "Four groups of rats differing in the number of periods of prior exposure to morphine sulphate in the i.v. self-administration paradigm were studied under conditions of narcotic blockade. Three groups of subjects also differing in the amount of prior exposure to morphine sulphate were studied under saline conditions. At effective blocking doses of naloxone, opioid-seeking behavior was eliminated in relatively drug naive animals, whereas the persistence of secondary reinforcers in rats with longer addiction histories served to maintain opioid consumption in the presence of adequate pharmacological blockade. Data from saline-treated animals were very similar to data obtained in naloxone-treated animals. The authors conclude that at adequate blocking doses of narcotic antagonist the length of addiction appears to be the best predictor of opioid consumption.", "contents": "Narcotic blockade, length of addiction, and persistence of intravenous morphine self-administration in rats. Four groups of rats differing in the number of periods of prior exposure to morphine sulphate in the i.v. self-administration paradigm were studied under conditions of narcotic blockade. Three groups of subjects also differing in the amount of prior exposure to morphine sulphate were studied under saline conditions. At effective blocking doses of naloxone, opioid-seeking behavior was eliminated in relatively drug naive animals, whereas the persistence of secondary reinforcers in rats with longer addiction histories served to maintain opioid consumption in the presence of adequate pharmacological blockade. Data from saline-treated animals were very similar to data obtained in naloxone-treated animals. The authors conclude that at adequate blocking doses of narcotic antagonist the length of addiction appears to be the best predictor of opioid consumption.", "PMID": 410062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5437", "title": "Antagonism of skin conductance response (SCR) habituation during iterative photostimulation in mice: habituation test - a new psychopharmacological method for detecting and quantifying enhancement of psychic activity.", "content": "A method (habituation test) for studying habituation of the palmar skin conductance response (SCR) during iterative photostimulation in mice is described. Twenty drugs known for their CNS stimulant activity and/or beneficial action on learning were tested for their antagonism toward habituation. With most of the drugs tested, the delay in SCR extinction was dose-dependent. From the corresponding regression equations, the standard delaying doses were computed and used for classification. Fenozolone was the most active product. In descending order follow dexamphetamine and piracetam, then other amphetamines. Locomotor activity tests were run in parallel with habituation tests and the two sets of results compared. Reliability of habituation test was checked. The responsiveness of the test and the significance of the results are discussed. The applicability of the habituation test in psychopharmacological research is argued by its sensitivity to piracetam, whose nootropic activity is not detectable by classic behavioral methods. The habituation test makes it possible to test drugs for their effects on the maintenance of attention during monotonous stimulation and, more generally, for their psychic enhancement activity whatever the mechanism involved. It is thus likely to be a suitable test for nooanaleptics (in the broad meaning of the term).", "contents": "Antagonism of skin conductance response (SCR) habituation during iterative photostimulation in mice: habituation test - a new psychopharmacological method for detecting and quantifying enhancement of psychic activity. A method (habituation test) for studying habituation of the palmar skin conductance response (SCR) during iterative photostimulation in mice is described. Twenty drugs known for their CNS stimulant activity and/or beneficial action on learning were tested for their antagonism toward habituation. With most of the drugs tested, the delay in SCR extinction was dose-dependent. From the corresponding regression equations, the standard delaying doses were computed and used for classification. Fenozolone was the most active product. In descending order follow dexamphetamine and piracetam, then other amphetamines. Locomotor activity tests were run in parallel with habituation tests and the two sets of results compared. Reliability of habituation test was checked. The responsiveness of the test and the significance of the results are discussed. The applicability of the habituation test in psychopharmacological research is argued by its sensitivity to piracetam, whose nootropic activity is not detectable by classic behavioral methods. The habituation test makes it possible to test drugs for their effects on the maintenance of attention during monotonous stimulation and, more generally, for their psychic enhancement activity whatever the mechanism involved. It is thus likely to be a suitable test for nooanaleptics (in the broad meaning of the term).", "PMID": 410063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5438", "title": "The capacity for computed tomography diagnosis of cerebral infarction. An experimental study in the nonhuman primate.", "content": "The characteristic serial CT scan appearance of cerebral infarction created by embolization of the middle cerebral artery in the nonhuman primate (10 baboons) is defined. The earliest CT changes are noted by 12 to 24 hours and include generalized ventricular enlargement and a focal region of decreased absorption in the opercula-basal ganglia region. The area of diminished brain absorption is better circumscribed and of lower attenuation coefficient with increasing chronicity. Distinct hydrocephalus, unilateral exophthalmos and ventricular displacement occurred with increased intracranial pressure. Little additional diagnostic information was obtained via intravenous enhancement and care should be taken as mild enhancement may obscure an area of abnormality.", "contents": "The capacity for computed tomography diagnosis of cerebral infarction. An experimental study in the nonhuman primate. The characteristic serial CT scan appearance of cerebral infarction created by embolization of the middle cerebral artery in the nonhuman primate (10 baboons) is defined. The earliest CT changes are noted by 12 to 24 hours and include generalized ventricular enlargement and a focal region of decreased absorption in the opercula-basal ganglia region. The area of diminished brain absorption is better circumscribed and of lower attenuation coefficient with increasing chronicity. Distinct hydrocephalus, unilateral exophthalmos and ventricular displacement occurred with increased intracranial pressure. Little additional diagnostic information was obtained via intravenous enhancement and care should be taken as mild enhancement may obscure an area of abnormality.", "PMID": 410069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5439", "title": "Cranial computed tomography in the baboon: normal anatomy.", "content": "A simple, reliable, reproducible technique for performing CT scans on baboons is described. The normal morphologic appearance in 12 nonhuman primate (Papio cynocephalusl anubis) brains as defined by CT is correlated with the normal gross pathologic findings  on  postmortem examination. The orbital contents are also displayed with clarity equivalent to that obtained in man.", "contents": "Cranial computed tomography in the baboon: normal anatomy. A simple, reliable, reproducible technique for performing CT scans on baboons is described. The normal morphologic appearance in 12 nonhuman primate (Papio cynocephalusl anubis) brains as defined by CT is correlated with the normal gross pathologic findings  on  postmortem examination. The orbital contents are also displayed with clarity equivalent to that obtained in man.", "PMID": 410070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5440", "title": "The central canal of the spinal cord in experimental hydrocephalus: preliminary results.", "content": "The central canal of the spinal cord in certain animal species has been shown to be an alternative pathway of cerebrospinal fluid flow in experimentally induced hydrocephalus. Enlargement and increased movement of cerebrospinal fluid in the central canal has been proposed as a compensatory mechanism in hydrocephalus in humans. The central canal of the spinal cord was normal in 5 dogs and 2 primates made hydrocephalic by a relatively atraumatic experimental model which simulates the human disorder to chronic communicating hydrocephalus. Dilatation of the central canal is apparently not an important compensatory alternative pathway.", "contents": "The central canal of the spinal cord in experimental hydrocephalus: preliminary results. The central canal of the spinal cord in certain animal species has been shown to be an alternative pathway of cerebrospinal fluid flow in experimentally induced hydrocephalus. Enlargement and increased movement of cerebrospinal fluid in the central canal has been proposed as a compensatory mechanism in hydrocephalus in humans. The central canal of the spinal cord was normal in 5 dogs and 2 primates made hydrocephalic by a relatively atraumatic experimental model which simulates the human disorder to chronic communicating hydrocephalus. Dilatation of the central canal is apparently not an important compensatory alternative pathway.", "PMID": 410071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5441", "title": "Myelographic features of mucopolysaccharidoses: a new sign.", "content": "A new mechanism of myelopathic changes in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis is described. Two similar cases had myelographic evidence of marked concentric impingement of the cervical subarachnoid space and cord compression due to thickening of the dura. Myelography is indicated in the evaluation of these patients because surgical decompression may reverse the progressive neurological deficits.", "contents": "Myelographic features of mucopolysaccharidoses: a new sign. A new mechanism of myelopathic changes in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis is described. Two similar cases had myelographic evidence of marked concentric impingement of the cervical subarachnoid space and cord compression due to thickening of the dura. Myelography is indicated in the evaluation of these patients because surgical decompression may reverse the progressive neurological deficits.", "PMID": 410072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5442", "title": "Effects of PGF2alpha and PGF2alpha, 1-15 lactone on the corpus luteum and on early pregnancy in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin (PG)F2alpha and PGF2alpha, 1-15 lactone were compared in luteal phase, non-pregnant and in early pregnant rhesus monkeys. Animals treated with either PG after pretreatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) had peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations that were not statistically different from those in animals treated with hCG and vehicle. However, menstrual cycle lengths in monkeys treated with PGF2alpha, 1-15 lactone were significantly (P less than 0.02) shorter than those in vehicle treated animals. In the absence of hCG pretreatment, plasma progesterone concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.008) lower by the second day after the initial treatment with either PGF2alpha or PGF2alpha, 1-15 lactone than in vehicle treated monkeys. Menstrual cycle lengths in monkeys treated with either PG were significantly (P less than 0.04) shorter than those in animals treated with vehicle. There were no changes in plasma progesterone concentrations in early pregnant monkeys treated with PGF2alpha, and pregnancy was not interrupted. In contrast, plasma progesterone declined and pregnancy was terminated in 5 of 6 early pregnant monkeys treated with PGF2alpha, 1-15 lactone. These data indicate that PGF2alpha, 1-15 lactone decreases menstrual cycle lengths in non-pregnant rhesus monkeys. More importantly, PGF2alpha, 1-15 lactone terminates early pregnancy in the monkey at a dose which is less than an ineffective dose of PGF2alpha.", "contents": "Effects of PGF2alpha and PGF2alpha, 1-15 lactone on the corpus luteum and on early pregnancy in the rhesus monkey. The effects of prostaglandin (PG)F2alpha and PGF2alpha, 1-15 lactone were compared in luteal phase, non-pregnant and in early pregnant rhesus monkeys. Animals treated with either PG after pretreatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) had peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations that were not statistically different from those in animals treated with hCG and vehicle. However, menstrual cycle lengths in monkeys treated with PGF2alpha, 1-15 lactone were significantly (P less than 0.02) shorter than those in vehicle treated animals. In the absence of hCG pretreatment, plasma progesterone concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.008) lower by the second day after the initial treatment with either PGF2alpha or PGF2alpha, 1-15 lactone than in vehicle treated monkeys. Menstrual cycle lengths in monkeys treated with either PG were significantly (P less than 0.04) shorter than those in animals treated with vehicle. There were no changes in plasma progesterone concentrations in early pregnant monkeys treated with PGF2alpha, and pregnancy was not interrupted. In contrast, plasma progesterone declined and pregnancy was terminated in 5 of 6 early pregnant monkeys treated with PGF2alpha, 1-15 lactone. These data indicate that PGF2alpha, 1-15 lactone decreases menstrual cycle lengths in non-pregnant rhesus monkeys. More importantly, PGF2alpha, 1-15 lactone terminates early pregnancy in the monkey at a dose which is less than an ineffective dose of PGF2alpha.", "PMID": 410075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5443", "title": "[Leukocyte migration inhibition with soluble and particulate antigens (author's transl].", "content": "Studies were carried out with the leukocyte migration inhibition tests using soluble and particulate antigens (PPD, somatic antigens of T. cruzi, M. bovis (BCG) and leukocytes from patients sensitized to PPD and patients with chronic Chagas' disease. The results obtained showed that the stimulatory capacity of particulate antigens are greater than that of soluble antigens.", "contents": "[Leukocyte migration inhibition with soluble and particulate antigens (author's transl]. Studies were carried out with the leukocyte migration inhibition tests using soluble and particulate antigens (PPD, somatic antigens of T. cruzi, M. bovis (BCG) and leukocytes from patients sensitized to PPD and patients with chronic Chagas' disease. The results obtained showed that the stimulatory capacity of particulate antigens are greater than that of soluble antigens.", "PMID": 410077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5444", "title": "Intestinal oxalate absorption. I. Absorption in vitro.", "content": "Enteric hyperoxaluria and oxalate urolithiasis in patients with ileal resection seem to be caused by intestinal hyperabsorption of oxalate. The mechanism responsible for hyperabsorption of oxalate is not known. Intestinal transport of oxalic acid was therefore examined by an in vitro technique in rat intestine. Oxalic acid was absorbed by a mechanism of simple passive diffusion. The rate of absorption decreased from the colon to the duodenum (colon greater than ileum greater than jejunum greater than duodenum). Bile acids enhanced oxalic acid absorption in the large and small intestine and increased extracellular space; calcium, however, markedly decreased mucosal-serosal transport of oxalic acid. Cholestyramine known to reduce oxalate excretion in hyperuxaluria associated with ileal resection did not directly affect absorption of oxalic acid, but decreased the enhanced absorption of oxalic acid induced by bile acids. The results suggest that the beneficial therapeutic effect of cholestyramine in hyperuxaluria is rather mediated by its bile acid binding activity than by direct binding of oxalic acid.", "contents": "Intestinal oxalate absorption. I. Absorption in vitro. Enteric hyperoxaluria and oxalate urolithiasis in patients with ileal resection seem to be caused by intestinal hyperabsorption of oxalate. The mechanism responsible for hyperabsorption of oxalate is not known. Intestinal transport of oxalic acid was therefore examined by an in vitro technique in rat intestine. Oxalic acid was absorbed by a mechanism of simple passive diffusion. The rate of absorption decreased from the colon to the duodenum (colon greater than ileum greater than jejunum greater than duodenum). Bile acids enhanced oxalic acid absorption in the large and small intestine and increased extracellular space; calcium, however, markedly decreased mucosal-serosal transport of oxalic acid. Cholestyramine known to reduce oxalate excretion in hyperuxaluria associated with ileal resection did not directly affect absorption of oxalic acid, but decreased the enhanced absorption of oxalic acid induced by bile acids. The results suggest that the beneficial therapeutic effect of cholestyramine in hyperuxaluria is rather mediated by its bile acid binding activity than by direct binding of oxalic acid.", "PMID": 410086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5445", "title": "Human myoglobin: preparation, quantitation and standardization.", "content": "The quantitation of myoglobin (Mb) in serum and urine is of clinical importance for the differentiation of myocardial infarction from degenerative cardiac disorders as well as for the detection of traumatic and atraumatic rhabdomyolysis, followed frequently by acute kidney failure. A simple method is described to prepare myoglobin from human muscle extract by negative pressure ultrafiltration and dialysis. By a combination of electrophoretic procedures, this preparation was analysed for purity. Saline myoglobin solutions after deep freezing loose rapidly their immunoreactive Mb content. By addition of pure albumin, not containing heme binding proteins, a stable Mb solution was obtained. This has been used as standard (5--50 microgram/ml) in radial immunodiffusion sensitive for detecting 0.2--1 microgram Mb/ml.", "contents": "Human myoglobin: preparation, quantitation and standardization. The quantitation of myoglobin (Mb) in serum and urine is of clinical importance for the differentiation of myocardial infarction from degenerative cardiac disorders as well as for the detection of traumatic and atraumatic rhabdomyolysis, followed frequently by acute kidney failure. A simple method is described to prepare myoglobin from human muscle extract by negative pressure ultrafiltration and dialysis. By a combination of electrophoretic procedures, this preparation was analysed for purity. Saline myoglobin solutions after deep freezing loose rapidly their immunoreactive Mb content. By addition of pure albumin, not containing heme binding proteins, a stable Mb solution was obtained. This has been used as standard (5--50 microgram/ml) in radial immunodiffusion sensitive for detecting 0.2--1 microgram Mb/ml.", "PMID": 410087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5446", "title": "The presence and distribution of beta-galactosidases in the small intestinal mucosa of the neonatal dog.", "content": "The beta-galactosidase activity of the small intestinal mucosa of the neonatal dog has been studied over the pH range 3-0 - 5-8 using different substrates and in the presence and absence of p-chloromercuribenzoate. Partial separation of two beta-galactosidases has been achieved by gel filtration. The results suggest that three beta-galactosidases, comparable with those in other mammals, exist in canine small intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "The presence and distribution of beta-galactosidases in the small intestinal mucosa of the neonatal dog. The beta-galactosidase activity of the small intestinal mucosa of the neonatal dog has been studied over the pH range 3-0 - 5-8 using different substrates and in the presence and absence of p-chloromercuribenzoate. Partial separation of two beta-galactosidases has been achieved by gel filtration. The results suggest that three beta-galactosidases, comparable with those in other mammals, exist in canine small intestinal mucosa.", "PMID": 410088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5447", "title": "Oligoclonal IgG and free light chains in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and infectious diseases of the central nervous system.", "content": "Conventional and crossed immunoelectrophoresis were used to characterize oligoclonal gamma-globulin bands of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) or subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) or other infections of the central nervous system. Most gamma-globulin bands were identified as IgG, but some bands were identified as kappa or lambda, or both, free light chains, Bands of IgG showed various degrees of light-chain diversity, and individual bands appeared in many instances to be derived from more than one clone of cells. Sequential changes of the oligoclonal IgG were observed in SSPE but not in MS. Oligoclonal IgG was detected in sera from most patients with SSPE and some patients with MS.", "contents": "Oligoclonal IgG and free light chains in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and infectious diseases of the central nervous system. Conventional and crossed immunoelectrophoresis were used to characterize oligoclonal gamma-globulin bands of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) or subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) or other infections of the central nervous system. Most gamma-globulin bands were identified as IgG, but some bands were identified as kappa or lambda, or both, free light chains, Bands of IgG showed various degrees of light-chain diversity, and individual bands appeared in many instances to be derived from more than one clone of cells. Sequential changes of the oligoclonal IgG were observed in SSPE but not in MS. Oligoclonal IgG was detected in sera from most patients with SSPE and some patients with MS.", "PMID": 410092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5448", "title": "Septicaemia in the tropics. A prospective epidemiological study of 146 patients with a high case fatality rate.", "content": "A prospective study showed that during the first 6 months of 1976, 146 patients out of a total of 3938 admitted to a hospital in Nigeria were suffering from septicaemia, or developed the condition while in hospital. Findings differed from those reported from developed countries in that the majority of infections were community acquired, those most frequently and severely affected were the very young, and salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were the most important pathogens. However, other gram-negative organisms, particularly klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa also occurred frequently among the very young, in whom they produced a high mortality. The type of epidemiological pattern, and the bacteria responsible for the bloodstream infections reflect a differing age structure of the population in tropical countries from that in temperature developed countries, as well as the fact that bacterial infections are still one of the most important causes of illness and hospital admission among tropical communities.", "contents": "Septicaemia in the tropics. A prospective epidemiological study of 146 patients with a high case fatality rate. A prospective study showed that during the first 6 months of 1976, 146 patients out of a total of 3938 admitted to a hospital in Nigeria were suffering from septicaemia, or developed the condition while in hospital. Findings differed from those reported from developed countries in that the majority of infections were community acquired, those most frequently and severely affected were the very young, and salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were the most important pathogens. However, other gram-negative organisms, particularly klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa also occurred frequently among the very young, in whom they produced a high mortality. The type of epidemiological pattern, and the bacteria responsible for the bloodstream infections reflect a differing age structure of the population in tropical countries from that in temperature developed countries, as well as the fact that bacterial infections are still one of the most important causes of illness and hospital admission among tropical communities.", "PMID": 410093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5449", "title": "The latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of meningococcal and haemophilus influenzae meningitis.", "content": "103 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 55 patients with bacteriologically proven meningitis (caused mainly by Neisseria meningitidis group A and Haemophilus influenzae type b) and from 29 patients with unproved meningitis or other diseases were studied using the latex agglutination (LA) test to demonstrate bacterial antigen in CSF. The tests for N. meningitidis groups A and C and H. ineluenzae type b were found to be rapid, reliable and specific for the serological group of the organism. The demonstration of N. meningitidis group B antigen has not succeeded with the test. Negative results were obtained from culture-positive samples in 4 cases where the bacterial growth was scanty. On the other hand the LA test was clearly positive on 3 occasions in which meningococci did not grow in cultures because of initiated antibacterial therapy or delay before culturing. False-positive results were rare (2 cases). The LA test was found to be at least as sensitive as counterimmunoelectrophoresis in demonstrating bacterial antigens in CSF.", "contents": "The latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of meningococcal and haemophilus influenzae meningitis. 103 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 55 patients with bacteriologically proven meningitis (caused mainly by Neisseria meningitidis group A and Haemophilus influenzae type b) and from 29 patients with unproved meningitis or other diseases were studied using the latex agglutination (LA) test to demonstrate bacterial antigen in CSF. The tests for N. meningitidis groups A and C and H. ineluenzae type b were found to be rapid, reliable and specific for the serological group of the organism. The demonstration of N. meningitidis group B antigen has not succeeded with the test. Negative results were obtained from culture-positive samples in 4 cases where the bacterial growth was scanty. On the other hand the LA test was clearly positive on 3 occasions in which meningococci did not grow in cultures because of initiated antibacterial therapy or delay before culturing. False-positive results were rare (2 cases). The LA test was found to be at least as sensitive as counterimmunoelectrophoresis in demonstrating bacterial antigens in CSF.", "PMID": 410094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5450", "title": "Assay of gentamicin concentrations in serum specimens by microbiological and radioenzymatic methods.", "content": "Assay of gentamicin concentrations were performed on 167 patient sera by two methods in the routine work. A radioenzymatic method that measures the acetylation of getamicin by a bacterial enzyme extract and the overnight agar diffusion method, using cups as diffusion centres, were used. The methods correlated well (r = 0.87), although the results of the microbiological assay in some cases were higher than the results of the  enzymatic assay. When artificial samples were tested the microbiological methods gave variable results. Therefore careful standardization is necessary for accuracy and reproducibility. The enzymatic assay, however, offered advantages of specificity, reproducibility and rapidity.", "contents": "Assay of gentamicin concentrations in serum specimens by microbiological and radioenzymatic methods. Assay of gentamicin concentrations were performed on 167 patient sera by two methods in the routine work. A radioenzymatic method that measures the acetylation of getamicin by a bacterial enzyme extract and the overnight agar diffusion method, using cups as diffusion centres, were used. The methods correlated well (r = 0.87), although the results of the microbiological assay in some cases were higher than the results of the  enzymatic assay. When artificial samples were tested the microbiological methods gave variable results. Therefore careful standardization is necessary for accuracy and reproducibility. The enzymatic assay, however, offered advantages of specificity, reproducibility and rapidity.", "PMID": 410095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5451", "title": "A rapid semiautomated bioassay of gentamicin based on luciferase assay of bacterial adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "A rapid semiautomated bioassay of gentamicin in serum based on the effect of gentamicin on intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in bacterial cultures is presented. The ATP assay was performed with the firefly luciferin/luciferase system and results were compared with an agar diffusion technique. The lower limit of detection was set at 1 microgram/ml. The accuracy of the ATP assay expressed as a recovery of gentamicin over the range 1--8 microgram/ml was 98--103% and S.D. varied between 11-15%. The reproducibility was approximately within the same limits. Other antibiotics tested did not interfere with the determination of gentamicin. 112 clinical serum specimens containing gentamicin alone (N = 55) or in combination with other antibiotics (N = 57) were assayed and results with the two methods compared (r = 0.94). Volumes required were 0.1 ml serum and results were available within 3 h.", "contents": "A rapid semiautomated bioassay of gentamicin based on luciferase assay of bacterial adenosine triphosphate. A rapid semiautomated bioassay of gentamicin in serum based on the effect of gentamicin on intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in bacterial cultures is presented. The ATP assay was performed with the firefly luciferin/luciferase system and results were compared with an agar diffusion technique. The lower limit of detection was set at 1 microgram/ml. The accuracy of the ATP assay expressed as a recovery of gentamicin over the range 1--8 microgram/ml was 98--103% and S.D. varied between 11-15%. The reproducibility was approximately within the same limits. Other antibiotics tested did not interfere with the determination of gentamicin. 112 clinical serum specimens containing gentamicin alone (N = 55) or in combination with other antibiotics (N = 57) were assayed and results with the two methods compared (r = 0.94). Volumes required were 0.1 ml serum and results were available within 3 h.", "PMID": 410096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5452", "title": "Successful treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa--ventriculitis with intraventricular gentamicin in a child with hydrocephalus.", "content": "A hydrocephalic child, who was operated with a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt at the age of 1 month, developed ventriculitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 8 months. After removal of the shunt and successively increasing intramuscular and intraventricular doses of gentamicin the patient was cured and a new shunt could be inserted. As high 24-hour gentamicin level in the cerebrospinal fluid as 76 microgram/ml was reached without any apparent toxic signs.", "contents": "Successful treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa--ventriculitis with intraventricular gentamicin in a child with hydrocephalus. A hydrocephalic child, who was operated with a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt at the age of 1 month, developed ventriculitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 8 months. After removal of the shunt and successively increasing intramuscular and intraventricular doses of gentamicin the patient was cured and a new shunt could be inserted. As high 24-hour gentamicin level in the cerebrospinal fluid as 76 microgram/ml was reached without any apparent toxic signs.", "PMID": 410097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5453", "title": "Use of scanning electron microscopy for the study of human epidermal melanocytes.", "content": "A method is presented which makes it possible to study melanocytes in situ in the human epidermis by means of scanning electron microscopy. Melanocytes are located both under and wedged between the basal epidermocytes. The dendrites describe a short course in the dermo-epidermal (d-e) junction and then ascend and disappear into the spaces between the epidermocytes. As a rule, the surface of the cells is smooth. However, proliferations such as blebs and microvilli can sometimes be observed on the surface, particularly on that of the round, adendritic cells. Contact between the melanocytes in the d-e junction is only occasionally seen.", "contents": "Use of scanning electron microscopy for the study of human epidermal melanocytes. A method is presented which makes it possible to study melanocytes in situ in the human epidermis by means of scanning electron microscopy. Melanocytes are located both under and wedged between the basal epidermocytes. The dendrites describe a short course in the dermo-epidermal (d-e) junction and then ascend and disappear into the spaces between the epidermocytes. As a rule, the surface of the cells is smooth. However, proliferations such as blebs and microvilli can sometimes be observed on the surface, particularly on that of the round, adendritic cells. Contact between the melanocytes in the d-e junction is only occasionally seen.", "PMID": 410098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5454", "title": "[Hypoglycemic sulfonylurea metabolites: clinical interest. Experiences with glibenclamide in the rat].", "content": "Glibenclamide, a hypoglycemic sulfonylurea, is extensively metabolized by the body and eliminated primarily in the form of its hydroxylated derivatives. The major metabolite, 4-trans-hydroxy-glibenclamide, is usually cleared rapidly from the bloodstream, but in certain pathological states (e.g. renal failure) blood levels of this product may increase. A protocol therefore was designed to test the hypoglycemic potency of this important metabolite in rats. Various quantities were injected intraperitoneally, and alterations in blood glucose concentrations were measured during a 5-hour period and compared to those in animals similarly treated with glibenclamide and in saline-injected controls. Using the dose capable of decreasing blood glucose levels by 30% (ED30) as a comparative index, it was observed that the metabolic has a marked hypoglycemic activity; though 6--7 times less potent than the parent drug, 4-trans-hydroxy-glibenclamide is nevertheless more potent than tolbutamide. Thus, while the glibenclamide metabolite probably has little influence on blood glucose when its clearance is normal, this product may exert marked effects if allowed to accumulate in the blood, as for example in renal failure. Finally, the role of such sulfonylurea metabolites should be taken into account when attempting to explain the occasional excessive and sustained hypoglycemia which occurs in some diabetic patients treated with these drugs.", "contents": "[Hypoglycemic sulfonylurea metabolites: clinical interest. Experiences with glibenclamide in the rat]. Glibenclamide, a hypoglycemic sulfonylurea, is extensively metabolized by the body and eliminated primarily in the form of its hydroxylated derivatives. The major metabolite, 4-trans-hydroxy-glibenclamide, is usually cleared rapidly from the bloodstream, but in certain pathological states (e.g. renal failure) blood levels of this product may increase. A protocol therefore was designed to test the hypoglycemic potency of this important metabolite in rats. Various quantities were injected intraperitoneally, and alterations in blood glucose concentrations were measured during a 5-hour period and compared to those in animals similarly treated with glibenclamide and in saline-injected controls. Using the dose capable of decreasing blood glucose levels by 30% (ED30) as a comparative index, it was observed that the metabolic has a marked hypoglycemic activity; though 6--7 times less potent than the parent drug, 4-trans-hydroxy-glibenclamide is nevertheless more potent than tolbutamide. Thus, while the glibenclamide metabolite probably has little influence on blood glucose when its clearance is normal, this product may exert marked effects if allowed to accumulate in the blood, as for example in renal failure. Finally, the role of such sulfonylurea metabolites should be taken into account when attempting to explain the occasional excessive and sustained hypoglycemia which occurs in some diabetic patients treated with these drugs.", "PMID": 410099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5455", "title": "[Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the ribs].", "content": "The clinical features, macroscopic and radiologic findings and typical histologic alterations in three cases of fibrous dysplasia of ribs are described. In one case the lesion presented as a tumor-like growth of a size unprecedented in previously reported cases. In differentiating this condition from ossifying fibroma, the pattern of distribution of newly formed bone to fibrous connective tissue is shown to be a valuable criterion. In fibrous dysplasia this ratio is constant for any given area, but varies considerably in ossifying fibroma.", "contents": "[Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the ribs]. The clinical features, macroscopic and radiologic findings and typical histologic alterations in three cases of fibrous dysplasia of ribs are described. In one case the lesion presented as a tumor-like growth of a size unprecedented in previously reported cases. In differentiating this condition from ossifying fibroma, the pattern of distribution of newly formed bone to fibrous connective tissue is shown to be a valuable criterion. In fibrous dysplasia this ratio is constant for any given area, but varies considerably in ossifying fibroma.", "PMID": 410100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5456", "title": "Hippocampal efferents reach widespread areas of cerebral cortex and amygdala in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The subiculum of the primate hippocampal formation stands at the end of a polarized sequence of intrinsic hippocampal efferents and is the source of efferents to the medial frontal cortex, the caudal cingulate gyrus, and the parahippocampal area and amygdala in the temporal lobe. In addition, the subiculum sends subcortical efferents to the septum and diencephalon.", "contents": "Hippocampal efferents reach widespread areas of cerebral cortex and amygdala in the rhesus monkey. The subiculum of the primate hippocampal formation stands at the end of a polarized sequence of intrinsic hippocampal efferents and is the source of efferents to the medial frontal cortex, the caudal cingulate gyrus, and the parahippocampal area and amygdala in the temporal lobe. In addition, the subiculum sends subcortical efferents to the septum and diencephalon.", "PMID": 410102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5457", "title": "Premotor cortical ablations in monkeys: contralateral changes in visually guided reaching behavior.", "content": "In rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), ablation of the premotor and supplementary motor areas and the adjoining rostral half of the precentral gyrus impairs the capacity of the contralateral arm to reach around a transparent obstacle to a visible food reward, and results in a tendency of this arm to reach around a transparent obstacle to a visible food reward, and results in a tendency of this arm to reach straight to where the food is visible. This may reflect a disinhibition of brainstem pathways which steer the arm and hand straight ot a visual target.", "contents": "Premotor cortical ablations in monkeys: contralateral changes in visually guided reaching behavior. In rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), ablation of the premotor and supplementary motor areas and the adjoining rostral half of the precentral gyrus impairs the capacity of the contralateral arm to reach around a transparent obstacle to a visible food reward, and results in a tendency of this arm to reach around a transparent obstacle to a visible food reward, and results in a tendency of this arm to reach straight to where the food is visible. This may reflect a disinhibition of brainstem pathways which steer the arm and hand straight ot a visual target.", "PMID": 410103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5458", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: abundance in the skin of the frog, Rana pipiens.", "content": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, a hypothalamic tripeptide that stimulates the secretion of pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone in mammalian species and is widely distributed throughout the brain of vertebrates, is present in the skin of the frog (Rana pipiens) in concentrations twice that found in the hypothalamus of this amphibian. A skin extract shows biologic activity appropriate to its immunoreactive content. Apart from the brain and spinal cord, immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone is found only in the blood and retina in significant concentrations. The results imply that frog skin is a huge endocrine organ that synthesizes and secretes this hormone.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: abundance in the skin of the frog, Rana pipiens. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, a hypothalamic tripeptide that stimulates the secretion of pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone in mammalian species and is widely distributed throughout the brain of vertebrates, is present in the skin of the frog (Rana pipiens) in concentrations twice that found in the hypothalamus of this amphibian. A skin extract shows biologic activity appropriate to its immunoreactive content. Apart from the brain and spinal cord, immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone is found only in the blood and retina in significant concentrations. The results imply that frog skin is a huge endocrine organ that synthesizes and secretes this hormone.", "PMID": 410104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5459", "title": "Operative treatment of the acutely ruptured lateral ligament of the ankle.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with acute inversion injuries of the ankle were treated surgically during the past ten years. Instability indicative of rupture of the lateral collateral ligament was demonstrated by anteroposterior stress inversion roentgenograms. Ruptures of a component or components of this ligament were found at operation in every case. The ligament and capsule were repaired and the ankle was immobilized by a plaster of Paris cast for six to eight weeks. Of 26 patients available for follow-up examination, none complained of instability although nine had minor residual symptoms. Postoperative stability was demonstrated by roentgenograms in 13 patients. In the other 13, clinical examination showed that the ankles were stable on forcible inversion of the foot and ankle. Our results indicate that surgical repair offers the best prospect for successful treatment when definite passive instability can be demonstrated by properly performed stress inversion roentgenograms.", "contents": "Operative treatment of the acutely ruptured lateral ligament of the ankle. Twenty-seven patients with acute inversion injuries of the ankle were treated surgically during the past ten years. Instability indicative of rupture of the lateral collateral ligament was demonstrated by anteroposterior stress inversion roentgenograms. Ruptures of a component or components of this ligament were found at operation in every case. The ligament and capsule were repaired and the ankle was immobilized by a plaster of Paris cast for six to eight weeks. Of 26 patients available for follow-up examination, none complained of instability although nine had minor residual symptoms. Postoperative stability was demonstrated by roentgenograms in 13 patients. In the other 13, clinical examination showed that the ankles were stable on forcible inversion of the foot and ankle. Our results indicate that surgical repair offers the best prospect for successful treatment when definite passive instability can be demonstrated by properly performed stress inversion roentgenograms.", "PMID": 410108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5460", "title": "Issues along the Potomac: \"efficacy\" and \"technology transfer\".", "content": "\"Efficacy\" and \"technology transfer\" are currently subjects of intense interest to health-related agencies in Washington. These jargon terms refer to assuring that useful knowledge is applied to all who need it and that the application of ineffective technology is discouraged. There is no public or private institution responsible for either assembling data on efficacy or for quaranteeing that necessary studies are undertaken. The determination of efficacy is important for cost control, quality assurance, planning, and any national health insurance plan. Whether engaged principally in practice, teaching, or research, it is important for physicians not only to be conversant with these issues but to participate in the resolution of the questions involved.", "contents": "Issues along the Potomac: \"efficacy\" and \"technology transfer\". \"Efficacy\" and \"technology transfer\" are currently subjects of intense interest to health-related agencies in Washington. These jargon terms refer to assuring that useful knowledge is applied to all who need it and that the application of ineffective technology is discouraged. There is no public or private institution responsible for either assembling data on efficacy or for quaranteeing that necessary studies are undertaken. The determination of efficacy is important for cost control, quality assurance, planning, and any national health insurance plan. Whether engaged principally in practice, teaching, or research, it is important for physicians not only to be conversant with these issues but to participate in the resolution of the questions involved.", "PMID": 410109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5461", "title": "Current status and future role of health screening.", "content": "To date, screening has largely failed to fulfill the hope that early detection would lead to more effective early treatment and to improved health status in the population served. The future role of screening can be much more positive but only if (1) screening is directed only at diseases and conditions for which early intervention has proven benefits; (2) valid screening methods are developed and used; (3) screening is done in settings in which diagnosis and treatment are assured; and (4) there is continuing scientific evaluation of the benefits and costs of screening.", "contents": "Current status and future role of health screening. To date, screening has largely failed to fulfill the hope that early detection would lead to more effective early treatment and to improved health status in the population served. The future role of screening can be much more positive but only if (1) screening is directed only at diseases and conditions for which early intervention has proven benefits; (2) valid screening methods are developed and used; (3) screening is done in settings in which diagnosis and treatment are assured; and (4) there is continuing scientific evaluation of the benefits and costs of screening.", "PMID": 410110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5462", "title": "[Immunological defence mechanisms and inflammation (author's transl)].", "content": "The interaction of immunological defence mechanisms and inflammation is reviewed. To begin with, those cells are discussed, which play a role in the immunological response, viz. the cells by which antigen is recognized (macrophages, B and T lymphocytes) and the effector cells (macrophages, plasma cells and sensitized T cells) and their products. Then, the cells involved in an inflammatory response (neutrophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes, mast cells) are discussed, attention also being paid to their products and functions. The fact is stressed that, initially, there is an inflammatory response, resulting in the formation of antigen-antibody complexes or interaction of antigens and lymphokines of sensitized T cells, inflammatory cells being subsequently attracted. Finally, a few instances are cited in support of the theory that both immunological defence mechanisms and the inflammatory response are important factors in the defences of the host against invading micro-organisms, parasites and tumour cells.", "contents": "[Immunological defence mechanisms and inflammation (author's transl)]. The interaction of immunological defence mechanisms and inflammation is reviewed. To begin with, those cells are discussed, which play a role in the immunological response, viz. the cells by which antigen is recognized (macrophages, B and T lymphocytes) and the effector cells (macrophages, plasma cells and sensitized T cells) and their products. Then, the cells involved in an inflammatory response (neutrophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes, mast cells) are discussed, attention also being paid to their products and functions. The fact is stressed that, initially, there is an inflammatory response, resulting in the formation of antigen-antibody complexes or interaction of antigens and lymphokines of sensitized T cells, inflammatory cells being subsequently attracted. Finally, a few instances are cited in support of the theory that both immunological defence mechanisms and the inflammatory response are important factors in the defences of the host against invading micro-organisms, parasites and tumour cells.", "PMID": 410115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5463", "title": "Rapid preparation of uncoated biological specimens for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "We have developed a relatively rapid glutaraldehyde-tannic acid (GTA) and osmium tetroxide (OsO4) fixation procedure which permits many types of uncoated biological specimens to be examined in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 20 kV without the occurrence of charging. Most specimens taken one day can be examined in the SEM the following afternoon. Types of specimens successfully treated were perfused adult and embryonic rat tissues, confluent human skin fibroblast tissue cultures, plant roots, flowers, seeds, some garden insects, and microcolonies of salivary streptococci. Cells in suspension and extracted human teeth did become electron conductive when treated with the GTA procedure. Most suspended cells must be centrifuged between each solution and the GTA procedure increases the preparation time for these cells. Extracted teeth are usually simply dried and coated. Therefore, the usual SEM preparation techniques are shorter and perhaps more useful for these types of specimens.", "contents": "Rapid preparation of uncoated biological specimens for scanning electron microscopy. We have developed a relatively rapid glutaraldehyde-tannic acid (GTA) and osmium tetroxide (OsO4) fixation procedure which permits many types of uncoated biological specimens to be examined in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 20 kV without the occurrence of charging. Most specimens taken one day can be examined in the SEM the following afternoon. Types of specimens successfully treated were perfused adult and embryonic rat tissues, confluent human skin fibroblast tissue cultures, plant roots, flowers, seeds, some garden insects, and microcolonies of salivary streptococci. Cells in suspension and extracted human teeth did become electron conductive when treated with the GTA procedure. Most suspended cells must be centrifuged between each solution and the GTA procedure increases the preparation time for these cells. Extracted teeth are usually simply dried and coated. Therefore, the usual SEM preparation techniques are shorter and perhaps more useful for these types of specimens.", "PMID": 410119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5464", "title": "Modified immunofluorescence test for the serologic diagnosis of gonorrhea (FGT-ABS).", "content": "Investigation of the source of false-positive reactions in the Fluorescent Gonococcal Test-Heated (FGT-H) implicated antibodies to antigens common to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. Absorption experiments proved that the fluorescence was due to both species-specific and common antigens and that in most cases the common antibodies could be successfully absorbed by a soluble protein extract of N. meningitidis. The value of such an absorption step was examined using sera from 500 women, 73 from bacteriologically confirmed cases of gonorrhea and 427 from bacteriologically and clinically negative cases. The absorption step reduced the false positivity rate by 58% without a significant change in sensitivity. The modified procedure, the Fluorescent Gonococcal Antibody Test-Absorbed (FGT-ABS), has a sensitivity similar to the Fluorescent Gonococcal Test-Heated (FGT-H) but has the advantage of higher specificity.", "contents": "Modified immunofluorescence test for the serologic diagnosis of gonorrhea (FGT-ABS). Investigation of the source of false-positive reactions in the Fluorescent Gonococcal Test-Heated (FGT-H) implicated antibodies to antigens common to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. Absorption experiments proved that the fluorescence was due to both species-specific and common antigens and that in most cases the common antibodies could be successfully absorbed by a soluble protein extract of N. meningitidis. The value of such an absorption step was examined using sera from 500 women, 73 from bacteriologically confirmed cases of gonorrhea and 427 from bacteriologically and clinically negative cases. The absorption step reduced the false positivity rate by 58% without a significant change in sensitivity. The modified procedure, the Fluorescent Gonococcal Antibody Test-Absorbed (FGT-ABS), has a sensitivity similar to the Fluorescent Gonococcal Test-Heated (FGT-H) but has the advantage of higher specificity.", "PMID": 410113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5465", "title": "Biological spectrum of two spirolactone derivatives with some observations on anti-fertility activity.", "content": "Bioassays were conducted to determine various endocrinological properties of two spirolactone derivatives, 4',5'-dihydrospiro-[estr-4-ene-17,2'(3'H)-furan]-3-one (Compound I) and dispiro[cyclopropane-1,6'-estr-4'-ene-17',2\"(3\"h)-furan]-3'-one (Compound II). They proved to be very potent estrogen antagonists in immature mice and castrate ewes and neither exhibited inherent estrogenicity. They were moderately active as progestins and gonadotropin inhibitors. Compound II possessed slight androgenic activity and was more active orally than I. Compound I underwent a limited amount of testing in normally cycling rhesus monkeys. It was found to increase viscosity of the cervical mucus and, in oral doses of 0.5 or 2.0 mg/day, prevented pregnancy. One animal given 0.5 mg/day did become pregnant in her first treatment cycle, probably before a drug effect had been established. The results obtained indicate both compounds have potential utility as low-dose oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Biological spectrum of two spirolactone derivatives with some observations on anti-fertility activity. Bioassays were conducted to determine various endocrinological properties of two spirolactone derivatives, 4',5'-dihydrospiro-[estr-4-ene-17,2'(3'H)-furan]-3-one (Compound I) and dispiro[cyclopropane-1,6'-estr-4'-ene-17',2\"(3\"h)-furan]-3'-one (Compound II). They proved to be very potent estrogen antagonists in immature mice and castrate ewes and neither exhibited inherent estrogenicity. They were moderately active as progestins and gonadotropin inhibitors. Compound II possessed slight androgenic activity and was more active orally than I. Compound I underwent a limited amount of testing in normally cycling rhesus monkeys. It was found to increase viscosity of the cervical mucus and, in oral doses of 0.5 or 2.0 mg/day, prevented pregnancy. One animal given 0.5 mg/day did become pregnant in her first treatment cycle, probably before a drug effect had been established. The results obtained indicate both compounds have potential utility as low-dose oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 410120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5466", "title": "Measles and malnutrition in a West Bengal village.", "content": "The occurrence of measles over a five year period (1970-1974) was observed in a West Bengal village. Measles occurred every year between May and August and remained confined each year to small clusters or play groups. Restricted movement of the children within their own playgroup limited the spread of the disease. Most of the cases occurred in children between 2-6 yrs and 91.5% were in children below 7 yrs of age. The disease was not very severe in spite of the widespread prevalence of protein-calorie malnutrition and mortality was low compared to rates from Africa. Of the 181 cases only two children, who had kwashiorkor and who also had measles, died. There was no mortality among the marasmic children, nor were there any serious complications among them. The incedence of clinically diagnosed measles was significantly lower in severely malnourished children than well nourished children. Comparatively, low severity of this disease in India, as against high mortality rates in parts of Africa, amy be due to relative prevalence of marasmic and kwashiorkor type of malnutrition in these geographic areas.", "contents": "Measles and malnutrition in a West Bengal village. The occurrence of measles over a five year period (1970-1974) was observed in a West Bengal village. Measles occurred every year between May and August and remained confined each year to small clusters or play groups. Restricted movement of the children within their own playgroup limited the spread of the disease. Most of the cases occurred in children between 2-6 yrs and 91.5% were in children below 7 yrs of age. The disease was not very severe in spite of the widespread prevalence of protein-calorie malnutrition and mortality was low compared to rates from Africa. Of the 181 cases only two children, who had kwashiorkor and who also had measles, died. There was no mortality among the marasmic children, nor were there any serious complications among them. The incedence of clinically diagnosed measles was significantly lower in severely malnourished children than well nourished children. Comparatively, low severity of this disease in India, as against high mortality rates in parts of Africa, amy be due to relative prevalence of marasmic and kwashiorkor type of malnutrition in these geographic areas.", "PMID": 410125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5467", "title": "Global brain ischemia: a reproducible monkey model.", "content": "We developed a monkey model of 16 minutes global brain ischemia (GBI) resulting in reproducible, severe, permanent functional neurologic deficit with long term (7 days) postischemic (PI) survival made possible by standardized intensive care with 24 hour coverage by trained personnel. Quantitated neurologic deficit (ND) and brain histopathological examinations were developed. Fifteen minutes GBI resulted in rapid recovery within12--24 hours PI without residual neurologic sequelae. Twenty minutes GBI caused severe neurologic deficit and within 4 days PI, a delayed Cushing response eventually leading to cardiac arrest. Sixteen minutes GBI resulted in severe neurologic deficit (monkeys unable to sit, stand, walk, or feed themselves), but with long term survival. Brain histopathological analyses revealed a combination of cortical and brainstem lesions. Severest changes were observed in the occipital (calcarine) cortex with less severe damage in the frontal and temporal regions. Oculomotor nuclei and medial longitudinal fasciculus in the midbrain were regularly affected. With this model we can test the efficacy of promising therapies in terms of clinically relevant variables.", "contents": "Global brain ischemia: a reproducible monkey model. We developed a monkey model of 16 minutes global brain ischemia (GBI) resulting in reproducible, severe, permanent functional neurologic deficit with long term (7 days) postischemic (PI) survival made possible by standardized intensive care with 24 hour coverage by trained personnel. Quantitated neurologic deficit (ND) and brain histopathological examinations were developed. Fifteen minutes GBI resulted in rapid recovery within12--24 hours PI without residual neurologic sequelae. Twenty minutes GBI caused severe neurologic deficit and within 4 days PI, a delayed Cushing response eventually leading to cardiac arrest. Sixteen minutes GBI resulted in severe neurologic deficit (monkeys unable to sit, stand, walk, or feed themselves), but with long term survival. Brain histopathological analyses revealed a combination of cortical and brainstem lesions. Severest changes were observed in the occipital (calcarine) cortex with less severe damage in the frontal and temporal regions. Oculomotor nuclei and medial longitudinal fasciculus in the midbrain were regularly affected. With this model we can test the efficacy of promising therapies in terms of clinically relevant variables.", "PMID": 410121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5468", "title": "Effects of antihypertensive drugs on blood velocity in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Increasing evidence suggests that higher blood velocity, by causing turbulence and high shear rates at the endothelial surfaces of arteries, may be important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In order to measure the effects of antihypertensive agents on blood velocity, an improved method has been developed for analysis of Doppler ultrasound velocity recordings. The audio signal from a Doppler velocity meter is subjected to spectral analysis; the sonagraph thus obtained is digitized with the use of a magnetic table on-line with a calculator. Four monkeys were maintained at a hypertensive baseline for six weeks by infusion of angiotensin and isoproterenol. The effects on blood velocity of 72-hour infusions of propranolol, clonidine, hydralazine, and methyldopa were studied. In doses that reduced diastolic pressure by 13--28%, propranolol decreased mean blood velocity (mv) by 17%, clonidine decreased mv by 14%, while methyldopa increased mv 12%, and hydralazine increased mv by 52% (p less than .00001). Antihypertensive drugs appear to have different effects on blood velocity; these differences may influence choice of antihypertensive drugs for the prevention of arterial disease.", "contents": "Effects of antihypertensive drugs on blood velocity in rhesus monkeys. Increasing evidence suggests that higher blood velocity, by causing turbulence and high shear rates at the endothelial surfaces of arteries, may be important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In order to measure the effects of antihypertensive agents on blood velocity, an improved method has been developed for analysis of Doppler ultrasound velocity recordings. The audio signal from a Doppler velocity meter is subjected to spectral analysis; the sonagraph thus obtained is digitized with the use of a magnetic table on-line with a calculator. Four monkeys were maintained at a hypertensive baseline for six weeks by infusion of angiotensin and isoproterenol. The effects on blood velocity of 72-hour infusions of propranolol, clonidine, hydralazine, and methyldopa were studied. In doses that reduced diastolic pressure by 13--28%, propranolol decreased mean blood velocity (mv) by 17%, clonidine decreased mv by 14%, while methyldopa increased mv 12%, and hydralazine increased mv by 52% (p less than .00001). Antihypertensive drugs appear to have different effects on blood velocity; these differences may influence choice of antihypertensive drugs for the prevention of arterial disease.", "PMID": 410122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5469", "title": "Growth profile of preschool children from an urban low socio-economic community in India.", "content": "A five years longitudinal study on the growth and development was carried out on 68 infants from a low-socio-economic urban community in India. Ninety four percent of them suffered from Protein Calorie Malnutrition of varying degree at some time or the other during their first six years and of them 30% suffered severe PCM. The effect on heights and head circumference followed the same pattern as body weight. Their developmental quotients correlated with the degree of PCM till age of four years. This observation brings into focus a growth profile of underprivileged toddlers which is far worse than what is brought out by cross sectionals surveys. The family at greatest risk is one with a young mother who is ill equipped with the techniques of successful breast feeding and supplemental feeding of her infant. Additional factor is early onset of diarrhoeal illnesses in these children. It is suggested that such a vulnerable family requires special support from the health delivery system planned for urban communities.", "contents": "Growth profile of preschool children from an urban low socio-economic community in India. A five years longitudinal study on the growth and development was carried out on 68 infants from a low-socio-economic urban community in India. Ninety four percent of them suffered from Protein Calorie Malnutrition of varying degree at some time or the other during their first six years and of them 30% suffered severe PCM. The effect on heights and head circumference followed the same pattern as body weight. Their developmental quotients correlated with the degree of PCM till age of four years. This observation brings into focus a growth profile of underprivileged toddlers which is far worse than what is brought out by cross sectionals surveys. The family at greatest risk is one with a young mother who is ill equipped with the techniques of successful breast feeding and supplemental feeding of her infant. Additional factor is early onset of diarrhoeal illnesses in these children. It is suggested that such a vulnerable family requires special support from the health delivery system planned for urban communities.", "PMID": 410126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5470", "title": "Studies on 4 C stored frozen-reconstituted red blood cells. I. Bacterial growth.", "content": "A knowledge of the growth rates of various organisms at the storage temperature of 4 C in the different suspending media used for red blood cells would aid the extension of the thawed storage time of frozen-reconstituted blood beyond the 24 hours allowed by the Food and Drug Administration. Knowing these rates, a prediction could be made that the growth rate would be sufficiently slow and the unit (sterile or minimally contaminated) could be given safely after a longer storage period. The studies reported show that the pathogenic organisms S. aureus, Ps. aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp. grow at such a slow rate at 4 C that they do not represent any great hazard to the recipient unless introduced in great numbers. The studies further show that in the process of washing frozen blood the number of organisms is reduced by between one and two orders of magnitude (base 10). Therefore, extension of frozen red blood cell storage life to at least 72 hours should be considered.", "contents": "Studies on 4 C stored frozen-reconstituted red blood cells. I. Bacterial growth. A knowledge of the growth rates of various organisms at the storage temperature of 4 C in the different suspending media used for red blood cells would aid the extension of the thawed storage time of frozen-reconstituted blood beyond the 24 hours allowed by the Food and Drug Administration. Knowing these rates, a prediction could be made that the growth rate would be sufficiently slow and the unit (sterile or minimally contaminated) could be given safely after a longer storage period. The studies reported show that the pathogenic organisms S. aureus, Ps. aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp. grow at such a slow rate at 4 C that they do not represent any great hazard to the recipient unless introduced in great numbers. The studies further show that in the process of washing frozen blood the number of organisms is reduced by between one and two orders of magnitude (base 10). Therefore, extension of frozen red blood cell storage life to at least 72 hours should be considered.", "PMID": 410123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5471", "title": "Studies on Theileriidae (Sporozoa) in Tanzania. VIII. Experiments with African buffalo (Syncerus caffer).", "content": "It has been found that African buffalo may remain infective carriers of Theileria parva lawrencei for at least 5 years. This infection is now known to exist in buffalo in 3 sites in northern Tanzania. It was shown that buffalo can be infected with Haematoxenus veliferus and Theileria mutans of cattle and retransmission of these parasites from buffalo to cattle was successful. The species of Haematoxemus reported in wild buffalo in central and East Africa is likely to be H. veliferus, while the possibility that Theileria barnetti of buffalo is identical with T. mutans should be considered. African buffalo can also be infected with Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale of cattle and although the infections are latent, their blood may remain infective for at least several months.", "contents": "Studies on Theileriidae (Sporozoa) in Tanzania. VIII. Experiments with African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). It has been found that African buffalo may remain infective carriers of Theileria parva lawrencei for at least 5 years. This infection is now known to exist in buffalo in 3 sites in northern Tanzania. It was shown that buffalo can be infected with Haematoxenus veliferus and Theileria mutans of cattle and retransmission of these parasites from buffalo to cattle was successful. The species of Haematoxemus reported in wild buffalo in central and East Africa is likely to be H. veliferus, while the possibility that Theileria barnetti of buffalo is identical with T. mutans should be considered. African buffalo can also be infected with Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale of cattle and although the infections are latent, their blood may remain infective for at least several months.", "PMID": 410128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5472", "title": "Studies on the methods of preparation of rinderpest hyperimmune sera in rabbits.", "content": "The procedures for the preparation of the rinderpest hyperimmune sera in rabbits were studied by comparing the sera from rabbits immunised by three different schedules of inoculations. The best sera for use in immunodiffusion tests were obtained from rabbits inoculated first with rinderpest hyperimmune serum and lapinised virus, and then with lapinised virus mixed with oil adjuvant twice at weekly intervals. Those rabbits which received additional one or two intravenous inoculations with lapinised virus yielded satisfactory sera for use in the diagnosis of rinderpest by immunodiffusion technique.", "contents": "Studies on the methods of preparation of rinderpest hyperimmune sera in rabbits. The procedures for the preparation of the rinderpest hyperimmune sera in rabbits were studied by comparing the sera from rabbits immunised by three different schedules of inoculations. The best sera for use in immunodiffusion tests were obtained from rabbits inoculated first with rinderpest hyperimmune serum and lapinised virus, and then with lapinised virus mixed with oil adjuvant twice at weekly intervals. Those rabbits which received additional one or two intravenous inoculations with lapinised virus yielded satisfactory sera for use in the diagnosis of rinderpest by immunodiffusion technique.", "PMID": 410129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5473", "title": "Prevalence of bovine virus diarrhoea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis antibodies in Nigerian sheep and goats.", "content": "Neutralising antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus were commoner in Nigerian sheep than goats while precipitating antibodies offered an alternative but less reliable indicator of previous infection. In contrast, neutralising antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were more common in goats than sheep. These findings are discussed in relation to infectivity rates in cattle and general husbandry practices.", "contents": "Prevalence of bovine virus diarrhoea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis antibodies in Nigerian sheep and goats. Neutralising antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus were commoner in Nigerian sheep than goats while precipitating antibodies offered an alternative but less reliable indicator of previous infection. In contrast, neutralising antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were more common in goats than sheep. These findings are discussed in relation to infectivity rates in cattle and general husbandry practices.", "PMID": 410130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5474", "title": "[Prostate carcinoma: determination of progression following high-voltage therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The fourth report of our long-term study concerns 70 cases of primary radiotherapy. The side effects of our radiation technique are minimal and temporary; in over 80% of the cases, potency was not affected. The morphologically demonstrable changes in the tumor tissue, in the original glandular parenchyma, and in the fibromuscular stroma leading to the vessels following high-voltage therapy are described. Three types of progressive patterns, based on the grade of histologic regression, can be determined. In more than half of the cases, with increasing distance from the source of radiation, no tumor or only minimal residual tumor was demonstrable. Sensibility and resistance of carcinoma of the prostate are not dependent upon the grade of differentiation of the tumor. A prognostic statement concerning the success of radiation therapy from initial histologic findings is not possible here. The occurrence of metastases in 18% of the cases following radiation probably resulted from the inexactness of the purely clinical determination of the stage of the tumor. The isolated, local treatment of prostate carcinoma through radiotherapy is justified only after exact determination of the stage of the tumor, i.e., certain exclusion of metastases via a diagnostic lymphadenectomy.", "contents": "[Prostate carcinoma: determination of progression following high-voltage therapy (author's transl)]. The fourth report of our long-term study concerns 70 cases of primary radiotherapy. The side effects of our radiation technique are minimal and temporary; in over 80% of the cases, potency was not affected. The morphologically demonstrable changes in the tumor tissue, in the original glandular parenchyma, and in the fibromuscular stroma leading to the vessels following high-voltage therapy are described. Three types of progressive patterns, based on the grade of histologic regression, can be determined. In more than half of the cases, with increasing distance from the source of radiation, no tumor or only minimal residual tumor was demonstrable. Sensibility and resistance of carcinoma of the prostate are not dependent upon the grade of differentiation of the tumor. A prognostic statement concerning the success of radiation therapy from initial histologic findings is not possible here. The occurrence of metastases in 18% of the cases following radiation probably resulted from the inexactness of the purely clinical determination of the stage of the tumor. The isolated, local treatment of prostate carcinoma through radiotherapy is justified only after exact determination of the stage of the tumor, i.e., certain exclusion of metastases via a diagnostic lymphadenectomy.", "PMID": 410135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5475", "title": "The ultrastructure of the interfollicular epidermis of the hairless (hr/hr) mouse. V. The cytoplasm of the horny cells.", "content": "The ultrastructure of horny cells in the interfollicular epidermis of the hairless mouse and in the mouse with hair has been studied with particular emphasis on changes in the cytoplasm through the horny layer. Horny cells from the two strains have a similar appearance, and the horny layer can be divided into three sublayers, each with a different ultrastructure. It is suggested that in vivo the same arrangement of densely packed filaments and fibrils which represents the keratin pattern in the basal sublayer is preserved throughout the horny layer. However, the filaments and interfilamentous substance seem to undergo a continuous transformation, which possibly results in a disintegration of the filaments when desquamation of the uppermost cell takes place.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the interfollicular epidermis of the hairless (hr/hr) mouse. V. The cytoplasm of the horny cells. The ultrastructure of horny cells in the interfollicular epidermis of the hairless mouse and in the mouse with hair has been studied with particular emphasis on changes in the cytoplasm through the horny layer. Horny cells from the two strains have a similar appearance, and the horny layer can be divided into three sublayers, each with a different ultrastructure. It is suggested that in vivo the same arrangement of densely packed filaments and fibrils which represents the keratin pattern in the basal sublayer is preserved throughout the horny layer. However, the filaments and interfilamentous substance seem to undergo a continuous transformation, which possibly results in a disintegration of the filaments when desquamation of the uppermost cell takes place.", "PMID": 410151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5476", "title": "Ultrastructural and functional changes in pancreatic acinar cells during autolysis.", "content": "Effects of anoxemic cell injury on rat pancreatic acinar cells were studied in a preparation where tissue samples were incubated at temperature between 18-20 degrees C in a moist atmosphere for 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h in vitro. Electron microscopy revealed that disintegration of acinar cells began by swelling of various cell compartments and gradual breakdown of cell membranes. Zymogen granules remained morphologically intact for at least 3 h. There were no signs of increased autophagic activity during the period of observation. Myelin figures and other membranous remnants of disintegrated cells, together with individual cells and cell organelles whose morphology was relatively well preserved were seen even after w4 h incubation. The secretory response of acinar cells to pancreozymin stimulation, as measured by amylase release into the incubation medium in vitro, decreased progressively closer to zero during 12 h autolysis. No active trypsin could be detected in the tissue samples during the 24 h observation time. It was concluded that during hypoxic autolysis at room temperature between 18-20 degrees C in vitro: 1. Acinar cell disintegration results from breakdown of cellular membranes, 2. autophagocytosis is not involved, 3. most of zymogen granules remain morphologically intact even at the time when cell membranes show evidence of damage, 4. there is no trypsin activation taking place in the tissue, and 5. the acinar cells are capable of responding to secretory stimulation for 3 to 6 h after removal of the tissue from the experimental animal.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and functional changes in pancreatic acinar cells during autolysis. Effects of anoxemic cell injury on rat pancreatic acinar cells were studied in a preparation where tissue samples were incubated at temperature between 18-20 degrees C in a moist atmosphere for 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h in vitro. Electron microscopy revealed that disintegration of acinar cells began by swelling of various cell compartments and gradual breakdown of cell membranes. Zymogen granules remained morphologically intact for at least 3 h. There were no signs of increased autophagic activity during the period of observation. Myelin figures and other membranous remnants of disintegrated cells, together with individual cells and cell organelles whose morphology was relatively well preserved were seen even after w4 h incubation. The secretory response of acinar cells to pancreozymin stimulation, as measured by amylase release into the incubation medium in vitro, decreased progressively closer to zero during 12 h autolysis. No active trypsin could be detected in the tissue samples during the 24 h observation time. It was concluded that during hypoxic autolysis at room temperature between 18-20 degrees C in vitro: 1. Acinar cell disintegration results from breakdown of cellular membranes, 2. autophagocytosis is not involved, 3. most of zymogen granules remain morphologically intact even at the time when cell membranes show evidence of damage, 4. there is no trypsin activation taking place in the tissue, and 5. the acinar cells are capable of responding to secretory stimulation for 3 to 6 h after removal of the tissue from the experimental animal.", "PMID": 410152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5477", "title": "Cell proliferation kinetics in two human tumors grown in athymic nude mice.", "content": "The technique of labelled mitoses was used to investigate the cell proliferation kinetics in two human neoplasms, one a malignant melanoma and one a fibrosarcoma, transplanted to and grown serially in the athymic nude mutant (ANM) mouse. The experimental data obtained codrealted well with a theoretical percentage labelled mitoses curve based on the assumption that the time spent by a cell in each of the phases M, G1, S and G2 is described by four independent log-normal distributions. However, no unique second wave was defined by the experimental results. This means that only the deductions made about the duration of the G2 and S phases are reliable. The median duration of tma and the fibrosarcoma, respectively. By comparing these results with results published on cell cycle studies of transplantable animal tumors and human tumors in situ, it is concluded that the cell cycle parameters of a human tumor grown in the ANM mouse are close to those of the same tumor in the donor patient.", "contents": "Cell proliferation kinetics in two human tumors grown in athymic nude mice. The technique of labelled mitoses was used to investigate the cell proliferation kinetics in two human neoplasms, one a malignant melanoma and one a fibrosarcoma, transplanted to and grown serially in the athymic nude mutant (ANM) mouse. The experimental data obtained codrealted well with a theoretical percentage labelled mitoses curve based on the assumption that the time spent by a cell in each of the phases M, G1, S and G2 is described by four independent log-normal distributions. However, no unique second wave was defined by the experimental results. This means that only the deductions made about the duration of the G2 and S phases are reliable. The median duration of tma and the fibrosarcoma, respectively. By comparing these results with results published on cell cycle studies of transplantable animal tumors and human tumors in situ, it is concluded that the cell cycle parameters of a human tumor grown in the ANM mouse are close to those of the same tumor in the donor patient.", "PMID": 410153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5478", "title": "Flow microfluorometric analysis of nuclear DNA in cells from solid tumors and cell suspensions. A new method for rapid isolation and straining of nuclei.", "content": "A one-step procedure for the preparation of nuclei for flow microfluorometric DNA analysis is described. The membranes of the cells were lysed by the non-ionic detergent Nonidet P40. Single-cell suspensions, and specimens of solid tissues obtained with fine-needle biopsy, could be prepared equally well as the nuclei of solid tissue cells were released separately. Lysis was performed in the staining solution containing either ethidium bromide or propidium iodide. Fluorescence due to fluorochrome binding to RNA, was abolished instantaneously by the presence of RNA-se, and fluorochrome binding to secondary binding sites in DNA was inhibited with NaCl. The preparation time was 10 min and the samples were stable for a minimum of 12 h. With the basic version of the method, usable, but not always optimal, results were obtained in all the cell types tested: four different mouse ascites tumors, leucocytes, bone-marrow, liver cells, human lymphomas, human carcinomas of the breast and lung, mouse mammary carcinoma and solid JB-1 tumor. The method was further optimized for the JB-1 ascites tumour. The resulting two modified techniques are described. Differences in the staining of leucocytes with the analogues ethidium bromide and propidium iodide were demonstrated.", "contents": "Flow microfluorometric analysis of nuclear DNA in cells from solid tumors and cell suspensions. A new method for rapid isolation and straining of nuclei. A one-step procedure for the preparation of nuclei for flow microfluorometric DNA analysis is described. The membranes of the cells were lysed by the non-ionic detergent Nonidet P40. Single-cell suspensions, and specimens of solid tissues obtained with fine-needle biopsy, could be prepared equally well as the nuclei of solid tissue cells were released separately. Lysis was performed in the staining solution containing either ethidium bromide or propidium iodide. Fluorescence due to fluorochrome binding to RNA, was abolished instantaneously by the presence of RNA-se, and fluorochrome binding to secondary binding sites in DNA was inhibited with NaCl. The preparation time was 10 min and the samples were stable for a minimum of 12 h. With the basic version of the method, usable, but not always optimal, results were obtained in all the cell types tested: four different mouse ascites tumors, leucocytes, bone-marrow, liver cells, human lymphomas, human carcinomas of the breast and lung, mouse mammary carcinoma and solid JB-1 tumor. The method was further optimized for the JB-1 ascites tumour. The resulting two modified techniques are described. Differences in the staining of leucocytes with the analogues ethidium bromide and propidium iodide were demonstrated.", "PMID": 410154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5479", "title": "Nuclear non-histone protein content of G0/G1 cells as related to growth fraction in mouse mammary tumors.", "content": "In eight mouse mammary tumors with varying growth fractions DNA and non-histone nuclear protein (NHNP) were determined by absorption cytophotometry of Feulgen-Naphthol Yellow S stained, isolated cells. It was found that: 1. The mean NHNP content of cells with postmitotic DNA content (G0 + G1) increased with increasing growth fraction. 2. The mean NHNP content of S and G2 cells in the eight tumors did not vary significantly with growth fraction. 3. The frequency distributions of NHNP in G0/G1 cells were unimodal and right-skewed. The results are interpreted as follows: A) G0 cells differ from G1 cells by their lower content of NHNP. B). If it is assumed that the G0 and G1 compartments are arranged in series, the cells in the transition from G0 to late G1 may account for the unimodality and skewedness of the NHNP frequency distributions of postmitotic cells.", "contents": "Nuclear non-histone protein content of G0/G1 cells as related to growth fraction in mouse mammary tumors. In eight mouse mammary tumors with varying growth fractions DNA and non-histone nuclear protein (NHNP) were determined by absorption cytophotometry of Feulgen-Naphthol Yellow S stained, isolated cells. It was found that: 1. The mean NHNP content of cells with postmitotic DNA content (G0 + G1) increased with increasing growth fraction. 2. The mean NHNP content of S and G2 cells in the eight tumors did not vary significantly with growth fraction. 3. The frequency distributions of NHNP in G0/G1 cells were unimodal and right-skewed. The results are interpreted as follows: A) G0 cells differ from G1 cells by their lower content of NHNP. B). If it is assumed that the G0 and G1 compartments are arranged in series, the cells in the transition from G0 to late G1 may account for the unimodality and skewedness of the NHNP frequency distributions of postmitotic cells.", "PMID": 410155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5480", "title": "Density-dependent cell division after cortisol treatment of rat thymus in relation to age involution.", "content": "Cellular proliferation, in relation to cell density was investigated in the thymus of control and cortisol treated animals at 6 and 18 weeks of age. It was found that there was very little difference in the response of the two age groups to cortisol treatment. Cell density and cellular proliferation were markedly reduced 2 days after cortisol administration. From 4 days there was a rapid increase in cellular proliferation to triple the control rate. The mitotic index remained above normal until 12days then decreased to control values at 14 days. During this time the cell density of the thymus was being progressively restored. At all stages of regeneration, the mitotic index at first increased to a maximum at the mean cell density then decreased at the highest cell concentrations. A model system is discussed to account for this density dependent control of cellular proliferation in the thymus.", "contents": "Density-dependent cell division after cortisol treatment of rat thymus in relation to age involution. Cellular proliferation, in relation to cell density was investigated in the thymus of control and cortisol treated animals at 6 and 18 weeks of age. It was found that there was very little difference in the response of the two age groups to cortisol treatment. Cell density and cellular proliferation were markedly reduced 2 days after cortisol administration. From 4 days there was a rapid increase in cellular proliferation to triple the control rate. The mitotic index remained above normal until 12days then decreased to control values at 14 days. During this time the cell density of the thymus was being progressively restored. At all stages of regeneration, the mitotic index at first increased to a maximum at the mean cell density then decreased at the highest cell concentrations. A model system is discussed to account for this density dependent control of cellular proliferation in the thymus.", "PMID": 410156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5481", "title": "[Effect of DMBA and benz (alpha) anthracene on the biogenic amine level in the rat brain].", "content": "Thirty minutes after the administration of DMBA (5 mg i. v.) to rats the level of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonine (5-HT) and 5-IIIAA in the hypothalamus was decreased, while monoamines levels in the brain stem and hemispheres was unchanged. After benz(a) anthracene (5 mg i.v.) treatment the level of 5-HT in rat hypothalamus was decreased, but catecholamines and 5-HIAA levels were not changed. Pretreatment with L-DOPA abolished the elevation of the threshold of hypothalamic sensitivity to estrogen suppression, induced by 20-methylcholanthrene in rats, and alpha-methyl-DOPA enhanced. It is suggested that the central (hypothalamic) mechanisms participate in the release of the carcinogenic effect of polycylic hydrocarbons in rats.", "contents": "[Effect of DMBA and benz (alpha) anthracene on the biogenic amine level in the rat brain]. Thirty minutes after the administration of DMBA (5 mg i. v.) to rats the level of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonine (5-HT) and 5-IIIAA in the hypothalamus was decreased, while monoamines levels in the brain stem and hemispheres was unchanged. After benz(a) anthracene (5 mg i.v.) treatment the level of 5-HT in rat hypothalamus was decreased, but catecholamines and 5-HIAA levels were not changed. Pretreatment with L-DOPA abolished the elevation of the threshold of hypothalamic sensitivity to estrogen suppression, induced by 20-methylcholanthrene in rats, and alpha-methyl-DOPA enhanced. It is suggested that the central (hypothalamic) mechanisms participate in the release of the carcinogenic effect of polycylic hydrocarbons in rats.", "PMID": 410157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5482", "title": "[Clinical dosimetric studies of lung tissue heterogenetiy in irradiation on the Rokus and B5M-25 machines].", "content": "As a result of measurements of radiation doses in the esophagus and of the emerging beam, which were made immediately during radiotherapy, the coefficients of heterogeneity and values of the effective lung density were determined. In mobile telegamma therapy of esophageal tumors the correction for heterogeneity was 1.26 for the upper third of the thoracic esophagus (angula deviation 120 degrees) and 1.44--for the median third (240 degrees). A calculation method is suggested for the medium heterogeneity to be taken into account in individual planning of radiotherapy of the esophagus and lung tumors.", "contents": "[Clinical dosimetric studies of lung tissue heterogenetiy in irradiation on the Rokus and B5M-25 machines]. As a result of measurements of radiation doses in the esophagus and of the emerging beam, which were made immediately during radiotherapy, the coefficients of heterogeneity and values of the effective lung density were determined. In mobile telegamma therapy of esophageal tumors the correction for heterogeneity was 1.26 for the upper third of the thoracic esophagus (angula deviation 120 degrees) and 1.44--for the median third (240 degrees). A calculation method is suggested for the medium heterogeneity to be taken into account in individual planning of radiotherapy of the esophagus and lung tumors.", "PMID": 410160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5483", "title": "[Assessment of the sensitivity of immunoprecipitation for the serodiagnosis of influenzal-bacterial pneumonias].", "content": "A comparative examination of 226 paired sera from patients with pneumonia was carried out by CFT, HI, neuraminidase activity inhibition (NI) and double immunodiffusion. A correlation of the results of agar gel precipitation and the CFT and HI tests was observed. Convalescent sera contained antibody to influenza virus ribonucleoprotein frequently, less so to its neuraminidase or hemagglutinin. The precipitation test was shown to be highly sensitive, easy to perform, and therefore should be used in examinations of sera from patients with influenza-bacterial pneumonia.", "contents": "[Assessment of the sensitivity of immunoprecipitation for the serodiagnosis of influenzal-bacterial pneumonias]. A comparative examination of 226 paired sera from patients with pneumonia was carried out by CFT, HI, neuraminidase activity inhibition (NI) and double immunodiffusion. A correlation of the results of agar gel precipitation and the CFT and HI tests was observed. Convalescent sera contained antibody to influenza virus ribonucleoprotein frequently, less so to its neuraminidase or hemagglutinin. The precipitation test was shown to be highly sensitive, easy to perform, and therefore should be used in examinations of sera from patients with influenza-bacterial pneumonia.", "PMID": 410161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5484", "title": "Surgical management of epilepsy.", "content": "Therapy with anticonvulsant drugs reduces the frequency and severity of seizures in many but not all epileptic patients. Unfortunately, in a significant number control remains poor even when maximal doses of multiple anticonvulsant drugs are given. Some of these patients are candidates for surgical treatment of epilepsy. The operative management of convulsive disorders is a well-established technique and is available in some centers. In selected cases, such operations are both safe and effective, with good longterm improvement or complete control in 76 percent of patients. We have summarized the 24-year experience with surgical operation for epilepsy at the University of Washington Medical Center.", "contents": "Surgical management of epilepsy. Therapy with anticonvulsant drugs reduces the frequency and severity of seizures in many but not all epileptic patients. Unfortunately, in a significant number control remains poor even when maximal doses of multiple anticonvulsant drugs are given. Some of these patients are candidates for surgical treatment of epilepsy. The operative management of convulsive disorders is a well-established technique and is available in some centers. In selected cases, such operations are both safe and effective, with good longterm improvement or complete control in 76 percent of patients. We have summarized the 24-year experience with surgical operation for epilepsy at the University of Washington Medical Center.", "PMID": 410163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5485", "title": "[Suppressive effect of somatostatin on secretin-CCK-PZ-stimulated endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function in man (author's transl)].", "content": "With a view toward the therapeutic use of somatostatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis, a preliminary investigation was conducted with 6 healthy volunteers, in which the suppressive effect of somatostatin on endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function was observed. A 30-minute baseline measurement period was followed by the administration of cyclic somatostatin (100 microgram by i.v. injection plus a 90-minute infusion at a rate of 200 microgram/hr). After the first 45 minutes of this infusion secretion was submaximally stimulated by the infusion of secretin-cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) (75 U each), over two hours. No decrease was observed in basal bicarbonate or enzyme concentration under somatostatin administration alone. However, secretion did not show the usual steep rise after the commencement of stimulation. After the somatostatin infusion was stopped, i.e. under secretin-CCK-PZ alone, a significant increase occurred in the values of secretin-induced volume, bicarbonate concentration and total bicarbonate contents of the duodenal aspirate, as well as in CCK-PZ-induced enzyme secretion. The release of insulin, both basal and stimulated, was also significantly decreased by somatostatin.", "contents": "[Suppressive effect of somatostatin on secretin-CCK-PZ-stimulated endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function in man (author's transl)]. With a view toward the therapeutic use of somatostatin in the treatment of acute pancreatitis, a preliminary investigation was conducted with 6 healthy volunteers, in which the suppressive effect of somatostatin on endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function was observed. A 30-minute baseline measurement period was followed by the administration of cyclic somatostatin (100 microgram by i.v. injection plus a 90-minute infusion at a rate of 200 microgram/hr). After the first 45 minutes of this infusion secretion was submaximally stimulated by the infusion of secretin-cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) (75 U each), over two hours. No decrease was observed in basal bicarbonate or enzyme concentration under somatostatin administration alone. However, secretion did not show the usual steep rise after the commencement of stimulation. After the somatostatin infusion was stopped, i.e. under secretin-CCK-PZ alone, a significant increase occurred in the values of secretin-induced volume, bicarbonate concentration and total bicarbonate contents of the duodenal aspirate, as well as in CCK-PZ-induced enzyme secretion. The release of insulin, both basal and stimulated, was also significantly decreased by somatostatin.", "PMID": 410166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5486", "title": "[A new type of ointment base: investigations on its antimicrobial properties (author's transl)].", "content": "A new ointment base (PEN 32) consisting of polyalcohols prevents the growth of bacteria and fungi in concentrations above 25% (mg/mg). In a concentrated form the ointment base exhibited excellent bactericidal and fungicidal effects in vitro. This property enables the ointment base to be employed without preservatives.", "contents": "[A new type of ointment base: investigations on its antimicrobial properties (author's transl)]. A new ointment base (PEN 32) consisting of polyalcohols prevents the growth of bacteria and fungi in concentrations above 25% (mg/mg). In a concentrated form the ointment base exhibited excellent bactericidal and fungicidal effects in vitro. This property enables the ointment base to be employed without preservatives.", "PMID": 410167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5487", "title": "[Influence of a complex of poly(I). poly(C) and poly-l-lysine on the course of vaccinia in monkeys].", "content": "Experiments of 22 Macaca rhesus monkeys were carried out to study the interferon-inducing and antiviral activity of poly(I) - poly(C) and of its complex with poly-l-lysine. The complexed double-stranded polyribonucleotide induced active production of serum interferon and markedly protected the monkeys inoculated intradermally with vaccinia virus (10 monkey ID50 by intradermal inoculation). The effectiveness of the protective effect depended on the schedule and routes of administration of the preparation. The greatest prophylactic and therapeutic effect was achieved by local administration of the complex in a dose of 1 mg/1 kg of body weight. This also prolonged the incubation period by 2-3 times and reduced the duration of persistence of skin lesions approximately by half. By the intravenous route, the best protection was achieved by 2 injections of 2 mg/kg at an interval of 96 hours. Four daily injections of the complex exerted virtually no effect on the course of vaccinia infection. The animals receiving the complexed poly(I) - poly(C) developed virus-neutralizing antibody to the same titres as control animals and were resistant to reinfection with vaccinia virus. A second injection of the complexed poly(I)-poly(C) 96 hours after the primary inoculation induced the same interferon production as the initial administration of the preparation. The monkeys inoculated intravenously with 2 mg/kg poly(I) - poly(C) showed no interferon in their blood serum and were also poorly protected against vaccinia virus infection.", "contents": "[Influence of a complex of poly(I). poly(C) and poly-l-lysine on the course of vaccinia in monkeys]. Experiments of 22 Macaca rhesus monkeys were carried out to study the interferon-inducing and antiviral activity of poly(I) - poly(C) and of its complex with poly-l-lysine. The complexed double-stranded polyribonucleotide induced active production of serum interferon and markedly protected the monkeys inoculated intradermally with vaccinia virus (10 monkey ID50 by intradermal inoculation). The effectiveness of the protective effect depended on the schedule and routes of administration of the preparation. The greatest prophylactic and therapeutic effect was achieved by local administration of the complex in a dose of 1 mg/1 kg of body weight. This also prolonged the incubation period by 2-3 times and reduced the duration of persistence of skin lesions approximately by half. By the intravenous route, the best protection was achieved by 2 injections of 2 mg/kg at an interval of 96 hours. Four daily injections of the complex exerted virtually no effect on the course of vaccinia infection. The animals receiving the complexed poly(I) - poly(C) developed virus-neutralizing antibody to the same titres as control animals and were resistant to reinfection with vaccinia virus. A second injection of the complexed poly(I)-poly(C) 96 hours after the primary inoculation induced the same interferon production as the initial administration of the preparation. The monkeys inoculated intravenously with 2 mg/kg poly(I) - poly(C) showed no interferon in their blood serum and were also poorly protected against vaccinia virus infection.", "PMID": 410162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5488", "title": "[Behavioral psychology of obesity].", "content": "Increase in energy and release of energy are essentially regulated instinctively. The afferences from the exterior and interior milieu, the central impulse zones and the efferences form a system which may be affected by disturbances at different sites. In persons with an obesity of high degree in the majority of cases also other nervous and hormonal disturbances can be proved. The wide-spread obesity as a popular disease is based on unnatural impulses and inhibitions of the regulatory mechanisms. In this milieu the success of the treatment depends on the fact that the patient experiences greater promptings than pleasure in eating and comfort.", "contents": "[Behavioral psychology of obesity]. Increase in energy and release of energy are essentially regulated instinctively. The afferences from the exterior and interior milieu, the central impulse zones and the efferences form a system which may be affected by disturbances at different sites. In persons with an obesity of high degree in the majority of cases also other nervous and hormonal disturbances can be proved. The wide-spread obesity as a popular disease is based on unnatural impulses and inhibitions of the regulatory mechanisms. In this milieu the success of the treatment depends on the fact that the patient experiences greater promptings than pleasure in eating and comfort.", "PMID": 410174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5489", "title": "[Effect of vasoactive and coronary drugs on orthostasis in patients with constant-frequency cardiac pacemakers].", "content": "It is reported on a group of 31 patients with pacemakers who were exposed to an orthostasis load without additional therapy as well as after an administration of nitrangin, euphyllin, rocornal and ergocomb. The lacking regulation of frequency in these patients can only limitedly be compensated by a volume regulation. Thus the simple standing experiment is already a considerable stress for these patients. Single applications of nitrangin and ergocomb led to an additional orthostatic decrease of blood pressure. This is particularly characterized after application of nitragin and also accompanied by subjective appearances up to the collapse. In the not doubted necessity to treat patients with pacemakers also conserning the coronary blood supply it seems important to take into consideration an additional iatrogenic disturbance of the orthostatic regulation.", "contents": "[Effect of vasoactive and coronary drugs on orthostasis in patients with constant-frequency cardiac pacemakers]. It is reported on a group of 31 patients with pacemakers who were exposed to an orthostasis load without additional therapy as well as after an administration of nitrangin, euphyllin, rocornal and ergocomb. The lacking regulation of frequency in these patients can only limitedly be compensated by a volume regulation. Thus the simple standing experiment is already a considerable stress for these patients. Single applications of nitrangin and ergocomb led to an additional orthostatic decrease of blood pressure. This is particularly characterized after application of nitragin and also accompanied by subjective appearances up to the collapse. In the not doubted necessity to treat patients with pacemakers also conserning the coronary blood supply it seems important to take into consideration an additional iatrogenic disturbance of the orthostatic regulation.", "PMID": 410176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5490", "title": "[Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to ABO incompatibility (author's transl)].", "content": "Up to now, the exact diagnosis of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn cannot be made either clinically or serologically. Affected babies are almost all either group A or group B from mothers of group O. In contrast to Rh hemolytic disease the immunological findings do not correlate well with the severity of the clinical course. Sometimes, it is impossible to differentiate between ABO hemolytic disease and non-antibody mediated hyperbilirubinemia. Pathogenetic aspects are discussed which may explain the differences between ABO and Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn. Aids to immunological and clinical diagnosis are given. Ante-natal treatment is not necessary. Indications for and technique of phototherapy and exchange transfusion are presented. Early application of these therapeutical methods prevents bilirubin encephalopathy, kernicterus with subsequent death or development of severe neurological sequelae.", "contents": "[Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to ABO incompatibility (author's transl)]. Up to now, the exact diagnosis of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn cannot be made either clinically or serologically. Affected babies are almost all either group A or group B from mothers of group O. In contrast to Rh hemolytic disease the immunological findings do not correlate well with the severity of the clinical course. Sometimes, it is impossible to differentiate between ABO hemolytic disease and non-antibody mediated hyperbilirubinemia. Pathogenetic aspects are discussed which may explain the differences between ABO and Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn. Aids to immunological and clinical diagnosis are given. Ante-natal treatment is not necessary. Indications for and technique of phototherapy and exchange transfusion are presented. Early application of these therapeutical methods prevents bilirubin encephalopathy, kernicterus with subsequent death or development of severe neurological sequelae.", "PMID": 410177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5491", "title": "Praziquantel, a new board-spectrum antischistosomal agent.", "content": "Praziquantel, (2-cyclohexylcarbonyl)-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexa-hydro-2H pyrazino[2,1a]isoquinolin-4-one, belongs to a new series of antischistosomal compounds. The results of a detailed study of the efficacy of praziquantel on Schistosoma mansoni in mice, Mastomys and Syrian hamsters are described. Praziquantel is effective after oral and all parenteral routes of administration tested. The amount of praziquantel required to achieve parasite reductions of at least 95% depends on the host species and on the routes and schedules of administration. Total doses range from 200--1,000 mg/kg in mice and from 100--500 mg/kg for Mastomys and hamsters. In all three species, splitting of the total dose into 3 or more fractional doses given within 1 day approximately doubles the efficacy over that achieved after a single oral administration of the same total dose. A single subcutaneous dose is only slightly more effective, whilst a single intramuscular injection in olive oil is about twice as effective as a single oral administration. Praziquantel is very effective against the invading stages and slightly less against schistosomules up to an age of 7 days. It is less effective against 2- to 4-week-old juveniles, but is effective again against 5-week-old and older schistosomes. Praziquantel is equally effective against both sexes of S. mansoni. It is less effective against unpaired and therefore juvenile female worms, but fully effective against single male worms. The efficacy of praziquantel on S. mansoni in mice is not influenced by the strain or the sex of the host, the worm burden or the age of the infection. Considering all data available, praziquantel promises to be a very potent antischistosomal drug.", "contents": "Praziquantel, a new board-spectrum antischistosomal agent. Praziquantel, (2-cyclohexylcarbonyl)-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexa-hydro-2H pyrazino[2,1a]isoquinolin-4-one, belongs to a new series of antischistosomal compounds. The results of a detailed study of the efficacy of praziquantel on Schistosoma mansoni in mice, Mastomys and Syrian hamsters are described. Praziquantel is effective after oral and all parenteral routes of administration tested. The amount of praziquantel required to achieve parasite reductions of at least 95% depends on the host species and on the routes and schedules of administration. Total doses range from 200--1,000 mg/kg in mice and from 100--500 mg/kg for Mastomys and hamsters. In all three species, splitting of the total dose into 3 or more fractional doses given within 1 day approximately doubles the efficacy over that achieved after a single oral administration of the same total dose. A single subcutaneous dose is only slightly more effective, whilst a single intramuscular injection in olive oil is about twice as effective as a single oral administration. Praziquantel is very effective against the invading stages and slightly less against schistosomules up to an age of 7 days. It is less effective against 2- to 4-week-old juveniles, but is effective again against 5-week-old and older schistosomes. Praziquantel is equally effective against both sexes of S. mansoni. It is less effective against unpaired and therefore juvenile female worms, but fully effective against single male worms. The efficacy of praziquantel on S. mansoni in mice is not influenced by the strain or the sex of the host, the worm burden or the age of the infection. Considering all data available, praziquantel promises to be a very potent antischistosomal drug.", "PMID": 410178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5492", "title": "Experimental chemotherapy of schistosomiasis mansoni. XIII. Activity of praziquantel, an isoquinoline-pyrazino derivative, on mice, hamsters and Cebus monkeys.", "content": "In mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni, praziquantel (2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrazino[2,1-a]isoquinoline-4-one), administered orally at the levels of 100 and 50 mg/kg, for 5 consecutive days, produces oogram changes in all animals and a pronounced hepatic shift of schistosomes (97.1 and 89.1, respectively). At lowest levels (12.5 and 6.3 mg/kg), alterations in the oogram could still be detected, although hepatic shift of schistosomes was no more evident. After a single intramuscular injection, the results obtained paralleled those observed with a single-dose oral treatment. The hepatic shift was only moderate at 200 and 100 mg/kg and the percentages of worms retained in the liver, after perfusion, were particularly low. When nasal route in a 1-day regimen was used, the results obtained were slightly less evident as compared with those observed by oral route (5-day schedule). Considering the percentage of oogram changes, the degree of hepatic shift of schistosomes and the percentage of worms fixed in the liver, the antischistosomal activity of praziquantel was greater in hamsters than in mice. Actually, a daily dose as low as 12.5 mg/kg, administered for 5 consecutive days, was sufficient to shift 60.4% of the worms towards the liver and to produce alterations of the oogram in 60% of the animals. In Cebus monkeys orally treated with 10 and 20 mg/kg of praziquantel, given 3 times within a single day (total doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg, respectively), a remarkable reduction in worm burden was observed. A single oral or intramuscular dose of 100 mg/kg was found to be curative. One Cebus doses with 100 mg/kg, by nasal spray, was found to harbor only female worms at autopsy performed 69 days after treatment.", "contents": "Experimental chemotherapy of schistosomiasis mansoni. XIII. Activity of praziquantel, an isoquinoline-pyrazino derivative, on mice, hamsters and Cebus monkeys. In mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni, praziquantel (2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrazino[2,1-a]isoquinoline-4-one), administered orally at the levels of 100 and 50 mg/kg, for 5 consecutive days, produces oogram changes in all animals and a pronounced hepatic shift of schistosomes (97.1 and 89.1, respectively). At lowest levels (12.5 and 6.3 mg/kg), alterations in the oogram could still be detected, although hepatic shift of schistosomes was no more evident. After a single intramuscular injection, the results obtained paralleled those observed with a single-dose oral treatment. The hepatic shift was only moderate at 200 and 100 mg/kg and the percentages of worms retained in the liver, after perfusion, were particularly low. When nasal route in a 1-day regimen was used, the results obtained were slightly less evident as compared with those observed by oral route (5-day schedule). Considering the percentage of oogram changes, the degree of hepatic shift of schistosomes and the percentage of worms fixed in the liver, the antischistosomal activity of praziquantel was greater in hamsters than in mice. Actually, a daily dose as low as 12.5 mg/kg, administered for 5 consecutive days, was sufficient to shift 60.4% of the worms towards the liver and to produce alterations of the oogram in 60% of the animals. In Cebus monkeys orally treated with 10 and 20 mg/kg of praziquantel, given 3 times within a single day (total doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg, respectively), a remarkable reduction in worm burden was observed. A single oral or intramuscular dose of 100 mg/kg was found to be curative. One Cebus doses with 100 mg/kg, by nasal spray, was found to harbor only female worms at autopsy performed 69 days after treatment.", "PMID": 410179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5493", "title": "Ultrastructure of Sarcocystis sp. from the Malaysian house rat, Rattus rattus diardii.", "content": "The ultrastructure of Sarcocystis sp. from the Malaysian house rat, Rattus rattus diardii, was studied with the electron microscope. The thin, uniformly-dense primary cyst wall had a row of vesicular invaginations which were also seen along the wall of the villi-like projections or cytophaneres. Within the villi were spherical bodies and hollow, curled structures. The ground substance beneath the primary cyst wall extended into the cyst as thin septa or trabeculae separating the tightly-packed zoites into compartments. Merozoites had a double-layered membrane, a conoid, 2 conoidal rings, 22 subpellicular microtubules, 6 rhoptries, 80-100 micronemes, scattered lipid droplets, and sac-like mitochrondrion, beside which was a Golgi apparatus. A micropore was occasionally seen at the anterior third of the zoite whereas the nucleus occupied the posterior third. Metrocytes were few in number and peripheral in location.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Sarcocystis sp. from the Malaysian house rat, Rattus rattus diardii. The ultrastructure of Sarcocystis sp. from the Malaysian house rat, Rattus rattus diardii, was studied with the electron microscope. The thin, uniformly-dense primary cyst wall had a row of vesicular invaginations which were also seen along the wall of the villi-like projections or cytophaneres. Within the villi were spherical bodies and hollow, curled structures. The ground substance beneath the primary cyst wall extended into the cyst as thin septa or trabeculae separating the tightly-packed zoites into compartments. Merozoites had a double-layered membrane, a conoid, 2 conoidal rings, 22 subpellicular microtubules, 6 rhoptries, 80-100 micronemes, scattered lipid droplets, and sac-like mitochrondrion, beside which was a Golgi apparatus. A micropore was occasionally seen at the anterior third of the zoite whereas the nucleus occupied the posterior third. Metrocytes were few in number and peripheral in location.", "PMID": 410181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5494", "title": "[On typing the C3-system: Inhibition of the conversion by EDTA-Na2 (chelaplex III) (author's transl)].", "content": "By addition of EDTA-Na2 (Chelaplex III) to fresh sera the possibility for typing of C3-polymorphism is prolonged. Using a final concentration of 45.6 mmol EDTA-Na2/l the conversion is inhibited, and the C3 determination in serum by means of high voltage electrophoresis succeeds even after storage at room temperature during 6 weeks.", "contents": "[On typing the C3-system: Inhibition of the conversion by EDTA-Na2 (chelaplex III) (author's transl)]. By addition of EDTA-Na2 (Chelaplex III) to fresh sera the possibility for typing of C3-polymorphism is prolonged. Using a final concentration of 45.6 mmol EDTA-Na2/l the conversion is inhibited, and the C3 determination in serum by means of high voltage electrophoresis succeeds even after storage at room temperature during 6 weeks.", "PMID": 410192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5495", "title": "[A fatal food poisoning caused by bacillus cereus (author's transl)].", "content": "The autopsy of a 37 year old man who had died under extraordinary circumstances showed a bromatoxism by bacillus cereus. The verification of the bacillus was possible although the man had already died 2-3 days before; and that in spite of the existence of early beginning rottenness. With the help of morphological findings the pathogenetic effect of the toxins (exotoxin and enterotoxin) of bacillus cereus is discussed. Blood cultures of the heart alone are not sufficient to prove a causal connexion between infection and death. For this purpose bacteriological examination of the organs (liver, spleen, kidney, lungs and brain) is at the same time necessary. An aseptic method, which is described in detail, is the absolute condition for useful results. The forensic value of proof of the bacteriological examination is secured and improved by an additional verification of bacteria in histological specimen coloured by Gram.", "contents": "[A fatal food poisoning caused by bacillus cereus (author's transl)]. The autopsy of a 37 year old man who had died under extraordinary circumstances showed a bromatoxism by bacillus cereus. The verification of the bacillus was possible although the man had already died 2-3 days before; and that in spite of the existence of early beginning rottenness. With the help of morphological findings the pathogenetic effect of the toxins (exotoxin and enterotoxin) of bacillus cereus is discussed. Blood cultures of the heart alone are not sufficient to prove a causal connexion between infection and death. For this purpose bacteriological examination of the organs (liver, spleen, kidney, lungs and brain) is at the same time necessary. An aseptic method, which is described in detail, is the absolute condition for useful results. The forensic value of proof of the bacteriological examination is secured and improved by an additional verification of bacteria in histological specimen coloured by Gram.", "PMID": 410193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5496", "title": "Antibiotic production by defective cytoplasmic membrane mutants of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Eleven defective cytoplasmic membrane mutants of Bacillus subtilis were isolated. Their respective protoplasts presented different lytic behaviour when exposed to decreased concentrations of sucrose. Some relationship was found between the fragility of the protoplasts and the capacity of the mutants to produce antibiotic or to sporulate. The higher the fragility the lesser the capacity to produce antibiotic. The same applies to their amino acids requirements.", "contents": "Antibiotic production by defective cytoplasmic membrane mutants of Bacillus subtilis. Eleven defective cytoplasmic membrane mutants of Bacillus subtilis were isolated. Their respective protoplasts presented different lytic behaviour when exposed to decreased concentrations of sucrose. Some relationship was found between the fragility of the protoplasts and the capacity of the mutants to produce antibiotic or to sporulate. The higher the fragility the lesser the capacity to produce antibiotic. The same applies to their amino acids requirements.", "PMID": 410195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5497", "title": "Comparative study of chromogenesis and endotoxin production from pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, isolated from neoplastic processes.", "content": "Several differences in relation to the chromogenesis and the production of endotoxins were found in Ps. aeruginosa strains, isolated from tumors. The strains isolated from neoplastic processes showed a higher amount of chromogenic fractions as compared with the control strains. Phenazinic compounds presented the main differences. Using two common methods of isolation and purification of Gram-negative endotoxin, we found a higher yield of these molecules in the case of tumor-isolated strains.", "contents": "Comparative study of chromogenesis and endotoxin production from pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, isolated from neoplastic processes. Several differences in relation to the chromogenesis and the production of endotoxins were found in Ps. aeruginosa strains, isolated from tumors. The strains isolated from neoplastic processes showed a higher amount of chromogenic fractions as compared with the control strains. Phenazinic compounds presented the main differences. Using two common methods of isolation and purification of Gram-negative endotoxin, we found a higher yield of these molecules in the case of tumor-isolated strains.", "PMID": 410196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5498", "title": "[Surgery of the biliary tract in geriatric patients (author's transl)].", "content": "During 5 years 1311 operations for benign diseases of the biliary tract were performed. 281 patients were more than 70 years old, on the average 76,1 years. According to experience and the results the following is emphasized: 1. Complications of gallstones are relatively more frequent in old patients. 2. Cholecystectomy for chronic gall bladder disease should be performed even in old age. Our postoperative mortality rate was 2,5%, increasing to 15,1% when operation was done in a stage of complications. 3. Acute inflammatory cholecystitis should be treated by urgent operation, especially in old age. 4. Cholecystectomy is the method of choice for acute cholecystitis. Cholecystostomy is used only in few exceptional cases. 5. Cholangiometry and cholangiography are always executed, if the cystic duct can be cannulated, even in cases of acute inflammation. 6. If there are stones in the common duct or a stenosis of Oddi's sphineter is found, an acute inflammatory or perforated cholecystitis is no impediment for a one stage repair. 7. Cholangioscopy is the unsurpassable method for exploring the common duct, when it was opened or sphincterotomy was done. 8. Principally indications for transduodenal sphincterotomy are the same for all age groups. The postoperative mortality rate is not higher than after other operations involving the common duct. 9. In old age choledochoduodenostomy is sometimes a good alternative to sphicterotomy. 10. In cases of recurrent operation due to overlooked stones in the common duct or sclerosis of Oddi's sphincter the mortality rate is not higher than after primary interventions for such affections.", "contents": "[Surgery of the biliary tract in geriatric patients (author's transl)]. During 5 years 1311 operations for benign diseases of the biliary tract were performed. 281 patients were more than 70 years old, on the average 76,1 years. According to experience and the results the following is emphasized: 1. Complications of gallstones are relatively more frequent in old patients. 2. Cholecystectomy for chronic gall bladder disease should be performed even in old age. Our postoperative mortality rate was 2,5%, increasing to 15,1% when operation was done in a stage of complications. 3. Acute inflammatory cholecystitis should be treated by urgent operation, especially in old age. 4. Cholecystectomy is the method of choice for acute cholecystitis. Cholecystostomy is used only in few exceptional cases. 5. Cholangiometry and cholangiography are always executed, if the cystic duct can be cannulated, even in cases of acute inflammation. 6. If there are stones in the common duct or a stenosis of Oddi's sphineter is found, an acute inflammatory or perforated cholecystitis is no impediment for a one stage repair. 7. Cholangioscopy is the unsurpassable method for exploring the common duct, when it was opened or sphincterotomy was done. 8. Principally indications for transduodenal sphincterotomy are the same for all age groups. The postoperative mortality rate is not higher than after other operations involving the common duct. 9. In old age choledochoduodenostomy is sometimes a good alternative to sphicterotomy. 10. In cases of recurrent operation due to overlooked stones in the common duct or sclerosis of Oddi's sphincter the mortality rate is not higher than after primary interventions for such affections.", "PMID": 410197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5499", "title": "[Clinical, bacteriological and histological studies following several years of IUD use for contraception].", "content": "It is informed about clinical, bacteriological and histological examinations of 108 women who had used IUD's for 2 years. The examinations were carried out on the IUD and on the endometrium. We made use of the transcervical technic of taking out under sterile conditions. Pathological findings could only be fixed amongst 4 women in clinical view. In bacteriological view numerous germs of quite different kind were found at the same patient. Optional pathological germs as they also exist in the cervix were predominant. Of an infection was only spoken if in correspondence of the total material the same germ was found. This concerned only in 6% of the women. Histologically adequate findings resulted. Genuine inflammations were only considered in 6% of the examinated female patients.", "contents": "[Clinical, bacteriological and histological studies following several years of IUD use for contraception]. It is informed about clinical, bacteriological and histological examinations of 108 women who had used IUD's for 2 years. The examinations were carried out on the IUD and on the endometrium. We made use of the transcervical technic of taking out under sterile conditions. Pathological findings could only be fixed amongst 4 women in clinical view. In bacteriological view numerous germs of quite different kind were found at the same patient. Optional pathological germs as they also exist in the cervix were predominant. Of an infection was only spoken if in correspondence of the total material the same germ was found. This concerned only in 6% of the women. Histologically adequate findings resulted. Genuine inflammations were only considered in 6% of the examinated female patients.", "PMID": 410198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5500", "title": "[Studies of the heterogeneity of streptokinases of different origin (author's transl)].", "content": "Streptokinases of six different strains of group A streptococci (Strep. pyogenes), and of one strain each of streptococcal groups C and G were isolated from supernatants of the cultures. The purified or partial purified streptokinases were characterized by electrophoresis in agar-acrylamidgels, isoelectric focussing in acrylamide gel and by determinations of the molecular weights by means of sodium dodecylsulphate acrylamide electrophoresis and gel filtration on sephadex G-100. Furtheron these streptokinases were compared serologically using human antistreptokinase-antiserum. It was found that all of the streptokinases examined in this study were different in their isoelectric points (5.05-6.5) and that they showed serological cross-reactions. The molecular weights are not significantly different and were determined to about 45 000 daltons.", "contents": "[Studies of the heterogeneity of streptokinases of different origin (author's transl)]. Streptokinases of six different strains of group A streptococci (Strep. pyogenes), and of one strain each of streptococcal groups C and G were isolated from supernatants of the cultures. The purified or partial purified streptokinases were characterized by electrophoresis in agar-acrylamidgels, isoelectric focussing in acrylamide gel and by determinations of the molecular weights by means of sodium dodecylsulphate acrylamide electrophoresis and gel filtration on sephadex G-100. Furtheron these streptokinases were compared serologically using human antistreptokinase-antiserum. It was found that all of the streptokinases examined in this study were different in their isoelectric points (5.05-6.5) and that they showed serological cross-reactions. The molecular weights are not significantly different and were determined to about 45 000 daltons.", "PMID": 410199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5501", "title": "[Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehydecondensates. 1. (Communication:) Symmetrically substituted animals of formaldehyde (author's transl)].", "content": "In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of aldehyde-amin-condenates a number of partly new aminals was synthesized by reaction of formaldehyde with various secondary amines. Structures and physically constants are shown in the tables 1 and 2. The antimicrobial activity is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC, talbe 4) and the suspension and area disinfecting test following the method of the DGHM (tables 5 and 6). Standardized formulations were developed to eliminate the different solubility effects of the various aminals. These formulations do not influence the test results. It may be shown, that aminals have both germistatic activity mainly versus Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium glaucum and germicidal activity especially versus Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporium gypseum.", "contents": "[Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehydecondensates. 1. (Communication:) Symmetrically substituted animals of formaldehyde (author's transl)]. In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of aldehyde-amin-condenates a number of partly new aminals was synthesized by reaction of formaldehyde with various secondary amines. Structures and physically constants are shown in the tables 1 and 2. The antimicrobial activity is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC, talbe 4) and the suspension and area disinfecting test following the method of the DGHM (tables 5 and 6). Standardized formulations were developed to eliminate the different solubility effects of the various aminals. These formulations do not influence the test results. It may be shown, that aminals have both germistatic activity mainly versus Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium glaucum and germicidal activity especially versus Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporium gypseum.", "PMID": 410200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5502", "title": "[On the increase of phototoxic activities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced by dish detergents (author's transl)].", "content": "Several bands of dish detergents were found in high dilutions to increase phototoxic cell damage produced by polycyclic hydrocarbons such as benzo(a)pyrene. A comparable increase in phototoxicity in the presence of detergents was observed following the phagocytic ingestion of photodynamically active soot particles by the test organisms, Tetrahymena pyriformis (ciliate). The results are considered in the light of earlier reports on increased carcinogenicity following detergent action of one of the brands used in this investigation (P) on benzo(a)-pyrene. Possible mechanisms of action of detergents producing the increase in respective activities are discussed.", "contents": "[On the increase of phototoxic activities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced by dish detergents (author's transl)]. Several bands of dish detergents were found in high dilutions to increase phototoxic cell damage produced by polycyclic hydrocarbons such as benzo(a)pyrene. A comparable increase in phototoxicity in the presence of detergents was observed following the phagocytic ingestion of photodynamically active soot particles by the test organisms, Tetrahymena pyriformis (ciliate). The results are considered in the light of earlier reports on increased carcinogenicity following detergent action of one of the brands used in this investigation (P) on benzo(a)-pyrene. Possible mechanisms of action of detergents producing the increase in respective activities are discussed.", "PMID": 410201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5503", "title": "[Examination of the growth of pathogenic organisms on the elastic joints made of plastic material in swimming baths (author's transl)].", "content": "Roughly three months after a swimming bath had been put into operation a growth was observed on the permanently elastic joints made of plastic material at the bottom of the pool. Samples were taken and examined and bacteria, fungi, green algae as well as many monocellular organisms were found. The repeated identification of a pathogenic dermatophyte and of P. aeruginosa was of hygienic significance.", "contents": "[Examination of the growth of pathogenic organisms on the elastic joints made of plastic material in swimming baths (author's transl)]. Roughly three months after a swimming bath had been put into operation a growth was observed on the permanently elastic joints made of plastic material at the bottom of the pool. Samples were taken and examined and bacteria, fungi, green algae as well as many monocellular organisms were found. The repeated identification of a pathogenic dermatophyte and of P. aeruginosa was of hygienic significance.", "PMID": 410203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5504", "title": "[Human haptoglobin type and G-streptococci: a safe and unexpected relation].", "content": "By testing 167 human sera a surprising dimorphism could be found. All sera of the haptoglobin type hp 1-1 belong to the group with an anti-G streptococci titer in the range of 1:0 to 1:10 whereas sera of the types hp 2-1 and hp 2-2 do have titers in the range between 1:200 and 1:3200 or more. All tests are carried out in the double blind technique.", "contents": "[Human haptoglobin type and G-streptococci: a safe and unexpected relation]. By testing 167 human sera a surprising dimorphism could be found. All sera of the haptoglobin type hp 1-1 belong to the group with an anti-G streptococci titer in the range of 1:0 to 1:10 whereas sera of the types hp 2-1 and hp 2-2 do have titers in the range between 1:200 and 1:3200 or more. All tests are carried out in the double blind technique.", "PMID": 410205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5505", "title": "[Studies on the mechanism of action of vascular spasmolytics. 3. Effect of nitroprusside sodium, nitroglycerin, prenylamine and verapamil on the fluoride-induced contracture of the isolated coronary artery].", "content": "On isolated coronary arteries of cattle, nitroprusside-sodium, nitroglycerol, prenylamine, and verapamil were studied for their spasmolytic effects on a contracture induced by fluoride ions. With this contracture model, which is independent of extracellular calcium, nitroprosside-sodium and nitroglycerol showed strong spasmolytic action. Verapamil proved ineffective, and the effectiveness of prenylamine was strongly reduced. The results lend support to earlier findings suggesting that nitroglycerol and nitroprusside-sodium are endowed with a relaxation mechanism different from that of verapamil and analogously acting compounds.", "contents": "[Studies on the mechanism of action of vascular spasmolytics. 3. Effect of nitroprusside sodium, nitroglycerin, prenylamine and verapamil on the fluoride-induced contracture of the isolated coronary artery]. On isolated coronary arteries of cattle, nitroprusside-sodium, nitroglycerol, prenylamine, and verapamil were studied for their spasmolytic effects on a contracture induced by fluoride ions. With this contracture model, which is independent of extracellular calcium, nitroprosside-sodium and nitroglycerol showed strong spasmolytic action. Verapamil proved ineffective, and the effectiveness of prenylamine was strongly reduced. The results lend support to earlier findings suggesting that nitroglycerol and nitroprusside-sodium are endowed with a relaxation mechanism different from that of verapamil and analogously acting compounds.", "PMID": 410206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5506", "title": "[Studies on the activation of humoral defense factors against bacteria in larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella L].", "content": "The change of lysozyme activity in the hemolymph of the wax moth larvae caused by vaccination is influenced by the size and the dose of the injected particles. The rate of incorporation of those particles into phagocytes has no effect on this process. The change of lysozyme activity correlats negatively with the amount of granulocytes after vaccination. There were no correlations with the amount of other types of the hemocytes, neither with the resistance of the larvae against Pseudomonas aeruginosa nor with the survival of gram-negative bacteria within the hemocoelom. Origin, regulation and role of lysozyme are discussed regarding the defence against gram-negative bacteria. In the hemolymph of wax moth larvae after vaccination the formation of spheroblasts has been observed with all gram-negative strains of bacteria studied. The speed and extent of the formation of spheroblasts corresponded to the pathogenicity of these bacteria for the larvae as well as to the survival of the bacteria within the hemocoelom.", "contents": "[Studies on the activation of humoral defense factors against bacteria in larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella L]. The change of lysozyme activity in the hemolymph of the wax moth larvae caused by vaccination is influenced by the size and the dose of the injected particles. The rate of incorporation of those particles into phagocytes has no effect on this process. The change of lysozyme activity correlats negatively with the amount of granulocytes after vaccination. There were no correlations with the amount of other types of the hemocytes, neither with the resistance of the larvae against Pseudomonas aeruginosa nor with the survival of gram-negative bacteria within the hemocoelom. Origin, regulation and role of lysozyme are discussed regarding the defence against gram-negative bacteria. In the hemolymph of wax moth larvae after vaccination the formation of spheroblasts has been observed with all gram-negative strains of bacteria studied. The speed and extent of the formation of spheroblasts corresponded to the pathogenicity of these bacteria for the larvae as well as to the survival of the bacteria within the hemocoelom.", "PMID": 410207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5507", "title": "Lack of a circannual cycle of daytime serum prolactin in man and monkey.", "content": "Serum samples were obtained from 7 subjects (6 men and 1 woman) in the morning (09.00 h) and in the afternoon (15.00 h) of each week for a period of 13 months and assayed for prolactin by RIA. In addition, 4 female monkeys were sampled once weekly in the afternoon for approximately two years. The data were analyzed for cyclicity by power spectrum analysis. In both species a serum prolactin circannual cycle was not obvious. In most subjects statistically significant (P less than 0.05) cycles were observed; however, there was considerable variability among individuals in the duration of the cycle, which ranged between 4 and 50 weeks. A similar result was also observed for the monkey data; here the cycles ranged between 7 and 51 weeks. The physiologic significance of these cycles is unknown at present. It is suggested that although there appears to be no diurnal serum prolactin circannual cycle, this does not rule out the possibility that there may be a nocturnal circannual cycle.", "contents": "Lack of a circannual cycle of daytime serum prolactin in man and monkey. Serum samples were obtained from 7 subjects (6 men and 1 woman) in the morning (09.00 h) and in the afternoon (15.00 h) of each week for a period of 13 months and assayed for prolactin by RIA. In addition, 4 female monkeys were sampled once weekly in the afternoon for approximately two years. The data were analyzed for cyclicity by power spectrum analysis. In both species a serum prolactin circannual cycle was not obvious. In most subjects statistically significant (P less than 0.05) cycles were observed; however, there was considerable variability among individuals in the duration of the cycle, which ranged between 4 and 50 weeks. A similar result was also observed for the monkey data; here the cycles ranged between 7 and 51 weeks. The physiologic significance of these cycles is unknown at present. It is suggested that although there appears to be no diurnal serum prolactin circannual cycle, this does not rule out the possibility that there may be a nocturnal circannual cycle.", "PMID": 410210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5508", "title": "Immunochemical comparisons between a low molecular weight adenohypophyseal constituent and the gonadotrophins.", "content": "A biologically active peptide (called sperm-releasing substance, abbreviated SRS) with a molecular weight of about 5000, prepared from bovine adenohypophyses, has been compared with the known adenohypophyseal glycoprotein hormones using immunological methods. By means of immunofluorescence it can be seen that antisera against SRS have an affinity for the gonadotrophic cells in the anterior pituitary. Using complement fixation assay and immunodiffusion, no similarity between SRS and FSH can be found, while there are great resemblances between the reactions of LH and those of SRS. From the radioimmunoassay studies, it can be seen that the alpha-subunit of LH reacts in the same way as SRS in the different systems. However, using immunofluorescence, the antiserum against SRS has an affinity for the gonadotrophic cells only, like anti-LHbeta, and not for the thyrotrophic cells, as has anti-LHalpha. The reasons for these different results are discussed.", "contents": "Immunochemical comparisons between a low molecular weight adenohypophyseal constituent and the gonadotrophins. A biologically active peptide (called sperm-releasing substance, abbreviated SRS) with a molecular weight of about 5000, prepared from bovine adenohypophyses, has been compared with the known adenohypophyseal glycoprotein hormones using immunological methods. By means of immunofluorescence it can be seen that antisera against SRS have an affinity for the gonadotrophic cells in the anterior pituitary. Using complement fixation assay and immunodiffusion, no similarity between SRS and FSH can be found, while there are great resemblances between the reactions of LH and those of SRS. From the radioimmunoassay studies, it can be seen that the alpha-subunit of LH reacts in the same way as SRS in the different systems. However, using immunofluorescence, the antiserum against SRS has an affinity for the gonadotrophic cells only, like anti-LHbeta, and not for the thyrotrophic cells, as has anti-LHalpha. The reasons for these different results are discussed.", "PMID": 410211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5509", "title": "Platelet antibodies in different forms of chronic thrombocytopenia.", "content": "Three techniques have been employed for the in vitro detection of circulating platelet antibodies in thrombocytopenic patients affected by 'idiopathic' form or by lupus erythematosus (SLE), the complement fixation test, the platelet factor 3 availability test and the serotonin release test. 29 of the 35 sera tested (82.8%) gave positive results for antiplatelet activity. In particular the serotonin release test allows to distinguish 4 groups of patients: a first group affected by idiopathic form; two groups with autoimmune thrombocytopenia and various degrees of serotonin release, and finally a fourth group which comprises subjects affected by SLE, with circulating immunocomplexes.", "contents": "Platelet antibodies in different forms of chronic thrombocytopenia. Three techniques have been employed for the in vitro detection of circulating platelet antibodies in thrombocytopenic patients affected by 'idiopathic' form or by lupus erythematosus (SLE), the complement fixation test, the platelet factor 3 availability test and the serotonin release test. 29 of the 35 sera tested (82.8%) gave positive results for antiplatelet activity. In particular the serotonin release test allows to distinguish 4 groups of patients: a first group affected by idiopathic form; two groups with autoimmune thrombocytopenia and various degrees of serotonin release, and finally a fourth group which comprises subjects affected by SLE, with circulating immunocomplexes.", "PMID": 410212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5510", "title": "Congenital deficiency of factor XIII with normal subunit S and lack of subunit A. Report of a new family.", "content": "Two sisters born from a nonconsanguineous marriage were found to have congenital factor XIII deficiency. In the electroimmunoassay system, using an anti-subunit S antiserum, two distinct peaks or rockets were seen in normal plasma and serum whereas only one peak was present in the propositae plasma or serum. In the bidimensional immunoelectrophoresis system, using the anti-subunit S antiserum, two major peaks were seen in normal plasma whereas only one peak was seen in the propositae plasma. Using an anti-subunit A antiserum no peak or precipitate was seen in our propositae in the electroimmunoassay or in the bidimensional immunoelectrophoresis systems. Both the parents and the children of our two propositae showed a normal coagulation pattern. Therefore, the heredity appears to be autosomal recessive. These data indicate that the defect is characterized by a normal factor XIII subunit S (support) and a lack of factor XIII subunit A (activity).", "contents": "Congenital deficiency of factor XIII with normal subunit S and lack of subunit A. Report of a new family. Two sisters born from a nonconsanguineous marriage were found to have congenital factor XIII deficiency. In the electroimmunoassay system, using an anti-subunit S antiserum, two distinct peaks or rockets were seen in normal plasma and serum whereas only one peak was present in the propositae plasma or serum. In the bidimensional immunoelectrophoresis system, using the anti-subunit S antiserum, two major peaks were seen in normal plasma whereas only one peak was seen in the propositae plasma. Using an anti-subunit A antiserum no peak or precipitate was seen in our propositae in the electroimmunoassay or in the bidimensional immunoelectrophoresis systems. Both the parents and the children of our two propositae showed a normal coagulation pattern. Therefore, the heredity appears to be autosomal recessive. These data indicate that the defect is characterized by a normal factor XIII subunit S (support) and a lack of factor XIII subunit A (activity).", "PMID": 410213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5511", "title": "Effect of bleeding on in vivo in vitro colony-forming hemopoietic cells.", "content": "The effect of bleeding on spleen colony-forming units (CFU-S) and on in vitro colony-forming cells with colony-stimulating factor (CFU-C) and erythropoietin (CFU-E) has been evaluated. The in vivo and in vitro colony-forming cells of the bone marrow show a decrease which for the CFU-E, CFU-C follows a short-lived increase. In the spleen, all progenitor cells assayed have shown a significant and sustained increase.", "contents": "Effect of bleeding on in vivo in vitro colony-forming hemopoietic cells. The effect of bleeding on spleen colony-forming units (CFU-S) and on in vitro colony-forming cells with colony-stimulating factor (CFU-C) and erythropoietin (CFU-E) has been evaluated. The in vivo and in vitro colony-forming cells of the bone marrow show a decrease which for the CFU-E, CFU-C follows a short-lived increase. In the spleen, all progenitor cells assayed have shown a significant and sustained increase.", "PMID": 410214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5512", "title": "In vitro labelling of platelets. Experimental study on splenectomized patients with lymphomas using two different incubation media.", "content": "Duplicate platelet survival studies, using autologous platelets labelled in vitro with radioactive sodium chromate, were carried out on 5 lymphoma patients who had been splenectomized 14-21 months earlier. In the first experiment plasma was employed as the incubation medium and in the second a Ringer-citrate-dextrose (RCD) solution. The uptake of chromate by the platelets was 2.0 times higher in the RCD as compared to the plasma experiments. An identical pattern for the immediate behaviour of infused labelled platelets was observed in the duplicate studies, and the recovery of platelet-bound radioactivity remained stable at the 90% level during 2 h after infusion. In these experiments the means for platelet mean life span were almost identical, 5.4+/-0.6 and 5.3+/-0.5 days, respectively, and significantly (p less than 0.05) shorter than the mean for a control group consisting of 21 healthy males (6.9+/-0.3 days). It is concluded that RCD and plasma seem to serve equally well as incubation medium at the in vitro labelling of platelets.", "contents": "In vitro labelling of platelets. Experimental study on splenectomized patients with lymphomas using two different incubation media. Duplicate platelet survival studies, using autologous platelets labelled in vitro with radioactive sodium chromate, were carried out on 5 lymphoma patients who had been splenectomized 14-21 months earlier. In the first experiment plasma was employed as the incubation medium and in the second a Ringer-citrate-dextrose (RCD) solution. The uptake of chromate by the platelets was 2.0 times higher in the RCD as compared to the plasma experiments. An identical pattern for the immediate behaviour of infused labelled platelets was observed in the duplicate studies, and the recovery of platelet-bound radioactivity remained stable at the 90% level during 2 h after infusion. In these experiments the means for platelet mean life span were almost identical, 5.4+/-0.6 and 5.3+/-0.5 days, respectively, and significantly (p less than 0.05) shorter than the mean for a control group consisting of 21 healthy males (6.9+/-0.3 days). It is concluded that RCD and plasma seem to serve equally well as incubation medium at the in vitro labelling of platelets.", "PMID": 410215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5513", "title": "Refractory anemia with hyperplastic bone marrow: subclassification based on responsiveness to erythropoietin in vitro.", "content": "The responsivenes to erythropoietin of cultured bone marrow cells, obtained from 7 patients with refractory anemia with hyperplastic marrow, was studied. 5 of these patients' marrows also exhibited sideroblasti changes. Heme synthesis in cultured bone marow cells was either responsive to stimulation by erythropoietin, or completely refractory. The sensitivity of the bone marrow cells to the hormone was not related to either the clinical or laboratory findings.", "contents": "Refractory anemia with hyperplastic bone marrow: subclassification based on responsiveness to erythropoietin in vitro. The responsivenes to erythropoietin of cultured bone marrow cells, obtained from 7 patients with refractory anemia with hyperplastic marrow, was studied. 5 of these patients' marrows also exhibited sideroblasti changes. Heme synthesis in cultured bone marow cells was either responsive to stimulation by erythropoietin, or completely refractory. The sensitivity of the bone marrow cells to the hormone was not related to either the clinical or laboratory findings.", "PMID": 410216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5514", "title": "Waldenstr\u00f6m-like immunocytic lymphoma with IgG serum M component.", "content": "A case of immunoproliferative disorder with clinical features of Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease but with an IgG-k instead of IgM serum M component is described. The lymphocyte population in the bone marrow, blood and lymph nodes was studied by rosette test, culture with PHA and immunofluorescence staining. Most of the bone marrow lymphocytes had membrane IgG. This case represents an intermediate form between myeloma and Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease, thus supporting the unitarian concept of all the immunoproliferative disorders.", "contents": "Waldenstr\u00f6m-like immunocytic lymphoma with IgG serum M component. A case of immunoproliferative disorder with clinical features of Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease but with an IgG-k instead of IgM serum M component is described. The lymphocyte population in the bone marrow, blood and lymph nodes was studied by rosette test, culture with PHA and immunofluorescence staining. Most of the bone marrow lymphocytes had membrane IgG. This case represents an intermediate form between myeloma and Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease, thus supporting the unitarian concept of all the immunoproliferative disorders.", "PMID": 410217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5515", "title": "Increased serum folate-binding capacity: a familial trait.", "content": "This report describes increased folate-binding capacity (FABC) in the serum of 7 of 10 family members. Genetically controlled elevation of FABC in normal subjects needs to be distinguished from the acquired increase in bindings capacity which has been described in a number of disorders.", "contents": "Increased serum folate-binding capacity: a familial trait. This report describes increased folate-binding capacity (FABC) in the serum of 7 of 10 family members. Genetically controlled elevation of FABC in normal subjects needs to be distinguished from the acquired increase in bindings capacity which has been described in a number of disorders.", "PMID": 410218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5516", "title": "Sea-blue histiocyte syndrome in Thai siblings.", "content": "We report two cases of sea-blue histiocyte syndrome in Thai siblings. The abnormal histiocytes were found in the bone marrow and liver of both patients, but none was found in the other members of the family. Cirrhosis and absence of axillary hair were present in both patients. One patient also had elephantiasis of the legs and Klinefelter's syndrome. Our studies support an autosomal recessive inheritance.", "contents": "Sea-blue histiocyte syndrome in Thai siblings. We report two cases of sea-blue histiocyte syndrome in Thai siblings. The abnormal histiocytes were found in the bone marrow and liver of both patients, but none was found in the other members of the family. Cirrhosis and absence of axillary hair were present in both patients. One patient also had elephantiasis of the legs and Klinefelter's syndrome. Our studies support an autosomal recessive inheritance.", "PMID": 410219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5517", "title": "Transfer of bovine J blood-group activity to human erythrocytes in vitro.", "content": "THe bovine J determinant is transferred from a bovine serum nonlipid fraction to a human erythrocyte membrane lipid by an incubation procedure. The transferred J determinant is detected in the total lipids extracted from transformed human erythrocytes by an inhibition test in the bovine J system. It is also detected by cross-reacting human anti-A sera after treatment of human cells with papain prior or subsequent to transformation.", "contents": "Transfer of bovine J blood-group activity to human erythrocytes in vitro. THe bovine J determinant is transferred from a bovine serum nonlipid fraction to a human erythrocyte membrane lipid by an incubation procedure. The transferred J determinant is detected in the total lipids extracted from transformed human erythrocytes by an inhibition test in the bovine J system. It is also detected by cross-reacting human anti-A sera after treatment of human cells with papain prior or subsequent to transformation.", "PMID": 410221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5518", "title": "Refractory sideroblastic anemia secondary to autoimmune hemolytic anemia.", "content": "A 75-year-old woman was hospitalized with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. During a period of 22 months the patient had six hemolytic crises which responded to treatment with prednisone and azathioprine. During the last admission the patient presented a sideroblastic anemia with 98% of 'ring sideroblasts' in the bone marrow. This association has never, to our knowledge, been reported before. It is possible that the immunosuppression played a definite role in the development of this sideroblastic anemia.", "contents": "Refractory sideroblastic anemia secondary to autoimmune hemolytic anemia. A 75-year-old woman was hospitalized with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. During a period of 22 months the patient had six hemolytic crises which responded to treatment with prednisone and azathioprine. During the last admission the patient presented a sideroblastic anemia with 98% of 'ring sideroblasts' in the bone marrow. This association has never, to our knowledge, been reported before. It is possible that the immunosuppression played a definite role in the development of this sideroblastic anemia.", "PMID": 410222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5519", "title": "A new approach to the diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia.", "content": "By use of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel rods we were able to detect traces of HbA (approx. 1%) as a sharp and discrete band. By overloading the gel considerable amounts of HbA (slightly contaminated with HbF) could be detected and isolated. The focused HbA was retrieved from the gels, separated from the carrier-ampholytes and concentrated by a one-step electrophoresis technique. With 3H-leuci ne-labelled haemolysates, after globin chain separation on CM-cellulose, an increase of the beta-chain counts relative to gamma-chain counts was obtained. The study of two cases of high HbF homozygous beta-thalassaemia has demonstrated that this technique may be a valuable tool in detecting minute amounts of HbA mainly in high HbF beta-thalassaemias.", "contents": "A new approach to the diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia. By use of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel rods we were able to detect traces of HbA (approx. 1%) as a sharp and discrete band. By overloading the gel considerable amounts of HbA (slightly contaminated with HbF) could be detected and isolated. The focused HbA was retrieved from the gels, separated from the carrier-ampholytes and concentrated by a one-step electrophoresis technique. With 3H-leuci ne-labelled haemolysates, after globin chain separation on CM-cellulose, an increase of the beta-chain counts relative to gamma-chain counts was obtained. The study of two cases of high HbF homozygous beta-thalassaemia has demonstrated that this technique may be a valuable tool in detecting minute amounts of HbA mainly in high HbF beta-thalassaemias.", "PMID": 410223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5520", "title": "Haemoglobin H disease and pregnancy in a Malaysian woman.", "content": "A case of haemoglobin H (HbH) disease associated with pregnancy is presented and discussed in the light of reports in the literature. The variable symptomatology is commented upon, although mild to moderate chronic haemolytic anaemia seems to be a constant feature. The roles of folic acid supplements and of splenectomy; the avoidance of oxidant drugs, and the mode of inheritance in HbH disease are briefly commented upon. Available reports indicate that HbH disease probably has no adverse effect on pregnancy. However, the association of the two conditions is uncommon, and reports are too few, therefore, to allow definite conclusions on the outcome in all instances.", "contents": "Haemoglobin H disease and pregnancy in a Malaysian woman. A case of haemoglobin H (HbH) disease associated with pregnancy is presented and discussed in the light of reports in the literature. The variable symptomatology is commented upon, although mild to moderate chronic haemolytic anaemia seems to be a constant feature. The roles of folic acid supplements and of splenectomy; the avoidance of oxidant drugs, and the mode of inheritance in HbH disease are briefly commented upon. Available reports indicate that HbH disease probably has no adverse effect on pregnancy. However, the association of the two conditions is uncommon, and reports are too few, therefore, to allow definite conclusions on the outcome in all instances.", "PMID": 410224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5521", "title": "Cytogenetic studies in acute leukaemias. Prognostic implications of chromosome imbalances.", "content": "Consistent cytogenetic abnormalities have been detected in the bone marrow cells of 19 out of 33 patients (57.57%) with a recent diagnosis of acute leukaemia. Chromosome imbalances were apparently non-random, chromosomes 8, 17, 20 and 21 being more frequently involved. The median survival in the patients' group with abnormal metaphases was 55 vs. 210 days in patients with only normal metaphases. In the former group complete remission was obtained in 2 of 3 ALL patients and in 4 of 16 ANLL patients. Major karytypic abnormalities were consistently found in 5 subjects with EL. Peripheral blood culture lymphocytes showed a 9qh polymorphism in 2 of 35 patients and sporadic or consistent chromosome abnormalities in 6.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies in acute leukaemias. Prognostic implications of chromosome imbalances. Consistent cytogenetic abnormalities have been detected in the bone marrow cells of 19 out of 33 patients (57.57%) with a recent diagnosis of acute leukaemia. Chromosome imbalances were apparently non-random, chromosomes 8, 17, 20 and 21 being more frequently involved. The median survival in the patients' group with abnormal metaphases was 55 vs. 210 days in patients with only normal metaphases. In the former group complete remission was obtained in 2 of 3 ALL patients and in 4 of 16 ANLL patients. Major karytypic abnormalities were consistently found in 5 subjects with EL. Peripheral blood culture lymphocytes showed a 9qh polymorphism in 2 of 35 patients and sporadic or consistent chromosome abnormalities in 6.", "PMID": 410225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5522", "title": "Circulating anticoagulant against factor XI and thrombocytopenia with platelet aggregation inhibition in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "In a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, anticoagulant activity directed against factor XI was found together with thrombocytopenia. In the serum globulin fraction, antiplatelet antibodies and an activity-inhibiting platelet aggregation could also be found. A possible correlation between the inhibition of platelet aggregation and the anticoagulant activity directed against factor XI is discussed.", "contents": "Circulating anticoagulant against factor XI and thrombocytopenia with platelet aggregation inhibition in systemic lupus erythematosus. In a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, anticoagulant activity directed against factor XI was found together with thrombocytopenia. In the serum globulin fraction, antiplatelet antibodies and an activity-inhibiting platelet aggregation could also be found. A possible correlation between the inhibition of platelet aggregation and the anticoagulant activity directed against factor XI is discussed.", "PMID": 410226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5523", "title": "Combined factor VII and factor VIII deficiency due to a casual association of heterozygosis for factor VII deficiency and hemophilia A.", "content": "A patient with combined factor VII and factor VIII deficiency is discussed. The propositus is a 21-year-old male who presented a mild bleeding tendency. The patient appears to be a hemophilia and at the same time heterozygote for factor VII deficiency. This conclusion is based on the fact that heterozygosis for factor VII deficiency was present in the father and in other relatives of the paternal side. On the contrary, no factor VII deficiency was present in the maternal side of the family. However, the maternal grandfather was known to have been a bleeder and the propositus' mother, his sister and his aunt had low-normal factor VIII levels and were probably hemophilia A carriers. This type of combined factor VII and factor VIII deficiency appears to be due to the casual association of two independently segregating defects.", "contents": "Combined factor VII and factor VIII deficiency due to a casual association of heterozygosis for factor VII deficiency and hemophilia A. A patient with combined factor VII and factor VIII deficiency is discussed. The propositus is a 21-year-old male who presented a mild bleeding tendency. The patient appears to be a hemophilia and at the same time heterozygote for factor VII deficiency. This conclusion is based on the fact that heterozygosis for factor VII deficiency was present in the father and in other relatives of the paternal side. On the contrary, no factor VII deficiency was present in the maternal side of the family. However, the maternal grandfather was known to have been a bleeder and the propositus' mother, his sister and his aunt had low-normal factor VIII levels and were probably hemophilia A carriers. This type of combined factor VII and factor VIII deficiency appears to be due to the casual association of two independently segregating defects.", "PMID": 410227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5524", "title": "Systemic and regional blood flow during epidural anesthesia with epinephrine in the Rhesus monkey.", "content": "Hemodynamic and regional blood flow measurements were made in five rhesus monkeys before and 10, 20, 40 and 80 min after induction of high epidural anesthesia (T1) with lidocaine (1%) containing 1:200,000 epinephrine. Following induction of epidural anesthesia with epinephrine, there were significant decreases in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and myocardial and renal blood flow. The percentage of cardiac output received by the brain was significanly increased following epidural anesthesia with epinephrine, thus evidencing autoregulation to maintain cerebral blood flow. Vascular resistance in the lower extremity was significantly decreased during anesthesia, indicating arteriolar dilatation. Also, during anesthesia, the lungs received a significantly increased proportion of the microspheres, suggesting an increased peripheral arteriovenous shunting of microspheres due to the arteriolar dilatation.", "contents": "Systemic and regional blood flow during epidural anesthesia with epinephrine in the Rhesus monkey. Hemodynamic and regional blood flow measurements were made in five rhesus monkeys before and 10, 20, 40 and 80 min after induction of high epidural anesthesia (T1) with lidocaine (1%) containing 1:200,000 epinephrine. Following induction of epidural anesthesia with epinephrine, there were significant decreases in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and myocardial and renal blood flow. The percentage of cardiac output received by the brain was significanly increased following epidural anesthesia with epinephrine, thus evidencing autoregulation to maintain cerebral blood flow. Vascular resistance in the lower extremity was significantly decreased during anesthesia, indicating arteriolar dilatation. Also, during anesthesia, the lungs received a significantly increased proportion of the microspheres, suggesting an increased peripheral arteriovenous shunting of microspheres due to the arteriolar dilatation.", "PMID": 410229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5525", "title": "Absence of restricted diffusion in adipose tissue capillaries.", "content": "Capillary permeability in adipose tissue for 57Co-cyanocobalamin (57Co-B12) was determined by the single injection, external registration method. The capillary diffusion capacity, CDC, (the permeability-surface area product, PS) was 1.1 ml/100 g-min at a capillary extraction of 0.21 and a plasma flow of 6.7 ml/100 g-min. Results were compared to 51Cr-EDTA data from a previous study with similar method and preparation. As CDC(51Cr-EDTA)/CDC(57Co-B12) was 1.81 and as D(51Cr-EDTA)/D(57Co-B12), the ratio between the free diffusion coefficients in water at 37 degrees C, was 1.79, it is concluded that restricted diffusion does not occur in cutaneous tissue for 57Co-B12 as compared to 51Cr-EDTA, i.e., 51Cr-EDTA and 57Co-B12 diffuse across the capillary membrane of adipose tissue at rates proportional to their respective free diffusion coefficients in water. The Pappenheimer equivalent pore radius estimate of 30 A and the Karnovsky interendothelial 40 A slit width are both defective in explaining the experimental data. The transendothelial channel system of fused vesicles (Simionescu, Simionescu and Palade 1975) is a possible structural equivalent for the present findings. The results support the hypothesis that capillaries of continuous type exhibit similar permeation characteristics regardless of the tissue in which they are located.", "contents": "Absence of restricted diffusion in adipose tissue capillaries. Capillary permeability in adipose tissue for 57Co-cyanocobalamin (57Co-B12) was determined by the single injection, external registration method. The capillary diffusion capacity, CDC, (the permeability-surface area product, PS) was 1.1 ml/100 g-min at a capillary extraction of 0.21 and a plasma flow of 6.7 ml/100 g-min. Results were compared to 51Cr-EDTA data from a previous study with similar method and preparation. As CDC(51Cr-EDTA)/CDC(57Co-B12) was 1.81 and as D(51Cr-EDTA)/D(57Co-B12), the ratio between the free diffusion coefficients in water at 37 degrees C, was 1.79, it is concluded that restricted diffusion does not occur in cutaneous tissue for 57Co-B12 as compared to 51Cr-EDTA, i.e., 51Cr-EDTA and 57Co-B12 diffuse across the capillary membrane of adipose tissue at rates proportional to their respective free diffusion coefficients in water. The Pappenheimer equivalent pore radius estimate of 30 A and the Karnovsky interendothelial 40 A slit width are both defective in explaining the experimental data. The transendothelial channel system of fused vesicles (Simionescu, Simionescu and Palade 1975) is a possible structural equivalent for the present findings. The results support the hypothesis that capillaries of continuous type exhibit similar permeation characteristics regardless of the tissue in which they are located.", "PMID": 410232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5526", "title": "Transcapillary exchange of 14C-inulin by free diffusion in channels of fused vesicles.", "content": "Capillary permeability for the extracellular, hydrophilic indicator 14C-inulin, was determined in the autoperfused cat gastrocnemius muscle by bolus injection, venous sampling expts. The capillary diffusion capacity, CDC (the permeability-surface are product, PS), was 0.84 ml/100 g-min, and capillary extraction, E, was 0.307 at a plasma flow of 4.0 ml/100 g-min as average values of 7 expts. Results were compared with 51Cr-EDTA and 57Co-B12 data of previous studies. The findings imply that 14C-inulin is not subject to restricted diffusion across the continuous capillary membranes of skeletal muscle as compared to 51Cr-EDTA as well as 57Co-B12. These hydrophilic indicators pass the capillary barrier at rates proportional to their respective free diffusion coefficients in water. The Pappenheimer equivalent pore radius estimate of 30 A (or slit width of 37 A) and the Karnovsky 40 A interendothelial slit width are inconsistent with the present data which imply a much larger pore size. The transendothelial channel system of fused vesicles is a possible morphological equivalent for the present findings which support the general theory that capillaries of continuous type exhibit similar permeation characteristics regardless of the tissue in which they are located. By kinetic black-box analysis the extravascular distribution volume for 14C-inulin in skeletal muscle was found to be 13.0 ml/100 g. The data indicate that 51Cr-EDTA, which has about the same molecular radius as sucrose, and 14C-inulin have identical extravascular volumes of distribution and that both molecules presumably enter the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Transcapillary exchange of 14C-inulin by free diffusion in channels of fused vesicles. Capillary permeability for the extracellular, hydrophilic indicator 14C-inulin, was determined in the autoperfused cat gastrocnemius muscle by bolus injection, venous sampling expts. The capillary diffusion capacity, CDC (the permeability-surface are product, PS), was 0.84 ml/100 g-min, and capillary extraction, E, was 0.307 at a plasma flow of 4.0 ml/100 g-min as average values of 7 expts. Results were compared with 51Cr-EDTA and 57Co-B12 data of previous studies. The findings imply that 14C-inulin is not subject to restricted diffusion across the continuous capillary membranes of skeletal muscle as compared to 51Cr-EDTA as well as 57Co-B12. These hydrophilic indicators pass the capillary barrier at rates proportional to their respective free diffusion coefficients in water. The Pappenheimer equivalent pore radius estimate of 30 A (or slit width of 37 A) and the Karnovsky 40 A interendothelial slit width are inconsistent with the present data which imply a much larger pore size. The transendothelial channel system of fused vesicles is a possible morphological equivalent for the present findings which support the general theory that capillaries of continuous type exhibit similar permeation characteristics regardless of the tissue in which they are located. By kinetic black-box analysis the extravascular distribution volume for 14C-inulin in skeletal muscle was found to be 13.0 ml/100 g. The data indicate that 51Cr-EDTA, which has about the same molecular radius as sucrose, and 14C-inulin have identical extravascular volumes of distribution and that both molecules presumably enter the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 410233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5527", "title": "Disodium cromoglycate nasal spray in the treatment of perennial rhinitis.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover trial, 24 patients with perennial rhinitis have been treated with 2% disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) nasal spray. 15 patients preferred DSCG to placebo, 9 patients showed no preference. Analysis of the diary cards showed a significant preference of DSCG in the group which received placebo first for the symptoms blocking, secretion and sneezing (p less than 0.1), while no preference between the treatment periods occured in the group receiving DSCG first. A significantly higher IgG concentration in serum was found in 15 patients with preference for DSCG than with remainder (p less than 0.05). No other changes in immunoglobulin concentration in nasal secretion or serum were found, which could be related to the effect of DSCG. DSCG nasal spray is considered a valuable supplement in the treatment of perennial rhinitis.", "contents": "Disodium cromoglycate nasal spray in the treatment of perennial rhinitis. In a double-blind crossover trial, 24 patients with perennial rhinitis have been treated with 2% disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) nasal spray. 15 patients preferred DSCG to placebo, 9 patients showed no preference. Analysis of the diary cards showed a significant preference of DSCG in the group which received placebo first for the symptoms blocking, secretion and sneezing (p less than 0.1), while no preference between the treatment periods occured in the group receiving DSCG first. A significantly higher IgG concentration in serum was found in 15 patients with preference for DSCG than with remainder (p less than 0.05). No other changes in immunoglobulin concentration in nasal secretion or serum were found, which could be related to the effect of DSCG. DSCG nasal spray is considered a valuable supplement in the treatment of perennial rhinitis.", "PMID": 410230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5528", "title": "Angiodysplasia of the right colon: a cause of gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with intermittent lower gastrointestinal bleeding were diagnosed angiographically as having angiodysplasia of the cecum and right colon. Repeated barium and endoscopic examinations were negative. Right colectomy was performed on 17 patients, who were followed postoperatively for up to 7 years. Of these, four patients rebled, two of whom had angiographic evidence of related lesions involving other parts of the colon and terminal ileum. Silicone rubber injection and tissue-clearing techniques on the specimens have facilitated the pathologic identification of these lesions. Histologically, they are dilated submucosal veins and arteries associated with areas of overlying mucosal thinning and occasional ulcerations. Although the pathogenesis of the lesion is unknown, we think they are acquired rather than congenital and result from chronic submucosal arteriovenous shunting secondary to mucosal ischemia. Of the 34 patients, 17 had a history of cardiac disease.", "contents": "Angiodysplasia of the right colon: a cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. Thirty-four patients with intermittent lower gastrointestinal bleeding were diagnosed angiographically as having angiodysplasia of the cecum and right colon. Repeated barium and endoscopic examinations were negative. Right colectomy was performed on 17 patients, who were followed postoperatively for up to 7 years. Of these, four patients rebled, two of whom had angiographic evidence of related lesions involving other parts of the colon and terminal ileum. Silicone rubber injection and tissue-clearing techniques on the specimens have facilitated the pathologic identification of these lesions. Histologically, they are dilated submucosal veins and arteries associated with areas of overlying mucosal thinning and occasional ulcerations. Although the pathogenesis of the lesion is unknown, we think they are acquired rather than congenital and result from chronic submucosal arteriovenous shunting secondary to mucosal ischemia. Of the 34 patients, 17 had a history of cardiac disease.", "PMID": 410241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5529", "title": "Transcatheter intravascular coil occlusion of experimental arteriovenous fistulas.", "content": "Fistulas were surgically created between the carotid artery and jugular vein in dogs. They were successfully occluded by means of transcatheter placement of stainless steel coils with attached woolen strands. Angiographic studies performed prior to, immediately after, and 4 weeks after occlusion were used to evaluate the efficacy of the procedure. Specimens excised 4 weeks after occlusion revealed fibrotic encasement of the coil in the fistula, forming a permanent occlusion. The technique has clinical application, and suggestions concerning its clinical use are presented based on information gained from the animal study.", "contents": "Transcatheter intravascular coil occlusion of experimental arteriovenous fistulas. Fistulas were surgically created between the carotid artery and jugular vein in dogs. They were successfully occluded by means of transcatheter placement of stainless steel coils with attached woolen strands. Angiographic studies performed prior to, immediately after, and 4 weeks after occlusion were used to evaluate the efficacy of the procedure. Specimens excised 4 weeks after occlusion revealed fibrotic encasement of the coil in the fistula, forming a permanent occlusion. The technique has clinical application, and suggestions concerning its clinical use are presented based on information gained from the animal study.", "PMID": 410242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5530", "title": "Nonsurgical splenectomy.", "content": "Surgical removal of the spleen is a well established procedure which is indicated for various hematologic disorders. Patients who are poor surgical risks may be considered for nonsurgical \"splenectomy* using an embolization technique. This new technique should only be performed in patients who represent high surgical risk. The possible effectiveness of this procedure should be previously tested with the use of intraarterial vasopressin infusion. The following conditions should be fulfilled: (1) small emboli should be used to eliminate collateral flow; (2) the procedure should be carried out in two or three stages to minimize flank pain and the risk of massive splenic necrosis; and (3) most important, the spleen should be surgically removed as soon as the hematologic condition has improved in order to prevent splenic abscess formation. Splenic embolization was carried out in three patients with hypersplenism. One survived but was not helped by the procedure. Two died, one definitely and the other possibly as a result of the embolization. These discouraging results were reproduced in the animal laboratory where 11 of 14 animals developed severe complications, six of which were acutely fatal. The high incidence of late complications precludes non-surgical splenectomy as a routine procedure, but it can be carried out provided the spleen can be removed surgically.", "contents": "Nonsurgical splenectomy. Surgical removal of the spleen is a well established procedure which is indicated for various hematologic disorders. Patients who are poor surgical risks may be considered for nonsurgical \"splenectomy* using an embolization technique. This new technique should only be performed in patients who represent high surgical risk. The possible effectiveness of this procedure should be previously tested with the use of intraarterial vasopressin infusion. The following conditions should be fulfilled: (1) small emboli should be used to eliminate collateral flow; (2) the procedure should be carried out in two or three stages to minimize flank pain and the risk of massive splenic necrosis; and (3) most important, the spleen should be surgically removed as soon as the hematologic condition has improved in order to prevent splenic abscess formation. Splenic embolization was carried out in three patients with hypersplenism. One survived but was not helped by the procedure. Two died, one definitely and the other possibly as a result of the embolization. These discouraging results were reproduced in the animal laboratory where 11 of 14 animals developed severe complications, six of which were acutely fatal. The high incidence of late complications precludes non-surgical splenectomy as a routine procedure, but it can be carried out provided the spleen can be removed surgically.", "PMID": 410243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5531", "title": "Angiocardiography of subaortic obstruction in infancy.", "content": "There is considerable heterogeneity among pathologic mechanisms responsible for subaortic obstruction in infancy. Although the relatively discrete forms of subaortic stenosis are uncommon in this age group, conoventricular malalignment, maladherent mitral valve, accessory endocardial cushion tissue, restrictive bulboventricular foramen, and a poorly expanded suboartic conus are responsible for most types of subaortic stenosis in this age group. The angiocardiographic recognition of these types of subaortic obstruction is aided by awareness of the anatomic framework in which they are found. For example: (1) conoventricular malalignment is commonly noted in patients with complete interruption of the aortic arch; (2) restriction at bulboventricular foramen level results in functional subaortic stenosis in those patients whose transposed aorta originates above an infundibular chamber; and (3) a poorly expanded subaortic conus may result in subaortic stenosis in patients whose ventricular loop and conotruncus have twisted in opposite directions (the anatomically corrected malposition). Subaortic obstruction in infancy is not uncommon, occurring in 99 of 1,362 necropsied infants with congenital heart disease. Nearly 70% of the patients with subaortic stenosis had obstructive anomalies of the aortic arch. Subaortic obstruction can be demonstrated angiographically, but high quality angiocardiographic technique is a prerequisite.", "contents": "Angiocardiography of subaortic obstruction in infancy. There is considerable heterogeneity among pathologic mechanisms responsible for subaortic obstruction in infancy. Although the relatively discrete forms of subaortic stenosis are uncommon in this age group, conoventricular malalignment, maladherent mitral valve, accessory endocardial cushion tissue, restrictive bulboventricular foramen, and a poorly expanded suboartic conus are responsible for most types of subaortic stenosis in this age group. The angiocardiographic recognition of these types of subaortic obstruction is aided by awareness of the anatomic framework in which they are found. For example: (1) conoventricular malalignment is commonly noted in patients with complete interruption of the aortic arch; (2) restriction at bulboventricular foramen level results in functional subaortic stenosis in those patients whose transposed aorta originates above an infundibular chamber; and (3) a poorly expanded subaortic conus may result in subaortic stenosis in patients whose ventricular loop and conotruncus have twisted in opposite directions (the anatomically corrected malposition). Subaortic obstruction in infancy is not uncommon, occurring in 99 of 1,362 necropsied infants with congenital heart disease. Nearly 70% of the patients with subaortic stenosis had obstructive anomalies of the aortic arch. Subaortic obstruction can be demonstrated angiographically, but high quality angiocardiographic technique is a prerequisite.", "PMID": 410244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5532", "title": "Electrocardiographic response to intravenous urography: prospective evaluation of 275 patients.", "content": "A total of 275 consecutive patients referred for intravenous urography were monitored for electrocardiographic changes during administration of Conray 400 or Renovist II in the form of either intravenous bolus or infusion. Three patients who received Conray (two bolus and one infusion) developed sustained ventricular tachycardia; they reverted to sinus rhythm with intravenous lidocaine. A statistically significant (P less than .05) number of patients developed a heart rate increase of 10 beats/min or more with bolus of either drug (65 of 128) compared to infusion (21 of 147). Depression of ST segment (greater than or equal to 0.5 mm) was encountered statistically more often (P less than .05) with bolus (20 of 128) compared to infusion (six of 147). Increase of corrected QT of 0.10 sec or more was observed more often (P less than .05) with bolus (43 of 128) compared to infusion (five of 147). Abnormal resting ECG, coronary artery disease, or congestive heart failure imposed a higher (P less than .05) risk for development of ventricular tachycardia, ST depression, or ectopic ventricular beats. It is concluded that a bolus injection be very cautiously administered to patients with risk factors such as abnormal ECG, coronary artery disease, or congestive heart failure during intravenous urography and that resuscitative facilities be available.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic response to intravenous urography: prospective evaluation of 275 patients. A total of 275 consecutive patients referred for intravenous urography were monitored for electrocardiographic changes during administration of Conray 400 or Renovist II in the form of either intravenous bolus or infusion. Three patients who received Conray (two bolus and one infusion) developed sustained ventricular tachycardia; they reverted to sinus rhythm with intravenous lidocaine. A statistically significant (P less than .05) number of patients developed a heart rate increase of 10 beats/min or more with bolus of either drug (65 of 128) compared to infusion (21 of 147). Depression of ST segment (greater than or equal to 0.5 mm) was encountered statistically more often (P less than .05) with bolus (20 of 128) compared to infusion (six of 147). Increase of corrected QT of 0.10 sec or more was observed more often (P less than .05) with bolus (43 of 128) compared to infusion (five of 147). Abnormal resting ECG, coronary artery disease, or congestive heart failure imposed a higher (P less than .05) risk for development of ventricular tachycardia, ST depression, or ectopic ventricular beats. It is concluded that a bolus injection be very cautiously administered to patients with risk factors such as abnormal ECG, coronary artery disease, or congestive heart failure during intravenous urography and that resuscitative facilities be available.", "PMID": 410245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5533", "title": "Ultrasonic demonstration of intrarenal anatomy.", "content": "Intrarenal anatomy including cortex, medulla, and arcuate vessels can be demonstrated with gray scale ultrasonography by using higher frequencies, appropriately focused transducers, and simple sector scans. We have defined this anatomy in three cadaver kidneys, in in vivo normotopic and transplanted kidneys, and in a fetal kidney in utero. The normal cortex is echogenic. The normal medulla is sonolucent and has a characteristic appearance distinguishing it from renal cystic disease. The arcuate vessels can be recognized as a discrete high level echo at the corticomedullary junction and serve as a marker for the evaluation of renal cortical thickness. The ability to identify and characterize intrarenal anatomy should aid in the discovery of smaller renal lesions and in the diagnosis of medical renal disease.", "contents": "Ultrasonic demonstration of intrarenal anatomy. Intrarenal anatomy including cortex, medulla, and arcuate vessels can be demonstrated with gray scale ultrasonography by using higher frequencies, appropriately focused transducers, and simple sector scans. We have defined this anatomy in three cadaver kidneys, in in vivo normotopic and transplanted kidneys, and in a fetal kidney in utero. The normal cortex is echogenic. The normal medulla is sonolucent and has a characteristic appearance distinguishing it from renal cystic disease. The arcuate vessels can be recognized as a discrete high level echo at the corticomedullary junction and serve as a marker for the evaluation of renal cortical thickness. The ability to identify and characterize intrarenal anatomy should aid in the discovery of smaller renal lesions and in the diagnosis of medical renal disease.", "PMID": 410246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5534", "title": "Notching of the ureter and renal pelvis in children.", "content": "The excretory urograms of 14 children with ureteral notching were reviewed. In 10 of 14 cases the vascular impressions on the ureters were due to either venous obstruction and dilated collaterals or to dilated noncollateral veins. In two cases the notching was associated with arterial collaterals in renal ischemia and in two with dilated lymphatic channels. The implications of notching in children and the differences and similarities of this urographic sign between children and adults are discussed.", "contents": "Notching of the ureter and renal pelvis in children. The excretory urograms of 14 children with ureteral notching were reviewed. In 10 of 14 cases the vascular impressions on the ureters were due to either venous obstruction and dilated collaterals or to dilated noncollateral veins. In two cases the notching was associated with arterial collaterals in renal ischemia and in two with dilated lymphatic channels. The implications of notching in children and the differences and similarities of this urographic sign between children and adults are discussed.", "PMID": 410247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5535", "title": "Malposition of the colon in right renal agenesis, ectopia, and anterior nephrectomy.", "content": "Right renal agenesis, ectopia, or anterior nephrectomy can be identified by a characteristic malposition of the right colon. Barium enemas show that the posterior portion of the right colic (hepatic) flexure occupies the area of the right renal fossa. This change in position of the right colon was not observed as a normal variant in 100 randomly selected patients but was present in each of eight patients with agenesis, ectopia, or anterior nephrectomy. This malposition should not be mistaken for internal hernia, malrotation, or displacement by tumor mass or organomegaly. Nonvisualization of the right kidney on excretory urography with normal position of the colon excludes agenesis or ectopia as diagnostic considerations.", "contents": "Malposition of the colon in right renal agenesis, ectopia, and anterior nephrectomy. Right renal agenesis, ectopia, or anterior nephrectomy can be identified by a characteristic malposition of the right colon. Barium enemas show that the posterior portion of the right colic (hepatic) flexure occupies the area of the right renal fossa. This change in position of the right colon was not observed as a normal variant in 100 randomly selected patients but was present in each of eight patients with agenesis, ectopia, or anterior nephrectomy. This malposition should not be mistaken for internal hernia, malrotation, or displacement by tumor mass or organomegaly. Nonvisualization of the right kidney on excretory urography with normal position of the colon excludes agenesis or ectopia as diagnostic considerations.", "PMID": 410248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5536", "title": "Radiologic findings in renal amyloidosis.", "content": "The radiologic findings in 35 patients with renal amyloidosis (six primary and 29 secondary) are presented. Twenty of the patients with secondary amyloidosis had rheumatoid arthritis. Four patients had enlarged kidneys, 19 had contracted kidneys, and in nine it was possible to follow the decrease in renal size by repeat examinations. Earlier concepts that renal enlargement is typical for amyloidosis cannot be supported; this is probably only seen in the acute stage of the disease. Of 10 renal angiograms performed, all were abnormal. Renal amyloidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of contracted kidneys, especially if there is a clinical history of a chronic condition such as rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Radiologic findings in renal amyloidosis. The radiologic findings in 35 patients with renal amyloidosis (six primary and 29 secondary) are presented. Twenty of the patients with secondary amyloidosis had rheumatoid arthritis. Four patients had enlarged kidneys, 19 had contracted kidneys, and in nine it was possible to follow the decrease in renal size by repeat examinations. Earlier concepts that renal enlargement is typical for amyloidosis cannot be supported; this is probably only seen in the acute stage of the disease. Of 10 renal angiograms performed, all were abnormal. Renal amyloidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of contracted kidneys, especially if there is a clinical history of a chronic condition such as rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 410249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5537", "title": "Angiographic findings in renal amyloidosis.", "content": "The renal angiographic and venographic findings in five patients with renal amyloidosis are described. The findings include (1) normal or slightly decreased main renal artery; (2) pruning, tortuosity, and irregularity of the distal interlobar arteries, associated with smooth cortical margin and relatively homogeneous nephrogram; (3) nonvisualization of interlobular arteries; (4) asymmetric and uneven involvement of the kidneys; (5) prominent extrarenal arteries; and (6) renal vein thrombosis, frequently involving segmental and interlobar veins. Angiographic differential points between renal amyloidosis and other chronic renal parenchymal diseases are discussed with emphasis on the clinical history.", "contents": "Angiographic findings in renal amyloidosis. The renal angiographic and venographic findings in five patients with renal amyloidosis are described. The findings include (1) normal or slightly decreased main renal artery; (2) pruning, tortuosity, and irregularity of the distal interlobar arteries, associated with smooth cortical margin and relatively homogeneous nephrogram; (3) nonvisualization of interlobular arteries; (4) asymmetric and uneven involvement of the kidneys; (5) prominent extrarenal arteries; and (6) renal vein thrombosis, frequently involving segmental and interlobar veins. Angiographic differential points between renal amyloidosis and other chronic renal parenchymal diseases are discussed with emphasis on the clinical history.", "PMID": 410250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5538", "title": "Infiltrating neoplasms of the kidney.", "content": "Some neoplastic processes which involve the kidney develop not as a distinct localized mass, but rather as an infiltrating process which replaces the renal parenchyma, causes little or no mass effect, and contains little if any neovascularity. These neoplasms include (1) carcinoma of the renal pelvis when it invades the parenchyma (transitional cell and squamous cell); (2) blood-borne metastatic squamous cell carcinoma to the kidney (most frequently from the lung): (3) renal lymphoma of the infiltrating variety; and (4) infiltrating sarcomatous type of hypernephroma. While the urographic and angiographic appearance of these infiltrating lesions can be similar, clinical aspects are usually sufficient to differentiate them. Radiographic findings include amputation of portions of the collecting system on urography and encasement of vessels with a loss of nephrogram on angiography.", "contents": "Infiltrating neoplasms of the kidney. Some neoplastic processes which involve the kidney develop not as a distinct localized mass, but rather as an infiltrating process which replaces the renal parenchyma, causes little or no mass effect, and contains little if any neovascularity. These neoplasms include (1) carcinoma of the renal pelvis when it invades the parenchyma (transitional cell and squamous cell); (2) blood-borne metastatic squamous cell carcinoma to the kidney (most frequently from the lung): (3) renal lymphoma of the infiltrating variety; and (4) infiltrating sarcomatous type of hypernephroma. While the urographic and angiographic appearance of these infiltrating lesions can be similar, clinical aspects are usually sufficient to differentiate them. Radiographic findings include amputation of portions of the collecting system on urography and encasement of vessels with a loss of nephrogram on angiography.", "PMID": 410251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5539", "title": "Radiographic manifestations of acute smoke inhalation.", "content": "Acute smoke inhalation may lead to serious pulmonary injury and contribute significantly to mortality of fire victims. The chest radiographic findings in 21 patients with acute smoke inhalation are analyzed, and possible pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for the radiographic abnormalities noted are discussed. Patients with surface injury burns were intentionally eliminated from this study. Our findings indicate that the standard chest radiograph is an insensitive means of determining pulmonary injury by smoke inhalation. The importance of blood carboxyhemoglobin levels and arterial blood gas determinations in the clinical evaluation of patients with acute smoke inhalation is stressed.", "contents": "Radiographic manifestations of acute smoke inhalation. Acute smoke inhalation may lead to serious pulmonary injury and contribute significantly to mortality of fire victims. The chest radiographic findings in 21 patients with acute smoke inhalation are analyzed, and possible pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for the radiographic abnormalities noted are discussed. Patients with surface injury burns were intentionally eliminated from this study. Our findings indicate that the standard chest radiograph is an insensitive means of determining pulmonary injury by smoke inhalation. The importance of blood carboxyhemoglobin levels and arterial blood gas determinations in the clinical evaluation of patients with acute smoke inhalation is stressed.", "PMID": 410252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5540", "title": "Uptake of bone imaging agents by diffuse pulmonary metastatic calcification.", "content": "Three cases of diffuse lung uptake of the bone scanning agent 99mTc diphosphonate, which appears to reflect metastatic pulmonary calcification, are described. Each patient had hypercalcemia and renal failure. Clinical features common to patients with this scan pattern were ascertained from a review of the literature. Renal failure was present in all, and the majority have had hypercalcemia. The bone scan may prove to be a valuable adjunct to the diagnosis of metastatic pulmonary calcification; this characteristic pattern should be more widely appreciated.", "contents": "Uptake of bone imaging agents by diffuse pulmonary metastatic calcification. Three cases of diffuse lung uptake of the bone scanning agent 99mTc diphosphonate, which appears to reflect metastatic pulmonary calcification, are described. Each patient had hypercalcemia and renal failure. Clinical features common to patients with this scan pattern were ascertained from a review of the literature. Renal failure was present in all, and the majority have had hypercalcemia. The bone scan may prove to be a valuable adjunct to the diagnosis of metastatic pulmonary calcification; this characteristic pattern should be more widely appreciated.", "PMID": 410253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5541", "title": "Radiographic findings of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and related immunoblastic proliferations.", "content": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy is a recently recognized disorder of unknown etiology accompanied by clinical manifestations similar to lymphoma. Radiographic examinations of nine patients revealed multisystemic involvement and findings similar to those of lymphomatous processes. The diagnosis of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy should be considered when lung involvement accompanies mediastinal adenopathy and when the anterior mediastinal nodes are spared. One of the patients developed allergic pneumonitis which is interesting in light of recognition of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy as a hyperimmune phenomenon.", "contents": "Radiographic findings of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and related immunoblastic proliferations. Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy is a recently recognized disorder of unknown etiology accompanied by clinical manifestations similar to lymphoma. Radiographic examinations of nine patients revealed multisystemic involvement and findings similar to those of lymphomatous processes. The diagnosis of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy should be considered when lung involvement accompanies mediastinal adenopathy and when the anterior mediastinal nodes are spared. One of the patients developed allergic pneumonitis which is interesting in light of recognition of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy as a hyperimmune phenomenon.", "PMID": 410254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5542", "title": "Strontium-87m lung scans in pulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Experimental observations have indicated that radioactive strontium localizes in lesions infected with Aspergillus species. Preliminary clinical studies have recommended use of strontium lung scanning to evaluate patients thought to have pulmonary manifestations of aspergillosis. In view of the difficulty in accurately interpreting the clinical significance of recovery of Aspergillus species from sputum of patients with pulmonary disorders as well as the varied clinical presentations of pulmonary aspergillosis, we have attempted to confirm these reports. Ten patients with proven pulmonary aspergillosis and five selected control subjects without aspergillosis but with other pulmonary disorders were scanned after the injection of 2-3 mCi 87mSr citrate. The strontium lung scan correlated with the chest radiograph in four of 10 patients with aspergillosis; false positive scans were found in three of five patients with other pulmonary disorders. We conclude that strontium lung scans at present have no role in the diagnostic evaluation of patients suspected of clinically significant infections with aspergillus.", "contents": "Strontium-87m lung scans in pulmonary aspergillosis. Experimental observations have indicated that radioactive strontium localizes in lesions infected with Aspergillus species. Preliminary clinical studies have recommended use of strontium lung scanning to evaluate patients thought to have pulmonary manifestations of aspergillosis. In view of the difficulty in accurately interpreting the clinical significance of recovery of Aspergillus species from sputum of patients with pulmonary disorders as well as the varied clinical presentations of pulmonary aspergillosis, we have attempted to confirm these reports. Ten patients with proven pulmonary aspergillosis and five selected control subjects without aspergillosis but with other pulmonary disorders were scanned after the injection of 2-3 mCi 87mSr citrate. The strontium lung scan correlated with the chest radiograph in four of 10 patients with aspergillosis; false positive scans were found in three of five patients with other pulmonary disorders. We conclude that strontium lung scans at present have no role in the diagnostic evaluation of patients suspected of clinically significant infections with aspergillus.", "PMID": 410255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5543", "title": "The kinky chest tube: a sign of entrapment following median sternotomy.", "content": "Entrapment of chest tubes under one or more sternal sutures is an uncommon complication of median sternotomy. Five cases occurred among 759 median sternotomies performed during a 2 year period. A radiographic sign of chest tube entrapment is presented. Early recognition may prevent a second surgical procedure.", "contents": "The kinky chest tube: a sign of entrapment following median sternotomy. Entrapment of chest tubes under one or more sternal sutures is an uncommon complication of median sternotomy. Five cases occurred among 759 median sternotomies performed during a 2 year period. A radiographic sign of chest tube entrapment is presented. Early recognition may prevent a second surgical procedure.", "PMID": 410256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5544", "title": "The lateral decubitus view: an aid in evaluating poorly defined pulmonary densities in children.", "content": "The upper lung on a lateral decubitus chest radiograph is uniformly better expanded than on a frontal upright chest radiograph. The lateral decubitus view is useful in distinguishing pulmonary vascular structures mimicking pneumonia from actual pulmonary infiltrates in infants and young children in whom deep inspiratory chest films are difficult to obtain. This study included 20 children whose initial radiographs could not be obtained in deep inspiration and demonstrated equivocal areas of pulmonary infiltrate. Clinical follow-up was possible in 16 of the 20 patients. We reviewed the routine chest radiographs and lateral decubitus views independently and retrospectively. The decubitus films showed more appropriate correlation with the subsequent clinical course and consistently allowed more confident interpretation of the radiographs.", "contents": "The lateral decubitus view: an aid in evaluating poorly defined pulmonary densities in children. The upper lung on a lateral decubitus chest radiograph is uniformly better expanded than on a frontal upright chest radiograph. The lateral decubitus view is useful in distinguishing pulmonary vascular structures mimicking pneumonia from actual pulmonary infiltrates in infants and young children in whom deep inspiratory chest films are difficult to obtain. This study included 20 children whose initial radiographs could not be obtained in deep inspiration and demonstrated equivocal areas of pulmonary infiltrate. Clinical follow-up was possible in 16 of the 20 patients. We reviewed the routine chest radiographs and lateral decubitus views independently and retrospectively. The decubitus films showed more appropriate correlation with the subsequent clinical course and consistently allowed more confident interpretation of the radiographs.", "PMID": 410257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5545", "title": "Huge splenic cyst in a newborn: comparison with 10 cases in later childhood and adolescence.", "content": "Radiographic, sonographic, and histologic findings in a case of a huge splenic cyst in a newborn are presented. The patient had the characteristic findings, particularly the visceral displacement, associated with splenic cysts in a series of 10 older children and adolescents. The occurrence in a newborn of a large splenic cyst histologically similar to those found in older children supports the hypothesis that they are developmental rather than traumatically acquired.", "contents": "Huge splenic cyst in a newborn: comparison with 10 cases in later childhood and adolescence. Radiographic, sonographic, and histologic findings in a case of a huge splenic cyst in a newborn are presented. The patient had the characteristic findings, particularly the visceral displacement, associated with splenic cysts in a series of 10 older children and adolescents. The occurrence in a newborn of a large splenic cyst histologically similar to those found in older children supports the hypothesis that they are developmental rather than traumatically acquired.", "PMID": 410258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5546", "title": "Spontaneous disappearance of gastric polyps: report of four cases.", "content": "During follow-up radiologic observations of 88 subjects with benign gastric polyps, four rare cases were encountered. In two of these, the polyps had become detached; in the other two, they decreased in size. One of the latter eventually disappeared. Possible causes, though not yet established, are considered. These four cases are discussed in light of earlier reports in the literature.", "contents": "Spontaneous disappearance of gastric polyps: report of four cases. During follow-up radiologic observations of 88 subjects with benign gastric polyps, four rare cases were encountered. In two of these, the polyps had become detached; in the other two, they decreased in size. One of the latter eventually disappeared. Possible causes, though not yet established, are considered. These four cases are discussed in light of earlier reports in the literature.", "PMID": 410259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5547", "title": "Hysterography before and after myomectomy.", "content": "Pre- and postmyomectomy hysterograms were compared in 12 consecutive cases. In 11 cases, the uterine cavity was of normal shape and size after surgery, irrespective of the degree of preoperative uterine distortion. In two cases fallopian tubes were not visualized before surgery but were found patent after removal of the fibroids. In all cases studied, preoperative hysterography was valuable in confirming the presence and localization of myomata but of limited value in predicting the feasibility of the procedure.", "contents": "Hysterography before and after myomectomy. Pre- and postmyomectomy hysterograms were compared in 12 consecutive cases. In 11 cases, the uterine cavity was of normal shape and size after surgery, irrespective of the degree of preoperative uterine distortion. In two cases fallopian tubes were not visualized before surgery but were found patent after removal of the fibroids. In all cases studied, preoperative hysterography was valuable in confirming the presence and localization of myomata but of limited value in predicting the feasibility of the procedure.", "PMID": 410260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5548", "title": "Bipedal lymphangiography in malignancies of the uterine corpus.", "content": "Bipedal lymphangiography was performed in 116 selected patients with primary endometrial malignancy since 1970. A total of 32 were interpreted as positive and  84 as negative. Although histologic confirmation of nodal interpretation was seldom obtained, short term follow-up indicates that a positive interpretation is associated with an extremely poor prognosis. Lymphangiograms are recommended in all stage I patients except those with well differentiated histology, a small corpus, and no deep myometrial invasion. This study is also recommended for all stage II and III patients and for selected patients with stage IV disease.", "contents": "Bipedal lymphangiography in malignancies of the uterine corpus. Bipedal lymphangiography was performed in 116 selected patients with primary endometrial malignancy since 1970. A total of 32 were interpreted as positive and  84 as negative. Although histologic confirmation of nodal interpretation was seldom obtained, short term follow-up indicates that a positive interpretation is associated with an extremely poor prognosis. Lymphangiograms are recommended in all stage I patients except those with well differentiated histology, a small corpus, and no deep myometrial invasion. This study is also recommended for all stage II and III patients and for selected patients with stage IV disease.", "PMID": 410261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5549", "title": "Computed tomographic evaluation of the retrocrural prevertebral space.", "content": "Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans of 151 patients were reviewed for the presence of discrete structures between the vertebra and the diaphragmatic crura. A distinct retrocrural structure larger than 6 mm in diameter was present in 39 patients. In 112 patients the retrocrural space contained discrete structures smaller than 6 mm or showed no definable structures. Of the 39 patients with retrocrural structures larger than 6 mm in diameter, 37 had clinical and other CT evidence as well as biopsy or lymphangiographic evidence of middle to upper abdominal paraaortic adenopathy. Only three of the 112 patients exhibiting retrocrural structures smaller than 6 mm had such evidence of associated retroperitoneal adenopathy. These three were found to have enlarged nodes, but in the lower rather than the middle or upper abdomen. It is concluded that discrete retrocrural structures larger than 6 mm represent enlarged lymph nodes. Smaller retrocrural structures represent azygous veins or normal lymphatic structures.", "contents": "Computed tomographic evaluation of the retrocrural prevertebral space. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans of 151 patients were reviewed for the presence of discrete structures between the vertebra and the diaphragmatic crura. A distinct retrocrural structure larger than 6 mm in diameter was present in 39 patients. In 112 patients the retrocrural space contained discrete structures smaller than 6 mm or showed no definable structures. Of the 39 patients with retrocrural structures larger than 6 mm in diameter, 37 had clinical and other CT evidence as well as biopsy or lymphangiographic evidence of middle to upper abdominal paraaortic adenopathy. Only three of the 112 patients exhibiting retrocrural structures smaller than 6 mm had such evidence of associated retroperitoneal adenopathy. These three were found to have enlarged nodes, but in the lower rather than the middle or upper abdomen. It is concluded that discrete retrocrural structures larger than 6 mm represent enlarged lymph nodes. Smaller retrocrural structures represent azygous veins or normal lymphatic structures.", "PMID": 410262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5550", "title": "Voluntary glenohumeral dislocation.", "content": "Voluntary dislocation of the shoulder is a rare condition with radiographic findings similar to traumatic dislocation. Although these dislocations may be anterior, the majority are posterior. Three cases of spontaneous dislocation are described. While two of these cases had previous trauma to the joint, it is possible that there is no causal relationship. Voluntary dislocations are usually elicited in abduction and extension; frontal and axillary views are most helpful in demonstrating glenohumeral subluxations.", "contents": "Voluntary glenohumeral dislocation. Voluntary dislocation of the shoulder is a rare condition with radiographic findings similar to traumatic dislocation. Although these dislocations may be anterior, the majority are posterior. Three cases of spontaneous dislocation are described. While two of these cases had previous trauma to the joint, it is possible that there is no causal relationship. Voluntary dislocations are usually elicited in abduction and extension; frontal and axillary views are most helpful in demonstrating glenohumeral subluxations.", "PMID": 410263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5551", "title": "Radiologic aspects of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in the spine.", "content": "Radiographs of 175 patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) of the spine or ankylosing spondylitis were reviewed. DISH most frequently began in the middle and lower portions of the thoracic spine; it was rare in the upper portion. A few vertebrae were first affected, and then involvement extended, sometimes throughout the thoracic spine. The anterior and lateral aspects of vertebral bodies were mainly affected. Hyperostosis vertically spanning the anterior aspects of the vertebrae varied in thickness up to 10 mm, and the rate at which the hyperostosis proliferated was not specific for any vertebra. Males were 12 times more frequently affected than females, especially in the older age groups. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension have reportedly been associated with DISH, but no such correlation was found in this study. Despite the existence of criteria for differential diagnosis, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish ankylosing spondylitis from DISH radiologically. The radiologic features helpful in the differential diagnosis are described, and a review of the pertinent literature is included.", "contents": "Radiologic aspects of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in the spine. Radiographs of 175 patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) of the spine or ankylosing spondylitis were reviewed. DISH most frequently began in the middle and lower portions of the thoracic spine; it was rare in the upper portion. A few vertebrae were first affected, and then involvement extended, sometimes throughout the thoracic spine. The anterior and lateral aspects of vertebral bodies were mainly affected. Hyperostosis vertically spanning the anterior aspects of the vertebrae varied in thickness up to 10 mm, and the rate at which the hyperostosis proliferated was not specific for any vertebra. Males were 12 times more frequently affected than females, especially in the older age groups. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension have reportedly been associated with DISH, but no such correlation was found in this study. Despite the existence of criteria for differential diagnosis, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish ankylosing spondylitis from DISH radiologically. The radiologic features helpful in the differential diagnosis are described, and a review of the pertinent literature is included.", "PMID": 410264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5552", "title": "Pathophysiology and medical management of angina pectoris.", "content": "Myocardial oxygen demand is a function of the product of heart rate and blood pressure. Agents such as nitroglycerin not only produce coronary vasodilatation, which increases oxygen supply, but also reduce myocardial oxygen demand secondary to a reduction in both preload and afterload. Beta-adrenergic blockers are useful in angina because they reduce myocardial work and, hence, oxygen demand. A heart rate in the 50s does not preclude an increase in the dosage of propranolol when necessary.", "contents": "Pathophysiology and medical management of angina pectoris. Myocardial oxygen demand is a function of the product of heart rate and blood pressure. Agents such as nitroglycerin not only produce coronary vasodilatation, which increases oxygen supply, but also reduce myocardial oxygen demand secondary to a reduction in both preload and afterload. Beta-adrenergic blockers are useful in angina because they reduce myocardial work and, hence, oxygen demand. A heart rate in the 50s does not preclude an increase in the dosage of propranolol when necessary.", "PMID": 410283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5553", "title": "Lactase deficiency--a comparative study of diagnostic methods.", "content": "The diagnostic value of 1-14C-lactose breath test was compared with the standard lactose tolerance test and lactase assay in jejunal biopsies in 16 control subjects, 14 patients with lactase deficiency (LD) proven by lactase assay and 20 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). 14CO2 specific activity in the 2-hr breath collection after administration of 1-14C-lactose (5 muCi) provided a satisfactory separation between the control and LD group. Values were 7.0 +/- 2.0% dose administered/mmoles 14CO2 X 10(-3) (mean +/- SD) in the control group versus 2.1 +/- 1.5 in LD (P less than 0.001) versus 4.9 +/- 2.3 in IBS (P less than 0.01). 1-14C-lactose breath test was superior to standard lactose tolerance test in specificity (P less than 0.05) and provided a satisfactory correlation between 14C-lactose absorption and lactase assay (r = 0.77). The prevalence of LD in IBS was 40% by the breath test and 35% by lactase assay, suggesting that lactose malabsorption may play a role in the symptoms in the population of some patients with IBS. It appears that 1-14C-lactose breath test is a sensitive, specific and accurate method for the diagnosis of LD in clinical practice and suitable for large scale epidemiological surveys.", "contents": "Lactase deficiency--a comparative study of diagnostic methods. The diagnostic value of 1-14C-lactose breath test was compared with the standard lactose tolerance test and lactase assay in jejunal biopsies in 16 control subjects, 14 patients with lactase deficiency (LD) proven by lactase assay and 20 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). 14CO2 specific activity in the 2-hr breath collection after administration of 1-14C-lactose (5 muCi) provided a satisfactory separation between the control and LD group. Values were 7.0 +/- 2.0% dose administered/mmoles 14CO2 X 10(-3) (mean +/- SD) in the control group versus 2.1 +/- 1.5 in LD (P less than 0.001) versus 4.9 +/- 2.3 in IBS (P less than 0.01). 1-14C-lactose breath test was superior to standard lactose tolerance test in specificity (P less than 0.05) and provided a satisfactory correlation between 14C-lactose absorption and lactase assay (r = 0.77). The prevalence of LD in IBS was 40% by the breath test and 35% by lactase assay, suggesting that lactose malabsorption may play a role in the symptoms in the population of some patients with IBS. It appears that 1-14C-lactose breath test is a sensitive, specific and accurate method for the diagnosis of LD in clinical practice and suitable for large scale epidemiological surveys.", "PMID": 410288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5554", "title": "Effect of large amounts of vitamin E during pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "The effects of excessive intake of vitamin E during gestation and lactation on female rats and their progeny were studied. Pregnant rats receiving large doses of vitamin E (22.5 to 2252 mg/kg per day) had larger livers, higher levels of lipids and vitamin E in plasma, and higher concentrations of vitamin E in the livers than did controls. These deviations from normal were not, however, observed for all levels of supplementation. No obvious teratogenic effects were observed in the newborn young of the vitamin E-supplemented rats. Some eye abnormalities were seen in the older pups of rats given extremely high amounts of the vitamin. The survival rate, weight of the pups, and litter size were unaffected. However, the pups of the mothers who had received 500 mg of vitamin E per day (2252 mg/kg per day) during gestation and lactation had a much higher concentration of vitamin E in their livers and plasma than did controls. This study also confirmed the observation that vitamin E transfer across the placenta is negligible and that mammary transfer of this vitamin is quite efficient.", "contents": "Effect of large amounts of vitamin E during pregnancy and lactation. The effects of excessive intake of vitamin E during gestation and lactation on female rats and their progeny were studied. Pregnant rats receiving large doses of vitamin E (22.5 to 2252 mg/kg per day) had larger livers, higher levels of lipids and vitamin E in plasma, and higher concentrations of vitamin E in the livers than did controls. These deviations from normal were not, however, observed for all levels of supplementation. No obvious teratogenic effects were observed in the newborn young of the vitamin E-supplemented rats. Some eye abnormalities were seen in the older pups of rats given extremely high amounts of the vitamin. The survival rate, weight of the pups, and litter size were unaffected. However, the pups of the mothers who had received 500 mg of vitamin E per day (2252 mg/kg per day) during gestation and lactation had a much higher concentration of vitamin E in their livers and plasma than did controls. This study also confirmed the observation that vitamin E transfer across the placenta is negligible and that mammary transfer of this vitamin is quite efficient.", "PMID": 410289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5555", "title": "Some effects, in baboons, of chronic ingestion of glycerol with sucrose or glucose.", "content": "Six mature male and six mature female baboons were given fat-free diets high in sucrose or glucose together with glycerol, a chow diet with glycerol, and a fat-free high sucrose diet without glycerol. In the male animals, the concentration of triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, and glycerol in fasting serum was significantly greater when sucrose and glycerol were given together compared with the other diets. The fasting serum triglyceride and cholesterol were significantly greater in the females on the sucrose + glycerol diet compared to the glucose + glycerol diet. It is suggested that glycerol and fructose (in sucrose) share a metabolic pathway that leads to an enhancement of serum lipid concentrations.", "contents": "Some effects, in baboons, of chronic ingestion of glycerol with sucrose or glucose. Six mature male and six mature female baboons were given fat-free diets high in sucrose or glucose together with glycerol, a chow diet with glycerol, and a fat-free high sucrose diet without glycerol. In the male animals, the concentration of triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, and glycerol in fasting serum was significantly greater when sucrose and glycerol were given together compared with the other diets. The fasting serum triglyceride and cholesterol were significantly greater in the females on the sucrose + glycerol diet compared to the glucose + glycerol diet. It is suggested that glycerol and fructose (in sucrose) share a metabolic pathway that leads to an enhancement of serum lipid concentrations.", "PMID": 410290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5556", "title": "Essential fatty acid deficiency induced by total parenteral nutrition and by medium-chain triglyceride feeding.", "content": "In hospitalized infants receiving either prolonged total parenteral nutrition without fat or a formula of medium-chain triglyceride, the fatty acid composition of platelet, red blood cell, and plasma lipids was determined. The results showed that the changes in the fatty acid composition occurred not only in plasma but also in platelets and red blood cells, and the decrease in linoleic and arachidonic acid and the concurrent increase in 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid were confirmed to be dramatic evidence of essential fatty acid deficiency. There was no effect of essential fatty acid deficiency upon the phospholipid distribution in red blood cells or plasma.", "contents": "Essential fatty acid deficiency induced by total parenteral nutrition and by medium-chain triglyceride feeding. In hospitalized infants receiving either prolonged total parenteral nutrition without fat or a formula of medium-chain triglyceride, the fatty acid composition of platelet, red blood cell, and plasma lipids was determined. The results showed that the changes in the fatty acid composition occurred not only in plasma but also in platelets and red blood cells, and the decrease in linoleic and arachidonic acid and the concurrent increase in 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid were confirmed to be dramatic evidence of essential fatty acid deficiency. There was no effect of essential fatty acid deficiency upon the phospholipid distribution in red blood cells or plasma.", "PMID": 410291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5557", "title": "Acute erythroid hypoplasia in malnourished infant squirrel monkeys fed isolated soy protein.", "content": "Infant squirrel monkeys fed low protein diets using an isolated soy protein develop an acute anemia. To investigate this syndrome, four groups of animals fed diets containing adequate or restricted amounts of casein or soy protein were studied from 1 through 16 weeks of age. The low protein groups, in which growth was prevented by adjustment of the protein content between 2 through 8 weeks, showed no difference in caloric intake or plasma albumin concentrations. However, the low soy group developed a severe anemia (hemoglobin 4 to 7 g/dl) after 4 to 6 weeks of dietary treatment. The anemia was characterized as normocytic, normochromic, and was associated with reduced reticulocyte concentrations. Bone marrow specimens showed an increased myeloid/erythroid ratio due primarily to an absolute erythroid hypoplasia. Juvenile animals fed similar low soy diets did not become anemic. The selective effect of this isolated soy protein, demonstrable only during the transitional period of early infancy, was attributed to the interaction of the malnourished animal with a component of the isolated soy protein per se. The potential role of soy glycoproteins is discussed.", "contents": "Acute erythroid hypoplasia in malnourished infant squirrel monkeys fed isolated soy protein. Infant squirrel monkeys fed low protein diets using an isolated soy protein develop an acute anemia. To investigate this syndrome, four groups of animals fed diets containing adequate or restricted amounts of casein or soy protein were studied from 1 through 16 weeks of age. The low protein groups, in which growth was prevented by adjustment of the protein content between 2 through 8 weeks, showed no difference in caloric intake or plasma albumin concentrations. However, the low soy group developed a severe anemia (hemoglobin 4 to 7 g/dl) after 4 to 6 weeks of dietary treatment. The anemia was characterized as normocytic, normochromic, and was associated with reduced reticulocyte concentrations. Bone marrow specimens showed an increased myeloid/erythroid ratio due primarily to an absolute erythroid hypoplasia. Juvenile animals fed similar low soy diets did not become anemic. The selective effect of this isolated soy protein, demonstrable only during the transitional period of early infancy, was attributed to the interaction of the malnourished animal with a component of the isolated soy protein per se. The potential role of soy glycoproteins is discussed.", "PMID": 410292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5558", "title": "Malnutrition and malabsorption. Effect of nutritional rehabilitation on gastrointestinal function in kwashiorkor and marasmus--a longitudinal study.", "content": "The effects of long-term feeding of an adequate diet on the progressive changes in the biochemical parameters including gastrointestinal functions in children suffering from marasmus and kwashiorkor are presented. In both groups fasting bloos sugar, blood urea nitrogen, hemoglobin, serum total proteins and albumin at admission were significantly lower than in matched controls. These parameters improved after proper dietary therapy over a period of two years. The improvement in the biochemical parameters correlated with clinical and anthropological measurement. On admission, the gastrointestinal function as assessed by various tests was poor in both the groups. This returned to normal or near normal after nutritional rehabilitation. The return was much quicker for glucose and fat absorption than for lactose and d-xylose absorption. The rate of improvement in marasmus was slower than that in kwashiorkor.", "contents": "Malnutrition and malabsorption. Effect of nutritional rehabilitation on gastrointestinal function in kwashiorkor and marasmus--a longitudinal study. The effects of long-term feeding of an adequate diet on the progressive changes in the biochemical parameters including gastrointestinal functions in children suffering from marasmus and kwashiorkor are presented. In both groups fasting bloos sugar, blood urea nitrogen, hemoglobin, serum total proteins and albumin at admission were significantly lower than in matched controls. These parameters improved after proper dietary therapy over a period of two years. The improvement in the biochemical parameters correlated with clinical and anthropological measurement. On admission, the gastrointestinal function as assessed by various tests was poor in both the groups. This returned to normal or near normal after nutritional rehabilitation. The return was much quicker for glucose and fat absorption than for lactose and d-xylose absorption. The rate of improvement in marasmus was slower than that in kwashiorkor.", "PMID": 410293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5559", "title": "Clinical and pathologic features of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia in seven patients with serum monoclonal IgG or IgA.", "content": "The clinical, hematologic and pathologic findings in seven patients were similar to those of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia, but unexpectedly the serum monoclonal immunoglobulin belonged to the IgG class in five patients and to the IgA class in two. The bone marrow and lymph node lymphoid proliferation was pleomorphic, with the simultaneous presence of small lymphocytes, normal mature plasma cells and transitional lymphoplasmacytic cells. Immunofluorescence studies showed that a monoclonal immunoglobulin similar to that found in the serum was detectable on the membrane or in the cytoplasm of all the proliferating cells, which thus belonged to the same B cell clone. The study of these patients is in accordance with the concept that lymphoid disorders featured by a pleomorphic monoclonal B cell proliferation constitute a distinct clinicopathologic entity, which is not restricted to IgM-producing clones.", "contents": "Clinical and pathologic features of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia in seven patients with serum monoclonal IgG or IgA. The clinical, hematologic and pathologic findings in seven patients were similar to those of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia, but unexpectedly the serum monoclonal immunoglobulin belonged to the IgG class in five patients and to the IgA class in two. The bone marrow and lymph node lymphoid proliferation was pleomorphic, with the simultaneous presence of small lymphocytes, normal mature plasma cells and transitional lymphoplasmacytic cells. Immunofluorescence studies showed that a monoclonal immunoglobulin similar to that found in the serum was detectable on the membrane or in the cytoplasm of all the proliferating cells, which thus belonged to the same B cell clone. The study of these patients is in accordance with the concept that lymphoid disorders featured by a pleomorphic monoclonal B cell proliferation constitute a distinct clinicopathologic entity, which is not restricted to IgM-producing clones.", "PMID": 410294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5560", "title": "Primate model for the evaluation of vaginal contraceptives.", "content": "A good animal model that simulates the human subject has not been available for the evaluation of the in vivo effectiveness of vaginal contraceptives. After careful consideration. The stumptailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) was studied for its applicability since it has a reproductive tract similar to that of the woman, is easy to handle, does not require tranquilization or anesthesia when the contraceptive is deposited, and breeds and conceives readily under caged conditions. The reported observations show the usefulness of this animal. Both postcoital sperm motility studies and breeding experiments were performed with the use of Delfen vaginal cream and K-Y jelly. K-Y jelly had no effect on the motility of vaginal spermatozoa or on the conception rate of the primates. Although Delfen vaginal cream consistently immobilized all spermatozoa in the postcoital test, half of the animals became pregnant within an average of 3.7 breeding cycles. These results illustrate the discrepancy between spermicidal tests and fertility measurements, and it is recommended that primate-breeding experiments be performed before a spermicide is evaluated in women as a contraceptive.", "contents": "Primate model for the evaluation of vaginal contraceptives. A good animal model that simulates the human subject has not been available for the evaluation of the in vivo effectiveness of vaginal contraceptives. After careful consideration. The stumptailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) was studied for its applicability since it has a reproductive tract similar to that of the woman, is easy to handle, does not require tranquilization or anesthesia when the contraceptive is deposited, and breeds and conceives readily under caged conditions. The reported observations show the usefulness of this animal. Both postcoital sperm motility studies and breeding experiments were performed with the use of Delfen vaginal cream and K-Y jelly. K-Y jelly had no effect on the motility of vaginal spermatozoa or on the conception rate of the primates. Although Delfen vaginal cream consistently immobilized all spermatozoa in the postcoital test, half of the animals became pregnant within an average of 3.7 breeding cycles. These results illustrate the discrepancy between spermicidal tests and fertility measurements, and it is recommended that primate-breeding experiments be performed before a spermicide is evaluated in women as a contraceptive.", "PMID": 410295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5561", "title": "Hydroxyurea as a radiation sensitizer in women with carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Hydroxyurea was evaluated as a possible radiation sensitizer in 130 evaluable women with Stages IIB and IIIB (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) carcinoma of the uterine cervix. This was a prospective double-blind randomized study in which hydroxyurea or placebo was compared in conjunction with continuous or split-course radiation therapy. Of all patients with Stage IIB cancer without biopsy proof of aortic node metastasis, a significant improvement in survival (P less than 0.01) was achieved in the hydroxyura group (74.0%) as compared to the patients receiving placebo (43.5%). In women with Stage IIIB cervical cancer there was a trend toward longer survival in those receiving hydroxyurea (52.1%) as compared to those receiving placebo (33.3%). However, there was a statistically significant improvement in survival in those women with Stage IIIB cervical cancer who had staging done at operation, were found to have negative para-aortic nodes, and subsequently received continuous radiation therapy (90.9%) as compared to those receiving split-course therapy (29.4%) (P = 0.005).", "contents": "Hydroxyurea as a radiation sensitizer in women with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Hydroxyurea was evaluated as a possible radiation sensitizer in 130 evaluable women with Stages IIB and IIIB (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) carcinoma of the uterine cervix. This was a prospective double-blind randomized study in which hydroxyurea or placebo was compared in conjunction with continuous or split-course radiation therapy. Of all patients with Stage IIB cancer without biopsy proof of aortic node metastasis, a significant improvement in survival (P less than 0.01) was achieved in the hydroxyura group (74.0%) as compared to the patients receiving placebo (43.5%). In women with Stage IIIB cervical cancer there was a trend toward longer survival in those receiving hydroxyurea (52.1%) as compared to those receiving placebo (33.3%). However, there was a statistically significant improvement in survival in those women with Stage IIIB cervical cancer who had staging done at operation, were found to have negative para-aortic nodes, and subsequently received continuous radiation therapy (90.9%) as compared to those receiving split-course therapy (29.4%) (P = 0.005).", "PMID": 410296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5562", "title": "Reduced dose of Rho(D) immune globulin following induced first-trimester abortion.", "content": "A double-blind study of women after first-trimester abortion supports the efficacy of low-dose Rho(D) immune globulin (human) in the prevention of Rh sensitization. Twenty-seven per cent of patients demonstrated a fetomaternal blood leak based on Kleihauer-Betke stains. In follow-up testing, the percentage of positive titers and the absolute titer of detectable antibody at various intervals were related to the dose of administered immune globulin. This study confirmed the possible risk of sensitization in Rh-negative postabortal women and suggests the practical use of single low-dose immune globulin preparations in prevention.", "contents": "Reduced dose of Rho(D) immune globulin following induced first-trimester abortion. A double-blind study of women after first-trimester abortion supports the efficacy of low-dose Rho(D) immune globulin (human) in the prevention of Rh sensitization. Twenty-seven per cent of patients demonstrated a fetomaternal blood leak based on Kleihauer-Betke stains. In follow-up testing, the percentage of positive titers and the absolute titer of detectable antibody at various intervals were related to the dose of administered immune globulin. This study confirmed the possible risk of sensitization in Rh-negative postabortal women and suggests the practical use of single low-dose immune globulin preparations in prevention.", "PMID": 410298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5563", "title": "Temperature gradient between fetus and mother as an index for assessing intrauterine fetal condition.", "content": "Temperature gradient between fetus and mother (deltaTF-M) was measured in 29 pregnant baboons. Thermocouples were implanted in the fetal esophagus and the maternal colon, and, in some instances, thermistor probes were also placed in the fetal esophagus, scalp, and shoulder muscle. Under steady-state conditions, the fetal temperature was found to be higher than that of the mother. Temperatures in the fetal esophagus, scalp, and shoulder were 0.47, 0.28, and 0.19 degrees C. respectively, higher than those in the maternal colon. There was an increase in deltaTF-M during acute fetal stress induced by asphyxia, secondary to occlusion of the umbilical cord, maternal aorta, or inferior vena cava, or to acutely increased uterine activity. This increase in deltaTF-M most likely reflects impairment of heat dissipation from the fetus to the maternal compartment. A decreased deltaTF-M was observed when the stress on the fetus was subacute and prolonged. This is probably the result of a diminution of heat production by the fetus as the metabolic rate is lowered during prolonged hypoxia. Ten to 30 minutes after the cessation of vital signs of the fetus, the deltaTF-M became zero.", "contents": "Temperature gradient between fetus and mother as an index for assessing intrauterine fetal condition. Temperature gradient between fetus and mother (deltaTF-M) was measured in 29 pregnant baboons. Thermocouples were implanted in the fetal esophagus and the maternal colon, and, in some instances, thermistor probes were also placed in the fetal esophagus, scalp, and shoulder muscle. Under steady-state conditions, the fetal temperature was found to be higher than that of the mother. Temperatures in the fetal esophagus, scalp, and shoulder were 0.47, 0.28, and 0.19 degrees C. respectively, higher than those in the maternal colon. There was an increase in deltaTF-M during acute fetal stress induced by asphyxia, secondary to occlusion of the umbilical cord, maternal aorta, or inferior vena cava, or to acutely increased uterine activity. This increase in deltaTF-M most likely reflects impairment of heat dissipation from the fetus to the maternal compartment. A decreased deltaTF-M was observed when the stress on the fetus was subacute and prolonged. This is probably the result of a diminution of heat production by the fetus as the metabolic rate is lowered during prolonged hypoxia. Ten to 30 minutes after the cessation of vital signs of the fetus, the deltaTF-M became zero.", "PMID": 410299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5564", "title": "Failure of parathyroid hormone to cross the nonhuman primate placenta.", "content": "Following infusion of parathyroid extract (PTE), parathyroid hormone (PTH) did not cross the placenta from the monkey mother to her fetus. Although maternal PTH levels increased four- to 12-fold, fetal PTH levels remained at the base line at all times tested. To determine if PTH crossed the placenta from fetus to mother, PTE was infused into the fetal aorta while the monkey baby remained in utero. PTH in the fetal serum increased ten-fold without a significant change in maternal serum PTH. Thus, PTH does not cross the placenta in either direction. Blood ionized calcium levels in nonpregnant female monkeys, following infusions of ethylenediaminetetra-acetate (EDTA) were shown to decrease, with a subsequent increase in blood PTH levels. Thus, the monkey arathyroid gland was shown to be physiologically responsive to lowered calcium levels. Biological half-life disappearance times of beef PTH in monkey fetuses and their mothers were similar to those found in human beings.", "contents": "Failure of parathyroid hormone to cross the nonhuman primate placenta. Following infusion of parathyroid extract (PTE), parathyroid hormone (PTH) did not cross the placenta from the monkey mother to her fetus. Although maternal PTH levels increased four- to 12-fold, fetal PTH levels remained at the base line at all times tested. To determine if PTH crossed the placenta from fetus to mother, PTE was infused into the fetal aorta while the monkey baby remained in utero. PTH in the fetal serum increased ten-fold without a significant change in maternal serum PTH. Thus, PTH does not cross the placenta in either direction. Blood ionized calcium levels in nonpregnant female monkeys, following infusions of ethylenediaminetetra-acetate (EDTA) were shown to decrease, with a subsequent increase in blood PTH levels. Thus, the monkey arathyroid gland was shown to be physiologically responsive to lowered calcium levels. Biological half-life disappearance times of beef PTH in monkey fetuses and their mothers were similar to those found in human beings.", "PMID": 410300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5565", "title": "Cytogenetic investigation of cat-eye syndrome.", "content": "Using multiple chromosomal banding techniques, we studied a child with typical cat-eye syndrome and ocular retraction syndrome. Although the mother was was chromosomally normal, other maternal relatives showed features of the cat-eye syndrome, suggesting the basic abnormality is heritable. The abnormal chromosome in our case was most likely the product of reciprocal translocation where short arm plus centromeric chromatin from two separate acrocentric chromosomes fused together. The chromosomes involved were probably No. 22 and either Nos. 13 or 14. The basic underlying defect in cat-eye syndrome may be a heritable fragile site or some other predisposition leading to complex chromosomal interchange.", "contents": "Cytogenetic investigation of cat-eye syndrome. Using multiple chromosomal banding techniques, we studied a child with typical cat-eye syndrome and ocular retraction syndrome. Although the mother was was chromosomally normal, other maternal relatives showed features of the cat-eye syndrome, suggesting the basic abnormality is heritable. The abnormal chromosome in our case was most likely the product of reciprocal translocation where short arm plus centromeric chromatin from two separate acrocentric chromosomes fused together. The chromosomes involved were probably No. 22 and either Nos. 13 or 14. The basic underlying defect in cat-eye syndrome may be a heritable fragile site or some other predisposition leading to complex chromosomal interchange.", "PMID": 410302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5566", "title": "Chromatic patterns of cone photoreceptors. 1976 Glenn A. Fry Award Lecture.", "content": "The operations of vertebrate visual neurons must eventually be expressed in terms of the spectral classes and spatial distributions of photoreceptors that constitute inputs to those neurons. By using a cytochemical probe that permits visualization of the responses of cone photoreceptors to light stimulation, it has been possible to describe the spectral classes and spatial patterns of cones in a lower vertebrate, the goldfish, and in a primate, the baboon. This information is an important first step in analyzing the connections between cones and retinal neurons.", "contents": "Chromatic patterns of cone photoreceptors. 1976 Glenn A. Fry Award Lecture. The operations of vertebrate visual neurons must eventually be expressed in terms of the spectral classes and spatial distributions of photoreceptors that constitute inputs to those neurons. By using a cytochemical probe that permits visualization of the responses of cone photoreceptors to light stimulation, it has been possible to describe the spectral classes and spatial patterns of cones in a lower vertebrate, the goldfish, and in a primate, the baboon. This information is an important first step in analyzing the connections between cones and retinal neurons.", "PMID": 410303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5567", "title": "Astigmatism among institutionalized and noninstitutionalized mentally retarded.", "content": "Astigmatism was measured retinoscopically for 709 subjects residing in an institution for the mentally retarded and for 56 noninstitutionalized mentally retarded subjects at a community training center. About 60% of the subjects were between 15 and 45 years old. Compared to an intellectually normal sample of young men, astigmatism in the mentally retarded was greater in frequency and degree. For subjects with greater degrees of mental retardation, the prevalence of high astigmastism was significantly greater for whites than for nonwhites. There was no difference in astigmatism between institutionalized retardates and those living in a community setting, a finding that implies that the institutional environment was not the cause of the astigmatic differences between retarded and normal subjects.", "contents": "Astigmatism among institutionalized and noninstitutionalized mentally retarded. Astigmatism was measured retinoscopically for 709 subjects residing in an institution for the mentally retarded and for 56 noninstitutionalized mentally retarded subjects at a community training center. About 60% of the subjects were between 15 and 45 years old. Compared to an intellectually normal sample of young men, astigmatism in the mentally retarded was greater in frequency and degree. For subjects with greater degrees of mental retardation, the prevalence of high astigmastism was significantly greater for whites than for nonwhites. There was no difference in astigmatism between institutionalized retardates and those living in a community setting, a finding that implies that the institutional environment was not the cause of the astigmatic differences between retarded and normal subjects.", "PMID": 410304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5568", "title": "Body weight: its relation to tissue composition, segment distribution, and motor function. I. Interspecific comparisons.", "content": "The composition of skin, muscle, and bone and their distribution throughout the body are compared for \"advanced\" or \"specialized\" species (Alouatta, Macaca, Canis, Felis, Lepus); smaller, more closely related species (Tupaia and the Lorisidae); and several species within the same ecosystem (Barro Colorado Island, Panama). Among the most significant variables, the skin of sloths, howlers and macaques constitutes more than 12% of body weight, whereas greyhound skin is 5% of weight; sloth and howler muscle are 25% of weight, macaque muscle about 40% of weight, greyhound and agouti muscle over 50% of weight. In tree shrews and galagos muscle is heavier (35%) than in pottos and slow lorises (below 28%), but bone and skin are lighter. All species differ in the segmental distribution of weight. Cats have light tails, light feet and heavy thighs, whereas howlers have heavy tails, heavy feet, and light thighs. The galagos have heavy hindlimbs and tails, the pottos and lorises have reduced tails and approximately equal fore- and hindlimbs. Convergences in segment pattern (sloths with pottos and lorises, marmosets with tree shrews, owl monkeys with galagos, cebus with macaques) as well as divergences are documented. All weight-of tissue and weight-of-segment variables are correlated directly with locomotor adaptation.", "contents": "Body weight: its relation to tissue composition, segment distribution, and motor function. I. Interspecific comparisons. The composition of skin, muscle, and bone and their distribution throughout the body are compared for \"advanced\" or \"specialized\" species (Alouatta, Macaca, Canis, Felis, Lepus); smaller, more closely related species (Tupaia and the Lorisidae); and several species within the same ecosystem (Barro Colorado Island, Panama). Among the most significant variables, the skin of sloths, howlers and macaques constitutes more than 12% of body weight, whereas greyhound skin is 5% of weight; sloth and howler muscle are 25% of weight, macaque muscle about 40% of weight, greyhound and agouti muscle over 50% of weight. In tree shrews and galagos muscle is heavier (35%) than in pottos and slow lorises (below 28%), but bone and skin are lighter. All species differ in the segmental distribution of weight. Cats have light tails, light feet and heavy thighs, whereas howlers have heavy tails, heavy feet, and light thighs. The galagos have heavy hindlimbs and tails, the pottos and lorises have reduced tails and approximately equal fore- and hindlimbs. Convergences in segment pattern (sloths with pottos and lorises, marmosets with tree shrews, owl monkeys with galagos, cebus with macaques) as well as divergences are documented. All weight-of tissue and weight-of-segment variables are correlated directly with locomotor adaptation.", "PMID": 410305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5569", "title": "Body weight: its relation to tissue composition, segment distribution, and motor function. II. Development of Macaca mulatta.", "content": "The relative composition of skin, muscle, and bone and their distribution patterns throughout the body are given for a series of Macaca mulatta from 171 days conceptual age through adulthood. In terms of percent of total body weight, the musculature of these animals doubles during the firs postnatal year whereas bone and skin decrease. Regionally, the muscles of the thighs, back extensors, truncal-forelimb and upper arms increase most markedly. The thighs double and the upper arms increase whereas the trunk, hands, feet, and tail decrease. The biomechanical implications of these changes for motor development are discussed.", "contents": "Body weight: its relation to tissue composition, segment distribution, and motor function. II. Development of Macaca mulatta. The relative composition of skin, muscle, and bone and their distribution patterns throughout the body are given for a series of Macaca mulatta from 171 days conceptual age through adulthood. In terms of percent of total body weight, the musculature of these animals doubles during the firs postnatal year whereas bone and skin decrease. Regionally, the muscles of the thighs, back extensors, truncal-forelimb and upper arms increase most markedly. The thighs double and the upper arms increase whereas the trunk, hands, feet, and tail decrease. The biomechanical implications of these changes for motor development are discussed.", "PMID": 410306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5570", "title": "The lorisiform wrist joint and the evolution of \"brachiating\" adaptations in the hominoidea.", "content": "In lorisines (Loris, Nycticebus, Perodicticus, Arctocebus), the tip of the ulna is reduced to the dimensions of a styloid process, a new and more proximal ulnar head is developed, and the pisiform is displaced distally away from its primitive contact with the ulna. In some Nycticebus, intra-articular tissues separate the ulna from the triquetrum. These traits are not seen in other quadrupedal primates, but they are characteristic of extant hominoids. Among hominoids, these features have been interpreted as adaptations to arm-swinging locomotion. Since hominoid-like features of the wrist joint are found in lorisines, but not in New World monkeys that practice arm-swinging locomotion, these features may have been evolved in both lorisines and large hominoids to enhance wrist mobility for cautious arboreal locomotion involving little or no leaping. Most of the other morphological traits characteristic of modern hominoids can be explained as adaptations to cautious quadrupedalism as well as to brachiation, and may have developed for different reasons in different lineages descended from an unspecialized cautious quadruped resembling Alouatta.", "contents": "The lorisiform wrist joint and the evolution of \"brachiating\" adaptations in the hominoidea. In lorisines (Loris, Nycticebus, Perodicticus, Arctocebus), the tip of the ulna is reduced to the dimensions of a styloid process, a new and more proximal ulnar head is developed, and the pisiform is displaced distally away from its primitive contact with the ulna. In some Nycticebus, intra-articular tissues separate the ulna from the triquetrum. These traits are not seen in other quadrupedal primates, but they are characteristic of extant hominoids. Among hominoids, these features have been interpreted as adaptations to arm-swinging locomotion. Since hominoid-like features of the wrist joint are found in lorisines, but not in New World monkeys that practice arm-swinging locomotion, these features may have been evolved in both lorisines and large hominoids to enhance wrist mobility for cautious arboreal locomotion involving little or no leaping. Most of the other morphological traits characteristic of modern hominoids can be explained as adaptations to cautious quadrupedalism as well as to brachiation, and may have developed for different reasons in different lineages descended from an unspecialized cautious quadruped resembling Alouatta.", "PMID": 410307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5571", "title": "Sensitizing effect of treatment with estrogens on TSH response to TRH in male rats.", "content": "Daily administration of estradiol benzoate (10 microgram/100 g body wt) to intact male rats led to a twofold increase of the plasma TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) after 4 and 7 days of treatment whereas the basal plasma TSH level was not affected. The basal plasma PRL concentration and the PRL response to TRH were both markedly increased by estrogen treatment. The TSH pituitary content remained unchanged, whereas the PRL pituitary content increased in parallel with the effect on PRL secretion. Treatment with estrogens for 1 wk sensitized the TSH secretory response to low doses of TRH (10 ng), whereas no significant effect on the response was found at high doses of the neurohormone. The present data show that the stimulatory effect of estrogens on the TSH response to TRH is due to true sensitization of the thyrotrophs to the action of the neurohormone, whereas that on prolactin secretion can result partly from increased pituitary prolactin content.", "contents": "Sensitizing effect of treatment with estrogens on TSH response to TRH in male rats. Daily administration of estradiol benzoate (10 microgram/100 g body wt) to intact male rats led to a twofold increase of the plasma TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) after 4 and 7 days of treatment whereas the basal plasma TSH level was not affected. The basal plasma PRL concentration and the PRL response to TRH were both markedly increased by estrogen treatment. The TSH pituitary content remained unchanged, whereas the PRL pituitary content increased in parallel with the effect on PRL secretion. Treatment with estrogens for 1 wk sensitized the TSH secretory response to low doses of TRH (10 ng), whereas no significant effect on the response was found at high doses of the neurohormone. The present data show that the stimulatory effect of estrogens on the TSH response to TRH is due to true sensitization of the thyrotrophs to the action of the neurohormone, whereas that on prolactin secretion can result partly from increased pituitary prolactin content.", "PMID": 410310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5572", "title": "Vascular prostaglandin synthesis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "Vascular prostaglandin synthesis was studied in tissues (aorta and inferior vena cava) obtained from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) of the Aoki-Okamoto strain and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKYs) controls. PGE2 synthesis in aortas from SHRs was significantly enhanced at 10 wk of age (5.3 +/- 0.7 nmol PGE2/mg protein per 10 min vs. 1.9 +/- 0.03 nmol PGE2/mg protein per min in the WKYs, P less than 0.001) and increased progressively until 22 wk of age; PGE2alpha synthesis in SHRs was not significantly different from WKYs. In the venous walls from SHRs, PGF2alpha was the prostaglandin predominantly synthesized (7.1 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.05 nmol PGE2alpha/mg protein per 10 min in the WKY controls, P less than 0.01). The activities of 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase and PGE 9-ketoreductase were also compared in the two groups of animals. The only difference detected was a significant increase in venous PGE 9-ketoreductase of SHR's (7.3 +/- 0.06 vs. 4.8 +/- 0.04 nmol PGF2alpha/mg per min, P less than 0.01). The results suggest that increased vascular synthesis of prostaglandins accompanies the development of spontaneous hypertension and may serve to attenuate the effects of blood pressure elevation.", "contents": "Vascular prostaglandin synthesis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Vascular prostaglandin synthesis was studied in tissues (aorta and inferior vena cava) obtained from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) of the Aoki-Okamoto strain and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKYs) controls. PGE2 synthesis in aortas from SHRs was significantly enhanced at 10 wk of age (5.3 +/- 0.7 nmol PGE2/mg protein per 10 min vs. 1.9 +/- 0.03 nmol PGE2/mg protein per min in the WKYs, P less than 0.001) and increased progressively until 22 wk of age; PGE2alpha synthesis in SHRs was not significantly different from WKYs. In the venous walls from SHRs, PGF2alpha was the prostaglandin predominantly synthesized (7.1 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.05 nmol PGE2alpha/mg protein per 10 min in the WKY controls, P less than 0.01). The activities of 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase and PGE 9-ketoreductase were also compared in the two groups of animals. The only difference detected was a significant increase in venous PGE 9-ketoreductase of SHR's (7.3 +/- 0.06 vs. 4.8 +/- 0.04 nmol PGF2alpha/mg per min, P less than 0.01). The results suggest that increased vascular synthesis of prostaglandins accompanies the development of spontaneous hypertension and may serve to attenuate the effects of blood pressure elevation.", "PMID": 410312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5573", "title": "House-to-house, community-wide chemoprophylaxis for meningococcal disease: an aggressive approach to disease prevention.", "content": "During an outbreak of meningococcal disease in a rural community in southwest Alabama in 1975-76, we undertook an aggressive campaign of house-to-house, community-wide chemoprophylaxis distribution. Over a three-day period 1,045 households were visited and 4,454 persons received medication. The 1970 census lists 967 households with 4,067 persons residing in the community. To evaluate compliance we cultured for meningococcal carriers before and after the chemoprophylaxis campaign. All of the previously discovered carriers were negative three weeks after the drug distribution. The cost of the campaign ($26,520) was very small compared to the possible benefit achieved. The methods of planning and executing this campaign are described in detail.", "contents": "House-to-house, community-wide chemoprophylaxis for meningococcal disease: an aggressive approach to disease prevention. During an outbreak of meningococcal disease in a rural community in southwest Alabama in 1975-76, we undertook an aggressive campaign of house-to-house, community-wide chemoprophylaxis distribution. Over a three-day period 1,045 households were visited and 4,454 persons received medication. The 1970 census lists 967 households with 4,067 persons residing in the community. To evaluate compliance we cultured for meningococcal carriers before and after the chemoprophylaxis campaign. All of the previously discovered carriers were negative three weeks after the drug distribution. The cost of the campaign ($26,520) was very small compared to the possible benefit achieved. The methods of planning and executing this campaign are described in detail.", "PMID": 410314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5574", "title": "Complement depletion following envenomation by Russell's viper and Echis carinatus (saw-scaled viper) in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Significant depletion of C3 was observed following administration of lethal and sublethal doses of Russell's viper and Echis carinatus venom to rhesus monkeys. A sequential study carried out over a period of 3 weeks following sublethal envenomation showed a steady rise in the C3 level from 48 hours onwards. By the 20th day the C3 values had attained the pre-envenomation levels. The extent of depletion of C3 was similar in both Russell's viper and E. carinatus envenomation. Because of the close immunological similarity of monkey and man, the rise in C3 which corresponded with recovery of the animals in this experimental model could serve as a useful parameter of recovery in clinical cases of snake poisoning.", "contents": "Complement depletion following envenomation by Russell's viper and Echis carinatus (saw-scaled viper) in the rhesus monkey. Significant depletion of C3 was observed following administration of lethal and sublethal doses of Russell's viper and Echis carinatus venom to rhesus monkeys. A sequential study carried out over a period of 3 weeks following sublethal envenomation showed a steady rise in the C3 level from 48 hours onwards. By the 20th day the C3 values had attained the pre-envenomation levels. The extent of depletion of C3 was similar in both Russell's viper and E. carinatus envenomation. Because of the close immunological similarity of monkey and man, the rise in C3 which corresponded with recovery of the animals in this experimental model could serve as a useful parameter of recovery in clinical cases of snake poisoning.", "PMID": 410316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5575", "title": "Quantitative aspects of pyrimethamine-sulfonamide synergism.", "content": "The experiments described in this report have dealt with the dimensions of therapeutic potentiation achieved when combinations of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine were administered to rhesus monkeys infected with a drug-susceptible strain of Plasmodium cynomolgi or its pyrimethamine-resistant variant and to owl monkeys infected with strains of P. falciparum and P. vivax of varying degrees of resistance to this pyrimidine. These evaluations showed: 1) that when delivered in combination, the activities of both pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine against infections with any of the above strains were enhanced significantly; 2) that in infections with the Ro and Ro/PM strains of P. cynomolgi and the Vietnam Palo Alto strain of P. vivax, concomitant delivery of the two agents resulted in a 32-fold increase in the activity of pyrimethamine and a 50- to 100-fold increase in the activity of sulfadizine; 3) that as a result of this synergism, infections with the pyrimethamine resistant Ro/PM and Palo Alto strains could be cured with a fraction of the maximum tolerated dose of this drug; 4) that in marked contrast to the above result, infections with the Malayan Camp and Vietnam Smith strains of P. falciparum could not be cured regularly by combination regimens which included the maximally tolerated dose of pyrimethamine. This poor response has been attributed to the high levels of pyrimethamine-resistance possessed by these strains. It is believed that the comparatively small but not insignificant incidences of treatment failures associated with delivery of pyrimethamine-sulfonamide combinations to both patients and human volunteers infected with multidrug-resistant strains of P. falciparum rest on a similar basis.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of pyrimethamine-sulfonamide synergism. The experiments described in this report have dealt with the dimensions of therapeutic potentiation achieved when combinations of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine were administered to rhesus monkeys infected with a drug-susceptible strain of Plasmodium cynomolgi or its pyrimethamine-resistant variant and to owl monkeys infected with strains of P. falciparum and P. vivax of varying degrees of resistance to this pyrimidine. These evaluations showed: 1) that when delivered in combination, the activities of both pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine against infections with any of the above strains were enhanced significantly; 2) that in infections with the Ro and Ro/PM strains of P. cynomolgi and the Vietnam Palo Alto strain of P. vivax, concomitant delivery of the two agents resulted in a 32-fold increase in the activity of pyrimethamine and a 50- to 100-fold increase in the activity of sulfadizine; 3) that as a result of this synergism, infections with the pyrimethamine resistant Ro/PM and Palo Alto strains could be cured with a fraction of the maximum tolerated dose of this drug; 4) that in marked contrast to the above result, infections with the Malayan Camp and Vietnam Smith strains of P. falciparum could not be cured regularly by combination regimens which included the maximally tolerated dose of pyrimethamine. This poor response has been attributed to the high levels of pyrimethamine-resistance possessed by these strains. It is believed that the comparatively small but not insignificant incidences of treatment failures associated with delivery of pyrimethamine-sulfonamide combinations to both patients and human volunteers infected with multidrug-resistant strains of P. falciparum rest on a similar basis.", "PMID": 410317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5576", "title": "The activity of a benzothiopyranoindazole (IA-4 N-oxide) against Schistosoma mansoni infection in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of IA-4 N-oxide against Schistosoma mansoni in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have been evaluated. Ten monkeys were divided into 5 groups of 2 monkeys each. All monkeys were exposed to S. mansoni cercariae on day 0 and treatment groups were established as follows: untreated controls, oral prophylactic administration, intramuscular prophylactic administration, oral therapeutic administration, and intramuscular therapeutic administration. Analysis of parasitologic and pathologic criteria indicate that the compound is most effective when administered as a therapeutic regimen. Complete cures were effected in these monkeys. Prophylactic treatments resulted in a delay in onset of patency and reductions in fecal egg excretion, worm burdens, and tissue damage.", "contents": "The activity of a benzothiopyranoindazole (IA-4 N-oxide) against Schistosoma mansoni infection in rhesus monkeys. The prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of IA-4 N-oxide against Schistosoma mansoni in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have been evaluated. Ten monkeys were divided into 5 groups of 2 monkeys each. All monkeys were exposed to S. mansoni cercariae on day 0 and treatment groups were established as follows: untreated controls, oral prophylactic administration, intramuscular prophylactic administration, oral therapeutic administration, and intramuscular therapeutic administration. Analysis of parasitologic and pathologic criteria indicate that the compound is most effective when administered as a therapeutic regimen. Complete cures were effected in these monkeys. Prophylactic treatments resulted in a delay in onset of patency and reductions in fecal egg excretion, worm burdens, and tissue damage.", "PMID": 410318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5577", "title": "[Retinal adhesion after retinal detachment surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of cryotherapy was studied in experimentally detached retinas under conditions similar to those in retinal detachment surgery. When cryotherapy was applied to the pigment epithelium and to the retina and the retina was reattached, a strong adhesion developed, characterized by the occurrence of true cell junctions between pigment epithelium and retinal cells. When only the pigment epithelium was treated, the adhesion after reattachment appeared weak due to the absence of microvillous interdigitations normally present between pigment epithelium and retina.", "contents": "[Retinal adhesion after retinal detachment surgery (author's transl)]. The effect of cryotherapy was studied in experimentally detached retinas under conditions similar to those in retinal detachment surgery. When cryotherapy was applied to the pigment epithelium and to the retina and the retina was reattached, a strong adhesion developed, characterized by the occurrence of true cell junctions between pigment epithelium and retinal cells. When only the pigment epithelium was treated, the adhesion after reattachment appeared weak due to the absence of microvillous interdigitations normally present between pigment epithelium and retina.", "PMID": 410321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5578", "title": "The characterization of some of the antigens and allergens in ragweed pollen.", "content": "Ragweed extract (RW) and antigens E, K, BPA-R and Ra3 were characterized by  electrophoresis on starch and polyacrylamide gels. RW extract and antigen E were also subjected to crossed immunoelectrophoresis. All the antigens contained isomers and contaminating proteins. RW separated by starch gel electrophoresis was skin tested and allergens unrelated to antigens E, BPA-R, Ra3 and K were found.", "contents": "The characterization of some of the antigens and allergens in ragweed pollen. Ragweed extract (RW) and antigens E, K, BPA-R and Ra3 were characterized by  electrophoresis on starch and polyacrylamide gels. RW extract and antigen E were also subjected to crossed immunoelectrophoresis. All the antigens contained isomers and contaminating proteins. RW separated by starch gel electrophoresis was skin tested and allergens unrelated to antigens E, BPA-R, Ra3 and K were found.", "PMID": 410331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5579", "title": "Effect of storage on bovine erythrocyte cholinesterase activity.", "content": "Bovine whole blood and washed erythrocyte samples with either sodium heparin or EDTA as the anticoagulant were stored at -24, 2 to 3, 21, or 37 C for up to 8 weeks to determine the stability of erythrocyte cholinesterase (ChE) activity. An automated colorimetric method was used to measure ChE activity. Regression analysis was used to estimate the rate of decline of ChE activity of samples to 95% of normal. Samples stored at -24 and 2 to 3 C were very stable, and ChE activity was maintained for several weeks or longer. Samples stored at 21 C maintained an activity level not less than 95% of normal for at least 9 days and those stored at 37 C for at least 2 days. The type of anticoagulant used did not appear to affect significantly the stability of activity.", "contents": "Effect of storage on bovine erythrocyte cholinesterase activity. Bovine whole blood and washed erythrocyte samples with either sodium heparin or EDTA as the anticoagulant were stored at -24, 2 to 3, 21, or 37 C for up to 8 weeks to determine the stability of erythrocyte cholinesterase (ChE) activity. An automated colorimetric method was used to measure ChE activity. Regression analysis was used to estimate the rate of decline of ChE activity of samples to 95% of normal. Samples stored at -24 and 2 to 3 C were very stable, and ChE activity was maintained for several weeks or longer. Samples stored at 21 C maintained an activity level not less than 95% of normal for at least 9 days and those stored at 37 C for at least 2 days. The type of anticoagulant used did not appear to affect significantly the stability of activity.", "PMID": 410333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5580", "title": "Histopathologic study of experimental Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis infection in fawns.", "content": "Mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) inoculated with sporocysts of Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis became infected, developed clinical signs of disease, and died, due to the infection itself or from intercurrent pneumonia. Clinical signs were first noticed 18 days after infection and fawns died from postinfection days 27 to 63. Histopathologic examination revealed early lesions in skeletal muscle which consisted of perivascular necrosis with mononuclear and neutrophilic cell infiltration, accompanied by edema, degeneration, and focal necrosis of muscle. Subsequently, this reaction subsided and the cellular infiltrate dissipated. An infected macrophage usually remained in the vacuolated muscle space; each macrophage was surrounded by a clear halo. Developing Sarcocystis schizonts were identified in the cytoplasm of the macrophages, and the cytoplasmic membrane eventually ruptured releasing merozoites. The merozoites then developed into typical muscle cysts. Results of the present study indicated that S hemionilatrantis is a pathogen of mule deer under experimental conditions. Pathogenicity should be investigated to determine if S hemionilatrantis causes death or debilitation in wild mule deer under natural conditions.", "contents": "Histopathologic study of experimental Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis infection in fawns. Mule deer fawns (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) inoculated with sporocysts of Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis became infected, developed clinical signs of disease, and died, due to the infection itself or from intercurrent pneumonia. Clinical signs were first noticed 18 days after infection and fawns died from postinfection days 27 to 63. Histopathologic examination revealed early lesions in skeletal muscle which consisted of perivascular necrosis with mononuclear and neutrophilic cell infiltration, accompanied by edema, degeneration, and focal necrosis of muscle. Subsequently, this reaction subsided and the cellular infiltrate dissipated. An infected macrophage usually remained in the vacuolated muscle space; each macrophage was surrounded by a clear halo. Developing Sarcocystis schizonts were identified in the cytoplasm of the macrophages, and the cytoplasmic membrane eventually ruptured releasing merozoites. The merozoites then developed into typical muscle cysts. Results of the present study indicated that S hemionilatrantis is a pathogen of mule deer under experimental conditions. Pathogenicity should be investigated to determine if S hemionilatrantis causes death or debilitation in wild mule deer under natural conditions.", "PMID": 410334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5581", "title": "Asynergy in coronary heart disease. Evolving clinical and pathophysiologic concepts.", "content": "The widespread use of cardiac ventriculography has focused interest on the frequency with which asynergy accompanies coronary heart disease as well as on its clinical and prognostic implications and dynamic nature. Recently, \"intervention ventriculography\" using nitroglycerin or postextrasystolic potentiation has indicated that asynergic zones may be more accurately classified as reversible (implying viable myocardium) or irreversible (nonviable or scarred myocardium), and thus the ventriculographic definition of aneurysm must reflect not only the severity of asynergy but its contractile reserve. Surface electrocardiogram Q waves, the severity of asynergy, and degree of coronary occlusion all adversely affect the potential for reversibility, whereas coronary collaterals enhance it. Important clinical applications include assessment of the potential utility of coronary bypass surgery in improving asynergy and of vasodilators in the treatment of patients with left ventricular failure. With refractory sequelae of aneurysms (heart failure, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and systemic emboli) and a discrete aneurysm, surgical resection has been increasingly used with generally good results.", "contents": "Asynergy in coronary heart disease. Evolving clinical and pathophysiologic concepts. The widespread use of cardiac ventriculography has focused interest on the frequency with which asynergy accompanies coronary heart disease as well as on its clinical and prognostic implications and dynamic nature. Recently, \"intervention ventriculography\" using nitroglycerin or postextrasystolic potentiation has indicated that asynergic zones may be more accurately classified as reversible (implying viable myocardium) or irreversible (nonviable or scarred myocardium), and thus the ventriculographic definition of aneurysm must reflect not only the severity of asynergy but its contractile reserve. Surface electrocardiogram Q waves, the severity of asynergy, and degree of coronary occlusion all adversely affect the potential for reversibility, whereas coronary collaterals enhance it. Important clinical applications include assessment of the potential utility of coronary bypass surgery in improving asynergy and of vasodilators in the treatment of patients with left ventricular failure. With refractory sequelae of aneurysms (heart failure, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and systemic emboli) and a discrete aneurysm, surgical resection has been increasingly used with generally good results.", "PMID": 410336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5582", "title": "Development of bacteriophage phi29 in sporulating and non-sporulating cells of bacillus subtilis 168.", "content": "Infection by bacteriophage phi29 of Bacillus subtilis 168 and of its asporogenous mutant spoOA-3NA has been studied in exponential and stationary phases. As first observed with phage phie infections, the burst-size decreases during the stationary phase much more rapidly in wild type than in mutant cells. In addition, the two strains are shown to differ even during growth in their response to phage phi29 infection. During a short period in the exponential phase, no phage production occurs when infected bacteria (whether spo+ or spo-) are incubated in their growth medium, but phage is produced when incubation takes place after transfer to fresh medium. From these and other unexpected findings it is concluded that any causal relation between sporulation and phage development must be considered with caution. Phage infection of spo+ cells at the end of the growth period does not affect the time required for mature spore formation.", "contents": "Development of bacteriophage phi29 in sporulating and non-sporulating cells of bacillus subtilis 168. Infection by bacteriophage phi29 of Bacillus subtilis 168 and of its asporogenous mutant spoOA-3NA has been studied in exponential and stationary phases. As first observed with phage phie infections, the burst-size decreases during the stationary phase much more rapidly in wild type than in mutant cells. In addition, the two strains are shown to differ even during growth in their response to phage phi29 infection. During a short period in the exponential phase, no phage production occurs when infected bacteria (whether spo+ or spo-) are incubated in their growth medium, but phage is produced when incubation takes place after transfer to fresh medium. From these and other unexpected findings it is concluded that any causal relation between sporulation and phage development must be considered with caution. Phage infection of spo+ cells at the end of the growth period does not affect the time required for mature spore formation.", "PMID": 410338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5583", "title": "[An acellular vaccine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. II. -- Estimate of immuneserum protective effect by measure of bacterial clearance (author's transl)].", "content": "The protective antibodies obtained in mice with an acellular vaccine P2 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been titered in vivo by a bacterial clearance technique. The kinetics of the bacterial disappearance from the circulating blood were compared in mice which had been vaccinated or had received injection of specific serum, and in normal mice. The following results were obtained; (a) the disappearance of the bacteria from the blood is quicker in immunized animals; (b) the rate of bacteria in the blood depends on doses of injected serum; (c) the titers of protective antibodies expressed by 99% clearance dose is directly in relation with the vaccinating dose.", "contents": "[An acellular vaccine from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. II. -- Estimate of immuneserum protective effect by measure of bacterial clearance (author's transl)]. The protective antibodies obtained in mice with an acellular vaccine P2 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been titered in vivo by a bacterial clearance technique. The kinetics of the bacterial disappearance from the circulating blood were compared in mice which had been vaccinated or had received injection of specific serum, and in normal mice. The following results were obtained; (a) the disappearance of the bacteria from the blood is quicker in immunized animals; (b) the rate of bacteria in the blood depends on doses of injected serum; (c) the titers of protective antibodies expressed by 99% clearance dose is directly in relation with the vaccinating dose.", "PMID": 410340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5584", "title": "[Lipolysis and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus (author's transl)].", "content": "Lipolysis in relation to toxinogenesis has been studied in various strains of Aspergillus flavus. Toxinogenic strains show a lipolytic activity which is twice the activity of non-toxinogenic strains. This enzymatic activity seems to be directly linked to the biosynthesis of toxins.", "contents": "[Lipolysis and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus (author's transl)]. Lipolysis in relation to toxinogenesis has been studied in various strains of Aspergillus flavus. Toxinogenic strains show a lipolytic activity which is twice the activity of non-toxinogenic strains. This enzymatic activity seems to be directly linked to the biosynthesis of toxins.", "PMID": 410341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5585", "title": "Acetone sterilization in ophthalmic surgery.", "content": "Acetone is a potent bactericidal agent and has considerable value for the routine disinfection of surfaces. The reason for the poor showing of acetone in previously reported tests was that it was not used in concentrated form, and our tests also confirmed its relative ineffectiveness when diluted. The inability of acetone to eliminate spores is an important disadvantage but most commonly used bactericidal agents also are deficient in this respect. Although acetone is active in the presence of protein it does not penetrate blood clots. Therefore, instruments should be cleaned of blood and tissue fragments before using acetone to disinfect them, as with other methods of sterilization. Acetone can make ordinary sterilizers unnecessary in our offices. I believe that it is a superior antiseptic for use in sterilizing sharp instruments in the operating room and can be used for all instruments when autoclaving or gas sterilization is not feasible or not available.", "contents": "Acetone sterilization in ophthalmic surgery. Acetone is a potent bactericidal agent and has considerable value for the routine disinfection of surfaces. The reason for the poor showing of acetone in previously reported tests was that it was not used in concentrated form, and our tests also confirmed its relative ineffectiveness when diluted. The inability of acetone to eliminate spores is an important disadvantage but most commonly used bactericidal agents also are deficient in this respect. Although acetone is active in the presence of protein it does not penetrate blood clots. Therefore, instruments should be cleaned of blood and tissue fragments before using acetone to disinfect them, as with other methods of sterilization. Acetone can make ordinary sterilizers unnecessary in our offices. I believe that it is a superior antiseptic for use in sterilizing sharp instruments in the operating room and can be used for all instruments when autoclaving or gas sterilization is not feasible or not available.", "PMID": 410346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5586", "title": "Cervical esophagostomy in dogs: endoscopic, radiographic, and histopathologic evaluation of esophagitis induced by feeding tubes.", "content": "Prolonged tube feeding is frequently necessary in patients with head and neck cancer, facial trauma, or central nervous system disease. The advantages of cervical esophagostomy over nasogastric and gastrostomy tube feeding are established. One frequently overlooked complication of tube feeding is distal esophagitis and subsequent stricture formation. This complication has been widely reported in the medical literature although the pathophysiologic mechanism has in part been speculative. We have completed a prospective, randomized, controlled animal study in an attempt to delineate the mechanism of feeding tube esophagitis and to devise a method of avoiding it. Twelve dogs underwent cervical esophagostomy and were studied by endoscopy, contrast fluoroscopy, gross and microscopic pathology. The esophageal effects of placement of polyethylene and silicone rubber esophagostomy tubes in the customary position, through the cardioesophageal junction into the stomach, were compared with placement of the distal end of the tube only as far as the midesophagus. Midesophageal placement of silicone rubber tubes greatly reduced esophageal injury inherent is esophagostomy tube feeding. A new esophagostomy feeding tube is presented with advantages over previously used tubes.", "contents": "Cervical esophagostomy in dogs: endoscopic, radiographic, and histopathologic evaluation of esophagitis induced by feeding tubes. Prolonged tube feeding is frequently necessary in patients with head and neck cancer, facial trauma, or central nervous system disease. The advantages of cervical esophagostomy over nasogastric and gastrostomy tube feeding are established. One frequently overlooked complication of tube feeding is distal esophagitis and subsequent stricture formation. This complication has been widely reported in the medical literature although the pathophysiologic mechanism has in part been speculative. We have completed a prospective, randomized, controlled animal study in an attempt to delineate the mechanism of feeding tube esophagitis and to devise a method of avoiding it. Twelve dogs underwent cervical esophagostomy and were studied by endoscopy, contrast fluoroscopy, gross and microscopic pathology. The esophageal effects of placement of polyethylene and silicone rubber esophagostomy tubes in the customary position, through the cardioesophageal junction into the stomach, were compared with placement of the distal end of the tube only as far as the midesophagus. Midesophageal placement of silicone rubber tubes greatly reduced esophageal injury inherent is esophagostomy tube feeding. A new esophagostomy feeding tube is presented with advantages over previously used tubes.", "PMID": 410347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5587", "title": "Intramural pseudodiverticulosis of the esophagus.", "content": "Intramural pseudodiverticulosis of the esophagus is a rare benign disease, developing most frequently in older males, but occurring in both sexes, at all ages. In some patients symptoms from early childhood suggest congenital origin. The characteristic appearance of \"pinhead\" outpouching from the lumen of the esophagus is seen with contrast esophagram. The major symptom is dysphagia with episodic exacerbations, often with foreign body lodgement. The pseudodiverticula are formed by abnormally dilated adnexal glands and ducts which lie in the submucosa of the esophagus. Secondary infection, most commonly monilial, is the rule, and surrounding inflammatory infiltration may progress to submucosal fibrosis and stenosis. Treatment with dilatation and appropriate antibiotics usually produces rapid relief. Prognosis is good.", "contents": "Intramural pseudodiverticulosis of the esophagus. Intramural pseudodiverticulosis of the esophagus is a rare benign disease, developing most frequently in older males, but occurring in both sexes, at all ages. In some patients symptoms from early childhood suggest congenital origin. The characteristic appearance of \"pinhead\" outpouching from the lumen of the esophagus is seen with contrast esophagram. The major symptom is dysphagia with episodic exacerbations, often with foreign body lodgement. The pseudodiverticula are formed by abnormally dilated adnexal glands and ducts which lie in the submucosa of the esophagus. Secondary infection, most commonly monilial, is the rule, and surrounding inflammatory infiltration may progress to submucosal fibrosis and stenosis. Treatment with dilatation and appropriate antibiotics usually produces rapid relief. Prognosis is good.", "PMID": 410348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5588", "title": "Human cochlear aqueduct and its accessory canals.", "content": "The anatomy of the adult human cochlear aqueduct and its surrounding structures, and their normal variations at tomography, microdissection and plastic molding are described. The mean length of the aqueduct is 12.9 mm and the mean width of its funnel-shaped external aperture 4.2 mm. The mean width of the narrowest portion is 0.14 mm. No difference in aqueductal width was found between the youngest and oldest age groups. Complete bony obstruction was revealed at microdissection in 3 out of 82 specimens. In the remaining 79 the entire aqueduct was patent. The aqueduct usually runs parallel to the internal auditory canal when seen from above, and the AP projection is therefore most suitable for tomography. At tomography the entire aqueduct was visualized in 60% of the specimens. The isthmic portion was not visible in 40%. Major reasons for nonvisualization of the entire aqueduct are: 1) a luminal width less than 0.1 mm, 2) a high jugular fossa, 3) a posteriorly directed aqueductal convexity (10%), and 4) bony obliteration (4)%). Accessory canals close to and often wider than the aqueduct may complicate tomographic evaluation of the aqueductal patency. Nonvisualization of the aqueduct at tomography does not necessarily indicate nonpatency.", "contents": "Human cochlear aqueduct and its accessory canals. The anatomy of the adult human cochlear aqueduct and its surrounding structures, and their normal variations at tomography, microdissection and plastic molding are described. The mean length of the aqueduct is 12.9 mm and the mean width of its funnel-shaped external aperture 4.2 mm. The mean width of the narrowest portion is 0.14 mm. No difference in aqueductal width was found between the youngest and oldest age groups. Complete bony obstruction was revealed at microdissection in 3 out of 82 specimens. In the remaining 79 the entire aqueduct was patent. The aqueduct usually runs parallel to the internal auditory canal when seen from above, and the AP projection is therefore most suitable for tomography. At tomography the entire aqueduct was visualized in 60% of the specimens. The isthmic portion was not visible in 40%. Major reasons for nonvisualization of the entire aqueduct are: 1) a luminal width less than 0.1 mm, 2) a high jugular fossa, 3) a posteriorly directed aqueductal convexity (10%), and 4) bony obliteration (4)%). Accessory canals close to and often wider than the aqueduct may complicate tomographic evaluation of the aqueductal patency. Nonvisualization of the aqueduct at tomography does not necessarily indicate nonpatency.", "PMID": 410349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5589", "title": "Caloric testing. 1. Effect of different conditions of ocular fixation.", "content": "Twelve normal subjects received standard caloric testing under the following conditions: 1) fixation, 2) Frenzel glasses in a dimly lit room, 3) eyes open in total darkness, and 4) eyes closed. Multiple nystagmus response parameters were evaluated and statistically compared for each condition. Fixation markedly diminished induced nystagmus and produced the largest coefficient of variation for each response parameter. Caloric testing with eyes closed resulted in periodic nystagmus suppression and a less distinct saw-toothed pattern. As with fixation, the coefficient of variation was consistently higher with eyes closed compared to eyes open in darkness or Frenzel glasses. It is concluded that caloric testing of the vestibulo-ocular reflex arc should be performed with eyes open in darkness or with Frenzel glasses.", "contents": "Caloric testing. 1. Effect of different conditions of ocular fixation. Twelve normal subjects received standard caloric testing under the following conditions: 1) fixation, 2) Frenzel glasses in a dimly lit room, 3) eyes open in total darkness, and 4) eyes closed. Multiple nystagmus response parameters were evaluated and statistically compared for each condition. Fixation markedly diminished induced nystagmus and produced the largest coefficient of variation for each response parameter. Caloric testing with eyes closed resulted in periodic nystagmus suppression and a less distinct saw-toothed pattern. As with fixation, the coefficient of variation was consistently higher with eyes closed compared to eyes open in darkness or Frenzel glasses. It is concluded that caloric testing of the vestibulo-ocular reflex arc should be performed with eyes open in darkness or with Frenzel glasses.", "PMID": 410350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5590", "title": "Caloric testing. 3. Patients with peripheral and central vestibular lesions.", "content": "Results of bithermal caloric testing in 83 patients with unilateral peripheral vestibular disease, cerebellopontine angle tumors and vertebrobasilar insufficiency were compared in order to find which response measurements identified the most abnormal responses in each disease category. A laboratory digital computer was used to quantitatively assess each caloric response and a large digital computer was used to statistically compare 110 measurements generated from each caloric test. Of the commonly used response parameters maximum slow component velocity (SVMx) and sum of slow amplitudes (SSA) were most sensitive in each category and duration of response (TDUR) was least sensitive. This order was maintained for the vestibular paresis (VP), directional preponderance (DP) and temperature effect (TE) formulas. The magnitude of DP was significantly correlated with the magnitude of spontaneous vestibular nystagmus and both occurred with approximately the same frequency in peripheral and central disorders. There was no reliable way of separating end-organ from VIII nerve or peripheral from central disorders on the basis of the caloric responses.", "contents": "Caloric testing. 3. Patients with peripheral and central vestibular lesions. Results of bithermal caloric testing in 83 patients with unilateral peripheral vestibular disease, cerebellopontine angle tumors and vertebrobasilar insufficiency were compared in order to find which response measurements identified the most abnormal responses in each disease category. A laboratory digital computer was used to quantitatively assess each caloric response and a large digital computer was used to statistically compare 110 measurements generated from each caloric test. Of the commonly used response parameters maximum slow component velocity (SVMx) and sum of slow amplitudes (SSA) were most sensitive in each category and duration of response (TDUR) was least sensitive. This order was maintained for the vestibular paresis (VP), directional preponderance (DP) and temperature effect (TE) formulas. The magnitude of DP was significantly correlated with the magnitude of spontaneous vestibular nystagmus and both occurred with approximately the same frequency in peripheral and central disorders. There was no reliable way of separating end-organ from VIII nerve or peripheral from central disorders on the basis of the caloric responses.", "PMID": 410351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5591", "title": "Caloric testing 2. results in normal subjects.", "content": "A large number of variables were examined simultaneously for 43 normal subjects over the four irrigations of a caloric test. Care was used for every step of the testing procedure and data analysis to eliminate as much of the variance in the caloric responses as possible. The normality of each variable's distribution was examined using the Wilk-Shapiro W test and corrected if necessary by the best of several transformations. The means, standard deviation, and 95% confidence intervals of the resultant data were derived. Statistical tests of temperature, sidedness, and directionality were done on the variables and several important sources of variance were found and explained.", "contents": "Caloric testing 2. results in normal subjects. A large number of variables were examined simultaneously for 43 normal subjects over the four irrigations of a caloric test. Care was used for every step of the testing procedure and data analysis to eliminate as much of the variance in the caloric responses as possible. The normality of each variable's distribution was examined using the Wilk-Shapiro W test and corrected if necessary by the best of several transformations. The means, standard deviation, and 95% confidence intervals of the resultant data were derived. Statistical tests of temperature, sidedness, and directionality were done on the variables and several important sources of variance were found and explained.", "PMID": 410352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5592", "title": "[2 new species of gregarines parasites of annelides: Pleurocystis eiseniellae of Eiseniella tetraedra Sav.)Oligochaeta), Pterospora petaloprocti of Petaloproctus terricola Quatr. (Polychaeta)].", "content": "The first species belongs to the genus Pleurocystis (in the Oligocheta host, Eiseniella tetraedra). It is characterized by early syzygies with lateral connection and navicular sporocysts with similar poles. It differs from the only species already described of the genus and is named Pleurocystis eiseniellae n. sp. The second one is related to the genus Pterospora (in the Polychaeta host, Petaloproctus terricola) but differs from the three species already known by its size and number of terminal digitations in specimens always found in syzygy. The sporocysts with dissimilar poles (one rounded, the other neck-shaped) show a loose epispore. This Gregarine in named Pterospora petaloprocti n. sp.", "contents": "[2 new species of gregarines parasites of annelides: Pleurocystis eiseniellae of Eiseniella tetraedra Sav.)Oligochaeta), Pterospora petaloprocti of Petaloproctus terricola Quatr. (Polychaeta)]. The first species belongs to the genus Pleurocystis (in the Oligocheta host, Eiseniella tetraedra). It is characterized by early syzygies with lateral connection and navicular sporocysts with similar poles. It differs from the only species already described of the genus and is named Pleurocystis eiseniellae n. sp. The second one is related to the genus Pterospora (in the Polychaeta host, Petaloproctus terricola) but differs from the three species already known by its size and number of terminal digitations in specimens always found in syzygy. The sporocysts with dissimilar poles (one rounded, the other neck-shaped) show a loose epispore. This Gregarine in named Pterospora petaloprocti n. sp.", "PMID": 410353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5593", "title": "[Interrelationship of the mass transfer coefficient with regard to O2 and CO2 in the process of antibiotic biosynthesis].", "content": "A complex of studies on the effect of technological parameters on the mass transfer coeficients with respect to O2 and CO2 was carried out. It was shown that the ratio between the mass transfer coefficients with respect to O2 and CO2 was constant and equal to 20 for the fermentation broths of the antibiotic-producing organisms studied.", "contents": "[Interrelationship of the mass transfer coefficient with regard to O2 and CO2 in the process of antibiotic biosynthesis]. A complex of studies on the effect of technological parameters on the mass transfer coeficients with respect to O2 and CO2 was carried out. It was shown that the ratio between the mass transfer coefficients with respect to O2 and CO2 was constant and equal to 20 for the fermentation broths of the antibiotic-producing organisms studied.", "PMID": 410357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5594", "title": "[Conjugation transfer of plasmid resistance to gentamycin and other antibiotics in clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa].", "content": "A possibility of conjugation transfer of the markers of the plasmid resistance to gentamicin and other antibiotics from 10 clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa, isolated from burn patients to the recipient strain of Ps. aeruginosa PTO 629 Rfr was shown. The marker of gentamicin resistance was transferred to 100 out of 110 of the exconjugants, i.e. 86.2 per cent. The rate of the conjugation transfer in the crosses between the clincal strains of Ps. aeruginosa and the recipient strain PTO 629 Rfr with respect to the gentamicin marker was about 10--7. The plasmid resistance markers in the clincal strains Ps. aeruginosa were transferred in various combinations. Transfer of the markers of resistance to streptomycin, carbenicillin, neomycin and combinations Sm, Nm and Sm, Nm, Cm was not achieved.", "contents": "[Conjugation transfer of plasmid resistance to gentamycin and other antibiotics in clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa]. A possibility of conjugation transfer of the markers of the plasmid resistance to gentamicin and other antibiotics from 10 clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa, isolated from burn patients to the recipient strain of Ps. aeruginosa PTO 629 Rfr was shown. The marker of gentamicin resistance was transferred to 100 out of 110 of the exconjugants, i.e. 86.2 per cent. The rate of the conjugation transfer in the crosses between the clincal strains of Ps. aeruginosa and the recipient strain PTO 629 Rfr with respect to the gentamicin marker was about 10--7. The plasmid resistance markers in the clincal strains Ps. aeruginosa were transferred in various combinations. Transfer of the markers of resistance to streptomycin, carbenicillin, neomycin and combinations Sm, Nm and Sm, Nm, Cm was not achieved.", "PMID": 410358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5595", "title": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of the causative agents of suppurative surgical infection].", "content": "Sensitivity of 1492 strains of the causative agents of the surgical purulent infections, i. e. pathogenic Staphylococcus, Proteus, Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, levomycetin, tetracycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, novobiocin, ampicillin, oxacillin, ceporin, gentamicin and rifampicin was studied. Gentamicin was most active against all the bacterial species tested. The staphylococci were in addition sensitive in a high percentage of the cases to rifampicin, novobiocin, ceporin, monomycin and kanamycin. The isolates of E. coli were in addition sensitive to ceporin, monomycin and kanamycin. Sensitivity of the strains of Ps. aeruginosa and Proteus was low to all of the antibiotics except gentamycin. Most of the strains of the causative agents of the surgical purulent infections were multiresistant to 4 antibiotics. The number of the staphylococcal strains sensitive to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin and levomycetin increased in 1976 as compared to 1975 on the background of a limited use of these antibiotics in clinics.", "contents": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of the causative agents of suppurative surgical infection]. Sensitivity of 1492 strains of the causative agents of the surgical purulent infections, i. e. pathogenic Staphylococcus, Proteus, Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, levomycetin, tetracycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, novobiocin, ampicillin, oxacillin, ceporin, gentamicin and rifampicin was studied. Gentamicin was most active against all the bacterial species tested. The staphylococci were in addition sensitive in a high percentage of the cases to rifampicin, novobiocin, ceporin, monomycin and kanamycin. The isolates of E. coli were in addition sensitive to ceporin, monomycin and kanamycin. Sensitivity of the strains of Ps. aeruginosa and Proteus was low to all of the antibiotics except gentamycin. Most of the strains of the causative agents of the surgical purulent infections were multiresistant to 4 antibiotics. The number of the staphylococcal strains sensitive to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin and levomycetin increased in 1976 as compared to 1975 on the background of a limited use of these antibiotics in clinics.", "PMID": 410359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5596", "title": "[Experience with studying suspension media in actinomycete lyophilization].", "content": "Viability, cultural features and antibiotic-production properties of the organisms producing tetracycline, chlortetracycline, erythromycin, neomycin, oxytetracycline and polymyxin were studied after their storage for 2 years in ampoules at a temperature of 4--10 degrees in lyophilized state with the use of sodium glutamate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, their combination and horse serum. The highest growth rate was observed in most of the cultures lyophilized in sodium glutamate. The growth of the cultures lyophilized in the solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone alone was mainly scanty or moderate. The antibiotic production level in some strains lyophilized in sodium glutamate or its combination with polyvinylpyrrolidone was after storage for 2 years somewhat higher than that in the control. The cultural features, i.e. the colour of the aerial and substrate mycelium and pigment secretion did not significantly differ in the lyophilized cultures and the cultures maintained on agarized media.", "contents": "[Experience with studying suspension media in actinomycete lyophilization]. Viability, cultural features and antibiotic-production properties of the organisms producing tetracycline, chlortetracycline, erythromycin, neomycin, oxytetracycline and polymyxin were studied after their storage for 2 years in ampoules at a temperature of 4--10 degrees in lyophilized state with the use of sodium glutamate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, their combination and horse serum. The highest growth rate was observed in most of the cultures lyophilized in sodium glutamate. The growth of the cultures lyophilized in the solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone alone was mainly scanty or moderate. The antibiotic production level in some strains lyophilized in sodium glutamate or its combination with polyvinylpyrrolidone was after storage for 2 years somewhat higher than that in the control. The cultural features, i.e. the colour of the aerial and substrate mycelium and pigment secretion did not significantly differ in the lyophilized cultures and the cultures maintained on agarized media.", "PMID": 410360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5597", "title": "Activity of netilmicin compared with those of gentamicin and tobramycin against enterobacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The inhibitory activity of netilmicin against 500 isolates of gram-negative bacteria was compared with those of gentamicin and tobramycin. Netilmicin was considerably less active than tobramycin and slightly less inhibitory than gentamicin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa but was at least as active against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae as were the other two antibiotics. A few Klebsiella and Serratia isolates resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin were inhibited by netilmicin. All three antibiotics were strongly bactericidal for E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa but had less lethal activity against the otherwise susceptible Serratia isolates tested. Some necessary precautions in reading minimal inhibitory concentrations on agar media are stressed, and some possible advantages of a 4-h bactericidal test, using a constant antibiotic concentration, are defined.", "contents": "Activity of netilmicin compared with those of gentamicin and tobramycin against enterobacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The inhibitory activity of netilmicin against 500 isolates of gram-negative bacteria was compared with those of gentamicin and tobramycin. Netilmicin was considerably less active than tobramycin and slightly less inhibitory than gentamicin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa but was at least as active against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae as were the other two antibiotics. A few Klebsiella and Serratia isolates resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin were inhibited by netilmicin. All three antibiotics were strongly bactericidal for E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa but had less lethal activity against the otherwise susceptible Serratia isolates tested. Some necessary precautions in reading minimal inhibitory concentrations on agar media are stressed, and some possible advantages of a 4-h bactericidal test, using a constant antibiotic concentration, are defined.", "PMID": 410361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5598", "title": "Synergistic activity of trimethoprim and amikacin against gram-negative bacilli.", "content": "The in vitro effect of trimethoprim on the inhibitory and bactericidal activity of amikacin against 20 strains each of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens, 15 strains of Escherichia coli, and 10 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined by the checkerboard technique in microtiter plates. Trimethoprim had a synergistic effect on the inhibitory and bactericidal activity of amikacin against the majority of non-pseudomonas strains tested. The mean +/- standard deviation fractional inhibitory concentration indexes were 0.59 +/- 0.19 for the Klebsiella strains, 0.48 +/- 0.18 for the Serratia strains, and 0.60 +/- 0.22 for the E. coli strains tested. Respective mean +/- standard deviation fractional bactericidal concentration indexes for these organisms were 0.55 +/- 0.17, 0.54 +/- 0.29, and 0.61 +/- 0.22. A total of 40% of the Klebsiella strains, 80% of the Serratia strains, and 46% of the E. coli strains had a fractional inhibitory concentration equal to or less than 0.25 for both of these antimicrobial agents and were considered to be synergistically inhibited by the combination. By applying this criterion to bactericidal activity, synergy was demonstrated against 50, 65, and 46% of these strains, respectively. All of the Enterobacteriaceae tested were inhibited by clinically achievable concentrations of trimethoprim and amikacin. Antagonism was not demonstrated with any of the organisms tested. Trimethoprim had no antibacterial effect on the Pseudomonas strains and did not alter amikacin's activity against these bacteria.", "contents": "Synergistic activity of trimethoprim and amikacin against gram-negative bacilli. The in vitro effect of trimethoprim on the inhibitory and bactericidal activity of amikacin against 20 strains each of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens, 15 strains of Escherichia coli, and 10 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined by the checkerboard technique in microtiter plates. Trimethoprim had a synergistic effect on the inhibitory and bactericidal activity of amikacin against the majority of non-pseudomonas strains tested. The mean +/- standard deviation fractional inhibitory concentration indexes were 0.59 +/- 0.19 for the Klebsiella strains, 0.48 +/- 0.18 for the Serratia strains, and 0.60 +/- 0.22 for the E. coli strains tested. Respective mean +/- standard deviation fractional bactericidal concentration indexes for these organisms were 0.55 +/- 0.17, 0.54 +/- 0.29, and 0.61 +/- 0.22. A total of 40% of the Klebsiella strains, 80% of the Serratia strains, and 46% of the E. coli strains had a fractional inhibitory concentration equal to or less than 0.25 for both of these antimicrobial agents and were considered to be synergistically inhibited by the combination. By applying this criterion to bactericidal activity, synergy was demonstrated against 50, 65, and 46% of these strains, respectively. All of the Enterobacteriaceae tested were inhibited by clinically achievable concentrations of trimethoprim and amikacin. Antagonism was not demonstrated with any of the organisms tested. Trimethoprim had no antibacterial effect on the Pseudomonas strains and did not alter amikacin's activity against these bacteria.", "PMID": 410362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5599", "title": "Comparison of the effects of two lipophilic acids, hexachlorophene and decanoate, on Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The minimal growth-inhibitory amount of either hexachlorophene (HCP) or decanoate stopped growth, respiration, adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis, and amino acid transport of Bacillus subtilis in a culture containing amino acids and citrate as carbon sources. The electron transport system was not affected by this dose. Addition of 27.8 mM glucose or 10 mM malate to an inhibited culture did not reverse the binding of HCP or decanoate to the cells, but it allowed resumption of growth, respiration, and adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis, as the glucose or malate then supplied the needed carbon. The addition of glucose or malate did not reverse amino acid transport inhibition caused by decanoate, but it did reverse that due to HCP. However, if the dose of HCP was raised in the presence of glucose or malate, only growth and amino acid transport were affected; this indicates that both HCP and decanoate act at their minimal growth inhibitory doses by inhibiting substrate transport. As active transport of amino acids and ketoacids depends on the proton gradient and the membrane potential of the cells, we conclude that the primary effect of these lipophilic acids is the destruction of the proton-motive force.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of two lipophilic acids, hexachlorophene and decanoate, on Bacillus subtilis. The minimal growth-inhibitory amount of either hexachlorophene (HCP) or decanoate stopped growth, respiration, adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis, and amino acid transport of Bacillus subtilis in a culture containing amino acids and citrate as carbon sources. The electron transport system was not affected by this dose. Addition of 27.8 mM glucose or 10 mM malate to an inhibited culture did not reverse the binding of HCP or decanoate to the cells, but it allowed resumption of growth, respiration, and adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis, as the glucose or malate then supplied the needed carbon. The addition of glucose or malate did not reverse amino acid transport inhibition caused by decanoate, but it did reverse that due to HCP. However, if the dose of HCP was raised in the presence of glucose or malate, only growth and amino acid transport were affected; this indicates that both HCP and decanoate act at their minimal growth inhibitory doses by inhibiting substrate transport. As active transport of amino acids and ketoacids depends on the proton gradient and the membrane potential of the cells, we conclude that the primary effect of these lipophilic acids is the destruction of the proton-motive force.", "PMID": 410363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5600", "title": "Identification of drug resistance loci in various clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Extending previous results obtained for three strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, four naturally occurring, multiply resistant isolates were used in transformation studies. Six drug resistance loci corresponding to those found in the previously studied strains were identified. In addition, the mtr and ery-2 loci were found to be allelic.", "contents": "Identification of drug resistance loci in various clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Extending previous results obtained for three strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, four naturally occurring, multiply resistant isolates were used in transformation studies. Six drug resistance loci corresponding to those found in the previously studied strains were identified. In addition, the mtr and ery-2 loci were found to be allelic.", "PMID": 410364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5601", "title": "Toxicity of Diplodia maydis to laboratory animals.", "content": "Ten strains of Diplodia maydis isolated from commercial corn samples and grown on whole yellow corn at 25 degrees C for 6 weeks were toxic to ducklings and rats. The degree of toxicity depended on the incubation period and temperature. Minimum incubation periods of 3 to 4 weeks and 6 weeks were necessary to cause mortality in ducklings and rats, respectively. Cultures incubated at 31 and 25 degrees C were much more toxic than those kept at 16 and 20 degrees C. Heat treatments at 80 to 90 degrees C destroyed most of the toxicity of moldy meal. Mild lesions of a similar histopathological nature were found in subclinically and lethally poisoned rats. These included toxic myocarditis, enteritis, focal renal tubular necrosis, degeneration and peripheral necrosis of the islets of Langerhans, and a generalized venous congestion.", "contents": "Toxicity of Diplodia maydis to laboratory animals. Ten strains of Diplodia maydis isolated from commercial corn samples and grown on whole yellow corn at 25 degrees C for 6 weeks were toxic to ducklings and rats. The degree of toxicity depended on the incubation period and temperature. Minimum incubation periods of 3 to 4 weeks and 6 weeks were necessary to cause mortality in ducklings and rats, respectively. Cultures incubated at 31 and 25 degrees C were much more toxic than those kept at 16 and 20 degrees C. Heat treatments at 80 to 90 degrees C destroyed most of the toxicity of moldy meal. Mild lesions of a similar histopathological nature were found in subclinically and lethally poisoned rats. These included toxic myocarditis, enteritis, focal renal tubular necrosis, degeneration and peripheral necrosis of the islets of Langerhans, and a generalized venous congestion.", "PMID": 410365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5602", "title": "Surface-decontaminating action of glutaraldehyde in the gas-aerosol phase.", "content": "The surface disinfectant effect of glutaraldehyde in the gas-aerosol phase was investigated at different relative humidities and temperatures. At a gas-aerosol concentration of 15 to 20 mg/m3 and a relative humidity of about 80%, glutaraldehyde had a good disinfectant effect against both vegetative bacteria (decimal reduction time, less than 5 min) and bacterial spores (decimal reduction time, less than 45 min). In spite of its low volatility, glutaraldehyde was more effective than formaldehyde when the two substances were compared on an \"added amount\" basis.", "contents": "Surface-decontaminating action of glutaraldehyde in the gas-aerosol phase. The surface disinfectant effect of glutaraldehyde in the gas-aerosol phase was investigated at different relative humidities and temperatures. At a gas-aerosol concentration of 15 to 20 mg/m3 and a relative humidity of about 80%, glutaraldehyde had a good disinfectant effect against both vegetative bacteria (decimal reduction time, less than 5 min) and bacterial spores (decimal reduction time, less than 45 min). In spite of its low volatility, glutaraldehyde was more effective than formaldehyde when the two substances were compared on an \"added amount\" basis.", "PMID": 410366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5603", "title": "Dry-heat resistance of selected psychrophiles.", "content": "The dry-heat resistance characteristics of spores of psychrophilic organisms isolated from soil samples from the Viking spacecraft assembly areas at Cape Kennedy Space Flight Center, Cape Canaveral, Fla., were studied. Spore suspensions were produced, and dry-heat D values were determined for the microorganisms that demonstrated growth or survival under a simulated Martian environment. The dry-heat tests were carried out by using the planchet-boat-hot plate system at 110 and 125 degrees C with an ambient relative humidity of 50% at 22 degrees C. The spores evaluated had a relatively low resistance to dry heat. D(110 degrees C) values ranged from 7.5 to 122 min, whereas the D(123 degrees C) values ranged from less than 1.0 to 9.8 min.", "contents": "Dry-heat resistance of selected psychrophiles. The dry-heat resistance characteristics of spores of psychrophilic organisms isolated from soil samples from the Viking spacecraft assembly areas at Cape Kennedy Space Flight Center, Cape Canaveral, Fla., were studied. Spore suspensions were produced, and dry-heat D values were determined for the microorganisms that demonstrated growth or survival under a simulated Martian environment. The dry-heat tests were carried out by using the planchet-boat-hot plate system at 110 and 125 degrees C with an ambient relative humidity of 50% at 22 degrees C. The spores evaluated had a relatively low resistance to dry heat. D(110 degrees C) values ranged from 7.5 to 122 min, whereas the D(123 degrees C) values ranged from less than 1.0 to 9.8 min.", "PMID": 410367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5604", "title": "Parathion utilization by bacterial symbionts in a chemostat.", "content": "A continuous-culture device was used to select and enrich for microorganisms, from sewage and agricultural runoff, that were capable of using the organophosphorus insecticide parathion as a sole growth substrate. Parathion was dissimilated by the highly acclimated symbiotic activities of Pseudomonas stutzeri, which non-oxidatively and cometabolically hydrolyzed the parathion to ionic diethyl thiophosphate and p-nitrophenol, and P. aeruginosa, which utilized the p-nitrophenol as a sole carbon and energy source. Ionic diethyl thiophosphate was found to be inert to any transformations. Methyl parathion was dissimilated in an analogous way. The device functioned as a chemostat with parathion as the growth-limiting nutrient, and extraordinarily high dissimilation rates were attained for parathion (8 g/liter per day) and for p-nitrophenol (7 g/liter per day). This is the first report of parathion utilization by a defined microbial culture and by symbiotic microbial attack and of dissimilation of an organophosphorus pesticide in a chemostat.", "contents": "Parathion utilization by bacterial symbionts in a chemostat. A continuous-culture device was used to select and enrich for microorganisms, from sewage and agricultural runoff, that were capable of using the organophosphorus insecticide parathion as a sole growth substrate. Parathion was dissimilated by the highly acclimated symbiotic activities of Pseudomonas stutzeri, which non-oxidatively and cometabolically hydrolyzed the parathion to ionic diethyl thiophosphate and p-nitrophenol, and P. aeruginosa, which utilized the p-nitrophenol as a sole carbon and energy source. Ionic diethyl thiophosphate was found to be inert to any transformations. Methyl parathion was dissimilated in an analogous way. The device functioned as a chemostat with parathion as the growth-limiting nutrient, and extraordinarily high dissimilation rates were attained for parathion (8 g/liter per day) and for p-nitrophenol (7 g/liter per day). This is the first report of parathion utilization by a defined microbial culture and by symbiotic microbial attack and of dissimilation of an organophosphorus pesticide in a chemostat.", "PMID": 410368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5605", "title": "Removal of Escherichia coli in wastewater by activated sludge.", "content": "Removal of bacteria from wastewater treated with activated sludge was studied by the use of a streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli strain. The removal appeared to be a biphasic process. A rapid sorption of bacteria to the sludge flocs took place in the first hour after seeding mixed liquor with E. coli. Thereafter, slower elimination of E. coli was observed. The latter process was due to predation on E. coli by ciliated protozoa. This was shown by: (i) appearance of fluorescent food vacuoles of ciliates when fluorescent E. coli cells were added to mixed liquor; (ii) inhibition of predation either in the presence of cycloheximide or under anaerobic conditions; and (iii) absence of predation in bulking and washed sludge.", "contents": "Removal of Escherichia coli in wastewater by activated sludge. Removal of bacteria from wastewater treated with activated sludge was studied by the use of a streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli strain. The removal appeared to be a biphasic process. A rapid sorption of bacteria to the sludge flocs took place in the first hour after seeding mixed liquor with E. coli. Thereafter, slower elimination of E. coli was observed. The latter process was due to predation on E. coli by ciliated protozoa. This was shown by: (i) appearance of fluorescent food vacuoles of ciliates when fluorescent E. coli cells were added to mixed liquor; (ii) inhibition of predation either in the presence of cycloheximide or under anaerobic conditions; and (iii) absence of predation in bulking and washed sludge.", "PMID": 410369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5606", "title": "Clinical significance of basal cell layer antibodies.", "content": "Circulating antibodies in humans were found to antigens present only in the basal cell layer of stratified squamous epidermis by the immunofluorescence technique. Such antibodies were uncommon, being present in only 38 (1.5%) of 2,500 sera. They usually occurred in the presence of immune disorders involving the skin, although they were not associated with a particular disease.", "contents": "Clinical significance of basal cell layer antibodies. Circulating antibodies in humans were found to antigens present only in the basal cell layer of stratified squamous epidermis by the immunofluorescence technique. Such antibodies were uncommon, being present in only 38 (1.5%) of 2,500 sera. They usually occurred in the presence of immune disorders involving the skin, although they were not associated with a particular disease.", "PMID": 410373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5607", "title": "Degradation of carbaryl by soil microorganisms.", "content": "Four days after carbaryl-naphthyl-1-14C was mixed with soil from a field treated 6 months previously with 4 lb/A of the same insecticide, only 28% of the radiocarbon remained. Approximately 90% remained in soils with no history of pesticide applications. However, dissipation of the carbaryl-14C residues from the latter soils continued at a rather steady rate over a 120-day test period, whereas there was little dissipation after 4 days from the former. Consequently, the total 14C-residue levels were about the same, 15 to 20% of applied, when the last samples were taken. Carbaryl, per se, was the only apolar 14C-residue recovered from the soil and only small quantities, less than 2% of the amount applied, of extractable polar metabolites were encountered. Almost all of the terminal residues were unextractable from the soil with mixtures of acetone and water. Much of the loss of 14C-residues from the soil was attributed to the liberation of 14C-carbon dioxide as a result of microbial degradation of the naphthalene ring. Several fungal and bacterial isolates degraded carbaryl in the same manner as observed with soil incubations, but the rates of degradation were much slower.", "contents": "Degradation of carbaryl by soil microorganisms. Four days after carbaryl-naphthyl-1-14C was mixed with soil from a field treated 6 months previously with 4 lb/A of the same insecticide, only 28% of the radiocarbon remained. Approximately 90% remained in soils with no history of pesticide applications. However, dissipation of the carbaryl-14C residues from the latter soils continued at a rather steady rate over a 120-day test period, whereas there was little dissipation after 4 days from the former. Consequently, the total 14C-residue levels were about the same, 15 to 20% of applied, when the last samples were taken. Carbaryl, per se, was the only apolar 14C-residue recovered from the soil and only small quantities, less than 2% of the amount applied, of extractable polar metabolites were encountered. Almost all of the terminal residues were unextractable from the soil with mixtures of acetone and water. Much of the loss of 14C-residues from the soil was attributed to the liberation of 14C-carbon dioxide as a result of microbial degradation of the naphthalene ring. Several fungal and bacterial isolates degraded carbaryl in the same manner as observed with soil incubations, but the rates of degradation were much slower.", "PMID": 410374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5608", "title": "Substrate interaction in intravenous feeding: comparative effects of carbohydrate and fat on amino acid utilization in fasting man.", "content": "Data are presented on the metabolic and endocrine effects of intravenous infusions in normal fasting man observed under highly controlled conditions over a period of six to eight days duration. There are comparative data on a variety of intravenous feeding programs. The data on total starvation are based on studies from the literature, some of which were carried out in this laboratory. The data on low dose glucose, high dose glucose, glycerol, fat emulsion, and amino acids, each given separately, demonstrate changes seen with simple infusion of a single substrate in fasting. These data are now compared with the utilization of amino acid infusions when accompanied by low dose glucose, high dose glucose, glycerol, and fat emulsion. In all, nine experimental intravenous feeding programs are presented, based on data from 35 subjects observed over a total of 370 subject-days. The findings show a strong interaction between glucose or lipid and protein metabolism. In fasting, glucose had protein sparing effect, most evident when given at high dose. Glycerol, in an amount equal to that contained in 2000 ml of ten per cent fat emulsion, had a mild protein sparing effect. Fat emulsion was no more effective. When amino acids were given alone, normal fasting human subjects were always in negative nitrogen balance with the daily nitrogen loss half that seen in starvation alone. Although amino acids given alone have a protein sparing effect, this is accomplished only at the expense of a high nitrogen excretion including an amount equivalent to the entire infusion plus an additional loss from the body's native proteins. The provision of energy yielding non-protein substrates with the amino acids markedly improved nitrogen economy in the following order: glycerol, low dose glucose, fat emulsion and high dose glucose. When caloric provision with glucose approached the isocaloric level for normal diet, the utilization of amino acids was maximized. When given with amino acids, fat emulsion was more effective than the available glycerol alone. THE ACCOMPANYING ENDOCRINE AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES SUGGEST THAT THE MILIEU FOR IDEAL UTILIZATION OF INFUSED AMINO ACIDS IS VARIABLE: ketones at low range (carbohydrate) or moderately elevated (fat emulsion); insulin elevated (carbohydrate) or unchanged (fat emulsion). The utilization of the infused amino acids was markedly improved in both endocrine settings, suggesting that it is the provision of energy as substrate as well as the endocrine setting that determines amino acid utilization. There were other changes in plasma intermediates, particularly fatty acids, glucose and urea, all consistent with the concept that when amino acids are given without other substrates, the amino acids must be maximally utilized for gluconeogenesis. When other substrates are provided (particularly glucose at high dose) then this mandate no longer exists and protein synthesis from the amino acids is favored. Several of the plasma amino acid concentrations responded to glucose when added to amino acid infusion. Amino acids alone produced increases in concentration of all the amino acids found in the infusion with the exception of alanine, arginine, and threonine. Many of these increases were abated by the addition of glucose to the amino acid infusion, suggesting an increased utilization rate. Glycerol and fat emulsion, while modulating increases in the plasma amino acid concentration, did so to a lesser extent than did glucose. This lowering of amino acid concentration was unaccompanied by an increase in urinary excretion. The assumption is therefore made that the provision of the added glucose favors the incorporation of amino acid into protein. There is no evidence from these data to suggest that a rising concentration of ketones in the blood favors amino acid utilization or protein synthesis.", "contents": "Substrate interaction in intravenous feeding: comparative effects of carbohydrate and fat on amino acid utilization in fasting man. Data are presented on the metabolic and endocrine effects of intravenous infusions in normal fasting man observed under highly controlled conditions over a period of six to eight days duration. There are comparative data on a variety of intravenous feeding programs. The data on total starvation are based on studies from the literature, some of which were carried out in this laboratory. The data on low dose glucose, high dose glucose, glycerol, fat emulsion, and amino acids, each given separately, demonstrate changes seen with simple infusion of a single substrate in fasting. These data are now compared with the utilization of amino acid infusions when accompanied by low dose glucose, high dose glucose, glycerol, and fat emulsion. In all, nine experimental intravenous feeding programs are presented, based on data from 35 subjects observed over a total of 370 subject-days. The findings show a strong interaction between glucose or lipid and protein metabolism. In fasting, glucose had protein sparing effect, most evident when given at high dose. Glycerol, in an amount equal to that contained in 2000 ml of ten per cent fat emulsion, had a mild protein sparing effect. Fat emulsion was no more effective. When amino acids were given alone, normal fasting human subjects were always in negative nitrogen balance with the daily nitrogen loss half that seen in starvation alone. Although amino acids given alone have a protein sparing effect, this is accomplished only at the expense of a high nitrogen excretion including an amount equivalent to the entire infusion plus an additional loss from the body's native proteins. The provision of energy yielding non-protein substrates with the amino acids markedly improved nitrogen economy in the following order: glycerol, low dose glucose, fat emulsion and high dose glucose. When caloric provision with glucose approached the isocaloric level for normal diet, the utilization of amino acids was maximized. When given with amino acids, fat emulsion was more effective than the available glycerol alone. THE ACCOMPANYING ENDOCRINE AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES SUGGEST THAT THE MILIEU FOR IDEAL UTILIZATION OF INFUSED AMINO ACIDS IS VARIABLE: ketones at low range (carbohydrate) or moderately elevated (fat emulsion); insulin elevated (carbohydrate) or unchanged (fat emulsion). The utilization of the infused amino acids was markedly improved in both endocrine settings, suggesting that it is the provision of energy as substrate as well as the endocrine setting that determines amino acid utilization. There were other changes in plasma intermediates, particularly fatty acids, glucose and urea, all consistent with the concept that when amino acids are given without other substrates, the amino acids must be maximally utilized for gluconeogenesis. When other substrates are provided (particularly glucose at high dose) then this mandate no longer exists and protein synthesis from the amino acids is favored. Several of the plasma amino acid concentrations responded to glucose when added to amino acid infusion. Amino acids alone produced increases in concentration of all the amino acids found in the infusion with the exception of alanine, arginine, and threonine. Many of these increases were abated by the addition of glucose to the amino acid infusion, suggesting an increased utilization rate. Glycerol and fat emulsion, while modulating increases in the plasma amino acid concentration, did so to a lesser extent than did glucose. This lowering of amino acid concentration was unaccompanied by an increase in urinary excretion. The assumption is therefore made that the provision of the added glucose favors the incorporation of amino acid into protein. There is no evidence from these data to suggest that a rising concentration of ketones in the blood favors amino acid utilization or protein synthesis.", "PMID": 410376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5609", "title": "[Immunogenicity of L5178Y cells modified by different reagents].", "content": "Lymphoma L5178Y cells were treated with neuraminidase of Vibrio cholerae, potassium iodine, dithiotreitol (DTT), mercaptoethanol, glutaraldehyde, iodoacetamide, merthiolate, sodium periodate, urea, papaine, trypsine and EDTA, to increase immunoreaction in tumor cells. Mice were immunized with modified tumor cells every week for one month. Thereafter non modified tumor cells were transplanted to previously immunized mice. Only the immunization with neuraminidase-treated cells rejected the tumor. Although the immunization with cells treated with potassium iodine, DTT and mercaptoethanol did not reject tumor, prolonged significantly span of life. The other reactives had neither effect on tumor rejection nor on span of life.", "contents": "[Immunogenicity of L5178Y cells modified by different reagents]. Lymphoma L5178Y cells were treated with neuraminidase of Vibrio cholerae, potassium iodine, dithiotreitol (DTT), mercaptoethanol, glutaraldehyde, iodoacetamide, merthiolate, sodium periodate, urea, papaine, trypsine and EDTA, to increase immunoreaction in tumor cells. Mice were immunized with modified tumor cells every week for one month. Thereafter non modified tumor cells were transplanted to previously immunized mice. Only the immunization with neuraminidase-treated cells rejected the tumor. Although the immunization with cells treated with potassium iodine, DTT and mercaptoethanol did not reject tumor, prolonged significantly span of life. The other reactives had neither effect on tumor rejection nor on span of life.", "PMID": 410377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5610", "title": "[Immunology of histoplasmosis: isolation of a polysaccharide-protein complex with immuno-specific activity from Histoplasma capsulatum].", "content": "A polysaccharide protein complex (PPC) with a high specificity in immunodiffusion in gel (IDG) was isolated from a Histoplasma capsulatum strain. Although unaffected by proteolytic enzymes (pronase) and heat, the PPC antigen activity was destroyed by beta-glucosidase. These results suggest that the specificity of the PPC antigen might be located in the polysaccharide fraction. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the PPC antigen gave only one brand detected by Schiff's reagent (PAS).", "contents": "[Immunology of histoplasmosis: isolation of a polysaccharide-protein complex with immuno-specific activity from Histoplasma capsulatum]. A polysaccharide protein complex (PPC) with a high specificity in immunodiffusion in gel (IDG) was isolated from a Histoplasma capsulatum strain. Although unaffected by proteolytic enzymes (pronase) and heat, the PPC antigen activity was destroyed by beta-glucosidase. These results suggest that the specificity of the PPC antigen might be located in the polysaccharide fraction. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the PPC antigen gave only one brand detected by Schiff's reagent (PAS).", "PMID": 410378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5611", "title": "Influence of electric fields on photophobic reactions in blue-green algae.", "content": "The effect of external electric fields on photo-accumulations of Phormidium uncinatum in light traps has been studied. 1. In direct current fields the phobic reaction of trichoms leaving the light field is not impaired if a voltage of 2.5 V is not exceeded. With voltages between 3 and 7 V the trichoms are motile, but phobic reactions are cancelled, provided the organisms are oriented more or less parallel to the electric field lines. Higher voltages cause the algae to die within minutes. 2. Only alternating current fields of very low frequencies (less than or equal 10(-3) Hz) have similar effects. Sine waves are more effective than triangular ones, but less than square waves. A hypothesis is proposed according to which sensory transduction of photophobic reactions in blue-green algae is mediated by changes in the endogenous membrane potential. This potential might be interfered with by the application of an external electric field, thus inhibiting photophobic reactions.", "contents": "Influence of electric fields on photophobic reactions in blue-green algae. The effect of external electric fields on photo-accumulations of Phormidium uncinatum in light traps has been studied. 1. In direct current fields the phobic reaction of trichoms leaving the light field is not impaired if a voltage of 2.5 V is not exceeded. With voltages between 3 and 7 V the trichoms are motile, but phobic reactions are cancelled, provided the organisms are oriented more or less parallel to the electric field lines. Higher voltages cause the algae to die within minutes. 2. Only alternating current fields of very low frequencies (less than or equal 10(-3) Hz) have similar effects. Sine waves are more effective than triangular ones, but less than square waves. A hypothesis is proposed according to which sensory transduction of photophobic reactions in blue-green algae is mediated by changes in the endogenous membrane potential. This potential might be interfered with by the application of an external electric field, thus inhibiting photophobic reactions.", "PMID": 410383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5612", "title": "Elongation and cell division in Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus.", "content": "Elongation and division of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus were studied in axenic synchronous cultures. The cells elongate unidirectionally from one end attaining a length of several \"unit cells\", and then divide into the corresponding number of cells. The length of the filament and, consequently, the progeny number, vary within the range of two to several dozen cells, according to the conditions used. A protein and a low molecular weight component are required for normal division.", "contents": "Elongation and cell division in Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. Elongation and division of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus were studied in axenic synchronous cultures. The cells elongate unidirectionally from one end attaining a length of several \"unit cells\", and then divide into the corresponding number of cells. The length of the filament and, consequently, the progeny number, vary within the range of two to several dozen cells, according to the conditions used. A protein and a low molecular weight component are required for normal division.", "PMID": 410384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5613", "title": "Micromorphology of Gram-negative hydrogen bacteria. I. Cell morphology and flagellation.", "content": "The cell morphology, the arrangement and fine structure of flagella and the piliation of the following Gram-negative aerobic hydrogen bacteria have been studied: Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes paradoxus, Alcaligenes ruhlandii, Pseudomonas flava, Pseudomonas pseudoflava, Pseudomonas palleronii, Pseudomonas facilis, Aquaspirillum autotrophicum, Paracoccus denitrificans, Corynebacterium autotrophicum, and strains MA 2 and SA 35. The identity of the bacteria was examined by their substrate spectra and type of flagellation. Three types of flagellar fine structure were differentiated. The presence of pili was noted in strains of Alcaligenes paradoxus, Pseudomonas flava, P.pseudoflava, P.palleronii, and P.facilis.", "contents": "Micromorphology of Gram-negative hydrogen bacteria. I. Cell morphology and flagellation. The cell morphology, the arrangement and fine structure of flagella and the piliation of the following Gram-negative aerobic hydrogen bacteria have been studied: Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes paradoxus, Alcaligenes ruhlandii, Pseudomonas flava, Pseudomonas pseudoflava, Pseudomonas palleronii, Pseudomonas facilis, Aquaspirillum autotrophicum, Paracoccus denitrificans, Corynebacterium autotrophicum, and strains MA 2 and SA 35. The identity of the bacteria was examined by their substrate spectra and type of flagellation. Three types of flagellar fine structure were differentiated. The presence of pili was noted in strains of Alcaligenes paradoxus, Pseudomonas flava, P.pseudoflava, P.palleronii, and P.facilis.", "PMID": 410385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5614", "title": "Identification of intracellular immunoglobulin in extramedullary myeloma.", "content": "We describe a patient with multiple myeloma characterized by clinically evident extramedullary metastasis and marked anaplastic alterations of neoplastic cells. We describe the technique that detected the presence of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin IgGk in mature plasma cells from paraffin-fixed tissue obtained from an iliac lesion and in anaplastic tumor cells infiltrating a lymph node from which a biopsy specimen was taken three years later. These data confirm that both tissues were composed of a cell with identical origin. In addition, the immunohistochemical technique is applicable for the identification of other antigens present in paraffin-embedded tissue.", "contents": "Identification of intracellular immunoglobulin in extramedullary myeloma. We describe a patient with multiple myeloma characterized by clinically evident extramedullary metastasis and marked anaplastic alterations of neoplastic cells. We describe the technique that detected the presence of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin IgGk in mature plasma cells from paraffin-fixed tissue obtained from an iliac lesion and in anaplastic tumor cells infiltrating a lymph node from which a biopsy specimen was taken three years later. These data confirm that both tissues were composed of a cell with identical origin. In addition, the immunohistochemical technique is applicable for the identification of other antigens present in paraffin-embedded tissue.", "PMID": 410387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5615", "title": "Nutritional management of cancer patients in a variety of therapeutic regimens.", "content": "The various therapeutic modalities for the control of neoplastic disease create metabolic disturbances necessitating special nutritional management. Negative nitrogen balance as a result of cell destruction, especially during chemotherapy and radiotherapy, is common. Nutritional support would be beneficial both in the early and in the late stages of cancer treatment. The mode of feedings should be individualized depending on the specific problems of each patient. For successful nutrition intervention, an understanding of the rational for integrated medical, nursing and nutritional approaches in the management of the patient is important.", "contents": "Nutritional management of cancer patients in a variety of therapeutic regimens. The various therapeutic modalities for the control of neoplastic disease create metabolic disturbances necessitating special nutritional management. Negative nitrogen balance as a result of cell destruction, especially during chemotherapy and radiotherapy, is common. Nutritional support would be beneficial both in the early and in the late stages of cancer treatment. The mode of feedings should be individualized depending on the specific problems of each patient. For successful nutrition intervention, an understanding of the rational for integrated medical, nursing and nutritional approaches in the management of the patient is important.", "PMID": 410388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5616", "title": "Double gastroenterostomy tube in gastric surgery.", "content": "This report describes a new double gastroenterostomy tube. It has been used in patients where delayed oral feedings are anticipated, ie, a perforated duodenal ulcer, suture-plicated, with stenosis of the duodenum; a duodenal ulcer with outlet obstruction treated with vagotomy and gastroenterostomy; and patients with chronic lung disease undergoing gastric surgery and requiring postoperative respiratory assistance. Its use has proved to be beneficial, and it is cheap and allows early enteric feeding.", "contents": "Double gastroenterostomy tube in gastric surgery. This report describes a new double gastroenterostomy tube. It has been used in patients where delayed oral feedings are anticipated, ie, a perforated duodenal ulcer, suture-plicated, with stenosis of the duodenum; a duodenal ulcer with outlet obstruction treated with vagotomy and gastroenterostomy; and patients with chronic lung disease undergoing gastric surgery and requiring postoperative respiratory assistance. Its use has proved to be beneficial, and it is cheap and allows early enteric feeding.", "PMID": 410389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5617", "title": "[Use of parenteral and elementary enteral nutrition in the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in children].", "content": "Nine children, aged 2 to 16 years, presented with severe Crohn's disease (5 cases) and ulcerative colitis (4 cases). They were given exclusive parenteral feeding 6 times and elementary enteral feeding at constant flow 9 times. In 6 cases, an anti-inflammatory treatment and/or surgical excision were associated. In all cases, immediate results were excellent and permitted to overcome an acute phase. Considering these results, the authors discuss the relative indications of these techniques of nutrition, in the treatment of severe cases of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in children.", "contents": "[Use of parenteral and elementary enteral nutrition in the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in children]. Nine children, aged 2 to 16 years, presented with severe Crohn's disease (5 cases) and ulcerative colitis (4 cases). They were given exclusive parenteral feeding 6 times and elementary enteral feeding at constant flow 9 times. In 6 cases, an anti-inflammatory treatment and/or surgical excision were associated. In all cases, immediate results were excellent and permitted to overcome an acute phase. Considering these results, the authors discuss the relative indications of these techniques of nutrition, in the treatment of severe cases of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in children.", "PMID": 410386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5618", "title": "[Interstitial cells of the kidney medulla and the content of prostaglandins in the kidneys of rats after administration of indomethacin].", "content": "A parallel study on the content of prostaglandins (PG) in the kidneys, the morphological condition of the medulla interstitial cells, and the activity of prostaglandin-dehydrogenase in rats given indometacyn for 5 days in a dose of 5 mg/kg was carried out. A considerable decrease in the content of PGA2 and PGE2 and an increase in PGF 2alpha in the kidneys of the experimental animals as compared with the controls was noted. The number of lipid granules in the interstitial cells of the renal medulla was also increased. A significant rise in the activity of prostaglandin-dehydrogenase was observed in the kidneys of the animals given indometacyn. The experimental results confirmed the suggestion that the medulla interstitial cells took a direct part in synthesis of renal PG. Indometacyn was shown to be able to decrease the PG content in the kidneys not only by inhibiting the activity of prostaglandin-dehydtogenase, as it was thought, but also by increasing the activity of prostaglandin-dehydrogenase.", "contents": "[Interstitial cells of the kidney medulla and the content of prostaglandins in the kidneys of rats after administration of indomethacin]. A parallel study on the content of prostaglandins (PG) in the kidneys, the morphological condition of the medulla interstitial cells, and the activity of prostaglandin-dehydrogenase in rats given indometacyn for 5 days in a dose of 5 mg/kg was carried out. A considerable decrease in the content of PGA2 and PGE2 and an increase in PGF 2alpha in the kidneys of the experimental animals as compared with the controls was noted. The number of lipid granules in the interstitial cells of the renal medulla was also increased. A significant rise in the activity of prostaglandin-dehydrogenase was observed in the kidneys of the animals given indometacyn. The experimental results confirmed the suggestion that the medulla interstitial cells took a direct part in synthesis of renal PG. Indometacyn was shown to be able to decrease the PG content in the kidneys not only by inhibiting the activity of prostaglandin-dehydtogenase, as it was thought, but also by increasing the activity of prostaglandin-dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 410391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5619", "title": "Methyl alcohol poisoning III. Ocular toxicity.", "content": "The ocular toxicity of methyl alcohol has been investigated in six rhesus monkeys. All the animals developed fundus changes within 43 to 171 hours after its ingestion. The only fundus lesion seen was optic disc edema and associated changes, usually of a marked degree. Fluorescein fundus angiography confirmed the findings. The retinal and choroidal circulations, including the retinal capillary bed, were normal. Ophthalmoscopically and angiographically, optic disc edema in methyl alcohol poisoning was indistinguishable from that seen in raised intracranial pressure, except that no increased intracranial pressure was observed. It is postulated that optic disc edema in methyl alcohol poisoning is due to an axoplasmic flow stasis.", "contents": "Methyl alcohol poisoning III. Ocular toxicity. The ocular toxicity of methyl alcohol has been investigated in six rhesus monkeys. All the animals developed fundus changes within 43 to 171 hours after its ingestion. The only fundus lesion seen was optic disc edema and associated changes, usually of a marked degree. Fluorescein fundus angiography confirmed the findings. The retinal and choroidal circulations, including the retinal capillary bed, were normal. Ophthalmoscopically and angiographically, optic disc edema in methyl alcohol poisoning was indistinguishable from that seen in raised intracranial pressure, except that no increased intracranial pressure was observed. It is postulated that optic disc edema in methyl alcohol poisoning is due to an axoplasmic flow stasis.", "PMID": 410394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5620", "title": "[The psychogenic clubfoot. A rare posttraumatic condition (author's transl)].", "content": "At the beginning of this century and during World War I psychogenic contractures were very common; later on they became rare.--The author reports and demonstrates 3 cases of psychogenic supination contractures of the foot (functional clubfeet) following a slight trauma of the ankle, the treatment of which was carried out in 1946, 1974 and 1976. All of these patients were women. The deformity of the foot was caused by a permanent contraction of the tibialis-muscles without an underlying organic disease. The therapy consisted of an arthrodesis of the midtarsal joints along with a transfer of the tibialis-anterior-tendon to metatarsus V. In all three cases both deformity and pain disappeared. The quantity and quality of the patients' mobility improved to near normal.--With this article the author intends to remind the orthopedic surgeons and the neurologists of this functional contracture.", "contents": "[The psychogenic clubfoot. A rare posttraumatic condition (author's transl)]. At the beginning of this century and during World War I psychogenic contractures were very common; later on they became rare.--The author reports and demonstrates 3 cases of psychogenic supination contractures of the foot (functional clubfeet) following a slight trauma of the ankle, the treatment of which was carried out in 1946, 1974 and 1976. All of these patients were women. The deformity of the foot was caused by a permanent contraction of the tibialis-muscles without an underlying organic disease. The therapy consisted of an arthrodesis of the midtarsal joints along with a transfer of the tibialis-anterior-tendon to metatarsus V. In all three cases both deformity and pain disappeared. The quantity and quality of the patients' mobility improved to near normal.--With this article the author intends to remind the orthopedic surgeons and the neurologists of this functional contracture.", "PMID": 410395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5621", "title": "[Cancellous bone from the head of the tibia as autologous graft material (author's transl)].", "content": "In the operative treatment of 93 lower leg and ankle fractures at the Kreuzspital Chur cancellous bone from the head of the tibia of the same leg was used to brigde bone defects. The advantage of this procedure lies in the fact that operative site and donor site are identical.", "contents": "[Cancellous bone from the head of the tibia as autologous graft material (author's transl)]. In the operative treatment of 93 lower leg and ankle fractures at the Kreuzspital Chur cancellous bone from the head of the tibia of the same leg was used to brigde bone defects. The advantage of this procedure lies in the fact that operative site and donor site are identical.", "PMID": 410396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5622", "title": "Effect of otolith end organ ablation on pendular rotation nystagmus in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "Damped pendular rotation nystagmus was studied in squirrel monkeys before and after otolith end organ ablation (two-stage operations). After each operation, the nystagmic slow phase eye speed toward the operated side was reduced (to about 73% of that before the operation) and that to the non-operated side did not show any marked change. A few subjects showed spontaneous nystagmus with amphetamine administration but only in dark (could not be found in light) immediately after the operation, and it disappeared rapidly. Therefore, this post-ablative reduction of the slow phase eye speed is considered to result from the loss of inputs from the otolith end organs.", "contents": "Effect of otolith end organ ablation on pendular rotation nystagmus in squirrel monkeys. Damped pendular rotation nystagmus was studied in squirrel monkeys before and after otolith end organ ablation (two-stage operations). After each operation, the nystagmic slow phase eye speed toward the operated side was reduced (to about 73% of that before the operation) and that to the non-operated side did not show any marked change. A few subjects showed spontaneous nystagmus with amphetamine administration but only in dark (could not be found in light) immediately after the operation, and it disappeared rapidly. Therefore, this post-ablative reduction of the slow phase eye speed is considered to result from the loss of inputs from the otolith end organs.", "PMID": 410397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5623", "title": "Variability of fibroblast lysosomal acid hydrolases with reference to the detection of enzyme deficiencies.", "content": "The ranges of variability of eight lysosomal acid hydrolases were examined in 47 cultured human skin fibroblast lines through 5 successive subcultures. No overall trend in activity values was found for any of the enzymes tested between the first and final subcultures. Similarly, no significant differences could be found between the overall ranges of fibroblast enzyme activity between 20 clinically normal children and 27 individuals being investigated for non-specific metabolic diseases. It is concluded that for diagnostic reference purposes, wide ranges of normal enzyme values must be established. Such ranges can be validly drawn from a continuation of both clinical groups irrespective of the passage number (up to 5) of the cells at the time of isolation. It is noted that in certain cell lines derived from Fabry and Gaucher patients the 'residual' activity of the expectedly deficient enzyme could not easily be distinguished from the lowest values observed in normals, whereas, as expected, the activity of cells derived from patients with GM1 and GM2 gangliosidoses was markedly reduced.", "contents": "Variability of fibroblast lysosomal acid hydrolases with reference to the detection of enzyme deficiencies. The ranges of variability of eight lysosomal acid hydrolases were examined in 47 cultured human skin fibroblast lines through 5 successive subcultures. No overall trend in activity values was found for any of the enzymes tested between the first and final subcultures. Similarly, no significant differences could be found between the overall ranges of fibroblast enzyme activity between 20 clinically normal children and 27 individuals being investigated for non-specific metabolic diseases. It is concluded that for diagnostic reference purposes, wide ranges of normal enzyme values must be established. Such ranges can be validly drawn from a continuation of both clinical groups irrespective of the passage number (up to 5) of the cells at the time of isolation. It is noted that in certain cell lines derived from Fabry and Gaucher patients the 'residual' activity of the expectedly deficient enzyme could not easily be distinguished from the lowest values observed in normals, whereas, as expected, the activity of cells derived from patients with GM1 and GM2 gangliosidoses was markedly reduced.", "PMID": 410398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5624", "title": "Considerations in the prenatal assessment of lysosomal enzyme deficiency in eight cases at risk.", "content": "Some of the factors which are to be considered in the antenatal diagnostic evaluation of lysosomal enzyme levels in cultured amniotic fluid cells are discussed in the light of eight consecutive cases in which the foetuses had a 1 in 4 chance of being homozygous for a lysosomal storage disease. There were 2 possible cases of GM1 gangliosidosis, 2 of neuropathic Gaucher's disease, 1 of Krabbe's disease and 2 of Pompe's disease. Each infant was predicted to be unaffected; the assessments were confirmed to be correct postnatally--7 by enzyme studies. Using a micro technique, 5 of the assessments were available in 28 days or less following amniocentesis. It is concluded that in certain circumstances skin fibroblasts may be used as valid controls and that the variability of assay results strongly militates against the confident assignment of heterozygous status and may cause difficulties in the identification of the homozygote in cases where 'residual' enzyme activity is high; concomitant family studies assist in the resolution of such problems.", "contents": "Considerations in the prenatal assessment of lysosomal enzyme deficiency in eight cases at risk. Some of the factors which are to be considered in the antenatal diagnostic evaluation of lysosomal enzyme levels in cultured amniotic fluid cells are discussed in the light of eight consecutive cases in which the foetuses had a 1 in 4 chance of being homozygous for a lysosomal storage disease. There were 2 possible cases of GM1 gangliosidosis, 2 of neuropathic Gaucher's disease, 1 of Krabbe's disease and 2 of Pompe's disease. Each infant was predicted to be unaffected; the assessments were confirmed to be correct postnatally--7 by enzyme studies. Using a micro technique, 5 of the assessments were available in 28 days or less following amniocentesis. It is concluded that in certain circumstances skin fibroblasts may be used as valid controls and that the variability of assay results strongly militates against the confident assignment of heterozygous status and may cause difficulties in the identification of the homozygote in cases where 'residual' enzyme activity is high; concomitant family studies assist in the resolution of such problems.", "PMID": 410399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5625", "title": "Intestinal brush border and lysosomal enzymes and immunoglobulin absorption in the newly-born lamb.", "content": "Activities of the brush border enzymes alkaline phosphates, leucine aminopeptidase and lactase and the lysosomal enzymes alpha-mannosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase increased in the serum of newly-born lambs fed colostrum. Feeding lipid and protein components of colostrum and bovine serum resulted in enzyme responses similar to those observed after feeding colostrum. Activities of each of the enzymes increased in mesenteric lymph collected from newly-born lambs when immunoglobulins were being absorbed from the jejunum and ileum.", "contents": "Intestinal brush border and lysosomal enzymes and immunoglobulin absorption in the newly-born lamb. Activities of the brush border enzymes alkaline phosphates, leucine aminopeptidase and lactase and the lysosomal enzymes alpha-mannosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase increased in the serum of newly-born lambs fed colostrum. Feeding lipid and protein components of colostrum and bovine serum resulted in enzyme responses similar to those observed after feeding colostrum. Activities of each of the enzymes increased in mesenteric lymph collected from newly-born lambs when immunoglobulins were being absorbed from the jejunum and ileum.", "PMID": 410400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5626", "title": "Recent advances in the management of spinal injuries with paralysis.", "content": "In the last decade, by application of detailed methods of care, the previously accepted complications of urinary infection, pressure sores and motor skeletal problems of contractures and spasm, have largely been eliminated from the clinical picture of patients with spinal paralysis. Many professionals in medicine have contributed to these advances. Long-term or extended care in the area of tetraplegia and paraplegia need further stimulation, with continued application of all those methods used in acute rehabilitation in properly organized spinal units.", "contents": "Recent advances in the management of spinal injuries with paralysis. In the last decade, by application of detailed methods of care, the previously accepted complications of urinary infection, pressure sores and motor skeletal problems of contractures and spasm, have largely been eliminated from the clinical picture of patients with spinal paralysis. Many professionals in medicine have contributed to these advances. Long-term or extended care in the area of tetraplegia and paraplegia need further stimulation, with continued application of all those methods used in acute rehabilitation in properly organized spinal units.", "PMID": 410401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5627", "title": "Portions of the central nervous system controlling reproductive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Drosophila melanogaster sex mosaics were tested in their courtship interactions with females and then with males. The distribution of genetically male and female tissues in each mosaic was determined with respect to an external cuticle marker and an internal enzyme marker. Performance of malelike courtship was correlated with the genotype of various tissues, with special attention being paid to the genotypes of head and thoracic ganglia. Male tissue in the left or right dorsal brain is necessary and nearly always sufficient to trigger early courtship actions--following of females and wing extension at them--but male tissue in both the dorsal brain and thoracic ganglia is necessary for attempted copulation to occur. Female tissue on or in the abdomen is nearly always necessary and sufficient for a mosaic to be courted by a male.", "contents": "Portions of the central nervous system controlling reproductive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila melanogaster sex mosaics were tested in their courtship interactions with females and then with males. The distribution of genetically male and female tissues in each mosaic was determined with respect to an external cuticle marker and an internal enzyme marker. Performance of malelike courtship was correlated with the genotype of various tissues, with special attention being paid to the genotypes of head and thoracic ganglia. Male tissue in the left or right dorsal brain is necessary and nearly always sufficient to trigger early courtship actions--following of females and wing extension at them--but male tissue in both the dorsal brain and thoracic ganglia is necessary for attempted copulation to occur. Female tissue on or in the abdomen is nearly always necessary and sufficient for a mosaic to be courted by a male.", "PMID": 410405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5628", "title": "Identification of avian mycoplasma isolates by the agar-gel precipitin test.", "content": "Recent isolates of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae were readily typed by the agar-gel precipitin test with antigens prepared by freezing and thawing, sonic vibration, or sodium dodecyl sulfate. Specific antisera prepared in rabbits or in foot-pad-inoculated chickens were adequate for culture typing. Relatively few sera from chickens and turkeys in naturally infected flocks reacted positively. The precipitin reaction was highly specific, however.", "contents": "Identification of avian mycoplasma isolates by the agar-gel precipitin test. Recent isolates of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae were readily typed by the agar-gel precipitin test with antigens prepared by freezing and thawing, sonic vibration, or sodium dodecyl sulfate. Specific antisera prepared in rabbits or in foot-pad-inoculated chickens were adequate for culture typing. Relatively few sera from chickens and turkeys in naturally infected flocks reacted positively. The precipitin reaction was highly specific, however.", "PMID": 410403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5629", "title": "Precocious development of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase activity during organ culture of foetal rat liver in the presence of glucocorticoids.", "content": "1. Precocious development of mammalian UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.1.7) induced by endogenous compounds of known chemical composition is reported for the first time. 2. This development occurs in cultured explants of foetal rat liver when exposed to corticosteroids possessing a pregn-4'-ene structure and a hydroxy or an oxo group at C-11. 3. Explants from 14-day foetuses cultured for 3 days in a chemically defined medium containing dexamethasone exhibited transferase activities towards o-aminophenol within adult male values. Those liver transferase activities attained in utero by 17 days were still negligible. 4. Evidence from several approaches indicated that the explants required glucocorticoids for expression of the transferase, not for maintenance of viability. 5. Glucocorticoid-dependent stimulation of transferase activity required incorporation of L-[14C]leucine into protein, as judged from the pulsing of cultures with cycloheximide. 6. The relevance of these culture experiments to the situation in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "Precocious development of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase activity during organ culture of foetal rat liver in the presence of glucocorticoids. 1. Precocious development of mammalian UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.1.7) induced by endogenous compounds of known chemical composition is reported for the first time. 2. This development occurs in cultured explants of foetal rat liver when exposed to corticosteroids possessing a pregn-4'-ene structure and a hydroxy or an oxo group at C-11. 3. Explants from 14-day foetuses cultured for 3 days in a chemically defined medium containing dexamethasone exhibited transferase activities towards o-aminophenol within adult male values. Those liver transferase activities attained in utero by 17 days were still negligible. 4. Evidence from several approaches indicated that the explants required glucocorticoids for expression of the transferase, not for maintenance of viability. 5. Glucocorticoid-dependent stimulation of transferase activity required incorporation of L-[14C]leucine into protein, as judged from the pulsing of cultures with cycloheximide. 6. The relevance of these culture experiments to the situation in vivo is discussed.", "PMID": 410407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5630", "title": "Effect of some bacterial products on platelet electrophoretic mobility (PEM).", "content": "Bacterial LPS, used in our experiments, are able to decrease PEM at concentration of 100 microgram/ml after incubation with 1 X 10(7) platelets/ml for 30 min at 37 degrees C. Such effect is statistically significant for Bacteroides fragilis LPS, S. enteritidis and S. typhi. E. coli LPS 026:B6 W and E. coli 055:B5 W are not effective at all, S. minnesota (incomplete) LPS 595 and 345 free of 0-polysaccharide and partially lacking core in their molecule did not influence PEM, while S. minnesota LPS (S form) (a complete LPS) strongly decreased PEM. This fact could suggest that 0-polysaccharide is involved in this inhibitory effect on PEM. Klebsiella enterotoxin and B. cereus enterotoxin are able to decrease PEM at concentration of 100 microgram/ml, after incubation with 1 X 10(7) platelets for 30 min at 37 degrees C, while no inhibition of PEM was seen when Shighella enterotoxin and V. parahaemoliticus enterotoxin was used in similar way. The AA. conclude that endotoxin and enterotoxin are able to change the electrokinetic charge (negative) of platelets, thereby, causing a decrease of PEM.", "contents": "Effect of some bacterial products on platelet electrophoretic mobility (PEM). Bacterial LPS, used in our experiments, are able to decrease PEM at concentration of 100 microgram/ml after incubation with 1 X 10(7) platelets/ml for 30 min at 37 degrees C. Such effect is statistically significant for Bacteroides fragilis LPS, S. enteritidis and S. typhi. E. coli LPS 026:B6 W and E. coli 055:B5 W are not effective at all, S. minnesota (incomplete) LPS 595 and 345 free of 0-polysaccharide and partially lacking core in their molecule did not influence PEM, while S. minnesota LPS (S form) (a complete LPS) strongly decreased PEM. This fact could suggest that 0-polysaccharide is involved in this inhibitory effect on PEM. Klebsiella enterotoxin and B. cereus enterotoxin are able to decrease PEM at concentration of 100 microgram/ml, after incubation with 1 X 10(7) platelets for 30 min at 37 degrees C, while no inhibition of PEM was seen when Shighella enterotoxin and V. parahaemoliticus enterotoxin was used in similar way. The AA. conclude that endotoxin and enterotoxin are able to change the electrokinetic charge (negative) of platelets, thereby, causing a decrease of PEM.", "PMID": 410424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5631", "title": "Distribution of water and electrolytes in normal and thermally damaged skin.", "content": "The alterations in contents of Na, K and water in thermally injuried explants of guinea-pig flank skin involve changes in both the cells and the interstitial material of the tissue. A full interpretation of the distribution of such changes can only be obtained if the volumes of cellular and extracellular fluid are known. This work examines the techniques of measuring extracellular fluid volume using 14C-inulin and 51Cr EDTA. Although it was found that the inulin preparation was excluded from a considerable part of the extracellular fluid of the skin explants, the space which it defined altered with increasing severity of thermal damage. The relationship of the inulin space with total water and with 51Cr EDTA space, which probably measures the total extracellular volume, provides an insight into the possible importance of changes in the nature of connective tissue in trauma. Alterations in fluid and cation balance between cells and their environment have been discussed in relation to increasing thermal damage. A clear sequence of events following the onset of the injury can be observed.", "contents": "Distribution of water and electrolytes in normal and thermally damaged skin. The alterations in contents of Na, K and water in thermally injuried explants of guinea-pig flank skin involve changes in both the cells and the interstitial material of the tissue. A full interpretation of the distribution of such changes can only be obtained if the volumes of cellular and extracellular fluid are known. This work examines the techniques of measuring extracellular fluid volume using 14C-inulin and 51Cr EDTA. Although it was found that the inulin preparation was excluded from a considerable part of the extracellular fluid of the skin explants, the space which it defined altered with increasing severity of thermal damage. The relationship of the inulin space with total water and with 51Cr EDTA space, which probably measures the total extracellular volume, provides an insight into the possible importance of changes in the nature of connective tissue in trauma. Alterations in fluid and cation balance between cells and their environment have been discussed in relation to increasing thermal damage. A clear sequence of events following the onset of the injury can be observed.", "PMID": 410428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5632", "title": "Production of antibody to staphylococcal delta-haemolysin in the rabbit.", "content": "Gamma-globulin and IgG from the sera of rabbits immunized with either \"insoluble\" or \"solvent-transferred\" staphylococcal delta-haemolysin precipitated with, and neutralized both forms of lysin. Similar preparations from the same rabbits before immunization did not; nor did those from rabbits made hyperimmune to other antigens. In these tests \"insoluble\" and \"solvent-transferred\" lysin could not be distinguished antigenically, nor could \"insoluble\" lysin from two different strains of staphylococci, each grown on two different media. An appendix presents further evidence for antigenicity of delta-lysin, based on affinity chromatography.", "contents": "Production of antibody to staphylococcal delta-haemolysin in the rabbit. Gamma-globulin and IgG from the sera of rabbits immunized with either \"insoluble\" or \"solvent-transferred\" staphylococcal delta-haemolysin precipitated with, and neutralized both forms of lysin. Similar preparations from the same rabbits before immunization did not; nor did those from rabbits made hyperimmune to other antigens. In these tests \"insoluble\" and \"solvent-transferred\" lysin could not be distinguished antigenically, nor could \"insoluble\" lysin from two different strains of staphylococci, each grown on two different media. An appendix presents further evidence for antigenicity of delta-lysin, based on affinity chromatography.", "PMID": 410429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5633", "title": "Factors affecting fetal survival after intrauterine transfusion for rhesus isoimmunization.", "content": "Intrauterine transfusion of the fetus is described in 165 pregnancies. The overall fetal survival rose from 28 per cent in 1964 to 1969 to 42-5 per cent in 1973 to 1975. Apart from technical complications of the procedure itself, the factors most likely to affect fetal survival were the gestational age and amniotic fluid optical density difference before the first intrauterine transfusion, the birth weight and the cord blood haemoglobin level.", "contents": "Factors affecting fetal survival after intrauterine transfusion for rhesus isoimmunization. Intrauterine transfusion of the fetus is described in 165 pregnancies. The overall fetal survival rose from 28 per cent in 1964 to 1969 to 42-5 per cent in 1973 to 1975. Apart from technical complications of the procedure itself, the factors most likely to affect fetal survival were the gestational age and amniotic fluid optical density difference before the first intrauterine transfusion, the birth weight and the cord blood haemoglobin level.", "PMID": 410430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5634", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase activity in human cervical mucus and its response to various contraceptives regimes.", "content": "Carbonic anhydrase activity is present in human cervical mucus throughout the normal menstrual cycle. Lowest activity occurs in the ovulatory phase. A similar pattern of activity is seen in the presence of either an 'inert' or copper-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). The overall levels of activity are not significantly altered by the presence of either type of IUCD. A cyclic pattern of activity is retained even though endogenous ovarian function is suppressed by combined oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase activity in human cervical mucus and its response to various contraceptives regimes. Carbonic anhydrase activity is present in human cervical mucus throughout the normal menstrual cycle. Lowest activity occurs in the ovulatory phase. A similar pattern of activity is seen in the presence of either an 'inert' or copper-releasing intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). The overall levels of activity are not significantly altered by the presence of either type of IUCD. A cyclic pattern of activity is retained even though endogenous ovarian function is suppressed by combined oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 410431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5635", "title": "An improved method for the microbiological assay of available amino acids in proteins using Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "1. A standard microbiological procedure for the assay of available amino acids in proteins using Tetrahymena pyriformis has been modified by evaluating cell growth from the tetrahymanol content of the cultures by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). 2. This modification improves the precision of the method compared with cell-counting techniques and provided automatic injection facilities are available for the GLC, the procedure is not excessively time-consuming. 3. It has been confirmed that enzymic predigestion is essential for all except the most soluble proteins and a satisfactory method using pronase has been incorporated into the microbiological procedure. 4. After enzymic digestion of the sample, growth of Tetrahymena with many proteins can be measured turbidimetrically, but particulate matter still persists with a proportion of samples, particularly those of plant origin, and the GLC method is therefore more widely applicable. It is also more precise. 5. Good agreement has been obtained between a chick bioassay and the modified Tetrahymena assay for available lysine in eight different proteins, including heat-damaged fish meals. 6. The modified procedure appeared to give good results for available tryptophan and methionine. 7. When cystine was omitted from the standard culture medium it was possible to test for available methionine plus cystine, but further work is required to assess the reliability of this particular assay.", "contents": "An improved method for the microbiological assay of available amino acids in proteins using Tetrahymena pyriformis. 1. A standard microbiological procedure for the assay of available amino acids in proteins using Tetrahymena pyriformis has been modified by evaluating cell growth from the tetrahymanol content of the cultures by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). 2. This modification improves the precision of the method compared with cell-counting techniques and provided automatic injection facilities are available for the GLC, the procedure is not excessively time-consuming. 3. It has been confirmed that enzymic predigestion is essential for all except the most soluble proteins and a satisfactory method using pronase has been incorporated into the microbiological procedure. 4. After enzymic digestion of the sample, growth of Tetrahymena with many proteins can be measured turbidimetrically, but particulate matter still persists with a proportion of samples, particularly those of plant origin, and the GLC method is therefore more widely applicable. It is also more precise. 5. Good agreement has been obtained between a chick bioassay and the modified Tetrahymena assay for available lysine in eight different proteins, including heat-damaged fish meals. 6. The modified procedure appeared to give good results for available tryptophan and methionine. 7. When cystine was omitted from the standard culture medium it was possible to test for available methionine plus cystine, but further work is required to assess the reliability of this particular assay.", "PMID": 410432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5636", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a unique galactoside from male Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A ninhydrin-positive compound with presumptive hormonal activity, previously considered to be a peptide (Chen, P.S., and B\u00fchler, R. (1970), J. Insect Physiol. 16, 615), has been isolated from adult male Drosophila melanogaster. Chromatographic analysis of the acid-hydrolyzed material revealed the presence of ethanolamine, phosphorus, galactose, and glycerol. Chemical analysis showed these to be present in equimolar amounts. Based on its phosphorus content, the nonreducing material took up 2 equiv of periodate, and released 1 equiv of formaldehyde. Characterization of the compound as 1-O-(4-O-(2-aminoethyl phosphate)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-x-glycerol was achieved by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and 1H and 31P NMR using model compounds. In vivo synthesis from labeled precursors is in accord with the proposed structure.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a unique galactoside from male Drosophila melanogaster. A ninhydrin-positive compound with presumptive hormonal activity, previously considered to be a peptide (Chen, P.S., and B\u00fchler, R. (1970), J. Insect Physiol. 16, 615), has been isolated from adult male Drosophila melanogaster. Chromatographic analysis of the acid-hydrolyzed material revealed the presence of ethanolamine, phosphorus, galactose, and glycerol. Chemical analysis showed these to be present in equimolar amounts. Based on its phosphorus content, the nonreducing material took up 2 equiv of periodate, and released 1 equiv of formaldehyde. Characterization of the compound as 1-O-(4-O-(2-aminoethyl phosphate)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-x-glycerol was achieved by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and 1H and 31P NMR using model compounds. In vivo synthesis from labeled precursors is in accord with the proposed structure.", "PMID": 410434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5637", "title": "Investigation of immunological relationships among myosin light chains and troponin C.", "content": "Two classes of myosin light chains can be distinguished functionally: those that restore calcium regulation to \"desensitized\" scallop myofibrils, and those that do not (Kendrick-Jones, J., et al. (1976), J. Mol. Biol. 104, 747--775). Despite this functional classification, chemical analyses reveal few patterns unique to regulatory light chains, and, indeed, sequence comparisons suggest structural similarities between both classes of myosin subunits (Collins, J. H. (1977), Nature (London) 259, 699--700; Kendrick-Jones, J., and Jakes, R. (1977), in International Symposium on Myocardial Failure at Tegernsee, Riecker, G., and Boehringer, Ed., Munich, West Germany, Springer-Verlag, pp. 28--40). Immunological assays using antisera to regulatory and to nonregulatory light chains showed no correlation between antigenic activity and the presence or absence of regulatory function. Weak cross-reactivity was observed, however, among myosin light chains and troponin C, consistent with the suggestion made on the basis of sequence homologies that these subunits contain similar structural domains (Weeds, A. G., and McLachlan, A. D. (1974), Nature (London) 252, 646--649). Unexpectedly, the strongest cross-reactivity observed was that between the vertebrate myosin alkali 1 and DTNB light chains.", "contents": "Investigation of immunological relationships among myosin light chains and troponin C. Two classes of myosin light chains can be distinguished functionally: those that restore calcium regulation to \"desensitized\" scallop myofibrils, and those that do not (Kendrick-Jones, J., et al. (1976), J. Mol. Biol. 104, 747--775). Despite this functional classification, chemical analyses reveal few patterns unique to regulatory light chains, and, indeed, sequence comparisons suggest structural similarities between both classes of myosin subunits (Collins, J. H. (1977), Nature (London) 259, 699--700; Kendrick-Jones, J., and Jakes, R. (1977), in International Symposium on Myocardial Failure at Tegernsee, Riecker, G., and Boehringer, Ed., Munich, West Germany, Springer-Verlag, pp. 28--40). Immunological assays using antisera to regulatory and to nonregulatory light chains showed no correlation between antigenic activity and the presence or absence of regulatory function. Weak cross-reactivity was observed, however, among myosin light chains and troponin C, consistent with the suggestion made on the basis of sequence homologies that these subunits contain similar structural domains (Weeds, A. G., and McLachlan, A. D. (1974), Nature (London) 252, 646--649). Unexpectedly, the strongest cross-reactivity observed was that between the vertebrate myosin alkali 1 and DTNB light chains.", "PMID": 410437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5638", "title": "Addition of glucosamine and mannose to nascent immunoglobulin heavy chains.", "content": "We have investigated the process of protein glycosylation in an attempt to answer the question of whether glucosamine and mannose are added to nascent chains prior to chain completion or only to completed chains after release from the ribosome. The MPC 11 mouse plasmacytoma cell line used in these studies synthesizes a glycosylated gamma2b heavy chain which accounts for 12% of the total protein synthesis. Nascent chains were separated from completed chains by ion-exchange chromatography of solubilized ribosomes on QAE-Sephadex. Our results indicate that both glucosamine and mannose are incorporated into nascent heavy chains prior to chain completion and release from the ribosome. Gel analysis of specifically immunoprecipitated nascent chains indicates that the carbohydrate moiety can be added to the nascent heavy chains very soon after the presumptive asparaginyl glycosylation site (CH2 domain) is synthesized on the ribosome.", "contents": "Addition of glucosamine and mannose to nascent immunoglobulin heavy chains. We have investigated the process of protein glycosylation in an attempt to answer the question of whether glucosamine and mannose are added to nascent chains prior to chain completion or only to completed chains after release from the ribosome. The MPC 11 mouse plasmacytoma cell line used in these studies synthesizes a glycosylated gamma2b heavy chain which accounts for 12% of the total protein synthesis. Nascent chains were separated from completed chains by ion-exchange chromatography of solubilized ribosomes on QAE-Sephadex. Our results indicate that both glucosamine and mannose are incorporated into nascent heavy chains prior to chain completion and release from the ribosome. Gel analysis of specifically immunoprecipitated nascent chains indicates that the carbohydrate moiety can be added to the nascent heavy chains very soon after the presumptive asparaginyl glycosylation site (CH2 domain) is synthesized on the ribosome.", "PMID": 410438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5639", "title": "Synthesis in vitro of ribosomal protein S20 and its precursor.", "content": "I have purified and characterized two products synthesized in vitro in a system for coupled transcription and translation programmed by DNA from a transducing bacteriophage carrying the gene for ribosomal protein S20. One of these polypeptides appears to be identical with authentic S20 by several criteria, including its electrophoretic and chromatographic mobilities, and its ability to bind to 16S RNA. The second polypeptide is less basic than S20, but exhibits all the structural and functional properties of a precursor to S20, including the presence of an additional methionine residue, apparently as N-formylmethionine. Moreover, it is converted, albeit slowly, to S20 in cell-free extracts. The persistence of the precursor form of S40 may be functionally significant as well.", "contents": "Synthesis in vitro of ribosomal protein S20 and its precursor. I have purified and characterized two products synthesized in vitro in a system for coupled transcription and translation programmed by DNA from a transducing bacteriophage carrying the gene for ribosomal protein S20. One of these polypeptides appears to be identical with authentic S20 by several criteria, including its electrophoretic and chromatographic mobilities, and its ability to bind to 16S RNA. The second polypeptide is less basic than S20, but exhibits all the structural and functional properties of a precursor to S20, including the presence of an additional methionine residue, apparently as N-formylmethionine. Moreover, it is converted, albeit slowly, to S20 in cell-free extracts. The persistence of the precursor form of S40 may be functionally significant as well.", "PMID": 410439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5640", "title": "Characterization of the \"microprotease\" from Bacillus cereus. A zinc neutral endoprotease.", "content": "The neutral protease isolated from Bacillus cereus (BRL-70) has been purified by affinity chromatography and characterized. The enzyme exhibits a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, has a molecular weight of 34 000 by ultracentrifugation, and contains one enzymatically essential zinc atom per 34 000 g. These data together with the amino acid composition, response to metal substitution, chemical modification, and substrate specificity all indicate that this protease is monomeric and is a typical bacterial neutral metalloprotease.", "contents": "Characterization of the \"microprotease\" from Bacillus cereus. A zinc neutral endoprotease. The neutral protease isolated from Bacillus cereus (BRL-70) has been purified by affinity chromatography and characterized. The enzyme exhibits a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, has a molecular weight of 34 000 by ultracentrifugation, and contains one enzymatically essential zinc atom per 34 000 g. These data together with the amino acid composition, response to metal substitution, chemical modification, and substrate specificity all indicate that this protease is monomeric and is a typical bacterial neutral metalloprotease.", "PMID": 410441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5641", "title": "Mechanism of the irreversible inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid-alpha-ketoglutaric acid transaminase by the neutrotoxin gabaculine.", "content": "Gabaculine (5-amino-1,3-cyclohexadienylcarboxylic acid), a naturally occurring amino acid isolated from Streptomyces toyacaenis, is an irreversible inhibitor of bacterial pyridoxal phosphate linked gamma-aminobutyric acid-alpha-ketoglutaric acid transaminase with a t 1/2 (25 degrees C) of 9 min at 3 X 10(-7) M. Gabaculine is a substrate for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase. The measured KI is 2.86 X 10(-6) M, and the kcat for its turnover is 1.15 X 10(-2) S-1 at 25 degrees C. When gabaculine is transaminated by the enzyme, it is converted to a cyclohexatrienyl system with one exo double bond. Upon spontaneous aromatization, this high energy intermediate is transformed into a stable m-anthranilic acid derivative (m-carboxyphenylpyridoxamine phosphate), which results in the covalent and irreversible modification of the cofactor. This adduct is bound tightly to the active site of the enzyme and can be liberated under denaturing conditions.", "contents": "Mechanism of the irreversible inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid-alpha-ketoglutaric acid transaminase by the neutrotoxin gabaculine. Gabaculine (5-amino-1,3-cyclohexadienylcarboxylic acid), a naturally occurring amino acid isolated from Streptomyces toyacaenis, is an irreversible inhibitor of bacterial pyridoxal phosphate linked gamma-aminobutyric acid-alpha-ketoglutaric acid transaminase with a t 1/2 (25 degrees C) of 9 min at 3 X 10(-7) M. Gabaculine is a substrate for gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase. The measured KI is 2.86 X 10(-6) M, and the kcat for its turnover is 1.15 X 10(-2) S-1 at 25 degrees C. When gabaculine is transaminated by the enzyme, it is converted to a cyclohexatrienyl system with one exo double bond. Upon spontaneous aromatization, this high energy intermediate is transformed into a stable m-anthranilic acid derivative (m-carboxyphenylpyridoxamine phosphate), which results in the covalent and irreversible modification of the cofactor. This adduct is bound tightly to the active site of the enzyme and can be liberated under denaturing conditions.", "PMID": 410442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5642", "title": "Biochemical and immunological analysis of a basic protein from newborn rat epidermis.", "content": "A basic protein, solubilized in buffered salt solutions from keratohyalin granules of newborn rat epidermis, has been purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The relative molecular weight of the protein was determined as 12 800 +/- 200 from its mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein is relatively rich in lysine, glycine, alanine, and valine which together comprise about 60% of the total amino acid residues. Using an antibody to this protein, which we have designated fraction 4, we have found that it is specific to rat epidermis and is not present in any other rat tissues or in epidermal extracts from other species. The cells of the four epidermal layers were separated and the amount of fraction 4 in each cell layer was measured by radioimmunoassay. The protein is localized mainly in the upper layers of epidermis. The protein, which binds to DNA, appears in the epidermis just prior to birth, increases during the first week of post-natal life and declines sharply thereafter. Fraction 4 represents about 7% of the total solubilized protein in 7-day-old rat epidermis.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological analysis of a basic protein from newborn rat epidermis. A basic protein, solubilized in buffered salt solutions from keratohyalin granules of newborn rat epidermis, has been purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The relative molecular weight of the protein was determined as 12 800 +/- 200 from its mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein is relatively rich in lysine, glycine, alanine, and valine which together comprise about 60% of the total amino acid residues. Using an antibody to this protein, which we have designated fraction 4, we have found that it is specific to rat epidermis and is not present in any other rat tissues or in epidermal extracts from other species. The cells of the four epidermal layers were separated and the amount of fraction 4 in each cell layer was measured by radioimmunoassay. The protein is localized mainly in the upper layers of epidermis. The protein, which binds to DNA, appears in the epidermis just prior to birth, increases during the first week of post-natal life and declines sharply thereafter. Fraction 4 represents about 7% of the total solubilized protein in 7-day-old rat epidermis.", "PMID": 410443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5643", "title": "Involvement of precursor-specific segments in the in vitro maturation of Bacillus subtilis precursor 5S ribosomal RNA.", "content": "In vitro maturation of precursor 5S ribosomal RNA (p5A) from Bacillus subtilis effected by RNase M5 yields mature 5S RNA (m5, 116 nucleotides), and 3' precursor-specific segment (42 nucleotides), and a 5' precursor-specific segment (21 nucleotides) (Sogin, M.L., Pace, B., and Pace, N.R. (1977), J. Biol. Chem. 252, 1350). Limited digestion of p5A with RNase T2 introduces a single scission at position 60 of the molecule; m5 is cleaved at the corresponding nucleotide residue. The complementary \"halves\" of the molecules could be isolated from denaturing polyacrylamide gels. The isolated fragments of p5A are not substrates for RNase M5, suggesting that some recognition elements can be utilized by RNase M5 only when presented in double-helical form. In exploring the involvement of the precursor-specific segments in the RNase M5-p5A interaction, substrate molecules lacking the 3' or 5' precursor-specific segment were constructed by reannealing complementary \"halves\" from p5A and m5 RNA. The artificial substrate lacking the 5'-terminal precursor segment was cleaved very much more slowly than the lacking t' segment; the 5' precursor-specific segment therefore contains one or more components recognized by RNase M5 during its interaction with the p5A substrate.", "contents": "Involvement of precursor-specific segments in the in vitro maturation of Bacillus subtilis precursor 5S ribosomal RNA. In vitro maturation of precursor 5S ribosomal RNA (p5A) from Bacillus subtilis effected by RNase M5 yields mature 5S RNA (m5, 116 nucleotides), and 3' precursor-specific segment (42 nucleotides), and a 5' precursor-specific segment (21 nucleotides) (Sogin, M.L., Pace, B., and Pace, N.R. (1977), J. Biol. Chem. 252, 1350). Limited digestion of p5A with RNase T2 introduces a single scission at position 60 of the molecule; m5 is cleaved at the corresponding nucleotide residue. The complementary \"halves\" of the molecules could be isolated from denaturing polyacrylamide gels. The isolated fragments of p5A are not substrates for RNase M5, suggesting that some recognition elements can be utilized by RNase M5 only when presented in double-helical form. In exploring the involvement of the precursor-specific segments in the RNase M5-p5A interaction, substrate molecules lacking the 3' or 5' precursor-specific segment were constructed by reannealing complementary \"halves\" from p5A and m5 RNA. The artificial substrate lacking the 5'-terminal precursor segment was cleaved very much more slowly than the lacking t' segment; the 5' precursor-specific segment therefore contains one or more components recognized by RNase M5 during its interaction with the p5A substrate.", "PMID": 410444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5644", "title": "Necessity of a membrane component for nitrogenase activity in Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "Acetylene reduction catalyzed by nitrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum has low activity and exhibits a lag phase. The activity can be increased by the addition of a chromatophore membrane component and the lag eliminated by preincubation with this component, which can be solubilized from chromatophores by treatment with NaCl. It is both trypsin- and oxygen-sensitive. Titration of the membrane component with nitrogenase and vice versa shows a saturation point. The membrane component interacts specifically with the Fe protein of nitrogenase, the interaction being ATP- and Mg2+-dependent.", "contents": "Necessity of a membrane component for nitrogenase activity in Rhodospirillum rubrum. Acetylene reduction catalyzed by nitrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum has low activity and exhibits a lag phase. The activity can be increased by the addition of a chromatophore membrane component and the lag eliminated by preincubation with this component, which can be solubilized from chromatophores by treatment with NaCl. It is both trypsin- and oxygen-sensitive. Titration of the membrane component with nitrogenase and vice versa shows a saturation point. The membrane component interacts specifically with the Fe protein of nitrogenase, the interaction being ATP- and Mg2+-dependent.", "PMID": 410446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5645", "title": "The effect of phosphatidylcholine to sphingomyelin mole ratio on the dynamic properties of sheep erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Sheep red blood cells are shown to incorporate phosphatidylchline when incubated in human plasma in the presence of EGTA. This treatment results in up to a 5-fold increase in mol ratio of phosphatidylcholine to sphingomyelin. By replacing EGTA with Ca+ the increase of phsphatidylcholine content is completely inhibited, due to the activation of the membrane bound lecithinase which rapidly degrades the incorporated phosphatidylcholine. Analogous treatments of the isolate membranes resulted in similar phosphatidylcholine incorporation but in the presence of Ca+ a residual phosphatidylcholine uptake was still oberved. These results suggest that in the isolated membranes small amounts of phosphatidylcholine can be incorporated into an additional region which is unavailable for the membrane lecithinase. The increase in the phosphatidylcholine to sphingomyelin mol ratio in sheep red blood cells is concomitant with an increase in lipid fluidity, as well as increase in osmotic fragility9", "contents": "The effect of phosphatidylcholine to sphingomyelin mole ratio on the dynamic properties of sheep erythrocyte membrane. Sheep red blood cells are shown to incorporate phosphatidylchline when incubated in human plasma in the presence of EGTA. This treatment results in up to a 5-fold increase in mol ratio of phosphatidylcholine to sphingomyelin. By replacing EGTA with Ca+ the increase of phsphatidylcholine content is completely inhibited, due to the activation of the membrane bound lecithinase which rapidly degrades the incorporated phosphatidylcholine. Analogous treatments of the isolate membranes resulted in similar phosphatidylcholine incorporation but in the presence of Ca+ a residual phosphatidylcholine uptake was still oberved. These results suggest that in the isolated membranes small amounts of phosphatidylcholine can be incorporated into an additional region which is unavailable for the membrane lecithinase. The increase in the phosphatidylcholine to sphingomyelin mol ratio in sheep red blood cells is concomitant with an increase in lipid fluidity, as well as increase in osmotic fragility9", "PMID": 410447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5646", "title": "Growth-dependent factors in the regulation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities of Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "Changes in phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (L-phenylalanine : tRNAPhe ligase, EC 6.1.1.20) and leucyl-tRNA synthetase (L-leucine : tRNALeu ligase. EC 6.1.1.4) activities were studied during the growth cycle of Tetrahymena pyriformis. High levels of charged tRNA observed during exponential growth were associated with elevated aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities. Low levels of charges tRNA in the stationary phase culture were associated with decreased aminoacyl-tRNA synthethase activities together with a concomitant accumulation of factor(s) which inhibited the enzyme activities. The inhibitory factor(s) has been partially purified and evidence is presented to rule out RNA, RNAases, proteases and ATPases as the responsible inhibitory factor(s) of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.", "contents": "Growth-dependent factors in the regulation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities of Tetrahymena pyriformis. Changes in phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (L-phenylalanine : tRNAPhe ligase, EC 6.1.1.20) and leucyl-tRNA synthetase (L-leucine : tRNALeu ligase. EC 6.1.1.4) activities were studied during the growth cycle of Tetrahymena pyriformis. High levels of charged tRNA observed during exponential growth were associated with elevated aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities. Low levels of charges tRNA in the stationary phase culture were associated with decreased aminoacyl-tRNA synthethase activities together with a concomitant accumulation of factor(s) which inhibited the enzyme activities. The inhibitory factor(s) has been partially purified and evidence is presented to rule out RNA, RNAases, proteases and ATPases as the responsible inhibitory factor(s) of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.", "PMID": 410448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5647", "title": "Evidence for participation of cytochrome b5 in microsomal delta-6 desaturation of fatty acids.", "content": "The delta-6 desaturation of linoleic acid to gamma-linolenic acid and oleic acid to 6,9-octadecadienoic acid by rat liver microsomes was investigated. Using a specific antibody prepared against purified rat liver cytochrome b5, we demonstrated that cytochrome b5 participated in delta-6 desaturation of both fatty acids. The reaction products were identified as their methyl ester derivatives by argentation thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and reductive ozonolysis followed by gas-liquid chromatography.", "contents": "Evidence for participation of cytochrome b5 in microsomal delta-6 desaturation of fatty acids. The delta-6 desaturation of linoleic acid to gamma-linolenic acid and oleic acid to 6,9-octadecadienoic acid by rat liver microsomes was investigated. Using a specific antibody prepared against purified rat liver cytochrome b5, we demonstrated that cytochrome b5 participated in delta-6 desaturation of both fatty acids. The reaction products were identified as their methyl ester derivatives by argentation thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and reductive ozonolysis followed by gas-liquid chromatography.", "PMID": 410449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5648", "title": "On the reactivities of the tryptophan residues of human alpha-lactalbumin to 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide.", "content": "The reaction of human alpha-lactalbumin with the tryptophan reagent 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide has been studied. This protein has 3 tryptophan residues (Trp-60, Trp-104 and Trp-118) all of which are accessible to the reagent at pH 2.7 or 7. Trp-60 of human alpha-lactalbumin is much more reactive than Trp-60 of bovine alpha-lactalbumin (Barman, T. E. (1972) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 257, 297-313). As with bovine alpha-lactalbumin, at pH 2.7, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide is specific for tryptophan but at pH 7 His-32 also reacts. When treated with the tryptophan reagent, both alpha-lactalbumins lose their specifier protein activities in the lactose synthase (UDPgalactose:D-glucose 4-beta-galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.22) reaction.", "contents": "On the reactivities of the tryptophan residues of human alpha-lactalbumin to 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide. The reaction of human alpha-lactalbumin with the tryptophan reagent 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide has been studied. This protein has 3 tryptophan residues (Trp-60, Trp-104 and Trp-118) all of which are accessible to the reagent at pH 2.7 or 7. Trp-60 of human alpha-lactalbumin is much more reactive than Trp-60 of bovine alpha-lactalbumin (Barman, T. E. (1972) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 257, 297-313). As with bovine alpha-lactalbumin, at pH 2.7, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide is specific for tryptophan but at pH 7 His-32 also reacts. When treated with the tryptophan reagent, both alpha-lactalbumins lose their specifier protein activities in the lactose synthase (UDPgalactose:D-glucose 4-beta-galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.22) reaction.", "PMID": 410450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5649", "title": "Effects of amidination and chemical cross-linking on human factor VIII (antihemophilic factor).", "content": "The bifunctional reagent dimethyl suberimidate, reacting with primary amino groups of proteins, was used to cross-link highly purified human factor VIII. Reaction products were reduced with beta-mercaptoethanol or treated with Rhizopus arrhizus triglyceride lipase. The proportions of the dissociated subunits and their oligomers were calculated from the relative staining intensities of individual bands following polyacrylamide electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Low concentrations of dimethyl suberimidate (up to 0.5 mM) produced covalently linked dimers which retained full functional (coagulant and von Willebrand factor) activities. Treatment with increasing concentrations of dimethyl suberimidate resulted in an almost simultaneous appearance of both trimeric and tetrameric species, suggesting the existence of specific intra-dimer contacts. A parallel decrease of functional activities was observed at higher concentrations of dimethyl suberimidate. A monofunctional reagent (ethyl acetimidate), reacting similarly with primary amino groups, amidinated factor VIII at rates similar to dimethyl suberimidate. Up to 40% amidinated factor VIII retained full biological activities. We conclude that the most reactive lysine residues are not involved in the active sites responsible for either coagulant or von Willebrand activity.", "contents": "Effects of amidination and chemical cross-linking on human factor VIII (antihemophilic factor). The bifunctional reagent dimethyl suberimidate, reacting with primary amino groups of proteins, was used to cross-link highly purified human factor VIII. Reaction products were reduced with beta-mercaptoethanol or treated with Rhizopus arrhizus triglyceride lipase. The proportions of the dissociated subunits and their oligomers were calculated from the relative staining intensities of individual bands following polyacrylamide electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Low concentrations of dimethyl suberimidate (up to 0.5 mM) produced covalently linked dimers which retained full functional (coagulant and von Willebrand factor) activities. Treatment with increasing concentrations of dimethyl suberimidate resulted in an almost simultaneous appearance of both trimeric and tetrameric species, suggesting the existence of specific intra-dimer contacts. A parallel decrease of functional activities was observed at higher concentrations of dimethyl suberimidate. A monofunctional reagent (ethyl acetimidate), reacting similarly with primary amino groups, amidinated factor VIII at rates similar to dimethyl suberimidate. Up to 40% amidinated factor VIII retained full biological activities. We conclude that the most reactive lysine residues are not involved in the active sites responsible for either coagulant or von Willebrand activity.", "PMID": 410451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5650", "title": "An abnormal human IgA1 half-molecule.", "content": "An IgA1 half-molecule, which is composed of a deleted alpha1 chain linked with a disulfide bond to an intact kappa chain, was detected in a patient (Cha). The molecular weights of the paraprotein and the isolated alpha1 chain were estimated to be 75 000 and 53 000, respectively. Identification of tyrosine as the C-terminal amino acid and the presence of idiotypic determinants in the abnormal alpha1 chain indicated that the molecule would have an intact N-terminal variable region and a C-terminal region. Furthermore, no cleavage of the abnormal protein into Fab and Fc by proteolytic enzyme isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae suggested the absence of a \"hinge\" region in the abnormal alpha1 chain.", "contents": "An abnormal human IgA1 half-molecule. An IgA1 half-molecule, which is composed of a deleted alpha1 chain linked with a disulfide bond to an intact kappa chain, was detected in a patient (Cha). The molecular weights of the paraprotein and the isolated alpha1 chain were estimated to be 75 000 and 53 000, respectively. Identification of tyrosine as the C-terminal amino acid and the presence of idiotypic determinants in the abnormal alpha1 chain indicated that the molecule would have an intact N-terminal variable region and a C-terminal region. Furthermore, no cleavage of the abnormal protein into Fab and Fc by proteolytic enzyme isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae suggested the absence of a \"hinge\" region in the abnormal alpha1 chain.", "PMID": 410452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5651", "title": "The extraction and partial characterization of proteins released by decalcification from calcified human aortic plaques.", "content": "Tissue from severely atherosclerotic human aortas was divided into heavily calcified (plaque) and less calcified (non-plaque) areas. After defatting and thorough extraction with neutral salt solutions, further proteinaceous material was released from plaque than non-plaque areas. Although organic phosphorous was associated with the EDTA-solubilized protein from both plaque and non-plaque areas, the phosphorous to protein ratio of extracts from plaque areas was 2 to 3 times that from non-plaque areas. Analysis of the major protein component of the extract of plaque areas indicated an acidic glyco-protein which appeared to be associated with an organic phosphorous moiety as well as cholesterol and cholesterol esters.", "contents": "The extraction and partial characterization of proteins released by decalcification from calcified human aortic plaques. Tissue from severely atherosclerotic human aortas was divided into heavily calcified (plaque) and less calcified (non-plaque) areas. After defatting and thorough extraction with neutral salt solutions, further proteinaceous material was released from plaque than non-plaque areas. Although organic phosphorous was associated with the EDTA-solubilized protein from both plaque and non-plaque areas, the phosphorous to protein ratio of extracts from plaque areas was 2 to 3 times that from non-plaque areas. Analysis of the major protein component of the extract of plaque areas indicated an acidic glyco-protein which appeared to be associated with an organic phosphorous moiety as well as cholesterol and cholesterol esters.", "PMID": 410453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5652", "title": "The origin of citrulline-containing proteins in the hair follicle and the chemical nature of trichohyalin, an intracellular precursor.", "content": "The present studies have demonstrated that the medulla and inner root sheath cells develop within their cytoplasm a protein that is unique in composition and is present in the trichohyalin granules. The protein is rich in arginine residues, some of which undergo a side-chain conversion in situ into citrulline residues. An unusual Ca2+-dependent enzyme activity distinguishable from cross-linking transamidase has been detected in the hair follicle and will act in vitro on trichohyalin protein as the natural substrate. The conversion in vivo must occur during the time that the medullary and inner root sheath cells move up the follicle and their cytoplasm fills with cross-linked protein containing citrulline. The function of citrulline in these proteins is not understood but its formation is a major process during hair growth.", "contents": "The origin of citrulline-containing proteins in the hair follicle and the chemical nature of trichohyalin, an intracellular precursor. The present studies have demonstrated that the medulla and inner root sheath cells develop within their cytoplasm a protein that is unique in composition and is present in the trichohyalin granules. The protein is rich in arginine residues, some of which undergo a side-chain conversion in situ into citrulline residues. An unusual Ca2+-dependent enzyme activity distinguishable from cross-linking transamidase has been detected in the hair follicle and will act in vitro on trichohyalin protein as the natural substrate. The conversion in vivo must occur during the time that the medullary and inner root sheath cells move up the follicle and their cytoplasm fills with cross-linked protein containing citrulline. The function of citrulline in these proteins is not understood but its formation is a major process during hair growth.", "PMID": 410454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5653", "title": "Rat alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Purification and immunological estimation of its serum concentration.", "content": "A rapid method is described for the preparation of serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein from rats with inflammation induced with turpentine oil injection. The protein obtained by two purification steps, batchwise adsorption with DEAE-cellulose followed by chromatography on CM-cellulose, was proved to be native alpha1-acid glycoprotein in a high degree of purity by electrophoretical, immunological, ultracentrifugal and carbohydrate analysis. The monospecific and potent antiserum to this protein was prepared by immunizing rabbits with the desialyzed material emulsified with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Using purified alpha1-acid glycoprotein and its specific antiserum, the concentration of alpha1-acid glycoprotein in rat serum was determined by single radial immunodiffusion. Abnormally high levels of its concentration (5-6 times higher than the control) were observed in inflammatory and tumor bearing rats.", "contents": "Rat alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Purification and immunological estimation of its serum concentration. A rapid method is described for the preparation of serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein from rats with inflammation induced with turpentine oil injection. The protein obtained by two purification steps, batchwise adsorption with DEAE-cellulose followed by chromatography on CM-cellulose, was proved to be native alpha1-acid glycoprotein in a high degree of purity by electrophoretical, immunological, ultracentrifugal and carbohydrate analysis. The monospecific and potent antiserum to this protein was prepared by immunizing rabbits with the desialyzed material emulsified with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Using purified alpha1-acid glycoprotein and its specific antiserum, the concentration of alpha1-acid glycoprotein in rat serum was determined by single radial immunodiffusion. Abnormally high levels of its concentration (5-6 times higher than the control) were observed in inflammatory and tumor bearing rats.", "PMID": 410455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5654", "title": "Biosynthesis of N-methyl-L-glucosamine from D-glucose by Streptomyces griseus.", "content": "Biosynthesis of N-methyl-L-glucosamine moiety of streptomycin from D-glucose by Streptomyces griseus was studied. A mixture of D-[1-(14) C] glucose and D-[6(-3)H]glucose was given to the culture of S. griseus. The 3H/14C ratio found in N-methyl-L-glucosamine further supports a mechanism that the conversion of D-glucose to L-hexose is carried out without scission of carbon skeleton. When D-[1-14C]glucose and D-[3-3H]glucose were used, the fall of 3H/14C ratio in N-metyl-L-glucosamine showed that the hydrogen atom at C-3 plays a r\u00f4le in such a transformation.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of N-methyl-L-glucosamine from D-glucose by Streptomyces griseus. Biosynthesis of N-methyl-L-glucosamine moiety of streptomycin from D-glucose by Streptomyces griseus was studied. A mixture of D-[1-(14) C] glucose and D-[6(-3)H]glucose was given to the culture of S. griseus. The 3H/14C ratio found in N-methyl-L-glucosamine further supports a mechanism that the conversion of D-glucose to L-hexose is carried out without scission of carbon skeleton. When D-[1-14C]glucose and D-[3-3H]glucose were used, the fall of 3H/14C ratio in N-metyl-L-glucosamine showed that the hydrogen atom at C-3 plays a r\u00f4le in such a transformation.", "PMID": 410456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5655", "title": "[Effects of mutations in Bacillus subtilis genome decreasing the protease activity on the formation of subtilisin molecular forms].", "content": "Multiple molecular forms of subtilisin--extracellular serine protease produced by the wild strain Bac. subtilis A-50 and its mutant strains with the protease activity decreased two-fold and more were studied. Six molecular forms of subtilisin were found on the whole when 33 mutant strains have been investigated under the experimental conditions. It is essential that both the wild and each of mutant strains under study produced not more than three out of these six forms. Three molecular forms of subtilisin from the mutant strains are similar to those found in the wild strain A-50, and have the molecular weight, of 27 000-30 000. Three other forms of subtilisin were revealed only in the mutant strains, and had the molecular weight of about 20 000. Apparently there is only one structural gene for subtilisin in Bac. subtilis genome. The appearence of multiple molecular forms of subtilisin may be due to the post-translational modifications (limited proteolysis) of the initial type of enzyme, i.e. pre-subtilisin. Probably, that certain mulations not affecting the structural gene can significantly change the expression of such gene by varying of the degree of product modifications.", "contents": "[Effects of mutations in Bacillus subtilis genome decreasing the protease activity on the formation of subtilisin molecular forms]. Multiple molecular forms of subtilisin--extracellular serine protease produced by the wild strain Bac. subtilis A-50 and its mutant strains with the protease activity decreased two-fold and more were studied. Six molecular forms of subtilisin were found on the whole when 33 mutant strains have been investigated under the experimental conditions. It is essential that both the wild and each of mutant strains under study produced not more than three out of these six forms. Three molecular forms of subtilisin from the mutant strains are similar to those found in the wild strain A-50, and have the molecular weight, of 27 000-30 000. Three other forms of subtilisin were revealed only in the mutant strains, and had the molecular weight of about 20 000. Apparently there is only one structural gene for subtilisin in Bac. subtilis genome. The appearence of multiple molecular forms of subtilisin may be due to the post-translational modifications (limited proteolysis) of the initial type of enzyme, i.e. pre-subtilisin. Probably, that certain mulations not affecting the structural gene can significantly change the expression of such gene by varying of the degree of product modifications.", "PMID": 410457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5656", "title": "[Large-scale purification, crystallization and some physicochemical properties of extracellular guanyl-RNases C2 and Pch1].", "content": "The purification of RNase C2 from 76.5 1 of Asp. clavatus cultural fluid and RNase Pch1 from 160 1 of Pen. chrysogenum 152 A cultural fluid was described. 1150-fold purification of RNase C2 was attained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion-exchange chromatography and rechromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-75, and crystallization from diluted acidic buffer. During the preparation of RNase Pch1 additional chromatography on CM-cellulose was used before crystallization, the purification being 2220-fold. It was obtained 600 mg RNase C2 and 900 mg RNase Pch1. Some physico-chemical properties of crystalline RNases were studied.", "contents": "[Large-scale purification, crystallization and some physicochemical properties of extracellular guanyl-RNases C2 and Pch1]. The purification of RNase C2 from 76.5 1 of Asp. clavatus cultural fluid and RNase Pch1 from 160 1 of Pen. chrysogenum 152 A cultural fluid was described. 1150-fold purification of RNase C2 was attained by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion-exchange chromatography and rechromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-75, and crystallization from diluted acidic buffer. During the preparation of RNase Pch1 additional chromatography on CM-cellulose was used before crystallization, the purification being 2220-fold. It was obtained 600 mg RNase C2 and 900 mg RNase Pch1. Some physico-chemical properties of crystalline RNases were studied.", "PMID": 410458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5657", "title": "[Glutaraldehyde and glyoxal fixation of ribonucleoproteins for their analysis by cesium chloride equilibrium gradient centrifugation].", "content": "Conditions for fixation of different RNP (ribosomes, poliribosomes, informosomes) by glutaraldehyde and glyoxal for their subsequent analysis in CsCl density-gradient has been developed. Higher dialdehyde concentration and longer incubation time should be used for fixation of ribosomes and polyribosomes than for that of informosomes. For the fixation of all RNP studied their incubation with 0.01 M (0.1%) glutaraldehyde for several minutes is sufficient. Much higher concentration of the fixating agent (about 0.2-0.5 M i. e. 1-3%) and more prolonged time of incubation (in order of several 10 hours) are needed for the fixation of the RNP in the case of glyoxal. Conditions for selective aldehyde fixation of informosomes in the presence of ribosomes and polyribosomes has been developed.", "contents": "[Glutaraldehyde and glyoxal fixation of ribonucleoproteins for their analysis by cesium chloride equilibrium gradient centrifugation]. Conditions for fixation of different RNP (ribosomes, poliribosomes, informosomes) by glutaraldehyde and glyoxal for their subsequent analysis in CsCl density-gradient has been developed. Higher dialdehyde concentration and longer incubation time should be used for fixation of ribosomes and polyribosomes than for that of informosomes. For the fixation of all RNP studied their incubation with 0.01 M (0.1%) glutaraldehyde for several minutes is sufficient. Much higher concentration of the fixating agent (about 0.2-0.5 M i. e. 1-3%) and more prolonged time of incubation (in order of several 10 hours) are needed for the fixation of the RNP in the case of glyoxal. Conditions for selective aldehyde fixation of informosomes in the presence of ribosomes and polyribosomes has been developed.", "PMID": 410459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5658", "title": "[Selective permeability of bacterial membranes for monovalent thallium ions].", "content": "Transport of monovalent thallium ions in bacterial cells was studied. An energy-dependent transport of T1+ against electrochemical gradient into the cells of S. faecalis and Micrococcus lysodeikticus, according to the Michaelis-Menten kinetics was observed. T1+, being a K+ analog, is involved into active K+ transport. Unlike K+, T1+ readily penetrates bacterial membranes, reaching the level of stationary distribution between the cells and the medium. This permits to use T1+ as a penetrating cation to study the mechanism of potassium transport in bacteria without the use of ionophores, which can destroy the integrity of cell membranes.", "contents": "[Selective permeability of bacterial membranes for monovalent thallium ions]. Transport of monovalent thallium ions in bacterial cells was studied. An energy-dependent transport of T1+ against electrochemical gradient into the cells of S. faecalis and Micrococcus lysodeikticus, according to the Michaelis-Menten kinetics was observed. T1+, being a K+ analog, is involved into active K+ transport. Unlike K+, T1+ readily penetrates bacterial membranes, reaching the level of stationary distribution between the cells and the medium. This permits to use T1+ as a penetrating cation to study the mechanism of potassium transport in bacteria without the use of ionophores, which can destroy the integrity of cell membranes.", "PMID": 410460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5659", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay for the determination of angiotensin II and its fragments].", "content": "A radioimmunoassay procedure for the determination of angiotensin and its fragments: C-terminal hexapeptide and middle tetrapeptide has been developed. The sensitivity of the method reaches up to 5 ng/ml. The accuracy calculated from the standard deviation, for angiotensin and of its fragments presents the average +/- 1,5%; reproducibility (n = 10) is +/- 0,51% for angiotensin, +/- 2,12% for C-terminal hexapeptide and +/- 6,93% for the middle tetrapeptide. Using the Ouchterlony test with the cross-reactions showed that antibodies elicited to angiotensin interact with its fragments--middle tetrapeptide and C-terminal hexapeptide.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay for the determination of angiotensin II and its fragments]. A radioimmunoassay procedure for the determination of angiotensin and its fragments: C-terminal hexapeptide and middle tetrapeptide has been developed. The sensitivity of the method reaches up to 5 ng/ml. The accuracy calculated from the standard deviation, for angiotensin and of its fragments presents the average +/- 1,5%; reproducibility (n = 10) is +/- 0,51% for angiotensin, +/- 2,12% for C-terminal hexapeptide and +/- 6,93% for the middle tetrapeptide. Using the Ouchterlony test with the cross-reactions showed that antibodies elicited to angiotensin interact with its fragments--middle tetrapeptide and C-terminal hexapeptide.", "PMID": 410461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5660", "title": "Histological observations on thymic development in fetal and newborn mammals subject to intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "Fetal growth retardation resulting from maternal dietary protein deprivation (rats) or Coxsackie virus B3 infection in mid-pregnancy (mice) was associated with delayed thymic development. Histological examination revealed that less darkly staining small lymphocytes were present and that the thymus was not well organised into cortex and medulla as seen in the normal-weight fetuses. In preterm or neonatal piglets, the histological pattern of the thymus did not vary appreciably according to the body weight of the fetus. Hassall's corpuscles were present and the tissues were well organised into cortex and medulla regions. Although fetal growth retardation in rats and mice leads to an apparent delay in the differentiation of the thymus, functional studies are necessary to understand the immunological significance of this finding.", "contents": "Histological observations on thymic development in fetal and newborn mammals subject to intrauterine growth retardation. Fetal growth retardation resulting from maternal dietary protein deprivation (rats) or Coxsackie virus B3 infection in mid-pregnancy (mice) was associated with delayed thymic development. Histological examination revealed that less darkly staining small lymphocytes were present and that the thymus was not well organised into cortex and medulla as seen in the normal-weight fetuses. In preterm or neonatal piglets, the histological pattern of the thymus did not vary appreciably according to the body weight of the fetus. Hassall's corpuscles were present and the tissues were well organised into cortex and medulla regions. Although fetal growth retardation in rats and mice leads to an apparent delay in the differentiation of the thymus, functional studies are necessary to understand the immunological significance of this finding.", "PMID": 410462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5661", "title": "Alterations in the rate of fetal and placental development as a consequence of early maternal protein/calorie restriction.", "content": "The in utero growth rates have been determined for the body, brain, and the placenta in the rat. The accumulation of cell number (DNA content) and protein content in the cerebrum and the placenta were investigated during normal development. When rats were exposed to a severe reduction in protein/calorie intake during the first 10 days of pregnancy and the fetal growth rates were compared to those of the normal control animals, highly significant differences were observed. Pregnant rats, which were restricted in their protein/calorie intake during the early part of pregnancy, significantly prolonged the gestation time. When this increase of in utero time is taken into consideration and the offspring are compared at the time of natural birth, the data presented demonstrate the possibility of in utero catch up growth. The variations, in fetal development within the same litter and across litters, demonstrate a considerable plasticity during normal development in utero.", "contents": "Alterations in the rate of fetal and placental development as a consequence of early maternal protein/calorie restriction. The in utero growth rates have been determined for the body, brain, and the placenta in the rat. The accumulation of cell number (DNA content) and protein content in the cerebrum and the placenta were investigated during normal development. When rats were exposed to a severe reduction in protein/calorie intake during the first 10 days of pregnancy and the fetal growth rates were compared to those of the normal control animals, highly significant differences were observed. Pregnant rats, which were restricted in their protein/calorie intake during the early part of pregnancy, significantly prolonged the gestation time. When this increase of in utero time is taken into consideration and the offspring are compared at the time of natural birth, the data presented demonstrate the possibility of in utero catch up growth. The variations, in fetal development within the same litter and across litters, demonstrate a considerable plasticity during normal development in utero.", "PMID": 410463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5662", "title": "Preclinical toxicological study of phosphonoacetic acid: determination in blood by selected ion monitoring.", "content": "Confirmed observations of the inhibition of oncogenic viruses by phosphonoacetic acid led to preclinical trials in animal model systems. Circulating phosphonoacetic acid was detected in the blood of mouse, rabbit and monkey after oral or subcutaneous administration of the drug. Phosphonoacetic acid is quantified in blood, after removing proteins and lipids, as the trimethylsilylated derivative, by monitoring the intensity of the protonated molecular ion and also that of phosphonopropionic acid (internal standard) using chemical ionization mass spectrometry combined with gas chromatography. The detection limit is 20 ng ml-1 when 0.2 ml serum is analyzed. A dosage of 230 mg kg-1 day-1 by continuous infusion is proposed for therapeutic trials in monkeys. This dose is well tolerated and results in slowly increasing blood levels of phosphonoacetic acid which reach a maximum of approximately 50 microgram ml-1 in a four day infusion, and decrease to 2 microgram ml-1 24 h after termination.", "contents": "Preclinical toxicological study of phosphonoacetic acid: determination in blood by selected ion monitoring. Confirmed observations of the inhibition of oncogenic viruses by phosphonoacetic acid led to preclinical trials in animal model systems. Circulating phosphonoacetic acid was detected in the blood of mouse, rabbit and monkey after oral or subcutaneous administration of the drug. Phosphonoacetic acid is quantified in blood, after removing proteins and lipids, as the trimethylsilylated derivative, by monitoring the intensity of the protonated molecular ion and also that of phosphonopropionic acid (internal standard) using chemical ionization mass spectrometry combined with gas chromatography. The detection limit is 20 ng ml-1 when 0.2 ml serum is analyzed. A dosage of 230 mg kg-1 day-1 by continuous infusion is proposed for therapeutic trials in monkeys. This dose is well tolerated and results in slowly increasing blood levels of phosphonoacetic acid which reach a maximum of approximately 50 microgram ml-1 in a four day infusion, and decrease to 2 microgram ml-1 24 h after termination.", "PMID": 410465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5663", "title": "Gas chromatography mass spectrometry assay for ketamine and its metabolites in plasma.", "content": "A highly sensitive and specific method for quantitation of ketamine and two of its metabolites found in monkey, dog and human plasma was developed using a gas chromatography selected ion monitoring assay operated in both electron impact and chemical ionization modes. This technique yields excellent precision, reproducibility and accuracy. From 1 ng to 3 microgram of ketamine or its metabolites in 1 ml of plasma can be detected. The technique of electron capture gas chromatography is compared. All three assays were found to be quite useful but the gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques were more specific.", "contents": "Gas chromatography mass spectrometry assay for ketamine and its metabolites in plasma. A highly sensitive and specific method for quantitation of ketamine and two of its metabolites found in monkey, dog and human plasma was developed using a gas chromatography selected ion monitoring assay operated in both electron impact and chemical ionization modes. This technique yields excellent precision, reproducibility and accuracy. From 1 ng to 3 microgram of ketamine or its metabolites in 1 ml of plasma can be detected. The technique of electron capture gas chromatography is compared. All three assays were found to be quite useful but the gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques were more specific.", "PMID": 410466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5664", "title": "[Effect of antioxidants and complexons on mitochondrial swelling induced by thyroxine].", "content": "The rate of thyroxin-induced swelling of rat liver mitochondria depended but little on the cation compositions of the medium (KCl, NaCl or choline chloride), this indicating that the enhancement of mitochondrial membrane permeability for cations in the presence of thyroxin was of negligible selectivity. The antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and beta-ionol in concentrations completely inhibiting the lipid perioxidation failed to affect the thyroxin-induced mitochondrial swelling; hence the latter could not be attributed to the lipoperoxidation. The kinetics of the swelling and the fact of its inhibition by EGTA imply the necessity of calcium ions in the activation of the process and make possible a postulation that the thyroxin-based mitochondrial swelling was based on the process of activation of the membrane phospholipase in these organellae.", "contents": "[Effect of antioxidants and complexons on mitochondrial swelling induced by thyroxine]. The rate of thyroxin-induced swelling of rat liver mitochondria depended but little on the cation compositions of the medium (KCl, NaCl or choline chloride), this indicating that the enhancement of mitochondrial membrane permeability for cations in the presence of thyroxin was of negligible selectivity. The antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and beta-ionol in concentrations completely inhibiting the lipid perioxidation failed to affect the thyroxin-induced mitochondrial swelling; hence the latter could not be attributed to the lipoperoxidation. The kinetics of the swelling and the fact of its inhibition by EGTA imply the necessity of calcium ions in the activation of the process and make possible a postulation that the thyroxin-based mitochondrial swelling was based on the process of activation of the membrane phospholipase in these organellae.", "PMID": 410467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5665", "title": "[Character of Auerbach's plexus receptors in the stomach and small intestine].", "content": "The motility of the stomach and jejunum in 8 fed dogs with the intact vagus nerves was registered by the balloon method. Subcutaneous injection of benzohexonium (0.125--0.5 ml of 2.5% soltuion) and atropine (0.12--0.25 ml of 0.1% solution) or metacine (0.125--0.25 ml of 0.1% solution) to 6 dogs proved to induce a transition from digestive motility to the periodic form after a transient depression of the digestive motility. The same effect followed injection of 0.5--1.0 ml of 0.1% atropine only in 2 dogs and 1.0 ml of 0.1% metacine in 1 dog. Since retention of periodic motility following food consumption was inherent for vagotomized dogs, a conclusion was drawn that the experimental dog had \"pharmacologic vagotomy\". It was suggested that the muscarine receptors on the Auerbach's plexus cells exceeded the nicotine receptor in number.", "contents": "[Character of Auerbach's plexus receptors in the stomach and small intestine]. The motility of the stomach and jejunum in 8 fed dogs with the intact vagus nerves was registered by the balloon method. Subcutaneous injection of benzohexonium (0.125--0.5 ml of 2.5% soltuion) and atropine (0.12--0.25 ml of 0.1% solution) or metacine (0.125--0.25 ml of 0.1% solution) to 6 dogs proved to induce a transition from digestive motility to the periodic form after a transient depression of the digestive motility. The same effect followed injection of 0.5--1.0 ml of 0.1% atropine only in 2 dogs and 1.0 ml of 0.1% metacine in 1 dog. Since retention of periodic motility following food consumption was inherent for vagotomized dogs, a conclusion was drawn that the experimental dog had \"pharmacologic vagotomy\". It was suggested that the muscarine receptors on the Auerbach's plexus cells exceeded the nicotine receptor in number.", "PMID": 410468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5666", "title": "[Transgenosis with participation of plasmid RP1; indications of the presence of a \"composit plasmid\" in an interspecies hybrid of Escherichia coli].", "content": "One of the transconjugants (1-7) obtained by the authors earlier in the conjugation of Escherichia coli J-62 with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1822, besides the plasmic RP1 has acquired the ability to grow without proline and tryptophan. The detailed analysis has shown that in the conjugation of the transconjugant 1-7 with different strains of E. coli the plasmic RP1 and chromosomal genes were transmitted together, but in transduction--by means of bacteriophage P1, independently of each other. The fertility was found only in the transductants carrying the plasmid RP1. This suggests that in the intergeneric conjugations the transmission of chromosomal genes may occur without any firm link with the plasmid (as in the case of \"aggregated plasmids\"). In E. coli cells these chromosomal fragments of Ps. aeruginosa apparently formed small nontransmissible replicons.", "contents": "[Transgenosis with participation of plasmid RP1; indications of the presence of a \"composit plasmid\" in an interspecies hybrid of Escherichia coli]. One of the transconjugants (1-7) obtained by the authors earlier in the conjugation of Escherichia coli J-62 with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1822, besides the plasmic RP1 has acquired the ability to grow without proline and tryptophan. The detailed analysis has shown that in the conjugation of the transconjugant 1-7 with different strains of E. coli the plasmic RP1 and chromosomal genes were transmitted together, but in transduction--by means of bacteriophage P1, independently of each other. The fertility was found only in the transductants carrying the plasmid RP1. This suggests that in the intergeneric conjugations the transmission of chromosomal genes may occur without any firm link with the plasmid (as in the case of \"aggregated plasmids\"). In E. coli cells these chromosomal fragments of Ps. aeruginosa apparently formed small nontransmissible replicons.", "PMID": 410469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5667", "title": "Reactivity of isolated human cerebral arteries to biogenic amines.", "content": "Serotonin (5-HT), histamine, norepinephrine, methoxamine and isoproterenol caused dose-dependent contraction of human cerebral arteries. The potency of 5-HT was greater among test agents in the basilar arteries, whereas it was equivalent to that of norepinephrine in human anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries. Acetylcholine and carbachol (10(-9)-10(-5) M) caused a negligible response in human cerebral arteries. Contractile response to 5-HT was greater in the distal rather than middle portion of the human basilar arteries while this order was reversed in the response to norepinephrine. Tyramine (10(-4) M) caused tonic contraction and nicotine (10(-4) M) and electrical transmural stimulation produced phasic contraction of arteries which were antagonized by adrenergic blocking agents. Adenine nucleotides failed to cause relaxation and only high concentration of adenosine caused a minute relaxation. However, papaverine and nitroglycerin caused marked relaxation. These results suggest that adrenergic mechanism may play a role in the regulation of vascular tone in human cerebral arteries.", "contents": "Reactivity of isolated human cerebral arteries to biogenic amines. Serotonin (5-HT), histamine, norepinephrine, methoxamine and isoproterenol caused dose-dependent contraction of human cerebral arteries. The potency of 5-HT was greater among test agents in the basilar arteries, whereas it was equivalent to that of norepinephrine in human anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries. Acetylcholine and carbachol (10(-9)-10(-5) M) caused a negligible response in human cerebral arteries. Contractile response to 5-HT was greater in the distal rather than middle portion of the human basilar arteries while this order was reversed in the response to norepinephrine. Tyramine (10(-4) M) caused tonic contraction and nicotine (10(-4) M) and electrical transmural stimulation produced phasic contraction of arteries which were antagonized by adrenergic blocking agents. Adenine nucleotides failed to cause relaxation and only high concentration of adenosine caused a minute relaxation. However, papaverine and nitroglycerin caused marked relaxation. These results suggest that adrenergic mechanism may play a role in the regulation of vascular tone in human cerebral arteries.", "PMID": 410470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5668", "title": "The role of total skin irradiation with electrons in the management of mycosis fungoides.", "content": "The study presents a group of 176 patients with biopsy proven mycosis fungoides treated with total skin irradiation with electrons. The treatment resulted in a complete disappearance of all cutaneous lesions in 117/176 (66 percent) of the patients. The rate of complete remission was dose-dependent and was inversely dependent on the extent of the disease. Nineteen patients have been continuously free of any evidence of mycosis fungoides 4-14 years following a single course of treatment and may be considered as cured. Most of the patients presenting with significant peripheral lymphadenopathy (Stage II) eventually relapsed with cutaneous lesions and 37 percent of these patients developed extra-cutaneous dissemination. The prognosis of patients with extracutaneous involvement was poor and no patients in this series survived for more than three years after the histological diagnosis of extractaneous dissemination. The role of total skin irradiation with electrons in the management of each stage of the disease, given either alone or in combination with other treatment modalities, is discussed.", "contents": "The role of total skin irradiation with electrons in the management of mycosis fungoides. The study presents a group of 176 patients with biopsy proven mycosis fungoides treated with total skin irradiation with electrons. The treatment resulted in a complete disappearance of all cutaneous lesions in 117/176 (66 percent) of the patients. The rate of complete remission was dose-dependent and was inversely dependent on the extent of the disease. Nineteen patients have been continuously free of any evidence of mycosis fungoides 4-14 years following a single course of treatment and may be considered as cured. Most of the patients presenting with significant peripheral lymphadenopathy (Stage II) eventually relapsed with cutaneous lesions and 37 percent of these patients developed extra-cutaneous dissemination. The prognosis of patients with extracutaneous involvement was poor and no patients in this series survived for more than three years after the histological diagnosis of extractaneous dissemination. The role of total skin irradiation with electrons in the management of each stage of the disease, given either alone or in combination with other treatment modalities, is discussed.", "PMID": 410471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5669", "title": "Mycosis fungoides. Electron beam therapy.", "content": "The most effective treatment of late mycosis fungoides is total skin electron beam therapy. The beam at the Hammersmith Hospital in London has been adapted to treat these patients. Patients with advanced disease who have failed more conservative methods of treatment are irradiated. The electron beam is modified by the use of carbon and copper scatterers to produce an 80 percent depth dose at 5.5, 8 and 11.5 millimeters below the skin surface. The dose achieved in most patients is between 1500 rads and 2600 rads given in 10 to 13 treatments over 5-7 weeks. Recently the higher dose range has been employed and lithium flouride studies have shown that giving these doses from each of 4 fields, the dose achieved on the skin is approximately twice the given dose. The management of patients and the effects of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Mycosis fungoides. Electron beam therapy. The most effective treatment of late mycosis fungoides is total skin electron beam therapy. The beam at the Hammersmith Hospital in London has been adapted to treat these patients. Patients with advanced disease who have failed more conservative methods of treatment are irradiated. The electron beam is modified by the use of carbon and copper scatterers to produce an 80 percent depth dose at 5.5, 8 and 11.5 millimeters below the skin surface. The dose achieved in most patients is between 1500 rads and 2600 rads given in 10 to 13 treatments over 5-7 weeks. Recently the higher dose range has been employed and lithium flouride studies have shown that giving these doses from each of 4 fields, the dose achieved on the skin is approximately twice the given dose. The management of patients and the effects of treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 410472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5670", "title": "Development and significance of antibodies to salmon calcitonin in patients with Paget's disease on long-term treatment.", "content": "Sixteen consecutive patients in one unit were studied during long-term treatment of Paget's disease of bone with salmon calcitonin. Eleven patients developed detectable antibody titres at some time during treatment. In one patient with a high antibody titre evidence of resistance to treatment emerged two years after the development of antibodies, but no other patient showed evidence of resistance. The clinical and biochemical response could be maintained in the absence of an acute calcium-lowering effect of calcitonin. Although antibodies often develop during treatment with heterologous calcitonin, they are only rarely the cause of clinical resistance.", "contents": "Development and significance of antibodies to salmon calcitonin in patients with Paget's disease on long-term treatment. Sixteen consecutive patients in one unit were studied during long-term treatment of Paget's disease of bone with salmon calcitonin. Eleven patients developed detectable antibody titres at some time during treatment. In one patient with a high antibody titre evidence of resistance to treatment emerged two years after the development of antibodies, but no other patient showed evidence of resistance. The clinical and biochemical response could be maintained in the absence of an acute calcium-lowering effect of calcitonin. Although antibodies often develop during treatment with heterologous calcitonin, they are only rarely the cause of clinical resistance.", "PMID": 410477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5671", "title": "Limbic and prefrontal contributions to somesthetic learning in monkeys.", "content": "Monkeys with forebrain commissurotomies and either lateral temporal, medial temporal, dorsal prefrontal, or ventral prefrontal removals from the right hemisphere were compared with control animals in learning tactual discriminations and reversal with the left hand. The lateral temporal removal yielded no effect, confirming the modality-specific roles of this sector in audition (superior temporal gyrus) and vision (inferior temporal gyrus). The dorsal prefrontal removed yielded a deficit in discrimination learning, possibly as a result of the contralateral sensory neglect or the spatial disorder produced by this lesion. Each of the two remaining lesions, medial temporal and ventral prefrontal, yielded deficits in both discrimination learning and reversal; and the effects of combined removal of these two limbic sectors appeared to be additive. Taken together with earlier findings in vision and audition, the results indicate that the two limbic sectors contribute to learning in all sensory modalities, and that they do so through cortico-cortical interaction with the sensory systems.", "contents": "Limbic and prefrontal contributions to somesthetic learning in monkeys. Monkeys with forebrain commissurotomies and either lateral temporal, medial temporal, dorsal prefrontal, or ventral prefrontal removals from the right hemisphere were compared with control animals in learning tactual discriminations and reversal with the left hand. The lateral temporal removal yielded no effect, confirming the modality-specific roles of this sector in audition (superior temporal gyrus) and vision (inferior temporal gyrus). The dorsal prefrontal removed yielded a deficit in discrimination learning, possibly as a result of the contralateral sensory neglect or the spatial disorder produced by this lesion. Each of the two remaining lesions, medial temporal and ventral prefrontal, yielded deficits in both discrimination learning and reversal; and the effects of combined removal of these two limbic sectors appeared to be additive. Taken together with earlier findings in vision and audition, the results indicate that the two limbic sectors contribute to learning in all sensory modalities, and that they do so through cortico-cortical interaction with the sensory systems.", "PMID": 410478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5672", "title": "Thalamic projections of the hippocampal formation: evidence for an alternate pathway involving the internal capsule.", "content": "Experiments were performed using [3H]leucine radioautography and horseradish peroxidase histochemistry to determine the origin and distribution of the projection from the hippocampal formation to the thalamus in the rat. The results confirm recent findings that postcommissural fornix fibers which project to the anterior thalamus arise exclusively from the subicular cortex and not from hippocampal pyramidal cells. A second significant feature of this pathway is that it arises from cells situated in the deepest layer of subicular cortex at dorsal and posterior levels of the hippocampal formation. Thirdly, one component of this projection involves the internal capsule instead of the fornix. Fibers which pass through this fiber bundle arise from the lateral portion of the subicular complex adjacent to field CA1 of the hippocampus (i.e., prosubiculum) and terminate bilaterally throughout the anteromedial thalamic nucleus. In contrast, fibers from the region of subicular cortex adjacent to the retrosplenial cortex (i.e., presubiculum) pass through the postcommissural fornix and terminate in the ventral portion of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus. Fibers from central portions of the subicular complex (i.e., subiculum) project through both the internal capsule and postcommisural fornix and terminate in the anteromedial and adjacent ventral portion of the anteroventral thalamic nuclei. Fibers which project to the dorsal portion of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus arise from adjacent portions of retrosplenial cortex and project through the internal capsule.", "contents": "Thalamic projections of the hippocampal formation: evidence for an alternate pathway involving the internal capsule. Experiments were performed using [3H]leucine radioautography and horseradish peroxidase histochemistry to determine the origin and distribution of the projection from the hippocampal formation to the thalamus in the rat. The results confirm recent findings that postcommissural fornix fibers which project to the anterior thalamus arise exclusively from the subicular cortex and not from hippocampal pyramidal cells. A second significant feature of this pathway is that it arises from cells situated in the deepest layer of subicular cortex at dorsal and posterior levels of the hippocampal formation. Thirdly, one component of this projection involves the internal capsule instead of the fornix. Fibers which pass through this fiber bundle arise from the lateral portion of the subicular complex adjacent to field CA1 of the hippocampus (i.e., prosubiculum) and terminate bilaterally throughout the anteromedial thalamic nucleus. In contrast, fibers from the region of subicular cortex adjacent to the retrosplenial cortex (i.e., presubiculum) pass through the postcommissural fornix and terminate in the ventral portion of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus. Fibers from central portions of the subicular complex (i.e., subiculum) project through both the internal capsule and postcommisural fornix and terminate in the anteromedial and adjacent ventral portion of the anteroventral thalamic nuclei. Fibers which project to the dorsal portion of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus arise from adjacent portions of retrosplenial cortex and project through the internal capsule.", "PMID": 410479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5673", "title": "Decrease in neostriatal blood flow after D-amphetamine administration or electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra.", "content": "Local blood flow was measured in the caudate nuclei and, in some cases, other areas of rat and monkey brain by the hydrogen clearance technique. Resting values for caudate blood flow in the rat were similar to those reported elsewhere, i.e., 69 +/- 4 ml/min/100 g in the caudate. Administering D-amphetamine sulfate (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to rats reduced caudate flow by a maximum of about 33% after 30 min; this effect could be blocked by pretreatment with haloperidol (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.), a drug that blocks dopamine receptors. D-Amphetamine sulfate (1.5 mg/kg) also reduced caudate but not cortical blood flow in unanesthetized monkeys. Electrical stimulation of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra reduced ipsilateral caudate flow by about 25% without affecting flow in the contralateral caudate. This effect varied with the frequency and intensity of stimulation. These studies suggest that the intraparenchymal release of brain dopamine may modify intraparenchymal (local) blood flow.", "contents": "Decrease in neostriatal blood flow after D-amphetamine administration or electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra. Local blood flow was measured in the caudate nuclei and, in some cases, other areas of rat and monkey brain by the hydrogen clearance technique. Resting values for caudate blood flow in the rat were similar to those reported elsewhere, i.e., 69 +/- 4 ml/min/100 g in the caudate. Administering D-amphetamine sulfate (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to rats reduced caudate flow by a maximum of about 33% after 30 min; this effect could be blocked by pretreatment with haloperidol (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.), a drug that blocks dopamine receptors. D-Amphetamine sulfate (1.5 mg/kg) also reduced caudate but not cortical blood flow in unanesthetized monkeys. Electrical stimulation of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra reduced ipsilateral caudate flow by about 25% without affecting flow in the contralateral caudate. This effect varied with the frequency and intensity of stimulation. These studies suggest that the intraparenchymal release of brain dopamine may modify intraparenchymal (local) blood flow.", "PMID": 410481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5674", "title": "Lacunar cells of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease: an ultrastructural and immunohistologic study.", "content": "Tissues from 22 cases of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease were studied by light and electron microscopy in conjunction with immunohistologic and cytochemical staining. The presence of lipid in the cytoplasm of lacunar cells suggested that this was responsible for the distinctive \"lacunar\" appearance of the cells. Marked morphologic similarities between \"blast cells\" resulting from mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes in vi-ro, immunoblasts seen in reactive lymphoid tissues, and mononuclear \"Hodgkin's\" cells in Hodgkin's disease suggested that all three cell types may result from lymphocyte transformation. It also seemed apparent that there was a developmental sequence from lymphocyte to transformed lymphocyte to the abnormal mononuclear Hodgkin's cell, with further progression, through increasing size and nuclear lobulation, to the lacunar cell or, alternatively, to the diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cell. This proposed sequence was supported by immunoperoxidase studies in which cytoplasmic immunoglobulin was demonstrated in mononuclear Hodgkin's cells, lacunar cells and Reed-Sternberg cells. The proposed relationship between these cells was also supported by the findings of both kappa and lambda chains in the same cells, a pattern not seen in reactive transformed lymphocytes.", "contents": "Lacunar cells of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease: an ultrastructural and immunohistologic study. Tissues from 22 cases of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease were studied by light and electron microscopy in conjunction with immunohistologic and cytochemical staining. The presence of lipid in the cytoplasm of lacunar cells suggested that this was responsible for the distinctive \"lacunar\" appearance of the cells. Marked morphologic similarities between \"blast cells\" resulting from mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes in vi-ro, immunoblasts seen in reactive lymphoid tissues, and mononuclear \"Hodgkin's\" cells in Hodgkin's disease suggested that all three cell types may result from lymphocyte transformation. It also seemed apparent that there was a developmental sequence from lymphocyte to transformed lymphocyte to the abnormal mononuclear Hodgkin's cell, with further progression, through increasing size and nuclear lobulation, to the lacunar cell or, alternatively, to the diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cell. This proposed sequence was supported by immunoperoxidase studies in which cytoplasmic immunoglobulin was demonstrated in mononuclear Hodgkin's cells, lacunar cells and Reed-Sternberg cells. The proposed relationship between these cells was also supported by the findings of both kappa and lambda chains in the same cells, a pattern not seen in reactive transformed lymphocytes.", "PMID": 410494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5675", "title": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia in a patient with macroglobulinemia and malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia occurred in a 69-year-old man with malignant lymphoma and macroglobulinemia. Fluorescent staining demonstrated the macroglobulin in plasma and leukemic cells. Plasma cells seemed to be producing paraproteins, while leukemic cells appeared to be engulfing them as seen with transmission electron microscopy. The sequence of events ruled out the possibility that myelomonocytic leukemia developed following the use of cytotoxic drugs. The case presented in this report is a rare example of malignant lymphoma, macroglobulinemia, and acute myelomonocytic leukemia occurring in the same patient.", "contents": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia in a patient with macroglobulinemia and malignant lymphoma. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia occurred in a 69-year-old man with malignant lymphoma and macroglobulinemia. Fluorescent staining demonstrated the macroglobulin in plasma and leukemic cells. Plasma cells seemed to be producing paraproteins, while leukemic cells appeared to be engulfing them as seen with transmission electron microscopy. The sequence of events ruled out the possibility that myelomonocytic leukemia developed following the use of cytotoxic drugs. The case presented in this report is a rare example of malignant lymphoma, macroglobulinemia, and acute myelomonocytic leukemia occurring in the same patient.", "PMID": 410495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5676", "title": "Malignant tumors of the testis: analysis of treatment results and sites and causes of failure.", "content": "A total of 150 patients with germinal testicular neoplasms treated at the University of California, San Francisco, were reviewed. The 5-year actuarial survival rate was 95% for 57 patients with seminoma and 56% for 75 patients with carcinoma. Treatment modalities were compared with respect to sites and causes of failure and complications. The most common sites of failure in the carcinoma patients were lung, and supraclavicular or mediastinal lymph nodes. Scrotal orchiectomy, elevated gonadotropins, elements of choriocarcinoma, and bulky abdominal disease were all correlated with high treatment failure rate.", "contents": "Malignant tumors of the testis: analysis of treatment results and sites and causes of failure. A total of 150 patients with germinal testicular neoplasms treated at the University of California, San Francisco, were reviewed. The 5-year actuarial survival rate was 95% for 57 patients with seminoma and 56% for 75 patients with carcinoma. Treatment modalities were compared with respect to sites and causes of failure and complications. The most common sites of failure in the carcinoma patients were lung, and supraclavicular or mediastinal lymph nodes. Scrotal orchiectomy, elevated gonadotropins, elements of choriocarcinoma, and bulky abdominal disease were all correlated with high treatment failure rate.", "PMID": 410496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5677", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas associated with neurofibromatosis.", "content": "A case of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas in a 27-year-old woman with neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease) is presented.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas associated with neurofibromatosis. A case of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas in a 27-year-old woman with neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease) is presented.", "PMID": 410497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5678", "title": "1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-3-O-(2-deoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-D-arabino-hex-1-enitol, the by-product in the enzymic hydration of D-glucal by beta-D-glucosidase from emulsin.", "content": "The by-product (3) in the hydration of D-glucal (1) catalyzed by emulsin beta-D-glucosidase has been identified as 1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-3-O-(2-deoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-D-arabino-hex-1-enitol. Two models for the formation of 3 are discussed, involving transfer of a 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl cation to HO-3 of D-glucal (glycon transfer) and transfer of an allylic D-pseudoglucal cation to HO-1 of 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexopyranose (aglycan transfer). The enzymic production of 3 is highly regiospecific, which lends support to the second model and implies the presence of a specific binding-site for the aglycon moiety.", "contents": "1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-3-O-(2-deoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-D-arabino-hex-1-enitol, the by-product in the enzymic hydration of D-glucal by beta-D-glucosidase from emulsin. The by-product (3) in the hydration of D-glucal (1) catalyzed by emulsin beta-D-glucosidase has been identified as 1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-3-O-(2-deoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-D-arabino-hex-1-enitol. Two models for the formation of 3 are discussed, involving transfer of a 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl cation to HO-3 of D-glucal (glycon transfer) and transfer of an allylic D-pseudoglucal cation to HO-1 of 2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexopyranose (aglycan transfer). The enzymic production of 3 is highly regiospecific, which lends support to the second model and implies the presence of a specific binding-site for the aglycon moiety.", "PMID": 410499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5679", "title": "The stereochemistry of the addition of glycerol to D-galactal, catalyzed by beta-D-galactosidase.", "content": "On incubation with beta-D-galactosidase, D-galactal-2-d (1) plus glycerol yielded 1-deoxyglycerol-1-yl 2-deoxy-beta-D-lyxo-hexopyranoside-2(S)-d. By 1H-n.m.r. analysis, it was shown that the hydrogen atom introduced on C-2 is trans-related to the aglycon moiety. In contrast to this stereospecific, enzyme-catalyzed addition, the reaction of phenol with peracetylated 1, catalyzed by p-toluenesulfonic acid, which yields phenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-lyxo-hexopyranoside-2-d, was shown to entail both a trans and a cis addition.", "contents": "The stereochemistry of the addition of glycerol to D-galactal, catalyzed by beta-D-galactosidase. On incubation with beta-D-galactosidase, D-galactal-2-d (1) plus glycerol yielded 1-deoxyglycerol-1-yl 2-deoxy-beta-D-lyxo-hexopyranoside-2(S)-d. By 1H-n.m.r. analysis, it was shown that the hydrogen atom introduced on C-2 is trans-related to the aglycon moiety. In contrast to this stereospecific, enzyme-catalyzed addition, the reaction of phenol with peracetylated 1, catalyzed by p-toluenesulfonic acid, which yields phenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-lyxo-hexopyranoside-2-d, was shown to entail both a trans and a cis addition.", "PMID": 410500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5680", "title": "Transcription at two heat shock loci in Drosophila.", "content": "Transcription at two heat shock loci in Drosophila melanogaster, in subdivisions 87A and 57C, was investigated by hybridization in situ with 3H-labeled messenger, nuclear RNA and whole cell RNA from cells cultured at elevated temperature. What appears to be the same 9 x 10(5) dalton heat shock message hybridizes at both sites. At 87a, little additional hybridization is obtained with nuclear or whole cell RNA. In contrast, at 87C the saturation level of hybridization by nuclear and whole cell RNA is much higher than that obtained with the message alone. This evidence for extensive hybridization at 87C but not at 87A by RNA distinct from the message is confirmed by the finding that excess nonradioactive message competes away most of the hybridization by 3H-labeled nuclear and whole cell RNA at the latter locus but not at the former. The noncompetable RNA migrates on an electrophoretic gel as a heterogeneous population of molecules, extending to sizes both larger and smaller than the message. These and other observations lead to the conclusion that a 87A transcription includes little more than sequences complementary to the 9 x 10(5) dalton message, while at 87C, there are sequences complementary to the same message and extensive additional sequences complementary to other species of RNA.", "contents": "Transcription at two heat shock loci in Drosophila. Transcription at two heat shock loci in Drosophila melanogaster, in subdivisions 87A and 57C, was investigated by hybridization in situ with 3H-labeled messenger, nuclear RNA and whole cell RNA from cells cultured at elevated temperature. What appears to be the same 9 x 10(5) dalton heat shock message hybridizes at both sites. At 87a, little additional hybridization is obtained with nuclear or whole cell RNA. In contrast, at 87C the saturation level of hybridization by nuclear and whole cell RNA is much higher than that obtained with the message alone. This evidence for extensive hybridization at 87C but not at 87A by RNA distinct from the message is confirmed by the finding that excess nonradioactive message competes away most of the hybridization by 3H-labeled nuclear and whole cell RNA at the latter locus but not at the former. The noncompetable RNA migrates on an electrophoretic gel as a heterogeneous population of molecules, extending to sizes both larger and smaller than the message. These and other observations lead to the conclusion that a 87A transcription includes little more than sequences complementary to the 9 x 10(5) dalton message, while at 87C, there are sequences complementary to the same message and extensive additional sequences complementary to other species of RNA.", "PMID": 410501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5681", "title": "Cloned MPC 11 myeloma cells express two kappa genes: a gene for a complete light chain and a gene for a constant region polypeptide.", "content": "Cloned MPC 11 mouse plasmacytoma cells synthesize a complete kappa light chain and also a kappa light chain constant region fragment. Partial amino terminal sequences of the in vitro forms of these two proteins have been determined. Both in vitro products contain typical light chain leaders; leaders are defined as the amino terminal sequences present on in vitro products but absent from the in vivo products found in living cells. The in vitro form of the MPC 11 complete light chain contains a leader sequence plus variable and constant region sequences. The in vitro form of the MPC 11 light chain constant region fragment contains a different leader sequence attached directly to a complete constant ragion sequence and has no variable region sequences. Thus the MPC 11 light chain fragment is not a degradation product of the MPC 11 complete light chain (or of any other complete light chain) and must be coded by a separate gene. The results reveal two unusual features of MPC 11 cells: first, expression of a unique variant light chain gene coding the light chain constant region fragment, and second, expression of two different kappa light chain genes (coding the complete light chain and the variant constant region fragment) in a single cell. In addition, evidence is provided that the in vitro forms of kappa light chains, three of which are presented here for the first time, include a minimum of three partially homologous but quite different leader sequences.", "contents": "Cloned MPC 11 myeloma cells express two kappa genes: a gene for a complete light chain and a gene for a constant region polypeptide. Cloned MPC 11 mouse plasmacytoma cells synthesize a complete kappa light chain and also a kappa light chain constant region fragment. Partial amino terminal sequences of the in vitro forms of these two proteins have been determined. Both in vitro products contain typical light chain leaders; leaders are defined as the amino terminal sequences present on in vitro products but absent from the in vivo products found in living cells. The in vitro form of the MPC 11 complete light chain contains a leader sequence plus variable and constant region sequences. The in vitro form of the MPC 11 light chain constant region fragment contains a different leader sequence attached directly to a complete constant ragion sequence and has no variable region sequences. Thus the MPC 11 light chain fragment is not a degradation product of the MPC 11 complete light chain (or of any other complete light chain) and must be coded by a separate gene. The results reveal two unusual features of MPC 11 cells: first, expression of a unique variant light chain gene coding the light chain constant region fragment, and second, expression of two different kappa light chain genes (coding the complete light chain and the variant constant region fragment) in a single cell. In addition, evidence is provided that the in vitro forms of kappa light chains, three of which are presented here for the first time, include a minimum of three partially homologous but quite different leader sequences.", "PMID": 410502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5682", "title": "The mitochondrial DNA of Drosophila melanogaster exists in two distinct and stable superhelical forms.", "content": "We have studied the structure and replication of mitochondrial DNA from Drosophila melanogaster embryos, larvae, adult flies and two established tissue culture lines. The most striking observation is that the organism maintains at least two stable, distinct closed circular forms of mitochondrial DNA throughout development of the early embryo and in the adult fly. The major closed circular monomeric form comprises approximately 75% of the population and has a normal number of superhelical turns. In contrast, closed circular mitochondrial DNA isolated from Drosophila tissue culture cells is comprised almost entirely of molecules with the low superhelix density. We have been unable to detect the D loop form of mitochondrial DNA present in other eucaryotic systems, and find by electron microscope and pulse-chase labeling techniques that the time required to replicate Drosophila mitochondrial DNA is very short (less than 15 min) compared to the mouse L cell system (greater than 1 hr). We conclude that Drosophila mitochondrial DNA utilizes a replication mechanism different from that of other higher eucaryotes. We postulate that the maintenance of markedly different topological forms of mitochondrial DNA is most probably related to different demands for replication and transcription of the genome in these sources.", "contents": "The mitochondrial DNA of Drosophila melanogaster exists in two distinct and stable superhelical forms. We have studied the structure and replication of mitochondrial DNA from Drosophila melanogaster embryos, larvae, adult flies and two established tissue culture lines. The most striking observation is that the organism maintains at least two stable, distinct closed circular forms of mitochondrial DNA throughout development of the early embryo and in the adult fly. The major closed circular monomeric form comprises approximately 75% of the population and has a normal number of superhelical turns. In contrast, closed circular mitochondrial DNA isolated from Drosophila tissue culture cells is comprised almost entirely of molecules with the low superhelix density. We have been unable to detect the D loop form of mitochondrial DNA present in other eucaryotic systems, and find by electron microscope and pulse-chase labeling techniques that the time required to replicate Drosophila mitochondrial DNA is very short (less than 15 min) compared to the mouse L cell system (greater than 1 hr). We conclude that Drosophila mitochondrial DNA utilizes a replication mechanism different from that of other higher eucaryotes. We postulate that the maintenance of markedly different topological forms of mitochondrial DNA is most probably related to different demands for replication and transcription of the genome in these sources.", "PMID": 410503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5683", "title": "Aflatoxin B1, a selective inhibitor of DNA synthesis in mammalian cells.", "content": "Aflatoxin B1 in concentrations between 0.01 and 0.1 microgram/ml inhibits DNA synthesis in African green monkey cells in culture, but has little effect on RNA synthesis and no effect on protein synthesis. The drug even at concentrations up to 1.0 microgram/ml does not interfere with DNA repair promoted by ultraviolet irradiation nor does it induce DNA repair. The inhibition of DNA synthesis attains maximum values 3 h after addition of aflatoxin B1 and is irreversible upon removal of the drug. Profiles of pulselabeled DNA sedimented in alkaline sucrose gradients indicate that aflatoxin B1 blocks initiation of replication rather than elongation.", "contents": "Aflatoxin B1, a selective inhibitor of DNA synthesis in mammalian cells. Aflatoxin B1 in concentrations between 0.01 and 0.1 microgram/ml inhibits DNA synthesis in African green monkey cells in culture, but has little effect on RNA synthesis and no effect on protein synthesis. The drug even at concentrations up to 1.0 microgram/ml does not interfere with DNA repair promoted by ultraviolet irradiation nor does it induce DNA repair. The inhibition of DNA synthesis attains maximum values 3 h after addition of aflatoxin B1 and is irreversible upon removal of the drug. Profiles of pulselabeled DNA sedimented in alkaline sucrose gradients indicate that aflatoxin B1 blocks initiation of replication rather than elongation.", "PMID": 410504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5684", "title": "[In vitro synthesis of cytokinins in isolated roots of lupin (Lupinus albus L.) treated with lectins extracted from cotyledons and leaves].", "content": "The synthesis of cytokinins in isolated roots of Lupinus albus L. cultured under sterile conditions, seems to be induced by leaf proteins and lectins extracted from the cotyledons. Immunochemical methods have been used to prove that the leaf proteins were lectins too, quite different from those coming from cotyledons, but having the same effect on the root cytokinins synthesis.", "contents": "[In vitro synthesis of cytokinins in isolated roots of lupin (Lupinus albus L.) treated with lectins extracted from cotyledons and leaves]. The synthesis of cytokinins in isolated roots of Lupinus albus L. cultured under sterile conditions, seems to be induced by leaf proteins and lectins extracted from the cotyledons. Immunochemical methods have been used to prove that the leaf proteins were lectins too, quite different from those coming from cotyledons, but having the same effect on the root cytokinins synthesis.", "PMID": 410505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5685", "title": "[Effect of gamma radiation on organs and cells of higher plants cultivated in vitro. Dose effect on survival of axillary buds of haploid and diploid Nicotiana sylvestris and Nicotiana tabacum].", "content": "The Dose/Action relationship between gamma irradiation and bud survival, plotted on log-linear axes, produces a plateau (no decrease in survival) followed by a straight line decrease. The length of the plateau and the slope of the line appear to depend on the degree of plo\u00efdy and the structure of the genome. There could be redondant parts in the genome of Nicotiana sylvestris.", "contents": "[Effect of gamma radiation on organs and cells of higher plants cultivated in vitro. Dose effect on survival of axillary buds of haploid and diploid Nicotiana sylvestris and Nicotiana tabacum]. The Dose/Action relationship between gamma irradiation and bud survival, plotted on log-linear axes, produces a plateau (no decrease in survival) followed by a straight line decrease. The length of the plateau and the slope of the line appear to depend on the degree of plo\u00efdy and the structure of the genome. There could be redondant parts in the genome of Nicotiana sylvestris.", "PMID": 410506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5686", "title": "[Trend of of stature in France].", "content": "The average stature of 23,400 young adults was 172.33 cm in 1974; it is not the final size because they were 18 to 20 years old. Compared to previous data, we note that the rate of increase grows: it was of 0.3 cm every 10 years at the beginning of the century, of 1 cm in the middle of this century, actually it reaches 1.7 cm per ten years. Studying the correlations between the increase of stature and the variations of some factors during this century, we find multiple correlations accounting for the conditions of life, without a predominant factor. Among the sample of 1974, we find again the same result. The genetic factors (consanguinity, exogamy) show more modest correlations than mesological factors. The mental capacities show the strongest correlation, but does not explain the tendency occuring one in a hundred year. We still do not know why children grow quicker and reach a final bigger size than in the past.", "contents": "[Trend of of stature in France]. The average stature of 23,400 young adults was 172.33 cm in 1974; it is not the final size because they were 18 to 20 years old. Compared to previous data, we note that the rate of increase grows: it was of 0.3 cm every 10 years at the beginning of the century, of 1 cm in the middle of this century, actually it reaches 1.7 cm per ten years. Studying the correlations between the increase of stature and the variations of some factors during this century, we find multiple correlations accounting for the conditions of life, without a predominant factor. Among the sample of 1974, we find again the same result. The genetic factors (consanguinity, exogamy) show more modest correlations than mesological factors. The mental capacities show the strongest correlation, but does not explain the tendency occuring one in a hundred year. We still do not know why children grow quicker and reach a final bigger size than in the past.", "PMID": 410507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5687", "title": "[Demonstration of catecholaminergic neurons in rat retina by fluorescence histochemistry on cryostat sections].", "content": "A fluorescence histochemical technique using glyoxylic acid and cryostat sections has been worked out to visualize the dopamine-containing neurons of the retina. It allows the demonstration of catecholaminergic junctional cells and alloganglion cells, classically described. Moreover, the observation of some fluorescent fibers in the external zone of the inner nuclear layer, in contact with the outer plexiform, suggests the presence of catecholamine-containing interplexiform cells, in the Rat retina.", "contents": "[Demonstration of catecholaminergic neurons in rat retina by fluorescence histochemistry on cryostat sections]. A fluorescence histochemical technique using glyoxylic acid and cryostat sections has been worked out to visualize the dopamine-containing neurons of the retina. It allows the demonstration of catecholaminergic junctional cells and alloganglion cells, classically described. Moreover, the observation of some fluorescent fibers in the external zone of the inner nuclear layer, in contact with the outer plexiform, suggests the presence of catecholamine-containing interplexiform cells, in the Rat retina.", "PMID": 410509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5688", "title": "[Differentiation antigens in keratinocytes].", "content": "By means of indirect immunofluorescence with human sera it has been demonstrated that cytoplasmic components of the basal cell layer showed antigenic differences as compared to the upper cell layers. Moreover there were differences whether the cells were involved in a mucous, a parakeratinized or an orthokeratinized differentiation.", "contents": "[Differentiation antigens in keratinocytes]. By means of indirect immunofluorescence with human sera it has been demonstrated that cytoplasmic components of the basal cell layer showed antigenic differences as compared to the upper cell layers. Moreover there were differences whether the cells were involved in a mucous, a parakeratinized or an orthokeratinized differentiation.", "PMID": 410510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5689", "title": "[Effect of diet on the mitotic activity and rate of cytolysis of intestinal epithelial cells in tadpoles of the common toad, Bufo bufo (Amphibia, Anura)].", "content": "Effects of diet on the mitotic activity and cellular mortality rate of the intestinal epithelium cells have been examined in Toad tadpoles. As yolk is utilized, the composition of diet has little effect on these 2 parameters. As development goes on, the cellular mortality rate increases with dietary carbohydrate, fat or protein supplementation. But only the fats affect the mitotic activity.", "contents": "[Effect of diet on the mitotic activity and rate of cytolysis of intestinal epithelial cells in tadpoles of the common toad, Bufo bufo (Amphibia, Anura)]. Effects of diet on the mitotic activity and cellular mortality rate of the intestinal epithelium cells have been examined in Toad tadpoles. As yolk is utilized, the composition of diet has little effect on these 2 parameters. As development goes on, the cellular mortality rate increases with dietary carbohydrate, fat or protein supplementation. But only the fats affect the mitotic activity.", "PMID": 410511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5690", "title": "[Comparative study of the glycosidases of 2 Lepidoptera wood-eating Cossidae (Cossus cossus L., and Zeuzera pyrina L.) and various wood-eating Coleoptera].", "content": "The authors present here the results of their research concerning the study of the osidases of the caterpillars Cossus cossus L. and Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera Cossidae). Its enzyme equipment shows very important differences compared to the different species of Scolytidae, Cerambycidae, Curculionidae and Buprestidae. The differences are lie especially in the absence of some osidases acting on polysaccharides (h\u00e9micelluloses and cellulose).", "contents": "[Comparative study of the glycosidases of 2 Lepidoptera wood-eating Cossidae (Cossus cossus L., and Zeuzera pyrina L.) and various wood-eating Coleoptera]. The authors present here the results of their research concerning the study of the osidases of the caterpillars Cossus cossus L. and Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera Cossidae). Its enzyme equipment shows very important differences compared to the different species of Scolytidae, Cerambycidae, Curculionidae and Buprestidae. The differences are lie especially in the absence of some osidases acting on polysaccharides (h\u00e9micelluloses and cellulose).", "PMID": 410512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5691", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopy study of spinal cord nerve cells from chick embryos cultured in vitro with poly-L-lysine].", "content": "Chick embryo nerve cells from the lumbo-sacral spinal cord have been isolated by trypsinisation and cultivated in Rose chambers on polylysine-L as a substrate. The cells are analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The mode of adherence of these cells to the substrate and the modifications of the surface of the neuroblasts during their transformation into neurocytes are studied.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopy study of spinal cord nerve cells from chick embryos cultured in vitro with poly-L-lysine]. Chick embryo nerve cells from the lumbo-sacral spinal cord have been isolated by trypsinisation and cultivated in Rose chambers on polylysine-L as a substrate. The cells are analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The mode of adherence of these cells to the substrate and the modifications of the surface of the neuroblasts during their transformation into neurocytes are studied.", "PMID": 410514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5692", "title": "[Increase in spontaneous beating frequency in rat heart cells cultured in homologous serum].", "content": "Rat serum at different concentrations added to cultured Rat heart cells medium increased spontaneous beating frequency of myoblasts. This increase occurred instantaneously and lasted more than 24 hrs. It was related to the serum concentration used. Electrophysiological recording showed a decrease in the iso-electric phase duration of membrane potential, with no change in action potential. In spite of the beating frequency increase, cells remained sensitive to the chronotrope positive action induced by Isoprenaline. There was no difference between male and female sera. The global results could partly be explained by the action of Ca++ in Rat serum.", "contents": "[Increase in spontaneous beating frequency in rat heart cells cultured in homologous serum]. Rat serum at different concentrations added to cultured Rat heart cells medium increased spontaneous beating frequency of myoblasts. This increase occurred instantaneously and lasted more than 24 hrs. It was related to the serum concentration used. Electrophysiological recording showed a decrease in the iso-electric phase duration of membrane potential, with no change in action potential. In spite of the beating frequency increase, cells remained sensitive to the chronotrope positive action induced by Isoprenaline. There was no difference between male and female sera. The global results could partly be explained by the action of Ca++ in Rat serum.", "PMID": 410515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5693", "title": "[Consequence of heterospecific cytoplasmic graft on gastrulation of Bufo bufo L. (Amphibia, Anura)].", "content": "Bufo bufo nuclei were grafted in virgin and enucleated Bufo calamita eggs. In these conditions embryonnic development was stopped at the early gastrula stage in 92% of the recipient eggs. For accomparative analysis Bufo calamita cytoplasm was injected into fertilized Bufo bufo eggs and produce arrest of development at the early gastrula stage. The progressive enhancement of this development inhibition was related to the increasing of the injected cytoplasm volume.", "contents": "[Consequence of heterospecific cytoplasmic graft on gastrulation of Bufo bufo L. (Amphibia, Anura)]. Bufo bufo nuclei were grafted in virgin and enucleated Bufo calamita eggs. In these conditions embryonnic development was stopped at the early gastrula stage in 92% of the recipient eggs. For accomparative analysis Bufo calamita cytoplasm was injected into fertilized Bufo bufo eggs and produce arrest of development at the early gastrula stage. The progressive enhancement of this development inhibition was related to the increasing of the injected cytoplasm volume.", "PMID": 410516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5694", "title": "[Cholinesterase activity and expression of axial teratogenesis in quail embryo exposed to organophosphates].", "content": "The expression of the axial terotogenesis and the cholinesterasic activities have been studied simultaneously in the Quail embryo. High concentration of malathion (1 000 microgram) slightly reduces the cholinesterasic activities and does not produce morphogenetic disturbance. Bidrin (250 microgram) and parathion (100 microgram), strongly inhibit the cholinesterasic activities producing drastic axial deformities. The use of graduated concentrations of parathion shows that these axial abnormalities take place with a high level of cholinesterase inhibition. With organophosphorus, there is a good correlation between the axial teratogenesis and the cholinesterase inactivation.", "contents": "[Cholinesterase activity and expression of axial teratogenesis in quail embryo exposed to organophosphates]. The expression of the axial terotogenesis and the cholinesterasic activities have been studied simultaneously in the Quail embryo. High concentration of malathion (1 000 microgram) slightly reduces the cholinesterasic activities and does not produce morphogenetic disturbance. Bidrin (250 microgram) and parathion (100 microgram), strongly inhibit the cholinesterasic activities producing drastic axial deformities. The use of graduated concentrations of parathion shows that these axial abnormalities take place with a high level of cholinesterase inhibition. With organophosphorus, there is a good correlation between the axial teratogenesis and the cholinesterase inactivation.", "PMID": 410517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5695", "title": "[Genetic tolerance to alcohol in Drosophila: comparison of the effects of selection in D. melanogaster and D. simulans].", "content": "A strain of D. simulans and 3 strains of D. melanogaster having different initial levels of alcohol tolerance were submitted to increasing selection for at least 30 generations. In melanogaster, the relative efficiency of selection was inversely related to the initial level. In simulans, whose natural tolerance is particularly low, only a small increase was obtained. In all cases, tolerance increased progressively and could be considered as a quantitative character. These results are probably due to modifier genes of the alcohol dehydrogenase locus.", "contents": "[Genetic tolerance to alcohol in Drosophila: comparison of the effects of selection in D. melanogaster and D. simulans]. A strain of D. simulans and 3 strains of D. melanogaster having different initial levels of alcohol tolerance were submitted to increasing selection for at least 30 generations. In melanogaster, the relative efficiency of selection was inversely related to the initial level. In simulans, whose natural tolerance is particularly low, only a small increase was obtained. In all cases, tolerance increased progressively and could be considered as a quantitative character. These results are probably due to modifier genes of the alcohol dehydrogenase locus.", "PMID": 410518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5696", "title": "[Non-enzymatic active transport in vitro. Conversion of chemical to osmotic energy].", "content": "The active transport of ammonia gas was obtained with an asymmetric composite membrane-model using H+ as carrier and the formation of water as chemical energy source. The experimental molecular pump externally limited by two silicone films permeable to gasses but not to liquids or ions is separated into two liquid layers by a central cation-exchange membrane. The first acid layer produces the aspiration of NH3, due to NH4+ formation, through the inlet silicone film; NH4+ is transferred to the second alkaline layer through the ion exchange membrane, by interdiffusion with K+; there NH4+ reacts with OH-, water is formed and NH3 is expelled throught the oulet silicone film. This new pump enlarges the applicability of in vitro active transport to non-enzymatic systems and energy sources different from ATP.", "contents": "[Non-enzymatic active transport in vitro. Conversion of chemical to osmotic energy]. The active transport of ammonia gas was obtained with an asymmetric composite membrane-model using H+ as carrier and the formation of water as chemical energy source. The experimental molecular pump externally limited by two silicone films permeable to gasses but not to liquids or ions is separated into two liquid layers by a central cation-exchange membrane. The first acid layer produces the aspiration of NH3, due to NH4+ formation, through the inlet silicone film; NH4+ is transferred to the second alkaline layer through the ion exchange membrane, by interdiffusion with K+; there NH4+ reacts with OH-, water is formed and NH3 is expelled throught the oulet silicone film. This new pump enlarges the applicability of in vitro active transport to non-enzymatic systems and energy sources different from ATP.", "PMID": 410520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5697", "title": "[Initiation of transcription and translation in E. coli nucleoids].", "content": "The initiation of both transcription and translation occurs in membrane-associated nucleoid of E. coli without the addition of cytoplasmic fraction. Initiation of translation, however, is stimulated by adjunction of S 165. Our results suggest that the system is limited in synthesizing F-met-tRNA. The capacity of nucleoid-extracted ribosomes to form initiation complexes is only slightly higher than that of supernatant ribosomes. RNA synthesis is partially rifampicin-sensitive, which implies that initiation of new chains takes place in our system.", "contents": "[Initiation of transcription and translation in E. coli nucleoids]. The initiation of both transcription and translation occurs in membrane-associated nucleoid of E. coli without the addition of cytoplasmic fraction. Initiation of translation, however, is stimulated by adjunction of S 165. Our results suggest that the system is limited in synthesizing F-met-tRNA. The capacity of nucleoid-extracted ribosomes to form initiation complexes is only slightly higher than that of supernatant ribosomes. RNA synthesis is partially rifampicin-sensitive, which implies that initiation of new chains takes place in our system.", "PMID": 410521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5698", "title": "[Synthetic and biological activity of 25R and 25S diastereoisomers of dihydroxy-25,26 cholecalciferol (25,25(OH)2D3)].", "content": "The separation of 5-cholestene-3 beta, 25 (RS), 25-triol 3,26-diacetate into the diastereoisomers 25R and 25S by means of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. Their absolute configuration cannot be yet established. The less polar diastereoisomer is arbitrarily called 25 zeta1 and the more polar one 25 zeta2. Bromination, dehydrobromination and ultraviolet irradiation conducted to 25 zeta1, 26(OH2D3 and 25 zeta2, 26(OH)2D3 respectively. Their biological activity is described.", "contents": "[Synthetic and biological activity of 25R and 25S diastereoisomers of dihydroxy-25,26 cholecalciferol (25,25(OH)2D3)]. The separation of 5-cholestene-3 beta, 25 (RS), 25-triol 3,26-diacetate into the diastereoisomers 25R and 25S by means of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. Their absolute configuration cannot be yet established. The less polar diastereoisomer is arbitrarily called 25 zeta1 and the more polar one 25 zeta2. Bromination, dehydrobromination and ultraviolet irradiation conducted to 25 zeta1, 26(OH2D3 and 25 zeta2, 26(OH)2D3 respectively. Their biological activity is described.", "PMID": 410523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5699", "title": "[Toxicokinetic study of vanadium after intramuscular and intratracheal administration to rats].", "content": "The toxicokinetic study, made in the rat with 48V under VOCl2, shows that vanadium does not accumulate in the system. 66% of the radioactivity is found in urines 24 hrs. after the inoculation by intramuscular method. After intratracheal deposit, a part of the vanadium is eliminated very rapidly. The other which is lower is fixed on the pulmonary tissues.", "contents": "[Toxicokinetic study of vanadium after intramuscular and intratracheal administration to rats]. The toxicokinetic study, made in the rat with 48V under VOCl2, shows that vanadium does not accumulate in the system. 66% of the radioactivity is found in urines 24 hrs. after the inoculation by intramuscular method. After intratracheal deposit, a part of the vanadium is eliminated very rapidly. The other which is lower is fixed on the pulmonary tissues.", "PMID": 410524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5700", "title": "[Presence of \"pancreatic polypeptide\" cells, and gastrin immunoreactivity in immuno-induced exocrine pancreas carcinoma].", "content": "1) In electively immuno-induced carcinomas of the exocrine pancrease in Mice, where A (glucagon) and B (insulin) endocrine cells persist, cells with a pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactivity are also detected, even in late evolution stages. These cells, like D cells, containing somatostatin, are localized only in the pancreatic remains surrounding the anaplasic carcinomatous tissue: islets, adenomatous parenchyma, and ductular epithelium. Ultrastructure of these cells shows their active elaboration of numerous chracteristic secretion granules. (2) Immunocytoenzymatic detection of gastrin is negative in the exocrine and endocrine pancreatic tissues. However one of the anti-gastrin sera used gives a positive reaction, in some carinomatous cells only. Does this immunoreactivity characterize a polypeptide specific to the pancreatic carcinomatous cell?", "contents": "[Presence of \"pancreatic polypeptide\" cells, and gastrin immunoreactivity in immuno-induced exocrine pancreas carcinoma]. 1) In electively immuno-induced carcinomas of the exocrine pancrease in Mice, where A (glucagon) and B (insulin) endocrine cells persist, cells with a pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactivity are also detected, even in late evolution stages. These cells, like D cells, containing somatostatin, are localized only in the pancreatic remains surrounding the anaplasic carcinomatous tissue: islets, adenomatous parenchyma, and ductular epithelium. Ultrastructure of these cells shows their active elaboration of numerous chracteristic secretion granules. (2) Immunocytoenzymatic detection of gastrin is negative in the exocrine and endocrine pancreatic tissues. However one of the anti-gastrin sera used gives a positive reaction, in some carinomatous cells only. Does this immunoreactivity characterize a polypeptide specific to the pancreatic carcinomatous cell?", "PMID": 410528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5701", "title": "[The network of middle meningeal veins in Ponginae (Catarhini, Anthropormorpha)].", "content": "The grooves traced by the middle meningeal veins on the endocranial wall in the Ponginae show a particular pattern for each genus, with numerous early characteristics: important frontal branch; anterior branch reduced; occipital origin of the posterior branch and constancy of the petrosquamous sinus.", "contents": "[The network of middle meningeal veins in Ponginae (Catarhini, Anthropormorpha)]. The grooves traced by the middle meningeal veins on the endocranial wall in the Ponginae show a particular pattern for each genus, with numerous early characteristics: important frontal branch; anterior branch reduced; occipital origin of the posterior branch and constancy of the petrosquamous sinus.", "PMID": 410529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5702", "title": "[Influence of vitamin A deficiency on thyroxinemia in the rat].", "content": "During the 9 post-weaning weeks there is not in the vitamin A-deficient Rats the regular decrease of the thyroxinemia which occurs in the control Rats. So the vitamin A-deficient Rats studied in plateau of weight have a total thyroxinemia greater than that of control Rats (+71%). It is possible to speculate that numerous symptoms of the deficiency are the result of this hyperthyroxinemia.", "contents": "[Influence of vitamin A deficiency on thyroxinemia in the rat]. During the 9 post-weaning weeks there is not in the vitamin A-deficient Rats the regular decrease of the thyroxinemia which occurs in the control Rats. So the vitamin A-deficient Rats studied in plateau of weight have a total thyroxinemia greater than that of control Rats (+71%). It is possible to speculate that numerous symptoms of the deficiency are the result of this hyperthyroxinemia.", "PMID": 410530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5703", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the glomerular filtration barrier and of tubular reabsorption with anti-peroxidase antibodies and their fragments].", "content": "Using anti-peroxidase Sheep IgG or their pepsic or papainic fragments intravenously injected to Wistar Munich normal Rats, the glomerular filtration barrier was localized at the lamina densa in ultrastructural studies. No evidence was found favoring the existence of a second barrier. The filtration barrier is absolute for the IgG but not for the pepsic and especially the papainic fragments which are reabsorbed by the proximal tubule.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the glomerular filtration barrier and of tubular reabsorption with anti-peroxidase antibodies and their fragments]. Using anti-peroxidase Sheep IgG or their pepsic or papainic fragments intravenously injected to Wistar Munich normal Rats, the glomerular filtration barrier was localized at the lamina densa in ultrastructural studies. No evidence was found favoring the existence of a second barrier. The filtration barrier is absolute for the IgG but not for the pepsic and especially the papainic fragments which are reabsorbed by the proximal tubule.", "PMID": 410531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5704", "title": "[Stabilization of operant responses during a program of variable interval reinforcement as a preliminary investigation of sensory thresholds using conditioned suppression in the cat].", "content": "Cats were trained to press a key during a variable interval schedule  of reinforcement with a limited hold contingency. The main modifications of the response rate were observed when the subject missed one reinforcement or obtained more than one reinforcement during the limited hold. The existence of a zone of lesser variability in the mean response rate is shown to be linked to the occurrence of the last reinforcement. This result suggests an original methodological contingency concerning the use of conditioned suppression in psychophysics. The schedule of sensory stimulation should be established for each subject during that period of lesser variability between two reinforcements.", "contents": "[Stabilization of operant responses during a program of variable interval reinforcement as a preliminary investigation of sensory thresholds using conditioned suppression in the cat]. Cats were trained to press a key during a variable interval schedule  of reinforcement with a limited hold contingency. The main modifications of the response rate were observed when the subject missed one reinforcement or obtained more than one reinforcement during the limited hold. The existence of a zone of lesser variability in the mean response rate is shown to be linked to the occurrence of the last reinforcement. This result suggests an original methodological contingency concerning the use of conditioned suppression in psychophysics. The schedule of sensory stimulation should be established for each subject during that period of lesser variability between two reinforcements.", "PMID": 410532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5705", "title": "[Comparison in genetically obese and normal rats in the secretion of lipids synthesized from labeled lauric and oleic acids and glycerol in isolated perfused liver].", "content": "(1) Isolated livers of previously fasted fafa and Wistar Rats are perfused with labelled oleic acid and glycerol. Two pools of synthesized lipids are studied: --a pool of liver lipids: labelled TG 16:0, 16:0, 18:1, 16:0, 18:1, 18:1 and 18:1, 18:1, 18:1 are synthesized more by the fafa than by the Wistar Rat liver, The TG 16:0, 18:1, 18:2 appears in the liver of the 2 rat strains. After a 30 min. perfusion, the PL are synthesized less by the fafa than by Wistar Rat liver; --a pool of lipids released in the circulation. The labelled tG 16:0, 18:1, 18:2, are increased in the perfusate of fafa rat. The labelled TG 18:1, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:1, 18:2, 18:2 are in the same amount. (2) The liver synthesis of TG 12:0, 12:0, 12:0 is demonstrated in the fafa Rat by a lauric acid perfusion. This TG is not present in circulation, when a Wistar Rat liver synthesizes and releases with this TG, TG containing 1 or 2 molecules of lauric acid.", "contents": "[Comparison in genetically obese and normal rats in the secretion of lipids synthesized from labeled lauric and oleic acids and glycerol in isolated perfused liver]. (1) Isolated livers of previously fasted fafa and Wistar Rats are perfused with labelled oleic acid and glycerol. Two pools of synthesized lipids are studied: --a pool of liver lipids: labelled TG 16:0, 16:0, 18:1, 16:0, 18:1, 18:1 and 18:1, 18:1, 18:1 are synthesized more by the fafa than by the Wistar Rat liver, The TG 16:0, 18:1, 18:2 appears in the liver of the 2 rat strains. After a 30 min. perfusion, the PL are synthesized less by the fafa than by Wistar Rat liver; --a pool of lipids released in the circulation. The labelled tG 16:0, 18:1, 18:2, are increased in the perfusate of fafa rat. The labelled TG 18:1, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:1, 18:2, 18:2 are in the same amount. (2) The liver synthesis of TG 12:0, 12:0, 12:0 is demonstrated in the fafa Rat by a lauric acid perfusion. This TG is not present in circulation, when a Wistar Rat liver synthesizes and releases with this TG, TG containing 1 or 2 molecules of lauric acid.", "PMID": 410533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5706", "title": "[Effect of some phosphonic amino acids on the activity of central neurons].", "content": "Microiontophoretic applications of DL-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic, DL-3-amino-4-phosphonobutyric, aminomethylphosphonic, 2-aminoethylphosphonic and 3-aminopropylphosphonic acids in the course of extracellular recordings of central neurons in the Rat resulted in effects which appeared similar to those observed with their carboxylic analogs. The involvement of the same post-synaptic receptors is suggested.", "contents": "[Effect of some phosphonic amino acids on the activity of central neurons]. Microiontophoretic applications of DL-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic, DL-3-amino-4-phosphonobutyric, aminomethylphosphonic, 2-aminoethylphosphonic and 3-aminopropylphosphonic acids in the course of extracellular recordings of central neurons in the Rat resulted in effects which appeared similar to those observed with their carboxylic analogs. The involvement of the same post-synaptic receptors is suggested.", "PMID": 410534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5707", "title": "[Comparative immunocytological study of prolactin and somatotropin cells in Alytes obstetricans (Laur.) tadpoles raised in groups or isolated].", "content": "In the anterior pituitary of Alytes obstetricans Tadpoles in premetamorphic stages, two cell types were localized by cytoimmunological techniques: orangeophilic cells secreting a prolactin-like hormone in the anterior and median region and erythrosinophilic cells secreting growth hormone in a more caudal situation. Both cells are more numerous and stimulated in grouped Tadpoles than in isolated ones.", "contents": "[Comparative immunocytological study of prolactin and somatotropin cells in Alytes obstetricans (Laur.) tadpoles raised in groups or isolated]. In the anterior pituitary of Alytes obstetricans Tadpoles in premetamorphic stages, two cell types were localized by cytoimmunological techniques: orangeophilic cells secreting a prolactin-like hormone in the anterior and median region and erythrosinophilic cells secreting growth hormone in a more caudal situation. Both cells are more numerous and stimulated in grouped Tadpoles than in isolated ones.", "PMID": 410535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5708", "title": "[Development of plasma cortisol in calves from birth to 14 days of age].", "content": "Plasma cortisol was recorded in 15 calves from birth to 14 days of age by a radio-immunoassay technique. At birth mean cortisol value is 67.3 ng/ml; 6 hrs. later it decreases by 58.4% then it gradually diminishes and about 14 days after, it reaches adult levels (5.1 ng/ml).", "contents": "[Development of plasma cortisol in calves from birth to 14 days of age]. Plasma cortisol was recorded in 15 calves from birth to 14 days of age by a radio-immunoassay technique. At birth mean cortisol value is 67.3 ng/ml; 6 hrs. later it decreases by 58.4% then it gradually diminishes and about 14 days after, it reaches adult levels (5.1 ng/ml).", "PMID": 410536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5709", "title": "[A pullulation cycle with violent crash in a tropical lizard].", "content": "According to a succession of samples taken at Ihotry, Madagascar, Lygodactylus tuberifer, a very rare gecko in the biotope sampled for Lygodactylus verticillatus in 1965, invaded the latter's habitat until its population reached, in the sampled biotope and using the L. verticillatus population as a gauge, an almost 700-fold increase by the end of 1972. Population growth then stopped abruptly, and a steep crash brought L. tuberifer down to 31 times less individuals within six months, whereupon sampling was discontinued.", "contents": "[A pullulation cycle with violent crash in a tropical lizard]. According to a succession of samples taken at Ihotry, Madagascar, Lygodactylus tuberifer, a very rare gecko in the biotope sampled for Lygodactylus verticillatus in 1965, invaded the latter's habitat until its population reached, in the sampled biotope and using the L. verticillatus population as a gauge, an almost 700-fold increase by the end of 1972. Population growth then stopped abruptly, and a steep crash brought L. tuberifer down to 31 times less individuals within six months, whereupon sampling was discontinued.", "PMID": 410537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5710", "title": "[Lithium exchange in from epithelium: determination of unidirectional flux using the stable isotopes 6Li and 7Li in an ionic analyzer].", "content": "The use of the stable isotopes 6 and 7 of lithium, and detection with the ionic analyser, allow the measurement of unidirectional transepithelial Li-fluxes, between \"external\" and \"internal\" solutions which both contain 80% Na and 20% Li. Efflux was found to be bigger than influx. An important lag-phase on the curve, reveals the interference of a Li-compartment, with a high capacity, in the epithelium itself.", "contents": "[Lithium exchange in from epithelium: determination of unidirectional flux using the stable isotopes 6Li and 7Li in an ionic analyzer]. The use of the stable isotopes 6 and 7 of lithium, and detection with the ionic analyser, allow the measurement of unidirectional transepithelial Li-fluxes, between \"external\" and \"internal\" solutions which both contain 80% Na and 20% Li. Efflux was found to be bigger than influx. An important lag-phase on the curve, reveals the interference of a Li-compartment, with a high capacity, in the epithelium itself.", "PMID": 410539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5711", "title": "[Isolation of structural glycoproteins from human placenta].", "content": "Microfibrils about 100 A wide are isolated by mechanical procedures (sieving and ultrasonic disintegration from villosities of human placenta. Amino acid and carbohydrate compositions seem to be related to structural glycoproteins described before in connective tissues.", "contents": "[Isolation of structural glycoproteins from human placenta]. Microfibrils about 100 A wide are isolated by mechanical procedures (sieving and ultrasonic disintegration from villosities of human placenta. Amino acid and carbohydrate compositions seem to be related to structural glycoproteins described before in connective tissues.", "PMID": 410540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5712", "title": "[Effects of Tabermanthe iboga H. Bn. alkaloids on the isolated organ responses to catecholamines and the role of calcium exchanges. Tabernanthine].", "content": "Using isolated Rat duodenum previously decalcified, the authors have investigated the effect of tabernanthine on the increase of tonus brought about by addition of calcium ions at different concentrations. The observed potentiating effect of tabernanthine towards the calcium responses may be pointed out concerning the mechanism of sensitizing effect of this alkaloid on the responses of isolated organs to catecholamines such as noradrenaline and dopamine.", "contents": "[Effects of Tabermanthe iboga H. Bn. alkaloids on the isolated organ responses to catecholamines and the role of calcium exchanges. Tabernanthine]. Using isolated Rat duodenum previously decalcified, the authors have investigated the effect of tabernanthine on the increase of tonus brought about by addition of calcium ions at different concentrations. The observed potentiating effect of tabernanthine towards the calcium responses may be pointed out concerning the mechanism of sensitizing effect of this alkaloid on the responses of isolated organs to catecholamines such as noradrenaline and dopamine.", "PMID": 410542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5713", "title": "[Behavior of some microorganisms cultivated in the presence of irradiated maize starch].", "content": "The bactericidal effect of water soluble radiolysis products of Maize starch on Escherichia coli cultures declines when the initial population grows. This toxicity varies with the culture environment and the bacterial species: Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus faecalis, Enterobacter sp. Moreover, for the eucaryote cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae, wild strain or muting \"small colonies\", only the generating time is altered by the active parts of radiolysis products. The results are analysed with regard to the hypothesis that the hydrogen peroxide is responsible for this toxicity.", "contents": "[Behavior of some microorganisms cultivated in the presence of irradiated maize starch]. The bactericidal effect of water soluble radiolysis products of Maize starch on Escherichia coli cultures declines when the initial population grows. This toxicity varies with the culture environment and the bacterial species: Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus faecalis, Enterobacter sp. Moreover, for the eucaryote cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae, wild strain or muting \"small colonies\", only the generating time is altered by the active parts of radiolysis products. The results are analysed with regard to the hypothesis that the hydrogen peroxide is responsible for this toxicity.", "PMID": 410543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5714", "title": "[An hypothesis for the process of selection at the subcellular level leading to the appearance of new clones].", "content": "According to the hypothesis we propose, the stimulation of one lymphocyte by an antigen induces the simultaneous expression of a great diversity of immunoglobulins of different specificities. Each molecular species is associated with the corresponding mRNA  within a subcellular structure: the ergastoplasmic cisterna. It has been shown that in some responding lymphocytes at an early stage of the immune response a few such cisternae are loaded with antibodies while most of the cisternae are synthesizing non specific immunoglobulins. The main point of our proposal is that the selective action of antigen bears on these cisternae and that the mRNA corresponding to the immunoglobulins fitting best to the antigen is transcribed to DNA which is then inserted into the genome. This cell and its progeny become thereafter a monospecific clone submitted to regulation as an element of the network.", "contents": "[An hypothesis for the process of selection at the subcellular level leading to the appearance of new clones]. According to the hypothesis we propose, the stimulation of one lymphocyte by an antigen induces the simultaneous expression of a great diversity of immunoglobulins of different specificities. Each molecular species is associated with the corresponding mRNA  within a subcellular structure: the ergastoplasmic cisterna. It has been shown that in some responding lymphocytes at an early stage of the immune response a few such cisternae are loaded with antibodies while most of the cisternae are synthesizing non specific immunoglobulins. The main point of our proposal is that the selective action of antigen bears on these cisternae and that the mRNA corresponding to the immunoglobulins fitting best to the antigen is transcribed to DNA which is then inserted into the genome. This cell and its progeny become thereafter a monospecific clone submitted to regulation as an element of the network.", "PMID": 410544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5715", "title": "[Serological identification of an antigen associated with acute lymphoid leukemia].", "content": "Using as references a lymphoblastoid cell line established from the pleural effusion of a lymphosarcoma patient and the corresponding autochtonous reactive serum, absorption typing assays resulted in the identification of a cell surface antigen associated with acute lymphoid leukaemia. This antigen, provisionally termed PON, may also be demonstrated on the cells of some acute myelomonocytic leukaemias and lymphosarcomas.", "contents": "[Serological identification of an antigen associated with acute lymphoid leukemia]. Using as references a lymphoblastoid cell line established from the pleural effusion of a lymphosarcoma patient and the corresponding autochtonous reactive serum, absorption typing assays resulted in the identification of a cell surface antigen associated with acute lymphoid leukaemia. This antigen, provisionally termed PON, may also be demonstrated on the cells of some acute myelomonocytic leukaemias and lymphosarcomas.", "PMID": 410546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5716", "title": "[In vitro malignant transformation of fetal hamster brain cells by methylnitrosourea].", "content": "Using primary cultures originating from 14 day old fetal Hamster brain, we have obtained a cell line with glial morphology. These cell remain non transplantable during the first year of in vitro culture, but undergo spontaneous transformation during the second year. Following prolonged contact of the glial-like  cells with 25 to 50 microgram/ml of methylnitrosourea (MNU), a malignant transformation is observed 5 months after the treatment. The lowest concentrations of (MNU) do not cause malignant transformation, but seem to inhibit (or postpone) the spontaneous transformation. After MNU treatment, cells retain their glial nature.", "contents": "[In vitro malignant transformation of fetal hamster brain cells by methylnitrosourea]. Using primary cultures originating from 14 day old fetal Hamster brain, we have obtained a cell line with glial morphology. These cell remain non transplantable during the first year of in vitro culture, but undergo spontaneous transformation during the second year. Following prolonged contact of the glial-like  cells with 25 to 50 microgram/ml of methylnitrosourea (MNU), a malignant transformation is observed 5 months after the treatment. The lowest concentrations of (MNU) do not cause malignant transformation, but seem to inhibit (or postpone) the spontaneous transformation. After MNU treatment, cells retain their glial nature.", "PMID": 410548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5717", "title": "[Release of synthesized lipids by isolated Wistar rat liver perfused by labelled oleic acid and glycerol].", "content": "After perfusions with oleic acid (9, 10-3H) and glycerol (1-14C) of isolated livers from wistar Rats, previously subjected to fasting, the study of the TG and PL synthesized by the liver and released in the circulation gives of evidence similar ways of metabolising TG and PL. Two liver pools are present: -- a storage pool, built with slow exchanges of AG of endogenous glycerolipids. In our experiments, the TG: 16 : 0 18 : 1 18: 2 and 16 : 0 18 : 1 18 : 1 and the PL: PE and PC are the glycerolipids of liver constitution: -- a pool of liver secretion. TG and PL are formed according to a rapid de novo synthesis using preferentially the exogenous substrates. They are released in the circulation. In our experiments, the TG secreted are the TG 18 : 1 18 : 1 18 : 1 and 16 : 0 18 : 1 18 : 2, the PL are the PE, AP and LPC.", "contents": "[Release of synthesized lipids by isolated Wistar rat liver perfused by labelled oleic acid and glycerol]. After perfusions with oleic acid (9, 10-3H) and glycerol (1-14C) of isolated livers from wistar Rats, previously subjected to fasting, the study of the TG and PL synthesized by the liver and released in the circulation gives of evidence similar ways of metabolising TG and PL. Two liver pools are present: -- a storage pool, built with slow exchanges of AG of endogenous glycerolipids. In our experiments, the TG: 16 : 0 18 : 1 18: 2 and 16 : 0 18 : 1 18 : 1 and the PL: PE and PC are the glycerolipids of liver constitution: -- a pool of liver secretion. TG and PL are formed according to a rapid de novo synthesis using preferentially the exogenous substrates. They are released in the circulation. In our experiments, the TG secreted are the TG 18 : 1 18 : 1 18 : 1 and 16 : 0 18 : 1 18 : 2, the PL are the PE, AP and LPC.", "PMID": 410549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5718", "title": "[Acid phosphatase activity of cytolytic T cells during cytolysis].", "content": "The localization of Golgi areas, particularly lysosomal bodies detected by their acid phosphatase activities, has been determined in the cytotoxic lymphocytes conjugated to their target cell.  The study points out the preferential situation of these organelles close to the contact area between the two cells during the target cell lysis.", "contents": "[Acid phosphatase activity of cytolytic T cells during cytolysis]. The localization of Golgi areas, particularly lysosomal bodies detected by their acid phosphatase activities, has been determined in the cytotoxic lymphocytes conjugated to their target cell.  The study points out the preferential situation of these organelles close to the contact area between the two cells during the target cell lysis.", "PMID": 410550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5719", "title": "[Cytochemical study of leucocytes of DBA/2 Mice after leukemia L1210 tumor graft].", "content": "The growth of L 1210 leukemia in DBA/2 strain mouse, provokes in the grafted animals intraleucocytic enzymatic modifications. As increase of acid phosphatase and a decrease of beta-glucuronidase were observed in the lymphocytes, the level of polymorphonuclear non-specific esterase being decreased. The implications of these modifications in the host response toward the tumor is discussed.", "contents": "[Cytochemical study of leucocytes of DBA/2 Mice after leukemia L1210 tumor graft]. The growth of L 1210 leukemia in DBA/2 strain mouse, provokes in the grafted animals intraleucocytic enzymatic modifications. As increase of acid phosphatase and a decrease of beta-glucuronidase were observed in the lymphocytes, the level of polymorphonuclear non-specific esterase being decreased. The implications of these modifications in the host response toward the tumor is discussed.", "PMID": 410551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5720", "title": "[Germ cell colonization of gonads in experimental quail twin embryos (Coturnix coturnix japonica)].", "content": "At the same development stage, two Quail twin embryos from right and left halves of a blastoderm contain together as many germ cells as a normal embryol. These are asymmetricaly distributed between the twins as between the right and left genital ridges of control embryos.", "contents": "[Germ cell colonization of gonads in experimental quail twin embryos (Coturnix coturnix japonica)]. At the same development stage, two Quail twin embryos from right and left halves of a blastoderm contain together as many germ cells as a normal embryol. These are asymmetricaly distributed between the twins as between the right and left genital ridges of control embryos.", "PMID": 410552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5721", "title": "[Relations between magnesium, erythrocyte zinc and HL-A groups].", "content": "Red blood cell and plasma magnesium and zinc levels and plasma calcium concentrations have been determined in 84 unrelated male subjects, with known HLA groups. When the subjects are classified according to their HLA--B groups, significant variations are observed for red blood cell magnesium and zinc concentrations, while no important variation is observed for HLA--A groups. These results confirm the importance of genetic factors in the regulation of Mg and Zn red blood cell concentrations.", "contents": "[Relations between magnesium, erythrocyte zinc and HL-A groups]. Red blood cell and plasma magnesium and zinc levels and plasma calcium concentrations have been determined in 84 unrelated male subjects, with known HLA groups. When the subjects are classified according to their HLA--B groups, significant variations are observed for red blood cell magnesium and zinc concentrations, while no important variation is observed for HLA--A groups. These results confirm the importance of genetic factors in the regulation of Mg and Zn red blood cell concentrations.", "PMID": 410553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5722", "title": "[Kinetic study of carcinogenesis. The immune barrier and the stability of microcancer states].", "content": "We show that cancerisation presents some similarities with first order phase transitions. We analyze the barrier opposed by cytoxic cells against the proliferation of cancer cells.", "contents": "[Kinetic study of carcinogenesis. The immune barrier and the stability of microcancer states]. We show that cancerisation presents some similarities with first order phase transitions. We analyze the barrier opposed by cytoxic cells against the proliferation of cancer cells.", "PMID": 410554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5723", "title": "[Isolation and description of a new species of Eimeria in rabbits (Orychtolagus cuniculus) : Eimeria pellerdyi P. Coudert, 1977 (Sporozoa, Coccidia)].", "content": "Several pure isolates of Coccidia have been obtained in coccidia-free Rabbits by methods taking advantage of differences in the duration of their life-cycle and their site of development, as well as by the inoculation of experimentally immunized animals. Among these isolates one has been shown to represent a new species for which we propose the name: Eimeria pellerdyi P. Coudert, 1977. The oocysts of this species are of medium size (21 x 30 mu), without oocystic residual body. The endogenous life-cycle is completed in 10 days. Schizogony takes place in the superficial epithelial cells of the caecum and the colon, and gamogony in the depth of the Lieberk\u00fchn's crypts of the same organs. E. perllerdyi seems to be one of the most pathogenic coccidia species in Rabbits.", "contents": "[Isolation and description of a new species of Eimeria in rabbits (Orychtolagus cuniculus) : Eimeria pellerdyi P. Coudert, 1977 (Sporozoa, Coccidia)]. Several pure isolates of Coccidia have been obtained in coccidia-free Rabbits by methods taking advantage of differences in the duration of their life-cycle and their site of development, as well as by the inoculation of experimentally immunized animals. Among these isolates one has been shown to represent a new species for which we propose the name: Eimeria pellerdyi P. Coudert, 1977. The oocysts of this species are of medium size (21 x 30 mu), without oocystic residual body. The endogenous life-cycle is completed in 10 days. Schizogony takes place in the superficial epithelial cells of the caecum and the colon, and gamogony in the depth of the Lieberk\u00fchn's crypts of the same organs. E. perllerdyi seems to be one of the most pathogenic coccidia species in Rabbits.", "PMID": 410555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5724", "title": "[Periodic variations in motor endplate potentials].", "content": "The amplitudes of motor end-plate potentials in the Frog have been measured during repetitive stimulations of the motor nerve at frequencies between 0,5 and 30 Hz. A serial analysis showed that cyclic variations of these amplitudes were superimposed on the random fluctuation of epp due to the quantal nature of transmitter release. The period of these cyclic variations varied between 3 and 10 stimulations. This period was not significantly related to the frequency of the stimulation. The frequency spectrum analysis of the epp amplitudes showed similar values for the period of the cyclic variation of epp. The same kind of analysis applied to a binomial series of random numbers did not significantly present periodic fluctuations. The same analysis was applied to mean amplitudes of groups of 5 to 120 successive epps at the same end-plate. Periodic fluctuations were identified with periods of about 10 to 180 sec. It is suggested that periodic failures of nerve spike propagation in nerve terminals at sites of low safety factor, as at branchings, are responsible for the observed cyclic variation of epp.", "contents": "[Periodic variations in motor endplate potentials]. The amplitudes of motor end-plate potentials in the Frog have been measured during repetitive stimulations of the motor nerve at frequencies between 0,5 and 30 Hz. A serial analysis showed that cyclic variations of these amplitudes were superimposed on the random fluctuation of epp due to the quantal nature of transmitter release. The period of these cyclic variations varied between 3 and 10 stimulations. This period was not significantly related to the frequency of the stimulation. The frequency spectrum analysis of the epp amplitudes showed similar values for the period of the cyclic variation of epp. The same kind of analysis applied to a binomial series of random numbers did not significantly present periodic fluctuations. The same analysis was applied to mean amplitudes of groups of 5 to 120 successive epps at the same end-plate. Periodic fluctuations were identified with periods of about 10 to 180 sec. It is suggested that periodic failures of nerve spike propagation in nerve terminals at sites of low safety factor, as at branchings, are responsible for the observed cyclic variation of epp.", "PMID": 410556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5725", "title": "[Antidromic responses evoked in the central end of the phrenic nerve by stimulation of the ipsilateral dorsal column in the cat].", "content": "In 15 adult cats under nembutal anaesthesia the dorsal columns have been stimulated at the level of the first and the second cervical segments. Under these conditions antidromically evoked responses appear both on the ipsilateral radial and phrenic nerves. Some of the afferent phrenic fibres thus activated may be related to the diaphragm muscle receptors. In some experiments a group of thin fibres (conduction velocity comprised between 16-20 m/sec) were also activated.", "contents": "[Antidromic responses evoked in the central end of the phrenic nerve by stimulation of the ipsilateral dorsal column in the cat]. In 15 adult cats under nembutal anaesthesia the dorsal columns have been stimulated at the level of the first and the second cervical segments. Under these conditions antidromically evoked responses appear both on the ipsilateral radial and phrenic nerves. Some of the afferent phrenic fibres thus activated may be related to the diaphragm muscle receptors. In some experiments a group of thin fibres (conduction velocity comprised between 16-20 m/sec) were also activated.", "PMID": 410557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5726", "title": "[Radio-immunologic determination of hypophyseal vasotocin by Phoxinus laevis during experimental modification of osmotic equilibrium].", "content": "Hypophysial vasotocin of Phoxinus laevis is determined by radio-immunoassay. With different sea water dilutions it is shown that hypophysial vasotocin concentration varies with ambient salinity. This fact agrees with histological pictures. Moreover, in comparison with the results of other authors, it is established that the hypophysial morphological modifications appeared only after the hormonal changes.", "contents": "[Radio-immunologic determination of hypophyseal vasotocin by Phoxinus laevis during experimental modification of osmotic equilibrium]. Hypophysial vasotocin of Phoxinus laevis is determined by radio-immunoassay. With different sea water dilutions it is shown that hypophysial vasotocin concentration varies with ambient salinity. This fact agrees with histological pictures. Moreover, in comparison with the results of other authors, it is established that the hypophysial morphological modifications appeared only after the hormonal changes.", "PMID": 410558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5727", "title": "[Determination of the molecular weight of vitellogenin and of lipovitellins of Orchestia gammarella, Crustacea, Amphipoda].", "content": "Vitellogenin and lipovitellins of Orchestia gammarella, tested by electrophoresis on gels of different acrylamide concentrations, following the procedure of Hedrick and Smith (1968), displays a migration pattern identical to that of proteins of respectively congruent to 4 x 10(5) (vitellogenin), congruent to 3,5 x 10(5) (lipovitellins I and I') and congruent to 5 x 10(5) (lipovitellin II) molecular weights.", "contents": "[Determination of the molecular weight of vitellogenin and of lipovitellins of Orchestia gammarella, Crustacea, Amphipoda]. Vitellogenin and lipovitellins of Orchestia gammarella, tested by electrophoresis on gels of different acrylamide concentrations, following the procedure of Hedrick and Smith (1968), displays a migration pattern identical to that of proteins of respectively congruent to 4 x 10(5) (vitellogenin), congruent to 3,5 x 10(5) (lipovitellins I and I') and congruent to 5 x 10(5) (lipovitellin II) molecular weights.", "PMID": 410559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5728", "title": "[Role of calcium in the reinitiation of oocyte meiosis in Sabellaria alveolata (L.) (Annelida, Polychaeta)].", "content": "Meiotic maturation is triggered by ionophores A 23187 and X 537 A, even in absence of extracellular calcium. CaMg free medium alone initiates 100% maturations while Ca free SW triggers varying percentages of maturation and Mg free SW has no effect.", "contents": "[Role of calcium in the reinitiation of oocyte meiosis in Sabellaria alveolata (L.) (Annelida, Polychaeta)]. Meiotic maturation is triggered by ionophores A 23187 and X 537 A, even in absence of extracellular calcium. CaMg free medium alone initiates 100% maturations while Ca free SW triggers varying percentages of maturation and Mg free SW has no effect.", "PMID": 410560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5729", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopy study of membrane modification of blastomeres in the first stages of ovum development in trout (Salmo irideus Gibb.)].", "content": "Our study relates to the development of the membrane relief of the blastomeres of the trout egg from the stage before their division up to gastrulation. The surface of the blastoderm shows first a more or less dense system of crests which by the time of gastrulation are replaced by microvilli distributed over the whole surface of the enveloping layer. The deep blastomeres, loosely connected to each other by lamellipodes and filopodes produce only a few projections of their membranes and these are only semispherical bodies. Possible roles of the microvillosities in the respiratory exchange of the egg and in the motility of the enveloping layer, are considered.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopy study of membrane modification of blastomeres in the first stages of ovum development in trout (Salmo irideus Gibb.)]. Our study relates to the development of the membrane relief of the blastomeres of the trout egg from the stage before their division up to gastrulation. The surface of the blastoderm shows first a more or less dense system of crests which by the time of gastrulation are replaced by microvilli distributed over the whole surface of the enveloping layer. The deep blastomeres, loosely connected to each other by lamellipodes and filopodes produce only a few projections of their membranes and these are only semispherical bodies. Possible roles of the microvillosities in the respiratory exchange of the egg and in the motility of the enveloping layer, are considered.", "PMID": 410561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5730", "title": "[Cytotoxic and antitumor activity of a new series of heterocyclic compounds: dipyrido (4,3-b) (3,4-f) indoles].", "content": "Among newly synthesized compounds derived from the dipyrido [4,3-b] [3,4-f] indole nucleus, two have proved to be particularly active in vitro and in vivo. Their cytotoxic effects on cultured cells have been determined. At non toxic doses, they displayed a pronounced inhibitory effect on experimental L1210 Leukemia. These compounds have a strong affinity for DNA molecules.", "contents": "[Cytotoxic and antitumor activity of a new series of heterocyclic compounds: dipyrido (4,3-b) (3,4-f) indoles]. Among newly synthesized compounds derived from the dipyrido [4,3-b] [3,4-f] indole nucleus, two have proved to be particularly active in vitro and in vivo. Their cytotoxic effects on cultured cells have been determined. At non toxic doses, they displayed a pronounced inhibitory effect on experimental L1210 Leukemia. These compounds have a strong affinity for DNA molecules.", "PMID": 410562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5731", "title": "Determination of cyanide and nitroprusside in blood and plasma.", "content": "A procedure was refined for quantitative isolation of cyanide by gas transfer from acidified blood or plasma samples. The cyanide was trapped in dilute alkali and quantified as the pyridine/pyrazolone complex. The within-day coefficient of variation was 2%, which increased to about 2.5% for the day-to-day variation. Nitroprusside used as a hypotensive agent in clinical medicine provides a risk of cyanide toxicity when the rate of administration or the total amount of drug given is excessive. A procedure was developed for measuring nitroprusside in the plasma of man and animals. Nitroprusside in the sample is quantitatively converted to cyanide by incubation with cystein solution at slightly alkaline pH. Methemoglobin is added to combine with the cyanide formed and prevent its destruction. On acidification, the total amount of cyanide originally present as free cyanide or as nitroprusside is liberated as HCN, isolated by gas transfer into a sodium hydroxide trap, and quantified by spectrophotometry. Nitroprusside present in the sample is calculated from the increase in cyanide observed in the cysteine-treated sample compared to that obtained without cysteine treatment. The method has been used to estimate in vitro stability of nitroprusside in aqueous solution, blood, and plasma. Blood cyanide and plasma nitroprusside concentrations were measured when sodium nitroprusside was infused into a baboon. Over 90% of the nitroprusside in blood is present in the plasma, suggesting that the drug crosses the erythrocyte membrane slowly.", "contents": "Determination of cyanide and nitroprusside in blood and plasma. A procedure was refined for quantitative isolation of cyanide by gas transfer from acidified blood or plasma samples. The cyanide was trapped in dilute alkali and quantified as the pyridine/pyrazolone complex. The within-day coefficient of variation was 2%, which increased to about 2.5% for the day-to-day variation. Nitroprusside used as a hypotensive agent in clinical medicine provides a risk of cyanide toxicity when the rate of administration or the total amount of drug given is excessive. A procedure was developed for measuring nitroprusside in the plasma of man and animals. Nitroprusside in the sample is quantitatively converted to cyanide by incubation with cystein solution at slightly alkaline pH. Methemoglobin is added to combine with the cyanide formed and prevent its destruction. On acidification, the total amount of cyanide originally present as free cyanide or as nitroprusside is liberated as HCN, isolated by gas transfer into a sodium hydroxide trap, and quantified by spectrophotometry. Nitroprusside present in the sample is calculated from the increase in cyanide observed in the cysteine-treated sample compared to that obtained without cysteine treatment. The method has been used to estimate in vitro stability of nitroprusside in aqueous solution, blood, and plasma. Blood cyanide and plasma nitroprusside concentrations were measured when sodium nitroprusside was infused into a baboon. Over 90% of the nitroprusside in blood is present in the plasma, suggesting that the drug crosses the erythrocyte membrane slowly.", "PMID": 410563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5732", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone (parathyrin) in monkey and man.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for rhesus monkey and human immunoreactive parathyrin was developed in which a selected anti-bovine parathyrin antiserum, radioiodinated purified bovine parathyrin tracer, and human parathyroid tissue-culture media standards were used. The resulting data indicate that (a) the method is sensitive, specific, accurate and reproducible; (b) it is valid for both the rhesus monkey and the human; (c) the serum immunoreactive parathyrin concentration of the monkey is essentially the same as that in man; (d) monkey immunoreactive parathyrin responds to changes in serum calcium concentration similarly to that in man; and (e) the rhesus monkey is therefore a suitable species in which to study parathyroid physiology, from which conclusions can be applied to the human.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of parathyroid hormone (parathyrin) in monkey and man. A radioimmunoassay for rhesus monkey and human immunoreactive parathyrin was developed in which a selected anti-bovine parathyrin antiserum, radioiodinated purified bovine parathyrin tracer, and human parathyroid tissue-culture media standards were used. The resulting data indicate that (a) the method is sensitive, specific, accurate and reproducible; (b) it is valid for both the rhesus monkey and the human; (c) the serum immunoreactive parathyrin concentration of the monkey is essentially the same as that in man; (d) monkey immunoreactive parathyrin responds to changes in serum calcium concentration similarly to that in man; and (e) the rhesus monkey is therefore a suitable species in which to study parathyroid physiology, from which conclusions can be applied to the human.", "PMID": 410564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5733", "title": "A new variant mucolipidosis: biochemical investigations on two siblings.", "content": "Biochemical studies are presented on two siblings with some features of Mucolipidosis III, but with distinctive clinical findings. Levels of beta-galatosidase, alpha-mannosidase, beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and alpha-fucosidase found in serum from these patients ranged from 10 to 10 times higher than normal. The ratio of heat stable to heat labile serum isoenzymes of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase is considerably greater than normal. An extremely low activity of beta-galactosidase was found in fibroblasts cultured from one patient. Levels of the remaining enzymes were in the low normal range. Similarly, beta-galactosidase levels were low in heart, kidney, liver, spleen and lung of one patient who died during the course of the study. Activities of the remaining enzymes were close to normal. No excessive excretion of mucopolysaccharide was noted, however, changes in distribution of several fractions were found. Mucopolysaccharide labeled with radioactive sulfate was degraded by cultured fibroblasts at a normal rate. In addition to clinical differences, the biochemical studies further demonstrate the uniqueness of these patients.", "contents": "A new variant mucolipidosis: biochemical investigations on two siblings. Biochemical studies are presented on two siblings with some features of Mucolipidosis III, but with distinctive clinical findings. Levels of beta-galatosidase, alpha-mannosidase, beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and alpha-fucosidase found in serum from these patients ranged from 10 to 10 times higher than normal. The ratio of heat stable to heat labile serum isoenzymes of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase is considerably greater than normal. An extremely low activity of beta-galactosidase was found in fibroblasts cultured from one patient. Levels of the remaining enzymes were in the low normal range. Similarly, beta-galactosidase levels were low in heart, kidney, liver, spleen and lung of one patient who died during the course of the study. Activities of the remaining enzymes were close to normal. No excessive excretion of mucopolysaccharide was noted, however, changes in distribution of several fractions were found. Mucopolysaccharide labeled with radioactive sulfate was degraded by cultured fibroblasts at a normal rate. In addition to clinical differences, the biochemical studies further demonstrate the uniqueness of these patients.", "PMID": 410566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5734", "title": "Lysosomal enzyme activities in cultured lymphoid cell lines.", "content": "Several lysosomal enzyme activities in cultured lymphoid cell lines were studied during 3 phases of cell culture; logarithmic growth phase, stationary phase and decline phase. Enzyme induction during cell growth was found in N-acetyl-hexosaminidase, beta-galactosidase and alpha-L-fucosidase, but no induction in alpha-D-mannosidase, alpha-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase. The latter two enzymes were unchanged during all cell culture phases. A drop in alpha-L-fucosidase and alpha-D-mannosidase activity was found during the stationary and decline phases of cell culture.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzyme activities in cultured lymphoid cell lines. Several lysosomal enzyme activities in cultured lymphoid cell lines were studied during 3 phases of cell culture; logarithmic growth phase, stationary phase and decline phase. Enzyme induction during cell growth was found in N-acetyl-hexosaminidase, beta-galactosidase and alpha-L-fucosidase, but no induction in alpha-D-mannosidase, alpha-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase. The latter two enzymes were unchanged during all cell culture phases. A drop in alpha-L-fucosidase and alpha-D-mannosidase activity was found during the stationary and decline phases of cell culture.", "PMID": 410567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5735", "title": "Experience with a low volume ultrafiltration cell in small children*.", "content": "A low volume (16 ml) ultrafiltration cell was used ten times in two small, fluid overloaded children to remove plasma water. The device was simple to use and, at slow blood flow rates (25-50 ml/minutes) and low transmembrane pressures (10-30 mm Hg), provided controlled removal of excess fluid. Although no major complications were encountered, hypothermia and hypotension (at ultrafiltrate flux rates exceeding 0.5 ml/kg/minute) were observed. The ultrafiltrate solute concentration was similar to plasma and no significant shifts in serum electrolytes were induced. The ultrafiltrate protein concentration of 64 to 2,760 mg/dl was much higher than previously reported.", "contents": "Experience with a low volume ultrafiltration cell in small children*. A low volume (16 ml) ultrafiltration cell was used ten times in two small, fluid overloaded children to remove plasma water. The device was simple to use and, at slow blood flow rates (25-50 ml/minutes) and low transmembrane pressures (10-30 mm Hg), provided controlled removal of excess fluid. Although no major complications were encountered, hypothermia and hypotension (at ultrafiltrate flux rates exceeding 0.5 ml/kg/minute) were observed. The ultrafiltrate solute concentration was similar to plasma and no significant shifts in serum electrolytes were induced. The ultrafiltrate protein concentration of 64 to 2,760 mg/dl was much higher than previously reported.", "PMID": 410570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5736", "title": "Skeletal scintimaging and radiography in the diagnosis and management of Paget's disease.", "content": "Experiences in sue of skeletal scintimaging, primarily with 99mTc EHDP, is reported in 108 patients with Paget's disease. The results are compared with other reports and suggest that the mean age of this sample at the time of initial diagnosis and study is somewhat younger than patients in series reported in the literature. In correlation of scintimaging with skeletal radiography only approximately 67% of lesions are seen with the latter. Lesions seen only on scintimaging primarily are associated with early symptomatic lesions and lesions seen only on radiography with older sclerotic \"burned out\" type lesions. Scintimaging reveals a relatively low incidence of monostotic distribution of lesions, and is superior to skeletal radiography for diagnosis of metastatic bone disease. Qualitative skeletal scintimaging is valuable for objective assessments of therapeutic management by new modes of therapy while clinical radiography is not.", "contents": "Skeletal scintimaging and radiography in the diagnosis and management of Paget's disease. Experiences in sue of skeletal scintimaging, primarily with 99mTc EHDP, is reported in 108 patients with Paget's disease. The results are compared with other reports and suggest that the mean age of this sample at the time of initial diagnosis and study is somewhat younger than patients in series reported in the literature. In correlation of scintimaging with skeletal radiography only approximately 67% of lesions are seen with the latter. Lesions seen only on scintimaging primarily are associated with early symptomatic lesions and lesions seen only on radiography with older sclerotic \"burned out\" type lesions. Scintimaging reveals a relatively low incidence of monostotic distribution of lesions, and is superior to skeletal radiography for diagnosis of metastatic bone disease. Qualitative skeletal scintimaging is valuable for objective assessments of therapeutic management by new modes of therapy while clinical radiography is not.", "PMID": 410575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5737", "title": "Kinetics of oral ethambutol in the normal subject.", "content": "Six normal adult volunteers received 15 mg/kg of ethambutol (EMB) by mouth, once as an aqueous solution and again as the commercial tablet preparation. Each dose was separated by at least 7 days. Plasma and urine samples were collected at regular intervals for up to 24 and 72 hr, respectively. Peak plasma concentrations ranged from 3.25 to 5.62 mcg/ml, 2 to 4 hr after tablet dosage. Earlier peak times were found after administering the solution. For plasma concentrations up to 12 hr there was a distinct distribution phase followed by an apparent elimination phase with a mean half-life (t 1/2) (+/- SD) of 4.06 +/- 0.53 and 4.78 +/- 0.41 hr for the tablet and the solution, respectively. Excretion rate plots exhibited similar t 1/2 values for the apparent elimination phase. An even longer t 1/2 of approximately 10 hr was evident from 24-hr plasma samples and urinary excretion measurements up to 72 hr. Unchanged drug excreted in the urine averaged 61.1 +/- 3.8% of the dose for the tablet and 63.4 +/- 2.6% for the solution. Plasma protein binding for ethambutol determined by equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration was approximately 20% to 30%. The concentration ratio of ethambutol in erythrocytes to plasma ranged from 1.1 to 1.6.", "contents": "Kinetics of oral ethambutol in the normal subject. Six normal adult volunteers received 15 mg/kg of ethambutol (EMB) by mouth, once as an aqueous solution and again as the commercial tablet preparation. Each dose was separated by at least 7 days. Plasma and urine samples were collected at regular intervals for up to 24 and 72 hr, respectively. Peak plasma concentrations ranged from 3.25 to 5.62 mcg/ml, 2 to 4 hr after tablet dosage. Earlier peak times were found after administering the solution. For plasma concentrations up to 12 hr there was a distinct distribution phase followed by an apparent elimination phase with a mean half-life (t 1/2) (+/- SD) of 4.06 +/- 0.53 and 4.78 +/- 0.41 hr for the tablet and the solution, respectively. Excretion rate plots exhibited similar t 1/2 values for the apparent elimination phase. An even longer t 1/2 of approximately 10 hr was evident from 24-hr plasma samples and urinary excretion measurements up to 72 hr. Unchanged drug excreted in the urine averaged 61.1 +/- 3.8% of the dose for the tablet and 63.4 +/- 2.6% for the solution. Plasma protein binding for ethambutol determined by equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration was approximately 20% to 30%. The concentration ratio of ethambutol in erythrocytes to plasma ranged from 1.1 to 1.6.", "PMID": 410579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5738", "title": "The construction of a pharmacokinetic model for the disposition of polychlorinated biphenyls in the rat.", "content": "The construction of a preliminary pharmacokinetic model for the distribution, long-term storage sites, excretion, and metabolism of selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the rat is described. Following intravenous administration of radioactive PCBs, several metaboiltes of each PCB isomer were detected in urine or feces, excreted primarily as glucuronide conjugates. The relative and absolute amount of metabolites excreted depended upon the degree of chlorination and the position of the chlorine on the biphenyl molecule. Concerning long-term storage sties, an unanticipated finding was accumulation in skin, as revealed by the particularly long half-life of the 6-CB isomer in skin. A flow diagram of the model is presented, as are the differential equations, solved by computer for a given dose schedule, for the individual mass balances on parent and metabolite in each of the compartments that represent the organs or regions in which the concentration is assumed to be uniform. Low-level, long-term doses of PCBs produce a variety of toxicologic symptoms which appear only after long-time exposure. Such models should be useful in explaining and predicting the toxicities induced by exposure to PCBs and similar contaminants and the time required to reach a steady-state tissue concentration for given long-term doses.", "contents": "The construction of a pharmacokinetic model for the disposition of polychlorinated biphenyls in the rat. The construction of a preliminary pharmacokinetic model for the distribution, long-term storage sites, excretion, and metabolism of selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the rat is described. Following intravenous administration of radioactive PCBs, several metaboiltes of each PCB isomer were detected in urine or feces, excreted primarily as glucuronide conjugates. The relative and absolute amount of metabolites excreted depended upon the degree of chlorination and the position of the chlorine on the biphenyl molecule. Concerning long-term storage sties, an unanticipated finding was accumulation in skin, as revealed by the particularly long half-life of the 6-CB isomer in skin. A flow diagram of the model is presented, as are the differential equations, solved by computer for a given dose schedule, for the individual mass balances on parent and metabolite in each of the compartments that represent the organs or regions in which the concentration is assumed to be uniform. Low-level, long-term doses of PCBs produce a variety of toxicologic symptoms which appear only after long-time exposure. Such models should be useful in explaining and predicting the toxicities induced by exposure to PCBs and similar contaminants and the time required to reach a steady-state tissue concentration for given long-term doses.", "PMID": 410580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5739", "title": "The inducing properties of polychlorinated biphenyls on hepatic monooxygenases.", "content": "The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) represent a newly recognized and widely distributed category of environmental pollutants whose biologic impact on animals and man may be both substantial and highly detrimental. The pharmacologic effects of these agents on enzymes in the liver which metabolize drugs and other foreign compounds, such as carcinogens, are powerful and long lasting. PCBs mimic the effects produced on these enzymes by drugs, such as phenobarbital, and carcinogens, such as 3-methylcholanthrene. They are potent inducers of cytochromes P-45O and P-448 and associated enzymic activities. Further, these chemicals can cross the placental barrier and be transmitted through maternal milk to the newborn infant causing marked increases in drug biotransformation enzymes in the fetus and the neonate. Studies with the use of microscope immersion oils containing PCBs show that application of minute amounts of these oils to the skin of experimental animals results in a marked induction of the drug-and carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes. These findings suggest that even trivial skin exposure to chemicals, such as PCBs, can have significant and perhaps harmful biologic effects in man.", "contents": "The inducing properties of polychlorinated biphenyls on hepatic monooxygenases. The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) represent a newly recognized and widely distributed category of environmental pollutants whose biologic impact on animals and man may be both substantial and highly detrimental. The pharmacologic effects of these agents on enzymes in the liver which metabolize drugs and other foreign compounds, such as carcinogens, are powerful and long lasting. PCBs mimic the effects produced on these enzymes by drugs, such as phenobarbital, and carcinogens, such as 3-methylcholanthrene. They are potent inducers of cytochromes P-45O and P-448 and associated enzymic activities. Further, these chemicals can cross the placental barrier and be transmitted through maternal milk to the newborn infant causing marked increases in drug biotransformation enzymes in the fetus and the neonate. Studies with the use of microscope immersion oils containing PCBs show that application of minute amounts of these oils to the skin of experimental animals results in a marked induction of the drug-and carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes. These findings suggest that even trivial skin exposure to chemicals, such as PCBs, can have significant and perhaps harmful biologic effects in man.", "PMID": 410582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5740", "title": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and leucocyte migration by flurbiprofen.", "content": "The carrageenan air pouch technique in the rat was used to investigate the effects of flurbiprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, on prostaglandin production and leucocyte migration. tthere is a suggestion that flurbiprofen was capable of inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis at doses lower than those which were effective in reducing leucocyte migration. Therefore, these two effects may reflect independent actions of the drug. The possible clinical relevance of these experiments has been noted since the effects of flurbiprofen on prostaglandin synthesis and leucocyte migration are produced in the rat at peak plasma concentrations which are less than those found in man after a single dose of 50 mg.", "contents": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and leucocyte migration by flurbiprofen. The carrageenan air pouch technique in the rat was used to investigate the effects of flurbiprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, on prostaglandin production and leucocyte migration. tthere is a suggestion that flurbiprofen was capable of inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis at doses lower than those which were effective in reducing leucocyte migration. Therefore, these two effects may reflect independent actions of the drug. The possible clinical relevance of these experiments has been noted since the effects of flurbiprofen on prostaglandin synthesis and leucocyte migration are produced in the rat at peak plasma concentrations which are less than those found in man after a single dose of 50 mg.", "PMID": 410589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5741", "title": "[Paralysis in hypophosphataemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Neuromuscular syndromes and respiratory insufficiency may be caused by hypophosphataemia. This complication may occur particularly in patients with malnutrition who receive parenteral glucose, as two examples show.", "contents": "[Paralysis in hypophosphataemia (author's transl)]. Neuromuscular syndromes and respiratory insufficiency may be caused by hypophosphataemia. This complication may occur particularly in patients with malnutrition who receive parenteral glucose, as two examples show.", "PMID": 410618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5742", "title": "[Action of sustained release nitroglycerin on a pulmonary artery pressure in coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In 12 patients with coronary heart disease and increased left ventricular filling pressure the pressure lowering effect of an oral long-acting nitroglycerin preparation (Sustac-Retard forte) was investigated at rest (n = 6) and during exercise (n = 6). The systolic and end-diastolic pulmonary artery pressure decreased significantly for up to 6 hours after the ingestion of 6.5 mg of nitroglycerin. The most marked pressure changes in the pulmonary circulation occurred 2 to 4 hours after ingestion of the tablets. All patients noticed reduction of dyspnoea and (or) anginal pain.", "contents": "[Action of sustained release nitroglycerin on a pulmonary artery pressure in coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. In 12 patients with coronary heart disease and increased left ventricular filling pressure the pressure lowering effect of an oral long-acting nitroglycerin preparation (Sustac-Retard forte) was investigated at rest (n = 6) and during exercise (n = 6). The systolic and end-diastolic pulmonary artery pressure decreased significantly for up to 6 hours after the ingestion of 6.5 mg of nitroglycerin. The most marked pressure changes in the pulmonary circulation occurred 2 to 4 hours after ingestion of the tablets. All patients noticed reduction of dyspnoea and (or) anginal pain.", "PMID": 410619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5743", "title": "[Extracorporeal perfusion with baboon liver in the treatment of hepatic coma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 11 patients with hepatic coma (stage IV and V according to Abouna) extracorporeal haemoperfusion using the Scribner shunt (radial or profunda femoris artery) was performed over 12 to 27 hours with 22 baboon and one human livers. Eight patients emerged from coma, six of them showed sufficient regeneration of the diseased liver. Four patients were discharged as cured, one patient died of acute pancreatic necrosis, a further one due to bleeding from an old gastric ulcer. In the 2 remaining patients the coma recurred within 48 hours. Tree patients never came round from coma. After perfusion no antibodies against baboon proteins were demonstrable in the patients. Thus there is very little danger of an anaphylactic reaction when perfusion is repeated. The titre of preformed cytotoxic antibodies against baboon cells in patients' serum rises only after 1-2 weeks and decreases again after 4 weeks. In our experience extracorporeal liver perfusion with baboon or human livers is the most promising method for treatment of hepatic coma.", "contents": "[Extracorporeal perfusion with baboon liver in the treatment of hepatic coma (author's transl)]. In 11 patients with hepatic coma (stage IV and V according to Abouna) extracorporeal haemoperfusion using the Scribner shunt (radial or profunda femoris artery) was performed over 12 to 27 hours with 22 baboon and one human livers. Eight patients emerged from coma, six of them showed sufficient regeneration of the diseased liver. Four patients were discharged as cured, one patient died of acute pancreatic necrosis, a further one due to bleeding from an old gastric ulcer. In the 2 remaining patients the coma recurred within 48 hours. Tree patients never came round from coma. After perfusion no antibodies against baboon proteins were demonstrable in the patients. Thus there is very little danger of an anaphylactic reaction when perfusion is repeated. The titre of preformed cytotoxic antibodies against baboon cells in patients' serum rises only after 1-2 weeks and decreases again after 4 weeks. In our experience extracorporeal liver perfusion with baboon or human livers is the most promising method for treatment of hepatic coma.", "PMID": 410620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5744", "title": "[Etiopathogenetical diagnosis and therapy of epilepsy (tentative application of some neurophysiological data)(author's transl)].", "content": "A purely symptomatological classification of epilepsies can be substituted by diagnostical determination of etiopathogenetical components, which take part in the origin and evolution of the pathological process in individual cases. Usually it can be done by simple diagnostical processing. The etiopathogenetical diagnosis can also contribute to a less empirical and more rational use of therapeutical means.", "contents": "[Etiopathogenetical diagnosis and therapy of epilepsy (tentative application of some neurophysiological data)(author's transl)]. A purely symptomatological classification of epilepsies can be substituted by diagnostical determination of etiopathogenetical components, which take part in the origin and evolution of the pathological process in individual cases. Usually it can be done by simple diagnostical processing. The etiopathogenetical diagnosis can also contribute to a less empirical and more rational use of therapeutical means.", "PMID": 410624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5745", "title": "[Epilepsy and headaches (author's transl)].", "content": "The controversial relations between migraine and vascular headache on one hand, epilepsy on the other hand are once more discussed: survey of the arguments for a more than fortuitous connexion, taken from literature and general experience. Critical analysis of the personal case material. Discussion of some specific groups of patients with various combinations of both syndromes: long antecedents of headaches, leading up to sporadic epileptic attacks, focal or generalized; clinical seizures under photic stimulation (10% of the cases with chronic headaches without organic lesions); headaches in the latency period of symptomatic epilepsy; cases of seeming transition between the two syndromes; headaches as a substitute, an aura or as a component of the epileptic seizure, with clearly distinctive features between generalized and focal epilepsy: in patients with bilateral EEG paroxysms, headaches are usually diffuse or bilateral, in those with epileptogenic foci, headaches, if consistently localized, are always reported to be homolateral to the focus. Considerations concerning pathogenesis include the familiar hypothesis of hypoxic discharges following migrainous vasoconstriction, as well as secondary vascular headaches induced by focal epileptic activity. Headaches caused by excessive discharges in the sensory representation areas (H. Jackson) must be rare. Whether increased neuronal activity in the hypothalamus may be responsible for the migraine syndrome (Herberg), possibly in connection with biogenic amines, remains in open question.", "contents": "[Epilepsy and headaches (author's transl)]. The controversial relations between migraine and vascular headache on one hand, epilepsy on the other hand are once more discussed: survey of the arguments for a more than fortuitous connexion, taken from literature and general experience. Critical analysis of the personal case material. Discussion of some specific groups of patients with various combinations of both syndromes: long antecedents of headaches, leading up to sporadic epileptic attacks, focal or generalized; clinical seizures under photic stimulation (10% of the cases with chronic headaches without organic lesions); headaches in the latency period of symptomatic epilepsy; cases of seeming transition between the two syndromes; headaches as a substitute, an aura or as a component of the epileptic seizure, with clearly distinctive features between generalized and focal epilepsy: in patients with bilateral EEG paroxysms, headaches are usually diffuse or bilateral, in those with epileptogenic foci, headaches, if consistently localized, are always reported to be homolateral to the focus. Considerations concerning pathogenesis include the familiar hypothesis of hypoxic discharges following migrainous vasoconstriction, as well as secondary vascular headaches induced by focal epileptic activity. Headaches caused by excessive discharges in the sensory representation areas (H. Jackson) must be rare. Whether increased neuronal activity in the hypothalamus may be responsible for the migraine syndrome (Herberg), possibly in connection with biogenic amines, remains in open question.", "PMID": 410625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5746", "title": "[Spontaneous and evoked EEG-activity during one-second light-stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "EEG data were recorded in 13 students during one-second light-stimulation with eyes closed and sometimes eyes opened, from central and occipital regions. The background EEG was computer-analyzed in the alpha-band using the power time course where a short decrease in power was indicative of a phasic desynchronization of the rhythmic activity within the alpha-band. The maximal desynchronization was observed in the occipital region independent of eyes-opened or eyes-closed conditions. With eyes closed a reinforced power decrease was found 0.25-0.5 sec after the on- and offset of light-stimulation, which was interpreted as \"on\"- and \"off\"- effect of the background EEG activity. Parallel with the on- and off-effect a slow potential change occurred in the evoked responses. The behaviour of the background activity during 1 sec light-stimulation was intramodality specific in contrast to the evoked response which showed an intramodality unspecific behaviour with maximal amplitude in the central region.", "contents": "[Spontaneous and evoked EEG-activity during one-second light-stimulation (author's transl)]. EEG data were recorded in 13 students during one-second light-stimulation with eyes closed and sometimes eyes opened, from central and occipital regions. The background EEG was computer-analyzed in the alpha-band using the power time course where a short decrease in power was indicative of a phasic desynchronization of the rhythmic activity within the alpha-band. The maximal desynchronization was observed in the occipital region independent of eyes-opened or eyes-closed conditions. With eyes closed a reinforced power decrease was found 0.25-0.5 sec after the on- and offset of light-stimulation, which was interpreted as \"on\"- and \"off\"- effect of the background EEG activity. Parallel with the on- and off-effect a slow potential change occurred in the evoked responses. The behaviour of the background activity during 1 sec light-stimulation was intramodality specific in contrast to the evoked response which showed an intramodality unspecific behaviour with maximal amplitude in the central region.", "PMID": 410627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5747", "title": "[Spike discharges on stimulation with diffuse and patterned light in epileptic and non-epileptic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of photic stimulation with intermittent diffuse light and patterned flash were compared in 587 patients. The diagnosis of epilepsy was unquestionable in 216 patients and suspected in 150 cases while 221 patients had no evidence of epileptic attacks. None of these patients had a history of photosensitive epilepsy. A grid pattern with squares subtending 22' of arc was used in the first 28 patients while the following 379 patients were tested with a checkerboard pattern of corresponding size. In 51 cases generalized spikes or spike-waves and/or occipital spikes were obtained. These discharges were elicited by diffuse light as well as by patterned flash in 37 patients. 11 cases were insensitive to pattern. In 3 cases spike discharges were seen only with patterned light while diffuse light was without effect. The response consisted in 13 cases of generalized spikes and spike-waves. 12 of these had an unquestionable epilepsy. Occipital spikes only were seen in 38 patients; 22 of these suffered from epilepsy. Patterned light was in no case found to be more effective than diffuse light for eliciting generalized epileptic discharges. In the 3 cases where only patterned light produced spikes, these were restricted to occipital regions. As occipital spikes do not have the same significance for the diagnosis of epilepsy as generalized spikes the addition of patterned flash to diffuse light stimulation does not seem to be of great value.", "contents": "[Spike discharges on stimulation with diffuse and patterned light in epileptic and non-epileptic patients (author's transl)]. The effects of photic stimulation with intermittent diffuse light and patterned flash were compared in 587 patients. The diagnosis of epilepsy was unquestionable in 216 patients and suspected in 150 cases while 221 patients had no evidence of epileptic attacks. None of these patients had a history of photosensitive epilepsy. A grid pattern with squares subtending 22' of arc was used in the first 28 patients while the following 379 patients were tested with a checkerboard pattern of corresponding size. In 51 cases generalized spikes or spike-waves and/or occipital spikes were obtained. These discharges were elicited by diffuse light as well as by patterned flash in 37 patients. 11 cases were insensitive to pattern. In 3 cases spike discharges were seen only with patterned light while diffuse light was without effect. The response consisted in 13 cases of generalized spikes and spike-waves. 12 of these had an unquestionable epilepsy. Occipital spikes only were seen in 38 patients; 22 of these suffered from epilepsy. Patterned light was in no case found to be more effective than diffuse light for eliciting generalized epileptic discharges. In the 3 cases where only patterned light produced spikes, these were restricted to occipital regions. As occipital spikes do not have the same significance for the diagnosis of epilepsy as generalized spikes the addition of patterned flash to diffuse light stimulation does not seem to be of great value.", "PMID": 410628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5748", "title": "[Age dependency of muscular action potential duration in the normal human electromyography (author's transl)].", "content": "The medium duration of muscular action potential in both the m. quadriceps and m. gastrocnemius of 188 subjects with normal neurological status between the ages of 15 and 70 were measured. Following results were found: 1. The duration of action potential in the m. quadriceps shows an increase from the age of 15 to 40, beyond which only a partial non-significant increase occurs. 2. The duration of action potential in the m. gastrocnemius also shows an increase up to the age of 40, after which no further increase occurs.", "contents": "[Age dependency of muscular action potential duration in the normal human electromyography (author's transl)]. The medium duration of muscular action potential in both the m. quadriceps and m. gastrocnemius of 188 subjects with normal neurological status between the ages of 15 and 70 were measured. Following results were found: 1. The duration of action potential in the m. quadriceps shows an increase from the age of 15 to 40, beyond which only a partial non-significant increase occurs. 2. The duration of action potential in the m. gastrocnemius also shows an increase up to the age of 40, after which no further increase occurs.", "PMID": 410629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5749", "title": "[A Bell\"s palsy of long standing, and its rehabilitation. An electromyographic documentation. (author's transl)].", "content": "We examined a 31 year-old female patient who, since her first year of life and following a parotis operation, had suffered from left-sided Bell's palsy. The electromyographical examinations disclosed a complete loss of voluntary muscle control and of the trigemino-facial reflexes, although the direct responses of the facial nerve could be demonstrated with delayed latences. The findings indicated peripheral regeneration of the facial nerve with absence of central programming and reflex pathways. By means of rhythmic muscle stimulation, voluntary control and reflex excitability was re-established, to a limited extent, on the formerly inactive side within a short space of time.", "contents": "[A Bell\"s palsy of long standing, and its rehabilitation. An electromyographic documentation. (author's transl)]. We examined a 31 year-old female patient who, since her first year of life and following a parotis operation, had suffered from left-sided Bell's palsy. The electromyographical examinations disclosed a complete loss of voluntary muscle control and of the trigemino-facial reflexes, although the direct responses of the facial nerve could be demonstrated with delayed latences. The findings indicated peripheral regeneration of the facial nerve with absence of central programming and reflex pathways. By means of rhythmic muscle stimulation, voluntary control and reflex excitability was re-established, to a limited extent, on the formerly inactive side within a short space of time.", "PMID": 410630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5750", "title": "Estrogen action in vitro: regulation of thyroid stimulating and other pituitary hormones in cell cultures.", "content": "Primary cell cultures of ovine pituitaries can maintain production of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) for as long as 24 days. These cultures responded in a normal fashion to thyroxine by decreasing TSH secretion. Addition of thyrotropin releasing hormone increased TSH secretion. Physiologic levels of estradiol-17 beta (10(-11)-10(-9)M) produced a five-fold increase in secretion of TSH and a two-fold increase in intracellular TSH concentration in cell cultures. Common estrogens, but not common progestins, androgens and glucocorticoids affected TSH production. Markedly different effects of estrogen in the pituitary on follicle stimulating, luteinizing and thyroid stimulating hormones and prolactin are discussed in terms of current models of estrogen action.", "contents": "Estrogen action in vitro: regulation of thyroid stimulating and other pituitary hormones in cell cultures. Primary cell cultures of ovine pituitaries can maintain production of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) for as long as 24 days. These cultures responded in a normal fashion to thyroxine by decreasing TSH secretion. Addition of thyrotropin releasing hormone increased TSH secretion. Physiologic levels of estradiol-17 beta (10(-11)-10(-9)M) produced a five-fold increase in secretion of TSH and a two-fold increase in intracellular TSH concentration in cell cultures. Common estrogens, but not common progestins, androgens and glucocorticoids affected TSH production. Markedly different effects of estrogen in the pituitary on follicle stimulating, luteinizing and thyroid stimulating hormones and prolactin are discussed in terms of current models of estrogen action.", "PMID": 410631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5751", "title": "Preparation of single cells from pancreatic islets of adult rat by the use of dispase.", "content": "A high yield of viable single cells was attained from isolated pancreatic islets of adult rat by the sequential treatment with EDTA and Dispase. The percentage of single cells was consistently higher with EDTA-Dispase in comparison with EDTA-trypsin treatment, being 65.8 +/- 7.9% and 36.0 +/- 5.4% respectively, when more than 90% of total islet cells were viable. Excellent preservation of free islet cells dissociated with EDTA-Dispase was demonstrated morphologically by light and electron microscopy. The secretory response of dissociated B cells to glucose was stabilized earlier with EDTA-Dispase than with EDTA-trypsin treatment. The amount of insulin released into the medium was proportional to the number of cells inoculated, thus permitting the quantitative analysis of B-cell function in vitro.", "contents": "Preparation of single cells from pancreatic islets of adult rat by the use of dispase. A high yield of viable single cells was attained from isolated pancreatic islets of adult rat by the sequential treatment with EDTA and Dispase. The percentage of single cells was consistently higher with EDTA-Dispase in comparison with EDTA-trypsin treatment, being 65.8 +/- 7.9% and 36.0 +/- 5.4% respectively, when more than 90% of total islet cells were viable. Excellent preservation of free islet cells dissociated with EDTA-Dispase was demonstrated morphologically by light and electron microscopy. The secretory response of dissociated B cells to glucose was stabilized earlier with EDTA-Dispase than with EDTA-trypsin treatment. The amount of insulin released into the medium was proportional to the number of cells inoculated, thus permitting the quantitative analysis of B-cell function in vitro.", "PMID": 410634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5752", "title": "Effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone on heart rate and visual evoked potentials in rats.", "content": "The effect of injection of 0.3 microgram of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) into the third ventricle on heart rate and photically evoked potentials in the midbrain reticular formation in urethane-anesthetized rats was studied. TRH increased the heart rate and amplitude of the visual evoked potentials within a few minutes following injection. The intraventricular injections of LHRH, consituent amino acids of TRH and intraperitoneal TSH did not exert any effect. This indicates that TRH is effective in the central nerveous system in inducing tachycardia in the rat.", "contents": "Effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone on heart rate and visual evoked potentials in rats. The effect of injection of 0.3 microgram of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) into the third ventricle on heart rate and photically evoked potentials in the midbrain reticular formation in urethane-anesthetized rats was studied. TRH increased the heart rate and amplitude of the visual evoked potentials within a few minutes following injection. The intraventricular injections of LHRH, consituent amino acids of TRH and intraperitoneal TSH did not exert any effect. This indicates that TRH is effective in the central nerveous system in inducing tachycardia in the rat.", "PMID": 410635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5753", "title": "Chemical sterilization of male langurs: synergistic action of alpha-chlorohydrin (U-5897) with methallibure (ICI, 33828) on the testes and epididymides of Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne.", "content": "1. Synergistic action of alpha-chlorohydrin with methallibure (ICI, 33828) on the testicular function of Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne has been studied. 2. Chronic administration of alpha-chlorohydrin alone (140 mg/day for 40 days) caused testicular lesion resulting in a massive atrophy of the spermatogenic elements. Epididymal epithelium was regressed and the lumen was devoid of spermatozoa. 3. alpha-Chlorohydrin inhibited the synthesis of RNA and sialic acid in the testes and epididymides. Total cholesterol per gram of testis and alkaline phosphatase activity were increased after alpha-chlorohydrin administration. 4. These effects could be achieved with a lower dose of alpha-chlorohydrin (1/4) when administered in combination with a gonadotrophin inhibitor, i. e. ICI, 33828 (Methallibure). Methallibure alone (200 mg/kg: total dose) has no damaging effects on the testes and epididymides. But it altered testicular cholesterol and enzyme activity. 5. In conclusion, an effective inhibition of spermatogenesis could be achieved by synergistic action of the two different drugs i. e. alpha-chlorohydrin and ICI, 33828 (Methallibure).", "contents": "Chemical sterilization of male langurs: synergistic action of alpha-chlorohydrin (U-5897) with methallibure (ICI, 33828) on the testes and epididymides of Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne. 1. Synergistic action of alpha-chlorohydrin with methallibure (ICI, 33828) on the testicular function of Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne has been studied. 2. Chronic administration of alpha-chlorohydrin alone (140 mg/day for 40 days) caused testicular lesion resulting in a massive atrophy of the spermatogenic elements. Epididymal epithelium was regressed and the lumen was devoid of spermatozoa. 3. alpha-Chlorohydrin inhibited the synthesis of RNA and sialic acid in the testes and epididymides. Total cholesterol per gram of testis and alkaline phosphatase activity were increased after alpha-chlorohydrin administration. 4. These effects could be achieved with a lower dose of alpha-chlorohydrin (1/4) when administered in combination with a gonadotrophin inhibitor, i. e. ICI, 33828 (Methallibure). Methallibure alone (200 mg/kg: total dose) has no damaging effects on the testes and epididymides. But it altered testicular cholesterol and enzyme activity. 5. In conclusion, an effective inhibition of spermatogenesis could be achieved by synergistic action of the two different drugs i. e. alpha-chlorohydrin and ICI, 33828 (Methallibure).", "PMID": 410636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5754", "title": "Influence of dopamine and thyrotropin releasing hormone on the volume of nuclei of prolactin cells in rat adenohypophysis in vitro.", "content": "The effect of dopamine and TRH on the volume of prolactin cells nuclei in the rat anterior pituitary cultured in vitro has been investigated. A significant increase of volume of prolactin cells nuclei exposed to TRH has been shown. Dopamine had no significant influence on the volume of the nuclei of prolactin cells. The prolactin cells exposed to dopamine showed clearly an increased granulation. The obtained results suggest that dopamine exerts a stronger inhibiting effect on the release of prolactin than on its synthesis.", "contents": "Influence of dopamine and thyrotropin releasing hormone on the volume of nuclei of prolactin cells in rat adenohypophysis in vitro. The effect of dopamine and TRH on the volume of prolactin cells nuclei in the rat anterior pituitary cultured in vitro has been investigated. A significant increase of volume of prolactin cells nuclei exposed to TRH has been shown. Dopamine had no significant influence on the volume of the nuclei of prolactin cells. The prolactin cells exposed to dopamine showed clearly an increased granulation. The obtained results suggest that dopamine exerts a stronger inhibiting effect on the release of prolactin than on its synthesis.", "PMID": 410638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5755", "title": "An experimental study on endoscopic papillotomy in monkeys.", "content": "Endoscopic papillotomy would appear to have distinct advantages in non-operative treatment of common bile duct stones. To investigate the effects of this procedure on the papilla and adjacent organs, diathermy papillotomy was performed at laparotomy in three monkeys. White-cell count and levels of liver function parameters temporarily increased during the follow-up period of twelve months, suggesting that diathermy papillotomy might have brought about some pathological changes in the hepatobiliary system of monkeys, whereas no definite evidence of cholestasis or pancreatitis were noticed, and an excellent condition of papillotomy orifice and adjacent ogans was revealed at autopsy about 1 year after diathermy papillotomy.", "contents": "An experimental study on endoscopic papillotomy in monkeys. Endoscopic papillotomy would appear to have distinct advantages in non-operative treatment of common bile duct stones. To investigate the effects of this procedure on the papilla and adjacent organs, diathermy papillotomy was performed at laparotomy in three monkeys. White-cell count and levels of liver function parameters temporarily increased during the follow-up period of twelve months, suggesting that diathermy papillotomy might have brought about some pathological changes in the hepatobiliary system of monkeys, whereas no definite evidence of cholestasis or pancreatitis were noticed, and an excellent condition of papillotomy orifice and adjacent ogans was revealed at autopsy about 1 year after diathermy papillotomy.", "PMID": 410639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5756", "title": "The size and shape of human and bovine antithrombin III.", "content": "Human and bovine antithrombin, purified by affinity chromatography on heparin-agarose, have been characterized with regard to chemical composition, size, shape and conformation. Both preparations were found to contain several active components of identical or similar size but different electrical charge. Amino acids and carbohydrate analyses revealed striking similarities between human and bovine antithrombin, while immunological analyses failed to demonstrate any cross-reactivity. The molecular weights were determined by sedimentation equilibrium to be 58 000 for human and 56 000 for bovine antithrombin. The small molecular weight difference suggested by these values was verified by several empirical methods of molecular weight estimation. Hydrodynamic measurements indicated that the two proteins have similar molecular shapes, both of which are slightly more extended that that of typical globular proteins. The internal folding of the two polypeptide chains is also similar, as evidenced by the identity of the far-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra. Specifically, these analyses suggested a low alpha-helix content of both proteins. In conclusion, the marked structural similarity of human and bovine antithrombin indicates that the two proteins may also exhibit extensive functional similarities in the binding of heparin and the inhibition of various coagulation factors.", "contents": "The size and shape of human and bovine antithrombin III. Human and bovine antithrombin, purified by affinity chromatography on heparin-agarose, have been characterized with regard to chemical composition, size, shape and conformation. Both preparations were found to contain several active components of identical or similar size but different electrical charge. Amino acids and carbohydrate analyses revealed striking similarities between human and bovine antithrombin, while immunological analyses failed to demonstrate any cross-reactivity. The molecular weights were determined by sedimentation equilibrium to be 58 000 for human and 56 000 for bovine antithrombin. The small molecular weight difference suggested by these values was verified by several empirical methods of molecular weight estimation. Hydrodynamic measurements indicated that the two proteins have similar molecular shapes, both of which are slightly more extended that that of typical globular proteins. The internal folding of the two polypeptide chains is also similar, as evidenced by the identity of the far-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra. Specifically, these analyses suggested a low alpha-helix content of both proteins. In conclusion, the marked structural similarity of human and bovine antithrombin indicates that the two proteins may also exhibit extensive functional similarities in the binding of heparin and the inhibition of various coagulation factors.", "PMID": 410640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5757", "title": "Biochemical and immunological studies on larval serum protein 1, the major haemolymph protein of Drosophila melanogaster third-instar larvae.", "content": "Larval serum protein 1 is the major haemolymph protein just before puparium formation in Drosophila melanogaster. It has been purified and characterised as a family of hexamers (molecular weight 450000-480000) of three immunologically related polypeptides (molecular weight 75000-81000). Homologous proteins, present in other dipterans, are similar in structure, amino acid composition and developmental profile.", "contents": "Biochemical and immunological studies on larval serum protein 1, the major haemolymph protein of Drosophila melanogaster third-instar larvae. Larval serum protein 1 is the major haemolymph protein just before puparium formation in Drosophila melanogaster. It has been purified and characterised as a family of hexamers (molecular weight 450000-480000) of three immunologically related polypeptides (molecular weight 75000-81000). Homologous proteins, present in other dipterans, are similar in structure, amino acid composition and developmental profile.", "PMID": 410643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5758", "title": "Treatment of Condyloma acuminata in male patients.", "content": "The treatment of 101 male patients with venereal warts is described. Prior to the study 33 patients had been treated unsuccessfully with podophyllin. 57 of the patients showed urethral lesions while 2 also showed venereal warts in the bladder. The primary treatment was electrocoagulation in 100 patients, 58 of these being cured. Chemical agents such as ethoglucid, Verruxin and thiotepa seemed to be effective in the treatment of resistant, especially intraurethral condylomas. In 8 patients autogenous vaccination was used, 6 responding completely to the vaccination alone while the remaining 2 were cured after vaccination and excision.", "contents": "Treatment of Condyloma acuminata in male patients. The treatment of 101 male patients with venereal warts is described. Prior to the study 33 patients had been treated unsuccessfully with podophyllin. 57 of the patients showed urethral lesions while 2 also showed venereal warts in the bladder. The primary treatment was electrocoagulation in 100 patients, 58 of these being cured. Chemical agents such as ethoglucid, Verruxin and thiotepa seemed to be effective in the treatment of resistant, especially intraurethral condylomas. In 8 patients autogenous vaccination was used, 6 responding completely to the vaccination alone while the remaining 2 were cured after vaccination and excision.", "PMID": 410644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5759", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of a congenital diverticulum of the right ventricle in a 1-month-old child.", "content": "Spontaneous rupture of a thin fibrous congenital subepicardial diverticulum of the right ventricle of the heart resulted in a sudden death of an 1-mth-old child. Heart catheterization with angiocardiography at 1 and 2 wk of age revealed a truncus arteriosus type A 1 with a small frontal outbulging in the level with the outflow of the right ventricle, interpreted as a blind infurdibular chamber. At autopsy this outbulging was identified as a congenital fibrous diverticulum of the right ventricle. Death was due to rupture of the diverticulum and hemopericardium. The case motivated a reviewing of the literature dealing with congenital diverticula of the right ventricle of the heart, as well as a discussion of problems with the diagnosis of the diverticulum.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of a congenital diverticulum of the right ventricle in a 1-month-old child. Spontaneous rupture of a thin fibrous congenital subepicardial diverticulum of the right ventricle of the heart resulted in a sudden death of an 1-mth-old child. Heart catheterization with angiocardiography at 1 and 2 wk of age revealed a truncus arteriosus type A 1 with a small frontal outbulging in the level with the outflow of the right ventricle, interpreted as a blind infurdibular chamber. At autopsy this outbulging was identified as a congenital fibrous diverticulum of the right ventricle. Death was due to rupture of the diverticulum and hemopericardium. The case motivated a reviewing of the literature dealing with congenital diverticula of the right ventricle of the heart, as well as a discussion of problems with the diagnosis of the diverticulum.", "PMID": 410647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5760", "title": "Organization of the thalamo-cortical connexions to the frontal lobe in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "In 25 rhesus monkeys horseradish peroxidase was injected in different parts of the frontal cortex. The retrogradely labelled thalamic neurons formed longitudinal bands, some of which crossed the internal medullary lamina, and extended from one thalamic nucleus into another. On the basis of these findings the frontal cortex was subdivided into seven transverse cortical strips which receive afferents from seven longitudinal bands of thalamic neurons. The most rostral transverse strip receives afferents from the most medial thalamic band which is oriented vertically and extends through the most medial part of the MD into the medial pulvinar. Progressively more caudally located transverse strips receive afferents from progressively more laterally located thalamic bands which in part are situated in the VL and show an increasing tilt towards the horizontal. Moreover, those parts of the various bands which are situated along the dorsal and lateral margin of the thalamus project to the medial portions of the transverse cortical strips, i.e. along the medial margin of the frontal lobe, while the other parts situated ventromedially in the thalamus project to the lateral portions of these strips, i.e. along the lateral margin of the frontal lobe. These data provide an alternative view of the organization of the thalamus and suggest that this structure contains a matrix of longitudinal cell columns which in some cases extend across specific nuclear borders and may represent the basic thalamic building blocks in respect to the thalamo-cortical connexions.", "contents": "Organization of the thalamo-cortical connexions to the frontal lobe in the rhesus monkey. In 25 rhesus monkeys horseradish peroxidase was injected in different parts of the frontal cortex. The retrogradely labelled thalamic neurons formed longitudinal bands, some of which crossed the internal medullary lamina, and extended from one thalamic nucleus into another. On the basis of these findings the frontal cortex was subdivided into seven transverse cortical strips which receive afferents from seven longitudinal bands of thalamic neurons. The most rostral transverse strip receives afferents from the most medial thalamic band which is oriented vertically and extends through the most medial part of the MD into the medial pulvinar. Progressively more caudally located transverse strips receive afferents from progressively more laterally located thalamic bands which in part are situated in the VL and show an increasing tilt towards the horizontal. Moreover, those parts of the various bands which are situated along the dorsal and lateral margin of the thalamus project to the medial portions of the transverse cortical strips, i.e. along the medial margin of the frontal lobe, while the other parts situated ventromedially in the thalamus project to the lateral portions of these strips, i.e. along the lateral margin of the frontal lobe. These data provide an alternative view of the organization of the thalamus and suggest that this structure contains a matrix of longitudinal cell columns which in some cases extend across specific nuclear borders and may represent the basic thalamic building blocks in respect to the thalamo-cortical connexions.", "PMID": 410652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5761", "title": "The shift-effect in the lateral geniculate body of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Responses to sudden shifts of  a  pattern far away from the receptive field (shift-effect) were found in 73 out of 81 cells of the ventral, magnocellular LGN layers, but in only 26 out of 85 cells of the dorsal, parvocellular layers. Most of the former responses were clear and excitatory, and most of the latter were weak and inhibitory. Excitatory responses were stronger for steady receptive field illumination which when turned on also yielded an excitation. No convincing dependence on the colour of the receptive field illumination was observed. The results are discussed with respect to the hypothesis of transmission of steady illumination via the shift-effect (\"restoration\"), and with respect to a hypothesis assigning a signaling function of low stimulus specificity to the ventral layers.", "contents": "The shift-effect in the lateral geniculate body of the rhesus monkey. Responses to sudden shifts of  a  pattern far away from the receptive field (shift-effect) were found in 73 out of 81 cells of the ventral, magnocellular LGN layers, but in only 26 out of 85 cells of the dorsal, parvocellular layers. Most of the former responses were clear and excitatory, and most of the latter were weak and inhibitory. Excitatory responses were stronger for steady receptive field illumination which when turned on also yielded an excitation. No convincing dependence on the colour of the receptive field illumination was observed. The results are discussed with respect to the hypothesis of transmission of steady illumination via the shift-effect (\"restoration\"), and with respect to a hypothesis assigning a signaling function of low stimulus specificity to the ventral layers.", "PMID": 410653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5762", "title": "Response plasticity of neurons in auditory cortex of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Auditory-evoked responses in single neurons from rhesus monkey auditory cortex were measured under four relatively well defined behavioral and physiological conditions: (1) monkey awake and performing a simple auditory reaction time task; (2) monkey awake but not performing a task (Stage A); (3) monkey in a drowsy or Stage 1 sleep state (State B); and (4) monkey anesthetized with a short-acting nonbarbiturate anesthetic. For most units studied the response evoked by the auditory stimulus was greater in the performance condition than in the nonperformance condition. Similarly, evoked activity was usually greater in State A than in State B. Finally, evoked responses under anesthesia were usually weaker than those obtained in the unanesthetized animal. Some exceptions were noted in each case. Differences in response patterns and in rate versus intensity functions of neurons were also found to be associated with the behavioral and physiological state of the preparation. No significant changes in unit spontaneous activity associated with changes in behavioral or physiological condition were observed.", "contents": "Response plasticity of neurons in auditory cortex of the rhesus monkey. Auditory-evoked responses in single neurons from rhesus monkey auditory cortex were measured under four relatively well defined behavioral and physiological conditions: (1) monkey awake and performing a simple auditory reaction time task; (2) monkey awake but not performing a task (Stage A); (3) monkey in a drowsy or Stage 1 sleep state (State B); and (4) monkey anesthetized with a short-acting nonbarbiturate anesthetic. For most units studied the response evoked by the auditory stimulus was greater in the performance condition than in the nonperformance condition. Similarly, evoked activity was usually greater in State A than in State B. Finally, evoked responses under anesthesia were usually weaker than those obtained in the unanesthetized animal. Some exceptions were noted in each case. Differences in response patterns and in rate versus intensity functions of neurons were also found to be associated with the behavioral and physiological state of the preparation. No significant changes in unit spontaneous activity associated with changes in behavioral or physiological condition were observed.", "PMID": 410654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5763", "title": "Steady-state methods for the study of placental exchange.", "content": "Published and new data on steady-state exchange of tracers and oxygen are characterized by marked species differences. When the placenta is treated as an ideal diffusion cell of unknown vessel geometry and permeability, the exchange characteristics of oxygen can be used to prove that the exchange of tracers such as acetylene, nitrous oxide, tritiated water and antipyrine is entirely flow limited. The recorded patterns of transfer of flow-limited tracers reveal that some placentas are as effective as counter-current exchangers whereas others mimic the behavior of the less effective types of exchangers. These species differences in apparent geometry are unrelated to the histologic nature of the barrier. The patterns of flow-limited transfer are so similar to those of oxygen transfer that the diffusion resistance to oxygen must be small. The exchange of diffusion-limited (hydrophilic) tracers mimics exchange across capillary membranes in some species and exchange across cell membranes in others. These species differences in diffusion-limited transfer are clearly related to the histologic nature of the barrier and are independent of vessel geometry.", "contents": "Steady-state methods for the study of placental exchange. Published and new data on steady-state exchange of tracers and oxygen are characterized by marked species differences. When the placenta is treated as an ideal diffusion cell of unknown vessel geometry and permeability, the exchange characteristics of oxygen can be used to prove that the exchange of tracers such as acetylene, nitrous oxide, tritiated water and antipyrine is entirely flow limited. The recorded patterns of transfer of flow-limited tracers reveal that some placentas are as effective as counter-current exchangers whereas others mimic the behavior of the less effective types of exchangers. These species differences in apparent geometry are unrelated to the histologic nature of the barrier. The patterns of flow-limited transfer are so similar to those of oxygen transfer that the diffusion resistance to oxygen must be small. The exchange of diffusion-limited (hydrophilic) tracers mimics exchange across capillary membranes in some species and exchange across cell membranes in others. These species differences in diffusion-limited transfer are clearly related to the histologic nature of the barrier and are independent of vessel geometry.", "PMID": 410666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5764", "title": "[Role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating blood supply to the brain].", "content": "Cerebral vascular responses (impedance method) and the regional cerebral blood flow (H2 clearance) in visual and sensomotor cortex during direct application of noradrenaline (NA) or stimulation of cervical sympathetic nerve were studied in chronic and acute experiments on monkeys and cats. NA in concentration 0.01 mcg/ml and pH--7.3 increased regional blood flow by 10 +/- 0.8%; NA concentration 0.1 mcg/ml had no effect on the flow, and NA concentration 1 and 2 mcg/ml decreased cortical blood flow by 9 +/- 1.2%, 21 +/- 3. Changes of pH from 7.3 to 6.9 decreased the constrictory effect of NA. Electrical stimulation of preganglionic nerves in chronic experiments decreased blood flow of the stimulated hemisphere by 19 +/- 1.4%, while only by 11 +/- 2% in acute experiments. The latency of vascular reactions of alert animals was very short, the reactions reaching their maximum within 15-20 sec. In acute experiments the maximum of the reaction decreased by 50% while the latency and duration increased. The data suggest that cortical vessels are sensitive to NA at the same concentrations as in normal physiological conditions and that vasoconstriction develops in response to sympathetic activation.", "contents": "[Role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulating blood supply to the brain]. Cerebral vascular responses (impedance method) and the regional cerebral blood flow (H2 clearance) in visual and sensomotor cortex during direct application of noradrenaline (NA) or stimulation of cervical sympathetic nerve were studied in chronic and acute experiments on monkeys and cats. NA in concentration 0.01 mcg/ml and pH--7.3 increased regional blood flow by 10 +/- 0.8%; NA concentration 0.1 mcg/ml had no effect on the flow, and NA concentration 1 and 2 mcg/ml decreased cortical blood flow by 9 +/- 1.2%, 21 +/- 3. Changes of pH from 7.3 to 6.9 decreased the constrictory effect of NA. Electrical stimulation of preganglionic nerves in chronic experiments decreased blood flow of the stimulated hemisphere by 19 +/- 1.4%, while only by 11 +/- 2% in acute experiments. The latency of vascular reactions of alert animals was very short, the reactions reaching their maximum within 15-20 sec. In acute experiments the maximum of the reaction decreased by 50% while the latency and duration increased. The data suggest that cortical vessels are sensitive to NA at the same concentrations as in normal physiological conditions and that vasoconstriction develops in response to sympathetic activation.", "PMID": 410669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5765", "title": "[Effects of anterior hypothalamic deafferentation on plasma LH response to LH-RH in the baboon (author's transl)].", "content": "We reported previously that a biphasic LH release (within 30 min and 90 approximately 150 min after LH-RH injection) was observed in normal menstruating baboons (non-human primates). Plasma immunoassayable LH-RH reached a maximum within 4 min after injection and was undetectable within 60 min. Plasma estrogen and progestin were elevated within 45 min. No plasma LH release with increment of plasma estrogen and progestin was observed in saline injected baboons. This study was performed to investigate the mechanism of biphasic LH release by LH-RH injection. Synthetic LH-RH (100 microgram) was injected sc into four female retrochiasmatic deafferented baboons. Blood samples collected 30 and 2 min before injection and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after injection were assayed for LH, estrogen and progestin. In four baboons plasma LH peak was observed within 30 min after injection and plasma estrogen and progestin were elevated within 45 min. However, plasma LH peak within 90 approximately 150 min was not observed. These results infer that exogenous LH-RH exerts an effect on the pituitary to release LH within 30 min after injection. Increased estrogen and progestin exert the effect on the higher brain area (extrahypothalamic area) and the anterior hypothalamus to facilitate release of endogenous LH-RH, which subsequently release LH within 90 approximately 150 min in cooperation with exogenous LH-RH which may be considered to participate LH synthesis in the pituitary. Thus, it seems likely that the extrahypothalamic area (for example; limbic system) and the anterior hypothalamus have an important role in regulating LH-RH secretion and subsequent LH release in the baboon.", "contents": "[Effects of anterior hypothalamic deafferentation on plasma LH response to LH-RH in the baboon (author's transl)]. We reported previously that a biphasic LH release (within 30 min and 90 approximately 150 min after LH-RH injection) was observed in normal menstruating baboons (non-human primates). Plasma immunoassayable LH-RH reached a maximum within 4 min after injection and was undetectable within 60 min. Plasma estrogen and progestin were elevated within 45 min. No plasma LH release with increment of plasma estrogen and progestin was observed in saline injected baboons. This study was performed to investigate the mechanism of biphasic LH release by LH-RH injection. Synthetic LH-RH (100 microgram) was injected sc into four female retrochiasmatic deafferented baboons. Blood samples collected 30 and 2 min before injection and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after injection were assayed for LH, estrogen and progestin. In four baboons plasma LH peak was observed within 30 min after injection and plasma estrogen and progestin were elevated within 45 min. However, plasma LH peak within 90 approximately 150 min was not observed. These results infer that exogenous LH-RH exerts an effect on the pituitary to release LH within 30 min after injection. Increased estrogen and progestin exert the effect on the higher brain area (extrahypothalamic area) and the anterior hypothalamus to facilitate release of endogenous LH-RH, which subsequently release LH within 90 approximately 150 min in cooperation with exogenous LH-RH which may be considered to participate LH synthesis in the pituitary. Thus, it seems likely that the extrahypothalamic area (for example; limbic system) and the anterior hypothalamus have an important role in regulating LH-RH secretion and subsequent LH release in the baboon.", "PMID": 410675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5766", "title": "Total skin electron irradiation in mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Total skin irradiation with fast electrons (4 MeV, 3,500 rad) was applied in 10 cases of histologically proven mycosis fungoides without any signs of internal dissemination. The technique is described. Complete disappearance of both lesions and symptoms occurred in all patients after treatment. However, half of the patients relapsed after the initial irradiation and were subsequently treated with a booster dose of 1,000 rad 4 MeV electrons or with topical nitrogen mustard. Irradiation with fast electrons seems to be of great importance in the treatment of mycosis fungoides.", "contents": "Total skin electron irradiation in mycosis fungoides. Total skin irradiation with fast electrons (4 MeV, 3,500 rad) was applied in 10 cases of histologically proven mycosis fungoides without any signs of internal dissemination. The technique is described. Complete disappearance of both lesions and symptoms occurred in all patients after treatment. However, half of the patients relapsed after the initial irradiation and were subsequently treated with a booster dose of 1,000 rad 4 MeV electrons or with topical nitrogen mustard. Irradiation with fast electrons seems to be of great importance in the treatment of mycosis fungoides.", "PMID": 410676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5767", "title": "The biotransformation of phenylbutazone (Butazolidin).", "content": "In the present paper a review of published work on the metabolic fate of phenylbutazone is given, inclusive of results from very recent radiotracer studies in man. Phenylbutazone, 1,2-diphenyl-3,5-dioxo-4-n-butylpyrazolidine, being a highly lipophilic compound, is readily absorbed following oral administration to man, and is re-eliminated mostly in metabolized from via urine and faeces. In the biotransformation of phenylbutazone in the human organism two major pathways are involved, i.e. straightforward C-glucuronidation at the 4-position of the pyrazolidine ring and, to a much lesser extent, hydroxylation at one of the phenyl rings or at the n-butyl side chain. Hydrolytic cleavage of the amide bonds in the dioxopyrazolidine ring which, theoretically, would be a possible third pathway of biotransformation, does not take place to any significant extent. In contrast to man, the animal species studies, namely rat and dog, metabolize phenylbutazone predominantly through hydroxylation. This principal difference in metabolic handling may explain why the elimination rate of the drug from plasma is largely different in these species, the average half-lives being 3-4 hours in rat and dog as compared to about 80 hours in man following single doses. The enzyme systems that are primarily involved in phenylbutazone metabolism are mono-oxygenases in the animal species considered, and glucuronyltransferase in man. Auto-induction of enzymes, resultiing in an enhanced elimination of the drug from plasma in the course of repeated administration, has unequivocally been proven for rat and dog only but not for man.", "contents": "The biotransformation of phenylbutazone (Butazolidin). In the present paper a review of published work on the metabolic fate of phenylbutazone is given, inclusive of results from very recent radiotracer studies in man. Phenylbutazone, 1,2-diphenyl-3,5-dioxo-4-n-butylpyrazolidine, being a highly lipophilic compound, is readily absorbed following oral administration to man, and is re-eliminated mostly in metabolized from via urine and faeces. In the biotransformation of phenylbutazone in the human organism two major pathways are involved, i.e. straightforward C-glucuronidation at the 4-position of the pyrazolidine ring and, to a much lesser extent, hydroxylation at one of the phenyl rings or at the n-butyl side chain. Hydrolytic cleavage of the amide bonds in the dioxopyrazolidine ring which, theoretically, would be a possible third pathway of biotransformation, does not take place to any significant extent. In contrast to man, the animal species studies, namely rat and dog, metabolize phenylbutazone predominantly through hydroxylation. This principal difference in metabolic handling may explain why the elimination rate of the drug from plasma is largely different in these species, the average half-lives being 3-4 hours in rat and dog as compared to about 80 hours in man following single doses. The enzyme systems that are primarily involved in phenylbutazone metabolism are mono-oxygenases in the animal species considered, and glucuronyltransferase in man. Auto-induction of enzymes, resultiing in an enhanced elimination of the drug from plasma in the course of repeated administration, has unequivocally been proven for rat and dog only but not for man.", "PMID": 410685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5768", "title": "Pharmacology of danazol.", "content": "We have established that danazol is an orally active pituitary gonadotrophin inhibitory agent devoid of oestrogenic and progestational activity. This steroid has weak, impeded androgenic activity. Danazol is unique in possessing such a profound separation of pituitary gonadotrophin inhibitory activity from overt sex hormone activity. Separate studies have shown that danazol is antiandrogenic, anti-progestational and antioestrogenic. Extensive toxicological studies have established the safety of this steroid. Lastly, the metabolic studies provide convincing evidence that danazol is the active steroid.", "contents": "Pharmacology of danazol. We have established that danazol is an orally active pituitary gonadotrophin inhibitory agent devoid of oestrogenic and progestational activity. This steroid has weak, impeded androgenic activity. Danazol is unique in possessing such a profound separation of pituitary gonadotrophin inhibitory activity from overt sex hormone activity. Separate studies have shown that danazol is antiandrogenic, anti-progestational and antioestrogenic. Extensive toxicological studies have established the safety of this steroid. Lastly, the metabolic studies provide convincing evidence that danazol is the active steroid.", "PMID": 410686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5769", "title": "Effects of maternal mobility, partner, and endocrine state on social responsiveness of adolescent rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The social behavior of rhesus monkeys raised for the 1st year of life with mobile (MS) or stationary (SS) cloth surrogate mothers was investigated when the animals reached 4-5 yr of age. The MS males generally refrained from social interaction during initial pairings with females, whereas SS males interacted frequently, but were more often the targets of attacks and chases from adult females than were MS males. The MS males were more likely to vary their social behavior according to the behavior of the social partner and seemed to benefit more from extended social exposure than their SS counterparts. The MS females were more similar to wild-born females than were SS females in nearly every behavior category and dimension tested. These results suggest that rearing with mobile artificial mothers improves the chances of later adaptive social adjustments in socially restricted monkeys.", "contents": "Effects of maternal mobility, partner, and endocrine state on social responsiveness of adolescent rhesus monkeys. The social behavior of rhesus monkeys raised for the 1st year of life with mobile (MS) or stationary (SS) cloth surrogate mothers was investigated when the animals reached 4-5 yr of age. The MS males generally refrained from social interaction during initial pairings with females, whereas SS males interacted frequently, but were more often the targets of attacks and chases from adult females than were MS males. The MS males were more likely to vary their social behavior according to the behavior of the social partner and seemed to benefit more from extended social exposure than their SS counterparts. The MS females were more similar to wild-born females than were SS females in nearly every behavior category and dimension tested. These results suggest that rearing with mobile artificial mothers improves the chances of later adaptive social adjustments in socially restricted monkeys.", "PMID": 410688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5770", "title": "Olfactory discrimination of squirrel monkey mothers by their infants.", "content": "Infant squirrel monkeys, 8 to 24 weeks of age, were tested for their ability to discriminate their own mother from another lactating mother by means of olfactory cues, visual cues, or a combination of both. Discrimination by olfactory cues was unequivocal. Addition of static visual cues did not enhance discrimination, and infants showed little evidence of discriminating the mother by means of static visual cues alone. These results suggest that olfaction may be a more significant factor in primate early attachment than has generally been assumed.", "contents": "Olfactory discrimination of squirrel monkey mothers by their infants. Infant squirrel monkeys, 8 to 24 weeks of age, were tested for their ability to discriminate their own mother from another lactating mother by means of olfactory cues, visual cues, or a combination of both. Discrimination by olfactory cues was unequivocal. Addition of static visual cues did not enhance discrimination, and infants showed little evidence of discriminating the mother by means of static visual cues alone. These results suggest that olfaction may be a more significant factor in primate early attachment than has generally been assumed.", "PMID": 410689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5771", "title": "Potentiation of glibenclamide-induced insulin release by calcium infusion.", "content": "The effect of calcium on glibenclamide-induced insulin release was studied in 14 diabetic patients. Two mg glibenclamide was given intravenously and calcium, blood glucose and IRI were determined in venous blood samples at predetermined intervals. The test was repeated 3-4 days later with the patients simultaneously receiving a calcium infusion into a contralateral vein. The decrease in blood glucose and the rise in IRI level were both significantly greater in the combined glibenclamide-calcium test. It is concluded that calcium may temporarily improve carbohydrate tolerance in diabetic patients by potentiating the glibenclamide-stimulated insulin secretion.", "contents": "Potentiation of glibenclamide-induced insulin release by calcium infusion. The effect of calcium on glibenclamide-induced insulin release was studied in 14 diabetic patients. Two mg glibenclamide was given intravenously and calcium, blood glucose and IRI were determined in venous blood samples at predetermined intervals. The test was repeated 3-4 days later with the patients simultaneously receiving a calcium infusion into a contralateral vein. The decrease in blood glucose and the rise in IRI level were both significantly greater in the combined glibenclamide-calcium test. It is concluded that calcium may temporarily improve carbohydrate tolerance in diabetic patients by potentiating the glibenclamide-stimulated insulin secretion.", "PMID": 410692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5772", "title": "Non-clostridial gas gangrene in the diabetic lower limb.", "content": "Three cases of non-clostridial gas gangrene in diabetic lower limbs are reported. This rare condition occurs only in diabetes with peripheral neuropathy and is invariably fatal unless treated surgically. The clinical picture is deceptive with a slow, but insidiously progressive course, and the late appearance of skin necrosis. Antibacterial therapy is ineffective in preventing death. A serious delay may be fostered by inconclusive bacteriological investigations. Urgent radical amputation is required to save the patient's life.", "contents": "Non-clostridial gas gangrene in the diabetic lower limb. Three cases of non-clostridial gas gangrene in diabetic lower limbs are reported. This rare condition occurs only in diabetes with peripheral neuropathy and is invariably fatal unless treated surgically. The clinical picture is deceptive with a slow, but insidiously progressive course, and the late appearance of skin necrosis. Antibacterial therapy is ineffective in preventing death. A serious delay may be fostered by inconclusive bacteriological investigations. Urgent radical amputation is required to save the patient's life.", "PMID": 410694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5773", "title": "Migrating myoelectrical complex of the small intestine. An intrinsic activity mediated by the vagus.", "content": "In healthy conscious parenterally fed dogs and in sheep on their usual diet, the basic motor profile on the small intestine consists of recurring cycles of action potential activity. This cyclic pattern called the migrating myoelectrical complex comprises two distinct phases termed irregular, and regular spiking activity and is followed by a period of quiescence. The pattern persists after bilateral transthoracic vagotomy and in animals rendered diabetic by alloxan. In dogs, feeding disrupts the migrating myoelectrical complex pattern by obliterating the phases of regular spiking activity and quiescence for 6 to 12 hr, depending upon the amount of dry matter intake. After vagotomy a latency in the disruption of the migrating myoelectrical complex pattern with feeding occurs and in vagotomized dogs rendered diabetic, the duration of disruption is strongly reduced. In sheep, the duration of irregular spiking activity of a jejunal segment increased or decreased corresponding to the bulk of digesta, a phenomenon damped after vagotomy. The results indicate that the role of the vagus is limited to (1) prompting prandial disruption, which is then maintained by hormonal effect; (2) regulating the irregular spiking activity duration in relation to the bulk of digesta.", "contents": "Migrating myoelectrical complex of the small intestine. An intrinsic activity mediated by the vagus. In healthy conscious parenterally fed dogs and in sheep on their usual diet, the basic motor profile on the small intestine consists of recurring cycles of action potential activity. This cyclic pattern called the migrating myoelectrical complex comprises two distinct phases termed irregular, and regular spiking activity and is followed by a period of quiescence. The pattern persists after bilateral transthoracic vagotomy and in animals rendered diabetic by alloxan. In dogs, feeding disrupts the migrating myoelectrical complex pattern by obliterating the phases of regular spiking activity and quiescence for 6 to 12 hr, depending upon the amount of dry matter intake. After vagotomy a latency in the disruption of the migrating myoelectrical complex pattern with feeding occurs and in vagotomized dogs rendered diabetic, the duration of disruption is strongly reduced. In sheep, the duration of irregular spiking activity of a jejunal segment increased or decreased corresponding to the bulk of digesta, a phenomenon damped after vagotomy. The results indicate that the role of the vagus is limited to (1) prompting prandial disruption, which is then maintained by hormonal effect; (2) regulating the irregular spiking activity duration in relation to the bulk of digesta.", "PMID": 410696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5774", "title": "Role of biliary lecithin in lymphatic transport of fat.", "content": "This study was undertaken to asses the role of luminal lecithin in the lymphatic transportation of fat as chylomicrons. Two doses of fat, the low and high dose, were fed to two different groups of rats, control and bile fistula. At low dose, infusing at 35 mumoles of total fatty acid per hr of a mixture of oleic acid and monoolein, molar ratio 2:1, solubilized in 55 mumoles of sodium taurocholate, there was no difference in the lymphatic output of absorbed fat during steady state (7th and 8th hour) absorption. Infusing at a high dose, 173 mumoles of total fatty acid per hr of a mixture of oleic acid and monoolein, molar ratio 2:1, solubilized in 55 mumoles of sodium taurocholate, the bile fistula rats had lower triglyceride and phospholipid output, with a higher proportion of oleic acid in lymph lecithin than did control rats. These alterations in bile fistula rats returned to normal by addding 10 mumoles per hr of biliary lecithin to the infusate. We conclude that intraluminal biliary lecithin plays a significant role in the translocation of high doses of absorbed fat into lymph and in the amount and type of lecithin synthesized.", "contents": "Role of biliary lecithin in lymphatic transport of fat. This study was undertaken to asses the role of luminal lecithin in the lymphatic transportation of fat as chylomicrons. Two doses of fat, the low and high dose, were fed to two different groups of rats, control and bile fistula. At low dose, infusing at 35 mumoles of total fatty acid per hr of a mixture of oleic acid and monoolein, molar ratio 2:1, solubilized in 55 mumoles of sodium taurocholate, there was no difference in the lymphatic output of absorbed fat during steady state (7th and 8th hour) absorption. Infusing at a high dose, 173 mumoles of total fatty acid per hr of a mixture of oleic acid and monoolein, molar ratio 2:1, solubilized in 55 mumoles of sodium taurocholate, the bile fistula rats had lower triglyceride and phospholipid output, with a higher proportion of oleic acid in lymph lecithin than did control rats. These alterations in bile fistula rats returned to normal by addding 10 mumoles per hr of biliary lecithin to the infusate. We conclude that intraluminal biliary lecithin plays a significant role in the translocation of high doses of absorbed fat into lymph and in the amount and type of lecithin synthesized.", "PMID": 410697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5775", "title": "Location and underreplication of satellite DNA in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The two light nuclear satellites (PCsC1 = 1.672 and PCsC1 = 1.687) have been quantified in DNA isolated from the larvel imaginal discs and brains of Drosophila melanogaster with the genotypes X/O, X/X and X/Y. By comparing the results from these different genotypes, the amounts of the two satellites in the X and Y chromosomes and in the autosomes have been determined. The lightest satellite is not located to any appreciable extent in the X chromosome. The heterochromatic regions are not completely filled by these satellites. --Satellite DNA has also been quantified in DNA isolated from adults containing different genotypes. The two satellites are underreplicated to different extents. The apparent amount of underreplication for one of the satellites is different in different parts of the genome.", "contents": "Location and underreplication of satellite DNA in Drosophila melanogaster. The two light nuclear satellites (PCsC1 = 1.672 and PCsC1 = 1.687) have been quantified in DNA isolated from the larvel imaginal discs and brains of Drosophila melanogaster with the genotypes X/O, X/X and X/Y. By comparing the results from these different genotypes, the amounts of the two satellites in the X and Y chromosomes and in the autosomes have been determined. The lightest satellite is not located to any appreciable extent in the X chromosome. The heterochromatic regions are not completely filled by these satellites. --Satellite DNA has also been quantified in DNA isolated from adults containing different genotypes. The two satellites are underreplicated to different extents. The apparent amount of underreplication for one of the satellites is different in different parts of the genome.", "PMID": 410698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5776", "title": "Induced dominant lethal mutations and cytotoxic effects in germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster with Trenimon, PDMT and sodium monofluorophosphate.", "content": "Male and female Drosophila melanogaster with special sex chromosome or special autosome constitutions were fed with the mutagenic chemicals Trenimon (2,3,5-trisethyleneimino-1,4-benzoquinone) and PDMT (1-phenyl-3, 3-dimethyltriazene) and with the toxic substance Na2PO3F (sodium monofluorophosphate). The frequency of dominant lethality was recorded among the progeny. The results clearly show that dominant lethality is dose dependent for Trenimon- or PDMT-treated chromosomes in mature sperm and mature oocytes, and an increased amount of chromosomal material per nucleus yields an enhanced lethality. In contrast, a pure toxic effect of Na2PO3F on mature oocytes was demonstrated with one type of female. --With the stocks of Drosophila used, it is possible to distinguish between mutagenic and toxic effects of chemicals on the germ cells. Therefore, dominant lethality can be used as a simple and quick screening test for chemical mutagens.", "contents": "Induced dominant lethal mutations and cytotoxic effects in germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster with Trenimon, PDMT and sodium monofluorophosphate. Male and female Drosophila melanogaster with special sex chromosome or special autosome constitutions were fed with the mutagenic chemicals Trenimon (2,3,5-trisethyleneimino-1,4-benzoquinone) and PDMT (1-phenyl-3, 3-dimethyltriazene) and with the toxic substance Na2PO3F (sodium monofluorophosphate). The frequency of dominant lethality was recorded among the progeny. The results clearly show that dominant lethality is dose dependent for Trenimon- or PDMT-treated chromosomes in mature sperm and mature oocytes, and an increased amount of chromosomal material per nucleus yields an enhanced lethality. In contrast, a pure toxic effect of Na2PO3F on mature oocytes was demonstrated with one type of female. --With the stocks of Drosophila used, it is possible to distinguish between mutagenic and toxic effects of chemicals on the germ cells. Therefore, dominant lethality can be used as a simple and quick screening test for chemical mutagens.", "PMID": 410699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5777", "title": "[W-reactivation and W-mutagenesis in UV-irradiated phage phil05 of Bacillus subtilis].", "content": "The survival of UV-irradiated phage \u00f8105 on the lawns of several strains of Bacillus subtilis: wild type (strain 168) and 11 recombination-defficient mutants (recA1, recB2, recB3, recB19, recD27, recF15, recF18, recK4, recM13, recL16 and recO61) was investigated. All rec mutants have the phenotype Hcr+, i.e. normally host-cell reactivate UV-damaged phage. Small doses of UV-irradiation given to the wild type (rec+) cells increase the probability of survival of UV-irradiated \u00f8105 phage (W-reactivation) and significantly enhance the frequency of c-mutants (W-mutagenesis). Maximal frequency of clear mutations in conditions of W-mutagenesis is 3-10(-3), i.e. is 100 times higher than the spontaneous background. Various rec mutations of host cells only diminish the level of W-reactivation but do not eliminate it completely. The most deficient in W-reactivation is recD27 mutant. Mutations recB2, B3, B19 and O61 have no effect on W-mutagenesis of UV-irradiated phage \u00f8105 and on UV-induction of \u00f8105, F15,F18 and L16 mutants. UV-irradiation of lysogenic cells of these mutants does not induce \u00f8105 prophage.", "contents": "[W-reactivation and W-mutagenesis in UV-irradiated phage phil05 of Bacillus subtilis]. The survival of UV-irradiated phage \u00f8105 on the lawns of several strains of Bacillus subtilis: wild type (strain 168) and 11 recombination-defficient mutants (recA1, recB2, recB3, recB19, recD27, recF15, recF18, recK4, recM13, recL16 and recO61) was investigated. All rec mutants have the phenotype Hcr+, i.e. normally host-cell reactivate UV-damaged phage. Small doses of UV-irradiation given to the wild type (rec+) cells increase the probability of survival of UV-irradiated \u00f8105 phage (W-reactivation) and significantly enhance the frequency of c-mutants (W-mutagenesis). Maximal frequency of clear mutations in conditions of W-mutagenesis is 3-10(-3), i.e. is 100 times higher than the spontaneous background. Various rec mutations of host cells only diminish the level of W-reactivation but do not eliminate it completely. The most deficient in W-reactivation is recD27 mutant. Mutations recB2, B3, B19 and O61 have no effect on W-mutagenesis of UV-irradiated phage \u00f8105 and on UV-induction of \u00f8105, F15,F18 and L16 mutants. UV-irradiation of lysogenic cells of these mutants does not induce \u00f8105 prophage.", "PMID": 410700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5778", "title": "[Escherichia coli K-12 mutants capable of catabolizing purine nucleosides in the absence of purine nucleoside phosphorylase].", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli K-12 defective in purine nucleoside phosphorylase (pup gene) formed on the medium with inosine as the source of carbon and energy phenotypical reversions for the ability of utilizing inosine as source of carbon or purines. The phenotypical suppression of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency is the result of the mutations (called pnd), which are mapped on the chromosome of E. coli beyond the region of the structural pup-gene location and have phenotypic manifestation distinct from that of pup+ allele: a) pnd mutants divide into some groups for the ability of utilizing several purine nucleosides, including xantosine that cannot be metabolized by pnd+ strains of E. coli; b) pnd mutations do not restore the ability of purine auxotrophs (pur) defective in purine nucleoside phosphorylase (pup) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (apt) to grow on the medium with adenine as the sole source of purines. Cell-free extracts of pnd mutants fail to degrade the guanine nucleosides in the absence of phosphate or arsenate ions. These data (and also the ability of pnd mutants to utilize both purine ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides) seem to indicate that the activities induced by pnd mutations are phosphorylase activities.", "contents": "[Escherichia coli K-12 mutants capable of catabolizing purine nucleosides in the absence of purine nucleoside phosphorylase]. Strains of Escherichia coli K-12 defective in purine nucleoside phosphorylase (pup gene) formed on the medium with inosine as the source of carbon and energy phenotypical reversions for the ability of utilizing inosine as source of carbon or purines. The phenotypical suppression of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency is the result of the mutations (called pnd), which are mapped on the chromosome of E. coli beyond the region of the structural pup-gene location and have phenotypic manifestation distinct from that of pup+ allele: a) pnd mutants divide into some groups for the ability of utilizing several purine nucleosides, including xantosine that cannot be metabolized by pnd+ strains of E. coli; b) pnd mutations do not restore the ability of purine auxotrophs (pur) defective in purine nucleoside phosphorylase (pup) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (apt) to grow on the medium with adenine as the sole source of purines. Cell-free extracts of pnd mutants fail to degrade the guanine nucleosides in the absence of phosphate or arsenate ions. These data (and also the ability of pnd mutants to utilize both purine ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides) seem to indicate that the activities induced by pnd mutations are phosphorylase activities.", "PMID": 410701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5779", "title": "[UV-mutagenesis in Bacillus subtilis. VII. Induction of auxotrophic mutants].", "content": "An experimental testing of material from thin-layered, transparent in passing light, colonies which appear with some frequency after plating Bacillus subtilis cells on agar medium with limited enrichment, has shown that such colonies are formed by auxotrophic mutants. The growth requirements for many of them has been identified. The most of mutants can be reversed to original phenotype by UV-irradiation. The frequency of auxotrophs increases after UV-irradiation of suspension of original cells. The sensitivity of auxotrophic mutants to inactivating action of UV-light is near to that of original cells, hence the increase of the frequency of mutants with dose is a result of induction, but not of selection of preexisting spontaneous auxotrophic mutants. The frequency of induced auxotrophs, in contrast to that of suppressor revertants, badly give way to declining in the time of temporary inhibition of postradiation growth. In the case of Bac, subtilis, the system of induced auxotrophic mutants on the medium with limited enrichment is rather comfortable in use and can be recommended for studying UV-induced mutagenesis in structural genes as well as for testing mutagenic activities.", "contents": "[UV-mutagenesis in Bacillus subtilis. VII. Induction of auxotrophic mutants]. An experimental testing of material from thin-layered, transparent in passing light, colonies which appear with some frequency after plating Bacillus subtilis cells on agar medium with limited enrichment, has shown that such colonies are formed by auxotrophic mutants. The growth requirements for many of them has been identified. The most of mutants can be reversed to original phenotype by UV-irradiation. The frequency of auxotrophs increases after UV-irradiation of suspension of original cells. The sensitivity of auxotrophic mutants to inactivating action of UV-light is near to that of original cells, hence the increase of the frequency of mutants with dose is a result of induction, but not of selection of preexisting spontaneous auxotrophic mutants. The frequency of induced auxotrophs, in contrast to that of suppressor revertants, badly give way to declining in the time of temporary inhibition of postradiation growth. In the case of Bac, subtilis, the system of induced auxotrophic mutants on the medium with limited enrichment is rather comfortable in use and can be recommended for studying UV-induced mutagenesis in structural genes as well as for testing mutagenic activities.", "PMID": 410702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5780", "title": "Flexor tendon repair in \"No Man's Land\" an experimental study.", "content": "Twenty-five fingers of seven monkeys were used for an experimental study of a new concept of flexor tendon repair in \"No Man's Land\". Microsurgical aids were used to shift distally a sleeve of healthy flexor tendon sheath to cover the site of the repaired flexor tendon. There was a low success rate due to technical difficulties in the immobilisation of the monkey fingers. Where the finger was successfully immobilised the results were encouraging.", "contents": "Flexor tendon repair in \"No Man's Land\" an experimental study. Twenty-five fingers of seven monkeys were used for an experimental study of a new concept of flexor tendon repair in \"No Man's Land\". Microsurgical aids were used to shift distally a sleeve of healthy flexor tendon sheath to cover the site of the repaired flexor tendon. There was a low success rate due to technical difficulties in the immobilisation of the monkey fingers. Where the finger was successfully immobilised the results were encouraging.", "PMID": 410703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5781", "title": "[A pharmacological study of chlorphenesin carbamate. Tolerance to chlorphenesin carbamate (author's transl)].", "content": "Tolerance to chlorphenesin carbamate (CPC) was investigated from the viewpoints of action of CPC, serum free CPC concentration, the activity of UDP-glucuronyltransferase and the content of cytochrome P-450. CPC was administered once daily for 7 or 14 days. In mice, the hypnotic action of hexobarbital injected 24 hours after the last administration of CPC and the motor incoordinating action of CPC significantly decreased on the 7th day, but slightly recovered on the 14th day. Serum free CPC concentration also decreased on the 7th day, but recovered on the 14th day. A significant relationship between the motor incoordinating action of CPC and serum free CPC concentration was observed. Therefore, the recovery of CPC effect on the 14th day was considered to be due to the recovery from the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes. On the other hand, in rats, the weekly alteration of the motor incoordinating action of CPC was similar to that observed in mice. Serum free CPC concentration on the 7th and 14th days was lower than that on the 1st day, and enzyme induction was observed during CPC administration. Notwithstanding the low level of serum free CPC concentration, the recovery of CPC effect was observed on the 14th day and such was considered to be due to habituation to the rotarod. In mice and rats, it was demonstrated that the intensity of CPC effect was dependent on serum free CPC concentration to the extent that enzyme induction played an important role in the development of tolerance. From these results, the tolerance to CPC is attributed to induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver microsomes.", "contents": "[A pharmacological study of chlorphenesin carbamate. Tolerance to chlorphenesin carbamate (author's transl)]. Tolerance to chlorphenesin carbamate (CPC) was investigated from the viewpoints of action of CPC, serum free CPC concentration, the activity of UDP-glucuronyltransferase and the content of cytochrome P-450. CPC was administered once daily for 7 or 14 days. In mice, the hypnotic action of hexobarbital injected 24 hours after the last administration of CPC and the motor incoordinating action of CPC significantly decreased on the 7th day, but slightly recovered on the 14th day. Serum free CPC concentration also decreased on the 7th day, but recovered on the 14th day. A significant relationship between the motor incoordinating action of CPC and serum free CPC concentration was observed. Therefore, the recovery of CPC effect on the 14th day was considered to be due to the recovery from the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes. On the other hand, in rats, the weekly alteration of the motor incoordinating action of CPC was similar to that observed in mice. Serum free CPC concentration on the 7th and 14th days was lower than that on the 1st day, and enzyme induction was observed during CPC administration. Notwithstanding the low level of serum free CPC concentration, the recovery of CPC effect was observed on the 14th day and such was considered to be due to habituation to the rotarod. In mice and rats, it was demonstrated that the intensity of CPC effect was dependent on serum free CPC concentration to the extent that enzyme induction played an important role in the development of tolerance. From these results, the tolerance to CPC is attributed to induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver microsomes.", "PMID": 410705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5782", "title": "Cranial and dental anomalies in three species of platyrrhine monkeys from Nicaragua.", "content": "This paper presents information on the cranial and dental anomalies observed in the crania of three species of platyrrhine monkeys collected in Nicaragua. Cranial anomalies that are discussed include plagiocephaly, bregmatic fontanelle bones, Wormian bones, cranial trauma, and heterotopic bones. Among the dental anomalies that were studied were the following: crazing caries, periodontal and pulpal disorders, alveolar thinning, mechanical loss, excessive attrition, shear bite, impacted molars, supernumerary teeth, congenital agencies, congenital crown aberration, and irregular placement.", "contents": "Cranial and dental anomalies in three species of platyrrhine monkeys from Nicaragua. This paper presents information on the cranial and dental anomalies observed in the crania of three species of platyrrhine monkeys collected in Nicaragua. Cranial anomalies that are discussed include plagiocephaly, bregmatic fontanelle bones, Wormian bones, cranial trauma, and heterotopic bones. Among the dental anomalies that were studied were the following: crazing caries, periodontal and pulpal disorders, alveolar thinning, mechanical loss, excessive attrition, shear bite, impacted molars, supernumerary teeth, congenital agencies, congenital crown aberration, and irregular placement.", "PMID": 410706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5783", "title": "[Behavioural and electrophysiological experiments on the sense of taste in Saguinus midas tamarin (Callitrichidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "The activity in the gustatory nerve from the anterior part of the tongue, the chorda tympani proper nerve, has been recorded during stimulation of the tongue of a New World monkey, Saguinus midas tamarin. A series of 0.3 M sugars and 0.07 M NaCl, 0.07 M sucrose, 0.004 M acetic acid and 0.00005 M quinine hydrochloride were used as taste stimuli. The concentrations of the last four stimuli were the same as those earlier found to be the lowest concentrations at which this monkey in behavioural experiments discriminates between them and water. The records showed that these threshold concentrations all elicited a neural response. Further, the neural activities during stimulation with the series of 0.3 M sugars were recorded. Using the amplitudes of the responses as a measure, the order between them was found to be fructose greater than glucose greater than lactose greater than arabinose greater than sucrose = galactose greater than raffinose. This order was discussed and related with the order found in behavioural experiments. With both methods, fructose seemed to be the strongest stimulus, but then the order among the sugars differed.", "contents": "[Behavioural and electrophysiological experiments on the sense of taste in Saguinus midas tamarin (Callitrichidae) (author's transl)]. The activity in the gustatory nerve from the anterior part of the tongue, the chorda tympani proper nerve, has been recorded during stimulation of the tongue of a New World monkey, Saguinus midas tamarin. A series of 0.3 M sugars and 0.07 M NaCl, 0.07 M sucrose, 0.004 M acetic acid and 0.00005 M quinine hydrochloride were used as taste stimuli. The concentrations of the last four stimuli were the same as those earlier found to be the lowest concentrations at which this monkey in behavioural experiments discriminates between them and water. The records showed that these threshold concentrations all elicited a neural response. Further, the neural activities during stimulation with the series of 0.3 M sugars were recorded. Using the amplitudes of the responses as a measure, the order between them was found to be fructose greater than glucose greater than lactose greater than arabinose greater than sucrose = galactose greater than raffinose. This order was discussed and related with the order found in behavioural experiments. With both methods, fructose seemed to be the strongest stimulus, but then the order among the sugars differed.", "PMID": 410707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5784", "title": "Effects of geographic transfer on the timing of seasonal breeding of rhesus monkeys.", "content": "This is a study of the effects of geographic transfer on the timing of seasonal breeding of free-living rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago and La Parguera islands in Puerto Rico. The results demonstrated a progressive shift in the breeding season of the transferred group. The full shift required a period of 2 years. Change from one environment to another produced shifts in onset of estrous. The explanation for this phenomenon proposes an interaction between the specific reproductive state of the female, which may or may not be sensitive to a particular environmental change, and the environmental variation which is correlated with onset of breeding.", "contents": "Effects of geographic transfer on the timing of seasonal breeding of rhesus monkeys. This is a study of the effects of geographic transfer on the timing of seasonal breeding of free-living rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago and La Parguera islands in Puerto Rico. The results demonstrated a progressive shift in the breeding season of the transferred group. The full shift required a period of 2 years. Change from one environment to another produced shifts in onset of estrous. The explanation for this phenomenon proposes an interaction between the specific reproductive state of the female, which may or may not be sensitive to a particular environmental change, and the environmental variation which is correlated with onset of breeding.", "PMID": 410708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5785", "title": "New species of eocene primates and the phylogeny of European adapidae.", "content": "Restudy of virtually all of the important collections of European Eocene primates of the family Adapidae indicates that 28 valid species in 8 genera are now known, spanning a time period of nearly 20 million years. The biostratigraphic distribution of each species has been studied in the context of established reference levels, and a maximum of four evolutionary lineages are known from any one locality. Ten new species are proposed in the genera Pelycodus (1 sp.), Protoadapis (4 sp.), Periconodon (2 sp.), Anchomomys (1 sp.), and Adapis (2 sp.). Phylogenetic relationships among the species, based on stratophenetic linking, are indicated whenever possible.", "contents": "New species of eocene primates and the phylogeny of European adapidae. Restudy of virtually all of the important collections of European Eocene primates of the family Adapidae indicates that 28 valid species in 8 genera are now known, spanning a time period of nearly 20 million years. The biostratigraphic distribution of each species has been studied in the context of established reference levels, and a maximum of four evolutionary lineages are known from any one locality. Ten new species are proposed in the genera Pelycodus (1 sp.), Protoadapis (4 sp.), Periconodon (2 sp.), Anchomomys (1 sp.), and Adapis (2 sp.). Phylogenetic relationships among the species, based on stratophenetic linking, are indicated whenever possible.", "PMID": 410709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5786", "title": "A comparison of the reproductive cycle of three species of Lemur.", "content": "The duration of the luteal phase and the 'proestrus' phase in three species of lemurs (Lemur macaco, Lemur catta, and Lemur variegatus) was determined by serum progesterone measurement. Total immunoreactive estrogens were measured and remained below 0.20 ng/ml except for an apparent peak of short duration during estrus. Circulating testosterone levels in males confirm previously described seasonal gonadal function. The reproductive cycle of the female lemur is discussed and compared to the cycles  of estrous and menstrual animals.", "contents": "A comparison of the reproductive cycle of three species of Lemur. The duration of the luteal phase and the 'proestrus' phase in three species of lemurs (Lemur macaco, Lemur catta, and Lemur variegatus) was determined by serum progesterone measurement. Total immunoreactive estrogens were measured and remained below 0.20 ng/ml except for an apparent peak of short duration during estrus. Circulating testosterone levels in males confirm previously described seasonal gonadal function. The reproductive cycle of the female lemur is discussed and compared to the cycles  of estrous and menstrual animals.", "PMID": 410710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5787", "title": "Reproductive cycles of the talapoin monkey (Miopithecus talapoin).", "content": "Reproductive cycles of female talapoins living in caged breeding groups were followed over 7 years, using visible changes of the perineum. Changes in the perineum during the extended adolescence of this species are described. There was a clearly defined breeding season, although its onset was not so abrupt as in the wild. During the summer months females show very small perineal swellings or none at all. Even during the breeding season all stages of the follicular phase of cycles are highly variable. Completed menstrual cycles are relatively rare since talapoins are highly fertile; they may be somewhat shorter than fertile cycles. Cyclical activity is modifiable by social stimuli, and it is suggested that differences in synchrony of breeding between wild and captive populations might be due both to indequate climate cues and to a lower level of social stimulation in captivity. The concept of the menstrual cycle had limited value in predicting reproductive activity in this highly fertile seasonal breeder.", "contents": "Reproductive cycles of the talapoin monkey (Miopithecus talapoin). Reproductive cycles of female talapoins living in caged breeding groups were followed over 7 years, using visible changes of the perineum. Changes in the perineum during the extended adolescence of this species are described. There was a clearly defined breeding season, although its onset was not so abrupt as in the wild. During the summer months females show very small perineal swellings or none at all. Even during the breeding season all stages of the follicular phase of cycles are highly variable. Completed menstrual cycles are relatively rare since talapoins are highly fertile; they may be somewhat shorter than fertile cycles. Cyclical activity is modifiable by social stimuli, and it is suggested that differences in synchrony of breeding between wild and captive populations might be due both to indequate climate cues and to a lower level of social stimulation in captivity. The concept of the menstrual cycle had limited value in predicting reproductive activity in this highly fertile seasonal breeder.", "PMID": 410712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5788", "title": "Social organization of captive monandrous squirrel monkey groups (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "1 adult male and 4 adult female squirrel monkeys were observed together as a group, isolated from all other monkeys. 3 of the 4 females were deafened for a previous experiment. Deafening, however, had no apparent, permanent effect on social behavior. Social dominance hierarchy was evaluated in a variety of situations. The results were compared with those of a similar set of observations on the females prior to the introduction of the male. Before the male was introduced, the dyadic interactions involving food stealing, body grasping, and sexual behaviors were indicative of a female linear rank order. After the male was introduced, the rank order among the females generally remained intact, with the male becoming the highest ranking member in the group. The noteworthy exception to the stability involved the highest ranking female, whose position in the hierarchy was threatened. Heterosexual interactions predominated. Homosexual behavior was also observed, although appreciably reduced in frequency as compared to the all-female group situation. A similar rank order hierarchy was observed in a second group of squirrel monkeys comprised of 1 adult male and 4 adult females. None of these monkeys was deaf.", "contents": "Social organization of captive monandrous squirrel monkey groups (Saimiri sciureus). 1 adult male and 4 adult female squirrel monkeys were observed together as a group, isolated from all other monkeys. 3 of the 4 females were deafened for a previous experiment. Deafening, however, had no apparent, permanent effect on social behavior. Social dominance hierarchy was evaluated in a variety of situations. The results were compared with those of a similar set of observations on the females prior to the introduction of the male. Before the male was introduced, the dyadic interactions involving food stealing, body grasping, and sexual behaviors were indicative of a female linear rank order. After the male was introduced, the rank order among the females generally remained intact, with the male becoming the highest ranking member in the group. The noteworthy exception to the stability involved the highest ranking female, whose position in the hierarchy was threatened. Heterosexual interactions predominated. Homosexual behavior was also observed, although appreciably reduced in frequency as compared to the all-female group situation. A similar rank order hierarchy was observed in a second group of squirrel monkeys comprised of 1 adult male and 4 adult females. None of these monkeys was deaf.", "PMID": 410713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5789", "title": "Brightness preference in nocturnal and diurnal South American monkeys.", "content": "In a test situation where choice was not tied to reinforcement, both squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) consistently chose to view the more luminant of a pair of lights. Over a two log unit range of luminance, the degree of preference in both species for the brighter of two lights was found to depend on their difference in luminance and not on their actual luminances.", "contents": "Brightness preference in nocturnal and diurnal South American monkeys. In a test situation where choice was not tied to reinforcement, both squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) consistently chose to view the more luminant of a pair of lights. Over a two log unit range of luminance, the degree of preference in both species for the brighter of two lights was found to depend on their difference in luminance and not on their actual luminances.", "PMID": 410714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5790", "title": "[Adrevil improves the peripheral blood flow. Results of a study using the 133-Xe muscle clearance method on lower limbs].", "content": "The efficacy of Adrevil has been investigated in 35 patients suffering from arterial blood flow disorders in the lower limb. The patients were given a daily dose of 3 X 2 tablets over a period of 30 days. Changes in muscle perfusion were determined by means of the 133 Xenon muscle clearance. The perfusion volume was found to be increased by 8--12% depending on the severity of the clinical state before treatment. The effect of the drug was more pronounced in cases with severe pathological changes prior to treatment. No adverse reactions were observed.", "contents": "[Adrevil improves the peripheral blood flow. Results of a study using the 133-Xe muscle clearance method on lower limbs]. The efficacy of Adrevil has been investigated in 35 patients suffering from arterial blood flow disorders in the lower limb. The patients were given a daily dose of 3 X 2 tablets over a period of 30 days. Changes in muscle perfusion were determined by means of the 133 Xenon muscle clearance. The perfusion volume was found to be increased by 8--12% depending on the severity of the clinical state before treatment. The effect of the drug was more pronounced in cases with severe pathological changes prior to treatment. No adverse reactions were observed.", "PMID": 410717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5791", "title": "[Salmonella infections].", "content": "Inspite of a high standard of hygiene, infections due to salmonellae are increasing in the highly developed countries. In the Federal Republic of Germany 36 000 cases were reported in 1976; the number of unreported cases is probably five times higher. Practical and clinical aspects make it necessary to differentiate between typhoidal, systemic infections and enteric salmonellosis, which normally remains localized in the gut. In the treatment of typhoid fever, co-trimoxazole seems to be a potent drug which can replace chloramphenicole. In cases of enteritis due to salmonellae the most important therapeutic aim is to replace the loss of fluid. This can be achieved in most cases by an oral glucose-electrolyte-solution. Antibiotics are of no value in these cases. The treatment of prolonged excretion of salmonellae with the stool remains a problem. Antibiotics usually fail. Some authors have tried drugs which tend to normalize the bacterial flora of the gut; there are no controlled studies about the effectiveness of this kind of treatment.", "contents": "[Salmonella infections]. Inspite of a high standard of hygiene, infections due to salmonellae are increasing in the highly developed countries. In the Federal Republic of Germany 36 000 cases were reported in 1976; the number of unreported cases is probably five times higher. Practical and clinical aspects make it necessary to differentiate between typhoidal, systemic infections and enteric salmonellosis, which normally remains localized in the gut. In the treatment of typhoid fever, co-trimoxazole seems to be a potent drug which can replace chloramphenicole. In cases of enteritis due to salmonellae the most important therapeutic aim is to replace the loss of fluid. This can be achieved in most cases by an oral glucose-electrolyte-solution. Antibiotics are of no value in these cases. The treatment of prolonged excretion of salmonellae with the stool remains a problem. Antibiotics usually fail. Some authors have tried drugs which tend to normalize the bacterial flora of the gut; there are no controlled studies about the effectiveness of this kind of treatment.", "PMID": 410718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5792", "title": "[Experimental liver changes by means of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)].", "content": "Liver changes were studied after acut and subchronic exposition to mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) differing in their average chlorine content. Morphologically, the liver changes consisted mainly of cell hypertrophy and proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). After subchronic feeding the SER membranes formed membrane arrays. In addition to that the livers showed a hepatic porphyria. It was found that the porphyria was due to an inhibition of uroporphyrin decarboxylation similar to that caused by hexachlorobenzene. The porphyrinogenic effect was increased by feeding PCB containing more highly chlorinated components. Concomitant with the proliferation of the SER a high induction of membrane bound drug metabolizing enzymes could be observed. Duration and amount of induction increased with the chlorine content of the PCB. This could be correlated to the persistence to highly chlorinated components.", "contents": "[Experimental liver changes by means of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)]. Liver changes were studied after acut and subchronic exposition to mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) differing in their average chlorine content. Morphologically, the liver changes consisted mainly of cell hypertrophy and proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). After subchronic feeding the SER membranes formed membrane arrays. In addition to that the livers showed a hepatic porphyria. It was found that the porphyria was due to an inhibition of uroporphyrin decarboxylation similar to that caused by hexachlorobenzene. The porphyrinogenic effect was increased by feeding PCB containing more highly chlorinated components. Concomitant with the proliferation of the SER a high induction of membrane bound drug metabolizing enzymes could be observed. Duration and amount of induction increased with the chlorine content of the PCB. This could be correlated to the persistence to highly chlorinated components.", "PMID": 410719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5793", "title": "Implications of the Donaldson decision: a model for periodic review of committed patients.", "content": "In 1976 the Connecticut Valley Hospital, the Yale University School of Law, and the department of psychiatry of the Yale School of Medicine, undertook a project in which all involuntary patients at the hospital, a total of 107, were reviewed by three interdisciplinary panels, each composed of a law student, a psychiatric resident, and a hospital social worker. The major purposes of the project were to identify those patients entitled to release under the Donaldson criteria, to develop a model review procedure, and to assess the need for alternative placements. The panels found no patients resembling Kenneth Donaldson, but they did find 53 per cent of the patients inappropriately detained on involuntary status. However, in most cases the recommendation was transfer to a nursing home because of the patient's high degree of disability. The authors emphaxize the importance of periodic external reviews of commitment status.", "contents": "Implications of the Donaldson decision: a model for periodic review of committed patients. In 1976 the Connecticut Valley Hospital, the Yale University School of Law, and the department of psychiatry of the Yale School of Medicine, undertook a project in which all involuntary patients at the hospital, a total of 107, were reviewed by three interdisciplinary panels, each composed of a law student, a psychiatric resident, and a hospital social worker. The major purposes of the project were to identify those patients entitled to release under the Donaldson criteria, to develop a model review procedure, and to assess the need for alternative placements. The panels found no patients resembling Kenneth Donaldson, but they did find 53 per cent of the patients inappropriately detained on involuntary status. However, in most cases the recommendation was transfer to a nursing home because of the patient's high degree of disability. The authors emphaxize the importance of periodic external reviews of commitment status.", "PMID": 410723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5794", "title": "Institutions without walls for emotionally disturbed children. Chedoke Child and Family Centre, Hamilton, Ontario.", "content": "The parent-therapist program was developed as an alternative to residential treatment centers for severely emotionally disturbed children. Five healthy nuclear families function in a group as an extended family. Each family receives a salary and is responsible for the care and protection of an emotionally disturbed child. Mental health professionals provide the parents with education and supervision. By the end of 1976 a total of 36 children ranging in age from six to 15 had been treated by 20 different parent-therapist couples for periods ranging from nine to 26 months. A comparison of the program with those of two residential centers showed that there was no difference in treatment outcome but that costs for the parent-therapist program were half those for the residential centers.", "contents": "Institutions without walls for emotionally disturbed children. Chedoke Child and Family Centre, Hamilton, Ontario. The parent-therapist program was developed as an alternative to residential treatment centers for severely emotionally disturbed children. Five healthy nuclear families function in a group as an extended family. Each family receives a salary and is responsible for the care and protection of an emotionally disturbed child. Mental health professionals provide the parents with education and supervision. By the end of 1976 a total of 36 children ranging in age from six to 15 had been treated by 20 different parent-therapist couples for periods ranging from nine to 26 months. A comparison of the program with those of two residential centers showed that there was no difference in treatment outcome but that costs for the parent-therapist program were half those for the residential centers.", "PMID": 410724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5795", "title": "[Seroepidemiological investigations on the prevalence of rickettsial antibodies in man in the Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)].", "content": "1,600 random serum samples from inhabitants of Hesse were investigated for rickettsial antibodies by complement fixation test. Antibodies were found in 19 samples (1,2%) against RMSF-group antigen with titers between 1:10 and 1:640. These results confirm recent reports on natural foci of such rickettsial infections in the Federal Republic of Germany. Antibodies against rickettsia of the Typhus-group or Coxiella burnetii could not be detected by the complement fixation reaction. None of the sera reacted with significant titer in the Weil-Felix-Test.", "contents": "[Seroepidemiological investigations on the prevalence of rickettsial antibodies in man in the Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)]. 1,600 random serum samples from inhabitants of Hesse were investigated for rickettsial antibodies by complement fixation test. Antibodies were found in 19 samples (1,2%) against RMSF-group antigen with titers between 1:10 and 1:640. These results confirm recent reports on natural foci of such rickettsial infections in the Federal Republic of Germany. Antibodies against rickettsia of the Typhus-group or Coxiella burnetii could not be detected by the complement fixation reaction. None of the sera reacted with significant titer in the Weil-Felix-Test.", "PMID": 410727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5796", "title": "[Disodium cromoglycat (intal) in the treatment of allergic states of the respiratory system (author's transl)].", "content": "Disodium cromoglycate (Intal) has been found several years ago to act as an reliable drug in the treatment of allergic states of the respiratory system. The effective mechanism seems to be its stabilizing function for circulating and sessile mast cells, thus avoiding the release of histamine and other vasoactive amines after an immunological or non-immunological stimulus. Although DSCG does not inhibit the binding of antigen to its antibody it must be given prophylactically before the antigen has access to the mast cells. Most efficiently DSCG is used in the treatment of the exogenous allergic asthma, and secondly in allergic rhinitis (70-90% success). Own observations confirm the effectiveness of the drug especially in patients with pollinosis. In addition it was found that DSCG can be used during hyposensitization procedures and that the drug does not influence the results of skin testing. At present there have been detected neither side-effects nor interactions with other drugs.", "contents": "[Disodium cromoglycat (intal) in the treatment of allergic states of the respiratory system (author's transl)]. Disodium cromoglycate (Intal) has been found several years ago to act as an reliable drug in the treatment of allergic states of the respiratory system. The effective mechanism seems to be its stabilizing function for circulating and sessile mast cells, thus avoiding the release of histamine and other vasoactive amines after an immunological or non-immunological stimulus. Although DSCG does not inhibit the binding of antigen to its antibody it must be given prophylactically before the antigen has access to the mast cells. Most efficiently DSCG is used in the treatment of the exogenous allergic asthma, and secondly in allergic rhinitis (70-90% success). Own observations confirm the effectiveness of the drug especially in patients with pollinosis. In addition it was found that DSCG can be used during hyposensitization procedures and that the drug does not influence the results of skin testing. At present there have been detected neither side-effects nor interactions with other drugs.", "PMID": 410729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5797", "title": "[Clinical and metabolic studies in the acute stage of Crohn's disease with total parenteral feeding and elementary diet].", "content": "The acute phase of Crohn's disease in a 14 year old female was effectively treated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and an elemental diet (ED). Acute abdominal symptoms subsided at once. With TPN there was a daily nitrogen retention of 3,2-5.6 grams. With ED nitrogen retention decreased presumably because of the reduced nitrogen content of the oral diet. During the 7 weeks of treatment body weight increased 7 kgrams. Observed skin lesions were caused by zinc deficiency.", "contents": "[Clinical and metabolic studies in the acute stage of Crohn's disease with total parenteral feeding and elementary diet]. The acute phase of Crohn's disease in a 14 year old female was effectively treated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and an elemental diet (ED). Acute abdominal symptoms subsided at once. With TPN there was a daily nitrogen retention of 3,2-5.6 grams. With ED nitrogen retention decreased presumably because of the reduced nitrogen content of the oral diet. During the 7 weeks of treatment body weight increased 7 kgrams. Observed skin lesions were caused by zinc deficiency.", "PMID": 410733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5798", "title": "Usefulness of transtracheal puncture and aspiration in the bacteriological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "Transtracheal puncture enables two samples of bronchial secretions to be taken-the product of transtracheal aspiration and simultaneously expectorated sputum (obtained in 71% of the cases)-for the purpose of testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cases of suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. Two groups of patients were studied: Group I: 100 patients who were poor expectorators and who all underwent transtracheal puncture; Group II (Control): 100 patients who expectorated well or who had been given gastric lavages immediately on admission. Laboratroy analyses revealed M. tuberculosis in at least one of the samples obtained from each of the 200 patients. The authors compare the efficiency of the methods used within each group and between the two groups. Samples obtained by transtracheal aspiration and simultaneous expectoration (75% of positive results) more often contained M. tuberculosis than the other Group I samples (64% of total positive results; 64% of positive results for spontaneous sputa, 65% for gastric fluids), and as often as the Group II samples (76% of total positive results), particularly the expectoration samples (78% of positive results). Simultaneously expectorated sputum more frequently contained M. tuberculosis (82% of positive results) than transtracheal aspiration (69% of positive results). Transtracheal puncture and/or simultaneous expectoration were the only examinations revealing M. tuberculosis in 34 patients in Group I. Non-specific bacteriological findings are not relevant. However, the authors point out that this technique is not always innocuous (although no serious complications were observed in this series), and that transtracheal puncture must always be carried out by physicians trained in the technique.", "contents": "Usefulness of transtracheal puncture and aspiration in the bacteriological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Transtracheal puncture enables two samples of bronchial secretions to be taken-the product of transtracheal aspiration and simultaneously expectorated sputum (obtained in 71% of the cases)-for the purpose of testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cases of suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. Two groups of patients were studied: Group I: 100 patients who were poor expectorators and who all underwent transtracheal puncture; Group II (Control): 100 patients who expectorated well or who had been given gastric lavages immediately on admission. Laboratroy analyses revealed M. tuberculosis in at least one of the samples obtained from each of the 200 patients. The authors compare the efficiency of the methods used within each group and between the two groups. Samples obtained by transtracheal aspiration and simultaneous expectoration (75% of positive results) more often contained M. tuberculosis than the other Group I samples (64% of total positive results; 64% of positive results for spontaneous sputa, 65% for gastric fluids), and as often as the Group II samples (76% of total positive results), particularly the expectoration samples (78% of positive results). Simultaneously expectorated sputum more frequently contained M. tuberculosis (82% of positive results) than transtracheal aspiration (69% of positive results). Transtracheal puncture and/or simultaneous expectoration were the only examinations revealing M. tuberculosis in 34 patients in Group I. Non-specific bacteriological findings are not relevant. However, the authors point out that this technique is not always innocuous (although no serious complications were observed in this series), and that transtracheal puncture must always be carried out by physicians trained in the technique.", "PMID": 410734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5799", "title": "You are dangerous to your health: the ideology and politics of victim blaming.", "content": "This article describes the emergence of an ideology which blames the individual for her or his illness and proposes that, instead of relying on costly and inefficient medical services, the individual should take more responsibility for her or his health. At-risk behavior is seen as the problem and changing life-style, through education and/or economic sanctions, as the solution. The emergence of the ideology is explained by the contradictions arising from the threat of high medical costs, popular expectations of medicine along with political pressures for protection or extension of entitlements, and the politicization of environmental and occupational health issues. These contradictions produce a crisis which is at once economic, political and ideological, and which requires responses to destabilizing conditions in each of these spheres. These ideological initiatives, on the one hand, serve to reorder expectations and to justify the retrenchment from rights and entitlements for access to medical services, and, on the other, attempt to divert attention from the social causation of disease in the commercial and industrial sectors.", "contents": "You are dangerous to your health: the ideology and politics of victim blaming. This article describes the emergence of an ideology which blames the individual for her or his illness and proposes that, instead of relying on costly and inefficient medical services, the individual should take more responsibility for her or his health. At-risk behavior is seen as the problem and changing life-style, through education and/or economic sanctions, as the solution. The emergence of the ideology is explained by the contradictions arising from the threat of high medical costs, popular expectations of medicine along with political pressures for protection or extension of entitlements, and the politicization of environmental and occupational health issues. These contradictions produce a crisis which is at once economic, political and ideological, and which requires responses to destabilizing conditions in each of these spheres. These ideological initiatives, on the one hand, serve to reorder expectations and to justify the retrenchment from rights and entitlements for access to medical services, and, on the other, attempt to divert attention from the social causation of disease in the commercial and industrial sectors.", "PMID": 410739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5800", "title": "Clinical studies of the interaction between tolmetin and glibenclamide.", "content": "Forty patients with diabetes mellitus and rheumatic disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, soft-tissue rheumatism) were included in a double-blind trial with the purpose of investigating whether the concomitant administration of tolmetin and glibenclamide leads to an interaction. No significant alterations of blood and urine glucose values could be found in comparison to placebo. Therefore it can be assumed that there is no interaction between these two substances.", "contents": "Clinical studies of the interaction between tolmetin and glibenclamide. Forty patients with diabetes mellitus and rheumatic disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, soft-tissue rheumatism) were included in a double-blind trial with the purpose of investigating whether the concomitant administration of tolmetin and glibenclamide leads to an interaction. No significant alterations of blood and urine glucose values could be found in comparison to placebo. Therefore it can be assumed that there is no interaction between these two substances.", "PMID": 410740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5801", "title": "Condylar fractures of the mandible. IV. Function of the masticatory system.", "content": "The masticatory system was followed-up with respect to symptoms of dysfunction such as restricted mandibular movements, tenderness, and clicking from muscles and joints at predetermined times after condylar fractures of the mandible in 24 children, 17 teenagers, and 26 adults. Two years after the trauma, the initially reduced (less than 40 mm) maximal opening became normal (larger than or equal to 40 mm) in all but one individual. Asymmetry of mandibular movements, such as deviation at maximal opening and differences between fractured and nonfractured side in maximal lacterotrusion and protrusion, usually disappeared within 2 years in children, while it persisted or became aggravated in adults. Persistent symtoms from the joints and muscles, such as clicking and tenderness, were rare in children and frequent in adults.", "contents": "Condylar fractures of the mandible. IV. Function of the masticatory system. The masticatory system was followed-up with respect to symptoms of dysfunction such as restricted mandibular movements, tenderness, and clicking from muscles and joints at predetermined times after condylar fractures of the mandible in 24 children, 17 teenagers, and 26 adults. Two years after the trauma, the initially reduced (less than 40 mm) maximal opening became normal (larger than or equal to 40 mm) in all but one individual. Asymmetry of mandibular movements, such as deviation at maximal opening and differences between fractured and nonfractured side in maximal lacterotrusion and protrusion, usually disappeared within 2 years in children, while it persisted or became aggravated in adults. Persistent symtoms from the joints and muscles, such as clicking and tenderness, were rare in children and frequent in adults.", "PMID": 410741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5802", "title": "Nutritional deficiency in oral candidosis.", "content": "A retrospective study of 108 patients was carried out to investigate the possible relationship between infection of the mouth with Candida albicans and blood levels of iron, folic acid and vitamin B12. The patients were separated into two groups--those with hyperplastic and those with atrophic candidal lesions--and compared with separate control groups. Twenty-one patients had chronic hyperplastic candidosis and seven were iron deficient. Comparison with an age- and sex-matched control group showed the differences to be significant only at the p less than 0.1 level. Seven of the patients with hyperplastic lesions had folic acid deficiency and the difference between patients and controls was statistically significant (less than 0.05). However, no significant differences in iron or folic acid deficiency were noted between 87 patients with atrophic candidosis and 65 conttrols, and vitamin B12 deficiency was not statistically significant for either the hyperplastic or the atrophic group. It is concluded that deficiency of iron, folic acid or vitamin B12 alone does not promote growth of Candida albicans on the oral mucous membrane but that in some susceptible individuals, iron or folic deficiency may facilitate epithelial invasion by hyphae of Candida albicans.", "contents": "Nutritional deficiency in oral candidosis. A retrospective study of 108 patients was carried out to investigate the possible relationship between infection of the mouth with Candida albicans and blood levels of iron, folic acid and vitamin B12. The patients were separated into two groups--those with hyperplastic and those with atrophic candidal lesions--and compared with separate control groups. Twenty-one patients had chronic hyperplastic candidosis and seven were iron deficient. Comparison with an age- and sex-matched control group showed the differences to be significant only at the p less than 0.1 level. Seven of the patients with hyperplastic lesions had folic acid deficiency and the difference between patients and controls was statistically significant (less than 0.05). However, no significant differences in iron or folic acid deficiency were noted between 87 patients with atrophic candidosis and 65 conttrols, and vitamin B12 deficiency was not statistically significant for either the hyperplastic or the atrophic group. It is concluded that deficiency of iron, folic acid or vitamin B12 alone does not promote growth of Candida albicans on the oral mucous membrane but that in some susceptible individuals, iron or folic deficiency may facilitate epithelial invasion by hyphae of Candida albicans.", "PMID": 410742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5803", "title": "Value and limitation of panoramic radiography in the diagnosis of maxillary sinus pathosis.", "content": "Panoramic radiography is superior to the Water's projection for the detection of maxillary sinus malignancy and cyst-like lesions near the floor of the maxillary sinus. Panoramic radiography is, however, not a technique for the examination of cloudiness, and thickening of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus, and bony sclerosis of the maxilla associated with maxillary sinusitis. The two techniques supplement each other in the diagnosis of maxillary sinus pathosis.", "contents": "Value and limitation of panoramic radiography in the diagnosis of maxillary sinus pathosis. Panoramic radiography is superior to the Water's projection for the detection of maxillary sinus malignancy and cyst-like lesions near the floor of the maxillary sinus. Panoramic radiography is, however, not a technique for the examination of cloudiness, and thickening of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus, and bony sclerosis of the maxilla associated with maxillary sinusitis. The two techniques supplement each other in the diagnosis of maxillary sinus pathosis.", "PMID": 410743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5804", "title": "Cultivation of periodontal ligament fibroblasts on extracted monkey incisor. A histologic study of three culturing methods.", "content": "Forty-two permanent incisors were extracted from green vervet monkeys and cultivated in Eagle's medium at 37 degrees C using the following culture methods: 1. teeth placed at the bottom of the culture flask; 2. teeth placed in an upright position in the culture flask and supported by an open glass cylinder; 3. teeth placed in an upright position in the culture flask and supported by a semisolid tissue culture medium. The teeth were cultured from 1 to 21 days and then examined histologically and periodontal changes registered histometrically. After 2 days, most of the periodontal membrane showed signs of extensive cell necrosis. After 3 days the first signs of proliferation of cells were seen either as clusters around existing vessels or as a surface layer on the periodontal membrane. After 7 days an almost complete over of connective tissue cells had formed on the root surface. This layer had formed on periodontal ligament with cell necrosis as well as on areas with preserved vitality of the periodontal cells. Areas on the root surface without periodontal ligaments were also covered with a cell layer. No significant change took place within the periodontal membrane with extended culture periods (2 and 3 weeks). Better results were achieved using liquid medium as compared with semisolid medium.", "contents": "Cultivation of periodontal ligament fibroblasts on extracted monkey incisor. A histologic study of three culturing methods. Forty-two permanent incisors were extracted from green vervet monkeys and cultivated in Eagle's medium at 37 degrees C using the following culture methods: 1. teeth placed at the bottom of the culture flask; 2. teeth placed in an upright position in the culture flask and supported by an open glass cylinder; 3. teeth placed in an upright position in the culture flask and supported by a semisolid tissue culture medium. The teeth were cultured from 1 to 21 days and then examined histologically and periodontal changes registered histometrically. After 2 days, most of the periodontal membrane showed signs of extensive cell necrosis. After 3 days the first signs of proliferation of cells were seen either as clusters around existing vessels or as a surface layer on the periodontal membrane. After 7 days an almost complete over of connective tissue cells had formed on the root surface. This layer had formed on periodontal ligament with cell necrosis as well as on areas with preserved vitality of the periodontal cells. Areas on the root surface without periodontal ligaments were also covered with a cell layer. No significant change took place within the periodontal membrane with extended culture periods (2 and 3 weeks). Better results were achieved using liquid medium as compared with semisolid medium.", "PMID": 410744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5805", "title": "Liposarcoma of the buccal mucosa.", "content": "An extremely rare tumor of the oral cavity, liposarcoma, is reported. The tumor was located in the submucosal layers of the cheek and protruded into the mouth. To the best of our knowledge this is the fourth reported instance of liposarcoma of the cheek in the world literature. Combined surgical excision and radiotherapy proved a success as judged by a 3-year follow-up.", "contents": "Liposarcoma of the buccal mucosa. An extremely rare tumor of the oral cavity, liposarcoma, is reported. The tumor was located in the submucosal layers of the cheek and protruded into the mouth. To the best of our knowledge this is the fourth reported instance of liposarcoma of the cheek in the world literature. Combined surgical excision and radiotherapy proved a success as judged by a 3-year follow-up.", "PMID": 410745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5806", "title": "Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of a cystic hygroma.", "content": "The use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of soft tissue lesions is described and exemplified in a 33-year-old female with a cystic hygroma in the submandibular region.", "contents": "Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of a cystic hygroma. The use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of soft tissue lesions is described and exemplified in a 33-year-old female with a cystic hygroma in the submandibular region.", "PMID": 410746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5807", "title": "Cyanoacrylate spray in the treatment of prolonged oral bleeding.", "content": "n-Butyl-cyanoacrylate is an effective hemostatic agent. Optimal efficiency depends on local application via a spray to achieve a thin and elastic film. Construction of a spray applicable to the oral cavity is illustrated using a plastic ampule with Histoarkryl as reservoir. This spray has been used in 27 cases of prolonged bleeding to achieve hemostasis. In 18 cases the patients suffered from different hemorrhagic diatheses and general hemostatic procedures would normally have been necessary to achieve hemostasis. In nine patients without hemorrhagic diathesis, the cyanoacrylate spraying replaced more complicated local procedures. In 24 cases the cyanoacrylate spraying was a sufficient hemostatic treatment.", "contents": "Cyanoacrylate spray in the treatment of prolonged oral bleeding. n-Butyl-cyanoacrylate is an effective hemostatic agent. Optimal efficiency depends on local application via a spray to achieve a thin and elastic film. Construction of a spray applicable to the oral cavity is illustrated using a plastic ampule with Histoarkryl as reservoir. This spray has been used in 27 cases of prolonged bleeding to achieve hemostasis. In 18 cases the patients suffered from different hemorrhagic diatheses and general hemostatic procedures would normally have been necessary to achieve hemostasis. In nine patients without hemorrhagic diathesis, the cyanoacrylate spraying replaced more complicated local procedures. In 24 cases the cyanoacrylate spraying was a sufficient hemostatic treatment.", "PMID": 410747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5808", "title": "Studies with an improved white cell isolation method to assess the vitamin C status in surveys.", "content": "A method for isolating white cell which employs a disposable syringe has been modified and adapted to nutrition survey work. Methylcellulose was used as a clumping agent for erythrocytes. This method was more rapid and was easier to perform than a previously recommended metrizoic acid technique which gave similar results. Average leucocyte recovery was 62% and erythrocyte contamination was 0.75 erythrocyte per leucocyte. Recovery of added ascorbic acid to white cell pellets was better than 95% and tests of the reproducibility of the assay gave a coefficient of variation of 6% for samples in the deficient range. Extraction of vitamin C from white cells was carried out in a centrifuge tube and took only 30 sec. Vitamin C was found to be stable for several weeks after freezing either the white cell extracts in dilute metaphosphoric acid or simply the white cell pellets. The method was utilized under field conditions during a small survey of Eskimos from Arctic Bay. The significance of the white cell vitamin C content as an index of nutritional status is discussed.", "contents": "Studies with an improved white cell isolation method to assess the vitamin C status in surveys. A method for isolating white cell which employs a disposable syringe has been modified and adapted to nutrition survey work. Methylcellulose was used as a clumping agent for erythrocytes. This method was more rapid and was easier to perform than a previously recommended metrizoic acid technique which gave similar results. Average leucocyte recovery was 62% and erythrocyte contamination was 0.75 erythrocyte per leucocyte. Recovery of added ascorbic acid to white cell pellets was better than 95% and tests of the reproducibility of the assay gave a coefficient of variation of 6% for samples in the deficient range. Extraction of vitamin C from white cells was carried out in a centrifuge tube and took only 30 sec. Vitamin C was found to be stable for several weeks after freezing either the white cell extracts in dilute metaphosphoric acid or simply the white cell pellets. The method was utilized under field conditions during a small survey of Eskimos from Arctic Bay. The significance of the white cell vitamin C content as an index of nutritional status is discussed.", "PMID": 410748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5809", "title": "TRH in depressive illness.", "content": "Among the four hypothalamic-releasing hormones (TRH, SRIF, LHRH, and MIF) with central nervous system actions and possibly with psychotropic properties, TRH is the one most systematically studied. Animal pharmacological data has confirmed the activity of TRH as a centrally acting agent with a widespread neurophysiological role independent of the pituitary-thyroid axis; and human pharmacological studies revealed that the computer EEG profile of TRH resembles psychostimulant drugs and secondary amine tricyclic antidepressants. Corresponding with this are the clinical findings that TRH produces a rapid but transient improvement in unipolar depression in women, a sense of increased energy and well-being, or increase of interest, desire and drive for work, food, and sex. In spite of the equivocal findings in some of the clinical studies, a recent investigation raised the possibility that a transient favorable response to TRH may identify a patient population responsive to maprotilline, or other norepinephrine uptake inhibitors.", "contents": "TRH in depressive illness. Among the four hypothalamic-releasing hormones (TRH, SRIF, LHRH, and MIF) with central nervous system actions and possibly with psychotropic properties, TRH is the one most systematically studied. Animal pharmacological data has confirmed the activity of TRH as a centrally acting agent with a widespread neurophysiological role independent of the pituitary-thyroid axis; and human pharmacological studies revealed that the computer EEG profile of TRH resembles psychostimulant drugs and secondary amine tricyclic antidepressants. Corresponding with this are the clinical findings that TRH produces a rapid but transient improvement in unipolar depression in women, a sense of increased energy and well-being, or increase of interest, desire and drive for work, food, and sex. In spite of the equivocal findings in some of the clinical studies, a recent investigation raised the possibility that a transient favorable response to TRH may identify a patient population responsive to maprotilline, or other norepinephrine uptake inhibitors.", "PMID": 410749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5810", "title": "Uveoscleral aqueous outflow in the rhesus monkey: importance of uveal reabsorption.", "content": "The uveal absorption of aqueous humor at two different intraocular pressures was measured in rhesus monkeys by sampling vortex vein blood during anterior chamber perfusion of Ringer's solution containing both fluorescein and 125I albumin. At 20 mm. Hg, an excess of fluorescein equivalent in amount to 0.45 microliter/min. of anterior chamber perfusate and an excess of 125I albumin equivalent to 0.18 microliter/min. of perfusate was found in the vortex vein blood compared to systemic blood. At 32 mm. Hg, an excess of 0.86 microliter/min. of fluorescein and 0.26 microliter/min. of 125I albumin was measured. The increase in fluorescein absorption at the higher intraocular pressure was significant (0.025 less than p less than 0.05), with a uveal outflow facility of 0.034 microliter/min./mm. Hg. At an intraocular pressure of 20 mm. Hg, uveal aqueous outflow is less than 10% of total aqueous outflow. The pressure dependence of the uveal uptake of fluorescein implies an aqueous reabsorption into the uveal vessels by ultrafiltration. Uveoscleral aqueous \"outflow\" appears to consist of intraocular uveal reabsorption of water and small molecules from the aqueous, with only larger molecules like albumin actually leaving the eye through posterior scleral vessel perforations. This reabsorption plays a minor role in intraocular pressure regulation under normal conditions.", "contents": "Uveoscleral aqueous outflow in the rhesus monkey: importance of uveal reabsorption. The uveal absorption of aqueous humor at two different intraocular pressures was measured in rhesus monkeys by sampling vortex vein blood during anterior chamber perfusion of Ringer's solution containing both fluorescein and 125I albumin. At 20 mm. Hg, an excess of fluorescein equivalent in amount to 0.45 microliter/min. of anterior chamber perfusate and an excess of 125I albumin equivalent to 0.18 microliter/min. of perfusate was found in the vortex vein blood compared to systemic blood. At 32 mm. Hg, an excess of 0.86 microliter/min. of fluorescein and 0.26 microliter/min. of 125I albumin was measured. The increase in fluorescein absorption at the higher intraocular pressure was significant (0.025 less than p less than 0.05), with a uveal outflow facility of 0.034 microliter/min./mm. Hg. At an intraocular pressure of 20 mm. Hg, uveal aqueous outflow is less than 10% of total aqueous outflow. The pressure dependence of the uveal uptake of fluorescein implies an aqueous reabsorption into the uveal vessels by ultrafiltration. Uveoscleral aqueous \"outflow\" appears to consist of intraocular uveal reabsorption of water and small molecules from the aqueous, with only larger molecules like albumin actually leaving the eye through posterior scleral vessel perforations. This reabsorption plays a minor role in intraocular pressure regulation under normal conditions.", "PMID": 410750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5811", "title": "Ocular abnormalities in the myopathic hamster (UM-X7.1 strain).", "content": "Eyes from cardiomyopathic hamsters (UM-X7.1 strain) were examined histologically for evidence of ocular defects. Changes observed included microphthalmia, scleral ectasia, scleral rupture, keratoconus, retinal detachment, retinal dysplasia, retinal fragmentation, retinal thinning, fibrosis of iris and ciliary body, ectopia lentis, and cataract formation. Lesions characteristic of cardiomyopathic hamsters were observed in the myocardium and skeletal muscle. This strain may be a suitable animal model to study the pathogenesis of ocular changes seen in certain congenital connective tissue disorders in man.", "contents": "Ocular abnormalities in the myopathic hamster (UM-X7.1 strain). Eyes from cardiomyopathic hamsters (UM-X7.1 strain) were examined histologically for evidence of ocular defects. Changes observed included microphthalmia, scleral ectasia, scleral rupture, keratoconus, retinal detachment, retinal dysplasia, retinal fragmentation, retinal thinning, fibrosis of iris and ciliary body, ectopia lentis, and cataract formation. Lesions characteristic of cardiomyopathic hamsters were observed in the myocardium and skeletal muscle. This strain may be a suitable animal model to study the pathogenesis of ocular changes seen in certain congenital connective tissue disorders in man.", "PMID": 410751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5812", "title": "Vitreal syneresis in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The eyes of 15 rhesus monkeys were evaluated. Various degrees of vitreal syneresis were observed in 28 of the 30 eyes. The observed vitreal structures varied from fine strands randomly spaced throughout the vitreous to thick, intertwining, fibrous networks with some clumping of the collagenous condensate at the fiber junctions. Qualitatively, the degree of syneresis was slightly more extensive in the eight older mature males than in the seven younger animals. In all animals a clear view of the fundus could be obtained with the ophthalmoscope. The vitreous structures may be one cause of variability in ocular dose-response relationships for exposure to laser radiation. The effect on retinal exposure experiments of the finer vitreal structure is considered minimal.", "contents": "Vitreal syneresis in rhesus monkeys. The eyes of 15 rhesus monkeys were evaluated. Various degrees of vitreal syneresis were observed in 28 of the 30 eyes. The observed vitreal structures varied from fine strands randomly spaced throughout the vitreous to thick, intertwining, fibrous networks with some clumping of the collagenous condensate at the fiber junctions. Qualitatively, the degree of syneresis was slightly more extensive in the eight older mature males than in the seven younger animals. In all animals a clear view of the fundus could be obtained with the ophthalmoscope. The vitreous structures may be one cause of variability in ocular dose-response relationships for exposure to laser radiation. The effect on retinal exposure experiments of the finer vitreal structure is considered minimal.", "PMID": 410752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5813", "title": "An allele-specific suppressor of white-coral in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A new allele of white-coral (wco2) was isolated from Canton S after mutagenesis. Many common laboratory stocks were found to carry a suppressor gene (Su(wco2)) which alters the phenotype of wco2 flies toward wild-type. The Su(wco2) is allele-specific (it does not suppress wco), dominant, homozygous viable, located near Su(bwV1) on the right arm of chromosome 2, and shows a simple gene-dosage effect. The degree of suppression is sensitive to the genetic background. There appears to be selection for Su(wco2) in a genotype where it does not affect eye pigmentation.", "contents": "An allele-specific suppressor of white-coral in Drosophila melanogaster. A new allele of white-coral (wco2) was isolated from Canton S after mutagenesis. Many common laboratory stocks were found to carry a suppressor gene (Su(wco2)) which alters the phenotype of wco2 flies toward wild-type. The Su(wco2) is allele-specific (it does not suppress wco), dominant, homozygous viable, located near Su(bwV1) on the right arm of chromosome 2, and shows a simple gene-dosage effect. The degree of suppression is sensitive to the genetic background. There appears to be selection for Su(wco2) in a genotype where it does not affect eye pigmentation.", "PMID": 410769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5814", "title": "Cytochemical studies of GERL and its role in secretory granule formation in exocrine cells.", "content": "The structure and cytochemistry of GERL was studied in several different exocrine secretory cells, including the exorbital lacrimal gland, parotid, lingual serous (von Ebner's), submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands, and exocrine pancreas of the rat; the lacrimal, parotid and pancreas of the guinea-pig; and the lacrimal gland of the monkey. GERL was morphologically and cytochemically similar in all cell types studied. It was located in the inner Golgi region and consisted of cisternal and tubular portions. Immature secretory granules were in continuity with GERL through multiple tubular connections. Modified cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, with ribosomes only on one surface, closely paralleled parts of GERL. GERL and immature granules were intensely reactive for acid phosphatase activity, while the inner Golgi saccules were reactive for thiamine pyrophosphatase and nucleoside diphosphatase activities. In the rat exorbital lacrimal and parotid glands, reaction product for endogenous peroxidase, a secretory enzyme, was present in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi saccules, immature and mature secretory granules. GERL was usually free of reaction product or contained only a small amount. The widespread occurrence of GERL in secretory cells, and its intimate involvement with the formation of granules, suggest that it is an integral component of the secretory process.", "contents": "Cytochemical studies of GERL and its role in secretory granule formation in exocrine cells. The structure and cytochemistry of GERL was studied in several different exocrine secretory cells, including the exorbital lacrimal gland, parotid, lingual serous (von Ebner's), submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands, and exocrine pancreas of the rat; the lacrimal, parotid and pancreas of the guinea-pig; and the lacrimal gland of the monkey. GERL was morphologically and cytochemically similar in all cell types studied. It was located in the inner Golgi region and consisted of cisternal and tubular portions. Immature secretory granules were in continuity with GERL through multiple tubular connections. Modified cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, with ribosomes only on one surface, closely paralleled parts of GERL. GERL and immature granules were intensely reactive for acid phosphatase activity, while the inner Golgi saccules were reactive for thiamine pyrophosphatase and nucleoside diphosphatase activities. In the rat exorbital lacrimal and parotid glands, reaction product for endogenous peroxidase, a secretory enzyme, was present in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi saccules, immature and mature secretory granules. GERL was usually free of reaction product or contained only a small amount. The widespread occurrence of GERL in secretory cells, and its intimate involvement with the formation of granules, suggest that it is an integral component of the secretory process.", "PMID": 410770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5815", "title": "Ultrastructural cytochemistry of the human adrenal medulla.", "content": "A cytochemical study of the human adrenal medulla showed that it is made up of two types, the adrenaline (A-) and noradrenaline (N-) storing cells. A-and N-storing granules were argentaphobic when ultra-thin sections of Araldite-embedded medulla were stained according to the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide silver proteinate technique of Thiery. A small amount of glycogen (which disappeared after digestion with alpha amylase) in the form of B-particles, as well as lysosomes were, however, visualized by this technique. The entire core of A granules was markedly positive after ultrathin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed, glycol methacrylate (GMA-) embedded medullae were stained with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) at a low pH (O.3). The N granules, in contrast, were mostly unreactive. PTA stained a large part of the Golgi complex of A cells, whereas it generally had no such effect on that of the N cells. In both cell types, the cell coat, lysosomes and multivesicular bodies reacted to PTA. The periodic acid schiff (PAS) technique showed A but not N granules in semithin sections of GMA-or Araldite-embedded medullae. The PTA and PAS stains were abolished by acetylation, restored by saponification, unchanged by methylation and greatly diminished by sulfation or by digestion with beta glucuronidase after oxidation by perchloric acid. These results indicate that in man the A granules and the Golgi complex of A cells, unlike the same structures in N cells, are rich in glycoproteins.", "contents": "Ultrastructural cytochemistry of the human adrenal medulla. A cytochemical study of the human adrenal medulla showed that it is made up of two types, the adrenaline (A-) and noradrenaline (N-) storing cells. A-and N-storing granules were argentaphobic when ultra-thin sections of Araldite-embedded medulla were stained according to the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide silver proteinate technique of Thiery. A small amount of glycogen (which disappeared after digestion with alpha amylase) in the form of B-particles, as well as lysosomes were, however, visualized by this technique. The entire core of A granules was markedly positive after ultrathin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed, glycol methacrylate (GMA-) embedded medullae were stained with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) at a low pH (O.3). The N granules, in contrast, were mostly unreactive. PTA stained a large part of the Golgi complex of A cells, whereas it generally had no such effect on that of the N cells. In both cell types, the cell coat, lysosomes and multivesicular bodies reacted to PTA. The periodic acid schiff (PAS) technique showed A but not N granules in semithin sections of GMA-or Araldite-embedded medullae. The PTA and PAS stains were abolished by acetylation, restored by saponification, unchanged by methylation and greatly diminished by sulfation or by digestion with beta glucuronidase after oxidation by perchloric acid. These results indicate that in man the A granules and the Golgi complex of A cells, unlike the same structures in N cells, are rich in glycoproteins.", "PMID": 410771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5816", "title": "Extended survival of pancreatic islet allografts in the testis of guinea-pigs.", "content": "1. Pancreatic islets, isolated from the guinea-pig pancreas by microdissection and transplanted as allografts to the testis, may survive for 11 weeks, some 5 times the maximum survival of orthotopic skin grafts. 2. Intratesticular islet cell allografts appear not to provoke a systemic immunity such as might be detected by the behaviour of a subsequent orthotopic skin allograft from the same donor. 3. Intratesticular islet cell allografts succumb (in 'second set' fashion) to a pre-existing immunity generated by a prior orthotopic skin allograft. 4. Further experimental work is necessary to determine the relative importance of graft dosage, graft antigenicity, graft site and 'graft adaptation' in determining this extended survival.", "contents": "Extended survival of pancreatic islet allografts in the testis of guinea-pigs. 1. Pancreatic islets, isolated from the guinea-pig pancreas by microdissection and transplanted as allografts to the testis, may survive for 11 weeks, some 5 times the maximum survival of orthotopic skin grafts. 2. Intratesticular islet cell allografts appear not to provoke a systemic immunity such as might be detected by the behaviour of a subsequent orthotopic skin allograft from the same donor. 3. Intratesticular islet cell allografts succumb (in 'second set' fashion) to a pre-existing immunity generated by a prior orthotopic skin allograft. 4. Further experimental work is necessary to determine the relative importance of graft dosage, graft antigenicity, graft site and 'graft adaptation' in determining this extended survival.", "PMID": 410772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5817", "title": "Further studies on the transplantation of isolated pancreatic islets.", "content": "It is concluded that the extended survival of allografts of isolated pancreatic islets in the testis and in the omentum is probably due to several factors. 1. An element of 'privilege' in both graft sites, of unknown nature. 2. The small amount of tissue transplanted. 3. Weaker antigenicity of ancreatic islet tissue as compared with that of skin.", "contents": "Further studies on the transplantation of isolated pancreatic islets. It is concluded that the extended survival of allografts of isolated pancreatic islets in the testis and in the omentum is probably due to several factors. 1. An element of 'privilege' in both graft sites, of unknown nature. 2. The small amount of tissue transplanted. 3. Weaker antigenicity of ancreatic islet tissue as compared with that of skin.", "PMID": 410773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5818", "title": "A two-year experience with cromolyn sodium in children with asthma.", "content": "A two-year experience with cromolyn sodium in children with asthma drawn from inner city population, is presented. Though the initial response to the drug at six weeks was excellent, the response over a two-year period was only very moderate. The possible reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "A two-year experience with cromolyn sodium in children with asthma. A two-year experience with cromolyn sodium in children with asthma drawn from inner city population, is presented. Though the initial response to the drug at six weeks was excellent, the response over a two-year period was only very moderate. The possible reasons for this are discussed.", "PMID": 410774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5819", "title": "Functional modifications of the translational system in Bacillus subtilis during sporulation.", "content": "Extracts of sporulating cells were found to be defective in vitro translation of phage SP01 ribonucleic acid (RNA) and vegetative Bacillus subtilis RNA. The activity of washed ribosomes from sporulating cells was very similar to that of washed ribosomes from vegetative cells in translating polyuridylic acid, SP01 RNA, and vegetative RNA. The S-150 fraction from either vegetative or sporulating cells grown in Difco sporulation medium contained an apparent inhibitor of protein synthesis. The crude initiation factor fraction from ribosomes of sporulating cells was defective in promoting the initiation factor-dependent translation of SP01 RNA. The crude initiation factor preparations from sporulating cells were as active as the corresponding preparations from vegetative cells in promoting the initiation factor-dependent translation of either phage Qbeta or phage T4 RNA by washed Escherichia coli ribosomes. The crude initiation factors from sporulating cells were perhaps more active than those from vegetative cells in promoting the initiation factor-dependent synthesis of phage T4 lysozyme by E. coli ribosomes. The crude initiation factor preparations from either vegetative or stationary-phase cells of an asporogenous mutant showed similar ability to promote the in vitro translation of SP01 RNA.", "contents": "Functional modifications of the translational system in Bacillus subtilis during sporulation. Extracts of sporulating cells were found to be defective in vitro translation of phage SP01 ribonucleic acid (RNA) and vegetative Bacillus subtilis RNA. The activity of washed ribosomes from sporulating cells was very similar to that of washed ribosomes from vegetative cells in translating polyuridylic acid, SP01 RNA, and vegetative RNA. The S-150 fraction from either vegetative or sporulating cells grown in Difco sporulation medium contained an apparent inhibitor of protein synthesis. The crude initiation factor fraction from ribosomes of sporulating cells was defective in promoting the initiation factor-dependent translation of SP01 RNA. The crude initiation factor preparations from sporulating cells were as active as the corresponding preparations from vegetative cells in promoting the initiation factor-dependent translation of either phage Qbeta or phage T4 RNA by washed Escherichia coli ribosomes. The crude initiation factors from sporulating cells were perhaps more active than those from vegetative cells in promoting the initiation factor-dependent synthesis of phage T4 lysozyme by E. coli ribosomes. The crude initiation factor preparations from either vegetative or stationary-phase cells of an asporogenous mutant showed similar ability to promote the in vitro translation of SP01 RNA.", "PMID": 410778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5820", "title": "Mercury and organomercurial resistances determined by plasmids in Pseudomonas.", "content": "Mercury and organomercurial resistance determined by genes on ten Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmids and one Pseudomonas putida plasmid have been studied with regard to the range of substrates and the range of inducers. The plasmidless strains were sensitive to growth inhibition by Hg(2+) and did not volatilize Hg(0) from Hg(2+). A strain with plasmid RP1 (which does not confer resistance to Hg(2+)) similarly did not volatilize mercury. All 10 plasmids determine mercury resistance by way of an inducible enzyme system. Hg(2+) was reduced to Hg(0), which is insoluble in water and rapidly volatilizes from the growth medium. Plasmids pMG1, pMG2, R26, R933, R93-1, and pVS1 in P. aeruginosa and MER in P. putida conferred resistance to and the ability to volatilize mercury from Hg(2+), but strains with these plasmids were sensitive to and could not volatilize mercury from the organomercurials methylmercury, ethylmercury, phenylmercury, and thimerosal. These plasmids, in addition, conferred resistance to the organomercurials merbromin, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, and fluorescein mercuric acetate. The other plasmids, FP2, R38, R3108, and pVS2, determined resistance to and decomposition of a range of organomercurials, including methylmercury, ethylmercury, phenylmercury, and thimerosal. These plasmids also conferred resistance to the organomercurials merbromin, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, and fluorescein mercuric acetate by a mechanism not involving degradation. In all cases, organomercurial decomposition and mercury volatilization were induced by exposure to Hg(2+) or organomercurials. The plasmids differed in the relative efficacy of inducers. Hg(2+) resistance with strains that are organomercurial sensitive appeared to be induced preferentially by Hg(2+) and only poorly by organomercurials to which the cells are sensitive. However, the organomercurials p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, merbromin, and fluorescein mercuric acetate were strong gratuitous inducers but not substrates for the Hg(2+) volatilization system. With strains resistant to phenylmercury and thimerosal, these organomercurials were both inducers and substrates.", "contents": "Mercury and organomercurial resistances determined by plasmids in Pseudomonas. Mercury and organomercurial resistance determined by genes on ten Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmids and one Pseudomonas putida plasmid have been studied with regard to the range of substrates and the range of inducers. The plasmidless strains were sensitive to growth inhibition by Hg(2+) and did not volatilize Hg(0) from Hg(2+). A strain with plasmid RP1 (which does not confer resistance to Hg(2+)) similarly did not volatilize mercury. All 10 plasmids determine mercury resistance by way of an inducible enzyme system. Hg(2+) was reduced to Hg(0), which is insoluble in water and rapidly volatilizes from the growth medium. Plasmids pMG1, pMG2, R26, R933, R93-1, and pVS1 in P. aeruginosa and MER in P. putida conferred resistance to and the ability to volatilize mercury from Hg(2+), but strains with these plasmids were sensitive to and could not volatilize mercury from the organomercurials methylmercury, ethylmercury, phenylmercury, and thimerosal. These plasmids, in addition, conferred resistance to the organomercurials merbromin, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, and fluorescein mercuric acetate. The other plasmids, FP2, R38, R3108, and pVS2, determined resistance to and decomposition of a range of organomercurials, including methylmercury, ethylmercury, phenylmercury, and thimerosal. These plasmids also conferred resistance to the organomercurials merbromin, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, and fluorescein mercuric acetate by a mechanism not involving degradation. In all cases, organomercurial decomposition and mercury volatilization were induced by exposure to Hg(2+) or organomercurials. The plasmids differed in the relative efficacy of inducers. Hg(2+) resistance with strains that are organomercurial sensitive appeared to be induced preferentially by Hg(2+) and only poorly by organomercurials to which the cells are sensitive. However, the organomercurials p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, merbromin, and fluorescein mercuric acetate were strong gratuitous inducers but not substrates for the Hg(2+) volatilization system. With strains resistant to phenylmercury and thimerosal, these organomercurials were both inducers and substrates.", "PMID": 410779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5821", "title": "A third beta-galactosidase in a strain of Klebsiella that possesses two lac genes.", "content": "Klebsiella strain RE1544 contains two lac operons, one on the chromosome and one on a lac plasmid. A mutant of RE1544, in which the lacZ genes of both operons produce no active enzyme, was found to synthesize a beta-galactosidase that hydrolyzes ortho-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside but not lactose. Synthesis of this beta-galactosidase (BGase-III) is induced by lactose but not by isopropyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside or methyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. In both the regulation of synthesis and substrate specificity, BGase-III strongly resembles the ebg0 enzyme of Escherichia coli. Nevertheless, by the criteria of immunological cross-reactivity and subunit molecular weight, BGase-III is not related to the ebg0 enzyme.", "contents": "A third beta-galactosidase in a strain of Klebsiella that possesses two lac genes. Klebsiella strain RE1544 contains two lac operons, one on the chromosome and one on a lac plasmid. A mutant of RE1544, in which the lacZ genes of both operons produce no active enzyme, was found to synthesize a beta-galactosidase that hydrolyzes ortho-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside but not lactose. Synthesis of this beta-galactosidase (BGase-III) is induced by lactose but not by isopropyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside or methyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. In both the regulation of synthesis and substrate specificity, BGase-III strongly resembles the ebg0 enzyme of Escherichia coli. Nevertheless, by the criteria of immunological cross-reactivity and subunit molecular weight, BGase-III is not related to the ebg0 enzyme.", "PMID": 410780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5822", "title": "Isolation and characterization of fusidic acid-resistant, sporulation-defective mutants of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Fusidic acid-resistant, sporulation-defective mutants were isolated from Bacillus subtilis 168 thy trp. About two-thirds of the fusidic acid-resistant (fusr) mutants were defective in sporulation ability and fell into three classes with respect to sporulation character. The representative mutants FUS426 and FUS429 were characterized in detail. FUS426 [fusr spo (Ts)], a temperature-sensitive sporulation mutant, grew well at 30 and 42 degrees C but did not sporulate at 42 degrees C. FUS429 [fusr spo (Con)], conditional sporulation mutant, grew and sporulated normally in the absence of fusidic acid, but its sporulation and growth rates decreased in the presence of fusidic acid, depending on the concentration of the drug. Although electron microscopic observation showed that both mutants were blocked at stage I of sporulation, the physiological analyses indicate that these mutants belong to the SpoOB class. Both mutants formed a thickened cell wall as compared with that of the parental strain. Genetic and in vitro protein synthesis analyses led to the conclusion that the sporulation-defective character of mutants FUS426 and FUS429 resulted from an alteration in elongation factor G caused by a single lesion in the fus locus. The possible role of elongation factor G in sporulation is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of fusidic acid-resistant, sporulation-defective mutants of Bacillus subtilis. Fusidic acid-resistant, sporulation-defective mutants were isolated from Bacillus subtilis 168 thy trp. About two-thirds of the fusidic acid-resistant (fusr) mutants were defective in sporulation ability and fell into three classes with respect to sporulation character. The representative mutants FUS426 and FUS429 were characterized in detail. FUS426 [fusr spo (Ts)], a temperature-sensitive sporulation mutant, grew well at 30 and 42 degrees C but did not sporulate at 42 degrees C. FUS429 [fusr spo (Con)], conditional sporulation mutant, grew and sporulated normally in the absence of fusidic acid, but its sporulation and growth rates decreased in the presence of fusidic acid, depending on the concentration of the drug. Although electron microscopic observation showed that both mutants were blocked at stage I of sporulation, the physiological analyses indicate that these mutants belong to the SpoOB class. Both mutants formed a thickened cell wall as compared with that of the parental strain. Genetic and in vitro protein synthesis analyses led to the conclusion that the sporulation-defective character of mutants FUS426 and FUS429 resulted from an alteration in elongation factor G caused by a single lesion in the fus locus. The possible role of elongation factor G in sporulation is discussed.", "PMID": 410781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5823", "title": "Metal ion dependence of a heat-modifiable protein from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis.", "content": "One heat-modifiable protein of Escherichia coli outer membrane does not completely change to the high-temperature form in the presence of magnesium ion in sodium dodecyl sulfate solution. When the metal ion complexing reagents ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, phosphate ion, hydroxyl ion, or the competitive cations Zn2+ or Ca2+ are added to the sodium dodecyl sulfate-solubilized sample of outer membrane, and then the sample is heated to 100 degrees C and recooled to room temperature, the protein is almost completely converted to the high-temperature form. In control samples, or if sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, or manganous chloride are added to these samples and treated the same way, a large amount of the low-temperature form of the protein is preserved. beta-Mercaptoethanol additions gave the same results as the metal ion complexing reagents and may owe its activity in these solutions to metal-binding activity and not to its role as a reducing reagent. We concluded that magnesium ion may be involved with stabilization of the low-temperature form of the protein either by directly binding the magnesium or by mediating interaction with other components of the membrane.", "contents": "Metal ion dependence of a heat-modifiable protein from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. One heat-modifiable protein of Escherichia coli outer membrane does not completely change to the high-temperature form in the presence of magnesium ion in sodium dodecyl sulfate solution. When the metal ion complexing reagents ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, phosphate ion, hydroxyl ion, or the competitive cations Zn2+ or Ca2+ are added to the sodium dodecyl sulfate-solubilized sample of outer membrane, and then the sample is heated to 100 degrees C and recooled to room temperature, the protein is almost completely converted to the high-temperature form. In control samples, or if sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, or manganous chloride are added to these samples and treated the same way, a large amount of the low-temperature form of the protein is preserved. beta-Mercaptoethanol additions gave the same results as the metal ion complexing reagents and may owe its activity in these solutions to metal-binding activity and not to its role as a reducing reagent. We concluded that magnesium ion may be involved with stabilization of the low-temperature form of the protein either by directly binding the magnesium or by mediating interaction with other components of the membrane.", "PMID": 410782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5824", "title": "Properties of the beta-lactamase specified by the Pseudomonas plasmid RPL11.", "content": "The Pseudomonas plasmid RPL11 specifies a beta-lactamase that has properties distinguishing it from other plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases so far described, although it closely resembles plasmid Rms139 beta-lactamase.", "contents": "Properties of the beta-lactamase specified by the Pseudomonas plasmid RPL11. The Pseudomonas plasmid RPL11 specifies a beta-lactamase that has properties distinguishing it from other plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases so far described, although it closely resembles plasmid Rms139 beta-lactamase.", "PMID": 410783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5825", "title": "Motility of flagellated bacteria in viscous environments.", "content": "The lowest viscosity that immobilized flagellated bacteria such as Psedomonas aeruginosa, Spirillum serpens, and Escherichia coli was 60 centipoise (cp). Much higher viscosities (1,000 cp and higher) were required to immobilize two flagellated bacteria selectively isolated from nature by methods based on their ability to migrate through agar gels. The latter finding indicates that certain flagellated bacteria have the ability to swim through environments of relatively high viscosity. It is suggested that these flagellated bacteria possess a specialized type of motility apparatus suited to viscous conditions present in their habitats.", "contents": "Motility of flagellated bacteria in viscous environments. The lowest viscosity that immobilized flagellated bacteria such as Psedomonas aeruginosa, Spirillum serpens, and Escherichia coli was 60 centipoise (cp). Much higher viscosities (1,000 cp and higher) were required to immobilize two flagellated bacteria selectively isolated from nature by methods based on their ability to migrate through agar gels. The latter finding indicates that certain flagellated bacteria have the ability to swim through environments of relatively high viscosity. It is suggested that these flagellated bacteria possess a specialized type of motility apparatus suited to viscous conditions present in their habitats.", "PMID": 410784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5826", "title": "Use of argA-lac fusions to generate lambda argA-lac bacteriophages and to determine the direction of argA transcription in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Fusions of lac genes to the argA operator were constructed, and lambda phages carrying these fusions were isolated and characterized. With the aid of a lambda phage carrying an argA-lac fusion, the direction of argA transcription on the Escherichia coli chromosome was determined to be clockwise.", "contents": "Use of argA-lac fusions to generate lambda argA-lac bacteriophages and to determine the direction of argA transcription in Escherichia coli. Fusions of lac genes to the argA operator were constructed, and lambda phages carrying these fusions were isolated and characterized. With the aid of a lambda phage carrying an argA-lac fusion, the direction of argA transcription on the Escherichia coli chromosome was determined to be clockwise.", "PMID": 410785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5827", "title": "Regulation of argA operon expression in Escherichia coli K-12: cell-free synthesis of beta-galactosidase under argA control.", "content": "Regulation of argA operon expression in Escherichia coli K-12 was studied in a cell-free, deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent, enzyme-synthesizing system. lambdaAZ-7 deoxyribonucleic acid, which carries a fusion of the lacZ structural gene to the argA operon so that beta-galactosidase synthesis is under argA regulation, was used as the template. To eliminate extraneous readthrough from lambda promoters, lambda repressor was introduced into the synthesis mixtures by preparing the S-30 component from a strain (514X5a-12-29) that carries a multicopy hybrid plasmid (pKB252) containing the lambdacI gene. Under these conditions beta-galactosidase synthesis was repressed 90% by the arginine repressor when a sufficient concentration of L-arginine was present. This repression could be overcome by escape synthesis when the lambdaAZ-7 deoxyribonucleic acid concentration in the synthesis mixtures was increased. Guanosine 3'-diphosphate-5'-diphosphate stimulated beta-galactosidase synthesis from this template.", "contents": "Regulation of argA operon expression in Escherichia coli K-12: cell-free synthesis of beta-galactosidase under argA control. Regulation of argA operon expression in Escherichia coli K-12 was studied in a cell-free, deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent, enzyme-synthesizing system. lambdaAZ-7 deoxyribonucleic acid, which carries a fusion of the lacZ structural gene to the argA operon so that beta-galactosidase synthesis is under argA regulation, was used as the template. To eliminate extraneous readthrough from lambda promoters, lambda repressor was introduced into the synthesis mixtures by preparing the S-30 component from a strain (514X5a-12-29) that carries a multicopy hybrid plasmid (pKB252) containing the lambdacI gene. Under these conditions beta-galactosidase synthesis was repressed 90% by the arginine repressor when a sufficient concentration of L-arginine was present. This repression could be overcome by escape synthesis when the lambdaAZ-7 deoxyribonucleic acid concentration in the synthesis mixtures was increased. Guanosine 3'-diphosphate-5'-diphosphate stimulated beta-galactosidase synthesis from this template.", "PMID": 410786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5828", "title": "Lipiarmycin-resistant ribonucleic acid polymerase mutants of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Lipiarmycin inhibited the activity of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase in vitro. We showed that inhibition was due to interference by lipiarmycin with the activity of sigma-containing molecules of RNA polymerase. Transcription by core enzyme was relatively resistant to the drug, but addition of sigma led to highly drug-sensitive RNA synthesis. We isolated lipiarmycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis and characterized them genetically and biochemically. Drug-resistant mutants contained an altered RNA polymerase that was resistant to the drug in vitro. By separation and mixed reconstitution of core and sigma fractions of mutant and wild-type RNA polymerase, we showed that lipiarmycin resistance in one mutant strain was a property of the core fraction. Genetic mapping experiments indicated that at least two lpm mutants are located between loci determining rifampin resistance and streptolydigin resistance.", "contents": "Lipiarmycin-resistant ribonucleic acid polymerase mutants of Bacillus subtilis. Lipiarmycin inhibited the activity of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase in vitro. We showed that inhibition was due to interference by lipiarmycin with the activity of sigma-containing molecules of RNA polymerase. Transcription by core enzyme was relatively resistant to the drug, but addition of sigma led to highly drug-sensitive RNA synthesis. We isolated lipiarmycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis and characterized them genetically and biochemically. Drug-resistant mutants contained an altered RNA polymerase that was resistant to the drug in vitro. By separation and mixed reconstitution of core and sigma fractions of mutant and wild-type RNA polymerase, we showed that lipiarmycin resistance in one mutant strain was a property of the core fraction. Genetic mapping experiments indicated that at least two lpm mutants are located between loci determining rifampin resistance and streptolydigin resistance.", "PMID": 410787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5829", "title": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants resistant to urea inhibition of growth on acetanilide.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa AI 3 was able to grow in medium containing acetanilide (N-phenylacetamide) as a carbon source when NH4+ was the nitrogen source but not when urea was the nitrogen source. AIU mutants isolated from strain AI 3 grew on either medium. Urease levels in bacteria grown in the presence of urea were 10-fold lower when NH4+ or acetanilide was also in the medium, but there were no apparent differences in urease or its synthesis between strain AI 3 and mutant AIU 1N. The first metabolic step in the acetanilide utlization is catalyzed by an amidase. Amidases in several AIU strains showed altered physiochemical properties. Urea inhibited amidase in a time-dependent reaction, but the rates of the inhibitory reaction with amidases from the AIU mutants were slower than with AI 3 amidase. The purified amidase from AIU 1N showed a marked difference in its pH/activity profile from that obtained with purified AI 3 amidase. These observations indicate that the ability of strain AIU 1N and the other mutants to grow on acetanilide/urea medium is associated with a mutation in the amidase structural gene; this was confirmed for strain AIU 1N by transduction.", "contents": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants resistant to urea inhibition of growth on acetanilide. Pseudomonas aeruginosa AI 3 was able to grow in medium containing acetanilide (N-phenylacetamide) as a carbon source when NH4+ was the nitrogen source but not when urea was the nitrogen source. AIU mutants isolated from strain AI 3 grew on either medium. Urease levels in bacteria grown in the presence of urea were 10-fold lower when NH4+ or acetanilide was also in the medium, but there were no apparent differences in urease or its synthesis between strain AI 3 and mutant AIU 1N. The first metabolic step in the acetanilide utlization is catalyzed by an amidase. Amidases in several AIU strains showed altered physiochemical properties. Urea inhibited amidase in a time-dependent reaction, but the rates of the inhibitory reaction with amidases from the AIU mutants were slower than with AI 3 amidase. The purified amidase from AIU 1N showed a marked difference in its pH/activity profile from that obtained with purified AI 3 amidase. These observations indicate that the ability of strain AIU 1N and the other mutants to grow on acetanilide/urea medium is associated with a mutation in the amidase structural gene; this was confirmed for strain AIU 1N by transduction.", "PMID": 410788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5830", "title": "Properties of Escherichia coli mutants deficient in enzymes of glycolysis.", "content": "Physiological properties of mutants of Escherichia coli defective in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerate 3-phosphate kinase, or enolase are described. Introduction of a lesion in any one of the reversible steps catalyzed by these enzymes impaired both the glycolytic and gluconeogenic capabilities of the cell and generated an obligatory requirement for a source of carbon above the block (gluconeogenic) and one below (oxidative). A mixture of glycerol and succinate supported the growth of these mutants. Mutants lacking glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerate 3-phosphate kinase could grow also on glycerol and glyceric acid, and enolase mutants could grow on glycerate and succinate, whereas double mutants lacking the kinase and enolase required l-serine in addition to glycerol and succinate. Titration of cell yield with limiting amounts of glycerol with Casamino Acids in excess, or vice versa, showed the gluconeogenic requirement of a growing culture of E. coli to be one-twentieth of its total catabolic and anabolic needs. Sugars and their derivatives inhibited growth of these mutants on otherwise permissive media. The mutants accumulated glycolytic intermediates above the blocked enzyme on addition of glucose or glycerol to resting cultures. Glucose inhibited growth and induced lysis. These effects could be substantially overcome by increasing the osmotic strength of the growth medium and, in addition, including 5 mM cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate therein. This substance countered to a large extent the severe repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis that glucose caused in these mutants.", "contents": "Properties of Escherichia coli mutants deficient in enzymes of glycolysis. Physiological properties of mutants of Escherichia coli defective in glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerate 3-phosphate kinase, or enolase are described. Introduction of a lesion in any one of the reversible steps catalyzed by these enzymes impaired both the glycolytic and gluconeogenic capabilities of the cell and generated an obligatory requirement for a source of carbon above the block (gluconeogenic) and one below (oxidative). A mixture of glycerol and succinate supported the growth of these mutants. Mutants lacking glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerate 3-phosphate kinase could grow also on glycerol and glyceric acid, and enolase mutants could grow on glycerate and succinate, whereas double mutants lacking the kinase and enolase required l-serine in addition to glycerol and succinate. Titration of cell yield with limiting amounts of glycerol with Casamino Acids in excess, or vice versa, showed the gluconeogenic requirement of a growing culture of E. coli to be one-twentieth of its total catabolic and anabolic needs. Sugars and their derivatives inhibited growth of these mutants on otherwise permissive media. The mutants accumulated glycolytic intermediates above the blocked enzyme on addition of glucose or glycerol to resting cultures. Glucose inhibited growth and induced lysis. These effects could be substantially overcome by increasing the osmotic strength of the growth medium and, in addition, including 5 mM cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate therein. This substance countered to a large extent the severe repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis that glucose caused in these mutants.", "PMID": 410789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5831", "title": "Regulation of a common amidotransferase subunit.", "content": "In Bacillus subtilis the trpX locus specifies a glutamine-binding protein designated subunit X, which forms a complex with subunit E to constitute the anthranilate synthase enzyme aggregate (EX) and subunit A to constitute the p-aminobenzoate synthase enzyme aggregate (AX). Subunit X confers upon these enzyme complexes the ability to utilize glutamine as a substrate. The trpX locus has been examined to determine its map position and control. (i) The trpX locus was found to be cotransformed with the lysS and pabA loci. The results of three-factor transformation analyses suggest the following order of these markers: lysS-sul-trpX-pabA. (ii) Mutation to constitutivity of the tryptophan operon resulted in a 50- to 60-fold increase in the level of subunit X when the mutant contained functional trE and abA gene products; however, in the absence of subunit E there was only a 4- to 5-fold increase in the glutamine-binding protein. (iii) Formation of subunit X was derepressed under conditions that allow for the derepression of the trpE and/or pabA loci. (iv) Subunit X synthesis was derepressed to a greater extent in mutants that contain a functional trpE gene product than in mutants that contain a nonsense mutation in the trpE locus. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the trpE and pabA gene products affect the expression and control of the trpX locus.", "contents": "Regulation of a common amidotransferase subunit. In Bacillus subtilis the trpX locus specifies a glutamine-binding protein designated subunit X, which forms a complex with subunit E to constitute the anthranilate synthase enzyme aggregate (EX) and subunit A to constitute the p-aminobenzoate synthase enzyme aggregate (AX). Subunit X confers upon these enzyme complexes the ability to utilize glutamine as a substrate. The trpX locus has been examined to determine its map position and control. (i) The trpX locus was found to be cotransformed with the lysS and pabA loci. The results of three-factor transformation analyses suggest the following order of these markers: lysS-sul-trpX-pabA. (ii) Mutation to constitutivity of the tryptophan operon resulted in a 50- to 60-fold increase in the level of subunit X when the mutant contained functional trE and abA gene products; however, in the absence of subunit E there was only a 4- to 5-fold increase in the glutamine-binding protein. (iii) Formation of subunit X was derepressed under conditions that allow for the derepression of the trpE and/or pabA loci. (iv) Subunit X synthesis was derepressed to a greater extent in mutants that contain a functional trpE gene product than in mutants that contain a nonsense mutation in the trpE locus. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the trpE and pabA gene products affect the expression and control of the trpX locus.", "PMID": 410790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5832", "title": "Levels of acetyl coenzyme A, reduced and oxidized coenzyme A, and coenzyme A in disulfide linkage to protein in dormant and germinated spores and growing and sporulating cells of Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "Dormant spores of Bacillus megaterium were found to contain approximately 850 pmol of coenzyme A (CoA) per milligram of dry weight. Of this total, less than 1.5% was acetyl-CoA, 25% was CoA-disulfide, 43% was in disulfide linkage to protein, and the remainder was the free thiol. Dormand spores of Bacillus cereus and Clostridium bifermentans contained 700 and 600 pmol of CoA per milligram of dry weight, respectively; in both species approximately 45% of the CoA 45% of the CoA was in disulfide linkage to protein. During germination of spores of all three species, greater than 75% of the CoA-protein disulfides were cleaved. In B. megaterium, cleavage of these disulfides during spore germination did not require exogenous metabolites and occurred at about the same time as the initiation of germination. Much of the CoA was converted to acetyl-CoA at this time. Dormant spores also contained reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent CoA-disulfide reductase at levels higher than those in other stages of growth. The level of total CoA in the growing cells was two- to three-fold higher than in spores. This level remained constant throughout growth and sporulation, but less than 2% of the total cellular CoA was in disulfide linkage to protein until late in sporulation. The CoA-protein disulfides accumulated exclusively within the developing spore at about the time when dipicolinic acid was accumulated.", "contents": "Levels of acetyl coenzyme A, reduced and oxidized coenzyme A, and coenzyme A in disulfide linkage to protein in dormant and germinated spores and growing and sporulating cells of Bacillus megaterium. Dormant spores of Bacillus megaterium were found to contain approximately 850 pmol of coenzyme A (CoA) per milligram of dry weight. Of this total, less than 1.5% was acetyl-CoA, 25% was CoA-disulfide, 43% was in disulfide linkage to protein, and the remainder was the free thiol. Dormand spores of Bacillus cereus and Clostridium bifermentans contained 700 and 600 pmol of CoA per milligram of dry weight, respectively; in both species approximately 45% of the CoA 45% of the CoA was in disulfide linkage to protein. During germination of spores of all three species, greater than 75% of the CoA-protein disulfides were cleaved. In B. megaterium, cleavage of these disulfides during spore germination did not require exogenous metabolites and occurred at about the same time as the initiation of germination. Much of the CoA was converted to acetyl-CoA at this time. Dormant spores also contained reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent CoA-disulfide reductase at levels higher than those in other stages of growth. The level of total CoA in the growing cells was two- to three-fold higher than in spores. This level remained constant throughout growth and sporulation, but less than 2% of the total cellular CoA was in disulfide linkage to protein until late in sporulation. The CoA-protein disulfides accumulated exclusively within the developing spore at about the time when dipicolinic acid was accumulated.", "PMID": 410791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5833", "title": "Bacillus subtilis mutant with temperature-sensitive net synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis mutants with temperature-sensitive growth on complex media were screened for defects in phospholipid metabolism. One mutant was isolated that showed temperature-sensitive net synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine. The mutant did not accumulate phosphatidylserine at the nonpermissive temperature. In the presence of hydroxylamine, wild-type B. subtilis accumulated phosphatidylserine at both 32 and 45 degrees C, whereas the mutant did only at 32 degrees C. In vitro phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis with bacterial membranes is no more temperature sensitive with mutant membranes than with wild-type membranes. The mutation probably affects the synthesis indirectly, possibly by altering a membrane protein. The mutant bacteria grew at the nonpermissive temperature, 45 degrees C, in a phosphate buffer-based minimal medium, although net synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine was also temperature sensitive in this medium. One mutation caused both temperature-sensitive growth on complex media and temperature-sensitive net synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine. The mutation is linked to aroD by transformation.", "contents": "Bacillus subtilis mutant with temperature-sensitive net synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine. Bacillus subtilis mutants with temperature-sensitive growth on complex media were screened for defects in phospholipid metabolism. One mutant was isolated that showed temperature-sensitive net synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine. The mutant did not accumulate phosphatidylserine at the nonpermissive temperature. In the presence of hydroxylamine, wild-type B. subtilis accumulated phosphatidylserine at both 32 and 45 degrees C, whereas the mutant did only at 32 degrees C. In vitro phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis with bacterial membranes is no more temperature sensitive with mutant membranes than with wild-type membranes. The mutation probably affects the synthesis indirectly, possibly by altering a membrane protein. The mutant bacteria grew at the nonpermissive temperature, 45 degrees C, in a phosphate buffer-based minimal medium, although net synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine was also temperature sensitive in this medium. One mutation caused both temperature-sensitive growth on complex media and temperature-sensitive net synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine. The mutation is linked to aroD by transformation.", "PMID": 410792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5834", "title": "Cleavage of adenosine 5'-monophosphate during uptake by Streptomyces griseus.", "content": "Unlabeled adenine brought about a (delayed) decrease in radioactivity that had been taken up by phosphate-limited resting cells of Streptomyces griseus from [14C]adenine-labeled adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP). Inorganic phosphate, on the other hand, stimulated adenine uptake from AMP, presumably by activating an energy-dependent active transport mechanism. Unlabeled phosphate rapidly diluted the uptake of radioactivity from [32P]AMP. Adenine inhibited uptake of [32P]AMP but not that of [32P]orthophosphate; adenine is thought to act by inhibiting the cleavage of AMP. The uptake of 32P and 14C from double-labeled AMP showed marked differences; 32P was taken up much faster into both cells and nucleic acids. These data indicate that uptake of AMP components takes place after extracellular dephosphorylation of the nucleotide.", "contents": "Cleavage of adenosine 5'-monophosphate during uptake by Streptomyces griseus. Unlabeled adenine brought about a (delayed) decrease in radioactivity that had been taken up by phosphate-limited resting cells of Streptomyces griseus from [14C]adenine-labeled adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP). Inorganic phosphate, on the other hand, stimulated adenine uptake from AMP, presumably by activating an energy-dependent active transport mechanism. Unlabeled phosphate rapidly diluted the uptake of radioactivity from [32P]AMP. Adenine inhibited uptake of [32P]AMP but not that of [32P]orthophosphate; adenine is thought to act by inhibiting the cleavage of AMP. The uptake of 32P and 14C from double-labeled AMP showed marked differences; 32P was taken up much faster into both cells and nucleic acids. These data indicate that uptake of AMP components takes place after extracellular dephosphorylation of the nucleotide.", "PMID": 410793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5835", "title": "Fractionation of inducible alkane hydroxylase activity in Pseudomonas putida and characterization of hydroxylase-negative plasmid mutations.", "content": "The plasmid-determined inducible alkane hydroxylase of Pseudomonas putida resolved into particulate and soluble fractions. Spinach reductase and spinach ferredoxin could replace the soluble hydroxylase component. Two alkane hydroxylase mutants show in vitro complementation (S. Benson and J. Shapiro, J. Bacteriol., 123: 759-760, 1975): one, alk-7, lacks an active soluble component and the other, alk-181, lacks an active particulate component. Together with previous results on a particulate alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme (Benson and Shapiro, J. Bacteriol., 126: 794-798, 1976), these results allowed us to assay three plasmid-determined inducible activities: soluble alkane hydroxylase (alkA+), particulate alkane hydroxylase (alkB+), and particulate alcohol dehydrogenase (alkC+). Growth tests and in vitro complementation assays revealed three groups of plasmid mutations that block expression of alkane hydroxylase activity: alkA, which so far includes only the alk-7 mutation; alkB, which includes alk-181 and 11 other mutations; and a pleiotropic-negative class, which includes nine mutations that lead to loss of alkA+, alkB+, and alkC+ activities. Thus, the alk+ gene cluster found on IncP-2 plasmids contains at least four cistrons. We believe it is significant that two of these determined the presence of membrane proteins. The accompanying paper shows that these loci are part of a single regulon.", "contents": "Fractionation of inducible alkane hydroxylase activity in Pseudomonas putida and characterization of hydroxylase-negative plasmid mutations. The plasmid-determined inducible alkane hydroxylase of Pseudomonas putida resolved into particulate and soluble fractions. Spinach reductase and spinach ferredoxin could replace the soluble hydroxylase component. Two alkane hydroxylase mutants show in vitro complementation (S. Benson and J. Shapiro, J. Bacteriol., 123: 759-760, 1975): one, alk-7, lacks an active soluble component and the other, alk-181, lacks an active particulate component. Together with previous results on a particulate alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme (Benson and Shapiro, J. Bacteriol., 126: 794-798, 1976), these results allowed us to assay three plasmid-determined inducible activities: soluble alkane hydroxylase (alkA+), particulate alkane hydroxylase (alkB+), and particulate alcohol dehydrogenase (alkC+). Growth tests and in vitro complementation assays revealed three groups of plasmid mutations that block expression of alkane hydroxylase activity: alkA, which so far includes only the alk-7 mutation; alkB, which includes alk-181 and 11 other mutations; and a pleiotropic-negative class, which includes nine mutations that lead to loss of alkA+, alkB+, and alkC+ activities. Thus, the alk+ gene cluster found on IncP-2 plasmids contains at least four cistrons. We believe it is significant that two of these determined the presence of membrane proteins. The accompanying paper shows that these loci are part of a single regulon.", "PMID": 410794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5836", "title": "Regulatory mutations of the Pseudomonas plasmid alk regulon.", "content": "Pseudomonas putida strains with plasmids carrying pleiotropic alk mutations gave rise to alkane-positive \"revertants,\" which differ from wild type. Some had restricted ability to utilize alkane and primary alcohol growth substrates, and others could grow on undecane and dodecanol, which are not utilized by alk+ strains. These revertants showed altered responses to normal inducers of alkA+, alkB+, and alkC+ activities. Some revertants were constitutive for these activities. Constitutive mutants could also be isolated directly from wild type, but they appeared spontaneously at a frequency of less than 2 X 10(-8). Regulatory mutations of all three types, pleiotropic negative, altered inducer specificity, and constitutive, were tightly linked in transduction crosses with a polar alkB mutation. These results demonstrate that the IncP-2 plasmid alk gene cluster constitutes a regulon. They also permit the identification of at least one cistron whose gene product participates in inducer recognition and suggest that the alkABC regulon is not under simple repressor control.", "contents": "Regulatory mutations of the Pseudomonas plasmid alk regulon. Pseudomonas putida strains with plasmids carrying pleiotropic alk mutations gave rise to alkane-positive \"revertants,\" which differ from wild type. Some had restricted ability to utilize alkane and primary alcohol growth substrates, and others could grow on undecane and dodecanol, which are not utilized by alk+ strains. These revertants showed altered responses to normal inducers of alkA+, alkB+, and alkC+ activities. Some revertants were constitutive for these activities. Constitutive mutants could also be isolated directly from wild type, but they appeared spontaneously at a frequency of less than 2 X 10(-8). Regulatory mutations of all three types, pleiotropic negative, altered inducer specificity, and constitutive, were tightly linked in transduction crosses with a polar alkB mutation. These results demonstrate that the IncP-2 plasmid alk gene cluster constitutes a regulon. They also permit the identification of at least one cistron whose gene product participates in inducer recognition and suggest that the alkABC regulon is not under simple repressor control.", "PMID": 410795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5837", "title": "Chemotaxis by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus toward prey.", "content": "A chemotaxis assay system that uses a modified Boyden chamber was characterized and used for measurements of chemotaxis by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strain UKi2 toward several bacterial species. Bacteria tested included both susceptible and nonsusceptible cells (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium, and B. bacteriovorus strains UKi2 and D). None was attractive to bdellovibrios when present at densities below 10(7) cells per ml. Chemotaxis toward E. coli was studied most extensively; under conditions that minimized effects of osmotic shock to the cells, E. coli and exudates from E. coli at densities as high as 10(8) cells per ml failed to elicit a chemotactic response. Cell-free filtrates from mixed cultures of bdellovibrios and E. coli neither attracted nor repelled bdellovibrios. The data indicate that bdellovibrios do not use chemotaxis to locate prey cells.", "contents": "Chemotaxis by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus toward prey. A chemotaxis assay system that uses a modified Boyden chamber was characterized and used for measurements of chemotaxis by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strain UKi2 toward several bacterial species. Bacteria tested included both susceptible and nonsusceptible cells (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium, and B. bacteriovorus strains UKi2 and D). None was attractive to bdellovibrios when present at densities below 10(7) cells per ml. Chemotaxis toward E. coli was studied most extensively; under conditions that minimized effects of osmotic shock to the cells, E. coli and exudates from E. coli at densities as high as 10(8) cells per ml failed to elicit a chemotactic response. Cell-free filtrates from mixed cultures of bdellovibrios and E. coli neither attracted nor repelled bdellovibrios. The data indicate that bdellovibrios do not use chemotaxis to locate prey cells.", "PMID": 410796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5838", "title": "Intracellular, periodic structures in the gliding bacterium Myxococcus xanthus.", "content": "Electron microscopic observations of thin sections of Myxococcus xanthus vegetative cells revealed the presence of cytoplasmic bundles of 4- to 5-nm-diameter filaments running longtitudinally below the cell membrane and terminating in association with the envelope near one pole. Part of each bundle demonstrated a herringbone-like periodicity (approximately 12-nm spacing). This structure was observed in cells from shake cultures and in gliding cells fixed by several methods. It is proposed that the structure may be attached to the envelope near both poles in gliding cells and that the motive force for motility may be provided by its contraction and relaxation. In one of four nongliding mutants examined, the periodicity was indistinct or lacking. In this mutant another structure, comprised of linearly arrayed beads, was observed in association with the filamentous bundle. Another structure, characterized by major, transverse bands (approximately 34 nm apart), occurred in patches that may traverse the diameter of the wild-type cells in which the structure was observed.", "contents": "Intracellular, periodic structures in the gliding bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. Electron microscopic observations of thin sections of Myxococcus xanthus vegetative cells revealed the presence of cytoplasmic bundles of 4- to 5-nm-diameter filaments running longtitudinally below the cell membrane and terminating in association with the envelope near one pole. Part of each bundle demonstrated a herringbone-like periodicity (approximately 12-nm spacing). This structure was observed in cells from shake cultures and in gliding cells fixed by several methods. It is proposed that the structure may be attached to the envelope near both poles in gliding cells and that the motive force for motility may be provided by its contraction and relaxation. In one of four nongliding mutants examined, the periodicity was indistinct or lacking. In this mutant another structure, comprised of linearly arrayed beads, was observed in association with the filamentous bundle. Another structure, characterized by major, transverse bands (approximately 34 nm apart), occurred in patches that may traverse the diameter of the wild-type cells in which the structure was observed.", "PMID": 410797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5839", "title": "Cell wall and morphological changes induced by temperature shift in Bacillus subtilis cell wall mutants.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis RUB1012 and RUB1013 have the following phenotype when grown at 45 degrees C: no growth on tryptose blood agar base, growth as clumps of spheres in broth culture, a slow autolysis rate, and a low proportion of teichoic acid to peptidoglycan. Revertants of strain RUB1012 (RUB2032, RUB2012, and RUB2042) that could grow on tryptose blood agar base were isolated. Each revertant had a different proportion of teichoic acid to peptidoglycan. The nanomoles of phosphorus per milligram of cell wall at the nonpermissive temperature were 141, 160, 236, and 541 for strain RUB1012 and revertants RUB2032, 2012, and 2042, respectively, as compared with 1,100 for the parent strain. With most bacteriophage tested, plating efficiency was related to the amount of glucosylated teichoic acid. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study strain RUB2032 during a shift from growth at 30 degrees C to growth at 45 degrees C. The change from rod to sphere began with the thickening of the cylindrical portion of the cell. Caps of the cells appeared to be immune to the thickening process. During growth, the cells became progressively shorter and thicker, and cell separation was inhibited. When cells of strain RUB2032 were shifted from growth at 45 degrees C to growth at 30 degrees C, accumulation of an amorphous material on the outer surfaces of the cells preceded the change from sphere to rod morphology. Cells remained clumped, with rods appearing at the periphery of the clumps. Analysis by DNA-mediated transformation and PBS1-mediated transduction indicated that strains RUB1012 and RUB1013 have multiple mutations mapping in the same region as other cell wall mutations.", "contents": "Cell wall and morphological changes induced by temperature shift in Bacillus subtilis cell wall mutants. Bacillus subtilis RUB1012 and RUB1013 have the following phenotype when grown at 45 degrees C: no growth on tryptose blood agar base, growth as clumps of spheres in broth culture, a slow autolysis rate, and a low proportion of teichoic acid to peptidoglycan. Revertants of strain RUB1012 (RUB2032, RUB2012, and RUB2042) that could grow on tryptose blood agar base were isolated. Each revertant had a different proportion of teichoic acid to peptidoglycan. The nanomoles of phosphorus per milligram of cell wall at the nonpermissive temperature were 141, 160, 236, and 541 for strain RUB1012 and revertants RUB2032, 2012, and 2042, respectively, as compared with 1,100 for the parent strain. With most bacteriophage tested, plating efficiency was related to the amount of glucosylated teichoic acid. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study strain RUB2032 during a shift from growth at 30 degrees C to growth at 45 degrees C. The change from rod to sphere began with the thickening of the cylindrical portion of the cell. Caps of the cells appeared to be immune to the thickening process. During growth, the cells became progressively shorter and thicker, and cell separation was inhibited. When cells of strain RUB2032 were shifted from growth at 45 degrees C to growth at 30 degrees C, accumulation of an amorphous material on the outer surfaces of the cells preceded the change from sphere to rod morphology. Cells remained clumped, with rods appearing at the periphery of the clumps. Analysis by DNA-mediated transformation and PBS1-mediated transduction indicated that strains RUB1012 and RUB1013 have multiple mutations mapping in the same region as other cell wall mutations.", "PMID": 410798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5840", "title": "High performance liquid chromatography of the hydroperoxides produced by lipoxygenases.", "content": "Separation of 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid or 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid from linoleic acid or linolenic acid, respectively, was carried out easily and quickly by high performance liquid chromatography on porous polymer gel (TSK-Gel LS-140) using n-hexane/ethanol as an eluent. An eluent containing a large amount of n-hexane (96%) made possible the separation of 9- and 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acids. These methods were applicable for analyses of the products obtained by the incubation of soybean lipoxygenase-1 [linoleate: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.13.11.12] with linoleic acid or 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatography of the hydroperoxides produced by lipoxygenases. Separation of 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid or 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid from linoleic acid or linolenic acid, respectively, was carried out easily and quickly by high performance liquid chromatography on porous polymer gel (TSK-Gel LS-140) using n-hexane/ethanol as an eluent. An eluent containing a large amount of n-hexane (96%) made possible the separation of 9- and 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acids. These methods were applicable for analyses of the products obtained by the incubation of soybean lipoxygenase-1 [linoleate: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.13.11.12] with linoleic acid or 13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid.", "PMID": 410800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5841", "title": "Amino acid sequences of the aplpha and beta chains of adult hemoglobin of the tupai, Tupaia glis.", "content": "Globin prepared from hemoglobin of adult tupai (Tupaia glis) was separated into alpha and beta polypeptide chains by CM-cellulose column chromatography. The S-aminoethylated alpha polypeptide chain and S-carboxymethylated beta polypeptide chain were each digested with trypsin, and the sequences of all the peptides thus obtained were established. The ordering of these tryptic peptides in the alpha and beta polypeptide chains was deduced from the homology of their primary structures with that of human adult hemoglobin. In this way the primary structures of the alpha and beta polypeptide chains of tupai hemoglobin were established; 27 amino acids in the alpha polypeptide chain and 26  in the beta chain differ from those in human adult hemoglobin.", "contents": "Amino acid sequences of the aplpha and beta chains of adult hemoglobin of the tupai, Tupaia glis. Globin prepared from hemoglobin of adult tupai (Tupaia glis) was separated into alpha and beta polypeptide chains by CM-cellulose column chromatography. The S-aminoethylated alpha polypeptide chain and S-carboxymethylated beta polypeptide chain were each digested with trypsin, and the sequences of all the peptides thus obtained were established. The ordering of these tryptic peptides in the alpha and beta polypeptide chains was deduced from the homology of their primary structures with that of human adult hemoglobin. In this way the primary structures of the alpha and beta polypeptide chains of tupai hemoglobin were established; 27 amino acids in the alpha polypeptide chain and 26  in the beta chain differ from those in human adult hemoglobin.", "PMID": 410801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5842", "title": "Purification and specificity of carboxypeptidase from Streptomyces griseus K-1.", "content": "A carboxypeptidase of St. griseus K-1 (CPase S) was found to possess the specificities of both mammalian pancreatic CPase A and B. Three adsorbents for affinity chromatography were prepared by coupling l-Leu, d-Leu, and d-Arg with CH-Sepharose 4B. d-Arg-CH-Sepharose and l-Leu-CH-Sepharose retained the purified CPase S but d-Leu-CH-Sepharose did not. The activities of CPase S toward CGL and BGA were eluted in the same position. CPase S migrated as a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the two activities were both extracted from this band on the gel.", "contents": "Purification and specificity of carboxypeptidase from Streptomyces griseus K-1. A carboxypeptidase of St. griseus K-1 (CPase S) was found to possess the specificities of both mammalian pancreatic CPase A and B. Three adsorbents for affinity chromatography were prepared by coupling l-Leu, d-Leu, and d-Arg with CH-Sepharose 4B. d-Arg-CH-Sepharose and l-Leu-CH-Sepharose retained the purified CPase S but d-Leu-CH-Sepharose did not. The activities of CPase S toward CGL and BGA were eluted in the same position. CPase S migrated as a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the two activities were both extracted from this band on the gel.", "PMID": 410802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5843", "title": "Thioltrypsin. Chemical transformation of the active-site serine residue of Streptomyces griseus trypsin to a cysteine residue.", "content": "The active-site serine residue of Streptomyces griseus trypsin was converted to a cysteine residue, and the product, thioltrypsin, was purified through two chromatographic steps with organomercurial-Sepharose and soybean trypsin inhibitor-Sepharose as specific adsorbents. The purified preparation of thioltrypsin was found to contain a single residue of cysteine and to react with almost equimolar amounts of normality titrants. It exhibited only traces of catalytic activity toward typical trypsin substrates such as Nalpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester, whereas it retained some activity toward \"active ester\" substrates such as Nalpha-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine p-nitrophenyl ester. The activity was inhibited by sulfhydryl-blocking reagents, but no inhibition was observed by reagents reactive with the active hydroxyl group of serine proteases. Leupeptin, a natural trypsin inhibitor of peptidyl nature, also inhibited thioltrypsin. Some difference in the mode of leupeptin inhibition, however,  was detected between trypsin and thioltrypsin. The bindings of small synthetic ligands and soybean trypsin inhibitor to thioltrypsin were compared with those to trypsin.", "contents": "Thioltrypsin. Chemical transformation of the active-site serine residue of Streptomyces griseus trypsin to a cysteine residue. The active-site serine residue of Streptomyces griseus trypsin was converted to a cysteine residue, and the product, thioltrypsin, was purified through two chromatographic steps with organomercurial-Sepharose and soybean trypsin inhibitor-Sepharose as specific adsorbents. The purified preparation of thioltrypsin was found to contain a single residue of cysteine and to react with almost equimolar amounts of normality titrants. It exhibited only traces of catalytic activity toward typical trypsin substrates such as Nalpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester, whereas it retained some activity toward \"active ester\" substrates such as Nalpha-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine p-nitrophenyl ester. The activity was inhibited by sulfhydryl-blocking reagents, but no inhibition was observed by reagents reactive with the active hydroxyl group of serine proteases. Leupeptin, a natural trypsin inhibitor of peptidyl nature, also inhibited thioltrypsin. Some difference in the mode of leupeptin inhibition, however,  was detected between trypsin and thioltrypsin. The bindings of small synthetic ligands and soybean trypsin inhibitor to thioltrypsin were compared with those to trypsin.", "PMID": 410803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5844", "title": "Glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase from Bacillus subtilis. A novel iron-sulfur protein.", "content": "Glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase, purifed to better than 98% purity from derepressed Bacillus subtilis, exists as a tetramer and as a dimer of apparently identical subunits with a molecular weight of 50,000 each. The enzyme contains 3 atoms of iron and 2 atoms of inorganic sulfide per subunit and has a yellow-brown color. The absorption spectrum is not altered by dithionite, but exposure to oxygen causes inactivation and partial bleaching of the visible spectrum. Thus, the Bacillus amidotransferase exhibits novel structural features and a new reaction type of proteins of the iron-sulfur group.", "contents": "Glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase from Bacillus subtilis. A novel iron-sulfur protein. Glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase, purifed to better than 98% purity from derepressed Bacillus subtilis, exists as a tetramer and as a dimer of apparently identical subunits with a molecular weight of 50,000 each. The enzyme contains 3 atoms of iron and 2 atoms of inorganic sulfide per subunit and has a yellow-brown color. The absorption spectrum is not altered by dithionite, but exposure to oxygen causes inactivation and partial bleaching of the visible spectrum. Thus, the Bacillus amidotransferase exhibits novel structural features and a new reaction type of proteins of the iron-sulfur group.", "PMID": 410804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5845", "title": "Hydroxylaminolysis of penicillin binding componenets is enzymatically catalyzed.", "content": "The hydroxylaminolysis of the penicilloyl moiety from [14C]penicillin G binding component (PBC) complexes of the Bacillus subtilis D-alanine carboxypeptidase and of the mixture of PBC's of Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by denaturation of the complexes by heat (55 degrees), detergent (1% sodium dodecyl sulfate), or trichloroacetic acid. The kinetics of inhibition by denaturation were comparable to those of the inhibition of [14C]penicillin G binding to the PBC's and of carboxypeptidase activity of the B. subtilis enzyme under identical denaturing conditions. These data establish that the hydroxylaminolysis is an enzymatically catalyzed process suggesting that penicillin G is bound to an enzymatically active site. Treatment of the denatured [14C]penicillin G-carboxypeptidase complex with sodium borohydride or at pH 12 resulted in the release of the penicilloyl moiety. These results are consistent with a carboxylic ester bond for the penicilloyl-PBC instead of a thiolester linkage as was initially presumed.", "contents": "Hydroxylaminolysis of penicillin binding componenets is enzymatically catalyzed. The hydroxylaminolysis of the penicilloyl moiety from [14C]penicillin G binding component (PBC) complexes of the Bacillus subtilis D-alanine carboxypeptidase and of the mixture of PBC's of Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by denaturation of the complexes by heat (55 degrees), detergent (1% sodium dodecyl sulfate), or trichloroacetic acid. The kinetics of inhibition by denaturation were comparable to those of the inhibition of [14C]penicillin G binding to the PBC's and of carboxypeptidase activity of the B. subtilis enzyme under identical denaturing conditions. These data establish that the hydroxylaminolysis is an enzymatically catalyzed process suggesting that penicillin G is bound to an enzymatically active site. Treatment of the denatured [14C]penicillin G-carboxypeptidase complex with sodium borohydride or at pH 12 resulted in the release of the penicilloyl moiety. These results are consistent with a carboxylic ester bond for the penicilloyl-PBC instead of a thiolester linkage as was initially presumed.", "PMID": 410805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5846", "title": "Membrane-bound estrone as substrate for microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase.", "content": "Nonpolar substrates of microsomal UDP-glucuronyl-transferase partition between the hydrophobic phase of the microsomal membrane and the bulk aqueous phase in a suspension of microsomes in water. Partitioning of estrone into the membranes was measured in the studies presented and was extensive. Comparison of the rate of conjugation of estrone and the rate of its release from microsomes into the bulk aqueous phase showed that the pool of estrone within the membrane is the substate for UDP-glucuronyl-transferase. The rate of conjugation of estrone was 6-fold greater than the rate of release of estrone from the membrane into the aqueous phase. Several additional experiments showed that the rate of glucuronidation of estrone did not depend on the amount of estrone in the bulk aqueous phase. It is concluded that the microsomal membrane serves to concentrate nonpolar substrates of UDP-glucuronly-transferase. The phospholipid region of the microsomal membrane also may be a co-factor of UDP-glucuronyltransferase in the sense that binding of estrone to the membrane restricts its orientation in a manner that facilitates catalysis.", "contents": "Membrane-bound estrone as substrate for microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Nonpolar substrates of microsomal UDP-glucuronyl-transferase partition between the hydrophobic phase of the microsomal membrane and the bulk aqueous phase in a suspension of microsomes in water. Partitioning of estrone into the membranes was measured in the studies presented and was extensive. Comparison of the rate of conjugation of estrone and the rate of its release from microsomes into the bulk aqueous phase showed that the pool of estrone within the membrane is the substate for UDP-glucuronyl-transferase. The rate of conjugation of estrone was 6-fold greater than the rate of release of estrone from the membrane into the aqueous phase. Several additional experiments showed that the rate of glucuronidation of estrone did not depend on the amount of estrone in the bulk aqueous phase. It is concluded that the microsomal membrane serves to concentrate nonpolar substrates of UDP-glucuronly-transferase. The phospholipid region of the microsomal membrane also may be a co-factor of UDP-glucuronyltransferase in the sense that binding of estrone to the membrane restricts its orientation in a manner that facilitates catalysis.", "PMID": 410806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5847", "title": "Mechanism of palmityl coenzyme A inhibition of liver glycogen synthase.", "content": "Palmityl-CoA inhibits free liver glycogen synthase; the concentration required for half-maximum inhibition is 3 to 4 micrometer. Almost complete inhibition was observed at 50 micrometer. Palmityl-CoA inhibition is associated with dissociation of the tetrameric enzyme into monomers, and binding of palmityl-CoA to the monomers. Glycogen-bound enzyme is also inhibited by palmityl-CoA, resulting in dissociation of the enzyme into monomers and concomitant release of the enzyme from the primer glycogen. Palmityl-CoA inhibition of the enzyme is partially reversed by the glycogen synthase activator, glucose-6-P, whereas sodium lauryl sulfate-inhibited enzyme is not reactivated by glucose-6-P. Sodium lauryl sulfate inhibition results in the dissociation of the tetramer into the monomers. Bovine serum albumin and cyclodextrin can prevent palmityl-CoA inhibition only when they are added prior to palmityl-CoA addition. The possible physiological role of palmityl-CoA in glucose homeostasis is discussed.", "contents": "Mechanism of palmityl coenzyme A inhibition of liver glycogen synthase. Palmityl-CoA inhibits free liver glycogen synthase; the concentration required for half-maximum inhibition is 3 to 4 micrometer. Almost complete inhibition was observed at 50 micrometer. Palmityl-CoA inhibition is associated with dissociation of the tetrameric enzyme into monomers, and binding of palmityl-CoA to the monomers. Glycogen-bound enzyme is also inhibited by palmityl-CoA, resulting in dissociation of the enzyme into monomers and concomitant release of the enzyme from the primer glycogen. Palmityl-CoA inhibition of the enzyme is partially reversed by the glycogen synthase activator, glucose-6-P, whereas sodium lauryl sulfate-inhibited enzyme is not reactivated by glucose-6-P. Sodium lauryl sulfate inhibition results in the dissociation of the tetramer into the monomers. Bovine serum albumin and cyclodextrin can prevent palmityl-CoA inhibition only when they are added prior to palmityl-CoA addition. The possible physiological role of palmityl-CoA in glucose homeostasis is discussed.", "PMID": 410808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5848", "title": "The pathways of assimilation of 13NH4+ by the cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica.", "content": "The principal initial product of metabolism of 13N-labeled ammonium by Anabaena cylindrica grown with either NH4+ or N2 as nitrogen source is amide-labeled glutamine. The specific activity of glutamine synthetase is approximately half as great in NH4+-grown as in N2-grown filaments. After 1.5 min of exposure to 13NH4+, the ratio of 13N in glutamate to 13N in glutamine reaches a value of approximately 0.1 for N2- and 0.15 for NH4+-grown filaments, whereas after the same period of exposure to [13N]N2, that ratio has reached a value close to unity and is rising rapidly. During pulse-chase experiments, 13N is transferred from the amide group to glutamine into glutamate, and then apparently into the alpha-amino group of glutamine. Methionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, inhibits the formation of glutamine. In the presence of the inhibitor, direct formation of glutamate takes place, but accounts for only a few per cent of the normal rate of formation of that amino acid; and alanine is formed about as rapidly as glutamate. Azaserine reduces formation of [13N]glutamate approximately 100-fold, with relatively little effect on the formation of [13N]glutamine. Aminooxyacetate, an inhibitor of transaminase reactions blocks transfer of 13N to aspartate, citrulline, and arginine. We conclude, on the basis of these results and others in the literature, that the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway mediates most of the initial metabolism of ammonium in A. cylindrica, and that glutamic acid dehydrogenase and alanine dehydrogenase have only a very minor role.", "contents": "The pathways of assimilation of 13NH4+ by the cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica. The principal initial product of metabolism of 13N-labeled ammonium by Anabaena cylindrica grown with either NH4+ or N2 as nitrogen source is amide-labeled glutamine. The specific activity of glutamine synthetase is approximately half as great in NH4+-grown as in N2-grown filaments. After 1.5 min of exposure to 13NH4+, the ratio of 13N in glutamate to 13N in glutamine reaches a value of approximately 0.1 for N2- and 0.15 for NH4+-grown filaments, whereas after the same period of exposure to [13N]N2, that ratio has reached a value close to unity and is rising rapidly. During pulse-chase experiments, 13N is transferred from the amide group to glutamine into glutamate, and then apparently into the alpha-amino group of glutamine. Methionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, inhibits the formation of glutamine. In the presence of the inhibitor, direct formation of glutamate takes place, but accounts for only a few per cent of the normal rate of formation of that amino acid; and alanine is formed about as rapidly as glutamate. Azaserine reduces formation of [13N]glutamate approximately 100-fold, with relatively little effect on the formation of [13N]glutamine. Aminooxyacetate, an inhibitor of transaminase reactions blocks transfer of 13N to aspartate, citrulline, and arginine. We conclude, on the basis of these results and others in the literature, that the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway mediates most of the initial metabolism of ammonium in A. cylindrica, and that glutamic acid dehydrogenase and alanine dehydrogenase have only a very minor role.", "PMID": 410809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5849", "title": "GTP stimulates and inhibits adenylate cyclase in fat cell membranes through distinct regulatory processes.", "content": "GTP and hormones activate, synergistically, adenylate cyclase in purified plasma membranes from rat adipocytes. Addition of chelating reagents (EDTA or ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) or thiol-reducing reagents (dithiothreitol or 2-mercaptoethanol) results in marked inhibition of enzyme activity without altering the synergistic stimulatory effects of GTP and hormones. The inhibitory effects of the reagents required the presence of GTP, indicating that inhibition involves a GTP-dependent process. This process is separate from the GTP-dependent process responsible for activation of the enzyme since it is selectively abolished by pretreatment of fat cell membranes with trypsin. It is suggested that inhibition and activation of fat cell adenylate cyclase by GTP occur through distinct regulatory processes.", "contents": "GTP stimulates and inhibits adenylate cyclase in fat cell membranes through distinct regulatory processes. GTP and hormones activate, synergistically, adenylate cyclase in purified plasma membranes from rat adipocytes. Addition of chelating reagents (EDTA or ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) or thiol-reducing reagents (dithiothreitol or 2-mercaptoethanol) results in marked inhibition of enzyme activity without altering the synergistic stimulatory effects of GTP and hormones. The inhibitory effects of the reagents required the presence of GTP, indicating that inhibition involves a GTP-dependent process. This process is separate from the GTP-dependent process responsible for activation of the enzyme since it is selectively abolished by pretreatment of fat cell membranes with trypsin. It is suggested that inhibition and activation of fat cell adenylate cyclase by GTP occur through distinct regulatory processes.", "PMID": 410810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5850", "title": "Interaction of anions with iron-transferrin-chelate complexes.", "content": "Preliminary evidence suggested that phosphate or borote destabilize iron-ovotransferrin-nitrilotriacetate complexes in the absence of added bicarbonate. The iron-ovotransferrin-EDTA complex was prepared in the absence of bicarbonate, and a number of anions, including phosphate, sulfate, and citrate, were found to perturb the visible absorbance (lambdamax = 490 nm) of this complex. Other anions, such as chloride, nitrate, and perchlorate, had little or no effect on the spectrum. Also, when bicarbonate was added to a solution of the iron-transferrin-EDTA complex (A515 = 0.45), within 2 min, the visible absorbance had decreased to A515 = 0.13. Slowly a new peak appeared (lambdamax = 470 nm), evidently the iron-transferrin-CO3 complex. When these spectral changes were monitored in detail, the lack of an isosbestic point indicated the existence of one or more intermediates in the conversion of iron-transferrin-EDTA complex to the iron-transferrin-CO3 complex. Experiments using ternary complexes containing either 59Fe or [14C]EDTA show that both iron and EDTA nearly completely dissociate from the protein (most likely concomitantly within 2 min after bicarbonate is added. These observations are best explained by a paradigm which includes anion binding to the apoprotein. It is clear that there is an intimate relationship between anions and the binding of iron chelates by transferrin.", "contents": "Interaction of anions with iron-transferrin-chelate complexes. Preliminary evidence suggested that phosphate or borote destabilize iron-ovotransferrin-nitrilotriacetate complexes in the absence of added bicarbonate. The iron-ovotransferrin-EDTA complex was prepared in the absence of bicarbonate, and a number of anions, including phosphate, sulfate, and citrate, were found to perturb the visible absorbance (lambdamax = 490 nm) of this complex. Other anions, such as chloride, nitrate, and perchlorate, had little or no effect on the spectrum. Also, when bicarbonate was added to a solution of the iron-transferrin-EDTA complex (A515 = 0.45), within 2 min, the visible absorbance had decreased to A515 = 0.13. Slowly a new peak appeared (lambdamax = 470 nm), evidently the iron-transferrin-CO3 complex. When these spectral changes were monitored in detail, the lack of an isosbestic point indicated the existence of one or more intermediates in the conversion of iron-transferrin-EDTA complex to the iron-transferrin-CO3 complex. Experiments using ternary complexes containing either 59Fe or [14C]EDTA show that both iron and EDTA nearly completely dissociate from the protein (most likely concomitantly within 2 min after bicarbonate is added. These observations are best explained by a paradigm which includes anion binding to the apoprotein. It is clear that there is an intimate relationship between anions and the binding of iron chelates by transferrin.", "PMID": 410811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5851", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of an arginine transfer ribonucleic acid from bacteriophage T4.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of a phage T4-coded low molecular weight RNA, previously designated polyacrylamide gel band epsilon, has been determined. This RNA can be arranged in the cloverleaf configuration common to tRNAs, with an anticodon sequence, U-C-U, which corresponds to the arginine-specific codons A-G-A and A-G-G; it is therefore assumed to be an arginine tRNA. The complete nucleotide sequence of this RNA species is: pG-U-C-C-C-G-C-U-G-G-U-G-U-A-A-U-Gm2'-G-A-D-A-G-C-A-U-A-C-G-A-U-C-C-U-U-C-U-A-A-G-psi-U-U-G-C-G-G-U-C-C-U-G-G-T-psi-C-G-A-U-C-C-C-A-G-G-G-C-G-G-G-A-U-A-C-C-AOH. The nucleotide sequence was determined by analysis of RNA, uniformly labeled in vivo, according to the conventional techniques. In addition, RNA synthesized in vitro in the presence of alpha-32P-labeled nucleoside triphosphates was analyzed through the use of nearest neighbor sequencing techniques. Although a unique sequence could not be determined by this latter analysis, restrictions on the sequence imposed by nearest neighbor data and secondary structure common to tRNA molecules allowed prediction of the correct nucleotide sequence.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of an arginine transfer ribonucleic acid from bacteriophage T4. The nucleotide sequence of a phage T4-coded low molecular weight RNA, previously designated polyacrylamide gel band epsilon, has been determined. This RNA can be arranged in the cloverleaf configuration common to tRNAs, with an anticodon sequence, U-C-U, which corresponds to the arginine-specific codons A-G-A and A-G-G; it is therefore assumed to be an arginine tRNA. The complete nucleotide sequence of this RNA species is: pG-U-C-C-C-G-C-U-G-G-U-G-U-A-A-U-Gm2'-G-A-D-A-G-C-A-U-A-C-G-A-U-C-C-U-U-C-U-A-A-G-psi-U-U-G-C-G-G-U-C-C-U-G-G-T-psi-C-G-A-U-C-C-C-A-G-G-G-C-G-G-G-A-U-A-C-C-AOH. The nucleotide sequence was determined by analysis of RNA, uniformly labeled in vivo, according to the conventional techniques. In addition, RNA synthesized in vitro in the presence of alpha-32P-labeled nucleoside triphosphates was analyzed through the use of nearest neighbor sequencing techniques. Although a unique sequence could not be determined by this latter analysis, restrictions on the sequence imposed by nearest neighbor data and secondary structure common to tRNA molecules allowed prediction of the correct nucleotide sequence.", "PMID": 410812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5852", "title": "Preliminary crystallographic investigations of two phycobiliproteins.", "content": "Single crystal x-ray diffraction investigations are in progress on two phycobiliproteins. C-phycocyanin from Anabaena variabilis crystallizes in space group P63 with a = b = 154 A and c = 40 A. The crystallographic asymmetric unit is (alphabeta)2 with a total molecular mass of 7.0-10(4) daltons. B-phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum crystallizes in space group R3 with a = b = 189 A and c = 60 A. This molecule has the unusual molecular stoichiometry (alphabeta)6gamma and the crystallographic asymmetric unit is (alphabeta)2gamma1/3. This requires that the gamma chain undergo a perfect 3-fold disordering about the crystallographic 3 axis, i.e. the gamma chain must occupy three symmetry-equivalent positions, each with an occupancy of one-third.", "contents": "Preliminary crystallographic investigations of two phycobiliproteins. Single crystal x-ray diffraction investigations are in progress on two phycobiliproteins. C-phycocyanin from Anabaena variabilis crystallizes in space group P63 with a = b = 154 A and c = 40 A. The crystallographic asymmetric unit is (alphabeta)2 with a total molecular mass of 7.0-10(4) daltons. B-phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum crystallizes in space group R3 with a = b = 189 A and c = 60 A. This molecule has the unusual molecular stoichiometry (alphabeta)6gamma and the crystallographic asymmetric unit is (alphabeta)2gamma1/3. This requires that the gamma chain undergo a perfect 3-fold disordering about the crystallographic 3 axis, i.e. the gamma chain must occupy three symmetry-equivalent positions, each with an occupancy of one-third.", "PMID": 410813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5853", "title": "Calcium content and distribution as a function of growth and transformation in the mouse 3T3 cell.", "content": "Total Ca content and that fraction of Ca sensitive to removal by the chelator ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (EGTA) have been investigated in the mouse 3T3 cell as a function of growth stage, transformation with SV40 virus, and serum levels of the media. Cells were allowed to grow through several doublings in media containing (45)Ca. The cellular content of (45)Ca was used to access total cell Ca. That fraction of (45)Ca removed by EGTA was presumed to represent primarily surface-localized Ca. The data are expressed on a per cell volume basis to compensate for size differences as a function of growth stage and transformation. During exponential growth phase, the 3T3 cell contains 525pmol Ca/mul cell volume. Of this, approx. 457 pmol/mul is not removable by EGTA and, presumably, is cytoplasmically located. This value is in close agreement with previous studies on the HeLa cell (470 pmol Ca/mul cell water after the removal of the surface Ca). The low level of EGTA- removable Ca present in the 3T3 cell during early exponential growth (68 pmol Ca/mul cell volume) increases progressively with increasing cell density, and upon quiescence it is sevenfold greater. In contrast, SV40- transformed 3T3 cells growing exponentially possess total levels of Ca which are approximately two-thirds the levels of the normal 3T3 cell. However, their EGTA-sensitive Ca is not significantly different from that of exponentially growing, normal 3T3 cells. As the transformed cells continue to grow at high density, their total ca and their sensitivity to EGTA do not change, in contrast to the normal 3T3 cell. Thus, an increase in Ca associated with the cell surface appears to be correlated with growth inhibition. This has been investigated further by regulating growth of the normal and transformed cell with alterations in the serum level of the media. In 4 percent calf serum the normal cell is stopped from continued proliferation. Growth stoppage under these conditions is characterized by a nearly fourfold increase in EGTA-removable Ca, similar to the increase observed upon quiescence in depleted 10 percent serum. Similar treatment of the transformed cell does not reduce its growth rate, nor does it significantly alter Ca distribution. However, at 0.5 percent medium serum levels, the SV40 3T3 growth rate is substantially reduced and, under these conditions, EGTA-removable Ca increases twofold.", "contents": "Calcium content and distribution as a function of growth and transformation in the mouse 3T3 cell. Total Ca content and that fraction of Ca sensitive to removal by the chelator ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (EGTA) have been investigated in the mouse 3T3 cell as a function of growth stage, transformation with SV40 virus, and serum levels of the media. Cells were allowed to grow through several doublings in media containing (45)Ca. The cellular content of (45)Ca was used to access total cell Ca. That fraction of (45)Ca removed by EGTA was presumed to represent primarily surface-localized Ca. The data are expressed on a per cell volume basis to compensate for size differences as a function of growth stage and transformation. During exponential growth phase, the 3T3 cell contains 525pmol Ca/mul cell volume. Of this, approx. 457 pmol/mul is not removable by EGTA and, presumably, is cytoplasmically located. This value is in close agreement with previous studies on the HeLa cell (470 pmol Ca/mul cell water after the removal of the surface Ca). The low level of EGTA- removable Ca present in the 3T3 cell during early exponential growth (68 pmol Ca/mul cell volume) increases progressively with increasing cell density, and upon quiescence it is sevenfold greater. In contrast, SV40- transformed 3T3 cells growing exponentially possess total levels of Ca which are approximately two-thirds the levels of the normal 3T3 cell. However, their EGTA-sensitive Ca is not significantly different from that of exponentially growing, normal 3T3 cells. As the transformed cells continue to grow at high density, their total ca and their sensitivity to EGTA do not change, in contrast to the normal 3T3 cell. Thus, an increase in Ca associated with the cell surface appears to be correlated with growth inhibition. This has been investigated further by regulating growth of the normal and transformed cell with alterations in the serum level of the media. In 4 percent calf serum the normal cell is stopped from continued proliferation. Growth stoppage under these conditions is characterized by a nearly fourfold increase in EGTA-removable Ca, similar to the increase observed upon quiescence in depleted 10 percent serum. Similar treatment of the transformed cell does not reduce its growth rate, nor does it significantly alter Ca distribution. However, at 0.5 percent medium serum levels, the SV40 3T3 growth rate is substantially reduced and, under these conditions, EGTA-removable Ca increases twofold.", "PMID": 410814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5854", "title": "Nonidentity of ribosomal structural proteins in growing and starved Tetrahymena.", "content": "We have examined the ribosomal structural proteins isolated from vegetatively growing Tetrahymena pyriformis and from cells that had been starved of all nutrients for 24 h. Reproducible, nonartifactual differences in protein complement, primarily associated with the large ribosomal subunit, were found. The kinetics of change in ribosomal protein complement were followed both in refed and in newly starved cells. Furthermore, attempts at correlating a certain protein \"phenotype\" with a particular functional state of the ribosome were made. It was concluded that the alterations seen could not be correlated with a specific stage in the normal ribosome cycle. We did show, however, that the change in protein complement could occur as a result of altering preexisting ribosomes. In addition, we showed that the change correlates with a decrease in growth rate rather than being caused by the starvation conditions themselves. Speculations as to the functional significance of the protein changes are presented.", "contents": "Nonidentity of ribosomal structural proteins in growing and starved Tetrahymena. We have examined the ribosomal structural proteins isolated from vegetatively growing Tetrahymena pyriformis and from cells that had been starved of all nutrients for 24 h. Reproducible, nonartifactual differences in protein complement, primarily associated with the large ribosomal subunit, were found. The kinetics of change in ribosomal protein complement were followed both in refed and in newly starved cells. Furthermore, attempts at correlating a certain protein \"phenotype\" with a particular functional state of the ribosome were made. It was concluded that the alterations seen could not be correlated with a specific stage in the normal ribosome cycle. We did show, however, that the change in protein complement could occur as a result of altering preexisting ribosomes. In addition, we showed that the change correlates with a decrease in growth rate rather than being caused by the starvation conditions themselves. Speculations as to the functional significance of the protein changes are presented.", "PMID": 410815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5855", "title": "Interaction of chemotactic factors with human macrophages. Induction of transmembrane potential changes.", "content": "The electrophysiology of chemotactic factor interaction with cultured human macrophages was investigated with standard intracellular recording techniques. In initial studies, E. coli endotoxin-activated serum, added to cell cultures during intracellular recordings, caused membrane hyperpolarizations which were greater than 30 s in duration, 10-50 mV in amplitude, and associated with decreased membrane resistance. Control serum produced smaller hyperpolarizations lasting 10-20 s and 5-30 m V in amplitude. Endotoxin-activated human serum deficient in the third complement component (C3) did not produce hyperpolarizations unless the serum was reconstituted with C3 before activation. Fractionation of normal activated serum by molecular seive chromatography (G-75 Sephadex) indicated that only fractions that eluted with an estimated molecular weight of 12,500 produced membrane potential changes. The active material that was chemotactic for the macrophages was identified as the small molecular weight cleavage product of C5, C5a, by heat stability (30 min at 56 degrees C) and inactivation by goat antisera to human C5 but not C3. 17 percent of macrophages stimulated with C5a exhibited a biphasic response characterized by a small (2-6 mV), brief (1-10 s) depolarization associated with a decreased membrane resistance preceding the larger and prolonged hyperpolarizations. Magnesium-ethylene glycol bis[beta-aminoethyl ether]N,N'-tetraacetic acid (Mg [2.5 mM]-EGTA [5.0 mM]) blocked the C5a-evoked potential changes, whereas colchine (10(- 6)M) and cytochalasin B (3.0 mug/ml did not. Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (0.5 mg/ml) decreased the percentage of cells responding to C5a. In related studies, synthetic N-formyl methionyl peptide (f-met-leu-phe), which had chemotactic activity for cultured macrophages, produced similar membrane potential changes. Repeated exposure of macrophages to C5a or f- met-leu-phe resulted in desensitization to the same stimulus. Simultaneous photomicroscope and intracellular recording studies during macrophage stimulation with chemotactic factor demonstrated that the membrane potential changes preceded membrane spreading, ruffling, and pseudopod formation. These observations demonstrate that ion fluxes associated with membrane potential changes are early events in macrophage activation by chemotactic factors", "contents": "Interaction of chemotactic factors with human macrophages. Induction of transmembrane potential changes. The electrophysiology of chemotactic factor interaction with cultured human macrophages was investigated with standard intracellular recording techniques. In initial studies, E. coli endotoxin-activated serum, added to cell cultures during intracellular recordings, caused membrane hyperpolarizations which were greater than 30 s in duration, 10-50 mV in amplitude, and associated with decreased membrane resistance. Control serum produced smaller hyperpolarizations lasting 10-20 s and 5-30 m V in amplitude. Endotoxin-activated human serum deficient in the third complement component (C3) did not produce hyperpolarizations unless the serum was reconstituted with C3 before activation. Fractionation of normal activated serum by molecular seive chromatography (G-75 Sephadex) indicated that only fractions that eluted with an estimated molecular weight of 12,500 produced membrane potential changes. The active material that was chemotactic for the macrophages was identified as the small molecular weight cleavage product of C5, C5a, by heat stability (30 min at 56 degrees C) and inactivation by goat antisera to human C5 but not C3. 17 percent of macrophages stimulated with C5a exhibited a biphasic response characterized by a small (2-6 mV), brief (1-10 s) depolarization associated with a decreased membrane resistance preceding the larger and prolonged hyperpolarizations. Magnesium-ethylene glycol bis[beta-aminoethyl ether]N,N'-tetraacetic acid (Mg [2.5 mM]-EGTA [5.0 mM]) blocked the C5a-evoked potential changes, whereas colchine (10(- 6)M) and cytochalasin B (3.0 mug/ml did not. Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (0.5 mg/ml) decreased the percentage of cells responding to C5a. In related studies, synthetic N-formyl methionyl peptide (f-met-leu-phe), which had chemotactic activity for cultured macrophages, produced similar membrane potential changes. Repeated exposure of macrophages to C5a or f- met-leu-phe resulted in desensitization to the same stimulus. Simultaneous photomicroscope and intracellular recording studies during macrophage stimulation with chemotactic factor demonstrated that the membrane potential changes preceded membrane spreading, ruffling, and pseudopod formation. These observations demonstrate that ion fluxes associated with membrane potential changes are early events in macrophage activation by chemotactic factors", "PMID": 410816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5856", "title": "Determination of oxyphenonium bromide in plasma and urine by means of ion-pair extraction, derivatization and gas chromatography-electron-capture detection.", "content": "A sensitive and selective method for the determination of the quaternary ammonium compound oxyphenonium bromide (Antrenyl), a drug with strong anticholinergic properties, in human plasma and urine is described. The method is based on ion-pair extraction of the cation with perchlorate, a re-extraction according to ion-pair principles with tetrapentylammonium as the counter ion, hydrolysis to cyclohexylphenylglycolic acid, derivatization of this acid to its pentafluorobenzyl ester and determination of the ester by gas chromatography and electron-capture detection. Quantitation is possible down to 2 ng/ml of oxyphenonium bromide using 1 ml of plasma and down to 200 ng/ml using 0.1 ml of urine. The method described can also be applied to other anticholinergic drugs with an ester function.", "contents": "Determination of oxyphenonium bromide in plasma and urine by means of ion-pair extraction, derivatization and gas chromatography-electron-capture detection. A sensitive and selective method for the determination of the quaternary ammonium compound oxyphenonium bromide (Antrenyl), a drug with strong anticholinergic properties, in human plasma and urine is described. The method is based on ion-pair extraction of the cation with perchlorate, a re-extraction according to ion-pair principles with tetrapentylammonium as the counter ion, hydrolysis to cyclohexylphenylglycolic acid, derivatization of this acid to its pentafluorobenzyl ester and determination of the ester by gas chromatography and electron-capture detection. Quantitation is possible down to 2 ng/ml of oxyphenonium bromide using 1 ml of plasma and down to 200 ng/ml using 0.1 ml of urine. The method described can also be applied to other anticholinergic drugs with an ester function.", "PMID": 410817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5857", "title": "Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls by high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Seventy fractions were obtained by vacuum distillation of a PCB mixture containing 42% of chlorine. Four of these fractions were chosen, the composition of which covered the whole of the observed region, and analysed by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on silica gel using n-pentane as the mobile phase and capillary gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) using OV-101 and Carbowax 20M as stationary phases at 200 degrees C. The chosen distillation fractions were further prepared by HPLC, each yielding 10-14 samples. Individual PCB standards and all samples were analysed by HPLC and capillary GLC. These procedures permitted the identification of those compounds which are eluted simultaneously under the conditions used in either HPLC or capillary GLC alone.", "contents": "Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls by high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Seventy fractions were obtained by vacuum distillation of a PCB mixture containing 42% of chlorine. Four of these fractions were chosen, the composition of which covered the whole of the observed region, and analysed by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on silica gel using n-pentane as the mobile phase and capillary gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) using OV-101 and Carbowax 20M as stationary phases at 200 degrees C. The chosen distillation fractions were further prepared by HPLC, each yielding 10-14 samples. Individual PCB standards and all samples were analysed by HPLC and capillary GLC. These procedures permitted the identification of those compounds which are eluted simultaneously under the conditions used in either HPLC or capillary GLC alone.", "PMID": 410818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5858", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of microamounts of carbaryl and 1-naphthol in natural water as sources of water supplies.", "content": "A method for the clean-up and quantitative determination of Carbaryl and its hydrolysis product, 1-naphthol, in natural waters is described. After extraction of a water sample with methylene chloride, the two compounds were separated from possible organochlorine pollutants such as Endrin, gamma-BHC, p,p'-DDT, pentachlorophenol and polychlorinated biphenyl, and their heptafluorobutyryl derivatives obtained. Determination by electron-capture gas chromatography at the 2.5-10 ppb level, using 11 of water samples, was carried out.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of microamounts of carbaryl and 1-naphthol in natural water as sources of water supplies. A method for the clean-up and quantitative determination of Carbaryl and its hydrolysis product, 1-naphthol, in natural waters is described. After extraction of a water sample with methylene chloride, the two compounds were separated from possible organochlorine pollutants such as Endrin, gamma-BHC, p,p'-DDT, pentachlorophenol and polychlorinated biphenyl, and their heptafluorobutyryl derivatives obtained. Determination by electron-capture gas chromatography at the 2.5-10 ppb level, using 11 of water samples, was carried out.", "PMID": 410819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5859", "title": "Abnormalities in the regulation of prolactin in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "We have investigated the hypothalamic-hypophyseal regulation of prolactin secretion in patients with chronic renal failure treated with chronic hemodialysis. When compared to control subjects, baseline serum prolactin levels were elevated in the renal failure patients (range 11 to 16 mmicrogram/ml for renal failure patients, 6 to 9 mmicrogram/ml for controls, P less than 0.05). In addition, serum prolactin levels in the renal failure patients failed to suppress significantly following the administration of L-dopa, and did not increase in response to chlorpromazine or thyrotropin releasing hormone. These findings suggest an abnormal regulation of prolactin secretion and appear to be another example of the endocrine dysfunction that occurs in uremic subjects.", "contents": "Abnormalities in the regulation of prolactin in patients with chronic renal failure. We have investigated the hypothalamic-hypophyseal regulation of prolactin secretion in patients with chronic renal failure treated with chronic hemodialysis. When compared to control subjects, baseline serum prolactin levels were elevated in the renal failure patients (range 11 to 16 mmicrogram/ml for renal failure patients, 6 to 9 mmicrogram/ml for controls, P less than 0.05). In addition, serum prolactin levels in the renal failure patients failed to suppress significantly following the administration of L-dopa, and did not increase in response to chlorpromazine or thyrotropin releasing hormone. These findings suggest an abnormal regulation of prolactin secretion and appear to be another example of the endocrine dysfunction that occurs in uremic subjects.", "PMID": 410821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5860", "title": "Alterations in basal and TRH-stimulated serum levels of thyrotropin, prolactin, and thyroid hormones in starved obese men.", "content": "To investigate further the alterations in pituitary-thyroid function seen during starvation, we have measured basal and TRH-stimulated serum levels of thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone, thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), free T4, free T3, and reverse T3 during prolonged fasting in seven obese men. Fasting was associated with a significant decrease in serum (4, (3, and free T3, while there was an increase in serum reverse T3; these values tended to return toward pre-fast levels as the fast continued beyond 3 weeks. No significant changes were seen in basal serum TSH, PRL, growth hormone, or free T4. Although the TSH response to TRH was diminished during fasting, PRL, T4, and T3 responses were unchanged. In addition to transient alterations in the peripheral metabolism of T4, these findings suggest that alterations in the thyroid hormone binding capacity of serum carrier proteins may occur during fasting. The blunted TSH response to TRH despite reduction of serum T3 concentration suggests that subtle alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary function may also occur.", "contents": "Alterations in basal and TRH-stimulated serum levels of thyrotropin, prolactin, and thyroid hormones in starved obese men. To investigate further the alterations in pituitary-thyroid function seen during starvation, we have measured basal and TRH-stimulated serum levels of thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone, thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), free T4, free T3, and reverse T3 during prolonged fasting in seven obese men. Fasting was associated with a significant decrease in serum (4, (3, and free T3, while there was an increase in serum reverse T3; these values tended to return toward pre-fast levels as the fast continued beyond 3 weeks. No significant changes were seen in basal serum TSH, PRL, growth hormone, or free T4. Although the TSH response to TRH was diminished during fasting, PRL, T4, and T3 responses were unchanged. In addition to transient alterations in the peripheral metabolism of T4, these findings suggest that alterations in the thyroid hormone binding capacity of serum carrier proteins may occur during fasting. The blunted TSH response to TRH despite reduction of serum T3 concentration suggests that subtle alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary function may also occur.", "PMID": 410822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5861", "title": "Detection of metastatic adrenal carcinoma using 131I-6-beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol total body scans.", "content": "Adrenal and total body scintigraphs with 131I-6-beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol were obtained in 5 patients who had had prior resection of adrenal cortical carcinoma. The results were compared with roentgenographic findings and liver, bone, and total body gallium-67 citrate scintigraphs. Metastatic lesions were detected with radiolabeled cholesterol in 4 of 5 patients, including 3 liver metastases, 2 bone metastases, and 1 lung metastasis. These lesions were also demonstrated by one or more of the other diagnostic modalities. All initial findings were negative in a fifth patient, who developed brain metastases within two months. The 6-methyl-analog of iodocholesterol makes it possible to detect metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma with total body scans. Whether or not this agent is \"tumor specific\" and will be of significant clinical utility will have to be determined more fully in a larger series of patients.", "contents": "Detection of metastatic adrenal carcinoma using 131I-6-beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol total body scans. Adrenal and total body scintigraphs with 131I-6-beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol were obtained in 5 patients who had had prior resection of adrenal cortical carcinoma. The results were compared with roentgenographic findings and liver, bone, and total body gallium-67 citrate scintigraphs. Metastatic lesions were detected with radiolabeled cholesterol in 4 of 5 patients, including 3 liver metastases, 2 bone metastases, and 1 lung metastasis. These lesions were also demonstrated by one or more of the other diagnostic modalities. All initial findings were negative in a fifth patient, who developed brain metastases within two months. The 6-methyl-analog of iodocholesterol makes it possible to detect metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma with total body scans. Whether or not this agent is \"tumor specific\" and will be of significant clinical utility will have to be determined more fully in a larger series of patients.", "PMID": 410824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5862", "title": "Systemic versus intraovarian progesterone replacement after luteectomy in rhesus monkeys: differential patterns of gonadotropins and follicle growth.", "content": "Similar to luteectomy (CLX) alone, systemic replacement of progesterone (P) to maintain circulating midluteal phase levels after CLX, and P withdrawal 10-11 days later were not accompanied by changes in serum FSH or LH levels. The next preovulatory gonadotropin surges, however, were delayed by about 10 days, relative to CLX alone. In contrast, a marked rise in serum FSH was observed after unilateral introvarian P replacement at CLX, even though accompanying patterns of serum estradiol (E2) and P (and the interval to the next LH surge) were not different from those after CLX alone. Our findings indicate that a) P is the principal luteal factor inhibiting new follicle growth, b) P inhibition may be exerted, at least in part, on the ovaries directly, and c) an ovarian factor other than P or E2 may contribute to the regulation of FSH, and perhaps LH, secretion in this primate.", "contents": "Systemic versus intraovarian progesterone replacement after luteectomy in rhesus monkeys: differential patterns of gonadotropins and follicle growth. Similar to luteectomy (CLX) alone, systemic replacement of progesterone (P) to maintain circulating midluteal phase levels after CLX, and P withdrawal 10-11 days later were not accompanied by changes in serum FSH or LH levels. The next preovulatory gonadotropin surges, however, were delayed by about 10 days, relative to CLX alone. In contrast, a marked rise in serum FSH was observed after unilateral introvarian P replacement at CLX, even though accompanying patterns of serum estradiol (E2) and P (and the interval to the next LH surge) were not different from those after CLX alone. Our findings indicate that a) P is the principal luteal factor inhibiting new follicle growth, b) P inhibition may be exerted, at least in part, on the ovaries directly, and c) an ovarian factor other than P or E2 may contribute to the regulation of FSH, and perhaps LH, secretion in this primate.", "PMID": 410825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5863", "title": "Failure of dopamine infusion to suppress the plasma prolactin response to sulpiride in normal and hyperprolactinemic subjects.", "content": "In eleven normal women dopamine infusion (5 microgram/Kg/min) significantly lowered plasma prolactin levels but failed to suppress the PRL response to sulpiride (10 or 100 mg i.v.), while the same dose of dopamine was effective in abolishing the PRL response to TRH (200 microgram i.v.). In four hyperprolactinemic women showing an impaired PRL response to sulpiride, dopamine infusion was effective both in lowering PRL circulating levels and in restoring an evident response to sulpiride. This finding suggests an impairment of endogenous dopamine activity in hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea.", "contents": "Failure of dopamine infusion to suppress the plasma prolactin response to sulpiride in normal and hyperprolactinemic subjects. In eleven normal women dopamine infusion (5 microgram/Kg/min) significantly lowered plasma prolactin levels but failed to suppress the PRL response to sulpiride (10 or 100 mg i.v.), while the same dose of dopamine was effective in abolishing the PRL response to TRH (200 microgram i.v.). In four hyperprolactinemic women showing an impaired PRL response to sulpiride, dopamine infusion was effective both in lowering PRL circulating levels and in restoring an evident response to sulpiride. This finding suggests an impairment of endogenous dopamine activity in hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea.", "PMID": 410826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5864", "title": "Effects of CNS dopamine augmentation on stimulated prolactin secretion.", "content": "The site, hypothalamic and/or pituitary, for dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin (PRL) secretion is unknown. Consequently, the effect of central dopamine (DA) augmentation on stimulated PRL release was determined in 5 healthy men. Regular insulin (o.1 U/kg i.v.), a potent central stimulus for PRL secretion, and TRH, a direct hypophyseal stimulus, were given alone or one hour after the third and fourth doses, respectively, of L-dopa plus the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa (Sinemet 20/200 or 25/250 every 6 hours). PRL increased from 26.6 +/- 5.8 to 48.8 +/- 5.2 ng/ml (p less than 0.01) 40 minutes after insulin administration. In contrast, during Sinemet therapy the hypoglycemia-mediated PRL release did not occur, and the PRL levels were significantly lower than after insulin alone from 40 through 180 minutes. Following TRH, neither the maximal PRL rise (69.3 +/- 3.2, TRH alone vs 48.7 +/- 19.8 ng/ml, TRH + Sinemet) nor the maximal increment (37.5 +/- 5.5 vs 29.9 +/- 20.3 ng/ml) was significantly affected by Sinemet. It is concluded that central DA augmentation abolishes central but not peripherally mediated PRL release.", "contents": "Effects of CNS dopamine augmentation on stimulated prolactin secretion. The site, hypothalamic and/or pituitary, for dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin (PRL) secretion is unknown. Consequently, the effect of central dopamine (DA) augmentation on stimulated PRL release was determined in 5 healthy men. Regular insulin (o.1 U/kg i.v.), a potent central stimulus for PRL secretion, and TRH, a direct hypophyseal stimulus, were given alone or one hour after the third and fourth doses, respectively, of L-dopa plus the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa (Sinemet 20/200 or 25/250 every 6 hours). PRL increased from 26.6 +/- 5.8 to 48.8 +/- 5.2 ng/ml (p less than 0.01) 40 minutes after insulin administration. In contrast, during Sinemet therapy the hypoglycemia-mediated PRL release did not occur, and the PRL levels were significantly lower than after insulin alone from 40 through 180 minutes. Following TRH, neither the maximal PRL rise (69.3 +/- 3.2, TRH alone vs 48.7 +/- 19.8 ng/ml, TRH + Sinemet) nor the maximal increment (37.5 +/- 5.5 vs 29.9 +/- 20.3 ng/ml) was significantly affected by Sinemet. It is concluded that central DA augmentation abolishes central but not peripherally mediated PRL release.", "PMID": 410827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5865", "title": "Microwave oven irradiation as a method for bacterial decontamination in a clinical microbiology laboratory.", "content": "Exposure of 10 frequently isolated clinical pathogens to microwave irradiation resulted in total sterilization with 60 s. Time exposure experiments done with commercially prepared test strips containing Bacillus stearothermophilus spores indicated that 5-min exposure was adequate to insure sterility of small, contaminated loads.", "contents": "Microwave oven irradiation as a method for bacterial decontamination in a clinical microbiology laboratory. Exposure of 10 frequently isolated clinical pathogens to microwave irradiation resulted in total sterilization with 60 s. Time exposure experiments done with commercially prepared test strips containing Bacillus stearothermophilus spores indicated that 5-min exposure was adequate to insure sterility of small, contaminated loads.", "PMID": 410828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5866", "title": "Isolation of Streptococcus equinus from non-respiratory sources in children.", "content": "Streptococcus equinus, a non-enterococcal streptococcus, was isolated with increased frequency in a pediatric population.", "contents": "Isolation of Streptococcus equinus from non-respiratory sources in children. Streptococcus equinus, a non-enterococcal streptococcus, was isolated with increased frequency in a pediatric population.", "PMID": 410829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5867", "title": "Pathogenesis of mucosal injury in the blind loop syndrome. Brush border enzyme activity and glycoprotein degradation.", "content": "The effect of intestinal bacterial over-growth on brush border hydrolases and brush border glycoproteins was studied in nonoperated control rats, control rats with surgically introduced jejunal self-emptying blind loops, and rats with surgically introduced jejunal self-filling blind loops. Data were analyzed from blind loop segments, segments above and below the blind loops, and three corresponding segments in the nonoperated controls. Rats with self-filling blind loops had significantly greater fat excretion than controls and exhibited significantly lower conjugated:free bile salt ratios in all three segments. Maltase, sucrase, and lactase activities were significantly reduced in homogenates and isolated brush borders from the self-filling blind loop, but alkaline phosphatase was not affected. The relative degradation rate of homogenate and brush border glycoproteins was assessed by a double-isotope technique involving the injection of d-[6-(3)H]glucosamine 3 h and d-[U-(14)C]glucosamine 19 h before sacrifice, and recorded as a (3)H:(14)C ratio. The relative degradation rate in both homogenate and brush border fractions was significantly greater in most segments from rats with self-filling blind loops. In the upper and blind loop segments from rats with self-filling blind loops, the (3)H:(14)C ratios were higher in the brush border membrane than in the corresponding homogenates, indicating that the increased rates of degradation primarily involve membrane glycoproteins. Incorporation of d-[6-(3)H]glucosamine by brush border glycoproteins was not reduced in rats with self-filling blind loops, suggesting that glycoprotein synthesis was not affected. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of brush border glycoproteins from the contaminated segments indicated that the large molecular weight glycoproteins, which include many of the surface hydrolases, were degraded most rapidly. Brush border maltase, isolated by immunoprecipitation, had (3)H:(14)C ratios characteristic of the most rapidly degraded glycoproteins. The results indicate that bacteria enhance the destruction of intestinal surface glycoproteins including disaccharidases. Since alkaline phosphatase, a glycoprotein, is not affected, the destruction is selective and presumably involves only the most exposed membrane components.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of mucosal injury in the blind loop syndrome. Brush border enzyme activity and glycoprotein degradation. The effect of intestinal bacterial over-growth on brush border hydrolases and brush border glycoproteins was studied in nonoperated control rats, control rats with surgically introduced jejunal self-emptying blind loops, and rats with surgically introduced jejunal self-filling blind loops. Data were analyzed from blind loop segments, segments above and below the blind loops, and three corresponding segments in the nonoperated controls. Rats with self-filling blind loops had significantly greater fat excretion than controls and exhibited significantly lower conjugated:free bile salt ratios in all three segments. Maltase, sucrase, and lactase activities were significantly reduced in homogenates and isolated brush borders from the self-filling blind loop, but alkaline phosphatase was not affected. The relative degradation rate of homogenate and brush border glycoproteins was assessed by a double-isotope technique involving the injection of d-[6-(3)H]glucosamine 3 h and d-[U-(14)C]glucosamine 19 h before sacrifice, and recorded as a (3)H:(14)C ratio. The relative degradation rate in both homogenate and brush border fractions was significantly greater in most segments from rats with self-filling blind loops. In the upper and blind loop segments from rats with self-filling blind loops, the (3)H:(14)C ratios were higher in the brush border membrane than in the corresponding homogenates, indicating that the increased rates of degradation primarily involve membrane glycoproteins. Incorporation of d-[6-(3)H]glucosamine by brush border glycoproteins was not reduced in rats with self-filling blind loops, suggesting that glycoprotein synthesis was not affected. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of brush border glycoproteins from the contaminated segments indicated that the large molecular weight glycoproteins, which include many of the surface hydrolases, were degraded most rapidly. Brush border maltase, isolated by immunoprecipitation, had (3)H:(14)C ratios characteristic of the most rapidly degraded glycoproteins. The results indicate that bacteria enhance the destruction of intestinal surface glycoproteins including disaccharidases. Since alkaline phosphatase, a glycoprotein, is not affected, the destruction is selective and presumably involves only the most exposed membrane components.", "PMID": 410830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5868", "title": "Generation of the combined prothrombin activation peptide (F1-2) during the clotting of blood and plasma.", "content": "We have investigated the pathway of prothrombin activation in blood and plasma. By means of a rapid purification procedure involving chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite, we demonstrated that the major prothrombin fragment in serum is that representing the amino-terminal half of prothrombin (i.e. F1-2). The F1-2 isolated was characterized by its size, amino acid and antigenic compositions, amino-terminal residue, and the peptides (designated F1 and F2, respectively) it yielded upon hydrolysis by thrombin. Measurements by the isotope dilution technique showed that F1-2 could account for the fate of at least 90% of the prothrombin originally present in plasma. By contrast, the serum concentration of the fragment representing the amino-terminal third of prothrombin (viz. F1) was less than 10% that of F1-2. These results demonstrated that the major route of prothrombin conversion in blood or plasma involves the removal of the combined activation fragment (F1-2) as a single peptide.", "contents": "Generation of the combined prothrombin activation peptide (F1-2) during the clotting of blood and plasma. We have investigated the pathway of prothrombin activation in blood and plasma. By means of a rapid purification procedure involving chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite, we demonstrated that the major prothrombin fragment in serum is that representing the amino-terminal half of prothrombin (i.e. F1-2). The F1-2 isolated was characterized by its size, amino acid and antigenic compositions, amino-terminal residue, and the peptides (designated F1 and F2, respectively) it yielded upon hydrolysis by thrombin. Measurements by the isotope dilution technique showed that F1-2 could account for the fate of at least 90% of the prothrombin originally present in plasma. By contrast, the serum concentration of the fragment representing the amino-terminal third of prothrombin (viz. F1) was less than 10% that of F1-2. These results demonstrated that the major route of prothrombin conversion in blood or plasma involves the removal of the combined activation fragment (F1-2) as a single peptide.", "PMID": 410831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5869", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of portacaval shunts.", "content": "Patients who had portacaval shunts were examined both before and after surgery. In the majority of cases, it was possible to detect the portcaval shunt by actually demonstrating the site of anastomosis. There was dilatation of the vena cava just cephalad to the site of the anastomosis due to the increased volume of blood entering the vena from the portal system. Mesocaval shunts have also been detected. Splenorenal shunts, however, could not be demonstrated in this series. While gray scale B scan ultrasound was used to record the site of anastomosis and measure the vessel diameters, real time two-dimensional ultrasound provided dynamic information. Long term serial examination are being obtained to evaluate the continued patency of the shunts. Ultrasound appears to be a promising new noninvasive study for the evaluation of portcaval shunts.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of portacaval shunts. Patients who had portacaval shunts were examined both before and after surgery. In the majority of cases, it was possible to detect the portcaval shunt by actually demonstrating the site of anastomosis. There was dilatation of the vena cava just cephalad to the site of the anastomosis due to the increased volume of blood entering the vena from the portal system. Mesocaval shunts have also been detected. Splenorenal shunts, however, could not be demonstrated in this series. While gray scale B scan ultrasound was used to record the site of anastomosis and measure the vessel diameters, real time two-dimensional ultrasound provided dynamic information. Long term serial examination are being obtained to evaluate the continued patency of the shunts. Ultrasound appears to be a promising new noninvasive study for the evaluation of portcaval shunts.", "PMID": 410832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5870", "title": "Ultrasonic backscatter from human liver tissue: its dependence on frequency and protein/lipid composition.", "content": "Ultrasonic volume backscatter by postmortem human liver was investigated in the 1 to 5 MHz frequency range. Representative values of the backscatter coefficient, its range, and frequency dependence were determined. The backscatter level correlated significantly with protein content in normal livers and with  lipid  content  in abnormal fatty livers. The latter suggests the possible development of a simple, noninvasive, quantitative test for fatty infiltration of the liver.", "contents": "Ultrasonic backscatter from human liver tissue: its dependence on frequency and protein/lipid composition. Ultrasonic volume backscatter by postmortem human liver was investigated in the 1 to 5 MHz frequency range. Representative values of the backscatter coefficient, its range, and frequency dependence were determined. The backscatter level correlated significantly with protein content in normal livers and with  lipid  content  in abnormal fatty livers. The latter suggests the possible development of a simple, noninvasive, quantitative test for fatty infiltration of the liver.", "PMID": 410833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5871", "title": "Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Echocardiographic studies in relatives of infants with SIDS.", "content": "Echocardiographic studies were performed in 42 sets of parents who had at least one infant with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) was detected by echocardiography in one member of only 5 percent of the 42 sets of parents. Echocardiograms were also obtained in three other sets of parents who had infants with SIDS (selected because their infants showed small foci of disorganized cardiac muscle cells in the ventricular septum, similar to those present in patients with typical ASH but less marked in severity). ASH was present in one member of each of these three sets of parents. Ventricular septal-to-posterobasal left ventricular wall thickness ratios in the five subjects in this study with echocardiographically determined ASH ranged from 1.3 to 1.7, although only one individual showed marked thickening of the ventricular septum (22 mm). Thus, SIDS and ASH do not appear to be commonly associated conditions.", "contents": "Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Echocardiographic studies in relatives of infants with SIDS. Echocardiographic studies were performed in 42 sets of parents who had at least one infant with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) was detected by echocardiography in one member of only 5 percent of the 42 sets of parents. Echocardiograms were also obtained in three other sets of parents who had infants with SIDS (selected because their infants showed small foci of disorganized cardiac muscle cells in the ventricular septum, similar to those present in patients with typical ASH but less marked in severity). ASH was present in one member of each of these three sets of parents. Ventricular septal-to-posterobasal left ventricular wall thickness ratios in the five subjects in this study with echocardiographically determined ASH ranged from 1.3 to 1.7, although only one individual showed marked thickening of the ventricular septum (22 mm). Thus, SIDS and ASH do not appear to be commonly associated conditions.", "PMID": 410834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5872", "title": "Ultrasonic assessment of liver size in the newborn.", "content": "In 141 newborn infants ultrasonic measurements of liver area was performed on the third postnatal day. The liver area was represented by a cross section of the liver at the level where the portal vein entered the organ. There was a linear increase in liver area from 26.8 cm2 at 37 weeks' gestation to 33.0 cm2 at 41 weeks' gestation. Measurement of liver area does not provide more accurate information on fetal size than upper abdominal circumference in the last weeks of pregnancy. Measurement of fetal head circumference is distinctly less accurate in the assen. In May 1977, progrma payments totaled about +840 million a month.", "contents": "Ultrasonic assessment of liver size in the newborn. In 141 newborn infants ultrasonic measurements of liver area was performed on the third postnatal day. The liver area was represented by a cross section of the liver at the level where the portal vein entered the organ. There was a linear increase in liver area from 26.8 cm2 at 37 weeks' gestation to 33.0 cm2 at 41 weeks' gestation. Measurement of liver area does not provide more accurate information on fetal size than upper abdominal circumference in the last weeks of pregnancy. Measurement of fetal head circumference is distinctly less accurate in the assen. In May 1977, progrma payments totaled about +840 million a month.", "PMID": 410835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5873", "title": "Ultrasound of gynecologic pelvic masses: the indefinite uterus and other patterns associated with diagnostic error.", "content": "In a series of 99 pelvic ultrasound examinations for suspected gynecologic masses, there were 72 established tissue diagnoses. The ultrasound diagnosis was correct in 61 (85 per cent). The specificity, based on a small number (six) of actual negative cases, was 67 per cent. The sensitivity, based on 57 actual positive cases, was 100 per cent. The ultrasound pattern of a homogeneous solid mass obscuring part or all of the uterine border was commonly associated with an erroneous diagnosis. When this pattern is seen, examination of the patient with higher frequency transducers provides useful information that supplements high- and low-gain scans.", "contents": "Ultrasound of gynecologic pelvic masses: the indefinite uterus and other patterns associated with diagnostic error. In a series of 99 pelvic ultrasound examinations for suspected gynecologic masses, there were 72 established tissue diagnoses. The ultrasound diagnosis was correct in 61 (85 per cent). The specificity, based on a small number (six) of actual negative cases, was 67 per cent. The sensitivity, based on 57 actual positive cases, was 100 per cent. The ultrasound pattern of a homogeneous solid mass obscuring part or all of the uterine border was commonly associated with an erroneous diagnosis. When this pattern is seen, examination of the patient with higher frequency transducers provides useful information that supplements high- and low-gain scans.", "PMID": 410837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5874", "title": "Gray scale performance of displays for dynamic ultrasound imaging.", "content": "Methods used to convert the output of diagnostic ultrasound dynamic imaging systems to television format are reviewed. The gray scale characteristics of a large-screen direct display are compared with the transfer through a display monitor-television camera-television monitor chain. Available direct display devices have distinct performance limitations in this application and the transfer linearity and dynamic range of the television converter described are objectively superior. This confirmed a subjective preference of system users to view the TV display.", "contents": "Gray scale performance of displays for dynamic ultrasound imaging. Methods used to convert the output of diagnostic ultrasound dynamic imaging systems to television format are reviewed. The gray scale characteristics of a large-screen direct display are compared with the transfer through a display monitor-television camera-television monitor chain. Available direct display devices have distinct performance limitations in this application and the transfer linearity and dynamic range of the television converter described are objectively superior. This confirmed a subjective preference of system users to view the TV display.", "PMID": 410838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5875", "title": "Ultrasonic imaging of normal intrauterine fetal anatomy.", "content": "With the advent and subsequent refinement of gray scale compound scanning, we are now able to obtain in utero a more detailed look at the size, shape position, and anatomical relationships between the internal organs and vasular structures within the body of a fetus. It is now possible to visualize fetal intracranial structures, lungs, myocardium and valvular structures, liver, spleen, stomach, abdominal aorta, portal venous system, gall bladder, umbilical vein, kidneys, urinary bladder, and genitalia. Fetal extremities, including individual phalanges, are better visualized with gray scale than with bistable sonography.", "contents": "Ultrasonic imaging of normal intrauterine fetal anatomy. With the advent and subsequent refinement of gray scale compound scanning, we are now able to obtain in utero a more detailed look at the size, shape position, and anatomical relationships between the internal organs and vasular structures within the body of a fetus. It is now possible to visualize fetal intracranial structures, lungs, myocardium and valvular structures, liver, spleen, stomach, abdominal aorta, portal venous system, gall bladder, umbilical vein, kidneys, urinary bladder, and genitalia. Fetal extremities, including individual phalanges, are better visualized with gray scale than with bistable sonography.", "PMID": 410839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5876", "title": "The antenatal diagnosis of hyperplacentosis, hydramnios and fetal ascites.", "content": "The diagnostic value of volumetric analysis of the products of conception by compound ultrasonic scanning is illustrated by a case of hyperplacentosis, hydramnios, and fetal ascites. The use of this method in the diagnosis of fetal conditions is discussed.", "contents": "The antenatal diagnosis of hyperplacentosis, hydramnios and fetal ascites. The diagnostic value of volumetric analysis of the products of conception by compound ultrasonic scanning is illustrated by a case of hyperplacentosis, hydramnios, and fetal ascites. The use of this method in the diagnosis of fetal conditions is discussed.", "PMID": 410840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5877", "title": "Unusual echographic appearance of a Courvoisier gall bladder.", "content": "A patient who had been jaundice for more than four months was examined with diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound examination revealed that the patient had a solid-appearing mass in the region of the gall bladder, in addition to findings diagnostic of obstructive jaundice. A probable mass was also noted in the head of the pancreas. The clinical data and representative echographic pictures are presented to emphasize the point that sludge within the gall bladder is echogenic and appears more solid than cystic on a standard echographic examination.", "contents": "Unusual echographic appearance of a Courvoisier gall bladder. A patient who had been jaundice for more than four months was examined with diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound examination revealed that the patient had a solid-appearing mass in the region of the gall bladder, in addition to findings diagnostic of obstructive jaundice. A probable mass was also noted in the head of the pancreas. The clinical data and representative echographic pictures are presented to emphasize the point that sludge within the gall bladder is echogenic and appears more solid than cystic on a standard echographic examination.", "PMID": 410841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5878", "title": "Ileocolic intussusception--a case report.", "content": "The ultrasonic findings of a case of ileocolic intussusception are presented. The clinical findings usually seen in this condition are reviewed. The atypical presenting symptoms of adult forms of this condition are emphasized.", "contents": "Ileocolic intussusception--a case report. The ultrasonic findings of a case of ileocolic intussusception are presented. The clinical findings usually seen in this condition are reviewed. The atypical presenting symptoms of adult forms of this condition are emphasized.", "PMID": 410843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5879", "title": "Echocardiographic pseudoidiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in a patient with pericardial effusion.", "content": "A 26 year old white male with chronic renal failure presented to our institution with a large pericardial effusion. In addition to the effusion, an echocardiogram demonstrated systolic anterior movement of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve (SAM), suggesting idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IH-S). Pericardiectomy was performed to treat the effusion. After surgery and relief of the effusion, the mitral valve motion returned to normal. It is concluded that SAM can be seen with pericardial effusion in the absence of IHSS.", "contents": "Echocardiographic pseudoidiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in a patient with pericardial effusion. A 26 year old white male with chronic renal failure presented to our institution with a large pericardial effusion. In addition to the effusion, an echocardiogram demonstrated systolic anterior movement of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve (SAM), suggesting idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IH-S). Pericardiectomy was performed to treat the effusion. After surgery and relief of the effusion, the mitral valve motion returned to normal. It is concluded that SAM can be seen with pericardial effusion in the absence of IHSS.", "PMID": 410844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5880", "title": "The early work of ultrasound in medicine at the University of Lund.", "content": "In the early 1950's, research was started at the University of Lund on the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in cardiology, neurology, and gynecology. The results of this work provided impetus for the later development of the ultrasonic echo method into a routine procedure in many fields of medicine. A historical review of this fundamental work is given in this paper which also stresses the importance of a stimulating and free atmosphere for the development of new ideas in research.", "contents": "The early work of ultrasound in medicine at the University of Lund. In the early 1950's, research was started at the University of Lund on the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in cardiology, neurology, and gynecology. The results of this work provided impetus for the later development of the ultrasonic echo method into a routine procedure in many fields of medicine. A historical review of this fundamental work is given in this paper which also stresses the importance of a stimulating and free atmosphere for the development of new ideas in research.", "PMID": 410845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5881", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of capsular polysaccharide antigens of groups A and C meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae type b in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Sensitive radioimmunoassays capable of measuring 0-5 ng/ml of the Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide and 2 ng/ml of the groups A and C meningococcal polysaccharides were developed and used to detect these substances in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Polysaccharide of the causative agent was detected in the CSF of 14 out of 15 patients with Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis, in 18 out of 23 patients with group A, and in two out of four patients with group C meningococcal meningitis. In some cases the antigen could be detected even after three days of antibacterial treatment. No false positive reactions were seen. The assay procedure could be shortened to approximately three hours. These assays could be useful in routine diagnostic work and epidemiological investigations.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of capsular polysaccharide antigens of groups A and C meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae type b in cerebrospinal fluid. Sensitive radioimmunoassays capable of measuring 0-5 ng/ml of the Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide and 2 ng/ml of the groups A and C meningococcal polysaccharides were developed and used to detect these substances in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Polysaccharide of the causative agent was detected in the CSF of 14 out of 15 patients with Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis, in 18 out of 23 patients with group A, and in two out of four patients with group C meningococcal meningitis. In some cases the antigen could be detected even after three days of antibacterial treatment. No false positive reactions were seen. The assay procedure could be shortened to approximately three hours. These assays could be useful in routine diagnostic work and epidemiological investigations.", "PMID": 410846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5882", "title": "Use of antiserum agar plates for serogrouping of meningococci.", "content": "A convenient and reliable method for serogrouping meningococci, based on immunospecific precipitation haloes in antiserum-agar plates, is described. It gave concordant results with conventional slide-agglutination in 900 strains of groups A, B or C tested. The antiserum-agar can also be used as a primary isolation medium for detecting nasopharyngeal carriers of a certain serogroup if antibiotics are added.", "contents": "Use of antiserum agar plates for serogrouping of meningococci. A convenient and reliable method for serogrouping meningococci, based on immunospecific precipitation haloes in antiserum-agar plates, is described. It gave concordant results with conventional slide-agglutination in 900 strains of groups A, B or C tested. The antiserum-agar can also be used as a primary isolation medium for detecting nasopharyngeal carriers of a certain serogroup if antibiotics are added.", "PMID": 410847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5883", "title": "Taxonomy of Acinetobacter: the usefulness of beta-D-xyloside xylohydrolase for strain differentiation.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-two clinical isolates of Acinetobacter were studied for the presence of beta-galactosidase and of beta-xylosidase, for biochemical characteristics, and for genetic interspecies transformation tests. All strains lacked beta-galactosidase; in contrast, beta-xylosidase was always present in the oxidative strains. This test proved to be of value for separating strains able to form acid from carbohydrates (A. anitratum and A. haemolyticus spp haemolyticus) from the non-oxidative strains (A. lwoffi and A. haemolyticus spp alcaligenes). However, the genetic relationship of all strains tested warrants further study before Acinetobacters are grouped into clearly defined species.", "contents": "Taxonomy of Acinetobacter: the usefulness of beta-D-xyloside xylohydrolase for strain differentiation. One hundred and twenty-two clinical isolates of Acinetobacter were studied for the presence of beta-galactosidase and of beta-xylosidase, for biochemical characteristics, and for genetic interspecies transformation tests. All strains lacked beta-galactosidase; in contrast, beta-xylosidase was always present in the oxidative strains. This test proved to be of value for separating strains able to form acid from carbohydrates (A. anitratum and A. haemolyticus spp haemolyticus) from the non-oxidative strains (A. lwoffi and A. haemolyticus spp alcaligenes). However, the genetic relationship of all strains tested warrants further study before Acinetobacters are grouped into clearly defined species.", "PMID": 410848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5884", "title": "Development of neurons in the visual cortex (area 17) of the monkey (Macaca nemestrina): a Golgi study from fetal day 127 to postnatal maturity.", "content": "The morphological maturation of several varieties of neurons of cortical area 17 have been followed in Golgi Rapid preparations from Macaque monkeys ranging in age from fetal day 127 to maturity. A developmental sequence common to all varieties of neuron is described. Maturation occurs at the same rate at all cortical depths and appears to relate to the size of the neuron rather than to factors such as generation time, arrival at a final laminar position or cell type. The characteristic laminar patterns of cell type distribution and the specific axonal and dendritic arborisations seen in the adult are generated in the earliest stages of growth and do not occur as the result of elimination from a wider, less precise, distribution. During the period from birth to postnatal week 8 a marked increase in the numbers of dendritic spines is seen in all varieties of neuron including those which will be spine-free in the adult. Following this period an equally marked reduction in spine numbers occurs, initially rapid but continuing at a slower rate even nine months postnatally. Possible relationships between these postnatal dendritic spine changes and the extreme sensitivity of the system to visual input during the early postnatal weeks are discussed.", "contents": "Development of neurons in the visual cortex (area 17) of the monkey (Macaca nemestrina): a Golgi study from fetal day 127 to postnatal maturity. The morphological maturation of several varieties of neurons of cortical area 17 have been followed in Golgi Rapid preparations from Macaque monkeys ranging in age from fetal day 127 to maturity. A developmental sequence common to all varieties of neuron is described. Maturation occurs at the same rate at all cortical depths and appears to relate to the size of the neuron rather than to factors such as generation time, arrival at a final laminar position or cell type. The characteristic laminar patterns of cell type distribution and the specific axonal and dendritic arborisations seen in the adult are generated in the earliest stages of growth and do not occur as the result of elimination from a wider, less precise, distribution. During the period from birth to postnatal week 8 a marked increase in the numbers of dendritic spines is seen in all varieties of neuron including those which will be spine-free in the adult. Following this period an equally marked reduction in spine numbers occurs, initially rapid but continuing at a slower rate even nine months postnatally. Possible relationships between these postnatal dendritic spine changes and the extreme sensitivity of the system to visual input during the early postnatal weeks are discussed.", "PMID": 410850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5885", "title": "Response of bovine serum prolactin and growth hormone to duodenal, abomasal, and oral administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone was injected into the duodenum of two 500-kg steers, placed into the abomasum of two prepubertal bulls, and fed to four bull calves (1 to 3 wk of age) to test the effect on concentrations of prolactin and growth hormone in blood serum. Before 20 and 200 mg of thyrotropin-releasing hormone were injected into the duodenum, prolactin in serum averaged 7.5 and 9.4 ng/ml and increased to 52.5 and 129.6 ng/ml at 45 and 35 min after treatment. Average growth hormone concentration of serum was increased also, but the response was more variable than prolactin. Peak concentrations of prolactin and growth hormone in blood serum were 5 to 10 times greater after treatment with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (40 mg/100 kg body weight into abomasum) than before treatment. Within 30 min after oral administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (0, .5, 1, and 2 mg/kg body weight) growth hormone concentration of serum was 30, 306, 356, and 317% greater than pretreatment. Prolactin concentration of serum, however, was increased in only one calf.", "contents": "Response of bovine serum prolactin and growth hormone to duodenal, abomasal, and oral administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone was injected into the duodenum of two 500-kg steers, placed into the abomasum of two prepubertal bulls, and fed to four bull calves (1 to 3 wk of age) to test the effect on concentrations of prolactin and growth hormone in blood serum. Before 20 and 200 mg of thyrotropin-releasing hormone were injected into the duodenum, prolactin in serum averaged 7.5 and 9.4 ng/ml and increased to 52.5 and 129.6 ng/ml at 45 and 35 min after treatment. Average growth hormone concentration of serum was increased also, but the response was more variable than prolactin. Peak concentrations of prolactin and growth hormone in blood serum were 5 to 10 times greater after treatment with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (40 mg/100 kg body weight into abomasum) than before treatment. Within 30 min after oral administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (0, .5, 1, and 2 mg/kg body weight) growth hormone concentration of serum was 30, 306, 356, and 317% greater than pretreatment. Prolactin concentration of serum, however, was increased in only one calf.", "PMID": 410851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5886", "title": "Serum growth hormone concentrations after growth hormone or thyrotropin releasing hormone in cows.", "content": "A single subcutaneous injection of 10, 50, or 100 mg bovine growth hormone into lactating Holstein cows increased concentrations of growth hormone, insulin, and glucose in serum above preinjection baselines for at least 16 h. Growth hormone concentrations in serum after injection of growth hormone or thyrotropin-releasing hormone were greater in cows during early (2 to 4 mo) as compared with cows during late (8 to 12 mo) lactation. Stage of lactation did not affect rate of metabolic clearance of growth hormone in eight cows, but larger cows cleared growth hormone more rapidly than smaller cows. Data of these experiments may help to explain how injections of growth hormone every 3 days stimulate milk yields.", "contents": "Serum growth hormone concentrations after growth hormone or thyrotropin releasing hormone in cows. A single subcutaneous injection of 10, 50, or 100 mg bovine growth hormone into lactating Holstein cows increased concentrations of growth hormone, insulin, and glucose in serum above preinjection baselines for at least 16 h. Growth hormone concentrations in serum after injection of growth hormone or thyrotropin-releasing hormone were greater in cows during early (2 to 4 mo) as compared with cows during late (8 to 12 mo) lactation. Stage of lactation did not affect rate of metabolic clearance of growth hormone in eight cows, but larger cows cleared growth hormone more rapidly than smaller cows. Data of these experiments may help to explain how injections of growth hormone every 3 days stimulate milk yields.", "PMID": 410852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5887", "title": "A new strategy for regulating long-term care facilities.", "content": "This study analyzes the failure of current regulatory efforts to elicit an acceptable level of performance in long-term care facilities and proposes a strategy for correcting that failure. Seven factors are identified as being responsible for the failure of current regulatory efforts: inadequate financing, inadequate knowledge, bureaucratic apathy, legal constraints, political constraints, a fragmentation of agency responsibility, and a shortage of conforming beds. Public utility status, market regulation, and non-profit control are reviewed and rejected as alternatives to the current approach. A new strategy aimed at improving the regulatory process and environment is proposed. The process can be improved by adopting a program rather than taking a functional approach to agency organization; linking the inspection and rate-setting processes; creating a role for consumer groups in the inspection process; and exposing the process and results of regulation to public scrutiny. Five proposals are offered for improving the regulatory environment. These focus on eliminating barriers to entry, supporting alternatives to institutionalization, federalizing the Medicaid program, abandoning exclusive reliance on the medical model as the guide for regulatory standards, and changing the focus of regulation from structure-process to out-come.", "contents": "A new strategy for regulating long-term care facilities. This study analyzes the failure of current regulatory efforts to elicit an acceptable level of performance in long-term care facilities and proposes a strategy for correcting that failure. Seven factors are identified as being responsible for the failure of current regulatory efforts: inadequate financing, inadequate knowledge, bureaucratic apathy, legal constraints, political constraints, a fragmentation of agency responsibility, and a shortage of conforming beds. Public utility status, market regulation, and non-profit control are reviewed and rejected as alternatives to the current approach. A new strategy aimed at improving the regulatory process and environment is proposed. The process can be improved by adopting a program rather than taking a functional approach to agency organization; linking the inspection and rate-setting processes; creating a role for consumer groups in the inspection process; and exposing the process and results of regulation to public scrutiny. Five proposals are offered for improving the regulatory environment. These focus on eliminating barriers to entry, supporting alternatives to institutionalization, federalizing the Medicaid program, abandoning exclusive reliance on the medical model as the guide for regulatory standards, and changing the focus of regulation from structure-process to out-come.", "PMID": 410859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5888", "title": "Technology and the governance of the health care industry: the dilemma of reform.", "content": "With increasing public expenditures for health care services, the accountability of the health care industry has become a major political issue. Concomitant issues concern the structures and processes through which the public as patients, customers, and citizens can directly influence the delivery of health care services. These issues, which are currently part of the national health policy debate, are indicative of the larger question concerning the relationship of the individual to his increasingly complex society. This paper presents three arguments. (1) The medical profession, through its control of technology and its monopolistic hold on legitimate claims of expertise, is the primary determiners of the way health services are structured and resources are allocated. (2) Domination of doctor-patient relationships, medical care delivery organizations, and the national health care policy process, enables physicians to remain unaccountable to democratic institutions and insulated from public participation in decision-making. (3) Lack of accountability, disproportionate professional power and the failure of governmental regulation raise questions about the role and impact of the medical profession as a quasi-institutional political actor in terms of (a) the return on the investment of +135 billion spent annually for medical care, (b) claims of expertise and self-regulation, and (c) overarching democratic values.", "contents": "Technology and the governance of the health care industry: the dilemma of reform. With increasing public expenditures for health care services, the accountability of the health care industry has become a major political issue. Concomitant issues concern the structures and processes through which the public as patients, customers, and citizens can directly influence the delivery of health care services. These issues, which are currently part of the national health policy debate, are indicative of the larger question concerning the relationship of the individual to his increasingly complex society. This paper presents three arguments. (1) The medical profession, through its control of technology and its monopolistic hold on legitimate claims of expertise, is the primary determiners of the way health services are structured and resources are allocated. (2) Domination of doctor-patient relationships, medical care delivery organizations, and the national health care policy process, enables physicians to remain unaccountable to democratic institutions and insulated from public participation in decision-making. (3) Lack of accountability, disproportionate professional power and the failure of governmental regulation raise questions about the role and impact of the medical profession as a quasi-institutional political actor in terms of (a) the return on the investment of +135 billion spent annually for medical care, (b) claims of expertise and self-regulation, and (c) overarching democratic values.", "PMID": 410860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5889", "title": "Demonstration of two 3,3'-diaminobenzidine oxidation reactions associated with photosynthetic membranes in anaerobic light-grown Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "Photosynthetic membranes of anaerobic light-grown Rhodospirillum rubrum oxidized 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. When glutaraldehyde-treated cells were exposed to 3,3'-diaminobenzidine in the light aerobically, the oxidation appeared to occur by two systems. One reaction was stimulated by white light and the second required molecular oxygen. The O2-dependent activity was inhibited by KCN.", "contents": "Demonstration of two 3,3'-diaminobenzidine oxidation reactions associated with photosynthetic membranes in anaerobic light-grown Rhodospirillum rubrum. Photosynthetic membranes of anaerobic light-grown Rhodospirillum rubrum oxidized 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. When glutaraldehyde-treated cells were exposed to 3,3'-diaminobenzidine in the light aerobically, the oxidation appeared to occur by two systems. One reaction was stimulated by white light and the second required molecular oxygen. The O2-dependent activity was inhibited by KCN.", "PMID": 410873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5890", "title": "Sero-epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis infections in parts of Eastern Nigeria.", "content": "The prevalence of antibodies to meningococci in the Nsukka area, East Central Nigeria, was studied by the indirect hemagglutination test employing tanned chicken erythrocytes. Of the 1332 apparently healthy persons, whose sera were tested, 982 samples (73.8%) were positive at 1:8 dilution of the sera. Fifty-six per cent of the population had antibodies to Group B, followed by 13% of Group C and 5% to Group A. Twenty-five sera from patients with meningococcal infections, from whom Group B meningococci were isolated, 100% were positive. Percentage reactivity in the 2-5-year age group was low (15%), whereas it increased rapidly from 78% (6-10-year group) to 95% (31 years and above).", "contents": "Sero-epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis infections in parts of Eastern Nigeria. The prevalence of antibodies to meningococci in the Nsukka area, East Central Nigeria, was studied by the indirect hemagglutination test employing tanned chicken erythrocytes. Of the 1332 apparently healthy persons, whose sera were tested, 982 samples (73.8%) were positive at 1:8 dilution of the sera. Fifty-six per cent of the population had antibodies to Group B, followed by 13% of Group C and 5% to Group A. Twenty-five sera from patients with meningococcal infections, from whom Group B meningococci were isolated, 100% were positive. Percentage reactivity in the 2-5-year age group was low (15%), whereas it increased rapidly from 78% (6-10-year group) to 95% (31 years and above).", "PMID": 410874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5891", "title": "Prevalence of haemolytic streptococcal infection in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Seventy-six monkeys arriving in 10 batches were investigated within a day or two of their arrival for beta-haemolytic streptococcal infections. 10.53 per cent of monkeys yielded group A beta haemolytic streptococcus. Majority of the isolates were T pattern I. With ASO test, 44.7 per cent monkeys had low titres while with A-DNase 'B' 'test, 64.5 per cent of the monkeys had low titres.", "contents": "Prevalence of haemolytic streptococcal infection in rhesus monkeys. Seventy-six monkeys arriving in 10 batches were investigated within a day or two of their arrival for beta-haemolytic streptococcal infections. 10.53 per cent of monkeys yielded group A beta haemolytic streptococcus. Majority of the isolates were T pattern I. With ASO test, 44.7 per cent monkeys had low titres while with A-DNase 'B' 'test, 64.5 per cent of the monkeys had low titres.", "PMID": 410875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5892", "title": "Auto-antibody to an Ig VH region allotype: induction of anti-a1 antibody in an a1-suppressed a1a2 heterozygous rabbit.", "content": "Two a1a2 heterozygous sibling rabbits were first suppressed for the paternally inherited a1 VH region allotype and then immunized with a1 IgG. Anti-a1 antibody was detected in the serum of one of the rabbits. The anti-a1 auto-antibody reacted with the same amount of a1 IgG as did a conventional anti-a1 allo-antibody. Most of the IgG and IgM of this rabbit was of the a2 allotype and no significant amount of the a1 allotype was detected as would be expected for an a1 suppressed a1a2 heterozygous rabbit. However, allotype suppression in this rabbit is maintained by endogenous anti-allotype antibody. Rabbits with anti-allotype auto-antibody may be exploited to produce litters of heterozygous and homozygous rabbits efficiently suppressed for selected allotypes.", "contents": "Auto-antibody to an Ig VH region allotype: induction of anti-a1 antibody in an a1-suppressed a1a2 heterozygous rabbit. Two a1a2 heterozygous sibling rabbits were first suppressed for the paternally inherited a1 VH region allotype and then immunized with a1 IgG. Anti-a1 antibody was detected in the serum of one of the rabbits. The anti-a1 auto-antibody reacted with the same amount of a1 IgG as did a conventional anti-a1 allo-antibody. Most of the IgG and IgM of this rabbit was of the a2 allotype and no significant amount of the a1 allotype was detected as would be expected for an a1 suppressed a1a2 heterozygous rabbit. However, allotype suppression in this rabbit is maintained by endogenous anti-allotype antibody. Rabbits with anti-allotype auto-antibody may be exploited to produce litters of heterozygous and homozygous rabbits efficiently suppressed for selected allotypes.", "PMID": 410876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5893", "title": "Cleavage of human C5 by trypsin: characterization of the digestion products by gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Human C5 is composed of two nonidentical polypeptide chains, alpha and beta (m.w. 130,000 and 80,000, respectively) linked together by disulfide bonds and noncovalent forces. Cleavage of C5 by trypsin fragments with increased anodic mobilities. Limited digestion of C5 by trypsin (substrate to enzyme ratio 10:1 w/w at 37 degrees C for 1 min) resulted in the release of a small terminal alpha-chain peptide (alpha1, m.w. 15,000) probably analogous to C5a, from a large fragment, C5b (m.w. 195,000) composed of an intact beta-chain disulfide linked to an alpha-chain that has a lower m.w. (alpha' 115,000). Further digestion (37 degrees C, 5 min) resulted in cleavage of the alpha-chain at multiple sites with the production of three peptides from the alpha'-chain (alpha2I, 23,500; alpha2II 15,700 and alpha2III 10,200) and a residual fragment, C5c (m.w. 144,000). The alpha1 and alpha2 peptides are not covalently linked to the beta-chain nor to one another. The C5c fragment on the other hand is composed of small peptides of the alpha'c chain (alpha3 14,000; alpha4I 9,000; ALPHA 4II 11,000; alpha 5 23,000 to 30,000) which are linked to the beta-chain and also probably to one another by covalent bonds. Secondary cleavage occurred upon prolonged digestion with trypsin (37 degrees C, 20 min), and this resulted in the progressive erosion of the alpha'c peptides and the conversion of C5c to smaller C5c-like species.", "contents": "Cleavage of human C5 by trypsin: characterization of the digestion products by gel electrophoresis. Human C5 is composed of two nonidentical polypeptide chains, alpha and beta (m.w. 130,000 and 80,000, respectively) linked together by disulfide bonds and noncovalent forces. Cleavage of C5 by trypsin fragments with increased anodic mobilities. Limited digestion of C5 by trypsin (substrate to enzyme ratio 10:1 w/w at 37 degrees C for 1 min) resulted in the release of a small terminal alpha-chain peptide (alpha1, m.w. 15,000) probably analogous to C5a, from a large fragment, C5b (m.w. 195,000) composed of an intact beta-chain disulfide linked to an alpha-chain that has a lower m.w. (alpha' 115,000). Further digestion (37 degrees C, 5 min) resulted in cleavage of the alpha-chain at multiple sites with the production of three peptides from the alpha'-chain (alpha2I, 23,500; alpha2II 15,700 and alpha2III 10,200) and a residual fragment, C5c (m.w. 144,000). The alpha1 and alpha2 peptides are not covalently linked to the beta-chain nor to one another. The C5c fragment on the other hand is composed of small peptides of the alpha'c chain (alpha3 14,000; alpha4I 9,000; ALPHA 4II 11,000; alpha 5 23,000 to 30,000) which are linked to the beta-chain and also probably to one another by covalent bonds. Secondary cleavage occurred upon prolonged digestion with trypsin (37 degrees C, 20 min), and this resulted in the progressive erosion of the alpha'c peptides and the conversion of C5c to smaller C5c-like species.", "PMID": 410877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5894", "title": "An in vitro model of lymphocyte homing. II. Membrane and cytoplasmic events involved in lymphocyte adherence to specialized high-endothelial venules of lymph nodes.", "content": "Rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) are capable of selective adherence to the endothelium of high-endothelial venules (HEV) when overlaid onto glutaraldehyde-fixed sections of lymph nodes. The data presented indicate that lymphocyte adherence is an energy-dependent, calcium-requiring event that involves membrane determinants on TDL which are sensitive to trypsin. Surface sialic acids on lymphocytes are not essential and treatment of the cells with neuraminidase does not interfere with their attachment to HEV. There was no evidence that microtubule-associated functions play a role in binding. Adherence, however, is abolished by cytochalasin B, indicating that the cytoplasmic contractile microfilament system exerts an important effect. The results imply that lymphocyte surface membrane modulation is involved in the development of strong adhesive forces that bind the cells to the endothelium. In addition, lymphocyte-HEV adherence is reduced by ionophore A-23187, an agent known to inhibit surface membrane receptor movement. It is suggested that specific binding of recirculating lymphocytes to HEV is not a passive event, but that activation of cytoplasmic contractile forces in the lymphocyte is required for the formation of stable lymphocyte-HEV binding.", "contents": "An in vitro model of lymphocyte homing. II. Membrane and cytoplasmic events involved in lymphocyte adherence to specialized high-endothelial venules of lymph nodes. Rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) are capable of selective adherence to the endothelium of high-endothelial venules (HEV) when overlaid onto glutaraldehyde-fixed sections of lymph nodes. The data presented indicate that lymphocyte adherence is an energy-dependent, calcium-requiring event that involves membrane determinants on TDL which are sensitive to trypsin. Surface sialic acids on lymphocytes are not essential and treatment of the cells with neuraminidase does not interfere with their attachment to HEV. There was no evidence that microtubule-associated functions play a role in binding. Adherence, however, is abolished by cytochalasin B, indicating that the cytoplasmic contractile microfilament system exerts an important effect. The results imply that lymphocyte surface membrane modulation is involved in the development of strong adhesive forces that bind the cells to the endothelium. In addition, lymphocyte-HEV adherence is reduced by ionophore A-23187, an agent known to inhibit surface membrane receptor movement. It is suggested that specific binding of recirculating lymphocytes to HEV is not a passive event, but that activation of cytoplasmic contractile forces in the lymphocyte is required for the formation of stable lymphocyte-HEV binding.", "PMID": 410878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5895", "title": "Further purification and characterization of a circulating antigen in schistosomiasis.", "content": "Previous studies showed that an antigen found in the circulation of animals heavily infected with Schistosoma mansoni was extracted in a trichloroacetic acid soluble-chloroform insoluble fraction (TCA-S-C) of adult worms. Antigenic activity was destroyed by periodate treatment but remained unaltered after treatment with proteolytic enzymes, DNase, RNase, and lyophilization. In the present study, chromatography of TCA-S-C on a DEAE cellulose column revealed six substances, one of which was antigenic. After electrophoresis in agarose antigenic activity corresponded to a slower moving, toluidine blue-staining material. A faster moving, toluidine blue-staining substance seems to be responsible for the large 260 nm, absorbing peak. Analysis of a fraction containing only antigen revealed a large amount of carbohydrate, primarily N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucuronic acid but also galactase, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and trace amounts of other sugars. Amino acids accounted for about 11% of the weight of the antigen. The antigen appears to be a proteoglycan.", "contents": "Further purification and characterization of a circulating antigen in schistosomiasis. Previous studies showed that an antigen found in the circulation of animals heavily infected with Schistosoma mansoni was extracted in a trichloroacetic acid soluble-chloroform insoluble fraction (TCA-S-C) of adult worms. Antigenic activity was destroyed by periodate treatment but remained unaltered after treatment with proteolytic enzymes, DNase, RNase, and lyophilization. In the present study, chromatography of TCA-S-C on a DEAE cellulose column revealed six substances, one of which was antigenic. After electrophoresis in agarose antigenic activity corresponded to a slower moving, toluidine blue-staining material. A faster moving, toluidine blue-staining substance seems to be responsible for the large 260 nm, absorbing peak. Analysis of a fraction containing only antigen revealed a large amount of carbohydrate, primarily N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucuronic acid but also galactase, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and trace amounts of other sugars. Amino acids accounted for about 11% of the weight of the antigen. The antigen appears to be a proteoglycan.", "PMID": 410879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5896", "title": "Effects of ionic and nonionic detergents on antigen-antibody reactions.", "content": "Using highly sensitive and quantitative radioimmunoassay procedures we have measured the effects of different concentrations of three commonly used detergents, SDS, DOC, and Triton X-100, on antibody-antigen reactions. Triton X-100, had a relatively mild effect on primary antigen-antibody bindings, the precipitin reaction, and a double antibody RIA as evidenced by only an 8 to 10% inhibition of binding or precipitation. These results were not detergent concentration dependent, as Triton concentrations ranging from 5 to 0.1% had virtually no differential effects. Sodium deoxycholate (DOC) had a more profound effect on both primary antigen-antibody binding and the precipitin reaction than did Triton X-100, and its effects, unlike those of Triton X-100, were concentration dependent. There was a direct relationship between concentration of DOC and degree of inhibition of both primary binding and immune precepitation especially in antigen excess. Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), at concentrations 10- to 100-fold less than either Triton X-100 or DOC, had profound inhibitory effects on primary antigen-antibody binding, the precipitin reaction, and a double antibody radioimmunoassay. Generally, at concentrations greater that 0.01% SDS, almost all immunochemical reactivity is destroyed.", "contents": "Effects of ionic and nonionic detergents on antigen-antibody reactions. Using highly sensitive and quantitative radioimmunoassay procedures we have measured the effects of different concentrations of three commonly used detergents, SDS, DOC, and Triton X-100, on antibody-antigen reactions. Triton X-100, had a relatively mild effect on primary antigen-antibody bindings, the precipitin reaction, and a double antibody RIA as evidenced by only an 8 to 10% inhibition of binding or precipitation. These results were not detergent concentration dependent, as Triton concentrations ranging from 5 to 0.1% had virtually no differential effects. Sodium deoxycholate (DOC) had a more profound effect on both primary antigen-antibody binding and the precipitin reaction than did Triton X-100, and its effects, unlike those of Triton X-100, were concentration dependent. There was a direct relationship between concentration of DOC and degree of inhibition of both primary binding and immune precepitation especially in antigen excess. Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), at concentrations 10- to 100-fold less than either Triton X-100 or DOC, had profound inhibitory effects on primary antigen-antibody binding, the precipitin reaction, and a double antibody radioimmunoassay. Generally, at concentrations greater that 0.01% SDS, almost all immunochemical reactivity is destroyed.", "PMID": 410880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5897", "title": "Synthesis and characterization of membrane immunoglobulin, Ia, and H-2 molecules of thy 1+ AKR/J lymphomas.", "content": "Three AKR lymphomas displaying B cell and T cell characteristics have been described. Because of the proclivity of normal AKR/J mice to develop T cell lymphomas, and the rarity of lymphomas with dual characteristics, the B cell markers of these tumors were studied more intensively. Fluorescence data with class-specific anti-immunoglobulin reagents demonstrated that the tumor cells stained only with class-specific anti-IgM reagents. Because of the possibility that the surface Ig was passively acquired and of reports that certain anti-mu-chain sera react with \"IgT\", chemical characterization of the immunoglobulin molecules was performed. Using 3H-leucine internal labeling, we showed that all three tumor lines synthesized the immunoglobulin found on their surface, and that the immunoglobulin had the chemical and immunologic characteristics most typical of monomeric surface IgM, and was composed of mu-chains and light chains. The Ia antigens found on these cells were also examined. These antigens were also synthesized by the cells and were present in the same molecular form and in the same approximate quantity as Ia antigens on normal spleen cells.", "contents": "Synthesis and characterization of membrane immunoglobulin, Ia, and H-2 molecules of thy 1+ AKR/J lymphomas. Three AKR lymphomas displaying B cell and T cell characteristics have been described. Because of the proclivity of normal AKR/J mice to develop T cell lymphomas, and the rarity of lymphomas with dual characteristics, the B cell markers of these tumors were studied more intensively. Fluorescence data with class-specific anti-immunoglobulin reagents demonstrated that the tumor cells stained only with class-specific anti-IgM reagents. Because of the possibility that the surface Ig was passively acquired and of reports that certain anti-mu-chain sera react with \"IgT\", chemical characterization of the immunoglobulin molecules was performed. Using 3H-leucine internal labeling, we showed that all three tumor lines synthesized the immunoglobulin found on their surface, and that the immunoglobulin had the chemical and immunologic characteristics most typical of monomeric surface IgM, and was composed of mu-chains and light chains. The Ia antigens found on these cells were also examined. These antigens were also synthesized by the cells and were present in the same molecular form and in the same approximate quantity as Ia antigens on normal spleen cells.", "PMID": 410882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5898", "title": "Chemotaxigenesis and complement fixation by Listeria monocytogenes cell wall fractions.", "content": "Data reported here show that a crude cell wall fraction of Listeria monocytogenes (LCWF) and its purified derivative (PF) induce chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the presence of normal rabbit serum. In addition, both LCWF and PF can fix rabbit and guinea pig complement. The purified cell wall preparation is more active than LCWF in both chemotaxigenesis and complement fixation, indicating that these activities are due primarily to the nonprotein portion of LCWF. Complement fixation by PF was demonstrated in the presence of ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and in C4-deficient serum, which is evidence that PF activated complement by the alternative pathway. Therefore, chemotaxigenesis by PF and LCWF seems to involve fixation of complement via the alternative pathway.", "contents": "Chemotaxigenesis and complement fixation by Listeria monocytogenes cell wall fractions. Data reported here show that a crude cell wall fraction of Listeria monocytogenes (LCWF) and its purified derivative (PF) induce chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the presence of normal rabbit serum. In addition, both LCWF and PF can fix rabbit and guinea pig complement. The purified cell wall preparation is more active than LCWF in both chemotaxigenesis and complement fixation, indicating that these activities are due primarily to the nonprotein portion of LCWF. Complement fixation by PF was demonstrated in the presence of ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and in C4-deficient serum, which is evidence that PF activated complement by the alternative pathway. Therefore, chemotaxigenesis by PF and LCWF seems to involve fixation of complement via the alternative pathway.", "PMID": 410883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5899", "title": "The SC5b-7 complex: formation, isolation, properties, and subunit composition.", "content": "Activation of C in C8-depleted serum results in the formation of a soluble complex containing C5, C6, and C7. The complex has an electrophoretic mobility of an alpha-globulin, an s-rate of 18.5S, and a m.w. of 668,000 daltons. This complex was isolated and upon SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it was found to contain, in addition to C5b, C6 and C7, an 88,000 dalton glycoprotein. The protein was identified as the band V protein of the soluble C5b-9 complex. It is referred to as SIIIs-protein, or S-protein. Since the S-protein does not bind to C5b-6, it is concluded that it is incorporated during the fusion of C5b-6 with C7. The SC5b-7 complex exhibits the same neoantigen as the SC5b-9 complex, but compared to the C5b-6 complex it appears to contain an additionally qualitatively distinct neoantigen.", "contents": "The SC5b-7 complex: formation, isolation, properties, and subunit composition. Activation of C in C8-depleted serum results in the formation of a soluble complex containing C5, C6, and C7. The complex has an electrophoretic mobility of an alpha-globulin, an s-rate of 18.5S, and a m.w. of 668,000 daltons. This complex was isolated and upon SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it was found to contain, in addition to C5b, C6 and C7, an 88,000 dalton glycoprotein. The protein was identified as the band V protein of the soluble C5b-9 complex. It is referred to as SIIIs-protein, or S-protein. Since the S-protein does not bind to C5b-6, it is concluded that it is incorporated during the fusion of C5b-6 with C7. The SC5b-7 complex exhibits the same neoantigen as the SC5b-9 complex, but compared to the C5b-6 complex it appears to contain an additionally qualitatively distinct neoantigen.", "PMID": 410885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5900", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins: methods for the determination of normal values in international units.", "content": "This paper describes the proper statistical methods for the determination of the range of normal values of serum immunoglobulins in any population and for the conversion of those ranges, or any serum immunoglobulin value, from mg per ml to World Health Organization International Units. In determining the normal range, it is argued that the analysis should be based upon the logarithms of the serum immunoglobulin values and that the range of normal values about the mean should be determined by the application of tolerance limits, rather than the more familar but incorrect confidence limits. For converting normal ranges from mg per ml to International Units, methods of parallel line bioassay (for IgG and IgA) and non-linear bioassay (for IgM and IgD) are used. For both bioassay methods, graphical techniques are described.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins: methods for the determination of normal values in international units. This paper describes the proper statistical methods for the determination of the range of normal values of serum immunoglobulins in any population and for the conversion of those ranges, or any serum immunoglobulin value, from mg per ml to World Health Organization International Units. In determining the normal range, it is argued that the analysis should be based upon the logarithms of the serum immunoglobulin values and that the range of normal values about the mean should be determined by the application of tolerance limits, rather than the more familar but incorrect confidence limits. For converting normal ranges from mg per ml to International Units, methods of parallel line bioassay (for IgG and IgA) and non-linear bioassay (for IgM and IgD) are used. For both bioassay methods, graphical techniques are described.", "PMID": 410887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5901", "title": "A rapid micro method for the simultaneous determination of phagocytic-microbiocidal activity of human peripheral blood leukocytes in vitro.", "content": "A new, simple technique for simultaneously studying phagocytic and microbiocidal functions, using viable eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbes, is described. Fresh human venous blood from volunteers was placed on a coverglass and incubated to allow leukocyte adhesion to the coverglass. After clot removal, viable microbes in suspension were added and the coverglass preparation was incubated to allow phagocytosis. The excess microbes (E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and C. albicans each have been used) were then rinsed off, and the vital fluorochrome, acridine orange (AO), was used for staining. A wet mount was prepared and examined by reflected fluorescence with an ultraviolet microscope. Intact (viable) polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte nuclei and microbes appeared green (orthochromatic). Granules in the PMN cytoplasm were yellow or reddish. Nonviable PMN nuclei appeared yellowish or reddish and the nonviable microbes appeared bright red (metachromatic). Thus, phagocytized microbes may be counted and identified as viable or non-viable.", "contents": "A rapid micro method for the simultaneous determination of phagocytic-microbiocidal activity of human peripheral blood leukocytes in vitro. A new, simple technique for simultaneously studying phagocytic and microbiocidal functions, using viable eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbes, is described. Fresh human venous blood from volunteers was placed on a coverglass and incubated to allow leukocyte adhesion to the coverglass. After clot removal, viable microbes in suspension were added and the coverglass preparation was incubated to allow phagocytosis. The excess microbes (E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and C. albicans each have been used) were then rinsed off, and the vital fluorochrome, acridine orange (AO), was used for staining. A wet mount was prepared and examined by reflected fluorescence with an ultraviolet microscope. Intact (viable) polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte nuclei and microbes appeared green (orthochromatic). Granules in the PMN cytoplasm were yellow or reddish. Nonviable PMN nuclei appeared yellowish or reddish and the nonviable microbes appeared bright red (metachromatic). Thus, phagocytized microbes may be counted and identified as viable or non-viable.", "PMID": 410889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5902", "title": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of diphtheria toxin antibodies.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitation of diphtheria toxin antibodies is described. When the ELISA technique was compared to a single radial immunodiffusion assay the results correlated well but the ELISA technique was ten thousand times more sensitive. It was also at least ten times as sensitive as the in vivo rabbit skin test.", "contents": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of diphtheria toxin antibodies. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitation of diphtheria toxin antibodies is described. When the ELISA technique was compared to a single radial immunodiffusion assay the results correlated well but the ELISA technique was ten thousand times more sensitive. It was also at least ten times as sensitive as the in vivo rabbit skin test.", "PMID": 410890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5903", "title": "Detection of antigens and antibodies by an immuno-peroxidase method applied on thin longitudinal sections of SDS-polyacrylamide gels.", "content": "This paper describes a method for detection of antigens in thin sections of SDS-polyacrylamide gels. This method, called SGIP, involves longitudinal sectioning of SDS gels, fixation of the proteins in the gels, removal of the SDS, incubation of the sections with an antiserum and detection of antigens by the indirect immuno-peroxidase technique. The method is useful for assessing the affinity spectrum of a given antiserum against a heterogeneous mixture of proteins, and for the detection of proteins in tissue homogenates or other protein mixtures by means of well defined antisera. By applying the method to serial sections from a single SDS-polyacrylamide gel, a dilution dependent reactivity of antisera is demonstrated.", "contents": "Detection of antigens and antibodies by an immuno-peroxidase method applied on thin longitudinal sections of SDS-polyacrylamide gels. This paper describes a method for detection of antigens in thin sections of SDS-polyacrylamide gels. This method, called SGIP, involves longitudinal sectioning of SDS gels, fixation of the proteins in the gels, removal of the SDS, incubation of the sections with an antiserum and detection of antigens by the indirect immuno-peroxidase technique. The method is useful for assessing the affinity spectrum of a given antiserum against a heterogeneous mixture of proteins, and for the detection of proteins in tissue homogenates or other protein mixtures by means of well defined antisera. By applying the method to serial sections from a single SDS-polyacrylamide gel, a dilution dependent reactivity of antisera is demonstrated.", "PMID": 410891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5904", "title": "Quantitation of B cells in peripheral blood by polyacrylamide beads coated with anti-human chain antibody.", "content": "A method for quantitating peripheral blood B cells is described which utilizes anti-heavy chain specific antibody attached to polyacrylamide beads. The method has the advantages of ease of performance, of utilizing reagents which are commercially available and routine phase microscopy. In addition, the reagents are stable for prolonged periods of time and only small amounts are required. Utilizing this assay, the following percentages of B cells have been found in normals: IgG 6.3 +/- 0.6; IgM 4.3 +/- 0.5; IgA 4.0 +/- 0.5. The polyacrylamide beads may be phatocytized allowed recognition of certain phagocytic mononuclear cells.", "contents": "Quantitation of B cells in peripheral blood by polyacrylamide beads coated with anti-human chain antibody. A method for quantitating peripheral blood B cells is described which utilizes anti-heavy chain specific antibody attached to polyacrylamide beads. The method has the advantages of ease of performance, of utilizing reagents which are commercially available and routine phase microscopy. In addition, the reagents are stable for prolonged periods of time and only small amounts are required. Utilizing this assay, the following percentages of B cells have been found in normals: IgG 6.3 +/- 0.6; IgM 4.3 +/- 0.5; IgA 4.0 +/- 0.5. The polyacrylamide beads may be phatocytized allowed recognition of certain phagocytic mononuclear cells.", "PMID": 410892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5905", "title": "Structural restriction and similarities of the light chains of antibodies to group B streptococcal carbohydrate produced in a single rabbit.", "content": "Comparison of the amino acid compositions, N-terminal amino acids and tryptic peptide maps of two L chains (145 LI and 145 LII) derived from antibodies produced in a single rabbit to group B streptococci indicates a high degree of sequence homology of the two chains. Furthermore, comparison of these data with similar analysis of L chains prepared from pooled antibodies to group B streptococci indicates a high degree of V region restriction in the L chains of antibodies elicited by hyperimmunization with streptococci.", "contents": "Structural restriction and similarities of the light chains of antibodies to group B streptococcal carbohydrate produced in a single rabbit. Comparison of the amino acid compositions, N-terminal amino acids and tryptic peptide maps of two L chains (145 LI and 145 LII) derived from antibodies produced in a single rabbit to group B streptococci indicates a high degree of sequence homology of the two chains. Furthermore, comparison of these data with similar analysis of L chains prepared from pooled antibodies to group B streptococci indicates a high degree of V region restriction in the L chains of antibodies elicited by hyperimmunization with streptococci.", "PMID": 410894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5906", "title": "A study of the increased serum level of IgG1 in 'lethargic' mice combined with a depressed thymus-dependent lymphoid system.", "content": "In a series of recent studies on 'lethargic' mice, a neurological mutation of the mouse, significant abnormalities were discovered in the thymus and its dependent regions in the lymph nodes and spleen. The present study was made as an approach toward finding the possible causes for these abnormalities. Serum IgG1 levels were stldied in 'lethargic' mutants at the age when severe deficiency of the thymus-dependent lymphoid system is known to occur in the animal. Using the radial immunodiffusion method, it was found that serum IgG1 levels are always significantly higher in 'lethargic' mice than in their normal littermates. Possible causes of the higher IgG1 in the serum of 'lethargic' mice are discussed. The authors note the similarities of other mouse mutations to that of the 'lethargic' mouse and propose the possibility that a common mechanism may account for immunologic deficiencies in several types of mutant mice.", "contents": "A study of the increased serum level of IgG1 in 'lethargic' mice combined with a depressed thymus-dependent lymphoid system. In a series of recent studies on 'lethargic' mice, a neurological mutation of the mouse, significant abnormalities were discovered in the thymus and its dependent regions in the lymph nodes and spleen. The present study was made as an approach toward finding the possible causes for these abnormalities. Serum IgG1 levels were stldied in 'lethargic' mutants at the age when severe deficiency of the thymus-dependent lymphoid system is known to occur in the animal. Using the radial immunodiffusion method, it was found that serum IgG1 levels are always significantly higher in 'lethargic' mice than in their normal littermates. Possible causes of the higher IgG1 in the serum of 'lethargic' mice are discussed. The authors note the similarities of other mouse mutations to that of the 'lethargic' mouse and propose the possibility that a common mechanism may account for immunologic deficiencies in several types of mutant mice.", "PMID": 410895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5907", "title": "Bacteriophage typing of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.", "content": "Bacteriophage types of over 3,000 strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated in Canada have been determined. The typing scheme used involved the use of nine phages. Results indicated that phage types correlate with biotypes to a large degree. Corynecin types were also determined for a limited number of cultures, and results indicated that the indicator strains presently available are unsuitable for the typing of C. diphtheriae strains isolated in North America. The distribution of phage types is similar throughout Canada, and the types present correspond to types reported from other countries. Phage typing could be of value in the study of circumscribed outbreaks and in epidemiological surveillance of types over long periods.", "contents": "Bacteriophage typing of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Bacteriophage types of over 3,000 strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated in Canada have been determined. The typing scheme used involved the use of nine phages. Results indicated that phage types correlate with biotypes to a large degree. Corynecin types were also determined for a limited number of cultures, and results indicated that the indicator strains presently available are unsuitable for the typing of C. diphtheriae strains isolated in North America. The distribution of phage types is similar throughout Canada, and the types present correspond to types reported from other countries. Phage typing could be of value in the study of circumscribed outbreaks and in epidemiological surveillance of types over long periods.", "PMID": 410896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5908", "title": "Mechanism of action of tetracaine hydrochloride against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The mode of action of tetracaine hydrochloride in vitro on Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigates. The inhibitory and bactericidal action of tetracaine hydrochloride in vitro was adversely affected by magnesium ions. Observation of cellular lysis, leakage of intracellular materials, dehydrogenase activity, and a higher sensitivity of spheroplasts than of whole cells to tetracaine led to the conclusion that tetracaine acts by damaging the cell membrane. The lytic action of lysozyme was potentiated by tetracaine; this finding indicates enhanced permeability of the cell wall. Alteration of cell wall permeability was demonstrated by the finding that the cells exposed to subinhibitory amounts of tetracaine became susceptible to otherwise ineffective erythromycin.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of tetracaine hydrochloride against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The mode of action of tetracaine hydrochloride in vitro on Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigates. The inhibitory and bactericidal action of tetracaine hydrochloride in vitro was adversely affected by magnesium ions. Observation of cellular lysis, leakage of intracellular materials, dehydrogenase activity, and a higher sensitivity of spheroplasts than of whole cells to tetracaine led to the conclusion that tetracaine acts by damaging the cell membrane. The lytic action of lysozyme was potentiated by tetracaine; this finding indicates enhanced permeability of the cell wall. Alteration of cell wall permeability was demonstrated by the finding that the cells exposed to subinhibitory amounts of tetracaine became susceptible to otherwise ineffective erythromycin.", "PMID": 410897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5909", "title": "Mutations of Drosophila melanogaster that affect muscles.", "content": "Eight X-chromosome mutations (falling into five complementation groups) that affect the development and morphology of the indirect flight muscles of Drosophila melanogaster were investigated using histological, behavioural and genetic techniques. All of these mutations result in flightlessness, in a marked reduction in the ability of the flies to jump, and in the wings being held in abnormal positions. Mutations in each of the complementation groups have different effects on the morphology of the muscles. Two (flapwing, vertical wing) result in absence of most of the indirect flight muscle fibres, a third (upheld) is required for the gross organization of muscle structure, another (heldup) is involved in the maintenance of muscle structure once formed, and the fifth seems to be necessary for the detailed architecture of the muscle fibre (indented thorax). The analysis of flies genetically mosaic with respect to each mutation by the technique of fate-mapping suggests that three (heldup, upheld and indented thorax) of the genes concerned have their primary site of action in the musculature itself, while the other two (flapwing and vertical wing) may function primarily in the fat-body and tracheae respectively.", "contents": "Mutations of Drosophila melanogaster that affect muscles. Eight X-chromosome mutations (falling into five complementation groups) that affect the development and morphology of the indirect flight muscles of Drosophila melanogaster were investigated using histological, behavioural and genetic techniques. All of these mutations result in flightlessness, in a marked reduction in the ability of the flies to jump, and in the wings being held in abnormal positions. Mutations in each of the complementation groups have different effects on the morphology of the muscles. Two (flapwing, vertical wing) result in absence of most of the indirect flight muscle fibres, a third (upheld) is required for the gross organization of muscle structure, another (heldup) is involved in the maintenance of muscle structure once formed, and the fifth seems to be necessary for the detailed architecture of the muscle fibre (indented thorax). The analysis of flies genetically mosaic with respect to each mutation by the technique of fate-mapping suggests that three (heldup, upheld and indented thorax) of the genes concerned have their primary site of action in the musculature itself, while the other two (flapwing and vertical wing) may function primarily in the fat-body and tracheae respectively.", "PMID": 410901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5910", "title": "Abnormal oogenesis and embryogenesis resulting from centrifuging Drosophila melanogaster females.", "content": "Females of Drosophila melanogaster were centrifuged at 2400 g and 4200 g for 3 h in a number of different orientations. The oocytes in various stages of vitellogenesis become separated into three layers; a centrifugal yolk layer, a central cytoplasmic layer, and a centripetal lipid layer. The direction of layering is related to the orientation of the female. The process of recovery of the ovaries was followed and the development of the eggs laid analysed. Many of the eggs laid over the subsequent 3 days die very early in development and fail to produce any differentiated structures. Some hatch into normal larvae and others produce defective embryos. The most common defect being a misarrangement of the segmentation. The differences in the kinds of experimentally inducible pattern aberrations in Drosophila and other diptera is discussed.", "contents": "Abnormal oogenesis and embryogenesis resulting from centrifuging Drosophila melanogaster females. Females of Drosophila melanogaster were centrifuged at 2400 g and 4200 g for 3 h in a number of different orientations. The oocytes in various stages of vitellogenesis become separated into three layers; a centrifugal yolk layer, a central cytoplasmic layer, and a centripetal lipid layer. The direction of layering is related to the orientation of the female. The process of recovery of the ovaries was followed and the development of the eggs laid analysed. Many of the eggs laid over the subsequent 3 days die very early in development and fail to produce any differentiated structures. Some hatch into normal larvae and others produce defective embryos. The most common defect being a misarrangement of the segmentation. The differences in the kinds of experimentally inducible pattern aberrations in Drosophila and other diptera is discussed.", "PMID": 410902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5911", "title": "Restrictions on rotational and translational diffusion of pigment in the membranes of a rhabdomeric photoreceptor.", "content": "Individual, isolated rhabdoms from dark-adapted crayfish (Orconectes, Procambarus) were studied with a laterally incident microbeam that could be placed in single stacks of microvilli. Concentration gradients of metarhodopsin along the lengths of microvilli were produced by local bleaches, accomplished by irradiation with small spots of orange light at pH 9 in the presence of glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde. No subsequent redistribution of pigment was observed in the dark, indicating an absence of translational diffusion. On the basis of comparison with other systems, glutaraldehyde, but not formaldehyde (0.75%), would be expected to prevent diffusion of protein in the membrane. Under the same conditions photodichroism is observed, indicating an absence of free Brownian rotation. Photodichroism is larger in glutaraldehyde than in formaldehyde, suggesting that the bifunctional reagent quiets some molecular motion that is present after treatment with formaldehyde. Quantitative comparison of photodichroism with mathematical models indicates that the pigment absorption vectors are aligned within +/- 50 degrees of the microvillar axes and are tilted into the surface of the membrane at an average value of about 20 degrees. The photoconversion of rhodopsin to metarhodopsin is accompanied by an increase in molar extinction of about 20% at the lambda maxand a reorientation of the absorption vector by several degrees. The transition moment either tilts further into the membrane or loses some of its axial orientation, or both. The change in orientation is 3.5 time larger in formaldehyde than in glutaraldehyde.", "contents": "Restrictions on rotational and translational diffusion of pigment in the membranes of a rhabdomeric photoreceptor. Individual, isolated rhabdoms from dark-adapted crayfish (Orconectes, Procambarus) were studied with a laterally incident microbeam that could be placed in single stacks of microvilli. Concentration gradients of metarhodopsin along the lengths of microvilli were produced by local bleaches, accomplished by irradiation with small spots of orange light at pH 9 in the presence of glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde. No subsequent redistribution of pigment was observed in the dark, indicating an absence of translational diffusion. On the basis of comparison with other systems, glutaraldehyde, but not formaldehyde (0.75%), would be expected to prevent diffusion of protein in the membrane. Under the same conditions photodichroism is observed, indicating an absence of free Brownian rotation. Photodichroism is larger in glutaraldehyde than in formaldehyde, suggesting that the bifunctional reagent quiets some molecular motion that is present after treatment with formaldehyde. Quantitative comparison of photodichroism with mathematical models indicates that the pigment absorption vectors are aligned within +/- 50 degrees of the microvillar axes and are tilted into the surface of the membrane at an average value of about 20 degrees. The photoconversion of rhodopsin to metarhodopsin is accompanied by an increase in molar extinction of about 20% at the lambda maxand a reorientation of the absorption vector by several degrees. The transition moment either tilts further into the membrane or loses some of its axial orientation, or both. The change in orientation is 3.5 time larger in formaldehyde than in glutaraldehyde.", "PMID": 410904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5912", "title": "The preparation and properties of gonococcal pili.", "content": "Pili have been isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae by controlled homogenization followed by selective disaggregation in sucrose and purification by CsCl density gradient centrifugation. Pili from six gonococcal strains had buoyant densities of 1-30 to 1-31 g ml-1 on CsCl. The pili were immunologically distinct when tested with rabbit antisera to purified pili. The amino acid composition of pilin from strains P9 and 201 was very similar, consisting of 208 and 212 amino acid residues respectively giving molecular weights of 22 600 and 22352. The pili contained a high proportion (46%) of non-polar amino acids. Further analysis of strain P9 pili revealed the presence of 1 to 2 phosphate groups and 1 to 2 hexose groups per pilin subunit; no amino sugars were detected. Pili from strain P9 were resolved into two bands by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation or column isoelectric focusing, suggesting the presence of more than one kind of pilus.", "contents": "The preparation and properties of gonococcal pili. Pili have been isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae by controlled homogenization followed by selective disaggregation in sucrose and purification by CsCl density gradient centrifugation. Pili from six gonococcal strains had buoyant densities of 1-30 to 1-31 g ml-1 on CsCl. The pili were immunologically distinct when tested with rabbit antisera to purified pili. The amino acid composition of pilin from strains P9 and 201 was very similar, consisting of 208 and 212 amino acid residues respectively giving molecular weights of 22 600 and 22352. The pili contained a high proportion (46%) of non-polar amino acids. Further analysis of strain P9 pili revealed the presence of 1 to 2 phosphate groups and 1 to 2 hexose groups per pilin subunit; no amino sugars were detected. Pili from strain P9 were resolved into two bands by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation or column isoelectric focusing, suggesting the presence of more than one kind of pilus.", "PMID": 410905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5913", "title": "New types of mutation affecting formation of alkaline phosphatase by Bacillus subtilis in sporulation conditions.", "content": "Mutations defining three new loci, sapA, sapB and phoS, were detected by their ability to overcome the phosphatase-negative phenotype of early-blocked asporogenous mutants in sporulation conditions. Synthesis of alkaline phosphatase by Bacillus subtilis is subject to 'vegetative' and 'sporulation' controls. The phoS mutations resulted in constitutive production of alkaline phosphatase and so could be altered in either the 'vegetative' or the 'sporulation' control system. The sapA and sapB mutations only affected alkaline phosphatase formation in sporulation conditions, and were considered to be sporulation specific. They rendered 'sporulation' alkaline phosphatase formation independent of all the spomutations tested, and so independent of the control of the dependent sequences of spo locus expression; as the enzyme was not formed constitutively, it remained subject to some other sporulation control. The sapA and phoS loci were placed between argC4 and metC3 on the genetic map; the sapB locus was located close to purB6. The three loci mapped separately from all known spo loci.", "contents": "New types of mutation affecting formation of alkaline phosphatase by Bacillus subtilis in sporulation conditions. Mutations defining three new loci, sapA, sapB and phoS, were detected by their ability to overcome the phosphatase-negative phenotype of early-blocked asporogenous mutants in sporulation conditions. Synthesis of alkaline phosphatase by Bacillus subtilis is subject to 'vegetative' and 'sporulation' controls. The phoS mutations resulted in constitutive production of alkaline phosphatase and so could be altered in either the 'vegetative' or the 'sporulation' control system. The sapA and sapB mutations only affected alkaline phosphatase formation in sporulation conditions, and were considered to be sporulation specific. They rendered 'sporulation' alkaline phosphatase formation independent of all the spomutations tested, and so independent of the control of the dependent sequences of spo locus expression; as the enzyme was not formed constitutively, it remained subject to some other sporulation control. The sapA and phoS loci were placed between argC4 and metC3 on the genetic map; the sapB locus was located close to purB6. The three loci mapped separately from all known spo loci.", "PMID": 410907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5914", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a Bacillus megaterium QMB1551 bacteriophage.", "content": "A bacteriophage specific for Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 was isolated. This phage (MP-7) was a lytic phage of typical morphology and distinct stability properties. The DNA was double-stranded, with a mole % G+C of 38.9 +/- 0.7 and a mol. wt. of 42 to 44 X 10(6).", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a Bacillus megaterium QMB1551 bacteriophage. A bacteriophage specific for Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 was isolated. This phage (MP-7) was a lytic phage of typical morphology and distinct stability properties. The DNA was double-stranded, with a mole % G+C of 38.9 +/- 0.7 and a mol. wt. of 42 to 44 X 10(6).", "PMID": 410908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5915", "title": "Sources of error in measuring cerebrospinal fluid formation by ventriculocisternal perfusion.", "content": "Ventriculocisternal perfusion is regarded as a precise method of measuring the rate of formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) but it possesses inherent potential sources of error. Using the technique to measure CSF formation rate in the rhesus monkey, we have observed rate changes when none were expected. Most puzzling has been the steady decline of CSF formation rate at 4 percent each hour during the final five hours of a seven hour perfusion although variables known to affect CSF formation remained stable. In addition, alterations in rate caused by artefacts were observed in experiments in which craniospinal blood volume was changed by sudden changes of either PCO2 or central venous pressure. Mobilisation or sequestration of incompletely equilibrated CSF is believed responsible. In other experiments, a small increase of intracranial pressure produced by increasing outflow resistance was quickly followed by an apparent reduction of CSF formation. We have concluded that to assess accurately the effect a variable has on the rate of CSF formation, one must control perfusion time and craniospinal blood volume as well as intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Sources of error in measuring cerebrospinal fluid formation by ventriculocisternal perfusion. Ventriculocisternal perfusion is regarded as a precise method of measuring the rate of formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) but it possesses inherent potential sources of error. Using the technique to measure CSF formation rate in the rhesus monkey, we have observed rate changes when none were expected. Most puzzling has been the steady decline of CSF formation rate at 4 percent each hour during the final five hours of a seven hour perfusion although variables known to affect CSF formation remained stable. In addition, alterations in rate caused by artefacts were observed in experiments in which craniospinal blood volume was changed by sudden changes of either PCO2 or central venous pressure. Mobilisation or sequestration of incompletely equilibrated CSF is believed responsible. In other experiments, a small increase of intracranial pressure produced by increasing outflow resistance was quickly followed by an apparent reduction of CSF formation. We have concluded that to assess accurately the effect a variable has on the rate of CSF formation, one must control perfusion time and craniospinal blood volume as well as intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 410910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5916", "title": "Percutaneous catheterization of the internal jugular vein in infants and children.", "content": "Two methods are described for percutaneous catheterization of the internal jugular vein in children. The technique can be used even in premature babies. No serious complications were observed from the catheterization in 100 cases.", "contents": "Percutaneous catheterization of the internal jugular vein in infants and children. Two methods are described for percutaneous catheterization of the internal jugular vein in children. The technique can be used even in premature babies. No serious complications were observed from the catheterization in 100 cases.", "PMID": 410917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5917", "title": "Identification of urinary catechol and methylated catechol metabolites of phenytoin in  humans, monkeys, and dogs by GLC and GLC-mass spectrometry.", "content": "A catechol metabolite, 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, and a methylated catechol metabolite, 5-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, were identified as urinary metabolites in humans, monkeys, and dogs following the administration of phenytoin. These metabolites were separated from each other and from other known metabolites of phenytoin as n-butyl derivatives by GLC and positively identified by combined GLC-mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Identification of urinary catechol and methylated catechol metabolites of phenytoin in  humans, monkeys, and dogs by GLC and GLC-mass spectrometry. A catechol metabolite, 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, and a methylated catechol metabolite, 5-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, were identified as urinary metabolites in humans, monkeys, and dogs following the administration of phenytoin. These metabolites were separated from each other and from other known metabolites of phenytoin as n-butyl derivatives by GLC and positively identified by combined GLC-mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 410919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5918", "title": "Neurofibromatosis of lid and orbit in early childhood.", "content": "Fifty cases of neurofibromatosis of lid and orbit that were followed up from early childhood for about 20 years showed: 1. Age at which cases firstly seen by ophthalmologist in 10 percent at first, in 20 percent between two and four; in 30 percent betweeen five and 12; in 30 percent between 13 and 17; and in 10 percent after 17 years. 2. The most common lesion in a unilateral orbital and upper lid swelling with ptosis in 30 percent; with added swelling of temporal region and eyebrow in 30 percent; with added swelling of cheek in 30 percent. Only unilateral swelling at root of nose in four percent; eyebrow in two percent; or temporal atrophy in two percent. 3. Associated cafe au lait patches are found in 70 percent, and multiple neurofibromata of skin in 50 percent. 4. Malignant transformation to neurofibrosarcoma occurs in six percent. 5. X-ray changes of the bony orbit: absent in 60 percent; congenital since birth in 20 percent-the lesser and greater wings of the spehenoid bone are most commonly absent; and due to pressure of growing neurofibromatosis of orbit in 20 percent.", "contents": "Neurofibromatosis of lid and orbit in early childhood. Fifty cases of neurofibromatosis of lid and orbit that were followed up from early childhood for about 20 years showed: 1. Age at which cases firstly seen by ophthalmologist in 10 percent at first, in 20 percent between two and four; in 30 percent betweeen five and 12; in 30 percent between 13 and 17; and in 10 percent after 17 years. 2. The most common lesion in a unilateral orbital and upper lid swelling with ptosis in 30 percent; with added swelling of temporal region and eyebrow in 30 percent; with added swelling of cheek in 30 percent. Only unilateral swelling at root of nose in four percent; eyebrow in two percent; or temporal atrophy in two percent. 3. Associated cafe au lait patches are found in 70 percent, and multiple neurofibromata of skin in 50 percent. 4. Malignant transformation to neurofibrosarcoma occurs in six percent. 5. X-ray changes of the bony orbit: absent in 60 percent; congenital since birth in 20 percent-the lesser and greater wings of the spehenoid bone are most commonly absent; and due to pressure of growing neurofibromatosis of orbit in 20 percent.", "PMID": 410915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5919", "title": "Schizogony in Haemoproteus columbae Kruse.", "content": "To fill in some of the gaps in our knowledge of Schizogony of Haemoproteus columbae Kruse, transmission experiments involving inoculation into pigeons (Columba livia Gmelin) of sporozonites from salivary glands of the hippoboscid fly Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart) were carried out. We were unable to detect prepatent schizonts or to observe schizogonic development when infection became chronic. Schizonts were mainly confined to lung tissue. Observations of parapatent schizonts were made in smears and tissue sections. A variety of forms was found. Cytomeres were rarely encountered. Two types of morphologically distinct merozoites were seen. One type was twice as large as large as the other and was thought to repeat the process of schizogony several times before invading erythrocytes. Schizonts with cytoplasmic clefts were not common in our material due to the fixatives used (Bouin's and Carnoy's). Merozoites were occasionally observed inside monocytes, probably being phagocytosed.", "contents": "Schizogony in Haemoproteus columbae Kruse. To fill in some of the gaps in our knowledge of Schizogony of Haemoproteus columbae Kruse, transmission experiments involving inoculation into pigeons (Columba livia Gmelin) of sporozonites from salivary glands of the hippoboscid fly Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart) were carried out. We were unable to detect prepatent schizonts or to observe schizogonic development when infection became chronic. Schizonts were mainly confined to lung tissue. Observations of parapatent schizonts were made in smears and tissue sections. A variety of forms was found. Cytomeres were rarely encountered. Two types of morphologically distinct merozoites were seen. One type was twice as large as large as the other and was thought to repeat the process of schizogony several times before invading erythrocytes. Schizonts with cytoplasmic clefts were not common in our material due to the fixatives used (Bouin's and Carnoy's). Merozoites were occasionally observed inside monocytes, probably being phagocytosed.", "PMID": 410922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5920", "title": "Ocular malformations in human fetuses with external malformations.", "content": "Sixty undamaged human fetuses with various nonocular external malformations were selected randomly from a large number of fetuses collected by the Department of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, and examined macroscopically and stereomicroscopically for ocular and other external and internal malformations. Eighteen fetuses (30 percent) showed ocular malformations of the following types: approximated eyes (two cases), approximated eyes plus microncornea (one case), microphthalmia (eight cases), microcornea (three cases), corneal opacity (one case), transparent sclera (two cases), and antimongoloid obliquity of the palpebral fissure (one case). In addition, asymmetric insertion sites of the recti muscles, regarded as a minor deviation, were found in 12 cases (20.0 percent). Of the fetuses with malformations in the central nervous system 37.5 per cent showed ocular malformations. No specific causes of ocular malformations could be confirmed in the present study. However, drugs such as hormones, sedatives and antipyretics in the early stage of pregnancy, systemic diseases such as influenza, and dysplasia or dysfunction of the ovary or uterus might be related to the production of some ocular and other malformations.", "contents": "Ocular malformations in human fetuses with external malformations. Sixty undamaged human fetuses with various nonocular external malformations were selected randomly from a large number of fetuses collected by the Department of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, and examined macroscopically and stereomicroscopically for ocular and other external and internal malformations. Eighteen fetuses (30 percent) showed ocular malformations of the following types: approximated eyes (two cases), approximated eyes plus microncornea (one case), microphthalmia (eight cases), microcornea (three cases), corneal opacity (one case), transparent sclera (two cases), and antimongoloid obliquity of the palpebral fissure (one case). In addition, asymmetric insertion sites of the recti muscles, regarded as a minor deviation, were found in 12 cases (20.0 percent). Of the fetuses with malformations in the central nervous system 37.5 per cent showed ocular malformations. No specific causes of ocular malformations could be confirmed in the present study. However, drugs such as hormones, sedatives and antipyretics in the early stage of pregnancy, systemic diseases such as influenza, and dysplasia or dysfunction of the ovary or uterus might be related to the production of some ocular and other malformations.", "PMID": 410916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5921", "title": "Monstrous Tetrahymena with intraclonal variation in structure produced by hereditary modification of normal cells.", "content": "Monstrous Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL may be isolated after exposure of normal cells to numerous heat shocks, to flattening on agar or gelatin plates, or to viscous solutions of methyl cellouse. It is shown that in some cases the abnormalities are inherited and that this results in clones where the cells are different from each other and have various abnormalities with respect to cortical pattern, swimming and feeding behavior, and generation time. Furthermore, it is shown that these cells are produced rather than selected by the experimental treatments. Evidence is presented that growth without division is important for production of the abnormal organisms. The basis of the inheritance of the abnormalities is discussed.", "contents": "Monstrous Tetrahymena with intraclonal variation in structure produced by hereditary modification of normal cells. Monstrous Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL may be isolated after exposure of normal cells to numerous heat shocks, to flattening on agar or gelatin plates, or to viscous solutions of methyl cellouse. It is shown that in some cases the abnormalities are inherited and that this results in clones where the cells are different from each other and have various abnormalities with respect to cortical pattern, swimming and feeding behavior, and generation time. Furthermore, it is shown that these cells are produced rather than selected by the experimental treatments. Evidence is presented that growth without division is important for production of the abnormal organisms. The basis of the inheritance of the abnormalities is discussed.", "PMID": 410923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5922", "title": "The histochemical localization of prostaglandin synthetase activity in reproductive tract of the male rat.", "content": "PG synthetase activity was assessed histochemically in the reproductive tract of male rats. Moderate activity was observed in tails of spermatozoa within the corpus and cauda epididymidis but there was no activity in the caput epididymidis or the seminiferous tubules. The sperm tail activity was maximal for cells within the vas deferens. PG synthetase activity was also observed in individual adipose cells adhering to the testicular capsule, epididymis and vas deferens, and in isolated interstitial cells of the testis and the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis. Specific cells in the capsules of the testes, epididymis and vas deferens also produced PGs. The activity observed in the interstitial cells of the testis and the caput epididymidis was less than that for the other tissues in terms of the proportion of possible cells. The demonstration of PG synthetase activity paralleled to known loss of arachidonic acid from the phospholipids of the spermatozoa as they pass through the male tract. Endogenous substrate was not limiting in the assay system, even in the testis and caput epididymidis where PG synthesis was not normally observed, indicating that a PG synthesis inhibitor may be present in these two tissues. PG synthetase activity within teased seminiferous tubules was markedly increased by physical trauma. Indomethacin diminished but did not eliminate synthesis.", "contents": "The histochemical localization of prostaglandin synthetase activity in reproductive tract of the male rat. PG synthetase activity was assessed histochemically in the reproductive tract of male rats. Moderate activity was observed in tails of spermatozoa within the corpus and cauda epididymidis but there was no activity in the caput epididymidis or the seminiferous tubules. The sperm tail activity was maximal for cells within the vas deferens. PG synthetase activity was also observed in individual adipose cells adhering to the testicular capsule, epididymis and vas deferens, and in isolated interstitial cells of the testis and the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis. Specific cells in the capsules of the testes, epididymis and vas deferens also produced PGs. The activity observed in the interstitial cells of the testis and the caput epididymidis was less than that for the other tissues in terms of the proportion of possible cells. The demonstration of PG synthetase activity paralleled to known loss of arachidonic acid from the phospholipids of the spermatozoa as they pass through the male tract. Endogenous substrate was not limiting in the assay system, even in the testis and caput epididymidis where PG synthesis was not normally observed, indicating that a PG synthesis inhibitor may be present in these two tissues. PG synthetase activity within teased seminiferous tubules was markedly increased by physical trauma. Indomethacin diminished but did not eliminate synthesis.", "PMID": 410924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5923", "title": "Characterization of the oestrous cycle and mating season of squirrel monkeys from copulatory behaviour.", "content": "Observations of the behaviour of squirrel monkeys, including 8 opposite-sex pairs during daily 30-min social encounters and 2 mixed-sex permanent groups during daily 30-min observation sessions, over a 14-month period were used to determine the periodicity of the oestrous cycle and annual mating season. The median and modal length of the oestrous cycle was 8 days, within which copulations were limited to a 1--2 day period. In a cyclic female, plasma progesterone levels over a 24-day period dropped from 85--151 ng/ml to 25 ng/ml 2 days before oestrus. In non-cyclic females plasma progesterone values were less than 15-4 ng/ml. Males exhibited a 6-8--19-7 week 'season' of copulation and ejaculation. The onset of this 'mating season' in August coincided with the annual peak in male body weight (the 'fatted male' phenomenon).", "contents": "Characterization of the oestrous cycle and mating season of squirrel monkeys from copulatory behaviour. Observations of the behaviour of squirrel monkeys, including 8 opposite-sex pairs during daily 30-min social encounters and 2 mixed-sex permanent groups during daily 30-min observation sessions, over a 14-month period were used to determine the periodicity of the oestrous cycle and annual mating season. The median and modal length of the oestrous cycle was 8 days, within which copulations were limited to a 1--2 day period. In a cyclic female, plasma progesterone levels over a 24-day period dropped from 85--151 ng/ml to 25 ng/ml 2 days before oestrus. In non-cyclic females plasma progesterone values were less than 15-4 ng/ml. Males exhibited a 6-8--19-7 week 'season' of copulation and ejaculation. The onset of this 'mating season' in August coincided with the annual peak in male body weight (the 'fatted male' phenomenon).", "PMID": 410925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5924", "title": "The development of a qualitative assay for male infertility from a study of enzymes in human semen.", "content": "Various enzymes in the semen of men were examined to see if any could be related to measures of fertility. Fumarase activity was highly correlated with sperm number and percentage motility. Diamine oxidase activity was higher in samples with sperm counts of less than 20 X 10(6)/ml and aperm motility of less than 20%. Monoamine oxidase, adenine deaminase and prostaglandin dehydrogenase were undetectable in significant amounts in all samples, while peroxidase and adenosine deaminase were not correlated with sperm count and motility. It is suggested that the simple spectrophotometric assays for fumarase and diamine oxidase could form the basis of a routine assessment of human semen samples for estimation of male infertility.", "contents": "The development of a qualitative assay for male infertility from a study of enzymes in human semen. Various enzymes in the semen of men were examined to see if any could be related to measures of fertility. Fumarase activity was highly correlated with sperm number and percentage motility. Diamine oxidase activity was higher in samples with sperm counts of less than 20 X 10(6)/ml and aperm motility of less than 20%. Monoamine oxidase, adenine deaminase and prostaglandin dehydrogenase were undetectable in significant amounts in all samples, while peroxidase and adenosine deaminase were not correlated with sperm count and motility. It is suggested that the simple spectrophotometric assays for fumarase and diamine oxidase could form the basis of a routine assessment of human semen samples for estimation of male infertility.", "PMID": 410926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5925", "title": "Isoimmune blood group antibodies in cattle after the use of a blood vaccine.", "content": "A total of 100 animals were inoculated twice within 21 days with the Onderstepoort babesiosis vaccine. High blood group antibody titres were recorded, especially after the second inoculation. The possibility is discussed of neonatal isoerythrolysis occuring after vaccination as a result of maternal isoimmune blood group antibodies gaining access to the circulation of the offspring which inherited the corresponding blood group factors from its size.", "contents": "Isoimmune blood group antibodies in cattle after the use of a blood vaccine. A total of 100 animals were inoculated twice within 21 days with the Onderstepoort babesiosis vaccine. High blood group antibody titres were recorded, especially after the second inoculation. The possibility is discussed of neonatal isoerythrolysis occuring after vaccination as a result of maternal isoimmune blood group antibodies gaining access to the circulation of the offspring which inherited the corresponding blood group factors from its size.", "PMID": 410928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5926", "title": "Prostaglandin prodrugs. 5.1 Prostaglandin E2 ethylene ketal.", "content": "In order to improve the chemical stability of prostaglanding E2 (2), prostaglanding E2 ethylene ketal (1) was prepred by direct ketalization of 2 with ethylene glycol in benzene. To establish a quantitative assessment of 1 as a chemically stable and orally active prodrug of 2, the hydrolysis of 1 to 2 and the subsequent dehydration of 2 to prostaglandin A2 (3) were followed at 25 degrees C and six pH's ranging from 2.0 to 6.5 by means of a high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure. Kinetic results clearly indicate that 1 should be quantitively hydrolyzed back to the parent drug 2 dehydration of 2 to 3 are in the order of 1 h and 14 days, respectively. The preliminary data on the biological response after oral administration of 1 appeared to indicate the 1 is bioequivalent to 2.", "contents": "Prostaglandin prodrugs. 5.1 Prostaglandin E2 ethylene ketal. In order to improve the chemical stability of prostaglanding E2 (2), prostaglanding E2 ethylene ketal (1) was prepred by direct ketalization of 2 with ethylene glycol in benzene. To establish a quantitative assessment of 1 as a chemically stable and orally active prodrug of 2, the hydrolysis of 1 to 2 and the subsequent dehydration of 2 to prostaglandin A2 (3) were followed at 25 degrees C and six pH's ranging from 2.0 to 6.5 by means of a high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure. Kinetic results clearly indicate that 1 should be quantitively hydrolyzed back to the parent drug 2 dehydration of 2 to 3 are in the order of 1 h and 14 days, respectively. The preliminary data on the biological response after oral administration of 1 appeared to indicate the 1 is bioequivalent to 2.", "PMID": 410931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5927", "title": "Diastereoisomers of 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl-D-glutamic acid.", "content": "The diastereoisomers of 5,10-methylene 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl-D-glutamate were resolved and tested as substrates and inhibitors of Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase. No activity was observed. The compounds were neither growth factors nor inhibitors for Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecium, or Pediococcus cerevisiae. 7,8-Dihydropteroyl-D-glutamate is 50% as active as 7,8-dihydropteroyl-L-glutamate (dihydrofolate) as a substrate for L. casei dihydrofolate reductase.", "contents": "Diastereoisomers of 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl-D-glutamic acid. The diastereoisomers of 5,10-methylene 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl-D-glutamate were resolved and tested as substrates and inhibitors of Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase. No activity was observed. The compounds were neither growth factors nor inhibitors for Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecium, or Pediococcus cerevisiae. 7,8-Dihydropteroyl-D-glutamate is 50% as active as 7,8-dihydropteroyl-L-glutamate (dihydrofolate) as a substrate for L. casei dihydrofolate reductase.", "PMID": 410932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5928", "title": "Rapid identification of cell wall components as a guide to the classification of aerobic coryneform bacteria from human skin.", "content": "In a survey of over 1000 isolates of aerobic skin coryneforms from a wide variety of sources, chromatographic methods were used to identify the major cell-wall components in whole-cell hydrolysates. Most of the skin isolates-like members of the genus Corynebacterium--possessed meso-diaminopimelic acid and arabinose. However, substantial numbers of coryneforms apparently resident on the skin did not have this pattern; the sites from which they were isolated suggested that some were derived from the environment whilst others (possessing meso-DAP and galactose but not arabinose as the major wall components) were members of the resident skin flora.", "contents": "Rapid identification of cell wall components as a guide to the classification of aerobic coryneform bacteria from human skin. In a survey of over 1000 isolates of aerobic skin coryneforms from a wide variety of sources, chromatographic methods were used to identify the major cell-wall components in whole-cell hydrolysates. Most of the skin isolates-like members of the genus Corynebacterium--possessed meso-diaminopimelic acid and arabinose. However, substantial numbers of coryneforms apparently resident on the skin did not have this pattern; the sites from which they were isolated suggested that some were derived from the environment whilst others (possessing meso-DAP and galactose but not arabinose as the major wall components) were members of the resident skin flora.", "PMID": 410934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5929", "title": "Epidemiological information from active and passive pyocine typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "An investigation was carried out to determine the value of active and passive pyocine typing in the study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections acquired in hospital. Active typing was a more reliable and reproducible method than passive typing. Both methods were used in studies of nine outbreaks of infection. In six of these episodes there was good agreement between the two methods. Less clear-cut results were achieved in the remaining three episodes. In one of these, active typing gave more valuable information. However, both methods are easy, convenient and of value in epidemiological studies.", "contents": "Epidemiological information from active and passive pyocine typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An investigation was carried out to determine the value of active and passive pyocine typing in the study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections acquired in hospital. Active typing was a more reliable and reproducible method than passive typing. Both methods were used in studies of nine outbreaks of infection. In six of these episodes there was good agreement between the two methods. Less clear-cut results were achieved in the remaining three episodes. In one of these, active typing gave more valuable information. However, both methods are easy, convenient and of value in epidemiological studies.", "PMID": 410935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5930", "title": "Electronmicroscopical characterisation of simian papovavirus SA12.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of simian virus SA12, growing in primary cultures of vervet monkey-kidney cells, have demonstrated a typical papovavirus capsid morphology and a diameter of 43 nm. The cytopathic nuclear characteristics, with the absence of virus crstals and elongated capsid forms, distinguish it from SV40 and the human papovaviruses. Like other papovaviruses, SA12 shows a strong affinity for cellular membranes.", "contents": "Electronmicroscopical characterisation of simian papovavirus SA12. Ultrastructural studies of simian virus SA12, growing in primary cultures of vervet monkey-kidney cells, have demonstrated a typical papovavirus capsid morphology and a diameter of 43 nm. The cytopathic nuclear characteristics, with the absence of virus crstals and elongated capsid forms, distinguish it from SV40 and the human papovaviruses. Like other papovaviruses, SA12 shows a strong affinity for cellular membranes.", "PMID": 410936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5931", "title": "Assessment of obesity in pigtailed monkeys (Macaca nemestrina).", "content": "Obesity was studied in a colony of 873 Macaca nemestrina to establish tools for epidemiologic studies, to examine a genetic form of obesity, to document age/sex relationships to obesity, and to compare metabolic profiles of obese and normal monkeys. Age/weight growth curves were analyzed to select the most obese monkeys and age- and sex-matched normal controls. Degree of adiposity was determined using tritiated water for estimation of lean body mass. Body weight, anterior trunk height, and abdominal and triceps skinfolds were measured. Fasting insulin, fasting free fatty acids, and glucose disappearance rate were determined. The results give evidence of similarities between macaque and human obestiy.", "contents": "Assessment of obesity in pigtailed monkeys (Macaca nemestrina). Obesity was studied in a colony of 873 Macaca nemestrina to establish tools for epidemiologic studies, to examine a genetic form of obesity, to document age/sex relationships to obesity, and to compare metabolic profiles of obese and normal monkeys. Age/weight growth curves were analyzed to select the most obese monkeys and age- and sex-matched normal controls. Degree of adiposity was determined using tritiated water for estimation of lean body mass. Body weight, anterior trunk height, and abdominal and triceps skinfolds were measured. Fasting insulin, fasting free fatty acids, and glucose disappearance rate were determined. The results give evidence of similarities between macaque and human obestiy.", "PMID": 410939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5932", "title": "E and EAC rosettes in man and nonhuman primates and the effect of thymosin in vitro.", "content": "E (erythrocyte) and EAC (erythrocytes coated with antibody and complement) rosettes were quantitated in baboons, cebus monkeys and cotton-topped marmosets. There was poor correlation between E rosette levels and other parameter of T-lymphocyte function. In nonhuman primates, E rosettes were increased in the presence of thymosin fraction V, while human E rosettes were not affected.", "contents": "E and EAC rosettes in man and nonhuman primates and the effect of thymosin in vitro. E (erythrocyte) and EAC (erythrocytes coated with antibody and complement) rosettes were quantitated in baboons, cebus monkeys and cotton-topped marmosets. There was poor correlation between E rosette levels and other parameter of T-lymphocyte function. In nonhuman primates, E rosettes were increased in the presence of thymosin fraction V, while human E rosettes were not affected.", "PMID": 410940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5933", "title": "A note on the external genitalia of female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "Observations of six female squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, indicate that the appearance of the external genitalia is hormone-dependent. Estradiol benzoate induced opening of the vagina, swelling of the labia, enlargement of urethral papilla, and copious discharge of thick white vaginal secretion in ovariectomized females.", "contents": "A note on the external genitalia of female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Observations of six female squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus, indicate that the appearance of the external genitalia is hormone-dependent. Estradiol benzoate induced opening of the vagina, swelling of the labia, enlargement of urethral papilla, and copious discharge of thick white vaginal secretion in ovariectomized females.", "PMID": 410941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5934", "title": "[Endoscopic resection in the treatment of non-invasive excreto-urinary carcinomas of the bladder 146 endoscopic resections carried out in 53 patients].", "content": "The authors divided their cases of excreto-urinary tumours of the bladder using the classification of Chome and Algazi. The diagnosis was made in 8 cases out of 10 on the basis of the cystogram obtained by IV pyelography. The upper urinary tract was free of disease in all cases. All patients were treated by endoscopic resection with or without the addition of intravesical instillations of triaziridinyl phosphine sulphide. The effectiveness of such instillations would not appear to have been conclusively demonstrated at the present time. Recurrences of intravesical tumours are extremely common (33/53 patients), but were always at the initial stage: i.e. highly differentiated non-invasive carcinoma. Up to the present none of these 53 patients (maximum follow-up 10 years) has died of an invasive carcinoma of the bladder.", "contents": "[Endoscopic resection in the treatment of non-invasive excreto-urinary carcinomas of the bladder 146 endoscopic resections carried out in 53 patients]. The authors divided their cases of excreto-urinary tumours of the bladder using the classification of Chome and Algazi. The diagnosis was made in 8 cases out of 10 on the basis of the cystogram obtained by IV pyelography. The upper urinary tract was free of disease in all cases. All patients were treated by endoscopic resection with or without the addition of intravesical instillations of triaziridinyl phosphine sulphide. The effectiveness of such instillations would not appear to have been conclusively demonstrated at the present time. Recurrences of intravesical tumours are extremely common (33/53 patients), but were always at the initial stage: i.e. highly differentiated non-invasive carcinoma. Up to the present none of these 53 patients (maximum follow-up 10 years) has died of an invasive carcinoma of the bladder.", "PMID": 410947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5935", "title": "Changes in the capsid structure and stability of defective particles of bacteriophage R17.", "content": "Serological and chemical methods were used to compare the capsid structure and stability of R17 phage and amA31 defective particles. Immunodiffusion analysis demonstrated identity between intact R17 and amA31 capside and between dissociated subunits of both R17 and amA31 and purified coat protein. Radioimmunoassays detected an antibody in R17 antisera that binds to intact R17 but could not be absorbed from R17 antisera with amA31. The R17 antibody remaining in amA31-absorbed sera did not neutralize infectivity of R17 phage. Differences between the surface composition of R17 and amA31 capsids were also detected by iodination. Capsids of R17 bound approximately four times more 125I than amA31, which was accounted for by a decreased 125I labeling of coat protein. Finally, amA31 capsids dissociated under milder conditions of sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment than R17 capsids. The sodium dodecyl sulfate dissociation of both R17 and amA31 capsids resulted in the formation of a transient 38,000-dalton intermediate, which subsequently dissociated to coat protein monomers. Preparations of dissociated R17 capsids also contained assembly protein was also found in preparations of dissociated amA31 capsids.", "contents": "Changes in the capsid structure and stability of defective particles of bacteriophage R17. Serological and chemical methods were used to compare the capsid structure and stability of R17 phage and amA31 defective particles. Immunodiffusion analysis demonstrated identity between intact R17 and amA31 capside and between dissociated subunits of both R17 and amA31 and purified coat protein. Radioimmunoassays detected an antibody in R17 antisera that binds to intact R17 but could not be absorbed from R17 antisera with amA31. The R17 antibody remaining in amA31-absorbed sera did not neutralize infectivity of R17 phage. Differences between the surface composition of R17 and amA31 capsids were also detected by iodination. Capsids of R17 bound approximately four times more 125I than amA31, which was accounted for by a decreased 125I labeling of coat protein. Finally, amA31 capsids dissociated under milder conditions of sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment than R17 capsids. The sodium dodecyl sulfate dissociation of both R17 and amA31 capsids resulted in the formation of a transient 38,000-dalton intermediate, which subsequently dissociated to coat protein monomers. Preparations of dissociated R17 capsids also contained assembly protein was also found in preparations of dissociated amA31 capsids.", "PMID": 410949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5936", "title": "Is the diverticulum of the distal and collecting tubules a preliminary stage of the simple cyst in the adult?", "content": "Whereas the outlines of nephrons and collecting ducts in kidneys from subjects less than 20 years old age regular, the number of diverticula on the distal tubule in kidneys from adults increase with age. An embryogenic progression from diverticula to microscopic and macroscopic cysts to radiologically detectable cysts can be established from morphological anomalies found in kidneys from adults. Therefore, a diverticulum on distal and collecting tubules and collecting tubules is postulated as the precursor of a simple cyst.", "contents": "Is the diverticulum of the distal and collecting tubules a preliminary stage of the simple cyst in the adult? Whereas the outlines of nephrons and collecting ducts in kidneys from subjects less than 20 years old age regular, the number of diverticula on the distal tubule in kidneys from adults increase with age. An embryogenic progression from diverticula to microscopic and macroscopic cysts to radiologically detectable cysts can be established from morphological anomalies found in kidneys from adults. Therefore, a diverticulum on distal and collecting tubules and collecting tubules is postulated as the precursor of a simple cyst.", "PMID": 410950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5937", "title": "Acquired male urethral diverticulum.", "content": "Four cases of acquired urethral diverticula in male subjects are reviewed. All patients presented with complications such as urinary tract infection, urethral fistulas and stone or sequestrum formation in the diverticulum. The recommended treatment is excision of the diverticulum and repair of the urethra. The relevant literature has been reviewed.", "contents": "Acquired male urethral diverticulum. Four cases of acquired urethral diverticula in male subjects are reviewed. All patients presented with complications such as urinary tract infection, urethral fistulas and stone or sequestrum formation in the diverticulum. The recommended treatment is excision of the diverticulum and repair of the urethra. The relevant literature has been reviewed.", "PMID": 410952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5938", "title": "Transitional cell carcinoma in a pyelogenic cyst.", "content": "A case of transitional cell carcinoma in a pyelogenic cyst is presented. The pathogenesis of pyelogenic cysts and the clinical management of avascular cystic renal masses are discussed.", "contents": "Transitional cell carcinoma in a pyelogenic cyst. A case of transitional cell carcinoma in a pyelogenic cyst is presented. The pathogenesis of pyelogenic cysts and the clinical management of avascular cystic renal masses are discussed.", "PMID": 410953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5939", "title": "Blood parasites of mallard and pintail ducks from central Alberta and the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories.", "content": "Blood films from 60 mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and 67 pintail (A. acuta) ducks, collected in Alberta and the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, during 1973 and 1974, were examined for blood parasites. Twenty-two (37%) of the mallards and fourteen (21%) of the pintails were infected with one or more species of hematozoa. Infections of Leucocytozon simondi occurred more frequently (86%) than Haemoproteus nettionis (22%) in the infected birds. Trypanosoma avium occurred in one individual of each species of duck; one pintail harbored an unidentified microfilaria. Differences of prevalence between species are predicted on the basis of host attractancy to vectors and/or host habitat selection, and are discussed.", "contents": "Blood parasites of mallard and pintail ducks from central Alberta and the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories. Blood films from 60 mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and 67 pintail (A. acuta) ducks, collected in Alberta and the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, during 1973 and 1974, were examined for blood parasites. Twenty-two (37%) of the mallards and fourteen (21%) of the pintails were infected with one or more species of hematozoa. Infections of Leucocytozon simondi occurred more frequently (86%) than Haemoproteus nettionis (22%) in the infected birds. Trypanosoma avium occurred in one individual of each species of duck; one pintail harbored an unidentified microfilaria. Differences of prevalence between species are predicted on the basis of host attractancy to vectors and/or host habitat selection, and are discussed.", "PMID": 410954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5940", "title": "Additional observations on the blood parasites of Ugandan birds.", "content": "One thousand and seventy-six birds of 26 families and 127 species were examined for hemoprotozoa; 404 birds (37%) of 41 species representing 17 families harbored one or more blood parasites. Most parasites were species of Haemoproteus which represented 95% of all parasitic infections detected. Prevalence of blood parasites in birds collected from four areas over a period of six years was relatively stable.", "contents": "Additional observations on the blood parasites of Ugandan birds. One thousand and seventy-six birds of 26 families and 127 species were examined for hemoprotozoa; 404 birds (37%) of 41 species representing 17 families harbored one or more blood parasites. Most parasites were species of Haemoproteus which represented 95% of all parasitic infections detected. Prevalence of blood parasites in birds collected from four areas over a period of six years was relatively stable.", "PMID": 410955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5941", "title": "Some infectious and parasitic diseases in Oklahoma raptors.", "content": "Blood films and sera samples from wild Oklahoma raptors (Strigiformes--36 birds, 3 species; Falconiformes--50 birds, 7 species) were examined for hematozoa and tested for serologic antibody response to Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), encephalitis (EEE and WEE), ornithosis, and influenza. Twenty-nine of 36 (80.5) Strigiformes and 24 of 50 (48.0%) Falconiformes showed the presence of one or more hematozoa. Serologic testing revealed the serum of one adult male red-tailed hawk positive for antibody to NDV and one additional adult male red-tailed hawk positive for antibody to type-A influenza.", "contents": "Some infectious and parasitic diseases in Oklahoma raptors. Blood films and sera samples from wild Oklahoma raptors (Strigiformes--36 birds, 3 species; Falconiformes--50 birds, 7 species) were examined for hematozoa and tested for serologic antibody response to Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), encephalitis (EEE and WEE), ornithosis, and influenza. Twenty-nine of 36 (80.5) Strigiformes and 24 of 50 (48.0%) Falconiformes showed the presence of one or more hematozoa. Serologic testing revealed the serum of one adult male red-tailed hawk positive for antibody to NDV and one additional adult male red-tailed hawk positive for antibody to type-A influenza.", "PMID": 410956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5942", "title": "Organochlorine poisoning of ring-billed gulls in southern Ontario.", "content": "Clinical, necropsy, bacteriologic, parasitologic, histopathologic, toxicologic and animal inoculation studies suggest that organochlorine (PBC, dieldrin and DDE) poisoning was an important factor in causing deaths of free-flying ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) in southern Ontario in 1969 and 1973. The brains of gulls dying with clinical signs of neurologic involvement, and dead gulls with no other apparent cause of death, contained organochlorine residues of significantly greater levels than those found in healthy gulls shot for comparison.", "contents": "Organochlorine poisoning of ring-billed gulls in southern Ontario. Clinical, necropsy, bacteriologic, parasitologic, histopathologic, toxicologic and animal inoculation studies suggest that organochlorine (PBC, dieldrin and DDE) poisoning was an important factor in causing deaths of free-flying ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) in southern Ontario in 1969 and 1973. The brains of gulls dying with clinical signs of neurologic involvement, and dead gulls with no other apparent cause of death, contained organochlorine residues of significantly greater levels than those found in healthy gulls shot for comparison.", "PMID": 410957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5943", "title": "Occurrence with bacteriologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "Fever was unchanged by chemotherapy in ten patients with bacteriologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Blood cultures were positive for Gram-positive organisms in six patients and for Gram-negative organisms in four patients. The same organism was present in sputa and blood in six patients and in urine and blood in two patients. Leukocytosis was not found, and roentgenographic findings did not suggest superinfection. Nine of the ten patients survived. Blood cultures must be obtained in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis whose fever is not altered by antituberculous chemotherapy, so that concomitant septicemia is not neglected.", "contents": "Occurrence with bacteriologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Fever was unchanged by chemotherapy in ten patients with bacteriologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Blood cultures were positive for Gram-positive organisms in six patients and for Gram-negative organisms in four patients. The same organism was present in sputa and blood in six patients and in urine and blood in two patients. Leukocytosis was not found, and roentgenographic findings did not suggest superinfection. Nine of the ten patients survived. Blood cultures must be obtained in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis whose fever is not altered by antituberculous chemotherapy, so that concomitant septicemia is not neglected.", "PMID": 410959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5944", "title": "Elective delivery of the term fetus. An obstetrical hazard.", "content": "Of 1,020 consecutive admissions to a regional neonatal center, 38 infants were admitted following elective delivery in which no medical condition of the mother or fetus had necessitated immediate delivery. Twenty infants had problems that were not primarily the result of elective delivery, developed in 18. Fifteen of these 18 infants were delivered by cesarean section; in none of the mothers had any assessment of fetal maturity or size (other than the menstrual history and physical examination) been made. The infants remained in the hospital for an average of 12.7 days at a median cost of $2,678 per patient. One infant died. In the absence of pressing medical indications and without an objective assessment of fetal maturity, elective delivery remains potentially hazardous.", "contents": "Elective delivery of the term fetus. An obstetrical hazard. Of 1,020 consecutive admissions to a regional neonatal center, 38 infants were admitted following elective delivery in which no medical condition of the mother or fetus had necessitated immediate delivery. Twenty infants had problems that were not primarily the result of elective delivery, developed in 18. Fifteen of these 18 infants were delivered by cesarean section; in none of the mothers had any assessment of fetal maturity or size (other than the menstrual history and physical examination) been made. The infants remained in the hospital for an average of 12.7 days at a median cost of $2,678 per patient. One infant died. In the absence of pressing medical indications and without an objective assessment of fetal maturity, elective delivery remains potentially hazardous.", "PMID": 410962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5945", "title": "Cardiac manifestations of Fabry's disease. Report of a case with pulmonary regurgitation diagnosed on the basis of endomyocardial biopsy findings.", "content": "A case of Fabry's disease with pulmonary regurgitation is reported, and the cause of valvular involvement, the electrophysiological mechanism of the short PR interval, and the usefulness of the endomyocardial biopsy method in an attempt to establish the diagnosis in Fabry's disease have been discussed.", "contents": "Cardiac manifestations of Fabry's disease. Report of a case with pulmonary regurgitation diagnosed on the basis of endomyocardial biopsy findings. A case of Fabry's disease with pulmonary regurgitation is reported, and the cause of valvular involvement, the electrophysiological mechanism of the short PR interval, and the usefulness of the endomyocardial biopsy method in an attempt to establish the diagnosis in Fabry's disease have been discussed.", "PMID": 410963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5946", "title": "Comparison of the mode of immunopotentiating action of BCG and wax D. I. Effect on the immune response to SRBC.", "content": "The immunopotentiating action of BCG and wax D was comparatively evaluated as the immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice. The immunopotentiation of BCG varied with the interval between its priming and subsequent antigen injection. BCG increased delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) at early stage but enhanced antibody formation at later stage. DTH reached its maximum about 5 weeks after BCG inoculation. In contrast, wax D increased antibody formation at early stage but increased DTH at later stage. Freund complete adjuvant (FCA) containing wax D stimulated much antibody formation rather than induction of DTH in mice. Cord factor and even Drakeol 6VR could induce DTH at early stage of prior inoculation.", "contents": "Comparison of the mode of immunopotentiating action of BCG and wax D. I. Effect on the immune response to SRBC. The immunopotentiating action of BCG and wax D was comparatively evaluated as the immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice. The immunopotentiation of BCG varied with the interval between its priming and subsequent antigen injection. BCG increased delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) at early stage but enhanced antibody formation at later stage. DTH reached its maximum about 5 weeks after BCG inoculation. In contrast, wax D increased antibody formation at early stage but increased DTH at later stage. Freund complete adjuvant (FCA) containing wax D stimulated much antibody formation rather than induction of DTH in mice. Cord factor and even Drakeol 6VR could induce DTH at early stage of prior inoculation.", "PMID": 410972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5947", "title": "Thermoregulation of the Japanese macaque living in a snowy mountain area.", "content": "A field investigation was conducted to study the thermoregulatory responses in nine Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) living in a snowy mountain area, Jigoku-Dani (Hell Valley, about 1,000 m above sea level) in Shiga Heights in central Japan in late January 1975. At about the same time, a laboratory study was made on four Japanese macaques reared in mild climate in an outdoor cage in Inuyama City. In the Hell Valley (HV) monkeys, no significant change in metabolic rate was observed at Ta between -1.4 and 28.3 degrees C, while the rectal temperature was maintained at normal level. In the cold environment, the skin temperatures of HV monkeys were significantly higher than those of the monkeys living indoors previously studied. Similar patterns of metabolic and thermal responses were observed in Inuyama monkeys living outdoors, but to a lesser degree. The hair on the back and abdomen in the HV monkeys was significantly longer than that of Iuyama monkeys living indoors. It is suggested that the thick fur of HV monkeys may account for, if not all, the thermoregulatory responses of the Japanese macaque in snowy mountain areas.", "contents": "Thermoregulation of the Japanese macaque living in a snowy mountain area. A field investigation was conducted to study the thermoregulatory responses in nine Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) living in a snowy mountain area, Jigoku-Dani (Hell Valley, about 1,000 m above sea level) in Shiga Heights in central Japan in late January 1975. At about the same time, a laboratory study was made on four Japanese macaques reared in mild climate in an outdoor cage in Inuyama City. In the Hell Valley (HV) monkeys, no significant change in metabolic rate was observed at Ta between -1.4 and 28.3 degrees C, while the rectal temperature was maintained at normal level. In the cold environment, the skin temperatures of HV monkeys were significantly higher than those of the monkeys living indoors previously studied. Similar patterns of metabolic and thermal responses were observed in Inuyama monkeys living outdoors, but to a lesser degree. The hair on the back and abdomen in the HV monkeys was significantly longer than that of Iuyama monkeys living indoors. It is suggested that the thick fur of HV monkeys may account for, if not all, the thermoregulatory responses of the Japanese macaque in snowy mountain areas.", "PMID": 410988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5948", "title": "[Anaphylactoid purpura and the complement system: particularly in terms of C3a and IgA (author's transl)].", "content": "We measured the immunoglobulin, beta1 C globulin, beta1E globulin, C3a, and CH50 in 20 patients with anaphylactoid purpura (Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura). IgA values proved to be elevated in 5 out of 11 cases. beta1 C globulin values were lower in 2 out of 8 cases and fell within the range of normalcy in the remaining 6 cases. beta1 E globulin values were normal in all cases measured (5 patients). A 130% increase in C3a was found in 7 out of 9 cases; patients with higher C3a values suffered from lasting petechial hemorrhages. It can, therefore, be concluded that the activation of the \"alternative pathway\" induced by IgA led to the release of C3a.", "contents": "[Anaphylactoid purpura and the complement system: particularly in terms of C3a and IgA (author's transl)]. We measured the immunoglobulin, beta1 C globulin, beta1E globulin, C3a, and CH50 in 20 patients with anaphylactoid purpura (Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura). IgA values proved to be elevated in 5 out of 11 cases. beta1 C globulin values were lower in 2 out of 8 cases and fell within the range of normalcy in the remaining 6 cases. beta1 E globulin values were normal in all cases measured (5 patients). A 130% increase in C3a was found in 7 out of 9 cases; patients with higher C3a values suffered from lasting petechial hemorrhages. It can, therefore, be concluded that the activation of the \"alternative pathway\" induced by IgA led to the release of C3a.", "PMID": 410993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5949", "title": "Effects of greater superficial petrosal neurectomy on nasal mucosa in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "The effects of greater superficial petrosal neurectomy on normal nasal mucosa was studied in ten rhesus monkeys by light microscopy at four, six, and eight weeks postoperatively. Greater superficial petrosal neurectomy caused no histological alteration in the nasal mucosa of these monkeys. These procedures were accomplished with no complications.", "contents": "Effects of greater superficial petrosal neurectomy on nasal mucosa in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The effects of greater superficial petrosal neurectomy on normal nasal mucosa was studied in ten rhesus monkeys by light microscopy at four, six, and eight weeks postoperatively. Greater superficial petrosal neurectomy caused no histological alteration in the nasal mucosa of these monkeys. These procedures were accomplished with no complications.", "PMID": 410999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5950", "title": "Heart mitochondrial metabolism after feeding herring oil to rats and monkeys.", "content": "Heart mitochondrial oxidation of palmityl CoA and pyruvic acid was studied in rats and in the monkey Macaca fascicularis to determine the effects of feeding partially hydrogenated herring oil. Herring oil glycerides contain cetoleic acid (cis-11-docosenoic) which could have a similar effect to erucic acid (cis-13-docosenoic) in causing a rat cardiomyopathy. The initial rat heart mitochondrial response to dietary cetoleic acid (67% cis, 33% trans) was an in vitro decrease in palmityl CoA oxidation. Pronlonged feeding of cetoleic acid mixture was associated with a significant metabolic adaptation, increasing pyruvate and palmityl CoA oxidation above control levels. In vitro addition of cetoleyl CoA (pure cis isomer) stimulated pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, a possible response to decreased B-oxidation. There was no significant adaptive change in pyruvate or palmityl CoA use in monkeys after prolonged feeding of partially hydrogenated herring oil. Cetoleyl CoA was a good substrate for monkey heart carnitine acyl transferase even in the presence of palmityl CoA. These observations suggest that C22 fatty acids may be metabolized more rapidly in monkey heart than in rat heart. Metabolic differences argue against using the rat as an experimental model for studying possible cardiotoxic effects of docosenoic acids in primates.", "contents": "Heart mitochondrial metabolism after feeding herring oil to rats and monkeys. Heart mitochondrial oxidation of palmityl CoA and pyruvic acid was studied in rats and in the monkey Macaca fascicularis to determine the effects of feeding partially hydrogenated herring oil. Herring oil glycerides contain cetoleic acid (cis-11-docosenoic) which could have a similar effect to erucic acid (cis-13-docosenoic) in causing a rat cardiomyopathy. The initial rat heart mitochondrial response to dietary cetoleic acid (67% cis, 33% trans) was an in vitro decrease in palmityl CoA oxidation. Pronlonged feeding of cetoleic acid mixture was associated with a significant metabolic adaptation, increasing pyruvate and palmityl CoA oxidation above control levels. In vitro addition of cetoleyl CoA (pure cis isomer) stimulated pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, a possible response to decreased B-oxidation. There was no significant adaptive change in pyruvate or palmityl CoA use in monkeys after prolonged feeding of partially hydrogenated herring oil. Cetoleyl CoA was a good substrate for monkey heart carnitine acyl transferase even in the presence of palmityl CoA. These observations suggest that C22 fatty acids may be metabolized more rapidly in monkey heart than in rat heart. Metabolic differences argue against using the rat as an experimental model for studying possible cardiotoxic effects of docosenoic acids in primates.", "PMID": 411003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5951", "title": "Clinical observations of human bone marrow macrophages.", "content": "Although human bone marrow is usually obtained to examine precursors of formed elements of blood, important diagnostic information can be gleaned from study of macrophages. These cells are usually unnoticed. Macrophages may be involved in a number of different pathophysiologic mechanisms which are pointed out in this clinical and pictorial study. Inherited enzymatic deficiencies usually result in \"storage cells\" as exemplified by Gaucher disease. Relative deficiencies may be acquired if phagocytic activity overcomes normal enzymatic mechanisms.", "contents": "Clinical observations of human bone marrow macrophages. Although human bone marrow is usually obtained to examine precursors of formed elements of blood, important diagnostic information can be gleaned from study of macrophages. These cells are usually unnoticed. Macrophages may be involved in a number of different pathophysiologic mechanisms which are pointed out in this clinical and pictorial study. Inherited enzymatic deficiencies usually result in \"storage cells\" as exemplified by Gaucher disease. Relative deficiencies may be acquired if phagocytic activity overcomes normal enzymatic mechanisms.", "PMID": 411016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5952", "title": "[Reversible pulmonary arterial hypertension after medication of aminorexfumarate (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported on a patient who 8 years ago and 42 developed a primary pulmonary arterial hypertension after medication with medicaiton with aminorefumarate, an antiappetizing compound whose structure is similar to ephedrine. A control measurement of the pulmonary artery pressure 8 years later showed normal values for the pressure in the right cavities and in the pulmonary artery. Beside a short term medication with nitro compounds no further medication was given. The case in one of the very few with primary pulmonary arterial hypertension where a normalization of the pulmonary artery pressure could be documented.", "contents": "[Reversible pulmonary arterial hypertension after medication of aminorexfumarate (author's transl)]. It is reported on a patient who 8 years ago and 42 developed a primary pulmonary arterial hypertension after medication with medicaiton with aminorefumarate, an antiappetizing compound whose structure is similar to ephedrine. A control measurement of the pulmonary artery pressure 8 years later showed normal values for the pressure in the right cavities and in the pulmonary artery. Beside a short term medication with nitro compounds no further medication was given. The case in one of the very few with primary pulmonary arterial hypertension where a normalization of the pulmonary artery pressure could be documented.", "PMID": 411019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5953", "title": "The effect of chopped rat lung on the inhibitory actions of prostaglandins, isoprenaline, theophylline and disodium cromoglycate on mast cell degranulation.", "content": "Prostaglandins and other drugs that stimulate adenylate cyclase have little inhibitory activity for antigen-induced degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells. In the presence of chopped rat lung, however, the inhibitory activities of both prostaglandins and isoprenaline were markedly enhanced. A similar effect was also seen with disodium cromoglycate, which is not known to stimulate adenylate cyclase, but which does inhibit cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. In contrast, however, the chopped lung had no effect on either degranulation in the absence of an inhibitor or on the inhibitory potency of theophylline. Lung tissue suspension pretreated with isoprenaline released a factor into the supernatant which enhanced isoprenaline action on peritoneal mast cells. The activity of this supernatant factor was destroyed by boiling for 5 min. Untreated lung supernatant fluid failed to affect either the level of antigen-induced degranulation or the inhibitory potency of isoprenaline.", "contents": "The effect of chopped rat lung on the inhibitory actions of prostaglandins, isoprenaline, theophylline and disodium cromoglycate on mast cell degranulation. Prostaglandins and other drugs that stimulate adenylate cyclase have little inhibitory activity for antigen-induced degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells. In the presence of chopped rat lung, however, the inhibitory activities of both prostaglandins and isoprenaline were markedly enhanced. A similar effect was also seen with disodium cromoglycate, which is not known to stimulate adenylate cyclase, but which does inhibit cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. In contrast, however, the chopped lung had no effect on either degranulation in the absence of an inhibitor or on the inhibitory potency of theophylline. Lung tissue suspension pretreated with isoprenaline released a factor into the supernatant which enhanced isoprenaline action on peritoneal mast cells. The activity of this supernatant factor was destroyed by boiling for 5 min. Untreated lung supernatant fluid failed to affect either the level of antigen-induced degranulation or the inhibitory potency of isoprenaline.", "PMID": 411025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5954", "title": "[Nutritional deficiencies affecting children of the Third World. The example of Ethiopia (author's transl)].", "content": "For the large non-privileged population groups in developing countries and diet shows many deficiencies, often with major disturbances of health as a consequence. This is particularly true for the children. The monotony and the bulkiness of the traditional diet, the often sparse number of meals as well as periodic deteriorations of the food situation (\"hungry season\") all contributes to make the nutritional situation precarious. The vicious circle between PEM and infections contribute in a major way to the high mortality rate among preschool children in developing countries. In this paper a review is given of different nutritional deficiency diseases affecting children in the Third World. The practical illustrations derive mainly from Ethiopia. During the period between 1962-1975 there has been lively cooperation in the field of nutritional research between Ethiopia and Sweden.", "contents": "[Nutritional deficiencies affecting children of the Third World. The example of Ethiopia (author's transl)]. For the large non-privileged population groups in developing countries and diet shows many deficiencies, often with major disturbances of health as a consequence. This is particularly true for the children. The monotony and the bulkiness of the traditional diet, the often sparse number of meals as well as periodic deteriorations of the food situation (\"hungry season\") all contributes to make the nutritional situation precarious. The vicious circle between PEM and infections contribute in a major way to the high mortality rate among preschool children in developing countries. In this paper a review is given of different nutritional deficiency diseases affecting children in the Third World. The practical illustrations derive mainly from Ethiopia. During the period between 1962-1975 there has been lively cooperation in the field of nutritional research between Ethiopia and Sweden.", "PMID": 411028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5955", "title": "Production of mosaic lethals in different germ cell stages of drosophila by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "The delayed effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was studied in Drosophila melanogaster by the proportion of mosaic progeny produced after this treatment. Following injection of the chemical into wild type males, complete and mosaic sex-linked recessive lethals were scored by the Muller-5 method, in five successive broods representing the different stages of spermatogenesis. All broods showed significant increase over the control in the frequencies of complete lethals with gradual decrease in mutation rate from the post-meiotic stages to the pre-meiotic ones. In the case of mosaic lethals, too, the post-meiotic stages were generally more sensitive; but the increase over the control was significant only for the mature spermatozoa. The extension of the experiment to F4 generation showed that a mosaic F1 female may produce further mosaic progeny. The production of lethal mutations in successive generations after treatment with MNNG supports the view that chemically induced instabilities can be transmitted as such over several generations.", "contents": "Production of mosaic lethals in different germ cell stages of drosophila by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The delayed effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was studied in Drosophila melanogaster by the proportion of mosaic progeny produced after this treatment. Following injection of the chemical into wild type males, complete and mosaic sex-linked recessive lethals were scored by the Muller-5 method, in five successive broods representing the different stages of spermatogenesis. All broods showed significant increase over the control in the frequencies of complete lethals with gradual decrease in mutation rate from the post-meiotic stages to the pre-meiotic ones. In the case of mosaic lethals, too, the post-meiotic stages were generally more sensitive; but the increase over the control was significant only for the mature spermatozoa. The extension of the experiment to F4 generation showed that a mosaic F1 female may produce further mosaic progeny. The production of lethal mutations in successive generations after treatment with MNNG supports the view that chemically induced instabilities can be transmitted as such over several generations.", "PMID": 411029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5956", "title": "The mutational spectrum of procarbazine in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The antineoplastic agent Procarbazine was tested for the induction of genetic damage in Drosophila melanogaster. The compound was administered to adult males by oral application. The following types of genetic damage were measured: (1) sex-linked recessive lethals; (2) dominant lethals; (3) total and partial sex-chromosome loss; and (4) translocations. Procarbazine is highly mutagenic in causing recessive lethal mutations in all stages of spermatogenesis. In sperm a clear-cut concentration-effect relationship is not apparent, but in spermatids such a relationship is obtained for mutation induction at low levels of procarbazine exposure, while at high concentrations the induction of recessive lethals is not a function of concentration. A low induction of total sex-chromosome loss (X,Y) and dominant lethals was observed in metabolically active germ cells (spermatids), but procarbazine failed to produce well-defined breakage events, such as partial sex-chromosome loss (YL,YS) and II-III translocations. The results obtained in Drosophila melanogaster are discussed and compared with the mutational pattern reported in the mouse after procarbazine treatment.", "contents": "The mutational spectrum of procarbazine in Drosophila melanogaster. The antineoplastic agent Procarbazine was tested for the induction of genetic damage in Drosophila melanogaster. The compound was administered to adult males by oral application. The following types of genetic damage were measured: (1) sex-linked recessive lethals; (2) dominant lethals; (3) total and partial sex-chromosome loss; and (4) translocations. Procarbazine is highly mutagenic in causing recessive lethal mutations in all stages of spermatogenesis. In sperm a clear-cut concentration-effect relationship is not apparent, but in spermatids such a relationship is obtained for mutation induction at low levels of procarbazine exposure, while at high concentrations the induction of recessive lethals is not a function of concentration. A low induction of total sex-chromosome loss (X,Y) and dominant lethals was observed in metabolically active germ cells (spermatids), but procarbazine failed to produce well-defined breakage events, such as partial sex-chromosome loss (YL,YS) and II-III translocations. The results obtained in Drosophila melanogaster are discussed and compared with the mutational pattern reported in the mouse after procarbazine treatment.", "PMID": 411030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5957", "title": "Hypothalamic dysfunction in secondary amenorrhea associated with simple weight loss.", "content": "We tested hypothalamic, pituitary and endocrine function in 19 patients with secondary amenorrhea associated with simple weight loss who did not have anorexia nervosa to evaluate the effects of weight loss on these systems. Thermoregulation at 10 degrees C and 49 degrees C was abnormal and correlated with the percentage below ideal body weight (r = 0.62, P less than 0.02, and r = 0.55, P less than 0.05, respectively). Partial diabetes insipidus was found in 27 per cent of patients with simple weight loss. They had delayed peak plasma luteinizing hormone levels after 10 microgram of luteinizing-hormone-releasing factor, which was correlated with percentage below ideal body weight (r = 0.49, P less than 0.05). Delayed peak plasma thyrotropin levels after 500 microgram of thyrotropin-releasing factor were found. No prolactin, pituitary, thyroid or adrenal abnormalities were present. These findings are qualitatively similar to results of studies in 29 patients with anorexia nervosa, but less severe and less frequently present. We conclude that hypothalamic dysfunction may be caused by weight loss per se.", "contents": "Hypothalamic dysfunction in secondary amenorrhea associated with simple weight loss. We tested hypothalamic, pituitary and endocrine function in 19 patients with secondary amenorrhea associated with simple weight loss who did not have anorexia nervosa to evaluate the effects of weight loss on these systems. Thermoregulation at 10 degrees C and 49 degrees C was abnormal and correlated with the percentage below ideal body weight (r = 0.62, P less than 0.02, and r = 0.55, P less than 0.05, respectively). Partial diabetes insipidus was found in 27 per cent of patients with simple weight loss. They had delayed peak plasma luteinizing hormone levels after 10 microgram of luteinizing-hormone-releasing factor, which was correlated with percentage below ideal body weight (r = 0.49, P less than 0.05). Delayed peak plasma thyrotropin levels after 500 microgram of thyrotropin-releasing factor were found. No prolactin, pituitary, thyroid or adrenal abnormalities were present. These findings are qualitatively similar to results of studies in 29 patients with anorexia nervosa, but less severe and less frequently present. We conclude that hypothalamic dysfunction may be caused by weight loss per se.", "PMID": 411032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5958", "title": "Preclinical effects: learned behavior.", "content": "A review of the previous Marihuana and Health Reports (1971-1975) reveals that an extensive array of experimental procedures and contexts have been used to study the effects of cannabinoids on the performance of learned behavior in animals. These preclinical behavioral experiments have provided a framework for, and guided the design of, subsequent human experimentation. Compared to previous years, only a few experiments pertaining to cannabinoids and learned behavior have appeared during the past two years. By and large these more recent experiments confirm previous findings; no particularly novel procedures have been explored nor have there been dramatically unpredictable results. In part, the decrease in activity in cannabinoid preclinical animal research on learned behavior indicates an increase in human cannabinoid-learning investigations. Several detailed taxonomies of learned behavior are possible. However, for the purposes of the present report, learned behaviors will be categorized into those involving: avoidance learning and aversive control; reinforcement schedules and maze learning; and discrimination learning.", "contents": "Preclinical effects: learned behavior. A review of the previous Marihuana and Health Reports (1971-1975) reveals that an extensive array of experimental procedures and contexts have been used to study the effects of cannabinoids on the performance of learned behavior in animals. These preclinical behavioral experiments have provided a framework for, and guided the design of, subsequent human experimentation. Compared to previous years, only a few experiments pertaining to cannabinoids and learned behavior have appeared during the past two years. By and large these more recent experiments confirm previous findings; no particularly novel procedures have been explored nor have there been dramatically unpredictable results. In part, the decrease in activity in cannabinoid preclinical animal research on learned behavior indicates an increase in human cannabinoid-learning investigations. Several detailed taxonomies of learned behavior are possible. However, for the purposes of the present report, learned behaviors will be categorized into those involving: avoidance learning and aversive control; reinforcement schedules and maze learning; and discrimination learning.", "PMID": 411038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5959", "title": "Effects of marihuana on the genetic and immune systems.", "content": "With the continued widespread abuse of marihuana and the potential use of marihuana as a therapeutic agent being widely discussed, it becomes important to assess the effects of marihuana and other cannabis preparations on the immune mechanisms and the genetic material. This chapter integrates recent findings with those in the Fifth Marihuana and Health Report (1975) to provide a wiser data base from which conclusions may be drawn. Animal studies and human studies are considered separately because it is not known to what extent, if at all, results from animal studies can be directly extrapolated to man.", "contents": "Effects of marihuana on the genetic and immune systems. With the continued widespread abuse of marihuana and the potential use of marihuana as a therapeutic agent being widely discussed, it becomes important to assess the effects of marihuana and other cannabis preparations on the immune mechanisms and the genetic material. This chapter integrates recent findings with those in the Fifth Marihuana and Health Report (1975) to provide a wiser data base from which conclusions may be drawn. Animal studies and human studies are considered separately because it is not known to what extent, if at all, results from animal studies can be directly extrapolated to man.", "PMID": 411041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5960", "title": "Preclinical effects: unlearned behavior.", "content": "The cannabinoids produce a variety of effects on unlearned behavior in different animal species. The voluminous literature pertaining to cannabis and unlearned behavior has been reviewed in the five previous Marihuana and Health Reports (1971 through 1975). The present chapter relies heavily on these previous reports for background and focuses primarily on the relevant literature which has appeared during the past two years, although a continuing attempt is made to consider the more recent literature in the context of previous findings. As in the 1975 Marihuana and Health Report, the present chapter is organized for expository purposes around four categories of unlearned behavior: gross behavior; activity and exploration; consummatory behavior; and aggressive behavior.", "contents": "Preclinical effects: unlearned behavior. The cannabinoids produce a variety of effects on unlearned behavior in different animal species. The voluminous literature pertaining to cannabis and unlearned behavior has been reviewed in the five previous Marihuana and Health Reports (1971 through 1975). The present chapter relies heavily on these previous reports for background and focuses primarily on the relevant literature which has appeared during the past two years, although a continuing attempt is made to consider the more recent literature in the context of previous findings. As in the 1975 Marihuana and Health Report, the present chapter is organized for expository purposes around four categories of unlearned behavior: gross behavior; activity and exploration; consummatory behavior; and aggressive behavior.", "PMID": 411045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5961", "title": "[The antero-posterior diameter of the cervical spinal canal in the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The antero-posterior diameter (APD-Fig. 1A) of the cervical spinal canals in 38 cases of symptomatic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) and 29 cases of asymptomatic OPLL was measured for each vertebra, and the thecoperiosteal diameter (TPD-Fig. 1B) of the cervical spinal canals in the same cases was measured. 2. The APD in the cases of symptomatic OPLL was found to be significantly smaller than those of asymptomatic OPLL. 3. The TPD in symptomatic OPLL was also found to be more significantly smaller than those of asymptomatic OPLL. Measurements of 9 mm or less were considered liable to be associated with cord compression. 4. The growing rate of the ossification was calculated in 13 cases of symptomatic OPLL which we have followed up radiologically for more than 2 years. The growing rate varied considerably from case to case. The average growing rate per one year was 4.07 mm in axial length and 0.67 mm in thickness on antero- posterior direction. 5. The incidence of OPLL was examined.", "contents": "[The antero-posterior diameter of the cervical spinal canal in the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (author's transl)]. 1. The antero-posterior diameter (APD-Fig. 1A) of the cervical spinal canals in 38 cases of symptomatic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) and 29 cases of asymptomatic OPLL was measured for each vertebra, and the thecoperiosteal diameter (TPD-Fig. 1B) of the cervical spinal canals in the same cases was measured. 2. The APD in the cases of symptomatic OPLL was found to be significantly smaller than those of asymptomatic OPLL. 3. The TPD in symptomatic OPLL was also found to be more significantly smaller than those of asymptomatic OPLL. Measurements of 9 mm or less were considered liable to be associated with cord compression. 4. The growing rate of the ossification was calculated in 13 cases of symptomatic OPLL which we have followed up radiologically for more than 2 years. The growing rate varied considerably from case to case. The average growing rate per one year was 4.07 mm in axial length and 0.67 mm in thickness on antero- posterior direction. 5. The incidence of OPLL was examined.", "PMID": 411052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5962", "title": "Long-term results after intentional tooth reimplantation in monkeys.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate histologically the long-term response to intentional tooth reimplantation in six rhesus monkeys. The study revealed that cervical and apical root resorption is a universal complication after tooth reimplantation and that arrested areas of resorption will show repair by deposition of cementum. A highly cellular periodontal membrane usually will develop. Periodontal fibers will reattach to reparative bone and cementum but seldom regain functional orientation. Partial or complete ankylosis may result. A further complication is progressive undermining resorption of the ankylosed teeth. Long-term studies are mandatory to evaluate the response to intentional tooth reimplantation.", "contents": "Long-term results after intentional tooth reimplantation in monkeys. The purpose of this study was to evaluate histologically the long-term response to intentional tooth reimplantation in six rhesus monkeys. The study revealed that cervical and apical root resorption is a universal complication after tooth reimplantation and that arrested areas of resorption will show repair by deposition of cementum. A highly cellular periodontal membrane usually will develop. Periodontal fibers will reattach to reparative bone and cementum but seldom regain functional orientation. Partial or complete ankylosis may result. A further complication is progressive undermining resorption of the ankylosed teeth. Long-term studies are mandatory to evaluate the response to intentional tooth reimplantation.", "PMID": 411079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5963", "title": "Endodontic morphology. III. Canal preparation.", "content": "Three hundred nine root canals in 164 extracted human teeth were prepared with endodontic instruments for obturation by the lateral condensation technique. Variations in tooth lengths for each group of teeth were marked, pointing up the need for adequate control of instruments through careful assessment of tooth lengths in clinical practice. In most cases the canals were prepared to the desired depth and flared coronally with the assistance of chelates. Some instrument failures were noted, along with the tendency for files to force debris in an apical direction during instrumentation.", "contents": "Endodontic morphology. III. Canal preparation. Three hundred nine root canals in 164 extracted human teeth were prepared with endodontic instruments for obturation by the lateral condensation technique. Variations in tooth lengths for each group of teeth were marked, pointing up the need for adequate control of instruments through careful assessment of tooth lengths in clinical practice. In most cases the canals were prepared to the desired depth and flared coronally with the assistance of chelates. Some instrument failures were noted, along with the tendency for files to force debris in an apical direction during instrumentation.", "PMID": 411080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5964", "title": "Long-term results of the implantation of glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue.", "content": "Glutaraldehyde-fixed autologous young connective tissue was implanted in rabbits for periods of 4,6,8, and 12 months, respectively, to evaluate the long-term effects of glutaraldehyde fixation. It was concluded that the implants elicit very little reaction in the surrounding tissues and that the fixed tissue is slowly invaded by vital cells and probably evokes an immune response. It is likely that, although glutaraldehyde-fixed dead tissue provokes less reaction than both unfixed and formaldehyde-fixed dead tissue, in the long term it is also broken down and phagocytized.", "contents": "Long-term results of the implantation of glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue. Glutaraldehyde-fixed autologous young connective tissue was implanted in rabbits for periods of 4,6,8, and 12 months, respectively, to evaluate the long-term effects of glutaraldehyde fixation. It was concluded that the implants elicit very little reaction in the surrounding tissues and that the fixed tissue is slowly invaded by vital cells and probably evokes an immune response. It is likely that, although glutaraldehyde-fixed dead tissue provokes less reaction than both unfixed and formaldehyde-fixed dead tissue, in the long term it is also broken down and phagocytized.", "PMID": 411081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5965", "title": "The colonial rock-forming microfossils of the Bohemian Upper Proterozoic (Czechoslovakia), 'Bohemipora Pragensis' n.g., n.sp.", "content": "Large amounts of well preserved microfossils have been reported from the cherts of the Upper Proterozoic of the Bohemian Massif (Middle Europe). They resemble those described by Cayeux (1894) from the Upper Proterozoic (Brioverian) of Bretagne (France). It is shown, unlike the views of Cayeux and his followers (Deflandre, 1955, and Graindor 1957), that the observed structures did not belong to individuals but to colonies of filamentous prokaryotic organisms, most probably blue-green algae (Cyanophyta). These produced specific crystal-like mineral aggregation round each filament. Scanning microscope examination has revealed that the individual facets of these mineral crystals were perforated by the openings through which the thread-like bodies of these primitive  organisms protruded. It is shown that these microorganisms were attached to the cells of other, bigger microorganisms and enveloped them. Some of these substrate organisms might have been eukaryotic algae. The thecae gradually accumulated around the cells of these carrier organisms and after death the colonies disintegrated to constitute the main component of the sediment. The microfossils described are just a major component of a complicated fossil assemblage comprising coccoid and filamentous blue-green algae and bacteria. There are indications that several eukaryotic species might also have been present.", "contents": "The colonial rock-forming microfossils of the Bohemian Upper Proterozoic (Czechoslovakia), 'Bohemipora Pragensis' n.g., n.sp. Large amounts of well preserved microfossils have been reported from the cherts of the Upper Proterozoic of the Bohemian Massif (Middle Europe). They resemble those described by Cayeux (1894) from the Upper Proterozoic (Brioverian) of Bretagne (France). It is shown, unlike the views of Cayeux and his followers (Deflandre, 1955, and Graindor 1957), that the observed structures did not belong to individuals but to colonies of filamentous prokaryotic organisms, most probably blue-green algae (Cyanophyta). These produced specific crystal-like mineral aggregation round each filament. Scanning microscope examination has revealed that the individual facets of these mineral crystals were perforated by the openings through which the thread-like bodies of these primitive  organisms protruded. It is shown that these microorganisms were attached to the cells of other, bigger microorganisms and enveloped them. Some of these substrate organisms might have been eukaryotic algae. The thecae gradually accumulated around the cells of these carrier organisms and after death the colonies disintegrated to constitute the main component of the sediment. The microfossils described are just a major component of a complicated fossil assemblage comprising coccoid and filamentous blue-green algae and bacteria. There are indications that several eukaryotic species might also have been present.", "PMID": 411095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5966", "title": "A rapid and sensitive method using immunological nephelometric analysis to evaluate the gel-filtration method. (Application to the diagnosis of rubella).", "content": "Immunological nephelometric analysis has been shown to be a more sensitive method than either immunoelectrophoresis or gel-diffusion for testing the gel-filtration method of human immunoglobulins sera. This method has the advantages of facility, rapidity and sensitivity. We have compared this method to radial immunodiffusion. This method can be applied to locate with precision any antigens after gel-filtration or ion-exchange chromatography.", "contents": "A rapid and sensitive method using immunological nephelometric analysis to evaluate the gel-filtration method. (Application to the diagnosis of rubella). Immunological nephelometric analysis has been shown to be a more sensitive method than either immunoelectrophoresis or gel-diffusion for testing the gel-filtration method of human immunoglobulins sera. This method has the advantages of facility, rapidity and sensitivity. We have compared this method to radial immunodiffusion. This method can be applied to locate with precision any antigens after gel-filtration or ion-exchange chromatography.", "PMID": 411098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5967", "title": "Operant conditioning of epileptic neurons in monkeys and its theoretical application to EEG operant conditioning in humans.", "content": "This paper reviews a series of previous reports which summarize the physiology of chronic experimental epileptic foci in monkeys. It is shown that such monkeys can be trained to bidirectionally control the firing rates of normal and epileptic neurons which comprise the epileptic focus. As a result of this acquired operant performance, the monkeys show both a decrease in clinical seizures as well as a decrease in single unit epileptic activity. The EEG correlate of this change in single unit epileptic activity is generalized EEG desynchronization. The conclusion  from these data would indicate epileptic neurons can be operantly controlled from and this control is not correlated with any specific EEG pattern. This brings to question the specificity of the SMR in EEG biofeedback paradigms which treat human epilepsy. This author feels that the result from such biofeedback studies are the result of the patient learning to manipulate electrical events within the CNS pathways through which the seizures propagates and is not contingent upon specific EEG frequencies.", "contents": "Operant conditioning of epileptic neurons in monkeys and its theoretical application to EEG operant conditioning in humans. This paper reviews a series of previous reports which summarize the physiology of chronic experimental epileptic foci in monkeys. It is shown that such monkeys can be trained to bidirectionally control the firing rates of normal and epileptic neurons which comprise the epileptic focus. As a result of this acquired operant performance, the monkeys show both a decrease in clinical seizures as well as a decrease in single unit epileptic activity. The EEG correlate of this change in single unit epileptic activity is generalized EEG desynchronization. The conclusion  from these data would indicate epileptic neurons can be operantly controlled from and this control is not correlated with any specific EEG pattern. This brings to question the specificity of the SMR in EEG biofeedback paradigms which treat human epilepsy. This author feels that the result from such biofeedback studies are the result of the patient learning to manipulate electrical events within the CNS pathways through which the seizures propagates and is not contingent upon specific EEG frequencies.", "PMID": 411099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5968", "title": "Persistence of antibody following immunization of children with groups A and C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines.", "content": "Persistence of antibody following immunization with groups A and C meningococcal polysaccharides was studied in two groups of children. Cohort 1 (20 children, 2 to 11 years of age) received two doses of A vaccine three years apart; cohort 2 (1,345 children, 6 to 8 years of age) received A or C vaccine initially and the heterologous vaccine one year later. No significant reactions were observed. Geometric mean anti-A concentrations one month after primary and booster immunization in cohort 1 were 8.77 and 13.08 microgram/ml, respectively. Mean anti-A concentration declined 32% one year after booster immunization, but then stabilized. Mean anti-A and anti-C concentrations in cohort 2 were 9.35 and 9.12 microgram/ml, respectively, one month after primary immunization. Mean anti-A concentration declined to 5.54 and 3.62 microgram/ml while anti-C levels fell to 2.35 and 1.47 microgram/ml one and four years after immunization. The proportion of children in cohort 2 with greater than or equal to 2.0 microgram/ml of anti-A and anti-C four years after immunization were 80% and 40%, respectively. An antibody concentration greater than or equal to 2.0 microgram/ml has been associated with protection against meningococcal disease. The results suggest that routine immunization of young infants with group A vaccine may result in long-lasting immunity. The usefulness of the presently available group C vaccine appears to be limited to the control of epidemics.", "contents": "Persistence of antibody following immunization of children with groups A and C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines. Persistence of antibody following immunization with groups A and C meningococcal polysaccharides was studied in two groups of children. Cohort 1 (20 children, 2 to 11 years of age) received two doses of A vaccine three years apart; cohort 2 (1,345 children, 6 to 8 years of age) received A or C vaccine initially and the heterologous vaccine one year later. No significant reactions were observed. Geometric mean anti-A concentrations one month after primary and booster immunization in cohort 1 were 8.77 and 13.08 microgram/ml, respectively. Mean anti-A concentration declined 32% one year after booster immunization, but then stabilized. Mean anti-A and anti-C concentrations in cohort 2 were 9.35 and 9.12 microgram/ml, respectively, one month after primary immunization. Mean anti-A concentration declined to 5.54 and 3.62 microgram/ml while anti-C levels fell to 2.35 and 1.47 microgram/ml one and four years after immunization. The proportion of children in cohort 2 with greater than or equal to 2.0 microgram/ml of anti-A and anti-C four years after immunization were 80% and 40%, respectively. An antibody concentration greater than or equal to 2.0 microgram/ml has been associated with protection against meningococcal disease. The results suggest that routine immunization of young infants with group A vaccine may result in long-lasting immunity. The usefulness of the presently available group C vaccine appears to be limited to the control of epidemics.", "PMID": 411104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5969", "title": "Low-dose intravenous insulin infusion in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: biochemical effects in children.", "content": "Twenty-five episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis in 20 children were treated with continuous low-dose intravenous insulin infusion. Stable serum immunoreactive insulin concentrations were produced, along with prompt falls in glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and glucagon levels, and a steadily increasing bicarbonate level. Neither hypokalemia nor hypophosphatemia developed. Elevated serum alanine concentrations were found during ketoacidosis in contrast to the lowered concentrations found in adults, and were correlated inversely with plasma glucagon concentrations. The treatment regimen described is safe, easy to use, efficacious, and resulted in prompt correction of the observed biochemical alterations in children with diabetic ketoacidosis.", "contents": "Low-dose intravenous insulin infusion in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: biochemical effects in children. Twenty-five episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis in 20 children were treated with continuous low-dose intravenous insulin infusion. Stable serum immunoreactive insulin concentrations were produced, along with prompt falls in glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and glucagon levels, and a steadily increasing bicarbonate level. Neither hypokalemia nor hypophosphatemia developed. Elevated serum alanine concentrations were found during ketoacidosis in contrast to the lowered concentrations found in adults, and were correlated inversely with plasma glucagon concentrations. The treatment regimen described is safe, easy to use, efficacious, and resulted in prompt correction of the observed biochemical alterations in children with diabetic ketoacidosis.", "PMID": 411105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5970", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase activity of isolated brush border and basal-lateral membranes of renal tubular cells.", "content": "Carbonic anhydrase activity was found and characterized in isolated homogeneous preparations of microvilli and basal infoldings of the rat renal tubular cells. This membrane-bound activity was about 3% of the total carbonic anhydrase activity of the renal cortex. Compared to the renal cytoplasmic soluble form, the membrane-bound enzymes had the same Km for CO2 and were equally resistant to inhibition by chloride. However, they were less inhibited by different sulfonamides. The implication of the existence of membrane-bound enzymes in the renal tubular cells is discussed.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase activity of isolated brush border and basal-lateral membranes of renal tubular cells. Carbonic anhydrase activity was found and characterized in isolated homogeneous preparations of microvilli and basal infoldings of the rat renal tubular cells. This membrane-bound activity was about 3% of the total carbonic anhydrase activity of the renal cortex. Compared to the renal cytoplasmic soluble form, the membrane-bound enzymes had the same Km for CO2 and were equally resistant to inhibition by chloride. However, they were less inhibited by different sulfonamides. The implication of the existence of membrane-bound enzymes in the renal tubular cells is discussed.", "PMID": 411109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5971", "title": "[The occurrence of Bacillus cereus in dairy products (authors transl)].", "content": "During one year 1390 samples of pasteurized milk products from five different dairies were examined for content of B. cereus. The examination was done on the day of packaging and after incubation at 17 degrees C for 24 hrs. as well. On examination on the day of packaging 8.1 % were positive. No difference could be demonstrated between low-temperature pasteurized and high-temperature pasteurized products. However, differences were found from one plant to another (2.1 %--14.5 %). After incubation B. cereus were isolated from 17.2 % of low-temperature pasteurized samples and from 22.8 % of high-temperature pasteurized products. The occurrence of B. cereus varied according to season. In July-September the level of contamination was 40 %. It is concluded that during summer months bacteriological examination of dairy products should be supplemented with an examination for B. cereus. This could provide a valuable tool in checking the efficiency of dairy cleaning.", "contents": "[The occurrence of Bacillus cereus in dairy products (authors transl)]. During one year 1390 samples of pasteurized milk products from five different dairies were examined for content of B. cereus. The examination was done on the day of packaging and after incubation at 17 degrees C for 24 hrs. as well. On examination on the day of packaging 8.1 % were positive. No difference could be demonstrated between low-temperature pasteurized and high-temperature pasteurized products. However, differences were found from one plant to another (2.1 %--14.5 %). After incubation B. cereus were isolated from 17.2 % of low-temperature pasteurized samples and from 22.8 % of high-temperature pasteurized products. The occurrence of B. cereus varied according to season. In July-September the level of contamination was 40 %. It is concluded that during summer months bacteriological examination of dairy products should be supplemented with an examination for B. cereus. This could provide a valuable tool in checking the efficiency of dairy cleaning.", "PMID": 411110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5972", "title": "[Selective effect of propolis in the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)].", "content": "Propolis is a substance produced by honeybees. It is inhibitory to some bacteria species, mainly Gram-positive bacteria, but less inhibitory to Listeria monocytogenes (L.m) than to the other Gram-positive bacteria tested. In order to obtain selective growth of L.m. from contaminated samples, the effect of propolis in plating media and broths on various strains of bacteria was examined. Table I shows the effect of increasing concentrations of propolis in tryptose-agar (TA). L.m. tolerated higher concentrations of propolis than Streptococcus viridans and Staphylococcus aureus. L.m. grew well in tryptosebroth (TB) that contained 0.15 mg propolis pr. ml medium, while Streptococcus viridans and Streptococcus agalactiae were completely inhibited as seen in Table II. Table III shows that when serum was added to the agar, the inhibitory effect was reduced. It can also be seen that Gram-negative bacteria grew quite well on media that contained 0.19 mg propolis pr. ml. To reduce the growth of Gram-negative bacteria, nalidixic acid was added to the medium. Table IV illustrates growth of various species of bacteria in tryptosephosphatebroth (TFB) with or without propolis and nalidixic acid. Most of the strains tested were inhibited, but Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to some extent faecal streptococci were able to grow in the medium that contained the selective substances. As a conclusion it seems that propolis may be a valuable additive to a medium for the selective isolation of L.m.", "contents": "[Selective effect of propolis in the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)]. Propolis is a substance produced by honeybees. It is inhibitory to some bacteria species, mainly Gram-positive bacteria, but less inhibitory to Listeria monocytogenes (L.m) than to the other Gram-positive bacteria tested. In order to obtain selective growth of L.m. from contaminated samples, the effect of propolis in plating media and broths on various strains of bacteria was examined. Table I shows the effect of increasing concentrations of propolis in tryptose-agar (TA). L.m. tolerated higher concentrations of propolis than Streptococcus viridans and Staphylococcus aureus. L.m. grew well in tryptosebroth (TB) that contained 0.15 mg propolis pr. ml medium, while Streptococcus viridans and Streptococcus agalactiae were completely inhibited as seen in Table II. Table III shows that when serum was added to the agar, the inhibitory effect was reduced. It can also be seen that Gram-negative bacteria grew quite well on media that contained 0.19 mg propolis pr. ml. To reduce the growth of Gram-negative bacteria, nalidixic acid was added to the medium. Table IV illustrates growth of various species of bacteria in tryptosephosphatebroth (TFB) with or without propolis and nalidixic acid. Most of the strains tested were inhibited, but Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to some extent faecal streptococci were able to grow in the medium that contained the selective substances. As a conclusion it seems that propolis may be a valuable additive to a medium for the selective isolation of L.m.", "PMID": 411111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5973", "title": "A new selective medium for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "A new selective medium for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), is described. The medium contained propolis, nalidixic acid, polymyxin B and rivanol as selective substances. The new medium (propolis-agar) was compared with two other selective media and one nonselective medium. No inhibitory effect was found on the 6 strains of Lm tested, and Lm was easily isolated from a mixture of Lm and contaminating bacteria. The selective effect was better than for the two other selective media tested.", "contents": "A new selective medium for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes. A new selective medium for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), is described. The medium contained propolis, nalidixic acid, polymyxin B and rivanol as selective substances. The new medium (propolis-agar) was compared with two other selective media and one nonselective medium. No inhibitory effect was found on the 6 strains of Lm tested, and Lm was easily isolated from a mixture of Lm and contaminating bacteria. The selective effect was better than for the two other selective media tested.", "PMID": 411112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5974", "title": "[Buxtonella sulcata, an intestinal ciliate of apparently frequent occurrence in Danish cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "Faeces samples from 762 apparently healthy heifers were examined for eggs of Fasciola hepatica (sedimentation test). At the same time possible ciliate cysts were recorded. Such cysts, usually circular, and varying in size from ab. 55 micrometer to ab. 95 micrometer (average ab. 71 micrometer) were found in 71.8 % of the samples. According to morphological descriptions in literature, the cysts observed are supposed mainly to represent the species Buxtonella sulcata. Their presence in faeces samples seems to give no differential diagnostic problems relative to parasite eggs or coccidial oocysts.", "contents": "[Buxtonella sulcata, an intestinal ciliate of apparently frequent occurrence in Danish cattle (author's transl)]. Faeces samples from 762 apparently healthy heifers were examined for eggs of Fasciola hepatica (sedimentation test). At the same time possible ciliate cysts were recorded. Such cysts, usually circular, and varying in size from ab. 55 micrometer to ab. 95 micrometer (average ab. 71 micrometer) were found in 71.8 % of the samples. According to morphological descriptions in literature, the cysts observed are supposed mainly to represent the species Buxtonella sulcata. Their presence in faeces samples seems to give no differential diagnostic problems relative to parasite eggs or coccidial oocysts.", "PMID": 411113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5975", "title": "[Primary liver carcinoma: deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin].", "content": "A preliminary study involving 12 subjects suffering from carcinoma of the liver indicates the value of the estimation of alpha-1 antitrypsin and the determination of its phenotype by bidimensional electrophoresis. Alpha-1 antitrypsin was greater than 3.3 g/l in all cases, with a normal of 2.5 g/l. The MZ phenotype was found in 9 cases out of 12, the MM phenotype in the three recent cases and in particular in the only case of secondary carcinoma. In the Pi system, the Z trait would seem to be a genetic risk factor in primary carcinoma of the liver. Determination of the phenotype of alpha-1 antitrypsin may aid in its laboratory diagnosis.", "contents": "[Primary liver carcinoma: deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin]. A preliminary study involving 12 subjects suffering from carcinoma of the liver indicates the value of the estimation of alpha-1 antitrypsin and the determination of its phenotype by bidimensional electrophoresis. Alpha-1 antitrypsin was greater than 3.3 g/l in all cases, with a normal of 2.5 g/l. The MZ phenotype was found in 9 cases out of 12, the MM phenotype in the three recent cases and in particular in the only case of secondary carcinoma. In the Pi system, the Z trait would seem to be a genetic risk factor in primary carcinoma of the liver. Determination of the phenotype of alpha-1 antitrypsin may aid in its laboratory diagnosis.", "PMID": 411116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5976", "title": "[Hematology, genetics and ethnology (author's transl)].", "content": "The concept of geographical haematology described by Jean Bernard in 1965-1966, found a remarkable application field in Anthropology. The human ecology which allows to measure the influence of environmental factors in man through some haematological variations, has been added to the genetics of human populations, revealed by the blood groups discovery. It has been now demonstrated that, in man, cultural or sociological features can act a genetical isolation more effective that natural boundaries. So, an ethnological haematology is superimposed on the geographical haematology of which it can modify outlines.", "contents": "[Hematology, genetics and ethnology (author's transl)]. The concept of geographical haematology described by Jean Bernard in 1965-1966, found a remarkable application field in Anthropology. The human ecology which allows to measure the influence of environmental factors in man through some haematological variations, has been added to the genetics of human populations, revealed by the blood groups discovery. It has been now demonstrated that, in man, cultural or sociological features can act a genetical isolation more effective that natural boundaries. So, an ethnological haematology is superimposed on the geographical haematology of which it can modify outlines.", "PMID": 411117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5977", "title": "Drug management of stable angina pectoris.", "content": "Nitroglycerin and long-acting nitrates are the pharmacologic mainstays of antianginal therapy, both for acute attacks and for prophylaxis. Propranolol is often effective for prophylaxis in patients incompletely helped by nitrates. A holistic approach is stressed. Appropriate drug use will effect marked improvement in most pateints.", "contents": "Drug management of stable angina pectoris. Nitroglycerin and long-acting nitrates are the pharmacologic mainstays of antianginal therapy, both for acute attacks and for prophylaxis. Propranolol is often effective for prophylaxis in patients incompletely helped by nitrates. A holistic approach is stressed. Appropriate drug use will effect marked improvement in most pateints.", "PMID": 411120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5978", "title": "Catabolic disorders of complex carbohydrates.", "content": "The various disorders caused by heritable defects in complex carbohydrate catabolism comprise two groups: (A) The mucopolysaccharidoses, six main and several subtypes are described. (B) The mucolipidoses (oligosaccharidoses), at least nine types being recognized. Whilst most of these are now well defined by clinical and biochemical studies, much of the sequence of events from the intrinsic metabolic error to their clinical features remains obscure. Most are transmitted as autosomal recessive conditions, a mode of inheritance often, as with these disorders, associated with enzymic deficiencies. All patients display the Hurler phenotype, but this, as also the characteristic bone changes, varies widely in severity both within and between the specified types of disease. The radiological abnormalities--dysostosis multiplex--indicate the broad disease complex and are rarely type-specific; diagnostic precision needing knowledge of both clinical and biochemical examinations. In several types mental development is normal and bone changes are mild, so permitting confusion with other forms of bone dysplasia or disease.", "contents": "Catabolic disorders of complex carbohydrates. The various disorders caused by heritable defects in complex carbohydrate catabolism comprise two groups: (A) The mucopolysaccharidoses, six main and several subtypes are described. (B) The mucolipidoses (oligosaccharidoses), at least nine types being recognized. Whilst most of these are now well defined by clinical and biochemical studies, much of the sequence of events from the intrinsic metabolic error to their clinical features remains obscure. Most are transmitted as autosomal recessive conditions, a mode of inheritance often, as with these disorders, associated with enzymic deficiencies. All patients display the Hurler phenotype, but this, as also the characteristic bone changes, varies widely in severity both within and between the specified types of disease. The radiological abnormalities--dysostosis multiplex--indicate the broad disease complex and are rarely type-specific; diagnostic precision needing knowledge of both clinical and biochemical examinations. In several types mental development is normal and bone changes are mild, so permitting confusion with other forms of bone dysplasia or disease.", "PMID": 411121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5979", "title": "[Pathophysiological mechanisms in stagnant hypoxia with special reference to myocardial ischaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The extent of biochemical changes arising from hypoxia due to slowed circulation and the rate at which they occur are closely related to the degree of functional and morphological impairment of the affected organ. The pathophysiological mechanisms operating in stagnant-type hypoxia are reviewed with special reference, on account of its practical importance, to myocardiac ischaemia. Differences between regional hypoxia and damage to the whole organ, and also the additional damage caused by stoppage of the circulation are discussed in detail. The importance of adjusting the therapeutic measures to the pathophysiological regulatory mechanisms when treating ischaemic cardiac arrest or myocardiac infarction is stressed.", "contents": "[Pathophysiological mechanisms in stagnant hypoxia with special reference to myocardial ischaemia (author's transl)]. The extent of biochemical changes arising from hypoxia due to slowed circulation and the rate at which they occur are closely related to the degree of functional and morphological impairment of the affected organ. The pathophysiological mechanisms operating in stagnant-type hypoxia are reviewed with special reference, on account of its practical importance, to myocardiac ischaemia. Differences between regional hypoxia and damage to the whole organ, and also the additional damage caused by stoppage of the circulation are discussed in detail. The importance of adjusting the therapeutic measures to the pathophysiological regulatory mechanisms when treating ischaemic cardiac arrest or myocardiac infarction is stressed.", "PMID": 411122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5980", "title": "[Parenteral nutrition. Experience of 2 years].", "content": "Total parenteral nutrition is a new method, in our media, that permits the direct administration to the blood stream of all the necesary elements for cellular synthesis. Total parenteral nutrition finds in the field of gastroenterology a wide range of indications to correct and prevent malnutrition in a patient who can not eat. Treatment, by the Department of Hyperalimentation, at the Hospital General del Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional, during a two years period, of 150 patients, has permitted us to evaluate the results and complications of the method and to insist on the importance of a good nutrition in the overall treatment of a patient with a gastro-intestinal disease.", "contents": "[Parenteral nutrition. Experience of 2 years]. Total parenteral nutrition is a new method, in our media, that permits the direct administration to the blood stream of all the necesary elements for cellular synthesis. Total parenteral nutrition finds in the field of gastroenterology a wide range of indications to correct and prevent malnutrition in a patient who can not eat. Treatment, by the Department of Hyperalimentation, at the Hospital General del Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional, during a two years period, of 150 patients, has permitted us to evaluate the results and complications of the method and to insist on the importance of a good nutrition in the overall treatment of a patient with a gastro-intestinal disease.", "PMID": 411123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5981", "title": "Heart preservation by means of a complex artificial perfusion fluid.", "content": "Heart storage for different time intervals of up to 72 hours was carried out using a complex perfusion fluid elaborated according to a personal new theoretical concept. The recovery of the hearts stored by means of this fluid was practically integral as shown by the measurements and recordings of several cardiac functional parameters within a period of 5-7 hours of ex vivo functional testing subsequent to the storage. This fluid was also found to allow repeated heart storages for 24 hours alternating with efficient ex vivo functional testing for periods of 5-7 hours. Such performances in heart preservation were not yet reported elsewhere. This fluid was thought to allow an efficient ex vivo heart conditioning before transplantation by immunological or pharmacological treatments throughout repeated short-term or long-term alternating storages and recoveries.", "contents": "Heart preservation by means of a complex artificial perfusion fluid. Heart storage for different time intervals of up to 72 hours was carried out using a complex perfusion fluid elaborated according to a personal new theoretical concept. The recovery of the hearts stored by means of this fluid was practically integral as shown by the measurements and recordings of several cardiac functional parameters within a period of 5-7 hours of ex vivo functional testing subsequent to the storage. This fluid was also found to allow repeated heart storages for 24 hours alternating with efficient ex vivo functional testing for periods of 5-7 hours. Such performances in heart preservation were not yet reported elsewhere. This fluid was thought to allow an efficient ex vivo heart conditioning before transplantation by immunological or pharmacological treatments throughout repeated short-term or long-term alternating storages and recoveries.", "PMID": 411140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5982", "title": "Increasing the incidence and the size of successful experimental composite ear grafts by advance preparation of the recipient bed.", "content": "Composite grafts were transferred from one ear to the other in adult macaque monkeys. Evidence was found that preparation of the recipient bed (cutting a wedge-shaped hole from the rim inward, 10 or 11 days ahead of transfer) would increase the incidence of complete takes and would also increase the size of grafts that could be transferred successfully.", "contents": "Increasing the incidence and the size of successful experimental composite ear grafts by advance preparation of the recipient bed. Composite grafts were transferred from one ear to the other in adult macaque monkeys. Evidence was found that preparation of the recipient bed (cutting a wedge-shaped hole from the rim inward, 10 or 11 days ahead of transfer) would increase the incidence of complete takes and would also increase the size of grafts that could be transferred successfully.", "PMID": 411148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5983", "title": "Effect of tannic acid on excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle.", "content": "Toe muscles of the frog were exposed to the action of solutions containing 60-300 micrometer tannic acid (TA). The effects of K-induced contractures of the muscle and on the resting potential of the fibres were studied. After an initial transient potentiation, K contractures are progressively slowed and depressed, the effect being irreversible. After their abolition, caffeine is still able to induce a mechanical response with a reduced amplititude and a pronounced slowing in both tension development and relaxation after withdrawal of the drug. The blocking effects on excitation-contraction coupling are independent of the presence or absence of Ca from the bath. During the initial potentiation the muscle acquires the ability to respond by a contracture to EDTA solutions. TA induces a moderate membrane depolarization with a more rapid fall in resting potential during the first tens of minutes. EDTA contracture appears to be initiated at the level of T tubules, being not associated to a rapid membrane depolarization. These results suggest that TA effects on excitation-contraction coupling are primarily due to a surface mechanism involving probably the signal transmission at the level of T system as well. These effects may be the result of its capacity to crosslink protein macromolecules, interfering with conformational changes underlying initiation and propagation of excitation from membrane to the interior of muscle fibre.", "contents": "Effect of tannic acid on excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. Toe muscles of the frog were exposed to the action of solutions containing 60-300 micrometer tannic acid (TA). The effects of K-induced contractures of the muscle and on the resting potential of the fibres were studied. After an initial transient potentiation, K contractures are progressively slowed and depressed, the effect being irreversible. After their abolition, caffeine is still able to induce a mechanical response with a reduced amplititude and a pronounced slowing in both tension development and relaxation after withdrawal of the drug. The blocking effects on excitation-contraction coupling are independent of the presence or absence of Ca from the bath. During the initial potentiation the muscle acquires the ability to respond by a contracture to EDTA solutions. TA induces a moderate membrane depolarization with a more rapid fall in resting potential during the first tens of minutes. EDTA contracture appears to be initiated at the level of T tubules, being not associated to a rapid membrane depolarization. These results suggest that TA effects on excitation-contraction coupling are primarily due to a surface mechanism involving probably the signal transmission at the level of T system as well. These effects may be the result of its capacity to crosslink protein macromolecules, interfering with conformational changes underlying initiation and propagation of excitation from membrane to the interior of muscle fibre.", "PMID": 411143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5984", "title": "The energy transductions at the level of the acetyl-coenzyme A and of cytochrome molecules.", "content": "According to the model presented in this paper, the free energy necessary to the synthesis of the ATP molecules is delivered by a unique mechanism. This mechanism consists in the formation of an (Y:X) orbital, which turns with an angle, having the X atom as a pivot point, such that the Y atom is left out from the covalent bond and is replaced by a proton, released from a water molecule. Thus, a new (X:H) orbital is formed. In this first stage, within the newly formed (X:H) orbital the proton is situated at an internuclear distance equal to the length of the hydrogen bond (X...H). Then, the proton moves towards the nucleus of the X atom until it reaches the internuclear distance corresponding to the minimum energy. By the proton displacement, the two electrons of the (X:H) orbital arrive on an excited state level. Then they fall on their corresponding fundamental orbital, releasing two waves of electronic excitation. The two waves of electronic excitation are further transmitted to an acceptor of energy molecule.", "contents": "The energy transductions at the level of the acetyl-coenzyme A and of cytochrome molecules. According to the model presented in this paper, the free energy necessary to the synthesis of the ATP molecules is delivered by a unique mechanism. This mechanism consists in the formation of an (Y:X) orbital, which turns with an angle, having the X atom as a pivot point, such that the Y atom is left out from the covalent bond and is replaced by a proton, released from a water molecule. Thus, a new (X:H) orbital is formed. In this first stage, within the newly formed (X:H) orbital the proton is situated at an internuclear distance equal to the length of the hydrogen bond (X...H). Then, the proton moves towards the nucleus of the X atom until it reaches the internuclear distance corresponding to the minimum energy. By the proton displacement, the two electrons of the (X:H) orbital arrive on an excited state level. Then they fall on their corresponding fundamental orbital, releasing two waves of electronic excitation. The two waves of electronic excitation are further transmitted to an acceptor of energy molecule.", "PMID": 411146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5985", "title": "The energetics of the active ionic transport across biomembranes.", "content": "A model of the energetics concerning the active ionic transport across biomembranes is presented. According to this model, the transfer of energy is made between a donor molecule and a receiver molecule, this being the manifestation of some electronic transitions, with the release, transfer and storage of two quanta of electronic excitation. The transfer of energy is accompanied by an exchange of ions between the donor molecule and the receiver molecule. If the two coupled molecules are fixed in the structure of a biomembrane, this ionic shift produces an active ionic transport across the respective membrane. The energy necessary to the accomplishment of the active ionic transport results from the difference between the energy released by the donor molecule and the energy stored by the receiver molecule.", "contents": "The energetics of the active ionic transport across biomembranes. A model of the energetics concerning the active ionic transport across biomembranes is presented. According to this model, the transfer of energy is made between a donor molecule and a receiver molecule, this being the manifestation of some electronic transitions, with the release, transfer and storage of two quanta of electronic excitation. The transfer of energy is accompanied by an exchange of ions between the donor molecule and the receiver molecule. If the two coupled molecules are fixed in the structure of a biomembrane, this ionic shift produces an active ionic transport across the respective membrane. The energy necessary to the accomplishment of the active ionic transport results from the difference between the energy released by the donor molecule and the energy stored by the receiver molecule.", "PMID": 411147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5986", "title": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indoprofen.", "content": "Many non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic drugs appear to produce their effects by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. These investigations were undertaken to determine whether a new anti-inflammatory compound, indoprofen, inhibited prostaglandin synthesis in vitro when present in incubation medium or following systemic administration. The results indicated that indoprofen effectively inhibited prostaglandin synthesis in kidney and uterus. Indoprofen was equally effective as indomethacin and aspirin in inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. The relative potency of the drug was intermediate between indomethacin and aspirin.", "contents": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indoprofen. Many non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic drugs appear to produce their effects by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. These investigations were undertaken to determine whether a new anti-inflammatory compound, indoprofen, inhibited prostaglandin synthesis in vitro when present in incubation medium or following systemic administration. The results indicated that indoprofen effectively inhibited prostaglandin synthesis in kidney and uterus. Indoprofen was equally effective as indomethacin and aspirin in inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. The relative potency of the drug was intermediate between indomethacin and aspirin.", "PMID": 411162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5987", "title": "Report on a trial of SCG 2% nasal solution (metered dose) in hayfever.", "content": "An analysis has been performed on the results from 18 patients treated with SCG and 14 patients treated with placebo in a double-blind placebo-controlled group comparative trial of SCG 2% nasal solution (metered dose) in hayfever. The two treatment groups were found to be similar with respect to relevant characteristics and pre-trial symptomatology. Analysis of clinician's symptom scorings demonstrated statistically significant differences in favour of SCG for the symptoms Sneezing, Running and Itching. No significant differences between the treatments were found in the statistical analysis of patient diary card total scores. Five assessments of overall response made at the end of treatment gave results highly significantly in favour of SCG.", "contents": "Report on a trial of SCG 2% nasal solution (metered dose) in hayfever. An analysis has been performed on the results from 18 patients treated with SCG and 14 patients treated with placebo in a double-blind placebo-controlled group comparative trial of SCG 2% nasal solution (metered dose) in hayfever. The two treatment groups were found to be similar with respect to relevant characteristics and pre-trial symptomatology. Analysis of clinician's symptom scorings demonstrated statistically significant differences in favour of SCG for the symptoms Sneezing, Running and Itching. No significant differences between the treatments were found in the statistical analysis of patient diary card total scores. Five assessments of overall response made at the end of treatment gave results highly significantly in favour of SCG.", "PMID": 411165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5988", "title": "Cross-idiotypic reactions among anti-Rh (D) antibodies.", "content": "In a series of experiments several idiotype-specific rabbit antisera produced against different IgG anti-Rh (D) antibodies reacted with other anti-Rh (D) antibodies and thus showed cross-idiotypic reactions. Some of the antisera agglutinated almost all types of anti-D-sensitized erythrocytes, whereas other idiotype-specific antisera agglutinated only a few anti-D-sensitized erythrocytes. Anti-D-antibodies showed several different cross-idiotypic reaction patterns. The cross-idiotypic antigens were, in most instances, localized to the heavy chains only. In a few cases, however, the cross-idiotypic antigens were dependent on the interaction between heavy and light chains.", "contents": "Cross-idiotypic reactions among anti-Rh (D) antibodies. In a series of experiments several idiotype-specific rabbit antisera produced against different IgG anti-Rh (D) antibodies reacted with other anti-Rh (D) antibodies and thus showed cross-idiotypic reactions. Some of the antisera agglutinated almost all types of anti-D-sensitized erythrocytes, whereas other idiotype-specific antisera agglutinated only a few anti-D-sensitized erythrocytes. Anti-D-antibodies showed several different cross-idiotypic reaction patterns. The cross-idiotypic antigens were, in most instances, localized to the heavy chains only. In a few cases, however, the cross-idiotypic antigens were dependent on the interaction between heavy and light chains.", "PMID": 411166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5989", "title": "[Retrospective study of 99 cases of ovarian carcinoma, stages I to IV].", "content": "A retrospective study on the survival of 99 patients with ovarian carcinoma stages I-IV has been conducted. A bad prognosis for early stages is emphasized. 38 of the 64 patients treated by chemotherapy presented an objective therapeutic response: 24 cases showed complete or partial remission of a duration between 4 to 26 months, while 14 cases showed no change or progressive disease. The effects of chemotherapy on survival have been statistically analyzed for these 38 cases and have shown a longer survival for responders. These results suggest that the use of chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery in ovarian cancer deserves further investigation.", "contents": "[Retrospective study of 99 cases of ovarian carcinoma, stages I to IV]. A retrospective study on the survival of 99 patients with ovarian carcinoma stages I-IV has been conducted. A bad prognosis for early stages is emphasized. 38 of the 64 patients treated by chemotherapy presented an objective therapeutic response: 24 cases showed complete or partial remission of a duration between 4 to 26 months, while 14 cases showed no change or progressive disease. The effects of chemotherapy on survival have been statistically analyzed for these 38 cases and have shown a longer survival for responders. These results suggest that the use of chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery in ovarian cancer deserves further investigation.", "PMID": 411168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5990", "title": "Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in a municipal wastewater treatment plant and environs.", "content": "Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in sewage wastes at a municipal sewage treatment plant was studied, showing that the great bulk of PCBs entering such a treatment plant become adsorbed onto the grit chamber solids and the sludge that is passed from the anaerobic digesters. When appreciable quantities of PCBs are present in sewage, as was the case in this study, significant quantities can nevertheless pass with the effluents discharged from the treatment plant. The PCB concentrations in the treatment plant waters undergoing secondary and tertiary treatment tend to be consistent with the limited solubility properties of the PCBs. However, appreciably higher concentrations can be found in the sediments of waters receiving treatment plant discharges and bioaccumulation in fish is demonstrated readily. Also described are quantitative data on PCBs in soils fertilized with PCB-contaminated sludge.", "contents": "Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in a municipal wastewater treatment plant and environs. Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in sewage wastes at a municipal sewage treatment plant was studied, showing that the great bulk of PCBs entering such a treatment plant become adsorbed onto the grit chamber solids and the sludge that is passed from the anaerobic digesters. When appreciable quantities of PCBs are present in sewage, as was the case in this study, significant quantities can nevertheless pass with the effluents discharged from the treatment plant. The PCB concentrations in the treatment plant waters undergoing secondary and tertiary treatment tend to be consistent with the limited solubility properties of the PCBs. However, appreciably higher concentrations can be found in the sediments of waters receiving treatment plant discharges and bioaccumulation in fish is demonstrated readily. Also described are quantitative data on PCBs in soils fertilized with PCB-contaminated sludge.", "PMID": 411169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5991", "title": "Release of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in a salt-wedge estuary as induced by dredging or contaminated sediments.", "content": "An evaluation of the input of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in the Duwamish River, Seattle, Wash., resulting from the dredging of contaminated sediments is presented. The mean concentrations of PCB during the monitoring period were 12.8 to 24.5 ng/liter in water and 1.03 to 1.77 microgram/g dry weight in suspended particulate matter. These values were within the ranges normally observed in the river, suggesting that the dredging operations did not induce a significant PCB pulse of potential hazard to the estuary. The fractionation of PCB in suspended particulate matter was determined by computing component concentration ratios, KN(d). These quantities indicate an enrichment factor of 10(5) from ambient water. Based on the ambient PCB load and normal discharge, the input of PCB into Puget Sound via the Duwamish River was estimated to be 36 kg/year.", "contents": "Release of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in a salt-wedge estuary as induced by dredging or contaminated sediments. An evaluation of the input of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in the Duwamish River, Seattle, Wash., resulting from the dredging of contaminated sediments is presented. The mean concentrations of PCB during the monitoring period were 12.8 to 24.5 ng/liter in water and 1.03 to 1.77 microgram/g dry weight in suspended particulate matter. These values were within the ranges normally observed in the river, suggesting that the dredging operations did not induce a significant PCB pulse of potential hazard to the estuary. The fractionation of PCB in suspended particulate matter was determined by computing component concentration ratios, KN(d). These quantities indicate an enrichment factor of 10(5) from ambient water. Based on the ambient PCB load and normal discharge, the input of PCB into Puget Sound via the Duwamish River was estimated to be 36 kg/year.", "PMID": 411171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5992", "title": "Magnification in striate cortex and retinal ganglion cell layer of owl monkey: a quantitative comparison.", "content": "Magnification, the relative size of the neural representation of a portion of the visual field, decreases more rapidly with increasing visual field eccentricity in striate cortex than in the retinal ganglion cell layer of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus); the proportion of the cells in striate cortex devoted to central vision is much larger than the comparable proportion of retinal ganglion cells. Magnification in striate cortex is a power function of magnification in the retinal ganglion cell layer. A formula for convergence (ganglion cells to cortical neurons) follows from this relationship.", "contents": "Magnification in striate cortex and retinal ganglion cell layer of owl monkey: a quantitative comparison. Magnification, the relative size of the neural representation of a portion of the visual field, decreases more rapidly with increasing visual field eccentricity in striate cortex than in the retinal ganglion cell layer of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus); the proportion of the cells in striate cortex devoted to central vision is much larger than the comparable proportion of retinal ganglion cells. Magnification in striate cortex is a power function of magnification in the retinal ganglion cell layer. A formula for convergence (ganglion cells to cortical neurons) follows from this relationship.", "PMID": 411172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5993", "title": "Instrumentation trends in nuclear medicine.", "content": "Nuclear medicine instrumentation requires use of various configurations of photon detectors for the purpose of in vivo and in vitro measurements of flow and metabolism. Computed tomography has solved a previous limitation of an ambiguous volume of interest intrinsic to projection images. Selection of instruments involves first, a definition of the medical problem to be solved; then an evaluation of the following characteristics of the candidate instruments: sensitivity, spatial resolution, saturation performance, dead time, uniformity of resolution, uniformity of sensitivity, data processing capabilities, and cost. New developments include dynamic imaging in transverse section with either single photon or positron annihilation photons, and whole-body quantitative imaging of sequential changes in radiopharmaceutical concentration.", "contents": "Instrumentation trends in nuclear medicine. Nuclear medicine instrumentation requires use of various configurations of photon detectors for the purpose of in vivo and in vitro measurements of flow and metabolism. Computed tomography has solved a previous limitation of an ambiguous volume of interest intrinsic to projection images. Selection of instruments involves first, a definition of the medical problem to be solved; then an evaluation of the following characteristics of the candidate instruments: sensitivity, spatial resolution, saturation performance, dead time, uniformity of resolution, uniformity of sensitivity, data processing capabilities, and cost. New developments include dynamic imaging in transverse section with either single photon or positron annihilation photons, and whole-body quantitative imaging of sequential changes in radiopharmaceutical concentration.", "PMID": 411173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5994", "title": "Appearance of a gastric ulcer during diphosphonate therapy in a woman with CRST syndrome.", "content": "A 46-year-old woman with the CRST variant of scleroderma (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis) was treated with a diphosphonate (disodium etidronate) in an effort to reduce her dystrophic calcifications or retard their progression. After 18 months of therapy, no improvement in her calcinosis was noted. In addition, she developed bloody diarrhea, epigastric burning, and weight loss during the last two months of Therapy. Upper gastrointestinal series revealed a gastric ulcer. Endoscopy with biopsy proved it to be benign. Gastric ulcerations has been seen in animals given disodium etidronate but only at much higher doses than are currently recommended for humans. Although a cause and effect relationship cannot be established with certainty in this patient, it is suggested since she was not receiving other ulcerogenic drugs chronically. This information may be important to other investigators of disodium etidronate.", "contents": "Appearance of a gastric ulcer during diphosphonate therapy in a woman with CRST syndrome. A 46-year-old woman with the CRST variant of scleroderma (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis) was treated with a diphosphonate (disodium etidronate) in an effort to reduce her dystrophic calcifications or retard their progression. After 18 months of therapy, no improvement in her calcinosis was noted. In addition, she developed bloody diarrhea, epigastric burning, and weight loss during the last two months of Therapy. Upper gastrointestinal series revealed a gastric ulcer. Endoscopy with biopsy proved it to be benign. Gastric ulcerations has been seen in animals given disodium etidronate but only at much higher doses than are currently recommended for humans. Although a cause and effect relationship cannot be established with certainty in this patient, it is suggested since she was not receiving other ulcerogenic drugs chronically. This information may be important to other investigators of disodium etidronate.", "PMID": 411174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5995", "title": "Septicemia following barium enema.", "content": "Reported is a case of septicemia following a barium enema. This is the fourth such case reported. Several factors may predispose to septicemia, including host factors and technical factors related to the barium enema procedure itself.", "contents": "Septicemia following barium enema. Reported is a case of septicemia following a barium enema. This is the fourth such case reported. Several factors may predispose to septicemia, including host factors and technical factors related to the barium enema procedure itself.", "PMID": 411175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5996", "title": "Chigger (Acarina:Trombiculidae) surveys of the west coast beaches of Sabah and Sarawak.", "content": "Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) arenicola Traub, a vector of scrub typhus, had previously been found to occur in the coastal vegetation behind the edge of open sand along the beaches of Peninsular Malaysia. Surveys of the west coast beaches of Sabah and Sarawak were conducted to determine if this species occurs in similar habitat in East Malaysia on the island of Borneo. Leptotrombidium (L.) arenicola was not collected from the eighteen sites studied. Of the 11,982 mite larvae collected, 55 per cent were L.(L.) deliense (Walch), a well-known, widespread vector of scrub typhus.", "contents": "Chigger (Acarina:Trombiculidae) surveys of the west coast beaches of Sabah and Sarawak. Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) arenicola Traub, a vector of scrub typhus, had previously been found to occur in the coastal vegetation behind the edge of open sand along the beaches of Peninsular Malaysia. Surveys of the west coast beaches of Sabah and Sarawak were conducted to determine if this species occurs in similar habitat in East Malaysia on the island of Borneo. Leptotrombidium (L.) arenicola was not collected from the eighteen sites studied. Of the 11,982 mite larvae collected, 55 per cent were L.(L.) deliense (Walch), a well-known, widespread vector of scrub typhus.", "PMID": 411176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5997", "title": "Numbers of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) deliense (Acarina: trombiculidae) and prevalence of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in adjacent habitats of peninsular Malaysia.", "content": "Numbers of L. (L.) deliense larvae were determined in adjacent habitats over a 16 month period. Both R. argentiventer and R. tiomanicus were highly efficient hosts for L. (L.) deliense. R. argentiventer was host to significantly greater numbers of chiggers per rat than was R. tiomanicus. The 2 habitats were similar in numbers of chiggers collected. No consistent correlation was apparent between numbers of chiggers and any single weather factor, but the chigger population seemed to be adversely affected by a 2 month period during which total evaporation greatly exceeded total rainfall. Direct fluorescent antibody examination of tissues from unfed L. (L.) deliense showed that 2 of 420 larvae (0.5%) contained organisms morphologically resembling R. tsutsugamushi. Considering the vector load and numbers of chiggers being returned to the ground by a given host, a rate of 0.5% appeared adequate to account for the prevalence rate of R. tsutsugamushi observed in the 2 host species.", "contents": "Numbers of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) deliense (Acarina: trombiculidae) and prevalence of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in adjacent habitats of peninsular Malaysia. Numbers of L. (L.) deliense larvae were determined in adjacent habitats over a 16 month period. Both R. argentiventer and R. tiomanicus were highly efficient hosts for L. (L.) deliense. R. argentiventer was host to significantly greater numbers of chiggers per rat than was R. tiomanicus. The 2 habitats were similar in numbers of chiggers collected. No consistent correlation was apparent between numbers of chiggers and any single weather factor, but the chigger population seemed to be adversely affected by a 2 month period during which total evaporation greatly exceeded total rainfall. Direct fluorescent antibody examination of tissues from unfed L. (L.) deliense showed that 2 of 420 larvae (0.5%) contained organisms morphologically resembling R. tsutsugamushi. Considering the vector load and numbers of chiggers being returned to the ground by a given host, a rate of 0.5% appeared adequate to account for the prevalence rate of R. tsutsugamushi observed in the 2 host species.", "PMID": 411177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5998", "title": "The life history of a colony of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) fletcheri (Womersley & Heaslip) infected with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi.", "content": "The life cycle of 5 generations of Leptotrombidium (L.) fletcheri infected with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and reared under ambient temperatures in Malaysia was presented and compared with a colony reared at a constant 27 degrees C (Neal and Barnett, 1961). In general our colony had a longer generation time (average of 54 days from engorged larvae to adult compared with 37 days) and produced fewer eggs (average of 127.9 compared with 900.0) than the comparison colony. Possible factors causing these differences are discussed.", "contents": "The life history of a colony of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) fletcheri (Womersley & Heaslip) infected with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. The life cycle of 5 generations of Leptotrombidium (L.) fletcheri infected with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and reared under ambient temperatures in Malaysia was presented and compared with a colony reared at a constant 27 degrees C (Neal and Barnett, 1961). In general our colony had a longer generation time (average of 54 days from engorged larvae to adult compared with 37 days) and produced fewer eggs (average of 127.9 compared with 900.0) than the comparison colony. Possible factors causing these differences are discussed.", "PMID": 411178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_5999", "title": "Virulence and antigenic properties of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a naturally infectei laboratory colony of Leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) arenicola.", "content": "Over 1,200 isolations of R. tsutsugamushi were obtained over 7 generations of L. (L.) arenicola and no reproducible differences in virulence or antigenic markers could be detected among these isolations. The F8 generation yielded rickettsia with the same antigenic makeup and virulence properties as the original female parent mite. When these isolates were inoculated into mice they elicited the same predominant antibody specificities, i.e. they all produced antibody which reacted with the TA 763 and Karp strains. These were the same as the major antigens detected by direct fluorescent antibody staining of the isolates.", "contents": "Virulence and antigenic properties of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in a naturally infectei laboratory colony of Leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) arenicola. Over 1,200 isolations of R. tsutsugamushi were obtained over 7 generations of L. (L.) arenicola and no reproducible differences in virulence or antigenic markers could be detected among these isolations. The F8 generation yielded rickettsia with the same antigenic makeup and virulence properties as the original female parent mite. When these isolates were inoculated into mice they elicited the same predominant antibody specificities, i.e. they all produced antibody which reacted with the TA 763 and Karp strains. These were the same as the major antigens detected by direct fluorescent antibody staining of the isolates.", "PMID": 411179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6000", "title": "Presence of antibodies to scrub typhus and murine typhus in dogs from Selangor, Peninsular, Malaysia.", "content": "Dog sera, collected from different communities throughout Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia, were investigated for the presence of antibodies to R. tsutsugamushi and R. typhi. Scrub typhus antibodies were present in animals from the rural areas only, whereas murine typhus antibodies were observed in equal numbers of dogs from both rural and metropolitan areas. Greater percentage of dogs from suburban areas had demonstrable antibody titers to murine typhus than from the urban area.", "contents": "Presence of antibodies to scrub typhus and murine typhus in dogs from Selangor, Peninsular, Malaysia. Dog sera, collected from different communities throughout Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia, were investigated for the presence of antibodies to R. tsutsugamushi and R. typhi. Scrub typhus antibodies were present in animals from the rural areas only, whereas murine typhus antibodies were observed in equal numbers of dogs from both rural and metropolitan areas. Greater percentage of dogs from suburban areas had demonstrable antibody titers to murine typhus than from the urban area.", "PMID": 411180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6001", "title": "Experimental Brugia malayi infections in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Twenty-eight rhesus monkeys in 3 groups were exposed to single (Group I), double (Group II), and multiple (Group III) inoculations with B. malayi infective larvae. Infections were monitored by microfilarial and blood counts, selected biochemical tests, IFA responses, and records of body temperature and lymphadenopathy before and/or after treatment with DEC. As a whole, the highest microfilaraemia levels were observed in Group II and lowest in Group III monkeys. Eosinophilia was a common occurrence but reached the highest mean levels in Group III. Intermittent fevers and lymph node enlargements were observed in all groups of monkeys and the occurrence of these appeared to be correlated. No definite pattern of antibody production was discernable among groups, but an inverse relationship existed between microfilaraemia and detectable microfilarial antibodies. Treatment with DEC produced a microfilaraemia-taxic effect within the initial half hour and responses to treatment varied according to individuals. Although post-treatment reinfection appeared to cause lymphoid responses and tissue eosinophilia, no substantial resistance to reinfection was observed.", "contents": "Experimental Brugia malayi infections in the rhesus monkey. Twenty-eight rhesus monkeys in 3 groups were exposed to single (Group I), double (Group II), and multiple (Group III) inoculations with B. malayi infective larvae. Infections were monitored by microfilarial and blood counts, selected biochemical tests, IFA responses, and records of body temperature and lymphadenopathy before and/or after treatment with DEC. As a whole, the highest microfilaraemia levels were observed in Group II and lowest in Group III monkeys. Eosinophilia was a common occurrence but reached the highest mean levels in Group III. Intermittent fevers and lymph node enlargements were observed in all groups of monkeys and the occurrence of these appeared to be correlated. No definite pattern of antibody production was discernable among groups, but an inverse relationship existed between microfilaraemia and detectable microfilarial antibodies. Treatment with DEC produced a microfilaraemia-taxic effect within the initial half hour and responses to treatment varied according to individuals. Although post-treatment reinfection appeared to cause lymphoid responses and tissue eosinophilia, no substantial resistance to reinfection was observed.", "PMID": 411182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6002", "title": "The 2-deoxy-D-glucose-neutral red test and vagotomy: an experimental study.", "content": "The 2-deoxy-D-glucose - neutral red test proved to be successful in assessing completeness of vagotomy in the baboon both intra- and postoperatively. There were no deleterious side-effects and we found that both products could be sterilized adequately. So far we have used this test of 5 patients in the immediate postoperative phase; in 1 patients, on whom the surgeon thought he had done an incomplete parietal cell vagotomy, the test was found to be positive within a week of the operation.", "contents": "The 2-deoxy-D-glucose-neutral red test and vagotomy: an experimental study. The 2-deoxy-D-glucose - neutral red test proved to be successful in assessing completeness of vagotomy in the baboon both intra- and postoperatively. There were no deleterious side-effects and we found that both products could be sterilized adequately. So far we have used this test of 5 patients in the immediate postoperative phase; in 1 patients, on whom the surgeon thought he had done an incomplete parietal cell vagotomy, the test was found to be positive within a week of the operation.", "PMID": 411184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6003", "title": "The significance of pulmonary changes associated with cerebral perfusion with hypoxic blood in monkeys.", "content": "Parameters of cerebral and pulmonary function were studied in ten animals whose brains were perfused with hypoxic right atrial blood according to the Moss method. All animals died as a result of cerebral hypoxia at about 95 minutes after the onset of perfusion. Gross pulmonary congestion, edema, and leukocyte plugs occurred in the seven animals breathing spontaneously, but positive pressure ventilation prevented these changes in three. The resumption of cerebral perfusion with oxygenated blood after 30 minutes of the Moss procedure did not prevent the pulmonary changes and, of more importance, did not prevent cerebral swelling and death at about the same time as that of all the other animals. There were no changes in oxygen uptake or in arterial oxygen tension to indicate that progressive pulmonary failure contributed to death. It is concluded that this model produces brain swelling and brain death with incidental pulmonary pathological changes indistinguishable from early findings in hemorrhagic shock models and that the cerebral hypoxic perfusion model in monkeys is not suitable for studying the effects of \"shock lung\" therapy.", "contents": "The significance of pulmonary changes associated with cerebral perfusion with hypoxic blood in monkeys. Parameters of cerebral and pulmonary function were studied in ten animals whose brains were perfused with hypoxic right atrial blood according to the Moss method. All animals died as a result of cerebral hypoxia at about 95 minutes after the onset of perfusion. Gross pulmonary congestion, edema, and leukocyte plugs occurred in the seven animals breathing spontaneously, but positive pressure ventilation prevented these changes in three. The resumption of cerebral perfusion with oxygenated blood after 30 minutes of the Moss procedure did not prevent the pulmonary changes and, of more importance, did not prevent cerebral swelling and death at about the same time as that of all the other animals. There were no changes in oxygen uptake or in arterial oxygen tension to indicate that progressive pulmonary failure contributed to death. It is concluded that this model produces brain swelling and brain death with incidental pulmonary pathological changes indistinguishable from early findings in hemorrhagic shock models and that the cerebral hypoxic perfusion model in monkeys is not suitable for studying the effects of \"shock lung\" therapy.", "PMID": 411186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6004", "title": "Small bowel morphology and epithelial proliferation in intravenously alimented rabbits.", "content": "Intravenous (IV) alimentation of experimental animals has been associated with an attenuation of the small bowel mucosa. To determine whether alterations in epithelial renewal accompany the morphological changes, we studied cell proliferation as well as the light and electron microscopic appearance of the small bowel in intravenously and orally alimented rabbits. After 10 days of either IV or oral alimentation, 3H-thymidine was given intravenously to all animals to label proliferating cells, and 1 hour later sections of duodenum, upper jejunum, and distal ileum were taken for autoradiography and light and electron microscopy. IV alimentation was accompanied by significant reductions in epithelial cell proliferation and mucosal thickness in the proximal small bowel. The density of goblet cells was greater in the duodenum and jejunum, but less in the ileum, of intravenously alimented rabbits than in corresponding areas of the oral controls. Furthermore, ultrastructural changes in the villous absorptive cells of intravenously alimented rabbits, such as lengthened microvilli and increased numbers of multivesicular bodies, suggested that epithelial migration also may be slowed during IV alimentation.", "contents": "Small bowel morphology and epithelial proliferation in intravenously alimented rabbits. Intravenous (IV) alimentation of experimental animals has been associated with an attenuation of the small bowel mucosa. To determine whether alterations in epithelial renewal accompany the morphological changes, we studied cell proliferation as well as the light and electron microscopic appearance of the small bowel in intravenously and orally alimented rabbits. After 10 days of either IV or oral alimentation, 3H-thymidine was given intravenously to all animals to label proliferating cells, and 1 hour later sections of duodenum, upper jejunum, and distal ileum were taken for autoradiography and light and electron microscopy. IV alimentation was accompanied by significant reductions in epithelial cell proliferation and mucosal thickness in the proximal small bowel. The density of goblet cells was greater in the duodenum and jejunum, but less in the ileum, of intravenously alimented rabbits than in corresponding areas of the oral controls. Furthermore, ultrastructural changes in the villous absorptive cells of intravenously alimented rabbits, such as lengthened microvilli and increased numbers of multivesicular bodies, suggested that epithelial migration also may be slowed during IV alimentation.", "PMID": 411187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6005", "title": "The surgical management of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.", "content": "Twelve infants with necrotizing enterocolitis were treated surgically in the 2 year period from 1973 to 1974. Resection of gangrenous intestine and proximal enterostomy was preferred in 11 patients. There were four deaths: two were grossly premature infants, one died from electrolyte disturbances related to the proximal enterostomy, and one was an apparent cot death. Intravenous nutrition was used routinely in all cases in the postoperative period. The problems of recommencement of enteral feeding and ileostomy dysfunction are discussed briefly.", "contents": "The surgical management of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Twelve infants with necrotizing enterocolitis were treated surgically in the 2 year period from 1973 to 1974. Resection of gangrenous intestine and proximal enterostomy was preferred in 11 patients. There were four deaths: two were grossly premature infants, one died from electrolyte disturbances related to the proximal enterostomy, and one was an apparent cot death. Intravenous nutrition was used routinely in all cases in the postoperative period. The problems of recommencement of enteral feeding and ileostomy dysfunction are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 411188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6006", "title": "Some effects of Bunnell suture on otherwise uninjured tendons in subhuman primates.", "content": "An experimental study was performed in rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) to examine the contribution of Bunnell tendon suture to the production of postoperative tendon adhesions. It was found that Bunnell suture used with atraumatic technique caused a significant depression of in vitro tendon surface plasminogen activator activity, allowing the in vivo persistence and fibrous organization of fibrinous postoperative adhesions to sutured areas. Bunnell suture also produced coagulation necrosis of the sutured area of tendon. Collagen, which replaced the destroyed areas, was oriented randomly and frequently was continuous with surface tendon adhesions to surrounding connective tissues. Bunnell suture appears to be a cause of tendon adhesions in subhuman primates. The importance of fibrin and depressed local fibrinolysis in the relationship of tendon ischemia and adhesion formation is discussed.", "contents": "Some effects of Bunnell suture on otherwise uninjured tendons in subhuman primates. An experimental study was performed in rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) to examine the contribution of Bunnell tendon suture to the production of postoperative tendon adhesions. It was found that Bunnell suture used with atraumatic technique caused a significant depression of in vitro tendon surface plasminogen activator activity, allowing the in vivo persistence and fibrous organization of fibrinous postoperative adhesions to sutured areas. Bunnell suture also produced coagulation necrosis of the sutured area of tendon. Collagen, which replaced the destroyed areas, was oriented randomly and frequently was continuous with surface tendon adhesions to surrounding connective tissues. Bunnell suture appears to be a cause of tendon adhesions in subhuman primates. The importance of fibrin and depressed local fibrinolysis in the relationship of tendon ischemia and adhesion formation is discussed.", "PMID": 411189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6007", "title": "Tissue distribution and residues of aminoglycoside antibiotics in normal dairy cows.", "content": "The concentration and persistence of streptomycin, dihydostreptomycin (DHS), neomycin, and kanamycin in the body organs of normal dairy cows following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) injections were determined by qualitative and quantitative assay methods. The most sensitive qualitative procedure, i.e. Bacillus subtilis BGA at pH 8.0, failed to detect kanamycin in the meat of cows slaughtered 4 hours after i.m. and 6 hours after i.v. injections. This test, however, was positive for the kidneys of cows slaughtered 144 hours after the i.m. administration of neomycin. Low concentrations of neomycin were measured in the meat of cows slaughtered 2 hours and 7 hours after injection. Treatment with streptomycin i.v. resulted in significantly lower renal cortex drug levels than after the i.v. administration of other drugs. Injection of neomycin in a formulation containing benzylpenicillin procaine resulted in higher neomycin concentrations in the renal cortex compared to the levels of the drug found after i.v. injection of the drug. Results are discussed the possible role played by drug interaction on the persistence of aminoglycoside antibiotics in the kidneys after treatment with different dosage forms of these drugs.", "contents": "Tissue distribution and residues of aminoglycoside antibiotics in normal dairy cows. The concentration and persistence of streptomycin, dihydostreptomycin (DHS), neomycin, and kanamycin in the body organs of normal dairy cows following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) injections were determined by qualitative and quantitative assay methods. The most sensitive qualitative procedure, i.e. Bacillus subtilis BGA at pH 8.0, failed to detect kanamycin in the meat of cows slaughtered 4 hours after i.m. and 6 hours after i.v. injections. This test, however, was positive for the kidneys of cows slaughtered 144 hours after the i.m. administration of neomycin. Low concentrations of neomycin were measured in the meat of cows slaughtered 2 hours and 7 hours after injection. Treatment with streptomycin i.v. resulted in significantly lower renal cortex drug levels than after the i.v. administration of other drugs. Injection of neomycin in a formulation containing benzylpenicillin procaine resulted in higher neomycin concentrations in the renal cortex compared to the levels of the drug found after i.v. injection of the drug. Results are discussed the possible role played by drug interaction on the persistence of aminoglycoside antibiotics in the kidneys after treatment with different dosage forms of these drugs.", "PMID": 411195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6008", "title": "[Economic aspects of diseases and dairy herd health programs in the Netherlands with special reference to mastitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Animal diseases cause considerable losses among dairy cattle in the Netherlands. Model calculations show that the loss on farm level from animal diseases is approximately Dfl 440.--per cow per annum. Increasing attention is being paid to one of them e.g. mastitis. This disease causing an annual loss on farm level of approximately Dfl 125.--per average cow present (a.c.p.). Currently, a Mastitis Control Program (MCP) is being advocated. When the expected profits and cost of the MCP are analysed, different economic levels can be distinguished. Analysis on farm level showed that, when the MCP is carried out, the average calculated losses can be reduced by half, so that, with the exception of the first years, an increase in income of Dfl. 30.--per a.c.p. is anticipated. When less than 12.5 percent of the quarters are infected and less than 2 or 3 per cent of the quarters show clinical mastitis in a period of twelve months, the expected profits of the MCP are less than the cost. When all the farmers (the \"sector\") reduce the incidence of mastitis, the expected increase in income will be smaller because of price-effects. From the national point of view, the profitability of the MCP will primarily depend on the national-economic net price of the additional milk production, which should be higher than Dfl. 30.--per 100 kg. to make it pay. Finally, it was evident that production of the same quantity of milk by fewer animals, resulting from a reduction of the incidence of mastitis, is profitable on a national level, because of a decrease in the import of concentrates.", "contents": "[Economic aspects of diseases and dairy herd health programs in the Netherlands with special reference to mastitis (author's transl)]. Animal diseases cause considerable losses among dairy cattle in the Netherlands. Model calculations show that the loss on farm level from animal diseases is approximately Dfl 440.--per cow per annum. Increasing attention is being paid to one of them e.g. mastitis. This disease causing an annual loss on farm level of approximately Dfl 125.--per average cow present (a.c.p.). Currently, a Mastitis Control Program (MCP) is being advocated. When the expected profits and cost of the MCP are analysed, different economic levels can be distinguished. Analysis on farm level showed that, when the MCP is carried out, the average calculated losses can be reduced by half, so that, with the exception of the first years, an increase in income of Dfl. 30.--per a.c.p. is anticipated. When less than 12.5 percent of the quarters are infected and less than 2 or 3 per cent of the quarters show clinical mastitis in a period of twelve months, the expected profits of the MCP are less than the cost. When all the farmers (the \"sector\") reduce the incidence of mastitis, the expected increase in income will be smaller because of price-effects. From the national point of view, the profitability of the MCP will primarily depend on the national-economic net price of the additional milk production, which should be higher than Dfl. 30.--per 100 kg. to make it pay. Finally, it was evident that production of the same quantity of milk by fewer animals, resulting from a reduction of the incidence of mastitis, is profitable on a national level, because of a decrease in the import of concentrates.", "PMID": 411196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6009", "title": "On the pathogenesis of simple renal cysts in the adult. A microdissection study.", "content": "The simple cyst in the adult seems to be mainly an acquired disorder. Microdissection of the nephron in the adult kidney points to the presence of diverticula on the distal tubule as the starting point of the affection. A degree of obstruction in the urinary tract together with normal involutional phenomena of the basal membrane, both typical of the aging process, are believed to be precipitating factors.", "contents": "On the pathogenesis of simple renal cysts in the adult. A microdissection study. The simple cyst in the adult seems to be mainly an acquired disorder. Microdissection of the nephron in the adult kidney points to the presence of diverticula on the distal tubule as the starting point of the affection. A degree of obstruction in the urinary tract together with normal involutional phenomena of the basal membrane, both typical of the aging process, are believed to be precipitating factors.", "PMID": 411204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6010", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of urinary bladder in von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis.", "content": "A case of leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder is reported in a sixty-six-year-old black male with associated von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of urinary bladder in von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. A case of leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder is reported in a sixty-six-year-old black male with associated von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 411206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6011", "title": "[Effect of parenteral nutrition on the nucleic acid content in normal rat tissues and in thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "The content of nucleic acids in tissues of healthy animals and those suffering from thyrotoxicosis was studied as affected by parenteral administration of amino acid mixture of moriamine S-2 and casein hydrolysate. The content of RNA in the skeletal muscles, heart and liver is established to change considerably under the effect of nitrogenous media. With administration of moriamine S-2 or caseine hydrolysate the higher level of RNA in tissues with thyrotoxicosis, is normalized, especially in the skeletal muscles. The character of changes depends essentially on properties and composition of the administered preparations.", "contents": "[Effect of parenteral nutrition on the nucleic acid content in normal rat tissues and in thyrotoxicosis]. The content of nucleic acids in tissues of healthy animals and those suffering from thyrotoxicosis was studied as affected by parenteral administration of amino acid mixture of moriamine S-2 and casein hydrolysate. The content of RNA in the skeletal muscles, heart and liver is established to change considerably under the effect of nitrogenous media. With administration of moriamine S-2 or caseine hydrolysate the higher level of RNA in tissues with thyrotoxicosis, is normalized, especially in the skeletal muscles. The character of changes depends essentially on properties and composition of the administered preparations.", "PMID": 411201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6012", "title": "Preoperative irradiation of renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Since 1967 we have been using preoperative radiation therapy for renal cell carcinoma as proposed by Riches. Radiation therapy, to include the para-aortic lymph nodes, is given in 250-rad increments four times weekly to a total dose of 3,000 rads. After an interval of three weeks following radiation therapy, we performed radical nephrectomy. The object of this preoperative treatment is devitalization of growing cells in the periphery of the tumor, thus preventing metastases and local recurrence, and and decreasing the size of the tumor and thereby facilitating surgery. In one third of the cases there is radiologically demonstrable decrease in the size of the tumor, probably secondary to obliteration of the dilated veins in the capsule. The delay of six weeks has had no adverse effect on the outcome of metastases.", "contents": "Preoperative irradiation of renal cell carcinoma. Since 1967 we have been using preoperative radiation therapy for renal cell carcinoma as proposed by Riches. Radiation therapy, to include the para-aortic lymph nodes, is given in 250-rad increments four times weekly to a total dose of 3,000 rads. After an interval of three weeks following radiation therapy, we performed radical nephrectomy. The object of this preoperative treatment is devitalization of growing cells in the periphery of the tumor, thus preventing metastases and local recurrence, and and decreasing the size of the tumor and thereby facilitating surgery. In one third of the cases there is radiologically demonstrable decrease in the size of the tumor, probably secondary to obliteration of the dilated veins in the capsule. The delay of six weeks has had no adverse effect on the outcome of metastases.", "PMID": 411207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6013", "title": "[Age difference of bone collagen in hydrolysis by Streptomyces griseus protease].", "content": "Hydrolysis of the cattle bone insoluble collagen was studied as affected by Streptomyces griseus protease. The enzymic hydrolysis was performed before and after protein decalcination. The amino acidic composition of collagens in young and old animals is the same. Calcium-containing collagen of a young animal is hydrolyzed by Str. griseus protease more intensely than that of an adult one. However protein decalcination not only increases, on the whole, the degree of its splitting by Str. griseus protease but also changes the picture completely: hydrolyzeis of adult animal collagen is much more rapid and deep. Perhaps, collagen protein of bone is more labile with the age, and its strength and resistance increase due to the presence of calcium", "contents": "[Age difference of bone collagen in hydrolysis by Streptomyces griseus protease]. Hydrolysis of the cattle bone insoluble collagen was studied as affected by Streptomyces griseus protease. The enzymic hydrolysis was performed before and after protein decalcination. The amino acidic composition of collagens in young and old animals is the same. Calcium-containing collagen of a young animal is hydrolyzed by Str. griseus protease more intensely than that of an adult one. However protein decalcination not only increases, on the whole, the degree of its splitting by Str. griseus protease but also changes the picture completely: hydrolyzeis of adult animal collagen is much more rapid and deep. Perhaps, collagen protein of bone is more labile with the age, and its strength and resistance increase due to the presence of calcium", "PMID": 411202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6014", "title": "Transvesical submucosal diverticulectomy. Experience with 48 cases.", "content": "An intravesical, submucosal technique, without peri- or transvesical drainage, for surgical treatment of large bladder diverticula was successfully used in 48 patients. This is a recommeded procedure, easily performed, without fear of endangering the adjacent organs.", "contents": "Transvesical submucosal diverticulectomy. Experience with 48 cases. An intravesical, submucosal technique, without peri- or transvesical drainage, for surgical treatment of large bladder diverticula was successfully used in 48 patients. This is a recommeded procedure, easily performed, without fear of endangering the adjacent organs.", "PMID": 411208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6015", "title": "[Vitamin E serum levels in calves after various methods of administration].", "content": "We observed the levels of vitamin E in the blood serum of calves after peroral application of Combinal E (1 ml contains 20 mg of tocopherol acetate in water solution), after application through a fistula into the rennet stomach and after an intramuscular injection of Erevit (1 ml contains 300 mg of tocopherol acetate in vegetable oil). The fastest increase in the vitamin E level was recorded after the application of Combinal E directly into the rennet stomach. The application of Combinal E per os resulted in the same level of vitamin E in the ninth hour after application as in the third hour after application into the rennet stomach, the intramuscular injection of Erevit had a much lower effect on raising the vitamin E level in the blood serum of calves. It was confirmed that for a faster supplementing of vitamin E to the organism it is more suitable to give Combinal E perorally.", "contents": "[Vitamin E serum levels in calves after various methods of administration]. We observed the levels of vitamin E in the blood serum of calves after peroral application of Combinal E (1 ml contains 20 mg of tocopherol acetate in water solution), after application through a fistula into the rennet stomach and after an intramuscular injection of Erevit (1 ml contains 300 mg of tocopherol acetate in vegetable oil). The fastest increase in the vitamin E level was recorded after the application of Combinal E directly into the rennet stomach. The application of Combinal E per os resulted in the same level of vitamin E in the ninth hour after application as in the third hour after application into the rennet stomach, the intramuscular injection of Erevit had a much lower effect on raising the vitamin E level in the blood serum of calves. It was confirmed that for a faster supplementing of vitamin E to the organism it is more suitable to give Combinal E perorally.", "PMID": 411212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6016", "title": "[Incidence and mobility of R plasmids, Col plasmids and Hly plasmids in E. coli isolated from healthy calves and calves with diarrhea].", "content": "Within the set of 200 strains of E. coli isolated from healthy calves and 60 strains of E. coli isolated from calves suffering from diarrhoea we compared the incidence and transfer of determinants of antibioticoresistance, colicinogenesis and hemolytical activity. A significant difference in the incidence and independent mobility of the agents under examination in favour of E. coli from calves suffering from diarrhoea was determined in the case of resistance to chloramphenicol. The increased incidence and independent mobility of the chloramphenicol element in the antibioticoresistent strains of E. coli isolated from calves suffering from diarrhoea can be explained by the three to five-day therapy with a chloramphenicol product.", "contents": "[Incidence and mobility of R plasmids, Col plasmids and Hly plasmids in E. coli isolated from healthy calves and calves with diarrhea]. Within the set of 200 strains of E. coli isolated from healthy calves and 60 strains of E. coli isolated from calves suffering from diarrhoea we compared the incidence and transfer of determinants of antibioticoresistance, colicinogenesis and hemolytical activity. A significant difference in the incidence and independent mobility of the agents under examination in favour of E. coli from calves suffering from diarrhoea was determined in the case of resistance to chloramphenicol. The increased incidence and independent mobility of the chloramphenicol element in the antibioticoresistent strains of E. coli isolated from calves suffering from diarrhoea can be explained by the three to five-day therapy with a chloramphenicol product.", "PMID": 411213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6017", "title": "[Treatment of sperm samples for the diagnostic examination of the ultrastructure of bull spermatozoa].", "content": "Methods proposed by various authors for the treatment of spermatozoa for ultrastructural study were tested under the conditions of our laboratory. The methods were studied as to their applicability to the diagnostic examination of fresh and frozen sperm under electron microscope. A suitable method was developed and proposed for diagnostic purposes; the method consists of double fixation, 1.25% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer, or the formaldehyde fixative PAF (Stefanini et al., 1967), being used for the first fixation, and 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4) after Caulfied (1957) being used for postfixation. The suspension of spermatozoa is filtered through the Sympor milipore filters and the sediment is embedded in the Durcupan ACM embedding medium. Ultrathin slices are contrasted by means of uranyl-acetate and lead citrate. This method also enables a quantitative evaluation of samples and is suitable for fresh and deep-frozen bull semen.", "contents": "[Treatment of sperm samples for the diagnostic examination of the ultrastructure of bull spermatozoa]. Methods proposed by various authors for the treatment of spermatozoa for ultrastructural study were tested under the conditions of our laboratory. The methods were studied as to their applicability to the diagnostic examination of fresh and frozen sperm under electron microscope. A suitable method was developed and proposed for diagnostic purposes; the method consists of double fixation, 1.25% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer, or the formaldehyde fixative PAF (Stefanini et al., 1967), being used for the first fixation, and 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4) after Caulfied (1957) being used for postfixation. The suspension of spermatozoa is filtered through the Sympor milipore filters and the sediment is embedded in the Durcupan ACM embedding medium. Ultrathin slices are contrasted by means of uranyl-acetate and lead citrate. This method also enables a quantitative evaluation of samples and is suitable for fresh and deep-frozen bull semen.", "PMID": 411214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6018", "title": "[Extracorporeal perfusion of the sheep rumen].", "content": "We constructed a modified perfusion apparatus and elaborated a method of extracorporal perfusion of the rumen of sheep. As perfusates we used the bovine plasma diluted in a ratio of 1:1 of an isotonic sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and the whole autologous blood. Transaminases GOT and GPT, ammonia and pH were determined in the perfusate. The different perfusions were evaluated according to previously determined perfusion conditions and criteria. A subject for discussion is the question of suitability of the parameters under examination for judging the state of the perfused organ. The described method is suitable for the study of metabolical processes in the rumen wal.", "contents": "[Extracorporeal perfusion of the sheep rumen]. We constructed a modified perfusion apparatus and elaborated a method of extracorporal perfusion of the rumen of sheep. As perfusates we used the bovine plasma diluted in a ratio of 1:1 of an isotonic sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and the whole autologous blood. Transaminases GOT and GPT, ammonia and pH were determined in the perfusate. The different perfusions were evaluated according to previously determined perfusion conditions and criteria. A subject for discussion is the question of suitability of the parameters under examination for judging the state of the perfused organ. The described method is suitable for the study of metabolical processes in the rumen wal.", "PMID": 411215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6019", "title": "[Veterinary and sanitary expertise in the USSR on the intoxication of animals with carbamate pesticides].", "content": "Pigs, sheep and rabbits were given carbamates per os. The animals were slaughtered one to thirty days after application. The examination of the slaughtered animals and meat was supplemented by determining the residues of carbamates in the meat and by physico-chemical, bio-chemical and bacteriological examinations. In the case of sevin, TMTD and/or zineb intoxication, pigs and sheep may be slaughtered after 20 to 30 days and rabbits seven to 12 days after intoxication. Meat containing sevin, TMTD and/or zineb may not be used for human consumption. After long-term storage of meat in freezing units and two-hour boiling the substance in the meat is not destroyed. From the veterinary and hygienic aspect the meat of the intoxicated animals may be used only after a complex examination.", "contents": "[Veterinary and sanitary expertise in the USSR on the intoxication of animals with carbamate pesticides]. Pigs, sheep and rabbits were given carbamates per os. The animals were slaughtered one to thirty days after application. The examination of the slaughtered animals and meat was supplemented by determining the residues of carbamates in the meat and by physico-chemical, bio-chemical and bacteriological examinations. In the case of sevin, TMTD and/or zineb intoxication, pigs and sheep may be slaughtered after 20 to 30 days and rabbits seven to 12 days after intoxication. Meat containing sevin, TMTD and/or zineb may not be used for human consumption. After long-term storage of meat in freezing units and two-hour boiling the substance in the meat is not destroyed. From the veterinary and hygienic aspect the meat of the intoxicated animals may be used only after a complex examination.", "PMID": 411216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6020", "title": "[Eradication of brucellosis in the beagle].", "content": "An infectious disease caused by the Brucella canis germ was determined in Czechoslovakia in 1973 in laboratory breeding stock of the beagle dog. The clinical symptoms were slinking between the 50th and 57th day of pregnancy and six-week serosanguinolent discharge or greenish gray mucoid discharge after the abortion and extensive hemorrhages and edemata under the skin of the aborted fetuses. The disease was proved serologically and also by isolating the B. canis germ. Histological symptoms found in bitches--were only non-specific inflammatory changes in nodes and some organs, in dogs--inflammation of the prostate, epididymides and testicles. Measures taken to eradicate this disease involved isolation and culling of the serologically positive dogs, creating a new, repeatedly negative breeding stock and strict hygienic and work procedures. The incidence of positive serological findings decreased from 43.0% in 1974 to 8.0% in the first half of 1976. As a positive titre of antigens we consider titres starting from 1:20 though the presence of the B canis germ was found in titres even higher than 1 :160, but we must expect the possibility of the initial stages of the disease.", "contents": "[Eradication of brucellosis in the beagle]. An infectious disease caused by the Brucella canis germ was determined in Czechoslovakia in 1973 in laboratory breeding stock of the beagle dog. The clinical symptoms were slinking between the 50th and 57th day of pregnancy and six-week serosanguinolent discharge or greenish gray mucoid discharge after the abortion and extensive hemorrhages and edemata under the skin of the aborted fetuses. The disease was proved serologically and also by isolating the B. canis germ. Histological symptoms found in bitches--were only non-specific inflammatory changes in nodes and some organs, in dogs--inflammation of the prostate, epididymides and testicles. Measures taken to eradicate this disease involved isolation and culling of the serologically positive dogs, creating a new, repeatedly negative breeding stock and strict hygienic and work procedures. The incidence of positive serological findings decreased from 43.0% in 1974 to 8.0% in the first half of 1976. As a positive titre of antigens we consider titres starting from 1:20 though the presence of the B canis germ was found in titres even higher than 1 :160, but we must expect the possibility of the initial stages of the disease.", "PMID": 411217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6021", "title": "[Effect of non-antibiotic stimulators on laboratory rats].", "content": "The stimulative effect of Carbadox, Nitrovin and Glypondin substances was tested on juvenile rats. A stimulative effect relative to physical weight was proved only with Carbadox at a dose of 2 mg kg-1 and Nitrovin (only in males) in doses of 10 and 50 mg kg-1 p. o. An overdosing of Carbadox revealed rather a negative effect, because already a dose ten times higher had a negative effect on physical growth and a dose fifty times higher caused obvious toxical symptoms. Glypondin was ineffective in each of the tested doses. The consumption of food per unit of weight increase was reduced after supplying carbadox dosed at 2 mg kg-1 by 25.6% in males and by 10.8% in females. After Nitrovin the intake of food was reduced most after a dose of 10 mg kg-1 in both sexes (8.6 and 8.4% respectively). The most frequent effect on the change of physical weight was the relative reduction in weight of the thyroid gland. For the screening of stimulators laboratory rats are not very suitable.", "contents": "[Effect of non-antibiotic stimulators on laboratory rats]. The stimulative effect of Carbadox, Nitrovin and Glypondin substances was tested on juvenile rats. A stimulative effect relative to physical weight was proved only with Carbadox at a dose of 2 mg kg-1 and Nitrovin (only in males) in doses of 10 and 50 mg kg-1 p. o. An overdosing of Carbadox revealed rather a negative effect, because already a dose ten times higher had a negative effect on physical growth and a dose fifty times higher caused obvious toxical symptoms. Glypondin was ineffective in each of the tested doses. The consumption of food per unit of weight increase was reduced after supplying carbadox dosed at 2 mg kg-1 by 25.6% in males and by 10.8% in females. After Nitrovin the intake of food was reduced most after a dose of 10 mg kg-1 in both sexes (8.6 and 8.4% respectively). The most frequent effect on the change of physical weight was the relative reduction in weight of the thyroid gland. For the screening of stimulators laboratory rats are not very suitable.", "PMID": 411219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6022", "title": "[Antibody reaction to inhalation vaccination of poultry against Newcastle disease].", "content": "Aerosol preparated from the AVIPEST vaccine by means of three types of aerosol generators was used for vaccination of 294 chickens of different age against the Newcastle disease in laboratory tests and 30 000 chickens at the age of two and three weeks under field conditions. The general and local antibody reactions to vaccination were evaluated on the basis of the determination of the content of hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization antibodies in the blood serum and in respiratory-tract flushings. The level of secretory antibodies in the flushings from the respiratory tract, determined by the described original method, is an important parameter of the resistance level of the organism to infection. The highest average levels of antibody titres in serum and in flushings were obtained 14 to 21 days from vaccination (7-10 log2). The La Sota vaccination strain was eliminated from the organism after spray vaccination and immunized the non-vaccinated contact chicken. Revaccination increased and greatly prolonged immunity. All the chickens inoculated showed resistance to challenge infection whereas the control birds died within four to six days.", "contents": "[Antibody reaction to inhalation vaccination of poultry against Newcastle disease]. Aerosol preparated from the AVIPEST vaccine by means of three types of aerosol generators was used for vaccination of 294 chickens of different age against the Newcastle disease in laboratory tests and 30 000 chickens at the age of two and three weeks under field conditions. The general and local antibody reactions to vaccination were evaluated on the basis of the determination of the content of hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization antibodies in the blood serum and in respiratory-tract flushings. The level of secretory antibodies in the flushings from the respiratory tract, determined by the described original method, is an important parameter of the resistance level of the organism to infection. The highest average levels of antibody titres in serum and in flushings were obtained 14 to 21 days from vaccination (7-10 log2). The La Sota vaccination strain was eliminated from the organism after spray vaccination and immunized the non-vaccinated contact chicken. Revaccination increased and greatly prolonged immunity. All the chickens inoculated showed resistance to challenge infection whereas the control birds died within four to six days.", "PMID": 411220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6023", "title": "[Possibilities of Marek's disease transmission by dust in contaminated hatcheries].", "content": "A short-term test in vivo was performed with dust collected in hatcheries on a contaminated farm. The results proved the presence of infective agents of Marek's disease (MN) in the dust. The chickens hatched in these hatcheries and taken to disease (MN) in the dust. The chickens hatched in these hatcheries and taken to a disease-free environment also showed microscopic MN-specific changes. In the set of 50 chickens of the Leghorn White (LW) breed, line 44, infected aerogenically with the dust from hatcheries, MN-specific changes were found in 26 birds, i. e. in 52.0%. The non-infected control birds were MN-negative. In the set of 182 White Cornish X White Plymouth (WC X WP) hybrid chickens, hatched in contaminated hatcheries, MN-specific changes were observed in 41 birds, i. e. in 22.5% of the chickens tested.", "contents": "[Possibilities of Marek's disease transmission by dust in contaminated hatcheries]. A short-term test in vivo was performed with dust collected in hatcheries on a contaminated farm. The results proved the presence of infective agents of Marek's disease (MN) in the dust. The chickens hatched in these hatcheries and taken to disease (MN) in the dust. The chickens hatched in these hatcheries and taken to a disease-free environment also showed microscopic MN-specific changes. In the set of 50 chickens of the Leghorn White (LW) breed, line 44, infected aerogenically with the dust from hatcheries, MN-specific changes were found in 26 birds, i. e. in 52.0%. The non-infected control birds were MN-negative. In the set of 182 White Cornish X White Plymouth (WC X WP) hybrid chickens, hatched in contaminated hatcheries, MN-specific changes were observed in 41 birds, i. e. in 22.5% of the chickens tested.", "PMID": 411221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6024", "title": "[Biopsy of the liver in the duck].", "content": "A method is being described for percutaneous aspiration biopsy in duck using the modified underpressure set according to Menghini. The optimum puncture site for sample collection from the left liver lobe is in the cranial part of the left chest opening whereas for collection from the right liver lobe is the puncture site in the caudal part of the right chest opening or behind the sternum medially from the right chest opening. Collection from the left lobe is to be preferred. The technique is simple, rapid, with some 80 per cent security. The average weight of biopsy samples varies from 40 to 110 mg.", "contents": "[Biopsy of the liver in the duck]. A method is being described for percutaneous aspiration biopsy in duck using the modified underpressure set according to Menghini. The optimum puncture site for sample collection from the left liver lobe is in the cranial part of the left chest opening whereas for collection from the right liver lobe is the puncture site in the caudal part of the right chest opening or behind the sternum medially from the right chest opening. Collection from the left lobe is to be preferred. The technique is simple, rapid, with some 80 per cent security. The average weight of biopsy samples varies from 40 to 110 mg.", "PMID": 411222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6025", "title": "[Urea formation in kidneys of the domestic fowl in early postincubation ontogenesis].", "content": "The nitrogen secretion is not limited in any animal species to one final nitrogenous metabolite only. In the organism of uricotelic birds, besides other products, urea is produced. It was revealed that it developed also in the kidney of the domestic fowl. In the experiments with 130 cockerels of the White Leghorn breed--a commercial Primant hybrid at the age from 0 to 62 days--we determined the urea concentration in the supernatant of kidney homogenate and in the heparinized blood plasma by diacetylmonoxim according to Homolka (1971). In the kidney we observed a moderate insignificant increase of urea concentration from 0 to 62 days of post-incubation life (zero-day: 34.77 +/- 9.20 mg per 100 g; the 62nd day: 36.46 +/- 14.66 mg per 100 g). In the heparinized blood plasma the urea concentration was increased significantly from the initial values of 16.66 +/- 3.17 mg per 100 ml (zero-day) to 54.03 +/- 3.19 mg per 100 ml (the 62nd day).", "contents": "[Urea formation in kidneys of the domestic fowl in early postincubation ontogenesis]. The nitrogen secretion is not limited in any animal species to one final nitrogenous metabolite only. In the organism of uricotelic birds, besides other products, urea is produced. It was revealed that it developed also in the kidney of the domestic fowl. In the experiments with 130 cockerels of the White Leghorn breed--a commercial Primant hybrid at the age from 0 to 62 days--we determined the urea concentration in the supernatant of kidney homogenate and in the heparinized blood plasma by diacetylmonoxim according to Homolka (1971). In the kidney we observed a moderate insignificant increase of urea concentration from 0 to 62 days of post-incubation life (zero-day: 34.77 +/- 9.20 mg per 100 g; the 62nd day: 36.46 +/- 14.66 mg per 100 g). In the heparinized blood plasma the urea concentration was increased significantly from the initial values of 16.66 +/- 3.17 mg per 100 ml (zero-day) to 54.03 +/- 3.19 mg per 100 ml (the 62nd day).", "PMID": 411223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6026", "title": "[Effects of herbicides (Gramoxone and Defenuron) on the development and protein levels of quail (Coturix coturix japonica)].", "content": "The herbicides Gramoxone (active substance paraquat dichloride) and Defenuron (active principle N-phenyl-N'-methylurea) were studied as influencing the development of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and the proteins in their blood serum. The aqueous solution of Gramoxone (500 ppm), applied to the egg surface, reduces the hatchability percentage and delays hatching. Under similar conditions, Defenuron has no inhibitory effect on embryonal development. Gramoxone in drinking water (100 ppm) causes 100% mortality of young quail within a week's time whereas the same amount of Defenuron does not affect the vitality of the birds. Sublethal concentrations of Gramoxone in drinking water (40 ppm) cause great quantitative changes in the proteinogram of the blood serum of the birds. The herbicide Defenuron does not influence the proteinogram even at a concentration of 100 ppm of the active substance in drinking water.", "contents": "[Effects of herbicides (Gramoxone and Defenuron) on the development and protein levels of quail (Coturix coturix japonica)]. The herbicides Gramoxone (active substance paraquat dichloride) and Defenuron (active principle N-phenyl-N'-methylurea) were studied as influencing the development of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and the proteins in their blood serum. The aqueous solution of Gramoxone (500 ppm), applied to the egg surface, reduces the hatchability percentage and delays hatching. Under similar conditions, Defenuron has no inhibitory effect on embryonal development. Gramoxone in drinking water (100 ppm) causes 100% mortality of young quail within a week's time whereas the same amount of Defenuron does not affect the vitality of the birds. Sublethal concentrations of Gramoxone in drinking water (40 ppm) cause great quantitative changes in the proteinogram of the blood serum of the birds. The herbicide Defenuron does not influence the proteinogram even at a concentration of 100 ppm of the active substance in drinking water.", "PMID": 411224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6027", "title": "[Postnatal development of enzyme activities of nitrogen catabolism in the liver of Japanese quail].", "content": "In the course of postnatal development from the hatching up to the age of 84 days, the activities of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and arginase were examined in the liver of Japanese quail. The observation in weekly intervals showed a gradual character of XDH development whereas the conclusion of the first degree correlated to some extent with the period of achieving the sexual maturity of animals. The GLDH activity increased in the course of the growth with attainment of the maximum value in the same period. The course of the development of hepatic arginase activity indicated the potential changes of this enzyme.", "contents": "[Postnatal development of enzyme activities of nitrogen catabolism in the liver of Japanese quail]. In the course of postnatal development from the hatching up to the age of 84 days, the activities of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and arginase were examined in the liver of Japanese quail. The observation in weekly intervals showed a gradual character of XDH development whereas the conclusion of the first degree correlated to some extent with the period of achieving the sexual maturity of animals. The GLDH activity increased in the course of the growth with attainment of the maximum value in the same period. The course of the development of hepatic arginase activity indicated the potential changes of this enzyme.", "PMID": 411225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6028", "title": "[Influence of hypokinesis on the physiological functions in fowl].", "content": "The authors examined in the submitted paper the effect of hypokinesis and post-incubation stress (which are characteristic for modern technologies of poultry cage keeping) on the endocrine functions, metabolic reactions, body weight growth and proteosynthesis in the muscle of cocks. The stress due to hypokinesis was observed in growing cocks housed in metallic cages in which they could hardly turn round. The findings obtained indicate that a 35-day hypokinesis did not exert any more significant influence both on physiological functions and body weight growth as well as on proteosynthesis in the muscle of cocks under study, however, it speeded up the protein metabolism in the muscle. But the postincubation stress modified significantly the hypokinesis effect. The findings recorded in birds differed considerably from the findings obtained in laboratory mammals, in which the hypokinesis induced significant changes in endocrine functions, body weight decrease and proteosynthesis disorders. A good tolerance of hypokinesis by fowl can be interpreted not only by the phylogenetic remoteness of the compared species but also by the domestication.", "contents": "[Influence of hypokinesis on the physiological functions in fowl]. The authors examined in the submitted paper the effect of hypokinesis and post-incubation stress (which are characteristic for modern technologies of poultry cage keeping) on the endocrine functions, metabolic reactions, body weight growth and proteosynthesis in the muscle of cocks. The stress due to hypokinesis was observed in growing cocks housed in metallic cages in which they could hardly turn round. The findings obtained indicate that a 35-day hypokinesis did not exert any more significant influence both on physiological functions and body weight growth as well as on proteosynthesis in the muscle of cocks under study, however, it speeded up the protein metabolism in the muscle. But the postincubation stress modified significantly the hypokinesis effect. The findings recorded in birds differed considerably from the findings obtained in laboratory mammals, in which the hypokinesis induced significant changes in endocrine functions, body weight decrease and proteosynthesis disorders. A good tolerance of hypokinesis by fowl can be interpreted not only by the phylogenetic remoteness of the compared species but also by the domestication.", "PMID": 411226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6029", "title": "[Influence of Ascaridia-galli invasion on amino acid, protein and aminotransferase (GOP, GTP) levels and activities in chickens].", "content": "A negative influence of the helminths Ascaridia galli on the level of free plasma amino acids and aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities was demonstrated in the host chick serum. Despite the above negative influence single experimental Ascaridia galli invasion failed to influence the serum protein level or weight increments in chicks. At low invasion intensity the experimental chicks were able to compensate for the pathogenic effect of the helminth Ascaridia galli, manifested by decreased amino acid and aminotransferase activity levels, provided that they were given a full-value and the chicks were kept under suitable zoohygienical conditions.", "contents": "[Influence of Ascaridia-galli invasion on amino acid, protein and aminotransferase (GOP, GTP) levels and activities in chickens]. A negative influence of the helminths Ascaridia galli on the level of free plasma amino acids and aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities was demonstrated in the host chick serum. Despite the above negative influence single experimental Ascaridia galli invasion failed to influence the serum protein level or weight increments in chicks. At low invasion intensity the experimental chicks were able to compensate for the pathogenic effect of the helminth Ascaridia galli, manifested by decreased amino acid and aminotransferase activity levels, provided that they were given a full-value and the chicks were kept under suitable zoohygienical conditions.", "PMID": 411227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6030", "title": "The effect of immaturity of the calf on immunological responses to strain 19 and killed 45/20 adjuvant vaccines.", "content": "Thirty brucellosis free calves with zero titres to the serum agglutination test (SAT), complement fixation test (CFT) and antiglobulin test (ABGT) were vaccinated with strain 19 at ages from seven hours to 198 days. Calves 75 days of age and older responded with normal serological patterns, developing high titres to all three tests. At 45 days and younger most calves responded with much reduced titres, some were negative to the SAT and CFT but all develped titres to the ABGT. Two of the younger group were subjected to an anamnestic test at about a year old and gave a positive response, indicating that the calf may be effectively primed with S19 as early as the first day of life. Three of the group were colostrumdeprived yet the patterns of their responses were similar to those of the colostrum-fed calves. Seventy-four zero titres calves were vaccinated with killed 45/20 adjuvant vaccine at ages from 60 to 320 days. Up to 200 days of age only seven of 33 calves gave positive response. From 200 to 280 days 18 of 29 responded and from 280 days of age all calves a positive response. The late development of competence to respond to this adjuvant vaccine is somewhat unusual and is discussed. It is suggested that the rough strain 45/20 may be a very weak antigen in cattle.", "contents": "The effect of immaturity of the calf on immunological responses to strain 19 and killed 45/20 adjuvant vaccines. Thirty brucellosis free calves with zero titres to the serum agglutination test (SAT), complement fixation test (CFT) and antiglobulin test (ABGT) were vaccinated with strain 19 at ages from seven hours to 198 days. Calves 75 days of age and older responded with normal serological patterns, developing high titres to all three tests. At 45 days and younger most calves responded with much reduced titres, some were negative to the SAT and CFT but all develped titres to the ABGT. Two of the younger group were subjected to an anamnestic test at about a year old and gave a positive response, indicating that the calf may be effectively primed with S19 as early as the first day of life. Three of the group were colostrumdeprived yet the patterns of their responses were similar to those of the colostrum-fed calves. Seventy-four zero titres calves were vaccinated with killed 45/20 adjuvant vaccine at ages from 60 to 320 days. Up to 200 days of age only seven of 33 calves gave positive response. From 200 to 280 days 18 of 29 responded and from 280 days of age all calves a positive response. The late development of competence to respond to this adjuvant vaccine is somewhat unusual and is discussed. It is suggested that the rough strain 45/20 may be a very weak antigen in cattle.", "PMID": 411231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6031", "title": "Diseases of aquarium fish--2: skin diseases.", "content": "Brief descriptions are given of the common skin diseases in aquarium fishes. Many of these diseases are secondary to poor water quality and aquarium conditions and this primary cause should always be considered.", "contents": "Diseases of aquarium fish--2: skin diseases. Brief descriptions are given of the common skin diseases in aquarium fishes. Many of these diseases are secondary to poor water quality and aquarium conditions and this primary cause should always be considered.", "PMID": 411232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6032", "title": "A method for the collection of nasal epithelial cells and secretion from domestic animals.", "content": "A method for aspirating nasal and genital epithelial cells and secretion using a vacuum pump is described. The samples obtained are suitable for diagnosis of infectious diseases by isolation of bacteria and viruses and by demonstration of the organisms by immunofluorescent techniques.", "contents": "A method for the collection of nasal epithelial cells and secretion from domestic animals. A method for aspirating nasal and genital epithelial cells and secretion using a vacuum pump is described. The samples obtained are suitable for diagnosis of infectious diseases by isolation of bacteria and viruses and by demonstration of the organisms by immunofluorescent techniques.", "PMID": 411233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6033", "title": "[Study of the interrelationships of amprolium-thiamine, Coccidia and coccidiosis in chicks].", "content": "A total of 180 birds, divided into 9 groups of 20 each, were used in tests to elucidate the prophylactic value of the coccidiostatic drug Amprolium in the suggested dose of 125 g per ton feed, and given at the rate of a four-fold high dose (500 g/ton), with and without additional amounts of thiamine incorporated into the standard mixtures. It was found that Amprolium could hardly suppress to a full extent the excretion of oocysts in doses which were as high as 500 g/ton. When using additional amounts of thiamine such effect could not be produced. It is believed that thiamine contributes to the lowering of the activity of the preparation as well as to be prolongation of the parasite development in the intestine and the increase in the asexual populations and oocyst excretion by 66 per cent. In cases where poultry farms are infected despite the use of Amprolium it is suggested to make it clear with objectivity to what extent coccidiosis is due to the resistance phenomenon or the lowering in the activity of the preparation as a result of the higher concentration of thiamine in the feed mixture, and to effect the respective correction so as to reach an optimal ration of the components.", "contents": "[Study of the interrelationships of amprolium-thiamine, Coccidia and coccidiosis in chicks]. A total of 180 birds, divided into 9 groups of 20 each, were used in tests to elucidate the prophylactic value of the coccidiostatic drug Amprolium in the suggested dose of 125 g per ton feed, and given at the rate of a four-fold high dose (500 g/ton), with and without additional amounts of thiamine incorporated into the standard mixtures. It was found that Amprolium could hardly suppress to a full extent the excretion of oocysts in doses which were as high as 500 g/ton. When using additional amounts of thiamine such effect could not be produced. It is believed that thiamine contributes to the lowering of the activity of the preparation as well as to be prolongation of the parasite development in the intestine and the increase in the asexual populations and oocyst excretion by 66 per cent. In cases where poultry farms are infected despite the use of Amprolium it is suggested to make it clear with objectivity to what extent coccidiosis is due to the resistance phenomenon or the lowering in the activity of the preparation as a result of the higher concentration of thiamine in the feed mixture, and to effect the respective correction so as to reach an optimal ration of the components.", "PMID": 411236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6034", "title": "[Value of the Ouchterlony reaction in experimental trichinelliasis in swine].", "content": "The double diffusion method after Ouchterlony was employed for the diagnosis of swine trichinellosis. Studied were sera of 12 experimentally infected pigs from the 15th to the 365th day after their treatment with moderate and massive doses of Trichinella spiralis. The antigen used was an extract of freeze-dried decapsulated muscular trichinellae, obtained by Tanner and Gregory's method modified according to the institute's laboratory conditions. Results showed that Ouchterlony's double diffusion reaction is specific and can used for the diagnosis of trichinellosis in pigs within the period cited above. The reaction has proved to be most strongly expressed when used between the 30th and 120th day.", "contents": "[Value of the Ouchterlony reaction in experimental trichinelliasis in swine]. The double diffusion method after Ouchterlony was employed for the diagnosis of swine trichinellosis. Studied were sera of 12 experimentally infected pigs from the 15th to the 365th day after their treatment with moderate and massive doses of Trichinella spiralis. The antigen used was an extract of freeze-dried decapsulated muscular trichinellae, obtained by Tanner and Gregory's method modified according to the institute's laboratory conditions. Results showed that Ouchterlony's double diffusion reaction is specific and can used for the diagnosis of trichinellosis in pigs within the period cited above. The reaction has proved to be most strongly expressed when used between the 30th and 120th day.", "PMID": 411237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6035", "title": "[Content of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid antigens and antibodies in mice in early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis].", "content": "By means of a qualitative and quantitative method of precipitation it was found possible to record 3-OAA-antigens in mice receiving ortho-aminoazotoluene. the authors obtained some additional data indicating a similar kinetics of binding for exogenous and endogenous carcinogen. The elaborated method of quantitation of 3-OAA-antigens in the urine may be used for studying the kinetics of this index in cancer patients.", "contents": "[Content of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid antigens and antibodies in mice in early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis]. By means of a qualitative and quantitative method of precipitation it was found possible to record 3-OAA-antigens in mice receiving ortho-aminoazotoluene. the authors obtained some additional data indicating a similar kinetics of binding for exogenous and endogenous carcinogen. The elaborated method of quantitation of 3-OAA-antigens in the urine may be used for studying the kinetics of this index in cancer patients.", "PMID": 411254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6036", "title": "A human antibody to Gm (26): an antigen usually present on the gamma-3 chain of IgG when Gm (15) is absent.", "content": "An antibody to an antigen on IgG was found in the serum of a healthy American Negro, whose phenotype is Gm (1, 13, 15, 17). (When tested for Gm [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21].) Subsequent tests of serum samples from US blacks and whites, from Japanese, Ainu, San (Bushmen), Negros, Asiatic Indians and Jews from Cochin India demonstrated that the antibody detects an antigen that is usually present in a haplotype when Gm (15) is absent from it. This antigen had been identified using an antibody produced in a baboon. Tests of isolated myeloma proteins and of Fc and Fab fragments of IgG confirmed that the antigen [Gm (26) or Gm (u) - originally Gm (Pa)] is carried by the Fc portion of the gamma3-chain.", "contents": "A human antibody to Gm (26): an antigen usually present on the gamma-3 chain of IgG when Gm (15) is absent. An antibody to an antigen on IgG was found in the serum of a healthy American Negro, whose phenotype is Gm (1, 13, 15, 17). (When tested for Gm [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21].) Subsequent tests of serum samples from US blacks and whites, from Japanese, Ainu, San (Bushmen), Negros, Asiatic Indians and Jews from Cochin India demonstrated that the antibody detects an antigen that is usually present in a haplotype when Gm (15) is absent from it. This antigen had been identified using an antibody produced in a baboon. Tests of isolated myeloma proteins and of Fc and Fab fragments of IgG confirmed that the antigen [Gm (26) or Gm (u) - originally Gm (Pa)] is carried by the Fc portion of the gamma3-chain.", "PMID": 411255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6037", "title": "Transient LW-negative red blood cells and anti-LW in a patient with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "LW-negative (LW4) red blood cells and anti-LW antibody were discovered in the blood of a 50-year-old white male with Hodgkin's disease and blood type O. Compatible red blood cells for transfusion could not be obtained because available LW-negative cells were either type A, LW4, or type O, LW3. Following cytotoxic therapy for his basic disease, the anti-LW disappeared and his red blood cells developed normal reactions with anti-LW sera.", "contents": "Transient LW-negative red blood cells and anti-LW in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. LW-negative (LW4) red blood cells and anti-LW antibody were discovered in the blood of a 50-year-old white male with Hodgkin's disease and blood type O. Compatible red blood cells for transfusion could not be obtained because available LW-negative cells were either type A, LW4, or type O, LW3. Following cytotoxic therapy for his basic disease, the anti-LW disappeared and his red blood cells developed normal reactions with anti-LW sera.", "PMID": 411256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6038", "title": "[1 case of anorexia nervosa].", "content": "After a brief survey on etiopathogenesis, clinic, paraclinic and differential diagnosis of the disease, the authors describe a patient, who at the age of 18 developed Anorexia nervosa, with a progressive body weight reduction from 70 to 30 kg. After the consultation with a psychiatrist the patient was admitted to a psychoneurological dispensary for treatment. Attention is drawn to the diagnostic difficulties and the internist was underlined, has to think and diagnose that, even though rare disease.", "contents": "[1 case of anorexia nervosa]. After a brief survey on etiopathogenesis, clinic, paraclinic and differential diagnosis of the disease, the authors describe a patient, who at the age of 18 developed Anorexia nervosa, with a progressive body weight reduction from 70 to 30 kg. After the consultation with a psychiatrist the patient was admitted to a psychoneurological dispensary for treatment. Attention is drawn to the diagnostic difficulties and the internist was underlined, has to think and diagnose that, even though rare disease.", "PMID": 411262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6039", "title": "[Physico-chemical properties of deamidase AG from Pseudomonas fluorescens AG possessing antitumor activity].", "content": "Homogenous deamidase AG from Pseudomonas fluorescens AG was found to be a glycoprotein with molecular weight of about 13,000 daltons. The molecule consists apparently of four similar or identic subunits with molecular weight of about 30,000 daltons. The amino acid composition, N-terminal amino acids, the amount of chymotryptic peptides, containing 14C-carboxymethyl cysteine were studied. The enzyme exhibited distinct antitumoral effect on cells of Burkitt's lymphoma, sensitive to asparaginase, but did not exhibit marked cytotoxic action on cells of human ovarium cancer CaOV line, resistant to asparaginases.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical properties of deamidase AG from Pseudomonas fluorescens AG possessing antitumor activity]. Homogenous deamidase AG from Pseudomonas fluorescens AG was found to be a glycoprotein with molecular weight of about 13,000 daltons. The molecule consists apparently of four similar or identic subunits with molecular weight of about 30,000 daltons. The amino acid composition, N-terminal amino acids, the amount of chymotryptic peptides, containing 14C-carboxymethyl cysteine were studied. The enzyme exhibited distinct antitumoral effect on cells of Burkitt's lymphoma, sensitive to asparaginase, but did not exhibit marked cytotoxic action on cells of human ovarium cancer CaOV line, resistant to asparaginases.", "PMID": 411253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6040", "title": "[Isolation of influenza strains identical to influenza virus A/Anglia/42/72 from semisynanthropic bird species in Rovno Province, the Ukrainian SSR].", "content": "Two strains of influenza virus, A/wagtail/Ukraina/107/74 and A/dove/Ukraina/111/74, were isolated in virological studies of semisynanthropic species of birds shot near villages in the Rovno region (Western Ukraine). Both strains were found to be antigenically identical with influenza A/England/42/72 virus.", "contents": "[Isolation of influenza strains identical to influenza virus A/Anglia/42/72 from semisynanthropic bird species in Rovno Province, the Ukrainian SSR]. Two strains of influenza virus, A/wagtail/Ukraina/107/74 and A/dove/Ukraina/111/74, were isolated in virological studies of semisynanthropic species of birds shot near villages in the Rovno region (Western Ukraine). Both strains were found to be antigenically identical with influenza A/England/42/72 virus.", "PMID": 411259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6041", "title": "[Effect of a poly I-poly C complex with poly-L-lysine on experimental tick-borne encephalitis].", "content": "The influence of the poly(I)-poly(C) complex with poly-l-lysine on the development and course of experimental tick-borne encephalitis was studied in Macaca rhesus monkeys. Prophylactic administration of the substance under study, although not preventing the disease, modified its course and facilitated recovery of the animals. Poly(I)-poly(C) and its complex with poly-l-lysine were shown to have no effect on production of infectious virus or its antigen demonstrable by the immunofluorescence procedure in HEp-2 cells chronically infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus.", "contents": "[Effect of a poly I-poly C complex with poly-L-lysine on experimental tick-borne encephalitis]. The influence of the poly(I)-poly(C) complex with poly-l-lysine on the development and course of experimental tick-borne encephalitis was studied in Macaca rhesus monkeys. Prophylactic administration of the substance under study, although not preventing the disease, modified its course and facilitated recovery of the animals. Poly(I)-poly(C) and its complex with poly-l-lysine were shown to have no effect on production of infectious virus or its antigen demonstrable by the immunofluorescence procedure in HEp-2 cells chronically infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus.", "PMID": 411260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6042", "title": "[Causative agent of benign lymphoreticulosis].", "content": "A causative agent (\"D\" strain) was isolated from the contents of an affected lymph node of a patient with beningn lymphoreticulosis. According to the biological and antigenic properties this agent is identified with Chlamydia but is a distinct species. The chlamydial etiology of benign lymphoreticulosis is determined also by the complement-fixation test with sera from convalescents.", "contents": "[Causative agent of benign lymphoreticulosis]. A causative agent (\"D\" strain) was isolated from the contents of an affected lymph node of a patient with beningn lymphoreticulosis. According to the biological and antigenic properties this agent is identified with Chlamydia but is a distinct species. The chlamydial etiology of benign lymphoreticulosis is determined also by the complement-fixation test with sera from convalescents.", "PMID": 411261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6043", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase and transaminase activities in the cerebrospinal fluid of protein-energy malnourished children.", "content": "The present study is aiming to assess whether there are variations in the activities of the enzymes glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children suffering from protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). In this respect, serum and CSF activities of GOT and LDH were assayed in thirteen cases suffering from kwashiorkor and ten normal cases serving as controls. Increased activities of both enzymes in sera and CSF of PEM children compared with normals were observed. The significance of these variations was discussed.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase and transaminase activities in the cerebrospinal fluid of protein-energy malnourished children. The present study is aiming to assess whether there are variations in the activities of the enzymes glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children suffering from protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). In this respect, serum and CSF activities of GOT and LDH were assayed in thirteen cases suffering from kwashiorkor and ten normal cases serving as controls. Increased activities of both enzymes in sera and CSF of PEM children compared with normals were observed. The significance of these variations was discussed.", "PMID": 411268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6044", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition in pediatrics.", "content": "Parenteral nutrition (p.N.) is indicated whenever oral food intake is partly or completely disturbed. The objective of this type of treatments is to provide the organism with sufficient nutrients and maintain the structure and growth. The supply of an optimum mixture of water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins and trace elements is a prerequisite for this. In the following parts of this study the indications for p.N., the technique and requirements for different nutrients, minerals, trace elements and vitamins are presented. A type of amino acid mixture especially prepared for pediatric use is prevented and new results of t.p.N. are discussed. In the following parts of this study the indications for p.N., the technique and practice of the infusion programme, the clinical and laboratory investigation of t.p.N., the complications and their prophylaxis during the p.N. are discussed. The goal of better total parenteral nutrition is approached when dosage, infusion rate, contraindications and the guidelines discussed here are observed. We will, however, continue the work for a further improvement of intravenous nutrition.", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition in pediatrics. Parenteral nutrition (p.N.) is indicated whenever oral food intake is partly or completely disturbed. The objective of this type of treatments is to provide the organism with sufficient nutrients and maintain the structure and growth. The supply of an optimum mixture of water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins and trace elements is a prerequisite for this. In the following parts of this study the indications for p.N., the technique and requirements for different nutrients, minerals, trace elements and vitamins are presented. A type of amino acid mixture especially prepared for pediatric use is prevented and new results of t.p.N. are discussed. In the following parts of this study the indications for p.N., the technique and practice of the infusion programme, the clinical and laboratory investigation of t.p.N., the complications and their prophylaxis during the p.N. are discussed. The goal of better total parenteral nutrition is approached when dosage, infusion rate, contraindications and the guidelines discussed here are observed. We will, however, continue the work for a further improvement of intravenous nutrition.", "PMID": 411269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6045", "title": "[Therapy of ankylosing spondylitis].", "content": "Due to the unknown etiology of the ankylosing spondylarthritis up to now a causal therapy is not possible. By complex methods of treatment, consisting of chemo- and physiotherapeutic measures we succeed in controlling the course of the disease in as far that the most severe morphological lesions may be prevented. Decisive is the use of a basis therapeutic, in which case chlorochine has been proved favourable. In the last years by optimum dispensary care of these patients with regular controls of the course and controls of the therapy as well as use of all possible rehabilitation measures the premature rate of invalidisation could be reduced from about 50% to 10%. When the disease is recognized in the prodromal phase there exists established hope of preventing severe morphological lesions.", "contents": "[Therapy of ankylosing spondylitis]. Due to the unknown etiology of the ankylosing spondylarthritis up to now a causal therapy is not possible. By complex methods of treatment, consisting of chemo- and physiotherapeutic measures we succeed in controlling the course of the disease in as far that the most severe morphological lesions may be prevented. Decisive is the use of a basis therapeutic, in which case chlorochine has been proved favourable. In the last years by optimum dispensary care of these patients with regular controls of the course and controls of the therapy as well as use of all possible rehabilitation measures the premature rate of invalidisation could be reduced from about 50% to 10%. When the disease is recognized in the prodromal phase there exists established hope of preventing severe morphological lesions.", "PMID": 411270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6046", "title": "[Chemotherapy of microbial diseases of the respiratory tract].", "content": "It is given a survey on the chemotherapy of the microbial diseases of the respiration tract. A chemotherapy is taken into consideration only for such cases in which a bacterial etiology is ascertained or is assumed with a great probability. The antimicrobial chemotherapy is of particular importance for the acute and chronic bronchitis, bronchiectases, pneumonias, pulmonary abscess and empyema of the pleura. The author deals with the special problems of bacteriological findings of the respiratory tract. The choice of the chemotherapeutic remedy is done in most cases according to the empirical points of view, in which cases development of resistance, side-effects and changing of the infection must be taken into consideration. Apart from the otherwise usual oral and parenteral application special forms of application, such as aerosol therapy and intrapleural instillation are used. It is referred to atypical pneumonias, such as the mycoplasma pneumonia which gives a good response to tetracyclines. Apart from the sulphonamides and trimethoprim penicillins, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, cephalosporines, more rarely streptomycin and linkomycin are the most important antimicrobiotics.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of microbial diseases of the respiratory tract]. It is given a survey on the chemotherapy of the microbial diseases of the respiration tract. A chemotherapy is taken into consideration only for such cases in which a bacterial etiology is ascertained or is assumed with a great probability. The antimicrobial chemotherapy is of particular importance for the acute and chronic bronchitis, bronchiectases, pneumonias, pulmonary abscess and empyema of the pleura. The author deals with the special problems of bacteriological findings of the respiratory tract. The choice of the chemotherapeutic remedy is done in most cases according to the empirical points of view, in which cases development of resistance, side-effects and changing of the infection must be taken into consideration. Apart from the otherwise usual oral and parenteral application special forms of application, such as aerosol therapy and intrapleural instillation are used. It is referred to atypical pneumonias, such as the mycoplasma pneumonia which gives a good response to tetracyclines. Apart from the sulphonamides and trimethoprim penicillins, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, cephalosporines, more rarely streptomycin and linkomycin are the most important antimicrobiotics.", "PMID": 411271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6047", "title": "Fixation of trypanosomatids for electron microscopy with the glutaraldehyde-tannic acid method.", "content": "Epimastigotes from Trypanosoma cruzi and promastigotes from Herpetomonas samuelpessoai were fixed with glutaraldehyde-tannic acid. Different concentrations of tannic acid were tested. With this technique the cellular membranes appear in negative contrast offering the same aspect as seen in cells fixed in glutaraldehyde only without post-fixation in osmium tetraoxide. An electron-dense deposit appears on the surface which possibly represents positively charged groups. The structure of the sub-pellicular microtubules appears well defined and it was possible to distinguish the 13 protofilaments which compose the microtubule wall.", "contents": "Fixation of trypanosomatids for electron microscopy with the glutaraldehyde-tannic acid method. Epimastigotes from Trypanosoma cruzi and promastigotes from Herpetomonas samuelpessoai were fixed with glutaraldehyde-tannic acid. Different concentrations of tannic acid were tested. With this technique the cellular membranes appear in negative contrast offering the same aspect as seen in cells fixed in glutaraldehyde only without post-fixation in osmium tetraoxide. An electron-dense deposit appears on the surface which possibly represents positively charged groups. The structure of the sub-pellicular microtubules appears well defined and it was possible to distinguish the 13 protofilaments which compose the microtubule wall.", "PMID": 411272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6048", "title": "[Enzymatic breakdown of linoleic acid hydroperoxides to volatile carbonyl compounds by isomerase from barley (author's transl)].", "content": "Barley protein fractions with active isomerase, purified by means of gelchromatography were incubated at room temperature with linoleic acid hydroperoxides (LHPO), containing 9-hydroperoxy-10-trans,12-cis-octadecadienoic acid (9-LHPO) and 13-hydroperoxy-9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoic acid (13-LHPO) in the ratio of about 1:1. The volatile compounds resulting from the reaction have been isolated, concentrated and investigated by means of gas- and radio-gaschromatography. In the case of incomplete LHPO-breakdown remaining hydroperoxides and nonvolatile breakdown products have been separated before gaschromatographic analysis. In addition to hexanal as main product, traces of 2-tr-heptenal and 2-tr-octenal were found; about 6% of the converted hydroperoxides were transformed to carbonyl compounds. By numerous additional experiments it was confirmed that the volatile compounds are formed by enzymatic catalysis.", "contents": "[Enzymatic breakdown of linoleic acid hydroperoxides to volatile carbonyl compounds by isomerase from barley (author's transl)]. Barley protein fractions with active isomerase, purified by means of gelchromatography were incubated at room temperature with linoleic acid hydroperoxides (LHPO), containing 9-hydroperoxy-10-trans,12-cis-octadecadienoic acid (9-LHPO) and 13-hydroperoxy-9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoic acid (13-LHPO) in the ratio of about 1:1. The volatile compounds resulting from the reaction have been isolated, concentrated and investigated by means of gas- and radio-gaschromatography. In the case of incomplete LHPO-breakdown remaining hydroperoxides and nonvolatile breakdown products have been separated before gaschromatographic analysis. In addition to hexanal as main product, traces of 2-tr-heptenal and 2-tr-octenal were found; about 6% of the converted hydroperoxides were transformed to carbonyl compounds. By numerous additional experiments it was confirmed that the volatile compounds are formed by enzymatic catalysis.", "PMID": 411277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6049", "title": "[Immunoglobulin content of cervical secretion].", "content": "The content of immunoglobulins in the cervical mucus has been determined quantitatively by the method of radial immunodiffusion. IgG and IgA has been ascertained in all samples, whereas IgM was not measurable. The concentrations of IgG and IgA in the cervical mucus was compared with those of mucous--membrane and of blood-serum. It was discussed the importance of periodical changes of cervical mucus for the penetration of spermatozoa.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulin content of cervical secretion]. The content of immunoglobulins in the cervical mucus has been determined quantitatively by the method of radial immunodiffusion. IgG and IgA has been ascertained in all samples, whereas IgM was not measurable. The concentrations of IgG and IgA in the cervical mucus was compared with those of mucous--membrane and of blood-serum. It was discussed the importance of periodical changes of cervical mucus for the penetration of spermatozoa.", "PMID": 411278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6050", "title": "[Characteristics of the agents of acute suppurative destruction of the lungs in children].", "content": "The authors carried out bacteriological studies of the blood, the pleural cavity puncture material, the discharge from the bronchi in bronchoscopy, and also of smears from the nasopharynx of 40 children with acute purulent destruction of the lungs. Staphylococci, often in association with various Gram-negative bacilli, chiefly of the Pseudomonas genus, and Enterobacteriaceae family, prevailed in the cultures of the pathological material. Pathogenic staphylococcus was found in the nasopharynx of patients in 65% of cases. Along with staphylococci in over half of the patients there were revealed Gram-negative bacteria, and yeast-like Candida fungi. In the majority of patients the microbes isolated from the pharynx and the lungs were identical. In these cases bacteriological examination of pharyngeal smears can serve as an auxiliary method of laboratory diagnosis. The isolated straphylococcus strains possessed the majority of the pathogenicity signs; in the great majority of cases they were resistant to the antibiotics the most widely used in the therapeutic practice; among them strains of phage types 80, 54, 75, 77, and 81 prevailed. Thus, at different periods of the disease various types of the microbes prevailed in the materials obtained from the patients. In acute purulent destruction of the lungs bacteriological examination should be carried in dynamics.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the agents of acute suppurative destruction of the lungs in children]. The authors carried out bacteriological studies of the blood, the pleural cavity puncture material, the discharge from the bronchi in bronchoscopy, and also of smears from the nasopharynx of 40 children with acute purulent destruction of the lungs. Staphylococci, often in association with various Gram-negative bacilli, chiefly of the Pseudomonas genus, and Enterobacteriaceae family, prevailed in the cultures of the pathological material. Pathogenic staphylococcus was found in the nasopharynx of patients in 65% of cases. Along with staphylococci in over half of the patients there were revealed Gram-negative bacteria, and yeast-like Candida fungi. In the majority of patients the microbes isolated from the pharynx and the lungs were identical. In these cases bacteriological examination of pharyngeal smears can serve as an auxiliary method of laboratory diagnosis. The isolated straphylococcus strains possessed the majority of the pathogenicity signs; in the great majority of cases they were resistant to the antibiotics the most widely used in the therapeutic practice; among them strains of phage types 80, 54, 75, 77, and 81 prevailed. Thus, at different periods of the disease various types of the microbes prevailed in the materials obtained from the patients. In acute purulent destruction of the lungs bacteriological examination should be carried in dynamics.", "PMID": 411283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6051", "title": "[Serologic and immunogenic properties of staphylococcal protein A].", "content": "Protein antigen A was isolated from the microbial cells of Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus by hot extraction method. Ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose-32 and gel-filtration on sephadex F-100 were used for purification of protein A. Microprecipitation in agar test against homologous immune rabbit serum and normal human serum showed purified protein A to be identical by serological specificity to the standard preparation obtained from Prof. Oeding's laboratory. In order to assess the immunogenic properties of protein A by various doses of the preparation (from 2 to 1000 microgram) mixed with A1 (OH)3 albino mice were immunized and then infected with the microbial culture of the homologous strain. As revealed, protein A not only failed to protect the animals from death, but even aggravated the course of infection.", "contents": "[Serologic and immunogenic properties of staphylococcal protein A]. Protein antigen A was isolated from the microbial cells of Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus by hot extraction method. Ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose-32 and gel-filtration on sephadex F-100 were used for purification of protein A. Microprecipitation in agar test against homologous immune rabbit serum and normal human serum showed purified protein A to be identical by serological specificity to the standard preparation obtained from Prof. Oeding's laboratory. In order to assess the immunogenic properties of protein A by various doses of the preparation (from 2 to 1000 microgram) mixed with A1 (OH)3 albino mice were immunized and then infected with the microbial culture of the homologous strain. As revealed, protein A not only failed to protect the animals from death, but even aggravated the course of infection.", "PMID": 411285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6052", "title": "[Influence of several experimental conditions on the quantity of E- and EAC-rosette forming cells in peripheral human blood].", "content": "The authors analysed the influence of some conditions of studying the rosette-formation between the human peripheral blood lymphocytes and sheep red blood cells, not loaded (a) and loaded with antibodies and a complement (b). It was shown that rosette formation depended on the temperature at which the experiment was conducted. Thus, after the incubation of a mixture of cells at 37 degrees C, and then at 4 degrees C the number of rosette-forming cells was greater than after the incubation at 4 degrees C alone. Substances used for their fixation also influenced the formation of rosettes: in the treatment of erythrocytes with formalin, tannin and glutaraldehyde, as well as introduction of the latter into the mixture of erythrocytes and leukocytes considerably increased the number of a and b (the sum of T- and B-lymphocytes exceeded 100%). Among a and b in such experimental conditions there was seen a great number of monocytes and of segmented leukocytes. Fixation of smears prepared from a mixture of cells after the incubation in formalin vapour did not lead to such increase in the number of rosette-forming cells. Apparently in case of using glutardehyde, formalin and tannin cells for the treatment of cells additional investigations are necessary with the purpose of identification of a and b as T- and B-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Influence of several experimental conditions on the quantity of E- and EAC-rosette forming cells in peripheral human blood]. The authors analysed the influence of some conditions of studying the rosette-formation between the human peripheral blood lymphocytes and sheep red blood cells, not loaded (a) and loaded with antibodies and a complement (b). It was shown that rosette formation depended on the temperature at which the experiment was conducted. Thus, after the incubation of a mixture of cells at 37 degrees C, and then at 4 degrees C the number of rosette-forming cells was greater than after the incubation at 4 degrees C alone. Substances used for their fixation also influenced the formation of rosettes: in the treatment of erythrocytes with formalin, tannin and glutaraldehyde, as well as introduction of the latter into the mixture of erythrocytes and leukocytes considerably increased the number of a and b (the sum of T- and B-lymphocytes exceeded 100%). Among a and b in such experimental conditions there was seen a great number of monocytes and of segmented leukocytes. Fixation of smears prepared from a mixture of cells after the incubation in formalin vapour did not lead to such increase in the number of rosette-forming cells. Apparently in case of using glutardehyde, formalin and tannin cells for the treatment of cells additional investigations are necessary with the purpose of identification of a and b as T- and B-lymphocytes.", "PMID": 411286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6053", "title": "[Humoral immunity aspects of meningococcal infection. I. A method of performing and the characteristics of the immune bacteriolysis reaction].", "content": "Immune bacteriolysis test with meningococcus, group A, was used for the purpose of serum antibody study. Meningococcus cultures with a bright orange fluorescence of the colonies in oblique illumination (the I type) proved to possess the greatest lysability. Guinea pig serum sorbed with meningococcus suspension was found to be the best source of the complement. Sera obtained after 1 to 3 days of rabbit immunization, containing mostly IgM antibodies, had the greatest bactericidal capacity. Only those fractions which contained IgM possessed bactericidal activity in the hyperimmune rabbit sera with a high IgG antibody concentration. No lytic activity was displayed against meningococcus by unfractionated hyperimmune sera.", "contents": "[Humoral immunity aspects of meningococcal infection. I. A method of performing and the characteristics of the immune bacteriolysis reaction]. Immune bacteriolysis test with meningococcus, group A, was used for the purpose of serum antibody study. Meningococcus cultures with a bright orange fluorescence of the colonies in oblique illumination (the I type) proved to possess the greatest lysability. Guinea pig serum sorbed with meningococcus suspension was found to be the best source of the complement. Sera obtained after 1 to 3 days of rabbit immunization, containing mostly IgM antibodies, had the greatest bactericidal capacity. Only those fractions which contained IgM possessed bactericidal activity in the hyperimmune rabbit sera with a high IgG antibody concentration. No lytic activity was displayed against meningococcus by unfractionated hyperimmune sera.", "PMID": 411287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6054", "title": "[Regulatory properties of digestive enzymes and the biology of multiple substrate digestive processes].", "content": "Characteristics of functional organization and autoregulation of natural polysubstrate digestion in various animals are largely defined by regulatory properties of the enzymes ensuring membrane digestion. This has been demonstrated for both the animals which are at different evolutional levels and those specialized for different types of food. The effective organization of the digestive and transport processes in time and space is provided by an interaction of food substances at the stage of membrane digestion.", "contents": "[Regulatory properties of digestive enzymes and the biology of multiple substrate digestive processes]. Characteristics of functional organization and autoregulation of natural polysubstrate digestion in various animals are largely defined by regulatory properties of the enzymes ensuring membrane digestion. This has been demonstrated for both the animals which are at different evolutional levels and those specialized for different types of food. The effective organization of the digestive and transport processes in time and space is provided by an interaction of food substances at the stage of membrane digestion.", "PMID": 411280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6055", "title": "[Insulin in mollusks and its role in regulating carbohydrate metabolism].", "content": "Some experiments including glucose loading, insulin or antiinsulin serum injection and in vitro investigations on bivalve freshwater molluscs Anodonta cygnea and Unio pectorum were carried out. All the treatments used were found to cause shifts in glycaemic level, glycogen content in muscles and glycogen-synthetase activity in the same organ, glucose uptake by muscle slices, IRI content in the haemolymph and in gut extracts and PAF-positivity in the gut cells. It was demonstrated earlier that PAF-positive cells located in the gut epithelium of the same molluscs show immunostaining with mammalian anti-insulin serum which indicates the production of insulin or insulin-like substance. The above data prove the important role of insulin or insulin-like substance produced by molluscs in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in these animals.", "contents": "[Insulin in mollusks and its role in regulating carbohydrate metabolism]. Some experiments including glucose loading, insulin or antiinsulin serum injection and in vitro investigations on bivalve freshwater molluscs Anodonta cygnea and Unio pectorum were carried out. All the treatments used were found to cause shifts in glycaemic level, glycogen content in muscles and glycogen-synthetase activity in the same organ, glucose uptake by muscle slices, IRI content in the haemolymph and in gut extracts and PAF-positivity in the gut cells. It was demonstrated earlier that PAF-positive cells located in the gut epithelium of the same molluscs show immunostaining with mammalian anti-insulin serum which indicates the production of insulin or insulin-like substance. The above data prove the important role of insulin or insulin-like substance produced by molluscs in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in these animals.", "PMID": 411281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6056", "title": "[Immunochemical properties of the extracellular hydrolases (protease and alkaline phosphatase) of Coccidioides immitis].", "content": "Extracellular hydrolases (protease and alkaline phosphatase) of the coccidioidal fungus possessed antigenic properties and caused production of the corresponding antibodies. Phosphatase-antiphosphatase-substrate system apparently has future prospects for the elaboration of immunobiochemical methods for the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis.", "contents": "[Immunochemical properties of the extracellular hydrolases (protease and alkaline phosphatase) of Coccidioides immitis]. Extracellular hydrolases (protease and alkaline phosphatase) of the coccidioidal fungus possessed antigenic properties and caused production of the corresponding antibodies. Phosphatase-antiphosphatase-substrate system apparently has future prospects for the elaboration of immunobiochemical methods for the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis.", "PMID": 411289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6057", "title": "[Preservation of Neisseria genus microbes by a deep freezing method].", "content": "A method of meningococcus and of vaccine gonococcus strains preservation under conditions of deep freezing with polyethyleneoxide of mol mass 400 was developed. Peculiarities of phasic transitions were studied by the method of differential thermal analysis; hydration properties of polyethyleneoxide were investigated by nuclear magneticresonance (spin-echo). The main cultural and biochemical properties after freezing and after one year of storage in 8 strains of the microbes under study remained unchanged; their survival constituted not less than 90%.", "contents": "[Preservation of Neisseria genus microbes by a deep freezing method]. A method of meningococcus and of vaccine gonococcus strains preservation under conditions of deep freezing with polyethyleneoxide of mol mass 400 was developed. Peculiarities of phasic transitions were studied by the method of differential thermal analysis; hydration properties of polyethyleneoxide were investigated by nuclear magneticresonance (spin-echo). The main cultural and biochemical properties after freezing and after one year of storage in 8 strains of the microbes under study remained unchanged; their survival constituted not less than 90%.", "PMID": 411290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6058", "title": "[Fatty acid makeup of various Brucella species and its relationship to the culture medium].", "content": "Gas chromatographic method was applied to the study of the fatty acid composition (in Br. melitensis, Br. abortus, Br. suis, and Br. ovis strains. Fatty acid composition was similar in the mentioned brucellae species, except Br. suis No. 1330 significantly differing by this sign. Methyleneoctadecanoic acid content was considerably elevated, and that of octadecenoic -- reduced in brucellae grown on liver agar with the addition of serum and on meat-peptone agar in comparison with brucellae grown on liver agar; apparently this represents one of the mechanisms of the microorganism adaptation to the less favourable conditions of the nutrient medium. Passage of Br. ovis strain through the guinea pig organism led to the appearance of brucellae forming two types of colonies when grown on liver agar with the addition of serum. The fatty acid composition of brucellae forming small transparent colonies was the same as that of the initial culture with the prevalence of methyleneoctadecanoic acid; as to brucellae with larger colonies with irregular margin and nontransparent centre of the colony--octadecenoic acid prevailed in their fatty acid composition, i.e. their composition was similar to such in brucellae of the melitensis and abortus species grown on liver agar.", "contents": "[Fatty acid makeup of various Brucella species and its relationship to the culture medium]. Gas chromatographic method was applied to the study of the fatty acid composition (in Br. melitensis, Br. abortus, Br. suis, and Br. ovis strains. Fatty acid composition was similar in the mentioned brucellae species, except Br. suis No. 1330 significantly differing by this sign. Methyleneoctadecanoic acid content was considerably elevated, and that of octadecenoic -- reduced in brucellae grown on liver agar with the addition of serum and on meat-peptone agar in comparison with brucellae grown on liver agar; apparently this represents one of the mechanisms of the microorganism adaptation to the less favourable conditions of the nutrient medium. Passage of Br. ovis strain through the guinea pig organism led to the appearance of brucellae forming two types of colonies when grown on liver agar with the addition of serum. The fatty acid composition of brucellae forming small transparent colonies was the same as that of the initial culture with the prevalence of methyleneoctadecanoic acid; as to brucellae with larger colonies with irregular margin and nontransparent centre of the colony--octadecenoic acid prevailed in their fatty acid composition, i.e. their composition was similar to such in brucellae of the melitensis and abortus species grown on liver agar.", "PMID": 411291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6059", "title": "[Antigen detection in substrates containing immune antigen-antibody complexes].", "content": "Treatment of immune complexes consisting of different antigens and corresponding IgG with low doses of hydrochloric cystein led to the antibody inactivation, to the complex splitting, and to the release of the antigen. Antibodies being a part of the complex retained their capacity to react with the antiglobulin serum. The optimal doses of cystein leading to the complex splitting and to the IgG inactivation in the immune complex composition failed to act on unbound IgG. The effect of other reducing agents (glutathion and sodium sulfite) on the immune complex was similar to that of cystein. The differences in the effect of cystein on unbound and antigen-bound antibodies indicated that apparantly the combining site of antibody served as a point of cystein application.", "contents": "[Antigen detection in substrates containing immune antigen-antibody complexes]. Treatment of immune complexes consisting of different antigens and corresponding IgG with low doses of hydrochloric cystein led to the antibody inactivation, to the complex splitting, and to the release of the antigen. Antibodies being a part of the complex retained their capacity to react with the antiglobulin serum. The optimal doses of cystein leading to the complex splitting and to the IgG inactivation in the immune complex composition failed to act on unbound IgG. The effect of other reducing agents (glutathion and sodium sulfite) on the immune complex was similar to that of cystein. The differences in the effect of cystein on unbound and antigen-bound antibodies indicated that apparantly the combining site of antibody served as a point of cystein application.", "PMID": 411292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6060", "title": "[Extracellular material of some representatives of the genus Corynebacterium (the electron microscopic aspect)].", "content": "At the active developmental phases (up to 2 days) cells of toxigenic and nontoxigenic corynebacteria form extracellular vesicle-like material of two types which can be revealed both on whole cells set off by metal and stained negatively, and in ultrathin sections. Extracellular material of the first type is a derivative of an extensive membranous coat of corynebacteria and is formed as a result of its fragmentation. Vesicles of this type are devoid of electron microscope-dense content, have no tendency to coalescence, and fail to promote cell agglutination. Extracellular material of the second type is primarily formed by local thickening of the surface wall layer limited by its external dense layer and the main massif. These thickenings are filled with a microgranular substance of medium electron optic density; after accumulation this substance is released into the external environment. Vesicles of this type promote cell agglutination. Undoubtedly, extracellular material of the second type has a direct relation to the cell metabolic processes. Extracellular material of both types is encountered in all the cultures grown both on hard and in fluid nutrient media. However, in the latter case the process is apparently much more intensive. There is strict correlation between the morphology of the extracellular material and strain signs of the culture, although material of the second type is found to prevail in the cells from cultures possessing toxigenic activity.", "contents": "[Extracellular material of some representatives of the genus Corynebacterium (the electron microscopic aspect)]. At the active developmental phases (up to 2 days) cells of toxigenic and nontoxigenic corynebacteria form extracellular vesicle-like material of two types which can be revealed both on whole cells set off by metal and stained negatively, and in ultrathin sections. Extracellular material of the first type is a derivative of an extensive membranous coat of corynebacteria and is formed as a result of its fragmentation. Vesicles of this type are devoid of electron microscope-dense content, have no tendency to coalescence, and fail to promote cell agglutination. Extracellular material of the second type is primarily formed by local thickening of the surface wall layer limited by its external dense layer and the main massif. These thickenings are filled with a microgranular substance of medium electron optic density; after accumulation this substance is released into the external environment. Vesicles of this type promote cell agglutination. Undoubtedly, extracellular material of the second type has a direct relation to the cell metabolic processes. Extracellular material of both types is encountered in all the cultures grown both on hard and in fluid nutrient media. However, in the latter case the process is apparently much more intensive. There is strict correlation between the morphology of the extracellular material and strain signs of the culture, although material of the second type is found to prevail in the cells from cultures possessing toxigenic activity.", "PMID": 411293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6061", "title": "[Clinical neurophysiology of epilepsy (according to findings from stereoelectroencephalographic studies)].", "content": "A clinico-electrophysiological study of epileptic patients demonstrated that a significant part of the so-called primary generalized seizures are focal. It was established that the probability of development of a focal subclinical discharge or a generalized seizure may be determined by the degree of an involvement of the mesencephalic reticular formation. The authors stress the topical diagnostis importance of behavioral phenomena, which are expressed on the remote stage of a generalized epileptic seizure.", "contents": "[Clinical neurophysiology of epilepsy (according to findings from stereoelectroencephalographic studies)]. A clinico-electrophysiological study of epileptic patients demonstrated that a significant part of the so-called primary generalized seizures are focal. It was established that the probability of development of a focal subclinical discharge or a generalized seizure may be determined by the degree of an involvement of the mesencephalic reticular formation. The authors stress the topical diagnostis importance of behavioral phenomena, which are expressed on the remote stage of a generalized epileptic seizure.", "PMID": 411295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6062", "title": "Infusion thrombophlebitis in a surgical department.", "content": "In hospitals where 5% glucose is the solution most often infused, the incidence of thrombophlebitis has been found to be 27-43%. In an attempt to reduce this incidence, the following principles for the administration of intravenous solutions were established in a surgical department: (1) No cannula to be placed in the same vein for continuous infusion for a period of more than 24 hours, (2) All sugar solutions to be neutralized with a phosphate buffer. (3) The thinnest possible cannulas are to be used. (4) Vein irritant solutions to be given as quickly as permissible. (5) Veins with the largest diameter to be used first. These principles were adhered to for a period of 4 months. The daily infusion period was 11-14 hours. Of 196 patients who received infusions for a total of 529 days, infusion thrombophlebitis developed in 6.1% (3-10%). 113 of these patients received (among other solutions) 1000-2000 ml 10% invertose per day. This solution was given for an average of 4 days. 9.7% (5-17%) of the patients in this group developed infusion thrombophlebitis. No patient had more than one episode of infusion thrombophlebitis.", "contents": "Infusion thrombophlebitis in a surgical department. In hospitals where 5% glucose is the solution most often infused, the incidence of thrombophlebitis has been found to be 27-43%. In an attempt to reduce this incidence, the following principles for the administration of intravenous solutions were established in a surgical department: (1) No cannula to be placed in the same vein for continuous infusion for a period of more than 24 hours, (2) All sugar solutions to be neutralized with a phosphate buffer. (3) The thinnest possible cannulas are to be used. (4) Vein irritant solutions to be given as quickly as permissible. (5) Veins with the largest diameter to be used first. These principles were adhered to for a period of 4 months. The daily infusion period was 11-14 hours. Of 196 patients who received infusions for a total of 529 days, infusion thrombophlebitis developed in 6.1% (3-10%). 113 of these patients received (among other solutions) 1000-2000 ml 10% invertose per day. This solution was given for an average of 4 days. 9.7% (5-17%) of the patients in this group developed infusion thrombophlebitis. No patient had more than one episode of infusion thrombophlebitis.", "PMID": 411297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6063", "title": "Inactivation of thyrotrophin releasing hormone by human and rat serum.", "content": "The inactivation of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (pGlu-His-Pro-NH2, TRH) and its deamidated analogue pGlu-His-Pro-OH (TRH-OH) in human and rat serum has been studied using specific radioimmunoassays. No difference was apparent between human and rat serum with regard to proteolytic activity towards TRH and TRH-OH. It was found that the inactivation of both peptides is a saturable process. The disappearance of TRH was clearly inhibited by TRH-OH, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and dithiothreitol. The suppressive action of these compounds was observed to be dependent on their concentration. Proline and EDTA showed little inhibiting activity. Proline amide and pyroglutamic acid left the reaction unaffected. In no single instance could any production of TRH-OH from TRH be demonstrated.", "contents": "Inactivation of thyrotrophin releasing hormone by human and rat serum. The inactivation of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (pGlu-His-Pro-NH2, TRH) and its deamidated analogue pGlu-His-Pro-OH (TRH-OH) in human and rat serum has been studied using specific radioimmunoassays. No difference was apparent between human and rat serum with regard to proteolytic activity towards TRH and TRH-OH. It was found that the inactivation of both peptides is a saturable process. The disappearance of TRH was clearly inhibited by TRH-OH, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and dithiothreitol. The suppressive action of these compounds was observed to be dependent on their concentration. Proline and EDTA showed little inhibiting activity. Proline amide and pyroglutamic acid left the reaction unaffected. In no single instance could any production of TRH-OH from TRH be demonstrated.", "PMID": 411301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6064", "title": "Failure of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and insulin to further augment thyrotrophin release in primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "The effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on the release of thyrotrophin (TSH) was studied in five patients with primary hypothyroidism. All five patients had elevated TSH levels with an exaggerated rise in response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). No rise over control values was found after LH-RH or insulin indicating that despite the augmentation of TSH release in primary hypothyroidism there is no alteration of the specificity of the thyrotroph response.", "contents": "Failure of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and insulin to further augment thyrotrophin release in primary hypothyroidism. The effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on the release of thyrotrophin (TSH) was studied in five patients with primary hypothyroidism. All five patients had elevated TSH levels with an exaggerated rise in response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). No rise over control values was found after LH-RH or insulin indicating that despite the augmentation of TSH release in primary hypothyroidism there is no alteration of the specificity of the thyrotroph response.", "PMID": 411302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6065", "title": "Thyroliberin and gonadoliberin tests during pregnancy and the puerperium.", "content": "Highly specific and sensitive radioimmunoassays for HTSH, HFSH and HLH have been used in order to investigate pituitary thyrotrophic and gonadotrophic functions of pregnant and puerperal women. The radioimmunoassay system for HFSH, using reagents prepared in our laboratory, is described. Thirty-three women were studied during pregnancy and post-partum. Forty-one TRH tests were performed. Basal levels of TSH, and increase in serum TSH after intravenous injection of TRH were similar in pregnant and puerperal women and in a control group. Thirty-three LH-RH tests were also performed. Basal levels of LH and FSH remained undetectable throughout pregnancy and in early puerperium. Furthermore, after intravenous injection of LH-RH neither LH nor FSH activity could be detected. It has thus been demonstrated that pituitary responsiveness to TRH during pregnancy and the puerperium is similar to that of non-pregnant young women. In contrast, a complete cessation of pituitary gonadotrophic functions is observed during the same period.", "contents": "Thyroliberin and gonadoliberin tests during pregnancy and the puerperium. Highly specific and sensitive radioimmunoassays for HTSH, HFSH and HLH have been used in order to investigate pituitary thyrotrophic and gonadotrophic functions of pregnant and puerperal women. The radioimmunoassay system for HFSH, using reagents prepared in our laboratory, is described. Thirty-three women were studied during pregnancy and post-partum. Forty-one TRH tests were performed. Basal levels of TSH, and increase in serum TSH after intravenous injection of TRH were similar in pregnant and puerperal women and in a control group. Thirty-three LH-RH tests were also performed. Basal levels of LH and FSH remained undetectable throughout pregnancy and in early puerperium. Furthermore, after intravenous injection of LH-RH neither LH nor FSH activity could be detected. It has thus been demonstrated that pituitary responsiveness to TRH during pregnancy and the puerperium is similar to that of non-pregnant young women. In contrast, a complete cessation of pituitary gonadotrophic functions is observed during the same period.", "PMID": 411303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6066", "title": "The effect of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine and 2-chloro-alpha-methylergoline-8beta-acetonitrile (lergotrile mesylate) on the prolactin secretion of the ewe.", "content": "The effects of two ergot alkaloids, 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine methane-sulphonate (CB154, Sandoz) and lergotrile mesylate (LM, E. Lilly & Co.), on the basal secretion of prolactin and on the prolactin response to TRH or the milking stimulus was investigated in the sheep. Both CB154 (c. 0.5 mg/kg) and LM (c. 0.75 mg/kg) markedly reduced basal levels of prolactin and inhibited the TRH-induced prolactin release in ewes in the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle. Both compounds also suppressed basal levels of prolactin in lactating ewes and inhibited the prolactin response to the milking stimulus in lactating ewes.", "contents": "The effect of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine and 2-chloro-alpha-methylergoline-8beta-acetonitrile (lergotrile mesylate) on the prolactin secretion of the ewe. The effects of two ergot alkaloids, 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine methane-sulphonate (CB154, Sandoz) and lergotrile mesylate (LM, E. Lilly & Co.), on the basal secretion of prolactin and on the prolactin response to TRH or the milking stimulus was investigated in the sheep. Both CB154 (c. 0.5 mg/kg) and LM (c. 0.75 mg/kg) markedly reduced basal levels of prolactin and inhibited the TRH-induced prolactin release in ewes in the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle. Both compounds also suppressed basal levels of prolactin in lactating ewes and inhibited the prolactin response to the milking stimulus in lactating ewes.", "PMID": 411304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6067", "title": "Partial chemical and immunological characterization of pepsin-solubilized collagen from the tunica albuginea of rat testis.", "content": "A pepsin-solubilized collagen was isolated from the tunica albuginea of rat testis. Intrinsic viscosity, amino acid and carbohydrate composition were similar to data reported for other soluble collagens. An antiserlm to the pepsin-solubilized collagen was obtained and by indirect immunofluorescence an antigen-antibody reaction was observed in the collagen fibers of the tunica albuginea and in the intertubular collagen fibers of rat testis. By serological and immunofluorescence techniques, cross-reactions with other collagens indicates a lack of organ specificity. A strong cross-reaction between this antiserum and basement membranes from different organs of the rat was also found.", "contents": "Partial chemical and immunological characterization of pepsin-solubilized collagen from the tunica albuginea of rat testis. A pepsin-solubilized collagen was isolated from the tunica albuginea of rat testis. Intrinsic viscosity, amino acid and carbohydrate composition were similar to data reported for other soluble collagens. An antiserlm to the pepsin-solubilized collagen was obtained and by indirect immunofluorescence an antigen-antibody reaction was observed in the collagen fibers of the tunica albuginea and in the intertubular collagen fibers of rat testis. By serological and immunofluorescence techniques, cross-reactions with other collagens indicates a lack of organ specificity. A strong cross-reaction between this antiserum and basement membranes from different organs of the rat was also found.", "PMID": 411305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6068", "title": "[The fixation of intracellular carbohydrates in the chondrocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "The chondrocytes of the epiphysis contain several polysaccharides, not only glycogen, but also proteoglycans (MPS). Therefore the fixation of chondrocytes is difficult. In regard of fixation we must consider, that macromolecules of proteoglycans have a considerable water content (the effective hydrodynamic volume), furthermore the MPS are easily soluble. We examined the preservation of chondrocytes after application of 44 several fixation fluids with the aid of phasecontrast, the electronmicroscope and after staining. The fixation with familiar methods is unsufficient. Consequently we used a double or successive fixation with two different mixtures, once for fixation the proteins (formalin-alcohol-mercuric chloride-acetic acid), another for polysaccharides (LILLIE's alcoholic lead nitrate formalin alternative basic lead acetate). The degree of fixation, the precipitability of the various polysaccharides is quite different and may be characteristic like their staining or solubility feature.", "contents": "[The fixation of intracellular carbohydrates in the chondrocytes (author's transl)]. The chondrocytes of the epiphysis contain several polysaccharides, not only glycogen, but also proteoglycans (MPS). Therefore the fixation of chondrocytes is difficult. In regard of fixation we must consider, that macromolecules of proteoglycans have a considerable water content (the effective hydrodynamic volume), furthermore the MPS are easily soluble. We examined the preservation of chondrocytes after application of 44 several fixation fluids with the aid of phasecontrast, the electronmicroscope and after staining. The fixation with familiar methods is unsufficient. Consequently we used a double or successive fixation with two different mixtures, once for fixation the proteins (formalin-alcohol-mercuric chloride-acetic acid), another for polysaccharides (LILLIE's alcoholic lead nitrate formalin alternative basic lead acetate). The degree of fixation, the precipitability of the various polysaccharides is quite different and may be characteristic like their staining or solubility feature.", "PMID": 411311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6069", "title": "Ontogenetical and histochemical studies on the translator apparatus in Calotropis procera R. Br. I. The retinaculum.", "content": "Translator apparatus consists of 2 parts--the corpusculum, which is attached to the margin of the stigmatic head between the anthers, and a pair of arms by which the corpusculum is attached to the pollinia of the adjacent anther halves. Retinaculum spans the lateral blade of the corpusculum to the acellular beak of the pollinium. Ontogenetically, it is the secretory product of the stigma along the secondary stigmatic groove. Histochemically, it is composed of lipid, lignin, cutin and a little amount of proteins. Retinaculum, like corpusculum, is stigmatic in origin, but differs histochemically from the latter being composed mainly of lipo-protein complex and lacking phenolic compounds.", "contents": "Ontogenetical and histochemical studies on the translator apparatus in Calotropis procera R. Br. I. The retinaculum. Translator apparatus consists of 2 parts--the corpusculum, which is attached to the margin of the stigmatic head between the anthers, and a pair of arms by which the corpusculum is attached to the pollinia of the adjacent anther halves. Retinaculum spans the lateral blade of the corpusculum to the acellular beak of the pollinium. Ontogenetically, it is the secretory product of the stigma along the secondary stigmatic groove. Histochemically, it is composed of lipid, lignin, cutin and a little amount of proteins. Retinaculum, like corpusculum, is stigmatic in origin, but differs histochemically from the latter being composed mainly of lipo-protein complex and lacking phenolic compounds.", "PMID": 411312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6070", "title": "[Attempt at evaluating the HL-A system relationship with Rh-D antigen-stimulalated immunological response].", "content": "In 96 subjects immunized artificially with antigen D HLA system antigens were determined. In 21 cases antibodies were not produced, in 70 good response to antigen D was observed, in 5 cases antibodies were produced with considerable delay. The method of two-step lymphocytotoxicity test of Terasaki was used. The reference panel included 90 sera with antibodies to antigens: 1, 2, 3, 11, W23, W24, W25, W26, W28, W29, W30, W31 from first sublocus, and 7, 8, 12, 13, W5, W10, W14, W15, W16, W17, W18, W21, W22, W27 from second sublocus. Seventy of the immunized volunteers responded by production of antibodies (group I). and 21 failed to respond (group II). The frequency of different HLA antigens was analysed statistically in both groups using the chi square test and comparing the results with the frequency in a random population of healthy non-immunized subjects. Statistically significant differences were found in antigens 2, 3 and W24 from sublocus HLA-A (LA) and W16 from sublocus HLA-B (Four). In the non-responding group antigens HL-A3 and W24 were more frequent than in the group producing anti-D antibodies. In the latter group antigen HL-A2 prevailed. It seems that the gene determining rapid recognition of antigen D is connected with presence of HL-A2 antigen.", "contents": "[Attempt at evaluating the HL-A system relationship with Rh-D antigen-stimulalated immunological response]. In 96 subjects immunized artificially with antigen D HLA system antigens were determined. In 21 cases antibodies were not produced, in 70 good response to antigen D was observed, in 5 cases antibodies were produced with considerable delay. The method of two-step lymphocytotoxicity test of Terasaki was used. The reference panel included 90 sera with antibodies to antigens: 1, 2, 3, 11, W23, W24, W25, W26, W28, W29, W30, W31 from first sublocus, and 7, 8, 12, 13, W5, W10, W14, W15, W16, W17, W18, W21, W22, W27 from second sublocus. Seventy of the immunized volunteers responded by production of antibodies (group I). and 21 failed to respond (group II). The frequency of different HLA antigens was analysed statistically in both groups using the chi square test and comparing the results with the frequency in a random population of healthy non-immunized subjects. Statistically significant differences were found in antigens 2, 3 and W24 from sublocus HLA-A (LA) and W16 from sublocus HLA-B (Four). In the non-responding group antigens HL-A3 and W24 were more frequent than in the group producing anti-D antibodies. In the latter group antigen HL-A2 prevailed. It seems that the gene determining rapid recognition of antigen D is connected with presence of HL-A2 antigen.", "PMID": 411309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6071", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase content related to cross-sectional area in muscle fibres.", "content": "Cross-sectional areas and lactate dehydrogenase activity were determined of separate muscle fibres of mouse rectus femoris muscle in both ventral and dorsal parts of the muscle. The lactate dehydrogenase activity was measured quantitatively by microscope photometry using a tetrazolium staining in absence or presence of either vitamin K3 or phenazine methosulfate. If the observations are restricted to a relatively small area of the muscle cross section, one can distinguish categorically narrow (\"red\") and broad (\"white) fibres with average values for cross sectional area and LDH content that depend on the part of the muscle chosen (higher LDH and smaller area in ventral part). However, if these data from the different parts or from the whole muscle are added together, no categorical distinction between the fibre types is allowed. On the basis of the observations a categorical division of muscle fibres within relatively large muscle areas or in a whole muscle is rather dubious. A relation is suggested between the subjective impression of different muscle fibre types in a field of observation with the number of motorunits present in that field.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase content related to cross-sectional area in muscle fibres. Cross-sectional areas and lactate dehydrogenase activity were determined of separate muscle fibres of mouse rectus femoris muscle in both ventral and dorsal parts of the muscle. The lactate dehydrogenase activity was measured quantitatively by microscope photometry using a tetrazolium staining in absence or presence of either vitamin K3 or phenazine methosulfate. If the observations are restricted to a relatively small area of the muscle cross section, one can distinguish categorically narrow (\"red\") and broad (\"white) fibres with average values for cross sectional area and LDH content that depend on the part of the muscle chosen (higher LDH and smaller area in ventral part). However, if these data from the different parts or from the whole muscle are added together, no categorical distinction between the fibre types is allowed. On the basis of the observations a categorical division of muscle fibres within relatively large muscle areas or in a whole muscle is rather dubious. A relation is suggested between the subjective impression of different muscle fibre types in a field of observation with the number of motorunits present in that field.", "PMID": 411314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6072", "title": "Immunohistochemical staining using coupled immunofluorescence and immunocomplex technique.", "content": "An immunomicroscopic method combining the use of fluorescent antibodies and enzyme immunocomplex technique is presented. The basic steps of this procedure are: 1. Rabbit antiserum (IgG) to the antigen to be determined, 2. FITC-conjugated antirabbit globulin, 3. Peroxidase + antiperoxidase complex, 4. 3,3-diaminobenzidine + H2O2. The method renders it possible to study simultaneously in the same section antigens and antibodies that are to be localized, and that both by immunofluorescent and immunoenzymatic techniques, it provides means for further elimination of some of the deficiencies of immunofluorescent technique, and in suitable cases it also makes electronoptic examination available.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical staining using coupled immunofluorescence and immunocomplex technique. An immunomicroscopic method combining the use of fluorescent antibodies and enzyme immunocomplex technique is presented. The basic steps of this procedure are: 1. Rabbit antiserum (IgG) to the antigen to be determined, 2. FITC-conjugated antirabbit globulin, 3. Peroxidase + antiperoxidase complex, 4. 3,3-diaminobenzidine + H2O2. The method renders it possible to study simultaneously in the same section antigens and antibodies that are to be localized, and that both by immunofluorescent and immunoenzymatic techniques, it provides means for further elimination of some of the deficiencies of immunofluorescent technique, and in suitable cases it also makes electronoptic examination available.", "PMID": 411315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6073", "title": "Staining of human pituitary glands with lead hematoxylin in comparison with other histochemical procedures, including the immunoenzyme technique.", "content": "Human pituitary glands and pituitary adenomas, obtained by surgery or at autopsy, have been stained with lead hematoxylin and the results were compared with those of other histochemical procedures, including the immunoperoxidase technique. Lead hematoxylin positivity was found in the cytoplasm of melanocorticotroph, thyrotroph as well as gonadotroph cells, indicating that lead hematoxylin has no selective affinity for melanocorticotroph cells. Lead hematoxylin positive cells also stained with the PAS technique. Lead hematoxylin positivity was not revealed in growth hormone cells or in prolactin cells. Basophilic adenomas, composed of melanocorticotroph cells and associated with Cushing's disease or with Nelson's syndrome or unaccompanied by hormonal hypersecretion, showed intense lead hematoxylin positivity. Thus, no correlation was evident between lead hematoxylin positivity and secretory activity. Acidophilic or chromophobic adenomas consisting of growth hormone cells, prolactin cells, stem cells, undifferentiated cells or oncocytes, however, were negative. It can be concluded that the lead hematoxylin staining techniques a reliable, easy and reproducible histochemical method, and its use can be recommended in studies related to adenohypophysial cytology.", "contents": "Staining of human pituitary glands with lead hematoxylin in comparison with other histochemical procedures, including the immunoenzyme technique. Human pituitary glands and pituitary adenomas, obtained by surgery or at autopsy, have been stained with lead hematoxylin and the results were compared with those of other histochemical procedures, including the immunoperoxidase technique. Lead hematoxylin positivity was found in the cytoplasm of melanocorticotroph, thyrotroph as well as gonadotroph cells, indicating that lead hematoxylin has no selective affinity for melanocorticotroph cells. Lead hematoxylin positive cells also stained with the PAS technique. Lead hematoxylin positivity was not revealed in growth hormone cells or in prolactin cells. Basophilic adenomas, composed of melanocorticotroph cells and associated with Cushing's disease or with Nelson's syndrome or unaccompanied by hormonal hypersecretion, showed intense lead hematoxylin positivity. Thus, no correlation was evident between lead hematoxylin positivity and secretory activity. Acidophilic or chromophobic adenomas consisting of growth hormone cells, prolactin cells, stem cells, undifferentiated cells or oncocytes, however, were negative. It can be concluded that the lead hematoxylin staining techniques a reliable, easy and reproducible histochemical method, and its use can be recommended in studies related to adenohypophysial cytology.", "PMID": 411317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6074", "title": "One-sided gingival hyperplasia after treatment with diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "After treatment with diphenylhydantoin for 2 years because of post-infarct focal motor epileptic seizures, a 35-year-old woman was admitted to hospital because of symptoms of intoxication. Almost every sign of the previous left-sided paresis and hypaesthesia had disappeared. A pronounced gingival hyperplasia was found almost exclusively in the left side. The concentration of immunoglobulin A in serum was found far below normal. Admitting that she had not been careful brushing her teeth in the left side because of the strange feeling there (dysaesthesia), the patient had actually carried out a controlled trial proving that she, being predispposed to gingival hyperplasia with a low level of immunoglobulin A in serum, could almost prevent the gingival hyperplasia in the right side by brushing her teeth carefully there.", "contents": "One-sided gingival hyperplasia after treatment with diphenylhydantoin. After treatment with diphenylhydantoin for 2 years because of post-infarct focal motor epileptic seizures, a 35-year-old woman was admitted to hospital because of symptoms of intoxication. Almost every sign of the previous left-sided paresis and hypaesthesia had disappeared. A pronounced gingival hyperplasia was found almost exclusively in the left side. The concentration of immunoglobulin A in serum was found far below normal. Admitting that she had not been careful brushing her teeth in the left side because of the strange feeling there (dysaesthesia), the patient had actually carried out a controlled trial proving that she, being predispposed to gingival hyperplasia with a low level of immunoglobulin A in serum, could almost prevent the gingival hyperplasia in the right side by brushing her teeth carefully there.", "PMID": 411319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6075", "title": "Limb blood flow in the presence of a tourniquet.", "content": "There is little accurate data on the blood flow to a limb distal to the site of application of a tourniquet. This has been studied in Rhesus monkeys with 50 mu diameter microspheres labelled with 51Cr and by the washout of 22Na injected into the tissues. One limb was exsanguinated and the circulation occluded with a pneumatic tourniquet and the opposite limb used as a control. The results show that blood flow to the occluded limb is less than 1 per cent of the flow to the control limb. It is unlikely that this relieves the ischaemia in any way as has been suggested.", "contents": "Limb blood flow in the presence of a tourniquet. There is little accurate data on the blood flow to a limb distal to the site of application of a tourniquet. This has been studied in Rhesus monkeys with 50 mu diameter microspheres labelled with 51Cr and by the washout of 22Na injected into the tissues. One limb was exsanguinated and the circulation occluded with a pneumatic tourniquet and the opposite limb used as a control. The results show that blood flow to the occluded limb is less than 1 per cent of the flow to the control limb. It is unlikely that this relieves the ischaemia in any way as has been suggested.", "PMID": 411320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6076", "title": "Para-articular ossification following hip replacement. 70 arthroplasties ad modum Moore using McFarland's approach.", "content": "Seventy patients, representing all the survivors from a group of 117 consecutive Moore arthroplasties, were examined 2 years after the operation. A high incidence of para-articular ossification was observed. The ossification was associated with impaired function of the hip joint. The separation of periost and fascia from the greater trochanter in McFarland's approach may be responsible for the high incidence of bone formation. This theory is compatible with experimental evidence.", "contents": "Para-articular ossification following hip replacement. 70 arthroplasties ad modum Moore using McFarland's approach. Seventy patients, representing all the survivors from a group of 117 consecutive Moore arthroplasties, were examined 2 years after the operation. A high incidence of para-articular ossification was observed. The ossification was associated with impaired function of the hip joint. The separation of periost and fascia from the greater trochanter in McFarland's approach may be responsible for the high incidence of bone formation. This theory is compatible with experimental evidence.", "PMID": 411321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6077", "title": "Antibody response in marasmic children during recovery.", "content": "The I, II and III antibody responses to tetanus and diphtheria were assessed in marasmic and moderate protein-calorie malnourished children and compared to that of controls. The results suggest that during recovery marasmic children are capable of responding adequately to tetanus and diphtheria vaccines.", "contents": "Antibody response in marasmic children during recovery. The I, II and III antibody responses to tetanus and diphtheria were assessed in marasmic and moderate protein-calorie malnourished children and compared to that of controls. The results suggest that during recovery marasmic children are capable of responding adequately to tetanus and diphtheria vaccines.", "PMID": 411322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6078", "title": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome. Results of treatment with hemodialysis.", "content": "The characteristics of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in 7 children living in a well defined area in the south of Sweden are described. All the patients had a severe form of the disease and were critically ill. The clinical activity could best be followed by measuring blood platelets and urinary FDP. Early institution of hemodialysis treatment, given almost daily until normalisation of platelet count and urinary output, is the most important live-saving measure. Full dosage heparin seems not to be necessary. Six patients survived and were followed-up for 1-7 years. When last seen they all had normal renal function and blood pressure.", "contents": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome. Results of treatment with hemodialysis. The characteristics of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in 7 children living in a well defined area in the south of Sweden are described. All the patients had a severe form of the disease and were critically ill. The clinical activity could best be followed by measuring blood platelets and urinary FDP. Early institution of hemodialysis treatment, given almost daily until normalisation of platelet count and urinary output, is the most important live-saving measure. Full dosage heparin seems not to be necessary. Six patients survived and were followed-up for 1-7 years. When last seen they all had normal renal function and blood pressure.", "PMID": 411323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6079", "title": "Urinary hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid excretion in newborn infants with perinatal complications.", "content": "The concentration of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid in the first 24-h urine of 105 newborn infants was measured densitometrically by thin-layer chromatography. 45 of them had moderate or severe perinatal complications. Among these newborns, 26 infants with perinatal complications (58%) and 4 infants without perinatal complications (7%) had an elevated urinary excretion rate of hypoxanthine. Urinary xanthine was not increased, uric acid was slightly higher in the group of infants with perinatal complication. It seems that a crucial mark is involved, if the rate of hypoxanthine exceed 15% of the total urinary oxypurine excretion, or, if related to urinary creatinine, more than 0.075 mumol hypoxanthine/mumol creatinine. Apparently, with hypoxic newborns increased values of urinary hypoxanthine excretion can be used to quantify the lack of oxygen retrospectively.", "contents": "Urinary hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid excretion in newborn infants with perinatal complications. The concentration of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid in the first 24-h urine of 105 newborn infants was measured densitometrically by thin-layer chromatography. 45 of them had moderate or severe perinatal complications. Among these newborns, 26 infants with perinatal complications (58%) and 4 infants without perinatal complications (7%) had an elevated urinary excretion rate of hypoxanthine. Urinary xanthine was not increased, uric acid was slightly higher in the group of infants with perinatal complication. It seems that a crucial mark is involved, if the rate of hypoxanthine exceed 15% of the total urinary oxypurine excretion, or, if related to urinary creatinine, more than 0.075 mumol hypoxanthine/mumol creatinine. Apparently, with hypoxic newborns increased values of urinary hypoxanthine excretion can be used to quantify the lack of oxygen retrospectively.", "PMID": 411324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6080", "title": "The occurrence and origin of DDT in human milk.", "content": "Gas chromatography has been applied for the analysis of organochlorine compounds of 49 samples of human milk. The average total DDT (2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)1,1,1-trichloroethane) content in human milk was found to be 0.058 mg/kg (1.57 mg/kg milk fat, with a range of 0.54-4.00 mg/kg). Thirty-four cases contained traces of dieldrin, but the content of dieldrin reached 0.008 mg/kg in only one milk sample. The average content of PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) was 0.024 mg/kg of human milk, with a range of 0.011-0.054 mg/kg (0.65 mg/kg of milk fat with a range of 0.33-1.10 mg/kg). The ratio of DDT metabolites/DDT varied from 1.1 to 7.8 (mean 2.8). Studies were also made of the effect of the weight, weight loss, diet, smoking habits and parity of the nursing mother upon the content of organochlorine compounds in human milk. A significant positive correlation was observed between the DDT content of human milk fat and cigarette smoking. The average daily intake of total DDT for Finnish breastfed babies was calculated to be 0.0093 mg/kg, 1.9 times more than the daily intake of 0.005 mg/kg indicated by FAO/WHO as the acceptable value.", "contents": "The occurrence and origin of DDT in human milk. Gas chromatography has been applied for the analysis of organochlorine compounds of 49 samples of human milk. The average total DDT (2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)1,1,1-trichloroethane) content in human milk was found to be 0.058 mg/kg (1.57 mg/kg milk fat, with a range of 0.54-4.00 mg/kg). Thirty-four cases contained traces of dieldrin, but the content of dieldrin reached 0.008 mg/kg in only one milk sample. The average content of PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) was 0.024 mg/kg of human milk, with a range of 0.011-0.054 mg/kg (0.65 mg/kg of milk fat with a range of 0.33-1.10 mg/kg). The ratio of DDT metabolites/DDT varied from 1.1 to 7.8 (mean 2.8). Studies were also made of the effect of the weight, weight loss, diet, smoking habits and parity of the nursing mother upon the content of organochlorine compounds in human milk. A significant positive correlation was observed between the DDT content of human milk fat and cigarette smoking. The average daily intake of total DDT for Finnish breastfed babies was calculated to be 0.0093 mg/kg, 1.9 times more than the daily intake of 0.005 mg/kg indicated by FAO/WHO as the acceptable value.", "PMID": 411325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6081", "title": "Gel-precipitating measles virus antibodies in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: relation to oligoclonal IgG proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum, and the occurrence of two separate fractions of antibody to virus nucleocapsids.", "content": "Two to five separate gel-precipitating (GP) antibody activities to sonicated measles virus cell pack antigen were detected by double immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis of sera and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). The major GP activity was identified as antibody to measles virus nucleocapsids, and a weaker activity as antibody to the virus haemagglutinin. The specificities of the other activities were not determined. Evidence is presented that measles GP antibody activities of both serum and CSF from patients with SSPE are carried by IgG proteins of restricted heterogeneity. Two separate and differently charged homogeneous IgG proteins with antibody activities to partially different measles nucleocapsid antigens were detected in about half the patients. The combined use of agarose electrophoresis and measles GP antibody immunoelectrophoresis of serum and CSF proved helpful in establishing rapidly the specific diagnosis of SSPE.", "contents": "Gel-precipitating measles virus antibodies in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: relation to oligoclonal IgG proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum, and the occurrence of two separate fractions of antibody to virus nucleocapsids. Two to five separate gel-precipitating (GP) antibody activities to sonicated measles virus cell pack antigen were detected by double immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis of sera and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). The major GP activity was identified as antibody to measles virus nucleocapsids, and a weaker activity as antibody to the virus haemagglutinin. The specificities of the other activities were not determined. Evidence is presented that measles GP antibody activities of both serum and CSF from patients with SSPE are carried by IgG proteins of restricted heterogeneity. Two separate and differently charged homogeneous IgG proteins with antibody activities to partially different measles nucleocapsid antigens were detected in about half the patients. The combined use of agarose electrophoresis and measles GP antibody immunoelectrophoresis of serum and CSF proved helpful in establishing rapidly the specific diagnosis of SSPE.", "PMID": 411326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6082", "title": "Inhibition of prolactin  secretion and synthesis by dopamine, noradrenaline and pilocarpine in cultured rat pituitary tumour cells.", "content": "Clonal strains of rat pituitary tumour cells (GH3-cells) synthesize and secrete prolactin into a chemically defined culture medium. Short time treatment (0.5-2 hrs) of cell cultures with noradrenaline (10(-3) M) and dopamine (10(-3 M) reduced the spontaneous secretion of prolactin by 50% and 30%, respectively, while pilocarpine (10(-3) M) had no effect. Long-term treatment (20 hrs) with noradrenaline (10(-3)M) or with pilocarpine (10(-3) M) inhibited prolactin synthesis by 45% and 65% of control cultures, respectively. Neither compounds affected  cell growth. The inhibitory effect of noradrenaline, but not that of pilocarpine, was completely reversed 4 hrs after cessation of treatment. Adrenaline, dopamine and acetylcholine in concentrations up to 10(-3) M did not change prolactin synthesis. In contrast thyroliberin treatment (2 X 10(-8)M) caused a 45% increase in prolactin secretion, and resulted in a 40% increase in hormone synthesis after treatment for 20 hrs. It is concluded that both noradrenaline and dopamine are able to inhibit prolactin section. Prolactin synthesis could be inhibited by noradrenaline and pilocarpine. How, only the effect of noradrenaline is easily reversible on cessation of treatment.", "contents": "Inhibition of prolactin  secretion and synthesis by dopamine, noradrenaline and pilocarpine in cultured rat pituitary tumour cells. Clonal strains of rat pituitary tumour cells (GH3-cells) synthesize and secrete prolactin into a chemically defined culture medium. Short time treatment (0.5-2 hrs) of cell cultures with noradrenaline (10(-3) M) and dopamine (10(-3 M) reduced the spontaneous secretion of prolactin by 50% and 30%, respectively, while pilocarpine (10(-3) M) had no effect. Long-term treatment (20 hrs) with noradrenaline (10(-3)M) or with pilocarpine (10(-3) M) inhibited prolactin synthesis by 45% and 65% of control cultures, respectively. Neither compounds affected  cell growth. The inhibitory effect of noradrenaline, but not that of pilocarpine, was completely reversed 4 hrs after cessation of treatment. Adrenaline, dopamine and acetylcholine in concentrations up to 10(-3) M did not change prolactin synthesis. In contrast thyroliberin treatment (2 X 10(-8)M) caused a 45% increase in prolactin secretion, and resulted in a 40% increase in hormone synthesis after treatment for 20 hrs. It is concluded that both noradrenaline and dopamine are able to inhibit prolactin section. Prolactin synthesis could be inhibited by noradrenaline and pilocarpine. How, only the effect of noradrenaline is easily reversible on cessation of treatment.", "PMID": 411328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6083", "title": "Absence of restricted diffusion in cutaneous capillaries.", "content": "Capillary permeability in cutaneous tissue for 57Co-cyanocobalamin (57 Co-B12) was determined by the single injection, external registration method. The capillary diffusion capacity, CDC (the permeability--surface area product, PS) was 2.3 ml/100 g-min. Capillary extraction was 0.48 at a plasma flow of 4.1 ml/100 g-min. Results were compared to 51Cr-EDTA data from a previous study with identical method and preparation. As CDC(51Cr-EDTA)/CDC(57Co-B12) was 1.61 and as D(51Cr-EDTA)/D(57Co-B12), the ratio between the free diffusion coefficients in water at 37 degrees C, was 1.79 it is concluded that restricted diffusion does not occur in cutaneous tissue for 57Co-B12 as compared to 51Cr-EDTA, i.e. 51Cr-EDTA and 57Co-B12 diffuse across the capillary membrane of cutaneous tissues at rates proportional to their respective free diffusion coefficients in water. The Pappenheimer equivalent pore radius estimate of 30 A and the Karnovsky interendothelial 40 A slit width are both defective in explaining the experimental data. The transendothelial patent  channel system of fused vesicles (Simionescu, Simionescu and Palade 1975) is a possible structural equivalent for the present findings. The results support the hypothesis that capillaries of continuous type exhibit similar permeation characteristics regardless of the tissue in which they are located.", "contents": "Absence of restricted diffusion in cutaneous capillaries. Capillary permeability in cutaneous tissue for 57Co-cyanocobalamin (57 Co-B12) was determined by the single injection, external registration method. The capillary diffusion capacity, CDC (the permeability--surface area product, PS) was 2.3 ml/100 g-min. Capillary extraction was 0.48 at a plasma flow of 4.1 ml/100 g-min. Results were compared to 51Cr-EDTA data from a previous study with identical method and preparation. As CDC(51Cr-EDTA)/CDC(57Co-B12) was 1.61 and as D(51Cr-EDTA)/D(57Co-B12), the ratio between the free diffusion coefficients in water at 37 degrees C, was 1.79 it is concluded that restricted diffusion does not occur in cutaneous tissue for 57Co-B12 as compared to 51Cr-EDTA, i.e. 51Cr-EDTA and 57Co-B12 diffuse across the capillary membrane of cutaneous tissues at rates proportional to their respective free diffusion coefficients in water. The Pappenheimer equivalent pore radius estimate of 30 A and the Karnovsky interendothelial 40 A slit width are both defective in explaining the experimental data. The transendothelial patent  channel system of fused vesicles (Simionescu, Simionescu and Palade 1975) is a possible structural equivalent for the present findings. The results support the hypothesis that capillaries of continuous type exhibit similar permeation characteristics regardless of the tissue in which they are located.", "PMID": 411329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6084", "title": "Low-dose insulin treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "Twenty-four consecutively admitted episodes of acute diabetic dysregulation in 22 patients were treated with a low-dose insulin regimen, given as hourly i.m. injections of 5 IU insulin. The fall in blood glucose was almost linear during the first 8 hours of treatment, on an average 10 percent per hour of the initial value. The hyperglycemia and acidosis were corrected by 2-12 hours of treatment. The deficiency of water and electrolytes, especially potassium, was treated with infusion from the beginnning, and the fluid balance was corrected within 12-16 hours. A severe fall in plasma potassium was never seen, but hypokalemia (less than 3.6mEg/I) was still present in some cases after 24 hours of treatment. One patient died on account of a large myocardial infarction, but otherwise the patients were restored to habitual condition in 1-4 days. The regimen was found to be simple, safe and effective in all cases, without risk of late hypoglycemia or severe hypokalemia. The study indicates, however, that the parenteral supply of potassium advocated previously, 12.5 mEq/hour, is not sufficient when the plasma potassium on admission is below 5.0mEq/I. In such cases it is recommended that the rate of potassium infusion is increased.", "contents": "Low-dose insulin treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Twenty-four consecutively admitted episodes of acute diabetic dysregulation in 22 patients were treated with a low-dose insulin regimen, given as hourly i.m. injections of 5 IU insulin. The fall in blood glucose was almost linear during the first 8 hours of treatment, on an average 10 percent per hour of the initial value. The hyperglycemia and acidosis were corrected by 2-12 hours of treatment. The deficiency of water and electrolytes, especially potassium, was treated with infusion from the beginnning, and the fluid balance was corrected within 12-16 hours. A severe fall in plasma potassium was never seen, but hypokalemia (less than 3.6mEg/I) was still present in some cases after 24 hours of treatment. One patient died on account of a large myocardial infarction, but otherwise the patients were restored to habitual condition in 1-4 days. The regimen was found to be simple, safe and effective in all cases, without risk of late hypoglycemia or severe hypokalemia. The study indicates, however, that the parenteral supply of potassium advocated previously, 12.5 mEq/hour, is not sufficient when the plasma potassium on admission is below 5.0mEq/I. In such cases it is recommended that the rate of potassium infusion is increased.", "PMID": 411330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6085", "title": "The dynamic shear modulus of bone in dependence on the form.", "content": "Torsional testing of fresh cortical bovine bone showed highly divergent shear moduli at various sites in the middle part of the diaphysis of the right metacarpus. Two hundred samples taken from twenty-five bones were investigated with a free oscillating torsional pendulum to determine the dynamic shear modulus. The results clearly demonstrate the mutual dependence between the shape of the metacarpus and the modulus of the material. On the basis of the analysis of forty-eight samples, a positive correlation was found between the amount of Ca2+ and PO4(3)-ions in the bone and the shear modulus. The hypothesis is put forward that in bone, normal adaptation to increasing stress is obtained by a change in the modulus values, Wolff's law only being operative for extreme cases.", "contents": "The dynamic shear modulus of bone in dependence on the form. Torsional testing of fresh cortical bovine bone showed highly divergent shear moduli at various sites in the middle part of the diaphysis of the right metacarpus. Two hundred samples taken from twenty-five bones were investigated with a free oscillating torsional pendulum to determine the dynamic shear modulus. The results clearly demonstrate the mutual dependence between the shape of the metacarpus and the modulus of the material. On the basis of the analysis of forty-eight samples, a positive correlation was found between the amount of Ca2+ and PO4(3)-ions in the bone and the shear modulus. The hypothesis is put forward that in bone, normal adaptation to increasing stress is obtained by a change in the modulus values, Wolff's law only being operative for extreme cases.", "PMID": 411331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6086", "title": "Chromosomal damage by alcohol in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Alcohol has no damaging effects on human chromosomes in vitro. The chromosomes of alcoholics, however, show a significant elevation of aberrations. Alcohol inhibits cellular and cell free RNA synthesis. One possible reason for the mutagenic activity of alcohol in vivo may be an inhibition of cellular repair.", "contents": "Chromosomal damage by alcohol in vitro and in vivo. Alcohol has no damaging effects on human chromosomes in vitro. The chromosomes of alcoholics, however, show a significant elevation of aberrations. Alcohol inhibits cellular and cell free RNA synthesis. One possible reason for the mutagenic activity of alcohol in vivo may be an inhibition of cellular repair.", "PMID": 411347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6087", "title": "Possible genetic predisposition for alcohol addiction.", "content": "In a group of male addictive alcoholics, some palmar and fingerprint characteristics were determined, as well as the ABO, MN, Ss, Kell, Duffy, Lewis, and P blood groups, Rh and Hp phenotypes, HLA and Au antigens, immunoglobulins, blood sugar, cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, and karyotypes. In comparison with the normal population the alcoholics show increased occurrence of whorls and arches on the fingers, decrease in the total ridge count, sharpening of the atd angle, and separation of the lower from the upper transverse line. Genetic markers in the blood of alcoholics show different frequencies of A, Lewis a-b+, Lewis a-b-, Duffy a-, Duffy a+, SS, and M blood groups, CcD-ee, Hpl-1, Hp2-1 phenotypes, and HLA-5, HLA-7, w10, w16, and w5 antigens. These findings may be expected to lead soon to detection of the predisposition to the development of alcohol addiction caused by some genetic malformations.", "contents": "Possible genetic predisposition for alcohol addiction. In a group of male addictive alcoholics, some palmar and fingerprint characteristics were determined, as well as the ABO, MN, Ss, Kell, Duffy, Lewis, and P blood groups, Rh and Hp phenotypes, HLA and Au antigens, immunoglobulins, blood sugar, cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, and karyotypes. In comparison with the normal population the alcoholics show increased occurrence of whorls and arches on the fingers, decrease in the total ridge count, sharpening of the atd angle, and separation of the lower from the upper transverse line. Genetic markers in the blood of alcoholics show different frequencies of A, Lewis a-b+, Lewis a-b-, Duffy a-, Duffy a+, SS, and M blood groups, CcD-ee, Hpl-1, Hp2-1 phenotypes, and HLA-5, HLA-7, w10, w16, and w5 antigens. These findings may be expected to lead soon to detection of the predisposition to the development of alcohol addiction caused by some genetic malformations.", "PMID": 411348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6088", "title": "Introduction of new crosslinks into proteins.", "content": "Analysis of the crosslinks epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine and epsilon- (beta-aspartyl) lysine present in treated wool has been improved by modifying the enzymic digestion. Treatment of wool with either monocarboxylic acid chlorides in dimethylsulfoxide or with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene in the presence of acetate considerably decreased epsilon-amino groups and solubility. Since no information of interchain amide crosslinks was observed, the hypothesis of so-called self-crosslinking postulated by ZAHN has to be withdrawn. The effects of both treatments are explained in the light of new results. The reaction of wool with glutaraldehyde leads to a stabilization of the fiber. Experiments with glutaraldehyde and  primary alkyl amines as model componds revealed that the cyclic form of the aldehyde gave the unstable N-alkyl-2,6-dihydroxypiperidine, which either looses water to give N-alkyldihydropyridine or condenses with 2,6-dihydroxytetrahydropyran to yield a copolyether which was isolated. According to recent publications, crosslinking of proteins by glutaraldehyde is due to the formation of quaternary pyridinium compounds.", "contents": "Introduction of new crosslinks into proteins. Analysis of the crosslinks epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine and epsilon- (beta-aspartyl) lysine present in treated wool has been improved by modifying the enzymic digestion. Treatment of wool with either monocarboxylic acid chlorides in dimethylsulfoxide or with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene in the presence of acetate considerably decreased epsilon-amino groups and solubility. Since no information of interchain amide crosslinks was observed, the hypothesis of so-called self-crosslinking postulated by ZAHN has to be withdrawn. The effects of both treatments are explained in the light of new results. The reaction of wool with glutaraldehyde leads to a stabilization of the fiber. Experiments with glutaraldehyde and  primary alkyl amines as model componds revealed that the cyclic form of the aldehyde gave the unstable N-alkyl-2,6-dihydroxypiperidine, which either looses water to give N-alkyldihydropyridine or condenses with 2,6-dihydroxytetrahydropyran to yield a copolyether which was isolated. According to recent publications, crosslinking of proteins by glutaraldehyde is due to the formation of quaternary pyridinium compounds.", "PMID": 411350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6089", "title": "Chemical modificiation of collagen and the effects on enzyme-binding: mechanistic considerations.", "content": "The effect of structural modification on the enzyme-binding capacity of collagen has been studied using beta-galactosidase (E. coli K12) immobilized to collagen membrane by the impregnation procedure. The apparent steady-state activities of the resultant collagen-enzyme complexes were determined as a means of evaluating the enzyme-binding capacity of the modified collagen. In addition, the amount of enzymic protein bound to the collagen support was determined by the tryptophan content of the complex. The tertiary structure of the collage matrix was modified by cross-linking with the difunctional reagent, glutaraldehyde, and by aging in the dry state. Such structural modifications were found to markedly reduce the enzyme (beta-galactosidase) binding capacity of collagen films. The enzyme-binding capacity of the crosslinked collagen membrane was completely restored by proteolytic enzyme treatment of the aged film but only partly so for the glutaraldehyde treated films. Proteolytic enzymes used to treat a dispersion of collagen microfibrils prior to casting into a membrane also resulted in an increase in enzyme-binding. The effect of structural modification of collagen on enzyme-binding and the locus of enzyme attachment are discussed.", "contents": "Chemical modificiation of collagen and the effects on enzyme-binding: mechanistic considerations. The effect of structural modification on the enzyme-binding capacity of collagen has been studied using beta-galactosidase (E. coli K12) immobilized to collagen membrane by the impregnation procedure. The apparent steady-state activities of the resultant collagen-enzyme complexes were determined as a means of evaluating the enzyme-binding capacity of the modified collagen. In addition, the amount of enzymic protein bound to the collagen support was determined by the tryptophan content of the complex. The tertiary structure of the collage matrix was modified by cross-linking with the difunctional reagent, glutaraldehyde, and by aging in the dry state. Such structural modifications were found to markedly reduce the enzyme (beta-galactosidase) binding capacity of collagen films. The enzyme-binding capacity of the crosslinked collagen membrane was completely restored by proteolytic enzyme treatment of the aged film but only partly so for the glutaraldehyde treated films. Proteolytic enzymes used to treat a dispersion of collagen microfibrils prior to casting into a membrane also resulted in an increase in enzyme-binding. The effect of structural modification of collagen on enzyme-binding and the locus of enzyme attachment are discussed.", "PMID": 411351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6090", "title": "Further characterization of the sensitizing bursa cells and of the target for suppression in the transfer of agammaglobulinemia.", "content": "Presensitization of BX donors with B cells appears obligatory in order for their T cells to acquire suppressor capacity against the adoptive humoral antibody response of bursa cells to B. abortus. Although anti-Ig + C treatment of bursa cells removes their capacity to \"immunize\" BX chickens for suppressor activity, BX chickens cannot be sensitized for this effect by the injection of chicken IgM + IgG. Both embryonic and allogeneic bursa cells can \"immunize\" the T cells of BX chickens. The observation that spleen cells from BX chickens can cause absence of plasma cells and germinal centers in the spleen and mucosal lining of cecal tonsils of histocompatible recipients within 1-2 weeks after transfer suggests that the suppressor cells mediate their effect by acting directly on B cells at one or more stages during their development.", "contents": "Further characterization of the sensitizing bursa cells and of the target for suppression in the transfer of agammaglobulinemia. Presensitization of BX donors with B cells appears obligatory in order for their T cells to acquire suppressor capacity against the adoptive humoral antibody response of bursa cells to B. abortus. Although anti-Ig + C treatment of bursa cells removes their capacity to \"immunize\" BX chickens for suppressor activity, BX chickens cannot be sensitized for this effect by the injection of chicken IgM + IgG. Both embryonic and allogeneic bursa cells can \"immunize\" the T cells of BX chickens. The observation that spleen cells from BX chickens can cause absence of plasma cells and germinal centers in the spleen and mucosal lining of cecal tonsils of histocompatible recipients within 1-2 weeks after transfer suggests that the suppressor cells mediate their effect by acting directly on B cells at one or more stages during their development.", "PMID": 411352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6091", "title": "Prophylactic chelation therapy in occupational lead poisoning: a review.", "content": "Chelating agents are useful in the therapy of acute overexposure to lead. However, prophylactic use of chelating agents, particularly under conditions of continued exposure to lead can be harmful to health. Potential adverse effects include kidney damage, symptomatic lead poisoning, increased absorption of lead from the gastrointestinal tract and disruption in the metabolism of trace metals other than lead. Prophylactic chelation is an unacceptable medical practice which cannot be condoned.", "contents": "Prophylactic chelation therapy in occupational lead poisoning: a review. Chelating agents are useful in the therapy of acute overexposure to lead. However, prophylactic use of chelating agents, particularly under conditions of continued exposure to lead can be harmful to health. Potential adverse effects include kidney damage, symptomatic lead poisoning, increased absorption of lead from the gastrointestinal tract and disruption in the metabolism of trace metals other than lead. Prophylactic chelation is an unacceptable medical practice which cannot be condoned.", "PMID": 411363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6092", "title": "Hemodynamic advantage of combined administration of hydralazine orally and nitrates nonparenterally in the vasodilator therapy of chronic heart failure.", "content": "Patients with severe left ventricular failure generally have both reduced cardiac output and increased pulmonary and systemic venous pressures. A study was therefore made of the use of combined vasodilator therapy with nonparenterally administered nitrates, which act primarily on venous capacitance vessels and thus reduce preload, and orally administered hydralazine, which acts on arteriolar resistance vessels and thus reduces afterload. Twelve patients with chronic refractory heart failure were given these drugs individually and in combination during continuous hemodynamic monitoring. Heart rate and arterial pressure did not change significantly. Nitrates significantly reduced filling pressures of both ventricles without affecting cardiac index. Hydralazine did not alter filling pressures but dramatically increased cardiac index. The hemodynamic effects of each drug were additive during combined therapy, resulting in a 36 percent (28 to 18 mm Hg) mean decrease in left ventricular filling pressure and a 58 percent (2.1 to 3.3 liters/min per m(2)) mean increase in cardiac index. The seven patients who have continued to receive combined therapy for 3 to 10 months have shown sustained clinical improvement.", "contents": "Hemodynamic advantage of combined administration of hydralazine orally and nitrates nonparenterally in the vasodilator therapy of chronic heart failure. Patients with severe left ventricular failure generally have both reduced cardiac output and increased pulmonary and systemic venous pressures. A study was therefore made of the use of combined vasodilator therapy with nonparenterally administered nitrates, which act primarily on venous capacitance vessels and thus reduce preload, and orally administered hydralazine, which acts on arteriolar resistance vessels and thus reduces afterload. Twelve patients with chronic refractory heart failure were given these drugs individually and in combination during continuous hemodynamic monitoring. Heart rate and arterial pressure did not change significantly. Nitrates significantly reduced filling pressures of both ventricles without affecting cardiac index. Hydralazine did not alter filling pressures but dramatically increased cardiac index. The hemodynamic effects of each drug were additive during combined therapy, resulting in a 36 percent (28 to 18 mm Hg) mean decrease in left ventricular filling pressure and a 58 percent (2.1 to 3.3 liters/min per m(2)) mean increase in cardiac index. The seven patients who have continued to receive combined therapy for 3 to 10 months have shown sustained clinical improvement.", "PMID": 411364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6093", "title": "Immunologic quantitation of serum immunoglobulins.", "content": "The methods available in the clinical laboratory for measuring serum immunoglobulins (G, A, M, and D) include radial immunodiffusion, electroimmunodiffusion and nephelometry. All these immunochemical technics require specific antisera and stable standards for reproducible and accurate results. Discrepancies between the quantity of protein measured by any of these technics and the actual chemically or physically measured quantity arise when the unknown and standard differ in molecular size, electrophoretic mobility, or antigenic valence. These differences may lead to over- or under-estimation of the quantity of immunoglobulin. Quantitation of immunoglobulins, especially in context with protein electrophoresis, does provide useful information for diagnosis and treatment of selective disorders.", "contents": "Immunologic quantitation of serum immunoglobulins. The methods available in the clinical laboratory for measuring serum immunoglobulins (G, A, M, and D) include radial immunodiffusion, electroimmunodiffusion and nephelometry. All these immunochemical technics require specific antisera and stable standards for reproducible and accurate results. Discrepancies between the quantity of protein measured by any of these technics and the actual chemically or physically measured quantity arise when the unknown and standard differ in molecular size, electrophoretic mobility, or antigenic valence. These differences may lead to over- or under-estimation of the quantity of immunoglobulin. Quantitation of immunoglobulins, especially in context with protein electrophoresis, does provide useful information for diagnosis and treatment of selective disorders.", "PMID": 411367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6094", "title": "Serologic studies of the diagnosis and nosology of human leukemia.", "content": "Nonhuman primate antisera to human leukemia-associated antigens and to normal T- and B-lymphocyte antigens are useful reagents for detecting and classifying leukemic cells in a microcytotoxicity assay. These antisera are able to distinguish lymphocytic from myeloid leukemia cells, and can also identify acute myelomonocytic leukemia and chronic myelocytic leukemia blastic crisis cells from cells of other types of leukemia. The advantages and disadvantages of the reagents in the nosology and clinical management of leukemia patients are discussed in depth. However, despite certain shortcomings in the microcytotoxicity assays, the reagents and method do provide the necessary tools for antigenic isolation and identification. Purified antigen may then serve to open new horizons in the detection, diagnosis, classification and perhaps therapy of human leukemia.", "contents": "Serologic studies of the diagnosis and nosology of human leukemia. Nonhuman primate antisera to human leukemia-associated antigens and to normal T- and B-lymphocyte antigens are useful reagents for detecting and classifying leukemic cells in a microcytotoxicity assay. These antisera are able to distinguish lymphocytic from myeloid leukemia cells, and can also identify acute myelomonocytic leukemia and chronic myelocytic leukemia blastic crisis cells from cells of other types of leukemia. The advantages and disadvantages of the reagents in the nosology and clinical management of leukemia patients are discussed in depth. However, despite certain shortcomings in the microcytotoxicity assays, the reagents and method do provide the necessary tools for antigenic isolation and identification. Purified antigen may then serve to open new horizons in the detection, diagnosis, classification and perhaps therapy of human leukemia.", "PMID": 411368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6095", "title": "Cost effectiveness of renal disease screening.", "content": "Diseases of the kidney and their complications represent a major cause of disability and death. Search for evidence that the prognosis for a substantial portion of patients with chronic renal disease might be effectively influenced by early screening has been largely unrewarding. There is limited evidence that the progressive course of many chronic renal diseases can be arrested by presently available therapeutic methods. Thus, except for detection of bacteriuria in pregnant women, it would seem unreasonable to seek early identification. In addition, screening of asymptomatic individuals may create unnecessary, serious, economic and psychosocial problems for the many patients with benign or transient urinary abnormalities.", "contents": "Cost effectiveness of renal disease screening. Diseases of the kidney and their complications represent a major cause of disability and death. Search for evidence that the prognosis for a substantial portion of patients with chronic renal disease might be effectively influenced by early screening has been largely unrewarding. There is limited evidence that the progressive course of many chronic renal diseases can be arrested by presently available therapeutic methods. Thus, except for detection of bacteriuria in pregnant women, it would seem unreasonable to seek early identification. In addition, screening of asymptomatic individuals may create unnecessary, serious, economic and psychosocial problems for the many patients with benign or transient urinary abnormalities.", "PMID": 411369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6096", "title": "Alpha heavy-chain disease in southern Iran.", "content": "A prospective study of 32 patients with primary upper small intestinal lymphoma in our region revealed 10 cases of alpha heavy-chain disease. Patients were mostly in the second and third decades of life and males predominated. Weight loss, diarrhea, and abdominal pain were the most common complaints and clubbing the most frequent physical findings. Laboratory tests revealed a malabsorption pattern on intestinal x-rays, and malabsorption of xylose, fat, and vitamin B12 was frequently noted. Dense plasmacytic infiltrate of the lamina propria of small bowel was the most frequent pathologic finding while true neoplasm of the lymphoid system (ie, immunoblastic sarcoma) was encountered in 20% of the cases.", "contents": "Alpha heavy-chain disease in southern Iran. A prospective study of 32 patients with primary upper small intestinal lymphoma in our region revealed 10 cases of alpha heavy-chain disease. Patients were mostly in the second and third decades of life and males predominated. Weight loss, diarrhea, and abdominal pain were the most common complaints and clubbing the most frequent physical findings. Laboratory tests revealed a malabsorption pattern on intestinal x-rays, and malabsorption of xylose, fat, and vitamin B12 was frequently noted. Dense plasmacytic infiltrate of the lamina propria of small bowel was the most frequent pathologic finding while true neoplasm of the lymphoid system (ie, immunoblastic sarcoma) was encountered in 20% of the cases.", "PMID": 411371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6097", "title": "Clinical use of 10% soybean oil emulsion.", "content": "The pharmaceutical and therapeutic aspects of the use of 10% soybean oil emulsion in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) are reviewed. The composition of the commercial preparation (intralipid), comparison with cottonseed oil emulsion, advantages and disadvantages of use, metabolism, toxicity, therapeutic monitoring, clinical uses, and evaluative studies are discussed. Soybean oil emulsion is a useful source of calories and essential fatty acids in TPN. The product is more expensive than other solutions used in TPN. Woybean oil emulsion should be considered for use in small hospitals and in home therapy because of the advantage of peripheral administration.", "contents": "Clinical use of 10% soybean oil emulsion. The pharmaceutical and therapeutic aspects of the use of 10% soybean oil emulsion in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) are reviewed. The composition of the commercial preparation (intralipid), comparison with cottonseed oil emulsion, advantages and disadvantages of use, metabolism, toxicity, therapeutic monitoring, clinical uses, and evaluative studies are discussed. Soybean oil emulsion is a useful source of calories and essential fatty acids in TPN. The product is more expensive than other solutions used in TPN. Woybean oil emulsion should be considered for use in small hospitals and in home therapy because of the advantage of peripheral administration.", "PMID": 411372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6098", "title": "Clinical response of patients with gonococcal endocervicitis and endometritis-salpingitis-peritonitis to doxycycline.", "content": "The clinical response to single-drug therapy with doxycycline was evaluated in 25 patients with gonococcal endoceruicitis and was correlated with the bacterial isolates present within the cul-de-sac. The 10 patients with gonococcal salpingitis salpingitis and the three patients with gonococcal peritonitis exhibited excellent clinical responses. When polymicrobial infection coexisted with gonococcal peritonitis or functioned without the concomitant presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a significantly altered therapeutic response was observed in four of the 12 patients. Four patients in this grouping exhibited either secondary temperature elevations or lack of a significant alteration of the white blood cell count, two features which were not characteristic of the patients with either gonococcal salpingitis or peritonitis. In the cases of polymicrobial peritonitis, there was a poor correlation between ensuing clinical response and in vitro resistance of one or more cul-de-sac isolated to doxycycline. The presence of a resistant organism did not preclude a good or satisfactory clinical response. The absence of a resistant organism correlated well with a good clinical response.", "contents": "Clinical response of patients with gonococcal endocervicitis and endometritis-salpingitis-peritonitis to doxycycline. The clinical response to single-drug therapy with doxycycline was evaluated in 25 patients with gonococcal endoceruicitis and was correlated with the bacterial isolates present within the cul-de-sac. The 10 patients with gonococcal salpingitis salpingitis and the three patients with gonococcal peritonitis exhibited excellent clinical responses. When polymicrobial infection coexisted with gonococcal peritonitis or functioned without the concomitant presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a significantly altered therapeutic response was observed in four of the 12 patients. Four patients in this grouping exhibited either secondary temperature elevations or lack of a significant alteration of the white blood cell count, two features which were not characteristic of the patients with either gonococcal salpingitis or peritonitis. In the cases of polymicrobial peritonitis, there was a poor correlation between ensuing clinical response and in vitro resistance of one or more cul-de-sac isolated to doxycycline. The presence of a resistant organism did not preclude a good or satisfactory clinical response. The absence of a resistant organism correlated well with a good clinical response.", "PMID": 411373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6099", "title": "Regulation of tension in skinned muscle fibers: effect of high concentrations of Mg-ATP.", "content": "The control of tension in skinned fibers by Mg-ATP and Ca described in previous publications has been studied at high substrate concentrations over a wide range of temperature and salt concentration. Curves of tension versus pCa shift systemically to the right as [Mg-ATP] increases. The maximum Ca-activated tension of a skinned fiber declines at sufficiently high substrate concentrations. This behavior is described by a generalization of the scheme given in the earlier reports.", "contents": "Regulation of tension in skinned muscle fibers: effect of high concentrations of Mg-ATP. The control of tension in skinned fibers by Mg-ATP and Ca described in previous publications has been studied at high substrate concentrations over a wide range of temperature and salt concentration. Curves of tension versus pCa shift systemically to the right as [Mg-ATP] increases. The maximum Ca-activated tension of a skinned fiber declines at sufficiently high substrate concentrations. This behavior is described by a generalization of the scheme given in the earlier reports.", "PMID": 411376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6100", "title": "Inhibition of dopamine-induced release of growth hormone by thyrotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and dopamine (DA) on serum growth hormone (GH) levels were examined in the adolescent male baboon. Intravenously administered DA (40 microgram/kg-min-1 for 20 min) raised serum GH and glucose and lowered serum insulin concentrations but caused no increase in blood pressure. Concomitant intravenous infusion of TRH at 2 doses (96 ng/kg-min-1 and 40 microgram/kg-min-1 for 20 min) blocked the DA-induced increase in serum GH. The relatively low effective doses of TRH used to suppress the DA-induced GH increase suggest an interaction with catecholamines at the hypothalamic and/or pituitary to influence GH release.", "contents": "Inhibition of dopamine-induced release of growth hormone by thyrotropin-releasing hormone. The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and dopamine (DA) on serum growth hormone (GH) levels were examined in the adolescent male baboon. Intravenously administered DA (40 microgram/kg-min-1 for 20 min) raised serum GH and glucose and lowered serum insulin concentrations but caused no increase in blood pressure. Concomitant intravenous infusion of TRH at 2 doses (96 ng/kg-min-1 and 40 microgram/kg-min-1 for 20 min) blocked the DA-induced increase in serum GH. The relatively low effective doses of TRH used to suppress the DA-induced GH increase suggest an interaction with catecholamines at the hypothalamic and/or pituitary to influence GH release.", "PMID": 411377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6101", "title": "Endocrine activation and altered muscle metabolism after hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Studies were conducted to examine glucose and amino acid metabolism by skeletal muscle isolated from rhesus monkeys before and sequentially after an episode of resuscitated hemorrhagic shock. After shock and reinfusion, the tissue exhibited decreased effect of insulin on glucose utilization increased leucine oxidation, and a reduced rate of leucine incorporation into protein. These changes were observed 15 min after reinfusion and persisted in part for at least 3 days. All of the observed abnormalities were more pronounced 24 h after shock and reinfusion than 15 min after and returned to normal by 2-4 wk. The shock-induced metabolic abnormalities in skeletal muscle occurred in spite of prevention of shock-induced adrenal steroid and catecholamine secretion and of changes in blood insulin concentration using adrenalectomized-streptozotocin diabetic monkeys receiving replacement cortisol and insulin infusions. This study thus demonstrated that hemorrhagic shock in rhesus monkeys was followed by insulin resistance plus abnormalities of glucose and amino acid metabolism by skeletal muscle that were not dependent on the concurrent changes in plasma levels of adrenal steroids or catecholamines or on altered circulating insulin levels associated with shock.", "contents": "Endocrine activation and altered muscle metabolism after hemorrhagic shock. Studies were conducted to examine glucose and amino acid metabolism by skeletal muscle isolated from rhesus monkeys before and sequentially after an episode of resuscitated hemorrhagic shock. After shock and reinfusion, the tissue exhibited decreased effect of insulin on glucose utilization increased leucine oxidation, and a reduced rate of leucine incorporation into protein. These changes were observed 15 min after reinfusion and persisted in part for at least 3 days. All of the observed abnormalities were more pronounced 24 h after shock and reinfusion than 15 min after and returned to normal by 2-4 wk. The shock-induced metabolic abnormalities in skeletal muscle occurred in spite of prevention of shock-induced adrenal steroid and catecholamine secretion and of changes in blood insulin concentration using adrenalectomized-streptozotocin diabetic monkeys receiving replacement cortisol and insulin infusions. This study thus demonstrated that hemorrhagic shock in rhesus monkeys was followed by insulin resistance plus abnormalities of glucose and amino acid metabolism by skeletal muscle that were not dependent on the concurrent changes in plasma levels of adrenal steroids or catecholamines or on altered circulating insulin levels associated with shock.", "PMID": 411378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6102", "title": "Cortisol-mediated synchrinization of circadian rhythm in urinary potassium excretion.", "content": "Conscious chair-acclimatized squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) studied with lights on (600 lx) from 0800 to 2000 h daily (LD 12:12) display a prominent circadian rhythm in renal potassium excretion. The characteristics of this rhythm were reproduced in adrenalectomized monkeys by infusing 5 mg cortisol and 0.001 mg aldosterone, or 5 mg cortisol alone, between 0800 and 0900 h daily. When the timing of cortisol adminisration (with or without aldosterone) was phase-delayed by 8 h, the urinary potassium rhythm resynchronized by 80% of the cortisol phase shift, but only after a transient response lasting 3-4 days. With the same daily dose of adrenal steroids given as a continuous infusion throughout each 24 h, urinary potassium excretion showed free-running oscillations no longer synchronized to the light-dark cycle. These results indicate that the cirdacian rhythm of plasma cortisol concentration acts as an internal mediator in the circadian timing system, synchronizing a potentially autonomous oscillation in renal potassium excretion to environmental time cues and to other circadian rhythms within the animal.", "contents": "Cortisol-mediated synchrinization of circadian rhythm in urinary potassium excretion. Conscious chair-acclimatized squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) studied with lights on (600 lx) from 0800 to 2000 h daily (LD 12:12) display a prominent circadian rhythm in renal potassium excretion. The characteristics of this rhythm were reproduced in adrenalectomized monkeys by infusing 5 mg cortisol and 0.001 mg aldosterone, or 5 mg cortisol alone, between 0800 and 0900 h daily. When the timing of cortisol adminisration (with or without aldosterone) was phase-delayed by 8 h, the urinary potassium rhythm resynchronized by 80% of the cortisol phase shift, but only after a transient response lasting 3-4 days. With the same daily dose of adrenal steroids given as a continuous infusion throughout each 24 h, urinary potassium excretion showed free-running oscillations no longer synchronized to the light-dark cycle. These results indicate that the cirdacian rhythm of plasma cortisol concentration acts as an internal mediator in the circadian timing system, synchronizing a potentially autonomous oscillation in renal potassium excretion to environmental time cues and to other circadian rhythms within the animal.", "PMID": 411380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6103", "title": "Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure.", "content": "The work done during each step to lift and to reaccelerate (in the forward direction) and center of mass has been measured during locomotion in bipeds (rhea and turkey), quadrupeds (dogs, stump-tailed macaques, and ram), and hoppers (kangaroo and springhare). Walking, in all animals (as in man), involves an alternate transfer between gravitational-potential energy and kinetic energy within each stride (as takes place in a pendulum). This transfer is greatest at intermediate walking speeds and can account for up to 70% of the total energy changes taking place within a stride, leaving only 30% to be supplied by muscles. No kinetic-gravitational energy transfer takes place during running, hopping, and trotting, but energy is conserved by another mechanism: an elastic \"bounce\" of the body. Galloping animals utilize a combination of these two energy-conserving mechanisms. During running, trotting, hopping, and galloping, 1) the power per unit weight required to maintain the forward speed of the center of mass is almost the same in all the species studied; 2) the power per unit weight required to lift the center of mass is almost independent of speed; and 3) the sum of these two powers is almost a linear function of speed.", "contents": "Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure. The work done during each step to lift and to reaccelerate (in the forward direction) and center of mass has been measured during locomotion in bipeds (rhea and turkey), quadrupeds (dogs, stump-tailed macaques, and ram), and hoppers (kangaroo and springhare). Walking, in all animals (as in man), involves an alternate transfer between gravitational-potential energy and kinetic energy within each stride (as takes place in a pendulum). This transfer is greatest at intermediate walking speeds and can account for up to 70% of the total energy changes taking place within a stride, leaving only 30% to be supplied by muscles. No kinetic-gravitational energy transfer takes place during running, hopping, and trotting, but energy is conserved by another mechanism: an elastic \"bounce\" of the body. Galloping animals utilize a combination of these two energy-conserving mechanisms. During running, trotting, hopping, and galloping, 1) the power per unit weight required to maintain the forward speed of the center of mass is almost the same in all the species studied; 2) the power per unit weight required to lift the center of mass is almost independent of speed; and 3) the sum of these two powers is almost a linear function of speed.", "PMID": 411381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6104", "title": "Effects of colchicine on phagosome-lysosome interaction in retinal pigment epithelium. II. In vitro observations on histio-organotypical retinal pigment epithelial cells of the pig (a preliminary report).", "content": "Phagocytic activity of histiotypical and organotypical retinal pigment epithelial cells was studied by SEM and EM. After a latent period polystyrene microspheres of different diameter were captured by newly formed microvilli. No mechanism of discrimination according to the size of microspheres was observed. After engulfment, microvilli of histiotypical cells decreased in length and finally disappeared. Lysosomes increased in number when compared to unstimulated cells and fused with many latex-containing phagosomes. Colchicine, when added at 5 X 10(-5) M to the medium, inhibits phagosome-lysome interaction, thus confirming in vivo observations.", "contents": "Effects of colchicine on phagosome-lysosome interaction in retinal pigment epithelium. II. In vitro observations on histio-organotypical retinal pigment epithelial cells of the pig (a preliminary report). Phagocytic activity of histiotypical and organotypical retinal pigment epithelial cells was studied by SEM and EM. After a latent period polystyrene microspheres of different diameter were captured by newly formed microvilli. No mechanism of discrimination according to the size of microspheres was observed. After engulfment, microvilli of histiotypical cells decreased in length and finally disappeared. Lysosomes increased in number when compared to unstimulated cells and fused with many latex-containing phagosomes. Colchicine, when added at 5 X 10(-5) M to the medium, inhibits phagosome-lysome interaction, thus confirming in vivo observations.", "PMID": 411382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6105", "title": "Glycogen and development of outer segment in monkey fetuses.", "content": "Glycogen particles in developing photoreceptors were investigated in monkey fetuses of various ages under the electron microscope. Glycogen particles were first observed at 100 gestational days in primitive outer segment sacs and inner segments, prior to the appearance of tubulous disc membranes in the peripheral region of outer segment sacs. The particles gradually increased in number as the outer segments differentiated, decreased in number by 143 gestational days, and finally disappeared in the photoreceptors by 160 gestational days, when the photoreceptors were almost formed as in adult monkeys. It is therefore postulated that glycogen particles seen in the photoreceptors are closely concerned with the rapid differentiation of outer segments for a short duration in the developing stages.", "contents": "Glycogen and development of outer segment in monkey fetuses. Glycogen particles in developing photoreceptors were investigated in monkey fetuses of various ages under the electron microscope. Glycogen particles were first observed at 100 gestational days in primitive outer segment sacs and inner segments, prior to the appearance of tubulous disc membranes in the peripheral region of outer segment sacs. The particles gradually increased in number as the outer segments differentiated, decreased in number by 143 gestational days, and finally disappeared in the photoreceptors by 160 gestational days, when the photoreceptors were almost formed as in adult monkeys. It is therefore postulated that glycogen particles seen in the photoreceptors are closely concerned with the rapid differentiation of outer segments for a short duration in the developing stages.", "PMID": 411383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6106", "title": "[Sarcosporidias of cloven-hoofed wild animals. Sarcosporidias in wild deer].", "content": "500 adult roes and 100 fawns were examined microscopically for the presence of Sarcocystis gracilis von Ratz, 1901. 95.80 per cent of the roes examined had Sarcosporidias. The parasites were noticed macroscopically in less than a third of them. The abdominal muscles were affected most frequently and most strongly. The leg muscles were affected least of all. Roe bucks were affected to a lesser extent than does. From the third month of life the fawns showed an incidence of parasites which increased with advancing age. During the period of research from May till November hardly any significant difference of parasitical attack occurred in adult roes.", "contents": "[Sarcosporidias of cloven-hoofed wild animals. Sarcosporidias in wild deer]. 500 adult roes and 100 fawns were examined microscopically for the presence of Sarcocystis gracilis von Ratz, 1901. 95.80 per cent of the roes examined had Sarcosporidias. The parasites were noticed macroscopically in less than a third of them. The abdominal muscles were affected most frequently and most strongly. The leg muscles were affected least of all. Roe bucks were affected to a lesser extent than does. From the third month of life the fawns showed an incidence of parasites which increased with advancing age. During the period of research from May till November hardly any significant difference of parasitical attack occurred in adult roes.", "PMID": 411394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6107", "title": "[Radial complement fixation test and convex lens method for the determination of antibodies in tissues].", "content": "The radial complement fixation test has to be made in forms in 1.4% layer of agar in physiological saline in a Petri dish. These forms have to be of the same thickness as the reaction itself, usually about 1 mm. In the first layer, it is recommended to mix antigen with complement and sheep erythrocytes in agarose and this mixture is to be poured over the tissue fragments examined. Following the primary incubation (at room temperature overnight), another mixture of haemolysin in agarose is poured over the first layer in form of optical convex lenses. The haemolytic phase is performed at room temperature, too. The complement is titrated together with the optimal amount of antigen and a drop of positive serum is placed in the well just in the centre of the first layer. In this way an optimal dilution of complement is detected, which is capable of producing a full hemolysis outside the zone of the positive serum diffused during the first, primary incubation period, whereas the zone itself remains untouched with the haemolytic activity of complement.", "contents": "[Radial complement fixation test and convex lens method for the determination of antibodies in tissues]. The radial complement fixation test has to be made in forms in 1.4% layer of agar in physiological saline in a Petri dish. These forms have to be of the same thickness as the reaction itself, usually about 1 mm. In the first layer, it is recommended to mix antigen with complement and sheep erythrocytes in agarose and this mixture is to be poured over the tissue fragments examined. Following the primary incubation (at room temperature overnight), another mixture of haemolysin in agarose is poured over the first layer in form of optical convex lenses. The haemolytic phase is performed at room temperature, too. The complement is titrated together with the optimal amount of antigen and a drop of positive serum is placed in the well just in the centre of the first layer. In this way an optimal dilution of complement is detected, which is capable of producing a full hemolysis outside the zone of the positive serum diffused during the first, primary incubation period, whereas the zone itself remains untouched with the haemolytic activity of complement.", "PMID": 411395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6108", "title": "Behavioural and hormonal responses of male rhesus monkeys introduced to females in the breeding and non-breeding seasons.", "content": "Six adult male rhesus monkeys were introduced individually to an all-female group for 10 days during the mating season. The initial aggressive responses of the females were rapidly replaced by positive social behaviour, and each male achieved alpha status and had access to social and sexual partners. A repetition of this paradigm in the non-breeding season produced significantly more female aggression, and no male attained high rank or engaged in sexual or other social behaviour. Male testosterone levels rose following introduction to the females in both seasons, but were significantly higher during the breeding season. Hormonal levels following removal from the females suggest a complex interplay between social, sexual and seasonal variables and recent social experiences. The differences in female social behaviour with newly introduced males, as a function of season, suggest an explanation for the seasonal limitation of male troop transfers.", "contents": "Behavioural and hormonal responses of male rhesus monkeys introduced to females in the breeding and non-breeding seasons. Six adult male rhesus monkeys were introduced individually to an all-female group for 10 days during the mating season. The initial aggressive responses of the females were rapidly replaced by positive social behaviour, and each male achieved alpha status and had access to social and sexual partners. A repetition of this paradigm in the non-breeding season produced significantly more female aggression, and no male attained high rank or engaged in sexual or other social behaviour. Male testosterone levels rose following introduction to the females in both seasons, but were significantly higher during the breeding season. Hormonal levels following removal from the females suggest a complex interplay between social, sexual and seasonal variables and recent social experiences. The differences in female social behaviour with newly introduced males, as a function of season, suggest an explanation for the seasonal limitation of male troop transfers.", "PMID": 411396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6109", "title": "Cromolyn sodium prophylaxis in asthmatic children under five.", "content": "A technique for the administration of cromolyn sodium in 58 severely afflicted asthmatic children is described. This technique offers no difficulty in the youngsters and had no observable side effects.", "contents": "Cromolyn sodium prophylaxis in asthmatic children under five. A technique for the administration of cromolyn sodium in 58 severely afflicted asthmatic children is described. This technique offers no difficulty in the youngsters and had no observable side effects.", "PMID": 411397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6110", "title": "Comparison of aerosolized atropine, isoproterenol, atropine plus isoproterenol, disodium cromoglycate and placebo in the prevention of exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "In 15 asthmatic children post-exercise bronchospasm was partially inhibited by placebo and by aerosolized atropine sulphate (1 mg) compared with no treatment, not significantly inhibited by atropine alone compared with placebo, partially blocked by disodium cromoglycate (20 mg) and by isoproterenol (0.625 mg) and completely blocked by the combination of isoproterenol and atropine. Pre-treatment with isoproterenol or atropine resulted in post-exercise values for specific conductance which were significantly greater than those following disodium cromoglycate by virtue of the bronchodilator effect of these drugs independent of or in addition to any specific inhibition of exercise-induced asthma. These results suggest that the bronchoconstrictor response to exercise is partially influenced by suggestion but is influenced to a significantly greater degree by mediator release and beta-adrenergic mechanisms and that bronchodilator drugs have therapeutic advantages over an inhibitor of mediator release in the prevention of exercise-induced asthma.", "contents": "Comparison of aerosolized atropine, isoproterenol, atropine plus isoproterenol, disodium cromoglycate and placebo in the prevention of exercise-induced asthma. In 15 asthmatic children post-exercise bronchospasm was partially inhibited by placebo and by aerosolized atropine sulphate (1 mg) compared with no treatment, not significantly inhibited by atropine alone compared with placebo, partially blocked by disodium cromoglycate (20 mg) and by isoproterenol (0.625 mg) and completely blocked by the combination of isoproterenol and atropine. Pre-treatment with isoproterenol or atropine resulted in post-exercise values for specific conductance which were significantly greater than those following disodium cromoglycate by virtue of the bronchodilator effect of these drugs independent of or in addition to any specific inhibition of exercise-induced asthma. These results suggest that the bronchoconstrictor response to exercise is partially influenced by suggestion but is influenced to a significantly greater degree by mediator release and beta-adrenergic mechanisms and that bronchodilator drugs have therapeutic advantages over an inhibitor of mediator release in the prevention of exercise-induced asthma.", "PMID": 411398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6111", "title": "Dual asthmatic responses to prosopis juliflora.", "content": "Case histories of two asthmatic patients who are allergic to the pollen allergen of Prosopis juliflora, a perennial tree abundantly seen in Delhi and northern India, are presented. Both developed immediate (Type I) as well as late (Type III) responses to intradermal, as well as inhalation, provocation tests. Prior inhalation of disodium cromoglycate inhibited the dual asthma response to inhalation tests but did not inhibit the response to intradermal tests.", "contents": "Dual asthmatic responses to prosopis juliflora. Case histories of two asthmatic patients who are allergic to the pollen allergen of Prosopis juliflora, a perennial tree abundantly seen in Delhi and northern India, are presented. Both developed immediate (Type I) as well as late (Type III) responses to intradermal, as well as inhalation, provocation tests. Prior inhalation of disodium cromoglycate inhibited the dual asthma response to inhalation tests but did not inhibit the response to intradermal tests.", "PMID": 411399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6112", "title": "Refractometry as a measure of the immunoglobulin status of the newborn dairy calf: comparison with the zinc sulfate turbidity test and single radial immunodiffusion.", "content": "Immunoglobulins were quantitated by single radial immunodiffusion in 34 female Holstein-Friesian calves which had been kept with their dams for the first 24 hours of life. The mean immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentration was 1.063 g/dl; IgG2, 0.093 g/dl; IgM, 0.171 g/dl; and IgA, 0.125 g/dl. Both serum total protein as measured by refractometer and zinc sulfate turbidity measured at 498 nm gave good correlations with total protein, which were significant, P less than 0.001. Plasma total protein had a slightly poorer correlation with total immunoglobulins, presumably due to variable fibrinogen content. Plasma total protein gave a better correlation with total immunoglobulins than did any of the immunoglobulin classes individually. Total protein by refractometer underestimated naturally occurring or added immunoglobulins by one-third.", "contents": "Refractometry as a measure of the immunoglobulin status of the newborn dairy calf: comparison with the zinc sulfate turbidity test and single radial immunodiffusion. Immunoglobulins were quantitated by single radial immunodiffusion in 34 female Holstein-Friesian calves which had been kept with their dams for the first 24 hours of life. The mean immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentration was 1.063 g/dl; IgG2, 0.093 g/dl; IgM, 0.171 g/dl; and IgA, 0.125 g/dl. Both serum total protein as measured by refractometer and zinc sulfate turbidity measured at 498 nm gave good correlations with total protein, which were significant, P less than 0.001. Plasma total protein had a slightly poorer correlation with total immunoglobulins, presumably due to variable fibrinogen content. Plasma total protein gave a better correlation with total immunoglobulins than did any of the immunoglobulin classes individually. Total protein by refractometer underestimated naturally occurring or added immunoglobulins by one-third.", "PMID": 411400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6113", "title": "Comparison of cardiorenal functions between women and female rhesus macaques.", "content": "Selected cardiorenal functions for conscious and chaired rhesus macaques were compared directly and indirectly with corrections for body weights and surface areas to well-established base-line values for human subjects. Certain functional differences between species and conditions of measurement do not allow all experimental results from the rhesus macaque to be extrapolated to man. However, this comparative study provides evidence that can be useful in attempting to evaluate cardiorenal data from macaques in relationship to human studies.", "contents": "Comparison of cardiorenal functions between women and female rhesus macaques. Selected cardiorenal functions for conscious and chaired rhesus macaques were compared directly and indirectly with corrections for body weights and surface areas to well-established base-line values for human subjects. Certain functional differences between species and conditions of measurement do not allow all experimental results from the rhesus macaque to be extrapolated to man. However, this comparative study provides evidence that can be useful in attempting to evaluate cardiorenal data from macaques in relationship to human studies.", "PMID": 411401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6114", "title": "Bactericidal activity of streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide alone and in combination against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.", "content": "Log-phase cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Tween-albumin medium were exposed to streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide in concentrations in the range likely to be present in serum during treatment of patients. The bactericidal activity of the drugs was measured as the decrease in viable counts at 4 and 7 days. The activity of single drugs was highest for streptomycin and next highest for rifampin and isoniazid, but ethambutol only started to kill after 4 days. When exposed to 2 drugs, bactericidal synergism was found with streptomycin/isoniazid and isoniazid/ethambutol; additivity, with streptomycin/rifampin; indifference, with isoniazid rifampin and streptomycin/ethambutol; and antagonism, with rifampin/ethambutol and isoniazid/pyrazinamide. When cultures were exposed to the 3 drugs, isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol, marked antagonism was found between isoniazid and rifampin, whereas the addition of isoniazid or an increase in its concentration increased the bactericidal activity.", "contents": "Bactericidal activity of streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide alone and in combination against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Log-phase cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Tween-albumin medium were exposed to streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide in concentrations in the range likely to be present in serum during treatment of patients. The bactericidal activity of the drugs was measured as the decrease in viable counts at 4 and 7 days. The activity of single drugs was highest for streptomycin and next highest for rifampin and isoniazid, but ethambutol only started to kill after 4 days. When exposed to 2 drugs, bactericidal synergism was found with streptomycin/isoniazid and isoniazid/ethambutol; additivity, with streptomycin/rifampin; indifference, with isoniazid rifampin and streptomycin/ethambutol; and antagonism, with rifampin/ethambutol and isoniazid/pyrazinamide. When cultures were exposed to the 3 drugs, isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol, marked antagonism was found between isoniazid and rifampin, whereas the addition of isoniazid or an increase in its concentration increased the bactericidal activity.", "PMID": 411404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6115", "title": "Drug resistant tuberculosis in a large southern California hospital.", "content": "Rates of in vitro resistance to antituberculous drugs were examined for all patients hospitalized with active tuberculosis between January 1969 and December 1972, and between March 1975 and September 1976. During the former period, in 31.5 per cent of patients, tuberculosis was resistant to one or more drugs, and in 12.3 per cent of patients was resistant to 2 or more drugs. During the latter period, 35.5 per cent of patients had tuberculosis that was resistant to one or more drugs, and 19.6 per cent had tuberculosis resistant to 2 or more drugs. Resistance to isoniazid and ethambutol increased significantly, whereas resistance to para-aminosalicytic acid decreased. Age, national origin, and length of residence in the United States were not good predictors for the presence of in vitro resistance.", "contents": "Drug resistant tuberculosis in a large southern California hospital. Rates of in vitro resistance to antituberculous drugs were examined for all patients hospitalized with active tuberculosis between January 1969 and December 1972, and between March 1975 and September 1976. During the former period, in 31.5 per cent of patients, tuberculosis was resistant to one or more drugs, and in 12.3 per cent of patients was resistant to 2 or more drugs. During the latter period, 35.5 per cent of patients had tuberculosis that was resistant to one or more drugs, and 19.6 per cent had tuberculosis resistant to 2 or more drugs. Resistance to isoniazid and ethambutol increased significantly, whereas resistance to para-aminosalicytic acid decreased. Age, national origin, and length of residence in the United States were not good predictors for the presence of in vitro resistance.", "PMID": 411406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6116", "title": "[Resistance to streptogramin antibiotics in \"Staphylococcus aureus\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Pristinamycin and virginiamycin, two antibiotics belonging to the streptogramin group, are widely used in France against staphylococcal infections. They are mixtures of two different active compounds, pristinamycin I and II, virginiamycine S and M. The present study describes five clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus with unusual resistance to these antibiotics. This resistance, whose level is variable according to the strains, concerns both compounds of these antibiotics. It is lost at high frequency spontaneoulsy or after treatment by curing agents, suggesting that the resistance is plasmid mediated. The drug inactivation by the resistant strains supports the hypothesis of an enzymatic mechanism of resistance. Furthermore, this new resistance seems to be linked, in some strains, to either of the two aminoglycoside resistance patterns recently described in S. aureus.", "contents": "[Resistance to streptogramin antibiotics in \"Staphylococcus aureus\" (author's transl)]. Pristinamycin and virginiamycin, two antibiotics belonging to the streptogramin group, are widely used in France against staphylococcal infections. They are mixtures of two different active compounds, pristinamycin I and II, virginiamycine S and M. The present study describes five clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus with unusual resistance to these antibiotics. This resistance, whose level is variable according to the strains, concerns both compounds of these antibiotics. It is lost at high frequency spontaneoulsy or after treatment by curing agents, suggesting that the resistance is plasmid mediated. The drug inactivation by the resistant strains supports the hypothesis of an enzymatic mechanism of resistance. Furthermore, this new resistance seems to be linked, in some strains, to either of the two aminoglycoside resistance patterns recently described in S. aureus.", "PMID": 411409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6117", "title": "[Validity of quantitative protein A determination of \"Staphylococcus aureus\" by radial immunodiffusion].", "content": "The validity of quantitative determination of protein A by radial immunodiffusion has been tested using human serum, human IgG and porcine serum. The best results are obtained with porcine serum. Maximal sensitivity is obtained after 48 h of incubation with 15 microliters of porcine serum per 13 ml of gel. For these particular conditions the range of linearity varies between 20 and 300 microgram/ml.", "contents": "[Validity of quantitative protein A determination of \"Staphylococcus aureus\" by radial immunodiffusion]. The validity of quantitative determination of protein A by radial immunodiffusion has been tested using human serum, human IgG and porcine serum. The best results are obtained with porcine serum. Maximal sensitivity is obtained after 48 h of incubation with 15 microliters of porcine serum per 13 ml of gel. For these particular conditions the range of linearity varies between 20 and 300 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 411410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6118", "title": "The frequency in Japanese of genetic variants of 22 proteins II. Carbonic anhydrase I and II, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, nucleoside phosphorylase, triose phosphate isomerase, haemoglobin A and haemoglobin A2.", "content": "This paper presents the results of a survey of Japanese for electrophoretic variants of CA I, CA II, LDH, MDH, TPI, NP, HB A and A2, the number of determinations per system ranging from 738 to 4029. Four similar variants of CA I (designed CA IHIR1), one of LDH (designated LDHNGS1), one of MDH (designated MDHS 7HIR1), two of HB A (one a reascertainment of HB Hijiyama, the other not characterized), and one characterized by the absence of HB A2 (delta-thalassaemia) were observed and are described. The CA IHIR1, LDHNAG1 and MDHS 2HIR1 variants have not been previously observed in Japan. No electrophoretic variants were found in the TPI and NP systems.", "contents": "The frequency in Japanese of genetic variants of 22 proteins II. Carbonic anhydrase I and II, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, nucleoside phosphorylase, triose phosphate isomerase, haemoglobin A and haemoglobin A2. This paper presents the results of a survey of Japanese for electrophoretic variants of CA I, CA II, LDH, MDH, TPI, NP, HB A and A2, the number of determinations per system ranging from 738 to 4029. Four similar variants of CA I (designed CA IHIR1), one of LDH (designated LDHNGS1), one of MDH (designated MDHS 7HIR1), two of HB A (one a reascertainment of HB Hijiyama, the other not characterized), and one characterized by the absence of HB A2 (delta-thalassaemia) were observed and are described. The CA IHIR1, LDHNAG1 and MDHS 2HIR1 variants have not been previously observed in Japan. No electrophoretic variants were found in the TPI and NP systems.", "PMID": 411414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6119", "title": "Systematic variation in early hominid corpus dimensions.", "content": "Regression analysis is used to show that the same breadth/height relation characterizes all of the early Plio-Pleistocene hominids, regardless of the number of taxa represented.", "contents": "Systematic variation in early hominid corpus dimensions. Regression analysis is used to show that the same breadth/height relation characterizes all of the early Plio-Pleistocene hominids, regardless of the number of taxa represented.", "PMID": 411415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6120", "title": "[Carminomycin in drug combination in breast cancer and soft tissue sarcomas].", "content": "Thirteen patients with neglected mammary cancer were treated with karminomycin in combination with hexamethylmelamine. Twelve out of the 13 patients were previously subjected many times to cytostatic and hormonal therapy. A significant therapeutic effect was registered in 5 out the 13 patients (38 per cent), the total rate of the objective effect being 54 per cent. The remission period with a significant effect was 6 to 9 months. Fifteen patients with sarcoma metastases in the soft tissue were treated with karminomycin in combnation with methotrexate and cyclophosphane. A significant therapeutic effect was observed in 45 per cent of the cases with synovial sarcoma, hemangyopericitoma and leuomyosarcoma, the remission period being 4 to 12 months. The side effects of the above combinations were determined.", "contents": "[Carminomycin in drug combination in breast cancer and soft tissue sarcomas]. Thirteen patients with neglected mammary cancer were treated with karminomycin in combination with hexamethylmelamine. Twelve out of the 13 patients were previously subjected many times to cytostatic and hormonal therapy. A significant therapeutic effect was registered in 5 out the 13 patients (38 per cent), the total rate of the objective effect being 54 per cent. The remission period with a significant effect was 6 to 9 months. Fifteen patients with sarcoma metastases in the soft tissue were treated with karminomycin in combnation with methotrexate and cyclophosphane. A significant therapeutic effect was observed in 45 per cent of the cases with synovial sarcoma, hemangyopericitoma and leuomyosarcoma, the remission period being 4 to 12 months. The side effects of the above combinations were determined.", "PMID": 411416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6121", "title": "Disodium phosphonoacetate in cream base as a possible topical treatment for skin lesions of herpes simplex virus in cebus monkeys.", "content": "Disodium phosphonoacetate (PAA) in a cream-ointment base was applied to herpesvirus skin lesions on the genitalia of cebus monkeys. The lesions had been produced by the intradermal injection of herpes simplex virus type 2. Concentrations of 0.2, 2, and 5% PAA were used. Liberal application of PAA at concentrations of 2 and 5% proved extremely irritating and produced extensive, severe lesions over the treated area. The 2% PAA, when applied carefully to the lesion area, proved less irritating, but did not reduce healing time when compared with the placebo-treated animals. The 0.2% PAA caused slight reduction in lesion size and duration, but these differences were not statistically significant when compared with placebo-treated animals.", "contents": "Disodium phosphonoacetate in cream base as a possible topical treatment for skin lesions of herpes simplex virus in cebus monkeys. Disodium phosphonoacetate (PAA) in a cream-ointment base was applied to herpesvirus skin lesions on the genitalia of cebus monkeys. The lesions had been produced by the intradermal injection of herpes simplex virus type 2. Concentrations of 0.2, 2, and 5% PAA were used. Liberal application of PAA at concentrations of 2 and 5% proved extremely irritating and produced extensive, severe lesions over the treated area. The 2% PAA, when applied carefully to the lesion area, proved less irritating, but did not reduce healing time when compared with the placebo-treated animals. The 0.2% PAA caused slight reduction in lesion size and duration, but these differences were not statistically significant when compared with placebo-treated animals.", "PMID": 411417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6122", "title": "Factors involved in beta-lactam antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant, strain SS, which is assumed to be devoid of beta-lactamase activity and deficient in a permeability barrier to antibiotics, was isolated from a beta-lactamase-less mutant, strain L-2, derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa IFO 3080. By comparing the beta-lactam antibiotic susceptibility between strains IFO 3080, L-2, and SS, the involvement of both beta-lactamase and a permeability barrier in determining the beta-lactam antibiotic resistance was estimated.", "contents": "Factors involved in beta-lactam antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A temperature-sensitive mutant, strain SS, which is assumed to be devoid of beta-lactamase activity and deficient in a permeability barrier to antibiotics, was isolated from a beta-lactamase-less mutant, strain L-2, derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa IFO 3080. By comparing the beta-lactam antibiotic susceptibility between strains IFO 3080, L-2, and SS, the involvement of both beta-lactamase and a permeability barrier in determining the beta-lactam antibiotic resistance was estimated.", "PMID": 411418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6123", "title": "Comparative pharmacology of amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester in the non-human primate, Macacca mulatta.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B methyl ester hydrochloride (AME) and commercial deoxycholate-stabilized amphotericin B (AMB) were compared after single doses of 5 mg and 1 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, given intravenously in a period of 3 h to adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). By bioassay, the concentrations of AME were 12.2 to 7.2 times higher in the serum and 7.8 to 2.5 times higher in the urine during the 8 h after infusion. The decline in concentrations of the drugs in sera was consistent with a three-compartment, open pharmacokinetic model; rate constants of transfer of the drugs between the compartments and volumes of distribution were calculated. The overall rate of elimination from the central compartment (the bloodvascular space) was about four times greater for AME than for AMB. Serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were mildly and transiently increased after infusion of AME, whereas the more severe azotemia that followed infusion of AMB persisted for 5 days. AME was less toxic and achieved a greater urinary outfall than AMB. As the antifungal activity of AME is comparable to that of AMB by testing in vitro, further study is warranted.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacology of amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester in the non-human primate, Macacca mulatta. The pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B methyl ester hydrochloride (AME) and commercial deoxycholate-stabilized amphotericin B (AMB) were compared after single doses of 5 mg and 1 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, given intravenously in a period of 3 h to adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). By bioassay, the concentrations of AME were 12.2 to 7.2 times higher in the serum and 7.8 to 2.5 times higher in the urine during the 8 h after infusion. The decline in concentrations of the drugs in sera was consistent with a three-compartment, open pharmacokinetic model; rate constants of transfer of the drugs between the compartments and volumes of distribution were calculated. The overall rate of elimination from the central compartment (the bloodvascular space) was about four times greater for AME than for AMB. Serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were mildly and transiently increased after infusion of AME, whereas the more severe azotemia that followed infusion of AMB persisted for 5 days. AME was less toxic and achieved a greater urinary outfall than AMB. As the antifungal activity of AME is comparable to that of AMB by testing in vitro, further study is warranted.", "PMID": 411419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6124", "title": "Nutritional and biochemical characterization of Methanospirillum hungatii.", "content": "To ascertain its physiological similarity to other methanogenic bacteria, Methanospirillum hungatii, the type species of the genus, was characterized nutritionally and biochemically. Good growth occurred in a medium consisting of mineral salts, cysteine sulfide reducing buffer, and an H2-CO2 (80:20) atmosphere. Addition of amino acids and B vitamins stimulated growth. Cell-free extracts contained methylcobalamin-coenzyme M methyltransferase, methylreductase, and formate hydrogenlyase. Cells contained coenzyme M and coenzyme F420. Coenzyme F420 was required for formate hydrogenlyase activity. Coenzyme F420 purified from M. hungatii had identical properties to that purified from species of Methanobacterium. The physiological basis of the family Methanobacteriaceae is strengthened by these findings.", "contents": "Nutritional and biochemical characterization of Methanospirillum hungatii. To ascertain its physiological similarity to other methanogenic bacteria, Methanospirillum hungatii, the type species of the genus, was characterized nutritionally and biochemically. Good growth occurred in a medium consisting of mineral salts, cysteine sulfide reducing buffer, and an H2-CO2 (80:20) atmosphere. Addition of amino acids and B vitamins stimulated growth. Cell-free extracts contained methylcobalamin-coenzyme M methyltransferase, methylreductase, and formate hydrogenlyase. Cells contained coenzyme M and coenzyme F420. Coenzyme F420 was required for formate hydrogenlyase activity. Coenzyme F420 purified from M. hungatii had identical properties to that purified from species of Methanobacterium. The physiological basis of the family Methanobacteriaceae is strengthened by these findings.", "PMID": 411420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6125", "title": "Long-term control of central nervous system leukaemia.", "content": "Seventy-four children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia had one or more episodes of central nervous system (CNS) leukaemia. 5 children had CNS involvement at diagnosis; 4 survived for less than one year. In 35 children who had not had a previous bone marrow relapse on treatment and who received combination chemotherapy, the median duration of haematological remission from the time of first CNS relapse was almost 3 years. 5 children received full dose (2400 rads) craniospinal irradiation after their first CNS relapse; 4 have remained in CNS and haematological remission for 2 1/2 years or more. 18 children who had a CNS relapse after irradiation received 4-weekly intrathecal methotrexate; in 8 children this was given via an intraventricular reservoir. The median duration of CNS remission in children receiving intrathecal methotrexate was 2 years. Systemic and intrathecal treatment was stopped in 7 children after 2 1/2 years in continuous remission and in 2 children after 2 years. 4 of these 9 children remain in remission at intervals from 41 to 69 weeks off treatment but one is severely retarded. These results show that CNS disease is compatible with prolonged survival, but illustrate the difficulties of eradicating established CNS leukaemia.", "contents": "Long-term control of central nervous system leukaemia. Seventy-four children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia had one or more episodes of central nervous system (CNS) leukaemia. 5 children had CNS involvement at diagnosis; 4 survived for less than one year. In 35 children who had not had a previous bone marrow relapse on treatment and who received combination chemotherapy, the median duration of haematological remission from the time of first CNS relapse was almost 3 years. 5 children received full dose (2400 rads) craniospinal irradiation after their first CNS relapse; 4 have remained in CNS and haematological remission for 2 1/2 years or more. 18 children who had a CNS relapse after irradiation received 4-weekly intrathecal methotrexate; in 8 children this was given via an intraventricular reservoir. The median duration of CNS remission in children receiving intrathecal methotrexate was 2 years. Systemic and intrathecal treatment was stopped in 7 children after 2 1/2 years in continuous remission and in 2 children after 2 years. 4 of these 9 children remain in remission at intervals from 41 to 69 weeks off treatment but one is severely retarded. These results show that CNS disease is compatible with prolonged survival, but illustrate the difficulties of eradicating established CNS leukaemia.", "PMID": 411425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6126", "title": "Determination of glomerular function in advanced renal failure.", "content": "In 15 children with advanced chronic renal failure, glomerular filtration rate was determined by different methods. Inulin clearance correlated well with the mean of creatinine and urea clearance, and also with 51-chromium edetic acid (EDTA) clearance measured over 24 hours. The absolute values of creatinine clearance and of 51Cr-EDTA clearance measured up to 8 hours were higher than inulin clearance. In advanced renal failure both the 51Cr-EDTA clearance measured over 24 hours, and the mean of creatinine and urea clearance, provide acceptable estimates of true glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "Determination of glomerular function in advanced renal failure. In 15 children with advanced chronic renal failure, glomerular filtration rate was determined by different methods. Inulin clearance correlated well with the mean of creatinine and urea clearance, and also with 51-chromium edetic acid (EDTA) clearance measured over 24 hours. The absolute values of creatinine clearance and of 51Cr-EDTA clearance measured up to 8 hours were higher than inulin clearance. In advanced renal failure both the 51Cr-EDTA clearance measured over 24 hours, and the mean of creatinine and urea clearance, provide acceptable estimates of true glomerular filtration rate.", "PMID": 411426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6127", "title": "Comparison of effects of aspirin and indomethacin on human platelet prostaglandin synthetase.", "content": "Human platelets were incubated in vitro with either aspirin or indomethacin and the prostaglandin synthetase activity of the resultant microsomal fraction from each incubation measured using a radiometric technique. Whereas aspirin produced a dose-related inhibition of the enzyme, indomethacin produced little or no inhibition over the same concentration range (10(-6) mol/l--10(-3) mol/l). Furthermore, administration of aspirin (600 mg) to volunteers produced a highly significant, prolonged inhibition of platelet microsomal prostaglandin synthetase whereas no inhibition was found with indomethacin (50 mg). As indomethacin is considerably more potent than aspirin as an inhibitor of human platelet prostaglandin synthetase in vitro, the results suggest a fundamental difference in the nature of the inhibition produced by each drug, aspirin being an essentially irreversible inhibitor whereas the inhibition produced by indomethacin is reversible. Studies with [3H-acetyl] aspirin have confirmed previous findings (Roth and Majerus, 1975) that aspirin produces an irreversible acetylation of a particulate fraction protein from human platelets.", "contents": "Comparison of effects of aspirin and indomethacin on human platelet prostaglandin synthetase. Human platelets were incubated in vitro with either aspirin or indomethacin and the prostaglandin synthetase activity of the resultant microsomal fraction from each incubation measured using a radiometric technique. Whereas aspirin produced a dose-related inhibition of the enzyme, indomethacin produced little or no inhibition over the same concentration range (10(-6) mol/l--10(-3) mol/l). Furthermore, administration of aspirin (600 mg) to volunteers produced a highly significant, prolonged inhibition of platelet microsomal prostaglandin synthetase whereas no inhibition was found with indomethacin (50 mg). As indomethacin is considerably more potent than aspirin as an inhibitor of human platelet prostaglandin synthetase in vitro, the results suggest a fundamental difference in the nature of the inhibition produced by each drug, aspirin being an essentially irreversible inhibitor whereas the inhibition produced by indomethacin is reversible. Studies with [3H-acetyl] aspirin have confirmed previous findings (Roth and Majerus, 1975) that aspirin produces an irreversible acetylation of a particulate fraction protein from human platelets.", "PMID": 411427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6128", "title": "Platelet consumption by arterial prostheses: the effects of endothelialization and pharmacologic inhibition of platelet function.", "content": "The thrombogenic mechanism of arterial grafts has been studied by determining the relative utilization of platelets, fibrinogen and plasminogen by human arterial prostheses, and by direct examination of arterial grafts in a baboon model. Forty-one survival and turnover measurements of (51)Crplatelets, (131)I-fibrinogen and (125)I-plasminogen in ten patients with aortofemoral knitted Dacron prostheses demonstrated platelet consumption after graft placement (platelet survival 4.2 days +/- 0.5 and turnover 68,000 plat/ul/day +/-10,000 compared with 8.2 days +/- 0.3 and 35,000 plat/ul/day +/- 5,000 respectively for control subjects with stable vascular disease, p < 0.01). In vitro platelet function test results were normal. Platelet consumption was interrupted by dipyridamole or a combination of dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid, and platelet survival normalized spontaneously during nine months postoperatively. No significantly increased consumption of fibrinogen or plasminogen was found in these patients with arterial grafts. Placement of impervious knitted Dacron velour aortic grafts in baboons reproduced platelet consumption that progressively normalized over six weeks postoperatively. Platelet survival measurements correlated directly with endothelial cell coverage of the graft luminal surface in these animals implying that endothelialization of the graft surface was also occurring postoperatively in patients.", "contents": "Platelet consumption by arterial prostheses: the effects of endothelialization and pharmacologic inhibition of platelet function. The thrombogenic mechanism of arterial grafts has been studied by determining the relative utilization of platelets, fibrinogen and plasminogen by human arterial prostheses, and by direct examination of arterial grafts in a baboon model. Forty-one survival and turnover measurements of (51)Crplatelets, (131)I-fibrinogen and (125)I-plasminogen in ten patients with aortofemoral knitted Dacron prostheses demonstrated platelet consumption after graft placement (platelet survival 4.2 days +/- 0.5 and turnover 68,000 plat/ul/day +/-10,000 compared with 8.2 days +/- 0.3 and 35,000 plat/ul/day +/- 5,000 respectively for control subjects with stable vascular disease, p < 0.01). In vitro platelet function test results were normal. Platelet consumption was interrupted by dipyridamole or a combination of dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid, and platelet survival normalized spontaneously during nine months postoperatively. No significantly increased consumption of fibrinogen or plasminogen was found in these patients with arterial grafts. Placement of impervious knitted Dacron velour aortic grafts in baboons reproduced platelet consumption that progressively normalized over six weeks postoperatively. Platelet survival measurements correlated directly with endothelial cell coverage of the graft luminal surface in these animals implying that endothelialization of the graft surface was also occurring postoperatively in patients.", "PMID": 411428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6129", "title": "Parenteral nutrition in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: effect on complications and mortality.", "content": "Clinical characteristics of 46 cases of acute pancreatitis treated with total parenteral nutrition were examined. Hyperalimentation may be used in these severely ill patients with minimal technical or metabolic morbidity. This method of nutritional support can maintain patients with nonfunctional gastrointestinal tracts for several months. Catheter-related sepsis was more common than expected early in the course of acute pancreatitis but caused minimal morbidity. The incidence of catheter-related sepsis late in disease was minor. Hyperalimentation had little if any effect on the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis as judged by the overall mortality and the incidence and severity of the complications of acute respiratory failure and acute renal failure. It is not clear that parenteral hyperalimentation alters the course of acute pancreatitis but it is a useful adjunct for nutritional support in this illness.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: effect on complications and mortality. Clinical characteristics of 46 cases of acute pancreatitis treated with total parenteral nutrition were examined. Hyperalimentation may be used in these severely ill patients with minimal technical or metabolic morbidity. This method of nutritional support can maintain patients with nonfunctional gastrointestinal tracts for several months. Catheter-related sepsis was more common than expected early in the course of acute pancreatitis but caused minimal morbidity. The incidence of catheter-related sepsis late in disease was minor. Hyperalimentation had little if any effect on the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis as judged by the overall mortality and the incidence and severity of the complications of acute respiratory failure and acute renal failure. It is not clear that parenteral hyperalimentation alters the course of acute pancreatitis but it is a useful adjunct for nutritional support in this illness.", "PMID": 411429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6130", "title": "The variation in hospital charges: a problem in determining cost/benefit for cardiac surgery.", "content": "Based on 417 itemized bills from 45 American hospitals that responded to a randomized, geographically stratified survey covering January to June, 1976, the middle 50% of hospital charges for cardiac operations ranged between $5,914 and $10,315. Nonitemizing hospitals submitted lower, but less accurate, estimates. As 60% of the itemized bill consisted of high charge/cost items such as laboratory and pharmacy fees, total charges were not lowered merely by increasing case load or decreasing operating room times. Careful individualization of services in 1 hospital, however, reduced charges up to 16%. Charge per day was a poor index of efficiency because patients staying longer had lower average daily charges. The variation in hospital charges and lack of accounting uniformity preclude meaningful quantitation of either the \"typical\" charge or the numerator of the cost/benefit ratio for cardiac operations.", "contents": "The variation in hospital charges: a problem in determining cost/benefit for cardiac surgery. Based on 417 itemized bills from 45 American hospitals that responded to a randomized, geographically stratified survey covering January to June, 1976, the middle 50% of hospital charges for cardiac operations ranged between $5,914 and $10,315. Nonitemizing hospitals submitted lower, but less accurate, estimates. As 60% of the itemized bill consisted of high charge/cost items such as laboratory and pharmacy fees, total charges were not lowered merely by increasing case load or decreasing operating room times. Careful individualization of services in 1 hospital, however, reduced charges up to 16%. Charge per day was a poor index of efficiency because patients staying longer had lower average daily charges. The variation in hospital charges and lack of accounting uniformity preclude meaningful quantitation of either the \"typical\" charge or the numerator of the cost/benefit ratio for cardiac operations.", "PMID": 411431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6131", "title": "Low-dose insulin in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "Severe diabetic ketoacidosis remains a lethal condition. Many deaths occur during therapy and are avoidable. Treatment includes rehydration, administration of insulin and potassium, and clinical care. For many years very large doses of insulin were used. Recently, it has been suggested that such large doses are unnecessary and lead to undue hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, and osmotic disequilibria. Many studies are now available that show that low doses of insulin given as continuous intravenous infusions (4 to 10 units/hr) or as hourly intramuscular injections (20 units initially, then 5 units/hr) are as effective as large doses in treating severe ketoacidosis. The new regimens are simple to use, predictable, and safe. Potassium shifts are less than with large insulin doses and insulin resistance has been shown to be a relatively minor problem. The new regimens are particularly suitable for use in nonspecialist centers.", "contents": "Low-dose insulin in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Severe diabetic ketoacidosis remains a lethal condition. Many deaths occur during therapy and are avoidable. Treatment includes rehydration, administration of insulin and potassium, and clinical care. For many years very large doses of insulin were used. Recently, it has been suggested that such large doses are unnecessary and lead to undue hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, and osmotic disequilibria. Many studies are now available that show that low doses of insulin given as continuous intravenous infusions (4 to 10 units/hr) or as hourly intramuscular injections (20 units initially, then 5 units/hr) are as effective as large doses in treating severe ketoacidosis. The new regimens are simple to use, predictable, and safe. Potassium shifts are less than with large insulin doses and insulin resistance has been shown to be a relatively minor problem. The new regimens are particularly suitable for use in nonspecialist centers.", "PMID": 411433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6132", "title": "Low-dose continuous insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis. Prospective comparison with \"conventional\" insulin therapy.", "content": "Low-dose insulin infusion has recently been used to treat ketoacidosis. We have prospectively compared patients with ketoacidosis either treated with insulin infusion at the rate of 6 units per hour or with high-dose, intermittent subcutaneously administered insulin, with emphasis placed on the hormonal responses. Basal glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone levels were elevated in both groups. Cortisol and growth hormone levels did not fall with therapy in either group but glucagon levels fell in parallel with glucose levels in both groups. There was no difference in the time taken for glucose levels to fall below 250 mg/100 ml between groups. Whereas both methods of therapy appeared to be equally effective, low-dose infusion had the advantages of ease of administration, a predictable, relatively linear rate of fall of glucose levels, and ability to be stopped abruptly in the event of hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Low-dose continuous insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis. Prospective comparison with \"conventional\" insulin therapy. Low-dose insulin infusion has recently been used to treat ketoacidosis. We have prospectively compared patients with ketoacidosis either treated with insulin infusion at the rate of 6 units per hour or with high-dose, intermittent subcutaneously administered insulin, with emphasis placed on the hormonal responses. Basal glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone levels were elevated in both groups. Cortisol and growth hormone levels did not fall with therapy in either group but glucagon levels fell in parallel with glucose levels in both groups. There was no difference in the time taken for glucose levels to fall below 250 mg/100 ml between groups. Whereas both methods of therapy appeared to be equally effective, low-dose infusion had the advantages of ease of administration, a predictable, relatively linear rate of fall of glucose levels, and ability to be stopped abruptly in the event of hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 411434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6133", "title": "Listeria monocytogenes infection after renal transplantation.", "content": "Listeria monocytogenes infection has been observed in 13 patients, of a group of more than 700 renal transplants, treated during the past 13 1/2 years. The infection usually was manifested as bacteremia or meningitis. Twelve of the 13 patients survived the infection; one died of brain-stem herniation due to increased intracranial pressure. The recommended treatment is intravenously given ampicillin sodium.", "contents": "Listeria monocytogenes infection after renal transplantation. Listeria monocytogenes infection has been observed in 13 patients, of a group of more than 700 renal transplants, treated during the past 13 1/2 years. The infection usually was manifested as bacteremia or meningitis. Twelve of the 13 patients survived the infection; one died of brain-stem herniation due to increased intracranial pressure. The recommended treatment is intravenously given ampicillin sodium.", "PMID": 411435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6134", "title": "Cellular immunity in adult marasmus.", "content": "Twelve patients with recent weight loss to less than 85% of standard weight-height ratio and a serum albumin level of at least 3 gm/100 ml were considered to have the adult equivalent to marasmus. Cellular immune function was assessed by delayed hypersensitivity skin testing to Monilia and streptokinase-streptodornase, peripheral lymphocyte count, proportion of T and B cells, whole blood and isolated lymphocyte transformation to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A, Monilia, and streptokinase-streptodornase. Significant impairment of skin test reactivity while in vitro responsiveness remained intact was noted in the marasmic patients. No impairment was found in 12 individuals with recent weight loss who remained at a weight greater than the 85% weight-height ratio. In four marasmic individuals in whom weight loss was arrested by nutritional repletion, skin reactivity returned without substantial change in weight. In this type of marasmus, both depleted nutritional status and weight loss must be present for impairement of skin test responsiveness. These findings confirm relative sparing of more vital functions dependent on protein metabolism in adult marasmus compared to the kwashiorkor-like syndromes of hypoalbuminemic malnutrition seen in adults.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in adult marasmus. Twelve patients with recent weight loss to less than 85% of standard weight-height ratio and a serum albumin level of at least 3 gm/100 ml were considered to have the adult equivalent to marasmus. Cellular immune function was assessed by delayed hypersensitivity skin testing to Monilia and streptokinase-streptodornase, peripheral lymphocyte count, proportion of T and B cells, whole blood and isolated lymphocyte transformation to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A, Monilia, and streptokinase-streptodornase. Significant impairment of skin test reactivity while in vitro responsiveness remained intact was noted in the marasmic patients. No impairment was found in 12 individuals with recent weight loss who remained at a weight greater than the 85% weight-height ratio. In four marasmic individuals in whom weight loss was arrested by nutritional repletion, skin reactivity returned without substantial change in weight. In this type of marasmus, both depleted nutritional status and weight loss must be present for impairement of skin test responsiveness. These findings confirm relative sparing of more vital functions dependent on protein metabolism in adult marasmus compared to the kwashiorkor-like syndromes of hypoalbuminemic malnutrition seen in adults.", "PMID": 411436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6135", "title": "Teichoic acid antibody test: its use in patients with coagulase-positive staphylococcal bacteremia.", "content": "We have studied the occurrence and specificity of teichoic acid antibodies (TAAs), measured by double diffusion in agar, in 114 patients with bacteremia of whom 47 had coagulase-positive staphylococcal bacteremia. A total of 30% of the 47 patients with coagulase-positive staphylococcal bacteremia had a TAA titer of 1:8 or more, and an additional 30% had a titer of 1:2 or 1:4. High TAA titers were most often connected with coagulase-positive staphylococcal endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and deep wound infections. None of the six coagulase-negative patients with staphylococcal bacteremia nor any of the 92 controls had titers exceeding 1:1. A total of 10% of the other patients with bacteremia showed positive results on the TAA test at low titer levels. Compared to the antistaphylolysin value, the TAA test was about equally specific but more sensitive.", "contents": "Teichoic acid antibody test: its use in patients with coagulase-positive staphylococcal bacteremia. We have studied the occurrence and specificity of teichoic acid antibodies (TAAs), measured by double diffusion in agar, in 114 patients with bacteremia of whom 47 had coagulase-positive staphylococcal bacteremia. A total of 30% of the 47 patients with coagulase-positive staphylococcal bacteremia had a TAA titer of 1:8 or more, and an additional 30% had a titer of 1:2 or 1:4. High TAA titers were most often connected with coagulase-positive staphylococcal endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and deep wound infections. None of the six coagulase-negative patients with staphylococcal bacteremia nor any of the 92 controls had titers exceeding 1:1. A total of 10% of the other patients with bacteremia showed positive results on the TAA test at low titer levels. Compared to the antistaphylolysin value, the TAA test was about equally specific but more sensitive.", "PMID": 411439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6136", "title": "Giant kidneys in Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia.", "content": "A patient with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglubulinemia had the unique feature of having one kidney infiltrated with malignant cells to such an extent as to produce a large palpable abdominal mass. Other unusual aspects of this case include the destruction of renal tubules by the invading cells that resulted in interstitial fibrosis and was probably responsible for the appearance of whole IgM in the urine.", "contents": "Giant kidneys in Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia. A patient with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglubulinemia had the unique feature of having one kidney infiltrated with malignant cells to such an extent as to produce a large palpable abdominal mass. Other unusual aspects of this case include the destruction of renal tubules by the invading cells that resulted in interstitial fibrosis and was probably responsible for the appearance of whole IgM in the urine.", "PMID": 411441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6137", "title": "[Chemotaxis and phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in malnourished children].", "content": "Chemotactic activity of neutrophil polimorphonuclear cells, liberation of chemotactic factors by plasma proteins and phagocytic function of PMN cells by nitroblue tetrazolium reaction were evaluated in 20 malnourished children (from grade 1 through grade III) and in 20 normal children with similar age and sex, without any apparent infection. Also quantitative determination of immunoglobulins A, G and M and C3 complement fraction concentration in serum was made. Chemotactic and phagocytic activity were normal. Serum levels of Igs and C3 complement were within the lower limits of the normal range.", "contents": "[Chemotaxis and phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in malnourished children]. Chemotactic activity of neutrophil polimorphonuclear cells, liberation of chemotactic factors by plasma proteins and phagocytic function of PMN cells by nitroblue tetrazolium reaction were evaluated in 20 malnourished children (from grade 1 through grade III) and in 20 normal children with similar age and sex, without any apparent infection. Also quantitative determination of immunoglobulins A, G and M and C3 complement fraction concentration in serum was made. Chemotactic and phagocytic activity were normal. Serum levels of Igs and C3 complement were within the lower limits of the normal range.", "PMID": 411442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6138", "title": "[Comparative study of different methods of evaluation of left ventricular volume by monoplane angiocardiography].", "content": "The authors compare 5 methods of evaluating left ventricular volume and the ejection fraction by monoplanar angiocardiography in the 30 degrees right oblique incidence: the method of Green (1 and 2), Snow and Dodge, and by trapezoidal integration which was used as a reference. The have calculated the regression ordinates and the correlation coefficients for various systolic and diastolic volumes as well as for various ejection fractions. For these latter, Dodge's quadratic equation can also be used. Provided there is no gross distorsion of ventricular contolr, there is fairly good correlation, but there is a marked discrepancy for large volumes or small ejection fractions (less than 0.40). When more elaborate methods are not available, it seems reasonable to use a single method to calculate these parameters, but it is essential to have recourse to other techniques when there are gross changes in the left ventricle.", "contents": "[Comparative study of different methods of evaluation of left ventricular volume by monoplane angiocardiography]. The authors compare 5 methods of evaluating left ventricular volume and the ejection fraction by monoplanar angiocardiography in the 30 degrees right oblique incidence: the method of Green (1 and 2), Snow and Dodge, and by trapezoidal integration which was used as a reference. The have calculated the regression ordinates and the correlation coefficients for various systolic and diastolic volumes as well as for various ejection fractions. For these latter, Dodge's quadratic equation can also be used. Provided there is no gross distorsion of ventricular contolr, there is fairly good correlation, but there is a marked discrepancy for large volumes or small ejection fractions (less than 0.40). When more elaborate methods are not available, it seems reasonable to use a single method to calculate these parameters, but it is essential to have recourse to other techniques when there are gross changes in the left ventricle.", "PMID": 411443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6139", "title": "[French evaluation of cardiac stimulation].", "content": "A national enquiry into the problems related to definitive cardiac pacemakers, carried out in 1975, has yielded certain essential findings: the number of first-time implantations of pacemakers has been increasing by about 20% per annum; 92% of electrodes are currently implanted by an endocavitary technique, thoracotomy having now practically been abandoned; 90% of pacemakers implanted in 1975 were threshold models, inhibited by a QRS complex; the indications have become progressively wider, and are essentially related with the various forms of bradycardia, most frequently those due to atrio--ventricular block. In 1976, we have now reached a figure of about 200 new implantations of pacemakers per million inhabitants; those using lithium are increasingly superceding the mercury and isotope models.", "contents": "[French evaluation of cardiac stimulation]. A national enquiry into the problems related to definitive cardiac pacemakers, carried out in 1975, has yielded certain essential findings: the number of first-time implantations of pacemakers has been increasing by about 20% per annum; 92% of electrodes are currently implanted by an endocavitary technique, thoracotomy having now practically been abandoned; 90% of pacemakers implanted in 1975 were threshold models, inhibited by a QRS complex; the indications have become progressively wider, and are essentially related with the various forms of bradycardia, most frequently those due to atrio--ventricular block. In 1976, we have now reached a figure of about 200 new implantations of pacemakers per million inhabitants; those using lithium are increasingly superceding the mercury and isotope models.", "PMID": 411444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6140", "title": "[Coronary arteriography in the threatened infarction syndrome].", "content": "Although greater than in patients with stabilised coronary insufficiency, the risks of carrying out coronary arteriography during the period of a threatened infarction are still modest in the hands of an experienced team. In a series of 66 such investigations under these conditions over an 18 month period, there were no deaths as immediate sequelae. Three myocardial infarctions occurred, one of which was probably encouraged by ceasing the propranolol prior to arteriography. Analysis of the results confirms the frequency of lesions affecting all three trunks (47% of cases), the anterior descending branch being the most commonly affected. A collateral circulation was established in 23% of cases. Ventriculography was normal in one third of cases. The mean value for the ventricular ejection fraction was 0.57 over the entire series. In 58% of cases, all the arteriographic and ventriculographic criteria of operability were satisfied. It therefore appears that coronary arteriography is justifiable during the period of threatened infarction; it may be undertaken at an early stage if the angina does not respond to medical treatment. It is always best to carry it out several days after cessation of the pain where possible. The investigation may lead to urgent surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Coronary arteriography in the threatened infarction syndrome]. Although greater than in patients with stabilised coronary insufficiency, the risks of carrying out coronary arteriography during the period of a threatened infarction are still modest in the hands of an experienced team. In a series of 66 such investigations under these conditions over an 18 month period, there were no deaths as immediate sequelae. Three myocardial infarctions occurred, one of which was probably encouraged by ceasing the propranolol prior to arteriography. Analysis of the results confirms the frequency of lesions affecting all three trunks (47% of cases), the anterior descending branch being the most commonly affected. A collateral circulation was established in 23% of cases. Ventriculography was normal in one third of cases. The mean value for the ventricular ejection fraction was 0.57 over the entire series. In 58% of cases, all the arteriographic and ventriculographic criteria of operability were satisfied. It therefore appears that coronary arteriography is justifiable during the period of threatened infarction; it may be undertaken at an early stage if the angina does not respond to medical treatment. It is always best to carry it out several days after cessation of the pain where possible. The investigation may lead to urgent surgical intervention.", "PMID": 411445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6141", "title": "[Changes in left ventricular function with effort in the coronary patient. l].", "content": "The altered haemodynamics of the coronary patient have been investigated in 30 patients both at rest and under conditions of maximal effort as carried out on the bicycle ergometer under the usual conditions for an exercise electrocardiogram. Patients with angina of effort but no previous infarction have normal left ventricular function at rest; under the ischaemia induced by exercise there is acute dysfunction of the left ventricle as witnessed by a reduction in maximal cardiac output, a raised end-diastolic pressure, and changes in compliance which are more marked than those in contractility. Patients with a healed infarct but without sequelae have a rigid left ventricle, but it is not failing; they show normal changes in dP/dt max and in the indices of left ventricular work, but a pathological form of negative peak of dP/dt, of end-diastolic pressure, and of deltaP/deltaV (which reflects myocardial compliance). Patients who have had an infarction with sequelae such as angina or attacks of left ventricular failure have filling pressures which are already elevated at rest, and cardiac failure, which becomes evident on exercise.", "contents": "[Changes in left ventricular function with effort in the coronary patient. l]. The altered haemodynamics of the coronary patient have been investigated in 30 patients both at rest and under conditions of maximal effort as carried out on the bicycle ergometer under the usual conditions for an exercise electrocardiogram. Patients with angina of effort but no previous infarction have normal left ventricular function at rest; under the ischaemia induced by exercise there is acute dysfunction of the left ventricle as witnessed by a reduction in maximal cardiac output, a raised end-diastolic pressure, and changes in compliance which are more marked than those in contractility. Patients with a healed infarct but without sequelae have a rigid left ventricle, but it is not failing; they show normal changes in dP/dt max and in the indices of left ventricular work, but a pathological form of negative peak of dP/dt, of end-diastolic pressure, and of deltaP/deltaV (which reflects myocardial compliance). Patients who have had an infarction with sequelae such as angina or attacks of left ventricular failure have filling pressures which are already elevated at rest, and cardiac failure, which becomes evident on exercise.", "PMID": 411447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6142", "title": "[Left ventricular function with effort in the coronary patient. Study of the correlations with the data on echocardiography, effort ECG, and the teleheart. 2].", "content": "Correlations were established, for 30 coronary patients, between the haemodynamic findings and those adduced from non-invasive techniques - electrocardiography, both at rest and on exercise, telethorax, and echocardiography. Left ventricular function in the coronary patient can be assessed, even before catheterisation, by means of: 1. The clinical findings: angina of effort, an uncomplicated infarct, and an infarct with sequelae each has its own peculiar haemodynamic pattern at rest and on exercise; 2. The ECG finding of an extensive anterior infarct implies a haemodynamic picture vastly different from that with a limited posterior infarction; 3. The appearance of an ischaemic shift in the ST segment on exercise implies an acute malfunctioning of the left ventricle; 4. On the echocardiogram, an end-diastolic volume greater than 150 ml/m2, an ejection fraction less than 0.50 and VCF greater than 0.8 c/s are always accompanied by disturbances in the haemodynamics. By contrast, the cardio-thoracic ratio, except in post-infarct cases complicated by left ventricular failure, gives no predictive indication of cardiac function. These various examinations should therefore be applied to the coronary patient as an index of cardiac function.", "contents": "[Left ventricular function with effort in the coronary patient. Study of the correlations with the data on echocardiography, effort ECG, and the teleheart. 2]. Correlations were established, for 30 coronary patients, between the haemodynamic findings and those adduced from non-invasive techniques - electrocardiography, both at rest and on exercise, telethorax, and echocardiography. Left ventricular function in the coronary patient can be assessed, even before catheterisation, by means of: 1. The clinical findings: angina of effort, an uncomplicated infarct, and an infarct with sequelae each has its own peculiar haemodynamic pattern at rest and on exercise; 2. The ECG finding of an extensive anterior infarct implies a haemodynamic picture vastly different from that with a limited posterior infarction; 3. The appearance of an ischaemic shift in the ST segment on exercise implies an acute malfunctioning of the left ventricle; 4. On the echocardiogram, an end-diastolic volume greater than 150 ml/m2, an ejection fraction less than 0.50 and VCF greater than 0.8 c/s are always accompanied by disturbances in the haemodynamics. By contrast, the cardio-thoracic ratio, except in post-infarct cases complicated by left ventricular failure, gives no predictive indication of cardiac function. These various examinations should therefore be applied to the coronary patient as an index of cardiac function.", "PMID": 411448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6143", "title": "[Echocardiographic study of the left ventricle in aortic insufficiency. Comparison with the data of clinical development and hemodynamic results].", "content": "A series of 20 patients with pure and severe major aortic incompetence was studied, and three different groups were distinguished: group I, with no previous defect in function; group II, with cardiac failure as a result of aortic incompetence of more than 5 years' standing; group III, with cardiac failure secondary to acute aortic incompetence. The internal diameter of the left ventricle and the mode of closure of the mitral valve were studied by echocardiography, and compared with the clinical and haemodynamic findings. Left ventricular dilatation appeared early, and occurred to the same degree in the three groups. The diastolic diameter of the left ventricle showed a fairly close correlation (r equals 0.61) with the degree of regurgitation as measured from clour dilution curves; by contrast, the length of time the aortic incompetence had been present had little influence on the degree of dilatation of the left ventricle. Premature closure of the mitral valve was significantly associated with a raised LVEDP and a low systolic index; it represents a defect in the compliance of the left ventricle, and is a poor prognostic factor because of the clinical progression into very rapid and severe heart failure. Moreover, there is a distinct aetiological factor (Infective endocaditis) in the most marked forms of premature closure. The other ecocardiographic findings (appearances of the aorta, mitral echo, slope EF of the mitral valve) give no information on the degree of tolerance to the cardiac defect.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic study of the left ventricle in aortic insufficiency. Comparison with the data of clinical development and hemodynamic results]. A series of 20 patients with pure and severe major aortic incompetence was studied, and three different groups were distinguished: group I, with no previous defect in function; group II, with cardiac failure as a result of aortic incompetence of more than 5 years' standing; group III, with cardiac failure secondary to acute aortic incompetence. The internal diameter of the left ventricle and the mode of closure of the mitral valve were studied by echocardiography, and compared with the clinical and haemodynamic findings. Left ventricular dilatation appeared early, and occurred to the same degree in the three groups. The diastolic diameter of the left ventricle showed a fairly close correlation (r equals 0.61) with the degree of regurgitation as measured from clour dilution curves; by contrast, the length of time the aortic incompetence had been present had little influence on the degree of dilatation of the left ventricle. Premature closure of the mitral valve was significantly associated with a raised LVEDP and a low systolic index; it represents a defect in the compliance of the left ventricle, and is a poor prognostic factor because of the clinical progression into very rapid and severe heart failure. Moreover, there is a distinct aetiological factor (Infective endocaditis) in the most marked forms of premature closure. The other ecocardiographic findings (appearances of the aorta, mitral echo, slope EF of the mitral valve) give no information on the degree of tolerance to the cardiac defect.", "PMID": 411449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6144", "title": "[The heart and lithium. Apropos of a case of lithium poisoning with intracavitary electrocardiographic exploration].", "content": "Among the secondary effects of the salts of Li+, which are widely used in psychiatric treatment, cardiac toxicity appears to be rare. The authors report the case history of a female of 24 years of age, with no previous cardiac history, who presented with Li+ intoxication and a supra-His atrio-ventricular block, followed by episodes of sinus arrest (or of sino-atrial block), accompanied by either a junctional rhythm or by periods of prolonged asystole. The results of the endocavitary electrocardiographic investigation are described. These cardiac effects are compared with the general findings reported in the literature; ECG modifications of the T wave are more common, but Li+ may cause other changes: sinus, atrial or ventricular arrhythmi\u00e1s, disorders of AV conduction, and cardiomyopathies. The main modes of action which have been suggested are of interference with the other cations (K+, Na+, Ca++) in exchanges across membranes, and an effect on membrane adenyl-cyclase stimulated by catechol-amines.", "contents": "[The heart and lithium. Apropos of a case of lithium poisoning with intracavitary electrocardiographic exploration]. Among the secondary effects of the salts of Li+, which are widely used in psychiatric treatment, cardiac toxicity appears to be rare. The authors report the case history of a female of 24 years of age, with no previous cardiac history, who presented with Li+ intoxication and a supra-His atrio-ventricular block, followed by episodes of sinus arrest (or of sino-atrial block), accompanied by either a junctional rhythm or by periods of prolonged asystole. The results of the endocavitary electrocardiographic investigation are described. These cardiac effects are compared with the general findings reported in the literature; ECG modifications of the T wave are more common, but Li+ may cause other changes: sinus, atrial or ventricular arrhythmi\u00e1s, disorders of AV conduction, and cardiomyopathies. The main modes of action which have been suggested are of interference with the other cations (K+, Na+, Ca++) in exchanges across membranes, and an effect on membrane adenyl-cyclase stimulated by catechol-amines.", "PMID": 411450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6145", "title": "[Dromotropic effects of drug combinations. Initial results bearing on a combination of deslanoside and ajmaline].", "content": "The electrophysiological effects of the cardiotropic drugs have been studied in man by the agency of endocavitary electrocardiography. The effects of drug combinations, which are often prescribed therapeutically, have been studied less often. The authors report the results of a preliminary study of the combination of deslanoside with ajmaline in 26 patients; its effects were compared with those using each drug separately. This combination seems to have true dromotropic effects; although deslanoside alone, in the doses used, does not modify conduction below the bundle of His, it can still act synergistically with ajmaline at this level. A detailed study of the pharmacological effects as a function of the original status of conduction shows that at the level above the bundle His, the dromotropic action is quantitively less on healthy conducting tissue than on abnormal tissue. The effects of ajmaline on the conduction times below the bundle seem to be similar whether or not there is any conduction defect under basal conditions. The difficulties in obtaining and interpreting such measurements in man are discussed in the hope of arriving at a general protocol for studying drug combinations.", "contents": "[Dromotropic effects of drug combinations. Initial results bearing on a combination of deslanoside and ajmaline]. The electrophysiological effects of the cardiotropic drugs have been studied in man by the agency of endocavitary electrocardiography. The effects of drug combinations, which are often prescribed therapeutically, have been studied less often. The authors report the results of a preliminary study of the combination of deslanoside with ajmaline in 26 patients; its effects were compared with those using each drug separately. This combination seems to have true dromotropic effects; although deslanoside alone, in the doses used, does not modify conduction below the bundle of His, it can still act synergistically with ajmaline at this level. A detailed study of the pharmacological effects as a function of the original status of conduction shows that at the level above the bundle His, the dromotropic action is quantitively less on healthy conducting tissue than on abnormal tissue. The effects of ajmaline on the conduction times below the bundle seem to be similar whether or not there is any conduction defect under basal conditions. The difficulties in obtaining and interpreting such measurements in man are discussed in the hope of arriving at a general protocol for studying drug combinations.", "PMID": 411451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6146", "title": "[Value of the exercise test after aortocoronary bypass].", "content": "The 100 patients who underwent an exercise test and a follow-up coronary arteriogram at a mean interval of 10.1 months after an aorto-coronary bypass had suffered preoperatively from incapacitating angina 50%), a threatened infarction syndrome (35%), or Prinzmetal's angina (15%). The majority had a single bypass graft (72%), but 28% had two or three grafts. The exercise test was positive 39 times, negative 51 times, and indeterminate in 10. Correlation with the clinical picture shows that 27% of the patients in functional category I had a positive exercise test. Correlation with coronary arteriography shows that a positive test is reliable evidence for a defect or occlusion of the graft. On the other hand, a negative exercise test is a less reliable indicator of a good result. No instances of positive exercise tests were found when there was complete alleviation of the coronary condition.", "contents": "[Value of the exercise test after aortocoronary bypass]. The 100 patients who underwent an exercise test and a follow-up coronary arteriogram at a mean interval of 10.1 months after an aorto-coronary bypass had suffered preoperatively from incapacitating angina 50%), a threatened infarction syndrome (35%), or Prinzmetal's angina (15%). The majority had a single bypass graft (72%), but 28% had two or three grafts. The exercise test was positive 39 times, negative 51 times, and indeterminate in 10. Correlation with the clinical picture shows that 27% of the patients in functional category I had a positive exercise test. Correlation with coronary arteriography shows that a positive test is reliable evidence for a defect or occlusion of the graft. On the other hand, a negative exercise test is a less reliable indicator of a good result. No instances of positive exercise tests were found when there was complete alleviation of the coronary condition.", "PMID": 411452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6147", "title": "[Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarct].", "content": "In the light of four proven cases of myocardial infarction in patients under treatment with hormonal contraceptives, the authors point out: the sudden 'inaugural' appearance of the infarction during a therapeutic course; the appearances of the lesions on coronary arteriography; on 2 occasions a lacunar form on the proximal segment of a main coronary trunk, in one case lesions more redolent of atheroma, and in one case a completely normal vascular tree. These appearances had not changed at follow-up arteriography; the existance in 3 cases of multiple associated risk factors, especially of a mixed type of hyperlipoproteinaemia associated with tobacco consumption. The current relative frequency of coronary episodes in patients with multiple risk factors would seem to point towards caution in prescribing hormonal contraceptive treatment, especially for females of over 35 years of age.", "contents": "[Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarct]. In the light of four proven cases of myocardial infarction in patients under treatment with hormonal contraceptives, the authors point out: the sudden 'inaugural' appearance of the infarction during a therapeutic course; the appearances of the lesions on coronary arteriography; on 2 occasions a lacunar form on the proximal segment of a main coronary trunk, in one case lesions more redolent of atheroma, and in one case a completely normal vascular tree. These appearances had not changed at follow-up arteriography; the existance in 3 cases of multiple associated risk factors, especially of a mixed type of hyperlipoproteinaemia associated with tobacco consumption. The current relative frequency of coronary episodes in patients with multiple risk factors would seem to point towards caution in prescribing hormonal contraceptive treatment, especially for females of over 35 years of age.", "PMID": 411453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6148", "title": "Gender and environment as determinants of behavior in infant common baboons (Papio cynocephalus).", "content": "Two groups of infant baboons were observed. The breast-fed group was housed in a gang cage with nursing mothers (n = 13) and the other motherless group was in a wire-cage nursery habitat (n = 20). Differences in behavior due to gender and environment were tested by analysis of variance. The results do not support the hypothesis that innate sex differences exist in baboons aged 0-3 months. Nursery-reared subjects had significantly higher scores for rough-and-tumble play, stereotypy, threat, avoid, explore, high tension, and nonaggressive social behaviors, but these behaviors are not significantly different between sexes in either groups.", "contents": "Gender and environment as determinants of behavior in infant common baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Two groups of infant baboons were observed. The breast-fed group was housed in a gang cage with nursing mothers (n = 13) and the other motherless group was in a wire-cage nursery habitat (n = 20). Differences in behavior due to gender and environment were tested by analysis of variance. The results do not support the hypothesis that innate sex differences exist in baboons aged 0-3 months. Nursery-reared subjects had significantly higher scores for rough-and-tumble play, stereotypy, threat, avoid, explore, high tension, and nonaggressive social behaviors, but these behaviors are not significantly different between sexes in either groups.", "PMID": 411455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6149", "title": "[Intestinal uptake and transfer of zinc after supplement of 2,4-dinitrophenol and ouabain].", "content": "The effect of the inhibitors 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and g-strophantin (ouabain) on the intestinal uptake and cellular transfer of zinc (Zn) and the effect of the organic ligands histidine and EDTA were studied in vitro with everted intestinal sacs of normally maintained rats. Zn was added to the incubation solution as ZnCl2 or as ZnCl2 mixed with histidine in a molar ratio of 200 : 1 and mixed with EDTA in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 or 10 : 1. The DNP in a concentrationof 0.05 mM proved sufficient to greatly inhibit the uptake and transfer of Zn from the solution containing ZnCl2 mixed with an excess of histidine. DNP also reduced Zn absorption when ZnCl2 alone as added. On the other hand, the presence of DNP in the solution containing ZnCl2 with EDTA was found to increase the transfer of Zn and its ligand. In the presence of EDTA, Zn absorption may, therefore, be controlled by the uptake and transfer of the ligand. Ouabain at the contration of 5 mM and 10 mM greatly reduced Zn uptake by the intestinal wall and the celluar Zn transfer from the solution containing ZnCl2 and histidine. There was only a small effect of ouabain on Zn absorption whether ZnCl2 is added alone or with EDTA. The addition of an excess of histidine as ligand to ZnCl2 in the control groups markedly improved Zn absorption. In contrast to this, the addition of EDTA to ZnCl2 reduces the intestinal Zn uptake and increases the transfer of Zn compared to ZnCl2 alone.", "contents": "[Intestinal uptake and transfer of zinc after supplement of 2,4-dinitrophenol and ouabain]. The effect of the inhibitors 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and g-strophantin (ouabain) on the intestinal uptake and cellular transfer of zinc (Zn) and the effect of the organic ligands histidine and EDTA were studied in vitro with everted intestinal sacs of normally maintained rats. Zn was added to the incubation solution as ZnCl2 or as ZnCl2 mixed with histidine in a molar ratio of 200 : 1 and mixed with EDTA in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 or 10 : 1. The DNP in a concentrationof 0.05 mM proved sufficient to greatly inhibit the uptake and transfer of Zn from the solution containing ZnCl2 mixed with an excess of histidine. DNP also reduced Zn absorption when ZnCl2 alone as added. On the other hand, the presence of DNP in the solution containing ZnCl2 with EDTA was found to increase the transfer of Zn and its ligand. In the presence of EDTA, Zn absorption may, therefore, be controlled by the uptake and transfer of the ligand. Ouabain at the contration of 5 mM and 10 mM greatly reduced Zn uptake by the intestinal wall and the celluar Zn transfer from the solution containing ZnCl2 and histidine. There was only a small effect of ouabain on Zn absorption whether ZnCl2 is added alone or with EDTA. The addition of an excess of histidine as ligand to ZnCl2 in the control groups markedly improved Zn absorption. In contrast to this, the addition of EDTA to ZnCl2 reduces the intestinal Zn uptake and increases the transfer of Zn compared to ZnCl2 alone.", "PMID": 411456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6150", "title": "Vascular clearance of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses as a correlate to virulence for rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The epizootic Trinidad donkey strain of Venezuelan equime encephalomyelitis virus (VEE) was cleared slowly from the circulation of rhesus monkeys following intravenous inoculation, while the live, attenuated vaccine strain, TC-83, was cleared rapidly. The efficent clearance of TC-83 vaccine may be a factor in the lower viremia and benign course of TC-83 virus infection in rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "Vascular clearance of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses as a correlate to virulence for rhesus monkeys. The epizootic Trinidad donkey strain of Venezuelan equime encephalomyelitis virus (VEE) was cleared slowly from the circulation of rhesus monkeys following intravenous inoculation, while the live, attenuated vaccine strain, TC-83, was cleared rapidly. The efficent clearance of TC-83 vaccine may be a factor in the lower viremia and benign course of TC-83 virus infection in rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 411457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6151", "title": "Caf\u00e9-au-lait spots of the fundus in neurofibromatosis.", "content": "Mild pigmentary changes found in the fundi of two patients with neurofibromatosis, resembled caf\u00e9-au-lait spots homologous with skin manifestations of the disease. In one, associated retinal hamartomas were present. The caf\u00e9-au-lait lesions were clinically distinct from previously reported uveal melanomas and may represent a hitherto unrecognized sign of ocular neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "Caf\u00e9-au-lait spots of the fundus in neurofibromatosis. Mild pigmentary changes found in the fundi of two patients with neurofibromatosis, resembled caf\u00e9-au-lait spots homologous with skin manifestations of the disease. In one, associated retinal hamartomas were present. The caf\u00e9-au-lait lesions were clinically distinct from previously reported uveal melanomas and may represent a hitherto unrecognized sign of ocular neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 411462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6152", "title": "Ocular pathology of the congenital varicella syndrome.", "content": "Congenital anomalies are rare in infancy following maternal varicella during pregnancy. Abnormalities do occur, however, and form a specific pattern including cicatrical skin lesions, atrophic limb, low birth weight, and chorioretinal scarring. We saw an infant who had immunologic evidence of varicella-zoster virus contact in utero, microphthalmos of one eye, and chorioretinal scarring of the fellow eye. Ophthalmologists confronted with such ocular anomalies in children should inquire about the possibility of maternal varicella during pregnancy. Conversely, infants born of mothers known to have had varicella during pregnancy should be examined for fundus abnormalities.", "contents": "Ocular pathology of the congenital varicella syndrome. Congenital anomalies are rare in infancy following maternal varicella during pregnancy. Abnormalities do occur, however, and form a specific pattern including cicatrical skin lesions, atrophic limb, low birth weight, and chorioretinal scarring. We saw an infant who had immunologic evidence of varicella-zoster virus contact in utero, microphthalmos of one eye, and chorioretinal scarring of the fellow eye. Ophthalmologists confronted with such ocular anomalies in children should inquire about the possibility of maternal varicella during pregnancy. Conversely, infants born of mothers known to have had varicella during pregnancy should be examined for fundus abnormalities.", "PMID": 411463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6153", "title": "Corneal wound healing and antiviral medication.", "content": "Masked, controlled rabbit studies were done to determine the toxic effects on corneal wound healing of 0.1 percent idoxuridine drops, 3 percent adenine arabinoside monophosphate drops, and 1 percent trifluorothymidine drops, the clinically used concentrations. Neither idoxuridine nor trifluorothymidine significantly retarded closure of epithelial wounds. All three drugs caused toxic changes in the regenerating epithelium clinically and by histopathologic examination. Treatment with arabinoside monophosphate, the monophosphate ester of vidarabine, significantly retarded closure of epithelial wounds and caused impressive toxic changes in the regenerating epithelium. Vascularization of the corneal stroma was present in all eyes treated with this drug. The trifluorothymidine and idoxuridine had much milder toxic effects on regenerating epithelium and appeared equal in regard to production of such effects. The strength of stromal wounds was somewhat reduced by idoxuridine and trifluorothymidine and significantly increased by arabinoside monophosphate when compared to controls, These findings were confirmed by hydroxyproline assay of the stromal scars.", "contents": "Corneal wound healing and antiviral medication. Masked, controlled rabbit studies were done to determine the toxic effects on corneal wound healing of 0.1 percent idoxuridine drops, 3 percent adenine arabinoside monophosphate drops, and 1 percent trifluorothymidine drops, the clinically used concentrations. Neither idoxuridine nor trifluorothymidine significantly retarded closure of epithelial wounds. All three drugs caused toxic changes in the regenerating epithelium clinically and by histopathologic examination. Treatment with arabinoside monophosphate, the monophosphate ester of vidarabine, significantly retarded closure of epithelial wounds and caused impressive toxic changes in the regenerating epithelium. Vascularization of the corneal stroma was present in all eyes treated with this drug. The trifluorothymidine and idoxuridine had much milder toxic effects on regenerating epithelium and appeared equal in regard to production of such effects. The strength of stromal wounds was somewhat reduced by idoxuridine and trifluorothymidine and significantly increased by arabinoside monophosphate when compared to controls, These findings were confirmed by hydroxyproline assay of the stromal scars.", "PMID": 411464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6154", "title": "[Fibrous dysplasia, \"inverse\" intravascular form of ossification (author's transl)].", "content": "Histologic analysis of 22 cases of fibrous dysplasia was performed. 1. In each case separately 100 immature bony trabeculae were counted, giving a total of 2200 counts. It was concluded, that on a given section, 75,7 per cent of the trabeculae were in contact with vascular cavities. The remaining 24,3 per cent seemingly \"metaplastic\" bony trabeculae were examined further by serial section. In different layers of the block material the obvious connection with vascular spaces could be shows. 2. The vascular (not metaplastic) origin of immature bony trabeculae was demonstrated too. The development of this pattern of bone starts and continues in contrast to normal ossification within the capillaries and sinusoids in an \"inverted\" manner. Later the trabeculae \"grow out\" from the vascular cavities but keep their contact with them.", "contents": "[Fibrous dysplasia, \"inverse\" intravascular form of ossification (author's transl)]. Histologic analysis of 22 cases of fibrous dysplasia was performed. 1. In each case separately 100 immature bony trabeculae were counted, giving a total of 2200 counts. It was concluded, that on a given section, 75,7 per cent of the trabeculae were in contact with vascular cavities. The remaining 24,3 per cent seemingly \"metaplastic\" bony trabeculae were examined further by serial section. In different layers of the block material the obvious connection with vascular spaces could be shows. 2. The vascular (not metaplastic) origin of immature bony trabeculae was demonstrated too. The development of this pattern of bone starts and continues in contrast to normal ossification within the capillaries and sinusoids in an \"inverted\" manner. Later the trabeculae \"grow out\" from the vascular cavities but keep their contact with them.", "PMID": 411465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6155", "title": "Fastigial evoked eye movement and brain stem neuronal behavior in the alert monkey.", "content": "Single units in the brain stem were recorded in the awake monkey during concomitant adequate vestibular stimulation, eye movement, and electrical stimulation of the fastigial nucleus in areas that produce short-latency horizontal saccades. Forty-eight percent of the recorded brain stem cells were associated with eye movements; 40% respond only to head rotation; and the remainder are unrelated to either. The activity of the majority of the eye movement-related cells was similar for spontaneously and fastigially evoked saccades. The activity of the head rotation and unrelated cells show no consistent relationship to fastigial stimulation.", "contents": "Fastigial evoked eye movement and brain stem neuronal behavior in the alert monkey. Single units in the brain stem were recorded in the awake monkey during concomitant adequate vestibular stimulation, eye movement, and electrical stimulation of the fastigial nucleus in areas that produce short-latency horizontal saccades. Forty-eight percent of the recorded brain stem cells were associated with eye movements; 40% respond only to head rotation; and the remainder are unrelated to either. The activity of the majority of the eye movement-related cells was similar for spontaneously and fastigially evoked saccades. The activity of the head rotation and unrelated cells show no consistent relationship to fastigial stimulation.", "PMID": 411466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6156", "title": "Gelatin film. A useful adjunct in rhinoplastic surgery.", "content": "Gelfilm is a nonporous, rigid, cellophane-like absorbable gelatin. Its use in preventing adhesions in neurosurgery and ophthalmic, otologic, and chest surgery has been well described. It has not been previously reported for nasal surgery. It incorporates many characteristics of an ideal absorbable implant. The material has been used clinically as a dorsal nasal implant either alone or as a vehicle for autogenous cartilage grafts. Its main function is to diminish adhesions between the nasal bones and dorsal skin after surgery on the nasal pyramid. Its benefits seem most applicable in traumatic or revisionary rhinoplasty. Its use has been well documented in 40 cases with a one-year follow-up. The only disadvantage is a slight prolonged dorsal edema until the implant resorbs. The results have been impressive in both early and late postoperative follow-up because the nasal dorsum appears smoother and the skin nonadherent.", "contents": "Gelatin film. A useful adjunct in rhinoplastic surgery. Gelfilm is a nonporous, rigid, cellophane-like absorbable gelatin. Its use in preventing adhesions in neurosurgery and ophthalmic, otologic, and chest surgery has been well described. It has not been previously reported for nasal surgery. It incorporates many characteristics of an ideal absorbable implant. The material has been used clinically as a dorsal nasal implant either alone or as a vehicle for autogenous cartilage grafts. Its main function is to diminish adhesions between the nasal bones and dorsal skin after surgery on the nasal pyramid. Its benefits seem most applicable in traumatic or revisionary rhinoplasty. Its use has been well documented in 40 cases with a one-year follow-up. The only disadvantage is a slight prolonged dorsal edema until the implant resorbs. The results have been impressive in both early and late postoperative follow-up because the nasal dorsum appears smoother and the skin nonadherent.", "PMID": 411467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6157", "title": "Variation in the direction of selection applied by pentenol to the alcohol dehydrogenase locus in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "This paper describes selective effects of pentenol-impregnated media on six genotypes at the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) locus in D. melanogaster. In the laboratory population studied, developmental times of pre-adults homozygous for an alcohol dehydrogenase \"null\" allele increased with increasing pentenol concentrations. The developmental times of the other five genotypes, which produced active alcohol dehydrogenases, increased slightly at pentenol concentrations up to 0-0033%, but above this concentration they decreased markedly. In fact on 0-067% pentenol, the highest concentration tested, developmental times of these five genotypes were between 9 and 24 h less than their developmental times on media lacking pentenol. The magnitude of the reduction in developmental time differed significantly between genotypes and was positively correlated with alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Pentenol had toxic effects on adults and significant differences were found between survival percentages of adults of different genotypes on pentenol-impregnated media. These survival percentages were negatively correlated with alcohol dehydrogenase activities. Therefore selective differences between genotypes in adult survival were negatively correlated with those in developmental times. The variations in the direction of selection are discussed in terms of their possible biochemical basis and their effects on the maintenance of Adh polymorphisms.", "contents": "Variation in the direction of selection applied by pentenol to the alcohol dehydrogenase locus in Drosophila melanogaster. This paper describes selective effects of pentenol-impregnated media on six genotypes at the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) locus in D. melanogaster. In the laboratory population studied, developmental times of pre-adults homozygous for an alcohol dehydrogenase \"null\" allele increased with increasing pentenol concentrations. The developmental times of the other five genotypes, which produced active alcohol dehydrogenases, increased slightly at pentenol concentrations up to 0-0033%, but above this concentration they decreased markedly. In fact on 0-067% pentenol, the highest concentration tested, developmental times of these five genotypes were between 9 and 24 h less than their developmental times on media lacking pentenol. The magnitude of the reduction in developmental time differed significantly between genotypes and was positively correlated with alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Pentenol had toxic effects on adults and significant differences were found between survival percentages of adults of different genotypes on pentenol-impregnated media. These survival percentages were negatively correlated with alcohol dehydrogenase activities. Therefore selective differences between genotypes in adult survival were negatively correlated with those in developmental times. The variations in the direction of selection are discussed in terms of their possible biochemical basis and their effects on the maintenance of Adh polymorphisms.", "PMID": 411468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6158", "title": "The psychotherapy of character disorder.", "content": "Patients suffering from character disorder are often rejected as unsuitable for psychotherapy. Those with anxiety and depression often seek help, and should be assessed for their potential to be helped by a carefully structured long term psychotherapeutic relationship controlled by the therapist to reduce acting out behaviour. The therapist acts throughout as a model for the patient. As the patient develops basic trust in the therapist, identification develops and a major sustained improvement can occur. The therapy described is current-behaviour orientated and the importance of clear, unambiguous communication, particularly verbal communications, is stressed. The principles of therapy are applicable to all contacts with character-disordered patients. Briefly described is the long term therapy of two patients with hysterical personality disorders and acting-out behaviour, as examples of one type of the wide variety of character disorders that can be treated, and where the nine year follow up was adequate to ensure that improvement was sustained.", "contents": "The psychotherapy of character disorder. Patients suffering from character disorder are often rejected as unsuitable for psychotherapy. Those with anxiety and depression often seek help, and should be assessed for their potential to be helped by a carefully structured long term psychotherapeutic relationship controlled by the therapist to reduce acting out behaviour. The therapist acts throughout as a model for the patient. As the patient develops basic trust in the therapist, identification develops and a major sustained improvement can occur. The therapy described is current-behaviour orientated and the importance of clear, unambiguous communication, particularly verbal communications, is stressed. The principles of therapy are applicable to all contacts with character-disordered patients. Briefly described is the long term therapy of two patients with hysterical personality disorders and acting-out behaviour, as examples of one type of the wide variety of character disorders that can be treated, and where the nine year follow up was adequate to ensure that improvement was sustained.", "PMID": 411469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6159", "title": "Behavioral role of the sexcombs in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans.", "content": "The sexcombs were amputated from males of three strains of Drosophila melanogaster and one strain of D. simulans in order to assess the importance of these structures in the sexual behavior of these species. In D. melanogaster the sexcombs are important in attempts to copulate with the female. Their removal delays copulation but does not suppress it entirely. Other aspects of courtship are not influenced by removal of the sexcombs. Strain differences in quanitative aspects of courtship were found, and also in the insemination rates of females by males without sexcombs. The present evidence suggests that the sexcombs are primarily structures adapted to grasping the female securely during the act of intromission.", "contents": "Behavioral role of the sexcombs in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans. The sexcombs were amputated from males of three strains of Drosophila melanogaster and one strain of D. simulans in order to assess the importance of these structures in the sexual behavior of these species. In D. melanogaster the sexcombs are important in attempts to copulate with the female. Their removal delays copulation but does not suppress it entirely. Other aspects of courtship are not influenced by removal of the sexcombs. Strain differences in quanitative aspects of courtship were found, and also in the insemination rates of females by males without sexcombs. The present evidence suggests that the sexcombs are primarily structures adapted to grasping the female securely during the act of intromission.", "PMID": 411471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6160", "title": "Courtship latency in male Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Male Drosophila melanogaster differ in the age at which they reach sexual maturity following eclosion from the pupa. Courtship latency, which is the time taken by a male to initiate courtship of a conspecific female, is related to age. Young males take significantly longer than older males to begin courtship. The probability that a male will initiate courship is influenced by the physiological state of the female. Males of different genotypes readily court mature (3-day-old) virgin females, but they differ significantly in their reaction to immature (12-hr-old) and fertilized females. Genes located on the third chromosome largely control male courtship latency, but responses to immature and fertilized females have different genetic bases, suggesting that the relevant stimulus inputs governing these responses also differ. The adaptive significance of courtship directed toward immature or fertilized females, which rarely mate, probably depends on the average level of sexual responsiveness of potentially receptive mature virgin females in a given population.", "contents": "Courtship latency in male Drosophila melanogaster. Male Drosophila melanogaster differ in the age at which they reach sexual maturity following eclosion from the pupa. Courtship latency, which is the time taken by a male to initiate courtship of a conspecific female, is related to age. Young males take significantly longer than older males to begin courtship. The probability that a male will initiate courship is influenced by the physiological state of the female. Males of different genotypes readily court mature (3-day-old) virgin females, but they differ significantly in their reaction to immature (12-hr-old) and fertilized females. Genes located on the third chromosome largely control male courtship latency, but responses to immature and fertilized females have different genetic bases, suggesting that the relevant stimulus inputs governing these responses also differ. The adaptive significance of courtship directed toward immature or fertilized females, which rarely mate, probably depends on the average level of sexual responsiveness of potentially receptive mature virgin females in a given population.", "PMID": 411472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6161", "title": "The design of mazes to study Drosophila behavior.", "content": "Although mazes have been widely used in studying phototaxis, geotaxis, and, more recently, learning in Drosophila, there is no uniformity in maze design, and little is known about the effects such apparatus differences may have on behavior. The new maze design described here is based on T-junctions, molded individually in acrylic, and provides an inexpensive and standardized means of building mazes to any desired specification. The need for uniformity in maze design is demonstrated with an experiment on three variables at the start of a maze that affect the subsequent response of four strains of D. melanogaster in different ways. Some implications for future Drosophila research using mazes are considered.", "contents": "The design of mazes to study Drosophila behavior. Although mazes have been widely used in studying phototaxis, geotaxis, and, more recently, learning in Drosophila, there is no uniformity in maze design, and little is known about the effects such apparatus differences may have on behavior. The new maze design described here is based on T-junctions, molded individually in acrylic, and provides an inexpensive and standardized means of building mazes to any desired specification. The need for uniformity in maze design is demonstrated with an experiment on three variables at the start of a maze that affect the subsequent response of four strains of D. melanogaster in different ways. Some implications for future Drosophila research using mazes are considered.", "PMID": 411473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6162", "title": "[Analysis the incidence of HL-A-system antigen incidence in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia].", "content": "Correlation between some histocompatible antigens and leukemia has been described both in men and in experimental animals. In 1970 Walford found an exceptionally high association between the illness and antigens of the HLA system in children with acute leukemia who had long life duration. It is therefore supposed that these antigens should not be associated with predispositional factors of the illness, instead, they are more likely to have influence over the course of the illness itself. Consequently, the authors have examined 15 children of various age who had acute leukemia. All children were examined for all antigens of the first and second HLA system, as well as for ABO and Rh genotype. The patients' blood was also checked for existence of cytotoxic antigens. Frequency of certain antigens and haplotypes was found in both children and their parents so that a comparison with antigen and haplotype frequency was also made.", "contents": "[Analysis the incidence of HL-A-system antigen incidence in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. Correlation between some histocompatible antigens and leukemia has been described both in men and in experimental animals. In 1970 Walford found an exceptionally high association between the illness and antigens of the HLA system in children with acute leukemia who had long life duration. It is therefore supposed that these antigens should not be associated with predispositional factors of the illness, instead, they are more likely to have influence over the course of the illness itself. Consequently, the authors have examined 15 children of various age who had acute leukemia. All children were examined for all antigens of the first and second HLA system, as well as for ABO and Rh genotype. The patients' blood was also checked for existence of cytotoxic antigens. Frequency of certain antigens and haplotypes was found in both children and their parents so that a comparison with antigen and haplotype frequency was also made.", "PMID": 411481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6163", "title": "[Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-S-antibodies].", "content": "In the serum of S-negative secundi para woman a specific anti-S agglutinin of the IgG type was identified. The same agglutinin was identified in the serum and on the eritrocytes of the newborn with sympthomes of a light Hemolytic disease. Exchange transfusion was not necessary. The anti-S described is an immune warm agglutinin showing the efect of dose and is discovered only by the Coombs technique.", "contents": "[Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-S-antibodies]. In the serum of S-negative secundi para woman a specific anti-S agglutinin of the IgG type was identified. The same agglutinin was identified in the serum and on the eritrocytes of the newborn with sympthomes of a light Hemolytic disease. Exchange transfusion was not necessary. The anti-S described is an immune warm agglutinin showing the efect of dose and is discovered only by the Coombs technique.", "PMID": 411482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6164", "title": "Effects of proteolytic digestion by chymotrypsin on the structure and catalytic properties of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone oxidoreductase from bovine heart mitochondria.", "content": "1. Incubation of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I) with chymotrypsin caused loss of rotenone-sensitive ubiquinone-1 reduction and an increase in rotenone-insensitive ubiquinone reduction. 2. Within the same time-course, NADH-K(3)Fe(CN)(6) oxidoreductase activity was unaffected. 3. Mixing of chymotrypsin-treated Complex I with Complex III did not give rise to NADH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity. 4. Gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate revealed selective degradation of several constituent polypeptides by chymotrypsin. 5. With higher chymotrypsin concentrations and longer incubation times, a decrease in NADH-K(3)Fe(CN)(6) oxidoreductase was observed. The kinetics of this decrease correlated with solubilization of the low-molecular-weight type-II NADH dehydrogenase (subunit mol.wts. 53000 and 27000) and with degradation of a polypeptide of mol.wt. 30000. 6. Phospholipid-depleted Complex I was more rapidly degraded by chymotrypsin. Specifically, a subunit of mol.wt. 75000, resistant to chymotrypsin in untreated Complex I, was degraded in phospholipid-depleted Complex I. In addition, the 30000-mol.wt. polypeptide was also more rapidly digested, correlating with an increased rate of transformation to type II NADH dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Effects of proteolytic digestion by chymotrypsin on the structure and catalytic properties of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone oxidoreductase from bovine heart mitochondria. 1. Incubation of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I) with chymotrypsin caused loss of rotenone-sensitive ubiquinone-1 reduction and an increase in rotenone-insensitive ubiquinone reduction. 2. Within the same time-course, NADH-K(3)Fe(CN)(6) oxidoreductase activity was unaffected. 3. Mixing of chymotrypsin-treated Complex I with Complex III did not give rise to NADH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity. 4. Gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate revealed selective degradation of several constituent polypeptides by chymotrypsin. 5. With higher chymotrypsin concentrations and longer incubation times, a decrease in NADH-K(3)Fe(CN)(6) oxidoreductase was observed. The kinetics of this decrease correlated with solubilization of the low-molecular-weight type-II NADH dehydrogenase (subunit mol.wts. 53000 and 27000) and with degradation of a polypeptide of mol.wt. 30000. 6. Phospholipid-depleted Complex I was more rapidly degraded by chymotrypsin. Specifically, a subunit of mol.wt. 75000, resistant to chymotrypsin in untreated Complex I, was degraded in phospholipid-depleted Complex I. In addition, the 30000-mol.wt. polypeptide was also more rapidly digested, correlating with an increased rate of transformation to type II NADH dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 411483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6165", "title": "Fragments produced by digestion of human immunoglobulin G subclasses with pepsin in urea.", "content": "It was previously shown that digestion of human IgG1/kappa myeloma proteins with pepsin in the presence of 8 M-urea produces fragments which differ from other proteolytic fragments of IgG, including those produced by peptic digestion in aqueous buffers. The two large urea/pepsin fragments each consist of three peptides, and together account for all of the constant region of the light chains and most of the constant region of the heavy chains. Myeloma proteins of subclasses IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 with kappa light chains were digested with pepsin in 8 M-urea, and the resulting fragments compared with those produced from IgG1/kappa proteins. Gel filtration, starch- and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and sequence analysis have shown that the peptides from each subclass are analogous with those from IgG1. A brief investigation of the products of urea/pepsin digestion of myeloma proteins with lambda light chains has shown that in these proteins light-chain cleavage occurs at residue leucine-182, instead of or as well as at residue 117, where cleavage takes place in kappa chains. Comparison of sequences around sites of urea/pepsin cleavage has shown that pepsin has quite restricted specificity under these conditions.", "contents": "Fragments produced by digestion of human immunoglobulin G subclasses with pepsin in urea. It was previously shown that digestion of human IgG1/kappa myeloma proteins with pepsin in the presence of 8 M-urea produces fragments which differ from other proteolytic fragments of IgG, including those produced by peptic digestion in aqueous buffers. The two large urea/pepsin fragments each consist of three peptides, and together account for all of the constant region of the light chains and most of the constant region of the heavy chains. Myeloma proteins of subclasses IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 with kappa light chains were digested with pepsin in 8 M-urea, and the resulting fragments compared with those produced from IgG1/kappa proteins. Gel filtration, starch- and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and sequence analysis have shown that the peptides from each subclass are analogous with those from IgG1. A brief investigation of the products of urea/pepsin digestion of myeloma proteins with lambda light chains has shown that in these proteins light-chain cleavage occurs at residue leucine-182, instead of or as well as at residue 117, where cleavage takes place in kappa chains. Comparison of sequences around sites of urea/pepsin cleavage has shown that pepsin has quite restricted specificity under these conditions.", "PMID": 411484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6166", "title": "Glutamine as a precursor to N-terminal pyrrolid-2-one-5-carboxylic acid in mouse immunoglobulin lambda-type light chains. Amino acid-sequence variability at the N-terminal extra piece of lambda-type light-chain precursors.", "content": "The mRNA molecules coding for three mouse immunoglobulin lambda-type light (L) chains (MOPC-104E lambda(1), RPC-20 lambda(1), MOPC-315 lambda(2)) programme the cell-free synthesis of precursors larger than the mature proteins. Radioactive amino acid-sequence analyses of each of the three precursors labelled with [(3)H]alanine, [(3)H]serine, [(3)H]glutamine, [(3)H]glutamic acid and [(3)H]threonine showed that an extra piece, at least 18 residues long, is linked to the N-terminus of the mature L-chains. The N-terminal extra-peptide segment may be 19 residues long, since analyses of precursors labelled with [(35)S]methionine indicated an additional N-terminal methionine residue which was recovered in low yields. Presumably this is the initiator methionine, which is known to be short lived in eukaryotes. The mature forms of MOPC-104E, RPC-20 and MOPC-315 lambda L-chains are blocked at the N-termini by pyrrolid-2-one-5-carboxylic acid (pyroglutamic acid). Sequence analyses of precursors labelled with [(3)H]glutamine and [(3)H]glutamic acid showed incorporation only of glutamine in a position that matches with the position of pyrrolid-2-one-5-carboxylic acid in the mature forms of all three precursors, and incorporation of glutamic acid in other positions. The data showed the absence of glutamine-glutamic acid interconversion, since the radioactive peaks obtained from either (3)H-labelled amino acid were discrete, and free from cross-contamination. These results prove that glutamine is the precursor amino acid of pyrrolid-2-one-5-carboxylic acid at the N-termini of the mature MOPC-104E lambda(1), RPC-20 lambda(1) and MOPC-315 lambda(2) L-chains. Thus the formation of pyrrolid-2-one-5-carboxylic acid by cyclization of glutamine is a post-translational event which occurs after, or concomitant with, cleavage of the extra piece from the precursor to yield the mature L-chain. The variable (V) regions (110 amino acid residues) of mouse lambda L-chains are quite similar: when compared with that of MOPC-104E lambda(1) chain, the V-region of RPC-20 lambda(1) chain differs in one residue, and the V-region of MOPC-315 lambda(2) chain differs in 11 residues. The partial sequence data show that the N-terminal extra pieces of the two lambda(1) L-chain precursors have, so far, identical partial sequences; the extra piece of the lambda(2) L-chain precursor differs from these in at least three out of 19 positions.", "contents": "Glutamine as a precursor to N-terminal pyrrolid-2-one-5-carboxylic acid in mouse immunoglobulin lambda-type light chains. Amino acid-sequence variability at the N-terminal extra piece of lambda-type light-chain precursors. The mRNA molecules coding for three mouse immunoglobulin lambda-type light (L) chains (MOPC-104E lambda(1), RPC-20 lambda(1), MOPC-315 lambda(2)) programme the cell-free synthesis of precursors larger than the mature proteins. Radioactive amino acid-sequence analyses of each of the three precursors labelled with [(3)H]alanine, [(3)H]serine, [(3)H]glutamine, [(3)H]glutamic acid and [(3)H]threonine showed that an extra piece, at least 18 residues long, is linked to the N-terminus of the mature L-chains. The N-terminal extra-peptide segment may be 19 residues long, since analyses of precursors labelled with [(35)S]methionine indicated an additional N-terminal methionine residue which was recovered in low yields. Presumably this is the initiator methionine, which is known to be short lived in eukaryotes. The mature forms of MOPC-104E, RPC-20 and MOPC-315 lambda L-chains are blocked at the N-termini by pyrrolid-2-one-5-carboxylic acid (pyroglutamic acid). Sequence analyses of precursors labelled with [(3)H]glutamine and [(3)H]glutamic acid showed incorporation only of glutamine in a position that matches with the position of pyrrolid-2-one-5-carboxylic acid in the mature forms of all three precursors, and incorporation of glutamic acid in other positions. The data showed the absence of glutamine-glutamic acid interconversion, since the radioactive peaks obtained from either (3)H-labelled amino acid were discrete, and free from cross-contamination. These results prove that glutamine is the precursor amino acid of pyrrolid-2-one-5-carboxylic acid at the N-termini of the mature MOPC-104E lambda(1), RPC-20 lambda(1) and MOPC-315 lambda(2) L-chains. Thus the formation of pyrrolid-2-one-5-carboxylic acid by cyclization of glutamine is a post-translational event which occurs after, or concomitant with, cleavage of the extra piece from the precursor to yield the mature L-chain. The variable (V) regions (110 amino acid residues) of mouse lambda L-chains are quite similar: when compared with that of MOPC-104E lambda(1) chain, the V-region of RPC-20 lambda(1) chain differs in one residue, and the V-region of MOPC-315 lambda(2) chain differs in 11 residues. The partial sequence data show that the N-terminal extra pieces of the two lambda(1) L-chain precursors have, so far, identical partial sequences; the extra piece of the lambda(2) L-chain precursor differs from these in at least three out of 19 positions.", "PMID": 411485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6167", "title": "The soluble methane mono-oxygenase of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath). Its ability to oxygenate n-alkanes, n-alkenes, ethers, and alicyclic, aromatic and heterocyclic compounds.", "content": "1. Methane mono-oxygenase of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) catalyses the oxidation of various substituted methane derivatives including methanol. 2. It is a very non-specific oxygenase and, in some of its catalytic properties, apparently resembles the analogous enzyme from Methylomonas methanica but differs from those found in Methylosinus trichosporium and Methylomonas albus. 3. CO is oxidized to CO2. 4. C1-C8 n-alkanes are hydroxylated, yielding mixtures of the corresponding 1- and 2-alcohols; no 3- or 4-alcohols are formed. 5. Terminal alkenes yield the corresponding 1,2-epoxides. cis- or trans-but-2-ene are each oxidized to a mixture of 2,3-epoxybutane and but-2-en-1-ol with retention of the cis or trans configuration in both products; 2-butanone is also formed from cis-but-2-ene only. 6. Dimethyl ether is oxidized. Diethyl ether undergoes sub-terminal oxidation, yielding ethanol and ethanal in equimolar amounts. 7. Methane mono-oxygenase also hydroxylates cyclic alkanes and aromatic compounds. However, styrene yields only styrene epoxide and pyridine yields only pyridine N-oxide. 8. Of those compounds tested, only NADPH can replace NADH as electron donor.", "contents": "The soluble methane mono-oxygenase of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath). Its ability to oxygenate n-alkanes, n-alkenes, ethers, and alicyclic, aromatic and heterocyclic compounds. 1. Methane mono-oxygenase of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) catalyses the oxidation of various substituted methane derivatives including methanol. 2. It is a very non-specific oxygenase and, in some of its catalytic properties, apparently resembles the analogous enzyme from Methylomonas methanica but differs from those found in Methylosinus trichosporium and Methylomonas albus. 3. CO is oxidized to CO2. 4. C1-C8 n-alkanes are hydroxylated, yielding mixtures of the corresponding 1- and 2-alcohols; no 3- or 4-alcohols are formed. 5. Terminal alkenes yield the corresponding 1,2-epoxides. cis- or trans-but-2-ene are each oxidized to a mixture of 2,3-epoxybutane and but-2-en-1-ol with retention of the cis or trans configuration in both products; 2-butanone is also formed from cis-but-2-ene only. 6. Dimethyl ether is oxidized. Diethyl ether undergoes sub-terminal oxidation, yielding ethanol and ethanal in equimolar amounts. 7. Methane mono-oxygenase also hydroxylates cyclic alkanes and aromatic compounds. However, styrene yields only styrene epoxide and pyridine yields only pyridine N-oxide. 8. Of those compounds tested, only NADPH can replace NADH as electron donor.", "PMID": 411486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6168", "title": "Restoration of beta-galactosidase to Escherichia coli M15. Complementation studies.", "content": "Carboxymethylated beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli was dissociated at 100 degrees C to form carboxymethylated fragments A and B. The mol.wts. of carboxymethylated fragments A and B were determined by gel filtration to be 64300 and 22400 respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of carboxymethylated fragments A and B that had been pretreated with 2-mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecyl sulphate yielded mol.wts. of 64000 and 22100 respectively. Carboxymethylated fragments A and B had arginine as their C-terminal amino acid. When a crude extract of E. coli M15 was filtered through a column of Sepharose 6B, it was found that carboxymethylated fragment B could restore beta-galactosidase activity when added to fractions having mol.wts. estimated to be 123000, 262000 and 506000. These fractions are referred to as ;complementable fractions'. Similarly, it was found that carboxymethylated fragment A could restore enzyme activity to tractions having mol.wts. estimated to be 63000, 253000 and 506000. Estimates of the molecular weights of the beta-galactosidase activity obtained by restoration with carboxymethylated fragments A and B were made by filtering the active enzyme through another column of Sepharose 6B. The enzyme obtained by complementation with carboxymethylated fragment B, i.e. the complemented enzyme, had mol.wt. 525000, and that obtained with carboxymethylated fragment A had mol.wts. of 525000, 646000 and 2000000. The latter finding suggests that multiple forms of complemented beta-galactosidase can exist.", "contents": "Restoration of beta-galactosidase to Escherichia coli M15. Complementation studies. Carboxymethylated beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli was dissociated at 100 degrees C to form carboxymethylated fragments A and B. The mol.wts. of carboxymethylated fragments A and B were determined by gel filtration to be 64300 and 22400 respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of carboxymethylated fragments A and B that had been pretreated with 2-mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecyl sulphate yielded mol.wts. of 64000 and 22100 respectively. Carboxymethylated fragments A and B had arginine as their C-terminal amino acid. When a crude extract of E. coli M15 was filtered through a column of Sepharose 6B, it was found that carboxymethylated fragment B could restore beta-galactosidase activity when added to fractions having mol.wts. estimated to be 123000, 262000 and 506000. These fractions are referred to as ;complementable fractions'. Similarly, it was found that carboxymethylated fragment A could restore enzyme activity to tractions having mol.wts. estimated to be 63000, 253000 and 506000. Estimates of the molecular weights of the beta-galactosidase activity obtained by restoration with carboxymethylated fragments A and B were made by filtering the active enzyme through another column of Sepharose 6B. The enzyme obtained by complementation with carboxymethylated fragment B, i.e. the complemented enzyme, had mol.wt. 525000, and that obtained with carboxymethylated fragment A had mol.wts. of 525000, 646000 and 2000000. The latter finding suggests that multiple forms of complemented beta-galactosidase can exist.", "PMID": 411487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6169", "title": "A fluorimetric study of the role of calcium ions in the stability of thermolysin.", "content": "1. Fluorimetric techniques were used to characterize the environment of tryptophan residues in thermolysin and apo-thermolysin. The apo-thermolysin was obtained by dissolving the enzyme in the presence of 10mm-EDTA, which removed the functional Zn(2+) ion and the four Ca(2+) ions/molecule from the enzyme. 2. At 25 degrees C in aqueous solution the fluorescence-emission spectrum of the native holoenzyme, on excitation at 290nm, was essentially characteristic of tryptophan, with an emission maximum at 333nm. The emission maximum of the apoenzyme is red-shifted to 338nm and the relative intensity of fluorescence is decreased by 10%, both effects indicating some unfolding of the protein molecule, with the indole groups being transferred to a more hydrophilic environment. 3. Fluorescence quenching studies using KI, N'-methylnicotinamide hydrochloride and acrylamide indicated a more open structure in the apoenzyme, with the tryptophan residues located in a negatively charged environment. 4. The thermal properties of the apoenzyme, as monitored by fluorescence-emission measurements, are dramatically changed with respect to the native holoenzyme. In fact, whereas the native enzyme is heat-stable up to about 80 degrees C, for the apoenzyme a thermal transition is observed near 48 degrees C. The apoenzyme is also unstable to the action of unfolding agents such as urea and guanidinium chloride, much as for other globular proteins from mesophilic organisms. 5. The functional Zn(2+) ion does not contribute noticeably to the stability of thermolysin. 6. It is concluded that a major role in the structural stability of thermolysin is played by the Ca(2+) ions, which have a bridging function within this disulphide-free protein molecule.", "contents": "A fluorimetric study of the role of calcium ions in the stability of thermolysin. 1. Fluorimetric techniques were used to characterize the environment of tryptophan residues in thermolysin and apo-thermolysin. The apo-thermolysin was obtained by dissolving the enzyme in the presence of 10mm-EDTA, which removed the functional Zn(2+) ion and the four Ca(2+) ions/molecule from the enzyme. 2. At 25 degrees C in aqueous solution the fluorescence-emission spectrum of the native holoenzyme, on excitation at 290nm, was essentially characteristic of tryptophan, with an emission maximum at 333nm. The emission maximum of the apoenzyme is red-shifted to 338nm and the relative intensity of fluorescence is decreased by 10%, both effects indicating some unfolding of the protein molecule, with the indole groups being transferred to a more hydrophilic environment. 3. Fluorescence quenching studies using KI, N'-methylnicotinamide hydrochloride and acrylamide indicated a more open structure in the apoenzyme, with the tryptophan residues located in a negatively charged environment. 4. The thermal properties of the apoenzyme, as monitored by fluorescence-emission measurements, are dramatically changed with respect to the native holoenzyme. In fact, whereas the native enzyme is heat-stable up to about 80 degrees C, for the apoenzyme a thermal transition is observed near 48 degrees C. The apoenzyme is also unstable to the action of unfolding agents such as urea and guanidinium chloride, much as for other globular proteins from mesophilic organisms. 5. The functional Zn(2+) ion does not contribute noticeably to the stability of thermolysin. 6. It is concluded that a major role in the structural stability of thermolysin is played by the Ca(2+) ions, which have a bridging function within this disulphide-free protein molecule.", "PMID": 411488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6170", "title": "Phenol sulphotransferase and uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase from rat liver in vivo and vitro. 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol as selective inhibitor of sulphation.", "content": "Microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase and cytosolic sulphotransferase share many substrates, such as phenols and hydroxamic acids. In a search for a selective inhibitor of sulphation, several phenolic compounds were tested. 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol is introduced as a selective inhibitor of sulphation in vivo, having no effect on UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity. As substrate for both conjugating enzymes the phenolic drug harmol (7-hydroxy-1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) was used. In the rat in vivo 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol caused almost complete inhibition of harmol sulphation after a single intraperitoneal injection (26mumol/kg) for 48h; the percentage of harmol sulphated decreased from 75% in controls to 5% in the treated rats. The percentage of harmol glucuronidated increased from 25 to 95%. Pentachlorophenol was equally effective but also highly toxic. Salicylamide had only a very-short-lasting inhibitory effect on sulphation. In vitro, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol inhibited sulphation of harmol by a rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant completely at 1mum, whereas even at 100mum it had no effect on glucuronidation of harmol. It is concluded that 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol is a selective inhibitor of sulphation and, further, that its long duration of action makes it suitable for studies on the regulatory role of sulphation in some biological processes.", "contents": "Phenol sulphotransferase and uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase from rat liver in vivo and vitro. 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol as selective inhibitor of sulphation. Microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase and cytosolic sulphotransferase share many substrates, such as phenols and hydroxamic acids. In a search for a selective inhibitor of sulphation, several phenolic compounds were tested. 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol is introduced as a selective inhibitor of sulphation in vivo, having no effect on UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity. As substrate for both conjugating enzymes the phenolic drug harmol (7-hydroxy-1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) was used. In the rat in vivo 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol caused almost complete inhibition of harmol sulphation after a single intraperitoneal injection (26mumol/kg) for 48h; the percentage of harmol sulphated decreased from 75% in controls to 5% in the treated rats. The percentage of harmol glucuronidated increased from 25 to 95%. Pentachlorophenol was equally effective but also highly toxic. Salicylamide had only a very-short-lasting inhibitory effect on sulphation. In vitro, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol inhibited sulphation of harmol by a rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant completely at 1mum, whereas even at 100mum it had no effect on glucuronidation of harmol. It is concluded that 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol is a selective inhibitor of sulphation and, further, that its long duration of action makes it suitable for studies on the regulatory role of sulphation in some biological processes.", "PMID": 411489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6171", "title": "Purified human liver acid beta-D-galactosidases possessing activity towards G(M1)-ganglioside and lactosylceramide.", "content": "Our studies with purified human liver acid beta-D-galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.23) indicate that 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactosidase and G(M1)-ganglioside beta-D-galactosidase activities are identical with lactosylceramidase II activity. Evidence for this includes co-purification of all enzyme activities by affinity chromatography to yield a single band on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and coincident elution from Sepharose 6B of all three enzyme activities.", "contents": "Purified human liver acid beta-D-galactosidases possessing activity towards G(M1)-ganglioside and lactosylceramide. Our studies with purified human liver acid beta-D-galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.23) indicate that 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactosidase and G(M1)-ganglioside beta-D-galactosidase activities are identical with lactosylceramidase II activity. Evidence for this includes co-purification of all enzyme activities by affinity chromatography to yield a single band on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and coincident elution from Sepharose 6B of all three enzyme activities.", "PMID": 411490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6172", "title": "Effects of suloctidil on lipid metabolism in experimental animals.", "content": "A novel potent vasoactive agent, 1-(4-isopropyl-thiophenyl)-2-n-octylaminopropanol (suloctidil, Sulocton), lowers excess of plasma cholesterol and tends to normalize the plasma hyperbetalipoproteinemia of Rhesus monkeys fed a high-cholesterol, high-fat diet. The drug shows an inhibitory effect on the cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver homogenates.", "contents": "Effects of suloctidil on lipid metabolism in experimental animals. A novel potent vasoactive agent, 1-(4-isopropyl-thiophenyl)-2-n-octylaminopropanol (suloctidil, Sulocton), lowers excess of plasma cholesterol and tends to normalize the plasma hyperbetalipoproteinemia of Rhesus monkeys fed a high-cholesterol, high-fat diet. The drug shows an inhibitory effect on the cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver homogenates.", "PMID": 411499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6173", "title": "The radioimmunological determination of glibenclamide and its metabolites in serum.", "content": "This report describes a sensitive and specific radio-immunological method for determining serum levels of the oral anti-diabetic agent 1-(p-[2-(5-chloro-2-methoxy-benzamido)-ethyl]-benzensulfonyl)-3-cyclohexylurea (glibenclamide) and its metabolites. The antigen was prepared by coupling a metabolite to bovine serum albumin. Antibodies could be demonstrated in serum after immunisation of rabbits. The separation of free and antibody-bound glibenclamide was achieved by a dextran-charcoal suspension. Presence of serum did not influence the binding characteristics. The limit of detection was 20 ng/ml. The affinity of the metabolites differed only slightly from that of glibenclamide. The presence of related drugs from the sulfonylurea series such as tolbutamide, glibornuride and the sulfonamide sulfamethoxazol did not affect the determination. Only closely related substances showed a variable degree of affinity towards antibodies. As an example of the possible application of this method, the serum concentration of glibenclamide was determined over a period of 8 h after a single i.v. injection to a volunteer. The data are in close accordance with the results of authors using radioactive glibenclamide.", "contents": "The radioimmunological determination of glibenclamide and its metabolites in serum. This report describes a sensitive and specific radio-immunological method for determining serum levels of the oral anti-diabetic agent 1-(p-[2-(5-chloro-2-methoxy-benzamido)-ethyl]-benzensulfonyl)-3-cyclohexylurea (glibenclamide) and its metabolites. The antigen was prepared by coupling a metabolite to bovine serum albumin. Antibodies could be demonstrated in serum after immunisation of rabbits. The separation of free and antibody-bound glibenclamide was achieved by a dextran-charcoal suspension. Presence of serum did not influence the binding characteristics. The limit of detection was 20 ng/ml. The affinity of the metabolites differed only slightly from that of glibenclamide. The presence of related drugs from the sulfonylurea series such as tolbutamide, glibornuride and the sulfonamide sulfamethoxazol did not affect the determination. Only closely related substances showed a variable degree of affinity towards antibodies. As an example of the possible application of this method, the serum concentration of glibenclamide was determined over a period of 8 h after a single i.v. injection to a volunteer. The data are in close accordance with the results of authors using radioactive glibenclamide.", "PMID": 411501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6174", "title": "Rubella vaccination and anti-D immunoglobulin administration in the puerperium.", "content": "The serum conversion rates and post-vaccination rubella haemagglutination inhibiting antibody titres of a group of women given both anti-D immunoglobulin and rubella vaccine in the puerperium have been compared with those of a similar group of patients who were given vaccine but no immunoglobulin. The serological response to rubella vaccination in susceptible women was satisfactory even when anti-D immunoglobulin was given shortly before vaccination.", "contents": "Rubella vaccination and anti-D immunoglobulin administration in the puerperium. The serum conversion rates and post-vaccination rubella haemagglutination inhibiting antibody titres of a group of women given both anti-D immunoglobulin and rubella vaccine in the puerperium have been compared with those of a similar group of patients who were given vaccine but no immunoglobulin. The serological response to rubella vaccination in susceptible women was satisfactory even when anti-D immunoglobulin was given shortly before vaccination.", "PMID": 411503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6175", "title": "Proton relaxation study of the hog kidney diamine oxidase active center.", "content": "Proton relaxation studies of the interactions with hog kidney diamine oxidase of water, substrate-analogue inhibitors, and product analogues indicate that the active site Cu(II) is not located near the oxidizing site of the enzyme, rather near the nonoxidized end of the binding substrate. The studies with histamine derivatives provide evidence for a concentration-dependent occupation of two sites. The site which is populated at high concentrations provides proximity of the imadazole ring nitrogen N1 to the Cu(II). Water binds at the Cu(II) of the native enzyme. However, this water is probably not involved in the hydrolysis of the enzyme-substrate imine bond to eliminate the first reaction product. O2 does not compete with H2O for a site on the Cu(II) ion. In the case of one of the probes, namely the ammonia (product) analogue dimethylamine, the validity of the protein relaxation results was verified by also observing the nitrogen (15N) relaxation rates of ammonia itself. The conclusion that the ammonium ions is not directly bonded to the active site Cu(II) is reached from both the proton and nitrogen relaxation experiments.", "contents": "Proton relaxation study of the hog kidney diamine oxidase active center. Proton relaxation studies of the interactions with hog kidney diamine oxidase of water, substrate-analogue inhibitors, and product analogues indicate that the active site Cu(II) is not located near the oxidizing site of the enzyme, rather near the nonoxidized end of the binding substrate. The studies with histamine derivatives provide evidence for a concentration-dependent occupation of two sites. The site which is populated at high concentrations provides proximity of the imadazole ring nitrogen N1 to the Cu(II). Water binds at the Cu(II) of the native enzyme. However, this water is probably not involved in the hydrolysis of the enzyme-substrate imine bond to eliminate the first reaction product. O2 does not compete with H2O for a site on the Cu(II) ion. In the case of one of the probes, namely the ammonia (product) analogue dimethylamine, the validity of the protein relaxation results was verified by also observing the nitrogen (15N) relaxation rates of ammonia itself. The conclusion that the ammonium ions is not directly bonded to the active site Cu(II) is reached from both the proton and nitrogen relaxation experiments.", "PMID": 411504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6176", "title": "The effect of ATP on calcium efflux in dialyzed barnacle muscle fibres.", "content": "Calcium efflux has been studied in barnacle muscle fibres under internal dialysis conditions. Prolonged dialysis of these fibres, with a medium free of ATP and containing 2 mM cyanide and 1 mM iodoacetate, causes the ATP in the perfusion effluent to fall to less than 20 micrometer. The mean calcium efflux from fibres dialyzed with EGTA buffered solution containing 0.3 micrometer ionized Ca and and no ATP is 0.6 pmol-cm-2-s-1. A two-fold stimulation of the calcium efflux is observed when ATP is added to fibres previously dialyzed with an ATP-free medium. Withdrawal of Na+ and Ca2+ from the external medium causes a  marked drop in the Ca2+ efflux in the presence of internal ATP.", "contents": "The effect of ATP on calcium efflux in dialyzed barnacle muscle fibres. Calcium efflux has been studied in barnacle muscle fibres under internal dialysis conditions. Prolonged dialysis of these fibres, with a medium free of ATP and containing 2 mM cyanide and 1 mM iodoacetate, causes the ATP in the perfusion effluent to fall to less than 20 micrometer. The mean calcium efflux from fibres dialyzed with EGTA buffered solution containing 0.3 micrometer ionized Ca and and no ATP is 0.6 pmol-cm-2-s-1. A two-fold stimulation of the calcium efflux is observed when ATP is added to fibres previously dialyzed with an ATP-free medium. Withdrawal of Na+ and Ca2+ from the external medium causes a  marked drop in the Ca2+ efflux in the presence of internal ATP.", "PMID": 411508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6177", "title": "Development of intestinal brush border membrane proteins in the rat.", "content": "1. The proteins of the intestinal microvillus membrane have been studied during post-natal development in the rat (days 12--37). 2. In suckling animals (up to age 20 days), the majority of alkaline phosphatase, glucoamylase and lactase activities in the distal half of the intestine were located in the supernatant fraction (100000 X g, 60 min). These enzymes were attached to the membrane from the proximal intestine at all ages. 3. Alkaline phosphatase, maltase and lactase activities in the supernatant fractions chromatographed in Sephadex G-200 in positions similar to the corresponding membrane enzyme. Corresponding activities for lysosomal counter-parts of maltase and lactase present in the supernatant fraction chromatographed differently. Moreover, pH optimum of the soluble enzymes was 9.2 for phosphatase and 5.5--6.0 for glycoamylase and lactase. The soluble lactase and alkaline phosphatase were inhibited minimally by p-chloromercuribenzoate, and sodium fluoride respectively. L-Phenylalanine (20 mM) did inhibit the soluble phosphatase by 90%. Thus, the soluble enzymes are not mainly of the lysosomal origin, but have characteristics of membrane-bound enzymes. 4. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed 18 protein bands which were present in adult membranes. Two other proteins were unique for membranes of distal intestine in suckling rats. The proteins corresponding to known enzyme activity changed as expected with age (e.g. sucrase, maltase increased, lactase decreased). Most of the other proteins were also altered in amount during development. Thus, the changes in the microvillus membrane during development in the rat are not limited to specific enzymes.", "contents": "Development of intestinal brush border membrane proteins in the rat. 1. The proteins of the intestinal microvillus membrane have been studied during post-natal development in the rat (days 12--37). 2. In suckling animals (up to age 20 days), the majority of alkaline phosphatase, glucoamylase and lactase activities in the distal half of the intestine were located in the supernatant fraction (100000 X g, 60 min). These enzymes were attached to the membrane from the proximal intestine at all ages. 3. Alkaline phosphatase, maltase and lactase activities in the supernatant fractions chromatographed in Sephadex G-200 in positions similar to the corresponding membrane enzyme. Corresponding activities for lysosomal counter-parts of maltase and lactase present in the supernatant fraction chromatographed differently. Moreover, pH optimum of the soluble enzymes was 9.2 for phosphatase and 5.5--6.0 for glycoamylase and lactase. The soluble lactase and alkaline phosphatase were inhibited minimally by p-chloromercuribenzoate, and sodium fluoride respectively. L-Phenylalanine (20 mM) did inhibit the soluble phosphatase by 90%. Thus, the soluble enzymes are not mainly of the lysosomal origin, but have characteristics of membrane-bound enzymes. 4. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed 18 protein bands which were present in adult membranes. Two other proteins were unique for membranes of distal intestine in suckling rats. The proteins corresponding to known enzyme activity changed as expected with age (e.g. sucrase, maltase increased, lactase decreased). Most of the other proteins were also altered in amount during development. Thus, the changes in the microvillus membrane during development in the rat are not limited to specific enzymes.", "PMID": 411509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6178", "title": "Dynamic light scattering study of calcium-induced fusion in phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "Acidic sonicated phospholipid vesicles can undergo dramatic morphological changes due to fusion in the presence of divalent metal ions. For example, small spherical phosphatidylserine vesicles can form scroll-like cylinders which precipitate in the presence of Ca2+ above a threshold concentration. Subsequent addition of EDTA will yield large, unilamellar vesicles. These events have previously been established through the combined use of differential scanning calorimetry and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. We have applied the technique of dynamic light scattering to follow these fusion events rapidly, accurately, and non-perturbatively as they occur in solution at calcium concentrations slightly below threshold for precipitation.", "contents": "Dynamic light scattering study of calcium-induced fusion in phospholipid vesicles. Acidic sonicated phospholipid vesicles can undergo dramatic morphological changes due to fusion in the presence of divalent metal ions. For example, small spherical phosphatidylserine vesicles can form scroll-like cylinders which precipitate in the presence of Ca2+ above a threshold concentration. Subsequent addition of EDTA will yield large, unilamellar vesicles. These events have previously been established through the combined use of differential scanning calorimetry and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. We have applied the technique of dynamic light scattering to follow these fusion events rapidly, accurately, and non-perturbatively as they occur in solution at calcium concentrations slightly below threshold for precipitation.", "PMID": 411510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6179", "title": "Purification of cohesive-end-producing restriction endonuclease from Bacillus subtilis G.", "content": "A new restriction endonuclease was partially purified from Bacillus subtilis G (IAM1247). This restriction endonuclease (endonuclease RBsuG) seems to produce cohesive ends at its cleavage site.", "contents": "Purification of cohesive-end-producing restriction endonuclease from Bacillus subtilis G. A new restriction endonuclease was partially purified from Bacillus subtilis G (IAM1247). This restriction endonuclease (endonuclease RBsuG) seems to produce cohesive ends at its cleavage site.", "PMID": 411515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6180", "title": "Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in tobacco mosaic virus-infected hypersensitive tobacco. Density-labelling evidence of de novo synthesis.", "content": "A strong increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) activity occurs in tobacco mosaic virus-infected tobacco leaves developing necrotic local lesions. Comparison of physicochemical properties of the partially purified enzymes extracted from healthy and infected leaves showed that the hypersensitive reaction leads to an increase in the pool size of the same active enzyme molecules as those present in non-infected material. The molecular mechanism of enzyme formation was investigated by radiolabelling with [3H]leucine and by density labelling with 2H2O. Abnormal patterns of incorporation of radioactivity into all soluble proteins were found in infected leaves carrying local lesions. In contrast, uptake of deuterium into the amino acid pool was the same in healthy and infected leaves. Unstimulated phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was shown to be a long-lived enzyme (half-life: 25-35 h). Results of comparative density labelling experiments unequivocally demonstrated that the increased enzyme pool size arose from an increased rate of synthesis mediated by the hypersensitive reaction.", "contents": "Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in tobacco mosaic virus-infected hypersensitive tobacco. Density-labelling evidence of de novo synthesis. A strong increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) activity occurs in tobacco mosaic virus-infected tobacco leaves developing necrotic local lesions. Comparison of physicochemical properties of the partially purified enzymes extracted from healthy and infected leaves showed that the hypersensitive reaction leads to an increase in the pool size of the same active enzyme molecules as those present in non-infected material. The molecular mechanism of enzyme formation was investigated by radiolabelling with [3H]leucine and by density labelling with 2H2O. Abnormal patterns of incorporation of radioactivity into all soluble proteins were found in infected leaves carrying local lesions. In contrast, uptake of deuterium into the amino acid pool was the same in healthy and infected leaves. Unstimulated phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was shown to be a long-lived enzyme (half-life: 25-35 h). Results of comparative density labelling experiments unequivocally demonstrated that the increased enzyme pool size arose from an increased rate of synthesis mediated by the hypersensitive reaction.", "PMID": 411516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6181", "title": "Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of Pseudomonas testosteroni. Separation of a 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the 3(17) beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and comparison of the two enzymes.", "content": "When a crude extract of Pseudomonas testosteroni induced with testosterone was subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, six bands that stained for 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was observed. A protein fraction containing the enzyme corresponding to the fastest migrating band and devoid of the other hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities has been obtained. This preparation appears to be distinct from the previously isolated 3(17) beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.51) in its chromatography properties on DEAE-cellulose, substrate and cofactor specificity, immunological properties and heat stability. The preparation appears devoid of 3alpha-, 3beta-, 11beta-, 17alpha-, 20alpha-, and 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. The enzyme transfers th 4-pro-S-hydrogen of NADH from estradiol-17beta (1,3,5(10)estratriene-3,17beta-diol) to estrone (3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratriene-17-one).", "contents": "Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of Pseudomonas testosteroni. Separation of a 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from the 3(17) beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and comparison of the two enzymes. When a crude extract of Pseudomonas testosteroni induced with testosterone was subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, six bands that stained for 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was observed. A protein fraction containing the enzyme corresponding to the fastest migrating band and devoid of the other hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities has been obtained. This preparation appears to be distinct from the previously isolated 3(17) beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.51) in its chromatography properties on DEAE-cellulose, substrate and cofactor specificity, immunological properties and heat stability. The preparation appears devoid of 3alpha-, 3beta-, 11beta-, 17alpha-, 20alpha-, and 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. The enzyme transfers th 4-pro-S-hydrogen of NADH from estradiol-17beta (1,3,5(10)estratriene-3,17beta-diol) to estrone (3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratriene-17-one).", "PMID": 411517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6182", "title": "Effects of carrier morphology and buffer diffusion on the expression of enzymatic activity.", "content": "A very stable esterase (EC 3.1.1.-), which hydrolyses ethyl acetate, cephalosporin C and other acetyl esters with a maximum turnover number of 3-10(2) s-1, was isolated from Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and immobilized on two supports: controlled-pore glass and powdered brick, a representative of carriers having a wide pore-size distribution. Carrier morphology determines diffusion rates and the expression of activity. Rate-limiting mass transfer of buffer leads to apparent losses of activity, gross distortions of molecular pH vs. activity profiles and to apparent deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics.", "contents": "Effects of carrier morphology and buffer diffusion on the expression of enzymatic activity. A very stable esterase (EC 3.1.1.-), which hydrolyses ethyl acetate, cephalosporin C and other acetyl esters with a maximum turnover number of 3-10(2) s-1, was isolated from Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and immobilized on two supports: controlled-pore glass and powdered brick, a representative of carriers having a wide pore-size distribution. Carrier morphology determines diffusion rates and the expression of activity. Rate-limiting mass transfer of buffer leads to apparent losses of activity, gross distortions of molecular pH vs. activity profiles and to apparent deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics.", "PMID": 411518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6183", "title": "Thermostability at ultrahigh temperatures of thermolysin and a protease from a psychrotrophic Pseudomonas.", "content": "Thermal inactivation at 110-150 degrees C of thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.4), produced by the thermophile Bacillus thermoproteolyticus, and the extracellular protease of Pseudomonas sp. MC60 a psychotroph, were investigated at 130 degrees C, both enzymes had approximately the same deltaH (22 kcal/mol) and deltaS (-13.5 cal/mol per degree) values. Both enzymes contain zinc and calcium. The amino acid compositions of the enzymes were similar except that MC60 protease exhibited a more typical tyrosine content. Comparable heat resistance at extreme temperatures of enzyme produced by psychrotrophic and thermophilic organisms emphasizes the difference between molecular properties that resist denaturation at elevated temperatures and those that allow reversible denaturation.", "contents": "Thermostability at ultrahigh temperatures of thermolysin and a protease from a psychrotrophic Pseudomonas. Thermal inactivation at 110-150 degrees C of thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.4), produced by the thermophile Bacillus thermoproteolyticus, and the extracellular protease of Pseudomonas sp. MC60 a psychotroph, were investigated at 130 degrees C, both enzymes had approximately the same deltaH (22 kcal/mol) and deltaS (-13.5 cal/mol per degree) values. Both enzymes contain zinc and calcium. The amino acid compositions of the enzymes were similar except that MC60 protease exhibited a more typical tyrosine content. Comparable heat resistance at extreme temperatures of enzyme produced by psychrotrophic and thermophilic organisms emphasizes the difference between molecular properties that resist denaturation at elevated temperatures and those that allow reversible denaturation.", "PMID": 411519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6184", "title": "Some properties of the extracellular protease produced by the psychotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens strain AR-11.", "content": "The major extracellular protease from Pseudomonas fluorescens strain AR-11 has been partially purified by a factor of 300 by a combination of DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 38 400 and exhibited optimum activity with isoelectrically precipitated casein substrate at pH 6.5 with Km - 0.13 mM. The protease was strongly inhibited by a number of heavy metal ions at the 10 mM level and also inhibited by thiol agents, while 10 mM EDTA led to slight activation. Optimum activity was retained, amounting to 33% of the maximum activity at 4 degrees C and 72% at 20 degrees C. Heat inactivation studies in which the isolated protease was heated at high temperature before subsequent incubation at 35 degrees C with substrate showed that for 50% inactivation 25 s heating at 130 degrees C or 17 s at 140 degrees C of 8.5 s at 150 degrees C was requried. The combination of high stability to heat treatments and retention of considerable activity at low incubation temperatures indicates that such a protease might have considerable significance in the processing and subsequent storage of food and other products.", "contents": "Some properties of the extracellular protease produced by the psychotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens strain AR-11. The major extracellular protease from Pseudomonas fluorescens strain AR-11 has been partially purified by a factor of 300 by a combination of DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 38 400 and exhibited optimum activity with isoelectrically precipitated casein substrate at pH 6.5 with Km - 0.13 mM. The protease was strongly inhibited by a number of heavy metal ions at the 10 mM level and also inhibited by thiol agents, while 10 mM EDTA led to slight activation. Optimum activity was retained, amounting to 33% of the maximum activity at 4 degrees C and 72% at 20 degrees C. Heat inactivation studies in which the isolated protease was heated at high temperature before subsequent incubation at 35 degrees C with substrate showed that for 50% inactivation 25 s heating at 130 degrees C or 17 s at 140 degrees C of 8.5 s at 150 degrees C was requried. The combination of high stability to heat treatments and retention of considerable activity at low incubation temperatures indicates that such a protease might have considerable significance in the processing and subsequent storage of food and other products.", "PMID": 411520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6185", "title": "Physicochemical properties of a lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens.", "content": "The molecular weight of traicylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) from Pseudomonas fluorescens is estimated to be approx. 33 000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. The lipase appears to be a single-chain protein and contains neither sugar nor lipid. The enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) of 3.06, an intrinsic viscosity of 3.0 g/ml and a partial specific volume of 0.730 g/ml, with an isoelectric point of pH 4.46. Amino acid analysis showed that the enzyme contained few sulfur-containing amino acid residues with no disulfide links. The N-terminal residue of the enzyme was found to be alanine and optical rotation dispersion analysis showed that about 20% of the enzyme structure was in a helicla configuration.", "contents": "Physicochemical properties of a lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. The molecular weight of traicylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) from Pseudomonas fluorescens is estimated to be approx. 33 000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. The lipase appears to be a single-chain protein and contains neither sugar nor lipid. The enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) of 3.06, an intrinsic viscosity of 3.0 g/ml and a partial specific volume of 0.730 g/ml, with an isoelectric point of pH 4.46. Amino acid analysis showed that the enzyme contained few sulfur-containing amino acid residues with no disulfide links. The N-terminal residue of the enzyme was found to be alanine and optical rotation dispersion analysis showed that about 20% of the enzyme structure was in a helicla configuration.", "PMID": 411521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6186", "title": "Degradative enzymes of cartilage. Effects of freeze-thawing of the tissue prior to extraction, and of protease inhibitors, on proteoglycans extracted with iso-osmotic neutral salt and 4 M guanidinium chloride.", "content": "The effects of freeze-thawing of the tissue, and of protease inhibitors, on proteoglycans extracted sequentially from pig laryngeal cartilage with 0.15 M sodium acetate and 4 M guanidinium chloride were examined. Freeze-thawing of the tissue prior to extraction resulted in an increase in the proportion of smaller-sized proteoglycans in the sodium acetate extracts and a decrease in the proportion of aggregated proteoglycans in 4 M guanidinium extracts. In addition, a slight decrease in the hydrodynamic size of purified disaggregated proteoglycans was noted after freeze-thawing of the cartilage. When the protease inhibitors EDTA, 6-aminohexanoic acid and benzamidine hydrochloride were added to the sodium acetate buffer the yields of proteoglycans from fresh and freeze-thawed cartilage were diminished, but the inhibitors had no effect on the hydrodynamic size of the proteoglycans extracted with sodium acetate. Addition of the protease inhibitors to the 4 M guanidinium solvent increased the proportion of proteoglycans present in aggregates. The highest proportion of aggregated proteoglycans was obtained when fresh tissue was extracted in the presence of the inhibitors.", "contents": "Degradative enzymes of cartilage. Effects of freeze-thawing of the tissue prior to extraction, and of protease inhibitors, on proteoglycans extracted with iso-osmotic neutral salt and 4 M guanidinium chloride. The effects of freeze-thawing of the tissue, and of protease inhibitors, on proteoglycans extracted sequentially from pig laryngeal cartilage with 0.15 M sodium acetate and 4 M guanidinium chloride were examined. Freeze-thawing of the tissue prior to extraction resulted in an increase in the proportion of smaller-sized proteoglycans in the sodium acetate extracts and a decrease in the proportion of aggregated proteoglycans in 4 M guanidinium extracts. In addition, a slight decrease in the hydrodynamic size of purified disaggregated proteoglycans was noted after freeze-thawing of the cartilage. When the protease inhibitors EDTA, 6-aminohexanoic acid and benzamidine hydrochloride were added to the sodium acetate buffer the yields of proteoglycans from fresh and freeze-thawed cartilage were diminished, but the inhibitors had no effect on the hydrodynamic size of the proteoglycans extracted with sodium acetate. Addition of the protease inhibitors to the 4 M guanidinium solvent increased the proportion of proteoglycans present in aggregates. The highest proportion of aggregated proteoglycans was obtained when fresh tissue was extracted in the presence of the inhibitors.", "PMID": 411522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6187", "title": "Non-cooperative Ca(II) removal and terbium(III) substitution in carp muscle calcium binding parvalbumin.", "content": "Close coorelation of atomic absorption measurements for Ca(II) contents indicates that from pH 5.8-7.4 a twentyfold excess of EGTA1 removes but one of two Ca(II) from carp parvalbumin. Thus binding of the two Ca(II) appears to be noncooperative. The maximum in emission intensity observed at a nonintegral 1.4-1.7 equivs of added Tb(III) is shown to be due to quenching by excess Tb(III). The emission intensity at the maximum increased 40% upon dialysis to remove Tb(III) not bound in the CD or EF sites. Atomic absorption results show that both Ca(CD) and Ca(EF) of native parvalbumin are easily replaced by Tb(III). Emission of Tb(EF) is not quenched by Tb(CD), but by solution Tb(III) bound at a third site, perhaps the single water molecule bound to Tb(EF). Labeling of the single sulfhydryl group with a trifluoroacetonyl gorup yields a protein with ultraviolet circular dichroism, emission, and circularly polarized emission spectra closely similar to those of native parvalbumin.", "contents": "Non-cooperative Ca(II) removal and terbium(III) substitution in carp muscle calcium binding parvalbumin. Close coorelation of atomic absorption measurements for Ca(II) contents indicates that from pH 5.8-7.4 a twentyfold excess of EGTA1 removes but one of two Ca(II) from carp parvalbumin. Thus binding of the two Ca(II) appears to be noncooperative. The maximum in emission intensity observed at a nonintegral 1.4-1.7 equivs of added Tb(III) is shown to be due to quenching by excess Tb(III). The emission intensity at the maximum increased 40% upon dialysis to remove Tb(III) not bound in the CD or EF sites. Atomic absorption results show that both Ca(CD) and Ca(EF) of native parvalbumin are easily replaced by Tb(III). Emission of Tb(EF) is not quenched by Tb(CD), but by solution Tb(III) bound at a third site, perhaps the single water molecule bound to Tb(EF). Labeling of the single sulfhydryl group with a trifluoroacetonyl gorup yields a protein with ultraviolet circular dichroism, emission, and circularly polarized emission spectra closely similar to those of native parvalbumin.", "PMID": 411523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6188", "title": "Characterization of cytoplasmic and chloroplast ribosomal proteins of Euglena gracilis.", "content": "Active cytoplasmic ribosone subunits 41 and 62S were prepared by treatment with 0.1 mM puromycin in the presence of 265 mM KCl. Active chloroplast subunits 32 and 49S were obtained after dialysis of chloroplast ribosomal preparations against 1 mM Mg(2+)-containing buffer. Proteins from these different ribosomal particles were mapped by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in the presence of urea. The 41S small cytoplasmic ribosomal subunit contains 33-36 proteins, the 62S large cytoplasmic ribosomal subunit contains 37-43, the 32S small chloroplast ribosomal subunit contains 22-24, and the 49ts large chloroplast ribosomal subunit contains 30-34 proteins. Since some proteins are lost during dissociation of monosomes into subunits, the 89S cytoplasmic monosome would have 73-83 proteins and the 68S chloroplast monosome, 56-60. The amino acid composition of ribosomal proteins shows differences between chloroplast and cytoplasmic ribosomes.", "contents": "Characterization of cytoplasmic and chloroplast ribosomal proteins of Euglena gracilis. Active cytoplasmic ribosone subunits 41 and 62S were prepared by treatment with 0.1 mM puromycin in the presence of 265 mM KCl. Active chloroplast subunits 32 and 49S were obtained after dialysis of chloroplast ribosomal preparations against 1 mM Mg(2+)-containing buffer. Proteins from these different ribosomal particles were mapped by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in the presence of urea. The 41S small cytoplasmic ribosomal subunit contains 33-36 proteins, the 62S large cytoplasmic ribosomal subunit contains 37-43, the 32S small chloroplast ribosomal subunit contains 22-24, and the 49ts large chloroplast ribosomal subunit contains 30-34 proteins. Since some proteins are lost during dissociation of monosomes into subunits, the 89S cytoplasmic monosome would have 73-83 proteins and the 68S chloroplast monosome, 56-60. The amino acid composition of ribosomal proteins shows differences between chloroplast and cytoplasmic ribosomes.", "PMID": 411524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6189", "title": "Affinity of bronchial secretion glycoproteins and cells of human bronchial mucosa for Ricinus communis lectins.", "content": "The coupling of Ricinus communis lectins to Sephadex G 25 was used in order to study mucins and other glycoproteins from human bronchial secretion. The major part of human bronchial mucins and other glycoproteins such as immunoglobulins A, bronchotransferrin and alpha1-antichymotrypsin were isolated by this procedure. A parallel study of human bronchial mucosa was achieved with peroxidase labeled Ricinus communis lectins; this study characterized goblet cells and mucous cells which contain mucins, and serous cells which are involved in the synthesis or the secretion of the other glycoproteins.", "contents": "Affinity of bronchial secretion glycoproteins and cells of human bronchial mucosa for Ricinus communis lectins. The coupling of Ricinus communis lectins to Sephadex G 25 was used in order to study mucins and other glycoproteins from human bronchial secretion. The major part of human bronchial mucins and other glycoproteins such as immunoglobulins A, bronchotransferrin and alpha1-antichymotrypsin were isolated by this procedure. A parallel study of human bronchial mucosa was achieved with peroxidase labeled Ricinus communis lectins; this study characterized goblet cells and mucous cells which contain mucins, and serous cells which are involved in the synthesis or the secretion of the other glycoproteins.", "PMID": 411525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6190", "title": "[Isolation and some properties of phospholipase D from Bacillus subtilis G-22].", "content": "A method of isolating highly purified phospholipase D from Bac. subtilis G-22 is described. It includes ammonium sulphate fractionation, thermal denaturation, chromatography on lipoprotein bound with sepharose 6B and AH-sepharose 4B. The enzyme is 130-fold purified, its yield exceeds 90.0%, its specific activity is 164 units per mg of protein. The homogeneity of the enzyme is demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, isoelectric focusing and N-terminal amino acid determination by means of dinitrophenylation and dancylation. Proline is found to be N-terminal amino acid. The molecular weight of the enzyme, as determined from gel filtration through Sephadex G-100, is 21500 +/- 300, its sedimentation constant is 1.4S, isoelectric point is at pH 4.2. The molecular weight calculated from amino acid composition, is 21000--22000. Polypeptide chain contains of 196--205 amino acid residues. Phospholipase D develops its maximal activity at pH 8.5 and does not contain free SH-groups. Benzylsulphofluoride does not inhibit the enzyme activity. Phospholipase D is activated by Cd2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Ca2+ and is inhibited by EDTA, pIi50 being about 2.6.", "contents": "[Isolation and some properties of phospholipase D from Bacillus subtilis G-22]. A method of isolating highly purified phospholipase D from Bac. subtilis G-22 is described. It includes ammonium sulphate fractionation, thermal denaturation, chromatography on lipoprotein bound with sepharose 6B and AH-sepharose 4B. The enzyme is 130-fold purified, its yield exceeds 90.0%, its specific activity is 164 units per mg of protein. The homogeneity of the enzyme is demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, isoelectric focusing and N-terminal amino acid determination by means of dinitrophenylation and dancylation. Proline is found to be N-terminal amino acid. The molecular weight of the enzyme, as determined from gel filtration through Sephadex G-100, is 21500 +/- 300, its sedimentation constant is 1.4S, isoelectric point is at pH 4.2. The molecular weight calculated from amino acid composition, is 21000--22000. Polypeptide chain contains of 196--205 amino acid residues. Phospholipase D develops its maximal activity at pH 8.5 and does not contain free SH-groups. Benzylsulphofluoride does not inhibit the enzyme activity. Phospholipase D is activated by Cd2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Ca2+ and is inhibited by EDTA, pIi50 being about 2.6.", "PMID": 411526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6191", "title": "Blood group D antigen content of nucleated red cell precursors.", "content": "The D antigen content of nucleated red cell precursors in human bone marrow was estimated using autoradiography and 125I-anti-D. D antigen first appeared in the pronormoblast, and the quantity of antigen progressively increased during red cell maturation. Maximal anti-D binding occurred on mature red blood cells. Pronormoblasts, basophilic normoblasts, polychromatophilic normoblasts, and orthochromatic normoblasts, respectively, had approximately 1/4, 1/2, 2/3, and 3/4 the quantity of antigen found on mature red cells. None of the other cell types were found in bone marrow labeled with anti-D.", "contents": "Blood group D antigen content of nucleated red cell precursors. The D antigen content of nucleated red cell precursors in human bone marrow was estimated using autoradiography and 125I-anti-D. D antigen first appeared in the pronormoblast, and the quantity of antigen progressively increased during red cell maturation. Maximal anti-D binding occurred on mature red blood cells. Pronormoblasts, basophilic normoblasts, polychromatophilic normoblasts, and orthochromatic normoblasts, respectively, had approximately 1/4, 1/2, 2/3, and 3/4 the quantity of antigen found on mature red cells. None of the other cell types were found in bone marrow labeled with anti-D.", "PMID": 411529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6192", "title": "The effect of banol and paraoxon on the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 content in rats.", "content": "We investigated the effect of banol and paraoxon on the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P-450 concentration in microsomes of rats treated in vivo with these compounds alone, or in the presence of phenobarbitone. The results showed that banol reduced the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and the concentration of cytochrome P-450, while paraoxon reduced the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, but increased the cytochrome P-450 concentration. Phenobarbitone stimulated an increased NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 concentration. When applied with banol and paraoxon, phenobarbitone lowered their inhibitory effect.", "contents": "The effect of banol and paraoxon on the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 content in rats. We investigated the effect of banol and paraoxon on the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P-450 concentration in microsomes of rats treated in vivo with these compounds alone, or in the presence of phenobarbitone. The results showed that banol reduced the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and the concentration of cytochrome P-450, while paraoxon reduced the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, but increased the cytochrome P-450 concentration. Phenobarbitone stimulated an increased NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 concentration. When applied with banol and paraoxon, phenobarbitone lowered their inhibitory effect.", "PMID": 411532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6193", "title": "Longitudinal studies on the effects of malnutrition, nutritional supplementation, and behavioral stimulation.", "content": "Six major Western Hemisphere longitudinal studies of malnutrition and development are in their final stages. These studies are taking place in Columbia, Guatemala, Mexico, and the United States. As a step toward synthesis of the results, a conference was held at Cali, Colombia, with the aim of clarifying differences and similarities. The following features of each study were considered: The starting and completion dates; the research design (including scheduled periods of observation and the presence or absence of nutritional supplements and/or stimulation); the populations involved, their home diets, and the specific supplements and stimulation received; procedures and measurements used in the study; and any general conclusions reached. The conference also identified opportunities and needs for exchange of information between projects and for a collaborative approach to such specific problems and topics as birth-weight, physical growth, and behavioral development.", "contents": "Longitudinal studies on the effects of malnutrition, nutritional supplementation, and behavioral stimulation. Six major Western Hemisphere longitudinal studies of malnutrition and development are in their final stages. These studies are taking place in Columbia, Guatemala, Mexico, and the United States. As a step toward synthesis of the results, a conference was held at Cali, Colombia, with the aim of clarifying differences and similarities. The following features of each study were considered: The starting and completion dates; the research design (including scheduled periods of observation and the presence or absence of nutritional supplements and/or stimulation); the populations involved, their home diets, and the specific supplements and stimulation received; procedures and measurements used in the study; and any general conclusions reached. The conference also identified opportunities and needs for exchange of information between projects and for a collaborative approach to such specific problems and topics as birth-weight, physical growth, and behavioral development.", "PMID": 411533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6194", "title": "The effects of sodium cromoglycate on histamine aerosol-induced reflex bronchoconstriction in the anaesthetized dog.", "content": "1 The effects have been studied of sodium cromoglycate (SCG), given by aerosol or intravenously, on reflex bronchoconstriction induced by histamine aerosol in the anaesthetized dog. 2 Four breaths of an aerosol generated from a 2% solution of SCG significantly inhibited the vagally mediated increase in total lung resistance (RL) produced by histamine. 3 SCG given intravenously as bolus injections (5-500 microgram/kg) produced a dose-dependent reversal of a sustained reflex bronchoconstriction induced by histamine aerosol. Propranolol (500 microgram/kg) did not prevent this reversal. 4 SCG did not inhibit the increase in RL produced by supramaximal electrical stimulation of a vagus nerve. 5 The possibility is discussed that SCG may reduce the activity of lung irritant receptors in the anaesthetized dog.", "contents": "The effects of sodium cromoglycate on histamine aerosol-induced reflex bronchoconstriction in the anaesthetized dog. 1 The effects have been studied of sodium cromoglycate (SCG), given by aerosol or intravenously, on reflex bronchoconstriction induced by histamine aerosol in the anaesthetized dog. 2 Four breaths of an aerosol generated from a 2% solution of SCG significantly inhibited the vagally mediated increase in total lung resistance (RL) produced by histamine. 3 SCG given intravenously as bolus injections (5-500 microgram/kg) produced a dose-dependent reversal of a sustained reflex bronchoconstriction induced by histamine aerosol. Propranolol (500 microgram/kg) did not prevent this reversal. 4 SCG did not inhibit the increase in RL produced by supramaximal electrical stimulation of a vagus nerve. 5 The possibility is discussed that SCG may reduce the activity of lung irritant receptors in the anaesthetized dog.", "PMID": 411535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6195", "title": "Unusual bone images in hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Whole-body scans with 99Tcm-Sn polyphosphate were performed on four patients suffering from hyperparathyroidism. Two of the patients were investigated twice, at intervals of five and eight months. A variety of unusual but symmetrical images were obtained, not always confined to the skeleton. It is suggested that in conditions of renal failure the radiopharmaceutical may be avidly accumulated on first passage by calcifying areas in the soft tissues. Deteriorating blood supply to the bones reduces uptake of 99Tcm in the the skeleton.", "contents": "Unusual bone images in hyperparathyroidism. Whole-body scans with 99Tcm-Sn polyphosphate were performed on four patients suffering from hyperparathyroidism. Two of the patients were investigated twice, at intervals of five and eight months. A variety of unusual but symmetrical images were obtained, not always confined to the skeleton. It is suggested that in conditions of renal failure the radiopharmaceutical may be avidly accumulated on first passage by calcifying areas in the soft tissues. Deteriorating blood supply to the bones reduces uptake of 99Tcm in the the skeleton.", "PMID": 411536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6196", "title": "Treatment of intestinal fistulas.", "content": "There have been three major advances in the treatment of small bowel fistulas since 1960: irrigation with lactic acid; total or parenteral nutrition; and continuous low flow enteric nutrition. The causation and clinical features of these fistulas are reviewed. The different unfavourable prognostic features are evaluated with reference to a series of 384 cases published by Edelmann et al. (1975). The different methods of treatment, both medical and surgical, are analysed. In spite of the great progress in medical management, surgery retains an important place. The guidelines for this medicosurgical policy are laid down. The mortality of intestinal fistulas was around 60 per cent before 1960 and has now diminished by half. It should be possible to lower it still further to around 10 per cent in future years, by careful application of the methods described.", "contents": "Treatment of intestinal fistulas. There have been three major advances in the treatment of small bowel fistulas since 1960: irrigation with lactic acid; total or parenteral nutrition; and continuous low flow enteric nutrition. The causation and clinical features of these fistulas are reviewed. The different unfavourable prognostic features are evaluated with reference to a series of 384 cases published by Edelmann et al. (1975). The different methods of treatment, both medical and surgical, are analysed. In spite of the great progress in medical management, surgery retains an important place. The guidelines for this medicosurgical policy are laid down. The mortality of intestinal fistulas was around 60 per cent before 1960 and has now diminished by half. It should be possible to lower it still further to around 10 per cent in future years, by careful application of the methods described.", "PMID": 411537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6197", "title": "Local and surgical management of enterocutaneous fistulas.", "content": "Intensive nutritional treatment is now recognized as the single most important factor in achieving closure of enterocutaneous fistulas, replacing attempts at early surgical closure. Operation in the early stages of management should be confined to the drainage of abscesses, the defunctioning of diseases or disrupted bowel and the formation of feeding enterostomies. In those few cases where spontaneous closure of the fistula does not occur, definitive surgical operation can be carried out when malnutrition has been corrected. The combination of nutritional treatment, skin protection and judicious surgery can reduce the mortality to below 10 per cent.", "contents": "Local and surgical management of enterocutaneous fistulas. Intensive nutritional treatment is now recognized as the single most important factor in achieving closure of enterocutaneous fistulas, replacing attempts at early surgical closure. Operation in the early stages of management should be confined to the drainage of abscesses, the defunctioning of diseases or disrupted bowel and the formation of feeding enterostomies. In those few cases where spontaneous closure of the fistula does not occur, definitive surgical operation can be carried out when malnutrition has been corrected. The combination of nutritional treatment, skin protection and judicious surgery can reduce the mortality to below 10 per cent.", "PMID": 411538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6198", "title": "Limbic and sensory connections of the inferior parietal lobule (area PG) in the rhesus monkey: a study with a new method for horseradish peroxidase histochemistry.", "content": "The caudal part of the inferior parietal lobule (area PG) was injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in 6 hemispheres of 5 rhesus monkeys. The retrograde transport of HRP resulted in the labeling of neurons in diverse cortical and subcortical areas. In cortex, labeled neurons were noted in prefrontal cortex (areas 8, 45, 46), in the banks of the intraparietal and superior temporal sulci, in medial parietal cortex, in cingulate cortex, in the retrosplenial area, in area TF and the caudal portions of the parahippocampal region. Subcortical sites with labeled neurons included the necleus basalis of the substantia innominata, the claustrum, the pulvinar and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, the pretectal area, the nucleus locus coeruleus and the raphe nuclei. Although many of the labeled neurons were seen in layers IIIc and V, each cortical area had an individual laminar pattern of labeled neurons. In these experiments, a benzidine dihydrochloride (BDHC) method was used which yields a blue reaction-product at sites containing HRP. BDHC affords superior visibility of labeled neurons, and a significant improvement in sensitivity when compared to a diaminobenzidine procedure in matching series of sections. Additional sections were also stained with a method which allows the simultaneous demonstration of HRP (blue) and acetylcholinesterase (reddish-brown). These revealed that virtually all substantia innominata (nucleus basalis) neurons which project to area PG are also rich in the enzyme acetycholinesterase. These afferents of PG may be classified into 'sensory association', 'limbic' and 'reticular' categories. It is argued that this arrangement of afferent imput may afford a convergence of limbic and sensory information in area PG and that this may subserve a significant function in the process of sensory attention.", "contents": "Limbic and sensory connections of the inferior parietal lobule (area PG) in the rhesus monkey: a study with a new method for horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. The caudal part of the inferior parietal lobule (area PG) was injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in 6 hemispheres of 5 rhesus monkeys. The retrograde transport of HRP resulted in the labeling of neurons in diverse cortical and subcortical areas. In cortex, labeled neurons were noted in prefrontal cortex (areas 8, 45, 46), in the banks of the intraparietal and superior temporal sulci, in medial parietal cortex, in cingulate cortex, in the retrosplenial area, in area TF and the caudal portions of the parahippocampal region. Subcortical sites with labeled neurons included the necleus basalis of the substantia innominata, the claustrum, the pulvinar and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, the pretectal area, the nucleus locus coeruleus and the raphe nuclei. Although many of the labeled neurons were seen in layers IIIc and V, each cortical area had an individual laminar pattern of labeled neurons. In these experiments, a benzidine dihydrochloride (BDHC) method was used which yields a blue reaction-product at sites containing HRP. BDHC affords superior visibility of labeled neurons, and a significant improvement in sensitivity when compared to a diaminobenzidine procedure in matching series of sections. Additional sections were also stained with a method which allows the simultaneous demonstration of HRP (blue) and acetylcholinesterase (reddish-brown). These revealed that virtually all substantia innominata (nucleus basalis) neurons which project to area PG are also rich in the enzyme acetycholinesterase. These afferents of PG may be classified into 'sensory association', 'limbic' and 'reticular' categories. It is argued that this arrangement of afferent imput may afford a convergence of limbic and sensory information in area PG and that this may subserve a significant function in the process of sensory attention.", "PMID": 411543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6199", "title": "Uptake studies of taurine in vivo and its effects on the course of experimental focal epilepsy in rats.", "content": "The passage of orally administered taurine across the intestinal wall to the blood plasma and target sites of neuromuscular excitability has been studied. This has been correlated with the effect of repeated oral dosing on the manifestations of cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat. The blood-brain barrier and the organ distribution of taurine uptake have important implications in testing its effect on hyperexcitability phenomena.", "contents": "Uptake studies of taurine in vivo and its effects on the course of experimental focal epilepsy in rats. The passage of orally administered taurine across the intestinal wall to the blood plasma and target sites of neuromuscular excitability has been studied. This has been correlated with the effect of repeated oral dosing on the manifestations of cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat. The blood-brain barrier and the organ distribution of taurine uptake have important implications in testing its effect on hyperexcitability phenomena.", "PMID": 411544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6200", "title": "Projections from the paraventricular nucleus to the zona externa of the median eminence of the rhesus monkey: an immunohistochemical study.", "content": "Immunoperoxidase techniques and light microscopy were used to investigate the origin of the fibers containing vasopressin, oxytocin and related neurophysins (neurohypophyseal peptides), in the zona externa of the median emience of the rhesus monkey. Unilateral lesions were produced in the paraventricular nucleus using a modified Halasz-type knife. Complete destruction of the paraventricular nucleus resulted in a total depletion of all four neurohypophyseal peptides in the ipsilateral zona externa of the median emience. Partial lesions of different segments of the paraventricular nucleus resulted in depletion in different parts of the zona externa. These observations indicate that the paraventricular nucleus is the source of vasopressin, oxytocin and neurophysin in axons which end in the zona externa of the median eminence. These projections are strictly ipsilateral and arranged topographically, so that the more caudal paraventricular neurons project to the dorsal part of th zona externa and the rostral ones to the ventral segment. The supraoptic nucleus does not appear to project to the zona externa, and sends the great majority of its fibers to the neurohypophysis.", "contents": "Projections from the paraventricular nucleus to the zona externa of the median eminence of the rhesus monkey: an immunohistochemical study. Immunoperoxidase techniques and light microscopy were used to investigate the origin of the fibers containing vasopressin, oxytocin and related neurophysins (neurohypophyseal peptides), in the zona externa of the median emience of the rhesus monkey. Unilateral lesions were produced in the paraventricular nucleus using a modified Halasz-type knife. Complete destruction of the paraventricular nucleus resulted in a total depletion of all four neurohypophyseal peptides in the ipsilateral zona externa of the median emience. Partial lesions of different segments of the paraventricular nucleus resulted in depletion in different parts of the zona externa. These observations indicate that the paraventricular nucleus is the source of vasopressin, oxytocin and neurophysin in axons which end in the zona externa of the median eminence. These projections are strictly ipsilateral and arranged topographically, so that the more caudal paraventricular neurons project to the dorsal part of th zona externa and the rostral ones to the ventral segment. The supraoptic nucleus does not appear to project to the zona externa, and sends the great majority of its fibers to the neurohypophysis.", "PMID": 411546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6201", "title": "The effects of calcium deficiency on the electrical activity of Nitella flexilis.", "content": "Calcium chelators such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and sodium citrate produce repetitive activity and prolong the spike of internodal cells of Nitella flexilis. Removal of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ from the outside of the cell by washing the preparation with Tris propionate or Tris chloride hyperpolarizes the cells but does not initiate repetitive activity or increase the duration of the spike appreciably. It was concluded that cell-bound Ca2+ controls the threshold for stimulation and the duration of the spike, and that the removal of Ca2+ from the cell membrane, either by chelation or displacement, changes the normal behaviour of the cell by altering its permeability to some other ion or ions.", "contents": "The effects of calcium deficiency on the electrical activity of Nitella flexilis. Calcium chelators such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and sodium citrate produce repetitive activity and prolong the spike of internodal cells of Nitella flexilis. Removal of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ from the outside of the cell by washing the preparation with Tris propionate or Tris chloride hyperpolarizes the cells but does not initiate repetitive activity or increase the duration of the spike appreciably. It was concluded that cell-bound Ca2+ controls the threshold for stimulation and the duration of the spike, and that the removal of Ca2+ from the cell membrane, either by chelation or displacement, changes the normal behaviour of the cell by altering its permeability to some other ion or ions.", "PMID": 411556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6202", "title": "Isometric tension and instantaneous stiffness in amphibian skeletal muscle exposed to solutions of increased tonicity.", "content": "The instantaneous elasticity and maximum isometric tetanic tension of isolated frog and toad sartorii have been measured in hypertonic Ringer solution. Although the mechanical response of contraction muscle continued to decrease as the tonicity of the bathing solution was increased to 1.26 X R, 1.52 X R, and 2.04 X R, a similar change in the instantaneous stiffness could not be shown. This finding was not expected on the basis of our current model of the cross-bridge mechanism which predicts that the instantaneous stiffness is a measure of the total number of tension-generating cross-bridges formed in a stimulated muscle. The compatability of our findings with an electrostatic theory of the cross-bridge mechanism proposed by Iwazumi (1970) is discussed.", "contents": "Isometric tension and instantaneous stiffness in amphibian skeletal muscle exposed to solutions of increased tonicity. The instantaneous elasticity and maximum isometric tetanic tension of isolated frog and toad sartorii have been measured in hypertonic Ringer solution. Although the mechanical response of contraction muscle continued to decrease as the tonicity of the bathing solution was increased to 1.26 X R, 1.52 X R, and 2.04 X R, a similar change in the instantaneous stiffness could not be shown. This finding was not expected on the basis of our current model of the cross-bridge mechanism which predicts that the instantaneous stiffness is a measure of the total number of tension-generating cross-bridges formed in a stimulated muscle. The compatability of our findings with an electrostatic theory of the cross-bridge mechanism proposed by Iwazumi (1970) is discussed.", "PMID": 411558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6203", "title": "Inhibition of diptheroid esterase by Micrococcus luteus.", "content": "Micrococcus luteus produced a diffusible, esterase inhibitory factor (EIF) which inhibited the activity of cutaneous diphtheroid esterases on Tween 80-CaCl2 agar media. Esterases of Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Serratia were not susceptible. EIF did not appear to combine with the substrate or to prevent enzyme synthesis; it was unable to reverse the precipitation of calcium oleate. The composition of the medium, especially peptones, influenced the production of EIF. EIF was synthesized in the absence of diphtheroids, but production required the presence of Tween. The interaction was observed on agar medium of pH 5.5-8.5, at 25-43 degrees C, under an atmosphere of 10-20% CO2, in the presence of urea, but not after the addition of NaCl or dextrose. Supernatants of broth cultures had to be concentrated to detect EIF. Crude dialyzed and concentrated preparations of EIF withstood 60 degrees C for 60 min but were inactivated after 100 degrees C for 10 min. EIF may possibly be associated with a lipoid substance, since it did not precipitate in ethanol.", "contents": "Inhibition of diptheroid esterase by Micrococcus luteus. Micrococcus luteus produced a diffusible, esterase inhibitory factor (EIF) which inhibited the activity of cutaneous diphtheroid esterases on Tween 80-CaCl2 agar media. Esterases of Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Serratia were not susceptible. EIF did not appear to combine with the substrate or to prevent enzyme synthesis; it was unable to reverse the precipitation of calcium oleate. The composition of the medium, especially peptones, influenced the production of EIF. EIF was synthesized in the absence of diphtheroids, but production required the presence of Tween. The interaction was observed on agar medium of pH 5.5-8.5, at 25-43 degrees C, under an atmosphere of 10-20% CO2, in the presence of urea, but not after the addition of NaCl or dextrose. Supernatants of broth cultures had to be concentrated to detect EIF. Crude dialyzed and concentrated preparations of EIF withstood 60 degrees C for 60 min but were inactivated after 100 degrees C for 10 min. EIF may possibly be associated with a lipoid substance, since it did not precipitate in ethanol.", "PMID": 411559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6204", "title": "Numerical taxonomy of heavy metal-tolerant bacteria isolated from an estuary.", "content": "A total of 230 strains of metal-tolerant bacteria from water and sediment samples collected in Chesapeake Bay were isolated on a medium containing cobalt, lead, mercury, or molybdenum. In addition, a set of 71 cultures were simultaneously isolated on glucose tryptone yeast extract agar medium without metals. Twenty-three reference strains were also included in the numerical taxonomy study of these bacteria, bringing the grand total of strains examined to 324. All strains were examined for 112 biochemical, cultural, morphological, and physiological characters. The taxonomic data obtained were analyzed by computer and the simple matching (SSM) and Jaccard (SJ) coefficients were calculated. Clustering achieved by unweighted average linkage is presented and, from sorted similarity matrices and dendrograms, 294 strains, i.e., 97% of the total, were recovered in 12 phenetic groups defined at the 75 to 80% similarity level. Among the strains there were nine phena presumptively identified as Bacillus, Erwinia, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, and coryneforms. From the results of the taxonomic study, it is concluded that metal tolerance in estuarine water and sediment bacteria occurs among a restricted range of taxa distributed throughout the estuarine environment.", "contents": "Numerical taxonomy of heavy metal-tolerant bacteria isolated from an estuary. A total of 230 strains of metal-tolerant bacteria from water and sediment samples collected in Chesapeake Bay were isolated on a medium containing cobalt, lead, mercury, or molybdenum. In addition, a set of 71 cultures were simultaneously isolated on glucose tryptone yeast extract agar medium without metals. Twenty-three reference strains were also included in the numerical taxonomy study of these bacteria, bringing the grand total of strains examined to 324. All strains were examined for 112 biochemical, cultural, morphological, and physiological characters. The taxonomic data obtained were analyzed by computer and the simple matching (SSM) and Jaccard (SJ) coefficients were calculated. Clustering achieved by unweighted average linkage is presented and, from sorted similarity matrices and dendrograms, 294 strains, i.e., 97% of the total, were recovered in 12 phenetic groups defined at the 75 to 80% similarity level. Among the strains there were nine phena presumptively identified as Bacillus, Erwinia, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, and coryneforms. From the results of the taxonomic study, it is concluded that metal tolerance in estuarine water and sediment bacteria occurs among a restricted range of taxa distributed throughout the estuarine environment.", "PMID": 411560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6205", "title": "Physiological control of alkylsulfatase synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: effects of glucose, glucose analogs, and sulfur.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa (isolated from soil) synthesizes an alkylsufatase allowing this bacterium to utilize sodium hexan-1-yl sulfate as a source of carbon and sulfur for growth. The formation of the enzyme was induced by this and by other (C4-C16) primary alkylsulfate esters as well as by some (C-8 and C-9) primary alkylsulfonates. Secondary (2-yl) alkylsulfate esters did not act as inducers. The induction of alkylsulfatase was markedly inhibited by L-cysteine, L-methionine, sodium sulfide, and by high (greater than 2mM) concentrations of D-glucose and other related monosaccharides. Similar inhibitory effects by four glucose analogs which will not support growth suggest that prior metabolism was not a requirement for glucose-mediated inhibition. The inhibition by D-glucose of the same inducible system in P. aeruginosa (PAO-57) supported this conclusion since this glucose transport-positive mutant is deficient in the further metabolism of the monosaccharide. At low (0.1-1.0 mM) concentrations, D-glucose or D-glucose 6-O-phosphate (20 mM) caused a marked enhancement of alkylsulfatase induction in the isolate. This novel enhancement was reproduced using P. aeruginosa strain PAO. However, both monosaccharides acted as potent inhibitors of alkylsulfatase formation occurring in mutant PAO-57 which, unlike the parent strain PAO, exhibits low glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. These results suggest that D-glucose (0.1-1.0 mM) must be metabolized to enhance the synthesis of the enzyme.", "contents": "Physiological control of alkylsulfatase synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: effects of glucose, glucose analogs, and sulfur. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (isolated from soil) synthesizes an alkylsufatase allowing this bacterium to utilize sodium hexan-1-yl sulfate as a source of carbon and sulfur for growth. The formation of the enzyme was induced by this and by other (C4-C16) primary alkylsulfate esters as well as by some (C-8 and C-9) primary alkylsulfonates. Secondary (2-yl) alkylsulfate esters did not act as inducers. The induction of alkylsulfatase was markedly inhibited by L-cysteine, L-methionine, sodium sulfide, and by high (greater than 2mM) concentrations of D-glucose and other related monosaccharides. Similar inhibitory effects by four glucose analogs which will not support growth suggest that prior metabolism was not a requirement for glucose-mediated inhibition. The inhibition by D-glucose of the same inducible system in P. aeruginosa (PAO-57) supported this conclusion since this glucose transport-positive mutant is deficient in the further metabolism of the monosaccharide. At low (0.1-1.0 mM) concentrations, D-glucose or D-glucose 6-O-phosphate (20 mM) caused a marked enhancement of alkylsulfatase induction in the isolate. This novel enhancement was reproduced using P. aeruginosa strain PAO. However, both monosaccharides acted as potent inhibitors of alkylsulfatase formation occurring in mutant PAO-57 which, unlike the parent strain PAO, exhibits low glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. These results suggest that D-glucose (0.1-1.0 mM) must be metabolized to enhance the synthesis of the enzyme.", "PMID": 411561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6206", "title": "Partial characterization of the mode of action of benzoic acid on aflatoxin biosynthesis.", "content": "Aflatoxin production by a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus was greatly reduced by benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in synthetic media. The reduction was accompanied by the appearance of a yellow pigment. Spectral analyses partially characterized this pigment as closely related to an acetyl derivative of a versiconal-type compound. A cell-free extract prepared from A. flavus grown in synthetic media was active in converting this yellow compound into aflatoxin B1 in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate at 25 degrees C (pH 7.4). In the presence of benzoic acid and its salt or autoclaved cell-free extract, conversion of yellow compound to aflatoxin B1 was prevented. These results suggest that the yellow compound is an intermediate in the secondary metabolic cycle involved in aflatoxin B1 production. Benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, or autoclaving the cell-free extract appear to have respectively blocked or denatured an enzymatic step late in the biosynthetic pathway of aflatoxin B1.", "contents": "Partial characterization of the mode of action of benzoic acid on aflatoxin biosynthesis. Aflatoxin production by a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus was greatly reduced by benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in synthetic media. The reduction was accompanied by the appearance of a yellow pigment. Spectral analyses partially characterized this pigment as closely related to an acetyl derivative of a versiconal-type compound. A cell-free extract prepared from A. flavus grown in synthetic media was active in converting this yellow compound into aflatoxin B1 in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate at 25 degrees C (pH 7.4). In the presence of benzoic acid and its salt or autoclaved cell-free extract, conversion of yellow compound to aflatoxin B1 was prevented. These results suggest that the yellow compound is an intermediate in the secondary metabolic cycle involved in aflatoxin B1 production. Benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, or autoclaving the cell-free extract appear to have respectively blocked or denatured an enzymatic step late in the biosynthetic pathway of aflatoxin B1.", "PMID": 411562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6207", "title": "The effect of Waring Blendor treatment on transformation in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Treatment of competent Bacillus subtilis in a Waring Blendor for 10 s increases transformability of the culture about twofold while reducing the attachment of DNA to competent cells by 80%. The effectiveness of attached DNA in producing transformants is increased 10-fold by this treatment. The uptake of transforming DNA into a DNase-resistant state is progressively reduced by 70% during a 120-s blending treatment. Blending for 30-45 s diminishes transformability to about 10% of the original nonblended value without affecting the viable cell titer. No effect is produced by 30 s of blending on transformability if the irreversible uptake of DNA has been completed. Thus, the inhibition occurs at an early step in the transformation sequence. Treatment of the competent culture for 60 s or longer in the Waring Blendor reduces both the number of transformants obtained and the total number of viable cells.", "contents": "The effect of Waring Blendor treatment on transformation in Bacillus subtilis. Treatment of competent Bacillus subtilis in a Waring Blendor for 10 s increases transformability of the culture about twofold while reducing the attachment of DNA to competent cells by 80%. The effectiveness of attached DNA in producing transformants is increased 10-fold by this treatment. The uptake of transforming DNA into a DNase-resistant state is progressively reduced by 70% during a 120-s blending treatment. Blending for 30-45 s diminishes transformability to about 10% of the original nonblended value without affecting the viable cell titer. No effect is produced by 30 s of blending on transformability if the irreversible uptake of DNA has been completed. Thus, the inhibition occurs at an early step in the transformation sequence. Treatment of the competent culture for 60 s or longer in the Waring Blendor reduces both the number of transformants obtained and the total number of viable cells.", "PMID": 411563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6208", "title": "Accessory pigment fluorescence for quantitation of photosynthetic microbial populations.", "content": "The in vivo fluorescence of the primary accessory pigments in purple bacteria (carotenoids), green bacteria (bacteriochlorophyll), green algae (chlorophyll), and cyanobacteria (phycocyanin) was found to be a linear function of cell concentration over three of four orders of magnitude. The lowest cell concentrations detectable were 10(4) cells/ml for procaryotes and 10(3) cells/ml for eucaryotes.", "contents": "Accessory pigment fluorescence for quantitation of photosynthetic microbial populations. The in vivo fluorescence of the primary accessory pigments in purple bacteria (carotenoids), green bacteria (bacteriochlorophyll), green algae (chlorophyll), and cyanobacteria (phycocyanin) was found to be a linear function of cell concentration over three of four orders of magnitude. The lowest cell concentrations detectable were 10(4) cells/ml for procaryotes and 10(3) cells/ml for eucaryotes.", "PMID": 411564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6209", "title": "Square pegs in round holes: a study of residents in long-term institutions in London, Ont.", "content": "A large random sample of people in the long-term institutions (homes for the aged, nursing homes and continuing care hospitals) of London, Ont. was studied to assess the suitability of these people, according to physical and mental status, for the institution in which each resided. The results indicated a relative need for beds in homes for the aged and nursing homes. A high proportion (29% to 54%) of people in the three types of institutions were unsuitably placed. Greater flexibility is needed in institutional arrangements, and institutions should be examined for their potential to provide support in maintaining the elderly at home. The findings of this study add some weight to the arguments of those calling for more and better home care programs for the disabled.", "contents": "Square pegs in round holes: a study of residents in long-term institutions in London, Ont. A large random sample of people in the long-term institutions (homes for the aged, nursing homes and continuing care hospitals) of London, Ont. was studied to assess the suitability of these people, according to physical and mental status, for the institution in which each resided. The results indicated a relative need for beds in homes for the aged and nursing homes. A high proportion (29% to 54%) of people in the three types of institutions were unsuitably placed. Greater flexibility is needed in institutional arrangements, and institutions should be examined for their potential to provide support in maintaining the elderly at home. The findings of this study add some weight to the arguments of those calling for more and better home care programs for the disabled.", "PMID": 411565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6210", "title": "Alterations in fecal microflora enzymes related to diet, age, lactobacillus supplements, and dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "The bacterial enzymes, beta-glucuronidase, azoreductase, and nitroreductase, have been measured in the fecal microflora of rats. The effects of diet, advanced age, Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements, and dimethylhydrazine on these microbial enzymes activities have been determined. The shift from a grain to a meat diet resulted in 1.5--2.5-fold increase in the activity of all three enzymes. Animals over 20 months of age, consuming a meat diet, showed further increases in fecal beta-glucuronidase activity, while the levels of all three microbial enzymes increased in old rats fed a grain diet. Feeding supplement of L. acidophilus significantly lowered the activity of fecal nitroreductase and azoreductase in meat-eating animals, but had no effect on nitroreductase activity in grain-fed animals. Dimethylhydrazine increased the fecal beta-glucuronidase activity in both grain- and meat-fed animals, but the carcinogen had no effect on nitroreductase or azoreductase activity. These findings have relevance to known features of the epidemiology and etiology of large bowel cancer, and suggest certain approaches to prevention.", "contents": "Alterations in fecal microflora enzymes related to diet, age, lactobacillus supplements, and dimethylhydrazine. The bacterial enzymes, beta-glucuronidase, azoreductase, and nitroreductase, have been measured in the fecal microflora of rats. The effects of diet, advanced age, Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements, and dimethylhydrazine on these microbial enzymes activities have been determined. The shift from a grain to a meat diet resulted in 1.5--2.5-fold increase in the activity of all three enzymes. Animals over 20 months of age, consuming a meat diet, showed further increases in fecal beta-glucuronidase activity, while the levels of all three microbial enzymes increased in old rats fed a grain diet. Feeding supplement of L. acidophilus significantly lowered the activity of fecal nitroreductase and azoreductase in meat-eating animals, but had no effect on nitroreductase activity in grain-fed animals. Dimethylhydrazine increased the fecal beta-glucuronidase activity in both grain- and meat-fed animals, but the carcinogen had no effect on nitroreductase or azoreductase activity. These findings have relevance to known features of the epidemiology and etiology of large bowel cancer, and suggest certain approaches to prevention.", "PMID": 411567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6211", "title": "Damage and repair of DNA in cultured mammalian cells with N-diazoacetylglycine amide.", "content": "N-Diazoacetylglycine amide, a diazochetoalkane, has been studied in vitro for DNA damage and repair in cells of a cloned subline from a BALB/c mouse. To our present knowledge, none of these compounds have been investigated for such activities. At nontoxic levels, a prolonged dose-dependent unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed by autoradiography. DNA damage was studied by sedimentation through alkaline sucrose gradients after the cells were lysed on the gradients. Treatment of the cells for 1 hr with nontoxic doses of N-diazoacetylglycine amide resulted in slower sedimentation of DNA. The number of single-strand breaks appeared rather linearly dose dependent for a large range of concentrations. Breaks were at their maximum after 1 hr of treatment, and no further increase in the number of breaks was seen. Some repair of the breaks probably occurs, but repair was sluggish even 68 hr after treatment. A significant part of the breaks was observed after incubation at 4 degrees in an ethylenediaminetetraacetate hypotonic solution. This seems to indicate that the compound does not require metabolic activation. Nontoxic doses of N-diazoacetylglycine amide and other similar derivatives exert mutagenic and carcinogenic activities. The presence of DNA damage and the difficulty in its repair at such doses could be related to both of these biological properties.", "contents": "Damage and repair of DNA in cultured mammalian cells with N-diazoacetylglycine amide. N-Diazoacetylglycine amide, a diazochetoalkane, has been studied in vitro for DNA damage and repair in cells of a cloned subline from a BALB/c mouse. To our present knowledge, none of these compounds have been investigated for such activities. At nontoxic levels, a prolonged dose-dependent unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed by autoradiography. DNA damage was studied by sedimentation through alkaline sucrose gradients after the cells were lysed on the gradients. Treatment of the cells for 1 hr with nontoxic doses of N-diazoacetylglycine amide resulted in slower sedimentation of DNA. The number of single-strand breaks appeared rather linearly dose dependent for a large range of concentrations. Breaks were at their maximum after 1 hr of treatment, and no further increase in the number of breaks was seen. Some repair of the breaks probably occurs, but repair was sluggish even 68 hr after treatment. A significant part of the breaks was observed after incubation at 4 degrees in an ethylenediaminetetraacetate hypotonic solution. This seems to indicate that the compound does not require metabolic activation. Nontoxic doses of N-diazoacetylglycine amide and other similar derivatives exert mutagenic and carcinogenic activities. The presence of DNA damage and the difficulty in its repair at such doses could be related to both of these biological properties.", "PMID": 411568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6212", "title": "Modifications of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene carcinogenesis of rat liver and carcinogen metabolism by portacaval anastomosis.", "content": "The effect of portacaval shunt on hepatocarcinogenesis was studied in rats fed 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Portacaval anastomosis resulted in a decrease of hepatocarcinogenesis as reflected by a delay in the early peak of alpha-fetoproteins, an absence of late appearance of alpha-fetoproteins, and a significantly lower incidence of tumors than in nonshunted rats. Reduction of hepatocarcinogenesis in shunted rats was associated with a decrease of the binding of 3'-methy-4-dimethylamioazobenzene metabolites to liver proteins. This effect seemed to be related to modifications of carcinogen-metabolic pathways. While the detoxifying azoreductase activity was not affected by portal diversion, the activating pathway leading to the binding of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene metabolites to DNA, a major step for cell carcinogenesis that is mediated by microsomal enzymes, was decreased in shunted rats to about 50 percent of control values. The decrease of liver weight that occurred in shunted rats without loss of body weight produced a very significant reduction of the total capacity of liver to activate 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene while the total capacity of detoxification remained unchanged. This could be a direct consequence of portacaval anastomosis, as has been shown for other microsomal enzymes.", "contents": "Modifications of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene carcinogenesis of rat liver and carcinogen metabolism by portacaval anastomosis. The effect of portacaval shunt on hepatocarcinogenesis was studied in rats fed 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Portacaval anastomosis resulted in a decrease of hepatocarcinogenesis as reflected by a delay in the early peak of alpha-fetoproteins, an absence of late appearance of alpha-fetoproteins, and a significantly lower incidence of tumors than in nonshunted rats. Reduction of hepatocarcinogenesis in shunted rats was associated with a decrease of the binding of 3'-methy-4-dimethylamioazobenzene metabolites to liver proteins. This effect seemed to be related to modifications of carcinogen-metabolic pathways. While the detoxifying azoreductase activity was not affected by portal diversion, the activating pathway leading to the binding of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene metabolites to DNA, a major step for cell carcinogenesis that is mediated by microsomal enzymes, was decreased in shunted rats to about 50 percent of control values. The decrease of liver weight that occurred in shunted rats without loss of body weight produced a very significant reduction of the total capacity of liver to activate 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene while the total capacity of detoxification remained unchanged. This could be a direct consequence of portacaval anastomosis, as has been shown for other microsomal enzymes.", "PMID": 411569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6213", "title": "Pharmacologic disposition of DL-alanosine in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys.", "content": "The pharmacologic disposition of DL-alanosine was studied in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. The major portion of the parenterally administered drug was excreted in the urine by all of the species studied; however, in rodents an important fraction of the dose was expired as CO2. Organs in which DL-alanosine accumulates include the kidneys, lungs, liver, and small intestine. Considerable drug-derived radioactivity persists for periods up to 14 days in the hepatic and renal parenchyma. Studies on the clearance of DL-alanosine in mice using a specific enzymatic assay procedure indicated that the plasma half-life of the parent drug was shorter than the half-life of total radioactivity. In both cases, however, the kinetics were complex and not readily resolvable into discrete phases. In murine lymphoblasts (L5178Y/AR) the transport of DL-alanosine was found to be a sodium-stimulated, saturable, and thermosensitive process which was inhibited by L-threonine, L-asparagine, L-glutamine, L-serine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-cysteine, and L-homoserine. Kinetic studies on the influence of L-asparagine and L-glutamine on this transport revealed that the inhibition was competitive in nature.", "contents": "Pharmacologic disposition of DL-alanosine in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. The pharmacologic disposition of DL-alanosine was studied in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. The major portion of the parenterally administered drug was excreted in the urine by all of the species studied; however, in rodents an important fraction of the dose was expired as CO2. Organs in which DL-alanosine accumulates include the kidneys, lungs, liver, and small intestine. Considerable drug-derived radioactivity persists for periods up to 14 days in the hepatic and renal parenchyma. Studies on the clearance of DL-alanosine in mice using a specific enzymatic assay procedure indicated that the plasma half-life of the parent drug was shorter than the half-life of total radioactivity. In both cases, however, the kinetics were complex and not readily resolvable into discrete phases. In murine lymphoblasts (L5178Y/AR) the transport of DL-alanosine was found to be a sodium-stimulated, saturable, and thermosensitive process which was inhibited by L-threonine, L-asparagine, L-glutamine, L-serine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-cysteine, and L-homoserine. Kinetic studies on the influence of L-asparagine and L-glutamine on this transport revealed that the inhibition was competitive in nature.", "PMID": 411570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6214", "title": "An extended transition probability model of the variability of cell generation times.", "content": "The transition probability model of variability of cell generation times is extended so that the rate constant for the transition from the A-state to the B-phase of the cell cycle depends on on time which a particular all has already spent in the A-state. A specific time dependence of this rate constant is introduced. It is determined by the value of one constant which is then an additional parameter of the model. The corresponding cell population kinetics are calculated and compared to existing experimental evidence. The model accounts satisfactorily for the generation time distribution function and for the shortening of the G1 phase of binucleate cells. The time dependence of the transition probability is related to the cell kinetics of an hypothetical cell constituent. A possible relationship is proposed between the chemical parameters with the cell and the parameters of the cell population kinetics.", "contents": "An extended transition probability model of the variability of cell generation times. The transition probability model of variability of cell generation times is extended so that the rate constant for the transition from the A-state to the B-phase of the cell cycle depends on on time which a particular all has already spent in the A-state. A specific time dependence of this rate constant is introduced. It is determined by the value of one constant which is then an additional parameter of the model. The corresponding cell population kinetics are calculated and compared to existing experimental evidence. The model accounts satisfactorily for the generation time distribution function and for the shortening of the G1 phase of binucleate cells. The time dependence of the transition probability is related to the cell kinetics of an hypothetical cell constituent. A possible relationship is proposed between the chemical parameters with the cell and the parameters of the cell population kinetics.", "PMID": 411571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6215", "title": "Trysinase positive oculocutaneous albinism in the goldfish, Carassius auratus l., and ultrastructural and biochemical study of the eye.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies, and cytochemical and biochemical determinations of tyrosinase activity were conducted on the pigment epithelium of albino and xanthic goldfish eyes. In eyes of xanthic goldfish, two types of melanosomes are present, spherical and elongated. Melanized melanosomes are absent in the eyes of the albino goldfish, but elongated lamellar premelanosomes are observed. Internal vesicles are present in both melanosome types in the pigment epithelium of the xanthic goldfish but are absent in premelanosomes of the albino. There are also differences in the distribution of lipid droplets, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes with the latter two being more abundant in the albino. Tyrosinase was not identified cytochemically; however, the enzyme was demonstrated biochemically in the pigment epithelia of both albino and xanthic goldfish. The enzyme is associated with the particulate and soluble fractions fo both types of eyes. Particulate albino tyrosinase may be solubilized by triton X-100 treatment. Tyrosinase inhibitors are present in the particulate fractions of both albino and xanthic goldfish eyes. Thus, in the goldfish, ocular albinism appears to be a multiple defect at the molecular and ultrastructural levels.", "contents": "Trysinase positive oculocutaneous albinism in the goldfish, Carassius auratus l., and ultrastructural and biochemical study of the eye. Ultrastructural studies, and cytochemical and biochemical determinations of tyrosinase activity were conducted on the pigment epithelium of albino and xanthic goldfish eyes. In eyes of xanthic goldfish, two types of melanosomes are present, spherical and elongated. Melanized melanosomes are absent in the eyes of the albino goldfish, but elongated lamellar premelanosomes are observed. Internal vesicles are present in both melanosome types in the pigment epithelium of the xanthic goldfish but are absent in premelanosomes of the albino. There are also differences in the distribution of lipid droplets, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes with the latter two being more abundant in the albino. Tyrosinase was not identified cytochemically; however, the enzyme was demonstrated biochemically in the pigment epithelia of both albino and xanthic goldfish. The enzyme is associated with the particulate and soluble fractions fo both types of eyes. Particulate albino tyrosinase may be solubilized by triton X-100 treatment. Tyrosinase inhibitors are present in the particulate fractions of both albino and xanthic goldfish eyes. Thus, in the goldfish, ocular albinism appears to be a multiple defect at the molecular and ultrastructural levels.", "PMID": 411572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6216", "title": "Effect of cyproterone acetate on prolactin secretion in the female Rhesus monkey.", "content": "Adult female rhesus monkeys were given cyproterone acetate orally in doses of 0.04, 0.4, 4 and 40 mg per kg per day for 12 weeks. Its effects were assessed on serum prolactin (PRL) concentration, the morphology of the PRL cells, and the development of the mammary glands. Serum PRL was relatively unchanged in the control animals from the fourth through the twelfth weeks of the study. In contrast, PRL was significantly elevated in each group of drug-treated animals during the same time periods. There was no development of the mammary glands nor was there any evidence of milk secretion in the control animals; however, in the monkeys given cyproterone acetate the mammary glands had extensive lobuloalveolar growth and milk-like secretion that could be expressed as early as the fourth or fifth week of the study. By immunocytochemistry and differential light microscopic staining techniques, the PRL cells in the pituitary glands of the experimental animals were found to be more numerous and much larger than those present in the controls. They displayed a well developed Golgi complex and had an abundance of cytoplasmic RNA. These data suggest that PRL secretion is markedly enhanced by cyproterone acetate.", "contents": "Effect of cyproterone acetate on prolactin secretion in the female Rhesus monkey. Adult female rhesus monkeys were given cyproterone acetate orally in doses of 0.04, 0.4, 4 and 40 mg per kg per day for 12 weeks. Its effects were assessed on serum prolactin (PRL) concentration, the morphology of the PRL cells, and the development of the mammary glands. Serum PRL was relatively unchanged in the control animals from the fourth through the twelfth weeks of the study. In contrast, PRL was significantly elevated in each group of drug-treated animals during the same time periods. There was no development of the mammary glands nor was there any evidence of milk secretion in the control animals; however, in the monkeys given cyproterone acetate the mammary glands had extensive lobuloalveolar growth and milk-like secretion that could be expressed as early as the fourth or fifth week of the study. By immunocytochemistry and differential light microscopic staining techniques, the PRL cells in the pituitary glands of the experimental animals were found to be more numerous and much larger than those present in the controls. They displayed a well developed Golgi complex and had an abundance of cytoplasmic RNA. These data suggest that PRL secretion is markedly enhanced by cyproterone acetate.", "PMID": 411573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6217", "title": "Stereological and biochemical analysis of prolactin and growth hormone secreting rat pituitary cells in culture. Stereology combined with non-parametrical statistics.", "content": "The secretion of prolactin is increased by treatment of prolactin producing rat pituitary cells with the hypothalamic tripeptide thyroliberin. To investigate the underlying mechanisms we used three closely related rat pituitary tumor cell strains (GH1 2C1, GH3 and GH4C1), which synthesize and spontaneously secrete prolactin and/or growth hormone. Growth hormone and prolactin released into the culture medium over a period of 24 h were measured by radioimmunoassay. Initial rates of synthesis were measured by immunoprecipitation of intracellular growth hormone and prolactin after incubation of cell cultures with 3H-leucine. The observed increase in prolactin synthesis and release was correlated with morphological effects of thyroliberin treatment. The volume density of Golgi complexes and the volume and surface densities of rough endoplasmic reticulum were compared in untreated cells and thyroliberin treated cells. As normal distribution could not be assumed the non-parametric rank test of Wilcoxon was used whereby the densities calculated for each cell section were ranked. All three morphological parameters increased after thyroliberin treatment in cells secreting prolactin only (GH4C1), implying that the increase of prolactin secretion, at least in part, is due to increased prolactin synthesis.", "contents": "Stereological and biochemical analysis of prolactin and growth hormone secreting rat pituitary cells in culture. Stereology combined with non-parametrical statistics. The secretion of prolactin is increased by treatment of prolactin producing rat pituitary cells with the hypothalamic tripeptide thyroliberin. To investigate the underlying mechanisms we used three closely related rat pituitary tumor cell strains (GH1 2C1, GH3 and GH4C1), which synthesize and spontaneously secrete prolactin and/or growth hormone. Growth hormone and prolactin released into the culture medium over a period of 24 h were measured by radioimmunoassay. Initial rates of synthesis were measured by immunoprecipitation of intracellular growth hormone and prolactin after incubation of cell cultures with 3H-leucine. The observed increase in prolactin synthesis and release was correlated with morphological effects of thyroliberin treatment. The volume density of Golgi complexes and the volume and surface densities of rough endoplasmic reticulum were compared in untreated cells and thyroliberin treated cells. As normal distribution could not be assumed the non-parametric rank test of Wilcoxon was used whereby the densities calculated for each cell section were ranked. All three morphological parameters increased after thyroliberin treatment in cells secreting prolactin only (GH4C1), implying that the increase of prolactin secretion, at least in part, is due to increased prolactin synthesis.", "PMID": 411574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6218", "title": "Deletions of two heat-activated loci in Drosophila melanogaster and their effects on heat-induced protein synthesis.", "content": "Deficiencies that delete two heat-induced puffs in Drosophila melanogaster have been isolated. Two deficiencies delete the puff arising from 87C1, and one deletes the two puffs at 87A and 87C1. Homozygotes for these deletions can be recognized by their abnormal, transparent malpighian tubules. The influence on heat-induced protein synthesis of deleting one or both of these puffs has been examined. Unexpectedly, deleting only the 87C1 puff has no apparent effect. Deleting both the 87A and 87C1 puffs eliminates synthesis of a 71,000 dalton protein. We map a coding locus for the 71,000 dalton heat-induced protein to 87A7-B3, a seven band region which also contains a heat-induced puff. The roles of the 87A and 87C1 puffs in coding for heat-induced proteins are discussed in the light of these results.", "contents": "Deletions of two heat-activated loci in Drosophila melanogaster and their effects on heat-induced protein synthesis. Deficiencies that delete two heat-induced puffs in Drosophila melanogaster have been isolated. Two deficiencies delete the puff arising from 87C1, and one deletes the two puffs at 87A and 87C1. Homozygotes for these deletions can be recognized by their abnormal, transparent malpighian tubules. The influence on heat-induced protein synthesis of deleting one or both of these puffs has been examined. Unexpectedly, deleting only the 87C1 puff has no apparent effect. Deleting both the 87A and 87C1 puffs eliminates synthesis of a 71,000 dalton protein. We map a coding locus for the 71,000 dalton heat-induced protein to 87A7-B3, a seven band region which also contains a heat-induced puff. The roles of the 87A and 87C1 puffs in coding for heat-induced proteins are discussed in the light of these results.", "PMID": 411575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6219", "title": "In vivo repair of rat liver DNA damaged by dimethylnitrosamine or diethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Effects of hepatocarcinogens dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) on the sedimentation pattern of rat liver DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients were studied with regard to time and dose dependency. Both DMN (10 mg/kg body weight) and den (13.4 or 134 mg/kg) induced appreciably decreased DNA sedimentation rates at 24 h after injection. DMN at 10 mg/kg was as effective in decreasing the DNA sedimentation rate at 24 h after injection as was the higher dose of DEN (134 mg/kg). Sedimentation patterns at 1, 6 and 14 days after injection indicated that damage induced by DEN (134 mg/kg) was repaired at a substantially lower rate than DMN (10 mg/kg) induced damage. When effects of equimolar doses of DMN (10 mg/kg) and DEN (13.4 mg/kg) were compared at 1, 6 and 14 days after injection, it was observed that the more pronounced damage of rat liver DNA induced by DMN was repaired at a faster rate than was the DEN-induced damage. At the molecular level this difference in repair between damage induced by the two nitrosamines is probably related to different DNA alkylation patterns. The relatively persistent nitrosamine-induced DNA lesions (observed especially after DEN administration) are thought to represent phosphotriesters which give rise to single strand DNA breaks at strongly alkaline conditions of lysis on top of the gradient. The results are discussed in relation to the possible significance of alkylation and repair of DNA in the formation of (pre)cancerous lesions in rat liver.", "contents": "In vivo repair of rat liver DNA damaged by dimethylnitrosamine or diethylnitrosamine. Effects of hepatocarcinogens dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) on the sedimentation pattern of rat liver DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients were studied with regard to time and dose dependency. Both DMN (10 mg/kg body weight) and den (13.4 or 134 mg/kg) induced appreciably decreased DNA sedimentation rates at 24 h after injection. DMN at 10 mg/kg was as effective in decreasing the DNA sedimentation rate at 24 h after injection as was the higher dose of DEN (134 mg/kg). Sedimentation patterns at 1, 6 and 14 days after injection indicated that damage induced by DEN (134 mg/kg) was repaired at a substantially lower rate than DMN (10 mg/kg) induced damage. When effects of equimolar doses of DMN (10 mg/kg) and DEN (13.4 mg/kg) were compared at 1, 6 and 14 days after injection, it was observed that the more pronounced damage of rat liver DNA induced by DMN was repaired at a faster rate than was the DEN-induced damage. At the molecular level this difference in repair between damage induced by the two nitrosamines is probably related to different DNA alkylation patterns. The relatively persistent nitrosamine-induced DNA lesions (observed especially after DEN administration) are thought to represent phosphotriesters which give rise to single strand DNA breaks at strongly alkaline conditions of lysis on top of the gradient. The results are discussed in relation to the possible significance of alkylation and repair of DNA in the formation of (pre)cancerous lesions in rat liver.", "PMID": 411580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6220", "title": "[Anatomical identification of the vestibulo-olivary and cerebello-olivary projections in the cat].", "content": "Injections of horseradish peroxidase were made into different parts of the inferior olive in the Cat. It is shown that the vestibular nucleus Z and, to a lesser extent, the nucleus f send off fibres to the ipsilateral medial accessory olive. The ventral part of the nuclei inter-positus and dentatus send off fibres to the ventrolateral outgrowth of the opposite side.", "contents": "[Anatomical identification of the vestibulo-olivary and cerebello-olivary projections in the cat]. Injections of horseradish peroxidase were made into different parts of the inferior olive in the Cat. It is shown that the vestibular nucleus Z and, to a lesser extent, the nucleus f send off fibres to the ipsilateral medial accessory olive. The ventral part of the nuclei inter-positus and dentatus send off fibres to the ventrolateral outgrowth of the opposite side.", "PMID": 411581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6221", "title": "The first multi-flagellate spermatozoa in the animal kingdom, discovered in Mastotermes darwiniensis.", "content": "In this paper the spermatozoa of Mastotermes darwiniensis is described. It is the first example of multiflagellate animal sperm cell, consisting of a conical head and about hundred flagella. Other remarkable features are the absence of acrosome, the centrioles made up by doublets instead of triplets and the axonemes devoid of central tubules and with doublets bearing only one arm. The flagella are feebly motile.", "contents": "The first multi-flagellate spermatozoa in the animal kingdom, discovered in Mastotermes darwiniensis. In this paper the spermatozoa of Mastotermes darwiniensis is described. It is the first example of multiflagellate animal sperm cell, consisting of a conical head and about hundred flagella. Other remarkable features are the absence of acrosome, the centrioles made up by doublets instead of triplets and the axonemes devoid of central tubules and with doublets bearing only one arm. The flagella are feebly motile.", "PMID": 411582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6222", "title": "[Adenyl cyclase activity of the cell membrane throughout the cell cycle: ultrastructural study of the cell line BHK 21/C 13].", "content": "Adenylate cyclase activity in the surface membrane of baby Hamster kidney (BHK 21/C13) cells is ultrastructurally studied as a function of the cell cycle. Cells are synchronized by a physical method suited to structural and functional investigations. The activity is highest through G1, decreases in S, markedly drops as cells traverse G2 and is very low or often seems not present at all in M.", "contents": "[Adenyl cyclase activity of the cell membrane throughout the cell cycle: ultrastructural study of the cell line BHK 21/C 13]. Adenylate cyclase activity in the surface membrane of baby Hamster kidney (BHK 21/C13) cells is ultrastructurally studied as a function of the cell cycle. Cells are synchronized by a physical method suited to structural and functional investigations. The activity is highest through G1, decreases in S, markedly drops as cells traverse G2 and is very low or often seems not present at all in M.", "PMID": 411583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6223", "title": "[Comparison in genetically obese and normal rats of the uptake and incorporation of labelled lauric acid, oleic acid, and glycerol by the isolated perfused liver].", "content": "Lauric acid, labelled oleic acid and glycerol are perfused in isolated liver of fafa Rats and Wistar Rats previously subjected to fasting. They synthesize TG and PL de novo, though in long time experiments with the normal Rat, the most important method of synthesis is an exchange of AG of the endogenous glycerolipids. However PL are not synthesized with lauric acid. In the livers of fafa Rats the synthesis of TG with oleic acid and glycerol is higher than in livers of Wistar Rats: 16:0 18 : 1 18: 1, 16:0 18: 1 18: 2, 18 : 1 18 :1 18:1, 16 : 0 16 :0 18 : 1 (this TG is not present in liver of Wistar Rat). The hepatic synthesis of PL by the fafa Rat, is less important after 15 min while it is important with Wistar Rats. The synthesized TG with lauric acid (only the TG 12 : 0 12 : 0 12 : 0 with the fafa Rat) are more rapidly oxidized by liver of obese Rat than by liver of normal Rat.", "contents": "[Comparison in genetically obese and normal rats of the uptake and incorporation of labelled lauric acid, oleic acid, and glycerol by the isolated perfused liver]. Lauric acid, labelled oleic acid and glycerol are perfused in isolated liver of fafa Rats and Wistar Rats previously subjected to fasting. They synthesize TG and PL de novo, though in long time experiments with the normal Rat, the most important method of synthesis is an exchange of AG of the endogenous glycerolipids. However PL are not synthesized with lauric acid. In the livers of fafa Rats the synthesis of TG with oleic acid and glycerol is higher than in livers of Wistar Rats: 16:0 18 : 1 18: 1, 16:0 18: 1 18: 2, 18 : 1 18 :1 18:1, 16 : 0 16 :0 18 : 1 (this TG is not present in liver of Wistar Rat). The hepatic synthesis of PL by the fafa Rat, is less important after 15 min while it is important with Wistar Rats. The synthesized TG with lauric acid (only the TG 12 : 0 12 : 0 12 : 0 with the fafa Rat) are more rapidly oxidized by liver of obese Rat than by liver of normal Rat.", "PMID": 411584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6224", "title": "[Identification using glass microelectrodes of the activities recorded in the neighborhood of axons and cell bodies of the trigeminal sensory complex].", "content": "Using glass micropipettes unitary activities were recorded at the level of the trigeminal sensory complex. Iontophoresis of pontamine blue allowed us to localise the recording loci. Two types of spikes were observed, they were distinguished on the basis of their shape: one corresponds to an axon spike, the other to a cell body spike.", "contents": "[Identification using glass microelectrodes of the activities recorded in the neighborhood of axons and cell bodies of the trigeminal sensory complex]. Using glass micropipettes unitary activities were recorded at the level of the trigeminal sensory complex. Iontophoresis of pontamine blue allowed us to localise the recording loci. Two types of spikes were observed, they were distinguished on the basis of their shape: one corresponds to an axon spike, the other to a cell body spike.", "PMID": 411585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6225", "title": "[Immunohistochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase C in the rat central nervous system].", "content": "With obtention of specific antibodies against isoenzyme C of Rat carbonic anhydrase it was possible to realize an immunohistochemical localisation in central nervous system of Rat. Results showed that this enzyme was mainly localized in cytoplasm of oligodendroglial cells and in low concentration in myelin sheath.", "contents": "[Immunohistochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase C in the rat central nervous system]. With obtention of specific antibodies against isoenzyme C of Rat carbonic anhydrase it was possible to realize an immunohistochemical localisation in central nervous system of Rat. Results showed that this enzyme was mainly localized in cytoplasm of oligodendroglial cells and in low concentration in myelin sheath.", "PMID": 411586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6226", "title": "[Concentration and method of cadmium fixation by a marine Vibrio].", "content": "In many organisms, intracellular fixation of cadmium involves specific proteins, the metallothioneins. A similar phenomenon was demonstrated in a marine bacterium belonging to the genus Vibrio. The accumulation of the metal is a function of its concentration in the medium. The uptake is also increased by cysteine, which decreases the toxicity of the metal.", "contents": "[Concentration and method of cadmium fixation by a marine Vibrio]. In many organisms, intracellular fixation of cadmium involves specific proteins, the metallothioneins. A similar phenomenon was demonstrated in a marine bacterium belonging to the genus Vibrio. The accumulation of the metal is a function of its concentration in the medium. The uptake is also increased by cysteine, which decreases the toxicity of the metal.", "PMID": 411587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6227", "title": "[Inhibition of biological methylations by t,t-farnesylacetone, a constituant of the androgenic gland of the male crab, Carcinus maenas].", "content": "t, t-farnesylacetone 1 and hexahydrofarnesylacetone 2 have been previously identified in extracts from the androgenic gland of the male Crab Carcinus maenas. These compounds inhibit in vitro the methylation of E. coli B tRNA and of Calf thymus histones with S-adenosylmethionine methyl-14C as methyl donor and methylases from Crab testis. Rat liver or a 1-adenine methylase from a Mouse plasmocytoma (1 is approximately 200 times more active than 2).", "contents": "[Inhibition of biological methylations by t,t-farnesylacetone, a constituant of the androgenic gland of the male crab, Carcinus maenas]. t, t-farnesylacetone 1 and hexahydrofarnesylacetone 2 have been previously identified in extracts from the androgenic gland of the male Crab Carcinus maenas. These compounds inhibit in vitro the methylation of E. coli B tRNA and of Calf thymus histones with S-adenosylmethionine methyl-14C as methyl donor and methylases from Crab testis. Rat liver or a 1-adenine methylase from a Mouse plasmocytoma (1 is approximately 200 times more active than 2).", "PMID": 411588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6228", "title": "[Mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis with altered sporulation: morphologic responses to several treatments applied in the exponential phase].", "content": "During log-phase of growth, wild strain and and oxytetracycline-resistant mutants with altered sporulation exhibit distinct responses to some treatments, autolysis, osmotic pressure, ultraviolet irradiation and bacteriophage infection.", "contents": "[Mutants of Bacillus thuringiensis with altered sporulation: morphologic responses to several treatments applied in the exponential phase]. During log-phase of growth, wild strain and and oxytetracycline-resistant mutants with altered sporulation exhibit distinct responses to some treatments, autolysis, osmotic pressure, ultraviolet irradiation and bacteriophage infection.", "PMID": 411590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6229", "title": "[Stimulation of hematopoietic stem cells by antilymphocyte serum].", "content": "The physiopathogeny of aplastic anemia is still unknown, it can be related to a stem cell defect or a microenvironment disease. An autoimmune origin is suspected but not as yet proved. To demonstrate the autoimmune origin of some cases of aplastic anemia, we have studied the effect of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) on the hematopoiesis of aplastic patients by serial hematological and bone marrow investigation including blood counts, bone marrow cellularity, scanning with indium and technetium and granulocytic colonies in agar, 8 out of 17 patients had a response to ALG as shown by a rise of granulocytes and reticulocytes counts, increase of bone marrow cellularity and number of granulocytic colonies. This study tends to show that ALG has a stimulating effect on hematopoiesis in some cases of severe aplastic anemia.", "contents": "[Stimulation of hematopoietic stem cells by antilymphocyte serum]. The physiopathogeny of aplastic anemia is still unknown, it can be related to a stem cell defect or a microenvironment disease. An autoimmune origin is suspected but not as yet proved. To demonstrate the autoimmune origin of some cases of aplastic anemia, we have studied the effect of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) on the hematopoiesis of aplastic patients by serial hematological and bone marrow investigation including blood counts, bone marrow cellularity, scanning with indium and technetium and granulocytic colonies in agar, 8 out of 17 patients had a response to ALG as shown by a rise of granulocytes and reticulocytes counts, increase of bone marrow cellularity and number of granulocytic colonies. This study tends to show that ALG has a stimulating effect on hematopoiesis in some cases of severe aplastic anemia.", "PMID": 411591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6230", "title": "[Preferential affinity of acetylcholine receptor protein for certain lipids studied using monolayer cultures].", "content": "The interaction of the cholinergic (nicotinic) receptor protein purified from Torpedo marmorata electric organ with lipidic monomolecular films is studied at constant film area or constant superficial pressure. In both experimental situations, it is incorporated more efficiently into cholesterol than into egg lecithin films without showing any selectivity for a particular phospholipid class.", "contents": "[Preferential affinity of acetylcholine receptor protein for certain lipids studied using monolayer cultures]. The interaction of the cholinergic (nicotinic) receptor protein purified from Torpedo marmorata electric organ with lipidic monomolecular films is studied at constant film area or constant superficial pressure. In both experimental situations, it is incorporated more efficiently into cholesterol than into egg lecithin films without showing any selectivity for a particular phospholipid class.", "PMID": 411594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6231", "title": "[Influence of nitrogen components of wine on the growth of lactic acid bacteria].", "content": "Three different fractions of nitrogen compounds have been extracted from wine: proteins, peptides, amino acids. They have been tested to support the growth of malolactic bacteria in acid medium: only the peptidic fraction supports this growth.", "contents": "[Influence of nitrogen components of wine on the growth of lactic acid bacteria]. Three different fractions of nitrogen compounds have been extracted from wine: proteins, peptides, amino acids. They have been tested to support the growth of malolactic bacteria in acid medium: only the peptidic fraction supports this growth.", "PMID": 411595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6232", "title": "[Tubular and glomerular nephropathy induced in rabbits by injection of a heterologous antitubular basement membrane serum].", "content": "A nephropathy affecting both tubules and glomeruli has been induced in Rabbits by the injection of an heterologous immune serum directed against Rabbit tubular basement membrane. It differs from experimental antiglomerular basement membrane nephropathy by the fixation of antibodies and C3 on tubular basement membrane and by the occurrence of glucosuria.", "contents": "[Tubular and glomerular nephropathy induced in rabbits by injection of a heterologous antitubular basement membrane serum]. A nephropathy affecting both tubules and glomeruli has been induced in Rabbits by the injection of an heterologous immune serum directed against Rabbit tubular basement membrane. It differs from experimental antiglomerular basement membrane nephropathy by the fixation of antibodies and C3 on tubular basement membrane and by the occurrence of glucosuria.", "PMID": 411596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6233", "title": "[Antitumor effects of keto-nucleosides. Study of the antitumor activity of y(3'-O-acetyl-4', 6'-dideoxy-beta-L-glycero-hex-3'-eno-pyranosyl) theophylline and 1(4'-keto-2'-3'-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L-''rhamnosyl''O thymine against L 1210 leukemia in mice].", "content": "The effects of two keto-nucleosides on survival time of Mice with i.p. L 1210 leukemia were studied. The purine unsaturated keto-nucleoside was shown to be much more active than the pyrimidine keto-nucleoside.", "contents": "[Antitumor effects of keto-nucleosides. Study of the antitumor activity of y(3'-O-acetyl-4', 6'-dideoxy-beta-L-glycero-hex-3'-eno-pyranosyl) theophylline and 1(4'-keto-2'-3'-O-isopropylidene-alpha-L-''rhamnosyl''O thymine against L 1210 leukemia in mice]. The effects of two keto-nucleosides on survival time of Mice with i.p. L 1210 leukemia were studied. The purine unsaturated keto-nucleoside was shown to be much more active than the pyrimidine keto-nucleoside.", "PMID": 411597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6234", "title": "[Membrane lipids and electron transfer. Effects of four detergents on NADH-ferricyanide reductase and NADH-cytochrome c reductase activities of potato tuber microsomes].", "content": "The NADH-ferricyanure reductase activity of Potato microsomes is stimulated by non ionic detergents (Triton X100 and Tween80) and is partially inhibited by ionic detergents (sodium-cholate and deoxycholate). All these four detergents progressively decreased the NADH-cytochrome c reductase in the following order: sodium deoxycholate greater than Triton X100 greater than sodium cholate greater than Tween80.", "contents": "[Membrane lipids and electron transfer. Effects of four detergents on NADH-ferricyanide reductase and NADH-cytochrome c reductase activities of potato tuber microsomes]. The NADH-ferricyanure reductase activity of Potato microsomes is stimulated by non ionic detergents (Triton X100 and Tween80) and is partially inhibited by ionic detergents (sodium-cholate and deoxycholate). All these four detergents progressively decreased the NADH-cytochrome c reductase in the following order: sodium deoxycholate greater than Triton X100 greater than sodium cholate greater than Tween80.", "PMID": 411599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6235", "title": "[Shape acoustical recognition and characteristics of sonar signals by the dolphin T. truncatus].", "content": "During the shape acoustical recognition process, the signal processing reveals two phases in the T. truncatus sonar emission. In the course of the first phase, the wide-band signals are invariant, during the second phase, near the end of the approach, their temporal and spectral characteristics change along with the shape of the objects to identify.", "contents": "[Shape acoustical recognition and characteristics of sonar signals by the dolphin T. truncatus]. During the shape acoustical recognition process, the signal processing reveals two phases in the T. truncatus sonar emission. In the course of the first phase, the wide-band signals are invariant, during the second phase, near the end of the approach, their temporal and spectral characteristics change along with the shape of the objects to identify.", "PMID": 411600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6236", "title": "[Aversive effects of halothane anesthesia in the rat, using extinction of tasks by positive reinforcement].", "content": "Immediate posttrial halothane anaesthesia accelerates the extinction of two previously acquired operant tasks--barpress learning or modified K-maze learning. This acceleration is not due to any motor impairment. These results are not consistent with the hypothesis of amnestic effects of halothane anaesthesia; they are interpreted in terms of aversive effects.", "contents": "[Aversive effects of halothane anesthesia in the rat, using extinction of tasks by positive reinforcement]. Immediate posttrial halothane anaesthesia accelerates the extinction of two previously acquired operant tasks--barpress learning or modified K-maze learning. This acceleration is not due to any motor impairment. These results are not consistent with the hypothesis of amnestic effects of halothane anaesthesia; they are interpreted in terms of aversive effects.", "PMID": 411601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6237", "title": "[Evolution of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in plasma, testicle and ovary of the guinea pig throughout fetal life].", "content": "High testosterone concentrations were found in the plasma of male fetus at the stage of sexual differentiation. Then the fetal testis is the principal source of circulating testosterone; its action on the Wolffian duct would occur by the systemic pathway. In female fetus, androgens were synthesized by the gonad and the relatively high levels found in the plasma have probably another source.", "contents": "[Evolution of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in plasma, testicle and ovary of the guinea pig throughout fetal life]. High testosterone concentrations were found in the plasma of male fetus at the stage of sexual differentiation. Then the fetal testis is the principal source of circulating testosterone; its action on the Wolffian duct would occur by the systemic pathway. In female fetus, androgens were synthesized by the gonad and the relatively high levels found in the plasma have probably another source.", "PMID": 411602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6238", "title": "[Preliminary findings concerning the in vitro effect of estradiol on differentiation of mammary glands in rabbit embryos].", "content": "The mammary buds of rabbit embryos between 18 and 24 days of age were ultrastructurally studied after being cultivated in synthetic liquid medium. The response to estradiol involves an increase in lipid synthesis and the occasional appearance of malformations.", "contents": "[Preliminary findings concerning the in vitro effect of estradiol on differentiation of mammary glands in rabbit embryos]. The mammary buds of rabbit embryos between 18 and 24 days of age were ultrastructurally studied after being cultivated in synthetic liquid medium. The response to estradiol involves an increase in lipid synthesis and the occasional appearance of malformations.", "PMID": 411603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6239", "title": "Effect of dopamine infusion on the hemodynamics of normal and sympathectomized rhesus monkeys in endotoxin shock.", "content": "Infusion of endotoxin in chemically sympathectomized monkeys caused a fall in the mean aortic pressure, but the cardiac output, stroke volume, and central venous pressure were well maintained. Endotoxin-induced tachycardia in monkeys with functional sympathetics was not seen in the sympathectomized animals. Infusion of dopamine improved the hemodynamic and cardiovascular status, probably by causing vasoconstriction of the splenic and hepatic artery where the pooling of blood is believed to occur in endotoxin shock. However, these beneficial effects were not apparent when dopamine was administered in the chemically sympathectomized animal infused with endotoxin. Since chemical sympathectomy did not affect the endotoxin-induced decline in the systolic and mean aortic pressure or the severity of the endotoxin shock, it is suggested that catecholamines may not be the primary initiator or trigger substances in endotoxin shock.", "contents": "Effect of dopamine infusion on the hemodynamics of normal and sympathectomized rhesus monkeys in endotoxin shock. Infusion of endotoxin in chemically sympathectomized monkeys caused a fall in the mean aortic pressure, but the cardiac output, stroke volume, and central venous pressure were well maintained. Endotoxin-induced tachycardia in monkeys with functional sympathetics was not seen in the sympathectomized animals. Infusion of dopamine improved the hemodynamic and cardiovascular status, probably by causing vasoconstriction of the splenic and hepatic artery where the pooling of blood is believed to occur in endotoxin shock. However, these beneficial effects were not apparent when dopamine was administered in the chemically sympathectomized animal infused with endotoxin. Since chemical sympathectomy did not affect the endotoxin-induced decline in the systolic and mean aortic pressure or the severity of the endotoxin shock, it is suggested that catecholamines may not be the primary initiator or trigger substances in endotoxin shock.", "PMID": 411604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6240", "title": "The effect of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation on regional blood flow in cynomulgus monkeys.", "content": "The effect of hemorrhagic hypotension and resuscitation on regional blood flow was studied in the Macaca fascicularis monkey. The majority of the splanchnic vasculature demonstrated a profound decrease in flow. Following fluid expansion and correction of acidosis, flow increased in these circulations but did not reach control values. Exceptions were the small bowel flow which fell only moderately and hepatic arterial flow which did not significantly change. Both coronary and adrenal circulations maintained flow during the shock and resuscitation periods, whereas brain and kidney blood flows fell significantly without recovery. There was a significant rise in serum glucose, lactate, and pyruvate during shock, with an increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio. Following resuscitation, the ratio decreased, implying a return toward aerobic metabolism.", "contents": "The effect of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation on regional blood flow in cynomulgus monkeys. The effect of hemorrhagic hypotension and resuscitation on regional blood flow was studied in the Macaca fascicularis monkey. The majority of the splanchnic vasculature demonstrated a profound decrease in flow. Following fluid expansion and correction of acidosis, flow increased in these circulations but did not reach control values. Exceptions were the small bowel flow which fell only moderately and hepatic arterial flow which did not significantly change. Both coronary and adrenal circulations maintained flow during the shock and resuscitation periods, whereas brain and kidney blood flows fell significantly without recovery. There was a significant rise in serum glucose, lactate, and pyruvate during shock, with an increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio. Following resuscitation, the ratio decreased, implying a return toward aerobic metabolism.", "PMID": 411605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6241", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of pulmonary vascular responses to miliary pulmonary embolism.", "content": "The nature and mechanisms of pulmonary vascular responses which follow miliary pulmonary embolism were examined in intact dogs in which the isolated left lower lobe was perfused at constant blood flow. Embolization of the lung with plastic microspheres increased total pulmonary vascular resistance, whereas, in contrast, vascular resistance of the isolated perfused left lower lobe which was protected from embolization was decreased. This vasodilation was prevented by chronic denervation of the lobe and by ganglionic blockade. Cervical vagotomy also blocked the response but atropine failed to alter the vasodilation. The response, which appeared to be reflex in origin and involve efferent sympathetic pathways, was prevented by beta-adrenergic receptor blockade produced by propranolol. Since the lobar vascular response to norepinephrine was significantly enhanced by propranolol, it was concluded that embolization of the lung evokes pulmonary vascular reflex vasodilation which is mediated over the sympathetic nervous system via a beta-adrenergic receptor mechanism.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of pulmonary vascular responses to miliary pulmonary embolism. The nature and mechanisms of pulmonary vascular responses which follow miliary pulmonary embolism were examined in intact dogs in which the isolated left lower lobe was perfused at constant blood flow. Embolization of the lung with plastic microspheres increased total pulmonary vascular resistance, whereas, in contrast, vascular resistance of the isolated perfused left lower lobe which was protected from embolization was decreased. This vasodilation was prevented by chronic denervation of the lobe and by ganglionic blockade. Cervical vagotomy also blocked the response but atropine failed to alter the vasodilation. The response, which appeared to be reflex in origin and involve efferent sympathetic pathways, was prevented by beta-adrenergic receptor blockade produced by propranolol. Since the lobar vascular response to norepinephrine was significantly enhanced by propranolol, it was concluded that embolization of the lung evokes pulmonary vascular reflex vasodilation which is mediated over the sympathetic nervous system via a beta-adrenergic receptor mechanism.", "PMID": 411606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6242", "title": "Influence of reduction of preload and afterload by nitroglycerin on left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations and relaxation in man.", "content": "To clarify the mechanisms of afterload reduction on left ventricular diastolic function, the influence of nitroglycerin upon ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations was studied in 22 patients during catheterization. After nitroglycerin, average ventricular systolic pressure declined by 25 mm Hg (18%) and end-diastolic pressure by 7 mm Hg (28%) (P less than 0.005). End-systolic and diastolic ventricular volumes decreased by 37% and 23% respectively (P less than 0.005). Although peak negative dP/dt fell by 22% (P less than 0.0005), \"T\", an index of the time course of isovolumic diastolic ventricular relaxation, was insignificantly changed. Diastolic pressure-volume curves were significantly displaced downward and leftward without significant change in slope, suggesting that a family of pressure-volume curves for each ventricle with similar slope but positions depend upon immediate loading conditions. Absence of change in slope or of \"T\" suggests that this displacement may be mediated indirectly, perhaps by relaxation of extracardiac constraints to ventricular distensibility. Accordingly, improvement in ventricular function by vasodilators may be partly due to downward displacement of the pressure-volume relation, with associated reduction of wall tension and myocardial oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Influence of reduction of preload and afterload by nitroglycerin on left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations and relaxation in man. To clarify the mechanisms of afterload reduction on left ventricular diastolic function, the influence of nitroglycerin upon ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations was studied in 22 patients during catheterization. After nitroglycerin, average ventricular systolic pressure declined by 25 mm Hg (18%) and end-diastolic pressure by 7 mm Hg (28%) (P less than 0.005). End-systolic and diastolic ventricular volumes decreased by 37% and 23% respectively (P less than 0.005). Although peak negative dP/dt fell by 22% (P less than 0.0005), \"T\", an index of the time course of isovolumic diastolic ventricular relaxation, was insignificantly changed. Diastolic pressure-volume curves were significantly displaced downward and leftward without significant change in slope, suggesting that a family of pressure-volume curves for each ventricle with similar slope but positions depend upon immediate loading conditions. Absence of change in slope or of \"T\" suggests that this displacement may be mediated indirectly, perhaps by relaxation of extracardiac constraints to ventricular distensibility. Accordingly, improvement in ventricular function by vasodilators may be partly due to downward displacement of the pressure-volume relation, with associated reduction of wall tension and myocardial oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 411607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6243", "title": "Effects of sublingual nitroglycerin on resting pulmonary gas exchange and hemodynamics in man.", "content": "Simultaneous hemodynamic, ventilation and blood gas measurements were performed in 19 males during cardiac catheterization for evaluation of chest pain syndrome before and 3 to 5 min after 0.4 mg sublingual nitroglycerin. Pulmonary arterial pressures and total pulmonary vascular resistance fell (P less than 0.001 for both), and mean systemic arterial pressure decreased (P less than 0.05). However, peripheral vascular resistance, cardiac output, and mixed venous PO2 did not change. Total and tidal ventilation, PCO2, pH, and base excess remained unchanged. However, the arterial PO2 decreased from a mean of 80 +/- 3 (SEM) to 72 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) and mean venous admixture increased from 8.8 +/- 1% to 12.6 +/- 1.5% (P less than 0.001). The alveolar arterial PO2 difference increased (P less than 0.001) and the dead space tidal volume ratio rose (P less than 0.05). We conclude that the decrease in arterial PO2 following sublingual nitroglycerin is caused by redistribution of pulmonary blood flow with imbalance in ventilation-perfusion relationships or shunting.", "contents": "Effects of sublingual nitroglycerin on resting pulmonary gas exchange and hemodynamics in man. Simultaneous hemodynamic, ventilation and blood gas measurements were performed in 19 males during cardiac catheterization for evaluation of chest pain syndrome before and 3 to 5 min after 0.4 mg sublingual nitroglycerin. Pulmonary arterial pressures and total pulmonary vascular resistance fell (P less than 0.001 for both), and mean systemic arterial pressure decreased (P less than 0.05). However, peripheral vascular resistance, cardiac output, and mixed venous PO2 did not change. Total and tidal ventilation, PCO2, pH, and base excess remained unchanged. However, the arterial PO2 decreased from a mean of 80 +/- 3 (SEM) to 72 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) and mean venous admixture increased from 8.8 +/- 1% to 12.6 +/- 1.5% (P less than 0.001). The alveolar arterial PO2 difference increased (P less than 0.001) and the dead space tidal volume ratio rose (P less than 0.05). We conclude that the decrease in arterial PO2 following sublingual nitroglycerin is caused by redistribution of pulmonary blood flow with imbalance in ventilation-perfusion relationships or shunting.", "PMID": 411608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6244", "title": "Nifedipine therapy for Prinzmetal's angina.", "content": "A case is described in which nifedipine, a new coronary vasodilator, was effective in relieving attacks of Prinzmetal's angina unresponsive to conventional therapy. The extreme frequency of the anginal attacks provided evidence that lower doses of nifedipine lost their effectiveness approximately 4 hours after administration. A month after initiation of nifedipine, nitrates were withdrawn since they had been ineffective in controlling the attacks. A myocardial infarction occurred immediately, presumably due to coronary spasm.", "contents": "Nifedipine therapy for Prinzmetal's angina. A case is described in which nifedipine, a new coronary vasodilator, was effective in relieving attacks of Prinzmetal's angina unresponsive to conventional therapy. The extreme frequency of the anginal attacks provided evidence that lower doses of nifedipine lost their effectiveness approximately 4 hours after administration. A month after initiation of nifedipine, nitrates were withdrawn since they had been ineffective in controlling the attacks. A myocardial infarction occurred immediately, presumably due to coronary spasm.", "PMID": 411609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6245", "title": "Serum gentamicin assay by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of gentamicin in serum. The antibiotic was separated from serum by passage through a silicic acid column, derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde, and eluted with ethanol. The derivatized gentamicin was then separated into all three of its major components by reversed-phase chromatography and quantified by fluorometry. Concentrations in serum as low as 0.5 mg of gentamicin per liter could be accurately determined. A standard curve showed a linear response for serum containing gentamicin at concentrations ranging from 0 to 20 mg/liter. Tobramycin, amikacin, ampicillin, penicillin G, methicillin, carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and cephalothin did not interfere with the gentamicin assay. Comparison with an accepted microbiological assay yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.99. This chemical assay is rapid (less than 30 min), sensitive, accurate, specific, and appears to be applicable to other aminoglycosides.", "contents": "Serum gentamicin assay by high-performance liquid chromatography. We describe a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of gentamicin in serum. The antibiotic was separated from serum by passage through a silicic acid column, derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde, and eluted with ethanol. The derivatized gentamicin was then separated into all three of its major components by reversed-phase chromatography and quantified by fluorometry. Concentrations in serum as low as 0.5 mg of gentamicin per liter could be accurately determined. A standard curve showed a linear response for serum containing gentamicin at concentrations ranging from 0 to 20 mg/liter. Tobramycin, amikacin, ampicillin, penicillin G, methicillin, carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and cephalothin did not interfere with the gentamicin assay. Comparison with an accepted microbiological assay yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.99. This chemical assay is rapid (less than 30 min), sensitive, accurate, specific, and appears to be applicable to other aminoglycosides.", "PMID": 411610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6246", "title": "GM1-ganglioside beta-galactosidase in leukocytes and cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "GM1-ganglioside hydrolysis by leukocytes and fibroblasts, tissues easily obtainable from patients, was investigated using 3H-labeled GM1 and was found to be at least as active as that reported for any other tissue. Sodium taurocholate was required for the reaction, the crude bile salt at an optimum concentration of 0.4% producing twice as much activity as pure taurocholate at its optimum concentration of 0.8%. Leukocyte GM1-ganglioside beta-galactosidase and 4-MU-beta-gal cleaving activities were similar, 134.5 +/- 23.3 and 179.8 +/- 25.4 nmol/h/mg protein, respectively. In cultured skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells these enzyme activities were 4 to 5 times higher. Homozygotes for GM1-gangliosidosis showed negligible activity while in heterozygotes the leukocyte GM1-cleaving activity was reduced to one-third of control values. In leukocytes from patients with four other sphingolipid storage diseases the activity was either normal (Krabbe's, Tay-Sachs, Metachromatic leukodystrophy) or increased (adult Gaucher's).", "contents": "GM1-ganglioside beta-galactosidase in leukocytes and cultured fibroblasts. GM1-ganglioside hydrolysis by leukocytes and fibroblasts, tissues easily obtainable from patients, was investigated using 3H-labeled GM1 and was found to be at least as active as that reported for any other tissue. Sodium taurocholate was required for the reaction, the crude bile salt at an optimum concentration of 0.4% producing twice as much activity as pure taurocholate at its optimum concentration of 0.8%. Leukocyte GM1-ganglioside beta-galactosidase and 4-MU-beta-gal cleaving activities were similar, 134.5 +/- 23.3 and 179.8 +/- 25.4 nmol/h/mg protein, respectively. In cultured skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells these enzyme activities were 4 to 5 times higher. Homozygotes for GM1-gangliosidosis showed negligible activity while in heterozygotes the leukocyte GM1-cleaving activity was reduced to one-third of control values. In leukocytes from patients with four other sphingolipid storage diseases the activity was either normal (Krabbe's, Tay-Sachs, Metachromatic leukodystrophy) or increased (adult Gaucher's).", "PMID": 411612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6247", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for thyroxine on Sephadex columns. Investigations on the influence of some buffers on the binding of thyroxine to serum proteins.", "content": "A thyroxine radioimmunoassay procedure (T4RIA) based on incubation and separation on Sephadex columns is presented. The assay is rapid and easily to perform; if necessary columns may be regenerated. The raising of antibodies against thyroxine in goats is described in detail. The specificity of the antiserum towards the coupling of several compounds related to thyroxine has been tested. Influence of some buffers on the binding of thyroxine to serum proteins has been investigated. The results of T4RIA in patient sera were in agreement with those obtained by a competitive binding method. The within-day variation was approximately 4% (coefficient of variation, C.V.); day-to-day variation was 7% C.V.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for thyroxine on Sephadex columns. Investigations on the influence of some buffers on the binding of thyroxine to serum proteins. A thyroxine radioimmunoassay procedure (T4RIA) based on incubation and separation on Sephadex columns is presented. The assay is rapid and easily to perform; if necessary columns may be regenerated. The raising of antibodies against thyroxine in goats is described in detail. The specificity of the antiserum towards the coupling of several compounds related to thyroxine has been tested. Influence of some buffers on the binding of thyroxine to serum proteins has been investigated. The results of T4RIA in patient sera were in agreement with those obtained by a competitive binding method. The within-day variation was approximately 4% (coefficient of variation, C.V.); day-to-day variation was 7% C.V.", "PMID": 411613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6248", "title": "Determination of gold in plasma and plasma fractions by atomic absorption spectrometry and by neutron activation analysis.", "content": "Three techniques of gold analysis, flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and neutron activation analysis, have been compared, using plasma and plasma fractions (derived by gel chromatography) from rheumatoid patients receiving aurothiomalate therapy and from plasma samples incubated with aurothiomalate in vitro. The three methods correlated well in the analysis of gold in whole plasma, but only neutron activation analysis was suitable for the assay of all the plasma fractions. The susceptibility of the two atomic absorption methods to interference by sodium chloride was investigated.", "contents": "Determination of gold in plasma and plasma fractions by atomic absorption spectrometry and by neutron activation analysis. Three techniques of gold analysis, flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and neutron activation analysis, have been compared, using plasma and plasma fractions (derived by gel chromatography) from rheumatoid patients receiving aurothiomalate therapy and from plasma samples incubated with aurothiomalate in vitro. The three methods correlated well in the analysis of gold in whole plasma, but only neutron activation analysis was suitable for the assay of all the plasma fractions. The susceptibility of the two atomic absorption methods to interference by sodium chloride was investigated.", "PMID": 411614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6249", "title": "A new theoretical description of the binding of thyroid hormones by serum proteins.", "content": "A theoretical model is proposed which describes the binding of thyroid hormones to serum proteins in terms of easily determined parameters, Not only free hormone concentration but also the distribution of hormone among various binding sites may be computed. The mathematical approach is capable of dealing with models of differing complexity of binding from simple 'one binding site per protein molecule' systems to those involving 'negative co-operativity'. The approach gives predictions of thyroid function parameters which are in good agreement with those observed in practice.", "contents": "A new theoretical description of the binding of thyroid hormones by serum proteins. A theoretical model is proposed which describes the binding of thyroid hormones to serum proteins in terms of easily determined parameters, Not only free hormone concentration but also the distribution of hormone among various binding sites may be computed. The mathematical approach is capable of dealing with models of differing complexity of binding from simple 'one binding site per protein molecule' systems to those involving 'negative co-operativity'. The approach gives predictions of thyroid function parameters which are in good agreement with those observed in practice.", "PMID": 411617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6250", "title": "Bronchial findings in pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "A total of 297 bronchoscopies were performed on 238 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis at the Paivarinne Chest Hospital during the period 1967--1973. The tuberculous process was deemed active in 172 patients and inactive in 66. Active endobronchial tuberculosis was diagnosed in 20 patients, 11.6% of the active cases, whereas inactive sequelae of endobronchial tuberculosis appeared in 7% of the total material. Bronchography was performed on 163 patients; a normal bronchogram was obtained in 54% of the cases with minimal changes, 35% of the moderately advanced cases, 13% of the far advanced and 23% of the inactive cases. Sputum samples were more often positive for tubercle bacilli than the bronchial aspirates, and bacterial cultures from sputum samples were less reliable indicators of infection than were cultures from bronchial aspirates. Cytological smears revealed no difference between these two sampling methods.", "contents": "Bronchial findings in pulmonary tuberculosis. A total of 297 bronchoscopies were performed on 238 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis at the Paivarinne Chest Hospital during the period 1967--1973. The tuberculous process was deemed active in 172 patients and inactive in 66. Active endobronchial tuberculosis was diagnosed in 20 patients, 11.6% of the active cases, whereas inactive sequelae of endobronchial tuberculosis appeared in 7% of the total material. Bronchography was performed on 163 patients; a normal bronchogram was obtained in 54% of the cases with minimal changes, 35% of the moderately advanced cases, 13% of the far advanced and 23% of the inactive cases. Sputum samples were more often positive for tubercle bacilli than the bronchial aspirates, and bacterial cultures from sputum samples were less reliable indicators of infection than were cultures from bronchial aspirates. Cytological smears revealed no difference between these two sampling methods.", "PMID": 411618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6251", "title": "The neurological examination in dementia.", "content": "The thesis of this chapter is that the neurological phenomena discussed and numerous others omitted or not yet recognized relate primarily to a release of primitive activity when diffuse brain damage erodes cerebral inhibition mechanisms. Anatomical correlations are always difficult when there are multiple lesions, and those that have been made have not completely explained these phenomena. A phylogenetic explanation is not completely adequate either but certainly does not bar further investigations. Indeed such a concept points out the necessity to continue to search for other fetal or developmental responses in dementia, to assess the interrelationships between these reflexes, and to quantify the stimulus as well as the response. The prognostic value of these reflexes is not emphasized, because it is not known. In the evaluation of dementia, one of the last obvious frontiers of neurological science, both specific observations and general principles await discovery.", "contents": "The neurological examination in dementia. The thesis of this chapter is that the neurological phenomena discussed and numerous others omitted or not yet recognized relate primarily to a release of primitive activity when diffuse brain damage erodes cerebral inhibition mechanisms. Anatomical correlations are always difficult when there are multiple lesions, and those that have been made have not completely explained these phenomena. A phylogenetic explanation is not completely adequate either but certainly does not bar further investigations. Indeed such a concept points out the necessity to continue to search for other fetal or developmental responses in dementia, to assess the interrelationships between these reflexes, and to quantify the stimulus as well as the response. The prognostic value of these reflexes is not emphasized, because it is not known. In the evaluation of dementia, one of the last obvious frontiers of neurological science, both specific observations and general principles await discovery.", "PMID": 411627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6252", "title": "Biochemistry of lipoxygenase in relation to food quality.", "content": "A renewed interest in lipoxygenase has led to detailed studies of its isoenzymes, substrate specificity, and the nature of its reaction products. Lipoxygenase is highly specific for cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene systems such as linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid (or ester) and catalyzes the formation of the corresponding hydroperoxides with a cis,-trans-conjugated diene system. The hydroperoxides can then undergo enzymic or spontaneous degradation, producing a range of carbonyl compounds. This review will discuss the biochemical properties of this enzyme and its contribution to the quality of raw and processed food products. An attempt has been made to discuss both the desirable and undesirable effects associated with the action of lipoxygenase, citing specific food examples where appropriate.", "contents": "Biochemistry of lipoxygenase in relation to food quality. A renewed interest in lipoxygenase has led to detailed studies of its isoenzymes, substrate specificity, and the nature of its reaction products. Lipoxygenase is highly specific for cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene systems such as linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid (or ester) and catalyzes the formation of the corresponding hydroperoxides with a cis,-trans-conjugated diene system. The hydroperoxides can then undergo enzymic or spontaneous degradation, producing a range of carbonyl compounds. This review will discuss the biochemical properties of this enzyme and its contribution to the quality of raw and processed food products. An attempt has been made to discuss both the desirable and undesirable effects associated with the action of lipoxygenase, citing specific food examples where appropriate.", "PMID": 411628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6253", "title": "Impact of external influences on food packaging.", "content": "Since the food supply is dependent upon an effective packaging system, threats to packaging represent implied threats to food processing and distribution. Enacted and potential legislation and regulation are retarding technological and commercial progress in food packaging and have already restricted some food packaging/processins systems. The results of these external influences is not simply the sum of the individual acts, but is a cascading self-imposed arresting of food packaging/processing advancement. The technological bases for the enacted and proposed legislation and regulation are presented in the enumeration of the external influences on food packaging. Economic and sociological arguments and facts surrounding the issues are also presented. Among the external influences on food packaging detailed are indirect additives, nutritional labeling, benefit:risk, solid waste and litter, environmental pollution, universal product code, and food industry productivity. The magnitude of the total impact of these external influences upon the food supply is so large that assertive action must be taken to channel these influences into more productive awareness. An objective and comprehensive public communications program supported by the technological community appears mandatory.", "contents": "Impact of external influences on food packaging. Since the food supply is dependent upon an effective packaging system, threats to packaging represent implied threats to food processing and distribution. Enacted and potential legislation and regulation are retarding technological and commercial progress in food packaging and have already restricted some food packaging/processins systems. The results of these external influences is not simply the sum of the individual acts, but is a cascading self-imposed arresting of food packaging/processing advancement. The technological bases for the enacted and proposed legislation and regulation are presented in the enumeration of the external influences on food packaging. Economic and sociological arguments and facts surrounding the issues are also presented. Among the external influences on food packaging detailed are indirect additives, nutritional labeling, benefit:risk, solid waste and litter, environmental pollution, universal product code, and food industry productivity. The magnitude of the total impact of these external influences upon the food supply is so large that assertive action must be taken to channel these influences into more productive awareness. An objective and comprehensive public communications program supported by the technological community appears mandatory.", "PMID": 411629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6254", "title": "Localization of sequences coding for histone messenger RNA in the chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "In situ hybridization of sea urchin (Psammechinus miliaris, Lytechinus pictus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) histone messenger RNA has been used to map complementary sequences on polytene chromosomes from Drosophila melanogaster. The sea urchin RNA hybridizes to the polytene regions from 39D3 through 39E1-2, including both of these bands (39D2 may also be included). This region is identical to the one which hybridizes most heavily with non-polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA from D. melanogaster tissues. Sea urchin mRNAs coding for several individual histones each hybridize across the entire region from 39D3 (or D2) through 39E1-2, as would be expected if the individual mRNA sequences are interspersed. In view of the apparently even distribution of sequences complementary to histone mRNA within the 39D3-39E1-2 region, the significance of the several polytene bands in this region remains an open question. Biochemical characterization of the hybrids between sea urchin histone mRNA and D. melanogaster DNA suggest that sea urchin mRNAs for several of the histone classes have some portions which retain enough sequence homology with the D. melanogaster sequences to form hybrids, although the hybrids have base pair mismatches. In situ hybridization of chromosomes in which region 39-E is ectopically paired show no evidence of seqence homology in the chromosome region with which 39D-E is associated.", "contents": "Localization of sequences coding for histone messenger RNA in the chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. In situ hybridization of sea urchin (Psammechinus miliaris, Lytechinus pictus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) histone messenger RNA has been used to map complementary sequences on polytene chromosomes from Drosophila melanogaster. The sea urchin RNA hybridizes to the polytene regions from 39D3 through 39E1-2, including both of these bands (39D2 may also be included). This region is identical to the one which hybridizes most heavily with non-polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA from D. melanogaster tissues. Sea urchin mRNAs coding for several individual histones each hybridize across the entire region from 39D3 (or D2) through 39E1-2, as would be expected if the individual mRNA sequences are interspersed. In view of the apparently even distribution of sequences complementary to histone mRNA within the 39D3-39E1-2 region, the significance of the several polytene bands in this region remains an open question. Biochemical characterization of the hybrids between sea urchin histone mRNA and D. melanogaster DNA suggest that sea urchin mRNAs for several of the histone classes have some portions which retain enough sequence homology with the D. melanogaster sequences to form hybrids, although the hybrids have base pair mismatches. In situ hybridization of chromosomes in which region 39-E is ectopically paired show no evidence of seqence homology in the chromosome region with which 39D-E is associated.", "PMID": 411642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6255", "title": "Treatment of herpetic keratitis.", "content": "Idoxuridine which was first used in 1960 (Kaufman et al., 1962), has been for many years the only antiviral agent available in the treatment of herpetic keratitis. It is however no more successful than is mechanical removal of diseased epithelium (Patterson & Jones, 1967), and furthermore it may give rise to serious toxic side effects. The search for an alternative medication is therefore a pressing one. Trifluorothymidine (F3T) has, in recent years, been shown to be more effective than IDU and to be free from significant toxicity. Both of these drugs are pyrimidine nucleosides. Adenine Arabinoside or Arabinoside-A (Ara-A) is, by contrast, a purine nucleoside. It is thought to exert its antiviral effect by blocking DNA polymerase and ribonucleotide reductase.", "contents": "Treatment of herpetic keratitis. Idoxuridine which was first used in 1960 (Kaufman et al., 1962), has been for many years the only antiviral agent available in the treatment of herpetic keratitis. It is however no more successful than is mechanical removal of diseased epithelium (Patterson & Jones, 1967), and furthermore it may give rise to serious toxic side effects. The search for an alternative medication is therefore a pressing one. Trifluorothymidine (F3T) has, in recent years, been shown to be more effective than IDU and to be free from significant toxicity. Both of these drugs are pyrimidine nucleosides. Adenine Arabinoside or Arabinoside-A (Ara-A) is, by contrast, a purine nucleoside. It is thought to exert its antiviral effect by blocking DNA polymerase and ribonucleotide reductase.", "PMID": 411644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6256", "title": "[Haemodialysis in diabetics with terminal renal failure].", "content": "Long-term dialysis treatment of diabetics with terminal renal failure is beset with severe complications. In 19 unselected diabetics in terminal renal failure (13 juvenile diabetics and 6 maturity-onset diabetics) the clinical course during long-term dialysis was observed. A total of 1377 dialyses during 167 months of treatment were performed. Diabetic angiopathy, hypertension, and hyperhydration were the most prominent complications. The interval between the onset of diabetes and the beginning of dialysis treatment was 21,5 years in the juvenile diabetics and 5,2 years in maturity-onset diabetes. The survival time during dialysis was on average 13,2 months for the juvenile diabetics and 0,6 months for maturity-onset diabetics. The patients died chiefly from cardiovascular complications.", "contents": "[Haemodialysis in diabetics with terminal renal failure]. Long-term dialysis treatment of diabetics with terminal renal failure is beset with severe complications. In 19 unselected diabetics in terminal renal failure (13 juvenile diabetics and 6 maturity-onset diabetics) the clinical course during long-term dialysis was observed. A total of 1377 dialyses during 167 months of treatment were performed. Diabetic angiopathy, hypertension, and hyperhydration were the most prominent complications. The interval between the onset of diabetes and the beginning of dialysis treatment was 21,5 years in the juvenile diabetics and 5,2 years in maturity-onset diabetes. The survival time during dialysis was on average 13,2 months for the juvenile diabetics and 0,6 months for maturity-onset diabetics. The patients died chiefly from cardiovascular complications.", "PMID": 411646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6257", "title": "Use of total parenteral nutrition as a \"medical colostomy\" in management of severe lacerations of the sphincter: report of a case.", "content": "A case of anal-sphincter injury with total fecal incontinence is presented. The use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) as a \"medical colostomy\" is stressed. After four weeks of support by TPN, the perineal wound had healed and successful sphincteroplasty was performed. TPN was used in the postoperative period to delay bowel movements for one week. The general concept of the use of TPN in sphincter injury is presented giving the surgeon an option in management of these injuries without resorting to a preliminary colostomy.", "contents": "Use of total parenteral nutrition as a \"medical colostomy\" in management of severe lacerations of the sphincter: report of a case. A case of anal-sphincter injury with total fecal incontinence is presented. The use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) as a \"medical colostomy\" is stressed. After four weeks of support by TPN, the perineal wound had healed and successful sphincteroplasty was performed. TPN was used in the postoperative period to delay bowel movements for one week. The general concept of the use of TPN in sphincter injury is presented giving the surgeon an option in management of these injuries without resorting to a preliminary colostomy.", "PMID": 411643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6258", "title": "[Hormone replacement in patients with carcinoma of the thyroid (author's transl)].", "content": "82 patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma had been treated by total thyroidectomy and radioiodine destruction of any residual thyroid tissue. They were then given high doses of L-thyroxine (T4), enough to suppress endogenous stimulation by TSH, the recommended dose being at least 300 microgram daily. Six weeks after starting 150 microgram T4 daily there was no significant response to 400 microgram TRH i.v. in 56% of the 82 patients. The T4 dose was then increased until all TRH tests had become negative. There was a significant correlation between the number of negative tests and body surface: at a dose of 40-60 microgram/m2 none of the tests was negative, while at a dose of 80-100 microgram/m2 the test was negative in 83%, the frequency of negative tests increasing up to 94% at higher doses. Mild hyperthyroidism occurred in 17%. It is concluded that after adequate surgical and radioiodine treatment 80-100 microgram/m2 T4 should be given to patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The effectiveness of suppressing TSH levels should be checked with the TRH test after six weeks.", "contents": "[Hormone replacement in patients with carcinoma of the thyroid (author's transl)]. 82 patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma had been treated by total thyroidectomy and radioiodine destruction of any residual thyroid tissue. They were then given high doses of L-thyroxine (T4), enough to suppress endogenous stimulation by TSH, the recommended dose being at least 300 microgram daily. Six weeks after starting 150 microgram T4 daily there was no significant response to 400 microgram TRH i.v. in 56% of the 82 patients. The T4 dose was then increased until all TRH tests had become negative. There was a significant correlation between the number of negative tests and body surface: at a dose of 40-60 microgram/m2 none of the tests was negative, while at a dose of 80-100 microgram/m2 the test was negative in 83%, the frequency of negative tests increasing up to 94% at higher doses. Mild hyperthyroidism occurred in 17%. It is concluded that after adequate surgical and radioiodine treatment 80-100 microgram/m2 T4 should be given to patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The effectiveness of suppressing TSH levels should be checked with the TRH test after six weeks.", "PMID": 411647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6259", "title": "[Steroid metabolism in primates. XIX. Urinary excretion of C21-steroids in Cercopithecus aethiops and Erythrocebus patas].", "content": "In male Cercopithecus aethiops (green monkey; grivet) and Erythrocebus patas (dancing red monkey; patas monkey), the pattern of urinary C21 steroids was estimated and compared with those of man, baboon and rhesus monkey. The results indicate diminished 11 beta- and 17 alpha-hydroxylation in steroid biosynthesis as well as diminished delta 4-3-keto reduction and increased 20 beta-reduction in metabolism in these two species.", "contents": "[Steroid metabolism in primates. XIX. Urinary excretion of C21-steroids in Cercopithecus aethiops and Erythrocebus patas]. In male Cercopithecus aethiops (green monkey; grivet) and Erythrocebus patas (dancing red monkey; patas monkey), the pattern of urinary C21 steroids was estimated and compared with those of man, baboon and rhesus monkey. The results indicate diminished 11 beta- and 17 alpha-hydroxylation in steroid biosynthesis as well as diminished delta 4-3-keto reduction and increased 20 beta-reduction in metabolism in these two species.", "PMID": 411649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6260", "title": "Construction, isolation and implications of repressor-galactosidase - beta-galactosidase hybrid molecules.", "content": "Escherichia coli heterogenotes, which produce hybrid molecules between the chimaeric protein repressor-galactosidase and the enzyme beta-galactosidase, were constructed. Repressor-galactosidase in which fully active lac repressor is covalently linked to active beta-galactosidase, is an aggregate with a core structure of four beta-galactosidase parts and two peripheral lac repressor dimers. The lac repressor dimers, which are separated by tetrameric beta-galactosidase, retain all the biological activities of tetrameric lac repressor. Substitution of repressor-galactosidase subunits with beta-galactosidase subunits leads to hybrid molecules with y beta-galactosidase subunits aggregated with (4-y) repressor-galactosidase subunits (where y = 1, 2 or 3). A 2:2 hybrid, i.e. a tetrameric beta-galactosidase core with one lac repressor dimer grafted to it, binds at least 100 times less strongly to 32P-labelled  lambdaplac DNA than pure lac repressor or repressor-galactosidase. The data suggest a model in which lac repressor binds with two subunits to lac operator and with the other two subunits elsewhere on the DNA, possibly on sequences like the lac operator.", "contents": "Construction, isolation and implications of repressor-galactosidase - beta-galactosidase hybrid molecules. Escherichia coli heterogenotes, which produce hybrid molecules between the chimaeric protein repressor-galactosidase and the enzyme beta-galactosidase, were constructed. Repressor-galactosidase in which fully active lac repressor is covalently linked to active beta-galactosidase, is an aggregate with a core structure of four beta-galactosidase parts and two peripheral lac repressor dimers. The lac repressor dimers, which are separated by tetrameric beta-galactosidase, retain all the biological activities of tetrameric lac repressor. Substitution of repressor-galactosidase subunits with beta-galactosidase subunits leads to hybrid molecules with y beta-galactosidase subunits aggregated with (4-y) repressor-galactosidase subunits (where y = 1, 2 or 3). A 2:2 hybrid, i.e. a tetrameric beta-galactosidase core with one lac repressor dimer grafted to it, binds at least 100 times less strongly to 32P-labelled  lambdaplac DNA than pure lac repressor or repressor-galactosidase. The data suggest a model in which lac repressor binds with two subunits to lac operator and with the other two subunits elsewhere on the DNA, possibly on sequences like the lac operator.", "PMID": 411650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6261", "title": "Putrescine-sensitive (artifactual) and insensitive (biosynthetic) S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase activities of Lathyrus sativus seedlings.", "content": "The crude extracts of 3-day-old etiolated seedlings of Lathyrus sativus contained two S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase activities. The artifactual putrescine-dependent activity was due to the H2O2 generated by diamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6) of this plant system and was inhibited by catalase. This observation was confirmed by using an electrophoretically and immunologically homogeneous preparation of L. sativus diamine oxidase. In the presence of putrescine, diamine oxidase, in addition to S-adenosylmethionine, decarboxylated L-lysine, L-arginine, L-ornithine, L-methionine and L-glutamic acid to varying degrees. The decarboxylation was not metal-ion dependent. The biosynthetic S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.21) was detected after removing diamine oxidase specifically from the crude extracts by employing an immunoaffinity column. This Mg2+-dependent decarboxylase was not stimulated by putrescine or inhibited by catalase. The enzyme activity was inhibited by semicarbazide, 4-bromo-3-hydroxybenzoylamine dihydrogen phosphate and methylglyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone). It was largely localized in the shoots of the etiolated seedlings and was purified 40-fold by employing a p-hydroxymercuribenzoate/AH-Sepharose affinity column, which also separated the decarboxylase activity from spermidine synthase.", "contents": "Putrescine-sensitive (artifactual) and insensitive (biosynthetic) S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase activities of Lathyrus sativus seedlings. The crude extracts of 3-day-old etiolated seedlings of Lathyrus sativus contained two S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase activities. The artifactual putrescine-dependent activity was due to the H2O2 generated by diamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6) of this plant system and was inhibited by catalase. This observation was confirmed by using an electrophoretically and immunologically homogeneous preparation of L. sativus diamine oxidase. In the presence of putrescine, diamine oxidase, in addition to S-adenosylmethionine, decarboxylated L-lysine, L-arginine, L-ornithine, L-methionine and L-glutamic acid to varying degrees. The decarboxylation was not metal-ion dependent. The biosynthetic S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.21) was detected after removing diamine oxidase specifically from the crude extracts by employing an immunoaffinity column. This Mg2+-dependent decarboxylase was not stimulated by putrescine or inhibited by catalase. The enzyme activity was inhibited by semicarbazide, 4-bromo-3-hydroxybenzoylamine dihydrogen phosphate and methylglyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone). It was largely localized in the shoots of the etiolated seedlings and was purified 40-fold by employing a p-hydroxymercuribenzoate/AH-Sepharose affinity column, which also separated the decarboxylase activity from spermidine synthase.", "PMID": 411651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6262", "title": "The effect of electron donors and acceptors on light-induced absorbance changes and photophosphorylation in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores.", "content": "Light-induced difference spectra between 400 and 640 nm of Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores were performed in the presence and absence of exogenous electron donor/acceptor systems and compared with the chemical oxidation spectrum. The results indicate that the component previously defined as P430 is not a unique entity but rather represents different species, or a mixture of species, under various conditions. Under all conditions in which the reaction center bacteriochlorophyll is reversibly photooxidized, as indicated by the bleaching around 600 nm, it is also contributing to the absorbance increase around 430 nm. In one case, in presence of reduced dichloroindophenol and in the absence of oxygen, the photooxidation of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll is fully supressed. Under these conditions an irreversible change around 430 nm is still observed and seems to be due to the Soret band of b-type cytochrome. In the presence of reduced dichloroindophenol and absence of oxygen there is a marked inhibition of photophosphorylation. This inhibition is apparently due to the complete reduction of the cyclic electron carriers. Addition of the low potential dye benzyl viologen facilitates an almost complete recovery of the reversible photooxidation of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll as well as of photophosphorylation. These results indicate that the apparent mid-point potential of the primary electron acceptor in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores is probably in the range of that of benzyl viologen (E'o = - 340 mV).", "contents": "The effect of electron donors and acceptors on light-induced absorbance changes and photophosphorylation in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores. Light-induced difference spectra between 400 and 640 nm of Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores were performed in the presence and absence of exogenous electron donor/acceptor systems and compared with the chemical oxidation spectrum. The results indicate that the component previously defined as P430 is not a unique entity but rather represents different species, or a mixture of species, under various conditions. Under all conditions in which the reaction center bacteriochlorophyll is reversibly photooxidized, as indicated by the bleaching around 600 nm, it is also contributing to the absorbance increase around 430 nm. In one case, in presence of reduced dichloroindophenol and in the absence of oxygen, the photooxidation of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll is fully supressed. Under these conditions an irreversible change around 430 nm is still observed and seems to be due to the Soret band of b-type cytochrome. In the presence of reduced dichloroindophenol and absence of oxygen there is a marked inhibition of photophosphorylation. This inhibition is apparently due to the complete reduction of the cyclic electron carriers. Addition of the low potential dye benzyl viologen facilitates an almost complete recovery of the reversible photooxidation of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll as well as of photophosphorylation. These results indicate that the apparent mid-point potential of the primary electron acceptor in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores is probably in the range of that of benzyl viologen (E'o = - 340 mV).", "PMID": 411652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6263", "title": "Immunological studies on beef-heart ubiquinol--cytochrome c reductase (complex III)", "content": "Antibodies against isolated beef-heart ubiquinol--cytochrome c reductase (complex III) have been characterized. Antibodies to complex III react strongly with isolated beef heart complex III and intact beef heart mitochondria, as shown by immunodiffusion and rocket electrophoresis experiments. The complex III content of intact mitochondria can be quantitated with rocket electrophoresis using isolated complex III as a standard. Antibodies to complex III also react with beef liver mitochondria and with both heart and liver mitochondria from rats. The latter are very weak antigens compared to beef heart material. Antibodies to complex III do not react with respiratory chain complexes I and IV, or F1-ATPase from beef heart mitochondria, but gives a slight, but variable, reaction with complex II and the membrane fraction isolated from complex V (oligomycin-sensitive ATPase). Antigenic sites are located on at least five of the seven peptides of complex III. These peptides are presumably lacking in respiratory chain complexes which do not react with antibodies to complex III, and are assumed to be uniquely located in complex III. Antiserum against complex III inhibitis duroquinol--cytochrome c reductase activity in isolated complex III and in complex III incorporated into phospholipid vesicles. Oxidation of NADH and succinate is not affected in submitochondrial particles treated with 6-times more antibody than required for complete inhibition of enzyme activity in free complex III or in complex III-phospholipid vesicles.", "contents": "Immunological studies on beef-heart ubiquinol--cytochrome c reductase (complex III). Antibodies against isolated beef-heart ubiquinol--cytochrome c reductase (complex III) have been characterized. Antibodies to complex III react strongly with isolated beef heart complex III and intact beef heart mitochondria, as shown by immunodiffusion and rocket electrophoresis experiments. The complex III content of intact mitochondria can be quantitated with rocket electrophoresis using isolated complex III as a standard. Antibodies to complex III also react with beef liver mitochondria and with both heart and liver mitochondria from rats. The latter are very weak antigens compared to beef heart material. Antibodies to complex III do not react with respiratory chain complexes I and IV, or F1-ATPase from beef heart mitochondria, but gives a slight, but variable, reaction with complex II and the membrane fraction isolated from complex V (oligomycin-sensitive ATPase). Antigenic sites are located on at least five of the seven peptides of complex III. These peptides are presumably lacking in respiratory chain complexes which do not react with antibodies to complex III, and are assumed to be uniquely located in complex III. Antiserum against complex III inhibitis duroquinol--cytochrome c reductase activity in isolated complex III and in complex III incorporated into phospholipid vesicles. Oxidation of NADH and succinate is not affected in submitochondrial particles treated with 6-times more antibody than required for complete inhibition of enzyme activity in free complex III or in complex III-phospholipid vesicles.", "PMID": 411653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6264", "title": "Comparative studies of lactate dehydrogenases in lactic acid bacteria. Amino-acid composition of an active-site region and chemical properties of the L-lactate dehydrogenase of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus acidophilus.", "content": "The molecular weight, the amino acid composition and the N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids of two allosteric (Lactobacillus casei, L. curvatus) and two non-allosteric (L. plantarum, L. acidophilus) L-lactate dehydrogenases, purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography, were determined. The amino acid composition of the only tryptic peptide unequivocally common to the fingerprints of the 4 enzymes is virtually identical with that of the arginine peptide, called Arg6 of the the substratebinding site of the L-lactate dehydrogenase dehydrogenase of several animals. However, the 'essential' cysteine residue 165 is replaced by threonine, as it is in the L-lactate dehydrogenase of lobster. In addition, the 4 bacterial peptides differ by one or two changes in single amino acid residues from each other as well as from those of animals. The data indicate that not only the animal L-lactate dehydrogenases, but also the allosteric and lactate dehydrogenases from bacterial sources may have evolved from a common gene.", "contents": "Comparative studies of lactate dehydrogenases in lactic acid bacteria. Amino-acid composition of an active-site region and chemical properties of the L-lactate dehydrogenase of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The molecular weight, the amino acid composition and the N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids of two allosteric (Lactobacillus casei, L. curvatus) and two non-allosteric (L. plantarum, L. acidophilus) L-lactate dehydrogenases, purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography, were determined. The amino acid composition of the only tryptic peptide unequivocally common to the fingerprints of the 4 enzymes is virtually identical with that of the arginine peptide, called Arg6 of the the substratebinding site of the L-lactate dehydrogenase dehydrogenase of several animals. However, the 'essential' cysteine residue 165 is replaced by threonine, as it is in the L-lactate dehydrogenase of lobster. In addition, the 4 bacterial peptides differ by one or two changes in single amino acid residues from each other as well as from those of animals. The data indicate that not only the animal L-lactate dehydrogenases, but also the allosteric and lactate dehydrogenases from bacterial sources may have evolved from a common gene.", "PMID": 411654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6265", "title": "Human alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase. 1. Purification and properties.", "content": "alpha-N-Acetylglucosaminidase was purified from human urine to a state of apparent homogeneity. alpha-N-Acetylglucosaminidase is a glycoprrotein with an extensive charge heterogeneity. The molecular weight determined by gel filtration is 307000. Polycarylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence and presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates molecular weight heterogeneity of isocharged forms of the purified enzyme. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 4.5 +/- 0.3 and KM and V values of 0.14-0.74 mM, and 1.04-3.68 mumol mg-1 min-1 for three aryl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucosides and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. Heparan sulfate, heparin and dermatan sulfate are competitive inhibitors. The enzyme is inhibited by Hg2+ and Cu2+. --SH-protective reagents and thiol reagents have no effect on the enzyme activity. Heating at 65 degrees C and pH values below 5 inactivate the enzyme rapidly.", "contents": "Human alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase. 1. Purification and properties. alpha-N-Acetylglucosaminidase was purified from human urine to a state of apparent homogeneity. alpha-N-Acetylglucosaminidase is a glycoprrotein with an extensive charge heterogeneity. The molecular weight determined by gel filtration is 307000. Polycarylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence and presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicates molecular weight heterogeneity of isocharged forms of the purified enzyme. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 4.5 +/- 0.3 and KM and V values of 0.14-0.74 mM, and 1.04-3.68 mumol mg-1 min-1 for three aryl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucosides and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. Heparan sulfate, heparin and dermatan sulfate are competitive inhibitors. The enzyme is inhibited by Hg2+ and Cu2+. --SH-protective reagents and thiol reagents have no effect on the enzyme activity. Heating at 65 degrees C and pH values below 5 inactivate the enzyme rapidly.", "PMID": 411658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6266", "title": "The preparation of ligandin with glutathione-S-transferase activity from porcine liver cytosol affinity chromatography on bromosulphophthalein-Sepharose.", "content": "A simple and rapid method for the purification of porcine ligandin with glutathione-S-transferase activity is presented. After ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, ligandin is isolated from porcine liver cytosol by affinity chromatography on bromosulphophthalein-Sepharose and gel filtration of Sephadex G-100. Evidence is presented that the purified ligandin is homogeneous with respect to polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (7.5%) and sodium dodecylsulphate-gel electrophoresis. Physico-chemical investigations show that the purified ligandin has properties similar to those of ligandin isolated from other species with respect to molecular weight, amino-acid composition, secondary structure and catalytic activity. As is the case for human and rat ligandin, porcine ligandin binds bilirubin. Evidence is also presented that porcine liver cytosol contains several bromosulphophthalein-binding proteins with basic isoelectric points lacking catalytic activity.", "contents": "The preparation of ligandin with glutathione-S-transferase activity from porcine liver cytosol affinity chromatography on bromosulphophthalein-Sepharose. A simple and rapid method for the purification of porcine ligandin with glutathione-S-transferase activity is presented. After ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, ligandin is isolated from porcine liver cytosol by affinity chromatography on bromosulphophthalein-Sepharose and gel filtration of Sephadex G-100. Evidence is presented that the purified ligandin is homogeneous with respect to polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (7.5%) and sodium dodecylsulphate-gel electrophoresis. Physico-chemical investigations show that the purified ligandin has properties similar to those of ligandin isolated from other species with respect to molecular weight, amino-acid composition, secondary structure and catalytic activity. As is the case for human and rat ligandin, porcine ligandin binds bilirubin. Evidence is also presented that porcine liver cytosol contains several bromosulphophthalein-binding proteins with basic isoelectric points lacking catalytic activity.", "PMID": 411659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6267", "title": "The effect of pindolol on plasma renin activity in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with essential hypertension were treated for 3 months with pindolol, and blood pressure and plasma renin activity were measured at rest and after stimulation (upright posture stimulation and insulin induced hypoglycaemia stimulation). Beta-receptor blockade produced a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. After treatment with pindolol the plasma renin activity was significantly lower. Under conditions of renin stimulation such as orthostasis and insulin produced hypoglycaemia, plasma renin activity was significantly lower in treated patients. There was no correlation between the fall of plasma renin activity and the decrease of blood pressure. Renin suppression is probably only one of the factors involved in the reduction in the blood pressure in these patients.", "contents": "The effect of pindolol on plasma renin activity in patients with essential hypertension. Twenty-two patients with essential hypertension were treated for 3 months with pindolol, and blood pressure and plasma renin activity were measured at rest and after stimulation (upright posture stimulation and insulin induced hypoglycaemia stimulation). Beta-receptor blockade produced a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. After treatment with pindolol the plasma renin activity was significantly lower. Under conditions of renin stimulation such as orthostasis and insulin produced hypoglycaemia, plasma renin activity was significantly lower in treated patients. There was no correlation between the fall of plasma renin activity and the decrease of blood pressure. Renin suppression is probably only one of the factors involved in the reduction in the blood pressure in these patients.", "PMID": 411662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6268", "title": "The effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on patterns of urinary sodium excretion, blood pressure and plasma renin activity in patients with essential and renovascular hypertension.", "content": "The effects of beta-adrenergic blockade, using oxprenolol, were studied in plasma renin activity, urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure in ten normal subjects and in 120 patients with essential and renovascular hypertension. Blood pressure was reduced by oxprenolol administration. The hypotensive action of the drug was independent of either the basal plasma renin activity or of the plasma renin activity response. Oxprenolol decreased plasma renin activity in normal subjects and in patients with essential hypertension with normal or high basal plasma renin activity. Patients with low plasma renin activity may show a lack of response to the beta-blockade. In patients with renovascular disease the response of plasma renin activity to oxprenolol was not a discriminant factor between patients cured or not cured by surgery. Some renovascular patients were unresponsive to beta-blockade with oxprenolol.", "contents": "The effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on patterns of urinary sodium excretion, blood pressure and plasma renin activity in patients with essential and renovascular hypertension. The effects of beta-adrenergic blockade, using oxprenolol, were studied in plasma renin activity, urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure in ten normal subjects and in 120 patients with essential and renovascular hypertension. Blood pressure was reduced by oxprenolol administration. The hypotensive action of the drug was independent of either the basal plasma renin activity or of the plasma renin activity response. Oxprenolol decreased plasma renin activity in normal subjects and in patients with essential hypertension with normal or high basal plasma renin activity. Patients with low plasma renin activity may show a lack of response to the beta-blockade. In patients with renovascular disease the response of plasma renin activity to oxprenolol was not a discriminant factor between patients cured or not cured by surgery. Some renovascular patients were unresponsive to beta-blockade with oxprenolol.", "PMID": 411663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6269", "title": "Determination of splenic blood flow by inhalation of radioactive rare gases.", "content": "We have evaluated the 133Xenon inhalation method for the determination of splenic blood flow. In twenty-two healthy persons the blood flow was on average 109 +/- 4 mg/100 g X min, which is equivalent to a total blood flow of about 170 ml/min. In patients with chronic fatty liver hepatitis specific blood flow was reduced (81 +/- 10 ml/100 g X min) as it was in patients with cirrhotic liver without splenomegaly (75 +/- 2 ml/100 g X min). With increasing weight of the spleen, the total blood flow rises, although specific blood flow is low. Our results obtained by the 133Xenon inhalation method are similar to results obtained by others using intraarterial injection of tracer gas. The advantages of the inhalation method as a non-traumatic method are: (1) the stress for the patient is very small; (2) blood flow measurements can be repeated within short periods of time. We consider for the present the 133Xenon inhalation method to be the method of choice for the determination of the splenic blood flow.", "contents": "Determination of splenic blood flow by inhalation of radioactive rare gases. We have evaluated the 133Xenon inhalation method for the determination of splenic blood flow. In twenty-two healthy persons the blood flow was on average 109 +/- 4 mg/100 g X min, which is equivalent to a total blood flow of about 170 ml/min. In patients with chronic fatty liver hepatitis specific blood flow was reduced (81 +/- 10 ml/100 g X min) as it was in patients with cirrhotic liver without splenomegaly (75 +/- 2 ml/100 g X min). With increasing weight of the spleen, the total blood flow rises, although specific blood flow is low. Our results obtained by the 133Xenon inhalation method are similar to results obtained by others using intraarterial injection of tracer gas. The advantages of the inhalation method as a non-traumatic method are: (1) the stress for the patient is very small; (2) blood flow measurements can be repeated within short periods of time. We consider for the present the 133Xenon inhalation method to be the method of choice for the determination of the splenic blood flow.", "PMID": 411664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6270", "title": "Serum octopamine, coma, and charcoal haemoperfusion in fulminant hepatic failure.", "content": "Serum octopamine levels were significantly higher in twenty patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) during the first 48 h of grade IV coma than in health control subjects (3.38 +/- 0.20 ng/ml and 1.75 +/- 0.19 ng/ml respectively, P less than 0.001). Serial measurements in five patients who died without regaining consciousness showed serum octopamine to remain raised, and concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid at death reflected serum levels. In five patients who regained consciousness, improvement in encephalopathy was associated with a significant reduction in serum octopamine. Renal failure in patients with FHF was found to contribute to raised serum octopamine but could not alone account for the observed levels. Patients given neomycin therapy did not have significantly lower serum octopamine levels than an untreated group. There was, however, a significant correlation between elevated serum octopamine and the occurrence of gestrointestinal bleeding during the previous 24 h. Charcoal haemoperfusion did not appreciably reduce serum octopamine levels.", "contents": "Serum octopamine, coma, and charcoal haemoperfusion in fulminant hepatic failure. Serum octopamine levels were significantly higher in twenty patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) during the first 48 h of grade IV coma than in health control subjects (3.38 +/- 0.20 ng/ml and 1.75 +/- 0.19 ng/ml respectively, P less than 0.001). Serial measurements in five patients who died without regaining consciousness showed serum octopamine to remain raised, and concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid at death reflected serum levels. In five patients who regained consciousness, improvement in encephalopathy was associated with a significant reduction in serum octopamine. Renal failure in patients with FHF was found to contribute to raised serum octopamine but could not alone account for the observed levels. Patients given neomycin therapy did not have significantly lower serum octopamine levels than an untreated group. There was, however, a significant correlation between elevated serum octopamine and the occurrence of gestrointestinal bleeding during the previous 24 h. Charcoal haemoperfusion did not appreciably reduce serum octopamine levels.", "PMID": 411665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6271", "title": "Influence of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid on biliary cholesterol secretion in man.", "content": "The interrelationships between biliary bile acid, lecithin and cholesterol secretion rates were studied druing depletion of the bile acid pool and during duodenal administration of cholic or chenodeoxycholic acid in thirteen patients 7-12 days after operation for uncomplicated gallstone disease. The mean lecithin secretion rate was signigicantly higher during cholic acid than during chenodeoxycholic acid infusion. The relationship between bile acid and cholesterol secretion rates was curvilinear, y = x/(a + bx) during bile acid pool depletion and during duodenal cholic acid infusion. At low bile acid secretion rates, during bile acid pool depletion and during cholic acid infusion, the lecithin secretion rate was significantly correlated to the cholesterol secreation rate. The bile acid and cholesterol secretion rates were not significantly correlated during chenodeoxycholic acid infusion. However, under this experimental condition a significant curvilinear relationship between lecithin and cholesterol secretion rates was found. The hepatic bile became unsaturated in cholesterol at significantly lower bile acid secretion rate during chenodeoxycholic acid infusion (10.7 +/- 0.3 mumol min-1) than during cholic acid infusion (15.6 +/- 0.5 mumol min-1).", "contents": "Influence of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid on biliary cholesterol secretion in man. The interrelationships between biliary bile acid, lecithin and cholesterol secretion rates were studied druing depletion of the bile acid pool and during duodenal administration of cholic or chenodeoxycholic acid in thirteen patients 7-12 days after operation for uncomplicated gallstone disease. The mean lecithin secretion rate was signigicantly higher during cholic acid than during chenodeoxycholic acid infusion. The relationship between bile acid and cholesterol secretion rates was curvilinear, y = x/(a + bx) during bile acid pool depletion and during duodenal cholic acid infusion. At low bile acid secretion rates, during bile acid pool depletion and during cholic acid infusion, the lecithin secretion rate was significantly correlated to the cholesterol secreation rate. The bile acid and cholesterol secretion rates were not significantly correlated during chenodeoxycholic acid infusion. However, under this experimental condition a significant curvilinear relationship between lecithin and cholesterol secretion rates was found. The hepatic bile became unsaturated in cholesterol at significantly lower bile acid secretion rate during chenodeoxycholic acid infusion (10.7 +/- 0.3 mumol min-1) than during cholic acid infusion (15.6 +/- 0.5 mumol min-1).", "PMID": 411667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6272", "title": "Renin levels and spironolactone treatment in general practice: similar blood pressure lowering effect of spironolactone in low and normal renin patients.", "content": "We examined the predictive value of plasma renin activity (PRA) in ambulatory patients in the selection of hypertensive patients for treatment with spironolactone. The patients were classified as frusemide responders or non-responders according to their PRA response to 80 mg frusemide orally. After an initial 4 weeks placebo period forty-five patients with the clinical diagnosis of benign hypertension (WHO stage I-II) entered a 4 X 4 week double blind treatment period during which they received spironolactone (Aldactone) 400, 300, 200 and 100 mg/day, respectively. Five out of the forty-five patients who started the trial were withdrawn on account of side-effects and five patients for other reasons. Of the thirty-five patients who completed the study eighteen belonged to the group of non-responders to frusemide, seventeen to the responders. A gradual and significant decrease in mean blood pressure occurred during the period with the high doses of spironolactone, without any significant difference between the groups. The blood pressure lowering effect obtained with the initial high doses was maintained during the consecutive periods when the doses was reduced to a half or even a fourth, in both groups. We conclude that PRA measurement in ambulatory patients is of little, if any, value for the selection of hypertensives for spironolactone treatment; this in contrast to similar selections performed on hospitalized patients.", "contents": "Renin levels and spironolactone treatment in general practice: similar blood pressure lowering effect of spironolactone in low and normal renin patients. We examined the predictive value of plasma renin activity (PRA) in ambulatory patients in the selection of hypertensive patients for treatment with spironolactone. The patients were classified as frusemide responders or non-responders according to their PRA response to 80 mg frusemide orally. After an initial 4 weeks placebo period forty-five patients with the clinical diagnosis of benign hypertension (WHO stage I-II) entered a 4 X 4 week double blind treatment period during which they received spironolactone (Aldactone) 400, 300, 200 and 100 mg/day, respectively. Five out of the forty-five patients who started the trial were withdrawn on account of side-effects and five patients for other reasons. Of the thirty-five patients who completed the study eighteen belonged to the group of non-responders to frusemide, seventeen to the responders. A gradual and significant decrease in mean blood pressure occurred during the period with the high doses of spironolactone, without any significant difference between the groups. The blood pressure lowering effect obtained with the initial high doses was maintained during the consecutive periods when the doses was reduced to a half or even a fourth, in both groups. We conclude that PRA measurement in ambulatory patients is of little, if any, value for the selection of hypertensives for spironolactone treatment; this in contrast to similar selections performed on hospitalized patients.", "PMID": 411668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6273", "title": "The influence of hydrazine, phenelzine and nialamide on gluconeogenesis and cell respiration in the perfused guinea-pig liver.", "content": "Hydrazine (2 mmol/l) and phenelzine (0.5 mmol/l), which are known to produce hypoglycaemia, inhibit glucose formation from lactate in the perfused guinea-pig liver. The hydrazone formed from pyruvate and phenelzine exerted the same effect at concentrations of only 0.05 mmol/l. It is suggested that the hydrazones are the substances which are effective. All these compounds inhibited pyruvate consumption and decreased CO2 production by the perfused liver which, togeteher with the pattern of hepatic metabolite concentrations, indicate that they diminish pyruvate metabolism. None of them influenced the activities in vitro of pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. The hydrazone compound caused an increase of the ATP/ADP ration at lower concentrations and an opposite effect above 0.5 mmol/l. Nialamide, another hydrazine derivative, also reduced hepatic glucoeogenesis but led to a marked decrease in the hepatic ATP/ADP ratio and liver cell respiration accompanied by a rise in the 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio.", "contents": "The influence of hydrazine, phenelzine and nialamide on gluconeogenesis and cell respiration in the perfused guinea-pig liver. Hydrazine (2 mmol/l) and phenelzine (0.5 mmol/l), which are known to produce hypoglycaemia, inhibit glucose formation from lactate in the perfused guinea-pig liver. The hydrazone formed from pyruvate and phenelzine exerted the same effect at concentrations of only 0.05 mmol/l. It is suggested that the hydrazones are the substances which are effective. All these compounds inhibited pyruvate consumption and decreased CO2 production by the perfused liver which, togeteher with the pattern of hepatic metabolite concentrations, indicate that they diminish pyruvate metabolism. None of them influenced the activities in vitro of pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. The hydrazone compound caused an increase of the ATP/ADP ration at lower concentrations and an opposite effect above 0.5 mmol/l. Nialamide, another hydrazine derivative, also reduced hepatic glucoeogenesis but led to a marked decrease in the hepatic ATP/ADP ratio and liver cell respiration accompanied by a rise in the 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio.", "PMID": 411669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6274", "title": "Biocompatibility of coated and uncoated charcoal during haemoperfusion in healthy dogs.", "content": "The biocompatibility of two commercially available charcoal columns, one containing coated and the other uncoated but immobilized charcoal, was compared during four haemoperfusions with each in eight healthy greyhounds. Reductions in arterial levels of platelets (49% and 42% respectively) and leucocytes (both 21%) were similar. Microaggregates, detected by the Swank screen filtration pressure technique, were found in blood leaving the columns during three of the four perfusions with each column. Another twelve perfusions with the uncoated column were carried out with the addition of one or other of the following three agents which inhibit platelet aggregation: sulfinpyrazone, dipyridamole, or citrate-phosphate-dextrose. With none of these were platelet losses less as compared with the four perfusions in which heparin only was used. However, rises in screen filtration pressure were less pronounced. In other perfusions, where its dosage was varied, heparin was shown to reverse, and in large doses delay, the appearance of micro-aggregates. Thrombus in the column itself may be a source of microaggregates, but platelet aggregation in the absence of thrombus deposition may be responsible. The relation of these findings to micro-aggregate formation, which has constituted a clinical problem during charcoal haemoperfusion in humans with fulminant hepatic failure, is considered.", "contents": "Biocompatibility of coated and uncoated charcoal during haemoperfusion in healthy dogs. The biocompatibility of two commercially available charcoal columns, one containing coated and the other uncoated but immobilized charcoal, was compared during four haemoperfusions with each in eight healthy greyhounds. Reductions in arterial levels of platelets (49% and 42% respectively) and leucocytes (both 21%) were similar. Microaggregates, detected by the Swank screen filtration pressure technique, were found in blood leaving the columns during three of the four perfusions with each column. Another twelve perfusions with the uncoated column were carried out with the addition of one or other of the following three agents which inhibit platelet aggregation: sulfinpyrazone, dipyridamole, or citrate-phosphate-dextrose. With none of these were platelet losses less as compared with the four perfusions in which heparin only was used. However, rises in screen filtration pressure were less pronounced. In other perfusions, where its dosage was varied, heparin was shown to reverse, and in large doses delay, the appearance of micro-aggregates. Thrombus in the column itself may be a source of microaggregates, but platelet aggregation in the absence of thrombus deposition may be responsible. The relation of these findings to micro-aggregate formation, which has constituted a clinical problem during charcoal haemoperfusion in humans with fulminant hepatic failure, is considered.", "PMID": 411670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6275", "title": "Body composition and adipose tissue cellularity before and after jejuno-ileostomy in severely obese subjects.", "content": "In severe obesity with adipose tissue hyperplasia it is difficult to achieve and sustain weight decrease by conventional therapy. Fifteen severely obese patients (mean body weight 135 kg) with hyperplastic obesity had a jejuno-ileostomy according to Payne to induce weight reduction by controlled malabsorption. Body composition, adipose tissue cellularity, and glucose tolerance were studied before and after the operation when the patients had reached a new stable weight (WS) a mean 21 months after surgery. Preoperative fat cell number was unchanged at follow-up in contrast to all other variables of body composition. Reductions in fat cell size were evenly distributed in different major subcutaneous regions. Body potassium was determined immediately after operation and at 6 months intervals until WS. The postoperative decrease stopped at 6 months, thus differing from the decrease in body weight. Significant positive correlations between the postoperative decrease in body weight or body fat, and preoperative body weight, body fat and body cell mass were analysed by multiple stepwise regression. Preoperative body weight and body fat were shown to predict postoperative weight loss at a leve of P less than 0.005. A positive correlation between body fat decrease and fat cell number could be explained hypothetically by an increased caloric demand in hyperplastic obesity.", "contents": "Body composition and adipose tissue cellularity before and after jejuno-ileostomy in severely obese subjects. In severe obesity with adipose tissue hyperplasia it is difficult to achieve and sustain weight decrease by conventional therapy. Fifteen severely obese patients (mean body weight 135 kg) with hyperplastic obesity had a jejuno-ileostomy according to Payne to induce weight reduction by controlled malabsorption. Body composition, adipose tissue cellularity, and glucose tolerance were studied before and after the operation when the patients had reached a new stable weight (WS) a mean 21 months after surgery. Preoperative fat cell number was unchanged at follow-up in contrast to all other variables of body composition. Reductions in fat cell size were evenly distributed in different major subcutaneous regions. Body potassium was determined immediately after operation and at 6 months intervals until WS. The postoperative decrease stopped at 6 months, thus differing from the decrease in body weight. Significant positive correlations between the postoperative decrease in body weight or body fat, and preoperative body weight, body fat and body cell mass were analysed by multiple stepwise regression. Preoperative body weight and body fat were shown to predict postoperative weight loss at a leve of P less than 0.005. A positive correlation between body fat decrease and fat cell number could be explained hypothetically by an increased caloric demand in hyperplastic obesity.", "PMID": 411671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6276", "title": "Hereditary deficiency of phosphoglycerate kinase: a new variant in erythrocytes and leucocytes, not associated with haemolytic anaemia.", "content": "An X-chromosome linked phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency in erythrocytes and leucocytes was discovered in a large German kindred. Seven males of two generations were found to have only 21% of the normal enzyme activity in their erythrocytes, and twelve females of three generations showed various degrees of this defect. The differences in the expression of the deficiency in heterozygote females are explained by the Lyon hypothesis. The deficiency is caused by a variant enzyme, named phosphoglycerate kinase M\u00fcnchen. Although it differs from the normal enzyme electrophoretically, the two enzymes resemble one another closely in many respects. They have essentially the same Km for the substrates of the backward reaction, identical pH optima and similar rates of thermal inactivation. In contrast to the nine previously described phosphoglycerate kinase deficiencies, all of which are associated with haemolytic anaemia, the carriers of phosphoglycerate kinase M\u00fcnchen show no overt clinical symptoms. The erythrocyte concentrations of adenine nucleotides and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate are normal.", "contents": "Hereditary deficiency of phosphoglycerate kinase: a new variant in erythrocytes and leucocytes, not associated with haemolytic anaemia. An X-chromosome linked phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency in erythrocytes and leucocytes was discovered in a large German kindred. Seven males of two generations were found to have only 21% of the normal enzyme activity in their erythrocytes, and twelve females of three generations showed various degrees of this defect. The differences in the expression of the deficiency in heterozygote females are explained by the Lyon hypothesis. The deficiency is caused by a variant enzyme, named phosphoglycerate kinase M\u00fcnchen. Although it differs from the normal enzyme electrophoretically, the two enzymes resemble one another closely in many respects. They have essentially the same Km for the substrates of the backward reaction, identical pH optima and similar rates of thermal inactivation. In contrast to the nine previously described phosphoglycerate kinase deficiencies, all of which are associated with haemolytic anaemia, the carriers of phosphoglycerate kinase M\u00fcnchen show no overt clinical symptoms. The erythrocyte concentrations of adenine nucleotides and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate are normal.", "PMID": 411673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6277", "title": "Consequences of myocardial reperfusion following temporary coronary occlusion in pigs; effects on morphologic, biochemical and haemodynamic findings.", "content": "The effects of myocardial reperfusion have been examined following a 1 h coronary occlusion and compared to a permanent coronary ligation in pigs. Haemodynamic investigations were carried out throughout the surgical intervention and repeated after 7 days. Cellular injury was estimated by serial serum enzyme determinations (creatin phosphokinase, alpha-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactic dehydrogenase) during the first 5 postoperative days; infarct size was assessed morphometrically by a histochemical staining procedure 1 week after the temporary or permanent coronary occlusion. A linear correlation was found between the logarithmically plotted peak serum activity of AST, HBDH, CPK and the morphometrically determined infarct size. Based upon enzyme and morphometrical studies no significant difference could be detected between the two experimental groups. In the animals subjected to transient coronary occlusion, however, the development of a ventricular aneurysm had been prevented to early and sustained reperfusion. Early re-establishment of coronary circulation appears to accelerate the proliferation of a more resistant granulation tissue into the infarcted area. Cardiac performance was not improved by myocardial reperfusion.", "contents": "Consequences of myocardial reperfusion following temporary coronary occlusion in pigs; effects on morphologic, biochemical and haemodynamic findings. The effects of myocardial reperfusion have been examined following a 1 h coronary occlusion and compared to a permanent coronary ligation in pigs. Haemodynamic investigations were carried out throughout the surgical intervention and repeated after 7 days. Cellular injury was estimated by serial serum enzyme determinations (creatin phosphokinase, alpha-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactic dehydrogenase) during the first 5 postoperative days; infarct size was assessed morphometrically by a histochemical staining procedure 1 week after the temporary or permanent coronary occlusion. A linear correlation was found between the logarithmically plotted peak serum activity of AST, HBDH, CPK and the morphometrically determined infarct size. Based upon enzyme and morphometrical studies no significant difference could be detected between the two experimental groups. In the animals subjected to transient coronary occlusion, however, the development of a ventricular aneurysm had been prevented to early and sustained reperfusion. Early re-establishment of coronary circulation appears to accelerate the proliferation of a more resistant granulation tissue into the infarcted area. Cardiac performance was not improved by myocardial reperfusion.", "PMID": 411674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6278", "title": "Acid-base induced alterations in glutamine metabolism and ureogenesis in perfused muscle and liver of the rat.", "content": "The effects of altered acid-base balance on the production of urea and the metabolism of glutamine were investigated in the isolated perfused liver and hindquarter of the rat. In the isolated perfused rat liver, lowering of perfusate pH without altering bicarbonate concentration significantly reduced urea production and increased net glutamine synthesis, although the converse did not obtain. In the isolated perfused rat hindquarter when perfusate pH and bicarbonate were simultaneously reduced glutamine synthesis was significantly increased. The combined hepatic and muscle increase in glutamine synthesis accounted for 89% of the decrease in hepatic urea synthesis under these experimental conditions. These changes in nitrogen metabolism are interpreted in terms of adaptations which offset the initial alterations in hydrogen ion homeostasis.", "contents": "Acid-base induced alterations in glutamine metabolism and ureogenesis in perfused muscle and liver of the rat. The effects of altered acid-base balance on the production of urea and the metabolism of glutamine were investigated in the isolated perfused liver and hindquarter of the rat. In the isolated perfused rat liver, lowering of perfusate pH without altering bicarbonate concentration significantly reduced urea production and increased net glutamine synthesis, although the converse did not obtain. In the isolated perfused rat hindquarter when perfusate pH and bicarbonate were simultaneously reduced glutamine synthesis was significantly increased. The combined hepatic and muscle increase in glutamine synthesis accounted for 89% of the decrease in hepatic urea synthesis under these experimental conditions. These changes in nitrogen metabolism are interpreted in terms of adaptations which offset the initial alterations in hydrogen ion homeostasis.", "PMID": 411675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6279", "title": "Isoenzyme pattern of alkaline phosphatase in the serum of children with leukaemia after long-term chemotherapy.", "content": "Chemotherapy was discontinued in thirteen children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after 2-3 years without relapse. In the following months, a continuous increase was observed in the serum alkaline phosphatase. A maximum was reached at different times but all patients had normal values again after 19 months. The rise in the total activity is due to an isolated increase of the bone isoenzyme. Increased enzyme activity in this post-therapy phase of the disease does not signify liver damage from the preceding chemotherapy, but rather is due to an increased osteoblast activity associated with a temporary increase in growth rate.", "contents": "Isoenzyme pattern of alkaline phosphatase in the serum of children with leukaemia after long-term chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was discontinued in thirteen children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after 2-3 years without relapse. In the following months, a continuous increase was observed in the serum alkaline phosphatase. A maximum was reached at different times but all patients had normal values again after 19 months. The rise in the total activity is due to an isolated increase of the bone isoenzyme. Increased enzyme activity in this post-therapy phase of the disease does not signify liver damage from the preceding chemotherapy, but rather is due to an increased osteoblast activity associated with a temporary increase in growth rate.", "PMID": 411676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6280", "title": "The brush border membrane in hereditary sucrase-isomaltase deficiency: abnormal protein pattern and presence of immunoreactive enzyme.", "content": "In a child with hereditary sucrase-isomaltase deficiency immunoreactive enzyme was present in the intact duodenal mucosa. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis carried out with membrane fragments of an intestinal biopsy showed an abnormal protein band without enzyme activity. The mucosa had a relatively high residual isomaltase activity which was recovered from the gel in a position suggesting higher than normal molecular weight. The results indicated that in this patient the primary structural defect was in the sucrase moiety which was enzymatically inactive. The isomaltase subunits may have aggregated into a large molecular weight complex because of unavailability of their partners. The observation also provided evidence for separate biosynthesis of the two moieties of the sucrase-isomaltase complex.", "contents": "The brush border membrane in hereditary sucrase-isomaltase deficiency: abnormal protein pattern and presence of immunoreactive enzyme. In a child with hereditary sucrase-isomaltase deficiency immunoreactive enzyme was present in the intact duodenal mucosa. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis carried out with membrane fragments of an intestinal biopsy showed an abnormal protein band without enzyme activity. The mucosa had a relatively high residual isomaltase activity which was recovered from the gel in a position suggesting higher than normal molecular weight. The results indicated that in this patient the primary structural defect was in the sucrase moiety which was enzymatically inactive. The isomaltase subunits may have aggregated into a large molecular weight complex because of unavailability of their partners. The observation also provided evidence for separate biosynthesis of the two moieties of the sucrase-isomaltase complex.", "PMID": 411677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6281", "title": "Idiotype suppression by maternal influence.", "content": "In BALB/c mice, antibodies to the alpha-(1-3) glucosidic linkage of some dextrans (Dex) carry the idiotype of the BALB/c myeloma protein J558. Both specific antibody and idiotype are inherited in a dominant fashion, linked to the immunoglobulin (Ig) (heavy chain) allotype Igla of BALB/c mice (Eur. J. Immunol. 1975. 5: 775). In F1 hybrid mice from the parent strains SJL and BALB/c, we were able to suppress the expression of anti-Dex antibodies by immunizing prospective SJL mothers to the J558 idiotype. The state of suppression in the progeny was ascertained by immunization with Dex, and tests for the following were carried out: (a) antibodies specific for Dex; (b) inhibition of such antibodies (if present) by antiidiotypic serum to protein J558; (c) presence of the J558 idiotype; and (d) concentration of lambda1 chains (which are associated with the 558 idiotype) in the serum. SJL mothers, once immunized, conferred suppression upon several successive litters, spanning a period of 4-5 months. Suppression in F1 progeny animals lasted for 16 weeks or more. Spleen cells from suppressed F1 mice which had neither been treated with Dex nor with J558 protein, were able to confer suppression to further F1 newborn mice.", "contents": "Idiotype suppression by maternal influence. In BALB/c mice, antibodies to the alpha-(1-3) glucosidic linkage of some dextrans (Dex) carry the idiotype of the BALB/c myeloma protein J558. Both specific antibody and idiotype are inherited in a dominant fashion, linked to the immunoglobulin (Ig) (heavy chain) allotype Igla of BALB/c mice (Eur. J. Immunol. 1975. 5: 775). In F1 hybrid mice from the parent strains SJL and BALB/c, we were able to suppress the expression of anti-Dex antibodies by immunizing prospective SJL mothers to the J558 idiotype. The state of suppression in the progeny was ascertained by immunization with Dex, and tests for the following were carried out: (a) antibodies specific for Dex; (b) inhibition of such antibodies (if present) by antiidiotypic serum to protein J558; (c) presence of the J558 idiotype; and (d) concentration of lambda1 chains (which are associated with the 558 idiotype) in the serum. SJL mothers, once immunized, conferred suppression upon several successive litters, spanning a period of 4-5 months. Suppression in F1 progeny animals lasted for 16 weeks or more. Spleen cells from suppressed F1 mice which had neither been treated with Dex nor with J558 protein, were able to confer suppression to further F1 newborn mice.", "PMID": 411678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6282", "title": "Electrophoretic variation in esterases in 3 wild-type and respective mutant strains of Aspergillus flavus.", "content": "Wild-type strains and auxotrophic mutants of Aspergillus flavus, differing regarding aflatoxin production, were tested for esterases isozymes. Esterases variation was found in all strains used, and a possible correlation between the pattern of esterase bands and aflatoxin production is suggested.", "contents": "Electrophoretic variation in esterases in 3 wild-type and respective mutant strains of Aspergillus flavus. Wild-type strains and auxotrophic mutants of Aspergillus flavus, differing regarding aflatoxin production, were tested for esterases isozymes. Esterases variation was found in all strains used, and a possible correlation between the pattern of esterase bands and aflatoxin production is suggested.", "PMID": 411683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6283", "title": "Purification and immobilization of human carbonic anhydrase B by using polyacrylamide gel.", "content": "Human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B was purified and immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. As compared to the soluble enzyme, the immobilized enzyme was considerably more resistant to heat and sulphanilamide action.", "contents": "Purification and immobilization of human carbonic anhydrase B by using polyacrylamide gel. Human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B was purified and immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. As compared to the soluble enzyme, the immobilized enzyme was considerably more resistant to heat and sulphanilamide action.", "PMID": 411684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6284", "title": "[Types of receptive fields of neurons in different laminae of the rabbit visual cortex].", "content": "Neurons of the primary rabbit visual cortex were classified into 7 large groups according to features of their receptive fields. The neurons with receptive fields were mostly revealed in the layers IV and VI, those with uniform directional receptive fields--in layer V, those with simple I-in layer VI, those with simple II--in layer II + III, and those with hypercomplex--in layer IV. The neurons with concentric receptive fields and those without responses to visual stimuli were equally distributed over the layers. The data obtained in rabbits, cats, and monkeys suggest that the tendency towards function stratification of primary visual cortex is successive in an evolutionary order of mammals.", "contents": "[Types of receptive fields of neurons in different laminae of the rabbit visual cortex]. Neurons of the primary rabbit visual cortex were classified into 7 large groups according to features of their receptive fields. The neurons with receptive fields were mostly revealed in the layers IV and VI, those with uniform directional receptive fields--in layer V, those with simple I-in layer VI, those with simple II--in layer II + III, and those with hypercomplex--in layer IV. The neurons with concentric receptive fields and those without responses to visual stimuli were equally distributed over the layers. The data obtained in rabbits, cats, and monkeys suggest that the tendency towards function stratification of primary visual cortex is successive in an evolutionary order of mammals.", "PMID": 411691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6285", "title": "[Therapeutic experience with 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline].", "content": "This paper reports on the clinical trials of an antimycoticum using 5-chlorine-8-hydroxychinolin as an antimycotic agent. 142 patients with surface dermatomycoses were treated locally with the preparation for 5 to 6 weeks. Clinical and mycological healing was achieved in 68% of the cases. The results of the treatment, the epicutaneous tests and the additional UV exposition are discussed. The best results of treatment were obtained in the case of superficial dermatomycoses, in particular Trichophytia inguinalis.", "contents": "[Therapeutic experience with 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline]. This paper reports on the clinical trials of an antimycoticum using 5-chlorine-8-hydroxychinolin as an antimycotic agent. 142 patients with surface dermatomycoses were treated locally with the preparation for 5 to 6 weeks. Clinical and mycological healing was achieved in 68% of the cases. The results of the treatment, the epicutaneous tests and the additional UV exposition are discussed. The best results of treatment were obtained in the case of superficial dermatomycoses, in particular Trichophytia inguinalis.", "PMID": 411692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6286", "title": "Studies on the control and dynamics of thyrotropin secretion from isolated adenohypophyseal cells.", "content": "Thyrotropin (TSH) secretion from isolated anterior pituitary cells has been studied using the technique of cell column perifusion. The consistency in secretory rate and temporal profiles of TSH output in response to stimulation illustrated that the system is suitable for studying the kinetics of stimulation and inhibition of secretion. During perfusion TSH release was stimulated in response to a variety of secretogogues, namely TRH, raised potassium concentrations and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. The onset and termination of the secretory responses were rapid and displayed a temporally biphasic pattern of secretion. Dose-related increases in TSH output in response to TRH and consistent responses to repetitive pulses of TRH (5.5 X 10-10 M) during a 4 h period were demonstrated. Studies on the dynamics of thyroid hormone feedback on TRH-stimulated TSH secretion indicated that inhibition was manifest within 1 h and reached a maximum after 2 1/2 h during continual exposure to thyroid hormones. Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) potentiated the effect of raised K+ as well as that of TRH on TSH secretion, suggesting an as yet unidentified relationship between Ca2+ and cyclic AMP.", "contents": "Studies on the control and dynamics of thyrotropin secretion from isolated adenohypophyseal cells. Thyrotropin (TSH) secretion from isolated anterior pituitary cells has been studied using the technique of cell column perifusion. The consistency in secretory rate and temporal profiles of TSH output in response to stimulation illustrated that the system is suitable for studying the kinetics of stimulation and inhibition of secretion. During perfusion TSH release was stimulated in response to a variety of secretogogues, namely TRH, raised potassium concentrations and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. The onset and termination of the secretory responses were rapid and displayed a temporally biphasic pattern of secretion. Dose-related increases in TSH output in response to TRH and consistent responses to repetitive pulses of TRH (5.5 X 10-10 M) during a 4 h period were demonstrated. Studies on the dynamics of thyroid hormone feedback on TRH-stimulated TSH secretion indicated that inhibition was manifest within 1 h and reached a maximum after 2 1/2 h during continual exposure to thyroid hormones. Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) potentiated the effect of raised K+ as well as that of TRH on TSH secretion, suggesting an as yet unidentified relationship between Ca2+ and cyclic AMP.", "PMID": 411704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6287", "title": "On the interpretation of mutagenically induced mosaicism in Drosophila.", "content": "This paper draws attention to the formal parallelism that exists between chromosomal-loss mosaicism and mutagenically induced mosaicism in Drosophila and suggests that, although the underlying processes by which these two types of genetic mosaics are generated are very different, the more refined methodology employed in developmental analyses of genetically induced chromosomal-loss mosaics may be profitably extrapolated to mutagenesis studies. Results obtained from various studies of genetically induced mosaics and from a previous EMS mutation induction experiment at the yellow locus are utilized to illustrate this methodology and to estimate the total mutagenicity rates of EMS.-The following are some of the tentative conclusions that have been drawn in this report regarding an EMS concentration that produced 31% F(2) lethals in the standard X-linked recessive lethal test: (1) The frequency of cuticular mosaics is at least 5 times that of F(3) lethals. (2) At least 60% of all cuticular mosaics go undetected in the standard X -linked recessive lethal test since their mutant tissue does not extend into the germ line. (3) The frequency of EMS-induced cryptic mosaics is probably less than 10% the frequency of cuticular mosaics. (4) Some EMS-induced mutations are probably bona fide completes; if confirmed, this inference must be taken into consideration in estimating the total mutagenicity rates of this agent and in molecular interpretations of its mechanism of action. (5) The fact that the proportion of mutant tissue in EMS-induced mosaics is greater than 25% is consistent with the suggestion that the action of EMS is occasionally delayed until after the first cleavage division of the embryo. (6) Such an EMS concentration causes on the average more than 5 independent genetic alterations in the entire haploid genome of an X-bearing sperm.-This report clarifies the experimental evidence that must be generated, and the methodology that can be used to analyze this evidence, if it is of interest to render these and related conclusions regarding the effect of EMS on D. melanogaster more accurate, or if it is of interest to conduct a similar analysis for other mutagens that cause a significant degree of mosaicism.", "contents": "On the interpretation of mutagenically induced mosaicism in Drosophila. This paper draws attention to the formal parallelism that exists between chromosomal-loss mosaicism and mutagenically induced mosaicism in Drosophila and suggests that, although the underlying processes by which these two types of genetic mosaics are generated are very different, the more refined methodology employed in developmental analyses of genetically induced chromosomal-loss mosaics may be profitably extrapolated to mutagenesis studies. Results obtained from various studies of genetically induced mosaics and from a previous EMS mutation induction experiment at the yellow locus are utilized to illustrate this methodology and to estimate the total mutagenicity rates of EMS.-The following are some of the tentative conclusions that have been drawn in this report regarding an EMS concentration that produced 31% F(2) lethals in the standard X-linked recessive lethal test: (1) The frequency of cuticular mosaics is at least 5 times that of F(3) lethals. (2) At least 60% of all cuticular mosaics go undetected in the standard X -linked recessive lethal test since their mutant tissue does not extend into the germ line. (3) The frequency of EMS-induced cryptic mosaics is probably less than 10% the frequency of cuticular mosaics. (4) Some EMS-induced mutations are probably bona fide completes; if confirmed, this inference must be taken into consideration in estimating the total mutagenicity rates of this agent and in molecular interpretations of its mechanism of action. (5) The fact that the proportion of mutant tissue in EMS-induced mosaics is greater than 25% is consistent with the suggestion that the action of EMS is occasionally delayed until after the first cleavage division of the embryo. (6) Such an EMS concentration causes on the average more than 5 independent genetic alterations in the entire haploid genome of an X-bearing sperm.-This report clarifies the experimental evidence that must be generated, and the methodology that can be used to analyze this evidence, if it is of interest to render these and related conclusions regarding the effect of EMS on D. melanogaster more accurate, or if it is of interest to conduct a similar analysis for other mutagens that cause a significant degree of mosaicism.", "PMID": 411710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6288", "title": "Genetic modulation of RNA metabolism in Drosophilia. I. Increased rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis.", "content": "It has been suggested that a particular Y chromosome which is rDNA-deficient (YbbSuVar-5) may be associated with an increased utilization of rDNA template in adult testes (Shermoen and Kiefer 1975). To extend the observations on this chromosome, experiments were designed to determine if the chromosome has an effect on rRNA synthesis in bobbed adults and on classic bobbed phenotypes (shortened and thinner scutellar bristles and delayed development). Specific activity measurements were made on rRNA extracted from adult males of the genotypes car bb/YbbSuVar-5, which are rDNA-deficient to the same extent, and from Samarkand+ isogenic (Sam+ iso), which is a wild-type stock. The resulting data demonstrated that the presence of the YbbSuVar-5 chromosome increases the rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis in adult flies. In addition, it was found that the presence of this particular Y chromosome restores wild-type bristle phenotype and development time. Appropriate genetic crosses indicate that the observed effects (increased rRNA synthesis, restoration of wild-type phenotype) are a function of this particular Y chromosome, and are not due to autosomal factors. The results of these experiments suggest that the rate of rRNA accumulation is under genetic control.", "contents": "Genetic modulation of RNA metabolism in Drosophilia. I. Increased rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis. It has been suggested that a particular Y chromosome which is rDNA-deficient (YbbSuVar-5) may be associated with an increased utilization of rDNA template in adult testes (Shermoen and Kiefer 1975). To extend the observations on this chromosome, experiments were designed to determine if the chromosome has an effect on rRNA synthesis in bobbed adults and on classic bobbed phenotypes (shortened and thinner scutellar bristles and delayed development). Specific activity measurements were made on rRNA extracted from adult males of the genotypes car bb/YbbSuVar-5, which are rDNA-deficient to the same extent, and from Samarkand+ isogenic (Sam+ iso), which is a wild-type stock. The resulting data demonstrated that the presence of the YbbSuVar-5 chromosome increases the rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis in adult flies. In addition, it was found that the presence of this particular Y chromosome restores wild-type bristle phenotype and development time. Appropriate genetic crosses indicate that the observed effects (increased rRNA synthesis, restoration of wild-type phenotype) are a function of this particular Y chromosome, and are not due to autosomal factors. The results of these experiments suggest that the rate of rRNA accumulation is under genetic control.", "PMID": 411711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6289", "title": "Genetic modulation of RNA metabolism in Drosophila. II. Coordinate rate change in 4S, 5S, and poly-A associated RNA synthesis.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that a particular rDNA-deficient Y chromosome (Y(bbSuVar-5)) increases the rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis in adult testes (Shermoen and Kiefer 1975) and in whole flies (Clark, Strausbaugh and Kiefer 1977). As an initial attempt to explore the molecular basis of this phenomenon, experiments were designed to determine if the rate increase was specific for rRNA as opposed to the other species of RNA. The genotypes used in these studies were car bb/Y(bb-), car bb/Y( bbSuVar-5), and Sam(+) iso. car bb/Y(bbSuVar-5 ) and car bb/Y(bb-) are deficient to the same extent in rDNA and Sam(+) iso is a wild-type stock. Following isotope incorporation, total RNA was extracted by a phenol:chloroform method and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The various RNA species were quantified by UV absorption and their radioactivity determined by gel fractionation and liquid scintillation counting. The resulting data permitted the calculation of a specific activity (i.e., dpm/microg RNA) which was defined as synthetic rate. Polyadenylated RNA was isolated using a poly-U sepharose column and similar rate calculations were made. The data from these studies indicate that the rate of synthesis of all species of RNA examined (28S + 18S, 5S, 4S transfer RNA and polyadenylated RNA) is increased by the presence of the Y(bbSuVar-5) chromosome. Genetic and molecular mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Genetic modulation of RNA metabolism in Drosophila. II. Coordinate rate change in 4S, 5S, and poly-A associated RNA synthesis. It has been demonstrated that a particular rDNA-deficient Y chromosome (Y(bbSuVar-5)) increases the rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis in adult testes (Shermoen and Kiefer 1975) and in whole flies (Clark, Strausbaugh and Kiefer 1977). As an initial attempt to explore the molecular basis of this phenomenon, experiments were designed to determine if the rate increase was specific for rRNA as opposed to the other species of RNA. The genotypes used in these studies were car bb/Y(bb-), car bb/Y( bbSuVar-5), and Sam(+) iso. car bb/Y(bbSuVar-5 ) and car bb/Y(bb-) are deficient to the same extent in rDNA and Sam(+) iso is a wild-type stock. Following isotope incorporation, total RNA was extracted by a phenol:chloroform method and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The various RNA species were quantified by UV absorption and their radioactivity determined by gel fractionation and liquid scintillation counting. The resulting data permitted the calculation of a specific activity (i.e., dpm/microg RNA) which was defined as synthetic rate. Polyadenylated RNA was isolated using a poly-U sepharose column and similar rate calculations were made. The data from these studies indicate that the rate of synthesis of all species of RNA examined (28S + 18S, 5S, 4S transfer RNA and polyadenylated RNA) is increased by the presence of the Y(bbSuVar-5) chromosome. Genetic and molecular mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 411712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6290", "title": "Genetics of cycloheximide resistance in Tetrahymena.", "content": "Cycloheximide resistance in Tetrahymena is inducible by mutagenesis. Two mutations, isolated independently from genetically different strains, were analyzed. The two mutations, Chx-1 and Chx-2, were found to be alleles at the same locus. A specific analysis is presented which may serve as a model for strategies employing an independent manipulation of the micro-and macronuclei of this organism for genetic studies.", "contents": "Genetics of cycloheximide resistance in Tetrahymena. Cycloheximide resistance in Tetrahymena is inducible by mutagenesis. Two mutations, isolated independently from genetically different strains, were analyzed. The two mutations, Chx-1 and Chx-2, were found to be alleles at the same locus. A specific analysis is presented which may serve as a model for strategies employing an independent manipulation of the micro-and macronuclei of this organism for genetic studies.", "PMID": 411713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6291", "title": "Interaction of granaticin B with the transcription system of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The interaction of granaticin B, a quinone antibiotic produced by Streptomyces granaticolor, with some biologically important bivalent metal ions, DNA and ATP was demonstrated spectrophotometrically. The activity of isolated RNA polymerase was higher when the DNA of phage SP 50 served as template than with DNA isolated from Bacillus subtilis. Granaticin B inhibited in vitro RNA synthesis, similarly to certain other antibiotics (the inhibition was three times lower than that caused by actinomycin D or streptolydigin and slightly higher than that by epsilon-pyrromycinone). The inhibitory effect was higher when the Mg2+ concentration in the reaction mixture was decreased. The inhibition was then proportional to the concentration of the DNA template. DNA-dependent RNA synthesis is thus inhibited in vitro by granaticin B but this does not appear to be the only site of action of this antibiotic in vivo.", "contents": "Interaction of granaticin B with the transcription system of Bacillus subtilis. The interaction of granaticin B, a quinone antibiotic produced by Streptomyces granaticolor, with some biologically important bivalent metal ions, DNA and ATP was demonstrated spectrophotometrically. The activity of isolated RNA polymerase was higher when the DNA of phage SP 50 served as template than with DNA isolated from Bacillus subtilis. Granaticin B inhibited in vitro RNA synthesis, similarly to certain other antibiotics (the inhibition was three times lower than that caused by actinomycin D or streptolydigin and slightly higher than that by epsilon-pyrromycinone). The inhibitory effect was higher when the Mg2+ concentration in the reaction mixture was decreased. The inhibition was then proportional to the concentration of the DNA template. DNA-dependent RNA synthesis is thus inhibited in vitro by granaticin B but this does not appear to be the only site of action of this antibiotic in vivo.", "PMID": 411719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6292", "title": "Transformation in Bacillus subtilis. Initial stages of the transformation process and their energy dependence.", "content": "NaN3 was found to inhibit transformation but not the irreversible binding of donor 3H-DNA in competent cells of the original low-transformable strain Bacillus subtilis 168 trp2. Addition of NaN3 to cells of two mutants Bacillus subtilis HT39 and HT46 with an increased transformability decreased substantially the irreversible binding of the donor DNA to the competent cells. The decreased irreversible binding of DNA is caused by an increased osmotic sensitivity of competent cells of the mutants HT39 and HT46 in the presence of NaN3, leading preferentially to lysis of the competent cells.", "contents": "Transformation in Bacillus subtilis. Initial stages of the transformation process and their energy dependence. NaN3 was found to inhibit transformation but not the irreversible binding of donor 3H-DNA in competent cells of the original low-transformable strain Bacillus subtilis 168 trp2. Addition of NaN3 to cells of two mutants Bacillus subtilis HT39 and HT46 with an increased transformability decreased substantially the irreversible binding of the donor DNA to the competent cells. The decreased irreversible binding of DNA is caused by an increased osmotic sensitivity of competent cells of the mutants HT39 and HT46 in the presence of NaN3, leading preferentially to lysis of the competent cells.", "PMID": 411720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6293", "title": "Relationship between the structure of carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazones and inhibition of growth of microorganisms, stimulation of respiration of yeast cells and rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The effect of ten derivatives of carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone on growth of bacteria, yeast and different species of filamentous fungi was investigated. In yeast and mitochondria isolated from rat liver the effect of these derivatives on the respiratory activity was also followed. The relative efficiency of the individual derivatives of carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone was determined on the basis of the results obtained. It was shown that derivatives, in which the substituent on the benzene ring causes simultaneously an increase of acidity and lipophilicity of the derivative as compared with the non-substituted carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (4-trifluoromethoxy-, 3-chloro-, 4-chloro and 3,4-dichloro-derivatives) were most effective.", "contents": "Relationship between the structure of carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazones and inhibition of growth of microorganisms, stimulation of respiration of yeast cells and rat liver mitochondria. The effect of ten derivatives of carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone on growth of bacteria, yeast and different species of filamentous fungi was investigated. In yeast and mitochondria isolated from rat liver the effect of these derivatives on the respiratory activity was also followed. The relative efficiency of the individual derivatives of carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone was determined on the basis of the results obtained. It was shown that derivatives, in which the substituent on the benzene ring causes simultaneously an increase of acidity and lipophilicity of the derivative as compared with the non-substituted carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (4-trifluoromethoxy-, 3-chloro-, 4-chloro and 3,4-dichloro-derivatives) were most effective.", "PMID": 411721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6294", "title": "Repeated blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in normal volunteer subjects receiving isocaloric meals, before and after chlorpropamide and glibenclamide.", "content": "The blood glucose and plasma insulin response to the two hypoglycaemic agents, chlorpropamide (Diabenese) and glibenclamide (Daonil) was determined in normal subjects under strict metabolic control in a double blind study. The subjects were admitted to hospital for the period of the study, during which time they received four isocaloric meals per day and their physical exercise was standardised. Chlorpropamide had a prolonged hypoglycaemic effect compared with the short lived response after glibenclamide. Thy hypoglycaemic characteristics of the two preparations could not be explained simply on the insulin responses. Chlorpropamide was capable of lowering blood glucose without raising plasma insulin levels, whereas glibenclamide produced a prolonged and marked increase in plasma insulin levels only to be associated with a short-lived hypoglycaemic response. The latter suggested that a degree of insulin resistance had been produced secondary to the early profound lowering of the blood glucose following glibenclamide. The data indicate therefore the need for caution in extrapolating to diabetic subjects the hypoglycaemic characteristics of an agent such as glibenclamide derived from studies in normal subjects.", "contents": "Repeated blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in normal volunteer subjects receiving isocaloric meals, before and after chlorpropamide and glibenclamide. The blood glucose and plasma insulin response to the two hypoglycaemic agents, chlorpropamide (Diabenese) and glibenclamide (Daonil) was determined in normal subjects under strict metabolic control in a double blind study. The subjects were admitted to hospital for the period of the study, during which time they received four isocaloric meals per day and their physical exercise was standardised. Chlorpropamide had a prolonged hypoglycaemic effect compared with the short lived response after glibenclamide. Thy hypoglycaemic characteristics of the two preparations could not be explained simply on the insulin responses. Chlorpropamide was capable of lowering blood glucose without raising plasma insulin levels, whereas glibenclamide produced a prolonged and marked increase in plasma insulin levels only to be associated with a short-lived hypoglycaemic response. The latter suggested that a degree of insulin resistance had been produced secondary to the early profound lowering of the blood glucose following glibenclamide. The data indicate therefore the need for caution in extrapolating to diabetic subjects the hypoglycaemic characteristics of an agent such as glibenclamide derived from studies in normal subjects.", "PMID": 411723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6295", "title": "The ability of pancreatic polypeptides (APP and BPP) to return to normal the hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and weight gain of New Zealand obese mice.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injections of avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) are capable of returning to normal the hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and weight gain of New Zealand obese mice. The lag glucose tolerance also becomes indistinguishable from normal. The mechanism whereby these polypeptides cause reversion is not known. Reversion can also be brought about by the intraperitoneal implantation of islets from white mice into New Zealand obese animals. The implanted islets secrete mouse pancreatic polypeptide. We conclude that the New Zealand obese syndrome arises from a genetic lack of mouse pancreatic polypeptide. We suggest that in humans a lack of pancreatic polypeptide might manifest as a syndrome analogous to that found in New Zealand obese mice.", "contents": "The ability of pancreatic polypeptides (APP and BPP) to return to normal the hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and weight gain of New Zealand obese mice. Intraperitoneal injections of avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) are capable of returning to normal the hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and weight gain of New Zealand obese mice. The lag glucose tolerance also becomes indistinguishable from normal. The mechanism whereby these polypeptides cause reversion is not known. Reversion can also be brought about by the intraperitoneal implantation of islets from white mice into New Zealand obese animals. The implanted islets secrete mouse pancreatic polypeptide. We conclude that the New Zealand obese syndrome arises from a genetic lack of mouse pancreatic polypeptide. We suggest that in humans a lack of pancreatic polypeptide might manifest as a syndrome analogous to that found in New Zealand obese mice.", "PMID": 411725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6296", "title": "Characterization of glycosaminoglycans stored in mucopolysaccharidosis III A: evidence for a generally occuring degradation of heparan sulfate by endoglycosidases.", "content": "The characterization of intracellularly stored glycosaminoglycans from organs of a patient suffering from mucopolysaccharidosis III A (Sanfilippo A disease) is described. Both heparan sulfate and galactosamine-containing glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate) are accumulated in the liver, whereas in the other organs (spleen, kidney, heart, cerebrum, cerebellum) heparan sulfate is almost the only glycosaminoglycan stored. It is shown by [3H]NaBH4 reduction and subsequent identification of the 3H-labelled sugar alcohols that heparan sulfate is degraded in all organs by at least two endoglycosidases, an endoglucuronidase and an endoglucosaminidase, to fragments of low molecular weight (Mr approximately 2 000-6 600).", "contents": "Characterization of glycosaminoglycans stored in mucopolysaccharidosis III A: evidence for a generally occuring degradation of heparan sulfate by endoglycosidases. The characterization of intracellularly stored glycosaminoglycans from organs of a patient suffering from mucopolysaccharidosis III A (Sanfilippo A disease) is described. Both heparan sulfate and galactosamine-containing glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate) are accumulated in the liver, whereas in the other organs (spleen, kidney, heart, cerebrum, cerebellum) heparan sulfate is almost the only glycosaminoglycan stored. It is shown by [3H]NaBH4 reduction and subsequent identification of the 3H-labelled sugar alcohols that heparan sulfate is degraded in all organs by at least two endoglycosidases, an endoglucuronidase and an endoglucosaminidase, to fragments of low molecular weight (Mr approximately 2 000-6 600).", "PMID": 411726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6297", "title": "Iodination of mono- and heteroclonal immunoglobulin G with lactoperoxidase and chloramine T.", "content": "The difference in the reactivity of tyrosine and histidine residues in mono- and heteroclonal IgG protein toward enzyme catalyzed and chemical iodination has been studied. One heteroclonal and four monoclonal IgG proteins were iodinated using lactoperoxidase or chloramine T. The ratio of the degrees of substitution of the light and the heavy chains varied from IgG to IgG. One of the monoclonal IgG proteins, IgG-Dam, could only be modified in the gamma-chain. The lack of reactivity was attributed to steric hindrance and other local peculiarities. This interpretation is supported by spectrophotometric titration studies.", "contents": "Iodination of mono- and heteroclonal immunoglobulin G with lactoperoxidase and chloramine T. The difference in the reactivity of tyrosine and histidine residues in mono- and heteroclonal IgG protein toward enzyme catalyzed and chemical iodination has been studied. One heteroclonal and four monoclonal IgG proteins were iodinated using lactoperoxidase or chloramine T. The ratio of the degrees of substitution of the light and the heavy chains varied from IgG to IgG. One of the monoclonal IgG proteins, IgG-Dam, could only be modified in the gamma-chain. The lack of reactivity was attributed to steric hindrance and other local peculiarities. This interpretation is supported by spectrophotometric titration studies.", "PMID": 411728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6298", "title": "[beta-Glucosidases specific for the cyanogenic glucoside triglochinin from Alocasia macrorrhiza Schott: further characterization of properties (author's transl)].", "content": "All beta-glucosidases extracted and separated from a plant of Alocasia macrorrhiza are almost entirely specific for triglochinin. The hexameric beta-glucosidase has been shown to dissociate in dimers without any alteration of activity. Reaggregation could only be demonstrated using bifunctional reagents like glutaraldehyde. Treatments of beta-glucosidase with various chemicals (e. g. glutaraldehyde, dodecyl sulfate) decreased the activity for triglochinin more than the activity for 4-nitrophenyl glucoside. On the other hand, specific reagents like bromocondurite or p-chloromercuribenzoate caused identical inactivations measured with various substrates. It seems possible that the different beta-glucosidases splitting triglochinin arose during purification from the hexameric form which occurs in the plant.", "contents": "[beta-Glucosidases specific for the cyanogenic glucoside triglochinin from Alocasia macrorrhiza Schott: further characterization of properties (author's transl)]. All beta-glucosidases extracted and separated from a plant of Alocasia macrorrhiza are almost entirely specific for triglochinin. The hexameric beta-glucosidase has been shown to dissociate in dimers without any alteration of activity. Reaggregation could only be demonstrated using bifunctional reagents like glutaraldehyde. Treatments of beta-glucosidase with various chemicals (e. g. glutaraldehyde, dodecyl sulfate) decreased the activity for triglochinin more than the activity for 4-nitrophenyl glucoside. On the other hand, specific reagents like bromocondurite or p-chloromercuribenzoate caused identical inactivations measured with various substrates. It seems possible that the different beta-glucosidases splitting triglochinin arose during purification from the hexameric form which occurs in the plant.", "PMID": 411729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6299", "title": "Transcription in Lactobacillaceae. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Lactobacillus casei. Isolation of transciption factor y.", "content": "Purified DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Lactobacillus casei shows a subunit pattern similar to that of other prokaryotic RNA polymerases. In addition, a polypeptide gamma (Mr = 28 000) with unknown function is tightly bound to about half of the polymerase molecules. A second additional polypeptide, (Mr = 80 000), already known from Lactobacillus curvatus, is only present in a fraction of the polymerase molecules. It stimulates transcription of holoenzyme on native Phagen-DNA ungef\u00e4hr auf das Doppelte. An isolation procedure for native y is described.", "contents": "Transcription in Lactobacillaceae. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Lactobacillus casei. Isolation of transciption factor y. Purified DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Lactobacillus casei shows a subunit pattern similar to that of other prokaryotic RNA polymerases. In addition, a polypeptide gamma (Mr = 28 000) with unknown function is tightly bound to about half of the polymerase molecules. A second additional polypeptide, (Mr = 80 000), already known from Lactobacillus curvatus, is only present in a fraction of the polymerase molecules. It stimulates transcription of holoenzyme on native Phagen-DNA ungef\u00e4hr auf das Doppelte. An isolation procedure for native y is described.", "PMID": 411730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6300", "title": "Screening for congenital hypothyroidism.", "content": "The development of efficient micromethod assay systems for thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone makes possible detection of this condition in the neonate, when clinical signs seldom arouse suspicion. Starting treatment by age three months has been shown to prevent severe intellectual deficit; thus mass screening can be considered cost-effective as compared with outlays for special care, education, and institutionalization.", "contents": "Screening for congenital hypothyroidism. The development of efficient micromethod assay systems for thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone makes possible detection of this condition in the neonate, when clinical signs seldom arouse suspicion. Starting treatment by age three months has been shown to prevent severe intellectual deficit; thus mass screening can be considered cost-effective as compared with outlays for special care, education, and institutionalization.", "PMID": 411735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6301", "title": "Adjuvant activities of chemically modified water-soluble substances from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.", "content": "Water-soluble peptidoglycan fragments extracted from the cells of two strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis were chemically conjugated with lauric or with palmitic acid. The coupling reaction was confirmed by physicochemical procedures. The native and the fatty acid-conjugated substances were studied for their adjuvant activity in the induction of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions in guinea-pigs and on the production of circulating antibodies in the rabbit. Palmitic acid conjugation of one of the substances increased its adjuvanticity on DTH in the presence of mineral oil; lauric or palmitic acid conjugation rendered the substances adjuvant-active on DTH in the absence of mineral oil. Lauric acid, but not palmitic acid conjugation conferred on both substances an adjuvant activity on antibody production in the absence of mineral oil. Furthermore, lauric acid conjugation of one of the substances led to the appearance of an in vitro mitogen-like activity for murine spleen lymphocytes. In conclusion, fatty acid conjugation exerted a significant modifying effect on the immuno-potentiating activities of these peptidoglycan fragments, and such a chemical procedure may lead to the development of substances exerting a full adjuvant activity without the need of injecting them in an oily vehicle.", "contents": "Adjuvant activities of chemically modified water-soluble substances from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Water-soluble peptidoglycan fragments extracted from the cells of two strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis were chemically conjugated with lauric or with palmitic acid. The coupling reaction was confirmed by physicochemical procedures. The native and the fatty acid-conjugated substances were studied for their adjuvant activity in the induction of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions in guinea-pigs and on the production of circulating antibodies in the rabbit. Palmitic acid conjugation of one of the substances increased its adjuvanticity on DTH in the presence of mineral oil; lauric or palmitic acid conjugation rendered the substances adjuvant-active on DTH in the absence of mineral oil. Lauric acid, but not palmitic acid conjugation conferred on both substances an adjuvant activity on antibody production in the absence of mineral oil. Furthermore, lauric acid conjugation of one of the substances led to the appearance of an in vitro mitogen-like activity for murine spleen lymphocytes. In conclusion, fatty acid conjugation exerted a significant modifying effect on the immuno-potentiating activities of these peptidoglycan fragments, and such a chemical procedure may lead to the development of substances exerting a full adjuvant activity without the need of injecting them in an oily vehicle.", "PMID": 411741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6302", "title": "Glycolipoprotein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a protective antigen against P. aeruginosa infection in mice.", "content": "After primary subcutaneous immunization of rabbits with glycolipoprotein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa BI, indirect hemagglutinating and bacterial agglutinating activities appeared in the antiserum 6 days after immunization and reached a peak between 15 and 20 days. Both these in vitro activities paralleled in vivo antipseudomonas-induced leukopenia and mouse passive-protection activities. Further experiments indicated that a functional association exists between the hemagglutinating and passive-protection activities, and that passive protection depends on activity levels in the plasma rather than in the peritoneum. After intraperitoneal injection in mice, in vitro and in vivo activities of antiglycolipoprotein serum declined in the peritoneal cavity as the plasma levels increased. After intravenous injection of the antiglycolipoprotein serum, initially high levels of in vitro and in vivo activity declined at approximately equal rates. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) fractions from 15-day antiglycolipoprotein serum were assayed for biological activity. Most of the hemagglutinating and bacterial agglutinating activity and all of the mouse passive-protection activity were found in the IgM fraction. Assay of antiglycolipoprotein serum after 2-mercaptoethanol inactivation of IgM showed that most of the in vitro and all of the passive-protection activities had been destroyed, again locating these activities principally in the IgM fraction of the original antiserum.", "contents": "Glycolipoprotein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a protective antigen against P. aeruginosa infection in mice. After primary subcutaneous immunization of rabbits with glycolipoprotein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa BI, indirect hemagglutinating and bacterial agglutinating activities appeared in the antiserum 6 days after immunization and reached a peak between 15 and 20 days. Both these in vitro activities paralleled in vivo antipseudomonas-induced leukopenia and mouse passive-protection activities. Further experiments indicated that a functional association exists between the hemagglutinating and passive-protection activities, and that passive protection depends on activity levels in the plasma rather than in the peritoneum. After intraperitoneal injection in mice, in vitro and in vivo activities of antiglycolipoprotein serum declined in the peritoneal cavity as the plasma levels increased. After intravenous injection of the antiglycolipoprotein serum, initially high levels of in vitro and in vivo activity declined at approximately equal rates. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) fractions from 15-day antiglycolipoprotein serum were assayed for biological activity. Most of the hemagglutinating and bacterial agglutinating activity and all of the mouse passive-protection activity were found in the IgM fraction. Assay of antiglycolipoprotein serum after 2-mercaptoethanol inactivation of IgM showed that most of the in vitro and all of the passive-protection activities had been destroyed, again locating these activities principally in the IgM fraction of the original antiserum.", "PMID": 411754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6303", "title": "Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: effect of chloramphenicol.", "content": "The effect of chloramphenicol treatment on the development of immunity to scrub typhus in mice was studied. Chemotherapy was administered either shortly before infection and for 14 days thereafter (group I), or from 7 to 21 days postinfection (group II). Although the full course of either regimen resulted in complete protection of the mice against subsequent challenge with the homologous strain of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, initiation of chemotherapy at 7 days postinfection resulted in more rapid development of immunity against both the original infection and subsequent challenge. In both treatment groups, a 1- to 2- day hiatus was observed between immunity to challenge in the treated animal and the ability to transfer this immunity to syngeneic recipients with lymphocyte-enriched spleen cells. Similarly, complement-fixing antibodies were not detectable until shortly after the animals were able to resist challenge. These data supported the conclusion that the rickettsiostatic effect of chloramphenicol allows the infected animal time to mount an effective immune response and, further, that initiation of chemotherapy early in the infection may delay development of this response.", "contents": "Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: effect of chloramphenicol. The effect of chloramphenicol treatment on the development of immunity to scrub typhus in mice was studied. Chemotherapy was administered either shortly before infection and for 14 days thereafter (group I), or from 7 to 21 days postinfection (group II). Although the full course of either regimen resulted in complete protection of the mice against subsequent challenge with the homologous strain of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, initiation of chemotherapy at 7 days postinfection resulted in more rapid development of immunity against both the original infection and subsequent challenge. In both treatment groups, a 1- to 2- day hiatus was observed between immunity to challenge in the treated animal and the ability to transfer this immunity to syngeneic recipients with lymphocyte-enriched spleen cells. Similarly, complement-fixing antibodies were not detectable until shortly after the animals were able to resist challenge. These data supported the conclusion that the rickettsiostatic effect of chloramphenicol allows the infected animal time to mount an effective immune response and, further, that initiation of chemotherapy early in the infection may delay development of this response.", "PMID": 411755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6304", "title": "Potentiation of mouse peritoneal macrophage antibacterial functions by treatment of the donor animals with the methanol extraction residue fraction of tubercle bacilli.", "content": "Administration to inbred mice of the methanol extraction residue fraction of tubercle bacilli by some, but not by all, routes affected markedly the in vitro phagocytic and antibacterial capacities of their peritoneal macrophages harvested several days to weeks after treatment. Phagocytosis of living [3H]thymidine- labeled Staphylococcus albus and Staphylococcus aureus organisms, but not of Listeria monocytogenes, was markedly enhanced. Uptake of the deoxyribonucleic acid precursor thymidine by the phagocytized staphylococci was consistently and significantly inhibited in macrophages taken from methanol extraction residue-treated donors. Such macrophages also displayed a significant facility to reduce the viability of intracellular S. albus and L. monocytogenes, but not of S. aureus, under the present experimental conditions.", "contents": "Potentiation of mouse peritoneal macrophage antibacterial functions by treatment of the donor animals with the methanol extraction residue fraction of tubercle bacilli. Administration to inbred mice of the methanol extraction residue fraction of tubercle bacilli by some, but not by all, routes affected markedly the in vitro phagocytic and antibacterial capacities of their peritoneal macrophages harvested several days to weeks after treatment. Phagocytosis of living [3H]thymidine- labeled Staphylococcus albus and Staphylococcus aureus organisms, but not of Listeria monocytogenes, was markedly enhanced. Uptake of the deoxyribonucleic acid precursor thymidine by the phagocytized staphylococci was consistently and significantly inhibited in macrophages taken from methanol extraction residue-treated donors. Such macrophages also displayed a significant facility to reduce the viability of intracellular S. albus and L. monocytogenes, but not of S. aureus, under the present experimental conditions.", "PMID": 411756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6305", "title": "Cross-immunity between Hammondia and Toxoplasma infections in mice and hamsters.", "content": "Cross-immunity between six strains of Hammondia hammondi and the M-7741 strain of Toxoplasma gondii was studied in mice and hamsters. Mice and hamsters were inoculated orally with 10(5) H. hammondi oocysts. All mice and hamsters survived. Four weeks later, they were challenged with 1 to 10(5) mean lethal doses (LD50) of the Toxoplasma oocysts. Animals that died were necropsied. Survivors were killed 30 days after challenge inoculation, and the number of cysts in brain and musculature was determined and compared with that of animals that were not immunized with H. hammondi. In one experiment, 36 mice were immunized with each of three H. hammondi strains. Four weeks later the mice were challenged with 1 to 10(5) LD50 doses of T. gondii oocysts. Of 108 mice immunized with H. hammondi, 103 survived challenge with Toxoplasma oocysts for 30 days, whereas only 3 of 36 unimmunized mice survived with similar doses of Toxoplasma oocysts. Fewer Toxoplasma cysts were found in mice immunized with H. hammondi than in unimmunized mice. In another experiment groups of six hamsters were each immunized with one of six H. hammondi strains and then challenged with 10(5) LD50 Toxoplasma oocysts. All unimmunized hamsters died between 9 and 13 days after inoculation. Percent protection in the various groups of immunized hamsters was: 100, 84, 66, 66, 50, and 33.", "contents": "Cross-immunity between Hammondia and Toxoplasma infections in mice and hamsters. Cross-immunity between six strains of Hammondia hammondi and the M-7741 strain of Toxoplasma gondii was studied in mice and hamsters. Mice and hamsters were inoculated orally with 10(5) H. hammondi oocysts. All mice and hamsters survived. Four weeks later, they were challenged with 1 to 10(5) mean lethal doses (LD50) of the Toxoplasma oocysts. Animals that died were necropsied. Survivors were killed 30 days after challenge inoculation, and the number of cysts in brain and musculature was determined and compared with that of animals that were not immunized with H. hammondi. In one experiment, 36 mice were immunized with each of three H. hammondi strains. Four weeks later the mice were challenged with 1 to 10(5) LD50 doses of T. gondii oocysts. Of 108 mice immunized with H. hammondi, 103 survived challenge with Toxoplasma oocysts for 30 days, whereas only 3 of 36 unimmunized mice survived with similar doses of Toxoplasma oocysts. Fewer Toxoplasma cysts were found in mice immunized with H. hammondi than in unimmunized mice. In another experiment groups of six hamsters were each immunized with one of six H. hammondi strains and then challenged with 10(5) LD50 Toxoplasma oocysts. All unimmunized hamsters died between 9 and 13 days after inoculation. Percent protection in the various groups of immunized hamsters was: 100, 84, 66, 66, 50, and 33.", "PMID": 411757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6306", "title": "Molecular and serological differentiation of staphylococcal exfoliative toxin synthesized under chromosomal and plasmid control.", "content": "Evidence for the existence of two molecular species of exfoliative toxin (ET) synthesized by phage group II Staphylococcus aureus under chromosomal and plasmid control is presented. Serological evidence that these molecular species of toxin are distinct from each other is given. The plasmid-controlled toxin was synthesized along with the chromosomally controlled toxin by the group II UT0002 strain, whereas another group II strain, UT0007, synthesized only the plasmid-controlled toxin. The molecular weight of the plasmid-controlled toxin was slightly less than that of the chromosomally controlled type and could be separated from the latter on 12.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide slab gels. On 7.5% SDS-polyacrylamide cylindrical gels there was no hint of heterogeneity, and both ETs migrated together as a single homogeneous band. The existence of two serotypes of ET among phage group II strains complicates interpretation of previous work in this field and makes necessary the preparation of two different antigens for radioimmunobinding assays. Discovery of these ET serotypes provided an explanation for previously reported low binding by rabbit hyperimmune serum (B. Wiley, L. Glasgow, and M. Rogolsky, Infect. Immun. 13:513-520, 1976) in the radioimmunobinding test. A molecular species of ET differing from each of the other two serotypes was isolated from cultures of a phage group III S. aureus. This ET produced scalding in suckling mice and was lower in molecular weight than the ET produced under plasmid control by group II strains. Preliminary serological studies indicated that the ET in the group III strain is closely related to or possibly identical to the group II toxin produced under plasmid control.", "contents": "Molecular and serological differentiation of staphylococcal exfoliative toxin synthesized under chromosomal and plasmid control. Evidence for the existence of two molecular species of exfoliative toxin (ET) synthesized by phage group II Staphylococcus aureus under chromosomal and plasmid control is presented. Serological evidence that these molecular species of toxin are distinct from each other is given. The plasmid-controlled toxin was synthesized along with the chromosomally controlled toxin by the group II UT0002 strain, whereas another group II strain, UT0007, synthesized only the plasmid-controlled toxin. The molecular weight of the plasmid-controlled toxin was slightly less than that of the chromosomally controlled type and could be separated from the latter on 12.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide slab gels. On 7.5% SDS-polyacrylamide cylindrical gels there was no hint of heterogeneity, and both ETs migrated together as a single homogeneous band. The existence of two serotypes of ET among phage group II strains complicates interpretation of previous work in this field and makes necessary the preparation of two different antigens for radioimmunobinding assays. Discovery of these ET serotypes provided an explanation for previously reported low binding by rabbit hyperimmune serum (B. Wiley, L. Glasgow, and M. Rogolsky, Infect. Immun. 13:513-520, 1976) in the radioimmunobinding test. A molecular species of ET differing from each of the other two serotypes was isolated from cultures of a phage group III S. aureus. This ET produced scalding in suckling mice and was lower in molecular weight than the ET produced under plasmid control by group II strains. Preliminary serological studies indicated that the ET in the group III strain is closely related to or possibly identical to the group II toxin produced under plasmid control.", "PMID": 411758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6307", "title": "Corticosteroids in dentistry.", "content": "The application of corticosteroids to cut dentine following cavity preparation, to carious dentine in indirect pulp capping, to the exposed pulp or to pulp remnants and periapical tissues during root canal therapy has been claimed to eliminate post operative pain and inflammation. Other investigators have thrown doubt on the validity of these claims and have reported continued inflammation progressing to necrosis following such applications. This paper reports detailed clinical and histological findings in a series of over 500 teeth some of which received conventional treatment while others were treated with various corticosteroids including Mosteller's solution, tritiated prednisolone, and Ledermix paste and cement. The results confirm the fact that no clear correlation exists between symptoms and histological findings in pulp disease. The absence of pain following application of corticosteroids cannot therefore be taken as evidence of a specific therapeutic effect. In some cases pain returned after a period and histologic examination showed the slow development of inflammatory changes coupled with calcification in pulp tissue and on the walls of the canal. Further investigation is needed to clarify the relative contribution of the removal of toxic products by instrumentation and the anti-inflammatory properties of corticosteroids in the reduction of pain of pulpal origin.", "contents": "Corticosteroids in dentistry. The application of corticosteroids to cut dentine following cavity preparation, to carious dentine in indirect pulp capping, to the exposed pulp or to pulp remnants and periapical tissues during root canal therapy has been claimed to eliminate post operative pain and inflammation. Other investigators have thrown doubt on the validity of these claims and have reported continued inflammation progressing to necrosis following such applications. This paper reports detailed clinical and histological findings in a series of over 500 teeth some of which received conventional treatment while others were treated with various corticosteroids including Mosteller's solution, tritiated prednisolone, and Ledermix paste and cement. The results confirm the fact that no clear correlation exists between symptoms and histological findings in pulp disease. The absence of pain following application of corticosteroids cannot therefore be taken as evidence of a specific therapeutic effect. In some cases pain returned after a period and histologic examination showed the slow development of inflammatory changes coupled with calcification in pulp tissue and on the walls of the canal. Further investigation is needed to clarify the relative contribution of the removal of toxic products by instrumentation and the anti-inflammatory properties of corticosteroids in the reduction of pain of pulpal origin.", "PMID": 411759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6308", "title": "Tyrosinase activity in the sera of patients with malignant melanoma: method and specificity.", "content": "Serum tyrosinase activity has been measured by adapting the [3]tyrosine assay for tyrosinase and significant elevations of serum tyrosinase activity were found in patients with malignant melanoma. In contrast to findings in a study which utilized [14C]tyrosine, augmented levels of tyrosinase activity were not observed in sera from patients with other malignancies, including subjects with carcinoma of the breast. The results of the examinations for soluble tyrosinase activity in human malignant melanoma tissue-cultured lines were all positive, whereas human cell lines from carcinoma of the breast, carcinoma of the colon and sarcoma uniformly showed no activity. The method employed for detecting tyrosinase activity holds promise as a specific diagnostic test and may be valuable for monitoring the response to clinical treatment of patients with malignant melanoma.", "contents": "Tyrosinase activity in the sera of patients with malignant melanoma: method and specificity. Serum tyrosinase activity has been measured by adapting the [3]tyrosine assay for tyrosinase and significant elevations of serum tyrosinase activity were found in patients with malignant melanoma. In contrast to findings in a study which utilized [14C]tyrosine, augmented levels of tyrosinase activity were not observed in sera from patients with other malignancies, including subjects with carcinoma of the breast. The results of the examinations for soluble tyrosinase activity in human malignant melanoma tissue-cultured lines were all positive, whereas human cell lines from carcinoma of the breast, carcinoma of the colon and sarcoma uniformly showed no activity. The method employed for detecting tyrosinase activity holds promise as a specific diagnostic test and may be valuable for monitoring the response to clinical treatment of patients with malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 411760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6309", "title": "The decay of potentially lethal oxygen-dependent damage in fully hydrated Bacillus megaterium spores exposed to pulsed electron irradiation.", "content": "Using a stopped-flow mixing and pulsed irradiation apparatus, a study has been made of the decay, to a harmless form, of radiation-induced species which would otherwise be lethal to spores on contact with oxygen. Aqueous suspensions of Bacillus megaterium spores were irradiated with 600 krad of electrons given over approximately 1 s; at various times after irradiation oxygen in solution was added. As the interval between irradiation and introduction of oxygen increased, the fraction of spores surviving increased. For spores irradiated in a deoxygenated condition the decay of the potentially lethal species, reflected by this change in survival, proceeded as if two parallel first-order reactions with half-lives of 9 and 120 s operate. In contrast, for spores equilibrated with oxygen and then irradiated, the decay is described by a single first-order expression with an associated half-life similar to that  of the faster of the two reactions operating in anoxia.", "contents": "The decay of potentially lethal oxygen-dependent damage in fully hydrated Bacillus megaterium spores exposed to pulsed electron irradiation. Using a stopped-flow mixing and pulsed irradiation apparatus, a study has been made of the decay, to a harmless form, of radiation-induced species which would otherwise be lethal to spores on contact with oxygen. Aqueous suspensions of Bacillus megaterium spores were irradiated with 600 krad of electrons given over approximately 1 s; at various times after irradiation oxygen in solution was added. As the interval between irradiation and introduction of oxygen increased, the fraction of spores surviving increased. For spores irradiated in a deoxygenated condition the decay of the potentially lethal species, reflected by this change in survival, proceeded as if two parallel first-order reactions with half-lives of 9 and 120 s operate. In contrast, for spores equilibrated with oxygen and then irradiated, the decay is described by a single first-order expression with an associated half-life similar to that  of the faster of the two reactions operating in anoxia.", "PMID": 411762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6310", "title": "Immunologic aspects of lepromatous leprosy as related to the immunoglobulins of external secretions: salivary immunoglobulins.", "content": "A significant reduction in salivary immunoglobulins in lepromatous leprosy is recorded as compared to normal subjects. Saliva of undernourished subjects and patients with oral malignant tumors, which were studied as controls, showed an appreciable rise in IgA levels in both. It is suggested that impairment of T cell function, which is associated with lepromatous leprosy, is not responsible for the observed low level of salivary immunoglobulins in lepromatous leprosy.", "contents": "Immunologic aspects of lepromatous leprosy as related to the immunoglobulins of external secretions: salivary immunoglobulins. A significant reduction in salivary immunoglobulins in lepromatous leprosy is recorded as compared to normal subjects. Saliva of undernourished subjects and patients with oral malignant tumors, which were studied as controls, showed an appreciable rise in IgA levels in both. It is suggested that impairment of T cell function, which is associated with lepromatous leprosy, is not responsible for the observed low level of salivary immunoglobulins in lepromatous leprosy.", "PMID": 411761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6311", "title": "The corneal penetration of trifluorothymidine, adenine arabinoside, and idoxuridine: a comparative study.", "content": "Trifluorothymidine (F3TdR) and idoxuridine (IDU) were observed to penetrate through the cornea from the epithelial side at a greater rate than adenine arabinoside (ARA-A) during in vitro corneal perfusions. Removal of the epithelium increased the rate of penetration of F3TdR and IDU by about twofold and the rate of ARA-A penetration by fivefold. The kinetics of antiviral penetration did not display saturation points at high antiviral concentrations, thus indicating that these three antiviral drugs penetrate the cornea by nonfacilitated diffusion. The sole breakdown product detected following F3TdR penetration in vitro, in situ, and in controls was 5 carboxy-2'-deoxyuridine (5-COOH-2'-dUd). The sole breakdown product isolated during ARA-A penetration experiments was hypoxanthine arabinoside (ARA-HX), and control experiments indicated that ARA-A was stable at pH 7.6. IDU was degraded to 2'-deoxyuridine (dUd) in control experiments, but during corneal penetration experiments IDU was degraded to a mixture of dUd and iodouracil (IU).", "contents": "The corneal penetration of trifluorothymidine, adenine arabinoside, and idoxuridine: a comparative study. Trifluorothymidine (F3TdR) and idoxuridine (IDU) were observed to penetrate through the cornea from the epithelial side at a greater rate than adenine arabinoside (ARA-A) during in vitro corneal perfusions. Removal of the epithelium increased the rate of penetration of F3TdR and IDU by about twofold and the rate of ARA-A penetration by fivefold. The kinetics of antiviral penetration did not display saturation points at high antiviral concentrations, thus indicating that these three antiviral drugs penetrate the cornea by nonfacilitated diffusion. The sole breakdown product detected following F3TdR penetration in vitro, in situ, and in controls was 5 carboxy-2'-deoxyuridine (5-COOH-2'-dUd). The sole breakdown product isolated during ARA-A penetration experiments was hypoxanthine arabinoside (ARA-HX), and control experiments indicated that ARA-A was stable at pH 7.6. IDU was degraded to 2'-deoxyuridine (dUd) in control experiments, but during corneal penetration experiments IDU was degraded to a mixture of dUd and iodouracil (IU).", "PMID": 411765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6312", "title": "Simultaneous fixation and production of catecholamine fluorescence in central nervous tissue by perfusion with aldehydes.", "content": "Perfusion with a mixture of formaldehyde (4%) and glutaraldehyde (0.5%) is shown both to fix central nervous tissue and to produce, with no further treatment, a fluorescence histochemical localization of catecholamines. After perfusion, serial sections can be readily taken through the whole brain with a Vibratome. Landmarks which are apparent at low power with white-light illumination can be seen when the sections are viewed in the fluorescence microscope. Catecholamine-containing nerve cell bodies, varicose axon terminals and non-varicose nerve fibres appear brightly fluorescent and well localized. The method has been applied to rats, guinea-pigs and rabbits and is ideally suited to the accurate mapping of central catecholamine neurons and their processes.", "contents": "Simultaneous fixation and production of catecholamine fluorescence in central nervous tissue by perfusion with aldehydes. Perfusion with a mixture of formaldehyde (4%) and glutaraldehyde (0.5%) is shown both to fix central nervous tissue and to produce, with no further treatment, a fluorescence histochemical localization of catecholamines. After perfusion, serial sections can be readily taken through the whole brain with a Vibratome. Landmarks which are apparent at low power with white-light illumination can be seen when the sections are viewed in the fluorescence microscope. Catecholamine-containing nerve cell bodies, varicose axon terminals and non-varicose nerve fibres appear brightly fluorescent and well localized. The method has been applied to rats, guinea-pigs and rabbits and is ideally suited to the accurate mapping of central catecholamine neurons and their processes.", "PMID": 411768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6313", "title": "Study of surface polysaccharides in non-enzymatically isolated cells.", "content": "The avoid the effect of enzymes on the cell surface during the isolation procedure, in the present work isolation of cells from solid tissues by means of a chelating agent was attempted. Cell coat of hepatocytes and thymocytes was stained with ruthenium red and examined with the electron microscope. Adequacy of the isolation methods employed for studies of cell surface glycoproteins was tested by treating with trypsin. Reaggregation of isolated hepatocytes was performed too. The above results allow the suggestion that the use of EDTA for isolation of liver cells is suitable for the study of surface material of cells.", "contents": "Study of surface polysaccharides in non-enzymatically isolated cells. The avoid the effect of enzymes on the cell surface during the isolation procedure, in the present work isolation of cells from solid tissues by means of a chelating agent was attempted. Cell coat of hepatocytes and thymocytes was stained with ruthenium red and examined with the electron microscope. Adequacy of the isolation methods employed for studies of cell surface glycoproteins was tested by treating with trypsin. Reaggregation of isolated hepatocytes was performed too. The above results allow the suggestion that the use of EDTA for isolation of liver cells is suitable for the study of surface material of cells.", "PMID": 411769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6314", "title": "An endemic focus of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a subhuman primate research colony.", "content": "Leishmanial forms of Trypanosoma cruzi with multifocal pseudocysts were identified in a deceased adult female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) that had been maintained in an outdoor primate colony in southern Texas. Subsequent clinical investigation of the remainder of the colony identified 20 additional monkeys seropositive for T cruzi. Concurrent epizootiologic surveys confirmed the presence of sylvatic reservoirs and triatomine vectors of T cruzi infection and identified a natural T cruzi transmission cycle. Veterinarians associated with the research colony were informed of the potential for further T cruzi transmission and appropriate insect vector and reservoir animal control programs were implemented..", "contents": "An endemic focus of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a subhuman primate research colony. Leishmanial forms of Trypanosoma cruzi with multifocal pseudocysts were identified in a deceased adult female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) that had been maintained in an outdoor primate colony in southern Texas. Subsequent clinical investigation of the remainder of the colony identified 20 additional monkeys seropositive for T cruzi. Concurrent epizootiologic surveys confirmed the presence of sylvatic reservoirs and triatomine vectors of T cruzi infection and identified a natural T cruzi transmission cycle. Veterinarians associated with the research colony were informed of the potential for further T cruzi transmission and appropriate insect vector and reservoir animal control programs were implemented..", "PMID": 411770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6315", "title": "Amyloidosis in rhesus monkeys with rheumatoid arthritis and enterocolitis.", "content": "Generalized amyloidosis was diagnosed by light and electron microscopy in 4 of 5 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) that had a history of chronic arthritis or chronic intermittent diarrhea, or both. Clinical signs and lesions of arthritis in the monkeys were compatible with diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Shigella sp was cultured from 1 monkey, and 2 other monkeys had colonic lesions characteristic of shigellosis. At necropsy, gross changes attributed to amyloid were seen only in the liver. Amyloid deposits in the liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, kidney, heart, adrenal glands, and other organs were determined by staining reactions and fine structural characteristics.", "contents": "Amyloidosis in rhesus monkeys with rheumatoid arthritis and enterocolitis. Generalized amyloidosis was diagnosed by light and electron microscopy in 4 of 5 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) that had a history of chronic arthritis or chronic intermittent diarrhea, or both. Clinical signs and lesions of arthritis in the monkeys were compatible with diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Shigella sp was cultured from 1 monkey, and 2 other monkeys had colonic lesions characteristic of shigellosis. At necropsy, gross changes attributed to amyloid were seen only in the liver. Amyloid deposits in the liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, kidney, heart, adrenal glands, and other organs were determined by staining reactions and fine structural characteristics.", "PMID": 411771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6316", "title": "Allergic conjunctivitis in a juvenile black spider monkey.", "content": "Allergic conjunctivitis in a young spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps) was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, histomorphologic appearance of conjunctival biopsy specimens, and response to systemic corticosteroid therapy.", "contents": "Allergic conjunctivitis in a juvenile black spider monkey. Allergic conjunctivitis in a young spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps) was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, histomorphologic appearance of conjunctival biopsy specimens, and response to systemic corticosteroid therapy.", "PMID": 411772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6317", "title": "Lead poisoning in sandhill cranes.", "content": "Seven Florida sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pratensis) and 6 greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) were exposed to lead-base paint containing 27% lead. One bird of each subspecies died enroute to the hospital, with a clinical history of anorexia, weakness, and open-mouth breathing of 36 hours' duration. There were no gross lesions, and microscopic lesions were limited to focal hepatic necrosis and hemosiderosis. Two of each subspecies of cranes developed clinical signs of lead poisoning, which included anorexia, weakness, green diarrhea, regurgitation, and open-mouth breathing. Diagnosis of lead poisoning was confirmed on the basis of blood lead concentrations ranging from 146 microgram/100 ml to 378 microgram/100 ml. These 4 cranes were treated successfully with calcium disodium edetate intramuscularly. Seven of the birds remained clinically normal despite high blood lead levels, especially in the greater sandhill cranes.", "contents": "Lead poisoning in sandhill cranes. Seven Florida sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pratensis) and 6 greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) were exposed to lead-base paint containing 27% lead. One bird of each subspecies died enroute to the hospital, with a clinical history of anorexia, weakness, and open-mouth breathing of 36 hours' duration. There were no gross lesions, and microscopic lesions were limited to focal hepatic necrosis and hemosiderosis. Two of each subspecies of cranes developed clinical signs of lead poisoning, which included anorexia, weakness, green diarrhea, regurgitation, and open-mouth breathing. Diagnosis of lead poisoning was confirmed on the basis of blood lead concentrations ranging from 146 microgram/100 ml to 378 microgram/100 ml. These 4 cranes were treated successfully with calcium disodium edetate intramuscularly. Seven of the birds remained clinically normal despite high blood lead levels, especially in the greater sandhill cranes.", "PMID": 411773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6318", "title": "Kuwaitimycin, effect on synthesis of lipids in Bacillus subtillis cells.", "content": "The effects exerted by kuwaitimycin on synthesis of lipids as well as some metabolic activities of Bacillus subtilis were studied. The antibiotic not only arrested the inocrporation of 14C-acetate into the microbial lipids but also altered the fatty acids pattern, contents of i-C 15, a-C 15, i-C 17 and  a-C 17 WERE MARKEDLY REDUCED, CONCOMITANT WITH AN INCREASE IN THE CONtents of i-C 14 AND N-C 14. Moreover, the rates of synthesis of phospholipids were decreased by the drug, especially that of phosphatidyl ethanolamine.", "contents": "Kuwaitimycin, effect on synthesis of lipids in Bacillus subtillis cells. The effects exerted by kuwaitimycin on synthesis of lipids as well as some metabolic activities of Bacillus subtilis were studied. The antibiotic not only arrested the inocrporation of 14C-acetate into the microbial lipids but also altered the fatty acids pattern, contents of i-C 15, a-C 15, i-C 17 and  a-C 17 WERE MARKEDLY REDUCED, CONCOMITANT WITH AN INCREASE IN THE CONtents of i-C 14 AND N-C 14. Moreover, the rates of synthesis of phospholipids were decreased by the drug, especially that of phosphatidyl ethanolamine.", "PMID": 411777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6319", "title": "Homocitrate synthase as the crucial site of the lysine effect on penicillin biosynthesis.", "content": "Homocitrate reverses the lysine inhibition of penicillin bisynthesis. Since lysine is known to inhibit homocitrate synthase, reversal by the reaction product identifies this enzyme as the crucial site of the lysine effect.", "contents": "Homocitrate synthase as the crucial site of the lysine effect on penicillin biosynthesis. Homocitrate reverses the lysine inhibition of penicillin bisynthesis. Since lysine is known to inhibit homocitrate synthase, reversal by the reaction product identifies this enzyme as the crucial site of the lysine effect.", "PMID": 411778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6320", "title": "Simplified micro perchlorination method for polychlorinated biphenyls in biological samples.", "content": "Simplified methodology is presented for the micro determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in biological samples, by conversion to the decachlorobiphenyl (DCB) derivative. Beef adipose tissue and human milk extracts were fortified with PCB standards at 0.1--5.0 ppm, and perchlorinated with antimony pentachloride (SbCl5). Several Aroclors representing various degrees of chlorine content were investigated to assess the efficiency of conversion to DCB. Samples were cleaned up on a Florisil mini column and the PCBs were quantitated by electron capture GLC. Several chlorinated pesticides which were subjected to the perchlorination procedure did not interfere. As little as 0.1 ppm PCBs in 500 mg tissue extract can be recovered at 79-99%. The background DCB content of several brands of SbCl5 was determined. The levels of PCBs in human milk obtained by the perchlorination technique are compared with data acquired by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography in which the individual chlorobiphenyls in the sample are measured.", "contents": "Simplified micro perchlorination method for polychlorinated biphenyls in biological samples. Simplified methodology is presented for the micro determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in biological samples, by conversion to the decachlorobiphenyl (DCB) derivative. Beef adipose tissue and human milk extracts were fortified with PCB standards at 0.1--5.0 ppm, and perchlorinated with antimony pentachloride (SbCl5). Several Aroclors representing various degrees of chlorine content were investigated to assess the efficiency of conversion to DCB. Samples were cleaned up on a Florisil mini column and the PCBs were quantitated by electron capture GLC. Several chlorinated pesticides which were subjected to the perchlorination procedure did not interfere. As little as 0.1 ppm PCBs in 500 mg tissue extract can be recovered at 79-99%. The background DCB content of several brands of SbCl5 was determined. The levels of PCBs in human milk obtained by the perchlorination technique are compared with data acquired by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography in which the individual chlorobiphenyls in the sample are measured.", "PMID": 411780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6321", "title": "Ferredoxin and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase: comparative studies with Clostridium acidiurici, Clostridium cylindrosporum, and newly isolated anaerobic uric acid-fermenting strains.", "content": "Six strains of Clostridium acidiurici and three strains of C. cylindrosporum were isolated from soil samples by enrichment culture with uric acid as the source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. The newly isolated strains were characterized by their spore morphology and the amounts of glycine and formate formed by the fermentation of uric acid. The strains were easily identified as belonging to one species or the other on the basis of spore morphology and formate production. The crystal properties and spectra of the native ferredoxins of all the strains isolated and the amino acid composition and partial carboxy-terminal sequence of all their apoferredoxins were determined. All the ferredoxins were tested for cross-reactivity with antiserum to C. acidiurici ferredoxin by microcomplement fixation. Five of the six C. acidiurici strains, which had ferredoxins with amino acid compositions identical to that from C. acidiurici, also showed immunological identity (immunological distance = 0.0). These results suggest sequence identity. The one strain with a different amino acid composition failed to show complete cross-reactivity. Two of the three C. cylindrosporum strains have ferredoxin amino acid compositions identical to that from C. cylindrosporum. The third strain had a minimum of five differences in sequence. All C. cylindrosporum strains had ferredoxins that differed considerably from C. acidiurici strains (minimum of eight to nine differences), and none of these ferredoxins cross-reacted with antisera to C. acidiurici ferredoxin. Antisera were prepared to formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from C. acidiurici and C. cylindrosporum, and all possible comparisons were made by using immunodiffusion and microcomplement fixation. There is more intraspecies variation in the synthetases than in the ferredoxins; however, the results suggest considerable interspecies differences in both proteins. These results suggest a low degree of genomic relatedness between the two species, which contrasts sharply with their apparent high degree of phenotypic similarity.", "contents": "Ferredoxin and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase: comparative studies with Clostridium acidiurici, Clostridium cylindrosporum, and newly isolated anaerobic uric acid-fermenting strains. Six strains of Clostridium acidiurici and three strains of C. cylindrosporum were isolated from soil samples by enrichment culture with uric acid as the source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. The newly isolated strains were characterized by their spore morphology and the amounts of glycine and formate formed by the fermentation of uric acid. The strains were easily identified as belonging to one species or the other on the basis of spore morphology and formate production. The crystal properties and spectra of the native ferredoxins of all the strains isolated and the amino acid composition and partial carboxy-terminal sequence of all their apoferredoxins were determined. All the ferredoxins were tested for cross-reactivity with antiserum to C. acidiurici ferredoxin by microcomplement fixation. Five of the six C. acidiurici strains, which had ferredoxins with amino acid compositions identical to that from C. acidiurici, also showed immunological identity (immunological distance = 0.0). These results suggest sequence identity. The one strain with a different amino acid composition failed to show complete cross-reactivity. Two of the three C. cylindrosporum strains have ferredoxin amino acid compositions identical to that from C. cylindrosporum. The third strain had a minimum of five differences in sequence. All C. cylindrosporum strains had ferredoxins that differed considerably from C. acidiurici strains (minimum of eight to nine differences), and none of these ferredoxins cross-reacted with antisera to C. acidiurici ferredoxin. Antisera were prepared to formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from C. acidiurici and C. cylindrosporum, and all possible comparisons were made by using immunodiffusion and microcomplement fixation. There is more intraspecies variation in the synthetases than in the ferredoxins; however, the results suggest considerable interspecies differences in both proteins. These results suggest a low degree of genomic relatedness between the two species, which contrasts sharply with their apparent high degree of phenotypic similarity.", "PMID": 411781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6322", "title": "Restriction-like phenomena in transformation of Bacillus subtilis recA.", "content": "Genetic transformation in recA1 strains of Bacillus subtilis was studied to test the hypothesis that, in these strains, a major pathway of recombination is missing, leaving only residual transformation via a pathway specific for transduction. The two putative recombinational pathways have been hypothesized to differ in either length of synapsed regions or specificity for nucleotide sequence homology. It was found that the efficiency of transformation of recA1 cells by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the heterologous strain W23 was much lower than when a homologous donor DNA was used, the relative efficiency being different for different genetic markers. Because the frequency of recombination between linked markers is only slightly changed in recA1 recipients, and because markers of heterologous origin in DNA from intergenotic strains are not discriminated against strongly by recA1 recipients, it is concluded that neither a difference in length of synapsed DNA nor a difference in specificity for nucleotide sequence homology accounts for reduced transformation in recA1 cells. It is proposed that at some time between uptake and integration, heterologous DNA is inactivated by restriction, and that aberrant restriction of repaired regions may account for reduced transformation by homologous DNA.", "contents": "Restriction-like phenomena in transformation of Bacillus subtilis recA. Genetic transformation in recA1 strains of Bacillus subtilis was studied to test the hypothesis that, in these strains, a major pathway of recombination is missing, leaving only residual transformation via a pathway specific for transduction. The two putative recombinational pathways have been hypothesized to differ in either length of synapsed regions or specificity for nucleotide sequence homology. It was found that the efficiency of transformation of recA1 cells by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the heterologous strain W23 was much lower than when a homologous donor DNA was used, the relative efficiency being different for different genetic markers. Because the frequency of recombination between linked markers is only slightly changed in recA1 recipients, and because markers of heterologous origin in DNA from intergenotic strains are not discriminated against strongly by recA1 recipients, it is concluded that neither a difference in length of synapsed DNA nor a difference in specificity for nucleotide sequence homology accounts for reduced transformation in recA1 cells. It is proposed that at some time between uptake and integration, heterologous DNA is inactivated by restriction, and that aberrant restriction of repaired regions may account for reduced transformation by homologous DNA.", "PMID": 411782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6323", "title": "Repair and subsequent fragmentation of deoxyribonucleic acid in ultraviolet-irradiated Bacillus subtilis recA.", "content": "Cells of Bacillus subtilis recA1 are sensitive to irradiation with ultraviolet light. Evidence is presented here that these cells are not defective in ultraviolet light-induced incision of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or repair DNA synthesis. Ligation of DNA at repair sites appears to occur, but the DNA is subsequently fragmented, apparently at sites of previous repair synthesis. It is hypothesized that the defect in DNA repair leads to host-specific restriction at repaired sites because of a defect in either the structure of the repaired region or specificity of the restriction/modification system.", "contents": "Repair and subsequent fragmentation of deoxyribonucleic acid in ultraviolet-irradiated Bacillus subtilis recA. Cells of Bacillus subtilis recA1 are sensitive to irradiation with ultraviolet light. Evidence is presented here that these cells are not defective in ultraviolet light-induced incision of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or repair DNA synthesis. Ligation of DNA at repair sites appears to occur, but the DNA is subsequently fragmented, apparently at sites of previous repair synthesis. It is hypothesized that the defect in DNA repair leads to host-specific restriction at repaired sites because of a defect in either the structure of the repaired region or specificity of the restriction/modification system.", "PMID": 411783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6324", "title": "In vitro synthesis of beta-galactosidase with ilv-lac fusion deoxyribonucleic acid as template.", "content": "An in vitro protein-synthesizing system has been developed to study the mechanism of induction of ilvC gene in Escherichia coli strain K-12. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from a lambda phage carrying an ilvC-lac fusion was employed as a template for the in vitro synthesis of beta-galactosidase under the control of the ilvC promoter. The use of this template allowed an investigation of the components required for induction of the ilvC gene and the kinetics of the induction. The in vitro synthesis of beta-galactosidase under the control of the ilvC promoter was found to be DNA, acetohydroxy acid, and guanosine-3'-diphosphate-5'-diphosphate dependent, and sensitive to rifampin, actinomycin D, and chloramphenicol. Uncoupling experiments indicate that the inducer, acetohydroxybutyrate, acts at the transcriptional level. Investigation of a proposed noninducible ilvC regulatory mutant has shown normal induction in vitro. It was also observed that an intact ilvA gene is not required for the induction of the ilvC gene.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of beta-galactosidase with ilv-lac fusion deoxyribonucleic acid as template. An in vitro protein-synthesizing system has been developed to study the mechanism of induction of ilvC gene in Escherichia coli strain K-12. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from a lambda phage carrying an ilvC-lac fusion was employed as a template for the in vitro synthesis of beta-galactosidase under the control of the ilvC promoter. The use of this template allowed an investigation of the components required for induction of the ilvC gene and the kinetics of the induction. The in vitro synthesis of beta-galactosidase under the control of the ilvC promoter was found to be DNA, acetohydroxy acid, and guanosine-3'-diphosphate-5'-diphosphate dependent, and sensitive to rifampin, actinomycin D, and chloramphenicol. Uncoupling experiments indicate that the inducer, acetohydroxybutyrate, acts at the transcriptional level. Investigation of a proposed noninducible ilvC regulatory mutant has shown normal induction in vitro. It was also observed that an intact ilvA gene is not required for the induction of the ilvC gene.", "PMID": 411784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6325", "title": "Cell cycle analysis of F'lac replication in Escherichia coli B/r.", "content": "The timing and control of replication of an F'lac plasmid was investigated in two substrains of Escherichia coli B/r lac/F'lac growing at a variety of rates. The cellular content of covalently closed circular F'lac deoxyribonucleic acid and the cellular mass at the time of F'lac replication both increased as a function of growth rate. The timing of plasmid replication during the division cycle was determined by measuring the inducibility of beta-galactosidase in cells of different ages in exponentially growing cultures. At all growth rates, the rate of induced beta-galactosidase synthesis increased in a step-wise fashion during the division cycle, indicating that the F'lac plasmid replicated at a discrete time in the cycle. At growth rates greater than one doubling per h, the cell age at F'lac replication was indistinguishable from the cell age at chromosomal lac+ replication in an isogenic F- parent. The ratio of plasmids to chromosomal origins decreased from about 0.7 to 0.4 between growth rates of 1.0 to 2.5 doublings per h. These observations are all consistent with replication of F'lac at about the same time in the division cycle as replication of the homologous chromosomal region at these growth rates. This similarity in timing of replication of homologous deoxyribonucleic acid regions was not evident in slower-growing cells.", "contents": "Cell cycle analysis of F'lac replication in Escherichia coli B/r. The timing and control of replication of an F'lac plasmid was investigated in two substrains of Escherichia coli B/r lac/F'lac growing at a variety of rates. The cellular content of covalently closed circular F'lac deoxyribonucleic acid and the cellular mass at the time of F'lac replication both increased as a function of growth rate. The timing of plasmid replication during the division cycle was determined by measuring the inducibility of beta-galactosidase in cells of different ages in exponentially growing cultures. At all growth rates, the rate of induced beta-galactosidase synthesis increased in a step-wise fashion during the division cycle, indicating that the F'lac plasmid replicated at a discrete time in the cycle. At growth rates greater than one doubling per h, the cell age at F'lac replication was indistinguishable from the cell age at chromosomal lac+ replication in an isogenic F- parent. The ratio of plasmids to chromosomal origins decreased from about 0.7 to 0.4 between growth rates of 1.0 to 2.5 doublings per h. These observations are all consistent with replication of F'lac at about the same time in the division cycle as replication of the homologous chromosomal region at these growth rates. This similarity in timing of replication of homologous deoxyribonucleic acid regions was not evident in slower-growing cells.", "PMID": 411785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6326", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase in the blue-green bacterium Plectonema boryanum.", "content": "Histochemical techniques applied at the ultrastructural level have clearly established the periplasmic space as the site of alkaline phosphatase activity in Plectonema boryanum. Considerable enzyme activity is found after the organism is placed in a phosphate-free medium for 5 days. This activity is found only in the cellular fraction of the culture with no activity present in the culture medium. Localization of the site of enzyme activity in cells was investigated by a modification of the method of Costerton. Unfixed cells were reacted with calcium nitrate, which acts as the initial capture reagent. After this deposition, the cells were suspended in 2% lead nitrate to convert the calcium phosphate to more electron-dense lead phosphate. The majority of activity appears associated with layer 3 (periplasmic space) of the cell wall.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase in the blue-green bacterium Plectonema boryanum. Histochemical techniques applied at the ultrastructural level have clearly established the periplasmic space as the site of alkaline phosphatase activity in Plectonema boryanum. Considerable enzyme activity is found after the organism is placed in a phosphate-free medium for 5 days. This activity is found only in the cellular fraction of the culture with no activity present in the culture medium. Localization of the site of enzyme activity in cells was investigated by a modification of the method of Costerton. Unfixed cells were reacted with calcium nitrate, which acts as the initial capture reagent. After this deposition, the cells were suspended in 2% lead nitrate to convert the calcium phosphate to more electron-dense lead phosphate. The majority of activity appears associated with layer 3 (periplasmic space) of the cell wall.", "PMID": 411786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6327", "title": "Mechanism of T5-induced DNA polymerase. II. Characterization of the dead-end complex.", "content": "We have shown that bacteriophage T5-induced DNA polymerase replicates short primer-templates (400 to 600 nucleotides long) at a rapid rate initially, followed by a slower rate sustained for much longer periods (Das, S. K., and Fujimura, R. K. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 8700-8707). In order to explain the slower steady rate and the results of polymer-challenge experiments, we conjectured the presence of a \"dead-end complex\" formed by the enzyme with the primer-template at the end of the primer elongation process. In this communication we present evidence which indicates that the presumed complex shows a first order kinetics of decay with a half-life of 3.5 min at 37 degrees. Energies of activation for the steady phase of synthesis and the decay of the dead-end complex were both found to be about 23 kcal/mol. This indicates that the dissociation of the aforesaid complex might be the rate-limiting step during the steady phase of synthesis. Correlation between the salt-induced reduction in the half-life of the complex and the increase in the steady rate of synthesis is in agreement with the above mentioned possibility.", "contents": "Mechanism of T5-induced DNA polymerase. II. Characterization of the dead-end complex. We have shown that bacteriophage T5-induced DNA polymerase replicates short primer-templates (400 to 600 nucleotides long) at a rapid rate initially, followed by a slower rate sustained for much longer periods (Das, S. K., and Fujimura, R. K. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 8700-8707). In order to explain the slower steady rate and the results of polymer-challenge experiments, we conjectured the presence of a \"dead-end complex\" formed by the enzyme with the primer-template at the end of the primer elongation process. In this communication we present evidence which indicates that the presumed complex shows a first order kinetics of decay with a half-life of 3.5 min at 37 degrees. Energies of activation for the steady phase of synthesis and the decay of the dead-end complex were both found to be about 23 kcal/mol. This indicates that the dissociation of the aforesaid complex might be the rate-limiting step during the steady phase of synthesis. Correlation between the salt-induced reduction in the half-life of the complex and the increase in the steady rate of synthesis is in agreement with the above mentioned possibility.", "PMID": 411791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6328", "title": "Reconstitution studies show that rifampicin resistance is determined by the largest polypeptide of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase.", "content": "A procedure has been developed to separate the subunits of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase rapidly and in good yield. The method involved the use of a blue dextran-Sepharose column which bound the beta' subunit. A phosphocellulose column was used to separate the alpha and beta subunits. During purification, the enzyme eluted from the DNA-cellulose column in three separate forms in the order alpha2betabeta'deltaomega1,alpha2betabeta'omega1, and alpha2betabeta'omega1sigma. Subunit reconstitution studies with RNA polymerase subunits from wild type and a rifampicin-resistant mutant indicated that the largest polypeptide was responsible for rifampicin resistance. Thus, this subunit is referred to as beta. The mobility of the subunits in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis cannot be used as the sole criterion for designating the functions of the subunits of RNA polymerase.", "contents": "Reconstitution studies show that rifampicin resistance is determined by the largest polypeptide of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase. A procedure has been developed to separate the subunits of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase rapidly and in good yield. The method involved the use of a blue dextran-Sepharose column which bound the beta' subunit. A phosphocellulose column was used to separate the alpha and beta subunits. During purification, the enzyme eluted from the DNA-cellulose column in three separate forms in the order alpha2betabeta'deltaomega1,alpha2betabeta'omega1, and alpha2betabeta'omega1sigma. Subunit reconstitution studies with RNA polymerase subunits from wild type and a rifampicin-resistant mutant indicated that the largest polypeptide was responsible for rifampicin resistance. Thus, this subunit is referred to as beta. The mobility of the subunits in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis cannot be used as the sole criterion for designating the functions of the subunits of RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 411792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6329", "title": "Axial transverse tomography of the cervical spine narrowed by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.", "content": "Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical region is generally regarded as a rare disease, though a Japanese series of 185 cases has been reported. The main symptoms arise from a myelopathy, the degree of which varies from moderate to severe, due to stenosis of the spinal canal. In order to clarify the relationship between the severity of symptoms and the cross-sectional area of ossification, axial transverse tomography of the cervical spine has been carried out on twenty-six patients at intervals of 5 millimetres over the full extent of the ossification. In this way the cross-sectional areas of the ossified tissue and of the spinal canal were calculated. The former varied from a minimum of 0.8 to a maximum of 1.8 square centimetres. In cases of severe myelopathy the ossification was mainly at the fourth and fifth cervical levels and the stenosis ration exceeded 30 per cent.", "contents": "Axial transverse tomography of the cervical spine narrowed by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical region is generally regarded as a rare disease, though a Japanese series of 185 cases has been reported. The main symptoms arise from a myelopathy, the degree of which varies from moderate to severe, due to stenosis of the spinal canal. In order to clarify the relationship between the severity of symptoms and the cross-sectional area of ossification, axial transverse tomography of the cervical spine has been carried out on twenty-six patients at intervals of 5 millimetres over the full extent of the ossification. In this way the cross-sectional areas of the ossified tissue and of the spinal canal were calculated. The former varied from a minimum of 0.8 to a maximum of 1.8 square centimetres. In cases of severe myelopathy the ossification was mainly at the fourth and fifth cervical levels and the stenosis ration exceeded 30 per cent.", "PMID": 411796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6330", "title": "Differences in vitro between fibroblast-like cells from cornea, heart, and skin of embryonic chicks.", "content": "Populations of fibroblast-like cells of corneal stroma, heart ventricle, and back skin of day-14 embryonic chicks were grown in vitro as primary and secondary cultures and were found to differ from one another by several criteria. Such cells were obtained from tissues either directly (cornea) by dissection or indirectly (heart and skin) by the rapid adhesion of the fibroblast-like cells to glass and plastic substrata. Individual fibroblast-like cells of cornea and heart were distinguishable from one another during their first 24--48  h in vitro. The morphologies of the individual cels of these 2 populations became indistinguishable during logarithmic growth, although each could be distinguished from individual fibroblast-like cells of skin. When the cultures reached saturation, corneal cells formed a monolayer of randomly oriented polygonal cells; skin cells formed a monolayer of long, narrow, ragged cells in parallel arrays with occasional double-layering; and heart cells formed multilayers of criss-crossed cells whose broad, smooth outlines were in parallel array in each layer. Saturation densities of the 3 fibroblast-like populations were different: heart greater than skin greater than cornea. By 3 methods of assay the cells were found to be differentially sensitive to treatment with trypsin and EDTA, and to EDTA alone, heart cells consistently being the least sensitive. Taken together, these data suggest that fibroblast-like cell populations isolated from different tissues of a single organism are different from one another and thus may behave differently from one another during in vitro studies.", "contents": "Differences in vitro between fibroblast-like cells from cornea, heart, and skin of embryonic chicks. Populations of fibroblast-like cells of corneal stroma, heart ventricle, and back skin of day-14 embryonic chicks were grown in vitro as primary and secondary cultures and were found to differ from one another by several criteria. Such cells were obtained from tissues either directly (cornea) by dissection or indirectly (heart and skin) by the rapid adhesion of the fibroblast-like cells to glass and plastic substrata. Individual fibroblast-like cells of cornea and heart were distinguishable from one another during their first 24--48  h in vitro. The morphologies of the individual cels of these 2 populations became indistinguishable during logarithmic growth, although each could be distinguished from individual fibroblast-like cells of skin. When the cultures reached saturation, corneal cells formed a monolayer of randomly oriented polygonal cells; skin cells formed a monolayer of long, narrow, ragged cells in parallel arrays with occasional double-layering; and heart cells formed multilayers of criss-crossed cells whose broad, smooth outlines were in parallel array in each layer. Saturation densities of the 3 fibroblast-like populations were different: heart greater than skin greater than cornea. By 3 methods of assay the cells were found to be differentially sensitive to treatment with trypsin and EDTA, and to EDTA alone, heart cells consistently being the least sensitive. Taken together, these data suggest that fibroblast-like cell populations isolated from different tissues of a single organism are different from one another and thus may behave differently from one another during in vitro studies.", "PMID": 411797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6331", "title": "Combined histochemical and x-ray microanalytical studies on the copper-accumulating granules in the mid-gut of larval Drosophila.", "content": "The copper-containing granules in the mid-gut epithelium of larval Drosophila melanogaster were examined for acid phosphatase by combined histochemistry and energy-dispersive, X-ray microanalysis. After incubation, many of the granules were shown to contain simultaneously copper and sulphur (which are normal constituents), and lead and phosphorus (which are the detectable elements of the reaction product). Earlier work has been consolidated and extended and the evidence that the granules are formed as cytolysosomes is reviewed.", "contents": "Combined histochemical and x-ray microanalytical studies on the copper-accumulating granules in the mid-gut of larval Drosophila. The copper-containing granules in the mid-gut epithelium of larval Drosophila melanogaster were examined for acid phosphatase by combined histochemistry and energy-dispersive, X-ray microanalysis. After incubation, many of the granules were shown to contain simultaneously copper and sulphur (which are normal constituents), and lead and phosphorus (which are the detectable elements of the reaction product). Earlier work has been consolidated and extended and the evidence that the granules are formed as cytolysosomes is reviewed.", "PMID": 411798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6332", "title": "Interband transcription in Drosophila.", "content": "Most puffs contain perichromatin ribonucleoprotein granules 30--40 nm in diameter; other puffs contain ribonucleoprotein granules 25 nm in diameter or mixtures of these and perichromatin granules. All puffs contain fragments of band material possibly from several bands. By examining progressively smaller puffs the transcriptionally active region is shown to lie within an interband. Some transcriptionally active interbands are so small that there can be no significant contribution of decondensed band material to the interband. Up to 33% of all interbands contain significant evidence of transcription. These findings are discussed in relation to the use of the terms heterochromatin and euchromatin to describe the banding pattern of polytene chromosomes.", "contents": "Interband transcription in Drosophila. Most puffs contain perichromatin ribonucleoprotein granules 30--40 nm in diameter; other puffs contain ribonucleoprotein granules 25 nm in diameter or mixtures of these and perichromatin granules. All puffs contain fragments of band material possibly from several bands. By examining progressively smaller puffs the transcriptionally active region is shown to lie within an interband. Some transcriptionally active interbands are so small that there can be no significant contribution of decondensed band material to the interband. Up to 33% of all interbands contain significant evidence of transcription. These findings are discussed in relation to the use of the terms heterochromatin and euchromatin to describe the banding pattern of polytene chromosomes.", "PMID": 411799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6333", "title": "Chromatin-like artifacts from nuclear sap.", "content": "Nuclear sap, on fixation in glutaraldehyde, forms a fibrous network that resembles chromatin in its dimensions and staining properties. This artifactual network is easily confused with true chromatin fibres in sections of nuclei. With formaldehyde a homogeneous array of beads is produced. These are approximately 10 nm in diameter - the size of nucleosomes - and are interconnected by exceedingly fine fibrils. Each fixative and buffer imposes its own distinctive, reproducible pattern on nuclear sap. The structure of nuclear sap in life cannot be deduced from this range of patterns.", "contents": "Chromatin-like artifacts from nuclear sap. Nuclear sap, on fixation in glutaraldehyde, forms a fibrous network that resembles chromatin in its dimensions and staining properties. This artifactual network is easily confused with true chromatin fibres in sections of nuclei. With formaldehyde a homogeneous array of beads is produced. These are approximately 10 nm in diameter - the size of nucleosomes - and are interconnected by exceedingly fine fibrils. Each fixative and buffer imposes its own distinctive, reproducible pattern on nuclear sap. The structure of nuclear sap in life cannot be deduced from this range of patterns.", "PMID": 411800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6334", "title": "Juvenile hyperthyroidism with elevated thyrotropin (TSH) and normal 24 hour FSH, LH, GH and prolactin secretory patterns.", "content": "An 11 year old boy was found to have hyperthyroidism and elevated serum TSH concentrations. Hyperthyroidism was first diagnosed at 4 years of age. After antithyroid drug therapy, a subtotal thyroidectomy was done when he was 7 years old. Goiter and hyperthyroidism gradually recurred, and an elevated serum TSH concentration (90 microU/ml) was found when first measured at age 12 years. There was no evidence of a pituitary tumor. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) administration resulted in a marked increase in serum TSH concentrations. Triiodothyronine, thyroxine and dexamethasone administration lowered the serum TSH concentration. There was diurnal variation in TSH secretion. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin responses to provocative stimuli and 24 h secretion patterns were normal. FSH and LH secretion was normal for age and stage of sexual development. The 24 h cortisol pattern demonstrated normal episodic secretion, although the mean 24 h concentration was high (10.5 microgram/dl). These data suggest that this patient's TSH hypersecretion is due to partial resistance of the thyrotrophs to the inhibitory action of thyroid hormone.", "contents": "Juvenile hyperthyroidism with elevated thyrotropin (TSH) and normal 24 hour FSH, LH, GH and prolactin secretory patterns. An 11 year old boy was found to have hyperthyroidism and elevated serum TSH concentrations. Hyperthyroidism was first diagnosed at 4 years of age. After antithyroid drug therapy, a subtotal thyroidectomy was done when he was 7 years old. Goiter and hyperthyroidism gradually recurred, and an elevated serum TSH concentration (90 microU/ml) was found when first measured at age 12 years. There was no evidence of a pituitary tumor. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) administration resulted in a marked increase in serum TSH concentrations. Triiodothyronine, thyroxine and dexamethasone administration lowered the serum TSH concentration. There was diurnal variation in TSH secretion. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin responses to provocative stimuli and 24 h secretion patterns were normal. FSH and LH secretion was normal for age and stage of sexual development. The 24 h cortisol pattern demonstrated normal episodic secretion, although the mean 24 h concentration was high (10.5 microgram/dl). These data suggest that this patient's TSH hypersecretion is due to partial resistance of the thyrotrophs to the inhibitory action of thyroid hormone.", "PMID": 411802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6335", "title": "Characterization of ten species of mycobacteria by reaction-gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "The methanolic tetramethylammonium hydroxide whole-cell lysates of nine species of mycobacteria and the \"rhodochrous complex\" were examined by gas-liquid chromatography. The gas chromatographic patterns produced 10 characteristic chromatographic groups that corresponded to the 10 species studied. The gas chromatograms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were very easily distinguished from the other mycobacterial strains by high levels of a component that eluted much later than the other components. The remaining nine species could be distinguished on the basis of characteristic components and by different amounts of components common to more than one species. This study demonstrated that direct gas-liquid chromatographic characterization of M. tuberculosis and other myobacterial species was not only feasible but practical in the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Characterization of ten species of mycobacteria by reaction-gas-liquid chromatography. The methanolic tetramethylammonium hydroxide whole-cell lysates of nine species of mycobacteria and the \"rhodochrous complex\" were examined by gas-liquid chromatography. The gas chromatographic patterns produced 10 characteristic chromatographic groups that corresponded to the 10 species studied. The gas chromatograms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were very easily distinguished from the other mycobacterial strains by high levels of a component that eluted much later than the other components. The remaining nine species could be distinguished on the basis of characteristic components and by different amounts of components common to more than one species. This study demonstrated that direct gas-liquid chromatographic characterization of M. tuberculosis and other myobacterial species was not only feasible but practical in the clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 411804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6336", "title": "Distinct reovirus-like agents associated with acute infantile gastroenteritis.", "content": "Human reovirus-like particles were found by electron microscopy in the stools of 25% of 71 infants and young children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Mexico between December 1976 and April 1977. The virus was also identified by the electrophoresis patterns of its ribonucleic acid upon disruption of partially purified particles. This technique is as reliable as electron microscopy but less laborious, and could become a routine diagnostic procedure. The electrophoretic patterns of viral ribonucleic acid from different cases suggest that there are at least two different reovirus-like agents associated with infantile gastroenteritis.", "contents": "Distinct reovirus-like agents associated with acute infantile gastroenteritis. Human reovirus-like particles were found by electron microscopy in the stools of 25% of 71 infants and young children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Mexico between December 1976 and April 1977. The virus was also identified by the electrophoresis patterns of its ribonucleic acid upon disruption of partially purified particles. This technique is as reliable as electron microscopy but less laborious, and could become a routine diagnostic procedure. The electrophoretic patterns of viral ribonucleic acid from different cases suggest that there are at least two different reovirus-like agents associated with infantile gastroenteritis.", "PMID": 411805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6337", "title": "Simple method for distinguishing gonococcal colony types.", "content": "Gonococcal colony types can be distinguished by a new procedure that makes use of a dissecting microscope with a concave mirror and a fluorescent lamp. Critical adjustment of the mirror angle results in illumination similar to that obtained in the dark-field microscope. When the concave mirror is set at a certain angle, colonies of the lenticular types 1 and 2 refract the light coming through them in such a way that an edge of the microscope stage is focused in each colony. By contrast, colonies of types 3 and 4, which are relatively flat, fail to refract incident light. Although distinguishable from each other by differences in color, type 3 and 4 colonies do not display the focusing effect typical for type 1 and 2 colonies and appear uniformly illuminated. This new technique permits the rapid identification and isolation of even a single type 1 or 2 colony in a field of type 3 or 4 colonies, making it possible to obtain and maintain competent colonies (type 1 or 2) for the genetic transformation assay for Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain identification as well as for other purposes.", "contents": "Simple method for distinguishing gonococcal colony types. Gonococcal colony types can be distinguished by a new procedure that makes use of a dissecting microscope with a concave mirror and a fluorescent lamp. Critical adjustment of the mirror angle results in illumination similar to that obtained in the dark-field microscope. When the concave mirror is set at a certain angle, colonies of the lenticular types 1 and 2 refract the light coming through them in such a way that an edge of the microscope stage is focused in each colony. By contrast, colonies of types 3 and 4, which are relatively flat, fail to refract incident light. Although distinguishable from each other by differences in color, type 3 and 4 colonies do not display the focusing effect typical for type 1 and 2 colonies and appear uniformly illuminated. This new technique permits the rapid identification and isolation of even a single type 1 or 2 colony in a field of type 3 or 4 colonies, making it possible to obtain and maintain competent colonies (type 1 or 2) for the genetic transformation assay for Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain identification as well as for other purposes.", "PMID": 411806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6338", "title": "Growth on Congo red agar: possible means of identifying penicillin-resistant non-penicillinase-producing gonococci.", "content": "Exceptional strains of gonococci that grow on Congo red agar were found to be penicillin-resistant non-penicillinase producers.", "contents": "Growth on Congo red agar: possible means of identifying penicillin-resistant non-penicillinase-producing gonococci. Exceptional strains of gonococci that grow on Congo red agar were found to be penicillin-resistant non-penicillinase producers.", "PMID": 411807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6339", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the descending connections of the mammillary nuclei of the rat.", "content": "The descending connections of the mammillary nuclei of the rat were studied using the autoradiographic technique to trace anterograde axonal connections. Injections of tritiated leucine or tritiated proline were stereotaxically aimed at either the medial or lateral mammillary nucleus. Label in the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei was rated as either high or low. With a rating of high in both medial and lateral mammillary nuclei (11 animals) three major projection sites were seen: the dorsal tegmental nucleus (DTN), the ventral tegmental nucleus (VTN) and a pontine region which included both the pontine grey and the tegmental reticular nucleus. In the nine animals in which the medial mammillary nucleus was rated high but the lateral mammillary nucleus was rated low, no label was present in DTN, although the other two regions were labeled. The one animal in which the lateral mammillary nucleus was high but the medial was low, had label in all three major projection sites; since fibers destined for the DTN pass through the VTN, it could not be determined whether or not lateral mammillary efferents were in synaptic contact with the VTN. Labeled fibers were present throughout a wide dorsal-ventral extenf of the mesencephalon; these fibers are components of the mammilotegmental system and not part of the mammillary peduncle.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the descending connections of the mammillary nuclei of the rat. The descending connections of the mammillary nuclei of the rat were studied using the autoradiographic technique to trace anterograde axonal connections. Injections of tritiated leucine or tritiated proline were stereotaxically aimed at either the medial or lateral mammillary nucleus. Label in the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei was rated as either high or low. With a rating of high in both medial and lateral mammillary nuclei (11 animals) three major projection sites were seen: the dorsal tegmental nucleus (DTN), the ventral tegmental nucleus (VTN) and a pontine region which included both the pontine grey and the tegmental reticular nucleus. In the nine animals in which the medial mammillary nucleus was rated high but the lateral mammillary nucleus was rated low, no label was present in DTN, although the other two regions were labeled. The one animal in which the lateral mammillary nucleus was high but the medial was low, had label in all three major projection sites; since fibers destined for the DTN pass through the VTN, it could not be determined whether or not lateral mammillary efferents were in synaptic contact with the VTN. Labeled fibers were present throughout a wide dorsal-ventral extenf of the mesencephalon; these fibers are components of the mammilotegmental system and not part of the mammillary peduncle.", "PMID": 411808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6340", "title": "Species differences and effect of incubation time on lactic streptococcal intracellular proteolytic enzyme activity.", "content": "Ruptured cells of Streptococcus lactis C2, S. cremoris ML 1 and a lactose-negative proteinase-negative (Lac-Prt-) mutant of S. lactis C2 (LMO220) were fractionated into the soluble, particulate, and ribosome fractions by differential centrifugation. S. lactis C2 possessed higher activity of intracellular proteinase, alanylglycinase, particulate associated dipeptidase and ribosome associated dipeptidase and ribosome associated dipeptidase than did S. cremoris ML1. LMO220 was lower in intracellular proteinase and dipeptidase activity and lower in ribosome associated dipeptidase activity than was the parent strain C2. Particulate associated dipeptidase activity was substantially higher in the mutant cells. Extending incubation times from 5 to 24 and 32 h reduced intracellular proteinase and ribosome associated dipeptidase activity in S. lactis C2 and S. cremoris ML1. Soluble alanylglycinase activity and particulate associated dipeptidase activity of ML1 were reduced drastically after 24-h incubation.", "contents": "Species differences and effect of incubation time on lactic streptococcal intracellular proteolytic enzyme activity. Ruptured cells of Streptococcus lactis C2, S. cremoris ML 1 and a lactose-negative proteinase-negative (Lac-Prt-) mutant of S. lactis C2 (LMO220) were fractionated into the soluble, particulate, and ribosome fractions by differential centrifugation. S. lactis C2 possessed higher activity of intracellular proteinase, alanylglycinase, particulate associated dipeptidase and ribosome associated dipeptidase and ribosome associated dipeptidase than did S. cremoris ML1. LMO220 was lower in intracellular proteinase and dipeptidase activity and lower in ribosome associated dipeptidase activity than was the parent strain C2. Particulate associated dipeptidase activity was substantially higher in the mutant cells. Extending incubation times from 5 to 24 and 32 h reduced intracellular proteinase and ribosome associated dipeptidase activity in S. lactis C2 and S. cremoris ML1. Soluble alanylglycinase activity and particulate associated dipeptidase activity of ML1 were reduced drastically after 24-h incubation.", "PMID": 411810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6341", "title": "Proteolipid and bone matrix calcification in vitro.", "content": "Proteolipid was demonstrated to contain the nucleator of bone matrix calcification, in vitro. Crude phospholipid extracted from bone matrix was fractionated by gel filtration. A single, protein-containing fraction induced apatite crystallization in a metastable calcium phosphate solution. The fraction was identified as proteolipid. The result supports the validity of a microbiologic analogue for vertebrate calcification.", "contents": "Proteolipid and bone matrix calcification in vitro. Proteolipid was demonstrated to contain the nucleator of bone matrix calcification, in vitro. Crude phospholipid extracted from bone matrix was fractionated by gel filtration. A single, protein-containing fraction induced apatite crystallization in a metastable calcium phosphate solution. The fraction was identified as proteolipid. The result supports the validity of a microbiologic analogue for vertebrate calcification.", "PMID": 411812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6342", "title": "Crown component variation in the hominoid lower second premolar.", "content": "An exploratory analysis of crown component measurements illustrates a great increase in retrieval of morphological information over the more conventional measurements of maximum dental length and breadth.", "contents": "Crown component variation in the hominoid lower second premolar. An exploratory analysis of crown component measurements illustrates a great increase in retrieval of morphological information over the more conventional measurements of maximum dental length and breadth.", "PMID": 411813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6343", "title": "Effects of amalgam restorations on the periodontal membrane in monkeys.", "content": "The response of the periodontal membrane to reimplanted teeth carrying amalgam restorations in the middle third of their roots was studied from seven days to six months after grafting. The study revealed that the amalgam restorations produced an initial localized inflammation in the periodontal tissues that subsided subsequently with the formation of a pseudocapsule.", "contents": "Effects of amalgam restorations on the periodontal membrane in monkeys. The response of the periodontal membrane to reimplanted teeth carrying amalgam restorations in the middle third of their roots was studied from seven days to six months after grafting. The study revealed that the amalgam restorations produced an initial localized inflammation in the periodontal tissues that subsided subsequently with the formation of a pseudocapsule.", "PMID": 411814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6344", "title": "The binocular indirect ophthalmoscope (BIO).", "content": "Effective use of diagnostic drugs in primary eye care demands that the optometrist not only be able to better utilize conventional equipment, but also utilize new equipment. This paper offers a simple and straightforward discussion of the Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope (BIO). Optical principles, clinical advantages and disadvantages, clinical indications for the instrument, and instrument technique are discussed. A suggested reading list is also presented.", "contents": "The binocular indirect ophthalmoscope (BIO). Effective use of diagnostic drugs in primary eye care demands that the optometrist not only be able to better utilize conventional equipment, but also utilize new equipment. This paper offers a simple and straightforward discussion of the Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope (BIO). Optical principles, clinical advantages and disadvantages, clinical indications for the instrument, and instrument technique are discussed. A suggested reading list is also presented.", "PMID": 411815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6345", "title": "Retention of the glycocalyx after cell detachment by EGTA.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary cells were examined ultrastructurally following several detachment procedures. Alterations in the surface glycoproteins were observed by using ruthenium red in the fixation procedure. Trypsin removed a major portion of the cells glycocalyx and formed spherical cellular configurations. EGTA detached cells were also spherical, however, their glycocalyx appeared to remain although redistributed over the cell surface. Kinetic studies showed no alterations in subsequent population doubling times following either detachment procedure. EGTA may thus represent the current method of choice for cell detachment if preservation of the surface glycoproteins is of interest.", "contents": "Retention of the glycocalyx after cell detachment by EGTA. Chinese hamster ovary cells were examined ultrastructurally following several detachment procedures. Alterations in the surface glycoproteins were observed by using ruthenium red in the fixation procedure. Trypsin removed a major portion of the cells glycocalyx and formed spherical cellular configurations. EGTA detached cells were also spherical, however, their glycocalyx appeared to remain although redistributed over the cell surface. Kinetic studies showed no alterations in subsequent population doubling times following either detachment procedure. EGTA may thus represent the current method of choice for cell detachment if preservation of the surface glycoproteins is of interest.", "PMID": 411829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6346", "title": "A direct ventral connection between the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the amygdaloid complex in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "A direct ventral connection, between the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the amygdaloid complex in the monkey is described. It consists of bundles of extremely fine unmyelinated axons of a median diameter between 0.16 and 0.2 micrometer. The total number of axons is estimated at over 500,000. Using observations gained by other authors it is deduced, that the direction of conduction is probably from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to the amygdala. Other observations in the literature indicate, that the pathway may be concerned with the regulation of ovulation.", "contents": "A direct ventral connection between the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the amygdaloid complex in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). A direct ventral connection, between the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the amygdaloid complex in the monkey is described. It consists of bundles of extremely fine unmyelinated axons of a median diameter between 0.16 and 0.2 micrometer. The total number of axons is estimated at over 500,000. Using observations gained by other authors it is deduced, that the direction of conduction is probably from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to the amygdala. Other observations in the literature indicate, that the pathway may be concerned with the regulation of ovulation.", "PMID": 411830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6347", "title": "The use of single-radial-haemolysis for rubella antibody studies.", "content": "The use of a single-radial-haemolysis technique for the detection of antibody to rubella virus is described. The single-radial-haemolysis test was compared with the standard HI methods for the detection of antibody to rubella virus. A close correlation between the two methods was observed in a survey of over two thousand serum samples and the study indicated that single-radial-haemolysis was highly satisfactory as an assay method for IgG antibodies to rubella virus. It was found that the immuno-globulins active in SRH tests sedimented in the 7S range in sucrose rate gradients and were presumably immunoglobulins of the IgG class, but 19S immunoglobulins did not produce haemolysis.", "contents": "The use of single-radial-haemolysis for rubella antibody studies. The use of a single-radial-haemolysis technique for the detection of antibody to rubella virus is described. The single-radial-haemolysis test was compared with the standard HI methods for the detection of antibody to rubella virus. A close correlation between the two methods was observed in a survey of over two thousand serum samples and the study indicated that single-radial-haemolysis was highly satisfactory as an assay method for IgG antibodies to rubella virus. It was found that the immuno-globulins active in SRH tests sedimented in the 7S range in sucrose rate gradients and were presumably immunoglobulins of the IgG class, but 19S immunoglobulins did not produce haemolysis.", "PMID": 411831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6348", "title": "Double line phenotypes in rabbit IgG allotypes and their relation to the cis/trans configuration of the IgG markers.", "content": "Rabbit antiallotype sera raised against heavy chain markers sometimes show double precipitin lines with all or some of the corresponding antigens (double and single line phenotypes). In a number of cases the double line phenotypes behave as alleles of the single line phenotypes and this feature allows a genetic and immunochemical analysis of these systems. In three cases that have been analysed, the double line phenotype arise when a precipitating a locus allotype and a non-precipitating d or e locus allotype are present on the same molecule (a1 and d14), (a1 and d11), (a3 and d11). This only happens when the corresponding genes are present on the same chromosome (cis configuration) of the diploid pair. These sera are therefore useful for determining directly the genotype of the animals.", "contents": "Double line phenotypes in rabbit IgG allotypes and their relation to the cis/trans configuration of the IgG markers. Rabbit antiallotype sera raised against heavy chain markers sometimes show double precipitin lines with all or some of the corresponding antigens (double and single line phenotypes). In a number of cases the double line phenotypes behave as alleles of the single line phenotypes and this feature allows a genetic and immunochemical analysis of these systems. In three cases that have been analysed, the double line phenotype arise when a precipitating a locus allotype and a non-precipitating d or e locus allotype are present on the same molecule (a1 and d14), (a1 and d11), (a3 and d11). This only happens when the corresponding genes are present on the same chromosome (cis configuration) of the diploid pair. These sera are therefore useful for determining directly the genotype of the animals.", "PMID": 411832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6349", "title": "Indications for chromosome analysis illustrated by a case of ring 22.", "content": "A child with multiple anomalies and a suggested diagnosis of Hurler's syndrome was studied. Routine chromosome analysis revealed a ring 22. This case illustrates the importance of chromosome analysis in the evaluation of individuals with developmental problems.", "contents": "Indications for chromosome analysis illustrated by a case of ring 22. A child with multiple anomalies and a suggested diagnosis of Hurler's syndrome was studied. Routine chromosome analysis revealed a ring 22. This case illustrates the importance of chromosome analysis in the evaluation of individuals with developmental problems.", "PMID": 411817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6350", "title": "The occurrence of materials cross-reacting with anti-A and -B agglutinins in fruit or seed extracts of higher plants.", "content": "Fourteen species of higher plants were found to contain materials in their fruit or seed extracts which were heat stable, inhibitory for and capable of absorbing anti-H, -A and -B agglutinins and also lectins. The majority of species exhibiting a high grade of such cross-reactivity belonged to two genera, Viburnum of the Caprifoliaceae and Acer of the Aceraceae. Gel diffusion patterns indicated, however, that the A- and B-like activities of the Viburnum fruits were somewhat distinct serologically from blood group A and B substances of human origin.", "contents": "The occurrence of materials cross-reacting with anti-A and -B agglutinins in fruit or seed extracts of higher plants. Fourteen species of higher plants were found to contain materials in their fruit or seed extracts which were heat stable, inhibitory for and capable of absorbing anti-H, -A and -B agglutinins and also lectins. The majority of species exhibiting a high grade of such cross-reactivity belonged to two genera, Viburnum of the Caprifoliaceae and Acer of the Aceraceae. Gel diffusion patterns indicated, however, that the A- and B-like activities of the Viburnum fruits were somewhat distinct serologically from blood group A and B substances of human origin.", "PMID": 411833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6351", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens and genetic control of the immune response in guinea-pigs. V. Evidence from further breeding studies for the polygenic control of the cellular immune response to structurally unrelated antigens in the guinea-pig.", "content": "Further breeding studies were carried out to investigate the polygenic control of the cellular immune response in the guinea-pig to low doses of aspirin anhydride (ASAN), penicilloylated bovine immunoglobulin (BPO-BGG) and to the multi-chain copolymer (T, G)-A-L. Although responsiveness to these three antigens is controlled by three independently segregating loci, at least one gene required for these responses is linked to the strain 13 haplotype.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens and genetic control of the immune response in guinea-pigs. V. Evidence from further breeding studies for the polygenic control of the cellular immune response to structurally unrelated antigens in the guinea-pig. Further breeding studies were carried out to investigate the polygenic control of the cellular immune response in the guinea-pig to low doses of aspirin anhydride (ASAN), penicilloylated bovine immunoglobulin (BPO-BGG) and to the multi-chain copolymer (T, G)-A-L. Although responsiveness to these three antigens is controlled by three independently segregating loci, at least one gene required for these responses is linked to the strain 13 haplotype.", "PMID": 411834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6352", "title": "Nuclear nonhistone proteins in murine melanoma cells: II. changes following exposure to MSH.", "content": "Murine melanoma cells provide an excellent system for studying the proposed role of nuclear nonhistone proteins (NHP's) as regulators of gene expression. Cloudman mouse melanoma cells (S91, NCTC 3960, CCL 53), grown in culture, are normally lightly pigmented, but in the presence of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) show a large increase in melanin content. Cells were grown in medium with and withoug MSH and labeled with either 14C- or 3H-leucine, respectively. Following 48 hr of incubation, the cells were harvested, combined, and nuclei isolated. The NHPs were extracted from these nuclei in a series of steps which yielded 4 major fractions. Each fraction was further separated on DEAE cellulose columns into a total of 40 subfractions, each of which was electrophoresed on SDS gels. Each gel was sliced and counted and the 14C/3H ratio was determined for each slice. A number of differences in 14C/3H ratios were observed between the NHPs isolated from MSH-treated and control cells which reflect changes in the synthesis and/or transport of NHPs in MSH-treated cells.", "contents": "Nuclear nonhistone proteins in murine melanoma cells: II. changes following exposure to MSH. Murine melanoma cells provide an excellent system for studying the proposed role of nuclear nonhistone proteins (NHP's) as regulators of gene expression. Cloudman mouse melanoma cells (S91, NCTC 3960, CCL 53), grown in culture, are normally lightly pigmented, but in the presence of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) show a large increase in melanin content. Cells were grown in medium with and withoug MSH and labeled with either 14C- or 3H-leucine, respectively. Following 48 hr of incubation, the cells were harvested, combined, and nuclei isolated. The NHPs were extracted from these nuclei in a series of steps which yielded 4 major fractions. Each fraction was further separated on DEAE cellulose columns into a total of 40 subfractions, each of which was electrophoresed on SDS gels. Each gel was sliced and counted and the 14C/3H ratio was determined for each slice. A number of differences in 14C/3H ratios were observed between the NHPs isolated from MSH-treated and control cells which reflect changes in the synthesis and/or transport of NHPs in MSH-treated cells.", "PMID": 411835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6353", "title": "Neisseria meningitidis in the anal canal of homosexual men.", "content": "Cultures were obtained from the oropharynx, urethra, and anal canal of 157 homosexual men. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was identified in 30 men (19.1%), Neisseria meningitidis in 32 men (20.4%), and Neisseria lactamicus and Branhamella catarrhalis in one man each. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from the anal canal of three men (1.9%), and N. meninititidis was identified in the anal canal of seven men (4.5%). These findings suggest that confirmatory tests are indicated for homosexual males with rectal isolates presumptively identified as N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Neisseria meningitidis in the anal canal of homosexual men. Cultures were obtained from the oropharynx, urethra, and anal canal of 157 homosexual men. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was identified in 30 men (19.1%), Neisseria meningitidis in 32 men (20.4%), and Neisseria lactamicus and Branhamella catarrhalis in one man each. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from the anal canal of three men (1.9%), and N. meninititidis was identified in the anal canal of seven men (4.5%). These findings suggest that confirmatory tests are indicated for homosexual males with rectal isolates presumptively identified as N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 411836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6354", "title": "Separation and characterization of plasma lipoproteins of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "A group of 14 adult male rhesus monkeys was maintained on a low cholesterol-high fat diet. Periodically, animals were fasted and blood samples were taken for characterization of the plasma lipoproteins. Complete separation of individual plasma lipoprotein classes was not achieved by traditional sequential ultracentrifugation techniques. Rather, initial separation of lipoprotein classes according to size was effected and density centrifugation was used subsequently for further separation. At least six lipoprotein fractions were identified, each of which was unique as defined by the properties of size, density (d), and electrophoretic mobility. These lipoprotein fractions were characterized by determination of chemical compositions and apoprotein patterns. The lipoproteins present in highest concentration in these monkeys were designated as region IV lipoproteins. This fraction had alpha-migration on agarose electrophoresis, 1.063 < d < 1.225, and the size, composition, and apoprotein pattern characteristic of HDL. No fewer than three fractions were identified with densities that overlapped the 1.019 < d < 1.063 range. Of these, the fraction designated as region III lipoproteins was present in highest concentration, had beta-migration by agarose electrophoresis, a predominant B apoprotein, and a chemical composition and size characteristic of LDL. Two larger subfractions, identified as region II lipoproteins, were separated from each other at a density of 1.050 g/ml. Agarose electrophoresis showed that the fraction with d < 1.050 had a migration intermediate between beta and pre-beta. The chemical composition and apoprotein pattern were consistent with the possibility that these lipoproteins were remnants of VLDL catabolism. The fraction with d > 1.050, had pre-beta mobility and a size and composition similar to the Lp(a) lipoprotein in plasma of human beings. At least two VLDL subfractions, identified as region I and IIa lipoproteins, were found although both were present in very low concentrations. Region I lipoproteins were larger and contained relatively more cholesteryl ester and more of the apoproteins that migrated with the mobility of apo-B and arg-rich apoprotein in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some of the region I lipoproteins were beta-migrating by agarose electrophoresis. These results suggested the possibility that a beta-migrating VLDL was present in these normal animals.", "contents": "Separation and characterization of plasma lipoproteins of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). A group of 14 adult male rhesus monkeys was maintained on a low cholesterol-high fat diet. Periodically, animals were fasted and blood samples were taken for characterization of the plasma lipoproteins. Complete separation of individual plasma lipoprotein classes was not achieved by traditional sequential ultracentrifugation techniques. Rather, initial separation of lipoprotein classes according to size was effected and density centrifugation was used subsequently for further separation. At least six lipoprotein fractions were identified, each of which was unique as defined by the properties of size, density (d), and electrophoretic mobility. These lipoprotein fractions were characterized by determination of chemical compositions and apoprotein patterns. The lipoproteins present in highest concentration in these monkeys were designated as region IV lipoproteins. This fraction had alpha-migration on agarose electrophoresis, 1.063 < d < 1.225, and the size, composition, and apoprotein pattern characteristic of HDL. No fewer than three fractions were identified with densities that overlapped the 1.019 < d < 1.063 range. Of these, the fraction designated as region III lipoproteins was present in highest concentration, had beta-migration by agarose electrophoresis, a predominant B apoprotein, and a chemical composition and size characteristic of LDL. Two larger subfractions, identified as region II lipoproteins, were separated from each other at a density of 1.050 g/ml. Agarose electrophoresis showed that the fraction with d < 1.050 had a migration intermediate between beta and pre-beta. The chemical composition and apoprotein pattern were consistent with the possibility that these lipoproteins were remnants of VLDL catabolism. The fraction with d > 1.050, had pre-beta mobility and a size and composition similar to the Lp(a) lipoprotein in plasma of human beings. At least two VLDL subfractions, identified as region I and IIa lipoproteins, were found although both were present in very low concentrations. Region I lipoproteins were larger and contained relatively more cholesteryl ester and more of the apoproteins that migrated with the mobility of apo-B and arg-rich apoprotein in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Some of the region I lipoproteins were beta-migrating by agarose electrophoresis. These results suggested the possibility that a beta-migrating VLDL was present in these normal animals.", "PMID": 411861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6355", "title": "Effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on the ultrastructure of gonadotrophs in the foetus of the rhesus monkey near term.", "content": "Eighty micrograms of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) were infused systemically into male and female foetuses of rhesus monkeys near term. Control animals were given infusions of saline. Morphologically, the control gonadotrophs varied from cells filled with secretory granules to highly stimulated cells with numerous cytoplasmic vesicles. In the LH-RH-treated animals, however, many cells showed depletion of secretory granules, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and condensed nuclear chromatin. It is concluded, therefore, that foetal gonadotrophs can respond to administration of synthetic LH-RH.", "contents": "Effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone on the ultrastructure of gonadotrophs in the foetus of the rhesus monkey near term. Eighty micrograms of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) were infused systemically into male and female foetuses of rhesus monkeys near term. Control animals were given infusions of saline. Morphologically, the control gonadotrophs varied from cells filled with secretory granules to highly stimulated cells with numerous cytoplasmic vesicles. In the LH-RH-treated animals, however, many cells showed depletion of secretory granules, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and condensed nuclear chromatin. It is concluded, therefore, that foetal gonadotrophs can respond to administration of synthetic LH-RH.", "PMID": 411864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6356", "title": "Inhibition of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone responsiveness by physiological concentrations of thyroid hormones in the cultured rat pituitary gland.", "content": "Diced quarter anterior pituitaries from mature females Wistar rats were cultured in synthetic medium with or without added serum. Using each culture as its own control, the thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) dose-thyrotrophin (TSH) response characteristics of both media were similar; significant TSH secretion being stimulated at TRH doses around 1-5 X 10(-9) mol/l. During days 1-3 of culture, basal TSH secretion fell significantly but TRH responsiveness was unchanged. Neither tri-iodothyronine (T3) nor thyroxine (T4) influenced basal TSH secretion. In both culture media inhibition of TRH responsiveness was demonstrated with concentrations of T3 and T4 within the ranges 1-5 X 10(-12) to 1-5 X 10(-9) mol/l for T3 and 6-5 X 10(-10) to 6-5 X 10(-7) mol/l for T4. Equivalent inhibition was accompanied by similar T3 concentrations whether T3 or T4 supplements were used, suggesting that T4 itself has no feedback action. The similar concentrations of T3 required to inhibit TRH responsiveness in media either with or without serum suggest that the pituitary is responsive not only to free but also to total thyroid hormone concentrations, since serum-free medium contains no thyroid hormone-binding protein.", "contents": "Inhibition of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone responsiveness by physiological concentrations of thyroid hormones in the cultured rat pituitary gland. Diced quarter anterior pituitaries from mature females Wistar rats were cultured in synthetic medium with or without added serum. Using each culture as its own control, the thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) dose-thyrotrophin (TSH) response characteristics of both media were similar; significant TSH secretion being stimulated at TRH doses around 1-5 X 10(-9) mol/l. During days 1-3 of culture, basal TSH secretion fell significantly but TRH responsiveness was unchanged. Neither tri-iodothyronine (T3) nor thyroxine (T4) influenced basal TSH secretion. In both culture media inhibition of TRH responsiveness was demonstrated with concentrations of T3 and T4 within the ranges 1-5 X 10(-12) to 1-5 X 10(-9) mol/l for T3 and 6-5 X 10(-10) to 6-5 X 10(-7) mol/l for T4. Equivalent inhibition was accompanied by similar T3 concentrations whether T3 or T4 supplements were used, suggesting that T4 itself has no feedback action. The similar concentrations of T3 required to inhibit TRH responsiveness in media either with or without serum suggest that the pituitary is responsive not only to free but also to total thyroid hormone concentrations, since serum-free medium contains no thyroid hormone-binding protein.", "PMID": 411865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6357", "title": "Effect of hypothalamic lesions on water metabolism of the toad Bufo marinus.", "content": "The rate of cutaneous water uptake after dehydration was significantly depressed in functionally neurohypophysectomized toads (Bufo marinus), which consequently regained weight much more slowly than intact toads when returned to water. Toads bearing hypothalamic lesions were able to develop an antidiuresis when removed from water to a saturated atmosphere, but the antidiuresis was solely glmerular in origin and was established more slowly than in intact animals. The fractional reabsorption of filtrate increased significantly and the relative free water clearance decreased significantly in intact toads after removal from water. These changes in tubular function, which were not seen in lesioned toads, were responsible for the development of a more rapid and effective antidiuresis in intact animals. Injections of iso-osmotic saline, oxytocin (250 mu./100 g) and vasopressin (50 mu./100 g) had no significant effect on rates of cutaneous water uptake in both intact and lesioned toads. Injections of hyperosmotic saline, however, significantly increased rates of water uptake in both groups of toads, but to a much greater extent in the intact animals. Fluid retention arising from a marked antidiuresis occurred after the injection of vasopressin and hyperosmotic saline, and there was some evidence of an antidiuretic effect of oxytocin with the doses used here. These results and their bearing on the question of the functional significance of the neurohypophysis in anuran amphibians are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of hypothalamic lesions on water metabolism of the toad Bufo marinus. The rate of cutaneous water uptake after dehydration was significantly depressed in functionally neurohypophysectomized toads (Bufo marinus), which consequently regained weight much more slowly than intact toads when returned to water. Toads bearing hypothalamic lesions were able to develop an antidiuresis when removed from water to a saturated atmosphere, but the antidiuresis was solely glmerular in origin and was established more slowly than in intact animals. The fractional reabsorption of filtrate increased significantly and the relative free water clearance decreased significantly in intact toads after removal from water. These changes in tubular function, which were not seen in lesioned toads, were responsible for the development of a more rapid and effective antidiuresis in intact animals. Injections of iso-osmotic saline, oxytocin (250 mu./100 g) and vasopressin (50 mu./100 g) had no significant effect on rates of cutaneous water uptake in both intact and lesioned toads. Injections of hyperosmotic saline, however, significantly increased rates of water uptake in both groups of toads, but to a much greater extent in the intact animals. Fluid retention arising from a marked antidiuresis occurred after the injection of vasopressin and hyperosmotic saline, and there was some evidence of an antidiuretic effect of oxytocin with the doses used here. These results and their bearing on the question of the functional significance of the neurohypophysis in anuran amphibians are discussed.", "PMID": 411867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6358", "title": "Fixed-interval responding under second-order schedules of food presentation or cocaine injection.", "content": "Squirrel monkeys operated a key under second-order schedules in which every tenth completion of a 5-minute fixed interval resulted in either presentation of food or intravenous injection of cocaine. When a 2-second light was presented at the completion of the component fixed-interval schedules, positively accelerated responding developed and was maintained in each component. Over a tenfold range of doses of cocaine(30 to 300 microgram/kg/injection) and amounts of food (0.75 to 7.5 g/presentation); the second-order schedule of cocaine injection maintained higher average rates of responding than the second-order schedule of food presentation. Substituting saline for cocaine or eliminating food presentation decreased average rates of responding. When no stimulus change occurred at the completion of the first nine component fixed-interval schedules, but the 2-second light and food presentation or cocaine injection still occurred after the tenth component, only low and relatively constant rates of responding were maintained in each component. Patterns of responding characteristic of 5-minute fixed-interval schedules were maintained by the 2-second light paired with either cocaine injection or food presentation, though the maximum frequency of cocaine injection or food presentation was less than once per 50 minutes.", "contents": "Fixed-interval responding under second-order schedules of food presentation or cocaine injection. Squirrel monkeys operated a key under second-order schedules in which every tenth completion of a 5-minute fixed interval resulted in either presentation of food or intravenous injection of cocaine. When a 2-second light was presented at the completion of the component fixed-interval schedules, positively accelerated responding developed and was maintained in each component. Over a tenfold range of doses of cocaine(30 to 300 microgram/kg/injection) and amounts of food (0.75 to 7.5 g/presentation); the second-order schedule of cocaine injection maintained higher average rates of responding than the second-order schedule of food presentation. Substituting saline for cocaine or eliminating food presentation decreased average rates of responding. When no stimulus change occurred at the completion of the first nine component fixed-interval schedules, but the 2-second light and food presentation or cocaine injection still occurred after the tenth component, only low and relatively constant rates of responding were maintained in each component. Patterns of responding characteristic of 5-minute fixed-interval schedules were maintained by the 2-second light paired with either cocaine injection or food presentation, though the maximum frequency of cocaine injection or food presentation was less than once per 50 minutes.", "PMID": 411869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6359", "title": "Orientation and lever responding in auditory discriminations in squirrel monkeys.", "content": "Head orientation during auditory discriminations was studies in squirrel monkeys using a two-lever trial-by-trial procedure. Animals were studied using auditory discriminations based on the position of the sound and on the spectral content differences between a pure tone and a noise. After the percentage of correct responses reached asymptote, head orientation was measured using videotape recordings. Orientation occurred on virtually every trial and was under the control of the position of the sound under all conditions. Lever responding was controlled by the same parameters of the sound under some conditions, and by different parameters in others. Orientation and lever responding were correlated (a level response could be predicted from the direction of orientation) when both responses were under the control of the same parameters of the sound. The two responses were uncorrelated when they were controlled by different parameters of the sound. Orientation and lever responding were not functionally related.", "contents": "Orientation and lever responding in auditory discriminations in squirrel monkeys. Head orientation during auditory discriminations was studies in squirrel monkeys using a two-lever trial-by-trial procedure. Animals were studied using auditory discriminations based on the position of the sound and on the spectral content differences between a pure tone and a noise. After the percentage of correct responses reached asymptote, head orientation was measured using videotape recordings. Orientation occurred on virtually every trial and was under the control of the position of the sound under all conditions. Lever responding was controlled by the same parameters of the sound under some conditions, and by different parameters in others. Orientation and lever responding were correlated (a level response could be predicted from the direction of orientation) when both responses were under the control of the same parameters of the sound. The two responses were uncorrelated when they were controlled by different parameters of the sound. Orientation and lever responding were not functionally related.", "PMID": 411870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6360", "title": "Control of responding by location of auditory stimuli: adjacency of sound and response.", "content": "Four rhesus monkeys were trained to respond on one key when a one-second noise burst was presented through one speaker and to respond on a second key when the noise burst was presented through a second speaker. The acquisition of stimulus control was studied under three conditions, in each of which the relationship between the sound source and the response-key positions varied: an adjacent condition in which the noise burst was presented through the key and a response on this key was reinforced; a reversed-adjacent condition in which the noise burst was presented through one key and responding on the other key was reinforced: and a nonadiacent condition in which responding on the key nearer the sound was reinforced. Under adjacent conditions, stimulus control developed within one or two sessions. Under reversed and nonadjacent conditions, 10 sessions were required for the development of control. The asymptote of correct responding was the same under each condition in all animals.", "contents": "Control of responding by location of auditory stimuli: adjacency of sound and response. Four rhesus monkeys were trained to respond on one key when a one-second noise burst was presented through one speaker and to respond on a second key when the noise burst was presented through a second speaker. The acquisition of stimulus control was studied under three conditions, in each of which the relationship between the sound source and the response-key positions varied: an adjacent condition in which the noise burst was presented through the key and a response on this key was reinforced; a reversed-adjacent condition in which the noise burst was presented through one key and responding on the other key was reinforced: and a nonadiacent condition in which responding on the key nearer the sound was reinforced. Under adjacent conditions, stimulus control developed within one or two sessions. Under reversed and nonadjacent conditions, 10 sessions were required for the development of control. The asymptote of correct responding was the same under each condition in all animals.", "PMID": 411871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6361", "title": "Antibody response to the streptococcal group A-variant polysaccharide in BASILEA rabbits lacking kappa-polypeptide chains.", "content": "Rabbits from a variant strain called BASILEA, in which homozygotes express only lambda-type chains and heterozygotes have normal kappa/lambda ratios, were hyperimmunized with a streptococcal group A variant vaccine. Homozygotes (bas/bas) produced antibodies with lambda-chains, heterozygotes, however, produced predominantly antibodies with kappa-chains. The incidence of restricted high responders in the BASILEA strain was high; it was probably introduced by the original mutant rather than by the loss of kappa-chains (founder effect). The degree of heterogeneity of homozygotes is similar to the heterogeneity of heterozygotes, and to that of rabbits expressing kappa-chains. This suggests that in the rabbit, the repertoire of lambda-chain genes is of similar size to that of kappa-chain genes.", "contents": "Antibody response to the streptococcal group A-variant polysaccharide in BASILEA rabbits lacking kappa-polypeptide chains. Rabbits from a variant strain called BASILEA, in which homozygotes express only lambda-type chains and heterozygotes have normal kappa/lambda ratios, were hyperimmunized with a streptococcal group A variant vaccine. Homozygotes (bas/bas) produced antibodies with lambda-chains, heterozygotes, however, produced predominantly antibodies with kappa-chains. The incidence of restricted high responders in the BASILEA strain was high; it was probably introduced by the original mutant rather than by the loss of kappa-chains (founder effect). The degree of heterogeneity of homozygotes is similar to the heterogeneity of heterozygotes, and to that of rabbits expressing kappa-chains. This suggests that in the rabbit, the repertoire of lambda-chain genes is of similar size to that of kappa-chain genes.", "PMID": 411872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6362", "title": "Analysis of H-2 and Ia molecules by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Mouse lymphocyte H-2 and Ia glycoproteins have been analyzed with a two-dimensional (2-D) acrylamide gel electrophoresis technique, in which proteins are separated first according to their charge in isoelectrofocusing gels and then according to their size in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. Individual polypeptide chains from radiolabeled cells are resolved as discrete spots on autoradiograms of the gels, forming patterns which are characteristic of the proteins in the sample. 2-D gels of H-2K, H-2D, and Ia glycoproteins immunoprecipitated from 35S-methionine-labeled cells reveal that these proteins exist in the cells as complex arrays of molecules heterogeneous in both size and charge. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination of lymphocyte surfaces labels only subsets of the total H-2 and Ia molecules with 125I, indicating that some of the molecules may represent cytoplasmic precursors of the cell surface proteins. This theory is supported by the kinetics of labeling of various spots in 35S-methionine pulse-chase experiments. The 2-D gel patterns obtained for both H-2 and Ia antigens have also been shown to be haplotype-specific and independent of the genetic background.", "contents": "Analysis of H-2 and Ia molecules by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Mouse lymphocyte H-2 and Ia glycoproteins have been analyzed with a two-dimensional (2-D) acrylamide gel electrophoresis technique, in which proteins are separated first according to their charge in isoelectrofocusing gels and then according to their size in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. Individual polypeptide chains from radiolabeled cells are resolved as discrete spots on autoradiograms of the gels, forming patterns which are characteristic of the proteins in the sample. 2-D gels of H-2K, H-2D, and Ia glycoproteins immunoprecipitated from 35S-methionine-labeled cells reveal that these proteins exist in the cells as complex arrays of molecules heterogeneous in both size and charge. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination of lymphocyte surfaces labels only subsets of the total H-2 and Ia molecules with 125I, indicating that some of the molecules may represent cytoplasmic precursors of the cell surface proteins. This theory is supported by the kinetics of labeling of various spots in 35S-methionine pulse-chase experiments. The 2-D gel patterns obtained for both H-2 and Ia antigens have also been shown to be haplotype-specific and independent of the genetic background.", "PMID": 411873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6363", "title": "Genetic control of cell-mediated responsiveness to an AKR tumor-associated antigen: mapping of the locus involved to the I region of the H-2 complex.", "content": "The role of H-2-linked genes in controlling resistance to murine leukemia viruses has been studied by measuring the cell-mediated immune response of F1 hybrid mice (between AKR and various C3H and C57BL/10 derived, H-2 congenic strains) to an AKR tumor cell line, BW5147. The studies have shown that the ability to generate a primary or secondary cell-mediated response to an AKR tumor cell antigenic determinant is under H-2 linked control. The locus determining CML responsiveness maps in the I-J subregion. Nonresponsiveness is associated with the H-2q/k and H-2b/k hybrid genotypes, whereas responsiveness is associated with the H-2k/k homozygous genotype. Nonresponsiveness may result from (a) dominant suppression; (b) recessive responsiveness; or (c) an alternate mechanism not yet understood. This type of control may be one of several H-2-associated mechanisms of defense against virus-induced neoplasms.", "contents": "Genetic control of cell-mediated responsiveness to an AKR tumor-associated antigen: mapping of the locus involved to the I region of the H-2 complex. The role of H-2-linked genes in controlling resistance to murine leukemia viruses has been studied by measuring the cell-mediated immune response of F1 hybrid mice (between AKR and various C3H and C57BL/10 derived, H-2 congenic strains) to an AKR tumor cell line, BW5147. The studies have shown that the ability to generate a primary or secondary cell-mediated response to an AKR tumor cell antigenic determinant is under H-2 linked control. The locus determining CML responsiveness maps in the I-J subregion. Nonresponsiveness is associated with the H-2q/k and H-2b/k hybrid genotypes, whereas responsiveness is associated with the H-2k/k homozygous genotype. Nonresponsiveness may result from (a) dominant suppression; (b) recessive responsiveness; or (c) an alternate mechanism not yet understood. This type of control may be one of several H-2-associated mechanisms of defense against virus-induced neoplasms.", "PMID": 411874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6364", "title": "The genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease VI. Recombination between genes determining the A/J anti-nuclease idiotypes and the heavy chain allotype locus.", "content": "Rat antisera detecting binding site-specific idiotypic determinants on anti-nuclease antibodies from A/J mice have been used to define the A/J anti-nuclease idiotype and to investigate its genetic linkage as a variable region marker. Analysis of the segregation of the A/J idiotype in progeny of the backcross (B10.A X A/J) X B10.A showed linkage of the idiotype to the Ig-1e heavy chain allotype locus. There was, however, a very high apparent frequency of recombination, with 7 of 101 backcross animals having a recombinant phenotype. All of these putative recombinants were accounted for by Ig-1b/Ig-1b homozygotes which bore the A/J idiotype, and none by Ig-1b/Ig-1e heterozygotes lacking the idiotype. On progeny testing of these animals in another backcross to B10.A the recombinant trait bred true. If this idiotype is indeed a marker for variable region structural genes, then the germ line gene pool must be very large or there must be special genetic mechanism to account for the increased recombinational frequency observed.", "contents": "The genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease VI. Recombination between genes determining the A/J anti-nuclease idiotypes and the heavy chain allotype locus. Rat antisera detecting binding site-specific idiotypic determinants on anti-nuclease antibodies from A/J mice have been used to define the A/J anti-nuclease idiotype and to investigate its genetic linkage as a variable region marker. Analysis of the segregation of the A/J idiotype in progeny of the backcross (B10.A X A/J) X B10.A showed linkage of the idiotype to the Ig-1e heavy chain allotype locus. There was, however, a very high apparent frequency of recombination, with 7 of 101 backcross animals having a recombinant phenotype. All of these putative recombinants were accounted for by Ig-1b/Ig-1b homozygotes which bore the A/J idiotype, and none by Ig-1b/Ig-1e heterozygotes lacking the idiotype. On progeny testing of these animals in another backcross to B10.A the recombinant trait bred true. If this idiotype is indeed a marker for variable region structural genes, then the germ line gene pool must be very large or there must be special genetic mechanism to account for the increased recombinational frequency observed.", "PMID": 411875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6365", "title": "Suppression of human T-cell mitogenesis by prostaglandin. Existence of a prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell.", "content": "Small amounts of PGE inhibit mitogen-induced [3H]thymidine incorporation in human peripheral lymphocytes. The 50% inhibitory concentration is approximately 10(-7) M, and this is reduced to approximately 10(-8) M when endogenous PGE production is blocked. PGE inhibits PHA- and Con A-stimulated cultures much better than PWM cultures, suggesting a differential effect of PGE on T-cell vs. B-cell function. In vitro blockade of PG synthesis results in approximately 50% increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation in PHA cultures. PGE is produced endogenously in PHA cultures by glass adherent suppressor cells.", "contents": "Suppression of human T-cell mitogenesis by prostaglandin. Existence of a prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell. Small amounts of PGE inhibit mitogen-induced [3H]thymidine incorporation in human peripheral lymphocytes. The 50% inhibitory concentration is approximately 10(-7) M, and this is reduced to approximately 10(-8) M when endogenous PGE production is blocked. PGE inhibits PHA- and Con A-stimulated cultures much better than PWM cultures, suggesting a differential effect of PGE on T-cell vs. B-cell function. In vitro blockade of PG synthesis results in approximately 50% increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation in PHA cultures. PGE is produced endogenously in PHA cultures by glass adherent suppressor cells.", "PMID": 411876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6366", "title": "The role of H-2-linked genes in helper T-cell function. I. In vitro expression in B cells of immune response genes controlling helper T-cell activity.", "content": "The ability of murine helper T cells primed to the antigen, sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) to cross-react with burro erythrocytes (BRBC) in the in vitro anti-trinitrophenol (TNP) response to TNP-RBC was shown to be under genetic control. Although non-H-2 genes were shown to influence the absolute level of helper activity assayed after SRBC priming, the extent of cross-reaction of SRBC-primed helpers with BRBC was shown to be controlled by an H-2-1inked Ir gene(s). H-2 haplotypes were identified which determined high, intermediate, or low response to the cross- reacting determinants and the gene(s) controlling the cross-reaction tentatively mapped to the K through I-E end of the H-2 complex. Helpers primed in F(1) mice of high x intermediate or high x low responder parents were tested for cross-reaction using B cells and macrophages (Mphi) of parental haplotypes. In each case the extent of cross-reaction was predicted by the H-2 haplotype of the B cells and Mphi, establishing the expression of the Ir gene(s) in B cells and/or Mphi a t least, but not ruling out its expression in T cells as well. The low cross-reaction seen when T cells from F(1) mice of high x low responder parents were tested on low responder B cells and Mphi was not increased by the presence of high responder Mphi, indicating the Ir gene(s) is expressed in the B cell a t least although it may be expressed in Mphi as well. These and our previously reported experiments are consistent with the hypothesis that helper T cells recognize antigen bound to the surface of B cells and Mphi in association with the product(s) of Ir gene(s) expressed on the B cell and Mphi.", "contents": "The role of H-2-linked genes in helper T-cell function. I. In vitro expression in B cells of immune response genes controlling helper T-cell activity. The ability of murine helper T cells primed to the antigen, sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) to cross-react with burro erythrocytes (BRBC) in the in vitro anti-trinitrophenol (TNP) response to TNP-RBC was shown to be under genetic control. Although non-H-2 genes were shown to influence the absolute level of helper activity assayed after SRBC priming, the extent of cross-reaction of SRBC-primed helpers with BRBC was shown to be controlled by an H-2-1inked Ir gene(s). H-2 haplotypes were identified which determined high, intermediate, or low response to the cross- reacting determinants and the gene(s) controlling the cross-reaction tentatively mapped to the K through I-E end of the H-2 complex. Helpers primed in F(1) mice of high x intermediate or high x low responder parents were tested for cross-reaction using B cells and macrophages (Mphi) of parental haplotypes. In each case the extent of cross-reaction was predicted by the H-2 haplotype of the B cells and Mphi, establishing the expression of the Ir gene(s) in B cells and/or Mphi a t least, but not ruling out its expression in T cells as well. The low cross-reaction seen when T cells from F(1) mice of high x low responder parents were tested on low responder B cells and Mphi was not increased by the presence of high responder Mphi, indicating the Ir gene(s) is expressed in the B cell a t least although it may be expressed in Mphi as well. These and our previously reported experiments are consistent with the hypothesis that helper T cells recognize antigen bound to the surface of B cells and Mphi in association with the product(s) of Ir gene(s) expressed on the B cell and Mphi.", "PMID": 411877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6367", "title": "Allotype-specific analysis of anti-(Tyr,Glu)-Ala-Lys antibodies produced by Ir-1A high and low responder chimeric mice.", "content": "Katz et al. (1) have demonstrated a restriction in lymphoid cell interaction when the antigen used is under immune response (Ir) gene control. T cells from (low responder x high responder) F(1) mice primed to the terpolymer L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-tyrosine (GLT) can collaborate with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-primed B cells from the Ir-GLT high responder but not low responder strain in response to DNP-GLT (1). In contrast are the studies of Bechtol et al. and Bechtol and McDevitt (2,3), who examined the antibody responses of tetraparental mice immunized with the synthetic polypeptide poly-L(Tyr,Glu)-poly D,L-Ala- poly-L-Lys ((T,G)-A-L), an antigen under Ir-1A genetic control. Several tetraparental mice produced anti(T-,G)-A-L antibody of low responder strain immunoglobulin (Ig) allotype (2,3). These results indicated that he Ir-1A gene was not expressed in B cells and implied that interactions among genetically dissimilar cell populations could occur when tolerance existed to H-2 antigenic differences. Recent studies with bone marrow cell chimeric mice have shown that chimeric T cells can interact with H-2 histoincompatible B cells in response to antigens not under Ir gene control (4-6). To clarify whether lymphoid cell chimerism, with presumed tolerance to H-2 incompatibility, would permit effective cell interactions in response to antigens under Ir gene control, bone marrow cell chimeric mice were prepared by using strains differing both for Ig allotype and for high versus low responsiveness to (T,G)-A-L. An antigen-specific and allotype- specific antibody assay was used to discriminate the responses produced by high and low responder strain B cells in these chimeras. The results suggest that lymphoid cell chimerism per se is not sufficient to obviate Ir gene-mediated restriction in cell interaction.", "contents": "Allotype-specific analysis of anti-(Tyr,Glu)-Ala-Lys antibodies produced by Ir-1A high and low responder chimeric mice. Katz et al. (1) have demonstrated a restriction in lymphoid cell interaction when the antigen used is under immune response (Ir) gene control. T cells from (low responder x high responder) F(1) mice primed to the terpolymer L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-tyrosine (GLT) can collaborate with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-primed B cells from the Ir-GLT high responder but not low responder strain in response to DNP-GLT (1). In contrast are the studies of Bechtol et al. and Bechtol and McDevitt (2,3), who examined the antibody responses of tetraparental mice immunized with the synthetic polypeptide poly-L(Tyr,Glu)-poly D,L-Ala- poly-L-Lys ((T,G)-A-L), an antigen under Ir-1A genetic control. Several tetraparental mice produced anti(T-,G)-A-L antibody of low responder strain immunoglobulin (Ig) allotype (2,3). These results indicated that he Ir-1A gene was not expressed in B cells and implied that interactions among genetically dissimilar cell populations could occur when tolerance existed to H-2 antigenic differences. Recent studies with bone marrow cell chimeric mice have shown that chimeric T cells can interact with H-2 histoincompatible B cells in response to antigens not under Ir gene control (4-6). To clarify whether lymphoid cell chimerism, with presumed tolerance to H-2 incompatibility, would permit effective cell interactions in response to antigens under Ir gene control, bone marrow cell chimeric mice were prepared by using strains differing both for Ig allotype and for high versus low responsiveness to (T,G)-A-L. An antigen-specific and allotype- specific antibody assay was used to discriminate the responses produced by high and low responder strain B cells in these chimeras. The results suggest that lymphoid cell chimerism per se is not sufficient to obviate Ir gene-mediated restriction in cell interaction.", "PMID": 411878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6368", "title": "Secondary antibody responses in vitro to L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) by (responder X nonresponder)F1 spleen cells stimulated by parental GAT-macrophages.", "content": "The development of IgG L-glutamic Acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT)-specific plaque-forming cell responses in vitro by virgin and immune (responder X nonresponder)F1 spleen cells after stimulation with responder and nonresponder parental GAT-macrophages (Mphi) was investigated. Virgin F1 spleen cells developed comparable primary responses to both parental GAT-Mphi. By contrast, F1 spleen cells from mice immunized with GAT or responder parental GAT-Mphi developed secondary responses after stimulation with only responder parental GAT-Mphi. Spleen cells from F1 mice immunized with nonresponder parental GAT-Mphi developed secondary responses to these GAT-Mphi, but failed to respond to responder parental GAT-Mphi. These results are discussed in the context of genetic restrictions regulating Mphi-T-cell interactions in secondary antibody responses and the possible expression of Ir-gene function in Mphi.", "contents": "Secondary antibody responses in vitro to L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) by (responder X nonresponder)F1 spleen cells stimulated by parental GAT-macrophages. The development of IgG L-glutamic Acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT)-specific plaque-forming cell responses in vitro by virgin and immune (responder X nonresponder)F1 spleen cells after stimulation with responder and nonresponder parental GAT-macrophages (Mphi) was investigated. Virgin F1 spleen cells developed comparable primary responses to both parental GAT-Mphi. By contrast, F1 spleen cells from mice immunized with GAT or responder parental GAT-Mphi developed secondary responses after stimulation with only responder parental GAT-Mphi. Spleen cells from F1 mice immunized with nonresponder parental GAT-Mphi developed secondary responses to these GAT-Mphi, but failed to respond to responder parental GAT-Mphi. These results are discussed in the context of genetic restrictions regulating Mphi-T-cell interactions in secondary antibody responses and the possible expression of Ir-gene function in Mphi.", "PMID": 411879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6369", "title": "[Serum cholinesterase as a model glycoprotein (author's transl)].", "content": "Human serum cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) is a carbohydrate-rich glycoprotein, which reacts with 18 different lectins from plants and invertebrates by a specific precipitin reaction; most of the lectins combine with alkali-stable bound carbohydrate chains. One third of these lectin receptors appear after neuraminidase-treatment, two thirds can be demonstrated before and after removal of neuraminic acid. The specific lectin receptors of the alkali-labile carbohydrate chains are characterized and analyzed by chemical and serological methods.", "contents": "[Serum cholinesterase as a model glycoprotein (author's transl)]. Human serum cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) is a carbohydrate-rich glycoprotein, which reacts with 18 different lectins from plants and invertebrates by a specific precipitin reaction; most of the lectins combine with alkali-stable bound carbohydrate chains. One third of these lectin receptors appear after neuraminidase-treatment, two thirds can be demonstrated before and after removal of neuraminic acid. The specific lectin receptors of the alkali-labile carbohydrate chains are characterized and analyzed by chemical and serological methods.", "PMID": 411880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6370", "title": "Cross reactivity of rabbit antibodies against purified animal enzymes. Comparison of enzymes of human and animal origin, II.", "content": "Enzyme preparations used for quality control of enzyme activity determinations in clinical chemistry should be very similar to human enzymes. Antibodies against e.g. porcine enzymes show cross reactivity with the corresponding human enzymes, indicating partial identity of the enzyme proteins. As the enzyme-antibody precipitates retain catalytic activity the similarity between the enzyme proteins is not limited to the catalytic sites.", "contents": "Cross reactivity of rabbit antibodies against purified animal enzymes. Comparison of enzymes of human and animal origin, II. Enzyme preparations used for quality control of enzyme activity determinations in clinical chemistry should be very similar to human enzymes. Antibodies against e.g. porcine enzymes show cross reactivity with the corresponding human enzymes, indicating partial identity of the enzyme proteins. As the enzyme-antibody precipitates retain catalytic activity the similarity between the enzyme proteins is not limited to the catalytic sites.", "PMID": 411881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6371", "title": "Low-dose intravenous insulin: treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in children (suitability for use in community hospitals).", "content": "A regimen is described to simplify current methods of ketoacidosis therapy by using only standard intravenous equipment and without requiring albumin administration. After an initial intravenous insulin bolus of 2 units, a dose of up to 3 units per hour was sufficient to bring patients out of ketoacidosis. No hypoglycemia, significant hypokalemia, or rapid fall in serum osmolality was detected. Patients showed steady increases in endogenous bicarbonate and were out of metabolic acidosis in 8.4 hours. This modified regimen appears to be a safe and easy method of treating diabetic ketoacidosis in children and is suited for use in community hospitals. Since the method is described for children over the age of three or those not in severe coma, consultation should be sought for any infant and for any child in severe coma or with a significant complication, such as severe infection.", "contents": "Low-dose intravenous insulin: treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in children (suitability for use in community hospitals). A regimen is described to simplify current methods of ketoacidosis therapy by using only standard intravenous equipment and without requiring albumin administration. After an initial intravenous insulin bolus of 2 units, a dose of up to 3 units per hour was sufficient to bring patients out of ketoacidosis. No hypoglycemia, significant hypokalemia, or rapid fall in serum osmolality was detected. Patients showed steady increases in endogenous bicarbonate and were out of metabolic acidosis in 8.4 hours. This modified regimen appears to be a safe and easy method of treating diabetic ketoacidosis in children and is suited for use in community hospitals. Since the method is described for children over the age of three or those not in severe coma, consultation should be sought for any infant and for any child in severe coma or with a significant complication, such as severe infection.", "PMID": 411882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6372", "title": "Segregation during cleavage of a factor determining endodermal alkaline phosphatase development in ascidian embryos.", "content": "Localized alkaline phosphatase activity (EC 3.1.3.1) develops progressively in endodermal tissues of the presumptive digestive system in Ciona intestinalis embryos. It was first detected histochemically at late gastrulation, and a puromycin sensitivity period coincident with this time suggests that new alkaline phosphatase is synthesized. Embryos in which cell division was blocked with cytochalasin B at early cleavage stages up to the 64-cell stage, eventually differentiated strong alkaline phosphatase activity in certain cells at each cleavage-arrested stage. The maximum cell numbers and their positions were identical to those of the previously known endodermal cell lineage. Actinomycin D did not prevent development of endodermal alkaline phosphatase when administered from fertilization onwards, nor did other inhibitors of RNA synthesis (chromomycin A3, cordycepin, and daunomycin). There is probably a preformed maternal mRNA for endodermal alkaline phosphatase present in the unfertilizec Ciona egg. Either this RNA itself, or some related translation factor, is localized in the egg cytoplasm and segregated during early cleavages into the endodermal cell lineage of the embryo.", "contents": "Segregation during cleavage of a factor determining endodermal alkaline phosphatase development in ascidian embryos. Localized alkaline phosphatase activity (EC 3.1.3.1) develops progressively in endodermal tissues of the presumptive digestive system in Ciona intestinalis embryos. It was first detected histochemically at late gastrulation, and a puromycin sensitivity period coincident with this time suggests that new alkaline phosphatase is synthesized. Embryos in which cell division was blocked with cytochalasin B at early cleavage stages up to the 64-cell stage, eventually differentiated strong alkaline phosphatase activity in certain cells at each cleavage-arrested stage. The maximum cell numbers and their positions were identical to those of the previously known endodermal cell lineage. Actinomycin D did not prevent development of endodermal alkaline phosphatase when administered from fertilization onwards, nor did other inhibitors of RNA synthesis (chromomycin A3, cordycepin, and daunomycin). There is probably a preformed maternal mRNA for endodermal alkaline phosphatase present in the unfertilizec Ciona egg. Either this RNA itself, or some related translation factor, is localized in the egg cytoplasm and segregated during early cleavages into the endodermal cell lineage of the embryo.", "PMID": 411883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6373", "title": "Inactivation of bacillus spores in dry systems at low and high temperatures.", "content": "A plot of the thermal resistance of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores (log D value) against temperature was linear between 37 and 190 degrees C (z = 23 degrees C), provided that the relative humidity of the spore environment was kept below a certain critical level. The corresponding plot for Bacillus stearothermophilus spores was linear in the range 150 to 180 degrees C (z = 29 degrees C) but departed from linearity at lower temperatures (decreasing z value). However, the z value of 29 degrees C was decreased to 23 degrees C if spores were dried before heat treatment. The straight line corresponding to this new z value was consistent with the inactivation rate at a lower temperature (60 degrees C). The data indicate that bacterial spores which are treated in dry heat at an environmental relative humidity near zero are inactivated mainly by a drying process. By extrapolation of the thermal resistance plot obtained under these conditions for B. subtilis var. niger spores, the D value at 0 degrees C would be about 4 years.", "contents": "Inactivation of bacillus spores in dry systems at low and high temperatures. A plot of the thermal resistance of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores (log D value) against temperature was linear between 37 and 190 degrees C (z = 23 degrees C), provided that the relative humidity of the spore environment was kept below a certain critical level. The corresponding plot for Bacillus stearothermophilus spores was linear in the range 150 to 180 degrees C (z = 29 degrees C) but departed from linearity at lower temperatures (decreasing z value). However, the z value of 29 degrees C was decreased to 23 degrees C if spores were dried before heat treatment. The straight line corresponding to this new z value was consistent with the inactivation rate at a lower temperature (60 degrees C). The data indicate that bacterial spores which are treated in dry heat at an environmental relative humidity near zero are inactivated mainly by a drying process. By extrapolation of the thermal resistance plot obtained under these conditions for B. subtilis var. niger spores, the D value at 0 degrees C would be about 4 years.", "PMID": 411885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6374", "title": "The cultivation of the rumen ciliate Entodinium bursa in the presence of Entodinium caudatum.", "content": "The rumen ciliate protozoon Entodinium bursa has been grown in vitro in the presence of bacteria and Entodinium caudatum for over a year at population densities of 100 to 200 ml-1. The medium contained potassium phosphate, prepared fresh rumen fluid, cysteine, wholemeal flour (or rice starch), dried grass and a culture of the spineless form of Entodinium caudatum. Entodinium bursa has an obligate requirement for this protozoon and died within 48 h in its absence. During growth from a 2% inoculum, the mean generation time of E. bursa was 6 h. Entodinium bursa engulfed 1-5 to 2-5 E. caudatum organisms h-1, and when E. caudatum was in excess it developed caudal spines for the first time in 17 years; these spined forms were engulfed much less readily than the spineless organisms.", "contents": "The cultivation of the rumen ciliate Entodinium bursa in the presence of Entodinium caudatum. The rumen ciliate protozoon Entodinium bursa has been grown in vitro in the presence of bacteria and Entodinium caudatum for over a year at population densities of 100 to 200 ml-1. The medium contained potassium phosphate, prepared fresh rumen fluid, cysteine, wholemeal flour (or rice starch), dried grass and a culture of the spineless form of Entodinium caudatum. Entodinium bursa has an obligate requirement for this protozoon and died within 48 h in its absence. During growth from a 2% inoculum, the mean generation time of E. bursa was 6 h. Entodinium bursa engulfed 1-5 to 2-5 E. caudatum organisms h-1, and when E. caudatum was in excess it developed caudal spines for the first time in 17 years; these spined forms were engulfed much less readily than the spineless organisms.", "PMID": 411886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6375", "title": "Morphological stages of Bacillus subtilis sporulation and resistance to fusidic acid.", "content": "During spore development of Bacillus subtilis both protein synthesis and sporulation become resistant to the antibiotic fusidic acid. This resistance develops at the time when asymmetric prespore septa are formed. Simultaneously ribosomes lose their ability to bind fusidic acid, as demonstrated by their affinity chromatography with the immobilized drug. Mutants resistant to fusidic acid during growth are oligosporogenous; their sporulation development is blocked before septum formation. These results indicate that normal ribosomes are needed for prespore septation sporulation; only after septation can protein synthesis be maintained, throughout the development period, by fusidate resistant ribosomes.", "contents": "Morphological stages of Bacillus subtilis sporulation and resistance to fusidic acid. During spore development of Bacillus subtilis both protein synthesis and sporulation become resistant to the antibiotic fusidic acid. This resistance develops at the time when asymmetric prespore septa are formed. Simultaneously ribosomes lose their ability to bind fusidic acid, as demonstrated by their affinity chromatography with the immobilized drug. Mutants resistant to fusidic acid during growth are oligosporogenous; their sporulation development is blocked before septum formation. These results indicate that normal ribosomes are needed for prespore septation sporulation; only after septation can protein synthesis be maintained, throughout the development period, by fusidate resistant ribosomes.", "PMID": 411887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6376", "title": "Host factor for coliphage Qbeta RNA replication as an aid in elucidating phylogenetic relationships: the genus Pseudomonas.", "content": "Host Factor (HF) is a heat-stable RNA-binding protein required along with Qbeta replicase for in vitro transcription of coliphage Qbeta RNA. We have found that HF activity and antigenicity are conserved among certain Gram-negative bacterial species. We examined selected species within the genus Pseudomonas for the presence of the HF polypeptide's antigenicity and Qbeta RNA replication function. While we were unable to detect either of these in Pseudomonas diminuta or Pseudomonas vesicularis, the other eleven species tested contained cross-reacting material to Escherichia coli HF. Furthermore, in six of these eleven species we were able to detect HF activity. The detection of HF structure and function allowed the examined species to be grouped into three categories which we have called 'sets'. The results correlate well with those of previous studies on ribosomal RNA homology (Palleroni et al., 1973).", "contents": "Host factor for coliphage Qbeta RNA replication as an aid in elucidating phylogenetic relationships: the genus Pseudomonas. Host Factor (HF) is a heat-stable RNA-binding protein required along with Qbeta replicase for in vitro transcription of coliphage Qbeta RNA. We have found that HF activity and antigenicity are conserved among certain Gram-negative bacterial species. We examined selected species within the genus Pseudomonas for the presence of the HF polypeptide's antigenicity and Qbeta RNA replication function. While we were unable to detect either of these in Pseudomonas diminuta or Pseudomonas vesicularis, the other eleven species tested contained cross-reacting material to Escherichia coli HF. Furthermore, in six of these eleven species we were able to detect HF activity. The detection of HF structure and function allowed the examined species to be grouped into three categories which we have called 'sets'. The results correlate well with those of previous studies on ribosomal RNA homology (Palleroni et al., 1973).", "PMID": 411889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6377", "title": "Sequential expression of macromolecule biosynthesis and candicidin formation in Streptomyces griseus.", "content": "Streptomyces griseus did not produce the polyene macrolide antibiotic candicidin during the initial growth phase characterized by rapid RNA synthesis. the absence of candicidin production when RNA or protein synthesis was inhibited by rifampicin or chloramphenicol suggests a transcriptionally controlled late formation of the candicidin synthases. Phosphate levels in the medium control the rate of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Depletion of phosphate appears to trigger the onset of candicidin synthesis after a drastic reduction of the rate of RNA synthesis. Changes in the ATP pool during the fermentation suggest that ATP may be the intracellular effector controlling the onset of antibiotic synthesis.", "contents": "Sequential expression of macromolecule biosynthesis and candicidin formation in Streptomyces griseus. Streptomyces griseus did not produce the polyene macrolide antibiotic candicidin during the initial growth phase characterized by rapid RNA synthesis. the absence of candicidin production when RNA or protein synthesis was inhibited by rifampicin or chloramphenicol suggests a transcriptionally controlled late formation of the candicidin synthases. Phosphate levels in the medium control the rate of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Depletion of phosphate appears to trigger the onset of candicidin synthesis after a drastic reduction of the rate of RNA synthesis. Changes in the ATP pool during the fermentation suggest that ATP may be the intracellular effector controlling the onset of antibiotic synthesis.", "PMID": 411890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6378", "title": "Electrophysiological and anatomical estimation of the number of motor units in the monkey extensor digitorum brevis muscle.", "content": "The electrophysiological technique used to estimate the number of motor units in man (McComas et al., 1971b) was tested in six monkeys. The number of motor units was estimated electrophysiologically in the extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) after deafferentation by excision of the lumbo-sacral dorsal root ganglia. In five animals, the mean number of motor units obtained by the technique was in good agreement with the number of alpha motor fibres counted in the nerve to EDB. However, the results obtained in one animal with partial denervation of the EDB indicate that the technique might be unreliable, at least at certain stages, after a peripheral nerve lesion.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and anatomical estimation of the number of motor units in the monkey extensor digitorum brevis muscle. The electrophysiological technique used to estimate the number of motor units in man (McComas et al., 1971b) was tested in six monkeys. The number of motor units was estimated electrophysiologically in the extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) after deafferentation by excision of the lumbo-sacral dorsal root ganglia. In five animals, the mean number of motor units obtained by the technique was in good agreement with the number of alpha motor fibres counted in the nerve to EDB. However, the results obtained in one animal with partial denervation of the EDB indicate that the technique might be unreliable, at least at certain stages, after a peripheral nerve lesion.", "PMID": 411892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6379", "title": "Effects of single dose supervoltage whole brain radiation in Macaca mulatta.", "content": "Three groups of four Macaca mulatta were exposed respectively to a single dose of 1000, 1500, and 2000 rads of 20 MeV whole brain radiation with one animal from each group and a control scheduled for sacrifice at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. With 1000 rads there were no abnormalities. The characteristic lesions in the animals exposed to 1500 and 2000 rads were small foci of delayed radiation necrosis that in the acute phase were relatively large due to marked local accumulation of edema fluid and at later stages were decreased in volume and showed early mineralization. Correspondingly the monkeys frequently showed papilledema, evidently from brain swelling, as the initial clinical finding, and upon histological examination at later stages, brain atrophy and ventricular dilatation. After exposure to 1500 rads the necrotic process was primarily in the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere and progressed from a small number of lesions in this location at 6 months to confluent necrosis at 12 months. At 18 and 24 months, although there was no evidence of further necrosis, there was evidence of increasing gliosis and at 24 months the occurrence of three independent glioblastomas. With exposure to 2000 rads there was a profuse wide scatter of focal necrotic lesions with a predilection for the basis pontis and a clinical deficit inconsistent with survival past 6 months. Accumulation of minute mineral deposits and atherosclerotic plaques were also noted in these monkeys and appeared to be related to both dose and survival time.", "contents": "Effects of single dose supervoltage whole brain radiation in Macaca mulatta. Three groups of four Macaca mulatta were exposed respectively to a single dose of 1000, 1500, and 2000 rads of 20 MeV whole brain radiation with one animal from each group and a control scheduled for sacrifice at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. With 1000 rads there were no abnormalities. The characteristic lesions in the animals exposed to 1500 and 2000 rads were small foci of delayed radiation necrosis that in the acute phase were relatively large due to marked local accumulation of edema fluid and at later stages were decreased in volume and showed early mineralization. Correspondingly the monkeys frequently showed papilledema, evidently from brain swelling, as the initial clinical finding, and upon histological examination at later stages, brain atrophy and ventricular dilatation. After exposure to 1500 rads the necrotic process was primarily in the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere and progressed from a small number of lesions in this location at 6 months to confluent necrosis at 12 months. At 18 and 24 months, although there was no evidence of further necrosis, there was evidence of increasing gliosis and at 24 months the occurrence of three independent glioblastomas. With exposure to 2000 rads there was a profuse wide scatter of focal necrotic lesions with a predilection for the basis pontis and a clinical deficit inconsistent with survival past 6 months. Accumulation of minute mineral deposits and atherosclerotic plaques were also noted in these monkeys and appeared to be related to both dose and survival time.", "PMID": 411893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6380", "title": "Computer assisted tomography of focal cerebral radiation necrosis in the monkey.", "content": "The right occipital lobe in a series of pubescent monkeys was exposed to 3500 rads of orthovoltage radiation in a single dose. Sixteen to 38 weeks later the irradiated region broke down, rather abruptly. The visual evoked response, funduscopic photography, cerebral spinal fluid determinations for protein and lactic dehydrogenase, and computer assisted tomography (CAT) were used to anticipate and reflect the breakdown in neural tissue. CAT scanning demonstrated the two main effects of focal delayed radiation necrosis in this model (in a representative monkey): pronounced vasogenic edema from a break in the blood brain barrier, and contralateral hydrocephalus from brain distortion with obstruction of cerebral spinal fluid circulation. These findings were confirmed by postmortem examinations.", "contents": "Computer assisted tomography of focal cerebral radiation necrosis in the monkey. The right occipital lobe in a series of pubescent monkeys was exposed to 3500 rads of orthovoltage radiation in a single dose. Sixteen to 38 weeks later the irradiated region broke down, rather abruptly. The visual evoked response, funduscopic photography, cerebral spinal fluid determinations for protein and lactic dehydrogenase, and computer assisted tomography (CAT) were used to anticipate and reflect the breakdown in neural tissue. CAT scanning demonstrated the two main effects of focal delayed radiation necrosis in this model (in a representative monkey): pronounced vasogenic edema from a break in the blood brain barrier, and contralateral hydrocephalus from brain distortion with obstruction of cerebral spinal fluid circulation. These findings were confirmed by postmortem examinations.", "PMID": 411894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6381", "title": "Clinical and endocrinological evaluation of 16 acromegalic patients treated by transsphenoidal surgery.", "content": "Sixteen patients with acromegaly treated with transsphenoidal pituitary surgery were evaluated with the measurement of serum human growth hormone (HGH) before and after intravenous stimulation with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Fourteen of these patients showed a significant rise of serum HGH after TRH stimulation before surgery. After surgery, 12 patients with Grade 2 noninvasive adenomas had normal fasting serum HGH levels which did not stimulate with TRH. Two of these patients showed high serum HGH levels both at fasting and after TRH stimulation and required a second operation to remove residual adenoma within the sella before adequate lowering of HGH was achieved. Evidence of recurrent adenoma has not occurred clinically or biochemically in this group of 12 patients followed for an average of 24 months (2 to 60 months). The results were unsatisfactory in four of these 16 patients. One patient who has a postoperative HGH of 9 ng/ml which still stimulates with TRH has made clinical improvement, but must have residual adenoma in the sella or invasive adenoma in the dura and tumor capsule. Additional treatment with irradiation has been given. Failure to achieve satisfactory results in the other three patients was attributed to the presence of locally invasive adenoma; one in the sphenoid sinus, and the other two possibly as a consequence of previous operative procedures.", "contents": "Clinical and endocrinological evaluation of 16 acromegalic patients treated by transsphenoidal surgery. Sixteen patients with acromegaly treated with transsphenoidal pituitary surgery were evaluated with the measurement of serum human growth hormone (HGH) before and after intravenous stimulation with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Fourteen of these patients showed a significant rise of serum HGH after TRH stimulation before surgery. After surgery, 12 patients with Grade 2 noninvasive adenomas had normal fasting serum HGH levels which did not stimulate with TRH. Two of these patients showed high serum HGH levels both at fasting and after TRH stimulation and required a second operation to remove residual adenoma within the sella before adequate lowering of HGH was achieved. Evidence of recurrent adenoma has not occurred clinically or biochemically in this group of 12 patients followed for an average of 24 months (2 to 60 months). The results were unsatisfactory in four of these 16 patients. One patient who has a postoperative HGH of 9 ng/ml which still stimulates with TRH has made clinical improvement, but must have residual adenoma in the sella or invasive adenoma in the dura and tumor capsule. Additional treatment with irradiation has been given. Failure to achieve satisfactory results in the other three patients was attributed to the presence of locally invasive adenoma; one in the sphenoid sinus, and the other two possibly as a consequence of previous operative procedures.", "PMID": 411899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6382", "title": "Chronic demeclocycline therapy in the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion due to brain tumor.", "content": "The treatment of the syndrome of chronic inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion by fluid restriction is often attended by poor patient compliance. The following case report illustrates successful management of this condition by oral demeclocycline therapy in a patient who had hyponatremia in association with angioblastic meningioma of the sphenoid ridge.", "contents": "Chronic demeclocycline therapy in the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion due to brain tumor. The treatment of the syndrome of chronic inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion by fluid restriction is often attended by poor patient compliance. The following case report illustrates successful management of this condition by oral demeclocycline therapy in a patient who had hyponatremia in association with angioblastic meningioma of the sphenoid ridge.", "PMID": 411900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6383", "title": "Steady-state evoked potentials.", "content": "The advantages of steady-state EP recording include (1) speed in assessing sensory function in normal and sick infants (e.g., in amblyopia) and in sick adults (e.g., in multiple sclerosis); (2) monitoring certain activities of sensory pathways that do not intrude into conscious perception; (3) rapidly assessing sensory function when a large number of subjects must be tested (e.g., in refraction); (4) objective measurement at very high suprathreshold levels where psychophysical methods are difficult or ineffective; (5) rapidly assessing sensory function in normal subjects when EP variability and nonstationarity preculde lengthy experiments; and (6) proving a speedy objective equivalent to behavioral test in animals.", "contents": "Steady-state evoked potentials. The advantages of steady-state EP recording include (1) speed in assessing sensory function in normal and sick infants (e.g., in amblyopia) and in sick adults (e.g., in multiple sclerosis); (2) monitoring certain activities of sensory pathways that do not intrude into conscious perception; (3) rapidly assessing sensory function when a large number of subjects must be tested (e.g., in refraction); (4) objective measurement at very high suprathreshold levels where psychophysical methods are difficult or ineffective; (5) rapidly assessing sensory function in normal subjects when EP variability and nonstationarity preculde lengthy experiments; and (6) proving a speedy objective equivalent to behavioral test in animals.", "PMID": 411904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6384", "title": "Use and complications of high-dose disodium etidronate therapy in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.", "content": "A boy with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva received nearly twice the usual therapeutic dose of disodium etidronate for 13 months in an attempt to prevent reossification following a second operation to correct severe torticollis. The operation was successful, but during therapy he developed weakness and distinctive bone lesions characterized by general osteopenia, widened physes, and unique radiolucent bands in the metaphyses. The osseous abnormalities were distinct from those of rickets and healed after withdrawal of the drug.", "contents": "Use and complications of high-dose disodium etidronate therapy in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. A boy with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva received nearly twice the usual therapeutic dose of disodium etidronate for 13 months in an attempt to prevent reossification following a second operation to correct severe torticollis. The operation was successful, but during therapy he developed weakness and distinctive bone lesions characterized by general osteopenia, widened physes, and unique radiolucent bands in the metaphyses. The osseous abnormalities were distinct from those of rickets and healed after withdrawal of the drug.", "PMID": 411907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6385", "title": "Chlorthalidone analysis using carbonic anhydrase inhibition.", "content": "Chlorthalidone was analyzed in the concentration range of 0.1-3.0 microgram/ml with a precision of +/- 0.05 microgram/ml. Chlorthalidone inhibition of the enzymatic hydrolysis rate of p-nitrophenyl acetate by bovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase was used as a basis for the determination. The amount of p-nitrophenol formed was measured by monitoring the absorbance at 400 nm, and its formation rate was proportional to the chlorthalidone concentration. The mixing of the enzyme, substrate, and sample, the incubation of the reaction mixture, and the recording of the absorbance were automated. A survey of urine samples from 26 normal human subjects did not reveal any endogenous substances that interfered with the assay. Analyses of urine samples from six subjects after oral administration of 100 mg of chlorthalidone indicated rapid absorption and a biphasic elimination. The alpha-phase half-life was 1.5 hr, and the beta-phase half-life was 35 hr.", "contents": "Chlorthalidone analysis using carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Chlorthalidone was analyzed in the concentration range of 0.1-3.0 microgram/ml with a precision of +/- 0.05 microgram/ml. Chlorthalidone inhibition of the enzymatic hydrolysis rate of p-nitrophenyl acetate by bovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase was used as a basis for the determination. The amount of p-nitrophenol formed was measured by monitoring the absorbance at 400 nm, and its formation rate was proportional to the chlorthalidone concentration. The mixing of the enzyme, substrate, and sample, the incubation of the reaction mixture, and the recording of the absorbance were automated. A survey of urine samples from 26 normal human subjects did not reveal any endogenous substances that interfered with the assay. Analyses of urine samples from six subjects after oral administration of 100 mg of chlorthalidone indicated rapid absorption and a biphasic elimination. The alpha-phase half-life was 1.5 hr, and the beta-phase half-life was 35 hr.", "PMID": 411910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6386", "title": "Absence of mutagenicity of coralyne and related antileukemic agents: structural comparison with the potent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.", "content": "The structural similarity between antileukemic alkaloid coralyne and the carcinogenic and antineoplastic hydrocarbon 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, as well as the similarity between the antileukemic alkaloid nitidine and the carcinogenic hydrocarbon 5-methylchrysene, prompted a mutagenicity evaluation of coralyne sulfoacetate, nitidine chloride, the 8-ethyl homolog of coralyne, nitidine methosulfate, and the tetramethoxy analog of nitidine by the Ames method against the histidine-auxotroph strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA-1537, TA-1538, TA-98, and TA-100; 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene was used as a reference standard. The mutagenicity of these antileukemic compounds was either completely eliminated or drastically reduced, but the mutagenic response was generally high for 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The results suggest that the presence of a quaternary nitrogen atom and alkoxy groups could be important in alleviating the mutagenicity of the parent mutagenic and carcinogenic hydrocarbons.", "contents": "Absence of mutagenicity of coralyne and related antileukemic agents: structural comparison with the potent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The structural similarity between antileukemic alkaloid coralyne and the carcinogenic and antineoplastic hydrocarbon 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, as well as the similarity between the antileukemic alkaloid nitidine and the carcinogenic hydrocarbon 5-methylchrysene, prompted a mutagenicity evaluation of coralyne sulfoacetate, nitidine chloride, the 8-ethyl homolog of coralyne, nitidine methosulfate, and the tetramethoxy analog of nitidine by the Ames method against the histidine-auxotroph strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA-1537, TA-1538, TA-98, and TA-100; 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene was used as a reference standard. The mutagenicity of these antileukemic compounds was either completely eliminated or drastically reduced, but the mutagenic response was generally high for 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The results suggest that the presence of a quaternary nitrogen atom and alkoxy groups could be important in alleviating the mutagenicity of the parent mutagenic and carcinogenic hydrocarbons.", "PMID": 411911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6387", "title": "The pharmacology of SC-27166: a novel antidiarrheal agent.", "content": "SC-27166 is the result of continuing efforts to discover selective and orally active antidiarrheal agents. SC-27166, which is chemically unrelated to opiates or neuroleptics, possesses potent constipating and antidiarrheal activity in several animal models. Tolerance to the constipating actions of SC-27166 did not develop in mice. On the other hand, gut tolerance rapidly developed to morphine sulfate and loperamide. The basic mechanism of the antidiarrheal action of SC-27166 is a consequence of increased intestinal circular muscle contractile activity. Supportive pharmacological studies indicated that SC-27166 has equivocal analgesia in mice which is manifested at near toxic dose levels. SC-27166 was also evaluated for potential dependence liability in morphine abstinence-induced jumping in mice. The abstinence-induced jumping was suppressed to a far lesser extent by SC-27166 than by either loperamide or diphenoxylate at equal doses. SC-27166 was also devoid of anticbholinergic activity. When compared with the reference standards morphine and diphenoxylate, these pharmacological studies indicated that SC-27166 has a high degree of separation of undesirable central nervous system actions from its antidiarrheal properties and may have important therapeutic potential.", "contents": "The pharmacology of SC-27166: a novel antidiarrheal agent. SC-27166 is the result of continuing efforts to discover selective and orally active antidiarrheal agents. SC-27166, which is chemically unrelated to opiates or neuroleptics, possesses potent constipating and antidiarrheal activity in several animal models. Tolerance to the constipating actions of SC-27166 did not develop in mice. On the other hand, gut tolerance rapidly developed to morphine sulfate and loperamide. The basic mechanism of the antidiarrheal action of SC-27166 is a consequence of increased intestinal circular muscle contractile activity. Supportive pharmacological studies indicated that SC-27166 has equivocal analgesia in mice which is manifested at near toxic dose levels. SC-27166 was also evaluated for potential dependence liability in morphine abstinence-induced jumping in mice. The abstinence-induced jumping was suppressed to a far lesser extent by SC-27166 than by either loperamide or diphenoxylate at equal doses. SC-27166 was also devoid of anticbholinergic activity. When compared with the reference standards morphine and diphenoxylate, these pharmacological studies indicated that SC-27166 has a high degree of separation of undesirable central nervous system actions from its antidiarrheal properties and may have important therapeutic potential.", "PMID": 411912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6388", "title": "Photic epilepsy evoked by square-wave pulses. Report of a case studied by changing stimulus intensity and duration.", "content": "A spike and wave discharge of photic-evoked myoclonic epilepsy was investigated employing square-wave pulses of a stimulator having mechanical shutter, and the following conclusions were reached. The amplitude of the spike and wave complex of photogenic epilepsy depends on the intensity of photic stimulation when this is investigated in the range from 2.5 X 10(3) ergs/cm2 sec to its 4.31 log units high. A spike prior to the slow wave appears as the stimulus intensity increases. The implicit time is shortened as the intensity increases. Prolongation of the stimulus duration makes the ascending phase of the slow wave steep, and an off-response appeared when stimuli of 100 msec or longer were applied. Clinically, a biphasic myoclonic convulsion of limbs is clearly observed in on- and off-phases when stimuli of 300 msec or longer are applied. The responses become prominent when frequency increases from 0.5 to 3.0/sec.", "contents": "Photic epilepsy evoked by square-wave pulses. Report of a case studied by changing stimulus intensity and duration. A spike and wave discharge of photic-evoked myoclonic epilepsy was investigated employing square-wave pulses of a stimulator having mechanical shutter, and the following conclusions were reached. The amplitude of the spike and wave complex of photogenic epilepsy depends on the intensity of photic stimulation when this is investigated in the range from 2.5 X 10(3) ergs/cm2 sec to its 4.31 log units high. A spike prior to the slow wave appears as the stimulus intensity increases. The implicit time is shortened as the intensity increases. Prolongation of the stimulus duration makes the ascending phase of the slow wave steep, and an off-response appeared when stimuli of 100 msec or longer were applied. Clinically, a biphasic myoclonic convulsion of limbs is clearly observed in on- and off-phases when stimuli of 300 msec or longer are applied. The responses become prominent when frequency increases from 0.5 to 3.0/sec.", "PMID": 411909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6389", "title": "Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induction of renal microsomal enzyme systems: ultrastructural effects on pars recta (S3) proximal tubule cells on the rat kidney.", "content": "A single oral administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to rats at a dose level of 25 microgram/kg produced marked proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in renal proximal tubule cells of the straight (S3) segments. This ultrastructural effect was associated with a pronounced induction of the microsomal enzymes glucuronyl transferase and benzopyrene hydroxylase which persisted for at least 16 days after treatment. Renal dissection studies disclosed that the activities of these enzymes in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated animals were not uniformly distributed within the kidney but followed the general known distribution of S3 cells. Enzyme activities were highest in the outer stripe of the medulla and cortex and lowest in the medulla. These studies demonstrate that the kidney does possess inducible microsomal enzyme systems, capabilities of which have not been appreciated previously due to the lack of a suitable inducing agent and their apparent concentration in a relatively small population of proximal tubule cells.", "contents": "Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induction of renal microsomal enzyme systems: ultrastructural effects on pars recta (S3) proximal tubule cells on the rat kidney. A single oral administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to rats at a dose level of 25 microgram/kg produced marked proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in renal proximal tubule cells of the straight (S3) segments. This ultrastructural effect was associated with a pronounced induction of the microsomal enzymes glucuronyl transferase and benzopyrene hydroxylase which persisted for at least 16 days after treatment. Renal dissection studies disclosed that the activities of these enzymes in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated animals were not uniformly distributed within the kidney but followed the general known distribution of S3 cells. Enzyme activities were highest in the outer stripe of the medulla and cortex and lowest in the medulla. These studies demonstrate that the kidney does possess inducible microsomal enzyme systems, capabilities of which have not been appreciated previously due to the lack of a suitable inducing agent and their apparent concentration in a relatively small population of proximal tubule cells.", "PMID": 411914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6390", "title": "Paracellular permeability of extracellular space markers across rat jejunum in vitro. Indication of a transepithelial fluid circuit.", "content": "1. The characteristics of [51Cr]EDTA, [3H]methoxyinulin ([3H]MI), [14C]polyethylene glycol-4000 ([14C]PEG), and [3H]mannitol as markers of the extracellular space (e.c.s.) of isolated mucosa from the rat small intestine have been examined. 2. Unidirectional transmural fluxes across the rat jejunum of [3H]MI,  [14C]PEG and [3H]mannitol have been measured in the absence of glucose or in the presence of 28 mM glucose. 3. Assuming that [14C]PEG  does not enter the cells, [51Cr]EDTA and [3H]mannitol seem to have access to approximately 50 and 90% of the intracellular water respectively. 4. The commercially availabel [3H]MI had access to a space which exceeded th [14C]PEG space by 10%. Upon purification by gel filtration the high molecular weight fraction of the [3H]MI provided estimates of the e.c.s. identical with the estimates obtained with [14C]PEG. 5. For all the markers used the e.c.s. estimates remained constant between the 40th and 80th min of incubation. 6. In the absence of glucose the transepithelial net fluxes of each of the different markers were zero. In the presence of 28 mM glucose the serosato-mucosa fluxes of all markers were dramatically increased. The ratio between the serosa-to-mucosa and the mucosa-to-serosa fluxes increased in the order [3H]mannitol greater than [3H]MI greater than [14C]PEG. 7. The effect of glucose on the flux ratio of the marker substances suggests that glucose-induced net water transport to the serosa side of the gut wall represents the difference between a transcellular net water transport to the serosal side and a significant paracellular net water transport through the lateral intercellular spaces to the mucosal solution.", "contents": "Paracellular permeability of extracellular space markers across rat jejunum in vitro. Indication of a transepithelial fluid circuit. 1. The characteristics of [51Cr]EDTA, [3H]methoxyinulin ([3H]MI), [14C]polyethylene glycol-4000 ([14C]PEG), and [3H]mannitol as markers of the extracellular space (e.c.s.) of isolated mucosa from the rat small intestine have been examined. 2. Unidirectional transmural fluxes across the rat jejunum of [3H]MI,  [14C]PEG and [3H]mannitol have been measured in the absence of glucose or in the presence of 28 mM glucose. 3. Assuming that [14C]PEG  does not enter the cells, [51Cr]EDTA and [3H]mannitol seem to have access to approximately 50 and 90% of the intracellular water respectively. 4. The commercially availabel [3H]MI had access to a space which exceeded th [14C]PEG space by 10%. Upon purification by gel filtration the high molecular weight fraction of the [3H]MI provided estimates of the e.c.s. identical with the estimates obtained with [14C]PEG. 5. For all the markers used the e.c.s. estimates remained constant between the 40th and 80th min of incubation. 6. In the absence of glucose the transepithelial net fluxes of each of the different markers were zero. In the presence of 28 mM glucose the serosato-mucosa fluxes of all markers were dramatically increased. The ratio between the serosa-to-mucosa and the mucosa-to-serosa fluxes increased in the order [3H]mannitol greater than [3H]MI greater than [14C]PEG. 7. The effect of glucose on the flux ratio of the marker substances suggests that glucose-induced net water transport to the serosa side of the gut wall represents the difference between a transcellular net water transport to the serosal side and a significant paracellular net water transport through the lateral intercellular spaces to the mucosal solution.", "PMID": 411915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6391", "title": "The natural discharges of Purkinje cells in paravermal regions of lobules V and VI of the monkey's cerebellum.", "content": "1. Conscious monkeys were trained with food rewards to perform movement tasks with the left hand and to accept manipulation of the joints and muscles and natural non-noxious stimulation of the skin of both forelimbs.2. Recordings were made from 230 Purkinje cells situated in the paravermal region of lobules V and VI or immediately adjacent folia of the left cerebellum in a region from 2 to 7 mm from the mid line. These neurones were all in a zone which was demonstrated to receive inputs from the ipsilateral hand and which is known to receive projections, via the pontine nuclei from the ;arm area' of motor cortex in the right hemisphere.3. Modulation of the natural activity of 182 of these 230 Purkinje cells (79%) occurred in a reproducible manner in temporal association, each with a particular phase of the self-paced movement tasks performed by the animal using the ipsilateral arm and hand. The patterns of modulation of Purkinje cell firing in this limited zone of cerebellar cortex could be classified into one of four groups, and each cell's discharge was associated with a particular aspect of movement such as general arm flexion, shoulder retraction, elbow extension or elbow flexion whenever it occurred.4. The cells were spontaneously active at rest. Most commonly, marked accelerations of the discharge were related to one direction of the particular aspect of movement and a reduction of activity or even total silence accompanied movement in the opposite direction.5. Variation of the amount of discharge demonstrated during a movement performance with which this discharge was characteristically associated could be related to the range of the movement or its duration, more activity being characteristic of more prolonged movement performance through larger angles of joint displacement.6. Both simple spikes and complex spikes of some cells showed characteristic modulation of their activity during the monkey's self-initiated movements. Cells whose simple spikes did not change in frequency during the movement task, also showed no modification of complex spike discharge.7. Of the 182 neurones whose discharges changed during active movement performance, 105 (roughly 60%) were demonstrated to be in receipt of an input from peripheral receptors in the hand which could be activated by brisk tapping of the skin or brushing of hairs. In contrast, none of the Purkinje cells whose discharges were unchanged during arm movements could be demonstrated to receive such an input.8. Movement of joints through their full range and prodding of muscles were completely ineffective stimuli for causing changes in Purkinje cell firing in this zone of the cerebellar cortex while the animal was passive and relaxed. Imposed perturbations of movement performance injected unexpectedly during the execution of a movement task were also ineffective in modifying the discharge of these Purkinje cells in relation to the task.", "contents": "The natural discharges of Purkinje cells in paravermal regions of lobules V and VI of the monkey's cerebellum. 1. Conscious monkeys were trained with food rewards to perform movement tasks with the left hand and to accept manipulation of the joints and muscles and natural non-noxious stimulation of the skin of both forelimbs.2. Recordings were made from 230 Purkinje cells situated in the paravermal region of lobules V and VI or immediately adjacent folia of the left cerebellum in a region from 2 to 7 mm from the mid line. These neurones were all in a zone which was demonstrated to receive inputs from the ipsilateral hand and which is known to receive projections, via the pontine nuclei from the ;arm area' of motor cortex in the right hemisphere.3. Modulation of the natural activity of 182 of these 230 Purkinje cells (79%) occurred in a reproducible manner in temporal association, each with a particular phase of the self-paced movement tasks performed by the animal using the ipsilateral arm and hand. The patterns of modulation of Purkinje cell firing in this limited zone of cerebellar cortex could be classified into one of four groups, and each cell's discharge was associated with a particular aspect of movement such as general arm flexion, shoulder retraction, elbow extension or elbow flexion whenever it occurred.4. The cells were spontaneously active at rest. Most commonly, marked accelerations of the discharge were related to one direction of the particular aspect of movement and a reduction of activity or even total silence accompanied movement in the opposite direction.5. Variation of the amount of discharge demonstrated during a movement performance with which this discharge was characteristically associated could be related to the range of the movement or its duration, more activity being characteristic of more prolonged movement performance through larger angles of joint displacement.6. Both simple spikes and complex spikes of some cells showed characteristic modulation of their activity during the monkey's self-initiated movements. Cells whose simple spikes did not change in frequency during the movement task, also showed no modification of complex spike discharge.7. Of the 182 neurones whose discharges changed during active movement performance, 105 (roughly 60%) were demonstrated to be in receipt of an input from peripheral receptors in the hand which could be activated by brisk tapping of the skin or brushing of hairs. In contrast, none of the Purkinje cells whose discharges were unchanged during arm movements could be demonstrated to receive such an input.8. Movement of joints through their full range and prodding of muscles were completely ineffective stimuli for causing changes in Purkinje cell firing in this zone of the cerebellar cortex while the animal was passive and relaxed. Imposed perturbations of movement performance injected unexpectedly during the execution of a movement task were also ineffective in modifying the discharge of these Purkinje cells in relation to the task.", "PMID": 411917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6392", "title": "The effect of calcium ions and temperature on the binomial parameters that control acetylcholine release by a nerve impulse at amphibian neuromuscular synapses.", "content": "1. A study has been made of the effects of changing the external calcium concentration, [Ca](o), and the temperature on both the number of quanta available for release by the nerve impulse (n) as well as the increase in release probability of a quantum p(t) during the release period (from 0 to T) following a nerve impulse at synapses in amphibian striated muscle.2. When [Ca](o) was increased in the low range from 0.25 to 0.4 mM at 18 degrees C, the average quantal content of the e.p.p. (m) increased as the fourth power of [Ca](o) and this was primarily due to a third power dependence of n on [Ca](o); the dissociation constants and power dependence of n on calcium determined in the [Ca](o) range from 0.25 to 1.0 mM were successfully used to predict the changes in size of the e.p.p. in the very high [Ca](o) range from 1 to 10 mM. When the temperature was increased from 7 to 18 degrees C in a [Ca](o) of 0.6 mM or 0.35 mM, n increased with a Q(10) of 2.5.3. When [Ca](o) was increased in the range from 0.25 to 1.0 mM at 18 degrees C, the probability that a quantum initially available for release is released during the release period (p(T)) was very sensitive to [Ca](o), increasing as the third power of [Ca](o) and with a dissociation constant of 0.13 mM. When the temperature was increased from 7 to 18 degrees C in a [Ca](o) of 0.6 mM or 0.35 mM, p(T) decreased.4. The histograms of latencies of individual quanta following a nerve impulse was very temperature dependent: the time to peak of the histograms (i.e. the interval in which most quanta fell) had a Q(10) of over 4 as did the time constant of decline of the histograms in the temperature range from 7 to 18 degrees C.5. The average number of quanta released up to time t during the release period following a nerve impulse, namely np(t), was well described by a stochastic process in which p(t) was determined by two reactions; one of these reactions released available quanta from the nerve terminal whilst the other made some of the available quanta unavailable for release by the nerve impulse.", "contents": "The effect of calcium ions and temperature on the binomial parameters that control acetylcholine release by a nerve impulse at amphibian neuromuscular synapses. 1. A study has been made of the effects of changing the external calcium concentration, [Ca](o), and the temperature on both the number of quanta available for release by the nerve impulse (n) as well as the increase in release probability of a quantum p(t) during the release period (from 0 to T) following a nerve impulse at synapses in amphibian striated muscle.2. When [Ca](o) was increased in the low range from 0.25 to 0.4 mM at 18 degrees C, the average quantal content of the e.p.p. (m) increased as the fourth power of [Ca](o) and this was primarily due to a third power dependence of n on [Ca](o); the dissociation constants and power dependence of n on calcium determined in the [Ca](o) range from 0.25 to 1.0 mM were successfully used to predict the changes in size of the e.p.p. in the very high [Ca](o) range from 1 to 10 mM. When the temperature was increased from 7 to 18 degrees C in a [Ca](o) of 0.6 mM or 0.35 mM, n increased with a Q(10) of 2.5.3. When [Ca](o) was increased in the range from 0.25 to 1.0 mM at 18 degrees C, the probability that a quantum initially available for release is released during the release period (p(T)) was very sensitive to [Ca](o), increasing as the third power of [Ca](o) and with a dissociation constant of 0.13 mM. When the temperature was increased from 7 to 18 degrees C in a [Ca](o) of 0.6 mM or 0.35 mM, p(T) decreased.4. The histograms of latencies of individual quanta following a nerve impulse was very temperature dependent: the time to peak of the histograms (i.e. the interval in which most quanta fell) had a Q(10) of over 4 as did the time constant of decline of the histograms in the temperature range from 7 to 18 degrees C.5. The average number of quanta released up to time t during the release period following a nerve impulse, namely np(t), was well described by a stochastic process in which p(t) was determined by two reactions; one of these reactions released available quanta from the nerve terminal whilst the other made some of the available quanta unavailable for release by the nerve impulse.", "PMID": 411919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6393", "title": "The effects of calcium ions on the binomial parameters that control acetylcholine release during trains of nerve impulses at amphibian neuromuscular synapses.", "content": "1. A study has been made of the effects of changing the external calcium concentration [Ca](o) on the binomial parameters p and n that control the average quantal content (m) of the end-plate potential (e.p.p.) during trains of nerve impulses at synapses in amphibian striated muscle.2. In high external calcium concentrations (0.4 mM </= [Ca](o) < 1.0 mM) the increase in m of a test impulse following a conditioning impulse at different intervals (< 100 msec) was due to an increase in the number of quanta available for release, n; the increase in m of successive e.p.p.s in a short high frequency train was primarily due to an increase in n.3. In high external calcium concentrations (1.0 mM </= [Ca](o) < 10 mM) there was a decrease in m of a test impulse following a short high frequency conditioning train (4-5 impulses, 20-100 Hz) at different intervals (200 msec < 5 sec) and this was due to a decrease in the number of quanta available for release, n; in a long high frequency train (20 impulses, 20-100 Hz) there was an increase in m for the first few successive e.p.p.s followed by a depression of m which eventually reached a steady state and these changes in m were due to changes in n; the higher the frequency the greater was the depression in n during the steady-state period.4. In high calcium concentrations, the steady-state m reached in the first 20 impulses during continual stimulation at high frequency gave way to a decline in m over several minutes until a new depressed steady-state value of m was reached and this was maintained during the longest periods of stimulation (30 min); this decline in m was primarily due to a decline in the number of quanta available for release.5. These changes in the number of quanta available for release during trains of impulses are predicted in terms of a hypothesis in which facilitation is due to the accumulation of a residual calcium-receptor complex in the nerve terminal that determines the fraction of a pool of quanta which contributes to n, and depression is due to a decrease in the number of quanta in this pool.", "contents": "The effects of calcium ions on the binomial parameters that control acetylcholine release during trains of nerve impulses at amphibian neuromuscular synapses. 1. A study has been made of the effects of changing the external calcium concentration [Ca](o) on the binomial parameters p and n that control the average quantal content (m) of the end-plate potential (e.p.p.) during trains of nerve impulses at synapses in amphibian striated muscle.2. In high external calcium concentrations (0.4 mM </= [Ca](o) < 1.0 mM) the increase in m of a test impulse following a conditioning impulse at different intervals (< 100 msec) was due to an increase in the number of quanta available for release, n; the increase in m of successive e.p.p.s in a short high frequency train was primarily due to an increase in n.3. In high external calcium concentrations (1.0 mM </= [Ca](o) < 10 mM) there was a decrease in m of a test impulse following a short high frequency conditioning train (4-5 impulses, 20-100 Hz) at different intervals (200 msec < 5 sec) and this was due to a decrease in the number of quanta available for release, n; in a long high frequency train (20 impulses, 20-100 Hz) there was an increase in m for the first few successive e.p.p.s followed by a depression of m which eventually reached a steady state and these changes in m were due to changes in n; the higher the frequency the greater was the depression in n during the steady-state period.4. In high calcium concentrations, the steady-state m reached in the first 20 impulses during continual stimulation at high frequency gave way to a decline in m over several minutes until a new depressed steady-state value of m was reached and this was maintained during the longest periods of stimulation (30 min); this decline in m was primarily due to a decline in the number of quanta available for release.5. These changes in the number of quanta available for release during trains of impulses are predicted in terms of a hypothesis in which facilitation is due to the accumulation of a residual calcium-receptor complex in the nerve terminal that determines the fraction of a pool of quanta which contributes to n, and depression is due to a decrease in the number of quanta in this pool.", "PMID": 411920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6394", "title": "Cerebral circulatory and metabolic effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine in anesthetized baboons.", "content": "1. The cerebral circulatory effects of the intracarotid administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine were examined in anaesthetized baboons. Cerebral blood flow was measured by the intracarotid 133Xe technique, cerebral O2 consumption and glucose uptake were measured as indices of brain metabolism and electrocortical activity was continuously monitored. 2. Despite a marked reduction in the calibre of the internal carotid artery (assessed angiographically), the intracarotid infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine 0-1 microgram/kg. min did not effect any significant changes in cerebral blood flow, O2 consumption or glucose uptake. 3. Following transient osmotic disruption of the blood-brain barrier with the intracarotid infusion of hypertonic urea, the same dose of 5-hydroxytryptamine effected a marked reduction in cerebral blood flow from 51 +/- 2 to 36 +/- 2 ml./100 g. min (mean +/- S.E.; P less than 0-01). Both indices of cerebral metabolism were reduced significantly and the e.e.g. showed a more pronounced suppression-burst pattern. 4. We postulate that the cerebral circulatory responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine are dependent upon the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and the predominant effect of the intravascular administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine is on cortical activity or metabolism, rather than on cerebrovascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "Cerebral circulatory and metabolic effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine in anesthetized baboons. 1. The cerebral circulatory effects of the intracarotid administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine were examined in anaesthetized baboons. Cerebral blood flow was measured by the intracarotid 133Xe technique, cerebral O2 consumption and glucose uptake were measured as indices of brain metabolism and electrocortical activity was continuously monitored. 2. Despite a marked reduction in the calibre of the internal carotid artery (assessed angiographically), the intracarotid infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine 0-1 microgram/kg. min did not effect any significant changes in cerebral blood flow, O2 consumption or glucose uptake. 3. Following transient osmotic disruption of the blood-brain barrier with the intracarotid infusion of hypertonic urea, the same dose of 5-hydroxytryptamine effected a marked reduction in cerebral blood flow from 51 +/- 2 to 36 +/- 2 ml./100 g. min (mean +/- S.E.; P less than 0-01). Both indices of cerebral metabolism were reduced significantly and the e.e.g. showed a more pronounced suppression-burst pattern. 4. We postulate that the cerebral circulatory responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine are dependent upon the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and the predominant effect of the intravascular administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine is on cortical activity or metabolism, rather than on cerebrovascular smooth muscle.", "PMID": 411921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6395", "title": "Pulmonary damage associated with sodium aurothiomalate therapy.", "content": "Three patients with rheumatoid arthritis developed acute respiratory distress associated with pulmonary infiltration, during treatment with sodium aurothiomalate. This manifestation of gold toxicity has only recently been recognized. The temporal relationship to the introduction of gold therapy, an exacerbation following further gold injection in one patient, the resolution which followed gold withdrawal and the associated manifestation of gold toxicity in two patients favored a diagnosis of gold-induced pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Pulmonary damage associated with sodium aurothiomalate therapy. Three patients with rheumatoid arthritis developed acute respiratory distress associated with pulmonary infiltration, during treatment with sodium aurothiomalate. This manifestation of gold toxicity has only recently been recognized. The temporal relationship to the introduction of gold therapy, an exacerbation following further gold injection in one patient, the resolution which followed gold withdrawal and the associated manifestation of gold toxicity in two patients favored a diagnosis of gold-induced pulmonary disease.", "PMID": 411928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6396", "title": "Educating patients with Osteoarthritis.", "content": "An education program was developed for geriatric patients with osteoarthritis utilizing adult learner methods. The format used was slide/tape with accompanying booklets. Sixty-seven patients were tested before, immediately after, and three weeks after viewing the programs. A change in knowledge was noted for all objectives and was statistically significant (P .05) in five of six objectives. Although initial production costs are substantial, duplication costs are minimal. These results suggest that geriatric patients with osteoarthritis are able to learn and the method used is a cost-effective one.", "contents": "Educating patients with Osteoarthritis. An education program was developed for geriatric patients with osteoarthritis utilizing adult learner methods. The format used was slide/tape with accompanying booklets. Sixty-seven patients were tested before, immediately after, and three weeks after viewing the programs. A change in knowledge was noted for all objectives and was statistically significant (P .05) in five of six objectives. Although initial production costs are substantial, duplication costs are minimal. These results suggest that geriatric patients with osteoarthritis are able to learn and the method used is a cost-effective one.", "PMID": 411929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6397", "title": "Antimalarials. 10. Synthesis of 4-substituted primaquine analogues as candidate antimalarials.", "content": "Primaquine (I) has been extensively used in combination with other drugs in the radical cure of relapsing malaria as well as for prophylaxis or the interruption of transmission. This, coupled with the activity data reported for 4-methylprimaquine (II), has led to the synthesis of a series of 14 4-substituted analogues of I. In addition, three side-chain analogues of II were prepared. The compounds were tested for suppressive antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei in the Rane mouse screen and for radical curative activity against Plasmodium cynomolgi in the rhesus monkey. Four of the 17 compounds prepared (1a, 9c, 15, and 17) exhibited activity in at least one of the test systems.", "contents": "Antimalarials. 10. Synthesis of 4-substituted primaquine analogues as candidate antimalarials. Primaquine (I) has been extensively used in combination with other drugs in the radical cure of relapsing malaria as well as for prophylaxis or the interruption of transmission. This, coupled with the activity data reported for 4-methylprimaquine (II), has led to the synthesis of a series of 14 4-substituted analogues of I. In addition, three side-chain analogues of II were prepared. The compounds were tested for suppressive antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei in the Rane mouse screen and for radical curative activity against Plasmodium cynomolgi in the rhesus monkey. Four of the 17 compounds prepared (1a, 9c, 15, and 17) exhibited activity in at least one of the test systems.", "PMID": 411930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6398", "title": "A model for the prostaglandin synthetase cyclooxygenation site and its inhibition by antiinflammatory arylacetic acids.", "content": "Conformational analysis of indomethacin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs leads to formulation of a hypothetical complementary receptor site model. The same model can serve to describe the prostaglandin cyclooxygenase active site, and, indeed, arachidonic and other polyunsaturated fatty acids could be folded on the model in a manner which rationalizes their stereospecific transformation to cyclic endo-peroxides (PGG). The model rationalizes the structure-activity relationships of enzyme substrates and inhibitors and appears to be in agreement with biochemical studies of the enzyme.", "contents": "A model for the prostaglandin synthetase cyclooxygenation site and its inhibition by antiinflammatory arylacetic acids. Conformational analysis of indomethacin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs leads to formulation of a hypothetical complementary receptor site model. The same model can serve to describe the prostaglandin cyclooxygenase active site, and, indeed, arachidonic and other polyunsaturated fatty acids could be folded on the model in a manner which rationalizes their stereospecific transformation to cyclic endo-peroxides (PGG). The model rationalizes the structure-activity relationships of enzyme substrates and inhibitors and appears to be in agreement with biochemical studies of the enzyme.", "PMID": 411931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6399", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of some broad-spectrum N-acylphenyglycine cephalosporins.", "content": "The synthesis and the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of a series of N-acylated phenylglycine cephalosporins are described. These compounds exhibit activity against a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria including some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterial species normally insensitive to the cephalosporin antibiotics. The cephalosporins were prepared by acylation of cephaloglycin or its 3-tetrazolylthiomethyl analogue. In several cases, the acylations produced mixtures of diastereomeric cephalosporins, the components of which, when separated, showed different levels of antibiotic activity. Optimum activity was obtained when the acyl moiety on the phenylglycine nitrogen contained an oxygen atom centrally located between the amide carbonyl and a carboxyl substituent, preferably in a three- or five-membered ring. Replacement of acetoxymethyl by (1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thiomethyl at the 3 position resulted in overall improvement in activity both in vitro and in vivo. Against a group of P. aeruginosa strains, the best compounds of this series showed activity on the order of carbenicillin.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of some broad-spectrum N-acylphenyglycine cephalosporins. The synthesis and the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of a series of N-acylated phenylglycine cephalosporins are described. These compounds exhibit activity against a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria including some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterial species normally insensitive to the cephalosporin antibiotics. The cephalosporins were prepared by acylation of cephaloglycin or its 3-tetrazolylthiomethyl analogue. In several cases, the acylations produced mixtures of diastereomeric cephalosporins, the components of which, when separated, showed different levels of antibiotic activity. Optimum activity was obtained when the acyl moiety on the phenylglycine nitrogen contained an oxygen atom centrally located between the amide carbonyl and a carboxyl substituent, preferably in a three- or five-membered ring. Replacement of acetoxymethyl by (1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thiomethyl at the 3 position resulted in overall improvement in activity both in vitro and in vivo. Against a group of P. aeruginosa strains, the best compounds of this series showed activity on the order of carbenicillin.", "PMID": 411932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6400", "title": "Inhibitors of Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III. Structure-activity relationships of 6-(phenylhydrazino)uracils.", "content": "6-(Phenylhydrazino)uracils inhibit the replication-specific enzyme DNA polymerase III of Bacillus subtilis by forming a strong, reversible complex with template-primer DNA and enzyme. The phenyl ring interacts with a hydrophobic enzyme site which, on the basis of structure-activity relationships of substituted analogues, appears to possess the following characteristics: (1) planarity or near-planarity; (2) a finite capacity to accommodate bulky substituents; and (3) location near the domain of the enzyme active site. A mutant DNA polymerase III, derived from a mutant strain of B. subtilis selected for resistance to 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)pyrimidines, is resistant only to inhibitors bearing p-hydroxy or amino groups and is hypersensitive to inhibitors containing nonpolar substituents; these results suggest the existence of mutable, secondary regions of the binding site which interact with para substituents and, thus, influence the strength of the primary phenyl-enzyme interaction.", "contents": "Inhibitors of Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III. Structure-activity relationships of 6-(phenylhydrazino)uracils. 6-(Phenylhydrazino)uracils inhibit the replication-specific enzyme DNA polymerase III of Bacillus subtilis by forming a strong, reversible complex with template-primer DNA and enzyme. The phenyl ring interacts with a hydrophobic enzyme site which, on the basis of structure-activity relationships of substituted analogues, appears to possess the following characteristics: (1) planarity or near-planarity; (2) a finite capacity to accommodate bulky substituents; and (3) location near the domain of the enzyme active site. A mutant DNA polymerase III, derived from a mutant strain of B. subtilis selected for resistance to 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)pyrimidines, is resistant only to inhibitors bearing p-hydroxy or amino groups and is hypersensitive to inhibitors containing nonpolar substituents; these results suggest the existence of mutable, secondary regions of the binding site which interact with para substituents and, thus, influence the strength of the primary phenyl-enzyme interaction.", "PMID": 411933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6401", "title": "Inhibitors of Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III. 6-(arylalkylamino)uracils and 6-anilinouracils.", "content": "6-(Benzylamino)uracils and substituted 6-anilinouracils have been found to be potent inhibitors of Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III by a mechanism identical with that of 6-(phenylhydrazino)uracils. Higher phenylalkylamino homologues are progressively weaker inhibitors of the enzyme. Examination of the effects of substituents on the activity of 6-(benzylamino)uracils against wild-type and mutant enzymes and preliminary results for 6-anilinouracils have permitted further dissection of the mechanism of inhibition. The experimental results indicate that (1) the polymerase inhibitor binding site is compact, accommodating only small alterations in the distance between the uracil and phenyl rings, (2) the phenyl ring, which provides the major contribution to inhibitor-enzyme binding, adopts a specific active conformation, and (3) an enzyme site which interacts with substituents in the phenyl ring forms a part of the active site of DNA polymerase III.", "contents": "Inhibitors of Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III. 6-(arylalkylamino)uracils and 6-anilinouracils. 6-(Benzylamino)uracils and substituted 6-anilinouracils have been found to be potent inhibitors of Bacillus subtilis DNA polymerase III by a mechanism identical with that of 6-(phenylhydrazino)uracils. Higher phenylalkylamino homologues are progressively weaker inhibitors of the enzyme. Examination of the effects of substituents on the activity of 6-(benzylamino)uracils against wild-type and mutant enzymes and preliminary results for 6-anilinouracils have permitted further dissection of the mechanism of inhibition. The experimental results indicate that (1) the polymerase inhibitor binding site is compact, accommodating only small alterations in the distance between the uracil and phenyl rings, (2) the phenyl ring, which provides the major contribution to inhibitor-enzyme binding, adopts a specific active conformation, and (3) an enzyme site which interacts with substituents in the phenyl ring forms a part of the active site of DNA polymerase III.", "PMID": 411934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6402", "title": "Pteridines. 41. Synthesis and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitory activity of some cycloalka[g]pteridines.", "content": "A number of homologous 2,4-diaminocycloalka[g]pteridines varying in ring size from 5 to 15 were prepared by (a) condensation of aminomalononitrile tosylate with alpha-oximinocycloalkanones, deoxygenation of the resulting 2-amino-3-cyanocycloalka[b]pyrazine 1-oxides, and guanidine cyclization; (b) guanidine cyclization of the above pyrazine 1-oxides to give 2,4-diaminocycloalka[g]pteridine 8-oxides, followed by deoxygenation; or (c) condensation of 2,4,5,6-tetraaminopyrimidine with a cycloalka-1,2-dione (for the cyclohepta- and cycloocta[g]pteridines only). These compounds were examined for their activity as dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors against Lactobacillus casei, rat liver, L1210, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Activity was found to depend upon ring size, with the greatest activity exhibited by the cyclododeca derivatives 31.", "contents": "Pteridines. 41. Synthesis and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitory activity of some cycloalka[g]pteridines. A number of homologous 2,4-diaminocycloalka[g]pteridines varying in ring size from 5 to 15 were prepared by (a) condensation of aminomalononitrile tosylate with alpha-oximinocycloalkanones, deoxygenation of the resulting 2-amino-3-cyanocycloalka[b]pyrazine 1-oxides, and guanidine cyclization; (b) guanidine cyclization of the above pyrazine 1-oxides to give 2,4-diaminocycloalka[g]pteridine 8-oxides, followed by deoxygenation; or (c) condensation of 2,4,5,6-tetraaminopyrimidine with a cycloalka-1,2-dione (for the cyclohepta- and cycloocta[g]pteridines only). These compounds were examined for their activity as dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors against Lactobacillus casei, rat liver, L1210, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Activity was found to depend upon ring size, with the greatest activity exhibited by the cyclododeca derivatives 31.", "PMID": 411935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6403", "title": "Cebocephaly in an infant with trisomy 18.", "content": "An infant who died in the perinatal period with the unusual association of trisomy 18 and cebocephaly is described. It is suggested that this association may be more common than is generally recognised because the majority of such infants are stillborn or live only briefly and often do not have chromosome studies performed.", "contents": "Cebocephaly in an infant with trisomy 18. An infant who died in the perinatal period with the unusual association of trisomy 18 and cebocephaly is described. It is suggested that this association may be more common than is generally recognised because the majority of such infants are stillborn or live only briefly and often do not have chromosome studies performed.", "PMID": 411936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6404", "title": "Reticulostimulating properties of killed vaccines of anaerobic coryneforms and other organisms.", "content": "Vaccines prepared from 115 strains of anaerobic coryneforms and other organisms were tested in mice for their reticulostimulating ability as judged by the degree of spleen hypertrophy produced after ip injection. Almost all vaccines caused a statistically significant increase in spleen weight, but the ability to produce spleen ratios (test mean wt:control mean wt) of 4 or more was confined to Propionibacterium acnes and P. avidum strains. P. acnes, type II, gave high spleen ratios more frequently than strains of any other type.", "contents": "Reticulostimulating properties of killed vaccines of anaerobic coryneforms and other organisms. Vaccines prepared from 115 strains of anaerobic coryneforms and other organisms were tested in mice for their reticulostimulating ability as judged by the degree of spleen hypertrophy produced after ip injection. Almost all vaccines caused a statistically significant increase in spleen weight, but the ability to produce spleen ratios (test mean wt:control mean wt) of 4 or more was confined to Propionibacterium acnes and P. avidum strains. P. acnes, type II, gave high spleen ratios more frequently than strains of any other type.", "PMID": 411938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6405", "title": "Inhibition of tumor growth by the peptidoglycan from Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "When injected in admixture with tumor cells, the peptidoglycan extracted from Bacillus megaterium inhibited the growth of a chemically induced fibrosarcoma in syngeneic rats. In some instances, the tumor growth was totally suppressed. Animals rejecting mixed inocula exhibited a tumor-specific immunity. Peptidoglycan was not cytotoxic for tumor cells; it rendered macrophages nonspecifically cytotoxic.", "contents": "Inhibition of tumor growth by the peptidoglycan from Bacillus megaterium. When injected in admixture with tumor cells, the peptidoglycan extracted from Bacillus megaterium inhibited the growth of a chemically induced fibrosarcoma in syngeneic rats. In some instances, the tumor growth was totally suppressed. Animals rejecting mixed inocula exhibited a tumor-specific immunity. Peptidoglycan was not cytotoxic for tumor cells; it rendered macrophages nonspecifically cytotoxic.", "PMID": 411939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6406", "title": "Comparative metabolism of 17alpha-ethynyl steroids used in oral contraceptives.", "content": "The metabolism of mestranol, ethynylestradiol, norethynodrel, norethindrone, ethynodiol diacetate, lynestrenol, and norgestrel is reviewed. The estrogenic components of the oral contraceptives, mestranol or ethynylestradiol, have nearly identical metabolic pathways since mestranol is rapidly and almost completely converted to ethynylestradiol The major fraction of the drugs plus metabolites is excreted in the urine as conjugated materials. All of the 17beta-ethynyl progestins reviewed follow similar metabolic paths. For three of these, norethynodrel, ethynodiol diacetate and lynestrenol, a principal metabolite is norethindrone. Biotransformation to more polar metabolites and conjugation proceed rapidly for these three precursor drugs and norethindrone. Norgestrel follows metabolic paths similar to those of norethindrone. However, the ethyl moiety at the C-13 position appears to slow the metabolism of this steroid so that biotransformation to more polar metabolites and the conjugation of these steroids does not proceed as rapidly as that of the other progestins. The high progestational potency of norgestrel may be attributed to this slow rate of biotransformation. Some of the pharmacokinetic parameters derived from the research reports reviewed here are summarized. The compounds appear to be readily absorbed, and they and their metabolites are excreted to a greater extent in the urine than in the feces.", "contents": "Comparative metabolism of 17alpha-ethynyl steroids used in oral contraceptives. The metabolism of mestranol, ethynylestradiol, norethynodrel, norethindrone, ethynodiol diacetate, lynestrenol, and norgestrel is reviewed. The estrogenic components of the oral contraceptives, mestranol or ethynylestradiol, have nearly identical metabolic pathways since mestranol is rapidly and almost completely converted to ethynylestradiol The major fraction of the drugs plus metabolites is excreted in the urine as conjugated materials. All of the 17beta-ethynyl progestins reviewed follow similar metabolic paths. For three of these, norethynodrel, ethynodiol diacetate and lynestrenol, a principal metabolite is norethindrone. Biotransformation to more polar metabolites and conjugation proceed rapidly for these three precursor drugs and norethindrone. Norgestrel follows metabolic paths similar to those of norethindrone. However, the ethyl moiety at the C-13 position appears to slow the metabolism of this steroid so that biotransformation to more polar metabolites and the conjugation of these steroids does not proceed as rapidly as that of the other progestins. The high progestational potency of norgestrel may be attributed to this slow rate of biotransformation. Some of the pharmacokinetic parameters derived from the research reports reviewed here are summarized. The compounds appear to be readily absorbed, and they and their metabolites are excreted to a greater extent in the urine than in the feces.", "PMID": 411940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6407", "title": "Metabolism of ethynyl estrogens.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics and metabolic conversion of the ethynylated estrogens are reviewed. Special emphasis is given to the comparative pharmacokinetics of ethynyl-estradiol in different populations of women. Similarly, the variability of ethynyl-estradiol and mestranol metabolism in humans resulting from presentation of radio-labeled steroid and purification of the metabolic products is presented and discussed. The concepts of estrogen hepatotoxicity are reviewed with respect to the known phenomenon of estrogen oxidative metabolism and covalent binding. Recent evidence for the metabolic removal of the 17alpha-ethynyl group is discussed, and its relationship to estrogen hepatoxicity is considered and related to the covalent binding phenomenon.", "contents": "Metabolism of ethynyl estrogens. The pharmacokinetics and metabolic conversion of the ethynylated estrogens are reviewed. Special emphasis is given to the comparative pharmacokinetics of ethynyl-estradiol in different populations of women. Similarly, the variability of ethynyl-estradiol and mestranol metabolism in humans resulting from presentation of radio-labeled steroid and purification of the metabolic products is presented and discussed. The concepts of estrogen hepatotoxicity are reviewed with respect to the known phenomenon of estrogen oxidative metabolism and covalent binding. Recent evidence for the metabolic removal of the 17alpha-ethynyl group is discussed, and its relationship to estrogen hepatoxicity is considered and related to the covalent binding phenomenon.", "PMID": 411942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6408", "title": "Retention and tissue distribution of 210Pb (NO3)2 administered orally to infant and adult monkeys.", "content": "The retention and tissue distribution of 210Pb were studied in 10-day-old, 150-day-old, and adult monkeys. Lead-210 nitrate was administered to the monkeys by gavage after a 12 hr fast and 210Pb excreted in urine and feces was monitored for 96 hr. All monkeys were necropsied 96 hr after dosing and the 210Pb concentrations of various tissues was determined. The data demonstrated that infant monkeys retained 64.5 and 69.8% of the orally administered 210Pb at 10 and 150 days of age, respectively, while adult monkeys retained 3.2% of the 210Pb dose. Blood 210Pb levels 96 hr after dosing did not vary significantly between age groups. Of the 210Pb contained in blood, 98-99% was found in blood cells and 1-2% in blood plasma; 5-8% of the Pb in blood cells was bound to blood cell membranes. None of these parameters varied significantly with age. The percentage of the lead dose excreted in urine did not vary significantly between age groups. Analysis of tissues for 210Pb revealed that both the tissue Pb concentrations and tissue Pb:blood Pb ratios were significantly higher in the bone structure of infants than adults. Brain Pb:blood Pb ratios were significantly greater in 10-day-old infants than 150-day-old infants or adults.", "contents": "Retention and tissue distribution of 210Pb (NO3)2 administered orally to infant and adult monkeys. The retention and tissue distribution of 210Pb were studied in 10-day-old, 150-day-old, and adult monkeys. Lead-210 nitrate was administered to the monkeys by gavage after a 12 hr fast and 210Pb excreted in urine and feces was monitored for 96 hr. All monkeys were necropsied 96 hr after dosing and the 210Pb concentrations of various tissues was determined. The data demonstrated that infant monkeys retained 64.5 and 69.8% of the orally administered 210Pb at 10 and 150 days of age, respectively, while adult monkeys retained 3.2% of the 210Pb dose. Blood 210Pb levels 96 hr after dosing did not vary significantly between age groups. Of the 210Pb contained in blood, 98-99% was found in blood cells and 1-2% in blood plasma; 5-8% of the Pb in blood cells was bound to blood cell membranes. None of these parameters varied significantly with age. The percentage of the lead dose excreted in urine did not vary significantly between age groups. Analysis of tissues for 210Pb revealed that both the tissue Pb concentrations and tissue Pb:blood Pb ratios were significantly higher in the bone structure of infants than adults. Brain Pb:blood Pb ratios were significantly greater in 10-day-old infants than 150-day-old infants or adults.", "PMID": 411945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6409", "title": "Lead intoxication among demolition workers: the effect of lead on the hepatic cytochrome P-450 system in humans.", "content": "Overt clinical disease from undue lead exposure has become a relatively rare phenomenon in adult populations. However, exposure situations that may result in subclinical disease are not uncommon in various occupational settings. Five demolition workers, dismantling an old iron structure covered with lead-content paint, were studied. The use of cutting torches resulted in lead fumes, with significant exposure, albeit without gross 'lead poisoning.\" All five workers showed biochemical manifestations of chronic lead intoxication-that is, elevated blood lead level, inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D), and elevated erythrocytic protoporphyrin concentration (PROTO). The effect of lead on the biosynthesis of heme was assessed by investigating the functional capacity of the cytochrome P-45O system of the liver, through drug metabolism studies. The plasma elimination rates (half-lives) of antipyrine and phenylbutazone-drugs primarily metabolized by the hemeprotein P-450 dependent hepatic microsomal enzyme system-were measured before and after chelation therapy. Prior to chelation therapy all half-lives were within the normal range. A slight decrease in the half-life of antipyrine was found after treatment. These studies show that chronic exposure to lead has only a minimal effect on hepatic cytochrome p-450 dependent enzymatic activities in adult males.", "contents": "Lead intoxication among demolition workers: the effect of lead on the hepatic cytochrome P-450 system in humans. Overt clinical disease from undue lead exposure has become a relatively rare phenomenon in adult populations. However, exposure situations that may result in subclinical disease are not uncommon in various occupational settings. Five demolition workers, dismantling an old iron structure covered with lead-content paint, were studied. The use of cutting torches resulted in lead fumes, with significant exposure, albeit without gross 'lead poisoning.\" All five workers showed biochemical manifestations of chronic lead intoxication-that is, elevated blood lead level, inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D), and elevated erythrocytic protoporphyrin concentration (PROTO). The effect of lead on the biosynthesis of heme was assessed by investigating the functional capacity of the cytochrome P-45O system of the liver, through drug metabolism studies. The plasma elimination rates (half-lives) of antipyrine and phenylbutazone-drugs primarily metabolized by the hemeprotein P-450 dependent hepatic microsomal enzyme system-were measured before and after chelation therapy. Prior to chelation therapy all half-lives were within the normal range. A slight decrease in the half-life of antipyrine was found after treatment. These studies show that chronic exposure to lead has only a minimal effect on hepatic cytochrome p-450 dependent enzymatic activities in adult males.", "PMID": 411946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6410", "title": "Biotransformation of diethylstilbestrol in the rhesus monkey and the chimpanzee.", "content": "Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is considered a teratogen and a transplacental carcinogen in humans. In order to compare its biotransformation in nonhuman primates to that in humans, a metabolic study was carried out in rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees. After an oral dose of 1 mg/kg [14C]DES, approximately 59% of the ingested radioactivity was found in the urine and 28% in the feces of two female rhesus monkeys after 4 days, while in male rhesus monkeys urinary radioactivity accounted for 43% and fecal radioactivity for 35%. In chimpanzees, 63% of a 0.5 mg/kg dose was excreted with the urine in a female and 47% in a male animal. In both species, urinary radioactivity was predominantly (greater than 70%) associated with glucuronides. Besides DES, three metabolites were found in the urinary glucuronide fraction of rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees by radio gas chromatography and were identified as dienestrol and omega-hydroxy derivatives of DES and dienestrol. Fecal radioactivity in rhesus monkeys was shown to consist exclusively of DES. Glucuronidation of DES appears to occur in neonatal and fetal rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "Biotransformation of diethylstilbestrol in the rhesus monkey and the chimpanzee. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is considered a teratogen and a transplacental carcinogen in humans. In order to compare its biotransformation in nonhuman primates to that in humans, a metabolic study was carried out in rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees. After an oral dose of 1 mg/kg [14C]DES, approximately 59% of the ingested radioactivity was found in the urine and 28% in the feces of two female rhesus monkeys after 4 days, while in male rhesus monkeys urinary radioactivity accounted for 43% and fecal radioactivity for 35%. In chimpanzees, 63% of a 0.5 mg/kg dose was excreted with the urine in a female and 47% in a male animal. In both species, urinary radioactivity was predominantly (greater than 70%) associated with glucuronides. Besides DES, three metabolites were found in the urinary glucuronide fraction of rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees by radio gas chromatography and were identified as dienestrol and omega-hydroxy derivatives of DES and dienestrol. Fecal radioactivity in rhesus monkeys was shown to consist exclusively of DES. Glucuronidation of DES appears to occur in neonatal and fetal rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 411947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6411", "title": "Pineal calcification.", "content": "The incidence of pineal calcification was studied by reviewing skull radiographs of 1400 patients admitted to a major neurosurgical centre at Karachi over an eight year period. The total frequency as well as age and sex distribution of pineal calcification were worked out and compared with frequency and age distribution of calcification reported in Western and Eastern races by different workers.", "contents": "Pineal calcification. The incidence of pineal calcification was studied by reviewing skull radiographs of 1400 patients admitted to a major neurosurgical centre at Karachi over an eight year period. The total frequency as well as age and sex distribution of pineal calcification were worked out and compared with frequency and age distribution of calcification reported in Western and Eastern races by different workers.", "PMID": 411950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6412", "title": "Thiothixene and trifluoperazine in acutely disturbed schizophrenic patients.", "content": "In acutely disturbed newly admitted patients at Neuropsychiatric Unit, Karachi, the efficacy of thiothixene is not significantly different as compared to trifluoperazine. In trifluoperazine group also all the target symptoms improved while 'depressive mood' and 'suspiciousness' did not change significantly. In thiothixene group significant improvement was noticed on all the target symptoms except 'tension' and 'depressive mood'. The ethnic or genetic make up of the patient population was concluded to be the reason for non-effectiveness of thisthixene on effective psychopathology in acute schizophrenia. The extra-pyramidal side effects were clinically more pronounced in thiothixene group.", "contents": "Thiothixene and trifluoperazine in acutely disturbed schizophrenic patients. In acutely disturbed newly admitted patients at Neuropsychiatric Unit, Karachi, the efficacy of thiothixene is not significantly different as compared to trifluoperazine. In trifluoperazine group also all the target symptoms improved while 'depressive mood' and 'suspiciousness' did not change significantly. In thiothixene group significant improvement was noticed on all the target symptoms except 'tension' and 'depressive mood'. The ethnic or genetic make up of the patient population was concluded to be the reason for non-effectiveness of thisthixene on effective psychopathology in acute schizophrenia. The extra-pyramidal side effects were clinically more pronounced in thiothixene group.", "PMID": 411951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6413", "title": "Amoxycillin trihydrate (Ibeamox) in the treatment of pyogenic meningitis-a preliminary report.", "content": "Amoxycillin a new broad spectrum antibiotic has been found to be effective against common gram positive and negative bacteria diagnosed in clinical practice. Moreover, it achieves higher blood levels as compared to Ampicillin. Since it was available only for oral use it had not been tried in the treatment of bacterial meningitis. Recently Amoxycillin Trihydrate became available for parenteral administration. Here we report its use as a single drug in 11 cases of Pyogenic meningitis. The dose administered by intravenous route was 200-400 mg/kg/day. All the cases recovered. Only three had minor neurological sequelae. Amoxycillin Trihydrate appears to be a safe and effective drug as there were no side effects or toxic manifestation even with the high dosage schedule.", "contents": "Amoxycillin trihydrate (Ibeamox) in the treatment of pyogenic meningitis-a preliminary report. Amoxycillin a new broad spectrum antibiotic has been found to be effective against common gram positive and negative bacteria diagnosed in clinical practice. Moreover, it achieves higher blood levels as compared to Ampicillin. Since it was available only for oral use it had not been tried in the treatment of bacterial meningitis. Recently Amoxycillin Trihydrate became available for parenteral administration. Here we report its use as a single drug in 11 cases of Pyogenic meningitis. The dose administered by intravenous route was 200-400 mg/kg/day. All the cases recovered. Only three had minor neurological sequelae. Amoxycillin Trihydrate appears to be a safe and effective drug as there were no side effects or toxic manifestation even with the high dosage schedule.", "PMID": 411954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6414", "title": "Vivalan, a new anti-depressant-report on an out-patient trial.", "content": "The study on 20 patients referred from the psychiatric out-patients of the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, who were given Vivalan showed marked improvement in 14 patients (70%). Three showed mild improvement while three did not respond. The drug appears to be an advance in the range of anti-depressants presently available. It is of interest to note that Vivalan is not tricyclic compound, nor does it inhibit monoamine oxidase in vitro.", "contents": "Vivalan, a new anti-depressant-report on an out-patient trial. The study on 20 patients referred from the psychiatric out-patients of the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, who were given Vivalan showed marked improvement in 14 patients (70%). Three showed mild improvement while three did not respond. The drug appears to be an advance in the range of anti-depressants presently available. It is of interest to note that Vivalan is not tricyclic compound, nor does it inhibit monoamine oxidase in vitro.", "PMID": 411955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6415", "title": "Serotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.", "content": "Serotyping of 30 mucoid strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients was carried out by slide agglutination tests with both live and heat-killed cells and by tube agglutination test with heat-killed cells. Comparison of the results obtained by these 2 methods revealed that tube agglutination with heat-killed cells was the superior method. More than half the strains were found to be Homma's serotype 15 (group M in the new schema [2]). Slide agglutination with live cells did not give clear results: some strains showed occasionally positive or negative agglutinations against the same serotype serum. Changes in serotypes (groups in the new schema [2]) were found in some strains, although the number was very small.", "contents": "Serotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. Serotyping of 30 mucoid strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients was carried out by slide agglutination tests with both live and heat-killed cells and by tube agglutination test with heat-killed cells. Comparison of the results obtained by these 2 methods revealed that tube agglutination with heat-killed cells was the superior method. More than half the strains were found to be Homma's serotype 15 (group M in the new schema [2]). Slide agglutination with live cells did not give clear results: some strains showed occasionally positive or negative agglutinations against the same serotype serum. Changes in serotypes (groups in the new schema [2]) were found in some strains, although the number was very small.", "PMID": 411970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6416", "title": "Carcinogenesis in tissue culture. 28. Comparison of various effects of a chemical carcinogen, 4-nitroquinoline I-oxide, on normal human cells and on normal mouse cells in culture.", "content": "A comparison of the effects on cultured cells of a chemical carcinogen, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO), between normal human cells which were resistant to malignant transformation with 4NQO and normal mouse cells rather easily transformable was carried out. We studied the following effects of 4NQO on normal human and normal rodent cells; 1) cytotoxicity, 2) DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, 3) incorporation of 4NQO into cells and time course changes of the drug bound with macromolecular substances in cells, 4) DNA repair synthesis, and 5) chromosomal changes. Our results demonstrated that there were no differences in cytotoxicity and inhibition of cellular macromolecular syntheses between human and mouse cells. On the other hand, significant differences were noted in DNA repair synthesis and chromosomal aberrations between human and rodent cells. These differences suggest that mouse cells are easily transformed into neoplastic cells with chemical carcinogens as compared with human cells.", "contents": "Carcinogenesis in tissue culture. 28. Comparison of various effects of a chemical carcinogen, 4-nitroquinoline I-oxide, on normal human cells and on normal mouse cells in culture. A comparison of the effects on cultured cells of a chemical carcinogen, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO), between normal human cells which were resistant to malignant transformation with 4NQO and normal mouse cells rather easily transformable was carried out. We studied the following effects of 4NQO on normal human and normal rodent cells; 1) cytotoxicity, 2) DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, 3) incorporation of 4NQO into cells and time course changes of the drug bound with macromolecular substances in cells, 4) DNA repair synthesis, and 5) chromosomal changes. Our results demonstrated that there were no differences in cytotoxicity and inhibition of cellular macromolecular syntheses between human and mouse cells. On the other hand, significant differences were noted in DNA repair synthesis and chromosomal aberrations between human and rodent cells. These differences suggest that mouse cells are easily transformed into neoplastic cells with chemical carcinogens as compared with human cells.", "PMID": 411971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6417", "title": "[The effect of combined therapy with buformin and dichloracetate on blood lactate concentrations in diabetics].", "content": "In animals, dichloroacetate (DCA) which activates pyruvate dehydrogenase has been shown to diminish increased blood lactate concentrations due to biguanide treatment. In 10 maturity onset diabetics, therefore, the effect of a combined therapy with buformin and DCA (200 mg b.i.d.) was studied on blood lactate concentrations and compared with an analogous pre- and postinvestigation period of 6 days with buformin treatment alone (100 mg b.i.d.). Mean blood glucose concentrations remained the same during all 3 investigation periods. Also, neither fasting nor postprandially significant differences were found in blood lactate and ketones. In association with a standardized ergometer test, however, the rise in blood lactate was significantly smaller (p less than 0.05) while the patients were on buformin plus DCA, compared to the periods when only buformin was given. Furthermore, less ketone bodies appeared to be utilized by the exercising muscle under the influence of the combined treatment (p less than 0.05). These results are in good agreement with animal studies and suggest that DCA might be as effective in decreasing enhanced blood lactate concentrations in biguanide treated man as in animals.", "contents": "[The effect of combined therapy with buformin and dichloracetate on blood lactate concentrations in diabetics]. In animals, dichloroacetate (DCA) which activates pyruvate dehydrogenase has been shown to diminish increased blood lactate concentrations due to biguanide treatment. In 10 maturity onset diabetics, therefore, the effect of a combined therapy with buformin and DCA (200 mg b.i.d.) was studied on blood lactate concentrations and compared with an analogous pre- and postinvestigation period of 6 days with buformin treatment alone (100 mg b.i.d.). Mean blood glucose concentrations remained the same during all 3 investigation periods. Also, neither fasting nor postprandially significant differences were found in blood lactate and ketones. In association with a standardized ergometer test, however, the rise in blood lactate was significantly smaller (p less than 0.05) while the patients were on buformin plus DCA, compared to the periods when only buformin was given. Furthermore, less ketone bodies appeared to be utilized by the exercising muscle under the influence of the combined treatment (p less than 0.05). These results are in good agreement with animal studies and suggest that DCA might be as effective in decreasing enhanced blood lactate concentrations in biguanide treated man as in animals.", "PMID": 412010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6418", "title": "Serum ribonuclease activity in patients during parenteral nutrition, chronic hemodialysis and acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Animal experiments have shown that malnutrition and protein deficiency states, respectively are associated with elevated tissue ribonuclease (RNase, E.C. 3.1.4.22) activities. The causal intracellular alterations are unknown. Assuming that increased tissue RNase activities are reflected by serum levels, a study was made of the serum RNase activities in 10 healthy controls eating a normal diet (group I), 7 patients on long-term parenteral nutrition (group II), 13 chronic hemodialysis patients (group III), and 9 patients with acute pancreatitis (group IV). In group I the serum RNase activity corresponded to 195.3 + or -58.8 U/ml. A significant (p less than 0.005) elevation was noted in groups II (314.6 +/- 95.3 U/ml) and III (374.1 +/- 102.1 U/ml), no difference being detected in group IV (295.1 +/- 191.9 U/ml).", "contents": "Serum ribonuclease activity in patients during parenteral nutrition, chronic hemodialysis and acute pancreatitis. Animal experiments have shown that malnutrition and protein deficiency states, respectively are associated with elevated tissue ribonuclease (RNase, E.C. 3.1.4.22) activities. The causal intracellular alterations are unknown. Assuming that increased tissue RNase activities are reflected by serum levels, a study was made of the serum RNase activities in 10 healthy controls eating a normal diet (group I), 7 patients on long-term parenteral nutrition (group II), 13 chronic hemodialysis patients (group III), and 9 patients with acute pancreatitis (group IV). In group I the serum RNase activity corresponded to 195.3 + or -58.8 U/ml. A significant (p less than 0.005) elevation was noted in groups II (314.6 +/- 95.3 U/ml) and III (374.1 +/- 102.1 U/ml), no difference being detected in group IV (295.1 +/- 191.9 U/ml).", "PMID": 412011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6419", "title": "Evaluation of computer-aided monitoring of patients after heart surgery.", "content": "The medical and economic benefits of a computer-aided monitoring system were evaluated in a prospective, randomized study of 810 patients after open-heart surgery. The design  of the study separated benefits of systematized postoperative care from benefits unique to the computer system and established measurable criteria by which computer-aided monitoring systems could be objectively evaluated. Criteria for comparison included the rapidity, safety, and smoothness of convalescence and time spent for various nursing activities. The study showed that the computer-aided monitoring system did not provide discernible medical benefits nor favorably affect nursing activities. Downtime of the system averaged 1 day per week. Reliability and accuracy of the system were inadequate and the benefit/cost ratio was low. Future development of computer-aided monitoring systems for open cardiac surgery should stress reliability, accuracy and relevance of the monitored measurements.", "contents": "Evaluation of computer-aided monitoring of patients after heart surgery. The medical and economic benefits of a computer-aided monitoring system were evaluated in a prospective, randomized study of 810 patients after open-heart surgery. The design  of the study separated benefits of systematized postoperative care from benefits unique to the computer system and established measurable criteria by which computer-aided monitoring systems could be objectively evaluated. Criteria for comparison included the rapidity, safety, and smoothness of convalescence and time spent for various nursing activities. The study showed that the computer-aided monitoring system did not provide discernible medical benefits nor favorably affect nursing activities. Downtime of the system averaged 1 day per week. Reliability and accuracy of the system were inadequate and the benefit/cost ratio was low. Future development of computer-aided monitoring systems for open cardiac surgery should stress reliability, accuracy and relevance of the monitored measurements.", "PMID": 412015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6420", "title": "Chronic oxygen therapy.", "content": "Chronic low flow oxygen is useful therapy for patients with chronic obstructive lung disease who are crippled by hypoxemia despite optimal programs of usual respiratory care. Patients should be considered for chronic oxygen therapy who have (a) a resting Pao2 less than 55 mm Hg while breathing room air; or (b) profound tissue hypoxemia measured by mixed venous Pao2 and suggested by symptoms such as cor pulmonale and congestive heart failure; or (c) pulmonary hypertension or polycythemia even though daytime Pao2 is greater than 55 mm Hg. Arterial blood must be obtained to demonstrate hypoxemia and assess the benefits of oxygen therapy. Patients on chronic oxygen must remain under close medical supervision. There are no absolute contraindications to chronic oxygen therapy, other than refusal of the patient to quit smoking. Complications of therapy appear to be negligible. The exciting suggestion of improved prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease on oxygen therapy and the possibility of delaying the long-term sequelae of chronic respiratory failure bear careful watching in the future.", "contents": "Chronic oxygen therapy. Chronic low flow oxygen is useful therapy for patients with chronic obstructive lung disease who are crippled by hypoxemia despite optimal programs of usual respiratory care. Patients should be considered for chronic oxygen therapy who have (a) a resting Pao2 less than 55 mm Hg while breathing room air; or (b) profound tissue hypoxemia measured by mixed venous Pao2 and suggested by symptoms such as cor pulmonale and congestive heart failure; or (c) pulmonary hypertension or polycythemia even though daytime Pao2 is greater than 55 mm Hg. Arterial blood must be obtained to demonstrate hypoxemia and assess the benefits of oxygen therapy. Patients on chronic oxygen must remain under close medical supervision. There are no absolute contraindications to chronic oxygen therapy, other than refusal of the patient to quit smoking. Complications of therapy appear to be negligible. The exciting suggestion of improved prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease on oxygen therapy and the possibility of delaying the long-term sequelae of chronic respiratory failure bear careful watching in the future.", "PMID": 412017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6421", "title": "Screening for breast cancer: the role of mammography.", "content": "The early diagnosis of breast cancer by screening is a relatively new development in medical practice and its enthusiastic acceptance needs to be tempered by an appraisal of the costs, the risks and the potential benefits. No case can be made at present for screening well women under the age of 50 years, when such screening includes mammography. With the exception of women who have already had cancer in one breast, it is likely that those women under 50 with the associated \"risk factors\" are better managed by careful attention to breast self-examination and more frequent physical examinations. Provided that the radiation dose is less than one rad per examination, the benefits to women over 50 outweigh the risks of radiation-induced breast cancer. Against this must be placed the very large cost to the community of screening programmes and the relatively low additional benefits gained by incorporation of mammography into the screening process.", "contents": "Screening for breast cancer: the role of mammography. The early diagnosis of breast cancer by screening is a relatively new development in medical practice and its enthusiastic acceptance needs to be tempered by an appraisal of the costs, the risks and the potential benefits. No case can be made at present for screening well women under the age of 50 years, when such screening includes mammography. With the exception of women who have already had cancer in one breast, it is likely that those women under 50 with the associated \"risk factors\" are better managed by careful attention to breast self-examination and more frequent physical examinations. Provided that the radiation dose is less than one rad per examination, the benefits to women over 50 outweigh the risks of radiation-induced breast cancer. Against this must be placed the very large cost to the community of screening programmes and the relatively low additional benefits gained by incorporation of mammography into the screening process.", "PMID": 412039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6422", "title": "[Hospital infections with pseudomonas aeruginosa: I. Technical devices and wet areas as sources of infection in intensive care units (author's transl)].", "content": "In an intensive care unit system comprising three surgical intensive care wards bacteriologic investigations on the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were carried out over a period of 7 months (as an example for the aetiology of hospital infections). Centers of contaminations were found to exist in wet areas and in technical devices (ultrasonic nebulizers, respirators etc.). In many cases, the bacterial strains isolated from patients were found by means of phage-typing to be identical with strains isolated from devices and wet areas. Additional experimental investigations showed the predominant role of ultrasonic nebulizers for germ dissemination. On the basis of the results obtained a patient oriented scheme of probable infection chains was tried to establish. Hereby the wet areas play a central role as reservoirs of germs and therapeutical devices as vectors. The results obtained were evaluated in order to define a catalogue of practical measures for interruption of infection chains.", "contents": "[Hospital infections with pseudomonas aeruginosa: I. Technical devices and wet areas as sources of infection in intensive care units (author's transl)]. In an intensive care unit system comprising three surgical intensive care wards bacteriologic investigations on the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were carried out over a period of 7 months (as an example for the aetiology of hospital infections). Centers of contaminations were found to exist in wet areas and in technical devices (ultrasonic nebulizers, respirators etc.). In many cases, the bacterial strains isolated from patients were found by means of phage-typing to be identical with strains isolated from devices and wet areas. Additional experimental investigations showed the predominant role of ultrasonic nebulizers for germ dissemination. On the basis of the results obtained a patient oriented scheme of probable infection chains was tried to establish. Hereby the wet areas play a central role as reservoirs of germs and therapeutical devices as vectors. The results obtained were evaluated in order to define a catalogue of practical measures for interruption of infection chains.", "PMID": 412040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6423", "title": "[Nitroprusside-sodium and intravenous nitroglycerin in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Using Nitroglycerin (NTG) and Nitroprusside-Sodium (NPN) intravenously we tried to reduce the necrotic area following myocardial infarction by reducing the myocardial O2 consumption. In 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction the effect of NPN was compared to intravenous NTG. In all patients the blood pressure, the pulmonary artery pressure, the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and the heart rate were continuously monitored; in few patients with cardiac output was measured using a thermodilution device. In some patients with normal blood pressure NPN lowered the blood pressure to such a degree that NPN had to be discontinued before and effect on the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure could be seen. Even in patients with normal blood pressure this effect was not seen with NTG. Intravenous NTG lowered the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in most patients with only a moderate effect on the blood pressure. We conclude from our results that patients with acute myocardial infarction and normal blood pressure should receive NTG, if a lowering of the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is desired. When NPN was used in this group of patients a considerable decline of the blood pressure was seen. We think that an elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure should be treated with NPN only in patients with an elevated blood pressure.", "contents": "[Nitroprusside-sodium and intravenous nitroglycerin in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Using Nitroglycerin (NTG) and Nitroprusside-Sodium (NPN) intravenously we tried to reduce the necrotic area following myocardial infarction by reducing the myocardial O2 consumption. In 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction the effect of NPN was compared to intravenous NTG. In all patients the blood pressure, the pulmonary artery pressure, the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and the heart rate were continuously monitored; in few patients with cardiac output was measured using a thermodilution device. In some patients with normal blood pressure NPN lowered the blood pressure to such a degree that NPN had to be discontinued before and effect on the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure could be seen. Even in patients with normal blood pressure this effect was not seen with NTG. Intravenous NTG lowered the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in most patients with only a moderate effect on the blood pressure. We conclude from our results that patients with acute myocardial infarction and normal blood pressure should receive NTG, if a lowering of the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is desired. When NPN was used in this group of patients a considerable decline of the blood pressure was seen. We think that an elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure should be treated with NPN only in patients with an elevated blood pressure.", "PMID": 412041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6424", "title": "[Spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastases from hypernephroma: report of a case and review of literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Until now there are reported some 60 cases of spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastases from hypernephroma. An own case is shown up: There was taken nephrectomy and following local radiation of hypernephroma in a 59 years old male patient in spite of pulmonary metastases. 8 months after operation these metastases had disappeared. There was no indication for any metastases in radiologic and scintigrafic examination even 4 years following up neither in lungs nor in other organ. The causality of hormones and autoantibodies - perphaps additionally stimulated by wound infection-in the phenomenon of spontaneous regression of pulmonary hypernephroma-metastases is discussed. According to the literature and to experience in an own case nephrectomy and following local radiation - possibly additional progesterone-therapy for one year - is recommended in hypernephroma even in case of pulmonary metastases.", "contents": "[Spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastases from hypernephroma: report of a case and review of literature (author's transl)]. Until now there are reported some 60 cases of spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastases from hypernephroma. An own case is shown up: There was taken nephrectomy and following local radiation of hypernephroma in a 59 years old male patient in spite of pulmonary metastases. 8 months after operation these metastases had disappeared. There was no indication for any metastases in radiologic and scintigrafic examination even 4 years following up neither in lungs nor in other organ. The causality of hormones and autoantibodies - perphaps additionally stimulated by wound infection-in the phenomenon of spontaneous regression of pulmonary hypernephroma-metastases is discussed. According to the literature and to experience in an own case nephrectomy and following local radiation - possibly additional progesterone-therapy for one year - is recommended in hypernephroma even in case of pulmonary metastases.", "PMID": 412043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6425", "title": "Connubial lymphoproliferative malignancies: a report of nine couples.", "content": "Nine marital partners with lymphoproliferative malignancies are detailed and their cases summarized in Table I. This 30-year observation represents the largest series of such associations from a single institution. A brief review of similar reported cases is presented.", "contents": "Connubial lymphoproliferative malignancies: a report of nine couples. Nine marital partners with lymphoproliferative malignancies are detailed and their cases summarized in Table I. This 30-year observation represents the largest series of such associations from a single institution. A brief review of similar reported cases is presented.", "PMID": 412044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6426", "title": "Physical characterization of neutron beams produced by protons and deuterons of various energies bombarding beryllium and lithium targets of several thicknesses.", "content": "Protons of 35 and 65 MeV and deuterons of 35 MeV were used to bombard beryllium and lithium targets of various thicknesses. Four types of experiments were conducted in order to characterize the neutron fields. They were (1) central axis depth-dose measurements in a water phantom, (2) dose buildup at small depths in tissue-equivalent plastic, (3) microdosimetric measurements and LET distributions, and (4) neutron yields and energy spectra at an angle of 0 deg. The results generally show that (a) the central axis depth doses for the 35 and 65 MeV particles roughly approximate those of 60Co and 4-MeV bremsstrahlung photons, respectively, (B) the neutron dose buildups are more rapid than those of the above-mentioned photon sources, (C) the microdosimetric spectra show differences which are consistent with the measured neutron energy spectra, and (D) P-Li compared to p-Be neutron spectra have larger high-energy particle flux for similar target and beam configurations.", "contents": "Physical characterization of neutron beams produced by protons and deuterons of various energies bombarding beryllium and lithium targets of several thicknesses. Protons of 35 and 65 MeV and deuterons of 35 MeV were used to bombard beryllium and lithium targets of various thicknesses. Four types of experiments were conducted in order to characterize the neutron fields. They were (1) central axis depth-dose measurements in a water phantom, (2) dose buildup at small depths in tissue-equivalent plastic, (3) microdosimetric measurements and LET distributions, and (4) neutron yields and energy spectra at an angle of 0 deg. The results generally show that (a) the central axis depth doses for the 35 and 65 MeV particles roughly approximate those of 60Co and 4-MeV bremsstrahlung photons, respectively, (B) the neutron dose buildups are more rapid than those of the above-mentioned photon sources, (C) the microdosimetric spectra show differences which are consistent with the measured neutron energy spectra, and (D) P-Li compared to p-Be neutron spectra have larger high-energy particle flux for similar target and beam configurations.", "PMID": 412047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6427", "title": "Neutron spectral measurements in an intense photon field associated with a high-energy x-ray radiotherapy machine.", "content": "High-energy x-ray radiotherapy machines in the supermegavoltage region generate complex neutron energy spectra which make an exact evaluation of neutron shielding difficult. Fast neutrons resulting from photonuclear reactions in the x-ray target and collimators undergo successive collisions in the surrounding materials and are moderated by varying amounts. In order to examine the neutron radiation exposures quantitatively, the neutron energy spectra have been measured inside and outside the treatment room of a Sagittaire medical linear accelerator (25-MV x rays) located at Yale-New Haven Hospital. The measurements were made using a Bonner spectrometer consisting of 2-, 3-, 5-, 8-, 10- and 12-in.-diameter polyethylene spheres with 6Li and 7Li thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chips at the centers, in addition to bare and cadmium-covered chips. The individual TLD chips were calibrated for neutron and photon response. The spectrometer was calibrated using a known PuBe spectrum Spectrometer measurements were made at Yale Electron Accelerator Laboratory and results compared with a neutron time-of-flight spectrometer and an activation technique. The agreement between the results from these independent methods is found to be good, except for the measurements in the direct photon beam. Quality factors have been inferred for the neutron fields inside and outside the treatment room. Values of the inferred quality factors fall primarily between 4 and 8, depending on location.", "contents": "Neutron spectral measurements in an intense photon field associated with a high-energy x-ray radiotherapy machine. High-energy x-ray radiotherapy machines in the supermegavoltage region generate complex neutron energy spectra which make an exact evaluation of neutron shielding difficult. Fast neutrons resulting from photonuclear reactions in the x-ray target and collimators undergo successive collisions in the surrounding materials and are moderated by varying amounts. In order to examine the neutron radiation exposures quantitatively, the neutron energy spectra have been measured inside and outside the treatment room of a Sagittaire medical linear accelerator (25-MV x rays) located at Yale-New Haven Hospital. The measurements were made using a Bonner spectrometer consisting of 2-, 3-, 5-, 8-, 10- and 12-in.-diameter polyethylene spheres with 6Li and 7Li thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chips at the centers, in addition to bare and cadmium-covered chips. The individual TLD chips were calibrated for neutron and photon response. The spectrometer was calibrated using a known PuBe spectrum Spectrometer measurements were made at Yale Electron Accelerator Laboratory and results compared with a neutron time-of-flight spectrometer and an activation technique. The agreement between the results from these independent methods is found to be good, except for the measurements in the direct photon beam. Quality factors have been inferred for the neutron fields inside and outside the treatment room. Values of the inferred quality factors fall primarily between 4 and 8, depending on location.", "PMID": 412048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6428", "title": "Arc technique for total-body irradiation by a 42-MV betatron.", "content": "An arc technique for total-body irradiation (TBI) has been developed using a Siemens 42-MV betatron. Dose is administered with the isocenter approximately one-third the distance from source to patient. A modified inverse-square function for a beam arcing isocentrically was derived and confirmed experimentally. Relationships between stationary and arcing beam equilibrium and depth doses have been established theoretically and experimentally. Depth doses for TBI by 42-MV beams are compared with those for 60Co and 4-MV beams. The simplicity of setup and short treatment times are comparable to setup and treatment times of 60Co and linear accelerator TBI techniques.", "contents": "Arc technique for total-body irradiation by a 42-MV betatron. An arc technique for total-body irradiation (TBI) has been developed using a Siemens 42-MV betatron. Dose is administered with the isocenter approximately one-third the distance from source to patient. A modified inverse-square function for a beam arcing isocentrically was derived and confirmed experimentally. Relationships between stationary and arcing beam equilibrium and depth doses have been established theoretically and experimentally. Depth doses for TBI by 42-MV beams are compared with those for 60Co and 4-MV beams. The simplicity of setup and short treatment times are comparable to setup and treatment times of 60Co and linear accelerator TBI techniques.", "PMID": 412049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6429", "title": "Evidence for an excess of rDNA in the testis of Drosophila melanogaster during rDNA magnification.", "content": "Hybridization of rRNA and DNA extracted from different tissues of different genotypes have been performed. The results show that: 1) in DNA extracted from the testis of premagnified males there exists an excess of rDNA, which is consistent with the model proposed by Ritossa (1972) and by us (1973) to explain the phenomenon of magnification. 2) in DNA extracted from diploid tissues of different genotypes the percent of rDNA is directly proportional to the number of ribosomal genes. 3) in polytene cells the percent of rDNA for all genotypes so far studied is less than that in diploid cells and is not significantly dependent on the genotype. This last result is consistent with those of Spear and Gall (1973).", "contents": "Evidence for an excess of rDNA in the testis of Drosophila melanogaster during rDNA magnification. Hybridization of rRNA and DNA extracted from different tissues of different genotypes have been performed. The results show that: 1) in DNA extracted from the testis of premagnified males there exists an excess of rDNA, which is consistent with the model proposed by Ritossa (1972) and by us (1973) to explain the phenomenon of magnification. 2) in DNA extracted from diploid tissues of different genotypes the percent of rDNA is directly proportional to the number of ribosomal genes. 3) in polytene cells the percent of rDNA for all genotypes so far studied is less than that in diploid cells and is not significantly dependent on the genotype. This last result is consistent with those of Spear and Gall (1973).", "PMID": 412053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6430", "title": "Computational analysis and dosimetric evaluation of a commercial irregular-fields computer program.", "content": "The proper evaluation of the accuracy of a new computer program for radiation-therapy dosimetry requires consideration of both the mathematical algorithm used in the program and the performance required in clinical applications. As an example, our evaluation of the irregular-fields dosimetry program currently marketed by SHM for their Rad-8 system is described. The evaluation begins with an explanation of the mathematical computation described. The evaluation begins with an explanation of the mathematical computation method, with emphasis on the points where the calculation differs from previous methods. Next, the procedure for setting up the beam data file is discussed. Finally, a step-by-step procedure is described in which calculated doses are compared with measured doses, using a Varian Clinac-4 with lead flattening filter, and the limits within which a +/- 5% accuracy is attainable are estimated. Some sources of error and areas for possible improvements are mentioned.", "contents": "Computational analysis and dosimetric evaluation of a commercial irregular-fields computer program. The proper evaluation of the accuracy of a new computer program for radiation-therapy dosimetry requires consideration of both the mathematical algorithm used in the program and the performance required in clinical applications. As an example, our evaluation of the irregular-fields dosimetry program currently marketed by SHM for their Rad-8 system is described. The evaluation begins with an explanation of the mathematical computation described. The evaluation begins with an explanation of the mathematical computation method, with emphasis on the points where the calculation differs from previous methods. Next, the procedure for setting up the beam data file is discussed. Finally, a step-by-step procedure is described in which calculated doses are compared with measured doses, using a Varian Clinac-4 with lead flattening filter, and the limits within which a +/- 5% accuracy is attainable are estimated. Some sources of error and areas for possible improvements are mentioned.", "PMID": 412050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6431", "title": "Extended expression for tissue-maximum ratio fitted to the Varian Clinac-4 and Clinac-6 accelerators.", "content": "An expression which generates tissue maximum ratio (TMR) data for the Varian Clinac-4 and Clinac-6 accelerators is presented. This semiempirical expression can be programmed easily for radiotherapy computer systems or the new generation of scientific calculators. Our technique leads to good agreement with the published data, as demonstrated by a total average percent deviation of the measured TMR values of -0.115% for the Clinac-4 and -0.002% for the Clinac-6.", "contents": "Extended expression for tissue-maximum ratio fitted to the Varian Clinac-4 and Clinac-6 accelerators. An expression which generates tissue maximum ratio (TMR) data for the Varian Clinac-4 and Clinac-6 accelerators is presented. This semiempirical expression can be programmed easily for radiotherapy computer systems or the new generation of scientific calculators. Our technique leads to good agreement with the published data, as demonstrated by a total average percent deviation of the measured TMR values of -0.115% for the Clinac-4 and -0.002% for the Clinac-6.", "PMID": 412051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6432", "title": "Somatic segregation and rate of greening after ultraviolet irradiation of Euglena gracilis.", "content": "1. During multiplication of irradiated cells, a segregation may take place between bleached cells, whose progeny is unable to green, and green ones. Some of the green cells give progenies exclusively made of green cells; the progeny of others is partly composed of bleached cells. 2. If one assumes that greening results from the activity of functional units endowed with genetic continuity (Plastidial Segregating Units = PSU), segregation of these units seems to occur according to a model involving random sorting out during the three first divisions. During the following divisions, functional units seem to multiply faster than those impaired by irradiation. 3. The greening rate of colonies issued from irradiated cells seems to be conditioned mostly by the number of functional PSU remaining in the mother cell of the colony.", "contents": "Somatic segregation and rate of greening after ultraviolet irradiation of Euglena gracilis. 1. During multiplication of irradiated cells, a segregation may take place between bleached cells, whose progeny is unable to green, and green ones. Some of the green cells give progenies exclusively made of green cells; the progeny of others is partly composed of bleached cells. 2. If one assumes that greening results from the activity of functional units endowed with genetic continuity (Plastidial Segregating Units = PSU), segregation of these units seems to occur according to a model involving random sorting out during the three first divisions. During the following divisions, functional units seem to multiply faster than those impaired by irradiation. 3. The greening rate of colonies issued from irradiated cells seems to be conditioned mostly by the number of functional PSU remaining in the mother cell of the colony.", "PMID": 412054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6433", "title": "Selective enrichment for genetic markers in DNA released by competent cultures of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Deoxyribonucleic acid is released into the growth medium by Bacillus subtilis at the time of competence. This DNA is enriched for the genetic markers which have previously been demonstrated to be elevated in membrane-DNA preparations and more recently in cell wall-DNA complexes. Furthermore, the purA16/leu-8 relative marker enrichment varies with time, reaching its highest point at the time of maximal competence. Enrichment remains elevated for at least 60 min further in the competence regimen. Thr results suggest that certain genetic markers of the B. subtilis chromosome are preferentially more available to the external medium as the development of competence proceeds.", "contents": "Selective enrichment for genetic markers in DNA released by competent cultures of Bacillus subtilis. Deoxyribonucleic acid is released into the growth medium by Bacillus subtilis at the time of competence. This DNA is enriched for the genetic markers which have previously been demonstrated to be elevated in membrane-DNA preparations and more recently in cell wall-DNA complexes. Furthermore, the purA16/leu-8 relative marker enrichment varies with time, reaching its highest point at the time of maximal competence. Enrichment remains elevated for at least 60 min further in the competence regimen. Thr results suggest that certain genetic markers of the B. subtilis chromosome are preferentially more available to the external medium as the development of competence proceeds.", "PMID": 412055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6434", "title": "[Diagnosis of alcoholism. The Munich Alcoholism test (MALT) (author's transl)].", "content": "From the extensive literature on alcoholism 250 relevant diagnostic items were selected and tested for their selectivity in 3 independent inquiries among 1335 patients (661 of them alcoholic), both outpatients and inpatients. The outcome is a two-part test: a section of 7 questions answered by the doctor and a self-assessment section comprising 24 questions answered by the patient. Its validity (validity of the whole test r=0.85) and reliability (reliability of the self-assessment section r=0.94) are high. A diagnosis of alcoholism made according to the usual clinical aspects was confirmed in 90% of 675 unselected medical, surgical and psychiatric patients and alcoholism was suspected in a further 8%.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of alcoholism. The Munich Alcoholism test (MALT) (author's transl)]. From the extensive literature on alcoholism 250 relevant diagnostic items were selected and tested for their selectivity in 3 independent inquiries among 1335 patients (661 of them alcoholic), both outpatients and inpatients. The outcome is a two-part test: a section of 7 questions answered by the doctor and a self-assessment section comprising 24 questions answered by the patient. Its validity (validity of the whole test r=0.85) and reliability (reliability of the self-assessment section r=0.94) are high. A diagnosis of alcoholism made according to the usual clinical aspects was confirmed in 90% of 675 unselected medical, surgical and psychiatric patients and alcoholism was suspected in a further 8%.", "PMID": 412057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6435", "title": "[Important prognostic factors for the results of physiotherapeutic exercises in intermittent claudication (author's transl)].", "content": "In 240 patients with peripheral circulatory disorders (Fontaine Stage II) who had participated in intensive physiotherapeutic interval training daily for 6 weeks between October 1974 and July 1976, it was established that the therapeutic results were not related to age or sex. The \"risk\" factors of smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia and hyperuricemia individually show no connection with the results. Only overweight, hypertension and coronary heart disease appear to have an unfavorable influence. It is distinctly recognizable that the more risk factors there are combined in a patient with intermittent claudication, the less chance he has of success in physiotherapeutic vessel training.", "contents": "[Important prognostic factors for the results of physiotherapeutic exercises in intermittent claudication (author's transl)]. In 240 patients with peripheral circulatory disorders (Fontaine Stage II) who had participated in intensive physiotherapeutic interval training daily for 6 weeks between October 1974 and July 1976, it was established that the therapeutic results were not related to age or sex. The \"risk\" factors of smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia and hyperuricemia individually show no connection with the results. Only overweight, hypertension and coronary heart disease appear to have an unfavorable influence. It is distinctly recognizable that the more risk factors there are combined in a patient with intermittent claudication, the less chance he has of success in physiotherapeutic vessel training.", "PMID": 412058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6436", "title": "[Electrodynamic discrepancy of the heart].", "content": "Electrodynamic discrepancy was observed in the hearts of 15 out of 144 patients with myocardial infarction who died on account of various complications. Autopsy revealed cardiac rupture with pericardial tamponade in each of the 15 cases. If the ECG shows no typical signs of a myocardial infarction, then with great probability an aortic rupture is present. The pathomechanism of electrodynamic discrepancy of the heart may be explained with the help of Laplace's law and \"neuropraxia\", \"Afterload\" and \"preload\" are reduced to practically nil, the tension of the myocardial walls falls, the effective work of the heart muscle stops and with the considerably lower oxygen requirement of the myocardium the bioelectric activity of the heart is still maintained for 12-30 minutes.", "contents": "[Electrodynamic discrepancy of the heart]. Electrodynamic discrepancy was observed in the hearts of 15 out of 144 patients with myocardial infarction who died on account of various complications. Autopsy revealed cardiac rupture with pericardial tamponade in each of the 15 cases. If the ECG shows no typical signs of a myocardial infarction, then with great probability an aortic rupture is present. The pathomechanism of electrodynamic discrepancy of the heart may be explained with the help of Laplace's law and \"neuropraxia\", \"Afterload\" and \"preload\" are reduced to practically nil, the tension of the myocardial walls falls, the effective work of the heart muscle stops and with the considerably lower oxygen requirement of the myocardium the bioelectric activity of the heart is still maintained for 12-30 minutes.", "PMID": 412059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6437", "title": "[Blood volume displacement under oral dihydroergotamine during orthostatic strain (author's transl)].", "content": "During the course of a double-blind study in 30 orthostatically unstable adolescent subjects, the effect of oral dihydroergotamine (DHE) on the orthostatic circulatory regulation was examined. During standardized orthostatic strain the volume of blood sinking into the two legs is statistically significantly reduced to 125 +/- 61 ml (29%) under the influence of DHE after standing for only 11 sec. Furthermore, there is a significant reduction of the maximal arterial influx into the lower extremities as well as the resting heart rate and the maximal heart rate during orthostatic strain. No significant changes could be detected in the placebo group. Consequently, DHE is suitalbe for the treatment of the these disturbances of orthostatic circulatory regulation due to increased elasticity of the capacitive vessels in the lower extremities.", "contents": "[Blood volume displacement under oral dihydroergotamine during orthostatic strain (author's transl)]. During the course of a double-blind study in 30 orthostatically unstable adolescent subjects, the effect of oral dihydroergotamine (DHE) on the orthostatic circulatory regulation was examined. During standardized orthostatic strain the volume of blood sinking into the two legs is statistically significantly reduced to 125 +/- 61 ml (29%) under the influence of DHE after standing for only 11 sec. Furthermore, there is a significant reduction of the maximal arterial influx into the lower extremities as well as the resting heart rate and the maximal heart rate during orthostatic strain. No significant changes could be detected in the placebo group. Consequently, DHE is suitalbe for the treatment of the these disturbances of orthostatic circulatory regulation due to increased elasticity of the capacitive vessels in the lower extremities.", "PMID": 412061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6438", "title": "[Resection procedure or splanchnecotomy in chronic pancreatitis. Indications and comparative results (author's transl)].", "content": "The late results of 18 splanchnectomies-principally in chronic pancreatitis-are reported. One patient died during the clinical follow-up treatment. Four patients died later. In the 13 survivors, the observations extended over 5 to 10 years with an average of 7 years after the operation. 11 of them are free from pain.", "contents": "[Resection procedure or splanchnecotomy in chronic pancreatitis. Indications and comparative results (author's transl)]. The late results of 18 splanchnectomies-principally in chronic pancreatitis-are reported. One patient died during the clinical follow-up treatment. Four patients died later. In the 13 survivors, the observations extended over 5 to 10 years with an average of 7 years after the operation. 11 of them are free from pain.", "PMID": 412062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6439", "title": "[First clinical experiences with cholestyramine for the prophylaxis of stress ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "In a general and accident surgical intensive care ward, the possibility of prophylaxis with the exchange resin cholestyramine (which combines with bile acids) was investigated in 68 patients threatened by stress ulcers. Whereas two patients in the control group treated with an antacid (N = 24) developed deep stress ulcers, only one patient among those treated with cholestyramine alone (N=8) developed superficial erosions; no bleeding occurred at all when it was combined with an antacid (N=36). Entefal tolerance of cholestyramine was good during parenteral feeding. No side-effects were observed. The elimination of the ulcerogenic function of duodenogastric reflux in stress ulcer is discussed as a mode of action.", "contents": "[First clinical experiences with cholestyramine for the prophylaxis of stress ulcer (author's transl)]. In a general and accident surgical intensive care ward, the possibility of prophylaxis with the exchange resin cholestyramine (which combines with bile acids) was investigated in 68 patients threatened by stress ulcers. Whereas two patients in the control group treated with an antacid (N = 24) developed deep stress ulcers, only one patient among those treated with cholestyramine alone (N=8) developed superficial erosions; no bleeding occurred at all when it was combined with an antacid (N=36). Entefal tolerance of cholestyramine was good during parenteral feeding. No side-effects were observed. The elimination of the ulcerogenic function of duodenogastric reflux in stress ulcer is discussed as a mode of action.", "PMID": 412063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6440", "title": "[Atraumatic complete esophageal rupture (Boerhave's syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "Two of our own patients with Boerhave's syndrome are reported. A disturbance of the vomiting process with abrupt increase of pressure in the esophageal lumen combined with a circumscribed constitutional weakness of the esophageal wall appears to be the decisive factor in the etiology of atraumatic complete esophageal rupture. The clinical picture is characterized by vomiting and painful sensations in the abdomen and thorax in addition to subsequent acute epigastric symptomatology. A water-soluble contrast medium is very useful in the radiological diagnosis. Thoracotomy with suture and drainage is recommended as the treatment of choice. Operative treatment treatment has a mortality of 38% compared with more than 60% with drainage alone.", "contents": "[Atraumatic complete esophageal rupture (Boerhave's syndrome) (author's transl)]. Two of our own patients with Boerhave's syndrome are reported. A disturbance of the vomiting process with abrupt increase of pressure in the esophageal lumen combined with a circumscribed constitutional weakness of the esophageal wall appears to be the decisive factor in the etiology of atraumatic complete esophageal rupture. The clinical picture is characterized by vomiting and painful sensations in the abdomen and thorax in addition to subsequent acute epigastric symptomatology. A water-soluble contrast medium is very useful in the radiological diagnosis. Thoracotomy with suture and drainage is recommended as the treatment of choice. Operative treatment treatment has a mortality of 38% compared with more than 60% with drainage alone.", "PMID": 412064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6441", "title": "[Studies on the risk of complications in transfemoral arteriography in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of restricted circulation were found during follow-up examination of 42 infants after arteriography. In 3 of the 4 patients with restricted circulation, arteriotomy with vascular suture had preceded or had been performed in direct association with the arteriography. This strengthened the suspicion that such additional manipulations increase the risk of restricted circulation as a sequel to arteriography. Restricted circulation following Seldinger's method of transfemoral arteriography in children occurs more frequently than would be assumed from the collected statistics. The indication for angiography in infancy must be strictly given, for this reason.", "contents": "[Studies on the risk of complications in transfemoral arteriography in infancy (author's transl)]. Four cases of restricted circulation were found during follow-up examination of 42 infants after arteriography. In 3 of the 4 patients with restricted circulation, arteriotomy with vascular suture had preceded or had been performed in direct association with the arteriography. This strengthened the suspicion that such additional manipulations increase the risk of restricted circulation as a sequel to arteriography. Restricted circulation following Seldinger's method of transfemoral arteriography in children occurs more frequently than would be assumed from the collected statistics. The indication for angiography in infancy must be strictly given, for this reason.", "PMID": 412066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6442", "title": "[First experience with the practical year in internal medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "The first experience with the training program carried out in the University of Ulm presents a number of problems which could be important for its realization in teaching hospitals. The seminar and course program should be related to practice and be organized with the active cooperation of the students. The quality of the training to a great extent depends on the didactic skill, willingness to teach and a not inconsiderable expense of time for the chief physician, the assistant chief physician and the physician in charge of the wards during visits and when working in the ward. The omission of the \"Junior Intern\" status seems to be a disadvantage to the teaching organization. Condensing the seminar sessions into one month in a three-month period is possibly a logical compromise to guarantee the necessary continuity of the ward work and additional theoretical preparation for the final examination which the student requires.", "contents": "[First experience with the practical year in internal medicine (author's transl)]. The first experience with the training program carried out in the University of Ulm presents a number of problems which could be important for its realization in teaching hospitals. The seminar and course program should be related to practice and be organized with the active cooperation of the students. The quality of the training to a great extent depends on the didactic skill, willingness to teach and a not inconsiderable expense of time for the chief physician, the assistant chief physician and the physician in charge of the wards during visits and when working in the ward. The omission of the \"Junior Intern\" status seems to be a disadvantage to the teaching organization. Condensing the seminar sessions into one month in a three-month period is possibly a logical compromise to guarantee the necessary continuity of the ward work and additional theoretical preparation for the final examination which the student requires.", "PMID": 412069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6443", "title": "[Psychological medical aspects of the management of the tumor patient (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychodynamic processes in the sense of secondary psychic reactions which can be regularly demonstrated in tumor patients are described: object loss with subsequent narcissistic insult and aggression defense and the inherent defense mechanisms; especially is denial which appears as adaptive misadaptive. Dealing with tumor patients includes emotional receptivity on the one hand and supportive psychotherapy on the other. Furthermore, of additional importance is management of the relatives and pre-operative and post-operative care by means of selfhelp groups. From this broadly based psychological medical program arise possibilities for specific psychosomatic interventions to supplement the somatotherapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Psychological medical aspects of the management of the tumor patient (author's transl)]. Psychodynamic processes in the sense of secondary psychic reactions which can be regularly demonstrated in tumor patients are described: object loss with subsequent narcissistic insult and aggression defense and the inherent defense mechanisms; especially is denial which appears as adaptive misadaptive. Dealing with tumor patients includes emotional receptivity on the one hand and supportive psychotherapy on the other. Furthermore, of additional importance is management of the relatives and pre-operative and post-operative care by means of selfhelp groups. From this broadly based psychological medical program arise possibilities for specific psychosomatic interventions to supplement the somatotherapeutic measures.", "PMID": 412074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6444", "title": "[Psychosocial factors and cancer. A study of 80 women by means of a psychosocial questionnaire (author's transl)].", "content": "The psychosocial questionnaire compiled by C. B. Bahnson and M. B. Bahnson and adapted for the German-speaking area was used to question 40 female cancer patients (30 mammary, 6 gastric and 4 pulmonary carcinomata) aged between 36 and 64 years and 40 control subjects selected by the matched pairs method. The cross section examination showed significant differences (p less than or equal to 0.05) between cancer patients and control subjects on single variate examination in 10 individual variables. Discriminant analysis (multivariate examination) revealed a discriminant function of 12 variables which enabled the classification of the entire collective of subjects with 95 percent accuracy in the carcinoma and control groups. Our results confirm largely the hypotheses developed in the USA.", "contents": "[Psychosocial factors and cancer. A study of 80 women by means of a psychosocial questionnaire (author's transl)]. The psychosocial questionnaire compiled by C. B. Bahnson and M. B. Bahnson and adapted for the German-speaking area was used to question 40 female cancer patients (30 mammary, 6 gastric and 4 pulmonary carcinomata) aged between 36 and 64 years and 40 control subjects selected by the matched pairs method. The cross section examination showed significant differences (p less than or equal to 0.05) between cancer patients and control subjects on single variate examination in 10 individual variables. Discriminant analysis (multivariate examination) revealed a discriminant function of 12 variables which enabled the classification of the entire collective of subjects with 95 percent accuracy in the carcinoma and control groups. Our results confirm largely the hypotheses developed in the USA.", "PMID": 412075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6445", "title": "[The influence of humoral immune mechanisms on metastasizing tumors in humans (author's transl)].", "content": "Long-continued stimulation of the immune system by chronic infections or tumors leads to dysfunction of the immunoregulation. Different types of antibody, anti-antibody and immunocomplex point to the fact that it is not a matter of the weakening of the patient's immune defense but that these antibodies are important regulating mechanisms for the immune system. While antibodies directed against a tumor have a useful function for the patient with dissemination of metastasizing tumors, the anti-antibodies and antigenotypic antibodies represent a counterregulation which, in the advanced stage of the disease, eliminates the initial control.", "contents": "[The influence of humoral immune mechanisms on metastasizing tumors in humans (author's transl)]. Long-continued stimulation of the immune system by chronic infections or tumors leads to dysfunction of the immunoregulation. Different types of antibody, anti-antibody and immunocomplex point to the fact that it is not a matter of the weakening of the patient's immune defense but that these antibodies are important regulating mechanisms for the immune system. While antibodies directed against a tumor have a useful function for the patient with dissemination of metastasizing tumors, the anti-antibodies and antigenotypic antibodies represent a counterregulation which, in the advanced stage of the disease, eliminates the initial control.", "PMID": 412076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6446", "title": "[Multiple carcinomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Of the patients at the Chirurgische Universit\u00e4tsklinik W\u00fcrzburg, 29 were treated for multiple carcinomas in the period from 1970 to 1976. Reports in the literature confirm this relatively high figure. The generally greater life expectancy and increasing survival rate in treated first carcinomas suggest a further increase in this figure for the future. This possibility should therefore be borne in mind for every carcinoma patient, particularly since a second carcinoma has the same prognosis as the first and not the unfavorable prognosis of a metastasis or a recurrence.", "contents": "[Multiple carcinomas (author's transl)]. Of the patients at the Chirurgische Universit\u00e4tsklinik W\u00fcrzburg, 29 were treated for multiple carcinomas in the period from 1970 to 1976. Reports in the literature confirm this relatively high figure. The generally greater life expectancy and increasing survival rate in treated first carcinomas suggest a further increase in this figure for the future. This possibility should therefore be borne in mind for every carcinoma patient, particularly since a second carcinoma has the same prognosis as the first and not the unfavorable prognosis of a metastasis or a recurrence.", "PMID": 412077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6447", "title": "[Treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency. A double blind trial of Cetal retard against cinnarizine (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a double blind trial in a total of 54 outpatients with cerebrovascular insufficiency are reported. With reference to objective test criteria (flicker frequency analysis and reaction test) and the change in the existing symptoms of this clinical picture the behavior of a new preparation, Cetal retard, was compared with the well-known drug (cinnarizine) with regard to the therapeutic efficacy on these symptoms. Although a therapeutic success was demonstrable in both groups after 21 days, Cetal retard was found to be significantly better in a number of the criteria tested.", "contents": "[Treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency. A double blind trial of Cetal retard against cinnarizine (author's transl)]. The results of a double blind trial in a total of 54 outpatients with cerebrovascular insufficiency are reported. With reference to objective test criteria (flicker frequency analysis and reaction test) and the change in the existing symptoms of this clinical picture the behavior of a new preparation, Cetal retard, was compared with the well-known drug (cinnarizine) with regard to the therapeutic efficacy on these symptoms. Although a therapeutic success was demonstrable in both groups after 21 days, Cetal retard was found to be significantly better in a number of the criteria tested.", "PMID": 412079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6448", "title": "[Early arteriosclerosis with increased thrombocyte aggregation (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of thrombocyte function in atherogenesis is discussed in the light of experimental and clinical results. Adhesion and aggregation of thrombocytes on an intact or injured artery wall may be the first step to atherosclerotic plaque. In vitro measurements of aggregation, in vivo measurements of thrombocytic survival time and microscopic and histological examinations are all consistent in showing a rise in aggregation of thrombocytes in the early stages of arteriosclerosis. The measurement of thrombocyte function is therefore recommended in addition to the known risk factors in patients with a greater risk of arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "[Early arteriosclerosis with increased thrombocyte aggregation (author's transl)]. The importance of thrombocyte function in atherogenesis is discussed in the light of experimental and clinical results. Adhesion and aggregation of thrombocytes on an intact or injured artery wall may be the first step to atherosclerotic plaque. In vitro measurements of aggregation, in vivo measurements of thrombocytic survival time and microscopic and histological examinations are all consistent in showing a rise in aggregation of thrombocytes in the early stages of arteriosclerosis. The measurement of thrombocyte function is therefore recommended in addition to the known risk factors in patients with a greater risk of arteriosclerosis.", "PMID": 412080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6449", "title": "[Embolization of the lung in echinococcosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Four months before her death of right heart failure, a 38-year-old woman with a known inoperable echinococcosis of the liver developed fever, increasing eosinophilia and pleuropneumonia. After improvement of the clinical, radiological and laboratory parameters under steroid medication, two months before her death hemoptysis and multifocal perfusion defects in the lung scintigram as a sign of pulmonary embolism occurred, for which heparin therapy was introduced. At autopsy a recurrent embolization due to echinococcus cysts with extensive displacement of the arterial pulmonary blood circulation were found.", "contents": "[Embolization of the lung in echinococcosis (author's transl)]. Four months before her death of right heart failure, a 38-year-old woman with a known inoperable echinococcosis of the liver developed fever, increasing eosinophilia and pleuropneumonia. After improvement of the clinical, radiological and laboratory parameters under steroid medication, two months before her death hemoptysis and multifocal perfusion defects in the lung scintigram as a sign of pulmonary embolism occurred, for which heparin therapy was introduced. At autopsy a recurrent embolization due to echinococcus cysts with extensive displacement of the arterial pulmonary blood circulation were found.", "PMID": 412081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6450", "title": "[Monocytic leukemia. Analysis of clinical and hematological data in 21 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "A clinical hematological survey is given of 21 patients with monocytic leukemia. About 1/3 of all immature cell leukoses are monocytic leukemias; a classification of the acute leucoses by enzyme histochemical methods should be attempted. Since more than half of the patients exhibited subleukemic to aleukemic peripheral leukocyte levels, the histological findings of a sternal puncture are diagnostic pointers. The bone marrow picture of monocytic leukemia is characterized by a great preponderance of atypical cell elements of the monocyte series which give a distinctly positive reaction in the non-specific esterase test. The combined use of cytostatics producing remission brought marked improvement in half the patients. Remission lasted from 2 to 8 weeks.", "contents": "[Monocytic leukemia. Analysis of clinical and hematological data in 21 patients (author's transl)]. A clinical hematological survey is given of 21 patients with monocytic leukemia. About 1/3 of all immature cell leukoses are monocytic leukemias; a classification of the acute leucoses by enzyme histochemical methods should be attempted. Since more than half of the patients exhibited subleukemic to aleukemic peripheral leukocyte levels, the histological findings of a sternal puncture are diagnostic pointers. The bone marrow picture of monocytic leukemia is characterized by a great preponderance of atypical cell elements of the monocyte series which give a distinctly positive reaction in the non-specific esterase test. The combined use of cytostatics producing remission brought marked improvement in half the patients. Remission lasted from 2 to 8 weeks.", "PMID": 412082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6451", "title": "[Ascending tetraplegia after embolic occlusion of medullary arteries by nucleus pulposus tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "A 19 year old woman developed an acute ascending tetraplegia, for which no reason could be found. 9 months later the patient died from a septicemia starting from a decubitus. Postmortem examination showed an occlusion of a medullary artery by emboli of nucleus pulposus tissue. A survey is given of similar cases reported in the literature and the cause of the embolism discussed. It seems most probable that invasion of the misshapen vessel by tissue from a pathological nucleus pulposus was responsible.", "contents": "[Ascending tetraplegia after embolic occlusion of medullary arteries by nucleus pulposus tissue (author's transl)]. A 19 year old woman developed an acute ascending tetraplegia, for which no reason could be found. 9 months later the patient died from a septicemia starting from a decubitus. Postmortem examination showed an occlusion of a medullary artery by emboli of nucleus pulposus tissue. A survey is given of similar cases reported in the literature and the cause of the embolism discussed. It seems most probable that invasion of the misshapen vessel by tissue from a pathological nucleus pulposus was responsible.", "PMID": 412085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6452", "title": "[Complication with contrast medium in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (author's transl)].", "content": "After more than 2000 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticographies (ERCP) without contrast medium allergy, a case of severe allergic shock induced by contrast medium injected into the pancreatic duct is reported. The indication for ERCP in patients with known allergy to contrast media must therefore be restricted to those cases in which other examination procedures have given no useful results and yet diagnostic evaluation is vital to the interests of the patient.", "contents": "[Complication with contrast medium in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (author's transl)]. After more than 2000 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticographies (ERCP) without contrast medium allergy, a case of severe allergic shock induced by contrast medium injected into the pancreatic duct is reported. The indication for ERCP in patients with known allergy to contrast media must therefore be restricted to those cases in which other examination procedures have given no useful results and yet diagnostic evaluation is vital to the interests of the patient.", "PMID": 412087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6453", "title": "[New sulfonamide-trimethoprim combination, Supristol. Results of a joint therapeutic trial (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficacy of a new low dosage trimethoprim-sulfamoxole combination (Supristol) was tested in a joint therapeutic study in 6 medical clinics or departments and in a general practice. A good therapeutic result (healing) was achieved in about 80% of the 143 patients included in the trial. The preparation was well tolerated. Symptoms of intolerance appeared in only 2% of the cases. It is assumed that the low dosage of the preparation influences the tolerance favorably without affecting the efficacy.", "contents": "[New sulfonamide-trimethoprim combination, Supristol. Results of a joint therapeutic trial (author's transl)]. The efficacy of a new low dosage trimethoprim-sulfamoxole combination (Supristol) was tested in a joint therapeutic study in 6 medical clinics or departments and in a general practice. A good therapeutic result (healing) was achieved in about 80% of the 143 patients included in the trial. The preparation was well tolerated. Symptoms of intolerance appeared in only 2% of the cases. It is assumed that the low dosage of the preparation influences the tolerance favorably without affecting the efficacy.", "PMID": 412088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6454", "title": "[Echographic diagnosis of the pancreas. Catamnesis of 481 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to assess the efficiency of ultrasonic diagnosis of the pancreas, echographic findings in 481 patients were compared with the final diagnosis in the case sheets. Agreement between the echographic results and the final diagnosis was found in 94.6% with normal findings, in 77% of patients with pancreatic carcinoma and in 85% of patients with chronic pancreatitis. Altogether we have found agreement between the echographic results and the final diagnosis in 86.6% of all cases referred for diagnosis of the pancreas. The results correspond to the fiqures given by Rettenmaier. With adequate experience ultrasonic diagnosis should therefore be used as early as possible with a broad indication for all diseases of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Echographic diagnosis of the pancreas. Catamnesis of 481 cases (author's transl)]. In order to assess the efficiency of ultrasonic diagnosis of the pancreas, echographic findings in 481 patients were compared with the final diagnosis in the case sheets. Agreement between the echographic results and the final diagnosis was found in 94.6% with normal findings, in 77% of patients with pancreatic carcinoma and in 85% of patients with chronic pancreatitis. Altogether we have found agreement between the echographic results and the final diagnosis in 86.6% of all cases referred for diagnosis of the pancreas. The results correspond to the fiqures given by Rettenmaier. With adequate experience ultrasonic diagnosis should therefore be used as early as possible with a broad indication for all diseases of the pancreas.", "PMID": 412090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6455", "title": "[Diagnostic value of thoracic and abdominal x-ray in acute pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Chest and abdominal films were retrospectively examined in 100 patients with acute pancreatitis excluding cases with pancreatitis concomitant to other diseases. Most frequently we found gastric and duodenal distension, diffuse distension of small bowel loops, localized meteorism of transverse colon as well as left flexure and diffuse colonic distension. The chest-films showed: elevated diaphragm and pleural effusion on the left, pneumonitis, pleuritis and and basal platelike atelectases. Pathologic radiological signs were absent in only 1% of the cases.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of thoracic and abdominal x-ray in acute pancreatitis (author's transl)]. Chest and abdominal films were retrospectively examined in 100 patients with acute pancreatitis excluding cases with pancreatitis concomitant to other diseases. Most frequently we found gastric and duodenal distension, diffuse distension of small bowel loops, localized meteorism of transverse colon as well as left flexure and diffuse colonic distension. The chest-films showed: elevated diaphragm and pleural effusion on the left, pneumonitis, pleuritis and and basal platelike atelectases. Pathologic radiological signs were absent in only 1% of the cases.", "PMID": 412091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6456", "title": "[Growth hormone determination in a combined adenohypophyseal stimulation test (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors sought the simplest but still reliable method for evaluation of the functional reserve of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The proposed test is stimulation of those various functions by injection of insulin, gonadotropin releasing hormone (LH-RH = GnRH) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). The test fulfils the clinical requirements. Furthermore it forms a valuable first step for the classification of more scientific problems.", "contents": "[Growth hormone determination in a combined adenohypophyseal stimulation test (author's transl)]. The authors sought the simplest but still reliable method for evaluation of the functional reserve of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The proposed test is stimulation of those various functions by injection of insulin, gonadotropin releasing hormone (LH-RH = GnRH) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). The test fulfils the clinical requirements. Furthermore it forms a valuable first step for the classification of more scientific problems.", "PMID": 412093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6457", "title": "[\"No-touch\" measurement of skin temperature in cerebral ischemia and lesions of the sympathetic trunk. Clinical and technical testing of a new infrared apparatus for measuring skin temperature (Ultrakust Thermophil M 202) (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical test was carried out in extracranial carotid occlusions and acute peripheral paralysis with sympathetic lesions. The measurements obtained were compared with those of the infrared thermovision. Both in the technical and in the clinical tests, the device proved to be very suitable. The practical procedure of temperature measurement (cerebral ischemia and lesions of the sympathetic trunk) is described.", "contents": "[\"No-touch\" measurement of skin temperature in cerebral ischemia and lesions of the sympathetic trunk. Clinical and technical testing of a new infrared apparatus for measuring skin temperature (Ultrakust Thermophil M 202) (author's transl)]. The clinical test was carried out in extracranial carotid occlusions and acute peripheral paralysis with sympathetic lesions. The measurements obtained were compared with those of the infrared thermovision. Both in the technical and in the clinical tests, the device proved to be very suitable. The practical procedure of temperature measurement (cerebral ischemia and lesions of the sympathetic trunk) is described.", "PMID": 412094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6458", "title": "[The clinical value of an oral test of pancreatic function with fluorescein dilaurate (author's transl)].", "content": "Exocrine insufficiency of the pancreas was identified by decreased splitting of the ester substrate and thus diminished excretion of fluorescein in the urine of persons with normal pancreatic function (test excretion). Unesterified fluorescein served to ascertain the standard excretion of fluorescein (= 100%). The relation of test excretion to standard excretion was expressed in %. Values of less than 20% in collected urine are pathologic. The range of 20-30% is questionable. Normal persons showed 30% or more. The method described is simple and without problems for the patient. The test was accurate in 93% of patients with a false negative in 1%. Practicability and results recommend the test as a screening method.", "contents": "[The clinical value of an oral test of pancreatic function with fluorescein dilaurate (author's transl)]. Exocrine insufficiency of the pancreas was identified by decreased splitting of the ester substrate and thus diminished excretion of fluorescein in the urine of persons with normal pancreatic function (test excretion). Unesterified fluorescein served to ascertain the standard excretion of fluorescein (= 100%). The relation of test excretion to standard excretion was expressed in %. Values of less than 20% in collected urine are pathologic. The range of 20-30% is questionable. Normal persons showed 30% or more. The method described is simple and without problems for the patient. The test was accurate in 93% of patients with a false negative in 1%. Practicability and results recommend the test as a screening method.", "PMID": 412095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6459", "title": "[Human larva migrans visceralis infections with toxocara in the German Federal Republic. Serological investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "The microprecipitation test on second generation larvae of Toxocara canis has proved to be highly specific for the diagnosis of human larva migrans visceralis infection caused by Toxocara species. Out of a total of 2864 samples examined from 1969 to 1976, 248 were found to be positive. Besides a very frequently occurring eosinophilia eye affections, lung changes and involvement of the CNS are prominent clinical symptoms. The investigations show that larva migrans visceralis infections also occur in West Germany, even if more rarely than in other countries. The diagnosis is only seldom made because of the lack of uniformity of the clinical symptomatology.", "contents": "[Human larva migrans visceralis infections with toxocara in the German Federal Republic. Serological investigations (author's transl)]. The microprecipitation test on second generation larvae of Toxocara canis has proved to be highly specific for the diagnosis of human larva migrans visceralis infection caused by Toxocara species. Out of a total of 2864 samples examined from 1969 to 1976, 248 were found to be positive. Besides a very frequently occurring eosinophilia eye affections, lung changes and involvement of the CNS are prominent clinical symptoms. The investigations show that larva migrans visceralis infections also occur in West Germany, even if more rarely than in other countries. The diagnosis is only seldom made because of the lack of uniformity of the clinical symptomatology.", "PMID": 412096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6460", "title": "Successful chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis.", "content": "In a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study to evaluate the efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, we studied 160 patients with cancer who were at high risk for this pneumonia over a two-year period. Seventeen of the 80 patients receiving a placebo acquired P. carinii pneumonitis, whereas none of the 80 given 150 mg of trimethoprim and 750 mg of sulfamethoxazole per square meter per day had the infection P less than 0.01). Bacterial sepsis, pneumonia other than that caused by P. carinii, acute otitis media, upper-respiratory-tract infections, sinusitis and cellulitis occurred less frequently in recipients of the drug than in the placebo group (P less than 0.01 in each case). Oral candidiasis was the only adverse effect ecountered from trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administration. The study shows the combination to be highly effective in the prevention of P. carinii pneumonitis.", "contents": "Successful chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. In a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study to evaluate the efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, we studied 160 patients with cancer who were at high risk for this pneumonia over a two-year period. Seventeen of the 80 patients receiving a placebo acquired P. carinii pneumonitis, whereas none of the 80 given 150 mg of trimethoprim and 750 mg of sulfamethoxazole per square meter per day had the infection P less than 0.01). Bacterial sepsis, pneumonia other than that caused by P. carinii, acute otitis media, upper-respiratory-tract infections, sinusitis and cellulitis occurred less frequently in recipients of the drug than in the placebo group (P less than 0.01 in each case). Oral candidiasis was the only adverse effect ecountered from trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administration. The study shows the combination to be highly effective in the prevention of P. carinii pneumonitis.", "PMID": 412099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6461", "title": "[Evidence of the haptenic nature of peptidomannans from two yeasts: Saccharomyces oviformis and Candida mycoderma].", "content": "Following the observation that it is not possible to immunize rabbits against peptidomannans, extracted from Saccharomyces oviformis and Candida mycoderma, these glycopeptides have been coupled to bovine serum albumine in order to make them immunogenic. Two methods have been used for the coupling: the cyanogen bromide method and the carbodiimide method. Rabbits have been injected intravenously with these conjugates. Using different serologic technics: agglutination, immunodiffusion, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis we have shown that only peptidomannan-SAB conjugates prepared by the cyanogen bromide method are immunogenic.", "contents": "[Evidence of the haptenic nature of peptidomannans from two yeasts: Saccharomyces oviformis and Candida mycoderma]. Following the observation that it is not possible to immunize rabbits against peptidomannans, extracted from Saccharomyces oviformis and Candida mycoderma, these glycopeptides have been coupled to bovine serum albumine in order to make them immunogenic. Two methods have been used for the coupling: the cyanogen bromide method and the carbodiimide method. Rabbits have been injected intravenously with these conjugates. Using different serologic technics: agglutination, immunodiffusion, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis we have shown that only peptidomannan-SAB conjugates prepared by the cyanogen bromide method are immunogenic.", "PMID": 412102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6462", "title": "Evidence for the parasexual cycle in a strain of Aspergillus flavus containing virus-like particles.", "content": "Eight isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus were screened for the presence of virus-like-particles (VLP). Only A. flavus strain NRRL 5565 contained detectable VLP. Spore color and auxotrophic mutants were induced in this strain and evidence for the parasexual cycle was obtained. Attempts to form heterokaryons between 3 auxotrophs of the VLP-containing strain and 9 auxotrophs from two different aflatoxigenic strains were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Evidence for the parasexual cycle in a strain of Aspergillus flavus containing virus-like particles. Eight isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus were screened for the presence of virus-like-particles (VLP). Only A. flavus strain NRRL 5565 contained detectable VLP. Spore color and auxotrophic mutants were induced in this strain and evidence for the parasexual cycle was obtained. Attempts to form heterokaryons between 3 auxotrophs of the VLP-containing strain and 9 auxotrophs from two different aflatoxigenic strains were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 412103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6463", "title": "Purification of a positive regulatory subunit from phage SP01-modified RNA polymerase.", "content": "A phage-induced subunit has been purified from phage SP01-modified Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase. This subunit binds in vitro to RNA polymerase core from uninfected B. subtilis thereby template-selective transcription and asymmetric synthesis of SP01 middle RNA.", "contents": "Purification of a positive regulatory subunit from phage SP01-modified RNA polymerase. A phage-induced subunit has been purified from phage SP01-modified Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase. This subunit binds in vitro to RNA polymerase core from uninfected B. subtilis thereby template-selective transcription and asymmetric synthesis of SP01 middle RNA.", "PMID": 412108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6464", "title": "Endogenous inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase.", "content": "Mammalian serum and plasma contain an endogenous inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase (EIPS). Human plasma fractions rich in EIPS show anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. In rats, glucocorticoids raise EIPS activity of plasma and serum. These findings suggest the existence of a natural mechanism of controlling prostaglandin synthesis, possibly related to corticosteroid action.", "contents": "Endogenous inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase. Mammalian serum and plasma contain an endogenous inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase (EIPS). Human plasma fractions rich in EIPS show anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. In rats, glucocorticoids raise EIPS activity of plasma and serum. These findings suggest the existence of a natural mechanism of controlling prostaglandin synthesis, possibly related to corticosteroid action.", "PMID": 412109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6465", "title": "[Participation of hypothalamic formations in regulation of the neuronal activity of rabbit visual cortex].", "content": "Electric stimulation of different hypothalamic nuclei was used during the effect of extracellular polarizing current on neurons of the rabbit optic cortex. It was found that stimulation of the hypothalamus caused a decrease in the medium rate of impulsation of a great number of studied optic cortex neurons under conditions of anodic polarization when the background level of activity was considerably enhanced. The same stimulation increased the activity under conditions of cathodic polarization when the initial level of the activity was considerably lowered. The same tendency to restore the initial (background) level of the neuronal activity after hypothalamic stimulation was observed under conditions when this level was shifted by application of rhythmic light. The greatest effect was observed during stimulation of the preoptic region. Stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus was less effective in this respect.", "contents": "[Participation of hypothalamic formations in regulation of the neuronal activity of rabbit visual cortex]. Electric stimulation of different hypothalamic nuclei was used during the effect of extracellular polarizing current on neurons of the rabbit optic cortex. It was found that stimulation of the hypothalamus caused a decrease in the medium rate of impulsation of a great number of studied optic cortex neurons under conditions of anodic polarization when the background level of activity was considerably enhanced. The same stimulation increased the activity under conditions of cathodic polarization when the initial level of the activity was considerably lowered. The same tendency to restore the initial (background) level of the neuronal activity after hypothalamic stimulation was observed under conditions when this level was shifted by application of rhythmic light. The greatest effect was observed during stimulation of the preoptic region. Stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus was less effective in this respect.", "PMID": 412115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6466", "title": "Complex of IgA1-lambda paraprotein and albumin.", "content": "The complex of IgA1-lambda paraprotein and albumin was analysed and its pattern was demonstrated in electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, gel filtration and sedimentation analysis.", "contents": "Complex of IgA1-lambda paraprotein and albumin. The complex of IgA1-lambda paraprotein and albumin was analysed and its pattern was demonstrated in electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, gel filtration and sedimentation analysis.", "PMID": 412116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6467", "title": "Effects of antiepileptic drugs on thalamocortical excitability.", "content": "Comparative effects of anticonvulsant drugs on the thalamocortical system were analyzed quantitatively. Paired stimuli were delivered to the ventrolateral thalamus with evoked responses recorded from the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex in the cat. Threshold and excitability profiles were developed with an on-line computer. Effects of phenytoin and diazepam were generally similar, with depression of excitability and slight elevation of thresholds. Ethosuximide produced a pronounced pair-interval dependent effect of unchanged or increased excitability and lowered threshold at shorter intervals, with depressed excitability and raised threshold at longer intervals. These data demonstrate a marked difference in effect of the petit mal and grand mal agents tested and suggest a basis for the effectiveness of ethosuximide in controlling 3-per-second repetitive activity.", "contents": "Effects of antiepileptic drugs on thalamocortical excitability. Comparative effects of anticonvulsant drugs on the thalamocortical system were analyzed quantitatively. Paired stimuli were delivered to the ventrolateral thalamus with evoked responses recorded from the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex in the cat. Threshold and excitability profiles were developed with an on-line computer. Effects of phenytoin and diazepam were generally similar, with depression of excitability and slight elevation of thresholds. Ethosuximide produced a pronounced pair-interval dependent effect of unchanged or increased excitability and lowered threshold at shorter intervals, with depressed excitability and raised threshold at longer intervals. These data demonstrate a marked difference in effect of the petit mal and grand mal agents tested and suggest a basis for the effectiveness of ethosuximide in controlling 3-per-second repetitive activity.", "PMID": 412119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6468", "title": "Anterograde transneuronal degeneration in the limbic system: clinical-anatomic correlation.", "content": "A 64-year-old man with diffuse atherosclerosis developed an organic mental syndrome, followed by hypothalamic symptoms. Autopsy showed an old large cystic infarct involving the left temporal lobe including the hippocampus, and atrophy of the ipsilateral fornix, mammillary body, hypothalamus, mammillothalamic tract, and the anterior thalamic nucleus. The clinical deterioration and pathologic findings may be explained by anterograde transneuronal degeneration within the limbic system following the infarction.", "contents": "Anterograde transneuronal degeneration in the limbic system: clinical-anatomic correlation. A 64-year-old man with diffuse atherosclerosis developed an organic mental syndrome, followed by hypothalamic symptoms. Autopsy showed an old large cystic infarct involving the left temporal lobe including the hippocampus, and atrophy of the ipsilateral fornix, mammillary body, hypothalamus, mammillothalamic tract, and the anterior thalamic nucleus. The clinical deterioration and pathologic findings may be explained by anterograde transneuronal degeneration within the limbic system following the infarction.", "PMID": 412120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6469", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube. Experience with 41 patients.", "content": "Forty-one cases of primary fallopian tube carcinoma treated at our institution over the years 1946 to 1976 are described. The overall 5-year survival rate was 34.4%, although patients with early tumors had a 72.7% survival rate. The single most important factor affecting survival appeared to be the extent of disease at the time of diagnosis. Past and present treatment modalities are discussed, and proposals for management of this disease are outlined.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube. Experience with 41 patients. Forty-one cases of primary fallopian tube carcinoma treated at our institution over the years 1946 to 1976 are described. The overall 5-year survival rate was 34.4%, although patients with early tumors had a 72.7% survival rate. The single most important factor affecting survival appeared to be the extent of disease at the time of diagnosis. Past and present treatment modalities are discussed, and proposals for management of this disease are outlined.", "PMID": 412144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6470", "title": "Subclinical infection with mycobacteria in southern Iran.", "content": "In 50 non-tuberculous adult patients hospitalized in the Pahlavi University Medical Center skin testing with 5 tuberculin units of purified protein derivative of mammalian Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PPD-M) and equivalent amounts of antigen from Mycobacterium kansasii (PPD-Y) and Mycobacterium Gause (PPD-G), as well as 0.1 ml mumps antigen was carried out. Thirty four per cent, 26 per cent and 12 per cent of the patients had induration greater than 10 mm in diameter to PPD-M, PPD-Y and PPD-G respectively. However, only 28 per cent, 8 per cent and 2 per cent had induration to the above antigens which was greater than 10 mm in diameter and in which the induration was greater than that produced by the other mycobacterial antigens tested. Thirty per cent of the patients had positive reactions to mumps antigen. The results indicate that subclinical infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is relatively common, that infection with atypical mycobacteria may occur and that the incidence of mumps skin reactivity is low in this part of the world.", "contents": "Subclinical infection with mycobacteria in southern Iran. In 50 non-tuberculous adult patients hospitalized in the Pahlavi University Medical Center skin testing with 5 tuberculin units of purified protein derivative of mammalian Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PPD-M) and equivalent amounts of antigen from Mycobacterium kansasii (PPD-Y) and Mycobacterium Gause (PPD-G), as well as 0.1 ml mumps antigen was carried out. Thirty four per cent, 26 per cent and 12 per cent of the patients had induration greater than 10 mm in diameter to PPD-M, PPD-Y and PPD-G respectively. However, only 28 per cent, 8 per cent and 2 per cent had induration to the above antigens which was greater than 10 mm in diameter and in which the induration was greater than that produced by the other mycobacterial antigens tested. Thirty per cent of the patients had positive reactions to mumps antigen. The results indicate that subclinical infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is relatively common, that infection with atypical mycobacteria may occur and that the incidence of mumps skin reactivity is low in this part of the world.", "PMID": 412163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6471", "title": "A two-dimensional thin layer chromatographic procedure for the sequential analysis of oligonucleotides employing tritium post-labeling.", "content": "Two dimensional PEI-cellulose thin layer chromatography can resolve sequentially degraded oligonucleotide fragments of tRNA. This technique entails the sequential degradation of the oligonucleotide with snake venom phosphodiesterase in the presence of bacterial alkaline phosphatase, and periodate oxidation followed by tritiated sodium borohydride reduction of the 3' terminal nucleoside. Subsequently the tritiated oligonucleotide fragments were resolved by two dimensional PEI-cellulose TLC. The results of these experiments indicate that, in some cases, the complete nucleotide sequence of a large oligonucleotide fragment may be determined by interpretation of the observed mobility shifts, thereby eliminiating the need for additional analysis of the oligonucleotide. In addition, the use of two-dimensional rather than one-dimensional resolution of the tritium labeled fragments allows for a complete separation of any interfering background spots from the sequentially degraded oligonucleotides. This procedure was applied to the complete nucleotide sequence analysis of several ribonuclease T1Val and ribonuclease A digestion products from human placenta tRNA.", "contents": "A two-dimensional thin layer chromatographic procedure for the sequential analysis of oligonucleotides employing tritium post-labeling. Two dimensional PEI-cellulose thin layer chromatography can resolve sequentially degraded oligonucleotide fragments of tRNA. This technique entails the sequential degradation of the oligonucleotide with snake venom phosphodiesterase in the presence of bacterial alkaline phosphatase, and periodate oxidation followed by tritiated sodium borohydride reduction of the 3' terminal nucleoside. Subsequently the tritiated oligonucleotide fragments were resolved by two dimensional PEI-cellulose TLC. The results of these experiments indicate that, in some cases, the complete nucleotide sequence of a large oligonucleotide fragment may be determined by interpretation of the observed mobility shifts, thereby eliminiating the need for additional analysis of the oligonucleotide. In addition, the use of two-dimensional rather than one-dimensional resolution of the tritium labeled fragments allows for a complete separation of any interfering background spots from the sequentially degraded oligonucleotides. This procedure was applied to the complete nucleotide sequence analysis of several ribonuclease T1Val and ribonuclease A digestion products from human placenta tRNA.", "PMID": 412170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6472", "title": "Sequence of the 3'-terminal 21 nucleotides of yeast 17S ribosomal RNA.", "content": "The sequence of the 3'-terminal 21 nucleotides of 17S ribosomal RNA from the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis has been determined to be (Y)G-m62A-m62A-C-U-C-G-C-G-G-A-A-G-G-A-U-C-A-U-U-AOH. This sequence shows extensive homology with the 3'-terminal sequence of 16S rRNA from Escherichia coli including the presence of the two adjacent N6-,N6-dimethyladenosines observed in the small subunit rRNA of eukaryotes as well as of many prokaryotes.", "contents": "Sequence of the 3'-terminal 21 nucleotides of yeast 17S ribosomal RNA. The sequence of the 3'-terminal 21 nucleotides of 17S ribosomal RNA from the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis has been determined to be (Y)G-m62A-m62A-C-U-C-G-C-G-G-A-A-G-G-A-U-C-A-U-U-AOH. This sequence shows extensive homology with the 3'-terminal sequence of 16S rRNA from Escherichia coli including the presence of the two adjacent N6-,N6-dimethyladenosines observed in the small subunit rRNA of eukaryotes as well as of many prokaryotes.", "PMID": 412171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6473", "title": "Diagnosis of Chagas' cardiomyopathy. Non-invasive techniques.", "content": "The natural history of Chagas' disease and its manifestations when the heart is involved are detailed clinically and pathologically. Three phases are recognized: the acute phase, lasting from 1-3 months, the latent phase, which may last from 10-20 years, and the chronic phase, which has the most serious manifestations. This phase is subdivided into three clinical stages. An analysis of the varied cardiac manifestations on 235 patients is included.", "contents": "Diagnosis of Chagas' cardiomyopathy. Non-invasive techniques. The natural history of Chagas' disease and its manifestations when the heart is involved are detailed clinically and pathologically. Three phases are recognized: the acute phase, lasting from 1-3 months, the latent phase, which may last from 10-20 years, and the chronic phase, which has the most serious manifestations. This phase is subdivided into three clinical stages. An analysis of the varied cardiac manifestations on 235 patients is included.", "PMID": 412174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6474", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis and evaluation of cardiomyopathies: idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, Chagas' heart disease and endomyocardial fibrosis.", "content": "Echocardiographic investigations on patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with obstruction have been detailed and compared with the changes found in sixty patients with chronic Chagas' 'cardiomyopathy'. These changes are similar to those encountered in congestive cardiomyopathy. Endomyocardial fibrosis is rare in Venezuela, but six patients have been found in that country and the echocardiographic changes in one of these patients has been included in this study.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis and evaluation of cardiomyopathies: idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, Chagas' heart disease and endomyocardial fibrosis. Echocardiographic investigations on patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with obstruction have been detailed and compared with the changes found in sixty patients with chronic Chagas' 'cardiomyopathy'. These changes are similar to those encountered in congestive cardiomyopathy. Endomyocardial fibrosis is rare in Venezuela, but six patients have been found in that country and the echocardiographic changes in one of these patients has been included in this study.", "PMID": 412175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6475", "title": "[Testosterone secretion and the gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland under condition of limited food intake].", "content": "Experimental data on testosterone secretion and gonadotropic function of the hypophysis and their changes under conditions of a limited nutritional ration are presented. Experimental rabbits proved to display a sharp fall of testosterone in the blood flowing from the testes and a rise of gonadotropic hormones in the hypophysis. The mentioned fact should be taken into consideration when the nutritional ration is diminished for experimental purpose or under clinical conditions on certain indications connected with the necessity of decreasing the caloric value and the quantity of food consumption.", "contents": "[Testosterone secretion and the gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland under condition of limited food intake]. Experimental data on testosterone secretion and gonadotropic function of the hypophysis and their changes under conditions of a limited nutritional ration are presented. Experimental rabbits proved to display a sharp fall of testosterone in the blood flowing from the testes and a rise of gonadotropic hormones in the hypophysis. The mentioned fact should be taken into consideration when the nutritional ration is diminished for experimental purpose or under clinical conditions on certain indications connected with the necessity of decreasing the caloric value and the quantity of food consumption.", "PMID": 412182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6476", "title": "Nonspecific DNA binding of genome-regulating proteins as a biological control mechanism: measurement of DNA-bound Escherichia coli lac repressor in vivo.", "content": "Binding of genome regulatory proteins to nonspecific DNA sites may play an important role in controlling the thermodynamics and kinetics of the interactions of these proteins with their specific target DNA sequences. An estimate of the fraction of Escherichia coli lac repressor molecules bound in vivo to the operator region and to nonoperator sites on the E. coli chromosome is derived by measurement of the distribution of repressor between a minicell-producing E. coli strain (P678-54) and the DNA-free minicells derived therefrom. Assuming the minicell cytoplasm to be representative of that of the parent E. coli cells, we find that less than 10% of the repressor tetramers of the average cell are free in solution; the remainder are presumed to be bound to the bacterial chromosome. The minimum in vivo value of the association constant for repressor to bulk nonoperator DNA (K(RD)) calculated from these results is about 10(3) M(-1), and analysis of the sources of error in the minicell experiment suggests that the actual in vivo value of K(RD) could be substantially greater. The value of K(RD), coupled with in vitro data on the ionic strength dependence of this parameter, can be used to estimate that the effective intracellular cation activity of E. coli is no greater than about 0.24 M (and probably no less than 0.17 M) in terms of sodium ion equivalents. The minicell distribution experiments also confirm that the association constant for the binding of inducer-repressor complex to bulk nonoperator DNA (K(RID)) is [unk] K(RD)in vivo. These results are used to calculate minimum in vivo values of K(RO) and K(RIO) (association constants for repressor and for inducer-repressor complex binding to operator) of about 10(12) M(-1) and about 10(9) M(-1), respectively. The results fit a quantitative model for operon regulation in which nonspecific DNA-repressor complexes play a key role in determining basal and constitutive levels of gene expression [von Hippel, P. H., Revzin, A., Gross, C. A. & Wang, A. C. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4808-4812].", "contents": "Nonspecific DNA binding of genome-regulating proteins as a biological control mechanism: measurement of DNA-bound Escherichia coli lac repressor in vivo. Binding of genome regulatory proteins to nonspecific DNA sites may play an important role in controlling the thermodynamics and kinetics of the interactions of these proteins with their specific target DNA sequences. An estimate of the fraction of Escherichia coli lac repressor molecules bound in vivo to the operator region and to nonoperator sites on the E. coli chromosome is derived by measurement of the distribution of repressor between a minicell-producing E. coli strain (P678-54) and the DNA-free minicells derived therefrom. Assuming the minicell cytoplasm to be representative of that of the parent E. coli cells, we find that less than 10% of the repressor tetramers of the average cell are free in solution; the remainder are presumed to be bound to the bacterial chromosome. The minimum in vivo value of the association constant for repressor to bulk nonoperator DNA (K(RD)) calculated from these results is about 10(3) M(-1), and analysis of the sources of error in the minicell experiment suggests that the actual in vivo value of K(RD) could be substantially greater. The value of K(RD), coupled with in vitro data on the ionic strength dependence of this parameter, can be used to estimate that the effective intracellular cation activity of E. coli is no greater than about 0.24 M (and probably no less than 0.17 M) in terms of sodium ion equivalents. The minicell distribution experiments also confirm that the association constant for the binding of inducer-repressor complex to bulk nonoperator DNA (K(RID)) is [unk] K(RD)in vivo. These results are used to calculate minimum in vivo values of K(RO) and K(RIO) (association constants for repressor and for inducer-repressor complex binding to operator) of about 10(12) M(-1) and about 10(9) M(-1), respectively. The results fit a quantitative model for operon regulation in which nonspecific DNA-repressor complexes play a key role in determining basal and constitutive levels of gene expression [von Hippel, P. H., Revzin, A., Gross, C. A. & Wang, A. C. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4808-4812].", "PMID": 412185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6477", "title": "[Paths of corticosteroid biosynthesis in the adrenal glands of rhesus monkeys].", "content": "In experiments in vitro corticosteroid formation from radioactive cholesterol in tha adrenal glands of monkeys (Macaca rhesus) was studied. A conclusion was drawn that pregnenolone and its hydroxy-derivatives were of the leading significance in the cortizol and corticosterone synthesis in the adrenal glands of monkeys. Progesteron was produced in insignificant amounts and was almost unutilized for steroidogenesis. The formation of 17.21-dioxypregnenolone was revealed; its role in the capacity of cortizol precursor was proved; 17-oryprogesteron was found to be of no great significance in cortizol synthesis; 21-oxypregnenolone, but not progesteron proved to serve as the principal intermediate product in corticosterone formation.", "contents": "[Paths of corticosteroid biosynthesis in the adrenal glands of rhesus monkeys]. In experiments in vitro corticosteroid formation from radioactive cholesterol in tha adrenal glands of monkeys (Macaca rhesus) was studied. A conclusion was drawn that pregnenolone and its hydroxy-derivatives were of the leading significance in the cortizol and corticosterone synthesis in the adrenal glands of monkeys. Progesteron was produced in insignificant amounts and was almost unutilized for steroidogenesis. The formation of 17.21-dioxypregnenolone was revealed; its role in the capacity of cortizol precursor was proved; 17-oryprogesteron was found to be of no great significance in cortizol synthesis; 21-oxypregnenolone, but not progesteron proved to serve as the principal intermediate product in corticosterone formation.", "PMID": 412183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6478", "title": "Sequences homologous to ribosomal insertions occur in the Drosophila genome outside the nucleolus organizer.", "content": "Many repeating units of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA contain a DNA sequence within the gene for 28S rRNA that does not code for rRNA. This sequence has been called the ribosomal insertion [Wellauer, P. K. & Dawid, I. B. (1977) Cell 10, 193-212]. We report here that members of the same sequence family occur outside the ribosomal locus. \"Non-rDNA insertion DNA\" was separated from rDNA by density gradient centrifugation, and sequences homologous to the ribosomal insertion were detected by hybridization with restriction endonuclease fragments derived from a cloned rDNA repeating unit. Pure insertion sequences from cloned rDNA separated from main band DNA and behaved like a component with high G + C content. Non-rDNA components hybridizing to the insertion also separated from main band DNA but less so than pure insertion sequences, suggesting that non-rDNA insertion sequences are linked to DNA of different nucleotide composition. Restriction endonuclease analysis of non-rDNA insertion DNA showed many fragments of different sizes. The patterns obtained were similar in embryonic, larval, pupal, and adult DNA and DNA from cultured cells (Schneider cell line 3). Non-rDNA insertion sequences account for about 0.2% of the genome or about 400 kbases of DNA per haploid complement.", "contents": "Sequences homologous to ribosomal insertions occur in the Drosophila genome outside the nucleolus organizer. Many repeating units of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA contain a DNA sequence within the gene for 28S rRNA that does not code for rRNA. This sequence has been called the ribosomal insertion [Wellauer, P. K. & Dawid, I. B. (1977) Cell 10, 193-212]. We report here that members of the same sequence family occur outside the ribosomal locus. \"Non-rDNA insertion DNA\" was separated from rDNA by density gradient centrifugation, and sequences homologous to the ribosomal insertion were detected by hybridization with restriction endonuclease fragments derived from a cloned rDNA repeating unit. Pure insertion sequences from cloned rDNA separated from main band DNA and behaved like a component with high G + C content. Non-rDNA components hybridizing to the insertion also separated from main band DNA but less so than pure insertion sequences, suggesting that non-rDNA insertion sequences are linked to DNA of different nucleotide composition. Restriction endonuclease analysis of non-rDNA insertion DNA showed many fragments of different sizes. The patterns obtained were similar in embryonic, larval, pupal, and adult DNA and DNA from cultured cells (Schneider cell line 3). Non-rDNA insertion sequences account for about 0.2% of the genome or about 400 kbases of DNA per haploid complement.", "PMID": 412186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6479", "title": "Gene-sized DNA molecules of the Oxytricha macronucleus have the same terminal sequence.", "content": "The DNA in the macronucleus of the ciliated protozoan Oxytricha exists as small linear molecules with a number average size of about 3000 base pairs. Most, and possibly all, of these DNA molecules contain the same inverted terminal repeat sequence of approximately 26 base pairs. In addition to its terminal location, two inverted copies of this same sequence surround single-strand interruptions within these DNA molecules. This sequence arrangement may function in the processing of these molecules from large chromosomal precursors or in the subsequent replication of these small linear DNAs during cell reproduction.", "contents": "Gene-sized DNA molecules of the Oxytricha macronucleus have the same terminal sequence. The DNA in the macronucleus of the ciliated protozoan Oxytricha exists as small linear molecules with a number average size of about 3000 base pairs. Most, and possibly all, of these DNA molecules contain the same inverted terminal repeat sequence of approximately 26 base pairs. In addition to its terminal location, two inverted copies of this same sequence surround single-strand interruptions within these DNA molecules. This sequence arrangement may function in the processing of these molecules from large chromosomal precursors or in the subsequent replication of these small linear DNAs during cell reproduction.", "PMID": 412187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6480", "title": "Genetics of the connective tissue proteins: assignment of the gene for human type I procollagen to chromosome 17 by analysis of cell hybrids and microcell hybrids.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids between mouse and human cell lines have been used to identify the specific chromosome that governs the synthesis of type I procollagen. Fourteen hybrid clones and subclones were derived independently from crosses between mouse parents [LM (thymidine kinase-negative) or A9 (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-negative)] and human cells (human diploid lung fibroblasts WI-38 or diploid skin fibroblasts GM5, GM17, and GM9). The cultures were labeled with [(3)H]proline in modified Eagle's medium without serum. Radioactive procollagens were purified from the medium by the method of Church et al. [(1974) J. Mol. Biol. 86, 785-799]. DEAE-cellulose chromatography was used to separate collagen and type I and type III procollagen. Human type I procollagen was assayed by double immunodiffusion analysis with type I procollagen antibodies prepared by immunizing rabbits with purified human type I procollagen. These analyses combined with karyology and isozyme analyses of each hybrid line have produced evidence for the assignment of the gene for human type I procollagen to chromosome 17. A human microcell-mouse hybrid cell line containing only human chromosome 17 was positive for human type I procollagen, lending further support to the assignment of the human type I procollagen gene to chromosome 17. Finally, by using a hybrid line containing only the long arm of human chromosome 17 translocated onto a mouse chromosome, the type I procollagen gene can be assigned more specifically to the long arm of chromosome 17.", "contents": "Genetics of the connective tissue proteins: assignment of the gene for human type I procollagen to chromosome 17 by analysis of cell hybrids and microcell hybrids. Somatic cell hybrids between mouse and human cell lines have been used to identify the specific chromosome that governs the synthesis of type I procollagen. Fourteen hybrid clones and subclones were derived independently from crosses between mouse parents [LM (thymidine kinase-negative) or A9 (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-negative)] and human cells (human diploid lung fibroblasts WI-38 or diploid skin fibroblasts GM5, GM17, and GM9). The cultures were labeled with [(3)H]proline in modified Eagle's medium without serum. Radioactive procollagens were purified from the medium by the method of Church et al. [(1974) J. Mol. Biol. 86, 785-799]. DEAE-cellulose chromatography was used to separate collagen and type I and type III procollagen. Human type I procollagen was assayed by double immunodiffusion analysis with type I procollagen antibodies prepared by immunizing rabbits with purified human type I procollagen. These analyses combined with karyology and isozyme analyses of each hybrid line have produced evidence for the assignment of the gene for human type I procollagen to chromosome 17. A human microcell-mouse hybrid cell line containing only human chromosome 17 was positive for human type I procollagen, lending further support to the assignment of the human type I procollagen gene to chromosome 17. Finally, by using a hybrid line containing only the long arm of human chromosome 17 translocated onto a mouse chromosome, the type I procollagen gene can be assigned more specifically to the long arm of chromosome 17.", "PMID": 412188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6481", "title": "Myosin types during the development of embryonic chicken fast and slow muscles.", "content": "We have studied the myosin types present in developing fast and slow muscles of the chicken embryo. Myosin light chains were characterized by their mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels; myosin heavy chains were identified by their reaction with antibodies specific for adult fast or adult slow myosin heavy chains. During development, the pectoralis muscle, a fast muscle in the adult, contains heavy chains and two of the three light chains characteristic of adult fast muscle myosin. However, the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle, a slow muscle in the adult, also contains fast myosin light and heavy chains during early development. Only after the time of innervation does this muscle begin synthesizing predominantly the slow myosin heavy and light chains. We hypothesize that the synthesis of fast myosin in both early fast and slow muscles is the result of the endogenous program for muscle development; initiation of the synthesis of slow myosin, however, is dependent upon exogenous factors.", "contents": "Myosin types during the development of embryonic chicken fast and slow muscles. We have studied the myosin types present in developing fast and slow muscles of the chicken embryo. Myosin light chains were characterized by their mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels; myosin heavy chains were identified by their reaction with antibodies specific for adult fast or adult slow myosin heavy chains. During development, the pectoralis muscle, a fast muscle in the adult, contains heavy chains and two of the three light chains characteristic of adult fast muscle myosin. However, the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle, a slow muscle in the adult, also contains fast myosin light and heavy chains during early development. Only after the time of innervation does this muscle begin synthesizing predominantly the slow myosin heavy and light chains. We hypothesize that the synthesis of fast myosin in both early fast and slow muscles is the result of the endogenous program for muscle development; initiation of the synthesis of slow myosin, however, is dependent upon exogenous factors.", "PMID": 412189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6482", "title": "Adaptive response due to changes in gene regulation: a study with Drosophila.", "content": "In spite of the critical role of the process of adaptation in evolution, there are few detailed studies of the genotypic and molecular basis of the process. Drosophila melanogaster flies selected for increased tolerance to ethanol exhibited higher levels of alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.1) activity than unselected controls. A series of tests (electrophoresis, product inhibition, temperature stability, pH optima, substrate specificity, and Michaelis constants) gave no evidence of structural differences in the enzyme of the selected and the control flies. However, quantitative immunological assays showed that the selected flies contained significantly higher amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase. Adaptation of the selected flies to higher alcohol tolerance has most likely taken place by changes not in the structural gene locus coding for the enzyme, but by regulatory changes affecting the amount of gene product.", "contents": "Adaptive response due to changes in gene regulation: a study with Drosophila. In spite of the critical role of the process of adaptation in evolution, there are few detailed studies of the genotypic and molecular basis of the process. Drosophila melanogaster flies selected for increased tolerance to ethanol exhibited higher levels of alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.1) activity than unselected controls. A series of tests (electrophoresis, product inhibition, temperature stability, pH optima, substrate specificity, and Michaelis constants) gave no evidence of structural differences in the enzyme of the selected and the control flies. However, quantitative immunological assays showed that the selected flies contained significantly higher amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase. Adaptation of the selected flies to higher alcohol tolerance has most likely taken place by changes not in the structural gene locus coding for the enzyme, but by regulatory changes affecting the amount of gene product.", "PMID": 412190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6483", "title": "A Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulin that is both a cold agglutinin and a cryoglobulin because it binds N-acetylneuraminosyl residues.", "content": "A purified human monoclonal IgM(kappa) (cold agglutinin MKV) has been characterized as both a cold agglutinin and a cryoglobulin. Since its reactivity with human erythrocytes but not with dog erythrocytes is reduced by treatment of the cells with ficin and its reactivity with both is abolished by treatment of the cells with neuraminidase, it has by definition Pr(2) specificity [Roelcke, D. (1974) Clin. Immunol. Immunopath. 2, 266-280]. Presumably, the membrane receptors for cold agglutinin MKV are sialic acid-containing glycoproteins in human cells and sialic acid-containing glycolipids in dog cells. Agglutination of erythrocytes is specifically inhibited by II(3)-N-acetylneuraminosyllactosylceramide (GM(3)) and N-acetylneuraminosylparagloboside but not by their N-glycolylneuraminosyl forms or by lactosylceramide or paragloboside, and the reactivity of neuraminidase-treated cells can be restored by allowing them to absorb either GM(3) or N-acetylneuraminosylparagloboside. When large amounts of ganglioside are absorbed, the cells are agglutinated not only in the cold, but also at 37 degrees , showing that the density of receptor sites on the erythrocyte surface can influence the thermal amplitude of cold agglutinins. Liberation of sialic acid from cold agglutinin MKV by treatment with neuraminidase (acylneuraminosyl hydrolase; EC 3.2.1.18) does not affect its agglutinating properties but the asialoprotein is no longer a cryoglobulin. Apparently the physical basis for its precipitation in the cold is the intermolecular immune binding of N-acetylneuraminosyl residues.", "contents": "A Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulin that is both a cold agglutinin and a cryoglobulin because it binds N-acetylneuraminosyl residues. A purified human monoclonal IgM(kappa) (cold agglutinin MKV) has been characterized as both a cold agglutinin and a cryoglobulin. Since its reactivity with human erythrocytes but not with dog erythrocytes is reduced by treatment of the cells with ficin and its reactivity with both is abolished by treatment of the cells with neuraminidase, it has by definition Pr(2) specificity [Roelcke, D. (1974) Clin. Immunol. Immunopath. 2, 266-280]. Presumably, the membrane receptors for cold agglutinin MKV are sialic acid-containing glycoproteins in human cells and sialic acid-containing glycolipids in dog cells. Agglutination of erythrocytes is specifically inhibited by II(3)-N-acetylneuraminosyllactosylceramide (GM(3)) and N-acetylneuraminosylparagloboside but not by their N-glycolylneuraminosyl forms or by lactosylceramide or paragloboside, and the reactivity of neuraminidase-treated cells can be restored by allowing them to absorb either GM(3) or N-acetylneuraminosylparagloboside. When large amounts of ganglioside are absorbed, the cells are agglutinated not only in the cold, but also at 37 degrees , showing that the density of receptor sites on the erythrocyte surface can influence the thermal amplitude of cold agglutinins. Liberation of sialic acid from cold agglutinin MKV by treatment with neuraminidase (acylneuraminosyl hydrolase; EC 3.2.1.18) does not affect its agglutinating properties but the asialoprotein is no longer a cryoglobulin. Apparently the physical basis for its precipitation in the cold is the intermolecular immune binding of N-acetylneuraminosyl residues.", "PMID": 412191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6484", "title": "Segregation at a locus determining an immunoglobulin genetic marker for the light chain variable region affects inheritance of expression of an idiotype.", "content": "Previous investigations have demonstrated close genetic linkage between loci governing expression of strain-specific idiotypes and immunoglobulin heavy (H) chain allotype (i.e., the C(H) locus). This linkage is presumed to reflect polymorphism of V(H) genes (or of their expression) linked to the polymorphic C(H) locus. That there was no apparent involvement of light (L) chain loci (thought to be unlinked to H chain) in inheritance of the idiotype-positive (Id(+)) phenotype was surprising, because the L chain is required for formation of each of the idiotypes studied at the chemical level. However, previous studies involving backcrosses of F(1)(Id(+) x Id(-)) mice to the Id(-) parental strain have never employed as the Id(-) parent one of several inbred strains shown by G. M. Edelman and P. D. Gottlieb [(1970) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 67, 1191-1199] to express a V(L)-region polymorphism. Among backcrosses performed in the present study, one involved the A/J strain as the Id(+) parent and the PL/J strain, one of the several strains with and L chain polymorphism, as the Id(-) parent. Whereas in three other backcrosses performed, idiotype expression segregated with H chain allotype, in the backcross to PL/J, all mice producing the characteristic A/J Id(+) phenotype were A/J allotype(+), but not all A/J allotype(+) mice were Id(+). Typing of backcross progeny for the Ly-3 thymocyte alloantigens, controlled by a locus closely linked to that governing the L chain polymorphism (called the VK-1 locus), indicated that only the Ly-3 heterozygotes expressed the characteristic A/J Id(+) phenotype. Thus, all Id(+) backcross mice inherited both the H chain allotype and the Ly-3 locus (and closely linked L chain-related locus) from the Id(+) A/J strain. This suggests that, when strains with L chain polymorphisms are included in genetic studies of idiotype expression, segregation of loci governing L chain expression may be found to contribute to inheritance of the Id(+) character. In addition, these studies may be taken as further evidence that the V(L)-region repertoire of the PL/J strain may differ considerably from that of most other inbred strains of mice.", "contents": "Segregation at a locus determining an immunoglobulin genetic marker for the light chain variable region affects inheritance of expression of an idiotype. Previous investigations have demonstrated close genetic linkage between loci governing expression of strain-specific idiotypes and immunoglobulin heavy (H) chain allotype (i.e., the C(H) locus). This linkage is presumed to reflect polymorphism of V(H) genes (or of their expression) linked to the polymorphic C(H) locus. That there was no apparent involvement of light (L) chain loci (thought to be unlinked to H chain) in inheritance of the idiotype-positive (Id(+)) phenotype was surprising, because the L chain is required for formation of each of the idiotypes studied at the chemical level. However, previous studies involving backcrosses of F(1)(Id(+) x Id(-)) mice to the Id(-) parental strain have never employed as the Id(-) parent one of several inbred strains shown by G. M. Edelman and P. D. Gottlieb [(1970) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 67, 1191-1199] to express a V(L)-region polymorphism. Among backcrosses performed in the present study, one involved the A/J strain as the Id(+) parent and the PL/J strain, one of the several strains with and L chain polymorphism, as the Id(-) parent. Whereas in three other backcrosses performed, idiotype expression segregated with H chain allotype, in the backcross to PL/J, all mice producing the characteristic A/J Id(+) phenotype were A/J allotype(+), but not all A/J allotype(+) mice were Id(+). Typing of backcross progeny for the Ly-3 thymocyte alloantigens, controlled by a locus closely linked to that governing the L chain polymorphism (called the VK-1 locus), indicated that only the Ly-3 heterozygotes expressed the characteristic A/J Id(+) phenotype. Thus, all Id(+) backcross mice inherited both the H chain allotype and the Ly-3 locus (and closely linked L chain-related locus) from the Id(+) A/J strain. This suggests that, when strains with L chain polymorphisms are included in genetic studies of idiotype expression, segregation of loci governing L chain expression may be found to contribute to inheritance of the Id(+) character. In addition, these studies may be taken as further evidence that the V(L)-region repertoire of the PL/J strain may differ considerably from that of most other inbred strains of mice.", "PMID": 412192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6485", "title": "Sedimentation properties of the scrapie agent.", "content": "The sedimentation behavior of the scrapie agent in homogenates of spleen from infected mice has been determined. Approximately 90% of the scrapie agent was sedimented at an omega2t value of 3 X 10(10) rad2/sec in a fixed-angle rotor. Sedimentation of the agent was not substantially affected by sonication or by treatment with the detergent sodium deoxycholate. The sedimentation profiles of the scrapie agent were similar to those observed for free polyribosomes, but differed from those exhibited by five other subcellular markers. Comparative studies showed that the sedimentation profiles of subcellular markers in spleen suspensions from mice infected with scrapie did not differ from uninoculated controls. These studies suggest that the scrapie agent is a discrete infectious particle which should be separable from cellular membranes.", "contents": "Sedimentation properties of the scrapie agent. The sedimentation behavior of the scrapie agent in homogenates of spleen from infected mice has been determined. Approximately 90% of the scrapie agent was sedimented at an omega2t value of 3 X 10(10) rad2/sec in a fixed-angle rotor. Sedimentation of the agent was not substantially affected by sonication or by treatment with the detergent sodium deoxycholate. The sedimentation profiles of the scrapie agent were similar to those observed for free polyribosomes, but differed from those exhibited by five other subcellular markers. Comparative studies showed that the sedimentation profiles of subcellular markers in spleen suspensions from mice infected with scrapie did not differ from uninoculated controls. These studies suggest that the scrapie agent is a discrete infectious particle which should be separable from cellular membranes.", "PMID": 412193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6486", "title": "Sensory electrophysiology of bacteria: relationship of the membrane potential to motility and chemotaxis in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The relationship of membrane potential to motility and chemotaxis of Bacillus subtilis has been tested by using the fluorescence of a cyanine dye as a probe of the potential. The dye fluorescence was found to be an indicator of membrane potential by correlation with triphenylmethylphosphonium ion distribution and with changes due to anaerobicity and ionophore addition. When the potential was sufficient for motility and constant over time, it was found that the absolute level of the potential did not affect the swimming behavior of the bacteria. Transient alteration of the membrane potential did, however, lead to changes in swimming behavior. Attractants were found to alter the swimming behavior of the bacteria without altering the membrane potential. Thus, change of the overall membrane potential of a normal B. subtilis is not required for chemotaxis, but such a change is sensed by the bacteria just as changing levels of attractants and repellents are sensed.", "contents": "Sensory electrophysiology of bacteria: relationship of the membrane potential to motility and chemotaxis in Bacillus subtilis. The relationship of membrane potential to motility and chemotaxis of Bacillus subtilis has been tested by using the fluorescence of a cyanine dye as a probe of the potential. The dye fluorescence was found to be an indicator of membrane potential by correlation with triphenylmethylphosphonium ion distribution and with changes due to anaerobicity and ionophore addition. When the potential was sufficient for motility and constant over time, it was found that the absolute level of the potential did not affect the swimming behavior of the bacteria. Transient alteration of the membrane potential did, however, lead to changes in swimming behavior. Attractants were found to alter the swimming behavior of the bacteria without altering the membrane potential. Thus, change of the overall membrane potential of a normal B. subtilis is not required for chemotaxis, but such a change is sensed by the bacteria just as changing levels of attractants and repellents are sensed.", "PMID": 412194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6487", "title": "Cloned segment of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA containing new types of sequence insertion.", "content": "A cloned 14.3-kbase segment of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA (Dm207) is described in which only a 4-kbase region is homologous to a cloned 17-kbase rDNA repeating unit, Dm103; this 4-kbase region consists of part of the 28S rRNA gene and most but not all of the adjacent transcribed spacer that normally connects the 18S and 28S genes. The transcribed spacer in Dm207 is interrupted by a 2.2-kbase stretch of DNA that does not contain any 18S gene sequences. At the other end of the 4-kbase homology, the 28S gene is interrupted by an 8.1-kbase stretch of DNA at a position equivalent to the site of the 28S insertion found in the 17-kbase units. The question of whether the 2.2-kbase and 8.1-kbase interrupter segments in Dm207 derive from longer insertions into the transcribed spacer and 28S genes of a very long repeating unit (greater than or equal to 22 kbases) or represent a region of the chromosomal DNA into which a 4-kbase fragment of rDNA has been inserted is discussed.", "contents": "Cloned segment of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA containing new types of sequence insertion. A cloned 14.3-kbase segment of Drosophila melanogaster rDNA (Dm207) is described in which only a 4-kbase region is homologous to a cloned 17-kbase rDNA repeating unit, Dm103; this 4-kbase region consists of part of the 28S rRNA gene and most but not all of the adjacent transcribed spacer that normally connects the 18S and 28S genes. The transcribed spacer in Dm207 is interrupted by a 2.2-kbase stretch of DNA that does not contain any 18S gene sequences. At the other end of the 4-kbase homology, the 28S gene is interrupted by an 8.1-kbase stretch of DNA at a position equivalent to the site of the 28S insertion found in the 17-kbase units. The question of whether the 2.2-kbase and 8.1-kbase interrupter segments in Dm207 derive from longer insertions into the transcribed spacer and 28S genes of a very long repeating unit (greater than or equal to 22 kbases) or represent a region of the chromosomal DNA into which a 4-kbase fragment of rDNA has been inserted is discussed.", "PMID": 412195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6488", "title": "Translation of Drosophila melanogaster sequences in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Thirty-seven independently cloned segments of Drosophila melanogaster DNA (Dm segments) were individually tested for their ability to promote the synthesis of new polypeptides in Escherichia coli K-12. The cloning vector was the pSC101 plasmid and the test system consisted of E. coli K-12 minicells that contained the hybrid pDm plasmids. Each of four pDm plasmids produced a new polypeptide, and one, pDm107, was selected for detailed mapping of the sequences required for the translation of its 38,000-dalton polypeptide, the Dm107 protein. Mapping was accomplished by constructing (i) deletion derivatives of pDm107 and (ii) new plasmids consisting of fragments of the Dm107 segment inserted into other vectors, and then testing these hybrids for their ability to promote the synthesis of the Dm107 protein, or truncated versions of this protein, in minicells. The 1000 base pairs of sequences that are translated to yield the Dm107 protein were thereby mapped at the center of the 18,000-base pair Dm107 segment, which consists of nonrepetitive sequences located at the base of the right arm of chromosome 2. The four polypeptides produced by the four pDm plasmids require sequences of 4000 base pairs for their translation, and the total amount of DNA in the 37 cloned Dm segments that were tested is approximately 400,000 base pairs. Because no new polypeptides were detected with the remaining 33 pDm plasmids, the fraction of D. melanogaster sequences that can be efficiently translated in E. coli K-12 is estimated to be 1 x 10(-2).", "contents": "Translation of Drosophila melanogaster sequences in Escherichia coli. Thirty-seven independently cloned segments of Drosophila melanogaster DNA (Dm segments) were individually tested for their ability to promote the synthesis of new polypeptides in Escherichia coli K-12. The cloning vector was the pSC101 plasmid and the test system consisted of E. coli K-12 minicells that contained the hybrid pDm plasmids. Each of four pDm plasmids produced a new polypeptide, and one, pDm107, was selected for detailed mapping of the sequences required for the translation of its 38,000-dalton polypeptide, the Dm107 protein. Mapping was accomplished by constructing (i) deletion derivatives of pDm107 and (ii) new plasmids consisting of fragments of the Dm107 segment inserted into other vectors, and then testing these hybrids for their ability to promote the synthesis of the Dm107 protein, or truncated versions of this protein, in minicells. The 1000 base pairs of sequences that are translated to yield the Dm107 protein were thereby mapped at the center of the 18,000-base pair Dm107 segment, which consists of nonrepetitive sequences located at the base of the right arm of chromosome 2. The four polypeptides produced by the four pDm plasmids require sequences of 4000 base pairs for their translation, and the total amount of DNA in the 37 cloned Dm segments that were tested is approximately 400,000 base pairs. Because no new polypeptides were detected with the remaining 33 pDm plasmids, the fraction of D. melanogaster sequences that can be efficiently translated in E. coli K-12 is estimated to be 1 x 10(-2).", "PMID": 412196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6489", "title": "Proteolysis associated with normal, carcinogen-treated, and transformed rat liver epithelial cells.", "content": "A method was developed to distinguish between cell surface-associated and released proteolytic activity. The approach utilizes 125I-labeled protein substrate covalently linked to modified latex beads. These beads are either rolled over the surface of cells grown in culture or next to the cells. Using this method we have studied normal, carcinogen-treated and spontaneously transformed rat liver epithelial cells. Transformed cells always released greater amounts of radioactivity than carcinogen-treated or normal hepatocytes when the beads were presented next to the cells, indicating an enhanced release of proteolytic enzymes. When the substrate was in contact with the viable cell surfaces both the carcinogen-treated and transformed cells released more radioactivity from the beads' surface than the tissue culture-adapted normal cells. This enhanced proteolytic cleavage indicated that there is an altered surface topology or an increased surface-associated enzyme activity on both the carcinogen-treated and transformed cells.", "contents": "Proteolysis associated with normal, carcinogen-treated, and transformed rat liver epithelial cells. A method was developed to distinguish between cell surface-associated and released proteolytic activity. The approach utilizes 125I-labeled protein substrate covalently linked to modified latex beads. These beads are either rolled over the surface of cells grown in culture or next to the cells. Using this method we have studied normal, carcinogen-treated and spontaneously transformed rat liver epithelial cells. Transformed cells always released greater amounts of radioactivity than carcinogen-treated or normal hepatocytes when the beads were presented next to the cells, indicating an enhanced release of proteolytic enzymes. When the substrate was in contact with the viable cell surfaces both the carcinogen-treated and transformed cells released more radioactivity from the beads' surface than the tissue culture-adapted normal cells. This enhanced proteolytic cleavage indicated that there is an altered surface topology or an increased surface-associated enzyme activity on both the carcinogen-treated and transformed cells.", "PMID": 412200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6490", "title": "Esophageal cannulation for oral drug administration in the sub-human primate.", "content": "A technique of esophageal cannulation used in rats was adapted for use in the sub-human primate. Cannulation of the esophagus requires general surgical skills and a very short postoperative recovery period. No interference in eating habits or tendency toward vomiting was noted following cannulation. This technique allows the investigator an effective method for oral dosing of drugs with minimal physical and emotional stress to the animals and is quite appropriate for oral drug self-administration studies.", "contents": "Esophageal cannulation for oral drug administration in the sub-human primate. A technique of esophageal cannulation used in rats was adapted for use in the sub-human primate. Cannulation of the esophagus requires general surgical skills and a very short postoperative recovery period. No interference in eating habits or tendency toward vomiting was noted following cannulation. This technique allows the investigator an effective method for oral dosing of drugs with minimal physical and emotional stress to the animals and is quite appropriate for oral drug self-administration studies.", "PMID": 412201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6491", "title": "Effects of methadone and morphine maintenance on drug-seeking behavior in the dog.", "content": "The effects of methadone and morphine maintenance on morphine self-administration were studied in the dog. Methadone was given passively for 2 weeks by continuous i.v. infusion. The amount of methadone administered daily was the same in mg/kg as the mean daily mg/kg of morphine the dogs had self-administered during the premaintenance control week. Morphine self-administration was markedly reduced initially but returned to normal levels within 2 weeks of methadone administration. Following the methadone maintenance period, morphine self-administration was increased over the premaintenance period for 2 weeks. A result similar to that with methadone was obtained in a second experiment when morphine was used as the maintenance drug in an amount that was three times the amount the dogs had been self-administering during the premaintenance control week.", "contents": "Effects of methadone and morphine maintenance on drug-seeking behavior in the dog. The effects of methadone and morphine maintenance on morphine self-administration were studied in the dog. Methadone was given passively for 2 weeks by continuous i.v. infusion. The amount of methadone administered daily was the same in mg/kg as the mean daily mg/kg of morphine the dogs had self-administered during the premaintenance control week. Morphine self-administration was markedly reduced initially but returned to normal levels within 2 weeks of methadone administration. Following the methadone maintenance period, morphine self-administration was increased over the premaintenance period for 2 weeks. A result similar to that with methadone was obtained in a second experiment when morphine was used as the maintenance drug in an amount that was three times the amount the dogs had been self-administering during the premaintenance control week.", "PMID": 412203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6492", "title": "Repression of a lithium pump as a consequence of lithium ingestion by manic-depressive subjects.", "content": "The lithium pump in human erythrocyte membranes, which is responsible for extrusion of lithium against a concentration gradient, has been found to be reversibly repressed during periods of lithium carbonate administration. The pump activity of patients prior to lithium therapy is not different from controls. The onset of repression may require several days to several weeks and occurs at specific individual threshold levels of lithium carbonate dosage. Reactivation of the lithium pump occurs sometime after the dosage is discontinued. We postulate that repression of the lithium pump results from systemically available factors which alter membrane structure, and suggest that is such changes also occur in the central nervous system, they may provide insight into one means by which lithium produces its psychotropic affects.", "contents": "Repression of a lithium pump as a consequence of lithium ingestion by manic-depressive subjects. The lithium pump in human erythrocyte membranes, which is responsible for extrusion of lithium against a concentration gradient, has been found to be reversibly repressed during periods of lithium carbonate administration. The pump activity of patients prior to lithium therapy is not different from controls. The onset of repression may require several days to several weeks and occurs at specific individual threshold levels of lithium carbonate dosage. Reactivation of the lithium pump occurs sometime after the dosage is discontinued. We postulate that repression of the lithium pump results from systemically available factors which alter membrane structure, and suggest that is such changes also occur in the central nervous system, they may provide insight into one means by which lithium produces its psychotropic affects.", "PMID": 412204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6493", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine on responding simultaneously maintained and punished by presentation of electric shock.", "content": "Responding of two squirrel monkeys with a previous avoidance history was developed and maintained under a multiple fixed-interval 10-min schedule of food and electric shock presentation. Under this schedule the first response after 10 min produced either food or shock depending on the prevailing stimulus condition. Subsequently, responding maintained by food was suppressed when each 30th response produced shock (punishment). Presentation of the same intensity electric shock (10 mA) under the fixed-interval schedule in the other component continued to maintain high positively-accelerated rates of responding. Although increases in punished responding do not usually occur with d-amphetamine, under these conditions, where responding was both maintained and suppressed by the same consequent event, d-amphetamine markedly increased punished responding. Responding maintained by the presentation of shock was also increased by d-amphetamine. The effects of d-amphetamine on punished responding can depend on specific features of the situation in which behavior is studied.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine on responding simultaneously maintained and punished by presentation of electric shock. Responding of two squirrel monkeys with a previous avoidance history was developed and maintained under a multiple fixed-interval 10-min schedule of food and electric shock presentation. Under this schedule the first response after 10 min produced either food or shock depending on the prevailing stimulus condition. Subsequently, responding maintained by food was suppressed when each 30th response produced shock (punishment). Presentation of the same intensity electric shock (10 mA) under the fixed-interval schedule in the other component continued to maintain high positively-accelerated rates of responding. Although increases in punished responding do not usually occur with d-amphetamine, under these conditions, where responding was both maintained and suppressed by the same consequent event, d-amphetamine markedly increased punished responding. Responding maintained by the presentation of shock was also increased by d-amphetamine. The effects of d-amphetamine on punished responding can depend on specific features of the situation in which behavior is studied.", "PMID": 412205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6494", "title": "The demethylation of imipramine and clomipramine as apparent from their plasma kinetics.", "content": "The demetylation of imipramine and clomipramine was studied after administration by different routes of single doses of clomipramine hydrochloride and multiple doses of clomipramine as well as imipramine hydrochloride. Five healthy volunteers received 1 mg of clomipramine hydrochloride/kg body weight as single oral and intramuscular doses on different occasions for the purpose of studying the plasma levels of clomipramine and the desmethylclomipramine formed. Desmethylclomipramine was found in the plasma in four of the subjects after oral intake but only in one subject after intramuscular injection. The peak levels of clomipramine were considerably higher after intramuscular than after oral administration. The half-lives of clomipramine after oral administration ranged from 11.6-35.8 h (M = 20.8 +/- 4.0) and after intramuscular administration from 20.1--39.6 h (M = 24.7 +/- 3.7). Twenty subjects received either imipramine or clomipramine both orally and intramuscularly during a period of 3 weeks in a crossover design. The plasma levels of imipramine and clomipramine and their demethylated metabolites desipramine and desmethylclomipramine were determined during the treatment. The ratio between the plasma level of the parent drug and its demethylated metabolite was on average twice as high during intramuscular as during oral treatment.", "contents": "The demethylation of imipramine and clomipramine as apparent from their plasma kinetics. The demetylation of imipramine and clomipramine was studied after administration by different routes of single doses of clomipramine hydrochloride and multiple doses of clomipramine as well as imipramine hydrochloride. Five healthy volunteers received 1 mg of clomipramine hydrochloride/kg body weight as single oral and intramuscular doses on different occasions for the purpose of studying the plasma levels of clomipramine and the desmethylclomipramine formed. Desmethylclomipramine was found in the plasma in four of the subjects after oral intake but only in one subject after intramuscular injection. The peak levels of clomipramine were considerably higher after intramuscular than after oral administration. The half-lives of clomipramine after oral administration ranged from 11.6-35.8 h (M = 20.8 +/- 4.0) and after intramuscular administration from 20.1--39.6 h (M = 24.7 +/- 3.7). Twenty subjects received either imipramine or clomipramine both orally and intramuscularly during a period of 3 weeks in a crossover design. The plasma levels of imipramine and clomipramine and their demethylated metabolites desipramine and desmethylclomipramine were determined during the treatment. The ratio between the plasma level of the parent drug and its demethylated metabolite was on average twice as high during intramuscular as during oral treatment.", "PMID": 412206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6495", "title": "The effects of four antihypertensive agents on the Stroop colour-word test in normal male volunteer subjects.", "content": "Sixty healthy male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups on a double-blind basis: 1. Atenolol = 50 mg t.d.s. 2. Methyl dopa = 250 mg t.d.s. 3. Propanolol = 40 mg t.d.s. 4. Reserpine = 0.2 mg t.d.s. 5. Placebo. 6. Control = no tablets. Tests were carried out before treatment, 2 h after the first dose, after seven doses, and after 21 doses. Subjects performance on the Stroop Colour-Word Test was assessed in terms of (a) word reading speed and (b) an 'interference' score based on the difference between the incongruous colour word and colour card reading speed. No evidience was found of central effects of the beta-blockers, but personality X drug interactions were found, particularly in the reserpine group.", "contents": "The effects of four antihypertensive agents on the Stroop colour-word test in normal male volunteer subjects. Sixty healthy male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups on a double-blind basis: 1. Atenolol = 50 mg t.d.s. 2. Methyl dopa = 250 mg t.d.s. 3. Propanolol = 40 mg t.d.s. 4. Reserpine = 0.2 mg t.d.s. 5. Placebo. 6. Control = no tablets. Tests were carried out before treatment, 2 h after the first dose, after seven doses, and after 21 doses. Subjects performance on the Stroop Colour-Word Test was assessed in terms of (a) word reading speed and (b) an 'interference' score based on the difference between the incongruous colour word and colour card reading speed. No evidience was found of central effects of the beta-blockers, but personality X drug interactions were found, particularly in the reserpine group.", "PMID": 412207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6496", "title": "Deficits in passive-avoidance learning following atropine in the developing rat.", "content": "The maturation of cholinergic inhibitory mechanisms that may be involved in passive-avoidance learning was studied in rats 14, 17, 21, 25, 28, and 34 days of age. Acquisition and extinction of the conditioned response were examined under saline and atropine sulfate (5 mg/kg). Learning was also tested following scopolamine hydrobromide injections (1, 4, 8 mg/kg) in rats 17 days of age and following alpha-methylatropine (5 mg/kg) in 17- and 34-day-old groups. In normal animals the rate of acquisition increased during ontogenesis, with a significant improvement between postnatal days 17 and 21, whereas the rate of extinction did not vary with age. Acquisition was impaired by atropine sulfate at all ages and even totally prevented in younger groups (14 and 17 days of age). It was also completely disrupted by scopolamine in 17-day-old rats. Extinction following acquisition under atropine was more rapid than after normal acquisition. Methyl-atropine was without effect. These results support the hypothesis of central cholinergic mechanisms involved in response suppression, already functioning in the rat 14 days of age and maturing mainly between the 17th and the 21st postnatal days.", "contents": "Deficits in passive-avoidance learning following atropine in the developing rat. The maturation of cholinergic inhibitory mechanisms that may be involved in passive-avoidance learning was studied in rats 14, 17, 21, 25, 28, and 34 days of age. Acquisition and extinction of the conditioned response were examined under saline and atropine sulfate (5 mg/kg). Learning was also tested following scopolamine hydrobromide injections (1, 4, 8 mg/kg) in rats 17 days of age and following alpha-methylatropine (5 mg/kg) in 17- and 34-day-old groups. In normal animals the rate of acquisition increased during ontogenesis, with a significant improvement between postnatal days 17 and 21, whereas the rate of extinction did not vary with age. Acquisition was impaired by atropine sulfate at all ages and even totally prevented in younger groups (14 and 17 days of age). It was also completely disrupted by scopolamine in 17-day-old rats. Extinction following acquisition under atropine was more rapid than after normal acquisition. Methyl-atropine was without effect. These results support the hypothesis of central cholinergic mechanisms involved in response suppression, already functioning in the rat 14 days of age and maturing mainly between the 17th and the 21st postnatal days.", "PMID": 412208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6497", "title": "Effects of cyclic analogs of GABA on protein synthesis and discrimination learning.", "content": "Three cyclic analogs of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-5-ethyl, 5-phenyl, 2-pyrrolidinone (EPP), 5-diphenyl, 2-pyrrolidinone (DPP), and 5-methyl, 5-phenyl, 2-pyrrolidinone (MPP)- were studied in relation to protein synthesis and the latter in relation to discrimination learning. The present study shows that when different groups of rats were injected subcutaneously with 10 mg/kg of EPP or DPP, the protein synthesis in vitro was inhibited 75% in brain mitochondria. MPP at the same doses was the less potent inhibitor of mitochondria protein synthesis. Experiments on discrimination learning show that 10mg/kg of MPP enhance the response decision speed in presence of S(+) (white arm) and S(-) (black arm).", "contents": "Effects of cyclic analogs of GABA on protein synthesis and discrimination learning. Three cyclic analogs of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-5-ethyl, 5-phenyl, 2-pyrrolidinone (EPP), 5-diphenyl, 2-pyrrolidinone (DPP), and 5-methyl, 5-phenyl, 2-pyrrolidinone (MPP)- were studied in relation to protein synthesis and the latter in relation to discrimination learning. The present study shows that when different groups of rats were injected subcutaneously with 10 mg/kg of EPP or DPP, the protein synthesis in vitro was inhibited 75% in brain mitochondria. MPP at the same doses was the less potent inhibitor of mitochondria protein synthesis. Experiments on discrimination learning show that 10mg/kg of MPP enhance the response decision speed in presence of S(+) (white arm) and S(-) (black arm).", "PMID": 412209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6498", "title": "Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal as a function of the morphine-naloxone interval.", "content": "Withdrawal was precipitated by naloxone at different intervals, up to 22.5 h, following a last maintenance injection in morphine-dependent rats. Different symptoms of withdrawal were found to be preeminent following different morphine-naloxone intervals. Locomotor activity, jumping, and writhing were precipitated most frequently at shorter intervals after the last morphine injection; teeth chattering, wet dog shakes, ptosis, diarrhea, penile ejaculation, and hypothermia, at longer intervals. Others, including hostility, rhinnorhea and lacrimation did not change in frequency over the intervals measured. This order closely resembled that in which symptoms occurred as a result of withdrawal abstinence alone, though they were somewhat advanced in time. The results were discussed in relation to previously reported observations of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal, and in terms of their implications for a general theory of morphine withdrawal.", "contents": "Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal as a function of the morphine-naloxone interval. Withdrawal was precipitated by naloxone at different intervals, up to 22.5 h, following a last maintenance injection in morphine-dependent rats. Different symptoms of withdrawal were found to be preeminent following different morphine-naloxone intervals. Locomotor activity, jumping, and writhing were precipitated most frequently at shorter intervals after the last morphine injection; teeth chattering, wet dog shakes, ptosis, diarrhea, penile ejaculation, and hypothermia, at longer intervals. Others, including hostility, rhinnorhea and lacrimation did not change in frequency over the intervals measured. This order closely resembled that in which symptoms occurred as a result of withdrawal abstinence alone, though they were somewhat advanced in time. The results were discussed in relation to previously reported observations of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal, and in terms of their implications for a general theory of morphine withdrawal.", "PMID": 412210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6499", "title": "Sedative properties of doxepin in comparison with diazepam.", "content": "Doxepin (Quitaxon) at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg was compared with diazepam 7.5, 15, and 22.5 mg, using as variables the percentage lowering of Critical Flicker Fusion (CFF) and the self-estimated degree of drowsiness. Single doses were given, and repeated effect determinations were made over 6 h. Clear dose-effect relations could be demonstrated. The two drugs differed in speed and duration of action and in steepness of effect increase with dose. Although there were good correlations between CFF effect and subjective drowsiness, it seemed that the two methods interrelated somewhat differently in the different types of drug. CFF was a more stable and reliable method than the subjective estimation of drowsiness. However, when comparing drugs belonging to different classes, both methods preferably should be used together.", "contents": "Sedative properties of doxepin in comparison with diazepam. Doxepin (Quitaxon) at doses of 25, 50, and 75 mg was compared with diazepam 7.5, 15, and 22.5 mg, using as variables the percentage lowering of Critical Flicker Fusion (CFF) and the self-estimated degree of drowsiness. Single doses were given, and repeated effect determinations were made over 6 h. Clear dose-effect relations could be demonstrated. The two drugs differed in speed and duration of action and in steepness of effect increase with dose. Although there were good correlations between CFF effect and subjective drowsiness, it seemed that the two methods interrelated somewhat differently in the different types of drug. CFF was a more stable and reliable method than the subjective estimation of drowsiness. However, when comparing drugs belonging to different classes, both methods preferably should be used together.", "PMID": 412211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6500", "title": "Interaction between delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and d-amphetamine.", "content": "d-Amphetamine increases the motor activity at a dose range of 0.5-4 mg/kg. delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) diminishes this effect dose-dependently. Also, the hyperthermia caused by 5 mg/kg d-amphetamine is antagonized by THC, whereas the d-amphetamine induced stereotype movements (above 4 mg/kg) are prolonged by the cannabinoid. THC and d-amphetamine both reduce the food and water intake and the normal development body weight of rats. In combination the two substances have an additive effect. Rats treated with 5 mg/kg d-amphetamine show a significant enhancement of the dopamine (DA) concentration (26%) in the brain stem 2 h p.i. Pretreatment with 10 mg/kg THC, which also causes an increase of DA by 15%, raises the DA content by 50%. Norepinephrine (NE) in the brain stem and hypothalamus is reduced by d-amphetamine but THC has no effect on the concentration of this monoamine. After subchronical treatment with THC tolerance is demonstrable to all THC effects tested. But there is no cross tolerance between delta(9)-THC and d-amphetamine since the pharmacological as well as the biochemical effects of d-amphetamine occur despite the subchronical treatment with THC.", "contents": "Interaction between delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and d-amphetamine. d-Amphetamine increases the motor activity at a dose range of 0.5-4 mg/kg. delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) diminishes this effect dose-dependently. Also, the hyperthermia caused by 5 mg/kg d-amphetamine is antagonized by THC, whereas the d-amphetamine induced stereotype movements (above 4 mg/kg) are prolonged by the cannabinoid. THC and d-amphetamine both reduce the food and water intake and the normal development body weight of rats. In combination the two substances have an additive effect. Rats treated with 5 mg/kg d-amphetamine show a significant enhancement of the dopamine (DA) concentration (26%) in the brain stem 2 h p.i. Pretreatment with 10 mg/kg THC, which also causes an increase of DA by 15%, raises the DA content by 50%. Norepinephrine (NE) in the brain stem and hypothalamus is reduced by d-amphetamine but THC has no effect on the concentration of this monoamine. After subchronical treatment with THC tolerance is demonstrable to all THC effects tested. But there is no cross tolerance between delta(9)-THC and d-amphetamine since the pharmacological as well as the biochemical effects of d-amphetamine occur despite the subchronical treatment with THC.", "PMID": 412212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6501", "title": "Perlapine: relationship between stimulation of prolactin secretion and antipsychotic activity.", "content": "Perlapine is a dibenzohetereopine compound chemically related to clothiapine, loxapine, and clozapine. Although the latter three compounds are antipsychotic, perlapine has not been reported to be antipsychotic. Nevertheless, all four drugs increase rat plasma prolactin levels. The order of potency is loxapine, perlapine, clothiapine, and clozapine. These results suggest that either perlapine should be reexamined for antipsychotic properties or there are hitherto unsuspected discrepancies between the dopamine receptors relevant to antipsychotic activity in man and those that regulate prolactin secretion in the rat.", "contents": "Perlapine: relationship between stimulation of prolactin secretion and antipsychotic activity. Perlapine is a dibenzohetereopine compound chemically related to clothiapine, loxapine, and clozapine. Although the latter three compounds are antipsychotic, perlapine has not been reported to be antipsychotic. Nevertheless, all four drugs increase rat plasma prolactin levels. The order of potency is loxapine, perlapine, clothiapine, and clozapine. These results suggest that either perlapine should be reexamined for antipsychotic properties or there are hitherto unsuspected discrepancies between the dopamine receptors relevant to antipsychotic activity in man and those that regulate prolactin secretion in the rat.", "PMID": 412213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6502", "title": "The antagonizing effect of aspartic acid on the brain levels of monoamines and free amino acids during the development of tolerance to the physical dependence on morphine.", "content": "Since it has been shown in previous study that aspartic acid prevents the development of physical dependence on and tolerance to morphine and antagonizes the abstinence syndrom signs, the biochemical bases of that prevention were investigated in the present study. The brain contents of serotonin, DA, NA, and free amino acids of the rats given aspartic acid and morphine separately and in combination were determined. It has been observed that most of the morphine-induced changes in the brain were normalized in the group given aspartic acid and morphine together. The relative ineffectiveness of aspartic acid in normalizing some amino acid levels decreased by morphine was discussed and some logical explanations were found.", "contents": "The antagonizing effect of aspartic acid on the brain levels of monoamines and free amino acids during the development of tolerance to the physical dependence on morphine. Since it has been shown in previous study that aspartic acid prevents the development of physical dependence on and tolerance to morphine and antagonizes the abstinence syndrom signs, the biochemical bases of that prevention were investigated in the present study. The brain contents of serotonin, DA, NA, and free amino acids of the rats given aspartic acid and morphine separately and in combination were determined. It has been observed that most of the morphine-induced changes in the brain were normalized in the group given aspartic acid and morphine together. The relative ineffectiveness of aspartic acid in normalizing some amino acid levels decreased by morphine was discussed and some logical explanations were found.", "PMID": 412214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6503", "title": "The development of tolerance to morphine in the rat.", "content": "Tolerance to various effects of morphine in the rat can be quantified by means of a shift of semi-logarithmic dose-response curves. Tolerance to analgesia (hot plate, acetic acid writhing), catalepsy, and the tilted plane develops in a closely similar manner. Also, the stimulating effects of about 1 mg/kg morphine-HC1 tested in an open-field procedure are somewhat less pronounced in chronically treated rats than in naive ones. There is no correlation between tolerance development and the acute ED50 of different tests.", "contents": "The development of tolerance to morphine in the rat. Tolerance to various effects of morphine in the rat can be quantified by means of a shift of semi-logarithmic dose-response curves. Tolerance to analgesia (hot plate, acetic acid writhing), catalepsy, and the tilted plane develops in a closely similar manner. Also, the stimulating effects of about 1 mg/kg morphine-HC1 tested in an open-field procedure are somewhat less pronounced in chronically treated rats than in naive ones. There is no correlation between tolerance development and the acute ED50 of different tests.", "PMID": 412215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6504", "title": "Long-term behavioural and biochemical effects following prolonged treatment with a neuroleptic drug (flupenthixol) in rats.", "content": "The effects of long-term treatment (36 weeks) with a neuroleptic drug (flupenthixol) were investigated behaviourally and biochemically in rats. Sixteen rats were trained on a DRL (differential reinforcement of low rate) 15-s schedule until stable responding was obtained. During the following 36 weeks 9 rats were injected weekly with flupenthixol dissolved in Viscoleo [4 mg/kg(i.m.)] and seven rats received Viscoleo alone. During this period the animals were not run on the DRL schedule. Retesting on DRL 7 weeks after the last drug injection yielded highly significant differences between the flupenthixol-treated animals and the controls. Thorough neurological examinations of the animals just preceeding the retesting period also revealed some deficits in the flupenthixol-treated animals. At sacrifice, 14-18 weeks after the last drug injection, levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) were measured in the corpus striatum and total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MOPEG) in the rest of the forebrain. The results indicate a nonsignificant increase of 25% in the dopamine metabolite HVA, while the noradrenergic metabolite MOPEG was significantly decreased by 14% in experimental animals. The possibility of persistent functional and biochemical effects produced by prolonged treatment with a neuroleptic drug is highlighted in the results presented here.", "contents": "Long-term behavioural and biochemical effects following prolonged treatment with a neuroleptic drug (flupenthixol) in rats. The effects of long-term treatment (36 weeks) with a neuroleptic drug (flupenthixol) were investigated behaviourally and biochemically in rats. Sixteen rats were trained on a DRL (differential reinforcement of low rate) 15-s schedule until stable responding was obtained. During the following 36 weeks 9 rats were injected weekly with flupenthixol dissolved in Viscoleo [4 mg/kg(i.m.)] and seven rats received Viscoleo alone. During this period the animals were not run on the DRL schedule. Retesting on DRL 7 weeks after the last drug injection yielded highly significant differences between the flupenthixol-treated animals and the controls. Thorough neurological examinations of the animals just preceeding the retesting period also revealed some deficits in the flupenthixol-treated animals. At sacrifice, 14-18 weeks after the last drug injection, levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) were measured in the corpus striatum and total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MOPEG) in the rest of the forebrain. The results indicate a nonsignificant increase of 25% in the dopamine metabolite HVA, while the noradrenergic metabolite MOPEG was significantly decreased by 14% in experimental animals. The possibility of persistent functional and biochemical effects produced by prolonged treatment with a neuroleptic drug is highlighted in the results presented here.", "PMID": 412216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6505", "title": "Kinetics of distribution of amphetamine in cats.", "content": "The distribution and metabolic fate of amphetamine were studied in cats. In the brain, high levels of drug were detected in the grey matter structures at short intervals after administration, while at longer intervals distribution between white and grey matter areas was more uniform. In peripheral tissues the greatest concentration of the drug was seen in the highly vascularized organs. Para-hydroxy-amphetamine was found in minimal amounts in the liver and kidneys and only at trace quantities in the brain.", "contents": "Kinetics of distribution of amphetamine in cats. The distribution and metabolic fate of amphetamine were studied in cats. In the brain, high levels of drug were detected in the grey matter structures at short intervals after administration, while at longer intervals distribution between white and grey matter areas was more uniform. In peripheral tissues the greatest concentration of the drug was seen in the highly vascularized organs. Para-hydroxy-amphetamine was found in minimal amounts in the liver and kidneys and only at trace quantities in the brain.", "PMID": 412217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6506", "title": "Tolerance to morphine-produced discriminative stimuli and analgesia.", "content": "Male hooded rats were trained in Skinner boxes to press one lever after a morphine injection (10 mg/kg) and another lever after a saline injection (1 ml/kg) on an FR 10 schedule of food reinforcement. After the drug discrimination was well established, the rats were tested for stimulus generalization at different doses of morphine, followed by assessment of tail withdrawal latency as a measure of analgesia. Subjects were then administered increasing doses of morphine sulphate to induce an increased level of tolerance. New dose-response curves indicated that tolerance developed to the morphine-induced discriminative stimulus, and to the analgesic action of morphine, but doses of morphine that failed to cause detectable analgesia still produced a pronounced discriminative stimulus.", "contents": "Tolerance to morphine-produced discriminative stimuli and analgesia. Male hooded rats were trained in Skinner boxes to press one lever after a morphine injection (10 mg/kg) and another lever after a saline injection (1 ml/kg) on an FR 10 schedule of food reinforcement. After the drug discrimination was well established, the rats were tested for stimulus generalization at different doses of morphine, followed by assessment of tail withdrawal latency as a measure of analgesia. Subjects were then administered increasing doses of morphine sulphate to induce an increased level of tolerance. New dose-response curves indicated that tolerance developed to the morphine-induced discriminative stimulus, and to the analgesic action of morphine, but doses of morphine that failed to cause detectable analgesia still produced a pronounced discriminative stimulus.", "PMID": 412218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6507", "title": "Is early and periodic screening, diagnosis, and treatment (EPSDT) worthwhile?", "content": "The State and Federal governments invest many tax dollars to provide health screening for millions of Medicaid families. Justification for such investment is based on the experience of Sweden's screening of 4-year-old children, a University of Texas Health Service Center study on cost benefit of EPSDT, and the Michigan experience. In Sweden's health screening program, health problems of functional importance were found in 21.6% of the screenees, and 71.8% of these were newly discovered by the screening. The results of Texas study indicated that an effective EPSDT program would result in a savings of $43 billion in 1976 currency over a 20-year period. In Michigan, a drop of 13% occurred in the referral rate for health problems during a 6-month period among those who were screened a second time or more.", "contents": "Is early and periodic screening, diagnosis, and treatment (EPSDT) worthwhile? The State and Federal governments invest many tax dollars to provide health screening for millions of Medicaid families. Justification for such investment is based on the experience of Sweden's screening of 4-year-old children, a University of Texas Health Service Center study on cost benefit of EPSDT, and the Michigan experience. In Sweden's health screening program, health problems of functional importance were found in 21.6% of the screenees, and 71.8% of these were newly discovered by the screening. The results of Texas study indicated that an effective EPSDT program would result in a savings of $43 billion in 1976 currency over a 20-year period. In Michigan, a drop of 13% occurred in the referral rate for health problems during a 6-month period among those who were screened a second time or more.", "PMID": 412220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6508", "title": "Automatic processing quality assurance program: impact on a radiology department.", "content": "A method for evaluating processing variability as well as quantitative data on a quality assurance program tested at a radiology department are presented. Thirty per cent of all retakes due to improper overall density could be attributed to processing variation; these could be prevented through a QA program which is highly cost-effective in both monetary and patient-care terms.", "contents": "Automatic processing quality assurance program: impact on a radiology department. A method for evaluating processing variability as well as quantitative data on a quality assurance program tested at a radiology department are presented. Thirty per cent of all retakes due to improper overall density could be attributed to processing variation; these could be prevented through a QA program which is highly cost-effective in both monetary and patient-care terms.", "PMID": 412225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6509", "title": "Arachnoiditis following myelography with water-soluble agents. The role of contrast medium osmolality.", "content": "The role of contrast medium osmolality in postmyelographic arachnoiditis was studied. Monkeys were injected intrathecally with isotonic saline (290 mOs/kg), hypertonic saline (1,449 mOs/kg), metrizamide (456 or 300 mOs/kg), or methylglucamine iocarnate (1,049 mOs/kg). After 12 weeks the animals were examined for evidence of arachnoiditis, with myelography just prior to sacrifice and microscopic examination of the excised dural sac and its contents. Intrathecal injections of methyglucamine iocarmate or metrizamide caused arachnoiditis while saline did not. Only one animal given 170 mg l/ml (300 mOs/kg) exhibited a more severe reaction than the controls. An increase in the cerebrospinal fluid osmolality alone does not cause arachnoiditis.", "contents": "Arachnoiditis following myelography with water-soluble agents. The role of contrast medium osmolality. The role of contrast medium osmolality in postmyelographic arachnoiditis was studied. Monkeys were injected intrathecally with isotonic saline (290 mOs/kg), hypertonic saline (1,449 mOs/kg), metrizamide (456 or 300 mOs/kg), or methylglucamine iocarnate (1,049 mOs/kg). After 12 weeks the animals were examined for evidence of arachnoiditis, with myelography just prior to sacrifice and microscopic examination of the excised dural sac and its contents. Intrathecal injections of methyglucamine iocarmate or metrizamide caused arachnoiditis while saline did not. Only one animal given 170 mg l/ml (300 mOs/kg) exhibited a more severe reaction than the controls. An increase in the cerebrospinal fluid osmolality alone does not cause arachnoiditis.", "PMID": 412226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6510", "title": "The 3 and 2 technique for Hodgkin's disease at Memorial Hospital.", "content": "This paper presents a technique for total nodal irradiation used at Memorial Hospital for the treatment of Stage IIIA and previously untreated Stage IIIB Hodgkin's disease. This method of treating large fields for this type of lymphoma overcomes problems of dosimetry and treatment tolerance. There are two courses of treatment used in which all lymph node bearing areas from the tips of the mastoids to the femoral triangles are irradiated. A comparison will be made between this technique and the conventional treatment fields for Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "The 3 and 2 technique for Hodgkin's disease at Memorial Hospital. This paper presents a technique for total nodal irradiation used at Memorial Hospital for the treatment of Stage IIIA and previously untreated Stage IIIB Hodgkin's disease. This method of treating large fields for this type of lymphoma overcomes problems of dosimetry and treatment tolerance. There are two courses of treatment used in which all lymph node bearing areas from the tips of the mastoids to the femoral triangles are irradiated. A comparison will be made between this technique and the conventional treatment fields for Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 412224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6511", "title": "Enhancement activity of anti-brucella sera in experimental Brucella abortus infection in mice.", "content": "The passive transfer of rabbit anti-brucella sera promotes the multiplication of Brucella abortus in the spleen of mice infected intravenously with a low dose of this bacteria. The enhancement activity of the anti-brucella sera is related to their modes of preparation in rabbits. The agglutinin titers of all these antisera were relatively high, while there was some discrepancies in their content in haemagglutinating, immune adherence and complement fixing antibodies.", "contents": "Enhancement activity of anti-brucella sera in experimental Brucella abortus infection in mice. The passive transfer of rabbit anti-brucella sera promotes the multiplication of Brucella abortus in the spleen of mice infected intravenously with a low dose of this bacteria. The enhancement activity of the anti-brucella sera is related to their modes of preparation in rabbits. The agglutinin titers of all these antisera were relatively high, while there was some discrepancies in their content in haemagglutinating, immune adherence and complement fixing antibodies.", "PMID": 412235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6512", "title": "Membrane actions of daunorubicin in mammalian erythrocytes.", "content": "Fresh erythrocytes from unanesthetized beagles, rhesus monkeys, rabbits and mice have increased susceptibility to hypotonic lysis after incubation for 30 minutes with high concentrations of daunorubicin. The effect is biphasic in that lower concentrations of drug decrease lytic susceptibility. EDTA diminishes the susceptibility of cells to lysis after treatment with the drug. Red cells from humans and from Sprague-Dawley rats may show either increased or decreased susceptibility to hypotonic lysis; these diverse reactions are proportional to relative fragility and reflect individual variation in the case of human cells and possibly other factors in animal cells. The species-specific and individualistic hemolytic responses suggest possible membrane sites of action for this class of drugs.", "contents": "Membrane actions of daunorubicin in mammalian erythrocytes. Fresh erythrocytes from unanesthetized beagles, rhesus monkeys, rabbits and mice have increased susceptibility to hypotonic lysis after incubation for 30 minutes with high concentrations of daunorubicin. The effect is biphasic in that lower concentrations of drug decrease lytic susceptibility. EDTA diminishes the susceptibility of cells to lysis after treatment with the drug. Red cells from humans and from Sprague-Dawley rats may show either increased or decreased susceptibility to hypotonic lysis; these diverse reactions are proportional to relative fragility and reflect individual variation in the case of human cells and possibly other factors in animal cells. The species-specific and individualistic hemolytic responses suggest possible membrane sites of action for this class of drugs.", "PMID": 412241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6513", "title": "[Comparative development of the mammalian nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "By collecting the results of research from different laboratories it has been possible to picture the probable sequence in which the nervous system develops in certain mammalian species. As the present report is to be referred to current conceptions of the development of the nervous system, special attention will be pain to comparative aspects of the question. Mammalian forms vary greatly in degree of maturity at birth, ranging from the fetus-like newborn rat to the highly mobile, almost self-sufficient, guinea-pig. As identical sequences of development will be demonstrated in both categories of mammals attention will be devoted to discussing the criteria which condition our trusting this sequence of development. Lastly, Man will be considered. It is not easy to decide whether man is a true altricial species or in what sense he can be considered as a special case of precocial species. This point is discussed: Man is altricial from the motor point of view. He is precocial from the sensory point of view and sleep develops during embryonic life in this species.", "contents": "[Comparative development of the mammalian nervous system (author's transl)]. By collecting the results of research from different laboratories it has been possible to picture the probable sequence in which the nervous system develops in certain mammalian species. As the present report is to be referred to current conceptions of the development of the nervous system, special attention will be pain to comparative aspects of the question. Mammalian forms vary greatly in degree of maturity at birth, ranging from the fetus-like newborn rat to the highly mobile, almost self-sufficient, guinea-pig. As identical sequences of development will be demonstrated in both categories of mammals attention will be devoted to discussing the criteria which condition our trusting this sequence of development. Lastly, Man will be considered. It is not easy to decide whether man is a true altricial species or in what sense he can be considered as a special case of precocial species. This point is discussed: Man is altricial from the motor point of view. He is precocial from the sensory point of view and sleep develops during embryonic life in this species.", "PMID": 412238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6514", "title": "[Clinical and electrophysiological evolution of infants presenting with partial seizures before the age of two months (author's transl)].", "content": "The study was carried out on 28 children: 18 with partial seizures in the first five days of life, and among them 4 with status epilepticus; 7 had focal seizures between the first and eight week, 3 generalised tonic seizures with assymetrical EEGs. A clinical and electro-physiological study was carried out at the time of onset, 1 month later and again at 4 months. The results of the clinical and EEG examinations showed: -firstly during the seizures, the gravity of neonatal status epilepticus and of certain EEG patterns, the lack of localising value of seizures and of electroencephalographic critical discharges whereas permanent assymetry of background activity can precede by several months the appearance of clinical signs. -at the examination one month later the prognostic importance of definite neurological signs always associated with EEG abnormalities whereas some isolated EEG abnormalities do not have any prognostic value as far cerebral maturation is concerned. -at the final examination: the possibility after 4 months of age, of focal neurological signs not present at the earlier examinations. This study underlines the importance of precise electroclinical correlations at different developmental stages, specifically at one and four months of age in children with neonatal seizures.", "contents": "[Clinical and electrophysiological evolution of infants presenting with partial seizures before the age of two months (author's transl)]. The study was carried out on 28 children: 18 with partial seizures in the first five days of life, and among them 4 with status epilepticus; 7 had focal seizures between the first and eight week, 3 generalised tonic seizures with assymetrical EEGs. A clinical and electro-physiological study was carried out at the time of onset, 1 month later and again at 4 months. The results of the clinical and EEG examinations showed: -firstly during the seizures, the gravity of neonatal status epilepticus and of certain EEG patterns, the lack of localising value of seizures and of electroencephalographic critical discharges whereas permanent assymetry of background activity can precede by several months the appearance of clinical signs. -at the examination one month later the prognostic importance of definite neurological signs always associated with EEG abnormalities whereas some isolated EEG abnormalities do not have any prognostic value as far cerebral maturation is concerned. -at the final examination: the possibility after 4 months of age, of focal neurological signs not present at the earlier examinations. This study underlines the importance of precise electroclinical correlations at different developmental stages, specifically at one and four months of age in children with neonatal seizures.", "PMID": 412239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6515", "title": "[Hard-x-ray therapy. The position between orthovolt- and ultra hard ray therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The special position of \"hard-ray therapy\" (RT 305, 300 kV) between the orthovolt-therapy and the ultra-hard-ray therapy is described in physical respect and clinical practicability. In comparison with the orthovolt-therapy there is an advantage in better skin tolerance, the absence of bone shadows and the possibility to increase the depth-dose up to 50%. The main indications are given in the intermediate therapy and the short distance therapy of greater tumors. The palliative deep therapy is administered under better conditions as with the conventional x-ray irradiation.", "contents": "[Hard-x-ray therapy. The position between orthovolt- and ultra hard ray therapy (author's transl)]. The special position of \"hard-ray therapy\" (RT 305, 300 kV) between the orthovolt-therapy and the ultra-hard-ray therapy is described in physical respect and clinical practicability. In comparison with the orthovolt-therapy there is an advantage in better skin tolerance, the absence of bone shadows and the possibility to increase the depth-dose up to 50%. The main indications are given in the intermediate therapy and the short distance therapy of greater tumors. The palliative deep therapy is administered under better conditions as with the conventional x-ray irradiation.", "PMID": 412245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6516", "title": "Metabolic studies on normal and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficient cultured human fibroblasts.", "content": "Secondary metabolic derangements may occur in cultured fibroblasts with a defined enzyme deficiency. The metabolism of cells deficient of pyruvate dehydrogenase (5% of normal) has been studied using radioactive labelled substrates. Compared to normal control cells the activity of glycolysis was 149% (P less than 0.001), pentose phosphate shunt 144% (P less than 0.01), citric acid cycle 80% (P less than 0.002), and oxidation of acetate was 30% (P less than 0.01). The oxidation of palmitate and octanoate were not significantly different from that of control cells. Metabolic studies on fibroblasts may serve as a useful screening procedure for the detection of enzyme defects, but the results should be cautiously interpreted with respect to the localization of the primary defect.", "contents": "Metabolic studies on normal and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficient cultured human fibroblasts. Secondary metabolic derangements may occur in cultured fibroblasts with a defined enzyme deficiency. The metabolism of cells deficient of pyruvate dehydrogenase (5% of normal) has been studied using radioactive labelled substrates. Compared to normal control cells the activity of glycolysis was 149% (P less than 0.001), pentose phosphate shunt 144% (P less than 0.01), citric acid cycle 80% (P less than 0.002), and oxidation of acetate was 30% (P less than 0.01). The oxidation of palmitate and octanoate were not significantly different from that of control cells. Metabolic studies on fibroblasts may serve as a useful screening procedure for the detection of enzyme defects, but the results should be cautiously interpreted with respect to the localization of the primary defect.", "PMID": 412246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6517", "title": "[Use of local cobalt therapy in peripheral neuropathies associated with chronic lymphopathies (lymphoses). 2 cases with histo-immunologic and ultrastructural records].", "content": "In two cases of peripheral neuropathy, associated with a chronic lymphopathy, cobalt therapy to the lower limbs provided considerable relief of pain, with partial motor recovery. The disappearance after cobalt therapy of the lymphoid infiltrate of the peripheral nerve leads to discussion of the pathogeni role of this infiltrate. Immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies form the basis of a discussion of the mechanism of involvement of the peripheral nerve non-secreting lymphopathies (chronic lymphoid leukaemia) and in secreting lymphopathies (Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease).", "contents": "[Use of local cobalt therapy in peripheral neuropathies associated with chronic lymphopathies (lymphoses). 2 cases with histo-immunologic and ultrastructural records]. In two cases of peripheral neuropathy, associated with a chronic lymphopathy, cobalt therapy to the lower limbs provided considerable relief of pain, with partial motor recovery. The disappearance after cobalt therapy of the lymphoid infiltrate of the peripheral nerve leads to discussion of the pathogeni role of this infiltrate. Immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies form the basis of a discussion of the mechanism of involvement of the peripheral nerve non-secreting lymphopathies (chronic lymphoid leukaemia) and in secreting lymphopathies (Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease).", "PMID": 412243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6518", "title": "Fibrodysplasia ossificants progressiva.", "content": "Two cases of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva are reported. Both patients were females and had suffered from the disease since birth. The characteristic anomalies of great toes and thumbs associated with multiple ectopic ossifications of the connective tissue are described. Fasciae, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules of the proximal parts of the extremities and the dorsal aspect of the trunk were involved. The muscle atrophy was probably a secondary phenomenon.", "contents": "Fibrodysplasia ossificants progressiva. Two cases of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva are reported. Both patients were females and had suffered from the disease since birth. The characteristic anomalies of great toes and thumbs associated with multiple ectopic ossifications of the connective tissue are described. Fasciae, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules of the proximal parts of the extremities and the dorsal aspect of the trunk were involved. The muscle atrophy was probably a secondary phenomenon.", "PMID": 412247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6519", "title": "Effect of gold on progression of erosions in rheumatoid arthritis. Better results with early treatment.", "content": "The advance of radiological destruction in 57 patients with definite rheumatoid arthritis was observed for 5-6 years. In all patients gold treatment was started 2-36 months after the onset of the disease. In 18 patients gold was discontinued because of side-effects of other reasons before reaching the total dosage of 500 mg, while the remaining 39 patients received a mean dose of 2030 mg of natriumaurothiomalate. The advance of the radiological destruction was statistically significantly less marked in patients treated with the full gold therapy. The earlier the treatment was initiated, the better was the result.", "contents": "Effect of gold on progression of erosions in rheumatoid arthritis. Better results with early treatment. The advance of radiological destruction in 57 patients with definite rheumatoid arthritis was observed for 5-6 years. In all patients gold treatment was started 2-36 months after the onset of the disease. In 18 patients gold was discontinued because of side-effects of other reasons before reaching the total dosage of 500 mg, while the remaining 39 patients received a mean dose of 2030 mg of natriumaurothiomalate. The advance of the radiological destruction was statistically significantly less marked in patients treated with the full gold therapy. The earlier the treatment was initiated, the better was the result.", "PMID": 412248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6520", "title": "[Evolution of urinary tract tuberculosis in Switzerland during the last 18 years: respective diagnostic importance of radiology and bacteriology].", "content": "In Switzerland as in other European countries, the incidence of urinary tuberculosis remained stable during the period 1957-1974, whereas a sharp fall in pulmonary tuberculosis was observable. The radiologic and bacteriologic findings in 125 cases personally observed over the last 18 years are presented.", "contents": "[Evolution of urinary tract tuberculosis in Switzerland during the last 18 years: respective diagnostic importance of radiology and bacteriology]. In Switzerland as in other European countries, the incidence of urinary tuberculosis remained stable during the period 1957-1974, whereas a sharp fall in pulmonary tuberculosis was observable. The radiologic and bacteriologic findings in 125 cases personally observed over the last 18 years are presented.", "PMID": 412249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6521", "title": "[Acid production and the need for bicarbonate in diabetic acidosis].", "content": "In a study of 54 patients with diabetic keto-acidosis with pH on admission less than or equal to 7.1, the amount of bicarbonate (HCO3-) necessary to correct the acidosis is compared to the amount predicted by the formula HCO3- (MEq) = 0,3 X body weight (kg) KG) X delta base excess (mEq/l). HCO3- requirements vary widely among patients. In addition, whenever HCO3- is given within 1-2 h the requirement may be inferior to the value calculated, whereas with slow HCO3- infusion it can be twice or three times the amount calculated. Variable HCO3- needs among subjects, and increased needs with time, are due to acid production which may exceed 100 mEq/h, especially in young patients. The amount of HCO3- required is determined not only by the severity of acidosis but also by net acid production, which may vary widely. The assessment of acid-base balance during treatment is useful in evaluating the amount of acid produced and hence the precise need for HCO3- replacement.", "contents": "[Acid production and the need for bicarbonate in diabetic acidosis]. In a study of 54 patients with diabetic keto-acidosis with pH on admission less than or equal to 7.1, the amount of bicarbonate (HCO3-) necessary to correct the acidosis is compared to the amount predicted by the formula HCO3- (MEq) = 0,3 X body weight (kg) KG) X delta base excess (mEq/l). HCO3- requirements vary widely among patients. In addition, whenever HCO3- is given within 1-2 h the requirement may be inferior to the value calculated, whereas with slow HCO3- infusion it can be twice or three times the amount calculated. Variable HCO3- needs among subjects, and increased needs with time, are due to acid production which may exceed 100 mEq/h, especially in young patients. The amount of HCO3- required is determined not only by the severity of acidosis but also by net acid production, which may vary widely. The assessment of acid-base balance during treatment is useful in evaluating the amount of acid produced and hence the precise need for HCO3- replacement.", "PMID": 412250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6522", "title": "Expression in Escherichia coli of a chemically synthesized gene for the hormone somatostatin.", "content": "A gene for somatostatin, a mammalian peptide (14 amino acid residues) hormone, was synthesized by chemical methods. This gene was fused to the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene on the plasmid pBR322. Transformation of E. coli with the chimeric plasmid DNA led to the synthesis of a polypeptide including the sequence of amino acids corresponding to somatostatin. In vitro, active somatostatin was specifically cleaved from the large chimeric protein by treatment with cyanogen bromide. This represents the first synthesis of a functional polypeptide product from a gene of chemically synthesized origin.", "contents": "Expression in Escherichia coli of a chemically synthesized gene for the hormone somatostatin. A gene for somatostatin, a mammalian peptide (14 amino acid residues) hormone, was synthesized by chemical methods. This gene was fused to the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene on the plasmid pBR322. Transformation of E. coli with the chimeric plasmid DNA led to the synthesis of a polypeptide including the sequence of amino acids corresponding to somatostatin. In vitro, active somatostatin was specifically cleaved from the large chimeric protein by treatment with cyanogen bromide. This represents the first synthesis of a functional polypeptide product from a gene of chemically synthesized origin.", "PMID": 412251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6523", "title": "Hominoid enamel prism patterns.", "content": "Analysis of enamel prism patterns in a selected series of extant hominoids reveals that pongids have a pattern distinctively different from that of Homo sapiens. The pattern for a Miocene hominoid, Ramapithecus, is very similar to that seen in Homo sapiens. The finding allows a new approach to the evaluation of isolated teeth.", "contents": "Hominoid enamel prism patterns. Analysis of enamel prism patterns in a selected series of extant hominoids reveals that pongids have a pattern distinctively different from that of Homo sapiens. The pattern for a Miocene hominoid, Ramapithecus, is very similar to that seen in Homo sapiens. The finding allows a new approach to the evaluation of isolated teeth.", "PMID": 412252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6524", "title": "Mechanism of suppression in Drosophila: control of sepiapterin synthase at the purple locus.", "content": "The amounts of sepiapterin and red pteridine eye pigments (drosopterins) in Drosophila melanogaster are known to be reduced in the purple mutant and restored to normal by a suppressor mutation. We show here that sepiapterin synthase activity is 30 percent of normal in pr and prbw, two naturally occurring alleles of purple, and is restored to nearly normal levels by the suppressor su(s)2. A heterozygote of two newly induced alleles of pr has even lower enzyme activity (less than 10 percent). The sepiapterin synthase activity is proportional to the number of wild-type pr alleles in flies when one and two copies of the allele are present and is higher in three-than in two-dose flies. We hypothesize that the purple locus may be a structural gene for sepiapterin synthase in Drosophila.", "contents": "Mechanism of suppression in Drosophila: control of sepiapterin synthase at the purple locus. The amounts of sepiapterin and red pteridine eye pigments (drosopterins) in Drosophila melanogaster are known to be reduced in the purple mutant and restored to normal by a suppressor mutation. We show here that sepiapterin synthase activity is 30 percent of normal in pr and prbw, two naturally occurring alleles of purple, and is restored to nearly normal levels by the suppressor su(s)2. A heterozygote of two newly induced alleles of pr has even lower enzyme activity (less than 10 percent). The sepiapterin synthase activity is proportional to the number of wild-type pr alleles in flies when one and two copies of the allele are present and is higher in three-than in two-dose flies. We hypothesize that the purple locus may be a structural gene for sepiapterin synthase in Drosophila.", "PMID": 412253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6525", "title": "Characterization of bacterial growth by means of flow microfluorometry.", "content": "By means of flow microfluorometry, the protein and nucleic acid contents of individual bacterial cells may be measured at the rate of several thousand cells per second. Accumulation of such information over a few minutes yields the composition distribution of the microbial population. These distributions have been determined at different times during batch growth of Bactillus subtilis, and the results indicate that the variance of cell composition decreases as the population passes through the exponential into the stationary phase. The relative abundance of endospores and vegetative cells as well as the protein distributions of these subpopulations may be readily determined from flow microfluorometry data. Experimental access to such details of microbial population dynamics should foster improved understanding of cell growth, spore germination, and spore formation kinetics.", "contents": "Characterization of bacterial growth by means of flow microfluorometry. By means of flow microfluorometry, the protein and nucleic acid contents of individual bacterial cells may be measured at the rate of several thousand cells per second. Accumulation of such information over a few minutes yields the composition distribution of the microbial population. These distributions have been determined at different times during batch growth of Bactillus subtilis, and the results indicate that the variance of cell composition decreases as the population passes through the exponential into the stationary phase. The relative abundance of endospores and vegetative cells as well as the protein distributions of these subpopulations may be readily determined from flow microfluorometry data. Experimental access to such details of microbial population dynamics should foster improved understanding of cell growth, spore germination, and spore formation kinetics.", "PMID": 412254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6526", "title": "Effects of malnutrition and hyperalimentation on wound healing.", "content": "The effects of malnutrition and hyperalimentation on wound healing were studied in rats. Progressive weight loss occurred in rats given a protein-free diet, and there was a significant reduction in the mechanical strength of sutured skin and abdominal wounds in rats starved of protein for seven weeks. There was also a significant, but less pronounced, reduction in the tensile strength of colonic anastomoses in severely malnourished rats. Malnourished rats given oral supplements of amino acids for seven days before and after operation had a consistently positive nitrogen balance, and these rats had a significantly higher daily caloric intake than did untreated and normal rats. Amino acid therapy was associated with a significant improvement in the tensile strength and collagen content of abdominal wounds, but it had no measurable effect on the healing of skin wounds or colonic anastomoses. The results suggest that visceral and parietal tissues do not respond in a uniform manner to malnutrition or hyperalimentation, and further studies are required to determine whether or not hyperalimentation has a useful role in the enhancement of wound healing in malnourished subjects.", "contents": "Effects of malnutrition and hyperalimentation on wound healing. The effects of malnutrition and hyperalimentation on wound healing were studied in rats. Progressive weight loss occurred in rats given a protein-free diet, and there was a significant reduction in the mechanical strength of sutured skin and abdominal wounds in rats starved of protein for seven weeks. There was also a significant, but less pronounced, reduction in the tensile strength of colonic anastomoses in severely malnourished rats. Malnourished rats given oral supplements of amino acids for seven days before and after operation had a consistently positive nitrogen balance, and these rats had a significantly higher daily caloric intake than did untreated and normal rats. Amino acid therapy was associated with a significant improvement in the tensile strength and collagen content of abdominal wounds, but it had no measurable effect on the healing of skin wounds or colonic anastomoses. The results suggest that visceral and parietal tissues do not respond in a uniform manner to malnutrition or hyperalimentation, and further studies are required to determine whether or not hyperalimentation has a useful role in the enhancement of wound healing in malnourished subjects.", "PMID": 412261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6527", "title": "Ruptured bilateral synovial cysts in presumed gonococcal arthritis.", "content": "A man with gonococcal urethritis who developed septic arthritis of both knees is described. The arthritis was complicated by rupture of bilateral synovial cysts. A rise in serum gonococcal complement-fixation antibody titer was demonstrated. Complement-fixing gonococcal antibodies with a high titer were observed in this synovial fluid. The patient responded well to antibiotic treatment and there was no permanent damage to his knee joints.", "contents": "Ruptured bilateral synovial cysts in presumed gonococcal arthritis. A man with gonococcal urethritis who developed septic arthritis of both knees is described. The arthritis was complicated by rupture of bilateral synovial cysts. A rise in serum gonococcal complement-fixation antibody titer was demonstrated. Complement-fixing gonococcal antibodies with a high titer were observed in this synovial fluid. The patient responded well to antibiotic treatment and there was no permanent damage to his knee joints.", "PMID": 412257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6528", "title": "Gonococcal endocarditis.", "content": "Three cases of endocarditis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae involving the aortic, mitral an tricuspid valves are reported. Two cases in young women, following syndromes suggestive of gonococcal arthritis, presented as acute endocarditis and were fatal. The male patient experienced a subacute course, and the diagnosis was suggested by finding an extremely high level of antigonococcal antibody. This old, though now rare, disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with histories of gonococcal illness and with findings of bacterial endocarditis.", "contents": "Gonococcal endocarditis. Three cases of endocarditis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae involving the aortic, mitral an tricuspid valves are reported. Two cases in young women, following syndromes suggestive of gonococcal arthritis, presented as acute endocarditis and were fatal. The male patient experienced a subacute course, and the diagnosis was suggested by finding an extremely high level of antigonococcal antibody. This old, though now rare, disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with histories of gonococcal illness and with findings of bacterial endocarditis.", "PMID": 412260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6529", "title": "Teratogenic effects of excess glucose on head-fold rat embryos in culture.", "content": "Rat embryos explanted at nine and one-half days of gestation (early head-fold stages) were cultured for 48 hours in rotating bottles containing rat serum and a gas phase. Addition of 12-15 mg/ml of D-glucose to the culture medium resulted in severe abnormalities and retarded development in a high proportion of embryos, whether or not the osmolarity increase brought about by the addition of glucose was corrected. The raised osmolarity, however, increased the frequency and severity of malformations observed. L-glucose produced no abnormalities, though embryonic development was retarded.", "contents": "Teratogenic effects of excess glucose on head-fold rat embryos in culture. Rat embryos explanted at nine and one-half days of gestation (early head-fold stages) were cultured for 48 hours in rotating bottles containing rat serum and a gas phase. Addition of 12-15 mg/ml of D-glucose to the culture medium resulted in severe abnormalities and retarded development in a high proportion of embryos, whether or not the osmolarity increase brought about by the addition of glucose was corrected. The raised osmolarity, however, increased the frequency and severity of malformations observed. L-glucose produced no abnormalities, though embryonic development was retarded.", "PMID": 412267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6530", "title": "Genetically mediated induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes associated with congenital defects in the mouse.", "content": "Various polycyclic aromatic compounds induce certain monooxygenase activities, including aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.2), and cytochrome P1-450 in the liver and many nonhepatic tissues of the mouse. This induction process is controlled by the Ah locus. Genetic differences that have been shown in the past to be associated with the Ah locus include an increased susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis, mutagenicity in vitro, and drug toxicity--manifested as hepatic necrosis, aplastic anemia, or shortened survival time. Pregnant mice received a single injection of 3-methylcholanthrene or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene between day 5 and day 13 of gestation, and the uterine contents were examined on day 18. Striking increases were observed in the incidence of MC-1 and DMBA-induced resorptions and congenital malformations in the aromatic hydrocarbon \"responsive\" C57BL/6N inbred strain, and of DMBA-induced resorptions in the \"responsive\" C3H/HeN and BALB/cAnN strains--when compared with the similarly treated genetically \"nonresponsive\" AKR/N strain. These data suggest but do not prove that an association exists between the Ah locus and developmental toxicity, i.e., teratogenesis. Although numerous teratogenic differences among inbred mouse strains have previously reported, this study is unique in that the genetic differences in teratogenicity observed were predicted in advance on the basis of known differences among these strains in polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolism regulated by the Ah locus.", "contents": "Genetically mediated induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes associated with congenital defects in the mouse. Various polycyclic aromatic compounds induce certain monooxygenase activities, including aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.2), and cytochrome P1-450 in the liver and many nonhepatic tissues of the mouse. This induction process is controlled by the Ah locus. Genetic differences that have been shown in the past to be associated with the Ah locus include an increased susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis, mutagenicity in vitro, and drug toxicity--manifested as hepatic necrosis, aplastic anemia, or shortened survival time. Pregnant mice received a single injection of 3-methylcholanthrene or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene between day 5 and day 13 of gestation, and the uterine contents were examined on day 18. Striking increases were observed in the incidence of MC-1 and DMBA-induced resorptions and congenital malformations in the aromatic hydrocarbon \"responsive\" C57BL/6N inbred strain, and of DMBA-induced resorptions in the \"responsive\" C3H/HeN and BALB/cAnN strains--when compared with the similarly treated genetically \"nonresponsive\" AKR/N strain. These data suggest but do not prove that an association exists between the Ah locus and developmental toxicity, i.e., teratogenesis. Although numerous teratogenic differences among inbred mouse strains have previously reported, this study is unique in that the genetic differences in teratogenicity observed were predicted in advance on the basis of known differences among these strains in polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolism regulated by the Ah locus.", "PMID": 412268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6531", "title": "[Comparative studies on the effect of injections of copper in cattle showing low blood copper concentrations (author's transl)].", "content": "On a number of farms on which the young stock showed symptoms of copper deficiency, copper was injected in the form of the following compounds: Biodalbene, Robasfer and Coprin. The effects of the agents administered on the copper status of the animals were compared. This showed that there only is an effect when the concentration of copper in the blood is low (less than or equal to 50 mg/l. of blood serum). The most satisfactory results were obtained by administration of Coprin (100 mg as copper-calcium edetate) followed by Robasfer (40 mg. of copper at the recommended dosage of 25 ml), administration of Biodalbene failing to produce any improvement in copper status, which hardly could be expected by such low copper content (0.135 mg/ml). When there are practical objections to administering copper in the form of concentrates or top dressing to young stock, it is entirely practicable to use the compounds Coprin and Robasfer for this purpose.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the effect of injections of copper in cattle showing low blood copper concentrations (author's transl)]. On a number of farms on which the young stock showed symptoms of copper deficiency, copper was injected in the form of the following compounds: Biodalbene, Robasfer and Coprin. The effects of the agents administered on the copper status of the animals were compared. This showed that there only is an effect when the concentration of copper in the blood is low (less than or equal to 50 mg/l. of blood serum). The most satisfactory results were obtained by administration of Coprin (100 mg as copper-calcium edetate) followed by Robasfer (40 mg. of copper at the recommended dosage of 25 ml), administration of Biodalbene failing to produce any improvement in copper status, which hardly could be expected by such low copper content (0.135 mg/ml). When there are practical objections to administering copper in the form of concentrates or top dressing to young stock, it is entirely practicable to use the compounds Coprin and Robasfer for this purpose.", "PMID": 412275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6532", "title": "Foetal accumulation of [14C] carbaryl in rats and mice. Autoradiographic study.", "content": "Pregnant female rats and mice (18th day) received orally 10 mg/kg of 1-naphthyl-N-methyl-[14C]-carbamate (carbaryl), an anticholinesteratic drug. Animals were sacrificed 1, 5, 8, 24, 48, 72 and 960 h after administration and whole-body autoradiography was performed. Autoradiograms of the uterine cavity indicate a placental transfer and a foetal fixation of [14C] carbaryl metabolites. 14C-activity can be clearly seen in the foetus from the fifth hour; it persits till birth. We found 14C-activity in mice 60 h after birth. In both species there are some sites of accumulation in the foetal tissues, mainly in the eyes, central nervous system and liver.", "contents": "Foetal accumulation of [14C] carbaryl in rats and mice. Autoradiographic study. Pregnant female rats and mice (18th day) received orally 10 mg/kg of 1-naphthyl-N-methyl-[14C]-carbamate (carbaryl), an anticholinesteratic drug. Animals were sacrificed 1, 5, 8, 24, 48, 72 and 960 h after administration and whole-body autoradiography was performed. Autoradiograms of the uterine cavity indicate a placental transfer and a foetal fixation of [14C] carbaryl metabolites. 14C-activity can be clearly seen in the foetus from the fifth hour; it persits till birth. We found 14C-activity in mice 60 h after birth. In both species there are some sites of accumulation in the foetal tissues, mainly in the eyes, central nervous system and liver.", "PMID": 412277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6533", "title": "[Radiation therapy of renal carcinoma: investigations and results (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1969 and 1975, 93 patients were irradiated because of renal carcinoma, most of them after surgical treatment. The 5-year survival rate was 71%; in 56% of the cases no symptom suggested metastasition or recurrence. Invasive growth into a vein was ascertained histologically in a high percentage but did not cause significant alteration of postoperative irradiation results. The evaluation reveals that megavoltage irradiation distinctly improves the prognosis after nephrectomy in comparison with sole radical operation of malignant renal tumors. In many cases radiation therapy of solitary metastases from hypernephroma may be utilized with curative intention.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy of renal carcinoma: investigations and results (author's transl)]. Between 1969 and 1975, 93 patients were irradiated because of renal carcinoma, most of them after surgical treatment. The 5-year survival rate was 71%; in 56% of the cases no symptom suggested metastasition or recurrence. Invasive growth into a vein was ascertained histologically in a high percentage but did not cause significant alteration of postoperative irradiation results. The evaluation reveals that megavoltage irradiation distinctly improves the prognosis after nephrectomy in comparison with sole radical operation of malignant renal tumors. In many cases radiation therapy of solitary metastases from hypernephroma may be utilized with curative intention.", "PMID": 412280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6534", "title": "[\"Super stuff\" as bolus in radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of bolus materials for a tissue-equivalent field compensation is discussed and the application of compensation filters for high-energic radiation is stressed. The properties of \"Super Stuff\", which is a collodial, tissue-equivalent bolus, are described and compared with those of other materials such as polystyrene, plexiglas and water. The universal possibilities of applying \"Super Stuff\" as field compensating material are demonstrated on a practical example in the field of the kV therapy.", "contents": "[\"Super stuff\" as bolus in radiotherapy (author's transl)]. The use of bolus materials for a tissue-equivalent field compensation is discussed and the application of compensation filters for high-energic radiation is stressed. The properties of \"Super Stuff\", which is a collodial, tissue-equivalent bolus, are described and compared with those of other materials such as polystyrene, plexiglas and water. The universal possibilities of applying \"Super Stuff\" as field compensating material are demonstrated on a practical example in the field of the kV therapy.", "PMID": 412281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6535", "title": "The influence of thiamin deficiency on the metabolism of the oral contraceptive mestranol [3-methoxy-17-ethynyl-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17 beta-o1] by female rat liver enzymes.", "content": "Hepatic microsomes from female rats fed a thiamin deficient diet for three weeks had approximately three times the capacity to metabolize mestranol as microsomes from similar rats fed a diet rich in thiamin. The incremental addition of thiamin to the diet depressed mestranol O-demethylation, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome P-450 content in a dose related manner up to 2 microgram thiamin per gram of feed. Pair-feeding experiments indicate that thiamin ingestion is responsible for the depression of mestranol O-demethylation and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity while carbodhydrate ingestion is responsible for the decrease in cytochrome P-450. The absorbance spectra generated by the binding of ethylisocyanide to microsomes yield data which suggest that there are no qualitative alterations in cytochrome P-450 due to diet.", "contents": "The influence of thiamin deficiency on the metabolism of the oral contraceptive mestranol [3-methoxy-17-ethynyl-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17 beta-o1] by female rat liver enzymes. Hepatic microsomes from female rats fed a thiamin deficient diet for three weeks had approximately three times the capacity to metabolize mestranol as microsomes from similar rats fed a diet rich in thiamin. The incremental addition of thiamin to the diet depressed mestranol O-demethylation, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome P-450 content in a dose related manner up to 2 microgram thiamin per gram of feed. Pair-feeding experiments indicate that thiamin ingestion is responsible for the depression of mestranol O-demethylation and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity while carbodhydrate ingestion is responsible for the decrease in cytochrome P-450. The absorbance spectra generated by the binding of ethylisocyanide to microsomes yield data which suggest that there are no qualitative alterations in cytochrome P-450 due to diet.", "PMID": 412282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6536", "title": "Serum estradiol and progesterone during pregnancy and the status of the corpus luteum at delivery in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "Levels of estradiol and progesterone in peripheral serum of seven cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were measured from about the 30th day of pregnancy until parturition. Although the pattern of each steroid in circulation differed somewhat from the respective patterns in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), there were basic similarities. On the day of delivery, the corpus luteum was excised and in vitro incubation of dispersed luteal cells was performed. Isolated luteal cells produced progesterone under control conditions and responded to the addition of HCG with enhanced steroidogenesis. Accordingly, \"rejuvenation\" of the corpus luteum may occur during advanced gestation in cynomolgus monkeys. These findings, along with establishing the efficacy of the Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test kit to diagnose pregnancy in this macaque, extend previous evidence for utility of cynomolgus monkeys as a primate model for study of steroid hormones in pregnancy.", "contents": "Serum estradiol and progesterone during pregnancy and the status of the corpus luteum at delivery in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Levels of estradiol and progesterone in peripheral serum of seven cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were measured from about the 30th day of pregnancy until parturition. Although the pattern of each steroid in circulation differed somewhat from the respective patterns in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), there were basic similarities. On the day of delivery, the corpus luteum was excised and in vitro incubation of dispersed luteal cells was performed. Isolated luteal cells produced progesterone under control conditions and responded to the addition of HCG with enhanced steroidogenesis. Accordingly, \"rejuvenation\" of the corpus luteum may occur during advanced gestation in cynomolgus monkeys. These findings, along with establishing the efficacy of the Subhuman Primate Pregnancy Test kit to diagnose pregnancy in this macaque, extend previous evidence for utility of cynomolgus monkeys as a primate model for study of steroid hormones in pregnancy.", "PMID": 412283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6537", "title": "[Transformation of the temporomandibular joint in the treatment of sagittal bite anomalies].", "content": "The results from distocclusion and mesiocclusion treatments were radiologically evaluated in 89 patients. In two experiments, mesiocclusion and distocclusion were produced in monkeys by means of cemented inclined planes. The transformations thus achieved were evaluated by radiography, histology and craniometry. The treatment of distocclusion results in an increase in size of the mandible, of the angle of the mandible, and of the lower third of the face. The head of the condyle erects itself. Reactive tissue changes (activation of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts, accelerated ossification of the cartilage) were seen in the dorsal part of the head of the condyle. Thus, the theory of Breitner is not confirmed. There were no resorption phenomena at the articular eminence and in the anterior part of the head of the condyle, and no so-called pressure and traction zones.", "contents": "[Transformation of the temporomandibular joint in the treatment of sagittal bite anomalies]. The results from distocclusion and mesiocclusion treatments were radiologically evaluated in 89 patients. In two experiments, mesiocclusion and distocclusion were produced in monkeys by means of cemented inclined planes. The transformations thus achieved were evaluated by radiography, histology and craniometry. The treatment of distocclusion results in an increase in size of the mandible, of the angle of the mandible, and of the lower third of the face. The head of the condyle erects itself. Reactive tissue changes (activation of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts, accelerated ossification of the cartilage) were seen in the dorsal part of the head of the condyle. Thus, the theory of Breitner is not confirmed. There were no resorption phenomena at the articular eminence and in the anterior part of the head of the condyle, and no so-called pressure and traction zones.", "PMID": 412284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6538", "title": "[Structural changes in the tibial bones from an excessive load].", "content": "80 cases of pathological reconstruction of the tibia in young men at the age of 18--20 are described. The pathology developed as a result of intense regular physical exercise. In 53 patients the process was localized in the upper third of the tibia, in 20--in the middle third and in 7--in the lower third of the bone. In 6 cases the fracture of the tibial proximal metaphysis happened against the background of pathological reconstruction of the tibia; 3 of them sustained simultaneously a fracture of the fibular head. Some recommendations of practical importance are suggested.", "contents": "[Structural changes in the tibial bones from an excessive load]. 80 cases of pathological reconstruction of the tibia in young men at the age of 18--20 are described. The pathology developed as a result of intense regular physical exercise. In 53 patients the process was localized in the upper third of the tibia, in 20--in the middle third and in 7--in the lower third of the bone. In 6 cases the fracture of the tibial proximal metaphysis happened against the background of pathological reconstruction of the tibia; 3 of them sustained simultaneously a fracture of the fibular head. Some recommendations of practical importance are suggested.", "PMID": 412290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6539", "title": "Gynecologic pathology in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). II. Findings in laboratory and free-ranging monkeys.", "content": "The most prevalent findings in reproductive tracts of 38 laboratory and 17 free-ranging Rhesus female monkeys were vaginitis, cervicitis, metritis, pelvic endometriosis and uterine adenomyosis. Several monkeys had cervical dysplasia and one had a serous cystadenoma. The findings in the two groups were similar although prevalence for several diseases differed. There was a significant relationship between the occurrence of vaginitis, metritis, adenomyosis and endometriosis and gravidity, time since last pregnancy, number of matings, hysterotomies, reproductive ability and reproductive status.", "contents": "Gynecologic pathology in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). II. Findings in laboratory and free-ranging monkeys. The most prevalent findings in reproductive tracts of 38 laboratory and 17 free-ranging Rhesus female monkeys were vaginitis, cervicitis, metritis, pelvic endometriosis and uterine adenomyosis. Several monkeys had cervical dysplasia and one had a serous cystadenoma. The findings in the two groups were similar although prevalence for several diseases differed. There was a significant relationship between the occurrence of vaginitis, metritis, adenomyosis and endometriosis and gravidity, time since last pregnancy, number of matings, hysterotomies, reproductive ability and reproductive status.", "PMID": 412291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6540", "title": "[Immunologic and epizootologic studies of toxoplasmosis in sheep].", "content": "A total of 698 blood serum samples from sheep in various regions of the People's Republic of Bulgaria were examined throught the indirect hemaglutination micromethod. Two-hundred and seventeen proved positive for toxoplasmosis. Those of the samples that were taken from ewes that had miscarried and reacted positively were considerably more--43.3 per cent--than those that were taken from ewes with normal lambing and reacted positively--21 percent. Besides, toxoplasmosis was shown to be more widely spread among sheep in the mountainous regions (40.3 per cent) than in sheep from the plain regions (18.3 per cen). Four cystogenic strains of Toxoplasma were isolated from fetuses of nine ewes that had miscarried. Out of 493 sheep investigated in Czechoslovakia 33.3 per cent were positive by the indirect hemagglutination reaction, 29.7 per cent were positive by the indirect fluorescence reaction (RIF), and 11.6 per cent were positive by thr microprecipitation agar gel reaction (MPA). States is the epizootiologic and economic importance of the problem.", "contents": "[Immunologic and epizootologic studies of toxoplasmosis in sheep]. A total of 698 blood serum samples from sheep in various regions of the People's Republic of Bulgaria were examined throught the indirect hemaglutination micromethod. Two-hundred and seventeen proved positive for toxoplasmosis. Those of the samples that were taken from ewes that had miscarried and reacted positively were considerably more--43.3 per cent--than those that were taken from ewes with normal lambing and reacted positively--21 percent. Besides, toxoplasmosis was shown to be more widely spread among sheep in the mountainous regions (40.3 per cent) than in sheep from the plain regions (18.3 per cen). Four cystogenic strains of Toxoplasma were isolated from fetuses of nine ewes that had miscarried. Out of 493 sheep investigated in Czechoslovakia 33.3 per cent were positive by the indirect hemagglutination reaction, 29.7 per cent were positive by the indirect fluorescence reaction (RIF), and 11.6 per cent were positive by thr microprecipitation agar gel reaction (MPA). States is the epizootiologic and economic importance of the problem.", "PMID": 412294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6541", "title": "[Distribution, species composition and seasonal dynamics of ticks of the Ixodidate family in northwest Bulgaria].", "content": "It has been established that a total of 7 species of Ixodes ticks parasitize in farm animals in the northwest region of the country. The prevailing species is Rh. bursa, which constitutes 67.07 per cent of all ticks that have been collected and plays a basic role in the epizootiology of hemosporidioses. Described are the basic biotopes of the prevailing species. It has been demonstrated that altitude influences the durat-on of the seasonal activity of the parasites as well as the period during which farm animals harbour the parasites.", "contents": "[Distribution, species composition and seasonal dynamics of ticks of the Ixodidate family in northwest Bulgaria]. It has been established that a total of 7 species of Ixodes ticks parasitize in farm animals in the northwest region of the country. The prevailing species is Rh. bursa, which constitutes 67.07 per cent of all ticks that have been collected and plays a basic role in the epizootiology of hemosporidioses. Described are the basic biotopes of the prevailing species. It has been demonstrated that altitude influences the durat-on of the seasonal activity of the parasites as well as the period during which farm animals harbour the parasites.", "PMID": 412295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6542", "title": "[Phage diagnosis of strains of Bacillus cereus isolated from food products].", "content": "A total of 80 cultures of Bacillus cereus, isolated from food products, were studies to establish the behaviour to specific phages or the CAM set and the presence of lysogeny. A modern bacteriophage method was tested for the first time in the differentiatons of Bacillus cereus, which was so far studied mainly in the differentiation of Bacillus anthracis. Results showed that bacteriophagy with specific type phages as a method, though not absolutely precise, is dependable for the differentiation of Bacillus cereus. It can be used as a fast adjunct technique in the determination of B. cereus from the view point of its species. No lysogenic strains were established in the cultures investigated.", "contents": "[Phage diagnosis of strains of Bacillus cereus isolated from food products]. A total of 80 cultures of Bacillus cereus, isolated from food products, were studies to establish the behaviour to specific phages or the CAM set and the presence of lysogeny. A modern bacteriophage method was tested for the first time in the differentiatons of Bacillus cereus, which was so far studied mainly in the differentiation of Bacillus anthracis. Results showed that bacteriophagy with specific type phages as a method, though not absolutely precise, is dependable for the differentiation of Bacillus cereus. It can be used as a fast adjunct technique in the determination of B. cereus from the view point of its species. No lysogenic strains were established in the cultures investigated.", "PMID": 412296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6543", "title": "Epidermal intercellular relationships during carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Investigations with the scanning electron microscope were carried out on the skin of 80 NMRI mice after treating them with small doses of the carcinogenic substance DMBA and the cocarcinogenic agent TPA, respectively. The results were correlated with histologic, transmission electron microscope and autoradiographic observations. The epidermis of TPA-treated animals was markedly hyperplastic with an orderly arrangement of cell layers. Autoradiographically only the basal cells were heavily labelled. With the scanning and transmission electron microscope a reduced number of intercellular connections and dilatation of the intercellular spaces could be detected. After treatment with DMBA the epidermis was only moderately hyperplastic but severely dysplastic with 3H-thymidine-labelled cells in the upper layers. The most characteristic findings were the loss of the intercellular connections, especially the lateral ones, and a pronounced dilatation of the intercellular spaces. The results obtained with the scanning electron microscope were quantified using morphometrical methods.", "contents": "Epidermal intercellular relationships during carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Investigations with the scanning electron microscope were carried out on the skin of 80 NMRI mice after treating them with small doses of the carcinogenic substance DMBA and the cocarcinogenic agent TPA, respectively. The results were correlated with histologic, transmission electron microscope and autoradiographic observations. The epidermis of TPA-treated animals was markedly hyperplastic with an orderly arrangement of cell layers. Autoradiographically only the basal cells were heavily labelled. With the scanning and transmission electron microscope a reduced number of intercellular connections and dilatation of the intercellular spaces could be detected. After treatment with DMBA the epidermis was only moderately hyperplastic but severely dysplastic with 3H-thymidine-labelled cells in the upper layers. The most characteristic findings were the loss of the intercellular connections, especially the lateral ones, and a pronounced dilatation of the intercellular spaces. The results obtained with the scanning electron microscope were quantified using morphometrical methods.", "PMID": 412299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6544", "title": "DNA synthesis in the ventricular myocardium of young rats exposed to intermittent high altitude (IHA) hypoxia. An autoradiographic study.", "content": "Intermittent high altitude (IHA) hypoxia (7000 m) increased the wet weight of the right ventricular myocardium of 30-day-old rats after two 4 h/day exposures. During the same period the number of DNA-synthesizing nuclei of both muscle and non-muscle cell types increased proportionally. After 4 such exposures to hypoxia the number of 3H-thymidine-labelled nuclei in both cell types increased further. In addition, the number of labelled nuclei increased significantly in the yet un-enlarged left ventricle. While there was no difference in the number of DNA-synthesizing cells between the right and left ventricles in control animals, a significant increase in the number of cells involved in DNA synthesis in the right ventricle was found in both groups of animals exposed to IHA hypoxia. These results show that DNA synthesis in myonuclei of the ventricular myocardium can be stimulated in 30-day-old rats, i.e. at the very end of the weaning period.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in the ventricular myocardium of young rats exposed to intermittent high altitude (IHA) hypoxia. An autoradiographic study. Intermittent high altitude (IHA) hypoxia (7000 m) increased the wet weight of the right ventricular myocardium of 30-day-old rats after two 4 h/day exposures. During the same period the number of DNA-synthesizing nuclei of both muscle and non-muscle cell types increased proportionally. After 4 such exposures to hypoxia the number of 3H-thymidine-labelled nuclei in both cell types increased further. In addition, the number of labelled nuclei increased significantly in the yet un-enlarged left ventricle. While there was no difference in the number of DNA-synthesizing cells between the right and left ventricles in control animals, a significant increase in the number of cells involved in DNA synthesis in the right ventricle was found in both groups of animals exposed to IHA hypoxia. These results show that DNA synthesis in myonuclei of the ventricular myocardium can be stimulated in 30-day-old rats, i.e. at the very end of the weaning period.", "PMID": 412300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6545", "title": "Lysosomal degradation of bile deposits in cholestasis. An ultrastructural and cytochemical study.", "content": "Deposits of bile in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes from six patients with cholestasis were studied by electron microscopy and ultrastructural cytochemistry. The deposits were identified in vacuoles of varying size and complexity. The demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in these vacuoles suggests that lysosomes participate in the elimination of bile deposits retained in hepatocytes.", "contents": "Lysosomal degradation of bile deposits in cholestasis. An ultrastructural and cytochemical study. Deposits of bile in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes from six patients with cholestasis were studied by electron microscopy and ultrastructural cytochemistry. The deposits were identified in vacuoles of varying size and complexity. The demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in these vacuoles suggests that lysosomes participate in the elimination of bile deposits retained in hepatocytes.", "PMID": 412301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6546", "title": "The proliferation of chondrocytes and pannus in adjuvant arthritis.", "content": "Cell proliferation in the pannus formation of adjuvant arthritis was studied by autoradiography. It was found that after day 9 an increased cell proliferation starts in the joint capsule recessus and synovial villi on the injected side. From these proliferating cells a pannus, which during the first phase frequently consists only of few cell layers, extends over the cartilage surface. With advancing disease the thickness of the pannus increases and further centripetal growth may cause the entire cartilage surface to be covered. This proliferating pannus tissue may invade the cartilage and destroy it. Since in this area of destruction labelled cells are frequently present, it may be assumed that proliferating cells with a high enzyme content are particularly responsible for the immediate degradation of cartilage. No involvement of chondrocytes in pannus formation was confirmed by the methods employed. There was neither increased proliferation of surface chondrocytes nor increased proliferation of chondrocytes in the depth of cartilage.", "contents": "The proliferation of chondrocytes and pannus in adjuvant arthritis. Cell proliferation in the pannus formation of adjuvant arthritis was studied by autoradiography. It was found that after day 9 an increased cell proliferation starts in the joint capsule recessus and synovial villi on the injected side. From these proliferating cells a pannus, which during the first phase frequently consists only of few cell layers, extends over the cartilage surface. With advancing disease the thickness of the pannus increases and further centripetal growth may cause the entire cartilage surface to be covered. This proliferating pannus tissue may invade the cartilage and destroy it. Since in this area of destruction labelled cells are frequently present, it may be assumed that proliferating cells with a high enzyme content are particularly responsible for the immediate degradation of cartilage. No involvement of chondrocytes in pannus formation was confirmed by the methods employed. There was neither increased proliferation of surface chondrocytes nor increased proliferation of chondrocytes in the depth of cartilage.", "PMID": 412302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6547", "title": "The effect of testosterone and cadmium on the rat lateral prostate in organ culture.", "content": "Organ culture of rat lateral prostate was performed in the presence of testosterone and cadmium. Maintenance of epithelial cells did not occur even in the presence of the androgen, but basal cells were stimulated and replaced original epithelium. Testosterone alone caused a partial differentiation of these basal cells. Cadmium alone was found to enter the epithelial and basal cells and subsequently cause necrosis. The metal was subcellularly located in the nucleus and within cytoplasmic organelles. Cadmium appears to compete with zinc in cultured lateral prostate and affects the differentiation and maintenance of the epithelial growth.", "contents": "The effect of testosterone and cadmium on the rat lateral prostate in organ culture. Organ culture of rat lateral prostate was performed in the presence of testosterone and cadmium. Maintenance of epithelial cells did not occur even in the presence of the androgen, but basal cells were stimulated and replaced original epithelium. Testosterone alone caused a partial differentiation of these basal cells. Cadmium alone was found to enter the epithelial and basal cells and subsequently cause necrosis. The metal was subcellularly located in the nucleus and within cytoplasmic organelles. Cadmium appears to compete with zinc in cultured lateral prostate and affects the differentiation and maintenance of the epithelial growth.", "PMID": 412303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6548", "title": "The effect of cadmium administration in vivo on plasma testosterone and the ultrastructure of rat lateral prostate.", "content": "Electron microscope microanalysis, atomic absorption analysis and ultrastructural survey were used to investigate the effects of parenteral cadmium administration on the lateral prostate of rats. Early fine structural changes in the epithelial cells of the prostatic tissue were associated with the detection of cadmium in the cellular organelles and alteration of the subcellular distribution of zinc. Involutionary changes appeared at later stages and differed from the usual castration effects. Basal cells did not regress with the altered physiological conditions but appeared to proliferate in the presence of cadmium. The observations are discussed in relation to the normal mechanisms which control the maintenance of the prostate gland.", "contents": "The effect of cadmium administration in vivo on plasma testosterone and the ultrastructure of rat lateral prostate. Electron microscope microanalysis, atomic absorption analysis and ultrastructural survey were used to investigate the effects of parenteral cadmium administration on the lateral prostate of rats. Early fine structural changes in the epithelial cells of the prostatic tissue were associated with the detection of cadmium in the cellular organelles and alteration of the subcellular distribution of zinc. Involutionary changes appeared at later stages and differed from the usual castration effects. Basal cells did not regress with the altered physiological conditions but appeared to proliferate in the presence of cadmium. The observations are discussed in relation to the normal mechanisms which control the maintenance of the prostate gland.", "PMID": 412304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6549", "title": "Selection of Ehrlich tumor cells in different phases of the cell cycle by ficoll gradient centrifugation.", "content": "Mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were centrifuged at low speed on a linear Ficoll gradient. Cells from different fractions of the gradient were collected separately and analysed by cytological and cytochemical methods (DNA content, mean volume and number of cells). Nearly pure populations of cells in G1 or S were selected. A heterogeneous population containing 70% G2 and mitotic cells was also isolated. No ultrastructural alterations were detected in the cells after centrifugation. Selected G1 cells were cultured in vitro, their kinetic parameters were measured and compared with those of the original population. No difference was observed as far as the duration of the cycle of these cells is concerned.", "contents": "Selection of Ehrlich tumor cells in different phases of the cell cycle by ficoll gradient centrifugation. Mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were centrifuged at low speed on a linear Ficoll gradient. Cells from different fractions of the gradient were collected separately and analysed by cytological and cytochemical methods (DNA content, mean volume and number of cells). Nearly pure populations of cells in G1 or S were selected. A heterogeneous population containing 70% G2 and mitotic cells was also isolated. No ultrastructural alterations were detected in the cells after centrifugation. Selected G1 cells were cultured in vitro, their kinetic parameters were measured and compared with those of the original population. No difference was observed as far as the duration of the cycle of these cells is concerned.", "PMID": 412305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6550", "title": "Fine structural and ultracytochemical studies on the lymphocytes in three types of genetic mucopolysaccharidoses.", "content": "Lymphocytes from 6 patients with 3 types of genetic mucopolysaccharidoses (Hurler's syndrome, Hunter's syndrome and Morquio's syndrome) contained numberous vacuoles in their cytoplasm. The size of the vacuoles ranged from approximately 300 nm to 750 nm. The percentage of the lymphocytes with vacuoles varied from 10% to 38%. The vacuoles showed acid phosphatase activity, which indicated their lysosommal nature. Staining with dialyzed iron solution usually localized acid mucosubstance in the peripheral region of these vacuoles after glutaraldehyde fixation. Ferritin and horseradish peroxidase were observed in the vacuoles after incubation of the patient's lymphocytes with these tracers. This finding indicates the participation of endocytosis in the formation of these vacuoles.", "contents": "Fine structural and ultracytochemical studies on the lymphocytes in three types of genetic mucopolysaccharidoses. Lymphocytes from 6 patients with 3 types of genetic mucopolysaccharidoses (Hurler's syndrome, Hunter's syndrome and Morquio's syndrome) contained numberous vacuoles in their cytoplasm. The size of the vacuoles ranged from approximately 300 nm to 750 nm. The percentage of the lymphocytes with vacuoles varied from 10% to 38%. The vacuoles showed acid phosphatase activity, which indicated their lysosommal nature. Staining with dialyzed iron solution usually localized acid mucosubstance in the peripheral region of these vacuoles after glutaraldehyde fixation. Ferritin and horseradish peroxidase were observed in the vacuoles after incubation of the patient's lymphocytes with these tracers. This finding indicates the participation of endocytosis in the formation of these vacuoles.", "PMID": 412306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6551", "title": "Studies on the possible influence of the so-called wound healing reaction on DNA synthesis in organ culture.", "content": "Tissue sectioning is a necessary preliminary step in the preparation of organ culture explants. The real extent of tissue damage in the \"wound healing reaction\" can be assessed by DNA isotopic labeling. The differential count of labeling indices between epithelial structures located at the margin of the explants and similar structures near the center was used to study the influence of tissue damage on DNA synthesis. Our results suggest a time-related influence of wound healing on labeling indices. This reaction has to be taken into account when DNA synthesis is used as an indicator of hormonedependency in vitro.", "contents": "Studies on the possible influence of the so-called wound healing reaction on DNA synthesis in organ culture. Tissue sectioning is a necessary preliminary step in the preparation of organ culture explants. The real extent of tissue damage in the \"wound healing reaction\" can be assessed by DNA isotopic labeling. The differential count of labeling indices between epithelial structures located at the margin of the explants and similar structures near the center was used to study the influence of tissue damage on DNA synthesis. Our results suggest a time-related influence of wound healing on labeling indices. This reaction has to be taken into account when DNA synthesis is used as an indicator of hormonedependency in vitro.", "PMID": 412307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6552", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of the effect of vinblastine on podocytes of rat kidney.", "content": "Loss of cytoplasmic microtubules was induced in rat renal podocytes by intravenous administration of the microtubule poison, vinblastine sulfate. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the shape exhibited by podocytes 2, 8, or 12 h after initiation of vinblastine treatment. The podocytes of all vinblastine-treated rats possessed focal enlargements of cellular processes. At 8 and 12 h the focal enlargements were more abundant and often larger than those seen at 2 h. In addition, at the longer exposure times many cellular processes were smaller in diameter than comparable processes of control animals. There was no evidence that a loss of pedicel organization occurred with any of the three treatment times studied. The results suggest that in the absence of microtubules a redistribution of cytoplasm occurred within podocyte processes, resulting in the accumulation of cytoplasmic material at certain sites and a concomitant narrowing of the diameter of processes in other regions. Thus, intact microtubules appear to be essential for normal podocyte shape.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of the effect of vinblastine on podocytes of rat kidney. Loss of cytoplasmic microtubules was induced in rat renal podocytes by intravenous administration of the microtubule poison, vinblastine sulfate. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the shape exhibited by podocytes 2, 8, or 12 h after initiation of vinblastine treatment. The podocytes of all vinblastine-treated rats possessed focal enlargements of cellular processes. At 8 and 12 h the focal enlargements were more abundant and often larger than those seen at 2 h. In addition, at the longer exposure times many cellular processes were smaller in diameter than comparable processes of control animals. There was no evidence that a loss of pedicel organization occurred with any of the three treatment times studied. The results suggest that in the absence of microtubules a redistribution of cytoplasm occurred within podocyte processes, resulting in the accumulation of cytoplasmic material at certain sites and a concomitant narrowing of the diameter of processes in other regions. Thus, intact microtubules appear to be essential for normal podocyte shape.", "PMID": 412308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6553", "title": "Enteroglucagon and substance P-like immunoreactivity in argentaffin and argyrophil rectal carcinoids.", "content": "A specific immunofluorescence for enteroglucagon or substance P or for both hormones was demonstrated in nine out of 12 examined rectal carcinoids. One tumor was argentaffin, contained ultrastructurally pleomorphic granules of the entero-chromaffin cell type, and showed immunofluorescence for substance P. The rest were non-argentaffin but were argyrophil with the Grimelius technique and contained round granules. The argyrophil carcinoids were immunoreactive to one or both hormones in eight cases and not fluorescent in three cases. In two of the non-argentaffin carcinoids a small number of argyrophil cells was found with the method of Sevier-Munger.", "contents": "Enteroglucagon and substance P-like immunoreactivity in argentaffin and argyrophil rectal carcinoids. A specific immunofluorescence for enteroglucagon or substance P or for both hormones was demonstrated in nine out of 12 examined rectal carcinoids. One tumor was argentaffin, contained ultrastructurally pleomorphic granules of the entero-chromaffin cell type, and showed immunofluorescence for substance P. The rest were non-argentaffin but were argyrophil with the Grimelius technique and contained round granules. The argyrophil carcinoids were immunoreactive to one or both hormones in eight cases and not fluorescent in three cases. In two of the non-argentaffin carcinoids a small number of argyrophil cells was found with the method of Sevier-Munger.", "PMID": 412309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6554", "title": "Long-term results of deep defects in articular cartilage. A scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "Core defects produced in the medial femoral condyle of the rabbit were studied by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy over a period of 2 years. In some cases the defect was filled by hyaline articular cartilage with a fairly smooth surface, but in others the tissue was markedly fibrillated and resembled fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage. Appearances suggesting disintegration of the newly formed cartilage were seen in some cases. It would appear that a continuation of this process can lead to the exposure of subchondral bone. In one instance no repair tissue or new cartilage could be identified but the surrounding old cartilage had formed a shelf over the defect. The cartilage surrounding the defect was either normal or showed superficial fibrillation, and/or flow formation, and/or fissures.", "contents": "Long-term results of deep defects in articular cartilage. A scanning electron microscope study. Core defects produced in the medial femoral condyle of the rabbit were studied by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy over a period of 2 years. In some cases the defect was filled by hyaline articular cartilage with a fairly smooth surface, but in others the tissue was markedly fibrillated and resembled fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage. Appearances suggesting disintegration of the newly formed cartilage were seen in some cases. It would appear that a continuation of this process can lead to the exposure of subchondral bone. In one instance no repair tissue or new cartilage could be identified but the surrounding old cartilage had formed a shelf over the defect. The cartilage surrounding the defect was either normal or showed superficial fibrillation, and/or flow formation, and/or fissures.", "PMID": 412310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6555", "title": "Early post-mortem change of the crista ampullaris. A light and electron microscopic study of the Guinea-pig.", "content": "Post-mortem change (autolysis) of the sensory and the secretory epithelia was studied by means of the light and the electron microscope. The first ultrastructurally recognizable sign of autolysis occurred 10-15 min after death in the mitochondria of the hair cells and their adjacent nerve endings. The morphology of hair cells was occasionally well preserved 30 min post-mortem, but after 90 min or more autolytic changes were invariably severe. The secretory epithelium, however, was considerably less affected by autolysis than the hair cells during the first 5 h after death.", "contents": "Early post-mortem change of the crista ampullaris. A light and electron microscopic study of the Guinea-pig. Post-mortem change (autolysis) of the sensory and the secretory epithelia was studied by means of the light and the electron microscope. The first ultrastructurally recognizable sign of autolysis occurred 10-15 min after death in the mitochondria of the hair cells and their adjacent nerve endings. The morphology of hair cells was occasionally well preserved 30 min post-mortem, but after 90 min or more autolytic changes were invariably severe. The secretory epithelium, however, was considerably less affected by autolysis than the hair cells during the first 5 h after death.", "PMID": 412311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6556", "title": "Acute distal intestinal obstruction in gnotobiotic rats. Intestinal morphology and cell renewal.", "content": "1. Complete mechanical obstruction of the distal small intestine was produced in gnotobiotic rats. 72 h after the operation small intestinal morphology and epithelial cell renewal were investigated proximal and distal to the site of obstruction. 2. Proximal to the site of obstruction there were minor changes in villus height, base length and in villus cell number, a large increase in depth and diameter of the crypts and an approximately threefold increase in cell renewal. 3. Distal to the site of obstruction there were no differences between the intestines of rats with obstruction and controls. 4. The apparent lack of secretion by the goblet cells and the reduced number of intraepithelial leucocytes suggest that the barrier function of the small intestine is impaired in obstruction.", "contents": "Acute distal intestinal obstruction in gnotobiotic rats. Intestinal morphology and cell renewal. 1. Complete mechanical obstruction of the distal small intestine was produced in gnotobiotic rats. 72 h after the operation small intestinal morphology and epithelial cell renewal were investigated proximal and distal to the site of obstruction. 2. Proximal to the site of obstruction there were minor changes in villus height, base length and in villus cell number, a large increase in depth and diameter of the crypts and an approximately threefold increase in cell renewal. 3. Distal to the site of obstruction there were no differences between the intestines of rats with obstruction and controls. 4. The apparent lack of secretion by the goblet cells and the reduced number of intraepithelial leucocytes suggest that the barrier function of the small intestine is impaired in obstruction.", "PMID": 412312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6557", "title": "Nafenopin-induced proliferation of peroxisomes in the small intestine of mice.", "content": "The effect of nafenopin on the epithelial cells of the small intestine of mice was studied. After 17 days the control and nafenopin-treated groups were sacrificed. The tissues were incubated in alkaline DAB medium. Ultra-thin sections of small intestinal tissue from both groups were examined by electron microscopy. Electron micrographs were prepared and examined stereologically so that any morphologic differences in the epithelial cell peroxisomes and mitochondria between the experimental and control groups could be evaluated quantitatively. In the nafenopin-treated group proliferation of peroxisomes occurred, as indicated by significant increases in volume, and surface and numerical density of these structures compared with controls. No such alterations were found in the mitochondria. Our results show that the response of small intestinal epithelial cells to nafenopin is analogous to that produced in hepatocytes by the same drug. Hepatocyte peroxisomes are supposed to be involved in lipid metabolism and it seems that small intestinal epithelial peroxisomes play a similar role.", "contents": "Nafenopin-induced proliferation of peroxisomes in the small intestine of mice. The effect of nafenopin on the epithelial cells of the small intestine of mice was studied. After 17 days the control and nafenopin-treated groups were sacrificed. The tissues were incubated in alkaline DAB medium. Ultra-thin sections of small intestinal tissue from both groups were examined by electron microscopy. Electron micrographs were prepared and examined stereologically so that any morphologic differences in the epithelial cell peroxisomes and mitochondria between the experimental and control groups could be evaluated quantitatively. In the nafenopin-treated group proliferation of peroxisomes occurred, as indicated by significant increases in volume, and surface and numerical density of these structures compared with controls. No such alterations were found in the mitochondria. Our results show that the response of small intestinal epithelial cells to nafenopin is analogous to that produced in hepatocytes by the same drug. Hepatocyte peroxisomes are supposed to be involved in lipid metabolism and it seems that small intestinal epithelial peroxisomes play a similar role.", "PMID": 412313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6558", "title": "Effects of erythrocyte lysate and erythrocyte-conditioned medium on erythroid cells in vitro.", "content": "A component of erythrocyte-conditioned medium has been shown to inhibit the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into erythroblasts from fetal mouse liver, proliferating in vitro. This component, however, has no detectable effect on the growth of colonies of erythroid cells stimulated to grow in viscous culture media by the hormone erythropoietin. Erythrocyte lysate and preparations of haemoglobin derived from the lysate increase the number and size of the colonies growing in vitro. Results are discussed in terms of possible control mechanisms in erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Effects of erythrocyte lysate and erythrocyte-conditioned medium on erythroid cells in vitro. A component of erythrocyte-conditioned medium has been shown to inhibit the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into erythroblasts from fetal mouse liver, proliferating in vitro. This component, however, has no detectable effect on the growth of colonies of erythroid cells stimulated to grow in viscous culture media by the hormone erythropoietin. Erythrocyte lysate and preparations of haemoglobin derived from the lysate increase the number and size of the colonies growing in vitro. Results are discussed in terms of possible control mechanisms in erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 412314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6559", "title": "Increased capillary permeability in muscularis layer of rat intestine caused by kidney extract.", "content": "Kidney extract and synthetic angiotensin II were injected into bilaterally nephrectomized rats in dosages capable of raising the mean arterial pressure by about 20 mmHg. Changes in ultrastructure and permeability for ferritin molecules were then examined in capillaries located in muscularis layer of the intestinal walls. Kidney extract with a high renin content was obtained from the renal cortex of rats by means of stepwise centrifugation methods. Animals injected with saline served as controls. In rats receiving kidney extract tissue edema was observed in the spaces around the blood and lymphatic capillaries. In these spaces ferritin molecules accumulated in high concentration indicating plasma protein leakage. Ferritin molecules within the endothelium were restricted within plasmalemmal vesicles, but were not found within interendothelial junctions or within the cytoplasmic matrix. Morphometric analysis of vesicular transport in the endothelial cells revealed a significant increase in labeling rate for the vesicles with ferritin molecules. These results suggest that the kidney extract contains substance(s) which increase capillary permeability for plasma proteins at least via increased vesicular transport, resulting in tissue edema.", "contents": "Increased capillary permeability in muscularis layer of rat intestine caused by kidney extract. Kidney extract and synthetic angiotensin II were injected into bilaterally nephrectomized rats in dosages capable of raising the mean arterial pressure by about 20 mmHg. Changes in ultrastructure and permeability for ferritin molecules were then examined in capillaries located in muscularis layer of the intestinal walls. Kidney extract with a high renin content was obtained from the renal cortex of rats by means of stepwise centrifugation methods. Animals injected with saline served as controls. In rats receiving kidney extract tissue edema was observed in the spaces around the blood and lymphatic capillaries. In these spaces ferritin molecules accumulated in high concentration indicating plasma protein leakage. Ferritin molecules within the endothelium were restricted within plasmalemmal vesicles, but were not found within interendothelial junctions or within the cytoplasmic matrix. Morphometric analysis of vesicular transport in the endothelial cells revealed a significant increase in labeling rate for the vesicles with ferritin molecules. These results suggest that the kidney extract contains substance(s) which increase capillary permeability for plasma proteins at least via increased vesicular transport, resulting in tissue edema.", "PMID": 412315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6560", "title": "Development of Rh-specific maternal autoantibodies following intensive plasmapheresis for Rh immunisation during pregnancy.", "content": "Two cases of autoantibody formation following large volume plasmapheresis for rhesus immunisation during pregnancy are described. In each case the autoantibody was directed against the Rh complex but showed a preference for G-positive cells. It is postulated that repeated plasmapheresis in the presence of persistent antigenic stimulation has removed a feedback inhibition of the immune response. The specificity of the alloantibody has broadened resulting in cross-reactivity against self-antigens. The possible implications of these cases in relation to autoimmunity are discussed.", "contents": "Development of Rh-specific maternal autoantibodies following intensive plasmapheresis for Rh immunisation during pregnancy. Two cases of autoantibody formation following large volume plasmapheresis for rhesus immunisation during pregnancy are described. In each case the autoantibody was directed against the Rh complex but showed a preference for G-positive cells. It is postulated that repeated plasmapheresis in the presence of persistent antigenic stimulation has removed a feedback inhibition of the immune response. The specificity of the alloantibody has broadened resulting in cross-reactivity against self-antigens. The possible implications of these cases in relation to autoimmunity are discussed.", "PMID": 412321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6561", "title": "Caprylate-dependent auto-anti-e.", "content": "A caprylate-dependent autoantibody with specificity for the e antigen of red cells is described. The antibody was completely inactivated by 2-mercaptoethanol and was probably of the IgM immunoglobulin class. The antibody had no apparent specificity for albumin. Reactivity of the described antibody may depend upon conformational change of red cell Rh antigen by caprylate.", "contents": "Caprylate-dependent auto-anti-e. A caprylate-dependent autoantibody with specificity for the e antigen of red cells is described. The antibody was completely inactivated by 2-mercaptoethanol and was probably of the IgM immunoglobulin class. The antibody had no apparent specificity for albumin. Reactivity of the described antibody may depend upon conformational change of red cell Rh antigen by caprylate.", "PMID": 412322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6562", "title": "[Survival of tick-borne encephalitis complex viruses in a brain cell culture from suckling mice].", "content": "The evidence of long-term survival of the tick-borne encephalitis complex viruses in primarily trypsinized brain cells of suckling mice inoculated in vivo is presented. The viability of the brain cell cultures from suckling mice inoculated with an attenuated strain was shown to be higher than that of a similar culture of the brain cells from suckling mice infected with a virulent strain. The infectious virus could be recovered for over 200 days of the existence of these cultures. The experimental results appear to be another confirmation of the capacity of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex, particularly of the attenuated strains, for persistence.", "contents": "[Survival of tick-borne encephalitis complex viruses in a brain cell culture from suckling mice]. The evidence of long-term survival of the tick-borne encephalitis complex viruses in primarily trypsinized brain cells of suckling mice inoculated in vivo is presented. The viability of the brain cell cultures from suckling mice inoculated with an attenuated strain was shown to be higher than that of a similar culture of the brain cells from suckling mice infected with a virulent strain. The infectious virus could be recovered for over 200 days of the existence of these cultures. The experimental results appear to be another confirmation of the capacity of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex, particularly of the attenuated strains, for persistence.", "PMID": 412323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6563", "title": "[Antigenic activity of a concentrated and purified cultured antirabies vaccine from the Vnukovo-32-107 strain].", "content": "Humoral response (virus-neutralizing antibody production) to immunization with inactivated 30-fold concentrated and purified tissue culture rabies vaccine was studied in monkeys and human volunteers. Two doses of the preparation spaced 20 days apart and given intramuscularly or intradermally to monkeys induced in them much more intensive antibody production (4--213-fold by titer) than 6 daily injections of unconcentrated vaccine. In 10 human volunteers immunized with 1.5 ml doses of the concentrated vaccine intramuscularly twice 20 days apart antibody titers 40 days after immunization varied from 1:79 to 1:6250 (average 1:1067). In another group of 10 human volunteers immunized intramuscularly with the concentrated vaccine 3 times at 0, 1st and 20th day, antibody titers 40 days after immunization were 1:112--1:3273 (average 1:508). These values are significantly higher than the average titers in humans vaccinated with unconcentrated tissue culture of brain vaccine of Fermi type. The concentrated vaccine proved to be a preparation of low reactogenicity: no systemic reactions were observed among vaccinated volunteers; 4 out of 20 volunteers had a mild, transient (1 day) local reaction (hyperemia of less than 1.5 cm in diameter).", "contents": "[Antigenic activity of a concentrated and purified cultured antirabies vaccine from the Vnukovo-32-107 strain]. Humoral response (virus-neutralizing antibody production) to immunization with inactivated 30-fold concentrated and purified tissue culture rabies vaccine was studied in monkeys and human volunteers. Two doses of the preparation spaced 20 days apart and given intramuscularly or intradermally to monkeys induced in them much more intensive antibody production (4--213-fold by titer) than 6 daily injections of unconcentrated vaccine. In 10 human volunteers immunized with 1.5 ml doses of the concentrated vaccine intramuscularly twice 20 days apart antibody titers 40 days after immunization varied from 1:79 to 1:6250 (average 1:1067). In another group of 10 human volunteers immunized intramuscularly with the concentrated vaccine 3 times at 0, 1st and 20th day, antibody titers 40 days after immunization were 1:112--1:3273 (average 1:508). These values are significantly higher than the average titers in humans vaccinated with unconcentrated tissue culture of brain vaccine of Fermi type. The concentrated vaccine proved to be a preparation of low reactogenicity: no systemic reactions were observed among vaccinated volunteers; 4 out of 20 volunteers had a mild, transient (1 day) local reaction (hyperemia of less than 1.5 cm in diameter).", "PMID": 412324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6564", "title": "[Titration of the antibodies to the Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus in a drop of the cell suspension from infected tissue cultures by means of indirect immunofluorescence].", "content": "A comparatively simple method has been developed and tested for the detection and titration of antibody to Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus (CHF) by indirect immunofluorescence on slides with previously prepared acetone-inactivated virus in drops of cell suspension from infected BHK-21 and 6619 cell cultures. The antibody titers determined by the indirect immunofluorescence procedures were 4- and 8-fold higher than those determined by the complement-fixation test. This opens the possibility of using non-infectious antigens of cell suspensions for detection or titration by the FA procedure of antibody to CHF virus which may be of importance to diagnostic laboratories which have no conditions for work with live virus.", "contents": "[Titration of the antibodies to the Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus in a drop of the cell suspension from infected tissue cultures by means of indirect immunofluorescence]. A comparatively simple method has been developed and tested for the detection and titration of antibody to Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus (CHF) by indirect immunofluorescence on slides with previously prepared acetone-inactivated virus in drops of cell suspension from infected BHK-21 and 6619 cell cultures. The antibody titers determined by the indirect immunofluorescence procedures were 4- and 8-fold higher than those determined by the complement-fixation test. This opens the possibility of using non-infectious antigens of cell suspensions for detection or titration by the FA procedure of antibody to CHF virus which may be of importance to diagnostic laboratories which have no conditions for work with live virus.", "PMID": 412325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6565", "title": "Metabolism of arylacetic acids. 1. The fate of 1-naphthylacetic acid and its variation with species and dose.", "content": "1. [Carboxy-14C]-1-Naphthylacetic acid has been administered to man, 6 primate species and 4 other mammalian species and the urinary metabolites examined by radiochromatogram scanning and reverse isotope dilution. Animals all received a dose of 100 mg/kg and man received 5 mg, orally. 2. Most species excreted at least 60% of the 14C in the urine in 48 h. Unchanged acid was a minor (0-17% dose) excretion product in all species except the cynomolgus monkey (35%). 3. In man, in 24 h 95% of 14C was excreted as 1-naphthylacetyl-glucuronide and 5% as 1-naphthylacetyltaurine. 4. 1-Naphthylacetylglucuronide was the major excretion product in all species except the bushbaby (21% dose) and the cat, which did not form this conjugate. 5. 1-Naphthylacetylglutamine was formed only by the cynomolgus, squirrel and capuchin monkeys and marmoset, and in no case accounted for more than 3% dose. 6. 1-Naphthylacetylglycine was found in the urines of 4 primate and 3 non-primate species, and was the major metabolite in the squirrel monkey, bushbaby and cat. 7. 1-Naphthylacetyltaurine was excreted by all species except the rabbit and the fruit bat. It was a major excretion product in the squirrel and capuchin monkeys, the marmoset and the cat. 8. The influence of dose on the pattern of metabolism and excretion of 1-naphthylacetic acid has been investigated in the rat.", "contents": "Metabolism of arylacetic acids. 1. The fate of 1-naphthylacetic acid and its variation with species and dose. 1. [Carboxy-14C]-1-Naphthylacetic acid has been administered to man, 6 primate species and 4 other mammalian species and the urinary metabolites examined by radiochromatogram scanning and reverse isotope dilution. Animals all received a dose of 100 mg/kg and man received 5 mg, orally. 2. Most species excreted at least 60% of the 14C in the urine in 48 h. Unchanged acid was a minor (0-17% dose) excretion product in all species except the cynomolgus monkey (35%). 3. In man, in 24 h 95% of 14C was excreted as 1-naphthylacetyl-glucuronide and 5% as 1-naphthylacetyltaurine. 4. 1-Naphthylacetylglucuronide was the major excretion product in all species except the bushbaby (21% dose) and the cat, which did not form this conjugate. 5. 1-Naphthylacetylglutamine was formed only by the cynomolgus, squirrel and capuchin monkeys and marmoset, and in no case accounted for more than 3% dose. 6. 1-Naphthylacetylglycine was found in the urines of 4 primate and 3 non-primate species, and was the major metabolite in the squirrel monkey, bushbaby and cat. 7. 1-Naphthylacetyltaurine was excreted by all species except the rabbit and the fruit bat. It was a major excretion product in the squirrel and capuchin monkeys, the marmoset and the cat. 8. The influence of dose on the pattern of metabolism and excretion of 1-naphthylacetic acid has been investigated in the rat.", "PMID": 412330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6566", "title": "Metabolism of arylacetic acids. 2. The fate of [14C]hydratropic acid and its variation with species.", "content": "1. (+/-)-[methyl-14C]-Hydratropic acid was administered to man, rhesus monkey, cat, rabbit and fruit bat. 2. All species excreted 60-100% of administered 14C in the urine in 24 h, and unchanged hydratropic acid accounted for 0-17% of the dose. 3. In man, the urinary 14C consisted of a very small quantity (1%) of unchanged hydratropic acid with the remainder as hydratropylglucuronide. 4. Hydratropylglucuronide was the major urinary excretion product in the 4 animal species, while the glycine conjugate was present in the urine of cat and rat. Additionally, cats excreted the taurine conjugate of hydratropic acid. 5. Bile-duct cannulated rats excreted 20-30% of an injected dose of [14C] hydratropic acid in the bile in 3 h mainly as hydratropylglucuronide.", "contents": "Metabolism of arylacetic acids. 2. The fate of [14C]hydratropic acid and its variation with species. 1. (+/-)-[methyl-14C]-Hydratropic acid was administered to man, rhesus monkey, cat, rabbit and fruit bat. 2. All species excreted 60-100% of administered 14C in the urine in 24 h, and unchanged hydratropic acid accounted for 0-17% of the dose. 3. In man, the urinary 14C consisted of a very small quantity (1%) of unchanged hydratropic acid with the remainder as hydratropylglucuronide. 4. Hydratropylglucuronide was the major urinary excretion product in the 4 animal species, while the glycine conjugate was present in the urine of cat and rat. Additionally, cats excreted the taurine conjugate of hydratropic acid. 5. Bile-duct cannulated rats excreted 20-30% of an injected dose of [14C] hydratropic acid in the bile in 3 h mainly as hydratropylglucuronide.", "PMID": 412331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6567", "title": "Sodium chloride stimulated respiration of Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "With certain salts a stimulation of respiration of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans was found in the dark. The stimulation was observed only at high concentrations (10(-2)M--10(-1)M). NaCl or LiCl are the most effective salts and on addition the increase of the respiration is about 2.5fold. Li is assumed to function as a substitute for Na. Potassium salts, except KCl, are ineffective. The order for the effectiveness is: NaCl greater than NaNO3, Na2SO4 greater than KCl greater than KNO3, K2SO4 (=zero). Accordingly, the cation Na+, and to a less degree the anion Cl- are responsible for the stimulatory effect. K, which is ineffective, is passively accumulated by Anacystis according to the membrane potential. Na is actively extruded. At 0.1 M external NaCl, the passive influx of Na is high, but even then it is balanced by an active efflux. This increases the energy consumption of the cells and leads to a stimulated respiration. With DCCD (N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) or NEM (N-ethylmaleimide), the Na efflux is inhibited, simultaneously the stimulation of respiration is abolished and the passive influx of Na becomes detectable. At 0.1 M NaCl, the passive influx of Na measured in presence of DCCD is 5 x 10(-6) moles Na/min and ml packed cells. In absence of DCCD on addition of 0.1 M NaCl the extra oxygen consumption is 2 x 10(-6) moles O2/min and ml cells. This may prove that the stimulation of respiration is mainly caused by the active Na extrusion.", "contents": "Sodium chloride stimulated respiration of Anacystis nidulans. With certain salts a stimulation of respiration of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans was found in the dark. The stimulation was observed only at high concentrations (10(-2)M--10(-1)M). NaCl or LiCl are the most effective salts and on addition the increase of the respiration is about 2.5fold. Li is assumed to function as a substitute for Na. Potassium salts, except KCl, are ineffective. The order for the effectiveness is: NaCl greater than NaNO3, Na2SO4 greater than KCl greater than KNO3, K2SO4 (=zero). Accordingly, the cation Na+, and to a less degree the anion Cl- are responsible for the stimulatory effect. K, which is ineffective, is passively accumulated by Anacystis according to the membrane potential. Na is actively extruded. At 0.1 M external NaCl, the passive influx of Na is high, but even then it is balanced by an active efflux. This increases the energy consumption of the cells and leads to a stimulated respiration. With DCCD (N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) or NEM (N-ethylmaleimide), the Na efflux is inhibited, simultaneously the stimulation of respiration is abolished and the passive influx of Na becomes detectable. At 0.1 M NaCl, the passive influx of Na measured in presence of DCCD is 5 x 10(-6) moles Na/min and ml packed cells. In absence of DCCD on addition of 0.1 M NaCl the extra oxygen consumption is 2 x 10(-6) moles O2/min and ml cells. This may prove that the stimulation of respiration is mainly caused by the active Na extrusion.", "PMID": 412332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6568", "title": "The organization of agonistic relations within two captive groups of Java-monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "The paper offers a detailed quantitative descripition of the distribution of agonistic activities over the members of two groups of Java-monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). These groups lived in captivity and were well-established: i.e. they had an extensive network of genealogical relationships. The study pays special attention to agonistic interactions with three or more participants. Its main purpose is an analysis of the way dyadic agonistic relations (e.g. dominance relations) are affected by third group members and the relations among these. The paper presents data on the ontogeny of 'dependent dominance', the 'control role' of the alpha-male, and the functions of different types of alliances.", "contents": "The organization of agonistic relations within two captive groups of Java-monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The paper offers a detailed quantitative descripition of the distribution of agonistic activities over the members of two groups of Java-monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). These groups lived in captivity and were well-established: i.e. they had an extensive network of genealogical relationships. The study pays special attention to agonistic interactions with three or more participants. Its main purpose is an analysis of the way dyadic agonistic relations (e.g. dominance relations) are affected by third group members and the relations among these. The paper presents data on the ontogeny of 'dependent dominance', the 'control role' of the alpha-male, and the functions of different types of alliances.", "PMID": 412345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6569", "title": "Studies on the fine structure of corynebacterium diphtheriae-granules.", "content": "The seemingly homogeneous metachromatic and electron-scattering granules of Corynebacterium diphtheriae have two structural components as revealed under conditions of low beam load and by use of ribonuclease. They contain high percentages of P and Ca. Findings point to participation of ribosomes and intracytoplasmic membranes in the formation of the granules.", "contents": "Studies on the fine structure of corynebacterium diphtheriae-granules. The seemingly homogeneous metachromatic and electron-scattering granules of Corynebacterium diphtheriae have two structural components as revealed under conditions of low beam load and by use of ribonuclease. They contain high percentages of P and Ca. Findings point to participation of ribosomes and intracytoplasmic membranes in the formation of the granules.", "PMID": 412349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6570", "title": "Factors influencing the assessment of the pseudomonacidal activity of disinfectants by a quantitative suspension test. I. Influence of the growth conditions of the test organism.", "content": "A matter of special concern in disinfectant testing is the preparation of the bacterial suspension that shall be exposed to the action of the disinfectant. In the present paper attention is drawn to three details of the testing method being determinative for the resistivity of the test organism and for the degree of standardization of the test results. - In the first place the influence of the nutrient medium used in the cultivation of the test organism has been investigated. Sixteen culture media (Table 1) have been compared. The resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to phenol depends on the formulation of the preparatory medium: significantly more bacteria survive if the test organism is grown on the nutrient agar following the German pharmacopoeia (Table 2). Further the author has investigated the effect of the temperature and the length of the initial culture incubation period (Tables 3 and 4). Here also the differences among temperatures (37, 32 and 22 degrees C) or incubation periods (48, 24 and 18 h) are statistically significant. The highest numbers of survivors are found when the initial culture is incubated at 37 degrees C and for 48 h. Whereas the resistance of the test culture is determined by these three factors, the variability of the test results is not. The coefficients of variation calculated for the different initial culture media, the three incubation temperatures or the three incubation periods show no differences among these test conditions.", "contents": "Factors influencing the assessment of the pseudomonacidal activity of disinfectants by a quantitative suspension test. I. Influence of the growth conditions of the test organism. A matter of special concern in disinfectant testing is the preparation of the bacterial suspension that shall be exposed to the action of the disinfectant. In the present paper attention is drawn to three details of the testing method being determinative for the resistivity of the test organism and for the degree of standardization of the test results. - In the first place the influence of the nutrient medium used in the cultivation of the test organism has been investigated. Sixteen culture media (Table 1) have been compared. The resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to phenol depends on the formulation of the preparatory medium: significantly more bacteria survive if the test organism is grown on the nutrient agar following the German pharmacopoeia (Table 2). Further the author has investigated the effect of the temperature and the length of the initial culture incubation period (Tables 3 and 4). Here also the differences among temperatures (37, 32 and 22 degrees C) or incubation periods (48, 24 and 18 h) are statistically significant. The highest numbers of survivors are found when the initial culture is incubated at 37 degrees C and for 48 h. Whereas the resistance of the test culture is determined by these three factors, the variability of the test results is not. The coefficients of variation calculated for the different initial culture media, the three incubation temperatures or the three incubation periods show no differences among these test conditions.", "PMID": 412350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6571", "title": "Factors influencing the assessment of the pseudomonacidal activity of disinfectants by a quantitative suspension test. II. The post-disinfection recovery of surviving organisms.", "content": "Bacteria which have been treated by a disinfectant may be partially damaged so that they will be able to survive and to multiply only if all environmental factors are kept as optimal as possible. Otherwise no growth at all is obtained and the disinfectant solution will be wrongly considered as active. Therefore the technique of the post-medication recovery of surviving microorganisms is a matter of great importance. Since our aim is to elaborate a quantitative test, the counting technique using pour or streak plates is investigated here. In contrast to the results of viable counts of normally cultivated P. aeruginosa (Tables 1 and 2), the colony counts of phenol-treated bacteria gain higher figures when the spread plate method is used instead of the pour plate technique (Table 3). - Out of nine solid media examined (Table 4), four culture media are considered to be superior to the others (Table 5). They are Davis Agar, the Nutrient Agar of the German pharmacopoeia, the Nutrient Agar proposed by the APHA, and Tryptone Soy bean peptone Agar. Further investigation on the influence of the recovery medium is needed since there is stated that significant differences are obtained when three preparations of the same formulation are compared (Table 6). Finally the author observed that the volume of the culture medium affects the survival rate (Table 8). The recovery of disinfectant-treated bacteria is found to be very complex; further research on this domain should be encouraged.", "contents": "Factors influencing the assessment of the pseudomonacidal activity of disinfectants by a quantitative suspension test. II. The post-disinfection recovery of surviving organisms. Bacteria which have been treated by a disinfectant may be partially damaged so that they will be able to survive and to multiply only if all environmental factors are kept as optimal as possible. Otherwise no growth at all is obtained and the disinfectant solution will be wrongly considered as active. Therefore the technique of the post-medication recovery of surviving microorganisms is a matter of great importance. Since our aim is to elaborate a quantitative test, the counting technique using pour or streak plates is investigated here. In contrast to the results of viable counts of normally cultivated P. aeruginosa (Tables 1 and 2), the colony counts of phenol-treated bacteria gain higher figures when the spread plate method is used instead of the pour plate technique (Table 3). - Out of nine solid media examined (Table 4), four culture media are considered to be superior to the others (Table 5). They are Davis Agar, the Nutrient Agar of the German pharmacopoeia, the Nutrient Agar proposed by the APHA, and Tryptone Soy bean peptone Agar. Further investigation on the influence of the recovery medium is needed since there is stated that significant differences are obtained when three preparations of the same formulation are compared (Table 6). Finally the author observed that the volume of the culture medium affects the survival rate (Table 8). The recovery of disinfectant-treated bacteria is found to be very complex; further research on this domain should be encouraged.", "PMID": 412351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6572", "title": "[Development of a new testmethod for surface disinfection procedures. III. The impression method: influence of the test surface material and the types of microorganisms on the recovery rate (author's transl)].", "content": "The preceding test results appear to favour the impression method used for the testing of surface disinfection procedures. Further investigations were concerned with the selection of a suitable germ carrier. The high recovery rate of the bacteria and the invariably uniform  quality of the germ carrier are the decisive criteria. Since a dependence on the type of germ was also to be expected, we checked Staph. aureus, Str. faecalis, E. coli, Kl. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa for their behaviour on PVC, varnished wooden surfaces, V 2A, rough and smooth glass, resopal, ceramic tiles with dull and glazing finish as well as on plywood. The germ carriers were contaminated quantitatively, dried, sprayed with distilled water to stimulate disinfection and examined after they were allowed to react for a period of 6 hours. A set of 10 germ carriers was examined simultaneously with 10 Rodac impressions. The data were checked by variance analytical methods and evaluated on the mean (or median) values. It was found that while the initial germ number was kept equal OP tiles and V 2A steel produced the highest germ yield. Plywood proved largely unsuitable. Among the test germs, E. coli and Kl. pneumoniae had the lowest adhesion; it was inferior to that of staphylococci and pseudomonads. However, for these 4 germ types 3 impressions  per germ carrier suffice for a reliable assessment based on computations. The yield amounts to more than 90 per cent. 94 per cent of the Streptococci were also recovered with 3 impressions, but the absolute germ quantity was low. The use of this type of germ can be recommended only with reservation.", "contents": "[Development of a new testmethod for surface disinfection procedures. III. The impression method: influence of the test surface material and the types of microorganisms on the recovery rate (author's transl)]. The preceding test results appear to favour the impression method used for the testing of surface disinfection procedures. Further investigations were concerned with the selection of a suitable germ carrier. The high recovery rate of the bacteria and the invariably uniform  quality of the germ carrier are the decisive criteria. Since a dependence on the type of germ was also to be expected, we checked Staph. aureus, Str. faecalis, E. coli, Kl. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa for their behaviour on PVC, varnished wooden surfaces, V 2A, rough and smooth glass, resopal, ceramic tiles with dull and glazing finish as well as on plywood. The germ carriers were contaminated quantitatively, dried, sprayed with distilled water to stimulate disinfection and examined after they were allowed to react for a period of 6 hours. A set of 10 germ carriers was examined simultaneously with 10 Rodac impressions. The data were checked by variance analytical methods and evaluated on the mean (or median) values. It was found that while the initial germ number was kept equal OP tiles and V 2A steel produced the highest germ yield. Plywood proved largely unsuitable. Among the test germs, E. coli and Kl. pneumoniae had the lowest adhesion; it was inferior to that of staphylococci and pseudomonads. However, for these 4 germ types 3 impressions  per germ carrier suffice for a reliable assessment based on computations. The yield amounts to more than 90 per cent. 94 per cent of the Streptococci were also recovered with 3 impressions, but the absolute germ quantity was low. The use of this type of germ can be recommended only with reservation.", "PMID": 412353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6573", "title": "[Development of a new testmethod for surface disinfection procedures. VII. Proposal for the method (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the findings obtained from the previous experiments (information I-VI), a proposal is made for the examination of surface disinfection procedures under conditions roughly resembling those prevailing in practice. This test allows the action of the disinfectant to be calculated, while making due allowance for the natural rate of kill. The results of three tests with a liminally effective disinfectant concentration extensively agreed with each other. This permits the conclusion that the method has reached optimal standardization.", "contents": "[Development of a new testmethod for surface disinfection procedures. VII. Proposal for the method (author's transl)]. Based on the findings obtained from the previous experiments (information I-VI), a proposal is made for the examination of surface disinfection procedures under conditions roughly resembling those prevailing in practice. This test allows the action of the disinfectant to be calculated, while making due allowance for the natural rate of kill. The results of three tests with a liminally effective disinfectant concentration extensively agreed with each other. This permits the conclusion that the method has reached optimal standardization.", "PMID": 412356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6574", "title": "Reactivation of the EDTA-treated arginase from rat and calf liver.", "content": "1. The anionic calf liver arginase, like the cationic rat liver enzyme, is inactivated by EDTA-treatment. The activity is fully restored by Mn2+. A smaller effect is observed with Cd2+, Ni2+ and Co2+. 2. The EDTA-inactivated calf liver arginase, unlike the rat liver enzyme, does not dissociate into subunits, and its mol.wt. (120 000) is unchanged. 3. The reactivation of rat liver arginase subunits (mol.wt. 30 000) by Ni2+ is accompanied, similarly as in the case of Mn2+, by reassociation to the form of mol.wt. 120 000, i.e. the same as for the native enzyme. 4. It is suggested that Mn2+ in arginase is bound at the active site and at the site responsible for maintenance of the oligomeric structure. In calf liver enzyme this binding site is inaccessible to the chelating agent.", "contents": "Reactivation of the EDTA-treated arginase from rat and calf liver. 1. The anionic calf liver arginase, like the cationic rat liver enzyme, is inactivated by EDTA-treatment. The activity is fully restored by Mn2+. A smaller effect is observed with Cd2+, Ni2+ and Co2+. 2. The EDTA-inactivated calf liver arginase, unlike the rat liver enzyme, does not dissociate into subunits, and its mol.wt. (120 000) is unchanged. 3. The reactivation of rat liver arginase subunits (mol.wt. 30 000) by Ni2+ is accompanied, similarly as in the case of Mn2+, by reassociation to the form of mol.wt. 120 000, i.e. the same as for the native enzyme. 4. It is suggested that Mn2+ in arginase is bound at the active site and at the site responsible for maintenance of the oligomeric structure. In calf liver enzyme this binding site is inaccessible to the chelating agent.", "PMID": 412382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6575", "title": "Diethylpyrocarbonate and benzoquinone vapour fixation for immunofluorescence studies of non-hormone protein in frozen dried tissues.", "content": "The use of gaseous (DEPC, BOV) postfixation of frozen-dried tissues for the fixation of non-hormone proteins was systematically studied. The fixation ability was tested on the \"protein droplet model\" i.e. the protein droplets formed in mouse liver after intravenous injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA). 1. There is no difference in the fixation ability for BSA between DEPC and BQV. 2. Both fixatives yield a very poor fixation of BSA in frozen-dried livers. In consequence, this protein is already extracted during section mounting and incubation for immunofluorescent tracing causing a strong substantial loss. 3. Remaining protein traces, however, are still immunoreactive indicating that DEPC and BQV fixation does not affect the antigenicity in considerable extent.", "contents": "Diethylpyrocarbonate and benzoquinone vapour fixation for immunofluorescence studies of non-hormone protein in frozen dried tissues. The use of gaseous (DEPC, BOV) postfixation of frozen-dried tissues for the fixation of non-hormone proteins was systematically studied. The fixation ability was tested on the \"protein droplet model\" i.e. the protein droplets formed in mouse liver after intravenous injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA). 1. There is no difference in the fixation ability for BSA between DEPC and BQV. 2. Both fixatives yield a very poor fixation of BSA in frozen-dried livers. In consequence, this protein is already extracted during section mounting and incubation for immunofluorescent tracing causing a strong substantial loss. 3. Remaining protein traces, however, are still immunoreactive indicating that DEPC and BQV fixation does not affect the antigenicity in considerable extent.", "PMID": 412384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6576", "title": "[Role of iron ions on tannin-iron method histochemical specificity (author's transl)].", "content": "In this work is studied the tannin-iron method specificity when the ferrous chloride is replaced by other iron compounds. Nervous tissue and rat duodenum cuts are used. Cuts were treated with tannic acid and after with FeCl3; FeCl2; FeOHCl2; FeAc2; Fe2O3; FeSO4; NH4Fe(SO4)2 or colloidal iron solution. Dilution effect from every one of aforementioned iron compounds too is studied. The obtained results with those furnished by the OTA method by using the tannic acid in identical conditions are compared. Also several treatments of blockade were carried-out. The obtained results prove that iron ions play a different role in the mucins staining than in other demonstrable substances coloration in the nervous tissue. In the same way evidences that the iron ion that joins the mucins in the tannin-iron method is the FeOH++ ion were obtained.", "contents": "[Role of iron ions on tannin-iron method histochemical specificity (author's transl)]. In this work is studied the tannin-iron method specificity when the ferrous chloride is replaced by other iron compounds. Nervous tissue and rat duodenum cuts are used. Cuts were treated with tannic acid and after with FeCl3; FeCl2; FeOHCl2; FeAc2; Fe2O3; FeSO4; NH4Fe(SO4)2 or colloidal iron solution. Dilution effect from every one of aforementioned iron compounds too is studied. The obtained results with those furnished by the OTA method by using the tannic acid in identical conditions are compared. Also several treatments of blockade were carried-out. The obtained results prove that iron ions play a different role in the mucins staining than in other demonstrable substances coloration in the nervous tissue. In the same way evidences that the iron ion that joins the mucins in the tannin-iron method is the FeOH++ ion were obtained.", "PMID": 412385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6577", "title": "Histochemical study on the glycosaminoglycans (acid mucopolysaccharides) of the human coronary arteries.", "content": "Investigations carried out on fetuses, children, adolescents and young adults showed that a particular histochemical pattern of the coronary intima glycosaminoglycans existed in each group of age. Beginning with childhood, a subendothelial \"ground substance-rich layer\" could be more clearly and constantly delineated in the thickened coronary intima. It exhibited a different chemical composition and macromolecular structural stability of its glycosaminoglycans as compared to those of the elastic hyperplastic and musculo-elastic layers. The presence of a \"ground substance-rich layer\" including dermatan sulfate and glycosaminoglycans resistant to hyaluronidases and chondroitinases appeared in our material as a prerequisite for the development of fatty dots and streaks. During the onset of fibrous plaques, the progressive blockade of the glycosaminoglycan acidic groups by basic proteins and the occurrence of numerous saline linkages between intimal macromolecular aggregates were the prevalent histochemical changes.", "contents": "Histochemical study on the glycosaminoglycans (acid mucopolysaccharides) of the human coronary arteries. Investigations carried out on fetuses, children, adolescents and young adults showed that a particular histochemical pattern of the coronary intima glycosaminoglycans existed in each group of age. Beginning with childhood, a subendothelial \"ground substance-rich layer\" could be more clearly and constantly delineated in the thickened coronary intima. It exhibited a different chemical composition and macromolecular structural stability of its glycosaminoglycans as compared to those of the elastic hyperplastic and musculo-elastic layers. The presence of a \"ground substance-rich layer\" including dermatan sulfate and glycosaminoglycans resistant to hyaluronidases and chondroitinases appeared in our material as a prerequisite for the development of fatty dots and streaks. During the onset of fibrous plaques, the progressive blockade of the glycosaminoglycan acidic groups by basic proteins and the occurrence of numerous saline linkages between intimal macromolecular aggregates were the prevalent histochemical changes.", "PMID": 412386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6578", "title": "[Acid phosphatase localization in the mucous membrane of chicken large intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "In the wall of chicken large intestine, acid phosphatase was found only in the mucous membrane. It is present in lysosomes of the Golgi zone of enterocytes, in lysosomes of goblet cells, and in the specific granules of globule leucocytes. In the epithelium of the neck of caecum and of the colon the amount of acid phosphatase decreases towards the tip of the villi. Localization differences of enzyme are present in the villiless caecum bodies, where the surface epithelium and the epithelium of the intestinal glands neck lack the acid phosphatase activity. In the Lamina propria mucosae the enzyme is localized in fibrocytes occurring in abundance in the stroma of the caecum neck and colon and between the intestinal glands of the caecum body.", "contents": "[Acid phosphatase localization in the mucous membrane of chicken large intestine (author's transl)]. In the wall of chicken large intestine, acid phosphatase was found only in the mucous membrane. It is present in lysosomes of the Golgi zone of enterocytes, in lysosomes of goblet cells, and in the specific granules of globule leucocytes. In the epithelium of the neck of caecum and of the colon the amount of acid phosphatase decreases towards the tip of the villi. Localization differences of enzyme are present in the villiless caecum bodies, where the surface epithelium and the epithelium of the intestinal glands neck lack the acid phosphatase activity. In the Lamina propria mucosae the enzyme is localized in fibrocytes occurring in abundance in the stroma of the caecum neck and colon and between the intestinal glands of the caecum body.", "PMID": 412387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6579", "title": "Cytochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase in the rat striatum.", "content": "An attempt was made to determine the subcellular localization of AChE in rat striatum with several Cu-thiocholine procedures using slices of intact tissue and in isolated organelles obtained by gradient centrifugation. Regardless the method used the reaction product, indicating the localization of AChE activity shows the usual intracellular and extracellular distribution. Although AChE activity was present at the extrajunctional axolemma of the nerve endings almost no enzyme activity was observed in the junctional region either in tissue sections or on isolated synaptosomes.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase in the rat striatum. An attempt was made to determine the subcellular localization of AChE in rat striatum with several Cu-thiocholine procedures using slices of intact tissue and in isolated organelles obtained by gradient centrifugation. Regardless the method used the reaction product, indicating the localization of AChE activity shows the usual intracellular and extracellular distribution. Although AChE activity was present at the extrajunctional axolemma of the nerve endings almost no enzyme activity was observed in the junctional region either in tissue sections or on isolated synaptosomes.", "PMID": 412388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6580", "title": "The microspectrophotometric research of the content of ascorbic acid in carcinomas of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Taking into consideration the fact that the ascorbic acid takes an active part in the process of growth and reproduction of the cells, the authors have undertook the microspectrophotometric research of its content in 27 different structure cancerous tumours of the uterous cervix. The result of the research showed the decrease of the quantity of ascorbic acid in cancerous tumours of the uterous cervix in compare with norm. The content of ascorbic acid in carcinomas cancerous tumours of the uterine cervix depends on the degree of differentiation and histogenesis of the neoplasm. In less differential squamous cell cancers the quantity of ascorbic acid is more than in the mature ones. The least quantity of ascorbic acid is in adenogenic carcinomas of the uterine cervix. The micro-spectro-photometric research of the content of ascorbic acid in cancerous tumours of the uterine cervix may be used as test in practical activity of the pathologoanatomist for the differential diagnostic and prognosis.", "contents": "The microspectrophotometric research of the content of ascorbic acid in carcinomas of the uterine cervix. Taking into consideration the fact that the ascorbic acid takes an active part in the process of growth and reproduction of the cells, the authors have undertook the microspectrophotometric research of its content in 27 different structure cancerous tumours of the uterous cervix. The result of the research showed the decrease of the quantity of ascorbic acid in cancerous tumours of the uterous cervix in compare with norm. The content of ascorbic acid in carcinomas cancerous tumours of the uterine cervix depends on the degree of differentiation and histogenesis of the neoplasm. In less differential squamous cell cancers the quantity of ascorbic acid is more than in the mature ones. The least quantity of ascorbic acid is in adenogenic carcinomas of the uterine cervix. The micro-spectro-photometric research of the content of ascorbic acid in cancerous tumours of the uterine cervix may be used as test in practical activity of the pathologoanatomist for the differential diagnostic and prognosis.", "PMID": 412389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6581", "title": "[Fluorometric determination of the quality of FITC-anti influenza conjugates (author's transl)].", "content": "A fluorometric method for the evaluation of FITC-anti influenza conjugates is described. The titre and that dilution required for the complete detection of antigens can be determined. It is possible to verify the probability of detection in per cent for any dilution stage and to compare objectively different batches. For this microtest only 0,2 ml conjugate are necessary.", "contents": "[Fluorometric determination of the quality of FITC-anti influenza conjugates (author's transl)]. A fluorometric method for the evaluation of FITC-anti influenza conjugates is described. The titre and that dilution required for the complete detection of antigens can be determined. It is possible to verify the probability of detection in per cent for any dilution stage and to compare objectively different batches. For this microtest only 0,2 ml conjugate are necessary.", "PMID": 412390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6582", "title": "[Presence of biogenic amines in the Langerhans' islets of the sand rat (Psammomys obesus) (author's transl)].", "content": "The islets of Langerhans of sand rats (Psammomys obesus) have been investigated ultrahistochemical in order to demonstrate biogenic amines. It could be found that amine containing vesicles with a diameter of 600 to 700 nm from the type of catecholamine granules exist in A-cells as well as in B-cells. Further, 2 very rare cell types not containing specific hormone granules could be found. These cells contain particles, in one case similar to catecholamine granules and in the other case representing serotonine-like granules according to their electron optical properties. It can be stated that the sand-rat belongs to the species containing amines in A- and B-cells. Moreover they contain 2 amines simultaneously. The importance of the amines for the regulation of the hormone secretion of the islets of Langerhans is discussed and the connections to the diabetes mellitus are refered to.", "contents": "[Presence of biogenic amines in the Langerhans' islets of the sand rat (Psammomys obesus) (author's transl)]. The islets of Langerhans of sand rats (Psammomys obesus) have been investigated ultrahistochemical in order to demonstrate biogenic amines. It could be found that amine containing vesicles with a diameter of 600 to 700 nm from the type of catecholamine granules exist in A-cells as well as in B-cells. Further, 2 very rare cell types not containing specific hormone granules could be found. These cells contain particles, in one case similar to catecholamine granules and in the other case representing serotonine-like granules according to their electron optical properties. It can be stated that the sand-rat belongs to the species containing amines in A- and B-cells. Moreover they contain 2 amines simultaneously. The importance of the amines for the regulation of the hormone secretion of the islets of Langerhans is discussed and the connections to the diabetes mellitus are refered to.", "PMID": 412391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6583", "title": "Quantitative determination of acid phosphatase activity detected in tissue sections according to the Burstone method.", "content": "Quantitative determination of the activity of acid phosphatase detected in tissue sections using Burstone's method. The experiment was performed on inbred rats. A reaction for AcP according to Burstone was made in liver sections, incubation time was fixed experimentally. The material obtained from each animal was divided into 3 parts. One of them was used for enzymatic estimations, the 2nd for planimetry of sections, and the 3rd was eluted by N,N-dimethylformanid, and the obtained coloured product was subjected to spectrophotometric analysis at the Spectrophotometer Unicam SP 8000 B. Homogeneity of the coloured product eluted from the sections as well as its identity with the coloured product obtained during the reaction with a preparation of crystalline acid phosphatase was found. Repeatability of the obtained activity for the inbred animals was shown. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis. The method of quantitative estimation of AcP activity may be useful in histoenzymatic works.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of acid phosphatase activity detected in tissue sections according to the Burstone method. Quantitative determination of the activity of acid phosphatase detected in tissue sections using Burstone's method. The experiment was performed on inbred rats. A reaction for AcP according to Burstone was made in liver sections, incubation time was fixed experimentally. The material obtained from each animal was divided into 3 parts. One of them was used for enzymatic estimations, the 2nd for planimetry of sections, and the 3rd was eluted by N,N-dimethylformanid, and the obtained coloured product was subjected to spectrophotometric analysis at the Spectrophotometer Unicam SP 8000 B. Homogeneity of the coloured product eluted from the sections as well as its identity with the coloured product obtained during the reaction with a preparation of crystalline acid phosphatase was found. Repeatability of the obtained activity for the inbred animals was shown. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis. The method of quantitative estimation of AcP activity may be useful in histoenzymatic works.", "PMID": 412392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6584", "title": "Anterior instability in the ankle joint following acute lateral sprain.", "content": "The relation between anterior instability in the ankle joint and rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament was investigated in patients with acute ankle sprains. Various techniques were used to provoke anterior displacement of the talus. The actual condition of the anterior talofibular ligament was assessed at operation. The appropriate radiographic method was defined, and its valve in diagnosing an acute rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament was assessed.", "contents": "Anterior instability in the ankle joint following acute lateral sprain. The relation between anterior instability in the ankle joint and rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament was investigated in patients with acute ankle sprains. Various techniques were used to provoke anterior displacement of the talus. The actual condition of the anterior talofibular ligament was assessed at operation. The appropriate radiographic method was defined, and its valve in diagnosing an acute rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament was assessed.", "PMID": 412395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6585", "title": "Oral immunization of monkeys with polyvalent dysentery vaccine.", "content": "Macaca mulatta monkeys were immunized orally with polyvalent Boivin extract of Shigella flexneri 2a, 3a, 4a, 4b, 6 and Shigella sonnei. The total immumizing dose for each component was equivalent to 1.2 X 10(12) cells. After challenge with 7.5 X 10(10) cells of a virulent S. flexneri 2a strain, out of 20 immunized animals 2 developed dysentery and 4 showed mild dyspepsia; all 6 control animals became ill with dysentery. Vaccination failed to influence the incidence, duration or the intermittent character of shigella excretion. Protective antibodies appeared in high titre in the serum of immunized animals.", "contents": "Oral immunization of monkeys with polyvalent dysentery vaccine. Macaca mulatta monkeys were immunized orally with polyvalent Boivin extract of Shigella flexneri 2a, 3a, 4a, 4b, 6 and Shigella sonnei. The total immumizing dose for each component was equivalent to 1.2 X 10(12) cells. After challenge with 7.5 X 10(10) cells of a virulent S. flexneri 2a strain, out of 20 immunized animals 2 developed dysentery and 4 showed mild dyspepsia; all 6 control animals became ill with dysentery. Vaccination failed to influence the incidence, duration or the intermittent character of shigella excretion. Protective antibodies appeared in high titre in the serum of immunized animals.", "PMID": 412396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6586", "title": "[Early post-traumatic epilepsy in childhood: significance and short term prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In the last five years, 244 children with head trauma were observed. An early post-traumatic epilepsy was present in 11% of the patients. This complication was more frequent in children less than six years of age or presenting a previous neurological history. Early posttraumatic epilepsy was rarely associated with brain concussion and frequently with cerebral contusion. An intracranial haematoma was not encountered in the absence of the classical signs of expanding space occupying lesion.", "contents": "[Early post-traumatic epilepsy in childhood: significance and short term prognosis (author's transl)]. In the last five years, 244 children with head trauma were observed. An early post-traumatic epilepsy was present in 11% of the patients. This complication was more frequent in children less than six years of age or presenting a previous neurological history. Early posttraumatic epilepsy was rarely associated with brain concussion and frequently with cerebral contusion. An intracranial haematoma was not encountered in the absence of the classical signs of expanding space occupying lesion.", "PMID": 412394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6587", "title": "Evaluation of some standard arthritogenic adjuvants ('modified perrigens') in male rats.", "content": "Four commercially available arthritogenic adjuvants ('modified Perrigens') were compared with a Mycobacterium butyricum-mineral oil adjuvant for their ability to induce arthritis in male Holtzman rats. The induced arthritides were also compared with respect to their response to treatment with phenylbutazone and cyclophosphamide. Trivial differences were noted among the various adjuvants in their capability to induce the disease, the severity of the disease, or the response of the disease to therapeutic (phenylbutazone) or prophylactic (cyclophosphamide) administration of drugs. It was concluded that any one of the adjuvants was probably suitable for inducing an arthritis in rats for the testing of drugs and that perhaps other variables in the assay are more important in explaining inter-laboratory variation.", "contents": "Evaluation of some standard arthritogenic adjuvants ('modified perrigens') in male rats. Four commercially available arthritogenic adjuvants ('modified Perrigens') were compared with a Mycobacterium butyricum-mineral oil adjuvant for their ability to induce arthritis in male Holtzman rats. The induced arthritides were also compared with respect to their response to treatment with phenylbutazone and cyclophosphamide. Trivial differences were noted among the various adjuvants in their capability to induce the disease, the severity of the disease, or the response of the disease to therapeutic (phenylbutazone) or prophylactic (cyclophosphamide) administration of drugs. It was concluded that any one of the adjuvants was probably suitable for inducing an arthritis in rats for the testing of drugs and that perhaps other variables in the assay are more important in explaining inter-laboratory variation.", "PMID": 412400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6588", "title": "Neonatal resuscitation.", "content": "A variety of common situations result in asphyxia of the newborn. The infant may be born in secondary or terminal asphyxia. The infant at greatest risk of neurologic sequelae is the low birth weight infant with a low five-minute Apgar score. Personnel must be trained and the delivery room must be properly equipped for successful resuscitation. For example, a radiant warmer is essential. Meconiumstained infants require special care. Meconium must be removed from the airway. The list of postasphyxial complications is formidable.", "contents": "Neonatal resuscitation. A variety of common situations result in asphyxia of the newborn. The infant may be born in secondary or terminal asphyxia. The infant at greatest risk of neurologic sequelae is the low birth weight infant with a low five-minute Apgar score. Personnel must be trained and the delivery room must be properly equipped for successful resuscitation. For example, a radiant warmer is essential. Meconiumstained infants require special care. Meconium must be removed from the airway. The list of postasphyxial complications is formidable.", "PMID": 412405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6589", "title": "Effects of methyl n-butyl ketone behavior and the nervous system.", "content": "The effects of methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK) on nervous system function and operant behavior were investigated in monkeys and rats. Mean MBK exposure levels approximated 100 and 1000 ppm and lasted up to 10 months. Both exposures were 6 hours/day 5 days/week. Results showed that the 1000 ppm exposure effected 1) reduced motor conduction velocities in ulnar and sciatic-tibial nerves, 2) decreased the amplitude of evoked muscle action potentials, 3) lengthened implicit time of visual evoked potentials, 4) impaired operant behavioral performance, and 5) reduced body weight. Reductions in nerve conduction velocities and evoked muscle action potentials were found at 100 ppm. Recovery, as measured by sciatic-tibial nerve conduction velocity, was found to occur 6 months and 2 months after termination of the 1000 ppm and 100 ppm MBK exposures, respectively.", "contents": "Effects of methyl n-butyl ketone behavior and the nervous system. The effects of methyl n-butyl ketone (MBK) on nervous system function and operant behavior were investigated in monkeys and rats. Mean MBK exposure levels approximated 100 and 1000 ppm and lasted up to 10 months. Both exposures were 6 hours/day 5 days/week. Results showed that the 1000 ppm exposure effected 1) reduced motor conduction velocities in ulnar and sciatic-tibial nerves, 2) decreased the amplitude of evoked muscle action potentials, 3) lengthened implicit time of visual evoked potentials, 4) impaired operant behavioral performance, and 5) reduced body weight. Reductions in nerve conduction velocities and evoked muscle action potentials were found at 100 ppm. Recovery, as measured by sciatic-tibial nerve conduction velocity, was found to occur 6 months and 2 months after termination of the 1000 ppm and 100 ppm MBK exposures, respectively.", "PMID": 412406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6590", "title": "Development and size of the teeth of Macaca mulatta.", "content": "A cross-sectional sample of 151 skulls from Macaca mulatta of known age and similar rearing in U.S. Primate Centers was analyzed to determine age-related \"norms\" of stages of development and size of teeth. The stages of development from the follicle of a deciduous incisor in the fetus to completion of the root with apex closed of the permanent third molar were related to age. The age range observed for eruption of each tooth was noted and related to its stage of development. The crown of each erupted tooth was found to be completely developed, but growth of its root continued for a longer, indeterminate period. When a deciduous tooth was exfoliated, the crown of the permanent successor was found to be completed and root growth had begun. Measurements of both mesiodistal and faciolingual diameters and of crown length of the teeth in situ and of total length and root length on roentgenograms were examined for sexual dimorphism. The faciolingual diameter of the deciduous mandibular second incisor and of both second molars showed the greatest sexual dimorphism among both diameters of all deciduous teeth. The mesiodistal and faciolingual diameters of the mandibular premolars were found to be the best dimensions in discriminant functions for identifying sex in the absence of permanent canines.", "contents": "Development and size of the teeth of Macaca mulatta. A cross-sectional sample of 151 skulls from Macaca mulatta of known age and similar rearing in U.S. Primate Centers was analyzed to determine age-related \"norms\" of stages of development and size of teeth. The stages of development from the follicle of a deciduous incisor in the fetus to completion of the root with apex closed of the permanent third molar were related to age. The age range observed for eruption of each tooth was noted and related to its stage of development. The crown of each erupted tooth was found to be completely developed, but growth of its root continued for a longer, indeterminate period. When a deciduous tooth was exfoliated, the crown of the permanent successor was found to be completed and root growth had begun. Measurements of both mesiodistal and faciolingual diameters and of crown length of the teeth in situ and of total length and root length on roentgenograms were examined for sexual dimorphism. The faciolingual diameter of the deciduous mandibular second incisor and of both second molars showed the greatest sexual dimorphism among both diameters of all deciduous teeth. The mesiodistal and faciolingual diameters of the mandibular premolars were found to be the best dimensions in discriminant functions for identifying sex in the absence of permanent canines.", "PMID": 412407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6591", "title": "Adult monkey coronoid process after resection of trigeminal nerve motor root.", "content": "A smaller or absent coronoid process has been reported, by some investigators but not by others, in growing animals following resection of the temporalis muscle. The trauma of resection, altered function, hemorrhage, scar tissue, and changes in vascularity may have influenced the results. The purpose of this experiment was to observe in adult Macaca mulatta the fully grown coronoid process after decreasing or eliminating neurofunctional activity of the temporalis muscle unilaterally without the trauma of local resection. In two males and three females the motor root of the trigeminal nerve which innervates the temporalis muscle was resected intracranially. In three control animals of both sexes the same surgical procedure was performed except for resection of the nerve. At postmortem, one year later, the temporalis muscle mass was atrophic on the resected side. There were no significant morphological differences, however, between the right and left sides of the mandible, including the coronoid process, regardless of which motor root of the fifth nerve had been resected, which side had been sham-operated, or sex. An extensive deposit of calculus on the buccal surfaces of the teeth on the operated nerve side was a consistent, conspicuous finding.", "contents": "Adult monkey coronoid process after resection of trigeminal nerve motor root. A smaller or absent coronoid process has been reported, by some investigators but not by others, in growing animals following resection of the temporalis muscle. The trauma of resection, altered function, hemorrhage, scar tissue, and changes in vascularity may have influenced the results. The purpose of this experiment was to observe in adult Macaca mulatta the fully grown coronoid process after decreasing or eliminating neurofunctional activity of the temporalis muscle unilaterally without the trauma of local resection. In two males and three females the motor root of the trigeminal nerve which innervates the temporalis muscle was resected intracranially. In three control animals of both sexes the same surgical procedure was performed except for resection of the nerve. At postmortem, one year later, the temporalis muscle mass was atrophic on the resected side. There were no significant morphological differences, however, between the right and left sides of the mandible, including the coronoid process, regardless of which motor root of the fifth nerve had been resected, which side had been sham-operated, or sex. An extensive deposit of calculus on the buccal surfaces of the teeth on the operated nerve side was a consistent, conspicuous finding.", "PMID": 412408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6592", "title": "Relative volume of Sertoli cells in monkey seminiferous epithelium: a stereological analysis.", "content": "Techniques of quantitative stereology have been utilized to determine the relative volume occupied by the Sertoli cells and germ cells in two particular stages (I and VII) of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Sertoli cell volume ranged from 24% in stage I of the cycle to 32% in stage VII. Early germ cells occupied 3.4% in stage I (spermatogonia) and 8.7% in stage VII (spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes). Pachytene spermatocytes occupied 15% (Stage I) and 24% (stage VII) of the total volume of the seminiferous epithelium. In stage I the two generations of spermatids comprised 58% of the total  epithelium by volume, whereas in stage VII, after spermiation, the acrosome phase spermatids occupied 35% of the total seminiferous epithelial volume.", "contents": "Relative volume of Sertoli cells in monkey seminiferous epithelium: a stereological analysis. Techniques of quantitative stereology have been utilized to determine the relative volume occupied by the Sertoli cells and germ cells in two particular stages (I and VII) of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Sertoli cell volume ranged from 24% in stage I of the cycle to 32% in stage VII. Early germ cells occupied 3.4% in stage I (spermatogonia) and 8.7% in stage VII (spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes). Pachytene spermatocytes occupied 15% (Stage I) and 24% (stage VII) of the total volume of the seminiferous epithelium. In stage I the two generations of spermatids comprised 58% of the total  epithelium by volume, whereas in stage VII, after spermiation, the acrosome phase spermatids occupied 35% of the total seminiferous epithelial volume.", "PMID": 412409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6593", "title": "Metabolic correlates of immune dysfunction in malnourished children.", "content": "Mononuclear cells of malnourished children contain diminished activity of phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase (PK). The PK activity of these cells correlates well with the percentage of circulating thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells). Phytohemagglutinin causes an immediate increase in PK activity of mononuclear cells of malnourished patients. The correlation of PK activity with T-cells and the response of PK activity to phytohemagglutinin are in distinct contrast to observed perturbations of neonatal mononuclear cell metabolism. The relationship of the metabolic alterations to the pathophysiology of the immune system in malnutrition has not yet been defined.", "contents": "Metabolic correlates of immune dysfunction in malnourished children. Mononuclear cells of malnourished children contain diminished activity of phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase (PK). The PK activity of these cells correlates well with the percentage of circulating thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells). Phytohemagglutinin causes an immediate increase in PK activity of mononuclear cells of malnourished patients. The correlation of PK activity with T-cells and the response of PK activity to phytohemagglutinin are in distinct contrast to observed perturbations of neonatal mononuclear cell metabolism. The relationship of the metabolic alterations to the pathophysiology of the immune system in malnutrition has not yet been defined.", "PMID": 412410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6594", "title": "Endocrine and metabolic alterations with food and water deprivation.", "content": "Two healthy men were evaluated before and after a 56-day raft voyage to determine endocrine and metabolic status immediately after and during the recovery phase after long-term caloric, protein, and water deprivation. Daily intake during the trip consisted of no protein, 300 ml water, and for the first 40 days, 300 kcal glucose. The subjects lost weight from 84.1 to 58.1 and 78.3 to 57.7 kg, respectively. Significant variations included: 1) decreased excretion and loss of diurnal pattern of 17-hydroxycorticoids with normal serum corticoid levels and variation; 2) decreased serum testosterone levels and concomitant low follicle stimulating hormone and low normal luteinizing hormone levels; 3) decreased urinary 17-ketosteroid levels; 4) low plasma insulin levels with normal serum glucose concentrations; 5) increased triglyceride content in the 1.006 less than d less than 1.063 lipoproteins during fasting with a marked increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol upon refeeding. The percent content of the R-serine (C-I) apoprotein among the soluble apoproteins of very low density lipoproteins diminished markedly during the fast; 6) abnormal liver function immediately after fasting with increased abnormality after the 2 weeks of refeeding and return to normal by 6 weeks; 7) normal fat and xylose absorption, normal estradiol, estrone and prolactin levels, and renal function studies.", "contents": "Endocrine and metabolic alterations with food and water deprivation. Two healthy men were evaluated before and after a 56-day raft voyage to determine endocrine and metabolic status immediately after and during the recovery phase after long-term caloric, protein, and water deprivation. Daily intake during the trip consisted of no protein, 300 ml water, and for the first 40 days, 300 kcal glucose. The subjects lost weight from 84.1 to 58.1 and 78.3 to 57.7 kg, respectively. Significant variations included: 1) decreased excretion and loss of diurnal pattern of 17-hydroxycorticoids with normal serum corticoid levels and variation; 2) decreased serum testosterone levels and concomitant low follicle stimulating hormone and low normal luteinizing hormone levels; 3) decreased urinary 17-ketosteroid levels; 4) low plasma insulin levels with normal serum glucose concentrations; 5) increased triglyceride content in the 1.006 less than d less than 1.063 lipoproteins during fasting with a marked increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol upon refeeding. The percent content of the R-serine (C-I) apoprotein among the soluble apoproteins of very low density lipoproteins diminished markedly during the fast; 6) abnormal liver function immediately after fasting with increased abnormality after the 2 weeks of refeeding and return to normal by 6 weeks; 7) normal fat and xylose absorption, normal estradiol, estrone and prolactin levels, and renal function studies.", "PMID": 412411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6595", "title": "Chromosomal abnormalities in protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies were carried out in five children suffering from moderate to severe protein calorie malnutrition and five healthy controls, using direct preparations of bone marrow using conventional techniques. In the control group there were two abnormalities out of 152 plates analyzed, and in the malnutrition group there were 16 out of 186. This difference is statistically significant, P less than 0.005, implying that chromosomal abnormalities are more frequent in protein calorie malnutrition.", "contents": "Chromosomal abnormalities in protein-calorie malnutrition. Cytogenetic studies were carried out in five children suffering from moderate to severe protein calorie malnutrition and five healthy controls, using direct preparations of bone marrow using conventional techniques. In the control group there were two abnormalities out of 152 plates analyzed, and in the malnutrition group there were 16 out of 186. This difference is statistically significant, P less than 0.005, implying that chromosomal abnormalities are more frequent in protein calorie malnutrition.", "PMID": 412412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6596", "title": "Pharmacokinetic study of antipyrine in malnourished children.", "content": "Plasma half-life and metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine administered intravenously in a dose of 16 mg/kg body weight was studied in 10 children suffering from protein calorie malnutrition and five normal children matched in age and sex. Plasma half-life was increased and metabolic clearance rate was decreased in malnourished children (10.4 hr and 47.1 ml/hr per kg, respectively) in comparison to controls (6.3 hr and 70.1 ml/hr per kg, respectively). This observation indirectly reflects the lowered activity of microsomal oxidative enzyme of liver. Five children were restudied after nutritional rehabilitation of 17 to 25 days. Antipyrine plasma half-life decreased to 6.6 hr and metabolic clearance rate increased to 66.5 ml/hr per kg. These values were similar to those in normal children indicating biological recovery. The drug therapy in children with protein calorie malnutrition requires reconsideration in light of these observations.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic study of antipyrine in malnourished children. Plasma half-life and metabolic clearance rate of antipyrine administered intravenously in a dose of 16 mg/kg body weight was studied in 10 children suffering from protein calorie malnutrition and five normal children matched in age and sex. Plasma half-life was increased and metabolic clearance rate was decreased in malnourished children (10.4 hr and 47.1 ml/hr per kg, respectively) in comparison to controls (6.3 hr and 70.1 ml/hr per kg, respectively). This observation indirectly reflects the lowered activity of microsomal oxidative enzyme of liver. Five children were restudied after nutritional rehabilitation of 17 to 25 days. Antipyrine plasma half-life decreased to 6.6 hr and metabolic clearance rate increased to 66.5 ml/hr per kg. These values were similar to those in normal children indicating biological recovery. The drug therapy in children with protein calorie malnutrition requires reconsideration in light of these observations.", "PMID": 412413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6597", "title": "Effect of isometric exercises on body potassium and dietary protein requirements of young men.", "content": "A diet supplying 0.5 or 1 g egg and milk protein/kg per day and adequate energy for maintenance of body weight was given to seven healthy men aged 18 to 21. After 2 weeks for adaptation to the diet they participated in 75 min of daily isometric exercises for 4 to 6 weeks. Two men on each protein intake continued to exercise for 4 to 5 additional weeks after undergoing changes in their daily protein intake from 0.5 to 1 g/kg or vice versa. A progressive decrease in total body potassium became significant by the fourth week of exercises in all men who began on the 0.5 g protein diet. Two men on that diet who remained as nonexercising controls lost no body K. These findings indicated that 0.5 g of egg and milk protein/kg per day was insufficient for men performing isometric exercises without prior training, whereas 1 g/kg per day appeared to be adequate. Two other nonexercising men on the 0.5 g diet who lost weight showed a marked negative nitrogen balance and loss of total body potassium which improved after their dietary energy intake increased. The changes in nitrogen balance and body weight observed in this investigation support the concept that protein requirements vary with energy intakes. Conversely, they suggest that energy requirements are influenced by the level of protein intake.", "contents": "Effect of isometric exercises on body potassium and dietary protein requirements of young men. A diet supplying 0.5 or 1 g egg and milk protein/kg per day and adequate energy for maintenance of body weight was given to seven healthy men aged 18 to 21. After 2 weeks for adaptation to the diet they participated in 75 min of daily isometric exercises for 4 to 6 weeks. Two men on each protein intake continued to exercise for 4 to 5 additional weeks after undergoing changes in their daily protein intake from 0.5 to 1 g/kg or vice versa. A progressive decrease in total body potassium became significant by the fourth week of exercises in all men who began on the 0.5 g protein diet. Two men on that diet who remained as nonexercising controls lost no body K. These findings indicated that 0.5 g of egg and milk protein/kg per day was insufficient for men performing isometric exercises without prior training, whereas 1 g/kg per day appeared to be adequate. Two other nonexercising men on the 0.5 g diet who lost weight showed a marked negative nitrogen balance and loss of total body potassium which improved after their dietary energy intake increased. The changes in nitrogen balance and body weight observed in this investigation support the concept that protein requirements vary with energy intakes. Conversely, they suggest that energy requirements are influenced by the level of protein intake.", "PMID": 412414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6598", "title": "Reaction of tetrahydrofolic acid with cyanate from urea solutions: formation of an inactive folate derivative.", "content": "Liver extracts prepared in 6 M urea contain significantly less microbiologically assayable folates than extracts prepared in hot 1% ascorbate. The possibility that inactive folate derivatives are formed by reaction with the cyanate present in the urea solution was investigated. Doubly labeled 2-14C, 3',5',9(n)-3H tetrahydrofolic acid reacted under hydrogen with sodium cyanate gave a compound which, after acidification to remove excess cyanate, shows a single UV absorbing peak at 285 nm. The 14C/3H ratios of starting material and product were the same. Reaction of 14C urea with nonradioactive tetrahydrofolic acid yielded the 14C labeled derivative. The compound does not support Lactobacillus casei growth. It is postulated that folate inactivation in cyanate or thiocyanate treated patients and in uremic patients may have clinical significance.", "contents": "Reaction of tetrahydrofolic acid with cyanate from urea solutions: formation of an inactive folate derivative. Liver extracts prepared in 6 M urea contain significantly less microbiologically assayable folates than extracts prepared in hot 1% ascorbate. The possibility that inactive folate derivatives are formed by reaction with the cyanate present in the urea solution was investigated. Doubly labeled 2-14C, 3',5',9(n)-3H tetrahydrofolic acid reacted under hydrogen with sodium cyanate gave a compound which, after acidification to remove excess cyanate, shows a single UV absorbing peak at 285 nm. The 14C/3H ratios of starting material and product were the same. Reaction of 14C urea with nonradioactive tetrahydrofolic acid yielded the 14C labeled derivative. The compound does not support Lactobacillus casei growth. It is postulated that folate inactivation in cyanate or thiocyanate treated patients and in uremic patients may have clinical significance.", "PMID": 412415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6599", "title": "The fetal trimethadione syndrome: report of an additional family and further delineation of this syndrome.", "content": "We describe a family in which seven pregnancies resulted in four infants who died and in three abortions. During these pregnancies the mother took trimethadione (Tridione), as well as other anticonvulsants. Two normal children were born after treatment with all medications were stopped. There have now been 53 reported pregnancies in which the fetuses were exposed to trimethadione or paramethadione; 48 (87%) resulted in fetal loss or a child born with congenital malformations. The most common defects include malformed ears, cleft palate, cardiac defects, urogenital malformations, and skeletal abnormalities. Delayed mental and physical development were also seen. These findings constitute a clinical entity termed the fetal trimethadione syndrome. The malformation rate is believed to be due to the teratogenic effects of trimethadione. Physicians need to be aware of the danger of trimethadione and related drugs during pregnancy and should withhold these medications during this period.", "contents": "The fetal trimethadione syndrome: report of an additional family and further delineation of this syndrome. We describe a family in which seven pregnancies resulted in four infants who died and in three abortions. During these pregnancies the mother took trimethadione (Tridione), as well as other anticonvulsants. Two normal children were born after treatment with all medications were stopped. There have now been 53 reported pregnancies in which the fetuses were exposed to trimethadione or paramethadione; 48 (87%) resulted in fetal loss or a child born with congenital malformations. The most common defects include malformed ears, cleft palate, cardiac defects, urogenital malformations, and skeletal abnormalities. Delayed mental and physical development were also seen. These findings constitute a clinical entity termed the fetal trimethadione syndrome. The malformation rate is believed to be due to the teratogenic effects of trimethadione. Physicians need to be aware of the danger of trimethadione and related drugs during pregnancy and should withhold these medications during this period.", "PMID": 412416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6600", "title": "Quantitation of the enzymically deficient cross reacting material in GM1 gangliosidoses.", "content": "Normal quantities of GM1 beta-galactosidase cross reacting material (CRM) (0.31-0.47 microgram/mg protein) were detected by a sensitive radial immunodiffusion assay in skin fibroblasts from patients with GM1 gangliosidosis type 1 and adult variants, whereas elevated levels were found in GM1 gangliosidosis type 2 (0.41-0.72 microgram/mg protein). The specific activity of the immunologically CRM towards GM1 ganglioside of normal fibroblasts was about 500 times that of type 1, 100 times that of type 2, and 30 times that of the adult variants.", "contents": "Quantitation of the enzymically deficient cross reacting material in GM1 gangliosidoses. Normal quantities of GM1 beta-galactosidase cross reacting material (CRM) (0.31-0.47 microgram/mg protein) were detected by a sensitive radial immunodiffusion assay in skin fibroblasts from patients with GM1 gangliosidosis type 1 and adult variants, whereas elevated levels were found in GM1 gangliosidosis type 2 (0.41-0.72 microgram/mg protein). The specific activity of the immunologically CRM towards GM1 ganglioside of normal fibroblasts was about 500 times that of type 1, 100 times that of type 2, and 30 times that of the adult variants.", "PMID": 412418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6601", "title": "Drug product advertising and prescribing: a review of the evidence.", "content": "A review of the effect of advertising drug products in medical journals on the prescribing of drugs is presented. The scope of advertisiig, the content of advertising, the latent effects of advertising, the effects of advertising on prescribing, and the social costs and benefits of advertising are discussed. Advertising for antibiotic and psychotropic drug products is reviewed in some detail. It is concluded that there is inconclusive evidence that the pharmaceutical industry, through journal advertising, is persuading physicians to prescribe drugs too often or unwisely, or both. It is suggested that pharmacists study the information needs of health care practioners and provide good drug information services.", "contents": "Drug product advertising and prescribing: a review of the evidence. A review of the effect of advertising drug products in medical journals on the prescribing of drugs is presented. The scope of advertisiig, the content of advertising, the latent effects of advertising, the effects of advertising on prescribing, and the social costs and benefits of advertising are discussed. Advertising for antibiotic and psychotropic drug products is reviewed in some detail. It is concluded that there is inconclusive evidence that the pharmaceutical industry, through journal advertising, is persuading physicians to prescribe drugs too often or unwisely, or both. It is suggested that pharmacists study the information needs of health care practioners and provide good drug information services.", "PMID": 412419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6602", "title": "Interdisciplinary diabetic team in a community hospital.", "content": "An interdisciplinary diabetic team which provides inpatient and outpatient diabetic instructional services in a 200-bed community hospital is discussed. The team consists of a pharmacist, a dietitian, and a registered nurse, each of whom is assigned to a specific area of diabetic education. Instructional objectives include coordination of teaching efforts by hospital personnel, standardization of education, and development of evaluation procedures. Upon notification of a physician request for diabetic team services, a form which contains competency-based instructional objectives and patient referral questions is placed in the patient's chart. Diabetic instruction may then be initiated by ward personnel or a member of the diabetic team. Outpatient classes are offered for those who desire or require additional or indepth instruction.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary diabetic team in a community hospital. An interdisciplinary diabetic team which provides inpatient and outpatient diabetic instructional services in a 200-bed community hospital is discussed. The team consists of a pharmacist, a dietitian, and a registered nurse, each of whom is assigned to a specific area of diabetic education. Instructional objectives include coordination of teaching efforts by hospital personnel, standardization of education, and development of evaluation procedures. Upon notification of a physician request for diabetic team services, a form which contains competency-based instructional objectives and patient referral questions is placed in the patient's chart. Diabetic instruction may then be initiated by ward personnel or a member of the diabetic team. Outpatient classes are offered for those who desire or require additional or indepth instruction.", "PMID": 412420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6603", "title": "Regulation of function of transplanted parathyroid glands in man.", "content": "The results of studies performed in nine patients who had undergone successful parathyroidectomy and gland transplantation are presented. Transplantation of parathyroid tissue to the forearm, performed for therapeutic reasons, provided a unique opportunity to sample parathyroid gland effluent and to assess secretory function in vivo. The relationship of calcium to immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) release was studied during calcium and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) infusions as well as dialysis against a low calcium bath (low calcium dialysis) in patients with chronic renal failure. Calcium infusions caused an abrupt decrease in hormone release down to a persistent base line within 30 minutes, whereas EDTA infusion caused a sharp increase which peaked between 30 to 60 minutes and returned towards base line despite continuation of the hypocalcemic stimulus. Low calcium dialysis caused an irregular release of hormone which appeared to deplete gland reserves during the period of the stimulus. Ready access to the venous effluent of the transplanted tissue makes this an excellent model for studying parathyroid physiology in man.", "contents": "Regulation of function of transplanted parathyroid glands in man. The results of studies performed in nine patients who had undergone successful parathyroidectomy and gland transplantation are presented. Transplantation of parathyroid tissue to the forearm, performed for therapeutic reasons, provided a unique opportunity to sample parathyroid gland effluent and to assess secretory function in vivo. The relationship of calcium to immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) release was studied during calcium and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) infusions as well as dialysis against a low calcium bath (low calcium dialysis) in patients with chronic renal failure. Calcium infusions caused an abrupt decrease in hormone release down to a persistent base line within 30 minutes, whereas EDTA infusion caused a sharp increase which peaked between 30 to 60 minutes and returned towards base line despite continuation of the hypocalcemic stimulus. Low calcium dialysis caused an irregular release of hormone which appeared to deplete gland reserves during the period of the stimulus. Ready access to the venous effluent of the transplanted tissue makes this an excellent model for studying parathyroid physiology in man.", "PMID": 412421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6604", "title": "Genetic studies of free-ranging macaques of Cayo Santiago. I. Description of the population and some nonpolymorphic red cell enzymes.", "content": "Phenotypes of eight red cell enzymes at nine genetic loci were determined in the semi-free-ranging population of rhesus macaques; Macaca mulatta, that inhabit Cayo Santiago. The following enzymes were examined electrophoretically: adenosine deaminase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, indophenol oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase-1, phosphoglumutase-2, and purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Hemolysates from at least 372 animals were analyzed, and no variants of the enzymes were observed with the exception of malate dehydrogenase. Three animals displaying a variant form of malate dehydrogenase were found.", "contents": "Genetic studies of free-ranging macaques of Cayo Santiago. I. Description of the population and some nonpolymorphic red cell enzymes. Phenotypes of eight red cell enzymes at nine genetic loci were determined in the semi-free-ranging population of rhesus macaques; Macaca mulatta, that inhabit Cayo Santiago. The following enzymes were examined electrophoretically: adenosine deaminase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, indophenol oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase-1, phosphoglumutase-2, and purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Hemolysates from at least 372 animals were analyzed, and no variants of the enzymes were observed with the exception of malate dehydrogenase. Three animals displaying a variant form of malate dehydrogenase were found.", "PMID": 412422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6605", "title": "Correlation of tooth size and body size in living hominoid primates, with a note on relative brain size in Aegyptopithecus and Proconsul.", "content": "Second molar length and body weight are used to test the correlation between tooth size and body size in living Hominoidea. These variates are highly correlated (r= 0.942, p less than 0.001), indicating that tooth size can be used in dentally unspecialized fossil hominoids as one method of predicting the average body weight of species. Based on tooth size, the average body weight of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis is estimated to have been beteen 4.5 and 7.5 kg, which is corroborated by known cranial and postcranial elements. Using Radinsky's estimates of brain size, the encephalization quotient (EQ) for Aegyptopithecus was between 0.65 and 1.04. A similar analysis for Proconsul africanus yields a body weight between 16 and 34 kg, and an EQ between 1.19 and 1.96.", "contents": "Correlation of tooth size and body size in living hominoid primates, with a note on relative brain size in Aegyptopithecus and Proconsul. Second molar length and body weight are used to test the correlation between tooth size and body size in living Hominoidea. These variates are highly correlated (r= 0.942, p less than 0.001), indicating that tooth size can be used in dentally unspecialized fossil hominoids as one method of predicting the average body weight of species. Based on tooth size, the average body weight of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis is estimated to have been beteen 4.5 and 7.5 kg, which is corroborated by known cranial and postcranial elements. Using Radinsky's estimates of brain size, the encephalization quotient (EQ) for Aegyptopithecus was between 0.65 and 1.04. A similar analysis for Proconsul africanus yields a body weight between 16 and 34 kg, and an EQ between 1.19 and 1.96.", "PMID": 412424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6606", "title": "Regional variation in tooth size and pathology in fossil hominids.", "content": "Tooth size and dental pathology in fossil hominids were studied to test for regional differences in these parameters. The results showed little regional variation in tooth size for the Middle and Upper Pleistocene sites compared (except for Krapina) but considerable differences in the severity of attrition and dental pathology. These differences were considered indicative of regional differences in the functional load borne by the teeth, and in view of the similar technological status of the groups studied, were attributed to environmental differences in the diet. Since, in all regions, reduction in tooth size appeared to continue at the same rate for the periods investigated, no association can be established between presumed selective pressures related to differences in functional demands made on the dentition, and tooth reduction.", "contents": "Regional variation in tooth size and pathology in fossil hominids. Tooth size and dental pathology in fossil hominids were studied to test for regional differences in these parameters. The results showed little regional variation in tooth size for the Middle and Upper Pleistocene sites compared (except for Krapina) but considerable differences in the severity of attrition and dental pathology. These differences were considered indicative of regional differences in the functional load borne by the teeth, and in view of the similar technological status of the groups studied, were attributed to environmental differences in the diet. Since, in all regions, reduction in tooth size appeared to continue at the same rate for the periods investigated, no association can be established between presumed selective pressures related to differences in functional demands made on the dentition, and tooth reduction.", "PMID": 412426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6607", "title": "Clozapine plasma levels and convulsions.", "content": "Two patients receiving clozapine developed grand mal seizures. The plasma levels in one of the patients at the time of the seizure were approximately 100% higher than on 12 previous occasions. This finding led to the conclusion and the patient's admission that she had taken an overdose. Plasma levels in the other patient exceeded the range the authors had noted in previous studies. The authors emphasize the usefulness of plasma level monitoring in relation to safety, drug defaulting, and side effects.", "contents": "Clozapine plasma levels and convulsions. Two patients receiving clozapine developed grand mal seizures. The plasma levels in one of the patients at the time of the seizure were approximately 100% higher than on 12 previous occasions. This finding led to the conclusion and the patient's admission that she had taken an overdose. Plasma levels in the other patient exceeded the range the authors had noted in previous studies. The authors emphasize the usefulness of plasma level monitoring in relation to safety, drug defaulting, and side effects.", "PMID": 412427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6608", "title": "[Nitrogen balances and clinical development in the case of post-operative infusion therapy with solution of essential and complete amino acids ].", "content": "Nitrogen balance was studied in eleven patients receiving parenteral nutrition after operation. None of nine patients showed evidence of azotaemia. In two patients suffering from renal insufficiency in a stage of compensated retention there was no deterioration of metabolism as an immediate consequence of operation. The use of essential amino acids did not reveal any advantage over the infusion of a complete amino acid solution of high value.", "contents": "[Nitrogen balances and clinical development in the case of post-operative infusion therapy with solution of essential and complete amino acids ]. Nitrogen balance was studied in eleven patients receiving parenteral nutrition after operation. None of nine patients showed evidence of azotaemia. In two patients suffering from renal insufficiency in a stage of compensated retention there was no deterioration of metabolism as an immediate consequence of operation. The use of essential amino acids did not reveal any advantage over the infusion of a complete amino acid solution of high value.", "PMID": 412432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6609", "title": "Evaluation of virginiamycin in feed for treatment and retreatment of swine dysentery.", "content": "Virginiamycin, fed at a concentration of 110 mg/kg of feed for 2 weeks followed by concentrations of either 27.5 or 55 mg/kg for 3 weeks, was effective in treatment and control of experimentally induced swine dysentery. However, diarrhea recurred 4 days after withdrawal of medicated feed. Subsequently, the frequency of diarrhea decreased in 3 of 4 groups retreated with virginiamycin (110 mg/kg of feed) for 5 days. Feeding of virginiamycin (110 mg/kg) for 1 week after onset of diarrhea was of little value because of the development of a more severe (augmented) form of the disease after withdrawal of medicated feed. Feeding of virginiamycin (55 mg/kg) at the time of exposure and continuing for 3 weeks (followed by intermittent retreatments of 55 mg/kg) aided in treatment and control of swine dysentery. With this regimen, a few swine developed diarrhea during initial medication, but all developed diarrhea after withdrawal fo medicated feed. Frequency of diarrhea was less after each retreatment. This was attributed to the development of immunity from the recurring diarrhea.", "contents": "Evaluation of virginiamycin in feed for treatment and retreatment of swine dysentery. Virginiamycin, fed at a concentration of 110 mg/kg of feed for 2 weeks followed by concentrations of either 27.5 or 55 mg/kg for 3 weeks, was effective in treatment and control of experimentally induced swine dysentery. However, diarrhea recurred 4 days after withdrawal of medicated feed. Subsequently, the frequency of diarrhea decreased in 3 of 4 groups retreated with virginiamycin (110 mg/kg of feed) for 5 days. Feeding of virginiamycin (110 mg/kg) for 1 week after onset of diarrhea was of little value because of the development of a more severe (augmented) form of the disease after withdrawal of medicated feed. Feeding of virginiamycin (55 mg/kg) at the time of exposure and continuing for 3 weeks (followed by intermittent retreatments of 55 mg/kg) aided in treatment and control of swine dysentery. With this regimen, a few swine developed diarrhea during initial medication, but all developed diarrhea after withdrawal fo medicated feed. Frequency of diarrhea was less after each retreatment. This was attributed to the development of immunity from the recurring diarrhea.", "PMID": 412441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6610", "title": "Chronic bile duct cannulation of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) without causing biliary fistulas.", "content": "Two surgical procedures were used for establishing chronic bile duct cannulations in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) while maintaining an intact enterohepatic circulation for use in metabolism studies. One procedure resulted in the formation of biliary fistulas in all of the animals, whereas the other procedure allowed successful maintenance of the macaques without fistulation for up to 8 months after surgery. The possible importance of pressure against bile outflow in the development of the fistulas was discussed.", "contents": "Chronic bile duct cannulation of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) without causing biliary fistulas. Two surgical procedures were used for establishing chronic bile duct cannulations in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) while maintaining an intact enterohepatic circulation for use in metabolism studies. One procedure resulted in the formation of biliary fistulas in all of the animals, whereas the other procedure allowed successful maintenance of the macaques without fistulation for up to 8 months after surgery. The possible importance of pressure against bile outflow in the development of the fistulas was discussed.", "PMID": 412442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6611", "title": "Pulmonary functions in conscious and anesthetized rhesus macaques.", "content": "Techniques for measurements of selected pulmonary functions for a period of 6 hours in conscious and lightly anesthetized rhesus macaques are described. Among all variables measured, only higher PaCO2 (367 +/- 32 mm of Hg) occurred in macaques breathing O2 as compared with those breathing room air. Tidal volume, respiratory rate, minute volume, O2 consumption, and specific ventilation in conscious and anesthetized monkeys were not significantly different. Further, respiratory and metabolic values from lightly anesthetized macaques in the present study agree well with the reports of others. However, differences were the higher values for O2 consumption, tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute volume obtained with the presently described techniques as compared with certain reported data.", "contents": "Pulmonary functions in conscious and anesthetized rhesus macaques. Techniques for measurements of selected pulmonary functions for a period of 6 hours in conscious and lightly anesthetized rhesus macaques are described. Among all variables measured, only higher PaCO2 (367 +/- 32 mm of Hg) occurred in macaques breathing O2 as compared with those breathing room air. Tidal volume, respiratory rate, minute volume, O2 consumption, and specific ventilation in conscious and anesthetized monkeys were not significantly different. Further, respiratory and metabolic values from lightly anesthetized macaques in the present study agree well with the reports of others. However, differences were the higher values for O2 consumption, tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute volume obtained with the presently described techniques as compared with certain reported data.", "PMID": 412444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6612", "title": "Cardiovascular and hepatic responses of rhesus macaques to staphylococcal enterotoxin B.", "content": "Certain cardiovascular and hepatic functions were measured for a period of 6 to 14 hours in conscious, chaired, male rhesus macaques given (intravenously (IV) or orally) staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). In macaques orally given SEB (1 mg/kg), there was little change in the cardiovascular variables. The half-life of injected indocyanine green was apparently prolonged in macaques given SEB as compared with that in the controls. However, in macaques given SEB (0.05 or 1.0 mg/kg) by IV injection, there were tachycardia, increase in arterial resistance, and decreases in blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, cardiac work, mean cardiac power, and central blood volume. In addition, mean transit time from caudal vena cava to ascending aorta was prolonged and a simultaneous reduction of hepatic removal of indocyanine green occurred.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and hepatic responses of rhesus macaques to staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Certain cardiovascular and hepatic functions were measured for a period of 6 to 14 hours in conscious, chaired, male rhesus macaques given (intravenously (IV) or orally) staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). In macaques orally given SEB (1 mg/kg), there was little change in the cardiovascular variables. The half-life of injected indocyanine green was apparently prolonged in macaques given SEB as compared with that in the controls. However, in macaques given SEB (0.05 or 1.0 mg/kg) by IV injection, there were tachycardia, increase in arterial resistance, and decreases in blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, cardiac work, mean cardiac power, and central blood volume. In addition, mean transit time from caudal vena cava to ascending aorta was prolonged and a simultaneous reduction of hepatic removal of indocyanine green occurred.", "PMID": 412445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6613", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in spontaneous disease of rhesus macaques.", "content": "The immunologic status of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with naturally occurring disease was evaluated by determining the percentages of B and T lymphocytes and mitogen responsiveness of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. The B lymphocytes were identified by the presence of cell surface immunoglobulin and receptors for complement. The T lymphocytes were identified by their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Rhesus macaques with idiopathic or primary amyloidosis had normal lymphocyte characteristics. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from rhesus macaques with atypical tuberculosis had decreased percentages of spontaneous rosette-forming cells and depressed responses to concanavalin A, and those with chronic diarrhea or chronic arthritis were also found to have abnormal peripheral blood lymphocyte characteristics. The percentage of B and T lymphocytes in normal lymph nodes was variable, making simultaneous histologic examination necessary for evaluation of diseased animals.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in spontaneous disease of rhesus macaques. The immunologic status of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with naturally occurring disease was evaluated by determining the percentages of B and T lymphocytes and mitogen responsiveness of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. The B lymphocytes were identified by the presence of cell surface immunoglobulin and receptors for complement. The T lymphocytes were identified by their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Rhesus macaques with idiopathic or primary amyloidosis had normal lymphocyte characteristics. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from rhesus macaques with atypical tuberculosis had decreased percentages of spontaneous rosette-forming cells and depressed responses to concanavalin A, and those with chronic diarrhea or chronic arthritis were also found to have abnormal peripheral blood lymphocyte characteristics. The percentage of B and T lymphocytes in normal lymph nodes was variable, making simultaneous histologic examination necessary for evaluation of diseased animals.", "PMID": 412446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6614", "title": "Sodium etidronate in the treatment of Paget's disease of bone. A study of long-term results.", "content": "Subjects (109) with symptomatic Paget's disease of bone were treated with 5, 10, or 20 mg of sodium etidronate (EHDP)/kg body weight - day for 6 to 24 months. Significant decreases in serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline were noted after 6 months of therapy; no significant further improvement resulted after prolonged therapy. Some patients maintained biochemical remission after withdrawal of EHDP but others showed a relapse, related primarily to the pretreatment severity. Clinical improvement was noted in 61% of the patients. Similar findings were seen after a second course of EHDP. No side-effects were noted in patients treated with 5 mg of EHDP/kg body weight - day. In patients treated with 10 or 20 mg of EHDP/kg body weight - day, severe diarrhea, bone pain, and nontraumatic fractures were noted in 3, 13, and 12 patients respectively. Quantitative histomorphometry showed mineralization delay in patients receiving 10 or 20 mg of EHDP/kg body weight - day but not in those receiving 5 mg/kg body weight - day. Five milligrams of EHDP/kg body weight - day was effective and appears to be safer than the higher doses.", "contents": "Sodium etidronate in the treatment of Paget's disease of bone. A study of long-term results. Subjects (109) with symptomatic Paget's disease of bone were treated with 5, 10, or 20 mg of sodium etidronate (EHDP)/kg body weight - day for 6 to 24 months. Significant decreases in serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline were noted after 6 months of therapy; no significant further improvement resulted after prolonged therapy. Some patients maintained biochemical remission after withdrawal of EHDP but others showed a relapse, related primarily to the pretreatment severity. Clinical improvement was noted in 61% of the patients. Similar findings were seen after a second course of EHDP. No side-effects were noted in patients treated with 5 mg of EHDP/kg body weight - day. In patients treated with 10 or 20 mg of EHDP/kg body weight - day, severe diarrhea, bone pain, and nontraumatic fractures were noted in 3, 13, and 12 patients respectively. Quantitative histomorphometry showed mineralization delay in patients receiving 10 or 20 mg of EHDP/kg body weight - day but not in those receiving 5 mg/kg body weight - day. Five milligrams of EHDP/kg body weight - day was effective and appears to be safer than the higher doses.", "PMID": 412450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6615", "title": "Hepatic toxicity associated with gold therapy.", "content": "Three patients with rheumatoid arthritis developed jaundice after initiation of chrysotherapy. Gold sodium thiomalate had been administered in dosages of 37.5, 60, and 110 mg in these patients before the onset of jaundice. Liver function studies indicated a cholestatic jaundice in all subjects. One patient underwent exploratory laparotomy because of progressive jaundice. Liver biopsy was done in two patients. In one patient significant bile stasis and thrombi were seen in the biliary tree. In another patient liver biopsy showed ballooning of hepatocytes with minimal cholestasis. All patients recovered spontaneously. Awareness of this rare complication may prevent unnecessary diagnostic and surgical procedures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who may develop jaundice while receiving chrysotherapy.", "contents": "Hepatic toxicity associated with gold therapy. Three patients with rheumatoid arthritis developed jaundice after initiation of chrysotherapy. Gold sodium thiomalate had been administered in dosages of 37.5, 60, and 110 mg in these patients before the onset of jaundice. Liver function studies indicated a cholestatic jaundice in all subjects. One patient underwent exploratory laparotomy because of progressive jaundice. Liver biopsy was done in two patients. In one patient significant bile stasis and thrombi were seen in the biliary tree. In another patient liver biopsy showed ballooning of hepatocytes with minimal cholestasis. All patients recovered spontaneously. Awareness of this rare complication may prevent unnecessary diagnostic and surgical procedures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who may develop jaundice while receiving chrysotherapy.", "PMID": 412451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6616", "title": "Thyroidal and peripheral production of thyroid hormones. Review of recent findings and their clinical implications.", "content": "There are two biologically active thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Most T3 is produced extrathyroidally, so that alterations in circulating thyroid hormone concentrations may occur as a result of both thyroidal and extrathyroidal abnormalities. Extrathyroidal T4 conversion to T3 is decreased in patients with different acute and chronic illnesses. When T4 conversion to T3 is impaired and serum T3 concentrations decline, serum concentrations of biologically inactive 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) increase. In this review, we present current information on thyroidal and extrathyroidal T4 and T3 production in normal subjects and patients with various thyroid diseases and other illnesses, consider the physiologic significance of these changes, and discuss the value and interpretation of various iodothyronine measurements.", "contents": "Thyroidal and peripheral production of thyroid hormones. Review of recent findings and their clinical implications. There are two biologically active thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Most T3 is produced extrathyroidally, so that alterations in circulating thyroid hormone concentrations may occur as a result of both thyroidal and extrathyroidal abnormalities. Extrathyroidal T4 conversion to T3 is decreased in patients with different acute and chronic illnesses. When T4 conversion to T3 is impaired and serum T3 concentrations decline, serum concentrations of biologically inactive 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) increase. In this review, we present current information on thyroidal and extrathyroidal T4 and T3 production in normal subjects and patients with various thyroid diseases and other illnesses, consider the physiologic significance of these changes, and discuss the value and interpretation of various iodothyronine measurements.", "PMID": 412452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6617", "title": "[Behavior of rumen ciliate populations cultured in sucrose and sucrose-urea media].", "content": "The behaviour of rumen ciliates in culture in vitro is studied according to the concentration of substrates and requirements of middle removal. The most favorable concentrations, for a best ciliate's survival is from 0.4 to 0.6 mg/ml of sucrose and 0.05 mg/ml of urea. We observe two periods in the culture: in the first, Entodinium grows essentially, in the second the population of holotrich ciliates increases. If survival is almost the same, the population is most important in culture with sucrose urea than with sucrose.", "contents": "[Behavior of rumen ciliate populations cultured in sucrose and sucrose-urea media]. The behaviour of rumen ciliates in culture in vitro is studied according to the concentration of substrates and requirements of middle removal. The most favorable concentrations, for a best ciliate's survival is from 0.4 to 0.6 mg/ml of sucrose and 0.05 mg/ml of urea. We observe two periods in the culture: in the first, Entodinium grows essentially, in the second the population of holotrich ciliates increases. If survival is almost the same, the population is most important in culture with sucrose urea than with sucrose.", "PMID": 412453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6618", "title": "Cervical pharyngostomy.", "content": "The technique of cervical pharyngostomy is presented as a safe alternative procedure to the nasogastric tube for patients requiring prolonged periods of gastrointestinal decompression or tube feeding. The results in 21 cases are described. The complication rate is low and the use of cervical pharyngostomy is therefore justified in that it reduces patient discomfort and makes treatment more efficient.", "contents": "Cervical pharyngostomy. The technique of cervical pharyngostomy is presented as a safe alternative procedure to the nasogastric tube for patients requiring prolonged periods of gastrointestinal decompression or tube feeding. The results in 21 cases are described. The complication rate is low and the use of cervical pharyngostomy is therefore justified in that it reduces patient discomfort and makes treatment more efficient.", "PMID": 412455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6619", "title": "[Description of Hepatocystis bainae n.sp., parasite of Hipposideros galeritus (Cantor), Microchiroptera, in Malaysia (author's transl)].", "content": "Hepatocystis bainae n. sp., parasite on the Microchiropteran bat, Hipposideros galeritus is described and differentiated from Hepatocystis rodhaini; it is characterized by the type of the microgametocytes (\"diffuse\"), the small size of the hepatic schizonts and the repartition of the colloide.", "contents": "[Description of Hepatocystis bainae n.sp., parasite of Hipposideros galeritus (Cantor), Microchiroptera, in Malaysia (author's transl)]. Hepatocystis bainae n. sp., parasite on the Microchiropteran bat, Hipposideros galeritus is described and differentiated from Hepatocystis rodhaini; it is characterized by the type of the microgametocytes (\"diffuse\"), the small size of the hepatic schizonts and the repartition of the colloide.", "PMID": 412454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6620", "title": "Emergence in a burn center of populations of bacteria resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin: evidence for the need for changes in zone diameter interpretative standards.", "content": "From July 1974 through June 1976, a number of isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the Burn Center exhibited a shift to smaller zone diameters with gentamicin than did isolates from the general hospital population. Although many had zone diameters >/=13 mm and would have been considered susceptible by this breakpoint, they were found to have minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of >/=8 mug of gentamicin per ml by agar dilution testing. Zone diameters and MICs of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were subsequently compared for 168 isolates from both the Burn Center and general hospital. The results revealed many isolates that fell into presently used gentamicin- and tobramycin-\"susceptible\" categories by disk diffusion tests but were resistant by MIC. The data indicated that criteria for gentamicin disk diffusion testing should include an intermediate or indeterminate category, and that the limits of the intermediate category for tobramycin and amikacin should be expanded.", "contents": "Emergence in a burn center of populations of bacteria resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin: evidence for the need for changes in zone diameter interpretative standards. From July 1974 through June 1976, a number of isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the Burn Center exhibited a shift to smaller zone diameters with gentamicin than did isolates from the general hospital population. Although many had zone diameters >/=13 mm and would have been considered susceptible by this breakpoint, they were found to have minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of >/=8 mug of gentamicin per ml by agar dilution testing. Zone diameters and MICs of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were subsequently compared for 168 isolates from both the Burn Center and general hospital. The results revealed many isolates that fell into presently used gentamicin- and tobramycin-\"susceptible\" categories by disk diffusion tests but were resistant by MIC. The data indicated that criteria for gentamicin disk diffusion testing should include an intermediate or indeterminate category, and that the limits of the intermediate category for tobramycin and amikacin should be expanded.", "PMID": 412464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6621", "title": "Feasibility of screening for penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae from primary culture plates by using a rapid microacidometric test.", "content": "We have shown that it is possible to screen for penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae directly from primary culture plates. Experiments involving the cocultivation of four genera of beta-lactamase-positive (beta-lac(+)) bacteria and a beta-lactamase-negative (beta-lac(-)) N. gonorrhoeae on modified Thayer-Martin medium indicated that suppressed or inhibited beta-lac(+) bacteria did not give false-positive results when isolated beta-lac(-) colonies of gonococci were tested. Colonies were assayed for beta-lac production by an adaptation of a microacidometric method in which bacteria could be tested before or after the addition of oxidase reagent.", "contents": "Feasibility of screening for penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae from primary culture plates by using a rapid microacidometric test. We have shown that it is possible to screen for penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae directly from primary culture plates. Experiments involving the cocultivation of four genera of beta-lactamase-positive (beta-lac(+)) bacteria and a beta-lactamase-negative (beta-lac(-)) N. gonorrhoeae on modified Thayer-Martin medium indicated that suppressed or inhibited beta-lac(+) bacteria did not give false-positive results when isolated beta-lac(-) colonies of gonococci were tested. Colonies were assayed for beta-lac production by an adaptation of a microacidometric method in which bacteria could be tested before or after the addition of oxidase reagent.", "PMID": 412465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6622", "title": "Methadone: antimicrobial activity and interaction with antibiotics.", "content": "We studied the effect of methadone, alone and in combination with antimicrobial agents, on two strains each of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens isolated from blood streams of parenteral drug abusers with bacterial endocarditis. Methadone has its own antibacterial effect, although at supraphysiological concentrations, and is even synergistic with antimicrobial agents against some organisms. Thus, methadone does not interfere with the antibacterial effects of antibiotics in vitro.", "contents": "Methadone: antimicrobial activity and interaction with antibiotics. We studied the effect of methadone, alone and in combination with antimicrobial agents, on two strains each of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens isolated from blood streams of parenteral drug abusers with bacterial endocarditis. Methadone has its own antibacterial effect, although at supraphysiological concentrations, and is even synergistic with antimicrobial agents against some organisms. Thus, methadone does not interfere with the antibacterial effects of antibiotics in vitro.", "PMID": 412466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6623", "title": "Anaerobic and aerobic hydrogen gas formation by the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica.", "content": "An investigation was made of certain factors involved in the formation of hydrogen gas, both in an anaerobic environment (argon) and in air, by the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica. The alga had not been previously adapted under hydrogen gas and hence the hydrogen evolution occurred entirely within the nitrogen-fixing heterocyst cells; organisms grown in a fixed nitrogen source, and which were therefore devoid of heterocysts, did not produce hydrogen under these conditions. Use of the inhibitor dichlorophenyl-dimethyl urea showed that hydrogen formation was directly dependent on photosystem I and only indirectly dependent on photosystem II, consistent with heterocysts being the site of hydrogen formation. The uncouplers carbonyl cyanide chlorophenyl hydrazone and dinitrophenol almost completely inhibited hydrogen formation, indicating that the process occurs almost entirely via the adenosine 5'-triphosphate-dependent nitrogenase. Salicylaldoxime also inhibited hydrogen formation, again illustrating the necessity of photophosphorylation. Whereas hydrogen formation could usually only be observed in anaerobic, dinitrogen-free environments, incubation in the presence of the dinitrogen-fixing inhibitor carbon monoxide plus the hydrogenase inhibitor acetylene resulted in significant formation of hydrogen even in air. Hydrogen formation was studied in batch cultures as a function of age of the cultures and also as a function of culture concentration, in both cases the cultures being harvested in logarithmic growth. Hydrogen evolution (and acetylene-reducing activity) exhibited a distinct maximum with respect to the age of the cultures. Finally, the levels of the protective enzyme, superoxide dismutase, were measured in heterocyst and vegetative cell fractions of the organism; the level was twice as high in heterocyst cells (2.3 units/mg of protein) as in vegetative cells (1.1 units/mg of protein). A simple procedure for isolating heterocyst cells is described.", "contents": "Anaerobic and aerobic hydrogen gas formation by the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica. An investigation was made of certain factors involved in the formation of hydrogen gas, both in an anaerobic environment (argon) and in air, by the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica. The alga had not been previously adapted under hydrogen gas and hence the hydrogen evolution occurred entirely within the nitrogen-fixing heterocyst cells; organisms grown in a fixed nitrogen source, and which were therefore devoid of heterocysts, did not produce hydrogen under these conditions. Use of the inhibitor dichlorophenyl-dimethyl urea showed that hydrogen formation was directly dependent on photosystem I and only indirectly dependent on photosystem II, consistent with heterocysts being the site of hydrogen formation. The uncouplers carbonyl cyanide chlorophenyl hydrazone and dinitrophenol almost completely inhibited hydrogen formation, indicating that the process occurs almost entirely via the adenosine 5'-triphosphate-dependent nitrogenase. Salicylaldoxime also inhibited hydrogen formation, again illustrating the necessity of photophosphorylation. Whereas hydrogen formation could usually only be observed in anaerobic, dinitrogen-free environments, incubation in the presence of the dinitrogen-fixing inhibitor carbon monoxide plus the hydrogenase inhibitor acetylene resulted in significant formation of hydrogen even in air. Hydrogen formation was studied in batch cultures as a function of age of the cultures and also as a function of culture concentration, in both cases the cultures being harvested in logarithmic growth. Hydrogen evolution (and acetylene-reducing activity) exhibited a distinct maximum with respect to the age of the cultures. Finally, the levels of the protective enzyme, superoxide dismutase, were measured in heterocyst and vegetative cell fractions of the organism; the level was twice as high in heterocyst cells (2.3 units/mg of protein) as in vegetative cells (1.1 units/mg of protein). A simple procedure for isolating heterocyst cells is described.", "PMID": 412467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6624", "title": "Degradation of the plant flavonoid phellamurin by Aspergillus niger.", "content": "We have previously described the structure of phellamurin, a plant flavonoid, as 3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-8-isoprenylflavanone-7-O-glucoside (17). Degradation of phellamurin by Aspergillus niger using modified Czapek-Dox medium as well as phellamurin or one of its degradation products as a sole carbon source, is reported here. Eleven compounds are identified from phellamurin degradation products. A. niger apparently decomposes phellamurin by first removing glucose with beta-glucosidase; neophellamuretin is the first degradation product. Fission of the heterocyclic ring of (5''-hydroxyisopropyl-4'',5''-dihydrofurano)[2'',3''-h]3,4',5-trihydroxyflavanone, which is obtained from neophellamuretin through a few alterations of the side chain, is followed by cleavage of a C--C bond between C=O and carbon at alpha-position and conversion of (5''-hydroxyisopropyl-4'',5''-dihydrofurano)[2'',3''-d]-2',4,6',alpha-tetrahydroxychalcone to rho-hydroxymandelic acid (B-ring) and 2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-carboxyphenylacetic acid (A-ring). It is suggested that rho-hydroxymandelic acid is oxidized to rho-hydroxybenzoic acid. 2,4,6-Trihydroxy-5-carboxyphenylacetic acid is metabolized to phloroglucinol carboxylic acid, which subsequently is decarboxylated to phloroglucinol. These results provided new information on the isoprene unit metabolism of the side chain of phellamurin and firmly established the degradation pathway of phellamurin by A. niger.", "contents": "Degradation of the plant flavonoid phellamurin by Aspergillus niger. We have previously described the structure of phellamurin, a plant flavonoid, as 3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-8-isoprenylflavanone-7-O-glucoside (17). Degradation of phellamurin by Aspergillus niger using modified Czapek-Dox medium as well as phellamurin or one of its degradation products as a sole carbon source, is reported here. Eleven compounds are identified from phellamurin degradation products. A. niger apparently decomposes phellamurin by first removing glucose with beta-glucosidase; neophellamuretin is the first degradation product. Fission of the heterocyclic ring of (5''-hydroxyisopropyl-4'',5''-dihydrofurano)[2'',3''-h]3,4',5-trihydroxyflavanone, which is obtained from neophellamuretin through a few alterations of the side chain, is followed by cleavage of a C--C bond between C=O and carbon at alpha-position and conversion of (5''-hydroxyisopropyl-4'',5''-dihydrofurano)[2'',3''-d]-2',4,6',alpha-tetrahydroxychalcone to rho-hydroxymandelic acid (B-ring) and 2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-carboxyphenylacetic acid (A-ring). It is suggested that rho-hydroxymandelic acid is oxidized to rho-hydroxybenzoic acid. 2,4,6-Trihydroxy-5-carboxyphenylacetic acid is metabolized to phloroglucinol carboxylic acid, which subsequently is decarboxylated to phloroglucinol. These results provided new information on the isoprene unit metabolism of the side chain of phellamurin and firmly established the degradation pathway of phellamurin by A. niger.", "PMID": 412468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6625", "title": "(14C)acetate assimilation by a type I obligate methylotroph, Methylococcus capsulatus.", "content": "Methanol and formate oxidation supported the assimilation of [14C]acetate by cell suspensions of Methylococcus capsulatus; oxidation of other primary alcohols, except ethanol, did not. The extent of [1-14C]acetate assimilation supported by methanol oxidation was decreased in the presence of primary alcohols, except ethanol. Potassium cyanide (0.33 mM) completely inhibited the oxidation of formate and its stimulation of [1-14C]acetate assimilation. The amount of [1-14C]acetate assimilation supported by methanol oxidation was significantly inhibited by cyanide.", "contents": "(14C)acetate assimilation by a type I obligate methylotroph, Methylococcus capsulatus. Methanol and formate oxidation supported the assimilation of [14C]acetate by cell suspensions of Methylococcus capsulatus; oxidation of other primary alcohols, except ethanol, did not. The extent of [1-14C]acetate assimilation supported by methanol oxidation was decreased in the presence of primary alcohols, except ethanol. Potassium cyanide (0.33 mM) completely inhibited the oxidation of formate and its stimulation of [1-14C]acetate assimilation. The amount of [1-14C]acetate assimilation supported by methanol oxidation was significantly inhibited by cyanide.", "PMID": 412469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6626", "title": "Nosocomial outbreak of Candida parapsilosis fungemia related to intravenous infusions.", "content": "Candida parapsilosis is rarely isolated from blood cultures. Our hospital surveillance detected an increased rate of isolation of C parapsilosis during a four month period. Fourteen postoperative patients receiving intravenous (IV) hyperalimentation and eight burn patients receiving IV albumin were involved. Hectic fever, the major clinical manifestation, was seen in 61% of cases. Therapy in the postoperative patients consisted merely of discontinuing IV catheters and hyperalimentation, while amphotericin B was needed in five of eight burn patients to control persistent fungemia. Epidemiologic analysis identified a source of the organism in the IV-additive preparation room where C parapsilosis was found contaminating a vacuum system. Organisms apparently refluxed into IV bottles when aliquots were removed to accommodate additives. Of 103 patients who received fluids prepared with the contaminated system, 21% became infected with C parapsilosis. Infection surveillance was instrumental in detection and control of the outbreak. Routine guideline should be established to insure the sterility of IV fluids containing additives.", "contents": "Nosocomial outbreak of Candida parapsilosis fungemia related to intravenous infusions. Candida parapsilosis is rarely isolated from blood cultures. Our hospital surveillance detected an increased rate of isolation of C parapsilosis during a four month period. Fourteen postoperative patients receiving intravenous (IV) hyperalimentation and eight burn patients receiving IV albumin were involved. Hectic fever, the major clinical manifestation, was seen in 61% of cases. Therapy in the postoperative patients consisted merely of discontinuing IV catheters and hyperalimentation, while amphotericin B was needed in five of eight burn patients to control persistent fungemia. Epidemiologic analysis identified a source of the organism in the IV-additive preparation room where C parapsilosis was found contaminating a vacuum system. Organisms apparently refluxed into IV bottles when aliquots were removed to accommodate additives. Of 103 patients who received fluids prepared with the contaminated system, 21% became infected with C parapsilosis. Infection surveillance was instrumental in detection and control of the outbreak. Routine guideline should be established to insure the sterility of IV fluids containing additives.", "PMID": 412474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6627", "title": "Action of Nitroglycerin and amyl nitrite in labile and essential hypertension: hemodynamic differences.", "content": "Seventeen patients with labile hypertension received nitroglycerin and 18 received amyl nitrite. Twelve patients with established essential hypertension received nitroglycerin and 12 received amyl nitrite. Nitroglycerin reduced the systolic and mean arterial pressures and cardiac output in both groups, but had no effect on diastolic pressure and total peripheral resistance. Amyl nitrite decreased systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures and peripheral vascular resistance and increased heart rate and cardiac output in labile hypertensives. In established hypertensive patients, amyl nitrite decreased systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures and cardiac output, and had little effect on peripheral vascular resistance. Nitroglycerin reduced arterial pressure in labile and established hypertensives through venodilation and peripheral venous pooling. Amyl nitrite and effects similar to nitroglycerin in established hypertensives; in labile hypertensives it reduced arterial pressure through arterial dilation and a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.", "contents": "Action of Nitroglycerin and amyl nitrite in labile and essential hypertension: hemodynamic differences. Seventeen patients with labile hypertension received nitroglycerin and 18 received amyl nitrite. Twelve patients with established essential hypertension received nitroglycerin and 12 received amyl nitrite. Nitroglycerin reduced the systolic and mean arterial pressures and cardiac output in both groups, but had no effect on diastolic pressure and total peripheral resistance. Amyl nitrite decreased systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures and peripheral vascular resistance and increased heart rate and cardiac output in labile hypertensives. In established hypertensive patients, amyl nitrite decreased systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures and cardiac output, and had little effect on peripheral vascular resistance. Nitroglycerin reduced arterial pressure in labile and established hypertensives through venodilation and peripheral venous pooling. Amyl nitrite and effects similar to nitroglycerin in established hypertensives; in labile hypertensives it reduced arterial pressure through arterial dilation and a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.", "PMID": 412475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6628", "title": "Lead, zinc, and erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase: relationships in lead toxicity.", "content": "A lead-intoxicated patient with extremely high blood lead levels and unexpectedly mild symptoms was studied prior to and following treatment with calcium disodium edetate (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and then prior to and following oral administration of zinc sulfate. During chelation therapy, erythrocyte (delta)-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity decreased as blood lead levels fell. Urinary excretion of zinc increased and was more than 3.5 times greater than that of lead. The ratio of blood lead to serum zinc was greatest (1.47) when ALAD activity was lowest. Oral administration of zinc sulfate following chelation therapy resulted in a significant increase in mean ALAD activity. In vitro additions of zinc chloride to the patient's erythrocytes resulted in reactivation of ALAD activity. These studies suggest that zinc is an important element in the ALAD system in man. Zinc may play a protective role in lead toxicity, and zinc supplementation may be a useful adjunct to chelation therapy for lead toxicity.", "contents": "Lead, zinc, and erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase: relationships in lead toxicity. A lead-intoxicated patient with extremely high blood lead levels and unexpectedly mild symptoms was studied prior to and following treatment with calcium disodium edetate (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and then prior to and following oral administration of zinc sulfate. During chelation therapy, erythrocyte (delta)-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity decreased as blood lead levels fell. Urinary excretion of zinc increased and was more than 3.5 times greater than that of lead. The ratio of blood lead to serum zinc was greatest (1.47) when ALAD activity was lowest. Oral administration of zinc sulfate following chelation therapy resulted in a significant increase in mean ALAD activity. In vitro additions of zinc chloride to the patient's erythrocytes resulted in reactivation of ALAD activity. These studies suggest that zinc is an important element in the ALAD system in man. Zinc may play a protective role in lead toxicity, and zinc supplementation may be a useful adjunct to chelation therapy for lead toxicity.", "PMID": 412470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6629", "title": "Chronic, inhalation exposure of rats, rabbits, and monkeys to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.", "content": "Three groups composed of rats, rabbits, and monkeys were exposed for 26 weeks to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (-TCB), and one group of each species was used as a control group. The nominal exposure concentrations of 1,2,4-TCB were 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 ppm. Pulmonary function and operant behavior tests in monkeys, ophthalmoscopic examinations in rabbits and monkeys, and measurement of body weights and hematologic and serum biochemical determinations in all species were conducted before and during the exposure period. At termination of 1, 3, and 6 months of exposure, microscopic examination of selected rat tissues was performed. Microscopic changes were seen in the parenchymal of livers and kidneys from all groups of rats exposed to 1,2,4-TCB when sacrificed after 4 and 13 weeks of exposure, but no exposure-related abnormalities or other effects were seen after 26 weeks of exposure in any species.", "contents": "Chronic, inhalation exposure of rats, rabbits, and monkeys to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Three groups composed of rats, rabbits, and monkeys were exposed for 26 weeks to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (-TCB), and one group of each species was used as a control group. The nominal exposure concentrations of 1,2,4-TCB were 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 ppm. Pulmonary function and operant behavior tests in monkeys, ophthalmoscopic examinations in rabbits and monkeys, and measurement of body weights and hematologic and serum biochemical determinations in all species were conducted before and during the exposure period. At termination of 1, 3, and 6 months of exposure, microscopic examination of selected rat tissues was performed. Microscopic changes were seen in the parenchymal of livers and kidneys from all groups of rats exposed to 1,2,4-TCB when sacrificed after 4 and 13 weeks of exposure, but no exposure-related abnormalities or other effects were seen after 26 weeks of exposure in any species.", "PMID": 412471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6630", "title": "Influence of sulfide compounds on the metabolism of Methanobacterium strain AZ.", "content": "Various organic sulfides and inorganic sulfide were studied in respect to their effect on growth and methane production of Methanobacterium strain AZ. In mineral, sulfide-free medium, cysteine regulated the specific rate of methane production (optimum concentration = 5-10(-4) mole/1). A supplement of sulfide (10(-4) mole/1) caused an additional stimulation. Coenzyme M** or glutathione could be substituted for cysteine when sulfide was present. Growth was stimulated by CoM and glutathione to the same extent as with cysteine in sulfide-containing media. The concentration of sulfide in cysteine-containing media affected the excretion of amino acids.", "contents": "Influence of sulfide compounds on the metabolism of Methanobacterium strain AZ. Various organic sulfides and inorganic sulfide were studied in respect to their effect on growth and methane production of Methanobacterium strain AZ. In mineral, sulfide-free medium, cysteine regulated the specific rate of methane production (optimum concentration = 5-10(-4) mole/1). A supplement of sulfide (10(-4) mole/1) caused an additional stimulation. Coenzyme M** or glutathione could be substituted for cysteine when sulfide was present. Growth was stimulated by CoM and glutathione to the same extent as with cysteine in sulfide-containing media. The concentration of sulfide in cysteine-containing media affected the excretion of amino acids.", "PMID": 412476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6631", "title": "Bacteriocins from Myxococcus fulvus (Myxobacterales).", "content": "Bacteriocin-like activities were found in several Myxococcus fulvus strains. One strain, Mx f16, exerted strong inhibitory effects on several myxobacterial strains. Synthesis of its bacteriocinic activity could not be induced by mitomycin. Electrophoresis and molecular sieve chromatography revealed at least three different bacteriocinic substances of low molecular weight.", "contents": "Bacteriocins from Myxococcus fulvus (Myxobacterales). Bacteriocin-like activities were found in several Myxococcus fulvus strains. One strain, Mx f16, exerted strong inhibitory effects on several myxobacterial strains. Synthesis of its bacteriocinic activity could not be induced by mitomycin. Electrophoresis and molecular sieve chromatography revealed at least three different bacteriocinic substances of low molecular weight.", "PMID": 412477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6632", "title": "Characterization and function of intracellular proteases in sporulating Bacillus cereus.", "content": "Intracellular proteases from sporulating Bacillus cereus have been purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, heat treatment and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. After the last purification step, two protease activities, with an activity ratio of about thirty to one are resolved. Both proteases are resistant to o-phenanthroline but sensitive to phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride. Their separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and DEAE cellulose column chromatography, their difference in heat sensitivity and a mutation affecting only the major intracellular protease (IP1) suggest that the two are products of distinct genes. An IP1 mutant previously shown to produce coat defective spores (4) also turnsover protein with a reduced rate during late sporulation stages. Correlated with the slower turnover rate in this mutant is the more rapid disappearance of IP1. A partial revertant of this mutant has a protein turnover rate intermediate between that of the original mutant and wild type. These correlations imply that IP1 has an important role in protein turnover during sporulation.", "contents": "Characterization and function of intracellular proteases in sporulating Bacillus cereus. Intracellular proteases from sporulating Bacillus cereus have been purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, heat treatment and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. After the last purification step, two protease activities, with an activity ratio of about thirty to one are resolved. Both proteases are resistant to o-phenanthroline but sensitive to phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride. Their separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and DEAE cellulose column chromatography, their difference in heat sensitivity and a mutation affecting only the major intracellular protease (IP1) suggest that the two are products of distinct genes. An IP1 mutant previously shown to produce coat defective spores (4) also turnsover protein with a reduced rate during late sporulation stages. Correlated with the slower turnover rate in this mutant is the more rapid disappearance of IP1. A partial revertant of this mutant has a protein turnover rate intermediate between that of the original mutant and wild type. These correlations imply that IP1 has an important role in protein turnover during sporulation.", "PMID": 412478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6633", "title": "[Fabry's disease. Carbamazepine therapy in acrodyniform syndrome].", "content": "A 19 year old male affected with Fabry's disease suffered from severe nervous manifestations. Despite very peculiar pains of the extremities, the diagnosis has been missed for a long time and was painted out at this age because of sharp reconstitution of the family history. Fabry's disease was confirmed by discovering typical corneal lesion, a low leucocyte (W.B.C.) alpha-galactosidase activity and foam cells in renal glomerular epithelium. The importance of an early diagnosis is obvious in this case: 10 Instead of degrading narcotic therapy, Carbamazepin brought forward normal social and school living. 20 Familial investigations show up that all the siblings were affected (three boys including the propositus)--several symptoms were found in the heterozygous conductor mother. Despite the rarety of Fabry's disease, the authors emphasize the easiness of diagnosis on simple clinical and biochemical grounds. The authors insist on the symptomatic and therapeutic action of Carbamazepin or Diphenytoin in order to prevent painfull symptoms which often appear during initial course of the disease.", "contents": "[Fabry's disease. Carbamazepine therapy in acrodyniform syndrome]. A 19 year old male affected with Fabry's disease suffered from severe nervous manifestations. Despite very peculiar pains of the extremities, the diagnosis has been missed for a long time and was painted out at this age because of sharp reconstitution of the family history. Fabry's disease was confirmed by discovering typical corneal lesion, a low leucocyte (W.B.C.) alpha-galactosidase activity and foam cells in renal glomerular epithelium. The importance of an early diagnosis is obvious in this case: 10 Instead of degrading narcotic therapy, Carbamazepin brought forward normal social and school living. 20 Familial investigations show up that all the siblings were affected (three boys including the propositus)--several symptoms were found in the heterozygous conductor mother. Despite the rarety of Fabry's disease, the authors emphasize the easiness of diagnosis on simple clinical and biochemical grounds. The authors insist on the symptomatic and therapeutic action of Carbamazepin or Diphenytoin in order to prevent painfull symptoms which often appear during initial course of the disease.", "PMID": 412484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6634", "title": "[Chondrodystrophy in monozygous twins, secondary to cellular division disorder].", "content": "The case of two twins with micromelic dwarfism noticed at birth are reported. The studies performed on fibroblasts, lymphocytes and epiphyseal cartilage, suggest that a disturbance is involved in the cell division mechanisms.", "contents": "[Chondrodystrophy in monozygous twins, secondary to cellular division disorder]. The case of two twins with micromelic dwarfism noticed at birth are reported. The studies performed on fibroblasts, lymphocytes and epiphyseal cartilage, suggest that a disturbance is involved in the cell division mechanisms.", "PMID": 412480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6635", "title": "[Endocrine sequela of radiation treatment of extracranial head and neck tumors].", "content": "A study of the thyroid and hypothalamo-pituitary functions was undertaken in 14 children having been irradiated for tumors of the neck and head. The following anomalies were found: S.T.H. deficiency: 8 cases, A.C.T.H. deficiency: 2 cases, T.S.H. deficiency: 4 cases, primary thyroid insufficiency: 4 cases. Growth was severely impaired since the height of 10 out of 14 patients was less than or equal to 2 S.D. These results emphasize the frequency of endocrine lesions related to radiotherapy, as the lesions were essentially extracranial. They also show a repercussion on growth, which worsen the long-term prognosis of these diseases.", "contents": "[Endocrine sequela of radiation treatment of extracranial head and neck tumors]. A study of the thyroid and hypothalamo-pituitary functions was undertaken in 14 children having been irradiated for tumors of the neck and head. The following anomalies were found: S.T.H. deficiency: 8 cases, A.C.T.H. deficiency: 2 cases, T.S.H. deficiency: 4 cases, primary thyroid insufficiency: 4 cases. Growth was severely impaired since the height of 10 out of 14 patients was less than or equal to 2 S.D. These results emphasize the frequency of endocrine lesions related to radiotherapy, as the lesions were essentially extracranial. They also show a repercussion on growth, which worsen the long-term prognosis of these diseases.", "PMID": 412481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6636", "title": "[Neutron therapy in the GDR. VIII. The calculation of dose distributions (author's transl)].", "content": "The calculation of dose distribution for each patient is a basis for the neutron therapy. A computerprogram was developed for it basing on the matrix-method. We find out several field matrix for each field size. The dose calculation goes by addition of the matrix values on the certain points inside the patient's cross-section. A correction of the dose distribution in consequence of the oblique beam is possible. Dose distributions for several irradiation techniques are discussed.", "contents": "[Neutron therapy in the GDR. VIII. The calculation of dose distributions (author's transl)]. The calculation of dose distribution for each patient is a basis for the neutron therapy. A computerprogram was developed for it basing on the matrix-method. We find out several field matrix for each field size. The dose calculation goes by addition of the matrix values on the certain points inside the patient's cross-section. A correction of the dose distribution in consequence of the oblique beam is possible. Dose distributions for several irradiation techniques are discussed.", "PMID": 412485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6637", "title": "[Immune reactions in breast cancer patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunological reactivity was studied in 76 breast cancer patients taking into consideration the extent of disease and mode of treatment. The following tests were used: delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction after application of tissue antigens from mammary cancer and embryonal tissues prepared by Westphal's method (Silber's modification), tuberculin and 2,4-dinitrochlorbenzene (DCNB). Humoral immune reactivity was evaluated with a mikroprecipitation test using antigens from fetal, tumorous and spleen cells. Tests were performed before and after treatment. The results confirm that positive skin reactions are found mostly in stage I and II. In advanced stages depression of all immune reactions was seen. Some changes of immune reactivity depend on the mode of treatment. Immune competence was not depressed by surgical treatment and the most distinct immune depression was provoked by cytostatic chemotherapy. Our observations suggest that the cytostatics Thiophosphamid, Cyclophosphamid and Fluorouracil are immundepressants.", "contents": "[Immune reactions in breast cancer patients (author's transl)]. Immunological reactivity was studied in 76 breast cancer patients taking into consideration the extent of disease and mode of treatment. The following tests were used: delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction after application of tissue antigens from mammary cancer and embryonal tissues prepared by Westphal's method (Silber's modification), tuberculin and 2,4-dinitrochlorbenzene (DCNB). Humoral immune reactivity was evaluated with a mikroprecipitation test using antigens from fetal, tumorous and spleen cells. Tests were performed before and after treatment. The results confirm that positive skin reactions are found mostly in stage I and II. In advanced stages depression of all immune reactions was seen. Some changes of immune reactivity depend on the mode of treatment. Immune competence was not depressed by surgical treatment and the most distinct immune depression was provoked by cytostatic chemotherapy. Our observations suggest that the cytostatics Thiophosphamid, Cyclophosphamid and Fluorouracil are immundepressants.", "PMID": 412486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6638", "title": "[Estimates of trace elements requirements of children receiving total parenteral nutrition].", "content": "Ten children on total parenteral nutrition were studied. Plasma copper, zinc, manganese and selenium levels were determined by neutron activation and gamma spectrometry, every 10 days. With a copper intake of 20 microgram/kg/24 h, the average level 120 microgram% (94-144) was normal (N: 118 microgram +/- 11%). With a manganese intake of 40 microgram/kg/24 h, the level increased to 2.6 microgram% (1.3-4.5) (N: 1.1 microgram +/- 0.2%). With a zinc intake of 30 microgram/kg/24 h, the level decreased to 45.9 microgram % (20-63) (N: 83 microgram +/- 28%); with an intake of 50 microgram/kg/24 h the level remained under normal. With a selenium intake of 1 microgram/kg/24 h, the level decreased to 10.6 ng/ml (3.6-21.6) (N: 38.2 ng/ml +/- 11.9), but was normalized with an intake of 3 microgram/kg/24 h. From these results, with all reserves that estimation implies, the authors suggest that the disorders due to deficit or excess of trace elements could be avoided by daily intakes per kg of body weight: copper 20 microgram, zinc 100 microgram, manganese 10 microgram and selenium 3 microgram, with supplementation of iron, iodine and fluoride.", "contents": "[Estimates of trace elements requirements of children receiving total parenteral nutrition]. Ten children on total parenteral nutrition were studied. Plasma copper, zinc, manganese and selenium levels were determined by neutron activation and gamma spectrometry, every 10 days. With a copper intake of 20 microgram/kg/24 h, the average level 120 microgram% (94-144) was normal (N: 118 microgram +/- 11%). With a manganese intake of 40 microgram/kg/24 h, the level increased to 2.6 microgram% (1.3-4.5) (N: 1.1 microgram +/- 0.2%). With a zinc intake of 30 microgram/kg/24 h, the level decreased to 45.9 microgram % (20-63) (N: 83 microgram +/- 28%); with an intake of 50 microgram/kg/24 h the level remained under normal. With a selenium intake of 1 microgram/kg/24 h, the level decreased to 10.6 ng/ml (3.6-21.6) (N: 38.2 ng/ml +/- 11.9), but was normalized with an intake of 3 microgram/kg/24 h. From these results, with all reserves that estimation implies, the authors suggest that the disorders due to deficit or excess of trace elements could be avoided by daily intakes per kg of body weight: copper 20 microgram, zinc 100 microgram, manganese 10 microgram and selenium 3 microgram, with supplementation of iron, iodine and fluoride.", "PMID": 412483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6639", "title": "[Genetic control of hexosaminidases].", "content": "The authors present the results they obtained which interspecific cell hybrids. The hexosaminidases A, B and C, seem to be under the control of the two genes alpha and beta, B and CS constituing homopolymers (beta beta)n and (alpha alpha)n, A being a heteropolymer (alpha beta)n. The isozyme CF, particularly abundant in fetal tissues and found also in Tay-Sachs by some authors is, in all probability, under independent genetic control.", "contents": "[Genetic control of hexosaminidases]. The authors present the results they obtained which interspecific cell hybrids. The hexosaminidases A, B and C, seem to be under the control of the two genes alpha and beta, B and CS constituing homopolymers (beta beta)n and (alpha alpha)n, A being a heteropolymer (alpha beta)n. The isozyme CF, particularly abundant in fetal tissues and found also in Tay-Sachs by some authors is, in all probability, under independent genetic control.", "PMID": 412482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6640", "title": "Influence of modifications of physicochemical and biological properties of haptoglobin. VII. Immunochemical reactivity of haptoglobin with modified tyrosine residues.", "content": "Tyrosine residues in human haptoglobin (Hp) type 2-1 were modified by treatment with various amounts of N-acetylimidazole, iodine or tetranitromethane. Rabbit antisera directed against native Hp, Ac-Hp, 1-Hp and NO2-Hp in cross-reactions by immunoprecipitation showed serologic identify of native Hp and most of the modified derivatives, with the exception of derivatives modified by means of a high excess of N-acetylimidazole, which showed partial identity with remaining preparations, irrespective of the antiserum used. The results indicate that tyrosine residues play no essential role in the immunochemical reactivity of haptoglobin.", "contents": "Influence of modifications of physicochemical and biological properties of haptoglobin. VII. Immunochemical reactivity of haptoglobin with modified tyrosine residues. Tyrosine residues in human haptoglobin (Hp) type 2-1 were modified by treatment with various amounts of N-acetylimidazole, iodine or tetranitromethane. Rabbit antisera directed against native Hp, Ac-Hp, 1-Hp and NO2-Hp in cross-reactions by immunoprecipitation showed serologic identify of native Hp and most of the modified derivatives, with the exception of derivatives modified by means of a high excess of N-acetylimidazole, which showed partial identity with remaining preparations, irrespective of the antiserum used. The results indicate that tyrosine residues play no essential role in the immunochemical reactivity of haptoglobin.", "PMID": 412487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6641", "title": "Gold nephropathy: tissue analysis by X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy.", "content": "Three patients developed proteinuria following gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. The clinical syndrome was a self-limiting proteinuria with normal renal function. By light and electron microscopic appearances the renal lesion was an epimembranous deposit form of membranous glomerulopathy. Immunofluorescent study showed granular deposits of IgG and C3 complement along glomerular basement membranes. By X-ray fluorescent spectroscopic examination, gold was seen to be present within the proximal convoluted tubular cells but was not identified in the glomerular subepithelial deposits. These findings are consistent with an immune-complex form of glomerulopathy in which gold is neither the antigen nor a hapten in the glomerular deposits, and they suggest the hypothesis that antibodies to tubular epithelial antigens induced by gold therapy may be a causative factor in the renal disease associated with gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Gold nephropathy: tissue analysis by X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy. Three patients developed proteinuria following gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. The clinical syndrome was a self-limiting proteinuria with normal renal function. By light and electron microscopic appearances the renal lesion was an epimembranous deposit form of membranous glomerulopathy. Immunofluorescent study showed granular deposits of IgG and C3 complement along glomerular basement membranes. By X-ray fluorescent spectroscopic examination, gold was seen to be present within the proximal convoluted tubular cells but was not identified in the glomerular subepithelial deposits. These findings are consistent with an immune-complex form of glomerulopathy in which gold is neither the antigen nor a hapten in the glomerular deposits, and they suggest the hypothesis that antibodies to tubular epithelial antigens induced by gold therapy may be a causative factor in the renal disease associated with gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 412488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6642", "title": "Cromolyn effects on vernal keratoconjunctivitis in children.", "content": "A double-masked, coded trial was undertaken to evaluate the effect of the topical administration of 2% cromolyn sodium eye drops on vernal keratoconjunctivitis in 14 children. One eye of each patient was treated for one year with cromoly, the other eye with placebo. Cromolyn reduced the characteristic vernal keratitis, vernal corneal ulcers and plaques, and limbal edema and infiltrates but did not affect the number or size of the giant papillae. The drug's long-term topical use did not have any adverse side effects.", "contents": "Cromolyn effects on vernal keratoconjunctivitis in children. A double-masked, coded trial was undertaken to evaluate the effect of the topical administration of 2% cromolyn sodium eye drops on vernal keratoconjunctivitis in 14 children. One eye of each patient was treated for one year with cromoly, the other eye with placebo. Cromolyn reduced the characteristic vernal keratitis, vernal corneal ulcers and plaques, and limbal edema and infiltrates but did not affect the number or size of the giant papillae. The drug's long-term topical use did not have any adverse side effects.", "PMID": 412489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6643", "title": "Ultrastructural study of cell cultures infected with swinepox and orf viruses.", "content": "Monolayer cells of a porcine kidney cell line were infected with the PP-1 strain of swinepox virus, while secondary or third subcultured monolayer cells of African green monkey kidney were inoculated with the Iwate BT-9 strain of orf virus. Those infected cells were fixed when CPE became remarkable in the monolayers and examined by electron microscope. In the cytoplasm of cells infected with both viruses, various immature forms of viral particles in different developmental stages were observed. Micells were detected very close to the opening of immature particles. Mature particles asssociated with a double membrane were frequently observed. From those observations it was suggested that the developmental sequence of both viruses is essentially the same as that of vaccinia (Dales, 1973). Besides various virus forms as well as factories, the following ultrastructural changes were noted in swinepox infected cells, i.e. 1) intranuclear inclusions which consist of very fine filaments, 2) fibrillar structures with cross striations located in the nuclear inclusions, and 3) similar striated fibrillar structures in or just adjacent to virus factories (B type inclusions) in the cytoplasm. Those observations made with in vitro cells are in good accordance with the descriptions by previous investigators on in vivo materials. Accordingly those ultrastructural changes characterize the swinepox infection.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of cell cultures infected with swinepox and orf viruses. Monolayer cells of a porcine kidney cell line were infected with the PP-1 strain of swinepox virus, while secondary or third subcultured monolayer cells of African green monkey kidney were inoculated with the Iwate BT-9 strain of orf virus. Those infected cells were fixed when CPE became remarkable in the monolayers and examined by electron microscope. In the cytoplasm of cells infected with both viruses, various immature forms of viral particles in different developmental stages were observed. Micells were detected very close to the opening of immature particles. Mature particles asssociated with a double membrane were frequently observed. From those observations it was suggested that the developmental sequence of both viruses is essentially the same as that of vaccinia (Dales, 1973). Besides various virus forms as well as factories, the following ultrastructural changes were noted in swinepox infected cells, i.e. 1) intranuclear inclusions which consist of very fine filaments, 2) fibrillar structures with cross striations located in the nuclear inclusions, and 3) similar striated fibrillar structures in or just adjacent to virus factories (B type inclusions) in the cytoplasm. Those observations made with in vitro cells are in good accordance with the descriptions by previous investigators on in vivo materials. Accordingly those ultrastructural changes characterize the swinepox infection.", "PMID": 412491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6644", "title": "alpha1-Antitrypsin polymorphism in Malaysian Macaca irus.", "content": "alpha1-Antitrypsin types were determined in 200 individual specimens of Malaysian Macaca irus. We found the pattern B in 76 samples, BC in 116, and C in 8. Assuming that these patterns are determined by codominant alleles at one locus, this distribution constitutes a significant (P less than 0.001) deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, because of an excess of BC and low prevalence of C. We found no clear evidence for the presence of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency comparable to the situation in man.", "contents": "alpha1-Antitrypsin polymorphism in Malaysian Macaca irus. alpha1-Antitrypsin types were determined in 200 individual specimens of Malaysian Macaca irus. We found the pattern B in 76 samples, BC in 116, and C in 8. Assuming that these patterns are determined by codominant alleles at one locus, this distribution constitutes a significant (P less than 0.001) deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, because of an excess of BC and low prevalence of C. We found no clear evidence for the presence of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency comparable to the situation in man.", "PMID": 412492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6645", "title": "Genetic control of quantitative variation in carbonic anhydrase isozymes of mammals. I. The concentration within single erythrocytes of the mouse.", "content": "The levels of the carbonic anhydrase isozymes (CA and CA II) in single erythrocytes of DBA/2J mice were assayed by measuring the specific immunofluorescence of CA I and CA II with a microspectrofluorometric technique. Measurements of 100 randomly selected cells showed a range (in relative fluorescence units) of 21-52 (mean 31.3 +/- 7.5) for CA I and 30-80 (mean 45.6 +/- 10.7) for CA II. The CA II/CA I ratio of the means obtained by the single-cell fluorescence assay was similar to the ratios obtained for the two isozymes from hemolysates of DBA/2J mice using an immunodiffusion assay. The influence of cell age on the variation in carbonic anhydrase levels was determined by separating red cells into several fractions by a gravity sedimentation procedure. The younger cells showed higher levels of CA I and CA II than the older cells; however, the extensive overlap in the variability between the cells from the different fractions indicated that although cell age was contributing to the overall heterogeneity, its influence was not pronounced.", "contents": "Genetic control of quantitative variation in carbonic anhydrase isozymes of mammals. I. The concentration within single erythrocytes of the mouse. The levels of the carbonic anhydrase isozymes (CA and CA II) in single erythrocytes of DBA/2J mice were assayed by measuring the specific immunofluorescence of CA I and CA II with a microspectrofluorometric technique. Measurements of 100 randomly selected cells showed a range (in relative fluorescence units) of 21-52 (mean 31.3 +/- 7.5) for CA I and 30-80 (mean 45.6 +/- 10.7) for CA II. The CA II/CA I ratio of the means obtained by the single-cell fluorescence assay was similar to the ratios obtained for the two isozymes from hemolysates of DBA/2J mice using an immunodiffusion assay. The influence of cell age on the variation in carbonic anhydrase levels was determined by separating red cells into several fractions by a gravity sedimentation procedure. The younger cells showed higher levels of CA I and CA II than the older cells; however, the extensive overlap in the variability between the cells from the different fractions indicated that although cell age was contributing to the overall heterogeneity, its influence was not pronounced.", "PMID": 412493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6646", "title": "Human Pb, human post-Pb, and nonhuman primate Pb proteins: immunological and biochemical relationships.", "content": "The isolation and characterization of a protein from human parotid saliva termed the \"post-Pb protein\" is described. By several criteria, this protein is closely related to the human Pb proteins. When reacted against antisera to human Pb protein in double diffusion, the post-Pb protein is found to be related to the Pb proteins by lines of identity. However, when the partial N-terminal amino acid sequences of the post-Pb protein and Pb proteins are compare, the sequences are not identical. Because of the similarity in size of the Pb and post-Pb proteins and because of the observed sequence differences, any product-precursor relationship between the Pb and post-Pb proteins is unlikely. The post-Pb protein probably is the product of a genetic locus different from the Pb locus. Two additional species of nonhuman primates (Papio papio and P. sphinx) have been found to have Pb proteins electrophoretically similar to these found in the rhesus monkey and differing from those in the human. The isolated Pb proteins of the rhesus monkey have been found to have close biochemical and immunological relationships to the human Pb proteins.", "contents": "Human Pb, human post-Pb, and nonhuman primate Pb proteins: immunological and biochemical relationships. The isolation and characterization of a protein from human parotid saliva termed the \"post-Pb protein\" is described. By several criteria, this protein is closely related to the human Pb proteins. When reacted against antisera to human Pb protein in double diffusion, the post-Pb protein is found to be related to the Pb proteins by lines of identity. However, when the partial N-terminal amino acid sequences of the post-Pb protein and Pb proteins are compare, the sequences are not identical. Because of the similarity in size of the Pb and post-Pb proteins and because of the observed sequence differences, any product-precursor relationship between the Pb and post-Pb proteins is unlikely. The post-Pb protein probably is the product of a genetic locus different from the Pb locus. Two additional species of nonhuman primates (Papio papio and P. sphinx) have been found to have Pb proteins electrophoretically similar to these found in the rhesus monkey and differing from those in the human. The isolated Pb proteins of the rhesus monkey have been found to have close biochemical and immunological relationships to the human Pb proteins.", "PMID": 412494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6647", "title": "Isolation and genetic characterization of alcohol dehydrogenase thermostability variants occurring in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Drosophila melanogaster collected from natural populations were examined fo thermostability variants within electrophoretic mobility classes of two enzymes. In alcohol dehydrogenases, two discrete forms of the \"slow\" allozyme and three discrete forms of the \"fast\" allozyme were revealed by postelectrophoretic treatments ranging from 15 sec at 40 C to 40 sec at 43 C. All variants have been mapped to within 0.7 unit of the Adh locus. Results of a geographic survey indicate that two alleles giving rise to fast-moderate and slow-moderate allozymes are common everywhere; other variants have a collective frequency ranging from 0% to 7%. In a test of the possibility that the rare Adh alleles could be generated by intragenic recombination between the two common alleles, electrophoresis and heat treatment of progeny recombinant for flanking markers of Adh revealed no new allozymes. Among 27 stocks containing slow alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase allozymes and 109 fast stocks, heat treatments revealed no additional variation.", "contents": "Isolation and genetic characterization of alcohol dehydrogenase thermostability variants occurring in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila melanogaster collected from natural populations were examined fo thermostability variants within electrophoretic mobility classes of two enzymes. In alcohol dehydrogenases, two discrete forms of the \"slow\" allozyme and three discrete forms of the \"fast\" allozyme were revealed by postelectrophoretic treatments ranging from 15 sec at 40 C to 40 sec at 43 C. All variants have been mapped to within 0.7 unit of the Adh locus. Results of a geographic survey indicate that two alleles giving rise to fast-moderate and slow-moderate allozymes are common everywhere; other variants have a collective frequency ranging from 0% to 7%. In a test of the possibility that the rare Adh alleles could be generated by intragenic recombination between the two common alleles, electrophoresis and heat treatment of progeny recombinant for flanking markers of Adh revealed no new allozymes. Among 27 stocks containing slow alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase allozymes and 109 fast stocks, heat treatments revealed no additional variation.", "PMID": 412495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6648", "title": "Methylated nucleotide sequences in HeLa-cell ribosomal ribonucleic acid. Correlation between the results from 'fingerprinting' hydrolysates obtained by digestion with T1 ribonuclease and with T1 plus pancreatic ribonuclease.", "content": "The methylated nucleotide sequences in HeLa-cell rRNA were previously characterized after enzymic digestion of the rRNA by T1 ribonuclease alone or by combined T1 plus pancreatic ribonucleases. For any methylated product occurring in a T1-ribonuclease digest there must be one or more corresponding products in a combined T1-plus-pancreatic-ribonuclease digest. Here we correlate fully the inter-relationship between the methylated products occurring in the two digestion systems. The analysis has led to the resolution of some previous uncertainties and has permitted an almost complete qualitative and quantitative description of the methylated components in HeLa-cell rRNA. The data are compared with those reported by other authors for HeLa-cell rRNA.", "contents": "Methylated nucleotide sequences in HeLa-cell ribosomal ribonucleic acid. Correlation between the results from 'fingerprinting' hydrolysates obtained by digestion with T1 ribonuclease and with T1 plus pancreatic ribonuclease. The methylated nucleotide sequences in HeLa-cell rRNA were previously characterized after enzymic digestion of the rRNA by T1 ribonuclease alone or by combined T1 plus pancreatic ribonucleases. For any methylated product occurring in a T1-ribonuclease digest there must be one or more corresponding products in a combined T1-plus-pancreatic-ribonuclease digest. Here we correlate fully the inter-relationship between the methylated products occurring in the two digestion systems. The analysis has led to the resolution of some previous uncertainties and has permitted an almost complete qualitative and quantitative description of the methylated components in HeLa-cell rRNA. The data are compared with those reported by other authors for HeLa-cell rRNA.", "PMID": 412496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6649", "title": "The subunit and polypeptide-chain structure of rabbit secretory immunoglobulin A. Isolation of a proteolytic fragment suitable for sequence studies on the variable region of alpha-chain.", "content": "A method was developed for the preparation of a proteolytic fragment of rabbit secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) which contains the variable region of the alpha-chain; this fragment is suitable for primary-sequence studies. The serologically defined subclasses of sIgA are shown to correlate partially with the nature of the binding of a constituent chain of sIgA, called secretory piece. Data are also presented on the relative resistance of sIgA to enzymic and reductive cleavage, compared with immunoglobulin G.", "contents": "The subunit and polypeptide-chain structure of rabbit secretory immunoglobulin A. Isolation of a proteolytic fragment suitable for sequence studies on the variable region of alpha-chain. A method was developed for the preparation of a proteolytic fragment of rabbit secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) which contains the variable region of the alpha-chain; this fragment is suitable for primary-sequence studies. The serologically defined subclasses of sIgA are shown to correlate partially with the nature of the binding of a constituent chain of sIgA, called secretory piece. Data are also presented on the relative resistance of sIgA to enzymic and reductive cleavage, compared with immunoglobulin G.", "PMID": 412497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6650", "title": "Sequence studies on the heavy chain of rabbit immunoglobulin A of different alpha-locus allotypes.", "content": "The amino acid sequence was determined of part of the variable region of heavy chain from rabbit immunoglobulin A of allotypes a1 and a3. Two corrections of the primary sequence of Aa1 gamma-chains are reported; most of the structural correlates of the alpha-locus allotypes are confirmed. The amino acid sequence of the N-terminal 20 residues of alpha-negative molecules was also determined and found to be homologous to the human VhIII subgroup. These molecules are present in a much higher proportion in the alpha-chain pool than in the gamma-chain.", "contents": "Sequence studies on the heavy chain of rabbit immunoglobulin A of different alpha-locus allotypes. The amino acid sequence was determined of part of the variable region of heavy chain from rabbit immunoglobulin A of allotypes a1 and a3. Two corrections of the primary sequence of Aa1 gamma-chains are reported; most of the structural correlates of the alpha-locus allotypes are confirmed. The amino acid sequence of the N-terminal 20 residues of alpha-negative molecules was also determined and found to be homologous to the human VhIII subgroup. These molecules are present in a much higher proportion in the alpha-chain pool than in the gamma-chain.", "PMID": 412498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6651", "title": "A humoral cytotoxic substance produced by a human killer cell line.", "content": "The production of a cytotoxic factor synthesized by human haemic killer cells growing in vitro is described. The factor can be found extra- and intra-cellularly. It is released from the cells by an apocrine form of secretion, illustrated by light and electron micrographs. The culture fluid from 14C-labelled killer cells reveals numerous radioactive bands following SDS-gel electrophoresis. The killing factor is precipitated by 30 to 60% saturation of ammonium sulphate. Cultures of human rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma cells are more susceptible to the killer cells than normal human dermal or lung fibroblasts. During contact or killer with target cells a higher level of cytotoxic activity can be detected in the culture fluid. The cell-killing activity is completely inactivated by 30 min at 60 degrees C, but it is not absorbed by target cells during 1 h of incubation. The cytotoxic factor is unlikely to be an interferon since it did not prevent the replication of a wide range of viruses and only a low level of interferon could be detected in the culture medium. The introduction of Strep. faecalis into cultures of killer cells caused their transformation into immunoblast-like cells, indicating their lymphoid origin. The cells did not phagocytose the microorganism. When the humoral factor was injected into fibro-sarcoma-bearing mice approximately 50% survived, whereas all control animals died.", "contents": "A humoral cytotoxic substance produced by a human killer cell line. The production of a cytotoxic factor synthesized by human haemic killer cells growing in vitro is described. The factor can be found extra- and intra-cellularly. It is released from the cells by an apocrine form of secretion, illustrated by light and electron micrographs. The culture fluid from 14C-labelled killer cells reveals numerous radioactive bands following SDS-gel electrophoresis. The killing factor is precipitated by 30 to 60% saturation of ammonium sulphate. Cultures of human rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma cells are more susceptible to the killer cells than normal human dermal or lung fibroblasts. During contact or killer with target cells a higher level of cytotoxic activity can be detected in the culture fluid. The cell-killing activity is completely inactivated by 30 min at 60 degrees C, but it is not absorbed by target cells during 1 h of incubation. The cytotoxic factor is unlikely to be an interferon since it did not prevent the replication of a wide range of viruses and only a low level of interferon could be detected in the culture medium. The introduction of Strep. faecalis into cultures of killer cells caused their transformation into immunoblast-like cells, indicating their lymphoid origin. The cells did not phagocytose the microorganism. When the humoral factor was injected into fibro-sarcoma-bearing mice approximately 50% survived, whereas all control animals died.", "PMID": 412508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6652", "title": "Analysis of treatment of childhood leukaemia. V. Advantage of reduced chemotherapy during and immediately after cranial irradiation.", "content": "This paper compares anti-leukaemic efficiency with toxicity to the patient of chemotherapy during and immediately after central nervous system irradiation. The drug regimen consisted of daily mercaptopurine (MP) and weekly methotrexate (MTX) at the maximum tolerated dose. Of 140 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia allocated to receive this drug regimen during and after cranial irradiation, 8 died in complete remission within 6 months of the end of irradiation. Details of the nature of these deaths are given. This result led the Working Party to modify the chemotherapy scheduled for this stage in treatment. The modified chemotherapy consisted of MP at reduced dosage before and during cranial irradiation and omission of MP and MTX for 3 weeks after irradiation, during which time daily prednisolone with 2 doses of vincristine were substituted. Following that, the treatment reverted to the original schedule of daily MP and weekly MTX at maximum tolerated dose. Of 109 patients allocated to this modified regimen only one died in remission within 24 weeks after cranial irradiation. Analysis of the anti-leukaemic effect of the modified regimen showed that up to 600 days it was at least as effective as the original more intensive regimen. We conclude that there is a definite advantage in keeping chemotherapy to a minimum during and immediately following cranial prophylactic irradiation.", "contents": "Analysis of treatment of childhood leukaemia. V. Advantage of reduced chemotherapy during and immediately after cranial irradiation. This paper compares anti-leukaemic efficiency with toxicity to the patient of chemotherapy during and immediately after central nervous system irradiation. The drug regimen consisted of daily mercaptopurine (MP) and weekly methotrexate (MTX) at the maximum tolerated dose. Of 140 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia allocated to receive this drug regimen during and after cranial irradiation, 8 died in complete remission within 6 months of the end of irradiation. Details of the nature of these deaths are given. This result led the Working Party to modify the chemotherapy scheduled for this stage in treatment. The modified chemotherapy consisted of MP at reduced dosage before and during cranial irradiation and omission of MP and MTX for 3 weeks after irradiation, during which time daily prednisolone with 2 doses of vincristine were substituted. Following that, the treatment reverted to the original schedule of daily MP and weekly MTX at maximum tolerated dose. Of 109 patients allocated to this modified regimen only one died in remission within 24 weeks after cranial irradiation. Analysis of the anti-leukaemic effect of the modified regimen showed that up to 600 days it was at least as effective as the original more intensive regimen. We conclude that there is a definite advantage in keeping chemotherapy to a minimum during and immediately following cranial prophylactic irradiation.", "PMID": 412509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6653", "title": "IgG4 autoantibodies against erythrocytes, without increased haemolysis: a case report.", "content": "A patient is described who, notwithstanding a strongly positive direct antiglobulin test with anti-IgG serum, apparently did not suffer from haemolytic anaemia. The survival of the patient's red cells, measured with 51Cr, was only slightly decreased. In vitro, the sensitized cells of the patient showed only a minimal tendency to adhere to monocytes. The patient's spleen functioned normally, since 51Cr-labelled donor erythrocytes, either sensitized with IgG-anti-D or damaged by heating, were eliminated rapidly from the circulation and sequestered in the spleen. These apparently contradictory findings could be explained by the fact that the patient's red cells were sensitized with autoantibodies, mainly belonging to the IgG4 subclass. Only weak IgG1 and IgG3 autoantibodies were detectable. Since previously the patient had suffered from a severe haemolytic anaemia, it is postulated that a switch has occurred from 'active' to 'inactive' IgG autoantibodies, perhaps induced by prednisone therapy.", "contents": "IgG4 autoantibodies against erythrocytes, without increased haemolysis: a case report. A patient is described who, notwithstanding a strongly positive direct antiglobulin test with anti-IgG serum, apparently did not suffer from haemolytic anaemia. The survival of the patient's red cells, measured with 51Cr, was only slightly decreased. In vitro, the sensitized cells of the patient showed only a minimal tendency to adhere to monocytes. The patient's spleen functioned normally, since 51Cr-labelled donor erythrocytes, either sensitized with IgG-anti-D or damaged by heating, were eliminated rapidly from the circulation and sequestered in the spleen. These apparently contradictory findings could be explained by the fact that the patient's red cells were sensitized with autoantibodies, mainly belonging to the IgG4 subclass. Only weak IgG1 and IgG3 autoantibodies were detectable. Since previously the patient had suffered from a severe haemolytic anaemia, it is postulated that a switch has occurred from 'active' to 'inactive' IgG autoantibodies, perhaps induced by prednisone therapy.", "PMID": 412511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6654", "title": "Lead poisoning in a group of demolition workers.", "content": "The incidence of lead poisoning in industry has fallen dramatically since the beginning of the twentieth century. This reduction has been partly attributable to increased awareness, improved ventilation and hygiene facilities, and technical changes which have allowed other substances to replace lead, but improved medical surveillance of workers exposed to lead in certain defined industries has also been important. Not all industries where lead exposure can occur are at present covered by specific regulations dealing with lead, however. We report the diagnosis and treatment of eleven oxyacetylene metal burners involved in the demolition of a railway station, who rapidly developed frank lead poisoning. The most suitable measurements to employ in evaluating such a population are considered. The selection, based on blood lead and haemoglobin measurements, of those who should receive further treatment is discussed. Symptoms were found to be more nearly related to indices of effect or toxicity of lead than to indices of exposure or absorption. The effects of chelation therapy upon symptoms, blood lead, haemoglobin and urinary porphyrins are recorded. The need for careful follow-up is illustrated.", "contents": "Lead poisoning in a group of demolition workers. The incidence of lead poisoning in industry has fallen dramatically since the beginning of the twentieth century. This reduction has been partly attributable to increased awareness, improved ventilation and hygiene facilities, and technical changes which have allowed other substances to replace lead, but improved medical surveillance of workers exposed to lead in certain defined industries has also been important. Not all industries where lead exposure can occur are at present covered by specific regulations dealing with lead, however. We report the diagnosis and treatment of eleven oxyacetylene metal burners involved in the demolition of a railway station, who rapidly developed frank lead poisoning. The most suitable measurements to employ in evaluating such a population are considered. The selection, based on blood lead and haemoglobin measurements, of those who should receive further treatment is discussed. Symptoms were found to be more nearly related to indices of effect or toxicity of lead than to indices of exposure or absorption. The effects of chelation therapy upon symptoms, blood lead, haemoglobin and urinary porphyrins are recorded. The need for careful follow-up is illustrated.", "PMID": 412513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6655", "title": "Amniotic fluid insulin and glucagon in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by rhesus isoimmunization.", "content": "Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) were determined in the amniotic fluid from 28 rhesus isoimmunized pregnancies with moderately affected fetuses and from 15 normal pregnancies; in umbilical arterial plasma from nine newborn infants with rhesus haemolytic disease of moderate degree and from 19 normal infants; in plasma from their respective mothers at delivery; and in the urine of 13 normal infants at birth. Levels of IRI and IRG in amniotic fluid from rhesus cases were not different from those of normal pregnancies. IRG was detected in the first voided neonatal urine.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid insulin and glucagon in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by rhesus isoimmunization. Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) were determined in the amniotic fluid from 28 rhesus isoimmunized pregnancies with moderately affected fetuses and from 15 normal pregnancies; in umbilical arterial plasma from nine newborn infants with rhesus haemolytic disease of moderate degree and from 19 normal infants; in plasma from their respective mothers at delivery; and in the urine of 13 normal infants at birth. Levels of IRI and IRG in amniotic fluid from rhesus cases were not different from those of normal pregnancies. IRG was detected in the first voided neonatal urine.", "PMID": 412514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6656", "title": "Intravenous infusion of a dextrin, Caloreen, in human subjects: metabolic studies.", "content": "1. Caloreen, a glucose-polymer dextrin infused into human volunteers, although producing a clear increase in total plasma carbohydrate did not produce a satisfactory increase in plasma glucose levels or serum insulin levels. 2. Urinary losses were high and although small fragments of the dextrin (suggesting metabolic breakdown of the dextrin) were demonstrated in the urine, no suppression of plasma free fatty acid, glucagon or immediate increase in the respiratory quotient were noted, suggesting that the metabolism is too slow to make it useful for parenteral nutrition in its present form. 3. A dextrin with fewer branch-links might be more suitable.", "contents": "Intravenous infusion of a dextrin, Caloreen, in human subjects: metabolic studies. 1. Caloreen, a glucose-polymer dextrin infused into human volunteers, although producing a clear increase in total plasma carbohydrate did not produce a satisfactory increase in plasma glucose levels or serum insulin levels. 2. Urinary losses were high and although small fragments of the dextrin (suggesting metabolic breakdown of the dextrin) were demonstrated in the urine, no suppression of plasma free fatty acid, glucagon or immediate increase in the respiratory quotient were noted, suggesting that the metabolism is too slow to make it useful for parenteral nutrition in its present form. 3. A dextrin with fewer branch-links might be more suitable.", "PMID": 412515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6657", "title": "The B-vitamin content of baboon (Papio cynocephalus) milk.", "content": "1. The B-vitamins in milk from baboons (Papio cynocephalus) at various stages of lactation were measured microbiologically. 2. Mature milk contained, on average (microgram/ml): thiamin 0.18 riboflavin 0.74, nicotinic acid 3.2, folate 0.03, vitamin B6 0.70 vitamin B12 0.002, pantothenic acid 2.63, biotin 0.0065. 3. Colostrum contained much less vitamin B6 and pantothenic acid than mature milk; otherwise, there were only slight changes in composition as lactation progressed. Neither these changes, nor the absolute values, resembled those for human or cow's milk. 4. The average daily secretion of B-vitamins in milk represented less than 10% of the mother's dietary intake; that of folate was less than 0.5% of the mother's dietary intake. 5. Baboon milk was calculated to provide infants with approximately the following quantities of B-vitamins (/d): thiamin 0.06 mg, riboflavin 0.25 mg, nicotinic acid 1.1 mg, folate 10 microgram, vitamin B6 0.25 mg, vitamin B12 0.7 microgram, pantothenic acid 0.9 mg, biotin 2.2 microgram.", "contents": "The B-vitamin content of baboon (Papio cynocephalus) milk. 1. The B-vitamins in milk from baboons (Papio cynocephalus) at various stages of lactation were measured microbiologically. 2. Mature milk contained, on average (microgram/ml): thiamin 0.18 riboflavin 0.74, nicotinic acid 3.2, folate 0.03, vitamin B6 0.70 vitamin B12 0.002, pantothenic acid 2.63, biotin 0.0065. 3. Colostrum contained much less vitamin B6 and pantothenic acid than mature milk; otherwise, there were only slight changes in composition as lactation progressed. Neither these changes, nor the absolute values, resembled those for human or cow's milk. 4. The average daily secretion of B-vitamins in milk represented less than 10% of the mother's dietary intake; that of folate was less than 0.5% of the mother's dietary intake. 5. Baboon milk was calculated to provide infants with approximately the following quantities of B-vitamins (/d): thiamin 0.06 mg, riboflavin 0.25 mg, nicotinic acid 1.1 mg, folate 10 microgram, vitamin B6 0.25 mg, vitamin B12 0.7 microgram, pantothenic acid 0.9 mg, biotin 2.2 microgram.", "PMID": 412516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6658", "title": "Interaction of the unique competitive inhibitor imidazole with human carbonic anhydrase B.", "content": "Imidazole was previously found to be unique among the inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrase B (HCAB) in that it binds competitively with the CO2 substrate (Khalifah, R. G. (1971), J. Biol. Chem. 246, 2561). We report here an aromatic ultraviolet difference spectral study of its interaction with HCAB and compare it with a variety of other inhibitors. Imidazole is found to be unique in that: (1) it generates a different spectrum upon binding that is also much supressed in intensity; (2) its affinity for HCAB is maximal at high pH, being abolished upon its protonation and being independent of active-site ionizations. Imidazole differs from CO2 in that it binds competitively with the anionic inhibitor iodide. The unique properties of imidazole binding are consistent with the recently determined crystal structure of its complex with HCAB showing it to bind as a weak and distant fifth ligand of the essential zinc atom, rather than displacing the solvent molecule in the fourth ligand position (Kannan, K.K., Petef,  M., Fridborg, K., Cid-Dresdner, H., and L\u00f6vgren, S. (1977), FEBS Lett 73, 115).", "contents": "Interaction of the unique competitive inhibitor imidazole with human carbonic anhydrase B. Imidazole was previously found to be unique among the inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrase B (HCAB) in that it binds competitively with the CO2 substrate (Khalifah, R. G. (1971), J. Biol. Chem. 246, 2561). We report here an aromatic ultraviolet difference spectral study of its interaction with HCAB and compare it with a variety of other inhibitors. Imidazole is found to be unique in that: (1) it generates a different spectrum upon binding that is also much supressed in intensity; (2) its affinity for HCAB is maximal at high pH, being abolished upon its protonation and being independent of active-site ionizations. Imidazole differs from CO2 in that it binds competitively with the anionic inhibitor iodide. The unique properties of imidazole binding are consistent with the recently determined crystal structure of its complex with HCAB showing it to bind as a weak and distant fifth ligand of the essential zinc atom, rather than displacing the solvent molecule in the fourth ligand position (Kannan, K.K., Petef,  M., Fridborg, K., Cid-Dresdner, H., and L\u00f6vgren, S. (1977), FEBS Lett 73, 115).", "PMID": 412518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6659", "title": "Cytochrome P-450 for 11beta- and 18-hydroxylase activities of bovine adrenocortical mitochondria: one enzyme or two?", "content": "The 11beta- and 18-hydroxylase activities of a highly purified cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria have been examined in detail with a view to determining whether the two activities are shown by a single protein or by two distinct proteins. The purified enzyme shows a single N-terminal residue (glutamic acid) and its amino acid composition is reported. Both enzyme activities decay considerably during storage at 4 degrees C for 11 days and the rates of decay are similar for the two activities. Metyrapone inhibits both activities competitively (Ki = 1.50 and 1.43 micrometer for 11beta- and 18-hydroxylase, respectively). Carbon monoxide inhibits both activities and the ratio CO:O2 for 50% inhibition is similar for the two activities (K = 1.69 and 1.53). A variety of nonspecific inhibitors produce approximately the same inhibition of both activities. Finally, antiserum produced by rabbits to the purified enzyme on double diffusion in agarose gels gives a single band with the purified enzyme. Increasing concentrations of antiserum added to the assay system produce increasing and proportionate inhibition of both activities. The evidence strongly supports earlier suggestions that the two hydroxylase activities occur in a single protein.", "contents": "Cytochrome P-450 for 11beta- and 18-hydroxylase activities of bovine adrenocortical mitochondria: one enzyme or two? The 11beta- and 18-hydroxylase activities of a highly purified cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria have been examined in detail with a view to determining whether the two activities are shown by a single protein or by two distinct proteins. The purified enzyme shows a single N-terminal residue (glutamic acid) and its amino acid composition is reported. Both enzyme activities decay considerably during storage at 4 degrees C for 11 days and the rates of decay are similar for the two activities. Metyrapone inhibits both activities competitively (Ki = 1.50 and 1.43 micrometer for 11beta- and 18-hydroxylase, respectively). Carbon monoxide inhibits both activities and the ratio CO:O2 for 50% inhibition is similar for the two activities (K = 1.69 and 1.53). A variety of nonspecific inhibitors produce approximately the same inhibition of both activities. Finally, antiserum produced by rabbits to the purified enzyme on double diffusion in agarose gels gives a single band with the purified enzyme. Increasing concentrations of antiserum added to the assay system produce increasing and proportionate inhibition of both activities. The evidence strongly supports earlier suggestions that the two hydroxylase activities occur in a single protein.", "PMID": 412519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6660", "title": "Interconversion of conformational isomers of light chains in the Mcg immunoglobulins.", "content": "Previous crystallographic studies in this laboratory demonstrated that immunoglobulin light chains with the same amino acid sequence can have at least two and probably three or more conformations, depending on whether the second member of an interacting pair is a light or heavy chain. If a heavy chain is not available in the assembly medium, a second light chain plays the structural role of the heavy chain in the formation of a dimer. In the present work, the lambda-type light chains were dissociated from the heavy chains of a serum IgG1 immunoglobulin from the patient Mcg and reassembled noncovalently into a dimer. The reassembly process was completed by allowing the penultimate half-cystine residues to form an interchain disulfide bond. The covalently linked dimer was compared with the Mcg urinary Bence-Jones dimer, for which an atomic model has been fitted to a 2.3-A electron density map. The assembled dimer and the native Bence-Jones protein were indistinguishable in their chromatographic and electrophoretic properties, as well as in their activity in the binding of bis(dinitrophenyl)lysine. These results indicate that the light chains can be converted into the two types of Bence-Jones conformational isomers. The procedure was also reversed: the two Bence-Jones isomers were dissociated and reassembled as the single type of isomer associating with each of two heavy chains in the IgG1 protein. The change in activity occurring when a light chain associates with a heavy chain instead of a second light chain is illustrated by the fact that the Mcg IgG1 immunoglobulin does not bind dis(dinitrophenyl)lysine in measurable amounts.", "contents": "Interconversion of conformational isomers of light chains in the Mcg immunoglobulins. Previous crystallographic studies in this laboratory demonstrated that immunoglobulin light chains with the same amino acid sequence can have at least two and probably three or more conformations, depending on whether the second member of an interacting pair is a light or heavy chain. If a heavy chain is not available in the assembly medium, a second light chain plays the structural role of the heavy chain in the formation of a dimer. In the present work, the lambda-type light chains were dissociated from the heavy chains of a serum IgG1 immunoglobulin from the patient Mcg and reassembled noncovalently into a dimer. The reassembly process was completed by allowing the penultimate half-cystine residues to form an interchain disulfide bond. The covalently linked dimer was compared with the Mcg urinary Bence-Jones dimer, for which an atomic model has been fitted to a 2.3-A electron density map. The assembled dimer and the native Bence-Jones protein were indistinguishable in their chromatographic and electrophoretic properties, as well as in their activity in the binding of bis(dinitrophenyl)lysine. These results indicate that the light chains can be converted into the two types of Bence-Jones conformational isomers. The procedure was also reversed: the two Bence-Jones isomers were dissociated and reassembled as the single type of isomer associating with each of two heavy chains in the IgG1 protein. The change in activity occurring when a light chain associates with a heavy chain instead of a second light chain is illustrated by the fact that the Mcg IgG1 immunoglobulin does not bind dis(dinitrophenyl)lysine in measurable amounts.", "PMID": 412520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6661", "title": "The light-harvesting chlorophylla  a/b.protein complex of the green alga Acetabularia mediterranea. Isolation and characterization of two subunits.", "content": "In the green alga Acetabularia mediterranea a light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b.protein complex of 67 000 daltons has been found which contains two polypeptide chains of 21 500 and 23 000 daltons. These two polypeptides were isolated on a preparative scale and were further characterized by several different methods. Both polypeptides proved to be very similar. While their amino acid and sugar compositions as well as their immunochemical properties were almost identical the tryptic peptides and the cyanogen bromide fragments of the two polypeptides revealed minor but significant differences. The 67 000-dalton chlorophyll a/b.protein complex and its two polypeptide components were compared to the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b.protein of higher plants.", "contents": "The light-harvesting chlorophylla  a/b.protein complex of the green alga Acetabularia mediterranea. Isolation and characterization of two subunits. In the green alga Acetabularia mediterranea a light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b.protein complex of 67 000 daltons has been found which contains two polypeptide chains of 21 500 and 23 000 daltons. These two polypeptides were isolated on a preparative scale and were further characterized by several different methods. Both polypeptides proved to be very similar. While their amino acid and sugar compositions as well as their immunochemical properties were almost identical the tryptic peptides and the cyanogen bromide fragments of the two polypeptides revealed minor but significant differences. The 67 000-dalton chlorophyll a/b.protein complex and its two polypeptide components were compared to the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b.protein of higher plants.", "PMID": 412522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6662", "title": "Enzyme alteration in skeletal muscle of mice with muscular dystrophy.", "content": "1. Developmental enzyme alterations were investigated in skeletal muscle of the hereditary progressive muscular dystrophy (PMD) mice of C57BL/6J strain. 2. Enzymes examined were classified into three groups according to changes of activities in dystrophy muscle during ageing. Activities of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2), pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1), and fructose-biphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13), each of which had the respective muscle specific isoenzyme of extremely high activity in normal adult skeletal muscle, decreased rapidly in dystrophy muscle from the early stage of the disease with ageing. Activities of glycogen synthase (EC 2.4.1.11) and hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) were higher in dystrophy muscle in the early stage but decreased gradually to lower levels than those in the control with ageing. Activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) were always much higher in dystrophy muscle than in the control, with no relation to ageing. 3. Isoenzymes of creatine kinase, pyruvate kinase and phosphorylase in dystrophy muscle were mainly the muscle types, indicating that muscle differentiation was not blocked profoundly even in dystrophy muscle. In limited cases, especially in the early stage of the disease, very weak activities of the non-muscle fetal type isoenzymes of creatine kinase and phosphorylase were detected, apparently associated with partial muscle regeneration in dystrophy muscle.", "contents": "Enzyme alteration in skeletal muscle of mice with muscular dystrophy. 1. Developmental enzyme alterations were investigated in skeletal muscle of the hereditary progressive muscular dystrophy (PMD) mice of C57BL/6J strain. 2. Enzymes examined were classified into three groups according to changes of activities in dystrophy muscle during ageing. Activities of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2), pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40), glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1), and fructose-biphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13), each of which had the respective muscle specific isoenzyme of extremely high activity in normal adult skeletal muscle, decreased rapidly in dystrophy muscle from the early stage of the disease with ageing. Activities of glycogen synthase (EC 2.4.1.11) and hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) were higher in dystrophy muscle in the early stage but decreased gradually to lower levels than those in the control with ageing. Activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) were always much higher in dystrophy muscle than in the control, with no relation to ageing. 3. Isoenzymes of creatine kinase, pyruvate kinase and phosphorylase in dystrophy muscle were mainly the muscle types, indicating that muscle differentiation was not blocked profoundly even in dystrophy muscle. In limited cases, especially in the early stage of the disease, very weak activities of the non-muscle fetal type isoenzymes of creatine kinase and phosphorylase were detected, apparently associated with partial muscle regeneration in dystrophy muscle.", "PMID": 412523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6663", "title": "[Primary photosynthetic reactions in isolated chloroplasts fixed by glutaric aldehyde].", "content": "The primary photosynthetic reactions in isolated pea chloroplasts with the structures fixed by increasing concentrations of glutaric aldehyde were studied. It was shown that under chloroplast fixation by 5--25 mM of glutaric aldehyde, a significant inhibition of processes responsible for energy transformation in biological membranes was observed. The highest sensitivity was observed for the phosphorylation reactions, photo-induced changes in absorption at 520 nm, photo-induced quenching of atebrin fluorescence and slow component of delayed light emission. The photo-induced proton uptake was found to be less sensitive to fixation by glutaric aldehyde. It was also shown that on chloroplast fixation the extent of the steady-state P700 oxidation and the lifetime of the photosystem I and II chlorophyll fluorescence are both increased, a fact is indicating of loss in the effectiveness of light energy transfer from the antenna molecules to the reaction centres. Presumably the conformational changes play an essential role at the initial steps of light energy transformation.", "contents": "[Primary photosynthetic reactions in isolated chloroplasts fixed by glutaric aldehyde]. The primary photosynthetic reactions in isolated pea chloroplasts with the structures fixed by increasing concentrations of glutaric aldehyde were studied. It was shown that under chloroplast fixation by 5--25 mM of glutaric aldehyde, a significant inhibition of processes responsible for energy transformation in biological membranes was observed. The highest sensitivity was observed for the phosphorylation reactions, photo-induced changes in absorption at 520 nm, photo-induced quenching of atebrin fluorescence and slow component of delayed light emission. The photo-induced proton uptake was found to be less sensitive to fixation by glutaric aldehyde. It was also shown that on chloroplast fixation the extent of the steady-state P700 oxidation and the lifetime of the photosystem I and II chlorophyll fluorescence are both increased, a fact is indicating of loss in the effectiveness of light energy transfer from the antenna molecules to the reaction centres. Presumably the conformational changes play an essential role at the initial steps of light energy transformation.", "PMID": 412524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6664", "title": "[Light-induced oxygen uptake by chromatophores and subchromatophore pigment-protein complexes of Rhodospirillum rubrum].", "content": "Chromatophores of R. rubrum incubated with electron donors, e. g. reduced diaminodurene, TMPD, phenazine methosulphate, cytochrome c or ferrocyanide, are able to catalyze O2 uptake upon illumination. This process is inhibited by o-phenanthroline as well as upon extraction of quinones from chromatophores, but not by antimycin A, rotenone or CN-. The O2 uptake sensitive to the action of o-phenanthroline is also observed in the illuminated subchromatophore P870 reaction center complexes and reaction center  plus light-harvesting antenna complexes incubated with electron donors, quinones and detergents. The data obtained are in agreement with a suggestion that the photooxidase activity of chromatophores and subchromatophore pigment-protein complexes is due to the interaction of photoreduced ubiquinone with O2.", "contents": "[Light-induced oxygen uptake by chromatophores and subchromatophore pigment-protein complexes of Rhodospirillum rubrum]. Chromatophores of R. rubrum incubated with electron donors, e. g. reduced diaminodurene, TMPD, phenazine methosulphate, cytochrome c or ferrocyanide, are able to catalyze O2 uptake upon illumination. This process is inhibited by o-phenanthroline as well as upon extraction of quinones from chromatophores, but not by antimycin A, rotenone or CN-. The O2 uptake sensitive to the action of o-phenanthroline is also observed in the illuminated subchromatophore P870 reaction center complexes and reaction center  plus light-harvesting antenna complexes incubated with electron donors, quinones and detergents. The data obtained are in agreement with a suggestion that the photooxidase activity of chromatophores and subchromatophore pigment-protein complexes is due to the interaction of photoreduced ubiquinone with O2.", "PMID": 412525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6665", "title": "[Isoenzyme composition and some properties of pea lipoxygenase].", "content": "The isoenzyme composition and some properties of lipoxygenase isolated from the seeds and 10-day old sprouts of pea plant were studied. The enzyme activity assay, using gel- and ion-exchange chromatography, disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, etc. revealed that the plant contains two lipoxygenase systems of unsaturated long-chain fatty acids oxidation. The existence of four lipoxygenase isoenzymes whose combination determines the type of lipoxygenase-catalyzed reactions of linoleic acid oxidation, has been confirmed.", "contents": "[Isoenzyme composition and some properties of pea lipoxygenase]. The isoenzyme composition and some properties of lipoxygenase isolated from the seeds and 10-day old sprouts of pea plant were studied. The enzyme activity assay, using gel- and ion-exchange chromatography, disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, etc. revealed that the plant contains two lipoxygenase systems of unsaturated long-chain fatty acids oxidation. The existence of four lipoxygenase isoenzymes whose combination determines the type of lipoxygenase-catalyzed reactions of linoleic acid oxidation, has been confirmed.", "PMID": 412526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6666", "title": "[Thrombocyte adenase of healthy monkeys and monkeys with different degrees of hemoblastosis].", "content": "Sensitive radioactive method was used to study the activity of blood platelet adenase in healthy monkeys and in monkeys with hemoblastosis of different severity. A considerable increase of the specific activity of the enzyme in hemoblastosis with an expressed clinical picture and a reduction of the enzymatic activity at the stage of remission and in mild form of the disease was demonstrated. No adenase was revealed in the platelets of healthy monkeys.", "contents": "[Thrombocyte adenase of healthy monkeys and monkeys with different degrees of hemoblastosis]. Sensitive radioactive method was used to study the activity of blood platelet adenase in healthy monkeys and in monkeys with hemoblastosis of different severity. A considerable increase of the specific activity of the enzyme in hemoblastosis with an expressed clinical picture and a reduction of the enzymatic activity at the stage of remission and in mild form of the disease was demonstrated. No adenase was revealed in the platelets of healthy monkeys.", "PMID": 412528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6667", "title": "[Role of mitochondrial membrane lipid hydrolysis in their swelling induced by thyroxine].", "content": "The thyroxin-induced mitochondrial swelling was accompanied by an accumulation in organellas of free fatty acids which level was restored after the mitochondria contraction in the ATP presence. EGTA induced mitochondrial contractions as well, but with no free fatty acids utilization. Apparently, the thyroxin-induced mitochondrial swelling is the result of the membrane phospholipase activation and of the increase in the membrane cationic permeability due to the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids.", "contents": "[Role of mitochondrial membrane lipid hydrolysis in their swelling induced by thyroxine]. The thyroxin-induced mitochondrial swelling was accompanied by an accumulation in organellas of free fatty acids which level was restored after the mitochondria contraction in the ATP presence. EGTA induced mitochondrial contractions as well, but with no free fatty acids utilization. Apparently, the thyroxin-induced mitochondrial swelling is the result of the membrane phospholipase activation and of the increase in the membrane cationic permeability due to the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids.", "PMID": 412529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6668", "title": "[Formation of nerve fibers between organotypic explants of the hippocampus and mammillary bodies of newborn mice].", "content": "Nervous fiber bundles formed between the explants during the organotypic cocultivation of the hippocampus and mamillary nuclei of the newborn mouse. Some of the fibers within these bundles were the continuation of axons localized in the alveus of the Ammon's horn. It is suggested that under conditions of cultivation the hippocampal pyramidal neurons deprived of the afferent leads-in from other brain structures are capable of forming the projection efferent connections typical of the intact hippocampus neurons.", "contents": "[Formation of nerve fibers between organotypic explants of the hippocampus and mammillary bodies of newborn mice]. Nervous fiber bundles formed between the explants during the organotypic cocultivation of the hippocampus and mamillary nuclei of the newborn mouse. Some of the fibers within these bundles were the continuation of axons localized in the alveus of the Ammon's horn. It is suggested that under conditions of cultivation the hippocampal pyramidal neurons deprived of the afferent leads-in from other brain structures are capable of forming the projection efferent connections typical of the intact hippocampus neurons.", "PMID": 412530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6669", "title": "Antithrombin Pittsburgh: an alpha1-antitrypsin variant causing hemorrhagic disease.", "content": "A 10-year-old boy had a severe lifelong hemorrhagic disorder that had necessitated more than 50 hospitalizations. Laboratory examination showed prolonged bleeding, clotting, partial thromboplastin, prothrombin, and thrombin times. These findings were due to a potent inhibitor of the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction. This inhibitor was similar to heparin in that it acted immediately and did not interfere with the coagulant activities of certain venoms. It differed from heparin in not being adsorbed to barium citrate or neutralized by protamine sulfate. The inhibitory effect was found in the alpha1-globulin fraction. It was identified immunologically and functionally as a double-banded alpha1-antitrypsin of a previously unreported phenotype. The inhibitory effects were depressed by trypsin and heterologous anti-alpha1-antitrypsin.", "contents": "Antithrombin Pittsburgh: an alpha1-antitrypsin variant causing hemorrhagic disease. A 10-year-old boy had a severe lifelong hemorrhagic disorder that had necessitated more than 50 hospitalizations. Laboratory examination showed prolonged bleeding, clotting, partial thromboplastin, prothrombin, and thrombin times. These findings were due to a potent inhibitor of the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction. This inhibitor was similar to heparin in that it acted immediately and did not interfere with the coagulant activities of certain venoms. It differed from heparin in not being adsorbed to barium citrate or neutralized by protamine sulfate. The inhibitory effect was found in the alpha1-globulin fraction. It was identified immunologically and functionally as a double-banded alpha1-antitrypsin of a previously unreported phenotype. The inhibitory effects were depressed by trypsin and heterologous anti-alpha1-antitrypsin.", "PMID": 412531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6670", "title": "An unusual case of a plasma cell neoplasm with an IgG3lambda myeloma and a gamma3 heavy chain disease protein.", "content": "A unique case of gamma3 heavy chain disease with two related serum proteins is reported. One molecule appears to be an IgG3lambda myeloma protein. The second molecule is a dimer of a shortened gamma3 heavy chain that has an unblocked amino terminus and lacks the VH and CH1 domains. Its probable origin as a synthetic product is discussed. The clinical and pathologic features of this patient resemble those of other patients with gamma heavy chain disease more than those of patients with multiple myeloma. It seems likely that the heavy chain disease protein is the result of a mutational event in the malignant clone originally producing the myeloma protein.", "contents": "An unusual case of a plasma cell neoplasm with an IgG3lambda myeloma and a gamma3 heavy chain disease protein. A unique case of gamma3 heavy chain disease with two related serum proteins is reported. One molecule appears to be an IgG3lambda myeloma protein. The second molecule is a dimer of a shortened gamma3 heavy chain that has an unblocked amino terminus and lacks the VH and CH1 domains. Its probable origin as a synthetic product is discussed. The clinical and pathologic features of this patient resemble those of other patients with gamma heavy chain disease more than those of patients with multiple myeloma. It seems likely that the heavy chain disease protein is the result of a mutational event in the malignant clone originally producing the myeloma protein.", "PMID": 412532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6671", "title": "Behavioural and pharmacokinetic studies in the monkey (Macaca mulatta) with diazepam, nordiazepam and related 1,4-benzodiazepines.", "content": "1. Behavioural activity (delayed differentiation and spatial delayed alternation) and pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its metabolites, N-desmethyldiazepam (nordiazepam), 3-hydroxydiazepam (temazepam) and 3-hydroxy-N-desmethyldiazepam (oxazepam), and of dipotassium clorazepate (clorazepate), were studied in the monkey (Macaca mulatta). Diazepam and its metabolites (1.8 and 3.0 mg/kg) and clorazepate (2.6 and 4.3 mg/kg) were given by intraperitoneal injection. 2. Hydroxylation of diazepam (temazepam and oxazepam) led to a loss of, or a considerable reduction in, behavioural activity, whereas activity was preserved, though modified, by demethylation (nordiazepam). It was not possible to establish change in behaviour at specific time intervals after clorazepate, but combined performance data revealed an effect. 3. The maximum mean plasma concentrations of diazepam, temazepam, oxazepam and clorazepate were observed at 0.5 h, and the maximum mean plasma concentration of nordiazepam was observed at 1 hour. Plasma concentrations of nordiazepam were the highest and decreased monoexponentially. Plasma concenqrations of the other drugs declined rapidly at first but more slowly later, and these data were analysed as biexponential models. In the analysis for metabolites, nordiazepam reached measurable levels after the injection of diazepam and clorazepate. 4. It is suggested that differences in the effects of closely related benzodiazepines may not be due solely to their plasma pharmacokinetic properties, but may arise from differences in their intrinsic activity.", "contents": "Behavioural and pharmacokinetic studies in the monkey (Macaca mulatta) with diazepam, nordiazepam and related 1,4-benzodiazepines. 1. Behavioural activity (delayed differentiation and spatial delayed alternation) and pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its metabolites, N-desmethyldiazepam (nordiazepam), 3-hydroxydiazepam (temazepam) and 3-hydroxy-N-desmethyldiazepam (oxazepam), and of dipotassium clorazepate (clorazepate), were studied in the monkey (Macaca mulatta). Diazepam and its metabolites (1.8 and 3.0 mg/kg) and clorazepate (2.6 and 4.3 mg/kg) were given by intraperitoneal injection. 2. Hydroxylation of diazepam (temazepam and oxazepam) led to a loss of, or a considerable reduction in, behavioural activity, whereas activity was preserved, though modified, by demethylation (nordiazepam). It was not possible to establish change in behaviour at specific time intervals after clorazepate, but combined performance data revealed an effect. 3. The maximum mean plasma concentrations of diazepam, temazepam, oxazepam and clorazepate were observed at 0.5 h, and the maximum mean plasma concentration of nordiazepam was observed at 1 hour. Plasma concentrations of nordiazepam were the highest and decreased monoexponentially. Plasma concenqrations of the other drugs declined rapidly at first but more slowly later, and these data were analysed as biexponential models. In the analysis for metabolites, nordiazepam reached measurable levels after the injection of diazepam and clorazepate. 4. It is suggested that differences in the effects of closely related benzodiazepines may not be due solely to their plasma pharmacokinetic properties, but may arise from differences in their intrinsic activity.", "PMID": 412540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6672", "title": "Trying to bridge some neuropsychological gaps between monkey and man.", "content": "It is puzzling that some anatomical systems in the brains of monkeys and men appear to function quite differently although there is no established basis for this either in their fine-grained anatomical organizations or in the inherent behavioural capacities of the two species. It is suggested that in some instances the discrepancies may arise because inappropriate tests have been used with the animals, and examples are given of positive evidence for cross-modal perception and a possible experimental basis for hemispheric specialization in the monkey. In other instances, they may derive from inadequate or inappropriate methods of testing human subjects, and attention is focused on two major examples: memory disorders associated with medial temporal lobe lesions and blindness associated with occipital lesions in man. In both examples it has been generally concluded that the human deficits are far more severe and even qualitatively different from those studied in the monkey. Evidence suggests that the discrepancies may be resolved if human subjects are tested not by means of 'commentary' questions (e.g 'do you see this? or 'do you recognize this?') but by methods that depend upon forced-choice or identification procedures that are more closely related to those used with animal subjects. It is argued that the study of dissociations between a capacity and its acknowledgement by a human subject may suggest a type of brain organization that is consistent both with the engineering approach that Craik would have fostered and also with one that places older and newer brain structures in the single evolutionary framework.", "contents": "Trying to bridge some neuropsychological gaps between monkey and man. It is puzzling that some anatomical systems in the brains of monkeys and men appear to function quite differently although there is no established basis for this either in their fine-grained anatomical organizations or in the inherent behavioural capacities of the two species. It is suggested that in some instances the discrepancies may arise because inappropriate tests have been used with the animals, and examples are given of positive evidence for cross-modal perception and a possible experimental basis for hemispheric specialization in the monkey. In other instances, they may derive from inadequate or inappropriate methods of testing human subjects, and attention is focused on two major examples: memory disorders associated with medial temporal lobe lesions and blindness associated with occipital lesions in man. In both examples it has been generally concluded that the human deficits are far more severe and even qualitatively different from those studied in the monkey. Evidence suggests that the discrepancies may be resolved if human subjects are tested not by means of 'commentary' questions (e.g 'do you see this? or 'do you recognize this?') but by methods that depend upon forced-choice or identification procedures that are more closely related to those used with animal subjects. It is argued that the study of dissociations between a capacity and its acknowledgement by a human subject may suggest a type of brain organization that is consistent both with the engineering approach that Craik would have fostered and also with one that places older and newer brain structures in the single evolutionary framework.", "PMID": 412544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6673", "title": "Total hepatic ischaemia in the Rhesus monkey.", "content": "During operations for major hepatic trauma it may be necessary temporarily to deprive the liver of its blood supply by occlusion of the hepatic artery and portal vein. The maximum 'safe period' of total hepatic ischaemia in man is unknown. In the monkey the ischaemic liver 'leaks' potassium, and levels of this element in the hepatic veins rise during ischaemia reaching a peak immediately after blood supply to the liver is restored. However, critical systemic levels of potassium are never reached and severe biochemical disturbance does not occur until 2 h following revascularization in animals having experienced ischaemic periods of longer than 20 min.", "contents": "Total hepatic ischaemia in the Rhesus monkey. During operations for major hepatic trauma it may be necessary temporarily to deprive the liver of its blood supply by occlusion of the hepatic artery and portal vein. The maximum 'safe period' of total hepatic ischaemia in man is unknown. In the monkey the ischaemic liver 'leaks' potassium, and levels of this element in the hepatic veins rise during ischaemia reaching a peak immediately after blood supply to the liver is restored. However, critical systemic levels of potassium are never reached and severe biochemical disturbance does not occur until 2 h following revascularization in animals having experienced ischaemic periods of longer than 20 min.", "PMID": 412546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6674", "title": "Leakage from T tube tracts as determined by contrast radiology.", "content": "The continuity of the T tube tract on removal of the drain was studied by fluoroscopic examination in 51 patients. Leakage was found in 25 cases (abdominal cavity 7, wound drain 6, local cavity 11, combined abdominal and wound drain leakage 1). No correlation was found between the incidence of pyrexia or pain and the presence of leakage. These complications, noted in 10 patients, are probably explained by bacterial contamination of the bile in combination with the trauma caused by extraction of the tube.", "contents": "Leakage from T tube tracts as determined by contrast radiology. The continuity of the T tube tract on removal of the drain was studied by fluoroscopic examination in 51 patients. Leakage was found in 25 cases (abdominal cavity 7, wound drain 6, local cavity 11, combined abdominal and wound drain leakage 1). No correlation was found between the incidence of pyrexia or pain and the presence of leakage. These complications, noted in 10 patients, are probably explained by bacterial contamination of the bile in combination with the trauma caused by extraction of the tube.", "PMID": 412547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6675", "title": "Noxythiolln-resistant organisms in a district general hospital.", "content": "Twelve strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, three strains of Klebsiella aerogenes, and two strains of Escherichia coli were found to be resistant to noxythiolin. Some of the pseudomonads were isolated from patients in the same ward, not all of whom were on noxythiolin treatment. The strains from these patients were indistinguishable from each other on phage typing, which suggested cross-contamination. No Gram-positive organism was found to be resistant to noxythiolin. Noxythiolin should not be used before a disc diffusion sensitivity test has been performed to determine whether the organisms are sensitive to it. This is particularly important when pseudomonads are the offending organisms.", "contents": "Noxythiolln-resistant organisms in a district general hospital. Twelve strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, three strains of Klebsiella aerogenes, and two strains of Escherichia coli were found to be resistant to noxythiolin. Some of the pseudomonads were isolated from patients in the same ward, not all of whom were on noxythiolin treatment. The strains from these patients were indistinguishable from each other on phage typing, which suggested cross-contamination. No Gram-positive organism was found to be resistant to noxythiolin. Noxythiolin should not be used before a disc diffusion sensitivity test has been performed to determine whether the organisms are sensitive to it. This is particularly important when pseudomonads are the offending organisms.", "PMID": 412549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6676", "title": "Nutritional requirements and penicillin susceptibilities of gonococci from pharyngeal and anogenital sites.", "content": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from 5.9% of oropharyngeal specimens obtained from patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Oropharyngeal isolates from 69 patients and anogenital isolated from 97 other patients attending the same clinic were compared. Many of the gonococci could be differentiated by the compounds required for growth in chemically defined media or by differences in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin G. Strains with requirements for either proline (Pro-) or arginine (Arg-) or for none of the compounds that are used for differentiation (zero phenotype) were more common in the oropharynx (91.3% of patients) than in anogenital sites (73.2% of patients). On the other hand, gonococci with multiple requirements that include arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil (AHU strains) were present in oropharyngeal specimens from only three patients (4.4%), but were isolated from anogenital specimens from 18 patients (18.6%). A high susceptibility to penicillin characterised the AHU strains from all sites, as others have reported. The penicillin MIC ranged from 0.003-0.72 microgram/ml for strains with Pro-, Arg-, and zero phenotypes. However, a penicillin MIC greater than or equal to 0.42 microgram/ml was found for 17.6% of oropharyngeal isolates of these types, but for only 4.1% of Pro-, Arg-, and zero isolates from anogenital sites. None of these moderately resistant strains produced beta-lactamase. Our findings indicate that gonococci differ in their ability to colonise the oropharynx successfully.", "contents": "Nutritional requirements and penicillin susceptibilities of gonococci from pharyngeal and anogenital sites. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from 5.9% of oropharyngeal specimens obtained from patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Oropharyngeal isolates from 69 patients and anogenital isolated from 97 other patients attending the same clinic were compared. Many of the gonococci could be differentiated by the compounds required for growth in chemically defined media or by differences in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin G. Strains with requirements for either proline (Pro-) or arginine (Arg-) or for none of the compounds that are used for differentiation (zero phenotype) were more common in the oropharynx (91.3% of patients) than in anogenital sites (73.2% of patients). On the other hand, gonococci with multiple requirements that include arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil (AHU strains) were present in oropharyngeal specimens from only three patients (4.4%), but were isolated from anogenital specimens from 18 patients (18.6%). A high susceptibility to penicillin characterised the AHU strains from all sites, as others have reported. The penicillin MIC ranged from 0.003-0.72 microgram/ml for strains with Pro-, Arg-, and zero phenotypes. However, a penicillin MIC greater than or equal to 0.42 microgram/ml was found for 17.6% of oropharyngeal isolates of these types, but for only 4.1% of Pro-, Arg-, and zero isolates from anogenital sites. None of these moderately resistant strains produced beta-lactamase. Our findings indicate that gonococci differ in their ability to colonise the oropharynx successfully.", "PMID": 412557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6677", "title": "Sensitivity pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin and screening for beta-lactamase production in Ibadan, Nigeria.", "content": "The few reports from Africa on sensitivity determinations of Neisseria gonorrhoeae suggest that there is an increasing resistance in the strains, as has been found in other parts of the world. In the current study, the penicillin sensitivities and \u03b2-lactamase production of 80 consecutive strains of N. gonorrhoeae isolated from cases of acute urethritis in African men in Ibadan were studied. Of these strains, 17\u00b75% had a penicillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0\u00b7038 \u03bcg/ml or less and were considered as being `fully sensitive'. However, 82\u00b75% had an MIC of 0\u00b7075 \u03bcg penicillin/ml or more, and were considered as having `diminished sensitivity' to penicillin. It was thought that this high incidence of relatively insensitive strains was owing to the sequential selection of these strains because of the easy availability and abuse of antimicrobial agents by the general population. Furthermore, 13 strains (16\u00b725%) demonstrated high level resistance with MIC values of over 0\u00b76 \u03bcg penicillin per ml and it is probable that many of the strains will demonstrate multiresistance to the commonly misused antimicrobial agents. Consequently, treatment of patients harbouring these strains may present problems because of financial constraints of the health services in purchasing the appropriate antibiotics. Despite the high level resistance of the strains in an environment of intensive penicillin and ampicillin use, none of the strains studied showed any evidence of \u03b2-lactamase production. Nevertheless, continuous surveillance of \u03b2-lactamase production by the gonococcus is recommended in the larger medical centres in developing countries.", "contents": "Sensitivity pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin and screening for beta-lactamase production in Ibadan, Nigeria. The few reports from Africa on sensitivity determinations of Neisseria gonorrhoeae suggest that there is an increasing resistance in the strains, as has been found in other parts of the world. In the current study, the penicillin sensitivities and \u03b2-lactamase production of 80 consecutive strains of N. gonorrhoeae isolated from cases of acute urethritis in African men in Ibadan were studied. Of these strains, 17\u00b75% had a penicillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0\u00b7038 \u03bcg/ml or less and were considered as being `fully sensitive'. However, 82\u00b75% had an MIC of 0\u00b7075 \u03bcg penicillin/ml or more, and were considered as having `diminished sensitivity' to penicillin. It was thought that this high incidence of relatively insensitive strains was owing to the sequential selection of these strains because of the easy availability and abuse of antimicrobial agents by the general population. Furthermore, 13 strains (16\u00b725%) demonstrated high level resistance with MIC values of over 0\u00b76 \u03bcg penicillin per ml and it is probable that many of the strains will demonstrate multiresistance to the commonly misused antimicrobial agents. Consequently, treatment of patients harbouring these strains may present problems because of financial constraints of the health services in purchasing the appropriate antibiotics. Despite the high level resistance of the strains in an environment of intensive penicillin and ampicillin use, none of the strains studied showed any evidence of \u03b2-lactamase production. Nevertheless, continuous surveillance of \u03b2-lactamase production by the gonococcus is recommended in the larger medical centres in developing countries.", "PMID": 412558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6678", "title": "Diagnosis of rectal gonorrhoea by blind anorectal swabs compared with direct vision swabs taken via a proctoscope.", "content": "Eight hundred and twenty-three examinations were carried out on 662 homosexual patients. At each examination a blind anorectal swab and a rectal swab taken via a proctoscope were inoculated on to a culture plate. From a total of 100 gonococcal infections of the rectum 96 gave positive results from blind anorectal swabs and 99 from swabs taken via a proctoscope. Blind anorectal swabs proved to be a reliable method in the diagnosis of rectal gonorrhoea.", "contents": "Diagnosis of rectal gonorrhoea by blind anorectal swabs compared with direct vision swabs taken via a proctoscope. Eight hundred and twenty-three examinations were carried out on 662 homosexual patients. At each examination a blind anorectal swab and a rectal swab taken via a proctoscope were inoculated on to a culture plate. From a total of 100 gonococcal infections of the rectum 96 gave positive results from blind anorectal swabs and 99 from swabs taken via a proctoscope. Blind anorectal swabs proved to be a reliable method in the diagnosis of rectal gonorrhoea.", "PMID": 412559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6679", "title": "Comparative investigation of the relationship between cerebral indices and learning abilities.", "content": "Indices of cerebral development were computed for 23 different species in order to assess their capacity to accurately reflect differences in learning ability. The resulting correlations between index values and performance on a variety of tasks strongly suggest that this approach may offer the best type of continuum for the comparative study of learning. It was further suggested that if the index proposed by Jerison were expanded to reflect possible neuronal connections, a more powerful measure might be obtained.", "contents": "Comparative investigation of the relationship between cerebral indices and learning abilities. Indices of cerebral development were computed for 23 different species in order to assess their capacity to accurately reflect differences in learning ability. The resulting correlations between index values and performance on a variety of tasks strongly suggest that this approach may offer the best type of continuum for the comparative study of learning. It was further suggested that if the index proposed by Jerison were expanded to reflect possible neuronal connections, a more powerful measure might be obtained.", "PMID": 412561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6680", "title": "Clinical, biochemical, and physiological features distinguishing myoclonus responsive to 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptophan with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and clonazepam.", "content": "Fifteen patients with a variety of myoclonic syndromes were studied clinically, pharmacologically, and physiologically. CSF tryptophan, 5HIAA, and HVA were also measured. Of these patients, 8 were improved to varying degrees by therapy with 5HTP, tryptophan in combination with MAOI (but not tryptophan alone), and clonazepam. This group included 6 cases of post-anoxic myoclonus, one case of post-traumatic myoclonus and one undiagnosed case of non-progressive focal myoclonus and epilepsy. In this group low levels of CSF 5HIAA were found compared to non-responsive cases and controls. Two cases of dysynergia cerebellaris myoclonica, 2 cases of undiagnosed aetiology, 2 cases of essential myoclonus, and one case of palatal myoclonus failed to respond to drug therapy. However, even amongst the responsive group the improvement varied. The most dramatic responses were seen in those patients in whom physiological study suggested that myoclonus was mediated by brain-stem structures. Less dramatic responses were seen in patients in whom the myoclonus appeared to originate from cortical structures. The neurochemical basis of myoclonus responding to 5HT precursors and clonazepam is discussed. It is suggested that such myoclonus arises from a relative hypoactivity of the 5HT neuronal system which results in a release of abnormal responses to sensory stimuli which characterize this type of myoclonus.", "contents": "Clinical, biochemical, and physiological features distinguishing myoclonus responsive to 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptophan with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and clonazepam. Fifteen patients with a variety of myoclonic syndromes were studied clinically, pharmacologically, and physiologically. CSF tryptophan, 5HIAA, and HVA were also measured. Of these patients, 8 were improved to varying degrees by therapy with 5HTP, tryptophan in combination with MAOI (but not tryptophan alone), and clonazepam. This group included 6 cases of post-anoxic myoclonus, one case of post-traumatic myoclonus and one undiagnosed case of non-progressive focal myoclonus and epilepsy. In this group low levels of CSF 5HIAA were found compared to non-responsive cases and controls. Two cases of dysynergia cerebellaris myoclonica, 2 cases of undiagnosed aetiology, 2 cases of essential myoclonus, and one case of palatal myoclonus failed to respond to drug therapy. However, even amongst the responsive group the improvement varied. The most dramatic responses were seen in those patients in whom physiological study suggested that myoclonus was mediated by brain-stem structures. Less dramatic responses were seen in patients in whom the myoclonus appeared to originate from cortical structures. The neurochemical basis of myoclonus responding to 5HT precursors and clonazepam is discussed. It is suggested that such myoclonus arises from a relative hypoactivity of the 5HT neuronal system which results in a release of abnormal responses to sensory stimuli which characterize this type of myoclonus.", "PMID": 412560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6681", "title": "Osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier in the rhesus monkey without measurable brain edema.", "content": "The blood-brain barrier in the rhesus monkey was opened to intravascular Evans blue-albumin, without causing brain edema or altering brain electrolytes, by perfusing 2.5 molal recrystallized D,L-lactamide into the internal carotid artery for 20--30 sec. Gross neurological and behavioral sequelae were absent in 7 of 8 animals with barrier opening, and 2 days after perfusion no statistically significant changes were observed in sodium, potassium or water contents of perfused as compared to unperfused gray and white matters of brains of the 7 normal animals. Brain endema may not have developed because parenchymal albumin was excreted or metabolized by 2 days. It is suggested also that closure of the barrier after several hours prevents salt from accompanying plasma fluid into the brain. Entry of fluid without salt would reduce, before measurable edema developed, any transcapillary osmotic gradient established by prior entry of plasma albumin.", "contents": "Osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier in the rhesus monkey without measurable brain edema. The blood-brain barrier in the rhesus monkey was opened to intravascular Evans blue-albumin, without causing brain edema or altering brain electrolytes, by perfusing 2.5 molal recrystallized D,L-lactamide into the internal carotid artery for 20--30 sec. Gross neurological and behavioral sequelae were absent in 7 of 8 animals with barrier opening, and 2 days after perfusion no statistically significant changes were observed in sodium, potassium or water contents of perfused as compared to unperfused gray and white matters of brains of the 7 normal animals. Brain endema may not have developed because parenchymal albumin was excreted or metabolized by 2 days. It is suggested also that closure of the barrier after several hours prevents salt from accompanying plasma fluid into the brain. Entry of fluid without salt would reduce, before measurable edema developed, any transcapillary osmotic gradient established by prior entry of plasma albumin.", "PMID": 412564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6682", "title": "Connections of latero-dorsal nucleus of the thalamus. II. Experimental study in Papio papio.", "content": "Modifications of the latero-dorsal (L.D.) nucleus of the thalamus have been observed earlier in man in relation to limbic lesion of various etiologies. Our proposal was to determine the role of L.D. in memory disturbances. We attempted to study the connections of L.D. in Papio papio baboon after surgical lesion using silver impregnations as well as traditional techniques. We found three afferent pathways: from the fornix, the posterior cingulate and the parietal cortex (area 7). The most important is the afferent system from the fornix, it terminates in the antero-dorso-medial part of L.D.; the other two afferent pathways have a postero-lateral projection in L.D. The three efferent systems to parietal cortex, cingulate and fornix were not delineated in this study. It was concluded that the antero-dorso-medial portion of L.D. is connected to the limbic system and the ventro-postero-lateral portion integrated into a large parieto-cingulo-parahippocampal circuit to which it is joined by direct and indirect projections with several relays. These connections have important implications, perhaps, in our understanding of memory disturbances.", "contents": "Connections of latero-dorsal nucleus of the thalamus. II. Experimental study in Papio papio. Modifications of the latero-dorsal (L.D.) nucleus of the thalamus have been observed earlier in man in relation to limbic lesion of various etiologies. Our proposal was to determine the role of L.D. in memory disturbances. We attempted to study the connections of L.D. in Papio papio baboon after surgical lesion using silver impregnations as well as traditional techniques. We found three afferent pathways: from the fornix, the posterior cingulate and the parietal cortex (area 7). The most important is the afferent system from the fornix, it terminates in the antero-dorso-medial part of L.D.; the other two afferent pathways have a postero-lateral projection in L.D. The three efferent systems to parietal cortex, cingulate and fornix were not delineated in this study. It was concluded that the antero-dorso-medial portion of L.D. is connected to the limbic system and the ventro-postero-lateral portion integrated into a large parieto-cingulo-parahippocampal circuit to which it is joined by direct and indirect projections with several relays. These connections have important implications, perhaps, in our understanding of memory disturbances.", "PMID": 412567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6683", "title": "Quantitation of myelin carbonic anhydrase-development and subfractionation of rat brain myelin and comparison with myelin from other species.", "content": "A number of related studies have been performed to characterize further the carbonic anhydrase activity of myelin. Recent assertions that carbonic anhydrase activity is intrinsic to the myelin sheath were subjected to the additional test of isolation of rat brain myelin in the presence of purified carbonic anhydrase. This procedure did not increase the carbonic anhydrase activity in myelin above the endogenous level, indicating that this enzyme does not stick to myelin membranes. A developmental study of rat brain carbonic anhydrase showed that the enzyme activity increased in whole brain homogenates and in myelin, with the greatest increments in enzyme activity occurring before the animals were 60 days old. When myelin from adult rat brains was fractionated on a density gradient, carbonic anhydrase activity was relatively enriched in the heavy subfraction but was present in all three layers. This finding suggested that the activity in myelin preparations was not due to contamination with a carbonic anhydrase-rich membrane fragment. Carbonic anhydrase in myelin was not confined to the rat. Beef brain homogenates and myelin had low activities of the enzyme, but myelin from rabbit, cat, monkey and mouse had carbonic anhydrase activities comparable to that of the rat, accounting for 6.3--13.6% of the respective homogenate activities.", "contents": "Quantitation of myelin carbonic anhydrase-development and subfractionation of rat brain myelin and comparison with myelin from other species. A number of related studies have been performed to characterize further the carbonic anhydrase activity of myelin. Recent assertions that carbonic anhydrase activity is intrinsic to the myelin sheath were subjected to the additional test of isolation of rat brain myelin in the presence of purified carbonic anhydrase. This procedure did not increase the carbonic anhydrase activity in myelin above the endogenous level, indicating that this enzyme does not stick to myelin membranes. A developmental study of rat brain carbonic anhydrase showed that the enzyme activity increased in whole brain homogenates and in myelin, with the greatest increments in enzyme activity occurring before the animals were 60 days old. When myelin from adult rat brains was fractionated on a density gradient, carbonic anhydrase activity was relatively enriched in the heavy subfraction but was present in all three layers. This finding suggested that the activity in myelin preparations was not due to contamination with a carbonic anhydrase-rich membrane fragment. Carbonic anhydrase in myelin was not confined to the rat. Beef brain homogenates and myelin had low activities of the enzyme, but myelin from rabbit, cat, monkey and mouse had carbonic anhydrase activities comparable to that of the rat, accounting for 6.3--13.6% of the respective homogenate activities.", "PMID": 412569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6684", "title": "Bone sarcomas: etiology and immunology.", "content": "The etiology of skeletal sarcomas is found in induced by viruses in man (as they are in exogenous agents (irradiation, oncornavirus) acting in a peculiar setting of host factors. Patients with skeletal sarcomas react immunologically to autologous and allogeneic sarcoma cells, but reactors can be found among the healthy persons with or without exposure to patients with sarcomas. Various modalities of immunotherapy are available to increase the patient's immune reactivities in general or to sarcoma cells in particular, but immunotherapy of skeletal sarcomas has not yet brought about clear-cut and substantial benefits in addition to or beyond the results of conventional treatment.", "contents": "Bone sarcomas: etiology and immunology. The etiology of skeletal sarcomas is found in induced by viruses in man (as they are in exogenous agents (irradiation, oncornavirus) acting in a peculiar setting of host factors. Patients with skeletal sarcomas react immunologically to autologous and allogeneic sarcoma cells, but reactors can be found among the healthy persons with or without exposure to patients with sarcomas. Various modalities of immunotherapy are available to increase the patient's immune reactivities in general or to sarcoma cells in particular, but immunotherapy of skeletal sarcomas has not yet brought about clear-cut and substantial benefits in addition to or beyond the results of conventional treatment.", "PMID": 412577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6685", "title": "Danazol therapy in hormone-sensitive mammary carcinoma.", "content": "The effect of Danazol, a synthetic gonadotropin inhibitor, on two groups of Sprague-Dawley rats with dimethylbenze (a) anthracine (DMBA) induced mammary carcinoma was studied. Twenty-four (83%) of 29 control animals developed mammary tumors. Forty-four rats in one treatment group received Danazol after tumor reached 0.5 cm in diameter. Twenty-nine (66%) demonstrated tumor regression (p less than 0.005) and in 16 (36%) tumor disappeared (p less than 0.005). In a second treatment group (given Danazol daily after administration of DMBA), only seven of 50 rats (14%) developed palpable mammary carcinoma (p less than 0.0005). Danazol therapy resulted in regression of established mammary carcinoma in rats, and produced a striking inhibition of carcinogenesis in those animals treated from the time DMBA was administered. Danazol is clinically safe; studies using it in the treatment of breast cancer in women who are candidates for hormonal ablative therapy seem warranted.", "contents": "Danazol therapy in hormone-sensitive mammary carcinoma. The effect of Danazol, a synthetic gonadotropin inhibitor, on two groups of Sprague-Dawley rats with dimethylbenze (a) anthracine (DMBA) induced mammary carcinoma was studied. Twenty-four (83%) of 29 control animals developed mammary tumors. Forty-four rats in one treatment group received Danazol after tumor reached 0.5 cm in diameter. Twenty-nine (66%) demonstrated tumor regression (p less than 0.005) and in 16 (36%) tumor disappeared (p less than 0.005). In a second treatment group (given Danazol daily after administration of DMBA), only seven of 50 rats (14%) developed palpable mammary carcinoma (p less than 0.0005). Danazol therapy resulted in regression of established mammary carcinoma in rats, and produced a striking inhibition of carcinogenesis in those animals treated from the time DMBA was administered. Danazol is clinically safe; studies using it in the treatment of breast cancer in women who are candidates for hormonal ablative therapy seem warranted.", "PMID": 412578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6686", "title": "The treatment of mycosis fungoides: adjuvant topical mechlorethamine after electron beam therapy.", "content": "The feasibility of employing adjuvant topical mechlorethamine after electron beam therapy in the treatment of patients with mycosis fungoides is demonstrated. Patients treated with a planned adjuvant topical mechlorethamine schedule had a median disease-free interval of 25 months compared to 17 months for the group treated with electron beam therapy alone. Projected relapse-free survivals are slightly better in the adjuvant group--37% versus 29%. Patients receiving adjuvant topical mechlorethamine after the electron beam were observed to have a low incidence of contact allergy to the medication. The topical medication can be continued if a contact allergy develops by using a planned desensitization program. We currently treat all mycosis fungoides patients with electron beam therapy, randomizing half to receive adjuvant topical mechlorethamine.", "contents": "The treatment of mycosis fungoides: adjuvant topical mechlorethamine after electron beam therapy. The feasibility of employing adjuvant topical mechlorethamine after electron beam therapy in the treatment of patients with mycosis fungoides is demonstrated. Patients treated with a planned adjuvant topical mechlorethamine schedule had a median disease-free interval of 25 months compared to 17 months for the group treated with electron beam therapy alone. Projected relapse-free survivals are slightly better in the adjuvant group--37% versus 29%. Patients receiving adjuvant topical mechlorethamine after the electron beam were observed to have a low incidence of contact allergy to the medication. The topical medication can be continued if a contact allergy develops by using a planned desensitization program. We currently treat all mycosis fungoides patients with electron beam therapy, randomizing half to receive adjuvant topical mechlorethamine.", "PMID": 412580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6687", "title": "Preliminary clinical results of combined 433 Megahertz microwave therapy and radiation therapy on patients with advanced cancer.", "content": "Seventy patients with far-advanced histologically proven malignancies were treated with a combination of microwave irradiation (433.92 MHz) and ionizing radiation. Of the twenty-one patients who completed the planned course of treatments and are eligible for a minimum of nine-month follow-up, 90% experienced complete relief of symptoms and 10% received partial relief of symptoms. Complete regression of all localized tumor occurred in sixteen of the twenty patients (80%), and nine of the complete responders remain free of disease from nine to fourteen months. It was the opinion of the clinicians involved in this study that the heat administered by the microwave unit potentiated the effects of ionizing radiation over those which would have been seen if radiation were used alone. In view of the fact that all patients in this study had cancers which were previously considered to be refractory to further medical treatment, the marked relief of symptoms and tumor response to combined therapy were encouraging. This preliminary study confirms the impression that the effects of radiation are enhanced by heat and forms the basis for a randomized series involving far-advanced but previously untreated head and neck and gynecological malignancies.", "contents": "Preliminary clinical results of combined 433 Megahertz microwave therapy and radiation therapy on patients with advanced cancer. Seventy patients with far-advanced histologically proven malignancies were treated with a combination of microwave irradiation (433.92 MHz) and ionizing radiation. Of the twenty-one patients who completed the planned course of treatments and are eligible for a minimum of nine-month follow-up, 90% experienced complete relief of symptoms and 10% received partial relief of symptoms. Complete regression of all localized tumor occurred in sixteen of the twenty patients (80%), and nine of the complete responders remain free of disease from nine to fourteen months. It was the opinion of the clinicians involved in this study that the heat administered by the microwave unit potentiated the effects of ionizing radiation over those which would have been seen if radiation were used alone. In view of the fact that all patients in this study had cancers which were previously considered to be refractory to further medical treatment, the marked relief of symptoms and tumor response to combined therapy were encouraging. This preliminary study confirms the impression that the effects of radiation are enhanced by heat and forms the basis for a randomized series involving far-advanced but previously untreated head and neck and gynecological malignancies.", "PMID": 412581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6688", "title": "Results of integrated management of supraglottic carcinoma.", "content": "Between January 1957 and June 1974, 173 patients with carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx were treated by an integrated approach at the University of California in San Francisco. The policy was to use radiotherapy or surgery alone for Stage I and II disease, radiotherapy combined with either supraglottic laryngectomy or total laryngectomy for resectable Stage III and IV disease, and radiotherapy alone for advanced unresectable disease. Control of the disease in the primary site was achieved in 92% of T1a, 88% of T1b, 80% of T2, 79% of T3 and 56% of T4 lesions. Of the 36 patients with late Stage I and resectable Stages III and IV disease treated by combined preoperative radiotherapy and supraglottic or total laryngectomy, the primary lesion was controlled in 33 (92%). Recurrent disease in the primary site after radiotherapy alone, when detected early, was usually controlled by subsequent surgery, whereas recurrent disease after surgery was not controlled by radiotherapy. Preservation of a functioning vocal apparatus was achieved in 44% of the patients whose primary lesion was controlled. Control of cervical lymph node metastasis was achieved in 71% of N1, 38% of N2, and 25% of N3 disease. No disease recurred in the radically dissected neck which received preoperative radiotherapy. Radiotherapy also reduced the incidence of subsequent neck disease in patients without cervical lymph node metastasis initially from 23% to 14%.", "contents": "Results of integrated management of supraglottic carcinoma. Between January 1957 and June 1974, 173 patients with carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx were treated by an integrated approach at the University of California in San Francisco. The policy was to use radiotherapy or surgery alone for Stage I and II disease, radiotherapy combined with either supraglottic laryngectomy or total laryngectomy for resectable Stage III and IV disease, and radiotherapy alone for advanced unresectable disease. Control of the disease in the primary site was achieved in 92% of T1a, 88% of T1b, 80% of T2, 79% of T3 and 56% of T4 lesions. Of the 36 patients with late Stage I and resectable Stages III and IV disease treated by combined preoperative radiotherapy and supraglottic or total laryngectomy, the primary lesion was controlled in 33 (92%). Recurrent disease in the primary site after radiotherapy alone, when detected early, was usually controlled by subsequent surgery, whereas recurrent disease after surgery was not controlled by radiotherapy. Preservation of a functioning vocal apparatus was achieved in 44% of the patients whose primary lesion was controlled. Control of cervical lymph node metastasis was achieved in 71% of N1, 38% of N2, and 25% of N3 disease. No disease recurred in the radically dissected neck which received preoperative radiotherapy. Radiotherapy also reduced the incidence of subsequent neck disease in patients without cervical lymph node metastasis initially from 23% to 14%.", "PMID": 412582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6689", "title": "Are pelvic irradiation and routine staging laparotomy necessary in clinically staged IA and IIA Hodgkin's disease?", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with clinically staged IA and IIA Hodgkin's disease were treated with mantle plus paraaortic/splenic irradiation between 1968 and 1975. All patients had supradiaphragmatic presentations, and none had staging laparotomies. With a follow-up time of 1 to 9 years, mean 4.3 years, the overall relapse-free survival is 92% (100% for stage IA and 89% for stage IIA). The absolute relapse-free 5-year survival is 91% There were no pelvic recurrences. These data show that routine staging laparotomy and pelvic irradiation are not indicated for clinically staged IA and IIA Hodgkin's disease with supradiaphragmatic presentation. The criteria for staging laparotomy in early-stage Hodgkin's disease are discussed.", "contents": "Are pelvic irradiation and routine staging laparotomy necessary in clinically staged IA and IIA Hodgkin's disease? Thirty-nine patients with clinically staged IA and IIA Hodgkin's disease were treated with mantle plus paraaortic/splenic irradiation between 1968 and 1975. All patients had supradiaphragmatic presentations, and none had staging laparotomies. With a follow-up time of 1 to 9 years, mean 4.3 years, the overall relapse-free survival is 92% (100% for stage IA and 89% for stage IIA). The absolute relapse-free 5-year survival is 91% There were no pelvic recurrences. These data show that routine staging laparotomy and pelvic irradiation are not indicated for clinically staged IA and IIA Hodgkin's disease with supradiaphragmatic presentation. The criteria for staging laparotomy in early-stage Hodgkin's disease are discussed.", "PMID": 412583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6690", "title": "Treatment results of retinoblastoma at Indiana University Hospitals.", "content": "This paper summarizes a review of all cases (70) of retinoblastoma seen at Indiana University Hospitals over the past 25 years (from 1952 to 1977) to determine the results of treatment and causes of failure. All cases from July, 1967, to the present were managed by the same group of physicians, thus following a consistent philosophy of treatment for those patients. Thirty-two patients treated during this latter period have survived a minimun of two years and are alive. Visual acuity of 20/20 has been preserved in all 16 patients with unilateral disease and a range of 20/50 to 20/20 in 12 of the 16 patients with bilateral disease. Because of the highly specialized diagnostic and therapeutic techniques and equipment required for optimal treatment results, it is recommended that patients with retinoblastomas be referred to treatment centers specializing in the management of this disease.", "contents": "Treatment results of retinoblastoma at Indiana University Hospitals. This paper summarizes a review of all cases (70) of retinoblastoma seen at Indiana University Hospitals over the past 25 years (from 1952 to 1977) to determine the results of treatment and causes of failure. All cases from July, 1967, to the present were managed by the same group of physicians, thus following a consistent philosophy of treatment for those patients. Thirty-two patients treated during this latter period have survived a minimun of two years and are alive. Visual acuity of 20/20 has been preserved in all 16 patients with unilateral disease and a range of 20/50 to 20/20 in 12 of the 16 patients with bilateral disease. Because of the highly specialized diagnostic and therapeutic techniques and equipment required for optimal treatment results, it is recommended that patients with retinoblastomas be referred to treatment centers specializing in the management of this disease.", "PMID": 412584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6691", "title": "Carcinomas of the paranasal sinuses: a study of sixty-six cases.", "content": "The therapy records of 66 patients with carcinomas of the paranasal sinuses were reviewed; primary carcinomas occurred in the maxillary sinus in 50 patients, the ethmoid sinus in 11 patients, the sphenoid sinus in 4 patients and the frontal sinus in 1 patient. The tumors of the maxillary sinus were staged retrospectively according to the American Joint Committee staging system recommended in 1976; 1 of 2 patients with T1, 5 of 11 patients with T2, 10 of 34 patients with T3 and 1 of 3 patients with T4 lesions showed no evidence of disease (NED) at 3 years. Combined high dose irradiation (6,000 rads in 6 weeks) followed by radical surgery in 4 to 6 weeks was well tolerated; this approach is recommended for the treatment of T1, T2, and selected T3-4 maxillary sinus lesions. Only 2 of 11 patients with ethmoid sinus lesions survived at 3 years.", "contents": "Carcinomas of the paranasal sinuses: a study of sixty-six cases. The therapy records of 66 patients with carcinomas of the paranasal sinuses were reviewed; primary carcinomas occurred in the maxillary sinus in 50 patients, the ethmoid sinus in 11 patients, the sphenoid sinus in 4 patients and the frontal sinus in 1 patient. The tumors of the maxillary sinus were staged retrospectively according to the American Joint Committee staging system recommended in 1976; 1 of 2 patients with T1, 5 of 11 patients with T2, 10 of 34 patients with T3 and 1 of 3 patients with T4 lesions showed no evidence of disease (NED) at 3 years. Combined high dose irradiation (6,000 rads in 6 weeks) followed by radical surgery in 4 to 6 weeks was well tolerated; this approach is recommended for the treatment of T1, T2, and selected T3-4 maxillary sinus lesions. Only 2 of 11 patients with ethmoid sinus lesions survived at 3 years.", "PMID": 412586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6692", "title": "Anaplastic seminoma.", "content": "Eight patients with the diagnosis of anaplastic seminoma of the testicle were treated during the megavoltage era from January 1959 to January 1976. Two patients with Stage I disease and one patient with Stage IV disease have died from their malignancy. By contrast, 57 patients with typical seminoma were treated during the same interval and with the same treatment methods. However, only two patients with typical seminoma have died. One of these patients had Stage II disease and one had Stage IV disease. There were no deaths among patients with Stage I typical seminoma. These results suggest that anaplastic seminoma has a poorer prognosis than typical seminoma even when the diseases are compared stage for stage. Implications for therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Anaplastic seminoma. Eight patients with the diagnosis of anaplastic seminoma of the testicle were treated during the megavoltage era from January 1959 to January 1976. Two patients with Stage I disease and one patient with Stage IV disease have died from their malignancy. By contrast, 57 patients with typical seminoma were treated during the same interval and with the same treatment methods. However, only two patients with typical seminoma have died. One of these patients had Stage II disease and one had Stage IV disease. There were no deaths among patients with Stage I typical seminoma. These results suggest that anaplastic seminoma has a poorer prognosis than typical seminoma even when the diseases are compared stage for stage. Implications for therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 412587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6693", "title": "Distribution and metabolism of vincristine in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys.", "content": "An extraction procedure that allows measurement of [3H]vincristine and its metabolites in biologic fluids and tissues has been developed and used to determine the distribution and metabolism of vincristine in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. Very little tritium exchange occurred during the experiments. In mice and rats injected ip with [3H]vincristine, the peak serum levels of drug were reached at 15 minutes. For both mice and rats, the concentration of vincristine metabolites rose in the serum for 30 minutes, then remained high through 3 hours. For dogs and monkeys given an iv dose of [3H]vincristine, the initial serum levels fell rapidly, with half-lives for the first phase of 6 and 10 minutes respectively. The half-life for both of the second phases was 190 minutes. For both species, the serum level of metabolites fell for 2 hours, then remained relatively constant. These results were not appreciably altered when the animals were injected simultaneously with prednisone. Compared to serum levels in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys, there was a marked accumulation of [3H]vincristine in all tissues examined, except the brain. The pancreas, spleen, kidneys, lungs, and liver of dogs and monkeys contained the largest amounts. The tissue distribution was not greatly different in dogs and monkeys injected simultaneously with prednisone. Urinary excretion of intact vincristine and its metabolites was observed for all four species. Both vincristine and its metabolites appeared in the bile of dogs and monkeys.", "contents": "Distribution and metabolism of vincristine in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. An extraction procedure that allows measurement of [3H]vincristine and its metabolites in biologic fluids and tissues has been developed and used to determine the distribution and metabolism of vincristine in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. Very little tritium exchange occurred during the experiments. In mice and rats injected ip with [3H]vincristine, the peak serum levels of drug were reached at 15 minutes. For both mice and rats, the concentration of vincristine metabolites rose in the serum for 30 minutes, then remained high through 3 hours. For dogs and monkeys given an iv dose of [3H]vincristine, the initial serum levels fell rapidly, with half-lives for the first phase of 6 and 10 minutes respectively. The half-life for both of the second phases was 190 minutes. For both species, the serum level of metabolites fell for 2 hours, then remained relatively constant. These results were not appreciably altered when the animals were injected simultaneously with prednisone. Compared to serum levels in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys, there was a marked accumulation of [3H]vincristine in all tissues examined, except the brain. The pancreas, spleen, kidneys, lungs, and liver of dogs and monkeys contained the largest amounts. The tissue distribution was not greatly different in dogs and monkeys injected simultaneously with prednisone. Urinary excretion of intact vincristine and its metabolites was observed for all four species. Both vincristine and its metabolites appeared in the bile of dogs and monkeys.", "PMID": 412588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6694", "title": "Distribution and metabolism of prednisone in mice, dogs, and monkeys.", "content": "A chromatographic procedure that allows measurement of [3H]prednisone and [3H]prednisolone in biologic fluids and tissues was developed and used to determine some of the biochemical properties of prednisone and its distribution and metabolism in mice, dogs, and monkeys. When prednisone was added to mouse serum in vitro at a concentration of 50 microgram/ml, approximately half of the drug became bound to serum proteins. Homogenates of mouse liver metabolized prednisone to prednisolone. Following ip or oral doses of prednisone to mice, serum levels of prednisone, prednisolone, and other metabolites were maximum at 15 minutes. 20-Dihydroprednisolone was identified as a metabolite in several biologic samples. For dogs and monkeys given in iv dose of prednisone, disappearance from the serum was biphasic with apparent half-lives of 15 and 82 minutes and 33 and 78 minutes respectively. The serum levels of prednisone and prednisolone in mice, dogs, and monkeys were not increased beyond expected levels by simultaneous administration of iv doses of vincristine. The prednisone content of the kidneys, liver, intestine, and bile of a monkey killed 30 minutes after an iv dose was higher than that in serum. Oral doses of prednisone were absorbed erratically by dogs and monkeys. Only small amounts of prednisone and prednisolone were excreted in the urine of dogs and monkeys given an iv or oral dose.", "contents": "Distribution and metabolism of prednisone in mice, dogs, and monkeys. A chromatographic procedure that allows measurement of [3H]prednisone and [3H]prednisolone in biologic fluids and tissues was developed and used to determine some of the biochemical properties of prednisone and its distribution and metabolism in mice, dogs, and monkeys. When prednisone was added to mouse serum in vitro at a concentration of 50 microgram/ml, approximately half of the drug became bound to serum proteins. Homogenates of mouse liver metabolized prednisone to prednisolone. Following ip or oral doses of prednisone to mice, serum levels of prednisone, prednisolone, and other metabolites were maximum at 15 minutes. 20-Dihydroprednisolone was identified as a metabolite in several biologic samples. For dogs and monkeys given in iv dose of prednisone, disappearance from the serum was biphasic with apparent half-lives of 15 and 82 minutes and 33 and 78 minutes respectively. The serum levels of prednisone and prednisolone in mice, dogs, and monkeys were not increased beyond expected levels by simultaneous administration of iv doses of vincristine. The prednisone content of the kidneys, liver, intestine, and bile of a monkey killed 30 minutes after an iv dose was higher than that in serum. Oral doses of prednisone were absorbed erratically by dogs and monkeys. Only small amounts of prednisone and prednisolone were excreted in the urine of dogs and monkeys given an iv or oral dose.", "PMID": 412589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6695", "title": "Evaluation of radiotherapay for localized inflammatory skin and perianal lesions in adult leukemia: A porspectively randomized double blind study.", "content": "Thirty-five episodes of localized infection among 20 patients with acute leukemia and granulocytopenia (less than 1000 cells/microliter) were treated with intensive supportive care including systemic antibiotics. In a double blind randomization, 17 of the episodes also received 400 rads of megavoltage irradiation to the site of the lesion given as a single dose and repeated 7 days later. No significant differences were observed in response rates between the irradiated and nonirradiated lesions. Overall, 65% of the irradiated infections and 44% of the nonirradiated lesions responded completely, a difference which is not significant. The median number of days required to achieve maximum clinical response was similar whether or not irradiation was given (10 versus 12 days). Management of such localized infections should include early diagnosis with prompt institution of intensive supportive care including appropriate systemic antibiotics, but low-dose irradiation cannot be recommended as part of the routine management of these lesions.", "contents": "Evaluation of radiotherapay for localized inflammatory skin and perianal lesions in adult leukemia: A porspectively randomized double blind study. Thirty-five episodes of localized infection among 20 patients with acute leukemia and granulocytopenia (less than 1000 cells/microliter) were treated with intensive supportive care including systemic antibiotics. In a double blind randomization, 17 of the episodes also received 400 rads of megavoltage irradiation to the site of the lesion given as a single dose and repeated 7 days later. No significant differences were observed in response rates between the irradiated and nonirradiated lesions. Overall, 65% of the irradiated infections and 44% of the nonirradiated lesions responded completely, a difference which is not significant. The median number of days required to achieve maximum clinical response was similar whether or not irradiation was given (10 versus 12 days). Management of such localized infections should include early diagnosis with prompt institution of intensive supportive care including appropriate systemic antibiotics, but low-dose irradiation cannot be recommended as part of the routine management of these lesions.", "PMID": 412590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6696", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin in the human hypothalamus.", "content": "In order to identify clearly the nervous structures containing somatostatin in the human hypothalamus, an immunohistochemical localization of this neurohormone was performed at light-microscopic level. Using a antiserum specific to somatostatin and the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, we have found somatostatin in neurons with cell bodies in an area in the anterior hypothalamus corresponding to the infundibular nucleus. Somatostatin-containing fibers were also detected in the neurovascular zone of the pituitary stalk, suggesting that somatostatin is released in that region to reach the capillaries in the pituitary portal plexus. A large bundle of somatostatin fibers extending from the anterior part of the paraventricular nucleus up to the posterior portion of the mammillary bodies has also been detected. The role of these fibers still remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin in the human hypothalamus. In order to identify clearly the nervous structures containing somatostatin in the human hypothalamus, an immunohistochemical localization of this neurohormone was performed at light-microscopic level. Using a antiserum specific to somatostatin and the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, we have found somatostatin in neurons with cell bodies in an area in the anterior hypothalamus corresponding to the infundibular nucleus. Somatostatin-containing fibers were also detected in the neurovascular zone of the pituitary stalk, suggesting that somatostatin is released in that region to reach the capillaries in the pituitary portal plexus. A large bundle of somatostatin fibers extending from the anterior part of the paraventricular nucleus up to the posterior portion of the mammillary bodies has also been detected. The role of these fibers still remains to be clarified.", "PMID": 412594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6697", "title": "Histochemistry of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the toad Bufo bufo. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of the macula densa.", "content": "An investigation regarding the question of whether there exists a macula densa as part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney of amphibians has been carried out. With the aid of a histochemical reaction for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, the presence of a macula densa zone as a specialized part of the distal tubule in the toad Bufo bufo was demonstrated. The functional significance of the high glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the macula densa cells is discussed.", "contents": "Histochemistry of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the toad Bufo bufo. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of the macula densa. An investigation regarding the question of whether there exists a macula densa as part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney of amphibians has been carried out. With the aid of a histochemical reaction for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, the presence of a macula densa zone as a specialized part of the distal tubule in the toad Bufo bufo was demonstrated. The functional significance of the high glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the macula densa cells is discussed.", "PMID": 412593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6698", "title": "Differential effects of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide on pancreatic and liver DNA synthesis in rats.", "content": "The effect of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide (4-HAQO) on DNA synthesis in the pancreas and liver, target and non-target organs for 4-HAQO carcinogenesis, respectively, were compared. Pancreatic and liver DNA synthesis were simultaneously induced in rats fed a protein deficient diet containing 0.5% DL-ethionine for 18 days, and DNA synthesis in both tissues was inhibited by hydroxyurea. A single i.v. injection of 4-HAQO at a dose of 7 mg/kg body weight also inhibited DNA synthesis in both tissues within 4 h. In the pancreas the inhibition was maximum at a dose of 7 mg/kg, and DNA synthesis was less than in the pancreas of rats fed a control grain diet. This inhibition continued for the subsequent 5 days which were tested. In the liver, the degree of inhibition was less than in pancreas but the value remained higher than in rats fed control diet. The inhibition of liver DNA synthesis at a dose of 7 mg/kg completely recovered within 1 day. These results suggest that the lesions of DNA induced by 4-HAQO and its repair might be different between the pancreas and the liver. A pancreatic chemical carcinogen, 4-HAQO, might thus have the same cytotoxic effect that liver carcinogens have toward the liver resulting in failure to respond to mitotic stimuli. This might be causally related to the organotropism of 4-HAQO toward the pancreas.", "contents": "Differential effects of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide on pancreatic and liver DNA synthesis in rats. The effect of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline-1-oxide (4-HAQO) on DNA synthesis in the pancreas and liver, target and non-target organs for 4-HAQO carcinogenesis, respectively, were compared. Pancreatic and liver DNA synthesis were simultaneously induced in rats fed a protein deficient diet containing 0.5% DL-ethionine for 18 days, and DNA synthesis in both tissues was inhibited by hydroxyurea. A single i.v. injection of 4-HAQO at a dose of 7 mg/kg body weight also inhibited DNA synthesis in both tissues within 4 h. In the pancreas the inhibition was maximum at a dose of 7 mg/kg, and DNA synthesis was less than in the pancreas of rats fed a control grain diet. This inhibition continued for the subsequent 5 days which were tested. In the liver, the degree of inhibition was less than in pancreas but the value remained higher than in rats fed control diet. The inhibition of liver DNA synthesis at a dose of 7 mg/kg completely recovered within 1 day. These results suggest that the lesions of DNA induced by 4-HAQO and its repair might be different between the pancreas and the liver. A pancreatic chemical carcinogen, 4-HAQO, might thus have the same cytotoxic effect that liver carcinogens have toward the liver resulting in failure to respond to mitotic stimuli. This might be causally related to the organotropism of 4-HAQO toward the pancreas.", "PMID": 412597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6699", "title": "Hypothesis on the mechanism of erythrocyte invasion by malaria merozoites.", "content": "Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites invade erythrocytes by a sequence of events: attachment, widespread deformation of the erythrocyte membrane, endocytosis, and resealing of the membrane and vesicle. The possible mechanisms by which these events occur are discussed. In particular, there is a detailed discussion of the role of the Duffy blood group system in invasion.", "contents": "Hypothesis on the mechanism of erythrocyte invasion by malaria merozoites. Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites invade erythrocytes by a sequence of events: attachment, widespread deformation of the erythrocyte membrane, endocytosis, and resealing of the membrane and vesicle. The possible mechanisms by which these events occur are discussed. In particular, there is a detailed discussion of the role of the Duffy blood group system in invasion.", "PMID": 412599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6700", "title": "A freeze-fracture study on the parasite-erythrocyte interrelationship in Plasmodium knowlesi infections.", "content": "Freeze-fracture studies were made on the parasite and the erythrocyte in P. knowlesi infections. There is a loss of transmembrane integral proteins from the plasma membrane of the schizont-infected erythrocyte and the intraerythrocytic parasite synthesizes new transmembrane proteins as development proceeds. Formation of the parasitophorous vacuole includes changes in the number of integral proteins present in the vacuolar membrane, indicating that this membrane may be modified by and in part derived from the parasite.", "contents": "A freeze-fracture study on the parasite-erythrocyte interrelationship in Plasmodium knowlesi infections. Freeze-fracture studies were made on the parasite and the erythrocyte in P. knowlesi infections. There is a loss of transmembrane integral proteins from the plasma membrane of the schizont-infected erythrocyte and the intraerythrocytic parasite synthesizes new transmembrane proteins as development proceeds. Formation of the parasitophorous vacuole includes changes in the number of integral proteins present in the vacuolar membrane, indicating that this membrane may be modified by and in part derived from the parasite.", "PMID": 412600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6701", "title": "Labelling of membrane glycoprotein in erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium knowlesi.", "content": "Normal rhesus monkey erythrocytes and erythrocytes infected by P. knowlesi were labelled with galactose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.9) and tritiated sodium borohydride. The glycoproteins of normal erythrocytes were not labelled unless the cells were pretreated with neuraminidase, when peaks of activity with apparent molecular weights of 170 000, 126 000, 90 000, 50 000, and 35 000 were observed. Schizont-infected erythrocytes showed an absence of glycoprotein labelling even after neuraminidase treatment. The results indicate that there is an alteration in the glycoproteins of schizont-infected erythrocytes, which may contribute to the increased permeability and the immunological alterations on the surface of these cells.", "contents": "Labelling of membrane glycoprotein in erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium knowlesi. Normal rhesus monkey erythrocytes and erythrocytes infected by P. knowlesi were labelled with galactose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.9) and tritiated sodium borohydride. The glycoproteins of normal erythrocytes were not labelled unless the cells were pretreated with neuraminidase, when peaks of activity with apparent molecular weights of 170 000, 126 000, 90 000, 50 000, and 35 000 were observed. Schizont-infected erythrocytes showed an absence of glycoprotein labelling even after neuraminidase treatment. The results indicate that there is an alteration in the glycoproteins of schizont-infected erythrocytes, which may contribute to the increased permeability and the immunological alterations on the surface of these cells.", "PMID": 412601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6702", "title": "Lipids and the malarial parasite.", "content": "Merozoite endocytosis initiates Plasmodium development in a vacuole bounded by an erythrocyte-derived membrane, whose asymmetrical distribution of lipids and proteins is reversed in its orientation with respect to the parasite plasma membrane. Reorientation may accompany the proliferation of the membrane associated with the parasite's growth and phagocytic and pinocytic feeding. Increases in the membrane surface area of the parasite, and in some cases of the erythrocyte, parallel parasite growth and segmentation. Augmentation of all the membrane systems of the infected erythrocyte causes the lipid content to rise rapidly, but the parasite lipid composition differs from that of the erythrocyte in many respects: it is higher in diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, polyglycerol phosphatides, diacylglycerols, unesterified fatty acids, triacylglycerols, and hexadecanoic and octadecenoic fatty acids and lower in sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, alkoxy phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Active lipid metabolism accompanies the membrane proliferation associated with feeding, growth, and reproduction. Plasmodium is incapable of de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol; however, it can fabricate its glycerides and phosphoglycerides with host-supplied fatty acids, nitrogenous bases, alcohols, ATP, and coenzyme A, and can generate the glyceryl moiety during glycolysis. Cholesterol is obtained from the host but nothing is known of sphingolipid origins. Lipid metabolism of the parasite may be associated with alterations in the amounts of octadecenoic fatty acids and cholesterol in the erythrocyte plasma membrane, which in turn are responsible for changes in permeability and fragility.", "contents": "Lipids and the malarial parasite. Merozoite endocytosis initiates Plasmodium development in a vacuole bounded by an erythrocyte-derived membrane, whose asymmetrical distribution of lipids and proteins is reversed in its orientation with respect to the parasite plasma membrane. Reorientation may accompany the proliferation of the membrane associated with the parasite's growth and phagocytic and pinocytic feeding. Increases in the membrane surface area of the parasite, and in some cases of the erythrocyte, parallel parasite growth and segmentation. Augmentation of all the membrane systems of the infected erythrocyte causes the lipid content to rise rapidly, but the parasite lipid composition differs from that of the erythrocyte in many respects: it is higher in diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, polyglycerol phosphatides, diacylglycerols, unesterified fatty acids, triacylglycerols, and hexadecanoic and octadecenoic fatty acids and lower in sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, alkoxy phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Active lipid metabolism accompanies the membrane proliferation associated with feeding, growth, and reproduction. Plasmodium is incapable of de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol; however, it can fabricate its glycerides and phosphoglycerides with host-supplied fatty acids, nitrogenous bases, alcohols, ATP, and coenzyme A, and can generate the glyceryl moiety during glycolysis. Cholesterol is obtained from the host but nothing is known of sphingolipid origins. Lipid metabolism of the parasite may be associated with alterations in the amounts of octadecenoic fatty acids and cholesterol in the erythrocyte plasma membrane, which in turn are responsible for changes in permeability and fragility.", "PMID": 412602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6703", "title": "Release of protein by erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium knowlesi during cultivation in vitro.", "content": "Erythrocytes infected with schizonts of P. knowlesi and labelled in vitro with (3)H-isoleucine were shown to release radioactivity when placed in unlabelled culture medium containing uninfected erythrocytes. Release of radiolabel probably occurred during schizont rupture and invasion of new erythrocytes and was not observed to any great extent at earlier stages in the erythrocytic life cycle. Approximately 55% of the released radioactivity was soluble in 10% trichloroacetic acid, the remainder being acid insoluble and therefore presumably protein in nature. Particulate or aggregated material appeared to comprise 40-50% of the acid-insoluble radiolabelled fraction. Two major labelled polypeptide species were observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of samples of concentrated culture medium. These proteins had apparent molecular weights of 45 000 and 49 000, which correspond closely with the sizes of two main protein species previously identified in P. knowlesi-infected cells.", "contents": "Release of protein by erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium knowlesi during cultivation in vitro. Erythrocytes infected with schizonts of P. knowlesi and labelled in vitro with (3)H-isoleucine were shown to release radioactivity when placed in unlabelled culture medium containing uninfected erythrocytes. Release of radiolabel probably occurred during schizont rupture and invasion of new erythrocytes and was not observed to any great extent at earlier stages in the erythrocytic life cycle. Approximately 55% of the released radioactivity was soluble in 10% trichloroacetic acid, the remainder being acid insoluble and therefore presumably protein in nature. Particulate or aggregated material appeared to comprise 40-50% of the acid-insoluble radiolabelled fraction. Two major labelled polypeptide species were observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of samples of concentrated culture medium. These proteins had apparent molecular weights of 45 000 and 49 000, which correspond closely with the sizes of two main protein species previously identified in P. knowlesi-infected cells.", "PMID": 412603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6704", "title": "Cofactors and vitamins in the metabolism of malarial parasites. Factors other than folates.", "content": "Relatively few cofactors have so far been demonstrated to be essential for the intracellular development of erythrocytic stages of malarial parasites. Besides 4-aminobenzoic acid, presumably required for the synthesis of folates, these are biotin and pantothenate. The pantothenate is not used directly by the parasites but rather as coenzyme A synthesized by the host erythrocyte. Parasites maintained extracellularly in vitro also have a requirement for exogenous adenosine triphosphate. No information is available concerning cofactor requirements of the sporogonic or pre-erythrocytic stages.", "contents": "Cofactors and vitamins in the metabolism of malarial parasites. Factors other than folates. Relatively few cofactors have so far been demonstrated to be essential for the intracellular development of erythrocytic stages of malarial parasites. Besides 4-aminobenzoic acid, presumably required for the synthesis of folates, these are biotin and pantothenate. The pantothenate is not used directly by the parasites but rather as coenzyme A synthesized by the host erythrocyte. Parasites maintained extracellularly in vitro also have a requirement for exogenous adenosine triphosphate. No information is available concerning cofactor requirements of the sporogonic or pre-erythrocytic stages.", "PMID": 412604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6705", "title": "Preservation of intraerythrocytic forms of malarial parasites by one-step and two-step cooling procedures.", "content": "Ring, trophozoite, and schizont stages of Plasmodium knowlesi were cooled in dimethyl sulfoxide either by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen or by a two-step method in which the cells were held at temperatures slightly below 0 degrees C for different lengths of time before they were cooled to -196 degrees C. After the direct plunge treatment, thawed trophozoites and schizonts were found to be extensively damaged. Their survival was markedly increased by holding them at -31 degrees C for 30 min before plunging them into liquid nitrogen. Freeze-substitution showed that cells cooled by the two-step procedure were grossly shrunken and had relatively few intracellular ice cavities. Large amounts of ice formed in trophozoites and schizonts preserved by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen. The two-step protocols investigated did not improve the survival of ring-stage parasites, 25-50% of which survived rapid cooling to -196 degrees C. Infected cell agglutination tests were carried out with frozen and thawed schizonts. Variant specificity was demonstrated with cells that had been plunged directly to -196 degrees C, but cells cooled by the two-step method tended to agglutinate spontaneously.", "contents": "Preservation of intraerythrocytic forms of malarial parasites by one-step and two-step cooling procedures. Ring, trophozoite, and schizont stages of Plasmodium knowlesi were cooled in dimethyl sulfoxide either by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen or by a two-step method in which the cells were held at temperatures slightly below 0 degrees C for different lengths of time before they were cooled to -196 degrees C. After the direct plunge treatment, thawed trophozoites and schizonts were found to be extensively damaged. Their survival was markedly increased by holding them at -31 degrees C for 30 min before plunging them into liquid nitrogen. Freeze-substitution showed that cells cooled by the two-step procedure were grossly shrunken and had relatively few intracellular ice cavities. Large amounts of ice formed in trophozoites and schizonts preserved by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen. The two-step protocols investigated did not improve the survival of ring-stage parasites, 25-50% of which survived rapid cooling to -196 degrees C. Infected cell agglutination tests were carried out with frozen and thawed schizonts. Variant specificity was demonstrated with cells that had been plunged directly to -196 degrees C, but cells cooled by the two-step method tended to agglutinate spontaneously.", "PMID": 412605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6706", "title": "Effect of nitroglycerin on exercise-induced abnormalities of left ventricular regional function and ejection fraction in coronary artery disease. Assessment by radionuclide clineagiography in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.", "content": "The effects of nitroglycerin (TNG) on exercise-induced abnormalities of left ventricular wall motion and ejection fraction are unknown in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In the present investigation radionuclide cineangiographic studies were performed in 47 patients with CAD (14 without angina during exercise) and in 25 normal subjects. All CAD patients, including those without symptoms, demonstrated regional wall motion abnormalities during exercise. In all patients, ejection fraction (EF) also responded abnormally to exercise: EF decreased from 48% at rest to 36% during exercise (P less than 0.001). EF increased in all normal subjects from an average of 58% at rest to 71% during exercise (P less than 0.001). In all CAD patients TNG reduced exercise-induced regional wall abnormalities and increased EF attained during exercise from an average of 36 to 48% (P less than 0.001). EF in normal subjects was unchanged by TNG. Thus, exercise can cause abnormalities in left ventricular regional function and ejection fraction in patients with or without symptoms; these abnormalities can be mitigated by prophylactic TNG.", "contents": "Effect of nitroglycerin on exercise-induced abnormalities of left ventricular regional function and ejection fraction in coronary artery disease. Assessment by radionuclide clineagiography in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The effects of nitroglycerin (TNG) on exercise-induced abnormalities of left ventricular wall motion and ejection fraction are unknown in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In the present investigation radionuclide cineangiographic studies were performed in 47 patients with CAD (14 without angina during exercise) and in 25 normal subjects. All CAD patients, including those without symptoms, demonstrated regional wall motion abnormalities during exercise. In all patients, ejection fraction (EF) also responded abnormally to exercise: EF decreased from 48% at rest to 36% during exercise (P less than 0.001). EF increased in all normal subjects from an average of 58% at rest to 71% during exercise (P less than 0.001). In all CAD patients TNG reduced exercise-induced regional wall abnormalities and increased EF attained during exercise from an average of 36 to 48% (P less than 0.001). EF in normal subjects was unchanged by TNG. Thus, exercise can cause abnormalities in left ventricular regional function and ejection fraction in patients with or without symptoms; these abnormalities can be mitigated by prophylactic TNG.", "PMID": 412609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6707", "title": "The treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with a 2% aqueous solution of sodium cromoglycate delivered by a metered dose nasal spray.", "content": "A double-blind, group comparative trial of 2% aqueous solution of sodium cromoglycate in seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever) is reported. All twenty-five patients in the active group found the treatment a success whereas fourteen out of nineteen in the placebo group regarded this as a failure. The method of application (metered dose spray) was acceptable to all patients.", "contents": "The treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with a 2% aqueous solution of sodium cromoglycate delivered by a metered dose nasal spray. A double-blind, group comparative trial of 2% aqueous solution of sodium cromoglycate in seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever) is reported. All twenty-five patients in the active group found the treatment a success whereas fourteen out of nineteen in the placebo group regarded this as a failure. The method of application (metered dose spray) was acceptable to all patients.", "PMID": 412610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6708", "title": "Asthma induced by sulphur dioxide, benzoate and tartrazine contained in orange drinks.", "content": "Of 272 patients with asthma, thirty (11%) gave a history of exacerbations occurring after ingestion, solutions of orange orange drinks. Fourteen of these were given provocation tests by drinking, on separate occasions of sulphur dioxide, sodium benzoate and tartrazine, which are present in all orange drinks. Eight reacted to sulphur dioxide with a fall in FEV1, four to sodium benzoate and one to tartrazine, and four did not react to any of these agents. Three of the benzoate patients were also sensitive to sulphur dioxide. The sulphur dioxide sensitive patients were predominantly young, with extrinsic asthma. The benzoate sensitive patients were predominantly middle-aged and the proportion with intrinsic asthma was higher. Prior inhalation of sodium cromoglycate by four patients inhibited the reaction to these substances. Sulphur dioxide has not previously been reported to cause exacerbations of asthma when ingested as a food preservative. It is used as a preservative in a wide range of acidic beverages and foods, and should be considered as possibly causal in patients suffering from apparently cryptogenic asthma, and asthma seemingly due to food allergy.", "contents": "Asthma induced by sulphur dioxide, benzoate and tartrazine contained in orange drinks. Of 272 patients with asthma, thirty (11%) gave a history of exacerbations occurring after ingestion, solutions of orange orange drinks. Fourteen of these were given provocation tests by drinking, on separate occasions of sulphur dioxide, sodium benzoate and tartrazine, which are present in all orange drinks. Eight reacted to sulphur dioxide with a fall in FEV1, four to sodium benzoate and one to tartrazine, and four did not react to any of these agents. Three of the benzoate patients were also sensitive to sulphur dioxide. The sulphur dioxide sensitive patients were predominantly young, with extrinsic asthma. The benzoate sensitive patients were predominantly middle-aged and the proportion with intrinsic asthma was higher. Prior inhalation of sodium cromoglycate by four patients inhibited the reaction to these substances. Sulphur dioxide has not previously been reported to cause exacerbations of asthma when ingested as a food preservative. It is used as a preservative in a wide range of acidic beverages and foods, and should be considered as possibly causal in patients suffering from apparently cryptogenic asthma, and asthma seemingly due to food allergy.", "PMID": 412611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6709", "title": "Analysis of immunological features of intrinsic and extrinsic asthma and clinical response to DSCG.", "content": "A large range of immunological investigations in patients with extrinsic or intrinsic asthma showed higher leucocyte counts in intrinsic asthma. Blood sputum eosinophilia were almost equally frequent. Immediate skin responses to inhalant antigens are seldom present in intrinsic asthma, but delayed responses to bacterial antigens, endotoxins, Candida albicans ans aspiryl-PPL are frequently positive. This correlates with the frequent presence of precipitins and in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes, and the production of macrophage migration inhibition factor by most of these substances. These results suggest that bacterial factors may play a prominent role as aetiological agents in at least some cases of intrinsic asthma. In intrinsic asthma there was a high incidence of tissue autoantibodies, whereas the incidence was negligible in patients with atopic asthma. The level of serum immunoglobulins was not statistically different between the two groups of patients except for IgE. The patients with intrinsic asthma showed a favorable response to sodium cromoglycate.", "contents": "Analysis of immunological features of intrinsic and extrinsic asthma and clinical response to DSCG. A large range of immunological investigations in patients with extrinsic or intrinsic asthma showed higher leucocyte counts in intrinsic asthma. Blood sputum eosinophilia were almost equally frequent. Immediate skin responses to inhalant antigens are seldom present in intrinsic asthma, but delayed responses to bacterial antigens, endotoxins, Candida albicans ans aspiryl-PPL are frequently positive. This correlates with the frequent presence of precipitins and in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes, and the production of macrophage migration inhibition factor by most of these substances. These results suggest that bacterial factors may play a prominent role as aetiological agents in at least some cases of intrinsic asthma. In intrinsic asthma there was a high incidence of tissue autoantibodies, whereas the incidence was negligible in patients with atopic asthma. The level of serum immunoglobulins was not statistically different between the two groups of patients except for IgE. The patients with intrinsic asthma showed a favorable response to sodium cromoglycate.", "PMID": 412613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6710", "title": "Precipitating antibody to antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "Two antigens designated Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytoplasmic antigen (P(1-5)) and P. aeruginosa cell wal antigen (PCW) were prepared by ultrasonic disintegration and hot phenol extraction of a smooth polyagglutinable strain of P. aeruginosa isolated from the respiratory tract. It was shown that P(1-5) and PCW are immunologically distinct, that P(1-5) is heat-labile while PCW contains a heat-stable component which stains positively for polysaccharide, is positive for endotoxin and cross-reacts with a cell wall antigen of Haemophilus influenzae prepared by hot phenol extraction. Both antigens were able to activate the alternate pathway for complement. A statistically significant number of patients with cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis have precipitating antibody to that fraction of cytoplasmic antigen specific for P. aeruginosa (P(1-2)) and PCW compared to controls, whereas patients with asthma and chronic bronchitis do not. The use of both antigens increases the number of patients with antibody to P. aeruginosa. Radioactive immunodiffusion studies indicate that 80.8% of controls have precipitating antibody to PCW antigen and that antibody to it is IgG, IgA and IgM. These studies indicate that consideration should be given to PCW as well as P(1-5) in any consideration of the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa in these conditions.", "contents": "Precipitating antibody to antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic obstructive lung disease. Two antigens designated Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytoplasmic antigen (P(1-5)) and P. aeruginosa cell wal antigen (PCW) were prepared by ultrasonic disintegration and hot phenol extraction of a smooth polyagglutinable strain of P. aeruginosa isolated from the respiratory tract. It was shown that P(1-5) and PCW are immunologically distinct, that P(1-5) is heat-labile while PCW contains a heat-stable component which stains positively for polysaccharide, is positive for endotoxin and cross-reacts with a cell wall antigen of Haemophilus influenzae prepared by hot phenol extraction. Both antigens were able to activate the alternate pathway for complement. A statistically significant number of patients with cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis have precipitating antibody to that fraction of cytoplasmic antigen specific for P. aeruginosa (P(1-2)) and PCW compared to controls, whereas patients with asthma and chronic bronchitis do not. The use of both antigens increases the number of patients with antibody to P. aeruginosa. Radioactive immunodiffusion studies indicate that 80.8% of controls have precipitating antibody to PCW antigen and that antibody to it is IgG, IgA and IgM. These studies indicate that consideration should be given to PCW as well as P(1-5) in any consideration of the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa in these conditions.", "PMID": 412614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6711", "title": "Treatment of ragweed hay fever with intranasally administered disodium cromoglycate.", "content": "In a double-blind study the therapeutic effect of a 4% disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) nasal solution was evaluated in thirty-nine patients with acute symptoms of ragweed hay fever. Patients were randomly assigned to the DSCG or placebo group as they presented with allergic rhinitis. Overall, the DSCG was not more effective than placebo in controlling the symptoms of rhinitis or in decreasing the need for concomitant antihistamines or corticosteroids. Among patients with the highest pretreatment serum ragweed-specific IgE (RW IgE) levels, drug-treated patients had some reduction in symptoms as compared to their placebo controls during the peak of the ragweed pollen season. DSCG treatment did not influence the usual seasonal rise in RW IgE. Side effects from both the active and placebo aerosols were frequent but mild. We conclude that DSCG nasal solution used for the treatment of seasonal ragweed allergic rhinitis is relatively ineffective.", "contents": "Treatment of ragweed hay fever with intranasally administered disodium cromoglycate. In a double-blind study the therapeutic effect of a 4% disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) nasal solution was evaluated in thirty-nine patients with acute symptoms of ragweed hay fever. Patients were randomly assigned to the DSCG or placebo group as they presented with allergic rhinitis. Overall, the DSCG was not more effective than placebo in controlling the symptoms of rhinitis or in decreasing the need for concomitant antihistamines or corticosteroids. Among patients with the highest pretreatment serum ragweed-specific IgE (RW IgE) levels, drug-treated patients had some reduction in symptoms as compared to their placebo controls during the peak of the ragweed pollen season. DSCG treatment did not influence the usual seasonal rise in RW IgE. Side effects from both the active and placebo aerosols were frequent but mild. We conclude that DSCG nasal solution used for the treatment of seasonal ragweed allergic rhinitis is relatively ineffective.", "PMID": 412615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6712", "title": "Results for serum and plasma compared in 15 selected radioassays.", "content": "We evaluated the results for serum vs. plasma samples for 15 selected radioassay procedures, using 19 manufacturers' kits. Blood samples were collected with heparin, oxalate-fluoride, or ethylenediaminetetraacetate anticoagulants and compared with serum samples. Differences were demonstrated between serum and plasma which may be of sufficient magnitude to alter clinical interpretation of the results. Assays also demonstrated significant differences based on the kit manufacturer and procedure used.", "contents": "Results for serum and plasma compared in 15 selected radioassays. We evaluated the results for serum vs. plasma samples for 15 selected radioassay procedures, using 19 manufacturers' kits. Blood samples were collected with heparin, oxalate-fluoride, or ethylenediaminetetraacetate anticoagulants and compared with serum samples. Differences were demonstrated between serum and plasma which may be of sufficient magnitude to alter clinical interpretation of the results. Assays also demonstrated significant differences based on the kit manufacturer and procedure used.", "PMID": 412616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6713", "title": "Selective staining of alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-protease inhibitor) with Schiff's reagent after separation from serum by analytical isoelectrofocusing in polyacrylamide gel.", "content": "After electrofocusing serum from human and various animals in the pH range 4.0-6.0, only the isoproteins of antitrypsin stain with Schiff's reagent. As an additional advantage, this staining provides information about the relative contents of the Schiff-positive carbohydrates of various antitrypsins.", "contents": "Selective staining of alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-protease inhibitor) with Schiff's reagent after separation from serum by analytical isoelectrofocusing in polyacrylamide gel. After electrofocusing serum from human and various animals in the pH range 4.0-6.0, only the isoproteins of antitrypsin stain with Schiff's reagent. As an additional advantage, this staining provides information about the relative contents of the Schiff-positive carbohydrates of various antitrypsins.", "PMID": 412617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6714", "title": "The effect of Mycoplasma contamination on the in vitro assay of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "Cultured fibroblasts contaminated with mycoplasma were shown to have increased in levels of apparent pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzyme activity. The apparent pyruvate dehydrogenase specific activity was about 1000-fold greater in cultured Mycoplasma pneumoniae than in cultured fibroblasts. Several acid hydrolytic enzyme activities were also shown to be present in M. pneumoniae though a lower apparent specific activity than in cultured fibroblasts.", "contents": "The effect of Mycoplasma contamination on the in vitro assay of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in cultured fibroblasts. Cultured fibroblasts contaminated with mycoplasma were shown to have increased in levels of apparent pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzyme activity. The apparent pyruvate dehydrogenase specific activity was about 1000-fold greater in cultured Mycoplasma pneumoniae than in cultured fibroblasts. Several acid hydrolytic enzyme activities were also shown to be present in M. pneumoniae though a lower apparent specific activity than in cultured fibroblasts.", "PMID": 412621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6715", "title": "A micromethod for determining adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in cells from human peripheral blood.", "content": "A radiochromatographic method is described for measuring adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in cells from human peripheral blood. The respective substrates, [8-14C]adenosine or [8-14C]inosine, are converted either to inosine and hypoxanthine or hypoxanthine, respectively. A single simple and rapid chromatographic procedure is used to isolate the products of both reactions. The mean normal activity (nmol h-1mg-1) of ADA for erythrocytes is 63 +/- 24 (+/- 1 S.D.) for leukocytes, 750 +/- 280 and for lymphocytes, 2105 +/- 1170. Corresponding activities for purine nucleoside phosphorylase are 1850 +/- 490, 3665 +/- 1170 and 5890 +/- 2030. With the described methods a further patient with severe combined immuno-deficiency and adenosine deaminase deficiency has been identified.", "contents": "A micromethod for determining adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in cells from human peripheral blood. A radiochromatographic method is described for measuring adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in cells from human peripheral blood. The respective substrates, [8-14C]adenosine or [8-14C]inosine, are converted either to inosine and hypoxanthine or hypoxanthine, respectively. A single simple and rapid chromatographic procedure is used to isolate the products of both reactions. The mean normal activity (nmol h-1mg-1) of ADA for erythrocytes is 63 +/- 24 (+/- 1 S.D.) for leukocytes, 750 +/- 280 and for lymphocytes, 2105 +/- 1170. Corresponding activities for purine nucleoside phosphorylase are 1850 +/- 490, 3665 +/- 1170 and 5890 +/- 2030. With the described methods a further patient with severe combined immuno-deficiency and adenosine deaminase deficiency has been identified.", "PMID": 412622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6716", "title": "Interrelationship of tryptophan pyrrolase with tyrosinase in melanogenesis of Bufo melanostictus.", "content": "Tryptophan pyrrolase, a microsomal enzyme responsible for the break-down of tryptophan, has been detected in Bufo melanostictus. The enzyme has been found to be deactivated under influence of antivitiligo drug psoralene and activated by hydroquinone, an inhibitor of tyrosinase. Tryptophan pyrrolase has been found to have an antagonistic relationship with tyrosinase in Bufo melanostictus. The implication of the results has been discussed in relation to melanogenesis in vitiligo.", "contents": "Interrelationship of tryptophan pyrrolase with tyrosinase in melanogenesis of Bufo melanostictus. Tryptophan pyrrolase, a microsomal enzyme responsible for the break-down of tryptophan, has been detected in Bufo melanostictus. The enzyme has been found to be deactivated under influence of antivitiligo drug psoralene and activated by hydroquinone, an inhibitor of tyrosinase. Tryptophan pyrrolase has been found to have an antagonistic relationship with tyrosinase in Bufo melanostictus. The implication of the results has been discussed in relation to melanogenesis in vitiligo.", "PMID": 412623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6717", "title": "Studies on excretion of renal antigens in normal and pathological urine.", "content": "The report deals with attempts to identify and quantitate renal antigens excreted into the urine of normal subjects and patients with renal disease. Although no useful information was obtained on the possible excretion of glomerular basement membrane antigens, renal tubular epithelial antigen (RTE) proved to be interesting. Curiously, massive excretion of RTE occurred most prominently in cases of 'minimal change' disease. In addition, a correlation between the selectivity of the proteinuria and excretion of RTE was noted. In general there did not seem to be any relation between RTE excretion and tubular/interstitial lesions.", "contents": "Studies on excretion of renal antigens in normal and pathological urine. The report deals with attempts to identify and quantitate renal antigens excreted into the urine of normal subjects and patients with renal disease. Although no useful information was obtained on the possible excretion of glomerular basement membrane antigens, renal tubular epithelial antigen (RTE) proved to be interesting. Curiously, massive excretion of RTE occurred most prominently in cases of 'minimal change' disease. In addition, a correlation between the selectivity of the proteinuria and excretion of RTE was noted. In general there did not seem to be any relation between RTE excretion and tubular/interstitial lesions.", "PMID": 412624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6718", "title": "Pericellular glycosaminoglycans in cultured human cells. A possible source of error in prenatal diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses.", "content": "Normal fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells, and cells from patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis type I and II, were cultured in the presence of 35SO4. After harvesting by trypsinization, the radioactivity was recovered from the intracellular and pericellular pool of glycosaminoglycans. The amount of incorporated radioactivity in these respective pools was 1 : 2.3 in normal fibroblasts and 1 : 7.2 in control amniotic fluid cells. Incorporation in the pericellular pool was not elevated in cells from patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis type I and II, in contrast to incorporation in the intracellular pool. Studies on different methods of harvesting showed that reliable prenatal analysis can be performed only if the pericellular pool is removed by trypsinization. Amniotic fluid cells from a pregnancy carrying a fetus affected with Hurler's disease revealed the expected increased level of 35SO4 incorporation if the cells were trypsinized, but the intracellular accumulation of glycosaminoglycans was obscured by the pericellular pool if the cells were harvested by scraping.", "contents": "Pericellular glycosaminoglycans in cultured human cells. A possible source of error in prenatal diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses. Normal fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells, and cells from patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis type I and II, were cultured in the presence of 35SO4. After harvesting by trypsinization, the radioactivity was recovered from the intracellular and pericellular pool of glycosaminoglycans. The amount of incorporated radioactivity in these respective pools was 1 : 2.3 in normal fibroblasts and 1 : 7.2 in control amniotic fluid cells. Incorporation in the pericellular pool was not elevated in cells from patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis type I and II, in contrast to incorporation in the intracellular pool. Studies on different methods of harvesting showed that reliable prenatal analysis can be performed only if the pericellular pool is removed by trypsinization. Amniotic fluid cells from a pregnancy carrying a fetus affected with Hurler's disease revealed the expected increased level of 35SO4 incorporation if the cells were trypsinized, but the intracellular accumulation of glycosaminoglycans was obscured by the pericellular pool if the cells were harvested by scraping.", "PMID": 412625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6719", "title": "Increases in serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) infusions in normal men.", "content": "Increases in serum FSH values to approximately 50% above basal concentrations were found during TRH infusions of 2.0 microgram/min into normal men (n = 10). These increases could not be explained by cross-reactivity of thyrotrophin (TSH) in the FSH assay. No significant change was found in serum concentrations of FSH during saline infusions (n = 4) nor in LH concentrations during either TRH or saline infusions. Many previous studies using single injections of TRH have failed to demonstrate changes in serum FSH concentrations. It is possible that prolonged infusions of TRH, as used in this study, are more likely to lead to non-specificity of the effects of this tripeptide on pituitary hormone secretion.", "contents": "Increases in serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) infusions in normal men. Increases in serum FSH values to approximately 50% above basal concentrations were found during TRH infusions of 2.0 microgram/min into normal men (n = 10). These increases could not be explained by cross-reactivity of thyrotrophin (TSH) in the FSH assay. No significant change was found in serum concentrations of FSH during saline infusions (n = 4) nor in LH concentrations during either TRH or saline infusions. Many previous studies using single injections of TRH have failed to demonstrate changes in serum FSH concentrations. It is possible that prolonged infusions of TRH, as used in this study, are more likely to lead to non-specificity of the effects of this tripeptide on pituitary hormone secretion.", "PMID": 412626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6720", "title": "Response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and triiodothyronine suppressibility in euthyroid multinodular goitre.", "content": "In twenty-two female patients with euthyroid multinodular goitre of varying size, thyroid suppression of 131I thyroid uptake by triiodothyronine (T3) and thyrotrophin (TSH) release after thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) administration were compared with thyroid weight, estimated by a planimetric method, and with serum thyroxine (T4) and T3 concentrations. Maximal increment of TSH (deltaTSH) after TRH and per cent T3-suppressibility were inversely related to thyroid weight and not related to basal serum T4 or T3 concentrations. deltaTSH and per cent suppression correlated positively, but deltaTSH was more often subnormal than T3-suppressibility. A practical consequence of our study is that nonconformity of the two tests may occur. This should be kept in mind in the evaluation of patients with thyroid disorders.", "contents": "Response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and triiodothyronine suppressibility in euthyroid multinodular goitre. In twenty-two female patients with euthyroid multinodular goitre of varying size, thyroid suppression of 131I thyroid uptake by triiodothyronine (T3) and thyrotrophin (TSH) release after thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) administration were compared with thyroid weight, estimated by a planimetric method, and with serum thyroxine (T4) and T3 concentrations. Maximal increment of TSH (deltaTSH) after TRH and per cent T3-suppressibility were inversely related to thyroid weight and not related to basal serum T4 or T3 concentrations. deltaTSH and per cent suppression correlated positively, but deltaTSH was more often subnormal than T3-suppressibility. A practical consequence of our study is that nonconformity of the two tests may occur. This should be kept in mind in the evaluation of patients with thyroid disorders.", "PMID": 412627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6721", "title": "Partial deletion of long arm of chromosome 11: del (11) (q23).", "content": "The cytogenetic analysis of an infant with multiple congenital anomalies revealed a small deletion of the long arm of one No. 11 chromosome: 46,XX,del(11)(q23). The main clinical manifestations included: ocular colobomata, absent philtrum, severe congenital heart disease, contractures of the large joints and skin pigmentation. Both parents showed a normal chromosome constitution. In comparison to the previously reported cases of 11q-, the patient presented here had more severe congenital anomalies. The correlation of the size of the deletion, and the location of the break, with the physical findings is discussed.", "contents": "Partial deletion of long arm of chromosome 11: del (11) (q23). The cytogenetic analysis of an infant with multiple congenital anomalies revealed a small deletion of the long arm of one No. 11 chromosome: 46,XX,del(11)(q23). The main clinical manifestations included: ocular colobomata, absent philtrum, severe congenital heart disease, contractures of the large joints and skin pigmentation. Both parents showed a normal chromosome constitution. In comparison to the previously reported cases of 11q-, the patient presented here had more severe congenital anomalies. The correlation of the size of the deletion, and the location of the break, with the physical findings is discussed.", "PMID": 412630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6722", "title": "Inhibition of bovine cerebral cortex prostaglandin synthetase by phenoxybenzamine and cyproheptadine in vitro.", "content": "1. Bovine cerebral cortex (BCC) microsomes were isolated from fresh brain using standard techniques. 2. Two a-adrenoceptor antagonists (phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine) and two anti-serotonin compounds (cyproheptadine and cinanserine) were compared with the anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin and keptoprofene for inhibition in vitro of prostaglandin (PC) synthetase. 3. Henoxybenzanine and cyproheptadine inhibited BCC PG synthetase in vitro, but their potency was 1% that of indomethacin and keptoprofene. Phentolamine and cinanserine did not inhibit PG synthetase in concentrations up to ten times the effective concentrations of the other test drugs. 4. It is suggested that the antipyrogenic effect of phenoxybenzamine and cyproheptadine may be due to their inhibitory effect on prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of bovine cerebral cortex prostaglandin synthetase by phenoxybenzamine and cyproheptadine in vitro. 1. Bovine cerebral cortex (BCC) microsomes were isolated from fresh brain using standard techniques. 2. Two a-adrenoceptor antagonists (phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine) and two anti-serotonin compounds (cyproheptadine and cinanserine) were compared with the anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin and keptoprofene for inhibition in vitro of prostaglandin (PC) synthetase. 3. Henoxybenzanine and cyproheptadine inhibited BCC PG synthetase in vitro, but their potency was 1% that of indomethacin and keptoprofene. Phentolamine and cinanserine did not inhibit PG synthetase in concentrations up to ten times the effective concentrations of the other test drugs. 4. It is suggested that the antipyrogenic effect of phenoxybenzamine and cyproheptadine may be due to their inhibitory effect on prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 412631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6723", "title": "Continuous intragastric infusion of elemental diet: experiences with 10 infants having small-intestinal diseases.", "content": "Five infants with gastrointestinal disease requiring neonatal surgery and two infants with nonsurgical disorders were nourished successfully using a constant intragastric infusion of an elemental diet. Two additional patients who developed persistent distension and gastric retention on IED had mechanical obstruction requiring surgery and another died of NEC during treatment. Use of IED avoided the risks of TPN and was followed by successful introduction of standard feeding techniques. IED provides a valuable alternative to TPN in selected infants and newborns. Caution with any enteral feeding method is required in infants at risk for NEC.", "contents": "Continuous intragastric infusion of elemental diet: experiences with 10 infants having small-intestinal diseases. Five infants with gastrointestinal disease requiring neonatal surgery and two infants with nonsurgical disorders were nourished successfully using a constant intragastric infusion of an elemental diet. Two additional patients who developed persistent distension and gastric retention on IED had mechanical obstruction requiring surgery and another died of NEC during treatment. Use of IED avoided the risks of TPN and was followed by successful introduction of standard feeding techniques. IED provides a valuable alternative to TPN in selected infants and newborns. Caution with any enteral feeding method is required in infants at risk for NEC.", "PMID": 412634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6724", "title": "Expenditures for health care of children and youth in the United States.", "content": "This paper describes the expenditures for health care in the United States in fiscal year 1975. Proportionately, health expenditures for children and youth are lower than for other age groups. The average per capita expenditure for children and youth was $212.00. For children and youth public health care expenditures represented 24 per cent of the total; from public funds, Medicaid and the Department of Defense were the largest two programs; from the public sector, the federal government provided two thirds of the total health expenditures. For children and youth, two thirds of all health expenditures were for hospital care and physicians' services.", "contents": "Expenditures for health care of children and youth in the United States. This paper describes the expenditures for health care in the United States in fiscal year 1975. Proportionately, health expenditures for children and youth are lower than for other age groups. The average per capita expenditure for children and youth was $212.00. For children and youth public health care expenditures represented 24 per cent of the total; from public funds, Medicaid and the Department of Defense were the largest two programs; from the public sector, the federal government provided two thirds of the total health expenditures. For children and youth, two thirds of all health expenditures were for hospital care and physicians' services.", "PMID": 412636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6725", "title": "Hand-washing degerming: a comparison of povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine.", "content": "Two antiseptic preparations for hand washing were compared by the glove-juice method in a crossover study on 10 volunteers. The reference preparation was 7.5% povidone-iodine (Betadine Surgical Scrub); the test agent was 4% chlorhexidine gluconate combined with 4% isopropyl alcohol (Hibiclens). The experimental model included inoculation of the hands with a mixture of Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Providentia stuartii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The reference preparation achieved a reduction ratio in colony counts of 695 to 1 under the conditions of this study. The average postwash colony count after use of 7.5% povidone-iodine was significantly less than the preinoculation colony count. Logarithmic values, and the paired t test applied to them, showed a highly significant difference (p = less than 0.001) in favor of the degerming ability of the reference agent compared to the test agent. These data are of value in the selection of preparations for hand washing and may point the way to quantitative methods for other degerming studies.", "contents": "Hand-washing degerming: a comparison of povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine. Two antiseptic preparations for hand washing were compared by the glove-juice method in a crossover study on 10 volunteers. The reference preparation was 7.5% povidone-iodine (Betadine Surgical Scrub); the test agent was 4% chlorhexidine gluconate combined with 4% isopropyl alcohol (Hibiclens). The experimental model included inoculation of the hands with a mixture of Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Providentia stuartii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The reference preparation achieved a reduction ratio in colony counts of 695 to 1 under the conditions of this study. The average postwash colony count after use of 7.5% povidone-iodine was significantly less than the preinoculation colony count. Logarithmic values, and the paired t test applied to them, showed a highly significant difference (p = less than 0.001) in favor of the degerming ability of the reference agent compared to the test agent. These data are of value in the selection of preparations for hand washing and may point the way to quantitative methods for other degerming studies.", "PMID": 412637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6726", "title": "Protein turnover, synthesis and breakdown before and after recovery from protein-energy malnutrition.", "content": "1. Rates of total protein turnover, synthesis and breakdown were measured in five children before and after recovery from severe protein-energy malnutrition and while receiving 0.6 g of protein and 397 kJ day-1 kg-1. 2. Thes rates were calculated after giving doses of [15N]glycine every 2 h along with the feeds and measuring the rate of excretion of [15N]urea in urine. 3. Malnourished children had significantly lower rates of protein turnover, synthesis and breakdown than after they had recovered. 4. During recovery from protein-energy malnutrition, two children on a daily intake of 1.2 g of protein and 605 J/kg body weight, had rates of protein turnover, synthesis and breakdown that were twice as great as those found on admission and higher than after recovery. 5. On the study diet the malnourished children maintained their weight while the recovered children lost weight; the apparent nitrogen balance was more positive in the malnourished children. 6. In recovered children, the rate of protein synthesis was unchanged over a wide range of protein intake, whereas the rate of protein breakdown appeared to rise with a reduction in protein intake.", "contents": "Protein turnover, synthesis and breakdown before and after recovery from protein-energy malnutrition. 1. Rates of total protein turnover, synthesis and breakdown were measured in five children before and after recovery from severe protein-energy malnutrition and while receiving 0.6 g of protein and 397 kJ day-1 kg-1. 2. Thes rates were calculated after giving doses of [15N]glycine every 2 h along with the feeds and measuring the rate of excretion of [15N]urea in urine. 3. Malnourished children had significantly lower rates of protein turnover, synthesis and breakdown than after they had recovered. 4. During recovery from protein-energy malnutrition, two children on a daily intake of 1.2 g of protein and 605 J/kg body weight, had rates of protein turnover, synthesis and breakdown that were twice as great as those found on admission and higher than after recovery. 5. On the study diet the malnourished children maintained their weight while the recovered children lost weight; the apparent nitrogen balance was more positive in the malnourished children. 6. In recovered children, the rate of protein synthesis was unchanged over a wide range of protein intake, whereas the rate of protein breakdown appeared to rise with a reduction in protein intake.", "PMID": 412638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6727", "title": "Sheep experimentally infected with Sarcocystis from dogs. II. Abortion and disease in ewes.", "content": "This is the first study of Sarcocystis-induced abortion in sheep. Eleven pregnant ewes were experimentally inoculated with 50,000, 100,000, or 500,000 Sarcocystis ovicanis sporocytis from dogs. Eight ewes either aborted, died, or became moribund before term; they produced 15 fetuses, 11 of normal appearance and 4 necrotic. No evidence of intrauterine transmission was obtained. All infected ewes became anemic, inappetent, and lost weight. Ewes inoculated with the greatest numbers of sporocysts exhibited the most striking signs of acute illness. At necropsy of acutely ill ewes the heart was the most severely affected organ, appearing nearly black as a result of hemorrhagic pancarditis. Less hemorrhage was seen in the kidney, liver, spleen, and skeletal muscles. Microscopically, schizonts were found in capillary endothelial cells of most organs 24 to 33 days after inoculation. Ewes surviving the acute illness appeared generally unthrifty and exhibited the additional signs of wool breaking, and nervous disturbances. At postmortem, the heart and kidneys of these ewes were moderately hemorrhagic, and the adrenal glands and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged. Microscopically, sarcocysts were found in the heart, diaphragm esophagus, tongue, skeletal and eye muscles, cerebellum, and cerebrum.", "contents": "Sheep experimentally infected with Sarcocystis from dogs. II. Abortion and disease in ewes. This is the first study of Sarcocystis-induced abortion in sheep. Eleven pregnant ewes were experimentally inoculated with 50,000, 100,000, or 500,000 Sarcocystis ovicanis sporocytis from dogs. Eight ewes either aborted, died, or became moribund before term; they produced 15 fetuses, 11 of normal appearance and 4 necrotic. No evidence of intrauterine transmission was obtained. All infected ewes became anemic, inappetent, and lost weight. Ewes inoculated with the greatest numbers of sporocysts exhibited the most striking signs of acute illness. At necropsy of acutely ill ewes the heart was the most severely affected organ, appearing nearly black as a result of hemorrhagic pancarditis. Less hemorrhage was seen in the kidney, liver, spleen, and skeletal muscles. Microscopically, schizonts were found in capillary endothelial cells of most organs 24 to 33 days after inoculation. Ewes surviving the acute illness appeared generally unthrifty and exhibited the additional signs of wool breaking, and nervous disturbances. At postmortem, the heart and kidneys of these ewes were moderately hemorrhagic, and the adrenal glands and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged. Microscopically, sarcocysts were found in the heart, diaphragm esophagus, tongue, skeletal and eye muscles, cerebellum, and cerebrum.", "PMID": 412642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6728", "title": "Viability of Leptospira interrogans serotype grippotyphosa in swine urine and blood.", "content": "Normal swine urine, devoid of its microbial flora, diminished the viability and virulence of Leptospira interrogans serotype grippotyphosa. Bovine serum albumin diluent effectively offset the urine's deleterious effects. Membrane filtration (0.45 micrometer) rendered urine free of bacteria, but permitted passage of limited numbers of leptospires. Most of the commonly used anticoagulants did not alter viability of grippotyphosa in whole blood. However, EDTA significantly reduced the number of viable cells.", "contents": "Viability of Leptospira interrogans serotype grippotyphosa in swine urine and blood. Normal swine urine, devoid of its microbial flora, diminished the viability and virulence of Leptospira interrogans serotype grippotyphosa. Bovine serum albumin diluent effectively offset the urine's deleterious effects. Membrane filtration (0.45 micrometer) rendered urine free of bacteria, but permitted passage of limited numbers of leptospires. Most of the commonly used anticoagulants did not alter viability of grippotyphosa in whole blood. However, EDTA significantly reduced the number of viable cells.", "PMID": 412643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6729", "title": "The effect of tablet formulation on the haemodynamic properties of glyceryl trinitrate.", "content": "A non-invasive haemodynamic study was carried out in 13 normal subjects to compare the pharmacodynamics of glyceryl trinitrate when formulated as a moulded tablet ('Nitrostat') rather than as a generic compressed tablet. The glyceryl trinitrate moulded tablet, with a much more rapid and predictable dissolution time, produced an earlier onset of systolic blood pressure fall (p less than 0.01) and a greater maximum percentage change in peripheral blood flow (p less than 0.02). No other significant differences in effect on pulse rate, blood pressure or peripheral blood flow were noted.", "contents": "The effect of tablet formulation on the haemodynamic properties of glyceryl trinitrate. A non-invasive haemodynamic study was carried out in 13 normal subjects to compare the pharmacodynamics of glyceryl trinitrate when formulated as a moulded tablet ('Nitrostat') rather than as a generic compressed tablet. The glyceryl trinitrate moulded tablet, with a much more rapid and predictable dissolution time, produced an earlier onset of systolic blood pressure fall (p less than 0.01) and a greater maximum percentage change in peripheral blood flow (p less than 0.02). No other significant differences in effect on pulse rate, blood pressure or peripheral blood flow were noted.", "PMID": 412646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6730", "title": "In vitro activity of netilmicin (SCH 20569) against bacterial isolates from ill children.", "content": "A new aminoglycoside antibiotic, netilmicin, was tested against 306 clinical isolates from ill children and compared with sisomicin and gentamicin. Activity against Enterobacteriaceae was similar to that of gentamicin but less than that of sisomicin. Two gentamicin-resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella, MIC 6.25 microgram/ml, Escherichia coli, MIC 12.5 microgram/ml) were susceptible to netilimicin (MIC 3.12 microgram/ml). Netilmicin was ineffective against almost all strains of Pseudomonas but active against the majority of strains of Staphylococcus, Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae tested. Disc diffusion sensitivity results correlated in general with the agar dilution test. Netilmicin had little activity against Pseudomonas but may be useful in the treatment of infections due to gentamicin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "In vitro activity of netilmicin (SCH 20569) against bacterial isolates from ill children. A new aminoglycoside antibiotic, netilmicin, was tested against 306 clinical isolates from ill children and compared with sisomicin and gentamicin. Activity against Enterobacteriaceae was similar to that of gentamicin but less than that of sisomicin. Two gentamicin-resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella, MIC 6.25 microgram/ml, Escherichia coli, MIC 12.5 microgram/ml) were susceptible to netilimicin (MIC 3.12 microgram/ml). Netilmicin was ineffective against almost all strains of Pseudomonas but active against the majority of strains of Staphylococcus, Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae tested. Disc diffusion sensitivity results correlated in general with the agar dilution test. Netilmicin had little activity against Pseudomonas but may be useful in the treatment of infections due to gentamicin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.", "PMID": 412647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6731", "title": "Antimicrobial synergism in the therapy of gram-negative rod bacteremia.", "content": "To determine if antimicrobial synergism might affect the results of treatment of gram-negative rod infections, 444 bacteremias from 1972 through 1974 were studied. On these, 173 were treated with two antibiotics to which the infecting organisms were sensitive. Clinical responses were observed in 80% of 83 cases where antibiotic activity was synergistic, as defined by a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each antibiotic in combination being one-fourth or less than the MICs of individual drugs. This response rate was significantly better than the 64% response seen in patients treated with nonsynergistic combinations (p less than 0.05). Synergism correlated with significantly better clinical responses in those patients with \"rapidly fatal\" and \"ultimately fatal\" underlying disease (p less than 0.005), neutropenia (p less than 0.001), shock (p less than 0.01) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that the use of antibiotic combinations to treat patients with gram-negative rod bacteremia who have the poorest prognosis is clinically justified and the improved results may be related to the synergistic activity of antimicrobial agents.", "contents": "Antimicrobial synergism in the therapy of gram-negative rod bacteremia. To determine if antimicrobial synergism might affect the results of treatment of gram-negative rod infections, 444 bacteremias from 1972 through 1974 were studied. On these, 173 were treated with two antibiotics to which the infecting organisms were sensitive. Clinical responses were observed in 80% of 83 cases where antibiotic activity was synergistic, as defined by a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each antibiotic in combination being one-fourth or less than the MICs of individual drugs. This response rate was significantly better than the 64% response seen in patients treated with nonsynergistic combinations (p less than 0.05). Synergism correlated with significantly better clinical responses in those patients with \"rapidly fatal\" and \"ultimately fatal\" underlying disease (p less than 0.005), neutropenia (p less than 0.001), shock (p less than 0.01) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that the use of antibiotic combinations to treat patients with gram-negative rod bacteremia who have the poorest prognosis is clinically justified and the improved results may be related to the synergistic activity of antimicrobial agents.", "PMID": 412648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6732", "title": "First annual Arnar-Stone lecture: The importance of the endocrine and metabolic responses to shock and trauma.", "content": "Trauma and shock result in activation of a wide variety of endocrine and metabolic systems. Based upon experimental work demonstrating metabolic deficits, a variety of metabolic therapies have been developed to assist in the treatment of patients with shock or trauma. Evidence to date is inconclusive as to whether this therapy will be of significant benefit to critically ill patients. Some of the senior author's previous research has been analyzed as it relates to important health policy issues. We suggest that a peer review mechanism be set up within organized professional groups to assess major research trends and develop informed opinions on key research subjects within their domain. These peer review assessments must be effectively communicated to Congress and the executive branch of the government, as well as to the general public, if support commensurate with the importance of the research is to be achieved.", "contents": "First annual Arnar-Stone lecture: The importance of the endocrine and metabolic responses to shock and trauma. Trauma and shock result in activation of a wide variety of endocrine and metabolic systems. Based upon experimental work demonstrating metabolic deficits, a variety of metabolic therapies have been developed to assist in the treatment of patients with shock or trauma. Evidence to date is inconclusive as to whether this therapy will be of significant benefit to critically ill patients. Some of the senior author's previous research has been analyzed as it relates to important health policy issues. We suggest that a peer review mechanism be set up within organized professional groups to assess major research trends and develop informed opinions on key research subjects within their domain. These peer review assessments must be effectively communicated to Congress and the executive branch of the government, as well as to the general public, if support commensurate with the importance of the research is to be achieved.", "PMID": 412644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6733", "title": "[Folic acid levels in patients with compensated renal failure and during long-term haemodialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Folic acid concentration in plasma and erythrocytes and vitamin B12 concentration in plasma were determined by radioassay in 56 patients with chronic renal failure. Compensated retention was present in 31, while 25 were haemodialysed at regular intervals, 14 at home, and 11 in hospital. One patient had megaloblastic anaemia. Mean folic acid concentration in plasma for the whole group was 4.60 microgram/l (normal 8.30 +/- 2.57  microgram/l), in RBC 385 microgram/l (normal 459 +/- 143 microgram/l. Vitamin B12 levels were normal. These was no significant difference in folic acid levels betwwen patients on home or on hospital dialysis. During dialysis there was a fall in folic acid concentration in plasma which was proportional to the intial levels. After a four-week replacement pause folic acid concentration in RBC had not decreased in those patients on long-term dialysis who had previously received folic acid. The decreased folic-acid concentration in plasma of patients in compensated chronic renal failure is not due to the renal failure. Folic acid concentration in RBC is decisive in the assessment of folic acid deficiency.", "contents": "[Folic acid levels in patients with compensated renal failure and during long-term haemodialysis (author's transl)]. Folic acid concentration in plasma and erythrocytes and vitamin B12 concentration in plasma were determined by radioassay in 56 patients with chronic renal failure. Compensated retention was present in 31, while 25 were haemodialysed at regular intervals, 14 at home, and 11 in hospital. One patient had megaloblastic anaemia. Mean folic acid concentration in plasma for the whole group was 4.60 microgram/l (normal 8.30 +/- 2.57  microgram/l), in RBC 385 microgram/l (normal 459 +/- 143 microgram/l. Vitamin B12 levels were normal. These was no significant difference in folic acid levels betwwen patients on home or on hospital dialysis. During dialysis there was a fall in folic acid concentration in plasma which was proportional to the intial levels. After a four-week replacement pause folic acid concentration in RBC had not decreased in those patients on long-term dialysis who had previously received folic acid. The decreased folic-acid concentration in plasma of patients in compensated chronic renal failure is not due to the renal failure. Folic acid concentration in RBC is decisive in the assessment of folic acid deficiency.", "PMID": 412652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6734", "title": "[Comparison of orthodromic and antidromic sensory nerve conduction. 1. Normals and patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (author's syndrome)].", "content": "In 32 healthy volunteers aged between 10 and 72 years the orthodromic and the antidromic sensory nerve conduction in the median nerve have been studied. Normal values for conduction velocities and for the configuration of the orthodromic nerve action potentials are described in detail. 26 patients suffering from a carpal tunnel syndrome have been examined both with the orthodromic and the antidromic method. It could be shown that the diagnostic yield of both methods is about the same for this special problem.", "contents": "[Comparison of orthodromic and antidromic sensory nerve conduction. 1. Normals and patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (author's syndrome)]. In 32 healthy volunteers aged between 10 and 72 years the orthodromic and the antidromic sensory nerve conduction in the median nerve have been studied. Normal values for conduction velocities and for the configuration of the orthodromic nerve action potentials are described in detail. 26 patients suffering from a carpal tunnel syndrome have been examined both with the orthodromic and the antidromic method. It could be shown that the diagnostic yield of both methods is about the same for this special problem.", "PMID": 412653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6735", "title": "[Comparison of orthodromic and antidromic sensory nerve conduction. 2. Patients with polyneuropathies and polyradiculitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of the orthodromically and the antidromically recorded nerve action potentials from a median nerve in 30 patients with clinically slight or beginning polyneuropathies have been compared. Antidromic conduction velocity was slowed in 8 cases, in 8 patients it was normal and in 14 patients no definite antidromic nerve action potential could be recorded. This last finding is not considered as being definitely abnormal. In all but one patient orthodromic nerve action potentials could be elicited. In 28 out of 30 patients the orthodromic method gave pathological findings. Duration of the nerve action potentials and the number of their potential component were the most sensitive single parameters, which were abnormal in more cases than conduction velocity of the fastest fibres. For the detection of slight or beginning polyneuropathies the diagnostic yield of the orthodromic method turned out to be much greater than the antidromic. In contrast, in a group of 19 young patients, which previously had suffered from a polyradiculitis, no significant difference between the two methods was found.", "contents": "[Comparison of orthodromic and antidromic sensory nerve conduction. 2. Patients with polyneuropathies and polyradiculitis (author's transl)]. The results of the orthodromically and the antidromically recorded nerve action potentials from a median nerve in 30 patients with clinically slight or beginning polyneuropathies have been compared. Antidromic conduction velocity was slowed in 8 cases, in 8 patients it was normal and in 14 patients no definite antidromic nerve action potential could be recorded. This last finding is not considered as being definitely abnormal. In all but one patient orthodromic nerve action potentials could be elicited. In 28 out of 30 patients the orthodromic method gave pathological findings. Duration of the nerve action potentials and the number of their potential component were the most sensitive single parameters, which were abnormal in more cases than conduction velocity of the fastest fibres. For the detection of slight or beginning polyneuropathies the diagnostic yield of the orthodromic method turned out to be much greater than the antidromic. In contrast, in a group of 19 young patients, which previously had suffered from a polyradiculitis, no significant difference between the two methods was found.", "PMID": 412654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6736", "title": "[Early electroneurographic diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison of distal motor latencies after stimulation of the median and ulnar nerves proximal to the ligamentum carpi transversum and recording from the thenar muscles shows: a) in normal subjects (99 measurements) a 0,7 msec longer latency after stimulation of the ulnar nerve, b) in generalized polyneuropathies in 46% (n = 48) a reversal of the two motor latencies, i.e., a longer median than ulnar nerve latency. c) in manifest carpal tunnel syndromes with pathologically prolonged motor latencies this reversal in all cases; d) in carpal tunnel syndromes with only pathologically prolonged sensory latencies in 11 out of 13 patients a reversal of motor latencies; e) in patients with carpal tunnel syndromes a reversal of motor latencies in 65% (n = 46) on the clinically symptom-free side. It is concluded that a reversal of distal motor latencies may be the earliest sign of a carpal tunnel syndrome, if a generalized polyneuropathy is excluded and typical symptoms are reported.", "contents": "[Early electroneurographic diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (author's transl)]. A comparison of distal motor latencies after stimulation of the median and ulnar nerves proximal to the ligamentum carpi transversum and recording from the thenar muscles shows: a) in normal subjects (99 measurements) a 0,7 msec longer latency after stimulation of the ulnar nerve, b) in generalized polyneuropathies in 46% (n = 48) a reversal of the two motor latencies, i.e., a longer median than ulnar nerve latency. c) in manifest carpal tunnel syndromes with pathologically prolonged motor latencies this reversal in all cases; d) in carpal tunnel syndromes with only pathologically prolonged sensory latencies in 11 out of 13 patients a reversal of motor latencies; e) in patients with carpal tunnel syndromes a reversal of motor latencies in 65% (n = 46) on the clinically symptom-free side. It is concluded that a reversal of distal motor latencies may be the earliest sign of a carpal tunnel syndrome, if a generalized polyneuropathy is excluded and typical symptoms are reported.", "PMID": 412655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6737", "title": "[The staircase phenomenon in myasthenia gravis and other neuromuscular disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "The isometric contractions with repetitive stimulation of 2/sec during 90 sec have been recorded in 39 patients with neuromuscular disorders other than myasthenia gravis. Seven patients had falling amplitudes of the contractions, in 14 cases the increase was below 12 per cent and 21 patients had a normal staircase phenomenon. It is recommended to take only a falling of the contraction amplitudes as an important indication for myasthenia gravis. This finding, however, is not specific and in the indivisual case it has to be considered in combination with the other clinical, electro-physiological and histological findings.", "contents": "[The staircase phenomenon in myasthenia gravis and other neuromuscular disorders (author's transl)]. The isometric contractions with repetitive stimulation of 2/sec during 90 sec have been recorded in 39 patients with neuromuscular disorders other than myasthenia gravis. Seven patients had falling amplitudes of the contractions, in 14 cases the increase was below 12 per cent and 21 patients had a normal staircase phenomenon. It is recommended to take only a falling of the contraction amplitudes as an important indication for myasthenia gravis. This finding, however, is not specific and in the indivisual case it has to be considered in combination with the other clinical, electro-physiological and histological findings.", "PMID": 412656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6738", "title": "[The relation of electroencephalographic foci to vasospasms in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "During a period of five years 74 patients with acute subarachnoid haemorrhage were controlled by angiography and EEG. 19 patients demonstrated angiographically proved intracranial aneurysms, seven intracerebral haematomas, three arteriovenous abnormalities. 25 patients had vasospasms. 34 patients showed foci in the EEG. Focal neurological abnormalities were in 43 patients. A correlation was established between EEG focus and vasospasm, focus and intracerebral haematoma. Further a relationship between focus and focal neurological abnormalities was detected. There was no correlation between EEG focus and aneurysm. It was claimed, that some foci in the EEG could be the result of persistent vasospasms.", "contents": "[The relation of electroencephalographic foci to vasospasms in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (author's transl)]. During a period of five years 74 patients with acute subarachnoid haemorrhage were controlled by angiography and EEG. 19 patients demonstrated angiographically proved intracranial aneurysms, seven intracerebral haematomas, three arteriovenous abnormalities. 25 patients had vasospasms. 34 patients showed foci in the EEG. Focal neurological abnormalities were in 43 patients. A correlation was established between EEG focus and vasospasm, focus and intracerebral haematoma. Further a relationship between focus and focal neurological abnormalities was detected. There was no correlation between EEG focus and aneurysm. It was claimed, that some foci in the EEG could be the result of persistent vasospasms.", "PMID": 412657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6739", "title": "[The value of EEG after sleep deprivation (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy seven adult epileptics and 30 patients with clinically non epileptic seizures were subject to a 24 hours sleep deprivation. The waking records of these patients were normal or unspecific abnormal. After sleep deprivation 29 (37%) of epileptics had abnormal EEG with epileptiform or focal activity, more often in cases with frequent (26 (60%) patients out of 43) epileptic seizures. Patients with sporadic attacks only exceptionally showed specific EEG changes (3 patients (8,8%) out of 34). Drug induced sleep emerged to be diagnostically less helpful. Twenty nine out of 30 patients with clinical nonepileptic seizures had no additional abnormalities in the EEG after sleep deprivation.", "contents": "[The value of EEG after sleep deprivation (author's transl)]. Seventy seven adult epileptics and 30 patients with clinically non epileptic seizures were subject to a 24 hours sleep deprivation. The waking records of these patients were normal or unspecific abnormal. After sleep deprivation 29 (37%) of epileptics had abnormal EEG with epileptiform or focal activity, more often in cases with frequent (26 (60%) patients out of 43) epileptic seizures. Patients with sporadic attacks only exceptionally showed specific EEG changes (3 patients (8,8%) out of 34). Drug induced sleep emerged to be diagnostically less helpful. Twenty nine out of 30 patients with clinical nonepileptic seizures had no additional abnormalities in the EEG after sleep deprivation.", "PMID": 412658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6740", "title": "The endoscopic picture of the intramural oesophageal diverticulosis.", "content": "On the basis of the results in 3 own observations the endoscopic picture of the intramural oesophageal diverticulosis has been described in detail. It is characterized by an increased tonus of the oesophagus inlet musculature, a conspicuously non-irritant oesophageal mucosa, the absence or only a slightly indicated and irregular course of the expansion peristalsis, a poor distinction of the respiratory luman variations and the occurrence of circumscribed spasms and, above them, of segmental relaxation bulging. Pathogenitically the disease is probably caused by a disturbance of the muscular activity with bulging of the functioning mucosa at points of an oesophagus wall weakness.", "contents": "The endoscopic picture of the intramural oesophageal diverticulosis. On the basis of the results in 3 own observations the endoscopic picture of the intramural oesophageal diverticulosis has been described in detail. It is characterized by an increased tonus of the oesophagus inlet musculature, a conspicuously non-irritant oesophageal mucosa, the absence or only a slightly indicated and irregular course of the expansion peristalsis, a poor distinction of the respiratory luman variations and the occurrence of circumscribed spasms and, above them, of segmental relaxation bulging. Pathogenitically the disease is probably caused by a disturbance of the muscular activity with bulging of the functioning mucosa at points of an oesophagus wall weakness.", "PMID": 412662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6741", "title": "How often does bacteraemia occur following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)?", "content": "In order to determine the risk of bacteraemia from ERCP, we cultured blood specimens from 83 patients before, during and 15 min, 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the examination as well as in the subsequent week whenever fever occurred. No bacteraemia was found in the 20 patients who had duodenoscopy only, i.e. in whom ERCP failed. Of the 20 patients with normal biliary and/or pancreatic ducts positive culture was obtained in one patient in whom inadvertent multiple injections of contrast material into the pancreatic duct had resulted in the occurrence of a pyelogram. Four positive cultures were found amongst the 43 patients in whom an obstructive pathology in the biliary or pancreatic system was present. These data support the need of on antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with valvular heart defects.", "contents": "How often does bacteraemia occur following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)? In order to determine the risk of bacteraemia from ERCP, we cultured blood specimens from 83 patients before, during and 15 min, 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the examination as well as in the subsequent week whenever fever occurred. No bacteraemia was found in the 20 patients who had duodenoscopy only, i.e. in whom ERCP failed. Of the 20 patients with normal biliary and/or pancreatic ducts positive culture was obtained in one patient in whom inadvertent multiple injections of contrast material into the pancreatic duct had resulted in the occurrence of a pyelogram. Four positive cultures were found amongst the 43 patients in whom an obstructive pathology in the biliary or pancreatic system was present. These data support the need of on antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with valvular heart defects.", "PMID": 412663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6742", "title": "Prepapillary intradiverticular bezoar as cause of obstructive jaundice. Removed by endoscopy.", "content": "Obstructive jaundice was cured in a 70-years-old woman after endoscopic removal of a bezoar located in a prepapillary duodenal diverticulum.", "contents": "Prepapillary intradiverticular bezoar as cause of obstructive jaundice. Removed by endoscopy. Obstructive jaundice was cured in a 70-years-old woman after endoscopic removal of a bezoar located in a prepapillary duodenal diverticulum.", "PMID": 412664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6743", "title": "Epileptic seizures precipitated by eating.", "content": "The case of a mentally retarded 18-year-old girl who for 2 years has experienced epileptic seizures exclusively during meals is discussed. Polygraphic recordings have defined the electrical and clinical features of these seizures. None of the possible precipitating factors considered in other cases in the literature (chewing, swallowing, conditioned reflex, etc.) seems to be involved in this case. We hypothesize that in our patient the precipitating factor is the complete act of eating a meal, which involves the satisfaction of a basic drive.", "contents": "Epileptic seizures precipitated by eating. The case of a mentally retarded 18-year-old girl who for 2 years has experienced epileptic seizures exclusively during meals is discussed. Polygraphic recordings have defined the electrical and clinical features of these seizures. None of the possible precipitating factors considered in other cases in the literature (chewing, swallowing, conditioned reflex, etc.) seems to be involved in this case. We hypothesize that in our patient the precipitating factor is the complete act of eating a meal, which involves the satisfaction of a basic drive.", "PMID": 412665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6744", "title": "EEG operant conditioning in a monkey model: I. Seizure data.", "content": "EEG operant conditioning in an alumina-gel monkey model (N = 14) to decrease EMG, to increase 9 Hz or decrease 9 Hz, and to increase 23 Hz (18 Hz and 26 Hz in 2 pilot monkeys), respectively, was not consistently beneficial in reducing seizures. The data suggested: (1) that desynchronization of the EEG by reinforcing 18-26 Hz decreased in some animals the extent and severity of seizures while increasing seizure frequency; (2) that attending during conditioned EMG suppression reduced seizures somewhat; and (3) that the operant conditioning setting became stressful to the majority of monkeys under certain conditions, precipitating status epilepticus, gastrointestinal disturbances, and shock, which culminated in the death of 3 animals. Certain precautions are discussed in the therapeutic application of this technique to epileptic patients.", "contents": "EEG operant conditioning in a monkey model: I. Seizure data. EEG operant conditioning in an alumina-gel monkey model (N = 14) to decrease EMG, to increase 9 Hz or decrease 9 Hz, and to increase 23 Hz (18 Hz and 26 Hz in 2 pilot monkeys), respectively, was not consistently beneficial in reducing seizures. The data suggested: (1) that desynchronization of the EEG by reinforcing 18-26 Hz decreased in some animals the extent and severity of seizures while increasing seizure frequency; (2) that attending during conditioned EMG suppression reduced seizures somewhat; and (3) that the operant conditioning setting became stressful to the majority of monkeys under certain conditions, precipitating status epilepticus, gastrointestinal disturbances, and shock, which culminated in the death of 3 animals. Certain precautions are discussed in the therapeutic application of this technique to epileptic patients.", "PMID": 412666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6745", "title": "EEG operant conditioning in a monkey model: II. EEG spectral analysis.", "content": "EEG power spectral analysis was studied from 14 (alumina-gel) chronically epileptic, undrugged monkeys during an EEG operant conditioning experiment. The composite profile of the average epileptic monkey shows the majority of power to be below 10 Hz. Because of the large variance in the data, no significant changes in the EEG power spectra could be detected as a function of conditioning. The possible reasons for this large variance are discussed. Hypothesis from previous human \"biofeedback\" studies would allow the prediction that those frequencies corresponding to the mu and sensory-motor-rhythm should negatively covary with seizure frequency. Data from this study did not support such assertions. The method of using spectral analysis for quantifying changes in the EEG which covary with operant conditioning is evaluated.", "contents": "EEG operant conditioning in a monkey model: II. EEG spectral analysis. EEG power spectral analysis was studied from 14 (alumina-gel) chronically epileptic, undrugged monkeys during an EEG operant conditioning experiment. The composite profile of the average epileptic monkey shows the majority of power to be below 10 Hz. Because of the large variance in the data, no significant changes in the EEG power spectra could be detected as a function of conditioning. The possible reasons for this large variance are discussed. Hypothesis from previous human \"biofeedback\" studies would allow the prediction that those frequencies corresponding to the mu and sensory-motor-rhythm should negatively covary with seizure frequency. Data from this study did not support such assertions. The method of using spectral analysis for quantifying changes in the EEG which covary with operant conditioning is evaluated.", "PMID": 412667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6746", "title": "Potassium clearance and reactive gliosis in the alumina gel lesion.", "content": "Potassium accumulation or impaired potassium clearance has been hypothesized to contribute to epileptogenesis in gliotic epileptogenic foci. To test this hypothesis, potassium clearance rates following direct cortical stimulation were measured in the cortex of monkeys rendered epileptic by the injection of alumina gel into the motor area. Reactive gliosis at the sites in which potassium clearance was measured was then quantitated histologically and compared with potassium clearance rates. Dense gliosis was associated with slowed potassium clearance, although the base-line potassium level appeared no different in actively epileptogenic areas or gliotic areas compared with normal areas. Possible mechanisms and significance of slowed potassium clearance in the alumina focus are discussed.", "contents": "Potassium clearance and reactive gliosis in the alumina gel lesion. Potassium accumulation or impaired potassium clearance has been hypothesized to contribute to epileptogenesis in gliotic epileptogenic foci. To test this hypothesis, potassium clearance rates following direct cortical stimulation were measured in the cortex of monkeys rendered epileptic by the injection of alumina gel into the motor area. Reactive gliosis at the sites in which potassium clearance was measured was then quantitated histologically and compared with potassium clearance rates. Dense gliosis was associated with slowed potassium clearance, although the base-line potassium level appeared no different in actively epileptogenic areas or gliotic areas compared with normal areas. Possible mechanisms and significance of slowed potassium clearance in the alumina focus are discussed.", "PMID": 412668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6747", "title": "Profile of epilepsy in a developing country: a study of 1,000 patients based on the international classification.", "content": "The present prospective study undertaken in a specialized neurological center of a developing country deals with 1,000 epileptic patients classified in accordance with the International Classification. Eighty-one percent of the patients could be classified, with a lower incidence in the younger age group. Partial epilepsy was found to be far more common than generalized epilepsy (80% versus 20%). Primary generalized epilepsy was seen in 15% and secondary generalized in 5%. Partial epilepsy with elementary symptomatology was seen in 58% and complex symptomatology in 7%. Secondarily generalized seizures were seen in the remaining 15%. Primary generalized epilepsy and partial epilepsy with complex symptomatology were more common in adults. Secondary generalized epilepsy and partial epilepsy with secondarily generalized seizures were more common in children. Partial epilepsy with elementary symptomatology, however, did not vary significantly with age. The higher incidence of partial epilepsy in our patients, compared to the West, could be due to greater frequency of CNS infections and birth injuries, which are common childhood hazards in the developing countries.", "contents": "Profile of epilepsy in a developing country: a study of 1,000 patients based on the international classification. The present prospective study undertaken in a specialized neurological center of a developing country deals with 1,000 epileptic patients classified in accordance with the International Classification. Eighty-one percent of the patients could be classified, with a lower incidence in the younger age group. Partial epilepsy was found to be far more common than generalized epilepsy (80% versus 20%). Primary generalized epilepsy was seen in 15% and secondary generalized in 5%. Partial epilepsy with elementary symptomatology was seen in 58% and complex symptomatology in 7%. Secondarily generalized seizures were seen in the remaining 15%. Primary generalized epilepsy and partial epilepsy with complex symptomatology were more common in adults. Secondary generalized epilepsy and partial epilepsy with secondarily generalized seizures were more common in children. Partial epilepsy with elementary symptomatology, however, did not vary significantly with age. The higher incidence of partial epilepsy in our patients, compared to the West, could be due to greater frequency of CNS infections and birth injuries, which are common childhood hazards in the developing countries.", "PMID": 412669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6748", "title": "Specificity of sialytransferase: structure of alpha1-acid glycoprotein sialylated in vitro. A new methodology for the determination of the structure of the linkage formed by glycosyltransferase action on galactosyl-oligosaccharide-protein acceptors.", "content": "The terminal galactosyl units of desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein were selectively labeled with tritium by a galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 procedure. The 3H-labeled glycoprotein was effective as an acceptor in sialytransferase reactions catalyzed by rat liver microsomes in vitro with unlabeled CMP-N-acetyl-neuramininic acid as sialic acid donor. Permethylation/hydrolysis of glycopeptides derived from the resialylated 3H-labeled glycoprotein yielded radioactive 2,3,4-trimethylgalactose indicating that rat liver microsomes are capable of transferring sialic acid to position C-6 of the terminal galactosyl units of desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein. No indication was obtained for transfer of sialic acid to other positions. This result is discussed in view of the multiplicity of positions of attachment of sialic acid to galactosyl residues in native alpha1-acid glycoprotein.", "contents": "Specificity of sialytransferase: structure of alpha1-acid glycoprotein sialylated in vitro. A new methodology for the determination of the structure of the linkage formed by glycosyltransferase action on galactosyl-oligosaccharide-protein acceptors. The terminal galactosyl units of desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein were selectively labeled with tritium by a galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 procedure. The 3H-labeled glycoprotein was effective as an acceptor in sialytransferase reactions catalyzed by rat liver microsomes in vitro with unlabeled CMP-N-acetyl-neuramininic acid as sialic acid donor. Permethylation/hydrolysis of glycopeptides derived from the resialylated 3H-labeled glycoprotein yielded radioactive 2,3,4-trimethylgalactose indicating that rat liver microsomes are capable of transferring sialic acid to position C-6 of the terminal galactosyl units of desialylated alpha1-acid glycoprotein. No indication was obtained for transfer of sialic acid to other positions. This result is discussed in view of the multiplicity of positions of attachment of sialic acid to galactosyl residues in native alpha1-acid glycoprotein.", "PMID": 412670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6749", "title": "The hysteretic properties of glycogen synthase I.", "content": "Glycogen-free synthase I from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is activated by its own substrate, glycogen, in a slow, time-dependent process (hysteretic activation). This lag in response to addition of glycogen depends on the concentration of glycogen, pH and temperature. At pH 7.4 and at a temperature of 30 degrees C, the half-time of activation t 1/2 decreases from 89 min at 0.004 mg/ml glycogen to 6 min at 25 mg/ml. The activation is accelerated by increasing temperature and pH, but is not influenced by enzyme concentration, glucose 6-phosphate, UDP, high ionic strength, EDTA, mercaptoethanol, glucose, sucrose or amylase limit dextrin. The Km for UDP-glucose (0.024 mM) and the activity ratio were unchanged during the activation process. The activation can be described by vt = vf + (vo - vf) e-kt where vt, vf and vo are velocities at times t, O and infinity and k is a complex rate constant. Evidence from ultracentrifugation and kinetic studies is presented to substantiate the hypothesis that the underlying mechanism is a simple biolecular process: enzyme + glycogen in equilibrium enzyme-glycogen complex, with the dissociation constant Ks = 0.003 mg/ml. The hysteretic activation may become rate-limiting during experiments in vitro with synthase. The possibility of a physiological role in glycogen metabolism, perhaps in the form of a concerted hysteresis with H+ is discussed.", "contents": "The hysteretic properties of glycogen synthase I. Glycogen-free synthase I from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is activated by its own substrate, glycogen, in a slow, time-dependent process (hysteretic activation). This lag in response to addition of glycogen depends on the concentration of glycogen, pH and temperature. At pH 7.4 and at a temperature of 30 degrees C, the half-time of activation t 1/2 decreases from 89 min at 0.004 mg/ml glycogen to 6 min at 25 mg/ml. The activation is accelerated by increasing temperature and pH, but is not influenced by enzyme concentration, glucose 6-phosphate, UDP, high ionic strength, EDTA, mercaptoethanol, glucose, sucrose or amylase limit dextrin. The Km for UDP-glucose (0.024 mM) and the activity ratio were unchanged during the activation process. The activation can be described by vt = vf + (vo - vf) e-kt where vt, vf and vo are velocities at times t, O and infinity and k is a complex rate constant. Evidence from ultracentrifugation and kinetic studies is presented to substantiate the hypothesis that the underlying mechanism is a simple biolecular process: enzyme + glycogen in equilibrium enzyme-glycogen complex, with the dissociation constant Ks = 0.003 mg/ml. The hysteretic activation may become rate-limiting during experiments in vitro with synthase. The possibility of a physiological role in glycogen metabolism, perhaps in the form of a concerted hysteresis with H+ is discussed.", "PMID": 412672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6750", "title": "Structure of seven oligosaccharides excreted in the urine of a patient with Sandhoff's disease (GM2 gangliosidosis-variant O).", "content": "The urine of a patient with Sandhoff's disease (GM2 gangliosidosis-variant O) contains 10--12 N-acetylglucosamine-rich oligosaccharides in high amounts. The structures of seven of these have been determined: beta-GlcNAc(1--2)-alpha-Man-(1--3)-beta-man-(1--4)-GlcNAc; beta-GlcNAc-(1--4)-alpha-Man-(1--3)-beta-Man-(1--4)-GlcNAc; beta-GlcNAc-(1--2)-alpha-Man-(1--6)-beta-Man-(1--4)-GlcNAc; beta-GlcNAc-(1--4)-alpha-Man-(1--6)-beta-Man-(1--4)-GlcNAc; beta-GlcNAc-(1--2)-alpha-Man-(1--3)-[beta-GlcNAc-(1--2)-alpha-Man-(1--6)]beta-Man-(1--4)-GlcNAc; beta-GlcNAc-(1--2)-alpha-Man-(1--3)[beta-GlcNAc-(1--2)-alpha-Man-(1--6)][beta-GlcNAc-(1--4)]beta-Man-(1--4)-GlcNAc; beta-GlcNAc-(1--2)-alpha-Man(1)-(1--3)[beta-GlcNAc-(1--2)-alpha-Man(2)-(1--6)]beta-Man-(1--4)-GlcNAc, with additional beta-GlcNAc, with additional beta-GlcNAc-(1--4) on mannose (1) or (2). An unusual oligosaccharide, with a tri-branched beta-mannose, has been characterized as the major component excreted in urine.", "contents": "Structure of seven oligosaccharides excreted in the urine of a patient with Sandhoff's disease (GM2 gangliosidosis-variant O). The urine of a patient with Sandhoff's disease (GM2 gangliosidosis-variant O) contains 10--12 N-acetylglucosamine-rich oligosaccharides in high amounts. The structures of seven of these have been determined: beta-GlcNAc(1--2)-alpha-Man-(1--3)-beta-man-(1--4)-GlcNAc; beta-GlcNAc-(1--4)-alpha-Man-(1--3)-beta-Man-(1--4)-GlcNAc; beta-GlcNAc-(1--2)-alpha-Man-(1--6)-beta-Man-(1--4)-GlcNAc; beta-GlcNAc-(1--4)-alpha-Man-(1--6)-beta-Man-(1--4)-GlcNAc; beta-GlcNAc-(1--2)-alpha-Man-(1--3)-[beta-GlcNAc-(1--2)-alpha-Man-(1--6)]beta-Man-(1--4)-GlcNAc; beta-GlcNAc-(1--2)-alpha-Man-(1--3)[beta-GlcNAc-(1--2)-alpha-Man-(1--6)][beta-GlcNAc-(1--4)]beta-Man-(1--4)-GlcNAc; beta-GlcNAc-(1--2)-alpha-Man(1)-(1--3)[beta-GlcNAc-(1--2)-alpha-Man(2)-(1--6)]beta-Man-(1--4)-GlcNAc, with additional beta-GlcNAc, with additional beta-GlcNAc-(1--4) on mannose (1) or (2). An unusual oligosaccharide, with a tri-branched beta-mannose, has been characterized as the major component excreted in urine.", "PMID": 412673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6751", "title": "Initial stages of the thermal unfolding of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA as studied by chemical modification: the effect of magnesium.", "content": "The early stages of thermal unfolding of the tertiary structure of yeast tRNAPhe have been followed, in the presence and absence of Mg2+, by measuring changes in the chemical accessibility of the bases uracil and guanine. The reagent used in these studies is 1-cyclohexyl 3-[2-morpholino(4)-ethyl]carbodiimide methotosylate. 32P-labelled tRNA was used so that the points of modification could be examined with ribonuclease digestion and established fingerprinting techniques. Two regions of protection of Mg2+ have been found. One is within the oligonucleotide U8-A-m2G10 and the other is in the vicinity of residue U-59. The tertiary interactions and the D stem are the most readily melted parts of the teritary structure. In the absence of Mg2+ the region of U-59 is the first part of the tertiary structure to become accessible to the reagent. This is closely followed by the opening up of the 'wobble' G-U base pair in the aminoacyl stem. Most of the triple interactions in the augmented D helix are also disrupted early in the melting. The region of intricate interactions between the invariant G-G part of the D loop and the T-psi-C-G loop contains the most stable set of tertitary structure interactions.", "contents": "Initial stages of the thermal unfolding of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA as studied by chemical modification: the effect of magnesium. The early stages of thermal unfolding of the tertiary structure of yeast tRNAPhe have been followed, in the presence and absence of Mg2+, by measuring changes in the chemical accessibility of the bases uracil and guanine. The reagent used in these studies is 1-cyclohexyl 3-[2-morpholino(4)-ethyl]carbodiimide methotosylate. 32P-labelled tRNA was used so that the points of modification could be examined with ribonuclease digestion and established fingerprinting techniques. Two regions of protection of Mg2+ have been found. One is within the oligonucleotide U8-A-m2G10 and the other is in the vicinity of residue U-59. The tertiary interactions and the D stem are the most readily melted parts of the teritary structure. In the absence of Mg2+ the region of U-59 is the first part of the tertiary structure to become accessible to the reagent. This is closely followed by the opening up of the 'wobble' G-U base pair in the aminoacyl stem. Most of the triple interactions in the augmented D helix are also disrupted early in the melting. The region of intricate interactions between the invariant G-G part of the D loop and the T-psi-C-G loop contains the most stable set of tertitary structure interactions.", "PMID": 412674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6752", "title": "The effects of industrial lead poisoning on cytochrome P450 mediated phenazone (antipyrine) hydroxylation.", "content": "In a group of ten male adults admitted to hospital with clinical symptoms of lead exposure, phenazone, elimination rates, blood delta-amino-laevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA.D) activity, blood lead levels and haemoglobin were measured. Investigations were carried out before, immediately after and again at least 12 weeks after cessation of CaEDTA (sodium calcium edetate) chelation therapy. Following chelation, phenazone elimination rates were increased as assessed by a decrease in half life and increase in clearance. This was significant, both immediately after and 12 weeks after cessation of chelation therapy. The change in rate of phenazone metabolism was associated with improved clinical status, with lowered blood lead levels and raised haemoglobin and ALA.D activity. The results of the study suggest that the depression in phenazone elimination in lead intoxication is possibly due to depressed hepatic cytochrome P450 levels.", "contents": "The effects of industrial lead poisoning on cytochrome P450 mediated phenazone (antipyrine) hydroxylation. In a group of ten male adults admitted to hospital with clinical symptoms of lead exposure, phenazone, elimination rates, blood delta-amino-laevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA.D) activity, blood lead levels and haemoglobin were measured. Investigations were carried out before, immediately after and again at least 12 weeks after cessation of CaEDTA (sodium calcium edetate) chelation therapy. Following chelation, phenazone elimination rates were increased as assessed by a decrease in half life and increase in clearance. This was significant, both immediately after and 12 weeks after cessation of chelation therapy. The change in rate of phenazone metabolism was associated with improved clinical status, with lowered blood lead levels and raised haemoglobin and ALA.D activity. The results of the study suggest that the depression in phenazone elimination in lead intoxication is possibly due to depressed hepatic cytochrome P450 levels.", "PMID": 412677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6753", "title": "A dose ratio comparison of the interaction between morphine and cyclazocine with naloxone in rhesus monkeys on the shock titration task.", "content": "Dose-response curves for morphine (0.5-20 mg/kg) were obtained in 4 rhesus monkeys performing the discrete trials shock titration task. Naloxone (5-500 microgram/kg) uniformly produced a dose dependent, parallel shift of the morphine dose-response curves to right. Plots for the 4 animals of the Log (dose ratio--1) versus --Log (naloxone) revealed that the line had a slope of -0.96. The value of the pA2 was 7.2. Similar experiments were carried out in two rhesus monkeys using cyclazocine. Naloxone (50-1000 microgram) similarly produced a rightward dose dependent, parallel shift of the cyclazocine dose response curves. Unlike the results obtained with morphine, the pA2 for naloxone obtained with cyclazocine was 6.3 and the slope of the dose ratio line was -1.6.", "contents": "A dose ratio comparison of the interaction between morphine and cyclazocine with naloxone in rhesus monkeys on the shock titration task. Dose-response curves for morphine (0.5-20 mg/kg) were obtained in 4 rhesus monkeys performing the discrete trials shock titration task. Naloxone (5-500 microgram/kg) uniformly produced a dose dependent, parallel shift of the morphine dose-response curves to right. Plots for the 4 animals of the Log (dose ratio--1) versus --Log (naloxone) revealed that the line had a slope of -0.96. The value of the pA2 was 7.2. Similar experiments were carried out in two rhesus monkeys using cyclazocine. Naloxone (50-1000 microgram) similarly produced a rightward dose dependent, parallel shift of the cyclazocine dose response curves. Unlike the results obtained with morphine, the pA2 for naloxone obtained with cyclazocine was 6.3 and the slope of the dose ratio line was -1.6.", "PMID": 412680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6754", "title": "A direct method for studying 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol (MHPG) production by brain in awake animals.", "content": "A direct method for measuring the rate of production of neurotransmitter metabolites by the brain of awake monkeys is described. The method utilizes a coupling of a measure of cerebral blood flow with the determination of the difference in concentration of the metabolite under study in arterial and internal jugular bulb blood. A consistent veno-arterial difference for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylenglycol (MHPG) has been found. The concentration of MHPG in blood obtained from the right and left venous outflows from brain were not significantly different indicating that blood from either the right or left internal jugular bulb may be used with this method. The rate of production of MHPG by the brain of thw awake monkey is estimated to be 24.1 ng/100 g brain/min. The rate of MHPG production by brain is increased by the administration of piperoxan and decreased by clonidine. Using the experimentally determined rate of production of MHPG by brain and extrapolating to the human it is suggested that a substantial fraction of the total body production of MHPG in man occurs in brain.", "contents": "A direct method for studying 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol (MHPG) production by brain in awake animals. A direct method for measuring the rate of production of neurotransmitter metabolites by the brain of awake monkeys is described. The method utilizes a coupling of a measure of cerebral blood flow with the determination of the difference in concentration of the metabolite under study in arterial and internal jugular bulb blood. A consistent veno-arterial difference for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylenglycol (MHPG) has been found. The concentration of MHPG in blood obtained from the right and left venous outflows from brain were not significantly different indicating that blood from either the right or left internal jugular bulb may be used with this method. The rate of production of MHPG by the brain of thw awake monkey is estimated to be 24.1 ng/100 g brain/min. The rate of MHPG production by brain is increased by the administration of piperoxan and decreased by clonidine. Using the experimentally determined rate of production of MHPG by brain and extrapolating to the human it is suggested that a substantial fraction of the total body production of MHPG in man occurs in brain.", "PMID": 412681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6755", "title": "Indirect sympathomimetic agents and cerebral blood flow and metabolism.", "content": "The effects upon cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen consumption (CMRO2) of the infusion into the internal carotid artery of tyramine and amphetamine were investigated in 24 anaesthetized baboons. The infusion of tyramine was without effect upon CBF and CMRO2 at normocapnia, even at concentrations which significantly raised arterial blood pressure. However, marked reductions in cerebral blood flow were noted at hypercapnia during the infusion of tyramine (2.5 X 10(-7) moles/kg/min). The infusion of amphetamine (7.5 X 10(-10) moles/kg/min) resulted in significant increases in CBF (32%) and CMRO2 (37%). However, an increased concentration of amphetamine (2.5 X 10(-7) moles/kg/min) significantly reduced CBF (22%) and CMRO2 (20%). It is suggested that amphetamine, by virtue of being able to cross the blood--brain barrier and interact with the cerebral monoamine systems, is able to influence cerebral blood flow by inducing changes in cerebral metabolism, and that the minimal reactivity of the cerebral circulation to the infusion of tyramine is the result of the inability of tyramine to cross the blood--brain barrier.", "contents": "Indirect sympathomimetic agents and cerebral blood flow and metabolism. The effects upon cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen consumption (CMRO2) of the infusion into the internal carotid artery of tyramine and amphetamine were investigated in 24 anaesthetized baboons. The infusion of tyramine was without effect upon CBF and CMRO2 at normocapnia, even at concentrations which significantly raised arterial blood pressure. However, marked reductions in cerebral blood flow were noted at hypercapnia during the infusion of tyramine (2.5 X 10(-7) moles/kg/min). The infusion of amphetamine (7.5 X 10(-10) moles/kg/min) resulted in significant increases in CBF (32%) and CMRO2 (37%). However, an increased concentration of amphetamine (2.5 X 10(-7) moles/kg/min) significantly reduced CBF (22%) and CMRO2 (20%). It is suggested that amphetamine, by virtue of being able to cross the blood--brain barrier and interact with the cerebral monoamine systems, is able to influence cerebral blood flow by inducing changes in cerebral metabolism, and that the minimal reactivity of the cerebral circulation to the infusion of tyramine is the result of the inability of tyramine to cross the blood--brain barrier.", "PMID": 412682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6756", "title": "Polymerization of phenolic intermediates of pesticides by a fungal enzyme.", "content": "The fungus Rhizoctonia praticola produces an extracellular phenol oxidase (laccase) which polymerizes phenolic intermediates of various pesticides. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of oligomeric products from halogenated phenolic intermediates of phenoxyalkanoate herbicides and from naphtholic products derived from carbamate insecticides. These findings permit further investigations into the mechanism and role of oxidative coupling leading to the incorporation of xenobiotic compounds into soil organic matter.", "contents": "Polymerization of phenolic intermediates of pesticides by a fungal enzyme. The fungus Rhizoctonia praticola produces an extracellular phenol oxidase (laccase) which polymerizes phenolic intermediates of various pesticides. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of oligomeric products from halogenated phenolic intermediates of phenoxyalkanoate herbicides and from naphtholic products derived from carbamate insecticides. These findings permit further investigations into the mechanism and role of oxidative coupling leading to the incorporation of xenobiotic compounds into soil organic matter.", "PMID": 412702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6757", "title": "Uptake of ferritin from the medium by Tokophrya infusionum.", "content": "Tokophrya infusionum, a suctorian, is deprived of a mouth opening. The uptake of ferritin from the medium is accomplished through pits, invaginations of the plasma membrane which are permanent structures. From the pits containing ferritin, flat vesicles are pinched off transporting the ferritin to the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Uptake of ferritin from the medium by Tokophrya infusionum. Tokophrya infusionum, a suctorian, is deprived of a mouth opening. The uptake of ferritin from the medium is accomplished through pits, invaginations of the plasma membrane which are permanent structures. From the pits containing ferritin, flat vesicles are pinched off transporting the ferritin to the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 412703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6758", "title": "The influence of anti-theta-globulin treatment on the growth of mastocytoma in mice.", "content": "DBA/2 mice were treated with four successive subcutaneous injections of rabbit anti-theta-gamma-globulin followed by the subcutaneous implantation of chemically induced mastocytoma (P-815-X2). Another series of animals received rabbit anti-thymus-gammaglobulin according to the same schedule and still another series of animals served as non-treated controls. A definite augmentation of the tumor growth, as evidenced by the dissemination of the tumor into the spleen, liver and kidney, was evident in the globulin-treated series. Such dissemination was not observed in the control animals, where the metastases were limited to the reginal lymph nodes. The studied gammaglobulins were different in two important respects; the death rate of animals and the frequency of thymic metastases were higher in the anti-theta-globulin series. These findings advocate the conclusion that anti-theta-globulin, prepared against the brain tissue, is the more specific and more potent T-lymphocyte suppressor of these two globulins studied. T-lymphocyte population seems to play an important role in host resistance against experimental neoplasia.", "contents": "The influence of anti-theta-globulin treatment on the growth of mastocytoma in mice. DBA/2 mice were treated with four successive subcutaneous injections of rabbit anti-theta-gamma-globulin followed by the subcutaneous implantation of chemically induced mastocytoma (P-815-X2). Another series of animals received rabbit anti-thymus-gammaglobulin according to the same schedule and still another series of animals served as non-treated controls. A definite augmentation of the tumor growth, as evidenced by the dissemination of the tumor into the spleen, liver and kidney, was evident in the globulin-treated series. Such dissemination was not observed in the control animals, where the metastases were limited to the reginal lymph nodes. The studied gammaglobulins were different in two important respects; the death rate of animals and the frequency of thymic metastases were higher in the anti-theta-globulin series. These findings advocate the conclusion that anti-theta-globulin, prepared against the brain tissue, is the more specific and more potent T-lymphocyte suppressor of these two globulins studied. T-lymphocyte population seems to play an important role in host resistance against experimental neoplasia.", "PMID": 412700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6759", "title": "The behavioral toxicology of metals.", "content": "Many metals express their toxic actions through behavioral disturbances. Such disturbances most often reflect impairment of central nervous system function, but also may arise from deleterious effects in other systems. Numerous factors influence behavioral toxicity. Uptake into brain obviously is important; the chemical form of the metal (e.g., inorganic versus organic) and route of exposure are key determinants of brain penetration. Species differences in toxicity may arise from differences in kinetics (e.g., blood-brain ratio) and affinity to target brain structures. Developmental stage is still another crucial variable, but the young organism is not necessarily the most susceptible, and nutritional considerations confound the standard paradigms. Furthermore, parametric variations of behavioral functions can no more be ignored than dose-effect functions, a principle exemplified in research on methylmercury. Unwarranted loyalties to traditional psychological tests may be one source of the current dispute about safe levels of lead simply because parametric variations of clearly specified functions are beyond the scope of such instruments.", "contents": "The behavioral toxicology of metals. Many metals express their toxic actions through behavioral disturbances. Such disturbances most often reflect impairment of central nervous system function, but also may arise from deleterious effects in other systems. Numerous factors influence behavioral toxicity. Uptake into brain obviously is important; the chemical form of the metal (e.g., inorganic versus organic) and route of exposure are key determinants of brain penetration. Species differences in toxicity may arise from differences in kinetics (e.g., blood-brain ratio) and affinity to target brain structures. Developmental stage is still another crucial variable, but the young organism is not necessarily the most susceptible, and nutritional considerations confound the standard paradigms. Furthermore, parametric variations of behavioral functions can no more be ignored than dose-effect functions, a principle exemplified in research on methylmercury. Unwarranted loyalties to traditional psychological tests may be one source of the current dispute about safe levels of lead simply because parametric variations of clearly specified functions are beyond the scope of such instruments.", "PMID": 412711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6760", "title": "Foraging patterns of nonhuman primates and the nature of food preferences in man.", "content": "1) There are a variety of foraging and dietary patterns among primates; different species have generally obligate food habits. 2) There are a number of convergent dietary patterns among primates that are not taxonomically dependent; closely related species may have very different food habits, while the diets of unrelated forms may be quite similar. 3) At least at a general level, relationships exist between dietary patterns and alimentary tract adaptations. Further comparative studies of the histology of the gut tract of primates in conjunction with detailed and quantitative studies of the food habits of natural populations are needed to determine if more precise dietary/digestive tract relationships exist. Studies of this type should lead to a better understanding of digestive physiology. However, whether we can ever determine the \"natural diet\" of man by such comparisons, of course, still remains an unanswered question.", "contents": "Foraging patterns of nonhuman primates and the nature of food preferences in man. 1) There are a variety of foraging and dietary patterns among primates; different species have generally obligate food habits. 2) There are a number of convergent dietary patterns among primates that are not taxonomically dependent; closely related species may have very different food habits, while the diets of unrelated forms may be quite similar. 3) At least at a general level, relationships exist between dietary patterns and alimentary tract adaptations. Further comparative studies of the histology of the gut tract of primates in conjunction with detailed and quantitative studies of the food habits of natural populations are needed to determine if more precise dietary/digestive tract relationships exist. Studies of this type should lead to a better understanding of digestive physiology. However, whether we can ever determine the \"natural diet\" of man by such comparisons, of course, still remains an unanswered question.", "PMID": 412712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6761", "title": "Regulation of lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation by macrophages.", "content": "In this paper, we consider the role of a macrophage secretory product in promoting thymocyte differentiation, as well as a macrophage-immune T cell interaction that results in augmented secretion of lymphostimulatory factors. When cultured with the thymocyte-differentiating factor (TDF), thymocytes show a physiological increase in H-2D and K, decreased sensitivity to lysis with anti-TL and complement, and acquisition of responsiveness in the mixed lymphocyte culture. Development of the mature phenotype requires 2 to 3 days of culture and, once attained, is stable. The induced antigenic changes do not require cell division. The activity demonstrated by TDF, which is not attributable to interferon and cannot be replaced by 2-mercaptoethanol, is also displayed by normal thymic macrophages themselves. Enhanced secretion of TDF and of a distinct mitogenic protein follows the interaction of macrophages and immune T cells. This interaction is shown to require physical contact of the two cell types and is regulated by products of the I-A region of the major histocompatibility complex.", "contents": "Regulation of lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation by macrophages. In this paper, we consider the role of a macrophage secretory product in promoting thymocyte differentiation, as well as a macrophage-immune T cell interaction that results in augmented secretion of lymphostimulatory factors. When cultured with the thymocyte-differentiating factor (TDF), thymocytes show a physiological increase in H-2D and K, decreased sensitivity to lysis with anti-TL and complement, and acquisition of responsiveness in the mixed lymphocyte culture. Development of the mature phenotype requires 2 to 3 days of culture and, once attained, is stable. The induced antigenic changes do not require cell division. The activity demonstrated by TDF, which is not attributable to interferon and cannot be replaced by 2-mercaptoethanol, is also displayed by normal thymic macrophages themselves. Enhanced secretion of TDF and of a distinct mitogenic protein follows the interaction of macrophages and immune T cells. This interaction is shown to require physical contact of the two cell types and is regulated by products of the I-A region of the major histocompatibility complex.", "PMID": 412714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6762", "title": "The use, in diabetic rats and monkeys, of artificial capillary units containing cultured islets of Langerhans (artificial endocrine pancreas).", "content": "A unit was constructed that consisted of a core of hollow fibers through which low-molecular-weight substances, such as glucose and insulin, could pass freely but were impermeable to high-molecular-weight proteins, such as antibodies. Islets of Langerhans from normal rats were planted in the space surrounding the fibers, and either blood or nutrient medium was circulated through the fibers themselves. In experiments with animals, the units were attached to the vascular system of diabetic rats and monkeys. Blood glucose concentrations in the rats were reduced to nondiabetic levels within one hour and were maintained for the duration of the experiments. In monkeys the blood glucose level declined from 210 mg./100 ml. to 90 mg./100 ml. in four hours and insulin in the serum rose to 93 muU./ml. in one-half hour. Also, we have found that islets from monkeys cultivated in the artificial endocrine pancreas (AEP) continue to release insulin into circulating tissue culture medium for over eight months.", "contents": "The use, in diabetic rats and monkeys, of artificial capillary units containing cultured islets of Langerhans (artificial endocrine pancreas). A unit was constructed that consisted of a core of hollow fibers through which low-molecular-weight substances, such as glucose and insulin, could pass freely but were impermeable to high-molecular-weight proteins, such as antibodies. Islets of Langerhans from normal rats were planted in the space surrounding the fibers, and either blood or nutrient medium was circulated through the fibers themselves. In experiments with animals, the units were attached to the vascular system of diabetic rats and monkeys. Blood glucose concentrations in the rats were reduced to nondiabetic levels within one hour and were maintained for the duration of the experiments. In monkeys the blood glucose level declined from 210 mg./100 ml. to 90 mg./100 ml. in four hours and insulin in the serum rose to 93 muU./ml. in one-half hour. Also, we have found that islets from monkeys cultivated in the artificial endocrine pancreas (AEP) continue to release insulin into circulating tissue culture medium for over eight months.", "PMID": 412720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6763", "title": "Comparison of mutagenicity and inducibility of DNA single-strand breaks and chromosome aberrations in cultured mouse cells by potent mutagens.", "content": "Induction of 8-azaguanine-resistant mutation, DNA single-strand breaks, and chromosome aberrations by treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), N-methyl-N'nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), nitrogen mustard hydrochloride (HN2), or 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) was compared under similar experimental conditions using cultured FM3A cells from a C3H mouse mammary carcinoma. All the chemicals induced 8-azaguanine-resistant mutations and chromosome aberrations in a dose-dependent manner; a good correlation between the two activities was demonstrated. An alkaline sucrose gradient method demonstrated that DNA single-strand breaks were induced only in a high dose range by 1- and 24-hr treatment with the chemicals. One exception was that a 1-hr treatment with HN2 produced an anomalous sedimentation pattern. These data suggest that caution is necessary for the interpretation of results obtained by the alkaline sucrose gradient analysis, and that examination of mutagenicity and chromosome aberrations is more feasible as screening procedures for potential mutagens than analysis of DNA single-strand breaks.", "contents": "Comparison of mutagenicity and inducibility of DNA single-strand breaks and chromosome aberrations in cultured mouse cells by potent mutagens. Induction of 8-azaguanine-resistant mutation, DNA single-strand breaks, and chromosome aberrations by treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), N-methyl-N'nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), nitrogen mustard hydrochloride (HN2), or 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) was compared under similar experimental conditions using cultured FM3A cells from a C3H mouse mammary carcinoma. All the chemicals induced 8-azaguanine-resistant mutations and chromosome aberrations in a dose-dependent manner; a good correlation between the two activities was demonstrated. An alkaline sucrose gradient method demonstrated that DNA single-strand breaks were induced only in a high dose range by 1- and 24-hr treatment with the chemicals. One exception was that a 1-hr treatment with HN2 produced an anomalous sedimentation pattern. These data suggest that caution is necessary for the interpretation of results obtained by the alkaline sucrose gradient analysis, and that examination of mutagenicity and chromosome aberrations is more feasible as screening procedures for potential mutagens than analysis of DNA single-strand breaks.", "PMID": 412723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6764", "title": "Transformation of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli by a hybrid plasmid pCD1.", "content": "The gene thyP3 from Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 3T was cloned in the plasmid pMB9. The resulting chimeric plasmid, pCD1, is effective in transforming both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to thymine prototrophy. The activity of the thyP3 gene product, thymidylate synthetase, was assayed and found to be 9 times greater in a transformed strain of Escherichia coli than in a phi 3T lysogen of Bacillus subtilis. The physical location of restriction sites has been determined for two related plasmids pCD1 and pCD2. Hybridization studies clearly indicate that the plasmid gene responsible for Thy+ transformation is the gene from the bacteriophage phi 3T. The lack of restriction in this transformation process is consistent with our previous studies using bacterial DNA in heterospecific exchanges indicating that the nucleotide sequence surrounding the gene is the dominant factor in determining interspecific transformation.", "contents": "Transformation of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli by a hybrid plasmid pCD1. The gene thyP3 from Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 3T was cloned in the plasmid pMB9. The resulting chimeric plasmid, pCD1, is effective in transforming both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to thymine prototrophy. The activity of the thyP3 gene product, thymidylate synthetase, was assayed and found to be 9 times greater in a transformed strain of Escherichia coli than in a phi 3T lysogen of Bacillus subtilis. The physical location of restriction sites has been determined for two related plasmids pCD1 and pCD2. Hybridization studies clearly indicate that the plasmid gene responsible for Thy+ transformation is the gene from the bacteriophage phi 3T. The lack of restriction in this transformation process is consistent with our previous studies using bacterial DNA in heterospecific exchanges indicating that the nucleotide sequence surrounding the gene is the dominant factor in determining interspecific transformation.", "PMID": 412725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6765", "title": "Effect of site-specific endonuclease digestion on the thyP3 gene of bacteriophage phi 3T and the thyP11 gene of bacteriophage rho11.", "content": "phi 3T and rho11 are closely related bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis which can \"convent\" thymine auxotrophs to thymine prototrophs upon infection or transfection. The effect of endonuclease digestion on the ability of both bacteriophage and prophage DNA from phi eT and rho11 to transform for thymine prototrophy was determined. All of the endonucleases tested: BamHI, Bg/II, BsuRI, EcoRI, HindII+ III, and HpaII reduced the efficiency of thyP transformation to an equal extent in prophage and bacteriophage DNA. Only HpaII completely abolished thyP transformation. The reduction in transformation with BamHI, Bg/II, BsuRI, EcoRI, and HpaII fragments is size related. The thyP transforming fragments generated by these endonucleases are potentially clonable.", "contents": "Effect of site-specific endonuclease digestion on the thyP3 gene of bacteriophage phi 3T and the thyP11 gene of bacteriophage rho11. phi 3T and rho11 are closely related bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis which can \"convent\" thymine auxotrophs to thymine prototrophs upon infection or transfection. The effect of endonuclease digestion on the ability of both bacteriophage and prophage DNA from phi eT and rho11 to transform for thymine prototrophy was determined. All of the endonucleases tested: BamHI, Bg/II, BsuRI, EcoRI, HindII+ III, and HpaII reduced the efficiency of thyP transformation to an equal extent in prophage and bacteriophage DNA. Only HpaII completely abolished thyP transformation. The reduction in transformation with BamHI, Bg/II, BsuRI, EcoRI, and HpaII fragments is size related. The thyP transforming fragments generated by these endonucleases are potentially clonable.", "PMID": 412726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6766", "title": "Increased longevity of Drosophila melanogaster with diiodomethane.", "content": "Diiodomethane at a concentration of 10 microgram/ml increased the median life span of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, by 29.3%. Decreased flight activity was associated with increased longevity when the flies were reared and maintained on diiodomethane. Rearing only on diiodomethane increased life span by 13.6% and eliminated the decreased-flight-activity phenomenon. The effects of iodine, iodoform and hydriodic acid on longevity were also examined.", "contents": "Increased longevity of Drosophila melanogaster with diiodomethane. Diiodomethane at a concentration of 10 microgram/ml increased the median life span of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, by 29.3%. Decreased flight activity was associated with increased longevity when the flies were reared and maintained on diiodomethane. Rearing only on diiodomethane increased life span by 13.6% and eliminated the decreased-flight-activity phenomenon. The effects of iodine, iodoform and hydriodic acid on longevity were also examined.", "PMID": 412727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6767", "title": "Incorporation, after single and repeated application of radioactive labelled DH-ergot alkaloids in different organs of the cat, with special reference to the brain.", "content": "1 h after intravenous administration, 3H-DH-ergot alkaloids showed maximal uptake in the range of 10(-5)M in various visceral organs, and of 10(-7)M in most parts of the CNS of the cat. The clearance function in both groups of tissues was logarithmical linear, the slope of the straight line for the parts of the CNS being considerably flatter. Repeated administration of these drugs demonstrated a higher retention in the CNS than in the other organs. The single-dose level in the CNS is reinforced and, in contrast to liver and lung, maintained for at least 24 h.", "contents": "Incorporation, after single and repeated application of radioactive labelled DH-ergot alkaloids in different organs of the cat, with special reference to the brain. 1 h after intravenous administration, 3H-DH-ergot alkaloids showed maximal uptake in the range of 10(-5)M in various visceral organs, and of 10(-7)M in most parts of the CNS of the cat. The clearance function in both groups of tissues was logarithmical linear, the slope of the straight line for the parts of the CNS being considerably flatter. Repeated administration of these drugs demonstrated a higher retention in the CNS than in the other organs. The single-dose level in the CNS is reinforced and, in contrast to liver and lung, maintained for at least 24 h.", "PMID": 412728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6768", "title": "Changes in the rat electrocorticogram following administration of two dihydrogenated ergot derivatives.", "content": "Dihydroergotoxine mesylate (DHET; active substance of Hydergine) and dihydro-beta-ergosine altered the sleep-wakefulness cycle of the rat by increasing wakefulness and decreasing slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep. In addition, power spectrum analysis indicated that, in comparison with placebo, DHET increased total power. Dihydro-beta-ergosine increased relative power in the theta-(4--8 Hz) and in the fast beta-(30--40 Hz) bands of ther electrocorticogram. The alterations in the sleep-wakefulness cycle and in the distribution of power in the rat electrocorticogram are discussed as possible indices of changes in alertness and attention.", "contents": "Changes in the rat electrocorticogram following administration of two dihydrogenated ergot derivatives. Dihydroergotoxine mesylate (DHET; active substance of Hydergine) and dihydro-beta-ergosine altered the sleep-wakefulness cycle of the rat by increasing wakefulness and decreasing slow wave and rapid eye movement sleep. In addition, power spectrum analysis indicated that, in comparison with placebo, DHET increased total power. Dihydro-beta-ergosine increased relative power in the theta-(4--8 Hz) and in the fast beta-(30--40 Hz) bands of ther electrocorticogram. The alterations in the sleep-wakefulness cycle and in the distribution of power in the rat electrocorticogram are discussed as possible indices of changes in alertness and attention.", "PMID": 412729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6769", "title": "Biochemical and behavioural effects of hypoxic hypoxia in rats: study of the protection afforded by ergot alkaloids.", "content": "The conditioned avoidance response and the cerebral levels of dopamine and noradrenaline have been studied in control rats and in rats submitted to a hypobaric hypoxia. A protection against the effects of hypoxia was induced by both dihydroergocornine (20 microgram/kg) and dihydroergocryptine (100 microgram/kg), and the noradrenaline level did not decrease. This stabilization of cerebral noradrenaline level seems to be the main protection factor observed.", "contents": "Biochemical and behavioural effects of hypoxic hypoxia in rats: study of the protection afforded by ergot alkaloids. The conditioned avoidance response and the cerebral levels of dopamine and noradrenaline have been studied in control rats and in rats submitted to a hypobaric hypoxia. A protection against the effects of hypoxia was induced by both dihydroergocornine (20 microgram/kg) and dihydroergocryptine (100 microgram/kg), and the noradrenaline level did not decrease. This stabilization of cerebral noradrenaline level seems to be the main protection factor observed.", "PMID": 412730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6770", "title": "Setting priorities in health services.", "content": "A growing recognition that our resources are not limitless has made it necessary for us to abandon the concept of unlimited production and consumption and to set priorities among the goods and services that society is to provide. The author argues that determining priorities in the area of health services should be done on a rational basis, with increased emphasis on primary prevention.", "contents": "Setting priorities in health services. A growing recognition that our resources are not limitless has made it necessary for us to abandon the concept of unlimited production and consumption and to set priorities among the goods and services that society is to provide. The author argues that determining priorities in the area of health services should be done on a rational basis, with increased emphasis on primary prevention.", "PMID": 412745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6771", "title": "Epilepsy and folic acid.", "content": "With 15 cases of epilepsy as the subject, studies were made of the therapeutic effects of folic acid on psychiatric symptoms and clinical seizures. Folic acid proved effective for a part of chronic and prolonged psychiatric symptoms shown by epileptic patients and brought on slight improvement in hyperexcitability, aggressiveness, bad humor and slowness of psychomotor activities. Improvement in mood was also observed. However, incidence of clinical fits increased in three cases. Electroencephalograms showed the desynchronizing phenomenon following oral administration of folic acid. Appearance or increase of spikes was noted in six cases. The epileptic group showed significantly low folic acid level in both serum and spinal fluid compared with the non-epileptic group. When folic acid was administered orally to the epileptic group, the serum folic acid level increased easily but the folic acid level in spinal fluid hardly increased.", "contents": "Epilepsy and folic acid. With 15 cases of epilepsy as the subject, studies were made of the therapeutic effects of folic acid on psychiatric symptoms and clinical seizures. Folic acid proved effective for a part of chronic and prolonged psychiatric symptoms shown by epileptic patients and brought on slight improvement in hyperexcitability, aggressiveness, bad humor and slowness of psychomotor activities. Improvement in mood was also observed. However, incidence of clinical fits increased in three cases. Electroencephalograms showed the desynchronizing phenomenon following oral administration of folic acid. Appearance or increase of spikes was noted in six cases. The epileptic group showed significantly low folic acid level in both serum and spinal fluid compared with the non-epileptic group. When folic acid was administered orally to the epileptic group, the serum folic acid level increased easily but the folic acid level in spinal fluid hardly increased.", "PMID": 412749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6772", "title": "Periodic EEG patterns observed in two cases with partial seizures.", "content": "Two cases with partial seizure and periodic EEG pattern were reported. Case 1. A 74-year-old woman reveal typical periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLED's) on the right hemisphere. The patient was semicomatous with mild jaundice and epilepsia partialis continua in the left lower limb. Postmortem examination revealed a main metastatic carcinoma of pancreas head origin in the right parietooccipital region. In the right hemisphere, the cortical structures were relatively preserved, but the white matter including the frontal lobe was swollen and its demyelinating changes were observed diffusely. The PLED's might result from an anatomical or functional severance of the cerebral cortex from normal connections with deeper structures. Case 2. A 61-year-old woman, with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism showed partial complex seizure. The EEG revealed an anterior temporal spike focus and slowing in the right hemisphere, corresponding with repetitive seizures of about one minute duration and with several minutes interval. An interictal periodic EEG pattern appeared in the right anterior and mid-temporal region. No cerebral abnormalities were found with other neurological examinations including brain scanning, carotisangiogram, and echoencephalogram. The periodic pattern was assumed as subclinical focal seizure discharges from the right anterior temporal deep structures.", "contents": "Periodic EEG patterns observed in two cases with partial seizures. Two cases with partial seizure and periodic EEG pattern were reported. Case 1. A 74-year-old woman reveal typical periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLED's) on the right hemisphere. The patient was semicomatous with mild jaundice and epilepsia partialis continua in the left lower limb. Postmortem examination revealed a main metastatic carcinoma of pancreas head origin in the right parietooccipital region. In the right hemisphere, the cortical structures were relatively preserved, but the white matter including the frontal lobe was swollen and its demyelinating changes were observed diffusely. The PLED's might result from an anatomical or functional severance of the cerebral cortex from normal connections with deeper structures. Case 2. A 61-year-old woman, with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism showed partial complex seizure. The EEG revealed an anterior temporal spike focus and slowing in the right hemisphere, corresponding with repetitive seizures of about one minute duration and with several minutes interval. An interictal periodic EEG pattern appeared in the right anterior and mid-temporal region. No cerebral abnormalities were found with other neurological examinations including brain scanning, carotisangiogram, and echoencephalogram. The periodic pattern was assumed as subclinical focal seizure discharges from the right anterior temporal deep structures.", "PMID": 412750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6773", "title": "Polygraphic study on the clinical seizures induced during nocturnal sleep.", "content": "The subjects of this study consisted of 17 epileptic patients with clinical seizures during all-night sleep recording (the seizure group) and another 17 epileptic patients without clinical seizures (the control group). The results obtained were as follows: 1) The 50-90% out of total clinical seizures were induced in non-REM sleep, while a few clinical seizures were induced in REM sleep. The number of clinical seizures in sleep stage of higher activity level increased as the incidence of clinical seizure during all-night grew. 2) In the seizure group REM sleep could not be detectable during all-night in five cases out of 17 cases, while we could not find cases lacking REM sleep in the control group. This difference between two subject groups was statistically significant (P less than 0.025). 3) As to focal spike group, the spike discharge incidence of total sleeping time and of each sleep stage was higher respectively in the seizure group than that in the control group, and particularly in St.1, St.2 and REM sleep the figure of the discharge incidence was found significantly higher in the seizure group than that in the control group (P less than 0.05). We discussed on above-mentioned results, and we emphasized particularly that REM-sleep suppresses clinical seizures, although non-REM sleep induces clinical seizures.", "contents": "Polygraphic study on the clinical seizures induced during nocturnal sleep. The subjects of this study consisted of 17 epileptic patients with clinical seizures during all-night sleep recording (the seizure group) and another 17 epileptic patients without clinical seizures (the control group). The results obtained were as follows: 1) The 50-90% out of total clinical seizures were induced in non-REM sleep, while a few clinical seizures were induced in REM sleep. The number of clinical seizures in sleep stage of higher activity level increased as the incidence of clinical seizure during all-night grew. 2) In the seizure group REM sleep could not be detectable during all-night in five cases out of 17 cases, while we could not find cases lacking REM sleep in the control group. This difference between two subject groups was statistically significant (P less than 0.025). 3) As to focal spike group, the spike discharge incidence of total sleeping time and of each sleep stage was higher respectively in the seizure group than that in the control group, and particularly in St.1, St.2 and REM sleep the figure of the discharge incidence was found significantly higher in the seizure group than that in the control group (P less than 0.05). We discussed on above-mentioned results, and we emphasized particularly that REM-sleep suppresses clinical seizures, although non-REM sleep induces clinical seizures.", "PMID": 412751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6774", "title": "Six and 14/sec positive spikes with widespread distribution over the scalp as a seizure pattern.", "content": "Five patients with either \"diencephalic\" or \"brainstem\" epilepsy or \"diencephalosis\" were examined EEGcally during the course of their hospitalization. The significant changes were detected, mainly by diphenhydramine activation as to the distribution of the 6-14/sec positive spike pattern on the scalp. When the patients were relatively free from their symptoms, the positive spikes were recorded partially on only one or very fre areas, and when they were experiencing clinical paroxysms, the spikes were detected diffusely in almost all areas of the scalp. Chronological EEG observations paralleling the clinical course of illness of a paroxysmal nature are unpopular. However, the necessity of efforts to record EEG's of patients during clinical paroxysms seems important and has been briefly discussed concerning the question as to whether the 6-14/sec positive spike pattern is an abnormal EEG change or perhaps a \"seizure pattern\".", "contents": "Six and 14/sec positive spikes with widespread distribution over the scalp as a seizure pattern. Five patients with either \"diencephalic\" or \"brainstem\" epilepsy or \"diencephalosis\" were examined EEGcally during the course of their hospitalization. The significant changes were detected, mainly by diphenhydramine activation as to the distribution of the 6-14/sec positive spike pattern on the scalp. When the patients were relatively free from their symptoms, the positive spikes were recorded partially on only one or very fre areas, and when they were experiencing clinical paroxysms, the spikes were detected diffusely in almost all areas of the scalp. Chronological EEG observations paralleling the clinical course of illness of a paroxysmal nature are unpopular. However, the necessity of efforts to record EEG's of patients during clinical paroxysms seems important and has been briefly discussed concerning the question as to whether the 6-14/sec positive spike pattern is an abnormal EEG change or perhaps a \"seizure pattern\".", "PMID": 412753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6775", "title": "Mental dullness associated with left frontal continuous focal discharge.", "content": "(1) The EEG in a patient of refractory epilepsy showed the unilateral continuous focal discharge in left frontal area repeatedly for 11 days (2) Stupor and/or mental dullness associated with the change of EEG was the clinical manifestation. (3) A brief discussion was made about the possible pathophysiological mechanisms.", "contents": "Mental dullness associated with left frontal continuous focal discharge. (1) The EEG in a patient of refractory epilepsy showed the unilateral continuous focal discharge in left frontal area repeatedly for 11 days (2) Stupor and/or mental dullness associated with the change of EEG was the clinical manifestation. (3) A brief discussion was made about the possible pathophysiological mechanisms.", "PMID": 412755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6776", "title": "[Therapy in bronchial asthma].", "content": "A division into two main groups is made: causal and symptomatic treatment. The first group includes elimination and avoidance of allergens and the specific hyposensitization according to own experiences. The second group is divided into medicamentous treatment (bronchodilatators, DNCG, corticosteroids, secretolytics, antibiotics, tranquilizers) and into a nonmedicamentous treatment like physiotherapy, climate therapy and psychotherapy.", "contents": "[Therapy in bronchial asthma]. A division into two main groups is made: causal and symptomatic treatment. The first group includes elimination and avoidance of allergens and the specific hyposensitization according to own experiences. The second group is divided into medicamentous treatment (bronchodilatators, DNCG, corticosteroids, secretolytics, antibiotics, tranquilizers) and into a nonmedicamentous treatment like physiotherapy, climate therapy and psychotherapy.", "PMID": 412762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6777", "title": "The effects of TRH on prolactin, plasma renin activity, water and electrolyte excretion in normal males.", "content": "The effect of TRH induced secretion of TSH and prolactin (hPrl) on plasma renin activity (PRA), water and electrolyte excretion, was studied in 7 normal males before and after an intravenous injection of 2 ml normal saline or 200 microgram TRH. Plasma hPrl and TSH rose significantly (p less than 0.01) in all 7 subjects after TRH but not after saline injection. No significant differences in the hourly excretion of sodium, potassium and free water clearance were noted before and after either saline or TRH injection. Mean PRA values of the 7 subjects were similar after either the 2 ml saline of TRH injection. Our results indicate that despite a correlation between basal hPrl and sodium excretion as well as free water clearance, acute TRH induced elevation of hPrl is not associated with changes of urinary sodium and potassium excretion, free water clearance and PRA in normal males. These findings provide some evidence against a direct osmoregulatory role of hPrl in man.", "contents": "The effects of TRH on prolactin, plasma renin activity, water and electrolyte excretion in normal males. The effect of TRH induced secretion of TSH and prolactin (hPrl) on plasma renin activity (PRA), water and electrolyte excretion, was studied in 7 normal males before and after an intravenous injection of 2 ml normal saline or 200 microgram TRH. Plasma hPrl and TSH rose significantly (p less than 0.01) in all 7 subjects after TRH but not after saline injection. No significant differences in the hourly excretion of sodium, potassium and free water clearance were noted before and after either saline or TRH injection. Mean PRA values of the 7 subjects were similar after either the 2 ml saline of TRH injection. Our results indicate that despite a correlation between basal hPrl and sodium excretion as well as free water clearance, acute TRH induced elevation of hPrl is not associated with changes of urinary sodium and potassium excretion, free water clearance and PRA in normal males. These findings provide some evidence against a direct osmoregulatory role of hPrl in man.", "PMID": 412766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6778", "title": "[Direct immunological identification of proteins following electrophoretic separation in polyacrylamide micro-gradient gels and the effect of detergents on immunoprecipitation (author's transl)].", "content": "Methods for direct immunological identification of single protein components after fractionation of a protein mixture in microgels are described. Protein mixtures were separated with high resolution in polyacrylamide microgradient gels and transferred after electrophoresis into agarose layers containing suitable antisera. Monospecific as well as polyvalent antisera were used. The formation of immunoprecipitates could be observed within approx. 1 h. Immunoprecipitates are also formed in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate or other detergents, thus allowing immunoreactions to be performed with water-insoluble proteins. Staining of the proteins in the gels did not completely inhibit the immunoreaction, while dansylation of proteins had no effect. The influence of different detergents e.g. sodium dodecylsulfate, Triton X-100, Brij 99, np-40 and urea, as well as different reducing agents e.g. mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, thioglycolic acid, on two-dimensional microdiffusion was also studied. When suitable concentrations of these compounds were used, the formation of immunocomplexes was observed within approx. 1 h. This technique can also be applied to immunoreactions with water-insoluble proteins dissolved in detergents.", "contents": "[Direct immunological identification of proteins following electrophoretic separation in polyacrylamide micro-gradient gels and the effect of detergents on immunoprecipitation (author's transl)]. Methods for direct immunological identification of single protein components after fractionation of a protein mixture in microgels are described. Protein mixtures were separated with high resolution in polyacrylamide microgradient gels and transferred after electrophoresis into agarose layers containing suitable antisera. Monospecific as well as polyvalent antisera were used. The formation of immunoprecipitates could be observed within approx. 1 h. Immunoprecipitates are also formed in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate or other detergents, thus allowing immunoreactions to be performed with water-insoluble proteins. Staining of the proteins in the gels did not completely inhibit the immunoreaction, while dansylation of proteins had no effect. The influence of different detergents e.g. sodium dodecylsulfate, Triton X-100, Brij 99, np-40 and urea, as well as different reducing agents e.g. mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, thioglycolic acid, on two-dimensional microdiffusion was also studied. When suitable concentrations of these compounds were used, the formation of immunocomplexes was observed within approx. 1 h. This technique can also be applied to immunoreactions with water-insoluble proteins dissolved in detergents.", "PMID": 412768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6779", "title": "[Bacteria and resistance patterns in bacteriuria of hospitalized patients (author's transl)].", "content": "During different periods in 1976 and 1977 the bacteria of hospitalized patients were selected at random in significant bacteriuria. The species determination was carried out exactly and the susceptibility to beta-lactam-and aminoglycoside antibiotics was investigated using the quantitative tube dilution test. The bacterial spectrum of 941 isolated strains is shown in Table I. E. coli was found in 50% only. The spectrum of bacteria is different in the various hospitals, caused by regional phenomenons of nosocomial infections (Table II). The sex distribution (Table III) shows that mostly E. coli and Strept. faecalis are isolated from women, and Klebsiella sp. from men. The difference is significant. May be there exists a sex specificity for some bacteria. The sensitivity tests include the antibiotics Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Mezlocillin, Azlocillin, Cefalotin, Cefamandole, Cefazolin, Gentamicin, Tobramycin and Amikazin (Table IV). Different sensitivity patterns could be established because of the exact species determination.", "contents": "[Bacteria and resistance patterns in bacteriuria of hospitalized patients (author's transl)]. During different periods in 1976 and 1977 the bacteria of hospitalized patients were selected at random in significant bacteriuria. The species determination was carried out exactly and the susceptibility to beta-lactam-and aminoglycoside antibiotics was investigated using the quantitative tube dilution test. The bacterial spectrum of 941 isolated strains is shown in Table I. E. coli was found in 50% only. The spectrum of bacteria is different in the various hospitals, caused by regional phenomenons of nosocomial infections (Table II). The sex distribution (Table III) shows that mostly E. coli and Strept. faecalis are isolated from women, and Klebsiella sp. from men. The difference is significant. May be there exists a sex specificity for some bacteria. The sensitivity tests include the antibiotics Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Mezlocillin, Azlocillin, Cefalotin, Cefamandole, Cefazolin, Gentamicin, Tobramycin and Amikazin (Table IV). Different sensitivity patterns could be established because of the exact species determination.", "PMID": 412776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6780", "title": "Effects of autologous plasma on lymphocyte transformation in malaria and in acute protein-energy malnutrition. Comparison of purified lymphocyte and whole blood cultures.", "content": "Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced lymphocyte transformation in whole blood and in purified lymphocyte cultures was investigated in Gambian children with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria or with acute protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). Responses of purified lymphocytes cultured in the absence of autologous plasma were normal, with one exception. Autologous plasma depressed the response of purified lymphocytes to a low dose of PHA in several malaria and PEM patients. In whole blood cultures of 1 day and of 3 day duration, responses of several children with malaria or PEM were less than those of control children. Responses were not related to absolute lymphocyte counts. In 3 day, but not 1 day, cultures from control and malarious children, responses were inversely proportional to neutrophil counts. Cultures of whole blood and of purified lymphocytes in autologous plasma gave comparable results in 58 of 70 patients.", "contents": "Effects of autologous plasma on lymphocyte transformation in malaria and in acute protein-energy malnutrition. Comparison of purified lymphocyte and whole blood cultures. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced lymphocyte transformation in whole blood and in purified lymphocyte cultures was investigated in Gambian children with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria or with acute protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). Responses of purified lymphocytes cultured in the absence of autologous plasma were normal, with one exception. Autologous plasma depressed the response of purified lymphocytes to a low dose of PHA in several malaria and PEM patients. In whole blood cultures of 1 day and of 3 day duration, responses of several children with malaria or PEM were less than those of control children. Responses were not related to absolute lymphocyte counts. In 3 day, but not 1 day, cultures from control and malarious children, responses were inversely proportional to neutrophil counts. Cultures of whole blood and of purified lymphocytes in autologous plasma gave comparable results in 58 of 70 patients.", "PMID": 412777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6781", "title": "Enhanced resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in splenectomized mice.", "content": "Mice infected with live Listeria monocytogenes intravenously from 1 week to 3 months following splenectomy exhibit greatly enhanced antibacterial resistance to this micro-organism as compared to normal or sham-splenectomized mice. They survive a dose of Listeria 100 times higher than is the LD50 of this parasite for normal mice. Initially, the same number of viable micro-organisms lodge in the livers of splenectomized and normal hosts. However, within 24 h after infection, the number of viable Listeria which can be recovered from the livers of splenectomized animals is significantly reduced in comparison with control mice. This effect of splenectomy is transient and gradually disappears spontaneously within 3 months following splenectomy. Enhancement of anti-listerial resistance in splenectomized mice can be abrogated by the transfer of normal spleen cells. The presence of a normal splenic cell population that controls macrophage activation is postulated.", "contents": "Enhanced resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in splenectomized mice. Mice infected with live Listeria monocytogenes intravenously from 1 week to 3 months following splenectomy exhibit greatly enhanced antibacterial resistance to this micro-organism as compared to normal or sham-splenectomized mice. They survive a dose of Listeria 100 times higher than is the LD50 of this parasite for normal mice. Initially, the same number of viable micro-organisms lodge in the livers of splenectomized and normal hosts. However, within 24 h after infection, the number of viable Listeria which can be recovered from the livers of splenectomized animals is significantly reduced in comparison with control mice. This effect of splenectomy is transient and gradually disappears spontaneously within 3 months following splenectomy. Enhancement of anti-listerial resistance in splenectomized mice can be abrogated by the transfer of normal spleen cells. The presence of a normal splenic cell population that controls macrophage activation is postulated.", "PMID": 412778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6782", "title": "Lymphocyte surface IgD and IgM in Macaca monkeys: ontogeny, tissue distribution and occurrence on individual lymphocytes.", "content": "A proportion of lymphocytes in blood, spleen and lymph nodes of nonhuman primates had immunoglobulin on their surfaces detectable by fluorescent antibody to human IgM and IgD. The majority of the individual lymphocytes having either IgM or IgD on their surfaces possessed both classes of immunoglobulin. Lymphocyte surface IgD was capped independently of surface IgM on the same cell when incubated at 37 degrees with anti-IgD. Lymphocytes with surface IgM and/or IgD were present in blood at birth and the percentages over the first 6 months of life were increased compared to older monkeys. A corona of cells faintly positive for both IgM and IgD was observed around germinal centres of both lymph nodes and spleen.", "contents": "Lymphocyte surface IgD and IgM in Macaca monkeys: ontogeny, tissue distribution and occurrence on individual lymphocytes. A proportion of lymphocytes in blood, spleen and lymph nodes of nonhuman primates had immunoglobulin on their surfaces detectable by fluorescent antibody to human IgM and IgD. The majority of the individual lymphocytes having either IgM or IgD on their surfaces possessed both classes of immunoglobulin. Lymphocyte surface IgD was capped independently of surface IgM on the same cell when incubated at 37 degrees with anti-IgD. Lymphocytes with surface IgM and/or IgD were present in blood at birth and the percentages over the first 6 months of life were increased compared to older monkeys. A corona of cells faintly positive for both IgM and IgD was observed around germinal centres of both lymph nodes and spleen.", "PMID": 412779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6783", "title": "[Glucose and fructose utilization and insulin requirement in postoperative parenteral feeding].", "content": "Clinical observations during postoperative feeding (observation period 10 to 30 days) are reported. We compared glucose and fructose intake at different intake rates to glucose and fructose urinary output. Insulin admixture per 100 g of glucose is not constant. It can be progressively reduced following operation.", "contents": "[Glucose and fructose utilization and insulin requirement in postoperative parenteral feeding]. Clinical observations during postoperative feeding (observation period 10 to 30 days) are reported. We compared glucose and fructose intake at different intake rates to glucose and fructose urinary output. Insulin admixture per 100 g of glucose is not constant. It can be progressively reduced following operation.", "PMID": 412782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6784", "title": "[FGX 70% as an energy carrier in severe heart failure].", "content": "A case of decompensated heart failure due to a combined myocardial malformation is presented, in which intravenous nutrition with restricted fluid intake became necessary. Employing a 70% solution of FGX combined with an amino acid solution following the KE pattern the already catabolic metabolism was reversed and a loss of weight avoided. Over a long-term period of application (three weeks) no side effects due to this solution were noted. The necessity of continuous supervision of the FGX 70% infusion is stressed.", "contents": "[FGX 70% as an energy carrier in severe heart failure]. A case of decompensated heart failure due to a combined myocardial malformation is presented, in which intravenous nutrition with restricted fluid intake became necessary. Employing a 70% solution of FGX combined with an amino acid solution following the KE pattern the already catabolic metabolism was reversed and a loss of weight avoided. Over a long-term period of application (three weeks) no side effects due to this solution were noted. The necessity of continuous supervision of the FGX 70% infusion is stressed.", "PMID": 412783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6785", "title": "[Is ethanol suitable as an energy carrier in infusion therapy?].", "content": "Using experimental animals and human volunteers the suitability of ethanol for parenteral nutrition was investigated. The most evident disadvantage is the relatively low metabolic capacity for intravenous ethanol. A steady state was attained in the animal experiment with the low dose of 0.2 g/kg bodyweight per hour. No indications were found, however, that intravenous ethanol would contribute to the development of a lactate acidosis. Merely a short time before death because of hyperalcoholemia (5-7% blood concentration) an increase in lactate concentration is found which might be caused by circulatory collaps. Additionally, the effect of intravenous ethanol seems to be of minor importance. Small effects were found only in the experimental animal as well as in volunteers. A very strong inhibition of galactose metabolism was found to be a significant effect of ethanol application. Despite of similar metabolic reactions neither the application of xylitol nor of sorbitol causes an inhibition of galactose metabolism. These results might be interpreted as signs for compartmentalisation of the different metabolic reactions in the cytoplasma of the hepatocytes. According to the results of these investigations ethanol merely evokes small acute metabolic effects. The low metabolic capacity and the established hepatotoxicity are indications for a restrained use of ethanol in parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "[Is ethanol suitable as an energy carrier in infusion therapy?]. Using experimental animals and human volunteers the suitability of ethanol for parenteral nutrition was investigated. The most evident disadvantage is the relatively low metabolic capacity for intravenous ethanol. A steady state was attained in the animal experiment with the low dose of 0.2 g/kg bodyweight per hour. No indications were found, however, that intravenous ethanol would contribute to the development of a lactate acidosis. Merely a short time before death because of hyperalcoholemia (5-7% blood concentration) an increase in lactate concentration is found which might be caused by circulatory collaps. Additionally, the effect of intravenous ethanol seems to be of minor importance. Small effects were found only in the experimental animal as well as in volunteers. A very strong inhibition of galactose metabolism was found to be a significant effect of ethanol application. Despite of similar metabolic reactions neither the application of xylitol nor of sorbitol causes an inhibition of galactose metabolism. These results might be interpreted as signs for compartmentalisation of the different metabolic reactions in the cytoplasma of the hepatocytes. According to the results of these investigations ethanol merely evokes small acute metabolic effects. The low metabolic capacity and the established hepatotoxicity are indications for a restrained use of ethanol in parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 412784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6786", "title": "[The behavior of prealbumin, retinol binding protein and the immunoglobulins during 3 weeks of nutritional rehabilitation].", "content": "A significant improvement in the protein status of twelve malnourished geriatric patients was achieved during a three-week daily supplementation of the hospital diet by 9 g essential amino acids (eight classical essential amino acids plus histidine). This was especially evident in the doubled serum concentration of prealbumin and retinol-binding protein. The changes of total serum protein and hemoglobin were much less distinct. The immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgG remained unchanged for the entire observation period.", "contents": "[The behavior of prealbumin, retinol binding protein and the immunoglobulins during 3 weeks of nutritional rehabilitation]. A significant improvement in the protein status of twelve malnourished geriatric patients was achieved during a three-week daily supplementation of the hospital diet by 9 g essential amino acids (eight classical essential amino acids plus histidine). This was especially evident in the doubled serum concentration of prealbumin and retinol-binding protein. The changes of total serum protein and hemoglobin were much less distinct. The immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgG remained unchanged for the entire observation period.", "PMID": 412785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6787", "title": "Passive protection by antitoxin in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn infections.", "content": "The protective effect of intravenously administered rabbit antitoxin serum was studied in lethal Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn infections in mice. Survival after infection with 2 median lethal doses of a toxigenic, low-protease-producing strain (PA103) was enhanced in antitoxin-treated mice, as compared with controls that had received anti-bovine serum albumin serum (P = 0.0004). Survival time was prolonged in other antitoxin-treated mice infected with toxigenic, high-protease-producing strains (PA86 and PA220, P = 0.0003 and P = 0.01, respectively). In contrast, antitoxin had no protective effect in mice challenged with a nontoxigenic strain (WR 5, P = 0.57). There were fewer viable bacteria in blood and liver of antitoxin-treated mice than in those of anti-bovine serum albumin-treated controls after infection with toxigenic organisms, whereas there were no significant differences between the two groups after challenge with the nontoxigenic strain. These data suggest that P. aeruginosa exotoxin A contributes to lethality in this burn infection model, and this effect is diminished by passive immunization with antitoxin.", "contents": "Passive protection by antitoxin in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn infections. The protective effect of intravenously administered rabbit antitoxin serum was studied in lethal Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn infections in mice. Survival after infection with 2 median lethal doses of a toxigenic, low-protease-producing strain (PA103) was enhanced in antitoxin-treated mice, as compared with controls that had received anti-bovine serum albumin serum (P = 0.0004). Survival time was prolonged in other antitoxin-treated mice infected with toxigenic, high-protease-producing strains (PA86 and PA220, P = 0.0003 and P = 0.01, respectively). In contrast, antitoxin had no protective effect in mice challenged with a nontoxigenic strain (WR 5, P = 0.57). There were fewer viable bacteria in blood and liver of antitoxin-treated mice than in those of anti-bovine serum albumin-treated controls after infection with toxigenic organisms, whereas there were no significant differences between the two groups after challenge with the nontoxigenic strain. These data suggest that P. aeruginosa exotoxin A contributes to lethality in this burn infection model, and this effect is diminished by passive immunization with antitoxin.", "PMID": 412786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6788", "title": "Anomalous high native resistance to athymic mice to bacterial pathogens.", "content": "Congenitally athymic (nude) mice exhibited an anomalous high resistance against infections with the facultative intracellular parasite Listeria monocytogenes and other bacterial pathogens. Protection against lethal infection was demonstrated to result from the presence of naturally occurring activated macrophages in the reticuloendothelial organs of the nude mice. This was exemplified after intravenous challenge by enhanced bacterial clearance from the blood and augmented bacterial killing in the spleens and livers of nude mice as compared with immunologically competent control mice. Resident peritoneal macrophages of nude mice were not activated in terms of phagocytic, bactericidal, or tumoricidal potential. The development of activated fixed tissue macrophages appears to arise as a result of the T-lymphocyte deficiency since thymus implantation abrogated the enhanced resistance of nude mice. Antibiotic elimination of intestinal bacteria also modified resistance to bacterial infection, indicating a role of environmental factors on macrophage activation. Several possible mechanisms leading to macrophage activation and heightened resistance to infection in nude mice are offered.", "contents": "Anomalous high native resistance to athymic mice to bacterial pathogens. Congenitally athymic (nude) mice exhibited an anomalous high resistance against infections with the facultative intracellular parasite Listeria monocytogenes and other bacterial pathogens. Protection against lethal infection was demonstrated to result from the presence of naturally occurring activated macrophages in the reticuloendothelial organs of the nude mice. This was exemplified after intravenous challenge by enhanced bacterial clearance from the blood and augmented bacterial killing in the spleens and livers of nude mice as compared with immunologically competent control mice. Resident peritoneal macrophages of nude mice were not activated in terms of phagocytic, bactericidal, or tumoricidal potential. The development of activated fixed tissue macrophages appears to arise as a result of the T-lymphocyte deficiency since thymus implantation abrogated the enhanced resistance of nude mice. Antibiotic elimination of intestinal bacteria also modified resistance to bacterial infection, indicating a role of environmental factors on macrophage activation. Several possible mechanisms leading to macrophage activation and heightened resistance to infection in nude mice are offered.", "PMID": 412787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6789", "title": "Hyperthermia and human leukocyte functions: effects on response of lymphocytes to mitogen and antigen and bactericidal capacity of monocytes and neutrophils.", "content": "It has recently been demonstrated that fever, or hyperthermia, results in enhanced survival of lizards infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. In the present study, the effects of hyperthermia on certain immune functions were assayed in vitro with purified human leukocytes. Lymphocyte transformation responses to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin and the common antigen streptokinase-streptodornase were enhanced at 38.5 degrees C relative to 37 degrees C whether analyzed according to absolute counts per minute of incorporated tritiated thymidine or according to stimulation indexes. Enhancement of response was not accompanied by acceleration of response. Augmentation of transformation response was generally not seen at 40 degrees C; incubation at that temperature was associated with decreased cellular viability. Significant, though small, increases of the bactericidal capacity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes at 40 degrees C relative to 37 degrees C were shown at 1 h with Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes, but not with Staphylococcus aureus. Mononuclear phagocytes did not show enhanced bactericidal capacity at the elevated temperature with any of these organisms in this in vitro system. Hyperthermia may enhance certain host defense mechanisms and warrants further study.", "contents": "Hyperthermia and human leukocyte functions: effects on response of lymphocytes to mitogen and antigen and bactericidal capacity of monocytes and neutrophils. It has recently been demonstrated that fever, or hyperthermia, results in enhanced survival of lizards infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. In the present study, the effects of hyperthermia on certain immune functions were assayed in vitro with purified human leukocytes. Lymphocyte transformation responses to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin and the common antigen streptokinase-streptodornase were enhanced at 38.5 degrees C relative to 37 degrees C whether analyzed according to absolute counts per minute of incorporated tritiated thymidine or according to stimulation indexes. Enhancement of response was not accompanied by acceleration of response. Augmentation of transformation response was generally not seen at 40 degrees C; incubation at that temperature was associated with decreased cellular viability. Significant, though small, increases of the bactericidal capacity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes at 40 degrees C relative to 37 degrees C were shown at 1 h with Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes, but not with Staphylococcus aureus. Mononuclear phagocytes did not show enhanced bactericidal capacity at the elevated temperature with any of these organisms in this in vitro system. Hyperthermia may enhance certain host defense mechanisms and warrants further study.", "PMID": 412788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6790", "title": "Cellular immunity to bacteria: impairment of in vitro lymphocyte responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients.", "content": "Lymphocyte responses to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A and to Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated in patients with cystic fibrosis and in normal individuals. Lymphocyte proliferation in vitro was stimulated by gentamicin-killed whole bacteria, and the proliferative response was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. The in vitro lymphocyte responses to antibiotic-killed bacterial reached maximum thymidine incorporation after 5 days in culture and followed a unimodal dose-response curve for each of the bacteria studied. A significant specific incapacity to respond to P. aeruginosa was detected in cystic fibrosis patients with advanced clinical disease.", "contents": "Cellular immunity to bacteria: impairment of in vitro lymphocyte responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients. Lymphocyte responses to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A and to Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated in patients with cystic fibrosis and in normal individuals. Lymphocyte proliferation in vitro was stimulated by gentamicin-killed whole bacteria, and the proliferative response was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. The in vitro lymphocyte responses to antibiotic-killed bacterial reached maximum thymidine incorporation after 5 days in culture and followed a unimodal dose-response curve for each of the bacteria studied. A significant specific incapacity to respond to P. aeruginosa was detected in cystic fibrosis patients with advanced clinical disease.", "PMID": 412789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6791", "title": "Development of antitoxin with each of two complementary fragments of Clostridium botulinum type B derivative toxin.", "content": "Two fragments with molecular weights of 111,000 (fragment I) and 59,000 (fragment II) were separated from each other by gel filtration of dithiothreitol and urea-treated, trypsinized derivative toxin (molecular weight, 170,000) of the proteolytic Okra strain of Clostridium botulinum type B on a column of Sephadex G-200 (superfine) with a buffer containing dithiothreitol and urea. Upon removal of dithiothreitol and urea by dialysis, the two fragments reassembled to reconstruct the derivative toxin molecule. Both fragments were immunogenic, and both anti-fragments neutralized type B toxin. The neutralizing activities of both anti-fragment I and anti-fragment II were, however, lower than that of the anti-derivative toxin, suggesting that the molecular integrity of derivative toxin is essential for sufficient production of the neutralizing antibody. The immunological difference found between type B toxin from a proteolytic strain and that from a nonproteolytic strain was ascribed to the antigenic difference of fragment I.", "contents": "Development of antitoxin with each of two complementary fragments of Clostridium botulinum type B derivative toxin. Two fragments with molecular weights of 111,000 (fragment I) and 59,000 (fragment II) were separated from each other by gel filtration of dithiothreitol and urea-treated, trypsinized derivative toxin (molecular weight, 170,000) of the proteolytic Okra strain of Clostridium botulinum type B on a column of Sephadex G-200 (superfine) with a buffer containing dithiothreitol and urea. Upon removal of dithiothreitol and urea by dialysis, the two fragments reassembled to reconstruct the derivative toxin molecule. Both fragments were immunogenic, and both anti-fragments neutralized type B toxin. The neutralizing activities of both anti-fragment I and anti-fragment II were, however, lower than that of the anti-derivative toxin, suggesting that the molecular integrity of derivative toxin is essential for sufficient production of the neutralizing antibody. The immunological difference found between type B toxin from a proteolytic strain and that from a nonproteolytic strain was ascribed to the antigenic difference of fragment I.", "PMID": 412790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6792", "title": "Species specificity of attachment and damage to oviduct mucosa by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae colony type 1 were inoculated into organ cultures of oviducts obtained from various animal species. Gonococci rapidly attached to extensive areas of the mucosa of human oviducts (fallopian tubes), entered the mucous-secreting cells, and caused histological damage to the tissues. In addition, 2 to 4 days after infection there was complete loss of ciliary activity. In contrast, gonococci attached very scantily or not at all to the mucosa of rabbit, porcine, or bovine oviducts. However, the organisms multiplied in the medium of these organ cultures and were located sometimes in the base of mucosal cells and in large numbers in the submucosa. Despit this, there was no histological evidence of damage, and at least 7 days after infection ciliary activity was maintained equally as well as it was in uninfected control cultures. The host specificity of N. gonorrhoeae appears to be determined, at least in part, by a markedly diminished ability of the organisms to attach to and damage the genital mucosa of nonhuman species.", "contents": "Species specificity of attachment and damage to oviduct mucosa by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Neisseria gonorrhoeae colony type 1 were inoculated into organ cultures of oviducts obtained from various animal species. Gonococci rapidly attached to extensive areas of the mucosa of human oviducts (fallopian tubes), entered the mucous-secreting cells, and caused histological damage to the tissues. In addition, 2 to 4 days after infection there was complete loss of ciliary activity. In contrast, gonococci attached very scantily or not at all to the mucosa of rabbit, porcine, or bovine oviducts. However, the organisms multiplied in the medium of these organ cultures and were located sometimes in the base of mucosal cells and in large numbers in the submucosa. Despit this, there was no histological evidence of damage, and at least 7 days after infection ciliary activity was maintained equally as well as it was in uninfected control cultures. The host specificity of N. gonorrhoeae appears to be determined, at least in part, by a markedly diminished ability of the organisms to attach to and damage the genital mucosa of nonhuman species.", "PMID": 412791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6793", "title": "In vitro guinea pig leukocyte reactions to Rickettsia rickettsii.", "content": "The presence of cell-mediated immunity in Rocky Mountain spotted fever-infected guinea pigs was determined by two in vitro assays: whole blood lymphocyte transformation (LT) and macrophage migration inhibition. Increased LT was detected as early as 1 week in guinea pigs infected with Rickettsia rickettsii and treated with oxytetracycline and was detected by two weeks in infected but untreated guinea pigs. Elevated LT was still detectable at 10 weeks postinfection. Guinea pigs vaccinated with killed rickettsiae failed to develop lymphocyte responsiveness; however, there was a rapid lymphocyte response after challenge with live organisms, suggesting potentiation by the vaccine. Vaccinated guinea pigs that were challenged and then treated with antibiotic failed to develop LT, suggesting that infection is necessary for the observed response. Macrophage migration inhibition was detected in both infected and vaccinated guinea pigs by 1 week after infection, but this response was no longer detected 4 to 5 weeks later. Antibody appeared at 2 to 3 weeks postinfection and was present at low levels through week 10. Antibody-treated rickettsiae were phagocytized and destroyed by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages, whereas normal serum-treated rickettsiae replicated and eventually destroyed the phagocytes.", "contents": "In vitro guinea pig leukocyte reactions to Rickettsia rickettsii. The presence of cell-mediated immunity in Rocky Mountain spotted fever-infected guinea pigs was determined by two in vitro assays: whole blood lymphocyte transformation (LT) and macrophage migration inhibition. Increased LT was detected as early as 1 week in guinea pigs infected with Rickettsia rickettsii and treated with oxytetracycline and was detected by two weeks in infected but untreated guinea pigs. Elevated LT was still detectable at 10 weeks postinfection. Guinea pigs vaccinated with killed rickettsiae failed to develop lymphocyte responsiveness; however, there was a rapid lymphocyte response after challenge with live organisms, suggesting potentiation by the vaccine. Vaccinated guinea pigs that were challenged and then treated with antibiotic failed to develop LT, suggesting that infection is necessary for the observed response. Macrophage migration inhibition was detected in both infected and vaccinated guinea pigs by 1 week after infection, but this response was no longer detected 4 to 5 weeks later. Antibody appeared at 2 to 3 weeks postinfection and was present at low levels through week 10. Antibody-treated rickettsiae were phagocytized and destroyed by guinea pig peritoneal macrophages, whereas normal serum-treated rickettsiae replicated and eventually destroyed the phagocytes.", "PMID": 412792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6794", "title": "Biologic assessment of copper-containing amalgams.", "content": "In order to reduce creep and avoid marginal fractures in amalgam restorations, new alloys containing higher proportions of copper have been introduced. Fillings of these materials were placed in cavities prepared in the deciduous teeth of monkeys or placed in polyethylene tubes and implanted subcutaneously in rats. Conventional silver/tin alloys and zinc oxide eugenol cement were used as reference materials. Despite limitations due to the varying depths of cavities and the small number of animals involved it was concluded that the high copper alloys caused more severe pulp damage than the other materials studied. In the implantation studies many of the high copper specimens were exfoliated before the end of the experimental period. It is concluded that in deep cavities these materials require the use of a non-toxic base or lining material although as they are commonly used in young children's teeth the placement of linings and the isolation of the cavity pose problems.", "contents": "Biologic assessment of copper-containing amalgams. In order to reduce creep and avoid marginal fractures in amalgam restorations, new alloys containing higher proportions of copper have been introduced. Fillings of these materials were placed in cavities prepared in the deciduous teeth of monkeys or placed in polyethylene tubes and implanted subcutaneously in rats. Conventional silver/tin alloys and zinc oxide eugenol cement were used as reference materials. Despite limitations due to the varying depths of cavities and the small number of animals involved it was concluded that the high copper alloys caused more severe pulp damage than the other materials studied. In the implantation studies many of the high copper specimens were exfoliated before the end of the experimental period. It is concluded that in deep cavities these materials require the use of a non-toxic base or lining material although as they are commonly used in young children's teeth the placement of linings and the isolation of the cavity pose problems.", "PMID": 412793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6795", "title": "The difference in effect of predosing with antiallergic compounds between the rat PCA model and the monkey asthma model. Comparison of the effects of PRD-92-Ea and disodium cromoglycate.", "content": "DSCG and PRD-92-Ea showed tachyphylaxis in the rat PCA test when a large intravenous dose (40 mg/kg of DSCG and 20 mg/kg of PRD-92-Ea) was given 30 min before administering intravenously the expected effective doses at the time of antigen challenge. This predosing led to a marked loss of effectiveness. Cross-reacting tachyphylaxis was also demonstrated in this model. Predosing rats with DSCG led to a great loss of effectiveness of a subsequent expected active dose of PRD-92-Ea and predosing with PRD-92-Ea had the same effect in preventing the antiallergic action of a subsequent dose of DSCG. The Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) did not exhibit this phenomenon of tachyphylaxis. PRD-92-Ea and DSCG were given intravenously 30 min before and the same dose of 20 mg/kg repeated just before Ascaris suum challenge in the Rhesus monkey asthma model with no loss of their expected effectiveness.", "contents": "The difference in effect of predosing with antiallergic compounds between the rat PCA model and the monkey asthma model. Comparison of the effects of PRD-92-Ea and disodium cromoglycate. DSCG and PRD-92-Ea showed tachyphylaxis in the rat PCA test when a large intravenous dose (40 mg/kg of DSCG and 20 mg/kg of PRD-92-Ea) was given 30 min before administering intravenously the expected effective doses at the time of antigen challenge. This predosing led to a marked loss of effectiveness. Cross-reacting tachyphylaxis was also demonstrated in this model. Predosing rats with DSCG led to a great loss of effectiveness of a subsequent expected active dose of PRD-92-Ea and predosing with PRD-92-Ea had the same effect in preventing the antiallergic action of a subsequent dose of DSCG. The Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) did not exhibit this phenomenon of tachyphylaxis. PRD-92-Ea and DSCG were given intravenously 30 min before and the same dose of 20 mg/kg repeated just before Ascaris suum challenge in the Rhesus monkey asthma model with no loss of their expected effectiveness.", "PMID": 412794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6796", "title": "Studies on corynebacterial precipitinogens common to Mycobacteria, Nocardiae and rhodochrous.", "content": "Ten strains of Corynebacterium were analyzed by means of the comparative immunodiffusion technique employing reference precipitation systems from strains of Mycobacterium, Nocardia and the rhodochrous taxon. The test strains had precipitinogens in common with the reference strains. Two of the intergenerical cross-reacting precipitinogens revealed were labelled x and y. Two other precipitinogens (alpha,beta), earlier found to be common for strains of mycobacteria, nocardiae, and rhodochrous, were not demonstrated in the corynebacterial strains, thus indicating a qualitative or quantitative serological difference between Corynebacterium and the other taxa. It was furthermore shown that the corynebacterial preparations reacted with antisera against ribosomal 30S fractions from mycobacteria. Common precipitinogens in ribosomal preparations from mycobacteria, nocardiae, rhodochrous, and corynebacteria are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on corynebacterial precipitinogens common to Mycobacteria, Nocardiae and rhodochrous. Ten strains of Corynebacterium were analyzed by means of the comparative immunodiffusion technique employing reference precipitation systems from strains of Mycobacterium, Nocardia and the rhodochrous taxon. The test strains had precipitinogens in common with the reference strains. Two of the intergenerical cross-reacting precipitinogens revealed were labelled x and y. Two other precipitinogens (alpha,beta), earlier found to be common for strains of mycobacteria, nocardiae, and rhodochrous, were not demonstrated in the corynebacterial strains, thus indicating a qualitative or quantitative serological difference between Corynebacterium and the other taxa. It was furthermore shown that the corynebacterial preparations reacted with antisera against ribosomal 30S fractions from mycobacteria. Common precipitinogens in ribosomal preparations from mycobacteria, nocardiae, rhodochrous, and corynebacteria are discussed.", "PMID": 412795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6797", "title": "A precipitate adsorption on surface technique: a combination of immunodiffusion and thin-layer immunoassay.", "content": "A new technique--precipitate adsorption on surface--is described. The technique implies a combination of immunoprecipitation in gel and diffusion-in-gel-thin-layer immunoassay. The principles of the technique are illustrated by a series of model experiments.", "contents": "A precipitate adsorption on surface technique: a combination of immunodiffusion and thin-layer immunoassay. A new technique--precipitate adsorption on surface--is described. The technique implies a combination of immunoprecipitation in gel and diffusion-in-gel-thin-layer immunoassay. The principles of the technique are illustrated by a series of model experiments.", "PMID": 412796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6798", "title": "Rh antibodies produced by an isoimmunized chimpanzee; reciprocal relationship between chimpanzee simian-type isoimmune sera and human anti-Rho reagents.", "content": "An isoimmune chimpanzee serum was found to contain, in addition to expected antibodies of the simian-type specificity anti-Lc, a fraction of anti-Rho specificity, as proved by parallel tests with standard human anti-Rho sera as well as by absorption experiments using human and chimpanzee red cells. On the other hand, the two human anti-Rho sera tested in parallel were found to contain not only antibodies of specificity anti-Rho but also antibodies capable of detecting Lc specificity on the chimpanzee red cells. The reciprocal relationship between human and chimpanzee isoimmune sera constitutes the first example of symmetrical cross-reactivity between closely related species. The new source of anti-Rho reagents is expected to contribute additional information on the human Rh-Hr blood group system.", "contents": "Rh antibodies produced by an isoimmunized chimpanzee; reciprocal relationship between chimpanzee simian-type isoimmune sera and human anti-Rho reagents. An isoimmune chimpanzee serum was found to contain, in addition to expected antibodies of the simian-type specificity anti-Lc, a fraction of anti-Rho specificity, as proved by parallel tests with standard human anti-Rho sera as well as by absorption experiments using human and chimpanzee red cells. On the other hand, the two human anti-Rho sera tested in parallel were found to contain not only antibodies of specificity anti-Rho but also antibodies capable of detecting Lc specificity on the chimpanzee red cells. The reciprocal relationship between human and chimpanzee isoimmune sera constitutes the first example of symmetrical cross-reactivity between closely related species. The new source of anti-Rho reagents is expected to contribute additional information on the human Rh-Hr blood group system.", "PMID": 412797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6799", "title": "Scintigraphy in diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the jaws.", "content": "The symptoms of an acute osteomyelitis of the jaws are often uncharacteristic, and typical radiographic changes usually do not appear until after the first weeks of disease. Even when such changes are established it is difficult to distinguish an active infectious disease from lasting changes due to a sterilized osteomyelitis. Scintigraphy with bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals appears to be a valuable diagnostic technique. A case of osteomyelitis of the mandible is reported.", "contents": "Scintigraphy in diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the jaws. The symptoms of an acute osteomyelitis of the jaws are often uncharacteristic, and typical radiographic changes usually do not appear until after the first weeks of disease. Even when such changes are established it is difficult to distinguish an active infectious disease from lasting changes due to a sterilized osteomyelitis. Scintigraphy with bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals appears to be a valuable diagnostic technique. A case of osteomyelitis of the mandible is reported.", "PMID": 412798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6800", "title": "Computer utilization in an oral biopsy service.", "content": "In order to improve our knowledge about the biological activity of oral lesions, a computer-based system of oral biopsy data recall has been established. The program is utilized in eight United States dental schools and is adaptable to almost any oral biopsy service with an available computer. This article deals with the implementation of the program at Washington University School of Dental Medicine.", "contents": "Computer utilization in an oral biopsy service. In order to improve our knowledge about the biological activity of oral lesions, a computer-based system of oral biopsy data recall has been established. The program is utilized in eight United States dental schools and is adaptable to almost any oral biopsy service with an available computer. This article deals with the implementation of the program at Washington University School of Dental Medicine.", "PMID": 412799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6801", "title": "Postoperative jaw pain--floctafenine versus dihydrocodeine.", "content": "A double-blind single dose trial was made of floctafenine 200 mg versus dihydrocodeine 30 mg in 100 patients complaining of jaw pain following oral surgery under general anaesthesia. There was no statistical difference between the two analgesics for the whole group, but dihydrocodeine was better for the relief of more severe pain.", "contents": "Postoperative jaw pain--floctafenine versus dihydrocodeine. A double-blind single dose trial was made of floctafenine 200 mg versus dihydrocodeine 30 mg in 100 patients complaining of jaw pain following oral surgery under general anaesthesia. There was no statistical difference between the two analgesics for the whole group, but dihydrocodeine was better for the relief of more severe pain.", "PMID": 412800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6802", "title": "Extraosseous calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (Pindborg tumor).", "content": "A 20-year-old man presented with a painless enlargement of the maxillary gingiva with no bone involvement. Microscopic examination with special stains confirmed the diagnosis of a clear cell variant of a calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (Pindborg tumor). This is the second reported case of such a variant in an extraosseous location.", "contents": "Extraosseous calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (Pindborg tumor). A 20-year-old man presented with a painless enlargement of the maxillary gingiva with no bone involvement. Microscopic examination with special stains confirmed the diagnosis of a clear cell variant of a calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (Pindborg tumor). This is the second reported case of such a variant in an extraosseous location.", "PMID": 412801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6803", "title": "Scleroma (rhinoscleroma) in a Nigerian maxillo-facial practice. Review and case reports.", "content": "Scleroma (rhinoscleroma), a chronic granulomatous disease of the upper respiratory tract, is endemic within a confined distribution of geographic foci. Sporadic cases and those arising in poorly defined foci may be unexpected and difficult to diagnose. Three cases from a maxillo-facial unit in northern Nigeria are described, of which two simulated intranasal neoplasms and the third had atypical clinical features. These cases form the first substantial description of scleroma in Nigeria, a country that is part of an indefinite focus of the disease. The epidemiology, clinical features, pathology and diagnosis of scleroma are reviewed.", "contents": "Scleroma (rhinoscleroma) in a Nigerian maxillo-facial practice. Review and case reports. Scleroma (rhinoscleroma), a chronic granulomatous disease of the upper respiratory tract, is endemic within a confined distribution of geographic foci. Sporadic cases and those arising in poorly defined foci may be unexpected and difficult to diagnose. Three cases from a maxillo-facial unit in northern Nigeria are described, of which two simulated intranasal neoplasms and the third had atypical clinical features. These cases form the first substantial description of scleroma in Nigeria, a country that is part of an indefinite focus of the disease. The epidemiology, clinical features, pathology and diagnosis of scleroma are reviewed.", "PMID": 412802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6804", "title": "Pilomatrixoma in the differential diagnosis of pathologic calcification of the paraoral soft tissue.", "content": "As an incidental finding a firm nodule was palpated in the skin overlying the right angle of the mandible in a 78-year-old female. The radiograph showed a dense calcification. Histologically the lesion proved to be a pilomatrixoma. A brief review of the literature of the pilomatrixoma is presented. Finally, some comments are made about calcification in the paraoral region, especially in the lateral aspect of the neck.", "contents": "Pilomatrixoma in the differential diagnosis of pathologic calcification of the paraoral soft tissue. As an incidental finding a firm nodule was palpated in the skin overlying the right angle of the mandible in a 78-year-old female. The radiograph showed a dense calcification. Histologically the lesion proved to be a pilomatrixoma. A brief review of the literature of the pilomatrixoma is presented. Finally, some comments are made about calcification in the paraoral region, especially in the lateral aspect of the neck.", "PMID": 412804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6805", "title": "A simplified model for teaching minor oral surgery.", "content": "A teaching model, specially constructed for the purpose of training senior dental students in the use of surgical instruments, is described. The advantages of this model are inexpensiveness and reproducible simulated surgical situations securing a uniform teaching objective.", "contents": "A simplified model for teaching minor oral surgery. A teaching model, specially constructed for the purpose of training senior dental students in the use of surgical instruments, is described. The advantages of this model are inexpensiveness and reproducible simulated surgical situations securing a uniform teaching objective.", "PMID": 412805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6806", "title": "The prophylactic use of Thio-TEPA, an adjuvant in the treatment of bladder tumours.", "content": "In order to reduce the recurrence rate of bladder tumours, 78 patients with bladder tumours have been treated since November 1973 with topical Thio-TEPA bladder instillations. This method was used as an adjuvant to other forms of therapy. At the time of this review 20 of the patients have been followed up for at least one year following the onset of Thio-TEPA treatment. The total number of recurrences in these patients seems to be reduced. Advantages of topical therapy and indications for treatment are discussed.", "contents": "The prophylactic use of Thio-TEPA, an adjuvant in the treatment of bladder tumours. In order to reduce the recurrence rate of bladder tumours, 78 patients with bladder tumours have been treated since November 1973 with topical Thio-TEPA bladder instillations. This method was used as an adjuvant to other forms of therapy. At the time of this review 20 of the patients have been followed up for at least one year following the onset of Thio-TEPA treatment. The total number of recurrences in these patients seems to be reduced. Advantages of topical therapy and indications for treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 412808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6807", "title": "Isolation of transitional epithelial cells from the rat urinary bladder.", "content": "A method was developed to isolate transitional cells from the mucous lining of the rat urinary bladder by treatment with ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid and sonication. The isolated cells were examined by phase contrast microscopy, Giemsa staining, and scanning electron microscopy. Two types of isolated cells were distinguished: large ones which were characterized as superficial cells and smaller ones which seemed to be intermediate basal cells.", "contents": "Isolation of transitional epithelial cells from the rat urinary bladder. A method was developed to isolate transitional cells from the mucous lining of the rat urinary bladder by treatment with ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid and sonication. The isolated cells were examined by phase contrast microscopy, Giemsa staining, and scanning electron microscopy. Two types of isolated cells were distinguished: large ones which were characterized as superficial cells and smaller ones which seemed to be intermediate basal cells.", "PMID": 412812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6808", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a defective measles virus from brain biopsies of three patients in Iran with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Three cytopathic strains of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus were isolated from brain biopsies of three patients. These strains were isolated and maintained by cocultivation of infected brain cells with fresh Vero cells. The biological characteristics of two strains were studied. It was found that these strains remain cell-associated after repeated cocultivations with Vero cells and produce plaques under fluid medium or tragacanth overlay. The correlation with measles virus was demonstrated by the plaque reduction test as well as by the immunofluorescence test. Large numbers of nucleocapsids were observed in the cytoplasm of infected cells but none in nuclei. Intracerebral inoculation of monkeys, adult guinea pigs, newborn and adult hamsters or mice was followed by acute encephalitis and death.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a defective measles virus from brain biopsies of three patients in Iran with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Three cytopathic strains of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus were isolated from brain biopsies of three patients. These strains were isolated and maintained by cocultivation of infected brain cells with fresh Vero cells. The biological characteristics of two strains were studied. It was found that these strains remain cell-associated after repeated cocultivations with Vero cells and produce plaques under fluid medium or tragacanth overlay. The correlation with measles virus was demonstrated by the plaque reduction test as well as by the immunofluorescence test. Large numbers of nucleocapsids were observed in the cytoplasm of infected cells but none in nuclei. Intracerebral inoculation of monkeys, adult guinea pigs, newborn and adult hamsters or mice was followed by acute encephalitis and death.", "PMID": 412813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6809", "title": "Simultaneous presence in serum of HBsAg and anti-HBs of different specificities.", "content": "The simultaneous presence in serum of HBsAg and anti-HBs of different specificities is reported in a patient who had suffered from the third attack of acute viral hepatitis. The antigen was of ayw subtype, while the antibody showed anti-d specificity.", "contents": "Simultaneous presence in serum of HBsAg and anti-HBs of different specificities. The simultaneous presence in serum of HBsAg and anti-HBs of different specificities is reported in a patient who had suffered from the third attack of acute viral hepatitis. The antigen was of ayw subtype, while the antibody showed anti-d specificity.", "PMID": 412814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6810", "title": "Double contrast myelography.", "content": "Myelography was performed with a combination of air and an aqueous myelographic contrast media. Excellent demonstration of the arachnoid sac and cord was possible with double contrast myelography in primates. A technique for double contrast myelography is described. Clinical applications are discussed.", "contents": "Double contrast myelography. Myelography was performed with a combination of air and an aqueous myelographic contrast media. Excellent demonstration of the arachnoid sac and cord was possible with double contrast myelography in primates. A technique for double contrast myelography is described. Clinical applications are discussed.", "PMID": 412811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6811", "title": "A model for certification of need for long-term-care beds.", "content": "A model relating bed supply and utilization is presented in the context of the match between need and service, which is controlled by the screening process that allows or denies access to beds. The conventional cost-minimization approach to certification of need, that of seeking to reduce inappropriate use, is contrasted with a service-delivery approach that seeks to promote appropriate use of facilities. The model expresses the quality of the screening process and the sensitivity and specificity of utilization in terms of bed supply, utilization, and need for service, which allows it to be used for needs assessment. The model is applied to data on supply and use of beds in Massachusetts skilled nursing facilities, with screening quality estimated by Monte Carlo methods; the results suggest that need and bed supply are positively associated and that the regional variation in skilled-nursing beds in Massachusetts may reflect real variations in need.", "contents": "A model for certification of need for long-term-care beds. A model relating bed supply and utilization is presented in the context of the match between need and service, which is controlled by the screening process that allows or denies access to beds. The conventional cost-minimization approach to certification of need, that of seeking to reduce inappropriate use, is contrasted with a service-delivery approach that seeks to promote appropriate use of facilities. The model expresses the quality of the screening process and the sensitivity and specificity of utilization in terms of bed supply, utilization, and need for service, which allows it to be used for needs assessment. The model is applied to data on supply and use of beds in Massachusetts skilled nursing facilities, with screening quality estimated by Monte Carlo methods; the results suggest that need and bed supply are positively associated and that the regional variation in skilled-nursing beds in Massachusetts may reflect real variations in need.", "PMID": 412816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6812", "title": "Studies on the ionophorous antibiotics. XI. The artifacts and the degradation products of lysocellin.", "content": "Lysocellin is a new polyether antibiotic produced by Streptomyces cacaoi var. asoensis and is characterized as a broad spectrum ionophore having a higher complexation affinity for divalent cations than for monovalents and also having an ability to transport biological amines. The structures of two artifacts designated L1 and M1 have been elucidated based on spectral evidence, and the formation mechanism of these compounds was discussed with respect to the reactivity of the antibiotic. In addition, a number of degradation and modified products were prepared in order to examine their biological activity and to utilize as the model compounds for 13C-NMR assignment.", "contents": "Studies on the ionophorous antibiotics. XI. The artifacts and the degradation products of lysocellin. Lysocellin is a new polyether antibiotic produced by Streptomyces cacaoi var. asoensis and is characterized as a broad spectrum ionophore having a higher complexation affinity for divalent cations than for monovalents and also having an ability to transport biological amines. The structures of two artifacts designated L1 and M1 have been elucidated based on spectral evidence, and the formation mechanism of these compounds was discussed with respect to the reactivity of the antibiotic. In addition, a number of degradation and modified products were prepared in order to examine their biological activity and to utilize as the model compounds for 13C-NMR assignment.", "PMID": 412819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6813", "title": "Nocardicin A, a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic III. In vitro evaluation.", "content": "Nocardicin A, a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic, exerts a comparatively potent antimicrobial activity against gram-negative organisms, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the indole-positive and indole-negative Proteus groups (except Pr. morganii), Serratia marcescens and the Neisseria groups. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of nocardicin A against clinical isolates of Ps. aeruginosa was about twice that of carbenicillin. The mean MICs of nocardicin A for Pr. mirabilis, Pr. rettgeri and Pr. inconstans ranged from 3.13 to 12.5 microgram/ml and were 25 similar to 50 microgram/ml for Pr. vulgaris. Nocardicin A in concentrations of 12.5 similar to 50 microgram/ml inhibited 30 strains (48 percent) of S. marcescens usually resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. However, nocardicin A had no significant in vitro activity against Staphylococci and Escherichia coli. No cross-resistance was seen between nocardicin A and other beta-lactam antibiotics. This antibiotic was stable to beta-lactamase. The in vitro activity of nocardicin A against Ps. aeruginosa and Pr. mirabilis was greatly influenced by the assay media used. Nocardicin A was bactericidal and appeared to act synergistically with serum bactericidal factors against Ps. aeruginosa and with polymorphonuclear leukocytes against Ps. aeruginosa, E. coli and Pr. vulgaris. The bactericidal activity of nocardicin A against the above 3 organisms, therefore, increased markedly in the presence of fresh serum and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "contents": "Nocardicin A, a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic III. In vitro evaluation. Nocardicin A, a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic, exerts a comparatively potent antimicrobial activity against gram-negative organisms, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the indole-positive and indole-negative Proteus groups (except Pr. morganii), Serratia marcescens and the Neisseria groups. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of nocardicin A against clinical isolates of Ps. aeruginosa was about twice that of carbenicillin. The mean MICs of nocardicin A for Pr. mirabilis, Pr. rettgeri and Pr. inconstans ranged from 3.13 to 12.5 microgram/ml and were 25 similar to 50 microgram/ml for Pr. vulgaris. Nocardicin A in concentrations of 12.5 similar to 50 microgram/ml inhibited 30 strains (48 percent) of S. marcescens usually resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. However, nocardicin A had no significant in vitro activity against Staphylococci and Escherichia coli. No cross-resistance was seen between nocardicin A and other beta-lactam antibiotics. This antibiotic was stable to beta-lactamase. The in vitro activity of nocardicin A against Ps. aeruginosa and Pr. mirabilis was greatly influenced by the assay media used. Nocardicin A was bactericidal and appeared to act synergistically with serum bactericidal factors against Ps. aeruginosa and with polymorphonuclear leukocytes against Ps. aeruginosa, E. coli and Pr. vulgaris. The bactericidal activity of nocardicin A against the above 3 organisms, therefore, increased markedly in the presence of fresh serum and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "PMID": 412823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6814", "title": "Nocardicin A, a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic IV. Factors influencing the in vitro activity of Nocardicin A.", "content": "Factors influencing the in vitro antimicrobial activity of nocardicin A against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis were investigated. Sodium chloride was identified as a major inhibitor. Some of the amino acids, sugars and divalent cations were found to be minor inhibitors. The presence of potassium phosphates enhanced nocardicin A activity against P. aeruginosa, but antagonized the activity against P. mirabilis.", "contents": "Nocardicin A, a new monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic IV. Factors influencing the in vitro activity of Nocardicin A. Factors influencing the in vitro antimicrobial activity of nocardicin A against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis were investigated. Sodium chloride was identified as a major inhibitor. Some of the amino acids, sugars and divalent cations were found to be minor inhibitors. The presence of potassium phosphates enhanced nocardicin A activity against P. aeruginosa, but antagonized the activity against P. mirabilis.", "PMID": 412824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6815", "title": "Environmental synchronizers of squirrel monkey circadian rhythms.", "content": "Various temporal signals in the environment were tested to determine if they could synchronize the circadian timing system of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). The influence of cycles of light and dark, eating and fasting, water availability and deprivation, warm and cool temperature, sound and quiet, and social interaction and isolation was examined on the drinking and activity rhythms of unrestrained monkeys. In the absence of other time cues, 24-h cycles of each of these potential synchronizers were applied for up to 3 wk, and the periods of the monkey's circadian rhythms were examined. Only light-dark cycles and cycles of food availability were shown to be entraining agents, since they were effective in determining the period and phase of rhythmic variables. In the presence of each of the other environmental cycles, the monkey's circadian rhythms exhibited free-running periods which were significantly different from 24 h with all possible phase relationships between the rhythms and the environmental cycles being examined.", "contents": "Environmental synchronizers of squirrel monkey circadian rhythms. Various temporal signals in the environment were tested to determine if they could synchronize the circadian timing system of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). The influence of cycles of light and dark, eating and fasting, water availability and deprivation, warm and cool temperature, sound and quiet, and social interaction and isolation was examined on the drinking and activity rhythms of unrestrained monkeys. In the absence of other time cues, 24-h cycles of each of these potential synchronizers were applied for up to 3 wk, and the periods of the monkey's circadian rhythms were examined. Only light-dark cycles and cycles of food availability were shown to be entraining agents, since they were effective in determining the period and phase of rhythmic variables. In the presence of each of the other environmental cycles, the monkey's circadian rhythms exhibited free-running periods which were significantly different from 24 h with all possible phase relationships between the rhythms and the environmental cycles being examined.", "PMID": 412829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6816", "title": "Chromosome replication in Myxococcus xanthus.", "content": "The rates of DNA synthesis during the cell-division cycle were measured in Myxococcus xanthus growing in three different media permitting a twofold variation in doubling time. In all three media, simple DNA cycles were observed. Synthesis of DNA occurred during 85% of the cell-division cycle, independent of generation time, from 5 to 11 h. Cells were observed to contain one bacterial nucleoid at birth that later divided synchronously midway through the cell cycle. Nucleoid segregation appeared to begin before chromosome replication was completed. The DNA content of exponential-phase bacteria was determined to be about 20 +/- 3 X 10(-9) microgram per cell; newborn bacteria contained about 14 +/- 2 X 10(-9) microgram of DNA per cell. Exponential-phase bacteria showed about a 50% increase in DNA in the presence of chloramphenicol (50 microgram/ml). The number of randomly segregating chromosomes present in exponential-phase bacteria was determined by following the fate of prelabeled DNA during outgrowth in nonradioactive media. The results are consistent with a model in which cells are born with exactly one complete unreplicated chromosome. The molecular weight of such a chromosome is about 8.4 +/- 1.2 X 10(9).", "contents": "Chromosome replication in Myxococcus xanthus. The rates of DNA synthesis during the cell-division cycle were measured in Myxococcus xanthus growing in three different media permitting a twofold variation in doubling time. In all three media, simple DNA cycles were observed. Synthesis of DNA occurred during 85% of the cell-division cycle, independent of generation time, from 5 to 11 h. Cells were observed to contain one bacterial nucleoid at birth that later divided synchronously midway through the cell cycle. Nucleoid segregation appeared to begin before chromosome replication was completed. The DNA content of exponential-phase bacteria was determined to be about 20 +/- 3 X 10(-9) microgram per cell; newborn bacteria contained about 14 +/- 2 X 10(-9) microgram of DNA per cell. Exponential-phase bacteria showed about a 50% increase in DNA in the presence of chloramphenicol (50 microgram/ml). The number of randomly segregating chromosomes present in exponential-phase bacteria was determined by following the fate of prelabeled DNA during outgrowth in nonradioactive media. The results are consistent with a model in which cells are born with exactly one complete unreplicated chromosome. The molecular weight of such a chromosome is about 8.4 +/- 1.2 X 10(9).", "PMID": 412830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6817", "title": "Defeat of colicin tolerance in Escherichia coli ompA mutants: evidence for interaction between colicin L-JF246 and the cytoplasmic membrane.", "content": "Escherichia coli ompA mutants are tolerant to colicin L-JF246. This tolerance can be overcome by a variety of treatments that have as their target the outer membrane or the peptidoglycan layers of the cell envelope. Thus, increasing the concentration of colicin L, releasing lipopolysaccharide from the outer membrane by treatment of intact cells with ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), converting cells to spheroplasts by treatment with lysozyme-EDTA or penicillin, or trypsin, treatment of intact cells will result in an increased colicin sensitivity. These treatments alter the outer membrane of ompA mutants and suggest that the altered outer membrane may allow the penetration of at least a portion of the colicin L molecule to a site of action located within this barrier. To substantiate this, we have demonstrated that membrane vesicles prepared from ompA mutants are sensitive to colicin L and that 14C-labeled colicin L binds rapidly to both the outer and inner membrane fractions of the cell.", "contents": "Defeat of colicin tolerance in Escherichia coli ompA mutants: evidence for interaction between colicin L-JF246 and the cytoplasmic membrane. Escherichia coli ompA mutants are tolerant to colicin L-JF246. This tolerance can be overcome by a variety of treatments that have as their target the outer membrane or the peptidoglycan layers of the cell envelope. Thus, increasing the concentration of colicin L, releasing lipopolysaccharide from the outer membrane by treatment of intact cells with ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), converting cells to spheroplasts by treatment with lysozyme-EDTA or penicillin, or trypsin, treatment of intact cells will result in an increased colicin sensitivity. These treatments alter the outer membrane of ompA mutants and suggest that the altered outer membrane may allow the penetration of at least a portion of the colicin L molecule to a site of action located within this barrier. To substantiate this, we have demonstrated that membrane vesicles prepared from ompA mutants are sensitive to colicin L and that 14C-labeled colicin L binds rapidly to both the outer and inner membrane fractions of the cell.", "PMID": 412831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6818", "title": "Peptide utilization in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: evidence for membrane-associated peptidase.", "content": "A methionine auxotroph of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grew on methionine-containing peptides as a source of the required amino acid. Amino-terminus-blocked peptides would not serve as growth substrates, despite the fact that peptidases active on these blocked peptides were readily detectable in cell extracts. No evidence was found for extracellular enzymes capable of degrading the oligopeptides investigated. The degradative enzymes were not found in the periplasmic space of the cellular envelope. A high proportion of cellular peptidase activity was associated with the particulate (membrane) fraction of the cell lysate.", "contents": "Peptide utilization in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: evidence for membrane-associated peptidase. A methionine auxotroph of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grew on methionine-containing peptides as a source of the required amino acid. Amino-terminus-blocked peptides would not serve as growth substrates, despite the fact that peptidases active on these blocked peptides were readily detectable in cell extracts. No evidence was found for extracellular enzymes capable of degrading the oligopeptides investigated. The degradative enzymes were not found in the periplasmic space of the cellular envelope. A high proportion of cellular peptidase activity was associated with the particulate (membrane) fraction of the cell lysate.", "PMID": 412832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6819", "title": "Effects of detergents on ribosomal precursor subunits of Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "Cell extracts prepared by osmotic lysis of protoplasts were analyzed by sucrose gradient sedimentation. In the absence of detergents, ribosomal precursor particles were found in a gradient fraction which sedimented faster than mature 50S subunits and in two other fractions coincident with mature 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits. Phospholipid, an indicator of membrane, was shown to be associated with only the fastest-sedimenting ribosomal precursor particle fraction. After the extracts were treated with detergents, all phospholipid was found at the top of the gradients. Brij 58, Triton X-100, and Nonidet P-40 did not cause a change in the sedimentation values of precursors; however, the detergents deoxycholate or LOC (Amway Corp.) disrupted the fastest-sedimenting precursor and converted the ribosomal precursor subunits which sedimented at the 50S and 30S positions to five different classes of more slowly sedimenting particles. Earlier reports on the in vivo assembly of ribosomal subunits have shown that several stages of ribosomal precursor subunits exist, and, in the presence of the detergents deoxycholate and LOC, which had been used to prepare cell extracts, the precursors sedimented more slowly. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that those detergents selectively modify the structure of ribosomal precursors and lend further support to the hypothesis that the in vivo ribosomal precursor subunits have 50S and 30S sedimentation values. In addition, these data support the idea that the ribosomal precursor particles found in the fast-sedimenting fraction may constitute a unique precursor fraction.", "contents": "Effects of detergents on ribosomal precursor subunits of Bacillus megaterium. Cell extracts prepared by osmotic lysis of protoplasts were analyzed by sucrose gradient sedimentation. In the absence of detergents, ribosomal precursor particles were found in a gradient fraction which sedimented faster than mature 50S subunits and in two other fractions coincident with mature 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits. Phospholipid, an indicator of membrane, was shown to be associated with only the fastest-sedimenting ribosomal precursor particle fraction. After the extracts were treated with detergents, all phospholipid was found at the top of the gradients. Brij 58, Triton X-100, and Nonidet P-40 did not cause a change in the sedimentation values of precursors; however, the detergents deoxycholate or LOC (Amway Corp.) disrupted the fastest-sedimenting precursor and converted the ribosomal precursor subunits which sedimented at the 50S and 30S positions to five different classes of more slowly sedimenting particles. Earlier reports on the in vivo assembly of ribosomal subunits have shown that several stages of ribosomal precursor subunits exist, and, in the presence of the detergents deoxycholate and LOC, which had been used to prepare cell extracts, the precursors sedimented more slowly. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that those detergents selectively modify the structure of ribosomal precursors and lend further support to the hypothesis that the in vivo ribosomal precursor subunits have 50S and 30S sedimentation values. In addition, these data support the idea that the ribosomal precursor particles found in the fast-sedimenting fraction may constitute a unique precursor fraction.", "PMID": 412833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6820", "title": "Genetics of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The enzymatic defects in a number of Bacillus subtilis mutants of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex lacking activity have been investigated. Mutants in the citK locus, as well as a series of deletions of unknown length covering the citK locus, are deficient in E1 of the complex, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, but have normal activities of E2, dehydrolipoyl transsuccinylase, and E3, lipoamide dehydrogenase. The citK mutants and the citL22 mutant show in vitro complementation of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity. The citL22 mutant is severely deficient in lipoamide dehydrogenase activity, and, as a result, lacks activity for both the alpha-ketoglutarate and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes. Thus, the E3 components of both complexes are identical. The citL22 mutation maps between ura and metC on the chromosome.", "contents": "Genetics of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex of Bacillus subtilis. The enzymatic defects in a number of Bacillus subtilis mutants of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex lacking activity have been investigated. Mutants in the citK locus, as well as a series of deletions of unknown length covering the citK locus, are deficient in E1 of the complex, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, but have normal activities of E2, dehydrolipoyl transsuccinylase, and E3, lipoamide dehydrogenase. The citK mutants and the citL22 mutant show in vitro complementation of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity. The citL22 mutant is severely deficient in lipoamide dehydrogenase activity, and, as a result, lacks activity for both the alpha-ketoglutarate and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes. Thus, the E3 components of both complexes are identical. The citL22 mutation maps between ura and metC on the chromosome.", "PMID": 412834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6821", "title": "Temperature-sensitive nature of the rodB maturation in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The Mg2+ requirement of a morphological mutant of Bacillus subtlis, rodB strain 104 was highly temperature sensitive in the presence of halide or nitrate anions. Likewise the morphological change from rod shapes to spheres was dependent upon temperature, the same anions, and the Mg2+ concentration. The three factors interacted. Other rodB mutants behaved similarly. If the rodB strain 104 in its rod form was treated at high temperatures in the absence of either protein or peptidoglycan synthesis and restored to lower temperatures with the syntheses restarted, a partial temporary change toward cocci occurred. In the absence of halides or in the presence of Cl- but not Br-, the cells increased in volume when they changed from rods to cocci.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive nature of the rodB maturation in Bacillus subtilis. The Mg2+ requirement of a morphological mutant of Bacillus subtlis, rodB strain 104 was highly temperature sensitive in the presence of halide or nitrate anions. Likewise the morphological change from rod shapes to spheres was dependent upon temperature, the same anions, and the Mg2+ concentration. The three factors interacted. Other rodB mutants behaved similarly. If the rodB strain 104 in its rod form was treated at high temperatures in the absence of either protein or peptidoglycan synthesis and restored to lower temperatures with the syntheses restarted, a partial temporary change toward cocci occurred. In the absence of halides or in the presence of Cl- but not Br-, the cells increased in volume when they changed from rods to cocci.", "PMID": 412835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6822", "title": "Characterization of a Bacillus cereus protease mutant defective in an early stage of spore germination.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive sporulation mutants of Bacillus cereus were screened for intracellular protease activity that was more heat labile than that of the parental strain. One mutant grew as well as the wild type at 30 and 37 degrees C but sporulated poorly at 37 degrees C in an enriched or minimal medium. These spores germinated very slowly in response to alanine plus adenosine or calcium dipicolinate. During germination, spores produced by the mutant rapidly became heat sensitive, but released dipicolonic acid and mucopeptide fragments more slowly than the wild type and decreased only partially in density while remaining phase white (semirefractile). In freeze-etch electron micrographs, the mature spores were deficient in the outer cross-patched coat layer. During germination, the spore coat changes associated with wild-type germination occurred very slowly in this mutant. Although the original mutant was also a pyrimidine auxotroph, reversion to prototrophy did not alter any of the phenotypic properties discussed. Selection of revertants that germinated rapidly or sporulated well at 37 degrees C, however, resulted in restoratin of all wild-type properties (exclusive of the pyrimidine requirement) including heat-stable protease activity. The reversion frequency was consistent with an initial point mutation, indicating that a protease alteration resulted in production of spores defective in a very early stage of germination.", "contents": "Characterization of a Bacillus cereus protease mutant defective in an early stage of spore germination. Temperature-sensitive sporulation mutants of Bacillus cereus were screened for intracellular protease activity that was more heat labile than that of the parental strain. One mutant grew as well as the wild type at 30 and 37 degrees C but sporulated poorly at 37 degrees C in an enriched or minimal medium. These spores germinated very slowly in response to alanine plus adenosine or calcium dipicolinate. During germination, spores produced by the mutant rapidly became heat sensitive, but released dipicolonic acid and mucopeptide fragments more slowly than the wild type and decreased only partially in density while remaining phase white (semirefractile). In freeze-etch electron micrographs, the mature spores were deficient in the outer cross-patched coat layer. During germination, the spore coat changes associated with wild-type germination occurred very slowly in this mutant. Although the original mutant was also a pyrimidine auxotroph, reversion to prototrophy did not alter any of the phenotypic properties discussed. Selection of revertants that germinated rapidly or sporulated well at 37 degrees C, however, resulted in restoratin of all wild-type properties (exclusive of the pyrimidine requirement) including heat-stable protease activity. The reversion frequency was consistent with an initial point mutation, indicating that a protease alteration resulted in production of spores defective in a very early stage of germination.", "PMID": 412836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6823", "title": "Structural arrangement of polymers within the wall of Streptococcus faecalis.", "content": "The structure of the cell wall of Streptococcus faecalis was studied in thin sections and freeze fractures of whole cells and partially purified wall fractions. Also, the structures of wall preparations treated with hot trichloroacetic acid to remove non-peptidoglycan wall polymers were compared with wall preparations that possess a full complement of accessory polymers. The appearance of the wall varied with the degree of hydration of preparations and physical removal of the cell membrane from the wall before study. Seen in freeze fractures of whole cells, the fully hydrated wall seemed to be a thick, largely amorphic layer. Breaking cells with beads caused the cell membrane to separate from the wall and transformed the wall from a predominantly amorphic layer to a structure seemingly made up of two rows of \"cobblestones\" enclosing a central channel of lower density. Dehydration of walls seemingly caused the cobblestones to be transformed into two bands which continued to be separated by a channel. This channel was also observed in isolated wall preparations treated with hot trichloroacetic acid to remove non-peptidoglycan polymers. These observations are consistent with the interpretation that both peptidogylcan and non-peptidoglycan polymers are concentrated at the outer and inner surfaces of cell walls. These observations are discussed in relation to possible models of wall structure and assembly.", "contents": "Structural arrangement of polymers within the wall of Streptococcus faecalis. The structure of the cell wall of Streptococcus faecalis was studied in thin sections and freeze fractures of whole cells and partially purified wall fractions. Also, the structures of wall preparations treated with hot trichloroacetic acid to remove non-peptidoglycan wall polymers were compared with wall preparations that possess a full complement of accessory polymers. The appearance of the wall varied with the degree of hydration of preparations and physical removal of the cell membrane from the wall before study. Seen in freeze fractures of whole cells, the fully hydrated wall seemed to be a thick, largely amorphic layer. Breaking cells with beads caused the cell membrane to separate from the wall and transformed the wall from a predominantly amorphic layer to a structure seemingly made up of two rows of \"cobblestones\" enclosing a central channel of lower density. Dehydration of walls seemingly caused the cobblestones to be transformed into two bands which continued to be separated by a channel. This channel was also observed in isolated wall preparations treated with hot trichloroacetic acid to remove non-peptidoglycan polymers. These observations are consistent with the interpretation that both peptidogylcan and non-peptidoglycan polymers are concentrated at the outer and inner surfaces of cell walls. These observations are discussed in relation to possible models of wall structure and assembly.", "PMID": 412837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6824", "title": "Sequential changes in cell volume distribution during vitamin B12 starvation of Euglena gracilis.", "content": "During vitamin B12 starvation of Euglena, a new peak appears in the cell volume distribution. Some cells are inhibited at a unique point in the cell cycle between the initiation of DNA synthesis and nuclear division. The mechanism of inhibition of other cells differs.", "contents": "Sequential changes in cell volume distribution during vitamin B12 starvation of Euglena gracilis. During vitamin B12 starvation of Euglena, a new peak appears in the cell volume distribution. Some cells are inhibited at a unique point in the cell cycle between the initiation of DNA synthesis and nuclear division. The mechanism of inhibition of other cells differs.", "PMID": 412838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6825", "title": "Enhanced sensitivity to the photodynamic effect of 3,4-benzpyrene in ethylenediaminetetraacetate-treated Escherichia coli.", "content": "Ethylenediaminetetraacetate treatment of Escherichia coli B enhanced cell sensitivity to the lethal effect of the photodynamic action of 3,4-benzpyrene. The alteration of the shape of the survival curve suggests that such photodynamic action may be modified by membrane barriers to the drug.", "contents": "Enhanced sensitivity to the photodynamic effect of 3,4-benzpyrene in ethylenediaminetetraacetate-treated Escherichia coli. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate treatment of Escherichia coli B enhanced cell sensitivity to the lethal effect of the photodynamic action of 3,4-benzpyrene. The alteration of the shape of the survival curve suggests that such photodynamic action may be modified by membrane barriers to the drug.", "PMID": 412839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6826", "title": "Chemotaxis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A chemotaxis system for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was defined by using the method of Adler. Cells were attracted to compounds in the order ammonium chloride greater than amino acids greater than organic acids. Two sugars were assayed and elicited no response. Comparisons with other model systems are discussed.", "contents": "Chemotaxis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A chemotaxis system for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was defined by using the method of Adler. Cells were attracted to compounds in the order ammonium chloride greater than amino acids greater than organic acids. Two sugars were assayed and elicited no response. Comparisons with other model systems are discussed.", "PMID": 412840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6827", "title": "Position of the mutation in beta-galactosidase ochre mutant U118.", "content": "The Escherichia coli lacZ ochre mutant strain U118 was converted to an amber mutant and suppressed with supF, which inserts tyrosine. Enzymatically active beta-galactosidase was isolated. It contained tyrosine at residue number 17 instead of glutamic acid as in wild type.", "contents": "Position of the mutation in beta-galactosidase ochre mutant U118. The Escherichia coli lacZ ochre mutant strain U118 was converted to an amber mutant and suppressed with supF, which inserts tyrosine. Enzymatically active beta-galactosidase was isolated. It contained tyrosine at residue number 17 instead of glutamic acid as in wild type.", "PMID": 412841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6828", "title": "Monkey glutathione S-aryltransferases. II. Properties of the major enzyme purified from the liver.", "content": "1. The molecular and enzymatic properties of the major component (Fraction IV) of glutathione S-aryltransferases [EC 2.5.1.13] purified from the liver of monkey (mainly rhesus monkey) have been investigated. The enzyme had a molecular weight of about 48,000 and was composed of two subunits of apparently identical molecular weight (ca. 24,000) bound to each other non-covalently. Each subunit contained one SH group. The amino acid composition showed characteristic high contents of leucine and glutamic acid residues. No amino-terminal residue was detected by the dansyl method. 2. The enzyme showed a rather broad optimum pH range from 7.5 to 9 with 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene as a substrate. It was moderately stable below 40 degrees C at pH 7.5. However, it showed an anomalous instability at pH around 4.2. It was reversibly denatured at least partially by urea or guanidine hydrochloride and irreversibly denatured by sodium dodecyl-sulfate. It was significantly inhibited by Zn2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+, and also by benzene hexachloride. It was extensively inactivated by reaction with phenylglyoxal or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonate, whereas several SH reagents were without marked effect on the activity under the reaction conditions employed.", "contents": "Monkey glutathione S-aryltransferases. II. Properties of the major enzyme purified from the liver. 1. The molecular and enzymatic properties of the major component (Fraction IV) of glutathione S-aryltransferases [EC 2.5.1.13] purified from the liver of monkey (mainly rhesus monkey) have been investigated. The enzyme had a molecular weight of about 48,000 and was composed of two subunits of apparently identical molecular weight (ca. 24,000) bound to each other non-covalently. Each subunit contained one SH group. The amino acid composition showed characteristic high contents of leucine and glutamic acid residues. No amino-terminal residue was detected by the dansyl method. 2. The enzyme showed a rather broad optimum pH range from 7.5 to 9 with 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene as a substrate. It was moderately stable below 40 degrees C at pH 7.5. However, it showed an anomalous instability at pH around 4.2. It was reversibly denatured at least partially by urea or guanidine hydrochloride and irreversibly denatured by sodium dodecyl-sulfate. It was significantly inhibited by Zn2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+, and also by benzene hexachloride. It was extensively inactivated by reaction with phenylglyoxal or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonate, whereas several SH reagents were without marked effect on the activity under the reaction conditions employed.", "PMID": 412843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6829", "title": "Studies on drug-induced lipidosis. VIII. Correlation between drug accumulation and acidic phospholipids.", "content": "The effect of 4,4'-bis(beta-diethylaminoethoxy)alpha,beta-diethyldiphenylethane (DH) on lipid metabolism in the liver differed considerably in different animal species, humans, monkeys, and rats, because of differences in drug-metabolizing ability. Monkeys retain considerable drug-metabolizing ability as compared with humans, but the DH-hydroxylating activity in monkeys seems to be much lower than in rats. The hydroxyl derivative was the major substance which accumulated in rat liver following the administration of DH, while DH itself and its N-dealkylated substances accumulated in monkey liver. N-Dealkylated substances were also observed in human liver, but the amount was much smaller than in monkeys. Bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate (BMGP), which is characteristic of this kind of drug-induced lipidosis, did not increase as much in monkey liver as in human liver, but a marked increase in phosphatidyl inositol (PI) was observed in monkey liver during administration of DH. The concentration of acidic phospholipids (BMGP + PI) in liver showed a close correlation with the accumulation of the drug (DH + its metabolites), irrespective of species differences. Among subcellular particles isolated from a monkey liver following administration of DH, the crude mitochondrial fraction, including lysosomes, was richest in BMGP.", "contents": "Studies on drug-induced lipidosis. VIII. Correlation between drug accumulation and acidic phospholipids. The effect of 4,4'-bis(beta-diethylaminoethoxy)alpha,beta-diethyldiphenylethane (DH) on lipid metabolism in the liver differed considerably in different animal species, humans, monkeys, and rats, because of differences in drug-metabolizing ability. Monkeys retain considerable drug-metabolizing ability as compared with humans, but the DH-hydroxylating activity in monkeys seems to be much lower than in rats. The hydroxyl derivative was the major substance which accumulated in rat liver following the administration of DH, while DH itself and its N-dealkylated substances accumulated in monkey liver. N-Dealkylated substances were also observed in human liver, but the amount was much smaller than in monkeys. Bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate (BMGP), which is characteristic of this kind of drug-induced lipidosis, did not increase as much in monkey liver as in human liver, but a marked increase in phosphatidyl inositol (PI) was observed in monkey liver during administration of DH. The concentration of acidic phospholipids (BMGP + PI) in liver showed a close correlation with the accumulation of the drug (DH + its metabolites), irrespective of species differences. Among subcellular particles isolated from a monkey liver following administration of DH, the crude mitochondrial fraction, including lysosomes, was richest in BMGP.", "PMID": 412844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6830", "title": "Biosynthesis of a prostaglandin by a plant enzyme.", "content": "Lipoxygenase-2 from soybeans catalyzes the oxygenation of arachidonic acid to form significant amounts of a prostaglandin product. Results obtained with the dithionite-reduced derivatized product upon combined gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy are consistent with structures of the stereoisomers of 9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoic acid. A portion of the material formed by reduction of the enzyme product with dithionite reacts positively in a radioimmunoassay against rabbit anti-prostaglandin F2alpha antibody. This appears to be the first report of the synthesis of a prostaglandin by a non-animal enzyme.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of a prostaglandin by a plant enzyme. Lipoxygenase-2 from soybeans catalyzes the oxygenation of arachidonic acid to form significant amounts of a prostaglandin product. Results obtained with the dithionite-reduced derivatized product upon combined gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy are consistent with structures of the stereoisomers of 9,11,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoic acid. A portion of the material formed by reduction of the enzyme product with dithionite reacts positively in a radioimmunoassay against rabbit anti-prostaglandin F2alpha antibody. This appears to be the first report of the synthesis of a prostaglandin by a non-animal enzyme.", "PMID": 412847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6831", "title": "Purification and characterization of human erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase and its subunits.", "content": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1; purine nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase) from fresh human erythrocytes has been purified to homogeneity in two steps with an overall yield of 56%. The purification involves DEAE-Sephadex chromatography followed by affinity chromatography on a column of Sepharose/formycin B. This scheme is suitable for purification of the phosphorylase from as little as 0.1 ml of packed erythrocytes. The native enzyme appears to be a trimer with native molecular weight of 93,800 and the subunit molecular weight of 29,700 +/- 1,100. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme under denaturing conditions revealed four major separable subunits (numbered 1 to 4) with the same molecular weight. The apparent isoelectric points of subunits 1 to 4 in 9.5 M urea are 6.63, 6.41, 6.29, and 6.20, respectively. The different subunits are likely the result of post-translational modification of the enzyme and provide an explanation of the complex native isoelectric focusing pattern of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from erythrocytes. Three of the four subunits are detectable in two-dimensional electrophoretic gels of crude hemolysates. Knowing the location of the subunits of purine nucleoside phosphorylase in a two-dimensional electropherogram allows one to characterize the purine nucleoside phosphorylase in crude cell extracts from individuals with variant or mutant purine nucleoside phosphorylase as demonstrated in a subsequent communication. Partial purification of the phosphorylase from 1 ml of erythrocytes on DEAE-Sephadex increases the sensitivity of detection of the subunits to the 0.3% level.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of human erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase and its subunits. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1; purine nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase) from fresh human erythrocytes has been purified to homogeneity in two steps with an overall yield of 56%. The purification involves DEAE-Sephadex chromatography followed by affinity chromatography on a column of Sepharose/formycin B. This scheme is suitable for purification of the phosphorylase from as little as 0.1 ml of packed erythrocytes. The native enzyme appears to be a trimer with native molecular weight of 93,800 and the subunit molecular weight of 29,700 +/- 1,100. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme under denaturing conditions revealed four major separable subunits (numbered 1 to 4) with the same molecular weight. The apparent isoelectric points of subunits 1 to 4 in 9.5 M urea are 6.63, 6.41, 6.29, and 6.20, respectively. The different subunits are likely the result of post-translational modification of the enzyme and provide an explanation of the complex native isoelectric focusing pattern of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from erythrocytes. Three of the four subunits are detectable in two-dimensional electrophoretic gels of crude hemolysates. Knowing the location of the subunits of purine nucleoside phosphorylase in a two-dimensional electropherogram allows one to characterize the purine nucleoside phosphorylase in crude cell extracts from individuals with variant or mutant purine nucleoside phosphorylase as demonstrated in a subsequent communication. Partial purification of the phosphorylase from 1 ml of erythrocytes on DEAE-Sephadex increases the sensitivity of detection of the subunits to the 0.3% level.", "PMID": 412851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6832", "title": "Development of action potential in larval muscle fibers in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "In the presence of tetraethylammonium or barium ions, the larval muscle fibers of Drosophila melanogaster were found to produce an all-or-none action potential operated by the calcium channels. The development of this distinctive membrane property during the maturation of muscle cells was studied by measuring the maximum rate of rise of the action potential in the larval muscle fibers at different stages of development from the sixteenth to ninety-sixth hours after hatching. The value increased significantly with age until a peak was reached at the sixty-fourth hour, although it became lower again as puparium formation neared at about the ninety-sixth hour. This suggests that during larval development the muscle fibers develop the ability to generate an action potential due to an inward current through the calcium channels, although the ability became lower at the later stage of larval development.", "contents": "Development of action potential in larval muscle fibers in Drosophila melanogaster. In the presence of tetraethylammonium or barium ions, the larval muscle fibers of Drosophila melanogaster were found to produce an all-or-none action potential operated by the calcium channels. The development of this distinctive membrane property during the maturation of muscle cells was studied by measuring the maximum rate of rise of the action potential in the larval muscle fibers at different stages of development from the sixteenth to ninety-sixth hours after hatching. The value increased significantly with age until a peak was reached at the sixty-fourth hour, although it became lower again as puparium formation neared at about the ninety-sixth hour. This suggests that during larval development the muscle fibers develop the ability to generate an action potential due to an inward current through the calcium channels, although the ability became lower at the later stage of larval development.", "PMID": 412852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6833", "title": "Fine structure and RNA synthesis of Tetrahymena during cytochalasin B inhibition of phagocytosis.", "content": "Cytochalasin B inhibits the formation of normal-sized food vacuoles in Tetrahymena but the cells do not starve. Treated cells differ from starved cells in that they retain a high rate of incorporation of tritiated uridine. Large numbers of smaller vacuoles, about 1 micrometer in diameter, are formed, presumably by pinocytic activity of the cytopharyngeal membrane. This effect may perhaps be due to interference with the mechanism by which food vacuoles are sealed off at the cytostome, in which microfilaments may participate. Inhibited organisms may form tubes continuous with the cytopharynx instead of separate food vacuoles. It is not clear, however, why the formation of the small vacuoles is resistant to the drug.", "contents": "Fine structure and RNA synthesis of Tetrahymena during cytochalasin B inhibition of phagocytosis. Cytochalasin B inhibits the formation of normal-sized food vacuoles in Tetrahymena but the cells do not starve. Treated cells differ from starved cells in that they retain a high rate of incorporation of tritiated uridine. Large numbers of smaller vacuoles, about 1 micrometer in diameter, are formed, presumably by pinocytic activity of the cytopharyngeal membrane. This effect may perhaps be due to interference with the mechanism by which food vacuoles are sealed off at the cytostome, in which microfilaments may participate. Inhibited organisms may form tubes continuous with the cytopharynx instead of separate food vacuoles. It is not clear, however, why the formation of the small vacuoles is resistant to the drug.", "PMID": 412853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6834", "title": "The fixation of nuclei in glutaraldehyde.", "content": "The production of an artifactual network in the nuclear sap of the salivary glands of Drosophila has been investigated. Mechanical stress to the cells, 3% glutaraldehyde containing more than 4 mM calcium, tannins, or cacodylate buffer or whose temperature is above 10 degrees C all enhance this artifactual effect. Over the range pH 6.65-7.4 there is no significant effect of pH. The inclusion of sucrose, and adenine nucleotides or other 'chelating' agents in the fixative reduces the effect, especially at low temperature (6-10 degrees C). These influences are additive and can abolish the artifactual effect. So too can 8% glutaraldehyde, but this is irrespective of temperature.", "contents": "The fixation of nuclei in glutaraldehyde. The production of an artifactual network in the nuclear sap of the salivary glands of Drosophila has been investigated. Mechanical stress to the cells, 3% glutaraldehyde containing more than 4 mM calcium, tannins, or cacodylate buffer or whose temperature is above 10 degrees C all enhance this artifactual effect. Over the range pH 6.65-7.4 there is no significant effect of pH. The inclusion of sucrose, and adenine nucleotides or other 'chelating' agents in the fixative reduces the effect, especially at low temperature (6-10 degrees C). These influences are additive and can abolish the artifactual effect. So too can 8% glutaraldehyde, but this is irrespective of temperature.", "PMID": 412855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6835", "title": "Thermal transitions in the adhesiveness of HeLa cells: effects of cell growth, trypsin treatment and calcium.", "content": "The intercellular adhesiveness of density-inhibited (D.I.) and fast-growing (F.G.) HeLa cells and of trypsin-treated preparations of these, has been measured at temperatures between 37 and 6 degrees C. In EDTA-containing buffer medium, F.G. cells differ from D.I. cells in that only the former display an increase in adhesiveness below 30 degrees C. This increase is prevented by previous treatment with trypsin. The presence of Ca2+ in the buffer medium causes a narrowing of the thermal transition region of intact F.G. cells. On intact D.I. cells Ca2+ causes an increase in adhesiveness at temperatures below 20 degrees C. Previous trypsinization of F.G. cells diminishes the effect of subsequent Ca2+ addition. The adhesiveness of trypsinized D.I. cells is indifferent to changes in temperature in Ca2+-containing buffer medium. The results are considered evidence for the occurrence of a phase transition in the glycoprotein domains of the plasma membrane of fast-growing cells. The transition is influenced by growth rate, trypsinization and Ca2+. The fluidity of the membrane glycoproteins is considered to be higher on density-inhibited cells than on fast-growing cells. No phase transition could be detected after incorporation of the fluorescent compound 1,6-diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene into the lipid domain of the plasma membrane. The fluidity of the membrane lipids is lower on density-inhibited cells than on fast-growing cells.", "contents": "Thermal transitions in the adhesiveness of HeLa cells: effects of cell growth, trypsin treatment and calcium. The intercellular adhesiveness of density-inhibited (D.I.) and fast-growing (F.G.) HeLa cells and of trypsin-treated preparations of these, has been measured at temperatures between 37 and 6 degrees C. In EDTA-containing buffer medium, F.G. cells differ from D.I. cells in that only the former display an increase in adhesiveness below 30 degrees C. This increase is prevented by previous treatment with trypsin. The presence of Ca2+ in the buffer medium causes a narrowing of the thermal transition region of intact F.G. cells. On intact D.I. cells Ca2+ causes an increase in adhesiveness at temperatures below 20 degrees C. Previous trypsinization of F.G. cells diminishes the effect of subsequent Ca2+ addition. The adhesiveness of trypsinized D.I. cells is indifferent to changes in temperature in Ca2+-containing buffer medium. The results are considered evidence for the occurrence of a phase transition in the glycoprotein domains of the plasma membrane of fast-growing cells. The transition is influenced by growth rate, trypsinization and Ca2+. The fluidity of the membrane glycoproteins is considered to be higher on density-inhibited cells than on fast-growing cells. No phase transition could be detected after incorporation of the fluorescent compound 1,6-diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene into the lipid domain of the plasma membrane. The fluidity of the membrane lipids is lower on density-inhibited cells than on fast-growing cells.", "PMID": 412856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6836", "title": "Synthesis of proteoglycans by suspension and monolayer cultures of adult chondrocytes and de novo cartilage nodules-the effect of hyaluronic acid.", "content": "Chondrocytes were isolated from adult laryngeal cartilage by an enzymic procedure that included 6 h digestion with collagenase. The level of 35SO4(2-) incorporation into cetylpyridinium chloride-precipitable material by these cells depended upon the subsequent culturing conditions. Suspension cultures incorporated more 35SO4(2-)/cell than monolayer cultures. Hyaluronic acid in the medium inhibited 35SO4(2-) incorporation only when the cells were in primary suspension cultures. It had no effect on monolayer cultures, or monolayers organized into nodules, or suspension cultures derived from monolayers. Mild pretreatment with EDTA, however, rendered these susceptible to hyaluronic acid inhibition. In contrast EDTA abolished the inhibitory effect of hyaluronic acid on primary suspension cultures. Oligosaccharides, derived from hyaluronidase digestion of hyaluronic acid that were larger than decassaccharide, had some inhibitor effect on 35SO4(2-) incorporation by monolayer cultures. The total 35SO4(2-) incorporation was less in primary suspension cultures of chondrocytes isolated after 12 h than after 6 h digestion of cartilage and the inhibition by hyaluronic acid was also less. These differences persisted during 12 days of culture. It is suggested that the method of isolating chondrocytes and subsequent culture conditions may modify the cell surface and mask or abolish specific binding sites for hyaluronic acid.", "contents": "Synthesis of proteoglycans by suspension and monolayer cultures of adult chondrocytes and de novo cartilage nodules-the effect of hyaluronic acid. Chondrocytes were isolated from adult laryngeal cartilage by an enzymic procedure that included 6 h digestion with collagenase. The level of 35SO4(2-) incorporation into cetylpyridinium chloride-precipitable material by these cells depended upon the subsequent culturing conditions. Suspension cultures incorporated more 35SO4(2-)/cell than monolayer cultures. Hyaluronic acid in the medium inhibited 35SO4(2-) incorporation only when the cells were in primary suspension cultures. It had no effect on monolayer cultures, or monolayers organized into nodules, or suspension cultures derived from monolayers. Mild pretreatment with EDTA, however, rendered these susceptible to hyaluronic acid inhibition. In contrast EDTA abolished the inhibitory effect of hyaluronic acid on primary suspension cultures. Oligosaccharides, derived from hyaluronidase digestion of hyaluronic acid that were larger than decassaccharide, had some inhibitor effect on 35SO4(2-) incorporation by monolayer cultures. The total 35SO4(2-) incorporation was less in primary suspension cultures of chondrocytes isolated after 12 h than after 6 h digestion of cartilage and the inhibition by hyaluronic acid was also less. These differences persisted during 12 days of culture. It is suggested that the method of isolating chondrocytes and subsequent culture conditions may modify the cell surface and mask or abolish specific binding sites for hyaluronic acid.", "PMID": 412857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6837", "title": "Dissociation of prolactin responsiveness to TRH and chlorpromazine in women with isolated gonadotropin deficiency.", "content": "The hormonal response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and chlorpromazine has been evaluated in eleven female subjects with the syndrome of isolated bihormonal gonadotropin deficiency (IGD). Following LHRH, all subjects had elevations of both LH and FSH, but the gonadotropin responses were attenuated relative to those observed in normal female subjects studied in the early proliferative phase of the cycle. Similarly, peak TSH levels after TRH were significantly less in subjects with IGD relative to normal controls. Basal prolactin levels were low in the patient group. Prolactin levels following TRH increased at least two-fold in control subjects and in the group with IGD. Conversely, chlorpromazine failed to induce elevations of prolactin in eight of nine females with IGD.", "contents": "Dissociation of prolactin responsiveness to TRH and chlorpromazine in women with isolated gonadotropin deficiency. The hormonal response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and chlorpromazine has been evaluated in eleven female subjects with the syndrome of isolated bihormonal gonadotropin deficiency (IGD). Following LHRH, all subjects had elevations of both LH and FSH, but the gonadotropin responses were attenuated relative to those observed in normal female subjects studied in the early proliferative phase of the cycle. Similarly, peak TSH levels after TRH were significantly less in subjects with IGD relative to normal controls. Basal prolactin levels were low in the patient group. Prolactin levels following TRH increased at least two-fold in control subjects and in the group with IGD. Conversely, chlorpromazine failed to induce elevations of prolactin in eight of nine females with IGD.", "PMID": 412859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6838", "title": "The clinical and biochemical implications of pyruvate carboxylase deficiency.", "content": "A 10 month old female infant was evaluated for severe lactic acidosis. Clinically she was well nourished and had a substantial amount of adipose tissue despite recurrent episodes of acidosis. Her psychomotor development was retarded, her movements were dystonic and generalized seizures punctuated her course. Metabolic abnormalities included elevated blood concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, alanine, proline and glycine, decreased blood concentrations of glutamine, aspartate, valine and citrate, and intermittent elevations of serum cholesterol. A trial on a high-fat diet worsened the clinical condition and intensified the ketoacidosis and hyperalaninemia. Analysis of hepatic tissue obtained by open biopsy revealed increased concentrations of lactate, alanine, acetyl-CoA and other short-chain acyl-CoA esters, and decreased concentrations of oxaloacetate, citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate and aspartate. The blood and tissue metabolic perturbations reflected a deficiency of hepatic pyruvate carboxylase. The apparent Km of hepatic citrate synthase for oxaloacetate was 4.6 micrometer. Calculated tissue oxaloacetate concentrations were 0.50--0.84 micrometer suggesting that tricarboxylic acid cycle activity was severely limited by the decreased availability of this substrate. An iv glucose tolerance test resulted in the paradoxical synthesis of ketone bodies. This observation, coupled with the intermittent hypercholesterolemia and the increased tissue acetyl-CoA concentrations, suggests that pyruvate carboxylase is important in modulating the fractional distribution of intracellular acetyl-CoA between the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl-glutaryl-CoA cycle (and the synthesis of cholesterol and ketone bodies), and fatty acid synthesis. Treatment in future cases might be directed toward increasing tissue concentrations of oxaloacetate.", "contents": "The clinical and biochemical implications of pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. A 10 month old female infant was evaluated for severe lactic acidosis. Clinically she was well nourished and had a substantial amount of adipose tissue despite recurrent episodes of acidosis. Her psychomotor development was retarded, her movements were dystonic and generalized seizures punctuated her course. Metabolic abnormalities included elevated blood concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, alanine, proline and glycine, decreased blood concentrations of glutamine, aspartate, valine and citrate, and intermittent elevations of serum cholesterol. A trial on a high-fat diet worsened the clinical condition and intensified the ketoacidosis and hyperalaninemia. Analysis of hepatic tissue obtained by open biopsy revealed increased concentrations of lactate, alanine, acetyl-CoA and other short-chain acyl-CoA esters, and decreased concentrations of oxaloacetate, citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate and aspartate. The blood and tissue metabolic perturbations reflected a deficiency of hepatic pyruvate carboxylase. The apparent Km of hepatic citrate synthase for oxaloacetate was 4.6 micrometer. Calculated tissue oxaloacetate concentrations were 0.50--0.84 micrometer suggesting that tricarboxylic acid cycle activity was severely limited by the decreased availability of this substrate. An iv glucose tolerance test resulted in the paradoxical synthesis of ketone bodies. This observation, coupled with the intermittent hypercholesterolemia and the increased tissue acetyl-CoA concentrations, suggests that pyruvate carboxylase is important in modulating the fractional distribution of intracellular acetyl-CoA between the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl-glutaryl-CoA cycle (and the synthesis of cholesterol and ketone bodies), and fatty acid synthesis. Treatment in future cases might be directed toward increasing tissue concentrations of oxaloacetate.", "PMID": 412860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6839", "title": "Solid-phase competitive-binding radioimmunoassay for detecting antibody to the M antigen of histoplasmin.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) was designed and compared with complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests for their relative ability to detect antibodies in sera of histoplasmosis patients. M antigen, purified from histoplasmin, was fixed to microtiter wells as the solid phase, and specific rabbit 125I-labeled anti-M globulin was the source of indicator antibodies. The optimal concentrations for the competitive-binding assay were 1.6 ng per well for M antigen and 650 ng per well for the 125I-labeled anti-M globulin. A panel of sera from 29 histoplasmosis patients and from patients with other mycoses was screened for RIA activity and in complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests that used histoplasmin and Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form antigens. The sera of 22 histoplasmosis patients reacted in the RIA, 21 in the complement fixation, and 16 in the immunodiffusion tests. Sera of patients with other mycotic infections did not react in the RIA, with the exception of those of one blastomycosis patient and one candidiasis patient. The RIA could be modified to quantitate M antigen; as little as 125 pg could be detected. The evaluation of this panel of histoplasmosis patients' sera showed that the RIA was about equivalent in sensitivity to the complement fixation test. Some advantages of the RIA over the complement fixation test were that RIA was less prone to cross-reactions and gave better quantitation of low-titered sera. The RIA was a 1-day test, was not hindered by the anti-complementary activity of some sera, and could be modified to quantitate minute amounts of M antigen.", "contents": "Solid-phase competitive-binding radioimmunoassay for detecting antibody to the M antigen of histoplasmin. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) was designed and compared with complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests for their relative ability to detect antibodies in sera of histoplasmosis patients. M antigen, purified from histoplasmin, was fixed to microtiter wells as the solid phase, and specific rabbit 125I-labeled anti-M globulin was the source of indicator antibodies. The optimal concentrations for the competitive-binding assay were 1.6 ng per well for M antigen and 650 ng per well for the 125I-labeled anti-M globulin. A panel of sera from 29 histoplasmosis patients and from patients with other mycoses was screened for RIA activity and in complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests that used histoplasmin and Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form antigens. The sera of 22 histoplasmosis patients reacted in the RIA, 21 in the complement fixation, and 16 in the immunodiffusion tests. Sera of patients with other mycotic infections did not react in the RIA, with the exception of those of one blastomycosis patient and one candidiasis patient. The RIA could be modified to quantitate M antigen; as little as 125 pg could be detected. The evaluation of this panel of histoplasmosis patients' sera showed that the RIA was about equivalent in sensitivity to the complement fixation test. Some advantages of the RIA over the complement fixation test were that RIA was less prone to cross-reactions and gave better quantitation of low-titered sera. The RIA was a 1-day test, was not hindered by the anti-complementary activity of some sera, and could be modified to quantitate minute amounts of M antigen.", "PMID": 412861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6840", "title": "La Crosse virus soluble cell culture antigen.", "content": "A virus-free soluble antigen, obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation of the supernatant fluids of La Crosse virus-infected BHK-21 cell cultures, was more reactive and more specific than infected suckling mouse brain antigen when compared by immunodiffusion and counterelectrophoresis tests. By complement fixation tests, the antigen was cross-reactive with heterologous California group arbovirus hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluids, but to a lesser degree than was the standard sucrose-acetone-extracted infected suckling mouse brain antigen. The major virion nucleocapsid protein of La Crosse virus was found by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be the soluble antigen protein responsible for precipitation in immunodiffusion and counterelectrophoresis tests.", "contents": "La Crosse virus soluble cell culture antigen. A virus-free soluble antigen, obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation of the supernatant fluids of La Crosse virus-infected BHK-21 cell cultures, was more reactive and more specific than infected suckling mouse brain antigen when compared by immunodiffusion and counterelectrophoresis tests. By complement fixation tests, the antigen was cross-reactive with heterologous California group arbovirus hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluids, but to a lesser degree than was the standard sucrose-acetone-extracted infected suckling mouse brain antigen. The major virion nucleocapsid protein of La Crosse virus was found by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be the soluble antigen protein responsible for precipitation in immunodiffusion and counterelectrophoresis tests.", "PMID": 412862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6841", "title": "Improved chicken embryo cell culture plaque assay for scrub typhus rickettsiae.", "content": "The plaque technique for three strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in chicken embryo cell cultures was greatly improved by modifying the trypsinizing procedure and employing homologous chicken serum in the overlay medium.", "contents": "Improved chicken embryo cell culture plaque assay for scrub typhus rickettsiae. The plaque technique for three strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in chicken embryo cell cultures was greatly improved by modifying the trypsinizing procedure and employing homologous chicken serum in the overlay medium.", "PMID": 412863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6842", "title": "The ultrasonic characteristics of the renal pelvicalyceal echo complex.", "content": "The pelvicalyceal echo complex has a characteristic appearance as an echo-filled cylinder in which minimal sonolucency may normally be seen. Alteration in the pelvicalyceal echo complex is a helpful guide in the diagnosis of a variety of pathological processes involving the kidneys. Reliable diagnosis of moderate and marked hydronephrosis may be made by the appearance of uniformly sized, sonolucent collections in the pelvicalyceal echo complex which show communication with the renal pelvis. An adjacent simple renal cyst produces a sharply defined crescent shaped deformity of the pelvicalyceal echo complex, and scalloping is seen with multiple impinging renal cysts. Gross deformity of the central echo complex is seen with polycystic kidney disease, as well as in neoplasia. Edema and infiltrating hypernephroma may result in diminution of the pelvicalyceal echo complex. Amputation or a \"V\"-shaped splitting of the pelvicalyceal echo complex may be seen with neoplasia.", "contents": "The ultrasonic characteristics of the renal pelvicalyceal echo complex. The pelvicalyceal echo complex has a characteristic appearance as an echo-filled cylinder in which minimal sonolucency may normally be seen. Alteration in the pelvicalyceal echo complex is a helpful guide in the diagnosis of a variety of pathological processes involving the kidneys. Reliable diagnosis of moderate and marked hydronephrosis may be made by the appearance of uniformly sized, sonolucent collections in the pelvicalyceal echo complex which show communication with the renal pelvis. An adjacent simple renal cyst produces a sharply defined crescent shaped deformity of the pelvicalyceal echo complex, and scalloping is seen with multiple impinging renal cysts. Gross deformity of the central echo complex is seen with polycystic kidney disease, as well as in neoplasia. Edema and infiltrating hypernephroma may result in diminution of the pelvicalyceal echo complex. Amputation or a \"V\"-shaped splitting of the pelvicalyceal echo complex may be seen with neoplasia.", "PMID": 412864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6843", "title": "Sonographic demonstration of intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "Ultrasonic examination of the uterus is the investigation of choice in the initial localization of an IUCD within the uterine cavity. The use of compound B scanning in conjunction with A scans has been completely reliable to date. Radiography should be reserved for those patients in whom an expected device is not shown within the uterine cavity, and for those in whom the determination of the type of device is important and the scan is equivocal.", "contents": "Sonographic demonstration of intrauterine contraceptive devices. Ultrasonic examination of the uterus is the investigation of choice in the initial localization of an IUCD within the uterine cavity. The use of compound B scanning in conjunction with A scans has been completely reliable to date. Radiography should be reserved for those patients in whom an expected device is not shown within the uterine cavity, and for those in whom the determination of the type of device is important and the scan is equivocal.", "PMID": 412865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6844", "title": "The ultrasonic demonstration of gastric lesions.", "content": "Fifteen cases of circumferential gastric antral disease identified by upper gastrointestinal (GI) series over a 12-month period were studied by a gray-scale ultrasound. In 93 per cent of the patients studied, a characteristic ovoid anechoic area containing a dense central collection of echoes was identified. The abnormality was located in the midline or slightly to either side, just dorsal to the inferior margin of the liver on longitudinal sections. The lesions studied included primary and secondary malignancy, lymphoma, corrosive gastritis, and granulomatous disease of childhood. In each instance a barium study of the stomach confirmed the location of the lesion. A prospective study of 50 normal individuals revealed one patient in whom the characteristic appearance was found at ultrasound and who subsequently had a normal upper GI series. Thus, although the ultrasound appearance of antral thickening may rarely be found in normal individuals, this characteristic appearance should strongly suggest gastric pathology, necessitating an upper GI series.", "contents": "The ultrasonic demonstration of gastric lesions. Fifteen cases of circumferential gastric antral disease identified by upper gastrointestinal (GI) series over a 12-month period were studied by a gray-scale ultrasound. In 93 per cent of the patients studied, a characteristic ovoid anechoic area containing a dense central collection of echoes was identified. The abnormality was located in the midline or slightly to either side, just dorsal to the inferior margin of the liver on longitudinal sections. The lesions studied included primary and secondary malignancy, lymphoma, corrosive gastritis, and granulomatous disease of childhood. In each instance a barium study of the stomach confirmed the location of the lesion. A prospective study of 50 normal individuals revealed one patient in whom the characteristic appearance was found at ultrasound and who subsequently had a normal upper GI series. Thus, although the ultrasound appearance of antral thickening may rarely be found in normal individuals, this characteristic appearance should strongly suggest gastric pathology, necessitating an upper GI series.", "PMID": 412866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6845", "title": "Staging of bladder tumors by means of transrectal ultrasonography.", "content": "Transrectal ultrasonography is a specially devised technique to obtain clear tomograms of the intrapelvic organs, such as the prostate, urinary bladder and seminal vesicles. We used this technique to evaluate 64 patients with bladder tumors. The results were compared with histological findings after exploratory surgery. Ultrasonograms of these tumors were estimated on the basis of bladder wall irregularity, bladder deformity, bladder capacity and extravesical spread of tumor. Each tumor stage showed characteristic ultrasonic features. Extravesical spread of tumor, which was observed in 67 percent of stage D tumors, proved to be an important finding to distinguish stage D tumours from other tumor stages. We suggest these features as diagnostic criteria for ultrasonic staging of bladder tumors.", "contents": "Staging of bladder tumors by means of transrectal ultrasonography. Transrectal ultrasonography is a specially devised technique to obtain clear tomograms of the intrapelvic organs, such as the prostate, urinary bladder and seminal vesicles. We used this technique to evaluate 64 patients with bladder tumors. The results were compared with histological findings after exploratory surgery. Ultrasonograms of these tumors were estimated on the basis of bladder wall irregularity, bladder deformity, bladder capacity and extravesical spread of tumor. Each tumor stage showed characteristic ultrasonic features. Extravesical spread of tumor, which was observed in 67 percent of stage D tumors, proved to be an important finding to distinguish stage D tumours from other tumor stages. We suggest these features as diagnostic criteria for ultrasonic staging of bladder tumors.", "PMID": 412867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6846", "title": "Gray scale echography with simultaneous A mode presentation. A new apparatus for high resolution ultrasonograms.", "content": "A diagnostic ultrasonic system has been developed for simultaneous display of quantitative A mode and gray scale B mode presentations. An independent calibrator and preset amplification levels allow the apparatus to be calibrated for precise, repeatable examinations. A wide range of echo amplitude information is available to the clinician by the use of selective logarithmic signal compression. Distance measurements in the eye and the orbit are made to 0.1 mm precision and are displayed numerically on the control panel. The newer signal processing techniques provide high-resolution imaging of ophthalmic structures over a wide system bandwidth. Sensitivity has been improved to image structures heretofore not observable with ultrasonic instruments. This technique is the basis for recently initiated clinical studies.", "contents": "Gray scale echography with simultaneous A mode presentation. A new apparatus for high resolution ultrasonograms. A diagnostic ultrasonic system has been developed for simultaneous display of quantitative A mode and gray scale B mode presentations. An independent calibrator and preset amplification levels allow the apparatus to be calibrated for precise, repeatable examinations. A wide range of echo amplitude information is available to the clinician by the use of selective logarithmic signal compression. Distance measurements in the eye and the orbit are made to 0.1 mm precision and are displayed numerically on the control panel. The newer signal processing techniques provide high-resolution imaging of ophthalmic structures over a wide system bandwidth. Sensitivity has been improved to image structures heretofore not observable with ultrasonic instruments. This technique is the basis for recently initiated clinical studies.", "PMID": 412868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6847", "title": "Reliability of echocardiography in quantitating pericardial effusion: a prospective study.", "content": "A method of estimating the volume of pericardial effusion by echocardiography has used the difference between the cubed diameters at end-diastole of the pericardium and epicardium. To evaluate the reliability of this technique in quantitating the volume of pericardial effusion in a prospective study, 22 echocardiograms were obtained in six patients before and after 11 separate pericardiocenteses. The correlation coefficient between the actual volume of aspirated pericardial effusion and the echocardiographically estimated volume of aspirated pericardial effusion was r = 0.27 (P not significant). The volume of pericardial effusion aspirated was overestimated or underestimated by echocardiography by more than 100 ml in seven of 11 estimations (64 percent) and by more than 150 ml in five of 11 estimations (45 percent). Therefore, although echocardiography is the procedure of choice in diagnosing the presence of pericardial effusion, it is not an entirely accurate method of quantitating the volume of pericardial effusion. However, echocardiography can differentiate a large effusion from a moderate or small effusion.", "contents": "Reliability of echocardiography in quantitating pericardial effusion: a prospective study. A method of estimating the volume of pericardial effusion by echocardiography has used the difference between the cubed diameters at end-diastole of the pericardium and epicardium. To evaluate the reliability of this technique in quantitating the volume of pericardial effusion in a prospective study, 22 echocardiograms were obtained in six patients before and after 11 separate pericardiocenteses. The correlation coefficient between the actual volume of aspirated pericardial effusion and the echocardiographically estimated volume of aspirated pericardial effusion was r = 0.27 (P not significant). The volume of pericardial effusion aspirated was overestimated or underestimated by echocardiography by more than 100 ml in seven of 11 estimations (64 percent) and by more than 150 ml in five of 11 estimations (45 percent). Therefore, although echocardiography is the procedure of choice in diagnosing the presence of pericardial effusion, it is not an entirely accurate method of quantitating the volume of pericardial effusion. However, echocardiography can differentiate a large effusion from a moderate or small effusion.", "PMID": 412869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6848", "title": "In search of the elusive benign cystic ovarian teratoma: application of the ultrasound \"tip of the iceberg\" sign.", "content": "The benign cystic ovarian teratoma (dermoid) has distinctive ultrasonic features that differentiate it from other adnexal masses. The most frequent sign is the presence of highly reflective irregular solid components within a fluid-containing adnexal mass. In vitro scans of surgical specimens have shown that the strongly reflective echo pattern is caused by the hair and sebum within the dermoid. Calcium is often sparse or absent. Acoustic shadowing from the hair may totally obscure the back wall of a large, clinically evident mass; hence the term \"tip of the iceberg\" sign. Recognition of this sign reduces the possibility of a false negative interpretation and confusion with a \"bowel gas pattern.\"", "contents": "In search of the elusive benign cystic ovarian teratoma: application of the ultrasound \"tip of the iceberg\" sign. The benign cystic ovarian teratoma (dermoid) has distinctive ultrasonic features that differentiate it from other adnexal masses. The most frequent sign is the presence of highly reflective irregular solid components within a fluid-containing adnexal mass. In vitro scans of surgical specimens have shown that the strongly reflective echo pattern is caused by the hair and sebum within the dermoid. Calcium is often sparse or absent. Acoustic shadowing from the hair may totally obscure the back wall of a large, clinically evident mass; hence the term \"tip of the iceberg\" sign. Recognition of this sign reduces the possibility of a false negative interpretation and confusion with a \"bowel gas pattern.\"", "PMID": 412870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6849", "title": "Omental band: new sign of metastasis.", "content": "Lymphomatouscellular infiltration of the greater omentum has been visualized by ultrasound as a uniformly thick, hyposonic, band-shaped structure adjacent to the anterior and lateral walls of the abdomen, following the contour of the abdominal convexity, and containing low-level, nonstructured internal echoes. From this finding, diffuse metastatic disease to the omentum can probably be inferred with a high degree of reliability.", "contents": "Omental band: new sign of metastasis. Lymphomatouscellular infiltration of the greater omentum has been visualized by ultrasound as a uniformly thick, hyposonic, band-shaped structure adjacent to the anterior and lateral walls of the abdomen, following the contour of the abdominal convexity, and containing low-level, nonstructured internal echoes. From this finding, diffuse metastatic disease to the omentum can probably be inferred with a high degree of reliability.", "PMID": 412872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6850", "title": "Echocardiographic manifestations of flail aortic valve leaflets.", "content": "Six patients with aortic regurgitation secondary to flail aortic valve leaflet syndrome were studied echocardiographically, angiographically, surgically, and pathologically. The etiology of flail aortic leaflet was myxomatous degeneration in four patients and bacterial endocarditis in two. The echocardiographic manifestations of flail aortic valve leaflet are diastolic fluttering of the aortic cusp echoes, abnormal systolic aortic leaflet movement, and abnormal diastolic fluttering echoes in the left ventricular outflow tract. Diastolic fluttering of the aortic valve leaflets is specific echocardiographic evidence of aortic regurgitation due to flail aortic leaflets, and demonstration of diastolic fluttering of the aortic leaflets and diastolic fluttering echoes in the left ventricular outflow tracts is direct evidence of flail and prolapsed aortic leaflets.", "contents": "Echocardiographic manifestations of flail aortic valve leaflets. Six patients with aortic regurgitation secondary to flail aortic valve leaflet syndrome were studied echocardiographically, angiographically, surgically, and pathologically. The etiology of flail aortic leaflet was myxomatous degeneration in four patients and bacterial endocarditis in two. The echocardiographic manifestations of flail aortic valve leaflet are diastolic fluttering of the aortic cusp echoes, abnormal systolic aortic leaflet movement, and abnormal diastolic fluttering echoes in the left ventricular outflow tract. Diastolic fluttering of the aortic valve leaflets is specific echocardiographic evidence of aortic regurgitation due to flail aortic leaflets, and demonstration of diastolic fluttering of the aortic leaflets and diastolic fluttering echoes in the left ventricular outflow tracts is direct evidence of flail and prolapsed aortic leaflets.", "PMID": 412873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6851", "title": "Ultrasound diagnosis of intramural intestinal hematoma.", "content": "Intramural intestinal hemorrhage in hemophilia has been diagnosed by ultrasound. The sonographic pattern consists of a tubular anechoic mass containing a core of strong echoes. Recognition of intestinal hematoma is important because of its bearing on treatment and prognosis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case.", "contents": "Ultrasound diagnosis of intramural intestinal hematoma. Intramural intestinal hemorrhage in hemophilia has been diagnosed by ultrasound. The sonographic pattern consists of a tubular anechoic mass containing a core of strong echoes. Recognition of intestinal hematoma is important because of its bearing on treatment and prognosis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case.", "PMID": 412874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6852", "title": "Interrelationship of Chlamydia trachomatis and other pathogens in the female genital tract.", "content": "The isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Candida albicans in the female genital tract was studied in 1323 patients attending a venereal disease clinic. Disruption of the cell monolayers use for the isolation of C. trachomatis was significantly associated with the presence of T. vaginalis; this effect was markedly reduced by the addition of vancomycin to gentamicin and amphotericin B in the transport and growth media. The only significant positive association was the more frequent isolation of C. trachomatis in the presence of N. gonorrhoeae. There was a negative association between N. gonorrhoeae and C. albicans and between T. vaginalis and C. albicans, the fungus being isolated significantly less frequently when these microorganisms were present.", "contents": "Interrelationship of Chlamydia trachomatis and other pathogens in the female genital tract. The isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Candida albicans in the female genital tract was studied in 1323 patients attending a venereal disease clinic. Disruption of the cell monolayers use for the isolation of C. trachomatis was significantly associated with the presence of T. vaginalis; this effect was markedly reduced by the addition of vancomycin to gentamicin and amphotericin B in the transport and growth media. The only significant positive association was the more frequent isolation of C. trachomatis in the presence of N. gonorrhoeae. There was a negative association between N. gonorrhoeae and C. albicans and between T. vaginalis and C. albicans, the fungus being isolated significantly less frequently when these microorganisms were present.", "PMID": 412875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6853", "title": "Parathyroid carcinoma in familial hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Two families with hereditary hyperparathyroidism are described. One member of each family developed a parathyroid carcinoma. In one case this recurred locally and metastasised. This patient showed hyperplasia of one of the three other parathyroid glands. It is possible that the different parathyroid lesions found in familial hyperparathyroidism may be the result of a progression from hyperplasia to formation of benign or malignant tumours. The remainiing hyperplastic glands may be suppressed by hypercalcaemia. There was no evidence of multiple endocrine neoplasia in either family. Three members of a first family had ichthyosis and both affected members of the second had tumours of the jaw, one of which was an ossifying fibroma, suggesting a possible association of these conditions with familial hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Parathyroid carcinoma in familial hyperparathyroidism. Two families with hereditary hyperparathyroidism are described. One member of each family developed a parathyroid carcinoma. In one case this recurred locally and metastasised. This patient showed hyperplasia of one of the three other parathyroid glands. It is possible that the different parathyroid lesions found in familial hyperparathyroidism may be the result of a progression from hyperplasia to formation of benign or malignant tumours. The remainiing hyperplastic glands may be suppressed by hypercalcaemia. There was no evidence of multiple endocrine neoplasia in either family. Three members of a first family had ichthyosis and both affected members of the second had tumours of the jaw, one of which was an ossifying fibroma, suggesting a possible association of these conditions with familial hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 412876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6854", "title": "A double-blind comparison of meptazinol with pentazocine and placebo in cancer pain.", "content": "Two consecutive double-blind, crossover, single-administration trials have shown that intramuscular meptazinol, a new opioid-antagonist drug, is superior to placebo and equivalent ot pentazocine in relieving chronic pain due to cancer.", "contents": "A double-blind comparison of meptazinol with pentazocine and placebo in cancer pain. Two consecutive double-blind, crossover, single-administration trials have shown that intramuscular meptazinol, a new opioid-antagonist drug, is superior to placebo and equivalent ot pentazocine in relieving chronic pain due to cancer.", "PMID": 412877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6855", "title": "The locus and cytoarchitecture of the projection areas of the olfactory bulb in Macaca mulatta.", "content": "A study was made of the normal and experimental anatomy of the olfactory system of the young adult male rhesus monkey. The cytoarchitecture of the central olfactory areas was studied with cell and fiber stains, while the extent and pattern of the projections of the olfactory bulb were determined by the Fink-Heimer and autoradiographic methods. The brain of one animal that had sustained damage to the olfactory bulb two days prior to sacrifice, and of one that had a transection of the olfactory tract ten days prior to sacrifice, were processed with the Fink-Heimer technique. The first of these and four others received injections of 3H-proline or 3H-leucine into the olfactory bulb, and following a survival period of 18 hours, or 2, 4, 12, or 20 days, their brains were processed with the autoradiographic technique. The results were the same for both experimental methods and for all survival periods. The projections of the olfactory bulb in this microsmatic animal are entirely ipsilateral. All of the structures that receive direct olfactory afferents have a laminar organization except for the anterior olfactory nucleus, which is laminated only in its anterior, peduncular, portion. While the olfactory bulb projects to the entire extent and depth of the anterior olfactory nucleus, the olfactory afferents of all other structures are confined to layer IA of the plexiform layer. These structures are: all divisions of the olfactory tubercle; the frontal and temporal prepiriform cortices; the oral, medial, and dorsal divisions of the superficial amygdaloid nucleus; and polar and anterior entorhinal cortex. The rhesus monkey does not have a recognizable accessory olfactory bulb, and no projections were seen to one of its targets, the nucleus of the stria terminalis. Also, no projections were seen to the taenia tecta or the ventral division of the superficial amygdaloid nucleus. With these exceptions, the projections of the olfactory bulb in the rhesus monkey are similar to those in macrosmatic species.", "contents": "The locus and cytoarchitecture of the projection areas of the olfactory bulb in Macaca mulatta. A study was made of the normal and experimental anatomy of the olfactory system of the young adult male rhesus monkey. The cytoarchitecture of the central olfactory areas was studied with cell and fiber stains, while the extent and pattern of the projections of the olfactory bulb were determined by the Fink-Heimer and autoradiographic methods. The brain of one animal that had sustained damage to the olfactory bulb two days prior to sacrifice, and of one that had a transection of the olfactory tract ten days prior to sacrifice, were processed with the Fink-Heimer technique. The first of these and four others received injections of 3H-proline or 3H-leucine into the olfactory bulb, and following a survival period of 18 hours, or 2, 4, 12, or 20 days, their brains were processed with the autoradiographic technique. The results were the same for both experimental methods and for all survival periods. The projections of the olfactory bulb in this microsmatic animal are entirely ipsilateral. All of the structures that receive direct olfactory afferents have a laminar organization except for the anterior olfactory nucleus, which is laminated only in its anterior, peduncular, portion. While the olfactory bulb projects to the entire extent and depth of the anterior olfactory nucleus, the olfactory afferents of all other structures are confined to layer IA of the plexiform layer. These structures are: all divisions of the olfactory tubercle; the frontal and temporal prepiriform cortices; the oral, medial, and dorsal divisions of the superficial amygdaloid nucleus; and polar and anterior entorhinal cortex. The rhesus monkey does not have a recognizable accessory olfactory bulb, and no projections were seen to one of its targets, the nucleus of the stria terminalis. Also, no projections were seen to the taenia tecta or the ventral division of the superficial amygdaloid nucleus. With these exceptions, the projections of the olfactory bulb in the rhesus monkey are similar to those in macrosmatic species.", "PMID": 412879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6856", "title": "A brainstem atlas of catecholaminergic neurons and serotonergic perikarya in a pygmy primate (Cebuella pygmaea).", "content": "The present paper provides a brainstem atlas showing the distribution of catecholaminergic cells and processes, as well as serotonergic perikarya, in the pygmy marmoset. The findings revealed by the Falck and Hillarp histofluorescence method conform in essential details to what has been described in rodents. These and other comparative data indicate that a prototypical pattern of organization of aminergic systems has been retained in the evolution of primates.", "contents": "A brainstem atlas of catecholaminergic neurons and serotonergic perikarya in a pygmy primate (Cebuella pygmaea). The present paper provides a brainstem atlas showing the distribution of catecholaminergic cells and processes, as well as serotonergic perikarya, in the pygmy marmoset. The findings revealed by the Falck and Hillarp histofluorescence method conform in essential details to what has been described in rodents. These and other comparative data indicate that a prototypical pattern of organization of aminergic systems has been retained in the evolution of primates.", "PMID": 412880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6857", "title": "Excitation of marginal and substantia gelatinosa neurons in the primate spinal cord: indications of their place in dorsal horn functional organization.", "content": "Electrophysiological recordings were made from superficial parts of the spinal dorsal horn in monkeys, using dye-filled micropipette electrodes to permit iontophoretic marking of the recording sites for subsequent histological recovery. Focal field potentials and unitary activity evoked by dorsal root volleys including slowly-conducting components (both myelinated and unmyelinated) were found in the posteromarginal zone and the substantia gelatinosa (SG). Unitary potentials identified as being of the type recorded from cellular regions were separated into categories according to which group of slowly-conducting fibers and which kinds of cutaneous stimulation evoked the discharge. Recording locations for units excited by volleys in myelinated fibers conducting under 35 m/sec, by the types of skin stimulation activating either high-threshold mechanoreceptors (nociceptors) or cooling thermoreceptors, and giving no evidence of suprathreshold C-fiber excitation were centered on the posteromarginal zone. In contrast, recording loci for units exhibiting a strong C-fiber excitation and responses to cutaneous stimulation known to effectively excite C-fiber polymodal nociceptors or C-mechanoreceptors were centered in the SG. There appeared varying degrees of convergence of primary afferent input to the neuronal units, although most showed substantial specificity in their afferent excitation. On the bases of these results and consideration of existing morphological data, it is proposed that the marginal zone is a major synaptic termination region for the afferent fibers from high-threshold mechanoreceptors, cooling thermoreceptors, and perhaps other receptors with fine myelinated peripheral fibers. The SG, on the other hand, is suggested to be the terminal region for all types of unmyelinated primary afferent sensory neurons, and to have the complex role of integrating and distributing this input.", "contents": "Excitation of marginal and substantia gelatinosa neurons in the primate spinal cord: indications of their place in dorsal horn functional organization. Electrophysiological recordings were made from superficial parts of the spinal dorsal horn in monkeys, using dye-filled micropipette electrodes to permit iontophoretic marking of the recording sites for subsequent histological recovery. Focal field potentials and unitary activity evoked by dorsal root volleys including slowly-conducting components (both myelinated and unmyelinated) were found in the posteromarginal zone and the substantia gelatinosa (SG). Unitary potentials identified as being of the type recorded from cellular regions were separated into categories according to which group of slowly-conducting fibers and which kinds of cutaneous stimulation evoked the discharge. Recording locations for units excited by volleys in myelinated fibers conducting under 35 m/sec, by the types of skin stimulation activating either high-threshold mechanoreceptors (nociceptors) or cooling thermoreceptors, and giving no evidence of suprathreshold C-fiber excitation were centered on the posteromarginal zone. In contrast, recording loci for units exhibiting a strong C-fiber excitation and responses to cutaneous stimulation known to effectively excite C-fiber polymodal nociceptors or C-mechanoreceptors were centered in the SG. There appeared varying degrees of convergence of primary afferent input to the neuronal units, although most showed substantial specificity in their afferent excitation. On the bases of these results and consideration of existing morphological data, it is proposed that the marginal zone is a major synaptic termination region for the afferent fibers from high-threshold mechanoreceptors, cooling thermoreceptors, and perhaps other receptors with fine myelinated peripheral fibers. The SG, on the other hand, is suggested to be the terminal region for all types of unmyelinated primary afferent sensory neurons, and to have the complex role of integrating and distributing this input.", "PMID": 412881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6858", "title": "Some claustro-cortical connections in the cat and baboon as studied by retrograde horseradish peroxidase transport.", "content": "1. The mammalian Claustrum (Cl) is a convergent multisensory structure of unknown function, and disputed ontogenetic origin. Its cortical projections, hitherto unknown, have been studied in cat and baboon by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. HRP was injected into the gyrus proreus (frontal eye field) of cats, and separately into the frontal eye fields, visual areas, and motor-premotor areas of the baboon cortex. 2. Differential retrograde transport to the Cl was demonstrated, such that in the cat the ipsilateral dorsal Cl was shown to be the principal origin of claustroproreate projections. In the baboon, the whole Cl projects onto area 8, while only the posteroventral part of the nucleus sends efferents to the visual cortex. The projection to the motor and premotor areas is present, but does not seem to be \"essential.\" 3. Discussion of the physiological literature, together with anatomical evidence of reciprocal cortico-claustral projections to closely similar regions of the Cl lead to the suggestion that the Cl is concerned with the integration of messages subserving visually-directed movements. Some other functional implications are also discussed.", "contents": "Some claustro-cortical connections in the cat and baboon as studied by retrograde horseradish peroxidase transport. 1. The mammalian Claustrum (Cl) is a convergent multisensory structure of unknown function, and disputed ontogenetic origin. Its cortical projections, hitherto unknown, have been studied in cat and baboon by means of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. HRP was injected into the gyrus proreus (frontal eye field) of cats, and separately into the frontal eye fields, visual areas, and motor-premotor areas of the baboon cortex. 2. Differential retrograde transport to the Cl was demonstrated, such that in the cat the ipsilateral dorsal Cl was shown to be the principal origin of claustroproreate projections. In the baboon, the whole Cl projects onto area 8, while only the posteroventral part of the nucleus sends efferents to the visual cortex. The projection to the motor and premotor areas is present, but does not seem to be \"essential.\" 3. Discussion of the physiological literature, together with anatomical evidence of reciprocal cortico-claustral projections to closely similar regions of the Cl lead to the suggestion that the Cl is concerned with the integration of messages subserving visually-directed movements. Some other functional implications are also discussed.", "PMID": 412882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6859", "title": "Immunologic studies on drug addiction: III. Antibodies reactive with cocaine metabolites and their use for drug detection.", "content": "Antisera which react with the major metabolites of cocaine have been prepared in rabbits and a hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test which detects these metabolites in urine or serum in concentrations of 1 ng/ml is described. A comparison of this test with alternate detection procedures shows excellent agreement at comparable sensitivity levels. HI tests on simian and human biological specimens suggest that the use of cocaine remains detectable for at least 3 days after administration of a minimal pharmacologically active dose. Combination of physical separation of drug metabolites with immunoassay procedures indicates that benzoylecgonine and ecgonine are the immunoreactive cocaine metabolites found in human urine. While it was possible to apply the HI test at maximal sensitivity to human sera and to murine or simian urine specimens, interference was encountered with some human urine specimens. Preliminary data suggest that by reducing the sensitivity of the test to a threshold of 200 ng/ml this interference can be overcome.", "contents": "Immunologic studies on drug addiction: III. Antibodies reactive with cocaine metabolites and their use for drug detection. Antisera which react with the major metabolites of cocaine have been prepared in rabbits and a hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test which detects these metabolites in urine or serum in concentrations of 1 ng/ml is described. A comparison of this test with alternate detection procedures shows excellent agreement at comparable sensitivity levels. HI tests on simian and human biological specimens suggest that the use of cocaine remains detectable for at least 3 days after administration of a minimal pharmacologically active dose. Combination of physical separation of drug metabolites with immunoassay procedures indicates that benzoylecgonine and ecgonine are the immunoreactive cocaine metabolites found in human urine. While it was possible to apply the HI test at maximal sensitivity to human sera and to murine or simian urine specimens, interference was encountered with some human urine specimens. Preliminary data suggest that by reducing the sensitivity of the test to a threshold of 200 ng/ml this interference can be overcome.", "PMID": 412898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6860", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for antigliadin-antibodies using 14C-labelled gliadin.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for antibodies to gliadin has been developed. Gliadin from wheat gluten was labelled with [1-14C]acetic anhydride to a specific activity of 2.6 X 10(6) dpm/mg. Immunological evidence is presented that the antigen was not essentially altered by the labelling procedure. Experimentally-induced antigliadin antibodies or sera of patients with coeliac disease (CD) were reacted with labelled gliadin and the immune complexes formed precipitated by antiglobulin. Precipitating antibodies were determined by incubating CD sera with labelled gliadin and measuring the radioactivity in precipitates formed without the addition of second antibody. Comparison with other methods for the detection of antigliadin antibodies, including immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion and passive hemagglutination indicated that total and precipitating antibodies were determined only by RIA. The assay also provides information on the immunoglobulin class of antigliadin-antibodies present in sera of patients with coeliac disease.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for antigliadin-antibodies using 14C-labelled gliadin. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for antibodies to gliadin has been developed. Gliadin from wheat gluten was labelled with [1-14C]acetic anhydride to a specific activity of 2.6 X 10(6) dpm/mg. Immunological evidence is presented that the antigen was not essentially altered by the labelling procedure. Experimentally-induced antigliadin antibodies or sera of patients with coeliac disease (CD) were reacted with labelled gliadin and the immune complexes formed precipitated by antiglobulin. Precipitating antibodies were determined by incubating CD sera with labelled gliadin and measuring the radioactivity in precipitates formed without the addition of second antibody. Comparison with other methods for the detection of antigliadin antibodies, including immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion and passive hemagglutination indicated that total and precipitating antibodies were determined only by RIA. The assay also provides information on the immunoglobulin class of antigliadin-antibodies present in sera of patients with coeliac disease.", "PMID": 412899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6861", "title": "The use of denaturing conditions for gel diffusion of insoluble epidermal proteins.", "content": "Modifications of the classical technique for double diffusion in agar plates are presented. These procedures allow insoluble proteins to be dissolved in a variety of denaturing solvents and antibody production specificity to be monitored by the appearance of precipitin lines in agarose gels as in the conventional Ouchterlony method. Results obtained using the insoluble proteins of bovine epidermis are summarized.", "contents": "The use of denaturing conditions for gel diffusion of insoluble epidermal proteins. Modifications of the classical technique for double diffusion in agar plates are presented. These procedures allow insoluble proteins to be dissolved in a variety of denaturing solvents and antibody production specificity to be monitored by the appearance of precipitin lines in agarose gels as in the conventional Ouchterlony method. Results obtained using the insoluble proteins of bovine epidermis are summarized.", "PMID": 412900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6862", "title": "Decreased virulence of gentamicin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a rat model.", "content": "Previous studies have reported that GR strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were less likely to cause serious infections. In the present study, this clinical observation of decreased virulence of GR strains of P. aeruginosa was documented in Andriole's rat model. A significantly higher mortality in rats was noted with GS strains of P. aeruginosa (MIC less than 10 microgram/ml) compared to moderately resistant strains (MIC 12.5 to 312 microgram/ml) and highly resistant strains (MIC greater than 312 microgram/ml). Slower growth rates of GR strains of P. aeruginosa were observed in both the lag and the log phases as compared to GS strains. Average counts of in vivo quantitative blood cultures with the use of GR strains were lower at 30 min, 8 hr, and 24 hr compared to those with GS strains. The mortality in mice injected intraperitoneally with CFS's from GS strains (MIC 0.78 to 3.125 microgram/ml) was significantly higher at 8 and 24 hr than those injected with supernatants from GR strains (MIC 25 to 400 microgram/ml). Human neutrophils killed GR and GS strains of P. aeruginosa equally. Decreased virulence of GR strains of P. aeruginosa may be due in part to slower growth rates and to a decreased ability to produce heat-labile toxic components.", "contents": "Decreased virulence of gentamicin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a rat model. Previous studies have reported that GR strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were less likely to cause serious infections. In the present study, this clinical observation of decreased virulence of GR strains of P. aeruginosa was documented in Andriole's rat model. A significantly higher mortality in rats was noted with GS strains of P. aeruginosa (MIC less than 10 microgram/ml) compared to moderately resistant strains (MIC 12.5 to 312 microgram/ml) and highly resistant strains (MIC greater than 312 microgram/ml). Slower growth rates of GR strains of P. aeruginosa were observed in both the lag and the log phases as compared to GS strains. Average counts of in vivo quantitative blood cultures with the use of GR strains were lower at 30 min, 8 hr, and 24 hr compared to those with GS strains. The mortality in mice injected intraperitoneally with CFS's from GS strains (MIC 0.78 to 3.125 microgram/ml) was significantly higher at 8 and 24 hr than those injected with supernatants from GR strains (MIC 25 to 400 microgram/ml). Human neutrophils killed GR and GS strains of P. aeruginosa equally. Decreased virulence of GR strains of P. aeruginosa may be due in part to slower growth rates and to a decreased ability to produce heat-labile toxic components.", "PMID": 412903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6863", "title": "Study of platelet aggregation in vivo: IV Effect of pyrimido-pyrimidine derivatives.", "content": "Two pyrimido-pyrimidine derivatives (RA 233  and VK 744) were found effective aggregation inhibitors in vitro of human and monkey platelets and in vivo in stumptailed monkeys and chimpanzees. They also inhibited thrombotic occlusion of metal screens inserted into arteriovenous shunts.", "contents": "Study of platelet aggregation in vivo: IV Effect of pyrimido-pyrimidine derivatives. Two pyrimido-pyrimidine derivatives (RA 233  and VK 744) were found effective aggregation inhibitors in vitro of human and monkey platelets and in vivo in stumptailed monkeys and chimpanzees. They also inhibited thrombotic occlusion of metal screens inserted into arteriovenous shunts.", "PMID": 412904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6864", "title": "Study of platelet aggregation in vivo: V effect of the antiserotonin agent cyproheptadine.", "content": "The antiserotonin agent cyproheptadine (Periactin) was shown to be an effective antagonist of in vivo platelet aggregation induced in monkeys not only with serotonin but also with ADP.", "contents": "Study of platelet aggregation in vivo: V effect of the antiserotonin agent cyproheptadine. The antiserotonin agent cyproheptadine (Periactin) was shown to be an effective antagonist of in vivo platelet aggregation induced in monkeys not only with serotonin but also with ADP.", "PMID": 412905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6865", "title": "[Ultrastructural features of ureter-mesenchyme interaction, during nephrogenic induction in Amphibia].", "content": "Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the interface between the ureter and the mesonephric blastema. When the blastema is induced in a functional organ, numerous pseudopodial protrusions of the ureter and of the mesonephric cells lead to a close appostion between the two structures. The presence of squamous material, perhaps of a mucopolysaccharidic nature, with a network of collagen fibres is always found on this interface. These particular processes seem to play a role as a morphological basis for the phenomenon of induction. The importance of the extracellular matrix is discussed. Neither the occurrence of zones of close contact, reported by several authors, in other species, nor the fusion of membranes has ever been observed in Amphibia.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural features of ureter-mesenchyme interaction, during nephrogenic induction in Amphibia]. Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the interface between the ureter and the mesonephric blastema. When the blastema is induced in a functional organ, numerous pseudopodial protrusions of the ureter and of the mesonephric cells lead to a close appostion between the two structures. The presence of squamous material, perhaps of a mucopolysaccharidic nature, with a network of collagen fibres is always found on this interface. These particular processes seem to play a role as a morphological basis for the phenomenon of induction. The importance of the extracellular matrix is discussed. Neither the occurrence of zones of close contact, reported by several authors, in other species, nor the fusion of membranes has ever been observed in Amphibia.", "PMID": 412911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6866", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition: a guide to therapy in the adult.", "content": "Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), often referred to as intravenous hyperalimentation, is a complex technique for parenteral feeding that can be lifesaving. A basic knowledge of the theory behind, indications for, and hazards of TPN can help the practitioner determine which of his patients will benefit from this procedure. In the community hospital, where a skilled hyperalimentation team is not available, TPN can be managed safely by a physician, pharmacist and floor nurse if there is rigid adherence to a strict protocol. This paper presents the basic theory, indications, and contraindications associated with TPN, and details a protocol for administering total parenteral nutrition to the adult, hospitalized patient (Appendices 1, 2).", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition: a guide to therapy in the adult. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), often referred to as intravenous hyperalimentation, is a complex technique for parenteral feeding that can be lifesaving. A basic knowledge of the theory behind, indications for, and hazards of TPN can help the practitioner determine which of his patients will benefit from this procedure. In the community hospital, where a skilled hyperalimentation team is not available, TPN can be managed safely by a physician, pharmacist and floor nurse if there is rigid adherence to a strict protocol. This paper presents the basic theory, indications, and contraindications associated with TPN, and details a protocol for administering total parenteral nutrition to the adult, hospitalized patient (Appendices 1, 2).", "PMID": 412912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6867", "title": "Endocrine control of vitellogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: effects of the brain and corpus allatum.", "content": "The endocrine control of yolk deposition in Drosophila melanogaster was studied by ligation and transplantation techniques. Endocrine events associated with the initiation of vitellogenesis were found to be synchronized with eclosion rather than the completion fo adult development. Decapitation experiments showed that a cephalic event occurring at about the time of eclosion is necessary for each animal to initiate vitellogenesis. The morphogenetic effect of the head could be replaced by a juvenile hormone analog (JHA). In addition to the cephalic event, a thoracic factor is required for each follicle to initiate vitellogenesis, since preparation of isolated abdomens before 16 hours after eclosion prevented vitellogenesis. In abdomens isolated after this time, no early vitellogenic stages were formed. The suppression of vitellogenesis in isolated abdomens was reversed by implanting corpora allata or by treating these preparations with JHA, but not by implanting corpora cardiaca. Ovaries that were artificially induced to mature by treating isolated abdomens with JHA still displayed the normal complement of ovarian proteins after electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. These results show that a circadian clock triggers vitellogenesis via a cephalic signal at eclosion, which in turn triggers events in the thorax or abdomen. The cephalic signal can be superseded by juvenile hormone, whose presence is necessary for each follicle to become vitellogenic.", "contents": "Endocrine control of vitellogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: effects of the brain and corpus allatum. The endocrine control of yolk deposition in Drosophila melanogaster was studied by ligation and transplantation techniques. Endocrine events associated with the initiation of vitellogenesis were found to be synchronized with eclosion rather than the completion fo adult development. Decapitation experiments showed that a cephalic event occurring at about the time of eclosion is necessary for each animal to initiate vitellogenesis. The morphogenetic effect of the head could be replaced by a juvenile hormone analog (JHA). In addition to the cephalic event, a thoracic factor is required for each follicle to initiate vitellogenesis, since preparation of isolated abdomens before 16 hours after eclosion prevented vitellogenesis. In abdomens isolated after this time, no early vitellogenic stages were formed. The suppression of vitellogenesis in isolated abdomens was reversed by implanting corpora allata or by treating these preparations with JHA, but not by implanting corpora cardiaca. Ovaries that were artificially induced to mature by treating isolated abdomens with JHA still displayed the normal complement of ovarian proteins after electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. These results show that a circadian clock triggers vitellogenesis via a cephalic signal at eclosion, which in turn triggers events in the thorax or abdomen. The cephalic signal can be superseded by juvenile hormone, whose presence is necessary for each follicle to become vitellogenic.", "PMID": 412913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6868", "title": "Electrical and adaptive properties of rod photoreceptors in Bufo marinus. I. Effects of altered extracellular Ca2+ levels.", "content": "The effects of altering extracellular Ca(2+) levels on the electrical and adaptive properties of toad rods have been examined. The retina was continually superfused in control (1.6 mM Ca(2+)) or test ringer's solutions, and rod electrical activity was recorded intracellularly. Low-calcium ringer's (10(-9)M Ca(2+)) superfused for up to 6 min caused a substantial depolarization of the resting membrane potential, an increase in light-evoked response amplitudes, and a change in the waveform of the light-evoked responses. High Ca(2+) ringer's (3.2 mM) hyperpolarized the cell membrane and decreased response amplitudes. However, under conditions of either low or high Ca(2+) superfusion for up to 6 min, in both dark-adapted and partially light-adapted states, receptor sensitivity was virtually unaffected; i.e., the V-log I curve for the receptor potential was always located on the intensity scale at a position predicted by the prevailing light level, not by Ca(2+) concentration. Thus, we speculate that cytosol Ca(2+) concentration is capable of regulating membrane potential levels and light-evoked response amplitudes, but not the major component of rod sensitivity. Low Ca(2+) ringer's also shortened the period of receptor response saturation after a bright but nonbleaching light flash, hence accelerating the onset of both membrane potential and sensitivity recovery during dark adaptation. Exposure of the retina to low Ca(2+) (10(-9)M) ringer's for long periods (7-15 min) caused dark-adapted rods to lose responsiveness. Response amplitudes gradually decreased, and the rods became desensitized. These severe conditions of low Ca(2+) caused changes in the dark-adapted rod that mimic those observed in rods during light adaptation. We suggest that loss of receptor sensitivity during prolonged exposure to low Ca(2+) ringer's results from a decrease of intracellular (intradisk) stores of Ca(2+); i.e., less Ca(2+) is thereby released per quantum catch.", "contents": "Electrical and adaptive properties of rod photoreceptors in Bufo marinus. I. Effects of altered extracellular Ca2+ levels. The effects of altering extracellular Ca(2+) levels on the electrical and adaptive properties of toad rods have been examined. The retina was continually superfused in control (1.6 mM Ca(2+)) or test ringer's solutions, and rod electrical activity was recorded intracellularly. Low-calcium ringer's (10(-9)M Ca(2+)) superfused for up to 6 min caused a substantial depolarization of the resting membrane potential, an increase in light-evoked response amplitudes, and a change in the waveform of the light-evoked responses. High Ca(2+) ringer's (3.2 mM) hyperpolarized the cell membrane and decreased response amplitudes. However, under conditions of either low or high Ca(2+) superfusion for up to 6 min, in both dark-adapted and partially light-adapted states, receptor sensitivity was virtually unaffected; i.e., the V-log I curve for the receptor potential was always located on the intensity scale at a position predicted by the prevailing light level, not by Ca(2+) concentration. Thus, we speculate that cytosol Ca(2+) concentration is capable of regulating membrane potential levels and light-evoked response amplitudes, but not the major component of rod sensitivity. Low Ca(2+) ringer's also shortened the period of receptor response saturation after a bright but nonbleaching light flash, hence accelerating the onset of both membrane potential and sensitivity recovery during dark adaptation. Exposure of the retina to low Ca(2+) (10(-9)M) ringer's for long periods (7-15 min) caused dark-adapted rods to lose responsiveness. Response amplitudes gradually decreased, and the rods became desensitized. These severe conditions of low Ca(2+) caused changes in the dark-adapted rod that mimic those observed in rods during light adaptation. We suggest that loss of receptor sensitivity during prolonged exposure to low Ca(2+) ringer's results from a decrease of intracellular (intradisk) stores of Ca(2+); i.e., less Ca(2+) is thereby released per quantum catch.", "PMID": 412914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6869", "title": "The regulation of stable RNA synthesis in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans: effect of leucine deprivation and 5-methyltryptophan inhibition.", "content": "The expression of phenomena associated with the bacterial function controlling RNA synthesis was studied in leucine-deprived or 5-methyltryptophan-treated cultures of Anacystis nidulans. Both procedures retarded cell growth, RNA and protein accumulation, elicited the accumulation of high intracellular concentrations of guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate(ppGpp)and guanosine5'-triphosphate-3'-diphosphate(pppGpp),and promoted a regime of non-coordinate synthesis of stable and messenger RNA. The rate of polymerization of nascent RNA chains did not appear to be retarded in the growth-limited cultures.", "contents": "The regulation of stable RNA synthesis in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans: effect of leucine deprivation and 5-methyltryptophan inhibition. The expression of phenomena associated with the bacterial function controlling RNA synthesis was studied in leucine-deprived or 5-methyltryptophan-treated cultures of Anacystis nidulans. Both procedures retarded cell growth, RNA and protein accumulation, elicited the accumulation of high intracellular concentrations of guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate(ppGpp)and guanosine5'-triphosphate-3'-diphosphate(pppGpp),and promoted a regime of non-coordinate synthesis of stable and messenger RNA. The rate of polymerization of nascent RNA chains did not appear to be retarded in the growth-limited cultures.", "PMID": 412917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6870", "title": "Phenotypic changes in the resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to killing by normal human serum.", "content": "Gonococci adapted to growth in chambers implanted subcutaneously into guinea pigs are resistant to killing by human serum. This resistance is lost after a few generations in vitro both in culture medium and in fluid taken from guinea-pig chambers. The rate of loss is too rapid to occur by mutation and selection. Furthermore, the resistance is regained after a few generations when bacteria from the first in vitro culture are inoculated back into guinea-pig chambers in vivo. Hence the loss of serum resistance in vitro and the gain in vivo are probably due to phenotypically controlled events. Such events could be important in the pathogenicity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Phenotypic changes in the resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to killing by normal human serum. Gonococci adapted to growth in chambers implanted subcutaneously into guinea pigs are resistant to killing by human serum. This resistance is lost after a few generations in vitro both in culture medium and in fluid taken from guinea-pig chambers. The rate of loss is too rapid to occur by mutation and selection. Furthermore, the resistance is regained after a few generations when bacteria from the first in vitro culture are inoculated back into guinea-pig chambers in vivo. Hence the loss of serum resistance in vitro and the gain in vivo are probably due to phenotypically controlled events. Such events could be important in the pathogenicity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 412918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6871", "title": "Gold encephalopathy.", "content": "Encephalopathy is described developing in a 42 year old man who was receiving gold treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Gold encephalopathy. Encephalopathy is described developing in a 42 year old man who was receiving gold treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 412921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6872", "title": "The electroencephalogram in neglect.", "content": "The extent of electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities in 23 consecutive patients with unilateral neglect was compared with the extent of EEG abnormalities in 20 matched aphasic controls. In the neglect group, 22 patients showed EEG slowing that extended over the entire hemisphere. In the control group only 8 patients showed similar hemispheric slowing. This study demonstrates that patients with unilateral neglect from discrete lesions may have EEG slowing in regions of the hemisphere that are remote from the lesion. This study also provides support for the hypothesis that neglect is a unilateral arousal defect.", "contents": "The electroencephalogram in neglect. The extent of electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities in 23 consecutive patients with unilateral neglect was compared with the extent of EEG abnormalities in 20 matched aphasic controls. In the neglect group, 22 patients showed EEG slowing that extended over the entire hemisphere. In the control group only 8 patients showed similar hemispheric slowing. This study demonstrates that patients with unilateral neglect from discrete lesions may have EEG slowing in regions of the hemisphere that are remote from the lesion. This study also provides support for the hypothesis that neglect is a unilateral arousal defect.", "PMID": 412922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6873", "title": "Asphyxia-induced disaggregation of cerebral polyribosomes in rhesus monkey fetuses.", "content": "The effects of 3 hours of controlled intrauterine asphyxia (acidotic hypoxia) on the sedimentation patterns of cerebral polyribosomes and on polyribosome supported in vitro protein synthesis were examined in 16 term monkey fetuses. Three outcomes resulted. Four fetuses showed no changes in polyribosome sedimentation profile or in sedimented polyribosome supported in vitro protein synthesis. Four showed changes in sedimentation profiles indicating partial breakdown of polyribosomes and significant decreases in polyribosome supported in vitro protein synthesis. Finally, 8 fetuses showed almost complete disaggregation of cerebral polyribosomes into 80-S monosomal units. This was associated with marked reduction in sedimented ribosomal mediated in vitro portein synthesis. Both the disaggregation of polyribosomes and the associated loss of in virto protein synthesis were related to the severity of the acidosis produced by asphyxia.", "contents": "Asphyxia-induced disaggregation of cerebral polyribosomes in rhesus monkey fetuses. The effects of 3 hours of controlled intrauterine asphyxia (acidotic hypoxia) on the sedimentation patterns of cerebral polyribosomes and on polyribosome supported in vitro protein synthesis were examined in 16 term monkey fetuses. Three outcomes resulted. Four fetuses showed no changes in polyribosome sedimentation profile or in sedimented polyribosome supported in vitro protein synthesis. Four showed changes in sedimentation profiles indicating partial breakdown of polyribosomes and significant decreases in polyribosome supported in vitro protein synthesis. Finally, 8 fetuses showed almost complete disaggregation of cerebral polyribosomes into 80-S monosomal units. This was associated with marked reduction in sedimented ribosomal mediated in vitro portein synthesis. Both the disaggregation of polyribosomes and the associated loss of in virto protein synthesis were related to the severity of the acidosis produced by asphyxia.", "PMID": 412923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6874", "title": "The dilemma of childhood optic gliomas.", "content": "A retrospective series reviewing 28 cases of optic glioma in childhood is reported from the Columbus Children's Hospital. The literature is reviewed from a clinical and pathological standpoint; in the pathological literature there is support for consideration of these lesions as a neoplastic entity, but none for designation of these gliomas as \"hamartomas.\" An approach to the management of optic gliomas is presented. Treatment should be tailored to the individual patient; no clear therapeutic protocol appears to be supported by available data.", "contents": "The dilemma of childhood optic gliomas. A retrospective series reviewing 28 cases of optic glioma in childhood is reported from the Columbus Children's Hospital. The literature is reviewed from a clinical and pathological standpoint; in the pathological literature there is support for consideration of these lesions as a neoplastic entity, but none for designation of these gliomas as \"hamartomas.\" An approach to the management of optic gliomas is presented. Treatment should be tailored to the individual patient; no clear therapeutic protocol appears to be supported by available data.", "PMID": 412924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6875", "title": "Histopathologic evaluation of three ultraviolet-activated composite resins on monkey pulps.", "content": "The pulpal responses of three ultraviolet-activated composite resins, Nuva-Fil, Experimental UV No. 1 and Experimental UV No. 2, were tested on adult monkey teeth using silicate and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) as positive and negative controls. All materials were placed in Class V cavity preparations in Rhesus monkey teeth using approximately 48 anterior and 63 posterior teeth of both the maxillary and mandibular arches. A total of 111 teeth were utilized and all materials were evaluated at 3 days, 5 and 8 weeks. Following left ventricular perfusion, the teeth were prepared for microscopic evaluation using routine histological procedures. The 3-day pulpal response of all the ultraviolet-activated composites was slight with some disruption and vacuolization in the odontoblastic layer and a slight inflammatory response. At 5 weeks there was a reduction of the inflammatory response and the formation of reparative dentin was noted for all ultraviolet composites. The 8-week pulp response was slight, characterized by a minimal inflammatory response adjacent to the zone of reparative dentin. Generally, ZOE produced the mildest response while silicate produced the most severe response at the three time intervals.", "contents": "Histopathologic evaluation of three ultraviolet-activated composite resins on monkey pulps. The pulpal responses of three ultraviolet-activated composite resins, Nuva-Fil, Experimental UV No. 1 and Experimental UV No. 2, were tested on adult monkey teeth using silicate and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) as positive and negative controls. All materials were placed in Class V cavity preparations in Rhesus monkey teeth using approximately 48 anterior and 63 posterior teeth of both the maxillary and mandibular arches. A total of 111 teeth were utilized and all materials were evaluated at 3 days, 5 and 8 weeks. Following left ventricular perfusion, the teeth were prepared for microscopic evaluation using routine histological procedures. The 3-day pulpal response of all the ultraviolet-activated composites was slight with some disruption and vacuolization in the odontoblastic layer and a slight inflammatory response. At 5 weeks there was a reduction of the inflammatory response and the formation of reparative dentin was noted for all ultraviolet composites. The 8-week pulp response was slight, characterized by a minimal inflammatory response adjacent to the zone of reparative dentin. Generally, ZOE produced the mildest response while silicate produced the most severe response at the three time intervals.", "PMID": 412925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6876", "title": "Effects of bicarbonate on remineralization of enamel.", "content": "Enamel surfaces were demineralized in acetic acid and remineralized in solutions that contained 1.5 mM calcium, 1.0 mM phosphate, and 0.0, 5, 15, and 25 mM NaHCO3, and 0.00 or 5.0 mM Naf at pH 7.0. NaF in CO2-free solutions increased the rates of calcium and phosphate uptake during remineralization. Bicarbonate in NaF-free solutions caused small increases of calcium and phosphate uptake. Bicarbonate with NaF in solutions synergistically increased calcium uptake, but did not affect phosphate uptake. Bicarbonate reduced fluoride uptake by about 50% during remineralization, and increased the Ca/P ratios of deposited minerals from about 1 (dicalcium phosphate) to approach and exceed the ratios of apatites.", "contents": "Effects of bicarbonate on remineralization of enamel. Enamel surfaces were demineralized in acetic acid and remineralized in solutions that contained 1.5 mM calcium, 1.0 mM phosphate, and 0.0, 5, 15, and 25 mM NaHCO3, and 0.00 or 5.0 mM Naf at pH 7.0. NaF in CO2-free solutions increased the rates of calcium and phosphate uptake during remineralization. Bicarbonate in NaF-free solutions caused small increases of calcium and phosphate uptake. Bicarbonate with NaF in solutions synergistically increased calcium uptake, but did not affect phosphate uptake. Bicarbonate reduced fluoride uptake by about 50% during remineralization, and increased the Ca/P ratios of deposited minerals from about 1 (dicalcium phosphate) to approach and exceed the ratios of apatites.", "PMID": 412926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6877", "title": "The carbonate and fluoride in surfaces of remineralized enamel.", "content": "Analyses were made of samples of surface enamel collected before and after acid demineralization and after subsequent remineralization in solutions containing calcium and phosphate and various levels of bicarbonate and fluoride ions. Demineralization caused a preferential loss of carbonates. Remineralization was increased by both fluoride and bicarbonate ions. With no bicarbonate in the calcifying solution, 0.25 to 4.0 mM NaF increased mineral formation and thereby caused a relative reduction of its carbonate content. With 0.5 mM NaF (10 ppm F-) and 5, 15, and 25 mM HCO-3 in remineralizing solutions more carbonate was deposited than in the absence of NaF. Five and 15 mM HCO-3 increased, but 25 mM HCO-3 decreased, deposit of fluoride in enamel.", "contents": "The carbonate and fluoride in surfaces of remineralized enamel. Analyses were made of samples of surface enamel collected before and after acid demineralization and after subsequent remineralization in solutions containing calcium and phosphate and various levels of bicarbonate and fluoride ions. Demineralization caused a preferential loss of carbonates. Remineralization was increased by both fluoride and bicarbonate ions. With no bicarbonate in the calcifying solution, 0.25 to 4.0 mM NaF increased mineral formation and thereby caused a relative reduction of its carbonate content. With 0.5 mM NaF (10 ppm F-) and 5, 15, and 25 mM HCO-3 in remineralizing solutions more carbonate was deposited than in the absence of NaF. Five and 15 mM HCO-3 increased, but 25 mM HCO-3 decreased, deposit of fluoride in enamel.", "PMID": 412927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6878", "title": "Odontogenic myxoma - clinical concept and morphological studies.", "content": "Our experience with the odontogenic myxoma of the mandible is presented. Although it is a benign, slow growing neoplasm, it is locally aggresive. Patients rarely complain of any symptoms produced by this tumor. Morphological studies included enzymes histochemistry, as well as light and electron microscopy. Two major types of tumor cells were identified. One resembled a mature fibroblast, while the other had the morphological and functional criteria of a so-called myxoblast. We would recommend therapy comprising wide resection and consecutive primary osteoplasty.", "contents": "Odontogenic myxoma - clinical concept and morphological studies. Our experience with the odontogenic myxoma of the mandible is presented. Although it is a benign, slow growing neoplasm, it is locally aggresive. Patients rarely complain of any symptoms produced by this tumor. Morphological studies included enzymes histochemistry, as well as light and electron microscopy. Two major types of tumor cells were identified. One resembled a mature fibroblast, while the other had the morphological and functional criteria of a so-called myxoblast. We would recommend therapy comprising wide resection and consecutive primary osteoplasty.", "PMID": 412928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6879", "title": "Odontoblast metabolism in rats deficient in vitamin D and calcium I: A histochemical survey.", "content": "Different rat diets, deficient in calcium and/or vitamin D, were tested for varying experimental periods to obtain changes in serum calcium values, body weight gain and odontoblast-predentine morphology. One diet, R 25, used during a 14-day period, was found to induce lowered serum calcium values and an increased predentin width in incisor teeth. Rats fed this diet demonstrated an increase in alkaline phosphatase and ATP-splitting enzyme activity in dentinogenically active incisor odontoblasts. No other metabolic changes in these cells were demonstrated by the histochemical methods employed.", "contents": "Odontoblast metabolism in rats deficient in vitamin D and calcium I: A histochemical survey. Different rat diets, deficient in calcium and/or vitamin D, were tested for varying experimental periods to obtain changes in serum calcium values, body weight gain and odontoblast-predentine morphology. One diet, R 25, used during a 14-day period, was found to induce lowered serum calcium values and an increased predentin width in incisor teeth. Rats fed this diet demonstrated an increase in alkaline phosphatase and ATP-splitting enzyme activity in dentinogenically active incisor odontoblasts. No other metabolic changes in these cells were demonstrated by the histochemical methods employed.", "PMID": 412929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6880", "title": "The relation of lipids to the mineral components in salivary calculi.", "content": "Using lipid histochemical and microradiographic methods, the distribution of lipids and the inorganic component in different areas of salivary calculi was investigated. Two main groups of lipids were found, i.e. hydrophilic phospholipids and hydrophobic lipids. The hydrophilic phospholipids were shown to be composed mainly of phosphosphingosides and of the hydrophobic lipids cholesterol was demonstrated. Phosphosphingosides were localized in more or less lamellar zones as also in large homogeneous areas. In some cases the calculi were surrounded by a structureless non-mineralized zone exhibiting a strongly positive reaction for phosphosphingosides. Cholesterol was found in isolated band-formed areas. Phosphosphingosides and cholesterol were especially prevalent in areas showing a low or slight degree of mineralization. In areas showing a high degree of mineralization the corresponding lipids gave a weak or absent histochemical reaction. After EDTA-decalcification, however, an increase in the concentration of lipid was noticed in high mineralized areas, indicating a masking process. The influence of various factors on the presence and distribution of different lipids was discussed.", "contents": "The relation of lipids to the mineral components in salivary calculi. Using lipid histochemical and microradiographic methods, the distribution of lipids and the inorganic component in different areas of salivary calculi was investigated. Two main groups of lipids were found, i.e. hydrophilic phospholipids and hydrophobic lipids. The hydrophilic phospholipids were shown to be composed mainly of phosphosphingosides and of the hydrophobic lipids cholesterol was demonstrated. Phosphosphingosides were localized in more or less lamellar zones as also in large homogeneous areas. In some cases the calculi were surrounded by a structureless non-mineralized zone exhibiting a strongly positive reaction for phosphosphingosides. Cholesterol was found in isolated band-formed areas. Phosphosphingosides and cholesterol were especially prevalent in areas showing a low or slight degree of mineralization. In areas showing a high degree of mineralization the corresponding lipids gave a weak or absent histochemical reaction. After EDTA-decalcification, however, an increase in the concentration of lipid was noticed in high mineralized areas, indicating a masking process. The influence of various factors on the presence and distribution of different lipids was discussed.", "PMID": 412930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6881", "title": "An autoradiographic study of experimental odontogenic cyst formation in the mouse.", "content": "Proliferative populations of cells within the epithelial lining of developing experimental odontogenic cysts were identified by labeling with 3H-thymidine. Mouse molar teeth extracted from 10-day-old mice were transplanted subcutaneously and host animals were injected with 3H-thymidine 1 h prior to sacrifice. The cysts which developed around the crown of the transplanted teeth were prepared for autoradiographical examination. Labeling indices were high initially but decreased rapidly as the cysts enlarged. The pattern of labeling, however, bore no resemblance to the labeling of the reduced enamel epithelium from which the cysts developed. It was concluded that labeling activity reflects only the state of development and activity of the cyst and not the origin of the cyst.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of experimental odontogenic cyst formation in the mouse. Proliferative populations of cells within the epithelial lining of developing experimental odontogenic cysts were identified by labeling with 3H-thymidine. Mouse molar teeth extracted from 10-day-old mice were transplanted subcutaneously and host animals were injected with 3H-thymidine 1 h prior to sacrifice. The cysts which developed around the crown of the transplanted teeth were prepared for autoradiographical examination. Labeling indices were high initially but decreased rapidly as the cysts enlarged. The pattern of labeling, however, bore no resemblance to the labeling of the reduced enamel epithelium from which the cysts developed. It was concluded that labeling activity reflects only the state of development and activity of the cyst and not the origin of the cyst.", "PMID": 412931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6882", "title": "Granular cell ameloblastoma: electron microscopic observations.", "content": "A case of granular cell ameloblastoma was studied by light and electron microscopy. Histologically, the lesion resembled simple ameloblastoma, but differed from the latter in that it contained many cells with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasmic granules were identified as lysosomes. These organelles were particularly abundant in cells situated in the center of islands and clusters of neoplastic cells. Since no cytoplasmic components could be identified in any of these lysosomes, it was concluded that they are not engaged in autophagy or in remodeling of the neoplastic cells.", "contents": "Granular cell ameloblastoma: electron microscopic observations. A case of granular cell ameloblastoma was studied by light and electron microscopy. Histologically, the lesion resembled simple ameloblastoma, but differed from the latter in that it contained many cells with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasmic granules were identified as lysosomes. These organelles were particularly abundant in cells situated in the center of islands and clusters of neoplastic cells. Since no cytoplasmic components could be identified in any of these lysosomes, it was concluded that they are not engaged in autophagy or in remodeling of the neoplastic cells.", "PMID": 412933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6883", "title": "Theophylline for treatment of asthma.", "content": "Theophylline has become useful not just as an acute bronchodilator, but also as a major prophylactic agent for the suppression of symptoms of chronic asthma. Efficacy and toxicity both relate closely to serum concentration. Variable elimination rates for the drug among individuals require careful individualization of dosage guided by measurement of serum theophylline concentration to maintain safe and effective serum theophylline concentrations. Fixed-dose combinations with ephedrine are more likely to add toxicity than benefit compared with theophylline alone if the latter is used in an adequate dose. Choices among the vase array of products available can be further simplified by considering cost and convenience of the various formulations. When used appropriately, theophylline has been successful in the essential elimination of asthmatic symptoms in over 70% of asthmatic children seen at a tertiary care referral center.", "contents": "Theophylline for treatment of asthma. Theophylline has become useful not just as an acute bronchodilator, but also as a major prophylactic agent for the suppression of symptoms of chronic asthma. Efficacy and toxicity both relate closely to serum concentration. Variable elimination rates for the drug among individuals require careful individualization of dosage guided by measurement of serum theophylline concentration to maintain safe and effective serum theophylline concentrations. Fixed-dose combinations with ephedrine are more likely to add toxicity than benefit compared with theophylline alone if the latter is used in an adequate dose. Choices among the vase array of products available can be further simplified by considering cost and convenience of the various formulations. When used appropriately, theophylline has been successful in the essential elimination of asthmatic symptoms in over 70% of asthmatic children seen at a tertiary care referral center.", "PMID": 412935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6884", "title": "Plasma somatomedin and growth hormone values in children with protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "This study was undertaken to define the interrelationships of somatomedin, growth hormone, and an inhibitor of SM in protein-calorie malnutrition. Twenty-seven patients, eight to 60 months of age, were studied. Twenty-one well-nourished children acted as controls. SM was significantly depressed at Days 2 and 8 (p less than 0.01) but was not different from controls at Day 29 and 50. In ten out of 27 Day 2 samples and six out of 27 Day 8 samples an inhibitor was identified. When SM values were compared to simultaneous hGH levels, there was an inverse relationship. The low SM levels in the face of markedly elevated hGH levels suggests a functional block in the synthesis and/or release of SM.", "contents": "Plasma somatomedin and growth hormone values in children with protein-calorie malnutrition. This study was undertaken to define the interrelationships of somatomedin, growth hormone, and an inhibitor of SM in protein-calorie malnutrition. Twenty-seven patients, eight to 60 months of age, were studied. Twenty-one well-nourished children acted as controls. SM was significantly depressed at Days 2 and 8 (p less than 0.01) but was not different from controls at Day 29 and 50. In ten out of 27 Day 2 samples and six out of 27 Day 8 samples an inhibitor was identified. When SM values were compared to simultaneous hGH levels, there was an inverse relationship. The low SM levels in the face of markedly elevated hGH levels suggests a functional block in the synthesis and/or release of SM.", "PMID": 412936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6885", "title": "Precocious puberty in juvenile hypothyroidism.", "content": "Three children, two girls and one boy, presented with hypothyroidism and precocious sexual development. Serum TSH and PRL were elevated in all cases. In the male patient, pituitary stimulation with TRH produced exaggerated TSH and PRL responses. Elevated serum LH, FSH, estrone, estradiol, and an attenuated gonadotropin response to GnRH were documented in the male patient and in one of the female patients. Serum testosterone was elevated for age in one of the female patients but prepubertal in the male patient. After treatment with L-thyroxine, elevated hormonal levels decreased to normal in one patient who returned for follow-up. Evidence is presented that precocious puberty in juvenile hypothyroidism may be the result of PRL hypersecretion.", "contents": "Precocious puberty in juvenile hypothyroidism. Three children, two girls and one boy, presented with hypothyroidism and precocious sexual development. Serum TSH and PRL were elevated in all cases. In the male patient, pituitary stimulation with TRH produced exaggerated TSH and PRL responses. Elevated serum LH, FSH, estrone, estradiol, and an attenuated gonadotropin response to GnRH were documented in the male patient and in one of the female patients. Serum testosterone was elevated for age in one of the female patients but prepubertal in the male patient. After treatment with L-thyroxine, elevated hormonal levels decreased to normal in one patient who returned for follow-up. Evidence is presented that precocious puberty in juvenile hypothyroidism may be the result of PRL hypersecretion.", "PMID": 412937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6886", "title": "Production of Sarcocystis cruzi sporocysts by dogs fed experimentally infected and naturally infected beef.", "content": "Twenty-one coccidia-free dogs were fed either experimentally infected or naturally infected beef in 4 experiments. The pretreatment period ranged from days 9 to 33; 7 dogs shed their first sporocysts on day 12. The full length of the patent period was not determined because most dogs were still shedding sporocysts when experiments ended on days 40 and 60. Although the patent period was long, sporocysts were not shed continuously; the total number of days sporocysts were actually shed ranged from 3 to 40. The average number of sporocysts shed by dogs fed 454 to 908 g of beef ranged from 861,000 to over 20 million. Most sporocysts were shed from days 15 to 30; peak numbers were shed on days 23 and 24. Average peak numbers ranged from 145,000 to 408,400 sporocysts. Such data can be applied to facilitate collection of sporocysts in the laboratory or to estimate the potential for transmission of infective organisms under field conditions.", "contents": "Production of Sarcocystis cruzi sporocysts by dogs fed experimentally infected and naturally infected beef. Twenty-one coccidia-free dogs were fed either experimentally infected or naturally infected beef in 4 experiments. The pretreatment period ranged from days 9 to 33; 7 dogs shed their first sporocysts on day 12. The full length of the patent period was not determined because most dogs were still shedding sporocysts when experiments ended on days 40 and 60. Although the patent period was long, sporocysts were not shed continuously; the total number of days sporocysts were actually shed ranged from 3 to 40. The average number of sporocysts shed by dogs fed 454 to 908 g of beef ranged from 861,000 to over 20 million. Most sporocysts were shed from days 15 to 30; peak numbers were shed on days 23 and 24. Average peak numbers ranged from 145,000 to 408,400 sporocysts. Such data can be applied to facilitate collection of sporocysts in the laboratory or to estimate the potential for transmission of infective organisms under field conditions.", "PMID": 412939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6887", "title": "Peripheral total parenteral nutrition employing a lipid emulsion (Intralipid): complications encountered in pediatric patients.", "content": "The clinical records of 180 pediatric patients who received Intralipid via peripheral veins at a single institution (1964-1977) were retrospectively analyzed, with particular reference to the complications of this form of therapy. Intralipid was used in a dose range of 2--4 g/kg/day in order to supply 40% of the daily calorie requirements. The patients were neonates, infants, children, and adolescents with a wide range of clinical diagnoses. Local complications associated with Intralipid therapy were minimal. Transient elevations in serum enzyme levels (SGOT, SGPT, and LDH) were observed in 4% of patients, but all of these returned to the normal range after cessation of therapy. Ten patients had histologic evidence of cholestasis, the significance of which is discussed. The lipid emulsion was employed in patients with preexisting hyperbilirubinemia with concomitant resolution of jaundice. Intralipid was administered to patients with known severe thrombocytopenia (secondary to sepsis or myelosuppression) with return of the platelet counts to normal levels during the course of infusion therapy. The use of Intralipid in patients with established sepsis did not delay its response to conventional surgical or antibiotic therapy. There were no instances of the \"overloading\" syndrome observed.", "contents": "Peripheral total parenteral nutrition employing a lipid emulsion (Intralipid): complications encountered in pediatric patients. The clinical records of 180 pediatric patients who received Intralipid via peripheral veins at a single institution (1964-1977) were retrospectively analyzed, with particular reference to the complications of this form of therapy. Intralipid was used in a dose range of 2--4 g/kg/day in order to supply 40% of the daily calorie requirements. The patients were neonates, infants, children, and adolescents with a wide range of clinical diagnoses. Local complications associated with Intralipid therapy were minimal. Transient elevations in serum enzyme levels (SGOT, SGPT, and LDH) were observed in 4% of patients, but all of these returned to the normal range after cessation of therapy. Ten patients had histologic evidence of cholestasis, the significance of which is discussed. The lipid emulsion was employed in patients with preexisting hyperbilirubinemia with concomitant resolution of jaundice. Intralipid was administered to patients with known severe thrombocytopenia (secondary to sepsis or myelosuppression) with return of the platelet counts to normal levels during the course of infusion therapy. The use of Intralipid in patients with established sepsis did not delay its response to conventional surgical or antibiotic therapy. There were no instances of the \"overloading\" syndrome observed.", "PMID": 412943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6888", "title": "Dihydroergotoxine: separation and determination of four components by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "The evaluation of a new high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described. It permits the separation and determination of the four components of dihydroergotoxine (dihydroergocristine, dihydroergocornine, dihydro-alpha-ergocryptine, and dihydro-beta-ergocryptine) in a single step. On reversed-phase microparticles, complete baseline separation is possible with different mobile phases containing about 10(-2) M base. The analysis of dihydroergotoxine mesylate drug substance or its dosage forms can be carried out in about 15 min. No reference substance is required for the determination of the proportions of the components. This method is simple and exhibits high accuracy, reproducibility, and selectivity. It permits the analytical control of dosage forms containing dihydroergotoxine mesylate to ensure that they comply with the specifications for the drug substance used in clinical and pharmacological studies.", "contents": "Dihydroergotoxine: separation and determination of four components by high-performance liquid chromatography. The evaluation of a new high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described. It permits the separation and determination of the four components of dihydroergotoxine (dihydroergocristine, dihydroergocornine, dihydro-alpha-ergocryptine, and dihydro-beta-ergocryptine) in a single step. On reversed-phase microparticles, complete baseline separation is possible with different mobile phases containing about 10(-2) M base. The analysis of dihydroergotoxine mesylate drug substance or its dosage forms can be carried out in about 15 min. No reference substance is required for the determination of the proportions of the components. This method is simple and exhibits high accuracy, reproducibility, and selectivity. It permits the analytical control of dosage forms containing dihydroergotoxine mesylate to ensure that they comply with the specifications for the drug substance used in clinical and pharmacological studies.", "PMID": 412946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6889", "title": "Effects of intravenous cocaine, diethylpropion, d-amphetamine and perphenazine on responding maintained by food delivery and shock avoidance in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The effects of perphenazine, cocaine, diethylpropion and d-amphetamine on responding maintained by both food delivery and electric shock avoidance were determined using a multiple schedule of reinforcement in rhesus monkeys. This schedule had three components, each separated by a timeout: a fixed-ratio schedule of food delivery, a schedule of spaced responding (differential reinforcement of low rates) maintained by food delivery and a fixed-ratio schedule of shock avoidance. Control rates of responding on both ratio schedules were similar and were high relative to the low rates generated by the schedule of spaced responding. Perphenazine decreased rates on all three schedules in a dose-dependent fashion. All three psychomotor stimulants decreased food-maintained ratio responding at doses which had little effect on or increased rates of shock avoidance. Except for diethylpropion and d-amphetamine in one animal in which rates were increased, low rates of spaced responding were also decreased.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous cocaine, diethylpropion, d-amphetamine and perphenazine on responding maintained by food delivery and shock avoidance in rhesus monkeys. The effects of perphenazine, cocaine, diethylpropion and d-amphetamine on responding maintained by both food delivery and electric shock avoidance were determined using a multiple schedule of reinforcement in rhesus monkeys. This schedule had three components, each separated by a timeout: a fixed-ratio schedule of food delivery, a schedule of spaced responding (differential reinforcement of low rates) maintained by food delivery and a fixed-ratio schedule of shock avoidance. Control rates of responding on both ratio schedules were similar and were high relative to the low rates generated by the schedule of spaced responding. Perphenazine decreased rates on all three schedules in a dose-dependent fashion. All three psychomotor stimulants decreased food-maintained ratio responding at doses which had little effect on or increased rates of shock avoidance. Except for diethylpropion and d-amphetamine in one animal in which rates were increased, low rates of spaced responding were also decreased.", "PMID": 412947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6890", "title": "The effects of acute and chronic phencyclidine on schedule-controlled behavior in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "The effects of acute and chronic administration of phencyclidine (PCP) were examined in five male squirrel monkeys trained to respond on a chain fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedule of food presentation. Acute PCP (0.01-0.60) mg/kg i.m.) produced dose-related decreases in response rate during both components of the schedule. Both components were equally affected by the drug. The effects of the drug on fixed-interval response rate were dependent on the control rate of responding in corresponding segments of the interval. After the initial dose-response determination, the subjects were placed on an individualized regimen of chronic PCP administration lasting from 82 to 126 days, beginning with daily injections for 2 days alternating with saline injections for 2 days, progressing to four injections daily. No evidence of physical dependence was seen upon withdrawal of the drug. Redetermination of the dose-response function for PCP (0.03-1.0 mg/kg i.m.) demonstrated a nearly 2-fold shift to the right of both the fixed-interval and fixed-ratio dose-response curves, indicating tolerance. In addition, the subjects' behavior recovered sooner from a dose of PCP (0.60 mg/kg i.m.) given after the chronic regimen than from the same dose given before the chronic regimen. The results demonstrate that tolerance can occur to the behavioral effects of PCP in the squirrel monkey.", "contents": "The effects of acute and chronic phencyclidine on schedule-controlled behavior in the squirrel monkey. The effects of acute and chronic administration of phencyclidine (PCP) were examined in five male squirrel monkeys trained to respond on a chain fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedule of food presentation. Acute PCP (0.01-0.60) mg/kg i.m.) produced dose-related decreases in response rate during both components of the schedule. Both components were equally affected by the drug. The effects of the drug on fixed-interval response rate were dependent on the control rate of responding in corresponding segments of the interval. After the initial dose-response determination, the subjects were placed on an individualized regimen of chronic PCP administration lasting from 82 to 126 days, beginning with daily injections for 2 days alternating with saline injections for 2 days, progressing to four injections daily. No evidence of physical dependence was seen upon withdrawal of the drug. Redetermination of the dose-response function for PCP (0.03-1.0 mg/kg i.m.) demonstrated a nearly 2-fold shift to the right of both the fixed-interval and fixed-ratio dose-response curves, indicating tolerance. In addition, the subjects' behavior recovered sooner from a dose of PCP (0.60 mg/kg i.m.) given after the chronic regimen than from the same dose given before the chronic regimen. The results demonstrate that tolerance can occur to the behavioral effects of PCP in the squirrel monkey.", "PMID": 412949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6891", "title": "Conflict behavior in the squirrel monkey: effects of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam.", "content": "Dose-response profiles were determined for chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in a squirrel monkey punishment (conflict) procedure. The monkeys were trained to lever press under a food-maintained concurrent schedule consisting of an unpunished 6-minute variable interval (VI) schedule, and a 1.5-minute VI schedule, on which responses were punished intermittently (24 response variable ratio) with electric footshocks. The three benzodiazepines effectively increased responding that had been suppressed by punishment; they had inverted U-shaped dose-effect curves. The minimum effective doses for increasing punished responding were: diazepam less than or equal to 0.31 mg/kg p.o.; N-desmethyldiazepam = chlordiazepoxide = 0.62 mg/kg. As a model to assess potential antianxiety activity, this procedure possessed excellent sensitivity and reliability. The following observations were also made. 1) During initial training, as shock intensity was increased and punished responding became suppressed, some monkeys exhibited an increase in unpunished response rates. This may have represented \"positive behavioral contrast,\" but response rate changes were associated with changes in the amount of time the monkeys allocated to each schedule. 2) At certain dose levels, all three compounds exerted antipunishment effects 24 hours after administration. 3) As was reported previously for rats, when the monkeys had no previous drug experience (\"drug-naive\") they were more sensitive to the depressant effects of the benzodiazepines. With repeated administration, there was a reduction in this sedation and a concomitant increase in the antipunishment effect. This phenomenon was dose- and animal-dependent.", "contents": "Conflict behavior in the squirrel monkey: effects of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam. Dose-response profiles were determined for chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in a squirrel monkey punishment (conflict) procedure. The monkeys were trained to lever press under a food-maintained concurrent schedule consisting of an unpunished 6-minute variable interval (VI) schedule, and a 1.5-minute VI schedule, on which responses were punished intermittently (24 response variable ratio) with electric footshocks. The three benzodiazepines effectively increased responding that had been suppressed by punishment; they had inverted U-shaped dose-effect curves. The minimum effective doses for increasing punished responding were: diazepam less than or equal to 0.31 mg/kg p.o.; N-desmethyldiazepam = chlordiazepoxide = 0.62 mg/kg. As a model to assess potential antianxiety activity, this procedure possessed excellent sensitivity and reliability. The following observations were also made. 1) During initial training, as shock intensity was increased and punished responding became suppressed, some monkeys exhibited an increase in unpunished response rates. This may have represented \"positive behavioral contrast,\" but response rate changes were associated with changes in the amount of time the monkeys allocated to each schedule. 2) At certain dose levels, all three compounds exerted antipunishment effects 24 hours after administration. 3) As was reported previously for rats, when the monkeys had no previous drug experience (\"drug-naive\") they were more sensitive to the depressant effects of the benzodiazepines. With repeated administration, there was a reduction in this sedation and a concomitant increase in the antipunishment effect. This phenomenon was dose- and animal-dependent.", "PMID": 412950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6892", "title": "Fluxes and distribution of calcium in rat liver cells: kinetic analysis and identification of pools.", "content": "1. Fluxes and distribution of Ca were studied in the perfused rat liver. Kinetic analysis of (45)Ca exchange revealed three compartments with time constants of 4, 14 and 223 min, pool sizes of 250, 385 and 670 mumole.kg(-1) wet wt. respectively, and one non-exchangeable compartment of 400 mumole.kg(-1).2. (45)Ca uptake by in situ mitochondria followed, as a function of cell loading time, a mono-exponential function with a time constant of 16 min. This suggests that the second compartment may be identified as the intracellular pool of Ca. The calculated cell transmembrane flux of Ca was 28 mumole.kg(-1) min(-1) or 0.17 p-mole.cm(-2).sec(-1).3. The maximum (45)Ca uptake by in situ mitochondria was 2.3 n-mole.mg(-1) of protein which represents, on the basis of 50 mg of mitochondrial protein per g of fresh liver, 115 mumole.kg(-1) or 30% of the cytoplasmic pool. A pool of 10.8 n-mole.mg(-1) protein (or 540 mumole.kg(-1)) of non-exchangeable Ca (at steady state) was probably in the form of Ca phosphate precipitated in the mitochondrial matrix.4. Extracellular Ca pools were studied using competitor of Ca binding (La) or Ca chelators (EGTA). La displaced specifically a homogeneous pool of Ca (tau = 5.1 min) which represented a fraction (55 mumole.kg(-1)) of the rapidly exchangeable Ca (first compartment) without perturbing other external pools. On the other hand, EGTA displaced completely that compartment, and about 85% of the Ca of the third compartment. These results suggest that the first and the major fraction of the third compartments are extracellular. They account for 63% of total exchangeable Ca.5. A model of distribution and exchange of Ca in hepatocytes is proposed.", "contents": "Fluxes and distribution of calcium in rat liver cells: kinetic analysis and identification of pools. 1. Fluxes and distribution of Ca were studied in the perfused rat liver. Kinetic analysis of (45)Ca exchange revealed three compartments with time constants of 4, 14 and 223 min, pool sizes of 250, 385 and 670 mumole.kg(-1) wet wt. respectively, and one non-exchangeable compartment of 400 mumole.kg(-1).2. (45)Ca uptake by in situ mitochondria followed, as a function of cell loading time, a mono-exponential function with a time constant of 16 min. This suggests that the second compartment may be identified as the intracellular pool of Ca. The calculated cell transmembrane flux of Ca was 28 mumole.kg(-1) min(-1) or 0.17 p-mole.cm(-2).sec(-1).3. The maximum (45)Ca uptake by in situ mitochondria was 2.3 n-mole.mg(-1) of protein which represents, on the basis of 50 mg of mitochondrial protein per g of fresh liver, 115 mumole.kg(-1) or 30% of the cytoplasmic pool. A pool of 10.8 n-mole.mg(-1) protein (or 540 mumole.kg(-1)) of non-exchangeable Ca (at steady state) was probably in the form of Ca phosphate precipitated in the mitochondrial matrix.4. Extracellular Ca pools were studied using competitor of Ca binding (La) or Ca chelators (EGTA). La displaced specifically a homogeneous pool of Ca (tau = 5.1 min) which represented a fraction (55 mumole.kg(-1)) of the rapidly exchangeable Ca (first compartment) without perturbing other external pools. On the other hand, EGTA displaced completely that compartment, and about 85% of the Ca of the third compartment. These results suggest that the first and the major fraction of the third compartments are extracellular. They account for 63% of total exchangeable Ca.5. A model of distribution and exchange of Ca in hepatocytes is proposed.", "PMID": 412957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6893", "title": "Search for a natriuretic mechanism sensitive to sodium in the brain of the monkey.", "content": "1. The effects of hypertonic saline infusion into the third ventricle were investigated in ten monkeys which were pre-operated, trained, and used in the conscious state under controlled conditions. 2. In non-hydrated monkeys, intraventricular infusion of NaCl 1.0 M, 0.01 ml./min for 30 min did not affect urine volume or Na output but produced a small increase in urine osmolality. Comparable infusion of NaCl 0.15 M had no effect on any parameter. 3. In monkeys undergoing water diuresis (with i.v. infusion of 5% dextrose), intraventricular hypertonic saline produced large reciprocal changes in urine volume and osmolality while urine Na showed no significant change. The effects on urine volume and osmolality were greater than those of lysine-vasopressin 30 m-u./kg i.v. 4. The absence of natriuresis after intraventricular hypertonic saline infusion in the monkey was in notable contrast to the results reported in lower species. However, the data suggested that the infusion probably released ADH as in other species.", "contents": "Search for a natriuretic mechanism sensitive to sodium in the brain of the monkey. 1. The effects of hypertonic saline infusion into the third ventricle were investigated in ten monkeys which were pre-operated, trained, and used in the conscious state under controlled conditions. 2. In non-hydrated monkeys, intraventricular infusion of NaCl 1.0 M, 0.01 ml./min for 30 min did not affect urine volume or Na output but produced a small increase in urine osmolality. Comparable infusion of NaCl 0.15 M had no effect on any parameter. 3. In monkeys undergoing water diuresis (with i.v. infusion of 5% dextrose), intraventricular hypertonic saline produced large reciprocal changes in urine volume and osmolality while urine Na showed no significant change. The effects on urine volume and osmolality were greater than those of lysine-vasopressin 30 m-u./kg i.v. 4. The absence of natriuresis after intraventricular hypertonic saline infusion in the monkey was in notable contrast to the results reported in lower species. However, the data suggested that the infusion probably released ADH as in other species.", "PMID": 412958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6894", "title": "[Breakdown of the energy of a fixed 7 MeV electron bundle in the treatment of mycosis fungoides (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to treat patients with mycosis fungoides, the authors were led to breakdown the energy of a 7 MeV electron bundle emitted by a linear accelerator. With this aim, they sought to determine the nature, thickness and position of the decelerating which should be used to obtain adequate flow and energy of the electron bundle. They then explain the technique of total body irradiation of the patients, and in particular the way in which the functions of the bundle are effected. Finally, in order to diminish under-dosage in regions of the human body irradiated tangentially, they suggest the use of a perspex screen of variable thickness.", "contents": "[Breakdown of the energy of a fixed 7 MeV electron bundle in the treatment of mycosis fungoides (author's transl)]. In order to treat patients with mycosis fungoides, the authors were led to breakdown the energy of a 7 MeV electron bundle emitted by a linear accelerator. With this aim, they sought to determine the nature, thickness and position of the decelerating which should be used to obtain adequate flow and energy of the electron bundle. They then explain the technique of total body irradiation of the patients, and in particular the way in which the functions of the bundle are effected. Finally, in order to diminish under-dosage in regions of the human body irradiated tangentially, they suggest the use of a perspex screen of variable thickness.", "PMID": 412961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6895", "title": "[The value of routine in vivo measurements in radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors carried out routine measurements in vivo, and emphasise their value in radiotherapy. After reviewing the objectives of in vivo measurements in general, and showing the problems posed by routine measurements, they describe the technique of measurement using thermoluminescent dosimeters and the problems associated with their use in patients treated with the aid of a 5.5 MV linear accelerator. Results based upon 232 routine measurements made it possible to establish a correlation between the dose delivered and the expected dose. Under optimal functional conditions, almost all the deviations seen were less than 5% whilst higher deviations occurred when the apparatus showed signs of instability. They conclude that routine in vivo measurements are extremely useful in ensuring that planned treatment is carried out in a satisfactory manner and also in the early detection of potential faults in equipment.", "contents": "[The value of routine in vivo measurements in radiotherapy (author's transl)]. The authors carried out routine measurements in vivo, and emphasise their value in radiotherapy. After reviewing the objectives of in vivo measurements in general, and showing the problems posed by routine measurements, they describe the technique of measurement using thermoluminescent dosimeters and the problems associated with their use in patients treated with the aid of a 5.5 MV linear accelerator. Results based upon 232 routine measurements made it possible to establish a correlation between the dose delivered and the expected dose. Under optimal functional conditions, almost all the deviations seen were less than 5% whilst higher deviations occurred when the apparatus showed signs of instability. They conclude that routine in vivo measurements are extremely useful in ensuring that planned treatment is carried out in a satisfactory manner and also in the early detection of potential faults in equipment.", "PMID": 412962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6896", "title": "Antischistosomal effects of 5-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)hydantoin and related compounds.", "content": "5-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenyl)hydantoin and several analogues effected an 80-90% reduction of live schistosomes in infected mice at doses ranging from 265 to 329 mg/kg per day when administered orally in the diet for 14 days. The sodium salt of 5-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)hydantoin, when given by gavage to rhesus monkeys infected with Schistosoma mansoni at 200 mg/kg/day for 5 or 10 days, removed all but a few live worms with no evidence of intolerance.", "contents": "Antischistosomal effects of 5-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)hydantoin and related compounds. 5-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenyl)hydantoin and several analogues effected an 80-90% reduction of live schistosomes in infected mice at doses ranging from 265 to 329 mg/kg per day when administered orally in the diet for 14 days. The sodium salt of 5-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)hydantoin, when given by gavage to rhesus monkeys infected with Schistosoma mansoni at 200 mg/kg/day for 5 or 10 days, removed all but a few live worms with no evidence of intolerance.", "PMID": 412964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6897", "title": "Potential inhibitors of collagen biosynthesis. 5,5-Difluoro-DL-lysine and 5,5-dimethyl-DL-lysine and their activation by lysyl-tRNA ligase.", "content": "The synthesis of lysine analogues wherein blocking groups are substituted at position 5, the site of hydroxylation by peptidyl lysine hydroxylase, is described. Thus, 5,5-difluorolysine (1) and 5,5-dimethylysine (2) were synthesized via a four- and six-step sequence, respectively, starting from ketone precursors. The propensity for these lysine analogues to be incorporated into procollagen protein in vivo was assessed by their ability to stimulate the lysine-dependent ATP-PPi exchange reaction in the presence of lysyl-tRNA ligase in vitro. The difluoro analogue 1 stimulated exchange, but at a Km (1.3 X 10(-3) M) 1000 times greater than that for lysine itself. The dimethyl analogue 2 did not stimulate exchange, but at high concentrations was a competitive inhibitor of lysine, with an apparent Ki of 1.6 X 10(-2) M. Thus, electronegative and/or bulky substituents at the 5 position of lysine cannot be tolerated by lysyl-tRNA ligase, and this position must be kept free in lysine analogues specifically designed to block collagen biosynthesis.", "contents": "Potential inhibitors of collagen biosynthesis. 5,5-Difluoro-DL-lysine and 5,5-dimethyl-DL-lysine and their activation by lysyl-tRNA ligase. The synthesis of lysine analogues wherein blocking groups are substituted at position 5, the site of hydroxylation by peptidyl lysine hydroxylase, is described. Thus, 5,5-difluorolysine (1) and 5,5-dimethylysine (2) were synthesized via a four- and six-step sequence, respectively, starting from ketone precursors. The propensity for these lysine analogues to be incorporated into procollagen protein in vivo was assessed by their ability to stimulate the lysine-dependent ATP-PPi exchange reaction in the presence of lysyl-tRNA ligase in vitro. The difluoro analogue 1 stimulated exchange, but at a Km (1.3 X 10(-3) M) 1000 times greater than that for lysine itself. The dimethyl analogue 2 did not stimulate exchange, but at high concentrations was a competitive inhibitor of lysine, with an apparent Ki of 1.6 X 10(-2) M. Thus, electronegative and/or bulky substituents at the 5 position of lysine cannot be tolerated by lysyl-tRNA ligase, and this position must be kept free in lysine analogues specifically designed to block collagen biosynthesis.", "PMID": 412965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6898", "title": "Nitroimidazoles with antibacterial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Nitroimidazoles have been prepared which show interesting activity against the bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in addition to the activities usually shown by nitroimidazoles against protozoa and anaerobic bacteria. The compounds were prepared by alkylation of 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole, followed by nitration. Optimum activity occurs with a 5-nitro group and a free carboxyl at the end of the group attached to the sulfur. The linkage between the sulfur atom and the carboxyl group can be alkylene or phenoxyalkylene. These compounds have only weak activity against other aerobic or facultative bacteria.", "contents": "Nitroimidazoles with antibacterial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Nitroimidazoles have been prepared which show interesting activity against the bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in addition to the activities usually shown by nitroimidazoles against protozoa and anaerobic bacteria. The compounds were prepared by alkylation of 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole, followed by nitration. Optimum activity occurs with a 5-nitro group and a free carboxyl at the end of the group attached to the sulfur. The linkage between the sulfur atom and the carboxyl group can be alkylene or phenoxyalkylene. These compounds have only weak activity against other aerobic or facultative bacteria.", "PMID": 412966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6899", "title": "Modifications of primiaquine as antimalarials. 2. 5-Phenylthio and 5-anilino derivatives of primaquine.", "content": "A number of 5-phenylthio and 5-anilino derivatives of primaquine have been prepared which are less toxic but less active than primaquine itself in murine and monkey antimalarial screens. It is apparent that the toxicity of primaquine can be diminished by introduction at position 5 of phenylthio, anilino, or phenoxy groups. However, the best hope for concomitant retention of high activity would seem to reside with the phenoxy moieties.", "contents": "Modifications of primiaquine as antimalarials. 2. 5-Phenylthio and 5-anilino derivatives of primaquine. A number of 5-phenylthio and 5-anilino derivatives of primaquine have been prepared which are less toxic but less active than primaquine itself in murine and monkey antimalarial screens. It is apparent that the toxicity of primaquine can be diminished by introduction at position 5 of phenylthio, anilino, or phenoxy groups. However, the best hope for concomitant retention of high activity would seem to reside with the phenoxy moieties.", "PMID": 412967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6900", "title": "Structure-activity relationships of dimeric Catharanthus alkaloids. 1. Deacetylvinblastine amide (vindesine) sulfate.", "content": "Exploration of the effects of \"minor\" structural differences on the antitumor activity and toxicity of dimeric Catharanthus alkaloids resulted in the preparation of deacetylvinblastine amide (vindesine, VDS) from either vinblastine (VLB) or deacetylvinblastine. Adequate amounts of vindesine for biological testing were prepared by preferential hydrazinolysis of the C23-ester in the vindoline moiety of VLB, followed by hydrogenolysis of the resulting deacetylvinblastine hydrazide. Vindesine in its activity spectrum against rodent tumor systems resembles vincristine (VCR) rather than its parent VLB, while its neurotoxic potential appears to be less than that of VCR. The experimental models developed to estimate this potential include in vitro measurements of axoplasmic transport effects in the cat sciatic nerve and the estimation of neuromuscular disturbances in chickens and monkeys by vindesine in comparison with VCR. A radioimmunoassay for VLB, VCR, and VDS, developed by means of deacetylvinblastine acid azide, has been used to study the pharmacokinetics of vindesine in man. The clinical investigation of vindesine is in progress. Deacetylvinblastine, in contrast to earlier reports, showed activity against several murine tumor systems.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships of dimeric Catharanthus alkaloids. 1. Deacetylvinblastine amide (vindesine) sulfate. Exploration of the effects of \"minor\" structural differences on the antitumor activity and toxicity of dimeric Catharanthus alkaloids resulted in the preparation of deacetylvinblastine amide (vindesine, VDS) from either vinblastine (VLB) or deacetylvinblastine. Adequate amounts of vindesine for biological testing were prepared by preferential hydrazinolysis of the C23-ester in the vindoline moiety of VLB, followed by hydrogenolysis of the resulting deacetylvinblastine hydrazide. Vindesine in its activity spectrum against rodent tumor systems resembles vincristine (VCR) rather than its parent VLB, while its neurotoxic potential appears to be less than that of VCR. The experimental models developed to estimate this potential include in vitro measurements of axoplasmic transport effects in the cat sciatic nerve and the estimation of neuromuscular disturbances in chickens and monkeys by vindesine in comparison with VCR. A radioimmunoassay for VLB, VCR, and VDS, developed by means of deacetylvinblastine acid azide, has been used to study the pharmacokinetics of vindesine in man. The clinical investigation of vindesine is in progress. Deacetylvinblastine, in contrast to earlier reports, showed activity against several murine tumor systems.", "PMID": 412968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6901", "title": "Variant of iduronidase deficient mucopolysaccharidoses: further evidence for genetic heterogeneity.", "content": "An alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency syndrome has been described in adult male twins, which was phenotypically distinct from that of the Hurler and Scheie syndromes or the chondroitinsulphaturias. Multiple dysostosis and stiff joints were present without cloudy corneae, cardiac involvement and mental or physical retardation. This clinical phenotype appeared to be a newly recognized allelic mutation at the iduronidase locus but does not exclude a non-allelic mutation coding for a subunit of the iduronidase molecule.", "contents": "Variant of iduronidase deficient mucopolysaccharidoses: further evidence for genetic heterogeneity. An alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency syndrome has been described in adult male twins, which was phenotypically distinct from that of the Hurler and Scheie syndromes or the chondroitinsulphaturias. Multiple dysostosis and stiff joints were present without cloudy corneae, cardiac involvement and mental or physical retardation. This clinical phenotype appeared to be a newly recognized allelic mutation at the iduronidase locus but does not exclude a non-allelic mutation coding for a subunit of the iduronidase molecule.", "PMID": 412969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6902", "title": "Antigenic similarities to HCG subunits among chorionic gonadotropins of nonhuman primates.", "content": "Comparison of antigenic similarity between human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) subunits and the chorionic gonadotropins of six species of nonhuman primates indicates marked similarity of antigenic determinants between both subunits of HCG and the chorionic gonadotropins of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. Antisera to HCG subunits (alpha or beta) did not cross-react with the chorionic gonadotropins of baboons, macaques, or marmosets. Because of the relative availability of chimpanzees for laboratory studies, we suggest that chimpanzees may be the optimal nonhuman primate model for determining the advisability of vaccinations in man using conjugates of HCG fragments to achieve fertility control or for suppression of HCG-producing neoplasms.", "contents": "Antigenic similarities to HCG subunits among chorionic gonadotropins of nonhuman primates. Comparison of antigenic similarity between human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) subunits and the chorionic gonadotropins of six species of nonhuman primates indicates marked similarity of antigenic determinants between both subunits of HCG and the chorionic gonadotropins of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. Antisera to HCG subunits (alpha or beta) did not cross-react with the chorionic gonadotropins of baboons, macaques, or marmosets. Because of the relative availability of chimpanzees for laboratory studies, we suggest that chimpanzees may be the optimal nonhuman primate model for determining the advisability of vaccinations in man using conjugates of HCG fragments to achieve fertility control or for suppression of HCG-producing neoplasms.", "PMID": 412970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6903", "title": "Blood groups of the mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata).", "content": "Fifty-two howler monkeys were tested for their human-type A-B-O blood groups. All were group B, as shown by the presence of B and H in their saliva, and anti-A in serum. The B-like agglutinogen of their red cells is common to all New World monkey species tested, and is of different origin and significance than their true A-B-O blood group. Differences among the B-like agglutinogens of the red cells of howler monkeys, marmosets, rabbits and humans group B were demonstrated, and limited tests have also been performed to study the biochemical basis of the anti-B reactions.", "contents": "Blood groups of the mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata). Fifty-two howler monkeys were tested for their human-type A-B-O blood groups. All were group B, as shown by the presence of B and H in their saliva, and anti-A in serum. The B-like agglutinogen of their red cells is common to all New World monkey species tested, and is of different origin and significance than their true A-B-O blood group. Differences among the B-like agglutinogens of the red cells of howler monkeys, marmosets, rabbits and humans group B were demonstrated, and limited tests have also been performed to study the biochemical basis of the anti-B reactions.", "PMID": 412971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6904", "title": "The unique kidney of the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi).", "content": "Among nonhuman primates, the renal anatomy of the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) is unique, as it is multipyramidal and multipapillary. Renal function parameters (glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, and concentrating ability) are compared to man and other primates. The kidneys of the spider monkey are similar both anatomically and functionally to man.", "contents": "The unique kidney of the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). Among nonhuman primates, the renal anatomy of the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) is unique, as it is multipyramidal and multipapillary. Renal function parameters (glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, and concentrating ability) are compared to man and other primates. The kidneys of the spider monkey are similar both anatomically and functionally to man.", "PMID": 412972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6905", "title": "Cholelithiasis in a male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) fed a cholesterol-containing diet.", "content": "In this report we describe the development of cholelithiasis in a male rhesus monkey fed a cholesterol-containing diet for 24 months. This represents the only case of cholelithiasis in this species of nonhuman primate that we have observed out of a population of over 500 rhesus monkeys fed similar cholesterol-containing diets. Associated with the appearance of gallstones was the production of bile saturated with cholesterol, and the excretion of bile with an abnormal bile acid composition.", "contents": "Cholelithiasis in a male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) fed a cholesterol-containing diet. In this report we describe the development of cholelithiasis in a male rhesus monkey fed a cholesterol-containing diet for 24 months. This represents the only case of cholelithiasis in this species of nonhuman primate that we have observed out of a population of over 500 rhesus monkeys fed similar cholesterol-containing diets. Associated with the appearance of gallstones was the production of bile saturated with cholesterol, and the excretion of bile with an abnormal bile acid composition.", "PMID": 412973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6906", "title": "Gastric secretion with feeding and restraint in conscious rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Four chair-housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were surgically prepared with vagally-innervated fundic gastric pouches. As in man, basal acid secretion was evident in all subjects. In response to a test meal, acid output rose twofold over basal values and remained elevated up to 6 h. Compared to control values, food-stimulated acid output was reduced significantly during periods of restraint.", "contents": "Gastric secretion with feeding and restraint in conscious rhesus monkeys. Four chair-housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were surgically prepared with vagally-innervated fundic gastric pouches. As in man, basal acid secretion was evident in all subjects. In response to a test meal, acid output rose twofold over basal values and remained elevated up to 6 h. Compared to control values, food-stimulated acid output was reduced significantly during periods of restraint.", "PMID": 412974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6907", "title": "Malignant lymphoma in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "A juvenile male Saimiri sciureus died of a tumor diagnosed as a histiocytic type of malignant lymphoma. The neoplasm presented as a thoracic mass occupying the posterior mediastinum and infiltrating the contiguous structures without involving distant nodes, the liver or spleen. The tumor tissue consisted of sheets or poorly defined clusters of fairly large cells with a vesicular nucleus and a variably abundant cytoplasm. The tumor cells were laid out in a poorly developed stroma of fine argyrophilic fibers. This is the first report of a spontaneous malignant lymphoma in a primate of this species. The speculation is put forth that the reported tumor is probably the first known example of the long sought after correlate of squirrel monkeys to Burkitt lymphoma in man.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). A juvenile male Saimiri sciureus died of a tumor diagnosed as a histiocytic type of malignant lymphoma. The neoplasm presented as a thoracic mass occupying the posterior mediastinum and infiltrating the contiguous structures without involving distant nodes, the liver or spleen. The tumor tissue consisted of sheets or poorly defined clusters of fairly large cells with a vesicular nucleus and a variably abundant cytoplasm. The tumor cells were laid out in a poorly developed stroma of fine argyrophilic fibers. This is the first report of a spontaneous malignant lymphoma in a primate of this species. The speculation is put forth that the reported tumor is probably the first known example of the long sought after correlate of squirrel monkeys to Burkitt lymphoma in man.", "PMID": 412975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6908", "title": "Mutagenicity of the triazine herbicides atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Assays for dominant lethal mutations, sex-linked recessive lethal mutations, and chromosomal breakage, nondisjunction and loss were performed on Drosophila melanogaster males treated by injection or by larval feeding of the herbicides atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), cyanazine [2-chloro-4-(1-cyano-1-methylethylamino)-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine], or simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine]. The three herbicides significantly increased the rate of apparent dominant lethals, but this reduction in egg hatch was probably due to physiologic toxicity to sperm. Atrazine significantly increased X-linked recessive lethals and X or Y loss after treatment by larval feeding. Injection of simazine elevated X-linked lethals, whereas treatment by larval feeding did not. None of these herbicides significantly increased partial loss of the Y chromosome nor sex chromosome nondisjunction. Much larger experiments are needed to determine with confidence the mutagenic potential of these herbicides.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of the triazine herbicides atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine in Drosophila melanogaster. Assays for dominant lethal mutations, sex-linked recessive lethal mutations, and chromosomal breakage, nondisjunction and loss were performed on Drosophila melanogaster males treated by injection or by larval feeding of the herbicides atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), cyanazine [2-chloro-4-(1-cyano-1-methylethylamino)-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine], or simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine]. The three herbicides significantly increased the rate of apparent dominant lethals, but this reduction in egg hatch was probably due to physiologic toxicity to sperm. Atrazine significantly increased X-linked recessive lethals and X or Y loss after treatment by larval feeding. Injection of simazine elevated X-linked lethals, whereas treatment by larval feeding did not. None of these herbicides significantly increased partial loss of the Y chromosome nor sex chromosome nondisjunction. Much larger experiments are needed to determine with confidence the mutagenic potential of these herbicides.", "PMID": 412980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6909", "title": "Calcifying and osteoblastic tumors of the paranasal sinuses.", "content": "Calcifying and osteoblastic tumors of the paranasal sinuses comprise a large group of diseases, each characterized, however, by their own distinct pathologic features and correlated radiologic findings. The basic radiologic signs of such lesions comprise calcification, bone formation, and reactive bony sclerosis. It is the purpose of this presentation to define the radiologic signs which allow for appropriate diagnosis. These disorders are divided into three groups: calcifying and osteoblastic lesions simulating tumors, benign calcifying and osteoblastic tumors, and malignant calcifying and osteoblastic tumors.", "contents": "Calcifying and osteoblastic tumors of the paranasal sinuses. Calcifying and osteoblastic tumors of the paranasal sinuses comprise a large group of diseases, each characterized, however, by their own distinct pathologic features and correlated radiologic findings. The basic radiologic signs of such lesions comprise calcification, bone formation, and reactive bony sclerosis. It is the purpose of this presentation to define the radiologic signs which allow for appropriate diagnosis. These disorders are divided into three groups: calcifying and osteoblastic lesions simulating tumors, benign calcifying and osteoblastic tumors, and malignant calcifying and osteoblastic tumors.", "PMID": 412981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6910", "title": "Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors in Bartter's syndrome. Effect on immunoreactive prostaglandin E excretion.", "content": "Urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E (iPGE) was measurably increased in five of seven patients with Bartter's syndrome. The effects of indomethacin were compared with those of either aspirin or ibuprofen in four patients. Indomethacin produced notably greater suppression of urinary iPGE, greater sodium and potassium retention, greater increases in serum potassium, and decreases in plasma renin activity and in creatinine clearance than the other inhibitors. This demonstration that there is a close correlation between the suppression of urinary iPGE excretion and the extent of correction of the clinical abnormalities in Bartter's syndrome, regardless of the chemical structure of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, is further evidence for the importance of prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "contents": "Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors in Bartter's syndrome. Effect on immunoreactive prostaglandin E excretion. Urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E (iPGE) was measurably increased in five of seven patients with Bartter's syndrome. The effects of indomethacin were compared with those of either aspirin or ibuprofen in four patients. Indomethacin produced notably greater suppression of urinary iPGE, greater sodium and potassium retention, greater increases in serum potassium, and decreases in plasma renin activity and in creatinine clearance than the other inhibitors. This demonstration that there is a close correlation between the suppression of urinary iPGE excretion and the extent of correction of the clinical abnormalities in Bartter's syndrome, regardless of the chemical structure of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, is further evidence for the importance of prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.", "PMID": 412983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6911", "title": "Effect of PCB (polychlorobiphenyls) on on L-ascorbic acid, pyridoxal phosphate and riboflavin contents in various organs and on hepatic metabolism of L-ascorbic acid in the rat.", "content": "Effects of continuous oral administration of PCB (polychlorobiphenyls, 10-100 mg/kg/day, 4 weeks) on tissue levels of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C), pyridoxal phosphate and riboflavin (vitamin B2) in various organs and on hepatic metabolism of L-ascorbic acid were examined in male Wistar rats weighing 150-250 g. Riboflavin contents in the liver, kidney, brain, heart and testis were not altered by PCB treatments, whereas the hepatic level of pyridoxal phosphate, a biologically active form of vitamin B6, was significantly reduced by PCB administration. Under the same experimental conditions, L-ascorbic acid contents in the liver, kidney, lung and testis showed a significant increase. Histochemical studied revealed that in the adrenal gland, increase of L-ascorbic acid was localized in the fasciculate and reticular zones of cortex, respectively. It was found that increase of L-ascorbic acid in the liver is caused predominantly by activation of biosynthesis at the steps of galactose to D-glucuronic acid and is not due to changes in the catabolic processes of L-ascorbic acid per se. Possible significance of these changes in tissue levels and/or metabolism of vitamins in the occurrence of PCB intoxication is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Effect of PCB (polychlorobiphenyls) on on L-ascorbic acid, pyridoxal phosphate and riboflavin contents in various organs and on hepatic metabolism of L-ascorbic acid in the rat. Effects of continuous oral administration of PCB (polychlorobiphenyls, 10-100 mg/kg/day, 4 weeks) on tissue levels of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C), pyridoxal phosphate and riboflavin (vitamin B2) in various organs and on hepatic metabolism of L-ascorbic acid were examined in male Wistar rats weighing 150-250 g. Riboflavin contents in the liver, kidney, brain, heart and testis were not altered by PCB treatments, whereas the hepatic level of pyridoxal phosphate, a biologically active form of vitamin B6, was significantly reduced by PCB administration. Under the same experimental conditions, L-ascorbic acid contents in the liver, kidney, lung and testis showed a significant increase. Histochemical studied revealed that in the adrenal gland, increase of L-ascorbic acid was localized in the fasciculate and reticular zones of cortex, respectively. It was found that increase of L-ascorbic acid in the liver is caused predominantly by activation of biosynthesis at the steps of galactose to D-glucuronic acid and is not due to changes in the catabolic processes of L-ascorbic acid per se. Possible significance of these changes in tissue levels and/or metabolism of vitamins in the occurrence of PCB intoxication is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 412990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6912", "title": "[Norrie syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The Norrie syndrome, an x-chromosomal linked, recessive genetic disease, is described using ophthalmologic and genetic examinations of a family in three generations. The main symptom of this syndrome is retinal detachment with hemorrhages, which generally leads to blindness in early childhood. In addition to this, in 25--35% of the cases mental retardation and hearing problems are found. Special significance is to be attached to the differential diagnosis of this syndrome because the vascular proliferation on the retina is a non-specific, secondary reaction in children, which also occurs symptomatically in several other diseases.", "contents": "[Norrie syndrome (author's transl)]. The Norrie syndrome, an x-chromosomal linked, recessive genetic disease, is described using ophthalmologic and genetic examinations of a family in three generations. The main symptom of this syndrome is retinal detachment with hemorrhages, which generally leads to blindness in early childhood. In addition to this, in 25--35% of the cases mental retardation and hearing problems are found. Special significance is to be attached to the differential diagnosis of this syndrome because the vascular proliferation on the retina is a non-specific, secondary reaction in children, which also occurs symptomatically in several other diseases.", "PMID": 412993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6913", "title": "[Epithel regeneration inhibition in the treatment of Trifluorothymidin (F3TDR) (author's transl)].", "content": "After well-defined chemical and mechanical removal of the corneal epithelium from 38 rabbit eyes 19 right eyes were treated with F3TDR (Trifluorothymidine) 6 times daily, whereas the 19 left eyes were with physiologic NaCl-solution 6 times daily. The epithelial regeneration was compared with the contralateral controll-eye. No significant difference was found between both eye-series. The short-timed high dosage of F3TDR seems to have no delaying effect on epithelial regeneration.", "contents": "[Epithel regeneration inhibition in the treatment of Trifluorothymidin (F3TDR) (author's transl)]. After well-defined chemical and mechanical removal of the corneal epithelium from 38 rabbit eyes 19 right eyes were treated with F3TDR (Trifluorothymidine) 6 times daily, whereas the 19 left eyes were with physiologic NaCl-solution 6 times daily. The epithelial regeneration was compared with the contralateral controll-eye. No significant difference was found between both eye-series. The short-timed high dosage of F3TDR seems to have no delaying effect on epithelial regeneration.", "PMID": 412994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6914", "title": "[Hospital infections from a bacteriological viewpoint].", "content": "In spite of the successful treatment of bacteriological infections combined with progress in hospital hygiene there remain still problems of infective hospitalism in certain sections of the hospital. Generally, the causative bacteria are nosoparasites not being dangerous to human beings in good condition. From this point of view Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens are the most important species. A successful challenge against infective hospitalism is only possible under the supervision of the bacteriologist. It is his task to isolate and differentiate the bacteria and to carry out the sensitivity tests against antibiotics. Besides this, he has to treat epidemiological and hygienic problems. Special kinds of methods sometimes have to be used to find out the sources and the routes of spreading of the infections in a hospital e.g. bacteriophage typing, bacteriocin typing and analysis of the antigenic structure. Likewise, the transmission of bacteria by air has to be studied and continuous controlling measures and monitoring are required. The bacteriologist is also responsible for preparing hygiene instructions. There always has to exist a good cooperation between the bacteriologist, the clinical doctors, the nurses and the technical staff. The whole problem can only be handled by special teams.", "contents": "[Hospital infections from a bacteriological viewpoint]. In spite of the successful treatment of bacteriological infections combined with progress in hospital hygiene there remain still problems of infective hospitalism in certain sections of the hospital. Generally, the causative bacteria are nosoparasites not being dangerous to human beings in good condition. From this point of view Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens are the most important species. A successful challenge against infective hospitalism is only possible under the supervision of the bacteriologist. It is his task to isolate and differentiate the bacteria and to carry out the sensitivity tests against antibiotics. Besides this, he has to treat epidemiological and hygienic problems. Special kinds of methods sometimes have to be used to find out the sources and the routes of spreading of the infections in a hospital e.g. bacteriophage typing, bacteriocin typing and analysis of the antigenic structure. Likewise, the transmission of bacteria by air has to be studied and continuous controlling measures and monitoring are required. The bacteriologist is also responsible for preparing hygiene instructions. There always has to exist a good cooperation between the bacteriologist, the clinical doctors, the nurses and the technical staff. The whole problem can only be handled by special teams.", "PMID": 412996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6915", "title": "[Comparative studies during postoperative infusion of glucose or a combination of glucose, fructose and xylitol over five days (author's transl)].", "content": "Two groups of 12 cholecystectomized or vagotomized patients were given central venous infusions of either a combination of glucose, fructose and xylitol at the ratio of 1:2:1 or of glucose alone for 5 days. The dose was increased stepwise from 1.43 g/kg/h on operation day up to 7.14 g/kg/24 h on the fourth day after surgery, which equals 100-500 g/24 h for the average 70 kg patient. On both infusion regimens mean blood glucose values ranged from 98-124 mg/100 ml. Urinary losses of infused substrates amounted to 0.2-0.8 g/24 during glucose infusion and to 2.22-13.4 g/24 h during infusions of the carbohydrate combination. Regarding mean blood or serum values of lactate, pyruvate, uric acid, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, insulin and free fatty acids, no significant differences were found between the two types of carbohydrate infusion. Side effects were not observed. The results obtained allow conclusion that in clinical situations with moderate stress, such as the selective operations mentioned above, the combination of glucose, fructose and xylitol studied offers no advantage over glucose alone. However, in severely ill patients presenting with more pronounced glucose intolerance, further studies with sugar substitutes are warranted.", "contents": "[Comparative studies during postoperative infusion of glucose or a combination of glucose, fructose and xylitol over five days (author's transl)]. Two groups of 12 cholecystectomized or vagotomized patients were given central venous infusions of either a combination of glucose, fructose and xylitol at the ratio of 1:2:1 or of glucose alone for 5 days. The dose was increased stepwise from 1.43 g/kg/h on operation day up to 7.14 g/kg/24 h on the fourth day after surgery, which equals 100-500 g/24 h for the average 70 kg patient. On both infusion regimens mean blood glucose values ranged from 98-124 mg/100 ml. Urinary losses of infused substrates amounted to 0.2-0.8 g/24 during glucose infusion and to 2.22-13.4 g/24 h during infusions of the carbohydrate combination. Regarding mean blood or serum values of lactate, pyruvate, uric acid, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, insulin and free fatty acids, no significant differences were found between the two types of carbohydrate infusion. Side effects were not observed. The results obtained allow conclusion that in clinical situations with moderate stress, such as the selective operations mentioned above, the combination of glucose, fructose and xylitol studied offers no advantage over glucose alone. However, in severely ill patients presenting with more pronounced glucose intolerance, further studies with sugar substitutes are warranted.", "PMID": 412995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6916", "title": "The reproductive cycle of the capuchin (Cebus apella).", "content": "Six, mature female capuchins, Cebus apella, were used to study occurrence of bleeding, the length and phases of the menstrual cycle, and the gestation period. During a 3-month period the menstrual cycle was determined to be 21 days, including an average of 4 days in which bleeding was detectable. It was found that only proestrus and estrus could be reliably identified during the menstrual cycle by the use of vaginal smears. Each female was housed with a male for a sufficient time to allow insemination. Four became pregnant. Three had term pregnancies and one aborted. The other two remained barren. The average gestation period for the three normal pregnancies was 153 days.", "contents": "The reproductive cycle of the capuchin (Cebus apella). Six, mature female capuchins, Cebus apella, were used to study occurrence of bleeding, the length and phases of the menstrual cycle, and the gestation period. During a 3-month period the menstrual cycle was determined to be 21 days, including an average of 4 days in which bleeding was detectable. It was found that only proestrus and estrus could be reliably identified during the menstrual cycle by the use of vaginal smears. Each female was housed with a male for a sufficient time to allow insemination. Four became pregnant. Three had term pregnancies and one aborted. The other two remained barren. The average gestation period for the three normal pregnancies was 153 days.", "PMID": 412999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6917", "title": "Oxygen consumption and thyroid function in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "Thyroidal accumulation of 125I and the biological half-life of 131I-thyroxine were determined in the squirrel monkey. Oxygen consumption and the respiratory quotient were also measured. A peak uptake of 131I by the thyroid of 45.3% of the injected isotope occurred 4 hours after administration of the radioisotope. The biological half-life of the 131I-thyroxine was 22-24 hours. Oxygen consumption was 1.02 cm3 O2/g/hour and the respiratory quotient was 0.82. It was concluded that the squirrel monkey is hypermetabolic when compared with other laboratory animals of the same size.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption and thyroid function in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Thyroidal accumulation of 125I and the biological half-life of 131I-thyroxine were determined in the squirrel monkey. Oxygen consumption and the respiratory quotient were also measured. A peak uptake of 131I by the thyroid of 45.3% of the injected isotope occurred 4 hours after administration of the radioisotope. The biological half-life of the 131I-thyroxine was 22-24 hours. Oxygen consumption was 1.02 cm3 O2/g/hour and the respiratory quotient was 0.82. It was concluded that the squirrel monkey is hypermetabolic when compared with other laboratory animals of the same size.", "PMID": 413000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6918", "title": "Disseminated cryptococcosis in a patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas).", "content": "Cryptococcosis was diagnosed in an adult male patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) 9 months after importation. The disease was characterized by an open lesion on the buttock and epileptiform seizures. Diagnosis was confirmed through immunologic identification of the organism in serum and cerebrospinal fluid and by mycologic procedures performed on the cultured organism. The monkey was killed and cryptococcal organisms were found in the lung, brain, subcutaneous lesions, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, and spinal cord. Retrospective analysis of stored serum indicated that the monkey was infected at the time of importation.", "contents": "Disseminated cryptococcosis in a patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas). Cryptococcosis was diagnosed in an adult male patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) 9 months after importation. The disease was characterized by an open lesion on the buttock and epileptiform seizures. Diagnosis was confirmed through immunologic identification of the organism in serum and cerebrospinal fluid and by mycologic procedures performed on the cultured organism. The monkey was killed and cryptococcal organisms were found in the lung, brain, subcutaneous lesions, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, and spinal cord. Retrospective analysis of stored serum indicated that the monkey was infected at the time of importation.", "PMID": 413001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6919", "title": "The duration of gestation in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "A restricted mating period was used to determine the duration of gestation in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) of Colombian-Brazilian origin. Ten pregnancies were observed. The length of the gestation period was found to range from 141 to 154 days with a mean of 146.9 +/- 3.28 SD, a median of 146.5, and a modal length of 146.", "contents": "The duration of gestation in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). A restricted mating period was used to determine the duration of gestation in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) of Colombian-Brazilian origin. Ten pregnancies were observed. The length of the gestation period was found to range from 141 to 154 days with a mean of 146.9 +/- 3.28 SD, a median of 146.5, and a modal length of 146.", "PMID": 413002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6920", "title": "The olive babbon (Papio anubis) as an animal model for research in affective disorders of man.", "content": "Efforts were made to develop an animal model for studies of the role of biogenic amines in a group of human \"mood\" diseases including mania and depression. Subadult, male olive baboons (Papio anubis), both normal and psychologically disturbed individuals, were anesthetized and administered 18O-enriched air for 60-130 minutes. Afterwards blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid were collected every hour, for 10 hours. The samples were subsequently fragmentographically analyzed for labelled metabolites of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. The results showed that significant incorporation of 18O was found in all metabolities studied, with a peak after about 4 hours. The effect of chlorpromazine injection on 18o-incorporation was also measured. It was found that chlorpromazine caused a faster rise in labelling and indicated the stimulation of dopamine turnover in the brain. The usefulness of the animal model and the in vivo labelling technique for biogenic amine determination in the brain was demonstrated by the fact that the technique was subsequently used in human patients with neurologic disease.", "contents": "The olive babbon (Papio anubis) as an animal model for research in affective disorders of man. Efforts were made to develop an animal model for studies of the role of biogenic amines in a group of human \"mood\" diseases including mania and depression. Subadult, male olive baboons (Papio anubis), both normal and psychologically disturbed individuals, were anesthetized and administered 18O-enriched air for 60-130 minutes. Afterwards blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid were collected every hour, for 10 hours. The samples were subsequently fragmentographically analyzed for labelled metabolites of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. The results showed that significant incorporation of 18O was found in all metabolities studied, with a peak after about 4 hours. The effect of chlorpromazine injection on 18o-incorporation was also measured. It was found that chlorpromazine caused a faster rise in labelling and indicated the stimulation of dopamine turnover in the brain. The usefulness of the animal model and the in vivo labelling technique for biogenic amine determination in the brain was demonstrated by the fact that the technique was subsequently used in human patients with neurologic disease.", "PMID": 413003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6921", "title": "The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) as a model for ethological research.", "content": "The uses and advantages of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) as an animal model for ethological research were examined. It was found that this species had advantages over Old World primates for work on social behavior as a nearer approximation to the group structure occurring in natural conditions could be obtained in the laboratory. The small size of the common marmoset also made it easier to handle and cheaper to maintain. The adult female gave birth at five-month intervals and usually reared twin offspring. This, and the short generation time, made it an ideal model for mother-infant behavioral studies. The common marmoset was also shown to be a useful model for studies of social play, especially for categorizing the changes in playful behavior with age, and the relationship of the patterns seen in play to other behaviors. It was also suggested that it may be an ideal model for experimental studies of play. Other suggested uses included studies of the relationship of food supply and feeding habits to territory size and group structure, and of the advantages to elder offspring of helping to rear younger siblings. As a result of these observations the common marmoset was considered to have great potential as a model for ethological research, both in its natural habitat and in the laboratory.", "contents": "The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) as a model for ethological research. The uses and advantages of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) as an animal model for ethological research were examined. It was found that this species had advantages over Old World primates for work on social behavior as a nearer approximation to the group structure occurring in natural conditions could be obtained in the laboratory. The small size of the common marmoset also made it easier to handle and cheaper to maintain. The adult female gave birth at five-month intervals and usually reared twin offspring. This, and the short generation time, made it an ideal model for mother-infant behavioral studies. The common marmoset was also shown to be a useful model for studies of social play, especially for categorizing the changes in playful behavior with age, and the relationship of the patterns seen in play to other behaviors. It was also suggested that it may be an ideal model for experimental studies of play. Other suggested uses included studies of the relationship of food supply and feeding habits to territory size and group structure, and of the advantages to elder offspring of helping to rear younger siblings. As a result of these observations the common marmoset was considered to have great potential as a model for ethological research, both in its natural habitat and in the laboratory.", "PMID": 413004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6922", "title": "Plantar ulcers with osteomyelitis underneath. A bacteriological study.", "content": "39 consecutive cases of plantar ulcers with underlying chronic osteomyelitis admitted in the Sacred Heart Hospital during 1975/1976 were studied for the infecting organisms and their sensitivity to easily available antibiotics. Single organism was iasolated in only 10 cases, the infection in the rest being a mixed one. The commonest organisms were Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Proteus mirabilis. In a few cases Pseudomonas and E-Coli were also isolated. Chloramphenicol was the most effective antibiotic in general and Streptomycin the least. 70% of the staphylococcus strains isolated were found to be resistant to Penicillin. Empirical use of antibiotics especially Penicillin and Streptomycin is hence deprecated.", "contents": "Plantar ulcers with osteomyelitis underneath. A bacteriological study. 39 consecutive cases of plantar ulcers with underlying chronic osteomyelitis admitted in the Sacred Heart Hospital during 1975/1976 were studied for the infecting organisms and their sensitivity to easily available antibiotics. Single organism was iasolated in only 10 cases, the infection in the rest being a mixed one. The commonest organisms were Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Proteus mirabilis. In a few cases Pseudomonas and E-Coli were also isolated. Chloramphenicol was the most effective antibiotic in general and Streptomycin the least. 70% of the staphylococcus strains isolated were found to be resistant to Penicillin. Empirical use of antibiotics especially Penicillin and Streptomycin is hence deprecated.", "PMID": 413005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6923", "title": "High-affinity phlorizin binding to brush border membranes from small intestine: identity with (a part of) the glucose transport system, dependence on Na +-gradient, partial purification.", "content": "In the presence of an NaSCN gradient phlorizin binds with a high affinity (Kd similar or equal to 4.7 micron) to vesicles derived from brush border membranes of intestinal cells of rabbits. The value for Kd corresponds closely to that of Ki determined from phlorizin inhibition of sugar transport. The apparent affinity for phlorizin is decreased if NaCl is substituted for NaSCN and decreased substantially if the gradient of NaSCN is allowed to dissipate prior to the phlorizin binding. The number of high affinity binding sites is about 11 pmol/mg protein. Additional binding to low affinity sites can amount to as much as 600 pmol/mg protein after prolonged exposure to phlorizin (5 min.). The high affinity sites are related to glucose transport based on the similarity of the Kd and Ki values under a variety of conditions and on the inhibition of the binding by D-glucose but not by D-fructose. The transport system and the high affinity phlorizin binding sites can be enriched by a factor of 2-3 by treatment of vesicles with papain, which does not affect the transport system, but considerably hydrolyzes nonrelevant protein.", "contents": "High-affinity phlorizin binding to brush border membranes from small intestine: identity with (a part of) the glucose transport system, dependence on Na +-gradient, partial purification. In the presence of an NaSCN gradient phlorizin binds with a high affinity (Kd similar or equal to 4.7 micron) to vesicles derived from brush border membranes of intestinal cells of rabbits. The value for Kd corresponds closely to that of Ki determined from phlorizin inhibition of sugar transport. The apparent affinity for phlorizin is decreased if NaCl is substituted for NaSCN and decreased substantially if the gradient of NaSCN is allowed to dissipate prior to the phlorizin binding. The number of high affinity binding sites is about 11 pmol/mg protein. Additional binding to low affinity sites can amount to as much as 600 pmol/mg protein after prolonged exposure to phlorizin (5 min.). The high affinity sites are related to glucose transport based on the similarity of the Kd and Ki values under a variety of conditions and on the inhibition of the binding by D-glucose but not by D-fructose. The transport system and the high affinity phlorizin binding sites can be enriched by a factor of 2-3 by treatment of vesicles with papain, which does not affect the transport system, but considerably hydrolyzes nonrelevant protein.", "PMID": 413010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6924", "title": "Changes in ethanol consumption by pregnant pigtailed macaques.", "content": "Three out of four monkeys reduced their consumption of ethanol at conception and increased their consumption after delivery.", "contents": "Changes in ethanol consumption by pregnant pigtailed macaques. Three out of four monkeys reduced their consumption of ethanol at conception and increased their consumption after delivery.", "PMID": 413011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6925", "title": "Gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Mayo Clinic Experience, 1970-1976.", "content": "During the period 1970 through 1976, there were 144 patients from whom gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC], more than 5 microgram/ml) was isolated. In 20(21 percent) of the 95 patients who acquired such organisms within our institutions, the occurrence was considered clinically significant. Factors that favored the appearance of gentamicin-resistant P. aeruginosa included prolonged hospitalization, previous antibiotic treatment, increased gentamicin usage, underlying disease, and instrumentation (70 percent). Virulence of gentamicin-resistant isolates appeared less than that of susceptible organisms, with bacteremia due to these isolates occurring in only three cases. Resistant isolates with MICs for gentamicin of 8 to 16 microgram/ml were more susceptible to tobramycin than to amikacin, whereas isolates with MICs for gentamicin of 64 microgram/ml or greater were more susceptible to amikacin than to tobramycin. Eighty percent of all strains were susceptible to 128 microgram/ml or less of carvenicillin. Favorable results occurred in 12 or 13 cases treated with gentamicin plus carbenicillin, whereas treatment with either of these agents alone resulted in failure or relapse in 7 of 14 cases.", "contents": "Gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Mayo Clinic Experience, 1970-1976. During the period 1970 through 1976, there were 144 patients from whom gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC], more than 5 microgram/ml) was isolated. In 20(21 percent) of the 95 patients who acquired such organisms within our institutions, the occurrence was considered clinically significant. Factors that favored the appearance of gentamicin-resistant P. aeruginosa included prolonged hospitalization, previous antibiotic treatment, increased gentamicin usage, underlying disease, and instrumentation (70 percent). Virulence of gentamicin-resistant isolates appeared less than that of susceptible organisms, with bacteremia due to these isolates occurring in only three cases. Resistant isolates with MICs for gentamicin of 8 to 16 microgram/ml were more susceptible to tobramycin than to amikacin, whereas isolates with MICs for gentamicin of 64 microgram/ml or greater were more susceptible to amikacin than to tobramycin. Eighty percent of all strains were susceptible to 128 microgram/ml or less of carvenicillin. Favorable results occurred in 12 or 13 cases treated with gentamicin plus carbenicillin, whereas treatment with either of these agents alone resulted in failure or relapse in 7 of 14 cases.", "PMID": 413012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6926", "title": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The susceptibility of 41 strains of gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa to tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, amikacin, and carbenicillin was determined. Amikacin and carbenicillin exhibited the greatest activity against these strains and especially against those with a high level of resistance to gentamicin. Netilmicin exhibited little activity, whereas tobramycin and sisomicin were active against approximately two-thirds of the strains. Cross-resistance to tobramycin, sisomicin, and netilmicin was frequent.", "contents": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The susceptibility of 41 strains of gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa to tobramycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, amikacin, and carbenicillin was determined. Amikacin and carbenicillin exhibited the greatest activity against these strains and especially against those with a high level of resistance to gentamicin. Netilmicin exhibited little activity, whereas tobramycin and sisomicin were active against approximately two-thirds of the strains. Cross-resistance to tobramycin, sisomicin, and netilmicin was frequent.", "PMID": 413013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6927", "title": "[Mammary carcinoma: radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiotherapy for mammary carcinoma has special indications, depending upon the TNM stage and the localization. The use of megavoltage irradiation, a well-defined technique, and consideration of radiobiologic factors are necessary. Radiotherapy is the only therapeutic possibility in cases of recurrences.", "contents": "[Mammary carcinoma: radiotherapy (author's transl)]. Radiotherapy for mammary carcinoma has special indications, depending upon the TNM stage and the localization. The use of megavoltage irradiation, a well-defined technique, and consideration of radiobiologic factors are necessary. Radiotherapy is the only therapeutic possibility in cases of recurrences.", "PMID": 413014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6928", "title": "[Present status of breast cancer surgery in Italy (author's transl)].", "content": "Radical mastectomy is the most frequent surgical procedure in breast surgery in Italy. It is indicated in all stages associated or not to complementary therapies. Extended radical mastectomies are performed less frequently than previously. In initial stages of the disease partial mastectomies are performed more frequently. Generally, castration is performed as therapeutic means, not any more for prophylactic reasons. Adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy are seldom associated procedures. As postoperative treatment, Roentgen-Cobalt-Betatrone therapy is still widely used. However, chemotherapy (CMF) is progressively replacing radiation therapy, mostly in the advanced stages.", "contents": "[Present status of breast cancer surgery in Italy (author's transl)]. Radical mastectomy is the most frequent surgical procedure in breast surgery in Italy. It is indicated in all stages associated or not to complementary therapies. Extended radical mastectomies are performed less frequently than previously. In initial stages of the disease partial mastectomies are performed more frequently. Generally, castration is performed as therapeutic means, not any more for prophylactic reasons. Adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy are seldom associated procedures. As postoperative treatment, Roentgen-Cobalt-Betatrone therapy is still widely used. However, chemotherapy (CMF) is progressively replacing radiation therapy, mostly in the advanced stages.", "PMID": 413015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6929", "title": "[Breast cancer: current concepts in Holland on the treatment of the primary tumor (author's transl)].", "content": "Holland is among the countries with the highest incidence of breast cancer. Increasing awareness of the danger is borne out by rapidly decreasing average diameter of primary tumors during the lase 15 years. The application of very strict pre- and peroperative criteria for operability resulted in a decrease of 15% of the clinically operable group, thereby avoiding therapeutically meaningless mutilation. Encouraging results of radiotherapy in inoperable cases are reported. Operative treatment consists of removal of the breast and axillary contents. Radiotherapy is applied only to the parasternal nodes.", "contents": "[Breast cancer: current concepts in Holland on the treatment of the primary tumor (author's transl)]. Holland is among the countries with the highest incidence of breast cancer. Increasing awareness of the danger is borne out by rapidly decreasing average diameter of primary tumors during the lase 15 years. The application of very strict pre- and peroperative criteria for operability resulted in a decrease of 15% of the clinically operable group, thereby avoiding therapeutically meaningless mutilation. Encouraging results of radiotherapy in inoperable cases are reported. Operative treatment consists of removal of the breast and axillary contents. Radiotherapy is applied only to the parasternal nodes.", "PMID": 413016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6930", "title": "[Carcinoma in Zenker's diverticulum (author's transl)].", "content": "Carcinoma arising in Zenker's diverticulum have to be thought of, if it has been present for long time, if there is blood mixed the food regurgitated, and if there are irregularities of the wall of the diverticulum to be detected radiologically. In most cases resection is the method of choice. A case of a 70 year old patient is reported, who harbored a microcarcinoma in the mucosa of a resected Zenker's diverticulum. Surgery was done 10 years ago and no recurrence or mestastases have been observed since.", "contents": "[Carcinoma in Zenker's diverticulum (author's transl)]. Carcinoma arising in Zenker's diverticulum have to be thought of, if it has been present for long time, if there is blood mixed the food regurgitated, and if there are irregularities of the wall of the diverticulum to be detected radiologically. In most cases resection is the method of choice. A case of a 70 year old patient is reported, who harbored a microcarcinoma in the mucosa of a resected Zenker's diverticulum. Surgery was done 10 years ago and no recurrence or mestastases have been observed since.", "PMID": 413017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6931", "title": "Glucagon and growth hormone secretion in insulin-treated diabetics: effects of added sulfonylureas.", "content": "Eleven insulin-dependent ketosis-prone diabetics were given glibenclamide (5 mg/day) in addition to their usual insulin treatment for a period of 1 or 6 mo. There was significant reduction in arginine-induced IRG and hGH secretion and no change in blood glucose levels after either 1 or 6 mo of treatment. During that time no change in weight or insulin requirement was observed. The importance of the duration of treatment and the fact that in this type of patient the effects on IRG and hGH secretion could not be mediated by the influence on insulin secretion are stressed.", "contents": "Glucagon and growth hormone secretion in insulin-treated diabetics: effects of added sulfonylureas. Eleven insulin-dependent ketosis-prone diabetics were given glibenclamide (5 mg/day) in addition to their usual insulin treatment for a period of 1 or 6 mo. There was significant reduction in arginine-induced IRG and hGH secretion and no change in blood glucose levels after either 1 or 6 mo of treatment. During that time no change in weight or insulin requirement was observed. The importance of the duration of treatment and the fact that in this type of patient the effects on IRG and hGH secretion could not be mediated by the influence on insulin secretion are stressed.", "PMID": 413023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6932", "title": "The application of an image analyzing computer (Quantimet 720) for quantitation of biological structures--the automatic counting of mast cells.", "content": "A Quantimet 720 image analyzer was utilized in order to 1) quantify mast cells automatically in gingiva and in doing so to 2) investigate the applicability and accuracy of the machine for quantitative analysis of biological structures. The mast cells of two hundred gingival sections were counted first by means of the Quantimet and then by manual count. Results indicated that a) mean counts of mast cells obtained by means of the Quantimet were comparable to that of the manual counts, b) although the spread was larger than by manual methods, the Quantimet automatic image analyzer performed quantitation more rapidly.", "contents": "The application of an image analyzing computer (Quantimet 720) for quantitation of biological structures--the automatic counting of mast cells. A Quantimet 720 image analyzer was utilized in order to 1) quantify mast cells automatically in gingiva and in doing so to 2) investigate the applicability and accuracy of the machine for quantitative analysis of biological structures. The mast cells of two hundred gingival sections were counted first by means of the Quantimet and then by manual count. Results indicated that a) mean counts of mast cells obtained by means of the Quantimet were comparable to that of the manual counts, b) although the spread was larger than by manual methods, the Quantimet automatic image analyzer performed quantitation more rapidly.", "PMID": 413024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6933", "title": "Correlative scanning-transmission electron microscopy of the primate infundibular recess.", "content": "This report describes a basic techinque for the analysis of subhuman primate brains with correlative scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the same tissue sample. The methodology is described in detail and this report characterizes the type II supraependymal histiocyte.", "contents": "Correlative scanning-transmission electron microscopy of the primate infundibular recess. This report describes a basic techinque for the analysis of subhuman primate brains with correlative scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the same tissue sample. The methodology is described in detail and this report characterizes the type II supraependymal histiocyte.", "PMID": 413025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6934", "title": "[Diabetic ketoacidosis: new therapeutic regimen (author's transl)].", "content": "A regimen of low-dose insulin infusion (0.1 IU/kg/h) for the treatment of children with diabetic ketoacidosis is given. The regimen is safe, simple, effective, and minimizes the dangers of hypoglycemia and hypokalemia, In addition a selective bicarbonate therapy is proposed.", "contents": "[Diabetic ketoacidosis: new therapeutic regimen (author's transl)]. A regimen of low-dose insulin infusion (0.1 IU/kg/h) for the treatment of children with diabetic ketoacidosis is given. The regimen is safe, simple, effective, and minimizes the dangers of hypoglycemia and hypokalemia, In addition a selective bicarbonate therapy is proposed.", "PMID": 413030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6935", "title": "Cytological analysis of X-ray-induced aberrations in spermatocytes I and the somatic ganglia of male Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The correlation between damage induced in somatic cells and that induced in germinal cells of the same genetic pool of individuals is important in establishing the possibility of extrapolation of this damage to the offspring. We have used Drosophila melanogaster to compare cytologically the frequency of aberrations induced in the cells of somatic ganglia and in the spermatocytes I of males irradiated with 625 R X-rays. The spermatocytes were more sensitive than the gangliar cells to radiation: the aberrations induced in the spermatocytes I were three times more frequent than those induced in the ganglia. The distribution of the aberrations was, however, similar. The most important variable element lies in our observing no symmetrical exchanges in the spermatocytes. This result seems to us to be related to the fact that in the males of D. melanogaster there is no crossing-over.", "contents": "Cytological analysis of X-ray-induced aberrations in spermatocytes I and the somatic ganglia of male Drosophila melanogaster. The correlation between damage induced in somatic cells and that induced in germinal cells of the same genetic pool of individuals is important in establishing the possibility of extrapolation of this damage to the offspring. We have used Drosophila melanogaster to compare cytologically the frequency of aberrations induced in the cells of somatic ganglia and in the spermatocytes I of males irradiated with 625 R X-rays. The spermatocytes were more sensitive than the gangliar cells to radiation: the aberrations induced in the spermatocytes I were three times more frequent than those induced in the ganglia. The distribution of the aberrations was, however, similar. The most important variable element lies in our observing no symmetrical exchanges in the spermatocytes. This result seems to us to be related to the fact that in the males of D. melanogaster there is no crossing-over.", "PMID": 413031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6936", "title": "Mutagenicity of hair dye components relative to the carcinogen benzidine in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A comparative assay was undertaken in Drosophila melanogaster for the assessment of the mutagenic efficiency of the hair dye components m-toluene-diamine (m-TD) and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (4-NOPD) relative to the  aromatic amine human carcinogen benzidine (Bzd). The compounds were injected at equimolar dose ranges (5-20 mM) around the testes of adult males and their mutagenicities were measured separately on the various stages of spermatogenesis. Genetic activity was simultaneously assayed with respect to the overall induction of the X-chromosome recessives (lethals and visibles) relative to the specific effects on rDNA (expressed as bobbed mutations). All compounds exerted decisive mutagenicity both on the X-chromosome and the RNA genes, although their activities on the different genic sites varied between compounds and as a function of cell stage, but not in response to changes in dose, within the investigated molarity range. The mutagenicities and selectivities of the test compounds for rDNA gradually decreased in the order Bzd greater than m-TD greater than 4-NOPD, which correlated with the evidence-so far-about their carcinogenicities.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of hair dye components relative to the carcinogen benzidine in Drosophila melanogaster. A comparative assay was undertaken in Drosophila melanogaster for the assessment of the mutagenic efficiency of the hair dye components m-toluene-diamine (m-TD) and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (4-NOPD) relative to the  aromatic amine human carcinogen benzidine (Bzd). The compounds were injected at equimolar dose ranges (5-20 mM) around the testes of adult males and their mutagenicities were measured separately on the various stages of spermatogenesis. Genetic activity was simultaneously assayed with respect to the overall induction of the X-chromosome recessives (lethals and visibles) relative to the specific effects on rDNA (expressed as bobbed mutations). All compounds exerted decisive mutagenicity both on the X-chromosome and the RNA genes, although their activities on the different genic sites varied between compounds and as a function of cell stage, but not in response to changes in dose, within the investigated molarity range. The mutagenicities and selectivities of the test compounds for rDNA gradually decreased in the order Bzd greater than m-TD greater than 4-NOPD, which correlated with the evidence-so far-about their carcinogenicities.", "PMID": 413033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6937", "title": "Superiority of demeclocycline over lithium in the treatment of chronic syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.", "content": "We evaluated demeclocycline and lithium therapy in 10 patients with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Despite severe water restriction, all patients had hyponatremia (mean +/- S.E.M. serum sodium of 122 +/- 1.1 meq per liter) and elevated urine osmolality (744 +/- 59 mOsm per kilogram) before treatment. Demeclocycline (600 to 1200 mg daily) restored serum sodium concentration to 139 +/- 1.1 meq per liter within five to 14 days, permitting unrestricted water intake in all patients. In three patients given lithium carbonate (900 mg daily) the serum sodium concentration, urine osmolality and urine volume were unchanged; since two patients had adverse central-nervous-system symptoms during lithium therapy, further study of this agent was abandoned. A patient with an unusual 22-year history of the syndrome was unresponsive to lithium, whereas long-term treatment with demeclocyline was markedly effective. Demeclocycline is superior to lithium in the treatment of the syndrome and may obviate the need for severe water restriction.", "contents": "Superiority of demeclocycline over lithium in the treatment of chronic syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. We evaluated demeclocycline and lithium therapy in 10 patients with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Despite severe water restriction, all patients had hyponatremia (mean +/- S.E.M. serum sodium of 122 +/- 1.1 meq per liter) and elevated urine osmolality (744 +/- 59 mOsm per kilogram) before treatment. Demeclocycline (600 to 1200 mg daily) restored serum sodium concentration to 139 +/- 1.1 meq per liter within five to 14 days, permitting unrestricted water intake in all patients. In three patients given lithium carbonate (900 mg daily) the serum sodium concentration, urine osmolality and urine volume were unchanged; since two patients had adverse central-nervous-system symptoms during lithium therapy, further study of this agent was abandoned. A patient with an unusual 22-year history of the syndrome was unresponsive to lithium, whereas long-term treatment with demeclocyline was markedly effective. Demeclocycline is superior to lithium in the treatment of the syndrome and may obviate the need for severe water restriction.", "PMID": 413037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6938", "title": "Hospital discharge one week after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Sixty-seven consecutive patients who had suffered an acute myocardial infarction but no serious complications during the first to fourth hospital days were considered for a trial of hospital discharge at one week. Thirty-three of the 67 patients were discharged at one week, the remainder having a mean hospital stay of 11 +/- 2 days. The incidence of late complications and recurrent infarctions, as well as mortality and functional status, were determined in all patients six months after discharge. No serious complications occurred in either subgroup within three weeks after discharge. There were no deaths in either subgroup and no difference in functional status at six months. Patients without serious complications during the four days after an acute myocardial infarction can be spared the economic costs and psychologic stress of prolonged hospitalization.", "contents": "Hospital discharge one week after acute myocardial infarction. Sixty-seven consecutive patients who had suffered an acute myocardial infarction but no serious complications during the first to fourth hospital days were considered for a trial of hospital discharge at one week. Thirty-three of the 67 patients were discharged at one week, the remainder having a mean hospital stay of 11 +/- 2 days. The incidence of late complications and recurrent infarctions, as well as mortality and functional status, were determined in all patients six months after discharge. No serious complications occurred in either subgroup within three weeks after discharge. There were no deaths in either subgroup and no difference in functional status at six months. Patients without serious complications during the four days after an acute myocardial infarction can be spared the economic costs and psychologic stress of prolonged hospitalization.", "PMID": 413039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6939", "title": "Approaches to controlling the costs of medical care: short-range and long-range alternatives.", "content": "Cost containment requires changes either in patterns of consumption or in the way services are provided. Although the former includes prevention, changing social expectations and finding suitable substitutes for some types of care, the latter involves mix of personnel technologic inputs, auspices of care and the content of encounters. Ultimately, the future of medical care and cost containment depends on advances in biomedical and health-services research. In the short run, costs will be contained increasingly by rationing mechanisms. Whereas cost sharing is intended to affect consumer behavior, implicit rationing, as through capitation and prospective budgeting, is intended to encourage physicians to make tougher allocation decisions. Explicit rationing, in contrast, depends more on administrative decisions that limit physician discretion. A better understanding of the effects of different rationing technics on patient and physician behavior and the quality of care, as well as on cost, is required.", "contents": "Approaches to controlling the costs of medical care: short-range and long-range alternatives. Cost containment requires changes either in patterns of consumption or in the way services are provided. Although the former includes prevention, changing social expectations and finding suitable substitutes for some types of care, the latter involves mix of personnel technologic inputs, auspices of care and the content of encounters. Ultimately, the future of medical care and cost containment depends on advances in biomedical and health-services research. In the short run, costs will be contained increasingly by rationing mechanisms. Whereas cost sharing is intended to affect consumer behavior, implicit rationing, as through capitation and prospective budgeting, is intended to encourage physicians to make tougher allocation decisions. Explicit rationing, in contrast, depends more on administrative decisions that limit physician discretion. A better understanding of the effects of different rationing technics on patient and physician behavior and the quality of care, as well as on cost, is required.", "PMID": 413040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6940", "title": "Sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine and virulence for mice of some human isolates of Aspergillus.", "content": "The sensitivity of 5-Fluorocytosine (5-FC) and the virulence for mice was assessed for 16 human isolates of Aspergillus: A. fumigatus 2, A. niger 7, A. flavus 4, A. terreus 2 and A. conicus (A. restrictus group) 1. Fourteen strains were recovered from ear exsudates, 1 from sputum and 1 from the pus of mastoid cells of an autopsy case with meningeal and cerebral involvement. Nine of them, which included strains of A. fumigatus and A. niger were sensitive to 5-FC (M.I.C. less than or equal to 6.4 microgram/ml) whereas strains of A. flavus and A. terreus were resistant (M.I.C. greater than 51.2 microgram/ml). Cultures of A. fumigatus, A. flavus and A. conicus proved to be the most virulent for mice and A. terreus strains the less virulent. Results observed with the strain of A. conicus deserves further investigations.", "contents": "Sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine and virulence for mice of some human isolates of Aspergillus. The sensitivity of 5-Fluorocytosine (5-FC) and the virulence for mice was assessed for 16 human isolates of Aspergillus: A. fumigatus 2, A. niger 7, A. flavus 4, A. terreus 2 and A. conicus (A. restrictus group) 1. Fourteen strains were recovered from ear exsudates, 1 from sputum and 1 from the pus of mastoid cells of an autopsy case with meningeal and cerebral involvement. Nine of them, which included strains of A. fumigatus and A. niger were sensitive to 5-FC (M.I.C. less than or equal to 6.4 microgram/ml) whereas strains of A. flavus and A. terreus were resistant (M.I.C. greater than 51.2 microgram/ml). Cultures of A. fumigatus, A. flavus and A. conicus proved to be the most virulent for mice and A. terreus strains the less virulent. Results observed with the strain of A. conicus deserves further investigations.", "PMID": 413042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6941", "title": "Bacteriological contamination of dialyzers. Clinical, bacteriological and scanning electron-microscopic evaluation of different dialysate mixing systems.", "content": "Membranes from Gambro Lundia Nova dialyzers were investigated for presence of bacteria after hemodialysis with centrally and peripherally mixed dialysate. Centrally mixed dialysate was found contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and bacterial cultures as well as electron scanning micrographs showed the presence of these bacteria on the dialysate side as well as on the blood side of membranes from dialyzers perfused with this dialysate during hemodialysis. No bacteria were found on membranes used with peripherally mixed dialysate, in which very few bacteria were found. Despite this the frequency of febrile episodes in patients submitted to hemodialysis with the two different dialysate mixing systems showed no significant difference in our material.", "contents": "Bacteriological contamination of dialyzers. Clinical, bacteriological and scanning electron-microscopic evaluation of different dialysate mixing systems. Membranes from Gambro Lundia Nova dialyzers were investigated for presence of bacteria after hemodialysis with centrally and peripherally mixed dialysate. Centrally mixed dialysate was found contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and bacterial cultures as well as electron scanning micrographs showed the presence of these bacteria on the dialysate side as well as on the blood side of membranes from dialyzers perfused with this dialysate during hemodialysis. No bacteria were found on membranes used with peripherally mixed dialysate, in which very few bacteria were found. Despite this the frequency of febrile episodes in patients submitted to hemodialysis with the two different dialysate mixing systems showed no significant difference in our material.", "PMID": 413062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6942", "title": "Quantitative histochemical studies of the hypothalamus: dehydrogenase enzymes following androgen sterilization.", "content": "Four enzymes, selected as representative of major metabolic pathways (malic dehydrogenase, of the citric acid cycle, lactic dehydrogenase, of glycolysis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, of the pentose pathway and glutamic dehydrogenase, of glutamate metabolism), were measured by quantitative histochemical methods in individual hypothalamic nuclei of adult neonatally androgenized female rats. Malic dehydrogenase (MDH) was significantly reduced in nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus: the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic and anterior. Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) increased significantly in the lateral preoptic area. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase G-6-PDH was also significantly elevated in anterior hypothalamic nuclei: medial preoptic, lateral preoptic, supraoptic and paraventricular. Glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH) was generally elevated throughout the hypothalamus with significant increases of activity occurring in the paraventricular, lateral ventromedial, arcuate, medial mamillary and posterior nuclei.", "contents": "Quantitative histochemical studies of the hypothalamus: dehydrogenase enzymes following androgen sterilization. Four enzymes, selected as representative of major metabolic pathways (malic dehydrogenase, of the citric acid cycle, lactic dehydrogenase, of glycolysis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, of the pentose pathway and glutamic dehydrogenase, of glutamate metabolism), were measured by quantitative histochemical methods in individual hypothalamic nuclei of adult neonatally androgenized female rats. Malic dehydrogenase (MDH) was significantly reduced in nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus: the suprachiasmatic, supraoptic and anterior. Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) increased significantly in the lateral preoptic area. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase G-6-PDH was also significantly elevated in anterior hypothalamic nuclei: medial preoptic, lateral preoptic, supraoptic and paraventricular. Glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH) was generally elevated throughout the hypothalamus with significant increases of activity occurring in the paraventricular, lateral ventromedial, arcuate, medial mamillary and posterior nuclei.", "PMID": 413065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6943", "title": "[Comparative balance study of the value of amino acids for humans after oral and parenteral input].", "content": "The biological value (BV) of an amino acid mixture, according to the potato-egg principle (KE), was determined in the case of oral and parenteral input with three healthy adult volunteers in a long-term complete test of metabolic balance: KE-amino acid pattern with oral input, BV=134.4; KE-amino acid pattern with parenteral input, BV= 131.4; egg protein (reference) with oral input, BV=100. The long-term metabolic balance experiment with human subjects under criteria of compensated nitrogen balances was used to test nitrogen substances like whole egg protein and amino acids (under parenteral and oral input); the BV of a nitrogen substance is defined as the reciprocal value of the minimum nitrogen requirements compared with the reference protein whole egg, which is set at 100. The results confirm in principle (1) the almost identical utilization and value of identical nitrogen substances (amino acids), even with different ways of input with oral and parenteral nutrition of the human being, and (2) the ability of reproduction of the BV of the optimal potato-egg protein mixture (65% potato nitrogen + 35% egg nitrogen with oral input: BV = 137.6) by means of simulation through corresponding L-amino acids, considering the modification necessary for technical as well as physiological reasons, which concern the non-essential part of the pattern.", "contents": "[Comparative balance study of the value of amino acids for humans after oral and parenteral input]. The biological value (BV) of an amino acid mixture, according to the potato-egg principle (KE), was determined in the case of oral and parenteral input with three healthy adult volunteers in a long-term complete test of metabolic balance: KE-amino acid pattern with oral input, BV=134.4; KE-amino acid pattern with parenteral input, BV= 131.4; egg protein (reference) with oral input, BV=100. The long-term metabolic balance experiment with human subjects under criteria of compensated nitrogen balances was used to test nitrogen substances like whole egg protein and amino acids (under parenteral and oral input); the BV of a nitrogen substance is defined as the reciprocal value of the minimum nitrogen requirements compared with the reference protein whole egg, which is set at 100. The results confirm in principle (1) the almost identical utilization and value of identical nitrogen substances (amino acids), even with different ways of input with oral and parenteral nutrition of the human being, and (2) the ability of reproduction of the BV of the optimal potato-egg protein mixture (65% potato nitrogen + 35% egg nitrogen with oral input: BV = 137.6) by means of simulation through corresponding L-amino acids, considering the modification necessary for technical as well as physiological reasons, which concern the non-essential part of the pattern.", "PMID": 413070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6944", "title": "Bacteriolytic activity of amniotic fluid.", "content": "Bacteriolytic activity and lecithin concentration were measured in amniotic fluid samples from both normal and pathologic pregnancies, including conditions such as severe Rh isoimmunization, placental dysfunction, preeclampsia, and diabetes. The bacteriolytic activity increased threefold from the 25th gestational week to term, after which a slight reduction was found. No difference was found between pathologic and normal pregnancies. No correlation was found between lecithin content and bacteriolytic activity. Samples from pregnancies in which the infant developed respiratory distress syndrome had low lecithin concentrations but showed normal bacteriolytic activities.", "contents": "Bacteriolytic activity of amniotic fluid. Bacteriolytic activity and lecithin concentration were measured in amniotic fluid samples from both normal and pathologic pregnancies, including conditions such as severe Rh isoimmunization, placental dysfunction, preeclampsia, and diabetes. The bacteriolytic activity increased threefold from the 25th gestational week to term, after which a slight reduction was found. No difference was found between pathologic and normal pregnancies. No correlation was found between lecithin content and bacteriolytic activity. Samples from pregnancies in which the infant developed respiratory distress syndrome had low lecithin concentrations but showed normal bacteriolytic activities.", "PMID": 413073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6945", "title": "The effect of zinc phosphate and carboxylate cements on the healing of experimentally induced pulpitis.", "content": "The effects of zinc phosphate and carboxylate cements on the healing of experimentally induced pulpitis have been studied. The results demonstrate that both cements allow healing of pulp imflammation when used as base materials.", "contents": "The effect of zinc phosphate and carboxylate cements on the healing of experimentally induced pulpitis. The effects of zinc phosphate and carboxylate cements on the healing of experimentally induced pulpitis have been studied. The results demonstrate that both cements allow healing of pulp imflammation when used as base materials.", "PMID": 413074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6946", "title": "Denture stabilization with peralveolar tubing.", "content": "Mock dentures were stabilized in six monkeys by means of polyethylene tubings passed through surgically created buccolingual peralveolar channels. Macroscopic, radiographic, and microscopic examinations demonstrated that the dentures were stabilized and the tubings well tolerated throughout the 120-day study period.", "contents": "Denture stabilization with peralveolar tubing. Mock dentures were stabilized in six monkeys by means of polyethylene tubings passed through surgically created buccolingual peralveolar channels. Macroscopic, radiographic, and microscopic examinations demonstrated that the dentures were stabilized and the tubings well tolerated throughout the 120-day study period.", "PMID": 413075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6947", "title": "Eosinophilia in Kenyan baboons (Papio anubis) induced by Trichinella spiralis and Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "High primary doses of Trichinella spiralis administered orally to Kenyan baboons (Papio anubis) induced a marked but unpredictable eosinophilia which started 2--3 weeks after infection and persisted as erratic waves for at least 6 months. Low primary oral doses induced no eosinophilia but a later, high challenge gave an accelerated eosinophilic response, although the peak was lower than in high primary infection. Intravenous injection of infective T. spiralis larvae resulted in a predictable, rapid eosinophilic response which persisted for several weeks. Intravenous injection of a particulate material, Sepharose, gave no oesinophilic response. Percutaneous Schistosoma mansoni infection of baboons resulted in a two-stage eosinophilic response: an initial rise occurred about 2/3 of the way through the pre-patent period and was followed by a second rise at the onset of patency. After peaking, the eosinophilia waned erratically over the next 3 or 4 weeks. A strong antibody response, measured by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, was given in oral infections with T. spiralis, but intravenous injections elicited little or no antibody formation. Parasitological evidence indicated no cross-resistance to S. mansoni in baboons injected with T. spiralis 9 days previously. Thus, the intravenous injection of infective T. spiralis larvae appears to be a suitable method of inducing experimentally a non-specific eosinophilia to investigate possible immune mechanisms to S. mansoni in the baboon.", "contents": "Eosinophilia in Kenyan baboons (Papio anubis) induced by Trichinella spiralis and Schistosoma mansoni. High primary doses of Trichinella spiralis administered orally to Kenyan baboons (Papio anubis) induced a marked but unpredictable eosinophilia which started 2--3 weeks after infection and persisted as erratic waves for at least 6 months. Low primary oral doses induced no eosinophilia but a later, high challenge gave an accelerated eosinophilic response, although the peak was lower than in high primary infection. Intravenous injection of infective T. spiralis larvae resulted in a predictable, rapid eosinophilic response which persisted for several weeks. Intravenous injection of a particulate material, Sepharose, gave no oesinophilic response. Percutaneous Schistosoma mansoni infection of baboons resulted in a two-stage eosinophilic response: an initial rise occurred about 2/3 of the way through the pre-patent period and was followed by a second rise at the onset of patency. After peaking, the eosinophilia waned erratically over the next 3 or 4 weeks. A strong antibody response, measured by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, was given in oral infections with T. spiralis, but intravenous injections elicited little or no antibody formation. Parasitological evidence indicated no cross-resistance to S. mansoni in baboons injected with T. spiralis 9 days previously. Thus, the intravenous injection of infective T. spiralis larvae appears to be a suitable method of inducing experimentally a non-specific eosinophilia to investigate possible immune mechanisms to S. mansoni in the baboon.", "PMID": 413084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6948", "title": "[N-Acetyl-beta-hexosaminidases. Present knowledge regarding chemical characterization and genetic relationships (author's transl)].", "content": "In recent years considerable attempts have been directed towards the chemical characterization of lysosomal hexosaminidases. Hexosaminidase A had been shown to be a heterotetramer: alpha2 beta2 and hexosaminidase B a homotetramer: beta4. Studies of GM2 gangliosidosis supported this theory, in fact alpha and beta chains require genes on different chromosomes.", "contents": "[N-Acetyl-beta-hexosaminidases. Present knowledge regarding chemical characterization and genetic relationships (author's transl)]. In recent years considerable attempts have been directed towards the chemical characterization of lysosomal hexosaminidases. Hexosaminidase A had been shown to be a heterotetramer: alpha2 beta2 and hexosaminidase B a homotetramer: beta4. Studies of GM2 gangliosidosis supported this theory, in fact alpha and beta chains require genes on different chromosomes.", "PMID": 413085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6949", "title": "[Monoclonal gammapathies. (Critical review of 219 cases collected over 3 years)].", "content": "219 monoclonal gammapathies have been studied since 1rst January 1973 up to 31st December 1975, regarding 121 males and 98 females, 121 myeloma (mean age: 66 years), 38 Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (mean age: 7u years) and 60 various monoclonal gammapathies, among which 19 benign monoclonal gammapathies (mean age: 73 years). 214 immunoelectrophoresis have been performed: 110 IgG, 46 IgA, 49 IgM, 8 light chain myelomas and 1 without M-component myeloma. Bence-Jones proteinuria was detected only in 51,1% of cases.", "contents": "[Monoclonal gammapathies. (Critical review of 219 cases collected over 3 years)]. 219 monoclonal gammapathies have been studied since 1rst January 1973 up to 31st December 1975, regarding 121 males and 98 females, 121 myeloma (mean age: 66 years), 38 Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (mean age: 7u years) and 60 various monoclonal gammapathies, among which 19 benign monoclonal gammapathies (mean age: 73 years). 214 immunoelectrophoresis have been performed: 110 IgG, 46 IgA, 49 IgM, 8 light chain myelomas and 1 without M-component myeloma. Bence-Jones proteinuria was detected only in 51,1% of cases.", "PMID": 413086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6950", "title": "Deficiency of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (a component of the pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes): a cause of congenital chronic lactic acidosis in infancy.", "content": "A male child died at 7 months of age with progressive neurologic deterioration and persistent metabolic acidosis. Investigations during life showed this child to have elevated blood pyruvate, lactate, and alpha-ketoglutarate as well as elevation of branched chain amino acids and occasional hypoglycemia. Cofactor therapy using either thiamine-HCl (2 g/kg/24 hr) or thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide had no measurable effect on the clinical or biochemical status of the patient. Tissue taken postmortem showed normal levels of key gluconeogenic enzymes but a deficiency in the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in all tissues tested (liver, brain, kidney, skeletal muscle, and heart). Examination of the individual activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex showed pyruvate decarboxylase (E1) to be normal in liver and other tissues. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3), on the other hand, was deficient in all tissues tested. alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, which depends of E3 for its total activity, was also deficient in all tissues tested. The absence of this enzyme id discussed in relation to the clinical and biochemical status of the patient.", "contents": "Deficiency of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (a component of the pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes): a cause of congenital chronic lactic acidosis in infancy. A male child died at 7 months of age with progressive neurologic deterioration and persistent metabolic acidosis. Investigations during life showed this child to have elevated blood pyruvate, lactate, and alpha-ketoglutarate as well as elevation of branched chain amino acids and occasional hypoglycemia. Cofactor therapy using either thiamine-HCl (2 g/kg/24 hr) or thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide had no measurable effect on the clinical or biochemical status of the patient. Tissue taken postmortem showed normal levels of key gluconeogenic enzymes but a deficiency in the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in all tissues tested (liver, brain, kidney, skeletal muscle, and heart). Examination of the individual activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex showed pyruvate decarboxylase (E1) to be normal in liver and other tissues. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3), on the other hand, was deficient in all tissues tested. alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, which depends of E3 for its total activity, was also deficient in all tissues tested. The absence of this enzyme id discussed in relation to the clinical and biochemical status of the patient.", "PMID": 413089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6951", "title": "Partially restricted antitoxins of tetanus and diphtheria in man.", "content": "Antibodies of restricted specificity have been identified in the human in response to certain antigens. The present study analyzed tetanus and diphtheria antitoxins isolated from selected human sera and suggested a restricted response in antibody production to each of these antigens. Purified antibodies from eight serum specimens with elevated hemagglutination titers to tetanus and four to diphtheria yielded only IgG proteins in concentrations of 160-500 microgram/ml. Although some of the tetanus specimens were derived from cord sera and tetanus immunoglobulin, none of the total group had antibodies of the IgA and IgM classes. Utilizing immunoelectrophoresis against heavy chain subclasses, genetic markers, and kappa and lambda quantitations, a predeliction for the kappa IgG1 subclass was established for both tetanus and diphtheria antibodies. The lambda light chains were present in diminished quantities, IgG2 heavy chains were absent, and the IgG3 and IgG4 chains were variably identified.", "contents": "Partially restricted antitoxins of tetanus and diphtheria in man. Antibodies of restricted specificity have been identified in the human in response to certain antigens. The present study analyzed tetanus and diphtheria antitoxins isolated from selected human sera and suggested a restricted response in antibody production to each of these antigens. Purified antibodies from eight serum specimens with elevated hemagglutination titers to tetanus and four to diphtheria yielded only IgG proteins in concentrations of 160-500 microgram/ml. Although some of the tetanus specimens were derived from cord sera and tetanus immunoglobulin, none of the total group had antibodies of the IgA and IgM classes. Utilizing immunoelectrophoresis against heavy chain subclasses, genetic markers, and kappa and lambda quantitations, a predeliction for the kappa IgG1 subclass was established for both tetanus and diphtheria antibodies. The lambda light chains were present in diminished quantities, IgG2 heavy chains were absent, and the IgG3 and IgG4 chains were variably identified.", "PMID": 413090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6952", "title": "A note on ECG changes observed during Pavlovian conditioning in a rhesus monkey following coronary arterial occlusion.", "content": "Changes in the ECG of a rhesus monkey during a classical aversive conditioning trial conducted 10 minutes after occlusion of the marginal branch of the left circumflex coronary artery have been observed. This appears to reflect an instance where myocardial ischemia following coronary occlusion was exacerbated by presentation of a conditional stimulus.", "contents": "A note on ECG changes observed during Pavlovian conditioning in a rhesus monkey following coronary arterial occlusion. Changes in the ECG of a rhesus monkey during a classical aversive conditioning trial conducted 10 minutes after occlusion of the marginal branch of the left circumflex coronary artery have been observed. This appears to reflect an instance where myocardial ischemia following coronary occlusion was exacerbated by presentation of a conditional stimulus.", "PMID": 413087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6953", "title": "Cardiac Purkinje fibres: [Ca2+]i controls steady state potassium conductance.", "content": "The influence of intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]i on the steady state membrane currents i infinity was studied in a range of clamp potentials between -20 and -100 mV. Injection of CaCl2 or Ca-EGTA (pCa less than or equal to 6) increased i infinity whereas injection of K-EGTA diminished it. The changes delta i infinity were attributed to a change in steady state potassium conductance, gK infinity, by four arguments: delta i infinity was restricted to potentials negative to -20 mV and depended on clamp potential in an inward rectifying manner. delta i infinity displayed a reversal potential, Erev' which followed log [K+]o with 60 mV for a tenfold change. Since Erev obtained during Ca injection agreed with Erev observed during EGTA injection the potassium driving force had to be constant. When gK was blocked by superfusion with 20 mM Cesium neither CaCl2 nor K-EGTA injection modified i infinity.", "contents": "Cardiac Purkinje fibres: [Ca2+]i controls steady state potassium conductance. The influence of intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]i on the steady state membrane currents i infinity was studied in a range of clamp potentials between -20 and -100 mV. Injection of CaCl2 or Ca-EGTA (pCa less than or equal to 6) increased i infinity whereas injection of K-EGTA diminished it. The changes delta i infinity were attributed to a change in steady state potassium conductance, gK infinity, by four arguments: delta i infinity was restricted to potentials negative to -20 mV and depended on clamp potential in an inward rectifying manner. delta i infinity displayed a reversal potential, Erev' which followed log [K+]o with 60 mV for a tenfold change. Since Erev obtained during Ca injection agreed with Erev observed during EGTA injection the potassium driving force had to be constant. When gK was blocked by superfusion with 20 mM Cesium neither CaCl2 nor K-EGTA injection modified i infinity.", "PMID": 413095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6954", "title": "Cardiac Purkinje fibres: [Ca2+]i controls the potassium permeability via the conductance components gK1 and gK2.", "content": "The pacemaker tail current of sheep Purkinje fibres became larger when CaCl2 was injected intracellularly by pressure, whereas it was reduced or even abolished by injection of K-EGTA. The analysis of the [Ca2+]k-induced changes in the steady state activation (s infinity) curve suggested that the effect could not be explained on the basis of internal screening of surface charges. The position of the s infinity-curve on the potential axis remained almost unchanged after the injection of CaCl2 or K-EGTA. On the other hand, the vertical amplitude of the s infinity-curve on the current axis, proportional to gK2, was enlarged during CaCl2 injections and strongly diminished by K-EGTA injections. Ca injection displaced the fully deactivated part of the s infinity-curve to larger outward current which corresponds to an increase in gK1. EGTA injection reduced gI1. The results correspond to a [Ca2+]i-sensitive potassium permeability. A possible interpretation is that [Ca2+]i controls Ca-binding near the inner mouth of a potassium channel and that the binding is followed by a change in the channel's configuration from a closed to an open state.", "contents": "Cardiac Purkinje fibres: [Ca2+]i controls the potassium permeability via the conductance components gK1 and gK2. The pacemaker tail current of sheep Purkinje fibres became larger when CaCl2 was injected intracellularly by pressure, whereas it was reduced or even abolished by injection of K-EGTA. The analysis of the [Ca2+]k-induced changes in the steady state activation (s infinity) curve suggested that the effect could not be explained on the basis of internal screening of surface charges. The position of the s infinity-curve on the potential axis remained almost unchanged after the injection of CaCl2 or K-EGTA. On the other hand, the vertical amplitude of the s infinity-curve on the current axis, proportional to gK2, was enlarged during CaCl2 injections and strongly diminished by K-EGTA injections. Ca injection displaced the fully deactivated part of the s infinity-curve to larger outward current which corresponds to an increase in gK1. EGTA injection reduced gI1. The results correspond to a [Ca2+]i-sensitive potassium permeability. A possible interpretation is that [Ca2+]i controls Ca-binding near the inner mouth of a potassium channel and that the binding is followed by a change in the channel's configuration from a closed to an open state.", "PMID": 413096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6955", "title": "A doubtful relationship between tyrosine tRNA and suppression of the vermilion mutant in Drosophila.", "content": "The conditions under which Drosophila melanogaster are grown markedly influence the amount of the hypermodified nucleoside Q found in certain tRNAs. This effect on Q biosynthesis was found in both the wild-type and the suppressor of sable [su(s)2] mutant. Suppressed vermilion flies [su(s)2v; bw] with 78% of the tyrosine tRNA in the Q-lacking (gamma) form had brown eyes indistinguishible from su(s)2v; bw flies with only 6% of the tyrosine tRNA in the gamma form. The proposal that this tRNA is a specific inhibitor or tryptophan pyrrolase in vermilion flies, and that its absence in su(s)2 flies is the mechanism of suppression is not consistent with these results. In addition, the su(s)2 locus does not seem to be primarily responsible for controlling Q biosynthesis as previously suggested.", "contents": "A doubtful relationship between tyrosine tRNA and suppression of the vermilion mutant in Drosophila. The conditions under which Drosophila melanogaster are grown markedly influence the amount of the hypermodified nucleoside Q found in certain tRNAs. This effect on Q biosynthesis was found in both the wild-type and the suppressor of sable [su(s)2] mutant. Suppressed vermilion flies [su(s)2v; bw] with 78% of the tyrosine tRNA in the Q-lacking (gamma) form had brown eyes indistinguishible from su(s)2v; bw flies with only 6% of the tyrosine tRNA in the gamma form. The proposal that this tRNA is a specific inhibitor or tryptophan pyrrolase in vermilion flies, and that its absence in su(s)2 flies is the mechanism of suppression is not consistent with these results. In addition, the su(s)2 locus does not seem to be primarily responsible for controlling Q biosynthesis as previously suggested.", "PMID": 413100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6956", "title": "Severe pulmonary disease and hyperviscosity in macroglobulinaemia.", "content": "A case of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia with various clinical manifestations of the condition is presented. Hyperviscosity and respiratory complications are discussed with a brief review of the literature.", "contents": "Severe pulmonary disease and hyperviscosity in macroglobulinaemia. A case of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia with various clinical manifestations of the condition is presented. Hyperviscosity and respiratory complications are discussed with a brief review of the literature.", "PMID": 413105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6957", "title": "Antiinflammatory activity of Tylopilus felleus (Bull. ex Fr.) P. Karst.", "content": "Tylopilus felleus lyophylised preparation (Tf) tested in the carrageenin induced oedema test in rats, exhibit a significant inhibition of inflammation at all doses above 50 mg/kg sc while oral administration produced no significant results.", "contents": "Antiinflammatory activity of Tylopilus felleus (Bull. ex Fr.) P. Karst. Tylopilus felleus lyophylised preparation (Tf) tested in the carrageenin induced oedema test in rats, exhibit a significant inhibition of inflammation at all doses above 50 mg/kg sc while oral administration produced no significant results.", "PMID": 413104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6958", "title": "Second-order schedules of intravenous drug self-administration in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Lever-pressing behavior was generated and maintained in 3 rhesus monkeys by intravenous infusions of morphine or cocaine under a second-order schedule of reinforcement. Under this schedule, every tenth lever-press response (FR 10) during a fixed interval of time produced a 2 sec stimulus light. The first FR 10 completed after a 60 min interval had elapsed produced the stimulus light and an intravenous infusion of morphine or cocaine. The stimulus light remained on for the duration of the drug infusion (50-60 sec). Sessions of morphine or cocaine presentation, each with distinct stimulus light conditions, alternated on a daily basis. Under this schedule, single doses of morphine from 0.125 to 1.0 mg/kg maintained high overall response rates (maximum of 40 Rs/min) in the pattern characteristic of fixed interval (FI) schedules of reinforcement. There was no functional relationship between the response-rates and the doses of morphine tested. The simultaneous infusion of naloxone (0.125 mg/kg/) with morphine (0.25 mg/kg) markedly decreased response rates. However, the infusion of the same dose of naloxone five min after the presentation of morphine failed to suppress self-administration behavior. Naloxone had no effects on cocaine-reinforced responding.", "contents": "Second-order schedules of intravenous drug self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Lever-pressing behavior was generated and maintained in 3 rhesus monkeys by intravenous infusions of morphine or cocaine under a second-order schedule of reinforcement. Under this schedule, every tenth lever-press response (FR 10) during a fixed interval of time produced a 2 sec stimulus light. The first FR 10 completed after a 60 min interval had elapsed produced the stimulus light and an intravenous infusion of morphine or cocaine. The stimulus light remained on for the duration of the drug infusion (50-60 sec). Sessions of morphine or cocaine presentation, each with distinct stimulus light conditions, alternated on a daily basis. Under this schedule, single doses of morphine from 0.125 to 1.0 mg/kg maintained high overall response rates (maximum of 40 Rs/min) in the pattern characteristic of fixed interval (FI) schedules of reinforcement. There was no functional relationship between the response-rates and the doses of morphine tested. The simultaneous infusion of naloxone (0.125 mg/kg/) with morphine (0.25 mg/kg) markedly decreased response rates. However, the infusion of the same dose of naloxone five min after the presentation of morphine failed to suppress self-administration behavior. Naloxone had no effects on cocaine-reinforced responding.", "PMID": 413115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6959", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine, chlordiazepoxide and promazine on responding of squirrel monkeys maintained under fixed-interval schedules of food presentation and stimulus-shock termination.", "content": "Responding of two squirrel monkeys was maintained under a multiple 5-min fixed-interval schedule of food presentation and termination of a stimulus in the presence of which shocks occurred. Under the stimulus-shock termination schedule, shocks occurred independently of responding, on the average of every three minutes; a response after 5 min terminated the prevailing stimulus and shock-presentation schedule. Response rates and patterns of responding under both schedules were comparable although they differed slightly between monkeys. d-Amphetamine increased and promazine decreased responding under both fixed-interval schedules. Chlordiazepoxide increased responding maintained by food presentation but decreased responding maintained by termination of the stimulus-shock complex. Under certain conditions and with certain drugs, the event that maintains responding can determine the effects a drug will have on behavior.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine, chlordiazepoxide and promazine on responding of squirrel monkeys maintained under fixed-interval schedules of food presentation and stimulus-shock termination. Responding of two squirrel monkeys was maintained under a multiple 5-min fixed-interval schedule of food presentation and termination of a stimulus in the presence of which shocks occurred. Under the stimulus-shock termination schedule, shocks occurred independently of responding, on the average of every three minutes; a response after 5 min terminated the prevailing stimulus and shock-presentation schedule. Response rates and patterns of responding under both schedules were comparable although they differed slightly between monkeys. d-Amphetamine increased and promazine decreased responding under both fixed-interval schedules. Chlordiazepoxide increased responding maintained by food presentation but decreased responding maintained by termination of the stimulus-shock complex. Under certain conditions and with certain drugs, the event that maintains responding can determine the effects a drug will have on behavior.", "PMID": 413117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6960", "title": "The binding of aurothiomalate to plasma proteins in vitro.", "content": "The physicochemical factors responsible for the aurothiomalate-albumin interaction were studied by a thermodynamic analysis of the binding of the anion to bovine albumin. The binding process was entropically driven and it was concluded that electrostatic bonding formed the basis of the aurothiomalate-albumin interaction. The binding of aurothiomalate to human plasma proteins at 37 degrees C and pH 7.45 and the modification of its binding by indomethacin and phenylbutazone was studied by ultrafiltration. Aurothiomalate was bound to human plasma albumin at a single site with an affinity constant of 6.1 X 10(3) M-1 and also at several sites of lower affinity. The plasma protein binding of the anion was increased in the presence of indomethacin and phenylbutazone. At therapeutic concentrations in vitro phenylbutazone significantly increased the plasma protein binding of aurothiomalate.", "contents": "The binding of aurothiomalate to plasma proteins in vitro. The physicochemical factors responsible for the aurothiomalate-albumin interaction were studied by a thermodynamic analysis of the binding of the anion to bovine albumin. The binding process was entropically driven and it was concluded that electrostatic bonding formed the basis of the aurothiomalate-albumin interaction. The binding of aurothiomalate to human plasma proteins at 37 degrees C and pH 7.45 and the modification of its binding by indomethacin and phenylbutazone was studied by ultrafiltration. Aurothiomalate was bound to human plasma albumin at a single site with an affinity constant of 6.1 X 10(3) M-1 and also at several sites of lower affinity. The plasma protein binding of the anion was increased in the presence of indomethacin and phenylbutazone. At therapeutic concentrations in vitro phenylbutazone significantly increased the plasma protein binding of aurothiomalate.", "PMID": 413121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6961", "title": "Energy and muscular contraction.", "content": "In this paper, a model of the chemical energy conversion into mechanical energy is presented. According to this model, for each stage, the transfer of the energy is produced in the framework of a polymolecular system composed by a donor molecule, an enzyme and an acceptor molecular couple. The energy is released in the form of two quanta of electronic excitation. The transfer of the energy determines the change of the orbital directions, as well as the ionic constellations previously fixed at the level of the donor molecule and at the level of the acceptor molecular couple. Subsequently, an allosteric modification of the enzyme which connects the donor with the acceptor molecular couple is produced. The conversion of the chemical energy into mechanical energy is explained by means of the ions movement and by the conformational changes of the enzymes involved in the processes of the energy transfer.", "contents": "Energy and muscular contraction. In this paper, a model of the chemical energy conversion into mechanical energy is presented. According to this model, for each stage, the transfer of the energy is produced in the framework of a polymolecular system composed by a donor molecule, an enzyme and an acceptor molecular couple. The energy is released in the form of two quanta of electronic excitation. The transfer of the energy determines the change of the orbital directions, as well as the ionic constellations previously fixed at the level of the donor molecule and at the level of the acceptor molecular couple. Subsequently, an allosteric modification of the enzyme which connects the donor with the acceptor molecular couple is produced. The conversion of the chemical energy into mechanical energy is explained by means of the ions movement and by the conformational changes of the enzymes involved in the processes of the energy transfer.", "PMID": 413130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6962", "title": "Lithium therapy and alkaline earth metal metabolism: a biochemical screening study.", "content": "A study is described of 90 patients receiving lithium prophylactically for recurrent affective disorder. A total of 90 biochemical variables was analysed by correlation matrices. No abnormality in calcium or magnesium metabolism was detected though this may merely be a reflection of the insensitivity of the screening technique used.", "contents": "Lithium therapy and alkaline earth metal metabolism: a biochemical screening study. A study is described of 90 patients receiving lithium prophylactically for recurrent affective disorder. A total of 90 biochemical variables was analysed by correlation matrices. No abnormality in calcium or magnesium metabolism was detected though this may merely be a reflection of the insensitivity of the screening technique used.", "PMID": 413134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6963", "title": "Cost-benefit analysis and the evaluation of psychiatric services.", "content": "The paper sets out a method for evaluating changes in psychiatric services in a cost-benefit framework. The first section of the paper analyses some of the problems which arise with those elements which can be measured in monetary terms--the 'hard' costs and benefits. The second section looks at a method of presenting the less tangible effects--the 'soft' costs and benefits. Finally, it is suggested how these can be brought together to aid rational decision-making.", "contents": "Cost-benefit analysis and the evaluation of psychiatric services. The paper sets out a method for evaluating changes in psychiatric services in a cost-benefit framework. The first section of the paper analyses some of the problems which arise with those elements which can be measured in monetary terms--the 'hard' costs and benefits. The second section looks at a method of presenting the less tangible effects--the 'soft' costs and benefits. Finally, it is suggested how these can be brought together to aid rational decision-making.", "PMID": 413135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6964", "title": "Analgesia induced by vaginal stimulation in rats is apparently independent of a morphine-sensitive process.", "content": "Previous studies have suggested that in rats probing against the vaginal cervix with a glass of is analgesic, for this stimulus elevates the threshold for eliciting vocalization in response to tail shock. In the present studies pretreatment with naloxone HCl (1 or 10 mg/kg), a potent narcotic antagonist did not antagonize this vaginal stimulation-induced analgesia. Furthermore, vaginal stimulation was found to exert its analgesic effect even in rats made tolerant to, and dependent upon, morphine sulfate. These results suggest that the analgesic effect of vaginal stimulation is not necessarily mediated by an opiate-sensitive neural system. However, we hypothesize that even though vaginal stimulation and other analgesic manipulations may act via different neural substrates, they may nevertheless converge onto a final common mechanism for pain suppression.", "contents": "Analgesia induced by vaginal stimulation in rats is apparently independent of a morphine-sensitive process. Previous studies have suggested that in rats probing against the vaginal cervix with a glass of is analgesic, for this stimulus elevates the threshold for eliciting vocalization in response to tail shock. In the present studies pretreatment with naloxone HCl (1 or 10 mg/kg), a potent narcotic antagonist did not antagonize this vaginal stimulation-induced analgesia. Furthermore, vaginal stimulation was found to exert its analgesic effect even in rats made tolerant to, and dependent upon, morphine sulfate. These results suggest that the analgesic effect of vaginal stimulation is not necessarily mediated by an opiate-sensitive neural system. However, we hypothesize that even though vaginal stimulation and other analgesic manipulations may act via different neural substrates, they may nevertheless converge onto a final common mechanism for pain suppression.", "PMID": 413136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6965", "title": "Interaction between morphine and reinforcing lateral hypothalamic stimulation.", "content": "The interaction between morphine and lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in rats was investigated in three experiments. In nonaddicted animals injections of moderate doses of morphine (8 mg/kg) resulted in a short-lasting increase in the self-stimulation threshold. Injections of low doses (2 mg/kg) did not alter the self-stimulation threshold significantly. In addicted animals self-stimulation thresholds were significantly lower 2 h compared to 22 h after injection of 200 mg/kg morphine hydrochloride (calculated as the salt). A 16 mg/kg injection of morphine in non-addicted rats suppressed self-stimulation. However, when the animals were administered noncontingent priming stimulation and were hand-shaped toward the lever whenever they left it, they continued to lever-press throughout the entire 90-min postinjection testing period. The animals that were neither primed nor shaped (and therefore remained unstimulated), however, showed a significantly better recovery when tested 90 min after the injection; i.e., their response rate was higher than that of the primed and shaped animals, which were engaged in bar-pressing throughout the entire testing procedure.", "contents": "Interaction between morphine and reinforcing lateral hypothalamic stimulation. The interaction between morphine and lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in rats was investigated in three experiments. In nonaddicted animals injections of moderate doses of morphine (8 mg/kg) resulted in a short-lasting increase in the self-stimulation threshold. Injections of low doses (2 mg/kg) did not alter the self-stimulation threshold significantly. In addicted animals self-stimulation thresholds were significantly lower 2 h compared to 22 h after injection of 200 mg/kg morphine hydrochloride (calculated as the salt). A 16 mg/kg injection of morphine in non-addicted rats suppressed self-stimulation. However, when the animals were administered noncontingent priming stimulation and were hand-shaped toward the lever whenever they left it, they continued to lever-press throughout the entire 90-min postinjection testing period. The animals that were neither primed nor shaped (and therefore remained unstimulated), however, showed a significantly better recovery when tested 90 min after the injection; i.e., their response rate was higher than that of the primed and shaped animals, which were engaged in bar-pressing throughout the entire testing procedure.", "PMID": 413137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6966", "title": "Stereotypy and hyperactivity in rats receiving ethanol and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.", "content": "The combined administration of tranylcypromine (TCP) and ethanol to rats produced both a marked increase in general locomotion such as walking and running and the appearance of repetitive stereotyped head and trunk weaving, forepaw padding, and circling movements. Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) abolished the stereotyped behaviors. In contrast, animals pretreated with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) were virtually indistinguishable from those receiving only TCP + ethanol, except for a decrease in running behaviors. The above results are consistent with a serotonergic mediation of these specific stereotypes. The mechanisms by which TCP + ethanol might produce these effects are discussed.", "contents": "Stereotypy and hyperactivity in rats receiving ethanol and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. The combined administration of tranylcypromine (TCP) and ethanol to rats produced both a marked increase in general locomotion such as walking and running and the appearance of repetitive stereotyped head and trunk weaving, forepaw padding, and circling movements. Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) abolished the stereotyped behaviors. In contrast, animals pretreated with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) were virtually indistinguishable from those receiving only TCP + ethanol, except for a decrease in running behaviors. The above results are consistent with a serotonergic mediation of these specific stereotypes. The mechanisms by which TCP + ethanol might produce these effects are discussed.", "PMID": 413138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6967", "title": "Passive avoidance learning in the rat as functions of d-amphetamine dosage and shock intensity.", "content": "The effects of d-amphetamine dosage (0, 1, 3, and 5 mg/kg) and shock intensity (0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 ma) on the learning of a passive avoidance response were assessed in rats. A curvilinear dose-response relationship was found at all shock levels, showing slower learning under moderate doses of d-amphetamine. The lowest shock level produced slower learning, especially in conjunction with the lowest dose of d-amphetamine. Results are discussed in terms of freezing behavior.", "contents": "Passive avoidance learning in the rat as functions of d-amphetamine dosage and shock intensity. The effects of d-amphetamine dosage (0, 1, 3, and 5 mg/kg) and shock intensity (0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 ma) on the learning of a passive avoidance response were assessed in rats. A curvilinear dose-response relationship was found at all shock levels, showing slower learning under moderate doses of d-amphetamine. The lowest shock level produced slower learning, especially in conjunction with the lowest dose of d-amphetamine. Results are discussed in terms of freezing behavior.", "PMID": 413139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6968", "title": "Locomotor stimulation by L-dopa: relative importance of noradrenaline receptor activation.", "content": "The importance of brain noradrenaline synthesis and receptor activation for the hyperkinesia induced by carbidopa plus L-Dopa in reserpine-treated or normal mice was analyzed in four different models. After pretreatment with reserpine and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor nialamide, the hyperkinesia induced by L-Dopa (25 mg/kg i.p.) was partly mediated via stimulation of noradrenaline receptors since it was significantly antagonized by the noradrenaline receptor-blocking agent phenoxybenzamine. Treatment with reserpine plus L-Dopa (125 mg/kg i.p.) produced an increase in motor activity probably due to stimulation of dopamine receptors since it was not accompanied by an accumulation of noradrenaline and it was not inhibited by phenoxybenzamine. The hyperkinesia following treatment with reserpine and a higher dose of L-Dopa (250 mg/kg i.p.) was probably due to stimulation of both dopamine and noradrenaline receptors since the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA-63 partly reduced the effect of L-Dopa. Phenoxybenzamine potentiated the motor stimulation by L-Dopa (125 mg/kg i.p.) in mice not pretreated with reserpine, perhaps depending on a slight enhancement of the net accumulation of brain dopamine. Thus, noradrenaline receptor activation is of importance for the L-Dopa-induced hyperkinesia, at least after high doses or after monoamine oxidase inhibition.", "contents": "Locomotor stimulation by L-dopa: relative importance of noradrenaline receptor activation. The importance of brain noradrenaline synthesis and receptor activation for the hyperkinesia induced by carbidopa plus L-Dopa in reserpine-treated or normal mice was analyzed in four different models. After pretreatment with reserpine and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor nialamide, the hyperkinesia induced by L-Dopa (25 mg/kg i.p.) was partly mediated via stimulation of noradrenaline receptors since it was significantly antagonized by the noradrenaline receptor-blocking agent phenoxybenzamine. Treatment with reserpine plus L-Dopa (125 mg/kg i.p.) produced an increase in motor activity probably due to stimulation of dopamine receptors since it was not accompanied by an accumulation of noradrenaline and it was not inhibited by phenoxybenzamine. The hyperkinesia following treatment with reserpine and a higher dose of L-Dopa (250 mg/kg i.p.) was probably due to stimulation of both dopamine and noradrenaline receptors since the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA-63 partly reduced the effect of L-Dopa. Phenoxybenzamine potentiated the motor stimulation by L-Dopa (125 mg/kg i.p.) in mice not pretreated with reserpine, perhaps depending on a slight enhancement of the net accumulation of brain dopamine. Thus, noradrenaline receptor activation is of importance for the L-Dopa-induced hyperkinesia, at least after high doses or after monoamine oxidase inhibition.", "PMID": 413140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6969", "title": "EEG, blood level, and behavioral effects of the antidepressant mianserin (ORG GB-94).", "content": "A pharmacokinetic analysis of a new antidepressant drug, mianserin (ORG GB-94), was undertaken in 4 male volunteers, each of whom received 15 mg mianserin on two occasions. Plasma levels peak at 2 h with a median level of 11.0 ng/ml, a median beta-phase half-life of 10.0 h, and a median apparent volume of distribution of 3.3 X 10(3) 1. EEG profile analysis shows mianserin to increase frequencies below 6 Hz, decrease those from 7.5 to 15 Hz, and increase frequencies above 18 Hz, a pattern similar to amitriptyline. Peak EEG effects range from 2 to 5 h with a pattern of measured changes that parallels plasma levels with varying latency. Decreases in vigilance measures and in critical flicker-fusion frequency show a similar time course. Mianserin is a putative thymoleptic on EEG profile analysis with high cerebral penetrance.", "contents": "EEG, blood level, and behavioral effects of the antidepressant mianserin (ORG GB-94). A pharmacokinetic analysis of a new antidepressant drug, mianserin (ORG GB-94), was undertaken in 4 male volunteers, each of whom received 15 mg mianserin on two occasions. Plasma levels peak at 2 h with a median level of 11.0 ng/ml, a median beta-phase half-life of 10.0 h, and a median apparent volume of distribution of 3.3 X 10(3) 1. EEG profile analysis shows mianserin to increase frequencies below 6 Hz, decrease those from 7.5 to 15 Hz, and increase frequencies above 18 Hz, a pattern similar to amitriptyline. Peak EEG effects range from 2 to 5 h with a pattern of measured changes that parallels plasma levels with varying latency. Decreases in vigilance measures and in critical flicker-fusion frequency show a similar time course. Mianserin is a putative thymoleptic on EEG profile analysis with high cerebral penetrance.", "PMID": 413141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6970", "title": "d-Amphetamine and adjunctive drinking in rats.", "content": "In the first experiment four food-deprived rats developed high levels of adjunctive water drinking during daily sessions of intermittent food pellet delivery. When the water was removed and a solution of d-amphetamine sulfate (0.01 mg/ml) put in its place, adjunctive drinking was disrupted towards the end of each session although the rats ingested doses of approximately 0.5 mg/kg daily for over 40 sessions. Consumption of the d-amphetamine solution was increased by injections of several doses of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT). In a second experiment injections of d-amphetamine (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) were found to reduce adjunctive water consumption in six rats. It was also found that the actions of the two highest doses of d-amphetamine were reduced by pretreatment with a dose of AMPT (100 mg/kg), which itself slightly reduced levels of drinking. These results suggest that, although adjunctive drinking may be a useful technique for inducing rats to self-administer d-amphetamine, the amount of drug consumed is limited by a direct action of the drug on drinking.", "contents": "d-Amphetamine and adjunctive drinking in rats. In the first experiment four food-deprived rats developed high levels of adjunctive water drinking during daily sessions of intermittent food pellet delivery. When the water was removed and a solution of d-amphetamine sulfate (0.01 mg/ml) put in its place, adjunctive drinking was disrupted towards the end of each session although the rats ingested doses of approximately 0.5 mg/kg daily for over 40 sessions. Consumption of the d-amphetamine solution was increased by injections of several doses of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT). In a second experiment injections of d-amphetamine (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) were found to reduce adjunctive water consumption in six rats. It was also found that the actions of the two highest doses of d-amphetamine were reduced by pretreatment with a dose of AMPT (100 mg/kg), which itself slightly reduced levels of drinking. These results suggest that, although adjunctive drinking may be a useful technique for inducing rats to self-administer d-amphetamine, the amount of drug consumed is limited by a direct action of the drug on drinking.", "PMID": 413144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6971", "title": "Factors influencing blood concentrations of chlordiazepoxide: a use of multiple regression analysis.", "content": "Three groups of male and female subjects aged 24-74 years received 25, 100, or 200 mg of chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride by mouth as a single dose or as two divided doses. The relation of plasma or whole blood concentrations for chlordiazepoxide (CDX) and its metabolite, desmethylchlordiazepoxide (DMCDX), to time since the last dose, weight, age, and sex were determined by simple and multiple regression analyses. Both CDX and DMCDX levels were negatively correlated with weight. Concentrations of CDX decreased, while those of DMCDX increased, with the time since the last dose. Lower levels of both drugs were associated with female sex, and lower levels of DMCDX were noted with increasing age. In the largest sample group, age and weight were more important variables than sex in accounting for CDX and DMCDX. Sex was of significance, and more important than time or age in explaining the variance of CDX in one series of observations. Multiple regression analysis is a useful approach to assessing interrelated factors influencing blood levels of drugs, especially when combined with a consideration of the interactive components of variance. Age and sex, in addition to weight and time, may be important factors that deserve further attention.", "contents": "Factors influencing blood concentrations of chlordiazepoxide: a use of multiple regression analysis. Three groups of male and female subjects aged 24-74 years received 25, 100, or 200 mg of chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride by mouth as a single dose or as two divided doses. The relation of plasma or whole blood concentrations for chlordiazepoxide (CDX) and its metabolite, desmethylchlordiazepoxide (DMCDX), to time since the last dose, weight, age, and sex were determined by simple and multiple regression analyses. Both CDX and DMCDX levels were negatively correlated with weight. Concentrations of CDX decreased, while those of DMCDX increased, with the time since the last dose. Lower levels of both drugs were associated with female sex, and lower levels of DMCDX were noted with increasing age. In the largest sample group, age and weight were more important variables than sex in accounting for CDX and DMCDX. Sex was of significance, and more important than time or age in explaining the variance of CDX in one series of observations. Multiple regression analysis is a useful approach to assessing interrelated factors influencing blood levels of drugs, especially when combined with a consideration of the interactive components of variance. Age and sex, in addition to weight and time, may be important factors that deserve further attention.", "PMID": 413145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6972", "title": "Pentazocine, cyclazocine, and nalorphine as discriminative stimuli.", "content": "Pentazocine, cyclazocine, and nalorphine are narcotic antagonists that also have analgesic activity of their own. The present investigation compared the stimulus properties of these three drugs in rats. Each drug was used as a discriminative stimulus for a separate group of rats. Depression of one lever resulted in food reinforcement following the administration of drug, and the opposite lever was reinforced after saline. Each drug readily acquired control of discriminated responding. The specific narcotic antagonist, naloxone, which antagonizes many of the effects of pentazocine, cyclazocine, and nalorphine, also antagonized the discrimination of these drugs. Stimulus generalization tests to each other narcotic antagonist, d-amphetamine, morphine, and LSD, showed that each narcotic antagonist has highly specific stimulus properties. Clear generalization occurred only to pentazocine and cyclazocine in the nalorphine-saline group, but neither cyclazocine nor pentazocine generalized to nalorphine.", "contents": "Pentazocine, cyclazocine, and nalorphine as discriminative stimuli. Pentazocine, cyclazocine, and nalorphine are narcotic antagonists that also have analgesic activity of their own. The present investigation compared the stimulus properties of these three drugs in rats. Each drug was used as a discriminative stimulus for a separate group of rats. Depression of one lever resulted in food reinforcement following the administration of drug, and the opposite lever was reinforced after saline. Each drug readily acquired control of discriminated responding. The specific narcotic antagonist, naloxone, which antagonizes many of the effects of pentazocine, cyclazocine, and nalorphine, also antagonized the discrimination of these drugs. Stimulus generalization tests to each other narcotic antagonist, d-amphetamine, morphine, and LSD, showed that each narcotic antagonist has highly specific stimulus properties. Clear generalization occurred only to pentazocine and cyclazocine in the nalorphine-saline group, but neither cyclazocine nor pentazocine generalized to nalorphine.", "PMID": 413147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6973", "title": "Effects of withdrawal from chronic amphetamine intoxication on exploratory and stereotyped behaviors in the rat.", "content": "Rats were administered 3, 6, and 12 mg/kg of d-amphetamine s.c. twice daily on a weekly increasing staircase schedule. On days 1, 7, 14, and 28 after the last injection of amphetamine the animals were challenged with 1 and 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine and their behavior was observed. The 7-, 14-, and 28-day withdrawn animals required less amphetamine than controls to induce stereotyped behaviors. However, it was found that withdrawn animals and control animals were equally sensitive to the effects of apomorphine. Reserpine pretreatment eliminated the differences between control and withdrawn animals. alpha-Methyl tyrosine pretreatment blocked the effects of 1 but not 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine in the withdrawn animals. Possible chemical mechanisms underlying the change in amphetamine sensitivity in the withdrawn animals are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of withdrawal from chronic amphetamine intoxication on exploratory and stereotyped behaviors in the rat. Rats were administered 3, 6, and 12 mg/kg of d-amphetamine s.c. twice daily on a weekly increasing staircase schedule. On days 1, 7, 14, and 28 after the last injection of amphetamine the animals were challenged with 1 and 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine and their behavior was observed. The 7-, 14-, and 28-day withdrawn animals required less amphetamine than controls to induce stereotyped behaviors. However, it was found that withdrawn animals and control animals were equally sensitive to the effects of apomorphine. Reserpine pretreatment eliminated the differences between control and withdrawn animals. alpha-Methyl tyrosine pretreatment blocked the effects of 1 but not 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine in the withdrawn animals. Possible chemical mechanisms underlying the change in amphetamine sensitivity in the withdrawn animals are discussed.", "PMID": 413148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6974", "title": "Adrenergic modulation of a cholinergic emotional reaction in the cat's thalamus.", "content": "Direct carbachol stimulation of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus evokes an affective defense reaction in the cat. Pretreatment of the region with noradrenaline inhibited the reaction in a dose-related manner. Phenylephrine was ineffective in this respect while isoprenaline exhibited roughly the same inhibitory action as noradrenaline. The alpha-receptor blocking dihydroergotamine left the inhibitory effect of noradrenaline unaffected while the beta-receptor blocking propranolol abolished it. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effect of noradrenaline on the carbachol-induced thalamic emotional reaction is caused by its influence on beta-type adrenergic receptors. Since a similar adrenergic-cholinergic interaction was previously demonstrated also for the hypothalamus and red nucleus, it can be concluded that adrenergic modulation of cholinergic reactions in the central nervous sytem seems to be a principle of more general validity than has been assumed thus far.", "contents": "Adrenergic modulation of a cholinergic emotional reaction in the cat's thalamus. Direct carbachol stimulation of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus evokes an affective defense reaction in the cat. Pretreatment of the region with noradrenaline inhibited the reaction in a dose-related manner. Phenylephrine was ineffective in this respect while isoprenaline exhibited roughly the same inhibitory action as noradrenaline. The alpha-receptor blocking dihydroergotamine left the inhibitory effect of noradrenaline unaffected while the beta-receptor blocking propranolol abolished it. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effect of noradrenaline on the carbachol-induced thalamic emotional reaction is caused by its influence on beta-type adrenergic receptors. Since a similar adrenergic-cholinergic interaction was previously demonstrated also for the hypothalamus and red nucleus, it can be concluded that adrenergic modulation of cholinergic reactions in the central nervous sytem seems to be a principle of more general validity than has been assumed thus far.", "PMID": 413149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6975", "title": "Morphine and shuttle-box self-stimulation in the rat: a model for euphoria.", "content": "In a shuttle-box self-stimulation paradigm, analgesic doses of morphine increase the amount of time a rat leaves rewarding brain stimulation on, without altering average OFF times. This paradigm may serve as a model for the euphoria induced by narcotic drugs and as a useful tool for evaluating the reinforcing effects of drugs.", "contents": "Morphine and shuttle-box self-stimulation in the rat: a model for euphoria. In a shuttle-box self-stimulation paradigm, analgesic doses of morphine increase the amount of time a rat leaves rewarding brain stimulation on, without altering average OFF times. This paradigm may serve as a model for the euphoria induced by narcotic drugs and as a useful tool for evaluating the reinforcing effects of drugs.", "PMID": 413150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6976", "title": "Interaction between narcotic antagonist (naloxone) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the rat.", "content": "LSD administration in rats elicited a diphasic reaction consisting of a brief excitable period ( up to 8 min) followed by a prolonged catalepsy (8 min-1 h). While the cataleptic response was antagonized by a single injection of naloxone (given 30 min after LSD administration), pretreatment with naloxone shortened the excitable phase and potentiated the catalepsy.", "contents": "Interaction between narcotic antagonist (naloxone) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in the rat. LSD administration in rats elicited a diphasic reaction consisting of a brief excitable period ( up to 8 min) followed by a prolonged catalepsy (8 min-1 h). While the cataleptic response was antagonized by a single injection of naloxone (given 30 min after LSD administration), pretreatment with naloxone shortened the excitable phase and potentiated the catalepsy.", "PMID": 413151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6977", "title": "[Statistico-mathematical correlation of the B and C isoenzyme ratio of carbonic anhydrase and fetal hemoglobin, and its probable biological significance in the metabolism of zinc].", "content": "The AA. performed a study on the Bravais-Galton's correlation  coefficient. They applied this coefficient to the HCAB/HCAC ratio and to the fetal haemoglobin often groups of twenty children (one month four years old) values. The result support the assumption that there is a strong biochemical relationship between zinc-carbonic anhydrase and haemoglobin in erithrocytes.", "contents": "[Statistico-mathematical correlation of the B and C isoenzyme ratio of carbonic anhydrase and fetal hemoglobin, and its probable biological significance in the metabolism of zinc]. The AA. performed a study on the Bravais-Galton's correlation  coefficient. They applied this coefficient to the HCAB/HCAC ratio and to the fetal haemoglobin often groups of twenty children (one month four years old) values. The result support the assumption that there is a strong biochemical relationship between zinc-carbonic anhydrase and haemoglobin in erithrocytes.", "PMID": 413154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6978", "title": "Social interaction and serum insulin values in the monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Social interaction studies were conducted with two groups of rhesus monkeys with abnormally elevated serum insulin values. In both studies, the animals that were lowest on the dominance-submissiveness scale showed a fall in insulin levels to within the normal range for the monkey. Upon removal from the group, insulin values in these animals returned to their previous elevated level. In neither instance was the fall in insulin level accompanied by fasting hyperglycemia.", "contents": "Social interaction and serum insulin values in the monkey (Macaca mulatta). Social interaction studies were conducted with two groups of rhesus monkeys with abnormally elevated serum insulin values. In both studies, the animals that were lowest on the dominance-submissiveness scale showed a fall in insulin levels to within the normal range for the monkey. Upon removal from the group, insulin values in these animals returned to their previous elevated level. In neither instance was the fall in insulin level accompanied by fasting hyperglycemia.", "PMID": 413152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6979", "title": "Dose to the metaphyseal growth complexes in children undergoing 99mTc-EHDP bone scans.", "content": "The spatial temporal distribution of radionuclides in children may differ greatly from that accepted for adults. Following injection of a bone-seeking agent (99mTc-EHDP), radioactivity in the metaphyseal growth complexes of the distal femur and proximal tibia was quantitated in a series of children 4 to 16 years of age, using a gamma camera/computer system. The dose to the growth plate was fount to range from 0.8 to 4.7 rads when adjusted to an administered activity of 200 muCi/kg, compared to approximately 0.6 rad to the adult skeleton for a corresponding study.", "contents": "Dose to the metaphyseal growth complexes in children undergoing 99mTc-EHDP bone scans. The spatial temporal distribution of radionuclides in children may differ greatly from that accepted for adults. Following injection of a bone-seeking agent (99mTc-EHDP), radioactivity in the metaphyseal growth complexes of the distal femur and proximal tibia was quantitated in a series of children 4 to 16 years of age, using a gamma camera/computer system. The dose to the growth plate was fount to range from 0.8 to 4.7 rads when adjusted to an administered activity of 200 muCi/kg, compared to approximately 0.6 rad to the adult skeleton for a corresponding study.", "PMID": 413158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6980", "title": "Demonstration of prostaglandin synthesis in collecting duct cells and other cell types of the rabbit renal medulla.", "content": "The renal medulla has a high capacity for prostaglandin production and the interstitial cells, which contain abundant lipid inclusions have been suggested to be the site of synthesis. However, histochemical studies have indicated that the collecting ducts are the main site of production. The object of the present study was to study the distribution of prostaglandin synthetase in the rabbit renal medulla by direct, quantitative determination of the enzyme activity in different cellular fractions. Slices were cut from rabbit renal papilla and immersed in a hypertonic saline solution. 92% of the collecting duct cells were then removed from the slices by suction through a micropipette. The remaining dissected slices thus contained mainly three cell types, cells of Henle's loop, endothelial cells, and interstitial cells. The isolated collecting duct fraction, the corresponding dissected slices, from which the colelcting duct cells were removed, as well as intact slices were assayed for prostaglandin synthetase activity using a quantitative assay with [14C] arachidonate as substrate. Of the prostaglandin in synthetase activity 39% was found in the collecting ducts, 53% in the dissected slices, and 7% in the dissection medium. It is thus concluded that significant prostaglandin synthetase activity is present in collecting duct cells as well as in at least one other cell type of the medulla.", "contents": "Demonstration of prostaglandin synthesis in collecting duct cells and other cell types of the rabbit renal medulla. The renal medulla has a high capacity for prostaglandin production and the interstitial cells, which contain abundant lipid inclusions have been suggested to be the site of synthesis. However, histochemical studies have indicated that the collecting ducts are the main site of production. The object of the present study was to study the distribution of prostaglandin synthetase in the rabbit renal medulla by direct, quantitative determination of the enzyme activity in different cellular fractions. Slices were cut from rabbit renal papilla and immersed in a hypertonic saline solution. 92% of the collecting duct cells were then removed from the slices by suction through a micropipette. The remaining dissected slices thus contained mainly three cell types, cells of Henle's loop, endothelial cells, and interstitial cells. The isolated collecting duct fraction, the corresponding dissected slices, from which the colelcting duct cells were removed, as well as intact slices were assayed for prostaglandin synthetase activity using a quantitative assay with [14C] arachidonate as substrate. Of the prostaglandin in synthetase activity 39% was found in the collecting ducts, 53% in the dissected slices, and 7% in the dissection medium. It is thus concluded that significant prostaglandin synthetase activity is present in collecting duct cells as well as in at least one other cell type of the medulla.", "PMID": 413160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6981", "title": "Biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins in chick epiphyseal cartilage.", "content": "Microsomal fractions of cells isolated from chick epiphyseal cartilage catalyzed the synthesis of prostaglandins from radiolabeled delta8,11,14-eicosatrienoic and from arachidonic acids. In addition, the microsomal supernatants contained both 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and prostaglandin 15-keto delta13,14-reductase activities. Two major classes of prostaglandins (E and F) were synthesized; however, a major product which chromatographically behaves as PGA was also isolated. Synthetase activities were analyzed for pH optima and response to known stimulators and inhibitors of prostaglandin systhesis. The different activators had varying stimulatory effects on prostaglandin synthesis; the anti-inflammatory drugs were all strongly inhibitory. Synthetase activity in the growth plate was highest in the zone of hypertrophy, declining substantially in the more heavily calcified regions. Degradative enzyme activities were highest in the zone of maturation and significantly lower in the adjacent hypertrophic zone. The net effect of these opposing activities would be to elevate prostaglandin levels at the zone of hypertrophy, a finding which suggests that prostaglandins may play a role in the modulation of epiphyseal cartilage metabolism.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins in chick epiphyseal cartilage. Microsomal fractions of cells isolated from chick epiphyseal cartilage catalyzed the synthesis of prostaglandins from radiolabeled delta8,11,14-eicosatrienoic and from arachidonic acids. In addition, the microsomal supernatants contained both 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and prostaglandin 15-keto delta13,14-reductase activities. Two major classes of prostaglandins (E and F) were synthesized; however, a major product which chromatographically behaves as PGA was also isolated. Synthetase activities were analyzed for pH optima and response to known stimulators and inhibitors of prostaglandin systhesis. The different activators had varying stimulatory effects on prostaglandin synthesis; the anti-inflammatory drugs were all strongly inhibitory. Synthetase activity in the growth plate was highest in the zone of hypertrophy, declining substantially in the more heavily calcified regions. Degradative enzyme activities were highest in the zone of maturation and significantly lower in the adjacent hypertrophic zone. The net effect of these opposing activities would be to elevate prostaglandin levels at the zone of hypertrophy, a finding which suggests that prostaglandins may play a role in the modulation of epiphyseal cartilage metabolism.", "PMID": 413162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6982", "title": "Stimulatory effect of prostaglandins on the production of hexosamine-containing substances by cultured fibroblasts (3) induction of hyaluronic acid synthetase by prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "The mechanism of the stimulatory effect of prostaglandin(PG)F2alpha on the production of hexosamine-containing substances by cultured fibroblasts was studied. Treatment of the cells with 1 microgram/ml of PGF2alpha resulted in a doubled net synthesis of acidic glycosaminoglycans during 20 hrs measured with uronic acid as index, and also resulted in 300 per cent increase of 3H-glucosamine incorporation into hexosamine-containing substances during the first 6 hrs. Fractionation of the PGF2alpha-stimulated hexosamine-containing substances with double isotope technique revealed that hyaluronic acid was the most stimulated component. Prior to the increase of hyaluronic acid, hyaluronic acid synthetase activity was found to be augmented by PGF2alpha as high as 4 times over the control. The augmentation of hyaluronic acid synthetase activity by PGF2alpha did not take place if actinomycin D was simultaneously present in the culture medium, suggesting that PGF2alpha induced the enzyme.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of prostaglandins on the production of hexosamine-containing substances by cultured fibroblasts (3) induction of hyaluronic acid synthetase by prostaglandin F2alpha. The mechanism of the stimulatory effect of prostaglandin(PG)F2alpha on the production of hexosamine-containing substances by cultured fibroblasts was studied. Treatment of the cells with 1 microgram/ml of PGF2alpha resulted in a doubled net synthesis of acidic glycosaminoglycans during 20 hrs measured with uronic acid as index, and also resulted in 300 per cent increase of 3H-glucosamine incorporation into hexosamine-containing substances during the first 6 hrs. Fractionation of the PGF2alpha-stimulated hexosamine-containing substances with double isotope technique revealed that hyaluronic acid was the most stimulated component. Prior to the increase of hyaluronic acid, hyaluronic acid synthetase activity was found to be augmented by PGF2alpha as high as 4 times over the control. The augmentation of hyaluronic acid synthetase activity by PGF2alpha did not take place if actinomycin D was simultaneously present in the culture medium, suggesting that PGF2alpha induced the enzyme.", "PMID": 413163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6983", "title": "[Dosimetry problems in irradiation of mediastinal tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Various physical parameters are described for evaluation of the quality of the irradiation plane. Of these, the integral dose and the dose gradient index are regarded as particularly significant and their calculation is included in a computerised dosimetry programme. Examples are drawn from the comparison of various mediastinum irradiation techniques: 60Co, high energy X-rays, fast electrons.", "contents": "[Dosimetry problems in irradiation of mediastinal tumours (author's transl)]. Various physical parameters are described for evaluation of the quality of the irradiation plane. Of these, the integral dose and the dose gradient index are regarded as particularly significant and their calculation is included in a computerised dosimetry programme. Examples are drawn from the comparison of various mediastinum irradiation techniques: 60Co, high energy X-rays, fast electrons.", "PMID": 413166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6984", "title": "[Study of various constituents of a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa].", "content": "Using a strain of Ps. aeruginosa (A.T.C.C. 10.145), several preparations were obtained: cytoplasm, cellular wall, extract with veronal buffer and carbohydrates. A morphologic and biochemical study of the bacterium was performed and the soluble fractions were analysed by electrophoresis in poliacrilamide gel with strains for proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. The results led the following conclusions: 1. -Electrophoresis of cytoplasm in poliacrilamide gel made it possible to recognize 17 proteic, 9 carbohydrate and 3 lipid fractions. 2. -Eight of the protein fractions were combined with carbohydrates and 9 were proteins. 3. -The extract obtained with veronal buffer showed 12 protein, 7 carbohydrate and 4 lipid fractions. 4. -The seven carbohydrate fractions were combined with proteins. 5. -Five of the cytoplasm proteins fractions were not extracted with veronal buffer; two protein fractions extracted by veronal buffer were not from cytoplasm. 6. -Heating the extract obtained with veronal buffer determined the loss of most of the fractions extracted probably due to denaturalizations of the proteins. 7. -The heated extract obtained with veronal buffer showed diffuse bands coloured with protein, carbohydrate and lipid strains.", "contents": "[Study of various constituents of a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. Using a strain of Ps. aeruginosa (A.T.C.C. 10.145), several preparations were obtained: cytoplasm, cellular wall, extract with veronal buffer and carbohydrates. A morphologic and biochemical study of the bacterium was performed and the soluble fractions were analysed by electrophoresis in poliacrilamide gel with strains for proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. The results led the following conclusions: 1. -Electrophoresis of cytoplasm in poliacrilamide gel made it possible to recognize 17 proteic, 9 carbohydrate and 3 lipid fractions. 2. -Eight of the protein fractions were combined with carbohydrates and 9 were proteins. 3. -The extract obtained with veronal buffer showed 12 protein, 7 carbohydrate and 4 lipid fractions. 4. -The seven carbohydrate fractions were combined with proteins. 5. -Five of the cytoplasm proteins fractions were not extracted with veronal buffer; two protein fractions extracted by veronal buffer were not from cytoplasm. 6. -Heating the extract obtained with veronal buffer determined the loss of most of the fractions extracted probably due to denaturalizations of the proteins. 7. -The heated extract obtained with veronal buffer showed diffuse bands coloured with protein, carbohydrate and lipid strains.", "PMID": 413167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6985", "title": "[Tele-E.E.G. recordings of three epileptic attacks classified as episodes of PM status (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the tele-E.E.G. resording of three episodes of PM status, occurring in three known epileptics (ages: 16, 20 and 22 years). One episode was induced by an injection of bemegride and the other two by overbreathing. Their duration was 27, 31 and 44 minutes respectively. The development of abnormalities was progressive in all three cases, whilst they disappeared suddenly in two cases. Study of these three episodes was made in two ways: an electrical study and a clinical study. In addition, a brief retrospective study of the psychological experience of the episodes was carried out. The main finding was that the three episodes recorded and observed represented prolonged attacks and not a succession of attacks. The authors concluded that episodes classified under the name of PM Status may be studied in two ways: either considering them as prolonged attacks which are not status epilepticus, or considering them as repeated attacks, their repetition resulting in the appearance of unusual additional signs and which are status epilepticus.", "contents": "[Tele-E.E.G. recordings of three epileptic attacks classified as episodes of PM status (author's transl)]. The authors present the tele-E.E.G. resording of three episodes of PM status, occurring in three known epileptics (ages: 16, 20 and 22 years). One episode was induced by an injection of bemegride and the other two by overbreathing. Their duration was 27, 31 and 44 minutes respectively. The development of abnormalities was progressive in all three cases, whilst they disappeared suddenly in two cases. Study of these three episodes was made in two ways: an electrical study and a clinical study. In addition, a brief retrospective study of the psychological experience of the episodes was carried out. The main finding was that the three episodes recorded and observed represented prolonged attacks and not a succession of attacks. The authors concluded that episodes classified under the name of PM Status may be studied in two ways: either considering them as prolonged attacks which are not status epilepticus, or considering them as repeated attacks, their repetition resulting in the appearance of unusual additional signs and which are status epilepticus.", "PMID": 413172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6986", "title": "Precision of single injection (51Cr)EDTA plasma clearance and endogenous creatinine clearance determinations in children.", "content": "The precision of two different clearance methods as used for routine assessment of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was investigated in thirty-one children aged 0.6-14 years: total [51Cr]EDTA plasma clearance (E) determined by a simplified single injection method; and 24 h endogenous creatinine clearance (C). Determination of C twice only succeeded in twenty children because of problems in collecting 24 h urine accurately. The precision (determined from the total day-to-day variation) for single determinations in patients with E greater than or equal to 80 ml/min/1.73 m2 was 5.5% for E and 13.8% for C. The corresponding figures for E less than 80 ml/min/1.73 m2 was 7.8% for E and 20.8% for C. Data in the literature on the inaccuracies of C and E versus GFR suggest that the degree of inaccuracy in predicting GFR from C is much higher than that from E, a feature which together with the present findings on precision indicates that E is much more reliable than C for routine determination of GFR in children.", "contents": "Precision of single injection (51Cr)EDTA plasma clearance and endogenous creatinine clearance determinations in children. The precision of two different clearance methods as used for routine assessment of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was investigated in thirty-one children aged 0.6-14 years: total [51Cr]EDTA plasma clearance (E) determined by a simplified single injection method; and 24 h endogenous creatinine clearance (C). Determination of C twice only succeeded in twenty children because of problems in collecting 24 h urine accurately. The precision (determined from the total day-to-day variation) for single determinations in patients with E greater than or equal to 80 ml/min/1.73 m2 was 5.5% for E and 13.8% for C. The corresponding figures for E less than 80 ml/min/1.73 m2 was 7.8% for E and 20.8% for C. Data in the literature on the inaccuracies of C and E versus GFR suggest that the degree of inaccuracy in predicting GFR from C is much higher than that from E, a feature which together with the present findings on precision indicates that E is much more reliable than C for routine determination of GFR in children.", "PMID": 413183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6987", "title": "Single injection (51Cr)EDTA plasma clearance determination in children using capillary blood samples.", "content": "The reliability of a determination of the total [51Cr]EDTA plasma clearance (E) (and with it the glomerular filtration rate), by a simplified single injection method (injected dose: 4.5 muCi per kg b.w.) using capillary blood samples (0.2 ml), was investigated in twenty children. Clearance values determined from capillary blood samples did not differ significantly from those measured simultaneously from venous blood samples, the mean ratio +/-SD being 1.02 +/- 0.06 (n = 10). The reproducibility (total day-to-day variation) of E determined from capillary blood samples was 6.7% in children with decreased renal function (n = 3) and 6.9% in children with normal renal function (n = 7). The present data indicate that the use of capillary blood samples is an accurate and very precise approach for determination of E in children.", "contents": "Single injection (51Cr)EDTA plasma clearance determination in children using capillary blood samples. The reliability of a determination of the total [51Cr]EDTA plasma clearance (E) (and with it the glomerular filtration rate), by a simplified single injection method (injected dose: 4.5 muCi per kg b.w.) using capillary blood samples (0.2 ml), was investigated in twenty children. Clearance values determined from capillary blood samples did not differ significantly from those measured simultaneously from venous blood samples, the mean ratio +/-SD being 1.02 +/- 0.06 (n = 10). The reproducibility (total day-to-day variation) of E determined from capillary blood samples was 6.7% in children with decreased renal function (n = 3) and 6.9% in children with normal renal function (n = 7). The present data indicate that the use of capillary blood samples is an accurate and very precise approach for determination of E in children.", "PMID": 413184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6988", "title": "Experimental pulpitis in immunized monkeys.", "content": "Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was topically applied to exposed dentin to assess whether inflammatory reactions can be induced in the pulp of monkeys immunized against BSA. Four cynomolgus monkeys received repeated injections of BSA emulsified with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Pulp challenge was performed by applying BSA in freshly cut dentin cavities prepared on the buccal surface in 34 teeth. In 29 control teeth ovalbumin (OVA) was applied. Control applications of BSA were also performed in 15 teeth prepared in three nonimmunized monkeys. Forty-eight hours after the initiation of the pulp challenge the monkeys were sacrificed and the pulp tissue examined in the light microscope. Topical application of BSA to freshly exosed dentin in immunized monkeys resulted in severe inflammatory lesions in the pulp, characterized by bleeding and extravascular infiltration of large numbers of leukocytes. Extensive tissue damage was an important feature in several pulps. Identical applications of OVA in control teeth and BSA applications in nonimmunized monkeys produced no such reactions. The results indicate that interactions between antigens and antibodies can occur within the dentin-pulp area and following the formation of immune-complexes, severe injury to the pulp can be induced.", "contents": "Experimental pulpitis in immunized monkeys. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was topically applied to exposed dentin to assess whether inflammatory reactions can be induced in the pulp of monkeys immunized against BSA. Four cynomolgus monkeys received repeated injections of BSA emulsified with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Pulp challenge was performed by applying BSA in freshly cut dentin cavities prepared on the buccal surface in 34 teeth. In 29 control teeth ovalbumin (OVA) was applied. Control applications of BSA were also performed in 15 teeth prepared in three nonimmunized monkeys. Forty-eight hours after the initiation of the pulp challenge the monkeys were sacrificed and the pulp tissue examined in the light microscope. Topical application of BSA to freshly exosed dentin in immunized monkeys resulted in severe inflammatory lesions in the pulp, characterized by bleeding and extravascular infiltration of large numbers of leukocytes. Extensive tissue damage was an important feature in several pulps. Identical applications of OVA in control teeth and BSA applications in nonimmunized monkeys produced no such reactions. The results indicate that interactions between antigens and antibodies can occur within the dentin-pulp area and following the formation of immune-complexes, severe injury to the pulp can be induced.", "PMID": 413185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6989", "title": "Identification and characterization of different amyloid fibril proteins in tissue sections.", "content": "Antisera specific for 4 different classes of amyloid fibril proteins, amyloid protein AA and the immunoglobulin light-chain amyloid proteins AlambdaI, AlambdaIV, and AlambdaV, were used to identify these proteins directly in tissue sections from 25 patients with amyloidosis. The specificity of these reactions was established by blocking experiments with purified amyloid fibril proteins and Bence Jones proteins of known variable subgroups. Protein AA was detected in 17 patients, including all 13 with secondary amyloidosis, 2 with primary amyloidosis and 2 with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia. Immunoglobulin light-chain proteins AlambdaI, AlambdaIV, and AlambdaV were in 3, 1, and 2 patients, respectively, all of whom had primary or myeloma/macroglobulinemia-associated amyloidosis. Antiserum specific for the amyloid-related serum protein SAA reacted with the same tissues as anti-AA and had the same pattern of staining in tissue sections.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of different amyloid fibril proteins in tissue sections. Antisera specific for 4 different classes of amyloid fibril proteins, amyloid protein AA and the immunoglobulin light-chain amyloid proteins AlambdaI, AlambdaIV, and AlambdaV, were used to identify these proteins directly in tissue sections from 25 patients with amyloidosis. The specificity of these reactions was established by blocking experiments with purified amyloid fibril proteins and Bence Jones proteins of known variable subgroups. Protein AA was detected in 17 patients, including all 13 with secondary amyloidosis, 2 with primary amyloidosis and 2 with Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia. Immunoglobulin light-chain proteins AlambdaI, AlambdaIV, and AlambdaV were in 3, 1, and 2 patients, respectively, all of whom had primary or myeloma/macroglobulinemia-associated amyloidosis. Antiserum specific for the amyloid-related serum protein SAA reacted with the same tissues as anti-AA and had the same pattern of staining in tissue sections.", "PMID": 413186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6990", "title": "Enhanced cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes against rabies-infected cells by rabies-specific antibodies.", "content": "Human anti-rabies immune sera enhanced the in vitro cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes against rabies virus-infected green-monkey kidney cells. The immune sera were collected from patients immunized with rabies vaccine produced either in human diploid cells or in nervous tissue. Significant cytotoxicity was observed even with high serum dilutions, indicating that the K-cell assay might be a sensitive tool for detection of anti-rabies antibodies.", "contents": "Enhanced cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes against rabies-infected cells by rabies-specific antibodies. Human anti-rabies immune sera enhanced the in vitro cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes against rabies virus-infected green-monkey kidney cells. The immune sera were collected from patients immunized with rabies vaccine produced either in human diploid cells or in nervous tissue. Significant cytotoxicity was observed even with high serum dilutions, indicating that the K-cell assay might be a sensitive tool for detection of anti-rabies antibodies.", "PMID": 413187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6991", "title": "Endocarditis on a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral prosthesis due to Neisseria meningitidis.", "content": "To our knowledge, there has been reported only one previous case of prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Neisseria meningitidis. In describing a second fatal case, we emphasize the difficulty of clinical diagnosis due to lack of characteristic high fever, murmur, skin rash, or splenomegaly. This lack of findings plus the chronic, intermittent course suggest a rare occurrence of endocarditis complicating chronic meningococcemia with an acute exacerbation, leading to rapid decompensation and death.", "contents": "Endocarditis on a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley mitral prosthesis due to Neisseria meningitidis. To our knowledge, there has been reported only one previous case of prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Neisseria meningitidis. In describing a second fatal case, we emphasize the difficulty of clinical diagnosis due to lack of characteristic high fever, murmur, skin rash, or splenomegaly. This lack of findings plus the chronic, intermittent course suggest a rare occurrence of endocarditis complicating chronic meningococcemia with an acute exacerbation, leading to rapid decompensation and death.", "PMID": 413188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6992", "title": "[Allergic reaction to meningococcal antigen. Clinical aspects, pathogenesis and diagnosis related to a case history].", "content": "A case report illustrates a complication of meningococcal meningitis which often causes differential-diagnostic problems: allergic reaction to the meningococcal antigen. The pathogenesis and diagnostic principles are discussed in the light of the literature.", "contents": "[Allergic reaction to meningococcal antigen. Clinical aspects, pathogenesis and diagnosis related to a case history]. A case report illustrates a complication of meningococcal meningitis which often causes differential-diagnostic problems: allergic reaction to the meningococcal antigen. The pathogenesis and diagnostic principles are discussed in the light of the literature.", "PMID": 413189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6993", "title": "[Stress hemodynamics in fresh myocardial infarct].", "content": "Hemodynamic measurements before and during graded leg-up tilt were performed in 20 patients on the 1st and 3rd day following myocardial infarction. In those with an elevated pulmonary capillary pressure (greater than 11 mm Hg), independent of the cardiac index, the tilt-test (i.e. an additional increase in preload) unmasked heart failure. When applied to test drug responses, furosemide (n = 7) reduced the tilt-stimulated cardiac index with an attendant fall in pulmonary capillary pressure; nitroglycerine (n = 7) did not change cardiac index but reduced the pulmonary capillary pressure.", "contents": "[Stress hemodynamics in fresh myocardial infarct]. Hemodynamic measurements before and during graded leg-up tilt were performed in 20 patients on the 1st and 3rd day following myocardial infarction. In those with an elevated pulmonary capillary pressure (greater than 11 mm Hg), independent of the cardiac index, the tilt-test (i.e. an additional increase in preload) unmasked heart failure. When applied to test drug responses, furosemide (n = 7) reduced the tilt-stimulated cardiac index with an attendant fall in pulmonary capillary pressure; nitroglycerine (n = 7) did not change cardiac index but reduced the pulmonary capillary pressure.", "PMID": 413190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6994", "title": "[Familial oculo-cutaneous hypopigmentation of dominant transmission due to a disorder in melanocyte formation. Association of Prader-Willi syndrome with a chromosome abnormality in one of the subjects involved].", "content": "Four members of a Swiss family were affected with oculo-cutaneous hypopigmentation of dominant transmission which differed from the previously described cases of dominant oculo-cutaneous albinism by its ultrastructure. The hypopigmentation described here is characterized by the formation of numerous, but very small, melanosomes. Melanocytic tyrosinase activity was normal in light microscopy. However, on electron microscopy, tyrosinase activity was strong in premelanosomes of stage I only, and decreased rapidly in the later stages. One of the affected members also presented a Prader-Willi syndrome and a chromosomal anomaly, both being probably unrelated to the pigmentary disorder.", "contents": "[Familial oculo-cutaneous hypopigmentation of dominant transmission due to a disorder in melanocyte formation. Association of Prader-Willi syndrome with a chromosome abnormality in one of the subjects involved]. Four members of a Swiss family were affected with oculo-cutaneous hypopigmentation of dominant transmission which differed from the previously described cases of dominant oculo-cutaneous albinism by its ultrastructure. The hypopigmentation described here is characterized by the formation of numerous, but very small, melanosomes. Melanocytic tyrosinase activity was normal in light microscopy. However, on electron microscopy, tyrosinase activity was strong in premelanosomes of stage I only, and decreased rapidly in the later stages. One of the affected members also presented a Prader-Willi syndrome and a chromosomal anomaly, both being probably unrelated to the pigmentary disorder.", "PMID": 413191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6995", "title": "Environmental hydrocarbons produce degeneration in cat hypothalamus and optic tract.", "content": "2,5-Hexanedione, the principal neurotoxic metabolite of the industrial solvents n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone causes axonal degeneration in the mammillary body and visual nuclei of cats. Prolonged, low-level exposure to hydrocarbons in the environment may cause premature deterioration in areas of the human brain vital for perception and behavior.", "contents": "Environmental hydrocarbons produce degeneration in cat hypothalamus and optic tract. 2,5-Hexanedione, the principal neurotoxic metabolite of the industrial solvents n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone causes axonal degeneration in the mammillary body and visual nuclei of cats. Prolonged, low-level exposure to hydrocarbons in the environment may cause premature deterioration in areas of the human brain vital for perception and behavior.", "PMID": 413192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6996", "title": "Control of sequential compartment formation in Drosophila.", "content": "During development of Drosophila melanogaster, sequential commitment to alternative development programs occurs in neighboring groups of cells. These commitments appear to be reflected by lines of clonal restriction, called compartmental boundaries, which progressively subdivide the early embryo, and later the imaginal discs, which give rise to different adult appendages. We propose that a reaction-diffusion system acts throughout development and generates a sequence of differently shaped chemical patterns. These patterns account for the sequence and geometries of compartmental boundaries, and predict that each terminal compartment is specifiied by a unique combination of binary choices made during its formation. This binary \"code\" interprets coherently the patterned metaplasia seen in transdetermination and homeotic mutations.", "contents": "Control of sequential compartment formation in Drosophila. During development of Drosophila melanogaster, sequential commitment to alternative development programs occurs in neighboring groups of cells. These commitments appear to be reflected by lines of clonal restriction, called compartmental boundaries, which progressively subdivide the early embryo, and later the imaginal discs, which give rise to different adult appendages. We propose that a reaction-diffusion system acts throughout development and generates a sequence of differently shaped chemical patterns. These patterns account for the sequence and geometries of compartmental boundaries, and predict that each terminal compartment is specifiied by a unique combination of binary choices made during its formation. This binary \"code\" interprets coherently the patterned metaplasia seen in transdetermination and homeotic mutations.", "PMID": 413193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6997", "title": "Phthalate ester plasticizers: a new class of marine pollutant.", "content": "Phthalate ester plasticizers have been detected in the open-ocean environment. Samples consisting of water, sediment, air, and biota from the Gulf of Mexico and of water and air from the North Atlantic were analyzed and found to contain two phthalate esters, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-dibutyl phthalate (DBP): the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) and DDT's (p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE) were also determined. Like the ubiquitous PCB's and DDT's, the phthalate plasticizers were found in almost all samples analyzed; DEHP was present at higher concentrations than the PCB's or DDT's in water and sediment. The environmental impact of the concentrations found in these studies, coupled with the continued high production and wise use of these plasticizers, requires assessment.", "contents": "Phthalate ester plasticizers: a new class of marine pollutant. Phthalate ester plasticizers have been detected in the open-ocean environment. Samples consisting of water, sediment, air, and biota from the Gulf of Mexico and of water and air from the North Atlantic were analyzed and found to contain two phthalate esters, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-dibutyl phthalate (DBP): the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) and DDT's (p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE) were also determined. Like the ubiquitous PCB's and DDT's, the phthalate plasticizers were found in almost all samples analyzed; DEHP was present at higher concentrations than the PCB's or DDT's in water and sediment. The environmental impact of the concentrations found in these studies, coupled with the continued high production and wise use of these plasticizers, requires assessment.", "PMID": 413194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6998", "title": "Acceleration of plasma bicarbonate conversion to carbon dioxide by pulmonary carbonic anhydrase.", "content": "In isolated rabbit lungs perfused with solutions containing little or no carbonic anhydrase activity, nearly complete equilibration between H14CO3- and 14CO2 occurs during a single circulation. This equilibration can be inhibited by blocking pulmonary carbonic anhydrase with acetazolamide.", "contents": "Acceleration of plasma bicarbonate conversion to carbon dioxide by pulmonary carbonic anhydrase. In isolated rabbit lungs perfused with solutions containing little or no carbonic anhydrase activity, nearly complete equilibration between H14CO3- and 14CO2 occurs during a single circulation. This equilibration can be inhibited by blocking pulmonary carbonic anhydrase with acetazolamide.", "PMID": 413195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_6999", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Total parenteral nutrition has evolved as a distinct therapeutic reality within the past decade. Starvation or malnutrition need no longer be accepted as a necessary component of prolonged illness. Though current TPN techniques can be both safe and effective, the prevention of potential complications must always have a high priority. Changes in technique are to be anticipated as further knowledge and improved materials allow the pursuit of more basic clinical problems. The recent experience with the use of high caloric TPN solutions for prolonged gastrointestinal failure in 73 patients at the Loyola University Medical Center has been summarized. The need for the involvement of an experienced TPN team in the care of these patients cannot be overemphasized if the numerous and diverse potential complications of the TPN system are to be minimized.", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition. Total parenteral nutrition has evolved as a distinct therapeutic reality within the past decade. Starvation or malnutrition need no longer be accepted as a necessary component of prolonged illness. Though current TPN techniques can be both safe and effective, the prevention of potential complications must always have a high priority. Changes in technique are to be anticipated as further knowledge and improved materials allow the pursuit of more basic clinical problems. The recent experience with the use of high caloric TPN solutions for prolonged gastrointestinal failure in 73 patients at the Loyola University Medical Center has been summarized. The need for the involvement of an experienced TPN team in the care of these patients cannot be overemphasized if the numerous and diverse potential complications of the TPN system are to be minimized.", "PMID": 413202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7000", "title": "Adoption of Thayer-Martin culture medium by physicians in office-based practice.", "content": "In the summer of 1972, 26.4% of 900 physicians surveyed in the United States reported that they had performed one or more endocervical cultures for gonorrhea during a week of study. Obstetrician-gynecologists (62.8%) were considerably more likely than others to employ this diagnostic technique. The use of Thayer-Martin cultures was associated with the number of women examined and type of laboratory used (public, private or hospital), but not region of practice (East, Midwest, South, of West), area of practice (urban, suburban, or rural), or month of interview (July, August, or September). Results of this survey are consistent with the diffusion of innovation model proposed by Rogers.", "contents": "Adoption of Thayer-Martin culture medium by physicians in office-based practice. In the summer of 1972, 26.4% of 900 physicians surveyed in the United States reported that they had performed one or more endocervical cultures for gonorrhea during a week of study. Obstetrician-gynecologists (62.8%) were considerably more likely than others to employ this diagnostic technique. The use of Thayer-Martin cultures was associated with the number of women examined and type of laboratory used (public, private or hospital), but not region of practice (East, Midwest, South, of West), area of practice (urban, suburban, or rural), or month of interview (July, August, or September). Results of this survey are consistent with the diffusion of innovation model proposed by Rogers.", "PMID": 413199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7001", "title": "Congenital cerebral and ocular malformations induced in rhesus monkeys by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.", "content": "Rhesus monkey fetuses were inoculated with Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) vaccine virus by the direct intracerebral route at approximately 100 days gestation to determine possible teratogenicity of the virus. Congenital micrencephaly, hydrocephalus and cataracts were found in all animals and porencephaly in 67 percent of the cases. The virus replicated in the brain and other organs of the fetus. VEE vaccine virus is teratogenic for non-human primates and must be considered a potential teratogen of man.", "contents": "Congenital cerebral and ocular malformations induced in rhesus monkeys by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Rhesus monkey fetuses were inoculated with Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) vaccine virus by the direct intracerebral route at approximately 100 days gestation to determine possible teratogenicity of the virus. Congenital micrencephaly, hydrocephalus and cataracts were found in all animals and porencephaly in 67 percent of the cases. The virus replicated in the brain and other organs of the fetus. VEE vaccine virus is teratogenic for non-human primates and must be considered a potential teratogen of man.", "PMID": 413204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7002", "title": "Lack of correlation between killing of gonococci by serum and antibodies directed against pili from strain 2686 of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "In patients experiencing initial or repeated gonococcal infections there appeared to be little correlation between elevated levels of serum antibody to pili from Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain 2686 and the presence or absence of serum bactericidal activity against the patients' infecting isolates. Of eight patients who experienced their first gonococcal infection, four had elevated antipili antibody levels; all eight sera from patients who had repeated gonococcal infections had high antipili antibody levels. All the patients' sera were bactericidal for strain 2686 of N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "Lack of correlation between killing of gonococci by serum and antibodies directed against pili from strain 2686 of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In patients experiencing initial or repeated gonococcal infections there appeared to be little correlation between elevated levels of serum antibody to pili from Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain 2686 and the presence or absence of serum bactericidal activity against the patients' infecting isolates. Of eight patients who experienced their first gonococcal infection, four had elevated antipili antibody levels; all eight sera from patients who had repeated gonococcal infections had high antipili antibody levels. All the patients' sera were bactericidal for strain 2686 of N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 413198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7003", "title": "Methylmercury teratogenesis in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus.", "content": "Exposure of developing eggs of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, to 0.03 or 0.04 mg/l of methylmercuric chloride resulted in a variety of abnormalities. Percentage of axis formation was reduced somewhat, and many embryos developed cyclopia or intermediate conditions leading to cyclopia, reflecting interference with induction of the forebrain. Defects in the cardiovascular system also appeared in the form of failure of the heart to differentiate properly into chambers. The heart was a thin, feebly beating tube, incapable of causing the blood to circulate. Other tissues, however, continued developing fairly normally, and embryos showed spontaneous movement comparable to controls. Embryos with severe cardiovascular or optic defects did not hatch. Upon hatching, some embryos which had previously appeared normal were found to have skeletal malformations in the form of vertebral bends or the inability to uncurl from the position which they had while still inside the chorion. Exposure to the toxicant for shorter periods of time (6, 12, or 24 hours) reduced the incidence of abnormalities. The second day of development was found to be the most sensitive period.", "contents": "Methylmercury teratogenesis in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Exposure of developing eggs of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, to 0.03 or 0.04 mg/l of methylmercuric chloride resulted in a variety of abnormalities. Percentage of axis formation was reduced somewhat, and many embryos developed cyclopia or intermediate conditions leading to cyclopia, reflecting interference with induction of the forebrain. Defects in the cardiovascular system also appeared in the form of failure of the heart to differentiate properly into chambers. The heart was a thin, feebly beating tube, incapable of causing the blood to circulate. Other tissues, however, continued developing fairly normally, and embryos showed spontaneous movement comparable to controls. Embryos with severe cardiovascular or optic defects did not hatch. Upon hatching, some embryos which had previously appeared normal were found to have skeletal malformations in the form of vertebral bends or the inability to uncurl from the position which they had while still inside the chorion. Exposure to the toxicant for shorter periods of time (6, 12, or 24 hours) reduced the incidence of abnormalities. The second day of development was found to be the most sensitive period.", "PMID": 413205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7004", "title": "Experience with a tuberculosis antigen test in Rhodesia.", "content": "Experience with a new serological method for the diagnosis of tuberculosis is reported in a predominantly black population. We have found that in only 69% of 167 patients was there agreement between serology and the presence or absence of tuberculosis. Both false positive and false negative results were common. Of 47 healthy controls, 80% were positive. These results are less satisfactory than previous studies but differences in the reading of the results seems an unlikely explanation. Differences in the populations studied may be an important factor.", "contents": "Experience with a tuberculosis antigen test in Rhodesia. Experience with a new serological method for the diagnosis of tuberculosis is reported in a predominantly black population. We have found that in only 69% of 167 patients was there agreement between serology and the presence or absence of tuberculosis. Both false positive and false negative results were common. Of 47 healthy controls, 80% were positive. These results are less satisfactory than previous studies but differences in the reading of the results seems an unlikely explanation. Differences in the populations studied may be an important factor.", "PMID": 413207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7005", "title": "Hormonal regulation of intraocular pressure.", "content": "A detailed review of the hormonal effects on intraocular pressure is presented. There is evidence that corticotropin, vasopressin, thyroxin, insulin, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids may play a role in the physiologic regulation of intraocular pressure. Growth hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone, progesterone, estrogen, chorionic gonadotropin and relaxin may influence intraocular pressure when administered in pharmacologic doses. Whether the key to understanding primary open-angle glaucoma lies in recognizing abnormal endocrine mechanisms, especially involving glucocorticoids, remains unclear at the present time.", "contents": "Hormonal regulation of intraocular pressure. A detailed review of the hormonal effects on intraocular pressure is presented. There is evidence that corticotropin, vasopressin, thyroxin, insulin, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids may play a role in the physiologic regulation of intraocular pressure. Growth hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone, progesterone, estrogen, chorionic gonadotropin and relaxin may influence intraocular pressure when administered in pharmacologic doses. Whether the key to understanding primary open-angle glaucoma lies in recognizing abnormal endocrine mechanisms, especially involving glucocorticoids, remains unclear at the present time.", "PMID": 413203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7006", "title": "Isolation and identification of 15-beta-hydroxy cyproterone acetate as a new metabolite of cyproterone acetate in dog, monkey and man.", "content": "15-beta-hydroxy cyproterone acetate could be identified by thin layer chromatography, mass spectrum, NMR and IR spectrum as a major unconjugated metabolite of cyproterone acetate in plasma and urine of dog, monkey and man. This metabolite has been found to interferein the Mattingly method for the determination of 11-hydroxy-corticosteroids which suggests, that this method is inadequate in controling the adrenal function of subjects treated with cyproterone acetate.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of 15-beta-hydroxy cyproterone acetate as a new metabolite of cyproterone acetate in dog, monkey and man. 15-beta-hydroxy cyproterone acetate could be identified by thin layer chromatography, mass spectrum, NMR and IR spectrum as a major unconjugated metabolite of cyproterone acetate in plasma and urine of dog, monkey and man. This metabolite has been found to interferein the Mattingly method for the determination of 11-hydroxy-corticosteroids which suggests, that this method is inadequate in controling the adrenal function of subjects treated with cyproterone acetate.", "PMID": 413211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7007", "title": "A review of metozoite vaccination against Plasmodium knowlesi malaria.", "content": "Techniques for the isolation of merozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria have allowed their use in experimental vaccines. Rhesus monkeys were protected to a very great extent from otherwise lethal challenge with this malaria when Freund's Complete Adjuvant was a vaccine component.", "contents": "A review of metozoite vaccination against Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. Techniques for the isolation of merozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria have allowed their use in experimental vaccines. Rhesus monkeys were protected to a very great extent from otherwise lethal challenge with this malaria when Freund's Complete Adjuvant was a vaccine component.", "PMID": 413214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7008", "title": "Mechanisms of malarial immunity.", "content": "Immunity to malaria in many species, including man, is acquired only after long exposure to infection and is associated with chronic low-grade parasitaemia. Vaccination of Rhesus monkeys with P. knowlesi merozoites in FCA induces sterilizing immunity which is species specific. Merozoite-blocking (inhibitory) antibody usually correlates with clinical immunity and protection can be passively transferred with immune sera. However, vaccination using adjuvants other than FCA may induce inhibitory antibody without clinical protection. In addition, vaccinated animals usually become susceptible to challenge 4 to 5 weeks after splenectomy, although inhibitory antibody levels are not reduced. These observations indicate that immunity induced by merozoite vaccination involves merozoite blocking (inhibitory) antibody and also specific antibody or immune complexes acting synergistically with cytotoxic splenic cells stimulated by FCA. During natural infection on the other hand soluble circulating antigens, partly derived from the merozoite coat during red cell penetration, are produced and these may block immune effector mechanisms and promote parasite survival.", "contents": "Mechanisms of malarial immunity. Immunity to malaria in many species, including man, is acquired only after long exposure to infection and is associated with chronic low-grade parasitaemia. Vaccination of Rhesus monkeys with P. knowlesi merozoites in FCA induces sterilizing immunity which is species specific. Merozoite-blocking (inhibitory) antibody usually correlates with clinical immunity and protection can be passively transferred with immune sera. However, vaccination using adjuvants other than FCA may induce inhibitory antibody without clinical protection. In addition, vaccinated animals usually become susceptible to challenge 4 to 5 weeks after splenectomy, although inhibitory antibody levels are not reduced. These observations indicate that immunity induced by merozoite vaccination involves merozoite blocking (inhibitory) antibody and also specific antibody or immune complexes acting synergistically with cytotoxic splenic cells stimulated by FCA. During natural infection on the other hand soluble circulating antigens, partly derived from the merozoite coat during red cell penetration, are produced and these may block immune effector mechanisms and promote parasite survival.", "PMID": 413215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7009", "title": "A yellow fever epizootic in Zika Forest, Uganda, during 1972: Part 2: Monkey serology.", "content": "During the 1972 yellow fever epizootic in Zika Forest, Uganda, sera from 21 monkeys shot in a number of forests around the Entebbe area were tested for the presence of a number of arbovirus antibodies. All sera were tested for antibodies against Chikungunya (CHIK), O'nyong-nyong (ONN), Zika, yellow fever (YF) West Nile (WN) and Wesselsbron (WESS) by the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. Because of the crossreaction within the flaviviruses (group B arboviruses) mouse protection test (PT) was also carried out on the sera against YF, WESS and Zika viruses. Serological studies carried out on monkey sera from different parts of Uganda, including the Entebbe area, during 1968 gave results which reflected a surprisingly low rate of YF immune monkeys (3%) throughout the country compared with the rate of over 40% immune monkeys obtained by Haddow et al. in 1951. 40% of the monkey sera collected during 1972 were immune to YF by the PT. Since no YF virus had been isolated between 1968 and 1972 the results indicate strongly that the monkeys in the Entebbe area were involved in the epizootic of 1972. No sick or dead monkeys were found in all the forests checked around Entebbe area during the epizootic. This indicates that the animal-to-animal cycle of the equatorial African forests involved the mild endemic infection characteristic of a virus in its natural habitat and infecting its natural host.", "contents": "A yellow fever epizootic in Zika Forest, Uganda, during 1972: Part 2: Monkey serology. During the 1972 yellow fever epizootic in Zika Forest, Uganda, sera from 21 monkeys shot in a number of forests around the Entebbe area were tested for the presence of a number of arbovirus antibodies. All sera were tested for antibodies against Chikungunya (CHIK), O'nyong-nyong (ONN), Zika, yellow fever (YF) West Nile (WN) and Wesselsbron (WESS) by the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. Because of the crossreaction within the flaviviruses (group B arboviruses) mouse protection test (PT) was also carried out on the sera against YF, WESS and Zika viruses. Serological studies carried out on monkey sera from different parts of Uganda, including the Entebbe area, during 1968 gave results which reflected a surprisingly low rate of YF immune monkeys (3%) throughout the country compared with the rate of over 40% immune monkeys obtained by Haddow et al. in 1951. 40% of the monkey sera collected during 1972 were immune to YF by the PT. Since no YF virus had been isolated between 1968 and 1972 the results indicate strongly that the monkeys in the Entebbe area were involved in the epizootic of 1972. No sick or dead monkeys were found in all the forests checked around Entebbe area during the epizootic. This indicates that the animal-to-animal cycle of the equatorial African forests involved the mild endemic infection characteristic of a virus in its natural habitat and infecting its natural host.", "PMID": 413216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7010", "title": "Epidemiological and serological study of scrub typhus among Chinese military in the Pescadores islands of Taiwan.", "content": "An outbreak of 69 cases of scrub typhus occurred among Chinese military personnel stationed in the Pescadores Islands, Taiwan Province, Republic of China between May and November 1975. A retrospective epidemiological study of this outbreak indicated that military personnel over 40 were more likely to have scrub typhus than those under 40. High risk groups included the Garrison Force (home guard), anti-aircraft gunners and infantry and armoured units stationed at Hsing-jen. The onset of symptoms in 69% occurred within one year of residence in the Pescadores. The clinical course of scrub typhus and the serological response to infection were also studied. Eschar formation, fever, headache chills and lymph node enlargement were the predominant clinical manifestations noted. The indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) demonstrated diagnostic (four-fold) rises in antibody titres to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi reference strains in 36 of 41 paired sera tested. 11 of 19 patients from whom only single sera were obtained had IFA titres presumptive of scrub typhus (greater than or equal to 1:160). Of 19 patients experiencing possible primary infections, 13 (68%) responded with antibodies directed against more than one reference strain of R. tsutsugamushi. These results suggest that several antigenically diverse strains of R. tsutsugamushi may be active in the Pescadores.", "contents": "Epidemiological and serological study of scrub typhus among Chinese military in the Pescadores islands of Taiwan. An outbreak of 69 cases of scrub typhus occurred among Chinese military personnel stationed in the Pescadores Islands, Taiwan Province, Republic of China between May and November 1975. A retrospective epidemiological study of this outbreak indicated that military personnel over 40 were more likely to have scrub typhus than those under 40. High risk groups included the Garrison Force (home guard), anti-aircraft gunners and infantry and armoured units stationed at Hsing-jen. The onset of symptoms in 69% occurred within one year of residence in the Pescadores. The clinical course of scrub typhus and the serological response to infection were also studied. Eschar formation, fever, headache chills and lymph node enlargement were the predominant clinical manifestations noted. The indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) demonstrated diagnostic (four-fold) rises in antibody titres to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi reference strains in 36 of 41 paired sera tested. 11 of 19 patients from whom only single sera were obtained had IFA titres presumptive of scrub typhus (greater than or equal to 1:160). Of 19 patients experiencing possible primary infections, 13 (68%) responded with antibodies directed against more than one reference strain of R. tsutsugamushi. These results suggest that several antigenically diverse strains of R. tsutsugamushi may be active in the Pescadores.", "PMID": 413217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7011", "title": "A comparison of isotopic and enzyme-immunoassays for tropical parasitic diseases.", "content": "A comparison is made of enzyme-immunoassay and radio-immunoassay for the detection of antibody in Chagas's disease, sleeping sickness, malaria, schistosomiasis ans invasive amoebiasis. Both assays were sensitive and reproductible and gave comparable results.", "contents": "A comparison of isotopic and enzyme-immunoassays for tropical parasitic diseases. A comparison is made of enzyme-immunoassay and radio-immunoassay for the detection of antibody in Chagas's disease, sleeping sickness, malaria, schistosomiasis ans invasive amoebiasis. Both assays were sensitive and reproductible and gave comparable results.", "PMID": 413219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7012", "title": "Autoantibodies mimicking alloantibodies.", "content": "A patient with myelofibrosis, who has produced many red blood cell autoantibodies, is described. Although the patient is phenotypically R1R1 (CDe/CDe), eluates made from his red blood cells have consistently contained what appeared to be anti-E, and more recently another antibody that appeared to be anti-c. In in vitro experiments we have shown that the \"anti-E\" and \"anti-c\" can be totally adsorbed by E-negative and c-negative red blood cells, respectively. We conclude that the two antibodies have quite different specificities from those indicated by simple antibody identification studies, and that both are more closely related to the anti-Hr series of antibodies than to anti-E or anti-c.", "contents": "Autoantibodies mimicking alloantibodies. A patient with myelofibrosis, who has produced many red blood cell autoantibodies, is described. Although the patient is phenotypically R1R1 (CDe/CDe), eluates made from his red blood cells have consistently contained what appeared to be anti-E, and more recently another antibody that appeared to be anti-c. In in vitro experiments we have shown that the \"anti-E\" and \"anti-c\" can be totally adsorbed by E-negative and c-negative red blood cells, respectively. We conclude that the two antibodies have quite different specificities from those indicated by simple antibody identification studies, and that both are more closely related to the anti-Hr series of antibodies than to anti-E or anti-c.", "PMID": 413221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7013", "title": "A \"normal\" individual with a positive direct antiglobulin test: case complicated by pregnancy and unusual autoantibody specificity.", "content": "A \"normal\" individual with a positive, direct antiglobulin test is described. In common with many other \"normal\" persons in whom a similar finding has been made, there was no evidence of an increased rate of in vivo red blood cell destruction in this patient. The patient successfully completed a pregnancy during the time that detailed serologic studies on her autoantibodies were being performed. Although the maternal autoantibodies were demonstrable in both an eluate made from the red blood cells of her newborn infant, and in the cord serum, there was no reason to believe that the antibodies caused red blood cell destruction in the infant. The case was of further interest because of the specificities of some of the autoantibodies. Although the mother and child were both C-negative, eluates from their red blood cells contained what ostensibly appeared to be anti-C. Studies that showed that the antibody could be totally adsorbed with C-negative, as well as C-positive red blood cells, proved that this was another example of an autoantibody mimicking an alloantibody. Although this autoantibody appeared initially to have anti-C specificity it was eventually shown to be more closely related to anti-Hr or anti-Rh34, than to anti-C.", "contents": "A \"normal\" individual with a positive direct antiglobulin test: case complicated by pregnancy and unusual autoantibody specificity. A \"normal\" individual with a positive, direct antiglobulin test is described. In common with many other \"normal\" persons in whom a similar finding has been made, there was no evidence of an increased rate of in vivo red blood cell destruction in this patient. The patient successfully completed a pregnancy during the time that detailed serologic studies on her autoantibodies were being performed. Although the maternal autoantibodies were demonstrable in both an eluate made from the red blood cells of her newborn infant, and in the cord serum, there was no reason to believe that the antibodies caused red blood cell destruction in the infant. The case was of further interest because of the specificities of some of the autoantibodies. Although the mother and child were both C-negative, eluates from their red blood cells contained what ostensibly appeared to be anti-C. Studies that showed that the antibody could be totally adsorbed with C-negative, as well as C-positive red blood cells, proved that this was another example of an autoantibody mimicking an alloantibody. Although this autoantibody appeared initially to have anti-C specificity it was eventually shown to be more closely related to anti-Hr or anti-Rh34, than to anti-C.", "PMID": 413222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7014", "title": "Partial plasma exchange, and adjunct in therapy to complex clinical problems.", "content": "The use of therapeutic partial plasma exchange (PPE) is reviewed as an adjunct in the treatment of certain complex clinical problems. The procedure is performed with a Model 30 Haemonetics Blood Cell Separator in which the patient's plasma is partially exchanged with fresh frozen plasma, fresh frozen plasma with cryoprecipitate removed or with plasma protein fraction. The present study describes the use of PPE on 12 patients within the last 15 months as a means of altering the plasma proteins to achieve certain therapeutic goals. The study consists of six procoagulant deficient patients (five congentital and one acquired) in which five of the six patients responded by reflecting a satisfactory rise in the plasma procoagulant level following the procedure, resulting in cessation of bleeding. The sixth patient was thought to have had a procoagulant inhibitor, thus the procoagulant level was changed only minimally. The remaining six patients (five with hyperviscosity syndrome and one with platelet antibody) responded only to the degree of the intensiveness of the PPE procedure. More aggressvie, repeated PPE and/or plasmapheresis are needed if the clinical objective is to decrease the plasma viscosity or to lower a humoral antibody within the patient's plasma.", "contents": "Partial plasma exchange, and adjunct in therapy to complex clinical problems. The use of therapeutic partial plasma exchange (PPE) is reviewed as an adjunct in the treatment of certain complex clinical problems. The procedure is performed with a Model 30 Haemonetics Blood Cell Separator in which the patient's plasma is partially exchanged with fresh frozen plasma, fresh frozen plasma with cryoprecipitate removed or with plasma protein fraction. The present study describes the use of PPE on 12 patients within the last 15 months as a means of altering the plasma proteins to achieve certain therapeutic goals. The study consists of six procoagulant deficient patients (five congentital and one acquired) in which five of the six patients responded by reflecting a satisfactory rise in the plasma procoagulant level following the procedure, resulting in cessation of bleeding. The sixth patient was thought to have had a procoagulant inhibitor, thus the procoagulant level was changed only minimally. The remaining six patients (five with hyperviscosity syndrome and one with platelet antibody) responded only to the degree of the intensiveness of the PPE procedure. More aggressvie, repeated PPE and/or plasmapheresis are needed if the clinical objective is to decrease the plasma viscosity or to lower a humoral antibody within the patient's plasma.", "PMID": 413223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7015", "title": "Cost effectiveness of use of frozen blood to alleviate blood shortages.", "content": "Human blood shortages are a perennial problem because of the relatively short life span (21 days) of stored blood and the traditional shortage periods during summer vacation months and other vacation periods. This study evaluates the use of frozen blood during these traditional shortage periods. An empirically-based simulation model is used. During periods of excess supply surplus blood is frozen and during shortage periods frozen blood is thawed and used as a substitute for stored blood. The results of the study indicate that the use of frozen blood during shortage periods alleviates shortages but at a high cost. Improved blood collection scheduling management and promotion will attain the same results at a lower cost.", "contents": "Cost effectiveness of use of frozen blood to alleviate blood shortages. Human blood shortages are a perennial problem because of the relatively short life span (21 days) of stored blood and the traditional shortage periods during summer vacation months and other vacation periods. This study evaluates the use of frozen blood during these traditional shortage periods. An empirically-based simulation model is used. During periods of excess supply surplus blood is frozen and during shortage periods frozen blood is thawed and used as a substitute for stored blood. The results of the study indicate that the use of frozen blood during shortage periods alleviates shortages but at a high cost. Improved blood collection scheduling management and promotion will attain the same results at a lower cost.", "PMID": 413224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7016", "title": "Methods and medium for the culture of tubercle bacilli.", "content": "A brief account is given of methods recommended for the culture of tubercle bacilli and improved media are described appropriate for each. The chief changes suggested are reductions in the phosphate and dye content of media previously devised for alkaline inocula.", "contents": "Methods and medium for the culture of tubercle bacilli. A brief account is given of methods recommended for the culture of tubercle bacilli and improved media are described appropriate for each. The chief changes suggested are reductions in the phosphate and dye content of media previously devised for alkaline inocula.", "PMID": 413228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7017", "title": "The zonal anatomy of the prostate in man and in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Study of whole sections of human prostate has confirmed McNeal's (4) concept of a dual morphology of the external glands (2) in the terms of a central zone cranially and a peripheral zone caudal to this. A study of the non-human primate, Macaca Mulatta, has shown cranial and caudal prostatic entities in this animal whose anatomical relationships and histological characteristics suggest homology with the central and peripheral zones of the human.", "contents": "The zonal anatomy of the prostate in man and in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Study of whole sections of human prostate has confirmed McNeal's (4) concept of a dual morphology of the external glands (2) in the terms of a central zone cranially and a peripheral zone caudal to this. A study of the non-human primate, Macaca Mulatta, has shown cranial and caudal prostatic entities in this animal whose anatomical relationships and histological characteristics suggest homology with the central and peripheral zones of the human.", "PMID": 413235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7018", "title": "Androgen receptors in the prostate of the Rhesus monkey.", "content": "The presence of an androgen receptor protein in the supernatant preparation of the prostate from Rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) is described. The molecular weight of this receptor protein was found to be 2.8 - 2.9 X 10(5) daltons. The levels of free and bound androgen receptors were measured in the caudal and cranial lobes of the prostate by an exchange assay using methyltrienolone (R1881). The concentration of the free binding sites in the caudal lobe ranged between 3.7 - 23.7 fmol/mg proteial binding sites in the caudal lobe ranged between 36.0 - 112.7 and in the cranial between 21.2 - 55.0 fmol/mg. The bound receptor ranged between 43.3 - 109.0 and 19.1 - 47.3 fmol/mg protein for caudal and cranial lobes respectively. The level of both bound and free receptors was found to be significantly higher in the caudal lobe. This data suggests that the two lobes of the prostate in the Rhesus monkey can be equated with the two zones of the human prostate in respect of androgen responsiveness.", "contents": "Androgen receptors in the prostate of the Rhesus monkey. The presence of an androgen receptor protein in the supernatant preparation of the prostate from Rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) is described. The molecular weight of this receptor protein was found to be 2.8 - 2.9 X 10(5) daltons. The levels of free and bound androgen receptors were measured in the caudal and cranial lobes of the prostate by an exchange assay using methyltrienolone (R1881). The concentration of the free binding sites in the caudal lobe ranged between 3.7 - 23.7 fmol/mg proteial binding sites in the caudal lobe ranged between 36.0 - 112.7 and in the cranial between 21.2 - 55.0 fmol/mg. The bound receptor ranged between 43.3 - 109.0 and 19.1 - 47.3 fmol/mg protein for caudal and cranial lobes respectively. The level of both bound and free receptors was found to be significantly higher in the caudal lobe. This data suggests that the two lobes of the prostate in the Rhesus monkey can be equated with the two zones of the human prostate in respect of androgen responsiveness.", "PMID": 413236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7019", "title": "The ultrastructure of Rhesus monkey prostate.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of immature and mature rhesus monkey prostate is described and a comparison is made with human tissue. The immature gland consists of largely undifferentiated epithelium showing little or no secretory activity. The mature gland exhibits the general characteristics of prostates of the other species studied. Columnar epithelial cells and undifferentiated basal cells are observed. The two lobes of the gland show several differences, the caudal lobe being rich in secretory granules, with the cranial lobe consisting of taller vacuolated cells. The description provides a basis for comparison with ultrastructural changes produced during in vivo and in vitro experimentation and with characteristics of normal and diseased human prostate.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of Rhesus monkey prostate. An ultrastructural study of immature and mature rhesus monkey prostate is described and a comparison is made with human tissue. The immature gland consists of largely undifferentiated epithelium showing little or no secretory activity. The mature gland exhibits the general characteristics of prostates of the other species studied. Columnar epithelial cells and undifferentiated basal cells are observed. The two lobes of the gland show several differences, the caudal lobe being rich in secretory granules, with the cranial lobe consisting of taller vacuolated cells. The description provides a basis for comparison with ultrastructural changes produced during in vivo and in vitro experimentation and with characteristics of normal and diseased human prostate.", "PMID": 413237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7020", "title": "[Effect of different systems of colostral nutrition on the level of immunoglobulins in the blood of calves].", "content": "New-born calves, artificially fed colostrum or native colostral whey, either dried or preserved by another method, had good health and good weight gains (between 0.05 and 0.60 kg). No greater differences were observed between the groups of calves given three times the colostrum of their mothers, calves given mixed colostrum, and calves fed colostral whey powder. In all groups only individual differences in IgG content in the blood serum were observed after 48 hours from birth. Hypogammaglobulinaemia occurred in individual cases both in calves given small amounts of colostrum or colostral whey and in calves given sufficient quantities. The time that had elapsed from birth to the first drinking did not exert any greater influence upon the IgG level in the blood; the decisive factor was the amount of colostrum taken in by the calf in the first dose. The rate of the absorption of IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM from colostrum and the concentration of the immunoglobulins in the serum depended on the quantity of colostrum in the first dose and were not influenced to any greater degree by the amount of colostrum given to the calves in further doses. The amount of IgG in the blood serum of calves corresponded approximately to the level of colostral antibodies to the virus PI-3. The antibodies to the virus PI-3 and small quantities of IgG were observed also in the serum to new-born calves before drinking colostrum.", "contents": "[Effect of different systems of colostral nutrition on the level of immunoglobulins in the blood of calves]. New-born calves, artificially fed colostrum or native colostral whey, either dried or preserved by another method, had good health and good weight gains (between 0.05 and 0.60 kg). No greater differences were observed between the groups of calves given three times the colostrum of their mothers, calves given mixed colostrum, and calves fed colostral whey powder. In all groups only individual differences in IgG content in the blood serum were observed after 48 hours from birth. Hypogammaglobulinaemia occurred in individual cases both in calves given small amounts of colostrum or colostral whey and in calves given sufficient quantities. The time that had elapsed from birth to the first drinking did not exert any greater influence upon the IgG level in the blood; the decisive factor was the amount of colostrum taken in by the calf in the first dose. The rate of the absorption of IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM from colostrum and the concentration of the immunoglobulins in the serum depended on the quantity of colostrum in the first dose and were not influenced to any greater degree by the amount of colostrum given to the calves in further doses. The amount of IgG in the blood serum of calves corresponded approximately to the level of colostral antibodies to the virus PI-3. The antibodies to the virus PI-3 and small quantities of IgG were observed also in the serum to new-born calves before drinking colostrum.", "PMID": 413238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7021", "title": "[Attempt at the prevention of respiratory syndrome by rearing calves with a minimum morbidity rate].", "content": "Under the conditions of a pilot experiment on two farms the authors tested the system of calf rearing in which the calves were separated from their mothers immediately after birth to be kept in specially equipped rearing facilities. In calf-house K with a semi-continual system of operation the total number of calves reared on milk nitrition was 959 and the average daily weight gain in individual groups (41 to 75 days from birth) ranged, with the exception of four groups, from 0.50 to 0.78 kg, depending on the deterioration or improvement of the conditions of operation, tending, or hygiene, In calf-house D with the all-in all-out system of operation where 391 calves were reared, the average daily weight gain in individual groups (55 to 84 days from birth) was 0.70 to 0.87 kg, with the exception of four groups. The calves reared in this way maintained good growth ability also in fattening, showing the average weight gain of 1.00 kg and 1.08 kg in groups transferred from the vegetable-nutrition department of the houses to a disinfected stable, in comparison with the 0.77 kg and 0.85 kg gains in groups, transferred to stables with the continual system of operation. Heifers were ready for the first insemination at the age of 20 to 23 months. The method of calf-rearing without mothers, based on controlled supply of colostrum to calves reared in closed populations in clean environment disinfected in advance, enables the production of \"minimum-morbidity animals\" giving excellent results in all parameters of production.", "contents": "[Attempt at the prevention of respiratory syndrome by rearing calves with a minimum morbidity rate]. Under the conditions of a pilot experiment on two farms the authors tested the system of calf rearing in which the calves were separated from their mothers immediately after birth to be kept in specially equipped rearing facilities. In calf-house K with a semi-continual system of operation the total number of calves reared on milk nitrition was 959 and the average daily weight gain in individual groups (41 to 75 days from birth) ranged, with the exception of four groups, from 0.50 to 0.78 kg, depending on the deterioration or improvement of the conditions of operation, tending, or hygiene, In calf-house D with the all-in all-out system of operation where 391 calves were reared, the average daily weight gain in individual groups (55 to 84 days from birth) was 0.70 to 0.87 kg, with the exception of four groups. The calves reared in this way maintained good growth ability also in fattening, showing the average weight gain of 1.00 kg and 1.08 kg in groups transferred from the vegetable-nutrition department of the houses to a disinfected stable, in comparison with the 0.77 kg and 0.85 kg gains in groups, transferred to stables with the continual system of operation. Heifers were ready for the first insemination at the age of 20 to 23 months. The method of calf-rearing without mothers, based on controlled supply of colostrum to calves reared in closed populations in clean environment disinfected in advance, enables the production of \"minimum-morbidity animals\" giving excellent results in all parameters of production.", "PMID": 413239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7022", "title": "[Effect of various breeding conditions on the development of respiratory syndrome in calves].", "content": "In two experimental rearing houses with new-born non-colostral calves, separated from their mothers at birth and artificially fed colostrum or colostral whey, the epizootological situation was very favourable throughout the time of observation. The respiratory syndrome occurred in both cases as a result of the long-term worsening of microclimatic conditions and failure to adhere to the principle of the all-in all-out system. The etiology of the disease was of a complex character, involving virus PI-3, IBR, and bacteria, and its arising reminded of the exacerbation of latent virus infection. The primary role of the PI-3 virus in the arising of the disease was documented by complex laboratory examination. As distinct from the large-capacity calf-house with continual operation where the PI-3 virus and the same bacteria participated in the arising of the respiratory syndrome, which was not controlled, in the experimental calf-houses it was sufficient to adjust the microclimatic conditions, to disinfect the stables, and to adhere strictly to the priniciple of the all-in all-out system. The proposed method of the rearing of \"minimum-morbidity calves\" appears to be promising for use in the prevention of respiratory infections in calves and its further testing in large-capacity calf-houses is considered as desirable.", "contents": "[Effect of various breeding conditions on the development of respiratory syndrome in calves]. In two experimental rearing houses with new-born non-colostral calves, separated from their mothers at birth and artificially fed colostrum or colostral whey, the epizootological situation was very favourable throughout the time of observation. The respiratory syndrome occurred in both cases as a result of the long-term worsening of microclimatic conditions and failure to adhere to the principle of the all-in all-out system. The etiology of the disease was of a complex character, involving virus PI-3, IBR, and bacteria, and its arising reminded of the exacerbation of latent virus infection. The primary role of the PI-3 virus in the arising of the disease was documented by complex laboratory examination. As distinct from the large-capacity calf-house with continual operation where the PI-3 virus and the same bacteria participated in the arising of the respiratory syndrome, which was not controlled, in the experimental calf-houses it was sufficient to adjust the microclimatic conditions, to disinfect the stables, and to adhere strictly to the priniciple of the all-in all-out system. The proposed method of the rearing of \"minimum-morbidity calves\" appears to be promising for use in the prevention of respiratory infections in calves and its further testing in large-capacity calf-houses is considered as desirable.", "PMID": 413240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7023", "title": "[Levels of osteotrophic mineral elements (total calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium) in the blood plasma of calves up to the age of 4 months].", "content": "In the post-natal period (up to the age of four months), healthy heifer calves of the Bohemian Spotted breed (n = 204) were studied for the levels of total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and magnesium in the blood plasma. The calves were divided into 17 age groups (n = 12), the age interval between the groups being one week. The highest level of total calcium was found in the calves in the first week after birth (11.77 mg%); this level significantly decreased with higher age of the calves. The minimum was recorded in the fifth week (10.13 mg%). The level of inorganic phosphorus was almost unchanged throughout the period under study, ranging about 9 mg% with insignificant variation. The level of magnesium in the plasma was also fairly stable in the first month of age (2.14--2.29 mg%), a slight increase being observed only from the fifth week on. The comparison of the valves measured in the calves with those obtained in cows indicated that the level of calcium (except the value measured in the fifth week) was higher in the valves than in the cows throughout the experimental period, and that the level of phosphorus was also significantly higher than in the cows throughout the same period. Average values of magnesium in the plasma of the calves were mostly lower than in the plasma of the cows; only in the last third of the experimental period were the magnesium levels very close to, or higher than, the levels in the cows. The dynamics of the development of the cations studied in calf plasma, the Ca/P, Ca/Mg, P/Mg, (Ca+Mg)/p ratios, and the ion product Ca. P reflect the function of these osteotrophic minerals in the process of the growth of skeleton.", "contents": "[Levels of osteotrophic mineral elements (total calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium) in the blood plasma of calves up to the age of 4 months]. In the post-natal period (up to the age of four months), healthy heifer calves of the Bohemian Spotted breed (n = 204) were studied for the levels of total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and magnesium in the blood plasma. The calves were divided into 17 age groups (n = 12), the age interval between the groups being one week. The highest level of total calcium was found in the calves in the first week after birth (11.77 mg%); this level significantly decreased with higher age of the calves. The minimum was recorded in the fifth week (10.13 mg%). The level of inorganic phosphorus was almost unchanged throughout the period under study, ranging about 9 mg% with insignificant variation. The level of magnesium in the plasma was also fairly stable in the first month of age (2.14--2.29 mg%), a slight increase being observed only from the fifth week on. The comparison of the valves measured in the calves with those obtained in cows indicated that the level of calcium (except the value measured in the fifth week) was higher in the valves than in the cows throughout the experimental period, and that the level of phosphorus was also significantly higher than in the cows throughout the same period. Average values of magnesium in the plasma of the calves were mostly lower than in the plasma of the cows; only in the last third of the experimental period were the magnesium levels very close to, or higher than, the levels in the cows. The dynamics of the development of the cations studied in calf plasma, the Ca/P, Ca/Mg, P/Mg, (Ca+Mg)/p ratios, and the ion product Ca. P reflect the function of these osteotrophic minerals in the process of the growth of skeleton.", "PMID": 413241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7024", "title": "[Endoparasites of calves in large herds].", "content": "The authors present preliminary results of the coprological examination of calves in large-capacity calf-houses. In a new large-capacity calf-house in the Benesov district in the Central-Bohemian region, 200 samples of faeces were examined according to Breza (1957) and further examinations were performed regularly in a group of 42 calves from the age of 0.5 to 6 months. The tests revealed 13 species of endoparasites, including eight species of coccidia: Eimeria auburnensis, E. alabamensis. E. bovis, E. cylindrica, E. elliposidalis, E. subspherica, E. zuernii, Isospora spp., and five species of helminths: Strongyloides papillosus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Trichocephalus ovis, Cooperia spp., and Ascaris suum. The following conclusions were derived from these findings: 1. The calves may carry the germs of coccidia and helminths on their hooves already during transportation to the new calf-house; 2. twelve- to twenty-day-old calves, coming to the calf-houses, are often already attacked by several species of coccidia and helminths; 3. the number of parasite species increases and the extensity of invasion rises with age; 4. it has been demonstrated that the invasion process of eight species of coccidia and five species of worms can take place under the conditions of modern calf-house; 5, stronglyloidosis, oesophagostomosis, and trichocephalosis can be treated as typical stable helminthoses; 6. some other speceis of helminths and coccidia occur in calves after transition to green forage with which they are probably carried to the calf-house.", "contents": "[Endoparasites of calves in large herds]. The authors present preliminary results of the coprological examination of calves in large-capacity calf-houses. In a new large-capacity calf-house in the Benesov district in the Central-Bohemian region, 200 samples of faeces were examined according to Breza (1957) and further examinations were performed regularly in a group of 42 calves from the age of 0.5 to 6 months. The tests revealed 13 species of endoparasites, including eight species of coccidia: Eimeria auburnensis, E. alabamensis. E. bovis, E. cylindrica, E. elliposidalis, E. subspherica, E. zuernii, Isospora spp., and five species of helminths: Strongyloides papillosus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Trichocephalus ovis, Cooperia spp., and Ascaris suum. The following conclusions were derived from these findings: 1. The calves may carry the germs of coccidia and helminths on their hooves already during transportation to the new calf-house; 2. twelve- to twenty-day-old calves, coming to the calf-houses, are often already attacked by several species of coccidia and helminths; 3. the number of parasite species increases and the extensity of invasion rises with age; 4. it has been demonstrated that the invasion process of eight species of coccidia and five species of worms can take place under the conditions of modern calf-house; 5, stronglyloidosis, oesophagostomosis, and trichocephalosis can be treated as typical stable helminthoses; 6. some other speceis of helminths and coccidia occur in calves after transition to green forage with which they are probably carried to the calf-house.", "PMID": 413242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7025", "title": "[Relationship between the volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen and nitrogen secretion into isolated sheep's rumen].", "content": "Two sheep with a ruminal fistula and an isolated small rumen were studied for the secretion of ammonia nitrogen, urea nitrogen, and amino nitrogen into the isolated rumen at different levels of volatile fatty acids (VFA) (50, 133-97, and 97-66 M Mol 1(-1)) in the rumen. The VFA level in the rumen was found to exert a great influence on the quantitative secretion of endogenous nitrogen from the blood through the rumen wall into rumen content. When the VFA level in the rumen was increased by administration of a single dose of acetic, propionic, and butyric acid, the secretion of ammonia nitrogen and amino nitrogen abruptly dropped and the secretion of urea into the isolated rumen slightly increased. The over-all amount of nitrogen (NH3-N + urea-N + amino-N) that had passed into the isolated rumen in the course of an hour showed a highly significant correlation with the passage of nitrogen in the form of ammonia and amino nitrogen and was greatest before the application of VFA to the rumen, i.e. at the level of 50 m mol 1-1. Of the metabolites under study, which were passing to the isolated rumen, amino nitrogen shared the greatest proportion (45.38-46.54%). When the VFA level in the rumen was raised, the proportion of ammonia secreted to the isolated rumen decreased and the proportion of urea in the total amount of nitrogen increased.", "contents": "[Relationship between the volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen and nitrogen secretion into isolated sheep's rumen]. Two sheep with a ruminal fistula and an isolated small rumen were studied for the secretion of ammonia nitrogen, urea nitrogen, and amino nitrogen into the isolated rumen at different levels of volatile fatty acids (VFA) (50, 133-97, and 97-66 M Mol 1(-1)) in the rumen. The VFA level in the rumen was found to exert a great influence on the quantitative secretion of endogenous nitrogen from the blood through the rumen wall into rumen content. When the VFA level in the rumen was increased by administration of a single dose of acetic, propionic, and butyric acid, the secretion of ammonia nitrogen and amino nitrogen abruptly dropped and the secretion of urea into the isolated rumen slightly increased. The over-all amount of nitrogen (NH3-N + urea-N + amino-N) that had passed into the isolated rumen in the course of an hour showed a highly significant correlation with the passage of nitrogen in the form of ammonia and amino nitrogen and was greatest before the application of VFA to the rumen, i.e. at the level of 50 m mol 1-1. Of the metabolites under study, which were passing to the isolated rumen, amino nitrogen shared the greatest proportion (45.38-46.54%). When the VFA level in the rumen was raised, the proportion of ammonia secreted to the isolated rumen decreased and the proportion of urea in the total amount of nitrogen increased.", "PMID": 413243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7026", "title": "[Passage of amino acids through the minimal wall in sheep].", "content": "Three sheep with a small isolated rumen (after Gridin et al., 1964) were studied for the passage of amino acids from the blood to the isolated rumen before feeding and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours after feeding. It was found that, on an average for all the time intervals mentioned above, the passage of glycine was the largest of all the amino acids studied (0.512 muMol per 100 ml), followed, in descending order, by lysine, alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, leucine, threonine, isoleucine, arginine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine (0.038 muMol per 100 ml). Before feeding and one hour after feeding, lysine shared the greatest proportion of all amino acids that had passed into the isolated rumen (0.565-0.43 muMol per 100 ml), followed, in descending order, by glycine, alanine, valine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine, serine, threonine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine; arginine was, in this case, represented by the smallest proportion (0.042-0.030 muMol per 100 ml). It is inferred from the results that the amount of amino acids passing from the blood through the rumen wall changes with the time that has elapsed from feeding, and that before feeding this passage is more intensive than after feeding. These changes are held to be related with an increased passage of endogenous nitrogen to the rumen in the period of a relative deficiency of substances which are derived from the feed and are essential for maintaining homeostasis in the rumen.", "contents": "[Passage of amino acids through the minimal wall in sheep]. Three sheep with a small isolated rumen (after Gridin et al., 1964) were studied for the passage of amino acids from the blood to the isolated rumen before feeding and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours after feeding. It was found that, on an average for all the time intervals mentioned above, the passage of glycine was the largest of all the amino acids studied (0.512 muMol per 100 ml), followed, in descending order, by lysine, alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, leucine, threonine, isoleucine, arginine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine (0.038 muMol per 100 ml). Before feeding and one hour after feeding, lysine shared the greatest proportion of all amino acids that had passed into the isolated rumen (0.565-0.43 muMol per 100 ml), followed, in descending order, by glycine, alanine, valine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine, serine, threonine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine; arginine was, in this case, represented by the smallest proportion (0.042-0.030 muMol per 100 ml). It is inferred from the results that the amount of amino acids passing from the blood through the rumen wall changes with the time that has elapsed from feeding, and that before feeding this passage is more intensive than after feeding. These changes are held to be related with an increased passage of endogenous nitrogen to the rumen in the period of a relative deficiency of substances which are derived from the feed and are essential for maintaining homeostasis in the rumen.", "PMID": 413244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7027", "title": "[Effect of wood waste on the digestibility of glycides and level of volatile fatty acids in sheep].", "content": "Sheep were subject to an experiment concerning the effect of treated beech sawdust and thickened aqueous hydrolyzate of beech wood (xylocel) on the digestibility of glycides and on the level of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen content. The results prove that the use of treated beech sawdust as a replacer for ground barley straw favourably influenced the digestibility of monosaccharides, cellulose, lignin and total dry matter of the diet. Sawdust reduced the concentration of total VFA in the rumen content but the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (A:P) was lower and the energetic efficiency of the VFA produced was higher in the diet containing sawdust. The addition of urea to the diet with beech sawdust conditioned less effectively, as distinct from the case mentioned above, did not give a clear effect. Urea encouraged the digestibility of pentosanes, glucose and cellulose, but reduced the energetic efficiency of the VFA produced. Xylocel had no clear effect on the digestibility of sugars either. The higher A:P ratio and the lower energetic efficiency of the VFA produced testify to the fact that xylocel in combination with beet molasses was not a sufficient replacer of sugar-beet glycides.", "contents": "[Effect of wood waste on the digestibility of glycides and level of volatile fatty acids in sheep]. Sheep were subject to an experiment concerning the effect of treated beech sawdust and thickened aqueous hydrolyzate of beech wood (xylocel) on the digestibility of glycides and on the level of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen content. The results prove that the use of treated beech sawdust as a replacer for ground barley straw favourably influenced the digestibility of monosaccharides, cellulose, lignin and total dry matter of the diet. Sawdust reduced the concentration of total VFA in the rumen content but the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (A:P) was lower and the energetic efficiency of the VFA produced was higher in the diet containing sawdust. The addition of urea to the diet with beech sawdust conditioned less effectively, as distinct from the case mentioned above, did not give a clear effect. Urea encouraged the digestibility of pentosanes, glucose and cellulose, but reduced the energetic efficiency of the VFA produced. Xylocel had no clear effect on the digestibility of sugars either. The higher A:P ratio and the lower energetic efficiency of the VFA produced testify to the fact that xylocel in combination with beet molasses was not a sufficient replacer of sugar-beet glycides.", "PMID": 413245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7028", "title": "[Submicroscopic structure of small intestine cells of lambs during a course of experimental inflammation].", "content": "The changes observed in the submicroscopic structure of the enterocytes of the jejunum of lambs in which inflammation has been chemically evoked justify the assumption that 12 hours after application of the chemical agent some differences exist, particularly in cellular reaction in the submucosa, in comparison with inflammations evoked by the infective agent. The submicroscopic changes in the enterocytes correspond to acute inflammation and indicate alterations on cell components which considerably reduce the absorptive area of the intestinal epithelium, and on organellae essential for the function of the enterocyte. In this way the natural barriers in the intestinal wall are damaged, leading to derangements in the absorption and passage of the nutrients taken in.", "contents": "[Submicroscopic structure of small intestine cells of lambs during a course of experimental inflammation]. The changes observed in the submicroscopic structure of the enterocytes of the jejunum of lambs in which inflammation has been chemically evoked justify the assumption that 12 hours after application of the chemical agent some differences exist, particularly in cellular reaction in the submucosa, in comparison with inflammations evoked by the infective agent. The submicroscopic changes in the enterocytes correspond to acute inflammation and indicate alterations on cell components which considerably reduce the absorptive area of the intestinal epithelium, and on organellae essential for the function of the enterocyte. In this way the natural barriers in the intestinal wall are damaged, leading to derangements in the absorption and passage of the nutrients taken in.", "PMID": 413246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7029", "title": "[Effect of DDT, intensive use of the floor surface and post-incubation stress on the development of immune response in chickens].", "content": "We studied the long-term effect of civilization factors, DDT, high stocking rates, and post-incubation stress on the antibody response to the administration of Newcastle disease vaccine. The chickens were divided into three groups after hatching. The first group was fed a mixture with an addition of commercial DDT (100 mg per 1 kg of feed). The second group was given the same feed and, in addition, was kept at a high stocking rate. Half the experimental chickens of each group were tied in the third post-natal week, to subject the birds to another stress. Those in the control group remained intact. The results indicate that DDT administered with food increased the immunity response to the antigen stimulus. The additive stress from high stock densities reduced the immunity response, and decreased the response raised by DDT administration to the level of the control. The post-incubation stress was found to modify the long-term effect of DDT and high stocking rate upon the immunity response of the chickens.", "contents": "[Effect of DDT, intensive use of the floor surface and post-incubation stress on the development of immune response in chickens]. We studied the long-term effect of civilization factors, DDT, high stocking rates, and post-incubation stress on the antibody response to the administration of Newcastle disease vaccine. The chickens were divided into three groups after hatching. The first group was fed a mixture with an addition of commercial DDT (100 mg per 1 kg of feed). The second group was given the same feed and, in addition, was kept at a high stocking rate. Half the experimental chickens of each group were tied in the third post-natal week, to subject the birds to another stress. Those in the control group remained intact. The results indicate that DDT administered with food increased the immunity response to the antigen stimulus. The additive stress from high stock densities reduced the immunity response, and decreased the response raised by DDT administration to the level of the control. The post-incubation stress was found to modify the long-term effect of DDT and high stocking rate upon the immunity response of the chickens.", "PMID": 413247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7030", "title": "[Weight gains in rats of different ages after administration of insulin].", "content": "An experiment was made to examine the body weight gains after administration of deposit insulin (40 units per kg of live weight) in rats at the age of 1-12 days, 8-10 weeks and 18-20 weeks. The administration of insulin to suckling young (aged 11-12 days) did not influence the weight gains. Eight- to ten-week old rats showed a reduction and 18- to 20-week old rats showed a reduction and 18- to 20-week old rats an increase of weight gains in the course of the experiment.", "contents": "[Weight gains in rats of different ages after administration of insulin]. An experiment was made to examine the body weight gains after administration of deposit insulin (40 units per kg of live weight) in rats at the age of 1-12 days, 8-10 weeks and 18-20 weeks. The administration of insulin to suckling young (aged 11-12 days) did not influence the weight gains. Eight- to ten-week old rats showed a reduction and 18- to 20-week old rats showed a reduction and 18- to 20-week old rats an increase of weight gains in the course of the experiment.", "PMID": 413248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7031", "title": "[Frequency-voltage dependence in the region of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus of rats fed various diets].", "content": "Adult rats (males) of the Wistar species and of SPF origin were studied for the dependence of frequency on the electric potential on EEG records of the region of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus and lateral hypothalamus of animals fed high-protein and high-fat diets. Similar values of control animals were used for comparison. Each group comprised seven animals. In the control animals, constantly fed the basic diet, the values of the frequency-voltage dependence remained unchanged. In the animals fed high-protein diet frequency increased with rising voltage whereas in those fed high-fat diet frequency declined with increasing voltage in both body regions under study.", "contents": "[Frequency-voltage dependence in the region of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus of rats fed various diets]. Adult rats (males) of the Wistar species and of SPF origin were studied for the dependence of frequency on the electric potential on EEG records of the region of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus and lateral hypothalamus of animals fed high-protein and high-fat diets. Similar values of control animals were used for comparison. Each group comprised seven animals. In the control animals, constantly fed the basic diet, the values of the frequency-voltage dependence remained unchanged. In the animals fed high-protein diet frequency increased with rising voltage whereas in those fed high-fat diet frequency declined with increasing voltage in both body regions under study.", "PMID": 413249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7032", "title": "[Isolation and cold resistance of enterococci in ice cream].", "content": "Studies were a total of 85 samples of ice-cream assortments. It was found that the presence of enterococci was reduced--up to 21 per cent of the samples only had from 101 to 2000 microbial cells per cu. cm of the ice-cream mass. Enterococci of the fecal group predominated--81 per cent. The regime of thermal treatment applied to the ice-cream melange produced bactericidal effect on the Enterococcus microflora. After pasteurization, however, the product became contaminated with a secondary Enterococcus infection due to the improperly cleaned glassware and equipment. In freezing the ice-cream melange the amount of Enterococcus microflora dropped from 3.2 to 3.3 times. No changes in the microbial count were established after the deep-freezing storage of ice-cream for 24 months at -18 to -25 degrees C. The Enterococcus titer is suggested as an index in the hygiene evaluation of ice-cream.", "contents": "[Isolation and cold resistance of enterococci in ice cream]. Studies were a total of 85 samples of ice-cream assortments. It was found that the presence of enterococci was reduced--up to 21 per cent of the samples only had from 101 to 2000 microbial cells per cu. cm of the ice-cream mass. Enterococci of the fecal group predominated--81 per cent. The regime of thermal treatment applied to the ice-cream melange produced bactericidal effect on the Enterococcus microflora. After pasteurization, however, the product became contaminated with a secondary Enterococcus infection due to the improperly cleaned glassware and equipment. In freezing the ice-cream melange the amount of Enterococcus microflora dropped from 3.2 to 3.3 times. No changes in the microbial count were established after the deep-freezing storage of ice-cream for 24 months at -18 to -25 degrees C. The Enterococcus titer is suggested as an index in the hygiene evaluation of ice-cream.", "PMID": 413250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7033", "title": "Cell kinetics of mouse urinary bladder epithelium. IV. Changes in cell proliferation, nuclear DNA content, and number of diploid, tetraploid and octoploid cells after a single dose of dibutylnitrosamine.", "content": "The initial effect of a single subcutaneous injection of 0.01 ml of dibutylnitrosamine on the mouse (hr/hr strain) urinary bladder epithelium was a block in DNA synthesis in the diploid cells followed by a regenerative reaction. This did not, however, lead to a subsequent wave of increased DNA synthesis among the tetraploid cells. Later, a new wave of DNA synthesis occurred among the diploid cells, and again there was no subsequent wave of tetraploid DNA synthesis. The total cell number was not affected. These disturbances resulted in periods of reduced numbers of octoploid cells. This effect was unlike that obtained in previously published experiments using cyclophosphamide, which led to considerable hyperplasia, especially of octoploid cells, and no disturbance of tetraploid DNA synthesis. Thus the action of a single dose of dibutylnitrosamine on the epithelial cells in the mouse urinary bladder is very different from that of cyclophosphamide in a single dose, but it is not possible to say whether this has anything to do with the carcinogenicity of the nitrosamine.", "contents": "Cell kinetics of mouse urinary bladder epithelium. IV. Changes in cell proliferation, nuclear DNA content, and number of diploid, tetraploid and octoploid cells after a single dose of dibutylnitrosamine. The initial effect of a single subcutaneous injection of 0.01 ml of dibutylnitrosamine on the mouse (hr/hr strain) urinary bladder epithelium was a block in DNA synthesis in the diploid cells followed by a regenerative reaction. This did not, however, lead to a subsequent wave of increased DNA synthesis among the tetraploid cells. Later, a new wave of DNA synthesis occurred among the diploid cells, and again there was no subsequent wave of tetraploid DNA synthesis. The total cell number was not affected. These disturbances resulted in periods of reduced numbers of octoploid cells. This effect was unlike that obtained in previously published experiments using cyclophosphamide, which led to considerable hyperplasia, especially of octoploid cells, and no disturbance of tetraploid DNA synthesis. Thus the action of a single dose of dibutylnitrosamine on the epithelial cells in the mouse urinary bladder is very different from that of cyclophosphamide in a single dose, but it is not possible to say whether this has anything to do with the carcinogenicity of the nitrosamine.", "PMID": 413251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7034", "title": "Cellular events during partial cerebral ischemia. I. Electron microscopy of feline cerebral cortex after middle-cerebral-artery occlusion.", "content": "The feline right cerebral hemisphere was subjected to regional (incomplete) ischemia after clipping the middle cerebral artery for 5, 10, 15, 30 or 60 min, respectively. After each ischemic episode, a 10-min recirculation period was allowed, following which the brain was fixed and processed for electron microscopy. The earliest alterations, detected in the cerebral cortex after 15 min, increased in severity with longer ischemic episodes and were distributed multifocally. There was: (a) marked neuronal mitochondrial matrical swelling and progressive condensation of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm; (b) cytoplasmic swelling of astrocytes with preservation of glial mitochondrial volume; (c) capillaries, oligodendrocytes, myelin sheaths and axis cylinders did not change significantly, even after the longest interval studied: 60 min. This type of tissue reaction appears to be common for those forms of cerebral ischemia, in which circulation is either sustained partially (via collateral arteries) or restored after a period of absolute ischemia. Under these conditions, as yet undefined permeability changes in cell membranes lead to pronounced volumetric alterations of cellular compartments. Although no softening is detectable by digital examination, we suggest that such a set of structural abnormalities constitutes encephalomalacia, or the earliest stage of a lesion which is designated infarction, once it reaches irreversibility.", "contents": "Cellular events during partial cerebral ischemia. I. Electron microscopy of feline cerebral cortex after middle-cerebral-artery occlusion. The feline right cerebral hemisphere was subjected to regional (incomplete) ischemia after clipping the middle cerebral artery for 5, 10, 15, 30 or 60 min, respectively. After each ischemic episode, a 10-min recirculation period was allowed, following which the brain was fixed and processed for electron microscopy. The earliest alterations, detected in the cerebral cortex after 15 min, increased in severity with longer ischemic episodes and were distributed multifocally. There was: (a) marked neuronal mitochondrial matrical swelling and progressive condensation of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm; (b) cytoplasmic swelling of astrocytes with preservation of glial mitochondrial volume; (c) capillaries, oligodendrocytes, myelin sheaths and axis cylinders did not change significantly, even after the longest interval studied: 60 min. This type of tissue reaction appears to be common for those forms of cerebral ischemia, in which circulation is either sustained partially (via collateral arteries) or restored after a period of absolute ischemia. Under these conditions, as yet undefined permeability changes in cell membranes lead to pronounced volumetric alterations of cellular compartments. Although no softening is detectable by digital examination, we suggest that such a set of structural abnormalities constitutes encephalomalacia, or the earliest stage of a lesion which is designated infarction, once it reaches irreversibility.", "PMID": 413252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7035", "title": "The ultrastructure of \"brain death\". II. Electron microscopy of feline cortex after complete ischemia.", "content": "Permanent, complete global cerebral ischemia was induced in cats by filling the cardiovascular system with a plasma substitute (37 degrees C). At variable intervals and up to 120 min thereafter, these feline brains were perfused with aldehydes and processed for electron microscopy. The resulting cellular alterations were homogeneous and uniform throughout the entire brain; they included early chromatin clumping, gradually increasing electron lucency of the cell sap, distention of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi cisternae, transient mitochondrial condensation followed by swelling and appearance of flocculent densities, and dispersion of ribosomal rosettes. The marked contrast between the structural alterations in permanent, complete ischemia and incomplete cerebral ischemia, suggest differences in their pathogenesis. A basic determinant factor of the structural changes appears to be the volume of flow (serum, plasma, other) which is available at the time of the injury. This analysis of global cerebral ischemia provides some insight on the nature of cellular changes occurring shortly after somatic death.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of \"brain death\". II. Electron microscopy of feline cortex after complete ischemia. Permanent, complete global cerebral ischemia was induced in cats by filling the cardiovascular system with a plasma substitute (37 degrees C). At variable intervals and up to 120 min thereafter, these feline brains were perfused with aldehydes and processed for electron microscopy. The resulting cellular alterations were homogeneous and uniform throughout the entire brain; they included early chromatin clumping, gradually increasing electron lucency of the cell sap, distention of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi cisternae, transient mitochondrial condensation followed by swelling and appearance of flocculent densities, and dispersion of ribosomal rosettes. The marked contrast between the structural alterations in permanent, complete ischemia and incomplete cerebral ischemia, suggest differences in their pathogenesis. A basic determinant factor of the structural changes appears to be the volume of flow (serum, plasma, other) which is available at the time of the injury. This analysis of global cerebral ischemia provides some insight on the nature of cellular changes occurring shortly after somatic death.", "PMID": 413253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7036", "title": "Ultrastructure of experimentally produced subcutaneous haematomas in the rabbit.", "content": "Haematomas were produced in rabbits by subcutaneous injection of autologous blood. Clotting and marked lysis of erythrocytes was noted in these haematomas, but there was no evidence of fragmentation of erythrocytes prior to or after ingestion by macrophages as has been reported in other sites such as the peritoneal cavity and the joint cavity. The phagocytosis of intact erythrocytes, lysed erythrocytes and haemoglobin led to the formation of three main types of lysosomal bodies; (1) myelinosomes containing whorled osmiophilic membranes, (2) siderosomes containing haemosiderin, and (3) myelinosiderosomes containing a mixture of osmiophilic membranes and haemosiderin.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of experimentally produced subcutaneous haematomas in the rabbit. Haematomas were produced in rabbits by subcutaneous injection of autologous blood. Clotting and marked lysis of erythrocytes was noted in these haematomas, but there was no evidence of fragmentation of erythrocytes prior to or after ingestion by macrophages as has been reported in other sites such as the peritoneal cavity and the joint cavity. The phagocytosis of intact erythrocytes, lysed erythrocytes and haemoglobin led to the formation of three main types of lysosomal bodies; (1) myelinosomes containing whorled osmiophilic membranes, (2) siderosomes containing haemosiderin, and (3) myelinosiderosomes containing a mixture of osmiophilic membranes and haemosiderin.", "PMID": 413254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7037", "title": "Facultative polyploidy in endocrine tissues.", "content": "Adrenal tissue from 44 autopsies and 30 biopsies of thyroid gland were analyzed by flow--and scanning-cytophotometry. Most nuclei were diploid and the 4C fraction ranged from 1.9 to 6.1% according to the technique, but with no significant difference between controls and adenomas, hyperplasias, adenomatous goiters, or two carcinomas of the thyroid gland. The only significant increase of 4C fraction was found in normal adrenals of patients above 50 years of age (P less than 0,025). Similarly constant was the proportion of 8C nuclei which ranged from 0.5 to 1.3 per thousand. However, in one of 23 adenomatous goiters a total polyploidization was was observed. Comparable results in the literature show that the thyroid gland like the epithelium of seminal vesicles can facultatively become polyploidized, in contrast to the obligatory polyploid orgnas namely the liver and heart. This is not related to malignancy.", "contents": "Facultative polyploidy in endocrine tissues. Adrenal tissue from 44 autopsies and 30 biopsies of thyroid gland were analyzed by flow--and scanning-cytophotometry. Most nuclei were diploid and the 4C fraction ranged from 1.9 to 6.1% according to the technique, but with no significant difference between controls and adenomas, hyperplasias, adenomatous goiters, or two carcinomas of the thyroid gland. The only significant increase of 4C fraction was found in normal adrenals of patients above 50 years of age (P less than 0,025). Similarly constant was the proportion of 8C nuclei which ranged from 0.5 to 1.3 per thousand. However, in one of 23 adenomatous goiters a total polyploidization was was observed. Comparable results in the literature show that the thyroid gland like the epithelium of seminal vesicles can facultatively become polyploidized, in contrast to the obligatory polyploid orgnas namely the liver and heart. This is not related to malignancy.", "PMID": 413255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7038", "title": "Formation of basement membrane in extracapillary proliferates in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.", "content": "In the extracapillary proliferations (crescents) of the glomeruli in glomerulonephritis, basement membranes appear and in addition \"secretory bodies\" are formed in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum. The findings permit the conclusion that proliferated visceral epithelial cells are involved in the crescent formation to a greater extent than previously assumed.", "contents": "Formation of basement membrane in extracapillary proliferates in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. In the extracapillary proliferations (crescents) of the glomeruli in glomerulonephritis, basement membranes appear and in addition \"secretory bodies\" are formed in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum. The findings permit the conclusion that proliferated visceral epithelial cells are involved in the crescent formation to a greater extent than previously assumed.", "PMID": 413257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7039", "title": "Hypovolemic models of acute tubular necrosis in the rat kidney.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to determine whether a hypotensive episode under variable conditions is capable of inducing experimental acute renal failure in rats. Animals were subjected to hypovolemic shock by withdrawing volumes of blood necessary to maintain a systolic pressure of 30-40 mm Hg for 105-110 min. The blood was then reinfused and the animal was allowed to recover for 48 h prior to sacrifice. In an attempt to increase the injury, a second group of animals was salt-depleted prior to injury, a third group was volume-depleted by being deprived of H2O for 72 h prior of injury, a fourth group received 7.5 mg/kg indomethacin 30 min prior to injury, and a fifth group had 30% of the blood which was removed to produce shock hemolyzed and returned following the injury. In all groups examined, light microscopy revealed a moderate to severe acute tubular necrosis localized mainly in the outer stripe of the outer zone as defined by Peter (1909). Tubular damage was confined to the medullary pars recta of the proximal tubule and only in the most severe cases did injury involve the cortical pars recta and pars convoluta. Casts were present in the distal tubules and collecting ducts. Despite these significant histologic alterations, BUN values from all experimental groups remained within control levels. These studies clearly show that extensive necrosis of the medullary pars recta can be dissociated from the development of acute renal failure.", "contents": "Hypovolemic models of acute tubular necrosis in the rat kidney. Studies were undertaken to determine whether a hypotensive episode under variable conditions is capable of inducing experimental acute renal failure in rats. Animals were subjected to hypovolemic shock by withdrawing volumes of blood necessary to maintain a systolic pressure of 30-40 mm Hg for 105-110 min. The blood was then reinfused and the animal was allowed to recover for 48 h prior to sacrifice. In an attempt to increase the injury, a second group of animals was salt-depleted prior to injury, a third group was volume-depleted by being deprived of H2O for 72 h prior of injury, a fourth group received 7.5 mg/kg indomethacin 30 min prior to injury, and a fifth group had 30% of the blood which was removed to produce shock hemolyzed and returned following the injury. In all groups examined, light microscopy revealed a moderate to severe acute tubular necrosis localized mainly in the outer stripe of the outer zone as defined by Peter (1909). Tubular damage was confined to the medullary pars recta of the proximal tubule and only in the most severe cases did injury involve the cortical pars recta and pars convoluta. Casts were present in the distal tubules and collecting ducts. Despite these significant histologic alterations, BUN values from all experimental groups remained within control levels. These studies clearly show that extensive necrosis of the medullary pars recta can be dissociated from the development of acute renal failure.", "PMID": 413258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7040", "title": "[Tilorone, a synthetic immunostimulator possessing antitumor activity].", "content": "The authors report the results of studies on antitumor, immunostimulating and interieron-inducing properties of diethylamine fluorene derivative--tiloron, synthesized at Odessa laboratories of IGIC of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences by the originally elaborated method. It was found that tiloron does not suppress leucopoiesis, stimulates a number of protective reactions of the organism, including the factors of humoral and cell immunity, especially manifested under immunosuppression. Tiloron is shown to possess the definite antitumor activity being retained in peroral administration of the drug. Tiloron used together with cytostatic agents results in enhanced suppression of experimental tumors growth. Antitumor and immunostimulating action of tiloron on the experimental patterns under study is believed by the authors to be somewhat related with its interieron-inducing ability.", "contents": "[Tilorone, a synthetic immunostimulator possessing antitumor activity]. The authors report the results of studies on antitumor, immunostimulating and interieron-inducing properties of diethylamine fluorene derivative--tiloron, synthesized at Odessa laboratories of IGIC of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences by the originally elaborated method. It was found that tiloron does not suppress leucopoiesis, stimulates a number of protective reactions of the organism, including the factors of humoral and cell immunity, especially manifested under immunosuppression. Tiloron is shown to possess the definite antitumor activity being retained in peroral administration of the drug. Tiloron used together with cytostatic agents results in enhanced suppression of experimental tumors growth. Antitumor and immunostimulating action of tiloron on the experimental patterns under study is believed by the authors to be somewhat related with its interieron-inducing ability.", "PMID": 413265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7041", "title": "[Substrate specificity, inhibitors and kinetics of deamidase AG (asparaginase-glutaminase) from Pseudomonas fluorescens AG].", "content": "Deamidase AG (asparaginase-glutaminase) from Pseudomonas fluorescens AG was shown to hydrolyze 1-glutamine and 1-asparagine highly effectively. Besides, the enzyme exhibited the rather high rate of deamidation of D-asparagine and D-glutamine (70% and 100%, respectively), Nalpha-butyl asparagine (63%) and among peptides -- of glycyl-L-asparagine (40%). L-glutamic acid gamma-methyl ester was hydrolyzed only slightly (5%). Effect of several substrate analogues on the deamidase AG activity was studied as well. Albiciine (alpha-amino-beta-ureide propionic acid) proved to be the strongest inhibitor (100%). Beta-Methyl aspartic acid, S-carbamoyl cysteine, alpha-ketoglutaric acid showed the slight inhibitory effect (20%). Amount of active centres per enzyme molecule was estimated by means of 14C-albiciine. Deamidase AG had apparently only one active centre. In estimation of relationship between the rate of reaction and substrate (L-asparagine) concentration, the reaction was found to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, K(m) = 4.5 with 10-4 M.", "contents": "[Substrate specificity, inhibitors and kinetics of deamidase AG (asparaginase-glutaminase) from Pseudomonas fluorescens AG]. Deamidase AG (asparaginase-glutaminase) from Pseudomonas fluorescens AG was shown to hydrolyze 1-glutamine and 1-asparagine highly effectively. Besides, the enzyme exhibited the rather high rate of deamidation of D-asparagine and D-glutamine (70% and 100%, respectively), Nalpha-butyl asparagine (63%) and among peptides -- of glycyl-L-asparagine (40%). L-glutamic acid gamma-methyl ester was hydrolyzed only slightly (5%). Effect of several substrate analogues on the deamidase AG activity was studied as well. Albiciine (alpha-amino-beta-ureide propionic acid) proved to be the strongest inhibitor (100%). Beta-Methyl aspartic acid, S-carbamoyl cysteine, alpha-ketoglutaric acid showed the slight inhibitory effect (20%). Amount of active centres per enzyme molecule was estimated by means of 14C-albiciine. Deamidase AG had apparently only one active centre. In estimation of relationship between the rate of reaction and substrate (L-asparagine) concentration, the reaction was found to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, K(m) = 4.5 with 10-4 M.", "PMID": 413263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7042", "title": "[Role of phospholipase A2 in anoxic injury to the energy-dependent functions of the mitochondria].", "content": "An increase in concentration of free fatty acids was observed simultaneously with a decrease in energy dependent functions of mitochondria (oxidative phosphorylation and Ca2+-accumulating ability) after their preincubation under anoxic conditions in vitro with Ca2+ ions (11-14 nmol/mg of mitochondrial protein). Impairment of mitochondria and accumulation of fatty acids were prevented by inhibitors of phospholipase A2 from mitochondria. The anoxic impairment of mitochondria appears to be caused by Ca2+-activated phospholipase A2.", "contents": "[Role of phospholipase A2 in anoxic injury to the energy-dependent functions of the mitochondria]. An increase in concentration of free fatty acids was observed simultaneously with a decrease in energy dependent functions of mitochondria (oxidative phosphorylation and Ca2+-accumulating ability) after their preincubation under anoxic conditions in vitro with Ca2+ ions (11-14 nmol/mg of mitochondrial protein). Impairment of mitochondria and accumulation of fatty acids were prevented by inhibitors of phospholipase A2 from mitochondria. The anoxic impairment of mitochondria appears to be caused by Ca2+-activated phospholipase A2.", "PMID": 413264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7043", "title": "[Additional observations to the biology of Hepatozoon erhardovae Krampitz 1964 in bank voles from the south-western Styria and from areas around the Neusiedlersee (Burgenland) (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of Hepatozoon erhardovae in the blood of bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) captured in the investigated areas is examined. The biology of schizonts, their distribution in the lobes of the lung and the further development of natural infections in vertebrate hosts kept strictly free of ectoparasites are observed. The accumulation of gametocytes in larvae of the tick Ixodes ricinus and of the mite Neotrombicula zachvatkini after sucking on strongly infected bank voles is pointed out. Occasionally a parasitaemia is produced in the non-specific host (Apodemus flavicollis), but only with a specific transmitter (Megabothris turbidus).", "contents": "[Additional observations to the biology of Hepatozoon erhardovae Krampitz 1964 in bank voles from the south-western Styria and from areas around the Neusiedlersee (Burgenland) (author's transl)]. The incidence of Hepatozoon erhardovae in the blood of bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) captured in the investigated areas is examined. The biology of schizonts, their distribution in the lobes of the lung and the further development of natural infections in vertebrate hosts kept strictly free of ectoparasites are observed. The accumulation of gametocytes in larvae of the tick Ixodes ricinus and of the mite Neotrombicula zachvatkini after sucking on strongly infected bank voles is pointed out. Occasionally a parasitaemia is produced in the non-specific host (Apodemus flavicollis), but only with a specific transmitter (Megabothris turbidus).", "PMID": 413270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7044", "title": "[The importance of Laelaps agilis C.L. Koch 1836 (Mesostigmata: Parasitiformae) as a vector of Hepatozoon sylvatici Coles 1914 (Sporozoa: Haemogregarinidae) (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of the mite Laelaps agilis (Parasitiformae) for the transmission of the Hepatozoon species living in the blood of Apodemus sylvaticus and Apodemus flavicollis (Hepatozoon sylvatici) is examined. With this mite the experimental transfer of the parasite to bred hosts of the same species was successful five times; for once, the transmission to a non-specific host (Clethrionomys glareolus) was also possible. Besides, an eventual stimulating effect emanating from the gonads of female mites to the development of parasites can be considered. Differences in the morphology of schizonts in the bone marrow and in the liver of infected Apodemus flavicollis are especially pointed out.", "contents": "[The importance of Laelaps agilis C.L. Koch 1836 (Mesostigmata: Parasitiformae) as a vector of Hepatozoon sylvatici Coles 1914 (Sporozoa: Haemogregarinidae) (author's transl)]. The importance of the mite Laelaps agilis (Parasitiformae) for the transmission of the Hepatozoon species living in the blood of Apodemus sylvaticus and Apodemus flavicollis (Hepatozoon sylvatici) is examined. With this mite the experimental transfer of the parasite to bred hosts of the same species was successful five times; for once, the transmission to a non-specific host (Clethrionomys glareolus) was also possible. Besides, an eventual stimulating effect emanating from the gonads of female mites to the development of parasites can be considered. Differences in the morphology of schizonts in the bone marrow and in the liver of infected Apodemus flavicollis are especially pointed out.", "PMID": 413271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7045", "title": "Transmission of Nosema kingi to offspring of Drosophila willistoni during copulation.", "content": "Transmission of the microsporidian Nosema kingi to offspring of Drosophila willistoni during copulation was investigated. Offspring from matings of infected females and non-infected males, infected males and non-infected females, and both infected females and males were parasitized with N. kingi. 28% of the offspring were infected when the parents mated immediately after exposure to the parasite. However, 43--93% of the offspring were infected with the microsporidian when copulation was delayed 2 weeks post-infection.", "contents": "Transmission of Nosema kingi to offspring of Drosophila willistoni during copulation. Transmission of the microsporidian Nosema kingi to offspring of Drosophila willistoni during copulation was investigated. Offspring from matings of infected females and non-infected males, infected males and non-infected females, and both infected females and males were parasitized with N. kingi. 28% of the offspring were infected when the parents mated immediately after exposure to the parasite. However, 43--93% of the offspring were infected with the microsporidian when copulation was delayed 2 weeks post-infection.", "PMID": 413272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7046", "title": "[Co-oxidation of beta-carotene and canthaxanthine by purified lipoxygenases from soya beans (author's transl)].", "content": "Isolation and purification of soya bean lipoxygenase (linoleate: O2 oxidoreductase, EC, 1.13.11.12) on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-cellulose and by isolectric focusing yields two isoenzymes of the L- 2 type (optimum pH 6.5) and two of the L-1 type (optimum pH9.0). Different crude extracts from soya beans as well as the purified L-2 isoenzymes exhibit the same capacity for co-oxidation of beta-carotene and canthaxanthine, when the comparison is based upon equal lipoxygenase activities. In contrast to L-2 the alkaline lipoxygenase L-1 is a poor \"carotene oxidase\".", "contents": "[Co-oxidation of beta-carotene and canthaxanthine by purified lipoxygenases from soya beans (author's transl)]. Isolation and purification of soya bean lipoxygenase (linoleate: O2 oxidoreductase, EC, 1.13.11.12) on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-cellulose and by isolectric focusing yields two isoenzymes of the L- 2 type (optimum pH 6.5) and two of the L-1 type (optimum pH9.0). Different crude extracts from soya beans as well as the purified L-2 isoenzymes exhibit the same capacity for co-oxidation of beta-carotene and canthaxanthine, when the comparison is based upon equal lipoxygenase activities. In contrast to L-2 the alkaline lipoxygenase L-1 is a poor \"carotene oxidase\".", "PMID": 413276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7047", "title": "[On lipoxygenase and enzymes which decompose linoleic acid hydroperoxides in rye (author's transl)].", "content": "An enzyme fraction from rye containing lipoxygenase activity was investigated. The molecular weight of lipoxygenase was found to be about 102000. Two bands groups with isoelectric points between 5.1-5.5 and 5.8-6.4 were obtained by isoelectric focusing. Three isoenzymes could be separated by ion exchange chromatography. Lipoxygenase has optimum activity at pH 7.3-7.5 and predominantly forms 13-hydroperoxy-9-cis, 11-trans-octadecadienoic acid (13-LHPO). In rye the 13-LHPO is converted to alpha-ketols by a high molecular protein fraction. This isomerase converts the LHPO formed by rye lipoxygenase predominantly to 12,13-ketohydroxy acids. The Michaelis Constant of isomerase is 3-5 X 10(-5), using LHPO as substrate. At low protein concentrations the reaction velocity of LHPO-conversion increases linearly with protein concentration.", "contents": "[On lipoxygenase and enzymes which decompose linoleic acid hydroperoxides in rye (author's transl)]. An enzyme fraction from rye containing lipoxygenase activity was investigated. The molecular weight of lipoxygenase was found to be about 102000. Two bands groups with isoelectric points between 5.1-5.5 and 5.8-6.4 were obtained by isoelectric focusing. Three isoenzymes could be separated by ion exchange chromatography. Lipoxygenase has optimum activity at pH 7.3-7.5 and predominantly forms 13-hydroperoxy-9-cis, 11-trans-octadecadienoic acid (13-LHPO). In rye the 13-LHPO is converted to alpha-ketols by a high molecular protein fraction. This isomerase converts the LHPO formed by rye lipoxygenase predominantly to 12,13-ketohydroxy acids. The Michaelis Constant of isomerase is 3-5 X 10(-5), using LHPO as substrate. At low protein concentrations the reaction velocity of LHPO-conversion increases linearly with protein concentration.", "PMID": 413277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7048", "title": "[Co-oxydation of linoleic acid to volatile compounds by lipoxygenase isoenzymes from soya beans (author's transl)].", "content": "Lipoxygenase isoenzymes L-1 (optimum pH 9.0) and L-2 (pH 6.5) were incubated with linoleic acid. The extracted volatile compounds were separated by gas-chromatography and analysed by mass spectrometry. The relative amounts of volatile carbonyl compounds, which were formed during catalysis were determined (mole percent). L-1 yielded hexanal (greater than 90% at pH 7 and 70% at pH 8.5). L-2 at pH 7 yielded hexanal (31), two geometric isomers of 2,4-decadienal (40), 2-trans-heptenal (12) and 2-trans-octenal (10).", "contents": "[Co-oxydation of linoleic acid to volatile compounds by lipoxygenase isoenzymes from soya beans (author's transl)]. Lipoxygenase isoenzymes L-1 (optimum pH 9.0) and L-2 (pH 6.5) were incubated with linoleic acid. The extracted volatile compounds were separated by gas-chromatography and analysed by mass spectrometry. The relative amounts of volatile carbonyl compounds, which were formed during catalysis were determined (mole percent). L-1 yielded hexanal (greater than 90% at pH 7 and 70% at pH 8.5). L-2 at pH 7 yielded hexanal (31), two geometric isomers of 2,4-decadienal (40), 2-trans-heptenal (12) and 2-trans-octenal (10).", "PMID": 413278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7049", "title": "Conjugation in lysogenic, multiple-drug resistant, nosocomial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing a hemolytic toxin.", "content": "From incubators and children in a premature-born unit, a number of red-pigmented Ps. aeruginosa strains, resistant to kanamycin, streptomycin and lividomycin and producing haemolytic toxin II, were isolated and investigated for transfer of resistance in mixed cultures. Streptomycin, kanamycin and lividomycin resistance was co-transferred, from some strains, together with the ability of toxin production. Transfer ability was also co-transferred which might have genetic as well as epidemiological significance. Strains do produce \"Autoplaques\" and transferability of this property as well as of lysogeny is under investition.", "contents": "Conjugation in lysogenic, multiple-drug resistant, nosocomial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing a hemolytic toxin. From incubators and children in a premature-born unit, a number of red-pigmented Ps. aeruginosa strains, resistant to kanamycin, streptomycin and lividomycin and producing haemolytic toxin II, were isolated and investigated for transfer of resistance in mixed cultures. Streptomycin, kanamycin and lividomycin resistance was co-transferred, from some strains, together with the ability of toxin production. Transfer ability was also co-transferred which might have genetic as well as epidemiological significance. Strains do produce \"Autoplaques\" and transferability of this property as well as of lysogeny is under investition.", "PMID": 413281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7050", "title": "[Ability of monkeys to predict the direction of a movement].", "content": "The capacity of chimpanzees and baboons for extrapolating the rectalinear direction of the movement of food was studied by means of a specially evolved method. It was found that the chimpanzees have greater extrapolation capacities than baboons both in the case of immediate and delayed decision. The factors which determine the effectiveness of extrapolation are as follows: relation between the lengths of visible and invisible sections of the trajectory, as well as the angle of trajectory deflection from the vertical line. The longer the visible trajectory section, and the smaller the deflection angle, the easier the extrapolation problem.", "contents": "[Ability of monkeys to predict the direction of a movement]. The capacity of chimpanzees and baboons for extrapolating the rectalinear direction of the movement of food was studied by means of a specially evolved method. It was found that the chimpanzees have greater extrapolation capacities than baboons both in the case of immediate and delayed decision. The factors which determine the effectiveness of extrapolation are as follows: relation between the lengths of visible and invisible sections of the trajectory, as well as the angle of trajectory deflection from the vertical line. The longer the visible trajectory section, and the smaller the deflection angle, the easier the extrapolation problem.", "PMID": 413275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7051", "title": "Immunofluorescent identification of Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "A fluorescent antibody technique for the rapid diagnosis and identification of L. monocytogenes in smears, impression smears from tissues of animals dead from listeriosis, and in meat and milk is described. The technique could well be exploited for detecting L. monocytogenes in meat and meat products, animal tissues, and in milk provided that it is supplemented with adequate controls. The technique has been compared with conventional cultural technique and found to be superior as far as the time factor is concerned. The use of the technique also demonstrates the possibility of actually determining the serological type concurrently.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent identification of Listeria monocytogenes. A fluorescent antibody technique for the rapid diagnosis and identification of L. monocytogenes in smears, impression smears from tissues of animals dead from listeriosis, and in meat and milk is described. The technique could well be exploited for detecting L. monocytogenes in meat and meat products, animal tissues, and in milk provided that it is supplemented with adequate controls. The technique has been compared with conventional cultural technique and found to be superior as far as the time factor is concerned. The use of the technique also demonstrates the possibility of actually determining the serological type concurrently.", "PMID": 413282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7052", "title": "[On the possibility of a rapid method for sensitivity testing of mycobacteria by determination of H3-uracil incorporation (author's transl)].", "content": "Dubos-Tween Albumin cultures (8.0 ml) were set up with 10(6) viable bacteria per ml. After incubation for 48 hours 0.25 muC H3-uracil per ml was added. At the same time the antituberculoticum was introduced. The final concentrations were 1 microgram, 0.25 microgram and 0.025 microgram for INH; 4.0 microgram for SM; 32 microgram and 0.32 microgram for RMP; 2.0 microgram and 1.0 microgram for ETH; 0.5 microgram and 0.25 microgram for PAS. The incorporation rate clearly depended on the degree of sensitivity of the bacteria. Determing the incorporation rate of H3-uracil allowed the result to be read after only one week (fig. 1 and fig. 2) instead of 4 to 6 weeks using the conventional method on solid media. It was also found that turbidity measurements of the cultures (fig. 2) gave an equaly reliable result enabling this latter method to be performed in less well equipped laboratories.", "contents": "[On the possibility of a rapid method for sensitivity testing of mycobacteria by determination of H3-uracil incorporation (author's transl)]. Dubos-Tween Albumin cultures (8.0 ml) were set up with 10(6) viable bacteria per ml. After incubation for 48 hours 0.25 muC H3-uracil per ml was added. At the same time the antituberculoticum was introduced. The final concentrations were 1 microgram, 0.25 microgram and 0.025 microgram for INH; 4.0 microgram for SM; 32 microgram and 0.32 microgram for RMP; 2.0 microgram and 1.0 microgram for ETH; 0.5 microgram and 0.25 microgram for PAS. The incorporation rate clearly depended on the degree of sensitivity of the bacteria. Determing the incorporation rate of H3-uracil allowed the result to be read after only one week (fig. 1 and fig. 2) instead of 4 to 6 weeks using the conventional method on solid media. It was also found that turbidity measurements of the cultures (fig. 2) gave an equaly reliable result enabling this latter method to be performed in less well equipped laboratories.", "PMID": 413283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7053", "title": "[Safety and immunologic effectiveness of polyantigen from shigellae for oral immunization of monkeys].", "content": "Clinical, morphological, and immunological study was carried out in monkeys given shigellae antigen in tablets orally. Each tablet contained 0.5 mg of the antigens obtained by Boiven's method from Sh. flexneri 2a, 3, 4a, 4b, 6 and Sh. sonnei. Daily administration of the preparation for 4 days and then 4 times at the interval of 5 days proved to be harmless for monkeys. A marked immunomorphological reaction in the form of hyperplasia of the lymphoid elements of the wall of the large intestine and the lymph nodes occurred in response. There was found a resistance of the great majority of the immunized animals to the infection with the virulent Sh. flexneri 2a strain, this corresponding to the accumulation of cells secreting IgM and IgA in the wall of the large intestine.", "contents": "[Safety and immunologic effectiveness of polyantigen from shigellae for oral immunization of monkeys]. Clinical, morphological, and immunological study was carried out in monkeys given shigellae antigen in tablets orally. Each tablet contained 0.5 mg of the antigens obtained by Boiven's method from Sh. flexneri 2a, 3, 4a, 4b, 6 and Sh. sonnei. Daily administration of the preparation for 4 days and then 4 times at the interval of 5 days proved to be harmless for monkeys. A marked immunomorphological reaction in the form of hyperplasia of the lymphoid elements of the wall of the large intestine and the lymph nodes occurred in response. There was found a resistance of the great majority of the immunized animals to the infection with the virulent Sh. flexneri 2a strain, this corresponding to the accumulation of cells secreting IgM and IgA in the wall of the large intestine.", "PMID": 413291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7054", "title": "[The species C. diphtheriae].", "content": "Corynebacteria (C. diphtheriae var. gravis, mitis, minimus, intermedius, C. belfanti, C. ovis, C. ulceraus) producing diphtheria toxin are found as variants sharply differing from one another morphologically (from long branching rods to coccobacilli), culturally, biochemically and by other signs. The toxin synthesis in them was determined by genetically heterogeneous prophages tox+; tox+ virus exchange is possible between the corynebacteria. Since production of specific toxin, the cardinal sign of C. diphtheriae species, is connected with the genoms of genetically heterogeneous viruses tox+, the circle of whose hosts is very wide, it can be supposed that there is no genetically homogeneous taxonomic category \"diphtheriae species\". Several species of corynebacteria--lysogenized (toxigenic) or capable of being lysogenized (nontoxigenic) with tox+ viruses are included into the composition of the corynebacteria groups which medicine considers as \"species\" for over 80 years. A possiblity of becoming a diphtheria causative agent is determined by the capacity of corynebacteria to become infected with the circle of viruses tox+ the DNA of which can become stably integrated with the gene of this bacterium. The mentioned approach to taxonomy is possibly applicable to microorganisms in which the pathogenicity signs (the toxin) were determined, as in C. diphtheriae, in the virus genoms (Bac. botulinus).", "contents": "[The species C. diphtheriae]. Corynebacteria (C. diphtheriae var. gravis, mitis, minimus, intermedius, C. belfanti, C. ovis, C. ulceraus) producing diphtheria toxin are found as variants sharply differing from one another morphologically (from long branching rods to coccobacilli), culturally, biochemically and by other signs. The toxin synthesis in them was determined by genetically heterogeneous prophages tox+; tox+ virus exchange is possible between the corynebacteria. Since production of specific toxin, the cardinal sign of C. diphtheriae species, is connected with the genoms of genetically heterogeneous viruses tox+, the circle of whose hosts is very wide, it can be supposed that there is no genetically homogeneous taxonomic category \"diphtheriae species\". Several species of corynebacteria--lysogenized (toxigenic) or capable of being lysogenized (nontoxigenic) with tox+ viruses are included into the composition of the corynebacteria groups which medicine considers as \"species\" for over 80 years. A possiblity of becoming a diphtheria causative agent is determined by the capacity of corynebacteria to become infected with the circle of viruses tox+ the DNA of which can become stably integrated with the gene of this bacterium. The mentioned approach to taxonomy is possibly applicable to microorganisms in which the pathogenicity signs (the toxin) were determined, as in C. diphtheriae, in the virus genoms (Bac. botulinus).", "PMID": 413292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7055", "title": "[Certain data on the protoplast ultrastructure].", "content": "A study was made of the structure of Bac. subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes protoplasts by the method of scanning electron microscopy. The mechanism of protoplast formation in Gram-positive bacteria and in spheroplasts of Gram-negative bacteria proved to differ. A loss of the rigid form of the cell, round protrusions on cell surface, and an escape of the cytoplasm through the ruptured cell wall in some one place was noted in case of protoplasts. Individual cells can coalesce with one another with the formation of shapeless masses. The formation of small spheroid bodies by budding, and also a division of protoplasts by constriction was described.", "contents": "[Certain data on the protoplast ultrastructure]. A study was made of the structure of Bac. subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes protoplasts by the method of scanning electron microscopy. The mechanism of protoplast formation in Gram-positive bacteria and in spheroplasts of Gram-negative bacteria proved to differ. A loss of the rigid form of the cell, round protrusions on cell surface, and an escape of the cytoplasm through the ruptured cell wall in some one place was noted in case of protoplasts. Individual cells can coalesce with one another with the formation of shapeless masses. The formation of small spheroid bodies by budding, and also a division of protoplasts by constriction was described.", "PMID": 413293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7056", "title": "[Immunological properties of the preparations of the anti-anthrax antigen].", "content": "The results of examination of immunological properties of the preparations of anthrax protective antigen on laboratory animals (guinea pigs) confirmed the efficacy of using the lactic-peptone medium for obtaining the anthrax protective antigen. Incubation for 18 hours at 37 degrees C of the strain-producer (STI-1) and a double immunization scheme with the antigen obtained proved to be the most rational conditions for inducing the immunological response in the vaccinated laboratory animals. Three fractions of the anthrax protective antigen obtained possessed weaker immunobiological properties than the whole preparation of this antigen.", "contents": "[Immunological properties of the preparations of the anti-anthrax antigen]. The results of examination of immunological properties of the preparations of anthrax protective antigen on laboratory animals (guinea pigs) confirmed the efficacy of using the lactic-peptone medium for obtaining the anthrax protective antigen. Incubation for 18 hours at 37 degrees C of the strain-producer (STI-1) and a double immunization scheme with the antigen obtained proved to be the most rational conditions for inducing the immunological response in the vaccinated laboratory animals. Three fractions of the anthrax protective antigen obtained possessed weaker immunobiological properties than the whole preparation of this antigen.", "PMID": 413294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7057", "title": "[Initial manifestations of cerebrovascular insufficiency (clinico-electrographic studies)].", "content": "Fifty patients with the clinical diagnosis of initial manifestations of the deficiency of the brain blood supply and 30 normal persons of the corresponding age (the control group) were studied. The main group consisted of patients from 40-67 years. Along with the similar clinical study rheoencephalographic and electroencephalographic studies with the aid of various functional samples were conducted. The initial manifestations of the inadequacy in the brain blood supply frequently developed on the background of cerebral atherosclerosis of a different type of expressiveness, hypertensive disease and their combination, vegetovascular dystonia. With the help of the functional samples the peculiarities of reactivity of the vascular system were established in these patients. The antiorthostatic and nitroglycerin samples appeared to be informative. The combined REG and EEG registrations demonstrated in these patients signs of a deficit of brain blood supply causing in a number of cases changes in its functional states. The clinical (seldom electrographic) changes are of a reversible character and regress during the treatment of the main vascular disease. The obtained data permit to recommend the method of functional electrography (REG and EEG) in order to reveal the initial forms of brain vascular diseases. These patients must be supervised by a dispansary.", "contents": "[Initial manifestations of cerebrovascular insufficiency (clinico-electrographic studies)]. Fifty patients with the clinical diagnosis of initial manifestations of the deficiency of the brain blood supply and 30 normal persons of the corresponding age (the control group) were studied. The main group consisted of patients from 40-67 years. Along with the similar clinical study rheoencephalographic and electroencephalographic studies with the aid of various functional samples were conducted. The initial manifestations of the inadequacy in the brain blood supply frequently developed on the background of cerebral atherosclerosis of a different type of expressiveness, hypertensive disease and their combination, vegetovascular dystonia. With the help of the functional samples the peculiarities of reactivity of the vascular system were established in these patients. The antiorthostatic and nitroglycerin samples appeared to be informative. The combined REG and EEG registrations demonstrated in these patients signs of a deficit of brain blood supply causing in a number of cases changes in its functional states. The clinical (seldom electrographic) changes are of a reversible character and regress during the treatment of the main vascular disease. The obtained data permit to recommend the method of functional electrography (REG and EEG) in order to reveal the initial forms of brain vascular diseases. These patients must be supervised by a dispansary.", "PMID": 413295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7058", "title": "On the concept of biomathematics.", "content": "The increasing complexity of biological problems and the increase of mathematical means to handle them on the one hand, and the possibility of automatized computation at the other, necessitate a revaluation of the present interactions between biology and mathematics; in this connection interrelations occur which can be divided into three kinds: mathematical biology, biological mathematics, and 'general biomathematics' or methodology of the biomathematical sciences, by which are meant those scientific branches which arise from the said interactions.", "contents": "On the concept of biomathematics. The increasing complexity of biological problems and the increase of mathematical means to handle them on the one hand, and the possibility of automatized computation at the other, necessitate a revaluation of the present interactions between biology and mathematics; in this connection interrelations occur which can be divided into three kinds: mathematical biology, biological mathematics, and 'general biomathematics' or methodology of the biomathematical sciences, by which are meant those scientific branches which arise from the said interactions.", "PMID": 413296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7059", "title": "[Relationship between the conformation of isolated rat liver mitochondria and their susceptibility to rabbit reticulocyte lipoxygenase].", "content": "Lipoxygenase from rabbit reticulocytes cause disruption of mitochondrial membranes and peroxidation of their lipids as judged by electronmicroscopy, release of matrix enzymes and formation of malonyldialdehyde. Without substrate mitochondria become orthodox and strong lysis by lipoxygenase appears. The lysis is prevented by ATP or ADP plus succinate; in this case mitochondria remain condensed or partly condensed. The protection by substrate was even observed in the presence of 2,4-DNP, although the mitochondria were transformed to the condensed state. Lysis was more pronounced in hypotonic than in hypertonic sucrose, condensed mitochondria are also attacked. No relation seems to exist between lipoxygenase attack and the conformational state of mitochondria. Lysis of mitochondria is dependent on the susceptibility of the fatty acid moiety of phospholipids, which may be influenced by both metabolic and structural events via alteration of protein-lipid interactions.", "contents": "[Relationship between the conformation of isolated rat liver mitochondria and their susceptibility to rabbit reticulocyte lipoxygenase]. Lipoxygenase from rabbit reticulocytes cause disruption of mitochondrial membranes and peroxidation of their lipids as judged by electronmicroscopy, release of matrix enzymes and formation of malonyldialdehyde. Without substrate mitochondria become orthodox and strong lysis by lipoxygenase appears. The lysis is prevented by ATP or ADP plus succinate; in this case mitochondria remain condensed or partly condensed. The protection by substrate was even observed in the presence of 2,4-DNP, although the mitochondria were transformed to the condensed state. Lysis was more pronounced in hypotonic than in hypertonic sucrose, condensed mitochondria are also attacked. No relation seems to exist between lipoxygenase attack and the conformational state of mitochondria. Lysis of mitochondria is dependent on the susceptibility of the fatty acid moiety of phospholipids, which may be influenced by both metabolic and structural events via alteration of protein-lipid interactions.", "PMID": 413298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7060", "title": "Parenteral nutrition in surgical and medical gastroenterology. Clinical review.", "content": "A number of medical and surgical conditions in gastro-enterology are important indications for modern parenteral nutrition. In such conditions only parenteral nutrition can provide adequate nourishment and prevent malnutrition. It is important in these cases to provide complete intravenous nutrition, comprising amino acids, carbohydrates, fat, electrolytes and vitamins. Furthermore, a special infusion technique must be used in order to reduce such complications as catheter sepsis to a minimum.", "contents": "Parenteral nutrition in surgical and medical gastroenterology. Clinical review. A number of medical and surgical conditions in gastro-enterology are important indications for modern parenteral nutrition. In such conditions only parenteral nutrition can provide adequate nourishment and prevent malnutrition. It is important in these cases to provide complete intravenous nutrition, comprising amino acids, carbohydrates, fat, electrolytes and vitamins. Furthermore, a special infusion technique must be used in order to reduce such complications as catheter sepsis to a minimum.", "PMID": 413300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7061", "title": "Extrathyroidal effects of propylthiouracil and carbimazole on serum T4, T3, reverse T3 and TRH-induced TSH-release in man.", "content": "A possible extrathyroidal effect of propylthiouracil (PTU) and carbimazole on serum levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) and on thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) induced thyrotrophin (TSH) release was estimated in 19 patients with severe hypothyroidism treated with T4. During PTU medication a significant decrease in serum T3 from 90 +/- 16 (SD) to 79 +/- 23 ng/100 ml (P less than 0.01) and a reciprocal increase in serum reverse T3 from 51 +/- 14 (SD) to 58 +/- 20 ng/100 ml (P less than 0.025) were found. No significant changes in serum T4, basal serum TSH or response to TRH could be demonstrated. Carbimazole did not change any of the parameters studied.", "contents": "Extrathyroidal effects of propylthiouracil and carbimazole on serum T4, T3, reverse T3 and TRH-induced TSH-release in man. A possible extrathyroidal effect of propylthiouracil (PTU) and carbimazole on serum levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) and on thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) induced thyrotrophin (TSH) release was estimated in 19 patients with severe hypothyroidism treated with T4. During PTU medication a significant decrease in serum T3 from 90 +/- 16 (SD) to 79 +/- 23 ng/100 ml (P less than 0.01) and a reciprocal increase in serum reverse T3 from 51 +/- 14 (SD) to 58 +/- 20 ng/100 ml (P less than 0.025) were found. No significant changes in serum T4, basal serum TSH or response to TRH could be demonstrated. Carbimazole did not change any of the parameters studied.", "PMID": 413302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7062", "title": "Acquired aplastic anaemia in adults. I. A retrospective analysis of 40 cases: single factors influencing the prognosis.", "content": "In a retrospective analysis of 40 aplastic anaemia patients, an attempt was made to determine prognostic parameters permitting discrimination between short survivors (less than 6 months) and long-term survivors (greater than 6 months). Short survival proved to be significantly associated with a persistently low reticulocyte index and progressive neutropenia. Other factors such as bone marrow cellularity, HBF level, aetiology, or presenting signs were not indicative. Chromosomal aberrations were found in one third of the cases examined, but none had developed into a leukaemic stage after an observation period of 2--5 years. None of the patients with cytogenetic aberrations showed complete restoration of haematopoiesis, in contrast to several of the patients without chromosomal abnormalities. In this series, drug-associated aplastic anaemia was found more often in the short-survival group. These clinical findings indicate that the term 'aplastic anaemia' covers a heterogenous group of disorders.", "contents": "Acquired aplastic anaemia in adults. I. A retrospective analysis of 40 cases: single factors influencing the prognosis. In a retrospective analysis of 40 aplastic anaemia patients, an attempt was made to determine prognostic parameters permitting discrimination between short survivors (less than 6 months) and long-term survivors (greater than 6 months). Short survival proved to be significantly associated with a persistently low reticulocyte index and progressive neutropenia. Other factors such as bone marrow cellularity, HBF level, aetiology, or presenting signs were not indicative. Chromosomal aberrations were found in one third of the cases examined, but none had developed into a leukaemic stage after an observation period of 2--5 years. None of the patients with cytogenetic aberrations showed complete restoration of haematopoiesis, in contrast to several of the patients without chromosomal abnormalities. In this series, drug-associated aplastic anaemia was found more often in the short-survival group. These clinical findings indicate that the term 'aplastic anaemia' covers a heterogenous group of disorders.", "PMID": 413303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7063", "title": "Congenital hypoplastic anaemia with unusual dyserythropoietic features. A case report.", "content": "A case of severe congenital anaemia (Hb levels 3--4 g/dl) is presented. The patient, a 21-year-old female, requires, since the age of two, periodical blood transfusions, but is nevertheless able to lead a normal life as a housewife. Although the case has to be considered as a form of congenital hypoplastic disorder of the erythroid tissue, some of the clinical and haematological features are compatible with a congenital dyserythropoietic state. On the basis of clinical findings it is suggested that it may represent a previously undescribed form of anaemia which shares the features of both hypoplastic and dysplastic congenital affections of erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Congenital hypoplastic anaemia with unusual dyserythropoietic features. A case report. A case of severe congenital anaemia (Hb levels 3--4 g/dl) is presented. The patient, a 21-year-old female, requires, since the age of two, periodical blood transfusions, but is nevertheless able to lead a normal life as a housewife. Although the case has to be considered as a form of congenital hypoplastic disorder of the erythroid tissue, some of the clinical and haematological features are compatible with a congenital dyserythropoietic state. On the basis of clinical findings it is suggested that it may represent a previously undescribed form of anaemia which shares the features of both hypoplastic and dysplastic congenital affections of erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 413304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7064", "title": "Hemophiliac with hemolytic anemia resulting from factor VIII concentrate.", "content": "Bilateral herniorrhaphy was successfully performed on a group AB hemophiliac with cirrhosis of the liver. Adequate hemostasis was maintained with infusions of commercial factor VIII concentrates and fresh frozen plasma. An anti-A antibody mediated hemolytic reaction occurred in the postoperative period. Hemolysis subsided after the cessation of commercial factor VIII infusions. The risk of such hemolytic reactions could be eliminated through the use of group-specific cryoprecipitated factor VIII.", "contents": "Hemophiliac with hemolytic anemia resulting from factor VIII concentrate. Bilateral herniorrhaphy was successfully performed on a group AB hemophiliac with cirrhosis of the liver. Adequate hemostasis was maintained with infusions of commercial factor VIII concentrates and fresh frozen plasma. An anti-A antibody mediated hemolytic reaction occurred in the postoperative period. Hemolysis subsided after the cessation of commercial factor VIII infusions. The risk of such hemolytic reactions could be eliminated through the use of group-specific cryoprecipitated factor VIII.", "PMID": 413305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7065", "title": "Further observations on the incidence and properties of lymphocytotoxins in leukaemia.", "content": "54 our of 112 patients with leukaemia have been shown to produce a lymphocytotoxin in their serum when the number of malignant cells present in the peripheral blood was considerably raised but the normal blood cells were low. This lymphocytotoxin reacts with all normal cells. It is a high molecular weight protein, though not an antibody. Partial purification was achieved by elution from DEAE-52-cellulose at about pH 6.9.", "contents": "Further observations on the incidence and properties of lymphocytotoxins in leukaemia. 54 our of 112 patients with leukaemia have been shown to produce a lymphocytotoxin in their serum when the number of malignant cells present in the peripheral blood was considerably raised but the normal blood cells were low. This lymphocytotoxin reacts with all normal cells. It is a high molecular weight protein, though not an antibody. Partial purification was achieved by elution from DEAE-52-cellulose at about pH 6.9.", "PMID": 413306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7066", "title": "Macroglobulinemia of Waldenstr\u00f6m associated with severe osteolytic lesions.", "content": "Osteolytic lesions are not known to be associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and are rare in macroglobulinemia of Waldenstr\u00f6m. In the present paper we report a patient suffering from macroglobulinemia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in whom osteolytic lesions, resembling those of multiple myeloma were found. Treatment with chlorambucil resulted in normalization of the peripheral blood smear, but the malignant infiltration of the bone marrow continued and manifested itself by appearance of new osteolytic lesions, though some of the old lesions underwent recalcification after treatment.", "contents": "Macroglobulinemia of Waldenstr\u00f6m associated with severe osteolytic lesions. Osteolytic lesions are not known to be associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and are rare in macroglobulinemia of Waldenstr\u00f6m. In the present paper we report a patient suffering from macroglobulinemia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in whom osteolytic lesions, resembling those of multiple myeloma were found. Treatment with chlorambucil resulted in normalization of the peripheral blood smear, but the malignant infiltration of the bone marrow continued and manifested itself by appearance of new osteolytic lesions, though some of the old lesions underwent recalcification after treatment.", "PMID": 413307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7067", "title": "Effect of cancer chemotherapy drugs on platelet aggregation in children.", "content": "The effect of vincristine (VCR), cytoxan and actinomycin-D on platelet aggregation was studied in 30 children with solid tumors. 2 h after administration of these drugs, a statistically insignificant reduction in the primary wave of aggregation was observed with the exception of ADP-induced aggregation after VCR injection. Unobtainable secondary wave aggregation was seen in 28, 33 and 40% of the patients after administration of VCR, cytoxan and actinomycin-D, respectively. However, none of the patients had clinical bleeding. It was concluded that after the intravenous administration of therapeutic dosages of these drugs, the bleeding tendency caused by inhibition of aggregation is not to be expected.", "contents": "Effect of cancer chemotherapy drugs on platelet aggregation in children. The effect of vincristine (VCR), cytoxan and actinomycin-D on platelet aggregation was studied in 30 children with solid tumors. 2 h after administration of these drugs, a statistically insignificant reduction in the primary wave of aggregation was observed with the exception of ADP-induced aggregation after VCR injection. Unobtainable secondary wave aggregation was seen in 28, 33 and 40% of the patients after administration of VCR, cytoxan and actinomycin-D, respectively. However, none of the patients had clinical bleeding. It was concluded that after the intravenous administration of therapeutic dosages of these drugs, the bleeding tendency caused by inhibition of aggregation is not to be expected.", "PMID": 413308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7068", "title": "Systemic mastocytosis: a case report. Cytological, cytochemical and ultrastructural considerations.", "content": "A case of systemic mastocytosis with unusual clinical manifestations, appearing as an isolated splenohepatomegaly, is described. The proliferative character is evident from the cytological characteristics of immaturity and the presence of a moderate percentage of mast cells in the peripheral blood. These cells make up 40% of the total cells in the bone marrow. Special attention is given to the optical, morphological, cytochemical, and ultrastructural studies of the disease. Some anomalies were found at the subcellular level which apparetnly have not been recorded until present. Various dyshematopoietic features of this case are reported, which may be considered as manifestations of a paraneoplastic syndrome.", "contents": "Systemic mastocytosis: a case report. Cytological, cytochemical and ultrastructural considerations. A case of systemic mastocytosis with unusual clinical manifestations, appearing as an isolated splenohepatomegaly, is described. The proliferative character is evident from the cytological characteristics of immaturity and the presence of a moderate percentage of mast cells in the peripheral blood. These cells make up 40% of the total cells in the bone marrow. Special attention is given to the optical, morphological, cytochemical, and ultrastructural studies of the disease. Some anomalies were found at the subcellular level which apparetnly have not been recorded until present. Various dyshematopoietic features of this case are reported, which may be considered as manifestations of a paraneoplastic syndrome.", "PMID": 413310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7069", "title": "Bone marrow morphology in patients on regular haemodialysis treatment.", "content": "Bone marrow smears from 57 patients with chronic renal failure were morphologically analysed. In 55 patients on regular haemodialysis there was a slight 'shift to the left' and a significant eosinophilia within the granulopoiesis concurrently with slight megaloblastic changes of the erythroblasts. It is suggested that these abnormalities are caused by the dialysis procedure and not by the uraemia per se.", "contents": "Bone marrow morphology in patients on regular haemodialysis treatment. Bone marrow smears from 57 patients with chronic renal failure were morphologically analysed. In 55 patients on regular haemodialysis there was a slight 'shift to the left' and a significant eosinophilia within the granulopoiesis concurrently with slight megaloblastic changes of the erythroblasts. It is suggested that these abnormalities are caused by the dialysis procedure and not by the uraemia per se.", "PMID": 413311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7070", "title": "Acquired aplastic anaemia in adults. II. Conventional treatment: retrospective study in 40 patients.", "content": "The effect of conservative treatment of aplastic anaemia was evaluated retrospectively in 40 patients. No significant beneficial effect was provided by long-term high-dose oxymethalone in 20 patients or by metenolone, adrenstonolone, or testosterone in 14 patients. Splenectomy gave no improvement in the majority of cases, although in some it decreased the transfusion requirement. Immunosuppressive treatment was successful in 1 patient with a positive LE phenomenon. Until a specific treatment becomes available, the possibility offered by alternative treatment, e.g. bone marrow transplantation, in cases with poor prognostic parameters should be considered.", "contents": "Acquired aplastic anaemia in adults. II. Conventional treatment: retrospective study in 40 patients. The effect of conservative treatment of aplastic anaemia was evaluated retrospectively in 40 patients. No significant beneficial effect was provided by long-term high-dose oxymethalone in 20 patients or by metenolone, adrenstonolone, or testosterone in 14 patients. Splenectomy gave no improvement in the majority of cases, although in some it decreased the transfusion requirement. Immunosuppressive treatment was successful in 1 patient with a positive LE phenomenon. Until a specific treatment becomes available, the possibility offered by alternative treatment, e.g. bone marrow transplantation, in cases with poor prognostic parameters should be considered.", "PMID": 413312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7071", "title": "Fletcher factor deficiency--detection of a severe case in a population survey.", "content": "The first case of Fletcher factor deficiency from the African continent is described. This was the only case of symptomatic Fletcher factor deficiency detected in a total population survey of 40,522 persons. This patient differs from other reported cases in that the child had symptoms of severe bleeding defect such as recurrent haemarthrosis and haematoma. The clinical features appear to improve with age. Both the PTT 'time course' and cold-induced EACA acceleration of the thromboplastin time are useful diagnostic tests for detecting homozygous patients. Our results confirm an earlier report that the EACA test is a sensitive test for detecting heterozygotes.", "contents": "Fletcher factor deficiency--detection of a severe case in a population survey. The first case of Fletcher factor deficiency from the African continent is described. This was the only case of symptomatic Fletcher factor deficiency detected in a total population survey of 40,522 persons. This patient differs from other reported cases in that the child had symptoms of severe bleeding defect such as recurrent haemarthrosis and haematoma. The clinical features appear to improve with age. Both the PTT 'time course' and cold-induced EACA acceleration of the thromboplastin time are useful diagnostic tests for detecting homozygous patients. Our results confirm an earlier report that the EACA test is a sensitive test for detecting heterozygotes.", "PMID": 413313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7072", "title": "Subcellular distribution of calcium within root meristem cells.", "content": "The barley root (Hordeum vulgare) of 3-day old seedlings were treated with potassium oxalate to study the distribution of calcium among plant cell organelles. The best results were obtained by previously treating the root with 10(-3) M CaCl2 followed by an incubation for 20 min with potassium oxalate. The unstained sections for electronmicroscopy showed the deposits of calcium oxalate as a granular or a dark layer on the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleare envelope. Within all the cells, dark bodies, like vacuoles, were noticed.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution of calcium within root meristem cells. The barley root (Hordeum vulgare) of 3-day old seedlings were treated with potassium oxalate to study the distribution of calcium among plant cell organelles. The best results were obtained by previously treating the root with 10(-3) M CaCl2 followed by an incubation for 20 min with potassium oxalate. The unstained sections for electronmicroscopy showed the deposits of calcium oxalate as a granular or a dark layer on the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleare envelope. Within all the cells, dark bodies, like vacuoles, were noticed.", "PMID": 413314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7073", "title": "The composition and nature of cuticular proteins in parasitic copepods.", "content": "1. The protein components of the cuticle of the two parasitic copepods Pennella elegans and Caligus savala were studied electrophoretically and histochemically. 2. The amino acid composition and the chemical nature of the proteins of the cuticle in the two species were also studied. 3. The fast-moving protein fractions found in the cuticle of C. savala were absent in the cuticle of P. elegans. 4. The similarities and differences in the protein components of the cuticle and their relations to the functions of the cuticle in both species are discussed.", "contents": "The composition and nature of cuticular proteins in parasitic copepods. 1. The protein components of the cuticle of the two parasitic copepods Pennella elegans and Caligus savala were studied electrophoretically and histochemically. 2. The amino acid composition and the chemical nature of the proteins of the cuticle in the two species were also studied. 3. The fast-moving protein fractions found in the cuticle of C. savala were absent in the cuticle of P. elegans. 4. The similarities and differences in the protein components of the cuticle and their relations to the functions of the cuticle in both species are discussed.", "PMID": 413315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7074", "title": "[Argentaffinity and argentophilia. I. A critical review about the technique and the possibilities for histochemical research (author's transl)].", "content": "The author begins by dealing with a number of general questions on argentaffinity and argentophilia. He then goes on to analyze the individual phases in which the methods are performed, distinguishing and analyzing certain characteristics: a) of the materials fixation, b) of the steps preceding the argentic reaction, c) of the argentic treatment, d) of the development, e) of the fixing, f) of the toning, and g) of the after-treatments and counter-colorations. In particular, as regards the argentic treatment, he recalls some anomalous or little-known methods of impregnation, and, as regards the development, deals not only with the chemical, but also with the physical development, which is important, although less used. Next, he considers certain deductions that can be made from the results of hypo- and hypertreatments. Lastly, he discusses the possibility of comparing different methods within the framework of each type, as well as between types. In conclusion, the author recalls the value, in histochemistry, of argentaffinity and argentophilia reactions, and stresses the importance of the importance of the analysis of treatment by phases, both in order to arrive at a more precise critical evaluation of the date obtained, and with regard to possible further research.", "contents": "[Argentaffinity and argentophilia. I. A critical review about the technique and the possibilities for histochemical research (author's transl)]. The author begins by dealing with a number of general questions on argentaffinity and argentophilia. He then goes on to analyze the individual phases in which the methods are performed, distinguishing and analyzing certain characteristics: a) of the materials fixation, b) of the steps preceding the argentic reaction, c) of the argentic treatment, d) of the development, e) of the fixing, f) of the toning, and g) of the after-treatments and counter-colorations. In particular, as regards the argentic treatment, he recalls some anomalous or little-known methods of impregnation, and, as regards the development, deals not only with the chemical, but also with the physical development, which is important, although less used. Next, he considers certain deductions that can be made from the results of hypo- and hypertreatments. Lastly, he discusses the possibility of comparing different methods within the framework of each type, as well as between types. In conclusion, the author recalls the value, in histochemistry, of argentaffinity and argentophilia reactions, and stresses the importance of the importance of the analysis of treatment by phases, both in order to arrive at a more precise critical evaluation of the date obtained, and with regard to possible further research.", "PMID": 413316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7075", "title": "[Electrophoretic separation and properties of acid phosphatase isoenzymes from rat brain (author's transl)].", "content": "Following agar gel electrophoresis of the 20 000 X g supernatant of rat brain homogenate a single band with acid phosphatase activity could be visualized by means of azo dye techniques. By adding Triton X-100 to the homogenate, a second band with enzymatic activity was demonstrable. A third isoenzyme could be identified in the presence of zinc ions. A fourth band visible only when employing lead methods has to be considered an artefact as its appearance does not depend on the presence of a substrate. The substrate specificity of the isoenzymes and the possibilities of influencing their activity were examined. By specific choice of substrates and effectors, conditions could be defined rendering possible a selective identification of the individual isoenzymes.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic separation and properties of acid phosphatase isoenzymes from rat brain (author's transl)]. Following agar gel electrophoresis of the 20 000 X g supernatant of rat brain homogenate a single band with acid phosphatase activity could be visualized by means of azo dye techniques. By adding Triton X-100 to the homogenate, a second band with enzymatic activity was demonstrable. A third isoenzyme could be identified in the presence of zinc ions. A fourth band visible only when employing lead methods has to be considered an artefact as its appearance does not depend on the presence of a substrate. The substrate specificity of the isoenzymes and the possibilities of influencing their activity were examined. By specific choice of substrates and effectors, conditions could be defined rendering possible a selective identification of the individual isoenzymes.", "PMID": 413317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7076", "title": "Histochemical studies on the mucins of the vertebrate tongues. XI. Histochemical analysis of mucosubstances in the lingual glands and taste buds of some birds.", "content": "The tongues of six birds were investigated histochemically to determine the distribution and nature of mucosubstances in the lingual glands and taste buds. The anterior lingual glands in sparrow, kingfisher, parrot and pigeon hawk contained only one type of cells (seromucous) elaborating a mixture of neutral mucosubstances, sialomucins and sulfomucins. The anterior lingual glands in fowl and owl contained three distinct types of cells elaborating separately neutral mucosubstances, sialomucins and sulfomucins. The posterior lingual glands in most of the birds investigated except fowl contained only seromucous cells identical to the cells in the anterior lingual glands, while in fowl two distinct cell types were identified: one elaborating sulfomucins and the other sialomucins. Taste buds were found to be restricted in the glandular areas of the tongue in all the birds and always in close association with the gland ducts. Special adenomere cavities were seen only in the tongue of sparrow.", "contents": "Histochemical studies on the mucins of the vertebrate tongues. XI. Histochemical analysis of mucosubstances in the lingual glands and taste buds of some birds. The tongues of six birds were investigated histochemically to determine the distribution and nature of mucosubstances in the lingual glands and taste buds. The anterior lingual glands in sparrow, kingfisher, parrot and pigeon hawk contained only one type of cells (seromucous) elaborating a mixture of neutral mucosubstances, sialomucins and sulfomucins. The anterior lingual glands in fowl and owl contained three distinct types of cells elaborating separately neutral mucosubstances, sialomucins and sulfomucins. The posterior lingual glands in most of the birds investigated except fowl contained only seromucous cells identical to the cells in the anterior lingual glands, while in fowl two distinct cell types were identified: one elaborating sulfomucins and the other sialomucins. Taste buds were found to be restricted in the glandular areas of the tongue in all the birds and always in close association with the gland ducts. Special adenomere cavities were seen only in the tongue of sparrow.", "PMID": 413318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7077", "title": "Uptake of L-DOPA by the cells of organotypic culture from chick-embryo brain hemispheres.", "content": "With the use of the histofluorescence method investigations were performed on L-DOPA uptake by the cells of an organotypic culture from chick-embryo brain hemispheres and newborn rats. It has been found that in chick-embryos between the 8th to 11th day of development and 5 to 14 days in culture in vitro, with a concentration of 0.1 mg/10ml of L-DOPA applied to the culture, intense fluorescence in cell membranes, perinuclear region and sometimes in the whole cell body and the initial parts of the cell processes can be observed. It is supposed that in the stage of development of chick-embryos and newborn rats under study neural elements and glial cells take up the amino-acid applied. The authors suggest that the uptake of L-DOPA proceeds rather through the uptake II mechanism.", "contents": "Uptake of L-DOPA by the cells of organotypic culture from chick-embryo brain hemispheres. With the use of the histofluorescence method investigations were performed on L-DOPA uptake by the cells of an organotypic culture from chick-embryo brain hemispheres and newborn rats. It has been found that in chick-embryos between the 8th to 11th day of development and 5 to 14 days in culture in vitro, with a concentration of 0.1 mg/10ml of L-DOPA applied to the culture, intense fluorescence in cell membranes, perinuclear region and sometimes in the whole cell body and the initial parts of the cell processes can be observed. It is supposed that in the stage of development of chick-embryos and newborn rats under study neural elements and glial cells take up the amino-acid applied. The authors suggest that the uptake of L-DOPA proceeds rather through the uptake II mechanism.", "PMID": 413319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7078", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of choline acetyltransferase in the CNS of rat.", "content": "The ultrastructural localization of choline acetyltransferase in various regions of rat's CNS is studied. It is established that the reaction product is located in some structures of the neuronal perikarya--on the outer surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum sacs, along the vesicular profiles and in the mitochondria. Electron dense material is found in the axon terminal as well as, where enzyme activity is detected in the cytoplasm, on the membrane of spherical and flat synaptic vesicles and in the mitochondria. These findings, the control results and literature data are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of choline acetyltransferase in the CNS of rat. The ultrastructural localization of choline acetyltransferase in various regions of rat's CNS is studied. It is established that the reaction product is located in some structures of the neuronal perikarya--on the outer surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum sacs, along the vesicular profiles and in the mitochondria. Electron dense material is found in the axon terminal as well as, where enzyme activity is detected in the cytoplasm, on the membrane of spherical and flat synaptic vesicles and in the mitochondria. These findings, the control results and literature data are discussed.", "PMID": 413320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7079", "title": "Relation between the composition and the acid-sensitivity of some cytochemical reactions of chloragosomes in the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L.", "content": "Parallel biochemical and cytochemical examinations of chloragosomes were made. Ethanol-HCl extract of delipidized chloragosome fraction contains phosphatides, metalloporphyrins, further on polyphenolic and aminophenolic compounds, probably related to flavonoids and pteridines, proved by UV-spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. The last 2 compounds were separately extracted by 0.1 N HCl. Previous extraction of sections by 0.1 N HCl resulted in a significant decrease of sudanophilia and in a total abolishment of basophilia and argentophilia in chloragosomes while their eosinophilis and peroxidase reactions become mroe intensive compared with those of the control sections. The role of phenolic compounds in the sudanophilic, basophilic and argentophilic reactions and their masking effect for the eosinophilia and the peroxidase reaction were discussed in relation to the chemical organisation of chloragosomes. Relation of chloragosomes to the lysosomal matrix was suggested.", "contents": "Relation between the composition and the acid-sensitivity of some cytochemical reactions of chloragosomes in the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L. Parallel biochemical and cytochemical examinations of chloragosomes were made. Ethanol-HCl extract of delipidized chloragosome fraction contains phosphatides, metalloporphyrins, further on polyphenolic and aminophenolic compounds, probably related to flavonoids and pteridines, proved by UV-spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. The last 2 compounds were separately extracted by 0.1 N HCl. Previous extraction of sections by 0.1 N HCl resulted in a significant decrease of sudanophilia and in a total abolishment of basophilia and argentophilia in chloragosomes while their eosinophilis and peroxidase reactions become mroe intensive compared with those of the control sections. The role of phenolic compounds in the sudanophilic, basophilic and argentophilic reactions and their masking effect for the eosinophilia and the peroxidase reaction were discussed in relation to the chemical organisation of chloragosomes. Relation of chloragosomes to the lysosomal matrix was suggested.", "PMID": 413321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7080", "title": "Cytoenzymologic activities of some oxidreductases in thyreopathies.", "content": "The authors studied in cryostat sections and in smears from thyroid aspirates the cytoenzymic pattern of the following thyreopathies: euthyroid goitre, GRAVES' disease, hyperthyroidized goitre, HASHIMOTO's thyroiditis and folliculo-papillary carcinoma. A biochemical study was simultaneously performed. According to the investigated thyreopathies the highest enzymic activity was found in the GRAVES' disease especially for peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase. Lactate dehydrogenase showed a great activity in thyroid cancer. The lowest activity was found in the HASHIMOTO's thyroiditis with strong fibrosclerosis. The same pattern was found in thyroid smears from fine needle aspirates. The biochemical analysi revealed a strong parallelism with cytoenzymic results. The isozymic pattern of lactate dehydrogenase showed no significant differences between the thyreopathies.", "contents": "Cytoenzymologic activities of some oxidreductases in thyreopathies. The authors studied in cryostat sections and in smears from thyroid aspirates the cytoenzymic pattern of the following thyreopathies: euthyroid goitre, GRAVES' disease, hyperthyroidized goitre, HASHIMOTO's thyroiditis and folliculo-papillary carcinoma. A biochemical study was simultaneously performed. According to the investigated thyreopathies the highest enzymic activity was found in the GRAVES' disease especially for peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase. Lactate dehydrogenase showed a great activity in thyroid cancer. The lowest activity was found in the HASHIMOTO's thyroiditis with strong fibrosclerosis. The same pattern was found in thyroid smears from fine needle aspirates. The biochemical analysi revealed a strong parallelism with cytoenzymic results. The isozymic pattern of lactate dehydrogenase showed no significant differences between the thyreopathies.", "PMID": 413322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7081", "title": "Histochemical evaluation of thiamine pyrophosphatase activity during first molar odontogenesis of the neonatal hairless mouse.", "content": "Localization of thiamine pyrophosphatase activity has been evaluated in the developing first molar of the neonatal hairless mouse. Postnatal animals from parturition to five days of age were decapitated and the severed heads frozen and sectioned in a frontal plane on a cryostat. 14 micron thick sections were fixed and subsequently incubated for thiamine pyrophosphatase activity according to the method of GOLDFISCHER et al. (1971). The tissue was visualized, dehydrated, cleared and mounted. Light microscopy was utilized in evaluating thiamine pyrophosphatase activity. Thiamine pyrophosphatase activity in the first molar of the hairless mouse is presented in tabular form and compared to similar data for the Swiss albino mouse. Enzyme activity increased as the metabolic activities of various cell layers increased. Thus, thiamine pyrophosphatase activity appeared to be related to the degree of differentiation and functional completency of the odontogenic tissues in the hairless mouse.", "contents": "Histochemical evaluation of thiamine pyrophosphatase activity during first molar odontogenesis of the neonatal hairless mouse. Localization of thiamine pyrophosphatase activity has been evaluated in the developing first molar of the neonatal hairless mouse. Postnatal animals from parturition to five days of age were decapitated and the severed heads frozen and sectioned in a frontal plane on a cryostat. 14 micron thick sections were fixed and subsequently incubated for thiamine pyrophosphatase activity according to the method of GOLDFISCHER et al. (1971). The tissue was visualized, dehydrated, cleared and mounted. Light microscopy was utilized in evaluating thiamine pyrophosphatase activity. Thiamine pyrophosphatase activity in the first molar of the hairless mouse is presented in tabular form and compared to similar data for the Swiss albino mouse. Enzyme activity increased as the metabolic activities of various cell layers increased. Thus, thiamine pyrophosphatase activity appeared to be related to the degree of differentiation and functional completency of the odontogenic tissues in the hairless mouse.", "PMID": 413323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7082", "title": "[Morpho-histochemical characterization of the connections between the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the brain stem of albino rats) (author's transl)].", "content": "After selective application of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the albino rat, cells were labelled through the retrograde transport of the enzyme in the following nuclei of the brain stem: 1. Ncl. raphes linearis, 2. Nel, raphes centralis, 3. Ncl. raphes dorsalis, 4. Ncl. ventralis rostralis lemnisci lateralis, 5. Ncl. coeruleus. Using the glyoxylic acid method to demonstrate biogenic amines we could find serotonine in following areas of the brain stem: 1. region B 7 (Ncl. raphes dorsalis) positive cells; 2. region B 8 (Ncl. raphes centralis) mainly positive fibres; 3. region B 9 (dorsal of the Lemniscus medialis) a few positive cells; 4. mesencephalic reticular formation (Area cuneiformis) network-like fibre structures; 5. dorsal LGN, in the lateral part mildly fluorescing fibres, the remaining LGN showing diffuse fluorescence, 6. Substantia nigra, fluorescing cells. The monosynaptic connections between the mesencephalic raphe nuclei and the dorsal part of the LGN, demonstrated by means of the HRP-method, are characterized as being serotoninergic with the help of fluorescence histochemistry. The character of the transmitter of these connections is compared with results of biochemical and pharmacological investigations.", "contents": "[Morpho-histochemical characterization of the connections between the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the brain stem of albino rats) (author's transl)]. After selective application of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the albino rat, cells were labelled through the retrograde transport of the enzyme in the following nuclei of the brain stem: 1. Ncl. raphes linearis, 2. Nel, raphes centralis, 3. Ncl. raphes dorsalis, 4. Ncl. ventralis rostralis lemnisci lateralis, 5. Ncl. coeruleus. Using the glyoxylic acid method to demonstrate biogenic amines we could find serotonine in following areas of the brain stem: 1. region B 7 (Ncl. raphes dorsalis) positive cells; 2. region B 8 (Ncl. raphes centralis) mainly positive fibres; 3. region B 9 (dorsal of the Lemniscus medialis) a few positive cells; 4. mesencephalic reticular formation (Area cuneiformis) network-like fibre structures; 5. dorsal LGN, in the lateral part mildly fluorescing fibres, the remaining LGN showing diffuse fluorescence, 6. Substantia nigra, fluorescing cells. The monosynaptic connections between the mesencephalic raphe nuclei and the dorsal part of the LGN, demonstrated by means of the HRP-method, are characterized as being serotoninergic with the help of fluorescence histochemistry. The character of the transmitter of these connections is compared with results of biochemical and pharmacological investigations.", "PMID": 413324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7083", "title": "Association of precipitins and coeliac disease.", "content": "Four fractions, fraction A,B, C, and D, were isolated from the aqueous extract of wheat flour on a Sephadex G-75 column. It was found that the repeated gel-filtrated fraction A reacts as an antigen with the sera of coeliac patients. On the basis of its molecular weight and amino acid compositions, it is gliadin. Each of the 28 coeliac patients had heat-stable precipitating antibody and higher than normal IgE levels were found in the sera of only three individuals. Specific antigliadin IgE in low quantity was found in only one case. The sera  reacting with antigens in high titres were absorbed by anti-IgG and anti-IgA whereupon the antibody level considerably decreased. The main circulating antibody of the patients was IgG.", "contents": "Association of precipitins and coeliac disease. Four fractions, fraction A,B, C, and D, were isolated from the aqueous extract of wheat flour on a Sephadex G-75 column. It was found that the repeated gel-filtrated fraction A reacts as an antigen with the sera of coeliac patients. On the basis of its molecular weight and amino acid compositions, it is gliadin. Each of the 28 coeliac patients had heat-stable precipitating antibody and higher than normal IgE levels were found in the sera of only three individuals. Specific antigliadin IgE in low quantity was found in only one case. The sera  reacting with antigens in high titres were absorbed by anti-IgG and anti-IgA whereupon the antibody level considerably decreased. The main circulating antibody of the patients was IgG.", "PMID": 413326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7084", "title": "Oral disodium cromoglycate in food allergy. An open trial in four patients.", "content": "The effect of DSCG olution per os was studied in four infants with immediate hypersensitivity reaction to cow's milk and egg, manifested by digestive and cutaneous symptoms. Previous administration of a 1 per cent DSCG solution by mouth resulted in diminution of both the digestive and cutaneous symptoms associated with allergen challenge. The best time interval between oral DSCG and the allergen challenge was about 30 min. The drug lost effectiveness when the solution was prepared more than a week in advance of its administration. A 2-year follow-up in two of the patients revealed the reappearance of cutaneous and digestive symptoms and, for the first time, the onset of wheezing while continuing to administer the allergens and despite continuous oral DSCG. The characteristics of these cases raise questions about the means of sensitization, and the possible mechanism of action of oral DSCG in the inhibition of non-digestive symptoms. Clinical indications for its use are discussed.", "contents": "Oral disodium cromoglycate in food allergy. An open trial in four patients. The effect of DSCG olution per os was studied in four infants with immediate hypersensitivity reaction to cow's milk and egg, manifested by digestive and cutaneous symptoms. Previous administration of a 1 per cent DSCG solution by mouth resulted in diminution of both the digestive and cutaneous symptoms associated with allergen challenge. The best time interval between oral DSCG and the allergen challenge was about 30 min. The drug lost effectiveness when the solution was prepared more than a week in advance of its administration. A 2-year follow-up in two of the patients revealed the reappearance of cutaneous and digestive symptoms and, for the first time, the onset of wheezing while continuing to administer the allergens and despite continuous oral DSCG. The characteristics of these cases raise questions about the means of sensitization, and the possible mechanism of action of oral DSCG in the inhibition of non-digestive symptoms. Clinical indications for its use are discussed.", "PMID": 413327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7085", "title": "The ciliary body and the suspension of the lens in a monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The zonules of Zinn and their insertion on the ciliary body and the lens in a monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) have been studied with the scanning electron microscope. The specimens were dissected after drying by the critical point method, and the lens was separated from the ciliary body by simple traction. The pars plana was completely covered by a mat which consisted of meridionally directed zonule-like fibers. Most of these fibers inserted at the base of the posterior end of the ciliary processes, and some of them radiated into the valleys between the processes. About two fibers for each process split off from the mat and became attached to the sides of the processes near their posterior ends. The true zonules spanned from the sides of the processes to the pre- and post-equatorial region of the lens. They were clearly separated into an anterior and a posterior row with no fibers crossing over from one row to the other. Usually four true zonules joined each process, i.e. one zonule of the anterior row and one of the posterior row attached to each side of the single ciliary process.", "contents": "The ciliary body and the suspension of the lens in a monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). A scanning electron microscopic study. The zonules of Zinn and their insertion on the ciliary body and the lens in a monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) have been studied with the scanning electron microscope. The specimens were dissected after drying by the critical point method, and the lens was separated from the ciliary body by simple traction. The pars plana was completely covered by a mat which consisted of meridionally directed zonule-like fibers. Most of these fibers inserted at the base of the posterior end of the ciliary processes, and some of them radiated into the valleys between the processes. About two fibers for each process split off from the mat and became attached to the sides of the processes near their posterior ends. The true zonules spanned from the sides of the processes to the pre- and post-equatorial region of the lens. They were clearly separated into an anterior and a posterior row with no fibers crossing over from one row to the other. Usually four true zonules joined each process, i.e. one zonule of the anterior row and one of the posterior row attached to each side of the single ciliary process.", "PMID": 413329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7086", "title": "Thyroid function in malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Thyroid function was studied in 36 patients with various stages of malignant lymphoma. Stage IVB patients exhibited characteristic changes in thyroid biochemistry in the form of lowered triiodothyronine (T3) and elevated free thyroxine (FT4), but normal thyroxine. Moreover, the concentration of thyroxine-binding prealbumin and albumin was lowered, whereas thyroxine-binding globulin was normal. Thyroid-stimulating hormone was slightly elevated but showed a normal increase after administration of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone. Patients with less extensive disease differed only slightly from the controls. The results agree with previous studies of patients suffering from other chronic diseases. The mechanisms underlying the hormonal changes have been only partially elucidated. When investigating patients with disseminated malignant disease for thyroid disease, the above mentioned changes in thyroid biochemistry must be borne in mind. Single analyses of FT4 and T3 may give rise to a false assumption of hyper- or hypothyroid states in patients who are in fact euthyroid.", "contents": "Thyroid function in malignant lymphoma. Thyroid function was studied in 36 patients with various stages of malignant lymphoma. Stage IVB patients exhibited characteristic changes in thyroid biochemistry in the form of lowered triiodothyronine (T3) and elevated free thyroxine (FT4), but normal thyroxine. Moreover, the concentration of thyroxine-binding prealbumin and albumin was lowered, whereas thyroxine-binding globulin was normal. Thyroid-stimulating hormone was slightly elevated but showed a normal increase after administration of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone. Patients with less extensive disease differed only slightly from the controls. The results agree with previous studies of patients suffering from other chronic diseases. The mechanisms underlying the hormonal changes have been only partially elucidated. When investigating patients with disseminated malignant disease for thyroid disease, the above mentioned changes in thyroid biochemistry must be borne in mind. Single analyses of FT4 and T3 may give rise to a false assumption of hyper- or hypothyroid states in patients who are in fact euthyroid.", "PMID": 413331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7087", "title": "Studies on reflex control of breathing in pigs and baboons.", "content": "In 8 pigs and 4 baboons, spontaneously breathing, anaesthetized with halothane, Hering-Breuer reflex was tested by means of a total obstruction of the airway preventing either inspiration or expiration. Subsequently animals were paralysed and maintained on phrenic nerve driven servo-respirator. The response of phrenic motoneurone output to various degree of lung inflation, introduced for one breath only, was then carefully studied. This was achieved by varying the gain of servorespirator. Additionally in baboons, identical series of gain manoeuvres was performed against a background of different levels of the initial gain setting. Changes in both inspiratory time and peak amplitude of phrenic signal were monoexponentially dependent on gain of servorespirator and linearly dependent on tidal volume (all negatively correlated). The relationship between inspiratory time T(1) and subsequent expiratory duration T(E )existed only within a range of growing T(1). Vagal positive feedback phenomenon was apparent in pigs and negligible in baboons. It is postulated that inspiratory cut-off mechanism terminates inspiration when excitatory function are outbalanced by their integral.", "contents": "Studies on reflex control of breathing in pigs and baboons. In 8 pigs and 4 baboons, spontaneously breathing, anaesthetized with halothane, Hering-Breuer reflex was tested by means of a total obstruction of the airway preventing either inspiration or expiration. Subsequently animals were paralysed and maintained on phrenic nerve driven servo-respirator. The response of phrenic motoneurone output to various degree of lung inflation, introduced for one breath only, was then carefully studied. This was achieved by varying the gain of servorespirator. Additionally in baboons, identical series of gain manoeuvres was performed against a background of different levels of the initial gain setting. Changes in both inspiratory time and peak amplitude of phrenic signal were monoexponentially dependent on gain of servorespirator and linearly dependent on tidal volume (all negatively correlated). The relationship between inspiratory time T(1) and subsequent expiratory duration T(E )existed only within a range of growing T(1). Vagal positive feedback phenomenon was apparent in pigs and negligible in baboons. It is postulated that inspiratory cut-off mechanism terminates inspiration when excitatory function are outbalanced by their integral.", "PMID": 413332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7088", "title": "Structural changes in Hancock porcine xenograft cardiac valve bioprostheses.", "content": "Gross and histologic observations are described in 51 Hancock glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine heterograft bioprostheses from 41 patients: 33 valves from 25 patients had been in place for less than 2 months (early) and 18 valves from 17 patients were examined at later periods up to 75 months (late) after implantation. The major gross changes were cuspal thrombosis (5 bioprostheses) and cuspal degeneration (3 bioprostheses). Major histologic changes observed in 44 bioprostheses (26 early and 18 late) examined histologically were: (1) fibrin deposits on inflow and outflow surfaces of the cusps; (2) inflammatory cell infiltrates; (3) histiocyte deposition; (4) giant cell formation, and (5) focal disruption of the fibrocollagenous structure of the cusps. These observations indicate that porcine bioprostheses are not biologically inert in the human circulation. Valve failure, however, is rare at the implantation periods studied.", "contents": "Structural changes in Hancock porcine xenograft cardiac valve bioprostheses. Gross and histologic observations are described in 51 Hancock glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine heterograft bioprostheses from 41 patients: 33 valves from 25 patients had been in place for less than 2 months (early) and 18 valves from 17 patients were examined at later periods up to 75 months (late) after implantation. The major gross changes were cuspal thrombosis (5 bioprostheses) and cuspal degeneration (3 bioprostheses). Major histologic changes observed in 44 bioprostheses (26 early and 18 late) examined histologically were: (1) fibrin deposits on inflow and outflow surfaces of the cusps; (2) inflammatory cell infiltrates; (3) histiocyte deposition; (4) giant cell formation, and (5) focal disruption of the fibrocollagenous structure of the cusps. These observations indicate that porcine bioprostheses are not biologically inert in the human circulation. Valve failure, however, is rare at the implantation periods studied.", "PMID": 413335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7089", "title": "[Evaluation criteria of antitubercular drugs from microbiological view].", "content": "In the years from 1954 to 74 sensitivity tests with about 12 000 strains of tubercle bacilli isolated from patients have been performed by the serial dilution method. From the results of the tests shown in the table one can see a remarkable shift in the frequency of strains sensitive against the so-called major drugs Streptomycin and INH, whereas only slight variations have occurred with the recent drugs Ethambutol and Rifampicin. The well known change of clinic and epidemiology of tuberculosis in the past two decades is indeed accompanied by changed results of microbiological tests. In conclusion the present chemotherapeutical situation proves much better than in 1954: to-day a more sensitive and even smaller reservoir of mycobacterium tuberculosis is facing twice as much highly effective drugs than formerly.", "contents": "[Evaluation criteria of antitubercular drugs from microbiological view]. In the years from 1954 to 74 sensitivity tests with about 12 000 strains of tubercle bacilli isolated from patients have been performed by the serial dilution method. From the results of the tests shown in the table one can see a remarkable shift in the frequency of strains sensitive against the so-called major drugs Streptomycin and INH, whereas only slight variations have occurred with the recent drugs Ethambutol and Rifampicin. The well known change of clinic and epidemiology of tuberculosis in the past two decades is indeed accompanied by changed results of microbiological tests. In conclusion the present chemotherapeutical situation proves much better than in 1954: to-day a more sensitive and even smaller reservoir of mycobacterium tuberculosis is facing twice as much highly effective drugs than formerly.", "PMID": 413337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7090", "title": "Alcohol withdrawal reactions in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The magnitude of the ethanol withdrawal reaction was assessed in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) following 96 hours of either constant or systematically fluctuating blood ethanol concentrations (BEC) using both physiological tremor and scores on a behavioral checklist as dependent measures. Although specific BEC (50, 100, 200 or 300 mg/dl) were not reliably related to changes in mean frequency of tremor, this measure was a statistically significant curvilinear function of time as measured before and after zero BEC during the withdrawal period. Further, scores from the behavioral checklist demonstrated a dose-response relationship with respect to BEC. The data also suggest that systematically fluctuating BEC are associated with less severe withdrawal reactions when compared with appropriate data from the constant BEC condition.", "contents": "Alcohol withdrawal reactions in rhesus monkeys. The magnitude of the ethanol withdrawal reaction was assessed in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) following 96 hours of either constant or systematically fluctuating blood ethanol concentrations (BEC) using both physiological tremor and scores on a behavioral checklist as dependent measures. Although specific BEC (50, 100, 200 or 300 mg/dl) were not reliably related to changes in mean frequency of tremor, this measure was a statistically significant curvilinear function of time as measured before and after zero BEC during the withdrawal period. Further, scores from the behavioral checklist demonstrated a dose-response relationship with respect to BEC. The data also suggest that systematically fluctuating BEC are associated with less severe withdrawal reactions when compared with appropriate data from the constant BEC condition.", "PMID": 413338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7091", "title": "Long-term anabolic therapy in the elderly.", "content": "The anabolic agent stanozolol has been used to increase weight and activity in the elderly, but its long-term effect are largely unknown. A double-blind trial of stanozolol against placebo was continued for 12 months. Measuremtnes of weight, fat, fat-free mass, behaviour and activity were made at regular intervals, plus detailed biochemical and haematological profiles. There were no differences between the two groups in respect of weight, fat, fat-free mass and activity levels. There were significant increases in haemoglobin at six and 12 months and packed cell volume at 12 months in the active group. No androgenic side-effect were encountered.", "contents": "Long-term anabolic therapy in the elderly. The anabolic agent stanozolol has been used to increase weight and activity in the elderly, but its long-term effect are largely unknown. A double-blind trial of stanozolol against placebo was continued for 12 months. Measuremtnes of weight, fat, fat-free mass, behaviour and activity were made at regular intervals, plus detailed biochemical and haematological profiles. There were no differences between the two groups in respect of weight, fat, fat-free mass and activity levels. There were significant increases in haemoglobin at six and 12 months and packed cell volume at 12 months in the active group. No androgenic side-effect were encountered.", "PMID": 413345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7092", "title": "Thiamine dependency in a patient with congenital lacticacidaemia due to pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.", "content": "A patient with congenital lactic acidosis, muscular hypotonia and severe ataxia is reported. The aetiology of his disease was found to be a deficiency of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E.C. 4.1.1.1.). Thiamine treatment (1.8 g/day) was successful in correcting biochemical and clinical symptoms. The mechanism of its action is probably based on activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase through interference in the physiologic regulation.", "contents": "Thiamine dependency in a patient with congenital lacticacidaemia due to pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. A patient with congenital lactic acidosis, muscular hypotonia and severe ataxia is reported. The aetiology of his disease was found to be a deficiency of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E.C. 4.1.1.1.). Thiamine treatment (1.8 g/day) was successful in correcting biochemical and clinical symptoms. The mechanism of its action is probably based on activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase through interference in the physiologic regulation.", "PMID": 413346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7093", "title": "Gray scale ultrasound evaluation of popliteal artery aneurysms.", "content": "GRAY SCALE B-scan ultrasonography is accurate in identifying and assessing morphologic features of popliteal artery aneurysms. Eight patients with suspected popliteal aneurysms had 12 aneurysms demonstrated by ultrasonography, including two not visualized by arteriography due to proximal occlusive disease and three covert aneurysms opposite a contralateral palpable popliteal mass. Half the patients had bilateral aneurysms demonstrated by ultrasonography. Popliteal artery ultrasonography is useful to: (1) evaluate suspected aneurysms in patients who cannot or should not be subjected to invasive arteriographic studies or operation; (2) confirm or refute equivocal diagnoses of aneurysms generated by arteriographic studies or physical examination; (3) detect contralateral clinically covert aneurysms or small aneurysms in patients with generalized extrapopliteal aneurysmal diseases; (4) delineate the extent of intraaneurysmal thrombus and determine exact aneurysm size in all dimensions; and (5) define a thrombosed aneurysm or one noe opacified because of limited contrast material passing through proximally obstructed arteries. The latter two uses of ultrasonography represent significant advantages over arteriography.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasound evaluation of popliteal artery aneurysms. GRAY SCALE B-scan ultrasonography is accurate in identifying and assessing morphologic features of popliteal artery aneurysms. Eight patients with suspected popliteal aneurysms had 12 aneurysms demonstrated by ultrasonography, including two not visualized by arteriography due to proximal occlusive disease and three covert aneurysms opposite a contralateral palpable popliteal mass. Half the patients had bilateral aneurysms demonstrated by ultrasonography. Popliteal artery ultrasonography is useful to: (1) evaluate suspected aneurysms in patients who cannot or should not be subjected to invasive arteriographic studies or operation; (2) confirm or refute equivocal diagnoses of aneurysms generated by arteriographic studies or physical examination; (3) detect contralateral clinically covert aneurysms or small aneurysms in patients with generalized extrapopliteal aneurysmal diseases; (4) delineate the extent of intraaneurysmal thrombus and determine exact aneurysm size in all dimensions; and (5) define a thrombosed aneurysm or one noe opacified because of limited contrast material passing through proximally obstructed arteries. The latter two uses of ultrasonography represent significant advantages over arteriography.", "PMID": 413349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7094", "title": "Pitfalls in the angiographic management of hemorrhage: hemodynamic considerations.", "content": "Selective arterial infusions of vasopressin have often been successful in controlling arterial bleeding. When bleeding occurs in an area with a dual blood supply through a vascular arcade, situations may arise which can compromise angiographic management. These include: (1) artifacts caused by pressure injections of contrast material inaccurately depicting the usual distribution of blood flow in the arcade; (2) catheter-induced vasospasm altering the flow dynamics through the arcade; (3) vasopressin-induced constriction of the proximal portion of an arcade changing the origin of blood flow to the distal arcade; and (4) proximal occlusion of one limb of an arcade permitting continuation of bleeding through collateral channels. When angiographic techniques fail to control bleeding because of these circumstances, hemostasis may be achieved by treating both limbs of the vascular arcade.", "contents": "Pitfalls in the angiographic management of hemorrhage: hemodynamic considerations. Selective arterial infusions of vasopressin have often been successful in controlling arterial bleeding. When bleeding occurs in an area with a dual blood supply through a vascular arcade, situations may arise which can compromise angiographic management. These include: (1) artifacts caused by pressure injections of contrast material inaccurately depicting the usual distribution of blood flow in the arcade; (2) catheter-induced vasospasm altering the flow dynamics through the arcade; (3) vasopressin-induced constriction of the proximal portion of an arcade changing the origin of blood flow to the distal arcade; and (4) proximal occlusion of one limb of an arcade permitting continuation of bleeding through collateral channels. When angiographic techniques fail to control bleeding because of these circumstances, hemostasis may be achieved by treating both limbs of the vascular arcade.", "PMID": 413350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7095", "title": "Angiography of pancreatic arteriovenuos malformation.", "content": "Three cases of pancreatic arteriovenous malformation are presented. This entity is known to be a part of Osler-Weber-Rendu disease. However, asymptomatic pancreatic arteriovenous malformation also occurs. The angiographic features are specific and consistent of dilated and tortuous feeding arteries, racemose intrapancreatic vascular network, and early filling veins. Massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a frequent complication. The importance of preoperative localization of the lesion and postoperative confirmation of complete resection by angiography is stressed.", "contents": "Angiography of pancreatic arteriovenuos malformation. Three cases of pancreatic arteriovenous malformation are presented. This entity is known to be a part of Osler-Weber-Rendu disease. However, asymptomatic pancreatic arteriovenous malformation also occurs. The angiographic features are specific and consistent of dilated and tortuous feeding arteries, racemose intrapancreatic vascular network, and early filling veins. Massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a frequent complication. The importance of preoperative localization of the lesion and postoperative confirmation of complete resection by angiography is stressed.", "PMID": 413351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7096", "title": "Pulmonary angiography for pulmonary emboli: rational selection of oblique views.", "content": "In the performance of pulmonary arteriography, the anteroposterior projection may be insufficient for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, and additional views, usually oblique, are required. Of 57 positive pulmonary arteriograms which were reviewed, additional views were necessary in 26 cases. The efficacy of the additional views in each case was assessed with regard to the demonstration of the segmental arteries of the various lobes of the lung. Following an inconclusive anteroposterior injection, the best visualization of the arteries of the right lung can generally be obtained with an injection made in the right posterior oblique projection. Similarly, following an inconclusive anteroposterior injection, the left posterior oblique or lateral view is recommended for optimal visualization of the pulmonary vasculature of the left lung.", "contents": "Pulmonary angiography for pulmonary emboli: rational selection of oblique views. In the performance of pulmonary arteriography, the anteroposterior projection may be insufficient for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, and additional views, usually oblique, are required. Of 57 positive pulmonary arteriograms which were reviewed, additional views were necessary in 26 cases. The efficacy of the additional views in each case was assessed with regard to the demonstration of the segmental arteries of the various lobes of the lung. Following an inconclusive anteroposterior injection, the best visualization of the arteries of the right lung can generally be obtained with an injection made in the right posterior oblique projection. Similarly, following an inconclusive anteroposterior injection, the left posterior oblique or lateral view is recommended for optimal visualization of the pulmonary vasculature of the left lung.", "PMID": 413352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7097", "title": "Contrast medium reactions correlated with time of day.", "content": "Dynamic physiologic and psychological changes occur in patients awaiting excretory urography. A total of 2,000 patients were studied to see if rates of reaction to urographic contrast materials are influenced by the time of day such injections are given. Examinations performed between 7:00 A.M. and 2:00 P.M. were evaluated. The data suggest that reactions to radiographic contrast medium occur randomly and that a \"safe\" or \"safer\" time of day cannot be defined.", "contents": "Contrast medium reactions correlated with time of day. Dynamic physiologic and psychological changes occur in patients awaiting excretory urography. A total of 2,000 patients were studied to see if rates of reaction to urographic contrast materials are influenced by the time of day such injections are given. Examinations performed between 7:00 A.M. and 2:00 P.M. were evaluated. The data suggest that reactions to radiographic contrast medium occur randomly and that a \"safe\" or \"safer\" time of day cannot be defined.", "PMID": 413354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7098", "title": "Accuracy of bipedal lymphography in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Bipedal lymphography was used as part of the initial staging evaluation of 145 patients with Hodgkin's disease. Histologic correlation was available in 131 patients. The accuracy of interpretation was 95%. A review of other large series confirms that at least 85%-90% accuracy can be expected. Reasons for false positive and false negative interpretations are discussed.", "contents": "Accuracy of bipedal lymphography in Hodgkin's disease. Bipedal lymphography was used as part of the initial staging evaluation of 145 patients with Hodgkin's disease. Histologic correlation was available in 131 patients. The accuracy of interpretation was 95%. A review of other large series confirms that at least 85%-90% accuracy can be expected. Reasons for false positive and false negative interpretations are discussed.", "PMID": 413355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7099", "title": "Primary chylopericardium: the role of lymphangiography.", "content": "Primary chylopericardium is often a benign asymoptomatic disease, but patients with associated mediastinal lymphatic tumors may develop cardiac tamponade. Lymphangiography demonstrates mediastinal lymphatic abnormalities in these high risk patients on whom subtotal pericardiectomy and thoracic duct ligation should be performed. Since such tumors have been found in half of reported cases and because extrathoracic lymphangiomas may coexist, lymphangiography with skeletal survey is recommended in all cases. These conclusions are based on a review of 31 published cases and an additional case of our own. Lymphangiographic findings were available in 17 of these patients.", "contents": "Primary chylopericardium: the role of lymphangiography. Primary chylopericardium is often a benign asymoptomatic disease, but patients with associated mediastinal lymphatic tumors may develop cardiac tamponade. Lymphangiography demonstrates mediastinal lymphatic abnormalities in these high risk patients on whom subtotal pericardiectomy and thoracic duct ligation should be performed. Since such tumors have been found in half of reported cases and because extrathoracic lymphangiomas may coexist, lymphangiography with skeletal survey is recommended in all cases. These conclusions are based on a review of 31 published cases and an additional case of our own. Lymphangiographic findings were available in 17 of these patients.", "PMID": 413356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7100", "title": "Left adrenal neuroblastoma with normal-appearing urogram.", "content": "Adrenal neuroblastomas are usually diagnosed by intravenous urography because of the displacement of the kidney or distortion of its contour. This report describes five children with left adrenal neuroblastoma where the mass was purely anterior to the kidney and produced displacement vectors similar to tumors in the body or tail of the pancreas.", "contents": "Left adrenal neuroblastoma with normal-appearing urogram. Adrenal neuroblastomas are usually diagnosed by intravenous urography because of the displacement of the kidney or distortion of its contour. This report describes five children with left adrenal neuroblastoma where the mass was purely anterior to the kidney and produced displacement vectors similar to tumors in the body or tail of the pancreas.", "PMID": 413357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7101", "title": "Acute appendicitis with abscess stimulating carcinoma of the sigmoid.", "content": "Acute appendicitis with abscess often produced a distinctive extrinsic pressure deformity of the cecum. If the abscess is large or disseminated, other parts of the gastrointestinal tract may be secondarily involved. Abscesses usually produce extrinsic compression defects with benign radiologic characteristics, but occasionally the lesions may simulate malignant disease. Even careful evaluation of the clinical symptoms and signs may not be helpful in the differentiation of benign from malignant disease. Three examples of atypical acute appendicitis are described in patients with clinical and radiologic findings strongly suggestive of malignant disease.", "contents": "Acute appendicitis with abscess stimulating carcinoma of the sigmoid. Acute appendicitis with abscess often produced a distinctive extrinsic pressure deformity of the cecum. If the abscess is large or disseminated, other parts of the gastrointestinal tract may be secondarily involved. Abscesses usually produce extrinsic compression defects with benign radiologic characteristics, but occasionally the lesions may simulate malignant disease. Even careful evaluation of the clinical symptoms and signs may not be helpful in the differentiation of benign from malignant disease. Three examples of atypical acute appendicitis are described in patients with clinical and radiologic findings strongly suggestive of malignant disease.", "PMID": 413358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7102", "title": "Ultrasonography in tumors arising from the spine and bony pelvis.", "content": "Gray scale ultrasonography is a useful tool in evaluating pelvic and abdominal soft tissue masses that may be associated with bone neoplasms. Four patients are described: two with giant cell tumors, one with Ewing's sarcoma, and one with a sacrococcygeal teratoma. Ultrasound is especially helpful in assessing the extent of disease, treatment planning, and in following the results of therapy.", "contents": "Ultrasonography in tumors arising from the spine and bony pelvis. Gray scale ultrasonography is a useful tool in evaluating pelvic and abdominal soft tissue masses that may be associated with bone neoplasms. Four patients are described: two with giant cell tumors, one with Ewing's sarcoma, and one with a sacrococcygeal teratoma. Ultrasound is especially helpful in assessing the extent of disease, treatment planning, and in following the results of therapy.", "PMID": 413359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7103", "title": "Radiographic diagnosis of acute peroneal tendon dislocation.", "content": "Acute dislocation of the peroneal tendons at the ankle is accompanied, in a significant proportion of cases, by a characteristic small shelllike avulsion fracture of the lateral malleolus, rendering the lesion diagnosable radiographically. This small fracture is usually best seen on internal rotation oblique or occasionally on anteroposterior films of the ankle. It is seen as a bone flake only a few millimeters thick but often 1 cm or more in vertical diameter lying adjacent to the posterolateral surface of the lateral malleolus. It is an infrequent injury, now usually the result of a ski accident. Failure to recognize and treat the lesion can result in chronic disability.", "contents": "Radiographic diagnosis of acute peroneal tendon dislocation. Acute dislocation of the peroneal tendons at the ankle is accompanied, in a significant proportion of cases, by a characteristic small shelllike avulsion fracture of the lateral malleolus, rendering the lesion diagnosable radiographically. This small fracture is usually best seen on internal rotation oblique or occasionally on anteroposterior films of the ankle. It is seen as a bone flake only a few millimeters thick but often 1 cm or more in vertical diameter lying adjacent to the posterolateral surface of the lateral malleolus. It is an infrequent injury, now usually the result of a ski accident. Failure to recognize and treat the lesion can result in chronic disability.", "PMID": 413360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7104", "title": "Subchondral pseudocysts in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Subchondral cyst formation (geode) is a not uncommon manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis which may at times impede correct radiologic interpretation. Four patients with rheumatoid arthritis who demonstrated striking subarticular cystic erosive disease are described. These cases emphasize the nature and appearance of this interesting finding.", "contents": "Subchondral pseudocysts in rheumatoid arthritis. Subchondral cyst formation (geode) is a not uncommon manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis which may at times impede correct radiologic interpretation. Four patients with rheumatoid arthritis who demonstrated striking subarticular cystic erosive disease are described. These cases emphasize the nature and appearance of this interesting finding.", "PMID": 413361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7105", "title": "Angiographic features of osteosarcoma.", "content": "Arteriography was carried out in 64 cases of pathologically confirmed osteosarcoma to evaluate the angiographic features of this lesion. This investigation proved that a variety of angioarchitectures exist in osteosarcomas, mainly related to the histologic type of tissue as well as the degree of differentiation of a tumor. Fibroblastic and chondroblastic osteosarcomas proved to be less vascular than the osteoblastic type, while the most differentiated tumor appeared to be the least vascular. This technique proved useful in choosing the proper site, or sites, for biopsy as well as for determining the intra- and extraosseous extension of the tumor. Instances were also encountered in which it was of assistance in differentiating osteosarcoma from pathologically similar bone lesions.", "contents": "Angiographic features of osteosarcoma. Arteriography was carried out in 64 cases of pathologically confirmed osteosarcoma to evaluate the angiographic features of this lesion. This investigation proved that a variety of angioarchitectures exist in osteosarcomas, mainly related to the histologic type of tissue as well as the degree of differentiation of a tumor. Fibroblastic and chondroblastic osteosarcomas proved to be less vascular than the osteoblastic type, while the most differentiated tumor appeared to be the least vascular. This technique proved useful in choosing the proper site, or sites, for biopsy as well as for determining the intra- and extraosseous extension of the tumor. Instances were also encountered in which it was of assistance in differentiating osteosarcoma from pathologically similar bone lesions.", "PMID": 413362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7106", "title": "Occurrence of lung granulomas in patients with stage I sarcoidosis.", "content": "Granulomas were found in the lungs of 21 consecutive patients with stage I sarcoidosis who underwent open lung biopsy. The extent of granulomatous disease and fibrosis was significantly less (P less than .05) than seen in open lung biopsies from larger groups of patients with stage II and stage III sarcoidosis. The results of this study support what had previously been widely suspected: that is, if sufficient lung tissue is studied microscopically, granulomas will be found in the lungs of all patients having sarcoidosis with mediastinal lymphadenopathy but not radiographically demonstrable lung abnormalities.", "contents": "Occurrence of lung granulomas in patients with stage I sarcoidosis. Granulomas were found in the lungs of 21 consecutive patients with stage I sarcoidosis who underwent open lung biopsy. The extent of granulomatous disease and fibrosis was significantly less (P less than .05) than seen in open lung biopsies from larger groups of patients with stage II and stage III sarcoidosis. The results of this study support what had previously been widely suspected: that is, if sufficient lung tissue is studied microscopically, granulomas will be found in the lungs of all patients having sarcoidosis with mediastinal lymphadenopathy but not radiographically demonstrable lung abnormalities.", "PMID": 413363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7107", "title": "Preliminary results using twice-a-day fractionation in the radiotherapeutic management of advanced cancers of the head and neck.", "content": "Twenty-four cases of advanced T4 cancers of the head and neck were treated using a twice-a-day treatment fractionation delivering a 1,200 rad weekly tumor dose and 7,000 rad total tumor dose in 5 1/2-6 weeks. Acute normal mucosal reactions and skin reactions were plotted weekly and corresponded to reactions observed when delivering 1,000 rad per week in five treatment sessions. Chronic problems have been limited to severe neck fibrosis appearing in three of five patients who underwent a planned neck dissection 6 weeks after the completion of radiotherapy. Local control was observed in 14 of 23 patients (61%) and regional control in 22 of 23 patinets (96%).", "contents": "Preliminary results using twice-a-day fractionation in the radiotherapeutic management of advanced cancers of the head and neck. Twenty-four cases of advanced T4 cancers of the head and neck were treated using a twice-a-day treatment fractionation delivering a 1,200 rad weekly tumor dose and 7,000 rad total tumor dose in 5 1/2-6 weeks. Acute normal mucosal reactions and skin reactions were plotted weekly and corresponded to reactions observed when delivering 1,000 rad per week in five treatment sessions. Chronic problems have been limited to severe neck fibrosis appearing in three of five patients who underwent a planned neck dissection 6 weeks after the completion of radiotherapy. Local control was observed in 14 of 23 patients (61%) and regional control in 22 of 23 patinets (96%).", "PMID": 413365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7108", "title": "Gray scale ultrasonography of the gallbladder: an evaluation of accuracy and report of additional ultrasound signs.", "content": "Ultrasound examinations of 76 patients with suspected gallbladder disease were compared with radiographic, surgical, and pathologic findings to determine the accuracy of the ultrasound examinations. In 13 of the 76, the gallbladder was not visualized by ultrasound. Diagnosis of the presence or absence of gallstones was correctly made by ultrasound in 56 of 63 visualized gallbladders, for an accuracy rate of 89%. A high proprtion of nonvisualized gallbladders (10 or 13) contained gallstones. Previously unreported ultrasound findings of a stone impacted in the proximal cystic duct and findings of a collection of bile in the lesser sac associated with cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis are illustrated.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasonography of the gallbladder: an evaluation of accuracy and report of additional ultrasound signs. Ultrasound examinations of 76 patients with suspected gallbladder disease were compared with radiographic, surgical, and pathologic findings to determine the accuracy of the ultrasound examinations. In 13 of the 76, the gallbladder was not visualized by ultrasound. Diagnosis of the presence or absence of gallstones was correctly made by ultrasound in 56 of 63 visualized gallbladders, for an accuracy rate of 89%. A high proprtion of nonvisualized gallbladders (10 or 13) contained gallstones. Previously unreported ultrasound findings of a stone impacted in the proximal cystic duct and findings of a collection of bile in the lesser sac associated with cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis are illustrated.", "PMID": 413387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7109", "title": "Accuracy of biliary duct ultrasound: comparison with cholangiography.", "content": "Thirty patients were studied by diagnostic ultrasound and percutaneous transhepatic or surgical cholangiography to evaluate diagnostic accuracy in differentiating obstructive from nonobstructive hepatobiliary disease. Correct recognition of biliary duct caliber was accomplished by ultrasound in 86% of cases, and was most accurate (89%) in patients with dilated intrahepatic biliary radicals. Diagnostic ultrasound is sufficiently accurate to be a useful screening tool for determining the caliber of the biliary duct system and, on this basis, obstructive from nonobstructive hepatobiliary disease.", "contents": "Accuracy of biliary duct ultrasound: comparison with cholangiography. Thirty patients were studied by diagnostic ultrasound and percutaneous transhepatic or surgical cholangiography to evaluate diagnostic accuracy in differentiating obstructive from nonobstructive hepatobiliary disease. Correct recognition of biliary duct caliber was accomplished by ultrasound in 86% of cases, and was most accurate (89%) in patients with dilated intrahepatic biliary radicals. Diagnostic ultrasound is sufficiently accurate to be a useful screening tool for determining the caliber of the biliary duct system and, on this basis, obstructive from nonobstructive hepatobiliary disease.", "PMID": 413388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7110", "title": "Gray scale echographic patterns of hepatic metastatic disease.", "content": "Abnormal gray scale hepatic echograms in 76 patients with known or suspected metastatic disease were reviewed. A varied echographic pattern was found, with the gray scale appearances falling into three identifiable categories (dense, lucent, and bulls-eye) and a fourth group difficult to characterize. Prior chemotherapy seemed to have little consistent effect on echographic patterns. A pattern of dense lesions was associated in a large percentage of cases with adenocarcinoma. Carcinoma of the colon commonly produced this appearance. The remaining echographic patterns showed little correlation with specific primary sites or cell types.", "contents": "Gray scale echographic patterns of hepatic metastatic disease. Abnormal gray scale hepatic echograms in 76 patients with known or suspected metastatic disease were reviewed. A varied echographic pattern was found, with the gray scale appearances falling into three identifiable categories (dense, lucent, and bulls-eye) and a fourth group difficult to characterize. Prior chemotherapy seemed to have little consistent effect on echographic patterns. A pattern of dense lesions was associated in a large percentage of cases with adenocarcinoma. Carcinoma of the colon commonly produced this appearance. The remaining echographic patterns showed little correlation with specific primary sites or cell types.", "PMID": 413389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7111", "title": "Isodense masses on CT: differentiation by gray scale ultrasonography.", "content": "Alterations in echo patterns enable isodense structures and lesions to be clearly identifiable by gray scale ultrasonography when they are not distinguishable by computed tomography (CT). In certain clinical situations this capability is a distinct advantage of ultrasound over CT. Findings in three cases with abnormalities visualized by ultrasound, but not by CT, are presented. In addition, a cadaver was scanned with CT and ultrasound and then sectioned in corresponding transverse planes for anatomic correlation.", "contents": "Isodense masses on CT: differentiation by gray scale ultrasonography. Alterations in echo patterns enable isodense structures and lesions to be clearly identifiable by gray scale ultrasonography when they are not distinguishable by computed tomography (CT). In certain clinical situations this capability is a distinct advantage of ultrasound over CT. Findings in three cases with abnormalities visualized by ultrasound, but not by CT, are presented. In addition, a cadaver was scanned with CT and ultrasound and then sectioned in corresponding transverse planes for anatomic correlation.", "PMID": 413390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7112", "title": "Myelolipoma of the adrenal: two cases with ultrasound and CT findings.", "content": "Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland is a rare tumor composed of varying proportions of fat and bone marrow elements. In about half of the reported cases with radiologic findings the mass was radiolucent, indicating the presence of fat; the remainder were of soft tissue density or calcified. Arteriography is of limited value in diagnosis, since myelolipomas are typically avascular. With the advent of gray scale ultrasound and computed tomography (CT), fat can be detected in lesions which do not appear radiolucent on radiographs. Two cases of myelolipoma are reported in which ultrasound showed a markedly echogenic mass, an appearance chracteristic of lipomatous tumors. In the second case, the mass was of soft tissue density on radiographs, markedly echogenic on sonogram, and definitively fatty on CT scan. Ultrasound and CT are valuable techniques for making a preoperative diagnosis of this tumor.", "contents": "Myelolipoma of the adrenal: two cases with ultrasound and CT findings. Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland is a rare tumor composed of varying proportions of fat and bone marrow elements. In about half of the reported cases with radiologic findings the mass was radiolucent, indicating the presence of fat; the remainder were of soft tissue density or calcified. Arteriography is of limited value in diagnosis, since myelolipomas are typically avascular. With the advent of gray scale ultrasound and computed tomography (CT), fat can be detected in lesions which do not appear radiolucent on radiographs. Two cases of myelolipoma are reported in which ultrasound showed a markedly echogenic mass, an appearance chracteristic of lipomatous tumors. In the second case, the mass was of soft tissue density on radiographs, markedly echogenic on sonogram, and definitively fatty on CT scan. Ultrasound and CT are valuable techniques for making a preoperative diagnosis of this tumor.", "PMID": 413391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7113", "title": "Ultrasound-guided drainage of fluid-containing masses using angiographic catheterization techniques.", "content": "A new method combining experience of ultrasonic diagnostic and puncture technique with the use of existing angiographic tools is described. Using this method, intraabdominal fluid-containing mass lesions were drained for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In three patients, severe life-threatening lesions were successfully diagnosed and treated solely by this  method. In one other case the method greatly facilitated major surgery. The importance of integration of diagnostic radiology and ultrasound is stressed.", "contents": "Ultrasound-guided drainage of fluid-containing masses using angiographic catheterization techniques. A new method combining experience of ultrasonic diagnostic and puncture technique with the use of existing angiographic tools is described. Using this method, intraabdominal fluid-containing mass lesions were drained for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In three patients, severe life-threatening lesions were successfully diagnosed and treated solely by this  method. In one other case the method greatly facilitated major surgery. The importance of integration of diagnostic radiology and ultrasound is stressed.", "PMID": 413392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7114", "title": "Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (bucrylate) in obliteration of gastric coronary vein and esophageal varices.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic portography was performed in 22 patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. All patients had bled or were bleeding from presumed esophageal varices. One or more veins feeding esophageal varices were occluded with bucrylate. Follow-up examination in eight patients 1-12 months later showed recanalization of previously obliterated veins in six; however, these veins were markedly smaller than before the procedure. In patients where veins were still occluded, new veins had opened up and carried blood to the esophageal varices, which were filled to a lesser degree than before. In our experience, bucrylate is superior to Gelfoam, thrombin, and Etolein in producing venous occlusion.", "contents": "Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (bucrylate) in obliteration of gastric coronary vein and esophageal varices. Percutaneous transhepatic portography was performed in 22 patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. All patients had bled or were bleeding from presumed esophageal varices. One or more veins feeding esophageal varices were occluded with bucrylate. Follow-up examination in eight patients 1-12 months later showed recanalization of previously obliterated veins in six; however, these veins were markedly smaller than before the procedure. In patients where veins were still occluded, new veins had opened up and carried blood to the esophageal varices, which were filled to a lesser degree than before. In our experience, bucrylate is superior to Gelfoam, thrombin, and Etolein in producing venous occlusion.", "PMID": 413393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7115", "title": "Pluridirectional tomography in the evaluation of pituitary tumors.", "content": "A series of 110 patients with suspected pituitary tumors was recently evaluated by endocrinologic and neuroradiologic studies. Of the 77 patients in this series who underwent surgery, 74 had confirmed pituitary adenomas, two had suprasella tumors of the influndibulum, and one had an empty sella not previously diagnosed at pneumoencephalography. All 17 patients with normal plain skull films but abnormal thin section tomography who underwent surgery had documented pituitary tumors. This includes six patients who presented with amenorrhea and/or galactorrhea and normal baseline serum prolactin levels; the only abnormality was found on tomography of the sella. In the preoperative evaluation of these patients, pluridirectional tomography of the sella was the most sensitive indicator of intrasellar pathology.", "contents": "Pluridirectional tomography in the evaluation of pituitary tumors. A series of 110 patients with suspected pituitary tumors was recently evaluated by endocrinologic and neuroradiologic studies. Of the 77 patients in this series who underwent surgery, 74 had confirmed pituitary adenomas, two had suprasella tumors of the influndibulum, and one had an empty sella not previously diagnosed at pneumoencephalography. All 17 patients with normal plain skull films but abnormal thin section tomography who underwent surgery had documented pituitary tumors. This includes six patients who presented with amenorrhea and/or galactorrhea and normal baseline serum prolactin levels; the only abnormality was found on tomography of the sella. In the preoperative evaluation of these patients, pluridirectional tomography of the sella was the most sensitive indicator of intrasellar pathology.", "PMID": 413394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7116", "title": "Computed tomographic brain scanning in intraparenchymal pyogenic abscesses.", "content": "Retrospective analysis of 25 pyogenic brain abcesses diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) revealed relatively specific morphologic characteristics of these infections. The ability to obtain an early accurate diagnosis resulted in a dramatic decrease in patient morbidity and mortality. Repeated examinations by CT permitted close monitoring of the response of the abscess to antibiotic therapy. In some instances the need for surgical intervention was eliminated or the surgical approach was modified as a result of these studies.", "contents": "Computed tomographic brain scanning in intraparenchymal pyogenic abscesses. Retrospective analysis of 25 pyogenic brain abcesses diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) revealed relatively specific morphologic characteristics of these infections. The ability to obtain an early accurate diagnosis resulted in a dramatic decrease in patient morbidity and mortality. Repeated examinations by CT permitted close monitoring of the response of the abscess to antibiotic therapy. In some instances the need for surgical intervention was eliminated or the surgical approach was modified as a result of these studies.", "PMID": 413395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7117", "title": "Mammographic spectrum of traumatic fat necrosis: the fallibility of \"pathognomonic\" signs of carcinoma.", "content": "Five cases are presented which illustrate the spectrum of mammographic features of traumatic fat necrosis. The appearances vary from one indistinguishable from carcinoma to single or multiple lipid-filled cysts with or without calcified walls. Branching, rodlike, or angular microcalcifications associated with fat necrosis may resemble the calcifications associated with carcinoma. A location close to the skin or areola is a clue that the lesion may have resulted from blunt or surgical trauma. A review of these cases leads us to the important conclusion that while breast carcinoma in some cases has characteristic radiographic findings, there are no \"pathognomonic\" findings.", "contents": "Mammographic spectrum of traumatic fat necrosis: the fallibility of \"pathognomonic\" signs of carcinoma. Five cases are presented which illustrate the spectrum of mammographic features of traumatic fat necrosis. The appearances vary from one indistinguishable from carcinoma to single or multiple lipid-filled cysts with or without calcified walls. Branching, rodlike, or angular microcalcifications associated with fat necrosis may resemble the calcifications associated with carcinoma. A location close to the skin or areola is a clue that the lesion may have resulted from blunt or surgical trauma. A review of these cases leads us to the important conclusion that while breast carcinoma in some cases has characteristic radiographic findings, there are no \"pathognomonic\" findings.", "PMID": 413396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7118", "title": "Hematogenous osteomyelitis of metaphyseal-equivalent locations.", "content": "Flat and irregular bones have anatomic subdivisions comparable to long bones. This concept is useful in the radiograpic evaluation of solitary bone lesions. Areas adjacent to cartilage are metaphyseal-equivalent locations. Prior to skeletal maturation, metaphyseal-type vascular anatomy predisposes these sites to involvement by hematogenous osteomyelitis. Approximately 30% of cases of hematogenous osteomyelitis affect these metaphyseal-equivalent sites and often present difficult diagnostic challenges. Forty-nine patients with this condition are described.", "contents": "Hematogenous osteomyelitis of metaphyseal-equivalent locations. Flat and irregular bones have anatomic subdivisions comparable to long bones. This concept is useful in the radiograpic evaluation of solitary bone lesions. Areas adjacent to cartilage are metaphyseal-equivalent locations. Prior to skeletal maturation, metaphyseal-type vascular anatomy predisposes these sites to involvement by hematogenous osteomyelitis. Approximately 30% of cases of hematogenous osteomyelitis affect these metaphyseal-equivalent sites and often present difficult diagnostic challenges. Forty-nine patients with this condition are described.", "PMID": 413397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7119", "title": "Acute skin reactions in postoperative breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy.", "content": "A group of 26 patients with operable carcinoma of the breast received postoperative radiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy. Acute skin reactions were studied by clinical observation. There was a statistically significant difference (P less than .01) in the acute skin reactions in the chest wall area in those who received chemotherapy (81%) compared to the controls who received only radiotherapy (33%). Acute skin reactions began at the completion of postoperative radiotherapy and reached maximum severity 1-2 weeks later. They usually subsided after 4-6 weeks. No skin reactions were observed in the parasternal, supraclavicular fossa, or axillary regions. On the basis of these findings, postoperative radiotherapy combined with adjuvant chemotherapy is probably beneficial.", "contents": "Acute skin reactions in postoperative breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy. A group of 26 patients with operable carcinoma of the breast received postoperative radiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy. Acute skin reactions were studied by clinical observation. There was a statistically significant difference (P less than .01) in the acute skin reactions in the chest wall area in those who received chemotherapy (81%) compared to the controls who received only radiotherapy (33%). Acute skin reactions began at the completion of postoperative radiotherapy and reached maximum severity 1-2 weeks later. They usually subsided after 4-6 weeks. No skin reactions were observed in the parasternal, supraclavicular fossa, or axillary regions. On the basis of these findings, postoperative radiotherapy combined with adjuvant chemotherapy is probably beneficial.", "PMID": 413398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7120", "title": "Survival and complications in cervical cancer treated by pelvic and extended field radiation after paraaortic lymphadenectomy.", "content": "Over a 3 year period, 49 patients with invasive cancer of the cervix underwent paraaortic lymphadenectomy. Of this group, 18 were stage lb, with cervix 3 cm or smaller, and were treated by radical hysterectomy. All had negative paraaortic nodes. The remaining 31 patients had more advanced disease and underwent radiation therapy in addition to the paraaortic lymphadenectomy. Thirteen patients with positive paraaortic nodes were treated with extended field radiation to the level of the diaphragms with 4,500 rad plus intracavitary radium applications. The remaining 18 patients with negative paraaortic nodes were treated to the fifth lumbar vertebra with 5,000 rad plus radium applications. The age of the patients and stage of the disease were similar for both groups. After 13-36 months of follow-up, the survival rate was 38% for patients with positive nodes compared to 72% for those with negative nodes. About half of both groups suffered complications. More study must be given to alternative treatments of advanced carcinoma of the cervix.", "contents": "Survival and complications in cervical cancer treated by pelvic and extended field radiation after paraaortic lymphadenectomy. Over a 3 year period, 49 patients with invasive cancer of the cervix underwent paraaortic lymphadenectomy. Of this group, 18 were stage lb, with cervix 3 cm or smaller, and were treated by radical hysterectomy. All had negative paraaortic nodes. The remaining 31 patients had more advanced disease and underwent radiation therapy in addition to the paraaortic lymphadenectomy. Thirteen patients with positive paraaortic nodes were treated with extended field radiation to the level of the diaphragms with 4,500 rad plus intracavitary radium applications. The remaining 18 patients with negative paraaortic nodes were treated to the fifth lumbar vertebra with 5,000 rad plus radium applications. The age of the patients and stage of the disease were similar for both groups. After 13-36 months of follow-up, the survival rate was 38% for patients with positive nodes compared to 72% for those with negative nodes. About half of both groups suffered complications. More study must be given to alternative treatments of advanced carcinoma of the cervix.", "PMID": 413399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7121", "title": "Alterations in whole saliva flow rate induced by fractionated radiotherapy.", "content": "Sequential changes in flow rate of whole saliva are detailed in 13 patients. Samples were collected without exogneous stimulation during a course of fractionated radiotherapy involving major portions of the salivary glands. Flow rate decreased markedly during the initial 3 treatment days and gradually thereafter until a minimal flow rate was reached. Early in the treatment, variable degrees of recovery were seen on Mondays following a weekend (Friday-Sunday) without treatment. After a minimal flow rate was reached, no such recovery was observed. Radiation needed to produce minimal flow varied from 450 to 4,050 rad. Patients with higher initial flow rates required higher dosages to reach the minimum. No return of secretory function was noted after extended periods of time.", "contents": "Alterations in whole saliva flow rate induced by fractionated radiotherapy. Sequential changes in flow rate of whole saliva are detailed in 13 patients. Samples were collected without exogneous stimulation during a course of fractionated radiotherapy involving major portions of the salivary glands. Flow rate decreased markedly during the initial 3 treatment days and gradually thereafter until a minimal flow rate was reached. Early in the treatment, variable degrees of recovery were seen on Mondays following a weekend (Friday-Sunday) without treatment. After a minimal flow rate was reached, no such recovery was observed. Radiation needed to produce minimal flow varied from 450 to 4,050 rad. Patients with higher initial flow rates required higher dosages to reach the minimum. No return of secretory function was noted after extended periods of time.", "PMID": 413400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7122", "title": "A study of dose distribution patterns from cobalt-60 and Varian Clinac-4 beams.", "content": "Dose distribution patterns of 4 MV x-rays from a Varian Clinac 4 linear accelerator are compared with those from a 60Co teletherapy machine. Field flatteners of lead and depleted uranium were used. Dose distribution maps display the off-axis high dose or \"horns\" with lead filters and circular dose distribution patterns. The uranium field flattener clearly \"clipped the horns\" and eliminated circular dose distribution patterns with larger fields.", "contents": "A study of dose distribution patterns from cobalt-60 and Varian Clinac-4 beams. Dose distribution patterns of 4 MV x-rays from a Varian Clinac 4 linear accelerator are compared with those from a 60Co teletherapy machine. Field flatteners of lead and depleted uranium were used. Dose distribution maps display the off-axis high dose or \"horns\" with lead filters and circular dose distribution patterns. The uranium field flattener clearly \"clipped the horns\" and eliminated circular dose distribution patterns with larger fields.", "PMID": 413401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7123", "title": "Popliteal vein thrombosis secondary to popliteal artery aneurysm.", "content": "Two patients with popliteal vein thrombosis secondary to popliteal artery aneurysm are described. The association of venous abnormalities in 623 reported cases of popliteal artery aneurysm is reviewed. The high morbidity from popliteal vein thrombosis would seem to justify preoperative leg venography in patients with popliteal artery aneurysm.", "contents": "Popliteal vein thrombosis secondary to popliteal artery aneurysm. Two patients with popliteal vein thrombosis secondary to popliteal artery aneurysm are described. The association of venous abnormalities in 623 reported cases of popliteal artery aneurysm is reviewed. The high morbidity from popliteal vein thrombosis would seem to justify preoperative leg venography in patients with popliteal artery aneurysm.", "PMID": 413413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7124", "title": "Tantalum tracheography in upper airway obstruction: 100 experiences in adults.", "content": "A total of 100 tantalum cine laryngotracheograms were performed in adults with documented or suspected upper airway obstruction. With appropriate precautions, tantalum powder proved to be a safe material for delineating tracheal and laryngeal abnormalities. A cine recording to document tracheomalacia as well as a careful evaluation of the larynx are useful extensions of examination of patients with suspected upper airway obstruction. Tracheomalacia was found in 35% of our series; 29% showed laryngeal abnormalities. With modifications to correct for magnification, the tantalum tracheogram gives the surgeon the exact length of trachea to be resected. When tantalum becomes approved by the Food and Drug Administration, we expect that tantalum cine laryngotracheography will be the preferred means for study of upper airway obstruction.", "contents": "Tantalum tracheography in upper airway obstruction: 100 experiences in adults. A total of 100 tantalum cine laryngotracheograms were performed in adults with documented or suspected upper airway obstruction. With appropriate precautions, tantalum powder proved to be a safe material for delineating tracheal and laryngeal abnormalities. A cine recording to document tracheomalacia as well as a careful evaluation of the larynx are useful extensions of examination of patients with suspected upper airway obstruction. Tracheomalacia was found in 35% of our series; 29% showed laryngeal abnormalities. With modifications to correct for magnification, the tantalum tracheogram gives the surgeon the exact length of trachea to be resected. When tantalum becomes approved by the Food and Drug Administration, we expect that tantalum cine laryngotracheography will be the preferred means for study of upper airway obstruction.", "PMID": 413414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7125", "title": "pH-tested reflux without hiatus hernia.", "content": "Gastroesophageal reflux was tested for with a pH telemetry capsule. In 29 individuals in whom no hiatus hernia was demonstrated on barium esophagram, the transverse diameter of the intrahiatal esophagus was compared to that of the intrathoracic. When the width of the intrahiatal esophagus was two-thirds or less that of the intrathoracic, pH-proven reflux was an infrequent event. When wider, reflux occurred with high frequency.", "contents": "pH-tested reflux without hiatus hernia. Gastroesophageal reflux was tested for with a pH telemetry capsule. In 29 individuals in whom no hiatus hernia was demonstrated on barium esophagram, the transverse diameter of the intrahiatal esophagus was compared to that of the intrathoracic. When the width of the intrahiatal esophagus was two-thirds or less that of the intrathoracic, pH-proven reflux was an infrequent event. When wider, reflux occurred with high frequency.", "PMID": 413415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7126", "title": "Gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children: a useful classification and reliable physiologic technique for its demonstration.", "content": "A radiologic method for the demonstration of gastroesophageal reflux in children is described, and, while recognizing limitations and pitfalls of any classification, a clinically useful system of grading of reflux is presented. The system is based primarily on the extent of retrograde flow of barium, ranging from reflux into the distal esophagus only (grade 1) to reflux with aspiration into the trachea or lungs (grade 5). The availability of a standardized radiologic technique for the demonstration of gastroesophageal reflux and a system for grading its severity may be useful in understanding the true incidence and significance of this disorder.", "contents": "Gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children: a useful classification and reliable physiologic technique for its demonstration. A radiologic method for the demonstration of gastroesophageal reflux in children is described, and, while recognizing limitations and pitfalls of any classification, a clinically useful system of grading of reflux is presented. The system is based primarily on the extent of retrograde flow of barium, ranging from reflux into the distal esophagus only (grade 1) to reflux with aspiration into the trachea or lungs (grade 5). The availability of a standardized radiologic technique for the demonstration of gastroesophageal reflux and a system for grading its severity may be useful in understanding the true incidence and significance of this disorder.", "PMID": 413416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7127", "title": "Lymphoid follicular pattern: a normal feature of the pediatric colon.", "content": "Tiny nodular filling defects up to 2 mm in diameter were seen in 12 of 27 patients under the age of 15 years undergoing double contrast enema. The pattern was particularly common in children under 5 years in whom a good quality double contrast study was obtained. While this pattern has been termed lymphoid hyperplasia, we believe it represents a normal lymphoid follicular pattern in the pediatric colon. The term lymphoid hyperplasia should be reserved for cases in which the lymphoid follicles are greater than 2 mm in diameter; this will usually represent an abnormal condition in response to infection, allergy, or immunologic disorders. The differential diagnosis of the lymphoid follicular pattern and lymphoid hyperplasia is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Lymphoid follicular pattern: a normal feature of the pediatric colon. Tiny nodular filling defects up to 2 mm in diameter were seen in 12 of 27 patients under the age of 15 years undergoing double contrast enema. The pattern was particularly common in children under 5 years in whom a good quality double contrast study was obtained. While this pattern has been termed lymphoid hyperplasia, we believe it represents a normal lymphoid follicular pattern in the pediatric colon. The term lymphoid hyperplasia should be reserved for cases in which the lymphoid follicles are greater than 2 mm in diameter; this will usually represent an abnormal condition in response to infection, allergy, or immunologic disorders. The differential diagnosis of the lymphoid follicular pattern and lymphoid hyperplasia is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 413417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7128", "title": "Transverse colon in adult umbilical hernia.", "content": "The transverse colon may extend into an umbilical or other ventral hernia. An unusual configuration, extra anterior loops, outpouchings, narrowing, or nonmalignant-appearing obstruction in the involved segment of the colon should suggest possible herniation. Clinical or radiographic confirmation is easily accomplished. Five cases are presented to illustrate some of the deformities of the transverse colon due to involvement in an umbilical hernia.", "contents": "Transverse colon in adult umbilical hernia. The transverse colon may extend into an umbilical or other ventral hernia. An unusual configuration, extra anterior loops, outpouchings, narrowing, or nonmalignant-appearing obstruction in the involved segment of the colon should suggest possible herniation. Clinical or radiographic confirmation is easily accomplished. Five cases are presented to illustrate some of the deformities of the transverse colon due to involvement in an umbilical hernia.", "PMID": 413418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7129", "title": "New cholangiographic sign of common bile duct obstruction: initial opacification of intrahepatic ducts.", "content": "A previously undescribed sign of common bile duct obstruction during intravenous cholangiography - initial visualization of proximal intrahepatic ducts - was observed in 26 patients with surgically proven obstructive disease of the distal common duct. In all cases, opacification of intrahepatic biliary radicles occurred on standard interval films prior to visualization of the extrahepatic common bile duct, the reverse of the normal sequence. The abnormal opacification pattern reflects stasis of bile flow in the presence of distal obstruction and seems analogous to the urographic finding of opacified intra-renal calyces as the initial manifestation of distal ureteral obstruction. Recognition of the alteration in the initial cholangiographic opacification sequence signals the need for delayed films to confirm the diagnosis of a distal choledochal obstruction.", "contents": "New cholangiographic sign of common bile duct obstruction: initial opacification of intrahepatic ducts. A previously undescribed sign of common bile duct obstruction during intravenous cholangiography - initial visualization of proximal intrahepatic ducts - was observed in 26 patients with surgically proven obstructive disease of the distal common duct. In all cases, opacification of intrahepatic biliary radicles occurred on standard interval films prior to visualization of the extrahepatic common bile duct, the reverse of the normal sequence. The abnormal opacification pattern reflects stasis of bile flow in the presence of distal obstruction and seems analogous to the urographic finding of opacified intra-renal calyces as the initial manifestation of distal ureteral obstruction. Recognition of the alteration in the initial cholangiographic opacification sequence signals the need for delayed films to confirm the diagnosis of a distal choledochal obstruction.", "PMID": 413419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7130", "title": "Diagnosis of gangrene and perforation of the gallbladder by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.", "content": "Conventional radiographic procedures are not helpful in the preoperative documentation of gangrenous cholecystitis or gallbladder perforation. Three cases in which preoperative diagnosis was accomplished by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography are described. Gangrene was identified in all three by a shaggy outline of the gallbladder wall with amorphous debris and stones in the lumen. Perforation was identified in two of the cases by extravasation of contrast material into a pericholecystic abscess. This information, as well as the status of the common duct, was important to the surgeon.", "contents": "Diagnosis of gangrene and perforation of the gallbladder by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Conventional radiographic procedures are not helpful in the preoperative documentation of gangrenous cholecystitis or gallbladder perforation. Three cases in which preoperative diagnosis was accomplished by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography are described. Gangrene was identified in all three by a shaggy outline of the gallbladder wall with amorphous debris and stones in the lumen. Perforation was identified in two of the cases by extravasation of contrast material into a pericholecystic abscess. This information, as well as the status of the common duct, was important to the surgeon.", "PMID": 413420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7131", "title": "Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in angiography of tumors of the extremities.", "content": "Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is a potent vasodilator. The value of this agent as an adjuvant in angiography of tumors of the extremities was evaluated in 10 patients. Except in one case involving a hemangioma, the diagnostic information concerning tumor vascularity and delineation of the extent of disease decreased after the use of PGE1. The visualization of small normal muscular arteries was improved. Therefore, the effect of PGE1 may be to preferentially increase the blood flow in normal tissues relative to the tumor. PGE1 seems to be of little value in enhancing the angiographic demonstration of neoplasms of the extremity.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) in angiography of tumors of the extremities. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is a potent vasodilator. The value of this agent as an adjuvant in angiography of tumors of the extremities was evaluated in 10 patients. Except in one case involving a hemangioma, the diagnostic information concerning tumor vascularity and delineation of the extent of disease decreased after the use of PGE1. The visualization of small normal muscular arteries was improved. Therefore, the effect of PGE1 may be to preferentially increase the blood flow in normal tissues relative to the tumor. PGE1 seems to be of little value in enhancing the angiographic demonstration of neoplasms of the extremity.", "PMID": 413421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7132", "title": "Percutaneous nephrostomy: a series and review of the literature.", "content": "A series of 53 percutaneous nephrostomies and a literature review of 516 such procedures are presented. The selection of patients with supravesical urinary obstruction, urinary fistulas, and renal calculi is discussed, and the concept is advanced that percutaneous nephrostomy is more than a temporizing preoperative procedure. The available techniques are compared; modified instrumentation for balloon catheter insertion, a combination of fluoroscopic with real-time ultrasound guidance, and some additional principles of subsequent management are introduced. Successful results can be expected in over 90% of percutaneous nephrostomies, with major complications limited to 4% and minor complications to 15%. The limitations of percutaneous nephrostomy and the role of surgical nephrostomy are discussed.", "contents": "Percutaneous nephrostomy: a series and review of the literature. A series of 53 percutaneous nephrostomies and a literature review of 516 such procedures are presented. The selection of patients with supravesical urinary obstruction, urinary fistulas, and renal calculi is discussed, and the concept is advanced that percutaneous nephrostomy is more than a temporizing preoperative procedure. The available techniques are compared; modified instrumentation for balloon catheter insertion, a combination of fluoroscopic with real-time ultrasound guidance, and some additional principles of subsequent management are introduced. Successful results can be expected in over 90% of percutaneous nephrostomies, with major complications limited to 4% and minor complications to 15%. The limitations of percutaneous nephrostomy and the role of surgical nephrostomy are discussed.", "PMID": 413422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7133", "title": "Effect of screen/film combinations on diagnostic certainty: Hi-Plus/RPL versus Lanex/Ortho G in excretory urography.", "content": "A method using radiologists' subjective judgments was developed to compare the quality of the diagnostic image information from two different screen/film combinations (Hi Plus/RPL versus Lanex/Ortho G). A sample of 148 comparison film pairs was obtained in the course of performing 74 urograms using the two film/screen combinations. Each film pair was evaluated by three radiologists, using a blind film-reading format, in regard to:(1) anatomic diagnostic criteria visualization; (2) radiologic diagnostic certainty; (3) presence or absence of quantum mottle; and (4) prediction of which film of a pair was the rare earth screen/film combination. There was a significant difference favoring Hi Plus/RPL in perceived quality of visualization of anatomic criteria. However, the difference was more of statistical rather than practical importance. Diagnostic certainty differed only marginally and slightly favored the Hi Plus/RPL combination. No signficant differences in perception of quantum mottle were attributable to either screen/film combination. Radiologists were able to correctly identify the screen/film combination a significant proportion of the time. Radiation exposure with the Lanex/Ortho G combination was about half that with the Hi Plus/RPL combination. In this study, this would seem to constitute the major factor in film/screen selection.", "contents": "Effect of screen/film combinations on diagnostic certainty: Hi-Plus/RPL versus Lanex/Ortho G in excretory urography. A method using radiologists' subjective judgments was developed to compare the quality of the diagnostic image information from two different screen/film combinations (Hi Plus/RPL versus Lanex/Ortho G). A sample of 148 comparison film pairs was obtained in the course of performing 74 urograms using the two film/screen combinations. Each film pair was evaluated by three radiologists, using a blind film-reading format, in regard to:(1) anatomic diagnostic criteria visualization; (2) radiologic diagnostic certainty; (3) presence or absence of quantum mottle; and (4) prediction of which film of a pair was the rare earth screen/film combination. There was a significant difference favoring Hi Plus/RPL in perceived quality of visualization of anatomic criteria. However, the difference was more of statistical rather than practical importance. Diagnostic certainty differed only marginally and slightly favored the Hi Plus/RPL combination. No signficant differences in perception of quantum mottle were attributable to either screen/film combination. Radiologists were able to correctly identify the screen/film combination a significant proportion of the time. Radiation exposure with the Lanex/Ortho G combination was about half that with the Hi Plus/RPL combination. In this study, this would seem to constitute the major factor in film/screen selection.", "PMID": 413423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7134", "title": "Intraarterial cyanoacrylate: an adjunct in the treatment of spinal/paraspinal arteriovenous malformations.", "content": "Arteriovenous malformations are difficult lesions to treat whether surgical or catheter occlusive therapy is used. If the major feeders are ligated or blocked, other arteries open quickly to supply the malformation. Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate, deposited with a calibrated leak balloon microcatheter, has given satisfactory short term improvement in both the signs and symptoms of two patients with spinal arteriovenous malformations. Superselective placement of the catheter system, a provocative test perfusion of the arteriovenous malformation and its supplying vessels before the acutal occlusion, and high quality fluoroscopy and angiographic equipment added to the safety of the procedure. No long term results are available, but this system may prove itself another tool in the catheter therapist's armamentarium.", "contents": "Intraarterial cyanoacrylate: an adjunct in the treatment of spinal/paraspinal arteriovenous malformations. Arteriovenous malformations are difficult lesions to treat whether surgical or catheter occlusive therapy is used. If the major feeders are ligated or blocked, other arteries open quickly to supply the malformation. Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate, deposited with a calibrated leak balloon microcatheter, has given satisfactory short term improvement in both the signs and symptoms of two patients with spinal arteriovenous malformations. Superselective placement of the catheter system, a provocative test perfusion of the arteriovenous malformation and its supplying vessels before the acutal occlusion, and high quality fluoroscopy and angiographic equipment added to the safety of the procedure. No long term results are available, but this system may prove itself another tool in the catheter therapist's armamentarium.", "PMID": 413424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7135", "title": "Magnesium supplementation in protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "The widespread observation of magnesium depletion in edematous malnutrition has been confirmed in Guatemalan children. The magnesium requirement during initial stages of therapy has been estimated as 2.7 mEq/kg per day. This may be achieved by adding 0.5% MgSO4.7H2O to a solution containing 15% dextromaltase and 1.5% KCl which is used to dilute whole milk; two parts milk and one part dilution mixture. The replacement of magnesium deficits was not essential for recovery from edematous malnutrition, however, the present evidence suggested that the rate of recovery was accelerated by approximately 2 weeks in those children who received the supplement.", "contents": "Magnesium supplementation in protein-calorie malnutrition. The widespread observation of magnesium depletion in edematous malnutrition has been confirmed in Guatemalan children. The magnesium requirement during initial stages of therapy has been estimated as 2.7 mEq/kg per day. This may be achieved by adding 0.5% MgSO4.7H2O to a solution containing 15% dextromaltase and 1.5% KCl which is used to dilute whole milk; two parts milk and one part dilution mixture. The replacement of magnesium deficits was not essential for recovery from edematous malnutrition, however, the present evidence suggested that the rate of recovery was accelerated by approximately 2 weeks in those children who received the supplement.", "PMID": 413426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7136", "title": "Body composition in chronic undernutrition.", "content": "Anthropometric (height, weight, and skinfolds), biochemical (serum proteins, albumin, and cholesterol), metabolic (nitrogen balance and creatinine excretion), hematological (plasma volume, hemoglobin, hematocrit, bone marrow hemosiderin, percent transferrin saturation, vitamin B12, and folic acid) variables and body water compartments (total and extracellular) have been measured in 49 adult male subjects who exhibited a wide range of nutritional states from normal to severely undernourished. Changes in body composition associated with moderate degrees of nutritional compromise were related principally to decreases in body cell mass (-15%). Body fat was normal. With severe nutritional involvement, both fat depots (-29%) and body cell mass (-29%) were significantly diminished. Muscle cell mass was more affected than other cells in the body (-41%). These data could indicate that in the group with moderate compromise, energy reserves (and hence energy balance) were maintained but dietary protein deficiencies were not compensated for. Both calorie and protein deficiencies were evident in the subjects with severe undernutrition. Multiple regression equations (r greater than 0.8) were developed that allow prediction of muscle cell mass, fat-free weight, and body cell mass from simple anthropometry and serum albumin levels. Decreases in serum albumin concentration were best related to deficits in muscle mass (r = 0.77).", "contents": "Body composition in chronic undernutrition. Anthropometric (height, weight, and skinfolds), biochemical (serum proteins, albumin, and cholesterol), metabolic (nitrogen balance and creatinine excretion), hematological (plasma volume, hemoglobin, hematocrit, bone marrow hemosiderin, percent transferrin saturation, vitamin B12, and folic acid) variables and body water compartments (total and extracellular) have been measured in 49 adult male subjects who exhibited a wide range of nutritional states from normal to severely undernourished. Changes in body composition associated with moderate degrees of nutritional compromise were related principally to decreases in body cell mass (-15%). Body fat was normal. With severe nutritional involvement, both fat depots (-29%) and body cell mass (-29%) were significantly diminished. Muscle cell mass was more affected than other cells in the body (-41%). These data could indicate that in the group with moderate compromise, energy reserves (and hence energy balance) were maintained but dietary protein deficiencies were not compensated for. Both calorie and protein deficiencies were evident in the subjects with severe undernutrition. Multiple regression equations (r greater than 0.8) were developed that allow prediction of muscle cell mass, fat-free weight, and body cell mass from simple anthropometry and serum albumin levels. Decreases in serum albumin concentration were best related to deficits in muscle mass (r = 0.77).", "PMID": 413427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7137", "title": "Protein-energy malnutrition and anemia in Kivu.", "content": "Protein-energy malnutrition in Kivu is associated with a discrete normocytic, normochromic anemia. An attempt to define the physiopathology of this anemia disclosed the following results. As compared with local controls, both iron and total iron binding capacity were low, but with siderophilin saturation and sideroblast counts either normal or elevated; serum and erythrocyte folate was normal, plasma vitamin B12 was normal or elevated, and serum ascorbic acid was normal or elevated. The riboflavin nutritional status was normal. During refeeding, iron and riboflavin deficiencies became apparent. Characteristic findings on admission were the presence of giant erythroblasts and a diminished erythrocyte survival time implicated to an intracorpuscular hemolysis. Two results from the present study could contribute to explanation for the aforementioned abnormalities: low plasma vitamin E levels and, perhaps more importantly, low plasma selenium levels. In conclusion, the anemia of protein-energy malnutrition, as observed in Kivu, is a classifiable nonadaptive anemia that cannot be explained by isolated iron or vitamin deficiencies and whose physiopathology is distinct from that of the anemia of chronic disorders. It is suggested that a selenium deficiency may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this anemia.", "contents": "Protein-energy malnutrition and anemia in Kivu. Protein-energy malnutrition in Kivu is associated with a discrete normocytic, normochromic anemia. An attempt to define the physiopathology of this anemia disclosed the following results. As compared with local controls, both iron and total iron binding capacity were low, but with siderophilin saturation and sideroblast counts either normal or elevated; serum and erythrocyte folate was normal, plasma vitamin B12 was normal or elevated, and serum ascorbic acid was normal or elevated. The riboflavin nutritional status was normal. During refeeding, iron and riboflavin deficiencies became apparent. Characteristic findings on admission were the presence of giant erythroblasts and a diminished erythrocyte survival time implicated to an intracorpuscular hemolysis. Two results from the present study could contribute to explanation for the aforementioned abnormalities: low plasma vitamin E levels and, perhaps more importantly, low plasma selenium levels. In conclusion, the anemia of protein-energy malnutrition, as observed in Kivu, is a classifiable nonadaptive anemia that cannot be explained by isolated iron or vitamin deficiencies and whose physiopathology is distinct from that of the anemia of chronic disorders. It is suggested that a selenium deficiency may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this anemia.", "PMID": 413429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7138", "title": "A long-term study of the excretion of folate and pterins in a human subject after ingestion of 14C folic acid, with observations on the effect of diphenylhydantoin administration.", "content": "After the administration of 2-14C folic acid to a human volunteer, urinary and fecal radioactivity, as well as urinary excretion of folate (Lactobacillus casei assay) and biopterin-like material (Crithidia fasciculata assay) were determined at intervals over a 129 day period of observation. From two 24 h urine samples erythroneopterin, bioterin, threoneopterin pterin, isoxanthopterin, and xanthopterin were isolated by chromatographic procedures, quantitated, and their specific activities were determined. The effect on the pattern of elimination of urinary radioactivity and biological activity resulting from the administration of diphenylhydantoin was studied on two occasions. Urinary radioactivity plots suggest the decay of two forms of folates with markedly different biological half lives. One short-lived (t 1/2 approximately 31.5 hr), corresponding to newly absorbed folate, and one long-lived (t 1/2 approximately 100 day) thought to represent the decay of body pools. Diphenylhydantoin does not alter the rate of elimination of the long-lived component but may accelerate losses of newly absorbed folate. The analysis of pterins does not support the hypothesis that diphenylhydantoin increases the breakdown of folates to pterins.", "contents": "A long-term study of the excretion of folate and pterins in a human subject after ingestion of 14C folic acid, with observations on the effect of diphenylhydantoin administration. After the administration of 2-14C folic acid to a human volunteer, urinary and fecal radioactivity, as well as urinary excretion of folate (Lactobacillus casei assay) and biopterin-like material (Crithidia fasciculata assay) were determined at intervals over a 129 day period of observation. From two 24 h urine samples erythroneopterin, bioterin, threoneopterin pterin, isoxanthopterin, and xanthopterin were isolated by chromatographic procedures, quantitated, and their specific activities were determined. The effect on the pattern of elimination of urinary radioactivity and biological activity resulting from the administration of diphenylhydantoin was studied on two occasions. Urinary radioactivity plots suggest the decay of two forms of folates with markedly different biological half lives. One short-lived (t 1/2 approximately 31.5 hr), corresponding to newly absorbed folate, and one long-lived (t 1/2 approximately 100 day) thought to represent the decay of body pools. Diphenylhydantoin does not alter the rate of elimination of the long-lived component but may accelerate losses of newly absorbed folate. The analysis of pterins does not support the hypothesis that diphenylhydantoin increases the breakdown of folates to pterins.", "PMID": 413430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7139", "title": "Immunofluorescent vascular pattern due to EVI antibody of Chagas' disease. Its diagnostic value.", "content": "One hundred fifty-six of 1,250 sera from patients with presumed connective tissue and related diseases showed vascular staining on mouse liver cryostat sections when they were routinely checked for antinuclear factor by the indirect immunofluorescence test. In a third of the cases, the vascular immunofluorescent pattern was given by the EVI antibody reacting with the plasma membrane of striated muscle fibers and endothelial cells, as has been recently described to occur in Chagas' disease. This led to the detection of previously unsuspected Trypanosoma cruzi infection in 67.8% of the serum samples in which the EVI antibody was detected after observation of a positive vascular pattern with mouse liver cryostat sections. On the other hand, no significant relationship between Chagas infection and sera with other anti-striated-muscle immunofluorescent patterns that also showed a vascular staining on mouse liver cryostat sections was established. Consideration of the vascular pattern observed with the EVI antibody on mouse liver cryostat sections can be helpful in detection of previously ignored T. cruzi infection in patients who have connective-tissue diseases and related conditions. This is of interest in view of the fact that anergic immunodepressive therapy, often used in these patients, significantly alters the host-parasite relationship and may lead to severe dissemination of the parasite.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent vascular pattern due to EVI antibody of Chagas' disease. Its diagnostic value. One hundred fifty-six of 1,250 sera from patients with presumed connective tissue and related diseases showed vascular staining on mouse liver cryostat sections when they were routinely checked for antinuclear factor by the indirect immunofluorescence test. In a third of the cases, the vascular immunofluorescent pattern was given by the EVI antibody reacting with the plasma membrane of striated muscle fibers and endothelial cells, as has been recently described to occur in Chagas' disease. This led to the detection of previously unsuspected Trypanosoma cruzi infection in 67.8% of the serum samples in which the EVI antibody was detected after observation of a positive vascular pattern with mouse liver cryostat sections. On the other hand, no significant relationship between Chagas infection and sera with other anti-striated-muscle immunofluorescent patterns that also showed a vascular staining on mouse liver cryostat sections was established. Consideration of the vascular pattern observed with the EVI antibody on mouse liver cryostat sections can be helpful in detection of previously ignored T. cruzi infection in patients who have connective-tissue diseases and related conditions. This is of interest in view of the fact that anergic immunodepressive therapy, often used in these patients, significantly alters the host-parasite relationship and may lead to severe dissemination of the parasite.", "PMID": 413431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7140", "title": "Ossifying fibroma of long bone: its distinction from fibrous dysplasia and its association with adamantinoma of long bone.", "content": "Two cases of ossifying fibroma of long bones are presented. This tumor is confused with monostotic fibrous dysplasia, but can be distinguished by its intracortical location, as demonstrated radiographically, and by its histologic pattern. Distinction from fibrous dysplasia is important since ossifying fibroma of long bone is a more aggressive lesion with different therapeutic implications. It appears that ossifying fibroma and adamantinoma of long bones are somehow related, and that lesions resembling fibrous dysplasia in association with adamantinomas of long bones are actually ossifying fibromas.", "contents": "Ossifying fibroma of long bone: its distinction from fibrous dysplasia and its association with adamantinoma of long bone. Two cases of ossifying fibroma of long bones are presented. This tumor is confused with monostotic fibrous dysplasia, but can be distinguished by its intracortical location, as demonstrated radiographically, and by its histologic pattern. Distinction from fibrous dysplasia is important since ossifying fibroma of long bone is a more aggressive lesion with different therapeutic implications. It appears that ossifying fibroma and adamantinoma of long bones are somehow related, and that lesions resembling fibrous dysplasia in association with adamantinomas of long bones are actually ossifying fibromas.", "PMID": 413432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7141", "title": "Routine circumcision of the newborn infant: a reappraisal.", "content": "Prompted by the continuing controversy over routine circumcision of the newborn infant, this review of the limited available literature suggests that the operation may facilitate hygiene of the penis and perhaps decrease the risk of carcinoma of the penis. On the the other hand, the operation frequently features illogical bases for patient selection, neglect of the requirement to obtain informed consent, an inappropriate operator, a needlessly radical technique, disregard for pain, dubious objectives, and unknown cost-effectiveness. Long-term prospective studies are needed to evaluate routine circumcision of the newborn infant. However, until the benefits of the procedure can be proved worth the risk and cost, medical resources should probably be allocated to health measures of demonstrated value.", "contents": "Routine circumcision of the newborn infant: a reappraisal. Prompted by the continuing controversy over routine circumcision of the newborn infant, this review of the limited available literature suggests that the operation may facilitate hygiene of the penis and perhaps decrease the risk of carcinoma of the penis. On the the other hand, the operation frequently features illogical bases for patient selection, neglect of the requirement to obtain informed consent, an inappropriate operator, a needlessly radical technique, disregard for pain, dubious objectives, and unknown cost-effectiveness. Long-term prospective studies are needed to evaluate routine circumcision of the newborn infant. However, until the benefits of the procedure can be proved worth the risk and cost, medical resources should probably be allocated to health measures of demonstrated value.", "PMID": 413435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7142", "title": "Trifluorothymidine and idoxuridine therapy of ocular herpes.", "content": "In a coded study, we treated 40 patients who had active herpes simplex corneal ulcers with either 1% trifluorothymidine (F3T) or 0.1% idoxuridine (IDU) drops; we treated 15 similarly afflicted patients, who had failed on IDU or vidarabine, with open 1% F3T drops. All dosages were at therapeutically recommended frequency. In the coded study there was no statistically significant difference between the drugs in rate of healing; mean initial ulcer size in both groups was approximately 7 mm2 and mean healing time was approximately 5.5 days. There was a significant difference, however, in the chances of successful healing; 96% of all F3T treated eyes and only 75% of IDU treated eyes healed completely within 14 days. In the open study, 87% of patients healed completely on F3T eyedrops. Although an insufficient number of patients were on concomitant coricosteroid therapy to provide statistical analysis, F3T-corticosteroid treated eyes (eight masked and open) all healed. The one IDU-corticosteroid treated eye in the masked study failed to heal.", "contents": "Trifluorothymidine and idoxuridine therapy of ocular herpes. In a coded study, we treated 40 patients who had active herpes simplex corneal ulcers with either 1% trifluorothymidine (F3T) or 0.1% idoxuridine (IDU) drops; we treated 15 similarly afflicted patients, who had failed on IDU or vidarabine, with open 1% F3T drops. All dosages were at therapeutically recommended frequency. In the coded study there was no statistically significant difference between the drugs in rate of healing; mean initial ulcer size in both groups was approximately 7 mm2 and mean healing time was approximately 5.5 days. There was a significant difference, however, in the chances of successful healing; 96% of all F3T treated eyes and only 75% of IDU treated eyes healed completely within 14 days. In the open study, 87% of patients healed completely on F3T eyedrops. Although an insufficient number of patients were on concomitant coricosteroid therapy to provide statistical analysis, F3T-corticosteroid treated eyes (eight masked and open) all healed. The one IDU-corticosteroid treated eye in the masked study failed to heal.", "PMID": 413436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7143", "title": "Ocular findings in triploidy.", "content": "We studied the abnormal ocular and systemic findings in one case of true triploidy and two cases of triploid mosaicism. A liveborn triploid child 69,XXY, had abnormalities including cebocephaly, a single midline nostril, incomplete cleft palate, transverse palmar creases, partial syndactyly, and ambiguous genitalia. Ocular abnormalities included hypotelorism, blepharophimosis, microcornia, iris coloboma, cataract, persistent hyaloid vasculature, retinal dysplasia, and optic atrophy. A 16-year-old girl with triploid mosaicism had congenital left facial and body hemiatrophy, both growth and mental retardation, left-sided grand mal seizures, incontinentia pigmenti of both legs, partial syndactyly, and generalized weakness. Results of her ocular examination were within normal limits. A 13-year-old boy with triploid mosaicism exhibited both growth and mental retardation, truncal obesity, and required a brace to support his back. Ocular findings included synophrys, bilateral blepharoptosis, and abnormal results of Schirmer tear test. Studies indicate a wide spectrum of ocular and systemic abnormalities occur that are presumably associated with the chromosome error.", "contents": "Ocular findings in triploidy. We studied the abnormal ocular and systemic findings in one case of true triploidy and two cases of triploid mosaicism. A liveborn triploid child 69,XXY, had abnormalities including cebocephaly, a single midline nostril, incomplete cleft palate, transverse palmar creases, partial syndactyly, and ambiguous genitalia. Ocular abnormalities included hypotelorism, blepharophimosis, microcornia, iris coloboma, cataract, persistent hyaloid vasculature, retinal dysplasia, and optic atrophy. A 16-year-old girl with triploid mosaicism had congenital left facial and body hemiatrophy, both growth and mental retardation, left-sided grand mal seizures, incontinentia pigmenti of both legs, partial syndactyly, and generalized weakness. Results of her ocular examination were within normal limits. A 13-year-old boy with triploid mosaicism exhibited both growth and mental retardation, truncal obesity, and required a brace to support his back. Ocular findings included synophrys, bilateral blepharoptosis, and abnormal results of Schirmer tear test. Studies indicate a wide spectrum of ocular and systemic abnormalities occur that are presumably associated with the chromosome error.", "PMID": 413437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7144", "title": "Hydrocephaly, congenital retinal nonattachment, and congenital falciform fold.", "content": "A 6-year-old boy, whose parents were first cousins, had congenital retinal nonattachment in one eye and a falciform fold in the other. He had had a shunt operation for hydrocephaly. Oxygen was never administered and test results for rubella and toxoplasmosis were negative. The consanguinity in this case indicates the syndrome is an autosomal recessive trait. This and other hereditary disorders with congenital retinal nonattachment have previously been misinterpreted as retrolental fibroplasia occurring without oxygen treatment.", "contents": "Hydrocephaly, congenital retinal nonattachment, and congenital falciform fold. A 6-year-old boy, whose parents were first cousins, had congenital retinal nonattachment in one eye and a falciform fold in the other. He had had a shunt operation for hydrocephaly. Oxygen was never administered and test results for rubella and toxoplasmosis were negative. The consanguinity in this case indicates the syndrome is an autosomal recessive trait. This and other hereditary disorders with congenital retinal nonattachment have previously been misinterpreted as retrolental fibroplasia occurring without oxygen treatment.", "PMID": 413438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7145", "title": "New and neglected nerve terminals in extrinsic eye muscles.", "content": "Four forms of nerve terminals in extrinsic eye muscles are described: the Golgi tendon organ, the palisade sensory ending, the palisade motor ending, and the spiral ending. Sensory and motor functions are assigned to these endings based on morphological criteria.", "contents": "New and neglected nerve terminals in extrinsic eye muscles. Four forms of nerve terminals in extrinsic eye muscles are described: the Golgi tendon organ, the palisade sensory ending, the palisade motor ending, and the spiral ending. Sensory and motor functions are assigned to these endings based on morphological criteria.", "PMID": 413439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7146", "title": "Slow maxillary expansion: skeletal versus dental response to low magnitude force in Macaca mulatta.", "content": "Low-magnitude continuous force (1 to 2 pounds) was applied in a transverse direction to the palatal vault and posterior teeth of three rhesus monkeys to assess linear and angular changes of the maxilla versus those of the maxillary posterior teeth.", "contents": "Slow maxillary expansion: skeletal versus dental response to low magnitude force in Macaca mulatta. Low-magnitude continuous force (1 to 2 pounds) was applied in a transverse direction to the palatal vault and posterior teeth of three rhesus monkeys to assess linear and angular changes of the maxilla versus those of the maxillary posterior teeth.", "PMID": 413440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7147", "title": "Brain blood flow autoregulation and metabolism during halothane anesthesia in monkeys.", "content": "Past studies suggest that halothane causes cerebrovascular dilatation and increased cerebral blood flow (CBF); these properties may be relevant to its use for neurosurgical procedures. We studied CBF autoregulation in monkeys during anesthesia with 66% N2O/33% O2 and with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% inspired halothane at various cerebral perfusion pressures (CPP) achieved by infusion of trimethaphan camsylate or phenylephrine. CBF was measured by monitoring brain xenon-133 clearance after intra-arterial injection of the isotope in saline. CBF autoregulation was intact during N2O/O2 and during 0.5% halothane/N2O/O2 anesthesia at CPPs ranging from 50 to 100 mmHg, but began to fail at 1.0% halothane. Complete loss of autoregulation occurred during 2% halothane/N2O/O2 anesthesia. Estimated brain O2 consumption fell by 30%, 40%, and 50% during 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% halothane anesthesia, respectively, compared to O2 consumption during N2O/O2 anesthesia (100%).", "contents": "Brain blood flow autoregulation and metabolism during halothane anesthesia in monkeys. Past studies suggest that halothane causes cerebrovascular dilatation and increased cerebral blood flow (CBF); these properties may be relevant to its use for neurosurgical procedures. We studied CBF autoregulation in monkeys during anesthesia with 66% N2O/33% O2 and with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% inspired halothane at various cerebral perfusion pressures (CPP) achieved by infusion of trimethaphan camsylate or phenylephrine. CBF was measured by monitoring brain xenon-133 clearance after intra-arterial injection of the isotope in saline. CBF autoregulation was intact during N2O/O2 and during 0.5% halothane/N2O/O2 anesthesia at CPPs ranging from 50 to 100 mmHg, but began to fail at 1.0% halothane. Complete loss of autoregulation occurred during 2% halothane/N2O/O2 anesthesia. Estimated brain O2 consumption fell by 30%, 40%, and 50% during 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% halothane anesthesia, respectively, compared to O2 consumption during N2O/O2 anesthesia (100%).", "PMID": 413442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7148", "title": "Variations in utilization of a multi-state company dental plan.", "content": "A study was conducted of family records and claim forms of a company-sponsored dental plan to determine the effects of several demographic variables on utilization of the plan and on patterns of expenditure. The plan was non-contributory on the part of the employees. Individual utilization of the plan (at least once during the study year) closely approximated the average for the entire U.S. population. Salaried employees, and families, were more likely to use the plan than hourly-paid employees and families. High income families were more likely than lower income families to use the plan. Most of the independent variables (income, age, hourly versus salaried) correlated with utilization patterns in a predictable manner. A notable exception was when one looked from one division of the corporation to another, with 25 per cent of families in one division using the plan in the study year, compared to 90 per cent at another division. The reasons for these dramatic differences may be related, at least in part, to institutional factors rather than to patient behavior, and further study is indicated.", "contents": "Variations in utilization of a multi-state company dental plan. A study was conducted of family records and claim forms of a company-sponsored dental plan to determine the effects of several demographic variables on utilization of the plan and on patterns of expenditure. The plan was non-contributory on the part of the employees. Individual utilization of the plan (at least once during the study year) closely approximated the average for the entire U.S. population. Salaried employees, and families, were more likely to use the plan than hourly-paid employees and families. High income families were more likely than lower income families to use the plan. Most of the independent variables (income, age, hourly versus salaried) correlated with utilization patterns in a predictable manner. A notable exception was when one looked from one division of the corporation to another, with 25 per cent of families in one division using the plan in the study year, compared to 90 per cent at another division. The reasons for these dramatic differences may be related, at least in part, to institutional factors rather than to patient behavior, and further study is indicated.", "PMID": 413443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7149", "title": "Immunodiffusion, counterimmunoelectrophoresis and immunofluorescence in diagnosis of Sudan mucosal leishmaniasis.", "content": "Sera from 16 patients suffering from oral, nasal, oro-nasal or laryngeal types of Sudan mucosal leishmaniasis were tested against leishmanial antigen by three immunodiagnostic methods. Reactive soluble antigen was prepared from sonicated promastigotes. When tested against undiluted sera, in all 16 cases it gave easily visible precipitin lines in agar gel in both immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests. In immunofluorescence tests, with promastigote slide antigen and using the indirect antibody technique, the sera were positive at serum dilutions ranging from 1:200 to 1:6,400. There was no correlation between fluorescent titer levels and the strength of precipitin reactions in the immunodiffusionand counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests. Sixteen normal sera gave negative results in all three tests.", "contents": "Immunodiffusion, counterimmunoelectrophoresis and immunofluorescence in diagnosis of Sudan mucosal leishmaniasis. Sera from 16 patients suffering from oral, nasal, oro-nasal or laryngeal types of Sudan mucosal leishmaniasis were tested against leishmanial antigen by three immunodiagnostic methods. Reactive soluble antigen was prepared from sonicated promastigotes. When tested against undiluted sera, in all 16 cases it gave easily visible precipitin lines in agar gel in both immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests. In immunofluorescence tests, with promastigote slide antigen and using the indirect antibody technique, the sera were positive at serum dilutions ranging from 1:200 to 1:6,400. There was no correlation between fluorescent titer levels and the strength of precipitin reactions in the immunodiffusionand counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests. Sixteen normal sera gave negative results in all three tests.", "PMID": 413445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7150", "title": "A precipitin test for the diagnosis of human abdominal angiostrongyliasis.", "content": "A precipitin reaction was observed when sera of cotton rats infected either naturally or experimentally with Angiostrongylus costaricensis were tested by gel double-diffusion against sera obtained from three biopsy-confirmed human cases of A. costaricensis. With immunoelectrophoresis, the antigen was demonstrated in the serum of infected rats. The antibody in the human serum was mostly of the IgG type. No cross reactions were seen with sera from individuals infected with the common intestinal helminths, or individuals serologically positive for Toxocara, A. cantonensis, Chagas' disease, amebiasis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, or syphilis.", "contents": "A precipitin test for the diagnosis of human abdominal angiostrongyliasis. A precipitin reaction was observed when sera of cotton rats infected either naturally or experimentally with Angiostrongylus costaricensis were tested by gel double-diffusion against sera obtained from three biopsy-confirmed human cases of A. costaricensis. With immunoelectrophoresis, the antigen was demonstrated in the serum of infected rats. The antibody in the human serum was mostly of the IgG type. No cross reactions were seen with sera from individuals infected with the common intestinal helminths, or individuals serologically positive for Toxocara, A. cantonensis, Chagas' disease, amebiasis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, or syphilis.", "PMID": 413446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7151", "title": "Carotid-axillary bypass: clinical and experimental evaluation.", "content": "Successful carotid-axillary bypasses have been performed nine times at Walter Reed Army Medical Center during a six year period starting in 1970. Although this approach has been of particular value in patients with symptomatic posttraumatic subclavian arterial occlusions, in whom local fibrosis creates additional problems is dissection and identification of important structures, carotid-axillary bypasses can also be used for lesions of the subclavian and/or axillary artery including aneurysms, ulcerations with distal embolism, and extensive arteriosclerotic occlusive disease. Our experimental data corroborate the clinical impression that carotid-axillary by-passing can be a safe and successful approach to surgical management of subclavian arterial lesions without creating any major significant hemodynamic derangements.", "contents": "Carotid-axillary bypass: clinical and experimental evaluation. Successful carotid-axillary bypasses have been performed nine times at Walter Reed Army Medical Center during a six year period starting in 1970. Although this approach has been of particular value in patients with symptomatic posttraumatic subclavian arterial occlusions, in whom local fibrosis creates additional problems is dissection and identification of important structures, carotid-axillary bypasses can also be used for lesions of the subclavian and/or axillary artery including aneurysms, ulcerations with distal embolism, and extensive arteriosclerotic occlusive disease. Our experimental data corroborate the clinical impression that carotid-axillary by-passing can be a safe and successful approach to surgical management of subclavian arterial lesions without creating any major significant hemodynamic derangements.", "PMID": 413453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7152", "title": "Intramembranous particle distribution in human erythrocytes: effects of lysis, glutaraldehyde, and poly-L-lysine.", "content": "Freeze-fracture combined with quantitative electron microscopy of the intact human erythrocyte (RBC) and ghost revealed significant differences in their intramembranous particle coefficients. External (E) fracture-faces of unfixed ghost membranes were found to contain 40% fewer particles than those of intact unfixed RBC. The particle distribution of the intact RBC membrane depended on the use of glutaraldehyde fixation and glycerol cryoprotection. Whereas glutaraldehyde- and glycerol-treated cells disclosed 70% fewer E-face particles than did intact unfixed cells, poly-L-lysine-treated, intact, unfixed RBC showed no such differences. Treatment with a combination of poly-L-lysine and glutaraldehyde, however, increased the amount of E-face particles while reducing those of the protoplasmic (P) face. The poly-L-lysine effect varied with its concentration and was unaffected by previous application of neuraminidase. Nor did the lectin phytohemagglutinin induce particle rearrangement in intact cells. Our data demonstrate that the processes of glutaraldehyde fixation and glycerol cryoprotection modify the RBC membrane by decreasing the number of E-face particles present. In addition, the combination of poly-L-lysine and glutaraldehyde alters the affinity of some particles for one half of the membrane, suggesting that in freeze-fractured RBC, chemical bonds formed at the extracellular surface of the membrane can influence particle partitioning.", "contents": "Intramembranous particle distribution in human erythrocytes: effects of lysis, glutaraldehyde, and poly-L-lysine. Freeze-fracture combined with quantitative electron microscopy of the intact human erythrocyte (RBC) and ghost revealed significant differences in their intramembranous particle coefficients. External (E) fracture-faces of unfixed ghost membranes were found to contain 40% fewer particles than those of intact unfixed RBC. The particle distribution of the intact RBC membrane depended on the use of glutaraldehyde fixation and glycerol cryoprotection. Whereas glutaraldehyde- and glycerol-treated cells disclosed 70% fewer E-face particles than did intact unfixed cells, poly-L-lysine-treated, intact, unfixed RBC showed no such differences. Treatment with a combination of poly-L-lysine and glutaraldehyde, however, increased the amount of E-face particles while reducing those of the protoplasmic (P) face. The poly-L-lysine effect varied with its concentration and was unaffected by previous application of neuraminidase. Nor did the lectin phytohemagglutinin induce particle rearrangement in intact cells. Our data demonstrate that the processes of glutaraldehyde fixation and glycerol cryoprotection modify the RBC membrane by decreasing the number of E-face particles present. In addition, the combination of poly-L-lysine and glutaraldehyde alters the affinity of some particles for one half of the membrane, suggesting that in freeze-fractured RBC, chemical bonds formed at the extracellular surface of the membrane can influence particle partitioning.", "PMID": 413458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7153", "title": "[Sarcosporidia of the cloven-hoofed game. III. Sarcosporidia in red deer and fallow deer].", "content": "The incidence of Sarcosporidia among red-deer and fallow-deer was investigated. The fallow-deer is less discussed because the low number of investigations. The red-deer shows with 15% the lowest incidence among the red-deer, fallow-deer and wild-boar investigated. The Sarcosporidia of the red-deer are smaller than those of the roe, therefore the identification in the trichinoscopic picture is more difficult. With regard to this it is recommended to name the Sarcosporidia of the red-deer Sarcocystis cervi (VON HESSLING, 1854), because their form is more similar to the cattle and not those of the roe. To be sure a greater number of investigations is necessary to detect all connections.", "contents": "[Sarcosporidia of the cloven-hoofed game. III. Sarcosporidia in red deer and fallow deer]. The incidence of Sarcosporidia among red-deer and fallow-deer was investigated. The fallow-deer is less discussed because the low number of investigations. The red-deer shows with 15% the lowest incidence among the red-deer, fallow-deer and wild-boar investigated. The Sarcosporidia of the red-deer are smaller than those of the roe, therefore the identification in the trichinoscopic picture is more difficult. With regard to this it is recommended to name the Sarcosporidia of the red-deer Sarcocystis cervi (VON HESSLING, 1854), because their form is more similar to the cattle and not those of the roe. To be sure a greater number of investigations is necessary to detect all connections.", "PMID": 413459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7154", "title": "Percutaneous drainage of lung abscess.", "content": "The availability of effective antimicrobial agents has greatly decreased the need for surgical intervention in patients who have a pyogenic lung abscess. We describe 3 patients with lung abscesses caused by gram-negative bacteria who failed to respond to medical treatment and who were believed to be unable to withstand lobectomy. Percutaneous insertion of a drainage tube directly into the abscess brought about a dramatic clinical response, with prompt closure of the cavity. This procedure provides an alternative to thoracotomy and lobectomy in treating lung abscesses that fail to respond to medical therapy.", "contents": "Percutaneous drainage of lung abscess. The availability of effective antimicrobial agents has greatly decreased the need for surgical intervention in patients who have a pyogenic lung abscess. We describe 3 patients with lung abscesses caused by gram-negative bacteria who failed to respond to medical treatment and who were believed to be unable to withstand lobectomy. Percutaneous insertion of a drainage tube directly into the abscess brought about a dramatic clinical response, with prompt closure of the cavity. This procedure provides an alternative to thoracotomy and lobectomy in treating lung abscesses that fail to respond to medical therapy.", "PMID": 413460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7155", "title": "Effects of sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis on the activity in vitro of 5 antimicrobial drugs on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "By in vitro tests on 12 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis sharply increased the minimal bactericidal concentrations of polymyxin B and neomycin. Sputum had a lesser effect on tests with gentamicin and tobramycin and essentially none on tests with carbenicillin.", "contents": "Effects of sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis on the activity in vitro of 5 antimicrobial drugs on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. By in vitro tests on 12 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis sharply increased the minimal bactericidal concentrations of polymyxin B and neomycin. Sputum had a lesser effect on tests with gentamicin and tobramycin and essentially none on tests with carbenicillin.", "PMID": 413461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7156", "title": "Insulin kinetics in hyperalimentation solution and routine intravenous therapy.", "content": "Using intravenous saline as a control, the kinetics of insulin in protein hydrolysate (hyperalimentation) solutions in glass bottles with and without the addition of albumin were studied using double radioisotope tags. Albumin is not a necessary additive to the solution. A technique for providing constant, predictable delivery of insulin is described. Albumin, when added to hyperalimentation and saline solutions with insulin, does not protectively coat plastic tubing or glass bottle surfaces to prevent insulin adsorption; some other mechanism is responsible for the increased insulin concentrations in intravenous solutions with added albumin.", "contents": "Insulin kinetics in hyperalimentation solution and routine intravenous therapy. Using intravenous saline as a control, the kinetics of insulin in protein hydrolysate (hyperalimentation) solutions in glass bottles with and without the addition of albumin were studied using double radioisotope tags. Albumin is not a necessary additive to the solution. A technique for providing constant, predictable delivery of insulin is described. Albumin, when added to hyperalimentation and saline solutions with insulin, does not protectively coat plastic tubing or glass bottle surfaces to prevent insulin adsorption; some other mechanism is responsible for the increased insulin concentrations in intravenous solutions with added albumin.", "PMID": 413462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7157", "title": "Monoclonal gammopathy in hereditary spherocytosis: a possible pathogenetic relation.", "content": "Two cases of monoclonal gammopathy in patients with hereditary spherocytosis led us to consider the possible pathogenetic relation between these two disorders. Twelve adult patients with hereditary spherocytosis had significant hypergammaglobulinemia in comparison to normal subjects. Retrospective analysis of previous illness in 140 patients with multiple myeloma showed a significant association between IgA myeloma and previous gallbladder disease. We propose that the chronic reticuloendothelial stimulation due to extravascular hemolysis, possibly potentiated by the inflammation associated with cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, may foster neoplastic transformation of immunocytes in patients with hereditary spherocytosis, ultimately leading to the development of monoclonal gammopathy.", "contents": "Monoclonal gammopathy in hereditary spherocytosis: a possible pathogenetic relation. Two cases of monoclonal gammopathy in patients with hereditary spherocytosis led us to consider the possible pathogenetic relation between these two disorders. Twelve adult patients with hereditary spherocytosis had significant hypergammaglobulinemia in comparison to normal subjects. Retrospective analysis of previous illness in 140 patients with multiple myeloma showed a significant association between IgA myeloma and previous gallbladder disease. We propose that the chronic reticuloendothelial stimulation due to extravascular hemolysis, possibly potentiated by the inflammation associated with cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, may foster neoplastic transformation of immunocytes in patients with hereditary spherocytosis, ultimately leading to the development of monoclonal gammopathy.", "PMID": 413463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7158", "title": "[Allergic diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. 1. Conditions for the use of a purified protein allergen: brucellin (author's transl)].", "content": "A protein allergen extracted from the rough strain Brucella melitensis B 115, prepared for the diagnosis of Brucellosis, has been evaluated in cows. Injected in non infected and non vaccinated cows, this allergen does not give any reaction, does not sensitize for subsequent injections, does not give rise to antibodies detected by routine serologic tests, and thus does not interfere with usual screening. In cows, sensitized by injections of H 38 or 45/20 vaccines, the intradermal injection produces a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The recommanded dose was determined to be 100 microgram and the reaction must be read at 72 hours. The most suitable sites of injection are the neck or the tail fold. It appears likely that allergic testing could not be employed for diagnosis in cows vaccinated with H 38 or 45/20 vaccines. Allergic testing is useful in cows which have been given strain 19 vaccine at least two years previously.", "contents": "[Allergic diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. 1. Conditions for the use of a purified protein allergen: brucellin (author's transl)]. A protein allergen extracted from the rough strain Brucella melitensis B 115, prepared for the diagnosis of Brucellosis, has been evaluated in cows. Injected in non infected and non vaccinated cows, this allergen does not give any reaction, does not sensitize for subsequent injections, does not give rise to antibodies detected by routine serologic tests, and thus does not interfere with usual screening. In cows, sensitized by injections of H 38 or 45/20 vaccines, the intradermal injection produces a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The recommanded dose was determined to be 100 microgram and the reaction must be read at 72 hours. The most suitable sites of injection are the neck or the tail fold. It appears likely that allergic testing could not be employed for diagnosis in cows vaccinated with H 38 or 45/20 vaccines. Allergic testing is useful in cows which have been given strain 19 vaccine at least two years previously.", "PMID": 413466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7159", "title": "Solitary diverticulum of the caecum and its complications.", "content": "Solitary diverticulum of the caecum is very rare and assumes clinical interest only when inflamed. Preoperatively the condition is virtually impossible to distinguish from acute appendicitis, and even during operation its differentiation from carcinoma is difficult. It is also important to determine whether or not an underlying solitary diverticulum of the caecum is present. In the present series the symptoms and clinical examination as well as laboratory findings pointed to acute appendicitis, which was in fact the preoperative diagnosis in all our patients. In one case the operative findings were strongly suggestive of carcinoma, which was only excluded by inspection and histological examination of the specimen. The wall of the diverticulum was necrotic in all cases. It had already perforated in the previously mentioned case, and right hemicolectomy was performed. An inflamed, but recognizable, solitary diverticulum of the caecum was treated by excision, but the tumour-like mass produced by the diverticulum was removed by resection. In view of the considerable possibility of underlying carcinoma, the authors support an aggressive trend in the treatment of \"inflammatory tumours\" of the caecal wall.", "contents": "Solitary diverticulum of the caecum and its complications. Solitary diverticulum of the caecum is very rare and assumes clinical interest only when inflamed. Preoperatively the condition is virtually impossible to distinguish from acute appendicitis, and even during operation its differentiation from carcinoma is difficult. It is also important to determine whether or not an underlying solitary diverticulum of the caecum is present. In the present series the symptoms and clinical examination as well as laboratory findings pointed to acute appendicitis, which was in fact the preoperative diagnosis in all our patients. In one case the operative findings were strongly suggestive of carcinoma, which was only excluded by inspection and histological examination of the specimen. The wall of the diverticulum was necrotic in all cases. It had already perforated in the previously mentioned case, and right hemicolectomy was performed. An inflamed, but recognizable, solitary diverticulum of the caecum was treated by excision, but the tumour-like mass produced by the diverticulum was removed by resection. In view of the considerable possibility of underlying carcinoma, the authors support an aggressive trend in the treatment of \"inflammatory tumours\" of the caecal wall.", "PMID": 413467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7160", "title": "Long-term stenting in the treatment of subglottic stenosis.", "content": "Long-term stenting (3 to 12 months) with silicone rubber stents was found successful in 12 of 14 cases (86%) with severe subglottic stenosis. A new silicone rubber stent is described that is suitable for long-term stenting in infants or adults.", "contents": "Long-term stenting in the treatment of subglottic stenosis. Long-term stenting (3 to 12 months) with silicone rubber stents was found successful in 12 of 14 cases (86%) with severe subglottic stenosis. A new silicone rubber stent is described that is suitable for long-term stenting in infants or adults.", "PMID": 413464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7161", "title": "Cochlear prostheses. A state-of-the-art review.", "content": "Work on cochlear prostheses for the auditory rehabilitation of the profoundly deaf represents a challenging problem. Some early, but perhaps premature, surgical attempts have helped to bring the entire issue into focus. Systemic studies are now under way in many different places. Although the purely engineering problems as well as the surgical ones appear solvable at this time, the remaining unsolved problems lie in two areas: 1) the bioengineering interfacing, i.e., the search for methods needed to connect an engineering (electronic) device to the neural auditory system in an efficient manner; and 2) clinical tests for the assessment of the functional state of the cochlear nerve.", "contents": "Cochlear prostheses. A state-of-the-art review. Work on cochlear prostheses for the auditory rehabilitation of the profoundly deaf represents a challenging problem. Some early, but perhaps premature, surgical attempts have helped to bring the entire issue into focus. Systemic studies are now under way in many different places. Although the purely engineering problems as well as the surgical ones appear solvable at this time, the remaining unsolved problems lie in two areas: 1) the bioengineering interfacing, i.e., the search for methods needed to connect an engineering (electronic) device to the neural auditory system in an efficient manner; and 2) clinical tests for the assessment of the functional state of the cochlear nerve.", "PMID": 413465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7162", "title": "A reassessment of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid as a thyroxine binding inhibitor in the radioimmunoassay of thyroxine.", "content": "The effectiveness of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid (ANS) in the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of thyroxine (T4) as an inhibitor of the binding of T4 to serum T4-binding proteins is assessed. The optimum ANS concentration is dependent upon the antiserum and the method used for separating free and bound T4. If T4 binding to serum proteins is not completely inhibited, resin separation methods may yield low values, while polyethylene glycol and double-antibody methods may produce high values for T4 concentration. Even with optimum ANS concentration gross errors in measurement of T4 may occur in patients with high thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) concentrations.", "contents": "A reassessment of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid as a thyroxine binding inhibitor in the radioimmunoassay of thyroxine. The effectiveness of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid (ANS) in the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of thyroxine (T4) as an inhibitor of the binding of T4 to serum T4-binding proteins is assessed. The optimum ANS concentration is dependent upon the antiserum and the method used for separating free and bound T4. If T4 binding to serum proteins is not completely inhibited, resin separation methods may yield low values, while polyethylene glycol and double-antibody methods may produce high values for T4 concentration. Even with optimum ANS concentration gross errors in measurement of T4 may occur in patients with high thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) concentrations.", "PMID": 413468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7163", "title": "On the orientation of the Rh: El1 linkage group.", "content": "A  family which segregates simultaneously for PGD, elliptocytosis, Rh, alphaFUC and PGM1 contains a recombinant suggesting that the loci lie in this order.", "contents": "On the orientation of the Rh: El1 linkage group. A  family which segregates simultaneously for PGD, elliptocytosis, Rh, alphaFUC and PGM1 contains a recombinant suggesting that the loci lie in this order.", "PMID": 413469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7164", "title": "The tissue distribution of hexosaminidase S and hexosaminidase C.", "content": "The proportion of hex S to hex C in normal and Sandhoff's fibroblasts was determined to be between 1:1 and 1:2 by differential staining of hex S at pH 4.4 with 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminide and of hex C at pH 7.0 with 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-N-acetylglucosaminide. Hex S and hex C were also semi-quantitated in various normal tissues--brain, liver, spleen, heart, kidney, intestine, placenta, skeletal muscle and fibroblasts. Hex C was most prominent in brain and, somewhat less so, in liver, skeletal muscle and fibroblasts. The greatest amount of hex S activity was found in fibroblast, but it was also observed in lesser amounts in liver, kidney, intestine and placenta.", "contents": "The tissue distribution of hexosaminidase S and hexosaminidase C. The proportion of hex S to hex C in normal and Sandhoff's fibroblasts was determined to be between 1:1 and 1:2 by differential staining of hex S at pH 4.4 with 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-N-acetylgalactosaminide and of hex C at pH 7.0 with 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-N-acetylglucosaminide. Hex S and hex C were also semi-quantitated in various normal tissues--brain, liver, spleen, heart, kidney, intestine, placenta, skeletal muscle and fibroblasts. Hex C was most prominent in brain and, somewhat less so, in liver, skeletal muscle and fibroblasts. The greatest amount of hex S activity was found in fibroblast, but it was also observed in lesser amounts in liver, kidney, intestine and placenta.", "PMID": 413470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7165", "title": "[Effect of the aeration and agitation states on tetracycline biosynthesis in semiproduction-capacity apparatus].", "content": "The results of the experiments on determination of the effect of aeration and agitation conditions on biosynthesis of tetracycline in the apparatus of semi-production capacity are discussed. It was shown that the antibiotic production level was not connected with the rate of oxygen solution expressed in the sulphite numbers, i.e. this parameter cannot be used as a scaling-up criterion. Accumulation of the antibiotic in the fermentation broth depended on the volume of the air supplied for aeration. It was determined that the level of CO2 dissolved in the fermentation broth did not reach the values having an inhibitory effect on the biosynthetic process.", "contents": "[Effect of the aeration and agitation states on tetracycline biosynthesis in semiproduction-capacity apparatus]. The results of the experiments on determination of the effect of aeration and agitation conditions on biosynthesis of tetracycline in the apparatus of semi-production capacity are discussed. It was shown that the antibiotic production level was not connected with the rate of oxygen solution expressed in the sulphite numbers, i.e. this parameter cannot be used as a scaling-up criterion. Accumulation of the antibiotic in the fermentation broth depended on the volume of the air supplied for aeration. It was determined that the level of CO2 dissolved in the fermentation broth did not reach the values having an inhibitory effect on the biosynthetic process.", "PMID": 413474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7166", "title": "[Antibiotic sensitivity and pyocin dependence of clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa].", "content": "The effect of antibiotics on clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa was analyzed. It shown that 92 per cent of the strains had multiple resistance to the most of the antibiotics used in the clinic. All the strains were sensitive to gentamicin and polymyxin. The apyocinogenic strains of Ps. aeruginosa were more sensitive to the effect of the antibiotics than the pyocinogenic ones.", "contents": "[Antibiotic sensitivity and pyocin dependence of clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa]. The effect of antibiotics on clinical strains of Ps. aeruginosa was analyzed. It shown that 92 per cent of the strains had multiple resistance to the most of the antibiotics used in the clinic. All the strains were sensitive to gentamicin and polymyxin. The apyocinogenic strains of Ps. aeruginosa were more sensitive to the effect of the antibiotics than the pyocinogenic ones.", "PMID": 413475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7167", "title": "Biosynthesis of the yeast cell wall: selective assays and regulation of some mannosyl transferase activities.", "content": "Assays have been developed for some transfer reactions involved in the synthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wall mannoproteins, both in a particulate preparation in the presence of EDTA or Triton X-100, and after lipid extraction with chloroform-methanol at -20 C. The mannosyl transferase activities were also studied in cells made permeable to GDP-mannose by toluene-ethanol treatment (\"in situ\"). In these permeabilized cells, the glycosylating reactions dependent on lipid carriers (dolichol derivatives) did not function, but those independent of them were unaffected. The lipid-independent mannosyl transferase activities were partially inhibited by nucleotide diphosphates probably in a competitive manner. Increase of the nucleotide diphosphate pool \"in vivo\" might slow down the speed of the transfer reactions carried out by the mannan synthetase system.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the yeast cell wall: selective assays and regulation of some mannosyl transferase activities. Assays have been developed for some transfer reactions involved in the synthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wall mannoproteins, both in a particulate preparation in the presence of EDTA or Triton X-100, and after lipid extraction with chloroform-methanol at -20 C. The mannosyl transferase activities were also studied in cells made permeable to GDP-mannose by toluene-ethanol treatment (\"in situ\"). In these permeabilized cells, the glycosylating reactions dependent on lipid carriers (dolichol derivatives) did not function, but those independent of them were unaffected. The lipid-independent mannosyl transferase activities were partially inhibited by nucleotide diphosphates probably in a competitive manner. Increase of the nucleotide diphosphate pool \"in vivo\" might slow down the speed of the transfer reactions carried out by the mannan synthetase system.", "PMID": 413476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7168", "title": "A taxonomic study of the Penicillium chrysogenum series.", "content": "The taxonomy of the Penicillium chrysogenum series is reconsidered. On account of the observations of the available type strains and numerous isolates mainly obtained from food products, Penicillium notatum Westling, P. meleagrinum Biourge and P. cyaneofulyum Biourge are placed in synonymy with P. chrysogenum Thom. Synonymy and variability of the species are discussed.", "contents": "A taxonomic study of the Penicillium chrysogenum series. The taxonomy of the Penicillium chrysogenum series is reconsidered. On account of the observations of the available type strains and numerous isolates mainly obtained from food products, Penicillium notatum Westling, P. meleagrinum Biourge and P. cyaneofulyum Biourge are placed in synonymy with P. chrysogenum Thom. Synonymy and variability of the species are discussed.", "PMID": 413477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7169", "title": "Lipoquinones of some bacteria and mycoplasmas, with considerations on their functional significance.", "content": "In a comparative study the lipoquinones of some chemoorganotrophic, facultatively aerobic bacteria, and representative Acholeplasma, Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma, and Thermoplasma strains were investigated. The quinones were partly purified by preparative thin layer chromatography of lipid extracts, and characterized by their difference spectra (reduced minus oxidized) and Rf values. Respiring bacteria expectedly contained benzoquinones and/or naphthoquinones in micromolar concentrations whereas some aerotolerant, cytochrome-less, gram-positive bacteria were found to contain menaquinones in nanomolar concentrations, or even no quinones; only Streptococcus faecalis, an organism supposed to use a rudimentary, flavin-terminated respiratory chain system produced desmethyl menaquinone in amounts ranging between \"high\" and \"low\" quinone contents. Among the mycoplasmas investigated, only Thermoplasma acidophilum was found to be capable of synthesizing quinones (MK-7) in the micromolar order of magnitude indicating a respiratory electron transport system. The presence of energetically useful respiratory chain systems in Acholeplasma, Mycoplasma, and Spiroplasma is questioned since these organisms contain quinones (MK-4) in nanomolar concentrations, or no quinones, depending on the presence of exogeneous MK-6 in the growth medium. The possible metabolite role of menaquinones present in \"low\" amounts, as well as the role of NADH oxidase systems more or less tightly bound to the cytoplasmic membrane with the mycoplasmas deserves further investigation.", "contents": "Lipoquinones of some bacteria and mycoplasmas, with considerations on their functional significance. In a comparative study the lipoquinones of some chemoorganotrophic, facultatively aerobic bacteria, and representative Acholeplasma, Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma, and Thermoplasma strains were investigated. The quinones were partly purified by preparative thin layer chromatography of lipid extracts, and characterized by their difference spectra (reduced minus oxidized) and Rf values. Respiring bacteria expectedly contained benzoquinones and/or naphthoquinones in micromolar concentrations whereas some aerotolerant, cytochrome-less, gram-positive bacteria were found to contain menaquinones in nanomolar concentrations, or even no quinones; only Streptococcus faecalis, an organism supposed to use a rudimentary, flavin-terminated respiratory chain system produced desmethyl menaquinone in amounts ranging between \"high\" and \"low\" quinone contents. Among the mycoplasmas investigated, only Thermoplasma acidophilum was found to be capable of synthesizing quinones (MK-7) in the micromolar order of magnitude indicating a respiratory electron transport system. The presence of energetically useful respiratory chain systems in Acholeplasma, Mycoplasma, and Spiroplasma is questioned since these organisms contain quinones (MK-4) in nanomolar concentrations, or no quinones, depending on the presence of exogeneous MK-6 in the growth medium. The possible metabolite role of menaquinones present in \"low\" amounts, as well as the role of NADH oxidase systems more or less tightly bound to the cytoplasmic membrane with the mycoplasmas deserves further investigation.", "PMID": 413478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7170", "title": "On the morphology and ultrastructure of the cell wall of Spirulina platensis.", "content": "The cell wall of the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis was studied with the electron microscope using ultra-thin sectioning, shadowing, carbon-replication or freeze-etching techniques for specimen preparation. The cell wall could be resolved into four layers, L-I through L-IV. The L-I and L-III layers contain fibrillar material. The septum is a three-layered wall: an L-II layer sandwiched between L-I layers. The shape in vitro of isolated septa might be an artifact due to the preparation technique used. Certain structural properties of the septum seem to allow tangential stretching; they might be reflected in the flexible gliding mobility of Spirulina species. The outer, L-IV layer contains material longitudinally arranged along the trichome axis.", "contents": "On the morphology and ultrastructure of the cell wall of Spirulina platensis. The cell wall of the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis was studied with the electron microscope using ultra-thin sectioning, shadowing, carbon-replication or freeze-etching techniques for specimen preparation. The cell wall could be resolved into four layers, L-I through L-IV. The L-I and L-III layers contain fibrillar material. The septum is a three-layered wall: an L-II layer sandwiched between L-I layers. The shape in vitro of isolated septa might be an artifact due to the preparation technique used. Certain structural properties of the septum seem to allow tangential stretching; they might be reflected in the flexible gliding mobility of Spirulina species. The outer, L-IV layer contains material longitudinally arranged along the trichome axis.", "PMID": 413479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7171", "title": "Effects of long-term treatment with acetylene on nitrogen-fixing microorganisms.", "content": "Long periods of experimental incubation with acetylene led to a multifold enhancement of acetylene-reducing activity in Anabaena cylindrica, Anabaenopsis circularis, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and Azotobacter vinelandii. Rates of acetylene reduction showed a gradual increase and reached a peak after 2 to 6 h of continuous incubation under acetylene. Thereafter, enzyme activity rapidly declined. A similar enhancement of ethylene production was observed when pretreatment with acetylene was interrupted periodically by a brief exposure to ambient (or oxygen-free) atmosphere without acetylene although the decline of acetylene-reducing activity was less rapid. Pretreatment with acetylene depressed photosynthetic 14CO2 fixation and 15N2 incorporation in Anabaena cylindrica. It is concluded that assessments based on long-term experimental incubation with acetylene may grossly overestimate the actual quantities of fixed nitrogen in the field.", "contents": "Effects of long-term treatment with acetylene on nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Long periods of experimental incubation with acetylene led to a multifold enhancement of acetylene-reducing activity in Anabaena cylindrica, Anabaenopsis circularis, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and Azotobacter vinelandii. Rates of acetylene reduction showed a gradual increase and reached a peak after 2 to 6 h of continuous incubation under acetylene. Thereafter, enzyme activity rapidly declined. A similar enhancement of ethylene production was observed when pretreatment with acetylene was interrupted periodically by a brief exposure to ambient (or oxygen-free) atmosphere without acetylene although the decline of acetylene-reducing activity was less rapid. Pretreatment with acetylene depressed photosynthetic 14CO2 fixation and 15N2 incorporation in Anabaena cylindrica. It is concluded that assessments based on long-term experimental incubation with acetylene may grossly overestimate the actual quantities of fixed nitrogen in the field.", "PMID": 413480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7172", "title": "Effects of lysine analogs on Penicillium chrysogenum.", "content": "Compounds structurally related to lysine were tested against Penicillium chrysogenum Wis. 54-1255 for inhibition of growth, sporulation, and penicillin formation. This strain is relatively resistant to lysine analogs. The compounds that were the more active inhibitors of growth and whose activities were reversed by L-lysine were diaminohexynoic acid, N-epsilon-methyllysine, N-alpha-methyllysine, and diaminopimelic acid. These four compounds also inhibited sporulation, which was more sensitive to inhibition than growth was. Analogs strongly inhibiting benzyl-penicillin formation by resting mycelia were diaminohexynoic acid and N-epsilon-methyllysine. The action of the most active analog (diaminohexynoic acid) on penicillin synthesis was reversed by DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid.", "contents": "Effects of lysine analogs on Penicillium chrysogenum. Compounds structurally related to lysine were tested against Penicillium chrysogenum Wis. 54-1255 for inhibition of growth, sporulation, and penicillin formation. This strain is relatively resistant to lysine analogs. The compounds that were the more active inhibitors of growth and whose activities were reversed by L-lysine were diaminohexynoic acid, N-epsilon-methyllysine, N-alpha-methyllysine, and diaminopimelic acid. These four compounds also inhibited sporulation, which was more sensitive to inhibition than growth was. Analogs strongly inhibiting benzyl-penicillin formation by resting mycelia were diaminohexynoic acid and N-epsilon-methyllysine. The action of the most active analog (diaminohexynoic acid) on penicillin synthesis was reversed by DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid.", "PMID": 413481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7173", "title": "Response to polychlorinated biphenyls of marine phytoplankton isolates cultured under natural conditions.", "content": "Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) at a concentration of 10 mug/liter substantially but temporarily suppressed the growth rate and photosynthesis of two species of Thalassiosira recently isolated from Long Island Sound and grown in dialysis membrane bags suspended in the tidal channel of an estuarine marsh. Inhibition of carbon fixation was apparently due to reduced levels of chlorophyll a per PCB-treated cell, but no significant loss of function per unit of existing chlorophyll a was observed. Cell concentrations in all size classes (3.2- to 18.6-mum-equivalent spherical diameters) were markedly lower in PCB-treated cultures, with toal biomass equaling only 30% of that in control cultures throughout the experiment.", "contents": "Response to polychlorinated biphenyls of marine phytoplankton isolates cultured under natural conditions. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) at a concentration of 10 mug/liter substantially but temporarily suppressed the growth rate and photosynthesis of two species of Thalassiosira recently isolated from Long Island Sound and grown in dialysis membrane bags suspended in the tidal channel of an estuarine marsh. Inhibition of carbon fixation was apparently due to reduced levels of chlorophyll a per PCB-treated cell, but no significant loss of function per unit of existing chlorophyll a was observed. Cell concentrations in all size classes (3.2- to 18.6-mum-equivalent spherical diameters) were markedly lower in PCB-treated cultures, with toal biomass equaling only 30% of that in control cultures throughout the experiment.", "PMID": 413482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7174", "title": "Preparation of mutants of Trichoderma reesei with enhanced cellulase production.", "content": "The development of an agar plate screening technique has allowed the isolation of a range of mutants of Trichoderma reesei capable of synthesizing cellulase under conditions of high catabolite repression. The properties of one of these mutants (NG-14) is described to illustrate the use of this technique. NG-14 produced five times the filter paper-degrading activity per ml of culture medium and twice the specific activity per mg of excreted protein in submerged culture when compared with the best existing mutant, QM9414. NG-14 also showed enhanced endo-beta-glucanase and beta-glucosidase production. Although these mutants were isolated as cellulase producers in the presence of 5% glycerol on agar plates, in similar liquid medium, NG-14 exhibits only partial derepression of the cellulase complex. Since the proportions of filter paper activity, endo-beta-glucanase, and cellobiase were not the same in mutants NG-14 and QM9414, and the yields of each enzyme under conditions repressive for cellulase synthesis were different, differential control of each enzyme of the cellulase complex is implied. These initial results suggest that the selective technique for isolating hyper-cellulase-producing mutants of Trichoderma will be of considerable use in the development of commercially useful cellulolytic strains.", "contents": "Preparation of mutants of Trichoderma reesei with enhanced cellulase production. The development of an agar plate screening technique has allowed the isolation of a range of mutants of Trichoderma reesei capable of synthesizing cellulase under conditions of high catabolite repression. The properties of one of these mutants (NG-14) is described to illustrate the use of this technique. NG-14 produced five times the filter paper-degrading activity per ml of culture medium and twice the specific activity per mg of excreted protein in submerged culture when compared with the best existing mutant, QM9414. NG-14 also showed enhanced endo-beta-glucanase and beta-glucosidase production. Although these mutants were isolated as cellulase producers in the presence of 5% glycerol on agar plates, in similar liquid medium, NG-14 exhibits only partial derepression of the cellulase complex. Since the proportions of filter paper activity, endo-beta-glucanase, and cellobiase were not the same in mutants NG-14 and QM9414, and the yields of each enzyme under conditions repressive for cellulase synthesis were different, differential control of each enzyme of the cellulase complex is implied. These initial results suggest that the selective technique for isolating hyper-cellulase-producing mutants of Trichoderma will be of considerable use in the development of commercially useful cellulolytic strains.", "PMID": 413483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7175", "title": "Production of geosmin in fermentors and extraction with an ion-exchange resin.", "content": "A method for growing Streptomyces griseus LP-16 in fermentors and extracting and purifying geosmin, using an ion-exchange resin, is described.", "contents": "Production of geosmin in fermentors and extraction with an ion-exchange resin. A method for growing Streptomyces griseus LP-16 in fermentors and extracting and purifying geosmin, using an ion-exchange resin, is described.", "PMID": 413484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7176", "title": "Production of volatile sulfur compounds during the decomposition of algal mats.", "content": "Blue-green algal mats incubated anaerobically rapidly produce large amounts of volatile sulfur compounds, including hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide. The major organic sulfur compound is methyl mercaptan, in contrast to previous results with marine eucaryotic algae. Light inhibited production of volatile sulfur compounds, apparently because the algae then produced O2, rendering the system aerobic.", "contents": "Production of volatile sulfur compounds during the decomposition of algal mats. Blue-green algal mats incubated anaerobically rapidly produce large amounts of volatile sulfur compounds, including hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide. The major organic sulfur compound is methyl mercaptan, in contrast to previous results with marine eucaryotic algae. Light inhibited production of volatile sulfur compounds, apparently because the algae then produced O2, rendering the system aerobic.", "PMID": 413485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7177", "title": "Nebulized sodium cromoglycate in young asthmatic children. Double-blind trial.", "content": "Seventeen asthmatic children under 5 years of age took part in a double-blind controlled trial of nebulized sodium cromoglycate solution. Daily symptom scores kept by the parents showed improvement in 11 children during active treatment, and a significant improvement in scores for cough by day and night was obtained for the group as a whole.", "contents": "Nebulized sodium cromoglycate in young asthmatic children. Double-blind trial. Seventeen asthmatic children under 5 years of age took part in a double-blind controlled trial of nebulized sodium cromoglycate solution. Daily symptom scores kept by the parents showed improvement in 11 children during active treatment, and a significant improvement in scores for cough by day and night was obtained for the group as a whole.", "PMID": 413493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7178", "title": "Bumetanide in heart failure in infancy.", "content": "The effect of bumetanide in infants with congenital heart disease presenting with cardiac failure was studied. The study was divided into acute (3 days) and long-term (mean 10.5 weeks) cases. A total of 12 male infants was included in the acute study and 13 cases were evaluated in the long-term study. The dose used in the acute study (0.015 mg/kg) was suboptimal; notwithstanding it was found to cause significant natriuresis and chloruresis. Bumetanide in doses varying in different infants from as little as 0.015 mg/kg on alternate days to as much as 0.10 mg/kg daily was shown to be an effective diuretic for long-term use. No side effects were observed in either study.", "contents": "Bumetanide in heart failure in infancy. The effect of bumetanide in infants with congenital heart disease presenting with cardiac failure was studied. The study was divided into acute (3 days) and long-term (mean 10.5 weeks) cases. A total of 12 male infants was included in the acute study and 13 cases were evaluated in the long-term study. The dose used in the acute study (0.015 mg/kg) was suboptimal; notwithstanding it was found to cause significant natriuresis and chloruresis. Bumetanide in doses varying in different infants from as little as 0.015 mg/kg on alternate days to as much as 0.10 mg/kg daily was shown to be an effective diuretic for long-term use. No side effects were observed in either study.", "PMID": 413494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7179", "title": "Cutaneous osteomas: a clinical and histopathologic review.", "content": "In 20 000 consecutive skin biopsies we found 35 cutaneous osteomas. Ten were primary while 25 appeared secondary to another abnormality. Associated with ossification were Malherbe's calcifying epithelioma, basal cell carcinoma, nevus cell nevus, appendageal and fibrous proliferations, inflammation, trauma, and calcification. Cutaneous bone formation appears to be either a hamartomatous or metaplastic phenomenon.", "contents": "Cutaneous osteomas: a clinical and histopathologic review. In 20 000 consecutive skin biopsies we found 35 cutaneous osteomas. Ten were primary while 25 appeared secondary to another abnormality. Associated with ossification were Malherbe's calcifying epithelioma, basal cell carcinoma, nevus cell nevus, appendageal and fibrous proliferations, inflammation, trauma, and calcification. Cutaneous bone formation appears to be either a hamartomatous or metaplastic phenomenon.", "PMID": 413495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7180", "title": "Toxicity and persistence of low-level PCB in adult wistar rats, fetuses, and young.", "content": "Aroclor 1254 was fed to female and male rats daily for 9 weeks at a dose of 6.4 mg/kg in their drinking water. Control animals received plain tap water plus the emulsified (0.15% Tween 80). Elevated mixed function oxidase (MFO) activity appeared to be due to 2,4,5,2',4',5'- and 2,4,5,2'3'4'-hexachlorobiphenyls, since only these compounds were present to any degree in the tissues of the animals when MFO activity persisted after termination of exposure. The placenta apparently is an effective barrier to PCB transfer.", "contents": "Toxicity and persistence of low-level PCB in adult wistar rats, fetuses, and young. Aroclor 1254 was fed to female and male rats daily for 9 weeks at a dose of 6.4 mg/kg in their drinking water. Control animals received plain tap water plus the emulsified (0.15% Tween 80). Elevated mixed function oxidase (MFO) activity appeared to be due to 2,4,5,2',4',5'- and 2,4,5,2'3'4'-hexachlorobiphenyls, since only these compounds were present to any degree in the tissues of the animals when MFO activity persisted after termination of exposure. The placenta apparently is an effective barrier to PCB transfer.", "PMID": 413496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7181", "title": "Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of acetyl-Clx (x = 0,1,2 or 3) and nitroso derivatives of carbaryl and three possible metabolites.", "content": "Acetyl-Clx (x = 0,1,2 or 3) and nitroso derivatives of carbaryl, 1-naphthol. 5-hydroxycarbaryl, and 1,5-naphthalenediol were synthesized. Compounds were characterized by infrared, mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. N-chloroacetylation (Cl = 0,1,2, or 3) of carbaryl was readily accomplished through the pyridine-catalyzed reaction of carbaryl with the appropriate acid chlorides. Trichloroacetylation was also possible through the pyridine-catalyzed reaction with the anhydride. N-nitrosation could also be done readily. N-nitroso- and N-trichloroacetyl carbaryl underwent decomposition to carbaryl on exposure to atmosphere moisture and could be maintained in the pure state only with difficulty. The other derivatives were stable under normal storage conditions.", "contents": "Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of acetyl-Clx (x = 0,1,2 or 3) and nitroso derivatives of carbaryl and three possible metabolites. Acetyl-Clx (x = 0,1,2 or 3) and nitroso derivatives of carbaryl, 1-naphthol. 5-hydroxycarbaryl, and 1,5-naphthalenediol were synthesized. Compounds were characterized by infrared, mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. N-chloroacetylation (Cl = 0,1,2, or 3) of carbaryl was readily accomplished through the pyridine-catalyzed reaction of carbaryl with the appropriate acid chlorides. Trichloroacetylation was also possible through the pyridine-catalyzed reaction with the anhydride. N-nitrosation could also be done readily. N-nitroso- and N-trichloroacetyl carbaryl underwent decomposition to carbaryl on exposure to atmosphere moisture and could be maintained in the pure state only with difficulty. The other derivatives were stable under normal storage conditions.", "PMID": 413497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7182", "title": "Gas chromatographic evaluation of some N-derivatives of intact carbaryl.", "content": "Gas chromatographic (GLC) detection of aryl N-methylcarbamates as the N-acetyl-Clx or N-nitroso derivatives of the intact molecule was explored using carbaryl as the model compound. These derivatives were designed for use with the microcoulometric detector for chlorine and the solution conductivity detector for nitrogen but response to the electron capture detector was also studied. GLC characteristics of the derivatives were evaluated in terms of thermal stability and detector response. N-Trichloracetyl and N-nitroso carbaryl underwent extensive decomposition in the GLC system. Although the N-monochloroacetyl derivatives were also subject to thermal decomposition, they gave sufficient linearity and sensitivity with the microcoulometric detector for analysis at the residue level. N-Acetyl carbaryl was thermally stable and the response of electrolytic conductivity and the electron capture detectors were adequate for residue analysis.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic evaluation of some N-derivatives of intact carbaryl. Gas chromatographic (GLC) detection of aryl N-methylcarbamates as the N-acetyl-Clx or N-nitroso derivatives of the intact molecule was explored using carbaryl as the model compound. These derivatives were designed for use with the microcoulometric detector for chlorine and the solution conductivity detector for nitrogen but response to the electron capture detector was also studied. GLC characteristics of the derivatives were evaluated in terms of thermal stability and detector response. N-Trichloracetyl and N-nitroso carbaryl underwent extensive decomposition in the GLC system. Although the N-monochloroacetyl derivatives were also subject to thermal decomposition, they gave sufficient linearity and sensitivity with the microcoulometric detector for analysis at the residue level. N-Acetyl carbaryl was thermally stable and the response of electrolytic conductivity and the electron capture detectors were adequate for residue analysis.", "PMID": 413498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7183", "title": "Immunofluorescence of the skin in gold rashes - with particular reference to IgE.", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies have been carried out on rashes from 36 patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving gold therapy. 24 of the rashes were clinically attributed to gold and 12 were diagnosed as coincidental rashes. IgE was found in 6 of the gold rashes and in 4 of the coincidental rashes. Immunofluorescence changes of immune complex vasculitis, lichen planus, or pemphigoid were found in 9 gold rashes while 2 coincidental rashes showed vascular fluorescence for immunoglobulins but nor for complement. Two definite gold rashes showing no changes on immunofluorescence showed perivascular infiltration with lymphocytes on light microscopy. Thus, while immunofluorescence is only marginally helpful in the diagnoses of gold rashes, evidence of an immunological reaction tends to favour a diagnosis of a gold-induced rash.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence of the skin in gold rashes - with particular reference to IgE. Immunofluorescence studies have been carried out on rashes from 36 patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving gold therapy. 24 of the rashes were clinically attributed to gold and 12 were diagnosed as coincidental rashes. IgE was found in 6 of the gold rashes and in 4 of the coincidental rashes. Immunofluorescence changes of immune complex vasculitis, lichen planus, or pemphigoid were found in 9 gold rashes while 2 coincidental rashes showed vascular fluorescence for immunoglobulins but nor for complement. Two definite gold rashes showing no changes on immunofluorescence showed perivascular infiltration with lymphocytes on light microscopy. Thus, while immunofluorescence is only marginally helpful in the diagnoses of gold rashes, evidence of an immunological reaction tends to favour a diagnosis of a gold-induced rash.", "PMID": 413499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7184", "title": "Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging.", "content": "A method of clinical staging for infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is proposed. On the basis of assigned stage at the time of diagnosis, 48 infants were treated with graded intervention. For Stage I infants, vigorous diagnostic and supportive measures are appropriate. Stage II infants are treated medically, including parenteral and gavage aminoglycoside antibiotic, and Stage III patients require operation. All Stage I patients survived, and 32 of 38 Stage II and III patients (85%) survived the acute episode of NEC. Bacteriologic evaluation of the gastrointestinal microflora in these neonates has revealed a wide range of enteric organisms including anaerobes. Enteric organisms were cultured from the blood of four infants dying of NEC. Sequential cultures of enteric organisms reveal an alteration of flora during gavage antibiotic therapy. These studies support the use of combination antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of infants with NEC.", "contents": "Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging. A method of clinical staging for infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is proposed. On the basis of assigned stage at the time of diagnosis, 48 infants were treated with graded intervention. For Stage I infants, vigorous diagnostic and supportive measures are appropriate. Stage II infants are treated medically, including parenteral and gavage aminoglycoside antibiotic, and Stage III patients require operation. All Stage I patients survived, and 32 of 38 Stage II and III patients (85%) survived the acute episode of NEC. Bacteriologic evaluation of the gastrointestinal microflora in these neonates has revealed a wide range of enteric organisms including anaerobes. Enteric organisms were cultured from the blood of four infants dying of NEC. Sequential cultures of enteric organisms reveal an alteration of flora during gavage antibiotic therapy. These studies support the use of combination antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of infants with NEC.", "PMID": 413500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7185", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in surgical emergencies.", "content": "Twelve patients, presenting with an acute abdomen of suspected biliary tract origin, had endoscopic retrograde cholangiography performed. Eight patients had either traumatic, spontaneous, or postoperative biliary tract fistulas with five leading to the peritoneal cavity, one to the colon, one to the bronchial tree, and one to the liver parenchyma from a ruptured gall-bladder. Each was confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Four patients with jaundice, following traumatic rupture of the liver, had a pathological communication between the intrahepatic biliary tracts and the hepatic vascular system. It is concluded that ERC is a reliable method for obtaining precise localization of biliary tract problems in surgical emergencies both pre- and post-operatively.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) in surgical emergencies. Twelve patients, presenting with an acute abdomen of suspected biliary tract origin, had endoscopic retrograde cholangiography performed. Eight patients had either traumatic, spontaneous, or postoperative biliary tract fistulas with five leading to the peritoneal cavity, one to the colon, one to the bronchial tree, and one to the liver parenchyma from a ruptured gall-bladder. Each was confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Four patients with jaundice, following traumatic rupture of the liver, had a pathological communication between the intrahepatic biliary tracts and the hepatic vascular system. It is concluded that ERC is a reliable method for obtaining precise localization of biliary tract problems in surgical emergencies both pre- and post-operatively.", "PMID": 413501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7186", "title": "Oxygenation of the cerebral and coronary circulation with right axillary artery perfusion during venoarterial bypass in primates.", "content": "The effectiveness of right axillary artery perform in delivering oxygenated blood to the cerebral and coronary circulation during venoarterial bypass in primates was studied. Both right and left common carotid flow measurements and arterial gas measurements revealed high flows and elevated PO2 levels. Incomplete mixing in the ascending aorta was observed from cineangiograms taken at various pump oxygenator flows in 1 animal. The results demonstrated that the brain receives excellent oxygenation at all bypass levels. However, the coronary circulation is perfused primarily by blood ejected from the left ventricle and receives only minimal contribution of well-oxygenated blood from the pump oxygenator circuit. Therefore, the heart may suffer prolonged hypoxemia during long-term venoarterial bypass for acute respiratory insufficiency.", "contents": "Oxygenation of the cerebral and coronary circulation with right axillary artery perfusion during venoarterial bypass in primates. The effectiveness of right axillary artery perform in delivering oxygenated blood to the cerebral and coronary circulation during venoarterial bypass in primates was studied. Both right and left common carotid flow measurements and arterial gas measurements revealed high flows and elevated PO2 levels. Incomplete mixing in the ascending aorta was observed from cineangiograms taken at various pump oxygenator flows in 1 animal. The results demonstrated that the brain receives excellent oxygenation at all bypass levels. However, the coronary circulation is perfused primarily by blood ejected from the left ventricle and receives only minimal contribution of well-oxygenated blood from the pump oxygenator circuit. Therefore, the heart may suffer prolonged hypoxemia during long-term venoarterial bypass for acute respiratory insufficiency.", "PMID": 413502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7187", "title": "Species differences in the hepatic microsomal oxidation of nalidixic acid.", "content": "The kinetics of the conversion of nalidixic acid to the 7-hydroxymethyl derivative (M-HNA) by isolated liver microsomes of several common laboratory animal species was studied under optimal conditions. The order of activity was (from greatest activity to least): monkey greater than rabbit greater than mouse greater than rat greater than dog greater than cat. The formation of 7-HNA followed apparent Michaelis-Menton kinetics in all species except the cat; the substrate concentration at half-maximal velocity was highest with mouse microsomes, while the maximum velocity was greatest with monkey microsomes. Cat, dog, mouse and rabbit microsomes formed an additional metabolite, which was identified as 6-hydroxynalidixic acid, 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid (6-HNA); in the cat, this was the major microsomal metabolite.", "contents": "Species differences in the hepatic microsomal oxidation of nalidixic acid. The kinetics of the conversion of nalidixic acid to the 7-hydroxymethyl derivative (M-HNA) by isolated liver microsomes of several common laboratory animal species was studied under optimal conditions. The order of activity was (from greatest activity to least): monkey greater than rabbit greater than mouse greater than rat greater than dog greater than cat. The formation of 7-HNA followed apparent Michaelis-Menton kinetics in all species except the cat; the substrate concentration at half-maximal velocity was highest with mouse microsomes, while the maximum velocity was greatest with monkey microsomes. Cat, dog, mouse and rabbit microsomes formed an additional metabolite, which was identified as 6-hydroxynalidixic acid, 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid (6-HNA); in the cat, this was the major microsomal metabolite.", "PMID": 413504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7188", "title": "Experience with low-dose insulin infusion in diabetic ketoacidosis and diabetic hyperosmolarity.", "content": "Forty patients with diabetic ketoacidosis and eight patients with the diabetic hyperosmolar state were treated with low-dose insulin infusion in four teaching hospitals in the Cleveland area. The clinical and biochemical responses observed support previous favorable reports on this treatment modality. Two elderly patients with the hyperosmolar syndrome died. The advantages of this form of treatment over intermittent insulin schedules are emphasized. Early potassium administration, unless otherwise contraindicated, is recommended. Rarely, increasing doses of insulin may be required if insulin resistance is encountered.", "contents": "Experience with low-dose insulin infusion in diabetic ketoacidosis and diabetic hyperosmolarity. Forty patients with diabetic ketoacidosis and eight patients with the diabetic hyperosmolar state were treated with low-dose insulin infusion in four teaching hospitals in the Cleveland area. The clinical and biochemical responses observed support previous favorable reports on this treatment modality. Two elderly patients with the hyperosmolar syndrome died. The advantages of this form of treatment over intermittent insulin schedules are emphasized. Early potassium administration, unless otherwise contraindicated, is recommended. Rarely, increasing doses of insulin may be required if insulin resistance is encountered.", "PMID": 413505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7189", "title": "Afferent fibers and sensory ganglion cells within the oculomotor nerve in some mammals and man. I. Anatomical investigations.", "content": "The present research shows that sensory ganglion cells are located within the oculomotor nerve of monkeys and man. Furthermore, afferent fibers have been found in the IIIrd nerve of all the animals examined (lamb, pig, cat, dog and monkey). These fibers have their perikarya prevalently in the semilunar ganglion. Their pathway could be studied after section of either the trigeminal ophthalmic branch or of the intracranial portion of the IIIrd nerve. Following these operations, degenerating fibers were found entering the brain stem through the oculomotor nerve. In the brain stem, they were traced through the pons and the medulla and were seen to end in the spinal cord, within the subnucleus gelatinosus of the nucleus caudalis trigemini. Their degenerating endings found in the neuropil of the SG Rolandi, represented peripheral axonal endings of the glomeruli, rather than central axonal endings, as was the case after trigeminal rhizotomy. On the basis of these different degenerating patterns, the conclusion can be reached that the perikarya of the afferent fibers located in the semilunar ganglion represent, in reality, a ganglion of the IIIrd nerve.", "contents": "Afferent fibers and sensory ganglion cells within the oculomotor nerve in some mammals and man. I. Anatomical investigations. The present research shows that sensory ganglion cells are located within the oculomotor nerve of monkeys and man. Furthermore, afferent fibers have been found in the IIIrd nerve of all the animals examined (lamb, pig, cat, dog and monkey). These fibers have their perikarya prevalently in the semilunar ganglion. Their pathway could be studied after section of either the trigeminal ophthalmic branch or of the intracranial portion of the IIIrd nerve. Following these operations, degenerating fibers were found entering the brain stem through the oculomotor nerve. In the brain stem, they were traced through the pons and the medulla and were seen to end in the spinal cord, within the subnucleus gelatinosus of the nucleus caudalis trigemini. Their degenerating endings found in the neuropil of the SG Rolandi, represented peripheral axonal endings of the glomeruli, rather than central axonal endings, as was the case after trigeminal rhizotomy. On the basis of these different degenerating patterns, the conclusion can be reached that the perikarya of the afferent fibers located in the semilunar ganglion represent, in reality, a ganglion of the IIIrd nerve.", "PMID": 413507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7190", "title": "[The end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship of the left ventricle. Significance for the indices of compliance and diastolic rigidity of the ventricle].", "content": "In order to evaluate the importance of the indices of ventricular rigidity and compliance (k=dP/dV.P and dV/dP), three groups of patients were studied and compared. A simplified method of calculating the diastolic compliance made use of the values of end-diastolic volume (EDV) measured by cineangiography, and of end-diastolic pressure (EDP), using the assumption that the relationship P-V is an exponential one arising from the ordinate: 0.43 mmHg. The correlation between EDP and EDV, which was positive in 19 coronary artery patients, was in fact negative in 11 patients with obstructive cardiomyopathy (OCM), and insignificant in 12 control patients. There were multiple correlations between k, EDPs and EDVs in 11 OCMs, and none in the two other groups. The ratio dV/dP decreased in end-diastole both in the OCM group and in the coronary group, and did not reflect the difference in pathology between these two groups. On the other hand k was increased in the patients with OCM, normal in the coronary patients, and represented in the former a primary modification in the relationship P-V and a primary increase in diastolic rigidity.", "contents": "[The end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship of the left ventricle. Significance for the indices of compliance and diastolic rigidity of the ventricle]. In order to evaluate the importance of the indices of ventricular rigidity and compliance (k=dP/dV.P and dV/dP), three groups of patients were studied and compared. A simplified method of calculating the diastolic compliance made use of the values of end-diastolic volume (EDV) measured by cineangiography, and of end-diastolic pressure (EDP), using the assumption that the relationship P-V is an exponential one arising from the ordinate: 0.43 mmHg. The correlation between EDP and EDV, which was positive in 19 coronary artery patients, was in fact negative in 11 patients with obstructive cardiomyopathy (OCM), and insignificant in 12 control patients. There were multiple correlations between k, EDPs and EDVs in 11 OCMs, and none in the two other groups. The ratio dV/dP decreased in end-diastole both in the OCM group and in the coronary group, and did not reflect the difference in pathology between these two groups. On the other hand k was increased in the patients with OCM, normal in the coronary patients, and represented in the former a primary modification in the relationship P-V and a primary increase in diastolic rigidity.", "PMID": 413508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7191", "title": "[The relationship between left ventricular end-systolic pressure and volume. Comparative study of changes in load and inotropism].", "content": "This work consists of a comparison of the indices of left ventricular performance measured during the isovolumic nad/or ejection period under changes in load and inotropism, and of the findings on measuring the pressure/volume ratio of the left ventricle. The indices of performance of the left ventricle. The indices of performance of the left ventricle during the ejection phase (ejection fraction, mean speed of fibre shortening, mean standardised speed of systolic ejection) and the ratio pressure/volume were listed for 36 patients, 21 of them before and after perfusion with nitroprussiate, in 6 before and after perfusion of angiotensine, and in 9 from the group before and after post-extra-systolic potentialisation. The indices of left ventricular performance during the isovolumic (formula see text) were measured in 24 of these patients, 15 of them before and after nitroprussiate, and 9 before and after post-extra-systolic potentialisation. These results show that the level of the pressure/volume ratio at the moment of end-systole is independent of the conditions of load--to a greater extent than any other index measured during the isovolumic period or ejectional period--and appears to be thoroughly related to the changes of inotropism.", "contents": "[The relationship between left ventricular end-systolic pressure and volume. Comparative study of changes in load and inotropism]. This work consists of a comparison of the indices of left ventricular performance measured during the isovolumic nad/or ejection period under changes in load and inotropism, and of the findings on measuring the pressure/volume ratio of the left ventricle. The indices of performance of the left ventricle. The indices of performance of the left ventricle during the ejection phase (ejection fraction, mean speed of fibre shortening, mean standardised speed of systolic ejection) and the ratio pressure/volume were listed for 36 patients, 21 of them before and after perfusion with nitroprussiate, in 6 before and after perfusion of angiotensine, and in 9 from the group before and after post-extra-systolic potentialisation. The indices of left ventricular performance during the isovolumic (formula see text) were measured in 24 of these patients, 15 of them before and after nitroprussiate, and 9 before and after post-extra-systolic potentialisation. These results show that the level of the pressure/volume ratio at the moment of end-systole is independent of the conditions of load--to a greater extent than any other index measured during the isovolumic period or ejectional period--and appears to be thoroughly related to the changes of inotropism.", "PMID": 413509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7192", "title": "[New data concerning hypothalamic cardiovascular regulation and its importance].", "content": "The regulation of cardiovascular function by the pressor centres of the hypothalamus located in the ventro-medical nucleus of the hypothalamus is discussed, together with the baro-receptor control, the part played by the release of catecholamines, and the limitations of this control. The depressor part of the hypothalamus, located in the paraventricular nucleus, is characterised by its haemodynamic and pharmacological properties. This study throws light on new areas of possible treatment of angina pectoris and so-called essential hypertension, which are more appropriate to the clinical findings.", "contents": "[New data concerning hypothalamic cardiovascular regulation and its importance]. The regulation of cardiovascular function by the pressor centres of the hypothalamus located in the ventro-medical nucleus of the hypothalamus is discussed, together with the baro-receptor control, the part played by the release of catecholamines, and the limitations of this control. The depressor part of the hypothalamus, located in the paraventricular nucleus, is characterised by its haemodynamic and pharmacological properties. This study throws light on new areas of possible treatment of angina pectoris and so-called essential hypertension, which are more appropriate to the clinical findings.", "PMID": 413510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7193", "title": "[Complete auriculo-ventricular block. A study of supplemental pacemakers].", "content": "The following conclusions have been drawn from a study of 20 cases of total atrio-ventricular block, which were supra-His in 7 cases, intra-His in 4 cases, infra-His in 9 cases, and were with (11 cases) or without (8 cases) recent Stockes-Adams (1 case was excluded): resumption of the basal rhythm after the post-stimulatory pause is slower in cases of infra-His A-V block; automatic discharge from the focus is easily upset by rapid stimulation, whatever the site of the focus (ventricular or junctional); subsidiary foci of stimulation would behave from the electro-physiological standpoint like a sinus focus with reduced autonomy, and deprived of its peripheral zone of physiologically slow conduction; unfortunately electro-physiological investigation of this group does not allow us to separate with confidence those patients who have had Stockes-Adams attacks from those who have not.", "contents": "[Complete auriculo-ventricular block. A study of supplemental pacemakers]. The following conclusions have been drawn from a study of 20 cases of total atrio-ventricular block, which were supra-His in 7 cases, intra-His in 4 cases, infra-His in 9 cases, and were with (11 cases) or without (8 cases) recent Stockes-Adams (1 case was excluded): resumption of the basal rhythm after the post-stimulatory pause is slower in cases of infra-His A-V block; automatic discharge from the focus is easily upset by rapid stimulation, whatever the site of the focus (ventricular or junctional); subsidiary foci of stimulation would behave from the electro-physiological standpoint like a sinus focus with reduced autonomy, and deprived of its peripheral zone of physiologically slow conduction; unfortunately electro-physiological investigation of this group does not allow us to separate with confidence those patients who have had Stockes-Adams attacks from those who have not.", "PMID": 413511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7194", "title": "[Exercise test after myocardial infarct. Correlations with data of coronary angiography and ventriculography].", "content": "The authors have studied the exercise test carried out at least three months (3-6 months: 52 cases; greater than  6 months: 48 cases) after myocardial infarction in the anterior position (50 cases), in the \"inferior\" position (42 cases), and of a diffuse type (8 cases), in patients who were taking no treatment which might interfere with interpretation of the test. For the anterior infarctions there was a good correlation between ST elevation (J max greater than or equal to 1 mm, or better than the sun of the J greater than or equal to 2 mm) and the presence of severe involvement of the left ventricle. A depressed ST segment beyond the area of necrosis corresponds to a stenosis greater than or equal to 75 p. 100 in 36 p. 100 of cases. In inferior infarctions, the correlation between ST elevation and left ventricular involvement is also specific but less sensitive. ST depression outside the area of necrosis corresponds to a stenosis greater than or equal to 75 p. 100 in 66 p. 100 of cases; it is then lateral, but may extend as far as V2. They also indicate a mirror image, especially when the depressed area slopes upwards, and is localised in V2-V3. The other changes which were found have no practical application.", "contents": "[Exercise test after myocardial infarct. Correlations with data of coronary angiography and ventriculography]. The authors have studied the exercise test carried out at least three months (3-6 months: 52 cases; greater than  6 months: 48 cases) after myocardial infarction in the anterior position (50 cases), in the \"inferior\" position (42 cases), and of a diffuse type (8 cases), in patients who were taking no treatment which might interfere with interpretation of the test. For the anterior infarctions there was a good correlation between ST elevation (J max greater than or equal to 1 mm, or better than the sun of the J greater than or equal to 2 mm) and the presence of severe involvement of the left ventricle. A depressed ST segment beyond the area of necrosis corresponds to a stenosis greater than or equal to 75 p. 100 in 36 p. 100 of cases. In inferior infarctions, the correlation between ST elevation and left ventricular involvement is also specific but less sensitive. ST depression outside the area of necrosis corresponds to a stenosis greater than or equal to 75 p. 100 in 66 p. 100 of cases; it is then lateral, but may extend as far as V2. They also indicate a mirror image, especially when the depressed area slopes upwards, and is localised in V2-V3. The other changes which were found have no practical application.", "PMID": 413512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7195", "title": "[Exercise electrocardiogram coupled with right cardiac microcatheterization after myocardial infarct. Correlations with ventriculo-coronarography].", "content": "This work is based on the results of a systematic scheme of investigation consisting of an exercise  test on the bicycle ergometer with analysis of the ECG and of the pulmonary arterial pressure measured by cardiac micro-catheterisation, and of ventricular and coronary arteriography; 60 patients were investigated in this way after the third month following a myocardial infarction. After an anterior infarction, there is no significant correlation between the ECG changes and the coronary arteriogram. An elevation of the tracing is often (but not always) indicative of akinesia or dykinesia of the ventricle. After a posterior infarction, depression of the trace in leads which were initially normal indicates extension of the coronary lesions in 9 cases out of 10. It, is, however, possible for a tight stenosis on the anterior descending artery to exist with no changes on the ECG. A highly significant (p less than 0.001) and strong (r=0.83) correlation between an index of haemodynamic severity as defined by variations in the pulmonary arterial pressure on exercise and by the score on coronary arteriography, allows us to define certain indications for coronary arteriography and ventriculography after infarction.", "contents": "[Exercise electrocardiogram coupled with right cardiac microcatheterization after myocardial infarct. Correlations with ventriculo-coronarography]. This work is based on the results of a systematic scheme of investigation consisting of an exercise  test on the bicycle ergometer with analysis of the ECG and of the pulmonary arterial pressure measured by cardiac micro-catheterisation, and of ventricular and coronary arteriography; 60 patients were investigated in this way after the third month following a myocardial infarction. After an anterior infarction, there is no significant correlation between the ECG changes and the coronary arteriogram. An elevation of the tracing is often (but not always) indicative of akinesia or dykinesia of the ventricle. After a posterior infarction, depression of the trace in leads which were initially normal indicates extension of the coronary lesions in 9 cases out of 10. It, is, however, possible for a tight stenosis on the anterior descending artery to exist with no changes on the ECG. A highly significant (p less than 0.001) and strong (r=0.83) correlation between an index of haemodynamic severity as defined by variations in the pulmonary arterial pressure on exercise and by the score on coronary arteriography, allows us to define certain indications for coronary arteriography and ventriculography after infarction.", "PMID": 413513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7196", "title": "[Electrocardiogram in the \"typical angina of effort with normal arteriography\" syndrome].", "content": "This study related to 163 cases of chest pain with the typical clinical features of angina of effort (AE) selected from a continuous series of patients who had carotid arteriography (CA) for anginal pain. These 163 cases were divided into two groups: a study group (SG) consisting of 44 patients with a normal CA, and a control group (CG) which, when patients with ECG evidence of transmural necrosis had been excluded, consisted of 119 cases of coronary artery stenosis, almost all amounting to more than 75 percent. Among those with typical AE (without ECG evidence of transmural necrosis), the proportion of normal CA was 27 percent. It was reduced to 17 percent when those patients with ECG evidence of transmural necrosis were added to the CG. The clinical features of the pain were noted for the SG and the CG, as well as the incidence of \"risk factors\". By contrast, the SG contained significantly more young subjects and females than the CG (P less than 0.001). The proportion with normal ECGs at reat was the same in the two groups (32 percent). The proportion of non-ischaemic abnormalities of repolarisation was 32 percent in the SG and 18 percent in the CG. Ischaemic abnormalities of repolarisation were present in 23 percent of cases in the SG, and in 49 percent in the CG (p less than 0.01). The exercise test on a bicycle ergometer was carried out for 16 cases in the SG was positive in 7 (44 percent: one male, six females). Of the 33 tests in the CG, a positive response was obtained in 20 (60 percent: 18 males, 2 females) (NS). 37 percent of patients in the SG showed an abnormality of volume or of left ventricular kinetics on arteriography (5 cases) and/or elevation of the end-diastolic pressure before and after arteriography (9 cases). These findings are not significantly different from those in the CG. 9 patients in the SG were studied for myocardial metabolism under pacing: 2 were found to have abnormalities in lactate production.", "contents": "[Electrocardiogram in the \"typical angina of effort with normal arteriography\" syndrome]. This study related to 163 cases of chest pain with the typical clinical features of angina of effort (AE) selected from a continuous series of patients who had carotid arteriography (CA) for anginal pain. These 163 cases were divided into two groups: a study group (SG) consisting of 44 patients with a normal CA, and a control group (CG) which, when patients with ECG evidence of transmural necrosis had been excluded, consisted of 119 cases of coronary artery stenosis, almost all amounting to more than 75 percent. Among those with typical AE (without ECG evidence of transmural necrosis), the proportion of normal CA was 27 percent. It was reduced to 17 percent when those patients with ECG evidence of transmural necrosis were added to the CG. The clinical features of the pain were noted for the SG and the CG, as well as the incidence of \"risk factors\". By contrast, the SG contained significantly more young subjects and females than the CG (P less than 0.001). The proportion with normal ECGs at reat was the same in the two groups (32 percent). The proportion of non-ischaemic abnormalities of repolarisation was 32 percent in the SG and 18 percent in the CG. Ischaemic abnormalities of repolarisation were present in 23 percent of cases in the SG, and in 49 percent in the CG (p less than 0.01). The exercise test on a bicycle ergometer was carried out for 16 cases in the SG was positive in 7 (44 percent: one male, six females). Of the 33 tests in the CG, a positive response was obtained in 20 (60 percent: 18 males, 2 females) (NS). 37 percent of patients in the SG showed an abnormality of volume or of left ventricular kinetics on arteriography (5 cases) and/or elevation of the end-diastolic pressure before and after arteriography (9 cases). These findings are not significantly different from those in the CG. 9 patients in the SG were studied for myocardial metabolism under pacing: 2 were found to have abnormalities in lactate production.", "PMID": 413514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7197", "title": "[Critical study of echocardiography in mitral cardiopathies].", "content": "The importance of the echocardiogram in a study of mitral disorders has been analysed by examining 107 echocardiograms set against a clinical examination, an investigation of haemodynamic function (57), left-sided angiography (42), and/or examination at the time of operation (40). This study confirms the great diagnostic value of the echocardiographic findings in mitral stenosis (56 patients): the amplitude DE, the slope EF, the percentage of mid-diastolic closure, the echo from the valves, and the dimension of the left atria (P less than 0.001). This association remains valid if there is mitral incomptence as well as stenosis, or if there is also an aortic lesion, provided all the parameters are used. The degree of stenosis of the mitral orifice cannot be determined with sufficient certainty to allow surgical exploration to be undertaken solely on echocardiographic results, however the patients are selected (sinus rhythm, absence of calcification, mobile valve...). The echocardiographic diagnosis of the 17 cases of mitral incompetence was incomplete (except for rupture of the chords); the volume of the regurgitation is poorly appreciated.", "contents": "[Critical study of echocardiography in mitral cardiopathies]. The importance of the echocardiogram in a study of mitral disorders has been analysed by examining 107 echocardiograms set against a clinical examination, an investigation of haemodynamic function (57), left-sided angiography (42), and/or examination at the time of operation (40). This study confirms the great diagnostic value of the echocardiographic findings in mitral stenosis (56 patients): the amplitude DE, the slope EF, the percentage of mid-diastolic closure, the echo from the valves, and the dimension of the left atria (P less than 0.001). This association remains valid if there is mitral incomptence as well as stenosis, or if there is also an aortic lesion, provided all the parameters are used. The degree of stenosis of the mitral orifice cannot be determined with sufficient certainty to allow surgical exploration to be undertaken solely on echocardiographic results, however the patients are selected (sinus rhythm, absence of calcification, mobile valve...). The echocardiographic diagnosis of the 17 cases of mitral incompetence was incomplete (except for rupture of the chords); the volume of the regurgitation is poorly appreciated.", "PMID": 413515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7198", "title": "[Intramural anterior interventricular artery. Anatomical study].", "content": "In an anatomical study of 187 patients who had died from various heart disorders, the anterior descending artery (ADA) had an intra-mural course in 33 cases (17.65 p. 100). This abnormal course had had no correlation with the sex of the patients, the nature of the disease, length of the trunk of the left coronary artery, and to the relative sizes of the coronary vascular supply on the right and the left. It is associated, to a degree which may reach statistical significance, with certain abnormalities of distrubution of the ADA itself, of other pericardial arteries, and with a particularly short course which means that it does not reach the apex of the heart in more than a third of cases. The anatomical position of the intraparietal segment appears to be remarkably constant, and several anatomical landmarks (the origin of the second anterior septal artery and of the second diagonal artery, both collaterals of the anterior descending artery) may lead one to suspect the presence of an anomaly in the course of the artery when the coronary arteriogram is doubtful. The thickness of the muscular bridge is variable, but is not as a rule great. The most constant anatomical finding is that the anterior descending artery, in its intra-parietal segment, maintains a thin wall, and is never the seat of atheromatous deposits, whatever the age of the patient.", "contents": "[Intramural anterior interventricular artery. Anatomical study]. In an anatomical study of 187 patients who had died from various heart disorders, the anterior descending artery (ADA) had an intra-mural course in 33 cases (17.65 p. 100). This abnormal course had had no correlation with the sex of the patients, the nature of the disease, length of the trunk of the left coronary artery, and to the relative sizes of the coronary vascular supply on the right and the left. It is associated, to a degree which may reach statistical significance, with certain abnormalities of distrubution of the ADA itself, of other pericardial arteries, and with a particularly short course which means that it does not reach the apex of the heart in more than a third of cases. The anatomical position of the intraparietal segment appears to be remarkably constant, and several anatomical landmarks (the origin of the second anterior septal artery and of the second diagonal artery, both collaterals of the anterior descending artery) may lead one to suspect the presence of an anomaly in the course of the artery when the coronary arteriogram is doubtful. The thickness of the muscular bridge is variable, but is not as a rule great. The most constant anatomical finding is that the anterior descending artery, in its intra-parietal segment, maintains a thin wall, and is never the seat of atheromatous deposits, whatever the age of the patient.", "PMID": 413516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7199", "title": "[Diagnosis of posterior infarction. Value of vectorcardiography. Apropos of 108 cases, 31 of which had exclusively posterior necrosis].", "content": "An analysis of the vectorcardiogram results (VCG) in 77 cases with a posterior extension of an infarct and 31 cases with an exclusively posterior infarction (EPI) has allowed us to distinguish some diagnostic criteria relative to the extension, or localisation, of an infarct in the posterior segment. The maximum anterior vector (MAV) appears late (36.5 ms +/- 5), and the amplitude of its projection onto Z is increased; the maximum vector (V max) appears early (41.5 ms +/- 4.5), and its orientation is anterior (+ 24 degrees +/- 11); the interval separating MAV from V max is reduced to 5 ms; the transition from before backwards is late (50 ms +/- 6); the ratio of anterior surface to posterior surface is increased (1.45); there is a terminal delay, most frequently occuring in the right posterior quadrant in 78 percent of cases; and finally, the T loop approaches the Z axis. Repeat electrocardiograms in patients with EPI show the most frequent changes to be represented (in 25 cases out of 31) by the following formula: AQRS \" 0 degrees, R/S greater than or equal to 1 in V2, RV2 greater than RV6. The diagnosis of an exclusively posterior infarction can therefore be made with a high degree of certainty when these electrocardiographic abnormalities are associated with the clinical picture of coronary insufficiency.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of posterior infarction. Value of vectorcardiography. Apropos of 108 cases, 31 of which had exclusively posterior necrosis]. An analysis of the vectorcardiogram results (VCG) in 77 cases with a posterior extension of an infarct and 31 cases with an exclusively posterior infarction (EPI) has allowed us to distinguish some diagnostic criteria relative to the extension, or localisation, of an infarct in the posterior segment. The maximum anterior vector (MAV) appears late (36.5 ms +/- 5), and the amplitude of its projection onto Z is increased; the maximum vector (V max) appears early (41.5 ms +/- 4.5), and its orientation is anterior (+ 24 degrees +/- 11); the interval separating MAV from V max is reduced to 5 ms; the transition from before backwards is late (50 ms +/- 6); the ratio of anterior surface to posterior surface is increased (1.45); there is a terminal delay, most frequently occuring in the right posterior quadrant in 78 percent of cases; and finally, the T loop approaches the Z axis. Repeat electrocardiograms in patients with EPI show the most frequent changes to be represented (in 25 cases out of 31) by the following formula: AQRS \" 0 degrees, R/S greater than or equal to 1 in V2, RV2 greater than RV6. The diagnosis of an exclusively posterior infarction can therefore be made with a high degree of certainty when these electrocardiographic abnormalities are associated with the clinical picture of coronary insufficiency.", "PMID": 413517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7200", "title": "[Biventricular massive infarction with rupture of a mitral papillary muscle and a tricuspid papillary muscle].", "content": "The authors report the case of a man of 62 who was admitted with a clinical and electrocardiographic picture of a posterior infarction which was very soon complicated by collapse and anuria. The findings on catheterisation of the right side of the heart were as expected. The cardiac index was very low, and the major abnormality was a type of adiastole with equal pressures in the right ventricle and the auricle of the right atrium. Despite an attempt to assist the circulation by an intra-aortic ballon, the patient died within a few hours. The postmortem examination confirmed the presence of a massive infarction of the left ventricle, but also of the right ventricle, together with rupture of the posterior papillary muscle of the mitral valve, and ischaemic rupture of one papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve.", "contents": "[Biventricular massive infarction with rupture of a mitral papillary muscle and a tricuspid papillary muscle]. The authors report the case of a man of 62 who was admitted with a clinical and electrocardiographic picture of a posterior infarction which was very soon complicated by collapse and anuria. The findings on catheterisation of the right side of the heart were as expected. The cardiac index was very low, and the major abnormality was a type of adiastole with equal pressures in the right ventricle and the auricle of the right atrium. Despite an attempt to assist the circulation by an intra-aortic ballon, the patient died within a few hours. The postmortem examination confirmed the presence of a massive infarction of the left ventricle, but also of the right ventricle, together with rupture of the posterior papillary muscle of the mitral valve, and ischaemic rupture of one papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve.", "PMID": 413518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7201", "title": "[Familial myopathy with exclusively cardiac clinical expression].", "content": "A case is presented of a familial form of apparently primary cardio-myopathy with findings on investigation and histology which were in favour of a generalised subclinical muscular disorder: a raised serum creatinine phosphokinase, persistent carnosinuria on a vegetarian diet, and under the light microscope several features indicative of a myogenic dystrophic condition on deltoid biopsy. From their clinical features, these original cases may be classified somewhere between primary familial heart disease and the cardiac complications of myopathies. The value of the creatinine phosphokinase isoenzymes and of muscle biopsy in situations such as these is discussed.", "contents": "[Familial myopathy with exclusively cardiac clinical expression]. A case is presented of a familial form of apparently primary cardio-myopathy with findings on investigation and histology which were in favour of a generalised subclinical muscular disorder: a raised serum creatinine phosphokinase, persistent carnosinuria on a vegetarian diet, and under the light microscope several features indicative of a myogenic dystrophic condition on deltoid biopsy. From their clinical features, these original cases may be classified somewhere between primary familial heart disease and the cardiac complications of myopathies. The value of the creatinine phosphokinase isoenzymes and of muscle biopsy in situations such as these is discussed.", "PMID": 413519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7202", "title": "[Familial long QT-syncope syndrome. 2 cases of Romano-Ward syndrome].", "content": "Two families with the Romano-Ward syndrome were studied; in family A there were 19 members from three generations, 11 of whom had the abnormality of a long QT interval, 2 of whom had fainting attacks, and 2 of whom died suddenly. In family B, comprising 5 members of two generations, 3 had the anomaly, one of these having fainting attacks, and also having an atrio-ventricular block. The bicycle ergometer test has an important part to play in decisions about treatment of the asymptomatic forms of the condition.", "contents": "[Familial long QT-syncope syndrome. 2 cases of Romano-Ward syndrome]. Two families with the Romano-Ward syndrome were studied; in family A there were 19 members from three generations, 11 of whom had the abnormality of a long QT interval, 2 of whom had fainting attacks, and 2 of whom died suddenly. In family B, comprising 5 members of two generations, 3 had the anomaly, one of these having fainting attacks, and also having an atrio-ventricular block. The bicycle ergometer test has an important part to play in decisions about treatment of the asymptomatic forms of the condition.", "PMID": 413520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7203", "title": "[Coronary occlusions associated with chronic arsenic poisoning. Apropos of 2 operated cases].", "content": "Examination was made of the clinical history, the results of laboratory tests, of coronary arteriography, and of a histological study of the coronary arterial walls in two young men who had a myocardial infarction. The two men lived in a district where the drinking water had a very high level of arsenic (0.8 parts per million). Neither of the patients presented the risk factors which are usually associated with coronary arteriosclerosis. Neither of the patients presented the risk factors which are usually associated with coronary arteriosclerosis. A histological study of the pathological left ventricular wall, which was removed at operation, showed very characteristic features of fibrous thickening of the intima, with preservation of the internal elastic lamina, of the medial and of the adventitia. Such an arterial abnormality may effect the larger coronary arteries just as well as the medium and small ones. Clinical presentation of this condition is often in young subjects.", "contents": "[Coronary occlusions associated with chronic arsenic poisoning. Apropos of 2 operated cases]. Examination was made of the clinical history, the results of laboratory tests, of coronary arteriography, and of a histological study of the coronary arterial walls in two young men who had a myocardial infarction. The two men lived in a district where the drinking water had a very high level of arsenic (0.8 parts per million). Neither of the patients presented the risk factors which are usually associated with coronary arteriosclerosis. Neither of the patients presented the risk factors which are usually associated with coronary arteriosclerosis. A histological study of the pathological left ventricular wall, which was removed at operation, showed very characteristic features of fibrous thickening of the intima, with preservation of the internal elastic lamina, of the medial and of the adventitia. Such an arterial abnormality may effect the larger coronary arteries just as well as the medium and small ones. Clinical presentation of this condition is often in young subjects.", "PMID": 413521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7204", "title": "Effect of temperature on the adsorption and one-step growth of the Nostoc virus N-1.", "content": "This study was an attempt to observe the effects of temperature on adsorption and one-step growth of the virus N-1 infecting the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. Adsorption rate was found to maximum at 40 degrees C whereas no adsorption occurred at 10 degrees C. The Q10 value was about 2.03 and the energy of activation, Ea was 16.3 kcal/mole for the adsorption process. The development cycle of the virus was temperature sensitive. With increase in temperature, a gradual increase in inhibition of virus yield i.e. 8.33% at 30 degrees C, 35.3% at 35 degrees C and complete inhibition at 40 degrees C was observed. Out of 7 h latent period, the early 4 h were temperature sensitive and heat treatment had a reversible inhibitory effect on virus development. The temperature treatment did not affect the rise period but burst-size was reduced.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on the adsorption and one-step growth of the Nostoc virus N-1. This study was an attempt to observe the effects of temperature on adsorption and one-step growth of the virus N-1 infecting the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. Adsorption rate was found to maximum at 40 degrees C whereas no adsorption occurred at 10 degrees C. The Q10 value was about 2.03 and the energy of activation, Ea was 16.3 kcal/mole for the adsorption process. The development cycle of the virus was temperature sensitive. With increase in temperature, a gradual increase in inhibition of virus yield i.e. 8.33% at 30 degrees C, 35.3% at 35 degrees C and complete inhibition at 40 degrees C was observed. Out of 7 h latent period, the early 4 h were temperature sensitive and heat treatment had a reversible inhibitory effect on virus development. The temperature treatment did not affect the rise period but burst-size was reduced.", "PMID": 413522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7205", "title": "Glycogen synthase in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis cells capable of oscillatory glycolysis.", "content": "1. Saccharomyces carlsbergensis cells were found to store about 10% of the glucose taken up as glycogen during oscillatory glycolysis. 2. Under the same conditions and during all phases of carbohydrate limited growth, glycogen synthase (E.C. 2.4.1.11), in the absence of glucose 6-phosphate, had only 5--20% activity compared to the activity in the presence of 10 mM of the effector, indicative for the D-form of the enzyme. 3. Inorganic phosphate (intracellular concentration 19--23 mumoles/g yeast) strongly inhibited glycogen synthase both in the absence of glucose 6-phosphate and competitively to this effector. 4. In this yeast, the D-form of glycogen synthase had to be active to account for the high rate of glycogen synthesis. The resulting sensitivity to glucose 6-phosphate may lead to a pulsatory action of the enzyme during oscillatory glycolysis.", "contents": "Glycogen synthase in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis cells capable of oscillatory glycolysis. 1. Saccharomyces carlsbergensis cells were found to store about 10% of the glucose taken up as glycogen during oscillatory glycolysis. 2. Under the same conditions and during all phases of carbohydrate limited growth, glycogen synthase (E.C. 2.4.1.11), in the absence of glucose 6-phosphate, had only 5--20% activity compared to the activity in the presence of 10 mM of the effector, indicative for the D-form of the enzyme. 3. Inorganic phosphate (intracellular concentration 19--23 mumoles/g yeast) strongly inhibited glycogen synthase both in the absence of glucose 6-phosphate and competitively to this effector. 4. In this yeast, the D-form of glycogen synthase had to be active to account for the high rate of glycogen synthesis. The resulting sensitivity to glucose 6-phosphate may lead to a pulsatory action of the enzyme during oscillatory glycolysis.", "PMID": 413523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7206", "title": "Effect of carbon dioxide on pigment and membrane content in Synechococcus lividus.", "content": "The effect of carbon dioxide on pigment and membrane content in Synechococcus lividus was studied by depriving cells of CO2 and examining cell populations biochemically and by electron microscopy. After 120 h of CO2 deprivation, S. lividus lost all detectable chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin. Such bleached cultures were \"mustard yellow\", the result of approximately 1.8 times more carotenoid per cell than green control cultures. Although cells from beached cultures appeared morphologically identical to control green cells when examined by light microscopy, electron microscopic examination revealed them to be devoid of detectable thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid membrane could not be recovered by physical isolation or revealed by freeze etching of bleached S. lividus. In addition, inclusion bodies characteristically found in S. lividus were also absent. Reintroduction of CO2 into bleached cultures resulted in a rapid resynthesis of both chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin. Electron microscopic examination of these regreening cultures revealed that thylakoid membrane was also rapidly resynthesized. Growth of regreened cultures did not occur until there was the synthesis of a full complement of chlorophyll a, C-phycocyanin, and thylakoid membrane. A time course study of the cytological events occurring during bleaching and regreening is presented.", "contents": "Effect of carbon dioxide on pigment and membrane content in Synechococcus lividus. The effect of carbon dioxide on pigment and membrane content in Synechococcus lividus was studied by depriving cells of CO2 and examining cell populations biochemically and by electron microscopy. After 120 h of CO2 deprivation, S. lividus lost all detectable chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin. Such bleached cultures were \"mustard yellow\", the result of approximately 1.8 times more carotenoid per cell than green control cultures. Although cells from beached cultures appeared morphologically identical to control green cells when examined by light microscopy, electron microscopic examination revealed them to be devoid of detectable thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid membrane could not be recovered by physical isolation or revealed by freeze etching of bleached S. lividus. In addition, inclusion bodies characteristically found in S. lividus were also absent. Reintroduction of CO2 into bleached cultures resulted in a rapid resynthesis of both chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin. Electron microscopic examination of these regreening cultures revealed that thylakoid membrane was also rapidly resynthesized. Growth of regreened cultures did not occur until there was the synthesis of a full complement of chlorophyll a, C-phycocyanin, and thylakoid membrane. A time course study of the cytological events occurring during bleaching and regreening is presented.", "PMID": 413524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7207", "title": "Effect of bacteriocins on interferon production.", "content": "The level of interferon induced with NDV in human diploid cell cultures treated with pyocins was decreased compared with the control culture. This effect was maximal when pyocins were given simultaneously with interferon inducers. In experiments in vivo it was shown that pyocin itself induced very small amount if any of interferon, but administered together with NDV inhibited production of circulating interferone in mice. Similar decrease of interferon production was found when other bacteriocins, namely pneumocin 114 or E-47 aerocin, were used.", "contents": "Effect of bacteriocins on interferon production. The level of interferon induced with NDV in human diploid cell cultures treated with pyocins was decreased compared with the control culture. This effect was maximal when pyocins were given simultaneously with interferon inducers. In experiments in vivo it was shown that pyocin itself induced very small amount if any of interferon, but administered together with NDV inhibited production of circulating interferone in mice. Similar decrease of interferon production was found when other bacteriocins, namely pneumocin 114 or E-47 aerocin, were used.", "PMID": 413525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7208", "title": "[Demonstration of zinc-metalloenzyme syntheses after zinc supplements for deficient animals by means of measurement of the incorporation of 65Zn in various organs].", "content": "For the purpose of detecting the synthesis of zinc metalloenzymes after zinc supplementation in an experiment using rats the animals were first depleted for 15 days and subsequently injected a labelled zinc salt solution (65Zn-ZnCl2) in a dosis of 0.4 mg (in terms of Zn) and with an activity of 3.0 muCi/100microliter. After a 5-day depletion period, the activity of the metallo-enzymes alkaline phosphatase in plasma and in the femur and carboxy-peptidase A and B in the pancreatic gland was found to rise at the same rate as the 65Zn-measuring rate in plasma, femur and pancreatic gland. By calculating correlations this interdependence was demonstrated. Thus the highly significant correlation coefficients prove for these metalloenzymes that a synthesis with the injected zinc salt has taken place whilst for carbo-anhydrase in blood this evidence was not furnished. As the zinc dosis is not exclusively used for the enzyme synthesis, but additional 65Zn is incorporated into the individual organs, it does not appear to be possible to draw conclusions from the 65 Zn-measuring rate in the individual organs on the intermediary availability.", "contents": "[Demonstration of zinc-metalloenzyme syntheses after zinc supplements for deficient animals by means of measurement of the incorporation of 65Zn in various organs]. For the purpose of detecting the synthesis of zinc metalloenzymes after zinc supplementation in an experiment using rats the animals were first depleted for 15 days and subsequently injected a labelled zinc salt solution (65Zn-ZnCl2) in a dosis of 0.4 mg (in terms of Zn) and with an activity of 3.0 muCi/100microliter. After a 5-day depletion period, the activity of the metallo-enzymes alkaline phosphatase in plasma and in the femur and carboxy-peptidase A and B in the pancreatic gland was found to rise at the same rate as the 65Zn-measuring rate in plasma, femur and pancreatic gland. By calculating correlations this interdependence was demonstrated. Thus the highly significant correlation coefficients prove for these metalloenzymes that a synthesis with the injected zinc salt has taken place whilst for carbo-anhydrase in blood this evidence was not furnished. As the zinc dosis is not exclusively used for the enzyme synthesis, but additional 65Zn is incorporated into the individual organs, it does not appear to be possible to draw conclusions from the 65 Zn-measuring rate in the individual organs on the intermediary availability.", "PMID": 413527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7209", "title": "Growth of Orungo virus in various tissue cultures.", "content": "Monolayer cultures of cell strains derived from Cercopithicus kidney (Vero), baby hamster kidney (BHK-21), duck embryo (DE), new-born rabbit kidney (MA-111), and Aedes albopictus were tested for their ability to support the growth of Orungo virus. The virus multiplied to high titres with accompanying cytopathic effect (CPE) in Vero and BHK-21 cultures, but not in the other three culture systems. The yield of virus from infected Vero cell cultures incubated at 37 degrees C was 30 to 100 times greater than in infected cultures incubated at 23 degrees C. In addition, a CPE was observed earlier and reached completion at the higher incubating temperature. Tiny plaques 1 to 2 mm in diameter were produced only in Vero but not in BHK-21, MA-111, DE or Aedes albopictus systems.", "contents": "Growth of Orungo virus in various tissue cultures. Monolayer cultures of cell strains derived from Cercopithicus kidney (Vero), baby hamster kidney (BHK-21), duck embryo (DE), new-born rabbit kidney (MA-111), and Aedes albopictus were tested for their ability to support the growth of Orungo virus. The virus multiplied to high titres with accompanying cytopathic effect (CPE) in Vero and BHK-21 cultures, but not in the other three culture systems. The yield of virus from infected Vero cell cultures incubated at 37 degrees C was 30 to 100 times greater than in infected cultures incubated at 23 degrees C. In addition, a CPE was observed earlier and reached completion at the higher incubating temperature. Tiny plaques 1 to 2 mm in diameter were produced only in Vero but not in BHK-21, MA-111, DE or Aedes albopictus systems.", "PMID": 413528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7210", "title": "Detection and transmission of 30 nm virus particles (astroviruses) in faeces of lambs with diarrhoea.", "content": "An outbreak of diarrhoea in lambs was investigated, and electron microscopic examination revealed small round virus-like particles in the faeces from eight of seventeen lambs. A bacteria-free filtrate of faeces from one lamb was given orally to a gnotobiotic lamb, which subsequently excreted virus in faeces. Intestinal contents were collected from this lamb and a filtrate given orally to two further gnotobiotic lambs, which subsequently developed diarrhoea and excreted virus in faeces. The mean diameter of the virus particles was 29.7 nm, and 12 per cent of them showed their surface structure arranged in the form of a six-pointed or five-pointed star. They were similar to those particles previously observed in human infant faeces which were referred to as \"astroviruses\". The passage through gnotobiotic lambs with development of diarrhoea showed that these particles were animal viruses which were probably pathogenic for lambs.", "contents": "Detection and transmission of 30 nm virus particles (astroviruses) in faeces of lambs with diarrhoea. An outbreak of diarrhoea in lambs was investigated, and electron microscopic examination revealed small round virus-like particles in the faeces from eight of seventeen lambs. A bacteria-free filtrate of faeces from one lamb was given orally to a gnotobiotic lamb, which subsequently excreted virus in faeces. Intestinal contents were collected from this lamb and a filtrate given orally to two further gnotobiotic lambs, which subsequently developed diarrhoea and excreted virus in faeces. The mean diameter of the virus particles was 29.7 nm, and 12 per cent of them showed their surface structure arranged in the form of a six-pointed or five-pointed star. They were similar to those particles previously observed in human infant faeces which were referred to as \"astroviruses\". The passage through gnotobiotic lambs with development of diarrhoea showed that these particles were animal viruses which were probably pathogenic for lambs.", "PMID": 413529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7211", "title": "[Connections of field 17 of the visual cortex with the mammillary nuclei in cats].", "content": "Using optical techniques by Nauta--Gygax, Wiitanen and Eager, degenerating nerve fibres and terminals were demonstrated to be present in the hypothalamic mammillary nuclei 9 days after a part of field 17 of the brain cortex was extirpated. Electron microscopic examination revealed different changes in large and small terminals of the boutons 5, 7 and 11 days after similar operations. The data represented demonstrate direct monosynaptic bilateral connections in field 17 of the optic cortex with the hypothalamic mammillary nuclei in cats. They are realized by fine fibrillae terminating mainly in large terminal boutons which form synapses on big and small dendritic branches. Thus, there is a structural base for the immediate influence of the optic cortex on the posterior hypothalamus.", "contents": "[Connections of field 17 of the visual cortex with the mammillary nuclei in cats]. Using optical techniques by Nauta--Gygax, Wiitanen and Eager, degenerating nerve fibres and terminals were demonstrated to be present in the hypothalamic mammillary nuclei 9 days after a part of field 17 of the brain cortex was extirpated. Electron microscopic examination revealed different changes in large and small terminals of the boutons 5, 7 and 11 days after similar operations. The data represented demonstrate direct monosynaptic bilateral connections in field 17 of the optic cortex with the hypothalamic mammillary nuclei in cats. They are realized by fine fibrillae terminating mainly in large terminal boutons which form synapses on big and small dendritic branches. Thus, there is a structural base for the immediate influence of the optic cortex on the posterior hypothalamus.", "PMID": 413530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7212", "title": "St Louis encephalitis with particular involvement of the brain stem.", "content": "We report a case of St Louis encephalitis in a 4-year-old child in which the main clinical features were dominated by brain stem dysfunction. We document an drome and present a review. We also discuss St Louis encephalitis, with special attention to the ocular manifestations.", "contents": "St Louis encephalitis with particular involvement of the brain stem. We report a case of St Louis encephalitis in a 4-year-old child in which the main clinical features were dominated by brain stem dysfunction. We document an drome and present a review. We also discuss St Louis encephalitis, with special attention to the ocular manifestations.", "PMID": 413533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7213", "title": "Hypopharyngeal perforations in neonates.", "content": "Hypopharyngeal perforations in the neonate have rarely been reported, although such a disorder may be a more common occurrence than suspected. The optimal therapy is controversial. A case is presented in which instrumentation of the upper airway led to a transmural hypopharyngeal perforation in a naonate. The infant did well with conservative therapy. The early recognition of hypopharyngeal lacerations is of great importance. When the correct diagnosis is made, the condition of infants with pseudodiverticulum of the hypopharynx can be managed successfully without surgery.", "contents": "Hypopharyngeal perforations in neonates. Hypopharyngeal perforations in the neonate have rarely been reported, although such a disorder may be a more common occurrence than suspected. The optimal therapy is controversial. A case is presented in which instrumentation of the upper airway led to a transmural hypopharyngeal perforation in a naonate. The infant did well with conservative therapy. The early recognition of hypopharyngeal lacerations is of great importance. When the correct diagnosis is made, the condition of infants with pseudodiverticulum of the hypopharynx can be managed successfully without surgery.", "PMID": 413535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7214", "title": "Recent advances in general surgery.", "content": "In order to give an overview of recent advances in general surgery, it is necessary to define: (i) what is general surgery; (ii) what is recent; and (iii) what constitutes an advance. General surgery appears to have entered an era of conservatism. This is particularly evident in the surgery of breast cancer, peptic ulceration, varicose veins, liver trauma, portal hypertension, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and hiatal hernia. Controlled clinical trials in surgery have become popular. The following are considered to be advances: parenteral nutrition, suction drainage, control of Gram-negative sepsis, bypass surgery for pathological obesity, and a discriminatory approach to transplant surgery.", "contents": "Recent advances in general surgery. In order to give an overview of recent advances in general surgery, it is necessary to define: (i) what is general surgery; (ii) what is recent; and (iii) what constitutes an advance. General surgery appears to have entered an era of conservatism. This is particularly evident in the surgery of breast cancer, peptic ulceration, varicose veins, liver trauma, portal hypertension, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and hiatal hernia. Controlled clinical trials in surgery have become popular. The following are considered to be advances: parenteral nutrition, suction drainage, control of Gram-negative sepsis, bypass surgery for pathological obesity, and a discriminatory approach to transplant surgery.", "PMID": 413536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7215", "title": "Identification of a non-magnetic iron centre and an iron-storage or -transport material in blue--green algal membranes by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy.", "content": "At least two species of iron were identified in crude membrane preparations of the blue-green algae Chlorogloea fritschii and Anacystis nidulans by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy. One species was non-magnetic with chemical shift more characteristic of a ferredoxin-like centre than of any known low-spin Fe(II) biological compounds. Studies on cells grown under depleted-iron conditions show the other iron species to be part of the system for iron metabolic transport and/or storage.", "contents": "Identification of a non-magnetic iron centre and an iron-storage or -transport material in blue--green algal membranes by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy. At least two species of iron were identified in crude membrane preparations of the blue-green algae Chlorogloea fritschii and Anacystis nidulans by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy. One species was non-magnetic with chemical shift more characteristic of a ferredoxin-like centre than of any known low-spin Fe(II) biological compounds. Studies on cells grown under depleted-iron conditions show the other iron species to be part of the system for iron metabolic transport and/or storage.", "PMID": 413540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7216", "title": "The histidine residues of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus.", "content": "The inactivation of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus at pH6 by diethyl pyrocarbonate parallelled the N-ethoxyformylation of a single histidine residue in the enzyme. The inactivation arose from a decrease in the maximum velocity of the enzymic reaction with no effect on the Km value. The inactivation did not apparently alter the ability of the enzyme to bind to a substrate-based affinity gel. The native enzyme contained only one reactive histidine residue. Removal of the two zinc atoms from the enzyme increased the number of reactive histidine residues to five, whereas in the totally denatured enzyme nearly eight such residues were available for reaction with diethyl pyrocarbonate. The enzyme thus appears to contain one histidine residue that is essential for catalytic activity and four that may be involved in co-ordinating the zinc atoms in the structure.", "contents": "The histidine residues of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus. The inactivation of phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus at pH6 by diethyl pyrocarbonate parallelled the N-ethoxyformylation of a single histidine residue in the enzyme. The inactivation arose from a decrease in the maximum velocity of the enzymic reaction with no effect on the Km value. The inactivation did not apparently alter the ability of the enzyme to bind to a substrate-based affinity gel. The native enzyme contained only one reactive histidine residue. Removal of the two zinc atoms from the enzyme increased the number of reactive histidine residues to five, whereas in the totally denatured enzyme nearly eight such residues were available for reaction with diethyl pyrocarbonate. The enzyme thus appears to contain one histidine residue that is essential for catalytic activity and four that may be involved in co-ordinating the zinc atoms in the structure.", "PMID": 413541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7217", "title": "Stimulation of steroid glucuronidation by uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine and by microsomal disruption.", "content": "Glucuronidation of oestrone and of oestradiol in microsomal fractions was markedly and significantly stimulated by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and by ultrasonication: Triton X-100 also stimulated. This is consistent with compartmentation of UDP-glucuronyl-transferase. Stimulation by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine may be physiologically significant.", "contents": "Stimulation of steroid glucuronidation by uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine and by microsomal disruption. Glucuronidation of oestrone and of oestradiol in microsomal fractions was markedly and significantly stimulated by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and by ultrasonication: Triton X-100 also stimulated. This is consistent with compartmentation of UDP-glucuronyl-transferase. Stimulation by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine may be physiologically significant.", "PMID": 413542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7218", "title": "The respiratory chain of a newly isolated Methylomonas Pl1.", "content": "1. Whole cells of Methylomonas Pl1 contained ubiquinone, identified as ubiquinone-8. No naphthaquinone was detected. Ubiquinone was located predominantly in the particulate fraction, which also contained most of the NADH oxidase activity. 2. Aerobic incubation of cells with formaldehyde or methanol resulted in about 20% reduction of ubiquinone, irrespective of the presence or absence of dinitrophenol. On inhibition of the respiration by cyanide, ubiquinone became partly reduced by endogenous substrates (15--25%), and a further reduction occurred only in the presence of formaldehyde (up to 60%). When endogenous substrates were completely exhausted, then 44 and 23% of ubiquinone was reduced by formaldehyde or methanol respectively. 3. The difference spectra at room and liquid-N2 temperatures revealed the presence of cytochrome b and two cytochromes c (c-552.5 and c-549) all tightly bound to the membrane. Cytochrome c-552.5 was also found in the soluble fraction. 4. Redox changes of cytochromes b and c, with methanol or formaldehyde as substrates, respond to the aerobic and anaerobic states of the cell and to KCN inhibition in a manner characteristic of the electron carriers of the respiratory chain. 5. The merging point for electron transport from NADH dehydrogenase and formaldehyde dehydrogenase is suggested to be at the level of ubiquinone.", "contents": "The respiratory chain of a newly isolated Methylomonas Pl1. 1. Whole cells of Methylomonas Pl1 contained ubiquinone, identified as ubiquinone-8. No naphthaquinone was detected. Ubiquinone was located predominantly in the particulate fraction, which also contained most of the NADH oxidase activity. 2. Aerobic incubation of cells with formaldehyde or methanol resulted in about 20% reduction of ubiquinone, irrespective of the presence or absence of dinitrophenol. On inhibition of the respiration by cyanide, ubiquinone became partly reduced by endogenous substrates (15--25%), and a further reduction occurred only in the presence of formaldehyde (up to 60%). When endogenous substrates were completely exhausted, then 44 and 23% of ubiquinone was reduced by formaldehyde or methanol respectively. 3. The difference spectra at room and liquid-N2 temperatures revealed the presence of cytochrome b and two cytochromes c (c-552.5 and c-549) all tightly bound to the membrane. Cytochrome c-552.5 was also found in the soluble fraction. 4. Redox changes of cytochromes b and c, with methanol or formaldehyde as substrates, respond to the aerobic and anaerobic states of the cell and to KCN inhibition in a manner characteristic of the electron carriers of the respiratory chain. 5. The merging point for electron transport from NADH dehydrogenase and formaldehyde dehydrogenase is suggested to be at the level of ubiquinone.", "PMID": 413543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7219", "title": "Transport of adenine, hypoxanthine and uracil into Escherichia coli.", "content": "Uptake of adenine, hypoxanthine and uracil by an uncA strain of Escherichia coli is inhibited by uncouplers or when phosphate in the medium is replaced by less than 1 mM-arsenate, indicating a need for both a protonmotive force and phosphorylated metabolites. The rate of uptake of adenine or hypoxanthine was not markedly affected by a genetic deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. In two mutants with undetected adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, the rate of adenine uptake was about 30% of that in their parent strain, and evidence was obtained to confirm that adenine had then been utilized via purine nucleoside phosphorylase. In a strain deficient in both enzymes adenine uptake was about 1% of that shown by wild-type strains. Uptake of hypoxanthine was similarly limited in a strain lacking purine nucleoside phosphorylase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Deficiency of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase severely limits uracil uptake, but the defect can be circumvented by addition of inosine, which presumably provides ribose 1-phosphate for reversal of uridine phosphorylase. The results indicate that there are porter systems for adenine, hypoxanthine and uracil dependent on a protonmotive force and facilitated by intracellular metabolism of the free bases.", "contents": "Transport of adenine, hypoxanthine and uracil into Escherichia coli. Uptake of adenine, hypoxanthine and uracil by an uncA strain of Escherichia coli is inhibited by uncouplers or when phosphate in the medium is replaced by less than 1 mM-arsenate, indicating a need for both a protonmotive force and phosphorylated metabolites. The rate of uptake of adenine or hypoxanthine was not markedly affected by a genetic deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. In two mutants with undetected adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, the rate of adenine uptake was about 30% of that in their parent strain, and evidence was obtained to confirm that adenine had then been utilized via purine nucleoside phosphorylase. In a strain deficient in both enzymes adenine uptake was about 1% of that shown by wild-type strains. Uptake of hypoxanthine was similarly limited in a strain lacking purine nucleoside phosphorylase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Deficiency of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase severely limits uracil uptake, but the defect can be circumvented by addition of inosine, which presumably provides ribose 1-phosphate for reversal of uridine phosphorylase. The results indicate that there are porter systems for adenine, hypoxanthine and uracil dependent on a protonmotive force and facilitated by intracellular metabolism of the free bases.", "PMID": 413544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7220", "title": "Cholesterol esters and membrane permeability. A nuclear magnetic resonance (MNR) study.", "content": "Cholesteryl esters have been incorporated into phospholipid vesicles up to 5 mole percent. Excess ester separates out into a separate phase which resembles the mesomorphic droplets of atherosclerosis. The incorporation of 5 mole percent cholesteryl palmitate is shown by 31P NMR studies to increase the permeability of the model membranes to ions 10-fold. The same incorporation of cholesteryl linoleate does not affect the membrane permeability. Implications of these findings, and the significance of the cholesteryl ester/free cholesterol ratio upon atherosclerosis is discussed.", "contents": "Cholesterol esters and membrane permeability. A nuclear magnetic resonance (MNR) study. Cholesteryl esters have been incorporated into phospholipid vesicles up to 5 mole percent. Excess ester separates out into a separate phase which resembles the mesomorphic droplets of atherosclerosis. The incorporation of 5 mole percent cholesteryl palmitate is shown by 31P NMR studies to increase the permeability of the model membranes to ions 10-fold. The same incorporation of cholesteryl linoleate does not affect the membrane permeability. Implications of these findings, and the significance of the cholesteryl ester/free cholesterol ratio upon atherosclerosis is discussed.", "PMID": 413555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7221", "title": "A counterimmunoelectrophoretic technique for the detection of HBeAg/anti-HBeAg (e antigen/antibody) in human sera.", "content": "A counterimmunoelectrophoretic technique is presented for the serological detection of the e system. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was found reproducible and easy to perform; it is quicker and more sensitive than immunodiffusion since out of 243 HBSAg positive carriers, it detected HBeAg or anti-HBe in other 42 (17.3%) sera in addition to the 96 positive by immundiffusion.", "contents": "A counterimmunoelectrophoretic technique for the detection of HBeAg/anti-HBeAg (e antigen/antibody) in human sera. A counterimmunoelectrophoretic technique is presented for the serological detection of the e system. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was found reproducible and easy to perform; it is quicker and more sensitive than immunodiffusion since out of 243 HBSAg positive carriers, it detected HBeAg or anti-HBe in other 42 (17.3%) sera in addition to the 96 positive by immundiffusion.", "PMID": 413559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7222", "title": "Ultrastructural and metabolic determinants of resistance to azo-dye susceptibility to nitrosamine carcinogenesis of the guinea-pig.", "content": "During diethylnitrosamine (DEN) administration, a distinctive difference was observed between rats and guinea-pigs in the sequence of ultrastructural changes in the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In DEN-induced hepatic tumour cells in the guinea-pig there was extensive proliferation of the rough ER, while the smooth ER was quite sparse; in the premalignant liver the opposite was noted. This is in contrast to the rat, in which administration of either DEN or 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) brings about, in both premalignant and malignant hepatic tissue, proliferation of the smooth ER and sparsity of the rough ER. Yet, as in the rat, the number of ribosomes on the outer surface of the guinea-pig liver rough ER is greatly reduced and this is paralleled by a 49% decrease of the RNA/protein ratio as early as 4 weeks of nitrosamine administration. The decrease of RNA/protein ratio and ultrastructurally observed loss of ribosomes from the ER, following nitrosamine administration, correlate with a decrease of photometric response of microsomal suspensions to the sulphydryl probe, p-chloromercuribenzoate. While azo-dye-reductase activity is higher in untreated rats than in untreated guinea-pigs, feeding 3'-Me-DAB for 6 weeks brings about a 76% decrease in the rat, but no significant decrease in the guinea-pig, which is refractory to azo-dye carcinogenesis. Thus, the ability of the liver to inactivate the dye is greatly decreased in the rat, but not in the guinea-pig, as administration progresses toward the threshold dose for tumorigenesis. On the other hand, constitutive levels of nitrosamine dealkylase are identical in the 2 species and remain essentially unchanged following administration of DEN for 10 weeks. Inasmuch as nitrosamine dealkylation represents activating metabolism, this provides a rationale for the comparable susceptibility of the rat and guinea-pig to DEN carcinogenesis. Of the 2 enzymes in the 2 species, it is only azo-dye reductase in the guinea-pig which appears to be unregulated by glucose repression, since starvation brings about no change in this activity. Starvation-induced increase of azo-dye reductase in the rat is not influenced by administration of 3'-Me-DAB and only slightly by DEN. The starvation-induced increase of nitrosamine dealkylation is abolished, however, in both species by administration of DEN but only slightly decreased by 3'-Me-DAB.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and metabolic determinants of resistance to azo-dye susceptibility to nitrosamine carcinogenesis of the guinea-pig. During diethylnitrosamine (DEN) administration, a distinctive difference was observed between rats and guinea-pigs in the sequence of ultrastructural changes in the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In DEN-induced hepatic tumour cells in the guinea-pig there was extensive proliferation of the rough ER, while the smooth ER was quite sparse; in the premalignant liver the opposite was noted. This is in contrast to the rat, in which administration of either DEN or 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) brings about, in both premalignant and malignant hepatic tissue, proliferation of the smooth ER and sparsity of the rough ER. Yet, as in the rat, the number of ribosomes on the outer surface of the guinea-pig liver rough ER is greatly reduced and this is paralleled by a 49% decrease of the RNA/protein ratio as early as 4 weeks of nitrosamine administration. The decrease of RNA/protein ratio and ultrastructurally observed loss of ribosomes from the ER, following nitrosamine administration, correlate with a decrease of photometric response of microsomal suspensions to the sulphydryl probe, p-chloromercuribenzoate. While azo-dye-reductase activity is higher in untreated rats than in untreated guinea-pigs, feeding 3'-Me-DAB for 6 weeks brings about a 76% decrease in the rat, but no significant decrease in the guinea-pig, which is refractory to azo-dye carcinogenesis. Thus, the ability of the liver to inactivate the dye is greatly decreased in the rat, but not in the guinea-pig, as administration progresses toward the threshold dose for tumorigenesis. On the other hand, constitutive levels of nitrosamine dealkylase are identical in the 2 species and remain essentially unchanged following administration of DEN for 10 weeks. Inasmuch as nitrosamine dealkylation represents activating metabolism, this provides a rationale for the comparable susceptibility of the rat and guinea-pig to DEN carcinogenesis. Of the 2 enzymes in the 2 species, it is only azo-dye reductase in the guinea-pig which appears to be unregulated by glucose repression, since starvation brings about no change in this activity. Starvation-induced increase of azo-dye reductase in the rat is not influenced by administration of 3'-Me-DAB and only slightly by DEN. The starvation-induced increase of nitrosamine dealkylation is abolished, however, in both species by administration of DEN but only slightly decreased by 3'-Me-DAB.", "PMID": 413561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7223", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in alpha-chain disease.", "content": "The patients studied were diagnosed as suffering from alpha-chain disease by their clinicopathological features, malabsorption findings, X-ray, and presence of abnormal alpha-chain protein in their serum. The objective of the study was to determine any possible defect of the immune system in such patients. The rosette technique and surface immunofluorescence were used to enumerate the circulating T and B lymphocytes in these patients. They were also skin-tested with tuberculin and given sensitizing doses of dinitrochlorobenzene. Their serum immunoglobulins were also quantitated. It was found that the proportion of circulating B lymphocytes was much higher than normal, whereas that of T lymphocytes was lower than normal. Furthermore, they could not be sensitized to DNCB and their skin test to tuberculin was negative. It was concluded that the disease was a B-cell disease of IgA type, associated with low level of cellular immunity.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in alpha-chain disease. The patients studied were diagnosed as suffering from alpha-chain disease by their clinicopathological features, malabsorption findings, X-ray, and presence of abnormal alpha-chain protein in their serum. The objective of the study was to determine any possible defect of the immune system in such patients. The rosette technique and surface immunofluorescence were used to enumerate the circulating T and B lymphocytes in these patients. They were also skin-tested with tuberculin and given sensitizing doses of dinitrochlorobenzene. Their serum immunoglobulins were also quantitated. It was found that the proportion of circulating B lymphocytes was much higher than normal, whereas that of T lymphocytes was lower than normal. Furthermore, they could not be sensitized to DNCB and their skin test to tuberculin was negative. It was concluded that the disease was a B-cell disease of IgA type, associated with low level of cellular immunity.", "PMID": 413562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7224", "title": "[Influence of the malnutrition-infection binomial in pediatric surgery].", "content": "Ecological, biological, psychological, sociological, economic and cultural conditions of the sick child and of his family restrict technical advances of pediatric surgery and must be known by the surgeon. Definition is made of malnutrition, infection, society and culture. Within this trilogy, clinical, paraclinical and experimental observations develop and a description is made as how they act. The interaction of the malnutrition-infection binomial is completely dynamic and characterized by a synergism between both factors.", "contents": "[Influence of the malnutrition-infection binomial in pediatric surgery]. Ecological, biological, psychological, sociological, economic and cultural conditions of the sick child and of his family restrict technical advances of pediatric surgery and must be known by the surgeon. Definition is made of malnutrition, infection, society and culture. Within this trilogy, clinical, paraclinical and experimental observations develop and a description is made as how they act. The interaction of the malnutrition-infection binomial is completely dynamic and characterized by a synergism between both factors.", "PMID": 413558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7225", "title": "A comparison of the changes induced in rat liver by feeding low levels of aflatoxin B1 or an azo dye.", "content": "(1) Rats have been given 6 weeks' feeding with low levels of the hepatocarcinogens aflatoxin B1 and 2-methyl dimethyl aminoazobenzene (2-Me-DAB). (2) It has been confirmed that 3 weeks' feeding with either toxin is sub-carcinogenic, whereas 6 weeks' feeding results in a high incidence of hepatocarcinoma. (3) The changes occurring in the liver during this feeding have been monitored by histological examination and zonal rotor centrifugation. (4) Marked similarities have been observed between the time courses of development of changes induced in the liver by the two carcinogens. Little change is observed after 2 weeks' feeding with the toxins. The greatest change occurs after 3 weeks' feeding, which results in tissue necrosis and the loss of a large proportion of the tetraploid hepatocyte nuclei. (5) A compensatory proliferation of predominantly diploid hepatocytes takes place in the presence of a continuing supply of either of the carcinogens. This indicates that not only does feeding each carcinogen induce the production of a population of hepatocytes resistant to the cytotoxicity of the inducing agent, but that the population is also resistant to the cytotoxicity of the other carcinogen.", "contents": "A comparison of the changes induced in rat liver by feeding low levels of aflatoxin B1 or an azo dye. (1) Rats have been given 6 weeks' feeding with low levels of the hepatocarcinogens aflatoxin B1 and 2-methyl dimethyl aminoazobenzene (2-Me-DAB). (2) It has been confirmed that 3 weeks' feeding with either toxin is sub-carcinogenic, whereas 6 weeks' feeding results in a high incidence of hepatocarcinoma. (3) The changes occurring in the liver during this feeding have been monitored by histological examination and zonal rotor centrifugation. (4) Marked similarities have been observed between the time courses of development of changes induced in the liver by the two carcinogens. Little change is observed after 2 weeks' feeding with the toxins. The greatest change occurs after 3 weeks' feeding, which results in tissue necrosis and the loss of a large proportion of the tetraploid hepatocyte nuclei. (5) A compensatory proliferation of predominantly diploid hepatocytes takes place in the presence of a continuing supply of either of the carcinogens. This indicates that not only does feeding each carcinogen induce the production of a population of hepatocytes resistant to the cytotoxicity of the inducing agent, but that the population is also resistant to the cytotoxicity of the other carcinogen.", "PMID": 413563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7226", "title": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase from human erythrocytes: physiocochemical properties of the crystalline enzyme.", "content": "The major physicochemical properties of human erythrocytic purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase) have been described. The molecular weight, estimated by ultracentrifugation, molecular sieving and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, ranged from 87 000 to 92 000. Other physical constants of erythrocytic PNPase were: sedimentation coefficent (s20, w), 5.4 S obtained by sedimentation analysis and 5.5 S by the sucrose density gradient procedure; Stokes radius, 38 A; calculated diffusion coefficient (D20, w), 5.7 X 10(-7) cm2 s-1; frictional ration, 1.29; and partial specific volume calculated from amino acid analysis, 0.73 cm3 g-1. The CD spectra of the human erythrocytic and bovine spleen PNPases were almost identical and indicated a very low alpha-helical content. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that the molecular weight of the PNPase subunit is 30 000 +/- 500. These results corroborate earlier reports that the native enzyme is a homologous trimer. Comparative studies with crystalline bovine spleen PNPase confirmed that it is also a trimer but is somewhat smaller than the human erythrocytic enzyme with a molecular weight of about 86 000.", "contents": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase from human erythrocytes: physiocochemical properties of the crystalline enzyme. The major physicochemical properties of human erythrocytic purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNPase) have been described. The molecular weight, estimated by ultracentrifugation, molecular sieving and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, ranged from 87 000 to 92 000. Other physical constants of erythrocytic PNPase were: sedimentation coefficent (s20, w), 5.4 S obtained by sedimentation analysis and 5.5 S by the sucrose density gradient procedure; Stokes radius, 38 A; calculated diffusion coefficient (D20, w), 5.7 X 10(-7) cm2 s-1; frictional ration, 1.29; and partial specific volume calculated from amino acid analysis, 0.73 cm3 g-1. The CD spectra of the human erythrocytic and bovine spleen PNPases were almost identical and indicated a very low alpha-helical content. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that the molecular weight of the PNPase subunit is 30 000 +/- 500. These results corroborate earlier reports that the native enzyme is a homologous trimer. Comparative studies with crystalline bovine spleen PNPase confirmed that it is also a trimer but is somewhat smaller than the human erythrocytic enzyme with a molecular weight of about 86 000.", "PMID": 413564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7227", "title": "Insulin regulation of hepatic glycogen synthase and phosphorylase.", "content": "The relative roles of insulin and glucose in the regulation of hepatic glycogen synthase and phosphorylase were studied in hepatocytes from fed rats. Elevation of extra-cellular glucose led to a rapid decrease in phosphorylase a activity followed by a slower increase in glycogen synthase I activity. A reciprocal and coordinate relationship between phosphorylase inactivation and synthase activation in response to glucose was observed; following initial glucose-induced inactivation of phosphorylase, there was a highly significant linear inverse relationship between residual phosphorylase activity and glycogen synthase activation. Insulin led to a further decrease in phosphorylase activity and a 30-50% additional increase in glycogen synthase activity over that caused by glucose. The effects of insulin required the presence of glucose and served to augment acute glucose stimulation of glycogen synthase and inhibition of phosphorylase. Insulin did not perturb the reciprocal and coordinate relationship between phosphorylase inactivation and synthase activation in response to glucose. The results suggest that the ability of insulin to activate hepatic glycogen synthase can be entirely accounted for by its ability to inactivate phosphorylase.", "contents": "Insulin regulation of hepatic glycogen synthase and phosphorylase. The relative roles of insulin and glucose in the regulation of hepatic glycogen synthase and phosphorylase were studied in hepatocytes from fed rats. Elevation of extra-cellular glucose led to a rapid decrease in phosphorylase a activity followed by a slower increase in glycogen synthase I activity. A reciprocal and coordinate relationship between phosphorylase inactivation and synthase activation in response to glucose was observed; following initial glucose-induced inactivation of phosphorylase, there was a highly significant linear inverse relationship between residual phosphorylase activity and glycogen synthase activation. Insulin led to a further decrease in phosphorylase activity and a 30-50% additional increase in glycogen synthase activity over that caused by glucose. The effects of insulin required the presence of glucose and served to augment acute glucose stimulation of glycogen synthase and inhibition of phosphorylase. Insulin did not perturb the reciprocal and coordinate relationship between phosphorylase inactivation and synthase activation in response to glucose. The results suggest that the ability of insulin to activate hepatic glycogen synthase can be entirely accounted for by its ability to inactivate phosphorylase.", "PMID": 413570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7228", "title": "Neisseria pili proteins: amino-terminal amino acid sequences and identification of an unusual amino acid.", "content": "The amino-terminal amino acid sequences of the pili proteins from four antigenically dissimilar strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, from Neisseria meningiditis, and from Escherichia coli were determined. Although antibodies raised to the pili protein from a given strain of gonococcus cross-reacted poorly or not at all with each of the other strains tested, the amino-terminal sequences were all identical. The meningococcal protein sequence was also identical with the gonococcal sequence through 29 residues, and this sequence was highly homologous to the sequence of the pili protein of Moraxella nonliquifaciens determined by other workers. However, the sequence of the pili protein from E. coli showed no similarity to the other sequences. The gonococcal and meningococcal proteins have an unusual amino acid at the amino termini, N-methylphenylalanine. In addition, the first 24 residues of these proteins have only two hydrophilic residues (at positions 2 and 5) with the rest being predominantly aliphatic hydrophobic amino acids. The preservation of this highly unusual sequence among five antigenically dissimilar Neisseria pili proteins implies a role for the amino-terminal structure in pilus function. The amino terminus may be directly or indirectly (through preservation of tertiary structure) important for the pilus function of facilitating attachment of bacteria to human cells.", "contents": "Neisseria pili proteins: amino-terminal amino acid sequences and identification of an unusual amino acid. The amino-terminal amino acid sequences of the pili proteins from four antigenically dissimilar strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, from Neisseria meningiditis, and from Escherichia coli were determined. Although antibodies raised to the pili protein from a given strain of gonococcus cross-reacted poorly or not at all with each of the other strains tested, the amino-terminal sequences were all identical. The meningococcal protein sequence was also identical with the gonococcal sequence through 29 residues, and this sequence was highly homologous to the sequence of the pili protein of Moraxella nonliquifaciens determined by other workers. However, the sequence of the pili protein from E. coli showed no similarity to the other sequences. The gonococcal and meningococcal proteins have an unusual amino acid at the amino termini, N-methylphenylalanine. In addition, the first 24 residues of these proteins have only two hydrophilic residues (at positions 2 and 5) with the rest being predominantly aliphatic hydrophobic amino acids. The preservation of this highly unusual sequence among five antigenically dissimilar Neisseria pili proteins implies a role for the amino-terminal structure in pilus function. The amino terminus may be directly or indirectly (through preservation of tertiary structure) important for the pilus function of facilitating attachment of bacteria to human cells.", "PMID": 413571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7229", "title": "Characterization of the collagen chains synthesized by cultured smooth muscle cells derived from rhesus monkey thoracic aorta.", "content": "Five different collagen chains and one smaller collagenous fragment have been isolated from the collagens found in the combined cell layer and medium of rhesus monkey aortic smooth muscle cell cultures. The collagen chains which can be identified are alpha1 (III), alpha1(I), alpha2, A and B. The smaller collagenous peptide exhibits an apparent molecular weight of 45 000 and has been designated CP45 (Mayne, R., et al. (1977), Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 181, 462). Smooth muscle cells continue to synthesize the collagens from which these components are derived for at least eight passages in culture. At each passage the alpha1 (III) chain consistently represents about one-half of the total collagen which is recovered after initial fractionation by agarose gel chromatography. The results show that smooth muscle cells derived from rhesus monkey thoracic aorta are phenotypically stable for many generations in vitro.", "contents": "Characterization of the collagen chains synthesized by cultured smooth muscle cells derived from rhesus monkey thoracic aorta. Five different collagen chains and one smaller collagenous fragment have been isolated from the collagens found in the combined cell layer and medium of rhesus monkey aortic smooth muscle cell cultures. The collagen chains which can be identified are alpha1 (III), alpha1(I), alpha2, A and B. The smaller collagenous peptide exhibits an apparent molecular weight of 45 000 and has been designated CP45 (Mayne, R., et al. (1977), Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 181, 462). Smooth muscle cells continue to synthesize the collagens from which these components are derived for at least eight passages in culture. At each passage the alpha1 (III) chain consistently represents about one-half of the total collagen which is recovered after initial fractionation by agarose gel chromatography. The results show that smooth muscle cells derived from rhesus monkey thoracic aorta are phenotypically stable for many generations in vitro.", "PMID": 413572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7230", "title": "Purification and characterization of GM1 ganglioside beta-galactosidase from normal feline liver and brain.", "content": "GM1 ganglioside beta-galactosidase (GM1-beta-galactosidase) was purified from normal cat brain and liver by a combination of classical and affinity procedures. The final preparation of brain GM1-beta-galactosidase was enriched over 2000-fold with a 36% yield. However, the product was shown to contain several components by disc gel electrophoresis. GM1-beta-galactosidase was also purified from liver with greater than a 30 000-fold enrichment and 40% yield. The liver enzyme was judged homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis at pH 4.3, 8.1, and 8.9 and by gel chromatography. Both liver and brain GM1-beta-galactosidase(s) eluted as sharp symmetrical peaks from Sephadex G-200 with molecular weights of 250 000 +/- 50 000. The apparent Km determined for 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (4-MU-Gal) using partially purified brain GM1-beta-galactosidase was 1.73 X 10(-4) M. Liver GM1-beta-galactosidase gave a Km with 4-MU-Gal of 3.25 X 10(-4) M and for [3H]GM1 ganglioside a Km of 4.51 X 10(-4) M was calculated. The pH optima of brain and liver GM1-beta-galactosidase using 4-MU-Gal was 3.8-4.5. By contrast, liver GM1-beta-galactosidase gave a sharp activity peak at pH 4.2 with [3H]GM1 ganglioside. Inhibition by mercuric chloride and sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and persulfate suggest the involvement of a sulfhydryl in catalysis.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of GM1 ganglioside beta-galactosidase from normal feline liver and brain. GM1 ganglioside beta-galactosidase (GM1-beta-galactosidase) was purified from normal cat brain and liver by a combination of classical and affinity procedures. The final preparation of brain GM1-beta-galactosidase was enriched over 2000-fold with a 36% yield. However, the product was shown to contain several components by disc gel electrophoresis. GM1-beta-galactosidase was also purified from liver with greater than a 30 000-fold enrichment and 40% yield. The liver enzyme was judged homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis at pH 4.3, 8.1, and 8.9 and by gel chromatography. Both liver and brain GM1-beta-galactosidase(s) eluted as sharp symmetrical peaks from Sephadex G-200 with molecular weights of 250 000 +/- 50 000. The apparent Km determined for 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (4-MU-Gal) using partially purified brain GM1-beta-galactosidase was 1.73 X 10(-4) M. Liver GM1-beta-galactosidase gave a Km with 4-MU-Gal of 3.25 X 10(-4) M and for [3H]GM1 ganglioside a Km of 4.51 X 10(-4) M was calculated. The pH optima of brain and liver GM1-beta-galactosidase using 4-MU-Gal was 3.8-4.5. By contrast, liver GM1-beta-galactosidase gave a sharp activity peak at pH 4.2 with [3H]GM1 ganglioside. Inhibition by mercuric chloride and sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and persulfate suggest the involvement of a sulfhydryl in catalysis.", "PMID": 413573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7231", "title": "Dual action of ionophore A23187 on intact chloroplasts.", "content": "1. Ionophore A23187 induces uncoupling of potassium ferricyanide-dependent O2 evolution by envelope-free chloroplasts and oxaloacetate-dependent O2 evolution by intact chloroplasts. The half maximal concentration (C1/2) for stimulation of oxygen evolution in both cases is approximately 4 micrometer . 100 microgram chlorophyll . ml-1. 2. Ionophore A23187 also induces inhibition of CO2 and 3-phosphoglycerate-dependent O2 evolution by intact chloroplasts in the presence of 3 mM MgCl2. The half maximal concentrations (C1/2) for inhibition of O2 evolution are 3 micrometer and 5 micrometer respectively . 100 microgram-1 chlorophyll . ml-1. 3. A very high concentration of ionophore A23187 (10 microgram . 20 microgram-1 chlorophyll . ml-1) plus 0.1 mM EDTA lowers the fluorescence yield of intact chloroplasts suspended in a cation-free medium in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, indicating loss of divalent cation from the diffuse double layers of the thylakoid membranes. 4. These results are discussed in relation to ionophore A23187-induced divalent cation/proton exchange at both the thylakoid and the envelope membranes of intact chloroplasts.", "contents": "Dual action of ionophore A23187 on intact chloroplasts. 1. Ionophore A23187 induces uncoupling of potassium ferricyanide-dependent O2 evolution by envelope-free chloroplasts and oxaloacetate-dependent O2 evolution by intact chloroplasts. The half maximal concentration (C1/2) for stimulation of oxygen evolution in both cases is approximately 4 micrometer . 100 microgram chlorophyll . ml-1. 2. Ionophore A23187 also induces inhibition of CO2 and 3-phosphoglycerate-dependent O2 evolution by intact chloroplasts in the presence of 3 mM MgCl2. The half maximal concentrations (C1/2) for inhibition of O2 evolution are 3 micrometer and 5 micrometer respectively . 100 microgram-1 chlorophyll . ml-1. 3. A very high concentration of ionophore A23187 (10 microgram . 20 microgram-1 chlorophyll . ml-1) plus 0.1 mM EDTA lowers the fluorescence yield of intact chloroplasts suspended in a cation-free medium in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, indicating loss of divalent cation from the diffuse double layers of the thylakoid membranes. 4. These results are discussed in relation to ionophore A23187-induced divalent cation/proton exchange at both the thylakoid and the envelope membranes of intact chloroplasts.", "PMID": 413575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7232", "title": "Changes in photosynthetic activity in the cyanobacterium Chlorogloea fritschii following transition from dark to light growth.", "content": "The cyanobacterium Chlorogloea fritschii loses Photosystem II activity, measured by delayed fluorescence and oxygen evolution, during dark heterotrophic growth, but retains Photosystem I, measured as light induced EPR signals. Following transition to the light, Photosystem II recovers in two stages, the first of which does not require protein synthesis. New Photosystem I reaction centres are not synthesised until after net chlorophyll synthesis has commenced. Carbon dioxide fixation recovery commences immediately, the initial rate being unaffected by chloramphenicol. The recovery of carbon dioxide fixation is not directly related to oxygen evolution rate and is only inhibited slightly by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone.", "contents": "Changes in photosynthetic activity in the cyanobacterium Chlorogloea fritschii following transition from dark to light growth. The cyanobacterium Chlorogloea fritschii loses Photosystem II activity, measured by delayed fluorescence and oxygen evolution, during dark heterotrophic growth, but retains Photosystem I, measured as light induced EPR signals. Following transition to the light, Photosystem II recovers in two stages, the first of which does not require protein synthesis. New Photosystem I reaction centres are not synthesised until after net chlorophyll synthesis has commenced. Carbon dioxide fixation recovery commences immediately, the initial rate being unaffected by chloramphenicol. The recovery of carbon dioxide fixation is not directly related to oxygen evolution rate and is only inhibited slightly by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone.", "PMID": 413576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7233", "title": "Inhibition of conjugation in Tetrahymena pyriformis by cerulenin. Possible requirement for de novo lipid synthesis.", "content": "Conjugation in Tetrahymena pyriformis is induced by the mixing of two starved complementary mating types. Addition of the antibiotic cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of de novo lipid synthesis, upon mixing of the mating types inhibited the conjugation process. The inhibition of conjugation was found to be reversible upon washing the cells. Cerulenin inhibited [14C]acetate incorporation into the lipid fraction of the cells, while it did not affect the incorporation of [3H]leucine into proteins. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the whole cells revealed that during conjugation the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids is markedly changed. While the ratio of saturated:unsaturated fatty acids is 0.30 in unconjugated cells, it reached a value of 0.45 in conjugated cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of conjugation in Tetrahymena pyriformis by cerulenin. Possible requirement for de novo lipid synthesis. Conjugation in Tetrahymena pyriformis is induced by the mixing of two starved complementary mating types. Addition of the antibiotic cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of de novo lipid synthesis, upon mixing of the mating types inhibited the conjugation process. The inhibition of conjugation was found to be reversible upon washing the cells. Cerulenin inhibited [14C]acetate incorporation into the lipid fraction of the cells, while it did not affect the incorporation of [3H]leucine into proteins. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the whole cells revealed that during conjugation the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids is markedly changed. While the ratio of saturated:unsaturated fatty acids is 0.30 in unconjugated cells, it reached a value of 0.45 in conjugated cells.", "PMID": 413577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7234", "title": "The effect of toluene on the structure and permeability of the outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effect of toluene on Escherichia coli has been examined. In the presence of Mg2+, toluene removes very little protein, phospholipid, or lipopolysacharide from E. coli. In the absence of Mg2+, or in the presence of EDTA, toluene removes considerably more cell material, including several specific cytoplasmic proteins such as malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37). In contrast, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4) are not released at all under the same conditions. Cells treated with toluene in the presence of Mg2+ remain relatively impermeable to pyridne nucleotides, while cells treated with toluene in the presence of EDTA become permeable to these compounds. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy shows that toluene causes considerable damage to the cytoplasmic membrane, while the outer membrane remains relatively intact. These results indicate that the permeability characteristics of toluene-treated cells depend at least partly on the state of the outer membrane after the toluene treatment.", "contents": "The effect of toluene on the structure and permeability of the outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli. The effect of toluene on Escherichia coli has been examined. In the presence of Mg2+, toluene removes very little protein, phospholipid, or lipopolysacharide from E. coli. In the absence of Mg2+, or in the presence of EDTA, toluene removes considerably more cell material, including several specific cytoplasmic proteins such as malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37). In contrast, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4) are not released at all under the same conditions. Cells treated with toluene in the presence of Mg2+ remain relatively impermeable to pyridne nucleotides, while cells treated with toluene in the presence of EDTA become permeable to these compounds. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy shows that toluene causes considerable damage to the cytoplasmic membrane, while the outer membrane remains relatively intact. These results indicate that the permeability characteristics of toluene-treated cells depend at least partly on the state of the outer membrane after the toluene treatment.", "PMID": 413578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7235", "title": "Properties of alkaline phosphatase of the halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii.", "content": "The molecular weight of a partially purified alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1) from the halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii was estimated to 110,000 by gel filtration. The isoelectric point determined by electrofocusing was at approximately pH 4.4. The enzyme had a broad specificity against phosphomonoesters and also attacked some acid anhydrides. Arsenate, molybdate, and orthophosphate acted as competitive inhibitors. Various metal-binding agents inhibited enzyme activity. A zinc addition almost completely reversed the EDTA inhibition. Magnesium stimulated enzyme activity and was required for maintenance of activity at high concentrations of Na+. Increasing glycerol concentration increased the value of the Michaelis constant (Km) and decreased the maximum velocity (V). Solutions equimolar in KCl and NaCl stimulated enzyme activity by increasing V, whereas the Km was almost unaffected by salt concentration. Enzyme extracted from cells cultured at low salinity was indistinguishable from that of cells grown in the presence of 2.7 M NaCl with respect to several criteria.", "contents": "Properties of alkaline phosphatase of the halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. The molecular weight of a partially purified alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1) from the halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii was estimated to 110,000 by gel filtration. The isoelectric point determined by electrofocusing was at approximately pH 4.4. The enzyme had a broad specificity against phosphomonoesters and also attacked some acid anhydrides. Arsenate, molybdate, and orthophosphate acted as competitive inhibitors. Various metal-binding agents inhibited enzyme activity. A zinc addition almost completely reversed the EDTA inhibition. Magnesium stimulated enzyme activity and was required for maintenance of activity at high concentrations of Na+. Increasing glycerol concentration increased the value of the Michaelis constant (Km) and decreased the maximum velocity (V). Solutions equimolar in KCl and NaCl stimulated enzyme activity by increasing V, whereas the Km was almost unaffected by salt concentration. Enzyme extracted from cells cultured at low salinity was indistinguishable from that of cells grown in the presence of 2.7 M NaCl with respect to several criteria.", "PMID": 413579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7236", "title": "I-Cell disease: isoelectric focusing, concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B binding and kinetic properties of human liver acid beta-D-galactosidases.", "content": "Isoelectric focusing of the acid beta-D-galactosidases (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) in normal crude liver supernatant fluids demonstrated multiple isoelectric forms in the pH range 4.58-5.15, while corresponding I-cell disease samples showed an absence of isoelectric forms in the pH range 4.99-5.15. Concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B chromatography of the I-cell disease mutant C.A. demonstrated a 31% and 37% decrease in the binding of 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-beta-D-galactosidase and GM1 beta-D-galactosidase activities, respectively, when compared to normal samples. Isoelectric focusing profiles of the concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B alpha-methyl-D-mannoside effluents containing normal and I-cell disease acid beta-D-galactosidase were generally similar, but the unadsorbed I-cell disease enzyme from concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B demonstrated more activity in the pH range 4.21-4.49 than normals. Normal and I-cell disease acid beta-D-galactosidase \"A\" and \"B\", separated by gel column chromatography were found to have similar properties with respect to apparent molecular weights pH vs. activity profiles and apparent Km values for the 4 methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, GM1-ganglioside and asialofetuin (ASF) substrates. However, the apparent V values for the ICD samples were consistently reduced when compared to the results obtained with the corresponding normal fractions. The greatest decreases in apparent V were obtained for acid beta-D-galactosidase activities in I-cell disease crude supernatant fluids, and for the separated I-cell disease \"B\" enzyme. The differences in the isoelectric focusing profiles, the altered binding to concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B, and the reduced V values with natural and synthetic substrates may be related to changes in carbohydrate composition of I-cell disease acid beta-D-galactosidase.", "contents": "I-Cell disease: isoelectric focusing, concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B binding and kinetic properties of human liver acid beta-D-galactosidases. Isoelectric focusing of the acid beta-D-galactosidases (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) in normal crude liver supernatant fluids demonstrated multiple isoelectric forms in the pH range 4.58-5.15, while corresponding I-cell disease samples showed an absence of isoelectric forms in the pH range 4.99-5.15. Concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B chromatography of the I-cell disease mutant C.A. demonstrated a 31% and 37% decrease in the binding of 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-beta-D-galactosidase and GM1 beta-D-galactosidase activities, respectively, when compared to normal samples. Isoelectric focusing profiles of the concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B alpha-methyl-D-mannoside effluents containing normal and I-cell disease acid beta-D-galactosidase were generally similar, but the unadsorbed I-cell disease enzyme from concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B demonstrated more activity in the pH range 4.21-4.49 than normals. Normal and I-cell disease acid beta-D-galactosidase \"A\" and \"B\", separated by gel column chromatography were found to have similar properties with respect to apparent molecular weights pH vs. activity profiles and apparent Km values for the 4 methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, GM1-ganglioside and asialofetuin (ASF) substrates. However, the apparent V values for the ICD samples were consistently reduced when compared to the results obtained with the corresponding normal fractions. The greatest decreases in apparent V were obtained for acid beta-D-galactosidase activities in I-cell disease crude supernatant fluids, and for the separated I-cell disease \"B\" enzyme. The differences in the isoelectric focusing profiles, the altered binding to concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B, and the reduced V values with natural and synthetic substrates may be related to changes in carbohydrate composition of I-cell disease acid beta-D-galactosidase.", "PMID": 413580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7237", "title": "Interaction of trypsin-like protease from Streptomyces griseus with an immobilized inhibitor from kidney bean.", "content": "An immobilized double-headed inhibitor from Phaseolus vulgaris L. selectively binds the trypsin-like enzyme produced by Streptomyces griseus. Binding takes place at pH 8.0, and at pH 2.0 the protease can be quantitatively released from the complex. Purified by affinity chromatography, the trypsin-like enzyme is homogeneous according to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation data. Physico-chemical and enzymic properties of the enzyme are identical to those exhibited by the enzyme purified by ion-exchange chromatography. Chymoelastases from Str. griseus as well as the subtilisin-like enzyme do not interact with an immobilized inhibitor. In solution, the inhibitor from P. vulgaris gives a stable ternary complex with bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin, whereas with an immobilized inhibitor the trypsin, if present, tends to displace chymotrypsin in an chymotrypsin inhibitor complex. This evidence suggests that immobilization results in considerable changes in inhibitor properties.", "contents": "Interaction of trypsin-like protease from Streptomyces griseus with an immobilized inhibitor from kidney bean. An immobilized double-headed inhibitor from Phaseolus vulgaris L. selectively binds the trypsin-like enzyme produced by Streptomyces griseus. Binding takes place at pH 8.0, and at pH 2.0 the protease can be quantitatively released from the complex. Purified by affinity chromatography, the trypsin-like enzyme is homogeneous according to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation data. Physico-chemical and enzymic properties of the enzyme are identical to those exhibited by the enzyme purified by ion-exchange chromatography. Chymoelastases from Str. griseus as well as the subtilisin-like enzyme do not interact with an immobilized inhibitor. In solution, the inhibitor from P. vulgaris gives a stable ternary complex with bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin, whereas with an immobilized inhibitor the trypsin, if present, tends to displace chymotrypsin in an chymotrypsin inhibitor complex. This evidence suggests that immobilization results in considerable changes in inhibitor properties.", "PMID": 413581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7238", "title": "Purification and characterization of rat heart and brain catechol methyltransferase.", "content": "In an effort to detect the similarities and differences in the properties of rat heart, brain and liver catechol methyltransferase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine:catechol O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.6), we have determined the cellular distribution of this enzyme activity and extensively purified the soluble and microsomal enzymes present in these tissues. Purification of soluble heart (688-fold) and brain enzymes (240-fold) were achieved using an affinity chromatographic system. The properties of these enzymes were compared with respect to their molecular weights, substrate specificities, inhibitor specificities and immunological properties. The characteristics of the enzyme active sites were investigated using various methyl acceptor substrates and various analogs of S-adenosylmethionine as methyl donors. A series of analogs of S-adenosylhomocysteine was also evaluated as inhibitors of these enzymes. The immunological properties of the purified soluble and microsomal enzymes from heart and brain were investigated using an antibody isolated from rabbits which had been immunized with the soluble rat liver enzyme. In general the properties of catechol methyltransferases isolated from heart and brain were similar to the properties of the enzyme isolated from liver. Some minor differences in substrate and inhibitor specificities were observed which might suggest slight differences in the active sites of these enzymes.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of rat heart and brain catechol methyltransferase. In an effort to detect the similarities and differences in the properties of rat heart, brain and liver catechol methyltransferase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine:catechol O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.6), we have determined the cellular distribution of this enzyme activity and extensively purified the soluble and microsomal enzymes present in these tissues. Purification of soluble heart (688-fold) and brain enzymes (240-fold) were achieved using an affinity chromatographic system. The properties of these enzymes were compared with respect to their molecular weights, substrate specificities, inhibitor specificities and immunological properties. The characteristics of the enzyme active sites were investigated using various methyl acceptor substrates and various analogs of S-adenosylmethionine as methyl donors. A series of analogs of S-adenosylhomocysteine was also evaluated as inhibitors of these enzymes. The immunological properties of the purified soluble and microsomal enzymes from heart and brain were investigated using an antibody isolated from rabbits which had been immunized with the soluble rat liver enzyme. In general the properties of catechol methyltransferases isolated from heart and brain were similar to the properties of the enzyme isolated from liver. Some minor differences in substrate and inhibitor specificities were observed which might suggest slight differences in the active sites of these enzymes.", "PMID": 413582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7239", "title": "Physicochemical and biological characterizations of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and its subunits.", "content": "Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and its subunits have been further characterized. Ultracentrifugation of the gonadotropin at pH 1.3 and 11.5 showed little evidence of dissociation compared to pH 8.2. Highly purified subunits are obtained by urea dissociation and ion-exchange chromatography followed by gel-filtration. Circular dichroism spectra of the gonadotropin and its subunits are much like those of ovine lutropin and its subunits in that there is little evidence for secondary structure and one or more tyrosine residues are inaccessible in the intact gonadotropin compared to the subunits. The alpha-subunit possesses almost 3 times as much total carbohydrate as the beta-subunit; the individual sugar composition of each was determined as well as the amino acid composition. The alpha-subunit begins with the sequence NH2-Phe-Pro (Gly or Pro) ... and terminates with isoleucine. The beta-subunit has the sequence NH2-Ser-Pro-Gly ...; no C-terminal residue is detectable by either carboxypeptidase or hydrazinolysis. Biological studies show the gonadotropin to be active in assays specific for both lutropin and follitropin. Precipitin test in agar with rabbit antiserum against the gonadotropin show that the beta subunit cross-reacts whereas the alpha subunit does not.", "contents": "Physicochemical and biological characterizations of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and its subunits. Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and its subunits have been further characterized. Ultracentrifugation of the gonadotropin at pH 1.3 and 11.5 showed little evidence of dissociation compared to pH 8.2. Highly purified subunits are obtained by urea dissociation and ion-exchange chromatography followed by gel-filtration. Circular dichroism spectra of the gonadotropin and its subunits are much like those of ovine lutropin and its subunits in that there is little evidence for secondary structure and one or more tyrosine residues are inaccessible in the intact gonadotropin compared to the subunits. The alpha-subunit possesses almost 3 times as much total carbohydrate as the beta-subunit; the individual sugar composition of each was determined as well as the amino acid composition. The alpha-subunit begins with the sequence NH2-Phe-Pro (Gly or Pro) ... and terminates with isoleucine. The beta-subunit has the sequence NH2-Ser-Pro-Gly ...; no C-terminal residue is detectable by either carboxypeptidase or hydrazinolysis. Biological studies show the gonadotropin to be active in assays specific for both lutropin and follitropin. Precipitin test in agar with rabbit antiserum against the gonadotropin show that the beta subunit cross-reacts whereas the alpha subunit does not.", "PMID": 413583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7240", "title": "Effect of calcium on extraction of Z-band proteins from I-Z-I brushes of rabbit striated muscle.", "content": "1. When rabbit striated muscle I-Z-I brushes were subjected to eleven extractions with three different extracting solutions, relatively more amount of proteins was extracted in the presence of 1 nM CaCl2 than in the presence of 5 mM EDTA or 5 mM ethyleneglycol-bisp(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N,N1,N1-tetra-acetic acid (EGTA). Among proteins extracted in the presence of 1 mM CaCl2, the protein components with molecular weights of 85,000, 95,000 and 220,000 were included, whereas these were not extracted in the other two. 2. Co-electrophoreses of 220,000 dalton protein and myosin heavy chain showed that these two protein components were distinct from each other. 3. Roles of Ca2+ are discussed on disintegration processes of I-Z-I brushes in special reference to its co-operative action with calcium-activated factor enzyme.", "contents": "Effect of calcium on extraction of Z-band proteins from I-Z-I brushes of rabbit striated muscle. 1. When rabbit striated muscle I-Z-I brushes were subjected to eleven extractions with three different extracting solutions, relatively more amount of proteins was extracted in the presence of 1 nM CaCl2 than in the presence of 5 mM EDTA or 5 mM ethyleneglycol-bisp(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N,N1,N1-tetra-acetic acid (EGTA). Among proteins extracted in the presence of 1 mM CaCl2, the protein components with molecular weights of 85,000, 95,000 and 220,000 were included, whereas these were not extracted in the other two. 2. Co-electrophoreses of 220,000 dalton protein and myosin heavy chain showed that these two protein components were distinct from each other. 3. Roles of Ca2+ are discussed on disintegration processes of I-Z-I brushes in special reference to its co-operative action with calcium-activated factor enzyme.", "PMID": 413584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7241", "title": "Biochemical studies on glucose initiated germination in Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 spores contained the enzymes for the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and the initial reactions in the hexose monophosphate pathway but not the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. With [U-14C]glucose no metabolism was detected until after about 30% of the spores had lost heat resistance. Mutants that lacked either phosphofructokinase or 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were able to initiate germination on glucose like wild type. Purified methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, 6-deoxyglucose and 6-deoxy-methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside were not substrates for spore enzymes yet these compounds still initiated germination. Therefore, metabolism of exogenously added glucose is probably not the primary stimulatory effect in germination.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on glucose initiated germination in Bacillus megaterium. Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 spores contained the enzymes for the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and the initial reactions in the hexose monophosphate pathway but not the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. With [U-14C]glucose no metabolism was detected until after about 30% of the spores had lost heat resistance. Mutants that lacked either phosphofructokinase or 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were able to initiate germination on glucose like wild type. Purified methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, 6-deoxyglucose and 6-deoxy-methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside were not substrates for spore enzymes yet these compounds still initiated germination. Therefore, metabolism of exogenously added glucose is probably not the primary stimulatory effect in germination.", "PMID": 413586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7242", "title": "[Characteristics of glycogen synthetase I from rabbit skeletal muscles].", "content": "Electrophoretic heterogeneity of glycosynthetase I from rabbit skeletal muscles is observed. Multiple glycosynthetase forms are separated in sucrose density gradient, their molecular weights are estimated. The existence of the enzyme as an equilibrium system of oligomeric forms, capable of reversible association-dissociation, is demonstrated. Dissociating effect of ATP, high pH values (11--12) and high ionic strength (2 M KCl) on oligomers of glycogen synthetase I is found to take place. Different activity of oligomers of different association degree is observed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of glycogen synthetase I from rabbit skeletal muscles]. Electrophoretic heterogeneity of glycosynthetase I from rabbit skeletal muscles is observed. Multiple glycosynthetase forms are separated in sucrose density gradient, their molecular weights are estimated. The existence of the enzyme as an equilibrium system of oligomeric forms, capable of reversible association-dissociation, is demonstrated. Dissociating effect of ATP, high pH values (11--12) and high ionic strength (2 M KCl) on oligomers of glycogen synthetase I is found to take place. Different activity of oligomers of different association degree is observed.", "PMID": 413588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7243", "title": "Renin production in Chagas' disease.", "content": "In six controls and ten patients with Chagas' disease (Trypanosomiasis cruzi), plasma renin activity was measured in peripheral venous blood, after 12 hours lying supine, and subsequently in an upright position at 5, 15, 30, 60 and 240 minutes. Evidence of a postganglionic autonomic defect at the sympathetic efferent kidney innervation was observed, probably in two stages corresponding to the clinical form of the disease: The first (asymptomatic or intermediate clinical form) with high renin production and the second with low renin production associated with digestive form of Chagas' disease.", "contents": "Renin production in Chagas' disease. In six controls and ten patients with Chagas' disease (Trypanosomiasis cruzi), plasma renin activity was measured in peripheral venous blood, after 12 hours lying supine, and subsequently in an upright position at 5, 15, 30, 60 and 240 minutes. Evidence of a postganglionic autonomic defect at the sympathetic efferent kidney innervation was observed, probably in two stages corresponding to the clinical form of the disease: The first (asymptomatic or intermediate clinical form) with high renin production and the second with low renin production associated with digestive form of Chagas' disease.", "PMID": 413591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7244", "title": "Deformation of human erythrocytes in a centrifugal field.", "content": "A new method for altering red cell morphology by high-speed centrifugation of cells through a physiological medium is described. Cell shape is preserved for microscopic analysis by allowing the sedimenting cells to pass from the physiological medium into a glutaraldehyde fixative solution. Examination of the deformed, fixed cells indicates that the vast majority resemble spheres with a flat, triangular tail. Measurements of the overall length of deformed cells show a nearly linear relationship between cell length and centrifugal force; average cell length increased from 8 to 11 micrometer as the centrifugal field was increased from 2,000 to 15,000 g. These data suggest that this centrifugal technique may be useful for evaluating cellular deformability and, potentially, the material properties of red cells.", "contents": "Deformation of human erythrocytes in a centrifugal field. A new method for altering red cell morphology by high-speed centrifugation of cells through a physiological medium is described. Cell shape is preserved for microscopic analysis by allowing the sedimenting cells to pass from the physiological medium into a glutaraldehyde fixative solution. Examination of the deformed, fixed cells indicates that the vast majority resemble spheres with a flat, triangular tail. Measurements of the overall length of deformed cells show a nearly linear relationship between cell length and centrifugal force; average cell length increased from 8 to 11 micrometer as the centrifugal field was increased from 2,000 to 15,000 g. These data suggest that this centrifugal technique may be useful for evaluating cellular deformability and, potentially, the material properties of red cells.", "PMID": 413592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7245", "title": "A kinetic model for microtubule polymerization during oral regeneration in Stentor coeruleus.", "content": "The regeneration of oral cilia in the protozoan cell, Stentor coeruleus, has been investigated in the presence of agents which do not favor the polymerization of microtubules. These agents, low temperature and the tubulin binding drugs, podophyllotoxin and beta-peltatin, slow the rate of regeneration. A kinetic model is proposed to test the hypothesis that microtubule polymerization is the rate limiting step in oral regeneration. The results suggest that the tubulin concentration of normal regenerating cells is slightly in excess of an amount which would kinetically limit the regeneration rate.", "contents": "A kinetic model for microtubule polymerization during oral regeneration in Stentor coeruleus. The regeneration of oral cilia in the protozoan cell, Stentor coeruleus, has been investigated in the presence of agents which do not favor the polymerization of microtubules. These agents, low temperature and the tubulin binding drugs, podophyllotoxin and beta-peltatin, slow the rate of regeneration. A kinetic model is proposed to test the hypothesis that microtubule polymerization is the rate limiting step in oral regeneration. The results suggest that the tubulin concentration of normal regenerating cells is slightly in excess of an amount which would kinetically limit the regeneration rate.", "PMID": 413593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7246", "title": "[\"Transplanted cell antigen\" and its detection in different human organs].", "content": "A cell membrane antigen was found in the continuous cell lines of epithelial origin, identical to the antigen revealed in the homogenates of human gastric mucosa. The antigen was detected with the aid of an antiserum against the solubilized membrane antigen from Hep-2 cells sorbed with a mixture of homogenates of human tissues--the lung, the liver, papillomatosis of the larynx and of the mammary gland. The described antigen was revealed in some (not all) adenocarcinomas of the stomach; it differs from carcinoembryonic Gold's antigen and from the secretory IgA component, it is not a structural component of D-type oncornoviruses (of primates) produced by Hep-2 cells, and does not seem to be coded by the genom of this virus.", "contents": "[\"Transplanted cell antigen\" and its detection in different human organs]. A cell membrane antigen was found in the continuous cell lines of epithelial origin, identical to the antigen revealed in the homogenates of human gastric mucosa. The antigen was detected with the aid of an antiserum against the solubilized membrane antigen from Hep-2 cells sorbed with a mixture of homogenates of human tissues--the lung, the liver, papillomatosis of the larynx and of the mammary gland. The described antigen was revealed in some (not all) adenocarcinomas of the stomach; it differs from carcinoembryonic Gold's antigen and from the secretory IgA component, it is not a structural component of D-type oncornoviruses (of primates) produced by Hep-2 cells, and does not seem to be coded by the genom of this virus.", "PMID": 413594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7247", "title": "[Use of the enzyme neuraminidase for immunotherapeutic treatment of chemically induced carcinogenesis].", "content": "The effect of vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) on the growth of dimethylbenzanthracene-induced sarcoma cells in the inbred CBA mice was investigated. The use of this preparation was started after the appearance of the tumour. Injection of 50 units of VCN twice a week for three months was effective at the early stages of carcinogenesis. An increase of the life-span of mice of comparison with control animals was also observed in the animals inoculated intraperitoneally with induced syngeneic sarcoma cells pretreated with VCN and simultaneously injected (into the developing tumour) with sensitized lymphocytes received from the syngeneic tumour-bearing mice. Lymphocytes were inoculated into the growing tumour. No positive effect ensued when the lymphocytes inoculated into the tumour region were pretreated with VCN. A simultaneous inoculation of neuraminidase into the growing tumour and of syngenous induced-sarcoma cells pretreated with this enzyme intraperitoneally was the most effective. Possibilities of application of neuraminidase under clinical conditions are discussed.", "contents": "[Use of the enzyme neuraminidase for immunotherapeutic treatment of chemically induced carcinogenesis]. The effect of vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) on the growth of dimethylbenzanthracene-induced sarcoma cells in the inbred CBA mice was investigated. The use of this preparation was started after the appearance of the tumour. Injection of 50 units of VCN twice a week for three months was effective at the early stages of carcinogenesis. An increase of the life-span of mice of comparison with control animals was also observed in the animals inoculated intraperitoneally with induced syngeneic sarcoma cells pretreated with VCN and simultaneously injected (into the developing tumour) with sensitized lymphocytes received from the syngeneic tumour-bearing mice. Lymphocytes were inoculated into the growing tumour. No positive effect ensued when the lymphocytes inoculated into the tumour region were pretreated with VCN. A simultaneous inoculation of neuraminidase into the growing tumour and of syngenous induced-sarcoma cells pretreated with this enzyme intraperitoneally was the most effective. Possibilities of application of neuraminidase under clinical conditions are discussed.", "PMID": 413595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7248", "title": "The role of extracellular calcium in the contractions produced by acetylcholine in chronically denervated muscle.", "content": "1 Acetylcholine-induced contractions of the isolated chronically denervated soleus muscle of the mouse consist of two phases, but both phases are equivalent to the contracture phase seen in vivo.2 Low [Ca(2+)](0) (0.5-1.5 mM) augmented peak tension, as well as the rate of relaxation, of the first phase, but inhibited the second phase. Ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or La(3+) (2 mM) also inhibited the second phase, but not the first.3 It was concluded that the first phase requires Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and is terminated by inactivation of the contractile process. The second phase is caused by the entry of activator Ca(2+) from the extracellular space.4 Increasing [Ca(2+)](o) to 5 or 10 mM after the addition of acetylcholine caused a contraction, starting after a delay of about 50 seconds. EGTA or La(3+) added during the second phase of the acetylcholine contraction caused relaxation after a much shorter lag time.5 It is concluded that most of the Ca(2+) entering from the extracellular fluid is taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.6 The acetylcholine second phase was augmented in low (25 mM) [Na(+)](0). It is concluded that Na(+) and Ca(2+) compete for the acetylcholine controlled ionic channels.7 Isolated chronically denervated diaphragm muscles were less sensitive to acetylcholine and the contraction usually consisted of a first phase only.8 It is concluded that sequestration of Ca(2+) entering from the extracellular fluid is more complete in the diaphragm.", "contents": "The role of extracellular calcium in the contractions produced by acetylcholine in chronically denervated muscle. 1 Acetylcholine-induced contractions of the isolated chronically denervated soleus muscle of the mouse consist of two phases, but both phases are equivalent to the contracture phase seen in vivo.2 Low [Ca(2+)](0) (0.5-1.5 mM) augmented peak tension, as well as the rate of relaxation, of the first phase, but inhibited the second phase. Ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) or La(3+) (2 mM) also inhibited the second phase, but not the first.3 It was concluded that the first phase requires Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and is terminated by inactivation of the contractile process. The second phase is caused by the entry of activator Ca(2+) from the extracellular space.4 Increasing [Ca(2+)](o) to 5 or 10 mM after the addition of acetylcholine caused a contraction, starting after a delay of about 50 seconds. EGTA or La(3+) added during the second phase of the acetylcholine contraction caused relaxation after a much shorter lag time.5 It is concluded that most of the Ca(2+) entering from the extracellular fluid is taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.6 The acetylcholine second phase was augmented in low (25 mM) [Na(+)](0). It is concluded that Na(+) and Ca(2+) compete for the acetylcholine controlled ionic channels.7 Isolated chronically denervated diaphragm muscles were less sensitive to acetylcholine and the contraction usually consisted of a first phase only.8 It is concluded that sequestration of Ca(2+) entering from the extracellular fluid is more complete in the diaphragm.", "PMID": 413600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7249", "title": "A technique for measuring the accumulation of 99 Tcm stannous-ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate in the canine tibia.", "content": "An experimental technique is described to measure the accumulation of 99Tcm-stannous-ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (99Tcm-EHDP) in the canine tibia. The method involves infusion at a constant rate of known amounts of 99Tcm-EHDP into the nutrient artery supplying the tibial bone. The accumulation of the diphosphonate in bone is measured by an external sodium iodide, Nal (T1), scintillation detector. Results are presented showing that for small amounts of 99Tcm-EHDP (0.004-0.300 mg per hour) the accumulation is a nearly linear function with time for 60 minutes, after which the uptake may become variable with either a plateau formation or considerable fluctuation of activity.", "contents": "A technique for measuring the accumulation of 99 Tcm stannous-ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate in the canine tibia. An experimental technique is described to measure the accumulation of 99Tcm-stannous-ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (99Tcm-EHDP) in the canine tibia. The method involves infusion at a constant rate of known amounts of 99Tcm-EHDP into the nutrient artery supplying the tibial bone. The accumulation of the diphosphonate in bone is measured by an external sodium iodide, Nal (T1), scintillation detector. Results are presented showing that for small amounts of 99Tcm-EHDP (0.004-0.300 mg per hour) the accumulation is a nearly linear function with time for 60 minutes, after which the uptake may become variable with either a plateau formation or considerable fluctuation of activity.", "PMID": 413602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7250", "title": "Differential androgen uptake by the lobes of the rhesus monkey prostate.", "content": "The prostate of the rhesus monkey (Mucacca mulatta) consists of a cranial and a caudal lobe. The uptake of [3H] testosterone by these 2 lobes has been measured and compared with control tissues. A significantly higher uptake of radioactivity was found in the caudal lobe when compared to cranial as well as other control tissues. The uptake of radioactivity by the caudal and cranial lobes was suppressed when unlabelled testosterone was introduced into the incubation media. The relationship between these 2 lobes of the monkey prostate and the central and peripheral zones of the human prostate is described.", "contents": "Differential androgen uptake by the lobes of the rhesus monkey prostate. The prostate of the rhesus monkey (Mucacca mulatta) consists of a cranial and a caudal lobe. The uptake of [3H] testosterone by these 2 lobes has been measured and compared with control tissues. A significantly higher uptake of radioactivity was found in the caudal lobe when compared to cranial as well as other control tissues. The uptake of radioactivity by the caudal and cranial lobes was suppressed when unlabelled testosterone was introduced into the incubation media. The relationship between these 2 lobes of the monkey prostate and the central and peripheral zones of the human prostate is described.", "PMID": 413603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7251", "title": "The circadian variation of catecholamine metabolism in the subhuman primate.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was removed continuously in 2- or 3-h aliquots from the lateral and fourth cerebral ventricles of chronic chair restrained rhesus monkeys. Under conditions of 12 h light (06.00-18.00 h) and 12 h darkness (18.00-06.00 h) the concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) were found to describe a circadian pattern, with maximal concentrations occurring during the light hours and minimal concentrations occurring during the dark hours. The patterns were generally coincident with the circadian patterns of brain temperature and body activity. When assayed for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA), samples of CSF collected over 3-4 days demonstrated no reproducible pattern of change. Fluctuation in the concentration of MHPG did not correspond in direction or magnitude to changes in the concentration of VMA. These random fluctuations may in part be accounted for by the influx of the metabolites from peripheral sources to the brain and CSF, and by the relatively slow movement of these metabolites as they diffuse from brain parenchyma to the CSF.", "contents": "The circadian variation of catecholamine metabolism in the subhuman primate. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was removed continuously in 2- or 3-h aliquots from the lateral and fourth cerebral ventricles of chronic chair restrained rhesus monkeys. Under conditions of 12 h light (06.00-18.00 h) and 12 h darkness (18.00-06.00 h) the concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) were found to describe a circadian pattern, with maximal concentrations occurring during the light hours and minimal concentrations occurring during the dark hours. The patterns were generally coincident with the circadian patterns of brain temperature and body activity. When assayed for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA), samples of CSF collected over 3-4 days demonstrated no reproducible pattern of change. Fluctuation in the concentration of MHPG did not correspond in direction or magnitude to changes in the concentration of VMA. These random fluctuations may in part be accounted for by the influx of the metabolites from peripheral sources to the brain and CSF, and by the relatively slow movement of these metabolites as they diffuse from brain parenchyma to the CSF.", "PMID": 413608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7252", "title": "Cortico-striate projections in the rhesus monkey: the organization of certain cortico-caudate connections.", "content": "The organization of cortical projections to the caudate nucleus was investigated in the rhesus monkey, using the autoradiographic tracing method. Following injections of tritiated leucine and proline into selected pre- and post-Rolandic association areas in the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes, widespread projections were observed to one, or more typically, more than one of the major subdivisions of the caudate nucleus. When cortical areas having strong reciprocal cortico-cortical connections were compared, a considerable communality of their cortico-caudate projections was noted; depending on the location of the cortical areas, the region of common distribution lay within the head, the body, or the tail of the caudate nucleus. This correlation between cortico-cortical and cortico-striate projections characterized all pairs of cases studied. It suggests a previously undescribed principle of organization within the telencephalon, namely, that areas of cerebral cortex having reciprocal cortico-cortical connections, while having unique overall patterns of projection to the caudate nucleus, project, in part, to one and the same region of the nucleus. This might imply that a given region of the caudate nucleus receives input not only from a particular area of cortex, but also from all other cortical areas reciprocally interconnected with that area.", "contents": "Cortico-striate projections in the rhesus monkey: the organization of certain cortico-caudate connections. The organization of cortical projections to the caudate nucleus was investigated in the rhesus monkey, using the autoradiographic tracing method. Following injections of tritiated leucine and proline into selected pre- and post-Rolandic association areas in the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes, widespread projections were observed to one, or more typically, more than one of the major subdivisions of the caudate nucleus. When cortical areas having strong reciprocal cortico-cortical connections were compared, a considerable communality of their cortico-caudate projections was noted; depending on the location of the cortical areas, the region of common distribution lay within the head, the body, or the tail of the caudate nucleus. This correlation between cortico-cortical and cortico-striate projections characterized all pairs of cases studied. It suggests a previously undescribed principle of organization within the telencephalon, namely, that areas of cerebral cortex having reciprocal cortico-cortical connections, while having unique overall patterns of projection to the caudate nucleus, project, in part, to one and the same region of the nucleus. This might imply that a given region of the caudate nucleus receives input not only from a particular area of cortex, but also from all other cortical areas reciprocally interconnected with that area.", "PMID": 413609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7253", "title": "A selective medium for the rapid isolation of pseudomonads associated with poultry meat spoilage.", "content": "1. A new selective medium (CFC) has been developed for the rapid isolation of pigmented and non-pigmented pseudomonads associated with the spoilage of poultry meat held under chill conditions. It comprises Difco Heart Infusion Agar supplemented with 50 microgram cephaloridine, 10 microgram fucidin and 10 microgram cetrimide/ml. 2. CFC medium was found to be more selective than three other media which have been used for isolating pseudomonads from foods, when tested with pure cultures of 28 reference organisms. 3. CFC supported the growth of a higher proportion of pseudomonads from freshly-eviscerated carcasses and processing equipment when the organisms were present only in low numbers relative to other genera.", "contents": "A selective medium for the rapid isolation of pseudomonads associated with poultry meat spoilage. 1. A new selective medium (CFC) has been developed for the rapid isolation of pigmented and non-pigmented pseudomonads associated with the spoilage of poultry meat held under chill conditions. It comprises Difco Heart Infusion Agar supplemented with 50 microgram cephaloridine, 10 microgram fucidin and 10 microgram cetrimide/ml. 2. CFC medium was found to be more selective than three other media which have been used for isolating pseudomonads from foods, when tested with pure cultures of 28 reference organisms. 3. CFC supported the growth of a higher proportion of pseudomonads from freshly-eviscerated carcasses and processing equipment when the organisms were present only in low numbers relative to other genera.", "PMID": 413611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7254", "title": "The nacreous layer in Mytilus, Nucula, and Unio (Bivalvia). Crystalline composition and nucleation of nacreous tablets.", "content": "Etching with the glutaraldehyde-acetic acid solution reveals that the nacreous tablets in Mytilus, Nucula, and Unio are composed of four crystal individuals which occur in two structurally different pairs and which are probably cyclically twinned. In Mytilus, one pair consists of horizontal lamellae, whereas the other pair lacks the lamellae. The lamellar pair of crystals is considerably less soluble in the etching solution than the non-lamellar pair. In the less-soluble crystal pair of Nucula and Unio, the lamellar structure is absent. In all three genera, the nucleation of new nacreous tablets invariably takes place on the top surface of the less-soluble crystal individuals. The stack-like growth of the nacreous tablets in the marginal region of the shell in Nucula is probably related to the exceptionally large-sized, less-soluble crystal individuals in the nacreous tablets of this region.", "contents": "The nacreous layer in Mytilus, Nucula, and Unio (Bivalvia). Crystalline composition and nucleation of nacreous tablets. Etching with the glutaraldehyde-acetic acid solution reveals that the nacreous tablets in Mytilus, Nucula, and Unio are composed of four crystal individuals which occur in two structurally different pairs and which are probably cyclically twinned. In Mytilus, one pair consists of horizontal lamellae, whereas the other pair lacks the lamellae. The lamellar pair of crystals is considerably less soluble in the etching solution than the non-lamellar pair. In the less-soluble crystal pair of Nucula and Unio, the lamellar structure is absent. In all three genera, the nucleation of new nacreous tablets invariably takes place on the top surface of the less-soluble crystal individuals. The stack-like growth of the nacreous tablets in the marginal region of the shell in Nucula is probably related to the exceptionally large-sized, less-soluble crystal individuals in the nacreous tablets of this region.", "PMID": 413612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7255", "title": "Changes in red cell, plasma, inulin, and total water compartments in rat femurs. Comparison of vitamin D deficiency and diphosphonate induced rickets.", "content": "The vascular space, as measured with the use of 99m-technetium-labelled red cells and 131I-serum albumin, as well as the 14C-inulin and 3H2O fluid compartments were measured in rats which had been made rachitic by the use of a low phosphate vitamin D-deficient diet. A similar group of rachitic animals fed vitamin D2 50 IU, 5 and 3 days prior to sacrifice and a weight-matched control group were also studied. The same spaces were measured in rats made rachitic by daily s.c. injections of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) for 4 weeks and a weight-matched saline injected control group. Findings indicated that the red cell and RISA spaces were unchanged in the untreated D-deficient group as compared to controls but increased after being repleted with vitamin D. By contrast, the vascular space was depressed in the EHDP-treated group. The water content was elevated in D-deficient rickets returning towards normal on healing, whilst both inulin and water spaces were increased in the EHDP-treated animals. Thus, while the extravascular space reflected the presence of osteoid, the vascular space depended on cellular turnover and the process of mineralization.", "contents": "Changes in red cell, plasma, inulin, and total water compartments in rat femurs. Comparison of vitamin D deficiency and diphosphonate induced rickets. The vascular space, as measured with the use of 99m-technetium-labelled red cells and 131I-serum albumin, as well as the 14C-inulin and 3H2O fluid compartments were measured in rats which had been made rachitic by the use of a low phosphate vitamin D-deficient diet. A similar group of rachitic animals fed vitamin D2 50 IU, 5 and 3 days prior to sacrifice and a weight-matched control group were also studied. The same spaces were measured in rats made rachitic by daily s.c. injections of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) for 4 weeks and a weight-matched saline injected control group. Findings indicated that the red cell and RISA spaces were unchanged in the untreated D-deficient group as compared to controls but increased after being repleted with vitamin D. By contrast, the vascular space was depressed in the EHDP-treated group. The water content was elevated in D-deficient rickets returning towards normal on healing, whilst both inulin and water spaces were increased in the EHDP-treated animals. Thus, while the extravascular space reflected the presence of osteoid, the vascular space depended on cellular turnover and the process of mineralization.", "PMID": 413613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7256", "title": "Some biophysical and biochemical properties of poly(phthaloyl L-lysine) microcapsules containing hemolysate.", "content": "Measurements of oxygen equilibrium, zeta-potential, resistance to flow, carbonic anhydrase activity, and catalase activity were made on sheep erythrocyte hemolysate-loaded poly(phthaloyl L-lysine) microcapsules (artificial red blood cells) prepared by an interfacial polycondensation technique. The measurements revealed that oxygen dissociation equilibrium, zeta-potential, and carbonic anhydrase activity of the microcapsules are almost the same as those of sheep erythrocytes, while the microcapsules have a higher resistance to flow and a lower catalase activity than the erythrocytes. Possible ways of improving the properties of the microcapsules were suggested.", "contents": "Some biophysical and biochemical properties of poly(phthaloyl L-lysine) microcapsules containing hemolysate. Measurements of oxygen equilibrium, zeta-potential, resistance to flow, carbonic anhydrase activity, and catalase activity were made on sheep erythrocyte hemolysate-loaded poly(phthaloyl L-lysine) microcapsules (artificial red blood cells) prepared by an interfacial polycondensation technique. The measurements revealed that oxygen dissociation equilibrium, zeta-potential, and carbonic anhydrase activity of the microcapsules are almost the same as those of sheep erythrocytes, while the microcapsules have a higher resistance to flow and a lower catalase activity than the erythrocytes. Possible ways of improving the properties of the microcapsules were suggested.", "PMID": 413615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7257", "title": "The history, biology, and taxonomy of the Cytophaga group.", "content": "The first section of this review covers the important characteristics of the genera Cytophaga and Sporocytophaga. The topics discussed include vegetative cell structure, the spreading habit, and degradation of macromolecules. A historical account of these two genera follows, together with a discussion on the definition of, and species differentiation with the genus Cytophaga, and on the taxonomy of Sporocytophaga. The third section deals with the relationships of the cytophagas with the flavobacteria and includes a brief history of Flavobacterium, reassignation of some species to Cytophaga, differentiation from Cytophaga, and a discussion on the definition of the genus Flavobacterium. This is followed by a section dealing with the relationship of Cytophaga with the flexibacteria, starting with an introduction to the diversity of flexing organisms and taxonomic developments, and proceeding with the differentiation within the family Cytophagaceae, and species differentiation in Flexibacter. The concluding section includes a proposed redefinition of Cytophaga, a proposal regarding species conservation in this genus, and discussions on the relationship between the cytophagas and the myxobacteria and on the significance of cytophagas in the environment. The characteristics of all described species of Cytophaga, Flexibacter, and relevant flavobacteria are tabulated and a bibliography is presented.", "contents": "The history, biology, and taxonomy of the Cytophaga group. The first section of this review covers the important characteristics of the genera Cytophaga and Sporocytophaga. The topics discussed include vegetative cell structure, the spreading habit, and degradation of macromolecules. A historical account of these two genera follows, together with a discussion on the definition of, and species differentiation with the genus Cytophaga, and on the taxonomy of Sporocytophaga. The third section deals with the relationships of the cytophagas with the flavobacteria and includes a brief history of Flavobacterium, reassignation of some species to Cytophaga, differentiation from Cytophaga, and a discussion on the definition of the genus Flavobacterium. This is followed by a section dealing with the relationship of Cytophaga with the flexibacteria, starting with an introduction to the diversity of flexing organisms and taxonomic developments, and proceeding with the differentiation within the family Cytophagaceae, and species differentiation in Flexibacter. The concluding section includes a proposed redefinition of Cytophaga, a proposal regarding species conservation in this genus, and discussions on the relationship between the cytophagas and the myxobacteria and on the significance of cytophagas in the environment. The characteristics of all described species of Cytophaga, Flexibacter, and relevant flavobacteria are tabulated and a bibliography is presented.", "PMID": 413616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7258", "title": "Pigmentation phenotype instability in Myxococcus xanthus.", "content": "Cells of Myxococcus xanthus FB2 produce tan or yellow colonies. Subcultures of tan colonies yielded tan and yellow colonies and subcultures of most yellow colonies yielded only yellow colonies. Strain FB2 variants in which the color type is more stable were obtained. Yellow cells were distinguishable from tan by the presence of pigment(s) with an absorption maximum at 379 nm. Fluctuation Test experiments and the presence of this pigment(s) in liquid cultures of FB2 indicated that tan phenotype cells spontaneously became or segregated yellow cells in liquid culture. The frequency of appearance of yellow cells was increased in low density cultures (less than 10(6)/ml). The increase cannot be explained by differences in growth rates of the two phenotypes. No evidence that cell-cell contact or culture medium constituents affect the appearance of the yellow phenotype was found. Ultraviolet irradiation of FB2 resulted in an increased proportion of cells producing yellow colonies among the survivors. Greater UV resistance of yellow cells and UV-induced conversion of tan to yellow accounts for this increase. Low level photoreactivation of viability and of the tan phenotype occurred. Incubation of FB2 in medium containing mitomycin C, nalidixic acid, phenethyl alcohol, or at 36.5 degrees C also resulted in conversion of tan to yellow cells.", "contents": "Pigmentation phenotype instability in Myxococcus xanthus. Cells of Myxococcus xanthus FB2 produce tan or yellow colonies. Subcultures of tan colonies yielded tan and yellow colonies and subcultures of most yellow colonies yielded only yellow colonies. Strain FB2 variants in which the color type is more stable were obtained. Yellow cells were distinguishable from tan by the presence of pigment(s) with an absorption maximum at 379 nm. Fluctuation Test experiments and the presence of this pigment(s) in liquid cultures of FB2 indicated that tan phenotype cells spontaneously became or segregated yellow cells in liquid culture. The frequency of appearance of yellow cells was increased in low density cultures (less than 10(6)/ml). The increase cannot be explained by differences in growth rates of the two phenotypes. No evidence that cell-cell contact or culture medium constituents affect the appearance of the yellow phenotype was found. Ultraviolet irradiation of FB2 resulted in an increased proportion of cells producing yellow colonies among the survivors. Greater UV resistance of yellow cells and UV-induced conversion of tan to yellow accounts for this increase. Low level photoreactivation of viability and of the tan phenotype occurred. Incubation of FB2 in medium containing mitomycin C, nalidixic acid, phenethyl alcohol, or at 36.5 degrees C also resulted in conversion of tan to yellow cells.", "PMID": 413617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7259", "title": "The electrochemical proton gradient and phenylalanine transport in Escherichia coli irradiated with near-ultraviolet light.", "content": "Irradiation of Escherichia coli with near-ultraviolet (near-UV) light diminished the electrochemical proton gradient and the accumulation of L-phenylalanine. Inhibitors known to collapse the proton gradient and the comparison of two techniques measuring the electrical potential substantiated the estimates made. At several fluences (doses), a linear relationship was observed between the phenylalanine gradient and the combined electrical and chemical potentials (the electrochemical proton gradient), suggesting a close coupling between them. However, additional effects of near-UV light on the phenylalanine permease were not discounted. The combined potentials provided sufficient energy for the observed accumulation of phenylalanine, assuming a proton to amino acid cotransport ratio of 1. An increase in membrane permeability did not contribute to the loss of phenylalanine transport, as shown by an increase in the rate and extent of alpha-methylglucoside uptake.", "contents": "The electrochemical proton gradient and phenylalanine transport in Escherichia coli irradiated with near-ultraviolet light. Irradiation of Escherichia coli with near-ultraviolet (near-UV) light diminished the electrochemical proton gradient and the accumulation of L-phenylalanine. Inhibitors known to collapse the proton gradient and the comparison of two techniques measuring the electrical potential substantiated the estimates made. At several fluences (doses), a linear relationship was observed between the phenylalanine gradient and the combined electrical and chemical potentials (the electrochemical proton gradient), suggesting a close coupling between them. However, additional effects of near-UV light on the phenylalanine permease were not discounted. The combined potentials provided sufficient energy for the observed accumulation of phenylalanine, assuming a proton to amino acid cotransport ratio of 1. An increase in membrane permeability did not contribute to the loss of phenylalanine transport, as shown by an increase in the rate and extent of alpha-methylglucoside uptake.", "PMID": 413618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7260", "title": "A microbiologic disc assay for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in the presence of methotrexate.", "content": "High-dose methotrexate-citrovorum factor rescue regimens are used extensively for the treatment of human malignancies. Since the rescue agent citrovorum factor is rapidly converted to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, it is desirable to follow the distribution kinetics of both of these coenzymes to assess the selective therapeutic effectiveness of the regimen. The assay methods using methotrexate-resistant strains of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 7469 (LC/A), Streptococcus faecium var. durans ATCC 8043 (SF/A), and Pediococcus cerevisiae ATCC 8081 (PC/A) have been developed to determine the concentrations of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and other folates in the presence of methotrexate. Since LC/A determines the total folates, SF/A deterimines the total folates except 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and PC/A by our procedure determines only the most stable form of reduced folates, citrovorum factor, the quantitation of both 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and citrovorum factor can very easily be achieved by differential assays. This report describes the determination of as low as 10 ng/ml of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in the presence of as high as 500 microgram/ml of methotrexate. The assay method described here is currently used in studying the pharmacokinetics of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in patients with meningeal neoplasms.", "contents": "A microbiologic disc assay for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in the presence of methotrexate. High-dose methotrexate-citrovorum factor rescue regimens are used extensively for the treatment of human malignancies. Since the rescue agent citrovorum factor is rapidly converted to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, it is desirable to follow the distribution kinetics of both of these coenzymes to assess the selective therapeutic effectiveness of the regimen. The assay methods using methotrexate-resistant strains of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 7469 (LC/A), Streptococcus faecium var. durans ATCC 8043 (SF/A), and Pediococcus cerevisiae ATCC 8081 (PC/A) have been developed to determine the concentrations of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and other folates in the presence of methotrexate. Since LC/A determines the total folates, SF/A deterimines the total folates except 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and PC/A by our procedure determines only the most stable form of reduced folates, citrovorum factor, the quantitation of both 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and citrovorum factor can very easily be achieved by differential assays. This report describes the determination of as low as 10 ng/ml of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in the presence of as high as 500 microgram/ml of methotrexate. The assay method described here is currently used in studying the pharmacokinetics of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in patients with meningeal neoplasms.", "PMID": 413623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7261", "title": "Evaluation of a hexamethylmelamine and 5-fluorouracil combination in the treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "The combination of two nonalkylating agents, hexamethylmelamine (HMM) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), was evaluated in 14 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. Nine patients had been treated previously with alkylating agents. The overall response rate was 36% which is not greater than could be expected with either HMM or 5-FU alone. However, the median survival of the five responders was greater than 24 months. Treatment had to be discontinued in five of 14 patients due to excessive toxicity. Although the toxic effects were predominately gastrointestinal, unpredictable hematopoietic and neurotoxic effects were observed.", "contents": "Evaluation of a hexamethylmelamine and 5-fluorouracil combination in the treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma. The combination of two nonalkylating agents, hexamethylmelamine (HMM) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), was evaluated in 14 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. Nine patients had been treated previously with alkylating agents. The overall response rate was 36% which is not greater than could be expected with either HMM or 5-FU alone. However, the median survival of the five responders was greater than 24 months. Treatment had to be discontinued in five of 14 patients due to excessive toxicity. Although the toxic effects were predominately gastrointestinal, unpredictable hematopoietic and neurotoxic effects were observed.", "PMID": 413624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7262", "title": "The 5S genes of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "We have cloned embryonic Drosophila DNA using the poly (dA-DT) connector method (Lobban and Kaiser, 1973) and the ampicillin-resistant plasmid pSF2124 (So, Gill and Falkow, 1975) as a cloning vehicle. Two clones, containing hybrid plasmids with sequences complementary to a 5S RNA probe isolated from Drosophila tissue culture cells, were identified by the Grunstein and Hogness (1975) colony hybridization procedure. One hybrid plasmid has a Drosophila insert which is comprised solely of tandem repeats of the 5S gene plus spacer sequences. The other plasmid contains an insert which has about 20 tandem 5S repeat units plus an additional 4 kilobases of adjacent sequences. The size of the 5S repeat unit was determined by gel electrophoresis and was found to be approximately 375 base pairs. We present a restriction map of both plasmids, and a detailed map of of the5S repeat unit. The 5S repat unit shows slight length and sequence heterogeneity. We present evidence suggesting that the 5S genes in Drosophila melanogaster may be arranged in a single continuous cluster.", "contents": "The 5S genes of Drosophila melanogaster. We have cloned embryonic Drosophila DNA using the poly (dA-DT) connector method (Lobban and Kaiser, 1973) and the ampicillin-resistant plasmid pSF2124 (So, Gill and Falkow, 1975) as a cloning vehicle. Two clones, containing hybrid plasmids with sequences complementary to a 5S RNA probe isolated from Drosophila tissue culture cells, were identified by the Grunstein and Hogness (1975) colony hybridization procedure. One hybrid plasmid has a Drosophila insert which is comprised solely of tandem repeats of the 5S gene plus spacer sequences. The other plasmid contains an insert which has about 20 tandem 5S repeat units plus an additional 4 kilobases of adjacent sequences. The size of the 5S repeat unit was determined by gel electrophoresis and was found to be approximately 375 base pairs. We present a restriction map of both plasmids, and a detailed map of of the5S repeat unit. The 5S repat unit shows slight length and sequence heterogeneity. We present evidence suggesting that the 5S genes in Drosophila melanogaster may be arranged in a single continuous cluster.", "PMID": 413625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7263", "title": "Patterns of protein synthesis in imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Patterns of polypeptide synthesis in wing, leg and eye-antenna imaginal discs and in whole larvae of wild-type and and mutant Drosophila melanogaster have been examined using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. After 2 hr of labeling with 35S during the third larval instar, the synthesis of more than 318 polypeptides has been detected in imaginal discs. Of these, 268 are present in similar amounts in all three disc types. The remaining polypeptides detected in the three imaginal disc types fall into two categories: those unique to a particular disc type, and those specific for a particular pair of disc types. These results are discussed in relation to the spectrum of gene expression in imaginal discs.", "contents": "Patterns of protein synthesis in imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster. Patterns of polypeptide synthesis in wing, leg and eye-antenna imaginal discs and in whole larvae of wild-type and and mutant Drosophila melanogaster have been examined using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. After 2 hr of labeling with 35S during the third larval instar, the synthesis of more than 318 polypeptides has been detected in imaginal discs. Of these, 268 are present in similar amounts in all three disc types. The remaining polypeptides detected in the three imaginal disc types fall into two categories: those unique to a particular disc type, and those specific for a particular pair of disc types. These results are discussed in relation to the spectrum of gene expression in imaginal discs.", "PMID": 413626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7264", "title": "Increased carbonic anhydrase activity in Friend erythroleukemia cells during DMSO-stimulated erythroid differentiation and its inhibition by BrdU.", "content": "Carbonic anhydrase activity is increased in Friend erythroleukemia (FL) cells during the enhancement of erythroid differentiation in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or butyric acid. Untreated FL cells show an increase in enzyme activity associated with logarithmic growth. The increase in the specific activity of carbonic anhydrase in the differentiating treated cells, however, appears to be due to at least two additional general mechanisms: (1) an induction of carbonic anhydrase paralleling the stimulation of hemoglobin synthesis and (2) the stability and/or retention of active carbonic anhydrase as compared to most of the other cell proteins. The stimulation of carbonic anhydrase activity in the treated cells is inhibited by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). This is the first demonstration of BrdU inhibition of a DMSO induced product not directly related to hemoglobin.", "contents": "Increased carbonic anhydrase activity in Friend erythroleukemia cells during DMSO-stimulated erythroid differentiation and its inhibition by BrdU. Carbonic anhydrase activity is increased in Friend erythroleukemia (FL) cells during the enhancement of erythroid differentiation in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or butyric acid. Untreated FL cells show an increase in enzyme activity associated with logarithmic growth. The increase in the specific activity of carbonic anhydrase in the differentiating treated cells, however, appears to be due to at least two additional general mechanisms: (1) an induction of carbonic anhydrase paralleling the stimulation of hemoglobin synthesis and (2) the stability and/or retention of active carbonic anhydrase as compared to most of the other cell proteins. The stimulation of carbonic anhydrase activity in the treated cells is inhibited by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). This is the first demonstration of BrdU inhibition of a DMSO induced product not directly related to hemoglobin.", "PMID": 413628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7265", "title": "Neutral and acid lipase of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts with increased adipose conversion.", "content": "In the resting state, 3T3-L1 fibroblasts become adipose converted and increase their fatty acid and triglyceride synthetase. We have found that they contain four times the neutral lipase activity and 1.5 times the acid lipase activity of logarithmically dividing cells. The activities of lysosomal acid beta-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase were the same in the adipose converted and logarithmically dividing cells. The data suggest a possible relation between the increased neutral lipase activity in 3T3-L1 cells and their adipose conversion and demonstrates that the adipose converted 3T3-L1 fibroblasts, unlike true adipose cells, contain high levels of lysosomal acid hydrolases.", "contents": "Neutral and acid lipase of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts with increased adipose conversion. In the resting state, 3T3-L1 fibroblasts become adipose converted and increase their fatty acid and triglyceride synthetase. We have found that they contain four times the neutral lipase activity and 1.5 times the acid lipase activity of logarithmically dividing cells. The activities of lysosomal acid beta-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase were the same in the adipose converted and logarithmically dividing cells. The data suggest a possible relation between the increased neutral lipase activity in 3T3-L1 cells and their adipose conversion and demonstrates that the adipose converted 3T3-L1 fibroblasts, unlike true adipose cells, contain high levels of lysosomal acid hydrolases.", "PMID": 413629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7266", "title": "Experimental activation of ascidian eggs.", "content": "The effects of the ionophore A23187 on the activation of the eggs of Ascidia malaca have been studied. No common external ion in the sea water is found to be essential for the activation but lanthanum and manganese inhibit the response. These observations support the interpretation that activation of these eggs results from changes in free intracellular calcium levels. This has led to the prediction of two other activating treatments, namely high external calcium and addition of theophylline.", "contents": "Experimental activation of ascidian eggs. The effects of the ionophore A23187 on the activation of the eggs of Ascidia malaca have been studied. No common external ion in the sea water is found to be essential for the activation but lanthanum and manganese inhibit the response. These observations support the interpretation that activation of these eggs results from changes in free intracellular calcium levels. This has led to the prediction of two other activating treatments, namely high external calcium and addition of theophylline.", "PMID": 413630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7267", "title": "[Ossifying adrenocortical carcinoma with myelolipoma].", "content": "In a 25-year-old female in adrenocortical carcinoma with a myelolipoma and areas of ossification was removed by operation. The carcinoma did not penetrate the myeloadipose structure. The finding of an actively growing bone within the stroma of the adenocarcinoma can be explained by the local action of androgens produced by the tumour tissue.", "contents": "[Ossifying adrenocortical carcinoma with myelolipoma]. In a 25-year-old female in adrenocortical carcinoma with a myelolipoma and areas of ossification was removed by operation. The carcinoma did not penetrate the myeloadipose structure. The finding of an actively growing bone within the stroma of the adenocarcinoma can be explained by the local action of androgens produced by the tumour tissue.", "PMID": 413632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7268", "title": "Pesticide induced ouabain resistant mutants in Chinese hamster V79 cells.", "content": "The effect of 3 insecticides (chlordane, dieldrin and carbaryl) and one herbicide (2,4-D-fluid) was studied on the induction of ouabain-resistant mutants in Chinese hamster V79 cells at concentrations approaching the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tolerance limits. The kinetics and dose range for cytotoxicity were determined by colony formation assay. Results showed that these compounds enhanced the number of ouabain-resistant mutants and acted as weak mutagens.", "contents": "Pesticide induced ouabain resistant mutants in Chinese hamster V79 cells. The effect of 3 insecticides (chlordane, dieldrin and carbaryl) and one herbicide (2,4-D-fluid) was studied on the induction of ouabain-resistant mutants in Chinese hamster V79 cells at concentrations approaching the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tolerance limits. The kinetics and dose range for cytotoxicity were determined by colony formation assay. Results showed that these compounds enhanced the number of ouabain-resistant mutants and acted as weak mutagens.", "PMID": 413633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7269", "title": "Non-Mendelian development defects: animal models and implications for research into human disease.", "content": "The major groups of malformations in man are polygenic in origin but this review deals only with defects due to non-Mendelian factors. Animal models that help in identifying the causes and in understanding the numerous and often subtle mechanisms of human malformations are of particular value. Many chemicals, physical agents, and nutritional deficiencies affect experimental species but few are teratogenic for domestic animals and even fewer for man. The known fetopathic viruses of animals and man cross the placenta to cause chronic, nonlethal fetal damage without harm to the mother. Ionizing radiations are teratogenic for all species and hyperthermia for many, but the role of the latter in human development is uncertain. The identification of more animal species with spontaneous or induced defects comparable to those found in man and of additional causative teratogens will increase the resources available for research into the causes and mechanisms of abnormal development in man. No animal species is ideal in teratological research but each has its virtues. This report comments on the present status of research in teratology and the trends that might profitably be followed in the future.", "contents": "Non-Mendelian development defects: animal models and implications for research into human disease. The major groups of malformations in man are polygenic in origin but this review deals only with defects due to non-Mendelian factors. Animal models that help in identifying the causes and in understanding the numerous and often subtle mechanisms of human malformations are of particular value. Many chemicals, physical agents, and nutritional deficiencies affect experimental species but few are teratogenic for domestic animals and even fewer for man. The known fetopathic viruses of animals and man cross the placenta to cause chronic, nonlethal fetal damage without harm to the mother. Ionizing radiations are teratogenic for all species and hyperthermia for many, but the role of the latter in human development is uncertain. The identification of more animal species with spontaneous or induced defects comparable to those found in man and of additional causative teratogens will increase the resources available for research into the causes and mechanisms of abnormal development in man. No animal species is ideal in teratological research but each has its virtues. This report comments on the present status of research in teratology and the trends that might profitably be followed in the future.", "PMID": 413638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7270", "title": "A second controlled field trial of a serogroup A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Alexandria.", "content": "The encouraging results of an earlier controlled field trial of the serogroup A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the prevention of clinical disease prompted this study, the aim of which was to evaluate further the effectiveness of another lot of this type of vaccine, the duration of immunity, and the effectiveness against meningococcal carriage. A controlled field trial was carried out in early 1973 on 176 646 schoolchildren 6-15 years of age, of whom half received the serogroup A polysaccharide vaccine and the other half tetanus toxoid as a control. The incidence of cerebrospinal meningitis caused by serogroup A meningococci was 89% lower in the immunized group than in the controls for one year only. With regard to its effect on carriage, the vaccine was found to reduce to less than half the rate of new acquisition of serogroup A meningococci during the period immediately following immunization. The duration of the carrier state was also shortened in the immunized group.", "contents": "A second controlled field trial of a serogroup A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Alexandria. The encouraging results of an earlier controlled field trial of the serogroup A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the prevention of clinical disease prompted this study, the aim of which was to evaluate further the effectiveness of another lot of this type of vaccine, the duration of immunity, and the effectiveness against meningococcal carriage. A controlled field trial was carried out in early 1973 on 176 646 schoolchildren 6-15 years of age, of whom half received the serogroup A polysaccharide vaccine and the other half tetanus toxoid as a control. The incidence of cerebrospinal meningitis caused by serogroup A meningococci was 89% lower in the immunized group than in the controls for one year only. With regard to its effect on carriage, the vaccine was found to reduce to less than half the rate of new acquisition of serogroup A meningococci during the period immediately following immunization. The duration of the carrier state was also shortened in the immunized group.", "PMID": 413639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7271", "title": "Naturally occurring antibodies to Neisseria meningitidis.", "content": "Immunity in meningococcal diseases has been inadequately studied and, until now, most attempts at serotherapy and immunization against meningococcal meningitis have been unsuccessful. To ascertain the status of immunity among children at greatest risk of contracting the disease, 267 serum specimens from healthy children aged from 1 month to 5 years were examined with Farr's radioimmunological technique, as simplified by Gotschlich. The results showed that the children must have received maternal antibodies through the transplacental route. Antibodies persisted up to the third month of life, after which they were virtually undetectable until, at about 8 months of age, antibodies reappeared. Subsequently there was a gradual rise, especially from 2 to 5 years, 97% of children in the highest age group having serum antibody levels of 0.479 mug/ml or more. These children may have had meningococcal infections that were wrongly diagnosed as respiratory disease of unknown etiology.", "contents": "Naturally occurring antibodies to Neisseria meningitidis. Immunity in meningococcal diseases has been inadequately studied and, until now, most attempts at serotherapy and immunization against meningococcal meningitis have been unsuccessful. To ascertain the status of immunity among children at greatest risk of contracting the disease, 267 serum specimens from healthy children aged from 1 month to 5 years were examined with Farr's radioimmunological technique, as simplified by Gotschlich. The results showed that the children must have received maternal antibodies through the transplacental route. Antibodies persisted up to the third month of life, after which they were virtually undetectable until, at about 8 months of age, antibodies reappeared. Subsequently there was a gradual rise, especially from 2 to 5 years, 97% of children in the highest age group having serum antibody levels of 0.479 mug/ml or more. These children may have had meningococcal infections that were wrongly diagnosed as respiratory disease of unknown etiology.", "PMID": 413640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7272", "title": "A comparison of the serum agar grouping and slide agglutination methods for the identification of Neisseria meningitidis strains.", "content": "The serum agar grouping (SAG) and slide agglutination (SA) tests were compared for their ability to identify strains of N. meningitidis. There was no significant difference between the two methods in respect of their relative sensitivity and detection ability. The most suitable concentration of antimeningococcal serum for SAG was found to be 1:10; however, the most suitable concentration will need to be established for each serum used. The ability of SAG to identify large numbers of N. meningitidis strains was confirmed.", "contents": "A comparison of the serum agar grouping and slide agglutination methods for the identification of Neisseria meningitidis strains. The serum agar grouping (SAG) and slide agglutination (SA) tests were compared for their ability to identify strains of N. meningitidis. There was no significant difference between the two methods in respect of their relative sensitivity and detection ability. The most suitable concentration of antimeningococcal serum for SAG was found to be 1:10; however, the most suitable concentration will need to be established for each serum used. The ability of SAG to identify large numbers of N. meningitidis strains was confirmed.", "PMID": 413641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7273", "title": "[Effect of adrenaline on the influx of Na+ and Cl- in trout (Salmo gairdneri) adapted to seawater].", "content": "The effects of adrenaline on the Na+ and Cl- influxes in the seawater adapted trout were studied with the perfused isolated head technique. With 10(-5) M adrenaline in the perfusion fluid, the lamellar influx of Na+ is increased by 60%, while the Cl- influx is inhibited by 90%. This catecholamine does not modify the extra-lamellar entry of NaCl which passes into the filamental sinus.", "contents": "[Effect of adrenaline on the influx of Na+ and Cl- in trout (Salmo gairdneri) adapted to seawater]. The effects of adrenaline on the Na+ and Cl- influxes in the seawater adapted trout were studied with the perfused isolated head technique. With 10(-5) M adrenaline in the perfusion fluid, the lamellar influx of Na+ is increased by 60%, while the Cl- influx is inhibited by 90%. This catecholamine does not modify the extra-lamellar entry of NaCl which passes into the filamental sinus.", "PMID": 413642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7274", "title": "[The effects of intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine on the sleep of kittens during development].", "content": "Intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine does not modify the states of alertness in the Kitten, if it is performed in the first week of postnatal life. At three weeks of age, it induces the same sleep impairments as those observed in the adult Cat. Therefore, in the immediate postnatal period, sleep control is not achieved through the monoaminergic systems.", "contents": "[The effects of intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine on the sleep of kittens during development]. Intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine does not modify the states of alertness in the Kitten, if it is performed in the first week of postnatal life. At three weeks of age, it induces the same sleep impairments as those observed in the adult Cat. Therefore, in the immediate postnatal period, sleep control is not achieved through the monoaminergic systems.", "PMID": 413643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7275", "title": "[Immunocytological localization of peptide analogs of alpha-endorphin in several neurons of the lateral nucleus tuberis of Carassius auratus L. and Cyprinus carpio L].", "content": "Neurons of the pars lateralis of the N.L.T. of Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio display a positive immunocytological reaction with an anti alpha-endorphin serum. It is assumed that the peptides produced by these neurons are similar, if not identical, with alpha-endorphin, but their morphinomimetic properties have still to be established. Peptides of this kind may participate in the regulation of pituitary functions.", "contents": "[Immunocytological localization of peptide analogs of alpha-endorphin in several neurons of the lateral nucleus tuberis of Carassius auratus L. and Cyprinus carpio L]. Neurons of the pars lateralis of the N.L.T. of Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio display a positive immunocytological reaction with an anti alpha-endorphin serum. It is assumed that the peptides produced by these neurons are similar, if not identical, with alpha-endorphin, but their morphinomimetic properties have still to be established. Peptides of this kind may participate in the regulation of pituitary functions.", "PMID": 413644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7276", "title": "[Coagulation of the hemolymph in Macropipus puber (L)., Crustacea, Decapoda. Electrophoretic demonstration of a plasma component intervening in hemostasis].", "content": "Electrophoretical and immuno-electrophoretical analysis of plasma, serum and some plasmatic extracts of Macropipus puber (L). have evidenced the presence in the plasma of a component absent in the serum. This component which disappears from the plasmatic extracts after their coagulation must therefore plays a role in the clotting processes.", "contents": "[Coagulation of the hemolymph in Macropipus puber (L)., Crustacea, Decapoda. Electrophoretic demonstration of a plasma component intervening in hemostasis]. Electrophoretical and immuno-electrophoretical analysis of plasma, serum and some plasmatic extracts of Macropipus puber (L). have evidenced the presence in the plasma of a component absent in the serum. This component which disappears from the plasmatic extracts after their coagulation must therefore plays a role in the clotting processes.", "PMID": 413645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7277", "title": "[Role of the Lewis (Le-le) and secretor (Se-se) systems in the rejection of kidney grafts].", "content": "ABH and Lewis antigens are secreted in distal convoluted and collector tubes of the kidney. The renal ABH secretion is genetically controlled by the Se-se system, while the Lewis specificities are controlled by the Le-le system. The secretory status of the recipient does not modify the probability of graft survival, while the Lewis phenotype seems to play a major role in rejection. The probability of graft survival at 2 years in le-le homozygous recipients (29%) is much lower than that of Le recipients (58%) p less than 0.01.", "contents": "[Role of the Lewis (Le-le) and secretor (Se-se) systems in the rejection of kidney grafts]. ABH and Lewis antigens are secreted in distal convoluted and collector tubes of the kidney. The renal ABH secretion is genetically controlled by the Se-se system, while the Lewis specificities are controlled by the Le-le system. The secretory status of the recipient does not modify the probability of graft survival, while the Lewis phenotype seems to play a major role in rejection. The probability of graft survival at 2 years in le-le homozygous recipients (29%) is much lower than that of Le recipients (58%) p less than 0.01.", "PMID": 413646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7278", "title": "[Modes of influence of vision on postural reactions associated with voluntary arm movements].", "content": "Postural changes associated with voluntary movements of the arm as observed during a positioning task, were studied on subjects standing upright on a force platform. Subjects performed the movements with either a normal visual field or without peripheral vision (tubular vision). Data analysis comprised the EMG activity of soleus and tibialis anterior and the displacement of the vertical component of the force applied to the platform. Average data of EMG indicate that the masking of the extrofoveal receptors increases the desactivation of soleus before the onset of the movement and provokes a burst of activity in the soleus 80 to 100 ms after the onset of the movement.", "contents": "[Modes of influence of vision on postural reactions associated with voluntary arm movements]. Postural changes associated with voluntary movements of the arm as observed during a positioning task, were studied on subjects standing upright on a force platform. Subjects performed the movements with either a normal visual field or without peripheral vision (tubular vision). Data analysis comprised the EMG activity of soleus and tibialis anterior and the displacement of the vertical component of the force applied to the platform. Average data of EMG indicate that the masking of the extrofoveal receptors increases the desactivation of soleus before the onset of the movement and provokes a burst of activity in the soleus 80 to 100 ms after the onset of the movement.", "PMID": 413647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7279", "title": "[Combined effects of testosterone and estradiol on the ventral lobe of the rat postate in organ culture].", "content": "After organ culture without hormone, the epithelial gland cells of Rat veantral prostate undergo atrophic changes, whereas the interstitial stroma components tend to increase. Estradiol (1-1,000 nM),added to the culture medium, is ineffective. On the contrary, testosterone (1-100 nM) maintains epithelial cells and prevents the increase of interstitial stroma. When estradiol (1-1,000 nM) is combined with a physiological concentration of testosterone (1-4 nM), the epithelial cells are well maintained, but the inhibitory action of  testosterone on the stroma is counteracted so that the glandular epithelium and the interstitial stroma are both stimulated. However, when testosterone is used at supraphysiological (10-100 nM) concentrations, estradiol is completely ineffective and the structure of the prostate is identical to the one given by the androgen alone.", "contents": "[Combined effects of testosterone and estradiol on the ventral lobe of the rat postate in organ culture]. After organ culture without hormone, the epithelial gland cells of Rat veantral prostate undergo atrophic changes, whereas the interstitial stroma components tend to increase. Estradiol (1-1,000 nM),added to the culture medium, is ineffective. On the contrary, testosterone (1-100 nM) maintains epithelial cells and prevents the increase of interstitial stroma. When estradiol (1-1,000 nM) is combined with a physiological concentration of testosterone (1-4 nM), the epithelial cells are well maintained, but the inhibitory action of  testosterone on the stroma is counteracted so that the glandular epithelium and the interstitial stroma are both stimulated. However, when testosterone is used at supraphysiological (10-100 nM) concentrations, estradiol is completely ineffective and the structure of the prostate is identical to the one given by the androgen alone.", "PMID": 413648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7280", "title": "[Viral infection associated with mortality in the oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg].", "content": "Virus particles and their morphogenesis have been observed in the cytoplasm of connective cells in the Japanese Oyster Crassostrea gigas. This virus seems to be similar to those described in the Portuguese Oyster Crassostrea angulata when high rates of mortality were recorded in 1970-1973 and those found in gill disease of this species.", "contents": "[Viral infection associated with mortality in the oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg]. Virus particles and their morphogenesis have been observed in the cytoplasm of connective cells in the Japanese Oyster Crassostrea gigas. This virus seems to be similar to those described in the Portuguese Oyster Crassostrea angulata when high rates of mortality were recorded in 1970-1973 and those found in gill disease of this species.", "PMID": 413650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7281", "title": "[The effect of alkaloids from Tabernanthe iboga H. Bn. on the response of isolated organs to catecholamines and the possible role of calcium exchange. Case of Ibogaine].", "content": "On isolated Rat duodenum, ibogaine (70 mumoles/l) increases the hypertonic effect following the addition of Calcium ions to the organ previously decalcified. Moreover, this alkaloid increases the hypotomic effect resulting from decalcification of the normal organs. These actions are taken into account with the potentiating effects of ibogaine on noradrenaline and dopamine responses observed on rat vas deferens.", "contents": "[The effect of alkaloids from Tabernanthe iboga H. Bn. on the response of isolated organs to catecholamines and the possible role of calcium exchange. Case of Ibogaine]. On isolated Rat duodenum, ibogaine (70 mumoles/l) increases the hypertonic effect following the addition of Calcium ions to the organ previously decalcified. Moreover, this alkaloid increases the hypotomic effect resulting from decalcification of the normal organs. These actions are taken into account with the potentiating effects of ibogaine on noradrenaline and dopamine responses observed on rat vas deferens.", "PMID": 413652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7282", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay of serum thyroxin-binding-globulin in euthryoid subjects].", "content": "The authors have set up a thyroxine-binding-globulin radio-immunoassay in blood serum. The standard used has been determined by gravimetry, its maximal thyroxine-binding capacity is 0,96 mole of thyroxine per mole of TBG. Serum concentration of TBG has been measured in 159 euthyroid normals. The mean value of the concentration is 20 mg/l.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay of serum thyroxin-binding-globulin in euthryoid subjects]. The authors have set up a thyroxine-binding-globulin radio-immunoassay in blood serum. The standard used has been determined by gravimetry, its maximal thyroxine-binding capacity is 0,96 mole of thyroxine per mole of TBG. Serum concentration of TBG has been measured in 159 euthyroid normals. The mean value of the concentration is 20 mg/l.", "PMID": 413654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7283", "title": "[Anomalous incidence of chromosome 1 gh+ in chronic myeloid leukemia].", "content": "Chromosome C variants have been analyzed in individuals with hematological disorders. The incidence of chromosome 1 gh+ was significantly enhanced in CML patients (20/24) compared with controls (8/17). The distribution of C-variants of chromosomes 9 and 16 was not different in these individuals.", "contents": "[Anomalous incidence of chromosome 1 gh+ in chronic myeloid leukemia]. Chromosome C variants have been analyzed in individuals with hematological disorders. The incidence of chromosome 1 gh+ was significantly enhanced in CML patients (20/24) compared with controls (8/17). The distribution of C-variants of chromosomes 9 and 16 was not different in these individuals.", "PMID": 413655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7284", "title": "[Evaluation of cellular immunity after rabies vaccination in man].", "content": "The peripheral lymphocytes of vaccinated men were stimulated by homologous antigen or its subunits (nucleocapsid and glycoprotein) or by some parent viruses (Mokola and Lagos). All subjects produced a high level of antibody. A difference was noted between the two types of immunity. A lack of cell-mediated immunity could explain the very few failures in Pasteur antirabies treatment.", "contents": "[Evaluation of cellular immunity after rabies vaccination in man]. The peripheral lymphocytes of vaccinated men were stimulated by homologous antigen or its subunits (nucleocapsid and glycoprotein) or by some parent viruses (Mokola and Lagos). All subjects produced a high level of antibody. A difference was noted between the two types of immunity. A lack of cell-mediated immunity could explain the very few failures in Pasteur antirabies treatment.", "PMID": 413656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7285", "title": "[Oncostatic activity of extracts from Alangium vitiense on murine lymphoid neoplasms].", "content": "A total alkaloid and two purified alkaloid extracts of Alangium Vitiense were revealed by our experimental screening to be oncostatic on L1210 leukemia and two other lymphoid neoplasias in Mice. They are not active on myelomonocytoid leukemia WEHI3 nor on B16 melanoma.", "contents": "[Oncostatic activity of extracts from Alangium vitiense on murine lymphoid neoplasms]. A total alkaloid and two purified alkaloid extracts of Alangium Vitiense were revealed by our experimental screening to be oncostatic on L1210 leukemia and two other lymphoid neoplasias in Mice. They are not active on myelomonocytoid leukemia WEHI3 nor on B16 melanoma.", "PMID": 413657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7286", "title": "[Immunocytochemical labeling of human chromosomes by antibodies from human autoimmune serum].", "content": "Mitotic human chromosomes are successively irradiated by ultraviolet, incubated with serum from a patient showing systemic lupus erythematosus (S.L.E.), and antihuman Sheep serum conjugated with peroxidase. After revelation by diaminobenzidine (DAB) banding patterns are pointed out. The chromosome labelling is discussed in comparison with results obtained in other immunocytochemical experiments.", "contents": "[Immunocytochemical labeling of human chromosomes by antibodies from human autoimmune serum]. Mitotic human chromosomes are successively irradiated by ultraviolet, incubated with serum from a patient showing systemic lupus erythematosus (S.L.E.), and antihuman Sheep serum conjugated with peroxidase. After revelation by diaminobenzidine (DAB) banding patterns are pointed out. The chromosome labelling is discussed in comparison with results obtained in other immunocytochemical experiments.", "PMID": 413658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7287", "title": "[Description of some simple tests allowing the distinction between bacteriocins sensu stricto and other antibacterial agents produced by bacteria].", "content": "In contrast with other antibacterial agents produced by bacteria, the bacteriocins of Gram -- bacteria (briefly: cins G--) are characterized by their primary lethal action, their inactivation by trypsin, their resistance to pH 2 (in the crude state) and insensitivity to DNase I after treatment with 7 M urea. Only 4 among 26 studied cins G + have the 4 above-cited properties and share most properties of cines G--.", "contents": "[Description of some simple tests allowing the distinction between bacteriocins sensu stricto and other antibacterial agents produced by bacteria]. In contrast with other antibacterial agents produced by bacteria, the bacteriocins of Gram -- bacteria (briefly: cins G--) are characterized by their primary lethal action, their inactivation by trypsin, their resistance to pH 2 (in the crude state) and insensitivity to DNase I after treatment with 7 M urea. Only 4 among 26 studied cins G + have the 4 above-cited properties and share most properties of cines G--.", "PMID": 413659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7288", "title": "[Phyletic affinities among Polystomatidae (Monogenea)].", "content": "The chaetotaxy and ciliated cells in two Monogenean larvae of marine fishes are described for the first time: a Monopisthocotylea Diplectanum aequans (Wagener, 1857) Diesing, 1858 parasite of Dicentrarchus Labrax (L) and a Polyopisthocotylea, Microcotyle mormyri Lorenz, 1878 parasite of Pagellus mormyrus (L). A comparative study with the known larvae shows evidence of two larval types in the Monogenea of fishes, related to the two great phyla of the class: the Monopisthocoytylea and Polyopisthocotylea. The Polystomatidae, Monogenea from Amphibia and Chelonia, belong to the Polyopisthocotylea on account of their larval chaetotaxy. But the proximity of the Polystomatidae with the Tetraonchidae, within the Polyonchoinea Bychowsky, 1975 is not confirmed.", "contents": "[Phyletic affinities among Polystomatidae (Monogenea)]. The chaetotaxy and ciliated cells in two Monogenean larvae of marine fishes are described for the first time: a Monopisthocotylea Diplectanum aequans (Wagener, 1857) Diesing, 1858 parasite of Dicentrarchus Labrax (L) and a Polyopisthocotylea, Microcotyle mormyri Lorenz, 1878 parasite of Pagellus mormyrus (L). A comparative study with the known larvae shows evidence of two larval types in the Monogenea of fishes, related to the two great phyla of the class: the Monopisthocoytylea and Polyopisthocotylea. The Polystomatidae, Monogenea from Amphibia and Chelonia, belong to the Polyopisthocotylea on account of their larval chaetotaxy. But the proximity of the Polystomatidae with the Tetraonchidae, within the Polyonchoinea Bychowsky, 1975 is not confirmed.", "PMID": 413661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7289", "title": "[Increase in serum testosterone in newborn rats].", "content": "The changes in serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations have been measured in the newborn Rat, before, during and up to 6 hrs after birth. A sudden and transient increase of serum testosterone has been found between 0 and 2 hrs. At 4 hrs, the value returns to that found in the foetus at the end of gestation.", "contents": "[Increase in serum testosterone in newborn rats]. The changes in serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations have been measured in the newborn Rat, before, during and up to 6 hrs after birth. A sudden and transient increase of serum testosterone has been found between 0 and 2 hrs. At 4 hrs, the value returns to that found in the foetus at the end of gestation.", "PMID": 413662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7290", "title": "[Nucleolar structure during the prophase of Physarum polycephalum].", "content": "With Sugihara's fixation technique, electron microscopic study of early-prophase nucleolus in the Physarm polycephalum showed the existence of particular fibrillar structures. The characteristic feature of these spherical structures is an electron-lucid center surrounded by a dense fibrillar component. Their relationships between the \"fibrillar centers\" and between the rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis are studied.", "contents": "[Nucleolar structure during the prophase of Physarum polycephalum]. With Sugihara's fixation technique, electron microscopic study of early-prophase nucleolus in the Physarm polycephalum showed the existence of particular fibrillar structures. The characteristic feature of these spherical structures is an electron-lucid center surrounded by a dense fibrillar component. Their relationships between the \"fibrillar centers\" and between the rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis are studied.", "PMID": 413663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7291", "title": "[Purification of a protein binding quinacrine and histrionicotoxin from membrane fragments rich in cholinergic receptors in Torpedo marmorata].", "content": "A protein is purified by differential centrifugation from membrane fragments rich in acetylcholine receptor prepared from Torpedo marmorata electric organ after dissolution by a mixture of non denaturing detergents. After polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate and Coomassie blue staining the purified protein yields a single band of apparent molecular weight 43,000. Spectroscopic experiments carried out in the absence of Ca++ and detergents reveal that the 43 K protein interacts with the fluorescent local anesthetic quinacrine and with the frog toxin histrionicotoxin (apparent KD : 7 X 10(-7) M) but not with carbamylcholine and the alpha toxin from N. nigricollis.", "contents": "[Purification of a protein binding quinacrine and histrionicotoxin from membrane fragments rich in cholinergic receptors in Torpedo marmorata]. A protein is purified by differential centrifugation from membrane fragments rich in acetylcholine receptor prepared from Torpedo marmorata electric organ after dissolution by a mixture of non denaturing detergents. After polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate and Coomassie blue staining the purified protein yields a single band of apparent molecular weight 43,000. Spectroscopic experiments carried out in the absence of Ca++ and detergents reveal that the 43 K protein interacts with the fluorescent local anesthetic quinacrine and with the frog toxin histrionicotoxin (apparent KD : 7 X 10(-7) M) but not with carbamylcholine and the alpha toxin from N. nigricollis.", "PMID": 413664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7292", "title": "[Physicochemical properties of an extracellular polysaccharide isolated from culture media of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens].", "content": "A new extracellular polysaccharide has been isolated by chromatography on anion exchanger of a fraction obtained from highly viscous culture media of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. This polysaccharide is characterised by high molecular weight (1,000,000 dalton) and intrinsic viscosity (323 ml/g). It contains 24% neutral sugar (galactose and mannose 5:1), 35% glucuronic acid and 51.5% N-acetylhexosamines (N-actylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylbacillosamine 6:9:1).", "contents": "[Physicochemical properties of an extracellular polysaccharide isolated from culture media of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens]. A new extracellular polysaccharide has been isolated by chromatography on anion exchanger of a fraction obtained from highly viscous culture media of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. This polysaccharide is characterised by high molecular weight (1,000,000 dalton) and intrinsic viscosity (323 ml/g). It contains 24% neutral sugar (galactose and mannose 5:1), 35% glucuronic acid and 51.5% N-acetylhexosamines (N-actylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylbacillosamine 6:9:1).", "PMID": 413665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7293", "title": "[Mixed \"n\" type inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity by glucose in hemolymph of honeybee prenymphs].", "content": "Under in vitro inhibition of alpha-glucosidasic activity by glucose in hemolymph of Bee prenymphas, the reaction order (n) (predetermined according to the initial natural glycemia) decreases with increasing inhibitor concentration and the affinity constant between enzyme and substrate undergoes lower variations than in other cases where (n) does not change. The study of inhibited molecular forms suggests the possibility of a gradual negative-cooperativity mechanism concerning a dimeric form of the enzyme.", "contents": "[Mixed \"n\" type inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity by glucose in hemolymph of honeybee prenymphs]. Under in vitro inhibition of alpha-glucosidasic activity by glucose in hemolymph of Bee prenymphas, the reaction order (n) (predetermined according to the initial natural glycemia) decreases with increasing inhibitor concentration and the affinity constant between enzyme and substrate undergoes lower variations than in other cases where (n) does not change. The study of inhibited molecular forms suggests the possibility of a gradual negative-cooperativity mechanism concerning a dimeric form of the enzyme.", "PMID": 413666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7294", "title": "Effects of glucocorticoids on ventricular performance and capillary permeability during hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "The effects of glucocorticoids on fluid uptake and myocardial performance was investigated in 14 dogs and two baboons. The animals were placed into stimulated hemorrhagic shock using a servocontrolled pump to maintain arterial pressure at desired levels. Ventricular function curves were generated by stepwise changes in afterload or by venous infusion and the resultant data were grouped by digital computer into similar preload, heart rate, and afterload groupings. Fluid uptake was monitored from the pump reservoir. Methylprednisolone was given intravenously, 30 mg/kg, approximately 3 hr after the postinfusion period. Fluid loss decreased and ventricular performance improved, as measured by maximal dp/dt, (maximal dp/dt)/developed pressure, and time to peak ventricular pressure. The improvements with steroid infusion were relatively small, however, and were not maintained for more than about 3 hr. Heart rate decreased markedly in response to the steroid, despite a general vasodilator response. The glucocorticoids appear to have mild beneficial effects on the myocardium and on capillary permeability in the presence of high circulating levels of catecholamines in the postinfusion phase of hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "Effects of glucocorticoids on ventricular performance and capillary permeability during hemorrhagic shock. The effects of glucocorticoids on fluid uptake and myocardial performance was investigated in 14 dogs and two baboons. The animals were placed into stimulated hemorrhagic shock using a servocontrolled pump to maintain arterial pressure at desired levels. Ventricular function curves were generated by stepwise changes in afterload or by venous infusion and the resultant data were grouped by digital computer into similar preload, heart rate, and afterload groupings. Fluid uptake was monitored from the pump reservoir. Methylprednisolone was given intravenously, 30 mg/kg, approximately 3 hr after the postinfusion period. Fluid loss decreased and ventricular performance improved, as measured by maximal dp/dt, (maximal dp/dt)/developed pressure, and time to peak ventricular pressure. The improvements with steroid infusion were relatively small, however, and were not maintained for more than about 3 hr. Heart rate decreased markedly in response to the steroid, despite a general vasodilator response. The glucocorticoids appear to have mild beneficial effects on the myocardium and on capillary permeability in the presence of high circulating levels of catecholamines in the postinfusion phase of hemorrhagic shock.", "PMID": 413668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7295", "title": "Contribution of vagal pathways to the renal responses to head-out immersion in the nonhuman primate.", "content": "Studies were carried out to determine the contribution of cardiopulmonary receptors to the renal responses to head-out water immersion in the nonhuman primate. Immersion to the suprasternal notch was associated with significant increases in central venous pressure, urine flow, and sodium excretion. The increased sodium excretion was due primarily to a significant increase in the percent of the filtered sodium excreted. Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and antiduretic hormone (ADH) had no substantial effects on these responses. The finding of a vasopressin-resistant hyposthenuria is consistent with the natriuresis of immersion being due, at least in part, to a decrease in sodium reabsorption proximal to the diluting segment, possibly the proximal tubule. Bilateral cervical vagotomy had no substantial influence on the renal responses to immersion, demonstrating that cardiopulmonary receptors whose axons traverse the vagus nerves are not necessary for the homeostatic adjustments to central hypervolemia in the primate. Since the renal and cardiovascular responses of the primate to immersion are essentially the same as those seen in man, it is probable that vagal pathways also are not necessary in man. However, it is possible that sympathetic afferents are involved in the natriuresis observed in the primate during immersion.", "contents": "Contribution of vagal pathways to the renal responses to head-out immersion in the nonhuman primate. Studies were carried out to determine the contribution of cardiopulmonary receptors to the renal responses to head-out water immersion in the nonhuman primate. Immersion to the suprasternal notch was associated with significant increases in central venous pressure, urine flow, and sodium excretion. The increased sodium excretion was due primarily to a significant increase in the percent of the filtered sodium excreted. Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and antiduretic hormone (ADH) had no substantial effects on these responses. The finding of a vasopressin-resistant hyposthenuria is consistent with the natriuresis of immersion being due, at least in part, to a decrease in sodium reabsorption proximal to the diluting segment, possibly the proximal tubule. Bilateral cervical vagotomy had no substantial influence on the renal responses to immersion, demonstrating that cardiopulmonary receptors whose axons traverse the vagus nerves are not necessary for the homeostatic adjustments to central hypervolemia in the primate. Since the renal and cardiovascular responses of the primate to immersion are essentially the same as those seen in man, it is probable that vagal pathways also are not necessary in man. However, it is possible that sympathetic afferents are involved in the natriuresis observed in the primate during immersion.", "PMID": 413670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7296", "title": "Failure of left atrial distension to alter renal function in the nonhuman primate.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken to determine the influence of increasing left atrial pressure on renal function in the nonhuman primate. Significant elevations of left atrial pressure, produced by using an intra-atrial balloon, had no effect on salt or water excretion, renal plasma flow, or glomerular filtration rate. There were no significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure. We conclude that, unlike those in the dog, atrial receptors in the nonhuman primate play little or no role in modulating salt and water excretion.", "contents": "Failure of left atrial distension to alter renal function in the nonhuman primate. Experiments were undertaken to determine the influence of increasing left atrial pressure on renal function in the nonhuman primate. Significant elevations of left atrial pressure, produced by using an intra-atrial balloon, had no effect on salt or water excretion, renal plasma flow, or glomerular filtration rate. There were no significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure. We conclude that, unlike those in the dog, atrial receptors in the nonhuman primate play little or no role in modulating salt and water excretion.", "PMID": 413671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7297", "title": "[Radiocompetitive assay of sulfamido-3-chloro-4-benzoic acid with carbonic anhydrase as binding reagent (author's transl)].", "content": "The control of patients treated by diuretic sulfonamides can be carried out by a radiocompetitive assay using their binding properties to carbonic anhydrase (CA). In this paper we have studied the assay of sulfamido-3-chloro-4-benzoic acid (SD3) using dialysis equilibrium as separation procedure. With (CA) 2 X 10(-6) M and 14C-SD3 0.5 X 10(-6) M (specific activity: 2 muCi/mg), can be detected 0.5 X 10(-6) M of (SD3) in the assay medium. 6.5 mg protein present in serum lower the assay sensitivity twenty times, owing to an elevated value of the affinity constant, Ka, of albumin-(SD3) complex (10(3) mol-1). On the other hand, the molecules with sulfamidobenzoic group cannot be differentiated in this procedure.", "contents": "[Radiocompetitive assay of sulfamido-3-chloro-4-benzoic acid with carbonic anhydrase as binding reagent (author's transl)]. The control of patients treated by diuretic sulfonamides can be carried out by a radiocompetitive assay using their binding properties to carbonic anhydrase (CA). In this paper we have studied the assay of sulfamido-3-chloro-4-benzoic acid (SD3) using dialysis equilibrium as separation procedure. With (CA) 2 X 10(-6) M and 14C-SD3 0.5 X 10(-6) M (specific activity: 2 muCi/mg), can be detected 0.5 X 10(-6) M of (SD3) in the assay medium. 6.5 mg protein present in serum lower the assay sensitivity twenty times, owing to an elevated value of the affinity constant, Ka, of albumin-(SD3) complex (10(3) mol-1). On the other hand, the molecules with sulfamidobenzoic group cannot be differentiated in this procedure.", "PMID": 413672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7298", "title": "Urinary excretion of amino acids in patients receiving intravenous hyperalimentation.", "content": "Urinary outputs of amino acids in nine patients receiving intravenous hyperalimentation were estimated for evaluating adequacy of dosage and composition of the infusage for the maintenance of normal metabolism of tissue proteins in the subjects. The daily outputs of the methylated amino acids (3-methylhistidine, epsilon-N-methylated lysines and guanidino-N-methylated arginines), which are thought to be derived from tissue proteins, remained in the normal ranges, suggesting that the normal metabolism of tissue proteins was sustained during intravenous hyperalimentation. Relatively large urinary excretion of threonine, serine and glycine might reflect the large dosage of glucose in the infusate and disuse of these amino acids during the treatment, especially in the patients with hepatic dysfunction. Diurnal rhythms in urinary outputs of amino acids in patients receiving intravenous hyperalimentation were not observed, except for the outputs of threonine, serine and glycine, which were large during the 3.00-9.00 h and 15.00-21.00 h periods. The absence of daily fluctuations of the methylated amino acids in urine suggested that there were no diurnal rhythms in the metabolism of tissue proteins in the subjects.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of amino acids in patients receiving intravenous hyperalimentation. Urinary outputs of amino acids in nine patients receiving intravenous hyperalimentation were estimated for evaluating adequacy of dosage and composition of the infusage for the maintenance of normal metabolism of tissue proteins in the subjects. The daily outputs of the methylated amino acids (3-methylhistidine, epsilon-N-methylated lysines and guanidino-N-methylated arginines), which are thought to be derived from tissue proteins, remained in the normal ranges, suggesting that the normal metabolism of tissue proteins was sustained during intravenous hyperalimentation. Relatively large urinary excretion of threonine, serine and glycine might reflect the large dosage of glucose in the infusate and disuse of these amino acids during the treatment, especially in the patients with hepatic dysfunction. Diurnal rhythms in urinary outputs of amino acids in patients receiving intravenous hyperalimentation were not observed, except for the outputs of threonine, serine and glycine, which were large during the 3.00-9.00 h and 15.00-21.00 h periods. The absence of daily fluctuations of the methylated amino acids in urine suggested that there were no diurnal rhythms in the metabolism of tissue proteins in the subjects.", "PMID": 413673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7299", "title": "Otolaryngological disturbances in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia.", "content": "Four cases of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia (WM) are described in which otoloaryngeal symptoms were present. Symptoms in WM are related to (a) bleeding diathesis and (b) hyperviscosity of the blood. The bleeding diathesis was manifested as epistaxis in 2 cases. In one case which came to postmortem, histological examination of the temporal bone showed complete disruption of the labyrinth by haemorrhage. Hyperviscosity probably was the source of hearing loss which took place in all 4 patients and had the following characteristics: (a) sudden onset (b) cochlear type (c) bilateral (d) sequential involvement of the two sides (e) improvement on treatment of the disease with alkylating agents or plasmapheresis. Early diagnosis of WM is thus important.", "contents": "Otolaryngological disturbances in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia. Four cases of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia (WM) are described in which otoloaryngeal symptoms were present. Symptoms in WM are related to (a) bleeding diathesis and (b) hyperviscosity of the blood. The bleeding diathesis was manifested as epistaxis in 2 cases. In one case which came to postmortem, histological examination of the temporal bone showed complete disruption of the labyrinth by haemorrhage. Hyperviscosity probably was the source of hearing loss which took place in all 4 patients and had the following characteristics: (a) sudden onset (b) cochlear type (c) bilateral (d) sequential involvement of the two sides (e) improvement on treatment of the disease with alkylating agents or plasmapheresis. Early diagnosis of WM is thus important.", "PMID": 413677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7300", "title": "Functional anatomy of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve.", "content": "Our presently inadequate knowledge of the functional anatomy of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve handicaps our management of ulnar nerve lesions. The extensive anatomical variations in the distribution of this nerve preclude adherence to a textbook pattern of innervation. Electrophysiological recordings of single sensory fibers in monkeys along with fascicular stimulation studies provided novel information about the functional organization of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve: (1) there is a wide range of sensory fibers not currently recognized by textbook descriptions; (2) the innervation pattern is far more diffuse and covers greater areas than previously suspected; (3) at the distal forearm level the motor component of the deep ulnar branch is distributed throughout the entire ulnar nerve and is not restricted to specific fascicles; (4) contrary to previous assumptions, the deep branch of the ulnar nerve is mixed, and not purely motor. In fact, it may be mostly sensory. Afferent fibers arise from muscle, joints, deep subcutaneous tissues and even skin. These findings suggest that it is unwise to look at any nerve as purely motor or having a set innervation pattern, and emphasize the pressing need for objective preoperative and/or intraoperative functional assessment in peripheral nerve surgery.", "contents": "Functional anatomy of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve. Our presently inadequate knowledge of the functional anatomy of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve handicaps our management of ulnar nerve lesions. The extensive anatomical variations in the distribution of this nerve preclude adherence to a textbook pattern of innervation. Electrophysiological recordings of single sensory fibers in monkeys along with fascicular stimulation studies provided novel information about the functional organization of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve: (1) there is a wide range of sensory fibers not currently recognized by textbook descriptions; (2) the innervation pattern is far more diffuse and covers greater areas than previously suspected; (3) at the distal forearm level the motor component of the deep ulnar branch is distributed throughout the entire ulnar nerve and is not restricted to specific fascicles; (4) contrary to previous assumptions, the deep branch of the ulnar nerve is mixed, and not purely motor. In fact, it may be mostly sensory. Afferent fibers arise from muscle, joints, deep subcutaneous tissues and even skin. These findings suggest that it is unwise to look at any nerve as purely motor or having a set innervation pattern, and emphasize the pressing need for objective preoperative and/or intraoperative functional assessment in peripheral nerve surgery.", "PMID": 413680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7301", "title": "Congenital pseudarthrosis of long bones: a clinical, radiographic, histologic and ultrastructural study.", "content": "Sixteen patients with pseudarthrosis of the tibia and one of the radius were evaluated clinically, radiograpically, and microscopically and separated into 3 groups; 8 had neurofibromatosis clinically, 3 had fibrous dysplasia histologically, and 6 had no evidence of either neurofibromatosis or fibrous dysplasia. Prognosis and therapy were determined by correlated clinical, radiographic, and histological observations. Fracture before age 2 years carried a poor prognosis. Electron microscopy allowed neither differentiation among these fibrous lesions, nor any clue to their origin, nor did it support the concept of a neural or vascular derivation.", "contents": "Congenital pseudarthrosis of long bones: a clinical, radiographic, histologic and ultrastructural study. Sixteen patients with pseudarthrosis of the tibia and one of the radius were evaluated clinically, radiograpically, and microscopically and separated into 3 groups; 8 had neurofibromatosis clinically, 3 had fibrous dysplasia histologically, and 6 had no evidence of either neurofibromatosis or fibrous dysplasia. Prognosis and therapy were determined by correlated clinical, radiographic, and histological observations. Fracture before age 2 years carried a poor prognosis. Electron microscopy allowed neither differentiation among these fibrous lesions, nor any clue to their origin, nor did it support the concept of a neural or vascular derivation.", "PMID": 413681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7302", "title": "Bone mineral and surface charge.", "content": "A triple association has been observed between a high negative surface charge, bone morphogenetic activity, and in vitro recalcificaiton in implants of demineralized bone matrix. Proplast fills with bony tissue when implanted in the body and shows the same triple association. The higher the negative surface charge, the greater is the mass of new bone induced and the higher degree of mineralization when placed in a calcifying solution in vitro. Further investigations are necessary to determine whether in implants of demineralized bone, a high negative surface charge may cause the formation of discrete calcium deposits or whether it triggers the invading primitive cells to differnetiate and produce bone, or both.", "contents": "Bone mineral and surface charge. A triple association has been observed between a high negative surface charge, bone morphogenetic activity, and in vitro recalcificaiton in implants of demineralized bone matrix. Proplast fills with bony tissue when implanted in the body and shows the same triple association. The higher the negative surface charge, the greater is the mass of new bone induced and the higher degree of mineralization when placed in a calcifying solution in vitro. Further investigations are necessary to determine whether in implants of demineralized bone, a high negative surface charge may cause the formation of discrete calcium deposits or whether it triggers the invading primitive cells to differnetiate and produce bone, or both.", "PMID": 413682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7303", "title": "Effect of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis on the natriuresis induced by saline infusion in man.", "content": "1. The effect of oral administration of an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase, indomethacin, on the natriuresis induced by the infusion of sodium chloride (saline) was studied in 11 healthy volunteers. 2. The administration of indomethacin did not alter sodium excretion before saline infusion, but it resulted in a significant increase of the natriuresis after saline infusion. This increase was not accompanied by any change in post-infusion urine flow rate or free water reabsorption. 3. It is suggested that intrarenal prostaglandins might suppress the natriuretic effect of saline infusion, probably by increasing sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron.", "contents": "Effect of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis on the natriuresis induced by saline infusion in man. 1. The effect of oral administration of an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase, indomethacin, on the natriuresis induced by the infusion of sodium chloride (saline) was studied in 11 healthy volunteers. 2. The administration of indomethacin did not alter sodium excretion before saline infusion, but it resulted in a significant increase of the natriuresis after saline infusion. This increase was not accompanied by any change in post-infusion urine flow rate or free water reabsorption. 3. It is suggested that intrarenal prostaglandins might suppress the natriuretic effect of saline infusion, probably by increasing sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron.", "PMID": 413687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7304", "title": "Influence of indomethacin on the systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance in man.", "content": "1. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase system that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and related substances, was infused intravenously in 12 healthy volunteer subjects. 2. Systemic systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate were recorded in all subjects, and in most of them also the systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference, the total oxygen uptake and the pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures. 3. The infusion of indomethacin was followed by a decreased cardiac output (from 7.3 +/- 0.3 to 6.3 +/- 0.3 litres/min) and an increased mean systemic blood pressure (from 92 +/- 1 to 102 +/- 1 mmHg), indicating an elevation of the total systemic vascular resistance (from 98 +/- 4 to 124 +/- 5 kPa 1(-1) s) by indomethacin. The ventilation and the pulmonary vascular resistance did not change after the infusion of indomethacin. 4. The results suggest that products formed by the cyclo-oxygenase system at rest exert a relaxing effect in certain parts of the systemic vascular bed, thereby lowering the systemic vascular resistance.", "contents": "Influence of indomethacin on the systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance in man. 1. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase system that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and related substances, was infused intravenously in 12 healthy volunteer subjects. 2. Systemic systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate were recorded in all subjects, and in most of them also the systemic arteriovenous oxygen difference, the total oxygen uptake and the pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures. 3. The infusion of indomethacin was followed by a decreased cardiac output (from 7.3 +/- 0.3 to 6.3 +/- 0.3 litres/min) and an increased mean systemic blood pressure (from 92 +/- 1 to 102 +/- 1 mmHg), indicating an elevation of the total systemic vascular resistance (from 98 +/- 4 to 124 +/- 5 kPa 1(-1) s) by indomethacin. The ventilation and the pulmonary vascular resistance did not change after the infusion of indomethacin. 4. The results suggest that products formed by the cyclo-oxygenase system at rest exert a relaxing effect in certain parts of the systemic vascular bed, thereby lowering the systemic vascular resistance.", "PMID": 413688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7305", "title": "Concurrent estimation of total body and exchangeable body sodium in hypertension.", "content": "1. Total-body neutron-activation analysis in vivo was carried out in 11 hypertensive subjects to measure simultaneously the total body content of sodium, chlorine, calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen. 2. There was a highly significant correlation between total body sodium measured by activation analysis and total exchangeable sodium measured by a standard isotope-dilution technique (r = 0.92, P less than 0.001). Exchangeable sodium averaged 80.3% of total body sodium. 3. The measured values of chlorine, calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen were similar to those for healthy subjects reported by others. 4. Activation analysis in vivo appears promising as an additional tool for investigating sodium metabolism in hypertension, as it is the only method available for determining the total body content of this element. The radiation dose (1 rem) is sufficiently low to permit repeated measurements in the same subject.", "contents": "Concurrent estimation of total body and exchangeable body sodium in hypertension. 1. Total-body neutron-activation analysis in vivo was carried out in 11 hypertensive subjects to measure simultaneously the total body content of sodium, chlorine, calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen. 2. There was a highly significant correlation between total body sodium measured by activation analysis and total exchangeable sodium measured by a standard isotope-dilution technique (r = 0.92, P less than 0.001). Exchangeable sodium averaged 80.3% of total body sodium. 3. The measured values of chlorine, calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen were similar to those for healthy subjects reported by others. 4. Activation analysis in vivo appears promising as an additional tool for investigating sodium metabolism in hypertension, as it is the only method available for determining the total body content of this element. The radiation dose (1 rem) is sufficiently low to permit repeated measurements in the same subject.", "PMID": 413689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7306", "title": "Banded chromosomes of the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus.", "content": "Chromosomes of the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus, with 2n=54, 53, or 52, have been stained to show quinacrine (Q-) and Giemsa (G-) bands, and a karyotypic arrangement has been proposed based on lengths, centrometric index, and banding pattern. C-bands were present at the centromeric region of every chromosome and over the entire short arm of certain acrocentric chromosomes; 5-methylcytosine was concentrated in the same regions. Bright Q-bands at the telomeric ends of the short arms of some chromosomes probably represent a second type of repetitive DNA. Ag-staining showed that only the chromosomes bearing a secondary constriction are nucleolus organizer chromosomes.", "contents": "Banded chromosomes of the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus. Chromosomes of the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus, with 2n=54, 53, or 52, have been stained to show quinacrine (Q-) and Giemsa (G-) bands, and a karyotypic arrangement has been proposed based on lengths, centrometric index, and banding pattern. C-bands were present at the centromeric region of every chromosome and over the entire short arm of certain acrocentric chromosomes; 5-methylcytosine was concentrated in the same regions. Bright Q-bands at the telomeric ends of the short arms of some chromosomes probably represent a second type of repetitive DNA. Ag-staining showed that only the chromosomes bearing a secondary constriction are nucleolus organizer chromosomes.", "PMID": 413693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7307", "title": "Rifampicin against experimental listeriosis in the mouse.", "content": "The activity of rifampicin was compared with that of tetracycline, ampicillin, penicillin G, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and sulphadiazine in vitro and in experiments on mice infected with various strains of Listeria monocytogenes. Although the minimum inhibitory concentration of rifampicin was not appreciably lower than that of ampicillin, penicillin G and gentamicin, rifampacin was very much more active in vivo than any of these antibiotics. One of the reasons for its greater efficacy may be that it inhibits or destroys intracellular Listeria. In addition, a synergistic effect was observed in vivo when rifampicin was administered in combination with ampicillin or tetracyline. The combined administration of rifampicin with either of these antibiotics should prevent the emergence of rifampicin-resistant Listeria.", "contents": "Rifampicin against experimental listeriosis in the mouse. The activity of rifampicin was compared with that of tetracycline, ampicillin, penicillin G, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and sulphadiazine in vitro and in experiments on mice infected with various strains of Listeria monocytogenes. Although the minimum inhibitory concentration of rifampicin was not appreciably lower than that of ampicillin, penicillin G and gentamicin, rifampacin was very much more active in vivo than any of these antibiotics. One of the reasons for its greater efficacy may be that it inhibits or destroys intracellular Listeria. In addition, a synergistic effect was observed in vivo when rifampicin was administered in combination with ampicillin or tetracyline. The combined administration of rifampicin with either of these antibiotics should prevent the emergence of rifampicin-resistant Listeria.", "PMID": 413697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7308", "title": "[Soft-tissue ossification following stable osteosyntheses using bone meal].", "content": "Ectopic ossifications occassionally occur after stable osteosyntheses. The literature and our own observations indicate that osseous bore-chips probably favour these ossifications, especially after intermedullary nailing. Experiments determined the weight of osseous bore-chips which occur in intermedullary nailing of femur and in plate osteosynthesis of radius and ulna. Conclusions drawn from these findings should be considered when performing osteosynthesis.", "contents": "[Soft-tissue ossification following stable osteosyntheses using bone meal]. Ectopic ossifications occassionally occur after stable osteosyntheses. The literature and our own observations indicate that osseous bore-chips probably favour these ossifications, especially after intermedullary nailing. Experiments determined the weight of osseous bore-chips which occur in intermedullary nailing of femur and in plate osteosynthesis of radius and ulna. Conclusions drawn from these findings should be considered when performing osteosynthesis.", "PMID": 413698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7309", "title": "The replication of ribosomal DNA in the macronucleus of Tetrahymena.", "content": "The replication of extrachromosomal rDNA molecules from the macronucleus of Tetrahymena was studied by electron microscopy. Replication begins in the center of the palindromic molecule and proceeds by means of bidirectional fork movement toward the free ends of the molecule.", "contents": "The replication of ribosomal DNA in the macronucleus of Tetrahymena. The replication of extrachromosomal rDNA molecules from the macronucleus of Tetrahymena was studied by electron microscopy. Replication begins in the center of the palindromic molecule and proceeds by means of bidirectional fork movement toward the free ends of the molecule.", "PMID": 413699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7310", "title": "Characterisation of male meiotic-sterile mutations in drosophila melanogaster. The genetic control of meiotic divisions and gametogenesis.", "content": "Male meiotic sterile mutations were selected among X-linked male-steriles by detection of micronuclei in early spermatids. Despite severe defects in the 1st or 2nd meiotic spindles in all mutants, no effect on mitosis was observed. Various features of spindle structure, chromosome segregation, and centriole movements were compared in seven meitoic steriles and in XO males. Chromosome behaviour and centriole movement were always affected concomitantly, and were both shown to be genetically independent of \"centre\" formation in the meiotic spindles. Precocious and delayed centromere separation was observed in the various mutants in both divisions, and similarly attributed to basic spindle lesions rather than chromosome defects. Attachment of the centriole body to the membrane of the spermatid nucleus was normal only in mutants where second division nuclei were formed. The role of the centriole body was shown to be independent of membrane attachment.--The phenomena observed in this study were discussed mainly with regard to genetic interdependence of morphogenetic processes during male meiosis. A common base for the pleiotropic defects of meiotic steriles and XO males is suggested, and the genetic control of meiosis is re-evaluated in the light of comparison with fertile meiotic mutants.", "contents": "Characterisation of male meiotic-sterile mutations in drosophila melanogaster. The genetic control of meiotic divisions and gametogenesis. Male meiotic sterile mutations were selected among X-linked male-steriles by detection of micronuclei in early spermatids. Despite severe defects in the 1st or 2nd meiotic spindles in all mutants, no effect on mitosis was observed. Various features of spindle structure, chromosome segregation, and centriole movements were compared in seven meitoic steriles and in XO males. Chromosome behaviour and centriole movement were always affected concomitantly, and were both shown to be genetically independent of \"centre\" formation in the meiotic spindles. Precocious and delayed centromere separation was observed in the various mutants in both divisions, and similarly attributed to basic spindle lesions rather than chromosome defects. Attachment of the centriole body to the membrane of the spermatid nucleus was normal only in mutants where second division nuclei were formed. The role of the centriole body was shown to be independent of membrane attachment.--The phenomena observed in this study were discussed mainly with regard to genetic interdependence of morphogenetic processes during male meiosis. A common base for the pleiotropic defects of meiotic steriles and XO males is suggested, and the genetic control of meiosis is re-evaluated in the light of comparison with fertile meiotic mutants.", "PMID": 413701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7311", "title": "Intestinal dipeptidases and the dipeptide transport in the monkey and in man.", "content": "Among the powerful dipeptidases of the cytosol fraction the well-characterized 'master' dipeptidase of broad substrate specificity is an example of a 'true' dipeptidase. There are only a limited number of peptidases which together can hydrolyse the total range of the theoretically possible dipeptides. In the lumen, the dipeptides of dietary origin apparently enter the cell through a single transport system of broad specificity in the monkey and possibly also in man. Perfusion studies indicated impared absorption of glycine and Gly-Gly in Indian compared to English subjects, but the kinetic advantage of dipeptide uptake over that of the free amino acid was maintained. In patients with tropical sprue, apart from decreased peptide absorption, there was an increased 'backflow' of the constituent amino acids. The back-flow assumes nutritional significance since dipeptide uptake is competitively inhibited by amino acids of a certain specificity. Inhibition of brush border glycylglycine hydrolase (glycylglycine dipeptidase, EC 3.4.13.1) by L- leucine is non-competitive while that of cytosol enzyme is competitive. Certain other amino acids have no effect on glycylleucine hydrolase (glycylleucine dipeptidase, EC 3.4.13.2) from  either fraction but inhibit Gly-Leu uptake. Thus, the inhibition of dipeptide uptake appears to be a consequence of interaction of amino acids directly with the dipeptide transport system and not with dipeptidases.", "contents": "Intestinal dipeptidases and the dipeptide transport in the monkey and in man. Among the powerful dipeptidases of the cytosol fraction the well-characterized 'master' dipeptidase of broad substrate specificity is an example of a 'true' dipeptidase. There are only a limited number of peptidases which together can hydrolyse the total range of the theoretically possible dipeptides. In the lumen, the dipeptides of dietary origin apparently enter the cell through a single transport system of broad specificity in the monkey and possibly also in man. Perfusion studies indicated impared absorption of glycine and Gly-Gly in Indian compared to English subjects, but the kinetic advantage of dipeptide uptake over that of the free amino acid was maintained. In patients with tropical sprue, apart from decreased peptide absorption, there was an increased 'backflow' of the constituent amino acids. The back-flow assumes nutritional significance since dipeptide uptake is competitively inhibited by amino acids of a certain specificity. Inhibition of brush border glycylglycine hydrolase (glycylglycine dipeptidase, EC 3.4.13.1) by L- leucine is non-competitive while that of cytosol enzyme is competitive. Certain other amino acids have no effect on glycylleucine hydrolase (glycylleucine dipeptidase, EC 3.4.13.2) from  either fraction but inhibit Gly-Leu uptake. Thus, the inhibition of dipeptide uptake appears to be a consequence of interaction of amino acids directly with the dipeptide transport system and not with dipeptidases.", "PMID": 413702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7312", "title": "Urgent opportunistic observations: the study of changing, transient and disappearing phenomena of medical interest in disrupted primitive human communities.", "content": "Two newly identified foci of usually rare disease occurring in high incidence in isolated primitive populations of West New Guinea are discussed as examples of medical problems that demand immediate intensive investigation because the unique naturally occurring experiments they represent are soon likely to be altered. These are: (1) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinsonism, and dementia syndromes in a small population of Auyu and Jakai peoples in the Lowlands, and (2) an epidemic of burns from cysticercosis epilepsy from newly introduced Taenia solium in pigs in the Ekari people of the Wissel Lakes in the Highlands. A third new example is a focus of male pseudohermaphroditism among the Simbari Anga in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. These are presented along with a series of eleven further examples of the kind of problems that require urgent opportunistic observation because of the extreme changes that investigation and therapeutic and preventive efforts themselves, as well as the inevitable effects of acculturation, will evoke from the moment an investigator or other outsider from a technologically advanced culture enters the previously isolated community.", "contents": "Urgent opportunistic observations: the study of changing, transient and disappearing phenomena of medical interest in disrupted primitive human communities. Two newly identified foci of usually rare disease occurring in high incidence in isolated primitive populations of West New Guinea are discussed as examples of medical problems that demand immediate intensive investigation because the unique naturally occurring experiments they represent are soon likely to be altered. These are: (1) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinsonism, and dementia syndromes in a small population of Auyu and Jakai peoples in the Lowlands, and (2) an epidemic of burns from cysticercosis epilepsy from newly introduced Taenia solium in pigs in the Ekari people of the Wissel Lakes in the Highlands. A third new example is a focus of male pseudohermaphroditism among the Simbari Anga in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. These are presented along with a series of eleven further examples of the kind of problems that require urgent opportunistic observation because of the extreme changes that investigation and therapeutic and preventive efforts themselves, as well as the inevitable effects of acculturation, will evoke from the moment an investigator or other outsider from a technologically advanced culture enters the previously isolated community.", "PMID": 413703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7313", "title": "Retinal damage secondary to chronic light exposure, thresholds and mechanisms.", "content": "The effect upon the retina of exposure to large fields of bright visible light has been evaluated. The thresholds for permanent retinal damage for four hour exposures in rhesus monkeys have been established for white light, and laser lines of 514.5 nm, 488 nm, 457.9 nm, and 590 nm. The damage has been evaluated by ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography and light and electron microscopy. The shortest wavelength light (457.9 nm) is more effective in causing damage, particularly histological damage, which is spread throughout the fundus and throughout the retinal layers. Functional damage shown by the electroretinogram follows a different action spectrum without the increased effect in the blue. There appears to be more than one mechanism for retinal damage in chronic light exposure, and at least one mechanism is not dependent solely upon the visual pigment and the pigment epithelium. Thresholds of permanent damage appear to be within one or two log units of light levels encountered in the normal visual environment. Newer data suggest that this damage is additive. Daily one hour exposures for four days produce damage equivalent to a single four hour exposure at the same retinal irradiance.", "contents": "Retinal damage secondary to chronic light exposure, thresholds and mechanisms. The effect upon the retina of exposure to large fields of bright visible light has been evaluated. The thresholds for permanent retinal damage for four hour exposures in rhesus monkeys have been established for white light, and laser lines of 514.5 nm, 488 nm, 457.9 nm, and 590 nm. The damage has been evaluated by ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography and light and electron microscopy. The shortest wavelength light (457.9 nm) is more effective in causing damage, particularly histological damage, which is spread throughout the fundus and throughout the retinal layers. Functional damage shown by the electroretinogram follows a different action spectrum without the increased effect in the blue. There appears to be more than one mechanism for retinal damage in chronic light exposure, and at least one mechanism is not dependent solely upon the visual pigment and the pigment epithelium. Thresholds of permanent damage appear to be within one or two log units of light levels encountered in the normal visual environment. Newer data suggest that this damage is additive. Daily one hour exposures for four days produce damage equivalent to a single four hour exposure at the same retinal irradiance.", "PMID": 413705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7314", "title": "Pharmacokinetic models for lipophilic compounds.", "content": "In many instances pharmacokinetic modeling offers the best method of interpreting the significance to man of results obtained with laboratory animals but first we must have accurate models for our laboratory animals. A physiological pharmacokinetic model has been used to simulate the disposition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the rat and to extrapolate results obtained with the rat to predict the disposition of PCBs in the mouse. The modeling methods have also been extended to predict the disposition of a polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the rat following IV, oral, and multiple oral doses. It is anticipated that with additional experience and work a physiological pharmacokinetic model can be used to predict the disposition of these and other xenobiotics in man.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic models for lipophilic compounds. In many instances pharmacokinetic modeling offers the best method of interpreting the significance to man of results obtained with laboratory animals but first we must have accurate models for our laboratory animals. A physiological pharmacokinetic model has been used to simulate the disposition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the rat and to extrapolate results obtained with the rat to predict the disposition of PCBs in the mouse. The modeling methods have also been extended to predict the disposition of a polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the rat following IV, oral, and multiple oral doses. It is anticipated that with additional experience and work a physiological pharmacokinetic model can be used to predict the disposition of these and other xenobiotics in man.", "PMID": 413710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7315", "title": "Environment and the skin.", "content": "The skin is an important interface between man and his environment; it is an important portal of entry for hazardous agents and a vulnerable target tissue as well. It is a uniquely accessible model system for detecting hazards and for studying mechanisms of a wide variety of biologic funcitons. Environmental causes of skin reactions comprise a vast array of physical, chemical and biological agents. To appreciate the role of the skin as an interface with man's environment, it is necessary to understand the multiple adaptive mechanisms, and the defenses of the skin against the environmental stresses. The skin is endowed with a versatile group of defenses against penetration, fluid loss from the body, thermal stress, solar radiation, physical trauma and microbial agents. Patterns of adverse response range in quality and intensity from uncomplicated itching to metastatic neoplasia. Environmental problems comprise a large segment of disabling skin disease. Although critical epidemiologic data is limited, cutaneous illnesses comprise a significant segment of occupational disease. This represents a significant loss in productivity and a major cause of disability. The most serious research needs include the development of surveillance systems for identifying skin hazards and determining frequency of environmental skin disease; the development of new models for studying cutaneous penetration; the elucidation of the mechanisms of nonallergic inflammatory reactions (primary irritation) and of the accommodation phenomenon; the development of more sensitive models for predicting adverse responses to marginal irritants; the utilization of modern skills of immunobiology and immunochemistry to elucidate mechanisms of allergic responses; the launching of epidemiologic studies to determine the long term effects of PCBs and associated compounds such as dioxins; and the expansion of research in the mechanisms of skin cancer in relation to susceptibility, genetic and metabolic considerations, ultraviolet light, and phototoxic agents.", "contents": "Environment and the skin. The skin is an important interface between man and his environment; it is an important portal of entry for hazardous agents and a vulnerable target tissue as well. It is a uniquely accessible model system for detecting hazards and for studying mechanisms of a wide variety of biologic funcitons. Environmental causes of skin reactions comprise a vast array of physical, chemical and biological agents. To appreciate the role of the skin as an interface with man's environment, it is necessary to understand the multiple adaptive mechanisms, and the defenses of the skin against the environmental stresses. The skin is endowed with a versatile group of defenses against penetration, fluid loss from the body, thermal stress, solar radiation, physical trauma and microbial agents. Patterns of adverse response range in quality and intensity from uncomplicated itching to metastatic neoplasia. Environmental problems comprise a large segment of disabling skin disease. Although critical epidemiologic data is limited, cutaneous illnesses comprise a significant segment of occupational disease. This represents a significant loss in productivity and a major cause of disability. The most serious research needs include the development of surveillance systems for identifying skin hazards and determining frequency of environmental skin disease; the development of new models for studying cutaneous penetration; the elucidation of the mechanisms of nonallergic inflammatory reactions (primary irritation) and of the accommodation phenomenon; the development of more sensitive models for predicting adverse responses to marginal irritants; the utilization of modern skills of immunobiology and immunochemistry to elucidate mechanisms of allergic responses; the launching of epidemiologic studies to determine the long term effects of PCBs and associated compounds such as dioxins; and the expansion of research in the mechanisms of skin cancer in relation to susceptibility, genetic and metabolic considerations, ultraviolet light, and phototoxic agents.", "PMID": 413711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7316", "title": "Identification of the mammalian DNA-binding protein P8 as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The DNA-binding protein P8 from transformed hamster fibroblasts (line NIL-1-hamster sarcoma virus) has been purified to homogeneity by DNA-cellulose and phosphocellulose chromatography. The molecular weight of dissociated P8 is 36000, the same as that reported for the subunits of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and the mobility of these proteins in polyacrylamide gels is identical. The amino acid composition of P8 is very similar to that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. When assayed for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity the P8 preparation had a specific activity of 54.6 units/mg, a value comparable to that of the crystalline enzyme from several sources. Furthermore, serum prepared against P8 crossreacts with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from hamster muscle. These results show that P8 is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The interaction of P8 from transformed fibroblasts and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from hamster and rabbit muscle with DNA has been studied using a Millipore filtration technique. These proteins have affinity for single-stranded DNA but not for double-stranded DNA.", "contents": "Identification of the mammalian DNA-binding protein P8 as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The DNA-binding protein P8 from transformed hamster fibroblasts (line NIL-1-hamster sarcoma virus) has been purified to homogeneity by DNA-cellulose and phosphocellulose chromatography. The molecular weight of dissociated P8 is 36000, the same as that reported for the subunits of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and the mobility of these proteins in polyacrylamide gels is identical. The amino acid composition of P8 is very similar to that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. When assayed for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity the P8 preparation had a specific activity of 54.6 units/mg, a value comparable to that of the crystalline enzyme from several sources. Furthermore, serum prepared against P8 crossreacts with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from hamster muscle. These results show that P8 is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The interaction of P8 from transformed fibroblasts and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from hamster and rabbit muscle with DNA has been studied using a Millipore filtration technique. These proteins have affinity for single-stranded DNA but not for double-stranded DNA.", "PMID": 413714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7317", "title": "Transport of D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose in the cyanobacteria Aphanocapsa 6714 and Nostoc strain Mac.", "content": "1. The cyanobacterium Aphanocapsa 6714 which grow in the dark on D-glucose, will take up D-glucose and the analogue 3-O-methyl-D-glucose; uptake of each of these compounds was inhibited competitively by the other and by 6-deoxy-D-glucose. 2. This cyanobacterium accumulated 3-O-methyl-D-glucose up to 100-fold relative to the medium but did not modify or metabolize it to a significant degree. 3. Intracellular 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was rapidly displaced from Aphanocapsa 6714 by exogenous D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. 4. Although not characterized to the same extent, D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose uptake by Nostoc strain Mac, another cyanobacterium capable of growth in the dark on D-glucose, was similar. 5. Other cyanobacteria that do not grow on D-glucose take up this compound at much lower rates which were unaffected by analogues of D-glucose that greatly reduced carbohydrate uptake by Aphanocapsa 6714 and Nostoc strain Mac. 6. It is therefore proposed that Aphanocapsa 6714 and Nostoc strain Mac possess a mechanism for the active transport of D-glucose. The absence of this transport mechanism is suggested as the reason why other strains fail to grow in the dark on this substrate. These latter organisms are therefore naturally cryptic with respect to D-glucose as a growth substrate.", "contents": "Transport of D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose in the cyanobacteria Aphanocapsa 6714 and Nostoc strain Mac. 1. The cyanobacterium Aphanocapsa 6714 which grow in the dark on D-glucose, will take up D-glucose and the analogue 3-O-methyl-D-glucose; uptake of each of these compounds was inhibited competitively by the other and by 6-deoxy-D-glucose. 2. This cyanobacterium accumulated 3-O-methyl-D-glucose up to 100-fold relative to the medium but did not modify or metabolize it to a significant degree. 3. Intracellular 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was rapidly displaced from Aphanocapsa 6714 by exogenous D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. 4. Although not characterized to the same extent, D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose uptake by Nostoc strain Mac, another cyanobacterium capable of growth in the dark on D-glucose, was similar. 5. Other cyanobacteria that do not grow on D-glucose take up this compound at much lower rates which were unaffected by analogues of D-glucose that greatly reduced carbohydrate uptake by Aphanocapsa 6714 and Nostoc strain Mac. 6. It is therefore proposed that Aphanocapsa 6714 and Nostoc strain Mac possess a mechanism for the active transport of D-glucose. The absence of this transport mechanism is suggested as the reason why other strains fail to grow in the dark on this substrate. These latter organisms are therefore naturally cryptic with respect to D-glucose as a growth substrate.", "PMID": 413715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7318", "title": "Vestibular responses in the rhesus monkey ventroposterior thalamus. II. Vestibulo-proprioceptive convergence at thalamic neurons.", "content": "The vestibular thalamic relay in the Rhesus ventrobasal complex, identified in a previous field potential study (part I, Deecke et al., 1974), has now been investigated with neuronal recordings in the thalamus in order to clarify its functional role. In part I, short latency responses (2.5 msec) were found in the corner between VPL, VPM and VPI nuclei, largely including dorsal portions of the VPI nucleus. Field potentials of somewhat longer latency (4-5 msec) were recorded in VPL and in other thalamic nuclei, including the posterior nuclear group. Neuronal responses were recorded in thalamic nuclei of awake flaxedilized Rhesus monkeys. Cells not responding to vestibular stimulation (round window polarisation of either labyrinth) were ignored. The great majority (80%) of those neurons responding to labyrinth polarisation showed convergence with deep somatic (proprioceptive) input from joints and muscles of vertebral column and limbs. 60% of these bimodal neurons responded to movement of cervical joints. Very few vestibularly responsive cells received cutaneous (6.6%), non-optokinetic visual or auditory (2.6% each) input. Proprioceptive fields tended to be large, frequently involving more than one joint, and could be even bilateral. For a few cells the pattern of vestibulo-proprioceptive convergence could be fitted to a coordinated body position that might occur during normal locomotion. 78% of the cells responded to polarisation of both labyrinths, indicating strong bilateral projection.", "contents": "Vestibular responses in the rhesus monkey ventroposterior thalamus. II. Vestibulo-proprioceptive convergence at thalamic neurons. The vestibular thalamic relay in the Rhesus ventrobasal complex, identified in a previous field potential study (part I, Deecke et al., 1974), has now been investigated with neuronal recordings in the thalamus in order to clarify its functional role. In part I, short latency responses (2.5 msec) were found in the corner between VPL, VPM and VPI nuclei, largely including dorsal portions of the VPI nucleus. Field potentials of somewhat longer latency (4-5 msec) were recorded in VPL and in other thalamic nuclei, including the posterior nuclear group. Neuronal responses were recorded in thalamic nuclei of awake flaxedilized Rhesus monkeys. Cells not responding to vestibular stimulation (round window polarisation of either labyrinth) were ignored. The great majority (80%) of those neurons responding to labyrinth polarisation showed convergence with deep somatic (proprioceptive) input from joints and muscles of vertebral column and limbs. 60% of these bimodal neurons responded to movement of cervical joints. Very few vestibularly responsive cells received cutaneous (6.6%), non-optokinetic visual or auditory (2.6% each) input. Proprioceptive fields tended to be large, frequently involving more than one joint, and could be even bilateral. For a few cells the pattern of vestibulo-proprioceptive convergence could be fitted to a coordinated body position that might occur during normal locomotion. 78% of the cells responded to polarisation of both labyrinths, indicating strong bilateral projection.", "PMID": 413724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7319", "title": "Stimulus dependent colour specificity of monkey lateral geniculate neurones.", "content": "From six flaxedilized rhesus monkeys neuronal activity of 75 cells in the dorsal, and 45 cells in the ventral layers of the lateral geniculate body was recorded. Responses to large fields switched on and off, to moving slits, and to moving spots were obtained for several wavelengths. In the dorsal layers, colour selectivity was strong for large field stimuli but weak for moving spots. Residual colour selectivity for spots was more evident for smaller eccentricities. In comparison, ventral layer cells were less colour selective for all stimuli used. Large field responses were weak, they often consisted of a sequence of excitation and inhibition. The subdivision of the dorsal cells into different colour opponency types based on large field responses is compared to the subdivision based on centre and surround functions. Results are compared to colour responses in retina and visual cortex, and the tonic and phasic cell type subdivision is discussed.", "contents": "Stimulus dependent colour specificity of monkey lateral geniculate neurones. From six flaxedilized rhesus monkeys neuronal activity of 75 cells in the dorsal, and 45 cells in the ventral layers of the lateral geniculate body was recorded. Responses to large fields switched on and off, to moving slits, and to moving spots were obtained for several wavelengths. In the dorsal layers, colour selectivity was strong for large field stimuli but weak for moving spots. Residual colour selectivity for spots was more evident for smaller eccentricities. In comparison, ventral layer cells were less colour selective for all stimuli used. Large field responses were weak, they often consisted of a sequence of excitation and inhibition. The subdivision of the dorsal cells into different colour opponency types based on large field responses is compared to the subdivision based on centre and surround functions. Results are compared to colour responses in retina and visual cortex, and the tonic and phasic cell type subdivision is discussed.", "PMID": 413725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7320", "title": "Vestibular nuclei activity during optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) in the alert monkey.", "content": "Neurons which receive an input from the horizontal semicircular canals were recorded from the vestibular nuclei in chronically prepared monkeys (Macaca mulatta) during optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN). In complete darkness the vestibular neurons showed activity changes which closely paralleled the strength of nystagmus. The activity of vestibular units returned to baseline levels of spontaneous discharge only when all after-nystagmus had ceased, or when it was inhibited by stationary visual stimuli. The possible role of vestibular neurons in the generation of OKAN and its significance in vestibulo-visual interaction is discussed.", "contents": "Vestibular nuclei activity during optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) in the alert monkey. Neurons which receive an input from the horizontal semicircular canals were recorded from the vestibular nuclei in chronically prepared monkeys (Macaca mulatta) during optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN). In complete darkness the vestibular neurons showed activity changes which closely paralleled the strength of nystagmus. The activity of vestibular units returned to baseline levels of spontaneous discharge only when all after-nystagmus had ceased, or when it was inhibited by stationary visual stimuli. The possible role of vestibular neurons in the generation of OKAN and its significance in vestibulo-visual interaction is discussed.", "PMID": 413726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7321", "title": "The intracerebellar nucleocortical projection in a primate.", "content": "Experiments were performed to determine if a nucleocortical system, a projection from the cerebellar nuclei to the cerebellar cortex, was present in primates. Both electrophysiological and neuroanatomical techniques were employed to investigate this question. It was shown that neurons within the dentate and interposed nuclei were antidromically activated by stimuli applied to the cerebellar cortex. In addition, cells in these nuclei were retrogradely labelled following injections of small amounts of horseradish peroxidase in the cerebellar cortex. The injection of tritiated leucine in the deep nuclei resulted in the labelling of fibers projecting from these structures to the cerebellar cortex which appeared to terminate within the granular layer. Additional electrophysiological studies showed that neurons projecting to the cerebellar cortex could also be antidromically activated from the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus, indicating that the nucleocortical projection in the primate arises at least in part as collaterals from neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei which also project to extracerebellar structures, as was shown in the cat.", "contents": "The intracerebellar nucleocortical projection in a primate. Experiments were performed to determine if a nucleocortical system, a projection from the cerebellar nuclei to the cerebellar cortex, was present in primates. Both electrophysiological and neuroanatomical techniques were employed to investigate this question. It was shown that neurons within the dentate and interposed nuclei were antidromically activated by stimuli applied to the cerebellar cortex. In addition, cells in these nuclei were retrogradely labelled following injections of small amounts of horseradish peroxidase in the cerebellar cortex. The injection of tritiated leucine in the deep nuclei resulted in the labelling of fibers projecting from these structures to the cerebellar cortex which appeared to terminate within the granular layer. Additional electrophysiological studies showed that neurons projecting to the cerebellar cortex could also be antidromically activated from the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus, indicating that the nucleocortical projection in the primate arises at least in part as collaterals from neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei which also project to extracerebellar structures, as was shown in the cat.", "PMID": 413728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7322", "title": "Vestibular-related neuronal activity in the thalamus of the alert monkey during sinusoidal rotation in the dark.", "content": "1. In the alert monkey neuronal activity was recorded in the ventro-posterior nucleus (VP) of the thalamus in the dark during sinusoidal rotation over a frequency range from 0.01-1 Hz. 2. From 57 neurons 38 (67%) were activated with rotation to the ipsilateral side (type I) and 19 (33%) to the contralateral side (type II). The spontaneous activity was low (average 10.1 imp/sec) and irregular. No activity changes were found with eye movements. 3. At 0.2-0.1 Hz neuronal activity showed a phase lead of 10-20 degrees relative to chair velocity. At the lowest frequency (0.01 Hz) the phase lead was only slightly higher (about 30 degrees). Accordingly the decrease in gain was only moderate. 4. At lower frequencies the simultaneously recorded eye movements (nystagmus) showed an increase in phase lead comparable to the values for the neuronal activity in the thalamus. For both neuronal activity in the thalamus and nystagmus a time constant between 25-35 sec was calculated. 5. The data are compared with vestibular nerve and nuclei recordings. It is argued that the time constants of vestibular neurons in the thalamus are very similar to the time constants of neurons in the vestibular nuclei in alert animals.", "contents": "Vestibular-related neuronal activity in the thalamus of the alert monkey during sinusoidal rotation in the dark. 1. In the alert monkey neuronal activity was recorded in the ventro-posterior nucleus (VP) of the thalamus in the dark during sinusoidal rotation over a frequency range from 0.01-1 Hz. 2. From 57 neurons 38 (67%) were activated with rotation to the ipsilateral side (type I) and 19 (33%) to the contralateral side (type II). The spontaneous activity was low (average 10.1 imp/sec) and irregular. No activity changes were found with eye movements. 3. At 0.2-0.1 Hz neuronal activity showed a phase lead of 10-20 degrees relative to chair velocity. At the lowest frequency (0.01 Hz) the phase lead was only slightly higher (about 30 degrees). Accordingly the decrease in gain was only moderate. 4. At lower frequencies the simultaneously recorded eye movements (nystagmus) showed an increase in phase lead comparable to the values for the neuronal activity in the thalamus. For both neuronal activity in the thalamus and nystagmus a time constant between 25-35 sec was calculated. 5. The data are compared with vestibular nerve and nuclei recordings. It is argued that the time constants of vestibular neurons in the thalamus are very similar to the time constants of neurons in the vestibular nuclei in alert animals.", "PMID": 413729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7323", "title": "Linear addition of optokinetic and vestibular signals in the vestibular nucleus.", "content": "A simple model of the vestibuloocular reflex and the optokinetic system was used to simulate recent data on visual and vestibular responses of neurons in the vestibular nucleus. Contrary to a previous interpretation, the results support the hypothesis that the optokinetic and semicircular canal signals are combined simply by linear addition on the cells of the vestibular nucleus.", "contents": "Linear addition of optokinetic and vestibular signals in the vestibular nucleus. A simple model of the vestibuloocular reflex and the optokinetic system was used to simulate recent data on visual and vestibular responses of neurons in the vestibular nucleus. Contrary to a previous interpretation, the results support the hypothesis that the optokinetic and semicircular canal signals are combined simply by linear addition on the cells of the vestibular nucleus.", "PMID": 413730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7324", "title": "Projections from the primary somatosensory cortex to basal ganglia and thalamus in the monkey.", "content": "Radioactive amino acids were injected into the postcentral cortex (areas 3, 1 and 2) in 6 monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Fibers were traced to the ipsilateral putamen, to Olszewski's n. ventralis posterior lateralis pars caudalis, n. ventralis posterior medialis and inferior, to n. pulvinaris oralis, n. suprageniculatus and corpus geniculatum mediale pars magnocellularis. Furthermore, there were faint postcentral projections to claustrum, n. caudatus, n. centralis lateralis, n. centrum medianum, zona incerta and with respect to the postcentral face region to n. medialis dorsalis pars multiformis. Discrepancies with earlier findings were discussed and comparison was made between pre- and postcentral target regions.", "contents": "Projections from the primary somatosensory cortex to basal ganglia and thalamus in the monkey. Radioactive amino acids were injected into the postcentral cortex (areas 3, 1 and 2) in 6 monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Fibers were traced to the ipsilateral putamen, to Olszewski's n. ventralis posterior lateralis pars caudalis, n. ventralis posterior medialis and inferior, to n. pulvinaris oralis, n. suprageniculatus and corpus geniculatum mediale pars magnocellularis. Furthermore, there were faint postcentral projections to claustrum, n. caudatus, n. centralis lateralis, n. centrum medianum, zona incerta and with respect to the postcentral face region to n. medialis dorsalis pars multiformis. Discrepancies with earlier findings were discussed and comparison was made between pre- and postcentral target regions.", "PMID": 413731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7325", "title": "Serum thyrosinase in human lung carcinoma.", "content": "Compared to normal humans, lung carcinoma patients show increased tyrosinase activity. 7 serum enzymic fractions or carriers were present in the diseased state. Further, serum tyrosinase inhibitory factors generally were decreased in lung carcinoma patients compared to normal individuals.", "contents": "Serum thyrosinase in human lung carcinoma. Compared to normal humans, lung carcinoma patients show increased tyrosinase activity. 7 serum enzymic fractions or carriers were present in the diseased state. Further, serum tyrosinase inhibitory factors generally were decreased in lung carcinoma patients compared to normal individuals.", "PMID": 413734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7326", "title": "In vitro effects of melanocytolytic agents and other compounds upon dominant human melanoma tyrosinase activity.", "content": "The activity of dominant human melanoma tyrosinase isozyme was greatly decreased by certain reducing agents. The number and geometry of phenolic groups as well as free--SH group appear important for enzymic inhibition.", "contents": "In vitro effects of melanocytolytic agents and other compounds upon dominant human melanoma tyrosinase activity. The activity of dominant human melanoma tyrosinase isozyme was greatly decreased by certain reducing agents. The number and geometry of phenolic groups as well as free--SH group appear important for enzymic inhibition.", "PMID": 413735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7327", "title": "The use of fungal protoplasts in the study of aflatoxin biosynthesis.", "content": "Protoplasts derived from Aspergillus flavus are shown to be capable of synthesizing aflatoxins when incubated in a chemically defined medium. 14C-Acetate and 14C-Versicolorin A, added to protoplasts from 3-day-old mycelium, are incorporated into aflatoxin B1.", "contents": "The use of fungal protoplasts in the study of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Protoplasts derived from Aspergillus flavus are shown to be capable of synthesizing aflatoxins when incubated in a chemically defined medium. 14C-Acetate and 14C-Versicolorin A, added to protoplasts from 3-day-old mycelium, are incorporated into aflatoxin B1.", "PMID": 413736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7328", "title": "[Phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system in the rat after administration of an anticholinesterasic pesticide, carbaryl (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of 4 carbaryl doses (0.375, 0.75, 1.50 and 3 mg/100 g) on the reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic activity were studied 1 h after their administration to male rats. Carbaryl reduced RES phagocytic activity. Results showed a dose-dependent drop in RES phagocytic activity. Carbaryl might act as an inhibitor of phagocytes by saturing them to greater or lesser degree, depending on the dose administered.", "contents": "[Phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system in the rat after administration of an anticholinesterasic pesticide, carbaryl (author's transl)]. The effects of 4 carbaryl doses (0.375, 0.75, 1.50 and 3 mg/100 g) on the reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic activity were studied 1 h after their administration to male rats. Carbaryl reduced RES phagocytic activity. Results showed a dose-dependent drop in RES phagocytic activity. Carbaryl might act as an inhibitor of phagocytes by saturing them to greater or lesser degree, depending on the dose administered.", "PMID": 413737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7329", "title": "[The study of poly(A)-containing RNA of lymphomatous baboons].", "content": "The presence of additional messenger RNA in lymphomatous baboon spleen cells as compared with healthy ones has been shown by hybridization-competition assay. The origin of this additional information is discussed.", "contents": "[The study of poly(A)-containing RNA of lymphomatous baboons]. The presence of additional messenger RNA in lymphomatous baboon spleen cells as compared with healthy ones has been shown by hybridization-competition assay. The origin of this additional information is discussed.", "PMID": 413733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7330", "title": "[Cardiac contraction frequency in Macaca rhesus monkeys occupying different position in a group hierarchy].", "content": "Four variants of heart rate ratio were revealed in 8 groups of the monkeys of different hierarchic positions. Dependence of the heart rate in low-ranking monkeys on the character of their interrelationships with the dominant individual, was shown. The lowest heart rate was revealed in the monkeys protected by the drominand individual. The heart rate at rest and its shifts during feeding reflect the degree of emotional tension in monkeys of different ranks.", "contents": "[Cardiac contraction frequency in Macaca rhesus monkeys occupying different position in a group hierarchy]. Four variants of heart rate ratio were revealed in 8 groups of the monkeys of different hierarchic positions. Dependence of the heart rate in low-ranking monkeys on the character of their interrelationships with the dominant individual, was shown. The lowest heart rate was revealed in the monkeys protected by the drominand individual. The heart rate at rest and its shifts during feeding reflect the degree of emotional tension in monkeys of different ranks.", "PMID": 413749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7331", "title": "HLA antigens and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. A family study.", "content": "Sixteen insulin dependent diabetic patients (age at onset less than 35 years) and their families were tissue typed for HLA antigens. Glucose tolerance of relatives was also tested. Among diabetic patients two HLA antigens were found with increased frequency: B8 (31 percent, control 15 percent) and Bw35 (38 percent, control 23 percent). Among normal relatives B8 and Bw35 had the same frequency as the control group. Bw15 frequency was not increased in either group. In relatives, no correlation between HLA antigens (B8 or Bw35) and abnormal glucose tolerance, obesity and over-weight at birth was found. Present data confirm previous reports of high B8 frequency in early onset diabetic patients, but fail to demonstrate a raised frequency of abnormal glucose tolerance among relatives bearing B8 (or, in our cases, Bw35). B8 may be considered a genetic indicator for susceptibility to juvenile diabetes. On the basis of present results in families, however non genetic factors clearly also play a determinant role. Furthermore, that diabetogenesis arises from a link between Ir-genes and HLA-B8 antigen should only be considered a suggestive hypothesis.", "contents": "HLA antigens and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. A family study. Sixteen insulin dependent diabetic patients (age at onset less than 35 years) and their families were tissue typed for HLA antigens. Glucose tolerance of relatives was also tested. Among diabetic patients two HLA antigens were found with increased frequency: B8 (31 percent, control 15 percent) and Bw35 (38 percent, control 23 percent). Among normal relatives B8 and Bw35 had the same frequency as the control group. Bw15 frequency was not increased in either group. In relatives, no correlation between HLA antigens (B8 or Bw35) and abnormal glucose tolerance, obesity and over-weight at birth was found. Present data confirm previous reports of high B8 frequency in early onset diabetic patients, but fail to demonstrate a raised frequency of abnormal glucose tolerance among relatives bearing B8 (or, in our cases, Bw35). B8 may be considered a genetic indicator for susceptibility to juvenile diabetes. On the basis of present results in families, however non genetic factors clearly also play a determinant role. Furthermore, that diabetogenesis arises from a link between Ir-genes and HLA-B8 antigen should only be considered a suggestive hypothesis.", "PMID": 413751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7332", "title": "Recent results of behavioural treatments of phobias and obsessions.", "content": "The basic principle of treatment of phobias and obsessions is exposure of the patient to the evoking stimulus. Utilizing this principle, exposure in vivo seems an effective treatment for many, but not all, obsessional patients. The role of tricyclic drugs is at present being investigated. Nurse therapists have been found to be very competent in delivering treatment. Similar results, using an exposure in vivo model, have been obtained in the managment of phobias. Some reasons why patients do not comply with, or adhere to, treatment recommendations are put foward. Finally, the vexed question of the cost-effectiveness of treatment is considered.", "contents": "Recent results of behavioural treatments of phobias and obsessions. The basic principle of treatment of phobias and obsessions is exposure of the patient to the evoking stimulus. Utilizing this principle, exposure in vivo seems an effective treatment for many, but not all, obsessional patients. The role of tricyclic drugs is at present being investigated. Nurse therapists have been found to be very competent in delivering treatment. Similar results, using an exposure in vivo model, have been obtained in the managment of phobias. Some reasons why patients do not comply with, or adhere to, treatment recommendations are put foward. Finally, the vexed question of the cost-effectiveness of treatment is considered.", "PMID": 413754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7333", "title": "Relative maturity of cebus and squirrel monkeys at birth and during infancy.", "content": "Cebus monkey were less mature at birth than squirrel monkeys in terms of body weight and brain weight in proportion to adult weight. Postnatally, cebus were slower to develop locomotion, perceptual-motor capacities, and object permanence. The differences in rate of development between the species increased with age. The findings indicate that the cebus have a longer period of infancy before becoming skilled at locomotion and manipulation. In view of the cebus monkey's recognized skill as a manipulator and problem solver, the long period of infancy suggests that cebus have evolved further in the direction of higher primates.", "contents": "Relative maturity of cebus and squirrel monkeys at birth and during infancy. Cebus monkey were less mature at birth than squirrel monkeys in terms of body weight and brain weight in proportion to adult weight. Postnatally, cebus were slower to develop locomotion, perceptual-motor capacities, and object permanence. The differences in rate of development between the species increased with age. The findings indicate that the cebus have a longer period of infancy before becoming skilled at locomotion and manipulation. In view of the cebus monkey's recognized skill as a manipulator and problem solver, the long period of infancy suggests that cebus have evolved further in the direction of higher primates.", "PMID": 413756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7334", "title": "Nocturnal sleep in isolation-reared monkeys: evidence for enviromental independence.", "content": "Thirteen all-night recordings were obtained from 3 infant pigtailed (Macaca nemestrina) monkeys raised on a cloth surrogate mother and under conditions of social isolation. Totally implantable biotelemetry systems were used to record the sleep physiology from the unrestrained animals. Sleep stages and night-to-night variability were virtually identical to values previously found in 8 mother-reared group-living infants. Sustained alterations in the early rearing enviroment, even though considerably modifying the organism's development, did not appear to result in differences in sleep organization.", "contents": "Nocturnal sleep in isolation-reared monkeys: evidence for enviromental independence. Thirteen all-night recordings were obtained from 3 infant pigtailed (Macaca nemestrina) monkeys raised on a cloth surrogate mother and under conditions of social isolation. Totally implantable biotelemetry systems were used to record the sleep physiology from the unrestrained animals. Sleep stages and night-to-night variability were virtually identical to values previously found in 8 mother-reared group-living infants. Sustained alterations in the early rearing enviroment, even though considerably modifying the organism's development, did not appear to result in differences in sleep organization.", "PMID": 413757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7335", "title": "Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in diabetes mellitus: a case report and discussion of pathophysiologic mechanisms.", "content": "A 21-year old woman with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus was examined for persistent hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. There was no evidence of ingestion of hydrochloric acid or its equivalent. Gastrointestinal loss of bicarbonate was absent. Proximal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption and distal nephron hydrogen-ion secretion were normal. Ammonia and net acid excretions were high, and thus there was no obvious cause for this acidosis. Further study revealed a very large loss of beta-hydroxybutyrate in the urine that closely approximated net acid excretion. This loss of potential bicarbonate was the principal cause for the hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Phosphate, urate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate fractional excretions were all abnormally high. Generalized aminoaciduria was also present, but the renal handling of glucose and bicarbonate was normal. With improved control of her diabetes, the generalized aminoaciduria disappeared, the urine beta-hydroxybutyrate loss ceased, the fractional excretions of phosphate and urate approached normal, and the acidosis was rapidly corrected.", "contents": "Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in diabetes mellitus: a case report and discussion of pathophysiologic mechanisms. A 21-year old woman with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus was examined for persistent hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. There was no evidence of ingestion of hydrochloric acid or its equivalent. Gastrointestinal loss of bicarbonate was absent. Proximal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption and distal nephron hydrogen-ion secretion were normal. Ammonia and net acid excretions were high, and thus there was no obvious cause for this acidosis. Further study revealed a very large loss of beta-hydroxybutyrate in the urine that closely approximated net acid excretion. This loss of potential bicarbonate was the principal cause for the hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Phosphate, urate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate fractional excretions were all abnormally high. Generalized aminoaciduria was also present, but the renal handling of glucose and bicarbonate was normal. With improved control of her diabetes, the generalized aminoaciduria disappeared, the urine beta-hydroxybutyrate loss ceased, the fractional excretions of phosphate and urate approached normal, and the acidosis was rapidly corrected.", "PMID": 413758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7336", "title": "Hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase in patients with sickle cell anemia.", "content": "In sickle cell anemia the shortened survival of red blood cells presents the liver with an augmented load of bilirubin for hepatic clearance. To determine the effects of this excessive bilirubin load on the microsomal conjugating enzyme, hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase, levels of this enzyme were measured in liver biopsies from patients with sickle cell anemia and several comparison groups. UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in 14 patients with sickle cell anemia was 2-fold greater (P less than 0.005) than in 14 nonjaundiced comparison patients without liver disease. The elevated UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in sickle cell anemia was similar to that found in 10 patients who chronically ingested drugs (barbiturates or estrogens) known to increase UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity. These observations suggest enhanced conjugation of bilirubin in patients with sickle cell anemia may result from substrate (bilirubin) induction of UDP-glycuronyltransferase.", "contents": "Hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase in patients with sickle cell anemia. In sickle cell anemia the shortened survival of red blood cells presents the liver with an augmented load of bilirubin for hepatic clearance. To determine the effects of this excessive bilirubin load on the microsomal conjugating enzyme, hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase, levels of this enzyme were measured in liver biopsies from patients with sickle cell anemia and several comparison groups. UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in 14 patients with sickle cell anemia was 2-fold greater (P less than 0.005) than in 14 nonjaundiced comparison patients without liver disease. The elevated UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity in sickle cell anemia was similar to that found in 10 patients who chronically ingested drugs (barbiturates or estrogens) known to increase UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity. These observations suggest enhanced conjugation of bilirubin in patients with sickle cell anemia may result from substrate (bilirubin) induction of UDP-glycuronyltransferase.", "PMID": 413760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7337", "title": "Cholesterol gallstones and biliary lipid metabolism in the primate.", "content": "A primate model for the study of cholesterol gallstones is described. Bile became supersaturated with cholesterol in 7 female adult baboons with exteriorized enterohepatic circulations during 0.2 g per kg per day of cholestyramine treatment. Cholestyramine decreased bile acid pool size (1.38 +/- 0.7 to 0.45 +/- 0.02 mmole, P less than 0.001) and secretion rate (12.7 +/- 0.9 to 5.6 +/- 0.5 mmoles per 24 hr) while cholesterol secretion remained unaltered. Although biliary lipid and bile acid composition were similarly affected by treatment in both cholecystectomized and intact animals, cholesterol stones formed only in the latter. Thus metabolic alterations in biliary lipid metabolism as well as the presence of the gallbladder were necessary for stone formation.", "contents": "Cholesterol gallstones and biliary lipid metabolism in the primate. A primate model for the study of cholesterol gallstones is described. Bile became supersaturated with cholesterol in 7 female adult baboons with exteriorized enterohepatic circulations during 0.2 g per kg per day of cholestyramine treatment. Cholestyramine decreased bile acid pool size (1.38 +/- 0.7 to 0.45 +/- 0.02 mmole, P less than 0.001) and secretion rate (12.7 +/- 0.9 to 5.6 +/- 0.5 mmoles per 24 hr) while cholesterol secretion remained unaltered. Although biliary lipid and bile acid composition were similarly affected by treatment in both cholecystectomized and intact animals, cholesterol stones formed only in the latter. Thus metabolic alterations in biliary lipid metabolism as well as the presence of the gallbladder were necessary for stone formation.", "PMID": 413761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7338", "title": "[Modeling modification of chemical mutagenesis in human cells. 1. Elimination of chromosomal aberrations].", "content": "Elimination of chromosome aberrations was studied in populations of dividing cells. For this purpose, on the basis of the corresponding theory of Carrano-Heddle assuming the Poisson distribution, a theory is advanced by the authors based on geometrical distribution, describing the distribution of lesions caused by the action of tioTEF. Parameters of elimination are obtained observed in case of addition of a protector, aminopropy-laminoethylthiophosphoric acid (APAETF) in a lymphocyte culture of human peripheral blood. It is shown that the addition of the protector diminishes the probability of the transmission of chromosome aberrations to daughter cells.", "contents": "[Modeling modification of chemical mutagenesis in human cells. 1. Elimination of chromosomal aberrations]. Elimination of chromosome aberrations was studied in populations of dividing cells. For this purpose, on the basis of the corresponding theory of Carrano-Heddle assuming the Poisson distribution, a theory is advanced by the authors based on geometrical distribution, describing the distribution of lesions caused by the action of tioTEF. Parameters of elimination are obtained observed in case of addition of a protector, aminopropy-laminoethylthiophosphoric acid (APAETF) in a lymphocyte culture of human peripheral blood. It is shown that the addition of the protector diminishes the probability of the transmission of chromosome aberrations to daughter cells.", "PMID": 413764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7339", "title": "[Genetic control of mutability in laboratory mice. I. Genetic analysis of the sensitivity of mice of strains 101/H and C57BL/6 to the mutagenic effect of thio-TEPA].", "content": "The distribution of male mice of the BC1 generation was analysed with respect to the frequency of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells induced by thio-TEPA. The BC1 descendants were derived from the F1 of the cross (C3H X 101) X 101 and the F1 of the cross (CBA X B6) X B6. With respect to mutability the BC1 descendants of both types could be divided into two classes. The average frequencies of the cells with chromosome aberrations in the BC1 descendants of the 101 line were in the two classes 33.4 and 64.2 percent respectively. The corresponding values for the two classes of the BC1 descendants of the B6 line were 24 percent and 33.2 percent respectively. These data suggest that each of the lines studied has one recessive mutator gene. Preliminary symbols are proposed: mut-1 for the gene of the line 101/H and mut-2 for the gene of the line B6. The gene mut-2 is linked with the gene a (nonagouti) (Vth linkage group, chromosome 2).", "contents": "[Genetic control of mutability in laboratory mice. I. Genetic analysis of the sensitivity of mice of strains 101/H and C57BL/6 to the mutagenic effect of thio-TEPA]. The distribution of male mice of the BC1 generation was analysed with respect to the frequency of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells induced by thio-TEPA. The BC1 descendants were derived from the F1 of the cross (C3H X 101) X 101 and the F1 of the cross (CBA X B6) X B6. With respect to mutability the BC1 descendants of both types could be divided into two classes. The average frequencies of the cells with chromosome aberrations in the BC1 descendants of the 101 line were in the two classes 33.4 and 64.2 percent respectively. The corresponding values for the two classes of the BC1 descendants of the B6 line were 24 percent and 33.2 percent respectively. These data suggest that each of the lines studied has one recessive mutator gene. Preliminary symbols are proposed: mut-1 for the gene of the line 101/H and mut-2 for the gene of the line B6. The gene mut-2 is linked with the gene a (nonagouti) (Vth linkage group, chromosome 2).", "PMID": 413765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7340", "title": "[Pathologic processes as factors influencing the genotypic structure of populations].", "content": "Pathological processes, which take place in a population, can play an important role in the determination of the genotypical structure of the population. It is demonstrated by the analysis of a relation between blood genotypical markers and children lethality. It is found that the summary elimination of A+A+AB phenotypes with respect to O phenotype in ABO system reliably differs only within 1--6 months, and in MN system (the elimination of M phenotype)--only within the period of mortinatality. Certain preference of heterozygous genotypes for the MN system at this period is observed, which is the first case studied for normal features of humans. The elimination of rhesus-negative phenotypes is observed for the rhesus system at all the ontogenesis stages studied. A problem of isolating a genotypical component, which takes place on children lethality, is discussed. It solution will open an efficient prophylaxis of children lethality.", "contents": "[Pathologic processes as factors influencing the genotypic structure of populations]. Pathological processes, which take place in a population, can play an important role in the determination of the genotypical structure of the population. It is demonstrated by the analysis of a relation between blood genotypical markers and children lethality. It is found that the summary elimination of A+A+AB phenotypes with respect to O phenotype in ABO system reliably differs only within 1--6 months, and in MN system (the elimination of M phenotype)--only within the period of mortinatality. Certain preference of heterozygous genotypes for the MN system at this period is observed, which is the first case studied for normal features of humans. The elimination of rhesus-negative phenotypes is observed for the rhesus system at all the ontogenesis stages studied. A problem of isolating a genotypical component, which takes place on children lethality, is discussed. It solution will open an efficient prophylaxis of children lethality.", "PMID": 413766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7341", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis].", "content": "In a comprehensive survey the diagnostic and therapeutic problems of pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis are discussed. The importance of thorough nephrological diagnostics is pointed out. The first section of the paper describes the diagnostic procedures such as x-ray and laboratory work (tubular proteinuria, antibody-coated bacteria) and the chemotherapy in pyelonephritis. The second part deals with glomerulonephritis, the aspects of histological classification, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic principles, prognosis, and results of therapy with penicillin G (acute form), corticosteroids, azathioprine, indomethacin, and cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis]. In a comprehensive survey the diagnostic and therapeutic problems of pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis are discussed. The importance of thorough nephrological diagnostics is pointed out. The first section of the paper describes the diagnostic procedures such as x-ray and laboratory work (tubular proteinuria, antibody-coated bacteria) and the chemotherapy in pyelonephritis. The second part deals with glomerulonephritis, the aspects of histological classification, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic principles, prognosis, and results of therapy with penicillin G (acute form), corticosteroids, azathioprine, indomethacin, and cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 413772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7342", "title": "Dynamic aspects of biological membranes.", "content": "Several aspects of membrane structure and function have been treated in which the dynamic properties of membrane components are particularly significant. The establishment and maintenance of asymmetries across the membrane, and heterogeneities in the plane of the membrane, place certain restrictions on the nature and extent of membrane fluid properties. Long-range order, which may give differential restrictions to rotational versus translational diffusion, requires specific interactions between membrane components that are strong enough to overcome thermal energy. Processes such as membrane fusion are likely to involve local areas in the membrane where certain membrane proteins are sequestered. And finally, the budding of virus membranes by mechanisms that specifically exclude host cell membrane proteins will require specialized interpretations in view of the fluid membrane model. These and other membrane phenomena illustrate the importance of the dynamic properties of membranes.", "contents": "Dynamic aspects of biological membranes. Several aspects of membrane structure and function have been treated in which the dynamic properties of membrane components are particularly significant. The establishment and maintenance of asymmetries across the membrane, and heterogeneities in the plane of the membrane, place certain restrictions on the nature and extent of membrane fluid properties. Long-range order, which may give differential restrictions to rotational versus translational diffusion, requires specific interactions between membrane components that are strong enough to overcome thermal energy. Processes such as membrane fusion are likely to involve local areas in the membrane where certain membrane proteins are sequestered. And finally, the budding of virus membranes by mechanisms that specifically exclude host cell membrane proteins will require specialized interpretations in view of the fluid membrane model. These and other membrane phenomena illustrate the importance of the dynamic properties of membranes.", "PMID": 413773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7343", "title": "NHI in crisis: politics, predictions, proposals.", "content": "Marked by intense feeling, the NHI debate has produced a crisis rhetoric that clouds the issues and misrepresents the state of medical care. Generated in response to the rhetoric, current NHI proposals fail to combat the central problem of rising health care costs. A promising approach combines a comprehensive insurance plan for preschool children with protection against financial catostrophe.", "contents": "NHI in crisis: politics, predictions, proposals. Marked by intense feeling, the NHI debate has produced a crisis rhetoric that clouds the issues and misrepresents the state of medical care. Generated in response to the rhetoric, current NHI proposals fail to combat the central problem of rising health care costs. A promising approach combines a comprehensive insurance plan for preschool children with protection against financial catostrophe.", "PMID": 413776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7344", "title": "Priorities for a national health policy: cost control and disease prevention.", "content": "Despite some progress on the national health care scene, the cost spiral looms as the major problem to be tacked now, forcing moves toward a revamped national health plan into the wings. Health care organizations with access to the administration, however, should design detailed disease prevention plans--which will not require immediate huge expenditures--and should develop the date to show their cost effectiveness.", "contents": "Priorities for a national health policy: cost control and disease prevention. Despite some progress on the national health care scene, the cost spiral looms as the major problem to be tacked now, forcing moves toward a revamped national health plan into the wings. Health care organizations with access to the administration, however, should design detailed disease prevention plans--which will not require immediate huge expenditures--and should develop the date to show their cost effectiveness.", "PMID": 413777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7345", "title": "Hematologic problems of the elderly.", "content": "Since hemoglobin and hematocrit values tend to be low in the elderly, confirming the presence of anemia and establishing its etiology involve complex considerations. Also discussed are such proliferative disorders as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Hematologic problems of the elderly. Since hemoglobin and hematocrit values tend to be low in the elderly, confirming the presence of anemia and establishing its etiology involve complex considerations. Also discussed are such proliferative disorders as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 413778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7346", "title": "Gm and Km(Inv) frequencies in two Roumanian populations.", "content": "Serum samples from 170 unrelated individuals from the Suceava District of Roumania and from 199 unrelated individuals from Bucharest, Roumania were tested fro Gm(1,2,3,5,6,13,14,17,21) and Km(1)[Inv(1)]. Selected samples were also tested for Gm(15) and Gm(16). The frequencies of the three common Caucasoid haplotypes, Gm3,5,13,14, Gm1,17,21, and Gm1,2,17,21 in these two populations were found to be similar to those in neighboring Slavic states and Hungary. Racial admixture was evidenced by the presence of the Gm1,13,15,16,17 and Gm1,3,5,13,14 haplotypes, which are primarily Mongoloid, and the Gm1,5,13,14,17 haplotype which is primarily Negroid. Comparisons of these data with those from earlier studies of populations from Central Europe indicate that the frequency of the Gm3,5,13,14 haplotype within this region is high and essentially uniform. Published data for several blood group systems also indicate essentially uniform distributions of frequencies in this region. It is suggested that this region may be the center of a cline that radiates from it.", "contents": "Gm and Km(Inv) frequencies in two Roumanian populations. Serum samples from 170 unrelated individuals from the Suceava District of Roumania and from 199 unrelated individuals from Bucharest, Roumania were tested fro Gm(1,2,3,5,6,13,14,17,21) and Km(1)[Inv(1)]. Selected samples were also tested for Gm(15) and Gm(16). The frequencies of the three common Caucasoid haplotypes, Gm3,5,13,14, Gm1,17,21, and Gm1,2,17,21 in these two populations were found to be similar to those in neighboring Slavic states and Hungary. Racial admixture was evidenced by the presence of the Gm1,13,15,16,17 and Gm1,3,5,13,14 haplotypes, which are primarily Mongoloid, and the Gm1,5,13,14,17 haplotype which is primarily Negroid. Comparisons of these data with those from earlier studies of populations from Central Europe indicate that the frequency of the Gm3,5,13,14 haplotype within this region is high and essentially uniform. Published data for several blood group systems also indicate essentially uniform distributions of frequencies in this region. It is suggested that this region may be the center of a cline that radiates from it.", "PMID": 413780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7347", "title": "Characterization of residual hexosaminidase activity in Sandhoff's disease using man-Chinese hamster cell hybrids.", "content": "To obtain information about the nature of the residual hexosaminidase activity in Sandhoff's disease, hybrid cell lines between fibroblasts from a patient with Sandhoff's disease and Chinese hamster cells were isolated. In these hybrid cell lines, a heteropolymeric isoenzyme was detected that is composed of human alpha- and Chinese hamster hexosaminidase subunits. Due to the electrophoretic and immunological behavior of the heteropolymeric molecules in interspecies hybrids with normal fibroblasts and with cells from a patient with Sandhoff's disease, we conclude that Sandhoff cells contain an alpha-subunit of hexosaminidase with normal characteristics.", "contents": "Characterization of residual hexosaminidase activity in Sandhoff's disease using man-Chinese hamster cell hybrids. To obtain information about the nature of the residual hexosaminidase activity in Sandhoff's disease, hybrid cell lines between fibroblasts from a patient with Sandhoff's disease and Chinese hamster cells were isolated. In these hybrid cell lines, a heteropolymeric isoenzyme was detected that is composed of human alpha- and Chinese hamster hexosaminidase subunits. Due to the electrophoretic and immunological behavior of the heteropolymeric molecules in interspecies hybrids with normal fibroblasts and with cells from a patient with Sandhoff's disease, we conclude that Sandhoff cells contain an alpha-subunit of hexosaminidase with normal characteristics.", "PMID": 413781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7348", "title": "Beta lactamase resistance of newer cephalosporins and antimicrobial effectiveness against gram-negative bacilli.", "content": "Three newer cephalosporins (cefamandole, cefoxitin and cefazaflur) were investigated, in comparison with three older agents (cephalothin, cephaloridine and cefazolin) to determine their stability to beta-lactamases of gram-negative bacilli, and to correlate this with their antibacterial activity. Nine of the 17 bacterial strains employed produced broadspectrum beta-lactamases; the remaining eight produced cephalosporinases. The cephalosporins were highly active against bacteria producing broad-spectrum beta-lactamases; they were less active against organisms producing cephalosporinases. All of the cephalosporinase-producing strains were resistant to cephalothin anc cephaloridine. With the other cephalosporins the correlation between hydrolysis by cephalosporinases and resistance of the organisms was poor. Four to eight cephalosporinase-producing strains were resistant to cefoxitin, which was completely resistant to hydrolysis by the beta-lactamases. Cefozolin, cefamandole and cefazaflur inhibited several of these strains in spite of destruction by the beta-lactamase. Several cephalosporins need to be used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing of gram-negative bacilli.", "contents": "Beta lactamase resistance of newer cephalosporins and antimicrobial effectiveness against gram-negative bacilli. Three newer cephalosporins (cefamandole, cefoxitin and cefazaflur) were investigated, in comparison with three older agents (cephalothin, cephaloridine and cefazolin) to determine their stability to beta-lactamases of gram-negative bacilli, and to correlate this with their antibacterial activity. Nine of the 17 bacterial strains employed produced broadspectrum beta-lactamases; the remaining eight produced cephalosporinases. The cephalosporins were highly active against bacteria producing broad-spectrum beta-lactamases; they were less active against organisms producing cephalosporinases. All of the cephalosporinase-producing strains were resistant to cephalothin anc cephaloridine. With the other cephalosporins the correlation between hydrolysis by cephalosporinases and resistance of the organisms was poor. Four to eight cephalosporinase-producing strains were resistant to cefoxitin, which was completely resistant to hydrolysis by the beta-lactamases. Cefozolin, cefamandole and cefazaflur inhibited several of these strains in spite of destruction by the beta-lactamase. Several cephalosporins need to be used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing of gram-negative bacilli.", "PMID": 413793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7349", "title": "Protective isolation and antimicrobial decontamination in patients with high susceptibility to infection. A prospective cooperative study of gnotobiotic care in acute leukemia patients. II. Organizational and statistical concept.", "content": "The organizational and statistical concept of the cooperative randomized controlled clinical trial on gnotobiotic care and its effect in acute leukamia patients is described. The purpose is the clarification of the concept of the study and the comparison with other studies on the same subject. It is concluded that the value of the results and of the decisions based on them depend mainly on the statistical design, the protocol, and the performance of a study. The performance of a controlled study depends on its organizational details, its monitoring, documentation, and appropriate biometric evaluation. In this particular study it proved fruitful that a statistician was engaded in the evaluation and also in developing the protocol and in carrying out the study.", "contents": "Protective isolation and antimicrobial decontamination in patients with high susceptibility to infection. A prospective cooperative study of gnotobiotic care in acute leukemia patients. II. Organizational and statistical concept. The organizational and statistical concept of the cooperative randomized controlled clinical trial on gnotobiotic care and its effect in acute leukamia patients is described. The purpose is the clarification of the concept of the study and the comparison with other studies on the same subject. It is concluded that the value of the results and of the decisions based on them depend mainly on the statistical design, the protocol, and the performance of a study. The performance of a controlled study depends on its organizational details, its monitoring, documentation, and appropriate biometric evaluation. In this particular study it proved fruitful that a statistician was engaded in the evaluation and also in developing the protocol and in carrying out the study.", "PMID": 413794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7350", "title": "Experimental evaluation of HR756, a new cephalosporin derivative: pre-clinical study.", "content": "HR 756 is a new cephalosporin derivative suitable for parenteral use. The compound possesses an unusally broad spectrum of antibacterial activity especially against gram-negative bacteria. Besides Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, indole-negative Proteae and other species also indol-positive Proteae, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter and many Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains are inhibited by this compound. HR 756 is stable to most of the beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative organisms. Tests on different infection models also provided evidence of the high efficacy of HR 756 in vivo.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of HR756, a new cephalosporin derivative: pre-clinical study. HR 756 is a new cephalosporin derivative suitable for parenteral use. The compound possesses an unusally broad spectrum of antibacterial activity especially against gram-negative bacteria. Besides Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, indole-negative Proteae and other species also indol-positive Proteae, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter and many Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains are inhibited by this compound. HR 756 is stable to most of the beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative organisms. Tests on different infection models also provided evidence of the high efficacy of HR 756 in vivo.", "PMID": 413795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7351", "title": "Immunological relationships of human and subhuman primate pregnancy-associated plasma proteins.", "content": "(1) Four pregnancy-associated plasma proteins cross-reactive with antibodies to the human pregnancy proteins were detected in several species of pregnant subhuman primates. In the case of the two apes studied (chimpanzee and orangutan), these appeared to be immunologically identical to the human PAPPs (PAPP-A, -B, -C, and HCS). In the old world monkeys analyzed, equivalent partially cross-reactive PAPPs were found; while in the new world squirrel monkey, only faint traces of cross-reactive PAPP-C and HCS were observed with the most sensitive methods used. (2) As in the human, these proteins appeared to be specific for pregnancy, not being detectable in nonpregnant animals, female or male. (3) The pregnant chimpanzee possessed significantly higher concentrations of PAPP-A and PAPP-C than did women at an equivalent stage of pregnancy, while the HCS and PAPP-B levels appeared to be approximately the same. (4) The primate PAPP-C analogues were more complex than human PAPP-C, often revealing multiple gel diffusion patterns with subfractions of differing electrophoretic mobilities. (5) Based on the changes of electrophoretic mobility upon exposure to neuraminidase, the subhuman primate as well as human PAPP-A and PAPP-C appeared to be glycoproteins containing sialic acid. (6) In the chimpanzee and rhesus monkey, as in the human, the levels of PAPP-A, PAPP-C, and HCS were appreciably higher during the third trimester of pregnancy than they were during the second trimester.", "contents": "Immunological relationships of human and subhuman primate pregnancy-associated plasma proteins. (1) Four pregnancy-associated plasma proteins cross-reactive with antibodies to the human pregnancy proteins were detected in several species of pregnant subhuman primates. In the case of the two apes studied (chimpanzee and orangutan), these appeared to be immunologically identical to the human PAPPs (PAPP-A, -B, -C, and HCS). In the old world monkeys analyzed, equivalent partially cross-reactive PAPPs were found; while in the new world squirrel monkey, only faint traces of cross-reactive PAPP-C and HCS were observed with the most sensitive methods used. (2) As in the human, these proteins appeared to be specific for pregnancy, not being detectable in nonpregnant animals, female or male. (3) The pregnant chimpanzee possessed significantly higher concentrations of PAPP-A and PAPP-C than did women at an equivalent stage of pregnancy, while the HCS and PAPP-B levels appeared to be approximately the same. (4) The primate PAPP-C analogues were more complex than human PAPP-C, often revealing multiple gel diffusion patterns with subfractions of differing electrophoretic mobilities. (5) Based on the changes of electrophoretic mobility upon exposure to neuraminidase, the subhuman primate as well as human PAPP-A and PAPP-C appeared to be glycoproteins containing sialic acid. (6) In the chimpanzee and rhesus monkey, as in the human, the levels of PAPP-A, PAPP-C, and HCS were appreciably higher during the third trimester of pregnancy than they were during the second trimester.", "PMID": 413796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7352", "title": "Genetic evidence for a temperature-sensitive lesion in the adenovirus 7 region of the PARA genome.", "content": "It has previously been shown that the helper adenovirus (Ad) present in the defective Ad 7-SV40 hybrid population is temperature-sensitive (ts) for replication in human cells. This study has shown that the replication of the defective hybrid virus (PARA) in green monkey kidney cells is also restricted at 40.5 percent. Complementation tests between the parental or transcapsidant PARA populations and SV40 or various Ad serotypes revealed that the ts lesion is located in the Ad region of the hybrid genome. Wild-type (wt) Ad type 7 and Ad type 21 were able to complement the replication of PARA while Ad type 31 was unable to do so. Complementation was more efficient after the PARA genome was transcapsidated to the wt isolates of helper Ad than during multiple infections with the parental hybrid population. The SV40 function which complements the replication of human adenoviruses in simian cells is not expressed by PARA at the nonpermissive temperature. However, the ts lesion does not affect the expression of SV40 functions coded for by PARA under other conditions, i.e., complementation of the replication of human adenoviruses in transformed monkey cells, and synthesis of T antigen in lytically infected or transformed cells. Although the exact nature of the mutated Ad 7 gene product is unknown, heat inactivation data suggest that it may be a structural protein.", "contents": "Genetic evidence for a temperature-sensitive lesion in the adenovirus 7 region of the PARA genome. It has previously been shown that the helper adenovirus (Ad) present in the defective Ad 7-SV40 hybrid population is temperature-sensitive (ts) for replication in human cells. This study has shown that the replication of the defective hybrid virus (PARA) in green monkey kidney cells is also restricted at 40.5 percent. Complementation tests between the parental or transcapsidant PARA populations and SV40 or various Ad serotypes revealed that the ts lesion is located in the Ad region of the hybrid genome. Wild-type (wt) Ad type 7 and Ad type 21 were able to complement the replication of PARA while Ad type 31 was unable to do so. Complementation was more efficient after the PARA genome was transcapsidated to the wt isolates of helper Ad than during multiple infections with the parental hybrid population. The SV40 function which complements the replication of human adenoviruses in simian cells is not expressed by PARA at the nonpermissive temperature. However, the ts lesion does not affect the expression of SV40 functions coded for by PARA under other conditions, i.e., complementation of the replication of human adenoviruses in transformed monkey cells, and synthesis of T antigen in lytically infected or transformed cells. Although the exact nature of the mutated Ad 7 gene product is unknown, heat inactivation data suggest that it may be a structural protein.", "PMID": 413806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7353", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of the zinc deficiency syndrome during total parenteral feeding. Review with report of a case].", "content": "A 47-year-old man with ulcerative colitis developed severe zinc deficiency during longterm intravenous feeding. Early symptoms included seborrhoeic lesions in the face and scalp. Later on his general condition deteriorated, and erythema and bullae erupted in the fingers, together with an erosive area with a marked border in the perianeal and scrotal regions. The symptomatology was suggestive of zinc depletion syndrome, a recently recognised acrodermatitis-enteropathica-like disorder in patients receiving longterm total intravenous feeding. A significantly lowered serum zinc level and a prompt beneficial response to intravenous zinc therapy (20 mg Zn2+ daily for one week) substantiate the provisional clinical diagnosis. As zinc depletion is caused by a zinc free parenteral alimentation this serious complication should be avoided by adding zinc to the infusions. Serum zinc determinations should be carried out as a control of the prophylactic zinc supply. Possibly, zinc plays a role in the symptomatology of various disorders with skin and bowel symptoms.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of the zinc deficiency syndrome during total parenteral feeding. Review with report of a case]. A 47-year-old man with ulcerative colitis developed severe zinc deficiency during longterm intravenous feeding. Early symptoms included seborrhoeic lesions in the face and scalp. Later on his general condition deteriorated, and erythema and bullae erupted in the fingers, together with an erosive area with a marked border in the perianeal and scrotal regions. The symptomatology was suggestive of zinc depletion syndrome, a recently recognised acrodermatitis-enteropathica-like disorder in patients receiving longterm total intravenous feeding. A significantly lowered serum zinc level and a prompt beneficial response to intravenous zinc therapy (20 mg Zn2+ daily for one week) substantiate the provisional clinical diagnosis. As zinc depletion is caused by a zinc free parenteral alimentation this serious complication should be avoided by adding zinc to the infusions. Serum zinc determinations should be carried out as a control of the prophylactic zinc supply. Possibly, zinc plays a role in the symptomatology of various disorders with skin and bowel symptoms.", "PMID": 413809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7354", "title": "[Regression of xanthomas in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia under low carbohydrate diet].", "content": "Report on two patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. In both patients normal serum lipid values were reached in a comparatively short time under a diet with reduced carbohydrates and calories. In one diabetic patient who needed insulin at the beginning of the treatment the disease could be controlled by dietary measures alone after a few days. Different biological half-life periods of the various serum lipid fractions explain why, under a reducing diet, the rate of decrease of lipids is variable according to the respective component. Thus, the ratio of triglycerides and cholesterol can vary in the same patient within a few days and may change his classification under different types of hyperlipidemia according to Fredrickson. It would appear that in these cases a classification based on etiological considerations is more recommendable.", "contents": "[Regression of xanthomas in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia under low carbohydrate diet]. Report on two patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. In both patients normal serum lipid values were reached in a comparatively short time under a diet with reduced carbohydrates and calories. In one diabetic patient who needed insulin at the beginning of the treatment the disease could be controlled by dietary measures alone after a few days. Different biological half-life periods of the various serum lipid fractions explain why, under a reducing diet, the rate of decrease of lipids is variable according to the respective component. Thus, the ratio of triglycerides and cholesterol can vary in the same patient within a few days and may change his classification under different types of hyperlipidemia according to Fredrickson. It would appear that in these cases a classification based on etiological considerations is more recommendable.", "PMID": 413810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7355", "title": "Cervical esophagostomy to permit extraoral feeding of the horse.", "content": "An indwelling stomach tube was placed through a cervical esophagostomy in 5 clinically normal horses and in 3 horses requiring artificial alimentation. In all but one case, surgery was performed on conscious horses following tranquilization and infiltration of the surgical sites with a local anesthetic. Six horses were fed liquid rations through the indwelling tubes, which were left in place from 3 to 26 days. After the tubes were removed, the stomas healed rapidly and with minimal complications. Cervical esophagostomy proved to be a safe, easy, and effective method for the provision of extraoral feeding of the horse.", "contents": "Cervical esophagostomy to permit extraoral feeding of the horse. An indwelling stomach tube was placed through a cervical esophagostomy in 5 clinically normal horses and in 3 horses requiring artificial alimentation. In all but one case, surgery was performed on conscious horses following tranquilization and infiltration of the surgical sites with a local anesthetic. Six horses were fed liquid rations through the indwelling tubes, which were left in place from 3 to 26 days. After the tubes were removed, the stomas healed rapidly and with minimal complications. Cervical esophagostomy proved to be a safe, easy, and effective method for the provision of extraoral feeding of the horse.", "PMID": 413816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7356", "title": "Measurement of neonatal equine immunoglobulins for assessment of colostral immunoglobulin transfer: comparison of single radial immunodiffusion with the zinc sulfate turbidity test, serum electrophoresis, refractometry for total serum protein, and the sodium sulfite precipitation test.", "content": "Four procedures for assessment of adequacy of colostral immunoglobulin (Ig) transfer in foals were evaluated. Results of zinc sulfate turbidity test, serum electrophoresis, total serum protein refractometry, and sodium sulfite precipitation test were compared with immunoglobulin G content determined by single radial immunodiffusion. The zinc sulfate turbidity test gave acceptable results for IgG, except that hemolyzed serum samples gave higher than expected values. A correction factor for hemolyzed serum was found to be useful. Serum electrophoresis was a satisfactory method of estimating IgG content. Total serum protein values may not be a valid basis for estimating IgG content, inasmuch as postsuckling total protein values were found to decrease in some foals in which passive transfer of IgG had been adequate. Sodium sulfite precipitation reactions were too unpredictable to be of value for determination of neonatal IgG concentration.", "contents": "Measurement of neonatal equine immunoglobulins for assessment of colostral immunoglobulin transfer: comparison of single radial immunodiffusion with the zinc sulfate turbidity test, serum electrophoresis, refractometry for total serum protein, and the sodium sulfite precipitation test. Four procedures for assessment of adequacy of colostral immunoglobulin (Ig) transfer in foals were evaluated. Results of zinc sulfate turbidity test, serum electrophoresis, total serum protein refractometry, and sodium sulfite precipitation test were compared with immunoglobulin G content determined by single radial immunodiffusion. The zinc sulfate turbidity test gave acceptable results for IgG, except that hemolyzed serum samples gave higher than expected values. A correction factor for hemolyzed serum was found to be useful. Serum electrophoresis was a satisfactory method of estimating IgG content. Total serum protein values may not be a valid basis for estimating IgG content, inasmuch as postsuckling total protein values were found to decrease in some foals in which passive transfer of IgG had been adequate. Sodium sulfite precipitation reactions were too unpredictable to be of value for determination of neonatal IgG concentration.", "PMID": 413817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7357", "title": "Listeriosis in an Arabian foal with combined immunodeficiency.", "content": "A 1-month-old Arabian foal with signs of central nervous system disease was found to have combined (B- and T-lymphocyte) immunodeficiency. The foal died in spite of intensive antibiotic therapy. At necropsy, generalized lymphoid hypoplasia and acute necrotizing and granulomatous inflammation of the brain, heart, and adrenal glands were found. In addition, there were spinal meningitis and focal hepatic necrosis. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated on primary culture from the brain.", "contents": "Listeriosis in an Arabian foal with combined immunodeficiency. A 1-month-old Arabian foal with signs of central nervous system disease was found to have combined (B- and T-lymphocyte) immunodeficiency. The foal died in spite of intensive antibiotic therapy. At necropsy, generalized lymphoid hypoplasia and acute necrotizing and granulomatous inflammation of the brain, heart, and adrenal glands were found. In addition, there were spinal meningitis and focal hepatic necrosis. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated on primary culture from the brain.", "PMID": 413818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7358", "title": "Pholipomycin, a new member of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics. III. Biological properties.", "content": "Pholipomycin, a new member of the phosphoglycolipid antibiotics, was primarily active against gram-positive bacteria including clinically isolated resistant bacteria. It differed from other members of the antibiotic family as it also demonstrated activity against gram-negative bacteria. Pholipomycin protected mice from infection with Staphylococcus aureus and was nontoxic to mice having an LD50 (i.v.) of 600 mg/kg. Besides possessing anti-microbiol activity, pholipomycin, when administered orally, appeared to promote growth in chickens and pigs.", "contents": "Pholipomycin, a new member of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics. III. Biological properties. Pholipomycin, a new member of the phosphoglycolipid antibiotics, was primarily active against gram-positive bacteria including clinically isolated resistant bacteria. It differed from other members of the antibiotic family as it also demonstrated activity against gram-negative bacteria. Pholipomycin protected mice from infection with Staphylococcus aureus and was nontoxic to mice having an LD50 (i.v.) of 600 mg/kg. Besides possessing anti-microbiol activity, pholipomycin, when administered orally, appeared to promote growth in chickens and pigs.", "PMID": 413819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7359", "title": "Experiences in the search for anti-inflammatory agents of microbial origin.", "content": "Whole shaken cultures of 20 random, unidentified actinomycetes were extracted with n-butanol at pH 4.5, 7.0 and 8.5, respectively. Residues of butanol-extractable materials (BXM) were reconstituted (100X) in buffers and freeze-dried. BXM were surprisingly well tolerated in animals and were screened against influenza A viral pneumonia in mice. One culture yielded BXM-80 which suppressed both chemical (LPS) and viral (NDV) pneumonia in mice as well as inhibited rat foot pad edema induced by carrageenin. Aspirin, Butazolidin, hydrocortisone, indomethacin, and prednisolone, which are known to inhibit carrageenin-induced rat foot pad edema were tested against chemical (LPS) and viral (NDV) pneumonia in mice. Only hydrocortisone and prednisolone suppressed LPS pneumonia. All of these 5 compounds failed to inhibit NDV pneumonia. Microbial products are suggested as a source for new and unique anti-inflammatory agents.", "contents": "Experiences in the search for anti-inflammatory agents of microbial origin. Whole shaken cultures of 20 random, unidentified actinomycetes were extracted with n-butanol at pH 4.5, 7.0 and 8.5, respectively. Residues of butanol-extractable materials (BXM) were reconstituted (100X) in buffers and freeze-dried. BXM were surprisingly well tolerated in animals and were screened against influenza A viral pneumonia in mice. One culture yielded BXM-80 which suppressed both chemical (LPS) and viral (NDV) pneumonia in mice as well as inhibited rat foot pad edema induced by carrageenin. Aspirin, Butazolidin, hydrocortisone, indomethacin, and prednisolone, which are known to inhibit carrageenin-induced rat foot pad edema were tested against chemical (LPS) and viral (NDV) pneumonia in mice. Only hydrocortisone and prednisolone suppressed LPS pneumonia. All of these 5 compounds failed to inhibit NDV pneumonia. Microbial products are suggested as a source for new and unique anti-inflammatory agents.", "PMID": 413820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7360", "title": "Possible beta-lactamase activities detectable in infective clinical specimens.", "content": "Biological beta-lactam antibiotic-inactivating activities were detected in bacteriuria and suppurating pleural fluids. Clinical specimens were sterilized with membrane filters and the amounts of ampicillin and/or cephalothin which were being inactivated by 1 ml of each filtrate were determined. In general, filtrates which originally yielded Klebsiella sp. tended to show activity against ampicillin; whereas those yielding Enterobacter sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed activity against cephalothin.", "contents": "Possible beta-lactamase activities detectable in infective clinical specimens. Biological beta-lactam antibiotic-inactivating activities were detected in bacteriuria and suppurating pleural fluids. Clinical specimens were sterilized with membrane filters and the amounts of ampicillin and/or cephalothin which were being inactivated by 1 ml of each filtrate were determined. In general, filtrates which originally yielded Klebsiella sp. tended to show activity against ampicillin; whereas those yielding Enterobacter sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed activity against cephalothin.", "PMID": 413821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7361", "title": "Development of social behavior in an adult total isolate rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "A 12-year-old female total isolate rhesus monkey was pretested with age mates and subsequently housed for 20 weeks with an infant \"therapist\" monkey. Daily observations during that period revealed a 24-fold increase in the probability of social behavior. Self-directed behaviors also increased significantly. Disturbance behaviors (self-slapping, self-biting, bizarre limb movements, etc.) remained unchanged. Although problems obviously exist in cross-species generalization, and are here considered, these results emphasize the importance of early therapeutic intervention as well as the need for a more comprehensive approach to both social and disturbance behaviors if the treatment of adults is to be as successful as the treatment of immature isolate subjects.", "contents": "Development of social behavior in an adult total isolate rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). A 12-year-old female total isolate rhesus monkey was pretested with age mates and subsequently housed for 20 weeks with an infant \"therapist\" monkey. Daily observations during that period revealed a 24-fold increase in the probability of social behavior. Self-directed behaviors also increased significantly. Disturbance behaviors (self-slapping, self-biting, bizarre limb movements, etc.) remained unchanged. Although problems obviously exist in cross-species generalization, and are here considered, these results emphasize the importance of early therapeutic intervention as well as the need for a more comprehensive approach to both social and disturbance behaviors if the treatment of adults is to be as successful as the treatment of immature isolate subjects.", "PMID": 413825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7362", "title": "Biogenesis of endoplasmic reticulum membrane in rat liver cells. I. Intracellular sites of synthesis of cytochrome b5 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase.", "content": "The sites of synthesis of microsomal membrane proteins, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5, were investigated by three methods; the in vitro synthesis of these proteins by isolated rough microsomes, the immunoprecipitation of polyribosomes carrying their nascent peptides, and the immunoprecipitation of in vivo-labeled nascent peptides. The in vitro incorporation experiment confirmed that the synthesis of these microsomal proteins was carried out by the bound polyribosomes of rough microsomes. When free and bound polyribosomes were separately examined by the other two methods, we found that NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was synthesized by both classes of polyribosomes whereas cytochrome b5 was synthesized only by bound polyribosomes.", "contents": "Biogenesis of endoplasmic reticulum membrane in rat liver cells. I. Intracellular sites of synthesis of cytochrome b5 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. The sites of synthesis of microsomal membrane proteins, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5, were investigated by three methods; the in vitro synthesis of these proteins by isolated rough microsomes, the immunoprecipitation of polyribosomes carrying their nascent peptides, and the immunoprecipitation of in vivo-labeled nascent peptides. The in vitro incorporation experiment confirmed that the synthesis of these microsomal proteins was carried out by the bound polyribosomes of rough microsomes. When free and bound polyribosomes were separately examined by the other two methods, we found that NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was synthesized by both classes of polyribosomes whereas cytochrome b5 was synthesized only by bound polyribosomes.", "PMID": 413826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7363", "title": "Biogenesis of endoplasmic reticulum membrane in rat liver cells. II. Discharge of the nascent peptides of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5 on the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.", "content": "The direction of discharge of the nascent peptides of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5 from bound polyribosomes of rough microsomes was investigated in order to elucidate the mechanism of separation of these membrane proteins from secretory proteins, which are also synthesized by the same class of ribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The nascent peptides of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5 in intact rough microsomes were accessible to externally added 125I-Fab's against these proteins, and were susceptible to trypsin digestion, whereas the nascent peptides of serum albumin were not. The nascent peptides of these two microsomal proteins were released into the cytoplasm by puromycin treatment of intact rough microsomes, while the nascent peptides of serum albumin were retained in the microsomal lumen. These observations suggest that the nascent peptides of microsomal proteins, which are present on the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, are exposed on the surface of microsomal vesicles, while those of secretory proteins are enclosed inside the vesicles. Therefore, the topographical separation of microsomal membrane proteins from secretory proteins is accomplished at the step of their synthesis by the bound polyribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Biogenesis of endoplasmic reticulum membrane in rat liver cells. II. Discharge of the nascent peptides of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5 on the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The direction of discharge of the nascent peptides of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5 from bound polyribosomes of rough microsomes was investigated in order to elucidate the mechanism of separation of these membrane proteins from secretory proteins, which are also synthesized by the same class of ribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The nascent peptides of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome b5 in intact rough microsomes were accessible to externally added 125I-Fab's against these proteins, and were susceptible to trypsin digestion, whereas the nascent peptides of serum albumin were not. The nascent peptides of these two microsomal proteins were released into the cytoplasm by puromycin treatment of intact rough microsomes, while the nascent peptides of serum albumin were retained in the microsomal lumen. These observations suggest that the nascent peptides of microsomal proteins, which are present on the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, are exposed on the surface of microsomal vesicles, while those of secretory proteins are enclosed inside the vesicles. Therefore, the topographical separation of microsomal membrane proteins from secretory proteins is accomplished at the step of their synthesis by the bound polyribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 413827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7364", "title": "Studies on salivary gland ribonucleases. II. Purification of ribonucleases from bovine submaxillary gland and the effects of polyamines on their activities.", "content": "Four alkaline ribonucleases [EC 3.1.4.22] were purified 2,050- to 3,460-fold from bovine submaxillary gland by repeated CM-Sephadex C-25 chromatography and Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, with a total recovery of about 13%. These were designated as RNase BS1, BS2, BS3, and BS4, based on their order of elution from a CM-Sephadex C-25 column. The molecular weights of these enzymes were estimated by gel filtration to be 19,000, 17,500, 17,000, and 12,000, respectively. These enzymes are very similar to RNase A in that they are inhibited by heparin, show preferential hydrolysis of C5'-O-P linkages adjacent to a cytosine nucleotide rather than a uracil nucleotide, and in their antigenic properties. Spermine was found to stimulate the activities of these enzymes; the degree of stimulation was in the order RNase BS4 greater than BS3 greater than BS2 greater than BS1. The stimulation by spermine is due to the increased cleavage of C5'-O-P linkages adjacent to cytosine nucleotide. The reason for the differences in the degree of spermine stimulation of these enzymes is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on salivary gland ribonucleases. II. Purification of ribonucleases from bovine submaxillary gland and the effects of polyamines on their activities. Four alkaline ribonucleases [EC 3.1.4.22] were purified 2,050- to 3,460-fold from bovine submaxillary gland by repeated CM-Sephadex C-25 chromatography and Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, with a total recovery of about 13%. These were designated as RNase BS1, BS2, BS3, and BS4, based on their order of elution from a CM-Sephadex C-25 column. The molecular weights of these enzymes were estimated by gel filtration to be 19,000, 17,500, 17,000, and 12,000, respectively. These enzymes are very similar to RNase A in that they are inhibited by heparin, show preferential hydrolysis of C5'-O-P linkages adjacent to a cytosine nucleotide rather than a uracil nucleotide, and in their antigenic properties. Spermine was found to stimulate the activities of these enzymes; the degree of stimulation was in the order RNase BS4 greater than BS3 greater than BS2 greater than BS1. The stimulation by spermine is due to the increased cleavage of C5'-O-P linkages adjacent to cytosine nucleotide. The reason for the differences in the degree of spermine stimulation of these enzymes is discussed.", "PMID": 413828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7365", "title": "A cell wall proteo-heteroglycan from Piricularia oryzae: further studies of the structure.", "content": "The carbohydrate part of a proteo-heteroglycan from Piricularia oryzae was further studied by chemical and immunological methods. Acetolysis studies of the proteo-heteroglycan and exo-alpha-D-mannanase resistant core showed a (1 leads to 6) mannan back-bone structure with side chains composed of one to four mannose units, and some of which are terminated by D-glucose or D-galactofuranose. The mode of attachment of the terminal glucose was characterized to be alphaGlc(1 leads to 6)Man by inhibition reaction with oligosaccharides. Rabbit anti-serum formed against P. oryzae cells had three specificities, the first one for alphaGlc(1 leads to 6)alphamannosyl, the second one for alphaMan(1 leads to 3)alphamannosyl, and the last one for alphaGal-f(1 leads to 2)alphamannosyl residues. The most immunodominant side chain structure of the P. oryzae heteroglycan was shown to be alphaGlc(1 leads to 6)alphaMan(1 leads to 2)alphaMan(1 leads to 2)Man.", "contents": "A cell wall proteo-heteroglycan from Piricularia oryzae: further studies of the structure. The carbohydrate part of a proteo-heteroglycan from Piricularia oryzae was further studied by chemical and immunological methods. Acetolysis studies of the proteo-heteroglycan and exo-alpha-D-mannanase resistant core showed a (1 leads to 6) mannan back-bone structure with side chains composed of one to four mannose units, and some of which are terminated by D-glucose or D-galactofuranose. The mode of attachment of the terminal glucose was characterized to be alphaGlc(1 leads to 6)Man by inhibition reaction with oligosaccharides. Rabbit anti-serum formed against P. oryzae cells had three specificities, the first one for alphaGlc(1 leads to 6)alphamannosyl, the second one for alphaMan(1 leads to 3)alphamannosyl, and the last one for alphaGal-f(1 leads to 2)alphamannosyl residues. The most immunodominant side chain structure of the P. oryzae heteroglycan was shown to be alphaGlc(1 leads to 6)alphaMan(1 leads to 2)alphaMan(1 leads to 2)Man.", "PMID": 413829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7366", "title": "Structural and immunochemical studies on D-arabino-D-mannans and D-mannans of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other Mycobacterium species.", "content": "Serologically active D-arabino-D-mannas ([alpha]D, +82 degrees approximately 89 degrees; ratio of D-arabinose to D-mannose, 1-2:1) were isolated from the soluble fraction of disintegrated cells of M. tuberculosis, M. smegmatis, and several other Mycobacterium species. These arabinomannans had similar structures, consisting of alpha-(1 leads to 5)-linked D-arabinose residues and alpha-(1 leads to 6)-, and (1 leads to 2)-linked D-mannose residues. Methylation and enzymic degradation studies using Arthrobacter sp. alpha-D-mannosidase and M-2 enzyme (D-arabinan hydrolase) indicated that the arabinomannan of M. tuberculosis Aoyama B possesses short side chains built up from alpha-(1 leads to 2)-D-mannosidic linkages which are attached to an alpha-(1 leads to 6)-linked mannan back-bone chain. The alpha-(1 leads to 5)-linked D-arabinose residues located in the side chains were shown, by comparison of the immunochemical activities of the native and enzyme-degraded polysaccharides, to be the main immunodeterminants, as in the cell-wall arabinogalactan. There appeared to be variations in the ratio of arabinose and mannose residues, and also in the proportion of (1 leads to 2)-linked D-mannose units, depending on the individual strain; no (1 leads to 2)-mannosidic linkage was found in M. smegmatis arabinomannan. In addition to arabinomannan, a serologically inactive alpha-D-mannan ([alpha)D, +65 degrees approximately 68 degrees), whose structure may resemble that of the core mannan of the arabinomannan, was isolated as a copper hydroxide complex from the soluble fraction of disintegrated mycobacterial cells.", "contents": "Structural and immunochemical studies on D-arabino-D-mannans and D-mannans of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other Mycobacterium species. Serologically active D-arabino-D-mannas ([alpha]D, +82 degrees approximately 89 degrees; ratio of D-arabinose to D-mannose, 1-2:1) were isolated from the soluble fraction of disintegrated cells of M. tuberculosis, M. smegmatis, and several other Mycobacterium species. These arabinomannans had similar structures, consisting of alpha-(1 leads to 5)-linked D-arabinose residues and alpha-(1 leads to 6)-, and (1 leads to 2)-linked D-mannose residues. Methylation and enzymic degradation studies using Arthrobacter sp. alpha-D-mannosidase and M-2 enzyme (D-arabinan hydrolase) indicated that the arabinomannan of M. tuberculosis Aoyama B possesses short side chains built up from alpha-(1 leads to 2)-D-mannosidic linkages which are attached to an alpha-(1 leads to 6)-linked mannan back-bone chain. The alpha-(1 leads to 5)-linked D-arabinose residues located in the side chains were shown, by comparison of the immunochemical activities of the native and enzyme-degraded polysaccharides, to be the main immunodeterminants, as in the cell-wall arabinogalactan. There appeared to be variations in the ratio of arabinose and mannose residues, and also in the proportion of (1 leads to 2)-linked D-mannose units, depending on the individual strain; no (1 leads to 2)-mannosidic linkage was found in M. smegmatis arabinomannan. In addition to arabinomannan, a serologically inactive alpha-D-mannan ([alpha)D, +65 degrees approximately 68 degrees), whose structure may resemble that of the core mannan of the arabinomannan, was isolated as a copper hydroxide complex from the soluble fraction of disintegrated mycobacterial cells.", "PMID": 413830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7367", "title": "Purification and properties of human pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I.", "content": "Human pancreatic DNase I was purified extensively from duodenal juice of healthy subjects by a procedure including ammonium sulfate fractionation, ethanol fractionation, phosphocellulose fractionation, isoelectric focusing, and gel filtration. The final preparation was free of DNase II, pancreatic RNase, alkaline phosphatase, and protease. The enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 30,000, as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and showed maximum activity at pH 7.2-7.6. It required divalent cations for activity, and caused single-strand breaks by endonucleolytic attack on double- as well as single-stranded DNA molecules. The enzyme was inhibited by actin and bovine pancreatic DNase I antibody.", "contents": "Purification and properties of human pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I. Human pancreatic DNase I was purified extensively from duodenal juice of healthy subjects by a procedure including ammonium sulfate fractionation, ethanol fractionation, phosphocellulose fractionation, isoelectric focusing, and gel filtration. The final preparation was free of DNase II, pancreatic RNase, alkaline phosphatase, and protease. The enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 30,000, as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and showed maximum activity at pH 7.2-7.6. It required divalent cations for activity, and caused single-strand breaks by endonucleolytic attack on double- as well as single-stranded DNA molecules. The enzyme was inhibited by actin and bovine pancreatic DNase I antibody.", "PMID": 413831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7368", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase from spinach leaves. Isolation and some chemical properties.", "content": "Spinach carbonic anhydrase has been purified by modification and extension of a published method (Pocker, Y., and Ng. J. S. U. (1973) Biochemistry 12, 5127-5134), using (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, agarose, and DEAE-Sephadex. The enzyme so obtained was homogeneous by criteria of both standard and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and of constant specific activity throughout the elution profile on DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The enzyme has an apparent Mr of 212,000 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, a Mr of 26,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, and each of the subunits contains approximately 1 g atom of zinc. These data and the excellent correlation between the number of lysine and arginine residues per subunit, and the number of tryptic peptides obtained by peptide mapping, suggest that spinach carbonic anhydrase is an octamer consisting of identical or very similar subunits. Its amino acid composition is similar to parsley carbonic anhydrase; both contain large numbers of half-cystine residues relative to erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases. The spinach enzyme is devoid of disulfide bonds. The enzyme is stable around neutrality at -14 degrees, as a suspension in saturated (NH4)2SO4 solution.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase from spinach leaves. Isolation and some chemical properties. Spinach carbonic anhydrase has been purified by modification and extension of a published method (Pocker, Y., and Ng. J. S. U. (1973) Biochemistry 12, 5127-5134), using (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, agarose, and DEAE-Sephadex. The enzyme so obtained was homogeneous by criteria of both standard and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and of constant specific activity throughout the elution profile on DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The enzyme has an apparent Mr of 212,000 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, a Mr of 26,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, and each of the subunits contains approximately 1 g atom of zinc. These data and the excellent correlation between the number of lysine and arginine residues per subunit, and the number of tryptic peptides obtained by peptide mapping, suggest that spinach carbonic anhydrase is an octamer consisting of identical or very similar subunits. Its amino acid composition is similar to parsley carbonic anhydrase; both contain large numbers of half-cystine residues relative to erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases. The spinach enzyme is devoid of disulfide bonds. The enzyme is stable around neutrality at -14 degrees, as a suspension in saturated (NH4)2SO4 solution.", "PMID": 413832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7369", "title": "Conformational adaptability of the active site of beta-galactosidase. Interaction of the enzyme with some substrate analogous effectors.", "content": "The action of different effectors, glycosides, and alcohols on the reactions catalyzed by beta-galactosidase is analyzed in this paper. Effectors as large as tri- and tetrasaccharides have no effect on the enzyme activity, suggesting that the binding site has rather small size. Most of the beta-galactosides produce a competitive inhibition. The other compounds assayed behave either as noncompetitive inhibitors, and they are deadened inhibitors, or as uncompetitive inhibitors which exhibit a better affinity for the chemical intermediate than for free enzyme; nearly all of them give transfer products. The analysis of the data indicates that the active center of beta-galactosidase is made up of two subsites: a galactose and a glucose subsite. This latter site is in a more favorable conformation in the galactosylenzyme than in free enzyme; possibly it might even by generated by the galactose binding. Conformational rearrangements of the active center deduced from the inhibition data have been directly observed by differential spectroscopy. The conformational adaptability of the enzyme and its consequence for the functional properties of beta-galactosidase are discussed.", "contents": "Conformational adaptability of the active site of beta-galactosidase. Interaction of the enzyme with some substrate analogous effectors. The action of different effectors, glycosides, and alcohols on the reactions catalyzed by beta-galactosidase is analyzed in this paper. Effectors as large as tri- and tetrasaccharides have no effect on the enzyme activity, suggesting that the binding site has rather small size. Most of the beta-galactosides produce a competitive inhibition. The other compounds assayed behave either as noncompetitive inhibitors, and they are deadened inhibitors, or as uncompetitive inhibitors which exhibit a better affinity for the chemical intermediate than for free enzyme; nearly all of them give transfer products. The analysis of the data indicates that the active center of beta-galactosidase is made up of two subsites: a galactose and a glucose subsite. This latter site is in a more favorable conformation in the galactosylenzyme than in free enzyme; possibly it might even by generated by the galactose binding. Conformational rearrangements of the active center deduced from the inhibition data have been directly observed by differential spectroscopy. The conformational adaptability of the enzyme and its consequence for the functional properties of beta-galactosidase are discussed.", "PMID": 413833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7370", "title": "Tubular elements - a new structure in blue-green algal cells.", "content": "New cell inclusions, 'tubular elements' are described from the blue-green alga Calothrix marchica. These structures are found in about 20% of all cells observed. They are 18-22 nm in diameter, apparently composed of sub-units of which the estimated number, as seen in transverse section, is 8-10.", "contents": "Tubular elements - a new structure in blue-green algal cells. New cell inclusions, 'tubular elements' are described from the blue-green alga Calothrix marchica. These structures are found in about 20% of all cells observed. They are 18-22 nm in diameter, apparently composed of sub-units of which the estimated number, as seen in transverse section, is 8-10.", "PMID": 413838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7371", "title": "Inhibition of platelet prostaglandin synthetase by oral aspirin.", "content": "Aspirin inhibits platelet function by permanently acetylating the cyclooxygenase that forms prostaglandins. We determined the sensitivity of platelets to aspirin in normal subjects by measuring [3H-acetyl]aspirin-susceptible cyclooxygenase in washed platelets obtained at various times after aspirin ingestion. A single 325-mg aspirin dose inactivated 89% of platelet cyclooxygenase. The inhibition persisted for 2 days suggesting that oral aspirin also inactivated megakaryocyte cyclooxygenase. Thereafter, active enzyme returned with a time-course reflecting platelet turnover (life-span 8.2+/-2 days). Single doses of 20-650 mg aspirin resulted in 34- greater than 95% inhibition after 24 h. Daily doses of 20-325 mg aspirin for brief periods produced 61- greater than 95% inactivation when measured 24 h after cessation of the drug. Platelet cyclooxygenase is more sensitive to inactivation by aspirin than enzyme in sheep seminal vesicles.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet prostaglandin synthetase by oral aspirin. Aspirin inhibits platelet function by permanently acetylating the cyclooxygenase that forms prostaglandins. We determined the sensitivity of platelets to aspirin in normal subjects by measuring [3H-acetyl]aspirin-susceptible cyclooxygenase in washed platelets obtained at various times after aspirin ingestion. A single 325-mg aspirin dose inactivated 89% of platelet cyclooxygenase. The inhibition persisted for 2 days suggesting that oral aspirin also inactivated megakaryocyte cyclooxygenase. Thereafter, active enzyme returned with a time-course reflecting platelet turnover (life-span 8.2+/-2 days). Single doses of 20-650 mg aspirin resulted in 34- greater than 95% inhibition after 24 h. Daily doses of 20-325 mg aspirin for brief periods produced 61- greater than 95% inactivation when measured 24 h after cessation of the drug. Platelet cyclooxygenase is more sensitive to inactivation by aspirin than enzyme in sheep seminal vesicles.", "PMID": 413839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7372", "title": "The physiological role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin secretion in the rat.", "content": "The physiological role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the regulation of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) and prolactin (Prl) secretion has been assumed but not proven. Stimulation of their release requires pharmacologic doses of TRH. Lesions of the hypothalamus usually induce an inhibition of TSH secretion and an increase in Prl. To determine whether TRH is essential for TSH and Prl secretion in the rat, 0.1 ml of TRH antiserum (TRH-Ab) or normal rabbit serum was administered to normal, thyroidectomized, cold-exposed, and proestrus rats through indwelling atrial catheter. Serum samples were obtained before and at frequent intervals thereafter. Serum TSH concentrations in normal, thyroidectomized, cold-exposed, and proestrus rats were not depressed in specimens obtained up to 24 h after injection of normal rabbit serum. In contrast, serum TSH was significantly decreased after the administration of TRH-Ab in all normal (basal, 41+/-8 muU/ml [mean+/-SE]; 30 min, 6+/-2; 45 min, 8+/-3; 75 min, 4+/-2); thyroidectomized (basal, 642+/-32 muU/ml; 30 min, 418+/-32; 60 min, 426+/-36; 120 min, 516+/-146); coldstressed (basal, 68+/-19 muU/ml; 30 min, 4+/-3; 180 min, 16+/-8); and proestrus (basal, 11 a.m., 57+/-10 muU/ml; 1 p.m., 20+/-3; 3 p.m., 13+/-4; 5 p.m., 19+/-3) rats. However, 0.1 ml of TRH-Ab had no effect on basal Prl concentrations in normal or thyroidectomized rats and did not prevent the Prl rise in rats exposed to cold (basal, 68+/-7 ng/ml; 15 min, 387+/-121; 30 min, 212+/-132; 60 min, 154+/-114), or the Prl surge observed on the afternoon of proestrus (basal 11 a.m., 23+/-2 ng/ml; 1 p.m., 189+/-55; 3 p.m., 1,490+/-260; 5 p.m., 1,570+/-286). These studies demonstrate that TRH is required for TSH secretion in the normal, cold-exposed and proestrus rat and contributes, at least in part, to TSH secretion in the hypothyroid rat, but is not required for Prl secretion in these states.", "contents": "The physiological role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin secretion in the rat. The physiological role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the regulation of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) and prolactin (Prl) secretion has been assumed but not proven. Stimulation of their release requires pharmacologic doses of TRH. Lesions of the hypothalamus usually induce an inhibition of TSH secretion and an increase in Prl. To determine whether TRH is essential for TSH and Prl secretion in the rat, 0.1 ml of TRH antiserum (TRH-Ab) or normal rabbit serum was administered to normal, thyroidectomized, cold-exposed, and proestrus rats through indwelling atrial catheter. Serum samples were obtained before and at frequent intervals thereafter. Serum TSH concentrations in normal, thyroidectomized, cold-exposed, and proestrus rats were not depressed in specimens obtained up to 24 h after injection of normal rabbit serum. In contrast, serum TSH was significantly decreased after the administration of TRH-Ab in all normal (basal, 41+/-8 muU/ml [mean+/-SE]; 30 min, 6+/-2; 45 min, 8+/-3; 75 min, 4+/-2); thyroidectomized (basal, 642+/-32 muU/ml; 30 min, 418+/-32; 60 min, 426+/-36; 120 min, 516+/-146); coldstressed (basal, 68+/-19 muU/ml; 30 min, 4+/-3; 180 min, 16+/-8); and proestrus (basal, 11 a.m., 57+/-10 muU/ml; 1 p.m., 20+/-3; 3 p.m., 13+/-4; 5 p.m., 19+/-3) rats. However, 0.1 ml of TRH-Ab had no effect on basal Prl concentrations in normal or thyroidectomized rats and did not prevent the Prl rise in rats exposed to cold (basal, 68+/-7 ng/ml; 15 min, 387+/-121; 30 min, 212+/-132; 60 min, 154+/-114), or the Prl surge observed on the afternoon of proestrus (basal 11 a.m., 23+/-2 ng/ml; 1 p.m., 189+/-55; 3 p.m., 1,490+/-260; 5 p.m., 1,570+/-286). These studies demonstrate that TRH is required for TSH secretion in the normal, cold-exposed and proestrus rat and contributes, at least in part, to TSH secretion in the hypothyroid rat, but is not required for Prl secretion in these states.", "PMID": 413840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7373", "title": "Leprosy and the serodiagnostic test for tuberculosis.", "content": "Sera from patients with leprosy agglutinated killed H37Rv Mycobacterium tuberculosis to varying degrees. Higher titres were found in association with active disease but there was no difference between patients at the lepromatous or at the tuberculoid ends of the clinical scale. A sharp rise in titre occurred during the active phase of an episode of erythema nodosum leprosum.", "contents": "Leprosy and the serodiagnostic test for tuberculosis. Sera from patients with leprosy agglutinated killed H37Rv Mycobacterium tuberculosis to varying degrees. Higher titres were found in association with active disease but there was no difference between patients at the lepromatous or at the tuberculoid ends of the clinical scale. A sharp rise in titre occurred during the active phase of an episode of erythema nodosum leprosum.", "PMID": 413841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7374", "title": "Cross infection in a surgical ward caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with transferable resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin.", "content": "An outbreak of gentamicin- and tobramycin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection occurred in a surgical ward over a three-month period. Resistant Ps. aeruginosa strains with the same serological, phage, and pyocin type were cultured from the urine of six patients. Identical organisms were found on urine bottles, bedpans, and the hands of attendant staff. Inadequate disinfection played a major role in cross-infection. Isolates of the epidemic strain from each of the patients and of an unrelated but similarly resistant Ps. aeruginosa from one of them could transfer resistance to a recipient strain of Ps. aeruginosa. Resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, sulphonamides, and mercuric chloride was determined by R factors belonging to Pseudomonas incompatibility group P-3. Aminoglycoside resistance was due to acetylation.", "contents": "Cross infection in a surgical ward caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with transferable resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin. An outbreak of gentamicin- and tobramycin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection occurred in a surgical ward over a three-month period. Resistant Ps. aeruginosa strains with the same serological, phage, and pyocin type were cultured from the urine of six patients. Identical organisms were found on urine bottles, bedpans, and the hands of attendant staff. Inadequate disinfection played a major role in cross-infection. Isolates of the epidemic strain from each of the patients and of an unrelated but similarly resistant Ps. aeruginosa from one of them could transfer resistance to a recipient strain of Ps. aeruginosa. Resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, sulphonamides, and mercuric chloride was determined by R factors belonging to Pseudomonas incompatibility group P-3. Aminoglycoside resistance was due to acetylation.", "PMID": 413842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7375", "title": "Aminoglycoside cross-resistance patterns of gentamicin-resistant bacteria.", "content": "Ten strains each of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were habituated to gentamicin by serial passage in antibiotic containing medium. Complete cross-resistance to streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, and tobramycin in a linear proportional fashion was demonstrated at all stages of habituation. Most strains of Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa showed a greater increase in resistance to gentamicin than to the other three aminoglycosides. E. coli required more transfers to reach the same degree of resistance than did the other two species. Reversion to greater susceptibility to gentamicin took place after serial passage on antibiotic-free media. 'Wild' gentamicin-resistant strains showed no such proportionality of resistance to kanamycin, neomycin, or streptomycin. But many of these strains showed a proportional increase in resistance to tobramycin.", "contents": "Aminoglycoside cross-resistance patterns of gentamicin-resistant bacteria. Ten strains each of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were habituated to gentamicin by serial passage in antibiotic containing medium. Complete cross-resistance to streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, and tobramycin in a linear proportional fashion was demonstrated at all stages of habituation. Most strains of Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa showed a greater increase in resistance to gentamicin than to the other three aminoglycosides. E. coli required more transfers to reach the same degree of resistance than did the other two species. Reversion to greater susceptibility to gentamicin took place after serial passage on antibiotic-free media. 'Wild' gentamicin-resistant strains showed no such proportionality of resistance to kanamycin, neomycin, or streptomycin. But many of these strains showed a proportional increase in resistance to tobramycin.", "PMID": 413843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7376", "title": "The retinotopic organization of area 17 (striate cortex) in the cat.", "content": "The location and retinotopic organization of visual areas in the cat cortex were determined by systematically mapping visual cortex in over 100 cats. The positions of the receptive fields of single neurons or small clusters of neurons were related to the locations of the corresponding recording sites in the cortex to determine the representations of the visual field in these cortical areas. In this report, the first of a series, we describe the organization of area 17. A single representation of the cat's entire visual field corresponds closely to the cytoarchitectonically defined area 17. This area has the largest cortical surface area (380 mm2) and the highest cortical magnification factor (3.6 mm2/degree2 at area centralis) of all the cortical areas we have studied. There was perfect agreement between the borders of area 17 determined electrophysiologically and cytoarchitecturally. This area contains a first order transformation of the visual hemifield in which every adjacent point in the visual field is represented as an adjacent point in the cortex. Some variability exists among cats in the extent and retinotopic representation of the visual field in area 17.", "contents": "The retinotopic organization of area 17 (striate cortex) in the cat. The location and retinotopic organization of visual areas in the cat cortex were determined by systematically mapping visual cortex in over 100 cats. The positions of the receptive fields of single neurons or small clusters of neurons were related to the locations of the corresponding recording sites in the cortex to determine the representations of the visual field in these cortical areas. In this report, the first of a series, we describe the organization of area 17. A single representation of the cat's entire visual field corresponds closely to the cytoarchitectonically defined area 17. This area has the largest cortical surface area (380 mm2) and the highest cortical magnification factor (3.6 mm2/degree2 at area centralis) of all the cortical areas we have studied. There was perfect agreement between the borders of area 17 determined electrophysiologically and cytoarchitecturally. This area contains a first order transformation of the visual hemifield in which every adjacent point in the visual field is represented as an adjacent point in the cortex. Some variability exists among cats in the extent and retinotopic representation of the visual field in area 17.", "PMID": 413845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7377", "title": "Effects of prestriate, inferotemporal, and superior temporal sulcus lesions on attention and gaze shifts in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The role of extrastriate cortical areas in selective attention was studied in 12 rhesus monkeys. Animals learned a series of color-form pattern discrimination problems, with either color or form cues relevant. After each problem was mastered, correct behavior required a shift in attention, i.e., that responses be made to be previously irrelevant dimension. On some problems shifting attention required that the animal maintain the same fixation; on other problems the color and form cues were separated in space, and the attention shift presumably required a shift in gaze. Matched groups of animals with inferotemporal, prestriate, or superior temporal sulcus lesions, and normal controls, differed significantly in their ability to shift attention. Analyses of inferred stages in attention shift showed that different processes  were disturbed in the three lesion groups. Results are discussed in terms of cortical substrates for \"looking\" and \"seeing\".", "contents": "Effects of prestriate, inferotemporal, and superior temporal sulcus lesions on attention and gaze shifts in rhesus monkeys. The role of extrastriate cortical areas in selective attention was studied in 12 rhesus monkeys. Animals learned a series of color-form pattern discrimination problems, with either color or form cues relevant. After each problem was mastered, correct behavior required a shift in attention, i.e., that responses be made to be previously irrelevant dimension. On some problems shifting attention required that the animal maintain the same fixation; on other problems the color and form cues were separated in space, and the attention shift presumably required a shift in gaze. Matched groups of animals with inferotemporal, prestriate, or superior temporal sulcus lesions, and normal controls, differed significantly in their ability to shift attention. Analyses of inferred stages in attention shift showed that different processes  were disturbed in the three lesion groups. Results are discussed in terms of cortical substrates for \"looking\" and \"seeing\".", "PMID": 413847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7378", "title": "Antibacterial effect of the lactoperoxidase system on psychotrophic bacteria in milk.", "content": "Activation of the antibacterial lactoperoxidase system in milk, i.e. increasing the thiocyanate concentration to 0.25 mM and adding an equimolar amount of H2O2, results in a substantial reduction of the bacterial flora and prevents the multiplication of psychrotrophic bacteria for up to 5 d. This treatment has no effect on the physico-chemical properties of milk and does not lead to the accumulation of resistant bacteria. The practical application of the lactoperoxidase system in prolonging the storage period of raw milk at low temperatures is discussed.", "contents": "Antibacterial effect of the lactoperoxidase system on psychotrophic bacteria in milk. Activation of the antibacterial lactoperoxidase system in milk, i.e. increasing the thiocyanate concentration to 0.25 mM and adding an equimolar amount of H2O2, results in a substantial reduction of the bacterial flora and prevents the multiplication of psychrotrophic bacteria for up to 5 d. This treatment has no effect on the physico-chemical properties of milk and does not lead to the accumulation of resistant bacteria. The practical application of the lactoperoxidase system in prolonging the storage period of raw milk at low temperatures is discussed.", "PMID": 413849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7379", "title": "The acute effects of tourniquet ischemia on tissue and blood gas tensions in the primate limb.", "content": "Tourniquet ischemia results in tissue hypoxia which has been measured indirectly by blood gas analysis. The Medspect mass spectrometer allows direct measurement of gas tension in different tissues and may provide more useful information regarding safe tourniquet times. Calibrated Teflon catheters were inserted into the subcutaneous tissue (11 animals), tibial medullary cavities (bone) (nine animals), and tibialis anterior muscles (10 animals) in both lower extremities of anesthetized stumptail monkeys. Tourniquet ischemia was maintained for 1 hour at 400 mm Hg. Tissue and venous blood gas tensions were recorded from both limbs for 1 1/2 hours. Comparisons between gas tensions in each tissue group were made on the basis of their percentage change from control values. In the ischemic limb within 5 minutes muscle PO2 fell 42 +/- 4% (p is less than 0.001), whereas bone and subcutaneous PO2 dropped 25 +/- 4% (p is less than 0.05). Blood PO2 fell 29 +/- 3% and differed only from that of muscle (p is less than 0.01). One hour after tourniquet inflation, blood PO2 levels has fallen 90 +/- 5% (p is less than 0.001) from their control. Changes in tissue PCO2 were less dramatic and did not vary significantly from those recorded in venous blood. After deflation, blood PO2 exceeded its control by 20 +/- 6% (p is less than 0.005) in 5 minutes, but tissue tensions remained 50 +/- 6% below their control values. These studies indicate that tissue gas tensions are a more sensitive indicator of tourniquet hypoxia than are blood gases within the ischemic extremity.", "contents": "The acute effects of tourniquet ischemia on tissue and blood gas tensions in the primate limb. Tourniquet ischemia results in tissue hypoxia which has been measured indirectly by blood gas analysis. The Medspect mass spectrometer allows direct measurement of gas tension in different tissues and may provide more useful information regarding safe tourniquet times. Calibrated Teflon catheters were inserted into the subcutaneous tissue (11 animals), tibial medullary cavities (bone) (nine animals), and tibialis anterior muscles (10 animals) in both lower extremities of anesthetized stumptail monkeys. Tourniquet ischemia was maintained for 1 hour at 400 mm Hg. Tissue and venous blood gas tensions were recorded from both limbs for 1 1/2 hours. Comparisons between gas tensions in each tissue group were made on the basis of their percentage change from control values. In the ischemic limb within 5 minutes muscle PO2 fell 42 +/- 4% (p is less than 0.001), whereas bone and subcutaneous PO2 dropped 25 +/- 4% (p is less than 0.05). Blood PO2 fell 29 +/- 3% and differed only from that of muscle (p is less than 0.01). One hour after tourniquet inflation, blood PO2 levels has fallen 90 +/- 5% (p is less than 0.001) from their control. Changes in tissue PCO2 were less dramatic and did not vary significantly from those recorded in venous blood. After deflation, blood PO2 exceeded its control by 20 +/- 6% (p is less than 0.005) in 5 minutes, but tissue tensions remained 50 +/- 6% below their control values. These studies indicate that tissue gas tensions are a more sensitive indicator of tourniquet hypoxia than are blood gases within the ischemic extremity.", "PMID": 413854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7380", "title": "Common host antigens in laboratory rats infected with the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps.", "content": "Laboratory rats were infected by intra-peritoneal injection with the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps. A soluble extract was prepared from the metacestodes removed from the peritoneal cavity of the rats. Double-diffusion, immuno-electrophoresis and fluorescent labelled antibody staining techniques were used. The extract tested against rabbit anti-normal rat serum was found to contain an antigen common to both the host and the parasite.", "contents": "Common host antigens in laboratory rats infected with the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps. Laboratory rats were infected by intra-peritoneal injection with the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps. A soluble extract was prepared from the metacestodes removed from the peritoneal cavity of the rats. Double-diffusion, immuno-electrophoresis and fluorescent labelled antibody staining techniques were used. The extract tested against rabbit anti-normal rat serum was found to contain an antigen common to both the host and the parasite.", "PMID": 413855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7381", "title": "Fixation variables in horseradish peroxidase neurohistochemistry. I. The effect of fixation time and perfusion procedures upon enzyme activity.", "content": "In a series of neurohistochemical experiments the effect of aldehyde fixation upon the detection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was examined. These experiments demonstrated that: a) Increments in fixation of as little as 1 hr significantly decreased the number of labeled neurons; 12-hr fixation abolished HRP activity in many neuronal populations and significantly reduced the apparent size of the injection site. b) This negative fixation effect was greatest where the HRP concentration was low (e.g. in small, lightly labeled neurons) but was still evident in areas of high concentration (e.g. large, heavily labeled neurons). c) This effect was also most prominent when a less sensitive diaminobenzidine histochemical procedure was employed but was still apparent with a more sensitive benzidine dihydrochloride procedure. d) Immersion of the brain in fixative after perfusion produced a greater attenuation of HRP activity in more superficial areas. e) Immersion of the brain in buffer to terminate fixation produced a prolonged and unpredictable gradient of fixation. f) Excess, unbound fixative inhibited the histochemical reaction per se and had to be removed from the tissue but prolonged washing did not resurrect enzyme activity which was lost by fixation. To obviate these problems and optimize HRP enzyme activity a new perfusion-fixation procedure was developed. It entails 30 min fixation by perfusion which is terminated by a subsequent 30 min perfusion with cold sucrose-fuller to wash out unbound fixative. This allows the tissue to be processed immediately, produces a uniform and morphologically adequate fixation, and minimizes the negative effects of fixation on HRP enzyme activity.", "contents": "Fixation variables in horseradish peroxidase neurohistochemistry. I. The effect of fixation time and perfusion procedures upon enzyme activity. In a series of neurohistochemical experiments the effect of aldehyde fixation upon the detection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was examined. These experiments demonstrated that: a) Increments in fixation of as little as 1 hr significantly decreased the number of labeled neurons; 12-hr fixation abolished HRP activity in many neuronal populations and significantly reduced the apparent size of the injection site. b) This negative fixation effect was greatest where the HRP concentration was low (e.g. in small, lightly labeled neurons) but was still evident in areas of high concentration (e.g. large, heavily labeled neurons). c) This effect was also most prominent when a less sensitive diaminobenzidine histochemical procedure was employed but was still apparent with a more sensitive benzidine dihydrochloride procedure. d) Immersion of the brain in fixative after perfusion produced a greater attenuation of HRP activity in more superficial areas. e) Immersion of the brain in buffer to terminate fixation produced a prolonged and unpredictable gradient of fixation. f) Excess, unbound fixative inhibited the histochemical reaction per se and had to be removed from the tissue but prolonged washing did not resurrect enzyme activity which was lost by fixation. To obviate these problems and optimize HRP enzyme activity a new perfusion-fixation procedure was developed. It entails 30 min fixation by perfusion which is terminated by a subsequent 30 min perfusion with cold sucrose-fuller to wash out unbound fixative. This allows the tissue to be processed immediately, produces a uniform and morphologically adequate fixation, and minimizes the negative effects of fixation on HRP enzyme activity.", "PMID": 413864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7382", "title": "Observations on the effects of formaldehyde on cockroaches and their flora: II. Prolonged survival of cockroaches drinking formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde solutions.", "content": "Adult cockroaches were found to survive up to 22 weeks when provided with 1% Formalin (0.4% formaldehyde) in lieu of drinking water. Given 4% Formalin or 2% glutaraldehyde they survived up to 41 days. During the experiments eggs were laid and hatched and the offspring continued to grow. Combined with surface disinfection, this may hold out a simple method of rendering adult cockroaches gnotobiotic or even axenic.", "contents": "Observations on the effects of formaldehyde on cockroaches and their flora: II. Prolonged survival of cockroaches drinking formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde solutions. Adult cockroaches were found to survive up to 22 weeks when provided with 1% Formalin (0.4% formaldehyde) in lieu of drinking water. Given 4% Formalin or 2% glutaraldehyde they survived up to 41 days. During the experiments eggs were laid and hatched and the offspring continued to grow. Combined with surface disinfection, this may hold out a simple method of rendering adult cockroaches gnotobiotic or even axenic.", "PMID": 413865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7383", "title": "Binding studies on heavy-light chain recombinant hybrid immunoglobulins A derived from murine myeloma anti-fructofuranans.", "content": "Heterologous H-L chain recombinants derived from homogeneous murine myeloma immunoglobulins with anti-inulin specificity were found to bind inulin-related oligosaccharides with affinities closely paralleling those of the L chain donors.", "contents": "Binding studies on heavy-light chain recombinant hybrid immunoglobulins A derived from murine myeloma anti-fructofuranans. Heterologous H-L chain recombinants derived from homogeneous murine myeloma immunoglobulins with anti-inulin specificity were found to bind inulin-related oligosaccharides with affinities closely paralleling those of the L chain donors.", "PMID": 413866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7384", "title": "Stimulation of an enhanced in vitro immune response by a synthetic adjuvant, muramyl dipeptide.", "content": "Various subcellular bacterial fractions are known to enhance immune responses and serve as potent adjuvants. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a synthetic adjuvant mimicking a component of mycobacterial cell walls, enhances humoral immunity to soluble antigens and can increase macrophage cytotoxicity toward mastocytoma cells in vitro. In the present study MDP was found to enhance the hemolytic antibody plaque response of normal mouse spleen cells in vitro to SRBC at a level equal to or greater than that induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, MDP was found to enhance the antibody response to SRBC nonspecifically in unimmunized spleen cell cultures, suggesting that similar to LPS the synthetic dipeptide may induce a generalized clonal expansion of committed lymphocytes and thus serve as a \"polyclonal activator.\" MDP also enhanced the immune responsiveness of normal splenocytes to suboptimum concentrations of SRBC, indicating that this material may be useful in enhancing immunity in situations where there would normally be a poor immune response.", "contents": "Stimulation of an enhanced in vitro immune response by a synthetic adjuvant, muramyl dipeptide. Various subcellular bacterial fractions are known to enhance immune responses and serve as potent adjuvants. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a synthetic adjuvant mimicking a component of mycobacterial cell walls, enhances humoral immunity to soluble antigens and can increase macrophage cytotoxicity toward mastocytoma cells in vitro. In the present study MDP was found to enhance the hemolytic antibody plaque response of normal mouse spleen cells in vitro to SRBC at a level equal to or greater than that induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, MDP was found to enhance the antibody response to SRBC nonspecifically in unimmunized spleen cell cultures, suggesting that similar to LPS the synthetic dipeptide may induce a generalized clonal expansion of committed lymphocytes and thus serve as a \"polyclonal activator.\" MDP also enhanced the immune responsiveness of normal splenocytes to suboptimum concentrations of SRBC, indicating that this material may be useful in enhancing immunity in situations where there would normally be a poor immune response.", "PMID": 413867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7385", "title": "Variation of the recombination fraction in Drosophila melanogaster females.", "content": "The distribution of the recombination fraction between two distal, autosomal loci, plexus and orange, was investigated in reciprocal crosses between the marker stock and each of two wild-type strains, Harwich and Ottawa. The dysgenic cross between Harwich males and marker females exhibited high sterility, low fecundity, and a non-normal distribution of the recombination fraction. Neither the distribution of the reciprocal Harwich cross nor those of the two Ottawa crosses deviated from normal. In general, the results support the view that the recombination fraction is a variable.", "contents": "Variation of the recombination fraction in Drosophila melanogaster females. The distribution of the recombination fraction between two distal, autosomal loci, plexus and orange, was investigated in reciprocal crosses between the marker stock and each of two wild-type strains, Harwich and Ottawa. The dysgenic cross between Harwich males and marker females exhibited high sterility, low fecundity, and a non-normal distribution of the recombination fraction. Neither the distribution of the reciprocal Harwich cross nor those of the two Ottawa crosses deviated from normal. In general, the results support the view that the recombination fraction is a variable.", "PMID": 413856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7386", "title": "Differential immunosuppressive effects of ascites fluid from mastocytoma-bearing mice on primary vs secondary immunocyte responses.", "content": "The effects of immunosuppressive ascites fluids from mastocytoma-bearing mice on the primary vs secondary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was examined. Injection of mice with ascites fluid from tumor-bearing mice markedly depressed the primary immune response of normal syngeneic mice challenged with SRBC. However, there was a preferential depression of the 19S IgM antibody response as compared with the 7S IgG response. Injection of ascites fluid shortly before secondary immunization of mice with SRBC also resulted in depressed IgM PFC responses but only a slight to moderate depression of IgG PFC. Treatment of mice with the ascites fluid before primary immunization had little if any effect on the secondary IgG PFC response, although the IgM response was moderately depressed. These results indicate that the immunosuppressive factor(s) present in the ascites fluid of mastocytoma-bearing mice has a differential effect on distinct classes of immunocytes. Those immunocytes or their precursors involved in formation of low efficiency 7S IgG antibody are more resistant to immunodepression. Such differences appear due to different sensitivities of cells involved in the immune response system.", "contents": "Differential immunosuppressive effects of ascites fluid from mastocytoma-bearing mice on primary vs secondary immunocyte responses. The effects of immunosuppressive ascites fluids from mastocytoma-bearing mice on the primary vs secondary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was examined. Injection of mice with ascites fluid from tumor-bearing mice markedly depressed the primary immune response of normal syngeneic mice challenged with SRBC. However, there was a preferential depression of the 19S IgM antibody response as compared with the 7S IgG response. Injection of ascites fluid shortly before secondary immunization of mice with SRBC also resulted in depressed IgM PFC responses but only a slight to moderate depression of IgG PFC. Treatment of mice with the ascites fluid before primary immunization had little if any effect on the secondary IgG PFC response, although the IgM response was moderately depressed. These results indicate that the immunosuppressive factor(s) present in the ascites fluid of mastocytoma-bearing mice has a differential effect on distinct classes of immunocytes. Those immunocytes or their precursors involved in formation of low efficiency 7S IgG antibody are more resistant to immunodepression. Such differences appear due to different sensitivities of cells involved in the immune response system.", "PMID": 413868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7387", "title": "Uranyl-labelled antibody (ULA) method and its application for Rh antibodies.", "content": "The existent labelling materials for studies of antigen--antibody interaction at ultrastructural level, namely ferritin and peroxidase, because of their large molecular size do not fulfill all requirements of excellent markers for electron microscopy (EM). Uranyl acetate has a molecule 354 times smaller than IgG and its uranium atom is electron-dense. These physical characteristics of uranyl acetate make it a labelling material par excellence as described in this article. Quantitative and qualitative studies of Rh antigen-antibody interactions are for the first time presented at the ultrastructural level, and the application of the uranyl-labelled antibody (ULA) method for weak antisera (dilutions 100 to 1000 time higher than the Coombs range of sensitivity) is demonstrated. The ULA method opens a new era for studies of antigens, antibodies and their interactions because it will demonstrate visibly details of the antigen-antibody interaction and is especially suitable for studies of weak antisera.", "contents": "Uranyl-labelled antibody (ULA) method and its application for Rh antibodies. The existent labelling materials for studies of antigen--antibody interaction at ultrastructural level, namely ferritin and peroxidase, because of their large molecular size do not fulfill all requirements of excellent markers for electron microscopy (EM). Uranyl acetate has a molecule 354 times smaller than IgG and its uranium atom is electron-dense. These physical characteristics of uranyl acetate make it a labelling material par excellence as described in this article. Quantitative and qualitative studies of Rh antigen-antibody interactions are for the first time presented at the ultrastructural level, and the application of the uranyl-labelled antibody (ULA) method for weak antisera (dilutions 100 to 1000 time higher than the Coombs range of sensitivity) is demonstrated. The ULA method opens a new era for studies of antigens, antibodies and their interactions because it will demonstrate visibly details of the antigen-antibody interaction and is especially suitable for studies of weak antisera.", "PMID": 413869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7388", "title": "The toxicity of melanin precursors.", "content": "The quinone intermediates resulting from tyrosinase-mediated oxidation of tyrosine were evaluated as sulfhydryl reagent inhibitors of purified calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha in order to determine which of these might be cytotoxic. Dopachrome and an oxidation product of 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine were relatively ineffective as inhibitors of DNA polymerase alpha. On the other hand, a dopaquinone analogue, 4-(2-N-acetylaminoethyl)-1,2-benzoquinone, synthesized from N-acetyl dopamine, was demonstrated to have marked affinity for this sulfhydryl enzyme. This property was shared by 1,2-benzoquinone. These studies point to dopaquinone as a significant toxic metabolite in melanin biosynthesis.", "contents": "The toxicity of melanin precursors. The quinone intermediates resulting from tyrosinase-mediated oxidation of tyrosine were evaluated as sulfhydryl reagent inhibitors of purified calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha in order to determine which of these might be cytotoxic. Dopachrome and an oxidation product of 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine were relatively ineffective as inhibitors of DNA polymerase alpha. On the other hand, a dopaquinone analogue, 4-(2-N-acetylaminoethyl)-1,2-benzoquinone, synthesized from N-acetyl dopamine, was demonstrated to have marked affinity for this sulfhydryl enzyme. This property was shared by 1,2-benzoquinone. These studies point to dopaquinone as a significant toxic metabolite in melanin biosynthesis.", "PMID": 413870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7389", "title": "Detection of immune complex-like materials in cancer patients' sera: a comparative study of results obtained with the C1q deviation and C1q binding tests.", "content": "In a collaborative study involving three laboratories, randomly coded sera from 47 patients and healthy donors were tested for soluble immune complexes by two versions of the C1q BT and by the C1q DT. Analysis of ranked data showed a close correlation between results obtained in all laboratories as well as good reproducibility on testing coded duplicate samples included in each panel of sera. However, with the use of values for normal donors established independently in each laboratory, the tests did not always agree in discriminating normal from abnormal sera, particularly with sera from cancer patients. Results reflected to some extent the methods used to inactivate the endogenous C1 complex in the test sera. Studies of 130 additional cancer patients revealed that 44 (34%) gave abnormal C1q BT values when inactivated with EDTA but only 35 (27%) were abnormal when heat inactivated (56 degrees for 30 min). Similarly 12 of 65 sera (18%) from patients with nonneoplastic diseases and 10 of 80 (13%) from healthy donors gave significantly abnormal results after addition of EDTA. Eight (12%) of the disease and six (8%) of the healthy controls' sera were similarly outside normal limits when heat inactivated. Repeated freezing and thawing of sera or changes in the concentration of PEG used to precipitate complex-bound 125I-C1q influenced C1q BT results more than duration of storage at -70 degrees C or changes ascribed to presence or absence of rheumatoid factors and CRP.", "contents": "Detection of immune complex-like materials in cancer patients' sera: a comparative study of results obtained with the C1q deviation and C1q binding tests. In a collaborative study involving three laboratories, randomly coded sera from 47 patients and healthy donors were tested for soluble immune complexes by two versions of the C1q BT and by the C1q DT. Analysis of ranked data showed a close correlation between results obtained in all laboratories as well as good reproducibility on testing coded duplicate samples included in each panel of sera. However, with the use of values for normal donors established independently in each laboratory, the tests did not always agree in discriminating normal from abnormal sera, particularly with sera from cancer patients. Results reflected to some extent the methods used to inactivate the endogenous C1 complex in the test sera. Studies of 130 additional cancer patients revealed that 44 (34%) gave abnormal C1q BT values when inactivated with EDTA but only 35 (27%) were abnormal when heat inactivated (56 degrees for 30 min). Similarly 12 of 65 sera (18%) from patients with nonneoplastic diseases and 10 of 80 (13%) from healthy donors gave significantly abnormal results after addition of EDTA. Eight (12%) of the disease and six (8%) of the healthy controls' sera were similarly outside normal limits when heat inactivated. Repeated freezing and thawing of sera or changes in the concentration of PEG used to precipitate complex-bound 125I-C1q influenced C1q BT results more than duration of storage at -70 degrees C or changes ascribed to presence or absence of rheumatoid factors and CRP.", "PMID": 413872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7390", "title": "Porcine Willebrand factor: a population of multimers.", "content": "Purified porcine Willebrand factor was analyzed by agarose-sodium DodSO4 electrophoresis. Multiple forms of the protein were found in a series of increasing molecular weights. A molecular mass calibration curve was constructed with fibrinogen (3.4 X 10(5) daltons), IgM (1 X 10(6) daltons), and glutaraldehyde-crosslinked IgM polymers (2, 3, and 4 X 10(6) daltons). As measured by this procedure, the apparent molecular weight of Willebrand factor polymers ranged from 1.1 X 10(6) to 2.1 X 10(7). Each member of the series differed from one another by approximately 1.5 to 1.9 X 10(6) daltons, indicating that members of the series were polymers of 6-mers to 8-mers of the 2.3 X 10(5) dalton subunit. Various purification procedures, used to isolate Willebrand factor active in inducing platelet aggregation, were seen to fractionate the polymers, in part, on the basis of size. The same purification procedures, when applied to procine von Willebrand plasma, failed to yield protein of molecular weight greater than 1.1 X 10(6).", "contents": "Porcine Willebrand factor: a population of multimers. Purified porcine Willebrand factor was analyzed by agarose-sodium DodSO4 electrophoresis. Multiple forms of the protein were found in a series of increasing molecular weights. A molecular mass calibration curve was constructed with fibrinogen (3.4 X 10(5) daltons), IgM (1 X 10(6) daltons), and glutaraldehyde-crosslinked IgM polymers (2, 3, and 4 X 10(6) daltons). As measured by this procedure, the apparent molecular weight of Willebrand factor polymers ranged from 1.1 X 10(6) to 2.1 X 10(7). Each member of the series differed from one another by approximately 1.5 to 1.9 X 10(6) daltons, indicating that members of the series were polymers of 6-mers to 8-mers of the 2.3 X 10(5) dalton subunit. Various purification procedures, used to isolate Willebrand factor active in inducing platelet aggregation, were seen to fractionate the polymers, in part, on the basis of size. The same purification procedures, when applied to procine von Willebrand plasma, failed to yield protein of molecular weight greater than 1.1 X 10(6).", "PMID": 413873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7391", "title": "Metabolism of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate by Lactobacillus casei.", "content": "The metabolism of 5-[Me-14 C]methyltetrahydrofolate in Lactobacillus casei proceeded oxidatively with incorporation of label into purine and thymidylate derivatives. No labelled methionine was formed. (l)-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, the natural isomer, was not a substrate for the L. casei folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase although the unnatural (d)-isomer was slowly metabolized to the diglutamate form.", "contents": "Metabolism of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate by Lactobacillus casei. The metabolism of 5-[Me-14 C]methyltetrahydrofolate in Lactobacillus casei proceeded oxidatively with incorporation of label into purine and thymidylate derivatives. No labelled methionine was formed. (l)-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, the natural isomer, was not a substrate for the L. casei folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase although the unnatural (d)-isomer was slowly metabolized to the diglutamate form.", "PMID": 413874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7392", "title": "Rate-limiting steps in folate metabolism by Lactobacillus casei.", "content": "Oxidation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate was the rate-limiting step in 5-methyltetrahydrofolate metabolism by Lactobacillus casei. The limiting steps in the utilization of suboptimal levels of folate by L. casei were related to the ability of folates to function in purine and/or thymidylate biosynthesis. Folates with glutamate chains of up to at least seven residues were substrates for these biosynthetic enzymes, and comparisons of bacterial growth yields with transport rates for these folates indicated that the polyglutamates were more effective substrates in purine and thymidylate synthesis than the corresponding pteroylmonoglutamates. Lactobacillus casei contained low levels of a B12-independent, pteroylpolyglutamate-specific methionine synthetase. Its methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase also functioned more effectively with pteroylpolyglutamate substrates.", "contents": "Rate-limiting steps in folate metabolism by Lactobacillus casei. Oxidation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate was the rate-limiting step in 5-methyltetrahydrofolate metabolism by Lactobacillus casei. The limiting steps in the utilization of suboptimal levels of folate by L. casei were related to the ability of folates to function in purine and/or thymidylate biosynthesis. Folates with glutamate chains of up to at least seven residues were substrates for these biosynthetic enzymes, and comparisons of bacterial growth yields with transport rates for these folates indicated that the polyglutamates were more effective substrates in purine and thymidylate synthesis than the corresponding pteroylmonoglutamates. Lactobacillus casei contained low levels of a B12-independent, pteroylpolyglutamate-specific methionine synthetase. Its methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase also functioned more effectively with pteroylpolyglutamate substrates.", "PMID": 413875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7393", "title": "Purification and properties of a protease with elastase activity from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The isoelectric points of three proteases (I, II and III), separated from culture supernatants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAKS-I by isoelectric focusing, were 8.5, 6.6 and 4.5 respectively. Collagenase activity was not detected. More than 75% of the extracellular protease activity of this strain was due to protease II. This enzyme also possessed elastase activity. When purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, isoelectric focusing and gel chromatography, protease II showed one band on disc electrophoresis and one band on conventional immunoelectrophoresis. The pH optimum, stability and effect of inhibitors and substrate concentration were examined. The molecular weight was 23000 +/- 5000. Protease II was lethal for mice when injected intraperitoneally at a high dose (minimum lethal dose 0.1 mg). Dermonecrosis and subcutaneous haemorrhages were produced in new-born mice upon subcutaneous injection of 10 microgram protease II. A sensitive test for cytotoxicity showed no evidence of cytoplasmic membrane damage to HeLa cells or human diploid embryonic lung fibroblasts by protease II. Morphological changes similar to those produced by trypsin were found.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a protease with elastase activity from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The isoelectric points of three proteases (I, II and III), separated from culture supernatants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAKS-I by isoelectric focusing, were 8.5, 6.6 and 4.5 respectively. Collagenase activity was not detected. More than 75% of the extracellular protease activity of this strain was due to protease II. This enzyme also possessed elastase activity. When purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, isoelectric focusing and gel chromatography, protease II showed one band on disc electrophoresis and one band on conventional immunoelectrophoresis. The pH optimum, stability and effect of inhibitors and substrate concentration were examined. The molecular weight was 23000 +/- 5000. Protease II was lethal for mice when injected intraperitoneally at a high dose (minimum lethal dose 0.1 mg). Dermonecrosis and subcutaneous haemorrhages were produced in new-born mice upon subcutaneous injection of 10 microgram protease II. A sensitive test for cytotoxicity showed no evidence of cytoplasmic membrane damage to HeLa cells or human diploid embryonic lung fibroblasts by protease II. Morphological changes similar to those produced by trypsin were found.", "PMID": 413876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7394", "title": "Protease-deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pleiotropic changes in activity of other extracellular enzymes.", "content": "Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAKS-I which are defective in the formation of extracellular protease activity have been characterized. The mutants produced between approximately 1 and 25% of the protease activity of the wild type and no strains completely lacking extracellular protease were found, even after repeated mutagen treatment. Most mutants also had changed activities of extracellular staphylolytic enzyme, lipase and lecithinase. Four of 13 mutants were unable to release alkaline phosphatase and staphylolytic enzyme into the medium in contrast to the wild type. Serotype, phage type and biochemical reactions were essentially unchanged. The results indicate that some of the mutations affected the cell envelope structure of function leading to decreased ability to release extracellular proteins, and that other mutations possibly affected a common regulatory mechanism for extracellular enzymes.", "contents": "Protease-deficient mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pleiotropic changes in activity of other extracellular enzymes. Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAKS-I which are defective in the formation of extracellular protease activity have been characterized. The mutants produced between approximately 1 and 25% of the protease activity of the wild type and no strains completely lacking extracellular protease were found, even after repeated mutagen treatment. Most mutants also had changed activities of extracellular staphylolytic enzyme, lipase and lecithinase. Four of 13 mutants were unable to release alkaline phosphatase and staphylolytic enzyme into the medium in contrast to the wild type. Serotype, phage type and biochemical reactions were essentially unchanged. The results indicate that some of the mutations affected the cell envelope structure of function leading to decreased ability to release extracellular proteins, and that other mutations possibly affected a common regulatory mechanism for extracellular enzymes.", "PMID": 413877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7395", "title": "Biosynthesis of thiamin in Bacillus subtilis. Isolation of mutants accumulating 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine phosphate.", "content": "Thiamin-deficient mutants of Bacillus subtilis were characterized by their growth responses to the pyrimidine and thiazole moieties of the vitamin molecule and by cross-feeding tests. All mutants growing on the thiazole moiety and all mutants with an absolute requirement for thiamin fed all those growing on the pyrimidine moiety. No other cross-feeding effects were observed. From the culture fluid of a mutant growing on the thiazole moiety, two compounds were isolated which supported growth of mutants requiring the pyrimidine moiety. These compounds were identified by chromatographic, bioautographic and spectrophotometric procedures as 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine and its monophosphate derivative.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of thiamin in Bacillus subtilis. Isolation of mutants accumulating 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine phosphate. Thiamin-deficient mutants of Bacillus subtilis were characterized by their growth responses to the pyrimidine and thiazole moieties of the vitamin molecule and by cross-feeding tests. All mutants growing on the thiazole moiety and all mutants with an absolute requirement for thiamin fed all those growing on the pyrimidine moiety. No other cross-feeding effects were observed. From the culture fluid of a mutant growing on the thiazole moiety, two compounds were isolated which supported growth of mutants requiring the pyrimidine moiety. These compounds were identified by chromatographic, bioautographic and spectrophotometric procedures as 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine and its monophosphate derivative.", "PMID": 413878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7396", "title": "Vascular reactivity in the primate brain after acute cryogenic injury.", "content": "The effects of an acute cryogenic injury on cerebral flow (CBF) and cerebral vascular reactivity were studied in 12 anaesthetised, ventilated baboons. Autoregulation, defined in this study as intact with a greater than 20% change in cerebrovascular resistance in response to a change in cerebral perfusion pressure, was tested before the lesion by arterial hypotension. Intact autoregulation was found in half the animals, but all animals showed an increase in CBF with hypercarbia. The cryogenic lesion was followed by a marked rise in intracranial pressure, and a fall in CBF which was only partly related to the status of autoregulation beforehand. After injury, arterial hypertension caused an increase in cerebrovascular resistance of more than 20% in half the animals. This response was not related to the presence of autoregulation before the lesion, and was accompanied by a greater impairment of the cerebrovascular response to carbon dioxide, more severe brain oedema, and lower cerebral oxygen consumption, than in the remaining baboons which had a pressure passive response to arterial hypertension. This study confirms that the failure of CBF to increase with arterial hypertension may indicate severe brain damage rather than intact physiological autoregulation.", "contents": "Vascular reactivity in the primate brain after acute cryogenic injury. The effects of an acute cryogenic injury on cerebral flow (CBF) and cerebral vascular reactivity were studied in 12 anaesthetised, ventilated baboons. Autoregulation, defined in this study as intact with a greater than 20% change in cerebrovascular resistance in response to a change in cerebral perfusion pressure, was tested before the lesion by arterial hypotension. Intact autoregulation was found in half the animals, but all animals showed an increase in CBF with hypercarbia. The cryogenic lesion was followed by a marked rise in intracranial pressure, and a fall in CBF which was only partly related to the status of autoregulation beforehand. After injury, arterial hypertension caused an increase in cerebrovascular resistance of more than 20% in half the animals. This response was not related to the presence of autoregulation before the lesion, and was accompanied by a greater impairment of the cerebrovascular response to carbon dioxide, more severe brain oedema, and lower cerebral oxygen consumption, than in the remaining baboons which had a pressure passive response to arterial hypertension. This study confirms that the failure of CBF to increase with arterial hypertension may indicate severe brain damage rather than intact physiological autoregulation.", "PMID": 413885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7397", "title": "Systemic vascular responses to increased intracranial pressure. 2. The 'Cushing' response in the presence of intracranial space-occupying lesions: systemic and cerebral haemodynamic studies in the dog and the baboon.", "content": "Continued expansion of an artificial space-occupying lesion produced further increases in mean supratentorial and infratentorial pressures associated with increases in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and systemic vascular resistance-the `Cushing' or systemic hypertensive response. These primary changes resulted in an increase in transtentorial pressure gradient and a decrease in arrhythmia index. Immediately before the onset of the systemic hypertensive response, supratentorial perfusion pressure was low, and the period of systemic hypertension did not appear to produce any worthwhile improvement in the perfusion pressure or in the blood flow in the supratentorial compartment. The studies demonstrated also that the systemic hypertensive response was a pre-terminal event and was followed rapidly by circulatory failure.", "contents": "Systemic vascular responses to increased intracranial pressure. 2. The 'Cushing' response in the presence of intracranial space-occupying lesions: systemic and cerebral haemodynamic studies in the dog and the baboon. Continued expansion of an artificial space-occupying lesion produced further increases in mean supratentorial and infratentorial pressures associated with increases in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and systemic vascular resistance-the `Cushing' or systemic hypertensive response. These primary changes resulted in an increase in transtentorial pressure gradient and a decrease in arrhythmia index. Immediately before the onset of the systemic hypertensive response, supratentorial perfusion pressure was low, and the period of systemic hypertension did not appear to produce any worthwhile improvement in the perfusion pressure or in the blood flow in the supratentorial compartment. The studies demonstrated also that the systemic hypertensive response was a pre-terminal event and was followed rapidly by circulatory failure.", "PMID": 413886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7398", "title": "An iodinated catecholamine congener for brain imaging and metabolic studies.", "content": "The iodinated O-methylated catecholamine congener, 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine (4-I-DPIA), has potential as a new agent for imaging and metabolic studies of the brain and lung. The organ distribution and brain uptake of radioiodine-labeled 4-I-DPIA were studied in the dog and monkey by whole-body scanning, gamma-camera scintigraphy, and organ assay. The brain takes up 2% of the injected dose, with a half-time of 8 sec in the monkey, and the lung takes up 11.8%. An unusual finding was a concentration in the retina, five times that in any other CNS tissue. 4-I-DPIA may have potential in the imaging of normal brain tissues and thereby delineating nonfunctional areas damaged by infarction, trauma, or malignancy, and may also be useful in metabolic studies of catecholamine function. Adequate radioactivity can theoretically be administered with a quantity of 4-I-DPIA 1/10,000 of the pharmacologically active levels. The agent may also find application in lung imaging because of the high pulmonary uptake.", "contents": "An iodinated catecholamine congener for brain imaging and metabolic studies. The iodinated O-methylated catecholamine congener, 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine (4-I-DPIA), has potential as a new agent for imaging and metabolic studies of the brain and lung. The organ distribution and brain uptake of radioiodine-labeled 4-I-DPIA were studied in the dog and monkey by whole-body scanning, gamma-camera scintigraphy, and organ assay. The brain takes up 2% of the injected dose, with a half-time of 8 sec in the monkey, and the lung takes up 11.8%. An unusual finding was a concentration in the retina, five times that in any other CNS tissue. 4-I-DPIA may have potential in the imaging of normal brain tissues and thereby delineating nonfunctional areas damaged by infarction, trauma, or malignancy, and may also be useful in metabolic studies of catecholamine function. Adequate radioactivity can theoretically be administered with a quantity of 4-I-DPIA 1/10,000 of the pharmacologically active levels. The agent may also find application in lung imaging because of the high pulmonary uptake.", "PMID": 413888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7399", "title": "[32P] diphosphonate dose determination in patients with bone metastases from prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "In an initial safety study, phosphorus-32 (as diphosphonate) was administered intravenously to five patients with painful bone metastases from prostatic carcinoma; two patients received 9 mCi and three were given 3 mCi. Hematological, biochemical, ECG, x-ray, bone-scan data, and clinical observation, were followed for 2 mo. At both dose levels, bone-marrow depression was noted. One of the patients, who received 9 mCi, had only a slight dip in the levels of circulating white blood cells and platelets. The other 9-mCi patient was the only one with discrete metastases by bone scan; he had bone-marrow depression, from which he recovered, and was the only one of the five who had relief of bone pain.", "contents": "[32P] diphosphonate dose determination in patients with bone metastases from prostatic carcinoma. In an initial safety study, phosphorus-32 (as diphosphonate) was administered intravenously to five patients with painful bone metastases from prostatic carcinoma; two patients received 9 mCi and three were given 3 mCi. Hematological, biochemical, ECG, x-ray, bone-scan data, and clinical observation, were followed for 2 mo. At both dose levels, bone-marrow depression was noted. One of the patients, who received 9 mCi, had only a slight dip in the levels of circulating white blood cells and platelets. The other 9-mCi patient was the only one with discrete metastases by bone scan; he had bone-marrow depression, from which he recovered, and was the only one of the five who had relief of bone pain.", "PMID": 413889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7400", "title": "Schedule of protein ingestion and circadian variations of glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in rat liver.", "content": "The circadian rhythms of liver glycogen and hepatic activity of glycogen synthetase (GS), glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) were studied in adult male rats. The rats either received a mixed diet ad libitum (10% protein) or a protein meal (1.85 g protein) given at 09:00 or 21:00 hours, with free access to a protein-free diet (separately-fed). When the protein meal was ingested at 09:00 hours it was followed by a drop in liver glycogen and a persistent daylight increase in GP and PEPCK activities, this phenomenon being attenuated when proteins were ingested during darkness (21:00 hours). Moreover in the latter case, the circadian rhythm of liver glycogen was modified (glycogen accumulation occurring later) and the protein meal ingestion was followed after a transient decrease by a high and sustained GS activity during a long period (12 hours). The drop in the hepatic glycogen level and the unusually long daylight period of sustained GP and PEPCK activities in separately-fed rats consuming the protein meal at 09:00 hours suggests that, in this case, part of the ingested nitrogen could have been catabolized and used for gluconeogenesis, thus explaining our previous observation of lower nitrogen retention observed in this group of rats.", "contents": "Schedule of protein ingestion and circadian variations of glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in rat liver. The circadian rhythms of liver glycogen and hepatic activity of glycogen synthetase (GS), glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) were studied in adult male rats. The rats either received a mixed diet ad libitum (10% protein) or a protein meal (1.85 g protein) given at 09:00 or 21:00 hours, with free access to a protein-free diet (separately-fed). When the protein meal was ingested at 09:00 hours it was followed by a drop in liver glycogen and a persistent daylight increase in GP and PEPCK activities, this phenomenon being attenuated when proteins were ingested during darkness (21:00 hours). Moreover in the latter case, the circadian rhythm of liver glycogen was modified (glycogen accumulation occurring later) and the protein meal ingestion was followed after a transient decrease by a high and sustained GS activity during a long period (12 hours). The drop in the hepatic glycogen level and the unusually long daylight period of sustained GP and PEPCK activities in separately-fed rats consuming the protein meal at 09:00 hours suggests that, in this case, part of the ingested nitrogen could have been catabolized and used for gluconeogenesis, thus explaining our previous observation of lower nitrogen retention observed in this group of rats.", "PMID": 413891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7401", "title": "Respiratory manifestations and skin reactivity in the detergent industry.", "content": "Workers at two continental European enzyme detergent plants were examined to determine respiratory symptomatology, pulmonary function abnormalities and skin reactivity to four enzymes through use of a standardized questionnaire, flow-volume curves and provocative acetylcholine, single breath carbon monoxide, and prick tests. In both plants, the frequency of bronchitis was similar but the frequency of asthmatic or rhinopharyngitic symptoms was different. Symptomatology was more frequent in female detergent workers than among the clerical staff but no difference among men in different jobs was noted. Very few spirometric abnormalities were observed but bronchial hyperactivity was more frequent in packaging and warehouse workers. No correlation between DLco/AV and of work or skin reactivity was found. Skin reactivity (about 10% in both plants) and duration of employment were not related to symptomatology nor functional abnormalities.", "contents": "Respiratory manifestations and skin reactivity in the detergent industry. Workers at two continental European enzyme detergent plants were examined to determine respiratory symptomatology, pulmonary function abnormalities and skin reactivity to four enzymes through use of a standardized questionnaire, flow-volume curves and provocative acetylcholine, single breath carbon monoxide, and prick tests. In both plants, the frequency of bronchitis was similar but the frequency of asthmatic or rhinopharyngitic symptoms was different. Symptomatology was more frequent in female detergent workers than among the clerical staff but no difference among men in different jobs was noted. Very few spirometric abnormalities were observed but bronchial hyperactivity was more frequent in packaging and warehouse workers. No correlation between DLco/AV and of work or skin reactivity was found. Skin reactivity (about 10% in both plants) and duration of employment were not related to symptomatology nor functional abnormalities.", "PMID": 413892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7402", "title": "Quantitation of blood flow after anterior maxillary osteotomy: investigation of three surgical approaches.", "content": "The radioactive microsphere method was used to quantitate preoperative and postoperative blood flows in macaque monkeys when three different surgical approaches for anterior maxillary osteotomy were performed. Despite distinct variations in flap designs among the experimental groups, preoperative and postoperative determinations of blood flow were essentially unchanged. Results of the study suggest that a palatal, labial, or combined mucoperiosteal pedicle should be adequate to preserve the flow of blood to tissues in the osteotomized segment.", "contents": "Quantitation of blood flow after anterior maxillary osteotomy: investigation of three surgical approaches. The radioactive microsphere method was used to quantitate preoperative and postoperative blood flows in macaque monkeys when three different surgical approaches for anterior maxillary osteotomy were performed. Despite distinct variations in flap designs among the experimental groups, preoperative and postoperative determinations of blood flow were essentially unchanged. Results of the study suggest that a palatal, labial, or combined mucoperiosteal pedicle should be adequate to preserve the flow of blood to tissues in the osteotomized segment.", "PMID": 413893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7403", "title": "Mechanisms involved in mandibular condylopathy secondary to intraarticular injections of glucocorticoids.", "content": "Pharmacologic doses of triamcinolone hexacetonide were injected intramuscularly or intraarticularly in immature Papio papio baboons. The mandibular condyle served as a model for histologic examinations concerning the effect of glucocorticoid hormone on cartilage and bone. Biochemical examinations of blood and urine indicated the development of distinct hypophosphatemia, hypercalcemia followed by hyperphosphaturia, and hypocalciuria. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity rose during the initial phases of the experiment but decreased considerably after the sixth injection of the hormone. Hyperglycemia and an increase in serum amylase were noticed along with signs of moderate metabolic acidosis. Histologic examinations disclosed signs of severe destruction of cartilage and bone. By the sixth intraarticular injection, definite fibrillation was noted in the articular cartilage, followed by complete disappearance of cartilage. The subchondral bone appeared to be adversely affected by the hormone as it lost its typical lamellar organization and attained the characteristics of woven bone. The condyle showed clear signs of fibro-osseous transformation, with fibrosis as the dominant structural feature. The preceding biochemical and morphologic findings are indicative of parathyroid hyperactivity.", "contents": "Mechanisms involved in mandibular condylopathy secondary to intraarticular injections of glucocorticoids. Pharmacologic doses of triamcinolone hexacetonide were injected intramuscularly or intraarticularly in immature Papio papio baboons. The mandibular condyle served as a model for histologic examinations concerning the effect of glucocorticoid hormone on cartilage and bone. Biochemical examinations of blood and urine indicated the development of distinct hypophosphatemia, hypercalcemia followed by hyperphosphaturia, and hypocalciuria. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity rose during the initial phases of the experiment but decreased considerably after the sixth injection of the hormone. Hyperglycemia and an increase in serum amylase were noticed along with signs of moderate metabolic acidosis. Histologic examinations disclosed signs of severe destruction of cartilage and bone. By the sixth intraarticular injection, definite fibrillation was noted in the articular cartilage, followed by complete disappearance of cartilage. The subchondral bone appeared to be adversely affected by the hormone as it lost its typical lamellar organization and attained the characteristics of woven bone. The condyle showed clear signs of fibro-osseous transformation, with fibrosis as the dominant structural feature. The preceding biochemical and morphologic findings are indicative of parathyroid hyperactivity.", "PMID": 413894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7404", "title": "Disaccharidase activities in small intestinal mucosa in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "The disaccharidase activities in small intestinal biopsies were related to the morphology of the mucosa and the ages of 63 patients with cystic fibrosis and 177 healthy control subjects of Caucasian origin. In patients with CF and in the healthy control subjects under 5 years of age with normal intestinal mucosa, no low lactase activity was found. In those patients with CF who were over 5 years of age, one group had high and one group had low lactase activity, as occurs in healthy Caucasian control subjects of the same age. This finding supports the view that in patients with CF, lactase deficiency is not related to the disease entity. In patients with or without CF who had the same degree of mucosal atrophy, the decrease of disaccharidase activities followed the same pattern, indicating that enzyme activities are affected to the same extent by the damage of the mucosa. In patients with CF with pancreatic insufficiency, the disaccharidase activities were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher when compared to those in control subjects of the same age and ethnic group, although the increase was not uniform in all patients with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Disaccharidase activities in small intestinal mucosa in patients with cystic fibrosis. The disaccharidase activities in small intestinal biopsies were related to the morphology of the mucosa and the ages of 63 patients with cystic fibrosis and 177 healthy control subjects of Caucasian origin. In patients with CF and in the healthy control subjects under 5 years of age with normal intestinal mucosa, no low lactase activity was found. In those patients with CF who were over 5 years of age, one group had high and one group had low lactase activity, as occurs in healthy Caucasian control subjects of the same age. This finding supports the view that in patients with CF, lactase deficiency is not related to the disease entity. In patients with or without CF who had the same degree of mucosal atrophy, the decrease of disaccharidase activities followed the same pattern, indicating that enzyme activities are affected to the same extent by the damage of the mucosa. In patients with CF with pancreatic insufficiency, the disaccharidase activities were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher when compared to those in control subjects of the same age and ethnic group, although the increase was not uniform in all patients with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 413896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7405", "title": "Quantitative assessment of free gingival grafts with and without periosteum and osseous perforation.", "content": "Forty free gingival grafts were performed on 5 adult Rhesus monkeys as follows: 10 grafts were placed on recipient sites with periosteum; 10 grafts on periosteum and perforated cortical plate; 10 grafts on bared bone; and 10 grafts on perforated bared bone. All free autografts (7 X 5 X 1 mm) were taken from the palatal mucosa and were sutured in place. Clinical evaluation and photographs were taken at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks postoperatively. At 24 weeks, a device was used to measure quantitatively the amount of force necessary to pull the graft 2 mm away from the underlying bone. Biopsy of two grafts of each type were taken for histologic examination. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. There was no difference in the survival or healing pattern of grafts placed on periosteum and grafts placed on bared bone.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of free gingival grafts with and without periosteum and osseous perforation. Forty free gingival grafts were performed on 5 adult Rhesus monkeys as follows: 10 grafts were placed on recipient sites with periosteum; 10 grafts on periosteum and perforated cortical plate; 10 grafts on bared bone; and 10 grafts on perforated bared bone. All free autografts (7 X 5 X 1 mm) were taken from the palatal mucosa and were sutured in place. Clinical evaluation and photographs were taken at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks postoperatively. At 24 weeks, a device was used to measure quantitatively the amount of force necessary to pull the graft 2 mm away from the underlying bone. Biopsy of two grafts of each type were taken for histologic examination. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. There was no difference in the survival or healing pattern of grafts placed on periosteum and grafts placed on bared bone.", "PMID": 413900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7406", "title": "GLC determination of the polyvalent saluretic uricosuric agent (2-cyclopentyl-6,7-dichloro-2-methyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acid in biological fluids.", "content": "A specific and quantitative GLC method was developed for the determination of (2-cyclopentyl-6,7-dichloro-2-methyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy) acetic acid, a novel saluretic uricosuric agent, in biological fluids. The procedure involves the addition of an internal standard to the biological specimens followed by extraction of the acids into benzene at pH 1. The extracted acids, following back-extraction into base and reextraction into methylene chloride at an acidic pH, are converted to the respective methyl esters by reaction with ethereal diazomethane. The sensitivity of the method is such that 2 microgram of material can be detected per aliquot of plasma or urine. In the 2.5-50-microgram/ml range, recoveries were 98.1 +/- 9.6% (plasma, n = 157) and 99.3 +/- 6.4% (urine, n = 181). GLC-mass spectrometric techniques established analysis specificity.", "contents": "GLC determination of the polyvalent saluretic uricosuric agent (2-cyclopentyl-6,7-dichloro-2-methyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy)acetic acid in biological fluids. A specific and quantitative GLC method was developed for the determination of (2-cyclopentyl-6,7-dichloro-2-methyl-1-oxo-5-indanyloxy) acetic acid, a novel saluretic uricosuric agent, in biological fluids. The procedure involves the addition of an internal standard to the biological specimens followed by extraction of the acids into benzene at pH 1. The extracted acids, following back-extraction into base and reextraction into methylene chloride at an acidic pH, are converted to the respective methyl esters by reaction with ethereal diazomethane. The sensitivity of the method is such that 2 microgram of material can be detected per aliquot of plasma or urine. In the 2.5-50-microgram/ml range, recoveries were 98.1 +/- 9.6% (plasma, n = 157) and 99.3 +/- 6.4% (urine, n = 181). GLC-mass spectrometric techniques established analysis specificity.", "PMID": 413902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7407", "title": "Continuous intravenous naltrexone effects on morphine self-administration in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys, surgically prepared with intravenous catheters, were given opportunities to self-administer morphine for 3 days, methamphetamine for 2 days and saline for 2 days in a constantly repeating cycle. Access to drugs was limited to a 15-minute period every 4 hours. After stable base-line self-administration rates, saline or various concentrations of naltrexone were infused continuously through the catheter. In the first phase of the study each concentration of naltrexone was infused for 4 weeks (separated by 3 weeks of saline) while the dose of morphine available for self-administration was held constant at 8 microgram/kg/injection. Stable naltrexone dose-related suppression of morphine self-administration occurred throughout each 4-week infusion. In the second phase of the study, various doses of morphine were made available for self-administration during 6- to 8-week continuous infusions of saline or various concentrations of naltrexone. The dose-effect curve relating self-administration rate to morphine dose per injection shifted to the right and decreased in maximum as the rate of infusion of naltrexone increased. Methamphetamine and saline self-administration rates were unaffected by naltrexone.", "contents": "Continuous intravenous naltrexone effects on morphine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Rhesus monkeys, surgically prepared with intravenous catheters, were given opportunities to self-administer morphine for 3 days, methamphetamine for 2 days and saline for 2 days in a constantly repeating cycle. Access to drugs was limited to a 15-minute period every 4 hours. After stable base-line self-administration rates, saline or various concentrations of naltrexone were infused continuously through the catheter. In the first phase of the study each concentration of naltrexone was infused for 4 weeks (separated by 3 weeks of saline) while the dose of morphine available for self-administration was held constant at 8 microgram/kg/injection. Stable naltrexone dose-related suppression of morphine self-administration occurred throughout each 4-week infusion. In the second phase of the study, various doses of morphine were made available for self-administration during 6- to 8-week continuous infusions of saline or various concentrations of naltrexone. The dose-effect curve relating self-administration rate to morphine dose per injection shifted to the right and decreased in maximum as the rate of infusion of naltrexone increased. Methamphetamine and saline self-administration rates were unaffected by naltrexone.", "PMID": 413904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7408", "title": "Relationship between intrapulmonary airway diameter and smooth muscle tone in excised lungs.", "content": "1. Intrapulmonary bronchi in excised dog lungs were outlined with tantalum dust and stereoscopic radiographs taken during deflation and inflation of the lung after rinsing with solutions of saline, histamine, isoprenaline or EDTA. Dimensions of airways were calculated from measurements of the stereoscopic X-ray images. 2. After treatment with EDTA to minimize bronchial smooth muscle activity, airway diameters increased at all transpulmonary pressures (Ptp) and lung volumes relative to their diameter after treatment with histamine; airway hysteresis in relation to Ptp decreased. 3. At low lung volumes, the per cent increase from histamine to EDTA for airways of different sizes was the same (24-30%) but at high volumes (30 cm H2O distending pressure) the dilatation induced by EDTA was 30% for airways less than 3.0 mm diameter and 13% for those greater than 5.0 mm diameter. 4. Even at high lung volumes, intrapulmonary airways are free to constrict or dilate in spite of the stiffness of the supporting parenchyma.", "contents": "Relationship between intrapulmonary airway diameter and smooth muscle tone in excised lungs. 1. Intrapulmonary bronchi in excised dog lungs were outlined with tantalum dust and stereoscopic radiographs taken during deflation and inflation of the lung after rinsing with solutions of saline, histamine, isoprenaline or EDTA. Dimensions of airways were calculated from measurements of the stereoscopic X-ray images. 2. After treatment with EDTA to minimize bronchial smooth muscle activity, airway diameters increased at all transpulmonary pressures (Ptp) and lung volumes relative to their diameter after treatment with histamine; airway hysteresis in relation to Ptp decreased. 3. At low lung volumes, the per cent increase from histamine to EDTA for airways of different sizes was the same (24-30%) but at high volumes (30 cm H2O distending pressure) the dilatation induced by EDTA was 30% for airways less than 3.0 mm diameter and 13% for those greater than 5.0 mm diameter. 4. Even at high lung volumes, intrapulmonary airways are free to constrict or dilate in spite of the stiffness of the supporting parenchyma.", "PMID": 413905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7409", "title": "Dual capacity for nutrient uptake in Tetrahymena. II. Role of the two systems in vitamin uptake.", "content": "Previously, we found that a mutant strain of Tetrahymena pyriformis without food vacuoles failed to grow unless the nutrient media were richly supplemented with vitamins and trace metals. Here we show that calcium folinate alone can replace the extra vitamin supplementation. The mutant requires approximately 90-fold higher concentration of folinate than the wild-type cells to give similar growth responses in a chemically defined medium. We infer that the food vacuole is an important route of uptake for this vitamin in the wild-type cells. We found no difference between mutant and wild-type cells in their requirements for nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, riboflavin-monophosphate, and pyridoxal. We infer that an extravacuolar route contributes importantly to uptake of these 4 compounds.", "contents": "Dual capacity for nutrient uptake in Tetrahymena. II. Role of the two systems in vitamin uptake. Previously, we found that a mutant strain of Tetrahymena pyriformis without food vacuoles failed to grow unless the nutrient media were richly supplemented with vitamins and trace metals. Here we show that calcium folinate alone can replace the extra vitamin supplementation. The mutant requires approximately 90-fold higher concentration of folinate than the wild-type cells to give similar growth responses in a chemically defined medium. We infer that the food vacuole is an important route of uptake for this vitamin in the wild-type cells. We found no difference between mutant and wild-type cells in their requirements for nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, riboflavin-monophosphate, and pyridoxal. We infer that an extravacuolar route contributes importantly to uptake of these 4 compounds.", "PMID": 413910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7410", "title": "Isolation and properties of flagella of trypanosomatids.", "content": "A procedufe is described for the isolation of flagella of Crithidia fasciculata, Herpetomonas samuelpessoai and Leishmania tarentolae in a highly purified state and giving reasonably good yield. The 3 types of flagella give a similar electrophoretic pattern of proteins. It is shown that H. samuelpessoai and, to a lesser extent, C. fasciculata flagella confer protection against Trypanosoma cruzi infection.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of flagella of trypanosomatids. A procedufe is described for the isolation of flagella of Crithidia fasciculata, Herpetomonas samuelpessoai and Leishmania tarentolae in a highly purified state and giving reasonably good yield. The 3 types of flagella give a similar electrophoretic pattern of proteins. It is shown that H. samuelpessoai and, to a lesser extent, C. fasciculata flagella confer protection against Trypanosoma cruzi infection.", "PMID": 413911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7411", "title": "Exacerbation of experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice by concomitant malaria.", "content": "The effect of malaria on the chronic phase of Chagas' disease was investigated in mice. The animals were given Plasmodium bergheri-infected red blood cells 2 to 12 months after their initial inoculation with trypomastigotes of 3 different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi (Y. CL and Gilmar). in all the experiments carried out with one of the strains (CL), a somewhat variable but always considerable percentage of mice (average 39%) relapsed in to the acute phase of Chagas' disease. This relapse was characterized by a significant increase in the number of circulating trypomastigotes. Recrudescence was observed also with a 2nd strain of T. cruzi (Gilmar), which is similar in many aspects to the CL strain, e.g. the morphology of blood stages, curved of parasitemia and susceptibility to antibodies in vitro. In mice whose chronic phase was induced by trypomastigotes of the Y strain, malaria infections did not induce a typical acute phas with high parasitemia by T. cruzi. Bloodstream forms of Y parasites differ from those of CL and Gilmar strains morphologically as well as immunologically, i.e. only the Y strain is easily agglutinated and partly inactivated by specific immune serum. In light of this and other known characteristics of the strains used in the present work, the author speculates on mechanisms which allow malaria infections selectively to suppress acquired host resistance to certain strains of T. cruzi.", "contents": "Exacerbation of experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice by concomitant malaria. The effect of malaria on the chronic phase of Chagas' disease was investigated in mice. The animals were given Plasmodium bergheri-infected red blood cells 2 to 12 months after their initial inoculation with trypomastigotes of 3 different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi (Y. CL and Gilmar). in all the experiments carried out with one of the strains (CL), a somewhat variable but always considerable percentage of mice (average 39%) relapsed in to the acute phase of Chagas' disease. This relapse was characterized by a significant increase in the number of circulating trypomastigotes. Recrudescence was observed also with a 2nd strain of T. cruzi (Gilmar), which is similar in many aspects to the CL strain, e.g. the morphology of blood stages, curved of parasitemia and susceptibility to antibodies in vitro. In mice whose chronic phase was induced by trypomastigotes of the Y strain, malaria infections did not induce a typical acute phas with high parasitemia by T. cruzi. Bloodstream forms of Y parasites differ from those of CL and Gilmar strains morphologically as well as immunologically, i.e. only the Y strain is easily agglutinated and partly inactivated by specific immune serum. In light of this and other known characteristics of the strains used in the present work, the author speculates on mechanisms which allow malaria infections selectively to suppress acquired host resistance to certain strains of T. cruzi.", "PMID": 413912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7412", "title": "Euglena: the photoreceptor system for phototaxis.", "content": "The photoreceptor structures (eyespot-paraflagellar body-flagellum) for Euglena phototaxis were investigated by electron microscopy. The paraflagellar body--the photoreceptor--is a highly ordered crystalline lamellar structure. Optical diffraction of the electron micrographs and resulting filtered images of the paraflagellar body suggest that it is formed of rods in a helical arrangement. The action spectra for phototaxis, the in situ spectrum by microspectrophotometry of the paraflagellar body, and flavin analysis of the organism indicate that the photoreceptor molecule is a flavoprotein. The phototaxis action spectrum is similar to the spectrum for O2 evolution and implies that similar molecules participate in the photo processes. As a result, a photochemical scheme is suggested in which a photo-excited flavin and a cytochrome participate in the photoprocess. The photochemistry and photoreceptor structures for Euglena phototaxis are likened to a photoneuro sensory cell.", "contents": "Euglena: the photoreceptor system for phototaxis. The photoreceptor structures (eyespot-paraflagellar body-flagellum) for Euglena phototaxis were investigated by electron microscopy. The paraflagellar body--the photoreceptor--is a highly ordered crystalline lamellar structure. Optical diffraction of the electron micrographs and resulting filtered images of the paraflagellar body suggest that it is formed of rods in a helical arrangement. The action spectra for phototaxis, the in situ spectrum by microspectrophotometry of the paraflagellar body, and flavin analysis of the organism indicate that the photoreceptor molecule is a flavoprotein. The phototaxis action spectrum is similar to the spectrum for O2 evolution and implies that similar molecules participate in the photo processes. As a result, a photochemical scheme is suggested in which a photo-excited flavin and a cytochrome participate in the photoprocess. The photochemistry and photoreceptor structures for Euglena phototaxis are likened to a photoneuro sensory cell.", "PMID": 413913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7413", "title": "Antigens of the subcellular fractions of Trypanosoma cruzi. II. Flagellar and membrane fraction.", "content": "A method for isolation of membrane and flagellar fractions from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, and descriptions of their ultrastructural characteristics and antigenic activity are presented. Electron-microscopic observation revealed that the membrane fraction resembled vesicles, as occurs frequently when the pressure-depressure method is used for cell disruption. The flagellar fraction revealed flagella and some membranes, both related and unrelated to the flagellar structure. Flagellar and membrane fractions had 5 and 3 precipitin lines respectively against anti-whole homogenate of T. cruzi, in double diffusion tests. One of the precipitin bands common to both fractions gave a reaction of identiy with one precipitin line of the microsomal fractions, that was not present in the mitochondrial, nuclear and cell sap fractions. Data from tests of protective activity activity obtained during a period of 3 years with whole homogenate and F and M fraction are also presented Protective activity against lethal challenge doses of trypomastigotes is strongly associated with the flagellar fraction.", "contents": "Antigens of the subcellular fractions of Trypanosoma cruzi. II. Flagellar and membrane fraction. A method for isolation of membrane and flagellar fractions from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, and descriptions of their ultrastructural characteristics and antigenic activity are presented. Electron-microscopic observation revealed that the membrane fraction resembled vesicles, as occurs frequently when the pressure-depressure method is used for cell disruption. The flagellar fraction revealed flagella and some membranes, both related and unrelated to the flagellar structure. Flagellar and membrane fractions had 5 and 3 precipitin lines respectively against anti-whole homogenate of T. cruzi, in double diffusion tests. One of the precipitin bands common to both fractions gave a reaction of identiy with one precipitin line of the microsomal fractions, that was not present in the mitochondrial, nuclear and cell sap fractions. Data from tests of protective activity activity obtained during a period of 3 years with whole homogenate and F and M fraction are also presented Protective activity against lethal challenge doses of trypomastigotes is strongly associated with the flagellar fraction.", "PMID": 413914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7414", "title": "[Ureteral diverticulosis (author's transl)].", "content": "We report here two new cases of ureteral diverticulosis. This condition is found usually in the man of the fifties who has most frequently an urinary tract infection or a prostatic adenoma. The roentgen findings are multiple out-poutchings of the lumbar ureter. Several factors are combined (constitutionnal, urinary tract infection, disordered ureteral-motility) to explain the creation of diverticules in the areas of weakness of ureteral wall, where penetrate the vessels.", "contents": "[Ureteral diverticulosis (author's transl)]. We report here two new cases of ureteral diverticulosis. This condition is found usually in the man of the fifties who has most frequently an urinary tract infection or a prostatic adenoma. The roentgen findings are multiple out-poutchings of the lumbar ureter. Several factors are combined (constitutionnal, urinary tract infection, disordered ureteral-motility) to explain the creation of diverticules in the areas of weakness of ureteral wall, where penetrate the vessels.", "PMID": 413916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7415", "title": "The effect of a synthetic polypeptide, threonyl-prolyl-arginyl-lysine, on ovulation in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) and hamster.", "content": "Synthetic TPAL, a polypeptide reported to occur naturally in hamster zygotes, was tested at doses of 3 or 18 microgram/day for antiovulatory activity in cyclic hamsters (for 4 days) and squirrel monkeys (for 5 days) induced to ovulate. The TPAL treatment did not alter the ovulatory response in hamsters or monkeys.", "contents": "The effect of a synthetic polypeptide, threonyl-prolyl-arginyl-lysine, on ovulation in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) and hamster. Synthetic TPAL, a polypeptide reported to occur naturally in hamster zygotes, was tested at doses of 3 or 18 microgram/day for antiovulatory activity in cyclic hamsters (for 4 days) and squirrel monkeys (for 5 days) induced to ovulate. The TPAL treatment did not alter the ovulatory response in hamsters or monkeys.", "PMID": 413917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7416", "title": "A positive feedback effect of oestradiol on LH release in the male marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus.", "content": "Subcutaneous injections of oestradiol benzoate in oil, resulting in a sustained elevation of circulating oestradiol levels, induced an initial suppression of LH secretion, followed by a positive discharge of LH in castrated male and female and in intact male marmosets. Oestrogen-induced LH release (producing maximum LH concentrations 24 h after the injection) was observed in 75% of castrated males and females. A positive discharge of LH occurred in 50% of intact males 28-36 h after oestrogen administration.", "contents": "A positive feedback effect of oestradiol on LH release in the male marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus. Subcutaneous injections of oestradiol benzoate in oil, resulting in a sustained elevation of circulating oestradiol levels, induced an initial suppression of LH secretion, followed by a positive discharge of LH in castrated male and female and in intact male marmosets. Oestrogen-induced LH release (producing maximum LH concentrations 24 h after the injection) was observed in 75% of castrated males and females. A positive discharge of LH occurred in 50% of intact males 28-36 h after oestrogen administration.", "PMID": 413918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7417", "title": "Semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterials. 6. Synthesis of sisomicin, Antibiotic G-52, and novel 6'-substituted analogues of sisomicin from aminoglycoside 66-40C.", "content": "The discovery of aminoglycoside 66-40C, a novel dimeric, unsaturated imine produced by Micromonospora inyoensis, afforded a versatile intermediate for the synthesis of a variety of sisomicin analogues modified at the 6' position. The conversion of 66-40C into sisomicin, antibiotic G-52, and a series of novel 6'-substituted analogues of sisomicin is described, and the biological activity of the products is discussed.", "contents": "Semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterials. 6. Synthesis of sisomicin, Antibiotic G-52, and novel 6'-substituted analogues of sisomicin from aminoglycoside 66-40C. The discovery of aminoglycoside 66-40C, a novel dimeric, unsaturated imine produced by Micromonospora inyoensis, afforded a versatile intermediate for the synthesis of a variety of sisomicin analogues modified at the 6' position. The conversion of 66-40C into sisomicin, antibiotic G-52, and a series of novel 6'-substituted analogues of sisomicin is described, and the biological activity of the products is discussed.", "PMID": 413921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7418", "title": "Synthesis and analgetic activity of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,6-methano-3-benzozocines.", "content": "1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexahydro-1,6-methano-3-benzazocine (1) has been synthesized via a four-step sequence from benzo-norbornadiene. This compound and its N-methyl derivative are more active than codeine in the mouse hot-plate antinociceptive assay and will not suppor morphine dependence in Rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "Synthesis and analgetic activity of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,6-methano-3-benzozocines. 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexahydro-1,6-methano-3-benzazocine (1) has been synthesized via a four-step sequence from benzo-norbornadiene. This compound and its N-methyl derivative are more active than codeine in the mouse hot-plate antinociceptive assay and will not suppor morphine dependence in Rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 413922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7419", "title": "The specificity of agglutination reactions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with O antisera.", "content": "Polyagglutinable (PA) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are agglutinated by more than one of the antisera prepared against antigenically unrelated O serogroups. They form c. 4% of strains--other than isolates from cystic-fibrosis units--submitted to us for typing. We were able to allocate 80% of PA strains to a single O serogroup by agglutination with typing sera that had been absorbed with the polyagglutinable strain SMC-247, or by co-agglutination tests with protein A-containing staphylococci coated with immunoglobulin from unabsorbed sera. Similar results were obtained by precipitation tests with crude bacterial extracts and unabsorbed sera, but these tests were less sensitive and less specific. Evidence is presented that PA antigen is a heat-stable cell constituent distinct from the O antigen. In rabbit antisera, anti-PA antibody is exclusively of the IgM class, but O antibody of both IgM and IgG classes is present.", "contents": "The specificity of agglutination reactions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with O antisera. Polyagglutinable (PA) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are agglutinated by more than one of the antisera prepared against antigenically unrelated O serogroups. They form c. 4% of strains--other than isolates from cystic-fibrosis units--submitted to us for typing. We were able to allocate 80% of PA strains to a single O serogroup by agglutination with typing sera that had been absorbed with the polyagglutinable strain SMC-247, or by co-agglutination tests with protein A-containing staphylococci coated with immunoglobulin from unabsorbed sera. Similar results were obtained by precipitation tests with crude bacterial extracts and unabsorbed sera, but these tests were less sensitive and less specific. Evidence is presented that PA antigen is a heat-stable cell constituent distinct from the O antigen. In rabbit antisera, anti-PA antibody is exclusively of the IgM class, but O antibody of both IgM and IgG classes is present.", "PMID": 413923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7420", "title": "p-nitrophenylglycerol--a superior antiswarming agent for isolating and identifying pathogens from clinical material.", "content": "The antiswarming agent p-nitrophenylglycerol (PNPG) has been found invaluable for the recognition and isolation of pathogenic bacteria from specimens contaminated with swarming strains of Proteus spp. PNPG is cheap, stable and non-toxic. All strains tested grew well in its presence and produced characteristic morphology. PNPG was without effect on the results of a variety of identification tests performed directly on colonies from media containing PNPG. This permitted identification without the need for further subculture.", "contents": "p-nitrophenylglycerol--a superior antiswarming agent for isolating and identifying pathogens from clinical material. The antiswarming agent p-nitrophenylglycerol (PNPG) has been found invaluable for the recognition and isolation of pathogenic bacteria from specimens contaminated with swarming strains of Proteus spp. PNPG is cheap, stable and non-toxic. All strains tested grew well in its presence and produced characteristic morphology. PNPG was without effect on the results of a variety of identification tests performed directly on colonies from media containing PNPG. This permitted identification without the need for further subculture.", "PMID": 413924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7421", "title": "Cyanide removal of gold from SEM specimens.", "content": "The cyanide method is highly recommended for the purposes of the removal of gold coatings from SEM specimens prior to (a) further treatment before further SEM, and (b) staining and mounting for LM.", "contents": "Cyanide removal of gold from SEM specimens. The cyanide method is highly recommended for the purposes of the removal of gold coatings from SEM specimens prior to (a) further treatment before further SEM, and (b) staining and mounting for LM.", "PMID": 413925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7422", "title": "Induction of monooxygenases in rhesus monkeys by 3-methylcholanthrene: metabolism and mutagenic activation of N-2-acetylaminofluorene and benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "Induction of content and activity of hepatic and lung cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) was studied in male rhesus monkeys. Hepatic microsomes were concomitantly studied for mutagenic activation of N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) as well as with the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Hepatic N-hydroxylation of AAF was increased sixfold to sevenfold after MCA treatment; aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase was similarly increased in both liver and lung. The hepatic cytochrome P450 content was increased by 50%, and the Soret maximum in the CO-hemoprotein complex was shifted to the blue by 2 nm after MCA induction. Electrophoresis of hepatic microsomes from MCA-treated monkeys showed an increase in a polypeptide band of 54,000 molecular weight. Mutagenic activation of AAF by liver microsomes from untreated rhesus monkeys was low but was increased 40-fold after MCA treatment. No effect was observed on the mutagenic activation of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene by liver microsomes after MCA treatment. Rhesus monkeys may provide a model for evaluation of the role of polycyclic hydrocarbon induction in chemically caused cancer and toxicity in primates.", "contents": "Induction of monooxygenases in rhesus monkeys by 3-methylcholanthrene: metabolism and mutagenic activation of N-2-acetylaminofluorene and benzo(a)pyrene. Induction of content and activity of hepatic and lung cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) was studied in male rhesus monkeys. Hepatic microsomes were concomitantly studied for mutagenic activation of N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) as well as with the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Hepatic N-hydroxylation of AAF was increased sixfold to sevenfold after MCA treatment; aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase was similarly increased in both liver and lung. The hepatic cytochrome P450 content was increased by 50%, and the Soret maximum in the CO-hemoprotein complex was shifted to the blue by 2 nm after MCA induction. Electrophoresis of hepatic microsomes from MCA-treated monkeys showed an increase in a polypeptide band of 54,000 molecular weight. Mutagenic activation of AAF by liver microsomes from untreated rhesus monkeys was low but was increased 40-fold after MCA treatment. No effect was observed on the mutagenic activation of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene by liver microsomes after MCA treatment. Rhesus monkeys may provide a model for evaluation of the role of polycyclic hydrocarbon induction in chemically caused cancer and toxicity in primates.", "PMID": 413928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7423", "title": "Multiple autotransplantation of rat mammary induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene: brief communication.", "content": "Mammary tumors induced in outbred Sprague-Dawley rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz]a]anthracene were excised, cut into 1- to 2-mm3 pieces, and then autotransplanted sc along the mammary line at six sites. Following an average period of 20--30 days, these autografts grew to approximately 2 cm in diameter in 32 of 48 rats (67%). Autografts in the other 33% of the rats remained dormant. Mammary tumors transplanted into allogeneic hosts failed to grow. Tumors derived from autotransplantation were indistinguishable from their primary tumors with respect to their histologic features, the nature of hormone dependency, the content of estrogen receptors, and their ability to incorporate [3H]leucine. Furthermore, autotransplanted tumors derived from a single primary tumor varied little with regard to the preceding parameters; thus they provided an opportunity for serial sampling of individual tumors for repeated morphologic and biochemical evaluations.", "contents": "Multiple autotransplantation of rat mammary induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene: brief communication. Mammary tumors induced in outbred Sprague-Dawley rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz]a]anthracene were excised, cut into 1- to 2-mm3 pieces, and then autotransplanted sc along the mammary line at six sites. Following an average period of 20--30 days, these autografts grew to approximately 2 cm in diameter in 32 of 48 rats (67%). Autografts in the other 33% of the rats remained dormant. Mammary tumors transplanted into allogeneic hosts failed to grow. Tumors derived from autotransplantation were indistinguishable from their primary tumors with respect to their histologic features, the nature of hormone dependency, the content of estrogen receptors, and their ability to incorporate [3H]leucine. Furthermore, autotransplanted tumors derived from a single primary tumor varied little with regard to the preceding parameters; thus they provided an opportunity for serial sampling of individual tumors for repeated morphologic and biochemical evaluations.", "PMID": 413930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7424", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase activity and isoenzyme pattern in lungs, erythrocytes, and plasma of ozone-exposed rats and monkeys.", "content": "The effect of low levels of ozone exposure (8 hr daily for 7 days) on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and isoenzyme pattern was studied in the lungs, plasma, and erythrocytes of rats and monkeys. Exposure to 0.8 or 0.5 ppm ozone resulted in a significant increase in total LDH activvity in the lungs but not in the plasma and erythrocytes of rats. The LDH-5 fraction of the LDH isoenzymes was significantly decreased in terms of percentage distribution in the lungs and plasma of rats exposed to 0.8 ppm ozone, whereas the LDH-4 in the lungs and plasma and LDH-3 in the lungs were increased. At 0.5 ppm ozone, the isoenzyme distribution was not significantly changed in lungs, plasma, or erythrocytes. In monkeys, no significant change in either total LDH activity or isoenzyme pattern was observed in lungs, plasma, or erythrocytes after exposure to 0.8 ppm ozone.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase activity and isoenzyme pattern in lungs, erythrocytes, and plasma of ozone-exposed rats and monkeys. The effect of low levels of ozone exposure (8 hr daily for 7 days) on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and isoenzyme pattern was studied in the lungs, plasma, and erythrocytes of rats and monkeys. Exposure to 0.8 or 0.5 ppm ozone resulted in a significant increase in total LDH activvity in the lungs but not in the plasma and erythrocytes of rats. The LDH-5 fraction of the LDH isoenzymes was significantly decreased in terms of percentage distribution in the lungs and plasma of rats exposed to 0.8 ppm ozone, whereas the LDH-4 in the lungs and plasma and LDH-3 in the lungs were increased. At 0.5 ppm ozone, the isoenzyme distribution was not significantly changed in lungs, plasma, or erythrocytes. In monkeys, no significant change in either total LDH activity or isoenzyme pattern was observed in lungs, plasma, or erythrocytes after exposure to 0.8 ppm ozone.", "PMID": 413931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7425", "title": "Long-term effects of single and combined doses of DDT and PCB on drug-metabolizing enzymes in rat liver.", "content": "Two common environmental pollutants, DDT and a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture (Clophen A-50), were administered ip to rats in discrete single doses (160 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) and in combination. All the enzyme activities studied were enhanced by DDT and PCB. the overall drug hydroxylation reactions, and their components, achieved maximal induction in 1 wk. The cytochrome P-450 content of microsomes was increased nearly fourfold and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity was enhanced twofold by both compounds. p-Nitroanisole O-demethylase was increased sevenfold by PCB and fourfold by DDT, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase threefold by PCB and 1.7-fold by DDT. After 2 wk the activities began to decline. Distinct increases in enzyme activities were still detectable 1 month after a single dose. Epoxide hydratase and UDPglucuronosyltransferase activities were also enhanced in 1 wk (epoxide hydratase 2.5-fold by both compounds, UDPglucuronosyltransferase tenfold by PCB in trypsin-activated microsomes but only threefold by DDT). The disappearance of induction in epoxide hydratase was slower than in the monooxygenases, and UDPglucuronosyltransferase still showed a trend toward increased activity 4 wk after the administration. The DDT-enhanced UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity slightly returned toward the control level. Glutathione S-transferase differed from the microsomal enzymes in that it was already elevated 1 day after the administration of both DDT and PCB. Its activity was only doubled, but the increased activity remained at almost the same level through the whole 1 month period.", "contents": "Long-term effects of single and combined doses of DDT and PCB on drug-metabolizing enzymes in rat liver. Two common environmental pollutants, DDT and a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture (Clophen A-50), were administered ip to rats in discrete single doses (160 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) and in combination. All the enzyme activities studied were enhanced by DDT and PCB. the overall drug hydroxylation reactions, and their components, achieved maximal induction in 1 wk. The cytochrome P-450 content of microsomes was increased nearly fourfold and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity was enhanced twofold by both compounds. p-Nitroanisole O-demethylase was increased sevenfold by PCB and fourfold by DDT, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase threefold by PCB and 1.7-fold by DDT. After 2 wk the activities began to decline. Distinct increases in enzyme activities were still detectable 1 month after a single dose. Epoxide hydratase and UDPglucuronosyltransferase activities were also enhanced in 1 wk (epoxide hydratase 2.5-fold by both compounds, UDPglucuronosyltransferase tenfold by PCB in trypsin-activated microsomes but only threefold by DDT). The disappearance of induction in epoxide hydratase was slower than in the monooxygenases, and UDPglucuronosyltransferase still showed a trend toward increased activity 4 wk after the administration. The DDT-enhanced UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity slightly returned toward the control level. Glutathione S-transferase differed from the microsomal enzymes in that it was already elevated 1 day after the administration of both DDT and PCB. Its activity was only doubled, but the increased activity remained at almost the same level through the whole 1 month period.", "PMID": 413932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7426", "title": "Incorporation of (3H) lysine into the brain and spinal cord of the cebus (Cebus appella) and rhesus (Macacca mulata) monkeys.", "content": "The relative amounts of incorporation of [3H] lysine into various brain areas and segments of the spinal cord in adult Cebus and Rhesus monkeys were studied. One hour after subcutaneous injection of [3H] lysine, animals were sacrificed and the brain and spinal cord samples taken and processed for [3H] lysine incorporation into protein (Lowry et al., 1951; Wells and Bernstein, 1976). Analysis revealed marked differences in metabolism among brain areas within each species of monkey as well as across species. Cortical structures were generally higher in radioactive uptake than subcortical structures in both species. The Cebus monkey had the greatest variation among brain areas, particularyly between cortical regions, whereas the Rhesus monkey did not show cortical variation in uptake. The ratio of incorporated to nonincorporated lysine in the brain and spinal cord was higher in the Rhesus than the Cebus monkey. Both species showed a rostrocaudal gradient of radioactivity following [3H] lysine incorporation into the spinal cord. Considering weight, size, and availability differences, the metabolism of [3H] lysine appears to differ by brain areas and spinal cord segments between species.", "contents": "Incorporation of (3H) lysine into the brain and spinal cord of the cebus (Cebus appella) and rhesus (Macacca mulata) monkeys. The relative amounts of incorporation of [3H] lysine into various brain areas and segments of the spinal cord in adult Cebus and Rhesus monkeys were studied. One hour after subcutaneous injection of [3H] lysine, animals were sacrificed and the brain and spinal cord samples taken and processed for [3H] lysine incorporation into protein (Lowry et al., 1951; Wells and Bernstein, 1976). Analysis revealed marked differences in metabolism among brain areas within each species of monkey as well as across species. Cortical structures were generally higher in radioactive uptake than subcortical structures in both species. The Cebus monkey had the greatest variation among brain areas, particularyly between cortical regions, whereas the Rhesus monkey did not show cortical variation in uptake. The ratio of incorporated to nonincorporated lysine in the brain and spinal cord was higher in the Rhesus than the Cebus monkey. Both species showed a rostrocaudal gradient of radioactivity following [3H] lysine incorporation into the spinal cord. Considering weight, size, and availability differences, the metabolism of [3H] lysine appears to differ by brain areas and spinal cord segments between species.", "PMID": 413933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7427", "title": "Effects of Cannabis sativa on ultrastructure of the synapse in monkey brain.", "content": "Electron microscopic study of brain tissues of monkeys chronically exposed to psychoactive Cannabis showed widening of the synaptic cleft, electron opaque material in the cleft and in pre- and postsynaptic regions, and some \"clumping\" of synaptic vesicles. In contrast, tissues of control monkeys showed no ultrastructural changes.", "contents": "Effects of Cannabis sativa on ultrastructure of the synapse in monkey brain. Electron microscopic study of brain tissues of monkeys chronically exposed to psychoactive Cannabis showed widening of the synaptic cleft, electron opaque material in the cleft and in pre- and postsynaptic regions, and some \"clumping\" of synaptic vesicles. In contrast, tissues of control monkeys showed no ultrastructural changes.", "PMID": 413934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7428", "title": "Adsorption of cyanophage AS-1 to unicellular cyanobacteria and isolation of receptor material from Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "Cells of unicellular cyanobacteria of typological group Ia, containing approximately 50 mol% guanine + cytosine (G+C) in their DNA (R. Y. Stanier, R. Kunisawa, M. Mandel, and G. Cohen-Bazire, Bacteriol. Rev. 35:171-205, 1971), were susceptible to infection by the cyanophage AS-1. Cyanobacteria of the same typological group, containing approximately 65 mol% G+C in their DNA, did not adsorb the cyanophage AS-1 or adsorbed it at a low rate. AS-1 was not propagated by any of the investigated strains with a high G+C content in their DNA. However, cells of strains 6907 and 6911 were lysed by cyanophage AS-1. A comparison of the host range of this phage with the lipopolysaccharide composition of host and non-host cell walls suggests that lipopolysaccharides are involved in the adsorption process. About 8 microgram of lipopolysaccharide per ml from host strains inactivated 50% of the particles of a solution containing 100 PFU/ml after 60 min of incubation at 30 degrees C. Material with receptor activity was extracted from the host strain Anacystis nidulans KM. The extract was purified of glycolipids and pigments, and a fraction showing receptor activity was isolated. This fraction contained three polypeptides of molecular weights between 54,000 and 64,000. Heat and protease treatment of whole cells and of isolated receptor material decreased the receptor activity. The fluorescence intensity of A. nidulans cells labeled with 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate was increased when AS-1 was adsorbed to these cells. The participation of lipopolysaccharides and proteins in the formation of the receptor complex is discussed.", "contents": "Adsorption of cyanophage AS-1 to unicellular cyanobacteria and isolation of receptor material from Anacystis nidulans. Cells of unicellular cyanobacteria of typological group Ia, containing approximately 50 mol% guanine + cytosine (G+C) in their DNA (R. Y. Stanier, R. Kunisawa, M. Mandel, and G. Cohen-Bazire, Bacteriol. Rev. 35:171-205, 1971), were susceptible to infection by the cyanophage AS-1. Cyanobacteria of the same typological group, containing approximately 65 mol% G+C in their DNA, did not adsorb the cyanophage AS-1 or adsorbed it at a low rate. AS-1 was not propagated by any of the investigated strains with a high G+C content in their DNA. However, cells of strains 6907 and 6911 were lysed by cyanophage AS-1. A comparison of the host range of this phage with the lipopolysaccharide composition of host and non-host cell walls suggests that lipopolysaccharides are involved in the adsorption process. About 8 microgram of lipopolysaccharide per ml from host strains inactivated 50% of the particles of a solution containing 100 PFU/ml after 60 min of incubation at 30 degrees C. Material with receptor activity was extracted from the host strain Anacystis nidulans KM. The extract was purified of glycolipids and pigments, and a fraction showing receptor activity was isolated. This fraction contained three polypeptides of molecular weights between 54,000 and 64,000. Heat and protease treatment of whole cells and of isolated receptor material decreased the receptor activity. The fluorescence intensity of A. nidulans cells labeled with 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate was increased when AS-1 was adsorbed to these cells. The participation of lipopolysaccharides and proteins in the formation of the receptor complex is discussed.", "PMID": 413935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7429", "title": "Transcriptional specificity of a multisubunit RNA polymerase induced by Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS2.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis phage PBS2 induced the synthesis of two temporally defined categories of phage-specified transcripts. The transcription of phage \"early\" genes was induced almost immediately after infection; this RNA synthesis did not require phage protein synthesis. Phage \"late\" gene transcription, on the other hand, was induced at an intermediate time in the lytic cycle; this RNA synthesis required the production of phage proteins. Both classes of transcription were resistant to the drug rifampin and, therefore, apparently did not require the rifampin-sensitive component of the host RNA polymerase. A rifampin-resistant, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase was purified from bacteria infected with PBS2. The highly purified phage polymerase consisted of five distinct subunits that remained associated during zone centrifugation, isoelectric focusing, and disc gel electrophoresis. The synthesis of each of the five polypeptides was induced at an intermediate time in the phage lytic cycle. As judged by hybridization competition, hybridization to DNA restriction fragments, and RNA-RNA annealing, the phage-induced RNA polymerase preferentially and asymmetrically transcribed PBS2 late genes in vitro. These findings suggest that the PBS2 RNA polymerase controls the expression of phage genes late in the lytic cycle.", "contents": "Transcriptional specificity of a multisubunit RNA polymerase induced by Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS2. Bacillus subtilis phage PBS2 induced the synthesis of two temporally defined categories of phage-specified transcripts. The transcription of phage \"early\" genes was induced almost immediately after infection; this RNA synthesis did not require phage protein synthesis. Phage \"late\" gene transcription, on the other hand, was induced at an intermediate time in the lytic cycle; this RNA synthesis required the production of phage proteins. Both classes of transcription were resistant to the drug rifampin and, therefore, apparently did not require the rifampin-sensitive component of the host RNA polymerase. A rifampin-resistant, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase was purified from bacteria infected with PBS2. The highly purified phage polymerase consisted of five distinct subunits that remained associated during zone centrifugation, isoelectric focusing, and disc gel electrophoresis. The synthesis of each of the five polypeptides was induced at an intermediate time in the phage lytic cycle. As judged by hybridization competition, hybridization to DNA restriction fragments, and RNA-RNA annealing, the phage-induced RNA polymerase preferentially and asymmetrically transcribed PBS2 late genes in vitro. These findings suggest that the PBS2 RNA polymerase controls the expression of phage genes late in the lytic cycle.", "PMID": 413936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7430", "title": "The effect of intravesical thio-tepa on normal and tumor urothelium.", "content": "Intravesical thio-tepa instillations for 55 patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma were evaluated prospectively in the treatment of residual disease (therapeutic) and the prevention of recurrence (prophylactic). The over-all response rate to therapeutic thio-tepa was 56 per cent, with toxicity observed in 26 per cent of the cases. Patients with microscopic residual tumor showed better response and less toxicity than those with gross residual tumor. Prophylactic thio-tepa had no effect in lowering recurrence rates. Examination of pre-treatment and post-treatment biopsies showed no worsening of atypia and no correlation between improvement in atypia and gross tumor response. A charcteristic post-treatment thio-tepa effect was observed in non-tumorous urothelium but not in tumor biopsies. The differentiation of such thio-tepa effect cells from pre-malignant atypical cells is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of intravesical thio-tepa on normal and tumor urothelium. Intravesical thio-tepa instillations for 55 patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma were evaluated prospectively in the treatment of residual disease (therapeutic) and the prevention of recurrence (prophylactic). The over-all response rate to therapeutic thio-tepa was 56 per cent, with toxicity observed in 26 per cent of the cases. Patients with microscopic residual tumor showed better response and less toxicity than those with gross residual tumor. Prophylactic thio-tepa had no effect in lowering recurrence rates. Examination of pre-treatment and post-treatment biopsies showed no worsening of atypia and no correlation between improvement in atypia and gross tumor response. A charcteristic post-treatment thio-tepa effect was observed in non-tumorous urothelium but not in tumor biopsies. The differentiation of such thio-tepa effect cells from pre-malignant atypical cells is discussed.", "PMID": 413937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7431", "title": "Immunologic staging of prostatic carcinoma: three years of experience.", "content": "The immunological specificity of prostatic acid phosphatase has been demonstrated previously in the laboratory and used in a small number of patients. Our findings in 96 patients using gel immunodiffusion with an acid phosphatase antiserum in the study of bone marrow aspirates and lymph nodes are reported.", "contents": "Immunologic staging of prostatic carcinoma: three years of experience. The immunological specificity of prostatic acid phosphatase has been demonstrated previously in the laboratory and used in a small number of patients. Our findings in 96 patients using gel immunodiffusion with an acid phosphatase antiserum in the study of bone marrow aspirates and lymph nodes are reported.", "PMID": 413938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7432", "title": "Nosocomial meningitis and bacteremia due to contaminated amphotericin B.", "content": "Nosocomial Gram-negative bacillary meningitis and bacteremia occurred in a patient who was receiving intrathecal and intravenous amphotericin B. An epidemiologic investigation found the amphotericin B to be contaminated with Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and P aeruginosa. These contaminants were traced to a lot ot sodium phosphate buffer that was added to all intrathecal and intravenous amphotericin B preparations. The phosphate buffer underwent prolonged storage at room temperature and was not subject to terminal sterilization nor sterility testing. This parenteral admixture prepared in the hospital is now steam autoclaved and sterility tested before use.", "contents": "Nosocomial meningitis and bacteremia due to contaminated amphotericin B. Nosocomial Gram-negative bacillary meningitis and bacteremia occurred in a patient who was receiving intrathecal and intravenous amphotericin B. An epidemiologic investigation found the amphotericin B to be contaminated with Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and P aeruginosa. These contaminants were traced to a lot ot sodium phosphate buffer that was added to all intrathecal and intravenous amphotericin B preparations. The phosphate buffer underwent prolonged storage at room temperature and was not subject to terminal sterilization nor sterility testing. This parenteral admixture prepared in the hospital is now steam autoclaved and sterility tested before use.", "PMID": 413939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7433", "title": "Expected hemotherapy in elective surgery. A follow-up.", "content": "Preoperative cross match guidelines were developed from a review of elective surgical hemotherapy. Six elective surgical procedures were studied prospectively to determine the effectiveness of the recommendations. All six procedures demonstrated a substantial reduction in preoperative cross match ordering during the study period, although for only one procedure was the guidelines' recommendation followed strictly. For those procedures that rarely required hemotherapy, an ABO-Rh typing and an antibody detection test were recommended as a preoperative study without a cross match. Through education of the clinical staff, successful establishment of these guidelines can lead to substantial monetary savings, reduced blood outdating, and a decreased blood bank workload with a more appropriate allocation of the technologists' time and effort.", "contents": "Expected hemotherapy in elective surgery. A follow-up. Preoperative cross match guidelines were developed from a review of elective surgical hemotherapy. Six elective surgical procedures were studied prospectively to determine the effectiveness of the recommendations. All six procedures demonstrated a substantial reduction in preoperative cross match ordering during the study period, although for only one procedure was the guidelines' recommendation followed strictly. For those procedures that rarely required hemotherapy, an ABO-Rh typing and an antibody detection test were recommended as a preoperative study without a cross match. Through education of the clinical staff, successful establishment of these guidelines can lead to substantial monetary savings, reduced blood outdating, and a decreased blood bank workload with a more appropriate allocation of the technologists' time and effort.", "PMID": 413941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7434", "title": "Formulating priorities for quality assurance activity. Description of a method and its application.", "content": "Quality assurance activity seems to have had little documented impact in terms of improving patient health or reducing care costs. One reason may be the lack of a practical and effective decision process for selecting priority areas where improvement of health or any other target outcome will most likely be achieved. This article describes a structured procedure for meeting this need. In addition, results of 14 years of quality assurance experience with structured and nonstructured topic selection procedures in 23 multispecialty group clinics and their associated hospitals are briefly reviewed. On the basis of this experience it is suggested that this priority method is both feasible and practical and can be recommended for application to most quality assurance systems. It is especially suited for planning medical care evaluation studies of the Professional Standards Review Organizations or the performance evaluation projects of the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Hospitals.", "contents": "Formulating priorities for quality assurance activity. Description of a method and its application. Quality assurance activity seems to have had little documented impact in terms of improving patient health or reducing care costs. One reason may be the lack of a practical and effective decision process for selecting priority areas where improvement of health or any other target outcome will most likely be achieved. This article describes a structured procedure for meeting this need. In addition, results of 14 years of quality assurance experience with structured and nonstructured topic selection procedures in 23 multispecialty group clinics and their associated hospitals are briefly reviewed. On the basis of this experience it is suggested that this priority method is both feasible and practical and can be recommended for application to most quality assurance systems. It is especially suited for planning medical care evaluation studies of the Professional Standards Review Organizations or the performance evaluation projects of the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Hospitals.", "PMID": 413942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7435", "title": "Habits and dietary pattern of cases of carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx.", "content": "In 1192 biopsy proven cases of carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx information was collected on the use of various chewing, smoking, and eating habits. The quantity used and the duration of use were also recorded. Information was also collected on the frequency of use of cereals, dairy products, meat, fish, fruits and vegetables. The information from carcinoma cases was compared with that from apparently healthy individuals.", "contents": "Habits and dietary pattern of cases of carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. In 1192 biopsy proven cases of carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx information was collected on the use of various chewing, smoking, and eating habits. The quantity used and the duration of use were also recorded. Information was also collected on the frequency of use of cereals, dairy products, meat, fish, fruits and vegetables. The information from carcinoma cases was compared with that from apparently healthy individuals.", "PMID": 413946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7436", "title": "Aflatoxin and liver cancer in Karachi, a preliminary survey.", "content": "A cause and effect relationship of Aflatoxin and liver cancer is well established. The incidence of liver cancer is 3.6% in Karachi (Zuberi et al., 1976) and Aflatoxins have been detected in 43% of 28 samples of food analysed in this study. The long term ingestion of aflatoxin with food may have some effect on the existing pattern of liver cancer in Karachi.", "contents": "Aflatoxin and liver cancer in Karachi, a preliminary survey. A cause and effect relationship of Aflatoxin and liver cancer is well established. The incidence of liver cancer is 3.6% in Karachi (Zuberi et al., 1976) and Aflatoxins have been detected in 43% of 28 samples of food analysed in this study. The long term ingestion of aflatoxin with food may have some effect on the existing pattern of liver cancer in Karachi.", "PMID": 413948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7437", "title": "Patients with acute poisoning seen in the department of intensive care-Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi.", "content": "A review of 157 cases of acute poisoning admitted to the intensive care unit shows that poisoning was responsible for 40 15% of the cases treated at this unit between 15th January to 31st December, 1976. Inspite of limited facilities the over all mortality from acute poisoning was 9.5% while that due to organo-phosphorus insecticides alone was 7%. A considerable infrequency of organophosphorus insecticides poisoning was observed in developed countries when their data was compared with the present series.", "contents": "Patients with acute poisoning seen in the department of intensive care-Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. A review of 157 cases of acute poisoning admitted to the intensive care unit shows that poisoning was responsible for 40 15% of the cases treated at this unit between 15th January to 31st December, 1976. Inspite of limited facilities the over all mortality from acute poisoning was 9.5% while that due to organo-phosphorus insecticides alone was 7%. A considerable infrequency of organophosphorus insecticides poisoning was observed in developed countries when their data was compared with the present series.", "PMID": 413951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7438", "title": "Organo-phosphorus insecticide poisoning-review of 53 cases.", "content": "A review of 53 cases of organo-phosphorus insecticide poisoning admitted to the department of intensive care at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre between 15th January to 31st December, 1976 has shown that these insecticides form a majority of the causes of acute poisoning and are associated with a comparatively high mortality rate. Out of a total of 157 cases of acute poisoning admitted to the department, 34% were cases of organo-phosphorus insecticide poisoning forming 13 5% of the total admissions. These insecticides being easily accessible, are frequently used as suicidal agents specially by uneducated housewives. They are highly toxic and their management is very complicated. Of a total of 15 deaths from poisoning, 11 (73%) were due to this cause. This being such a common mode of poisoning in our country, we have presented here our experience of the clinical features and management of these cases.", "contents": "Organo-phosphorus insecticide poisoning-review of 53 cases. A review of 53 cases of organo-phosphorus insecticide poisoning admitted to the department of intensive care at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre between 15th January to 31st December, 1976 has shown that these insecticides form a majority of the causes of acute poisoning and are associated with a comparatively high mortality rate. Out of a total of 157 cases of acute poisoning admitted to the department, 34% were cases of organo-phosphorus insecticide poisoning forming 13 5% of the total admissions. These insecticides being easily accessible, are frequently used as suicidal agents specially by uneducated housewives. They are highly toxic and their management is very complicated. Of a total of 15 deaths from poisoning, 11 (73%) were due to this cause. This being such a common mode of poisoning in our country, we have presented here our experience of the clinical features and management of these cases.", "PMID": 413952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7439", "title": "Trace element analysis: a diagnostic tool.", "content": "Human body continuously assimilates a variety of elements from the environment and the concentration of these elements in blood is regulated by means of various homeostatic mechanisms. Some of the elements, though present in very small amounts perform highly specialized functions in initiating many biochemical reactions. These elements, known as essential trace elements, are closely related to human diseases as their deficiency or excess induces physiological changes. Many diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes etc are related to trace element imbalance. Therefore the measurement of trace elements in body fluids and tissues can be effectively employed for diagnostic tests.", "contents": "Trace element analysis: a diagnostic tool. Human body continuously assimilates a variety of elements from the environment and the concentration of these elements in blood is regulated by means of various homeostatic mechanisms. Some of the elements, though present in very small amounts perform highly specialized functions in initiating many biochemical reactions. These elements, known as essential trace elements, are closely related to human diseases as their deficiency or excess induces physiological changes. Many diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes etc are related to trace element imbalance. Therefore the measurement of trace elements in body fluids and tissues can be effectively employed for diagnostic tests.", "PMID": 413953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7440", "title": "Restoration of the infectivity of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi to susceptible animals by passage in athymic nude mice.", "content": "Restoration of the infectivity of three prototypes of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (i.e., Gillium, Karp and Kato strains) was examined to obtain each antiserum for the diagnosis of rickettsiosis and to prepare target antigens. When successively passed in embryonated yolk sac, rickettsiae gradually lost their infectivity to susceptible animals; after several passages in mice only Kato strain retained infectivity and others became completely avirulent. When these strains were passaged in athymic nude mice only once, they restored even stronger infectivity than original ones to other animals. The infectivity was retained in further passages in BALB/c, DDD mice or in guinea pigs. Thus excellent strain specific antisera were produced in guinea pigs, enabling defined diagnosis of rickettsial infection. Furthermore, successful restoration of the infectivity is expected to contribute to the studies on pathogenesis of rickettsiosis.", "contents": "Restoration of the infectivity of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi to susceptible animals by passage in athymic nude mice. Restoration of the infectivity of three prototypes of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (i.e., Gillium, Karp and Kato strains) was examined to obtain each antiserum for the diagnosis of rickettsiosis and to prepare target antigens. When successively passed in embryonated yolk sac, rickettsiae gradually lost their infectivity to susceptible animals; after several passages in mice only Kato strain retained infectivity and others became completely avirulent. When these strains were passaged in athymic nude mice only once, they restored even stronger infectivity than original ones to other animals. The infectivity was retained in further passages in BALB/c, DDD mice or in guinea pigs. Thus excellent strain specific antisera were produced in guinea pigs, enabling defined diagnosis of rickettsial infection. Furthermore, successful restoration of the infectivity is expected to contribute to the studies on pathogenesis of rickettsiosis.", "PMID": 413961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7441", "title": "Infection protective property of the common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its chemical composition.", "content": "The protein moiety (OEP) of the endotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a proteinaceous compound composed of possessing 77% protein and a small amount of lipid and sugar. The antigen has been proved to possess a common protective property against P. aeruginosa infections regardless of serotype and also to possess an antigen common to all the serotype strains of P. aeruginosa. When OEP was subjected to protease digestion, (protease-treated OEP) the protein content was reduced to 17% without a change in the lipid and sugar composition. The protease-treated OEP was no longer found to possess a serologically common antigen and was also found to have lost the common protective property against infections due to all the serotypes of P. aeruginosa. In conclusion, a serologically common antigen (OEP) as well as a common infection protective property was found to reside in a protein portion of the antigen.", "contents": "Infection protective property of the common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its chemical composition. The protein moiety (OEP) of the endotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a proteinaceous compound composed of possessing 77% protein and a small amount of lipid and sugar. The antigen has been proved to possess a common protective property against P. aeruginosa infections regardless of serotype and also to possess an antigen common to all the serotype strains of P. aeruginosa. When OEP was subjected to protease digestion, (protease-treated OEP) the protein content was reduced to 17% without a change in the lipid and sugar composition. The protease-treated OEP was no longer found to possess a serologically common antigen and was also found to have lost the common protective property against infections due to all the serotypes of P. aeruginosa. In conclusion, a serologically common antigen (OEP) as well as a common infection protective property was found to reside in a protein portion of the antigen.", "PMID": 413962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7442", "title": "Encephalomyelitis induced by canine distemper virus in non-human primates.", "content": "A strain of canine distemper virus was shown to be highly neuro-virulent in non-human primates. Intracerebral inoculation induced in monkeys histological lesions of encephalomyelitis, i.e., degenerative changes consisting mainly of neuronal damage and inflammatory changes such as perivascular cuffings and glial proliferation, in wide areas in the brain and spinal cord. In one monkey observed for 70 days, lesions with a tendency of subacute sclerosing were also noticed. Immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide or antithymocyte serum was found to aggravate the clinical course and to modify the histological lesions in the central nervous system as well as the level of antibody response to the virus in cerebrospinal fluid. Possible application of distemper encephalomyelitis in monkeys as a primate model for analysis of the immune mechanism involved in paramyxovirus-induced encephalomyelitis was discussed.", "contents": "Encephalomyelitis induced by canine distemper virus in non-human primates. A strain of canine distemper virus was shown to be highly neuro-virulent in non-human primates. Intracerebral inoculation induced in monkeys histological lesions of encephalomyelitis, i.e., degenerative changes consisting mainly of neuronal damage and inflammatory changes such as perivascular cuffings and glial proliferation, in wide areas in the brain and spinal cord. In one monkey observed for 70 days, lesions with a tendency of subacute sclerosing were also noticed. Immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide or antithymocyte serum was found to aggravate the clinical course and to modify the histological lesions in the central nervous system as well as the level of antibody response to the virus in cerebrospinal fluid. Possible application of distemper encephalomyelitis in monkeys as a primate model for analysis of the immune mechanism involved in paramyxovirus-induced encephalomyelitis was discussed.", "PMID": 413963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7443", "title": "Chloride-induced contraction in a skinned fiber of toad striated muscle.", "content": "Cl- -induced contraction was studied in a skinned fiber dissected from toad sartorius muscle. When K-methanesulphonate in a relaxing solution was replaced isotonically with KCl, the skinned fiber contracted due to 'depolarization'-induced Ca++ release on the SR. Contraction was induced by superfusing the fiber with solutions containing different concentrations of Cl-. In the presence of 2 mM EGTA, the Cl- -induced contraction developed when the relaxing solution was replaced by a Cl- solution which contained up to 20 mM Cl-, while contraction started at 15 mM-Cl- in the presence of 0.5 mM EGTA. The peak tension of the Cl- -induced contraction depended on Cl- concentration without obeying the all-or-none law. When the fiber was treated with 1.5 mM caffeine, the threshold for the Cl- -induced contraction was significantly lowered. In spite of previous application of Cl- at different concentrations below 80 mM, the skinned fiber contracted by sudden increase in Cl- concentration, and the tension versus Cl- concentration curve revealed almost the same shape as that in a fiber equilibrated with Cl- -free solution. This suggests that the SR membrane is repolarized after transient depolarization caused by elevation of Cl- concentration.", "contents": "Chloride-induced contraction in a skinned fiber of toad striated muscle. Cl- -induced contraction was studied in a skinned fiber dissected from toad sartorius muscle. When K-methanesulphonate in a relaxing solution was replaced isotonically with KCl, the skinned fiber contracted due to 'depolarization'-induced Ca++ release on the SR. Contraction was induced by superfusing the fiber with solutions containing different concentrations of Cl-. In the presence of 2 mM EGTA, the Cl- -induced contraction developed when the relaxing solution was replaced by a Cl- solution which contained up to 20 mM Cl-, while contraction started at 15 mM-Cl- in the presence of 0.5 mM EGTA. The peak tension of the Cl- -induced contraction depended on Cl- concentration without obeying the all-or-none law. When the fiber was treated with 1.5 mM caffeine, the threshold for the Cl- -induced contraction was significantly lowered. In spite of previous application of Cl- at different concentrations below 80 mM, the skinned fiber contracted by sudden increase in Cl- concentration, and the tension versus Cl- concentration curve revealed almost the same shape as that in a fiber equilibrated with Cl- -free solution. This suggests that the SR membrane is repolarized after transient depolarization caused by elevation of Cl- concentration.", "PMID": 413999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7444", "title": "Time- and Na-dependent effects of Ca depletion on potassium contracture in frog twitch muscle fiber.", "content": "The effect of the extracellular Ca depletion on potassium contracture was investigated in single fibers isolated from frog semitendinosus muscle mainly in relation to its time and Na dependency. The shortening of plateau duration and the increase in the rate of relaxation of the potassium contracture appeared within 3--5 sec and 15 sec, respectively, after the fiber was immersed in Ca-free Na Ringer solution containing 1 mM ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) (EGTA-Na Ringer solution) or Ca-free choline Ringer solution containing 1 mM (EGTA (EGTA-choline Ringer solution). These effects were independent of the presence or absence of extracellular Na. In EGTA-Na Ringer solution, the potassium contracture tension was inhibited only by about 20% after 20--90 min and was abolished after 120 min. The inhibition of the peak tension was accelerated by the depletion of extracellular Na; in EGTA-choline Ringer solution, the tension was gradually inhibited by about 20% during the first 7 min and abolished after 10--12 min. When the peak tension of potassium contracture was abolished in EGTA-choline Ringer solution, the depolarization by Ca depletion was about 10 mV and the caffeine contracture was sufficiently produced. The results suggest that the inhibition of the potassium contracture tension in EGTA-choline Ringer solution is due to the dissociation of excitation-contraction coupling. On the basis of these results, an aspect of the inactivation of the potassium contracture was proposed.", "contents": "Time- and Na-dependent effects of Ca depletion on potassium contracture in frog twitch muscle fiber. The effect of the extracellular Ca depletion on potassium contracture was investigated in single fibers isolated from frog semitendinosus muscle mainly in relation to its time and Na dependency. The shortening of plateau duration and the increase in the rate of relaxation of the potassium contracture appeared within 3--5 sec and 15 sec, respectively, after the fiber was immersed in Ca-free Na Ringer solution containing 1 mM ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) (EGTA-Na Ringer solution) or Ca-free choline Ringer solution containing 1 mM (EGTA (EGTA-choline Ringer solution). These effects were independent of the presence or absence of extracellular Na. In EGTA-Na Ringer solution, the potassium contracture tension was inhibited only by about 20% after 20--90 min and was abolished after 120 min. The inhibition of the peak tension was accelerated by the depletion of extracellular Na; in EGTA-choline Ringer solution, the tension was gradually inhibited by about 20% during the first 7 min and abolished after 10--12 min. When the peak tension of potassium contracture was abolished in EGTA-choline Ringer solution, the depolarization by Ca depletion was about 10 mV and the caffeine contracture was sufficiently produced. The results suggest that the inhibition of the potassium contracture tension in EGTA-choline Ringer solution is due to the dissociation of excitation-contraction coupling. On the basis of these results, an aspect of the inactivation of the potassium contracture was proposed.", "PMID": 414000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7445", "title": "[Case report on a retinal complication in long-term-therapy with oral hormonal contraceptives (author's transl)].", "content": "An exudative retinal process was noticed in a 38-year-old woman who had taken oral hormonal contraceptives for about 8 years. An incidental finding was a fundus albipunctatus in combination with an euryblepharon. There was further a strange shading in the colour of fundus, perhaps identical with the well known Mizuophenomenon. It seems that the macula is starting point of this phenomenon (Fig. 3). Possibly exudative processes in the plexus chorioidei of brain, also are due to complications in the ZNS from contraceptives.", "contents": "[Case report on a retinal complication in long-term-therapy with oral hormonal contraceptives (author's transl)]. An exudative retinal process was noticed in a 38-year-old woman who had taken oral hormonal contraceptives for about 8 years. An incidental finding was a fundus albipunctatus in combination with an euryblepharon. There was further a strange shading in the colour of fundus, perhaps identical with the well known Mizuophenomenon. It seems that the macula is starting point of this phenomenon (Fig. 3). Possibly exudative processes in the plexus chorioidei of brain, also are due to complications in the ZNS from contraceptives.", "PMID": 414003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7446", "title": "[The oculo-oto-vertebral syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of a combined malformation of the ear (anotia), eye (anophthalmia) and vertebral colum is presented. The distinction from the Goldenhar Syndrome and possible embryologic causes are discussed.", "contents": "[The oculo-oto-vertebral syndrome (author's transl)]. A new case of a combined malformation of the ear (anotia), eye (anophthalmia) and vertebral colum is presented. The distinction from the Goldenhar Syndrome and possible embryologic causes are discussed.", "PMID": 414017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7447", "title": "[Central nervous manifestations of neurofibromatosis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Serious central nervous manifestation of neurofibromatosis have been reported in 11 children aged 1,5-12 years. According to the present literature we conclude: 1. Central nervous lesions of neurofibromatosis are common even in childhood. 2. About two thirds of these patients suffer from brain tumors. 3. The tumors involve the suprasellar region in many cases. 4. By this localisation endocrine manifestations, especially precocious puberty, are frequent.", "contents": "[Central nervous manifestations of neurofibromatosis in children (author's transl)]. Serious central nervous manifestation of neurofibromatosis have been reported in 11 children aged 1,5-12 years. According to the present literature we conclude: 1. Central nervous lesions of neurofibromatosis are common even in childhood. 2. About two thirds of these patients suffer from brain tumors. 3. The tumors involve the suprasellar region in many cases. 4. By this localisation endocrine manifestations, especially precocious puberty, are frequent.", "PMID": 414018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7448", "title": "[Phenyketonuria associated with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, spondylic dysplasia, left vascular shrinking of adrenal gland (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of a 10 year old girl, who demonstrated the following diseases independent from each other: Phenylketonuria, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, dysplasias of the skeleton, especially dysplasia of the vertebra and finally, left-sided shrinkes adrenal gland, which caused presumably an increased production of androgens with a premature pubarche.", "contents": "[Phenyketonuria associated with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, spondylic dysplasia, left vascular shrinking of adrenal gland (author's transl)]. Report of a 10 year old girl, who demonstrated the following diseases independent from each other: Phenylketonuria, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, dysplasias of the skeleton, especially dysplasia of the vertebra and finally, left-sided shrinkes adrenal gland, which caused presumably an increased production of androgens with a premature pubarche.", "PMID": 414019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7449", "title": "Thoracic duct cannulation of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) for lymphocyte collection: thoracic approach.", "content": "The thoracic duct of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was cannulated with medical grade tubing through a thoracatomy at right interspace 9-10. In 42 monkeys successfully cannulated, a mean of 1.194 x 10(9) lymphocytes was collected in the 70-hour period after surgery. A second collection, 1-3 weeks later, was possible for a shorter period (up to 60 hours) in a portion of these monkeys (15) with a smaller mean yield of lymphocytes (1.076 x 10(9). A third, but still shorter, collection period of up to 48 hours was possible in only five monkeys from which a mean yield of 0.698 x 10(9) lymphocytes was collected. A temporary postoperative weight loss in the monkeys was followed by a return to normal weight several months later.", "contents": "Thoracic duct cannulation of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) for lymphocyte collection: thoracic approach. The thoracic duct of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was cannulated with medical grade tubing through a thoracatomy at right interspace 9-10. In 42 monkeys successfully cannulated, a mean of 1.194 x 10(9) lymphocytes was collected in the 70-hour period after surgery. A second collection, 1-3 weeks later, was possible for a shorter period (up to 60 hours) in a portion of these monkeys (15) with a smaller mean yield of lymphocytes (1.076 x 10(9). A third, but still shorter, collection period of up to 48 hours was possible in only five monkeys from which a mean yield of 0.698 x 10(9) lymphocytes was collected. A temporary postoperative weight loss in the monkeys was followed by a return to normal weight several months later.", "PMID": 414020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7450", "title": "Baseline pulmonary physiologic values for the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "Baseline pulmonary physiologic values were determined on 43 (421-910 g) male and 47 (425-604 g) female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Respiratory rate was found to be 55 +/- 1.9 (SE) breaths per minute for males and 58 +/- 1.7 breaths per minute for females. Tidal volume was 8.9 +/- 0.37 ml for males and 7.5 +/- 0.28 ml for females. Airway resistance for the male was 0.052 +/- 0.006 cm H2O/ml/second; while for the female it was 0.086 +/- 0.011 cm H2O/ml/second. Dynamic compliance was found to be 1.78 +/- 0.15 ml/cm H2O for males and 1.48 +/- 0.124 ml/cm H2O for females. An index of distribution of ventilation was 48 +/- 2.5 breaths for males and 42 +/- 1.7 breaths for females.", "contents": "Baseline pulmonary physiologic values for the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Baseline pulmonary physiologic values were determined on 43 (421-910 g) male and 47 (425-604 g) female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Respiratory rate was found to be 55 +/- 1.9 (SE) breaths per minute for males and 58 +/- 1.7 breaths per minute for females. Tidal volume was 8.9 +/- 0.37 ml for males and 7.5 +/- 0.28 ml for females. Airway resistance for the male was 0.052 +/- 0.006 cm H2O/ml/second; while for the female it was 0.086 +/- 0.011 cm H2O/ml/second. Dynamic compliance was found to be 1.78 +/- 0.15 ml/cm H2O for males and 1.48 +/- 0.124 ml/cm H2O for females. An index of distribution of ventilation was 48 +/- 2.5 breaths for males and 42 +/- 1.7 breaths for females.", "PMID": 414021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7451", "title": "Identification of hemoglobins within individual rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) erythrocytes.", "content": "Rabbit and goat antibodies to monkey adult and fetal hemoglobin were prepared and purified to apparent monospecificity. After conjugation with fluorescein isothiocyanate, the antibodies were employed to identify the hemoglobin types within individual cells in peripheral erythrocyte smears. The percentage of neonatal monkey erythrocytes containing fetal hemoglobin was found to decrease with time. The existence of adult or fetal hemoglobin in the erythrocytes appeared to be mutually exclusive.", "contents": "Identification of hemoglobins within individual rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) erythrocytes. Rabbit and goat antibodies to monkey adult and fetal hemoglobin were prepared and purified to apparent monospecificity. After conjugation with fluorescein isothiocyanate, the antibodies were employed to identify the hemoglobin types within individual cells in peripheral erythrocyte smears. The percentage of neonatal monkey erythrocytes containing fetal hemoglobin was found to decrease with time. The existence of adult or fetal hemoglobin in the erythrocytes appeared to be mutually exclusive.", "PMID": 414023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7452", "title": "Measurement of hemolytic complement and the third component of complement in nonhuman primates.", "content": "Complement, determined by hemolytic assay, and the third component of complement (C3), determined by radial immunodiffusion assay, were measured in nine nonhuman primate species. The species studied were the titi (Callicebus mollach). The sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), the thick-tailed galago or bushbaby (Galago crassicaudatus panganiensis), the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis), the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata), the stumptailed macaque (Macaca speciosa), the yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus), and the black-and-red tamarin (Saguinus nigricollis). Both sheep and bovine erythrocytes were used in the hemolytic complement assays. With the sheep erythrocyte system, sera from four species (yellow baboon, sooty mangabey, bonnet monkey, black-and-red tamarin) had similar titers with both antibody sensitized and non-sensitized erythrocytes. In contrast, the titers obtained using sensitized bovine erythrocytes was always higher than the values obtained using non-sensitized bovine erythrocytes. In all species, the titers for non-sensitized sheep erythrocytes was higher than the titer for non-sensitized bovine erythrocytes. When the species were compared for cross reactivity using the radial immunodiffusion assay for human C3, the rhesus monkey showed the strongest cross reaction; the thick-tailed galago, a prosimian, showed no detectable cross reactivity; and the other species examined showed intermediate degrees of reactivity.", "contents": "Measurement of hemolytic complement and the third component of complement in nonhuman primates. Complement, determined by hemolytic assay, and the third component of complement (C3), determined by radial immunodiffusion assay, were measured in nine nonhuman primate species. The species studied were the titi (Callicebus mollach). The sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), the thick-tailed galago or bushbaby (Galago crassicaudatus panganiensis), the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis), the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata), the stumptailed macaque (Macaca speciosa), the yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus), and the black-and-red tamarin (Saguinus nigricollis). Both sheep and bovine erythrocytes were used in the hemolytic complement assays. With the sheep erythrocyte system, sera from four species (yellow baboon, sooty mangabey, bonnet monkey, black-and-red tamarin) had similar titers with both antibody sensitized and non-sensitized erythrocytes. In contrast, the titers obtained using sensitized bovine erythrocytes was always higher than the values obtained using non-sensitized bovine erythrocytes. In all species, the titers for non-sensitized sheep erythrocytes was higher than the titer for non-sensitized bovine erythrocytes. When the species were compared for cross reactivity using the radial immunodiffusion assay for human C3, the rhesus monkey showed the strongest cross reaction; the thick-tailed galago, a prosimian, showed no detectable cross reactivity; and the other species examined showed intermediate degrees of reactivity.", "PMID": 414024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7453", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Nutritional depletion is a common feature of inflammatory bowel disease. The advent of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has allowed nutritional repletion or maintenance while total bowel rest is achieved. The experience with total parenteral nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease is varied; our recommendations for use of total parenteral nutrition in specific situations are presented with a description of the techniques for administration in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. Nutritional depletion is a common feature of inflammatory bowel disease. The advent of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has allowed nutritional repletion or maintenance while total bowel rest is achieved. The experience with total parenteral nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease is varied; our recommendations for use of total parenteral nutrition in specific situations are presented with a description of the techniques for administration in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.", "PMID": 414029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7454", "title": "Gallstones. The present and future of medical dissolution.", "content": "Adequate concentrations of bile acids and phospholipids are necessary to keep cholesterol in solution in bile. When the amount of cholesterol exceeds the capacity of bile acids and phospholipids to keep the cholesterol in micellar solution, bile becomes supersaturated; then, under appropriate conditions, cholesterol crystals form and gallstones may develop. Current dissolution therapy is aimed at desaturating the bile, thereby shifting the equilibrium of cholesterol from a crystalline phase back toward a micellar state, thus permitting gallstones to dissolve. Chenodeoxycholic acid is the drug being most extensively tested for efficacy in dissolution; at present, it is successful in about 60 per cent of cases. The primary mechanism of action appears to be suppression of biliary secretion of cholesterol. Further experience is needed to confirm the safety of chenodeoxycholic acid, to gain more precision in patient selection, and to determine ideal dose. The role of chenodeoxycholic acid in prophylaxis and in prevention of recurrence needs further study. Other potential agents for dissolution also deserve investigation.", "contents": "Gallstones. The present and future of medical dissolution. Adequate concentrations of bile acids and phospholipids are necessary to keep cholesterol in solution in bile. When the amount of cholesterol exceeds the capacity of bile acids and phospholipids to keep the cholesterol in micellar solution, bile becomes supersaturated; then, under appropriate conditions, cholesterol crystals form and gallstones may develop. Current dissolution therapy is aimed at desaturating the bile, thereby shifting the equilibrium of cholesterol from a crystalline phase back toward a micellar state, thus permitting gallstones to dissolve. Chenodeoxycholic acid is the drug being most extensively tested for efficacy in dissolution; at present, it is successful in about 60 per cent of cases. The primary mechanism of action appears to be suppression of biliary secretion of cholesterol. Further experience is needed to confirm the safety of chenodeoxycholic acid, to gain more precision in patient selection, and to determine ideal dose. The role of chenodeoxycholic acid in prophylaxis and in prevention of recurrence needs further study. Other potential agents for dissolution also deserve investigation.", "PMID": 414030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7455", "title": "[The intramural duodenal diverticulum, a topical variation of the intraluminal duodenal diverticulum (author's transl)].", "content": "The intramural duodenal diverticulum is a topical variation of the intraluminal duodenal diverticulum. It is manifested not before adult age by noncharacteristic upper abdominal symptoms. Diagnosis is made by radiologic examinations, the therapy is excision of the diverticulum. Structure and topography of the diverticulum are explained by its embryological development.", "contents": "[The intramural duodenal diverticulum, a topical variation of the intraluminal duodenal diverticulum (author's transl)]. The intramural duodenal diverticulum is a topical variation of the intraluminal duodenal diverticulum. It is manifested not before adult age by noncharacteristic upper abdominal symptoms. Diagnosis is made by radiologic examinations, the therapy is excision of the diverticulum. Structure and topography of the diverticulum are explained by its embryological development.", "PMID": 414031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7456", "title": "Parameters of thyroid function in patients with active acromegaly.", "content": "In order to determine if acromegaly per se may be associated with abnormalities in thyroidal economy, serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), resin T3 uptake, total and free T4, T3, and reverse T3 concentrations were measured in 21 patients with active acromegaly. Mean (+/- SE) total T4, T3, and reverse T3 levels were 7.1 +/- 0.2 microgram/dl, 111 +/- 4 ng/dl, and 45 +/- 2 ng/dl, respectively, and the mean TBG concentration was 3.6 +/- 0.2 mg/dl. Similarly, mean free T4, T3, and reverse T3 concentrations were 2.4 +/- 0.09 ng/dl, 383 +/- 22 pg/dl, and 118 +/- 7 pg/dl, respectively. None of these values is significantly different from normal and the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone was also normal. In contrast to several earlier reports, these data suggest that parameters of thyroid function are generally normal in patients with active acromegaly.", "contents": "Parameters of thyroid function in patients with active acromegaly. In order to determine if acromegaly per se may be associated with abnormalities in thyroidal economy, serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), resin T3 uptake, total and free T4, T3, and reverse T3 concentrations were measured in 21 patients with active acromegaly. Mean (+/- SE) total T4, T3, and reverse T3 levels were 7.1 +/- 0.2 microgram/dl, 111 +/- 4 ng/dl, and 45 +/- 2 ng/dl, respectively, and the mean TBG concentration was 3.6 +/- 0.2 mg/dl. Similarly, mean free T4, T3, and reverse T3 concentrations were 2.4 +/- 0.09 ng/dl, 383 +/- 22 pg/dl, and 118 +/- 7 pg/dl, respectively. None of these values is significantly different from normal and the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone was also normal. In contrast to several earlier reports, these data suggest that parameters of thyroid function are generally normal in patients with active acromegaly.", "PMID": 414050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7457", "title": "[Glucose transport system and regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli].", "content": "The object of this work was to study the effect of mutations damaging protein components of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) of E. coli on the regulation of the activity of catabolite-sensitive operons. Mutations ptsI and ptsH affecting the activity of the enzyme I and HPr protein made the synthesis of catabolite-sensitive enzymes resistant to the action of glucose, and at the same time decreased the rate of transport of this compound. Mutation tgl affecting the activity of the glucose enzyme II lead to the same effect on the enzyme syntheses, though utilization was not altered in this case. The disturbance of beta-galactosidase synthesis in ptsI and ptsH mutants is due to interference of pts mutations into transcription of the lac operon at the lac promoter level. It is concluded that the proteins of the Escherichia coli PTS take part not only in glucose transport, but are also involved in the regulation of transcription of the catabolite sensitive operons.", "contents": "[Glucose transport system and regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli]. The object of this work was to study the effect of mutations damaging protein components of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) of E. coli on the regulation of the activity of catabolite-sensitive operons. Mutations ptsI and ptsH affecting the activity of the enzyme I and HPr protein made the synthesis of catabolite-sensitive enzymes resistant to the action of glucose, and at the same time decreased the rate of transport of this compound. Mutation tgl affecting the activity of the glucose enzyme II lead to the same effect on the enzyme syntheses, though utilization was not altered in this case. The disturbance of beta-galactosidase synthesis in ptsI and ptsH mutants is due to interference of pts mutations into transcription of the lac operon at the lac promoter level. It is concluded that the proteins of the Escherichia coli PTS take part not only in glucose transport, but are also involved in the regulation of transcription of the catabolite sensitive operons.", "PMID": 414051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7458", "title": "[Bacteria-cortical symbionts of Thichonympha turkestanica, a protozoan from the gut tract of the termite Hodotermes margabicus].", "content": "Intracellular symbiotic bacteria of the flagellate Trichonympha turkestanica located in the surface cortical part of the animal cell are described. The cell structure of the symbionts is typical of gramnegative bacteria, but contains also an additional outer membrane. The membrane is an element of the electron-dense structures which have contacts, at many points, with the kinetosomes or membranes surrounding flagella. A possible functional significance of symbiotic bacteria for the operation of flagella is discussed.", "contents": "[Bacteria-cortical symbionts of Thichonympha turkestanica, a protozoan from the gut tract of the termite Hodotermes margabicus]. Intracellular symbiotic bacteria of the flagellate Trichonympha turkestanica located in the surface cortical part of the animal cell are described. The cell structure of the symbionts is typical of gramnegative bacteria, but contains also an additional outer membrane. The membrane is an element of the electron-dense structures which have contacts, at many points, with the kinetosomes or membranes surrounding flagella. A possible functional significance of symbiotic bacteria for the operation of flagella is discussed.", "PMID": 414052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7459", "title": "[Alkane-induced protein biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa].", "content": "Protein disc-electrophoregrams of cell-free homogenates have been compared in the \"non-adapted\" and \"preliminarily-adapted\" to n-hexane strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A statistically reliable increase in the content of protein by 60 per cent was found in fractions a (M. W. 70,000) and b (M. W. 130,000) when the cells of both strains were gorwn on hexane as compared to the cells cultivated on glucose. The content of protein in each a and b band was about 4 per cent of the total cell protein before the induction by hexane. No differences were found when the cells of the two strains were grown on identical substrates. The induced proteins are supposed to belong to the system of primary oxidation of n-alkanes with short chains and to be localized in the cytoplasm of Ps. aeruginosa.", "contents": "[Alkane-induced protein biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. Protein disc-electrophoregrams of cell-free homogenates have been compared in the \"non-adapted\" and \"preliminarily-adapted\" to n-hexane strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A statistically reliable increase in the content of protein by 60 per cent was found in fractions a (M. W. 70,000) and b (M. W. 130,000) when the cells of both strains were gorwn on hexane as compared to the cells cultivated on glucose. The content of protein in each a and b band was about 4 per cent of the total cell protein before the induction by hexane. No differences were found when the cells of the two strains were grown on identical substrates. The induced proteins are supposed to belong to the system of primary oxidation of n-alkanes with short chains and to be localized in the cytoplasm of Ps. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 414053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7460", "title": "Significance of red-cell irregular antibodies in the obstetric patient.", "content": "Irregular antibodies were identified in 1.3% of obstetric patients who were delivered at the Royal women's Hospital, Melbourne. The most common antibodies found were anti-P1 and anti-Lewis, but, although these antibodies may cause difficulty in obtaining compatible blood if transfusion is required, they were not associated with haemolytic disease of the newborn. Immunization with other irregular antibodies, especially Rhesus subtype and Kell, may occur due to pregnancy alone or follow the combination of pregnancy and incompatible blood transfusion. Irrespective of the initial cause of immunization, these antibodies are often associated with haemolytic disease of the newborn which may be severe enough to result in perinatal death. As most irregular antibodies are found in patients with Rh-positive blood, the need for screening of all antenatal patients in each pregnancy must be recognized.", "contents": "Significance of red-cell irregular antibodies in the obstetric patient. Irregular antibodies were identified in 1.3% of obstetric patients who were delivered at the Royal women's Hospital, Melbourne. The most common antibodies found were anti-P1 and anti-Lewis, but, although these antibodies may cause difficulty in obtaining compatible blood if transfusion is required, they were not associated with haemolytic disease of the newborn. Immunization with other irregular antibodies, especially Rhesus subtype and Kell, may occur due to pregnancy alone or follow the combination of pregnancy and incompatible blood transfusion. Irrespective of the initial cause of immunization, these antibodies are often associated with haemolytic disease of the newborn which may be severe enough to result in perinatal death. As most irregular antibodies are found in patients with Rh-positive blood, the need for screening of all antenatal patients in each pregnancy must be recognized.", "PMID": 414058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7461", "title": "[Lysis from without of a culture of Actinomyces griseus--producer of the antibiotic kormogrizein].", "content": "A polylysogenic culture of Actinomyces griseus 15 producing the antibiotic cormogrisin is sensitive to actinophages, denoted as types 15 I, 15 II and 15 III, which are the virulent mutants of its temperate phages. In certain cases, the variants of Act. griseus 15, obtained by selection and resistant to the phages types 15 I and 15 II, can undergo lysis-from-without by these phages. A study of the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon has shown that the lytic activity is entirely eliminated if the phages have been a titre of 10(9) and higher. The lytic activity is entirely eliminated if the phages have been treated with a specific serum or inactivated by UV. The variants resistant to phage 15 I can adsorb this phage and undergo lysis-from-without at a high multiplicity of infection if only the age of the variant does not exceed 13 hours. The variants resistant to phages 15 I and 15 II can undergo lysis-from-within under the action of phage 15 III. The variants resistant to this phage have acquired this resistance as a result of lysogenization. They have entirely retained the ability to adsorb phage 15 I, but their ability to absorb phage 15 III is much lower. Therefore, the rate of mycelium growth is only slightly inhibited, but the lysis of the culture is not observed, under the action of phage 15 III having titres of 10(9) and 10(10).", "contents": "[Lysis from without of a culture of Actinomyces griseus--producer of the antibiotic kormogrizein]. A polylysogenic culture of Actinomyces griseus 15 producing the antibiotic cormogrisin is sensitive to actinophages, denoted as types 15 I, 15 II and 15 III, which are the virulent mutants of its temperate phages. In certain cases, the variants of Act. griseus 15, obtained by selection and resistant to the phages types 15 I and 15 II, can undergo lysis-from-without by these phages. A study of the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon has shown that the lytic activity is entirely eliminated if the phages have been a titre of 10(9) and higher. The lytic activity is entirely eliminated if the phages have been treated with a specific serum or inactivated by UV. The variants resistant to phage 15 I can adsorb this phage and undergo lysis-from-without at a high multiplicity of infection if only the age of the variant does not exceed 13 hours. The variants resistant to phages 15 I and 15 II can undergo lysis-from-within under the action of phage 15 III. The variants resistant to this phage have acquired this resistance as a result of lysogenization. They have entirely retained the ability to adsorb phage 15 I, but their ability to absorb phage 15 III is much lower. Therefore, the rate of mycelium growth is only slightly inhibited, but the lysis of the culture is not observed, under the action of phage 15 III having titres of 10(9) and 10(10).", "PMID": 414055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7462", "title": "[Metabolism of carotenoids during dark and photooxidative degradation in Anabaena variabilis].", "content": "Changes of carotenoids were studied in the cells of the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis incubated in dark for a long period of time in a phosphate buffer, and also upon photooxidative degradation of the \"dark\" culture, i. e. a culture that had been grown for 8 days and incubated in the darkness for a certain period of time. Incubation in the dark resulted in the formation and accumulation in the cells of two new pigments, xanthophyll-450 and beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione, whose content decreased only with lysis of the culture. The second pigment is presumed to be formed from less oxidized epiphase carotenoids. Dark and photooxidative degradation of the cells is accompanied with an increase in the level of epiphase xanthophylls (particularly, ketoxanthophylls) and a decrease in the level of carotenes and glycoside xanthophylls, whereas the total content of carotenoids decreases.", "contents": "[Metabolism of carotenoids during dark and photooxidative degradation in Anabaena variabilis]. Changes of carotenoids were studied in the cells of the blue-green alga Anabaena variabilis incubated in dark for a long period of time in a phosphate buffer, and also upon photooxidative degradation of the \"dark\" culture, i. e. a culture that had been grown for 8 days and incubated in the darkness for a certain period of time. Incubation in the dark resulted in the formation and accumulation in the cells of two new pigments, xanthophyll-450 and beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione, whose content decreased only with lysis of the culture. The second pigment is presumed to be formed from less oxidized epiphase carotenoids. Dark and photooxidative degradation of the cells is accompanied with an increase in the level of epiphase xanthophylls (particularly, ketoxanthophylls) and a decrease in the level of carotenes and glycoside xanthophylls, whereas the total content of carotenoids decreases.", "PMID": 414056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7463", "title": "[Metabolic products of hydrocarbon-oxidizing strains of Mycococcus lactis and Pseudomonas fluorescens and their influence on culture growth].", "content": "The effect of concentrations of organic acids in the cultural broth on growth was studied with the strains of Mycococcus lactis and Pseudomonas fluorescens oxidizing hydrocarbons. The ratio between the acid and neutral fractions in the cultural broth of Mycococcus lactis was also investigated as well as their action on the bacterial growth. Mycococcus lactis growing on paraffin was found to produce acid and neutral products at a ratio of 1:2. The acid and neutral products of metabolism produced different action on the growth of the carbohydrate oxidizing bacteria. The acid products inhibited the growth at a concentration of organic acids in the medium above 500 mg/litre. The neutral products were partily assimilated by Mycococcus lactis.", "contents": "[Metabolic products of hydrocarbon-oxidizing strains of Mycococcus lactis and Pseudomonas fluorescens and their influence on culture growth]. The effect of concentrations of organic acids in the cultural broth on growth was studied with the strains of Mycococcus lactis and Pseudomonas fluorescens oxidizing hydrocarbons. The ratio between the acid and neutral fractions in the cultural broth of Mycococcus lactis was also investigated as well as their action on the bacterial growth. Mycococcus lactis growing on paraffin was found to produce acid and neutral products at a ratio of 1:2. The acid and neutral products of metabolism produced different action on the growth of the carbohydrate oxidizing bacteria. The acid products inhibited the growth at a concentration of organic acids in the medium above 500 mg/litre. The neutral products were partily assimilated by Mycococcus lactis.", "PMID": 414057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7464", "title": "Synthetic multifunctional proteins: isolation of covalently linked tryptophan synthetase alpha-subunit-lac-repressor-beta-galactosidase chimeras.", "content": "Several E. coli mutants were isolated which produce triple chimeras between one of the trp enzymes lac, repressor and beta-galactosidase. The mutants were isolated as TonB- Lac+ derivatives of a phenotypically Lac- TrpR- strain carrying a lac I+ -Z+ fusion on a phi80dlac phage. The phage is integrated into the chromosome in such a way that the lac and the trp genes are transcribed in the same direction. Of a total of 58 candidates 2 TrpA- and 3 Trp- strains produce triple chimeras. The chimeras from the two TrpA- strians were further examined. They consist of tryptophan synthetase alpha-subunit, lac repressor and beta-galactosidase. In crude extracts of these strains the tryptophan synthetase alpha-subunit part can be identified by its ability to aggregate with the beta-subunit since some of the beta-subunit activity can be precipitated with antiserum against beta-galactosidase. Furthermore beta-galactosidase precipitates with antiserum against tryptophan synthetase alpha-subunit. The lac repressor part is able to bind IPTG, but not lac operator DNA in vitro. The beta-galactosidase part is as unaffected as in the original lac repressor-beta-galactosidase chimera. The molecular weights of both chimeras are 175,000 when determined by SDS gel electrophoresis. The chimeras are partially degraded giving rise to fragments of distinct molecular weights.", "contents": "Synthetic multifunctional proteins: isolation of covalently linked tryptophan synthetase alpha-subunit-lac-repressor-beta-galactosidase chimeras. Several E. coli mutants were isolated which produce triple chimeras between one of the trp enzymes lac, repressor and beta-galactosidase. The mutants were isolated as TonB- Lac+ derivatives of a phenotypically Lac- TrpR- strain carrying a lac I+ -Z+ fusion on a phi80dlac phage. The phage is integrated into the chromosome in such a way that the lac and the trp genes are transcribed in the same direction. Of a total of 58 candidates 2 TrpA- and 3 Trp- strains produce triple chimeras. The chimeras from the two TrpA- strians were further examined. They consist of tryptophan synthetase alpha-subunit, lac repressor and beta-galactosidase. In crude extracts of these strains the tryptophan synthetase alpha-subunit part can be identified by its ability to aggregate with the beta-subunit since some of the beta-subunit activity can be precipitated with antiserum against beta-galactosidase. Furthermore beta-galactosidase precipitates with antiserum against tryptophan synthetase alpha-subunit. The lac repressor part is able to bind IPTG, but not lac operator DNA in vitro. The beta-galactosidase part is as unaffected as in the original lac repressor-beta-galactosidase chimera. The molecular weights of both chimeras are 175,000 when determined by SDS gel electrophoresis. The chimeras are partially degraded giving rise to fragments of distinct molecular weights.", "PMID": 414064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7465", "title": "Macromolecular synthesis in chromosome initiation mutants of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Inactivation of the dna B or dna D gene product in Bacillus subtilis stimulates RNA and protein synthesis. Strains containing ts dna B and D mutations have been constructed by introducing the mutations by transformation into a thymine requiring strain which does not lyse during thymine starvation. The consequences of inactivation of these gene products have been assessed by comparing RNA and protein synthesis during thymine starvation at the restrictive temperature with the recipient strain. In the ts+ strain, there is a doubling in rate of RNA synthesis during thymine starvation. In the ts dna B and D mutations at the restrictive temperature the rate of RNA synthesis increases four fold. By preincubating the mutants in the absence of thymine for one generation at the permissive temperature the two fold increase in rate of RNA synthesis associated with inactivation of the initiation complex can be demonstrated under conditions where the ts+ strain shows a decrease in rate of RNA synthesis. The rate of protein synthesis observed largely reflects the rate of RNA synthesis in all strains. Completion of the chromosome at the restrictive temperature has no significant effect on the rate of RNA synthesis. It is suggested that inactivation of the initiation complex after chromosome initiation could play an important role in control of RNA synthesis in relation to the cell cycle.", "contents": "Macromolecular synthesis in chromosome initiation mutants of Bacillus subtilis. Inactivation of the dna B or dna D gene product in Bacillus subtilis stimulates RNA and protein synthesis. Strains containing ts dna B and D mutations have been constructed by introducing the mutations by transformation into a thymine requiring strain which does not lyse during thymine starvation. The consequences of inactivation of these gene products have been assessed by comparing RNA and protein synthesis during thymine starvation at the restrictive temperature with the recipient strain. In the ts+ strain, there is a doubling in rate of RNA synthesis during thymine starvation. In the ts dna B and D mutations at the restrictive temperature the rate of RNA synthesis increases four fold. By preincubating the mutants in the absence of thymine for one generation at the permissive temperature the two fold increase in rate of RNA synthesis associated with inactivation of the initiation complex can be demonstrated under conditions where the ts+ strain shows a decrease in rate of RNA synthesis. The rate of protein synthesis observed largely reflects the rate of RNA synthesis in all strains. Completion of the chromosome at the restrictive temperature has no significant effect on the rate of RNA synthesis. It is suggested that inactivation of the initiation complex after chromosome initiation could play an important role in control of RNA synthesis in relation to the cell cycle.", "PMID": 414065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7466", "title": "Transformation in Bacillus subtilis: biological and physical evidence for a novel DNA-intermediate in synchronously transforming cells.", "content": "Competent B. subtilis cells exposed to transforming DNA in the presence of EDTA bind, but do not take up DNA. Rapid and almost synchronous uptake of the bound DNA is achieved by the addition of Mg2+ ions in excess of the EDTA. At 30 degrees and at 17 degrees comparable numbers of transformants are produced from cells pre-loaded with DNA at 30 degrees (after termination of uptake by the addition of DNA ase the samples were incubated at 37 degrees). However, almost no transformants are produced when cells are exposed to DNA at 17 degrees, although binding does take place then. Because DNA is taken up at 17 degrees after having loaded the cells at 30 degrees, whereas no uptake occurs after binding at 17 degrees, it is suggested that binding of DNA to the cellular surface involves at least two steps. In DNA re-extracted from cells at 17 degrees, pre-loaded with DNA at 30 degrees, little recombinant type activity is present, indicating that integration is blocked at 17 degrees. However, physico-chemical analysis of the re-extracted DNA indicates that a complex between single-stranded donor DNA and the recipient chromosome is formed at 17 degrees. This complex has a higher buoyant density than donor-recipient complexes formed at 30 degrees.", "contents": "Transformation in Bacillus subtilis: biological and physical evidence for a novel DNA-intermediate in synchronously transforming cells. Competent B. subtilis cells exposed to transforming DNA in the presence of EDTA bind, but do not take up DNA. Rapid and almost synchronous uptake of the bound DNA is achieved by the addition of Mg2+ ions in excess of the EDTA. At 30 degrees and at 17 degrees comparable numbers of transformants are produced from cells pre-loaded with DNA at 30 degrees (after termination of uptake by the addition of DNA ase the samples were incubated at 37 degrees). However, almost no transformants are produced when cells are exposed to DNA at 17 degrees, although binding does take place then. Because DNA is taken up at 17 degrees after having loaded the cells at 30 degrees, whereas no uptake occurs after binding at 17 degrees, it is suggested that binding of DNA to the cellular surface involves at least two steps. In DNA re-extracted from cells at 17 degrees, pre-loaded with DNA at 30 degrees, little recombinant type activity is present, indicating that integration is blocked at 17 degrees. However, physico-chemical analysis of the re-extracted DNA indicates that a complex between single-stranded donor DNA and the recipient chromosome is formed at 17 degrees. This complex has a higher buoyant density than donor-recipient complexes formed at 30 degrees.", "PMID": 414066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7467", "title": "On the dose response in B. subtilis transfection: involvement of aggregates in phi 29 transfection.", "content": "Transfection with phi 29 DNA is predominantly caused by multimolecular, protease-sensitive aggregates of DNA. A minority of transfecting DNA molecules having properties of unit-length phi 29 genome molecules show a quadratic dose response in transfection.", "contents": "On the dose response in B. subtilis transfection: involvement of aggregates in phi 29 transfection. Transfection with phi 29 DNA is predominantly caused by multimolecular, protease-sensitive aggregates of DNA. A minority of transfecting DNA molecules having properties of unit-length phi 29 genome molecules show a quadratic dose response in transfection.", "PMID": 414069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7468", "title": "The phenoloxidases of the ascomycete Podospora anserina. XIII. Action and interaction of genes controlling the formation of laccase.", "content": "1. Eight mutants were isolated following mutagen treatment which are deficient in laccase formation. Seven of these had a pleiotropic effect and exhibited defects in growth rate and in mycelial and sexual morphology. 2. By means of tetrad analysis the mutations were assigned to 6 loci. Three mutations were in the incolora locus, the others were non-allelic. Only two of these loci were closely linked. 3. All genes exhibit numerous interactions. These concern the morphological expression of the laccase genes and also the laccase spectra. 4. The mutants could be separated into four classes on the basis of the amount and type of laccase produced. 5. Five of the loci studied appear to be structural genes because mutations alters the physical properties of the laccase protein. The sixth gene has a regulatory role.", "contents": "The phenoloxidases of the ascomycete Podospora anserina. XIII. Action and interaction of genes controlling the formation of laccase. 1. Eight mutants were isolated following mutagen treatment which are deficient in laccase formation. Seven of these had a pleiotropic effect and exhibited defects in growth rate and in mycelial and sexual morphology. 2. By means of tetrad analysis the mutations were assigned to 6 loci. Three mutations were in the incolora locus, the others were non-allelic. Only two of these loci were closely linked. 3. All genes exhibit numerous interactions. These concern the morphological expression of the laccase genes and also the laccase spectra. 4. The mutants could be separated into four classes on the basis of the amount and type of laccase produced. 5. Five of the loci studied appear to be structural genes because mutations alters the physical properties of the laccase protein. The sixth gene has a regulatory role.", "PMID": 414070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7469", "title": "An adaptive response of E. coli to low levels of alkylating agent: comparison with previously characterised DNA repair pathways.", "content": "We have described previously an inducible response in Escherichia coli which occurs during growth on low levels of the methylating agent, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and which enables cells both to survive better and to be less mutated by a subsequent challenge dose of MNNG than control cultures (Samson and Cairns, 1977). We show here that this response is distinct from previously characterised pathways of DNA repair, and particularly from the SOS response, which is another inducible effect resulting from DNA damage. An examination of the cross-reactivity of this response with other mutagens has shown that it is a generalised mechanism affecting alkylation damage to DNA. It cannot, however, be induced by UV or the UV-mimetic mutagen, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, nor act on lesions put into DNA by those mutagens.", "contents": "An adaptive response of E. coli to low levels of alkylating agent: comparison with previously characterised DNA repair pathways. We have described previously an inducible response in Escherichia coli which occurs during growth on low levels of the methylating agent, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and which enables cells both to survive better and to be less mutated by a subsequent challenge dose of MNNG than control cultures (Samson and Cairns, 1977). We show here that this response is distinct from previously characterised pathways of DNA repair, and particularly from the SOS response, which is another inducible effect resulting from DNA damage. An examination of the cross-reactivity of this response with other mutagens has shown that it is a generalised mechanism affecting alkylation damage to DNA. It cannot, however, be induced by UV or the UV-mimetic mutagen, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, nor act on lesions put into DNA by those mutagens.", "PMID": 414071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7470", "title": "Molecular cloning and in vitro transcription of Bacillus subtilis plasmid in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A composite plasmid (pAT2010) has been constructed in vitro from RSF2124 and Bacillus subtilis IFO3022 plasmid (pAT1060) by covalent joining of the two DNA molecules by means of Escherichia coli DNA ligase through the cohesive ends generated by restriction endonuclease RI (EcoRI) cleavage. The composite plasmid was selected by transformation of E. coliC600r-m- with the ligated mixture after enrichment for composite plasmid by preparative agarose gel electrophoresis, and plating of the transformants on a medium containing ampicillin and colicin E1. Treatment of the composite plasmid with EcoRI yielded two fragments corresponding to the linear forms of the parental plasmids. The composite plasmids replicated as biologically functionally units in E. coli, and expressed genetic information carried by RSF2124. In the presence of chloramphenicol, the composite plasmids continued to replicate and the copy number gradually increased. Such nature of replication in the presence of chloramphenicol is characteristic to RSF2124 derived from colicin E1 factor, and so it is suggested that the replicator of RSF2124 is functional in the composite plasmid. The composite plasmid was found to synthesize mRNA of B. subtilis plasmid in cell-free extracts of E. Coli, by hybridization of the mRNA to the original plasmid DNA of pAT1060.", "contents": "Molecular cloning and in vitro transcription of Bacillus subtilis plasmid in Escherichia coli. A composite plasmid (pAT2010) has been constructed in vitro from RSF2124 and Bacillus subtilis IFO3022 plasmid (pAT1060) by covalent joining of the two DNA molecules by means of Escherichia coli DNA ligase through the cohesive ends generated by restriction endonuclease RI (EcoRI) cleavage. The composite plasmid was selected by transformation of E. coliC600r-m- with the ligated mixture after enrichment for composite plasmid by preparative agarose gel electrophoresis, and plating of the transformants on a medium containing ampicillin and colicin E1. Treatment of the composite plasmid with EcoRI yielded two fragments corresponding to the linear forms of the parental plasmids. The composite plasmids replicated as biologically functionally units in E. coli, and expressed genetic information carried by RSF2124. In the presence of chloramphenicol, the composite plasmids continued to replicate and the copy number gradually increased. Such nature of replication in the presence of chloramphenicol is characteristic to RSF2124 derived from colicin E1 factor, and so it is suggested that the replicator of RSF2124 is functional in the composite plasmid. The composite plasmid was found to synthesize mRNA of B. subtilis plasmid in cell-free extracts of E. Coli, by hybridization of the mRNA to the original plasmid DNA of pAT1060.", "PMID": 414072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7471", "title": "Streptomycin-resistant, asporogenous mutant of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A streptomycin-resistant mutantant of Bacillus subtilis that is also asporogenous, was isolated and partially characterized. This strain, SRB15, sporulated at a frequency of about 1% compared to the wild type frequency of greater than 70%. The two phenotypes were inseparable by transformation, suggesting that this strain carries a single mutation that causes it to be both streptomycin-resistant and spore-minus. The mutation cotransduces with cysA, the closest auxotrophic marker to the \"ribosomal region\" of the B. subtilis chromosome, with a frequency of 68%. SRB15 showed no cross resistence to other antiobiotics tested, including the aminoglycosides kanamycin, neomycin and spectinomycin. Ribosomes obtained from the mutant were at least 200-fold more resistant in vitro to streptomycin than were wild type ribosomes in the translation of phage SPO1 RNA. The kinetics of in vitro translation of this natural message were indistinguishable for mutant and wild type ribosomes. The level of misreading, as measured by poly(U)-directed isoleucine incorporation, by mutant ribosomes was less than that by wild type ribosomes.", "contents": "Streptomycin-resistant, asporogenous mutant of Bacillus subtilis. A streptomycin-resistant mutantant of Bacillus subtilis that is also asporogenous, was isolated and partially characterized. This strain, SRB15, sporulated at a frequency of about 1% compared to the wild type frequency of greater than 70%. The two phenotypes were inseparable by transformation, suggesting that this strain carries a single mutation that causes it to be both streptomycin-resistant and spore-minus. The mutation cotransduces with cysA, the closest auxotrophic marker to the \"ribosomal region\" of the B. subtilis chromosome, with a frequency of 68%. SRB15 showed no cross resistence to other antiobiotics tested, including the aminoglycosides kanamycin, neomycin and spectinomycin. Ribosomes obtained from the mutant were at least 200-fold more resistant in vitro to streptomycin than were wild type ribosomes in the translation of phage SPO1 RNA. The kinetics of in vitro translation of this natural message were indistinguishable for mutant and wild type ribosomes. The level of misreading, as measured by poly(U)-directed isoleucine incorporation, by mutant ribosomes was less than that by wild type ribosomes.", "PMID": 414073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7472", "title": "[Quantitative plasma protein determination as an aid to diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The lack of internationally comparable reference standards for plasma proteins causes problems. For this reason, it is only possible to evaluate the \"accuracy\" of measurements by comparison of methods. Differences in results which may sometimes be based on technical procedure, physical chemistry or biology are gone into with reference to diagnostically important examples such as albumin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen and complement 3. It is shown which plasma protein constellations may frequently be expected in certain reactions and what protein patterns have principal importance in clinical practice, e.g. in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, protein depletion diseases and in liver diseases.", "contents": "[Quantitative plasma protein determination as an aid to diagnosis (author's transl)]. The lack of internationally comparable reference standards for plasma proteins causes problems. For this reason, it is only possible to evaluate the \"accuracy\" of measurements by comparison of methods. Differences in results which may sometimes be based on technical procedure, physical chemistry or biology are gone into with reference to diagnostically important examples such as albumin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen and complement 3. It is shown which plasma protein constellations may frequently be expected in certain reactions and what protein patterns have principal importance in clinical practice, e.g. in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, protein depletion diseases and in liver diseases.", "PMID": 414078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7473", "title": "[Immunohistological investigations and complement analysis in immunological diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunohistological techniques and complement analysis are essential methods of investigation in the diagnosis of immunologically induced disease processes today. Immunopathogenesis or participation of immunological reactions in inflammatory processes such as glomerulonephritis, dermatitis, arthritis for example, can be detected through immunohistological demonstration of deposits of immunoglobulin and complement in biopsy material. Numerous antibodies against tissue and infection pathogens can be demonstrated in the serum by indirect immunofluorescence techniques.", "contents": "[Immunohistological investigations and complement analysis in immunological diseases (author's transl)]. Immunohistological techniques and complement analysis are essential methods of investigation in the diagnosis of immunologically induced disease processes today. Immunopathogenesis or participation of immunological reactions in inflammatory processes such as glomerulonephritis, dermatitis, arthritis for example, can be detected through immunohistological demonstration of deposits of immunoglobulin and complement in biopsy material. Numerous antibodies against tissue and infection pathogens can be demonstrated in the serum by indirect immunofluorescence techniques.", "PMID": 414079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7474", "title": "[Inflammatory diseases of the vessels. Clinical aspects, immunopathology, characteristic features of therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial obstructive diseases become manifest principally in the great peripheral vessels, visceral symptoms are rare. In the overwhelming majority of inflammatory vascular processes changes in the small arteries are impressive, visceral symptoms are common, in many cases the rule, peripheral occlusive syndromes are exceptions, although possible, and then prognostically especially serious in the individual case. The diagnosis of such vascular processes can be extraordinarily difficult if there is systemic spread because of the great variety of symptoms, and in the individual case may be almost impossible. Principles of classification should contribute to the facilitation of necessary clinical differentiation and lead to the proper therapeutic indication of the fundamental process. But they should also serve for the understanding of those inflammatory vascular diseases whose special position is based on the new scientific knowledge of immunopathology.", "contents": "[Inflammatory diseases of the vessels. Clinical aspects, immunopathology, characteristic features of therapy (author's transl)]. Arterial obstructive diseases become manifest principally in the great peripheral vessels, visceral symptoms are rare. In the overwhelming majority of inflammatory vascular processes changes in the small arteries are impressive, visceral symptoms are common, in many cases the rule, peripheral occlusive syndromes are exceptions, although possible, and then prognostically especially serious in the individual case. The diagnosis of such vascular processes can be extraordinarily difficult if there is systemic spread because of the great variety of symptoms, and in the individual case may be almost impossible. Principles of classification should contribute to the facilitation of necessary clinical differentiation and lead to the proper therapeutic indication of the fundamental process. But they should also serve for the understanding of those inflammatory vascular diseases whose special position is based on the new scientific knowledge of immunopathology.", "PMID": 414080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7475", "title": "[Problems of cancer immunotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Active immunization has received a new impulse most recently through the treatment of tumor cells with the enzyme neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae. There is no passive specific immunotherapy in humans. In the field of unspecific active immunotherapy there are very many, partly contradictory, findings, especially with BCG, Corynebacterium parvum and preparations from these and other organisms. A cellularly transmitted immunity has been attempted, but so far without very encouraging results. It must be emphasized that all these statements refer to humans.", "contents": "[Problems of cancer immunotherapy (author's transl)]. Active immunization has received a new impulse most recently through the treatment of tumor cells with the enzyme neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae. There is no passive specific immunotherapy in humans. In the field of unspecific active immunotherapy there are very many, partly contradictory, findings, especially with BCG, Corynebacterium parvum and preparations from these and other organisms. A cellularly transmitted immunity has been attempted, but so far without very encouraging results. It must be emphasized that all these statements refer to humans.", "PMID": 414081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7476", "title": "[Hypothesis for the use of levamisole in rheumatic diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "For years the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis has been based on the assumption that the autoimmune processes and bone lesions occuring in rheumatic patients are due to inflammatory and immune reactions. Treatment was aimed at restricting these reactions. But various investigators have come to the conviction that the primary factor is not an immunological hyperreactivity but an immunodeficiency in autoimmune diseases. The immunotherapeutic use of transfer factor, BCG and levamisole in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is based on this hypothesis. From the fact that a therapeutic effect is demonstrable in such patients treated with levamisole, the theory that rheumatoid arthritis is an immunodeficiency disease should be accorded greater importance.", "contents": "[Hypothesis for the use of levamisole in rheumatic diseases (author's transl)]. For years the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis has been based on the assumption that the autoimmune processes and bone lesions occuring in rheumatic patients are due to inflammatory and immune reactions. Treatment was aimed at restricting these reactions. But various investigators have come to the conviction that the primary factor is not an immunological hyperreactivity but an immunodeficiency in autoimmune diseases. The immunotherapeutic use of transfer factor, BCG and levamisole in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is based on this hypothesis. From the fact that a therapeutic effect is demonstrable in such patients treated with levamisole, the theory that rheumatoid arthritis is an immunodeficiency disease should be accorded greater importance.", "PMID": 414082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7477", "title": "[Immunostimulation in the treatment of chronic joint rheumatism (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of a Double Blind Study: In a randomized double blind study, 22 patients were treated with levamisole. The intention was to find out whether immunostimulation would have a favorable influence on rheumatic complaints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and whether an objectifiable improvement of the synovial reaction can be obtained. The course was monitored with an extensive laboratory diagnostic program in 13 patients treated with levamisole and 9 patients with placebo. The medicament did not cause a pseudo-LE syndrome. In the overall result, 84.6% of the patients were significantly improved compared to 33.3% of the placebo group. Gastric complaints were occasionally seen as side effects. In one patient, the treatment had to be interrupted several times because of recurrent leukopenia and was prematurely ended in the 21st week.", "contents": "[Immunostimulation in the treatment of chronic joint rheumatism (author's transl)]. Results of a Double Blind Study: In a randomized double blind study, 22 patients were treated with levamisole. The intention was to find out whether immunostimulation would have a favorable influence on rheumatic complaints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and whether an objectifiable improvement of the synovial reaction can be obtained. The course was monitored with an extensive laboratory diagnostic program in 13 patients treated with levamisole and 9 patients with placebo. The medicament did not cause a pseudo-LE syndrome. In the overall result, 84.6% of the patients were significantly improved compared to 33.3% of the placebo group. Gastric complaints were occasionally seen as side effects. In one patient, the treatment had to be interrupted several times because of recurrent leukopenia and was prematurely ended in the 21st week.", "PMID": 414083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7478", "title": "[Development and trial of a civic disaster plan (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of the changing complexities of the world the potential for disaster changes from day to day. It is, therefore, the responsibility of every community to plan for possible disasters and to alter their plans as the disaster potential for their community changes. \"Exercise London\" showed that a workable community plan can be prepared, and illustrated the errors that can occur in handling a large number of casualties. These errors are now being corrected and, when it seems feasible, another exercise will be carried out.", "contents": "[Development and trial of a civic disaster plan (author's transl)]. Because of the changing complexities of the world the potential for disaster changes from day to day. It is, therefore, the responsibility of every community to plan for possible disasters and to alter their plans as the disaster potential for their community changes. \"Exercise London\" showed that a workable community plan can be prepared, and illustrated the errors that can occur in handling a large number of casualties. These errors are now being corrected and, when it seems feasible, another exercise will be carried out.", "PMID": 414087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7479", "title": "[First aid measures in emergency pediatric surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The type of first aid given to patients requiring emergency pediatric surgery is decisive for the prognosis in many cases. With this aspect in mind, individual disease pictures from the group of connatal deformities (esophageal atresia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, diaphragmatic hernia and defect, myelomeningocele), from emergency surgical situations beyond the neonatal stage (acute abdomen and ileus, esophageal varices, pneumothorax), and accident injuries (blunt abdominal trauma, cranio-cerebral trauma, burns) are selected and the most important first aid measures described. But for all diseases, the general rule for the treatment of all seriously ill children applies: provision of a safe venous access, readiness to intubate, adequate oxygenation and control of the acid-base, water and electrolyte balances.", "contents": "[First aid measures in emergency pediatric surgery (author's transl)]. The type of first aid given to patients requiring emergency pediatric surgery is decisive for the prognosis in many cases. With this aspect in mind, individual disease pictures from the group of connatal deformities (esophageal atresia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, diaphragmatic hernia and defect, myelomeningocele), from emergency surgical situations beyond the neonatal stage (acute abdomen and ileus, esophageal varices, pneumothorax), and accident injuries (blunt abdominal trauma, cranio-cerebral trauma, burns) are selected and the most important first aid measures described. But for all diseases, the general rule for the treatment of all seriously ill children applies: provision of a safe venous access, readiness to intubate, adequate oxygenation and control of the acid-base, water and electrolyte balances.", "PMID": 414088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7480", "title": "[Spa treatment of adiposity. Experiences about more than 1000 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of spa treatment granted by insurance institutions is often called in question. We treated 1070 inpatients at a spa because of extreme overweight. An average weight loss of 5.8 kg was achieved in 4 weeks by 545 men on a weighed 1000 calorie diet. A decrease of 3.7 kg was achieved by 299 women over 45 years of age. With complete fasting for 4 weeks followed by convalescent diet, 88 men lost an average of 16.4 kg while the weight loss in women depended greatly on age. Favorable results can only be obtained by consistent treatment and guidance of the patients. The therapeutic procedure is described in detail and the results are discussed particularly from the point of view of the longterm fitness for work.", "contents": "[Spa treatment of adiposity. Experiences about more than 1000 patients (author's transl)]. The value of spa treatment granted by insurance institutions is often called in question. We treated 1070 inpatients at a spa because of extreme overweight. An average weight loss of 5.8 kg was achieved in 4 weeks by 545 men on a weighed 1000 calorie diet. A decrease of 3.7 kg was achieved by 299 women over 45 years of age. With complete fasting for 4 weeks followed by convalescent diet, 88 men lost an average of 16.4 kg while the weight loss in women depended greatly on age. Favorable results can only be obtained by consistent treatment and guidance of the patients. The therapeutic procedure is described in detail and the results are discussed particularly from the point of view of the longterm fitness for work.", "PMID": 414089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7481", "title": "[Pregnancy in adolescence (author's transl)].", "content": "Pregnant women and maternity patients up to 20 years of age not only have a lower level of education but also neurotic personality traits three times more frequently than pregnant women over the age of 21. This affects the attitude to pregnancy which, in women up to 20 years was a surprise and unwanted twice as often as in women aged from 21 to 30. After the birth women up to 20 years of age wanted to leave the hospital particularly early. Almost half of them wanted to begin work again.", "contents": "[Pregnancy in adolescence (author's transl)]. Pregnant women and maternity patients up to 20 years of age not only have a lower level of education but also neurotic personality traits three times more frequently than pregnant women over the age of 21. This affects the attitude to pregnancy which, in women up to 20 years was a surprise and unwanted twice as often as in women aged from 21 to 30. After the birth women up to 20 years of age wanted to leave the hospital particularly early. Almost half of them wanted to begin work again.", "PMID": 414094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7482", "title": "[Incidence of different types of urinary incontinence (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of different forms of incontinence is reported as a short survey. Particular attention is given to the various opinions on the effect of pregnancy, birth and diminishing ovarian function on the occurrence of closure insufficiency. Also the frequency of urinary incontinence arising from bladder conditions is variously assessed. The proportion is certainly high in \"operation failure\" or recurrent incontinence. Organic causes are only found in a bare fifth of patients with stress incontinence, Iatrogenic urinary incontinence is rare, but imposes particular demands on the attending doctor. Involuntary loss of urine is very widespread among women, but it is relatively seldom found to be troublesome and to require treatment.", "contents": "[Incidence of different types of urinary incontinence (author's transl)]. The incidence of different forms of incontinence is reported as a short survey. Particular attention is given to the various opinions on the effect of pregnancy, birth and diminishing ovarian function on the occurrence of closure insufficiency. Also the frequency of urinary incontinence arising from bladder conditions is variously assessed. The proportion is certainly high in \"operation failure\" or recurrent incontinence. Organic causes are only found in a bare fifth of patients with stress incontinence, Iatrogenic urinary incontinence is rare, but imposes particular demands on the attending doctor. Involuntary loss of urine is very widespread among women, but it is relatively seldom found to be troublesome and to require treatment.", "PMID": 414095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7483", "title": "[Ovulation induction by cyclofenil (author's transl)].", "content": "The ovulation-inducing action of cyclofenil was investigated in 135 sexually mature women aged 20--35 years. The patients were only included in the trial if no ovulation in 2 consecutive cycles with the following criteria: basal temperature, cervix score, ascorbic acid retention, basophil count, serum hormone levels, e. g. LH and progesterone and the estrogens in the 24-hour urine could be determined. Ovulation was only considered to have occurred when all the parameters named indicated it. The lack of ovulation was accompanied by amenorrhea in 21 of the 135 patients. The ovulation rate in the 241 cycles observed was 101, corresponding to 42%. In the 114 patients with anovulatory cycles, the ovulation rate in the 184 cycles observed was 95, corresponding to 50%. In the 21 amenorrheic patients, ovulation occurred 6 times in the 57 cycles observed. Nausea or vomiting occurred as side effects in only 2 cases.", "contents": "[Ovulation induction by cyclofenil (author's transl)]. The ovulation-inducing action of cyclofenil was investigated in 135 sexually mature women aged 20--35 years. The patients were only included in the trial if no ovulation in 2 consecutive cycles with the following criteria: basal temperature, cervix score, ascorbic acid retention, basophil count, serum hormone levels, e. g. LH and progesterone and the estrogens in the 24-hour urine could be determined. Ovulation was only considered to have occurred when all the parameters named indicated it. The lack of ovulation was accompanied by amenorrhea in 21 of the 135 patients. The ovulation rate in the 241 cycles observed was 101, corresponding to 42%. In the 114 patients with anovulatory cycles, the ovulation rate in the 184 cycles observed was 95, corresponding to 50%. In the 21 amenorrheic patients, ovulation occurred 6 times in the 57 cycles observed. Nausea or vomiting occurred as side effects in only 2 cases.", "PMID": 414097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7484", "title": "[The importance of risk factors in cerebrovascular processes while taking oral contraceptives (author's transl)].", "content": "21 young female and 15 young male patients with cerebrovascular insults were examined for risk factors. 14 of the 15 male patients showed clear cut risk factors: obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, arterial hypertension, smoking, thromboses, vitium cordis. 20 of the 21 female patients took oral contraceptives. 60% of the female patients with angiographically confirmed stenoses and occlusion did not show any other risk factor. These results support the hypothesis that oral contraceptives are in themselves a risk factor.", "contents": "[The importance of risk factors in cerebrovascular processes while taking oral contraceptives (author's transl)]. 21 young female and 15 young male patients with cerebrovascular insults were examined for risk factors. 14 of the 15 male patients showed clear cut risk factors: obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, arterial hypertension, smoking, thromboses, vitium cordis. 20 of the 21 female patients took oral contraceptives. 60% of the female patients with angiographically confirmed stenoses and occlusion did not show any other risk factor. These results support the hypothesis that oral contraceptives are in themselves a risk factor.", "PMID": 414098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7485", "title": "[Guy's Hospital home dialysis program (author's transl)].", "content": "The first home dialysis was carried out from Guy's Hospital in London in 1968. Since then, 141 patients have been treated in this manner. The age of the patients ranged from 4 to 64 years. 24 patients have died (cerebrovascular accidents, myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema, sepsis, peritonitis, hyperkalemia etc.). Some of the deaths were due to a slackening of discipline on the part of the patients and nursing staff during the years of constant dialysis. Of 60 adults 52 were able to start work again; full rehabilitation still seems possible in 6 cases. Nevertheless, many patients cannot lead a normal life because their social and sexual activity is greatly restricted. The present economic crisis led to financial limitations in the National Health Service. In future, home dialysis may have to be reduced and more transplantations performed.", "contents": "[Guy's Hospital home dialysis program (author's transl)]. The first home dialysis was carried out from Guy's Hospital in London in 1968. Since then, 141 patients have been treated in this manner. The age of the patients ranged from 4 to 64 years. 24 patients have died (cerebrovascular accidents, myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema, sepsis, peritonitis, hyperkalemia etc.). Some of the deaths were due to a slackening of discipline on the part of the patients and nursing staff during the years of constant dialysis. Of 60 adults 52 were able to start work again; full rehabilitation still seems possible in 6 cases. Nevertheless, many patients cannot lead a normal life because their social and sexual activity is greatly restricted. The present economic crisis led to financial limitations in the National Health Service. In future, home dialysis may have to be reduced and more transplantations performed.", "PMID": 414103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7486", "title": "[Home dialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "100 patients requiring dialysis were trained between 1970 and 1975. Up to 31. 12. 1975, 56 patients were on home dialysis, 10 on the self-care program and 6 were freshly trained. Training usually lasts 8 weeks. The training course is briefly presented and the supervision of home dialysis patients after discharge from training is described. The possibility of vacation plays an important role in social rehabilitation. Since the spring of 1976, the hospital has operated a camping dialysis bus, the use of which is reported.", "contents": "[Home dialysis (author's transl)]. 100 patients requiring dialysis were trained between 1970 and 1975. Up to 31. 12. 1975, 56 patients were on home dialysis, 10 on the self-care program and 6 were freshly trained. Training usually lasts 8 weeks. The training course is briefly presented and the supervision of home dialysis patients after discharge from training is described. The possibility of vacation plays an important role in social rehabilitation. Since the spring of 1976, the hospital has operated a camping dialysis bus, the use of which is reported.", "PMID": 414104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7487", "title": "[Supervision of patients with artificial heart valves (author's transl)].", "content": "Valvulotomy mortality is 2--5% depending on the age and the condition of the myocardium. Ball valves, disk valves and biological prostheses are most commonly used. The most important complications of valve prostheses include bacterial endocarditis, loosening of the artificial valve, hemolytic anemias and thromboembolism. Presently, the Hancock prosthesis gives the best results. Thrombus formation, the most frequent complication of ball and disk valves--sometimes in spite of anticoagulation--does not occur with the biological prosthesis. Strict anticoagulant therapy and supervision is therefore not necessary. Should the Hancock prosthesis continue to prove satisfactory, it is to be hoped that resistance to early operation will be overcome and that the most important cause of failure, valvulotomy in an irreversible damaged heart, will thus be eliminated.", "contents": "[Supervision of patients with artificial heart valves (author's transl)]. Valvulotomy mortality is 2--5% depending on the age and the condition of the myocardium. Ball valves, disk valves and biological prostheses are most commonly used. The most important complications of valve prostheses include bacterial endocarditis, loosening of the artificial valve, hemolytic anemias and thromboembolism. Presently, the Hancock prosthesis gives the best results. Thrombus formation, the most frequent complication of ball and disk valves--sometimes in spite of anticoagulation--does not occur with the biological prosthesis. Strict anticoagulant therapy and supervision is therefore not necessary. Should the Hancock prosthesis continue to prove satisfactory, it is to be hoped that resistance to early operation will be overcome and that the most important cause of failure, valvulotomy in an irreversible damaged heart, will thus be eliminated.", "PMID": 414105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7488", "title": "[Practical diagnosis of arterial occlusive diseases of the lower extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "A peripheral arterial occlusive disease can be diagnosed by a clinical examination. Technical methods serve for documentation, definition of localization and differentiation of doubtful findings and special therapeutic measures. A definite sequence of diagnostic procedures simplifies diagnosis. History (risk factors), individual clinical or biochemical findings, intermittent claudication, pain at rest are important for the assessment of peripheral arterial circulation when considered with the appropriate differential diagnosis of various internal disease conditions, inspection, palpation and especially auscultation at rest and on effort. Ratschow's circulation test provides information on the degree of compensation. Mechanical or electronic oscillography and Doppler echography have proved valuable as technical methods for measuring post-stenotic pressure.", "contents": "[Practical diagnosis of arterial occlusive diseases of the lower extremities (author's transl)]. A peripheral arterial occlusive disease can be diagnosed by a clinical examination. Technical methods serve for documentation, definition of localization and differentiation of doubtful findings and special therapeutic measures. A definite sequence of diagnostic procedures simplifies diagnosis. History (risk factors), individual clinical or biochemical findings, intermittent claudication, pain at rest are important for the assessment of peripheral arterial circulation when considered with the appropriate differential diagnosis of various internal disease conditions, inspection, palpation and especially auscultation at rest and on effort. Ratschow's circulation test provides information on the degree of compensation. Mechanical or electronic oscillography and Doppler echography have proved valuable as technical methods for measuring post-stenotic pressure.", "PMID": 414107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7489", "title": "[Controlling the course of arterial occlusive diseases in practice and prognostic aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "The earlier an arterial occlusive disease is recognized and intensively treated the more favorable the longterm prognosis. Such therapy includes to an equal extent the elimination or treatment of \"risk factors\" and intensive collateral training. Assessment of the course of this, per se chronic, disease requires longterm observation. Contrary to general opinion, however, neither clinical angiological findings nor most of the customary angiological methods can give a satisfactorily reliable judgment as a rule: only venous obstruction plethysmography and the Doppler ultrasonic flow measurements provide objective figures. The latter are suitable for general practice with regard to both expenditure of time and money and to the accuracy of their measurements.", "contents": "[Controlling the course of arterial occlusive diseases in practice and prognostic aspects (author's transl)]. The earlier an arterial occlusive disease is recognized and intensively treated the more favorable the longterm prognosis. Such therapy includes to an equal extent the elimination or treatment of \"risk factors\" and intensive collateral training. Assessment of the course of this, per se chronic, disease requires longterm observation. Contrary to general opinion, however, neither clinical angiological findings nor most of the customary angiological methods can give a satisfactorily reliable judgment as a rule: only venous obstruction plethysmography and the Doppler ultrasonic flow measurements provide objective figures. The latter are suitable for general practice with regard to both expenditure of time and money and to the accuracy of their measurements.", "PMID": 414110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7490", "title": "[Pathophysiological prerequisites in the diagnosis and treatment of arterial occlusive diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathophysiological consequences of an arterial occlusive disease are mainly governed by a) the location, degree, and temporal course of the vascular obstruction, b) the installation of a sufficient arterio-arterial bypass of the site of obstruction, and c) the behaviour of the postocclusive arterial vascular region. The acute total blockage of a larger artery usually can be diagnosed without major difficulties (the problems of comparative indirect blood pressure measurements for the localization of the occlusion are discussed). A partial obstruction, on the contrast, may be secret in the beginning. A stenosis of longer duration can be followed by the poststenotic bulging of the vessel wall; in this area platelet microemboli can take their origin. Compared with a limitation of O2-supply by the occlusion of a larger vessel the direct obstruction of the microvasculature will result in a more severe disturbance of organ function.", "contents": "[Pathophysiological prerequisites in the diagnosis and treatment of arterial occlusive diseases (author's transl)]. The pathophysiological consequences of an arterial occlusive disease are mainly governed by a) the location, degree, and temporal course of the vascular obstruction, b) the installation of a sufficient arterio-arterial bypass of the site of obstruction, and c) the behaviour of the postocclusive arterial vascular region. The acute total blockage of a larger artery usually can be diagnosed without major difficulties (the problems of comparative indirect blood pressure measurements for the localization of the occlusion are discussed). A partial obstruction, on the contrast, may be secret in the beginning. A stenosis of longer duration can be followed by the poststenotic bulging of the vessel wall; in this area platelet microemboli can take their origin. Compared with a limitation of O2-supply by the occlusion of a larger vessel the direct obstruction of the microvasculature will result in a more severe disturbance of organ function.", "PMID": 414112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7491", "title": "[Coronary heart disease risk factors in white-collar and manual workers at a large Munich industrial firm (author's transl)].", "content": "1477 employees of a large industrial firm in Munich (868 males and 609 females, aged 40-59) were examined for coronary heart diseases risk factors. Among males, hypercholesterolemia predominates with a distribution of over 40%. Every fifth male has high blood pressure or is a heavy cigarette smoker. The females under 50 years of age clearly show fewer risk factors, but toward 60 years they exceed the males in frequency of some factors. Among women, too, the top risk factor is cholesterol, followed by overweight and high blood pressure. On the average, about 8% of the men and women have a preclinical or manifest diabetes. About every fifth male examined and every seventh female can be considered as especially endangered by the presence of 3 or more risk factors.", "contents": "[Coronary heart disease risk factors in white-collar and manual workers at a large Munich industrial firm (author's transl)]. 1477 employees of a large industrial firm in Munich (868 males and 609 females, aged 40-59) were examined for coronary heart diseases risk factors. Among males, hypercholesterolemia predominates with a distribution of over 40%. Every fifth male has high blood pressure or is a heavy cigarette smoker. The females under 50 years of age clearly show fewer risk factors, but toward 60 years they exceed the males in frequency of some factors. Among women, too, the top risk factor is cholesterol, followed by overweight and high blood pressure. On the average, about 8% of the men and women have a preclinical or manifest diabetes. About every fifth male examined and every seventh female can be considered as especially endangered by the presence of 3 or more risk factors.", "PMID": 414113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7492", "title": "[Medical counselling of the hypertensive patient (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of arterial hypertension cannot be in doubt with repeated high blood pressure readings (140/90 under 40 years and over 40 years 160/95). In particular it will be easier to reconcile a patient who has no symptoms and who is not motivited by complaints to the understanding of a usually lifelong therapy by an exhaustive discussion. The patient must know that the risk of secondary cardiac diseases increases continuously with the level of the average arterial pressure (both systolic and diastolic) and that this average pressure includes all values of the excessive range of fluctuation of the blood pressure in hypertensive disease (stress peaks, resting values). The diagnostic program leads to a causal (surgical) therapy only in isolated cases (1 to 2%). For symptomatic therapy the general measures \"adjustment of the way of living\" and \"diet\" are the decisive basis for effective treatment.", "contents": "[Medical counselling of the hypertensive patient (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of arterial hypertension cannot be in doubt with repeated high blood pressure readings (140/90 under 40 years and over 40 years 160/95). In particular it will be easier to reconcile a patient who has no symptoms and who is not motivited by complaints to the understanding of a usually lifelong therapy by an exhaustive discussion. The patient must know that the risk of secondary cardiac diseases increases continuously with the level of the average arterial pressure (both systolic and diastolic) and that this average pressure includes all values of the excessive range of fluctuation of the blood pressure in hypertensive disease (stress peaks, resting values). The diagnostic program leads to a causal (surgical) therapy only in isolated cases (1 to 2%). For symptomatic therapy the general measures \"adjustment of the way of living\" and \"diet\" are the decisive basis for effective treatment.", "PMID": 414114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7493", "title": "[Sports and breathing (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of physical training on pulmonary function and the changes in pulmonary parameters during physical exertion is described. Respiratory mechanics, vital capacity, forced expiratory volume and related variables are of less importance in judging the state of physical fitness and training condition. On the other hand, ventilation, respiratory gas exchange and regulation of breathing are important. Continuous analysis of alveolar and arterial partial pressures of gas and measurement of diffusion capacity may improve the assessment of the exercise test and physical fitness. Regular physical training may be of increasing significance for the rehabilitation of patients with chronic lung diseases.", "contents": "[Sports and breathing (author's transl)]. The effect of physical training on pulmonary function and the changes in pulmonary parameters during physical exertion is described. Respiratory mechanics, vital capacity, forced expiratory volume and related variables are of less importance in judging the state of physical fitness and training condition. On the other hand, ventilation, respiratory gas exchange and regulation of breathing are important. Continuous analysis of alveolar and arterial partial pressures of gas and measurement of diffusion capacity may improve the assessment of the exercise test and physical fitness. Regular physical training may be of increasing significance for the rehabilitation of patients with chronic lung diseases.", "PMID": 414115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7494", "title": "[Quantitative changes in peripheral T-lymphocytes during hyperthermia (author's transl)].", "content": "A uniform, highly significant fall in T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, without any change in the absolute lymphocyte count occurred in 6 healthy test subjects in a standardized hyperthermal bath with a mean rise in the rectal body temperature of 1.35 degrees C. A redistribution from the blood into the tissue structures of the rapidly recirculating T-lymphocytes in the body is assumed. The clinical significance of this redistribution cannot yet be stated. With increased recirculation of immunoreactive T-lymphocytes an increased contact with antigenic material in the tissues traversed would be possible. This could be the basis of the \"immunostimulation\" during hyperthermia assumed by some authors.", "contents": "[Quantitative changes in peripheral T-lymphocytes during hyperthermia (author's transl)]. A uniform, highly significant fall in T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, without any change in the absolute lymphocyte count occurred in 6 healthy test subjects in a standardized hyperthermal bath with a mean rise in the rectal body temperature of 1.35 degrees C. A redistribution from the blood into the tissue structures of the rapidly recirculating T-lymphocytes in the body is assumed. The clinical significance of this redistribution cannot yet be stated. With increased recirculation of immunoreactive T-lymphocytes an increased contact with antigenic material in the tissues traversed would be possible. This could be the basis of the \"immunostimulation\" during hyperthermia assumed by some authors.", "PMID": 414116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7495", "title": "[Grass pollen in Munich air. Preparations for a forecast (author's transl)].", "content": "To forecast pollen concentrations of the air of a particular place the following data of the area in question should be known: The basic grass pollen content of the air from volumetric measurements made during several years and its mean seasonal changes; the mean daily grass pollen content of 1 m3 of air and its changes, especially at the beginning of the main grass pollen season; the influence of temperature, humidity, precipitation and wind speed on the grass pollen content; weather forecast of the day for which the pollen forecast is to be made and the grass pollen content of the previous day; the composition of the grass flora in the surroundings and the state of flowering of the main components of the grass flora. These data for the city of Munich are presented and discussed. In addition the grass pollen content in the air during the summers of 1975 and 1976 is compared with allergic complaints of 96 and 45 persons respectively.", "contents": "[Grass pollen in Munich air. Preparations for a forecast (author's transl)]. To forecast pollen concentrations of the air of a particular place the following data of the area in question should be known: The basic grass pollen content of the air from volumetric measurements made during several years and its mean seasonal changes; the mean daily grass pollen content of 1 m3 of air and its changes, especially at the beginning of the main grass pollen season; the influence of temperature, humidity, precipitation and wind speed on the grass pollen content; weather forecast of the day for which the pollen forecast is to be made and the grass pollen content of the previous day; the composition of the grass flora in the surroundings and the state of flowering of the main components of the grass flora. These data for the city of Munich are presented and discussed. In addition the grass pollen content in the air during the summers of 1975 and 1976 is compared with allergic complaints of 96 and 45 persons respectively.", "PMID": 414117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7496", "title": "[Treatment of hypertension with propranolol in internal medicine and general practice. A field trial with a simplified twice daily administration of Dociton 80 (author's transl)].", "content": "More recent investigations on the duration of effect and plasma half-life of propranolol suggest a simplification of dosage for the beta-blocker in the treatment of hypertension. A field trial with Dociton 80 twice daily as initial therapy was carried out in over 2000 patients with essential hypertension with relatively few side effects and confirmed the distinctly longer-persisting effect of the beta-blocker on longterm application. Including the marginal values, the response rate in this collective was relatively high at 73%.", "contents": "[Treatment of hypertension with propranolol in internal medicine and general practice. A field trial with a simplified twice daily administration of Dociton 80 (author's transl)]. More recent investigations on the duration of effect and plasma half-life of propranolol suggest a simplification of dosage for the beta-blocker in the treatment of hypertension. A field trial with Dociton 80 twice daily as initial therapy was carried out in over 2000 patients with essential hypertension with relatively few side effects and confirmed the distinctly longer-persisting effect of the beta-blocker on longterm application. Including the marginal values, the response rate in this collective was relatively high at 73%.", "PMID": 414118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7497", "title": "[Paradoxes in the clinical aspects of depression (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt is made to present the contradictions in the clinical picture of depression as \"paradoxes\". 12 of these are briefly reported. In the author's opinion, they are, on the one hand, the sequel to a sudden lowering of bio-energetic potential of the patient and on the other, caused by the maintained formal logic of his consciousness. Some of these paradoxes, although again rooted in the behavior of the patient, are chiefly seen as such in the consciousness of the doctor because the doctor is accustomed to having a different image of the depressed patient. The opinion is expressed that pathophysiological phase symptoms in the activity of the cerebral cortex (in the Pavlovian sense) are responsible for the nature of these paradoxes which are, to a certain extent, understandable psychologically.", "contents": "[Paradoxes in the clinical aspects of depression (author's transl)]. An attempt is made to present the contradictions in the clinical picture of depression as \"paradoxes\". 12 of these are briefly reported. In the author's opinion, they are, on the one hand, the sequel to a sudden lowering of bio-energetic potential of the patient and on the other, caused by the maintained formal logic of his consciousness. Some of these paradoxes, although again rooted in the behavior of the patient, are chiefly seen as such in the consciousness of the doctor because the doctor is accustomed to having a different image of the depressed patient. The opinion is expressed that pathophysiological phase symptoms in the activity of the cerebral cortex (in the Pavlovian sense) are responsible for the nature of these paradoxes which are, to a certain extent, understandable psychologically.", "PMID": 414120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7498", "title": "[Intuition and imagination in Psychiatric diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Intuition in the medical diagnostic sphere is a subconscious cognitive act, the result of which appears consciously as a flash of imagination. Scientific intuition presumes expert knowledge and works consciously with the mnemic reservoir and the associative forces from the subconscious. Low degrees of a hysterical and paranoic nature facilitate access to the subconscious and projection. Intuitive knowledge is corrected by rational thinking.", "contents": "[Intuition and imagination in Psychiatric diagnosis (author's transl)]. Intuition in the medical diagnostic sphere is a subconscious cognitive act, the result of which appears consciously as a flash of imagination. Scientific intuition presumes expert knowledge and works consciously with the mnemic reservoir and the associative forces from the subconscious. Low degrees of a hysterical and paranoic nature facilitate access to the subconscious and projection. Intuitive knowledge is corrected by rational thinking.", "PMID": 414121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7499", "title": "[Apoplexy (author's transl)].", "content": "Apoplexy is a common clinical picture. The clinical diagnosis is unsatisfactory. The procedure hitherto, in which angiographic clarification of the intracranial space-occupying lesions and of the extracranial vascular changes is almost always performed, will change with the introduction of computer tomography in favor of the bloodless method (Doppler echography). Angiography will then only be carried out in proven hemodynamically active stenosis after the neurological symptoms have receded. The treatment of ischemic cerebral disease is a task for the hospital. Transient ischemic attacks also require hospital supervision, preferably under conditions of intensive care. In addition to support from infusions and digitalization, Actovegin infusions are standard therapy.", "contents": "[Apoplexy (author's transl)]. Apoplexy is a common clinical picture. The clinical diagnosis is unsatisfactory. The procedure hitherto, in which angiographic clarification of the intracranial space-occupying lesions and of the extracranial vascular changes is almost always performed, will change with the introduction of computer tomography in favor of the bloodless method (Doppler echography). Angiography will then only be carried out in proven hemodynamically active stenosis after the neurological symptoms have receded. The treatment of ischemic cerebral disease is a task for the hospital. Transient ischemic attacks also require hospital supervision, preferably under conditions of intensive care. In addition to support from infusions and digitalization, Actovegin infusions are standard therapy.", "PMID": 414122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7500", "title": "[Histotopography of chronic gastritis in localized processes of the gastric wall and in resected stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "The topography of gastritis was investigated by selective endoscopic biopsies from the antrum and body of the stomach in 231 patients with duodenal or gastric ulcers, 165 patients with gastric carcinoma, 83 patients with polyps of the gastric epithelium and 122 patients after gastric resection (Billroth II). The results of this study show that gastritis, even with localized gastric processes or lesions is not a general inflammation involving the whole of the gastric mucosa. Gastric epithelial polyps and gastric carcinoma are associated with a chronic atrophic gastritis in the affected gastric mucosal areas in less than or in about 50% of cases. A diffuse uniform gastritis was found in little more than 65% of gastric resections.", "contents": "[Histotopography of chronic gastritis in localized processes of the gastric wall and in resected stomach (author's transl)]. The topography of gastritis was investigated by selective endoscopic biopsies from the antrum and body of the stomach in 231 patients with duodenal or gastric ulcers, 165 patients with gastric carcinoma, 83 patients with polyps of the gastric epithelium and 122 patients after gastric resection (Billroth II). The results of this study show that gastritis, even with localized gastric processes or lesions is not a general inflammation involving the whole of the gastric mucosa. Gastric epithelial polyps and gastric carcinoma are associated with a chronic atrophic gastritis in the affected gastric mucosal areas in less than or in about 50% of cases. A diffuse uniform gastritis was found in little more than 65% of gastric resections.", "PMID": 414125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7501", "title": "[Application of plate thermography in the diagnosis of scrotal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Plate thermography for the diagnostic differentiation of scrotal diseases is an easy, quick method for the doctor without any great expenditure for apparatus; for the patient it is painless and without danger. After application in 58 patients with various changes in the scrotal contents the characteristic findings of acute epididymitis, varicocele and scrotal tumor were obtained. As an additional investigational procedure, plate thermography permits improvement of preoperative diagnosis of scrotal tumors and epididymitis, control of postoperative treatment of varicocele, early recognition of torsion of the testis and confirmation of discrete varicoceles.", "contents": "[Application of plate thermography in the diagnosis of scrotal diseases (author's transl)]. Plate thermography for the diagnostic differentiation of scrotal diseases is an easy, quick method for the doctor without any great expenditure for apparatus; for the patient it is painless and without danger. After application in 58 patients with various changes in the scrotal contents the characteristic findings of acute epididymitis, varicocele and scrotal tumor were obtained. As an additional investigational procedure, plate thermography permits improvement of preoperative diagnosis of scrotal tumors and epididymitis, control of postoperative treatment of varicocele, early recognition of torsion of the testis and confirmation of discrete varicoceles.", "PMID": 414126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7502", "title": "[Active therapeutic exercises in combination with vasoactive drug in intermittent claudication (author's transl)].", "content": "Earlier investigations have shown that the success of physiotherapeutic exercises in peripheral arterial circulatory disturbances in stage II (Fontaine) can be increased by additional administration of \"vasoactive\" substances. In the present double-blind study, therefore, 102 outpatients were treated with magnesium nicotinate-magnesium dehydrocholate or a placebo in addition to basic physical therapy. The drug collective (n = 50) showed an increase in walking distance of 24.1% compared with the placebo group (n = 52). Also, in respect to the success rate, the drug collective did better, which, however, may have been due to the unequal distribution of the prognosis factors. Yet it may be concluded that the physiotherapeutic exercises can be effectively supported by the drug tested.", "contents": "[Active therapeutic exercises in combination with vasoactive drug in intermittent claudication (author's transl)]. Earlier investigations have shown that the success of physiotherapeutic exercises in peripheral arterial circulatory disturbances in stage II (Fontaine) can be increased by additional administration of \"vasoactive\" substances. In the present double-blind study, therefore, 102 outpatients were treated with magnesium nicotinate-magnesium dehydrocholate or a placebo in addition to basic physical therapy. The drug collective (n = 50) showed an increase in walking distance of 24.1% compared with the placebo group (n = 52). Also, in respect to the success rate, the drug collective did better, which, however, may have been due to the unequal distribution of the prognosis factors. Yet it may be concluded that the physiotherapeutic exercises can be effectively supported by the drug tested.", "PMID": 414129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7503", "title": "The formation and recovery of two-break chromosome rearrangements from irradiated spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Chromosomes and chromatid-type rearrangements can be induced by exposure of spermatozoa of Drosophila to ionising radiation. A model, proposed to explain the formation and recovery of compound autosomes, has been extended to account for the induction of centric fragments capped by a duplication of paternal chromosome material. Three basic assumptions have been used; (1) that the sperm nucleus contains a haploid set of unreplicated chromosomes, (2) that the broken chromosome ends can be joined together before or after replication, and (3) that one of the first two cleavage nuclei may be lost and an adult organism derived from the other. The present paper reports a theoretical application of this combination of assumptions to the general case of the formation and recovery of two-break rearrangements. This has led to an elucidation of the relation between repeats, compounds, fragments, and deficiencies on the one hand and inversions and translocations on the other hand. Dicentric chromosomes and segmental aneuploidy can be simply explained. A selective screen is formed by the segregation of chromatid rearrangements and the aneuploidy tolerance levels of the early cleavage nuclei. Thus there is an alternative way of explaining observations which might indicate preferential breakage or joining.", "contents": "The formation and recovery of two-break chromosome rearrangements from irradiated spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster. Chromosomes and chromatid-type rearrangements can be induced by exposure of spermatozoa of Drosophila to ionising radiation. A model, proposed to explain the formation and recovery of compound autosomes, has been extended to account for the induction of centric fragments capped by a duplication of paternal chromosome material. Three basic assumptions have been used; (1) that the sperm nucleus contains a haploid set of unreplicated chromosomes, (2) that the broken chromosome ends can be joined together before or after replication, and (3) that one of the first two cleavage nuclei may be lost and an adult organism derived from the other. The present paper reports a theoretical application of this combination of assumptions to the general case of the formation and recovery of two-break rearrangements. This has led to an elucidation of the relation between repeats, compounds, fragments, and deficiencies on the one hand and inversions and translocations on the other hand. Dicentric chromosomes and segmental aneuploidy can be simply explained. A selective screen is formed by the segregation of chromatid rearrangements and the aneuploidy tolerance levels of the early cleavage nuclei. Thus there is an alternative way of explaining observations which might indicate preferential breakage or joining.", "PMID": 414132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7504", "title": "Clinical laboratories. Profit center, production industry or patient-care resource?", "content": "The clinical laboratory is an essential component of the medical-care system. Rapidly increasing expenditures for laboratory services, fraudulent practices and reports of laboratory error are precipitating legislative and regulatory actions that will affect clinical laboratories and how they are used by physicians in caring for their patients. Many problems related to clinical laboratories are due to the rapid introduction of new technologies, to methods of educating medical students and house officers, to the rapidly expanding scientific base of medicine and to economic factors that have subordinated medical and scientific objectives in the laboratory to economic ones. Implementation of existing legislation would settle many of the economic issues, but more effective integration of the clinical laboratory into the patient-care process and better methods for educating medical students in the use of laboratory information are critical tasks for the medical profession.", "contents": "Clinical laboratories. Profit center, production industry or patient-care resource? The clinical laboratory is an essential component of the medical-care system. Rapidly increasing expenditures for laboratory services, fraudulent practices and reports of laboratory error are precipitating legislative and regulatory actions that will affect clinical laboratories and how they are used by physicians in caring for their patients. Many problems related to clinical laboratories are due to the rapid introduction of new technologies, to methods of educating medical students and house officers, to the rapidly expanding scientific base of medicine and to economic factors that have subordinated medical and scientific objectives in the laboratory to economic ones. Implementation of existing legislation would settle many of the economic issues, but more effective integration of the clinical laboratory into the patient-care process and better methods for educating medical students in the use of laboratory information are critical tasks for the medical profession.", "PMID": 414135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7505", "title": "Immunopathology of follicular lymphomas. A model of B-lymphocyte homing.", "content": "To investigate whether follicular lymphoma has a monoclonal origin, we stained frozen tissue sections from 22 afflicted patients for kappa and lambda light chains with an immunofluorescence technic. F(ab')2 antibody fragments were used to avoid binding by Fc receptors. In 20 cases the lymphoma nodules comprised a monoclonal population of immunoglobulin-producing cells. The nodules were usually surrounded by a normal, polyclonal population of B lymphocytes. Reactive lymphoid follicles were easily differentiated from lymphoma nodules on the basis of clonality. Eight cases contained multiple immunoglobulin heavy chains. All the lymphoma nodules in the same tissue or in multiple tissues in the same patient showed identical light-chain and heavy-chain staining even if different histologic subtypes were identified. Follicular lymphoma is the outgrowth of a single clone of immunoglobulin-bearing cells that retain the tissue-homing characteristics of B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Immunopathology of follicular lymphomas. A model of B-lymphocyte homing. To investigate whether follicular lymphoma has a monoclonal origin, we stained frozen tissue sections from 22 afflicted patients for kappa and lambda light chains with an immunofluorescence technic. F(ab')2 antibody fragments were used to avoid binding by Fc receptors. In 20 cases the lymphoma nodules comprised a monoclonal population of immunoglobulin-producing cells. The nodules were usually surrounded by a normal, polyclonal population of B lymphocytes. Reactive lymphoid follicles were easily differentiated from lymphoma nodules on the basis of clonality. Eight cases contained multiple immunoglobulin heavy chains. All the lymphoma nodules in the same tissue or in multiple tissues in the same patient showed identical light-chain and heavy-chain staining even if different histologic subtypes were identified. Follicular lymphoma is the outgrowth of a single clone of immunoglobulin-bearing cells that retain the tissue-homing characteristics of B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 414136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7506", "title": "Examination of fungal growth and aflatoxin production on marihuana.", "content": "Under favorable growth conditions, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus produced aflatoxins on marihuana. Cultures of A. flavus ATCC 15548 produced both aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and G1 (AFG1). The production of AFG1 was substantially greater than that of AFB1. Cultures of A. flavus NRRL 3251 and A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 produced only AFB1. All natural flora cultures tested negative for aflatoxins. No Aspergilli sporulations were observed in these cultures. In the cultures inoculated with known toxigenic fungi, the highest mean level for total aflatoxins was 8.7 microgram/g of medium. Marihuana appears not to yield large quantities of these mycotoxins but sufficient levels are present to be a potential health hazard for both the user and the forensic analyst who is in daily contact with such plant material. Careful processing, storage, and sanitation procedures should be maintained with marihuana. If these conditions are disregarded due to the illicit status of marihuana, the potential for mycotoxin contamination must be considered.", "contents": "Examination of fungal growth and aflatoxin production on marihuana. Under favorable growth conditions, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus produced aflatoxins on marihuana. Cultures of A. flavus ATCC 15548 produced both aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and G1 (AFG1). The production of AFG1 was substantially greater than that of AFB1. Cultures of A. flavus NRRL 3251 and A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 produced only AFB1. All natural flora cultures tested negative for aflatoxins. No Aspergilli sporulations were observed in these cultures. In the cultures inoculated with known toxigenic fungi, the highest mean level for total aflatoxins was 8.7 microgram/g of medium. Marihuana appears not to yield large quantities of these mycotoxins but sufficient levels are present to be a potential health hazard for both the user and the forensic analyst who is in daily contact with such plant material. Careful processing, storage, and sanitation procedures should be maintained with marihuana. If these conditions are disregarded due to the illicit status of marihuana, the potential for mycotoxin contamination must be considered.", "PMID": 414138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7507", "title": "The formation of germtubes by Candida albicans, when grown with Staphylococcus pyogene, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacilius acidophilus and Proteus vulgaris.", "content": "The formation of germtubes by twelve clinical isolates of C. albicans was studied in human serum containing per millilitre 10(3) to 10(9) organisms as: Staphylococcus pyegene, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Proteus vulgaris. All the five bacteria inhibited formation of germtubes by C. albicans at all concentrations and the percent germtube formed diminished with increasing concentration of the bacteria. Lactobacillus acidophilus inhibited the formation of germtubes maximally followed by Staphylococcus pyogene, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Proteus vulgaris in the concentrations of 10(3) to 10(7) bacteria per millilitre produced only insignificant inhibition of formation of germtubes by C. albicans. Since germtubes of C. albicans are invasive, it is suggested that inhibition of \"blastospore-germtube transformation\" may be significantly responsible for prevention of infection by C. albicans by coexisting bacterial flora.", "contents": "The formation of germtubes by Candida albicans, when grown with Staphylococcus pyogene, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacilius acidophilus and Proteus vulgaris. The formation of germtubes by twelve clinical isolates of C. albicans was studied in human serum containing per millilitre 10(3) to 10(9) organisms as: Staphylococcus pyegene, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Proteus vulgaris. All the five bacteria inhibited formation of germtubes by C. albicans at all concentrations and the percent germtube formed diminished with increasing concentration of the bacteria. Lactobacillus acidophilus inhibited the formation of germtubes maximally followed by Staphylococcus pyogene, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Proteus vulgaris in the concentrations of 10(3) to 10(7) bacteria per millilitre produced only insignificant inhibition of formation of germtubes by C. albicans. Since germtubes of C. albicans are invasive, it is suggested that inhibition of \"blastospore-germtube transformation\" may be significantly responsible for prevention of infection by C. albicans by coexisting bacterial flora.", "PMID": 414139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7508", "title": "Sodium valproate in the treatment of intractable seizure disorders: a clinical and electroencephalographic study.", "content": "A 12-week study of clinical response, EEG changes and serum antiepileptic drug (AED) levels using sodium valproate (VAL) was undertaken. The study showed that VAL is a powerful adjunct in the treatment of intractable epilepsy. It was most effective in patients with generalized seizures, but no seizure type was totally resistant. No serious adverse effects were encountered; nausea was easily overcome by readjusting the drug dosage. In most cases the only EEG change was decrease of epileptiform activity, and this correlated well with decreased frequency of clinical seizures. These two features in turn were most often seen with a serum VAL level of 40 microgram per milliliter or greater. Intoxication with VAL was accompanied by marked slowing of the background rhythms, but no increase in beta activity. Other modifications of the EEG were probably due to changes in the plasma levels of other drugs. Interactions between VAL and conventional antiepileptic drugs occur, so that serum concentrations of all drugs must be monitored in patients receiving VAL.", "contents": "Sodium valproate in the treatment of intractable seizure disorders: a clinical and electroencephalographic study. A 12-week study of clinical response, EEG changes and serum antiepileptic drug (AED) levels using sodium valproate (VAL) was undertaken. The study showed that VAL is a powerful adjunct in the treatment of intractable epilepsy. It was most effective in patients with generalized seizures, but no seizure type was totally resistant. No serious adverse effects were encountered; nausea was easily overcome by readjusting the drug dosage. In most cases the only EEG change was decrease of epileptiform activity, and this correlated well with decreased frequency of clinical seizures. These two features in turn were most often seen with a serum VAL level of 40 microgram per milliliter or greater. Intoxication with VAL was accompanied by marked slowing of the background rhythms, but no increase in beta activity. Other modifications of the EEG were probably due to changes in the plasma levels of other drugs. Interactions between VAL and conventional antiepileptic drugs occur, so that serum concentrations of all drugs must be monitored in patients receiving VAL.", "PMID": 414151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7509", "title": "[Diagnostic difficulties in facial hemispasm in a child].", "content": "The authors report a case of facial hemispasm in a 7 years old child observed for several years. Spasms appeared at the age of 13 months. Based on the observations and results of clinical investigations the authors come to conclusion that facial hemispasm in this case was probably due to irritation of the facial nerve coexisting with epileptic seizures. They assume that a diffuse central nervous system damage is present in the patient, probably due to meningoencephalitis at the age of 3 months.", "contents": "[Diagnostic difficulties in facial hemispasm in a child]. The authors report a case of facial hemispasm in a 7 years old child observed for several years. Spasms appeared at the age of 13 months. Based on the observations and results of clinical investigations the authors come to conclusion that facial hemispasm in this case was probably due to irritation of the facial nerve coexisting with epileptic seizures. They assume that a diffuse central nervous system damage is present in the patient, probably due to meningoencephalitis at the age of 3 months.", "PMID": 414146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7510", "title": "Internal and external carotid vascular responses to vasoactive agents in the monkey.", "content": "Internal and external carotid blood flows in anesthetized monkeys were measured simultaneously using electromagnetic flowmeters. Complete dose-response relationships were established for the effects of intracarotid infusion of several humoral agents implicated in migraine. Both the internal and external carotid vasculatures were constricted by serotonin and prostaglandin F2alpha and dilated by bradykinin, histamine, and acetylcholine. Noradrenalin and adrenaline constricted the external carotid vasculature but had little direct effect in the internal carotid territory. Prostaglandin E1 dilated the external carotid vasculature. Low doses of prostaglandin E1 produced dilation in the internal carotid circulation, but with higher doses there was a paradoxical abolition of this effect.", "contents": "Internal and external carotid vascular responses to vasoactive agents in the monkey. Internal and external carotid blood flows in anesthetized monkeys were measured simultaneously using electromagnetic flowmeters. Complete dose-response relationships were established for the effects of intracarotid infusion of several humoral agents implicated in migraine. Both the internal and external carotid vasculatures were constricted by serotonin and prostaglandin F2alpha and dilated by bradykinin, histamine, and acetylcholine. Noradrenalin and adrenaline constricted the external carotid vasculature but had little direct effect in the internal carotid territory. Prostaglandin E1 dilated the external carotid vasculature. Low doses of prostaglandin E1 produced dilation in the internal carotid circulation, but with higher doses there was a paradoxical abolition of this effect.", "PMID": 414152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7511", "title": "[Analysis of benefits and costs in the eradication of transmissible diseases of endemic character with special reference to poliomyelitis].", "content": "Cost-benefit analysis is an important in the rational direction of health policy. The results with respect to poliomyelitis are examined in the light of the money spent and the advantages obtained. It is shown that the cost-benefit ratio has been 1 : 12.98, i.e. every lira spent on vaccination has resulted in a direct saving of 12.98 lire with respect to cases prevented and the cost of their treatment and patient rehabilitation. The ratio is, of course, higher if indirect benefits of a social, moral and occupational kind are included. Some observations are offered on the areas to which cost-benefit analysis can be applied and the ground that it covers.", "contents": "[Analysis of benefits and costs in the eradication of transmissible diseases of endemic character with special reference to poliomyelitis]. Cost-benefit analysis is an important in the rational direction of health policy. The results with respect to poliomyelitis are examined in the light of the money spent and the advantages obtained. It is shown that the cost-benefit ratio has been 1 : 12.98, i.e. every lira spent on vaccination has resulted in a direct saving of 12.98 lire with respect to cases prevented and the cost of their treatment and patient rehabilitation. The ratio is, of course, higher if indirect benefits of a social, moral and occupational kind are included. Some observations are offered on the areas to which cost-benefit analysis can be applied and the ground that it covers.", "PMID": 414175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7512", "title": "Home parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Home parenteral nutrition on a permanent basis can be done by patients who are reasonably intelligent and well motivated. The various aspects of such a scheme are described with reference to three patients in the Waikato area who have had extensive bowel resections. Use of A-V loop vein grafts avoids the necessity for indwelling plastic shunts or catheters.", "contents": "Home parenteral nutrition. Home parenteral nutrition on a permanent basis can be done by patients who are reasonably intelligent and well motivated. The various aspects of such a scheme are described with reference to three patients in the Waikato area who have had extensive bowel resections. Use of A-V loop vein grafts avoids the necessity for indwelling plastic shunts or catheters.", "PMID": 414182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7513", "title": "[Theoretical and applied aspects of experimental teratology].", "content": "The dependence of teratogenic effect from the agent specific properties, dose and exposition and the genotype of embryo and maternal organism is considered. The stage specificity of teratogens and the concepts of critical developmental periods are analyzed. The data on general mechanisms of embryonic defects related to the mutations and their phenocopies induced by teratogens are evaluated. The applied aspects of experimental teratology and, in particular, the testing of drugs' teratogenicity and the development of mathodical bases for the establishment of teratogens among the chemical pollutions are intimately connected with and depend on more profound studies of the theoretical bases of teratology. A new method of testing the chemical substances is proposed: search for embryotoxic and teratogenic factors in the blood of animals which were in contact with teratogens. With this aim the cleaving postimplantation mouse and rat embryos are cultivated in the medium with the blood serum from the animals treated with teratogens. This allows to detect in the blood not only the substance in question, but also the toxic products of its metabolism and the toxic substances formed in the maternal organism under the effect of this teratogen. The approaches to the express methods of estimation of teratogenicity are evaluated and the grounds of many steps testing the chemical polutions for teratogenicity are provided.", "contents": "[Theoretical and applied aspects of experimental teratology]. The dependence of teratogenic effect from the agent specific properties, dose and exposition and the genotype of embryo and maternal organism is considered. The stage specificity of teratogens and the concepts of critical developmental periods are analyzed. The data on general mechanisms of embryonic defects related to the mutations and their phenocopies induced by teratogens are evaluated. The applied aspects of experimental teratology and, in particular, the testing of drugs' teratogenicity and the development of mathodical bases for the establishment of teratogens among the chemical pollutions are intimately connected with and depend on more profound studies of the theoretical bases of teratology. A new method of testing the chemical substances is proposed: search for embryotoxic and teratogenic factors in the blood of animals which were in contact with teratogens. With this aim the cleaving postimplantation mouse and rat embryos are cultivated in the medium with the blood serum from the animals treated with teratogens. This allows to detect in the blood not only the substance in question, but also the toxic products of its metabolism and the toxic substances formed in the maternal organism under the effect of this teratogen. The approaches to the express methods of estimation of teratogenicity are evaluated and the grounds of many steps testing the chemical polutions for teratogenicity are provided.", "PMID": 414184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7514", "title": "[Trial of immunodiffusion on cellulose acetate. Application to the estimation of immunoglobulins A and serum transferrin. Results in alcoholism and cirrhosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors propose electro-immunodiffusion on cellulose acetate instead of agar gel. This simple, rapid and economical method was applied to the estimation of serum immunoglobulins A and transferrin. The following results were obtained for the IgA/transferrin ratio in 108 cases: Normal: 0.87 +/- 0.29; alcoholics without proved cirrhosis: 1.61 +/- 0.95; alcoholic cirrhosis: 3.36 +/- 2.30. The interest of this determination in detection is increased by this simple test.", "contents": "[Trial of immunodiffusion on cellulose acetate. Application to the estimation of immunoglobulins A and serum transferrin. Results in alcoholism and cirrhosis (author's transl)]. The authors propose electro-immunodiffusion on cellulose acetate instead of agar gel. This simple, rapid and economical method was applied to the estimation of serum immunoglobulins A and transferrin. The following results were obtained for the IgA/transferrin ratio in 108 cases: Normal: 0.87 +/- 0.29; alcoholics without proved cirrhosis: 1.61 +/- 0.95; alcoholic cirrhosis: 3.36 +/- 2.30. The interest of this determination in detection is increased by this simple test.", "PMID": 414195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7515", "title": "Relationship of serum theophylline concentration to inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm and comparison with cromolyn.", "content": "Exercise-induced bronchospasm was induced by treadmill running in 12 children on two days preceding either inhaled cromolyn sodium (Intal) or oral theophylline (Slo-Phyllin tablets), 7.5 mg/kg, administered in a double-blind manner. A second exercise period identical to the first followed two hours later; the medication administration had been timed so that the second exercise stress followed two hours after theophylline administration and 15 minutes following cromolyn administration. The patients subsequently were exercised twice more at two-hour intervals on both days. Blood was drawn from serum theophylline measurement immediately after each of the exercise periods. There was little demonstrable exercise-induced bronchospasm resulting from the first postmedication exercise period following theophylline administration. The two subsequent exercise periods were associated with some return of postexercise bronchospasm. The degree of inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm correlated with serum theophylline levels that averaged 16, 13, and 10 microgram/ml at two, four and six hours after the theophylline dose (mean Spearman rank correlation coefficient = .71, P less than .01). The effect of cromolyn in suppression exercise-induced bronchospasm that matched or excelled that seen with theophylline.", "contents": "Relationship of serum theophylline concentration to inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm and comparison with cromolyn. Exercise-induced bronchospasm was induced by treadmill running in 12 children on two days preceding either inhaled cromolyn sodium (Intal) or oral theophylline (Slo-Phyllin tablets), 7.5 mg/kg, administered in a double-blind manner. A second exercise period identical to the first followed two hours later; the medication administration had been timed so that the second exercise stress followed two hours after theophylline administration and 15 minutes following cromolyn administration. The patients subsequently were exercised twice more at two-hour intervals on both days. Blood was drawn from serum theophylline measurement immediately after each of the exercise periods. There was little demonstrable exercise-induced bronchospasm resulting from the first postmedication exercise period following theophylline administration. The two subsequent exercise periods were associated with some return of postexercise bronchospasm. The degree of inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm correlated with serum theophylline levels that averaged 16, 13, and 10 microgram/ml at two, four and six hours after the theophylline dose (mean Spearman rank correlation coefficient = .71, P less than .01). The effect of cromolyn in suppression exercise-induced bronchospasm that matched or excelled that seen with theophylline.", "PMID": 414196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7516", "title": "Conspecific images as elements of compound stimuli controlling operant responding in female rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Six adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) performed food-reinforced button presses in a compound stimulus discrimination paradigm. Three subjects were trained on a compound stimulus consisting of a color motion picture of an adult male rhesus superimposed over a homogeneous blue field of color. A second group of three subjects was trained on a compound consisting of a color slide depicting an adult male rhesus and the blue field. Subsequent testing of relative stimulus control exerted by either compounds, conspecific stimuli (movie-slide) or blue field alone was carried out. Results indicated that for the movie group, stimulus control was attenuated when  either the conspecific stimulus or blue field was presented as a single S+ stimulus compared to tests using the compound stimulus as S+. Subjects in the movie group shared attention to both constituent elements of the compound. Statistically significant differences in stimulus control between compound, conspecific stimulus, and blue field were not found for the slide group. Superior control by the compound movie-blue field was explained as the result of increased visual salience of an altered (blue) conspecific image.", "contents": "Conspecific images as elements of compound stimuli controlling operant responding in female rhesus monkeys. Six adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) performed food-reinforced button presses in a compound stimulus discrimination paradigm. Three subjects were trained on a compound stimulus consisting of a color motion picture of an adult male rhesus superimposed over a homogeneous blue field of color. A second group of three subjects was trained on a compound consisting of a color slide depicting an adult male rhesus and the blue field. Subsequent testing of relative stimulus control exerted by either compounds, conspecific stimuli (movie-slide) or blue field alone was carried out. Results indicated that for the movie group, stimulus control was attenuated when  either the conspecific stimulus or blue field was presented as a single S+ stimulus compared to tests using the compound stimulus as S+. Subjects in the movie group shared attention to both constituent elements of the compound. Statistically significant differences in stimulus control between compound, conspecific stimulus, and blue field were not found for the slide group. Superior control by the compound movie-blue field was explained as the result of increased visual salience of an altered (blue) conspecific image.", "PMID": 414197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7517", "title": "Electrodermal response in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "An effort to find evidence of electrodermal response in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), as found in man, some infra-human genera of Simiae, and some lower mammals and amphibians, failed to locate an example. Given anatomical considerations, the availability of this response in Saimiri was suspected. In this study, using the skin conductance (constant voltage) method, monophasic electrodermal response as a result of novel or startle stimuli presentation was detected and a range of skin conductance level for test cases was determined.", "contents": "Electrodermal response in the squirrel monkey. An effort to find evidence of electrodermal response in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), as found in man, some infra-human genera of Simiae, and some lower mammals and amphibians, failed to locate an example. Given anatomical considerations, the availability of this response in Saimiri was suspected. In this study, using the skin conductance (constant voltage) method, monophasic electrodermal response as a result of novel or startle stimuli presentation was detected and a range of skin conductance level for test cases was determined.", "PMID": 414198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7518", "title": "PCB's in fish from selected waters of New York State.", "content": "PCB residues in fish from 41 stations throughout New York State were monitored in 1975. Nearly all fish contained PCB's in detectable amounts although the levels of contamination and specific Aroclor varied. The Hudson River contained the highest known PCB concentrations within the United States; levels often exceeded 100 ppm. Other waters and fish which were significantly contaminated include Lake Ontario salmonids and Cayuga Lake lake trout. Onondaga Lake, previously closed to fishing because of mercury contamination, also appears to have abnormally high levels of PCB's approaching in some instances the action level of the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Samples from marine waters generally have contaminant levels substantially below 5.0 ppm.", "contents": "PCB's in fish from selected waters of New York State. PCB residues in fish from 41 stations throughout New York State were monitored in 1975. Nearly all fish contained PCB's in detectable amounts although the levels of contamination and specific Aroclor varied. The Hudson River contained the highest known PCB concentrations within the United States; levels often exceeded 100 ppm. Other waters and fish which were significantly contaminated include Lake Ontario salmonids and Cayuga Lake lake trout. Onondaga Lake, previously closed to fishing because of mercury contamination, also appears to have abnormally high levels of PCB's approaching in some instances the action level of the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Samples from marine waters generally have contaminant levels substantially below 5.0 ppm.", "PMID": 414199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7519", "title": "The effects of hypotension and hypovolaemia on the liberation of vasopressin during haemorrhage in the unanaesthetized monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Using unanaesthetized monkeys, experiments were performed to examine the effects of haemorrhage on the liberation of arginine vasopressin (AVP). Haemorrhages of 10%, 15% or 20% total blood volume were performed via a catheter with its tip in the abdominal vena cava. A catheter in the left internal jugular vein was used for blood sampling. Arterial blood pressure was monitored via a catheter whose tip resected in an iliac artery. The monkeys showed no signs of discomfort from this catheterisation. Blood samples for AVP assay were taken at different times from 0-90 min after the end of the haemorrhage. At the end of the experiment, blood removed was reinfused. Results show that haemorrhage resulted in liberation of AVP, but only if there was a fall in arterial blood pressure. AVP release occurred more readily as the total volume of blood withdrawn increased, but the absolute rise in hormone concentration was not related to the total volume of blood withdrawn. However, comparing the area under the curve of mean arterial blood pressure with that for AVP concentration showed the two to have a significant exponential relationship. It is concluded that, as in other species, haemorrhage is a potent stimulus for AVP liberation in the monkey. However, in contrast to some other species, the fall in arterial pressure seems to be the prime stimulus rather than hypovolemia per se.", "contents": "The effects of hypotension and hypovolaemia on the liberation of vasopressin during haemorrhage in the unanaesthetized monkey (Macaca mulatta). Using unanaesthetized monkeys, experiments were performed to examine the effects of haemorrhage on the liberation of arginine vasopressin (AVP). Haemorrhages of 10%, 15% or 20% total blood volume were performed via a catheter with its tip in the abdominal vena cava. A catheter in the left internal jugular vein was used for blood sampling. Arterial blood pressure was monitored via a catheter whose tip resected in an iliac artery. The monkeys showed no signs of discomfort from this catheterisation. Blood samples for AVP assay were taken at different times from 0-90 min after the end of the haemorrhage. At the end of the experiment, blood removed was reinfused. Results show that haemorrhage resulted in liberation of AVP, but only if there was a fall in arterial blood pressure. AVP release occurred more readily as the total volume of blood withdrawn increased, but the absolute rise in hormone concentration was not related to the total volume of blood withdrawn. However, comparing the area under the curve of mean arterial blood pressure with that for AVP concentration showed the two to have a significant exponential relationship. It is concluded that, as in other species, haemorrhage is a potent stimulus for AVP liberation in the monkey. However, in contrast to some other species, the fall in arterial pressure seems to be the prime stimulus rather than hypovolemia per se.", "PMID": 414200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7520", "title": "[The rapid detection and specific identification of bacterial antigens by electro-immunodiffusion in 80 cases of purulent meningitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The cerebrospinal fluid of 120 subjects, 80 of whom were suffering from a purulent meningitis, were examined comparatively by classical bacteriological techniques (direct examination and culture) and by electro-immunodiffusion. This procedure makes it possible to detect not only viable bacteria, but also capsular polysaccharide antigens. It revealed the diagnosis in 96.9% of cases of meningococcal, pneumococcal and Haemophilus meningitis, as against 80.3% positive results using classical bacteriological techniques, for the same organisms. Electro-immunodiffusion provides a rapid answer (20 minutes) and, amongst other things, makes it possible: - to confirm the serotype or capsular type within the species, - to determine the aetiological diagnosis in certain types of meningitis where diagnosis is rendered difficult by blind antibiotic therapy, - to quantify and follow over a period of time the levels of polysaccharide antigens in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of the patients. The sensitivity and specificity of electro-immunodiffusion render it a technique of the future in the diagnosis of purulent meningitis. By virtue of its simplicity, it should become a routine examination.", "contents": "[The rapid detection and specific identification of bacterial antigens by electro-immunodiffusion in 80 cases of purulent meningitis (author's transl)]. The cerebrospinal fluid of 120 subjects, 80 of whom were suffering from a purulent meningitis, were examined comparatively by classical bacteriological techniques (direct examination and culture) and by electro-immunodiffusion. This procedure makes it possible to detect not only viable bacteria, but also capsular polysaccharide antigens. It revealed the diagnosis in 96.9% of cases of meningococcal, pneumococcal and Haemophilus meningitis, as against 80.3% positive results using classical bacteriological techniques, for the same organisms. Electro-immunodiffusion provides a rapid answer (20 minutes) and, amongst other things, makes it possible: - to confirm the serotype or capsular type within the species, - to determine the aetiological diagnosis in certain types of meningitis where diagnosis is rendered difficult by blind antibiotic therapy, - to quantify and follow over a period of time the levels of polysaccharide antigens in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of the patients. The sensitivity and specificity of electro-immunodiffusion render it a technique of the future in the diagnosis of purulent meningitis. By virtue of its simplicity, it should become a routine examination.", "PMID": 414201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7521", "title": "[Intrahepatic organic cystals in artificial feeding of children (author's transl)].", "content": "Crystals have been observed in the liver of 4 children, submitted to a parenteral nutrition and or, continuous enteral nutrition. Those crystals appear to be birefringent with polarized light extra and intracellular in electron microscopy, they contain a large amount of calcium, phosphore and sulfur. They are thought to represent organic crystals precipitating within the bile ductules of the portal areas. The occurence of those organic crystals seems to be related to a lack of bile secretion due to the exclusion of kinetic and secretory activity of the stomach and the duodenum.", "contents": "[Intrahepatic organic cystals in artificial feeding of children (author's transl)]. Crystals have been observed in the liver of 4 children, submitted to a parenteral nutrition and or, continuous enteral nutrition. Those crystals appear to be birefringent with polarized light extra and intracellular in electron microscopy, they contain a large amount of calcium, phosphore and sulfur. They are thought to represent organic crystals precipitating within the bile ductules of the portal areas. The occurence of those organic crystals seems to be related to a lack of bile secretion due to the exclusion of kinetic and secretory activity of the stomach and the duodenum.", "PMID": 414202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7522", "title": "[The treatment of recent myocardial infarction by prolonged infusion of trinitrin (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy four clinically comparable cases of myocardial infarction, admitted on average at the 10th hour were divided at random in two groups: thirty nine were treated with a prolonged intravenous infusion of trinitrin lasting for 24 hours in 12 cases and during 5 at 7 days in 27 cases: 35 served as controls. The results showed the following: a) the good tolerance of the drug used in this way; b) on the basis of precordial cartography, a reduction of 56.2 +/- 14.5% to 30 +/- 7.3% in the index of secondary extension of necrosis; c) clinical signs of left ventricular failure developed in 60% of the controls as compared with 45.8% of the treated group; d) the prevalence of rhythm disturbances was also lower in those treated; e) overall mortality during the first 4 weeks was 8 amongst the 35 controls and 2 of the treated patients (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "[The treatment of recent myocardial infarction by prolonged infusion of trinitrin (author's transl)]. Seventy four clinically comparable cases of myocardial infarction, admitted on average at the 10th hour were divided at random in two groups: thirty nine were treated with a prolonged intravenous infusion of trinitrin lasting for 24 hours in 12 cases and during 5 at 7 days in 27 cases: 35 served as controls. The results showed the following: a) the good tolerance of the drug used in this way; b) on the basis of precordial cartography, a reduction of 56.2 +/- 14.5% to 30 +/- 7.3% in the index of secondary extension of necrosis; c) clinical signs of left ventricular failure developed in 60% of the controls as compared with 45.8% of the treated group; d) the prevalence of rhythm disturbances was also lower in those treated; e) overall mortality during the first 4 weeks was 8 amongst the 35 controls and 2 of the treated patients (p less than 0.05).", "PMID": 414205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7523", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of a major glycine transfer RNA from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori L.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of tRNA1Gly isolated from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori has been determined. This transfer RNA is present in high amounts in the posterior silk gland during the fifth larval instar. It has a GCC anticodon, capable of decoding a major glycine codon in the fibroin messenger RNA, GGU. Structural features of Bombyx tRNA1Gly and its homology to other eukaryotic glycine tRNAs are discussed.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of a major glycine transfer RNA from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori L. The nucleotide sequence of tRNA1Gly isolated from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori has been determined. This transfer RNA is present in high amounts in the posterior silk gland during the fifth larval instar. It has a GCC anticodon, capable of decoding a major glycine codon in the fibroin messenger RNA, GGU. Structural features of Bombyx tRNA1Gly and its homology to other eukaryotic glycine tRNAs are discussed.", "PMID": 414206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7524", "title": "Influenza virus messenger RNAs are incomplete transcripts of the genome RNAs.", "content": "The results of ribonuclease T1 oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses indicate that influenza virus messenger RNAs are incomplete transcripts of the corresponding genome RNAs and that in this respect they differ from the unpolyadenylated virus specific complementary RNAs obtained from infected cells. From the position of the untranscribed oligonucleotide in the virus RNA sequence and the ability or inability of the different transcripts to protect the 5' terminal nucleotide of virus RNAs against nuclease S1 digestion, it is concluded that whereas the unpolyadenylated cRNAs are complete transcripts, the polyadenylated messenger RNAs lack sequences complementary to the 5' end of the genome molecules.", "contents": "Influenza virus messenger RNAs are incomplete transcripts of the genome RNAs. The results of ribonuclease T1 oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses indicate that influenza virus messenger RNAs are incomplete transcripts of the corresponding genome RNAs and that in this respect they differ from the unpolyadenylated virus specific complementary RNAs obtained from infected cells. From the position of the untranscribed oligonucleotide in the virus RNA sequence and the ability or inability of the different transcripts to protect the 5' terminal nucleotide of virus RNAs against nuclease S1 digestion, it is concluded that whereas the unpolyadenylated cRNAs are complete transcripts, the polyadenylated messenger RNAs lack sequences complementary to the 5' end of the genome molecules.", "PMID": 414207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7525", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of a lysine tRNA from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A lysine tRNA (tRNA1Lys) was purified from Bacillus subtilis W168 by a consecutive use of several column chromatographic systems. The nucleotide sequence was determined to be pG-A-G-C-C-A-U-U-A-G-C-U-C-A-G-U-D-G-G-D-A-G-A-G-C-A-U-C-U-G-A-C-U-U(U*)-U-U-K-A-psi-C-A-G-A-G-G-m7G(G)-U-C-G-A-A-G-G-T-psi-C-G-A-G-U-C-C-U-U-C-A-U-G-G-C-U-C-A-C-C-AOH, where K and U* are unidentified nucleosides. The nucleosides of U34 and m7G46 were partially substituted with U* and G, respectively. The binding ability of lysyl-tRNA1Lys to Escherichia coli ribosomes was stimulated with ApApA as well as ApApG.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of a lysine tRNA from Bacillus subtilis. A lysine tRNA (tRNA1Lys) was purified from Bacillus subtilis W168 by a consecutive use of several column chromatographic systems. The nucleotide sequence was determined to be pG-A-G-C-C-A-U-U-A-G-C-U-C-A-G-U-D-G-G-D-A-G-A-G-C-A-U-C-U-G-A-C-U-U(U*)-U-U-K-A-psi-C-A-G-A-G-G-m7G(G)-U-C-G-A-A-G-G-T-psi-C-G-A-G-U-C-C-U-U-C-A-U-G-G-C-U-C-A-C-C-AOH, where K and U* are unidentified nucleosides. The nucleosides of U34 and m7G46 were partially substituted with U* and G, respectively. The binding ability of lysyl-tRNA1Lys to Escherichia coli ribosomes was stimulated with ApApA as well as ApApG.", "PMID": 414208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7526", "title": "Studies on the primary structure of the ribosomal 23S RNA of Escherichia coli: II. A characterisation and an alignment of 24 sections spanning the entire molecule and its application to the localisation of specific fragments.", "content": "We have employed new methodology to obtain 23S RNA fragments which includes a) the digestion of the RNA within 50S subunits and b) the limited hydrolysis of the 13S and 18S fragments. By comparing all 23S RNA fragments, obtained heretofore, we have characterised and aligned 24 sections of this RNA spanning nearly the entire molecule. These results allow the localisation of any new 23S RNA fragment by comparison of the fingerprint of its T1 ribonuclease digest to the characteristic ones of the different sections. In this way we obtained a more definite localisation of the binding sites of the 50S proteins L1, L5, L9, L18, L20, L23 and L25. We also specified a ribonuclease sensitive region of 23S RNA in native 50S subunits, extending from the 1100th nucleotide from the 5' end to the 1000th nucleotide from the 3' end; this region contains a cluster of 5 modified nucleotides and may be at the subunit interface.", "contents": "Studies on the primary structure of the ribosomal 23S RNA of Escherichia coli: II. A characterisation and an alignment of 24 sections spanning the entire molecule and its application to the localisation of specific fragments. We have employed new methodology to obtain 23S RNA fragments which includes a) the digestion of the RNA within 50S subunits and b) the limited hydrolysis of the 13S and 18S fragments. By comparing all 23S RNA fragments, obtained heretofore, we have characterised and aligned 24 sections of this RNA spanning nearly the entire molecule. These results allow the localisation of any new 23S RNA fragment by comparison of the fingerprint of its T1 ribonuclease digest to the characteristic ones of the different sections. In this way we obtained a more definite localisation of the binding sites of the 50S proteins L1, L5, L9, L18, L20, L23 and L25. We also specified a ribonuclease sensitive region of 23S RNA in native 50S subunits, extending from the 1100th nucleotide from the 5' end to the 1000th nucleotide from the 3' end; this region contains a cluster of 5 modified nucleotides and may be at the subunit interface.", "PMID": 414209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7527", "title": "Thyroid disorders and the distribution of orally administered radioiodine.", "content": "128 control, thyrotoxic, hypothyroid and goitrous euthyroid children were administered 1-2 muCi Na131I orally and studied in a shadow-shield whole-body counter. 48-hr whole-body counts permitted the differentiation of the first 3 groups (p less than 0.005). Ratio of extrathyroid:excreted 131I was 3 times greater in thyrotoxics than in goitrous euthyroids, but the thyroid:extrathyroid ratio was 3 times greater in the latter group. The whole-body profile scan obtained at 48 hr on an attached strip chart recorder, revealed activity not only in the thyroid but even lower down in the vicinity of the knees and feet.", "contents": "Thyroid disorders and the distribution of orally administered radioiodine. 128 control, thyrotoxic, hypothyroid and goitrous euthyroid children were administered 1-2 muCi Na131I orally and studied in a shadow-shield whole-body counter. 48-hr whole-body counts permitted the differentiation of the first 3 groups (p less than 0.005). Ratio of extrathyroid:excreted 131I was 3 times greater in thyrotoxics than in goitrous euthyroids, but the thyroid:extrathyroid ratio was 3 times greater in the latter group. The whole-body profile scan obtained at 48 hr on an attached strip chart recorder, revealed activity not only in the thyroid but even lower down in the vicinity of the knees and feet.", "PMID": 414210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7528", "title": "Regulation of appetite during total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "To study effects of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on appetite, in an effort to obtain an objective assessment of hunger separated from underlying pathology, caloric intake and levels of TPN were measured in two male rhesus monkeys. TPN was found to affect appetite by reducing voluntary food intake. One monkey showed precise regulation of daily oral caloric intake and maintained stable body weight during this period. The other monkey did not show such precise regulation. When TPN was stopped, both continued suppression of oral intake for a time. Implications are discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of appetite during total parenteral nutrition. To study effects of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on appetite, in an effort to obtain an objective assessment of hunger separated from underlying pathology, caloric intake and levels of TPN were measured in two male rhesus monkeys. TPN was found to affect appetite by reducing voluntary food intake. One monkey showed precise regulation of daily oral caloric intake and maintained stable body weight during this period. The other monkey did not show such precise regulation. When TPN was stopped, both continued suppression of oral intake for a time. Implications are discussed.", "PMID": 414211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7529", "title": "Method for detection of specific RNAs in agarose gels by transfer to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and hybridization with DNA probes.", "content": "We describe a technique for transferring electrophoretically separated bands of RNA from an agarose gel to paper strips. The RNA is coupled covalently to diazobenzyloxymethyl groups on the paper. After transfer and appropriate treatment of the paper to destroy remaining diazo groups, specific RNA bands can be detected by hybridization with 32P-labeled DNA probes followed by autoradiography. This procedure allows detection of specific RNA bands with high sensitivity and low background.", "contents": "Method for detection of specific RNAs in agarose gels by transfer to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and hybridization with DNA probes. We describe a technique for transferring electrophoretically separated bands of RNA from an agarose gel to paper strips. The RNA is coupled covalently to diazobenzyloxymethyl groups on the paper. After transfer and appropriate treatment of the paper to destroy remaining diazo groups, specific RNA bands can be detected by hybridization with 32P-labeled DNA probes followed by autoradiography. This procedure allows detection of specific RNA bands with high sensitivity and low background.", "PMID": 414220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7530", "title": "Use of gene fusions to study outer membrane protein localization in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Escherichia coli strains have been isolated that produce hybrid proteins comprised of an NH2-terminal sequence from the lamB gene product (an outer membrane protein) and a major portion of the COOH-terminal sequence of beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23; a cytoplasmic protein). These proteins exhibit beta-galactosidase activity. One such strain, pop 3105, produces a hybrid protein containing very little of the lamB gene protein; the protein is found in the cytoplasm. The protein found in a second strain, pop 3186, contains much more of the lamB gene protein; a substantial fraction of the beta-galactosidase activity is found in the outer membrane, probably facing outward. These results indicate that information necessary to direct the lamB gene product to its outer membrane location is located within the lamB gene itself. The properties of such fusion strains open up the prospect of a precise genetic analysis of the genetic components involved in protein transport.", "contents": "Use of gene fusions to study outer membrane protein localization in Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli strains have been isolated that produce hybrid proteins comprised of an NH2-terminal sequence from the lamB gene product (an outer membrane protein) and a major portion of the COOH-terminal sequence of beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23; a cytoplasmic protein). These proteins exhibit beta-galactosidase activity. One such strain, pop 3105, produces a hybrid protein containing very little of the lamB gene protein; the protein is found in the cytoplasm. The protein found in a second strain, pop 3186, contains much more of the lamB gene protein; a substantial fraction of the beta-galactosidase activity is found in the outer membrane, probably facing outward. These results indicate that information necessary to direct the lamB gene product to its outer membrane location is located within the lamB gene itself. The properties of such fusion strains open up the prospect of a precise genetic analysis of the genetic components involved in protein transport.", "PMID": 414221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7531", "title": "[Serum immunoglobulins in children with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The authors present the results of studying immunoglobulins of classes A, M, and G in 40 children with diabetes mellitus; immunoglobulin level was analyzed depending on a number of clinical diabetes mellitus indices and insulin antibody titres. The III type of dysgammaglobulinemia was found to be characteristic of patients with microangiopathies; changes in the immunoglobulin content were directly opposite to the changes revealed in patients with microangiopathies. With increasing the duration of diabetes there was an aggravation of dysgammaglobulinemia characteristic of these two groups of patients. The level of immunoglobulins under study was greater in the patients with lipoatrophies and in those without any hereditary predisposition to diabetes than in patients without lipoatrophies and without any hereditary predisposition to diabetes, respectively. A regular reduction of all the immunoglobulins level was observed only in patients with glucosuria of not less than 100 g/24 hours. Immunoglobulin content showed no significant association with the patients' sex, age, the insulin antibody titre, and the age at which diabetes developed, or with hyper cholesterolemia and enlargement of the liver.", "contents": "[Serum immunoglobulins in children with diabetes mellitus]. The authors present the results of studying immunoglobulins of classes A, M, and G in 40 children with diabetes mellitus; immunoglobulin level was analyzed depending on a number of clinical diabetes mellitus indices and insulin antibody titres. The III type of dysgammaglobulinemia was found to be characteristic of patients with microangiopathies; changes in the immunoglobulin content were directly opposite to the changes revealed in patients with microangiopathies. With increasing the duration of diabetes there was an aggravation of dysgammaglobulinemia characteristic of these two groups of patients. The level of immunoglobulins under study was greater in the patients with lipoatrophies and in those without any hereditary predisposition to diabetes than in patients without lipoatrophies and without any hereditary predisposition to diabetes, respectively. A regular reduction of all the immunoglobulins level was observed only in patients with glucosuria of not less than 100 g/24 hours. Immunoglobulin content showed no significant association with the patients' sex, age, the insulin antibody titre, and the age at which diabetes developed, or with hyper cholesterolemia and enlargement of the liver.", "PMID": 414219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7532", "title": "In vitro degradation of guanosine 5'-diphosphate, 3'-diphosphate.", "content": "The degradation of guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) by the \"crude\" ribosomal fraction of Escherichia coli CP78 (rel+, spoT+) was demonstrated and characterized. When the 3'-pyrophosphoryl group of ppGpp was hydrolyzed, the primary degradation product was 5'-GDP. Phosphorylation of ppGpp to guanosine 5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) prior to degradation was not necessary. The degradation process required Mn2+ and was inhibited by EDTA. Levallorphan, an inhibitor of in vivo ppGpp degradation, also inhibited ppGpp degradation by the crude ribosome. Thiostrepton and tetracycline did not have any inhibitory effect, indicating that the reaction is not a reversal of pyrophosphorylation catalyzed by the stringent factor/ribosome complex. Crude ribosome fractions from E. coli NF161 and NF162, both spoT-, contained little degrading activity, but similar fractions of E. coli CP79, a relA- and spoT+ strain, contained ppGpp degrading activity.", "contents": "In vitro degradation of guanosine 5'-diphosphate, 3'-diphosphate. The degradation of guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) by the \"crude\" ribosomal fraction of Escherichia coli CP78 (rel+, spoT+) was demonstrated and characterized. When the 3'-pyrophosphoryl group of ppGpp was hydrolyzed, the primary degradation product was 5'-GDP. Phosphorylation of ppGpp to guanosine 5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) prior to degradation was not necessary. The degradation process required Mn2+ and was inhibited by EDTA. Levallorphan, an inhibitor of in vivo ppGpp degradation, also inhibited ppGpp degradation by the crude ribosome. Thiostrepton and tetracycline did not have any inhibitory effect, indicating that the reaction is not a reversal of pyrophosphorylation catalyzed by the stringent factor/ribosome complex. Crude ribosome fractions from E. coli NF161 and NF162, both spoT-, contained little degrading activity, but similar fractions of E. coli CP79, a relA- and spoT+ strain, contained ppGpp degrading activity.", "PMID": 414222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7533", "title": "Variable and constant parts of the immunoglobulin light chain gene of a mouse myeloma cell are 1250 nontranslated bases apart.", "content": "A DNA fragment carrying an immunoglobulin gene coding for both variable (V) and constant (C) regions of a mouse lambda light chain was enriched about 15-fold from a total endonuclease EcoRI digest of a plasmacytoma (HOPC 2020) DNA by preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA fraction was used for cloning of a lambda chain gene in the phage lambdagtWES vector. After screening [Benton, W. D. & Davis, R. W. (1977) Science 196, 180-182] of about 70,000 plaques, each arising from an independent transfection event, we isolated one clone (Ig 303) that contained both a Vlambda and a Clambda DNA sequence. Electron microscopy of R-loops formed between the cloned DNA and purified lambda chain mRNA (HOPC 2020) revealed that the Vlambda and Clambda DNA sequences are separated by a 1250-base DNA fragment.", "contents": "Variable and constant parts of the immunoglobulin light chain gene of a mouse myeloma cell are 1250 nontranslated bases apart. A DNA fragment carrying an immunoglobulin gene coding for both variable (V) and constant (C) regions of a mouse lambda light chain was enriched about 15-fold from a total endonuclease EcoRI digest of a plasmacytoma (HOPC 2020) DNA by preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA fraction was used for cloning of a lambda chain gene in the phage lambdagtWES vector. After screening [Benton, W. D. & Davis, R. W. (1977) Science 196, 180-182] of about 70,000 plaques, each arising from an independent transfection event, we isolated one clone (Ig 303) that contained both a Vlambda and a Clambda DNA sequence. Electron microscopy of R-loops formed between the cloned DNA and purified lambda chain mRNA (HOPC 2020) revealed that the Vlambda and Clambda DNA sequences are separated by a 1250-base DNA fragment.", "PMID": 414223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7534", "title": "Physiological regulation of antigen binding to T cells: role of a soluble macrophage factor and of interferon.", "content": "A soluble product of macrophages (MF) and mouse viral interferon (IF) increase both major histocompatibility antigenic determinants and the number of antigen-binding cells in nonstimulated T cell-enriched mouse lymphocyte cultures. MF increases Ia and not H-2 antigens; IF increases H-2 but not Ia antigens. The increased antigen binding due to MF can be inhibited by anti-Ia but not by anti-H-2 sera, whereas IF-induced binding is sensitive to anti-H-2 but not to anti-Ia sera. The specificity of IF- or MF-induced binding of branched synthetic polypeptides by T cells is different from that of B cells and similar to the specificity of the Ir gene regulation. MF increases antigen binding only in Ir high-responder animals. The IF-induced antigen binding is not dependent on the Ir genotype. MF-reactive cells express the Ly-1 marker, and the IF-reactive antigen binders express the Ly-2 phenotype. It is suggested that MF and IF are physiological mediators of antigen binding by T cells.", "contents": "Physiological regulation of antigen binding to T cells: role of a soluble macrophage factor and of interferon. A soluble product of macrophages (MF) and mouse viral interferon (IF) increase both major histocompatibility antigenic determinants and the number of antigen-binding cells in nonstimulated T cell-enriched mouse lymphocyte cultures. MF increases Ia and not H-2 antigens; IF increases H-2 but not Ia antigens. The increased antigen binding due to MF can be inhibited by anti-Ia but not by anti-H-2 sera, whereas IF-induced binding is sensitive to anti-H-2 but not to anti-Ia sera. The specificity of IF- or MF-induced binding of branched synthetic polypeptides by T cells is different from that of B cells and similar to the specificity of the Ir gene regulation. MF increases antigen binding only in Ir high-responder animals. The IF-induced antigen binding is not dependent on the Ir genotype. MF-reactive cells express the Ly-1 marker, and the IF-reactive antigen binders express the Ly-2 phenotype. It is suggested that MF and IF are physiological mediators of antigen binding by T cells.", "PMID": 414224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7535", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the precursor region of MOPC-315 mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain.", "content": "Partially purified mRNA coding for the MOPC-315 heavy immunoglobulin alpha chain was translated in a reticulocyte lysate containing 20 labeled amino acids. Radiolabeled MOPC-315 heavy chain precursor protein, purified by preparative gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation, was sequenced by Edman degradation. The labeled phenylthiohydantoin amino acid obtained in each cycle was identified and quantitated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The precursor sequence of 18 amino acids, Met-Lys-Val-Leu-Ser-Leu-Leu-Tyr-Leu-Leu-Thr-Ala-Ile-Pro-His-Ile-Met-Ser, preceded the sequence corresponding to the NH2 terminus of the mature secreted heavy chain.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the precursor region of MOPC-315 mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain. Partially purified mRNA coding for the MOPC-315 heavy immunoglobulin alpha chain was translated in a reticulocyte lysate containing 20 labeled amino acids. Radiolabeled MOPC-315 heavy chain precursor protein, purified by preparative gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation, was sequenced by Edman degradation. The labeled phenylthiohydantoin amino acid obtained in each cycle was identified and quantitated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The precursor sequence of 18 amino acids, Met-Lys-Val-Leu-Ser-Leu-Leu-Tyr-Leu-Leu-Thr-Ala-Ile-Pro-His-Ile-Met-Ser, preceded the sequence corresponding to the NH2 terminus of the mature secreted heavy chain.", "PMID": 414225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7536", "title": "Unusual pulmonary vasodilator activity of 13,14-dehydroprostacyclin methyl ester: comparison with endoperoxides and other prostanoids.", "content": "Microsomes from stomach fundus and blood vessels transform the endoperoxide, PGH2, into a newly discovered unstable substance, PGI2, that relaxes arterial strips and inhibits platelet aggregation. 13,14-Dehydro-PGI2 methyl ester, a newly synthesized, stable PGI2 analog, was found to have potent vasodilator activity in the feline and simian pulmonary vascular bed. The PGI2 analog decreased lobar arterial perfusion pressure in the intact cat and monkey. Because pulmonary blood flow was held constant and left atrial pressure was unchanged, the decrease in perfusion pressure reflects a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. The dilator response was unusual in that it persisted for 10-12 min, whereas the response to PGE1, the only other vasodilator prostaglandin in the mature animal, persisted for only 1-2 min. The dilator response to the PGI2 analog was enhanced when pulmonary vascular resistance was increased. This substance had less effect on cardiac output and aortic pressure than PGE1, whereas it was a more potent pulmonary vasodilator. These data demonstrate that prostacyclin-like substances possess novel vasodilator activity in the pulmonary circulation and suggest a therapeutic use in the treatment of pulmonary hypertensive diseases.", "contents": "Unusual pulmonary vasodilator activity of 13,14-dehydroprostacyclin methyl ester: comparison with endoperoxides and other prostanoids. Microsomes from stomach fundus and blood vessels transform the endoperoxide, PGH2, into a newly discovered unstable substance, PGI2, that relaxes arterial strips and inhibits platelet aggregation. 13,14-Dehydro-PGI2 methyl ester, a newly synthesized, stable PGI2 analog, was found to have potent vasodilator activity in the feline and simian pulmonary vascular bed. The PGI2 analog decreased lobar arterial perfusion pressure in the intact cat and monkey. Because pulmonary blood flow was held constant and left atrial pressure was unchanged, the decrease in perfusion pressure reflects a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. The dilator response was unusual in that it persisted for 10-12 min, whereas the response to PGE1, the only other vasodilator prostaglandin in the mature animal, persisted for only 1-2 min. The dilator response to the PGI2 analog was enhanced when pulmonary vascular resistance was increased. This substance had less effect on cardiac output and aortic pressure than PGE1, whereas it was a more potent pulmonary vasodilator. These data demonstrate that prostacyclin-like substances possess novel vasodilator activity in the pulmonary circulation and suggest a therapeutic use in the treatment of pulmonary hypertensive diseases.", "PMID": 414226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7537", "title": "The effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and cannabinol on the anaesthesia induced by various anaesthetic agents in mice.", "content": "delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (2.5-80.0 mg/kg) significantly prolonged the anaesthesia induced by ketamine, pentobarbitone, thiopentone, propanidid, and Alfathesin in a dose-dependent manner. Cannabinol and cannabidiol (both 5.0-80.0 mg/kg) were essentially inactive, except that cannabidiol prolonged pentobarbitone-induced anaesthesia. The interaction of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol with the anaesthetic agents was postulated to be due to a centrally mediated action, whereas the effect of cannabidiol on pentobarbitone-induced anaesthesia probably depended on a metabolic interaction. The interaction between the cannabinoids in influencing anaesthesia induced by the above agents was examined, and the interactions were found to be complex.", "contents": "The effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and cannabinol on the anaesthesia induced by various anaesthetic agents in mice. delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (2.5-80.0 mg/kg) significantly prolonged the anaesthesia induced by ketamine, pentobarbitone, thiopentone, propanidid, and Alfathesin in a dose-dependent manner. Cannabinol and cannabidiol (both 5.0-80.0 mg/kg) were essentially inactive, except that cannabidiol prolonged pentobarbitone-induced anaesthesia. The interaction of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol with the anaesthetic agents was postulated to be due to a centrally mediated action, whereas the effect of cannabidiol on pentobarbitone-induced anaesthesia probably depended on a metabolic interaction. The interaction between the cannabinoids in influencing anaesthesia induced by the above agents was examined, and the interactions were found to be complex.", "PMID": 414255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7538", "title": "Responses of the flexor reflex to LSD, tryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, methoxamine, and d-amphetamine in acute and chronic spinal rats.", "content": "The flexor reflex of acute (40-48 h after mid-thoracic spinal transection) and chronic (at least 2 months after transection) spinal rats was evoked by tetanic electrical stimulation of both hindfeet and recorded on a polygraph using a transducer connected to the left hindfoot. The flexor reflex in the chronic spinal rat was more responsive to electrical stimulation and to the actions of drugs studied than was the flexor reflex in the acute spinal rat. In chronic spinal rats, d-amphetamine, methoxamine, LSD, tryptamine, and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) facilitated the flexor reflex and induced spontaneous movements. These facilitative effects were seen in acute spinal rats only when much larger i.p. doses of amphetamine, methoxamine, and LSD were used. Small i.v. doses of tryptamine also produced the facilitation. The facilitation caused by LSD and tryptamine, but not 5-HTP, in chronic spinal rats was antagonized by cyproheptadine. These observations suggest that chronic spinal rats were more sensitive to the drugs than acute spinal rats and support the hypothesis that the mode of action of LSD is similar to that of tryptamine but different from that of 5-HTP since cyproheptadine antagonized the facilitative effects of LSD and tryptamine but not those of 5-HTP.", "contents": "Responses of the flexor reflex to LSD, tryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, methoxamine, and d-amphetamine in acute and chronic spinal rats. The flexor reflex of acute (40-48 h after mid-thoracic spinal transection) and chronic (at least 2 months after transection) spinal rats was evoked by tetanic electrical stimulation of both hindfeet and recorded on a polygraph using a transducer connected to the left hindfoot. The flexor reflex in the chronic spinal rat was more responsive to electrical stimulation and to the actions of drugs studied than was the flexor reflex in the acute spinal rat. In chronic spinal rats, d-amphetamine, methoxamine, LSD, tryptamine, and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) facilitated the flexor reflex and induced spontaneous movements. These facilitative effects were seen in acute spinal rats only when much larger i.p. doses of amphetamine, methoxamine, and LSD were used. Small i.v. doses of tryptamine also produced the facilitation. The facilitation caused by LSD and tryptamine, but not 5-HTP, in chronic spinal rats was antagonized by cyproheptadine. These observations suggest that chronic spinal rats were more sensitive to the drugs than acute spinal rats and support the hypothesis that the mode of action of LSD is similar to that of tryptamine but different from that of 5-HTP since cyproheptadine antagonized the facilitative effects of LSD and tryptamine but not those of 5-HTP.", "PMID": 414256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7539", "title": "Anorexigenic and ancillary actions of MK-212 (6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)-pyrazine; CPP).", "content": "In rats allowed to eat for 2 h/day and injected i.p. 30 min before feeding, MK-212, ED50 = 1.5 mg/kg, was two times more potent as an anorexigen than fenfluramine. However, the compounds were equiactive in the rat following p.o. administration 1.5 or 3 h before the test, while fenfluramine was more potent if the interval was extended to 6 h. In cats permitted to eat for 3 h/day, the ED50 dose (mg/kg p.o.) for MK-212 determined at 0.5, 1 and 3 h after feeding was, respectively, 15, 10, and 3 times less than that of fenfluramine. Emesis and diarrhea were frequently observed ancillary effects in cats treated with fenfluramine, whereas apparent sedation and salivation were commonly detected in animals after MK-212. In rats or cats pretreated with methergoline, the decrease in food consumption elicited by MK-212 was markedly inhibited, suggesting that the mechanism of action involves a serotoninlike effect. Compared with the marked stimulant action of amphetamine, MK-212 had only a minor and inconsistent effect on motor activity in rats and mice. Similar results were obtained with fenfluramine. MK-212 was not self-administered by rats, while the self-administration of amphetamine and morphine were demonstrated using the same experimental protocol.", "contents": "Anorexigenic and ancillary actions of MK-212 (6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)-pyrazine; CPP). In rats allowed to eat for 2 h/day and injected i.p. 30 min before feeding, MK-212, ED50 = 1.5 mg/kg, was two times more potent as an anorexigen than fenfluramine. However, the compounds were equiactive in the rat following p.o. administration 1.5 or 3 h before the test, while fenfluramine was more potent if the interval was extended to 6 h. In cats permitted to eat for 3 h/day, the ED50 dose (mg/kg p.o.) for MK-212 determined at 0.5, 1 and 3 h after feeding was, respectively, 15, 10, and 3 times less than that of fenfluramine. Emesis and diarrhea were frequently observed ancillary effects in cats treated with fenfluramine, whereas apparent sedation and salivation were commonly detected in animals after MK-212. In rats or cats pretreated with methergoline, the decrease in food consumption elicited by MK-212 was markedly inhibited, suggesting that the mechanism of action involves a serotoninlike effect. Compared with the marked stimulant action of amphetamine, MK-212 had only a minor and inconsistent effect on motor activity in rats and mice. Similar results were obtained with fenfluramine. MK-212 was not self-administered by rats, while the self-administration of amphetamine and morphine were demonstrated using the same experimental protocol.", "PMID": 414258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7540", "title": "Mesolimbic dopamine neurons: effects of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced destruction and receptor blockade on drug-induced rotation of rats.", "content": "Bilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the nucleus accumbens greatly reduced the dopamine content of this nucleus and the olfactory tubercle and blocked the ipsilateral rotation induced by amphetamine and methamphetamine in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the caudate nucleus. In contrast, apomorphine-induced contralateral rotation was enhanced. Similar results were obtained when the destruction of forebrain noradrenergic neurons, normally produced by the nucleus accumbens 6-OHDA lesion, was prevented by desipramine (DMI) pretreatment. Microinjections of the dopamine receptor antagonist heloperidol into the nucleus accumbens did not spread to the olfactory tubercle, as assessed by the distribution of 3H-haloperidol, and blocked circling induced by amphetamine and apomorphine. Amphetamine-induced circling was less effectively blocked by haloperidol injected into the olfactory tubercle. These results suggest that activity at nucleus accumbens dopamine receptors can greatly affect circling behavior, perhaps by amplifying asymmetries of nigrostriatal activity.", "contents": "Mesolimbic dopamine neurons: effects of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced destruction and receptor blockade on drug-induced rotation of rats. Bilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the nucleus accumbens greatly reduced the dopamine content of this nucleus and the olfactory tubercle and blocked the ipsilateral rotation induced by amphetamine and methamphetamine in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the caudate nucleus. In contrast, apomorphine-induced contralateral rotation was enhanced. Similar results were obtained when the destruction of forebrain noradrenergic neurons, normally produced by the nucleus accumbens 6-OHDA lesion, was prevented by desipramine (DMI) pretreatment. Microinjections of the dopamine receptor antagonist heloperidol into the nucleus accumbens did not spread to the olfactory tubercle, as assessed by the distribution of 3H-haloperidol, and blocked circling induced by amphetamine and apomorphine. Amphetamine-induced circling was less effectively blocked by haloperidol injected into the olfactory tubercle. These results suggest that activity at nucleus accumbens dopamine receptors can greatly affect circling behavior, perhaps by amplifying asymmetries of nigrostriatal activity.", "PMID": 414259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7541", "title": "Circadian susceptibility rhythm to neuroleptics: tetrabenazine.", "content": "In order to clarify the influences of situational factors on the effects of psychotropic drugs, the sedative effects of tetrabenazine after injection at various times of the day were studied. When 50 mg/kg body weight of tetrabenazine was injected into rats at eight different times of the day (07:30-19:30 dark, 19:30-07:30 light), a circadian rhythm of sedative effect was observed with a peak sedative time of 1490 min at 10:30 and a nadir of 736 min at 07:30. With 10 mg/kg body weight of tetrabenazine a similar circadian rhythm of sedative effect was observed. This rhythm did not appear to be due to differences of metabolism of tetrabenazine in the tissues, but rather to be closely related to daily fluctuation of serotonin synthesis and release in the brain.", "contents": "Circadian susceptibility rhythm to neuroleptics: tetrabenazine. In order to clarify the influences of situational factors on the effects of psychotropic drugs, the sedative effects of tetrabenazine after injection at various times of the day were studied. When 50 mg/kg body weight of tetrabenazine was injected into rats at eight different times of the day (07:30-19:30 dark, 19:30-07:30 light), a circadian rhythm of sedative effect was observed with a peak sedative time of 1490 min at 10:30 and a nadir of 736 min at 07:30. With 10 mg/kg body weight of tetrabenazine a similar circadian rhythm of sedative effect was observed. This rhythm did not appear to be due to differences of metabolism of tetrabenazine in the tissues, but rather to be closely related to daily fluctuation of serotonin synthesis and release in the brain.", "PMID": 414262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7542", "title": "The effects of psychotropic drugs on exploratory and stereotyped behaviour of rats studied on a hole-board.", "content": "Exploratory and stereotyped behaviour of Male Wistar rats was studied on a hole-board. The two forms of behaviour were differentiated according to the pattern of hole-dipping activity. Increasing doses of dl-amphetamine stimulated both forms of behaviour with stereotyped behaviour becoming predominant particularly at the higher dose levels. At the highest dose of amphetamine used (16 mg/kg) a gradual transition from exploratory to stereotyped behaviour was observed with time. As the drug wore off this transition was reversed. Haloperitol at a dosage of 0.1 and 0.05 mg/kg blocked the response to a high dose of amphetamine whereas a lower dose (0.02 mg/kg) blocked the stereotyped response to amphetamine while some exploratory behaviour still took place. Apomorphine inhibited hole-dipping but at lower doses another form of exploratory behaviour was induced, this behaviour becoming stereotyped as the dose was increased. It is concluded that there is a close relationship between exploratory and stereotyped behaviours. Monoamine systems appear to play a significant role in the regulation of both forms of behaviour.", "contents": "The effects of psychotropic drugs on exploratory and stereotyped behaviour of rats studied on a hole-board. Exploratory and stereotyped behaviour of Male Wistar rats was studied on a hole-board. The two forms of behaviour were differentiated according to the pattern of hole-dipping activity. Increasing doses of dl-amphetamine stimulated both forms of behaviour with stereotyped behaviour becoming predominant particularly at the higher dose levels. At the highest dose of amphetamine used (16 mg/kg) a gradual transition from exploratory to stereotyped behaviour was observed with time. As the drug wore off this transition was reversed. Haloperitol at a dosage of 0.1 and 0.05 mg/kg blocked the response to a high dose of amphetamine whereas a lower dose (0.02 mg/kg) blocked the stereotyped response to amphetamine while some exploratory behaviour still took place. Apomorphine inhibited hole-dipping but at lower doses another form of exploratory behaviour was induced, this behaviour becoming stereotyped as the dose was increased. It is concluded that there is a close relationship between exploratory and stereotyped behaviours. Monoamine systems appear to play a significant role in the regulation of both forms of behaviour.", "PMID": 414263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7543", "title": "Evidence for parallel development of tolerance to the hyperactivating and discoordinating effects of ethanol.", "content": "Rats maintained on diets containing 6.5% ethanol or equicaloric sucrose solutions were challenged at weekly intervals with 1.5 or 2.0 g/kg ethanol or isotonic saline 14 h after withdrawal from the diet. Tolerance developed to both the hyperactivating (increased line crossings and time active) and discoordinating (disrupted rotarod performance) effects of the 1.5 g/kg dose of ethanol, but was less obvious with the 2.0 g/kg dose. Chlorpromazine (2.5 mg/kg) had a greater depressant effect in animals chronically treated with ethanol, suggesting that some alterations in the functioning of noradrenergic and/or dopaminergic systems may accompany chronic ethanol treatment. However, amphetamine and propranolol did not appear to affect ethanol- and sucrose-treated rats differently. The present studies have therefore shown a parallel development of tolerance to the discoordinating and hyperactivating effects of ethanol and have implicated an underlying noradrenergic and/or dopaminergic mechanism, although the precise nature of the mechanism has not been clarified.", "contents": "Evidence for parallel development of tolerance to the hyperactivating and discoordinating effects of ethanol. Rats maintained on diets containing 6.5% ethanol or equicaloric sucrose solutions were challenged at weekly intervals with 1.5 or 2.0 g/kg ethanol or isotonic saline 14 h after withdrawal from the diet. Tolerance developed to both the hyperactivating (increased line crossings and time active) and discoordinating (disrupted rotarod performance) effects of the 1.5 g/kg dose of ethanol, but was less obvious with the 2.0 g/kg dose. Chlorpromazine (2.5 mg/kg) had a greater depressant effect in animals chronically treated with ethanol, suggesting that some alterations in the functioning of noradrenergic and/or dopaminergic systems may accompany chronic ethanol treatment. However, amphetamine and propranolol did not appear to affect ethanol- and sucrose-treated rats differently. The present studies have therefore shown a parallel development of tolerance to the discoordinating and hyperactivating effects of ethanol and have implicated an underlying noradrenergic and/or dopaminergic mechanism, although the precise nature of the mechanism has not been clarified.", "PMID": 414264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7544", "title": "The effects of two antidepressants, imipramine and viloxazine, upon driving performance.", "content": "Forty male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups on a double-blind basis: (1) Imipramine--25 mg t.d.s., (2) Viloxazine--50 mg t.d.s., (3) Placebo, and (4) Control--no tablets. Tests were carried out (1) before treatment, (2) 2 h after the first dose, (3) on Day 3 after 7 doses, and (4) on Day 7 after 21 doses. The driving tasks consisted of (1) weaving around a series of bollards while simultaneously responding to an auditory logic task and (2) a gap acceptance task. Using an analysis of covariance repeated measures design, it was found that imipramine tended to increase the level of risk acceptable to the subject as compared to either placebo or control. Imipramine also impaired performance on other tasks. Viloxazine appeared to be little different from either placebo or control on any of the tasks.", "contents": "The effects of two antidepressants, imipramine and viloxazine, upon driving performance. Forty male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups on a double-blind basis: (1) Imipramine--25 mg t.d.s., (2) Viloxazine--50 mg t.d.s., (3) Placebo, and (4) Control--no tablets. Tests were carried out (1) before treatment, (2) 2 h after the first dose, (3) on Day 3 after 7 doses, and (4) on Day 7 after 21 doses. The driving tasks consisted of (1) weaving around a series of bollards while simultaneously responding to an auditory logic task and (2) a gap acceptance task. Using an analysis of covariance repeated measures design, it was found that imipramine tended to increase the level of risk acceptable to the subject as compared to either placebo or control. Imipramine also impaired performance on other tasks. Viloxazine appeared to be little different from either placebo or control on any of the tasks.", "PMID": 414266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7545", "title": "Behavioural antagonism between chlorpromazine and noise in man.", "content": "The effects of 25 mg and 75 mg of chlorpromazine and of 95 dBA of white noise were studied separately and together in 12 male human subjects. Performance, analysed by signal detection theory, showed that both noise and chlorpromazine applied separately caused impairment in similar ways. Suspended judgements were reduced and negative decisions correspondingly increased at low levels of evidence. When applied together, chlorpromazine and noise cancelled out each other's adverse effects. It is concluded that chlorpromazine is a specific behavioural antagonist of the stressful effects of noise.", "contents": "Behavioural antagonism between chlorpromazine and noise in man. The effects of 25 mg and 75 mg of chlorpromazine and of 95 dBA of white noise were studied separately and together in 12 male human subjects. Performance, analysed by signal detection theory, showed that both noise and chlorpromazine applied separately caused impairment in similar ways. Suspended judgements were reduced and negative decisions correspondingly increased at low levels of evidence. When applied together, chlorpromazine and noise cancelled out each other's adverse effects. It is concluded that chlorpromazine is a specific behavioural antagonist of the stressful effects of noise.", "PMID": 414267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7546", "title": "Rapid tolerance to the motor effects of p-chloroamphetamine in rats.", "content": "Studies were designed to test the hypothesis that tolerance to the effect of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on motor activity in rats would develop with repeated injections. In related biochemical studies the effects of single or repeated doses of PCA on the in vitro synaptosomal uptake of 3H-NE and 3H-DA and on the in vivo metabolism of intraventricularly administered 3H-NE and 3H-DA were investigated. The administration of 10 mg/kg of PCA induced a complex behavioral syndrome, which was quantified by scoring specific symptoms after direct observation. In agreement with previous data, this syndrome appears to be mediated by a release of 5-HT since pretreatment with PCA prevented its development on subsequent injection of the drug. After the administration of lower doses of PCA, total motor activity as measured in activity cages increased, and tolerance to this effect also developed rapidly. For example, pretreatment with 5 mg/kg of PCA greatly attenuated the stimulant effect of a subsequent dose of 3 or 5 mg/kg of the drug. Moreover, the degree of tolerance was the same if the time between the 2 injections was 1 day or 2 weeks, suggesting that 5-HT release is also involved in the tolerance to the motor effects of lower doses of the drug. Moreover, biochemical studies of the response of catecholaminergic neurons to PCA suggest that tolerance does not develop to the effects on DA and NE neurons on repeated injection of PCA.", "contents": "Rapid tolerance to the motor effects of p-chloroamphetamine in rats. Studies were designed to test the hypothesis that tolerance to the effect of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on motor activity in rats would develop with repeated injections. In related biochemical studies the effects of single or repeated doses of PCA on the in vitro synaptosomal uptake of 3H-NE and 3H-DA and on the in vivo metabolism of intraventricularly administered 3H-NE and 3H-DA were investigated. The administration of 10 mg/kg of PCA induced a complex behavioral syndrome, which was quantified by scoring specific symptoms after direct observation. In agreement with previous data, this syndrome appears to be mediated by a release of 5-HT since pretreatment with PCA prevented its development on subsequent injection of the drug. After the administration of lower doses of PCA, total motor activity as measured in activity cages increased, and tolerance to this effect also developed rapidly. For example, pretreatment with 5 mg/kg of PCA greatly attenuated the stimulant effect of a subsequent dose of 3 or 5 mg/kg of the drug. Moreover, the degree of tolerance was the same if the time between the 2 injections was 1 day or 2 weeks, suggesting that 5-HT release is also involved in the tolerance to the motor effects of lower doses of the drug. Moreover, biochemical studies of the response of catecholaminergic neurons to PCA suggest that tolerance does not develop to the effects on DA and NE neurons on repeated injection of PCA.", "PMID": 414268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7547", "title": "Dopaminergic agonist properties of ephedrine--theoretical implications.", "content": "Reports of ephedrine-induced psychoses resembling amphetamine psychosis prompted studies of this classic sympathomimetic agent in systems that indicate central dopaminergic actions. Ephedrine induced dose-related stereotyped behavior in rats. This behavior was antagonized by haloperidol, but not by alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockers. Pretreatment with AMPT, but not reserpine, attenuated the stereotypy induced by ephedrine under one of two sets of conditions. Consistent prolactin suppression in humans was not seen. These findings are discussed in the context of clinical and pharmacologic data regarding other dopamine agonist drugs (the central nervous system stimulants, apomorphine, ET 495). These data suggest the possibility that synergistic noradrenergic and dopaminergic facilitation may be important in the induction of the stimulant psychoses.", "contents": "Dopaminergic agonist properties of ephedrine--theoretical implications. Reports of ephedrine-induced psychoses resembling amphetamine psychosis prompted studies of this classic sympathomimetic agent in systems that indicate central dopaminergic actions. Ephedrine induced dose-related stereotyped behavior in rats. This behavior was antagonized by haloperidol, but not by alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockers. Pretreatment with AMPT, but not reserpine, attenuated the stereotypy induced by ephedrine under one of two sets of conditions. Consistent prolactin suppression in humans was not seen. These findings are discussed in the context of clinical and pharmacologic data regarding other dopamine agonist drugs (the central nervous system stimulants, apomorphine, ET 495). These data suggest the possibility that synergistic noradrenergic and dopaminergic facilitation may be important in the induction of the stimulant psychoses.", "PMID": 414269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7548", "title": "Open-field behavior after intravenous amphetamine analogues in rats.", "content": "A variety of behaviors were studied in an open-field setting after i.v. amphetamine (0.5, 2.0, 8.0 mg/kg), phenmetrazine (1.0, 4.0, 16.0 mg/kg), or fenfluramine (1.0, 4.0, 16.0 mg/kg). Amphetamine and phenmetrazine increased ambulation initially and rearing during the whole experiment, and decreased grooming. At 30 and 60 min, with the three higher doses of amphetamine, stereotyped behaviors interfered with and decreased both ambulation and groomin. Fenfluramine decreased ambulation, rearing, and grooming, and was the only drug to induce backing. The technique seems to be a simple and rapid method to establish dependence liability in amphetamine analogues. Interrater and test-retest reliability was established through ITV recordings.", "contents": "Open-field behavior after intravenous amphetamine analogues in rats. A variety of behaviors were studied in an open-field setting after i.v. amphetamine (0.5, 2.0, 8.0 mg/kg), phenmetrazine (1.0, 4.0, 16.0 mg/kg), or fenfluramine (1.0, 4.0, 16.0 mg/kg). Amphetamine and phenmetrazine increased ambulation initially and rearing during the whole experiment, and decreased grooming. At 30 and 60 min, with the three higher doses of amphetamine, stereotyped behaviors interfered with and decreased both ambulation and groomin. Fenfluramine decreased ambulation, rearing, and grooming, and was the only drug to induce backing. The technique seems to be a simple and rapid method to establish dependence liability in amphetamine analogues. Interrater and test-retest reliability was established through ITV recordings.", "PMID": 414270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7549", "title": "[Effects of hypothalamus and globus pallidus lesions and of apomorphine injections into the globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra and septum on the aggressive behavior induced by apomorphine treatment of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Intraspecific apomorphine-induced aggressive behavior in the rat was not affected following electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus. Some inhibition of the aggressive behavior was found after lateral lesions and an almost total suppression after destruction of globus pallidus. These results, as well as those following localized injections of apomorphine into the septum, substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus suggested that the latter anatomical region may be the major site of the action of apomorphine in the behavior studies. The role of acetylcholine is discussed.", "contents": "[Effects of hypothalamus and globus pallidus lesions and of apomorphine injections into the globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra and septum on the aggressive behavior induced by apomorphine treatment of rats (author's transl)]. Intraspecific apomorphine-induced aggressive behavior in the rat was not affected following electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus. Some inhibition of the aggressive behavior was found after lateral lesions and an almost total suppression after destruction of globus pallidus. These results, as well as those following localized injections of apomorphine into the septum, substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus suggested that the latter anatomical region may be the major site of the action of apomorphine in the behavior studies. The role of acetylcholine is discussed.", "PMID": 414271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7550", "title": "Retrieval failures in alcohol state-dependent learning.", "content": "Retrieval processes subject to disruption by alteration of drug conditions were studied in a state-dependent learning experiment. On the first day of the 2-day experiment, 28 human subjects performed four verbal learning tasks in either an alcohol state (1.0 ml/kg) or a sober state, and the next day they attempted to recall the material in either the same or in an altered condition. Two of the tasks involved recall cues or prompts, and the other two required the subjects to recall the material unaided. Results indicated state-dependency on the two tasks that did not involve recall cues and no state-dependency on the two tasks involving cues. This finding indicates that memory failures resulting from a changed drug state can be reversed by appropriate experimental cueing or prompting, and implies that a learner's drug state has stimulus properties for recall. The role of drugs in contributing to a person's cognitive context and the resultant effects on memory are discussed.", "contents": "Retrieval failures in alcohol state-dependent learning. Retrieval processes subject to disruption by alteration of drug conditions were studied in a state-dependent learning experiment. On the first day of the 2-day experiment, 28 human subjects performed four verbal learning tasks in either an alcohol state (1.0 ml/kg) or a sober state, and the next day they attempted to recall the material in either the same or in an altered condition. Two of the tasks involved recall cues or prompts, and the other two required the subjects to recall the material unaided. Results indicated state-dependency on the two tasks that did not involve recall cues and no state-dependency on the two tasks involving cues. This finding indicates that memory failures resulting from a changed drug state can be reversed by appropriate experimental cueing or prompting, and implies that a learner's drug state has stimulus properties for recall. The role of drugs in contributing to a person's cognitive context and the resultant effects on memory are discussed.", "PMID": 414272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7551", "title": "6-Hydroxydopamine inhibits some effects of mescaline centrally administered to rabbits.", "content": "The narcotic antagonist naloxone does not antagonize antinociception elicited in the rabbit by 100 microgram/kg of mescaline centrally administered, whereas pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) inhibits this mescaline effect. Stereotyped behavior of rabbits following central mescaline administration is also prevented by 6-hda pretreatment. Since 6-OHDA in known to produce a degeneration of catecholamine containing nerve terminals, a crucial role of catecholamines is suggested in the complex of effects seen in the rabbit after central administration of the hallucinogen.", "contents": "6-Hydroxydopamine inhibits some effects of mescaline centrally administered to rabbits. The narcotic antagonist naloxone does not antagonize antinociception elicited in the rabbit by 100 microgram/kg of mescaline centrally administered, whereas pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) inhibits this mescaline effect. Stereotyped behavior of rabbits following central mescaline administration is also prevented by 6-hda pretreatment. Since 6-OHDA in known to produce a degeneration of catecholamine containing nerve terminals, a crucial role of catecholamines is suggested in the complex of effects seen in the rabbit after central administration of the hallucinogen.", "PMID": 414273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7552", "title": "Acetylcholine antirelease effect of morphine and its modification by calcium.", "content": "The effects of morphine (10 mg/kg) and calcium (10 mg/kg) were studied on the neocortical release of acetylcholine (ACh) in ketamine-anesthetized rats. Morphine decreased ACh release as measured  by the dorsal leech muscle as well as by an enzymatic assay. Calcium was ineffective alone but antagonized the action of morphine. This study supports the hypothesis that the ACh antirelease action of narcotics is mediated through an interaction with calcium.", "contents": "Acetylcholine antirelease effect of morphine and its modification by calcium. The effects of morphine (10 mg/kg) and calcium (10 mg/kg) were studied on the neocortical release of acetylcholine (ACh) in ketamine-anesthetized rats. Morphine decreased ACh release as measured  by the dorsal leech muscle as well as by an enzymatic assay. Calcium was ineffective alone but antagonized the action of morphine. This study supports the hypothesis that the ACh antirelease action of narcotics is mediated through an interaction with calcium.", "PMID": 414274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7553", "title": "Penfluridol: an open phase III study in acute newly admitted hospitalized schizophrenic patients.", "content": "An open study was carried out in 17 acutely ill, newly admitted, floridly psychotic schizophrenic patients to a city hospital in New York. Penfluridol was given on a daily basis up to doses of 120 mg and patients were rated objectively by means of different psychometric evaluations; vital signs were monitored daily as were side effects. The drug was found to be a rapid acting, well-tolerated, and highly effective antipsychotic agent within the population of patients explored and within the dose range used. It was particularly effective in acutely agitated floridly paranoid schizophrenics; a statistically significant impact was achieved by 7 days and usually within 72 h after initiating treatment. The drug appears unique in that (1) its effects are realized without the untoward and usually troublesome effects of nonspecific sedation attendant upon the use of many other 'neuroleptic' medications, and (2) even within the relatively high doses used it produced no hypotensive effects. It is concluded that this appears to be a unique antipsychotic agent and a potentially important addition to the treatment armamentarium of both acute and chronic schizophrenic individuals.", "contents": "Penfluridol: an open phase III study in acute newly admitted hospitalized schizophrenic patients. An open study was carried out in 17 acutely ill, newly admitted, floridly psychotic schizophrenic patients to a city hospital in New York. Penfluridol was given on a daily basis up to doses of 120 mg and patients were rated objectively by means of different psychometric evaluations; vital signs were monitored daily as were side effects. The drug was found to be a rapid acting, well-tolerated, and highly effective antipsychotic agent within the population of patients explored and within the dose range used. It was particularly effective in acutely agitated floridly paranoid schizophrenics; a statistically significant impact was achieved by 7 days and usually within 72 h after initiating treatment. The drug appears unique in that (1) its effects are realized without the untoward and usually troublesome effects of nonspecific sedation attendant upon the use of many other 'neuroleptic' medications, and (2) even within the relatively high doses used it produced no hypotensive effects. It is concluded that this appears to be a unique antipsychotic agent and a potentially important addition to the treatment armamentarium of both acute and chronic schizophrenic individuals.", "PMID": 414275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7554", "title": "Blockage of progesterone-induced release of luteinizing hormone and prolactin by d-amphetamine and fenfluramine in rats.", "content": "Subcutaneous administration of d-amphetamine at various doses (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg) decreased plasma luteinizing-hormone levels in ovariectomized rats primed with estradiol and injected with progesterone. In these animals prolactin levels decreased after injection of 0.6 and 1.25 mg/kg of d-amphetamine. No significant hormone modifications were detected in oavariectomized and ovariectomized estradiol-primed rats after injection of 2.5 mg/kg of d-amphetamine. Fenfluramine at doses of 25 mg/kg induced decreases of plasma LH and prolactin levels in ovariectomized estradiol- and progesterone-treated rats. A low dose of fenfluramine, 2.5 mg/kg, had no effect. It is concluded that d-amphetamine and fenfluramine are able to alter the facilitatory actions of progesterone on luteinizing hormone and prolactin release in ovariectomized estradiol-primed rats.", "contents": "Blockage of progesterone-induced release of luteinizing hormone and prolactin by d-amphetamine and fenfluramine in rats. Subcutaneous administration of d-amphetamine at various doses (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg) decreased plasma luteinizing-hormone levels in ovariectomized rats primed with estradiol and injected with progesterone. In these animals prolactin levels decreased after injection of 0.6 and 1.25 mg/kg of d-amphetamine. No significant hormone modifications were detected in oavariectomized and ovariectomized estradiol-primed rats after injection of 2.5 mg/kg of d-amphetamine. Fenfluramine at doses of 25 mg/kg induced decreases of plasma LH and prolactin levels in ovariectomized estradiol- and progesterone-treated rats. A low dose of fenfluramine, 2.5 mg/kg, had no effect. It is concluded that d-amphetamine and fenfluramine are able to alter the facilitatory actions of progesterone on luteinizing hormone and prolactin release in ovariectomized estradiol-primed rats.", "PMID": 414276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7555", "title": "Involvement of both cholinergic and catecholaminergic pathways in the central action of methylphenidate: a study utilizing lead-exposed rats.", "content": "The effects of methylphenidate (MPH) and the cholinergic agonists nicotine and oxotremorine were tested on the spontaneous multiple unit activity in the mesencephalic reticular formation of two groups of rats. In control rats i.v. MPH (1 mg/kg), nicotine (0.125 mg/kg), and oxotremorine (0.5 mg/kg) all attenuated the unit activity with latencies of less than 10 min. In another group of rats, exposed to lead acetate since birth, the extent of attenuation of unit activity induced by MPH and nicotine was reduced and the latency of effect was delayed by 45--50 min. The latency of the oxotremorine effect was not changed but the attenuation of unit activity was more pronounced in the lead-treated group. Pretreatment with spiroperidol, to inhibit the aminergic receptors, diminished the inhibitory effect of MPH in the control group but not in the lead-treated group, whereas the attenuating effect of oxotremorine was not affected in either group. These data support our previous evidence that MPH exerts its action in the central nervous system by a cholinergic pathway in addition to published catecholaminergic pathways. Furthermore, the present findings indicate that chronic lead-exposure in rats results in cholinergic hypofunction and supersensitivity at central cholinergic receptor sites. This alteration of central cholinergic function may be partially attributed to the malnutrition observed in the lead-exposed animals.", "contents": "Involvement of both cholinergic and catecholaminergic pathways in the central action of methylphenidate: a study utilizing lead-exposed rats. The effects of methylphenidate (MPH) and the cholinergic agonists nicotine and oxotremorine were tested on the spontaneous multiple unit activity in the mesencephalic reticular formation of two groups of rats. In control rats i.v. MPH (1 mg/kg), nicotine (0.125 mg/kg), and oxotremorine (0.5 mg/kg) all attenuated the unit activity with latencies of less than 10 min. In another group of rats, exposed to lead acetate since birth, the extent of attenuation of unit activity induced by MPH and nicotine was reduced and the latency of effect was delayed by 45--50 min. The latency of the oxotremorine effect was not changed but the attenuation of unit activity was more pronounced in the lead-treated group. Pretreatment with spiroperidol, to inhibit the aminergic receptors, diminished the inhibitory effect of MPH in the control group but not in the lead-treated group, whereas the attenuating effect of oxotremorine was not affected in either group. These data support our previous evidence that MPH exerts its action in the central nervous system by a cholinergic pathway in addition to published catecholaminergic pathways. Furthermore, the present findings indicate that chronic lead-exposure in rats results in cholinergic hypofunction and supersensitivity at central cholinergic receptor sites. This alteration of central cholinergic function may be partially attributed to the malnutrition observed in the lead-exposed animals.", "PMID": 414278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7556", "title": "Effects of chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, chlorpromazine, and d-amphetamine on sexual responses in male and female hamsters.", "content": "The acute effects on sexual behavior of oxazepam (16--64 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (8--64 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (2--8 mg/kg), and d-amphetamine (0.8--3.2 mg/kg) were examined in intact male and female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Intraperitoneal injections were given 45 min before the first behavioral test. In 10-min tests, lordosis was observed in estrous females both before and after copulation, and mounts, intromissions, and ejaculations were observed in males. Dose-response related decrements in male sexual behavior were observed following chlorpromazine and chlordiazepoxide. All dose levels of oxazepam depressed male sexual behavior. The highest dose of chlordiazepoxide and oxazepam attenuated the onset of female sexual behavior, and all dose levels reduced postcopulatory lordosis durations. Amphetamine did not interrupt either male or female sexual behavior, and chlorpromazine disrupted male but not female behavior.", "contents": "Effects of chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, chlorpromazine, and d-amphetamine on sexual responses in male and female hamsters. The acute effects on sexual behavior of oxazepam (16--64 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (8--64 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (2--8 mg/kg), and d-amphetamine (0.8--3.2 mg/kg) were examined in intact male and female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Intraperitoneal injections were given 45 min before the first behavioral test. In 10-min tests, lordosis was observed in estrous females both before and after copulation, and mounts, intromissions, and ejaculations were observed in males. Dose-response related decrements in male sexual behavior were observed following chlorpromazine and chlordiazepoxide. All dose levels of oxazepam depressed male sexual behavior. The highest dose of chlordiazepoxide and oxazepam attenuated the onset of female sexual behavior, and all dose levels reduced postcopulatory lordosis durations. Amphetamine did not interrupt either male or female sexual behavior, and chlorpromazine disrupted male but not female behavior.", "PMID": 414279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7557", "title": "Reversal of ethanol intoxication in humans: an assessment of the efficacy of L-dopa, aminophylline, and ephedrine.", "content": "The effect of postethanol treatment with L-Dopa, aminophylline and/or ephedrine was investigated. In one experiment, healthy, male, moderate drinkers ingested ethanol (0.8 g/kg) and then either L-Dopa (1.5 g), or placebo. In a second experiment, subjects ingested ethanol followed by aminophylline (200 mg), ephedrine (50 mg), aminophylline (200 mg) plus ephedrine (50 mg), or placebo. Double-blind, within-subjects, crossover designs were employed. Treatment with L-Dopa significantly reduced ethanol's effect on the electroencephalogram, motor coordination, and divided attention performance (t-test for paired data). Treatment with aminophylline and/or ephedrine also significantly reduced ethanol's effects on the electroencephalogram and motor coordination. The ethanol-antagonism may result from central noradrenergic stimulation.", "contents": "Reversal of ethanol intoxication in humans: an assessment of the efficacy of L-dopa, aminophylline, and ephedrine. The effect of postethanol treatment with L-Dopa, aminophylline and/or ephedrine was investigated. In one experiment, healthy, male, moderate drinkers ingested ethanol (0.8 g/kg) and then either L-Dopa (1.5 g), or placebo. In a second experiment, subjects ingested ethanol followed by aminophylline (200 mg), ephedrine (50 mg), aminophylline (200 mg) plus ephedrine (50 mg), or placebo. Double-blind, within-subjects, crossover designs were employed. Treatment with L-Dopa significantly reduced ethanol's effect on the electroencephalogram, motor coordination, and divided attention performance (t-test for paired data). Treatment with aminophylline and/or ephedrine also significantly reduced ethanol's effects on the electroencephalogram and motor coordination. The ethanol-antagonism may result from central noradrenergic stimulation.", "PMID": 414280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7558", "title": "Changes in fixed-ratio performance and blood alcohol levels in monkeys.", "content": "Three female Bonnet monkeys prepared with indwelling venous catheters were maintained on a fixed-ratio schedule of food reinforcement until response rates were stable. The animals were then intubated with alcohol (5.0 g/kg) 30 min prior to testing. Blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) were determined every 15 min throughout the 90-min session. Each alcohol intubation was separated by 3 days and on the second control day an isocaloric sucrose solution was intubated. The results show that the alcohol-induced response suppression gradually returns to baseline levels after 5 alcohol intubations, and the BACs were concomitantly decreased. The results indicate that the reversibility of alcohol induced behavioral impairments and changes in BACs develop within similar temporal intervals.", "contents": "Changes in fixed-ratio performance and blood alcohol levels in monkeys. Three female Bonnet monkeys prepared with indwelling venous catheters were maintained on a fixed-ratio schedule of food reinforcement until response rates were stable. The animals were then intubated with alcohol (5.0 g/kg) 30 min prior to testing. Blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) were determined every 15 min throughout the 90-min session. Each alcohol intubation was separated by 3 days and on the second control day an isocaloric sucrose solution was intubated. The results show that the alcohol-induced response suppression gradually returns to baseline levels after 5 alcohol intubations, and the BACs were concomitantly decreased. The results indicate that the reversibility of alcohol induced behavioral impairments and changes in BACs develop within similar temporal intervals.", "PMID": 414281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7559", "title": "Metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine and levels of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in rat brain after acute and chronic treatment.", "content": "Because tricyclic antidepressants (TAD) are usually given chronically to patients, both their acute and their chronic effects on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism were studied. The probenecid method was used and, in addition to 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), some other indole compounds in brain were measured. Simultaneously, TAD levels in brain and plasma were determined. Dimethylated as well as monomethylated TADs were administered, both at 10 and 25 mg/kg i.p. Treatment with either 10 mg/kg during 14 days or 25 mg/kg given acutely resulted in a similar brain level of TAD, so any differences found could be attributed to differences in administration schedule. Drug levels in brain and plasma differed considerably after chronic and acute treatments but no major differences in the effect on 5-HIAA level in the brain were found, although accumulation of 5-HIAA following probenecid treatment was mostly lowered after treatment with dimethylated TAD. The TAD level in rat brain was not decisive for the effect on central 5-HT turnover. The monomethylated TAD affected the 5-HT turnover very little, not only acutely but also chronically.", "contents": "Metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine and levels of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in rat brain after acute and chronic treatment. Because tricyclic antidepressants (TAD) are usually given chronically to patients, both their acute and their chronic effects on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism were studied. The probenecid method was used and, in addition to 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), some other indole compounds in brain were measured. Simultaneously, TAD levels in brain and plasma were determined. Dimethylated as well as monomethylated TADs were administered, both at 10 and 25 mg/kg i.p. Treatment with either 10 mg/kg during 14 days or 25 mg/kg given acutely resulted in a similar brain level of TAD, so any differences found could be attributed to differences in administration schedule. Drug levels in brain and plasma differed considerably after chronic and acute treatments but no major differences in the effect on 5-HIAA level in the brain were found, although accumulation of 5-HIAA following probenecid treatment was mostly lowered after treatment with dimethylated TAD. The TAD level in rat brain was not decisive for the effect on central 5-HT turnover. The monomethylated TAD affected the 5-HT turnover very little, not only acutely but also chronically.", "PMID": 414282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7560", "title": "Muscarine- and carbachol-induced aggressions: fear and irritable kinds of aggressions.", "content": "In unaneasthetized and unrestrained cats, muscarine and carbachol were injected into the cerebral ventricles. The kind of aggressive behaviour depended on the cholinomimetic drug and was classified as fear and an irritable kind of aggression. Muscarine induced the fear kind of aggression. The aggressive behaviour was usually preceded by attempts to escape and the attack was relevant to the situation. For the attack the presence of some threatening agent was needed. The aggression was accompanied by intense motor but less autonomic activation. On the other hand, carbachol induced an irritable kind of aggression and had the following characteristics: for the attack the presence of some threatening agent was not needed; the attack was not relevant to the situation; the aggression was not preceded by attempts to escape; and the aggressive behaviour was accompanied by intense motor and autonomic activation. It is concluded that cholinoceptive mechanisms are involved in the control of aggressive behaviour.", "contents": "Muscarine- and carbachol-induced aggressions: fear and irritable kinds of aggressions. In unaneasthetized and unrestrained cats, muscarine and carbachol were injected into the cerebral ventricles. The kind of aggressive behaviour depended on the cholinomimetic drug and was classified as fear and an irritable kind of aggression. Muscarine induced the fear kind of aggression. The aggressive behaviour was usually preceded by attempts to escape and the attack was relevant to the situation. For the attack the presence of some threatening agent was needed. The aggression was accompanied by intense motor but less autonomic activation. On the other hand, carbachol induced an irritable kind of aggression and had the following characteristics: for the attack the presence of some threatening agent was not needed; the attack was not relevant to the situation; the aggression was not preceded by attempts to escape; and the aggressive behaviour was accompanied by intense motor and autonomic activation. It is concluded that cholinoceptive mechanisms are involved in the control of aggressive behaviour.", "PMID": 414283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7561", "title": "Selective modification of spontaneous ECoG rhythms of the cat somesthetic cortex by psychoactive drugs: behavioral correlates.", "content": "Three psychoactive drugs with known central effects were administered to the freely moving cat in order to study their action on spontaneous rhythmic activities recorded from the primary somesthetic cortex, which are analogous to the rolandic mu rhyhm in man. The ECoG patterns obtained are qualitatively identical to those of the normal subject, but their temporal organization is profoundly disturbed by the action of the drugs. The normal ECoG consists of three rhythmic systems with distinct frequencies and displays a considerable time variability. In contrast, psychoactive drugs induce a stabilized pattern with only one type (or at most two types) of rhythm prevailing for one or several hours, which never occurs under normal conditions. These ECoG rhythms underlie various behavioral states. Under d-amphetamine, correspondence remains excellent between behavior and ECoG; under Ditran, complete dissociation occurs; finally, LSD represents a borderline case in which ECoG and behavior are partially correlated and partially dissociated.", "contents": "Selective modification of spontaneous ECoG rhythms of the cat somesthetic cortex by psychoactive drugs: behavioral correlates. Three psychoactive drugs with known central effects were administered to the freely moving cat in order to study their action on spontaneous rhythmic activities recorded from the primary somesthetic cortex, which are analogous to the rolandic mu rhyhm in man. The ECoG patterns obtained are qualitatively identical to those of the normal subject, but their temporal organization is profoundly disturbed by the action of the drugs. The normal ECoG consists of three rhythmic systems with distinct frequencies and displays a considerable time variability. In contrast, psychoactive drugs induce a stabilized pattern with only one type (or at most two types) of rhythm prevailing for one or several hours, which never occurs under normal conditions. These ECoG rhythms underlie various behavioral states. Under d-amphetamine, correspondence remains excellent between behavior and ECoG; under Ditran, complete dissociation occurs; finally, LSD represents a borderline case in which ECoG and behavior are partially correlated and partially dissociated.", "PMID": 414284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7562", "title": "[Memorization and central catecholamines after a craniocervical injury carried out in rats: influence of imipramine administration (author's transl)].", "content": "A craniocervical injury has been carried out in rats (with head free to move) so that they get through a whiplash without any coma. Two days after the whiplash, comparable with a postcommotional syndrome, the acquisition of a labyrinth behavior is disturbed and, 7 days later, the retention is still disturbed. This disturbance of retention is not observed when the acquisition is performed before the whiplash. These data agree with the clinical observations, and we hypothesize a possible causal relation between the disturbance of learning behavior and the decrease of noradrenaline cerebral level induced by the whiplash. Treatment with imipramine (1 mg/kg) after the whiplash is able to remove these behavioral and biochemical disturbances.", "contents": "[Memorization and central catecholamines after a craniocervical injury carried out in rats: influence of imipramine administration (author's transl)]. A craniocervical injury has been carried out in rats (with head free to move) so that they get through a whiplash without any coma. Two days after the whiplash, comparable with a postcommotional syndrome, the acquisition of a labyrinth behavior is disturbed and, 7 days later, the retention is still disturbed. This disturbance of retention is not observed when the acquisition is performed before the whiplash. These data agree with the clinical observations, and we hypothesize a possible causal relation between the disturbance of learning behavior and the decrease of noradrenaline cerebral level induced by the whiplash. Treatment with imipramine (1 mg/kg) after the whiplash is able to remove these behavioral and biochemical disturbances.", "PMID": 414286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7563", "title": "Marijuana: effects on free recall and subjective organization of pictures and words.", "content": "The free recall of pictures and words was compared following the administration of marijuana or placebo in a multitrial free recall task. Since pictures are thought to be registered in both visual and verbal memory stores with this encoding being mediated by some form of mental imagery, it was predicted that marijuana would produce a greater deficit in word recall in comparison to picture recall because the drug has been reported to facilitate imagery. A trend in the opposite direction followed intoxication; picture recall was inferior to word recall in the later stages of acquisition. Although overall recall was inferior under marijuana, no differences were found between the treatment conditions in subjective organization as determined by a variety of clustering measures. Recall performance following marijuana intoxication was positively related to level of recall performance in the placebo condition.", "contents": "Marijuana: effects on free recall and subjective organization of pictures and words. The free recall of pictures and words was compared following the administration of marijuana or placebo in a multitrial free recall task. Since pictures are thought to be registered in both visual and verbal memory stores with this encoding being mediated by some form of mental imagery, it was predicted that marijuana would produce a greater deficit in word recall in comparison to picture recall because the drug has been reported to facilitate imagery. A trend in the opposite direction followed intoxication; picture recall was inferior to word recall in the later stages of acquisition. Although overall recall was inferior under marijuana, no differences were found between the treatment conditions in subjective organization as determined by a variety of clustering measures. Recall performance following marijuana intoxication was positively related to level of recall performance in the placebo condition.", "PMID": 414287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7564", "title": "Hypnoticlike effects of cannabidiol in the rat.", "content": "The actions of cannabidiol (CBD), one of the cannabis constituents, were assessed on the sleep-wakefulness cycle of male Wistar rats. During acute experiments, single doses of 20 mg/kg CBD decreased slow-wave sleep (SWS) latency. After 40 mg/kg SWS time was significantly increased while wakefulness was decreased. REM sleep was not significantly modified. Following the once-daily injections of 40 mg/kg CBD for a period of 15 days, tolerance developed to all the above-mentioned effects.", "contents": "Hypnoticlike effects of cannabidiol in the rat. The actions of cannabidiol (CBD), one of the cannabis constituents, were assessed on the sleep-wakefulness cycle of male Wistar rats. During acute experiments, single doses of 20 mg/kg CBD decreased slow-wave sleep (SWS) latency. After 40 mg/kg SWS time was significantly increased while wakefulness was decreased. REM sleep was not significantly modified. Following the once-daily injections of 40 mg/kg CBD for a period of 15 days, tolerance developed to all the above-mentioned effects.", "PMID": 414288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7565", "title": "Changes in testosterone and behavior during adolescence in the male rhesus monkey.", "content": "Five adolescent male rhesus were followed for 3 years, from age 2 through age 4, with the collection of monthly testosterone levels, along with observation of behavior. Testosterone levels showed initial rises by age 3, but did not show the adult male seasonal pattern until 4. Play behavior fell significantly from age 2 to age 3, while sex behavior showed seasonal increases in both Year 2 and Year prior to the rise in plasma testosterone. The number of adult males in the social group may influence the timing of the rise in testosterone during adolescence. Injury may also serve to delay the increase in testosterone in males during their third year of development.", "contents": "Changes in testosterone and behavior during adolescence in the male rhesus monkey. Five adolescent male rhesus were followed for 3 years, from age 2 through age 4, with the collection of monthly testosterone levels, along with observation of behavior. Testosterone levels showed initial rises by age 3, but did not show the adult male seasonal pattern until 4. Play behavior fell significantly from age 2 to age 3, while sex behavior showed seasonal increases in both Year 2 and Year prior to the rise in plasma testosterone. The number of adult males in the social group may influence the timing of the rise in testosterone during adolescence. Injury may also serve to delay the increase in testosterone in males during their third year of development.", "PMID": 414289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7566", "title": "Depression can be induced in a bonnet macaque infant.", "content": "Depression is a well-known reaction to separation in all species of macaques studied except the bonnet (M. radiata), in whom this reaction has never before been observed. We have produced the depressive response of postural collapse and social withdrawal in a bonnet infant by altering the social structure of the group in which it lived in a way calculated to interfere whith the species-typical system of social support.", "contents": "Depression can be induced in a bonnet macaque infant. Depression is a well-known reaction to separation in all species of macaques studied except the bonnet (M. radiata), in whom this reaction has never before been observed. We have produced the depressive response of postural collapse and social withdrawal in a bonnet infant by altering the social structure of the group in which it lived in a way calculated to interfere whith the species-typical system of social support.", "PMID": 414290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7567", "title": "Radiological characteristics of primary intestinal lymphoma of the \"Mediterranean\" type: observations on twelve cases.", "content": "Radiological findings in 12 cases of \"Mediterranean\" lymphoma are analyzed, 4 of which are associated with gammapathy. These findings have not permitted differentiation of this type of lymphoma from those classically described, although there are two signs that strongly suggest this diagnosis: extension of the lesions along wide areas of the small intestine, almost always including the duodenum, and spiculation of the mucosal fold edges, representing massive plasmocyte infiltration of the lamina propria. The principal clinical, immunological, and pathological aspects are described, as well as the radiological differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Radiological characteristics of primary intestinal lymphoma of the \"Mediterranean\" type: observations on twelve cases. Radiological findings in 12 cases of \"Mediterranean\" lymphoma are analyzed, 4 of which are associated with gammapathy. These findings have not permitted differentiation of this type of lymphoma from those classically described, although there are two signs that strongly suggest this diagnosis: extension of the lesions along wide areas of the small intestine, almost always including the duodenum, and spiculation of the mucosal fold edges, representing massive plasmocyte infiltration of the lamina propria. The principal clinical, immunological, and pathological aspects are described, as well as the radiological differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 414303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7568", "title": "Development and evaluation of a new water-soluble iodinated myelographic contrast medium with markedly reduced convulsive effects.", "content": "A new water-soluble myelographic contrast agent with more hydrophilic properties than metrizamide was developed and tested in the primate (Macaca mulatta) and the cat. A new animal model that allows study of the convulsive effects of intrathecally administered contrast agents in the awake monkey was designed. With this sensitive model the new contrast agent was shown to have a remarkable reduced convulsive effect when compared with metrizamide and other media. Intrathecal hypertonic solutions in the cat depress the evoked cortico-spinal responses whereas the neurotoxic effects of the iodinated water-soluble contrast media increase them. The net effect is a combination of the two actions.", "contents": "Development and evaluation of a new water-soluble iodinated myelographic contrast medium with markedly reduced convulsive effects. A new water-soluble myelographic contrast agent with more hydrophilic properties than metrizamide was developed and tested in the primate (Macaca mulatta) and the cat. A new animal model that allows study of the convulsive effects of intrathecally administered contrast agents in the awake monkey was designed. With this sensitive model the new contrast agent was shown to have a remarkable reduced convulsive effect when compared with metrizamide and other media. Intrathecal hypertonic solutions in the cat depress the evoked cortico-spinal responses whereas the neurotoxic effects of the iodinated water-soluble contrast media increase them. The net effect is a combination of the two actions.", "PMID": 414304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7569", "title": "Treatment of carcinoma of the middle ear.", "content": "31 patients with carcinoma of the middle ear were observed over a period of 15 years. Polytomography was used to determine the local extent of the disease. Of 22 patients given radical therapy, 15 were treated by mastoidectomy followed by radiation therapy. The 5-year survival rate was 40%, which is in agreement with the findings of several other authors. Patients treated by irradiation alone had a poor survival rate.", "contents": "Treatment of carcinoma of the middle ear. 31 patients with carcinoma of the middle ear were observed over a period of 15 years. Polytomography was used to determine the local extent of the disease. Of 22 patients given radical therapy, 15 were treated by mastoidectomy followed by radiation therapy. The 5-year survival rate was 40%, which is in agreement with the findings of several other authors. Patients treated by irradiation alone had a poor survival rate.", "PMID": 414305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7570", "title": "Tumor cell respiration following irradiation.", "content": "Oxygen consumption rates for mouse mastocytoma cells examined from 3 to 4 hours after x-irradiation with 250-2000 rads were consistently higher than controls. Cyclic fluctuations in oxygen consumption per cell were dose-dependent; peaks in consumption were generally greater in magnitude and occurred later in time with increasing dose. The cyclic response in consumption is probably due to cell synchronization effects, while the overall higher respiration rates of irradiated cells may reflect increased metabolic activity in response to radiation damage. Oxygen consumption rates for the total cell population were cyclic after 250 and 500 rads, but declined steadily after 1000 or 2000 rads; oxygen consumption rates tended to be lower than controls, especially 12-24 hours postirradiation. Differences between cellular and population oxygen consumption rates reflect changes in cell number after irradiation. It is suggested that postirradiation reoxygenation kinetics in solid tumors may result from changes in tumor oxygen demand.", "contents": "Tumor cell respiration following irradiation. Oxygen consumption rates for mouse mastocytoma cells examined from 3 to 4 hours after x-irradiation with 250-2000 rads were consistently higher than controls. Cyclic fluctuations in oxygen consumption per cell were dose-dependent; peaks in consumption were generally greater in magnitude and occurred later in time with increasing dose. The cyclic response in consumption is probably due to cell synchronization effects, while the overall higher respiration rates of irradiated cells may reflect increased metabolic activity in response to radiation damage. Oxygen consumption rates for the total cell population were cyclic after 250 and 500 rads, but declined steadily after 1000 or 2000 rads; oxygen consumption rates tended to be lower than controls, especially 12-24 hours postirradiation. Differences between cellular and population oxygen consumption rates reflect changes in cell number after irradiation. It is suggested that postirradiation reoxygenation kinetics in solid tumors may result from changes in tumor oxygen demand.", "PMID": 414306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7571", "title": "Cyclotron fast neutron RBE for late kidney damage.", "content": "Decrease in kidney weight six months after unilateral kidney exposure to single doses of neutrons or x rays has been studied. The relative biological effectiveness for late kidney damage was 1.7 at a neutron dose of 1,000 rads.", "contents": "Cyclotron fast neutron RBE for late kidney damage. Decrease in kidney weight six months after unilateral kidney exposure to single doses of neutrons or x rays has been studied. The relative biological effectiveness for late kidney damage was 1.7 at a neutron dose of 1,000 rads.", "PMID": 414307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7572", "title": "[Analytical expressions for the dose distribution of 42 MV X-rays from a betatron (author's transl)].", "content": "Absorption in water of 42 MV X-rays is described by means of equations whose parameters have been determined in such a way as to best fit the experimental data. The results obtained are employed in a general program for the calculation of dose distribution in external radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Analytical expressions for the dose distribution of 42 MV X-rays from a betatron (author's transl)]. Absorption in water of 42 MV X-rays is described by means of equations whose parameters have been determined in such a way as to best fit the experimental data. The results obtained are employed in a general program for the calculation of dose distribution in external radiotherapy.", "PMID": 414310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7573", "title": "[Rapid and simultaneous screening and quantitation of antitetanus and anti-HBs antibodies using Laurell's method].", "content": "Every transfusion Center which must hunt out anti-tetanus and anti-HBs antibodies to obtain specific corresponding immunoglobulins, is submitted to rapidity, precision and low cost necessity. In order to satisfy these obligations, the authors describe a simple and rapid method, allowing use of the same serum, through a single stage, and simultaneously, screening and quantitation of anti-tetanus antibodies (according to Laurells' method) and of fractionation suitable anti-HBs antibodies (through electro immunodiffusion). Technical conditions exposed in this paper allow direct quantitation of anti-tetanus antibodies from 1 to 30-40 IU; dilutions can be made for upper titers. False negative reactions due to zone effect, as observed in EID and passive haemagglutination do not occur while using this method. Its routine use contributes to the increase of the percentage of fractionation suitable plasmas, without overloading the screening laboratory's tash.", "contents": "[Rapid and simultaneous screening and quantitation of antitetanus and anti-HBs antibodies using Laurell's method]. Every transfusion Center which must hunt out anti-tetanus and anti-HBs antibodies to obtain specific corresponding immunoglobulins, is submitted to rapidity, precision and low cost necessity. In order to satisfy these obligations, the authors describe a simple and rapid method, allowing use of the same serum, through a single stage, and simultaneously, screening and quantitation of anti-tetanus antibodies (according to Laurells' method) and of fractionation suitable anti-HBs antibodies (through electro immunodiffusion). Technical conditions exposed in this paper allow direct quantitation of anti-tetanus antibodies from 1 to 30-40 IU; dilutions can be made for upper titers. False negative reactions due to zone effect, as observed in EID and passive haemagglutination do not occur while using this method. Its routine use contributes to the increase of the percentage of fractionation suitable plasmas, without overloading the screening laboratory's tash.", "PMID": 414339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7574", "title": "Measurement of functional capacity with visual analogue scales.", "content": "The value of three visual analogue scales for measuring aspects of functional capacity was assessed in 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving long-term treatment. A scale in which patients were allowed to choose a function which was a particular problem gave the best results, with more severe initial impairment and greater change with treatment. This scale was as useful as pain in assessing the result of treatment.", "contents": "Measurement of functional capacity with visual analogue scales. The value of three visual analogue scales for measuring aspects of functional capacity was assessed in 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving long-term treatment. A scale in which patients were allowed to choose a function which was a particular problem gave the best results, with more severe initial impairment and greater change with treatment. This scale was as useful as pain in assessing the result of treatment.", "PMID": 414343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7575", "title": "Floctafenine (Idarac) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A double-blind controlled cross-over trial comparing floctafenine 1.6 g daily with soluble aspirin 4.0 g daily and matching placebo, in 48 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, is reported. Floctafenine and aspirin gave statistically significant reduction in morning stiffness, grip strength and better subjective assessment than the placebo. There was no difference in the relief of pain between the three treatments under the conditions of this trial where paracetamol was allowed as an additional escape analgesic. During the period of aspirin therapy there was a higher indicence of concurrent complaints, faecal occult blood loss and a reduction in haemoglobin. An open long-term study in 12 rheumatoid patients receiving floctafenine 1.6 g daily for 3--6 months showed satisfactory management of their clinical condition. There were no significant or serious side-effects or change in biochemical or haematological parameters, and patients completed their course of therapy.", "contents": "Floctafenine (Idarac) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind controlled cross-over trial comparing floctafenine 1.6 g daily with soluble aspirin 4.0 g daily and matching placebo, in 48 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, is reported. Floctafenine and aspirin gave statistically significant reduction in morning stiffness, grip strength and better subjective assessment than the placebo. There was no difference in the relief of pain between the three treatments under the conditions of this trial where paracetamol was allowed as an additional escape analgesic. During the period of aspirin therapy there was a higher indicence of concurrent complaints, faecal occult blood loss and a reduction in haemoglobin. An open long-term study in 12 rheumatoid patients receiving floctafenine 1.6 g daily for 3--6 months showed satisfactory management of their clinical condition. There were no significant or serious side-effects or change in biochemical or haematological parameters, and patients completed their course of therapy.", "PMID": 414344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7576", "title": "The formation of nasal septum deviation in human evolution.", "content": "The purpose of this research is to determine when in the process of human evolution nasal septal deviation first occurred. There is a higher incidence of nasal septal deviations in man, while the septum of anthropoid ape is vertical and has not been found to have nasal septal deviations. It is said that our ancestors evolved respectively from ape like primates through Australapithecus, Pithecanthropus, Neanderthal man and finally Modern man. I concluded from my observations that the nasal septal deviations in man first occurred at the Neanderthal stage.", "contents": "The formation of nasal septum deviation in human evolution. The purpose of this research is to determine when in the process of human evolution nasal septal deviation first occurred. There is a higher incidence of nasal septal deviations in man, while the septum of anthropoid ape is vertical and has not been found to have nasal septal deviations. It is said that our ancestors evolved respectively from ape like primates through Australapithecus, Pithecanthropus, Neanderthal man and finally Modern man. I concluded from my observations that the nasal septal deviations in man first occurred at the Neanderthal stage.", "PMID": 414345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7577", "title": "[Electroclinical correlations during anticonvulsive therapy of status epilepticus and chronic focal epilepsies using clonazepam].", "content": "Clonazepam was used in 22 instances of status epilepticus by intravenous route with particularly good results. Severe etiologies in status were common. Therapy of partial and secondarily generalized convulsion is favoured. 18 patients with epilepsies of similar classification were treated by long term oral administration with inconstant results. Spatio-temporal and dose related profiles of convulsive and electroencephalographic desactivation are demonstrated. Signs of secondary generalisation were abolished first whereas focal signs turned out more resistent proved by repeated EEG recordings. Hypnotic effect as constituent or not in parenteral status therapy is discussed.", "contents": "[Electroclinical correlations during anticonvulsive therapy of status epilepticus and chronic focal epilepsies using clonazepam]. Clonazepam was used in 22 instances of status epilepticus by intravenous route with particularly good results. Severe etiologies in status were common. Therapy of partial and secondarily generalized convulsion is favoured. 18 patients with epilepsies of similar classification were treated by long term oral administration with inconstant results. Spatio-temporal and dose related profiles of convulsive and electroencephalographic desactivation are demonstrated. Signs of secondary generalisation were abolished first whereas focal signs turned out more resistent proved by repeated EEG recordings. Hypnotic effect as constituent or not in parenteral status therapy is discussed.", "PMID": 414352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7578", "title": "[Sensitivity of gonococcus to penicillin G in the canton Berne during the years 1972-1977. Isolation of penicillin-resistant strains].", "content": "Since January 1972 Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been systematically investigated by culture techniques at the Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology of the University of Berne. From January 1st 1972 to September 30th 1977, 820 strains were isolated. A survey of the sensitivity of gonococci to penicillin G is presented. We found three groups: 1. 700 sensitive strains (85.4%), 2. 118 strains with decreased sensitivity (14,4%), 3.2 resistant strains (0.2%). The two penicillin-resistant strains are described. Only the patients infected with gonococci of the third group were untreatable with penicillin. In view of the present epidemiological situation penicillin remains the drug of choice. However, bacteriological examination including sensitivity tests is urgently recommended and is absolutely indicated in the event of treatment failures. In addition, culture is necessary to rule out gonorrhea because the asymptomatic form is observed with increasing frequency not only in female patients but recently also in male patients.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of gonococcus to penicillin G in the canton Berne during the years 1972-1977. Isolation of penicillin-resistant strains]. Since January 1972 Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been systematically investigated by culture techniques at the Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology of the University of Berne. From January 1st 1972 to September 30th 1977, 820 strains were isolated. A survey of the sensitivity of gonococci to penicillin G is presented. We found three groups: 1. 700 sensitive strains (85.4%), 2. 118 strains with decreased sensitivity (14,4%), 3.2 resistant strains (0.2%). The two penicillin-resistant strains are described. Only the patients infected with gonococci of the third group were untreatable with penicillin. In view of the present epidemiological situation penicillin remains the drug of choice. However, bacteriological examination including sensitivity tests is urgently recommended and is absolutely indicated in the event of treatment failures. In addition, culture is necessary to rule out gonorrhea because the asymptomatic form is observed with increasing frequency not only in female patients but recently also in male patients.", "PMID": 414353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7579", "title": "[Piperazine intoxication in long-term hemodialysis].", "content": "A 35-year-old patient with terminal renal failure who had received 30 mg piperazine hexahydrate/kg body weight daily for 10 days for oxyuriasis was subsequently admitted to hospital in precoma with severe clinical symptoms not unlike those observed in so-called dialysis dementia: loss of consciousness, dysarthria, apraxia, clonic spasms, tremor, muscular weakness, dropping of objects, inability to think clearly and/or hallucinations. The EEG showed disturbances with diffuse, multifocal delta waves. Under maintenance hemodialysis the patient became asymptomatic one week after discontinuation of the piperazine therapy. Piperazine is contraindicated in patients with renal failure.", "contents": "[Piperazine intoxication in long-term hemodialysis]. A 35-year-old patient with terminal renal failure who had received 30 mg piperazine hexahydrate/kg body weight daily for 10 days for oxyuriasis was subsequently admitted to hospital in precoma with severe clinical symptoms not unlike those observed in so-called dialysis dementia: loss of consciousness, dysarthria, apraxia, clonic spasms, tremor, muscular weakness, dropping of objects, inability to think clearly and/or hallucinations. The EEG showed disturbances with diffuse, multifocal delta waves. Under maintenance hemodialysis the patient became asymptomatic one week after discontinuation of the piperazine therapy. Piperazine is contraindicated in patients with renal failure.", "PMID": 414354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7580", "title": "Erythromycin in respiratory tract infection.", "content": "One of the main uses of erythromycin in respiratory tract infection has been in the treatment of acute streptococcal tonsillitis as an alternative to penicillin. Studies on the quantitative bacteriology of tonsils obtained at tonsillectomy have shown large numbers of both haemolytic streptococci and Haemophilus species in most samples and these organisms can be effectively reduced in number by preoperative treatment with antibiotics such as erythromycin. Such investigations suggest that erythromycin might have wider use in the treatment of respiratory tract infections, particularly where Haemophilus influenzae and other Haemophilus species are involved. Apart from specific infections such as those due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, erythromycin is effective in the treatment of acute pneumonia due to organisms such as the pneumococcus, and this paper reports the further use of erythromycin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis where the clinical and bacteriological effects of treatment with this antibiotic are compared with those of ampicillin.", "contents": "Erythromycin in respiratory tract infection. One of the main uses of erythromycin in respiratory tract infection has been in the treatment of acute streptococcal tonsillitis as an alternative to penicillin. Studies on the quantitative bacteriology of tonsils obtained at tonsillectomy have shown large numbers of both haemolytic streptococci and Haemophilus species in most samples and these organisms can be effectively reduced in number by preoperative treatment with antibiotics such as erythromycin. Such investigations suggest that erythromycin might have wider use in the treatment of respiratory tract infections, particularly where Haemophilus influenzae and other Haemophilus species are involved. Apart from specific infections such as those due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, erythromycin is effective in the treatment of acute pneumonia due to organisms such as the pneumococcus, and this paper reports the further use of erythromycin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis where the clinical and bacteriological effects of treatment with this antibiotic are compared with those of ampicillin.", "PMID": 414355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7581", "title": "Thermoregulation is impaired in an environment without circadian time cues.", "content": "Squirrel monkeys synchronized to a 24-hour light-dark cycle show a prominent circadian rhythm in body temperature which is regulated against mild environmental cold exposures throughout the 24-hour day. However, cold exposures produce significant decreases in core body temperature when the circadian rhythms of the animal are free-running in the absence of environmental time cues. Effective thermoregulation appears to require the precise internal synchronization of the circadian timekeeping system.", "contents": "Thermoregulation is impaired in an environment without circadian time cues. Squirrel monkeys synchronized to a 24-hour light-dark cycle show a prominent circadian rhythm in body temperature which is regulated against mild environmental cold exposures throughout the 24-hour day. However, cold exposures produce significant decreases in core body temperature when the circadian rhythms of the animal are free-running in the absence of environmental time cues. Effective thermoregulation appears to require the precise internal synchronization of the circadian timekeeping system.", "PMID": 414356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7582", "title": "Measurement of regional substrate utilization rates by emission tomography.", "content": "Emission tomography can be used to monitor, in vivo and regionally, the utilization of metabolic substrates labeled with positron-emitting radioisotopes produced by a cyclotron. The concept was validated by measuring brain glucose utilization with carbon--11-labeled glucose in rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "Measurement of regional substrate utilization rates by emission tomography. Emission tomography can be used to monitor, in vivo and regionally, the utilization of metabolic substrates labeled with positron-emitting radioisotopes produced by a cyclotron. The concept was validated by measuring brain glucose utilization with carbon--11-labeled glucose in rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 414358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7583", "title": "Studies of vesicoureteral reflux: a review of work in a primate model.", "content": "Studies of vesicoureteral reflux in a primate model were reviewed. Reflux was found to be uncommon in adults but frequent in infants, suggesting that maturation of the ureterovesical junction occurs. Repeated bladder infections did not prevent this maturation. Infection did not cause reflux unless the junction was only marginally competent. Reflux prolonged urinary tract infection in the infant, but in the adult monkey it did not.", "contents": "Studies of vesicoureteral reflux: a review of work in a primate model. Studies of vesicoureteral reflux in a primate model were reviewed. Reflux was found to be uncommon in adults but frequent in infants, suggesting that maturation of the ureterovesical junction occurs. Repeated bladder infections did not prevent this maturation. Infection did not cause reflux unless the junction was only marginally competent. Reflux prolonged urinary tract infection in the infant, but in the adult monkey it did not.", "PMID": 414361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7584", "title": "Nursery exposure of 528 newborns to a nurse with pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "Newborn infants are thought to be particularly susceptible to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the possibility of exposure to unrecognized clinical tuberculosis in nursery and hospital personnel is ever present. To reduce this possibility, periodic skin testing of hospital personnel is often carried out, and tuberculin-positive personnel are given preventive treatment with isoniazid (INH). Also, environmental controls, such as ultraviolet light and periodic air exchange, are used. The efficacy of these measures has not been fully established. A nursery supervisor with smear- and culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis and a productive cough exposed 528 newborns over a three-month period before her disease was diagnosed. All 514 infants available for skin testing at approximately 3 months of age had negative skin tests. None received isoniazid preventive treatment. The nursery rooms all had ultraviolet lighting mounted above eye level. Calculated air changes per hour with positive pressure ventilation of fresh air ranged from 12 to 18. The hospital did not regularly test employees for tuberculosis. Periodic tuberculin testing of hospital personnel with preventive treatment of reactors presumably would have prevented this exposure.", "contents": "Nursery exposure of 528 newborns to a nurse with pulmonary tuberculosis. Newborn infants are thought to be particularly susceptible to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the possibility of exposure to unrecognized clinical tuberculosis in nursery and hospital personnel is ever present. To reduce this possibility, periodic skin testing of hospital personnel is often carried out, and tuberculin-positive personnel are given preventive treatment with isoniazid (INH). Also, environmental controls, such as ultraviolet light and periodic air exchange, are used. The efficacy of these measures has not been fully established. A nursery supervisor with smear- and culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis and a productive cough exposed 528 newborns over a three-month period before her disease was diagnosed. All 514 infants available for skin testing at approximately 3 months of age had negative skin tests. None received isoniazid preventive treatment. The nursery rooms all had ultraviolet lighting mounted above eye level. Calculated air changes per hour with positive pressure ventilation of fresh air ranged from 12 to 18. The hospital did not regularly test employees for tuberculosis. Periodic tuberculin testing of hospital personnel with preventive treatment of reactors presumably would have prevented this exposure.", "PMID": 414362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7585", "title": "Growth and development in children receiving hemodialysis.", "content": "Five children, aged 12 to 18 years, received intermittent hemodialysis for as long as 60 months. Linear growth and development progressed in all children. Growth rate was 60% to 260% of the expected increment. Four of the children developed secondary sexual characteristics. Prolonged hemodialysis combined with good nutrition may promote maximal growth before renal homotransplantation in children with end-stage renal disease.", "contents": "Growth and development in children receiving hemodialysis. Five children, aged 12 to 18 years, received intermittent hemodialysis for as long as 60 months. Linear growth and development progressed in all children. Growth rate was 60% to 260% of the expected increment. Four of the children developed secondary sexual characteristics. Prolonged hemodialysis combined with good nutrition may promote maximal growth before renal homotransplantation in children with end-stage renal disease.", "PMID": 414363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7586", "title": "The social revolution in health services.", "content": "In the past, health care was predominantly curative and was directed mostly at the individual. It largely neglected the community and the true object of health services, i.e. to improve the health of the entire population. A comprehensive health service should meet all the health needs of a community and should not be orientated solely towards disease and hospital care. The importance of community participation in the social rehabilitation of individuals recovering from mental or organic diseases is emphasized, and the role of primary health care in helping to relieve pressure on hospital services by caring for more people at the community level should be recognized. In training health personnel greater emphasis needs to be placed on promoting more flexible attitudes of mind to fit professional skills covering all problems confronting the community. The social function of health services should be recognized and accepted in order to ensure that health technology is developed and applied in harmony with this social function.", "contents": "The social revolution in health services. In the past, health care was predominantly curative and was directed mostly at the individual. It largely neglected the community and the true object of health services, i.e. to improve the health of the entire population. A comprehensive health service should meet all the health needs of a community and should not be orientated solely towards disease and hospital care. The importance of community participation in the social rehabilitation of individuals recovering from mental or organic diseases is emphasized, and the role of primary health care in helping to relieve pressure on hospital services by caring for more people at the community level should be recognized. In training health personnel greater emphasis needs to be placed on promoting more flexible attitudes of mind to fit professional skills covering all problems confronting the community. The social function of health services should be recognized and accepted in order to ensure that health technology is developed and applied in harmony with this social function.", "PMID": 414364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7587", "title": "Regional localization of a beta-galactosidase locus on human chromosome 22.", "content": "Human white blood cells with an X/22 translocation [46, XX, t(X;22)(q23;q13)] were fused with Chinese hamster cells. The isolated hybrids were analyzed for human chromosomes and 21 enzyme markers. An electrophoretic technique for studying the beta-galactosidase isoenzymes in man-Chinese hamster hybrid cells was developed. Immunological studies showed that the beta-galactosidase marker studied in these hybrids did contain immunological determinants of human origin. Furthermore the results provided evidence that a locus for beta-galactosidase is situated on chromosome 22 distal to the breakpoint in q13.", "contents": "Regional localization of a beta-galactosidase locus on human chromosome 22. Human white blood cells with an X/22 translocation [46, XX, t(X;22)(q23;q13)] were fused with Chinese hamster cells. The isolated hybrids were analyzed for human chromosomes and 21 enzyme markers. An electrophoretic technique for studying the beta-galactosidase isoenzymes in man-Chinese hamster hybrid cells was developed. Immunological studies showed that the beta-galactosidase marker studied in these hybrids did contain immunological determinants of human origin. Furthermore the results provided evidence that a locus for beta-galactosidase is situated on chromosome 22 distal to the breakpoint in q13.", "PMID": 414365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7588", "title": "Hormones and the pathophysiology of fibrocystic mastopathy.", "content": "There is some reason to believe that common benign diseases of the breast are in great part caused by abnormalities of the hormonal milieu in which the breasts exist. Relative hyperestrinism by itself may cause mammary dysplasia, but it is likely that etiologic contributions are required from genetic factors within the cells of the mammary gland, from abnormalities of pituitary mammotropic hormone activity and from surplus or deficit of other circulating nongonadal factors.", "contents": "Hormones and the pathophysiology of fibrocystic mastopathy. There is some reason to believe that common benign diseases of the breast are in great part caused by abnormalities of the hormonal milieu in which the breasts exist. Relative hyperestrinism by itself may cause mammary dysplasia, but it is likely that etiologic contributions are required from genetic factors within the cells of the mammary gland, from abnormalities of pituitary mammotropic hormone activity and from surplus or deficit of other circulating nongonadal factors.", "PMID": 414366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7589", "title": "Intrathoracic meningocele and vertebral anomalies in a case of neurofibromatosis.", "content": "A case of an intrathoracic meningocele associated with vertebral scalloping, enlarged intervertebral foramina and scoliosis in neurofibromatosis without spinal or nerve root rumors is described. A markedly attenuated dura mater anteriorly was present at autopsy and may have predisposed to meningeal herniation and scalloping.", "contents": "Intrathoracic meningocele and vertebral anomalies in a case of neurofibromatosis. A case of an intrathoracic meningocele associated with vertebral scalloping, enlarged intervertebral foramina and scoliosis in neurofibromatosis without spinal or nerve root rumors is described. A markedly attenuated dura mater anteriorly was present at autopsy and may have predisposed to meningeal herniation and scalloping.", "PMID": 414367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7590", "title": "Insulin-releasing activity and successful transplantation of pancreatic islets preserved by tissue culture.", "content": "Preserving pancreatic islets for 7 days by a making use of the organ culture, we studied the insulin-releasing activity at the time of administration of glucose and various digestive tract hormones for the purpose of clarifying the function of preserved pancreatic islets. Furthermore, we transplanted pancreatic islets preserved for 3 to 5 days into the portal vein of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and reached the following conclusions: (1). The islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responded well to glucose up to the seventh day of preservation and showed patterns similar to those of fresh pancreatic islets with respect to both the dose response and the time response. (2). Preserved pancreatic islets of the pancreas had insulin-releasing activity almost equal to that of fresh pancreatic islets against stimulation by glucagon, tolbutamide, and various digestive tract hormones. (3). Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes showed a marked improvement in blood glucose and urine glucose following transplantation of preserved pancreatic islets into the portal vein, and this effectiveness persisted for 6 to 8 weeks.", "contents": "Insulin-releasing activity and successful transplantation of pancreatic islets preserved by tissue culture. Preserving pancreatic islets for 7 days by a making use of the organ culture, we studied the insulin-releasing activity at the time of administration of glucose and various digestive tract hormones for the purpose of clarifying the function of preserved pancreatic islets. Furthermore, we transplanted pancreatic islets preserved for 3 to 5 days into the portal vein of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and reached the following conclusions: (1). The islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responded well to glucose up to the seventh day of preservation and showed patterns similar to those of fresh pancreatic islets with respect to both the dose response and the time response. (2). Preserved pancreatic islets of the pancreas had insulin-releasing activity almost equal to that of fresh pancreatic islets against stimulation by glucagon, tolbutamide, and various digestive tract hormones. (3). Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes showed a marked improvement in blood glucose and urine glucose following transplantation of preserved pancreatic islets into the portal vein, and this effectiveness persisted for 6 to 8 weeks.", "PMID": 414368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7591", "title": "Inhibition of aspirin-induced bronchoconstriction by sodium cromoglycate inhalation.", "content": "Five patients with asthma and severe aspirin hypersensitivity were challenged on separate days with increasing doses of aspirin given by mouth, starting with 5 mg, until a reduction in FEV1 greater than 15% was obtained. Sodium cromoglycate in doses of 20-40 mg inhibited the bronchoconstrictive reaction not only when inhaled before the challenge but also after it, at a time when progressive reduction in FEV1 values was taking place. According to these results, it seems reasonable to postulate sequential mast cell degranulation and liberation of mediators of anaphylaxis as the mechanism through which aspirin induces bronchoconstriction in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. The differences between bronchial provocation tests and oral challenge with aspirin are stressed.", "contents": "Inhibition of aspirin-induced bronchoconstriction by sodium cromoglycate inhalation. Five patients with asthma and severe aspirin hypersensitivity were challenged on separate days with increasing doses of aspirin given by mouth, starting with 5 mg, until a reduction in FEV1 greater than 15% was obtained. Sodium cromoglycate in doses of 20-40 mg inhibited the bronchoconstrictive reaction not only when inhaled before the challenge but also after it, at a time when progressive reduction in FEV1 values was taking place. According to these results, it seems reasonable to postulate sequential mast cell degranulation and liberation of mediators of anaphylaxis as the mechanism through which aspirin induces bronchoconstriction in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. The differences between bronchial provocation tests and oral challenge with aspirin are stressed.", "PMID": 414371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7592", "title": "[Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in the intestinal contents of broilers on different farms (author's transl)].", "content": "The intestinal contents of 3,090 broilers, one day to five weeks of age, from 1,025 broiler houses, were examined for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was isolated in 243 cases, i.e. 23.7% of the broiler houses, 58.8% were of type 1, 35.5% of type 4b, 1.2% were of type 5 and 2.4% of the strains could not be typed. In spite of cleaning and disinfection after the chickens had been taken to the poultry slaughterhouse, reinfection occurred in the broiler houses in 16.9% of the cases; this occurred as many as eight times in succession. Various serotypes were isolated on one farm. Listeria organisms in the intestinal contents of healthy broilers do not affect the growth rate. Contaminated deep-litter (chips of white deal-wood) is a potential danger for man and animals, especially when used inn loose-housings on cattle farms.", "contents": "[Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in the intestinal contents of broilers on different farms (author's transl)]. The intestinal contents of 3,090 broilers, one day to five weeks of age, from 1,025 broiler houses, were examined for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was isolated in 243 cases, i.e. 23.7% of the broiler houses, 58.8% were of type 1, 35.5% of type 4b, 1.2% were of type 5 and 2.4% of the strains could not be typed. In spite of cleaning and disinfection after the chickens had been taken to the poultry slaughterhouse, reinfection occurred in the broiler houses in 16.9% of the cases; this occurred as many as eight times in succession. Various serotypes were isolated on one farm. Listeria organisms in the intestinal contents of healthy broilers do not affect the growth rate. Contaminated deep-litter (chips of white deal-wood) is a potential danger for man and animals, especially when used inn loose-housings on cattle farms.", "PMID": 414373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7593", "title": "[Hemodynamic and echocardiographic investigations following mitral valve replacement by glutaraldehyde preserved xenografts (author's transl)].", "content": "Sequential hemodynamic and echocardiographic studies following mitral valve replacement by glutaraldehyde preserved bioprotheses have been carried out in 40 patients. These investigations have been compared to those of patients having received Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley or Lillehei-Kaster valves. Between the two groups the data of heart catheterization showed no differences. Echocardiography however showed an earlier normalisation of the data of the left ventricle after replacement by Hancock valves. Therefore and because of low thromboembolic risc and good mechanical stability and low immunogenecity the use of bioprotheses is recommended.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic and echocardiographic investigations following mitral valve replacement by glutaraldehyde preserved xenografts (author's transl)]. Sequential hemodynamic and echocardiographic studies following mitral valve replacement by glutaraldehyde preserved bioprotheses have been carried out in 40 patients. These investigations have been compared to those of patients having received Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley or Lillehei-Kaster valves. Between the two groups the data of heart catheterization showed no differences. Echocardiography however showed an earlier normalisation of the data of the left ventricle after replacement by Hancock valves. Therefore and because of low thromboembolic risc and good mechanical stability and low immunogenecity the use of bioprotheses is recommended.", "PMID": 414374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7594", "title": "Innervation of the palatine mucous membrane in the Cebus apella monkey.", "content": "A histological study was conducted on the innervation of the Cebus apella palatine mucosa. Ten monkeys were used for the present study. After perfusion with 10% formalin, the whole hard palate mucosa was removed in one piece and made into histological sections according to De Castro's method for silver impregnation. We concluded that the nerve fibers form free endings and organized corpuscles, like Meissner corpuscles. Free nerve endings are numerous in the hard palate mucosa and they show a great variety in form and size.", "contents": "Innervation of the palatine mucous membrane in the Cebus apella monkey. A histological study was conducted on the innervation of the Cebus apella palatine mucosa. Ten monkeys were used for the present study. After perfusion with 10% formalin, the whole hard palate mucosa was removed in one piece and made into histological sections according to De Castro's method for silver impregnation. We concluded that the nerve fibers form free endings and organized corpuscles, like Meissner corpuscles. Free nerve endings are numerous in the hard palate mucosa and they show a great variety in form and size.", "PMID": 414375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7595", "title": "[Some remarks concerning the tissue-air-ratio (TAR) in the case of bilateral total body irradiation (author's transl)].", "content": "The TAR's resulting from the bilateral 60Co-irradiation of an homogeneous whole body phantom and of a quadratic phantom are measured in their midlines and at their surfaces of incidence. They are compared with measurements on a patient. The dose contributions of scattered radiation and its effective energy are determined by means of a simple water-phantom. Investigations concerning the influence of the \"os ilium\" on the midline dose showed that besides the former mentioned other bone structures too in the pelvic area are responsible for the low rectal dose in patients. Rectal doses therefore should not considered representative for the midline dose. The variation of the midline dose depending on the source distance is discussed.", "contents": "[Some remarks concerning the tissue-air-ratio (TAR) in the case of bilateral total body irradiation (author's transl)]. The TAR's resulting from the bilateral 60Co-irradiation of an homogeneous whole body phantom and of a quadratic phantom are measured in their midlines and at their surfaces of incidence. They are compared with measurements on a patient. The dose contributions of scattered radiation and its effective energy are determined by means of a simple water-phantom. Investigations concerning the influence of the \"os ilium\" on the midline dose showed that besides the former mentioned other bone structures too in the pelvic area are responsible for the low rectal dose in patients. Rectal doses therefore should not considered representative for the midline dose. The variation of the midline dose depending on the source distance is discussed.", "PMID": 414384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7596", "title": "[Light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic observations on phagocytosis of Plasmodium berghei infected erythrocytes by mouse macrophages [author's transl)].", "content": "Peritoneal macrophages from mice were cultured in Leighton tubes for 2 hours. Thereafter suspensions of washed red blood corpuscles originating from Plasmodium berghei-infected mice were offered to the cultured cells for phagocytosis. After 15 minutes of incubation 13,5% of the macrophages showed phagocytized parasites if the peritoneal cells came from malariaimmune mice. Cells from normal mice or from infected mice had lower rates (4,8/9,1%). After an incubation of 3 hours about 50% of the cells showed phagocytosis in all three groups. The system used allowed to estimate the halftimes for intracellular elimination of the parasites. The values are 27 minutes for cells from immune animals, 57 minutes for cells from normal animals, and 66 minutes for cells from infected animals. Details of the process of phatocytosis were recorded by scanning electron microscopic pictures.", "contents": "[Light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic observations on phagocytosis of Plasmodium berghei infected erythrocytes by mouse macrophages [author's transl)]. Peritoneal macrophages from mice were cultured in Leighton tubes for 2 hours. Thereafter suspensions of washed red blood corpuscles originating from Plasmodium berghei-infected mice were offered to the cultured cells for phagocytosis. After 15 minutes of incubation 13,5% of the macrophages showed phagocytized parasites if the peritoneal cells came from malariaimmune mice. Cells from normal mice or from infected mice had lower rates (4,8/9,1%). After an incubation of 3 hours about 50% of the cells showed phagocytosis in all three groups. The system used allowed to estimate the halftimes for intracellular elimination of the parasites. The values are 27 minutes for cells from immune animals, 57 minutes for cells from normal animals, and 66 minutes for cells from infected animals. Details of the process of phatocytosis were recorded by scanning electron microscopic pictures.", "PMID": 414386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7597", "title": "Studies on Theileriidae (Sporozoa) in Tanzania IX. Unidentified bovine Theileriae.", "content": "Two strains of nonpathogenic Theileriae, designated as Theileria sp. (Idobogo) and Theileria sp. (Mwanza), were isolated from cattle in southern and northern Tanzania respectively. They were similar to each other, producing low numbers of T. parva-like macroschizonts and of small piroplasms. Both were readily transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. No serological relationship with T. mutans was found, while serum of some of the recovered animals gave fleeting, low titres in the indirect fluorescent antibody test to T. parva schizont antigen. Recovered animals were fully susceptible to T. parva challenge. The possibility that these strains may be similar to Theilleria sp. (Githunguri) of Kenya is suggested.", "contents": "Studies on Theileriidae (Sporozoa) in Tanzania IX. Unidentified bovine Theileriae. Two strains of nonpathogenic Theileriae, designated as Theileria sp. (Idobogo) and Theileria sp. (Mwanza), were isolated from cattle in southern and northern Tanzania respectively. They were similar to each other, producing low numbers of T. parva-like macroschizonts and of small piroplasms. Both were readily transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. No serological relationship with T. mutans was found, while serum of some of the recovered animals gave fleeting, low titres in the indirect fluorescent antibody test to T. parva schizont antigen. Recovered animals were fully susceptible to T. parva challenge. The possibility that these strains may be similar to Theilleria sp. (Githunguri) of Kenya is suggested.", "PMID": 414387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7598", "title": "Studies on Theileriidae (Sporozoa) in Tanzania. X. A large-scale field trial on immunization against cattle Theileriosis.", "content": "50 cattle immunized by an infection and treatment method with 3 strains of Theileria parva (Mugaga, Kiambu 5 and Serengeti transformed), together with 19 controls, were exposed to natural tick infestation in Tanzania, in a site where a continuous influx of infected ticks from different regions of the country may be expected to occur. Exposure lasted for 2 months, monitoring continued for 3 more weeks after exposure ended. All 19 controls contracted East Coast Fever and died. 40 of the 50 immunized animals survived the whole period of monitoring; the other 10 died of accidents (2), heartwater (3) and unidentified causes (5); none died of ECF. It is recommended that this method of immunization be routinely applied to protect valuable animals at risk. An attempt to immunize against pathogenic Theileria mutans, by injecting blood containing piroplasms of a strain of low pathogenicity, showed that this method may protect against high parasitaemias caused by natural tick-borne infections and may be useful in eliminating the confusing factor of T. mutans in future trials on East Coast Fever.", "contents": "Studies on Theileriidae (Sporozoa) in Tanzania. X. A large-scale field trial on immunization against cattle Theileriosis. 50 cattle immunized by an infection and treatment method with 3 strains of Theileria parva (Mugaga, Kiambu 5 and Serengeti transformed), together with 19 controls, were exposed to natural tick infestation in Tanzania, in a site where a continuous influx of infected ticks from different regions of the country may be expected to occur. Exposure lasted for 2 months, monitoring continued for 3 more weeks after exposure ended. All 19 controls contracted East Coast Fever and died. 40 of the 50 immunized animals survived the whole period of monitoring; the other 10 died of accidents (2), heartwater (3) and unidentified causes (5); none died of ECF. It is recommended that this method of immunization be routinely applied to protect valuable animals at risk. An attempt to immunize against pathogenic Theileria mutans, by injecting blood containing piroplasms of a strain of low pathogenicity, showed that this method may protect against high parasitaemias caused by natural tick-borne infections and may be useful in eliminating the confusing factor of T. mutans in future trials on East Coast Fever.", "PMID": 414388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7599", "title": "Theileria parva piroplasmosis in mice, and its attempted transmission with Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks.", "content": "Theileria parva piroplasm infection of mouse erythrocytes was detected, following intraperitoneal inoculation of mice with irradiated cultures of T. parva-infected bovine lymphoid cells. Infection could not be transmitted to cattle using Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks.", "contents": "Theileria parva piroplasmosis in mice, and its attempted transmission with Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. Theileria parva piroplasm infection of mouse erythrocytes was detected, following intraperitoneal inoculation of mice with irradiated cultures of T. parva-infected bovine lymphoid cells. Infection could not be transmitted to cattle using Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks.", "PMID": 414389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7600", "title": "The use of tetracyclines on the chemotherapy of experimental East Coast Fever (theileria parva infection of cattle).", "content": "In a series of experiments, groups of cattle, undergoing patent East Coast fever (ECF) reactions induced by the inoculation of tick-derived stabilates of Theileria parva infective particles, were treated by parenteral administration of 2 tetracyclines. Ten cattle were treated with n-pyrrolidinomethyl tetracycline at 15 mg/kg for 5 days, starting on the first day macroschizonts were detected in lymph node biopsy smears. Nine of these treated cattle survived ECF reactions induced by an inoculum which killed 7 of 10 untreated controls. The same tetracycline, at 10 mg/kg daily for 5 days from the first day of febrile response had no effect on the disease. Oxytetracycline was administered at 15 mg/kg daily for 5 days to 2 groups of cattle infected with ECF. All 5 cattle survived which were treated on the first day parasites were seen. Four of 5 survived in which treatment was delayed till the onset of febrile response. All 5 untreated controls in this experiment died.", "contents": "The use of tetracyclines on the chemotherapy of experimental East Coast Fever (theileria parva infection of cattle). In a series of experiments, groups of cattle, undergoing patent East Coast fever (ECF) reactions induced by the inoculation of tick-derived stabilates of Theileria parva infective particles, were treated by parenteral administration of 2 tetracyclines. Ten cattle were treated with n-pyrrolidinomethyl tetracycline at 15 mg/kg for 5 days, starting on the first day macroschizonts were detected in lymph node biopsy smears. Nine of these treated cattle survived ECF reactions induced by an inoculum which killed 7 of 10 untreated controls. The same tetracycline, at 10 mg/kg daily for 5 days from the first day of febrile response had no effect on the disease. Oxytetracycline was administered at 15 mg/kg daily for 5 days to 2 groups of cattle infected with ECF. All 5 cattle survived which were treated on the first day parasites were seen. Four of 5 survived in which treatment was delayed till the onset of febrile response. All 5 untreated controls in this experiment died.", "PMID": 414390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7601", "title": "Effect of topically applied serotonin on local cerebral blood flow.", "content": "It has been hypothesized that acute lesions of the brain enlarge through an autodestructive process. Serotonin (5HT), a potent cerebral vasoconstrictor, is believed by some to mediate the process by reducing cerebral blood flow (CBF) in tissue surrounding the lesion. The hypothesis was tested in cynomologus monkeys anesthetized with ketamine and nitrous oxide. Craniectomies, 7 mm in diameter, were performed in each parietal area. The dura was opened and polarographical electrodes of thin platinum wire were inserted into the parietal lobe cortex of each hemisphere. Mock cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was irrigated continously onto the brain surrounding the electrodes, from which local CBF was determined repeatedly by the hydrogen-clearance technique. After baseline CBF was established, solutions of 5HT in mock CSF (in concentrations of 5 X 10(-7) M, 5 X 10(-5) M, and 5 X 10(-3) M) were irrigated onto one hemisphere while the opposite hemisphere served as control. 5HT failed to change CBF. Although 5HT is a potent vasoconstrictor, under physiologic conditions it apparently is unable to effect hemodynamically significant constriction of the peripheral cerebral vasculature of the anesthetized monkey brain.", "contents": "Effect of topically applied serotonin on local cerebral blood flow. It has been hypothesized that acute lesions of the brain enlarge through an autodestructive process. Serotonin (5HT), a potent cerebral vasoconstrictor, is believed by some to mediate the process by reducing cerebral blood flow (CBF) in tissue surrounding the lesion. The hypothesis was tested in cynomologus monkeys anesthetized with ketamine and nitrous oxide. Craniectomies, 7 mm in diameter, were performed in each parietal area. The dura was opened and polarographical electrodes of thin platinum wire were inserted into the parietal lobe cortex of each hemisphere. Mock cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was irrigated continously onto the brain surrounding the electrodes, from which local CBF was determined repeatedly by the hydrogen-clearance technique. After baseline CBF was established, solutions of 5HT in mock CSF (in concentrations of 5 X 10(-7) M, 5 X 10(-5) M, and 5 X 10(-3) M) were irrigated onto one hemisphere while the opposite hemisphere served as control. 5HT failed to change CBF. Although 5HT is a potent vasoconstrictor, under physiologic conditions it apparently is unable to effect hemodynamically significant constriction of the peripheral cerebral vasculature of the anesthetized monkey brain.", "PMID": 414385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7602", "title": "Theileria mutans the infectivity for cattle of parasites derived from prefed Amblyomma variegatum nymphs.", "content": "A steer was infected with Theileria mutans (Aitong) by application of infected Amblyomma variegatum nymphs. Uninfected A. variegatum larvae were applied to this steer when piroplasms developed. The resultant (and infected) A. variegatum nymphs were applied to the ears of rabbits. Equal numbers of ticks were removed daily from rabbits and ground in Eagles Minimal Essential Medium. The infectivity of the supernatant fluid was tested in cattle. The produced supernatant fluids were infective between days 3 to 7 but noninfective on days 0, 1 and 2. The feeding of A. variegatum on cattle and rabbits was compared and the increase of haemoglobin in the supernatant was correlated with the weight increase of the nymphs. It is hoped that infective T. mutans (Aitong) stabilate derived from ticks can be produced using this information.", "contents": "Theileria mutans the infectivity for cattle of parasites derived from prefed Amblyomma variegatum nymphs. A steer was infected with Theileria mutans (Aitong) by application of infected Amblyomma variegatum nymphs. Uninfected A. variegatum larvae were applied to this steer when piroplasms developed. The resultant (and infected) A. variegatum nymphs were applied to the ears of rabbits. Equal numbers of ticks were removed daily from rabbits and ground in Eagles Minimal Essential Medium. The infectivity of the supernatant fluid was tested in cattle. The produced supernatant fluids were infective between days 3 to 7 but noninfective on days 0, 1 and 2. The feeding of A. variegatum on cattle and rabbits was compared and the increase of haemoglobin in the supernatant was correlated with the weight increase of the nymphs. It is hoped that infective T. mutans (Aitong) stabilate derived from ticks can be produced using this information.", "PMID": 414391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7603", "title": "[The course of trypanosoma cruzi infection in nonsplenectomized SPE rats with and without Haemobartonella muris infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Rats were infected with H. muris from the first to the second week of their life. Four weeks later 20 of the infected rats were inoculated with 1.5 x 10(5) T. cruzi. Control animals were given the same number of parasites. In both experimental groups no hemoflagellate could be seen in blood smears four weeks after infection. The comparison of the course of infection of T. cruzi in rats with and without H. muris was made using t- and Wilcoxon-Test for Pair Differences. Rats with H. muris infections showed a low development of T. cruzi up to the 16th day of infection with this flagellate (P less than 0.0005). This difference in the development of the trypanosomes is lost from the 17th to the 27th day after infection.", "contents": "[The course of trypanosoma cruzi infection in nonsplenectomized SPE rats with and without Haemobartonella muris infection (author's transl)]. Rats were infected with H. muris from the first to the second week of their life. Four weeks later 20 of the infected rats were inoculated with 1.5 x 10(5) T. cruzi. Control animals were given the same number of parasites. In both experimental groups no hemoflagellate could be seen in blood smears four weeks after infection. The comparison of the course of infection of T. cruzi in rats with and without H. muris was made using t- and Wilcoxon-Test for Pair Differences. Rats with H. muris infections showed a low development of T. cruzi up to the 16th day of infection with this flagellate (P less than 0.0005). This difference in the development of the trypanosomes is lost from the 17th to the 27th day after infection.", "PMID": 414392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7604", "title": "[Antibodies in rhesus-monkeys after experimental infection with African lung-worms (Paragonimus uterobilateralis and P. africanus) (author's transl)].", "content": "The following publication gives a report about serological studies on experimentally infected Macaca mulatta with Paragonimus uterobilateralis and P. africanus supplied by parasitological findings and chest X-ray experiments from other authors. It was shown that at first in the chronological sequence serological changes were noticed in the animals followed by X-ray changes of the lungs. Somewhat later the monkeys started with the excretion of worm-eggs. Egg production did not take place in all monkeys and was also very irregular from monkey to monkey. The passive haemagglutination and complement fixation test were suitable serological methods to indicate a Paragonimus infection in monkeys. It was shown that in older infections the complement fixation test is not as suitable as the passive haemagglutination since the complement fixing antibodies loose most of their activity within six to eight months. Antigenic relationship between the two African Paragonismus species could be demonstrated by cross-reactions with the passive haemagglutination, complement fixation and double gel diffusion test. Nevertheless by disc-electrophoretic experiment it could be proved that there were two taxonomically different Paragonimus-species in Africa.", "contents": "[Antibodies in rhesus-monkeys after experimental infection with African lung-worms (Paragonimus uterobilateralis and P. africanus) (author's transl)]. The following publication gives a report about serological studies on experimentally infected Macaca mulatta with Paragonimus uterobilateralis and P. africanus supplied by parasitological findings and chest X-ray experiments from other authors. It was shown that at first in the chronological sequence serological changes were noticed in the animals followed by X-ray changes of the lungs. Somewhat later the monkeys started with the excretion of worm-eggs. Egg production did not take place in all monkeys and was also very irregular from monkey to monkey. The passive haemagglutination and complement fixation test were suitable serological methods to indicate a Paragonimus infection in monkeys. It was shown that in older infections the complement fixation test is not as suitable as the passive haemagglutination since the complement fixing antibodies loose most of their activity within six to eight months. Antigenic relationship between the two African Paragonismus species could be demonstrated by cross-reactions with the passive haemagglutination, complement fixation and double gel diffusion test. Nevertheless by disc-electrophoretic experiment it could be proved that there were two taxonomically different Paragonimus-species in Africa.", "PMID": 414393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7605", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the micronucleus of the infusorian Didinium nasutum during meiosis].", "content": "Six stages can be distinguished in the micronuclear first maturation division prophase of D. nasutum. Nucleolus-like structures of fibrillar nature, connected with micronuclear chromosomes seem to develop at the late leptotene. At zygotene-pachytene, the chromosomes condense, forming irregular loops. This coincides with formation of classically structured synaptinemal complexes in the micronuclei. At diplotene-diakinesis, chromosomal bivalents are uniformly scattered throughout the micronucleus. They aggregate into a net equatorial plate in the first division metaphase; chromosomes show prominent kinetochores with attached chromosomal microtubule bundles. The second maturation division starts immediately after the completion of the first division and is morphologically similar to agamic mitosis of the micronuclei of D. nasutum. During the 2th maturation division prophase, the compact chromosomes form a dense group and show no spreading inside the nucleus. They are interspaced by an amorphous material being possibly involved in the formation of spindle microtubules. The telophase spindle of the 2nd division likely as that of the Ist division divides into three parts, the two daughter nuclei and the separation spindle containing a material of depolymerized microtubules. Only one of the 2nd division derivatives enters the third maturation division. A short telophasic third division spindle is perpendicular to the surface of the contact between the conjugants and produces two pronuclei. The envelopes of the daughter micronuclei are formed from parts of the original nuclear envelope surrounding the entire spindle.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the micronucleus of the infusorian Didinium nasutum during meiosis]. Six stages can be distinguished in the micronuclear first maturation division prophase of D. nasutum. Nucleolus-like structures of fibrillar nature, connected with micronuclear chromosomes seem to develop at the late leptotene. At zygotene-pachytene, the chromosomes condense, forming irregular loops. This coincides with formation of classically structured synaptinemal complexes in the micronuclei. At diplotene-diakinesis, chromosomal bivalents are uniformly scattered throughout the micronucleus. They aggregate into a net equatorial plate in the first division metaphase; chromosomes show prominent kinetochores with attached chromosomal microtubule bundles. The second maturation division starts immediately after the completion of the first division and is morphologically similar to agamic mitosis of the micronuclei of D. nasutum. During the 2th maturation division prophase, the compact chromosomes form a dense group and show no spreading inside the nucleus. They are interspaced by an amorphous material being possibly involved in the formation of spindle microtubules. The telophase spindle of the 2nd division likely as that of the Ist division divides into three parts, the two daughter nuclei and the separation spindle containing a material of depolymerized microtubules. Only one of the 2nd division derivatives enters the third maturation division. A short telophasic third division spindle is perpendicular to the surface of the contact between the conjugants and produces two pronuclei. The envelopes of the daughter micronuclei are formed from parts of the original nuclear envelope surrounding the entire spindle.", "PMID": 414396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7606", "title": "The extent and importance of sensitization by opportunist mycobacteria in Lagos, Nigeria.", "content": "3505 school children aged 6 to 15 years were tested with PPDS and at the same time one of the following tuberculins, namely, PPDG, PPDPL, PPDA, PPDF and PPDY. The tuberculins were prepared from human tubercle bacillus, the Gause organism, M. marinum, M. avium, M. fortuitum and M. kansasii respectively. PPDY, PPDA and PPDG gave more reactions of greater than 2 mm induration than did PPDS. Furthermore, tests with PPDY, PPDA, PPDG and PPDPL showed a significant proportion of children with reactions of 10 mm or more, suggesting that many of them had been sensitized to these antigens, particularly in the older age groups. The tuberculin sensitivity profile of these children resembled that found for a small community in Georgia, U.S.A., which had been studied previously. The profile also resembled that of guinea pigs which had been experimentally infected with the Gause organism. This supports the conclusion that a high proportion of these children had past or present infection with either the Gause organism or antigenically related mycobacteria. Finally, PPDS gave the highest percentage of children who had reactions greater than 10 mm. It is suggested that 10 mm might be a useful size of induration to divide opportunist mycobacterial infection from infection by M. tuberculosis in Lagos.", "contents": "The extent and importance of sensitization by opportunist mycobacteria in Lagos, Nigeria. 3505 school children aged 6 to 15 years were tested with PPDS and at the same time one of the following tuberculins, namely, PPDG, PPDPL, PPDA, PPDF and PPDY. The tuberculins were prepared from human tubercle bacillus, the Gause organism, M. marinum, M. avium, M. fortuitum and M. kansasii respectively. PPDY, PPDA and PPDG gave more reactions of greater than 2 mm induration than did PPDS. Furthermore, tests with PPDY, PPDA, PPDG and PPDPL showed a significant proportion of children with reactions of 10 mm or more, suggesting that many of them had been sensitized to these antigens, particularly in the older age groups. The tuberculin sensitivity profile of these children resembled that found for a small community in Georgia, U.S.A., which had been studied previously. The profile also resembled that of guinea pigs which had been experimentally infected with the Gause organism. This supports the conclusion that a high proportion of these children had past or present infection with either the Gause organism or antigenically related mycobacteria. Finally, PPDS gave the highest percentage of children who had reactions greater than 10 mm. It is suggested that 10 mm might be a useful size of induration to divide opportunist mycobacterial infection from infection by M. tuberculosis in Lagos.", "PMID": 414397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7607", "title": "Comparison of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from British, Ugandan and Asian immigrant patients: a study in bacteriophage typing, susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide and sensitivity to thiophen-2-carbonic acid hydrazide.", "content": "Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were obtained from 65 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis resident in Uganda, and from pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in 42 British patients of European ethnic stock and in 67 Asian immigrants, often from Uganda, resident in Britain. The bacteriophage-type patterns of the African, British and Asian strains were different. The pattern for the Asian strains resembled that found previously in patients from South India, suggesting that there has been little interchange of organisms between the Asian community and the African and British communities alongside whom they have lived. The patterns for pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis were similar. Strains of bacteriophage type 1, mainly obtained from Asians, were characterized by a greater susceptibility to the bactericidal activity of hydrogen-peroxide and/or a greater sensitivity to thiophen-2-carbonic acid hydrazide than strains of other types.", "contents": "Comparison of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from British, Ugandan and Asian immigrant patients: a study in bacteriophage typing, susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide and sensitivity to thiophen-2-carbonic acid hydrazide. Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were obtained from 65 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis resident in Uganda, and from pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in 42 British patients of European ethnic stock and in 67 Asian immigrants, often from Uganda, resident in Britain. The bacteriophage-type patterns of the African, British and Asian strains were different. The pattern for the Asian strains resembled that found previously in patients from South India, suggesting that there has been little interchange of organisms between the Asian community and the African and British communities alongside whom they have lived. The patterns for pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis were similar. Strains of bacteriophage type 1, mainly obtained from Asians, were characterized by a greater susceptibility to the bactericidal activity of hydrogen-peroxide and/or a greater sensitivity to thiophen-2-carbonic acid hydrazide than strains of other types.", "PMID": 414398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7608", "title": "Accidental self-inoculation with killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Freund's complete adjuvant.", "content": "The case is described of a laboratory worker who was carrying out an animal immunological experiment and accidentally punctured the palm of his hand with Freund's complete adjuvant which contained heat-killed M. tuberculosis in a paraffin emulsion. A serious localised chronic tuberculoid granulomatous reaction developed which persisted for nine months. The significance of this phenomenon is discussed and the importance of the prevention of such an occurrence is emphasized.", "contents": "Accidental self-inoculation with killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Freund's complete adjuvant. The case is described of a laboratory worker who was carrying out an animal immunological experiment and accidentally punctured the palm of his hand with Freund's complete adjuvant which contained heat-killed M. tuberculosis in a paraffin emulsion. A serious localised chronic tuberculoid granulomatous reaction developed which persisted for nine months. The significance of this phenomenon is discussed and the importance of the prevention of such an occurrence is emphasized.", "PMID": 414399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7609", "title": "[Search for translocation heterozygous female mice among the progeny from males subjected to chemical mutagen (thioTHEPA) exposure].", "content": "C57Bl/6Y male mice were intraperitoneally injected with thioTEPA at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg. The male mice were crossed with F1CD hybrid females during the second week after the treatment. 122 females F1 obtained from this cross were examined. The embryonic lethality was studied and preparations of meiotic metaphases I in oocytes were found among the progeny F1. Among F1 females 41 (33.6%) \"semisterile\" and sterile ones were found. Translocations were cytogenetically confirmed only in 8 females out of 38 investigated.", "contents": "[Search for translocation heterozygous female mice among the progeny from males subjected to chemical mutagen (thioTHEPA) exposure]. C57Bl/6Y male mice were intraperitoneally injected with thioTEPA at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg. The male mice were crossed with F1CD hybrid females during the second week after the treatment. 122 females F1 obtained from this cross were examined. The embryonic lethality was studied and preparations of meiotic metaphases I in oocytes were found among the progeny F1. Among F1 females 41 (33.6%) \"semisterile\" and sterile ones were found. Translocations were cytogenetically confirmed only in 8 females out of 38 investigated.", "PMID": 414394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7610", "title": "[Cytogenetic activity of radioprotectors in a human lymphocyte culture. IV].", "content": "The effect of indene compounds F-11 and F-37 was studied during induction of chromosomal aberrations by thioTEPA. The investigated substances did not change the spectrum of chromosomal aberrations in the culture. When introducing these substances in equimolar concentration into the lymphocyte culture no protecting effect was found.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic activity of radioprotectors in a human lymphocyte culture. IV]. The effect of indene compounds F-11 and F-37 was studied during induction of chromosomal aberrations by thioTEPA. The investigated substances did not change the spectrum of chromosomal aberrations in the culture. When introducing these substances in equimolar concentration into the lymphocyte culture no protecting effect was found.", "PMID": 414395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7611", "title": "Inhibition of sodium transport by hyperbaric oxygen in the toad urinary bladder.", "content": "In the isolated toad bladder, 2--10 ATA of oxygen reversibly inhibited the active transport of sodium ions across the bladder, measured as the short-circuit current. Extent of inhibition was dependent on the oxygen pressure and length of exposure. Oxygen at 1 ATA had no effect on sodium transport for up to 2 days of exposure. However, bladders exposed for 18 h to oxygen at 1 ATA were more sensitive to a subsequent exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. The hormonal stimulation of sodium transport by pitressin or aldosterone was inhibited by hyperbaric oxygen but was unaffected by prolonged exposure to oxygen at 1 ATA. Incubation of bladders with aldosterone or sodium pyruvate increased the sensitivity of sodium transport to the inhibitory effects of hyperbaric oxygen. The mechanism of the inhibition of sodium transport in the toad bladder by hyperbaric oxygen was not known.", "contents": "Inhibition of sodium transport by hyperbaric oxygen in the toad urinary bladder. In the isolated toad bladder, 2--10 ATA of oxygen reversibly inhibited the active transport of sodium ions across the bladder, measured as the short-circuit current. Extent of inhibition was dependent on the oxygen pressure and length of exposure. Oxygen at 1 ATA had no effect on sodium transport for up to 2 days of exposure. However, bladders exposed for 18 h to oxygen at 1 ATA were more sensitive to a subsequent exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. The hormonal stimulation of sodium transport by pitressin or aldosterone was inhibited by hyperbaric oxygen but was unaffected by prolonged exposure to oxygen at 1 ATA. Incubation of bladders with aldosterone or sodium pyruvate increased the sensitivity of sodium transport to the inhibitory effects of hyperbaric oxygen. The mechanism of the inhibition of sodium transport in the toad bladder by hyperbaric oxygen was not known.", "PMID": 414400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7612", "title": "[Restoration of continence using TUR (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of incontinence and diverticulum of urethra produced by TUR is demonstrated. By turning the diverticulum inside the urethra continence could be restored.", "contents": "[Restoration of continence using TUR (author's transl)]. A case of incontinence and diverticulum of urethra produced by TUR is demonstrated. By turning the diverticulum inside the urethra continence could be restored.", "PMID": 414401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7613", "title": "Comparisons of placebo, pyridoxine, and topical thiotepa in preventing recurrence of stage I bladder cancer.", "content": "Animal studies have shown that metabolites of tryptophan can cause bladder cancer, and human observations reveal an appreciable incidence of abnormalities of tryptophan metabolism in patients with bladder cancer. It has been suggested that pyridoxine (vitamin B6) may correct this abnormality and prevent recurrences of superficial bladder cancers. Intravesical instillation of thiotepa has been used for more than fifteen years in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer, but no controlled trials have been done. We report here a prospective clinical trial of 121 patients with Stage I bladder cancer randomized to placebo, pyridoxine, or intravesical thiotepa. The percentages of patients with recurrences over the period of study were 60.4, 46.9, and 47.4 for the three groups, respectively, and did not differ significantly. However, if patients having recurrences during the first ten months or followed up less than ten months were excluded, pyridoxine was significantly better than placebo (P = 0.03). Thiotepa significantly reduced the recurrence rate compared with placebo (P = 0.016) or pyridoxine (P = 0.015). These results suggest that a new trial of pyridoxine should be undertaken in which the tryptophan metabolites are measured and that further study of intravesical instillation of chemotherapeutic agents is warranted.", "contents": "Comparisons of placebo, pyridoxine, and topical thiotepa in preventing recurrence of stage I bladder cancer. Animal studies have shown that metabolites of tryptophan can cause bladder cancer, and human observations reveal an appreciable incidence of abnormalities of tryptophan metabolism in patients with bladder cancer. It has been suggested that pyridoxine (vitamin B6) may correct this abnormality and prevent recurrences of superficial bladder cancers. Intravesical instillation of thiotepa has been used for more than fifteen years in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer, but no controlled trials have been done. We report here a prospective clinical trial of 121 patients with Stage I bladder cancer randomized to placebo, pyridoxine, or intravesical thiotepa. The percentages of patients with recurrences over the period of study were 60.4, 46.9, and 47.4 for the three groups, respectively, and did not differ significantly. However, if patients having recurrences during the first ten months or followed up less than ten months were excluded, pyridoxine was significantly better than placebo (P = 0.03). Thiotepa significantly reduced the recurrence rate compared with placebo (P = 0.016) or pyridoxine (P = 0.015). These results suggest that a new trial of pyridoxine should be undertaken in which the tryptophan metabolites are measured and that further study of intravesical instillation of chemotherapeutic agents is warranted.", "PMID": 414402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7614", "title": "[Forssman's heterogenetic antigen and its demonstration in sheep muscle tissue].", "content": "Preparation of Forssman's antiserum by means of hyperimmunization of rabbits with multiple injection of guinea-pig kidney emulsion i.v. in the course of 36 days is presented in the paper. The titre of the antiserum of rabbits utilized varied in the range between 1:1600 and 1:3200, using the antiserum to prove Forssman's antigen. On the basis of the Sachs-Georgi reaction, the presence of the Forssman's heterogenous antigen was recorded in all samples of meat collected from different parts of the slaughtered ewes. The experiments resulted, unlike the statement of Tanaka, in proving the incidence of the Forssman's antigen in many parts of the muscle tissue, not only in the connective tissue.", "contents": "[Forssman's heterogenetic antigen and its demonstration in sheep muscle tissue]. Preparation of Forssman's antiserum by means of hyperimmunization of rabbits with multiple injection of guinea-pig kidney emulsion i.v. in the course of 36 days is presented in the paper. The titre of the antiserum of rabbits utilized varied in the range between 1:1600 and 1:3200, using the antiserum to prove Forssman's antigen. On the basis of the Sachs-Georgi reaction, the presence of the Forssman's heterogenous antigen was recorded in all samples of meat collected from different parts of the slaughtered ewes. The experiments resulted, unlike the statement of Tanaka, in proving the incidence of the Forssman's antigen in many parts of the muscle tissue, not only in the connective tissue.", "PMID": 414406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7615", "title": "[Ram sperm survival during the use of various solvents after deep freezing in liquid nitrogen].", "content": "Suitability of three diluents for a deep-freezing of ram ejaculates and sperm survival after de-freezing and in the course of a six-hour incubation were investigated. The longest survival was found with the use of diluent containing Tris, fructose, and citric acid: 49.2% after de-freezing and 20.7% after six hours. The influence of the de-freezing procedure on the motility of spermatozoa can also be taken into consideration. The best proved rapid de-freezing without any diluent. The stated results serve for orientation only as the suitability of the diluents will be confirmed by the fertility of inseminated ewes.", "contents": "[Ram sperm survival during the use of various solvents after deep freezing in liquid nitrogen]. Suitability of three diluents for a deep-freezing of ram ejaculates and sperm survival after de-freezing and in the course of a six-hour incubation were investigated. The longest survival was found with the use of diluent containing Tris, fructose, and citric acid: 49.2% after de-freezing and 20.7% after six hours. The influence of the de-freezing procedure on the motility of spermatozoa can also be taken into consideration. The best proved rapid de-freezing without any diluent. The stated results serve for orientation only as the suitability of the diluents will be confirmed by the fertility of inseminated ewes.", "PMID": 414407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7616", "title": "[Fibrinogen level in clinically healthy horses].", "content": "Various sets of horses were examined in view of the necessity of widening the range of biochemical substances for diagnostic purposes in the field of veterinary medicine. The aim of the investigations was to obtain basic information on fibrinogen level and its variability. The average value stated was 280 mg% s = 89, sx = 12, V% = 32). The fibrinogen level in horses of the pronounced oxidation type was lower than in those with reduced metabolism, the difference being connected with the speed of sedimentation of erythrocytes. Repeated examination of a part of the set of horses (n = 10) on three different days within one week under the same conditions, showed a nonsignificant difference in the variability of the investigated horses (F = 0.901); neither did the coefficient of repeatability (rop = 0.11) reach the level of the testing criterion. The results indicate variability, with normal physiological condition of the animal, in the fibrinogen level. The physiological variability in fibrinogen level can also be explained in connection with other protein fractions.", "contents": "[Fibrinogen level in clinically healthy horses]. Various sets of horses were examined in view of the necessity of widening the range of biochemical substances for diagnostic purposes in the field of veterinary medicine. The aim of the investigations was to obtain basic information on fibrinogen level and its variability. The average value stated was 280 mg% s = 89, sx = 12, V% = 32). The fibrinogen level in horses of the pronounced oxidation type was lower than in those with reduced metabolism, the difference being connected with the speed of sedimentation of erythrocytes. Repeated examination of a part of the set of horses (n = 10) on three different days within one week under the same conditions, showed a nonsignificant difference in the variability of the investigated horses (F = 0.901); neither did the coefficient of repeatability (rop = 0.11) reach the level of the testing criterion. The results indicate variability, with normal physiological condition of the animal, in the fibrinogen level. The physiological variability in fibrinogen level can also be explained in connection with other protein fractions.", "PMID": 414408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7617", "title": "[Microelements in the liver and kidney of laying hens kept on large-capacity poultry farms under normal and increased supply to the organism].", "content": "The contents of manganese, zinc, copper, and iron in the liver and kidney of laying hens (Shaver), kept on modern large-capacity poultry farms, were determined under the conditions of a normal and increased supply of these microelements to the organism. The content of the mentioned trace elements was determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry, flameless technique, and with the use of graphite cell. In the layers fed a diet with a normal content of trace elements the average concentrations of the microelements in the liver were the following: manganese: 15.8 +/- 8.8 mg kg-1, zinc: 35.0 +/- 5.1 mg kg-1, copper: 19.9+/- 2.8 mg kg-1, and iron: 761.6 +/- 245.8 mg kg-1. When increased amounts of microelements were added to the diet, their average content generally increased just in the kidneys, whereas their average concentrations in the liver remained the same, with the exception of iron, the content of which showed an increase.", "contents": "[Microelements in the liver and kidney of laying hens kept on large-capacity poultry farms under normal and increased supply to the organism]. The contents of manganese, zinc, copper, and iron in the liver and kidney of laying hens (Shaver), kept on modern large-capacity poultry farms, were determined under the conditions of a normal and increased supply of these microelements to the organism. The content of the mentioned trace elements was determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry, flameless technique, and with the use of graphite cell. In the layers fed a diet with a normal content of trace elements the average concentrations of the microelements in the liver were the following: manganese: 15.8 +/- 8.8 mg kg-1, zinc: 35.0 +/- 5.1 mg kg-1, copper: 19.9+/- 2.8 mg kg-1, and iron: 761.6 +/- 245.8 mg kg-1. When increased amounts of microelements were added to the diet, their average content generally increased just in the kidneys, whereas their average concentrations in the liver remained the same, with the exception of iron, the content of which showed an increase.", "PMID": 414409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7618", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the hypothalamic region after administration of aurothioglucose in mice].", "content": "Aurothioglucose dose of 1 mg g-1 1. w. was applied intraperitoneally to experimental female mice. After 24 hours the animals were decapitated and samples for ultrastructural examination were immediately taken from the region of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus. The following findings were obtained from the study of 243 electronograms of 8 experimental animals: 1. dense round particles 0.034 to 0.016 mu in size, representing the gold of aurothioglucose; 2. parenchymatous dystrophy of the mitochondria; 3. peeling off of the individual layers of myelin sheath and the granularity of these layers corresponding to the disintegration of nerve fibres.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the hypothalamic region after administration of aurothioglucose in mice]. Aurothioglucose dose of 1 mg g-1 1. w. was applied intraperitoneally to experimental female mice. After 24 hours the animals were decapitated and samples for ultrastructural examination were immediately taken from the region of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus. The following findings were obtained from the study of 243 electronograms of 8 experimental animals: 1. dense round particles 0.034 to 0.016 mu in size, representing the gold of aurothioglucose; 2. parenchymatous dystrophy of the mitochondria; 3. peeling off of the individual layers of myelin sheath and the granularity of these layers corresponding to the disintegration of nerve fibres.", "PMID": 414410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7619", "title": "[Determination of chlorinated pesticides in food and in human adipose tissue].", "content": "Residues of chlorinated pesticides in feed for laying hens, in eggs, poultry organs, potatoes, flour, and human fat tissues were determined by means of gas chromatography using electron recording detector. Further the amount of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in potatoes from various parts of the South Moravian Region was stated. HCH amounts in human fat tissues recorded in Czechoslovakia were higher than in some West European countries, DDT content being, however, on the same level.", "contents": "[Determination of chlorinated pesticides in food and in human adipose tissue]. Residues of chlorinated pesticides in feed for laying hens, in eggs, poultry organs, potatoes, flour, and human fat tissues were determined by means of gas chromatography using electron recording detector. Further the amount of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in potatoes from various parts of the South Moravian Region was stated. HCH amounts in human fat tissues recorded in Czechoslovakia were higher than in some West European countries, DDT content being, however, on the same level.", "PMID": 414411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7620", "title": "[Lead in the organs and tissues of slaughter cattle as a result of environmental pollution].", "content": "The normal values of lead in the organs and tissues of clinically healthy slaughter cattle were determined by the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry and by the polarographic method. Animals of various age categories came from several farms of the East-Slovakian region. The lead found in the liver of young fattened cattle was not determined polarographically, since its concentration was under the threshold of sensitivity of the method (1.0 ppm). In the older category of animals (4-16 years old dairy cows) the following lead levels were revealed by the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry: liver: (n = 76) 1.4 ppm, kidney cortex (n = 51) 1.5 ppm, bone tissue (n = 37) 3.3 ppm, muscle (n = 24) 1.0 ppm. The animals coming from different places had diverse amounts of lead in their tissues. The fact that the organs and tissues of slaughter cattle contained lead as a non-biogenic element is attributed mainly to environment pollution. The normal concentrations of lead, as determined in our study, can be used in chemical diagnosis of poisoning and in the evaluation of the hygienic safety of foodstuffs of animal origin.", "contents": "[Lead in the organs and tissues of slaughter cattle as a result of environmental pollution]. The normal values of lead in the organs and tissues of clinically healthy slaughter cattle were determined by the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry and by the polarographic method. Animals of various age categories came from several farms of the East-Slovakian region. The lead found in the liver of young fattened cattle was not determined polarographically, since its concentration was under the threshold of sensitivity of the method (1.0 ppm). In the older category of animals (4-16 years old dairy cows) the following lead levels were revealed by the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry: liver: (n = 76) 1.4 ppm, kidney cortex (n = 51) 1.5 ppm, bone tissue (n = 37) 3.3 ppm, muscle (n = 24) 1.0 ppm. The animals coming from different places had diverse amounts of lead in their tissues. The fact that the organs and tissues of slaughter cattle contained lead as a non-biogenic element is attributed mainly to environment pollution. The normal concentrations of lead, as determined in our study, can be used in chemical diagnosis of poisoning and in the evaluation of the hygienic safety of foodstuffs of animal origin.", "PMID": 414412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7621", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury. VI. Accumulation of calcium by isolated mitochondria of ischemic rat kidney cortex.", "content": "Mitochondria isolated from rat kidney subject to in vitro ischemia at various time intervals demonstrated a continuous decline of the ability to accumulate calcium following a high initial stable phase of accumulation of calcium which is dependent both on ATP and respiration. This decline occurs during the reversible phase of cell injury and appears to be a sensitive indicator of membrane changes in a binding and/or transport protein or of other membrane permeability characteristics. The morphology of mitochondrial densities related to calcium accumulation in mitochondria varied. Any form of calcium accumulation, resulted in marked swelling of mitochondria. Control renal mitochondria in sucrose were highly condensed. Partially inhibited calcium accumulation in the presence of phosphate was also associated with numerous small spheric or punctate deposits in close relationship to the inner membrane. Uninhibited calcium accumulation resulted in the formation of needle-like structures radiating from such inner membrane associated sites.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury. VI. Accumulation of calcium by isolated mitochondria of ischemic rat kidney cortex. Mitochondria isolated from rat kidney subject to in vitro ischemia at various time intervals demonstrated a continuous decline of the ability to accumulate calcium following a high initial stable phase of accumulation of calcium which is dependent both on ATP and respiration. This decline occurs during the reversible phase of cell injury and appears to be a sensitive indicator of membrane changes in a binding and/or transport protein or of other membrane permeability characteristics. The morphology of mitochondrial densities related to calcium accumulation in mitochondria varied. Any form of calcium accumulation, resulted in marked swelling of mitochondria. Control renal mitochondria in sucrose were highly condensed. Partially inhibited calcium accumulation in the presence of phosphate was also associated with numerous small spheric or punctate deposits in close relationship to the inner membrane. Uninhibited calcium accumulation resulted in the formation of needle-like structures radiating from such inner membrane associated sites.", "PMID": 414433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7622", "title": "Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury. XI. P/O ratio and acceptor control.", "content": "Acceptor control index, P/O ratio and inner membrane permeability were examined in isolated mitochondria following periods of renal ischemia for 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min. It was noted that the P/O ratio remained unchanged until 1-2 h after the onset of ischemia. A similar change was noted in the contraction rate of isolated ischemic mitochondria after swelling in KCl and addition of ATP+Mg2+. Both changes are probably indications of a basic membrane alteration which correlates with the occurrence of irreversibility of cell injury. In contrast, the swelling rate in KCl and the acceptor control index are altered almost simultaneously with the onset of ischemia. Therefore, acceptor control index and the rate of swelling are affected prior to the point of irreversible cell injury. They are not, therefore, good as indicators of irreversible changes in the inner membrane of mitochondria leading to the \"point-of-no-return.\"", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury. XI. P/O ratio and acceptor control. Acceptor control index, P/O ratio and inner membrane permeability were examined in isolated mitochondria following periods of renal ischemia for 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min. It was noted that the P/O ratio remained unchanged until 1-2 h after the onset of ischemia. A similar change was noted in the contraction rate of isolated ischemic mitochondria after swelling in KCl and addition of ATP+Mg2+. Both changes are probably indications of a basic membrane alteration which correlates with the occurrence of irreversibility of cell injury. In contrast, the swelling rate in KCl and the acceptor control index are altered almost simultaneously with the onset of ischemia. Therefore, acceptor control index and the rate of swelling are affected prior to the point of irreversible cell injury. They are not, therefore, good as indicators of irreversible changes in the inner membrane of mitochondria leading to the \"point-of-no-return.\"", "PMID": 414434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7623", "title": "Configuration of surfaces of human cancer cells in effusions. A scanning electron microscopic study of microvilli.", "content": "The surfaces of viable cells of metastatic human carcinomas of various histologic types and primary origin, suspended in pleural and ascitic fluids, were shown by scanning electron microscopy to be covered by microvilli of variable configuration and distribution. Microvilli of some cancer cells appeared biologically active since they were capable of forming extensions and anastomoses when settling on glass. The possible specificity and significance of microvilli in the light of the experimental data were discussed.", "contents": "Configuration of surfaces of human cancer cells in effusions. A scanning electron microscopic study of microvilli. The surfaces of viable cells of metastatic human carcinomas of various histologic types and primary origin, suspended in pleural and ascitic fluids, were shown by scanning electron microscopy to be covered by microvilli of variable configuration and distribution. Microvilli of some cancer cells appeared biologically active since they were capable of forming extensions and anastomoses when settling on glass. The possible specificity and significance of microvilli in the light of the experimental data were discussed.", "PMID": 414435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7624", "title": "Adaptive changes of the rat liver cells induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of d-galactosamine. II. Light and electron microscopic investigations of hepatocellular nucleolar alterations.", "content": "The effects of repeated d-galactosamine (GalN) administration - i.e. subacute GalN intoxication - on rat liver cell nucleoli were examined. After an initial intraperitoneal injection of 375 mg GalN/kg body weight the rats were treated with 250 mg GalN/kg body weight daily at intervals between 24 h and 30 days. The rats were sacrificed six h after the last injection by decapitation. Specimens of liver were studied by light and electron microscopy. According to the nucleolar size three stages were to be distinguished. Stage I: decreased nucleolar size after one injection, stage II: increased and maximal nucleolar size after two to five injections, stage III: slightly increased relatively stable nucleolar size after six and more injections. Fine structural observations suggest a nucleolar hyperfunction in subacute GalN intoxication as well as a minor disturbance of the transcription and the transfer of the nucleolar RNA.", "contents": "Adaptive changes of the rat liver cells induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of d-galactosamine. II. Light and electron microscopic investigations of hepatocellular nucleolar alterations. The effects of repeated d-galactosamine (GalN) administration - i.e. subacute GalN intoxication - on rat liver cell nucleoli were examined. After an initial intraperitoneal injection of 375 mg GalN/kg body weight the rats were treated with 250 mg GalN/kg body weight daily at intervals between 24 h and 30 days. The rats were sacrificed six h after the last injection by decapitation. Specimens of liver were studied by light and electron microscopy. According to the nucleolar size three stages were to be distinguished. Stage I: decreased nucleolar size after one injection, stage II: increased and maximal nucleolar size after two to five injections, stage III: slightly increased relatively stable nucleolar size after six and more injections. Fine structural observations suggest a nucleolar hyperfunction in subacute GalN intoxication as well as a minor disturbance of the transcription and the transfer of the nucleolar RNA.", "PMID": 414437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7625", "title": "Normal blood group B antigen and B transferase activity in a patient with IgM autoanti-B agglutinin.", "content": "Studies carried out on the red cells of a patient with autoanti-B agglutinin gave further evidence that it is probably not modified red cell antigens which cause autoantibody formation.", "contents": "Normal blood group B antigen and B transferase activity in a patient with IgM autoanti-B agglutinin. Studies carried out on the red cells of a patient with autoanti-B agglutinin gave further evidence that it is probably not modified red cell antigens which cause autoantibody formation.", "PMID": 414449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7626", "title": "[Complex characteristics of an epileptogenic focus in intracerebral space-occupying processes according to the findings of electrocorticography, polarographic studies and electron microscopy].", "content": "The work discusses the results of a study of the overall electric activity of the cerebral cortex, its frequency analysis and integration in brain tumors attended with epileptic seizures. The changes in electric activity are correlated with the cortical ultrastructure and the oxygen balance in the brain tissue. The possible mechanisms responsible for the development, cessation or absence of epileptic seizures in the clinical picture of brain tumors are analysed. Data are presented in evidence of the important role of hypoxia of various degrees in these mechanisms. It is established that activation of the synaptic apparatus may be considered as an ultrastructural correlator of hyperexcitation in the epileptic focus.", "contents": "[Complex characteristics of an epileptogenic focus in intracerebral space-occupying processes according to the findings of electrocorticography, polarographic studies and electron microscopy]. The work discusses the results of a study of the overall electric activity of the cerebral cortex, its frequency analysis and integration in brain tumors attended with epileptic seizures. The changes in electric activity are correlated with the cortical ultrastructure and the oxygen balance in the brain tissue. The possible mechanisms responsible for the development, cessation or absence of epileptic seizures in the clinical picture of brain tumors are analysed. Data are presented in evidence of the important role of hypoxia of various degrees in these mechanisms. It is established that activation of the synaptic apparatus may be considered as an ultrastructural correlator of hyperexcitation in the epileptic focus.", "PMID": 414444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7627", "title": "Complement binding anti-D made in a Du variant woman.", "content": "A Du variant negro woman developed, during pregnancy, an anti-D that was unusual in that it bound complement. The Rh groups of the propositus and other members of her family were also unusual.", "contents": "Complement binding anti-D made in a Du variant woman. A Du variant negro woman developed, during pregnancy, an anti-D that was unusual in that it bound complement. The Rh groups of the propositus and other members of her family were also unusual.", "PMID": 414450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7628", "title": "Human blood-group A- and H-specified glycosyltransferase levels in the sera of newborn infants and their mothers.", "content": "The level of blood-group A1-specified alpha,3'-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-transferase in the serum of recently-delivered women was found to be appreciably lower than the level of this enzyme in the serum of non-pregnant adults and of newborn infants; a similar but less striking decrease was observed in the levels of the A2-specified alpha,3'-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase and the H-specified alpha,2'-L-fucosyltransferase. Although the red cells of newborn infants are known to have relatively few A and H antigen sites, the serum of neonates was found to have a level of A1- and A2-dependent N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases and H-dependent fucosyltransferase as high as, if not higher than, the serum of non-pregnant adults. This finding is compatible with the fact that the haemopoietic tissue contributes only about 20% of the serum transferase level.", "contents": "Human blood-group A- and H-specified glycosyltransferase levels in the sera of newborn infants and their mothers. The level of blood-group A1-specified alpha,3'-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-transferase in the serum of recently-delivered women was found to be appreciably lower than the level of this enzyme in the serum of non-pregnant adults and of newborn infants; a similar but less striking decrease was observed in the levels of the A2-specified alpha,3'-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase and the H-specified alpha,2'-L-fucosyltransferase. Although the red cells of newborn infants are known to have relatively few A and H antigen sites, the serum of neonates was found to have a level of A1- and A2-dependent N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases and H-dependent fucosyltransferase as high as, if not higher than, the serum of non-pregnant adults. This finding is compatible with the fact that the haemopoietic tissue contributes only about 20% of the serum transferase level.", "PMID": 414451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7629", "title": "[Morphological changes in the liver due to the parenteral administration of casein hydrolysate and aminopeptide].", "content": "In experiments set up on 30 mongrel rats kept for 10 days on a protein-free diet the influence of an intraperitoneal introduction of caseine hydrolysate or aminopeptide on the morphological structure of the liver was studied. It was found that introduction to rats of aminopeptide or caseine hydrolysate caused stabilization of morphological changes in the liver produced by protein fasting. However, with aminopeptide introduced after protein fasting positive morphological changes proved greater than with an analogous utilization of caseine hydrolysate.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the liver due to the parenteral administration of casein hydrolysate and aminopeptide]. In experiments set up on 30 mongrel rats kept for 10 days on a protein-free diet the influence of an intraperitoneal introduction of caseine hydrolysate or aminopeptide on the morphological structure of the liver was studied. It was found that introduction to rats of aminopeptide or caseine hydrolysate caused stabilization of morphological changes in the liver produced by protein fasting. However, with aminopeptide introduced after protein fasting positive morphological changes proved greater than with an analogous utilization of caseine hydrolysate.", "PMID": 414446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7630", "title": "Serological inhibition of blast transformation to purified streptococcal antigens by planned immunization in HLA (A,B) compatible unrelated individuals.", "content": "Sera obtained from planned immunizations between unrelated donors and recipients, identical or compatible at HLA-A and B, were assessed for their capacity to alter the in vitro response of a test panel of lymphocytes to PHA and a purified streptococcal antigen (PAS). In the case of PHA, no serum effects were apparent. The response to PAS, however, significantly inhibited by two sera. When tested for their complement-dependent cytotoxicity on enriched populations of T and B lymphocytes, none of the sera manifested cytotoxicity against T cells nor did serological inhibition correlate with the capacity to lyze B cells. The data suggest that inhibition of the PSA response is mediated by blocking antibodies specific for a subset of lymphocytes, possibly T cells. While the precise mechanism governing the response to PSA is not known, the data are compatible with the idea that an HLA-linked Ir gene, expressed on a subset of T lymphocytes, controls immune responsiveness to PSA.", "contents": "Serological inhibition of blast transformation to purified streptococcal antigens by planned immunization in HLA (A,B) compatible unrelated individuals. Sera obtained from planned immunizations between unrelated donors and recipients, identical or compatible at HLA-A and B, were assessed for their capacity to alter the in vitro response of a test panel of lymphocytes to PHA and a purified streptococcal antigen (PAS). In the case of PHA, no serum effects were apparent. The response to PAS, however, significantly inhibited by two sera. When tested for their complement-dependent cytotoxicity on enriched populations of T and B lymphocytes, none of the sera manifested cytotoxicity against T cells nor did serological inhibition correlate with the capacity to lyze B cells. The data suggest that inhibition of the PSA response is mediated by blocking antibodies specific for a subset of lymphocytes, possibly T cells. While the precise mechanism governing the response to PSA is not known, the data are compatible with the idea that an HLA-linked Ir gene, expressed on a subset of T lymphocytes, controls immune responsiveness to PSA.", "PMID": 414452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7631", "title": "[Effect of a 10-day partial parenteral feeding on gastric secretion].", "content": "Investigations conducted on dogs subjected to a lengthy (10 days) parenteral introduction of the caseine hydrolysate ascertained an intensification of gastric secretion and an increase of total proteinases in the juice in the course of the experiment, reaching its peak on the 8-9th day. A study of the juice secretion in response to the food stimulant showed that this becomes more intensive during the first phase of the gastric secretion, which points to the importance of the nervous factor in the action of nitrogenous substances on the stomach.", "contents": "[Effect of a 10-day partial parenteral feeding on gastric secretion]. Investigations conducted on dogs subjected to a lengthy (10 days) parenteral introduction of the caseine hydrolysate ascertained an intensification of gastric secretion and an increase of total proteinases in the juice in the course of the experiment, reaching its peak on the 8-9th day. A study of the juice secretion in response to the food stimulant showed that this becomes more intensive during the first phase of the gastric secretion, which points to the importance of the nervous factor in the action of nitrogenous substances on the stomach.", "PMID": 414447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7632", "title": "[Admixtures of antibiotic substances in enzyme preparations of microbial origin intended for use as food additives].", "content": "A group of enzymtic preparations, mainly of the Soviet make were investigated for the presence of antibiotic substances admixtures. Altogether 25 preparations obtained from molds, actinomycetes, bacteria and yeast were studied. The results showed that 18 preparations contained antibiotic substances in an amount of 0.6-1300 U, equivalent to oxytetracycline units per 1 g. Most often antibiotics were present in preparations of the pectinase and protease group. In the group of glucoamylase the antibiotic activity was uncovered in a single preparation. Procedures employed in determining the antibiotic activity of enzymatic preparations is described and the possible role of antibiotics in the manifestations of their toxic properties discussed.", "contents": "[Admixtures of antibiotic substances in enzyme preparations of microbial origin intended for use as food additives]. A group of enzymtic preparations, mainly of the Soviet make were investigated for the presence of antibiotic substances admixtures. Altogether 25 preparations obtained from molds, actinomycetes, bacteria and yeast were studied. The results showed that 18 preparations contained antibiotic substances in an amount of 0.6-1300 U, equivalent to oxytetracycline units per 1 g. Most often antibiotics were present in preparations of the pectinase and protease group. In the group of glucoamylase the antibiotic activity was uncovered in a single preparation. Procedures employed in determining the antibiotic activity of enzymatic preparations is described and the possible role of antibiotics in the manifestations of their toxic properties discussed.", "PMID": 414448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7633", "title": "The Rh antigen Evans.", "content": "Two families are described which clearly show that the low frequency antigen Evans is a part of the Rh system, in which it defines a 'new' gene complex.", "contents": "The Rh antigen Evans. Two families are described which clearly show that the low frequency antigen Evans is a part of the Rh system, in which it defines a 'new' gene complex.", "PMID": 414453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7634", "title": "[Spinal cord influences on immune responses demonstrated following interruption of the spinal cord as a result of injury].", "content": "Specific and nonspecific immunity reactions were studied in dynamics in 126 patients with injury to the spinal cord, in 162 healthy persons (controls), and in 30 persons who had suffered injury to other organs. The serum agglutinins against the causative agents of infection of the urinary system (colibacillus, Proteus, enterococcus) and C-reactive protein were studied. Phases were revealed in the course of the immunologic reactions depending on the neurodynamics of the damaged spinal cord. The correlation established between the character of changes in the immunologic reactivity and the time elapsed after the injury, the level and the degree of damage to the spinal cord allows the conclusion that cerebrospinal effects are one of the links in the complex chain of central control of immunogenesis.", "contents": "[Spinal cord influences on immune responses demonstrated following interruption of the spinal cord as a result of injury]. Specific and nonspecific immunity reactions were studied in dynamics in 126 patients with injury to the spinal cord, in 162 healthy persons (controls), and in 30 persons who had suffered injury to other organs. The serum agglutinins against the causative agents of infection of the urinary system (colibacillus, Proteus, enterococcus) and C-reactive protein were studied. Phases were revealed in the course of the immunologic reactions depending on the neurodynamics of the damaged spinal cord. The correlation established between the character of changes in the immunologic reactivity and the time elapsed after the injury, the level and the degree of damage to the spinal cord allows the conclusion that cerebrospinal effects are one of the links in the complex chain of central control of immunogenesis.", "PMID": 414445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7635", "title": "Automatized hemagglutination kinetics.", "content": "An automatized technique for the study of hemagglutination kinetics is described. It was used to differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous individuals in the Rh system. Other applications are proposed.", "contents": "Automatized hemagglutination kinetics. An automatized technique for the study of hemagglutination kinetics is described. It was used to differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous individuals in the Rh system. Other applications are proposed.", "PMID": 414454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7636", "title": "Maternofetal transfusion during delivery and sensitization of the newborn against the rhesus D-antigen.", "content": "The presence of maternal cells was determined in a blood sample of 86 rhesus D-negative newborns with a rhesus D-positive mother using the 'minor cell population technique' of Jones and Silver. Maternal cells were found in 43 percent of the samples, irrespective of ABO incompatibility. Anti-D antibodies were detected in 22.2 percent of serum samples from 53 children taken at 6-10 months after birth. There was no correlation between the presence of anti-D and the results of the minor cell population technique at birth. The results are discussed.", "contents": "Maternofetal transfusion during delivery and sensitization of the newborn against the rhesus D-antigen. The presence of maternal cells was determined in a blood sample of 86 rhesus D-negative newborns with a rhesus D-positive mother using the 'minor cell population technique' of Jones and Silver. Maternal cells were found in 43 percent of the samples, irrespective of ABO incompatibility. Anti-D antibodies were detected in 22.2 percent of serum samples from 53 children taken at 6-10 months after birth. There was no correlation between the presence of anti-D and the results of the minor cell population technique at birth. The results are discussed.", "PMID": 414455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7637", "title": "[Clinical diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "5 patients are described in which normal pressure hydrocephalus was diagnosed. The criteria on which the diagnosis was based were a cerebrospinal fluid perfusion test and an air study. Pathological verification was additionally obtained in 2 patients. The clinical picture in all patients was characterized by dementia. 4 patients were incontinent and 3 were paraspastic.", "contents": "[Clinical diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. 5 patients are described in which normal pressure hydrocephalus was diagnosed. The criteria on which the diagnosis was based were a cerebrospinal fluid perfusion test and an air study. Pathological verification was additionally obtained in 2 patients. The clinical picture in all patients was characterized by dementia. 4 patients were incontinent and 3 were paraspastic.", "PMID": 414458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7638", "title": "Metabolism of arylacetic acids. 3. The metabolic fate of diphenylacetic acid and its variation with species and dose.", "content": "1. [carboxy-14C]Diphenylacetic acid has been administered to seven primate species including man, and four other mammals and the qualitative and quantitative aspects of its elimination determined. 2. In most species, 50-100 percent of the administered 14C was excreted in the urine in 48 h; 2-30 percent of the dose was recovered unchanged in the 24 h urine. 3. In all species the only urinary metabolite detected by radiochromatogram scanning was diphenylacetylglucuronide (10-70 percent of dose). Reverse isotope dilution additionally revealed the formation of trace amounts (less than 1 percent of dose) of the glycine conjugate by four species and of the taurine conjugate by the cat. No evidence was found for the formation of a glutamine conjugate. 4. The influence of dose on the pattern of metabolism and excretion of diphenylacetic acid has been studied in the rat. In this species diphenylacetic acid undergoes extensive elimination and enterohepatic circulation.", "contents": "Metabolism of arylacetic acids. 3. The metabolic fate of diphenylacetic acid and its variation with species and dose. 1. [carboxy-14C]Diphenylacetic acid has been administered to seven primate species including man, and four other mammals and the qualitative and quantitative aspects of its elimination determined. 2. In most species, 50-100 percent of the administered 14C was excreted in the urine in 48 h; 2-30 percent of the dose was recovered unchanged in the 24 h urine. 3. In all species the only urinary metabolite detected by radiochromatogram scanning was diphenylacetylglucuronide (10-70 percent of dose). Reverse isotope dilution additionally revealed the formation of trace amounts (less than 1 percent of dose) of the glycine conjugate by four species and of the taurine conjugate by the cat. No evidence was found for the formation of a glutamine conjugate. 4. The influence of dose on the pattern of metabolism and excretion of diphenylacetic acid has been studied in the rat. In this species diphenylacetic acid undergoes extensive elimination and enterohepatic circulation.", "PMID": 414462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7639", "title": "The metabolism of ftorafur in the beagle dog and rhesus monkey.", "content": "1. Ftorafur, a fluorinated pyrimidine nucleoside antimetabolite, is metabolized by the beagle dog and rhesus monkey to 5-fluorouracil, which is subsequently biotransformed to the corresponding nucleosides, to alpha-fluoro-beta-ureidopropionic acid, to urea and to CO2. 2. In the dog, urea was the primary urinary metabolite while in the monkey, alpha-fluoro-beta-ureidopropionic acid predominated. 3. The dog and monkey excrete about 35 percent of the recovered dose as CO2. 4. The possibility that ftorafur is a relatively inactive transport form of 5-fluorouracil is discussed.", "contents": "The metabolism of ftorafur in the beagle dog and rhesus monkey. 1. Ftorafur, a fluorinated pyrimidine nucleoside antimetabolite, is metabolized by the beagle dog and rhesus monkey to 5-fluorouracil, which is subsequently biotransformed to the corresponding nucleosides, to alpha-fluoro-beta-ureidopropionic acid, to urea and to CO2. 2. In the dog, urea was the primary urinary metabolite while in the monkey, alpha-fluoro-beta-ureidopropionic acid predominated. 3. The dog and monkey excrete about 35 percent of the recovered dose as CO2. 4. The possibility that ftorafur is a relatively inactive transport form of 5-fluorouracil is discussed.", "PMID": 414463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7640", "title": "The metabolism of phenolic opiates by rat intestine.", "content": "1. A range of phenolic opiate agonists and antagonists undergo conjugation during passage across the rat intestine. 2. The efficiency of conjugation, mediated by gut UDP-glucoronyltransferase, is a function of the lipophilicity of the substrate. 3. Conjugation of lipophilic substrates such as buprenorphine and etorphine in rat intestinal mucosa is such that the gut wall must be regarded as the primary site of metabolism of these compounds after oral administration. 4. N-Dealkylation of the N-cyclopropylmethyl opiate, buprenorphine, has been demonstrated in rat gut sacs though dealkylation of N-methyl substrates was not detected.", "contents": "The metabolism of phenolic opiates by rat intestine. 1. A range of phenolic opiate agonists and antagonists undergo conjugation during passage across the rat intestine. 2. The efficiency of conjugation, mediated by gut UDP-glucoronyltransferase, is a function of the lipophilicity of the substrate. 3. Conjugation of lipophilic substrates such as buprenorphine and etorphine in rat intestinal mucosa is such that the gut wall must be regarded as the primary site of metabolism of these compounds after oral administration. 4. N-Dealkylation of the N-cyclopropylmethyl opiate, buprenorphine, has been demonstrated in rat gut sacs though dealkylation of N-methyl substrates was not detected.", "PMID": 414464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7641", "title": "Some characteristics of two morphological mutants of Nostoc linckia induced by nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "The blue-green alga Nostoc linckia was treated with nitrosoguanidine and two classes of morphological mutant clones were isolated. One class shows certain abnormal phenotypic features of vegetative cells, spores, and heterocysts. It has increased heterocyst frequency and impaired growth rate. The other class exhibits an altered heterocyst spacing pattern. Both classes of mutants have reduced nitrogenase activity.", "contents": "Some characteristics of two morphological mutants of Nostoc linckia induced by nitrosoguanidine. The blue-green alga Nostoc linckia was treated with nitrosoguanidine and two classes of morphological mutant clones were isolated. One class shows certain abnormal phenotypic features of vegetative cells, spores, and heterocysts. It has increased heterocyst frequency and impaired growth rate. The other class exhibits an altered heterocyst spacing pattern. Both classes of mutants have reduced nitrogenase activity.", "PMID": 414465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7642", "title": "Differential binding of IgA proteins of different subclasses and allotypes to Staphylococcal protein A.", "content": "The binding of myeloma proteins of known subclass and allotype to staphylococcal protein A has been studied using affinity chromatography with Protein A-Sepharose CL-4B. Three IgA1 proteins did not show any binding, whereas two IgA2 A2m(1) and one IgA2 A2m(2) proteins were found to bind to the column.", "contents": "Differential binding of IgA proteins of different subclasses and allotypes to Staphylococcal protein A. The binding of myeloma proteins of known subclass and allotype to staphylococcal protein A has been studied using affinity chromatography with Protein A-Sepharose CL-4B. Three IgA1 proteins did not show any binding, whereas two IgA2 A2m(1) and one IgA2 A2m(2) proteins were found to bind to the column.", "PMID": 414469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7643", "title": "Transfer of antibacterial immunity by \"Immune\" RNA from animals treated with pseudomonas lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "The humoral primary immune response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide was studied. Mice immunized with various doses of LPS developed anti-LPS antibodies. Antibody activity was due to 19S and 7S immunoglobulins. Extracts rich in RNA from spleen cells of immune mice were able to transfer specific anti-LPS response to normal recipients. Immunogenic antigen contamination of RNA was ruled out by a variety of controls.", "contents": "Transfer of antibacterial immunity by \"Immune\" RNA from animals treated with pseudomonas lipopolysaccharide. The humoral primary immune response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide was studied. Mice immunized with various doses of LPS developed anti-LPS antibodies. Antibody activity was due to 19S and 7S immunoglobulins. Extracts rich in RNA from spleen cells of immune mice were able to transfer specific anti-LPS response to normal recipients. Immunogenic antigen contamination of RNA was ruled out by a variety of controls.", "PMID": 414470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7644", "title": "[Influencing factors of previous testing on blood determination (author's transl)].", "content": "The demonstration of individual characteristics, especially those of the blood group types are substantially disturbed through the hydrogenperoxide- and the luminol spray procedure, which when it is previously employed, can cause changes in the blood spot. These changes are expecially by very small blood spots to be expected, but even larger ones under intensive spraying can be effected. Only with great caution are such spray procedures to be used and then only if it is impossible any other way to gather information about the existance of blood spots.", "contents": "[Influencing factors of previous testing on blood determination (author's transl)]. The demonstration of individual characteristics, especially those of the blood group types are substantially disturbed through the hydrogenperoxide- and the luminol spray procedure, which when it is previously employed, can cause changes in the blood spot. These changes are expecially by very small blood spots to be expected, but even larger ones under intensive spraying can be effected. Only with great caution are such spray procedures to be used and then only if it is impossible any other way to gather information about the existance of blood spots.", "PMID": 414474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7645", "title": "The social life of a black-and-white Colobus monkey, Colobus guereza.", "content": "To investigate relationships between ecology and social organization, observations were made on several populations of Colobus guereza in East Africa in 1970-74. Study time was concentrated in the Kibale Forest and the Kabalega National Park, Uganda. Findings on social behaviour are reported in this paper. Assessments of group composition were made. The repertoire of communicatory acts was analysed. During five-day continuous observation periods at Kibale (12 consecutive months) and at Kabalega (two months) all social interactions between members of one habituated group, and between this group and others, were recorded. 6 Kibale groups were monitored over a four-year period to examine changes in group structure. The results are compared with those from other studies and the adaptive significance of guereza social behaviour is discussed, emphasizing differences in male and female strategies.", "contents": "The social life of a black-and-white Colobus monkey, Colobus guereza. To investigate relationships between ecology and social organization, observations were made on several populations of Colobus guereza in East Africa in 1970-74. Study time was concentrated in the Kibale Forest and the Kabalega National Park, Uganda. Findings on social behaviour are reported in this paper. Assessments of group composition were made. The repertoire of communicatory acts was analysed. During five-day continuous observation periods at Kibale (12 consecutive months) and at Kabalega (two months) all social interactions between members of one habituated group, and between this group and others, were recorded. 6 Kibale groups were monitored over a four-year period to examine changes in group structure. The results are compared with those from other studies and the adaptive significance of guereza social behaviour is discussed, emphasizing differences in male and female strategies.", "PMID": 414475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7646", "title": "Infanticide and social organization in the redtail monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti) in the Kibale Forest, Uganda.", "content": "The redtail monkeys of the Kibale Forest, W. Uganda, live in social groups of about 35 members with only one adult male. In one of the study groups the harem male was replaced by a new male from outside the group. This male-replacement was followed by the new male killing and eating two newborn infants in the group. Infants and young juveniles older than one month were not attacked. Following the infanticide the new male copulated with several adult females in the group. 8 months after this male joined the group, 5 other adult and subadult males associated with it. This multimale influx was accompanied by frequent and intense aggression among the males. Comparisons are made with the studies of langurs in India and Ceylon and it is suggested that infanticide following male-replacement in the harem affords reproductive advantages to the new male.", "contents": "Infanticide and social organization in the redtail monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti) in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. The redtail monkeys of the Kibale Forest, W. Uganda, live in social groups of about 35 members with only one adult male. In one of the study groups the harem male was replaced by a new male from outside the group. This male-replacement was followed by the new male killing and eating two newborn infants in the group. Infants and young juveniles older than one month were not attacked. Following the infanticide the new male copulated with several adult females in the group. 8 months after this male joined the group, 5 other adult and subadult males associated with it. This multimale influx was accompanied by frequent and intense aggression among the males. Comparisons are made with the studies of langurs in India and Ceylon and it is suggested that infanticide following male-replacement in the harem affords reproductive advantages to the new male.", "PMID": 414476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7647", "title": "Sensitivity of cellulolytic bacteria to antibiotics.", "content": "The sensitivity of eight cellulolytic bacterial strains to eight antibiotics was tested. The results showed that, in general, the strains belonging to Cytophaga, Cellvibrio, and Cellfalcicula are more sensitive to antibiotics than those strains that belong to Sporocytophaga and Cellulomonas. The inhibitory activity of the tested antibiotics, though differing with different strains, showed the following categories: tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloromycetin were most active, kanamycin, streptomycin, and neomycin were intermediate, while novobiocin and penicillin showed low activity.", "contents": "Sensitivity of cellulolytic bacteria to antibiotics. The sensitivity of eight cellulolytic bacterial strains to eight antibiotics was tested. The results showed that, in general, the strains belonging to Cytophaga, Cellvibrio, and Cellfalcicula are more sensitive to antibiotics than those strains that belong to Sporocytophaga and Cellulomonas. The inhibitory activity of the tested antibiotics, though differing with different strains, showed the following categories: tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloromycetin were most active, kanamycin, streptomycin, and neomycin were intermediate, while novobiocin and penicillin showed low activity.", "PMID": 414477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7648", "title": "Bacteriolytic myxobacteria: parasites or scavengers?", "content": "The activity range of an enzymatic preparation from Myxococcus xanthus was assayed against some soil and rhizospheric bacteria. The lysis of unequally aged sensitive eubacterial populations, as related to their viability, was investigated and, at last, the often used streak method was checked and the relationship between cell viability and susceptibility to lysis is discussed.", "contents": "Bacteriolytic myxobacteria: parasites or scavengers? The activity range of an enzymatic preparation from Myxococcus xanthus was assayed against some soil and rhizospheric bacteria. The lysis of unequally aged sensitive eubacterial populations, as related to their viability, was investigated and, at last, the often used streak method was checked and the relationship between cell viability and susceptibility to lysis is discussed.", "PMID": 414478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7649", "title": "[Concentration of protein-bound iodine in the serum of women in puerperium in the 1st 10 days post partum].", "content": "Serum protein-bound iodine was investigated according to the requirements of the method at Barker and coll. in 127 women without clinical signs of thyroid disorders during the first 10 days after births. Immediately, after parturition the level of serum protein-bound iodine was elevated, while it decreased during the first 10 days of puerperium, reaching normal values about the 10th day after birth.", "contents": "[Concentration of protein-bound iodine in the serum of women in puerperium in the 1st 10 days post partum]. Serum protein-bound iodine was investigated according to the requirements of the method at Barker and coll. in 127 women without clinical signs of thyroid disorders during the first 10 days after births. Immediately, after parturition the level of serum protein-bound iodine was elevated, while it decreased during the first 10 days of puerperium, reaching normal values about the 10th day after birth.", "PMID": 414479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7650", "title": "[New serovariants and/or antigen combinations of Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)].", "content": "In 2111 samples of human faeces originating from 932 persons (midwives, pregnant women, slaughterhouse workers, laboratory workers, individuals with gastroenteritis and without specific symptoms) a total of 86 (9.22%) carriers of L. monocytogenes could be found. Serotyping revealed prevalence of serovar 1/2a (39%) which was characterized by beta-hemolysis and mouse pathogenicity; serovar 4b and 5, also showing beta-hemolysis and mouse pathogenicity, were met with in 11% and 2% of cases, respectively. The great proportion of non-hemolysing and apathogenic L. monocytogenes-strains (71 = 47.3%) was remarkable. They belonged to rare serovars (4a, 4ab, 4f, 4g) or, because of their O-antigen structure, could not be classified under the antigenic scheme by Donker-Voet and Seeliger. This was the case for 47 strains (approximately 31%). In these strains, O-antigen combinations V, VI, IX, XV and V, VI, IX, XIV, XV were found more frequently. With regard to epidemiology and epizootology no significance can be attributed to such strains. The question is raised whether these apathogenic and non-hemolysing serovars still should be classified among the species Listeria or whether they should be separated from this species.", "contents": "[New serovariants and/or antigen combinations of Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)]. In 2111 samples of human faeces originating from 932 persons (midwives, pregnant women, slaughterhouse workers, laboratory workers, individuals with gastroenteritis and without specific symptoms) a total of 86 (9.22%) carriers of L. monocytogenes could be found. Serotyping revealed prevalence of serovar 1/2a (39%) which was characterized by beta-hemolysis and mouse pathogenicity; serovar 4b and 5, also showing beta-hemolysis and mouse pathogenicity, were met with in 11% and 2% of cases, respectively. The great proportion of non-hemolysing and apathogenic L. monocytogenes-strains (71 = 47.3%) was remarkable. They belonged to rare serovars (4a, 4ab, 4f, 4g) or, because of their O-antigen structure, could not be classified under the antigenic scheme by Donker-Voet and Seeliger. This was the case for 47 strains (approximately 31%). In these strains, O-antigen combinations V, VI, IX, XV and V, VI, IX, XIV, XV were found more frequently. With regard to epidemiology and epizootology no significance can be attributed to such strains. The question is raised whether these apathogenic and non-hemolysing serovars still should be classified among the species Listeria or whether they should be separated from this species.", "PMID": 414480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7651", "title": "Transduction, by phases F116 and G101, of gentamicin-tobramycin resistance, and of \"autoplaque formation\" property in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Pseudomonas aerugionsa phages F 116 and G 101, propagated on ML 4262 strain into which gentamicin-tobramycin resistance determinants have been increased by means of conjugation, from wild-type strains Vy 28, 29 and 34, were capable to transduce R determinants to PAO 1670 strain. Transfer ability was co-transduced as well, with exception of transductants selected with streptomycin. \"Autoplaque formation\" ability, occurring in original wild-type strain Vy 28, could be co-tranduced with all tobramycin-resistant determinants by F116 but not G 101 phage.", "contents": "Transduction, by phases F116 and G101, of gentamicin-tobramycin resistance, and of \"autoplaque formation\" property in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aerugionsa phages F 116 and G 101, propagated on ML 4262 strain into which gentamicin-tobramycin resistance determinants have been increased by means of conjugation, from wild-type strains Vy 28, 29 and 34, were capable to transduce R determinants to PAO 1670 strain. Transfer ability was co-transduced as well, with exception of transductants selected with streptomycin. \"Autoplaque formation\" ability, occurring in original wild-type strain Vy 28, could be co-tranduced with all tobramycin-resistant determinants by F116 but not G 101 phage.", "PMID": 414481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7652", "title": "[Clinico-epidemiologic characteristics of group illness caused by Bac. cereus food poisoning].", "content": "The authors describe an outbreak of food poisoning caused by Bac. cereus embracing 80% of persons who catered at the same catering establishment. The poisoning occurred in the course of 15 hours after the moment of eating a sauce stored in warm place. In the majority of cases the course of the disease was mild; 77.8% of the patients displayed phenomena of enteritis, 20.2%--of entercolitis, and 2.0%--of gastroenterocolitis. All the patients recovered without any treatment in the course of 1--2 days.", "contents": "[Clinico-epidemiologic characteristics of group illness caused by Bac. cereus food poisoning]. The authors describe an outbreak of food poisoning caused by Bac. cereus embracing 80% of persons who catered at the same catering establishment. The poisoning occurred in the course of 15 hours after the moment of eating a sauce stored in warm place. In the majority of cases the course of the disease was mild; 77.8% of the patients displayed phenomena of enteritis, 20.2%--of entercolitis, and 2.0%--of gastroenterocolitis. All the patients recovered without any treatment in the course of 1--2 days.", "PMID": 414486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7653", "title": "[Salmonellae in coastal sea waters: research methods, ecology and correlation with indicator microorganisms].", "content": "A high correlation of the salmonellae and enterococci indices with the distance from the sources of contamination (effluents) at calm weather and reduced correlation at storm was revealed in examination of coastal waters of Baltic sea for salmonellae and indicator microbes in the biotypes of two populated localities. Monotypical character of the isolated salmonellae served as the peculiarity of the results obtained: S. typhimurium prevailed (96.3%): S. give were isolated in 3.7% of the cases. The latter were isolated chiefly in the biotypes of one of the populated localities (B); their relative content showed a sharp elevation during storm.", "contents": "[Salmonellae in coastal sea waters: research methods, ecology and correlation with indicator microorganisms]. A high correlation of the salmonellae and enterococci indices with the distance from the sources of contamination (effluents) at calm weather and reduced correlation at storm was revealed in examination of coastal waters of Baltic sea for salmonellae and indicator microbes in the biotypes of two populated localities. Monotypical character of the isolated salmonellae served as the peculiarity of the results obtained: S. typhimurium prevailed (96.3%): S. give were isolated in 3.7% of the cases. The latter were isolated chiefly in the biotypes of one of the populated localities (B); their relative content showed a sharp elevation during storm.", "PMID": 414487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7654", "title": "[Soluble surface antigens of virulent Sh. sonnei].", "content": "The authors conducted an immunochemical analysis of the surface soluble antigen preparations (SSAP) obtained by extraction with physiological saline of the virulent Sh. sonnei microbes killed with acetone. Immunochemical studies by the immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion methods in agar gel, separation on sepharose 4B and in polyacrylamide gel showed the presence of 3 groups of the antigens in the SSAP composition: 1) protein antigens, determining the commonness with the Sonne microbes of the II phase and intergenera associations with typhoid and enteropathogenic E. coli; 2) specific somatic antigen of the Boiven type present in small amounts in the SSAP; 3) specific antigens differing by specificity from the Boiven antigen detected in the microbes of the I phase only and possibly playing a role in the virulent and immunogenic properties of the causative agent.", "contents": "[Soluble surface antigens of virulent Sh. sonnei]. The authors conducted an immunochemical analysis of the surface soluble antigen preparations (SSAP) obtained by extraction with physiological saline of the virulent Sh. sonnei microbes killed with acetone. Immunochemical studies by the immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion methods in agar gel, separation on sepharose 4B and in polyacrylamide gel showed the presence of 3 groups of the antigens in the SSAP composition: 1) protein antigens, determining the commonness with the Sonne microbes of the II phase and intergenera associations with typhoid and enteropathogenic E. coli; 2) specific somatic antigen of the Boiven type present in small amounts in the SSAP; 3) specific antigens differing by specificity from the Boiven antigen detected in the microbes of the I phase only and possibly playing a role in the virulent and immunogenic properties of the causative agent.", "PMID": 414488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7655", "title": "[Sensitivity of meningococci to the antagonistic activity of nasopharyngeal microflora and antibiotics].", "content": "Comparative study of the meningococcus sensitivity of various serological groups with different localization in the human organism to the antagonistic activity of normal microbes of the nasopharynx and the antibiotics it was found that strains isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from cerebrospinal meningitis, chiefly of serological group A, had the greatest resistance to the antagonists. Taking into consideration the leading epidemiological role of the cultures belonging to the serological group A in the USSR, it can be supposed that meningococcus sensitivity to the nasopharyngeal antagonists was of significance for the manifestation of their pathogenic properties. No association of the antibiotic sensitivity of the same strains with reference to a definite serological group or the site of the microbe localization was revealed.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of meningococci to the antagonistic activity of nasopharyngeal microflora and antibiotics]. Comparative study of the meningococcus sensitivity of various serological groups with different localization in the human organism to the antagonistic activity of normal microbes of the nasopharynx and the antibiotics it was found that strains isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from cerebrospinal meningitis, chiefly of serological group A, had the greatest resistance to the antagonists. Taking into consideration the leading epidemiological role of the cultures belonging to the serological group A in the USSR, it can be supposed that meningococcus sensitivity to the nasopharyngeal antagonists was of significance for the manifestation of their pathogenic properties. No association of the antibiotic sensitivity of the same strains with reference to a definite serological group or the site of the microbe localization was revealed.", "PMID": 414490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7656", "title": "[Structural features of the brain stem reticular formation, hippocampus and limbic region of the cortex].", "content": "The paper compares the structural reorganization of reticular formation of the brain stem with the cortical structures of the limbic system--hippocamp and limbic cortex in the mammalian comparative order (a hedgehog, a rabbit, a cat, a dog, a dolphin, a monkey, a man). In all the studied links of the limbico-reticular system the author revealed general regularity: the main trend of a structural development is expressed in the intensification of their structural heterogeneity: nuclei are divided in subnuclei, areas in subareas, layers in sublayers. In all structures these features are expressed more vividly in their phylogenetic new parts. Besides, changes of the brain caudal sections--reticular formation are relatively less expressed than the rostral sections, i.e. hippocamp and limbic cortex.", "contents": "[Structural features of the brain stem reticular formation, hippocampus and limbic region of the cortex]. The paper compares the structural reorganization of reticular formation of the brain stem with the cortical structures of the limbic system--hippocamp and limbic cortex in the mammalian comparative order (a hedgehog, a rabbit, a cat, a dog, a dolphin, a monkey, a man). In all the studied links of the limbico-reticular system the author revealed general regularity: the main trend of a structural development is expressed in the intensification of their structural heterogeneity: nuclei are divided in subnuclei, areas in subareas, layers in sublayers. In all structures these features are expressed more vividly in their phylogenetic new parts. Besides, changes of the brain caudal sections--reticular formation are relatively less expressed than the rostral sections, i.e. hippocamp and limbic cortex.", "PMID": 414491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7657", "title": "Towards a definition of living systems: a theory of ecological support for behavior.", "content": "It is proposed that the Darwinian theoretical approach and account of living systems has not yet been clearly given. A first approximation to this is attempted, focussing on behavior in evolving environments. A theoretical terminology is defined emphasizing the mutuality of organism and environment and the existence of biologically theoretical entities.", "contents": "Towards a definition of living systems: a theory of ecological support for behavior. It is proposed that the Darwinian theoretical approach and account of living systems has not yet been clearly given. A first approximation to this is attempted, focussing on behavior in evolving environments. A theoretical terminology is defined emphasizing the mutuality of organism and environment and the existence of biologically theoretical entities.", "PMID": 414492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7658", "title": "A diffusion model for mesoderm induction in amphibian embryos.", "content": "In this paper we try to answer the question whether diffusion is a possible mechanism to explain mesoderm induction in Amphibians. First the embryological data are discussed and a hypothesis for mesoderm formation is set forth. The blastula being essentially a hollow sphere, we assume that the induction mechanism in an embryo at the blastula stage can be simulated by diffusion-reaction processes on spherical surfaces. A model is constructed for the simple case when the source is held constant with respect to time, the decay proportional to the concentration and the diffusion coefficient a constant. From simulation we find a (best) value for the decay constant to be 6 x 10(-5)/sec and for the diffusion constant to be 0.24 x 10(-6) cm2/sec. The relation between the parameters is derived from an analytic solution for the diffusion process on a spherical surface with a continuously producing point source and the concentration proportional to the decay. The form and regulative properties of the steady concentration gradient are discussed.", "contents": "A diffusion model for mesoderm induction in amphibian embryos. In this paper we try to answer the question whether diffusion is a possible mechanism to explain mesoderm induction in Amphibians. First the embryological data are discussed and a hypothesis for mesoderm formation is set forth. The blastula being essentially a hollow sphere, we assume that the induction mechanism in an embryo at the blastula stage can be simulated by diffusion-reaction processes on spherical surfaces. A model is constructed for the simple case when the source is held constant with respect to time, the decay proportional to the concentration and the diffusion coefficient a constant. From simulation we find a (best) value for the decay constant to be 6 x 10(-5)/sec and for the diffusion constant to be 0.24 x 10(-6) cm2/sec. The relation between the parameters is derived from an analytic solution for the diffusion process on a spherical surface with a continuously producing point source and the concentration proportional to the decay. The form and regulative properties of the steady concentration gradient are discussed.", "PMID": 414493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7659", "title": "The effects of calcium on glycolysis and ATP concentration in complete and membrane-poor hemolyzates of human erythrocytes.", "content": "Hemolyzates prepared from packed human red cells with 30 micrometer total calcium were employed as a means to examine the relationship between ATP consumption and lactate formation. Hemolyzates exposed to ultracentrifugation accumulate membrane fragments in the top layer yielding membrane-poor fractions in the buttom layers of the centrifuge tube. Lactate formation accompanied by ATP depletion amounts to 12 mumoles per ml and hour in complete hemolyzates fortified with NAD. Complexation of calcium results in about 50% inhibition of the lactate formation with a concomitant increase of ATP. Lactate formation is reduced in membrane-poor hemolyzates approximately concurrently to the extent of membrance removal which produces no discernible change in the glyceral-dehydephosphate dehydrogenase activity. 50--200 micrometer total calcium has no effect on the membrane-independent lactate formation which amounts to 1--2 mumoles per ml and hour. Triton X-100 seems to solubilise also the membrane components responsible for the high calcium-dependent ATP consumption which governs the lactate formation.", "contents": "The effects of calcium on glycolysis and ATP concentration in complete and membrane-poor hemolyzates of human erythrocytes. Hemolyzates prepared from packed human red cells with 30 micrometer total calcium were employed as a means to examine the relationship between ATP consumption and lactate formation. Hemolyzates exposed to ultracentrifugation accumulate membrane fragments in the top layer yielding membrane-poor fractions in the buttom layers of the centrifuge tube. Lactate formation accompanied by ATP depletion amounts to 12 mumoles per ml and hour in complete hemolyzates fortified with NAD. Complexation of calcium results in about 50% inhibition of the lactate formation with a concomitant increase of ATP. Lactate formation is reduced in membrane-poor hemolyzates approximately concurrently to the extent of membrance removal which produces no discernible change in the glyceral-dehydephosphate dehydrogenase activity. 50--200 micrometer total calcium has no effect on the membrane-independent lactate formation which amounts to 1--2 mumoles per ml and hour. Triton X-100 seems to solubilise also the membrane components responsible for the high calcium-dependent ATP consumption which governs the lactate formation.", "PMID": 414494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7660", "title": "Detection of cytochemical and morphological anomalies in 'preleukemia'.", "content": "The present investigations confirm and extend previous reports on the occurrence of cytochemical anomalies among the hemopoietic cells in preleukemia. The cytochemical patterns of the hemopietic cells obtained from 19 patients suffering from a preleukemic disorder have been studied. The diagnostic value of the cytochemical examination using a panel of 10 different tests is emphasized. In a prospective study in 17 out of 25 patients, preleukemia had been correctly diagnosed. In 4 patients leukemia developed within 2-4 months from the diagnosis ('imminent leukemia'), in 13 patients leukemia or smouldering leukemia developed between 4 and 25 months after the diagnosis ('true preleukemia'). The cytochemical profiles of the hemopoietic cells of the latter have been compared with those of 14 patients suffering from aplastic anemia. In preleukemia the blasts did not exceed 3% of the nucleated bone marrow cells. The clinical value of the diagnosis 'preleukemia' is discussed as well as the prognosis and the possible therapeutic approaches.", "contents": "Detection of cytochemical and morphological anomalies in 'preleukemia'. The present investigations confirm and extend previous reports on the occurrence of cytochemical anomalies among the hemopoietic cells in preleukemia. The cytochemical patterns of the hemopietic cells obtained from 19 patients suffering from a preleukemic disorder have been studied. The diagnostic value of the cytochemical examination using a panel of 10 different tests is emphasized. In a prospective study in 17 out of 25 patients, preleukemia had been correctly diagnosed. In 4 patients leukemia developed within 2-4 months from the diagnosis ('imminent leukemia'), in 13 patients leukemia or smouldering leukemia developed between 4 and 25 months after the diagnosis ('true preleukemia'). The cytochemical profiles of the hemopoietic cells of the latter have been compared with those of 14 patients suffering from aplastic anemia. In preleukemia the blasts did not exceed 3% of the nucleated bone marrow cells. The clinical value of the diagnosis 'preleukemia' is discussed as well as the prognosis and the possible therapeutic approaches.", "PMID": 414501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7661", "title": "Morphological differences in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. A Freeze-etching and scanning electron microscopy study.", "content": "A morphological study using freeze-etching and scanning electron microscopy was carried out on lymphocytes from human peripheral blood. Freeze-etching electron microscopy of lymphocytes fractured at the level of the membrane shows the presence of two groups of cells according to their surface morphology: lymphocytes with a smooth surface and lymphocytes with a villous surface. Cells with surface features identical to the two types described by freeze-etching were also observed by scanning electron microscopy. Some lymphocytes with smooth surface showing uropods were also observed.", "contents": "Morphological differences in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. A Freeze-etching and scanning electron microscopy study. A morphological study using freeze-etching and scanning electron microscopy was carried out on lymphocytes from human peripheral blood. Freeze-etching electron microscopy of lymphocytes fractured at the level of the membrane shows the presence of two groups of cells according to their surface morphology: lymphocytes with a smooth surface and lymphocytes with a villous surface. Cells with surface features identical to the two types described by freeze-etching were also observed by scanning electron microscopy. Some lymphocytes with smooth surface showing uropods were also observed.", "PMID": 414502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7662", "title": "Unusual lymphocyte morphology in a case of chronic lymphatic leukaemia: apparent nuclear extrusion.", "content": "The unusual lymphocytes from a case of chronic lymphatic leukaemia are described in terms of surface morphology and ultrastructure. Surface blebs were found to consist of nuclear material surrounded by plasma membrane. On the information available it was not possible to determine whether these were due to cell motility or nuclear extrusion.", "contents": "Unusual lymphocyte morphology in a case of chronic lymphatic leukaemia: apparent nuclear extrusion. The unusual lymphocytes from a case of chronic lymphatic leukaemia are described in terms of surface morphology and ultrastructure. Surface blebs were found to consist of nuclear material surrounded by plasma membrane. On the information available it was not possible to determine whether these were due to cell motility or nuclear extrusion.", "PMID": 414503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7663", "title": "Morphologic effects of thio-TEPA on mouse urothelium.", "content": "The urothelial changes induced by intravesical instillation of thio-TEPA into experimental animals were studied by cytologic, light microscopic, and electron microscopic techniques. Cells and tissue from treated and untreated groups were compared using a total of 54 discriminators. There were few consistent differences. Cells with marked nuclear atypia were not identified. The results indicate that thio-TEPA has little effect on non-diseased bladders. The atypical cells occasionally present in specimens from thio-TEPA treated bladders apparently do no emanate from normal urothelium.", "contents": "Morphologic effects of thio-TEPA on mouse urothelium. The urothelial changes induced by intravesical instillation of thio-TEPA into experimental animals were studied by cytologic, light microscopic, and electron microscopic techniques. Cells and tissue from treated and untreated groups were compared using a total of 54 discriminators. There were few consistent differences. Cells with marked nuclear atypia were not identified. The results indicate that thio-TEPA has little effect on non-diseased bladders. The atypical cells occasionally present in specimens from thio-TEPA treated bladders apparently do no emanate from normal urothelium.", "PMID": 414498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7664", "title": "Occurrence of haemoglobin H in leukaemia: a further case of erythroleukaemia.", "content": "Erythroleukaemia in an elderly Caucasian male was associated with the presence of 15% of haemoglobin H (Hb-H; Hb-beta4) in the haemolysate, identified by electrophoretic analysis, isolation and 'finger-printing'. The peripheral blood picture was dimorphic, with 40% of hypochromic and morphologically abnormal red cells. Inclusion bodies indicative of the presence of Hb-H occurred in 30% of the red cells after supravital staining. The rare occurrence of Hb-H in leukaemic conditions and its distribution in the red cells is discussed in relation to the possible clonal origin of leukaemia and the involvement of red cell precursors.", "contents": "Occurrence of haemoglobin H in leukaemia: a further case of erythroleukaemia. Erythroleukaemia in an elderly Caucasian male was associated with the presence of 15% of haemoglobin H (Hb-H; Hb-beta4) in the haemolysate, identified by electrophoretic analysis, isolation and 'finger-printing'. The peripheral blood picture was dimorphic, with 40% of hypochromic and morphologically abnormal red cells. Inclusion bodies indicative of the presence of Hb-H occurred in 30% of the red cells after supravital staining. The rare occurrence of Hb-H in leukaemic conditions and its distribution in the red cells is discussed in relation to the possible clonal origin of leukaemia and the involvement of red cell precursors.", "PMID": 414504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7665", "title": "Auto-immune haemolytic anemia complicating infectious mononucleosis in a patient with hereditary elliptocytosis.", "content": "Auto-immune haemolytic anemia complicating infectious mononucleosis occurred in a patient with hereditary elliptocytosis. A cold antibody of IgM anti-i specificity with narrow thermal amplitude was identified in the serum and the erythrocytes were found to be coated with complement. Significantly excessive erythrophagocytosis was demonstrated in samples of the patient's blood which had been chilled and then incubated at 37 degrees C. The patient recovered spontaneously. The elliptocytosis does not appear to have contributed to the episode of haemolytic anaemia; the other elliptocytic member of the family (her father) had no history and no present evidence of haemolysis.", "contents": "Auto-immune haemolytic anemia complicating infectious mononucleosis in a patient with hereditary elliptocytosis. Auto-immune haemolytic anemia complicating infectious mononucleosis occurred in a patient with hereditary elliptocytosis. A cold antibody of IgM anti-i specificity with narrow thermal amplitude was identified in the serum and the erythrocytes were found to be coated with complement. Significantly excessive erythrophagocytosis was demonstrated in samples of the patient's blood which had been chilled and then incubated at 37 degrees C. The patient recovered spontaneously. The elliptocytosis does not appear to have contributed to the episode of haemolytic anaemia; the other elliptocytic member of the family (her father) had no history and no present evidence of haemolysis.", "PMID": 414505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7666", "title": "Defective maturation of granulocytes, retinal cysts and multiple skeletal malformations in a mentally retarded girl.", "content": "A case of congenital malformations of the extremities (deformed thumbs and great toes, dislocation of the hips, limitation of motion of the joints of the lower extremities), bilateral microphthalmia, bilateral retinal cysts, cerebral atrophy epilepsy, severe physical and mental retardation and monolobed neutrophil granulocytes is reported. A similar clinical picture has not previously been described. We assume that the patient suffers from a sublethal genetic disorder.", "contents": "Defective maturation of granulocytes, retinal cysts and multiple skeletal malformations in a mentally retarded girl. A case of congenital malformations of the extremities (deformed thumbs and great toes, dislocation of the hips, limitation of motion of the joints of the lower extremities), bilateral microphthalmia, bilateral retinal cysts, cerebral atrophy epilepsy, severe physical and mental retardation and monolobed neutrophil granulocytes is reported. A similar clinical picture has not previously been described. We assume that the patient suffers from a sublethal genetic disorder.", "PMID": 414506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7667", "title": "The influence of protein-calorie malnutrition on the development of paranodal regions in spinal roots. A study with the OTAN method on rat.", "content": "During the early postnatal development of spinal roots in rats paranodal regions were often found, containing OTAN-positive inclusions in the Schwann cell cytoplasm. The presence of OTAN-positive paranodal regions showed variations in time, which were synchronous for ventral and dorsal roots. Dorsal roots, however, showed a more marked presence during development than ventral roots. Spinal roots of animals submitted to a 50% food restriction, were shown to contain more OTAN-positive paranodal regions than controls. This was true for ventral as well as dorsal roots. It is suggested that crowding of internodal segments could be one factor, determining the presence of paranodal, OTAN-positive material.", "contents": "The influence of protein-calorie malnutrition on the development of paranodal regions in spinal roots. A study with the OTAN method on rat. During the early postnatal development of spinal roots in rats paranodal regions were often found, containing OTAN-positive inclusions in the Schwann cell cytoplasm. The presence of OTAN-positive paranodal regions showed variations in time, which were synchronous for ventral and dorsal roots. Dorsal roots, however, showed a more marked presence during development than ventral roots. Spinal roots of animals submitted to a 50% food restriction, were shown to contain more OTAN-positive paranodal regions than controls. This was true for ventral as well as dorsal roots. It is suggested that crowding of internodal segments could be one factor, determining the presence of paranodal, OTAN-positive material.", "PMID": 414508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7668", "title": "Multifocal leukoencephalopathy in adult leukemia: histologic features and etiologic considerations.", "content": "A number of structural alteration in brains of leukemic children have been attributed to intrathecal administration of methotrexate and radiation therapy. We report an instance of asymptomatic encephalopathy in an adult who received thio-TEPA (by subarachnoid injection) as treatment for leukemic meningitis. The lesions were microscopic, confined to cerebral white matter and included: vacuolation, myelin destruction, axonal swelling, gliosis, deposition of mineral salts and aggregates of large foamy cells. The etiology of this condition remains undetermined.", "contents": "Multifocal leukoencephalopathy in adult leukemia: histologic features and etiologic considerations. A number of structural alteration in brains of leukemic children have been attributed to intrathecal administration of methotrexate and radiation therapy. We report an instance of asymptomatic encephalopathy in an adult who received thio-TEPA (by subarachnoid injection) as treatment for leukemic meningitis. The lesions were microscopic, confined to cerebral white matter and included: vacuolation, myelin destruction, axonal swelling, gliosis, deposition of mineral salts and aggregates of large foamy cells. The etiology of this condition remains undetermined.", "PMID": 414509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7669", "title": "Prolactin responsiveness to TRH in amenorrheic women with and without galactorrhea.", "content": "Sixty women were given intravenous injection of 200 microgram TRH to assess its diagnostic potential as a stimulus to PRL release. Following the administration of TRH, there was a prompt increase in serum PRL to 614.6%, to 296%, to 282.1%, and 34% in normal women, amenorrheic patients, non tumoral galactorrheic cases, and patients with pituitary tumors respectively. The TRH response above baseline of PRL levels was statistically significant in all groups, but the women with pituitary tumors which showed a blunted response. The per cent of increment of PRL levels after TRH was similar in amenorrheic women regardless the presence or not of galactorrhea; this increase was significantly greater than in patients with pituitary tumors (p less than 0.01). The per cent of increment above baseline of PRL was significantly greater in menstruating women than in amenorrheic patients (p less than 0.001). In basis of present data: 1) there is a diminished PRL secretion after TRH in amenorrheic women regardless the presence of galactorrhea or hyperprolactinemia; 2) a blunted response to TRH in hyperprolactinemic women may be indicative of a pituitary tumor.", "contents": "Prolactin responsiveness to TRH in amenorrheic women with and without galactorrhea. Sixty women were given intravenous injection of 200 microgram TRH to assess its diagnostic potential as a stimulus to PRL release. Following the administration of TRH, there was a prompt increase in serum PRL to 614.6%, to 296%, to 282.1%, and 34% in normal women, amenorrheic patients, non tumoral galactorrheic cases, and patients with pituitary tumors respectively. The TRH response above baseline of PRL levels was statistically significant in all groups, but the women with pituitary tumors which showed a blunted response. The per cent of increment of PRL levels after TRH was similar in amenorrheic women regardless the presence or not of galactorrhea; this increase was significantly greater than in patients with pituitary tumors (p less than 0.01). The per cent of increment above baseline of PRL was significantly greater in menstruating women than in amenorrheic patients (p less than 0.001). In basis of present data: 1) there is a diminished PRL secretion after TRH in amenorrheic women regardless the presence of galactorrhea or hyperprolactinemia; 2) a blunted response to TRH in hyperprolactinemic women may be indicative of a pituitary tumor.", "PMID": 414510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7670", "title": "Preoperative irradiation in stage III carcinoma of the ovary.", "content": "A series of 456 patients with malignant epithelial tumours of the ovary clinical stage III is presented. Of these, 96 were initially inoperable, and 49 had a clinical diagnosis of inoperable disease at the first examination. After 3000 rads external highvoltage irradiation it was found possible to remove the primary tumour, the uterus and the omentum in 36 (38%) of the previously inoperable patients. Of the 49 patients who had only a clinical diagnosis of inoperability, only four were inoperable at laparotomy performed three weeks after completion of 3000 rads external radiotherapy. The five year survival rate for the whole series was 16%.", "contents": "Preoperative irradiation in stage III carcinoma of the ovary. A series of 456 patients with malignant epithelial tumours of the ovary clinical stage III is presented. Of these, 96 were initially inoperable, and 49 had a clinical diagnosis of inoperable disease at the first examination. After 3000 rads external highvoltage irradiation it was found possible to remove the primary tumour, the uterus and the omentum in 36 (38%) of the previously inoperable patients. Of the 49 patients who had only a clinical diagnosis of inoperability, only four were inoperable at laparotomy performed three weeks after completion of 3000 rads external radiotherapy. The five year survival rate for the whole series was 16%.", "PMID": 414511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7671", "title": "Blood group mythology: present status.", "content": "There are still many myths, incorrect beliefs, in medicine; some pertaining to the field of blood grouping are discussed. Certain fallacious statements are dealt with in detail such as the dependence on the A-B-O blood group of the shape of the retracted clot; the patients with Dupuytren contracture all being type Rh1Rh2; the assumption of an association with the blood groups of a number of diseases and even of temperament; the belief in the existence of ant-M-lectin and of little d and thus of anti-d sera; and also of the alleged LW (Landsteiner--Wiener) factor. Finally, Race and Sanger's system of symbols is condemned and the advantages of the author's own nomenclature are pointed out.", "contents": "Blood group mythology: present status. There are still many myths, incorrect beliefs, in medicine; some pertaining to the field of blood grouping are discussed. Certain fallacious statements are dealt with in detail such as the dependence on the A-B-O blood group of the shape of the retracted clot; the patients with Dupuytren contracture all being type Rh1Rh2; the assumption of an association with the blood groups of a number of diseases and even of temperament; the belief in the existence of ant-M-lectin and of little d and thus of anti-d sera; and also of the alleged LW (Landsteiner--Wiener) factor. Finally, Race and Sanger's system of symbols is condemned and the advantages of the author's own nomenclature are pointed out.", "PMID": 414513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7672", "title": "Energy/protein index: III. Correlation with a biochemical parameter which reflects protein nutritional imbalance.", "content": "To establish the usefulness of the Energy/Protein index, a study was made to assess its correlation with a biochemical parameter able to detect marginal forms of protein-energy malnutrition such as the non-essential/essential aminoacid ratio. A simple linear regression model was proposed and tested in a sample of ninety-seven malnourished children, by means of analysis of variance. The model was satisfactory. A highly significant (p less than 0.001) correlation coefficient of r = 0.552 was found.", "contents": "Energy/protein index: III. Correlation with a biochemical parameter which reflects protein nutritional imbalance. To establish the usefulness of the Energy/Protein index, a study was made to assess its correlation with a biochemical parameter able to detect marginal forms of protein-energy malnutrition such as the non-essential/essential aminoacid ratio. A simple linear regression model was proposed and tested in a sample of ninety-seven malnourished children, by means of analysis of variance. The model was satisfactory. A highly significant (p less than 0.001) correlation coefficient of r = 0.552 was found.", "PMID": 414514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7673", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of influenza A infection by immunofluorescence. Methodological problems and clinical material.", "content": "Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) on cell spreads from nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) was used for the rapid diagnosis of influenza A infection and was compared with IF on monkey kidney cells infected by NPS. The clinical diagnosis of influenza A infection was confirmed by serology in 32 of 40 patients. In 27 of the 32 patients (84 per cent), the diagnosis was achieved by IF on cell spreads of NPS. In 13 of 15 (87 per cent) subjects with positive serology, the early appearance of influenza A  virus antigen was revealed by indirect IF on infected monolayer cells. No false positive specimens were found among serologically negative subjects by either method. Consequently, the reliability of IF on cell spreads of NPS is very similar to IF on infected cell cultures, but offers a much quicker diagnosis (3-4 h as compared to 1-3 d). Monovalent anti-human IgG FITC should be used instead of polyvalent anti-human Ig FITC, as the latter contains anti-IgA which may adhere to intracellular IgA in the epithelial cells of NPS and thereby cloak the viral antigen.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of influenza A infection by immunofluorescence. Methodological problems and clinical material. Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) on cell spreads from nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS) was used for the rapid diagnosis of influenza A infection and was compared with IF on monkey kidney cells infected by NPS. The clinical diagnosis of influenza A infection was confirmed by serology in 32 of 40 patients. In 27 of the 32 patients (84 per cent), the diagnosis was achieved by IF on cell spreads of NPS. In 13 of 15 (87 per cent) subjects with positive serology, the early appearance of influenza A  virus antigen was revealed by indirect IF on infected monolayer cells. No false positive specimens were found among serologically negative subjects by either method. Consequently, the reliability of IF on cell spreads of NPS is very similar to IF on infected cell cultures, but offers a much quicker diagnosis (3-4 h as compared to 1-3 d). Monovalent anti-human IgG FITC should be used instead of polyvalent anti-human Ig FITC, as the latter contains anti-IgA which may adhere to intracellular IgA in the epithelial cells of NPS and thereby cloak the viral antigen.", "PMID": 414515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7674", "title": "Infection of Clethrionomys G. glareolus Schreb. (red mice) with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis injected subcutaneously.", "content": "Groups of red mice were injected with doses from 10 mg to 10(-8) mg semidried culture of a strain of M. tuberculosis and with doses from 10(-1) to 10(-8) mg of a strain of M. bovis. Some animals were killed about 1 1/2 and 3 months after injection and the remainder lived until death occurred spontaneously. The number of tubercle bacilli in the organs was evaluated by microscopy of smears, in some cases by quantitative culture. Among the mice injected with M. tuberculosis in doses of up to about 2 million viable units, not one case of death occurred which could be attributed to tuberculosis. The autopsy findings consisted exclusively of lesions at the site of injection and in the regional lymph glands. Quantitative culture showed growth of a few viable units in the lymph glands, spleen or lungs, but no sign of progressive infection. Out of 10 mice injected with a giant dose of 3 X 10(7) viable units, only two died of tuberculosis. M. bovis provoked fatal tuberculosis in all animals injected with doses from 6.9 million to 7 viable units. Severe caseous lesions developed at the site of injection, in the lymph glands, in the lung, and often also in liver and spleen. The number of bacteria in the organs was enormous, particulary in the spontaneously dead animals. The survival times, which were dependent on dosage, varied from 51 to 159 days.", "contents": "Infection of Clethrionomys G. glareolus Schreb. (red mice) with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis injected subcutaneously. Groups of red mice were injected with doses from 10 mg to 10(-8) mg semidried culture of a strain of M. tuberculosis and with doses from 10(-1) to 10(-8) mg of a strain of M. bovis. Some animals were killed about 1 1/2 and 3 months after injection and the remainder lived until death occurred spontaneously. The number of tubercle bacilli in the organs was evaluated by microscopy of smears, in some cases by quantitative culture. Among the mice injected with M. tuberculosis in doses of up to about 2 million viable units, not one case of death occurred which could be attributed to tuberculosis. The autopsy findings consisted exclusively of lesions at the site of injection and in the regional lymph glands. Quantitative culture showed growth of a few viable units in the lymph glands, spleen or lungs, but no sign of progressive infection. Out of 10 mice injected with a giant dose of 3 X 10(7) viable units, only two died of tuberculosis. M. bovis provoked fatal tuberculosis in all animals injected with doses from 6.9 million to 7 viable units. Severe caseous lesions developed at the site of injection, in the lymph glands, in the lung, and often also in liver and spleen. The number of bacteria in the organs was enormous, particulary in the spontaneously dead animals. The survival times, which were dependent on dosage, varied from 51 to 159 days.", "PMID": 414516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7675", "title": "Effects of verapamil and nitroglycerin on contractile responses to potassium and noradrenaline in isolated human peripheral veins.", "content": "Isolated ring preparations of human vein were contracted by potassium (127 mM) and noradrenaline (1.8 X 10(-5) M). The potassium-induced contracture developed more rapidly and had a higher maximum amplitude than that produced by noradrenaline. Addition of phentolamine (10(-5) M) reduced the amplitude of the potassium contracture by 22% and abolished the noradrenaline response. Verapamil and nitroglycerin relaxed preparations contracted by potassium and noradrenaline, and, when added prior to stimulation, reduced the contractile responses to these agents. Both verapamil and nitroglycerin inhibited the contractile effect of noradrenaline more strongly than that of potassium. After immersion of the preparations for 30 min. in a calcium-free medium, the responses to potassium and noradrenaline were reduced to 21.3 +/- 2.5% and 7.1 +/- 0.8%, respectively, of the control. Addition of verapamil caused a further reduction of the response to potassium, but not of that to noradrenaline. Nitroglycerin caused a further reduction of the contractions induced by both agents. When the calcium concentration in the extracellular medium was increased from 0 to 4 mM, the contractile responses to potassium and noradrenaline returned to the control level. Both verapmil and nitroglycerin inhibited the contractile responses to calcium; the inhibiting effects of verapamil were significantly more marked than those of nitroglycerin. Tachyphylaxis to nitroglycerin was demonstrated on contractions induced by potassium, but not on noradrenaline-produced responses.", "contents": "Effects of verapamil and nitroglycerin on contractile responses to potassium and noradrenaline in isolated human peripheral veins. Isolated ring preparations of human vein were contracted by potassium (127 mM) and noradrenaline (1.8 X 10(-5) M). The potassium-induced contracture developed more rapidly and had a higher maximum amplitude than that produced by noradrenaline. Addition of phentolamine (10(-5) M) reduced the amplitude of the potassium contracture by 22% and abolished the noradrenaline response. Verapamil and nitroglycerin relaxed preparations contracted by potassium and noradrenaline, and, when added prior to stimulation, reduced the contractile responses to these agents. Both verapamil and nitroglycerin inhibited the contractile effect of noradrenaline more strongly than that of potassium. After immersion of the preparations for 30 min. in a calcium-free medium, the responses to potassium and noradrenaline were reduced to 21.3 +/- 2.5% and 7.1 +/- 0.8%, respectively, of the control. Addition of verapamil caused a further reduction of the response to potassium, but not of that to noradrenaline. Nitroglycerin caused a further reduction of the contractions induced by both agents. When the calcium concentration in the extracellular medium was increased from 0 to 4 mM, the contractile responses to potassium and noradrenaline returned to the control level. Both verapmil and nitroglycerin inhibited the contractile responses to calcium; the inhibiting effects of verapamil were significantly more marked than those of nitroglycerin. Tachyphylaxis to nitroglycerin was demonstrated on contractions induced by potassium, but not on noradrenaline-produced responses.", "PMID": 414517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7676", "title": "The composition and distribution of PCB in arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) caught near Longyearbyen on Svalbard.", "content": "Samples from 44 arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus), caught near Longyearbyen on Svalbard, were analyzed with respect to their content of PCB. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric investigations revealed that 7 PCB components constituted the main part of the total PCB present. These components were quantified individually. A moderate degree of PCB contamination was recorded. Calculated on a fat weight basis, the total concentrations of PCB in fat tissue and liver were about equal, but the relative amounts of most of the PCB components present were different in the 2 tissues. The total amount of PCB in brain, calculated on a fat weight basis, was significantly less than the corresponding concentrations in liver, kidney, muscle, and fat tissue. The special distribution trend observed in this study is related to the structure of the PCB components present and the arctic nature of the sampling area.", "contents": "The composition and distribution of PCB in arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) caught near Longyearbyen on Svalbard. Samples from 44 arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus), caught near Longyearbyen on Svalbard, were analyzed with respect to their content of PCB. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric investigations revealed that 7 PCB components constituted the main part of the total PCB present. These components were quantified individually. A moderate degree of PCB contamination was recorded. Calculated on a fat weight basis, the total concentrations of PCB in fat tissue and liver were about equal, but the relative amounts of most of the PCB components present were different in the 2 tissues. The total amount of PCB in brain, calculated on a fat weight basis, was significantly less than the corresponding concentrations in liver, kidney, muscle, and fat tissue. The special distribution trend observed in this study is related to the structure of the PCB components present and the arctic nature of the sampling area.", "PMID": 414518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7677", "title": "Chest wall recurrences after operation and postoperative irradiation of mammary carcinoma.", "content": "The frequency of recurrences in a material of 463 patients with mammary carcinoma following treatment by surgery with or without postoperative roentgen or cobalt irradiation to the operation area and regional lymph nodes is analysed. Postoperative irradiation to the operation area seems to prevent the chest wall recurrences even in stage I mammary carcinoma.", "contents": "Chest wall recurrences after operation and postoperative irradiation of mammary carcinoma. The frequency of recurrences in a material of 463 patients with mammary carcinoma following treatment by surgery with or without postoperative roentgen or cobalt irradiation to the operation area and regional lymph nodes is analysed. Postoperative irradiation to the operation area seems to prevent the chest wall recurrences even in stage I mammary carcinoma.", "PMID": 414520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7678", "title": "Computer program for central axis dose calculations for high energy photons.", "content": "A computer program is described for central axis dose calculations for 60Co and 6 MV photons. Fixed distance or isocentric calculations for regular or irregular fields can be performed. Corrections are made for wedges and blocking trays. Tissue-air ratios and percentage depth doses are calculated from scatter-air ratios eliminating the need for empirical formulas. Calculated tissue-air ratios and percentage depth doses for elongated fields agree to within 2 per cent with measured data, eliminating the need for tables of equivalent squares. Calculated values for irregular fields also agree to within 2 per cent with measured data.", "contents": "Computer program for central axis dose calculations for high energy photons. A computer program is described for central axis dose calculations for 60Co and 6 MV photons. Fixed distance or isocentric calculations for regular or irregular fields can be performed. Corrections are made for wedges and blocking trays. Tissue-air ratios and percentage depth doses are calculated from scatter-air ratios eliminating the need for empirical formulas. Calculated tissue-air ratios and percentage depth doses for elongated fields agree to within 2 per cent with measured data, eliminating the need for tables of equivalent squares. Calculated values for irregular fields also agree to within 2 per cent with measured data.", "PMID": 414521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7679", "title": "Anti-inflammatory and PG inhibitory effects of phenacetin and acetaminophen.", "content": "Although acetaminophen and phenacetin do not inhibit PG synthesis when added directly to isolated rat platelets and when given orally, both drugs inhibit carrageenan-induced hindpaw edema--a widely used inflammatory assay method. It does not appear that the anti-inflammatory effects of these non-steroidal drugs (unlike other well-known non-steroidal drugs) can be explained on the basis of PG-synthetase inhibition.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory and PG inhibitory effects of phenacetin and acetaminophen. Although acetaminophen and phenacetin do not inhibit PG synthesis when added directly to isolated rat platelets and when given orally, both drugs inhibit carrageenan-induced hindpaw edema--a widely used inflammatory assay method. It does not appear that the anti-inflammatory effects of these non-steroidal drugs (unlike other well-known non-steroidal drugs) can be explained on the basis of PG-synthetase inhibition.", "PMID": 414527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7680", "title": "Diagnosis of gynecologic pelvic masses by gray scale ultrasonography: analysis of specificity and accuracy.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 251 proven cases of gynecologic masses was undertaken. Accuracy of gray scale sonography in determining the existence, size, location, and consistency of pelvic masses was approximately 91%. This is slightly higher than previously reported and could reflect increased accuracy of gray scale ultrasonography. Errors were primarily due to misinterpretation of loops of bowel, small lesions (2 cm or less in diameter), or poor technique. Since ultrasonograms are nonspecific, only rarely could a specific histologic diagnosis be made without accurate clinical information.", "contents": "Diagnosis of gynecologic pelvic masses by gray scale ultrasonography: analysis of specificity and accuracy. A retrospective analysis of 251 proven cases of gynecologic masses was undertaken. Accuracy of gray scale sonography in determining the existence, size, location, and consistency of pelvic masses was approximately 91%. This is slightly higher than previously reported and could reflect increased accuracy of gray scale ultrasonography. Errors were primarily due to misinterpretation of loops of bowel, small lesions (2 cm or less in diameter), or poor technique. Since ultrasonograms are nonspecific, only rarely could a specific histologic diagnosis be made without accurate clinical information.", "PMID": 414529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7681", "title": "The effect of topically applied agents on ultraviolet erythema in guinea pigs.", "content": "It has been shown previously that ultraviolet erythema (UV) is partially the result of a local release of prostaglandins. We have studied the effects of different classes of pharmacological agents applied topically to the skin of guinea pigs and have found indomethacin and pirprofen, both prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, to be highly effective suppressors of UV erythema. Our studies appear to further substantiate that prostaglandin synthesis and release may be the primary mechanistic process in the production of erythema and that the model itself can be predictive of both therapeutic and prophylactic effects of agents against sunburn.", "contents": "The effect of topically applied agents on ultraviolet erythema in guinea pigs. It has been shown previously that ultraviolet erythema (UV) is partially the result of a local release of prostaglandins. We have studied the effects of different classes of pharmacological agents applied topically to the skin of guinea pigs and have found indomethacin and pirprofen, both prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, to be highly effective suppressors of UV erythema. Our studies appear to further substantiate that prostaglandin synthesis and release may be the primary mechanistic process in the production of erythema and that the model itself can be predictive of both therapeutic and prophylactic effects of agents against sunburn.", "PMID": 414528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7682", "title": "Computed tomography of localized adipose deposits presenting as tumor masses.", "content": "Computed tomography can reliably differentiate fat from other soft tissues. As a result of this property, adipose deposits presenting as tumors can be discriminated from neoplasms. Five examples are presented in which surgery was obviated by CT findings.", "contents": "Computed tomography of localized adipose deposits presenting as tumor masses. Computed tomography can reliably differentiate fat from other soft tissues. As a result of this property, adipose deposits presenting as tumors can be discriminated from neoplasms. Five examples are presented in which surgery was obviated by CT findings.", "PMID": 414530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7683", "title": "Percutaneous aspiration of adrenal cysts.", "content": "Percutaneous needle aspiration was performed in three cases of cystic lesions of the adrenal gland which had been evaluated with nephrotomography, ultrasound, and angiography. The characteristics of the fluid aspirate were used as a guideline to further management. Two lesions were clearly benign cysts and were treated conservatively. The third lesion had a bloody aspirate and was surgically removed. The diagnostic evaluation of adrenal masses should follow a directed approach currently advocated for renal mass lesions.", "contents": "Percutaneous aspiration of adrenal cysts. Percutaneous needle aspiration was performed in three cases of cystic lesions of the adrenal gland which had been evaluated with nephrotomography, ultrasound, and angiography. The characteristics of the fluid aspirate were used as a guideline to further management. Two lesions were clearly benign cysts and were treated conservatively. The third lesion had a bloody aspirate and was surgically removed. The diagnostic evaluation of adrenal masses should follow a directed approach currently advocated for renal mass lesions.", "PMID": 414531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7684", "title": "Epithelioid sarcoma:radiologic and pathologic manifestations.", "content": "The radiologic and pathologic manifestations of epithelioid sarcoma are presented based on an analysis of five cases, and the literature is reviewed. This rare entity tends to orginate in the extremities and metastasizes primarily via the lymphatics. Although the lesion grows slowly, it recurs with high frequency. Males are affected three times as often as females. The differential diagnosis includes both malignant and benign entities. The natural history and methods of treatment are reported.", "contents": "Epithelioid sarcoma:radiologic and pathologic manifestations. The radiologic and pathologic manifestations of epithelioid sarcoma are presented based on an analysis of five cases, and the literature is reviewed. This rare entity tends to orginate in the extremities and metastasizes primarily via the lymphatics. Although the lesion grows slowly, it recurs with high frequency. Males are affected three times as often as females. The differential diagnosis includes both malignant and benign entities. The natural history and methods of treatment are reported.", "PMID": 414532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7685", "title": "Calcifications and the therapeutically irradiated breast.", "content": "Mammograms of 81 patients who received radiation therapy to the breast were analyzed for patterns of pre- and postirradiation calcifications. Malignant calcifications may remain stable, diminish, or completely disappear following irradiation. The persistence of calcifications need not indicate residual cancer. Calcifications can develop following irradiation which are similar to either intraductal or secretory calcifications. Unusual calcifications may develop at the site of an irradiated cancer. It is important to recognize that benign calcifications can develop so that they will not be confused with recurrent malignancy.", "contents": "Calcifications and the therapeutically irradiated breast. Mammograms of 81 patients who received radiation therapy to the breast were analyzed for patterns of pre- and postirradiation calcifications. Malignant calcifications may remain stable, diminish, or completely disappear following irradiation. The persistence of calcifications need not indicate residual cancer. Calcifications can develop following irradiation which are similar to either intraductal or secretory calcifications. Unusual calcifications may develop at the site of an irradiated cancer. It is important to recognize that benign calcifications can develop so that they will not be confused with recurrent malignancy.", "PMID": 414533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7686", "title": "Interstitial radiation in the treatment of carcinoma of the tonsillar region.", "content": "From 1964 to 1972, 69 patients were treated for carcinoma of the tonsillar region; all have been followed for at least 4 years. Sixteen patients (23%) had second primaries, and in 11 they were clearly the cause of death. No irradiated patient has died from primary recurrence after 2 years. The overall 3 year determinate survival rate (NED) for patients treated curatively was 63% (32/51). Twenty-four patients had interstitial implants after preliminary external radiation (usually 4,000 rad in 4 weeks). Local control (2+ years) was obtained in at least 82% (18/22); two clearly had recurrence. Of 12 stage I or II patients, 11 survived at least 2 years without evidence of disease; of 12 stage III or IV patients, seven did. Survival could have been improved by more aggressive management of neck nodes, as shown by results for the patients treated since 1969. While small superficial ulcers frequently occurred in the group with implants, all healed spontaneously in 1--6 months; there were no serious complications. The main advantages of implantation are reduction in serious complications and xerostomia.", "contents": "Interstitial radiation in the treatment of carcinoma of the tonsillar region. From 1964 to 1972, 69 patients were treated for carcinoma of the tonsillar region; all have been followed for at least 4 years. Sixteen patients (23%) had second primaries, and in 11 they were clearly the cause of death. No irradiated patient has died from primary recurrence after 2 years. The overall 3 year determinate survival rate (NED) for patients treated curatively was 63% (32/51). Twenty-four patients had interstitial implants after preliminary external radiation (usually 4,000 rad in 4 weeks). Local control (2+ years) was obtained in at least 82% (18/22); two clearly had recurrence. Of 12 stage I or II patients, 11 survived at least 2 years without evidence of disease; of 12 stage III or IV patients, seven did. Survival could have been improved by more aggressive management of neck nodes, as shown by results for the patients treated since 1969. While small superficial ulcers frequently occurred in the group with implants, all healed spontaneously in 1--6 months; there were no serious complications. The main advantages of implantation are reduction in serious complications and xerostomia.", "PMID": 414535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7687", "title": "Effect of ventilation images on observer interpretation of lung perfusion examinations.", "content": "Independent, random, and multiple evaluations by three observers of pulmonary perfusion scintiscans with and without ventilation scans demonstrated a 39% reduction in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism when ventilation scans were included. These findings suggest that four of 10 cases diagnosed as having pulmonary emboli on the basis of perfusion imaging procedures alone would have the diagnosis changed.", "contents": "Effect of ventilation images on observer interpretation of lung perfusion examinations. Independent, random, and multiple evaluations by three observers of pulmonary perfusion scintiscans with and without ventilation scans demonstrated a 39% reduction in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism when ventilation scans were included. These findings suggest that four of 10 cases diagnosed as having pulmonary emboli on the basis of perfusion imaging procedures alone would have the diagnosis changed.", "PMID": 414536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7688", "title": "Imaging of experimental myocardial contusion: observations and pathologic correlations.", "content": "Myocardial contusions of variable severity were experimentally produced by an air-driven piston or serrated clamp in 29 dogs. Two 99mTc-labeled bone-seeking agents (99mTc pyrophosphate and 99mTc tetracycline) were used with cardiac scintigraphy to determine the sensitivity of these agents in detecting different degrees of myocardial damage. Results showed that 99mTc tetracycline was not a suitable scanning agent. 99mTc pyrophosphate produced positive scans in cases of complete (or nearly complete) transmural myocardial necrosis. Positive cardiac scans in clinical myocardial contusion may indicate the severity of the lesions and have prognostic significance.", "contents": "Imaging of experimental myocardial contusion: observations and pathologic correlations. Myocardial contusions of variable severity were experimentally produced by an air-driven piston or serrated clamp in 29 dogs. Two 99mTc-labeled bone-seeking agents (99mTc pyrophosphate and 99mTc tetracycline) were used with cardiac scintigraphy to determine the sensitivity of these agents in detecting different degrees of myocardial damage. Results showed that 99mTc tetracycline was not a suitable scanning agent. 99mTc pyrophosphate produced positive scans in cases of complete (or nearly complete) transmural myocardial necrosis. Positive cardiac scans in clinical myocardial contusion may indicate the severity of the lesions and have prognostic significance.", "PMID": 414537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7689", "title": "Analysis of gas in vacuum lumbar disc.", "content": "In three cases in which chemonucleolysis with chymopapain was used for the treatment of back and sciatic pain, gas from the vacuum phenomenon of a degenerated lumbar intervertebral disc was recovered. In one of these, the gas analyzed by gas chromatography contained 90%--92% nitrogen.", "contents": "Analysis of gas in vacuum lumbar disc. In three cases in which chemonucleolysis with chymopapain was used for the treatment of back and sciatic pain, gas from the vacuum phenomenon of a degenerated lumbar intervertebral disc was recovered. In one of these, the gas analyzed by gas chromatography contained 90%--92% nitrogen.", "PMID": 414544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7690", "title": "Intraaortic counterpulsation balloon: radiographic considerations.", "content": "The intraaortic counterpulsation balloon is being used with increasing frequency in the setting of cardiogenic shock and/or high risk cardiac surgery. The radiologist should be aware of the normal function of this cardiac assist device, as well as its potential complications. The principal complications apparent on the plain chest radiograph are related to improper positioning of the balloon catheter.", "contents": "Intraaortic counterpulsation balloon: radiographic considerations. The intraaortic counterpulsation balloon is being used with increasing frequency in the setting of cardiogenic shock and/or high risk cardiac surgery. The radiologist should be aware of the normal function of this cardiac assist device, as well as its potential complications. The principal complications apparent on the plain chest radiograph are related to improper positioning of the balloon catheter.", "PMID": 414554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7691", "title": "Pulmonary sling in the adult.", "content": "Although an aberrant left pulmonary artery, usually called a pulmonary sling, is a serious anomaly in neonates and young children, it can be seen initially in adulthood. To date, all adult patients have been without symptoms or associated anomalies. Radiographic findings are somewhat different in adults, although at both ages a soft tissue mass is visible between the esophagus and the distal trachea. In adults, the anomalous left pulmonary artery is more likely seen as a right-sided mediastinal mass on the posteroanterior chest film. A pulmonary sling is apparently a benign and asymptomatic condition in adults.", "contents": "Pulmonary sling in the adult. Although an aberrant left pulmonary artery, usually called a pulmonary sling, is a serious anomaly in neonates and young children, it can be seen initially in adulthood. To date, all adult patients have been without symptoms or associated anomalies. Radiographic findings are somewhat different in adults, although at both ages a soft tissue mass is visible between the esophagus and the distal trachea. In adults, the anomalous left pulmonary artery is more likely seen as a right-sided mediastinal mass on the posteroanterior chest film. A pulmonary sling is apparently a benign and asymptomatic condition in adults.", "PMID": 414555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7692", "title": "Angiographic aspects of experimental nonocclusive intestinal ischemic injury.", "content": "An experiment was designed to fulfill the following aims: (1) to develop a model of nonocclusive intestinal ischemic injury compatible with survival for several days; (2) to determine the accuracy of angiography in diagnosing the presence and extent of intestinal ischemic injury; and (3) to determine the therapeutic and diagnostic value of intraarterial papaverine infusion. Experimental shock models were developed in the dog, and efficacy of the hypovolemic and normovolemic models was confirmed by gross and histologic evidence of intestinal injury in surviving dogs. No reliable angiographic signs of intestinal mucosal injury could be elicited. Angiographic abnormalities associated with the experiment were attributable to the shock itself and disappeared with the relief of shock. Infusion of papaverine into the superior mesenteric artery within 2 hr of the onset of shock prevented or ameliorated intestinal injury.", "contents": "Angiographic aspects of experimental nonocclusive intestinal ischemic injury. An experiment was designed to fulfill the following aims: (1) to develop a model of nonocclusive intestinal ischemic injury compatible with survival for several days; (2) to determine the accuracy of angiography in diagnosing the presence and extent of intestinal ischemic injury; and (3) to determine the therapeutic and diagnostic value of intraarterial papaverine infusion. Experimental shock models were developed in the dog, and efficacy of the hypovolemic and normovolemic models was confirmed by gross and histologic evidence of intestinal injury in surviving dogs. No reliable angiographic signs of intestinal mucosal injury could be elicited. Angiographic abnormalities associated with the experiment were attributable to the shock itself and disappeared with the relief of shock. Infusion of papaverine into the superior mesenteric artery within 2 hr of the onset of shock prevented or ameliorated intestinal injury.", "PMID": 414556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7693", "title": "Double-blind comparison of iodipamide and lodoxamate using direct and drip infusion intravenous cholangiography.", "content": "Biliary tract opacification was assessed in a double-blind clinical study that compared iodoxamate with iodipamide. Both drip infusion and direct (bolus) intravenous cholangiography were used to administer the contrast agents. The infusion method with either agent produced better opacification than bolus administration. Regardless of method used, iodoxamate produced greater biliary tract opacification, fewer unexplained failures, and fewer contrast reactions. Neither agent was successful in patients with elevated bilirubin levels, nor did either agent alter hepatic, renal, or hematologic function.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of iodipamide and lodoxamate using direct and drip infusion intravenous cholangiography. Biliary tract opacification was assessed in a double-blind clinical study that compared iodoxamate with iodipamide. Both drip infusion and direct (bolus) intravenous cholangiography were used to administer the contrast agents. The infusion method with either agent produced better opacification than bolus administration. Regardless of method used, iodoxamate produced greater biliary tract opacification, fewer unexplained failures, and fewer contrast reactions. Neither agent was successful in patients with elevated bilirubin levels, nor did either agent alter hepatic, renal, or hematologic function.", "PMID": 414557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7694", "title": "Radiology of invasive amebiasis of the colon.", "content": "Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan that is endemic in various parts of the world, including some areas of the United States. It may live in the large bowel in its cyst form without harming the host (commensalism) or, for as yet poorly understood reasons, invade the tissues as a trophozoite producing invasive amebiasis of the colon. In a review of over 3,000 cases of invasive amebiasis, the clinico-pathologic forms of the disease were: ulcerative rectocolitis (95%), typhloappendicitis (3%), ameboma (1.5%), and fulminating colitis and toxic megacolon (0.5%). Different radiographic patterns are seen in each clinical form with varying degrees of specificity. It is vitally important that this disease be included in the differential diagnosis of large bowel pathology even in nonendemic areas. Several referral patients who have received inappropriate therapy for inflammatory bowel disease with near disastrous results are seen at one of our institutions (Loyola) each year.", "contents": "Radiology of invasive amebiasis of the colon. Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan that is endemic in various parts of the world, including some areas of the United States. It may live in the large bowel in its cyst form without harming the host (commensalism) or, for as yet poorly understood reasons, invade the tissues as a trophozoite producing invasive amebiasis of the colon. In a review of over 3,000 cases of invasive amebiasis, the clinico-pathologic forms of the disease were: ulcerative rectocolitis (95%), typhloappendicitis (3%), ameboma (1.5%), and fulminating colitis and toxic megacolon (0.5%). Different radiographic patterns are seen in each clinical form with varying degrees of specificity. It is vitally important that this disease be included in the differential diagnosis of large bowel pathology even in nonendemic areas. Several referral patients who have received inappropriate therapy for inflammatory bowel disease with near disastrous results are seen at one of our institutions (Loyola) each year.", "PMID": 414558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7695", "title": "Inflammation and necrosis of the transverse colon secondary to pancreatitis.", "content": "A variety of radiographically demonstrable colon abnormalities associated with pancreatitis are illustrated. Extensive changes of either localized or diffuse inflammation are more common than has generally been appreciated. Localized changes may mimic carcinoma. Transverse colon inflammation secondary to pancreatitis may be appreciated on plain abdominal radiographs and to better advantage with a contrast enema. This pattern is distinctive and suggests a severe underlying pancreatitis. A water soluble contrast enema is recommended if there is any evidence of colon necrosis or fistula. Recognition of all of the changes of pancreatitis may lead to earlier management of the severe complications.", "contents": "Inflammation and necrosis of the transverse colon secondary to pancreatitis. A variety of radiographically demonstrable colon abnormalities associated with pancreatitis are illustrated. Extensive changes of either localized or diffuse inflammation are more common than has generally been appreciated. Localized changes may mimic carcinoma. Transverse colon inflammation secondary to pancreatitis may be appreciated on plain abdominal radiographs and to better advantage with a contrast enema. This pattern is distinctive and suggests a severe underlying pancreatitis. A water soluble contrast enema is recommended if there is any evidence of colon necrosis or fistula. Recognition of all of the changes of pancreatitis may lead to earlier management of the severe complications.", "PMID": 414559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7696", "title": "Improved radiographic detection of multiple gastric ulcers.", "content": "In more than 1,500 double contrast upper gastrointestinal examinations performed January through November 1974, 26 cases of multiple gastric ulcers were diagnosed. This represents 18.6% of the 140 patients who had a demonstrable gastric lesion, and 23.4% of the 111 patients who had either a single gastric ulcer or scar. This technique was developed in a country where gastric carcinoma is common, but in the United States its greatest usefulness will probably be in the detection of subtle mucosal defects such as multiple gastric ulcers, linear ulcers, and erosions. The sensitivity of the routine pharmacologically aided double contrast upper gastrointestinal examination is confirmed by the high incidence of multiple gastric ulcers found.", "contents": "Improved radiographic detection of multiple gastric ulcers. In more than 1,500 double contrast upper gastrointestinal examinations performed January through November 1974, 26 cases of multiple gastric ulcers were diagnosed. This represents 18.6% of the 140 patients who had a demonstrable gastric lesion, and 23.4% of the 111 patients who had either a single gastric ulcer or scar. This technique was developed in a country where gastric carcinoma is common, but in the United States its greatest usefulness will probably be in the detection of subtle mucosal defects such as multiple gastric ulcers, linear ulcers, and erosions. The sensitivity of the routine pharmacologically aided double contrast upper gastrointestinal examination is confirmed by the high incidence of multiple gastric ulcers found.", "PMID": 414560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7697", "title": "Gallbladder disease in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "In 84 consecutive patients with cystic fibrosis, oral cholecystography was abnormal in 39 (46.4%). The incidence of abnormal cholecystograms increased with patient age. The 26 patients with a nonvisualized gallbladder following double-dosage oral cholecystography were evaluated with intravenous cholangiography; 19 (70.3%) of these were abnormal. Ten patients were found to have calculi, an incidence of 11.9%. Awareness of the high incidence of cholecystographic abnormalities and calculi should be helpful in the evaluation of patients with cystic fibrosis, particularly since symptoms of abdominal pain are frequent in such patients and may lead to radiographic investigations.", "contents": "Gallbladder disease in cystic fibrosis. In 84 consecutive patients with cystic fibrosis, oral cholecystography was abnormal in 39 (46.4%). The incidence of abnormal cholecystograms increased with patient age. The 26 patients with a nonvisualized gallbladder following double-dosage oral cholecystography were evaluated with intravenous cholangiography; 19 (70.3%) of these were abnormal. Ten patients were found to have calculi, an incidence of 11.9%. Awareness of the high incidence of cholecystographic abnormalities and calculi should be helpful in the evaluation of patients with cystic fibrosis, particularly since symptoms of abdominal pain are frequent in such patients and may lead to radiographic investigations.", "PMID": 414561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7698", "title": "Pyloroduodenal deformity due to liver malformation associated wtih omphalocele.", "content": "While congenital malformed and malpositioned livers are rare, they are relatively common in patients with omphaloceles. A malpositioned, malformed liver causing pyloroduodenal deformity and apparent pyloric obstruction in an infant or child with an omphalocele has not been previously reported. Thee such cases are described in which symptoms of upper gastrointestinal obstruction developed shortly after primary closure of the omphaloceles. Recognition of this condition at the time of primary closure of an omphalocele may allow consideration of additional procedures to prevent postoperative pyloric obstruction.", "contents": "Pyloroduodenal deformity due to liver malformation associated wtih omphalocele. While congenital malformed and malpositioned livers are rare, they are relatively common in patients with omphaloceles. A malpositioned, malformed liver causing pyloroduodenal deformity and apparent pyloric obstruction in an infant or child with an omphalocele has not been previously reported. Thee such cases are described in which symptoms of upper gastrointestinal obstruction developed shortly after primary closure of the omphaloceles. Recognition of this condition at the time of primary closure of an omphalocele may allow consideration of additional procedures to prevent postoperative pyloric obstruction.", "PMID": 414562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7699", "title": "Diagnostic aspects of neonatal ascites: report of 27 cases.", "content": "Review of 27 cases of massive ascites found in the first month of life, usually immediately after delivery, revealed a broad spectrum of causes. Seven newborns had urinary ascites, five had bowel disease, three had cardiac arrhythmias, two had liver disease, and one each had toxoplasmosis, ovarian cyst, and chylous ascites. In seven cases the cause was never established. Physical examination, a planned sequence of radiologic examinations, and paracentesis for fluid analysis when necessary are the major steps in differential diagnosis. A systematic approach to the problem is proposed.", "contents": "Diagnostic aspects of neonatal ascites: report of 27 cases. Review of 27 cases of massive ascites found in the first month of life, usually immediately after delivery, revealed a broad spectrum of causes. Seven newborns had urinary ascites, five had bowel disease, three had cardiac arrhythmias, two had liver disease, and one each had toxoplasmosis, ovarian cyst, and chylous ascites. In seven cases the cause was never established. Physical examination, a planned sequence of radiologic examinations, and paracentesis for fluid analysis when necessary are the major steps in differential diagnosis. A systematic approach to the problem is proposed.", "PMID": 414563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7700", "title": "Subependymal germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants: diagnosis by CT.", "content": "Hemorrhage into the subependymal germinal matrix with rupture into the cerebral ventricles causes significant morbidity and mortality in premature infants. CT brain scanning was performed on eight premature infants on whom autopsy confirmation was obtained. Excellent sensitivity and accuracy in detecting germinal matrix hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage were found. Germinal matrix hemorrhage appears as a parenchymal collection of blood adjacent to the foramen of Monroe and has a convex margin laterally. CT scanning of living premature infants is feasible in diagnosing nonfatal episodes of germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhage as well as subsequent development of hydrocephalus and porencephaly.", "contents": "Subependymal germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants: diagnosis by CT. Hemorrhage into the subependymal germinal matrix with rupture into the cerebral ventricles causes significant morbidity and mortality in premature infants. CT brain scanning was performed on eight premature infants on whom autopsy confirmation was obtained. Excellent sensitivity and accuracy in detecting germinal matrix hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage were found. Germinal matrix hemorrhage appears as a parenchymal collection of blood adjacent to the foramen of Monroe and has a convex margin laterally. CT scanning of living premature infants is feasible in diagnosing nonfatal episodes of germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhage as well as subsequent development of hydrocephalus and porencephaly.", "PMID": 414564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7701", "title": "Widened sutures in childhood meningitis: unrecognized sign of an acute illness.", "content": "Disagreement exists over the time for sutural widening to occur with increased intracranial pressure in children. Twenty-four children ranging in age from 2 months to 4 years with acute meningitis had skull films upon admission to C. S. Mott Children's Hospital. Nine of the children had widened sutures on initial skull films. Sutural widening was documented as early as 2 days after onset of meningitis. Occasionally, skull films may help in the diagnosis of meningitis.", "contents": "Widened sutures in childhood meningitis: unrecognized sign of an acute illness. Disagreement exists over the time for sutural widening to occur with increased intracranial pressure in children. Twenty-four children ranging in age from 2 months to 4 years with acute meningitis had skull films upon admission to C. S. Mott Children's Hospital. Nine of the children had widened sutures on initial skull films. Sutural widening was documented as early as 2 days after onset of meningitis. Occasionally, skull films may help in the diagnosis of meningitis.", "PMID": 414565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7702", "title": "Acute bowing fractures of the forearm in children: a frequently missed injury.", "content": "Acute bowing of the bones of the forearm in children following trauma has only recently been recognized as a clinical and radiographic entity. This type of injury has been overlooked in the past because of lack of familiarity with the mechanical properties of curved tubular bones. Absence of a fracture line and the usual findings associated with a healing fracture on radiographs has contributed to the lack of recognition of this condition. The mechanism of injury, clinical and radiographic findings, clinical implications, and classification of these elusive childhood fractures are discussed on the basis of a study of 13 children.", "contents": "Acute bowing fractures of the forearm in children: a frequently missed injury. Acute bowing of the bones of the forearm in children following trauma has only recently been recognized as a clinical and radiographic entity. This type of injury has been overlooked in the past because of lack of familiarity with the mechanical properties of curved tubular bones. Absence of a fracture line and the usual findings associated with a healing fracture on radiographs has contributed to the lack of recognition of this condition. The mechanism of injury, clinical and radiographic findings, clinical implications, and classification of these elusive childhood fractures are discussed on the basis of a study of 13 children.", "PMID": 414566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7703", "title": "Arthrography of the discoid lateral meniscus.", "content": "Twenty-seven cases of discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) were diagnosed during the course of 985 knee arthrograms; 19 had the classic discoid shape while eight were less large and believed to represent a forme fruste. Based on anatomic and arthrographic appearances, DLM was classified into six types. Criteria for the arthrographic diagnosis of intact and torn DLM are discussed. The wide variety of size and shape is believed to result from a combination of congenital and environmental factors. It is speculated that some may arise entirely secondary to trauma without congenital predisposition. Many undoubtedly remain asymptomatic: more than one-third of cases in this series were diagnosed incidentally during evaluation for symptoms and signs referrable to a torn medial meniscus.", "contents": "Arthrography of the discoid lateral meniscus. Twenty-seven cases of discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) were diagnosed during the course of 985 knee arthrograms; 19 had the classic discoid shape while eight were less large and believed to represent a forme fruste. Based on anatomic and arthrographic appearances, DLM was classified into six types. Criteria for the arthrographic diagnosis of intact and torn DLM are discussed. The wide variety of size and shape is believed to result from a combination of congenital and environmental factors. It is speculated that some may arise entirely secondary to trauma without congenital predisposition. Many undoubtedly remain asymptomatic: more than one-third of cases in this series were diagnosed incidentally during evaluation for symptoms and signs referrable to a torn medial meniscus.", "PMID": 414568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7704", "title": "Radiologic-pathologic correlations of small lung nodules with special reference to peribronchiolar nodules.", "content": "A radiologic and pathologic correlation has been made of small lung nodules. At necropsy 100 excised lungs were fixed and slices from them radiographed. The radiographs were used to select individual nodules for histologic study. Nodules in bronchopneumonia, acinonodose tuberculosis, chronic bronchiolitis, and simple pneumoconiosis due to ferric dust were shown to be located around inflamed terminal or respiratory bronchioles. Intraacinar infiltration was usually diffuse, but when nodules were seen, they occurred in peripheral airspaces with no relation to bronchioles. Hematogenous metastases showed distinctly marginated nodules, some truly intraacinar. Although each type of nodule can appear as an \"acinar\" or \"subacinar\" image on chest radiographs, this radiologic-pathologic study shows that they differ significantly in their relation to the airway structures.", "contents": "Radiologic-pathologic correlations of small lung nodules with special reference to peribronchiolar nodules. A radiologic and pathologic correlation has been made of small lung nodules. At necropsy 100 excised lungs were fixed and slices from them radiographed. The radiographs were used to select individual nodules for histologic study. Nodules in bronchopneumonia, acinonodose tuberculosis, chronic bronchiolitis, and simple pneumoconiosis due to ferric dust were shown to be located around inflamed terminal or respiratory bronchioles. Intraacinar infiltration was usually diffuse, but when nodules were seen, they occurred in peripheral airspaces with no relation to bronchioles. Hematogenous metastases showed distinctly marginated nodules, some truly intraacinar. Although each type of nodule can appear as an \"acinar\" or \"subacinar\" image on chest radiographs, this radiologic-pathologic study shows that they differ significantly in their relation to the airway structures.", "PMID": 414570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7705", "title": "Unusual radiographic features of Wegener's granulomatosis.", "content": "The classical radiologic manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis are paranasal sinus disease and pulmonary nodules. A review of 31 clinicopathologically proven cases of Wegener's granulomatosis was undertaken to delineate some of the atypical radiologic presentations in this disorder. In 16 of the 31 patients a total of 18 atypical radiographic findings were demonstrated. These included lesions of the airways, parenchyma, pleura, and kidneys. We feel the \"typical radiologic findings\" of Wegener's granulomatosis should be expanded to include (1) endobronchial disease resulting in atelectasis of either a lobe or a complete lung, and (2) pleural disease with thickening or effusion which may be massive. While some of the rarer presentations are still not included, such a redefinition would cover more than 75% of our 31 cases.", "contents": "Unusual radiographic features of Wegener's granulomatosis. The classical radiologic manifestations of Wegener's granulomatosis are paranasal sinus disease and pulmonary nodules. A review of 31 clinicopathologically proven cases of Wegener's granulomatosis was undertaken to delineate some of the atypical radiologic presentations in this disorder. In 16 of the 31 patients a total of 18 atypical radiographic findings were demonstrated. These included lesions of the airways, parenchyma, pleura, and kidneys. We feel the \"typical radiologic findings\" of Wegener's granulomatosis should be expanded to include (1) endobronchial disease resulting in atelectasis of either a lobe or a complete lung, and (2) pleural disease with thickening or effusion which may be massive. While some of the rarer presentations are still not included, such a redefinition would cover more than 75% of our 31 cases.", "PMID": 414571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7706", "title": "Computer tomography of the anterior mediastinum in patients with myasthenia gravis and suspected thymoma.", "content": "Six patients with myasthenia gravis and suspected thymoma underwent radiologic investigation using plain chest radiography, conventional anterior mediastinal tomography, and computed tomography. All underwent exploratory thoractomy within 1 month of the radiologic workup. In three of the five cases that proved to be thymoma, CT yielded significant diagnostic information that bore directly on the management and/or prognosis of the patient. We therefore believe that CT may be a valuable adjunct in the radiologic investigation of the patient with myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Computer tomography of the anterior mediastinum in patients with myasthenia gravis and suspected thymoma. Six patients with myasthenia gravis and suspected thymoma underwent radiologic investigation using plain chest radiography, conventional anterior mediastinal tomography, and computed tomography. All underwent exploratory thoractomy within 1 month of the radiologic workup. In three of the five cases that proved to be thymoma, CT yielded significant diagnostic information that bore directly on the management and/or prognosis of the patient. We therefore believe that CT may be a valuable adjunct in the radiologic investigation of the patient with myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 414572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7707", "title": "Primary coccidioidomycosis in children presenting with massive pleural effusion.", "content": "Large pleural effusion as the presenting feature of coccidioidomycosis in childhood has not previously been reported and may cause significant diagnostic difficulty. Three children are described who required prolonged hospitalization and therapy with amphotericin B. Primary coccidioidomycosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of large pleural effusions in pediatric patients who have been in the endemic area. Such effusions suggest a severe form of the disease and may represent evidence of acute dissemination.", "contents": "Primary coccidioidomycosis in children presenting with massive pleural effusion. Large pleural effusion as the presenting feature of coccidioidomycosis in childhood has not previously been reported and may cause significant diagnostic difficulty. Three children are described who required prolonged hospitalization and therapy with amphotericin B. Primary coccidioidomycosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of large pleural effusions in pediatric patients who have been in the endemic area. Such effusions suggest a severe form of the disease and may represent evidence of acute dissemination.", "PMID": 414573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7708", "title": "Furosemide-augmented intravenous urography: results in essential hypertension.", "content": "Giving an intravenous diuretic during urography (furosemide-augmented urography, vasodilated urography) causes renal swelling which is easily measured. Several investigators have used this observation as the basis of a screening test for renovascular hypertension. They found that normal kidneys enlarge in area by more than 10%, while kidneys with renal artery stenosis show a blunted size response, usually less than 5%. We used the technique in 46 patients with proven essential hypertension in order to further examine its potential usefulness in the hypertensive population. The 92 kidneys showed an average area increase of only 7.0% +/- 3.6% SD, and only 15% of the kidneys enlarged by more than 10%. Based on these observations we doubt that vasodilated urography will be valuable as a screening test for renovascular hypertension because of the high incidence of false positive and indeterminate results in patients without renal artery stenosis.", "contents": "Furosemide-augmented intravenous urography: results in essential hypertension. Giving an intravenous diuretic during urography (furosemide-augmented urography, vasodilated urography) causes renal swelling which is easily measured. Several investigators have used this observation as the basis of a screening test for renovascular hypertension. They found that normal kidneys enlarge in area by more than 10%, while kidneys with renal artery stenosis show a blunted size response, usually less than 5%. We used the technique in 46 patients with proven essential hypertension in order to further examine its potential usefulness in the hypertensive population. The 92 kidneys showed an average area increase of only 7.0% +/- 3.6% SD, and only 15% of the kidneys enlarged by more than 10%. Based on these observations we doubt that vasodilated urography will be valuable as a screening test for renovascular hypertension because of the high incidence of false positive and indeterminate results in patients without renal artery stenosis.", "PMID": 414574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7709", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of renal calculi.", "content": "Nine patients with radiographic evidence of renal calculi were evaluated with gray scale renal ultrasonography. A characteristic \"sonic shadow\" caused by the calculus was adequately demonstrated in each case. This paper discusses the advantage of ultrasound in evaluating the presence of nonopaque and opaque renal stones.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of renal calculi. Nine patients with radiographic evidence of renal calculi were evaluated with gray scale renal ultrasonography. A characteristic \"sonic shadow\" caused by the calculus was adequately demonstrated in each case. This paper discusses the advantage of ultrasound in evaluating the presence of nonopaque and opaque renal stones.", "PMID": 414575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7710", "title": "Pancreatic pseudocysts: unusual ultrasound features.", "content": "Three unusual cases of pancreatic pseudocyst are described in which primary renal or splenic pathology was simulated on ultrasound imaging. When an abnormal fluid collection is imaged in a patient with a history of alcoholism, a pancreatic pseudocyst should be considered and an amylase determination should be obtained on any aspirated fluid.", "contents": "Pancreatic pseudocysts: unusual ultrasound features. Three unusual cases of pancreatic pseudocyst are described in which primary renal or splenic pathology was simulated on ultrasound imaging. When an abnormal fluid collection is imaged in a patient with a history of alcoholism, a pancreatic pseudocyst should be considered and an amylase determination should be obtained on any aspirated fluid.", "PMID": 414576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7711", "title": "Sonographic evaluation of mesenteric and omental masses in children.", "content": "Masses in the mesenteries and omentum are often difficult to diagnose by conventional radiographic techniques. Gray scale sonography was a valuable adjunct to radiographic vector analysis in four children with such masses. Masses that are clearly separable from the liver and spleen and do not distort identifiable extraperitoneal structures are probably intraperitoneal. In children most cystic intraperitoneal masses are related to the mesenteries, omentum, ovary, or bile ducts. An anterior fluid collection with internal septa (which might be mistaken for loculated ascites) is the typical sonographic appearance of an omental cyst. Echogenic masses are more difficult to evaluate: careful study of the acoustical features yielded important information in cases of omental lipoma and rhabdomyosarcoma metastatic to the mesenteries and omentum.", "contents": "Sonographic evaluation of mesenteric and omental masses in children. Masses in the mesenteries and omentum are often difficult to diagnose by conventional radiographic techniques. Gray scale sonography was a valuable adjunct to radiographic vector analysis in four children with such masses. Masses that are clearly separable from the liver and spleen and do not distort identifiable extraperitoneal structures are probably intraperitoneal. In children most cystic intraperitoneal masses are related to the mesenteries, omentum, ovary, or bile ducts. An anterior fluid collection with internal septa (which might be mistaken for loculated ascites) is the typical sonographic appearance of an omental cyst. Echogenic masses are more difficult to evaluate: careful study of the acoustical features yielded important information in cases of omental lipoma and rhabdomyosarcoma metastatic to the mesenteries and omentum.", "PMID": 414577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7712", "title": "A simple portable water bath for superficial ultrasonography.", "content": "A simple portable water bath device has been designed and adapted to the conventional contact B-scanner for examining superficial lesions. It is inexpensive, easy to construct, and convenient to use since the water reservoir is sealed. Small lesions (e.g., nodules in the thyroid or testis) are rapidly and clearly delineated.", "contents": "A simple portable water bath for superficial ultrasonography. A simple portable water bath device has been designed and adapted to the conventional contact B-scanner for examining superficial lesions. It is inexpensive, easy to construct, and convenient to use since the water reservoir is sealed. Small lesions (e.g., nodules in the thyroid or testis) are rapidly and clearly delineated.", "PMID": 414578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7713", "title": "Sonographic \"parallel channel\" sign of biliary tree enlargement in mild to moderate obstructive jaundice.", "content": "The criteria for the diagnosis of minimal obstructive jaundice (i.e., bilirubin less than 11.0 mg/100 ml) using sonography have not been established. A reliable diagnosis of obstructive jaundice with mild dilation of the bile ducts can be made by sonography when the \"parallel channel\" sign is seen. This sign is due to the simultaneous imaging of the dilated right or left main hepatic duct and the adjacent contiguous main portal vein branch. A prospective study of 86 patients showed this to be a highly reliable means of differentiating obstructive from nonobstructive jaundice when minimal duct dilation is present.", "contents": "Sonographic \"parallel channel\" sign of biliary tree enlargement in mild to moderate obstructive jaundice. The criteria for the diagnosis of minimal obstructive jaundice (i.e., bilirubin less than 11.0 mg/100 ml) using sonography have not been established. A reliable diagnosis of obstructive jaundice with mild dilation of the bile ducts can be made by sonography when the \"parallel channel\" sign is seen. This sign is due to the simultaneous imaging of the dilated right or left main hepatic duct and the adjacent contiguous main portal vein branch. A prospective study of 86 patients showed this to be a highly reliable means of differentiating obstructive from nonobstructive jaundice when minimal duct dilation is present.", "PMID": 414579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7714", "title": "Postoperative biopsy of the common bile duct via the T-tube tract.", "content": "We describe our experience with the first reported cases of postoperative common bile duct forceps biopsy via a postoperative T-tube tract. Bronchial forceps biopsies were performed on two patients with fixed postoperative filling defects in the common bile duct. Because of possible complications, caution is recommended in employing this technique. Common bile duct diagnostic brushing and stricture dilatation, as well as choledochoscopy, are envisaged as further diagnostic and therapeutic tools for the radiologist.", "contents": "Postoperative biopsy of the common bile duct via the T-tube tract. We describe our experience with the first reported cases of postoperative common bile duct forceps biopsy via a postoperative T-tube tract. Bronchial forceps biopsies were performed on two patients with fixed postoperative filling defects in the common bile duct. Because of possible complications, caution is recommended in employing this technique. Common bile duct diagnostic brushing and stricture dilatation, as well as choledochoscopy, are envisaged as further diagnostic and therapeutic tools for the radiologist.", "PMID": 414580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7715", "title": "Radionuclide liver spots: indicator of liver disease or a blood flow phenomenon.", "content": "Abnormal areas of increased uptake on liver scan have been controversial. While often said to be associated with superior vena caval obstruction, three distinctly different findings are possible: hot spot, warm spot, and no spot. All of these changes can be readily explained by distinct, separate anatomic venous collateral pathways. Four cases of superior vena caval obstruction with isotopic liver flow studies are presented. Anatomy of the venous collateral system is reviewed, and the potential significance of the liver \"warm spot\" is considered.", "contents": "Radionuclide liver spots: indicator of liver disease or a blood flow phenomenon. Abnormal areas of increased uptake on liver scan have been controversial. While often said to be associated with superior vena caval obstruction, three distinctly different findings are possible: hot spot, warm spot, and no spot. All of these changes can be readily explained by distinct, separate anatomic venous collateral pathways. Four cases of superior vena caval obstruction with isotopic liver flow studies are presented. Anatomy of the venous collateral system is reviewed, and the potential significance of the liver \"warm spot\" is considered.", "PMID": 414581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7716", "title": "Acute gastric dilatation in neglected children.", "content": "Acute gastric dilatation occurred in five children suffering from parental neglect of deprivational dwarfism. Pathogenesis of acute gastric atony in the deprived child is related to structural and functional changes in the stomach due to chronic starvation, and the acute ingestion of a large meal. Radiographic recognition of acute gastric dilatation in a child who is not postoperative or intoxicated should suggest the presence of chronic starvation and child neglect.", "contents": "Acute gastric dilatation in neglected children. Acute gastric dilatation occurred in five children suffering from parental neglect of deprivational dwarfism. Pathogenesis of acute gastric atony in the deprived child is related to structural and functional changes in the stomach due to chronic starvation, and the acute ingestion of a large meal. Radiographic recognition of acute gastric dilatation in a child who is not postoperative or intoxicated should suggest the presence of chronic starvation and child neglect.", "PMID": 414582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7717", "title": "Recurring hyperplastic gastric polyps following subtotal gastrectomy.", "content": "Mucosal polyps of the stomach are separated by histologic means into two major groups: (1) hyperplastic (or regenerative) polyps and (2) adenomas, including adenomatous polyps and villous adenoma. Hyperplastic polyps are not true neoplasms, but probably represent a reactive response to some form of mucosal injury. A little known but interesting manifestation of hyperplastic gastric polyps concerns their development, growth, and recurrence in the gastric remnant following subtotal gastrectomy. The clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings in two cases of recurring symptomatic hyperplastic gastric polyps after subtotal gastrectomy are presented. It is proposed that reflux bile gastritis might have played an important etiologic role in the development of these recurring hyperplastic polyps.", "contents": "Recurring hyperplastic gastric polyps following subtotal gastrectomy. Mucosal polyps of the stomach are separated by histologic means into two major groups: (1) hyperplastic (or regenerative) polyps and (2) adenomas, including adenomatous polyps and villous adenoma. Hyperplastic polyps are not true neoplasms, but probably represent a reactive response to some form of mucosal injury. A little known but interesting manifestation of hyperplastic gastric polyps concerns their development, growth, and recurrence in the gastric remnant following subtotal gastrectomy. The clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings in two cases of recurring symptomatic hyperplastic gastric polyps after subtotal gastrectomy are presented. It is proposed that reflux bile gastritis might have played an important etiologic role in the development of these recurring hyperplastic polyps.", "PMID": 414583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7718", "title": "Early lesions of Crohn's disease.", "content": "In its early stages, Crohn's disease may be manifested as small aphthoid ulcers. Because these ulcers are small and shallow, they are difficult or impossible to demonstrate on conventional barium-filled studies of the gastrointestinal tract. Using double contrast techniques, we have been able to demonstrate these early lesions of Crohn's disease in the colon, small bowel, and stomach. The aphthoid ulcers produce a \"bulls-eye\" or \"target\" lesion consisting of a small central collection of barium surrounded by radiolucent halo due to the granulomatous inflammation. The appearance is identical in the colon, small bowel, and stomach. The early lesions may be seen adjacent to or at a distance from a segment of more severe disease. In some patients, only these early lesions are found. The radiologic demonstration of these aphthoid ulcers allows for early diagnosis, facilitates differentiation between ulcerative and granulomatous collitis, and is important for planning appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Early lesions of Crohn's disease. In its early stages, Crohn's disease may be manifested as small aphthoid ulcers. Because these ulcers are small and shallow, they are difficult or impossible to demonstrate on conventional barium-filled studies of the gastrointestinal tract. Using double contrast techniques, we have been able to demonstrate these early lesions of Crohn's disease in the colon, small bowel, and stomach. The aphthoid ulcers produce a \"bulls-eye\" or \"target\" lesion consisting of a small central collection of barium surrounded by radiolucent halo due to the granulomatous inflammation. The appearance is identical in the colon, small bowel, and stomach. The early lesions may be seen adjacent to or at a distance from a segment of more severe disease. In some patients, only these early lesions are found. The radiologic demonstration of these aphthoid ulcers allows for early diagnosis, facilitates differentiation between ulcerative and granulomatous collitis, and is important for planning appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 414584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7719", "title": "Severity of postmyelographic arachnoiditis and concentration of meglumine locarmate in primates.", "content": "Myelography with meglumine iocarmate, a dilute meglumine iocarmate solution, or gas was performed in macaque monkeys. Twelve weeks later the animals were examined myelographically and histologically for evidence of arachnoiditis. Arachnoiditis in the animals treated with dilute meglumine iocarmate and gas was significantly less than in those treated with meglumine iocarmate.", "contents": "Severity of postmyelographic arachnoiditis and concentration of meglumine locarmate in primates. Myelography with meglumine iocarmate, a dilute meglumine iocarmate solution, or gas was performed in macaque monkeys. Twelve weeks later the animals were examined myelographically and histologically for evidence of arachnoiditis. Arachnoiditis in the animals treated with dilute meglumine iocarmate and gas was significantly less than in those treated with meglumine iocarmate.", "PMID": 414585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7720", "title": "Normal movements of the cervical spine.", "content": "This paper describes a technique for analyzing movement of the cervical spine. The method consists of superimposition of two films representing the cervical spine in the end positions of the movement under investigation (e.g., flexion and extension). From tracings of selected structures, movement is represented in the form of movement diagrams. Knowledge of cervical spine dynamics is helpful in understanding muscle and ligament function as well as the shape of components in various postures.", "contents": "Normal movements of the cervical spine. This paper describes a technique for analyzing movement of the cervical spine. The method consists of superimposition of two films representing the cervical spine in the end positions of the movement under investigation (e.g., flexion and extension). From tracings of selected structures, movement is represented in the form of movement diagrams. Knowledge of cervical spine dynamics is helpful in understanding muscle and ligament function as well as the shape of components in various postures.", "PMID": 414586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7721", "title": "Gross hematuria: a complication of intrapelvic cement intrusion in total hip replacement.", "content": "Four patients with gross hematuria and dysuria following intrusion of methylmethacrylate into the pelvic cavity after total hip replacement are described. This is a rare, benign complication which generally occurs 7-14 days after surgery and subsides promptly with symptomatic treatment. The diagnosis can be made on a simple radiography of the pelvis which shows the radiopaque cement as a mass intruding with the pelvic cavity. On the urogram it frequently abuts against or produces an extrinsic impression on the urinary bladder. This complication is very likely a result of the exothermal reaction during polymerization of the methylmethacrylate.", "contents": "Gross hematuria: a complication of intrapelvic cement intrusion in total hip replacement. Four patients with gross hematuria and dysuria following intrusion of methylmethacrylate into the pelvic cavity after total hip replacement are described. This is a rare, benign complication which generally occurs 7-14 days after surgery and subsides promptly with symptomatic treatment. The diagnosis can be made on a simple radiography of the pelvis which shows the radiopaque cement as a mass intruding with the pelvic cavity. On the urogram it frequently abuts against or produces an extrinsic impression on the urinary bladder. This complication is very likely a result of the exothermal reaction during polymerization of the methylmethacrylate.", "PMID": 414587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7722", "title": "Bone scintigraphy in hereditary multiple exostoses.", "content": "Two adult patients with multiple hereditary exostoses, a skeletal disorder with recognized malignant potential, each demonstrated increased 99mTc diphosphonate uptake in an exostosis in which renewed growth had begun. None of the other multiple exostoses in either patient showed abnormal uptake. Histologic study of the lesions demonstrated chondrosarcoma in one case and benign osteochondroma in the second. Although bone scintigraphy nonspecifically identifies bone growth rather than malignant degeneration, it is more useful than radiographic bone survey in the periodic surveillance of adult patients with this disorder.", "contents": "Bone scintigraphy in hereditary multiple exostoses. Two adult patients with multiple hereditary exostoses, a skeletal disorder with recognized malignant potential, each demonstrated increased 99mTc diphosphonate uptake in an exostosis in which renewed growth had begun. None of the other multiple exostoses in either patient showed abnormal uptake. Histologic study of the lesions demonstrated chondrosarcoma in one case and benign osteochondroma in the second. Although bone scintigraphy nonspecifically identifies bone growth rather than malignant degeneration, it is more useful than radiographic bone survey in the periodic surveillance of adult patients with this disorder.", "PMID": 414588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7723", "title": "Caffey's disease: a case originating in the first metatarsal and review of a 12 year experience.", "content": "This paper describes an infant with Caffey's disease who presented with swelling of the first metatarsal shown as hyperostosis histologically. He then developed scapular sclerosis and new bone formation. The mandible became involved 26 days after onset. A review of a 12 year experience with Caffey's disease (33 patients) disclosed a definite decrease in the number and percentage of patients seen since 1968.", "contents": "Caffey's disease: a case originating in the first metatarsal and review of a 12 year experience. This paper describes an infant with Caffey's disease who presented with swelling of the first metatarsal shown as hyperostosis histologically. He then developed scapular sclerosis and new bone formation. The mandible became involved 26 days after onset. A review of a 12 year experience with Caffey's disease (33 patients) disclosed a definite decrease in the number and percentage of patients seen since 1968.", "PMID": 414589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7724", "title": "Angiographic diagnosis of benign and malignant splenic tumors.", "content": "Fifteen cases of benign and malignant nodular splenic tumors, including six cysts, one hamartoma, two hemangiosarcomas, five reticulum cell sarcomas, and one Hodgkin's disease, are presented with their arteriographic manifestations. The value of splenic arteriography is emphasized, since it may provide rather specific information in the diagnosis of benign and malignant nodular splenic tumors. Differential diagnostic considerations are also discussed.", "contents": "Angiographic diagnosis of benign and malignant splenic tumors. Fifteen cases of benign and malignant nodular splenic tumors, including six cysts, one hamartoma, two hemangiosarcomas, five reticulum cell sarcomas, and one Hodgkin's disease, are presented with their arteriographic manifestations. The value of splenic arteriography is emphasized, since it may provide rather specific information in the diagnosis of benign and malignant nodular splenic tumors. Differential diagnostic considerations are also discussed.", "PMID": 414590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7725", "title": "Skin thickness in the therapeutically irradiated breast.", "content": "Skin thickening of the breasts of 22 women undergoing excision biopsy of a breast cancer and subsequent radiation therapy to 5,000 rad is considered. The skin thickness of the treated breast returned to normal in 17 of 22 patients studied. Of the 17, nearly 60% returned to normal in 2 years, over 80% in 3 years, and the rest by 4 years. The period of follow-up was less than 4 years in the five patients with residual skin thickening. The alterations in skin thickness are consistent with the histopathologic changes seen in radiation dermatitis.", "contents": "Skin thickness in the therapeutically irradiated breast. Skin thickening of the breasts of 22 women undergoing excision biopsy of a breast cancer and subsequent radiation therapy to 5,000 rad is considered. The skin thickness of the treated breast returned to normal in 17 of 22 patients studied. Of the 17, nearly 60% returned to normal in 2 years, over 80% in 3 years, and the rest by 4 years. The period of follow-up was less than 4 years in the five patients with residual skin thickening. The alterations in skin thickness are consistent with the histopathologic changes seen in radiation dermatitis.", "PMID": 414591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7726", "title": "Number of projections in mammography: influence on detection of breast disease.", "content": "A total of 491 cases of breast cancer were reviewed to evaluate the diagnostic importance of the three standard projections; craniocaudal, mediolateral, and oblique. With only one projection, 90% of the malignancies would have been detected; with two and three projections the percentages rose to 94% and 95%, respectively. Nonvisualization was due to either juxtathoracic position of the tumor or superimposition of dense tissues. A relation was found between the position of a juxtathoracic tumor and the projection in which it was visualized. The mean diameter of tumors not visible due to superimposition of dense tissues was smaller than that of the whole material. In breast screening programs, use of two projections, the oblique and craniocaudal, is recommended.", "contents": "Number of projections in mammography: influence on detection of breast disease. A total of 491 cases of breast cancer were reviewed to evaluate the diagnostic importance of the three standard projections; craniocaudal, mediolateral, and oblique. With only one projection, 90% of the malignancies would have been detected; with two and three projections the percentages rose to 94% and 95%, respectively. Nonvisualization was due to either juxtathoracic position of the tumor or superimposition of dense tissues. A relation was found between the position of a juxtathoracic tumor and the projection in which it was visualized. The mean diameter of tumors not visible due to superimposition of dense tissues was smaller than that of the whole material. In breast screening programs, use of two projections, the oblique and craniocaudal, is recommended.", "PMID": 414592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7727", "title": "Petit mal epilepsy.", "content": "Petit mal epilepsy is primarily a disorder of childhood. It is a comparatively rare type of seizure and is relatively benign. It rarely causes demonstrable evidence of pathologic cerebral changes, except in patients who have frequent attacks of petit mal status. Patients with petit mal epilepsy are prone to develop major motor (grand mal) seizures. Therefore, concurrent administration of petit mal and major motor anticonvulsants is recommended.", "contents": "Petit mal epilepsy. Petit mal epilepsy is primarily a disorder of childhood. It is a comparatively rare type of seizure and is relatively benign. It rarely causes demonstrable evidence of pathologic cerebral changes, except in patients who have frequent attacks of petit mal status. Patients with petit mal epilepsy are prone to develop major motor (grand mal) seizures. Therefore, concurrent administration of petit mal and major motor anticonvulsants is recommended.", "PMID": 414604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7728", "title": "New trends in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "The diagnosis of ketoacidosis can be rapidly confirmed by simple determinations of blood glucose, serum ketones and arterial pH. The initial hydrating fluid is isotonic saline, followed by half-normal saline with buffered potassium phosphate. As soon as the blood glucose drops below 300 mg. percent, 5% glucose is added to the infusion. Following an initial regular insulin dose of 20 u. intramuscularly or 10 u. intravenously, subsequent doses of 10 u. every hour are given either by intravenous drip or by injection deep into the deltoid muscle.", "contents": "New trends in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. The diagnosis of ketoacidosis can be rapidly confirmed by simple determinations of blood glucose, serum ketones and arterial pH. The initial hydrating fluid is isotonic saline, followed by half-normal saline with buffered potassium phosphate. As soon as the blood glucose drops below 300 mg. percent, 5% glucose is added to the infusion. Following an initial regular insulin dose of 20 u. intramuscularly or 10 u. intravenously, subsequent doses of 10 u. every hour are given either by intravenous drip or by injection deep into the deltoid muscle.", "PMID": 414607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7729", "title": "Histopathology of the conducting tissue of the heart in Chagas' myocarditis.", "content": "The conducting tissue of the heart was studied in 25 human cases of Chagas' myocarditis with a method which employs complete serial sections mounted on continuous transparent plastic tape. The pathological changes were correlated with electrocardiographic findings. The inflammation of the acute phase of Chagas' myocarditis, as seen in one single case, did not seem to interfere with conduction through the AV system. In chronic Chagas' myocarditis the conducting tissue showed extensive and variable changes: chronic inflammation, fibrosis, atrophy and fragmentation of specific fibers, extreme dilatation and tortuosity of veins, capillaries and lymphatics, fatty infiltration, and arterial medial and intimal fibrosis. A preferential involvement of the right bundle branch and the anterior fascicles of the left branch was observed and an excellent correlation with electrocardiographic abnormalities was found. There was also evidence presented that bundle branch block may be caused by disease proximal to the bundle branches. Complete AV block seemed to be the final result of the progressive inflammatory and degenerative changes involving the conduction system in chronic Chagas' myocarditis. Inflammation and fibrosis did also involve the sinoatrial node, Purkinje fibers, intracardiac nervous ganglia, and the contractile myocardium.", "contents": "Histopathology of the conducting tissue of the heart in Chagas' myocarditis. The conducting tissue of the heart was studied in 25 human cases of Chagas' myocarditis with a method which employs complete serial sections mounted on continuous transparent plastic tape. The pathological changes were correlated with electrocardiographic findings. The inflammation of the acute phase of Chagas' myocarditis, as seen in one single case, did not seem to interfere with conduction through the AV system. In chronic Chagas' myocarditis the conducting tissue showed extensive and variable changes: chronic inflammation, fibrosis, atrophy and fragmentation of specific fibers, extreme dilatation and tortuosity of veins, capillaries and lymphatics, fatty infiltration, and arterial medial and intimal fibrosis. A preferential involvement of the right bundle branch and the anterior fascicles of the left branch was observed and an excellent correlation with electrocardiographic abnormalities was found. There was also evidence presented that bundle branch block may be caused by disease proximal to the bundle branches. Complete AV block seemed to be the final result of the progressive inflammatory and degenerative changes involving the conduction system in chronic Chagas' myocarditis. Inflammation and fibrosis did also involve the sinoatrial node, Purkinje fibers, intracardiac nervous ganglia, and the contractile myocardium.", "PMID": 414610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7730", "title": "Nitroglycerin-induced improvement in exercise tolerance and hemodynamics in patients with chronic rheumatic heart valve disease.", "content": "Nitroglycerin reduces elevated left ventricular filling and pulmonary arterial pressures in resting patients with rheumatic valve disease and reduces symptoms when given over long periods to patients with primary myocardial disease. To determine whether nitroglycerin may prove effective therapeutically in ambulatory patients with heart valve disease, its effects on hemodynamics and exercise capacity were studied in 11 severely symptomatic adults who were already receiving optimal treatment with digitalis and diuretic agents. Seven had predominant mitral valve disease, one had predominant aortic insufficiency and three had equally severe mitral and aortic valve disease. Maximal exercise capacity was assessed with graded treadmill exercise after placebo and after nitroglycerin (0.5 mg sublingually) administered in random sequence to each patient. Exercise capacity (exercise time to limiting fatigue or dyspnea) increased from a mean of 8.3 minutes after placebo to 9.8 minutes after nitroglycerin (P less than 0.005). Eight patients were studied hemodynamically during further intense treadmill exercise. Pulmonary arterial pressure was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) after nitroglycerin than after placebo (mean 44 versus 56 mm Hg), but cardiac output was greater after nitroglycerin (5.0 versus 4.6 liters/min, P less than 0.005). Thus, nitroglycerin appears to increase exericse tolerance and improve the hemodynamic response to exercise in patients with heart valve disease and may be valuable in the long-term pharmacologic therapy of such patients.", "contents": "Nitroglycerin-induced improvement in exercise tolerance and hemodynamics in patients with chronic rheumatic heart valve disease. Nitroglycerin reduces elevated left ventricular filling and pulmonary arterial pressures in resting patients with rheumatic valve disease and reduces symptoms when given over long periods to patients with primary myocardial disease. To determine whether nitroglycerin may prove effective therapeutically in ambulatory patients with heart valve disease, its effects on hemodynamics and exercise capacity were studied in 11 severely symptomatic adults who were already receiving optimal treatment with digitalis and diuretic agents. Seven had predominant mitral valve disease, one had predominant aortic insufficiency and three had equally severe mitral and aortic valve disease. Maximal exercise capacity was assessed with graded treadmill exercise after placebo and after nitroglycerin (0.5 mg sublingually) administered in random sequence to each patient. Exercise capacity (exercise time to limiting fatigue or dyspnea) increased from a mean of 8.3 minutes after placebo to 9.8 minutes after nitroglycerin (P less than 0.005). Eight patients were studied hemodynamically during further intense treadmill exercise. Pulmonary arterial pressure was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) after nitroglycerin than after placebo (mean 44 versus 56 mm Hg), but cardiac output was greater after nitroglycerin (5.0 versus 4.6 liters/min, P less than 0.005). Thus, nitroglycerin appears to increase exericse tolerance and improve the hemodynamic response to exercise in patients with heart valve disease and may be valuable in the long-term pharmacologic therapy of such patients.", "PMID": 414613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7731", "title": "Surface lipid composition in children with protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "The composition of skin surface lipid has been measured in a group of 21 children with the diagnosis of marasmic-kwashiokor. When compared to the values for healthy children of comparable age, the squalene content was significantly decreased (3.1% +/- 3.2% versus 9.8% +/- 3.6%) and the squalene/wax ester ratio was also significantly decreased (0.57 +/- 0.55 versus 2.13 +/- 0.91). Measurements of skin surface lipid also were made in five of these children after treatment. The altered values reverted towards normal. Since changes in the squalene content and the squalene/wax ester ratio of skin surface lipid can be correlated with other biochemical changes of protein-calorie malnutrition, the analysis of surface lipid, a procedure that is both convenient and non-invasive, can be of use in determining the nutritional status in field studies of malnourished subjects.", "contents": "Surface lipid composition in children with protein-calorie malnutrition. The composition of skin surface lipid has been measured in a group of 21 children with the diagnosis of marasmic-kwashiokor. When compared to the values for healthy children of comparable age, the squalene content was significantly decreased (3.1% +/- 3.2% versus 9.8% +/- 3.6%) and the squalene/wax ester ratio was also significantly decreased (0.57 +/- 0.55 versus 2.13 +/- 0.91). Measurements of skin surface lipid also were made in five of these children after treatment. The altered values reverted towards normal. Since changes in the squalene content and the squalene/wax ester ratio of skin surface lipid can be correlated with other biochemical changes of protein-calorie malnutrition, the analysis of surface lipid, a procedure that is both convenient and non-invasive, can be of use in determining the nutritional status in field studies of malnourished subjects.", "PMID": 414616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7732", "title": "Trace metal profile of parenteral nutrition solutions.", "content": "Zinc, copper, iron, magnesium, and chromium were analyzed in commercially prepared total parenteral nutrition solutions of amino acid/protein hydrolysate, dextrose, lipid, and water from several manufacturers. Concentrations of each varied with both the manufacturer and the solution lot number, with the greatest differences observed for zinc (0.026 to 4.04 mg/liter) and iron (0.025 to 1.370 mg/liter). Since the consequences of prolonged total parenteral nutrition with trace-metal-deficient solutions are dependent upon the physical state of the patients, the duration of hyperalimentation and problems associated with trauma, it is recommended that the endogenous concentrations described be supplemented as needed for each patient. This need is difficult to determine, however, because little is known about the clinical effect of any trace-metal-deficiency state developing in patients receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Trace metal profile of parenteral nutrition solutions. Zinc, copper, iron, magnesium, and chromium were analyzed in commercially prepared total parenteral nutrition solutions of amino acid/protein hydrolysate, dextrose, lipid, and water from several manufacturers. Concentrations of each varied with both the manufacturer and the solution lot number, with the greatest differences observed for zinc (0.026 to 4.04 mg/liter) and iron (0.025 to 1.370 mg/liter). Since the consequences of prolonged total parenteral nutrition with trace-metal-deficient solutions are dependent upon the physical state of the patients, the duration of hyperalimentation and problems associated with trauma, it is recommended that the endogenous concentrations described be supplemented as needed for each patient. This need is difficult to determine, however, because little is known about the clinical effect of any trace-metal-deficiency state developing in patients receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 414617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7733", "title": "Spontaneous meningococcal peritonitis: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis are described. In both cases immediate diagnosis was possible by examination of the ascitic fluid. Meningococcal peritonitis supports the hypothesis that the hematogenous spread of bacteria into the ascitic fluid may be one of the mechanisms of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.", "contents": "Spontaneous meningococcal peritonitis: a report of two cases. Two patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis are described. In both cases immediate diagnosis was possible by examination of the ascitic fluid. Meningococcal peritonitis supports the hypothesis that the hematogenous spread of bacteria into the ascitic fluid may be one of the mechanisms of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.", "PMID": 414618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7734", "title": "Carrier detection in Sandhoff disease.", "content": "Three new cases of Sandhoff disease are reported. One infant was the second affected child in a large family. The parents, who were cousins, were part of a large kindred from an isolated community in northern Saskatchewan. We assayed total and heat-stable hexosaminidases in 38 other members of the kindred and found two distinct cohorts. Sixteen individuals had low total and low heat-stable hexosaminidase and were diagnosed as carriers of Sandhoff disease. The values for the remainder were within normal limits. In a retrospective study of data from more than 14,000 Ashkenazi Jews, who were screened for Tay-Sachs disease, six were identified as Sandhoff carriers. Our data indicate that carrier detection requires measurement of both total and heat-stable enzyme activity.", "contents": "Carrier detection in Sandhoff disease. Three new cases of Sandhoff disease are reported. One infant was the second affected child in a large family. The parents, who were cousins, were part of a large kindred from an isolated community in northern Saskatchewan. We assayed total and heat-stable hexosaminidases in 38 other members of the kindred and found two distinct cohorts. Sixteen individuals had low total and low heat-stable hexosaminidase and were diagnosed as carriers of Sandhoff disease. The values for the remainder were within normal limits. In a retrospective study of data from more than 14,000 Ashkenazi Jews, who were screened for Tay-Sachs disease, six were identified as Sandhoff carriers. Our data indicate that carrier detection requires measurement of both total and heat-stable enzyme activity.", "PMID": 414620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7735", "title": "Pharmacist-managed patient assessment and medication refill clinic.", "content": "The effectiveness of a pharmacist in determining the appropriateness of prescription renewal for patients appearing at a hospital-based refill clinic was investigated. In part 1, data were collected on the clinic as it traditionally functioned with staff physicians evaluating the patients. In parts 2 and 3, data were collected with the pharmacist assuming the assessment function. In part 2, a physician reviewed the pharmacist's decisions before the patient left. In part 3, the pharmacist functioned without supervision and the physician reviewed patient records retrospectively. Physician agreement with the pharmacist's decisions was the primary criterion for determining effectiveness, and was found to be 99% in part 2, for a total of 105 patients. In part 3, physician agreement remained at the 99% level for a total of 106 patients. Patient waiting time was about the same in each part of the study because of clinic procedures beyond the pharmacist's control. A pharmacist can be cost-effective in this role if the task is combined with regular pharmaceutical functions.", "contents": "Pharmacist-managed patient assessment and medication refill clinic. The effectiveness of a pharmacist in determining the appropriateness of prescription renewal for patients appearing at a hospital-based refill clinic was investigated. In part 1, data were collected on the clinic as it traditionally functioned with staff physicians evaluating the patients. In parts 2 and 3, data were collected with the pharmacist assuming the assessment function. In part 2, a physician reviewed the pharmacist's decisions before the patient left. In part 3, the pharmacist functioned without supervision and the physician reviewed patient records retrospectively. Physician agreement with the pharmacist's decisions was the primary criterion for determining effectiveness, and was found to be 99% in part 2, for a total of 105 patients. In part 3, physician agreement remained at the 99% level for a total of 106 patients. Patient waiting time was about the same in each part of the study because of clinic procedures beyond the pharmacist's control. A pharmacist can be cost-effective in this role if the task is combined with regular pharmaceutical functions.", "PMID": 414621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7736", "title": "Ultrastructural influence of reperfusing dog myocardium with calcium-free blood after coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "The ultrastructural effects of perfusing ischemic myocardium with calcium-free blood were determined in 12 dogs. In 6 dogs, the left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated for 45 minutes and was released for 5, 10, or 20 minutes. In 6 other dogs, the ischemic zone was perfused with blood free of calcium which was chelated with EGTA (ethylene glycol bis [B-aminoethylether-N,N'-tetraacetic acid] for 5, 10, or 20 minutes. After reperfusion with whole blood, the sarcomeres either were mildly contracted or formed contracted bands. The cells were usually pulled apart at the intercalated disk. The mitochondria were swollen and contained electron-dense deposits. Lanthanum was used as a marker for monitoring changes in cell membrane permeability and permeated into many ischemic myocardial cells. The hearts treated with calcium-free plasma showed well preserved morphology. Mitochondria were slightly swollen, their cristae were occasionally disrupted, and they lacked electron-dense deposits. No lanthanum leaked into these cells, with a few scattered exceptions. Even in the leaky cells, the mitochondria did not show any deposits. It is suggested that calcium overload plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cell injury and that reduction in plasma levels of calcium, at least for a limited period may delay the onset of calcium overload and improve cell morphology. Alterations in the cell membrane are followed by lethal intracellular changes leading to events associated with cell death.", "contents": "Ultrastructural influence of reperfusing dog myocardium with calcium-free blood after coronary artery occlusion. The ultrastructural effects of perfusing ischemic myocardium with calcium-free blood were determined in 12 dogs. In 6 dogs, the left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated for 45 minutes and was released for 5, 10, or 20 minutes. In 6 other dogs, the ischemic zone was perfused with blood free of calcium which was chelated with EGTA (ethylene glycol bis [B-aminoethylether-N,N'-tetraacetic acid] for 5, 10, or 20 minutes. After reperfusion with whole blood, the sarcomeres either were mildly contracted or formed contracted bands. The cells were usually pulled apart at the intercalated disk. The mitochondria were swollen and contained electron-dense deposits. Lanthanum was used as a marker for monitoring changes in cell membrane permeability and permeated into many ischemic myocardial cells. The hearts treated with calcium-free plasma showed well preserved morphology. Mitochondria were slightly swollen, their cristae were occasionally disrupted, and they lacked electron-dense deposits. No lanthanum leaked into these cells, with a few scattered exceptions. Even in the leaky cells, the mitochondria did not show any deposits. It is suggested that calcium overload plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cell injury and that reduction in plasma levels of calcium, at least for a limited period may delay the onset of calcium overload and improve cell morphology. Alterations in the cell membrane are followed by lethal intracellular changes leading to events associated with cell death.", "PMID": 414625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7737", "title": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy presenting as respiratory insufficiency.", "content": "The clinical course of a patient is described who experienced respiratory insufficiency as the primary manifestation of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Respiratory symptoms preceded the enlargement of lymph nodes, improved spontaneously at first and then after steroid therapy. Subsequently these symptoms reappeared concurrent with lymph node enlargement. Hypergammaglobulinemia was noted with marked elevation of polyclonal immunoglobulin M.", "contents": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy presenting as respiratory insufficiency. The clinical course of a patient is described who experienced respiratory insufficiency as the primary manifestation of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Respiratory symptoms preceded the enlargement of lymph nodes, improved spontaneously at first and then after steroid therapy. Subsequently these symptoms reappeared concurrent with lymph node enlargement. Hypergammaglobulinemia was noted with marked elevation of polyclonal immunoglobulin M.", "PMID": 414623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7738", "title": "Response to glucose loading of the lean squirrel monkey in unrestrained conditions.", "content": "The response of blood glucose (BG), free fatty acids (FFA), and insulin (IRI) to both intravenous (IVGTT) and oral (OGTT) glucose tolerance tests was evaluated in unrestrained, permanently catheterized squirrel monkeys. The mean glucose assimilation rate (K value) for 25 IVGTT was 7.75 +/- 2.84. FFA maximally decayed 54 percent from a mean basal of 1,008 +/- 221 mueq/l associated with a onefold increment inIRI from basal (7.5 +/- 3.5 muU/ml) at 2-5 min. No significant changes were found during intravenous saline loading alone. OGTT (4g/kg) produced peak BG levels at 15-30 min with an immediate FFA decrease of 63 percent and a onefold IRI increment. Carcass composition analyses from 17 animals showed a total extractable lipid content of 6.2 percent. The K value, significantly higher than previously reported, appears to fit well with that expected for the species. The rapid decrease in FFA and BG concentrations demonstrate an apparent high efficiency of a low IRI increment. The association of the low IRI after loading with a low triglyceride depot is discussed.", "contents": "Response to glucose loading of the lean squirrel monkey in unrestrained conditions. The response of blood glucose (BG), free fatty acids (FFA), and insulin (IRI) to both intravenous (IVGTT) and oral (OGTT) glucose tolerance tests was evaluated in unrestrained, permanently catheterized squirrel monkeys. The mean glucose assimilation rate (K value) for 25 IVGTT was 7.75 +/- 2.84. FFA maximally decayed 54 percent from a mean basal of 1,008 +/- 221 mueq/l associated with a onefold increment inIRI from basal (7.5 +/- 3.5 muU/ml) at 2-5 min. No significant changes were found during intravenous saline loading alone. OGTT (4g/kg) produced peak BG levels at 15-30 min with an immediate FFA decrease of 63 percent and a onefold IRI increment. Carcass composition analyses from 17 animals showed a total extractable lipid content of 6.2 percent. The K value, significantly higher than previously reported, appears to fit well with that expected for the species. The rapid decrease in FFA and BG concentrations demonstrate an apparent high efficiency of a low IRI increment. The association of the low IRI after loading with a low triglyceride depot is discussed.", "PMID": 414628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7739", "title": "Effects of endogenous prostaglandin E on intestinal motility.", "content": "The role of endogenous prostaglandin E (PGE) in the regulation of intestinal motility in situ was studied in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. The basal concentration of PGE in the ileum was found by radioimmunoassay to be 3.3 +/- 0.6 ng PGE per g wet wt (chi +/- SE, n = 12). Intramesenteric arterial infusion of acetylcholine (ACh) (100 microgram/min) increased intestinal motility, and PGE concentration rose to 6.7 +/- 0.8 ng/g. Intravenous infusion of indomethacin (4 mg/kg) enhanced spontaneous and ACh-induced motility and abolished the ACh-induced rise in ileal PGE concentration. We conclude that basal PGE synthesis limits the motility of the resting and ACh-stimulated cat ileum.", "contents": "Effects of endogenous prostaglandin E on intestinal motility. The role of endogenous prostaglandin E (PGE) in the regulation of intestinal motility in situ was studied in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. The basal concentration of PGE in the ileum was found by radioimmunoassay to be 3.3 +/- 0.6 ng PGE per g wet wt (chi +/- SE, n = 12). Intramesenteric arterial infusion of acetylcholine (ACh) (100 microgram/min) increased intestinal motility, and PGE concentration rose to 6.7 +/- 0.8 ng/g. Intravenous infusion of indomethacin (4 mg/kg) enhanced spontaneous and ACh-induced motility and abolished the ACh-induced rise in ileal PGE concentration. We conclude that basal PGE synthesis limits the motility of the resting and ACh-stimulated cat ileum.", "PMID": 414629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7740", "title": "Endogenous prostaglandin E and contractile activity of isolated ileal smooth muscle.", "content": "The effects of endogenous prostaglandin E (PGE) on the contractile activity of isolated cat ileal muscle rings were studied. Force development in circularly oriented muscle fibers were recorded. The muscles contained a mean basal PGE concentration of 1 +/- 0.6 ng PGE per g wet wt (mean +/- SE) as measured by radioimmunoassay. Acetylcholine (ACh) or elevated potassium caused contractions and enhanced PGE concentration (P less than 0.05). Removing Ca2+ from high potassium solutions blocked contraction, but PGE concentration still increased (P less than 0.02). The prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, indomethacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) reduced PGE concentration in muscles (less than 50 pg PGE per g muscle) and increased the magnitude of contractions induced by either ACh or elevated potassium. Spontaneous contractions were observed in many tissues after inhibition of PGE synthesis. In conclusion, endogenous PGE limits spontaneous and depolarization-induced muscular activity in cat ileal circular muscle. Synthesis of PGE was increased by depolarizing stimuli whether or not contractions were blocked by the removal of external calcium.", "contents": "Endogenous prostaglandin E and contractile activity of isolated ileal smooth muscle. The effects of endogenous prostaglandin E (PGE) on the contractile activity of isolated cat ileal muscle rings were studied. Force development in circularly oriented muscle fibers were recorded. The muscles contained a mean basal PGE concentration of 1 +/- 0.6 ng PGE per g wet wt (mean +/- SE) as measured by radioimmunoassay. Acetylcholine (ACh) or elevated potassium caused contractions and enhanced PGE concentration (P less than 0.05). Removing Ca2+ from high potassium solutions blocked contraction, but PGE concentration still increased (P less than 0.02). The prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, indomethacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) reduced PGE concentration in muscles (less than 50 pg PGE per g muscle) and increased the magnitude of contractions induced by either ACh or elevated potassium. Spontaneous contractions were observed in many tissues after inhibition of PGE synthesis. In conclusion, endogenous PGE limits spontaneous and depolarization-induced muscular activity in cat ileal circular muscle. Synthesis of PGE was increased by depolarizing stimuli whether or not contractions were blocked by the removal of external calcium.", "PMID": 414630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7741", "title": "Operative fluoroscopy and cholangiography. The use of modern radiologic technics during surgery.", "content": "Operative cholangiography as currently performed in many hospitals in the United States may be a cumbersome procedure yielding less than optimal information. For maximal accuracy and diagnostic yield, operative radiographic examination of the biliary tract should include fluoroscopic observation and aimed spot films. The advantages gained by using modern radiologic equipment and technics are increased image clarity, increased capability for functional assessment of a dynamic system, increased efficiency, and decreased radiation hazard. In a series of 100 patients undergoing operative cholangiography by our technic, only one retained stone was demonstrated by postoperative studies. Five anomalies of the ductal system were easily identified and possible injury to the anomalous ducts averted. Considering the morbidity and mortality attendant upon inadequate or inappropriate biliary tract operations, investment in the sophisticated equipment necessary for optimal operative radiography is small indeed.", "contents": "Operative fluoroscopy and cholangiography. The use of modern radiologic technics during surgery. Operative cholangiography as currently performed in many hospitals in the United States may be a cumbersome procedure yielding less than optimal information. For maximal accuracy and diagnostic yield, operative radiographic examination of the biliary tract should include fluoroscopic observation and aimed spot films. The advantages gained by using modern radiologic equipment and technics are increased image clarity, increased capability for functional assessment of a dynamic system, increased efficiency, and decreased radiation hazard. In a series of 100 patients undergoing operative cholangiography by our technic, only one retained stone was demonstrated by postoperative studies. Five anomalies of the ductal system were easily identified and possible injury to the anomalous ducts averted. Considering the morbidity and mortality attendant upon inadequate or inappropriate biliary tract operations, investment in the sophisticated equipment necessary for optimal operative radiography is small indeed.", "PMID": 414634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7742", "title": "[The immunofluorescence-microscopical evidence of insulin and glucagon in transplantated isolated Langerhans' islets in diabetic rats and dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "With the histochemical immunofluorescence technique were demonstrated the insulin and glucagon in the transplantated isolated Langerhans' islets in the liver at diabetic rats and dogs. Further on were tested the diabetic metabolic level with aid of clinico-chemical methods during the period of investigation (blood glucose, serum insulin, glucose tolerance test). It was found that after transplantation, 1 year by the rats and more than 8 weeks by the dogs, is existing a normoglycemic level. In the transplanted islets were seen a good immunofluorescence of insulin in the B cells and the glucagon in the A cells in all investigated stages.", "contents": "[The immunofluorescence-microscopical evidence of insulin and glucagon in transplantated isolated Langerhans' islets in diabetic rats and dogs (author's transl)]. With the histochemical immunofluorescence technique were demonstrated the insulin and glucagon in the transplantated isolated Langerhans' islets in the liver at diabetic rats and dogs. Further on were tested the diabetic metabolic level with aid of clinico-chemical methods during the period of investigation (blood glucose, serum insulin, glucose tolerance test). It was found that after transplantation, 1 year by the rats and more than 8 weeks by the dogs, is existing a normoglycemic level. In the transplanted islets were seen a good immunofluorescence of insulin in the B cells and the glucagon in the A cells in all investigated stages.", "PMID": 414637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7743", "title": "Medical therapy of angina pectoris.", "content": "The pathophysiology of angina pectoris is best understood as an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. The primary determinants of myocardial oxygen demand are heart rate, arterial pressure, heart size, myocardial contractility, and myocardial mass. The medical therapy of angina pectoris is directed toward reducing myocardial oxygen demand by reducing the workload of the heart and the specific determinants listed. The most common medications used in the treatment of angina pectoris are nitroglycerin and propranolol. Nitroglycerin reduces myocardial oxygen demand primarily by reducing heart size and arterial pressure. Propranolol reduces oxygen demand primarily by reducing heart rate. Medical therapy is generally effective in controlling the symptoms of angina pectoris in 80% or more of the patients and allows them to lead useful and productive lives.", "contents": "Medical therapy of angina pectoris. The pathophysiology of angina pectoris is best understood as an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. The primary determinants of myocardial oxygen demand are heart rate, arterial pressure, heart size, myocardial contractility, and myocardial mass. The medical therapy of angina pectoris is directed toward reducing myocardial oxygen demand by reducing the workload of the heart and the specific determinants listed. The most common medications used in the treatment of angina pectoris are nitroglycerin and propranolol. Nitroglycerin reduces myocardial oxygen demand primarily by reducing heart size and arterial pressure. Propranolol reduces oxygen demand primarily by reducing heart rate. Medical therapy is generally effective in controlling the symptoms of angina pectoris in 80% or more of the patients and allows them to lead useful and productive lives.", "PMID": 414639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7744", "title": "Effects of androgen administration on sexual invitations by female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Pairs of adult rhesus monkeys of opposite sexes (12 pairs) were studied during 1-h mating tests (986 tests). Ovariectomized females received 5 microgram oestradiol intravaginally throughout to keep them attractive to males and maintain a relatively constant level of male sexual activity. Females were given subcutaneous silastic implants of testosterone to change their sexual receptivity. A threefold change in sexual invitations resulted from the implantation and removal of testosterone in the absence of any major changes in the behaviour of their male partners. These changes in invitational behaviour therefore reflected an action of the hormone upon an internal mechanism within the female subserving sexual motivation which was independent of changes in the behaviour of the male. Radioimmunoassay of plasma testosterone (109 samples) and plasma oestradiol (86 samples), and gas-liquid chromatography of vaginal secretions (306 samples), facilitated the monitoring of variables needed to interpret the results.", "contents": "Effects of androgen administration on sexual invitations by female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Pairs of adult rhesus monkeys of opposite sexes (12 pairs) were studied during 1-h mating tests (986 tests). Ovariectomized females received 5 microgram oestradiol intravaginally throughout to keep them attractive to males and maintain a relatively constant level of male sexual activity. Females were given subcutaneous silastic implants of testosterone to change their sexual receptivity. A threefold change in sexual invitations resulted from the implantation and removal of testosterone in the absence of any major changes in the behaviour of their male partners. These changes in invitational behaviour therefore reflected an action of the hormone upon an internal mechanism within the female subserving sexual motivation which was independent of changes in the behaviour of the male. Radioimmunoassay of plasma testosterone (109 samples) and plasma oestradiol (86 samples), and gas-liquid chromatography of vaginal secretions (306 samples), facilitated the monitoring of variables needed to interpret the results.", "PMID": 414641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7745", "title": "[Comparison of limited weight values and the sensitivity of analytical methods used for the detection of toxic atmospheric agents in working places].", "content": "This research has been carried out in order to estimate minimum sampling periods for the substances detailed in the VLP table given by the Italian Occupational Medicine Service and the Industrial Hygiene Group. These data take the following points into consideration: 1) sensitivity of the analytical method; 2) value and condition of sample at fulfilment of sampling periods; 3) sampling speed; 4) VLP, with special reference to ceiling value for very short exposure. As to dust the minimum period required is about 1 minute for numeric sampling, and 35 minutes for gravimetric sampling. 85% from the above-mentioned substances can be sampled at minimum periods which range from 1 to 5 minutes.", "contents": "[Comparison of limited weight values and the sensitivity of analytical methods used for the detection of toxic atmospheric agents in working places]. This research has been carried out in order to estimate minimum sampling periods for the substances detailed in the VLP table given by the Italian Occupational Medicine Service and the Industrial Hygiene Group. These data take the following points into consideration: 1) sensitivity of the analytical method; 2) value and condition of sample at fulfilment of sampling periods; 3) sampling speed; 4) VLP, with special reference to ceiling value for very short exposure. As to dust the minimum period required is about 1 minute for numeric sampling, and 35 minutes for gravimetric sampling. 85% from the above-mentioned substances can be sampled at minimum periods which range from 1 to 5 minutes.", "PMID": 414644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7746", "title": "[Radiotoxicological surveillance of personnel occupationally exposed to the hazards of internal radiocontamination in a nuclear center].", "content": "At the Casaccia Nuclear Centre the personnel occupationally exposed to a risk of internal contamination from radioactive substances is controlled by means of periodic radiotoxicological analyses. About 30,000 analyses of natural uranium, enriched uranium, thorium, gamma emetters, plutonium, americium, etc. in urine have been carried out since 1962. In the case of accidental acute radiocontamination by inhalation, wound and ingestion, special control on urine, blood, feces, nasal swabs, etc. must be schedules. The results can be very useful to the medical staff in order to take the most suitable therapeutical measures or to calculate the body burden.", "contents": "[Radiotoxicological surveillance of personnel occupationally exposed to the hazards of internal radiocontamination in a nuclear center]. At the Casaccia Nuclear Centre the personnel occupationally exposed to a risk of internal contamination from radioactive substances is controlled by means of periodic radiotoxicological analyses. About 30,000 analyses of natural uranium, enriched uranium, thorium, gamma emetters, plutonium, americium, etc. in urine have been carried out since 1962. In the case of accidental acute radiocontamination by inhalation, wound and ingestion, special control on urine, blood, feces, nasal swabs, etc. must be schedules. The results can be very useful to the medical staff in order to take the most suitable therapeutical measures or to calculate the body burden.", "PMID": 414645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7747", "title": "[Use of labeling with 3H6-thymidine in the study of the multiplication of lactobacillus casei immobilized in a polyacrylamide gel].", "content": "When 3H6-thymidine labelled bacteria (1.2 desintegration per cell/day) are immobilized in a polyacrylamide gel lattice, the decimal reduction time for their malic acid decarboxylase activity is extended to 38 days. Thus, the growth of bacteria in the gel lattice is very poor. The author has evaluated both the DNA turnover rate during the exponential growth phase for the free cells and the DNA specific activity of the population of immobilized cells. The viability of bacteria isolated from the gel lattice decreases with time, as does their thermal stability for malic acid decarboxylase activity. This activity is partially restored after 65 days. With respect to the protein, deoxyribose and ribose cell constituents, the protein/deoxyribose, protein/ribose and deoxyribose/ribose ratios fluctuats considerably with time. These fluctuations are more marked than those observed for the free cells during their different growth phases.", "contents": "[Use of labeling with 3H6-thymidine in the study of the multiplication of lactobacillus casei immobilized in a polyacrylamide gel]. When 3H6-thymidine labelled bacteria (1.2 desintegration per cell/day) are immobilized in a polyacrylamide gel lattice, the decimal reduction time for their malic acid decarboxylase activity is extended to 38 days. Thus, the growth of bacteria in the gel lattice is very poor. The author has evaluated both the DNA turnover rate during the exponential growth phase for the free cells and the DNA specific activity of the population of immobilized cells. The viability of bacteria isolated from the gel lattice decreases with time, as does their thermal stability for malic acid decarboxylase activity. This activity is partially restored after 65 days. With respect to the protein, deoxyribose and ribose cell constituents, the protein/deoxyribose, protein/ribose and deoxyribose/ribose ratios fluctuats considerably with time. These fluctuations are more marked than those observed for the free cells during their different growth phases.", "PMID": 414646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7748", "title": "[Dyggve-melchior-clausen's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "An eight year old boy of first grade consanguinity parents, with important growth and mental retardation, generalized bone alterations and without corneal opacity nor mucopolysacchariduria is presented. All these features account on the syndrome of Dyggve-Melchior and Clausen.", "contents": "[Dyggve-melchior-clausen's syndrome (author's transl)]. An eight year old boy of first grade consanguinity parents, with important growth and mental retardation, generalized bone alterations and without corneal opacity nor mucopolysacchariduria is presented. All these features account on the syndrome of Dyggve-Melchior and Clausen.", "PMID": 414643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7749", "title": "Noninvasive chronic recording of auditory nerve potentials.", "content": "A system is described which allows repeated, noninvasive recording of auditory nerve responses in the cat to transient acoustic stimuli using a closed acoustic system. N1 responses to clicks are recorded from a stainless steel ring electrode at the end of a hollow earbar, the tapered end of which is made of insulating plastic. Acoustic stimuli are generated by a dynamic earphone coupled to the earbar. A calibrated probe microphone is also imcorporated into the earbar to measure sound pressure near the tympanic membrane. This allows better stimulus control than is available with free-field systems. To facilitate insertion of the earbar, meatoplasties were performed on all animals. Responses recorded with this system in anesthetized cats are described and compared with those recorded at the round window. Good repeatability of measurements is described for an animal population of 20 domestic cats over a period of several months. For some of these animals, response amplitude varied from one session to another, but response latency, especially for condensation clicks, was consistent. By comparing statistics of multiple measurement of both N1 amplitude and latency for rarefaction and condensation clicks, it is concluded that the N1 latency vs click-level function for condensation clicks provides the most reliable measure of the cat's auditory nerve function.", "contents": "Noninvasive chronic recording of auditory nerve potentials. A system is described which allows repeated, noninvasive recording of auditory nerve responses in the cat to transient acoustic stimuli using a closed acoustic system. N1 responses to clicks are recorded from a stainless steel ring electrode at the end of a hollow earbar, the tapered end of which is made of insulating plastic. Acoustic stimuli are generated by a dynamic earphone coupled to the earbar. A calibrated probe microphone is also imcorporated into the earbar to measure sound pressure near the tympanic membrane. This allows better stimulus control than is available with free-field systems. To facilitate insertion of the earbar, meatoplasties were performed on all animals. Responses recorded with this system in anesthetized cats are described and compared with those recorded at the round window. Good repeatability of measurements is described for an animal population of 20 domestic cats over a period of several months. For some of these animals, response amplitude varied from one session to another, but response latency, especially for condensation clicks, was consistent. By comparing statistics of multiple measurement of both N1 amplitude and latency for rarefaction and condensation clicks, it is concluded that the N1 latency vs click-level function for condensation clicks provides the most reliable measure of the cat's auditory nerve function.", "PMID": 414647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7750", "title": "Effects of Eustachian tube ligation on auditory nerve responses to clicks.", "content": "Auditory nerve responses to condensation and rarefaction clicks were recorded from the external ear canal of cats using a closed acoustic system. Repeated control recordings from both ears formed a baseline for each of four animals used in this study. After a baseline had been established, the Eustachian tube on one side was ligated and serial recordings of N1 responses were performed for up to 140 days postligation. By comparing the shift which occurred in the N1 latency-vs-click level plots after ligation, the equivalent hearing loss was determined. In all cases where the Eustachian tube was successfully ligated, the loss was progressive for the first 20 days, then usually showed some transitory improvement. The loss stabilized after 60 days, varying from 15 to 40 dB in different animals. In addition to N1 recordings, serial tympanograms were also measured. These indicated negative middle ear pressure in the first two days postligation and the presence of middle ear fluid by one week postligation.", "contents": "Effects of Eustachian tube ligation on auditory nerve responses to clicks. Auditory nerve responses to condensation and rarefaction clicks were recorded from the external ear canal of cats using a closed acoustic system. Repeated control recordings from both ears formed a baseline for each of four animals used in this study. After a baseline had been established, the Eustachian tube on one side was ligated and serial recordings of N1 responses were performed for up to 140 days postligation. By comparing the shift which occurred in the N1 latency-vs-click level plots after ligation, the equivalent hearing loss was determined. In all cases where the Eustachian tube was successfully ligated, the loss was progressive for the first 20 days, then usually showed some transitory improvement. The loss stabilized after 60 days, varying from 15 to 40 dB in different animals. In addition to N1 recordings, serial tympanograms were also measured. These indicated negative middle ear pressure in the first two days postligation and the presence of middle ear fluid by one week postligation.", "PMID": 414648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7751", "title": "Serogenetic studies on the Kavango peoples of South West Africa.", "content": "The closely interrelated matrilineal Kavango peoples of the far north-east of South West Africa are probably the least known inhabitants of that country. Their traditional historical and cultural affinities appear to be with the peoples of southern Angola and south-western Zambia; the suggested relationships with the Ambo further west are not linguistically tenable, though there is evidence of gene exchange. The Kavango comprise the Kwangali, the Mbunza, whom they are in process of absorbing, the Sambyu, the Gciriku, the Mbukushu and the Kwengo. The last-named of these have hitherto been accounted \"Black Bushmen\", but the serogenetic investigation of these peoples described here discloses that the affinities of the Kwengo are with their neighbours the Mbukushu, and they must therefore be accounted Negro rather than San. Genetic distance calculations are compatible with traditional history and hence with the suggestion that all these peoples share a fairly recent common origin.", "contents": "Serogenetic studies on the Kavango peoples of South West Africa. The closely interrelated matrilineal Kavango peoples of the far north-east of South West Africa are probably the least known inhabitants of that country. Their traditional historical and cultural affinities appear to be with the peoples of southern Angola and south-western Zambia; the suggested relationships with the Ambo further west are not linguistically tenable, though there is evidence of gene exchange. The Kavango comprise the Kwangali, the Mbunza, whom they are in process of absorbing, the Sambyu, the Gciriku, the Mbukushu and the Kwengo. The last-named of these have hitherto been accounted \"Black Bushmen\", but the serogenetic investigation of these peoples described here discloses that the affinities of the Kwengo are with their neighbours the Mbukushu, and they must therefore be accounted Negro rather than San. Genetic distance calculations are compatible with traditional history and hence with the suggestion that all these peoples share a fairly recent common origin.", "PMID": 414652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7752", "title": "[Transferrin findings in Callithrix jacchus Linn\u00e9, 1758 (Primates, Platyrrhina)].", "content": "This paper deals with the transferrin (Tf) polymorphism in the South American marmoset Callithrix jacchus. The transferrin bands of this species are positioned in the electropherogramme cathodal to the beta1C-globulin (C 3), s. Fig. 1. By means of the combined agarose gel immuno-electrophoresis 7 distinguishable phenotypes have been detected in 166 animals (s. Fig. 2). The formal genetic analysis of 28 matings with 48 youngs (cf. Table 1) leads to the assumption that at least 4 codominant alleles (Tf Cja, Tf Cjb, Tf Cjc, Tf Cjd) are existent at the autosomal Tf-locus in Callithrix jacchus.", "contents": "[Transferrin findings in Callithrix jacchus Linn\u00e9, 1758 (Primates, Platyrrhina)]. This paper deals with the transferrin (Tf) polymorphism in the South American marmoset Callithrix jacchus. The transferrin bands of this species are positioned in the electropherogramme cathodal to the beta1C-globulin (C 3), s. Fig. 1. By means of the combined agarose gel immuno-electrophoresis 7 distinguishable phenotypes have been detected in 166 animals (s. Fig. 2). The formal genetic analysis of 28 matings with 48 youngs (cf. Table 1) leads to the assumption that at least 4 codominant alleles (Tf Cja, Tf Cjb, Tf Cjc, Tf Cjd) are existent at the autosomal Tf-locus in Callithrix jacchus.", "PMID": 414654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7753", "title": "Familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome). Temporal bone findings and otolaryngological manifestations.", "content": "Familial dysautonomia, or Riley-Day syndrome, is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion and occurs almost exclusively in Jewish families. This disorder is characterized by a smooth tongue devoid of fungiform papillae and of taste buds, and is clinically associated with poor taste discrimination. An unsteady gait and dizziness on change in position are also common presenting symptoms. This study reports the histopathological findings of eight temporal bones from four patients with documented familial dysautonomia. For the control series, 13 normal temporal bones were also studied. The most striking finding in the dysautonomic patients was an extreme paucity of geniculate ganglion cells (P less than 0.001). A statistically significant reduction in the number of neurons was also found both in the superior and in the inferior divisions of the vestibular nerve (P less than 0.001). The paucity of the geniculate ganglion cells correlates well with the impairment of the taste in dysautonomic individuals, since the afferent fibers leaving taste buds of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue run via the chorda tympani and have their cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion. Furthermore, the reduction in the number of Scarpa's ganglion cells observed in the dysautonomic patients studied here could account for a poor response to caloric test, positional vertigo and an unsteady gait in this condition.", "contents": "Familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome). Temporal bone findings and otolaryngological manifestations. Familial dysautonomia, or Riley-Day syndrome, is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion and occurs almost exclusively in Jewish families. This disorder is characterized by a smooth tongue devoid of fungiform papillae and of taste buds, and is clinically associated with poor taste discrimination. An unsteady gait and dizziness on change in position are also common presenting symptoms. This study reports the histopathological findings of eight temporal bones from four patients with documented familial dysautonomia. For the control series, 13 normal temporal bones were also studied. The most striking finding in the dysautonomic patients was an extreme paucity of geniculate ganglion cells (P less than 0.001). A statistically significant reduction in the number of neurons was also found both in the superior and in the inferior divisions of the vestibular nerve (P less than 0.001). The paucity of the geniculate ganglion cells correlates well with the impairment of the taste in dysautonomic individuals, since the afferent fibers leaving taste buds of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue run via the chorda tympani and have their cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion. Furthermore, the reduction in the number of Scarpa's ganglion cells observed in the dysautonomic patients studied here could account for a poor response to caloric test, positional vertigo and an unsteady gait in this condition.", "PMID": 414649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7754", "title": "[The Paderborn calvaria--a diluvial Homo sapiens].", "content": "In the following work a morphognostic and morphometric analysis of a diluvial calvaria from Sande/Paderborn in Westfalia is presented. Besides the above, absolute dating by two methods (Radiocarbon- and Amino-acid-dating) was applied. The morphological comparison shows strong affinities to comparative material from the Upper Pleistocene like Cro-Magnon. The absolute dates support this morphological analysis. Both findings--morphological analysis and absolute dating--were done in separate analyses and will be documented separately in the following article.", "contents": "[The Paderborn calvaria--a diluvial Homo sapiens]. In the following work a morphognostic and morphometric analysis of a diluvial calvaria from Sande/Paderborn in Westfalia is presented. Besides the above, absolute dating by two methods (Radiocarbon- and Amino-acid-dating) was applied. The morphological comparison shows strong affinities to comparative material from the Upper Pleistocene like Cro-Magnon. The absolute dates support this morphological analysis. Both findings--morphological analysis and absolute dating--were done in separate analyses and will be documented separately in the following article.", "PMID": 414655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7755", "title": "Cytologic diagnosis of multiple myeloma and macroglobulinemia in effusions.", "content": "The presence of effusion in association with multiple myeloma or macroglobulinemia is an unusual finding which generally occurs late in the course of the disease. Occasionally, cytoligic detection is a diagnostic problem. In both conditions, the fluid is characrerized by a high specific gravity and high protein content. In myeloma, plasma cells at varying stages of differentiation are present, while in macroglobulinemia atypical lymphocytes and plasma cells resembling those found in the blood and bone marrow are seen. Generally, the diagnosis can be readily made on the basis of clinical features, characteristics of the fluid and cytologic findings. In difficult cases, additional procedures helpful in establishing a definite diagnosis include methyl green pyronine stain, fluid electrophoresis and electron microscopy.", "contents": "Cytologic diagnosis of multiple myeloma and macroglobulinemia in effusions. The presence of effusion in association with multiple myeloma or macroglobulinemia is an unusual finding which generally occurs late in the course of the disease. Occasionally, cytoligic detection is a diagnostic problem. In both conditions, the fluid is characrerized by a high specific gravity and high protein content. In myeloma, plasma cells at varying stages of differentiation are present, while in macroglobulinemia atypical lymphocytes and plasma cells resembling those found in the blood and bone marrow are seen. Generally, the diagnosis can be readily made on the basis of clinical features, characteristics of the fluid and cytologic findings. In difficult cases, additional procedures helpful in establishing a definite diagnosis include methyl green pyronine stain, fluid electrophoresis and electron microscopy.", "PMID": 414650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7756", "title": "Differentiation by electrophoresis and enzymoserology of proteinases, produced by strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis biotypes 1 and 4.", "content": "Electrophoretic and serologic characterization of extracellular proteinases from 111 isolates (80 biotype 1 and 31 biotype 4) of Staphylococcus epidermidis (coagulase negative) of human origin were conducted. Seventy-seven (60 of biotype 1, 17 of biotype 4) of the 111 proteinase-positive isolated of S. epidermidis were classified by serological differentiation of their proteolytic enzymes with known specific antisera. Thirty-two (18 of biotype 1, 14 of biotype 4 (isolates of S. epidermidis produced proteolytic enzymes that did not react with any of the known group antisera and were classified as NR (non-reacting). No classification of the enzymes of two other isolates was possible. The NR proteinase enzymes from the 32 cultures that could not be classified by serological differentiation with the known specific antisera fitted into one of three electrophoretic mobility patterns: NR1, NR2 or NR3. Seventy-eight isolates of S. epidermidis biotype 1 were placed into four proteinase sero-groups; 49 in F, 11 in B, 11 in NR2, and 7 in NR3. Thirty-one isolates of S. epidermidis biotype 4 were placed into one of two groups: 17 in C and 14 in NR. All enzymes tested migrated towards the anode at pH 8.6, and the order of electrophoretic mobility was NR3 greater than F greater than NR2 greater than NR1 greater than B greater than C.", "contents": "Differentiation by electrophoresis and enzymoserology of proteinases, produced by strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis biotypes 1 and 4. Electrophoretic and serologic characterization of extracellular proteinases from 111 isolates (80 biotype 1 and 31 biotype 4) of Staphylococcus epidermidis (coagulase negative) of human origin were conducted. Seventy-seven (60 of biotype 1, 17 of biotype 4) of the 111 proteinase-positive isolated of S. epidermidis were classified by serological differentiation of their proteolytic enzymes with known specific antisera. Thirty-two (18 of biotype 1, 14 of biotype 4 (isolates of S. epidermidis produced proteolytic enzymes that did not react with any of the known group antisera and were classified as NR (non-reacting). No classification of the enzymes of two other isolates was possible. The NR proteinase enzymes from the 32 cultures that could not be classified by serological differentiation with the known specific antisera fitted into one of three electrophoretic mobility patterns: NR1, NR2 or NR3. Seventy-eight isolates of S. epidermidis biotype 1 were placed into four proteinase sero-groups; 49 in F, 11 in B, 11 in NR2, and 7 in NR3. Thirty-one isolates of S. epidermidis biotype 4 were placed into one of two groups: 17 in C and 14 in NR. All enzymes tested migrated towards the anode at pH 8.6, and the order of electrophoretic mobility was NR3 greater than F greater than NR2 greater than NR1 greater than B greater than C.", "PMID": 414651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7757", "title": "[Penicillium chrysogenum mycelial productivity in the 1st phase of penicillin biosynthesis].", "content": "The course of the mycelium low productivity during the first phase of the usual two-stage process of penicillin biosynthesis was studied. It was found that the low productivity of the mycelium at the beginning of the fermentation process was probably associated with catabolic regression of the penicillin-producing system. The high specific growth rate registered in the experiments (0.06-0.08 hours-1) had no negative effect on the mycelium productivity. It was not possible to connect the productivity level with the mycelium age, because young and mature mycelium had the same producitivity levels at any developmental stage under the same conditions.", "contents": "[Penicillium chrysogenum mycelial productivity in the 1st phase of penicillin biosynthesis]. The course of the mycelium low productivity during the first phase of the usual two-stage process of penicillin biosynthesis was studied. It was found that the low productivity of the mycelium at the beginning of the fermentation process was probably associated with catabolic regression of the penicillin-producing system. The high specific growth rate registered in the experiments (0.06-0.08 hours-1) had no negative effect on the mycelium productivity. It was not possible to connect the productivity level with the mycelium age, because young and mature mycelium had the same producitivity levels at any developmental stage under the same conditions.", "PMID": 414656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7758", "title": "[Aeration conditions in the process of tetracycline biosynthesis. The role of organic acids].", "content": "The effect of the aeration conditions on the content of volatile acids in the fermentation broth was studied. It was shown that deterioration of the aeration conditions during the process of biosynthesis in both flasks and 750 1 fermentors resulted in decreased levels of the antibiotic accumulation and was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the concentration of the volatile acids in the culture fluid. Under unfavourable aeration conditions the volatile acids present in the fermentation broth in higher concentrations than under the optimal conditions had no effect. It was shown that the volatile acid concentration may be used as a parameter for the control of the aeration conditions and as an index of normal biosynthetic process.", "contents": "[Aeration conditions in the process of tetracycline biosynthesis. The role of organic acids]. The effect of the aeration conditions on the content of volatile acids in the fermentation broth was studied. It was shown that deterioration of the aeration conditions during the process of biosynthesis in both flasks and 750 1 fermentors resulted in decreased levels of the antibiotic accumulation and was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the concentration of the volatile acids in the culture fluid. Under unfavourable aeration conditions the volatile acids present in the fermentation broth in higher concentrations than under the optimal conditions had no effect. It was shown that the volatile acid concentration may be used as a parameter for the control of the aeration conditions and as an index of normal biosynthetic process.", "PMID": 414657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7759", "title": "A counting method for determining the burst size of defective phages from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The defective phages of Bacillus subtilis cannot be counted by plating as they do not form plaques. In addition, counting under the electron microscope with latex spheres as an internal standard is not possible. The reliability of a method using Escherichia coli phage T4 as a substitute for the latex spheres has been tested and the results compared with those of other methods. Using this method, we determined the burst sizes of the defective phages PBS X, PBS Y and PBS Z under various conditions.", "contents": "A counting method for determining the burst size of defective phages from Bacillus subtilis. The defective phages of Bacillus subtilis cannot be counted by plating as they do not form plaques. In addition, counting under the electron microscope with latex spheres as an internal standard is not possible. The reliability of a method using Escherichia coli phage T4 as a substitute for the latex spheres has been tested and the results compared with those of other methods. Using this method, we determined the burst sizes of the defective phages PBS X, PBS Y and PBS Z under various conditions.", "PMID": 414658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7760", "title": "Rapid enumeration of Fecal Coliforms in water by a colorimetric beta-galactosidase assay.", "content": "The colorimetric beta-galactosidase assay is based upon the enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside (ONPG) by fecal coliforms. This technique provides an estimate of the fecal coliform concentration within 8 to 20 h. A 100-ml portion of test sample was passed through a 0.45 micrometer membrane filter. This filter was then incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 h in EC medium followed by the addition of filter-sterilized ONPG. The incubation was continued at 44.5 degrees C until a half-maximum absorbance (at 420 nm) was reached. The time between the start of incubation and the half-maximum absorbance was proportional to the concentration of fecal coliforms present. Escherichia coli (K-12) was used to measure the kinetics of substrate hydrolysis and the response time of different cell concentrations. High cell densities produced an immediate response, whereas 1 cell/ml will produce a response in less than 20 h. In field studies in which samples were taken from a range of grossly polluted streams to relatively clean lake water, a linear correlation between ONPG hydrolysis times and fecal coliform most-probable-number values was established. A total of 302 isolates randomly selected from positive ONPG-EC media, which were derived from 11 different habitats, were identified as E. coli (96.69 percent), Enterobacter cloacae (2.32 percent), Klebsiella pneumoniae (0.66 percent), and Citrobacter freundii (0.33 percent).", "contents": "Rapid enumeration of Fecal Coliforms in water by a colorimetric beta-galactosidase assay. The colorimetric beta-galactosidase assay is based upon the enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside (ONPG) by fecal coliforms. This technique provides an estimate of the fecal coliform concentration within 8 to 20 h. A 100-ml portion of test sample was passed through a 0.45 micrometer membrane filter. This filter was then incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 h in EC medium followed by the addition of filter-sterilized ONPG. The incubation was continued at 44.5 degrees C until a half-maximum absorbance (at 420 nm) was reached. The time between the start of incubation and the half-maximum absorbance was proportional to the concentration of fecal coliforms present. Escherichia coli (K-12) was used to measure the kinetics of substrate hydrolysis and the response time of different cell concentrations. High cell densities produced an immediate response, whereas 1 cell/ml will produce a response in less than 20 h. In field studies in which samples were taken from a range of grossly polluted streams to relatively clean lake water, a linear correlation between ONPG hydrolysis times and fecal coliform most-probable-number values was established. A total of 302 isolates randomly selected from positive ONPG-EC media, which were derived from 11 different habitats, were identified as E. coli (96.69 percent), Enterobacter cloacae (2.32 percent), Klebsiella pneumoniae (0.66 percent), and Citrobacter freundii (0.33 percent).", "PMID": 414659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7761", "title": "Plasma insulin and surgery. II. Later changes and the effect of intravenous carbohydrates.", "content": "Long-term hyperinsulinemia and improved glucose tolerance were produced postoperatively by intravenous feeding with glucose or sorbitol. Raised immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) values persisted eight hours after carbohydrate infusions although the basal plasma glucose concentrations had returned to control values. Plasma glucose curves were normal at this time but were associated with an increased IRI response. These findings suggest that insulin secretion is modified by glucose not only in the short term but also by a separate effect acting over many hours. The combination of starvation and low dose glucose infusion to simulate the hyperglycemia of operation also produced high IRI values but these were associated with a rapid fall in the plasma glucose curve. Starvation alone reduced basal values of plasma glucose and IRI, and the IRI response to glucose infusion was also reduced, despite the plasma glucose curve being at a higher level. It is suggested that the high values of IRI reported in the postoperative period are mediated by a long-term effect of the small but sustained rise in basal plasma glucose. This specific role of glucose in the long-term potentiation of insulin secretion make it the carbohydrate of choice for the intravenous feeding in postoperative patients.", "contents": "Plasma insulin and surgery. II. Later changes and the effect of intravenous carbohydrates. Long-term hyperinsulinemia and improved glucose tolerance were produced postoperatively by intravenous feeding with glucose or sorbitol. Raised immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) values persisted eight hours after carbohydrate infusions although the basal plasma glucose concentrations had returned to control values. Plasma glucose curves were normal at this time but were associated with an increased IRI response. These findings suggest that insulin secretion is modified by glucose not only in the short term but also by a separate effect acting over many hours. The combination of starvation and low dose glucose infusion to simulate the hyperglycemia of operation also produced high IRI values but these were associated with a rapid fall in the plasma glucose curve. Starvation alone reduced basal values of plasma glucose and IRI, and the IRI response to glucose infusion was also reduced, despite the plasma glucose curve being at a higher level. It is suggested that the high values of IRI reported in the postoperative period are mediated by a long-term effect of the small but sustained rise in basal plasma glucose. This specific role of glucose in the long-term potentiation of insulin secretion make it the carbohydrate of choice for the intravenous feeding in postoperative patients.", "PMID": 414664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7762", "title": "Ethanol effects on active and passive Na+ flux in toad bladder.", "content": "Ethanol, like other anesthetics, has been reported to interfere with active Na+ transport in living membranes. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which ethanol exerts this action, we tested in the toad bladder membrane: 1) the effect of ethanol on active Na+ transport, 2) the interaction of ethanol with vasopressin on Na+ transport, and 3) the effect of ethanol on passive Na+ flux. We found that, a) 1-500 microgram/ml of ethanol stimulated, and 10,000 microgram/ml depressed active Na+ transport; b) the combined effect of stimulating concentrations of ethanol and vasopressin, although suggestive of a positive interaction, might have arisen by chance (p = 0.08); c) depressant concentrations of ethanol failed to suppress the stimulation by vasopressin; and d) passive Na+ flux in bladders treated with ouabain and ethacrynic acid was not affected by ethanol (1-100 microgram/ml). These results indicate that ethanol in concentrations ranging from 1 to 10,000 microgram/ml does not block ATP/ATPase Na+ pump but apparently exerts a dose-dependent, stimulant-depressant effect on Na+ channels in the membrane.", "contents": "Ethanol effects on active and passive Na+ flux in toad bladder. Ethanol, like other anesthetics, has been reported to interfere with active Na+ transport in living membranes. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which ethanol exerts this action, we tested in the toad bladder membrane: 1) the effect of ethanol on active Na+ transport, 2) the interaction of ethanol with vasopressin on Na+ transport, and 3) the effect of ethanol on passive Na+ flux. We found that, a) 1-500 microgram/ml of ethanol stimulated, and 10,000 microgram/ml depressed active Na+ transport; b) the combined effect of stimulating concentrations of ethanol and vasopressin, although suggestive of a positive interaction, might have arisen by chance (p = 0.08); c) depressant concentrations of ethanol failed to suppress the stimulation by vasopressin; and d) passive Na+ flux in bladders treated with ouabain and ethacrynic acid was not affected by ethanol (1-100 microgram/ml). These results indicate that ethanol in concentrations ranging from 1 to 10,000 microgram/ml does not block ATP/ATPase Na+ pump but apparently exerts a dose-dependent, stimulant-depressant effect on Na+ channels in the membrane.", "PMID": 414665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7763", "title": "Species differences in the metabolism of hycanthone.", "content": "The rate of excretion of labelled hycanthone has been determined in bile and urine from three strains of rats (Sprague-Dawley, hooded and Gunn), and from dogs, cats, rabbits and monkeys. Bile was the major route of excretion in all species; the half-life for excretion of total radioactivity ranged from 1.6 to 3.0 hours. Relatively little of the radioactivity was found in the urine, except in the monkey and notably in the cat. Most of the radioactivity in the bile and urine was found in conjugated form, or as polar metabolites; cat urine, however contained a high percentage of hycanthone and less polar metabolites. Some fifteen metabolites have been seen in bile, and/or urine, and nine from in vitro incubations with microsomal preparations. Five of these, including hycanthone, have been chemically characterized, and two others tentatively identified.", "contents": "Species differences in the metabolism of hycanthone. The rate of excretion of labelled hycanthone has been determined in bile and urine from three strains of rats (Sprague-Dawley, hooded and Gunn), and from dogs, cats, rabbits and monkeys. Bile was the major route of excretion in all species; the half-life for excretion of total radioactivity ranged from 1.6 to 3.0 hours. Relatively little of the radioactivity was found in the urine, except in the monkey and notably in the cat. Most of the radioactivity in the bile and urine was found in conjugated form, or as polar metabolites; cat urine, however contained a high percentage of hycanthone and less polar metabolites. Some fifteen metabolites have been seen in bile, and/or urine, and nine from in vitro incubations with microsomal preparations. Five of these, including hycanthone, have been chemically characterized, and two others tentatively identified.", "PMID": 414666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7764", "title": "Pharmacodynamic study of a pyrophtalone: [methyl-2 (piperidino-2 ethyl-1)-1 dihydro 1-4 pyridylidene-4 yl]-2 indanedione 1-3. II. Mechanism of action.", "content": "The anti-inflammatory activity of the pyrophtalone derivative, [methyl-2 (piperidino-2 ethyl-1)-1 dihydro 1-4 pyridylidene-4 yl]-2 indanedione 1-3 or PpEtgammaL is not dependent upon adrenal gland stimulation. PpEtgammaL has an inhibitory effect neither on prostaglandin release after biosynthesis nor on prostaglandin synthetase. The reduced prostaglandin production, as result of drug action can be explained by impairment of substrate availability for this enzyme. There are several hypotheses, but according to the present results of our work, the most plausible one is an inhibition of unsaturated fatty acids release from cell membrane lipids.", "contents": "Pharmacodynamic study of a pyrophtalone: [methyl-2 (piperidino-2 ethyl-1)-1 dihydro 1-4 pyridylidene-4 yl]-2 indanedione 1-3. II. Mechanism of action. The anti-inflammatory activity of the pyrophtalone derivative, [methyl-2 (piperidino-2 ethyl-1)-1 dihydro 1-4 pyridylidene-4 yl]-2 indanedione 1-3 or PpEtgammaL is not dependent upon adrenal gland stimulation. PpEtgammaL has an inhibitory effect neither on prostaglandin release after biosynthesis nor on prostaglandin synthetase. The reduced prostaglandin production, as result of drug action can be explained by impairment of substrate availability for this enzyme. There are several hypotheses, but according to the present results of our work, the most plausible one is an inhibition of unsaturated fatty acids release from cell membrane lipids.", "PMID": 414667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7765", "title": "[Presence of antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis in a sample of the normal population. Preliminary note].", "content": "The Authors refer the first results of a serologic investigation on the presence of antibodies for N. meningitidis in a normal population. The 36.70% and the 59.55% of positivity for N. meningitidis of serogroup A and B respectively are investigated.", "contents": "[Presence of antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis in a sample of the normal population. Preliminary note]. The Authors refer the first results of a serologic investigation on the presence of antibodies for N. meningitidis in a normal population. The 36.70% and the 59.55% of positivity for N. meningitidis of serogroup A and B respectively are investigated.", "PMID": 414663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7766", "title": "[Stenosis of the trunk of the left coronary artery. Contribution of coronary arteriography and hemodynamic correlations. Apropos of 34 cases].", "content": "From a study of 34 cases, the authors have tried to define the characteristic features of this very specialised type of coronary artery disease. From the clinical standpoint, if the common combination of uncontrolled angina and a past history of myocardial infarction are taken as representative, the basal ECG can in no way differentiate the diagnosis; on the other hand tests on the bicycle ergometer appear to have a good indicative value. Coronary arteriography shows the sharply isolated character of the stenosis of the trunk which is part of the picture of diffuse coronary disease, and the frequency (2 cases out of 3) of total coronary occlusion. The haemodynamic findings are even more variable and unpredictable, and bear no relationship to the degree of trunk stenosis, to the index of the lesion, and to the number of occlusions. However, joint analysis of the index of the lesion and of the degree to which the coronary circulation is compensated or de-compensated allows a better interpretation of the haemodynamic picture.", "contents": "[Stenosis of the trunk of the left coronary artery. Contribution of coronary arteriography and hemodynamic correlations. Apropos of 34 cases]. From a study of 34 cases, the authors have tried to define the characteristic features of this very specialised type of coronary artery disease. From the clinical standpoint, if the common combination of uncontrolled angina and a past history of myocardial infarction are taken as representative, the basal ECG can in no way differentiate the diagnosis; on the other hand tests on the bicycle ergometer appear to have a good indicative value. Coronary arteriography shows the sharply isolated character of the stenosis of the trunk which is part of the picture of diffuse coronary disease, and the frequency (2 cases out of 3) of total coronary occlusion. The haemodynamic findings are even more variable and unpredictable, and bear no relationship to the degree of trunk stenosis, to the index of the lesion, and to the number of occlusions. However, joint analysis of the index of the lesion and of the degree to which the coronary circulation is compensated or de-compensated allows a better interpretation of the haemodynamic picture.", "PMID": 414668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7767", "title": "[Are stenoses of the common trunk of the left coronary artery at the root of unstable angina?].", "content": "In a series of 200 cases of unstable angina who have had coronary arteriography carried out, a stenosis of more than 60% of the trunk of the left coronary artery was noted in 40 cases (20%). This sinister site of arteriosclerosis may be suspected in patients presenting with long-standing angina (mean for the group 44 months), an angina which has recently become worse, one which is not responding rapidly to rest and beta-blockers, and in particular one where there has been a previous infarction (50% of cases). Coronary arteriography shows that the lesions were more diffuse and more severe in the group with stenosis of the main trunk. Surgical prognosis becomes worse (31% mortality) because of the risk of vascular complications. Treatment by large doses of Propranolol improves the classically gloomy prognosis of these patients when treated medically.", "contents": "[Are stenoses of the common trunk of the left coronary artery at the root of unstable angina?]. In a series of 200 cases of unstable angina who have had coronary arteriography carried out, a stenosis of more than 60% of the trunk of the left coronary artery was noted in 40 cases (20%). This sinister site of arteriosclerosis may be suspected in patients presenting with long-standing angina (mean for the group 44 months), an angina which has recently become worse, one which is not responding rapidly to rest and beta-blockers, and in particular one where there has been a previous infarction (50% of cases). Coronary arteriography shows that the lesions were more diffuse and more severe in the group with stenosis of the main trunk. Surgical prognosis becomes worse (31% mortality) because of the risk of vascular complications. Treatment by large doses of Propranolol improves the classically gloomy prognosis of these patients when treated medically.", "PMID": 414669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7768", "title": "[Isolated primary dissection of the right coronary artery].", "content": "A 59 year old female had unstable angina threatening infarction, together with Prinzmetal's syndrome in the postero-diaphragmatic area, and a transient second degree atrio-ventricular block. Selective arteriography revealed complete dissection, as an isolated and primary finding, in the right coronary artery. Operation consisted of dividing the coronary artery at the superior limit of the dissection, of suturing together the separated layers of the artery, and finally an end-to-end aorto-coronary bypass. The patient is living without any functional symptoms 15 months after the initial episode, but a follow-up arteriogram showed that separation of the two layers of the dissection was persisting. This condition has caused rapid or sudden death in 47 of the 51 reported cases, often occurring in females at the beginning of pregnancy. This mortality rate justifies early operation as soon as the diagnosis is made by coronary arteriography.", "contents": "[Isolated primary dissection of the right coronary artery]. A 59 year old female had unstable angina threatening infarction, together with Prinzmetal's syndrome in the postero-diaphragmatic area, and a transient second degree atrio-ventricular block. Selective arteriography revealed complete dissection, as an isolated and primary finding, in the right coronary artery. Operation consisted of dividing the coronary artery at the superior limit of the dissection, of suturing together the separated layers of the artery, and finally an end-to-end aorto-coronary bypass. The patient is living without any functional symptoms 15 months after the initial episode, but a follow-up arteriogram showed that separation of the two layers of the dissection was persisting. This condition has caused rapid or sudden death in 47 of the 51 reported cases, often occurring in females at the beginning of pregnancy. This mortality rate justifies early operation as soon as the diagnosis is made by coronary arteriography.", "PMID": 414670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7769", "title": "[Closed-heart mitral commissurotomy. Twenty years after].", "content": "In order to find out the long-term results of mitral valvotomy as a closed heart operation, the authors investigated the fate of patients who underwent surgery twenty years ago. In 1955, 148 mitral valvotomies by the closed technique were carried out in the Cardiovascular Department of the Broussais Hospital under the direction of Professor F. D'Allaines. There were 15 operative deaths (10 p. 100) and 12 late deaths of non-cardiac origin; only 55 of the patients could be traced for follow-up. After 20 years, 24 of them had still a good or moderate result, and 34 had a bad result. A study of the various characteristic features of the heart defect before operation, and of the operative findings, has allowed us to determine a certain number of factors which presage good immediate and long-term results. The authors have concluded that, if these factors are present, mitral valvotomy as a close technique, with its advantages of simplicity and economy, remains a perfectly valid operation.", "contents": "[Closed-heart mitral commissurotomy. Twenty years after]. In order to find out the long-term results of mitral valvotomy as a closed heart operation, the authors investigated the fate of patients who underwent surgery twenty years ago. In 1955, 148 mitral valvotomies by the closed technique were carried out in the Cardiovascular Department of the Broussais Hospital under the direction of Professor F. D'Allaines. There were 15 operative deaths (10 p. 100) and 12 late deaths of non-cardiac origin; only 55 of the patients could be traced for follow-up. After 20 years, 24 of them had still a good or moderate result, and 34 had a bad result. A study of the various characteristic features of the heart defect before operation, and of the operative findings, has allowed us to determine a certain number of factors which presage good immediate and long-term results. The authors have concluded that, if these factors are present, mitral valvotomy as a close technique, with its advantages of simplicity and economy, remains a perfectly valid operation.", "PMID": 414671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7770", "title": "[Auricular fibrillation with ventricular tachycardia. Surgical section of a left lateral bundle of Kent].", "content": "The authors report the case of a man of 22 years, with no previous cardiac history, in whom a Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was discovered during the course of this first episode of atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 300-350/mn; investigation (vecto-cardiogram, intra-cavitory ECG) showed the presence of a short circuit of the Kent type, with a high permeability, and localised in the left lateral position; this was confirmed by pericardial cartography. After the surgical division of the accessory pathway, the electrical phenomenon of pre-excitation disappeared. The current possibilities of operating on cases of a Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome justify carrying out a scrupulous electrophysiological study of each case, so that any accessory pathway can be precisely localised, and its refractory period determined; thus a pathway of preexcitation localised in the left lateral position, and having a short refractory period leading to a high ventricular rate under atrial fibrillation conditions, constitutes an indication for operation which may be urgent.", "contents": "[Auricular fibrillation with ventricular tachycardia. Surgical section of a left lateral bundle of Kent]. The authors report the case of a man of 22 years, with no previous cardiac history, in whom a Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was discovered during the course of this first episode of atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 300-350/mn; investigation (vecto-cardiogram, intra-cavitory ECG) showed the presence of a short circuit of the Kent type, with a high permeability, and localised in the left lateral position; this was confirmed by pericardial cartography. After the surgical division of the accessory pathway, the electrical phenomenon of pre-excitation disappeared. The current possibilities of operating on cases of a Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome justify carrying out a scrupulous electrophysiological study of each case, so that any accessory pathway can be precisely localised, and its refractory period determined; thus a pathway of preexcitation localised in the left lateral position, and having a short refractory period leading to a high ventricular rate under atrial fibrillation conditions, constitutes an indication for operation which may be urgent.", "PMID": 414674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7771", "title": "[Long term results of surgical treatment for aneurysms of the abdominal aorta].", "content": "A series of 100 consecutive patients operated on for an abdominal aortic aneurysm, whether cold or as emergency, but excluding those cases with circulatory collapse, has enabled us to define the post-operative prognosis after a follow-up of a maximum of ten years. The operative mortality of 12% was due essentially to coronary and renal complications. All of the survivors, except one, were available for review. Five years after the operation 64% were still alive, and the figure was 46% at eight years. These figures confirm the indication for systematic surgical treatment as soon as an aneurysm is discovered, unless any of the contra-indications which are discussed are present. The best method of following up small aneurysms (with a diameter of less than 6 cms) discovered in elderly subjects would be by echotomography.", "contents": "[Long term results of surgical treatment for aneurysms of the abdominal aorta]. A series of 100 consecutive patients operated on for an abdominal aortic aneurysm, whether cold or as emergency, but excluding those cases with circulatory collapse, has enabled us to define the post-operative prognosis after a follow-up of a maximum of ten years. The operative mortality of 12% was due essentially to coronary and renal complications. All of the survivors, except one, were available for review. Five years after the operation 64% were still alive, and the figure was 46% at eight years. These figures confirm the indication for systematic surgical treatment as soon as an aneurysm is discovered, unless any of the contra-indications which are discussed are present. The best method of following up small aneurysms (with a diameter of less than 6 cms) discovered in elderly subjects would be by echotomography.", "PMID": 414676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7772", "title": "[Multinodular hepatic angioma: a rare cause of neonatal asystole. A case and review of the literature].", "content": "The clinical findings in a case with a diffuse multinodular type of angioma of the liver are reported. The clinical picture was typical: the appearance after the first week of a severe congestive failure mimicking a congenital heart disorder, of the left to right shunt type, with gross hepatomegaly of the \"vascular\" type with a systolo-diastolic murmur, but with no cutaneous evidence of angioma. The very severe prognosis during the first months of life of patients with this malformation, as illustrated by the 58 deaths out of the 78 cases reported in the literature, indicated ligature of the hepatic artery before the age of one month. The satisfactory outcome (with a nine months follow-up) for this case, as for the three other operated cases in the literature, leads us to conclude that this operation is indicated after a detailed arteriographic examination has been made, and provided that the other anatomical conditions are favourable.", "contents": "[Multinodular hepatic angioma: a rare cause of neonatal asystole. A case and review of the literature]. The clinical findings in a case with a diffuse multinodular type of angioma of the liver are reported. The clinical picture was typical: the appearance after the first week of a severe congestive failure mimicking a congenital heart disorder, of the left to right shunt type, with gross hepatomegaly of the \"vascular\" type with a systolo-diastolic murmur, but with no cutaneous evidence of angioma. The very severe prognosis during the first months of life of patients with this malformation, as illustrated by the 58 deaths out of the 78 cases reported in the literature, indicated ligature of the hepatic artery before the age of one month. The satisfactory outcome (with a nine months follow-up) for this case, as for the three other operated cases in the literature, leads us to conclude that this operation is indicated after a detailed arteriographic examination has been made, and provided that the other anatomical conditions are favourable.", "PMID": 414677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7773", "title": "[Cardiac involvement in a lupus syndrome. Clinical and morphological study apropos of one case necessiting a double valve replacement].", "content": "A patient with disseminated lupus erythematosus developed mitral and aortic valve disease, requiring double valve replacement. The ultra-structure of the lesions of the endo- and myocardium are described, and their significance discussed.", "contents": "[Cardiac involvement in a lupus syndrome. Clinical and morphological study apropos of one case necessiting a double valve replacement]. A patient with disseminated lupus erythematosus developed mitral and aortic valve disease, requiring double valve replacement. The ultra-structure of the lesions of the endo- and myocardium are described, and their significance discussed.", "PMID": 414678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7774", "title": "[Reversible \"experimental\" human arterial hypertension after fortuitous ligation of an isolated polar renal artery of aortic origin].", "content": "During the course of an aorto-femoral bypass in a normotensive young man, an inferior polar artery arising low on the aorta, and supplying the right kidney, was ligated. The limited ischaemia (demonstrated by later arteriography) of the parenchyma at the pole of the kidney was responsible, during the following weeks, for severe hypertension with a raised level of circulating plasma renin, but one that was rapidly treatable. This finding, which was fortuitous but could be ranked as \"experimental\", demonstrates the important role of abnormal polar arteries and of the renal parenchyma in human arterial hypertension. Such may, for example, be the underlying disorder in cases of hypertension after the transplantation of a kidney with an \"uncontrolled\" polar artery arising from the aorta, for the so-called \"pyelonephritic\" hypertension in pregnant patients caused by defective blood supply in an inter-pyramidal artery and corresponding subcortical infarction of the kidney, and for curing hypertension in the adult when isolated polar arteries arising from the aorta and stenosed at their point of origin are reimplanted into the main renal artery.", "contents": "[Reversible \"experimental\" human arterial hypertension after fortuitous ligation of an isolated polar renal artery of aortic origin]. During the course of an aorto-femoral bypass in a normotensive young man, an inferior polar artery arising low on the aorta, and supplying the right kidney, was ligated. The limited ischaemia (demonstrated by later arteriography) of the parenchyma at the pole of the kidney was responsible, during the following weeks, for severe hypertension with a raised level of circulating plasma renin, but one that was rapidly treatable. This finding, which was fortuitous but could be ranked as \"experimental\", demonstrates the important role of abnormal polar arteries and of the renal parenchyma in human arterial hypertension. Such may, for example, be the underlying disorder in cases of hypertension after the transplantation of a kidney with an \"uncontrolled\" polar artery arising from the aorta, for the so-called \"pyelonephritic\" hypertension in pregnant patients caused by defective blood supply in an inter-pyramidal artery and corresponding subcortical infarction of the kidney, and for curing hypertension in the adult when isolated polar arteries arising from the aorta and stenosed at their point of origin are reimplanted into the main renal artery.", "PMID": 414679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7775", "title": "[Massive mitral insufficiency due to spontaneous and isolated rupture of a posterior papillary muscle. Echocardiographic study, treatment by assisted circulation and prosthetic valve replacement].", "content": "The authors report a case of a patient of 72 years of age in whom the sudden onset of severe left ventricular failure led to the discovery of massive mitral incompetence. The diagnosis of rupture of the posterior papillary muscle of the mitral valve, which was suggested on clinical and echocardiographic grounds, was confirmed at operation. This was carried out after 72 hours of assisted circulation by counter-pressure, and consisted of a replacement by a prosthetic valve. The authors emphasise, in the light of this case, the importance of echocardiography by ultrasound in the early diagnosis of this type of acute mitral incompetence, clarify the signs, and emphasise the part played by assisted circulation with an intra-aortic balloon in the treatment of this condition.", "contents": "[Massive mitral insufficiency due to spontaneous and isolated rupture of a posterior papillary muscle. Echocardiographic study, treatment by assisted circulation and prosthetic valve replacement]. The authors report a case of a patient of 72 years of age in whom the sudden onset of severe left ventricular failure led to the discovery of massive mitral incompetence. The diagnosis of rupture of the posterior papillary muscle of the mitral valve, which was suggested on clinical and echocardiographic grounds, was confirmed at operation. This was carried out after 72 hours of assisted circulation by counter-pressure, and consisted of a replacement by a prosthetic valve. The authors emphasise, in the light of this case, the importance of echocardiography by ultrasound in the early diagnosis of this type of acute mitral incompetence, clarify the signs, and emphasise the part played by assisted circulation with an intra-aortic balloon in the treatment of this condition.", "PMID": 414680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7776", "title": "[Endocarditis due to staphylococcus aureus during cardiomyopathy].", "content": "In a patient suffering from obstructive cardiomyopathy (IHSS), the onset of septicaemia due to staphylococus aureus was accompanied: 1. by the appearance of massive mitral incompetence and of cardiac failure; 2. by a marked reduction in the left intra-ventricular pressure gradient; 3. by acute reversible renal failure (interstitial nephritis); 4. by a glomerulonephritis with immune complexes deposits. After the septicaemia had been treated, replacement of the mitral valve by a disc prosthesis of Lillehei was carried out. Twenty months after the operation, the patient was completely asymptomatic, and catheterisation showed that the left intra-venticular pressure gradient had disappeared, as had the haemodynamic signs of cardiac failure.", "contents": "[Endocarditis due to staphylococcus aureus during cardiomyopathy]. In a patient suffering from obstructive cardiomyopathy (IHSS), the onset of septicaemia due to staphylococus aureus was accompanied: 1. by the appearance of massive mitral incompetence and of cardiac failure; 2. by a marked reduction in the left intra-ventricular pressure gradient; 3. by acute reversible renal failure (interstitial nephritis); 4. by a glomerulonephritis with immune complexes deposits. After the septicaemia had been treated, replacement of the mitral valve by a disc prosthesis of Lillehei was carried out. Twenty months after the operation, the patient was completely asymptomatic, and catheterisation showed that the left intra-venticular pressure gradient had disappeared, as had the haemodynamic signs of cardiac failure.", "PMID": 414681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7777", "title": "Photooxidation reactions of diphenylcarbazide and their DCMU-sensitivity in thylakoids of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria chalybea.", "content": "Thylakoids of Oscillatoria chalybea are able to split water. The Hill reaction of these thylakoids is sensitive to DCMU. Diphenylcarbazide can substitute for water as the electron donor to photosystem II with these fully functioning thylakoids. However, the diphenylcarbazide photooxidation is completely insensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-N'-dimethyl urea (DCMU) at high diphenylcarbazide concentrations. In with Tris-treated Oscillatoria thylakoids the water splitting capacity is lost and diphenylcarbazide restores electron transport through photosystem II as occurs with higher plant chloroplasts. However, also these photoreactions are insensitive to DCMU. If diphenylcarbazide acts in Oscillatoria as an electron donor to photosystem II the result suggests that diphenylcarbazide feeds in its electrons behind the DCMU inhibition site. This in turn indicates that in Oscillatoria the site of inhibition of DCMU is on the donor side of photosystem II.", "contents": "Photooxidation reactions of diphenylcarbazide and their DCMU-sensitivity in thylakoids of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria chalybea. Thylakoids of Oscillatoria chalybea are able to split water. The Hill reaction of these thylakoids is sensitive to DCMU. Diphenylcarbazide can substitute for water as the electron donor to photosystem II with these fully functioning thylakoids. However, the diphenylcarbazide photooxidation is completely insensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-N'-dimethyl urea (DCMU) at high diphenylcarbazide concentrations. In with Tris-treated Oscillatoria thylakoids the water splitting capacity is lost and diphenylcarbazide restores electron transport through photosystem II as occurs with higher plant chloroplasts. However, also these photoreactions are insensitive to DCMU. If diphenylcarbazide acts in Oscillatoria as an electron donor to photosystem II the result suggests that diphenylcarbazide feeds in its electrons behind the DCMU inhibition site. This in turn indicates that in Oscillatoria the site of inhibition of DCMU is on the donor side of photosystem II.", "PMID": 414682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7778", "title": "Utilization of benzylpenicillin as carbon, nitrogen and energy source by a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain.", "content": "A bacterium which utilizes benzylpenicillin as carbon, nitrogen and energy source was isolated from a lake sediment. The organism was identified as a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens with a GC content of 59.71 Mol%. After growth of the organism on a mineral salts medium containing benzylpenicillin, the derivatives benzylpenicilloic acid, benzylpenilloic acid and benzylpenicillenic acid were found in culture media. There was no indication that the phenylacetate side chain of benzylpenicillin is decomposed. In uninoculated culture media benzylpenicillin, benzylpenicilloic acid and benzylpenicillenic acid were demonstrable. The following compounds were found to be absent from inoculated or uninoculated culture fluids: D-penicillamine, L-valine, L-cysteine, benzylpenillic acid and 6-aminopenicillanic acid. The organism possesses penicillinase. Penicillin acylase was not demonstrable. The reaction product of penicillinase, benzylpenicilloic acid, supports only little growth. There is no growth on 6-aminopenicillanic acid with or without NH4Cl. Relatively little growth occurs on 6-aminopenicillanic acid in the presence of phenylacetic acid. The data indicate that the nucleus of the benzylpenicillin molecule is utilized as carbon, nitrogen and energy source. During growth a part of the substrate is destroyed into scarcely usable benzylpenicilloic acid; hereby the antibiotic is detoxified.", "contents": "Utilization of benzylpenicillin as carbon, nitrogen and energy source by a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain. A bacterium which utilizes benzylpenicillin as carbon, nitrogen and energy source was isolated from a lake sediment. The organism was identified as a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens with a GC content of 59.71 Mol%. After growth of the organism on a mineral salts medium containing benzylpenicillin, the derivatives benzylpenicilloic acid, benzylpenilloic acid and benzylpenicillenic acid were found in culture media. There was no indication that the phenylacetate side chain of benzylpenicillin is decomposed. In uninoculated culture media benzylpenicillin, benzylpenicilloic acid and benzylpenicillenic acid were demonstrable. The following compounds were found to be absent from inoculated or uninoculated culture fluids: D-penicillamine, L-valine, L-cysteine, benzylpenillic acid and 6-aminopenicillanic acid. The organism possesses penicillinase. Penicillin acylase was not demonstrable. The reaction product of penicillinase, benzylpenicilloic acid, supports only little growth. There is no growth on 6-aminopenicillanic acid with or without NH4Cl. Relatively little growth occurs on 6-aminopenicillanic acid in the presence of phenylacetic acid. The data indicate that the nucleus of the benzylpenicillin molecule is utilized as carbon, nitrogen and energy source. During growth a part of the substrate is destroyed into scarcely usable benzylpenicilloic acid; hereby the antibiotic is detoxified.", "PMID": 414683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7779", "title": "Hydrogen metabolism in the facultative anoxygenic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Oscillatoria limnetica and Aphanothece halophytica.", "content": "Two facultative anoxygenic photoautotrophic cyanobacteria, Oscillatoria limnetica and Aphanothece halophytica were found capable of CO2 photoassimilation using molecular hydrogen as electron donor in a photosystem I driven reaction. A. halophytica was also capable of evolving hydrogen from Na-dithionite reduced methylviologen in a light independent reaction.", "contents": "Hydrogen metabolism in the facultative anoxygenic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Oscillatoria limnetica and Aphanothece halophytica. Two facultative anoxygenic photoautotrophic cyanobacteria, Oscillatoria limnetica and Aphanothece halophytica were found capable of CO2 photoassimilation using molecular hydrogen as electron donor in a photosystem I driven reaction. A. halophytica was also capable of evolving hydrogen from Na-dithionite reduced methylviologen in a light independent reaction.", "PMID": 414684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7780", "title": "A comparison of electron transport and photophosphorylation systems of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata and Rhodospirillum rubrum. Effects of antimycin A and dibromothymoquinone.", "content": "The photophosphorylation systems of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata and Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores have been compared in respect to the effects of artificial electron carriers [N-methylphenazonium methosulfate (PMS) and diaminodurene], reducing agents (ascorbate in particular), and various quinones in the absence and presence of the electron transport inhibitors antimycin A and dibromothymoquinone (DBMIB). In addition, the effects of both inhibitors on photosynthetic electron transport through cytochromes b and c has been followed. From the results obtained, it appears that in both organisms: a) ubiquinone functions as an electron carrier between the cytochromes, and b) both antimycin A and DBMIB inhibit cyclic electron flow in the segment...cytochrome b leads to ubiquinone leads to cytochrome c..., but at different sites. The systems apparently differ mainly in respect to the nature of the electron flow by-pass \"shunt\" that is evoked in the presence of PMS; thus, in R. rubrum, PMS catalyzes a shunt that by-passes both cytochrome b and ubiquinone, whereas in Rps. capsulata the PMS shunt seems to circumvent only ubiquinone.", "contents": "A comparison of electron transport and photophosphorylation systems of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata and Rhodospirillum rubrum. Effects of antimycin A and dibromothymoquinone. The photophosphorylation systems of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata and Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores have been compared in respect to the effects of artificial electron carriers [N-methylphenazonium methosulfate (PMS) and diaminodurene], reducing agents (ascorbate in particular), and various quinones in the absence and presence of the electron transport inhibitors antimycin A and dibromothymoquinone (DBMIB). In addition, the effects of both inhibitors on photosynthetic electron transport through cytochromes b and c has been followed. From the results obtained, it appears that in both organisms: a) ubiquinone functions as an electron carrier between the cytochromes, and b) both antimycin A and DBMIB inhibit cyclic electron flow in the segment...cytochrome b leads to ubiquinone leads to cytochrome c..., but at different sites. The systems apparently differ mainly in respect to the nature of the electron flow by-pass \"shunt\" that is evoked in the presence of PMS; thus, in R. rubrum, PMS catalyzes a shunt that by-passes both cytochrome b and ubiquinone, whereas in Rps. capsulata the PMS shunt seems to circumvent only ubiquinone.", "PMID": 414685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7781", "title": "Dimethyl sulfoxide as an electron acceptor for anaerobic growth.", "content": "The isolation from lake mud of a bacterium which can use dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an electron acceptor for growth is described. The isolate, called strain DL-1, was a small, gram negative, non-motile spiral. The sole product of DMSO reduction was dimethyl sulfide (DMS). Other electron acceptors used by the isolate included sulfite, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, methionine sulfoxide, tetramethylene sulfoxide, nitrate, and oxygen (microaerophilically). Sulfate was not reduced and could not even be assimilated. Lactate or succinate could serve as electron donors, with acetate as the main product. Hydrogen could be used as an electron donor if acetate was present in the medium as a carbon source. The organism has a c-type cytochrome, and most likely uses electron transport phosphorylation during DMSO reduction. Cultures of Desulfovibrio sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris were tested for growth using DMSO as an electron acceptor, and only the Proteus strain grew. Both Proteus and strain DL-1 are versatile at coupling reductions with energy generation. There is a marked resemblance between strain DL-1 and the recently described sulfur-reducing spirillum of Wolfe and Pfennig.", "contents": "Dimethyl sulfoxide as an electron acceptor for anaerobic growth. The isolation from lake mud of a bacterium which can use dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an electron acceptor for growth is described. The isolate, called strain DL-1, was a small, gram negative, non-motile spiral. The sole product of DMSO reduction was dimethyl sulfide (DMS). Other electron acceptors used by the isolate included sulfite, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, methionine sulfoxide, tetramethylene sulfoxide, nitrate, and oxygen (microaerophilically). Sulfate was not reduced and could not even be assimilated. Lactate or succinate could serve as electron donors, with acetate as the main product. Hydrogen could be used as an electron donor if acetate was present in the medium as a carbon source. The organism has a c-type cytochrome, and most likely uses electron transport phosphorylation during DMSO reduction. Cultures of Desulfovibrio sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris were tested for growth using DMSO as an electron acceptor, and only the Proteus strain grew. Both Proteus and strain DL-1 are versatile at coupling reductions with energy generation. There is a marked resemblance between strain DL-1 and the recently described sulfur-reducing spirillum of Wolfe and Pfennig.", "PMID": 414686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7782", "title": "Myxobacterial slime and proteolytic activity.", "content": "An extracellular protein-polysaccharide-lipide (PPL) complex from exponentially growing cultures of Myxococcus virescens was purified by phosphate precipitation and gel chromatography. The high molecular weight slime polymer appeared homogenous upon isoelectric focusing. The PPL complex exhibited proteolytic activity against gelatin and the activity was only partly reduced by heat treatment. The function of the slime polymer as protein denatured was studied. The complex formed micelles similar to anionic detergents and it inhibited the precipitation and coagulation of proteins by trichloroacetic acid. Lysozyme was totally inactivated when treated with the PPL complex. By gel chromatography binding studies, the PPL complex was found to bind lysozyme in the ratio of 1 to 5.8 (w/w). After separation of added protein from the complex the anticoagulation effect on the protein remained. The biological function of the PPL complex was demonstrated with hemoglobin. When all susceptible peptide bonds in PPL-treated hemoglobin were hydrolyzed by trypsin only 20% in the urea-denatured protein were attacked. The combined role of slime and proteolytic activity is discussed.", "contents": "Myxobacterial slime and proteolytic activity. An extracellular protein-polysaccharide-lipide (PPL) complex from exponentially growing cultures of Myxococcus virescens was purified by phosphate precipitation and gel chromatography. The high molecular weight slime polymer appeared homogenous upon isoelectric focusing. The PPL complex exhibited proteolytic activity against gelatin and the activity was only partly reduced by heat treatment. The function of the slime polymer as protein denatured was studied. The complex formed micelles similar to anionic detergents and it inhibited the precipitation and coagulation of proteins by trichloroacetic acid. Lysozyme was totally inactivated when treated with the PPL complex. By gel chromatography binding studies, the PPL complex was found to bind lysozyme in the ratio of 1 to 5.8 (w/w). After separation of added protein from the complex the anticoagulation effect on the protein remained. The biological function of the PPL complex was demonstrated with hemoglobin. When all susceptible peptide bonds in PPL-treated hemoglobin were hydrolyzed by trypsin only 20% in the urea-denatured protein were attacked. The combined role of slime and proteolytic activity is discussed.", "PMID": 414687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7783", "title": "Mutagenicity and chromosomal aberrations as an analytical tool for in vitro detection of mammalian enzyme-mediated formation of reactive metabolites.", "content": "1. Incubation of trichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethylene, vinylchloride, tetra-chlorocyclopentadiene, the nitroso derivatives of the pesticides Carbaryl, Prometryn, and Dodin in the presence of metabolically active mouse liver microsomes and bacteria as target cells were mutagenic, whereas tetrachloroethylene, 1,2 cis- and transdichloroethylene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, carbontetrachloride, chloroform, halothane, trichlorofluoromethane and styrene were not activated to mutagenic species. 2. In a similar in vitro test system using freshly isolated human lymphocytes as target cells dimethylnitrosamine induced chromosomal aberrations. 3. It is concluded from the experiments that submammalian or mammalian in vitro cell systems with metabolically active liver microsomes are not only suitable to screen for chemical mutagens but to demonstrate formation of reactive intermediates, which are short lived and cannot be detected by chemical procedure.", "contents": "Mutagenicity and chromosomal aberrations as an analytical tool for in vitro detection of mammalian enzyme-mediated formation of reactive metabolites. 1. Incubation of trichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethylene, vinylchloride, tetra-chlorocyclopentadiene, the nitroso derivatives of the pesticides Carbaryl, Prometryn, and Dodin in the presence of metabolically active mouse liver microsomes and bacteria as target cells were mutagenic, whereas tetrachloroethylene, 1,2 cis- and transdichloroethylene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, carbontetrachloride, chloroform, halothane, trichlorofluoromethane and styrene were not activated to mutagenic species. 2. In a similar in vitro test system using freshly isolated human lymphocytes as target cells dimethylnitrosamine induced chromosomal aberrations. 3. It is concluded from the experiments that submammalian or mammalian in vitro cell systems with metabolically active liver microsomes are not only suitable to screen for chemical mutagens but to demonstrate formation of reactive intermediates, which are short lived and cannot be detected by chemical procedure.", "PMID": 414695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7784", "title": "Dual role of glucuronyl- and sulfotransferases converting xenobiotics into reactive or biologically inactive and easily excretable compounds.", "content": "Glucuronyl- and sulfotransferases inactivate a wide variety of hazardous compounds, for example, phenols and dihydrodiols generated during the metabolism of polycyclic hydrocarbons. Our understanding of the firmly membrane-bound glucuronyltransferase is complicated because of their marked activation by membrane perturbants in vitro. Membrane perturbation also occurs in vivo, for example in liver injury caused by CCl4. Moreover, glucuronyltransferases are inducible by xenobiotics. Phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene probably stimulate separate glucuronyltransferases. Sulfotransferases, located in the cytoplasm, often compete with glucuronyltransferases for the same substrates. The generation of 'active sulfate' (PAPS) from cysteine is more likely to be depleted in vivo than the formation of UDP-glucuronic acid generated from carbohydrates. Hence the proportion of sulfate ester/glucuronide may fall with increasing dose of the substrate. Sulfate esters and glucuronides of certain N-hydroxy-arylamines (N-hydroxy-N-acetylaminofluorene, N-hydroxy-phenacetin) are more reactive than the parent compound and bind covalently to cell constituents. Of the two conjugates, sulfate esters are more reactive and thereby more toxic than the corresponding glucuronides. Glucuronides may become toxic in the kidney and bladder where they are highly concentrated.", "contents": "Dual role of glucuronyl- and sulfotransferases converting xenobiotics into reactive or biologically inactive and easily excretable compounds. Glucuronyl- and sulfotransferases inactivate a wide variety of hazardous compounds, for example, phenols and dihydrodiols generated during the metabolism of polycyclic hydrocarbons. Our understanding of the firmly membrane-bound glucuronyltransferase is complicated because of their marked activation by membrane perturbants in vitro. Membrane perturbation also occurs in vivo, for example in liver injury caused by CCl4. Moreover, glucuronyltransferases are inducible by xenobiotics. Phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene probably stimulate separate glucuronyltransferases. Sulfotransferases, located in the cytoplasm, often compete with glucuronyltransferases for the same substrates. The generation of 'active sulfate' (PAPS) from cysteine is more likely to be depleted in vivo than the formation of UDP-glucuronic acid generated from carbohydrates. Hence the proportion of sulfate ester/glucuronide may fall with increasing dose of the substrate. Sulfate esters and glucuronides of certain N-hydroxy-arylamines (N-hydroxy-N-acetylaminofluorene, N-hydroxy-phenacetin) are more reactive than the parent compound and bind covalently to cell constituents. Of the two conjugates, sulfate esters are more reactive and thereby more toxic than the corresponding glucuronides. Glucuronides may become toxic in the kidney and bladder where they are highly concentrated.", "PMID": 414696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7785", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the dynamics of experimental pyocyaneus pneumonia in the presence of severe burn injury].", "content": "Under conditions of a severe burn trauma the experimental P. aeruginosa pneumonia is accompanied by marked destructive changes of all the elements of the hemato-aerial barrier and its increased permeability. At the same time, because of sharp inhibition of the intracellular lysis of bacteria in all elements of the pulmonary reticuloendothelial system, a long-term retention of the pathogenic microflora in the pulmonary tissue is observed. The combination of these factors results in microflora invasion of the blood channel of the lungs, and in this way the lungs acquire an important role as additional portals of entry of infection in severe burn trauma.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the dynamics of experimental pyocyaneus pneumonia in the presence of severe burn injury]. Under conditions of a severe burn trauma the experimental P. aeruginosa pneumonia is accompanied by marked destructive changes of all the elements of the hemato-aerial barrier and its increased permeability. At the same time, because of sharp inhibition of the intracellular lysis of bacteria in all elements of the pulmonary reticuloendothelial system, a long-term retention of the pathogenic microflora in the pulmonary tissue is observed. The combination of these factors results in microflora invasion of the blood channel of the lungs, and in this way the lungs acquire an important role as additional portals of entry of infection in severe burn trauma.", "PMID": 414698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7786", "title": "Topical tobramycin therapy of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis: an evaluation of some factors that potentially enhance efficacy.", "content": "We evaluated several therapeutic modifications in an attempt to improve efficacy of topical therapy with tobramycin of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis in guinea pigs. Removal of corneal epithelium enhanced efficacy of topical therapy with 0.3 mg/ml and 3 mg/ml tobramycin sulfate but did not influence therapy with 40 mg/ml or 400 mg/ml tobramycin. The highest concentration of antibiotic was the most effective; 7 of 12 infected corneas treated with 400 mg/ml tobramycin were sterile in 48 hours. Therapy begun soon after the infection was established, when there were relatively few organisms present, was more effective than therapy begun later, when there were many more bacteria in the cornea. Our results are consistent with a basic therapeutic concept. The most effective regimen is one that achieves the highest safe concentration of antibiotic at the site of infection as early in the course of infection as possible.", "contents": "Topical tobramycin therapy of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis: an evaluation of some factors that potentially enhance efficacy. We evaluated several therapeutic modifications in an attempt to improve efficacy of topical therapy with tobramycin of experimental Pseudomonas keratitis in guinea pigs. Removal of corneal epithelium enhanced efficacy of topical therapy with 0.3 mg/ml and 3 mg/ml tobramycin sulfate but did not influence therapy with 40 mg/ml or 400 mg/ml tobramycin. The highest concentration of antibiotic was the most effective; 7 of 12 infected corneas treated with 400 mg/ml tobramycin were sterile in 48 hours. Therapy begun soon after the infection was established, when there were relatively few organisms present, was more effective than therapy begun later, when there were many more bacteria in the cornea. Our results are consistent with a basic therapeutic concept. The most effective regimen is one that achieves the highest safe concentration of antibiotic at the site of infection as early in the course of infection as possible.", "PMID": 414702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7787", "title": "Corticosteroid in experimentally induced Pseudomonas keratitis: failure of prednisolone to impair the efficacy of tobramycin and carbenicillin therapy.", "content": "The effect of prednisolone on tobramycin and carbenicillin therapy for experimentally induced Pseudomonas keratitis was evaluated. Results were assessed quantitatively by determining the number of bacteria that survived in the cornea. Simultaneous administration of prednisolone did not adversely alter results of treatment with carbenicillin or tobramycin. In another trial, pretreatment with prednisolone for 48 hours before antibiotic therapy was begun did not change significantly the results of therapy with intramuscular tobramycin or carbenicillin. We conclude that corticosteroid therapy does not affect adversely results of antibiotic therapy with tobramycin or carbenicillin in this experimental model.", "contents": "Corticosteroid in experimentally induced Pseudomonas keratitis: failure of prednisolone to impair the efficacy of tobramycin and carbenicillin therapy. The effect of prednisolone on tobramycin and carbenicillin therapy for experimentally induced Pseudomonas keratitis was evaluated. Results were assessed quantitatively by determining the number of bacteria that survived in the cornea. Simultaneous administration of prednisolone did not adversely alter results of treatment with carbenicillin or tobramycin. In another trial, pretreatment with prednisolone for 48 hours before antibiotic therapy was begun did not change significantly the results of therapy with intramuscular tobramycin or carbenicillin. We conclude that corticosteroid therapy does not affect adversely results of antibiotic therapy with tobramycin or carbenicillin in this experimental model.", "PMID": 414703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7788", "title": "Diphtheria corneal ulcers.", "content": "An adult with cutaneous diphtheria was admitted with bilateral purulent conjunctivitis and a perforated eye with most of the cornea absent due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae. At the time of admission of grayish patch of corneal epithelium was noted in the other eye, and in the next 24 hours there developed a large corneal perforation with dissolution of much of the cornea. Involvement of the external eye in diphtheria is rare but it is usually associated with cutaneous forms of the disease. Cutaneous diphtheria has been prominent in several recent outbreaks in the United States. Prompt recognition, early antibiotic treatment, and neutralization of the toxin with antitoxin are required for successful therapy.", "contents": "Diphtheria corneal ulcers. An adult with cutaneous diphtheria was admitted with bilateral purulent conjunctivitis and a perforated eye with most of the cornea absent due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae. At the time of admission of grayish patch of corneal epithelium was noted in the other eye, and in the next 24 hours there developed a large corneal perforation with dissolution of much of the cornea. Involvement of the external eye in diphtheria is rare but it is usually associated with cutaneous forms of the disease. Cutaneous diphtheria has been prominent in several recent outbreaks in the United States. Prompt recognition, early antibiotic treatment, and neutralization of the toxin with antitoxin are required for successful therapy.", "PMID": 414704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7789", "title": "Optokinetic nystagmus and vestibular stimulation in squirrel monkey model.", "content": "Simultaneous application of the rotatory stimulus with a constant angular acceleration (1 degree/sec2) did not clearly improve the optokinetic pursuing ability in squirrel monkeys, even though the directions of vestibular and visual stimuli matched. When the directions of vestibular stimulus and visual stimulus conflicted, the optokinetic pursuing ability markedly declined regardless of the stimulus magnitude. The inter-individual difference was large in that situation. For the vestibular-visual coordination, the active head movement condition is considered to be natural and important as a biological function.", "contents": "Optokinetic nystagmus and vestibular stimulation in squirrel monkey model. Simultaneous application of the rotatory stimulus with a constant angular acceleration (1 degree/sec2) did not clearly improve the optokinetic pursuing ability in squirrel monkeys, even though the directions of vestibular and visual stimuli matched. When the directions of vestibular stimulus and visual stimulus conflicted, the optokinetic pursuing ability markedly declined regardless of the stimulus magnitude. The inter-individual difference was large in that situation. For the vestibular-visual coordination, the active head movement condition is considered to be natural and important as a biological function.", "PMID": 414705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7790", "title": "Diverticulum hypopharyngis lateralis with a record of one case.", "content": "A case of lateral hypopharyngeal diverticula is reported. This type of diverticula is comparatively rare. The diagnosis can be made clinically and confirmed by x-ray examination and hypopharyngoscopy. A pharyngocoele is of differential importance as this may be present in many patients during Valsalva, but does not indicate treatment. The reported case is most probably caused by a development defect in the third branchial cleft.", "contents": "Diverticulum hypopharyngis lateralis with a record of one case. A case of lateral hypopharyngeal diverticula is reported. This type of diverticula is comparatively rare. The diagnosis can be made clinically and confirmed by x-ray examination and hypopharyngoscopy. A pharyngocoele is of differential importance as this may be present in many patients during Valsalva, but does not indicate treatment. The reported case is most probably caused by a development defect in the third branchial cleft.", "PMID": 414706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7791", "title": "Apparent fusion of the TOL plasmid with the R91 drug resistance plasmid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The TOL catabolic plasmid was shown to be compatible with the R91 drug resistance plasmid. However, the TOL plasmid was extremely unstable in mutant PA03 of P. aeruginosa. By selecting for stabilization of the TOL plasmid in PA03 harbouring R91, it was possible to isolate a strain in which markers from both R91 and TOL appeared to exist in a single recombinant plasmid. This plasmid, pND3, encoded resistance to carbenicillin, was able to transfer at the same frequency as the R91 plasmid and encoded the ability to grow on m-toluate, p-toluate, m-xylene, p-xylene and toluene. In addition, it was shown to be incompatible with the NAH catabolic plasmid and it could be transferred by transduction. The TOL plasmid could stabilize in PA03 harbouring R91 without fusion with R91, and could stabilize in PA03 in the absence of R91. PA03 harbouring either the recombinant plasmid or the stable TOL plasmid in the absence of R91 could promote bacterial chromosome transfer between mutant derivatives of P. aeruginosa strain PA0.", "contents": "Apparent fusion of the TOL plasmid with the R91 drug resistance plasmid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The TOL catabolic plasmid was shown to be compatible with the R91 drug resistance plasmid. However, the TOL plasmid was extremely unstable in mutant PA03 of P. aeruginosa. By selecting for stabilization of the TOL plasmid in PA03 harbouring R91, it was possible to isolate a strain in which markers from both R91 and TOL appeared to exist in a single recombinant plasmid. This plasmid, pND3, encoded resistance to carbenicillin, was able to transfer at the same frequency as the R91 plasmid and encoded the ability to grow on m-toluate, p-toluate, m-xylene, p-xylene and toluene. In addition, it was shown to be incompatible with the NAH catabolic plasmid and it could be transferred by transduction. The TOL plasmid could stabilize in PA03 harbouring R91 without fusion with R91, and could stabilize in PA03 in the absence of R91. PA03 harbouring either the recombinant plasmid or the stable TOL plasmid in the absence of R91 could promote bacterial chromosome transfer between mutant derivatives of P. aeruginosa strain PA0.", "PMID": 414707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7792", "title": "Chemotactic activity of L-forms and mycoplasma.", "content": "L-forms of Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis showed significantly less chemotactic activity for normal human leucocytes than did parent bacterial forms which were strongly chemotactic. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma hominis did not demonstrate chemotactic activity.", "contents": "Chemotactic activity of L-forms and mycoplasma. L-forms of Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis showed significantly less chemotactic activity for normal human leucocytes than did parent bacterial forms which were strongly chemotactic. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma hominis did not demonstrate chemotactic activity.", "PMID": 414709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7793", "title": "Rat lung hyper-reactivity to stress.", "content": "Rats have been used frequently as a model for determining the pulmonary response to various stressful situations. It has been shown in the literature that rat lungs are remarkably sensitive to factors which result in the development of gross pulmonary injury, such as stress from exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. Similarly, a high degree of pulmonary reactivity was found in rats after administration of various CNS, convulsants and also exposure to mechanical vibration. The present study was confined to a determination of the gross pulmonary response of rats exposed to mechanical CNS traumatization compared to that of 10 other laboratory species. The frequency and severity of pulmonary injury from CNS traumatization, as indicated by lung weight/body weight ratios and gross appearance, was very striking in the traumatized rats, but we found little or no change in cats, dogs, rabbits and guinea pigs, in Rhesus, squirrel, vervet, and cynomolgus monkeys or in baboons and chimpanzees. Previous studies showed that the gross pulmonary injury from this mechanical head injury in rats, as well as from hyperbaric oxygen exposure, vibration, and CNS convulsants, was ameliorated by the prior administration of various sympathetic blocking agents. The results from the present comparative study tend to suggest that rat lungs are hyper-reactive to this stress.", "contents": "Rat lung hyper-reactivity to stress. Rats have been used frequently as a model for determining the pulmonary response to various stressful situations. It has been shown in the literature that rat lungs are remarkably sensitive to factors which result in the development of gross pulmonary injury, such as stress from exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. Similarly, a high degree of pulmonary reactivity was found in rats after administration of various CNS, convulsants and also exposure to mechanical vibration. The present study was confined to a determination of the gross pulmonary response of rats exposed to mechanical CNS traumatization compared to that of 10 other laboratory species. The frequency and severity of pulmonary injury from CNS traumatization, as indicated by lung weight/body weight ratios and gross appearance, was very striking in the traumatized rats, but we found little or no change in cats, dogs, rabbits and guinea pigs, in Rhesus, squirrel, vervet, and cynomolgus monkeys or in baboons and chimpanzees. Previous studies showed that the gross pulmonary injury from this mechanical head injury in rats, as well as from hyperbaric oxygen exposure, vibration, and CNS convulsants, was ameliorated by the prior administration of various sympathetic blocking agents. The results from the present comparative study tend to suggest that rat lungs are hyper-reactive to this stress.", "PMID": 414726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7794", "title": "Application of a fluid-filled spherical sandwich shell as a biodynamic head injury model for primates.", "content": "In this paper, two areas are investigated: first, the effect of pulse duration on skull fracture and brain injury and, second, under what conditions a scaling can be considered between subhuman primates and human. The skull is modeled as a spherical sandwich shell representing the general structure of the skull bones as being the compact inner and outer tables separated by a porous diplo\u00eb layer. The brain and surrounding cerebrospinal fluid are modeled as an acoustic fluid with properties similar to those of water. The fluid-shell system is subjected to a local axisymmetric and arbitrary time-dependent external pulse and the transient response of the system is determined by numerical methods. The effect of pulse duration is investigated by choosing the pulse as the Heaviside function. Pulses with short duration are found to be less damaging as far as skull fracture and brain injury are concerned. Human head impact tolerance curves are obtained. For the second part of the investigation, a more realistic pulse containing both exponential and sine components is chosen to study the responses of the models of the human head and four species of primates. The numerical results are obtained for the same magnitude of the pulse as well as for equal magnitudes of initial acceleration after impact.", "contents": "Application of a fluid-filled spherical sandwich shell as a biodynamic head injury model for primates. In this paper, two areas are investigated: first, the effect of pulse duration on skull fracture and brain injury and, second, under what conditions a scaling can be considered between subhuman primates and human. The skull is modeled as a spherical sandwich shell representing the general structure of the skull bones as being the compact inner and outer tables separated by a porous diplo\u00eb layer. The brain and surrounding cerebrospinal fluid are modeled as an acoustic fluid with properties similar to those of water. The fluid-shell system is subjected to a local axisymmetric and arbitrary time-dependent external pulse and the transient response of the system is determined by numerical methods. The effect of pulse duration is investigated by choosing the pulse as the Heaviside function. Pulses with short duration are found to be less damaging as far as skull fracture and brain injury are concerned. Human head impact tolerance curves are obtained. For the second part of the investigation, a more realistic pulse containing both exponential and sine components is chosen to study the responses of the models of the human head and four species of primates. The numerical results are obtained for the same magnitude of the pulse as well as for equal magnitudes of initial acceleration after impact.", "PMID": 414727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7795", "title": "Empirical model of intracranial pressure and head motion resulting from a vibrating seated rhesus.", "content": "A series of experiments was designed to measure the head X and Z accelerations and the intracranial pressure in the unrestrained head of a rhesus monkey. The subject was exposed to a continuum of vibration frequencies from 2 to 35 Hz and peak acceleration amplitudes of 5, 10, 20, and 40 m/s2. The resulting data was used to build a frequency response model relating the head accelerations and pressures to the torso acceleration. The head-to-torso relationships, based upon a single subject, were both repeatable and invariant for torso acceleration amplitudes of 10, 20, and 40 m/s2. At frequencies above the 10Hz, the model strongly suggested the presence of linear system, and the inherent advantages of superposition. The model demonstrates the validity of the experimental method, involving a slow sweep through a range of frequencies, and of the analysis procedures used. More importantly, it promises to be a useful approach to the study of human response to vibration.", "contents": "Empirical model of intracranial pressure and head motion resulting from a vibrating seated rhesus. A series of experiments was designed to measure the head X and Z accelerations and the intracranial pressure in the unrestrained head of a rhesus monkey. The subject was exposed to a continuum of vibration frequencies from 2 to 35 Hz and peak acceleration amplitudes of 5, 10, 20, and 40 m/s2. The resulting data was used to build a frequency response model relating the head accelerations and pressures to the torso acceleration. The head-to-torso relationships, based upon a single subject, were both repeatable and invariant for torso acceleration amplitudes of 10, 20, and 40 m/s2. At frequencies above the 10Hz, the model strongly suggested the presence of linear system, and the inherent advantages of superposition. The model demonstrates the validity of the experimental method, involving a slow sweep through a range of frequencies, and of the analysis procedures used. More importantly, it promises to be a useful approach to the study of human response to vibration.", "PMID": 414728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7796", "title": "Inter- and intrapopulational variation in digging in Drosophila melanagaster larvae.", "content": "The digging behavior of larvae from the following strains of Drosophila melanogaster was studied: Oregon R-c, taxi, yellow, and vestigial. It was found that the time of stay of preadults in the culture medium, the number of larvae, and the illumination conditions can modify this behavior. The presence of this characteristic depends on the genetic composition of the population: the larvae of each strain used exhibited their own particular pattern of dispersal throughout the culture medium, independent of the experimental conditions under which this behavior was surveyed.", "contents": "Inter- and intrapopulational variation in digging in Drosophila melanagaster larvae. The digging behavior of larvae from the following strains of Drosophila melanogaster was studied: Oregon R-c, taxi, yellow, and vestigial. It was found that the time of stay of preadults in the culture medium, the number of larvae, and the illumination conditions can modify this behavior. The presence of this characteristic depends on the genetic composition of the population: the larvae of each strain used exhibited their own particular pattern of dispersal throughout the culture medium, independent of the experimental conditions under which this behavior was surveyed.", "PMID": 414731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7797", "title": "Phototactic and geotactic behavior of countercurrent defective mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Ten behavioral mutations, originally isolated in the countercurrent fractionation device, were tested in phototaxis and geotaxis mazes. While none of the mutations caused an altered ERG, they all caused photomaze behavior to differ from that seen in Canton-S controls. Eight of the mutants showed altered geotactic behavior. There was no correlation between the kind of change in phototactic behavior and the geomaze behavior of a given mutant. Certain mutations cause flies to be more photopositive and more geonegative than Canton-S; others result in behavior that is photo- and geopositive. The results suggest that certain mutations may be affecting visual components other than the ERG while other mutations may be more centrally or generally acting.", "contents": "Phototactic and geotactic behavior of countercurrent defective mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Ten behavioral mutations, originally isolated in the countercurrent fractionation device, were tested in phototaxis and geotaxis mazes. While none of the mutations caused an altered ERG, they all caused photomaze behavior to differ from that seen in Canton-S controls. Eight of the mutants showed altered geotactic behavior. There was no correlation between the kind of change in phototactic behavior and the geomaze behavior of a given mutant. Certain mutations cause flies to be more photopositive and more geonegative than Canton-S; others result in behavior that is photo- and geopositive. The results suggest that certain mutations may be affecting visual components other than the ERG while other mutations may be more centrally or generally acting.", "PMID": 414732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7798", "title": "Genotypic differences in larval olfactory discrimination in two Drosophila melanogaster strains.", "content": "Wild-type (+B) and compound chromosome mutant (bB) Drosophila melanogaster larvae were tested in a U-maze. Fresh Drosophila food or food and larvae were placed in each of the two goals (+B only in goal 1, bB in goal2) and served as stimulus. Separate trials were conducted using +B and bB larvae to test for preference in the maze. Significantly more test larvae went to the arm of the maze containing their own strain as stimulus when (1) both goals contained larvae, (2) one goal contained homogenetic larvae and the other fresh food only, and (3) the goals contained biotic residues of stimulus larvae. The strength of the stimulus necessary to elicit the response differed for the two strains, the +B strain apparently being more sensitive. As the density of the stimulus larvae was increased, the choices of the test larvae became statistically nonsignificant and the number of larvae remaining in the starting arm of the maze increased. The data suggested that the strains of larvae utilized here have the capacity for olfactory discrimination.", "contents": "Genotypic differences in larval olfactory discrimination in two Drosophila melanogaster strains. Wild-type (+B) and compound chromosome mutant (bB) Drosophila melanogaster larvae were tested in a U-maze. Fresh Drosophila food or food and larvae were placed in each of the two goals (+B only in goal 1, bB in goal2) and served as stimulus. Separate trials were conducted using +B and bB larvae to test for preference in the maze. Significantly more test larvae went to the arm of the maze containing their own strain as stimulus when (1) both goals contained larvae, (2) one goal contained homogenetic larvae and the other fresh food only, and (3) the goals contained biotic residues of stimulus larvae. The strength of the stimulus necessary to elicit the response differed for the two strains, the +B strain apparently being more sensitive. As the density of the stimulus larvae was increased, the choices of the test larvae became statistically nonsignificant and the number of larvae remaining in the starting arm of the maze increased. The data suggested that the strains of larvae utilized here have the capacity for olfactory discrimination.", "PMID": 414733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7799", "title": "Developmental patterns of 3-hydroxykynurenine accumulation in white and various other eye color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Several points of biochemical similarity between white and scarlet mutants suggest that both are defective in the transport of xanthommatin precursors. In both, accumulation of 3-hydroxykynurenine is negligible during larval life and occurs at only a slow rate during adult development. Larvae of both mutants also excrete 3H-3-hydroxykynurenine and 3H-kynurenine rapidly, which probably accounts for the normal levels of kynurenine during larval life. 3-Hydroxykynurenine levels are abnormal in all white mutants which were studied, although in two alleles which are strongly pigmented (w(sat) and w(col)) accumulation is enhanced rather than diminished. In w(a), larval accumulation is normal but accumulation during adult development is greatly diminished, suggesting that this mutation has a tissue-specific effect. Similar levels were found in zeste females. Of the 11 other eye color mutants tested, abnormal levels of 3-hydroxykynurenine were found in eight. In four of these (claret, light, lightoid, and pink), larval accumulation is negligible, suggesting that these have defects in the kynurenine transport system like scarlet and white. In three others, however (brown, karmoisin, and rosy), accumulation during larval life is enhanced. In cardinal accumulation is normal during larval life but is excessive during adult development. This evidence supports the suggestion that the cd mutation blocks the final step of xanthommatin synthesis.", "contents": "Developmental patterns of 3-hydroxykynurenine accumulation in white and various other eye color mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Several points of biochemical similarity between white and scarlet mutants suggest that both are defective in the transport of xanthommatin precursors. In both, accumulation of 3-hydroxykynurenine is negligible during larval life and occurs at only a slow rate during adult development. Larvae of both mutants also excrete 3H-3-hydroxykynurenine and 3H-kynurenine rapidly, which probably accounts for the normal levels of kynurenine during larval life. 3-Hydroxykynurenine levels are abnormal in all white mutants which were studied, although in two alleles which are strongly pigmented (w(sat) and w(col)) accumulation is enhanced rather than diminished. In w(a), larval accumulation is normal but accumulation during adult development is greatly diminished, suggesting that this mutation has a tissue-specific effect. Similar levels were found in zeste females. Of the 11 other eye color mutants tested, abnormal levels of 3-hydroxykynurenine were found in eight. In four of these (claret, light, lightoid, and pink), larval accumulation is negligible, suggesting that these have defects in the kynurenine transport system like scarlet and white. In three others, however (brown, karmoisin, and rosy), accumulation during larval life is enhanced. In cardinal accumulation is normal during larval life but is excessive during adult development. This evidence supports the suggestion that the cd mutation blocks the final step of xanthommatin synthesis.", "PMID": 414739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7800", "title": "Genetic linkage studies of the human glycosphingolipid beta-galactosidases.", "content": "The genetic linkage relationships of the human glycosphingolipid beta-galactosidases were determined using human--mouse somatic cell hybrids. A new method was devised for the estimation of human galactosylceramide, lactosylceramide, and GMI-ganglioside beta-galactosidase activities in the presence of their mouse counterparts, which takes advantage of the reproducible specific activity of lysosomal hydrolases under a given set of culture conditions and is based on differences in both pH optima and sensitivity to chloride ion. Human and mouse chromosomes were identified by their characteristic banding patterns obtained after quinacrine staining, and the optimum glycolipid beta-galactosidase activity was determined for three different substrates. A ratio was defined for each activity which was the specific activity at the human pH optimum divided by the specific activity at the mouse pH optimum. Linear regression analysis was used to test for concordant segregation between pH ratios for each enzyme and the frequency of occurrence of different human chromosomes in the man--mouse somatic hybrid clones. The results obtained from two independent series of hybrid clones indicated that human beta-galactosidase activities consistently segregated with human chromosome 12 in these somatic cell hybrids.", "contents": "Genetic linkage studies of the human glycosphingolipid beta-galactosidases. The genetic linkage relationships of the human glycosphingolipid beta-galactosidases were determined using human--mouse somatic cell hybrids. A new method was devised for the estimation of human galactosylceramide, lactosylceramide, and GMI-ganglioside beta-galactosidase activities in the presence of their mouse counterparts, which takes advantage of the reproducible specific activity of lysosomal hydrolases under a given set of culture conditions and is based on differences in both pH optima and sensitivity to chloride ion. Human and mouse chromosomes were identified by their characteristic banding patterns obtained after quinacrine staining, and the optimum glycolipid beta-galactosidase activity was determined for three different substrates. A ratio was defined for each activity which was the specific activity at the human pH optimum divided by the specific activity at the mouse pH optimum. Linear regression analysis was used to test for concordant segregation between pH ratios for each enzyme and the frequency of occurrence of different human chromosomes in the man--mouse somatic hybrid clones. The results obtained from two independent series of hybrid clones indicated that human beta-galactosidase activities consistently segregated with human chromosome 12 in these somatic cell hybrids.", "PMID": 414740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7801", "title": "Conjugated and unconjugated bilirubins in bile of humans and rhesus monkeys. Structure of adult human and rhesus-monkey bilirubins compared with dog bilirubins.", "content": "1. Bilirubin-IXalpha, -IXalpha diglucuronide, -IXalpha monoglucuronide, -IXalpha monoglucoside -IXalpha monoxyloside, a bilirubin-IXalpha diconjugate containing glucose and another unknown compound, and bilirubin-IXbeta are present in gall-bladder bile of adult human, rhesus monkey and dog. Dog bile normally also contains other bilirubin-IXalpha diconjugates, i.e. compounds containing two conjugating sugars such as glucuronic acid and glucose, glucuronic acid and xylose and glucose xylose. 2. Azopigments alphaF, alphaO, alpha2, alpha3, betax and delta derived from human and rhesus-monkey bilirubins are identical in their chemical composition with those obtained from the dog. 3. Azopigments alphaF and betax found in diazotized biles of adult humans, rhesus monkeys and dogs are products of unconjugated bilirubin-IXbeta. 4. Technical modifications of previously published procedures [Heirwegh, Fevery, Michiels, Van Hees & Compernolle, (1975) Biochem. J. 145, 185-199] were introduced which make it possible to separate the bilirubins, diazotize the separated bilirubins, extract the azopigments and chromatograph them in one working day (6-8h).", "contents": "Conjugated and unconjugated bilirubins in bile of humans and rhesus monkeys. Structure of adult human and rhesus-monkey bilirubins compared with dog bilirubins. 1. Bilirubin-IXalpha, -IXalpha diglucuronide, -IXalpha monoglucuronide, -IXalpha monoglucoside -IXalpha monoxyloside, a bilirubin-IXalpha diconjugate containing glucose and another unknown compound, and bilirubin-IXbeta are present in gall-bladder bile of adult human, rhesus monkey and dog. Dog bile normally also contains other bilirubin-IXalpha diconjugates, i.e. compounds containing two conjugating sugars such as glucuronic acid and glucose, glucuronic acid and xylose and glucose xylose. 2. Azopigments alphaF, alphaO, alpha2, alpha3, betax and delta derived from human and rhesus-monkey bilirubins are identical in their chemical composition with those obtained from the dog. 3. Azopigments alphaF and betax found in diazotized biles of adult humans, rhesus monkeys and dogs are products of unconjugated bilirubin-IXbeta. 4. Technical modifications of previously published procedures [Heirwegh, Fevery, Michiels, Van Hees & Compernolle, (1975) Biochem. J. 145, 185-199] were introduced which make it possible to separate the bilirubins, diazotize the separated bilirubins, extract the azopigments and chromatograph them in one working day (6-8h).", "PMID": 414741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7802", "title": "Human plasma uridine diphosphate galactose-glycoprotein galactosyltransfertase. Purification, properties and kinetics of the enzyme-catalysed reaction.", "content": "The soluble galactosyltransferase of human plasma catalysed the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to high- and low-molecular-weight derivatives of N-acetylglucosamine, forming a beta-1-4 linkage. The enzyme was purified by using (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and affinity chromatography on an alpha-lactalbumin-Sepharose column. The galactosyltransferase was maximally bound to this column in the presence of N-acetylglucosamine, and the enzyme was eluted by omitting the amino sugar from the developing buffer. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 85000 by gel filtration. The assay conditions for optimum enzymic activity was 30 degrees C and pH7.5. Mn2+ ion was found to be an absolute requirement for transferase activity. The Km for Mn2+ was 0.4 mM and that for the substrate, UDP-galactose, was 0.024 mM. The Km for the acceptors was 0.21 mM for alpha1-acid glycoprotein and 3.9 mM for N-acetylglucosamine. In the presence of alpha-lactalbumin, glucose became a good acceptor for the enzyme and had a Km value of 2.9 mM. Results of the kinetic study indicated that the free enzyme reacts with Mn2+ under conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium, and the other substrates are added sequentially.", "contents": "Human plasma uridine diphosphate galactose-glycoprotein galactosyltransfertase. Purification, properties and kinetics of the enzyme-catalysed reaction. The soluble galactosyltransferase of human plasma catalysed the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to high- and low-molecular-weight derivatives of N-acetylglucosamine, forming a beta-1-4 linkage. The enzyme was purified by using (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and affinity chromatography on an alpha-lactalbumin-Sepharose column. The galactosyltransferase was maximally bound to this column in the presence of N-acetylglucosamine, and the enzyme was eluted by omitting the amino sugar from the developing buffer. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 85000 by gel filtration. The assay conditions for optimum enzymic activity was 30 degrees C and pH7.5. Mn2+ ion was found to be an absolute requirement for transferase activity. The Km for Mn2+ was 0.4 mM and that for the substrate, UDP-galactose, was 0.024 mM. The Km for the acceptors was 0.21 mM for alpha1-acid glycoprotein and 3.9 mM for N-acetylglucosamine. In the presence of alpha-lactalbumin, glucose became a good acceptor for the enzyme and had a Km value of 2.9 mM. Results of the kinetic study indicated that the free enzyme reacts with Mn2+ under conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium, and the other substrates are added sequentially.", "PMID": 414742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7803", "title": "Partial purification and properties of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from rabbit erythrocytes.", "content": "1. The partial purification of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from rabbit erythrocytes is described. 2. Analytical and preparative isoelectric focusing gave a pI value for the enzyme of 4.65. 3. Gel-chromatography and sucrose-density-gradient-centrifugation techniques gave estimates of the molecular weight in the range 75000-83000. 4. Lineweaver-Burk plots of kinetic data were non-linear at high inosine concentrations. Extrapolation of the linear part of such plots yielded a Km value for inosine of about 70 micrometer for the rabbit erythrocyte and liver enzymes. 5. A Hill interaction coefficient of 0.75 was obtained, suggesting negative co-operativity with respect to the binding of inosine. 6. Treatment of the enzyme with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) caused partial inactivation, and subsequent Lineweaver-Burk plots with inosine as substrate displayed complete linearity, with an increase in Km value for inosine to 200 micrometer. 7. Starch-gel electrophoresis did not reveal the presence of secondary isoenzymes; all tissue extracts examined gave electrophoretic patterns similar to those obtained with the partially purified enzyme from erythrocytes. 8. Results of hybridization studies with nucleoside phosphorylase from human foetal liver suggest that the rabbit enzyme is also a trimer.", "contents": "Partial purification and properties of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from rabbit erythrocytes. 1. The partial purification of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from rabbit erythrocytes is described. 2. Analytical and preparative isoelectric focusing gave a pI value for the enzyme of 4.65. 3. Gel-chromatography and sucrose-density-gradient-centrifugation techniques gave estimates of the molecular weight in the range 75000-83000. 4. Lineweaver-Burk plots of kinetic data were non-linear at high inosine concentrations. Extrapolation of the linear part of such plots yielded a Km value for inosine of about 70 micrometer for the rabbit erythrocyte and liver enzymes. 5. A Hill interaction coefficient of 0.75 was obtained, suggesting negative co-operativity with respect to the binding of inosine. 6. Treatment of the enzyme with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) caused partial inactivation, and subsequent Lineweaver-Burk plots with inosine as substrate displayed complete linearity, with an increase in Km value for inosine to 200 micrometer. 7. Starch-gel electrophoresis did not reveal the presence of secondary isoenzymes; all tissue extracts examined gave electrophoretic patterns similar to those obtained with the partially purified enzyme from erythrocytes. 8. Results of hybridization studies with nucleoside phosphorylase from human foetal liver suggest that the rabbit enzyme is also a trimer.", "PMID": 414743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7804", "title": "The use of wheat-germ lectin-Sepharose for the purification of human haemopexin.", "content": "Haemopexin was prepared in 37% yield from normal human serum by a simple procedure involving fractional poly(ethylene glycol) precipitation and subsequent chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. One peak from the ion exchanger consisted of only haemopexin and transferrin. These proteins were separated by chromatography on wheat-germ lectin-Sepharose 6MB. Haemopexin was selectively bound and was subsequently desorbed by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. No impurities could be detected in the final preparation by immunoelectrophoresis or by immunodiffusion against a range of antisera. The protein gave two partially separated bands in polyacrylamide-gradient-gel electrophoresis, corresponding to apohaemopexin and haem-haemopexin complex.", "contents": "The use of wheat-germ lectin-Sepharose for the purification of human haemopexin. Haemopexin was prepared in 37% yield from normal human serum by a simple procedure involving fractional poly(ethylene glycol) precipitation and subsequent chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. One peak from the ion exchanger consisted of only haemopexin and transferrin. These proteins were separated by chromatography on wheat-germ lectin-Sepharose 6MB. Haemopexin was selectively bound and was subsequently desorbed by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. No impurities could be detected in the final preparation by immunoelectrophoresis or by immunodiffusion against a range of antisera. The protein gave two partially separated bands in polyacrylamide-gradient-gel electrophoresis, corresponding to apohaemopexin and haem-haemopexin complex.", "PMID": 414744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7805", "title": "The immunological similarity of rat glandular kallikreins.", "content": "The immunological properties of the submandibular kallikrein, urinary kallikrein, pancreatic kallikrein and pancreatic prekallikrein of the rat were studied by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay. Although they behaved differently electrophoretically, all the antigens showed identical immunological behaviour. The implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "The immunological similarity of rat glandular kallikreins. The immunological properties of the submandibular kallikrein, urinary kallikrein, pancreatic kallikrein and pancreatic prekallikrein of the rat were studied by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoassay. Although they behaved differently electrophoretically, all the antigens showed identical immunological behaviour. The implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 414745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7806", "title": "[Stability of liquid ergotalkaloid preparations as a function of the solvent polarity (author's transl)].", "content": "The degradation of dihydroergotamine-, dihydroergocornine-, dihydroergocryptine- (both isomers) and dihydroergocristine-mesilate in solution was studied as a function of the temperature and the dielectric constant of the composition. The degradation reactions of the studied hydrogenated ergopeptide alkaloids gave pseudo first-order kinetics. The pseudo first-order rate constants at room temperature were calculated using the Arrhenius equation. It was found that the stability of the studied hydrogenated ergopeptide alkaloids in solution is a function of the dielectric constant of the composition, and that stable solutions can be obtained by the use of water-alcohol mixtures having dielectric constants between 30 and 45. Solutions of the hydrogenated ergot alkaloids in predominantly organic media have the advantage that the degradation to the corresponding aci-forms, hydrolysis products and oxidation products is reduced. For this reason it is not necessary to carry out the filling operation under an inert gas atmosphere in order to protect the hydrogenated ergot alkaloids from oxidation. These results present an important technological advance.", "contents": "[Stability of liquid ergotalkaloid preparations as a function of the solvent polarity (author's transl)]. The degradation of dihydroergotamine-, dihydroergocornine-, dihydroergocryptine- (both isomers) and dihydroergocristine-mesilate in solution was studied as a function of the temperature and the dielectric constant of the composition. The degradation reactions of the studied hydrogenated ergopeptide alkaloids gave pseudo first-order kinetics. The pseudo first-order rate constants at room temperature were calculated using the Arrhenius equation. It was found that the stability of the studied hydrogenated ergopeptide alkaloids in solution is a function of the dielectric constant of the composition, and that stable solutions can be obtained by the use of water-alcohol mixtures having dielectric constants between 30 and 45. Solutions of the hydrogenated ergot alkaloids in predominantly organic media have the advantage that the degradation to the corresponding aci-forms, hydrolysis products and oxidation products is reduced. For this reason it is not necessary to carry out the filling operation under an inert gas atmosphere in order to protect the hydrogenated ergot alkaloids from oxidation. These results present an important technological advance.", "PMID": 414760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7807", "title": "[Antibiotic therapy with doxycycline in dogs with lung transplantations (author's transl)].", "content": "In contrast with kidney, heart and liver transplantations, lung transplantation involves an organ which has contact with the environment and bears a special risk of infection. This circumstance and the diminished resistance during immunosuppressive therapy makes long-term treatment with an effective broad-spectrum antibiotic advisable for lung  transplantations. Taking into consideration the different objectives and questions within the research project concerned the 182 lung allotransplantations carried out in dogs can be divided into two therapeutic groups in regard to postoperative treatment: lung allotransplantations with and without immunosuppressive therapy (methylprednisolone, azathioprine). Long-term doxycycline therapy was carried out in both groups. Those animals which were not treated with immunosuppressive drugs survived for an average of 9 days, those receiving immunosuppressive therapy survived for an average of 30 days. The longest survival period was 2.5 years. Clinically and histologically it could be demonstrated that doxycycline was successful both during the immediate postoperative period and in antibiotic long-term therapy after experimental lung transplantations.", "contents": "[Antibiotic therapy with doxycycline in dogs with lung transplantations (author's transl)]. In contrast with kidney, heart and liver transplantations, lung transplantation involves an organ which has contact with the environment and bears a special risk of infection. This circumstance and the diminished resistance during immunosuppressive therapy makes long-term treatment with an effective broad-spectrum antibiotic advisable for lung  transplantations. Taking into consideration the different objectives and questions within the research project concerned the 182 lung allotransplantations carried out in dogs can be divided into two therapeutic groups in regard to postoperative treatment: lung allotransplantations with and without immunosuppressive therapy (methylprednisolone, azathioprine). Long-term doxycycline therapy was carried out in both groups. Those animals which were not treated with immunosuppressive drugs survived for an average of 9 days, those receiving immunosuppressive therapy survived for an average of 30 days. The longest survival period was 2.5 years. Clinically and histologically it could be demonstrated that doxycycline was successful both during the immediate postoperative period and in antibiotic long-term therapy after experimental lung transplantations.", "PMID": 414761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7808", "title": "Oxytocic activity of two dihydrogenated ergot peptide alkaloids on the rabbit uterus in situ.", "content": "The effect of two recently synthetized dihydrogenated ergot peptide alkaloids has been investigated on the rabbit uterus in situ. The method is described in detail. 6-Nor-6-isopropyl-9,10-dihydro-2'beta-methyl-5'alpha-benzyl-ergopeptine (DZ 26-474) and 6-nor-6-idopropyl-9,10-dihydro2'8-methyl-5'alpha-isopropyl-ergopeptine (28-377) possess 33% and 59%, respectively, of the oxytocic activity of methylergometrine (Methergine). The uterotonic effect of DZ 26-474 and 28-377 can be completely abolished by pretreatment with alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, indicating involvement of alpha-adrenoceptors. Results obtained are discussed in relation to the concept that dihydrogenated ergot peptide alkaloids usually inhibit spontaneous contractions of the uterus and contractions induced by methylergometrine.", "contents": "Oxytocic activity of two dihydrogenated ergot peptide alkaloids on the rabbit uterus in situ. The effect of two recently synthetized dihydrogenated ergot peptide alkaloids has been investigated on the rabbit uterus in situ. The method is described in detail. 6-Nor-6-isopropyl-9,10-dihydro-2'beta-methyl-5'alpha-benzyl-ergopeptine (DZ 26-474) and 6-nor-6-idopropyl-9,10-dihydro2'8-methyl-5'alpha-isopropyl-ergopeptine (28-377) possess 33% and 59%, respectively, of the oxytocic activity of methylergometrine (Methergine). The uterotonic effect of DZ 26-474 and 28-377 can be completely abolished by pretreatment with alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, indicating involvement of alpha-adrenoceptors. Results obtained are discussed in relation to the concept that dihydrogenated ergot peptide alkaloids usually inhibit spontaneous contractions of the uterus and contractions induced by methylergometrine.", "PMID": 414762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7809", "title": "Methyl ester of N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: chemotactic responses of human blood monocytes and inhibition of gold compounds.", "content": "N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, a potent hemotactic peptide for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, is less chemotactic for human blood monocytes. Esterification of the N-formylated tripeptide enhances its chemotactic activity for monocytes by more than 4 logs, whereas a decrease by 3 logs is observed for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. These results indicate the participation of the C-terminal carboxyl group in chemotaxis of different cell types. We have also observed the selective inhibition of chemotactic responsiveness of human blood monocytes by a clinically useful antirheumatic drug, sodium aurothiomalate. Since this is the first in vitro cell migration model of inflammation in which gold compounds have demonstrated activity in micromolar concentrations, it suggests a site of action for this antirheumatic drug.", "contents": "Methyl ester of N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: chemotactic responses of human blood monocytes and inhibition of gold compounds. N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, a potent hemotactic peptide for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, is less chemotactic for human blood monocytes. Esterification of the N-formylated tripeptide enhances its chemotactic activity for monocytes by more than 4 logs, whereas a decrease by 3 logs is observed for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. These results indicate the participation of the C-terminal carboxyl group in chemotaxis of different cell types. We have also observed the selective inhibition of chemotactic responsiveness of human blood monocytes by a clinically useful antirheumatic drug, sodium aurothiomalate. Since this is the first in vitro cell migration model of inflammation in which gold compounds have demonstrated activity in micromolar concentrations, it suggests a site of action for this antirheumatic drug.", "PMID": 414757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7810", "title": "Computer analysis of factors influencing frequency of infection in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Data from a prospective study of the clinical course in 223 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus followed for 655 patient-years were analyzed by computer to determine the influence on frequency of infection of 1) corticosteroid dose; 2) azathioprine; 3) active disease, measured by new disease exacerbations, elevated ESR, hypocomplementemia, active urinary sediment, and proteinuria; 4) uremia; and 5) leukopenia. The frequency of all infections, and of bacterial and opportunistic infections specifically, increased progressively with increasing steroid dose. Azathioprine use, independent of steroid dose, did not account for an increased risk of bacterial, opportunistic, or nonspecific viral infections. Leukopenia did not predispose to infection, except possibly when associated with azathioprine-induced bone marrow suppression. Active renal disease, especially when manifested by abnormal urine sediment, was associated with an increase in infection frequency.", "contents": "Computer analysis of factors influencing frequency of infection in systemic lupus erythematosus. Data from a prospective study of the clinical course in 223 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus followed for 655 patient-years were analyzed by computer to determine the influence on frequency of infection of 1) corticosteroid dose; 2) azathioprine; 3) active disease, measured by new disease exacerbations, elevated ESR, hypocomplementemia, active urinary sediment, and proteinuria; 4) uremia; and 5) leukopenia. The frequency of all infections, and of bacterial and opportunistic infections specifically, increased progressively with increasing steroid dose. Azathioprine use, independent of steroid dose, did not account for an increased risk of bacterial, opportunistic, or nonspecific viral infections. Leukopenia did not predispose to infection, except possibly when associated with azathioprine-induced bone marrow suppression. Active renal disease, especially when manifested by abnormal urine sediment, was associated with an increase in infection frequency.", "PMID": 414759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7811", "title": "Effects of hypotension induced by halothane, on the cerebral circulation in baboons with experimental renovascular hypertension.", "content": "The effect of graded, progressive hypotension on the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow was studied in anaesthetized baboons with experimental renovascular hypertension. Graded hypotension was induced over a period of 5-6 h by the administration of increasing concentrations of halothane. In these chronically hypertensive animals cerebral blood flow remained constant until the mean arterial pressure had decreased to approximately 90 mm Hg. At mean arterial pressures of less than this value cerebral blood flow was pressure passive. At the completion of the investigation the brains were fixed by perfusion and submitted to neuropathological examination. Evidence of chronic hypertension and of ischaemic brain damage was found in every animal.", "contents": "Effects of hypotension induced by halothane, on the cerebral circulation in baboons with experimental renovascular hypertension. The effect of graded, progressive hypotension on the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow was studied in anaesthetized baboons with experimental renovascular hypertension. Graded hypotension was induced over a period of 5-6 h by the administration of increasing concentrations of halothane. In these chronically hypertensive animals cerebral blood flow remained constant until the mean arterial pressure had decreased to approximately 90 mm Hg. At mean arterial pressures of less than this value cerebral blood flow was pressure passive. At the completion of the investigation the brains were fixed by perfusion and submitted to neuropathological examination. Evidence of chronic hypertension and of ischaemic brain damage was found in every animal.", "PMID": 414772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7812", "title": "The effect of sodium cromoglycate, beclomethasone diproprionate and salbutamol on the ventilatory response to cotton dust in mill workers.", "content": "A double-blind placebo controlled study of sodium cromoglycate, beclomethasone dipropionate and salbutamol by inhalation was designed to test their effect on respiratory symptoms and changes in ventilatory capacity in cotton mill workers. All three drugs showed some beneficial effect. Salbutamol was the most effective drug studied, in all groups of workers. Beclomethasone dipropionate was also significantly effective particularly in workers with byssinosis or exertional dyspnoea. Sodium cromoglycate was the least effective of the three. Possible mechanisms of action of these drugs are described.", "contents": "The effect of sodium cromoglycate, beclomethasone diproprionate and salbutamol on the ventilatory response to cotton dust in mill workers. A double-blind placebo controlled study of sodium cromoglycate, beclomethasone dipropionate and salbutamol by inhalation was designed to test their effect on respiratory symptoms and changes in ventilatory capacity in cotton mill workers. All three drugs showed some beneficial effect. Salbutamol was the most effective drug studied, in all groups of workers. Beclomethasone dipropionate was also significantly effective particularly in workers with byssinosis or exertional dyspnoea. Sodium cromoglycate was the least effective of the three. Possible mechanisms of action of these drugs are described.", "PMID": 414773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7813", "title": "The biosynthesis and characterization of unreleased IgM in a case of CLL.", "content": "Intracellular IgM k is described in a case of CLL. The intracellular immunoglobulin occurred as amorphous spherical globules enclosed by rough endoplastic reticulum in the cytoplasms of the neoplastic lymphocytes. No abnormal IgM paraprotein could be found in the serum nor was there any Bence Jones protein detectable in concentrated urine. Biosynthetic studies confirmed the cells were able to synthesize IgM k immunoglobulin. On sizing gel analysis the intracellular IgM occurred as 7S monomer. The biosynthesis studies did not indicate secretion of IgM and was consistent with the serological findings. However, cells in culture secreted k light chain into the supernatant medium. It appears in this case that the secretory block is operating against heavy chain and not against free light chain. Some explanations for these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The biosynthesis and characterization of unreleased IgM in a case of CLL. Intracellular IgM k is described in a case of CLL. The intracellular immunoglobulin occurred as amorphous spherical globules enclosed by rough endoplastic reticulum in the cytoplasms of the neoplastic lymphocytes. No abnormal IgM paraprotein could be found in the serum nor was there any Bence Jones protein detectable in concentrated urine. Biosynthetic studies confirmed the cells were able to synthesize IgM k immunoglobulin. On sizing gel analysis the intracellular IgM occurred as 7S monomer. The biosynthesis studies did not indicate secretion of IgM and was consistent with the serological findings. However, cells in culture secreted k light chain into the supernatant medium. It appears in this case that the secretory block is operating against heavy chain and not against free light chain. Some explanations for these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 414776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7814", "title": "Acute folate deficiency associated with intravenous nutrition with aminoacid-sorbitol-ethanol: prophylaxis with intravenous folic acid.", "content": "Preoperative folate levels were initially normal in 30 patients with gastrointestinal tract disease but fell within 48 h by 60-95% in 20 patients who received intravenous nutrition for 6-12 d with aminoacid-sorbitol-ethanol (ASE). This depression persisted in patients not given folate supplements. Folate levels in 10 control patients not given ASE showed only minimal decline. Haematological changes were reduced to a minimum in 10 patients given 0.5 mg i.v. folic acid daily whilst eight unsupplemented patients showed evidence of megaloblastic haemopoiesis. Three of these eight patients developed thrombocytopenia and/or leukopenia which was fatal in one patient.", "contents": "Acute folate deficiency associated with intravenous nutrition with aminoacid-sorbitol-ethanol: prophylaxis with intravenous folic acid. Preoperative folate levels were initially normal in 30 patients with gastrointestinal tract disease but fell within 48 h by 60-95% in 20 patients who received intravenous nutrition for 6-12 d with aminoacid-sorbitol-ethanol (ASE). This depression persisted in patients not given folate supplements. Folate levels in 10 control patients not given ASE showed only minimal decline. Haematological changes were reduced to a minimum in 10 patients given 0.5 mg i.v. folic acid daily whilst eight unsupplemented patients showed evidence of megaloblastic haemopoiesis. Three of these eight patients developed thrombocytopenia and/or leukopenia which was fatal in one patient.", "PMID": 414777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7815", "title": "Distribution of rhesus antigens on red cell surfaces.", "content": "Two pieces of evidence suggest different conclusions about the arrangement of the rhesus antigens on the surfaces of red cells. Indirect evidence suggests an ordered arrangement; electron-microscopic evidence has been interpreted visually as essentially random. Re-analysis of electron-microscopic material, using a form of computer spectral analysis, suggests that the visual interpretation was mistaken, and that the pattern is orderly. The material suggests that the maternally derived and paternally derived proteins are linked into couplets, and that the couplets may be regularly linked or packed, at least at shorter ranges. The material does not at present illuminate the question of longer range periodicity.", "contents": "Distribution of rhesus antigens on red cell surfaces. Two pieces of evidence suggest different conclusions about the arrangement of the rhesus antigens on the surfaces of red cells. Indirect evidence suggests an ordered arrangement; electron-microscopic evidence has been interpreted visually as essentially random. Re-analysis of electron-microscopic material, using a form of computer spectral analysis, suggests that the visual interpretation was mistaken, and that the pattern is orderly. The material suggests that the maternally derived and paternally derived proteins are linked into couplets, and that the couplets may be regularly linked or packed, at least at shorter ranges. The material does not at present illuminate the question of longer range periodicity.", "PMID": 414778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7816", "title": "Structural elucidation of the 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid containing meningococcal 29-e capsular polysaccharide antigen using carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "The capsular polysaccharide antigen from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup 29-e contains equimolar quantities of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO), the latter of which is rarely found in biopolymers other than lipopolysaccharides. Carbon-13 nuclear mangetic resonance in conjunction with other chemical data indicated that the polysaccharide is composed of an alternating sequence of these two residues, the linkages being at C-3 of galactosamine and C-7 of KDO in the alpha-D and beta-D configuration, respectively. The native 29-e polysaccharide is O-acetylated, the O-acetyl groups being located at C-4 and C-5 of the KDO residues. Assignments of signals in the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the 29-e polysaccharide were made by consideration of those in the spectra of the monomer models, which necessitated the first recorded syntheses of methyl-alpha- and beta-D-3-deoxy-manno-octulopyranosonic acid. Like the methyl alpha- and beta-D-ketosides of sialic acid (Na+ salts), the equivalent methyl alpha- and beta-D-ketosides of KDO exhibit large chemical shift differences in the exocyclic C-8 position dependent on anomeric configuration. This can again be attributed to hydrogen bonding between the axial carboxylate group of the methyl beta-D anomer of KDO (C1 conformation) and the primary hydroxyl group at C-8. This phenomenon is also exhibited by the beta-D-linked KDO units of the 29-e polysaccharide.", "contents": "Structural elucidation of the 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid containing meningococcal 29-e capsular polysaccharide antigen using carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. The capsular polysaccharide antigen from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup 29-e contains equimolar quantities of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO), the latter of which is rarely found in biopolymers other than lipopolysaccharides. Carbon-13 nuclear mangetic resonance in conjunction with other chemical data indicated that the polysaccharide is composed of an alternating sequence of these two residues, the linkages being at C-3 of galactosamine and C-7 of KDO in the alpha-D and beta-D configuration, respectively. The native 29-e polysaccharide is O-acetylated, the O-acetyl groups being located at C-4 and C-5 of the KDO residues. Assignments of signals in the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the 29-e polysaccharide were made by consideration of those in the spectra of the monomer models, which necessitated the first recorded syntheses of methyl-alpha- and beta-D-3-deoxy-manno-octulopyranosonic acid. Like the methyl alpha- and beta-D-ketosides of sialic acid (Na+ salts), the equivalent methyl alpha- and beta-D-ketosides of KDO exhibit large chemical shift differences in the exocyclic C-8 position dependent on anomeric configuration. This can again be attributed to hydrogen bonding between the axial carboxylate group of the methyl beta-D anomer of KDO (C1 conformation) and the primary hydroxyl group at C-8. This phenomenon is also exhibited by the beta-D-linked KDO units of the 29-e polysaccharide.", "PMID": 414779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7817", "title": "Alteration by cereolysin of the structure of cholesterol-containing membranes.", "content": "When erythrocyte membranes were treated with cereolysin, negatively stained and examined by electron microscopy, ring and arc-shaped structures were observed in the membrane. The outside diameter of the rings varied from 33 to 50 nm with a border thickness of 6.7 to 8.3 nm. The arcs varied in length from 33 to 170 nm with a border thickness of also 6.7 to 8.3 min. When right-side-out erythrocyte ghosts which had been treated with cereolysin were examined by electron microscopy after freeze-fracture, structures with a diameter of 31 to 63 nm were seen in the fracture face of the exoplasmic half of the membrane, but no alterations were visible in the fracture face of the protoplasmic half of the membrane bilayer. Thus the ring structures did not appear to form holes through the membrane. At cereolysin concentrations above 6 microgram/ml rings and arcs were seen when purified toxin alone was examined. At or below 6 microgram/ml toxin rings and arcs were seen only if toxin was incubated with free or membrane-bound cholesterol. Our interpretation is that cereolysin tends to aggregate into ring and arc-shaped structures, and that the tendency to aggregate is increased by cholesterol. Rings and arcs were not seen when erythrocyte ghosts were treated with low, but lytic amounts of cereolysin that significantly altered the premeability of the ghosts.", "contents": "Alteration by cereolysin of the structure of cholesterol-containing membranes. When erythrocyte membranes were treated with cereolysin, negatively stained and examined by electron microscopy, ring and arc-shaped structures were observed in the membrane. The outside diameter of the rings varied from 33 to 50 nm with a border thickness of 6.7 to 8.3 nm. The arcs varied in length from 33 to 170 nm with a border thickness of also 6.7 to 8.3 min. When right-side-out erythrocyte ghosts which had been treated with cereolysin were examined by electron microscopy after freeze-fracture, structures with a diameter of 31 to 63 nm were seen in the fracture face of the exoplasmic half of the membrane, but no alterations were visible in the fracture face of the protoplasmic half of the membrane bilayer. Thus the ring structures did not appear to form holes through the membrane. At cereolysin concentrations above 6 microgram/ml rings and arcs were seen when purified toxin alone was examined. At or below 6 microgram/ml toxin rings and arcs were seen only if toxin was incubated with free or membrane-bound cholesterol. Our interpretation is that cereolysin tends to aggregate into ring and arc-shaped structures, and that the tendency to aggregate is increased by cholesterol. Rings and arcs were not seen when erythrocyte ghosts were treated with low, but lytic amounts of cereolysin that significantly altered the premeability of the ghosts.", "PMID": 414780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7818", "title": "The primary structure of rabbit, calf and bovine liver tRNAPhe.", "content": "Highly purified tRNAPhe from rabbit liver, calf liver and bovine liver were completely digested with pancreatic ribonuclease and ribonuclease T1. The oligonucleotides were separated and identified. The tRNAPhe from rabbit liver and calf liver were partially cleaved with ribonuclease T1 or by action of lead acetate. We describe the analyses of the large fragments and the derivation of the primary structure of these mammalian tRNAsPhe.", "contents": "The primary structure of rabbit, calf and bovine liver tRNAPhe. Highly purified tRNAPhe from rabbit liver, calf liver and bovine liver were completely digested with pancreatic ribonuclease and ribonuclease T1. The oligonucleotides were separated and identified. The tRNAPhe from rabbit liver and calf liver were partially cleaved with ribonuclease T1 or by action of lead acetate. We describe the analyses of the large fragments and the derivation of the primary structure of these mammalian tRNAsPhe.", "PMID": 414781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7819", "title": "Mammalian tyrosinase. Structural and functional interraltionship of isozymes.", "content": "The isozymes of tyrosinase from normal and malignant melanocytes were studied; the data indicates that each consists of a basic tyrosinase polypeptide, and differs by post-translational modifications. T3 represents the de novo form of the enzyme; it is converted to T1 in vivo by the addition of sialic acids and neutral sugars, and in turn, to T4 by complexing with mealanosomal membrane constituents. The T2 isomer is suggested to be an artefact of the electrophoretic procedure, and due to deamidation of T3. It is shown that the apparent kinetics of enzyme activity are unafffected by any of these modifications.", "contents": "Mammalian tyrosinase. Structural and functional interraltionship of isozymes. The isozymes of tyrosinase from normal and malignant melanocytes were studied; the data indicates that each consists of a basic tyrosinase polypeptide, and differs by post-translational modifications. T3 represents the de novo form of the enzyme; it is converted to T1 in vivo by the addition of sialic acids and neutral sugars, and in turn, to T4 by complexing with mealanosomal membrane constituents. The T2 isomer is suggested to be an artefact of the electrophoretic procedure, and due to deamidation of T3. It is shown that the apparent kinetics of enzyme activity are unafffected by any of these modifications.", "PMID": 414782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7820", "title": "Purification of jack bean meal beta-D-galactosidase by a new affinity adsorbent.", "content": "A simple procedure has been developed for the purification of jack bean beta-D-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) by affinity chromatography employing a new affinity adsorbent. The ligand 6-N-beta-(4-aminophenyl)-ethylamino-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-6-deoxy-L-gulitol was prepared by the reaction between lactose and beta-(4-aminophenyl)-ethylamine and was coupled to cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose 4B via the amino groups of the 4-aminophenyl moiety. This affinity gel resulted in a 111-fold purification of beta-D-galactosidase with a 64% recovery of the enzyme. With p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside as the substrate the apparent Km and V values were 0.59 mM and 1.87 mumol/min per mg, respectively. The method for purification of beta-D-galactosidase may be applicable to other glycosidases depending upon the choice of specific di- or oligosaccharides of known structures to be used in the preparation of ligands.", "contents": "Purification of jack bean meal beta-D-galactosidase by a new affinity adsorbent. A simple procedure has been developed for the purification of jack bean beta-D-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) by affinity chromatography employing a new affinity adsorbent. The ligand 6-N-beta-(4-aminophenyl)-ethylamino-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-6-deoxy-L-gulitol was prepared by the reaction between lactose and beta-(4-aminophenyl)-ethylamine and was coupled to cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose 4B via the amino groups of the 4-aminophenyl moiety. This affinity gel resulted in a 111-fold purification of beta-D-galactosidase with a 64% recovery of the enzyme. With p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside as the substrate the apparent Km and V values were 0.59 mM and 1.87 mumol/min per mg, respectively. The method for purification of beta-D-galactosidase may be applicable to other glycosidases depending upon the choice of specific di- or oligosaccharides of known structures to be used in the preparation of ligands.", "PMID": 414783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7821", "title": "[Study of the binding of thyroxine by thyroxine-binding prealbumin by a dialysis method using a fixed free concentration of ligand (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to study ligand-protein binding in solution, a dialysis method was used in which the free concentration of ligand can be controlled. The method has certain advantages and was applied to the binding of thyroxine by thyroxine-binding prealbumin, a system about which the results found in the literature are not in good agreement. From the isotherm drawn according to the Scatchard plot, it was found that thyroxine-binding prealbumin only presents a single binding site for thyroxine per molecule, the association constant being 1.7 . 10(8) M-1.", "contents": "[Study of the binding of thyroxine by thyroxine-binding prealbumin by a dialysis method using a fixed free concentration of ligand (author's transl)]. In order to study ligand-protein binding in solution, a dialysis method was used in which the free concentration of ligand can be controlled. The method has certain advantages and was applied to the binding of thyroxine by thyroxine-binding prealbumin, a system about which the results found in the literature are not in good agreement. From the isotherm drawn according to the Scatchard plot, it was found that thyroxine-binding prealbumin only presents a single binding site for thyroxine per molecule, the association constant being 1.7 . 10(8) M-1.", "PMID": 414784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7822", "title": "Glycosylation of endogenous lipids and proteins by preparations of chicken embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "Glycosylation of endogenous phosphoisoprenyl lipids and membrane-associated proteins was shown to occur in preparations of chicken embryo fibroblasts incubated with GDP[14C]mannose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. The two preparations used were cells released from the culture dishes by buffered saline containing EDTA and crude membranes from those cells. Both beta-mannosyl-phosphoryldolichol and oligosaccharide-phosphoryl lipids with five to eight sugar residues were labelled under the conditons employed. The oligosaccharide isolated from the octasaccharide-lipid fraction was shown to be heterogeneous after an analysis of the products formed by treatment of the oligosaccharide with glycosidases. Some of the oligosaccharides appeared to contain N-acetylglucosamine at positions external to that of [14C]mannose. Lipids with oligosaccharide moieties of different structures were made by the two preparations. The results of pulse-chase experiments were consistent with the glycosylated lipids being intermediates in glycoprotein biosynthesis.", "contents": "Glycosylation of endogenous lipids and proteins by preparations of chicken embryo fibroblasts. Glycosylation of endogenous phosphoisoprenyl lipids and membrane-associated proteins was shown to occur in preparations of chicken embryo fibroblasts incubated with GDP[14C]mannose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. The two preparations used were cells released from the culture dishes by buffered saline containing EDTA and crude membranes from those cells. Both beta-mannosyl-phosphoryldolichol and oligosaccharide-phosphoryl lipids with five to eight sugar residues were labelled under the conditons employed. The oligosaccharide isolated from the octasaccharide-lipid fraction was shown to be heterogeneous after an analysis of the products formed by treatment of the oligosaccharide with glycosidases. Some of the oligosaccharides appeared to contain N-acetylglucosamine at positions external to that of [14C]mannose. Lipids with oligosaccharide moieties of different structures were made by the two preparations. The results of pulse-chase experiments were consistent with the glycosylated lipids being intermediates in glycoprotein biosynthesis.", "PMID": 414785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7823", "title": "Coenzyme M and methylcobalamin in methane biosynthesis: results of model studies.", "content": "Coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate, HS-CH2CH2SO3-) reacts with methylcobalamin nonenzymatically in the pH-range between 6 and 14 to yield the S-methyl derivative (CH3-S-CH2CH2SO3-). In addition, and also at lower pH, methane is produced by reductive cleavage of the Co-C bond. With methylcobaloximes as the methyl group donors, methane production predominates, with insignificant S-methylation. The initial rates of methane production from methylcobaloximes with coenzyme M as the reductant correlate with the rates of methane production from these substrates with active cell extracts of Methanobacterium M.o.H.", "contents": "Coenzyme M and methylcobalamin in methane biosynthesis: results of model studies. Coenzyme M (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate, HS-CH2CH2SO3-) reacts with methylcobalamin nonenzymatically in the pH-range between 6 and 14 to yield the S-methyl derivative (CH3-S-CH2CH2SO3-). In addition, and also at lower pH, methane is produced by reductive cleavage of the Co-C bond. With methylcobaloximes as the methyl group donors, methane production predominates, with insignificant S-methylation. The initial rates of methane production from methylcobaloximes with coenzyme M as the reductant correlate with the rates of methane production from these substrates with active cell extracts of Methanobacterium M.o.H.", "PMID": 414787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7824", "title": "[Investigation of tyrosinase activity and phospholipid composition in Harding-Passey melanoma microsomal fraction].", "content": "Alteration in DOPA-oxidase activity of Harding-Passey melanoma microsomal fraction tyrosinase, activation of tyrosinase after partial delipidization of the microsome, phospholipid composition of both native microsomes and the ones after delipidization have been studied. In the course of tumor growth (starting on the 14th day after tumor transplantation) the tyrosinase activity has been shown to decrease monotonously both in native microsomes and in the ones after delipidization. The phospholipid composition alters both in the process of tumor growth and after delipidization. Alteration in the tyrosinase activity in native microsomes as well as after their delipidization has been found to depend on the relative composition of certain phospholipids. In those cases a linear correlation between the enzyme activity and the phosphatydylethanolamine of phosphatydylcholine ratio has been found. This interrelationship may be accounted for by either simultenous presence of inhibitors and activators of the enzyme activity in the lipids or by changes in the membrane structure depending on the relative phospholipid composition.", "contents": "[Investigation of tyrosinase activity and phospholipid composition in Harding-Passey melanoma microsomal fraction]. Alteration in DOPA-oxidase activity of Harding-Passey melanoma microsomal fraction tyrosinase, activation of tyrosinase after partial delipidization of the microsome, phospholipid composition of both native microsomes and the ones after delipidization have been studied. In the course of tumor growth (starting on the 14th day after tumor transplantation) the tyrosinase activity has been shown to decrease monotonously both in native microsomes and in the ones after delipidization. The phospholipid composition alters both in the process of tumor growth and after delipidization. Alteration in the tyrosinase activity in native microsomes as well as after their delipidization has been found to depend on the relative composition of certain phospholipids. In those cases a linear correlation between the enzyme activity and the phosphatydylethanolamine of phosphatydylcholine ratio has been found. This interrelationship may be accounted for by either simultenous presence of inhibitors and activators of the enzyme activity in the lipids or by changes in the membrane structure depending on the relative phospholipid composition.", "PMID": 414789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7825", "title": "[Quaternary structure of glycogen synthetase I from rabbit skeletal muscles].", "content": "Glycogen synthetase I from rabbit skeletal muscles was studied by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The presence of glycogen in the preparation prevented the destruction of the quaternary structure of the enzyme. In order to separate glycogen synthetase I from glycogen, alpha-amylase from saliva, pig pancrease and bacterial amyloglucosidase were used. The subunit composition of the total preparation and that of the individual glycogen synthetase forms separated ultracentrifugally in the sucrose density gradient, were shown to be identical. The molecular weight of the minimal subunit of glycogen synthetase I from rabbit skeletal muscles was shown to be 36,000. A comparison of the subunit composition of the enzyme preparations stored in the presence and in the absence of phenylmethylsulfanylfluoride did not show that the preparation possesses proteolytic activity.", "contents": "[Quaternary structure of glycogen synthetase I from rabbit skeletal muscles]. Glycogen synthetase I from rabbit skeletal muscles was studied by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The presence of glycogen in the preparation prevented the destruction of the quaternary structure of the enzyme. In order to separate glycogen synthetase I from glycogen, alpha-amylase from saliva, pig pancrease and bacterial amyloglucosidase were used. The subunit composition of the total preparation and that of the individual glycogen synthetase forms separated ultracentrifugally in the sucrose density gradient, were shown to be identical. The molecular weight of the minimal subunit of glycogen synthetase I from rabbit skeletal muscles was shown to be 36,000. A comparison of the subunit composition of the enzyme preparations stored in the presence and in the absence of phenylmethylsulfanylfluoride did not show that the preparation possesses proteolytic activity.", "PMID": 414790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7826", "title": "[Transfer of proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm into mitochondria. Stimulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis by microsomal fraction].", "content": "The in vitro transport into mitochondria of proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm was studied. The system, in which the microsomes synthesize protein in the presence of mitochondria directly during the experiment proved to be the most efficient one. The microsomal fraction significantly stimulated the incorporation of 14C-valine into the isolated mitochondria proteins. The effects of EDTA treatment of the mitochondrial fraction, the dependence of protein synthesis stimulation on the ratio of mitochondria and microsomal proteins and the kinetic pattern of the reaction suggest that the stimulation of the labelled precursor incorporation into mitochondrial proteins is not probably due to the labelled microsomes adsorption on the mitochondria.", "contents": "[Transfer of proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm into mitochondria. Stimulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis by microsomal fraction]. The in vitro transport into mitochondria of proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm was studied. The system, in which the microsomes synthesize protein in the presence of mitochondria directly during the experiment proved to be the most efficient one. The microsomal fraction significantly stimulated the incorporation of 14C-valine into the isolated mitochondria proteins. The effects of EDTA treatment of the mitochondrial fraction, the dependence of protein synthesis stimulation on the ratio of mitochondria and microsomal proteins and the kinetic pattern of the reaction suggest that the stimulation of the labelled precursor incorporation into mitochondrial proteins is not probably due to the labelled microsomes adsorption on the mitochondria.", "PMID": 414791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7827", "title": "[Relation of cyclic and noncyclic electron transport in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores. I. Experimental study of the kinetic characteristics of dark reduction of P870 with different donor concentrations in the medium].", "content": "The kinetics of the dark recovery of photo-oxidized bacteriochlorophyll P870 was studied as a function of the intensity and duration of actinic light illumination at different concentrations of a donor in the medium. From the comparison of the experimental data with the results of mathematical modelling of the processes under investigation [1] it is concluded that electron transport is triggered for another pathway, whenever the concentration of the donor in the medium attains a certain critical level.", "contents": "[Relation of cyclic and noncyclic electron transport in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores. I. Experimental study of the kinetic characteristics of dark reduction of P870 with different donor concentrations in the medium]. The kinetics of the dark recovery of photo-oxidized bacteriochlorophyll P870 was studied as a function of the intensity and duration of actinic light illumination at different concentrations of a donor in the medium. From the comparison of the experimental data with the results of mathematical modelling of the processes under investigation [1] it is concluded that electron transport is triggered for another pathway, whenever the concentration of the donor in the medium attains a certain critical level.", "PMID": 414786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7828", "title": "[Cryoresistance of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum membranes].", "content": "The effects of freezing of microsomes in liquid nitrogen and those of storage of microsomal suspensions at 2-4 degrees C and -3 - -5 degrees C for 24 hrs, on the enzymatic activities and hydrophobicity of membranes were studied. The hydrophobicity was determined by fluorescence of bound 1,8-anilino-naphthalene sulfonate. Rapid freezing of the microsomal suspension in liquid nitrogen followed by rapid warming did not change the hydrophobicity of the membranes, the rate of enzymatic lipid peroxidation, the level of cytochrome P-450 and the activity of NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. A considerable decrease in the rate of enzymatic lipid peroxidation and membrane hydrophobicity was observed in the microsomes stored for 24 hrs at 2-4 degrees C. The 24-hr storage at -3 - -5 degrees C with subsequent thawing resulted in a rapid aggregation of the microsomes.", "contents": "[Cryoresistance of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum membranes]. The effects of freezing of microsomes in liquid nitrogen and those of storage of microsomal suspensions at 2-4 degrees C and -3 - -5 degrees C for 24 hrs, on the enzymatic activities and hydrophobicity of membranes were studied. The hydrophobicity was determined by fluorescence of bound 1,8-anilino-naphthalene sulfonate. Rapid freezing of the microsomal suspension in liquid nitrogen followed by rapid warming did not change the hydrophobicity of the membranes, the rate of enzymatic lipid peroxidation, the level of cytochrome P-450 and the activity of NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. A considerable decrease in the rate of enzymatic lipid peroxidation and membrane hydrophobicity was observed in the microsomes stored for 24 hrs at 2-4 degrees C. The 24-hr storage at -3 - -5 degrees C with subsequent thawing resulted in a rapid aggregation of the microsomes.", "PMID": 414792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7829", "title": "Hyperglycemia and glycogen storage in the rabbit fetal liver. Role of age and hormonal status.", "content": "A 2-hour glucose infusion to pregnant rabbits resulted in fetal hyperglycemia. The question was studied whether this hyperglycemia would induce an increase in the concentration of glycogen in the fetal liver. The result depended upon the age of the fetus. In 24- or 25-day-old fetuses hyperglycemia did not increase the liver glycogen. On the contrary, on day 26, 27 and 28, the glycogen content in the liver was approximately twice as high as in controls. However, in fetuses which were decapitated on day 24 and studied on day 26, the maternal glucose infusion did not increase the glycogen stores. But in those fetuses decapitated on day 25 hyperglycemia provoked glycogen deposition. The activity of liver glycogen synthetase (active form alpha and total form a + b) increased between days 24 and 28 in control fetuses. Some increase of the alpha form already occurs between days 24 and 25. In fetuses decapitated on day 23, the alpha form was found almost as low on day 31 as it was on day 23. The incapacity of the liver of fetuses under 26 days of age or of those decapitated before day 25 to store glycogen under conditions of hyperglycemia probably results from a low glycogen synthetase activity.", "contents": "Hyperglycemia and glycogen storage in the rabbit fetal liver. Role of age and hormonal status. A 2-hour glucose infusion to pregnant rabbits resulted in fetal hyperglycemia. The question was studied whether this hyperglycemia would induce an increase in the concentration of glycogen in the fetal liver. The result depended upon the age of the fetus. In 24- or 25-day-old fetuses hyperglycemia did not increase the liver glycogen. On the contrary, on day 26, 27 and 28, the glycogen content in the liver was approximately twice as high as in controls. However, in fetuses which were decapitated on day 24 and studied on day 26, the maternal glucose infusion did not increase the glycogen stores. But in those fetuses decapitated on day 25 hyperglycemia provoked glycogen deposition. The activity of liver glycogen synthetase (active form alpha and total form a + b) increased between days 24 and 28 in control fetuses. Some increase of the alpha form already occurs between days 24 and 25. In fetuses decapitated on day 23, the alpha form was found almost as low on day 31 as it was on day 23. The incapacity of the liver of fetuses under 26 days of age or of those decapitated before day 25 to store glycogen under conditions of hyperglycemia probably results from a low glycogen synthetase activity.", "PMID": 414793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7830", "title": "The development of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the subhuman primate Macaca mulatta.", "content": "The development of total pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in the subhuman primate, Macaca mulatta, was investigated in brain, liver, kidney cortex, and skeletal and cardiac muscle. Newborn primates delivered prematurely at 135 days of gestation had only 32% of this enzyme activity present in the brain compared to the full-term animal. Full-term animals were similar to adults. All tissues showed high activities of enzyme at 1 year of age compared either with neonates or adults. Kidney cortex showed an increase in activity from 807 +/- 74 mumol/g/min in prematurely delivered neonates to a maximum of 3,769 +/- 275 mumol/g/min in 1-year-old animals. The results are discussed in relation to the developing energy requirements of the tissues concerned.", "contents": "The development of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the subhuman primate Macaca mulatta. The development of total pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in the subhuman primate, Macaca mulatta, was investigated in brain, liver, kidney cortex, and skeletal and cardiac muscle. Newborn primates delivered prematurely at 135 days of gestation had only 32% of this enzyme activity present in the brain compared to the full-term animal. Full-term animals were similar to adults. All tissues showed high activities of enzyme at 1 year of age compared either with neonates or adults. Kidney cortex showed an increase in activity from 807 +/- 74 mumol/g/min in prematurely delivered neonates to a maximum of 3,769 +/- 275 mumol/g/min in 1-year-old animals. The results are discussed in relation to the developing energy requirements of the tissues concerned.", "PMID": 414794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7831", "title": "Effect of cortisone or L-triiodothyronine administration to pregnant rats on the activity of fetal intestinal disaccharidases and lysosomal acid beta-galactosidase.", "content": "Activities of maltase, sucrase, lactase and acid-beta-galactosidase were studied in jejunum and ileum of term rat fetuses obtained by cesarian section. Female rats were either untreated or injected daily in the last (3rd) week of pregnancy with cortisone acetate (10 or 50 mg/100 g body weight) or L-triiodothyronine (20 or 50 microgram/100 g body weight). Two other control groups were injected with appropriate solvents. Cortisone or T3 treatment to mothers increased sucrase and maltase activity in jejunum and ileum of the offspring. Generally, higher doses of hormone were more effective. Lactase activity was increased by 25% in the jejunum by the higher dose of cortisone. Both doses of cortisone increased ileal lactase. Jejunal acid-beta-galactosidase activity was decreased in fetuses of T3-treated mothers.", "contents": "Effect of cortisone or L-triiodothyronine administration to pregnant rats on the activity of fetal intestinal disaccharidases and lysosomal acid beta-galactosidase. Activities of maltase, sucrase, lactase and acid-beta-galactosidase were studied in jejunum and ileum of term rat fetuses obtained by cesarian section. Female rats were either untreated or injected daily in the last (3rd) week of pregnancy with cortisone acetate (10 or 50 mg/100 g body weight) or L-triiodothyronine (20 or 50 microgram/100 g body weight). Two other control groups were injected with appropriate solvents. Cortisone or T3 treatment to mothers increased sucrase and maltase activity in jejunum and ileum of the offspring. Generally, higher doses of hormone were more effective. Lactase activity was increased by 25% in the jejunum by the higher dose of cortisone. Both doses of cortisone increased ileal lactase. Jejunal acid-beta-galactosidase activity was decreased in fetuses of T3-treated mothers.", "PMID": 414795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7832", "title": "Heart rate and body temperature in separated monkey infants.", "content": "Heart rate (HR) and body temperature (BT) were recorded from ten unrestrained group-living M. nemestrina (pigtail) monkey infants, using totally implantable multichannel biotelemetry systems, during a 4-day base line (preseparation) period, during the agitation-depression reaction accompanying 4 days of maternal separation, and for several days following reunion with the mother. Quantified behavioral data were collected in nine of the ten infants. Mean daytime (1000 to 1600 hr) and nightime (2200 to 0400 hr) HR and BT values were computed for each infant, and for the group as a whole. The behavioral agitation reaction immediately following separation was accompanied by increases in both HR and BT. Beginning with the first night of separation, both HR and BT showed marked decreases from base line. Whereas group mean HR and BT changes were maximal early in the separation, behavioral indices of depression tended to be maximal later in the separation period. Reunion with the mother tended to normalize HR and BT in most infants. Two infants exhibited sudden transient reversible drops in nocturnal BT well into the separation period, suggesting an impairment in thermoregulatory mechanisms during the period of depressive behavior. One infant had a prolonged separation-induced decrease in HR that persisted throughout reunion, indicating that the stress of maternal separation may induce physiological changes that considerably exceed the duration of the effective stress.", "contents": "Heart rate and body temperature in separated monkey infants. Heart rate (HR) and body temperature (BT) were recorded from ten unrestrained group-living M. nemestrina (pigtail) monkey infants, using totally implantable multichannel biotelemetry systems, during a 4-day base line (preseparation) period, during the agitation-depression reaction accompanying 4 days of maternal separation, and for several days following reunion with the mother. Quantified behavioral data were collected in nine of the ten infants. Mean daytime (1000 to 1600 hr) and nightime (2200 to 0400 hr) HR and BT values were computed for each infant, and for the group as a whole. The behavioral agitation reaction immediately following separation was accompanied by increases in both HR and BT. Beginning with the first night of separation, both HR and BT showed marked decreases from base line. Whereas group mean HR and BT changes were maximal early in the separation, behavioral indices of depression tended to be maximal later in the separation period. Reunion with the mother tended to normalize HR and BT in most infants. Two infants exhibited sudden transient reversible drops in nocturnal BT well into the separation period, suggesting an impairment in thermoregulatory mechanisms during the period of depressive behavior. One infant had a prolonged separation-induced decrease in HR that persisted throughout reunion, indicating that the stress of maternal separation may induce physiological changes that considerably exceed the duration of the effective stress.", "PMID": 414796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7833", "title": "Recent aspects of prostaglandin biosynthesis: a review.", "content": "Some recent aspects of prostaglandin biosynthesis of physiological importance are reviewed. Particular attention has been placed on phospholipase functioning and inhibition, endoperoxides, thromboxane and prostacyclin (PGX) synthesis since these compounds are likely to be the potent biological derivatives of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Because of some recent studies, peroxidative reactions have been detailed; their intervention in prostaglandin biosynthesis is of importance and could explain some regulatory aspects of this process, as well as the action of several cofactors and prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors.", "contents": "Recent aspects of prostaglandin biosynthesis: a review. Some recent aspects of prostaglandin biosynthesis of physiological importance are reviewed. Particular attention has been placed on phospholipase functioning and inhibition, endoperoxides, thromboxane and prostacyclin (PGX) synthesis since these compounds are likely to be the potent biological derivatives of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Because of some recent studies, peroxidative reactions have been detailed; their intervention in prostaglandin biosynthesis is of importance and could explain some regulatory aspects of this process, as well as the action of several cofactors and prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors.", "PMID": 414798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7834", "title": "Comparison of the restoration effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, BCG and poly I: poly C on cancer patients non responsive to recall antigen delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "A preparation of 10 serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has restored skin delayed hypersensitivity reactions to recall antigens in about fifty per cent of cancer patients not previously immunodepressed by radiotherapy or chemotherapy, but anergic. This proportion is similar to that obtained by given modalities of administration of BCG, C. parvum or levamisole, while other modalities of application of BCG or administration of poly I: poly C do not induce such an immuno-restoration in a significant number of patients.", "contents": "Comparison of the restoration effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, BCG and poly I: poly C on cancer patients non responsive to recall antigen delayed hypersensitivity. A preparation of 10 serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has restored skin delayed hypersensitivity reactions to recall antigens in about fifty per cent of cancer patients not previously immunodepressed by radiotherapy or chemotherapy, but anergic. This proportion is similar to that obtained by given modalities of administration of BCG, C. parvum or levamisole, while other modalities of application of BCG or administration of poly I: poly C do not induce such an immuno-restoration in a significant number of patients.", "PMID": 414799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7835", "title": "Heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a systemic adjuvant in cancer immunotherapy.", "content": "The effect of heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 serotypes) on antibody formation, macrophage activation and leukemia growth was investigated in relation to the dose injected and to the time and the route of administration. It appeared that intravenous administration of the preparation (10(9) bacteria per ml) was the most efficient at the dose of 0.1 ml since: 1) it increased the number of PFC against SRBC when injected 10 days before the antigen (higher doses and shorter time intervals resulted either in no modification or an significant inhibition of the PFC response; 2) it induced a slight activation of peritoneal macrophages as measured by their cytostatic activity for tumor cells in vitro, when injected 3 or 7 days before testing whereas higher doses were ineffective; 3) it increased the survival time of leukemic mice when administered 2.5 days before the injection of L1210 tumor cells, and higher doses were also effective in this immunoprophylaxis assay. When the subcutaneous route was used, large doses appeared to be the most effective: 1) potentiation of the PFC response was obtained only when 0.5 or 0.2 ml were given 10 days before the antigen; 2) macrophage activation was demonstrated 7 and 10 days after 0.5 ml; 3) leukemia growth was retared when 0.5 or 0.2 ml was injected 2.5 days prior to L1210 tumor cell inoculation and also when 0.2 and 0.1 ml were injected 7 days before tumor cells. No correlation between macrophage activation and the inhibition of tumor growth could be found.", "contents": "Heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a systemic adjuvant in cancer immunotherapy. The effect of heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 serotypes) on antibody formation, macrophage activation and leukemia growth was investigated in relation to the dose injected and to the time and the route of administration. It appeared that intravenous administration of the preparation (10(9) bacteria per ml) was the most efficient at the dose of 0.1 ml since: 1) it increased the number of PFC against SRBC when injected 10 days before the antigen (higher doses and shorter time intervals resulted either in no modification or an significant inhibition of the PFC response; 2) it induced a slight activation of peritoneal macrophages as measured by their cytostatic activity for tumor cells in vitro, when injected 3 or 7 days before testing whereas higher doses were ineffective; 3) it increased the survival time of leukemic mice when administered 2.5 days before the injection of L1210 tumor cells, and higher doses were also effective in this immunoprophylaxis assay. When the subcutaneous route was used, large doses appeared to be the most effective: 1) potentiation of the PFC response was obtained only when 0.5 or 0.2 ml were given 10 days before the antigen; 2) macrophage activation was demonstrated 7 and 10 days after 0.5 ml; 3) leukemia growth was retared when 0.5 or 0.2 ml was injected 2.5 days prior to L1210 tumor cell inoculation and also when 0.2 and 0.1 ml were injected 7 days before tumor cells. No correlation between macrophage activation and the inhibition of tumor growth could be found.", "PMID": 414800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7836", "title": "Diffusion control in reversible enzyme reactions. Applications to carbonic anhydrase.", "content": "The limit to the possible rate of reversible enzymatic reactions set by the diffusional motion has been considered. It is found that not only the diffusion of the reactants to the enzyme but also the diffusion away of the products can be rate limiting. To avoid assumptions about the detailed nature of the enzyme only diffusion in the bulk aqueous medium is treated. By such an approach one obtains an upper limit to the possible rate. In the latter half of the paper the derived general equations are applied to the possible suggested reaction schemes for the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. It is found that a scheme involving HCO3- as substrate for the dehydration process and a direct reaction between buffer and enzyme is comsistent with the limits set by the diffusional motion, while several other possibilities can be ruled out.", "contents": "Diffusion control in reversible enzyme reactions. Applications to carbonic anhydrase. The limit to the possible rate of reversible enzymatic reactions set by the diffusional motion has been considered. It is found that not only the diffusion of the reactants to the enzyme but also the diffusion away of the products can be rate limiting. To avoid assumptions about the detailed nature of the enzyme only diffusion in the bulk aqueous medium is treated. By such an approach one obtains an upper limit to the possible rate. In the latter half of the paper the derived general equations are applied to the possible suggested reaction schemes for the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. It is found that a scheme involving HCO3- as substrate for the dehydration process and a direct reaction between buffer and enzyme is comsistent with the limits set by the diffusional motion, while several other possibilities can be ruled out.", "PMID": 414801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7837", "title": "[Cross microbial antigens of the human bronchopulmonary apparatus].", "content": "The work was undertaken to assess the antigenic affinity of some Neisseria perflava, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus strains serving as active sensitinogen of the human broncho-pulmonary apparatus. With the aid of the complement fixation test, precipitation after Ouchterolony, and immunoelectrophoresis there was established the presence of a series of similar antigenic determinants common for all the three microbes and for determinant responsible for the cross reactions of two microbes only.", "contents": "[Cross microbial antigens of the human bronchopulmonary apparatus]. The work was undertaken to assess the antigenic affinity of some Neisseria perflava, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus strains serving as active sensitinogen of the human broncho-pulmonary apparatus. With the aid of the complement fixation test, precipitation after Ouchterolony, and immunoelectrophoresis there was established the presence of a series of similar antigenic determinants common for all the three microbes and for determinant responsible for the cross reactions of two microbes only.", "PMID": 414802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7838", "title": "[Analysis of the types of chromosome aberrations in the combined action of chemical mutagens].", "content": "Types of chromosome aberrations were studied in human lymphocyte cultures in combined action of different concentrations of thiophosphamide and dipine in different proportions. The mutagens acted at the Go stage. The range of the concentrations studied was from 3.17-10(-5) M to22.19-10(-5) M. As compared with dipine, the equimolar concentrations of thiophosphamide induced more chromatid exchanges and less sister (isolocus) unions, and also a greater part of single breaks and the part of breaks in the chromatid exchanges of the total number of chromosomal breaks. Both absolute and relative frequencies of chromosome aberrations depended on the mutagens concentration. A change of the thiophosphamide and dipine proportion with a constant total number of molecules of the two mutagens at different concentration levels led to the effect, the level of which was between the effect of action of equimolar concentrations of pure mutagens. This effect depended upon the part of each mutagen in combined treatment. A conclusion was drawn on the additivity of thiophosphamide and dipine action.", "contents": "[Analysis of the types of chromosome aberrations in the combined action of chemical mutagens]. Types of chromosome aberrations were studied in human lymphocyte cultures in combined action of different concentrations of thiophosphamide and dipine in different proportions. The mutagens acted at the Go stage. The range of the concentrations studied was from 3.17-10(-5) M to22.19-10(-5) M. As compared with dipine, the equimolar concentrations of thiophosphamide induced more chromatid exchanges and less sister (isolocus) unions, and also a greater part of single breaks and the part of breaks in the chromatid exchanges of the total number of chromosomal breaks. Both absolute and relative frequencies of chromosome aberrations depended on the mutagens concentration. A change of the thiophosphamide and dipine proportion with a constant total number of molecules of the two mutagens at different concentration levels led to the effect, the level of which was between the effect of action of equimolar concentrations of pure mutagens. This effect depended upon the part of each mutagen in combined treatment. A conclusion was drawn on the additivity of thiophosphamide and dipine action.", "PMID": 414803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7839", "title": "Microscopic platelet size and morphology in various hematologic disorders.", "content": "Microscopic evaluation of apparent platelet size and morphology was examined in a variety of hematologic disorders. The time of preparation of the blood smear was important. An artifactual increase in platelet size was noted on blood films from 20 normal individuals that were prepared either immediately or 180 min after venipuncture. The clearest differentiation of patient categories was obtained with smears prepared 60 min after venipuncture using blood anticoagulated with K3EDTA. Under these conditions, normal size and morphology values were found in thrombocytopenic patients with aplasia or with increased splenic pooling. In contrast, large size values were a reliable finding in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura patients, whose platelet counts were less than 50,000/microleter. Large size values were also noted in patients with infiltrated bone marrows or myeloproliferative syndromes regardless of the platelet count. The last two groups usually showed abnormal platelet morphology with greater than 10% hypogranular platelets. Normal platelet size and morphology were observed in patients with iron-deficiency and megaloblastic anemias and in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and systemic lupus erythematosus who had normal platelet counts.", "contents": "Microscopic platelet size and morphology in various hematologic disorders. Microscopic evaluation of apparent platelet size and morphology was examined in a variety of hematologic disorders. The time of preparation of the blood smear was important. An artifactual increase in platelet size was noted on blood films from 20 normal individuals that were prepared either immediately or 180 min after venipuncture. The clearest differentiation of patient categories was obtained with smears prepared 60 min after venipuncture using blood anticoagulated with K3EDTA. Under these conditions, normal size and morphology values were found in thrombocytopenic patients with aplasia or with increased splenic pooling. In contrast, large size values were a reliable finding in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura patients, whose platelet counts were less than 50,000/microleter. Large size values were also noted in patients with infiltrated bone marrows or myeloproliferative syndromes regardless of the platelet count. The last two groups usually showed abnormal platelet morphology with greater than 10% hypogranular platelets. Normal platelet size and morphology were observed in patients with iron-deficiency and megaloblastic anemias and in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and systemic lupus erythematosus who had normal platelet counts.", "PMID": 414804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7840", "title": "The actions of diazepam and phenytoin on a low dose penicillin epileptiform focus in the anaesthetised rat.", "content": "1 A technique is described for the induction of an acute short-lived epileptiform focus by the local injection of benzyl penicillin 25 units into the cerebral cortex of rats anaesthetized with urethane. The effects of anticonvulsants on this microfocus have been studied. 2 Phenytoin 20 mg/kg and diazepam 1 mg/kg intravenously significantly reduced the frequency of the normally occurring surface positive electrocorticogram (ECoG) plateaux and caused a greater decrease in the frequency of the epileptiform spikes normally associated with these plateaux. 3 A novel effect was seen in that both anticonvulsant drugs significantly reduced the amplitude of the epileptiform spike within the focus, as well as causing an even larger decrease in the amplitude of the propagated spike. The contribution of the anticonvulsant drug effect on the focal spike to its effect on propagated activity is discussed.", "contents": "The actions of diazepam and phenytoin on a low dose penicillin epileptiform focus in the anaesthetised rat. 1 A technique is described for the induction of an acute short-lived epileptiform focus by the local injection of benzyl penicillin 25 units into the cerebral cortex of rats anaesthetized with urethane. The effects of anticonvulsants on this microfocus have been studied. 2 Phenytoin 20 mg/kg and diazepam 1 mg/kg intravenously significantly reduced the frequency of the normally occurring surface positive electrocorticogram (ECoG) plateaux and caused a greater decrease in the frequency of the epileptiform spikes normally associated with these plateaux. 3 A novel effect was seen in that both anticonvulsant drugs significantly reduced the amplitude of the epileptiform spike within the focus, as well as causing an even larger decrease in the amplitude of the propagated spike. The contribution of the anticonvulsant drug effect on the focal spike to its effect on propagated activity is discussed.", "PMID": 414807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7841", "title": "Build-up and depth-dose characteristics of different fast neutron beams relevant for radiotherapy.", "content": "Build-up and central axis depth-dose curves have been obtained for d(50) + Be and d + T neutron beams. Measurements carried out with the collimator opening covered with a layer of lead showed that for all three neutron beams the entrance dose is approximately 60% of the dose at the maximum. Consequently the skin-sparing properties of these neutron beams will be approximately equal and comparable to those for electron beam therapy. Central axis depth-dose curves have been established for d(50) + Be neutrons at 129 cm SSD, for p(42) + Be neutrons at 125 cm SSD and d + T neurtons and 60Co gamma rays at 80 cm SSD. The 50% dose values in a water phantom are at depths of 12.7 cm, 12.0 cm, 9.7 cm and 12.7 cm respectively, for field sizes of approximately 15 cm x 20 cm. Insertion of a 6 cm thick nylon filter in the p(42)+Be beam increases this value from 12.0 cm to 13.5 cm. The gamma component for the d+T neutron beam is higher than for the cyclotron beams.", "contents": "Build-up and depth-dose characteristics of different fast neutron beams relevant for radiotherapy. Build-up and central axis depth-dose curves have been obtained for d(50) + Be and d + T neutron beams. Measurements carried out with the collimator opening covered with a layer of lead showed that for all three neutron beams the entrance dose is approximately 60% of the dose at the maximum. Consequently the skin-sparing properties of these neutron beams will be approximately equal and comparable to those for electron beam therapy. Central axis depth-dose curves have been established for d(50) + Be neutrons at 129 cm SSD, for p(42) + Be neutrons at 125 cm SSD and d + T neurtons and 60Co gamma rays at 80 cm SSD. The 50% dose values in a water phantom are at depths of 12.7 cm, 12.0 cm, 9.7 cm and 12.7 cm respectively, for field sizes of approximately 15 cm x 20 cm. Insertion of a 6 cm thick nylon filter in the p(42)+Be beam increases this value from 12.0 cm to 13.5 cm. The gamma component for the d+T neutron beam is higher than for the cyclotron beams.", "PMID": 414808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7842", "title": "Subarachnoid haemorrhage above the age of 59: are intracranial investigations justified?", "content": "Out of 186 patients aged over 59 referred to a neurosurgical department after spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage, 143 underwent cerebral angiography; only 28 (15%) of the patients had surgery, of whom 16 were independent one year later. The doubtful benefit of surgery and the small proportion of patients who underwent surgery have economic and ethical implications; in particular, neurosurgical beds and neuroradiological facilities should not be occupied by such patients if this delays the admission of younger patients and those requiring investigation of intracranial space-occupying and spinal lesions.", "contents": "Subarachnoid haemorrhage above the age of 59: are intracranial investigations justified? Out of 186 patients aged over 59 referred to a neurosurgical department after spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage, 143 underwent cerebral angiography; only 28 (15%) of the patients had surgery, of whom 16 were independent one year later. The doubtful benefit of surgery and the small proportion of patients who underwent surgery have economic and ethical implications; in particular, neurosurgical beds and neuroradiological facilities should not be occupied by such patients if this delays the admission of younger patients and those requiring investigation of intracranial space-occupying and spinal lesions.", "PMID": 414813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7843", "title": "Cell-mediated immune response in gonococcal infections.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) transformation stimulated by gonococcal and meningococcal antigens was studied in 29 men and 21 women with uncomplicated gonorrhoea. The blastogenic responses of PBLs from these men and women were substantially higher than from normal controls. Cross-reactivity between Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis was manifested by the PBL transformation responses in patients with gonorrhoea to non-purified meningococcal antigen (MGC-I). In both male and female patients the PBLs were stimulated by non-purified gonococcal antigen (GC-I) and by non-purified meningococcal antigen. The extent of the blastogenic response in women was much greater than in men. Partial purification of these antigens by gel chromatography resulted in reduced cross-reactive responses to the semi-purified meningococcal antigen (MGC-II). Female patients demonstrated marked stimulation with the semi-purified gonococcal antigen (GC-II), while male patients showed slight stimulation with GC-II. It is possible that cell-mediated immunity may act to limit the spread of gonococcal infection beyond the genital mucous membranes.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune response in gonococcal infections. Peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) transformation stimulated by gonococcal and meningococcal antigens was studied in 29 men and 21 women with uncomplicated gonorrhoea. The blastogenic responses of PBLs from these men and women were substantially higher than from normal controls. Cross-reactivity between Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis was manifested by the PBL transformation responses in patients with gonorrhoea to non-purified meningococcal antigen (MGC-I). In both male and female patients the PBLs were stimulated by non-purified gonococcal antigen (GC-I) and by non-purified meningococcal antigen. The extent of the blastogenic response in women was much greater than in men. Partial purification of these antigens by gel chromatography resulted in reduced cross-reactive responses to the semi-purified meningococcal antigen (MGC-II). Female patients demonstrated marked stimulation with the semi-purified gonococcal antigen (GC-II), while male patients showed slight stimulation with GC-II. It is possible that cell-mediated immunity may act to limit the spread of gonococcal infection beyond the genital mucous membranes.", "PMID": 414816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7844", "title": "Release of enzymes from human leucocytes during incubation with Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The effect of Neisseria gonorrhoeae on release of enzymes from human leucocytes was determined. Supernatants from incubation mixtures containing leucocytes and gonococci were assayed for activity of the cytoplasmic enzyme, lactic acid dehydrogenase, as well as for activity of the hydrolytic enzymes, \u03b2-glucuronidase and lysozyme, which are found primarily in leucocyte granules. Thirty-minute incubation of leucocytes with pilated T1 gonococci resulted in a negligible release of lactic acid dehydrogenase and little release of \u03b2-glucuronidase even at bacteria to leucocyte ratios as high as 50 to 1. Lysozyme release, however, was significant at this ratio and at 20 to 1 but not at 5 to 1. Incubation with non-pilated T4 bacteria yielded no significant release of lactic acid dehydrogenase or \u03b2-glucuronidase, but it caused a significant release of lysozyme at bacteria to leucocyte ratios as low as 2 to 1. These results suggested that the lysozyme release might be related to the degree of phagocytic activity since, at low ratios, T4 was readily ingested but T1 was not. Consistent with this hypothesis, serum which promoted the phagocytosis of the pilated gonococci also stimulated lysozyme release at low ratios of T1 to leucocyte. Absorption of the serum with T1 abolished the opsonic effect and markedly diminished the amount of lysozyme released.", "contents": "Release of enzymes from human leucocytes during incubation with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The effect of Neisseria gonorrhoeae on release of enzymes from human leucocytes was determined. Supernatants from incubation mixtures containing leucocytes and gonococci were assayed for activity of the cytoplasmic enzyme, lactic acid dehydrogenase, as well as for activity of the hydrolytic enzymes, \u03b2-glucuronidase and lysozyme, which are found primarily in leucocyte granules. Thirty-minute incubation of leucocytes with pilated T1 gonococci resulted in a negligible release of lactic acid dehydrogenase and little release of \u03b2-glucuronidase even at bacteria to leucocyte ratios as high as 50 to 1. Lysozyme release, however, was significant at this ratio and at 20 to 1 but not at 5 to 1. Incubation with non-pilated T4 bacteria yielded no significant release of lactic acid dehydrogenase or \u03b2-glucuronidase, but it caused a significant release of lysozyme at bacteria to leucocyte ratios as low as 2 to 1. These results suggested that the lysozyme release might be related to the degree of phagocytic activity since, at low ratios, T4 was readily ingested but T1 was not. Consistent with this hypothesis, serum which promoted the phagocytosis of the pilated gonococci also stimulated lysozyme release at low ratios of T1 to leucocyte. Absorption of the serum with T1 abolished the opsonic effect and markedly diminished the amount of lysozyme released.", "PMID": 414817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7845", "title": "Which Neisseria?", "content": "A case of disseminated gonococcal infection in which the gonococcus was isolated from the blood and genitalia and the meningococcus from the throat is described. A second patient, in whom the meningococcus was isolated from the throat and the gonococcus from the genitals but in whom no organisms were recovered from the blood, had lesions resembling those of a disseminated infection. The results of 150 throat cultures from patients who were examined at a clinic because they had a history of oral sexual intercourse are presented. The meningococcus was isolated nearly six times more often in patients with genital gonorrhoea than in those in whom genital cultures were negative, while the gonococcus was found 2 1/2 times more often in those who carried the meningococcus in the throat than in those who did not. If these findings can be confirmed it could indicate an individual susceptibility to the acquisition of Neisserian organisms that would merit further investigation.", "contents": "Which Neisseria? A case of disseminated gonococcal infection in which the gonococcus was isolated from the blood and genitalia and the meningococcus from the throat is described. A second patient, in whom the meningococcus was isolated from the throat and the gonococcus from the genitals but in whom no organisms were recovered from the blood, had lesions resembling those of a disseminated infection. The results of 150 throat cultures from patients who were examined at a clinic because they had a history of oral sexual intercourse are presented. The meningococcus was isolated nearly six times more often in patients with genital gonorrhoea than in those in whom genital cultures were negative, while the gonococcus was found 2 1/2 times more often in those who carried the meningococcus in the throat than in those who did not. If these findings can be confirmed it could indicate an individual susceptibility to the acquisition of Neisserian organisms that would merit further investigation.", "PMID": 414818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7846", "title": "Defects in accuracy of reaching after removal of posterior parietal cortex in monkeys.", "content": "We measured the capacity of monkeys to project the arm to visually located targets under conditions differing in the nature of visual control allowed during reaching. This capacity was impaired by a unilateral posterior parietal lesion which increased the magnitude and variability of errors in projecting the contralateral arm to targets located on either side of the midline. Furthermore, accurate projections of the arm were often accompanied by misorientations of the fingers of the hand. These errors occurred whether reaching with or without visual guidance of the limb. The presence or absence of vision influenced the direction of errors in arm projection. Under conditions permitting a view of the limb and sight of the target, errors occurred in a direction toward the side of the lesion. When all visual cues were eliminated during reaching, errors were directed away from on-target toward the midline as they are in normal monkeys, but were greater in magnitude following the lesion.", "contents": "Defects in accuracy of reaching after removal of posterior parietal cortex in monkeys. We measured the capacity of monkeys to project the arm to visually located targets under conditions differing in the nature of visual control allowed during reaching. This capacity was impaired by a unilateral posterior parietal lesion which increased the magnitude and variability of errors in projecting the contralateral arm to targets located on either side of the midline. Furthermore, accurate projections of the arm were often accompanied by misorientations of the fingers of the hand. These errors occurred whether reaching with or without visual guidance of the limb. The presence or absence of vision influenced the direction of errors in arm projection. Under conditions permitting a view of the limb and sight of the target, errors occurred in a direction toward the side of the lesion. When all visual cues were eliminated during reaching, errors were directed away from on-target toward the midline as they are in normal monkeys, but were greater in magnitude following the lesion.", "PMID": 414819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7847", "title": "Heterosexual, autosexual and social behavior of adult male rhesus monkeys with medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "Bilateral radiofrequency lesions were made in the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic (MP-AH) area of 6 adult male rhesus monkeys; 5 sham-lesioned subjects served as controls. Behavioral analysis consisted of observations on copulatory behavior, yawning, masturbation and some aspects of social behavior. MP-AH lesions reduced or completely eliminated the display of manual contacts of the partner, mounts, intromissions and ejaculations without interfering with masturbation. Yawning, a sexually dimorphic behavior, was not affected either, Measure of several social behaviors indicated no evidence of social withdrawal or other aberrance of social interactions, which might have led to the decline in heterosexual behavior. The results with regard to copulatory behavior were consistent with the effects of MP-AH lesions in rats, cats and dogs. In rhesus monkeys it appears as though the MP-AH region is specifically involved in the mediation of heterosexual copulation and is not vital to the performance of other forms of male sexual activity such as masturbation. Also the MP-AH is not critical for the display of all sexually dimorphic behaviors. The types of behavioral change in MP-AH lesioned subjects differed to some extent from those following castration, indicating that the effects of the lesions cannot be explained as basically that of functional castration.", "contents": "Heterosexual, autosexual and social behavior of adult male rhesus monkeys with medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions. Bilateral radiofrequency lesions were made in the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic (MP-AH) area of 6 adult male rhesus monkeys; 5 sham-lesioned subjects served as controls. Behavioral analysis consisted of observations on copulatory behavior, yawning, masturbation and some aspects of social behavior. MP-AH lesions reduced or completely eliminated the display of manual contacts of the partner, mounts, intromissions and ejaculations without interfering with masturbation. Yawning, a sexually dimorphic behavior, was not affected either, Measure of several social behaviors indicated no evidence of social withdrawal or other aberrance of social interactions, which might have led to the decline in heterosexual behavior. The results with regard to copulatory behavior were consistent with the effects of MP-AH lesions in rats, cats and dogs. In rhesus monkeys it appears as though the MP-AH region is specifically involved in the mediation of heterosexual copulation and is not vital to the performance of other forms of male sexual activity such as masturbation. Also the MP-AH is not critical for the display of all sexually dimorphic behaviors. The types of behavioral change in MP-AH lesioned subjects differed to some extent from those following castration, indicating that the effects of the lesions cannot be explained as basically that of functional castration.", "PMID": 414825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7848", "title": "The use of osmolality as an aid to establishing consistent fixation quality: studies on the kidney of the domestic fowl.", "content": "1. Using the proximal convoluted tubule of the fowl kidney as indicator tissue the immersion application of fixatives of differing composition and osmolality was studied. 2. The best results were obtained with Dalton's buffered osmium tetroxide and with sodium cacodylate buffered glutaraldehyde followed by osmium post-fixation. 3. The most satisfactory component concentrations in both cases were those which most reproduced a total osmolality close to that of fowl plasma. With both types of fixation the ultrastructural image of the kidney tubule was sensitive to changes in fixative osmolality and differences were clearly identified over a 30 to 50 mOsm range. 4. With glutaraldehyde/osmium double fixation it was found that it was the total osmolality of the glutaraldehyde buffer combination that was to be considered in a study of osmolotic effects, not the osolality of the buffer vehicle alone. 5. The 30 to 50 mOsm difference in fixative osmolality that was able to be detected by studying the image of the kidney tubule was of the order of magnitude commonly experienced as experimental error in the laboratory as a result of changes in reagent batches or error in making up the solutions. The measurement of osmolality therefore provides an ideal quality control to the laboratory make-up of fixative solutions.", "contents": "The use of osmolality as an aid to establishing consistent fixation quality: studies on the kidney of the domestic fowl. 1. Using the proximal convoluted tubule of the fowl kidney as indicator tissue the immersion application of fixatives of differing composition and osmolality was studied. 2. The best results were obtained with Dalton's buffered osmium tetroxide and with sodium cacodylate buffered glutaraldehyde followed by osmium post-fixation. 3. The most satisfactory component concentrations in both cases were those which most reproduced a total osmolality close to that of fowl plasma. With both types of fixation the ultrastructural image of the kidney tubule was sensitive to changes in fixative osmolality and differences were clearly identified over a 30 to 50 mOsm range. 4. With glutaraldehyde/osmium double fixation it was found that it was the total osmolality of the glutaraldehyde buffer combination that was to be considered in a study of osmolotic effects, not the osolality of the buffer vehicle alone. 5. The 30 to 50 mOsm difference in fixative osmolality that was able to be detected by studying the image of the kidney tubule was of the order of magnitude commonly experienced as experimental error in the laboratory as a result of changes in reagent batches or error in making up the solutions. The measurement of osmolality therefore provides an ideal quality control to the laboratory make-up of fixative solutions.", "PMID": 414827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7849", "title": "Comparison of radiotherapy with and without razoxane (ICRF 159) in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas.", "content": "Comparison of the recurrence rates of soft tissue sarcomas treated by radiotherapy (14 patients) or radiotherapy and synchronous administration of razoxane (19 patients) has shown a statistically significant benefit for those patients treated by the combination. No increase in tissue reactions or adverse side-effects (apart from a readily reversible leukopenia) was observed. The implication is that razoxane acts as a well tolerated adjuvant for radiotherapy.", "contents": "Comparison of radiotherapy with and without razoxane (ICRF 159) in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas. Comparison of the recurrence rates of soft tissue sarcomas treated by radiotherapy (14 patients) or radiotherapy and synchronous administration of razoxane (19 patients) has shown a statistically significant benefit for those patients treated by the combination. No increase in tissue reactions or adverse side-effects (apart from a readily reversible leukopenia) was observed. The implication is that razoxane acts as a well tolerated adjuvant for radiotherapy.", "PMID": 414829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7850", "title": "Comparison of the convulsant effects of cocaine and pseudococaine in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The convulsant effects of cocaine and its C2-epimer, pseudococaine on EEG, respiration, heart rate and behavior were studied in the rhesus monkeys with electrodes implanted in the brain. Intravenous injections of cocaine (3.0 to 8.0 mg/kg) and pseudococaine (3.0 to 7.0 mg/kg) in the animals produced a similar pattern of clonic convulsions accompanied by marked increases in the heart and respiratory rates with mydriasis and excessive salivation. However, both isomers showed different effects on the EEG and animal's behavior following convulsions; e.g., the cocaine-induced convulsions were followed by low-voltage fast waves in the EEGs associated with behavioral hyperexcitation, while pseudococaine-induced convulsions were followed by high-voltage slow waves associated with behavioral depression and drowsiness with intermittent sleep. Pseudococaine was more potent than cocaine in producing convulsions in the same monkeys. The durations of convulsions produced by these drugs were dose-dependent.", "contents": "Comparison of the convulsant effects of cocaine and pseudococaine in the rhesus monkey. The convulsant effects of cocaine and its C2-epimer, pseudococaine on EEG, respiration, heart rate and behavior were studied in the rhesus monkeys with electrodes implanted in the brain. Intravenous injections of cocaine (3.0 to 8.0 mg/kg) and pseudococaine (3.0 to 7.0 mg/kg) in the animals produced a similar pattern of clonic convulsions accompanied by marked increases in the heart and respiratory rates with mydriasis and excessive salivation. However, both isomers showed different effects on the EEG and animal's behavior following convulsions; e.g., the cocaine-induced convulsions were followed by low-voltage fast waves in the EEGs associated with behavioral hyperexcitation, while pseudococaine-induced convulsions were followed by high-voltage slow waves associated with behavioral depression and drowsiness with intermittent sleep. Pseudococaine was more potent than cocaine in producing convulsions in the same monkeys. The durations of convulsions produced by these drugs were dose-dependent.", "PMID": 414826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7851", "title": "Radition therpay control of nine patients with malignant thymoma.", "content": "Malignant thymoma is a relatively rare condition and a review of the literature reveals approximately 100 reported cases. Only a small percentage of these have been treated with megavoltage radiation therapy; therefore, it is difficult to find the necessary information to establish a proper time-dose relationship for treatment. This report deals with the radiation therapy and survival data concerning nine patients treated for malignant thymoma during a ten year period at the Medical University of South Carolina. Megavoltage irradiation in the dose range of 3500-4800 rads was employed in all patients. All gross tumor was completely resected in only three patients, two had a biopsy only, and the remaining four had subtotal resections. Local tumor control has been 100% with the average follow-up being 5.5 years and a minimum of 30 months. Three patients are dead; one from intercurrent disease, one from myasthenia gravis, and one from radiation injury to the spinal cord. One patient is alive with metastatic disease controlled by chemotherapy. The technique of radiation therapy is outlined, as well as suggested treatment policy.", "contents": "Radition therpay control of nine patients with malignant thymoma. Malignant thymoma is a relatively rare condition and a review of the literature reveals approximately 100 reported cases. Only a small percentage of these have been treated with megavoltage radiation therapy; therefore, it is difficult to find the necessary information to establish a proper time-dose relationship for treatment. This report deals with the radiation therapy and survival data concerning nine patients treated for malignant thymoma during a ten year period at the Medical University of South Carolina. Megavoltage irradiation in the dose range of 3500-4800 rads was employed in all patients. All gross tumor was completely resected in only three patients, two had a biopsy only, and the remaining four had subtotal resections. Local tumor control has been 100% with the average follow-up being 5.5 years and a minimum of 30 months. Three patients are dead; one from intercurrent disease, one from myasthenia gravis, and one from radiation injury to the spinal cord. One patient is alive with metastatic disease controlled by chemotherapy. The technique of radiation therapy is outlined, as well as suggested treatment policy.", "PMID": 414830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7852", "title": "Tumor promotion and the induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity in mechanically stimulated mouse skin.", "content": "Wounding by incision was a promoting stimulus in mouse skin previously initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz-(a)anthracene. Skin massage elicited a marked proliferative response in skin but was not a promoting stimulus. Wounding mouse skin, either by multiple scalpel incisions or by stripping with silicon carbide paper, led to a marked induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity. In both instances activity was maximal between 20 and 26 hr after wounding, with a secondary rise at 72 hr. Skin massage did not lead to a detectable increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity over the same time period.", "contents": "Tumor promotion and the induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity in mechanically stimulated mouse skin. Wounding by incision was a promoting stimulus in mouse skin previously initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz-(a)anthracene. Skin massage elicited a marked proliferative response in skin but was not a promoting stimulus. Wounding mouse skin, either by multiple scalpel incisions or by stripping with silicon carbide paper, led to a marked induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity. In both instances activity was maximal between 20 and 26 hr after wounding, with a secondary rise at 72 hr. Skin massage did not lead to a detectable increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity over the same time period.", "PMID": 414831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7853", "title": "Formation of a mutagenic drug metabolite by intestinal microorganisms.", "content": "A new broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent, 4-isothiocyano-4'-nitrodiphenylamine, is devoid of mutagenic activity in vitro, either alone or in the presence of activating enzymes of rat liver. However, six species of mammals receiving this drug excrete as as yet unidentified mutagenic metabolite. Several observations suggested that one or several constituents of the enteric bacterial flora, rather than the metabolic activities of the host, are involved in the formation of this mutagen. Unequivocal demonstration for such a mechanism was provided by germ-free rats that do not form this metabolite, in contrast to their conventional littermates. Only a relatively moderate and apparently quite selective reduction in the total number of microorganisms of the intestinal flora is needed to elminate this mutagenic transformation. For example, following administration of a single dose of erythromycin or erythromycylamine, conversion of the isothiocyanate to a mutagen can be prevented completely, while antiparastitic activity is maintained. There is no obligatory association between chemotherapeutic activity and the formation of the mutagenic metabolite, and these two activities can be dissociated completely. This suggests a new approach for increasing the safety of pharmacological agents.", "contents": "Formation of a mutagenic drug metabolite by intestinal microorganisms. A new broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent, 4-isothiocyano-4'-nitrodiphenylamine, is devoid of mutagenic activity in vitro, either alone or in the presence of activating enzymes of rat liver. However, six species of mammals receiving this drug excrete as as yet unidentified mutagenic metabolite. Several observations suggested that one or several constituents of the enteric bacterial flora, rather than the metabolic activities of the host, are involved in the formation of this mutagen. Unequivocal demonstration for such a mechanism was provided by germ-free rats that do not form this metabolite, in contrast to their conventional littermates. Only a relatively moderate and apparently quite selective reduction in the total number of microorganisms of the intestinal flora is needed to elminate this mutagenic transformation. For example, following administration of a single dose of erythromycin or erythromycylamine, conversion of the isothiocyanate to a mutagen can be prevented completely, while antiparastitic activity is maintained. There is no obligatory association between chemotherapeutic activity and the formation of the mutagenic metabolite, and these two activities can be dissociated completely. This suggests a new approach for increasing the safety of pharmacological agents.", "PMID": 414832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7854", "title": "Relationship between insulin and estrogen binding to growth response in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors.", "content": "Insulin and estrogen binding have been determined in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors of rats in various endocrine states. Hormonal therapy, such as diabetes and ovariectomy, resulted in differential effects on growth patterns and hormone binding of tumors coexisting in the same host or in different hosts. It was observed that tumors that continued to grow after the host was made diabetic (insulin independent) or started to regress after ovariectomy (ovarian dependent) demonstrated decreased insulin binding. Tumors that regressed in diabetic hosts (insulin dependent) or continued to grow in ovariectomized animals (ovarian independent) showed an increased insulin-binding capacity. No significant change in insulin binding was observed in tumors that remained static after ovariectomy or induction of diabetes. Estrogen binding in tumor cells from diabetic rats paralleled the pattern of tumor growth response to diabetes; insulin-independent tumors demonstrated a significant increase in binding compared to tumors from intact hosts, and insulin-dependent tumors showed decreased estrogen receptor levels. From these results, we conclude that (a) insulin plays a positive role in regulating estrogen-binding capacity, (b) ovarian hormones may play a role in regulating insulin-binding capacity, and (c) a relationship between insulin and ovarian hormones and the growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced tumors is strongly suggested and may have therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Relationship between insulin and estrogen binding to growth response in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors. Insulin and estrogen binding have been determined in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors of rats in various endocrine states. Hormonal therapy, such as diabetes and ovariectomy, resulted in differential effects on growth patterns and hormone binding of tumors coexisting in the same host or in different hosts. It was observed that tumors that continued to grow after the host was made diabetic (insulin independent) or started to regress after ovariectomy (ovarian dependent) demonstrated decreased insulin binding. Tumors that regressed in diabetic hosts (insulin dependent) or continued to grow in ovariectomized animals (ovarian independent) showed an increased insulin-binding capacity. No significant change in insulin binding was observed in tumors that remained static after ovariectomy or induction of diabetes. Estrogen binding in tumor cells from diabetic rats paralleled the pattern of tumor growth response to diabetes; insulin-independent tumors demonstrated a significant increase in binding compared to tumors from intact hosts, and insulin-dependent tumors showed decreased estrogen receptor levels. From these results, we conclude that (a) insulin plays a positive role in regulating estrogen-binding capacity, (b) ovarian hormones may play a role in regulating insulin-binding capacity, and (c) a relationship between insulin and ovarian hormones and the growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced tumors is strongly suggested and may have therapeutic implications.", "PMID": 414834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7855", "title": "Harmonic analysis of the left ventricular pressure waveform of the primate.", "content": "Most attempts to quantitate myocardial function rely on morphologic features of complex pressure waveforms to reflect the functional properties of the ventricular myocardium. Relationships between waveform components and the function of the organ generating them were examined in 38 rhesus monkeys by harmonic analysis of left ventricular pressure waveforms. In the basal state, harmonic content was closely correlated (r=0.98) with hemodynamic state, as quantitated by heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressures, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and maximum contractile element velocity. Hemodynamic indices were expressed as significant linear functions of harmonic terms (r=0.71--0.83), in patterns consistent with the principle of superposition. In 20 animals, infusions of dextran, methoxamine, propranolol or ouabain were used to further assess this relationship. Results demonstrated (1) significant correlation between changes in hemodynamic and harmonic parameter (4= 0.99), (2) correlations between each harmonic term and the set of hemodynamic indices such that specific terms varied directly with contractility but not with loading, whereas others correlated significantly only with loading, and (3) that the patterns in these correlations were of such specificity as to permit construction of significant discriminant functions (p less than 0.0001) that accurately characterized the pharmacologically induced hemodynamic change in 85% (56/67) of trials.", "contents": "Harmonic analysis of the left ventricular pressure waveform of the primate. Most attempts to quantitate myocardial function rely on morphologic features of complex pressure waveforms to reflect the functional properties of the ventricular myocardium. Relationships between waveform components and the function of the organ generating them were examined in 38 rhesus monkeys by harmonic analysis of left ventricular pressure waveforms. In the basal state, harmonic content was closely correlated (r=0.98) with hemodynamic state, as quantitated by heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressures, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and maximum contractile element velocity. Hemodynamic indices were expressed as significant linear functions of harmonic terms (r=0.71--0.83), in patterns consistent with the principle of superposition. In 20 animals, infusions of dextran, methoxamine, propranolol or ouabain were used to further assess this relationship. Results demonstrated (1) significant correlation between changes in hemodynamic and harmonic parameter (4= 0.99), (2) correlations between each harmonic term and the set of hemodynamic indices such that specific terms varied directly with contractility but not with loading, whereas others correlated significantly only with loading, and (3) that the patterns in these correlations were of such specificity as to permit construction of significant discriminant functions (p less than 0.0001) that accurately characterized the pharmacologically induced hemodynamic change in 85% (56/67) of trials.", "PMID": 414837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7856", "title": "Intracoronary versus intravenous nitroglycerin on the transmural distribution of coronary blood flow.", "content": "The effect of intracoronary versus intravenous administration of nitroglycerin (GTN) on the transmural distribution of coronary blood flow (epi/endo) was studied in an isolated canine heart preparation and intact dogs. The distribution of blood flow between epicardium and endocardium of the left ventricle was determined by use of radioactive microspheres (15 micrometer diameter). Intracoronary infusion of GTN in the isolated heart significantly increased epi/endo during a constant coronary blood flow, whereas no change in epi/endo was observed during a constant coronary perfusion pressure. When maximal coronary vasodilatation was produced by chromonar, the epi/endo increased significantly, however intracoronary GTN produced no further vasodilatation and did not improve epi/endo. In contrast, intravenous infusion of GTN in intact hearts significantly decreased epi/endo. These results suggest that intracoronary GTN does not enhance endocardial perfusion and may even produce a coronary steal, whereas intravenous GTN may improve endocardial perfusion via indirect haemodynamic actions.", "contents": "Intracoronary versus intravenous nitroglycerin on the transmural distribution of coronary blood flow. The effect of intracoronary versus intravenous administration of nitroglycerin (GTN) on the transmural distribution of coronary blood flow (epi/endo) was studied in an isolated canine heart preparation and intact dogs. The distribution of blood flow between epicardium and endocardium of the left ventricle was determined by use of radioactive microspheres (15 micrometer diameter). Intracoronary infusion of GTN in the isolated heart significantly increased epi/endo during a constant coronary blood flow, whereas no change in epi/endo was observed during a constant coronary perfusion pressure. When maximal coronary vasodilatation was produced by chromonar, the epi/endo increased significantly, however intracoronary GTN produced no further vasodilatation and did not improve epi/endo. In contrast, intravenous infusion of GTN in intact hearts significantly decreased epi/endo. These results suggest that intracoronary GTN does not enhance endocardial perfusion and may even produce a coronary steal, whereas intravenous GTN may improve endocardial perfusion via indirect haemodynamic actions.", "PMID": 414838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7857", "title": "The posterior horn and collateral trigone of the lateral ventricle of the monkey brain (Macaca speziosa). A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The posterior horn of the lateral ventricle in the monkey brain varies in size in different individuals. In this part of the ventricle, the ependymal cells bear cilia, microvilli, microblebs and supraependymal, axon-like cell processes. Only slight differences are seen in the different parts of the posterior horn: The roof has densely packed cilia and microvilli. Supraependymal axons are almost absent. The lateral wall has axons which are irregularly arranged. Subependymal vessels are partly covered by polygonal ependymal cells. The collateral trigone has some regions with densely packed cilia and some with widely spaced cilia. The regions with widely spaced cilia have polygonal cells whose surfaces differ in shape and are surrounded by a border of microvilli. The meshwork of supraependymal axons is wide-spread on polygonal cells. The medial wall shows no regional differences. Though larger areas are free of supraependymal cell processes, all ependymal structures (cilia, microvilli, microblebs) are present. In the posterior horn of only two animals were these larger spherical protrusions present which could be the result of a secretory process.", "contents": "The posterior horn and collateral trigone of the lateral ventricle of the monkey brain (Macaca speziosa). A scanning electron microscopic study. The posterior horn of the lateral ventricle in the monkey brain varies in size in different individuals. In this part of the ventricle, the ependymal cells bear cilia, microvilli, microblebs and supraependymal, axon-like cell processes. Only slight differences are seen in the different parts of the posterior horn: The roof has densely packed cilia and microvilli. Supraependymal axons are almost absent. The lateral wall has axons which are irregularly arranged. Subependymal vessels are partly covered by polygonal ependymal cells. The collateral trigone has some regions with densely packed cilia and some with widely spaced cilia. The regions with widely spaced cilia have polygonal cells whose surfaces differ in shape and are surrounded by a border of microvilli. The meshwork of supraependymal axons is wide-spread on polygonal cells. The medial wall shows no regional differences. Though larger areas are free of supraependymal cell processes, all ependymal structures (cilia, microvilli, microblebs) are present. In the posterior horn of only two animals were these larger spherical protrusions present which could be the result of a secretory process.", "PMID": 414839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7858", "title": "Intercellular bridges in ovarian follicle cells of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Intercellular bridges have been detected in ovarian follicle cells of Drosophila melanogaster. These bridges occur widely between follicle cells of previtellogenic chambers, while, in vitellogenic chambers, they become restricted to the columnar follicle cells. Usually, only one bridge is detectable between adjacent follicle cells, but a single cell may form two cytoplasmic continuities. The fine structure of the intercellular bridges is similar to that previously described in the development of Drosophila. The bridge wall consists of two layers of which the more external is more electron dense and thinner than the inner one. The role played by the intercellular bridges in the determination of asynchronous differentiation of the linked follicle cells is discussed in relation ot the known behaviour of these cells in the secretion of the egg covering precursors.", "contents": "Intercellular bridges in ovarian follicle cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Intercellular bridges have been detected in ovarian follicle cells of Drosophila melanogaster. These bridges occur widely between follicle cells of previtellogenic chambers, while, in vitellogenic chambers, they become restricted to the columnar follicle cells. Usually, only one bridge is detectable between adjacent follicle cells, but a single cell may form two cytoplasmic continuities. The fine structure of the intercellular bridges is similar to that previously described in the development of Drosophila. The bridge wall consists of two layers of which the more external is more electron dense and thinner than the inner one. The role played by the intercellular bridges in the determination of asynchronous differentiation of the linked follicle cells is discussed in relation ot the known behaviour of these cells in the secretion of the egg covering precursors.", "PMID": 414840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7859", "title": "Drosophila: the genetics of two major larval proteins.", "content": "A series of irradiation-induced deficiencies covering 62 polytene chromosome bands in chromosome arm 3L of Drosophila melanogaster includes the loci of two abundant developmentally regulated larval proteins. The structural gene for larval serum protein 2 (LSP 2) lies at 68E3 or 4, and that for salivary glue secretion protein 3 between 68A8 and 68C11, coincident with a major intermoult puff active in the salivary gland at the time of glue synthesis. The structural genes for esterase 6 and four visible recessive loci lie within the same region.", "contents": "Drosophila: the genetics of two major larval proteins. A series of irradiation-induced deficiencies covering 62 polytene chromosome bands in chromosome arm 3L of Drosophila melanogaster includes the loci of two abundant developmentally regulated larval proteins. The structural gene for larval serum protein 2 (LSP 2) lies at 68E3 or 4, and that for salivary glue secretion protein 3 between 68A8 and 68C11, coincident with a major intermoult puff active in the salivary gland at the time of glue synthesis. The structural genes for esterase 6 and four visible recessive loci lie within the same region.", "PMID": 414841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7860", "title": "[Morphological evolution of the first lower premolar of some higher primates].", "content": "Recent discoveries in Africa, in Asia and in Europe of new fossils attributed to the Ramapithecinae and/or to the Australopithecinae seem to point out the monocuspid origin of Man's first lower premolar the bicuspidy of the Gigantopithecidae, the Oreopithecidae' and the Hominidae' first lower premolar, reached at different geological ages, give an example of parallel evolution.", "contents": "[Morphological evolution of the first lower premolar of some higher primates]. Recent discoveries in Africa, in Asia and in Europe of new fossils attributed to the Ramapithecinae and/or to the Australopithecinae seem to point out the monocuspid origin of Man's first lower premolar the bicuspidy of the Gigantopithecidae, the Oreopithecidae' and the Hominidae' first lower premolar, reached at different geological ages, give an example of parallel evolution.", "PMID": 414845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7861", "title": "[The schizogony of Polychromophilus (Haemoproteidae), cosmopolitan parasite of Microchiroptera].", "content": "The schizogony of Polychromophilus was partially known by the findings of Schingarew, Mer and Goldblum who demonstrated microschizonts in the reticulo-endothelial tissue. The present work completes these data by showing the presence of macroschizonts in the lungs of both African and European species. These schizonts are characterized by their large size, the hypertrophy of the host cell and its nucleus and the evolution of the parasite apparently slow when young, becoming rapid later.", "contents": "[The schizogony of Polychromophilus (Haemoproteidae), cosmopolitan parasite of Microchiroptera]. The schizogony of Polychromophilus was partially known by the findings of Schingarew, Mer and Goldblum who demonstrated microschizonts in the reticulo-endothelial tissue. The present work completes these data by showing the presence of macroschizonts in the lungs of both African and European species. These schizonts are characterized by their large size, the hypertrophy of the host cell and its nucleus and the evolution of the parasite apparently slow when young, becoming rapid later.", "PMID": 414846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7862", "title": "[Effects of hyperpolarizing currents on the action potentials of nodal and perinodal sino-atrial cells of the rabbit heart].", "content": "A technique of focal polarization allowed us to confirm that the action potentials of the true rabbit heart pacemaker cells possess a rapid sodium channel normally inactivated because of the low value of the take-off potential of this tissue. The latent pacemaker cells are regular sinocaval cells depolarized as a consequence of the proximity of true pacemaker cells.", "contents": "[Effects of hyperpolarizing currents on the action potentials of nodal and perinodal sino-atrial cells of the rabbit heart]. A technique of focal polarization allowed us to confirm that the action potentials of the true rabbit heart pacemaker cells possess a rapid sodium channel normally inactivated because of the low value of the take-off potential of this tissue. The latent pacemaker cells are regular sinocaval cells depolarized as a consequence of the proximity of true pacemaker cells.", "PMID": 414847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7863", "title": "[Presence of neurons synthesizing LH-RH in the anterior hypothalamus of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos)].", "content": "Using histochemical techniques with LH-RH anti-serum, a large number of LH-RH producing neurons were identified in the Duck hypothalamus, under different physiological conditions. The LH-RH pericaryas were localized in a well delimited area of the anterior hypothalamus, including the dorsal part of the periventricular preoptic nucleus. The LH-RH containing axons were directed downwards towards the infundibulum, and terminated within the external layer of the rostral and caudal median eminence, in close vicinity to the capillaries of the pituitary portal system.", "contents": "[Presence of neurons synthesizing LH-RH in the anterior hypothalamus of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos)]. Using histochemical techniques with LH-RH anti-serum, a large number of LH-RH producing neurons were identified in the Duck hypothalamus, under different physiological conditions. The LH-RH pericaryas were localized in a well delimited area of the anterior hypothalamus, including the dorsal part of the periventricular preoptic nucleus. The LH-RH containing axons were directed downwards towards the infundibulum, and terminated within the external layer of the rostral and caudal median eminence, in close vicinity to the capillaries of the pituitary portal system.", "PMID": 414848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7864", "title": "[Acceleration of the speed of neuronal growth by a new neurotropic substance: N-isopropyl-amino-2-pyrimidine].", "content": "16 hrs. after per os administration of 14C N-isopropyl-amino-2-pyrimidine (IAP) in the Rat, radioactivity of the sciatic nerve is significantly higher than in plasma and other organs. In vitro IAP (base, orthophosphate or dichloracetate) accelerates neurite outgrowth of explained spinal ganglion after 48 hrs. of incubation in nutritive medium. Results suggest that IAP incorporated in nerve cell acts on cellular mechanisms controlling nerve growth.", "contents": "[Acceleration of the speed of neuronal growth by a new neurotropic substance: N-isopropyl-amino-2-pyrimidine]. 16 hrs. after per os administration of 14C N-isopropyl-amino-2-pyrimidine (IAP) in the Rat, radioactivity of the sciatic nerve is significantly higher than in plasma and other organs. In vitro IAP (base, orthophosphate or dichloracetate) accelerates neurite outgrowth of explained spinal ganglion after 48 hrs. of incubation in nutritive medium. Results suggest that IAP incorporated in nerve cell acts on cellular mechanisms controlling nerve growth.", "PMID": 414849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7865", "title": "[Detection of DDT in quail eggs: quantitative analysis].", "content": "Significant residues of DDT have been found in the albumin and vitellus of Quail eggs, after external treatment of the shell with an aqueous suspension of commercial DDT. The rate of pesticide crossing varies according to the shell porosity and thickness. Residues of DDT have also been found in the control eggs and in the Quail industrial food.", "contents": "[Detection of DDT in quail eggs: quantitative analysis]. Significant residues of DDT have been found in the albumin and vitellus of Quail eggs, after external treatment of the shell with an aqueous suspension of commercial DDT. The rate of pesticide crossing varies according to the shell porosity and thickness. Residues of DDT have also been found in the control eggs and in the Quail industrial food.", "PMID": 414850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7866", "title": "[Allergenic character of tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9 THC), active principle of Indian hemp (Cannabis saliva var. indica)].", "content": "The maximization test applied on the Hartley Guinea Pig and the mast cell degranulation test performed on the sensibilised Guinea Pig serum resulted in: 1, extreme allergenicity; 2, the formation of circulating antibodies anti delta9 THC.", "contents": "[Allergenic character of tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9 THC), active principle of Indian hemp (Cannabis saliva var. indica)]. The maximization test applied on the Hartley Guinea Pig and the mast cell degranulation test performed on the sensibilised Guinea Pig serum resulted in: 1, extreme allergenicity; 2, the formation of circulating antibodies anti delta9 THC.", "PMID": 414851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7867", "title": "[A new method permitting the quantitative determination of virus present in surface waters].", "content": "With a 34% efficiency, not related to the amount of viruses, a simple and inexpensive apparatus allows quantitative recovery of enteroviruses from river-water.", "contents": "[A new method permitting the quantitative determination of virus present in surface waters]. With a 34% efficiency, not related to the amount of viruses, a simple and inexpensive apparatus allows quantitative recovery of enteroviruses from river-water.", "PMID": 414852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7868", "title": "[Survival of tumor fragments as a function of temperature: correlation with electric impedance].", "content": "The ability of small pieces of Rat Walker's tumour carcinome 256 to develop a subcutaneous tumour on another Rat is dependent on the value and the duration of heat treatment.", "contents": "[Survival of tumor fragments as a function of temperature: correlation with electric impedance]. The ability of small pieces of Rat Walker's tumour carcinome 256 to develop a subcutaneous tumour on another Rat is dependent on the value and the duration of heat treatment.", "PMID": 414853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7869", "title": "Effect of nitroglycerin and arterial hypertension on myocardial blood flow following acute coronary artery occlusion in the dog.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate the effects of nitroglycerin and phenylephrine-induced arterial hypertension on regional myocardial blood flow in awake dogs with acute occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery. Myocardial blood flow to four transmural layers from epicardium to endocardium was estimated with 7-9 micron radionuclide labeled microspheres in 1) the non-ischemic myocardium, 2) the central ischemic zone, and 3) the border zone separating ischemic from normally perfused myocardium. Measurements were repeated 1) during infusion of nitroglycerin, 0.015 mg/kg/min, 2) during phenylephrine administered to increase arterial pressure 60 mm Hg above the control measurements, and 3) during combined nitroglycerin and phenylephrine administration. Both nitroglycerin and phenylephrine increased myocardial blood flow to the central ischemic area; nitroglycerin significantly decreased the resistance of the collateral vascular system, while the increased flow during phenylephrine administration was accounted for entirely by the increased arterial pressure with no change in collateral vascular resistance. The increased blood flow to the central ischemic zone during nitroglycerin administration was delivered preferentially to the subendocardium, while the increased blood flow during phenylephrine administration was directed exclusively to the subepicardium. Neither nitroglycerin nor phenylephrine significantly altered computed vascular resistance of the border zone, but because of the increased driving pressure, blood flow to the border zone was significantly increased during phenylephrine administration.", "contents": "Effect of nitroglycerin and arterial hypertension on myocardial blood flow following acute coronary artery occlusion in the dog. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of nitroglycerin and phenylephrine-induced arterial hypertension on regional myocardial blood flow in awake dogs with acute occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery. Myocardial blood flow to four transmural layers from epicardium to endocardium was estimated with 7-9 micron radionuclide labeled microspheres in 1) the non-ischemic myocardium, 2) the central ischemic zone, and 3) the border zone separating ischemic from normally perfused myocardium. Measurements were repeated 1) during infusion of nitroglycerin, 0.015 mg/kg/min, 2) during phenylephrine administered to increase arterial pressure 60 mm Hg above the control measurements, and 3) during combined nitroglycerin and phenylephrine administration. Both nitroglycerin and phenylephrine increased myocardial blood flow to the central ischemic area; nitroglycerin significantly decreased the resistance of the collateral vascular system, while the increased flow during phenylephrine administration was accounted for entirely by the increased arterial pressure with no change in collateral vascular resistance. The increased blood flow to the central ischemic zone during nitroglycerin administration was delivered preferentially to the subendocardium, while the increased blood flow during phenylephrine administration was directed exclusively to the subepicardium. Neither nitroglycerin nor phenylephrine significantly altered computed vascular resistance of the border zone, but because of the increased driving pressure, blood flow to the border zone was significantly increased during phenylephrine administration.", "PMID": 414854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7870", "title": "Respiratory disease in workers exposed to solder flux fumes containing colophony (pine resin).", "content": "Twenty-one patients are described who developed asthma, or evidence of a peripheral airways reaction, while working in the electronics industry and exposed to solder flux fumes containing colophony (pine resin). This selected group contained five patients with pre-existing asthma. Fourteen patients had never smoked. Prick-testing with common environmental antigens gave one or more positive reactions in nine patients. The diagnosis was confirmed by occupational-type provocation tests in all workers with colophony-based cored solder, and reproduced by exposure to the fumes of heated colophony alone. Control subjects did not react to the test with colophony. The clinical findings and provocation test reactins have features of a hypersensitivity reaction, although so far specific antibodies have not been found.", "contents": "Respiratory disease in workers exposed to solder flux fumes containing colophony (pine resin). Twenty-one patients are described who developed asthma, or evidence of a peripheral airways reaction, while working in the electronics industry and exposed to solder flux fumes containing colophony (pine resin). This selected group contained five patients with pre-existing asthma. Fourteen patients had never smoked. Prick-testing with common environmental antigens gave one or more positive reactions in nine patients. The diagnosis was confirmed by occupational-type provocation tests in all workers with colophony-based cored solder, and reproduced by exposure to the fumes of heated colophony alone. Control subjects did not react to the test with colophony. The clinical findings and provocation test reactins have features of a hypersensitivity reaction, although so far specific antibodies have not been found.", "PMID": 414855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7871", "title": "Allergenic activity of fractions of cocksfoot (Dacylis glomerata) pollen.", "content": "A cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) pollen extract has been fractionated by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel, the separated components extracted from the gel and assayed by three methods: prick tests in human skin, RAST and PCA tests in monkey skin. Prick testing in human skin showed that subjects responded differently to the separated components, indicating the presence of more than one antigenic determinant, and a profile of antibody activity against each fraction could be constructed. In general, good agreement was observed between RAST profiles and skin test profiles, although some patients who gave positive skin tests lacked circulating IgE and consequently did not give a RAST profile or a monkey PCA. These studies emphasize the current difficulty in attempting to isolate a single pure allergen from cocksfoot which can be used either diagnostically for the detection of pollen allergy, or for the standardization of diagnostic extracts.", "contents": "Allergenic activity of fractions of cocksfoot (Dacylis glomerata) pollen. A cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) pollen extract has been fractionated by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel, the separated components extracted from the gel and assayed by three methods: prick tests in human skin, RAST and PCA tests in monkey skin. Prick testing in human skin showed that subjects responded differently to the separated components, indicating the presence of more than one antigenic determinant, and a profile of antibody activity against each fraction could be constructed. In general, good agreement was observed between RAST profiles and skin test profiles, although some patients who gave positive skin tests lacked circulating IgE and consequently did not give a RAST profile or a monkey PCA. These studies emphasize the current difficulty in attempting to isolate a single pure allergen from cocksfoot which can be used either diagnostically for the detection of pollen allergy, or for the standardization of diagnostic extracts.", "PMID": 414856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7872", "title": "A practical radioimmunoassay of thyroglobulin.", "content": "We describe a reliable and convenient double-antibody radioimmunoassay for human thyroglobulin that can be performed within two days. Analytical recoveries were quantitative and immunological equivalence between several sources of human thyroglobulin was demonstrated. Cross reactivity with either thyroxine or triiodothyronine was insignificant. The between-day coefficient of variation in the 5--100 mug/liter range was 10%. The range observed for 68 normal individuals was 2--61 microgram/liter.", "contents": "A practical radioimmunoassay of thyroglobulin. We describe a reliable and convenient double-antibody radioimmunoassay for human thyroglobulin that can be performed within two days. Analytical recoveries were quantitative and immunological equivalence between several sources of human thyroglobulin was demonstrated. Cross reactivity with either thyroxine or triiodothyronine was insignificant. The between-day coefficient of variation in the 5--100 mug/liter range was 10%. The range observed for 68 normal individuals was 2--61 microgram/liter.", "PMID": 414858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7873", "title": "Electroimmunoassay, radioimmunoassay, and radial immunodiffusion assay evaluated for quantification of human apolipoprotein B.", "content": "We examined three immunoassay techniques for measuring apolipoprotein B in serum and major lipoprotein density fractions from normolipidemic and hyperlipoproteinemic persons, comparing values by electroimmunoassay, radioimmunoassay, and radial immunodiffusion assay with those determined gravimetrically. Electroimmunoassay is faster and simpler than radioimmunoassay, and equally precise (within- and between-assay coefficients of variation for both were 5 and 7%, respectively). All the immunoassays gave results that agreed with those by gravimetry for normolipidemic sera and the corresponding lipoprotein density fractions, but only electroimmunoassay results agreed with those by gravimetry for apolipoprotein B in lipoproteins of d less than 1.019 g/ml isolated from hypertriglyceridemic patients. Concentrations of apolipoprotein B in plasma, determined by electroimmunoassay in a population of normal persons and patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemias, were: normals, 980 +/- 200; type I, 700 +/- 160; type IIa, 2000 +/- 260; type IIb, 2180 +/- 300; type III, 1300 +/- 340; type IV, 1470 +/- 400; and type V, 1550 +/- 390 mg/liter (mean +/- SD). Lipoprotein density fractions from the hyperlipoproteinemic patients each had a characteristic distribution of free and associated forms of lipoprotein family B. The absolute concentration and distribution of apolipoprotein B between the free and associated forms of lipoprotein B may represent a useful indicator of the underlying biochemical defect(s).", "contents": "Electroimmunoassay, radioimmunoassay, and radial immunodiffusion assay evaluated for quantification of human apolipoprotein B. We examined three immunoassay techniques for measuring apolipoprotein B in serum and major lipoprotein density fractions from normolipidemic and hyperlipoproteinemic persons, comparing values by electroimmunoassay, radioimmunoassay, and radial immunodiffusion assay with those determined gravimetrically. Electroimmunoassay is faster and simpler than radioimmunoassay, and equally precise (within- and between-assay coefficients of variation for both were 5 and 7%, respectively). All the immunoassays gave results that agreed with those by gravimetry for normolipidemic sera and the corresponding lipoprotein density fractions, but only electroimmunoassay results agreed with those by gravimetry for apolipoprotein B in lipoproteins of d less than 1.019 g/ml isolated from hypertriglyceridemic patients. Concentrations of apolipoprotein B in plasma, determined by electroimmunoassay in a population of normal persons and patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemias, were: normals, 980 +/- 200; type I, 700 +/- 160; type IIa, 2000 +/- 260; type IIb, 2180 +/- 300; type III, 1300 +/- 340; type IV, 1470 +/- 400; and type V, 1550 +/- 390 mg/liter (mean +/- SD). Lipoprotein density fractions from the hyperlipoproteinemic patients each had a characteristic distribution of free and associated forms of lipoprotein family B. The absolute concentration and distribution of apolipoprotein B between the free and associated forms of lipoprotein B may represent a useful indicator of the underlying biochemical defect(s).", "PMID": 414859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7874", "title": "A double antibody solid phase radioimmunoassay for placental alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "A solid-phase \"direct\" radioimmunoassay for determination of placental alkaline phosphatase in serum was developed. The assay is highly sensitive, with a minimum detectable dose of 9 ng protein per ml. The specificity for the placental type of the enzyme, in comparison to other serum alkaline phosphatases, was found to be convincing. The choice of genetic types of either placental alkaline phosphatase or antiserm was found not to influence the radioimmunoassay. With the described technique the serum concentration of this enzyme during normal pregnancy was measured. A 25-fold increase from low levels during the first trimester up to 252 +/- 70 ng/ml (mean +/- S.D.) in gestation week 40 was observed.", "contents": "A double antibody solid phase radioimmunoassay for placental alkaline phosphatase. A solid-phase \"direct\" radioimmunoassay for determination of placental alkaline phosphatase in serum was developed. The assay is highly sensitive, with a minimum detectable dose of 9 ng protein per ml. The specificity for the placental type of the enzyme, in comparison to other serum alkaline phosphatases, was found to be convincing. The choice of genetic types of either placental alkaline phosphatase or antiserm was found not to influence the radioimmunoassay. With the described technique the serum concentration of this enzyme during normal pregnancy was measured. A 25-fold increase from low levels during the first trimester up to 252 +/- 70 ng/ml (mean +/- S.D.) in gestation week 40 was observed.", "PMID": 414861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7875", "title": "Biosynthesis and characterization of intracellular IgDkappa in a case of CLL.", "content": "A case of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) with diffuse intracellular IgDkappa is reported. No serum paraprotein or urinary Bence-Jones protein were detected. No surface immunoglobulin was found on the neoplastic lymphocytes, but the cells had receptors for Fcgamma and the C3 component of complement consistent with other cases of CLL. Biosynthetic studies confirmed that the cells synthesized IgDkappa but there was no evidence for secretion of IgD into the culture medium. The cells did not produce Ig of any other class. The intracellular IgD occurred predominantly as deltakappa units with no covalent links between the chains. These findings are discussed.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and characterization of intracellular IgDkappa in a case of CLL. A case of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) with diffuse intracellular IgDkappa is reported. No serum paraprotein or urinary Bence-Jones protein were detected. No surface immunoglobulin was found on the neoplastic lymphocytes, but the cells had receptors for Fcgamma and the C3 component of complement consistent with other cases of CLL. Biosynthetic studies confirmed that the cells synthesized IgDkappa but there was no evidence for secretion of IgD into the culture medium. The cells did not produce Ig of any other class. The intracellular IgD occurred predominantly as deltakappa units with no covalent links between the chains. These findings are discussed.", "PMID": 414863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7876", "title": "Characterization of the IgA immunocyte population and its product in a patient with excessive intestinal formation of IgA.", "content": "An 11-year-old Norwegian boy presented with clinico-pathological features indicative of coeliac or alpha-chain disease. However, his major serum component (about 50 mg/ml) was found to be a polyclonal, polymeric (about 80% dimeric) IgA consisting mainly of the subclass IgA1 and showing a kappa:lambda ratio of 67:33. Also the serum concentration of IgA monomers was increased (about 9 mg/ml). The polymers were heterogeneous with regard to J-chain content--varying on a molar basis from 1.9 for the more basic fraction to at least 2.4 for the more acidic one. Both fractions showed non-covalent affinity for secretory component (SC) in vitro. Most of the serum IgA seemed to originate from the small intestine, which contained a five-times-increased population of IgA immunocytes. These cells were heterogeneous with regard to production of polymeric IgA; many of them showed definitely more J-chain synthesis than normal intestinal IgA immunocytes. The cell population had apparently not spread to the bone marrow, but the polymeric IgA product permeated the connective tissue throughout the body and appeared also in the urine, partly associated with SC. The possibility that such an excessively proliferating intestinal B-cell population may bear some relation to alpha-chain disease is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of the IgA immunocyte population and its product in a patient with excessive intestinal formation of IgA. An 11-year-old Norwegian boy presented with clinico-pathological features indicative of coeliac or alpha-chain disease. However, his major serum component (about 50 mg/ml) was found to be a polyclonal, polymeric (about 80% dimeric) IgA consisting mainly of the subclass IgA1 and showing a kappa:lambda ratio of 67:33. Also the serum concentration of IgA monomers was increased (about 9 mg/ml). The polymers were heterogeneous with regard to J-chain content--varying on a molar basis from 1.9 for the more basic fraction to at least 2.4 for the more acidic one. Both fractions showed non-covalent affinity for secretory component (SC) in vitro. Most of the serum IgA seemed to originate from the small intestine, which contained a five-times-increased population of IgA immunocytes. These cells were heterogeneous with regard to production of polymeric IgA; many of them showed definitely more J-chain synthesis than normal intestinal IgA immunocytes. The cell population had apparently not spread to the bone marrow, but the polymeric IgA product permeated the connective tissue throughout the body and appeared also in the urine, partly associated with SC. The possibility that such an excessively proliferating intestinal B-cell population may bear some relation to alpha-chain disease is discussed.", "PMID": 414864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7877", "title": "Antibodies reacting with salmon and human protamines in sera from infertile men and from vasectomized men and monkeys.", "content": "A micro-complement fixation test was modified for the detection of low-titred antibodies to protamines. Specific immunological reactions with salmon protamine were found with some sera obtained from infertile men and vasectomized men and monkeys. The possibilities that allergic reactions, observed in patients receiving salmon protamine, result from immunity to the fish protamine and from immunological cross-reaction between human and salmon protamines (in cases where auto-immunity to human protamine has developed prior to the administration of fish protamine) are discussed.", "contents": "Antibodies reacting with salmon and human protamines in sera from infertile men and from vasectomized men and monkeys. A micro-complement fixation test was modified for the detection of low-titred antibodies to protamines. Specific immunological reactions with salmon protamine were found with some sera obtained from infertile men and vasectomized men and monkeys. The possibilities that allergic reactions, observed in patients receiving salmon protamine, result from immunity to the fish protamine and from immunological cross-reaction between human and salmon protamines (in cases where auto-immunity to human protamine has developed prior to the administration of fish protamine) are discussed.", "PMID": 414865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7878", "title": "An immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (VH) marker associated with cross-reactive idiotypes in man.", "content": "The VH specificities of two rabbit antisera raised against the H chains of two human IgM cold agglutinins were studied with the aid of proteins on which the VH sequence data are available. They were found to recognize a new VH antigen (VHMar), which may represent a subgroup of VHI. This antigen is found on anti-Ii antibodies which have cross-reactive idiotypes. It is moderately well-expressed in normal gamma globulin and strongly expressed on 8% of unselected myeloma and macroglobulinaemia proteins. There is evidence to suggest that a proportion of the cross-reactive idiotypes among the anti-Ii antibodies involve this VH antigen.", "contents": "An immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (VH) marker associated with cross-reactive idiotypes in man. The VH specificities of two rabbit antisera raised against the H chains of two human IgM cold agglutinins were studied with the aid of proteins on which the VH sequence data are available. They were found to recognize a new VH antigen (VHMar), which may represent a subgroup of VHI. This antigen is found on anti-Ii antibodies which have cross-reactive idiotypes. It is moderately well-expressed in normal gamma globulin and strongly expressed on 8% of unselected myeloma and macroglobulinaemia proteins. There is evidence to suggest that a proportion of the cross-reactive idiotypes among the anti-Ii antibodies involve this VH antigen.", "PMID": 414866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7879", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in Chagas' disease: Alterations induced by treatment with a trypanocidal drug (nifurtimox).", "content": "Peripheral leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI) with Trypanosoma cruzi-specific antigens, measured as a migration index (MI), was studied in chronic Chagas' disease patients. The MI of untreated patients with polymerized antigens from culture forms (epimastigotes) of T. cruzi was significantly lower than that of controls. In contrast, when chronic Chagas' patients were treated with nifurtimox, 10 mg/kg/day for 2 months, the MI was not different from control values. Treated and untreated patients had normal T- and B-lymphocyte markers, measured by the ability to form rosettes either with sheep erythrocytes (E-RFC) or with sheep erythrocytes--antibody--complement (EAC-RFC). In addition, the number of lymphocytes bearing surface membrane Ig (SMIg) was the same as that of controls. Non-specific functional assays, such as PHA-induced blastogenesis and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) to sensitized chicken erythrocytes were also normal, both in treated and untreated patients. Thus, nifurtimox produced a particularly effect on cell-mediated immunity, specially detectable using LMI.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in Chagas' disease: Alterations induced by treatment with a trypanocidal drug (nifurtimox). Peripheral leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI) with Trypanosoma cruzi-specific antigens, measured as a migration index (MI), was studied in chronic Chagas' disease patients. The MI of untreated patients with polymerized antigens from culture forms (epimastigotes) of T. cruzi was significantly lower than that of controls. In contrast, when chronic Chagas' patients were treated with nifurtimox, 10 mg/kg/day for 2 months, the MI was not different from control values. Treated and untreated patients had normal T- and B-lymphocyte markers, measured by the ability to form rosettes either with sheep erythrocytes (E-RFC) or with sheep erythrocytes--antibody--complement (EAC-RFC). In addition, the number of lymphocytes bearing surface membrane Ig (SMIg) was the same as that of controls. Non-specific functional assays, such as PHA-induced blastogenesis and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) to sensitized chicken erythrocytes were also normal, both in treated and untreated patients. Thus, nifurtimox produced a particularly effect on cell-mediated immunity, specially detectable using LMI.", "PMID": 414867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7880", "title": "Kidney lesions in baboons infected with Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Glomerular lesions in baboons (Papio anubis) infected with different dosage regimes of Schistosoma mansoni were studied by immunofluorescence and light microscopy on kidney sections and by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis on kidney homogenates and tissue eluates. Mild lesions, characterized by focal and segmental deposits of immune complexes, developed in sixty-two out of 103 baboons, irrespective of the intensity and duration of the infection. Severe, diffuse lesions developed in six baboons after prolonged and heavy infections. Adult worm and soluble egg antigens, together with IgM, IgG and C3, were detected in most of the severe lesions and in some of the mild lesions. In some animals, antigens were detected in most of the severe lesions and in some of the mild lesions. In some animals, antigens were detected in acid homogenates and eluates of kidneys which showed no deposits of immunoglobulins or complement. These observations indicate that renal lesions in S. mansoni infections may be attributable to the deposition of immune complexes pre-formed in the circulation. However, the demonstration of antigens alone in some animals may suggest an alternative possibility, namely that antigens are deposited first with a subsequent binding of antibody and complement.", "contents": "Kidney lesions in baboons infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Glomerular lesions in baboons (Papio anubis) infected with different dosage regimes of Schistosoma mansoni were studied by immunofluorescence and light microscopy on kidney sections and by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis on kidney homogenates and tissue eluates. Mild lesions, characterized by focal and segmental deposits of immune complexes, developed in sixty-two out of 103 baboons, irrespective of the intensity and duration of the infection. Severe, diffuse lesions developed in six baboons after prolonged and heavy infections. Adult worm and soluble egg antigens, together with IgM, IgG and C3, were detected in most of the severe lesions and in some of the mild lesions. In some animals, antigens were detected in most of the severe lesions and in some of the mild lesions. In some animals, antigens were detected in acid homogenates and eluates of kidneys which showed no deposits of immunoglobulins or complement. These observations indicate that renal lesions in S. mansoni infections may be attributable to the deposition of immune complexes pre-formed in the circulation. However, the demonstration of antigens alone in some animals may suggest an alternative possibility, namely that antigens are deposited first with a subsequent binding of antibody and complement.", "PMID": 414868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7881", "title": "Structure and biological functions of human IgD. XII. Anti-IgD enhancement of PHA responsiveness in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Specifically purifed anti-human delta stimulated the in vitro incorporation of [3H]thymidine by human peripheral lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). The peak response varied between individuals; those with 5--52% IgD-bearing lymphocytes exhibited maximum stimulation at 3 days, whereas a patient with only 1% IgD-bearing cells showed optimal activation at 6 days. In agreement with others, our data indicated that, in most instances, lymphocytes from patients with CLL respond poorly to PHA. One of the most important findings in this study is the enhancement of PHA responsiveness by anti-delta. Lymphocytes that exhibited reduced responsiveness to PHA alone, when pre-treated with anti-delta, showed transformation greater than the sum of the anti-delta plus PHA responses.", "contents": "Structure and biological functions of human IgD. XII. Anti-IgD enhancement of PHA responsiveness in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Specifically purifed anti-human delta stimulated the in vitro incorporation of [3H]thymidine by human peripheral lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). The peak response varied between individuals; those with 5--52% IgD-bearing lymphocytes exhibited maximum stimulation at 3 days, whereas a patient with only 1% IgD-bearing cells showed optimal activation at 6 days. In agreement with others, our data indicated that, in most instances, lymphocytes from patients with CLL respond poorly to PHA. One of the most important findings in this study is the enhancement of PHA responsiveness by anti-delta. Lymphocytes that exhibited reduced responsiveness to PHA alone, when pre-treated with anti-delta, showed transformation greater than the sum of the anti-delta plus PHA responses.", "PMID": 414869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7882", "title": "Nifurtimox-induced alterations in the cell-mediated immune response to PPD tin guinea-pigs.", "content": "Positive skin reactions to PPD in guinea-pigs immunized with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) were reversed after treatment with 10 mg/kg/day nifurtimox for 12 days. The in vitro migration of peripheral blood leucocytes from FCA-immunized guinea-pigs was inhibited with PPD, but it returned to normal values after nifurtimox treatment. Furthermore, the cell-free supernatant from PPD-stimulated lymphocytes from FCA-immunized nifurtimox-treated guinea-pigs did not inhibit the migration of normal cells. Thus the administration of nifurtimox impaired the specific cell-mediated immune response to PPD both in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "Nifurtimox-induced alterations in the cell-mediated immune response to PPD tin guinea-pigs. Positive skin reactions to PPD in guinea-pigs immunized with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) were reversed after treatment with 10 mg/kg/day nifurtimox for 12 days. The in vitro migration of peripheral blood leucocytes from FCA-immunized guinea-pigs was inhibited with PPD, but it returned to normal values after nifurtimox treatment. Furthermore, the cell-free supernatant from PPD-stimulated lymphocytes from FCA-immunized nifurtimox-treated guinea-pigs did not inhibit the migration of normal cells. Thus the administration of nifurtimox impaired the specific cell-mediated immune response to PPD both in vivo and in vitro.", "PMID": 414870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7883", "title": "Fibrodysplasia (myositis) ossificans progressiva treated with disodium etidronate.", "content": "Two patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) were treated with disodium etidronate, a disodium salt of ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (EHPD) for two years; both had multiple ectopic ossifications of connective tissue. Regular follow-up showed no improvement in joint movement whilst laboratory examination revealed an increase in the serum phosphorus level. Serum calcium and urinary phosphorus excretion remained within normal limits. The urinary calcium excretion varied with the dose of EHDP. X-ray examination showed significant reduction in size and density of the ectopic ossifications, while the density of bones during and after EHDP therapy remained normal. Development of new ossification was inhibited in the active phase of the disease. Suspected side-effects of the drug were occult blood in stools, skin petechiae, and amenorrhoea. Previous reports on the EHDP treatment of disorders with ectopic ossification are summarised.", "contents": "Fibrodysplasia (myositis) ossificans progressiva treated with disodium etidronate. Two patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) were treated with disodium etidronate, a disodium salt of ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (EHPD) for two years; both had multiple ectopic ossifications of connective tissue. Regular follow-up showed no improvement in joint movement whilst laboratory examination revealed an increase in the serum phosphorus level. Serum calcium and urinary phosphorus excretion remained within normal limits. The urinary calcium excretion varied with the dose of EHDP. X-ray examination showed significant reduction in size and density of the ectopic ossifications, while the density of bones during and after EHDP therapy remained normal. Development of new ossification was inhibited in the active phase of the disease. Suspected side-effects of the drug were occult blood in stools, skin petechiae, and amenorrhoea. Previous reports on the EHDP treatment of disorders with ectopic ossification are summarised.", "PMID": 414874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7884", "title": "Visuo-spatial performance following posterior parietal and lateral frontal lesions in stumptail macaques.", "content": "Three groups of four monkeys were trained to negotiate a small hand (\"stylus\") maze, and to use a \"pointer\" to guide response in a two-choice position discrimination task. One group was given bilateral lesions of posterior parietal cortex, and the second bilateral lesions of lateral frontal cortex. Postoperative impairment on the maze was evident in three of the four parietal animals, and both operated groups showed impairment on the pointer task. Since maze performance was positively associated with speed of stylus recovery in a control version of the task but was not correlated with pointer task performance, it is suggested that the parietal deficit resulted primarily from a sensory-motor dyscoordination rather than a spatial perceptual disorder. The latter could however be the cause of parietal impairment on the pointer task. Error analysis suggests an interpretation of the frontal deficit on the pointer task in terms of perseveration on position.", "contents": "Visuo-spatial performance following posterior parietal and lateral frontal lesions in stumptail macaques. Three groups of four monkeys were trained to negotiate a small hand (\"stylus\") maze, and to use a \"pointer\" to guide response in a two-choice position discrimination task. One group was given bilateral lesions of posterior parietal cortex, and the second bilateral lesions of lateral frontal cortex. Postoperative impairment on the maze was evident in three of the four parietal animals, and both operated groups showed impairment on the pointer task. Since maze performance was positively associated with speed of stylus recovery in a control version of the task but was not correlated with pointer task performance, it is suggested that the parietal deficit resulted primarily from a sensory-motor dyscoordination rather than a spatial perceptual disorder. The latter could however be the cause of parietal impairment on the pointer task. Error analysis suggests an interpretation of the frontal deficit on the pointer task in terms of perseveration on position.", "PMID": 414882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7885", "title": "Form perception in stumptail macaques following posterior parietal and lateral frontal lesions.", "content": "Monkeys with bilateral posterior parietal and lateral frontal ablations were compared with normal animals on a series of four tests for their ability to relate elements of a visual pattern on the basis of the Gestalt principle of proximity. The operated animals showed no clear impairment on these tests of perceptual grouping. The three groups of monkeys were then trained to discriminate two faces and tested for generalisation to different views of the same faces. The pariental-operated monkeys showed less generalisation than the other animals to lateral mirror-images of the training stimuli, but more generalisation to inverted mirror-images. It is concluded that any deficit in \"gestalt\" perception following such lesions must be at a relatively high level.", "contents": "Form perception in stumptail macaques following posterior parietal and lateral frontal lesions. Monkeys with bilateral posterior parietal and lateral frontal ablations were compared with normal animals on a series of four tests for their ability to relate elements of a visual pattern on the basis of the Gestalt principle of proximity. The operated animals showed no clear impairment on these tests of perceptual grouping. The three groups of monkeys were then trained to discriminate two faces and tested for generalisation to different views of the same faces. The pariental-operated monkeys showed less generalisation than the other animals to lateral mirror-images of the training stimuli, but more generalisation to inverted mirror-images. It is concluded that any deficit in \"gestalt\" perception following such lesions must be at a relatively high level.", "PMID": 414883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7886", "title": "Reaction time variability in epileptic and brain-damaged patients.", "content": "Median reaction times and intra-individual variability were studied in epileptic (N = 63), brain-damaged (non-epileptic) (N = 25) and control patients (N = 25) using a six and one half minute visual, continuous reaction time task. Epileptic and brain-damaged groups were significantly slower than control patients on median reaction times at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles and on the differences between the 10th and 90th percentiles. Thus both general slowing and greater intra-individual variability were found in the epileptic and brain-damaged patients. Reaction times were not related to presence, type and severity of EEG abnormality or to age of onset of epilepsy. Grand mal patients did have significantly greater variability than other types of seizure patients. Epileptic and brain-damaged patients did not differ significantly on any reaction time variables. Both groups were discriminated significantly from the controls on all reaction time measures, especially on the intra-individual variability measure.", "contents": "Reaction time variability in epileptic and brain-damaged patients. Median reaction times and intra-individual variability were studied in epileptic (N = 63), brain-damaged (non-epileptic) (N = 25) and control patients (N = 25) using a six and one half minute visual, continuous reaction time task. Epileptic and brain-damaged groups were significantly slower than control patients on median reaction times at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles and on the differences between the 10th and 90th percentiles. Thus both general slowing and greater intra-individual variability were found in the epileptic and brain-damaged patients. Reaction times were not related to presence, type and severity of EEG abnormality or to age of onset of epilepsy. Grand mal patients did have significantly greater variability than other types of seizure patients. Epileptic and brain-damaged patients did not differ significantly on any reaction time variables. Both groups were discriminated significantly from the controls on all reaction time measures, especially on the intra-individual variability measure.", "PMID": 414884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7887", "title": "The chromosomal location of rDNA in selected lower primates.", "content": "Hybridization in stiu was used to identify the chromosomes that carry rDNA in representative lower primates, including the baboons, Papio cynocephalus and Papio hamadryas; the colobus monkey, Colobus polykomos; the tree shrew, Tupaia glis; the lemur, Lemur fulvis; the saki, Pithecia pithecia; the marmoset, Saguinus nigricollis, and the spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi. The marker chromosome, common to the Cercopithecines studied to date, carries the rDNA in the baboons. Another marker chromosome carries rDNA in a South American species, the spider monkey. A multichromosomal distribution of rDNA was demonstrated in the tree shrew, lemur, saki, and marmoset. None of the rDNA-containing chromosomes in the prosimians and New World monkeys show homology to the chromosomes that carry rDNA in the Hominids, Pongids, or Old World monkeys.", "contents": "The chromosomal location of rDNA in selected lower primates. Hybridization in stiu was used to identify the chromosomes that carry rDNA in representative lower primates, including the baboons, Papio cynocephalus and Papio hamadryas; the colobus monkey, Colobus polykomos; the tree shrew, Tupaia glis; the lemur, Lemur fulvis; the saki, Pithecia pithecia; the marmoset, Saguinus nigricollis, and the spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi. The marker chromosome, common to the Cercopithecines studied to date, carries the rDNA in the baboons. Another marker chromosome carries rDNA in a South American species, the spider monkey. A multichromosomal distribution of rDNA was demonstrated in the tree shrew, lemur, saki, and marmoset. None of the rDNA-containing chromosomes in the prosimians and New World monkeys show homology to the chromosomes that carry rDNA in the Hominids, Pongids, or Old World monkeys.", "PMID": 414888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7888", "title": "RNA polymerase B (or II) in heat induced puffs of Drosophila polytene chromosomes.", "content": "Using indirect immunofluorescence visualization techniques we investigated the distribution of RNA polymerase B (or II) and histone H1 at heat shock puff loci in Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes at different times during and after heat shock. After heat treatments of from 5 to 45 min, the heat shock puff displayed intense fluorescence when stained for RNA polymerase B, but relatively little fluorescence when stained for histone H1. Returning heat shocked larvae to room temperature resulted in the appearance of a distinctive pattern of RNA polymerase-associated fluorescence in the heat shock puff at 87C, presumably reflecting events associated with the inactivation and regression of this puff. Large differences observed in the apparent RNA polymerase B content of puffs of similar size suggest that the interaction of RNA polymerase B with chromosomal loci does not depend on simply the state of condensation or decondensation of the chromatin.", "contents": "RNA polymerase B (or II) in heat induced puffs of Drosophila polytene chromosomes. Using indirect immunofluorescence visualization techniques we investigated the distribution of RNA polymerase B (or II) and histone H1 at heat shock puff loci in Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes at different times during and after heat shock. After heat treatments of from 5 to 45 min, the heat shock puff displayed intense fluorescence when stained for RNA polymerase B, but relatively little fluorescence when stained for histone H1. Returning heat shocked larvae to room temperature resulted in the appearance of a distinctive pattern of RNA polymerase-associated fluorescence in the heat shock puff at 87C, presumably reflecting events associated with the inactivation and regression of this puff. Large differences observed in the apparent RNA polymerase B content of puffs of similar size suggest that the interaction of RNA polymerase B with chromosomal loci does not depend on simply the state of condensation or decondensation of the chromatin.", "PMID": 414900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7889", "title": "Effects of thyroxine and cold exposure on hypothalamic TRH levels in rats with various pituitary-thyroid states.", "content": "The hypothalamic content and concentration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were determined by radioimmunoassay in normal, thyroidectomized, hypophysectomized and cold-exposed rats with or without thyroxine. In normal animals, the single administration of thyroxine (1,5 and 20 microgram/100 g B.W.) altered neither the content nor the concentration of TRH in the hypothalamus. However, seven days' administration of this hormone resulted in the dose-dependent increase in the hypothalamic TRH levels. In thyroidectomized rats the hypothalamic TRH levels were slightly reduced in spite of the marked increase of plasma TSH levels and decrease of pituitary TSH levels. In the animals given thyroxine (10 microgram/100 g B.W.) for 7 days in addition to thyroidectomy, however, the TRH levels exceeded that in the animals which underwent throidectomy alone. The hypothalamic TRH levels were markedly reduced in hypophysectomized rats. Conversely, in hypophysectomized rats given 7 days' thyroxine (1 and 5 microgram/100 g B.W.), the levels were increased dose-dependently. In cold-exposed rats, the plasma TSH levels roughly doubled, but the TRH levels remained unchanged. These findings strongly suggest that the feedback site of thyroxine extends not only to the pituitary gland but also to the hypothalamus, and that thyroxine has an increasing effect of the hypothalamic TRH level, though the mechanism(s) remain to be clarified.", "contents": "Effects of thyroxine and cold exposure on hypothalamic TRH levels in rats with various pituitary-thyroid states. The hypothalamic content and concentration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were determined by radioimmunoassay in normal, thyroidectomized, hypophysectomized and cold-exposed rats with or without thyroxine. In normal animals, the single administration of thyroxine (1,5 and 20 microgram/100 g B.W.) altered neither the content nor the concentration of TRH in the hypothalamus. However, seven days' administration of this hormone resulted in the dose-dependent increase in the hypothalamic TRH levels. In thyroidectomized rats the hypothalamic TRH levels were slightly reduced in spite of the marked increase of plasma TSH levels and decrease of pituitary TSH levels. In the animals given thyroxine (10 microgram/100 g B.W.) for 7 days in addition to thyroidectomy, however, the TRH levels exceeded that in the animals which underwent throidectomy alone. The hypothalamic TRH levels were markedly reduced in hypophysectomized rats. Conversely, in hypophysectomized rats given 7 days' thyroxine (1 and 5 microgram/100 g B.W.), the levels were increased dose-dependently. In cold-exposed rats, the plasma TSH levels roughly doubled, but the TRH levels remained unchanged. These findings strongly suggest that the feedback site of thyroxine extends not only to the pituitary gland but also to the hypothalamus, and that thyroxine has an increasing effect of the hypothalamic TRH level, though the mechanism(s) remain to be clarified.", "PMID": 414907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7890", "title": "Effect of magnesium on epileptic foci.", "content": "Parenteral magnesium sulfate has been used to control acute convulsions of diverse etiologies and is currently a mainstay in controlling eclamptic convulsions. However, the site of this anticonvulsant action has remained controversial and not well studied in experimental epileptic models. Therefore we determined the effects of intravenously infused magnesium sulfate on the epileptic neural activity induced by topical application of penicillin G to motor cortex in anesthetized cats and dogs and in awake, undrugged primates. Magnesium sulfate was able to directly suppress neuronal burst firing and interictal EEG spike generation at serum levels below those producing paralysis. The degree of suppression corresponded to the serum magnesium concentration and was reversible. These results corroborate the clinical observations in patients that magnesium can produce an anticonvulsant effect apart from neuromuscular blockade and suggest it may have clinical applicability in treating a wider range of acute convulsions.", "contents": "Effect of magnesium on epileptic foci. Parenteral magnesium sulfate has been used to control acute convulsions of diverse etiologies and is currently a mainstay in controlling eclamptic convulsions. However, the site of this anticonvulsant action has remained controversial and not well studied in experimental epileptic models. Therefore we determined the effects of intravenously infused magnesium sulfate on the epileptic neural activity induced by topical application of penicillin G to motor cortex in anesthetized cats and dogs and in awake, undrugged primates. Magnesium sulfate was able to directly suppress neuronal burst firing and interictal EEG spike generation at serum levels below those producing paralysis. The degree of suppression corresponded to the serum magnesium concentration and was reversible. These results corroborate the clinical observations in patients that magnesium can produce an anticonvulsant effect apart from neuromuscular blockade and suggest it may have clinical applicability in treating a wider range of acute convulsions.", "PMID": 414910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7891", "title": "[Isatin-enzyme interactions. VI. Inhibition of rat kidney alkaline phosphatase].", "content": "Interaction of isatin with rat kidney alkaline phosphatase has been studied. Mode of attachment of isatin with the enzyme protein is most likely through amino group(s), which is also imperative for catalysis. Sulphydryl group(s) do not seem to be involved in enzyme action. Zinc is also needed for enzyme activity. Use of sulphydryl compounds suggests that isatin inhibition of the enzyme is through attachment at the metal site. However, this inhibition may not only be due to simple chelation of the metal by isatin.", "contents": "[Isatin-enzyme interactions. VI. Inhibition of rat kidney alkaline phosphatase]. Interaction of isatin with rat kidney alkaline phosphatase has been studied. Mode of attachment of isatin with the enzyme protein is most likely through amino group(s), which is also imperative for catalysis. Sulphydryl group(s) do not seem to be involved in enzyme action. Zinc is also needed for enzyme activity. Use of sulphydryl compounds suggests that isatin inhibition of the enzyme is through attachment at the metal site. However, this inhibition may not only be due to simple chelation of the metal by isatin.", "PMID": 414911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7892", "title": "Homoserine dehydrogenase of Rhodospirillum rubrum. Physical and chemical characterization.", "content": "A detailed physicochemical characterization of purified homoserine dehydrogenase of Rhodospirillum rubrum is presented. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 110000 and consists of two subunits of identical molecular weight of 55000. Depending on the ionic strength and protein concentration it is possible for the native enzyme to dimerize to produce an enzymatically active species of molecular weight 220000. Titrations of the native and detergent-treated enzyme with a variety of sulfhydryl reagents show 2 mol free--SH groups per 110000 g, one of which is buried in the protein interior. L-Threonine and/or high concentrations of salt can expose the buried--SH group, and this--SH group is essential for the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Two independent lines of evidence show that extensive polymerization of the enzyme caused by L-threonine and/or high concentrations of salt does not involve the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds.", "contents": "Homoserine dehydrogenase of Rhodospirillum rubrum. Physical and chemical characterization. A detailed physicochemical characterization of purified homoserine dehydrogenase of Rhodospirillum rubrum is presented. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 110000 and consists of two subunits of identical molecular weight of 55000. Depending on the ionic strength and protein concentration it is possible for the native enzyme to dimerize to produce an enzymatically active species of molecular weight 220000. Titrations of the native and detergent-treated enzyme with a variety of sulfhydryl reagents show 2 mol free--SH groups per 110000 g, one of which is buried in the protein interior. L-Threonine and/or high concentrations of salt can expose the buried--SH group, and this--SH group is essential for the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Two independent lines of evidence show that extensive polymerization of the enzyme caused by L-threonine and/or high concentrations of salt does not involve the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds.", "PMID": 414912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7893", "title": "Forssman glycolipid variants of dog gastric mucosa. Structure of a branched ceramide octasaccharide.", "content": "A fucose-containing ceramide octasaccharide exhibiting Forssman antigenic activity, and reacting in human H anti-H and anti-A systems, was isolated from water-soluble glycolipids of dog gastric mucosa. Defucosylation of the glycolipid resulted in the loss of H-activity, but had no effect on its Forssman nor blood-group A antigenic activity. The branched structure of glycolipid was identified by partial acid hydrolysis, sequential degradation with specific glycosidases and comparison of the permethylation products of the native and enzyme-degraded compound. The structure of this glycolipid is proposed to be: formula.", "contents": "Forssman glycolipid variants of dog gastric mucosa. Structure of a branched ceramide octasaccharide. A fucose-containing ceramide octasaccharide exhibiting Forssman antigenic activity, and reacting in human H anti-H and anti-A systems, was isolated from water-soluble glycolipids of dog gastric mucosa. Defucosylation of the glycolipid resulted in the loss of H-activity, but had no effect on its Forssman nor blood-group A antigenic activity. The branched structure of glycolipid was identified by partial acid hydrolysis, sequential degradation with specific glycosidases and comparison of the permethylation products of the native and enzyme-degraded compound. The structure of this glycolipid is proposed to be: formula.", "PMID": 414913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7894", "title": "Purification and characterization of alanine carrier isolated from H-proteins of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Alanine transport carrier was isolated and purified from H-proteins of Bacillus subtilis. The purified carrier preparation was homogeneous in migration on polyacrylamide gels containing urea or sodium dodecyl sulfate. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing dodecyl sulfate showed a single band of molecular weight of about 7500. 1 mol alanine was bound/mol carrier protein with a dissociation constant of 0.2 micron. The binding was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate and the inhibition was reversed by dithiothreitol.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of alanine carrier isolated from H-proteins of Bacillus subtilis. Alanine transport carrier was isolated and purified from H-proteins of Bacillus subtilis. The purified carrier preparation was homogeneous in migration on polyacrylamide gels containing urea or sodium dodecyl sulfate. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing dodecyl sulfate showed a single band of molecular weight of about 7500. 1 mol alanine was bound/mol carrier protein with a dissociation constant of 0.2 micron. The binding was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate and the inhibition was reversed by dithiothreitol.", "PMID": 414914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7895", "title": "A naphthoquinone adsorbent for affinity chromatography of human dihydropteridine reductase.", "content": "1. A 1,2-naphthoquinone adsorbent is described which allows simple purification of dihydropteridine reductase directly from crude extract. 2. The native molecular weight indicates that a tetramer structure of the species is isolated by this method; this is unusual and possibly reflects the capacity of the procedure to preserve the native state of the enzyme.", "contents": "A naphthoquinone adsorbent for affinity chromatography of human dihydropteridine reductase. 1. A 1,2-naphthoquinone adsorbent is described which allows simple purification of dihydropteridine reductase directly from crude extract. 2. The native molecular weight indicates that a tetramer structure of the species is isolated by this method; this is unusual and possibly reflects the capacity of the procedure to preserve the native state of the enzyme.", "PMID": 414915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7896", "title": "Complement in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Complement components C3, C4, and C3A were estimated in 30 patients with cystic fibrosis aged 1 to 21 years (M:F = 16:14) and were compared with results in 40 healthy, age-matched subjects. The influences of the clinical score, sputum microbiology, and the patients' sex were also investigated. In contrast to most previous communications, this paper shows that, compared to the control group, a significant decrease of C3 (P less than 0.001) and C4 (P less than 0.02) was observed whereas C3A levels were not altered. There were no increases in complement. Shwachman-scores above or below 70 did not influence the complement levels, nor did exacerbations of the disease change the levels. No influence of the patients' sex could be shown. Pseudomonas aer. in the sputum was clearly associated with complement defects (14/18). Alternative-pathway involvement of complement activation could be demonstrated in 32%. The results make complement activation due to pulmonary infection most likely. The defects observed probably represent secondary changes.", "contents": "Complement in cystic fibrosis. Complement components C3, C4, and C3A were estimated in 30 patients with cystic fibrosis aged 1 to 21 years (M:F = 16:14) and were compared with results in 40 healthy, age-matched subjects. The influences of the clinical score, sputum microbiology, and the patients' sex were also investigated. In contrast to most previous communications, this paper shows that, compared to the control group, a significant decrease of C3 (P less than 0.001) and C4 (P less than 0.02) was observed whereas C3A levels were not altered. There were no increases in complement. Shwachman-scores above or below 70 did not influence the complement levels, nor did exacerbations of the disease change the levels. No influence of the patients' sex could be shown. Pseudomonas aer. in the sputum was clearly associated with complement defects (14/18). Alternative-pathway involvement of complement activation could be demonstrated in 32%. The results make complement activation due to pulmonary infection most likely. The defects observed probably represent secondary changes.", "PMID": 414916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7897", "title": "Local synthesis in the central nervous system of diclonal IgM-kappa and homogeneous free kappa light chain proteins in a case of chronic meningoencephalitis.", "content": "A 60-year-old man with chronic meningoencephalitis and monuclear pleocytosis of the CSF was observed for 22 months. About one half of the CSF cells were concluded to represent IgM-synthesizing lymphocytes and plasma cells. Electrophoretic analysis disclosed two abnormal protein bands in the CSF. The bands were shown to be composed of a diclonal IgMk protein and a homogeneous k free light chain protein. No abnormal immunoglobulins were detected in serum or urine. The pleocytosis and immunoglobulin abnormalities of the CSF persisted during the observation period. Specific antibody activity of the diclonal IgM of the CSF was not demonstrated and the cause of the illness remains unknown.", "contents": "Local synthesis in the central nervous system of diclonal IgM-kappa and homogeneous free kappa light chain proteins in a case of chronic meningoencephalitis. A 60-year-old man with chronic meningoencephalitis and monuclear pleocytosis of the CSF was observed for 22 months. About one half of the CSF cells were concluded to represent IgM-synthesizing lymphocytes and plasma cells. Electrophoretic analysis disclosed two abnormal protein bands in the CSF. The bands were shown to be composed of a diclonal IgMk protein and a homogeneous k free light chain protein. No abnormal immunoglobulins were detected in serum or urine. The pleocytosis and immunoglobulin abnormalities of the CSF persisted during the observation period. Specific antibody activity of the diclonal IgM of the CSF was not demonstrated and the cause of the illness remains unknown.", "PMID": 414917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7898", "title": "Multiple transplantation of islets of Langerhans.", "content": "In 6 diabetic rats about 1,000 isolated islets of Langerhans were transplanted into the liver with little effect on the uninsulinism and hyperglycemia. Subsequently, a second transplantation resulted in a decrease of blood sugar to normal and in a reversal of the loss in body weight. Finally, in animals who had reversed to diabetes again, a third islet transplantation was performed. These rats with a total of 3,100 islets showed a decrease in the glucose levels from 250-305 to 110 +/- 27 (X +/- SEM) mg/100 ml. The insulin level after glucose stimulations was measured at 27 less than X less than 35 micromicron/ml.", "contents": "Multiple transplantation of islets of Langerhans. In 6 diabetic rats about 1,000 isolated islets of Langerhans were transplanted into the liver with little effect on the uninsulinism and hyperglycemia. Subsequently, a second transplantation resulted in a decrease of blood sugar to normal and in a reversal of the loss in body weight. Finally, in animals who had reversed to diabetes again, a third islet transplantation was performed. These rats with a total of 3,100 islets showed a decrease in the glucose levels from 250-305 to 110 +/- 27 (X +/- SEM) mg/100 ml. The insulin level after glucose stimulations was measured at 27 less than X less than 35 micromicron/ml.", "PMID": 414920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7899", "title": "Metabolic response to isologous transplantation of small numbers of isolated islets of Langerhans in the rat.", "content": "Pancreatic islets from adult donors were transplanted intraportally into 32 inbred, adult AGUS rats with streptozotocin diabetes. The islets were isolated with collagenase and counted individually. A relationship between the number of islets transplanted and the metabolic response could be demonstrated. Transplantation of less than 200 islets did not change the diabetic state. Rats receiving 200-220 improved, while recipients of 240-800 islets all exhibited normal values of blood glucose, plasma insulin, urine volume and urine glucose. The glucose tolerance, however, remained abnormal in all animals.", "contents": "Metabolic response to isologous transplantation of small numbers of isolated islets of Langerhans in the rat. Pancreatic islets from adult donors were transplanted intraportally into 32 inbred, adult AGUS rats with streptozotocin diabetes. The islets were isolated with collagenase and counted individually. A relationship between the number of islets transplanted and the metabolic response could be demonstrated. Transplantation of less than 200 islets did not change the diabetic state. Rats receiving 200-220 improved, while recipients of 240-800 islets all exhibited normal values of blood glucose, plasma insulin, urine volume and urine glucose. The glucose tolerance, however, remained abnormal in all animals.", "PMID": 414921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7900", "title": "Intraportal and intrasplenic autotransplantation of pancreatic islets in the dog.", "content": "Autotransplantation of pancreatic microfragments into the liver or the spleen of totally pancreatectomized dogs is described. Both modes of transplantation resulted in restoration of normal fasting blood glucose levels. A delayed response to high glucose loads was however observed in both groups. Serum amylase levels indicated a rapid decline of exocrine activity. On the basis of postoperative levels of GOT and GPT in the serum of the dogs with intraportal transplants, permanent proteolytic or ischemic damage to the liver appeared unlikely.", "contents": "Intraportal and intrasplenic autotransplantation of pancreatic islets in the dog. Autotransplantation of pancreatic microfragments into the liver or the spleen of totally pancreatectomized dogs is described. Both modes of transplantation resulted in restoration of normal fasting blood glucose levels. A delayed response to high glucose loads was however observed in both groups. Serum amylase levels indicated a rapid decline of exocrine activity. On the basis of postoperative levels of GOT and GPT in the serum of the dogs with intraportal transplants, permanent proteolytic or ischemic damage to the liver appeared unlikely.", "PMID": 414922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7901", "title": "Induction of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes caused by hexobarbital.", "content": "Hexobarbital was given to anaesthetized mice for a period of 7 h by repeated i. p. injection, first of 100 mg/kg,then several times of 50 mg/kg. A high level of hexobarbital was maintained in the liver. The activity of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes was induced by this treatment with hexobarbital. 30 min after a single i. p. injection of 100 mg/kg of hexobarbital, there was a significant inhibition of aminopyrine N-demethylase but none of cytochrome c and neotetrazolium reductases. Hexobarbital in vitro inhibits aminopyrine N-demethylase but not cytochrome c reductase.", "contents": "Induction of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes caused by hexobarbital. Hexobarbital was given to anaesthetized mice for a period of 7 h by repeated i. p. injection, first of 100 mg/kg,then several times of 50 mg/kg. A high level of hexobarbital was maintained in the liver. The activity of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes was induced by this treatment with hexobarbital. 30 min after a single i. p. injection of 100 mg/kg of hexobarbital, there was a significant inhibition of aminopyrine N-demethylase but none of cytochrome c and neotetrazolium reductases. Hexobarbital in vitro inhibits aminopyrine N-demethylase but not cytochrome c reductase.", "PMID": 414931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7902", "title": "Quantitative studies on in vitro transformation of hamster chondrocytes.", "content": "Hamster chondrocytes could be transformed in a quantitative assay system which used X-irradiated feeder layer cells. Morphological transformation occurred on addition of, 4NQO, but not in control cultures. Differentiation was classified into 3 types (good, poor and none); normal and transformed colonies contained similar proportions of the 3 types.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on in vitro transformation of hamster chondrocytes. Hamster chondrocytes could be transformed in a quantitative assay system which used X-irradiated feeder layer cells. Morphological transformation occurred on addition of, 4NQO, but not in control cultures. Differentiation was classified into 3 types (good, poor and none); normal and transformed colonies contained similar proportions of the 3 types.", "PMID": 414932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7903", "title": "New lectin receptors in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).", "content": "The glycoprotein CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) carries carbohydrate groups, which react with the plant lectins from Agaricus bisporus, Arachis hypogaea (peanut), with Tridacnin from invertebrate clams and with the anti-A lectins from snails. Accordingly, it has cryptantigenic structures, which correspond to the T or T-like antigen, the Tridacnin receptor and to the so called A-like antigen.", "contents": "New lectin receptors in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The glycoprotein CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) carries carbohydrate groups, which react with the plant lectins from Agaricus bisporus, Arachis hypogaea (peanut), with Tridacnin from invertebrate clams and with the anti-A lectins from snails. Accordingly, it has cryptantigenic structures, which correspond to the T or T-like antigen, the Tridacnin receptor and to the so called A-like antigen.", "PMID": 414933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7904", "title": "Somatostatin inhibits the mitogenic effect of thyroliberin.", "content": "The effect of somatostatin and of thyroliberin on the mitotic incidence in the organ-cultured anterior pituitary lobe of the rat was investigated, using the colchicine metaphase-arrest technique. It was found that somatostatin added to the culture medium, together with thyroliberin, blocked the mitogenic effect of the latter.", "contents": "Somatostatin inhibits the mitogenic effect of thyroliberin. The effect of somatostatin and of thyroliberin on the mitotic incidence in the organ-cultured anterior pituitary lobe of the rat was investigated, using the colchicine metaphase-arrest technique. It was found that somatostatin added to the culture medium, together with thyroliberin, blocked the mitogenic effect of the latter.", "PMID": 414934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7905", "title": "Dopamine receptors in the central nervous system.", "content": "Dopamine receptors in the central nervous system can be studied by measuring the specific binding of [3H]dopamine, [3H]haloperidol, d-[3H]LSD, [3H]dihydroergocryptine or [3H]apomorphine. The receptors are stereoselectively blocked by +)-butaclamol, a neuroleptic. All neuroleptics inhibit the specific binding of [3H]haloperidol in relation to their clinical potencies. The radioligand that desorbs most slowly from the receptor is [3H]apomorphine, thus making it a reliable ligand for dopamine receptors. Dopamine agonists that compete for [3H]apomorphine binding do so at concentrations that correlate with their potency in stimulating striatal adenylate cyclase. Structure-activity analysis, using [3H]apomorphine, confirms that the active dopamine-mimetic conformation is the beta rotamer of dopamine. Prolonged exposure in vitro of caudate homogenate to high concentrations of dopamine leads to increased binding of [3H]apomorphine or [3H]haloperidol, suggesting receptor \"sensitization.\" Chronic haloperidol treatment of rats leads to an increased number of dopamine/neuroleptic receptors in the striatum, but a decrease in the pituitary.", "contents": "Dopamine receptors in the central nervous system. Dopamine receptors in the central nervous system can be studied by measuring the specific binding of [3H]dopamine, [3H]haloperidol, d-[3H]LSD, [3H]dihydroergocryptine or [3H]apomorphine. The receptors are stereoselectively blocked by +)-butaclamol, a neuroleptic. All neuroleptics inhibit the specific binding of [3H]haloperidol in relation to their clinical potencies. The radioligand that desorbs most slowly from the receptor is [3H]apomorphine, thus making it a reliable ligand for dopamine receptors. Dopamine agonists that compete for [3H]apomorphine binding do so at concentrations that correlate with their potency in stimulating striatal adenylate cyclase. Structure-activity analysis, using [3H]apomorphine, confirms that the active dopamine-mimetic conformation is the beta rotamer of dopamine. Prolonged exposure in vitro of caudate homogenate to high concentrations of dopamine leads to increased binding of [3H]apomorphine or [3H]haloperidol, suggesting receptor \"sensitization.\" Chronic haloperidol treatment of rats leads to an increased number of dopamine/neuroleptic receptors in the striatum, but a decrease in the pituitary.", "PMID": 414936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7906", "title": "Skin lesions in acquired zinc deficiency due to parenteral nutrition.", "content": "The skin lesions seen in 10 patients who received parenteral nutrition during treatment of chronic enteropathy are described. All of these patients had a lowered serum zinc concentration. The skin lesions were similar to those seen in acrodermatitis enteropathica. After supplementation with zinc sulphate, the skin lesions disappeared completely. A decrease in the serum alkaline phosphatase level can be regarded as a sign of an impending zinc deficiency. Parenteral nutrition formulae should contain a sufficient amount of zinc.", "contents": "Skin lesions in acquired zinc deficiency due to parenteral nutrition. The skin lesions seen in 10 patients who received parenteral nutrition during treatment of chronic enteropathy are described. All of these patients had a lowered serum zinc concentration. The skin lesions were similar to those seen in acrodermatitis enteropathica. After supplementation with zinc sulphate, the skin lesions disappeared completely. A decrease in the serum alkaline phosphatase level can be regarded as a sign of an impending zinc deficiency. Parenteral nutrition formulae should contain a sufficient amount of zinc.", "PMID": 414940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7907", "title": "Diffuse varioliform gastritis.", "content": "During 8 years experience, 90 cases of diffuse varioliform gastritis were observed (0.3% of examinations). Symptoms suggest either the presence of a gastroduodenal ulcer or of a digestive carcinoma when weight loss is prevalent. The disease proceeds by subacute evolutive bouts with remissions and further relapses. At endoscopy, lesions associate large folds in the fundus and erosive mucosal bulgings disseminated in the fundus and antrum. Histological alterations correspond to a superficial hyperplasic gastritis. Cellular infiltration of the lamina propria includes increased immunocytes population with an abnormal distribution of immunoglobulin classes. An increased percentage of IgE cells characterizes the disease as compared to inflammation in atrophic gastritis. Therapy is based upon agent inhibiting mastocytes degranulation and histamine antagonists. Diffuse varioliform gastritis must be separated from antral varioliform gastritis, a lesion with a higher frequency but no symptomatic individuality.", "contents": "Diffuse varioliform gastritis. During 8 years experience, 90 cases of diffuse varioliform gastritis were observed (0.3% of examinations). Symptoms suggest either the presence of a gastroduodenal ulcer or of a digestive carcinoma when weight loss is prevalent. The disease proceeds by subacute evolutive bouts with remissions and further relapses. At endoscopy, lesions associate large folds in the fundus and erosive mucosal bulgings disseminated in the fundus and antrum. Histological alterations correspond to a superficial hyperplasic gastritis. Cellular infiltration of the lamina propria includes increased immunocytes population with an abnormal distribution of immunoglobulin classes. An increased percentage of IgE cells characterizes the disease as compared to inflammation in atrophic gastritis. Therapy is based upon agent inhibiting mastocytes degranulation and histamine antagonists. Diffuse varioliform gastritis must be separated from antral varioliform gastritis, a lesion with a higher frequency but no symptomatic individuality.", "PMID": 414953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7908", "title": "Results of the single-radial-diffusion test with formaldehyde-treated influenza virus.", "content": "We found reduced values for formaldehyde-treated influenza virus in the single-radial-diffusion test by comparison with non-treated virus. The reduction correlates with the formaldehyde concentration. Hemagglutination and neuraminidase activities were not affected by the same treatment. We therefore suggest that this reduction is not based on antigen destruction.", "contents": "Results of the single-radial-diffusion test with formaldehyde-treated influenza virus. We found reduced values for formaldehyde-treated influenza virus in the single-radial-diffusion test by comparison with non-treated virus. The reduction correlates with the formaldehyde concentration. Hemagglutination and neuraminidase activities were not affected by the same treatment. We therefore suggest that this reduction is not based on antigen destruction.", "PMID": 414950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7909", "title": "Relevance of the immunoprecipitation assay to human immunogenicity of influenza vaccines.", "content": "Influenza vaccines representing each of the four U.S. manufacturers' output for the 1975-76 respiratory season were characterized clinically and assayed by immunoprecipitation. All vaccines contained 350 CCA units/dose each of the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) and A/Scotland/840/74 (H3N2) viruses plus 550 CCA units/dose of B/HK/5/72 virus. Two of the vaccines were whole virus while the other two were subunit products; one made by extraction with ethyl ether, the second by detergent treatment. The vaccines were compared for serologic efficacy in children naturally primed to the (H3N2) family of viruses and by immunoprecipitation techniques against monospecific goat antiserum to the viral hemagglutinin prepared at the Bureau of Biologics of the U.S. Food & Drug Administration. The subunit vaccines had significantly greater specific activity (human immunogenicity/unit mass of type-specific precipitable antigen) than the whole virus products. It is concluded that clinical immunogenicity is as much a function of antigen form (subunit vs whole virus) as it is of mass and that setting a level for precipitable antigen content alone is an insufficient criterion for potency standardization. Since antigen form, as well as mass, must be considered, immunoprecipitation may be useful for standardization of human immunogenicity only if candidate lots are compared by this technique to an homologous, reference vaccine of identical manufacture and form which is tested for potency in humans.", "contents": "Relevance of the immunoprecipitation assay to human immunogenicity of influenza vaccines. Influenza vaccines representing each of the four U.S. manufacturers' output for the 1975-76 respiratory season were characterized clinically and assayed by immunoprecipitation. All vaccines contained 350 CCA units/dose each of the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) and A/Scotland/840/74 (H3N2) viruses plus 550 CCA units/dose of B/HK/5/72 virus. Two of the vaccines were whole virus while the other two were subunit products; one made by extraction with ethyl ether, the second by detergent treatment. The vaccines were compared for serologic efficacy in children naturally primed to the (H3N2) family of viruses and by immunoprecipitation techniques against monospecific goat antiserum to the viral hemagglutinin prepared at the Bureau of Biologics of the U.S. Food & Drug Administration. The subunit vaccines had significantly greater specific activity (human immunogenicity/unit mass of type-specific precipitable antigen) than the whole virus products. It is concluded that clinical immunogenicity is as much a function of antigen form (subunit vs whole virus) as it is of mass and that setting a level for precipitable antigen content alone is an insufficient criterion for potency standardization. Since antigen form, as well as mass, must be considered, immunoprecipitation may be useful for standardization of human immunogenicity only if candidate lots are compared by this technique to an homologous, reference vaccine of identical manufacture and form which is tested for potency in humans.", "PMID": 414949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7910", "title": "Quantitation of influenza vaccine hemagglutinin by immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "A technique for the quantitation of hemagglutinin (HA) in influenza vaccines by immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) is described. This method gives accurate, and reproducible results and requires approximately 9 h to complete. The HA content of four manufacturers' vaccines correlated with the chick cell agglutination (CCA) values for each manufacturers' vaccine. However, when comparisons were made between vaccines produced by different manufacturers, up to a four-fold difference in HA content was observed. Comparison with single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) gave comparable results for vaccines produced by three of four manufacturers; the fourth manufacturers' vaccine gave 1.6-fold higher results by SRID. Human seroconversion rates in seronegative individuals correlated better with IEP determined HA content than the current assay of vaccine potency using CCA.", "contents": "Quantitation of influenza vaccine hemagglutinin by immunoelectrophoresis. A technique for the quantitation of hemagglutinin (HA) in influenza vaccines by immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) is described. This method gives accurate, and reproducible results and requires approximately 9 h to complete. The HA content of four manufacturers' vaccines correlated with the chick cell agglutination (CCA) values for each manufacturers' vaccine. However, when comparisons were made between vaccines produced by different manufacturers, up to a four-fold difference in HA content was observed. Comparison with single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) gave comparable results for vaccines produced by three of four manufacturers; the fourth manufacturers' vaccine gave 1.6-fold higher results by SRID. Human seroconversion rates in seronegative individuals correlated better with IEP determined HA content than the current assay of vaccine potency using CCA.", "PMID": 414948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7911", "title": "Single-radial-complement-fixation: a new immunodiffusion technique. 2. Assay of the antibody response to the internal antigens (MP and NP) of influenza A virus in human sera after vaccination and infection.", "content": "This new immunodiffusion method involves the incorporation of antigen and complement in a primary agarose gel. Heat-inactivated serum samples are filled into wells and allowed to diffuse radially overnight at 4 degrees C. A secondary gel, containing antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes, is layered on top of the first gel and the system is incubated for 45 min at 37 degrees C. Where complement is fixed, i.e. around wells with positive serum samples, zones of unlysed indicator cells appear. Otherwise, the red bloods cells are lysed. This sensitive technique is employed in a study of human sera for the measurement of the antibody response to the internal antigens (MP and NP) of influenza A virus after infection and vaccination. It was found that none of the vaccinees developed antibodies to the MP antigen, whereas 35% of the post-infection group showed a significant rise. The response to the NP antigen was less frequent and of lower order of magnitude after vaccination than after infection.", "contents": "Single-radial-complement-fixation: a new immunodiffusion technique. 2. Assay of the antibody response to the internal antigens (MP and NP) of influenza A virus in human sera after vaccination and infection. This new immunodiffusion method involves the incorporation of antigen and complement in a primary agarose gel. Heat-inactivated serum samples are filled into wells and allowed to diffuse radially overnight at 4 degrees C. A secondary gel, containing antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes, is layered on top of the first gel and the system is incubated for 45 min at 37 degrees C. Where complement is fixed, i.e. around wells with positive serum samples, zones of unlysed indicator cells appear. Otherwise, the red bloods cells are lysed. This sensitive technique is employed in a study of human sera for the measurement of the antibody response to the internal antigens (MP and NP) of influenza A virus after infection and vaccination. It was found that none of the vaccinees developed antibodies to the MP antigen, whereas 35% of the post-infection group showed a significant rise. The response to the NP antigen was less frequent and of lower order of magnitude after vaccination than after infection.", "PMID": 414952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7912", "title": "[The olfactor-genital syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Only FSH was increased after intravenous administration of 0.025 mg of GnRH in 2 female patients suffering from olfacto-genital syndrome. LH-serum-concentrations increased significantly, only when 0.1 mg GnRH was applicated intravenously twice with an interval of one hour.2. The response of hPRL-secretion to 0.2 mg TRH was found normal in both patients. However, when 25 mg chlorpromacine were administered intramuscularly, only one patient responded with an adequate rise of serum-hPRL. 3. One patient became pregnant during treatment with HMG/HCG. The clinical course of pregnancy was quite normal. HPL- and HCG-levels were in the normal, hPRL in the low normal range during pregnancy.", "contents": "[The olfactor-genital syndrome (author's transl)]. 1. Only FSH was increased after intravenous administration of 0.025 mg of GnRH in 2 female patients suffering from olfacto-genital syndrome. LH-serum-concentrations increased significantly, only when 0.1 mg GnRH was applicated intravenously twice with an interval of one hour.2. The response of hPRL-secretion to 0.2 mg TRH was found normal in both patients. However, when 25 mg chlorpromacine were administered intramuscularly, only one patient responded with an adequate rise of serum-hPRL. 3. One patient became pregnant during treatment with HMG/HCG. The clinical course of pregnancy was quite normal. HPL- and HCG-levels were in the normal, hPRL in the low normal range during pregnancy.", "PMID": 414956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7913", "title": "Application of an improved single-radial-immunodiffusion technique for the assay of haemagglutinin antigen content of whole virus and subunit influenza vaccines.", "content": "An improved single-radial-diffusion technique for the assay of influenza haemagglutinin antigen is described. The modified method enables the results of assays of antigen to be obtained more rapidly and with greater precision than previously. The use of immunoplates containing varied, preselected concentrations of antihaemagglutinin antibody allows accurate assays to be performed over a wide range of antigen concentration. In tests on \"whole virus\" antigen preparations it was found that the ratio between haemagglutination titre (iu/ml) and haemagglutinin antigen activity (microgram/ml) determined by single-radial-diffusion was relatively constant for antigens containing a given strain but showed variation between strains (range 16.5 to 26.8 iu/microgram HA activity). For the subunit vaccines examined this ratio showed a large degree of variation (range 1.4 to 16.6 iu/microgram HA activity) and in general was considerably lower than for whole virus antigens. It was concluded that single-radial-diffusion may be of value for assays of the haemagglutinin concentration of both \"whole virus\" vaccines and subunit vaccines. The data presented suggest that, in the event of antigenic drift, it may be possible to use the existing reference anti-haemagglutinin serum to assay a variant strain of influenza virus.", "contents": "Application of an improved single-radial-immunodiffusion technique for the assay of haemagglutinin antigen content of whole virus and subunit influenza vaccines. An improved single-radial-diffusion technique for the assay of influenza haemagglutinin antigen is described. The modified method enables the results of assays of antigen to be obtained more rapidly and with greater precision than previously. The use of immunoplates containing varied, preselected concentrations of antihaemagglutinin antibody allows accurate assays to be performed over a wide range of antigen concentration. In tests on \"whole virus\" antigen preparations it was found that the ratio between haemagglutination titre (iu/ml) and haemagglutinin antigen activity (microgram/ml) determined by single-radial-diffusion was relatively constant for antigens containing a given strain but showed variation between strains (range 16.5 to 26.8 iu/microgram HA activity). For the subunit vaccines examined this ratio showed a large degree of variation (range 1.4 to 16.6 iu/microgram HA activity) and in general was considerably lower than for whole virus antigens. It was concluded that single-radial-diffusion may be of value for assays of the haemagglutinin concentration of both \"whole virus\" vaccines and subunit vaccines. The data presented suggest that, in the event of antigenic drift, it may be possible to use the existing reference anti-haemagglutinin serum to assay a variant strain of influenza virus.", "PMID": 414951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7914", "title": "The meiotic effect of a deficiency in Drosophila melanogaster with a model for the effects of enzyme deficiency on recombination.", "content": "The meiotic effects of heterozygosity for a deficiency of the zeste-white region of the X chromosome include reduced recombination and increased non-disjunction of the entire chromosome complement. Reduced dosage of a gene or genes in the zeste-white interval, rather than structural heterozygosity, is responsible for the meiotic effect. A model for the recombination effects of reduced enzyme concentration has been developed, and its consequences are comparable with the results obtained for deficiency heterozygosity. Thus, all of the observations can be accounted for by imagining a dosage-sensitive locus in the zeste-white region that codes for an enzyme involved in the recombination process. The interaction of the interchromosomal effect of heterozygous inversions with the deficiency has been examined, and the possibility of using the model for the analysis of other meiotic phenomena is considered.", "contents": "The meiotic effect of a deficiency in Drosophila melanogaster with a model for the effects of enzyme deficiency on recombination. The meiotic effects of heterozygosity for a deficiency of the zeste-white region of the X chromosome include reduced recombination and increased non-disjunction of the entire chromosome complement. Reduced dosage of a gene or genes in the zeste-white interval, rather than structural heterozygosity, is responsible for the meiotic effect. A model for the recombination effects of reduced enzyme concentration has been developed, and its consequences are comparable with the results obtained for deficiency heterozygosity. Thus, all of the observations can be accounted for by imagining a dosage-sensitive locus in the zeste-white region that codes for an enzyme involved in the recombination process. The interaction of the interchromosomal effect of heterozygous inversions with the deficiency has been examined, and the possibility of using the model for the analysis of other meiotic phenomena is considered.", "PMID": 414958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7915", "title": "Chromosomal analysis of DDT-resistance in a long-term selected population of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The genetic basis of DDT-resistance was studied in a population of Drosophila melanogaster. This population was unique in that it had been continually selected for DDT-resistance since 1952 and had achieved a very high level of resistance. The genetic basis of resistance was studied by means of a chromosomal analysis. Fifteen combinations of resistant and control chromosomes were tested using a time-based DDT test. The analysis of the data showed that resistance was multifactorial with each of the three major chromosomes involved. Dominant and recessive second and third chromosome effects were found to be much more important than those of the first chromosome, which had no detectable recessive effects. Second and third chromosome resistance genes showed incomplete dominance. The average dominance of the second chromosome was much less than that of the third chromosome. These large-scale differences between chromosomes' effects and average dominance may indicate that a small number of resistance genes are involved. Two significant interactions between chromosomes were found. Scaling difficulties make the interactions difficult to interpret without further data. It seems possible that positive interactions between resistance have been developed by the long-term directional selection in this population.", "contents": "Chromosomal analysis of DDT-resistance in a long-term selected population of Drosophila melanogaster. The genetic basis of DDT-resistance was studied in a population of Drosophila melanogaster. This population was unique in that it had been continually selected for DDT-resistance since 1952 and had achieved a very high level of resistance. The genetic basis of resistance was studied by means of a chromosomal analysis. Fifteen combinations of resistant and control chromosomes were tested using a time-based DDT test. The analysis of the data showed that resistance was multifactorial with each of the three major chromosomes involved. Dominant and recessive second and third chromosome effects were found to be much more important than those of the first chromosome, which had no detectable recessive effects. Second and third chromosome resistance genes showed incomplete dominance. The average dominance of the second chromosome was much less than that of the third chromosome. These large-scale differences between chromosomes' effects and average dominance may indicate that a small number of resistance genes are involved. Two significant interactions between chromosomes were found. Scaling difficulties make the interactions difficult to interpret without further data. It seems possible that positive interactions between resistance have been developed by the long-term directional selection in this population.", "PMID": 414959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7916", "title": "Fitness effects of EMS-induced mutations on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Viability effects and heterozygous fitness effects.", "content": "Drosophila melanogaster X chromosomes were mutagenized by feeding males sucrose solutions containing ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS); the concentrations of EMS in the food were 2.5 mM, 5.0 mM, and 10.0 mM. Chromosomes were exposed to the mutagen up to three times by treating males in succeeding generations. After treatment, the effective exposures were 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 15.0, and 30.0 mM EMS. X chromosomes treated in this manner were tested for effects on fitness in both hemizygous and heterozygous conditions, and for effects on viability in hemizygous and homozygous conditions. In addition, untreated X chromosomes were available for study. The viability and heterozygous fitness effects are presented in this paper, and the hemizygous fitness effects are discussed in the accompanying one (MITCHELL and SIMMONS 1977). Hemizygous and homozygous viability effects were measured by segregation tests in vial cultures. For hemizygous males, viability was reduced 0.5 percent per mM EMS treatment; for homozygous females, it was reduced 0.7% per mM treatment. The decline in viability appeared to be a linear function of EMS dose. The viabilities of males and females were strongly correlated. Heterozygous fitness effects were measured by monitoring changes in the frequencies of treated and untreated X chromosomes in discrete generation populations which, through the use of an X-Y translocation, maintained them only in heterozygous condition. Flies that were heterozygous for a treated chromosome were found to be 0.4% less fit per mM EMS than flies heterozygous for an untreated one.", "contents": "Fitness effects of EMS-induced mutations on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Viability effects and heterozygous fitness effects. Drosophila melanogaster X chromosomes were mutagenized by feeding males sucrose solutions containing ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS); the concentrations of EMS in the food were 2.5 mM, 5.0 mM, and 10.0 mM. Chromosomes were exposed to the mutagen up to three times by treating males in succeeding generations. After treatment, the effective exposures were 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 15.0, and 30.0 mM EMS. X chromosomes treated in this manner were tested for effects on fitness in both hemizygous and heterozygous conditions, and for effects on viability in hemizygous and homozygous conditions. In addition, untreated X chromosomes were available for study. The viability and heterozygous fitness effects are presented in this paper, and the hemizygous fitness effects are discussed in the accompanying one (MITCHELL and SIMMONS 1977). Hemizygous and homozygous viability effects were measured by segregation tests in vial cultures. For hemizygous males, viability was reduced 0.5 percent per mM EMS treatment; for homozygous females, it was reduced 0.7% per mM treatment. The decline in viability appeared to be a linear function of EMS dose. The viabilities of males and females were strongly correlated. Heterozygous fitness effects were measured by monitoring changes in the frequencies of treated and untreated X chromosomes in discrete generation populations which, through the use of an X-Y translocation, maintained them only in heterozygous condition. Flies that were heterozygous for a treated chromosome were found to be 0.4% less fit per mM EMS than flies heterozygous for an untreated one.", "PMID": 414960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7917", "title": "[Bacillus subtilis mutant with altered ability for heterologous transformation].", "content": "Mutant strain of Bacillus subtilis, which produced in certain conditions significantly reduced quantity of trnasformants during transformation by homologous DNA, as compared with transformation by heterologous DNA from Bac. aterrimus, is isolated. The ability to transfection by phage SPO1 DNA and the efficiency of infection of the mutant by this phage are also decreased. The causes of such alterated properties are discussed.", "contents": "[Bacillus subtilis mutant with altered ability for heterologous transformation]. Mutant strain of Bacillus subtilis, which produced in certain conditions significantly reduced quantity of trnasformants during transformation by homologous DNA, as compared with transformation by heterologous DNA from Bac. aterrimus, is isolated. The ability to transfection by phage SPO1 DNA and the efficiency of infection of the mutant by this phage are also decreased. The causes of such alterated properties are discussed.", "PMID": 414961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7918", "title": "[Induction of auxotrophy in the brucellosis microbe under the effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguannidine].", "content": "Mutagenic activity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine with respect to Brucella melitensis was studied. In the course of this study the method of obtaining auxotrophic brucella mutants was elaborated. Numerous assortiment of auxotrophic mutants of different types was obtained. In a number of cases the acquisition of auxotrophy was accompanied by profound changes of the strain, such as the changes in morphology of colonies, in the biochemical activity, in the capacity of agglutination and in the virulence.", "contents": "[Induction of auxotrophy in the brucellosis microbe under the effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguannidine]. Mutagenic activity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine with respect to Brucella melitensis was studied. In the course of this study the method of obtaining auxotrophic brucella mutants was elaborated. Numerous assortiment of auxotrophic mutants of different types was obtained. In a number of cases the acquisition of auxotrophy was accompanied by profound changes of the strain, such as the changes in morphology of colonies, in the biochemical activity, in the capacity of agglutination and in the virulence.", "PMID": 414962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7919", "title": "[Mutagenic effect of chemical compounds on laboratory mice].", "content": "Mutagenic effect of thioTEPA applied at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg was studied in late spermatids of C57BL/L male mice. The mutagen induced dominant lethal mutations in germ cells (39%) and symmetric translocations in 33.5% of F1 male offspring. The common frequency of sperms with chromosome mutations was 60%, that is ten times as much as the mutagenic effect in bone marrow cells. 39% of embryos at 3.5 days of development died or delayed their development at 2--22 blastomers stages. Structure chromosome aberrations were found in the cells of such embryos. The scheme of genetical screening of chemical compounds in laboratory mice, based on the data obtained early and in the present experiment, is proposed.", "contents": "[Mutagenic effect of chemical compounds on laboratory mice]. Mutagenic effect of thioTEPA applied at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg was studied in late spermatids of C57BL/L male mice. The mutagen induced dominant lethal mutations in germ cells (39%) and symmetric translocations in 33.5% of F1 male offspring. The common frequency of sperms with chromosome mutations was 60%, that is ten times as much as the mutagenic effect in bone marrow cells. 39% of embryos at 3.5 days of development died or delayed their development at 2--22 blastomers stages. Structure chromosome aberrations were found in the cells of such embryos. The scheme of genetical screening of chemical compounds in laboratory mice, based on the data obtained early and in the present experiment, is proposed.", "PMID": 414963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7920", "title": "[Contibution of the X chromosme to the increased resistance of inbred Drosophila melanogaster hybrids to physical effects].", "content": "Effects of high sub-lethal temperature and UV-irradiation on surviving of inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster and its F1 hybrids derived from reciprocal crosses between these lines are investigated. High resistance of F1 hybrids to these factors was observed as compared with that of parental inbred lines. D. melanogaster females in inbred lines and F1 hybrids were more resistant than males. Differences in the resistance between females and males were more pronounced in hybrids.", "contents": "[Contibution of the X chromosme to the increased resistance of inbred Drosophila melanogaster hybrids to physical effects]. Effects of high sub-lethal temperature and UV-irradiation on surviving of inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster and its F1 hybrids derived from reciprocal crosses between these lines are investigated. High resistance of F1 hybrids to these factors was observed as compared with that of parental inbred lines. D. melanogaster females in inbred lines and F1 hybrids were more resistant than males. Differences in the resistance between females and males were more pronounced in hybrids.", "PMID": 414964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7921", "title": "Another type of iatrogenic problem.", "content": "Physicians' lack of careful attention to transfer forms for elderly patients being moved from acute-care hospitals to facilities for long-term care can create serious--even life-threatening--problems.", "contents": "Another type of iatrogenic problem. Physicians' lack of careful attention to transfer forms for elderly patients being moved from acute-care hospitals to facilities for long-term care can create serious--even life-threatening--problems.", "PMID": 414965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7922", "title": "Appraisal of the 14C-glycocholate acid test with special reference to the measurement of faecal 14C excretion.", "content": "The (14)C-glycocholate test, including the measurement of marker corrected faecal (14)C, has been assessed in the following groups of subjects: normal controls (18), patients with diarrhoea not attributable to altered bile acid metabolism (21), patients with diverticula of the small intestine (12), patients with previous resection of ileum and often proximal colon (34), and established ileostomists (10). Patients with diverticular disease had increased breath (14)CO(2) excretion, but normal faecal excretion of (14)C, and this test was more frequently abnormal than the Schilling test. Ileostomists excreted increased amounts of faecal (14)C, even when the ileum was intact and apparently normal. The pattern after resection was complex. Breath (14)C output was normal if the ileal resection was less than 25 cm in length, although some of these patients had increased faecal (14)C excretion if, in addition, at least 15 cm of proximal colon had been resected or by-passed. Longer ileal resections were associated with increased breath and/or faecal (14)C excretion, depending in part on the length of colon resected or by-passed and the 24 hour faecal volume. Fewer than half these patients had both increased breath and faecal excretion of isotope and faecal (14)C alone was occasionally normal with an ileal resection of 50 cm of more. The (14)C-glycocholate test was more frequently abnormal than the Schilling test in this group. The use of faecal marker correction had only a minor impact on the results. These data suggest that, in patients with ileal resection, faecal (14)C, like faecal weight, is determined by the extent of colonic resection as well as by the amount of ileum resected.", "contents": "Appraisal of the 14C-glycocholate acid test with special reference to the measurement of faecal 14C excretion. The (14)C-glycocholate test, including the measurement of marker corrected faecal (14)C, has been assessed in the following groups of subjects: normal controls (18), patients with diarrhoea not attributable to altered bile acid metabolism (21), patients with diverticula of the small intestine (12), patients with previous resection of ileum and often proximal colon (34), and established ileostomists (10). Patients with diverticular disease had increased breath (14)CO(2) excretion, but normal faecal excretion of (14)C, and this test was more frequently abnormal than the Schilling test. Ileostomists excreted increased amounts of faecal (14)C, even when the ileum was intact and apparently normal. The pattern after resection was complex. Breath (14)C output was normal if the ileal resection was less than 25 cm in length, although some of these patients had increased faecal (14)C excretion if, in addition, at least 15 cm of proximal colon had been resected or by-passed. Longer ileal resections were associated with increased breath and/or faecal (14)C excretion, depending in part on the length of colon resected or by-passed and the 24 hour faecal volume. Fewer than half these patients had both increased breath and faecal excretion of isotope and faecal (14)C alone was occasionally normal with an ileal resection of 50 cm of more. The (14)C-glycocholate test was more frequently abnormal than the Schilling test in this group. The use of faecal marker correction had only a minor impact on the results. These data suggest that, in patients with ileal resection, faecal (14)C, like faecal weight, is determined by the extent of colonic resection as well as by the amount of ileum resected.", "PMID": 414968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7923", "title": "Influence of antimicrobial agents on contamination and chlortetracycline production.", "content": "The possibility of shortening the thermal sterilization time for cultivating media was demonstrated in chlortetracycline fermentation with an industrial strain of Streptomyces aureofaciens. The medium was artificially contaminated with a mixture of eight strains of G+ and G- bacteria isolated from contaminated industrial fermentors, and the following chemical agents, either alone or in combination, were added: formaldehyde, phenol. dimethylformamide, p-aminosalicylic acid and nitrofurazone. Dimethylformamide was inhibitory even at 0.08%.  formaldehyde concentrations higher than 0.05%, Nitrofurazone stimulated chlortetracycline production. The best combination was 0.01% formaldehyde added before, and 2.10-3% nitrofurazone added after short sterilization at 120 degrees C.", "contents": "Influence of antimicrobial agents on contamination and chlortetracycline production. The possibility of shortening the thermal sterilization time for cultivating media was demonstrated in chlortetracycline fermentation with an industrial strain of Streptomyces aureofaciens. The medium was artificially contaminated with a mixture of eight strains of G+ and G- bacteria isolated from contaminated industrial fermentors, and the following chemical agents, either alone or in combination, were added: formaldehyde, phenol. dimethylformamide, p-aminosalicylic acid and nitrofurazone. Dimethylformamide was inhibitory even at 0.08%.  formaldehyde concentrations higher than 0.05%, Nitrofurazone stimulated chlortetracycline production. The best combination was 0.01% formaldehyde added before, and 2.10-3% nitrofurazone added after short sterilization at 120 degrees C.", "PMID": 414978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7924", "title": "Aspects of reproduction in ruffed lemurs (Lemur variegatus).", "content": "Results of breeding of ruffed lemurs (Lemur variegatus) at the Duke Primate Facility provide information concerning estrous cycle, sexual behavior, age of first conception, gestation period, parturition, litter size. L. variegatus differs from other Lemur species in these respects.", "contents": "Aspects of reproduction in ruffed lemurs (Lemur variegatus). Results of breeding of ruffed lemurs (Lemur variegatus) at the Duke Primate Facility provide information concerning estrous cycle, sexual behavior, age of first conception, gestation period, parturition, litter size. L. variegatus differs from other Lemur species in these respects.", "PMID": 414980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7925", "title": "Urinary excretion of biologically active chorionic gonadotrophin by the pregnant marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus).", "content": "No significant correlation exists between the amount of biologically active marmoset chorionic gonadotrophin (mCG) in urine and results obtained with an immunological pregnancy test. The pregnant marmoset excretes large amounts of oestrogenic steroids, which must be removed, to prevent the enhancement of the response of the bioassay for mCG. More than 99% of these unconjugated and conjugated urinary oestrogens can be removed by extraction with acetone and ether. mCG is excreted throughout pregnancy, maximum levels occurring between the 8th and 9th week of gestation. There is a considerable within- and between-animal variation in the amount of mCG excreted. However, the pattern of gonadotrophin excretion by the pregnant marmoset is similar to that of man and the apes but unlike that of baboons and macaques.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of biologically active chorionic gonadotrophin by the pregnant marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus). No significant correlation exists between the amount of biologically active marmoset chorionic gonadotrophin (mCG) in urine and results obtained with an immunological pregnancy test. The pregnant marmoset excretes large amounts of oestrogenic steroids, which must be removed, to prevent the enhancement of the response of the bioassay for mCG. More than 99% of these unconjugated and conjugated urinary oestrogens can be removed by extraction with acetone and ether. mCG is excreted throughout pregnancy, maximum levels occurring between the 8th and 9th week of gestation. There is a considerable within- and between-animal variation in the amount of mCG excreted. However, the pattern of gonadotrophin excretion by the pregnant marmoset is similar to that of man and the apes but unlike that of baboons and macaques.", "PMID": 414981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7926", "title": "[Obstetrical risk factors in perinatally deceased boys and girls].", "content": "Statistical analysis reveals that there is a correlation between fetal sex and kind and incidence, respectively, of intrauterine and perinatal manifestation of risk factors. Male fetuses are more likely to be affected by risk factors than females. These observations correspond to the higher mortality rate of male versus female fetuses.", "contents": "[Obstetrical risk factors in perinatally deceased boys and girls]. Statistical analysis reveals that there is a correlation between fetal sex and kind and incidence, respectively, of intrauterine and perinatal manifestation of risk factors. Male fetuses are more likely to be affected by risk factors than females. These observations correspond to the higher mortality rate of male versus female fetuses.", "PMID": 414984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7927", "title": "Trihexosyldiacylglycerol and acyltrihexosyldiacylglycerol as lipid anchors of the lipoteichoic acid of Lactobacillus casei DSM 20021.", "content": "The lipoteichoic acid of Lactobacillus casei DSM 20021 was isolated. It consists of glycolipid and a poly(glycerophosphate), 37-44 units in length. The lipid portions can be released by treatment with hydrofluoric acid or acetic acid. They were determined to be 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-O-alpha-D-galacto-pyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl]glycerol and 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-(6-O-acyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)]glycerol. Lipoteichoic acid with a third carbohydrate-linked fatty acid in the glycolipid portion represents a novel subclass.", "contents": "Trihexosyldiacylglycerol and acyltrihexosyldiacylglycerol as lipid anchors of the lipoteichoic acid of Lactobacillus casei DSM 20021. The lipoteichoic acid of Lactobacillus casei DSM 20021 was isolated. It consists of glycolipid and a poly(glycerophosphate), 37-44 units in length. The lipid portions can be released by treatment with hydrofluoric acid or acetic acid. They were determined to be 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-O-alpha-D-galacto-pyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl]glycerol and 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-(6-O-acyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)]glycerol. Lipoteichoic acid with a third carbohydrate-linked fatty acid in the glycolipid portion represents a novel subclass.", "PMID": 414986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7928", "title": "A new variety of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia characterized by punctate corneal dystrophy and abnormal dermal collagen fibrils.", "content": "Several individuals from one family are described with a unique form of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. Characteristic features include short-trunked short stature, punctate corneal dystrophy and marked disorganization of dermal collagen fibrils when examined by transmission electron microscopy. Inheritance is compatible with either dominance and a variable expression or X-linkage. Although the basic defect has not been determined, the tissue distribution is consistent with a defect in a non-collagenous component that affects collagen fibril formation or stability.", "contents": "A new variety of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia characterized by punctate corneal dystrophy and abnormal dermal collagen fibrils. Several individuals from one family are described with a unique form of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. Characteristic features include short-trunked short stature, punctate corneal dystrophy and marked disorganization of dermal collagen fibrils when examined by transmission electron microscopy. Inheritance is compatible with either dominance and a variable expression or X-linkage. Although the basic defect has not been determined, the tissue distribution is consistent with a defect in a non-collagenous component that affects collagen fibril formation or stability.", "PMID": 414988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7929", "title": "[Immunological aspects of inflammatory bowel diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The gastrointestinal tract is replete with immunocompetent tissue represented by appendix, Peyer's patches and nonaggregated lymphocytes in the intestinal epithelium. This local immune system plays a vital role in the physiologic immune response and in the control of food, drug, microbial or viral antigens. Under certain situations this lymphoid tissue may contribute to the immunological reactions underlying the pathogenesis of various diseases. Generalised deficiencies of the immune apparatus frequently give rise to disturbances of gastrointestinal function. Furthermore plenty of immune reactions occurring in connection with human inflammatory bowel disease have been described. Some immunologic features are reported as typical for a disease, the majority seems to indicate only nonspecific autoimmune reactions. The relevance of immunological mechanisms for the pathogenesis of these diseases is still not full evaluated.", "contents": "[Immunological aspects of inflammatory bowel diseases (author's transl)]. The gastrointestinal tract is replete with immunocompetent tissue represented by appendix, Peyer's patches and nonaggregated lymphocytes in the intestinal epithelium. This local immune system plays a vital role in the physiologic immune response and in the control of food, drug, microbial or viral antigens. Under certain situations this lymphoid tissue may contribute to the immunological reactions underlying the pathogenesis of various diseases. Generalised deficiencies of the immune apparatus frequently give rise to disturbances of gastrointestinal function. Furthermore plenty of immune reactions occurring in connection with human inflammatory bowel disease have been described. Some immunologic features are reported as typical for a disease, the majority seems to indicate only nonspecific autoimmune reactions. The relevance of immunological mechanisms for the pathogenesis of these diseases is still not full evaluated.", "PMID": 414989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7930", "title": "Induction of hapten-specific cell-mediated immunity in rhesus monkeys treated with adsorbent purified antilymphocyte antibody.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were treated with sufficient amounts of rabbit antilymphocyte sera and immunoadsorbent purified antilymphocyte antibody to retain full-thickness skin grafts 23 and 29 days respectively. During this immunosuppressed period hapten-specific cell-mediated immunity was induced in six of seven rhesus monkeys immunized with p-azophenylarsono-N-acetyltyrosine (R-tyr) in complete Freund's adjuvant. These observations suggest that in rhesus monkeys different populations of T cells may be responsible for cutaneous sensitization to antigen and rejection of skin grafts.", "contents": "Induction of hapten-specific cell-mediated immunity in rhesus monkeys treated with adsorbent purified antilymphocyte antibody. Rhesus monkeys were treated with sufficient amounts of rabbit antilymphocyte sera and immunoadsorbent purified antilymphocyte antibody to retain full-thickness skin grafts 23 and 29 days respectively. During this immunosuppressed period hapten-specific cell-mediated immunity was induced in six of seven rhesus monkeys immunized with p-azophenylarsono-N-acetyltyrosine (R-tyr) in complete Freund's adjuvant. These observations suggest that in rhesus monkeys different populations of T cells may be responsible for cutaneous sensitization to antigen and rejection of skin grafts.", "PMID": 414990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7931", "title": "Monoclonal gammopathies in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A total of 2560 sera from patients with and without rheumatoid diseases were examined for the incidence of monoclonal proteins. The incidence of monoclonal protein was higher (3.3%) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than with other non-rheumatoid diseases of connective tissue (0.7%). Of 16 monoclonal proteins found in rheumatoid arthritis, 15 were IgG and 1 IgA; 7 sera belonged to the kappa and 9 to lambda type.", "contents": "Monoclonal gammopathies in rheumatoid arthritis. A total of 2560 sera from patients with and without rheumatoid diseases were examined for the incidence of monoclonal proteins. The incidence of monoclonal protein was higher (3.3%) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than with other non-rheumatoid diseases of connective tissue (0.7%). Of 16 monoclonal proteins found in rheumatoid arthritis, 15 were IgG and 1 IgA; 7 sera belonged to the kappa and 9 to lambda type.", "PMID": 414991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7932", "title": "The binding of adjuvant-active mycobacterial peptidoglycolipids and glycopeptides to mammalian membranes and their effect on artificial lipid bilayers.", "content": "The nature of the binding of adjuvant-active amphiphilic mycobacterial peptidoglycolipids and glycopeptides to mammalian plasma membranes was investigated together with their effect on the stability of artificial lipid bilayers. The importance of these interactions between mycobacterial components and membranes is discussed in relation to immunopotentiation, mitogenicity and tuberculous infection.", "contents": "The binding of adjuvant-active mycobacterial peptidoglycolipids and glycopeptides to mammalian membranes and their effect on artificial lipid bilayers. The nature of the binding of adjuvant-active amphiphilic mycobacterial peptidoglycolipids and glycopeptides to mammalian plasma membranes was investigated together with their effect on the stability of artificial lipid bilayers. The importance of these interactions between mycobacterial components and membranes is discussed in relation to immunopotentiation, mitogenicity and tuberculous infection.", "PMID": 414992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7933", "title": "Antibody mediated mechanisms of immunity to malaria induced by vaccination with Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys vaccinated with merozoites in FCA are protected against challenge with several strains and variants of Plasmodium knowlesi. Vaccination induces sterilizing immunity which is species specific. Merozoite-blocking (inhibitory) antibody usually correlates with clinical immunity and protection can be passively transferred with immune sera provided these contain high levels of inhibitory antibody. However, vaccination using adjuvants other than FCA may induce inhibitory antibody without clinical protection. In addition, vaccinated animals may become susceptible to challenge 4-5 weeks after splenectomy, although inhibitory antibody levels are not reduced. These observations indicate that immunity induced by merozoite vaccination involves: (i) merozoite blocking (inhibitory) antibody, (ii) specific antibody or immune complexes acting synergistically with cytotoxic splenic cells stimulated by FCA.", "contents": "Antibody mediated mechanisms of immunity to malaria induced by vaccination with Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites. Rhesus monkeys vaccinated with merozoites in FCA are protected against challenge with several strains and variants of Plasmodium knowlesi. Vaccination induces sterilizing immunity which is species specific. Merozoite-blocking (inhibitory) antibody usually correlates with clinical immunity and protection can be passively transferred with immune sera provided these contain high levels of inhibitory antibody. However, vaccination using adjuvants other than FCA may induce inhibitory antibody without clinical protection. In addition, vaccinated animals may become susceptible to challenge 4-5 weeks after splenectomy, although inhibitory antibody levels are not reduced. These observations indicate that immunity induced by merozoite vaccination involves: (i) merozoite blocking (inhibitory) antibody, (ii) specific antibody or immune complexes acting synergistically with cytotoxic splenic cells stimulated by FCA.", "PMID": 414993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7934", "title": "Allograft cytotoxicity co-operation between alloimmune T cells and macrophages.", "content": "T cells from the spleens of C57BL 10 (H-2b) mice 7-12 days after immunization with P815Y (H-2d) mastocytoma cells have been shown to co-operate synergistically with an adherent component of non-immune starch induced peritoneal cells in the cytostasis of target cells. Although significant values for synergy could be obtained using the (125I) UdR incorporation assay to measure cytostasis, normal peritoneal cells were incapable of co-operating with T cells in cytolysis as measured by 51Cr release from pre-labelled target cells. Initially, the synergistic interaction was immunologically specific, but non-specific activity could be induced by challenge with specific antigen.", "contents": "Allograft cytotoxicity co-operation between alloimmune T cells and macrophages. T cells from the spleens of C57BL 10 (H-2b) mice 7-12 days after immunization with P815Y (H-2d) mastocytoma cells have been shown to co-operate synergistically with an adherent component of non-immune starch induced peritoneal cells in the cytostasis of target cells. Although significant values for synergy could be obtained using the (125I) UdR incorporation assay to measure cytostasis, normal peritoneal cells were incapable of co-operating with T cells in cytolysis as measured by 51Cr release from pre-labelled target cells. Initially, the synergistic interaction was immunologically specific, but non-specific activity could be induced by challenge with specific antigen.", "PMID": 414994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7935", "title": "Specificity of salivary-bacterial interactions: role of terminal sialic acid residues in the interaction of salivary glycoproteins with Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Four highly purified salivary glycoproteins were used to study salivary-bacterial interactions. One pair of glycoproteins was mucin-like in composition, whereas the second pair was not. By an agglutination assay, it was found that only the mucin-glycoproteins agglutinated Streptococcus sanguis and S. mutans. Removal of sialic acid from these molecules resulted in a loss of agglutination of S. sanguis but not of S. mutans. The agglutination phenomenon was shown to require a salivary macromolecule of at least 150,000 daltons.", "contents": "Specificity of salivary-bacterial interactions: role of terminal sialic acid residues in the interaction of salivary glycoproteins with Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans. Four highly purified salivary glycoproteins were used to study salivary-bacterial interactions. One pair of glycoproteins was mucin-like in composition, whereas the second pair was not. By an agglutination assay, it was found that only the mucin-glycoproteins agglutinated Streptococcus sanguis and S. mutans. Removal of sialic acid from these molecules resulted in a loss of agglutination of S. sanguis but not of S. mutans. The agglutination phenomenon was shown to require a salivary macromolecule of at least 150,000 daltons.", "PMID": 415001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7936", "title": "Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins of Neisseria gonorrhoeae as an epidemiological tool.", "content": "The electrophoresis patterns of gonococcal cell proteins were assessed as an aid to gonococcal epidemiology. Lyophilized gonococci were extracted in heated lauryl sulfate with 2-mercaptoethanol. The solubilized gonococcal cell proteins were subjected to alkaline sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, and the resulting patterns were scanned with a spectrophotometer. The electrophoresis patterns were judged to be alike by superimposition of the gel scans. Gonococci thus compared were also auxotyped and tested for sensitivity to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and spectinomycin. The electrophoresis patterns were reproducible and not affected by serial subculture of the isolates. Patterns from nongonococcal Neisseria species did not resemble those of gonococci. To test the utility of the electrophoresis patterns, duplicate isolates were made from 12 cultures of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. After randomization and blind coding of the 24 isolates, all were successfully matched by their electrophoresis patterns. Cervical-rectal paired isolates from 45 patients were studied by means of their electrophoresis patterns, auxotypes, and results of antibiotic sensitivity tests. Results indicated that the electrophoresis patterns are useful in characterizing paired isolates of gonococci.", "contents": "Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins of Neisseria gonorrhoeae as an epidemiological tool. The electrophoresis patterns of gonococcal cell proteins were assessed as an aid to gonococcal epidemiology. Lyophilized gonococci were extracted in heated lauryl sulfate with 2-mercaptoethanol. The solubilized gonococcal cell proteins were subjected to alkaline sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, and the resulting patterns were scanned with a spectrophotometer. The electrophoresis patterns were judged to be alike by superimposition of the gel scans. Gonococci thus compared were also auxotyped and tested for sensitivity to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and spectinomycin. The electrophoresis patterns were reproducible and not affected by serial subculture of the isolates. Patterns from nongonococcal Neisseria species did not resemble those of gonococci. To test the utility of the electrophoresis patterns, duplicate isolates were made from 12 cultures of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. After randomization and blind coding of the 24 isolates, all were successfully matched by their electrophoresis patterns. Cervical-rectal paired isolates from 45 patients were studied by means of their electrophoresis patterns, auxotypes, and results of antibiotic sensitivity tests. Results indicated that the electrophoresis patterns are useful in characterizing paired isolates of gonococci.", "PMID": 415002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7937", "title": "Effect of metabolic inhibitors on the formation of antibody to sheep erythrocytes, on development of delayed hypersensitivity, and on the immune response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice.", "content": "The effect of a number of metabolic inhibitors was determined on: (i) the production of cellular immunity to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice by vaccination with mycobacterial ribonucleic acid (RNA), (Ii) the production of cellular immunity to infection with M. tuberculosis in mice with viable H37Ra cells, (iii) the induction of antibody formation to sheep erythrocytes, and (iv) the induction of delayed hypersensitivity in mice to purified protein derivative. The pattern of inhibition produced by metabolic inhibitors on cellular immunity to infection with M. tuberculosis produced by mycobacterial RNA was entirely different from the pattern of inhibition produced by the same metabolic inhibitors on antibody formation to sheep erythrocytes. The effect of the metabolic inhibitors on the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative did not correlate with the pattern of inhibition produced by the same compounds on antibody formation or on the development of immunity produced by mycobacterial RNA. Cellular immunity to infection produced in mice by viable H37Ra cells was not reduced by any of the metabolic inhibitors except actinomycin D. The possible reasons for the lack of activity of the metabolic inhibitors on the immune response to viable H37Ra cells and the lack of correlation with the pattern of inhibition found in mice vaccinated with mycobacterial RNA is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of metabolic inhibitors on the formation of antibody to sheep erythrocytes, on development of delayed hypersensitivity, and on the immune response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. The effect of a number of metabolic inhibitors was determined on: (i) the production of cellular immunity to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice by vaccination with mycobacterial ribonucleic acid (RNA), (Ii) the production of cellular immunity to infection with M. tuberculosis in mice with viable H37Ra cells, (iii) the induction of antibody formation to sheep erythrocytes, and (iv) the induction of delayed hypersensitivity in mice to purified protein derivative. The pattern of inhibition produced by metabolic inhibitors on cellular immunity to infection with M. tuberculosis produced by mycobacterial RNA was entirely different from the pattern of inhibition produced by the same metabolic inhibitors on antibody formation to sheep erythrocytes. The effect of the metabolic inhibitors on the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative did not correlate with the pattern of inhibition produced by the same compounds on antibody formation or on the development of immunity produced by mycobacterial RNA. Cellular immunity to infection produced in mice by viable H37Ra cells was not reduced by any of the metabolic inhibitors except actinomycin D. The possible reasons for the lack of activity of the metabolic inhibitors on the immune response to viable H37Ra cells and the lack of correlation with the pattern of inhibition found in mice vaccinated with mycobacterial RNA is discussed.", "PMID": 415003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7938", "title": "Mechanism of action of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A in experimental mouse infections: adenosine diphosphate ribosylation of elongation factor 2.", "content": "The data presented indicate that one of the primary actions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin during experimental infection is the inactivation of elongation factor 2 (EF-2) in various mouse organs. Organs from mice infected with the toxigenic P. aeruginosa strain PA103 contained considerably less EF-2 activity than did organs from uninfected controls. Whereas EF-2 activity was reduced in all organs examined from PA103-infected animals, the largest decrease was observed in the liver, where the active EF-2 levels were reduced by 70 to 90%. In addition, consistent inhibition of protein synthesis in livers but not in other organs was observed in mice infected with the toxigenic PA103 strain. Treatment of mice with antitoxin before infection with strain PA103 prevented inactivation of EF-2. When mice were infected with lethal doses of the nontoxigenic P. aeruginosa WR5 strain, tissue EF-2 levels were not markedly reduced below those derived from uninfected control animals.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A in experimental mouse infections: adenosine diphosphate ribosylation of elongation factor 2. The data presented indicate that one of the primary actions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin during experimental infection is the inactivation of elongation factor 2 (EF-2) in various mouse organs. Organs from mice infected with the toxigenic P. aeruginosa strain PA103 contained considerably less EF-2 activity than did organs from uninfected controls. Whereas EF-2 activity was reduced in all organs examined from PA103-infected animals, the largest decrease was observed in the liver, where the active EF-2 levels were reduced by 70 to 90%. In addition, consistent inhibition of protein synthesis in livers but not in other organs was observed in mice infected with the toxigenic PA103 strain. Treatment of mice with antitoxin before infection with strain PA103 prevented inactivation of EF-2. When mice were infected with lethal doses of the nontoxigenic P. aeruginosa WR5 strain, tissue EF-2 levels were not markedly reduced below those derived from uninfected control animals.", "PMID": 415004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7939", "title": "Activation of the alternate complement pathway by peptidoglycan from streptococcal cell wall.", "content": "Activation of the alternate complement pathway in human serum by several bacterial components was compared. Peptidoglycan from group A streptococcal cell walls was the most active material, on a weight basis, followed by cell walls, protoplast membranes, and whole cells. The group-specific carbohydrate was inactive. Treatment of peptidoglycan with low concentrations of lysozyme or short periods of sonic treatment enhanced complement activation. High concentrations of lysozyme or extended sonic treatment of peptidoglycan destroyed or greatly reduced the capacity to activate complement. Lysozyme treatment of group A streptococcal cell walls or lipopolysaccharide had no measurable effect. Activation of the alternate complement pathway by group D streptococcal cell walls was destroyed by lysozyme. Activity of peptidoglycan was not inhibited by N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl muramic acid, or D-alanine-D-alanine. Conversion of C3 and factored B by peptidoglycan was shown to occur by immunoelectrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Activation of the alternate complement pathway by peptidoglycan from streptococcal cell wall. Activation of the alternate complement pathway in human serum by several bacterial components was compared. Peptidoglycan from group A streptococcal cell walls was the most active material, on a weight basis, followed by cell walls, protoplast membranes, and whole cells. The group-specific carbohydrate was inactive. Treatment of peptidoglycan with low concentrations of lysozyme or short periods of sonic treatment enhanced complement activation. High concentrations of lysozyme or extended sonic treatment of peptidoglycan destroyed or greatly reduced the capacity to activate complement. Lysozyme treatment of group A streptococcal cell walls or lipopolysaccharide had no measurable effect. Activation of the alternate complement pathway by group D streptococcal cell walls was destroyed by lysozyme. Activity of peptidoglycan was not inhibited by N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl muramic acid, or D-alanine-D-alanine. Conversion of C3 and factored B by peptidoglycan was shown to occur by immunoelectrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 415005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7940", "title": "Studies on gonococcus infection. XII. Colony color and opacity varienats of gonococci.", "content": "Colonies with markedly differing color and opacity characteristics were found for Neisseria gonorrhoeae propagated on translucent, solid medium. These optical properties of gonococcal colonies were independent of pilation and appeared to be related to the degree of aggregation among the gonococci comprising the colonies. Dark, opaque colonies contained highly aggregated gonococci which were more susceptible to killing and to solubilization of their 125-labeled surface components than were organisms comprising light, transparent colony forms.", "contents": "Studies on gonococcus infection. XII. Colony color and opacity varienats of gonococci. Colonies with markedly differing color and opacity characteristics were found for Neisseria gonorrhoeae propagated on translucent, solid medium. These optical properties of gonococcal colonies were independent of pilation and appeared to be related to the degree of aggregation among the gonococci comprising the colonies. Dark, opaque colonies contained highly aggregated gonococci which were more susceptible to killing and to solubilization of their 125-labeled surface components than were organisms comprising light, transparent colony forms.", "PMID": 415006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7941", "title": "Studies on gonococcus infection. XIII. Occurrence of color/opacity colonial variants in clinical cultures.", "content": "Colonial variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae differing in color and opacity characteristics are distributed differently between male urethral and female cervical cultures. Colonial characteristics of cultures isolated from female cervices differ with time of isolation within the menstrual cycle and use of oral contraceptives. These differences may reflect selective forces in the ecology of the cervix, particularly proteolytic enzymes in cervical mucus and menstrual blood. Cycle changes in the characteristics of gonococci isolated from females may have implications for pathogenesis of gonococcal infections and immune response to the gonococcus.", "contents": "Studies on gonococcus infection. XIII. Occurrence of color/opacity colonial variants in clinical cultures. Colonial variants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae differing in color and opacity characteristics are distributed differently between male urethral and female cervical cultures. Colonial characteristics of cultures isolated from female cervices differ with time of isolation within the menstrual cycle and use of oral contraceptives. These differences may reflect selective forces in the ecology of the cervix, particularly proteolytic enzymes in cervical mucus and menstrual blood. Cycle changes in the characteristics of gonococci isolated from females may have implications for pathogenesis of gonococcal infections and immune response to the gonococcus.", "PMID": 415007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7942", "title": "Purification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A was purified by affinity chromatography from culture supernatants by elution of toxin from antitoxin immunoglobulin G-Sepharose 4B with 3 M NaSCN. The purity, toxicity, and enzymatic activity of exotoxin obtained were comparable to those of toxin purified by previously reported multiple-step procedures.", "contents": "Purification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin by affinity chromatography. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A was purified by affinity chromatography from culture supernatants by elution of toxin from antitoxin immunoglobulin G-Sepharose 4B with 3 M NaSCN. The purity, toxicity, and enzymatic activity of exotoxin obtained were comparable to those of toxin purified by previously reported multiple-step procedures.", "PMID": 415008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7943", "title": "Induction of cell-mediated immunity to Mycobacterium leprae in mice.", "content": "The immune response of mice to armadillo-derived, irradiation-killed Mycobacterium leprae (I-ML) was investigated. Following injection of 100 microgram of I-ML into the left hind footpads of mice, a state of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was engendered to antigens of M. leprae. The evidence for CMI was as follows: (i) development of delayed-type hypersensitivity to both human tuberculin purified protein derivative and soluble M. leprae antigens; (ii) T-lymphocyte-dependent macrophage activation at the inoculation site; (iii) specific systemic resistance to the cross-reactive species M. tuberculosis; and (iv) immunopotentiation of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to an unrelated antigen. The CMI induced by I-ML in aqueous suspension was greater than that obtained with the same antigen in water-in-oil emulsion, even though the latter generated a more severe reaction at the site of immunization. I-ML also induced a stronger CMI response than the corresponding dose of heat-killed BCG.", "contents": "Induction of cell-mediated immunity to Mycobacterium leprae in mice. The immune response of mice to armadillo-derived, irradiation-killed Mycobacterium leprae (I-ML) was investigated. Following injection of 100 microgram of I-ML into the left hind footpads of mice, a state of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was engendered to antigens of M. leprae. The evidence for CMI was as follows: (i) development of delayed-type hypersensitivity to both human tuberculin purified protein derivative and soluble M. leprae antigens; (ii) T-lymphocyte-dependent macrophage activation at the inoculation site; (iii) specific systemic resistance to the cross-reactive species M. tuberculosis; and (iv) immunopotentiation of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to an unrelated antigen. The CMI induced by I-ML in aqueous suspension was greater than that obtained with the same antigen in water-in-oil emulsion, even though the latter generated a more severe reaction at the site of immunization. I-ML also induced a stronger CMI response than the corresponding dose of heat-killed BCG.", "PMID": 415009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7944", "title": "Chemical transformation of human revertant cells induced by murine sarcoma virus.", "content": "A human revertant cell line, derived from non-producer human osteosarcoma cells (NP/KHOS) induced by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus, was treated in vitro with various levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (3-methylcholanthrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene, and benzo(alpha)pyrene [BP] or dimethyl sulfoxide (control). Cells treated only with 3-methylcholanthrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene underwent morphological alteration in vitro, and produced tumors when injected into NIH nude mice. These human revertant cells may be a useful in vitro tool in screening for the potential chemical carcinogens in human cell systems.", "contents": "Chemical transformation of human revertant cells induced by murine sarcoma virus. A human revertant cell line, derived from non-producer human osteosarcoma cells (NP/KHOS) induced by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus, was treated in vitro with various levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (3-methylcholanthrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene, and benzo(alpha)pyrene [BP] or dimethyl sulfoxide (control). Cells treated only with 3-methylcholanthrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene underwent morphological alteration in vitro, and produced tumors when injected into NIH nude mice. These human revertant cells may be a useful in vitro tool in screening for the potential chemical carcinogens in human cell systems.", "PMID": 415010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7945", "title": "Ultrastructure of the condylar articular surface in severe mandibular pain-dysfunction syndrome.", "content": "Specimens from articular surfaces of normal human mandibular condyles are compared with very small biopsies from articular surfaces of condyles taken at conservative operations in severe pain-dysfunction syndrome (P.D.S.). Immediate fixation was followed by examination using transmission electron-micrography. Normal surfaces exhibit a nearly structureless layer about 2 micron thick, which corresponds with the lamina splendens described in other diarthrodial joints. This layer surmounts a dense main structure of wavy interlacing bundles of collagen interspersed with fibrocytes. Occasional straight elastic fibres were found. Surfaces of all condyles from P.D.S. patients showed loss of lamina splendens, alteration of collagen fibre size, and tendency to dissociation of both collagen and its surrounding ground substance. Depper levels showed aggregations of bizarre structures which the author terms \"vermiform bodies\", and which appear to be collections of abnormal amounts and types of elastic tissue. It is suggested that the appearances are those of stress elastosis. Such profound ultrastructural changes may affect the joint sliding properties, and also its mechanical integrity under stress. Examination at this degree of magnification suggests a direct relationship between long-standing pain-dysfunction syndrome and the onset of degenerative disease.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the condylar articular surface in severe mandibular pain-dysfunction syndrome. Specimens from articular surfaces of normal human mandibular condyles are compared with very small biopsies from articular surfaces of condyles taken at conservative operations in severe pain-dysfunction syndrome (P.D.S.). Immediate fixation was followed by examination using transmission electron-micrography. Normal surfaces exhibit a nearly structureless layer about 2 micron thick, which corresponds with the lamina splendens described in other diarthrodial joints. This layer surmounts a dense main structure of wavy interlacing bundles of collagen interspersed with fibrocytes. Occasional straight elastic fibres were found. Surfaces of all condyles from P.D.S. patients showed loss of lamina splendens, alteration of collagen fibre size, and tendency to dissociation of both collagen and its surrounding ground substance. Depper levels showed aggregations of bizarre structures which the author terms \"vermiform bodies\", and which appear to be collections of abnormal amounts and types of elastic tissue. It is suggested that the appearances are those of stress elastosis. Such profound ultrastructural changes may affect the joint sliding properties, and also its mechanical integrity under stress. Examination at this degree of magnification suggests a direct relationship between long-standing pain-dysfunction syndrome and the onset of degenerative disease.", "PMID": 415013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7946", "title": "Periapical condition of anterior teeth after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. A radiographic study.", "content": "Extrusion and root resorption of the mandibular anterior teeth have been reported after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism by horizontal osteotomy of the rami. The aim of the present study was to find out whether oblique sliding osteotomy also has such side effects. Intraoral radiographs of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth of 61 patients were studied. Enlargement of the periodontal space and signs of root resorption were estimated postoperatively and at a later review 1 1/2-5 years after the operation. Enlargement of periodontal space occurred postoperatively in 16.2% of the maxillary incisors and 52.2% of the mandibular incisors. The enlargements were mostly reversible and at the final review only 1.1 and 8.5% of the maxillary and mandibular incisors, respectively, showed such enlargements. Root resorption was rarely found in radiographs from the postoperative control. At the final review, however, there were signs of root resorption of 1.6 and 20.8% of the maxillary and mandibular incisors, respectively. It appears warranted to conclude that the anterior teeth, especially the mandibular incisors, are exposed to strong forces also after oblique sliding osteotomy of the mandibular rami.", "contents": "Periapical condition of anterior teeth after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. A radiographic study. Extrusion and root resorption of the mandibular anterior teeth have been reported after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism by horizontal osteotomy of the rami. The aim of the present study was to find out whether oblique sliding osteotomy also has such side effects. Intraoral radiographs of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth of 61 patients were studied. Enlargement of the periodontal space and signs of root resorption were estimated postoperatively and at a later review 1 1/2-5 years after the operation. Enlargement of periodontal space occurred postoperatively in 16.2% of the maxillary incisors and 52.2% of the mandibular incisors. The enlargements were mostly reversible and at the final review only 1.1 and 8.5% of the maxillary and mandibular incisors, respectively, showed such enlargements. Root resorption was rarely found in radiographs from the postoperative control. At the final review, however, there were signs of root resorption of 1.6 and 20.8% of the maxillary and mandibular incisors, respectively. It appears warranted to conclude that the anterior teeth, especially the mandibular incisors, are exposed to strong forces also after oblique sliding osteotomy of the mandibular rami.", "PMID": 415014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7947", "title": "Frenum surgery. I. A comparison of three surgical methods.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare three surgical methods to relocate labial frena to a more apical position. Thirty patients with frenum insertion at the gingival margin were selected for the study. All had been peridontally treated prior to frenum surgery. Stone casts from rubber base impressions in individual trays were used to measure the differences in frenum insertion before surgery and 2, 12, 26 and 52 weeks afterwards. The surgical methods, each carried out in 10 cases, consisted of frenum excision, vestibular extension of Z-plasty. The results showed that a significant reduction of the frenum was obtained with all three methods used, although after 52 weeks, the difference between the pre- and postoperative status were most marked where Z-plasty had been carried out and least so after frenum excision. Post-surgical symptoms were most frequent after vestibular sulcus extension and fewest after frenum excision.", "contents": "Frenum surgery. I. A comparison of three surgical methods. The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare three surgical methods to relocate labial frena to a more apical position. Thirty patients with frenum insertion at the gingival margin were selected for the study. All had been peridontally treated prior to frenum surgery. Stone casts from rubber base impressions in individual trays were used to measure the differences in frenum insertion before surgery and 2, 12, 26 and 52 weeks afterwards. The surgical methods, each carried out in 10 cases, consisted of frenum excision, vestibular extension of Z-plasty. The results showed that a significant reduction of the frenum was obtained with all three methods used, although after 52 weeks, the difference between the pre- and postoperative status were most marked where Z-plasty had been carried out and least so after frenum excision. Post-surgical symptoms were most frequent after vestibular sulcus extension and fewest after frenum excision.", "PMID": 415016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7948", "title": "Lingual exposure during mandibular third molar surgery.", "content": "The necessity for surgical exposure of the lingual aspect of mandibular third molars will vary according to the severity of the impaction and the surgical technique adopted. A retractor is described for use in those cases when major lingual retraction is required. The retractor provides optimum access to the mandibular third molar area with adequate protection for the lingual nerve, tongue retraction and enhanced illumination by light reflection. It can be used under both local and general anaesthesia.", "contents": "Lingual exposure during mandibular third molar surgery. The necessity for surgical exposure of the lingual aspect of mandibular third molars will vary according to the severity of the impaction and the surgical technique adopted. A retractor is described for use in those cases when major lingual retraction is required. The retractor provides optimum access to the mandibular third molar area with adequate protection for the lingual nerve, tongue retraction and enhanced illumination by light reflection. It can be used under both local and general anaesthesia.", "PMID": 415017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7949", "title": "Leukokeratosis nicotina glossi-smokers' tongue.", "content": "\"Leukokeratosis nicotina glossi\" or \"smokers' tongue\" is a homogeneous leukoplakia with evenly distributed pin-point hemispherical depressions. Histologically, there is a loss of glossal papillae, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and the formation of large drop-shaped rete pegs with central clefting and occasional parakeratotic plugging. Mitotic activity and atypia are not marked and there is no evidence of Candida species infection. In some respects the lesion histologically resembles verrucous carcinoma but, unlike that condition, papillomatosis is not clinically noticeable and an invasive \"leading edge\" is not apparent. All but one of the subjects in which the lesion was seen were men, all had concurrent leukokeratosis nicotina palati and two gave histories of laryngeal carcinoma.", "contents": "Leukokeratosis nicotina glossi-smokers' tongue. \"Leukokeratosis nicotina glossi\" or \"smokers' tongue\" is a homogeneous leukoplakia with evenly distributed pin-point hemispherical depressions. Histologically, there is a loss of glossal papillae, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and the formation of large drop-shaped rete pegs with central clefting and occasional parakeratotic plugging. Mitotic activity and atypia are not marked and there is no evidence of Candida species infection. In some respects the lesion histologically resembles verrucous carcinoma but, unlike that condition, papillomatosis is not clinically noticeable and an invasive \"leading edge\" is not apparent. All but one of the subjects in which the lesion was seen were men, all had concurrent leukokeratosis nicotina palati and two gave histories of laryngeal carcinoma.", "PMID": 415018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7950", "title": "Mammalian cones: disc shedding, phagocytosis, and renewal.", "content": "During the past several years we have examined a variety of different mammalian retinas for ultrastructural evidence of cone disc shedding and RPE phagocytosis. In this paper we review our previously published evidence from squirrel and human retinas as well as present new evidence of cone disc shedding in rhesus monkey and cat. All these species show definitive evidence for the shedding of discs from cone outer segments and the phagocytosis of shed discs by apical processes of the RPE; both of these events closely resemble those described for mammalian rods. The occurrence of cone disc shedding leads directly to the conclusion that new membrane must be added to the cone outer segment in order to maintain its length. The successive evaginations, which are observed at the bases of cone outer segments, we consider to be indirect evidence for the addition of new discs. Finally, we propose a model for the structural organization of mammalian cone outer segments.", "contents": "Mammalian cones: disc shedding, phagocytosis, and renewal. During the past several years we have examined a variety of different mammalian retinas for ultrastructural evidence of cone disc shedding and RPE phagocytosis. In this paper we review our previously published evidence from squirrel and human retinas as well as present new evidence of cone disc shedding in rhesus monkey and cat. All these species show definitive evidence for the shedding of discs from cone outer segments and the phagocytosis of shed discs by apical processes of the RPE; both of these events closely resemble those described for mammalian rods. The occurrence of cone disc shedding leads directly to the conclusion that new membrane must be added to the cone outer segment in order to maintain its length. The successive evaginations, which are observed at the bases of cone outer segments, we consider to be indirect evidence for the addition of new discs. Finally, we propose a model for the structural organization of mammalian cone outer segments.", "PMID": 415019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7951", "title": "Phototoxicity to the newborn primate retina.", "content": "Newborn stump-tail monkeys were continuously exposed to 400 f-c of cool, white, fluorescent light for periods varying from 12 hr to 7 days. The right eye of each monkey was occluded by a patch of black velour material to serve as a control. The protected eyes retained normal ultrastructure; the exposed eyes showed progressive damage to the retina from the 12 hr to the 7-day exposure periods. Early changes were evident in the outer nuclear layer with darkly staining pyknotic nuclei and electrondense cytoplasmic processes that could be traced to their synaptic terminals. Late changes included marked distortion, vacuolization, and fragmentation of the rod and cone outer segments. The potential for phototoxicity to be additive to the normal aging of the retina is proposed, and we conclude that there is a sound basis for the current practice of patching the eyes of infants undergoing phototherapy.", "contents": "Phototoxicity to the newborn primate retina. Newborn stump-tail monkeys were continuously exposed to 400 f-c of cool, white, fluorescent light for periods varying from 12 hr to 7 days. The right eye of each monkey was occluded by a patch of black velour material to serve as a control. The protected eyes retained normal ultrastructure; the exposed eyes showed progressive damage to the retina from the 12 hr to the 7-day exposure periods. Early changes were evident in the outer nuclear layer with darkly staining pyknotic nuclei and electrondense cytoplasmic processes that could be traced to their synaptic terminals. Late changes included marked distortion, vacuolization, and fragmentation of the rod and cone outer segments. The potential for phototoxicity to be additive to the normal aging of the retina is proposed, and we conclude that there is a sound basis for the current practice of patching the eyes of infants undergoing phototherapy.", "PMID": 415020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7952", "title": "Accuracy of aqueous humor flow determination by fluorophotometry.", "content": "After corneal iontophoresis of fluorescein, freshly enucleated rhesus monkey eyes were perfused at a known rate with glutathione-bicarbonate-Ringer's solution. Total fluorescein mass and aqueous fluorescein concentration were measured with a fluorophotometer every 15 min for 6 to 8 hr. The aqueous flow was calculated from the fluorophotometry data by the second method of Jones and Maurice. This flow was then compared to the known perfusion rate. The curve for total fluorescence decay was not precisely parallel to the curve for aqueous fluorescence decay. This affected the value of the ratio of total:aqueous fluorescence. The most accurate and consistent flow values were obtained with the decay constant from the aqueous fluorescence decay curve combined with the ratio of total:aqueous fluorescence extrapolated back to zero time. Under these two conditions, the calculated flow in five experiments was 5.4% +/- 3.3 (+/- S.D.) lower than the known flow. The 99% confidence interval of the true mean percent difference between the known and calculated flows is--12% to +1%. A small effect of corneal fluorescein concentration on measured aqueous fluorescence was observed.", "contents": "Accuracy of aqueous humor flow determination by fluorophotometry. After corneal iontophoresis of fluorescein, freshly enucleated rhesus monkey eyes were perfused at a known rate with glutathione-bicarbonate-Ringer's solution. Total fluorescein mass and aqueous fluorescein concentration were measured with a fluorophotometer every 15 min for 6 to 8 hr. The aqueous flow was calculated from the fluorophotometry data by the second method of Jones and Maurice. This flow was then compared to the known perfusion rate. The curve for total fluorescence decay was not precisely parallel to the curve for aqueous fluorescence decay. This affected the value of the ratio of total:aqueous fluorescence. The most accurate and consistent flow values were obtained with the decay constant from the aqueous fluorescence decay curve combined with the ratio of total:aqueous fluorescence extrapolated back to zero time. Under these two conditions, the calculated flow in five experiments was 5.4% +/- 3.3 (+/- S.D.) lower than the known flow. The 99% confidence interval of the true mean percent difference between the known and calculated flows is--12% to +1%. A small effect of corneal fluorescein concentration on measured aqueous fluorescence was observed.", "PMID": 415021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7953", "title": "Can polymorphism be maintained by selection favouring an intermediate optimum phenotype?", "content": "Populations of Drosophila melanogaster containing the special chromosome, M-5, were subjected to artificial selection to canalise scutellar bristle phenotype at four bristles. At the end of the experiment allele frequencies at three enzyme loci were measured. In the selected population, these frequencies were found to have diverged from their starting values less than would have been predicted on the basis of random genetic drift. This was not found in control populations or in populations selected for low bristle number.", "contents": "Can polymorphism be maintained by selection favouring an intermediate optimum phenotype? Populations of Drosophila melanogaster containing the special chromosome, M-5, were subjected to artificial selection to canalise scutellar bristle phenotype at four bristles. At the end of the experiment allele frequencies at three enzyme loci were measured. In the selected population, these frequencies were found to have diverged from their starting values less than would have been predicted on the basis of random genetic drift. This was not found in control populations or in populations selected for low bristle number.", "PMID": 415022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7954", "title": "Chromosome breakage: a possible mechanism for diverse genetic events in outbred populations.", "content": "Evidence is summarised to support the hypothesis that genetic characteristics frequently assayed in natural populations, including mutator activity, sterility, male recombination, and distortion of segregation, may often be expressions of the same general event--chromosome breakage in outbred populations.", "contents": "Chromosome breakage: a possible mechanism for diverse genetic events in outbred populations. Evidence is summarised to support the hypothesis that genetic characteristics frequently assayed in natural populations, including mutator activity, sterility, male recombination, and distortion of segregation, may often be expressions of the same general event--chromosome breakage in outbred populations.", "PMID": 415023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7955", "title": "Genetical variation for enzyme activity in a population of Drosophila melanogaster. IV. Analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in chromosome substitution lines.", "content": "Chromosome substitution lines derived from two inbred strains of Drosophila melanogaster homozygous for the AdhS allele of alcohol dehydrogenase but differing significantly in ADH activity have been analysed. Variation in activity can be attributed to all three major chromosomes. The effect of the second chromosome, where the ADH structural gene is located, can be modified significantly by the genotype of both the first and the third chromosomes. The most substantial single effect results from homozygous differences between the third chromosomes. In contrast, differences between the X chromosomes are revealed only when the second or second and third chromosomes are heterozygous.", "contents": "Genetical variation for enzyme activity in a population of Drosophila melanogaster. IV. Analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in chromosome substitution lines. Chromosome substitution lines derived from two inbred strains of Drosophila melanogaster homozygous for the AdhS allele of alcohol dehydrogenase but differing significantly in ADH activity have been analysed. Variation in activity can be attributed to all three major chromosomes. The effect of the second chromosome, where the ADH structural gene is located, can be modified significantly by the genotype of both the first and the third chromosomes. The most substantial single effect results from homozygous differences between the third chromosomes. In contrast, differences between the X chromosomes are revealed only when the second or second and third chromosomes are heterozygous.", "PMID": 415024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7956", "title": "New apparatus for exercising a monkey seated in a primate chair.", "content": "A new apparatus and method for exercising a monkey seated in a primate chair are described. The apparatus consists of a set of hand and foot bars mounted at either end of a rocker arm that pivots in a vertical plane. This arm is connected by a steel cable to a wooden box that houses lead weights. By simultaneously pushing the foot bar and pulling the hand bar, the monkey lifts a weight and triggers a microswitch which releases a banana-flavored food pellet into a well close to the animal's mouth. The amount of work performed is varied by changing the a) amount of weight to be lifted, b) distance the weight must be lifted, or c) number of times that the animal lifts the weight for a single reward. During 30 min of exercise, the heart rate of a given monkey rose 120 beats/min, respiratory rate 24/min, and colonic temperature 1.2 degrees C above base-line values. Total work performed in 30 min varied from 250 to 360 kpm. Major advantages of this apparatus over a treadmill or bicycle ergometer are that the animal 1) is restrained sufficiently to permit the delicate experimental manipulations and physiological measurements, 2) can be exercised strenuously in a quantitative fashion, and 3) is readily trained to perform the task in a short time.", "contents": "New apparatus for exercising a monkey seated in a primate chair. A new apparatus and method for exercising a monkey seated in a primate chair are described. The apparatus consists of a set of hand and foot bars mounted at either end of a rocker arm that pivots in a vertical plane. This arm is connected by a steel cable to a wooden box that houses lead weights. By simultaneously pushing the foot bar and pulling the hand bar, the monkey lifts a weight and triggers a microswitch which releases a banana-flavored food pellet into a well close to the animal's mouth. The amount of work performed is varied by changing the a) amount of weight to be lifted, b) distance the weight must be lifted, or c) number of times that the animal lifts the weight for a single reward. During 30 min of exercise, the heart rate of a given monkey rose 120 beats/min, respiratory rate 24/min, and colonic temperature 1.2 degrees C above base-line values. Total work performed in 30 min varied from 250 to 360 kpm. Major advantages of this apparatus over a treadmill or bicycle ergometer are that the animal 1) is restrained sufficiently to permit the delicate experimental manipulations and physiological measurements, 2) can be exercised strenuously in a quantitative fashion, and 3) is readily trained to perform the task in a short time.", "PMID": 415025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7957", "title": "The coraco-acromial ligament and projection index in man and other anthropoid primates.", "content": "The coraco-acromial ligament in man is a trait shared only with other hominoids (apes) among anthropoid primates. The associated form of the coracoid process and acromion, their lateral projections and the shape of the glenoid cavity likewise distinguish the Hominoidea. These anatomical features add credence to the view that the living hominoids share an independent ancestry within the Anthropoidea associated with the development of several unique locomotor/feeding adaptations.", "contents": "The coraco-acromial ligament and projection index in man and other anthropoid primates. The coraco-acromial ligament in man is a trait shared only with other hominoids (apes) among anthropoid primates. The associated form of the coracoid process and acromion, their lateral projections and the shape of the glenoid cavity likewise distinguish the Hominoidea. These anatomical features add credence to the view that the living hominoids share an independent ancestry within the Anthropoidea associated with the development of several unique locomotor/feeding adaptations.", "PMID": 415027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7958", "title": "A teased-fibre study of the median nerves of vitamin B12-depleted baboons.", "content": "Isolated nerve fibres of the median nerve of normal baboons and baboons kept on diets deficient in vitamin B12, and supplemented with potassium cyanide and potassium thiocyanate injections, were examined by the teased-fibre technique. Regression lines of internodal length on fibre diameter were obtained. Small differences between the groups were apparent but were of uncertain significance. There was occasional evidence of segmental demyelination and Wallerian degeneration but this was not characteristic of any particular group.", "contents": "A teased-fibre study of the median nerves of vitamin B12-depleted baboons. Isolated nerve fibres of the median nerve of normal baboons and baboons kept on diets deficient in vitamin B12, and supplemented with potassium cyanide and potassium thiocyanate injections, were examined by the teased-fibre technique. Regression lines of internodal length on fibre diameter were obtained. Small differences between the groups were apparent but were of uncertain significance. There was occasional evidence of segmental demyelination and Wallerian degeneration but this was not characteristic of any particular group.", "PMID": 415028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7959", "title": "The enamel--dentine junction of human and Macaca irus teeth: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The enamel--dentin junction of human and Macaca irus teeth has been studied using light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. There are differences between species and within the same tooth. Scalloping, when present, is more developed in the cuspal areas and approximally, and the scallops appear to be formed at the time of maturation of the hard tissues. Enamel tufts and spindles are briefly discussed. The depth of scallops was less in the human deciduous than in the permanent teeth, but no differences were noted between monkey deciduous and permanent dentitions.", "contents": "The enamel--dentine junction of human and Macaca irus teeth: a light and electron microscopic study. The enamel--dentin junction of human and Macaca irus teeth has been studied using light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. There are differences between species and within the same tooth. Scalloping, when present, is more developed in the cuspal areas and approximally, and the scallops appear to be formed at the time of maturation of the hard tissues. Enamel tufts and spindles are briefly discussed. The depth of scallops was less in the human deciduous than in the permanent teeth, but no differences were noted between monkey deciduous and permanent dentitions.", "PMID": 415029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7960", "title": "Spore location patterns in sporulating doublets of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium, derived from single doublet isolates with differing sporulation geometry.", "content": "The distribution of spore loci in pairs of Bacillus cereus and B. megaterium showed different degrees of polarization from random location towards location at the old end of the sporangium. When individual doublets containing both spores at either the old or new ends of the sporangia were isolated by micromanipulation, subsequent culture showed the same spore location patterns.", "contents": "Spore location patterns in sporulating doublets of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium, derived from single doublet isolates with differing sporulation geometry. The distribution of spore loci in pairs of Bacillus cereus and B. megaterium showed different degrees of polarization from random location towards location at the old end of the sporangium. When individual doublets containing both spores at either the old or new ends of the sporangia were isolated by micromanipulation, subsequent culture showed the same spore location patterns.", "PMID": 415036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7961", "title": "Genetic recombination in Streptomyces griseus.", "content": "Low-frequency (10(-6)) genetic recombination was observed in a cephamycin-producing strain of Streptomyces griseus. The recombinants were predominantly heteroclones. Heteroclone analysis was performed involving four heteroclones of one cross. In 100 mutants correlation was found between the type of auxotrophy and the level of antibiotic activity. A cross of this strain with a streptomycin-producing strain of S. griesus is described.", "contents": "Genetic recombination in Streptomyces griseus. Low-frequency (10(-6)) genetic recombination was observed in a cephamycin-producing strain of Streptomyces griseus. The recombinants were predominantly heteroclones. Heteroclone analysis was performed involving four heteroclones of one cross. In 100 mutants correlation was found between the type of auxotrophy and the level of antibiotic activity. A cross of this strain with a streptomycin-producing strain of S. griesus is described.", "PMID": 415037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7962", "title": "Growth properties of Cellulomonas flavigena mutants affected in cellulose utilization.", "content": "The role of cellobiose metabolism in cellulose utilization by Cellulomonas flavigena was investigated by studying mutants unable to grow on cellobiose or cellulose. The results show that the ability to utilize cellulose is strictly dependent on the ability to utilize cellobiose.", "contents": "Growth properties of Cellulomonas flavigena mutants affected in cellulose utilization. The role of cellobiose metabolism in cellulose utilization by Cellulomonas flavigena was investigated by studying mutants unable to grow on cellobiose or cellulose. The results show that the ability to utilize cellulose is strictly dependent on the ability to utilize cellobiose.", "PMID": 415038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7963", "title": "Effect of cerulenin on Streptococcus faecalis macromolecular synthesis and cell division.", "content": "The antibiotic cerulenin has been used to study macromolecular synthesis and cell division in Streptococcus faecalis. The data suggest that lipid and lipoteichoic acid synthesis as well as cell number increase are affected prior to any observable effects on overall mass increase or DNA, RNA, protein, or peptidoglycan synthesis. Treatment with cerulenin of cultures growing at various rates and analysis of the subsequent cell divisions indicate that the antibiotic may block a cell cycle event that precedes the completion of chromosome replication by about 10 min.", "contents": "Effect of cerulenin on Streptococcus faecalis macromolecular synthesis and cell division. The antibiotic cerulenin has been used to study macromolecular synthesis and cell division in Streptococcus faecalis. The data suggest that lipid and lipoteichoic acid synthesis as well as cell number increase are affected prior to any observable effects on overall mass increase or DNA, RNA, protein, or peptidoglycan synthesis. Treatment with cerulenin of cultures growing at various rates and analysis of the subsequent cell divisions indicate that the antibiotic may block a cell cycle event that precedes the completion of chromosome replication by about 10 min.", "PMID": 415039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7964", "title": "TOL plasmid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO: thermosensitivity of self-maintenance and inhibition of host cell growth.", "content": "The TOL plasmid originally isolated in Pseudomonas putida (arvilla) mt-2 was transmissible to strains of the fluorescens group of Pseudomonas, i.e., P. putida, P. fluorescens, and P. aeruginosa, except for a strain of P. aeruginosa, strain PAO. The same strain, however, could accept the plasmid when its restriction and modification abilities were lost by mutations or by growing at high temperature. In addition, the transmissibility of the TOL plasmid from strain PAO to P. putida was low when the plasmid was modified by the donor. By using P. aeruginosa PAO carrying the TOL plasmid, the stability and genetic expression of the plasmid as well as its effect on the host cell growth were examined. Thus the self-maintenance of the plasmid was found to be thermosensitive. Furthermore, the TOL plasmid inhibited the growth of strain PAO at high temperature, accompanied by the formation of some filamentous cells. These thermosensitive properties of the TOL plasmid were host dependent and not exhibited in another strain of P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "TOL plasmid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO: thermosensitivity of self-maintenance and inhibition of host cell growth. The TOL plasmid originally isolated in Pseudomonas putida (arvilla) mt-2 was transmissible to strains of the fluorescens group of Pseudomonas, i.e., P. putida, P. fluorescens, and P. aeruginosa, except for a strain of P. aeruginosa, strain PAO. The same strain, however, could accept the plasmid when its restriction and modification abilities were lost by mutations or by growing at high temperature. In addition, the transmissibility of the TOL plasmid from strain PAO to P. putida was low when the plasmid was modified by the donor. By using P. aeruginosa PAO carrying the TOL plasmid, the stability and genetic expression of the plasmid as well as its effect on the host cell growth were examined. Thus the self-maintenance of the plasmid was found to be thermosensitive. Furthermore, the TOL plasmid inhibited the growth of strain PAO at high temperature, accompanied by the formation of some filamentous cells. These thermosensitive properties of the TOL plasmid were host dependent and not exhibited in another strain of P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 415040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7965", "title": "Comparative immunological studies on arylsulfatase in bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae: occurrence of latent arylsulfatase protein regulated by sulfur compounds and tyramine.", "content": "The arylsulfatases of 21 strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae were compared by measuring their enzymatic activities and immunological reactivities. Enzyme formation under repressing, nonrepressing, and derepressing conditions was tested. Antiserum prepared against pure arylsulfatase from Klebsiella aerobgenes W70 was tested against the enzyme extracts from the strains using double diffusion, quantitative precipitation, and immunoelectrophoresis. No close relationship was found between arylsulfatase activity and immunological cross-reactionship was found between arylsulfatase activity and immunological cross-reactivity. The strains in the family Enterobacteriaceae could be divided into two groups on the basis of the immunological properties of their enzyme. Antisera formed a precipitin band with both active and inactive enzyme proteins from Escherichia, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter, but not with the proteins from Serratia, Proteus, and Erwinia, even though some strains of these species had enzyme activity. It was also found that the formation of arylsulfatase proteins, irrespective of whether they had enzyme activity, were under regulation by sulfur compounds and tyramine.", "contents": "Comparative immunological studies on arylsulfatase in bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae: occurrence of latent arylsulfatase protein regulated by sulfur compounds and tyramine. The arylsulfatases of 21 strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae were compared by measuring their enzymatic activities and immunological reactivities. Enzyme formation under repressing, nonrepressing, and derepressing conditions was tested. Antiserum prepared against pure arylsulfatase from Klebsiella aerobgenes W70 was tested against the enzyme extracts from the strains using double diffusion, quantitative precipitation, and immunoelectrophoresis. No close relationship was found between arylsulfatase activity and immunological cross-reactionship was found between arylsulfatase activity and immunological cross-reactivity. The strains in the family Enterobacteriaceae could be divided into two groups on the basis of the immunological properties of their enzyme. Antisera formed a precipitin band with both active and inactive enzyme proteins from Escherichia, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter, but not with the proteins from Serratia, Proteus, and Erwinia, even though some strains of these species had enzyme activity. It was also found that the formation of arylsulfatase proteins, irrespective of whether they had enzyme activity, were under regulation by sulfur compounds and tyramine.", "PMID": 415041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7966", "title": "Regulation of beta-1,3-glucanase synthesis in Penicillium italicum.", "content": "The filamentous fungus Penicillium italicum produced a certain level of beta-1,3-glucanase during active growth in a glucose-supplemented medium; however, at a low glucose concentration (2 to 10 mM), derepression took place and the specific activity of the enzyme increased significantly. Derepressed cells (incubated in a glucose-limited medium) accumulated a capacity for the synthesis of beta-1,3-glucanase, which led to a subsequent increase in the specific activity even when the cells were transferred to a medium with an excess of glucose (180 mM). Two protein synthesis inhibitors, cycloheximide and trichodermin, immediately stopped the increase in specific activity when added to derepressed cells. On the other hand, 8-hydroxyquinoline, an RNA a synthesis inhibitor, acted differently, since it permitted the specific activity to increase for some time after being added to depressed cells. Moreover, the concentration of glucose did not affect the 8-hydroxyquinoline-insensitive synthesis of beta-1,3-glucanase. It is concluded that the glucose repression effect on beta-1,3-glucanase production must be exerted at a pretranslational level that could be either mRNA synthesis or some stage of the process involved in its maturation or stabilization.", "contents": "Regulation of beta-1,3-glucanase synthesis in Penicillium italicum. The filamentous fungus Penicillium italicum produced a certain level of beta-1,3-glucanase during active growth in a glucose-supplemented medium; however, at a low glucose concentration (2 to 10 mM), derepression took place and the specific activity of the enzyme increased significantly. Derepressed cells (incubated in a glucose-limited medium) accumulated a capacity for the synthesis of beta-1,3-glucanase, which led to a subsequent increase in the specific activity even when the cells were transferred to a medium with an excess of glucose (180 mM). Two protein synthesis inhibitors, cycloheximide and trichodermin, immediately stopped the increase in specific activity when added to derepressed cells. On the other hand, 8-hydroxyquinoline, an RNA a synthesis inhibitor, acted differently, since it permitted the specific activity to increase for some time after being added to depressed cells. Moreover, the concentration of glucose did not affect the 8-hydroxyquinoline-insensitive synthesis of beta-1,3-glucanase. It is concluded that the glucose repression effect on beta-1,3-glucanase production must be exerted at a pretranslational level that could be either mRNA synthesis or some stage of the process involved in its maturation or stabilization.", "PMID": 415042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7967", "title": "Induction of anaerobic, photoautotrophic growth in the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limnetica.", "content": "Anaerobic photoautotrophic growth of the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limnetica was demonstrated under nitrogen in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (5micron), a constant concentration of Na2S (2.5 mM), and constant pH (7.3). The photoanaerobic growth rate (2 days doubling time) was similar to that obtained under oxygenic photoautotrophic growth conditions. The potential of oxygenic photosynthesis is constitutive in the cells; that of anoxygenic photosynthesis is rapidly (2 h) induced in the presence of Na2S in the light in a process requiring protein synthesis. The facultative anaerobic phototrophic growth physiology exhibited by O. limnetica would seem to represent an intermediate physiological pattern between the obligate anaerobic one of photosynthetic bacteria and the oxygenic one of eucaryotic algae.", "contents": "Induction of anaerobic, photoautotrophic growth in the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limnetica. Anaerobic photoautotrophic growth of the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limnetica was demonstrated under nitrogen in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (5micron), a constant concentration of Na2S (2.5 mM), and constant pH (7.3). The photoanaerobic growth rate (2 days doubling time) was similar to that obtained under oxygenic photoautotrophic growth conditions. The potential of oxygenic photosynthesis is constitutive in the cells; that of anoxygenic photosynthesis is rapidly (2 h) induced in the presence of Na2S in the light in a process requiring protein synthesis. The facultative anaerobic phototrophic growth physiology exhibited by O. limnetica would seem to represent an intermediate physiological pattern between the obligate anaerobic one of photosynthetic bacteria and the oxygenic one of eucaryotic algae.", "PMID": 415043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7968", "title": "Membrane-bound nucleotidase of Bacillus cereus.", "content": "A membrane-bound nucleotidase of Bacillus cereus T was solubilized by digestion with trypsin and subsequently purified more than 300-fold. The purified nucleotidase was most active on ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates and was slightly less active (40 to 60%) on deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates and ribonucleoside 3'-monophosphates. In addition to hydrolytic activity, the nucleotidase preparation possessed phosphotransferase activity by which phosphate is transferred from a phosphate donor to the 5' position of nucleosides.", "contents": "Membrane-bound nucleotidase of Bacillus cereus. A membrane-bound nucleotidase of Bacillus cereus T was solubilized by digestion with trypsin and subsequently purified more than 300-fold. The purified nucleotidase was most active on ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates and was slightly less active (40 to 60%) on deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates and ribonucleoside 3'-monophosphates. In addition to hydrolytic activity, the nucleotidase preparation possessed phosphotransferase activity by which phosphate is transferred from a phosphate donor to the 5' position of nucleosides.", "PMID": 415044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7969", "title": "Autolytic defective mutant of Streptococcus faecalis.", "content": "Properties of a variant of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 with defective cellular autolysis are described. The mutant strain was selected as a survivor from a mutagenized cell population simultaneously challenged with two antibiotics which inhibit cell wall biosynthesis, penicillin G and cycloserine. Compared to the parental strain, the mutant strain exhibited: (i) a thermosensitive pattern of cellular autolysis; (ii) an autolytic enzyme activity that had only a slightly increased thermolability when tested in solution in the absence of wall substrate; and (iii) an isolated autolysin that had hydrolytic activity on isolated S. faecalis wall substrate indistinguishable from that of the parental strain, but that was inactive when tested on walls of Micrococcus lysodeikticus as a substrate. These data indicate an alteration in the substrate specificity of the autolytic enzyme of the mutant which appears to result from the synthesis of an altered form of autolytic enzyme.", "contents": "Autolytic defective mutant of Streptococcus faecalis. Properties of a variant of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 with defective cellular autolysis are described. The mutant strain was selected as a survivor from a mutagenized cell population simultaneously challenged with two antibiotics which inhibit cell wall biosynthesis, penicillin G and cycloserine. Compared to the parental strain, the mutant strain exhibited: (i) a thermosensitive pattern of cellular autolysis; (ii) an autolytic enzyme activity that had only a slightly increased thermolability when tested in solution in the absence of wall substrate; and (iii) an isolated autolysin that had hydrolytic activity on isolated S. faecalis wall substrate indistinguishable from that of the parental strain, but that was inactive when tested on walls of Micrococcus lysodeikticus as a substrate. These data indicate an alteration in the substrate specificity of the autolytic enzyme of the mutant which appears to result from the synthesis of an altered form of autolytic enzyme.", "PMID": 415045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7970", "title": "Microbial oxidation of methane and methanol: crystallization of methanol dehydrogenase and properties of holo- and apomethanol dehydrogenase from Methylomonas methanica.", "content": "Procedures are described for the purification and crystallization of methanol dehydrogenase from the soluble fraction of the type I obligate methylotroph Methylomonas methanica strain S1. The crystallized enzyme is homogeneous as judged by acrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The enzyme had a high pH optimum (9.5) and required ammonium salt as an activator. In the presence of phenazine methosulfate as an electron acceptor, the enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of primary alcohols and formaldehyde. Secondary, tertiary, and aromatic alcohols were not oxidized. The molecular weight as well as subunit size of methanol dehydrogenase was 60,000, indicating that it is monomeric. The sedimentation constant (s(20,w)) was 3.1S. The amino acid composition of the crystallized enzyme is also presented. Antisera prepared against the crystalline enzyme were nonspecific; they cross-reacted with and inhibited the isofunctional enzyme from other obligate methylotrophic bacteria. The crystalline methanol dehydrogenase had an absorption peak at 350 nm in the visible region and weak fluorescence peaks at 440 and 470 nm due to the presence of a pteridine derivative as the prosthetic group. A procedure was developed for the preparation of apo-methanol dehydrogenase. The molecular weights, sedimentation constants, electrophoretic mobilities, and immunological properties of apo- and holo-methanol dehydrogenases are identical. Apo-methanol dehydrogenase lacked the absorption peak at 350 nm and the fluorescence peaks at 440 and 470 nm and was catalytically inactive. All attempts to reconstitute an active enzyme from apo-methanol dehydrogenase, using various pteridine derivatives, were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Microbial oxidation of methane and methanol: crystallization of methanol dehydrogenase and properties of holo- and apomethanol dehydrogenase from Methylomonas methanica. Procedures are described for the purification and crystallization of methanol dehydrogenase from the soluble fraction of the type I obligate methylotroph Methylomonas methanica strain S1. The crystallized enzyme is homogeneous as judged by acrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The enzyme had a high pH optimum (9.5) and required ammonium salt as an activator. In the presence of phenazine methosulfate as an electron acceptor, the enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of primary alcohols and formaldehyde. Secondary, tertiary, and aromatic alcohols were not oxidized. The molecular weight as well as subunit size of methanol dehydrogenase was 60,000, indicating that it is monomeric. The sedimentation constant (s(20,w)) was 3.1S. The amino acid composition of the crystallized enzyme is also presented. Antisera prepared against the crystalline enzyme were nonspecific; they cross-reacted with and inhibited the isofunctional enzyme from other obligate methylotrophic bacteria. The crystalline methanol dehydrogenase had an absorption peak at 350 nm in the visible region and weak fluorescence peaks at 440 and 470 nm due to the presence of a pteridine derivative as the prosthetic group. A procedure was developed for the preparation of apo-methanol dehydrogenase. The molecular weights, sedimentation constants, electrophoretic mobilities, and immunological properties of apo- and holo-methanol dehydrogenases are identical. Apo-methanol dehydrogenase lacked the absorption peak at 350 nm and the fluorescence peaks at 440 and 470 nm and was catalytically inactive. All attempts to reconstitute an active enzyme from apo-methanol dehydrogenase, using various pteridine derivatives, were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 415046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7971", "title": "Mapping of a genetic locus that affects glycerol 3-phosphate transport in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Two types of fosfomycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis were isolated. Mutants of the first type (GlpT mutants) were resistant to at least 200 microgram of fosfomycin per ml and failed to take up exogenous glycerol 3-phosphate. Mutants of the second type were resistant to lower concentrations of fosfomycin and transported glycerol-3-phosphate as efficiently as wild-type bacteria. The glpT mutations, but not the mutations in the second type of fosfomycin-resistant mutants, map in the cysA-aroI region of the B. subtilis chromosome.", "contents": "Mapping of a genetic locus that affects glycerol 3-phosphate transport in Bacillus subtilis. Two types of fosfomycin-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis were isolated. Mutants of the first type (GlpT mutants) were resistant to at least 200 microgram of fosfomycin per ml and failed to take up exogenous glycerol 3-phosphate. Mutants of the second type were resistant to lower concentrations of fosfomycin and transported glycerol-3-phosphate as efficiently as wild-type bacteria. The glpT mutations, but not the mutations in the second type of fosfomycin-resistant mutants, map in the cysA-aroI region of the B. subtilis chromosome.", "PMID": 415047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7972", "title": "Nutrition of Myxococcus xanthus, a fruiting myxobacterium.", "content": "The minimal requirements for vegetative growth of Myxococcus xanthus have been sought. Isoleucine, leucine, and valine were required, and vitamin B12 was needed for the synthesis of methionine. Pyruvate was an excellent energy source and an efficient source of cellular carbon. Acetate, aspartate, glutamate, and most tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates could also be utilized, but were less efficient sources of carbon and energy than was pyruvate. Many mono- and disaccharides were tested, but, in agreement with earlier results, none served as carbon-energy sources. A minimal medium (A1) has been devised that includes the essential amino acids and vitamin B12, with pyruvate and aspartate as carbon-energy sources. In this medium, M. xanthus could propagate indefinitely, and on it vegetative cells formed colonies with greater than 75% efficiency; hence, it is likely that no organic cofactors other than those present in A1 are required in more than trace amounts.", "contents": "Nutrition of Myxococcus xanthus, a fruiting myxobacterium. The minimal requirements for vegetative growth of Myxococcus xanthus have been sought. Isoleucine, leucine, and valine were required, and vitamin B12 was needed for the synthesis of methionine. Pyruvate was an excellent energy source and an efficient source of cellular carbon. Acetate, aspartate, glutamate, and most tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates could also be utilized, but were less efficient sources of carbon and energy than was pyruvate. Many mono- and disaccharides were tested, but, in agreement with earlier results, none served as carbon-energy sources. A minimal medium (A1) has been devised that includes the essential amino acids and vitamin B12, with pyruvate and aspartate as carbon-energy sources. In this medium, M. xanthus could propagate indefinitely, and on it vegetative cells formed colonies with greater than 75% efficiency; hence, it is likely that no organic cofactors other than those present in A1 are required in more than trace amounts.", "PMID": 415048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7973", "title": "Functional expression of two Bacillus subtilis chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli.", "content": "EcoRI-cleaved deoxyribonucleic acid segments carrying two genes from Bacillus subtilis, pyr and leu, have been cloned in Escherichia coli by insertion into a derivative of the E. coli bacteriophage lambda. Lysogenization of pyrimidine- and leucine-requiring auxotrophs of E. coli by the hybrid phages exhibited prototrophic phenotypes, suggesting the expression of B. subtilis genes in E. coli. Upon induction, these lysogens produced lysates capable of transducing E. coli pyr and leu auxotrophs to prototrophy with high frequency. Isolated  DNAs of these bacteriophages have the ability to transform B. subtilis auxotrophs to pyr and leu independence and contain EcoRI-cleaved segments which hybridize to corresponding segments of B. subtilis.", "contents": "Functional expression of two Bacillus subtilis chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli. EcoRI-cleaved deoxyribonucleic acid segments carrying two genes from Bacillus subtilis, pyr and leu, have been cloned in Escherichia coli by insertion into a derivative of the E. coli bacteriophage lambda. Lysogenization of pyrimidine- and leucine-requiring auxotrophs of E. coli by the hybrid phages exhibited prototrophic phenotypes, suggesting the expression of B. subtilis genes in E. coli. Upon induction, these lysogens produced lysates capable of transducing E. coli pyr and leu auxotrophs to prototrophy with high frequency. Isolated  DNAs of these bacteriophages have the ability to transform B. subtilis auxotrophs to pyr and leu independence and contain EcoRI-cleaved segments which hybridize to corresponding segments of B. subtilis.", "PMID": 415049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7974", "title": "Cellular autolytic activity in synchronized populations of Streptococcus faecium.", "content": "The autolytic capacity of Streptococcus faecium (S. faecalis ATCC 9790) varied during synchronous cell division. This phenomenon was initially observed in rapidly dividing populations (TD=30 to 33 min) synchronized by a combination of induction and size selection techniques. To minimize the problems inherent in studies of cells containing overlapping chromosome cycles and possible artifacts generated by induction techniques, the autolytic capacities of slowly dividing populations (TD=60 to 110 min) synchronized by selection only were examined. Although the overall level of cellular autolytic capacity was observed to decline with decreasing growth rate, sharp, periodic fluctuations in cellular autolytic capacity were seen during synchronous growth at all growth rates examined. On the basis of similar patterns  of cyclic fluctuations in autolytic capacity of cultures synchronized by (i) selection, (ii) amino acid starvation followed by size selection, and (iii) amino acid starvation followed by inhibition of DNA synthesis, a link of such fluctuations with the cell division cycle has been postulated.", "contents": "Cellular autolytic activity in synchronized populations of Streptococcus faecium. The autolytic capacity of Streptococcus faecium (S. faecalis ATCC 9790) varied during synchronous cell division. This phenomenon was initially observed in rapidly dividing populations (TD=30 to 33 min) synchronized by a combination of induction and size selection techniques. To minimize the problems inherent in studies of cells containing overlapping chromosome cycles and possible artifacts generated by induction techniques, the autolytic capacities of slowly dividing populations (TD=60 to 110 min) synchronized by selection only were examined. Although the overall level of cellular autolytic capacity was observed to decline with decreasing growth rate, sharp, periodic fluctuations in cellular autolytic capacity were seen during synchronous growth at all growth rates examined. On the basis of similar patterns  of cyclic fluctuations in autolytic capacity of cultures synchronized by (i) selection, (ii) amino acid starvation followed by size selection, and (iii) amino acid starvation followed by inhibition of DNA synthesis, a link of such fluctuations with the cell division cycle has been postulated.", "PMID": 415050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7975", "title": "Bacteriocin and antibiotic resistance plasmids in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A number of plasmids have been isolated as covalently closed circular DNAs from strains of Bacillus cereus and B. subtilis. From 12 out of 15 strains of B. cereus, plasmids could be isolated. Most of the B. cereus strains contained two or more plasmids. Their molecular weights ranged from 1.6 X 10(6) to 105 X 10(6). Bacteriocin production could be attributed to a 45 X 10(6)-dalton plasmid (pBC7) from B. cereus DSM 336, and tetracycline resistance to a 2.8 X 10(6) plasmid (pBC16) from B. cereus GP7. Two streptomycin-resistant strains of B. subtilis harbored plasmids of 5.2 X 10(6) and 9 X 10(6), respectively, which were, however, not correlated with the antibiotic resistance. The plasmid carrying resistance to tetracycline, pBC16, which was originally isolated from B. cereus, could be subsequently transformed in B. subtilis, where it is stably maintained.", "contents": "Bacteriocin and antibiotic resistance plasmids in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis. A number of plasmids have been isolated as covalently closed circular DNAs from strains of Bacillus cereus and B. subtilis. From 12 out of 15 strains of B. cereus, plasmids could be isolated. Most of the B. cereus strains contained two or more plasmids. Their molecular weights ranged from 1.6 X 10(6) to 105 X 10(6). Bacteriocin production could be attributed to a 45 X 10(6)-dalton plasmid (pBC7) from B. cereus DSM 336, and tetracycline resistance to a 2.8 X 10(6) plasmid (pBC16) from B. cereus GP7. Two streptomycin-resistant strains of B. subtilis harbored plasmids of 5.2 X 10(6) and 9 X 10(6), respectively, which were, however, not correlated with the antibiotic resistance. The plasmid carrying resistance to tetracycline, pBC16, which was originally isolated from B. cereus, could be subsequently transformed in B. subtilis, where it is stably maintained.", "PMID": 415051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7976", "title": "Induction of a biopolyester hydrolase (cutinase) by low levels of cutin monomers in Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi.", "content": "Cutin hydrolysate induced the production of an extracellular cutinase by glucose-grown Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi. The rate of production depended on the amount of cutin hydrolysate added up to 80 mug/ml, and saturation was attained at this level. Glucose was found to be a repressor of cutinase production. A radial immunodiffusion assay for cutinase was developed, and the induction of cutinase by cutin hydrolysate was confirmed by this direct assay. When cutinase was induced by cutin hydrolysate, exogenous labeled phenylalanine was incorporated into cutinase, which was shown to be the major (>70%) protein in the extracellular fluid. Induction of cutinase by cutin hydrolysate was not inhibited by actinomycin D and was stimulated ( approximately 100%) by cordycepin. Addition of cycloheximide with the inducer, or up to 12 h after the addition of the inducer, resulted in a nearly immediate cessation of cutinase production. Deoxyglucose, an inhibitor of proten glycosylation, inhibited the induction of cutinase by cutin hydrolysate. omega-Hydroxy fatty acids were more effective in inducing cutinase than any of the other more polar acids of cutin. Experiments with derivatives and analogues of omega-hydroxy C(16) acid indicated that a free hydroxyl group at the omega-position was the most important factor determining the cutinase-inducing activity. n-Aliphatic primary alcohols with 14 or more carbon atoms induced cutinase, and n-C(16) was the most effective inducer. These results strongly suggest that the monomers function as the chemical signal which induces the extracellular hydrolase.", "contents": "Induction of a biopolyester hydrolase (cutinase) by low levels of cutin monomers in Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi. Cutin hydrolysate induced the production of an extracellular cutinase by glucose-grown Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi. The rate of production depended on the amount of cutin hydrolysate added up to 80 mug/ml, and saturation was attained at this level. Glucose was found to be a repressor of cutinase production. A radial immunodiffusion assay for cutinase was developed, and the induction of cutinase by cutin hydrolysate was confirmed by this direct assay. When cutinase was induced by cutin hydrolysate, exogenous labeled phenylalanine was incorporated into cutinase, which was shown to be the major (>70%) protein in the extracellular fluid. Induction of cutinase by cutin hydrolysate was not inhibited by actinomycin D and was stimulated ( approximately 100%) by cordycepin. Addition of cycloheximide with the inducer, or up to 12 h after the addition of the inducer, resulted in a nearly immediate cessation of cutinase production. Deoxyglucose, an inhibitor of proten glycosylation, inhibited the induction of cutinase by cutin hydrolysate. omega-Hydroxy fatty acids were more effective in inducing cutinase than any of the other more polar acids of cutin. Experiments with derivatives and analogues of omega-hydroxy C(16) acid indicated that a free hydroxyl group at the omega-position was the most important factor determining the cutinase-inducing activity. n-Aliphatic primary alcohols with 14 or more carbon atoms induced cutinase, and n-C(16) was the most effective inducer. These results strongly suggest that the monomers function as the chemical signal which induces the extracellular hydrolase.", "PMID": 415052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7977", "title": "Study of pole assembly in Bacillus subtilis by computer reconstruction of septal growth zones seen in central, longitudinal thin sections of cells.", "content": "The septal growth of Bacillus subtilis 168/s has been studied by making a number of observations from thin sections of cells from exponentially growing cultures. The process was initiated by the formation of a new cross wall under a preexisting layer of cylindrical wall. An annular notch appeared to cut through the overlying wall and presumably allowed the cross wall to split into two layers of peripheral wall. During this initial notching process, two raised bands of wall material were produced which resembled those previously observed in morphological studies of Streptococcus faecalis. Through an improved fixation technique, it was possible to preserve the bands seen in B. subtilis to the extent that they were used as markers to study the subsequent stages of septal growth. These stages included (i) the continued displacement of the two bands from the cross wall (as the two nascent polar surfaces enlarged and as the diameter of the cross wall decreased), (ii) the closure of the cross wall, and (iii) the final severance of the common cross wall connection between two completed poles. To study this process in a more quantitative manner, three-dimensional reconstructions of the envelope observed between pairs of the raised bands were made from axial thin sections of cells. The process of reconstruction was based on a technique by which x, y coordinates were taken from thin sections and were rotated around the cell's central axis. These reconstructions were used to estimate the surface area or volume of the reconstructed zones or their parts. A round of septal growth was then simulated by arranging 118 reconstructions in order of increasing surface area or volume. The topology of the process was studied by noting how various measurements of septal thickness, length, surface area, and volume varied as a function of increasing septal zone size. This analysis was based on several assumptions, of which three of the most important are: (i) the bands produced by the initial notching process are markers which separate septal from cylindrical wall growth; (ii) a septal zone observed between pairs of bands is made up of two nascent poles and a single cross wall; and (iii) as septal zones develop in terms of relative age they increase in size (volume or surface area) or amount of wall. The data suggested that the S. faecalis model of surface growth (in which polar growth occurs through a regulated constrictive separation and expansion of a cross wall) also seems applicable to the pattern of septal growth observed here for B. subtilis. This was indicated from measurements which showed that increases in the size of nascent polar surfaces were correlated with decreases in cross wall diameter. An explanation of these observations may be that decreases in cross wall diameter were due to a progressive splitting of the cross wall that removed surface from the outer circumference of the cross wall and converted it into new polar surface. Calculations further suggested that if the poles of B. subtilis were made by this model a sizeable and variable increase in surface area of the cross wall would also be required to convert these separating cross wall layers into two curved polar structures. Measurements of wall thickness taken from various locations within septal zones indicated that while the thickness of the polar wall of B. subtilis was constant over its surface, the width of the cross wall varied considerably during a round of synthesis. Again, one of the simplest explanations compatible with these observations and those previously made in S. faecalis is that the B. subtilis cross wall is brought to a constant thickness (possibly by remodeling or precursor addition) before or during separation. Although most observations made from the reconstruction of the septal zones of B. subtilis may fit the S. faecalis model of surface growth, differences in the pattern of septal growth were seen when the two organisms were compared. These have been discussed in terms of differences in the regulation of their respective septal growth sites and basic mechanisms of wall assembly and modification.", "contents": "Study of pole assembly in Bacillus subtilis by computer reconstruction of septal growth zones seen in central, longitudinal thin sections of cells. The septal growth of Bacillus subtilis 168/s has been studied by making a number of observations from thin sections of cells from exponentially growing cultures. The process was initiated by the formation of a new cross wall under a preexisting layer of cylindrical wall. An annular notch appeared to cut through the overlying wall and presumably allowed the cross wall to split into two layers of peripheral wall. During this initial notching process, two raised bands of wall material were produced which resembled those previously observed in morphological studies of Streptococcus faecalis. Through an improved fixation technique, it was possible to preserve the bands seen in B. subtilis to the extent that they were used as markers to study the subsequent stages of septal growth. These stages included (i) the continued displacement of the two bands from the cross wall (as the two nascent polar surfaces enlarged and as the diameter of the cross wall decreased), (ii) the closure of the cross wall, and (iii) the final severance of the common cross wall connection between two completed poles. To study this process in a more quantitative manner, three-dimensional reconstructions of the envelope observed between pairs of the raised bands were made from axial thin sections of cells. The process of reconstruction was based on a technique by which x, y coordinates were taken from thin sections and were rotated around the cell's central axis. These reconstructions were used to estimate the surface area or volume of the reconstructed zones or their parts. A round of septal growth was then simulated by arranging 118 reconstructions in order of increasing surface area or volume. The topology of the process was studied by noting how various measurements of septal thickness, length, surface area, and volume varied as a function of increasing septal zone size. This analysis was based on several assumptions, of which three of the most important are: (i) the bands produced by the initial notching process are markers which separate septal from cylindrical wall growth; (ii) a septal zone observed between pairs of bands is made up of two nascent poles and a single cross wall; and (iii) as septal zones develop in terms of relative age they increase in size (volume or surface area) or amount of wall. The data suggested that the S. faecalis model of surface growth (in which polar growth occurs through a regulated constrictive separation and expansion of a cross wall) also seems applicable to the pattern of septal growth observed here for B. subtilis. This was indicated from measurements which showed that increases in the size of nascent polar surfaces were correlated with decreases in cross wall diameter. An explanation of these observations may be that decreases in cross wall diameter were due to a progressive splitting of the cross wall that removed surface from the outer circumference of the cross wall and converted it into new polar surface. Calculations further suggested that if the poles of B. subtilis were made by this model a sizeable and variable increase in surface area of the cross wall would also be required to convert these separating cross wall layers into two curved polar structures. Measurements of wall thickness taken from various locations within septal zones indicated that while the thickness of the polar wall of B. subtilis was constant over its surface, the width of the cross wall varied considerably during a round of synthesis. Again, one of the simplest explanations compatible with these observations and those previously made in S. faecalis is that the B. subtilis cross wall is brought to a constant thickness (possibly by remodeling or precursor addition) before or during separation. Although most observations made from the reconstruction of the septal zones of B. subtilis may fit the S. faecalis model of surface growth, differences in the pattern of septal growth were seen when the two organisms were compared. These have been discussed in terms of differences in the regulation of their respective septal growth sites and basic mechanisms of wall assembly and modification.", "PMID": 415053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7978", "title": "Genetic transformation of pilation and virulence into Neisseria gonorrhoeae T4.", "content": "Genetic transformation of nonpilated strains of Neisserai gonorrhoeae to pilated forms is described. The transformants displayed phenotypic T1 and T2 colonial morphology on agar and possessed pili visualized by electron microscopy. When T1 or T2 transformant cells were injected into 11-day-old chicken embryos, they exhibited virulence characteristics only slightly less than the parental donor strains, though the parental recipient strains were avirulent. Competence was maximal in the late log phase of growth, and the frequency of transformation of clonal T4s to pilation and virulence approached 2%. DNA extracted from transformants could be used to transform other T4 cells. In the course of this work, a shift to a novel colonial type, designated T2-T3 wrinkled, was observed as a consequence of growth of T4 in presence of enzymatic digests of either DNA or RNA, nucleases or individual deoxy- or ribonucleosides. In sharp distinction to the parental T4, these novel organisms were very pilated; however, they were only minimally virulent. Various nucleic acid analogs could neither induce nor inhibit this population shift. Additionally, DNA extracted from this T2-T3 wrinkled variant could be used to transform genetically both T1 and T4 gonococci to the new morphology.", "contents": "Genetic transformation of pilation and virulence into Neisseria gonorrhoeae T4. Genetic transformation of nonpilated strains of Neisserai gonorrhoeae to pilated forms is described. The transformants displayed phenotypic T1 and T2 colonial morphology on agar and possessed pili visualized by electron microscopy. When T1 or T2 transformant cells were injected into 11-day-old chicken embryos, they exhibited virulence characteristics only slightly less than the parental donor strains, though the parental recipient strains were avirulent. Competence was maximal in the late log phase of growth, and the frequency of transformation of clonal T4s to pilation and virulence approached 2%. DNA extracted from transformants could be used to transform other T4 cells. In the course of this work, a shift to a novel colonial type, designated T2-T3 wrinkled, was observed as a consequence of growth of T4 in presence of enzymatic digests of either DNA or RNA, nucleases or individual deoxy- or ribonucleosides. In sharp distinction to the parental T4, these novel organisms were very pilated; however, they were only minimally virulent. Various nucleic acid analogs could neither induce nor inhibit this population shift. Additionally, DNA extracted from this T2-T3 wrinkled variant could be used to transform genetically both T1 and T4 gonococci to the new morphology.", "PMID": 415054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7979", "title": "Isolation and characterization of outer and inner membranes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and effect of EDTA on the membranes.", "content": "The outer and inner cytoplasmic membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were separated as small and large membranes, respectively, from the cell envelope of this organism treated with lysozyme in Tris-chloride buffer containing sucrose and MgCl2 by differential centrifugation. The small membrane fraction contained predominantly 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO), and little cytochromes or oxidase activities. The small membrane was composed of only 9 polypeptides and showed homogeneous small vesicles electron-microscopically. On the other hand, the large membrane fraction had high cytochrome contents and oxidase activities, and little KDO. The large membrane was composed of a number of polypeptides and showed large fragments or vesicles electron-microscopically. These results indicate that the small and large membranes are the outer and inner cytoplasmic membranes of P. aeruginosa, respectively. The isolated outer membrane showed a symmetrical protein peak with a density of 1.23 on sucrose density gradient centrifugation and the isolated inner membrane showed an unusually high density, probably due to association with ribosomes and extrinsic or loosely bound proteins. EDTA lowered the density of both membranes and caused lethal damage to the outer membrane, causing disintegration with the release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), proteins and phospholipid.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of outer and inner membranes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and effect of EDTA on the membranes. The outer and inner cytoplasmic membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were separated as small and large membranes, respectively, from the cell envelope of this organism treated with lysozyme in Tris-chloride buffer containing sucrose and MgCl2 by differential centrifugation. The small membrane fraction contained predominantly 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO), and little cytochromes or oxidase activities. The small membrane was composed of only 9 polypeptides and showed homogeneous small vesicles electron-microscopically. On the other hand, the large membrane fraction had high cytochrome contents and oxidase activities, and little KDO. The large membrane was composed of a number of polypeptides and showed large fragments or vesicles electron-microscopically. These results indicate that the small and large membranes are the outer and inner cytoplasmic membranes of P. aeruginosa, respectively. The isolated outer membrane showed a symmetrical protein peak with a density of 1.23 on sucrose density gradient centrifugation and the isolated inner membrane showed an unusually high density, probably due to association with ribosomes and extrinsic or loosely bound proteins. EDTA lowered the density of both membranes and caused lethal damage to the outer membrane, causing disintegration with the release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), proteins and phospholipid.", "PMID": 415055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7980", "title": "Catabolic conversion of sepiapterin to 6-(1-carboxyethoxy)pterin by Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Structural elucidation of an intensely blue fluorescent compound (A) formed from sepiapterin by Bacillus subtilis is described. The structure of the catabolite (A) was found to be 2-amino-6-(1-carboxyethoxy)-4(3H)-pteridinone (9) from both spectroscopic and degradation studies. This was confirmed by an unambiguous synthesis of 9. The stereochemical structure of the side chain at the 6-position of A was confirmed to be the L(or S) configuration, as in sepiapterin, by analysis of the lactic acid formed from A on acid hydrolysis. This suggests that the side chain is rearranged intact during the catabolic conversion of sepiapterin. A possible mechanism for the conversion is discussed.", "contents": "Catabolic conversion of sepiapterin to 6-(1-carboxyethoxy)pterin by Bacillus subtilis. Structural elucidation of an intensely blue fluorescent compound (A) formed from sepiapterin by Bacillus subtilis is described. The structure of the catabolite (A) was found to be 2-amino-6-(1-carboxyethoxy)-4(3H)-pteridinone (9) from both spectroscopic and degradation studies. This was confirmed by an unambiguous synthesis of 9. The stereochemical structure of the side chain at the 6-position of A was confirmed to be the L(or S) configuration, as in sepiapterin, by analysis of the lactic acid formed from A on acid hydrolysis. This suggests that the side chain is rearranged intact during the catabolic conversion of sepiapterin. A possible mechanism for the conversion is discussed.", "PMID": 415056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7981", "title": "Purification and properties of two forms of rat alpha-lactalbumin.", "content": "Two species of alpha-lactalbumin, alpha-lactalbumin1 and alpha-lactalbumin2, were separated from rat milk and purified to homogeneity by gel filtration, followed by the DEAE-cellulose chromatography. alpha-Lactalbumin1 is a bigger molecule in contrast to other known alpha-lactalbumins, and has a molecular weight of 21,500 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis. alpha-Lactalbumin2 has a molecular weight of 16,000 measured by sedimentation analysis. alpha-Lactalbumin2, however, exhibits abnormally high molecular weight of 22,500 on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. Both alpha-lactalbumins are active in lactose synthase assay and are glycoproteins containing 7 to 9% carbohydrate. Antiserum raised against alpha-lactalbumin1 cannot discriminate between the two species in a radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Purification and properties of two forms of rat alpha-lactalbumin. Two species of alpha-lactalbumin, alpha-lactalbumin1 and alpha-lactalbumin2, were separated from rat milk and purified to homogeneity by gel filtration, followed by the DEAE-cellulose chromatography. alpha-Lactalbumin1 is a bigger molecule in contrast to other known alpha-lactalbumins, and has a molecular weight of 21,500 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis. alpha-Lactalbumin2 has a molecular weight of 16,000 measured by sedimentation analysis. alpha-Lactalbumin2, however, exhibits abnormally high molecular weight of 22,500 on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. Both alpha-lactalbumins are active in lactose synthase assay and are glycoproteins containing 7 to 9% carbohydrate. Antiserum raised against alpha-lactalbumin1 cannot discriminate between the two species in a radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 415058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7982", "title": "Immunochemical studies on induction of rat liver mitochondrial serine: pyruvate aminotransferase by glucagon.", "content": "The 7- to 10-fold increase in the rat liver serine:pyruvate aminotransferase activity after glucagon administration was shown to occur mainly in the mitochondrial matrix of parenchymal cells. The enzyme was purified from glucagon-treated rat liver mitochondria to apparent homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A specific rabbit antibody was prepared against the purified enzyme. Upon Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis, the mitochondrial extracts of glucagon-treated rat liver produced a single and fused precipitin line between the purified enzyme against the antibody. The supernatant fraction of glucagon-treated rat liver and the mitochondrial extracts of normal liver were also shown to make a single and fused precipitin line with the purified enzyme, when applied in large quantities. The quantitative immunotitration demonstrated that the glucagon-induced increase in the activity of liver serine:pyruvate aminotransferase were accompanied by the parallel increase in the amount of the enzyme antigen. Isotopic leucine incorporation studies showed that the relative rate of synthesis of the enzyme was increased approximately 10-fold by glucagon administration under the conditions employed. The rate of the degradation of the aminotransferase in the normal rat liver was a relatively slow process with a half-life of approximately 30 h. Thus the accumulation of serine:pyruvate aminotransferase in rat liver mitochondria by glucagon treatment can be ascribed mainly to the rise in the rate of enzyme synthesis.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on induction of rat liver mitochondrial serine: pyruvate aminotransferase by glucagon. The 7- to 10-fold increase in the rat liver serine:pyruvate aminotransferase activity after glucagon administration was shown to occur mainly in the mitochondrial matrix of parenchymal cells. The enzyme was purified from glucagon-treated rat liver mitochondria to apparent homogeneity as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A specific rabbit antibody was prepared against the purified enzyme. Upon Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis, the mitochondrial extracts of glucagon-treated rat liver produced a single and fused precipitin line between the purified enzyme against the antibody. The supernatant fraction of glucagon-treated rat liver and the mitochondrial extracts of normal liver were also shown to make a single and fused precipitin line with the purified enzyme, when applied in large quantities. The quantitative immunotitration demonstrated that the glucagon-induced increase in the activity of liver serine:pyruvate aminotransferase were accompanied by the parallel increase in the amount of the enzyme antigen. Isotopic leucine incorporation studies showed that the relative rate of synthesis of the enzyme was increased approximately 10-fold by glucagon administration under the conditions employed. The rate of the degradation of the aminotransferase in the normal rat liver was a relatively slow process with a half-life of approximately 30 h. Thus the accumulation of serine:pyruvate aminotransferase in rat liver mitochondria by glucagon treatment can be ascribed mainly to the rise in the rate of enzyme synthesis.", "PMID": 415059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7983", "title": "Simple method for detection of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "A simple, reliable, and economical method for detection of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae using a penicillin disk and a penicillin-sensitive organism is described.", "contents": "Simple method for detection of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A simple, reliable, and economical method for detection of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae using a penicillin disk and a penicillin-sensitive organism is described.", "PMID": 415067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7984", "title": "Determination of Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxigenicity by a colorimetric tissue culture assay.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures in microtiter wells are sensitive to growth inhibition and killing by picogram quantities of diphtheria toxin. In the absence of biologically active toxin, the CHO cell culture produces sufficient acidic metabolites to change the phenol red pH indicator from pink to yellow within 56 h. In the presence of 10 pg of toxin per well, growth inhibition can be observed microscopically within 24 h. Diphtheria toxin can be qualitatively assayed from culture supernatants of Corynebacterium diphtheriae or from beta-phage agar plaque plugs. The colorimetric CHO cell assay method for determining toxigenicity allows for the large-scale screening of either diphtheria toxigenicity or antitoxin titration of sera.", "contents": "Determination of Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxigenicity by a colorimetric tissue culture assay. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures in microtiter wells are sensitive to growth inhibition and killing by picogram quantities of diphtheria toxin. In the absence of biologically active toxin, the CHO cell culture produces sufficient acidic metabolites to change the phenol red pH indicator from pink to yellow within 56 h. In the presence of 10 pg of toxin per well, growth inhibition can be observed microscopically within 24 h. Diphtheria toxin can be qualitatively assayed from culture supernatants of Corynebacterium diphtheriae or from beta-phage agar plaque plugs. The colorimetric CHO cell assay method for determining toxigenicity allows for the large-scale screening of either diphtheria toxigenicity or antitoxin titration of sera.", "PMID": 415068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7985", "title": "Continuous-flow automation of the Lactobacillus casei serum folate assay.", "content": "A method is described for the continuous-flow automation of the serum folate assay using Lactobacillus casei. The total incubation period is approximately four hours. The growth response of the organism to folate is estimated by measuring the rate of reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). A simple continuous culture apparatus is used to grow the inoculum. Supplementation of the assay medium is necessary to obtain parallel results. A statistical assessment shows a favourable comparison with the whole-serum tube assay using a chloramphenicol resistant strain of L. casei. The method is less sensitive to inhibitory substances than the tube assay.", "contents": "Continuous-flow automation of the Lactobacillus casei serum folate assay. A method is described for the continuous-flow automation of the serum folate assay using Lactobacillus casei. The total incubation period is approximately four hours. The growth response of the organism to folate is estimated by measuring the rate of reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). A simple continuous culture apparatus is used to grow the inoculum. Supplementation of the assay medium is necessary to obtain parallel results. A statistical assessment shows a favourable comparison with the whole-serum tube assay using a chloramphenicol resistant strain of L. casei. The method is less sensitive to inhibitory substances than the tube assay.", "PMID": 415069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7986", "title": "Projections of auditory cortex upon the thalamus and midbrain in the owl monkey.", "content": "Two tonotopically organized cortical fields, the primary (AI) and the rostral (R) fields, comprise the core of auditory cortex in the owl monkey. Injections of tritiated proline were made into each of these fields to determine their efferent projections using autoradiographic methods. Both AI and R project to the principal and magnocellular divisions of the medial geniculate body. In addition, R projects to the posterior part of the dorsal division of the medial geniculate. AI sends axons to the dorsomedial region and laminated portion of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. Labeling in the central nucleus following AI injections appears as a band of silver grains oriented parallel to isofrequency contours. Axons from R terminate in the dorsomedial region of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus and in the pericentral and external nuclei of the inferior colliculus. In addition, the rostral field projects to a small area of the medial pulvinar just anterior to the brachium of the superior colliculus.", "contents": "Projections of auditory cortex upon the thalamus and midbrain in the owl monkey. Two tonotopically organized cortical fields, the primary (AI) and the rostral (R) fields, comprise the core of auditory cortex in the owl monkey. Injections of tritiated proline were made into each of these fields to determine their efferent projections using autoradiographic methods. Both AI and R project to the principal and magnocellular divisions of the medial geniculate body. In addition, R projects to the posterior part of the dorsal division of the medial geniculate. AI sends axons to the dorsomedial region and laminated portion of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. Labeling in the central nucleus following AI injections appears as a band of silver grains oriented parallel to isofrequency contours. Axons from R terminate in the dorsomedial region of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus and in the pericentral and external nuclei of the inferior colliculus. In addition, the rostral field projects to a small area of the medial pulvinar just anterior to the brachium of the superior colliculus.", "PMID": 415070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7987", "title": "Neurons associated with the dorsal longtitudinal flight muscles of Drosophilla melanogaster.", "content": "The anatomy of the neurons associated with the six fibers forming the dorsal longitudinal flight muscle (DLM) of Drosophila melanogaster has been investigated using a horseradis peroxidase lable. The two dorsal-most fibers are innervated by the same neuron whose cell body is in the dorsal, contralateral, mesothoracic region of the thoracic ganglion. The ventral-most four fibers are innervated by four neurons whose cell bodies are clustered in the ventral, ipsilateral, prothoracic region. The processes of all five of these cells ramify extensively in the dorsal part of the ipsilateral and contralateral mesothoracic neuromeres. A large interneuron has been discovered which is associated with the DLM and whose cell body is located contralaterally. Several neurons with small cell bodies on the ventral midline of the mesothoracic neuromere are also consistently labeled. A single fiber projects dorsally from a midline cell body, forms a Y-branch near the top of the ganglion and apparently sends an axon into each posterior dorsal mesothoracic nerve (PDMN) subsequently innervating the DLM.", "contents": "Neurons associated with the dorsal longtitudinal flight muscles of Drosophilla melanogaster. The anatomy of the neurons associated with the six fibers forming the dorsal longitudinal flight muscle (DLM) of Drosophila melanogaster has been investigated using a horseradis peroxidase lable. The two dorsal-most fibers are innervated by the same neuron whose cell body is in the dorsal, contralateral, mesothoracic region of the thoracic ganglion. The ventral-most four fibers are innervated by four neurons whose cell bodies are clustered in the ventral, ipsilateral, prothoracic region. The processes of all five of these cells ramify extensively in the dorsal part of the ipsilateral and contralateral mesothoracic neuromeres. A large interneuron has been discovered which is associated with the DLM and whose cell body is located contralaterally. Several neurons with small cell bodies on the ventral midline of the mesothoracic neuromere are also consistently labeled. A single fiber projects dorsally from a midline cell body, forms a Y-branch near the top of the ganglion and apparently sends an axon into each posterior dorsal mesothoracic nerve (PDMN) subsequently innervating the DLM.", "PMID": 415072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7988", "title": "Influence of various inhibitors on alkaline phosphatase in calicifying hamster molars, employing paranitrophenyl phosphate as substrate.", "content": "In mineralizing hamster molars, the influence of several inhibitors on p-NPP-ase has been demonstrated, and compared with their effect on PPi-ase, known to belong to the same enzyme. Whereas the latter activity is much more physiological, p-NPP is a better substrate to distinguish between the effects of bivalent cations on the enzyme or the substrate.", "contents": "Influence of various inhibitors on alkaline phosphatase in calicifying hamster molars, employing paranitrophenyl phosphate as substrate. In mineralizing hamster molars, the influence of several inhibitors on p-NPP-ase has been demonstrated, and compared with their effect on PPi-ase, known to belong to the same enzyme. Whereas the latter activity is much more physiological, p-NPP is a better substrate to distinguish between the effects of bivalent cations on the enzyme or the substrate.", "PMID": 415080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7989", "title": "Effects of repeated ingestion of large quantities of acetylsalicylic acid on membranous bone growth and dentin apposition in young monkeys.", "content": "Four daily doses of ASA were administered by mouth to young growing monkeys which received six injections of lead acetate every seven days as an intravital stain to indicate sites of bone and dentin mineralization. Microscopic evaluation of the inhibitory effects on membranous bone growth and dentin apposition was made. Four doses of ASA at 325 mg/kg inhibited membranous bone growth as well as the remodeling of the Haversian canal systems for about 16-18 days, with incomplete recovery during the experimental period. No comparable effect on dentinogenesis was observed. This preliminary study indicates that four doses of ASA at this level caused a toxic effect directly on membranous bone growth but not on dentin apposition.", "contents": "Effects of repeated ingestion of large quantities of acetylsalicylic acid on membranous bone growth and dentin apposition in young monkeys. Four daily doses of ASA were administered by mouth to young growing monkeys which received six injections of lead acetate every seven days as an intravital stain to indicate sites of bone and dentin mineralization. Microscopic evaluation of the inhibitory effects on membranous bone growth and dentin apposition was made. Four doses of ASA at 325 mg/kg inhibited membranous bone growth as well as the remodeling of the Haversian canal systems for about 16-18 days, with incomplete recovery during the experimental period. No comparable effect on dentinogenesis was observed. This preliminary study indicates that four doses of ASA at this level caused a toxic effect directly on membranous bone growth but not on dentin apposition.", "PMID": 415081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7990", "title": "The effects of severe keratitis on corneal transmission.", "content": "An investigation into the effects of keratitis on corneal light transmission is presented. Transmission data from 9 diseased corneas are compared to those of 22 normal corneas in the 0.3-0.8 micron spectral range. Rhesus monkey corneas were used in the study. Several color photographs illustrate varieties of idiopathic keratitis in rhesus monkeys.", "contents": "The effects of severe keratitis on corneal transmission. An investigation into the effects of keratitis on corneal light transmission is presented. Transmission data from 9 diseased corneas are compared to those of 22 normal corneas in the 0.3-0.8 micron spectral range. Rhesus monkey corneas were used in the study. Several color photographs illustrate varieties of idiopathic keratitis in rhesus monkeys.", "PMID": 415084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7991", "title": "Evaluation of commercially prepared vaccines for experimentally induced type A/New Jersey/8/76 influenza virus infections in mice and squirrel monkeys.", "content": "Mice and squirrel monkeys were vaccinated and subsequently challenged at selected times to evaluate the immunoprophylactic value of vaccines against influenza virus type A/New Jersey/76. Mice were challenged with virulent, homologous virus either 17 or 60 days after vaccination with 80 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of whole-virus vaccine. Vaccinated mice showed minimal lesions and virus in lung tissue and had lower lung weights than unvaccinated controls. These mice had titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody in serum of greater than 1:400, but only traces of antibody were found in lung washes. Vaccinated squirrel monkeys had significantly less illness than unvaccinated controls when challenged with virulent virus 30 days after intramuscular immunization with 200 CCA units of whole virus or 400 CCA units of split virus given either once or twice (at 30-day intervals). Equal protection was observed in all monkeys despite the absence of serum HAI antibody in some monkeys after vaccination. Anamnestic reactions were observed only in monkeys vaccinated with whole virus. The possible roles of various immune factors and antibody to neuraminidase are discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of commercially prepared vaccines for experimentally induced type A/New Jersey/8/76 influenza virus infections in mice and squirrel monkeys. Mice and squirrel monkeys were vaccinated and subsequently challenged at selected times to evaluate the immunoprophylactic value of vaccines against influenza virus type A/New Jersey/76. Mice were challenged with virulent, homologous virus either 17 or 60 days after vaccination with 80 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of whole-virus vaccine. Vaccinated mice showed minimal lesions and virus in lung tissue and had lower lung weights than unvaccinated controls. These mice had titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody in serum of greater than 1:400, but only traces of antibody were found in lung washes. Vaccinated squirrel monkeys had significantly less illness than unvaccinated controls when challenged with virulent virus 30 days after intramuscular immunization with 200 CCA units of whole virus or 400 CCA units of split virus given either once or twice (at 30-day intervals). Equal protection was observed in all monkeys despite the absence of serum HAI antibody in some monkeys after vaccination. Anamnestic reactions were observed only in monkeys vaccinated with whole virus. The possible roles of various immune factors and antibody to neuraminidase are discussed.", "PMID": 415092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7992", "title": "Studies on gonococcus infection. XI. Comparison of in vivo and vitro association of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with human neutrophils.", "content": "The levels of association between Neisseria gonorrhoeae and neutrophils as determined by microscopic study of smears of urethral exudate from men with acute gonorrhea and by in vitro assay of N. gonorrhoeae cultivated from those same individuals showed statistically significant correlation. The percentage of N. gonorrhoeae attached to or ingested by neutrophils varied from 30% to 90% in the clinical smears. Neither the apparent in vivo nor the in vitro association with neutrophils could be correlated with piliation of the N. gonorrhoeae studied.", "contents": "Studies on gonococcus infection. XI. Comparison of in vivo and vitro association of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with human neutrophils. The levels of association between Neisseria gonorrhoeae and neutrophils as determined by microscopic study of smears of urethral exudate from men with acute gonorrhea and by in vitro assay of N. gonorrhoeae cultivated from those same individuals showed statistically significant correlation. The percentage of N. gonorrhoeae attached to or ingested by neutrophils varied from 30% to 90% in the clinical smears. Neither the apparent in vivo nor the in vitro association with neutrophils could be correlated with piliation of the N. gonorrhoeae studied.", "PMID": 415093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7993", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: relationship between formation of antibodies to teichoic acid and development of metastatic abscesses.", "content": "Of 50 patients with bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus but without clinical evidence of endocarditis, 24 developed antibodies to the cell wall teichoic acid of S. aureus that were demonstrable by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. However, only 16 of the 24 patients developed titers of antibodies high enough for detection by passive gel diffusion. Eleven of the 16 patients developed evidence of complications due to metastatic infection. In contrast, of the 34 patients who were antibody-negative by gel diffusion, only one patient developed evidence of metastatic seeding. Thus, the development of antibodies to teichoic acid at a level detectable by the gel diffusion technique is regularly associated with complicated infections due to S. aureus that require more prolonged therapy, whereas bacteremic patients not developing such an antibody response rarely develop complications and may be treated with a two-week course of therapy.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: relationship between formation of antibodies to teichoic acid and development of metastatic abscesses. Of 50 patients with bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus but without clinical evidence of endocarditis, 24 developed antibodies to the cell wall teichoic acid of S. aureus that were demonstrable by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. However, only 16 of the 24 patients developed titers of antibodies high enough for detection by passive gel diffusion. Eleven of the 16 patients developed evidence of complications due to metastatic infection. In contrast, of the 34 patients who were antibody-negative by gel diffusion, only one patient developed evidence of metastatic seeding. Thus, the development of antibodies to teichoic acid at a level detectable by the gel diffusion technique is regularly associated with complicated infections due to S. aureus that require more prolonged therapy, whereas bacteremic patients not developing such an antibody response rarely develop complications and may be treated with a two-week course of therapy.", "PMID": 415094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7994", "title": "Effect of cation content of agar on the activity of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Fifty-five strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested against arithmetic increments in concentrations of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin in 14 different lots of Mueller-Hinton agar. The divalent cation content of each lot was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The relation between mean minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for strains within each lot and cation content was studied by stepwise regression. Among the cations, the content of Zn++ most highly correlated with the MIC of each aminoglycoside; however, Zn++ accounted for only 23%, 60%, and 47% of the variability in the mean MIC of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin, respectively, against all strains. In two-cation models Zn++ with Ca++ or Cu++ was most highly correlated with the mean MICs of the three aminoglycosides against all strains. No divalent cation, either singly or in combination with one or two other cations, gave a good prediction of the MICs of the aminoglycosides in agar. Furthermore, there was variability in the cations that most highly correlated with the MICs for some strains. These observations support the concept that ionic strength, cations, and a variety of other as yet poorly defined components of media influence the activity of aminoglycosides against P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Effect of cation content of agar on the activity of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fifty-five strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested against arithmetic increments in concentrations of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin in 14 different lots of Mueller-Hinton agar. The divalent cation content of each lot was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The relation between mean minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for strains within each lot and cation content was studied by stepwise regression. Among the cations, the content of Zn++ most highly correlated with the MIC of each aminoglycoside; however, Zn++ accounted for only 23%, 60%, and 47% of the variability in the mean MIC of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin, respectively, against all strains. In two-cation models Zn++ with Ca++ or Cu++ was most highly correlated with the mean MICs of the three aminoglycosides against all strains. No divalent cation, either singly or in combination with one or two other cations, gave a good prediction of the MICs of the aminoglycosides in agar. Furthermore, there was variability in the cations that most highly correlated with the MICs for some strains. These observations support the concept that ionic strength, cations, and a variety of other as yet poorly defined components of media influence the activity of aminoglycosides against P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 415096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7995", "title": "Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica in infants and children.", "content": "Asymptomatic carriage of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica was studied in a total of 2,969 healthy infants and children in Danbury, Conn., between October 1971 and June 1975. The prevalence of N. meningitidis averaged 0.71% during the first four years of life and increased to 5.4% by 14--17 years. Rates of carriage of N. lactamica increased from 3.8% in three-month-old infants to a peak of 21.0% at 18 months and then declined to 1.8% by 14--17 years of age. Of the children who acquired N. lactamica, 66% developed fourfold or greater rises in titers of IgG antibody to groups A, B, and/or C meningococci as determined by immunofluorescence compared with only 5% of control children. Of new carriers of N. lactamica, 40% developed increased titers of bactericidal antibody to groups A, B, and/or C meningococci as compared with 7% of noncarriers. Carriage of N. lactamica may assist in the development of natural immunity to N. meningitidis by induction of cross-reactive antibodies.", "contents": "Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica in infants and children. Asymptomatic carriage of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica was studied in a total of 2,969 healthy infants and children in Danbury, Conn., between October 1971 and June 1975. The prevalence of N. meningitidis averaged 0.71% during the first four years of life and increased to 5.4% by 14--17 years. Rates of carriage of N. lactamica increased from 3.8% in three-month-old infants to a peak of 21.0% at 18 months and then declined to 1.8% by 14--17 years of age. Of the children who acquired N. lactamica, 66% developed fourfold or greater rises in titers of IgG antibody to groups A, B, and/or C meningococci as determined by immunofluorescence compared with only 5% of control children. Of new carriers of N. lactamica, 40% developed increased titers of bactericidal antibody to groups A, B, and/or C meningococci as compared with 7% of noncarriers. Carriage of N. lactamica may assist in the development of natural immunity to N. meningitidis by induction of cross-reactive antibodies.", "PMID": 415097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7996", "title": "Association of infection due to Candida albicans with intravenous hyperalimentation.", "content": "Systemic candidiasis is frequently unrecognized before death of the patient because of lack of specific clinical signs, insensitive laboratory tests, and difficulties in culturing Candida albicans from the blood. Recent attention has been focused on the use of serologic testing and ocular signs to increase the rate of diagnosis of candidiasis. Because of the association between hyperalimentation fluids and disseminated candidiasis, a preliminary prospective study was carried out to determine more accurately the incidence in patients receiving hyperalimentation fluids of inapparent candida infection, candida endophthalmitis, or positive candida precipitins. Five of 23 patients developed small, white eye lesions consistent with candida endophthalmitis. Three of the five patients with eye lesions had blood cultures positive for C. albicans, and no patients without eye lesions had positive blood cultures. Candida precipitins were positive in three of the five patients with eye lesions. The results of this study suggest that unrecognized systemic candida infection may be more frequent in patients receiving hyperalimentation than previously suspected.", "contents": "Association of infection due to Candida albicans with intravenous hyperalimentation. Systemic candidiasis is frequently unrecognized before death of the patient because of lack of specific clinical signs, insensitive laboratory tests, and difficulties in culturing Candida albicans from the blood. Recent attention has been focused on the use of serologic testing and ocular signs to increase the rate of diagnosis of candidiasis. Because of the association between hyperalimentation fluids and disseminated candidiasis, a preliminary prospective study was carried out to determine more accurately the incidence in patients receiving hyperalimentation fluids of inapparent candida infection, candida endophthalmitis, or positive candida precipitins. Five of 23 patients developed small, white eye lesions consistent with candida endophthalmitis. Three of the five patients with eye lesions had blood cultures positive for C. albicans, and no patients without eye lesions had positive blood cultures. Candida precipitins were positive in three of the five patients with eye lesions. The results of this study suggest that unrecognized systemic candida infection may be more frequent in patients receiving hyperalimentation than previously suspected.", "PMID": 415098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7997", "title": "Immunogenicity of serogroup A and C Neisseria meningitidis polysaccharide vaccines administered together in humans.", "content": "Serogroup A and C Neisseria meningitidis polysaccharide vaccines were administered to U.S. Army recruit volunteers, either two weeks apart or at the same time into two different sites on the same arm, to determine what effect, if any, the combined administration would have on the immunogenicity of each individual component. The vaccines were found to be as immunogenic when administered together as when given separately; in fact, the data suggest a possible enhancement of the response, as measured by the radioactive antigen binding test, to both components when the two vaccines are given together.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of serogroup A and C Neisseria meningitidis polysaccharide vaccines administered together in humans. Serogroup A and C Neisseria meningitidis polysaccharide vaccines were administered to U.S. Army recruit volunteers, either two weeks apart or at the same time into two different sites on the same arm, to determine what effect, if any, the combined administration would have on the immunogenicity of each individual component. The vaccines were found to be as immunogenic when administered together as when given separately; in fact, the data suggest a possible enhancement of the response, as measured by the radioactive antigen binding test, to both components when the two vaccines are given together.", "PMID": 415099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7998", "title": "Effects of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment on size, sedimentation velocity, and mixed function oxygenase activity of rat hepatocytes.", "content": "SVA was used to separate liver cells from rats pretreated for 3 days with PB (40 mg/kg intraperitoneally, twice daily) or 3-MC (50 MG/KG AS A SINGLE INJECTIOn). Twelve fractions of cells were collected with s's ranging from 97 mm/hr (fraction1) to 25 mm/hr (fraction 12). Cells in each fraction were sized and counted electronically. PB caused the average volume of the largest cells recovered (fraction 1) to increase to 16, 725 micrometer3 from 10,500 micrometer3 previously reported in untreated animals. The number of cells recovered in the fast-sedimenting fractions (1 to 6) also increased, but there was only a small rise in the average model volume of hepatocytes determined prior to SVA. In cell suspensions analyzed after PB treatment no evidence was found for a discontinuity in the distribution of density-volume characteristics as previously described in hepatocytes from untreated rats. As expected, prior to sedimentation analysis, hepatocyte suspensions from rats treated with PB contained increased cytochrome P-450. The average ratio (n = 4) of P-450 in separated to unseparated cells ranged from 2.75 (fractions 1 + 2) to 0.38 (fractions 11 + 12), giving a 6.8-fold range in quantity of cytochrome per cell. Over this range, cell volume increased 4.2-fold, indicating a gradient in P-450 concentration similar to that previously reported to exist in cells from untreated rat liver. The gradient for AHH activity was 6.7-fold, suggesting that activity of MFO's paralleled the increase in cytochrome concentration. 3-MC pretreatment caused no significant increase in either size or number of cells in the fast-sedimenting fractions, but the discontinuity in density-volume characteristics which distinguished fast and slow sedimenting cells of untreated rats became marked. Furthermore, both the size and number of cells recovered in fractions 7 to 11 (which include the modal peal volume of unseparated hepatocytes) were increased. The gradient of P-450 (OR P1-450) was less steep in 3-MC-treated cells with pooled fractions 1 and 2 containing an average of 4.62 times as much cytochrome as fractions 11 and 12. The gradient for AHH was 4.29 times. The range of cell volume was 3.3-fold over this range. Additional experimental work was performed to determine whether P-450, AHH, or NADPH cytochrome c reductase exhibited differences in activity or concentration per unit of cell volume between cells on either side of fraction 7 where discontinuity had been noted. Each variable was expressed per unit of cell volume in fractions 5 and 9; ratios were compared but were indistinguishable from unity. It was concluded that induction of MFO activity had occurred equally in both populations of cells. Densities were calculated from s and cell volume. Noticeable loss of density followed PB treatment in cells of all sizes. 3-MC had less of an effect on density but enhanced the increment in density observed at fraction 7, which corresponds to the division between cells with distinct sedimentation characteristics...", "contents": "Effects of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment on size, sedimentation velocity, and mixed function oxygenase activity of rat hepatocytes. SVA was used to separate liver cells from rats pretreated for 3 days with PB (40 mg/kg intraperitoneally, twice daily) or 3-MC (50 MG/KG AS A SINGLE INJECTIOn). Twelve fractions of cells were collected with s's ranging from 97 mm/hr (fraction1) to 25 mm/hr (fraction 12). Cells in each fraction were sized and counted electronically. PB caused the average volume of the largest cells recovered (fraction 1) to increase to 16, 725 micrometer3 from 10,500 micrometer3 previously reported in untreated animals. The number of cells recovered in the fast-sedimenting fractions (1 to 6) also increased, but there was only a small rise in the average model volume of hepatocytes determined prior to SVA. In cell suspensions analyzed after PB treatment no evidence was found for a discontinuity in the distribution of density-volume characteristics as previously described in hepatocytes from untreated rats. As expected, prior to sedimentation analysis, hepatocyte suspensions from rats treated with PB contained increased cytochrome P-450. The average ratio (n = 4) of P-450 in separated to unseparated cells ranged from 2.75 (fractions 1 + 2) to 0.38 (fractions 11 + 12), giving a 6.8-fold range in quantity of cytochrome per cell. Over this range, cell volume increased 4.2-fold, indicating a gradient in P-450 concentration similar to that previously reported to exist in cells from untreated rat liver. The gradient for AHH activity was 6.7-fold, suggesting that activity of MFO's paralleled the increase in cytochrome concentration. 3-MC pretreatment caused no significant increase in either size or number of cells in the fast-sedimenting fractions, but the discontinuity in density-volume characteristics which distinguished fast and slow sedimenting cells of untreated rats became marked. Furthermore, both the size and number of cells recovered in fractions 7 to 11 (which include the modal peal volume of unseparated hepatocytes) were increased. The gradient of P-450 (OR P1-450) was less steep in 3-MC-treated cells with pooled fractions 1 and 2 containing an average of 4.62 times as much cytochrome as fractions 11 and 12. The gradient for AHH was 4.29 times. The range of cell volume was 3.3-fold over this range. Additional experimental work was performed to determine whether P-450, AHH, or NADPH cytochrome c reductase exhibited differences in activity or concentration per unit of cell volume between cells on either side of fraction 7 where discontinuity had been noted. Each variable was expressed per unit of cell volume in fractions 5 and 9; ratios were compared but were indistinguishable from unity. It was concluded that induction of MFO activity had occurred equally in both populations of cells. Densities were calculated from s and cell volume. Noticeable loss of density followed PB treatment in cells of all sizes. 3-MC had less of an effect on density but enhanced the increment in density observed at fraction 7, which corresponds to the division between cells with distinct sedimentation characteristics...", "PMID": 415100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_7999", "title": "Folate deficiency during intravenous hyperalimentation.", "content": "Two alcoholic patients were supported with hyperalimentation therapy during the management of complicated surgical problems. Folate deficiency was documented after ten and two weeks of intravenous feeding. One patient developed severe pancytopenia. Folic acid treatment resulted in hematologic recovery in both cases. Early development of folate deficiency in these patients seems to be related to multiple factors, viz., poor folate stores related to chronic alcoholism, poor dietary intake before and during the hospitalization, infection, prolonged gastric suction, and lack of folate in the intravenous hyperalimentation fluids. Rationale for the supplementation of folates in such patients is discussed.", "contents": "Folate deficiency during intravenous hyperalimentation. Two alcoholic patients were supported with hyperalimentation therapy during the management of complicated surgical problems. Folate deficiency was documented after ten and two weeks of intravenous feeding. One patient developed severe pancytopenia. Folic acid treatment resulted in hematologic recovery in both cases. Early development of folate deficiency in these patients seems to be related to multiple factors, viz., poor folate stores related to chronic alcoholism, poor dietary intake before and during the hospitalization, infection, prolonged gastric suction, and lack of folate in the intravenous hyperalimentation fluids. Rationale for the supplementation of folates in such patients is discussed.", "PMID": 415101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8000", "title": "Diurnal variation in plasma testosterone and cortisol in rhesus monkeys living in social groups.", "content": "Concentrations of cortisol and testosterone in the plasma of adult male rhesus monkeys living in social groups were determined during a 27-h period. Capture and venipuncture of experienced, conditioned animals did not lead to a fall in the concentration of testosterone in the plasma during the 90 min immediately after removal from the group. Both plasm cortisol and plasma testosterone concentrations showed a significant fall and rise in samples collected every 3 h during a 27-h period, even though there was considerable individual variation. During the autumn breeding season, animals showed higher concentrations of testosterone at both 10.00 and 22.00 h compared with those observed at the same times during the summer. Even though animals demonstrated significant diurnal changes, testosterone samples withdrawn at the same time of day (10.00 h) on consecutive days were significantly correlated with one another (r = 0.65, n = 27, P less than 0.01), suggesting the usefulness of sampling once a day to study potential environmental influences on plasma testosterone concentrations.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in plasma testosterone and cortisol in rhesus monkeys living in social groups. Concentrations of cortisol and testosterone in the plasma of adult male rhesus monkeys living in social groups were determined during a 27-h period. Capture and venipuncture of experienced, conditioned animals did not lead to a fall in the concentration of testosterone in the plasma during the 90 min immediately after removal from the group. Both plasm cortisol and plasma testosterone concentrations showed a significant fall and rise in samples collected every 3 h during a 27-h period, even though there was considerable individual variation. During the autumn breeding season, animals showed higher concentrations of testosterone at both 10.00 and 22.00 h compared with those observed at the same times during the summer. Even though animals demonstrated significant diurnal changes, testosterone samples withdrawn at the same time of day (10.00 h) on consecutive days were significantly correlated with one another (r = 0.65, n = 27, P less than 0.01), suggesting the usefulness of sampling once a day to study potential environmental influences on plasma testosterone concentrations.", "PMID": 415103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8001", "title": "Effects of gonadectomy and oestradiol treatment on plasma luteinizing hormone concentrations in the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus.", "content": "A heterologous double-antibody radioimmunoassay for marmoset LH is described in detail. The system uses NIAMDD rat LH-I-1 for iodination, NIAMDD rat LH-RP-1 as standard and anti-ovine rabbit LH 610V serum. The assay measures the level of marmoset LH in plasma and shows a maximum cross-reaction (B/Bo = 50%) of 0.3% with other rat, human or bovine pituitary hormones. The heterologous assay has been applied to the measurement of the level of LH in the marmoset after gonadectomy and after the subsequent implantation of oestradiol-17beta capsules. A clear increase in the concentration of LH in the plasma was observed by day 3 after gonadectomy and in most animals the level reached a plateau by day 9. The rates of increase in the concentration of LH and the maximum levels attained after gonadectomy were similar in male and female marmosets. The secretion of LH in long-term gonadectomized marmosets was episodic. In four of the marmosets studied, the frequency of the pulsatile discharges of LH was circhoral, whereas in the remaining five animals the frequency could not be determined. Subcutaneous implants containing oestradiol-17beta were seen to have a biphasic effect on the secretion of LH in all gonadectomized marmosets. After a transient increase in the concentration of LH (positive feedback) on day 1, levels fell markedly by day 4 and were undetectable 8 days after the implants were introduced (negative feedback).", "contents": "Effects of gonadectomy and oestradiol treatment on plasma luteinizing hormone concentrations in the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus. A heterologous double-antibody radioimmunoassay for marmoset LH is described in detail. The system uses NIAMDD rat LH-I-1 for iodination, NIAMDD rat LH-RP-1 as standard and anti-ovine rabbit LH 610V serum. The assay measures the level of marmoset LH in plasma and shows a maximum cross-reaction (B/Bo = 50%) of 0.3% with other rat, human or bovine pituitary hormones. The heterologous assay has been applied to the measurement of the level of LH in the marmoset after gonadectomy and after the subsequent implantation of oestradiol-17beta capsules. A clear increase in the concentration of LH in the plasma was observed by day 3 after gonadectomy and in most animals the level reached a plateau by day 9. The rates of increase in the concentration of LH and the maximum levels attained after gonadectomy were similar in male and female marmosets. The secretion of LH in long-term gonadectomized marmosets was episodic. In four of the marmosets studied, the frequency of the pulsatile discharges of LH was circhoral, whereas in the remaining five animals the frequency could not be determined. Subcutaneous implants containing oestradiol-17beta were seen to have a biphasic effect on the secretion of LH in all gonadectomized marmosets. After a transient increase in the concentration of LH (positive feedback) on day 1, levels fell markedly by day 4 and were undetectable 8 days after the implants were introduced (negative feedback).", "PMID": 415104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8002", "title": "The pattern of carbon dioxide excretion in the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri.", "content": "1. Patterns of carbon dioxide excretion were investigated in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). 2. The loss of erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase caused by severe anaemia does not affect acid/base regulation or the ability of fish to excrete CO2. 3. Bicarbonate excretion across the saline-perfused gills of trout is significant even though residence time for the saline in the gills is only 1--3 s. CO2 excretion across these saline-perfused gills is blocked by the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, diamox. 4. The excretion of CO2 in fish is via the movement of plasma bicarbonate into the gill epithelium where branchial carbonic anhydrase catalyses the production of CO2. Fish can adjust pH by regulating bicarbonate movement across the gills. 5. The erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase is not necessary for CO2 excretion in the gills but is involved in facilitating Bohr and Root shifts to augment O2 delivery in the tissues.", "contents": "The pattern of carbon dioxide excretion in the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. 1. Patterns of carbon dioxide excretion were investigated in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). 2. The loss of erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase caused by severe anaemia does not affect acid/base regulation or the ability of fish to excrete CO2. 3. Bicarbonate excretion across the saline-perfused gills of trout is significant even though residence time for the saline in the gills is only 1--3 s. CO2 excretion across these saline-perfused gills is blocked by the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, diamox. 4. The excretion of CO2 in fish is via the movement of plasma bicarbonate into the gill epithelium where branchial carbonic anhydrase catalyses the production of CO2. Fish can adjust pH by regulating bicarbonate movement across the gills. 5. The erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase is not necessary for CO2 excretion in the gills but is involved in facilitating Bohr and Root shifts to augment O2 delivery in the tissues.", "PMID": 415105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8003", "title": "Suppressor-cell induction in vitro. IV. Target of antigen-specific suppressor factor and its genetic relationships.", "content": "Antigen-specific suppressor factor produced by metabolically active in vitro-induced suppressor cells, upon further antigenic stimulation, act on nylon wool nonadherent, Ly-2-negative target cells within helper cell population, resulting in suppression of both the IgM and IgG antibody responses. Thus the target is an Ly-1+ T cell, possibly the helper cell. All the mouse strains tested so far have been able to produce the factor, and when tested in CBA or B10 mice, there seems to be no genetic restriction involved e.g., nonsyngeneic suppressor factors suppress as well as do the syngeneic factors. Comparison of the properties of suppressor factor with those of extracts of suppressor cells yield differences in origin, target of action and effect, indicating that these are different molecules. The heterogeneity of suppressor pathways is discussed.", "contents": "Suppressor-cell induction in vitro. IV. Target of antigen-specific suppressor factor and its genetic relationships. Antigen-specific suppressor factor produced by metabolically active in vitro-induced suppressor cells, upon further antigenic stimulation, act on nylon wool nonadherent, Ly-2-negative target cells within helper cell population, resulting in suppression of both the IgM and IgG antibody responses. Thus the target is an Ly-1+ T cell, possibly the helper cell. All the mouse strains tested so far have been able to produce the factor, and when tested in CBA or B10 mice, there seems to be no genetic restriction involved e.g., nonsyngeneic suppressor factors suppress as well as do the syngeneic factors. Comparison of the properties of suppressor factor with those of extracts of suppressor cells yield differences in origin, target of action and effect, indicating that these are different molecules. The heterogeneity of suppressor pathways is discussed.", "PMID": 415106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8004", "title": "T-cell-mediated cytotoxic immune responses to F9 teratocarcinoma cells: cytolytic effector T cells lyse H-2-negative F9 cells and syngeneic spermatogonia.", "content": "Murine thymus derived (T) lymphocytes primed in vivo to mouse 129 (H-2bc) derived H-2-negative F9 embryonal carcinoma cells and rechallenged in vitro with X-irradiated F9 stimulator cells differentiated into anti-F9 cell immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Using CBA mouse derived splenic responder T cells, F9 stimulator cells triggered a primary cytotoxic anti-F9 response. The CTL generated lysed the F9 antigen-positive target cells F9. PCC3 and PCC4, but not the F9 antigen-negative mouse 129 derived PYS tumor cells, nor LPS induced H-2bc blast cells. Mouse 129 anti-F9 cell antisera but not H-2k anti-H-2bc antisera blocked the lytic interaction with F9 target cells. Similarily unlabeled F9 cells but not H-2bc blast cells inhibited the anti-F9 cell cytotoxicity H-2k anti-F9 cell immune CTL were found to be cytotoxic for syngeneic spermatogonia, known to express the F9 antigen. The results suggest not only that CTL can recognize and lyse H-2-negative target cells, but also that CTL precursors can be sensitized against H-2-negative stimulator cells. From the data available it may be inferred that anti-F9 Cell immune CTL recognize the F9 antigen, known to be linked with the T/t locus. Since anti-F9 cell immune CTL lyse syngeneic spermatogonia, the system may be useful to analyze in vitro the induction and effector phase of a T-cell-mediated cytotoxic autoimmune orchitis.", "contents": "T-cell-mediated cytotoxic immune responses to F9 teratocarcinoma cells: cytolytic effector T cells lyse H-2-negative F9 cells and syngeneic spermatogonia. Murine thymus derived (T) lymphocytes primed in vivo to mouse 129 (H-2bc) derived H-2-negative F9 embryonal carcinoma cells and rechallenged in vitro with X-irradiated F9 stimulator cells differentiated into anti-F9 cell immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Using CBA mouse derived splenic responder T cells, F9 stimulator cells triggered a primary cytotoxic anti-F9 response. The CTL generated lysed the F9 antigen-positive target cells F9. PCC3 and PCC4, but not the F9 antigen-negative mouse 129 derived PYS tumor cells, nor LPS induced H-2bc blast cells. Mouse 129 anti-F9 cell antisera but not H-2k anti-H-2bc antisera blocked the lytic interaction with F9 target cells. Similarily unlabeled F9 cells but not H-2bc blast cells inhibited the anti-F9 cell cytotoxicity H-2k anti-F9 cell immune CTL were found to be cytotoxic for syngeneic spermatogonia, known to express the F9 antigen. The results suggest not only that CTL can recognize and lyse H-2-negative target cells, but also that CTL precursors can be sensitized against H-2-negative stimulator cells. From the data available it may be inferred that anti-F9 Cell immune CTL recognize the F9 antigen, known to be linked with the T/t locus. Since anti-F9 cell immune CTL lyse syngeneic spermatogonia, the system may be useful to analyze in vitro the induction and effector phase of a T-cell-mediated cytotoxic autoimmune orchitis.", "PMID": 415107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8005", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease. VII. Role of non-H2-linked genes in the control of the anti-nuclease antibody response.", "content": "The role of non-H-2-linked genes in the control of the antibody response to staphylococcal nuclease has been investigated. 3 wk after immunization with nuclease in complete Freund's adjuvant, strain A/J (H-2 a) mice produced significantly higher titers of antibody than strain B10.A (H-2(a)) mice, whereas mice of strains A.BY (H-2(b)) and B10 (H-2(b)) produced barely detectable titers. With hyperimmunization, A/J and A.BY mice reached the same peak levels for antibody titers, both severalfold higher than those reached by B10.A and B10 mice. Analysis of the specificity of antibodies by assessment of binding to two fragments of nuclease showed similarities between strains of the same H-2 haplotype. These results suggest that although H-2-1inked genes determined initial responsiveness at 3 wk and the relative proportions of antibodies directed toward different antigenic determinants on the nuclease molecule, non-H-2-linked genes determined the overall magnitude of the hyperimmuneresponse. Measurement of the affinity of the antibodies to the nuclease fragment (1-126) showed that strains B10 and B10.A produced antibodies with 7- to 10-fold higher affinity than comparable antibodies from strains A.BY and A/J. In a backcross of (B10.A x A/J) x B10.A, the level of antibody segregated independently of the Ig-1(e) C(H) allotype and the A/J anti-nuclease idiotypes. Thus, a gene(s) linked to neither H-2 nor heavy chain structural genes appears to control the aggregate response to antigenic determinants on the nuclease molecule independent of subspecificities of these antibodies or their idiotype.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to staphylococcal nuclease. VII. Role of non-H2-linked genes in the control of the anti-nuclease antibody response. The role of non-H-2-linked genes in the control of the antibody response to staphylococcal nuclease has been investigated. 3 wk after immunization with nuclease in complete Freund's adjuvant, strain A/J (H-2 a) mice produced significantly higher titers of antibody than strain B10.A (H-2(a)) mice, whereas mice of strains A.BY (H-2(b)) and B10 (H-2(b)) produced barely detectable titers. With hyperimmunization, A/J and A.BY mice reached the same peak levels for antibody titers, both severalfold higher than those reached by B10.A and B10 mice. Analysis of the specificity of antibodies by assessment of binding to two fragments of nuclease showed similarities between strains of the same H-2 haplotype. These results suggest that although H-2-1inked genes determined initial responsiveness at 3 wk and the relative proportions of antibodies directed toward different antigenic determinants on the nuclease molecule, non-H-2-linked genes determined the overall magnitude of the hyperimmuneresponse. Measurement of the affinity of the antibodies to the nuclease fragment (1-126) showed that strains B10 and B10.A produced antibodies with 7- to 10-fold higher affinity than comparable antibodies from strains A.BY and A/J. In a backcross of (B10.A x A/J) x B10.A, the level of antibody segregated independently of the Ig-1(e) C(H) allotype and the A/J anti-nuclease idiotypes. Thus, a gene(s) linked to neither H-2 nor heavy chain structural genes appears to control the aggregate response to antigenic determinants on the nuclease molecule independent of subspecificities of these antibodies or their idiotype.", "PMID": 415108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8006", "title": "Mechanisms of genetic resistance to Friend virus leukemia in mice. IV. Identification of a gene (Fv-3) regulating immunosuppression in vitro, and its distinction from Fv-2 and genes regulating marrow allograft reactivity.", "content": "Friend leukemia viru (FV) suppresses the proliferative response of normal lymphocytes to mitogens. The in vitro suppressive effect of FV on lymphocyte mitogenesis is mediated by T-suppressor cells and is under host genetic control. Lymphocytes from strains of mice of the C57BL background (e.g., C57BL/6) are resistant while cells from other strains (e.g., 129 and DBA/2) are susceptible. Genetic analyses utilizing resistant and susceptible parental strains, their F1, intercross and backcross progeny indicated that susceptibility to in vitro suppression is regulated by a single autosomal gene, dominant for susceptibility to suppression. This gene, which is not linked to the H-2 complex, segregated independently of the Fv-2 gene which controls resistance to spleen focus formation in vivo. The gene is also unlinked to the Ir-like genes which regulate the ability of H-2d mice to reject H-2b bone marrow grafts. The gene is therefore designated as Fv-3. Fv-3 may mediate its effect by regulating the numbers and/or functions of T-suppressor cells.", "contents": "Mechanisms of genetic resistance to Friend virus leukemia in mice. IV. Identification of a gene (Fv-3) regulating immunosuppression in vitro, and its distinction from Fv-2 and genes regulating marrow allograft reactivity. Friend leukemia viru (FV) suppresses the proliferative response of normal lymphocytes to mitogens. The in vitro suppressive effect of FV on lymphocyte mitogenesis is mediated by T-suppressor cells and is under host genetic control. Lymphocytes from strains of mice of the C57BL background (e.g., C57BL/6) are resistant while cells from other strains (e.g., 129 and DBA/2) are susceptible. Genetic analyses utilizing resistant and susceptible parental strains, their F1, intercross and backcross progeny indicated that susceptibility to in vitro suppression is regulated by a single autosomal gene, dominant for susceptibility to suppression. This gene, which is not linked to the H-2 complex, segregated independently of the Fv-2 gene which controls resistance to spleen focus formation in vivo. The gene is also unlinked to the Ir-like genes which regulate the ability of H-2d mice to reject H-2b bone marrow grafts. The gene is therefore designated as Fv-3. Fv-3 may mediate its effect by regulating the numbers and/or functions of T-suppressor cells.", "PMID": 415109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8007", "title": "Two distinct types of helper T cells involved in the secondary antibody response: independent and synergistic effects of Ia- and Ia+ helper T cells.", "content": "We have described here two distinct types of carrier-specific helper T cells which act independently and synergistically to augment the B-cell response to a hapten. They are separable by passage through a nylon wool column. The first type of helper T cell, which we designate as Th1, is nylon nonadherent, and can help the response of hapten-primed B cells only if the haptenic and carrier determinants are present on a single molecule (cognate interaction). The second type of helper T cell, Th2, adheres to the nylon wool column, and can help the B-cell response to a hapten coupled to a heterologous carrier upon stimulation with unconjugated relevant carrier (polyclonal interaction). The addition of a small number of Th2 to the mixture of Th1 and B cells significantly augmented the net response to the hapten carrier conjugate. Both Th1 and Th2 cells belong to the Lyt-1+,2-,3- subclass. Th1 has no detectable Ia antigen, whereas Th2 is killed by certain anti-Ia antisera and complement. The Ia antigen detected on Th2 was found to be controlled by a locus in the I-J subregion. The results clearly established the fact that there are two distinct pathways in the T- and B-cell collaboration, which involves two different subsets of carrier-specific helper T cells.", "contents": "Two distinct types of helper T cells involved in the secondary antibody response: independent and synergistic effects of Ia- and Ia+ helper T cells. We have described here two distinct types of carrier-specific helper T cells which act independently and synergistically to augment the B-cell response to a hapten. They are separable by passage through a nylon wool column. The first type of helper T cell, which we designate as Th1, is nylon nonadherent, and can help the response of hapten-primed B cells only if the haptenic and carrier determinants are present on a single molecule (cognate interaction). The second type of helper T cell, Th2, adheres to the nylon wool column, and can help the B-cell response to a hapten coupled to a heterologous carrier upon stimulation with unconjugated relevant carrier (polyclonal interaction). The addition of a small number of Th2 to the mixture of Th1 and B cells significantly augmented the net response to the hapten carrier conjugate. Both Th1 and Th2 cells belong to the Lyt-1+,2-,3- subclass. Th1 has no detectable Ia antigen, whereas Th2 is killed by certain anti-Ia antisera and complement. The Ia antigen detected on Th2 was found to be controlled by a locus in the I-J subregion. The results clearly established the fact that there are two distinct pathways in the T- and B-cell collaboration, which involves two different subsets of carrier-specific helper T cells.", "PMID": 415110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8008", "title": "Expression of a single major histocompatibility complex locus controls the immune response to poly-L-(tyrosine, glutamic acid)-poly-DL-alanine-poly-L-lysine.", "content": "Genetic control of the immune response linked to the major histocompatibility (H-2) complex in the mouse has been described for synthetic polypeptide antigens and for low doses of native proteins. The phenomenon is well documented(1,2). Extensive screening of intra-H-2 crossover-derived recombinant strains has localized H-2-linked immune response (Ir) genes to the I-immune response region of the H-2 complex (3). For most antigens, Ir genes are autosomal, dominant, and they segregate as single loci. It is not known whether these crossover-defined loci respresent single genes with multiple alleles or clusters of tightly linked genes (4). In 1972, Stimpfling and Durham (5) postulated that two interacting loci within the H-2 complex were required for the response to the alloantigen, H-2.2 (6), and, in 1975, Dorf et. al. (7) observed a responder phenotype in a recombinant derived from two strains which were nonresponders to the synthetic linear terpolymer, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylaline (GLPhe). Analysis of additional recombinants and complementation tests with F(1) hybrids clearly demonstrated that genes in two intra-I-region loci controlled the immune response to GLPhe. Subsequently, requirement for genes mapping in two intra-I-region loci were reported for porcine LDH(B)(8), the alloantigen Thy-1.1 (9), and for the synthetic terpolymers L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-tyrosine and L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L- leucine (6,10). Demonstration that responses to both synthetic polypeptide and native protein antigens can be controlled by genes in two distinct I-region loci prompted speculation that the phenotypic expression of two I-region genes is a general phenomenon which may provide the key for understanding the mechanism of Ir gene function and cellular collaboration in the immune response. Benacerraf and Dorf (10) have shown that Ir gene complementation is often more effective in the cis than in the trans configuration. This concept is further supported by the data reported for GLPhe (10-12) which indicate that both of the complementing genes must be expressed in each of the cell types participating in the interaction. Failure to detect complementation for the majority of antigens under H-2-linked Ir-gene control might be attributed to the limited number of available intra-I- region recombinant strains.", "contents": "Expression of a single major histocompatibility complex locus controls the immune response to poly-L-(tyrosine, glutamic acid)-poly-DL-alanine-poly-L-lysine. Genetic control of the immune response linked to the major histocompatibility (H-2) complex in the mouse has been described for synthetic polypeptide antigens and for low doses of native proteins. The phenomenon is well documented(1,2). Extensive screening of intra-H-2 crossover-derived recombinant strains has localized H-2-linked immune response (Ir) genes to the I-immune response region of the H-2 complex (3). For most antigens, Ir genes are autosomal, dominant, and they segregate as single loci. It is not known whether these crossover-defined loci respresent single genes with multiple alleles or clusters of tightly linked genes (4). In 1972, Stimpfling and Durham (5) postulated that two interacting loci within the H-2 complex were required for the response to the alloantigen, H-2.2 (6), and, in 1975, Dorf et. al. (7) observed a responder phenotype in a recombinant derived from two strains which were nonresponders to the synthetic linear terpolymer, L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-phenylaline (GLPhe). Analysis of additional recombinants and complementation tests with F(1) hybrids clearly demonstrated that genes in two intra-I-region loci controlled the immune response to GLPhe. Subsequently, requirement for genes mapping in two intra-I-region loci were reported for porcine LDH(B)(8), the alloantigen Thy-1.1 (9), and for the synthetic terpolymers L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-tyrosine and L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L- leucine (6,10). Demonstration that responses to both synthetic polypeptide and native protein antigens can be controlled by genes in two distinct I-region loci prompted speculation that the phenotypic expression of two I-region genes is a general phenomenon which may provide the key for understanding the mechanism of Ir gene function and cellular collaboration in the immune response. Benacerraf and Dorf (10) have shown that Ir gene complementation is often more effective in the cis than in the trans configuration. This concept is further supported by the data reported for GLPhe (10-12) which indicate that both of the complementing genes must be expressed in each of the cell types participating in the interaction. Failure to detect complementation for the majority of antigens under H-2-linked Ir-gene control might be attributed to the limited number of available intra-I- region recombinant strains.", "PMID": 415111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8009", "title": "Tubulin and microtubule-like structures in mammalian acrosomes.", "content": "Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy were used to demonstrate the presence of tubulin and microtubule-like structures in rabbit and rhesus monkey sperm acrosomes. The distribution of tubulin within the acrosome appeared similar to the distribution of proteolytic activity, suggesting an association of proteinase with these structures. Electron microscopy of rhesus monkey sperm incubated in vitro demonstrated a progressive condensation of the acrosomal matrix into microtubule-like structure. A system of this type could explain the linear patterns of silver-proteinate staining in the pentration tunnel through the zona pellucida.", "contents": "Tubulin and microtubule-like structures in mammalian acrosomes. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy were used to demonstrate the presence of tubulin and microtubule-like structures in rabbit and rhesus monkey sperm acrosomes. The distribution of tubulin within the acrosome appeared similar to the distribution of proteolytic activity, suggesting an association of proteinase with these structures. Electron microscopy of rhesus monkey sperm incubated in vitro demonstrated a progressive condensation of the acrosomal matrix into microtubule-like structure. A system of this type could explain the linear patterns of silver-proteinate staining in the pentration tunnel through the zona pellucida.", "PMID": 415112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8010", "title": "An autoradiographic evaluation of the regeneration of corneal epithelium in Bufo marinus.", "content": "Epithelial regeneration following scraping of a central portion of corneal epithelium of the toad, Bufo marinus, was studied. Wound closure occurred by migration of a single layer of epithelial cells from adjacent noninjured areas. Autoradiography indicated that following wound closure at two days after scraping, DNA synthesis began in these epithelial cells covering the former scraped area, and was even more pronounced three days after scraping. At four days the former denuded area was covered by an epithelium two to four cells thick and by the fifth day regeneration was complete. These studies also indicated that mitotic time in this organism is rapid.", "contents": "An autoradiographic evaluation of the regeneration of corneal epithelium in Bufo marinus. Epithelial regeneration following scraping of a central portion of corneal epithelium of the toad, Bufo marinus, was studied. Wound closure occurred by migration of a single layer of epithelial cells from adjacent noninjured areas. Autoradiography indicated that following wound closure at two days after scraping, DNA synthesis began in these epithelial cells covering the former scraped area, and was even more pronounced three days after scraping. At four days the former denuded area was covered by an epithelium two to four cells thick and by the fifth day regeneration was complete. These studies also indicated that mitotic time in this organism is rapid.", "PMID": 415113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8011", "title": "Rabbit acrosin: immunological dissimilarity to rabbit trypsin (1).", "content": "Antibodies obtained from guinea pigs injected with rabbit pancreatic trypsin together with antibodies raised in rabbits against bovine acrosin or bovine pancreatic trypsin were reacted against various mammalian trypsins and acrosins in double diffusion tests. The results of immunodiffusion analyses reveal antigenic dissimilarity between rabbit acrosin and rabbit trypsin.", "contents": "Rabbit acrosin: immunological dissimilarity to rabbit trypsin (1). Antibodies obtained from guinea pigs injected with rabbit pancreatic trypsin together with antibodies raised in rabbits against bovine acrosin or bovine pancreatic trypsin were reacted against various mammalian trypsins and acrosins in double diffusion tests. The results of immunodiffusion analyses reveal antigenic dissimilarity between rabbit acrosin and rabbit trypsin.", "PMID": 415115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8012", "title": "Role of vascular proliferation on angiographic appearance and encapsulation of experimental traumatic and metastatic brain abscesses.", "content": "Experimental traumatic abscesses were produced in rhesus monkeys by intracerebral injection of nutrient agar contaminated with Staphylococcus epidermidis, and metastatic abscesses were induced by intracarotid embolization of silicone cylinders contaminated with Staphylococcus epidermidis. All monkeys underwent preoperative and serial postoperative carotid angiography. Traumatic abscesses produced early capsular blushes and progressive anterior cerebral artery displacements. Metastatic abscesses induced transient midline shifts but no capsular stains. Postmortem studies on the monkeys showed that mean capsular thickness and segmental wall vascularity of the traumatic and metastatic abscesses were significantly different (p less than 0.001), despite equal abscess ages and similar abscess volumes. In comparison to traumatic abscesses, metastatic abscesses demonstrated reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and retarded collagen formation around proliferating capsular vessels. Brain surrounding the metastatic abscesses demonstrated ischemic changes. The results suggest that 1) capsular blushes during cerebral angiography are secondary to vascular proliferation within the capsule and not to compression of surrounding brain, 2) vascular staining reflects capsular thickness, 3) capsular vascularity contributes to collagen formation, 4) encapsulation is dependent upon the integrity of surrounding brain, and 5) adjacent cerebral ischemia may impede inflammatory responses involved in capsule formation.", "contents": "Role of vascular proliferation on angiographic appearance and encapsulation of experimental traumatic and metastatic brain abscesses. Experimental traumatic abscesses were produced in rhesus monkeys by intracerebral injection of nutrient agar contaminated with Staphylococcus epidermidis, and metastatic abscesses were induced by intracarotid embolization of silicone cylinders contaminated with Staphylococcus epidermidis. All monkeys underwent preoperative and serial postoperative carotid angiography. Traumatic abscesses produced early capsular blushes and progressive anterior cerebral artery displacements. Metastatic abscesses induced transient midline shifts but no capsular stains. Postmortem studies on the monkeys showed that mean capsular thickness and segmental wall vascularity of the traumatic and metastatic abscesses were significantly different (p less than 0.001), despite equal abscess ages and similar abscess volumes. In comparison to traumatic abscesses, metastatic abscesses demonstrated reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and retarded collagen formation around proliferating capsular vessels. Brain surrounding the metastatic abscesses demonstrated ischemic changes. The results suggest that 1) capsular blushes during cerebral angiography are secondary to vascular proliferation within the capsule and not to compression of surrounding brain, 2) vascular staining reflects capsular thickness, 3) capsular vascularity contributes to collagen formation, 4) encapsulation is dependent upon the integrity of surrounding brain, and 5) adjacent cerebral ischemia may impede inflammatory responses involved in capsule formation.", "PMID": 415122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8013", "title": "A new hemogregarine from marine fishes.", "content": "Haemogregarina uncinata sp. n. is described from the blood of 2 marine eelpouts, Lycodes lavalaei and Lycodes vahlii (Perciformes: Zoarcidae). Erythrocytic schizogony occurred in peripheral and cardiac blood, but mature schizonts were restricted to the latter site. Mature and rupturing schizonts contained 10 to 30 merozoites, which were short and thick in small schizonts while slender and long in larger schizonts. Gametocytes developed in mature erythrocytes and displayed morphologic and morphometric characters that distinguished them from other species described. Syzygy and gamete formation occurred in the gut of a leech, Johanssonia sp. Each microgametocyte produced up to 4 apparently nonflagellated gametes. Oocysts developed intracellularly in the epithelial wall of the intestine and at maturity produced under 100 sporozoites from (apparently) several germinal centers. Sporozoites subsequently migrated to the probosces of the leeches. The failure to transmit the parasite to a sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus) and 3 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) via regurgitation by the leeches might be indicative of host specificity.", "contents": "A new hemogregarine from marine fishes. Haemogregarina uncinata sp. n. is described from the blood of 2 marine eelpouts, Lycodes lavalaei and Lycodes vahlii (Perciformes: Zoarcidae). Erythrocytic schizogony occurred in peripheral and cardiac blood, but mature schizonts were restricted to the latter site. Mature and rupturing schizonts contained 10 to 30 merozoites, which were short and thick in small schizonts while slender and long in larger schizonts. Gametocytes developed in mature erythrocytes and displayed morphologic and morphometric characters that distinguished them from other species described. Syzygy and gamete formation occurred in the gut of a leech, Johanssonia sp. Each microgametocyte produced up to 4 apparently nonflagellated gametes. Oocysts developed intracellularly in the epithelial wall of the intestine and at maturity produced under 100 sporozoites from (apparently) several germinal centers. Sporozoites subsequently migrated to the probosces of the leeches. The failure to transmit the parasite to a sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus) and 3 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) via regurgitation by the leeches might be indicative of host specificity.", "PMID": 415129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8014", "title": "Diencephalic efflux of calcium ions in the monkey during exercise, thermal stress and feeding.", "content": "1. The diencephalon of the unanaesthetized macaque monkey was radio-labelled with calcium by a microinjection of 6-8 muC (45)Ca(2+) into the third cerebral ventricle through a permanently implanted cannula. Successive 5 min push-pull perfusions of the mid-line hypothalamic region with an artificial C.S.F. were carried out at a rate of 28 mul./min every 20 min. A washout curve of declining (45)Ca(2+) radioactivity was thus generated.2. When the monkey exercised strenuously on a special ;rowing machine' to obtain highly palatable banana pellets, its body temperature rose sharply. As the monkey exercised, during a sequence of push-pull perfusions, the concurrent efflux of (45)Ca(2+) ions increased markedly in the corresponding samples of diencephalic perfusate. This enhanced activity of calcium ions continued throughout a 30 min work period and persisted as long as the monkey's temperature was elevated in the interval immediately following exercise.3. Exposure of the monkey's trunk, between neck and thigh to cold air of 5 degrees C likewise augmented the amount of (45)Ca(2+) ions in the diencephalic push-pull perfusates; however, a similar exposure to air warmed to 35 degrees C failed to alter the pattern of (45)Ca(2+) efflux from the animal's diencephalon. If a fasted monkey consumed only the banana pellets but was not exercised, the level of (45)Ca(2+) in the perfusate also increased transiently, just at the onset of feeding.4. We conclude that a local change in calcium transport, binding or other cellular activity of the cation within the diencephalon could play an important role in the central mechanism underlying the set-point rise in a primate's temperature which accompanies vigorous exercise. Further, the results support the idea that this cation functions in the diencephalic control of metabolic heat production as well as in the overall processes of energy metabolism, particularly in relation to feeding.", "contents": "Diencephalic efflux of calcium ions in the monkey during exercise, thermal stress and feeding. 1. The diencephalon of the unanaesthetized macaque monkey was radio-labelled with calcium by a microinjection of 6-8 muC (45)Ca(2+) into the third cerebral ventricle through a permanently implanted cannula. Successive 5 min push-pull perfusions of the mid-line hypothalamic region with an artificial C.S.F. were carried out at a rate of 28 mul./min every 20 min. A washout curve of declining (45)Ca(2+) radioactivity was thus generated.2. When the monkey exercised strenuously on a special ;rowing machine' to obtain highly palatable banana pellets, its body temperature rose sharply. As the monkey exercised, during a sequence of push-pull perfusions, the concurrent efflux of (45)Ca(2+) ions increased markedly in the corresponding samples of diencephalic perfusate. This enhanced activity of calcium ions continued throughout a 30 min work period and persisted as long as the monkey's temperature was elevated in the interval immediately following exercise.3. Exposure of the monkey's trunk, between neck and thigh to cold air of 5 degrees C likewise augmented the amount of (45)Ca(2+) ions in the diencephalic push-pull perfusates; however, a similar exposure to air warmed to 35 degrees C failed to alter the pattern of (45)Ca(2+) efflux from the animal's diencephalon. If a fasted monkey consumed only the banana pellets but was not exercised, the level of (45)Ca(2+) in the perfusate also increased transiently, just at the onset of feeding.4. We conclude that a local change in calcium transport, binding or other cellular activity of the cation within the diencephalon could play an important role in the central mechanism underlying the set-point rise in a primate's temperature which accompanies vigorous exercise. Further, the results support the idea that this cation functions in the diencephalic control of metabolic heat production as well as in the overall processes of energy metabolism, particularly in relation to feeding.", "PMID": 415131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8015", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of renin release from isolated superfused rat glomeruli: effects of calcium, calcium ionophore and lanthanum.", "content": "1. The effects of external medium calcium concentration, the ionophore A(23187) and lanthanum on the rate of renin release in vitro were studied with particular emphasis on results obtained from isolated superfused glomeruli of rat kidneys.2. The response to reduction in superfusate calcium concentration from 2 mM was a graded and reversible increase in the rate of renin release. An increase in release was detectable at 0.2 mM calcium; a threefold increase was found 36 min after a change from 2 mM calcium to calcium-free superfusate. A similar relative increase in release resulted from reductions from 0.1 mM to zero calcium, but the absolute amounts of renin released were greater in this latter series. Renin release from kidney cortical slices similarly increased in response to calcium-free incubation medium.3. The effects of A(23187) on renin release were modest. Changing from 2 mM calcium during control periods to calcium-free Ringer with A(23187) added caused an attenuated and more delayed increase in release than the change to calcium-free Ringer without ionophore. This difference in response was abolished when glomeruli were superfused with 0.1 mM calcium during the preceding 1 hr control period. There was no significant difference in renin release from glomeruli exposed to calcium-free EGTA-Ringer with and without A(23187) in the 2 mM calcium series; in the 0.1 mM calcium series the increase in release following a shift to calcium-free EGTA-containing superfusate with A(23187) added was significantly greater than in the absence of the ionophore.4. Addition of lanthanum (1 or 0.05 mM) to calcium-containing as well as calcium-free superfusate resulted in a significant depression of renin release. Subsequent removal of the lanthanum did not restore the rate of release unless EGTA was added; in the latter case a massive increase in renin release occurred resulting in a marked depletion of the remaining renin content of the glomeruli.5. It is concluded that calcium influences renin release by a direct action on the juxtaglomerular cells. The data support the previous suggestion that basal renin release is a function of active, calcium-dependent cell volume regulation - swelling causing an increase in the release; and further suggest that membrane-bound calcium has a direct effect on the cell membrane permeability to renin.6. The results exclude that calcium-stimulated exocytosis is responsible for basal renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells adhering to isolated glomeruli.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of renin release from isolated superfused rat glomeruli: effects of calcium, calcium ionophore and lanthanum. 1. The effects of external medium calcium concentration, the ionophore A(23187) and lanthanum on the rate of renin release in vitro were studied with particular emphasis on results obtained from isolated superfused glomeruli of rat kidneys.2. The response to reduction in superfusate calcium concentration from 2 mM was a graded and reversible increase in the rate of renin release. An increase in release was detectable at 0.2 mM calcium; a threefold increase was found 36 min after a change from 2 mM calcium to calcium-free superfusate. A similar relative increase in release resulted from reductions from 0.1 mM to zero calcium, but the absolute amounts of renin released were greater in this latter series. Renin release from kidney cortical slices similarly increased in response to calcium-free incubation medium.3. The effects of A(23187) on renin release were modest. Changing from 2 mM calcium during control periods to calcium-free Ringer with A(23187) added caused an attenuated and more delayed increase in release than the change to calcium-free Ringer without ionophore. This difference in response was abolished when glomeruli were superfused with 0.1 mM calcium during the preceding 1 hr control period. There was no significant difference in renin release from glomeruli exposed to calcium-free EGTA-Ringer with and without A(23187) in the 2 mM calcium series; in the 0.1 mM calcium series the increase in release following a shift to calcium-free EGTA-containing superfusate with A(23187) added was significantly greater than in the absence of the ionophore.4. Addition of lanthanum (1 or 0.05 mM) to calcium-containing as well as calcium-free superfusate resulted in a significant depression of renin release. Subsequent removal of the lanthanum did not restore the rate of release unless EGTA was added; in the latter case a massive increase in renin release occurred resulting in a marked depletion of the remaining renin content of the glomeruli.5. It is concluded that calcium influences renin release by a direct action on the juxtaglomerular cells. The data support the previous suggestion that basal renin release is a function of active, calcium-dependent cell volume regulation - swelling causing an increase in the release; and further suggest that membrane-bound calcium has a direct effect on the cell membrane permeability to renin.6. The results exclude that calcium-stimulated exocytosis is responsible for basal renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells adhering to isolated glomeruli.", "PMID": 415132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8016", "title": "Congenital ocular anomalies in Pondicherry.", "content": "Congenital anomalies of the eye and ocular adnexa occurring in Pondicherry have been described. Anophthalmos, microphthalmos, limbal dermoids, nervus of Ota, anterior lenticonus, buphthalmos, and congenital cataract are very common. Onset of cataract in young individuals was caused by abnormal aminoaciduria. Hereditary factors played a part in 59 percent of the cases who would have become blind if they were not treated. Consanguinity is a major factor in their pathogenesis. Avitaminosis A and systemic infections which are common here may be playing a significant role in their etiology.", "contents": "Congenital ocular anomalies in Pondicherry. Congenital anomalies of the eye and ocular adnexa occurring in Pondicherry have been described. Anophthalmos, microphthalmos, limbal dermoids, nervus of Ota, anterior lenticonus, buphthalmos, and congenital cataract are very common. Onset of cataract in young individuals was caused by abnormal aminoaciduria. Hereditary factors played a part in 59 percent of the cases who would have become blind if they were not treated. Consanguinity is a major factor in their pathogenesis. Avitaminosis A and systemic infections which are common here may be playing a significant role in their etiology.", "PMID": 415130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8017", "title": "The visual pigments of rods and cones in the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta.", "content": "1. New microspectrophotometric measurements have been made of the photo-pigments of individual rods and cones from the retina of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The measuring beam was passed transversely through isolated outer segments. 2. The transverse absorbance for rods ranged from 0.02 to 0.04 and that for cones from 0.01 to 0.03. 3. The mean absorbance spectrum for rods (n = 25) had a peak of 502 +/- 2.7 nm. A digitonin extract from the same group of eyes gave a lambda-max. of 499 +/- 1 nm. 4. Of a sample of 82 cones, 40 were 'red' (P565 nm) and 42 were 'green' (P536 nm). The mean absorbance spectrum for the green cones is very similar to the Dartnall nomogram, but that for the red cones is narrower. 5. No bleachable, blue-sensitive outer segments were recorded, although structures were found that absorbed at short wave-lengths and were neither photosensitive nor dichroic. 6. If the long wave-length and middle wave-length cone pigments of the rhesus monkey are assumed to be identical to those of man and if additional assumptions are made about the lengths of human outer segments and about prereceptoral absorption, it is possible to derive psychophysical sensitivities that closely resemble the pi5 and pi4 mechanisms of W. S. Stiles.", "contents": "The visual pigments of rods and cones in the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta. 1. New microspectrophotometric measurements have been made of the photo-pigments of individual rods and cones from the retina of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The measuring beam was passed transversely through isolated outer segments. 2. The transverse absorbance for rods ranged from 0.02 to 0.04 and that for cones from 0.01 to 0.03. 3. The mean absorbance spectrum for rods (n = 25) had a peak of 502 +/- 2.7 nm. A digitonin extract from the same group of eyes gave a lambda-max. of 499 +/- 1 nm. 4. Of a sample of 82 cones, 40 were 'red' (P565 nm) and 42 were 'green' (P536 nm). The mean absorbance spectrum for the green cones is very similar to the Dartnall nomogram, but that for the red cones is narrower. 5. No bleachable, blue-sensitive outer segments were recorded, although structures were found that absorbed at short wave-lengths and were neither photosensitive nor dichroic. 6. If the long wave-length and middle wave-length cone pigments of the rhesus monkey are assumed to be identical to those of man and if additional assumptions are made about the lengths of human outer segments and about prereceptoral absorption, it is possible to derive psychophysical sensitivities that closely resemble the pi5 and pi4 mechanisms of W. S. Stiles.", "PMID": 415133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8018", "title": "Calcium-dependent repolarization in Paramecium.", "content": "1. Intracellular injection, recording and current-passing methods were used to investigate the role of intracellular Ca in the modulation of electrical behaviour in the ciliate Paramecium caudatum.2. Injection of EGTA converted graded regenerative responses ascribed to Ca inward current to all-or-none action potentials. The EGTA injection also caused a discontinuity in the steady state I-V relations to outward current, but had little effect on hyperpolarizing current-voltage responses.3. The overshoot of the all-or-none spike produced by the EGTA-injected cell followed an approximate 29 mV increase for a tenfold increase in external Ca concentration and was independent of changes in external K and Na concentrations.4. The EGTA-induced all-or-none action potential tended to produce plateaus that could last up to 20 sec. During the plateau the membrane slowly repolarized to a critical potential, upon which repolarization occurred precipitously.5. Injection of 10(-6)M-free Ca(2+) as a Ca-EGTA buffer hyperpolarized the membrane and decreased the potential shifts to inward current pulses. These responses are consistent with an increase in K conductance.6. During EGTA plateaus reversed beating of the cilia indicated a rise in intracellular Ca, and thus an inability of the EGTA to complex the Ca as rapidly as it entered the cilia. Reversal of the motile apparatus thus appears to be activated at lower concentrations of intracellular Ca than are required to activate the inferred Ca-dependent K system.7. In uninjected cells removal of the cilia, which results in a loss of the voltage-activated Ca channels (Dunlap, 1977), or addition of extracellular Ba both tended to linearize the steady state I-V relations.8. Injections of Cs and TEA tended to linearize the steady state I-V relations, but did not result in either a conversion to an all-or-none spike or a discontinuity in the depolarizing steady-state I-V relations.9. It is concluded that in Paramecium a Ca-activated K conductance short-circuits the inward current of the regenerative Ca response, preventing all-or-none behaviour. The occurrence of plateau spikes following EGTA injection indicates that the Ca conductance inactivates very slowly in face of a maintained depolarization. Such slow Ca-inactivation is consistent with the slow relaxation of Ca-dependent ciliary reversal that occurs during maintained depolarization.10. The possibility is discussed that injection of EGTA may also enhance the Ca conductance.", "contents": "Calcium-dependent repolarization in Paramecium. 1. Intracellular injection, recording and current-passing methods were used to investigate the role of intracellular Ca in the modulation of electrical behaviour in the ciliate Paramecium caudatum.2. Injection of EGTA converted graded regenerative responses ascribed to Ca inward current to all-or-none action potentials. The EGTA injection also caused a discontinuity in the steady state I-V relations to outward current, but had little effect on hyperpolarizing current-voltage responses.3. The overshoot of the all-or-none spike produced by the EGTA-injected cell followed an approximate 29 mV increase for a tenfold increase in external Ca concentration and was independent of changes in external K and Na concentrations.4. The EGTA-induced all-or-none action potential tended to produce plateaus that could last up to 20 sec. During the plateau the membrane slowly repolarized to a critical potential, upon which repolarization occurred precipitously.5. Injection of 10(-6)M-free Ca(2+) as a Ca-EGTA buffer hyperpolarized the membrane and decreased the potential shifts to inward current pulses. These responses are consistent with an increase in K conductance.6. During EGTA plateaus reversed beating of the cilia indicated a rise in intracellular Ca, and thus an inability of the EGTA to complex the Ca as rapidly as it entered the cilia. Reversal of the motile apparatus thus appears to be activated at lower concentrations of intracellular Ca than are required to activate the inferred Ca-dependent K system.7. In uninjected cells removal of the cilia, which results in a loss of the voltage-activated Ca channels (Dunlap, 1977), or addition of extracellular Ba both tended to linearize the steady state I-V relations.8. Injections of Cs and TEA tended to linearize the steady state I-V relations, but did not result in either a conversion to an all-or-none spike or a discontinuity in the depolarizing steady-state I-V relations.9. It is concluded that in Paramecium a Ca-activated K conductance short-circuits the inward current of the regenerative Ca response, preventing all-or-none behaviour. The occurrence of plateau spikes following EGTA injection indicates that the Ca conductance inactivates very slowly in face of a maintained depolarization. Such slow Ca-inactivation is consistent with the slow relaxation of Ca-dependent ciliary reversal that occurs during maintained depolarization.10. The possibility is discussed that injection of EGTA may also enhance the Ca conductance.", "PMID": 415134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8019", "title": "Treatment of fetal distress during diabetic keto-acidosis.", "content": "A case of diabetic acidosis during pregnancy is presented in which the fetal heart rate tracing demonstrated late decelerations. Sodium bicarbonate, intravenous fluids and insulin treatment resulted in correction of both the maternal acidosis and the abnormal fetal heart rate tracings. The rationale for bicarbonate therapy for treatment of the presumed fetal distress is discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of fetal distress during diabetic keto-acidosis. A case of diabetic acidosis during pregnancy is presented in which the fetal heart rate tracing demonstrated late decelerations. Sodium bicarbonate, intravenous fluids and insulin treatment resulted in correction of both the maternal acidosis and the abnormal fetal heart rate tracings. The rationale for bicarbonate therapy for treatment of the presumed fetal distress is discussed.", "PMID": 415135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8020", "title": "Sporadic (nonepidemic) puerperal mastitis.", "content": "Sporadic puerperal mastitis is an acute cellulitis, characterized by fever and segmental erythema in the breast. Staphylococcus aureus can be cultured in approximately one-half of the cases. With early antibiotic therapy, the infection can be cleared and abscess formation prevented. Breast engorgement may also contribute to abscess formation, and so nursing should not be discontinued. No ill effects are observed in infants who continue to nurse. Twenty women with acute puerperal mastitis had breast milk cultures, and Staphylococcus aureus was recovered in seven cases. All patients were treated with antibiotics and continued nursing. No abscesses developed, and no ill effects were observed in any infants.", "contents": "Sporadic (nonepidemic) puerperal mastitis. Sporadic puerperal mastitis is an acute cellulitis, characterized by fever and segmental erythema in the breast. Staphylococcus aureus can be cultured in approximately one-half of the cases. With early antibiotic therapy, the infection can be cleared and abscess formation prevented. Breast engorgement may also contribute to abscess formation, and so nursing should not be discontinued. No ill effects are observed in infants who continue to nurse. Twenty women with acute puerperal mastitis had breast milk cultures, and Staphylococcus aureus was recovered in seven cases. All patients were treated with antibiotics and continued nursing. No abscesses developed, and no ill effects were observed in any infants.", "PMID": 415137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8021", "title": "Reduced Fc-receptor bearing cells in peripheral bloods of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and in rheumatoid synovial fluids.", "content": "Previous reports described that human red cells sensitized with one of Rh antisera (Ripley) make rosette formations (Fc-rosette with some lymphocytes. These Fc-rosettes were well inhibited by aggregated human IgG as well as hypocomplementemic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera and rheumatoid synovial fluids. In the present study, Fc-receptor bearing lymphocytes were considerably reduced in peripheral bloods of SLE (16.0 +/- 7.6%) and rheumatoid synovial fluids (15.6 +/- 5.3%). On the other hand, EAC-rosette formation rates of peripheral bloods of SLE (32.0 +/- 13.2%) and rheumatoid synovial fluids (30.3 +/- 11.2%) did not significantly differ from normal peripheral bloods (28.3 +/- 2.9%). E-rosette forming lymphocytes were reduced in peripheral bloods of SLE (48.7 +/- 15.7%) and in rheumatoid synovial fluids (49.0 +/- 14.6%) whereas 61.7 +/- 8.6% in normal peripheral bloods. Reduced Fc-rosette formation rates correlated well with the Fc-rosette inhibitory rates. In addition, eluates from the lymphocytes in rheumatoid synovial fluids also inhibited Fc-rosette formation. These results suggested that immune complexes present in peripheral bloods of SLE and rheumatoid synovial fluids are bound to the Fc-receptors on the lymphocytes, block the additional binding of the sensitized red cells, and result in the reduction of Fc-rosette formation.", "contents": "Reduced Fc-receptor bearing cells in peripheral bloods of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and in rheumatoid synovial fluids. Previous reports described that human red cells sensitized with one of Rh antisera (Ripley) make rosette formations (Fc-rosette with some lymphocytes. These Fc-rosettes were well inhibited by aggregated human IgG as well as hypocomplementemic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera and rheumatoid synovial fluids. In the present study, Fc-receptor bearing lymphocytes were considerably reduced in peripheral bloods of SLE (16.0 +/- 7.6%) and rheumatoid synovial fluids (15.6 +/- 5.3%). On the other hand, EAC-rosette formation rates of peripheral bloods of SLE (32.0 +/- 13.2%) and rheumatoid synovial fluids (30.3 +/- 11.2%) did not significantly differ from normal peripheral bloods (28.3 +/- 2.9%). E-rosette forming lymphocytes were reduced in peripheral bloods of SLE (48.7 +/- 15.7%) and in rheumatoid synovial fluids (49.0 +/- 14.6%) whereas 61.7 +/- 8.6% in normal peripheral bloods. Reduced Fc-rosette formation rates correlated well with the Fc-rosette inhibitory rates. In addition, eluates from the lymphocytes in rheumatoid synovial fluids also inhibited Fc-rosette formation. These results suggested that immune complexes present in peripheral bloods of SLE and rheumatoid synovial fluids are bound to the Fc-receptors on the lymphocytes, block the additional binding of the sensitized red cells, and result in the reduction of Fc-rosette formation.", "PMID": 415139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8022", "title": "Meningococcemia presenting as acute polyarthritis.", "content": "Four patientw with acute polyarthritis due to meningcoccemia are described. One had skin manifestations suggesting vasculitis, another had transient nodular lesions, but there were none of these features in the other two. Synovial fluid cultures were negative and cells counts did not suggest septic arthritis. The diagnosis was not suspected until positive blood cultures were reported in three cases and meningitis developed in the fourth. In spite of diagnostic delay due to slow growth in cultures (six to 11 days) there was prompt response to antibiotic treatment. Meningococcemia should be suspected in patients presenting with fever and polyarthritis, even in the absence of skin lesions.", "contents": "Meningococcemia presenting as acute polyarthritis. Four patientw with acute polyarthritis due to meningcoccemia are described. One had skin manifestations suggesting vasculitis, another had transient nodular lesions, but there were none of these features in the other two. Synovial fluid cultures were negative and cells counts did not suggest septic arthritis. The diagnosis was not suspected until positive blood cultures were reported in three cases and meningitis developed in the fourth. In spite of diagnostic delay due to slow growth in cultures (six to 11 days) there was prompt response to antibiotic treatment. Meningococcemia should be suspected in patients presenting with fever and polyarthritis, even in the absence of skin lesions.", "PMID": 415140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8023", "title": "Reproducible chromosome changes of polycyclic hydrocarbon-induced rat leukemia: incidence and chromosome banding pattern.", "content": "Statistical analysis of 361 cases of primary leukemia induced in outbred Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 7,8,12-trimethylbenz[a]anthracene (TMBA) showed that the incidence of trisomy of chromosome No. 2 was significantly lower with TMBA (17.8%) than with DMBA (29.3%). This tendency was reproducible in both sexes. Another characteristic chromosome abnormality, long No. 2, was found in 10 cases (2.8%). Quinacrine fluorescence analysis revealed that cells with No. 2 trisomy or either of two types of long No. 2 had total and partial No. 2 trisomy, respectively. Other chromosome members of cells with long No. 2, as well as the chromosomes of cells with typical No. 2 trisomy and \"normal diploid\" leukemia cells, revealed no band abnormality. The phenotype of No. 2 trisomy, severe anemia of the hosts reported in DMBA-induced leukemias, was also noted in leukemias with TMBA-induced No. 2 trisomy but not in leukemias with long No. 2.", "contents": "Reproducible chromosome changes of polycyclic hydrocarbon-induced rat leukemia: incidence and chromosome banding pattern. Statistical analysis of 361 cases of primary leukemia induced in outbred Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 7,8,12-trimethylbenz[a]anthracene (TMBA) showed that the incidence of trisomy of chromosome No. 2 was significantly lower with TMBA (17.8%) than with DMBA (29.3%). This tendency was reproducible in both sexes. Another characteristic chromosome abnormality, long No. 2, was found in 10 cases (2.8%). Quinacrine fluorescence analysis revealed that cells with No. 2 trisomy or either of two types of long No. 2 had total and partial No. 2 trisomy, respectively. Other chromosome members of cells with long No. 2, as well as the chromosomes of cells with typical No. 2 trisomy and \"normal diploid\" leukemia cells, revealed no band abnormality. The phenotype of No. 2 trisomy, severe anemia of the hosts reported in DMBA-induced leukemias, was also noted in leukemias with TMBA-induced No. 2 trisomy but not in leukemias with long No. 2.", "PMID": 415146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8024", "title": "Age-related modification of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene binding to rat mammary gland DNA.", "content": "The binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) to mammary gland and liver DNA of female Sprague-Dawley rats either 35, 50, or 120 days of age at the time of carcinogen administration was studied. Following a single oral feeding of tritium-labeled DMBA, the level of binding to liver DNA of rats in all 3 age groups was significantly lower, at all times during a 6-week period, than that of binding to mammary DNA. The amount of DMBA bound to liver DNA was a function of the amount of carcinogen administered and not the age of the animal. In contrast, DMBA binding to mammary DNA was dependent on the age of the animal at the time of carcinogen feeding. Furthermore, in the age group with 100% tumor induction (50 days old), DMBA binding increased directly with the amount of carcinogen fed; this was not the case for the other 2 age groups. These results indicated that a significant correlation existed between the age of the rat, the amount of DMBA bound to DNA, and the incidence of mammary tumors following carcinogen feeding.", "contents": "Age-related modification of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene binding to rat mammary gland DNA. The binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) to mammary gland and liver DNA of female Sprague-Dawley rats either 35, 50, or 120 days of age at the time of carcinogen administration was studied. Following a single oral feeding of tritium-labeled DMBA, the level of binding to liver DNA of rats in all 3 age groups was significantly lower, at all times during a 6-week period, than that of binding to mammary DNA. The amount of DMBA bound to liver DNA was a function of the amount of carcinogen administered and not the age of the animal. In contrast, DMBA binding to mammary DNA was dependent on the age of the animal at the time of carcinogen feeding. Furthermore, in the age group with 100% tumor induction (50 days old), DMBA binding increased directly with the amount of carcinogen fed; this was not the case for the other 2 age groups. These results indicated that a significant correlation existed between the age of the rat, the amount of DMBA bound to DNA, and the incidence of mammary tumors following carcinogen feeding.", "PMID": 415147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8025", "title": "Distinct glycosylation of serum proteins in patients with cancer: brief communication.", "content": "Concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin, lectins that interact with serum glycoprotein in a manner similar to the antigen--antibody reaction, were used as \"antibodies\" in a single radial immunodiffusion technique to test a coded serum panel (from the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md., and the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.) containing a) 99 serum samples from patients with different types of malignant neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, prostate gland, and lung, b) 50 samples from patients with benign diseases of the same organs as those affected in the cancer patients, and c) 50 samples from apparently healthy smokers. The resulting precipitation rings were not correlated to serum protein concentration, and the differences (demonstrated by Student's t-test and with a generalization of the one-sided two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic for evaluating diagnostic tests) established that serum glycoproteins are glycosylated differently in cancer patients than in people without cancer.", "contents": "Distinct glycosylation of serum proteins in patients with cancer: brief communication. Concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin, lectins that interact with serum glycoprotein in a manner similar to the antigen--antibody reaction, were used as \"antibodies\" in a single radial immunodiffusion technique to test a coded serum panel (from the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md., and the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.) containing a) 99 serum samples from patients with different types of malignant neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, prostate gland, and lung, b) 50 samples from patients with benign diseases of the same organs as those affected in the cancer patients, and c) 50 samples from apparently healthy smokers. The resulting precipitation rings were not correlated to serum protein concentration, and the differences (demonstrated by Student's t-test and with a generalization of the one-sided two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic for evaluating diagnostic tests) established that serum glycoproteins are glycosylated differently in cancer patients than in people without cancer.", "PMID": 415148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8026", "title": "Translation of RNAs synthesized in vivo and in vitro from bacteriophage SP82 DNA.", "content": "The synthesis of 69 phage-specific polypeptides during the infection of Bacillus subtilis with bacteriophage SP82 was detected by pulse-labeling, one-dimensional electrophoresis, and autoradiography. SP82 virions were found to contain approximately 22 polypeptides, most of which were synthesized late in infection; evidence was obtained for the processing of the major virion protein. RNAs extracted at different times during infection were translated by using an Escherichia coli cell-free extract. Only smaller-molecular-weight peptides were produced efficiently in vitro; in the 9,000- to 60,000-molecular-weight range, 50 to 60% of the peptides synthesized in vivo were produced by translation of RNAs extracted from infected cells. Eight of the virion peptides were produced by in vitro translation of RNAs extracted from infected cells. RNAs were synthesized under defined conditions by RNA polymerase extracted from uninfected B. subtilis and by polymerases isolated from cells 8 and 20 min after infection with SP82. Translation of these RNAs yielded characteristic and different patterns of polypeptides. Nine of the 12 polypeptides produced by translation of RNAs synthesized by the host polymerase corresponded in mobility to peptides appearing in vivo in the 0 to 3 and 3 to 6 min intervals of pulse-labeling after infection; 12 of the 25 peptides synthesized from RNAs produced by polymerase extracted 8 min after infection corresponded in mobility to peptides detected in vivo 8 min after infection, and 15 of the 22 peptides directed by RNAs made by the polymerase isolated 20 min after infection corresponded to peptides present in vivo late in infection. Five of the peptides produced in vitro from the latter RNA corresponded to virion peptides.", "contents": "Translation of RNAs synthesized in vivo and in vitro from bacteriophage SP82 DNA. The synthesis of 69 phage-specific polypeptides during the infection of Bacillus subtilis with bacteriophage SP82 was detected by pulse-labeling, one-dimensional electrophoresis, and autoradiography. SP82 virions were found to contain approximately 22 polypeptides, most of which were synthesized late in infection; evidence was obtained for the processing of the major virion protein. RNAs extracted at different times during infection were translated by using an Escherichia coli cell-free extract. Only smaller-molecular-weight peptides were produced efficiently in vitro; in the 9,000- to 60,000-molecular-weight range, 50 to 60% of the peptides synthesized in vivo were produced by translation of RNAs extracted from infected cells. Eight of the virion peptides were produced by in vitro translation of RNAs extracted from infected cells. RNAs were synthesized under defined conditions by RNA polymerase extracted from uninfected B. subtilis and by polymerases isolated from cells 8 and 20 min after infection with SP82. Translation of these RNAs yielded characteristic and different patterns of polypeptides. Nine of the 12 polypeptides produced by translation of RNAs synthesized by the host polymerase corresponded in mobility to peptides appearing in vivo in the 0 to 3 and 3 to 6 min intervals of pulse-labeling after infection; 12 of the 25 peptides synthesized from RNAs produced by polymerase extracted 8 min after infection corresponded in mobility to peptides detected in vivo 8 min after infection, and 15 of the 22 peptides directed by RNAs made by the polymerase isolated 20 min after infection corresponded to peptides present in vivo late in infection. Five of the peptides produced in vitro from the latter RNA corresponded to virion peptides.", "PMID": 415151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8027", "title": "Incorporation of label from ribose into 5-(4',5'-dihydroxypentyl) uracil of bacteriophage SP15 DNA.", "content": "Radioactively labeled ribose was incorporated into the glucosylated deoxynucleoside monophosphate of 5-(4',5'-dihydroxypentyl)uracil of bacteriophage SP15 DNA to a greater extent than into the other pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphates. Results from formic acid hydrolysis of the deoxynucleoside monophosphates to their bases suggest that label from ribose is incorporated into the dihydroxypentyl side chain of 5-(4',5'-dihydroxypentyl)uracil.", "contents": "Incorporation of label from ribose into 5-(4',5'-dihydroxypentyl) uracil of bacteriophage SP15 DNA. Radioactively labeled ribose was incorporated into the glucosylated deoxynucleoside monophosphate of 5-(4',5'-dihydroxypentyl)uracil of bacteriophage SP15 DNA to a greater extent than into the other pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphates. Results from formic acid hydrolysis of the deoxynucleoside monophosphates to their bases suggest that label from ribose is incorporated into the dihydroxypentyl side chain of 5-(4',5'-dihydroxypentyl)uracil.", "PMID": 415152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8028", "title": "Isolation of a Bacillus subtilis 168 derivative sensitive to defective bacteriophage PBSX.", "content": "A derivative of Bacillus subtilis strain 168 sensitive to defective bacteriophages PBSX and PBSZ has been isolated. This particular strain, RUB824, carries the genetic information for defective bacteriophage PBSX.", "contents": "Isolation of a Bacillus subtilis 168 derivative sensitive to defective bacteriophage PBSX. A derivative of Bacillus subtilis strain 168 sensitive to defective bacteriophages PBSX and PBSZ has been isolated. This particular strain, RUB824, carries the genetic information for defective bacteriophage PBSX.", "PMID": 415153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8029", "title": "Diagnostic evaluation of hypertension: pilot study in a hypertension clinic.", "content": "Two hundred and eighty-two (282) patients suffering from hypertension were evaluated for the detection of secondary forms of hypertension. Apart from clinical and routine laboratroy investigation in each, straight film of abdomen, intravenous pyelography (IVP), isotope renography and aortography were done in 174, 51, 109 and 2 cases respectively. Evidences of secondary hypertension was present in 22(7.8%) of which renal aetiology was probable in all but 4. Of the 10 patients with a primary kidney condition, possible renal aetiology was unsuspected in only one patient with unilateral renal hypoplasia. In 8 patients with renal involvement due to systemic disease, or in 4 with non-renal causes, the aetiological diagnosis was suggested by the clinical situation. In view of low yield of curable hypertension and high cost, IVP and renography should only be employed selectively and not as routine investigations.", "contents": "Diagnostic evaluation of hypertension: pilot study in a hypertension clinic. Two hundred and eighty-two (282) patients suffering from hypertension were evaluated for the detection of secondary forms of hypertension. Apart from clinical and routine laboratroy investigation in each, straight film of abdomen, intravenous pyelography (IVP), isotope renography and aortography were done in 174, 51, 109 and 2 cases respectively. Evidences of secondary hypertension was present in 22(7.8%) of which renal aetiology was probable in all but 4. Of the 10 patients with a primary kidney condition, possible renal aetiology was unsuspected in only one patient with unilateral renal hypoplasia. In 8 patients with renal involvement due to systemic disease, or in 4 with non-renal causes, the aetiological diagnosis was suggested by the clinical situation. In view of low yield of curable hypertension and high cost, IVP and renography should only be employed selectively and not as routine investigations.", "PMID": 415157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8030", "title": "Thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh), triiodothyronine (t3) and thyroxine (t4) response to intravenous and oral stimulation with synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh) in young healthy adults.", "content": "TSH, T3 and T4 response to stimulation with thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) has been investigated in 24 young healthy adults after intravenous injection and in 25 young healthy adults upon oral application of 40 mg of TRH. After intravenous injection the TSH concentration raises from a mean of 1.6 to a mean maximum of 11.7 muU/ml. A statistically significant sex difference could not be found. T3 shows a statistically significant increase which is however too small to be of diagnostic value in an individual test. After oral stimulation with 40 mg of TRH, TSH rises to a slightly higher maximum of 13.2 muU/ml after 3 h. The T3 increase from 1.5 to 2.19 ng/ml is significant and considerably higher than after intravenous stimulation. The thyroxin increase is statistically significant. The present results compare well with previously published data for intravenous stimulation. The oral route of TRH application has not yet been widely used and the present series establishes the normal response in young healthy adults. Repetitive stimulation with three times 40 mg of TRH leads to a decrease in TSH stimulation which reaches 5.8 muU/ml 3 h after the third dose. This is in contrast to a comparable increase in plasma T3.", "contents": "Thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh), triiodothyronine (t3) and thyroxine (t4) response to intravenous and oral stimulation with synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh) in young healthy adults. TSH, T3 and T4 response to stimulation with thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) has been investigated in 24 young healthy adults after intravenous injection and in 25 young healthy adults upon oral application of 40 mg of TRH. After intravenous injection the TSH concentration raises from a mean of 1.6 to a mean maximum of 11.7 muU/ml. A statistically significant sex difference could not be found. T3 shows a statistically significant increase which is however too small to be of diagnostic value in an individual test. After oral stimulation with 40 mg of TRH, TSH rises to a slightly higher maximum of 13.2 muU/ml after 3 h. The T3 increase from 1.5 to 2.19 ng/ml is significant and considerably higher than after intravenous stimulation. The thyroxin increase is statistically significant. The present results compare well with previously published data for intravenous stimulation. The oral route of TRH application has not yet been widely used and the present series establishes the normal response in young healthy adults. Repetitive stimulation with three times 40 mg of TRH leads to a decrease in TSH stimulation which reaches 5.8 muU/ml 3 h after the third dose. This is in contrast to a comparable increase in plasma T3.", "PMID": 415173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8031", "title": "[Bone mineral content during chronic hemodialysis long term observation by 125-i photonabsorptiometry (author's transl)].", "content": "40 out of 98 patients on chronic haemodialysis show an obviously lowered bone mineral content of the radius (mean -20.4%), 51 patients attain values in the normal range (mean -1%) and 7 subjects slightly increased values (mean +10.9%). A bone mineral loss of 2.5% could be found after long-term observations of this parameter between 6 to 30 months (mean observation period: 15 months). In general a progressive loss of the bone mineral content may be noticed with an increased duration of haemodialysis. This tendency is more distinct after the 40th year of life because of the simultaneous age-depending physiological decrease of bone mass. Abruptly occurring mineral losses of the skeleton may be due to a high incretion of parathyroid hormone and possibly require subtotal parathyroidectomy.", "contents": "[Bone mineral content during chronic hemodialysis long term observation by 125-i photonabsorptiometry (author's transl)]. 40 out of 98 patients on chronic haemodialysis show an obviously lowered bone mineral content of the radius (mean -20.4%), 51 patients attain values in the normal range (mean -1%) and 7 subjects slightly increased values (mean +10.9%). A bone mineral loss of 2.5% could be found after long-term observations of this parameter between 6 to 30 months (mean observation period: 15 months). In general a progressive loss of the bone mineral content may be noticed with an increased duration of haemodialysis. This tendency is more distinct after the 40th year of life because of the simultaneous age-depending physiological decrease of bone mass. Abruptly occurring mineral losses of the skeleton may be due to a high incretion of parathyroid hormone and possibly require subtotal parathyroidectomy.", "PMID": 415174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8032", "title": "A serological survey of accredited breeding colonies in the United Kingdom for common rodent viruses.", "content": "This paper reports the results of a general survey, the first in the United Kingdom, carried out on accredited breeding colonies of mice, rats and guinea-pigs over a period of a year. While the results show the potential usefulness of a viral accreditation grading scheme, they also show that contamination of breeding colonies with inapparent viral infections is widespread. This situation can only be improved by the continuous monitoring of animal stocks for rodent viruses, with the aim of improving the standard of animals available for research and for pharmacological, toxicological and routine diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "A serological survey of accredited breeding colonies in the United Kingdom for common rodent viruses. This paper reports the results of a general survey, the first in the United Kingdom, carried out on accredited breeding colonies of mice, rats and guinea-pigs over a period of a year. While the results show the potential usefulness of a viral accreditation grading scheme, they also show that contamination of breeding colonies with inapparent viral infections is widespread. This situation can only be improved by the continuous monitoring of animal stocks for rodent viruses, with the aim of improving the standard of animals available for research and for pharmacological, toxicological and routine diagnostic procedures.", "PMID": 415178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8033", "title": "On the rate limiting step in downhill transport via the LacY permease of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli K12 were constructed for the specific purpose of evaluating the inducibility of the influx mechanism controlled by the lacY gene. These strains are heteromerodiploids characterized by a high and relatively constant level of beta-D-galactosidase which is not affected significantly by induction of the Lac operon. These properties were obtained by introducing episomal lacI+,Oc,Z+,Y-genes into the cells. In these merodiploids the rate of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) hydrolysis of extracted cells is 50-times that of intact cells. This difference indicates that the rate limiting step in the ONPG hydrolysis by intact cells is influx. Using a set of merodiploids with and without the LacY transport system, we were able to demonstrate a specific induction of ONPG influx. However, the increase in influx due to induction was only 3.5-fold as compared to the 40-fold increase observed when the LacY permease was measured by intracellular accumulation of [14C]TMG.", "contents": "On the rate limiting step in downhill transport via the LacY permease of Escherichia coli. Strains of Escherichia coli K12 were constructed for the specific purpose of evaluating the inducibility of the influx mechanism controlled by the lacY gene. These strains are heteromerodiploids characterized by a high and relatively constant level of beta-D-galactosidase which is not affected significantly by induction of the Lac operon. These properties were obtained by introducing episomal lacI+,Oc,Z+,Y-genes into the cells. In these merodiploids the rate of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) hydrolysis of extracted cells is 50-times that of intact cells. This difference indicates that the rate limiting step in the ONPG hydrolysis by intact cells is influx. Using a set of merodiploids with and without the LacY transport system, we were able to demonstrate a specific induction of ONPG influx. However, the increase in influx due to induction was only 3.5-fold as compared to the 40-fold increase observed when the LacY permease was measured by intracellular accumulation of [14C]TMG.", "PMID": 415184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8034", "title": "The inhibitory effect of the artificial electron donor system, phenazine methosulfate-ascorbate, on bacterial transport mechanisms.", "content": "The artificial electron donor system, phenazine methosulfate (PMS)-ascorbate, inhibited active transort of solutes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa irrespective of whether the active transport systems were shock sensitive or shock resistant. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine could be substituted for PMS but a higher concentration was required. PMS-ascorbate also inhibited active transport in several other bacterial species with the exception of Escherichia coli and of a nonpigmented strain of Serratia marcescens. PMS-ascorbate previously has been shown to energize active transport in isolated membrane vesicles, even those prepared from the same bacterial species in whose intact cells active transport was inhibited. The apparent Km of glucose active transport in untreated cells of P. aeruginosa was 40 micron while the Km of glucose transport in cells incubated with PMS-ascorbate was 25 mM, and PMS-ascorbate had no effect on efflux of accumulated glucose. These results strongly suggested that facilitated diffusion resulted upon exposure of the cells to PMS- ascorbate. Thus, PMS-ascorbate appeared to have an uncoupler-like effect on cells of P. aeruginosa. The experimental data also pointed out that there are fundamental differences between the response of intact cells and membrane vesicles to exogenous electron donors.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of the artificial electron donor system, phenazine methosulfate-ascorbate, on bacterial transport mechanisms. The artificial electron donor system, phenazine methosulfate (PMS)-ascorbate, inhibited active transort of solutes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa irrespective of whether the active transport systems were shock sensitive or shock resistant. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine could be substituted for PMS but a higher concentration was required. PMS-ascorbate also inhibited active transport in several other bacterial species with the exception of Escherichia coli and of a nonpigmented strain of Serratia marcescens. PMS-ascorbate previously has been shown to energize active transport in isolated membrane vesicles, even those prepared from the same bacterial species in whose intact cells active transport was inhibited. The apparent Km of glucose active transport in untreated cells of P. aeruginosa was 40 micron while the Km of glucose transport in cells incubated with PMS-ascorbate was 25 mM, and PMS-ascorbate had no effect on efflux of accumulated glucose. These results strongly suggested that facilitated diffusion resulted upon exposure of the cells to PMS- ascorbate. Thus, PMS-ascorbate appeared to have an uncoupler-like effect on cells of P. aeruginosa. The experimental data also pointed out that there are fundamental differences between the response of intact cells and membrane vesicles to exogenous electron donors.", "PMID": 415185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8035", "title": "Protein and energy sparing of glucose added in hypocaloric amounts to peripheral infusions of amino acids.", "content": "After abdominal surgery, patients were given peripheral infusions of amino acids alone for 4 days followed by amino acids plus glucose for 4 days, or the same solutions in the reverse order. Although there was a wide variation in the response of individual subjects, the typical effect of glucose under these conditions was to reduce both nitrogen excretion (average of 2.8 g N/day) and resting metabolic expenditure (average of 110 kcal/day).", "contents": "Protein and energy sparing of glucose added in hypocaloric amounts to peripheral infusions of amino acids. After abdominal surgery, patients were given peripheral infusions of amino acids alone for 4 days followed by amino acids plus glucose for 4 days, or the same solutions in the reverse order. Although there was a wide variation in the response of individual subjects, the typical effect of glucose under these conditions was to reduce both nitrogen excretion (average of 2.8 g N/day) and resting metabolic expenditure (average of 110 kcal/day).", "PMID": 415212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8036", "title": "[Surgical problems of diverticulosis of the small intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients are reported which were operated for complications of small bowel diverticula. One was operated for a retroperitoneal tumor caused by a perforated diverticulum, which led to an inflammatory mass of the mesentery. In another patient adhesions produced acute intestinal obstruction.", "contents": "[Surgical problems of diverticulosis of the small intestine (author's transl)]. Two patients are reported which were operated for complications of small bowel diverticula. One was operated for a retroperitoneal tumor caused by a perforated diverticulum, which led to an inflammatory mass of the mesentery. In another patient adhesions produced acute intestinal obstruction.", "PMID": 415218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8037", "title": "Chromosome mobilization by the R plasmid R68.45: a tool in Pseudomonas genetics.", "content": "The conjugative plasmid R68.45 mobilizes the chromosome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO from multiple sites located in different chromosome regions. In interrupted matings on the plate, selection for any single marker tested resulted in entry times of 3-5 min. When selection was imposed  for two markers linked in R68.45-mediated conjugation, double recombinants appeared after a delay which corresponded approximately to the map distance between the two markers as measured by the sex factor FP2. Thus, R68.45 and FP2 appear to promote chromosome transfer at similar rates, but R68.45, unlike FP2, seems to give non-polarized transfer. R68.45 may be used to estimate map distances between linked markers located in those chromosome regions where other sex factors do not produce enough recombinants to permit accurate measurement of entry times. In R68.45 matings on the plate, most recombinants inherited short donor chromosome fragments (usually less than 10 min long) and lost the R plasmid during purification. Used like a \"large\" generalized transducing phage, R68.45 has proved valuable in construction of PAO strains with desired genotypes.", "contents": "Chromosome mobilization by the R plasmid R68.45: a tool in Pseudomonas genetics. The conjugative plasmid R68.45 mobilizes the chromosome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO from multiple sites located in different chromosome regions. In interrupted matings on the plate, selection for any single marker tested resulted in entry times of 3-5 min. When selection was imposed  for two markers linked in R68.45-mediated conjugation, double recombinants appeared after a delay which corresponded approximately to the map distance between the two markers as measured by the sex factor FP2. Thus, R68.45 and FP2 appear to promote chromosome transfer at similar rates, but R68.45, unlike FP2, seems to give non-polarized transfer. R68.45 may be used to estimate map distances between linked markers located in those chromosome regions where other sex factors do not produce enough recombinants to permit accurate measurement of entry times. In R68.45 matings on the plate, most recombinants inherited short donor chromosome fragments (usually less than 10 min long) and lost the R plasmid during purification. Used like a \"large\" generalized transducing phage, R68.45 has proved valuable in construction of PAO strains with desired genotypes.", "PMID": 415223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8038", "title": "Cloning of Bacillus subtilis leucina A, B and C genes with Escherichia coli plasmids and expression of the leuC gene in E. coli.", "content": "The leucine genes of Bacillus subtilis have been cloned directly from the chromosomal DNA into Escherichia coli leuB cells by selection for the Leu+ phenotype using RSF2124 as a vector plasmid. The hybrid plasmid designated RSF2124-B.leu contained a 4.2 megadalton fragment derived from B. subtilis DNA, including the leu genes. The fragment had one site susceptible to EcoRI* and another site susceptible to BamNI endonuclease. Among the three fragments produced by EcoRI* and BamNI endonucleases, the 1.2 megadalton fragment had the ability to transform B. subtilis leuA, leuB and leuC auxotrophs to leu+. However, B. subtilis ilvB and ilvc auxotrophs were not rescued even by the whole 4.2 megadalton fragment present in the hybrid plasmid. beta-Isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (leuB gene product) activity found in E. coli cells containing the hybrid plasmid was about 60% of that in E. coli wild type cells, despite the high copy number (7.8) of the plasmid per chromosome observed.", "contents": "Cloning of Bacillus subtilis leucina A, B and C genes with Escherichia coli plasmids and expression of the leuC gene in E. coli. The leucine genes of Bacillus subtilis have been cloned directly from the chromosomal DNA into Escherichia coli leuB cells by selection for the Leu+ phenotype using RSF2124 as a vector plasmid. The hybrid plasmid designated RSF2124-B.leu contained a 4.2 megadalton fragment derived from B. subtilis DNA, including the leu genes. The fragment had one site susceptible to EcoRI* and another site susceptible to BamNI endonuclease. Among the three fragments produced by EcoRI* and BamNI endonucleases, the 1.2 megadalton fragment had the ability to transform B. subtilis leuA, leuB and leuC auxotrophs to leu+. However, B. subtilis ilvB and ilvc auxotrophs were not rescued even by the whole 4.2 megadalton fragment present in the hybrid plasmid. beta-Isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (leuB gene product) activity found in E. coli cells containing the hybrid plasmid was about 60% of that in E. coli wild type cells, despite the high copy number (7.8) of the plasmid per chromosome observed.", "PMID": 415224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8039", "title": "[Recognition of bacterial infections in newborns by measuring specific antibody-titres (author's transl)].", "content": "Antibodies were measured in 172 unselected neonates against mixed polyvalent antigens derived from E. COLI, Klebsiella, Ps. aeruginosa and Proteus spp. respectively, using a modification of the indirect haemagglutination technique according to Neter. 120 of these neonates with no evidence of infection served as controls. 6 out of 8 children with proven E. coli septicaemia had either raised titres or significant rises in titre. Five further neonates with septicaemia, four due to Klebsiella and one to Pseudomonas, had pathologically raised titres as well. 8 out of 12 neonates with clinically suspected septicaemia in whom no pathogen was isolated from the blood or cerebrospinal fluid had raised antibody titres. Following premature rupture of the membranes 2 out of 3 neonates who subsequently developed proven E. coli septicaemia had raised antibody titres against E. coli even on the first day of life. These results suggest that the measurement of antibody titres can be a valuable aid to the diagnosis of neonatal septicaemia.", "contents": "[Recognition of bacterial infections in newborns by measuring specific antibody-titres (author's transl)]. Antibodies were measured in 172 unselected neonates against mixed polyvalent antigens derived from E. COLI, Klebsiella, Ps. aeruginosa and Proteus spp. respectively, using a modification of the indirect haemagglutination technique according to Neter. 120 of these neonates with no evidence of infection served as controls. 6 out of 8 children with proven E. coli septicaemia had either raised titres or significant rises in titre. Five further neonates with septicaemia, four due to Klebsiella and one to Pseudomonas, had pathologically raised titres as well. 8 out of 12 neonates with clinically suspected septicaemia in whom no pathogen was isolated from the blood or cerebrospinal fluid had raised antibody titres. Following premature rupture of the membranes 2 out of 3 neonates who subsequently developed proven E. coli septicaemia had raised antibody titres against E. coli even on the first day of life. These results suggest that the measurement of antibody titres can be a valuable aid to the diagnosis of neonatal septicaemia.", "PMID": 415229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8040", "title": "Mutation induction with UV- and X-radiations in spores and vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Spores and vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis strains with various defects in DNA-repair capacities (hcr-, ssp-, hcr-ssp-) were irradiated with UV radiation or X-rays. Induced mutation frequency was determined from the observed frequency of prototrophic reversion of a suppressible auxotrophic mutation. At equal physical dose, after either UV- or X-irradiation, spores were more resistant to mutations as well as to killing than were vegetative cells. However, quantitative comparison revealed that, at equally lethal doses, spores and vegetative cells were almost equally mutable by X-rays whereas spores were considerably less mutable by UV than were vegetative cells. Thus, as judged from their mutagenic efficiency relative to the lethality, X-ray-induced damage in the spore DNA and the vegetative DNA were equally mutagenic, while UV-induced DNA photoproducts in the spore were less mutagenic than those in vegetative cells. Post-treatment of UV-irradiated cells with caffeine decreased the survival and the induced mutation frequency for either spores or vegetative cells for all the strains. In X-irradiated spores, however, a similar suppressing effect of caffeine was observed only for mutability of a strain lacking DNA polymerase I activity.", "contents": "Mutation induction with UV- and X-radiations in spores and vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis. Spores and vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis strains with various defects in DNA-repair capacities (hcr-, ssp-, hcr-ssp-) were irradiated with UV radiation or X-rays. Induced mutation frequency was determined from the observed frequency of prototrophic reversion of a suppressible auxotrophic mutation. At equal physical dose, after either UV- or X-irradiation, spores were more resistant to mutations as well as to killing than were vegetative cells. However, quantitative comparison revealed that, at equally lethal doses, spores and vegetative cells were almost equally mutable by X-rays whereas spores were considerably less mutable by UV than were vegetative cells. Thus, as judged from their mutagenic efficiency relative to the lethality, X-ray-induced damage in the spore DNA and the vegetative DNA were equally mutagenic, while UV-induced DNA photoproducts in the spore were less mutagenic than those in vegetative cells. Post-treatment of UV-irradiated cells with caffeine decreased the survival and the induced mutation frequency for either spores or vegetative cells for all the strains. In X-irradiated spores, however, a similar suppressing effect of caffeine was observed only for mutability of a strain lacking DNA polymerase I activity.", "PMID": 415232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8041", "title": "Some effects of health insurance in Canada--from private enterprise toward public accountability.", "content": "Ten years after the introduction of national medical insurance in Canada, it is possible to view the effect of a comprehensive health-insurance program on the relations among physicians, society and government. With costs of health care paid from the public rather than the private purse, provincial efforts to control the cost of hospital and physician services are increasing, and various methods for cost containment are now visible. Since the budget for these expenses is publicly debated it competes for support against other publicly funded programs. The federal/provincial insurance system is evolving as an instrument of reform in the organization of health services and has led to the introduction of legislation that is changing the health-delivery system. A gradual shift in power between various health agencies, physicians, professional organizations and government is occurring.", "contents": "Some effects of health insurance in Canada--from private enterprise toward public accountability. Ten years after the introduction of national medical insurance in Canada, it is possible to view the effect of a comprehensive health-insurance program on the relations among physicians, society and government. With costs of health care paid from the public rather than the private purse, provincial efforts to control the cost of hospital and physician services are increasing, and various methods for cost containment are now visible. Since the budget for these expenses is publicly debated it competes for support against other publicly funded programs. The federal/provincial insurance system is evolving as an instrument of reform in the organization of health services and has led to the introduction of legislation that is changing the health-delivery system. A gradual shift in power between various health agencies, physicians, professional organizations and government is occurring.", "PMID": 415235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8042", "title": "Consumer-choice health plan (first of two parts). Inflation and inequity in health care today: alternatives for cost control and an analysis of proposals for national health insurance.", "content": "The financing system for medical costs in this country suffers from severe inflation and inequity. The tax-supported system of fee for service for doctors, third-party intermediaries and cost reimbursement for hospitals produces inflation by rewarding cost-increasing behavior and failing to provide incentives for economy. The system is inequitable because the government pays more on behalf of those who choose more costly systems of care, because tax benefits subsidize the health insurance of the well-to-do, while not helping many low-income people, and because employment health insurance does not guarantee continuity of coverage and is regressive in its financing. Analysis of previous proposals for national health insurance shows none to be capable of solving most of these problems. Direct economic regulation by government will not improve the situation. Cost controls through incentives and regulated competition in the private sector are most likely to be effective.", "contents": "Consumer-choice health plan (first of two parts). Inflation and inequity in health care today: alternatives for cost control and an analysis of proposals for national health insurance. The financing system for medical costs in this country suffers from severe inflation and inequity. The tax-supported system of fee for service for doctors, third-party intermediaries and cost reimbursement for hospitals produces inflation by rewarding cost-increasing behavior and failing to provide incentives for economy. The system is inequitable because the government pays more on behalf of those who choose more costly systems of care, because tax benefits subsidize the health insurance of the well-to-do, while not helping many low-income people, and because employment health insurance does not guarantee continuity of coverage and is regressive in its financing. Analysis of previous proposals for national health insurance shows none to be capable of solving most of these problems. Direct economic regulation by government will not improve the situation. Cost controls through incentives and regulated competition in the private sector are most likely to be effective.", "PMID": 415239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8043", "title": "Consumer-Choice Health plan (second of two parts). A national-health-insurance proposal based on regulated competition in the private sector.", "content": "Medical costs are straining public finances. Direct economic regulation will raise costs, retard beneficial innovation and be increasingly burdensome to physicians. As an alternative, I suggest that the government change financial incentives by creating a system of competing health plans in which physicians and consumers can benefit from using resources wisely. Main proposals consist of changed tax laws, Medicare and Medicaid to subsidize individual premium payments by an amount based on financial and predicted medical need, as well as subsidies usable only for premiums in qualified health insurance or delivery plans operating under rules that include periodic open enrollment, community rating by actuarial category, premium rating by market area and a limit on each person's out-of pocket costs. Also, efficient systems should be allowed to pass on the full savings to consumers. Finally, incremental changes should be made in the present system to alter it fundamentally, but gradually and voluntarily. Freedom of choice for consumers and physicians should be preserved.", "contents": "Consumer-Choice Health plan (second of two parts). A national-health-insurance proposal based on regulated competition in the private sector. Medical costs are straining public finances. Direct economic regulation will raise costs, retard beneficial innovation and be increasingly burdensome to physicians. As an alternative, I suggest that the government change financial incentives by creating a system of competing health plans in which physicians and consumers can benefit from using resources wisely. Main proposals consist of changed tax laws, Medicare and Medicaid to subsidize individual premium payments by an amount based on financial and predicted medical need, as well as subsidies usable only for premiums in qualified health insurance or delivery plans operating under rules that include periodic open enrollment, community rating by actuarial category, premium rating by market area and a limit on each person's out-of pocket costs. Also, efficient systems should be allowed to pass on the full savings to consumers. Finally, incremental changes should be made in the present system to alter it fundamentally, but gradually and voluntarily. Freedom of choice for consumers and physicians should be preserved.", "PMID": 415241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8044", "title": "[Responses of neurons of hypothalamic nuclei to stimulation of the frontobasal regions of the neocortex].", "content": "Neuronal responses of different hypothalamic nuclei to frontobasal cerebral cortex (proreal, posterior orbital, basal and temporal regions) were studied in acute experiments on cats narcotized by membutal mixed with chloraloze. Neurons which could be activated antidromically during stimulation of another region were recorded. On the basis of their response a number of neuronal chains (circles) functioning in forebrain was distinguished. The first chain is orbital gyrus--preoptical zone--proreal gyrus. The second chain has the same cortical components as the first one, but switching over in the hypothalamus takes place in the region of mamillary bodies. The third chain is basal temporal cortex--lateral hypothalamus--prefrontal cortex.", "contents": "[Responses of neurons of hypothalamic nuclei to stimulation of the frontobasal regions of the neocortex]. Neuronal responses of different hypothalamic nuclei to frontobasal cerebral cortex (proreal, posterior orbital, basal and temporal regions) were studied in acute experiments on cats narcotized by membutal mixed with chloraloze. Neurons which could be activated antidromically during stimulation of another region were recorded. On the basis of their response a number of neuronal chains (circles) functioning in forebrain was distinguished. The first chain is orbital gyrus--preoptical zone--proreal gyrus. The second chain has the same cortical components as the first one, but switching over in the hypothalamus takes place in the region of mamillary bodies. The third chain is basal temporal cortex--lateral hypothalamus--prefrontal cortex.", "PMID": 415257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8045", "title": "[Participation of corticofugal transmissions in the formation of somatic evoked potentials in the caudate nucleus of monkeys].", "content": "Evoked potentials in monkey (Macaca rhesus) nucleus caudatus (chronic experiments) were facilitated when the peripheral stimuli were combined with the electrical stimulation of the cortex in the zone of the sensory projection of the stimulated extremities. These results suggest that the specialized somatic response is formed in n. Cd. by the ascending afferent volley and corticofugal one evoked by the same peripheral stimulus.", "contents": "[Participation of corticofugal transmissions in the formation of somatic evoked potentials in the caudate nucleus of monkeys]. Evoked potentials in monkey (Macaca rhesus) nucleus caudatus (chronic experiments) were facilitated when the peripheral stimuli were combined with the electrical stimulation of the cortex in the zone of the sensory projection of the stimulated extremities. These results suggest that the specialized somatic response is formed in n. Cd. by the ascending afferent volley and corticofugal one evoked by the same peripheral stimulus.", "PMID": 415258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8046", "title": "Proglonged epileptic twilight states: continuous recordings with nasopharyngeal electrodes and videotape analysis.", "content": "Confusion, speech arrest, automatic behavior, and amnesia characterize the prolonged twilight states of both petit mal and psychomotor status. However, in psychomotor status two electroclinical phases were differentiated: (1) A continuous twilight state with partial responsiveness and reactive automatisms interrupted by (2) staring, total loss of responsiveness, and stereotyped automatisms. During the first phase, with reactive behavior, the EEG showed bilateral diffuse slowing. During the second phase, with stereotyped automatisms, there were spreading right temporal 4- to 12-Hz discharges. Petit mal status had one continuous twilight state, during which both stereotyped and reactive automatisms merged as 1.5- to 4-Hz spike-wave complexes, and bimedial temporal 4-Hz discharges' appeared in the EEG.", "contents": "Proglonged epileptic twilight states: continuous recordings with nasopharyngeal electrodes and videotape analysis. Confusion, speech arrest, automatic behavior, and amnesia characterize the prolonged twilight states of both petit mal and psychomotor status. However, in psychomotor status two electroclinical phases were differentiated: (1) A continuous twilight state with partial responsiveness and reactive automatisms interrupted by (2) staring, total loss of responsiveness, and stereotyped automatisms. During the first phase, with reactive behavior, the EEG showed bilateral diffuse slowing. During the second phase, with stereotyped automatisms, there were spreading right temporal 4- to 12-Hz discharges. Petit mal status had one continuous twilight state, during which both stereotyped and reactive automatisms merged as 1.5- to 4-Hz spike-wave complexes, and bimedial temporal 4-Hz discharges' appeared in the EEG.", "PMID": 415260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8047", "title": "Marchiafava-Bignami disease.", "content": "Marchiafava-Bignami disease was diagnosed postmortem in a 39-year-old man who drank excessive amounts of white port wine. This is the fifth report of the disease in a native North-American with no Italian ancestry. The lesion involved the corpus callosum and hippocampal commissure but spared the anterior commissure, middle cerebellar peduncles, optic chiasm, and centrum semiovale. Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy and pellagroid neuronal changes were also present.", "contents": "Marchiafava-Bignami disease. Marchiafava-Bignami disease was diagnosed postmortem in a 39-year-old man who drank excessive amounts of white port wine. This is the fifth report of the disease in a native North-American with no Italian ancestry. The lesion involved the corpus callosum and hippocampal commissure but spared the anterior commissure, middle cerebellar peduncles, optic chiasm, and centrum semiovale. Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy and pellagroid neuronal changes were also present.", "PMID": 415261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8048", "title": "Listeria monocytogenes meningitis: case report.", "content": "A case of Listeria monocytogenes septicaemia with meningitis is described. Predisposing factors in this case included chronic liver disease, diabetes mellitus and liver malignancy. The infection responded poorly to ampicillin.", "contents": "Listeria monocytogenes meningitis: case report. A case of Listeria monocytogenes septicaemia with meningitis is described. Predisposing factors in this case included chronic liver disease, diabetes mellitus and liver malignancy. The infection responded poorly to ampicillin.", "PMID": 415268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8049", "title": "Reduced dose of Rh immunoglobulin following first trimester pregnancy termination.", "content": "The efficacy and safety of a 50-microgram dose of Rh immune globulin for prevention of Rh isosensitization following first trimester vacuum abortion are evaluated in this study. A total of 1027 women undergoing abortion at three outpatient facilities participated in the study; 755 (73.5%) completed follow-up serologic screening 6 months after termination of pregnancy. None showed serologic evidence of Rh sensitization at the time of followup. No serious adverse reactions to the drug were observed.", "contents": "Reduced dose of Rh immunoglobulin following first trimester pregnancy termination. The efficacy and safety of a 50-microgram dose of Rh immune globulin for prevention of Rh isosensitization following first trimester vacuum abortion are evaluated in this study. A total of 1027 women undergoing abortion at three outpatient facilities participated in the study; 755 (73.5%) completed follow-up serologic screening 6 months after termination of pregnancy. None showed serologic evidence of Rh sensitization at the time of followup. No serious adverse reactions to the drug were observed.", "PMID": 415273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8050", "title": "Gingival response to silk, cotton, and nylon suture materials.", "content": "Silk, cotton, and nylon suture materials were implanted in the tunica propria of the gingiva in seven adult rhesus monkeys. The histologie study of twenty-four biopsy specimens indicated that there was neither an increase in the vascular permeability nor a leukocytic margination and migration into the tissues adjacent to the suture materials. However, there was a variable histiocytic reaction, with multinucleated cell formation. This reaction was quite intense with cotton, less intense with silk, and practically absent with nylon. The greater cellular response to cotton was probably due to its more active capacity for modifying the internal biologic medium of the gingvia.", "contents": "Gingival response to silk, cotton, and nylon suture materials. Silk, cotton, and nylon suture materials were implanted in the tunica propria of the gingiva in seven adult rhesus monkeys. The histologie study of twenty-four biopsy specimens indicated that there was neither an increase in the vascular permeability nor a leukocytic margination and migration into the tissues adjacent to the suture materials. However, there was a variable histiocytic reaction, with multinucleated cell formation. This reaction was quite intense with cotton, less intense with silk, and practically absent with nylon. The greater cellular response to cotton was probably due to its more active capacity for modifying the internal biologic medium of the gingvia.", "PMID": 415276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8051", "title": "Cheek mucosa response to silk, cotton, and nylon suture materials.", "content": "The cheek mucosa reacted to the implantation of cotton and silk with an aseptic inflammatory exudate which was found 24 hours and 4 days postoperatively. The leukocytic infiltrate was followed by a histiocytic reaction. Which was established at 7 days but which later progressively declined. The comparison of these findings with those previously obtained from gingival tissues revealed that the leukocytic infiltration in the gingiva was minimal or nonexistent. Probably, the difference in the leukocytic reacting capacity of the gingiva and cheek mucosa was due to the different histologic architecture present in both tissues and directly related to the active capacity of the suture materials to modify the internal biologic medium.", "contents": "Cheek mucosa response to silk, cotton, and nylon suture materials. The cheek mucosa reacted to the implantation of cotton and silk with an aseptic inflammatory exudate which was found 24 hours and 4 days postoperatively. The leukocytic infiltrate was followed by a histiocytic reaction. Which was established at 7 days but which later progressively declined. The comparison of these findings with those previously obtained from gingival tissues revealed that the leukocytic infiltration in the gingiva was minimal or nonexistent. Probably, the difference in the leukocytic reacting capacity of the gingiva and cheek mucosa was due to the different histologic architecture present in both tissues and directly related to the active capacity of the suture materials to modify the internal biologic medium.", "PMID": 415277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8052", "title": "Tissue reactions following apical plugging of the root canal with dentin chips in monkey teeth subjected to pulpectomy.", "content": "The tissue reaction following apical plugging of the root canal with dentin chips in monkey teeth subjected to pulpectomy was studied. The reaction was characterized by formation of a cementum-like tissue onto the chips, often walling off the root canal as well as accessory and lateral canals. Twenty-two of twenty-four teeth were rated as successful 95 days after pulpectomy. In the control groups, in which apical plugging of the canal with dentin chips was not attempted, ten of twenty-one teeth were rated as successful at this observation time. In six of the ten successfully treated teeth in these groups a dentin chip plug had been made, although care had been taken to avoid this. It is suggested that a plug of dentin chips is well tolerated by the tissues and may present an effective barrier in the apical part of the root canal, facilitating the accomplishment of a well-condensed, tightly sealing root filling.", "contents": "Tissue reactions following apical plugging of the root canal with dentin chips in monkey teeth subjected to pulpectomy. The tissue reaction following apical plugging of the root canal with dentin chips in monkey teeth subjected to pulpectomy was studied. The reaction was characterized by formation of a cementum-like tissue onto the chips, often walling off the root canal as well as accessory and lateral canals. Twenty-two of twenty-four teeth were rated as successful 95 days after pulpectomy. In the control groups, in which apical plugging of the canal with dentin chips was not attempted, ten of twenty-one teeth were rated as successful at this observation time. In six of the ten successfully treated teeth in these groups a dentin chip plug had been made, although care had been taken to avoid this. It is suggested that a plug of dentin chips is well tolerated by the tissues and may present an effective barrier in the apical part of the root canal, facilitating the accomplishment of a well-condensed, tightly sealing root filling.", "PMID": 415279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8053", "title": "Dental pulp reaction to Cavit temporary filling material.", "content": "Seventy-two teeth in three Macaque fasicularis monkeys were used to evaluate pulpal response to cavit. Displacement of odontoblastic nuclei was evaluated histologically at three time periods in order to identify initial, early, and final responses. There were no statistically significant differences in pulpal response between Cavit and the zinc oxide-eugenol controls when used in accordance with the manufacturer's directions.", "contents": "Dental pulp reaction to Cavit temporary filling material. Seventy-two teeth in three Macaque fasicularis monkeys were used to evaluate pulpal response to cavit. Displacement of odontoblastic nuclei was evaluated histologically at three time periods in order to identify initial, early, and final responses. There were no statistically significant differences in pulpal response between Cavit and the zinc oxide-eugenol controls when used in accordance with the manufacturer's directions.", "PMID": 415280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8054", "title": "Cerebellar contribution to oculomotor function.", "content": "Normal 38 juvenile rhesus monkeys were used to study cerebellar contribution to oculomotor function. (1) Gaze nystagmus was seen only after bilateral flocculus lesions. (2) Spontaneous nystagmus was observed after nodulus, flocculus and cerebellar nuclei lesions. (3) OKN was severely impaired after bilateral flocculus and nodulus lesions. It was slightly impaired after dentate nucleus lesions in a long-term observation. (4) It is a very interesting finding that OKN is severely impaired after destruction of the flocculus and nodulus which have a very important role in the visual fixation.", "contents": "Cerebellar contribution to oculomotor function. Normal 38 juvenile rhesus monkeys were used to study cerebellar contribution to oculomotor function. (1) Gaze nystagmus was seen only after bilateral flocculus lesions. (2) Spontaneous nystagmus was observed after nodulus, flocculus and cerebellar nuclei lesions. (3) OKN was severely impaired after bilateral flocculus and nodulus lesions. It was slightly impaired after dentate nucleus lesions in a long-term observation. (4) It is a very interesting finding that OKN is severely impaired after destruction of the flocculus and nodulus which have a very important role in the visual fixation.", "PMID": 415281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8055", "title": "Morquio's disease and the hearing organ.", "content": "Histopathologic evidence offered by a case of Morquio's disease and observed in the hearing organ showed widespread collagen damage, possibly initiated by the general hemorrhageous tendency, while the family history bore evidence of a genetic source. The clinical manifestations comprise striking dwarfism, beaking of the lumbar spine, sternal bulging, flaring of the rib cage, falt vertebrae, marked osteoporosis, prominent joints, semi-crouching stance, short nose. Roentgenograms showed retarded ossification.", "contents": "Morquio's disease and the hearing organ. Histopathologic evidence offered by a case of Morquio's disease and observed in the hearing organ showed widespread collagen damage, possibly initiated by the general hemorrhageous tendency, while the family history bore evidence of a genetic source. The clinical manifestations comprise striking dwarfism, beaking of the lumbar spine, sternal bulging, flaring of the rib cage, falt vertebrae, marked osteoporosis, prominent joints, semi-crouching stance, short nose. Roentgenograms showed retarded ossification.", "PMID": 415282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8056", "title": "Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against Trypanosoma cruzi.", "content": "This paper describes in vitro antibody dependent cytotoxicity against Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes by normal mouse splenic lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity was expressed as the percentage reduction in the number of motile parasites upon incubation with lymphocytes at 37 degrees C in a defined medium. Failure of the non-motile parasites to regain motility and their ensuing degeneration of 28 degrees C in liver infusion tryptose (LIT) medium confirmed loss of motility as a criterion of cytotoxicity. Incubation of T. cruzi cruzi at 37 degrees C for 18 h in a defined medium per se did not interfere with motility but was followed by a lag phase of the growth curve in LIT medium at 28 degrees C. The lag phase was prolonged for T. cruzi which had previously been incubated at 37 degrees C in the absence of cells.", "contents": "Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against Trypanosoma cruzi. This paper describes in vitro antibody dependent cytotoxicity against Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes by normal mouse splenic lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity was expressed as the percentage reduction in the number of motile parasites upon incubation with lymphocytes at 37 degrees C in a defined medium. Failure of the non-motile parasites to regain motility and their ensuing degeneration of 28 degrees C in liver infusion tryptose (LIT) medium confirmed loss of motility as a criterion of cytotoxicity. Incubation of T. cruzi cruzi at 37 degrees C for 18 h in a defined medium per se did not interfere with motility but was followed by a lag phase of the growth curve in LIT medium at 28 degrees C. The lag phase was prolonged for T. cruzi which had previously been incubated at 37 degrees C in the absence of cells.", "PMID": 415286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8057", "title": "[The evolutionary historical (phylogenetic) background of the wisdom-tooth problem].", "content": "The almost ubiquitous wisdom tooth problem of modern man is in the present paper made the object of an analysis and evaluation on a comprehensive biological basis. It is pointed out that a number of fundamental traits of human cranio-facial evolution have implied developmental trends which have ultimately placed them at the bottom of the later wisdom tooth problem. These aspects are particularly associated with the discrepancy between the size of the jaws and the dental apparatus, arising by failing coordination in the tempo of regression of the separate masticatory elements during the phylogenetic process. The wisdom tooth problem, however, has not become manifest and acute until the present age, with the marked reduction of masticatory function which has taken place.", "contents": "[The evolutionary historical (phylogenetic) background of the wisdom-tooth problem]. The almost ubiquitous wisdom tooth problem of modern man is in the present paper made the object of an analysis and evaluation on a comprehensive biological basis. It is pointed out that a number of fundamental traits of human cranio-facial evolution have implied developmental trends which have ultimately placed them at the bottom of the later wisdom tooth problem. These aspects are particularly associated with the discrepancy between the size of the jaws and the dental apparatus, arising by failing coordination in the tempo of regression of the separate masticatory elements during the phylogenetic process. The wisdom tooth problem, however, has not become manifest and acute until the present age, with the marked reduction of masticatory function which has taken place.", "PMID": 415290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8058", "title": "[Subacute bacterial endocarditis due to lactobacillus (author's transl)].", "content": "The case described is one of endocarditis due to lactobacillus casei in a 33-year-old man with aortic insufficiency of undetermined origin. The clinical signs were neurological, following thrombosis of the right posterior cerebral artery. The source of injection was a dental extraction. This case, with a typical clinical picture, is the eleventh to be reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Subacute bacterial endocarditis due to lactobacillus (author's transl)]. The case described is one of endocarditis due to lactobacillus casei in a 33-year-old man with aortic insufficiency of undetermined origin. The clinical signs were neurological, following thrombosis of the right posterior cerebral artery. The source of injection was a dental extraction. This case, with a typical clinical picture, is the eleventh to be reported in the literature.", "PMID": 415291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8059", "title": "Gonorrhea: unmasking asymptomatic or atypical infection.", "content": "Diagnosing a typical case of gonorrhea presents no problem. However, because of the large number of asymptomatic female carriers of the disease, it is mandatory that most sexually active women have routine cultures of urethral and cervical specimens for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The possibility of gonorrheal infection in the anal canal and, in some cases, the oropharynx must also be considered.", "contents": "Gonorrhea: unmasking asymptomatic or atypical infection. Diagnosing a typical case of gonorrhea presents no problem. However, because of the large number of asymptomatic female carriers of the disease, it is mandatory that most sexually active women have routine cultures of urethral and cervical specimens for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The possibility of gonorrheal infection in the anal canal and, in some cases, the oropharynx must also be considered.", "PMID": 415294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8060", "title": "Case report: Recurrent postictal pulmonary edema.", "content": "A 32-year-old man with a long history of grand mal seizures but otherwise good health had recurrent episodes of postictal pulmonary edema when he failed to take anticonvulsant medication regularly. This case illustrates most of the features observed in other reported cases of postictal pulmonary edema. Symptoms include dyspnea and cough with production of various quantities of mucoid fluid that may be copious and frankly hemorrhagic. Blood pressure is normal, and temperature may be normal also but is frequently elevated to 100 or 101 F. No cardiac irregularities are heard on auscultation, and the ECG is often normal, but a wide range of abnormalities may be seen. Considerable arterial hypoxemia may occur, and leukocytosis (11,000 to 14,000 cells per cubic millimeter) is common. Rales and rhonchi are audible, and chest films often show bilateral upper and middle lobe infiltrates. The patient is usually clinically improved within 24 hours and the pulmonary edema completely cleared in three to five days.", "contents": "Case report: Recurrent postictal pulmonary edema. A 32-year-old man with a long history of grand mal seizures but otherwise good health had recurrent episodes of postictal pulmonary edema when he failed to take anticonvulsant medication regularly. This case illustrates most of the features observed in other reported cases of postictal pulmonary edema. Symptoms include dyspnea and cough with production of various quantities of mucoid fluid that may be copious and frankly hemorrhagic. Blood pressure is normal, and temperature may be normal also but is frequently elevated to 100 or 101 F. No cardiac irregularities are heard on auscultation, and the ECG is often normal, but a wide range of abnormalities may be seen. Considerable arterial hypoxemia may occur, and leukocytosis (11,000 to 14,000 cells per cubic millimeter) is common. Rales and rhonchi are audible, and chest films often show bilateral upper and middle lobe infiltrates. The patient is usually clinically improved within 24 hours and the pulmonary edema completely cleared in three to five days.", "PMID": 415295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8061", "title": "Effect of photoperiod on the diurnal periodicity of Leucocytozoon smithi gametocytes in the peripheral blood of domestic turkeys.", "content": "The daily cyclical variation in Leucocytozoon smithi gametocyte numbers in the peripheral blood of domestic turkeys was shifted 12-hr. by exposure of hosts to a reversed photoperiod. Peak parasitemia coincided with the midpoint of the artificial light period (0100 hr.), while low parasitemia occurred between 1300 hr. and 1700 hr. Disruption of strict gametocyte periodicity was suggested by results of birds exposed to light varying in intensity from 700 lux during the day to 161 lux at night although marked fluctuations in gametocyte numbers occurred.", "contents": "Effect of photoperiod on the diurnal periodicity of Leucocytozoon smithi gametocytes in the peripheral blood of domestic turkeys. The daily cyclical variation in Leucocytozoon smithi gametocyte numbers in the peripheral blood of domestic turkeys was shifted 12-hr. by exposure of hosts to a reversed photoperiod. Peak parasitemia coincided with the midpoint of the artificial light period (0100 hr.), while low parasitemia occurred between 1300 hr. and 1700 hr. Disruption of strict gametocyte periodicity was suggested by results of birds exposed to light varying in intensity from 700 lux during the day to 161 lux at night although marked fluctuations in gametocyte numbers occurred.", "PMID": 415297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8062", "title": "Retention and excretion of polychlorinated biphenyl residues by laying hens.", "content": "Commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures with 21, 32, 42, 48, 54, and 68% chlorine were fed to caged White Leghorn hens at 20 p.p.m. for nine weeks. The 42, 48, and 54% mixtures were also fed at 2 p.p.m. Residues in egg at nine weeks were 0.7, 2.4, 14.4, 9.3, 11.4, and at 21.5 p.p.m. for the 21, 32, 42, 48, 54, and 68% chlorine PCBs, respectively. Corresponding values in body fat were 24.0, 51.1, 89.3, 90.5, 124.5, and 52.4 p.p.m., respectively. Levels in eggs and body fat of groups fed 2 p.p.m. were approximately one-tenth the levels in the 20 p.p.m. group. After seven weeks of control feed, the values for the 20 p.p.m. groups were 0.7, 1.8, 2.8, 3.0, 7.2, and 1.8 for eggs and 8.1, 22.4, 26.4, 39.8, 91.7, and 43.6 for body fat. Estimated recovery of consumed PCBs increased from 8% to 55% as chlorine increased from 21 to 68%. Residues in excreta was about 10% of intake for all PCBs. Body fat retention was greater than egg elimination for 21 through 48% chlorine PCB, about the same for 54% and much less for the 68% chlorine PCB. The ratio of egg: fat residue in contaminated birds was .084:1.", "contents": "Retention and excretion of polychlorinated biphenyl residues by laying hens. Commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures with 21, 32, 42, 48, 54, and 68% chlorine were fed to caged White Leghorn hens at 20 p.p.m. for nine weeks. The 42, 48, and 54% mixtures were also fed at 2 p.p.m. Residues in egg at nine weeks were 0.7, 2.4, 14.4, 9.3, 11.4, and at 21.5 p.p.m. for the 21, 32, 42, 48, 54, and 68% chlorine PCBs, respectively. Corresponding values in body fat were 24.0, 51.1, 89.3, 90.5, 124.5, and 52.4 p.p.m., respectively. Levels in eggs and body fat of groups fed 2 p.p.m. were approximately one-tenth the levels in the 20 p.p.m. group. After seven weeks of control feed, the values for the 20 p.p.m. groups were 0.7, 1.8, 2.8, 3.0, 7.2, and 1.8 for eggs and 8.1, 22.4, 26.4, 39.8, 91.7, and 43.6 for body fat. Estimated recovery of consumed PCBs increased from 8% to 55% as chlorine increased from 21 to 68%. Residues in excreta was about 10% of intake for all PCBs. Body fat retention was greater than egg elimination for 21 through 48% chlorine PCB, about the same for 54% and much less for the 68% chlorine PCB. The ratio of egg: fat residue in contaminated birds was .084:1.", "PMID": 415298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8063", "title": "The effect of various antifungal agents on aflatoxin production and growth characteristics of Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus in liquid medium.", "content": "Various antifungal agents were added to a medium of 2% yeast extract-4% sucrose. Spores of a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus were inoculated into the medium and incubated at 26 degrees C. for 10 days. Growth of the mold and aflatoxin formation were monitored every 48 hours during the experiment. Of the antifungal agents evaluated, propionic acid and crystal violet were the most effective compounds in retarding mold growth. Propionic acid was fungicidal at concentrations greater than 3.0 microgram/ml. whereas crystal violet exhibited a mold retarding activity at levels greater than 2,0 microgram/ml. Crystal violet retarded the growth rate of the mold during the initial stages of growth, however, this retardation was overcome after 10 days of incubation. Crystal violet also retarded aflatoxin production and sporulation of Aspergillus parasiticus; however, aflatoxin production was the most sensitive parameter. A survey involving 12 toxigenic isolates of A. parasiticus and A. flavus indicated that these species vary markedly in susceptibility to crystal violet.", "contents": "The effect of various antifungal agents on aflatoxin production and growth characteristics of Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus in liquid medium. Various antifungal agents were added to a medium of 2% yeast extract-4% sucrose. Spores of a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus parasiticus were inoculated into the medium and incubated at 26 degrees C. for 10 days. Growth of the mold and aflatoxin formation were monitored every 48 hours during the experiment. Of the antifungal agents evaluated, propionic acid and crystal violet were the most effective compounds in retarding mold growth. Propionic acid was fungicidal at concentrations greater than 3.0 microgram/ml. whereas crystal violet exhibited a mold retarding activity at levels greater than 2,0 microgram/ml. Crystal violet retarded the growth rate of the mold during the initial stages of growth, however, this retardation was overcome after 10 days of incubation. Crystal violet also retarded aflatoxin production and sporulation of Aspergillus parasiticus; however, aflatoxin production was the most sensitive parameter. A survey involving 12 toxigenic isolates of A. parasiticus and A. flavus indicated that these species vary markedly in susceptibility to crystal violet.", "PMID": 415299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8064", "title": "A rapid and effecient method for the isolation of proteins from polyacrylamide cells.", "content": "A procedure is described for the rapid and efficient electrophoretic elution of protein from polyacrylamide gels which is then collected in a dialysis bag tied to the end of a tube containing the gel slices. To illustrate the method a heterogeneous preparation of alkaline phosphatase was used from which a single homogeneous component was isolated in six hours with a recovery of 86%. The eluted protein is collected in a volume which can easily be kept below 1.5 ml, thus eliminating the need for subsequent concentration. The method has also been used successfully in two other systems in which a human lung tumor-associated antigen and glycogen synthetase from yeast were isolated. Since the method utilizes a standard analytical gel electrophoresis apparatus with no modifications or accessories, it should be immediately applicable for the isolation of many different proteins from polyacrylamide gels.", "contents": "A rapid and effecient method for the isolation of proteins from polyacrylamide cells. A procedure is described for the rapid and efficient electrophoretic elution of protein from polyacrylamide gels which is then collected in a dialysis bag tied to the end of a tube containing the gel slices. To illustrate the method a heterogeneous preparation of alkaline phosphatase was used from which a single homogeneous component was isolated in six hours with a recovery of 86%. The eluted protein is collected in a volume which can easily be kept below 1.5 ml, thus eliminating the need for subsequent concentration. The method has also been used successfully in two other systems in which a human lung tumor-associated antigen and glycogen synthetase from yeast were isolated. Since the method utilizes a standard analytical gel electrophoresis apparatus with no modifications or accessories, it should be immediately applicable for the isolation of many different proteins from polyacrylamide gels.", "PMID": 415300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8065", "title": "On the evolution of beta-galactosidase.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) has been compared to itself and to other proteins. Two segments, each of about 380 amino acids, comprising the first three-fourths of the polypeptide chain, were found to be very similar to each other. It is concluded that they are homologous. The carboxyl-terminal fourth has a high percentage of amino acid identities with dihydrofolate reductase of Escherichia coli, suggesting these sequences also are homologous. A model for the origin of beta-galactosidase is presented. The overall similarity of beta-galactosidase to lac repressor does not appear to be significant.", "contents": "On the evolution of beta-galactosidase. The amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) has been compared to itself and to other proteins. Two segments, each of about 380 amino acids, comprising the first three-fourths of the polypeptide chain, were found to be very similar to each other. It is concluded that they are homologous. The carboxyl-terminal fourth has a high percentage of amino acid identities with dihydrofolate reductase of Escherichia coli, suggesting these sequences also are homologous. A model for the origin of beta-galactosidase is presented. The overall similarity of beta-galactosidase to lac repressor does not appear to be significant.", "PMID": 415304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8066", "title": "Coupling of lac mRNA transcription to translation in Escherichia coli cell extracts.", "content": "In an extract containing all the components for lac gene expression except washed ribosomes, lac mRNA formation was increased 4- to 6-fold by the addition of washed ribosomes. The formation of beta-galactosidase mRNA and enzyme showed very different dependency on added ribosomes. Enzyme was formed in proportion to the number of ribosomes added, whereas 10% of the standard level of ribosomes promoted full levels of transcription. Consistent with their action in vivo, chloramphenicol and erythromycin blocked the ribosome-dependent lac transcription. The same inhibition was seen with RNA pulse-labeled for 1 or 5 min, so that the effect was truly a blockage of formation rather than an increased hyperlability of nascent mRNA. The effect was specified for some RNA species, as it is in vivo: phage lambda N gene transcription was increased rather than inhibited in the presence of chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol did not stop lac transcription as a result of its blockage of formation of the regulatory nucleotide tetraphosphate (ppGpp), because addition of the nucleotide did not restore mRNA formation in chloramphenicol-treated extracts. Rather, the data are consistent with the ideas that one or a few ribosomes moving closely behind RNA polymerase can prevent its arrest and that, when ribosome movement is blocked by chloramphenicol, the RNA polymerase is exposed to factors that provoke premature RNA chain termination.", "contents": "Coupling of lac mRNA transcription to translation in Escherichia coli cell extracts. In an extract containing all the components for lac gene expression except washed ribosomes, lac mRNA formation was increased 4- to 6-fold by the addition of washed ribosomes. The formation of beta-galactosidase mRNA and enzyme showed very different dependency on added ribosomes. Enzyme was formed in proportion to the number of ribosomes added, whereas 10% of the standard level of ribosomes promoted full levels of transcription. Consistent with their action in vivo, chloramphenicol and erythromycin blocked the ribosome-dependent lac transcription. The same inhibition was seen with RNA pulse-labeled for 1 or 5 min, so that the effect was truly a blockage of formation rather than an increased hyperlability of nascent mRNA. The effect was specified for some RNA species, as it is in vivo: phage lambda N gene transcription was increased rather than inhibited in the presence of chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol did not stop lac transcription as a result of its blockage of formation of the regulatory nucleotide tetraphosphate (ppGpp), because addition of the nucleotide did not restore mRNA formation in chloramphenicol-treated extracts. Rather, the data are consistent with the ideas that one or a few ribosomes moving closely behind RNA polymerase can prevent its arrest and that, when ribosome movement is blocked by chloramphenicol, the RNA polymerase is exposed to factors that provoke premature RNA chain termination.", "PMID": 415305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8067", "title": "Action of corticosteroids in regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "Various vasoactive agents (e.g., thrombin and bradykinin) and serum stimulate arachidonate production and thus prostaglandin biosynthesis in cultured fibroblasts. Treatment of 3T3 cells with the anti-inflammatory steroid, dexamethasone, inhibits this stimulation but has no inhibitory effect on the basal activity of phospholipase (or on prostaglandin content) in resting, confluent fibroblasts. In intact cells, the proportion of released arachidonic acid converted into prostaglandins is increased by steroid treatment, in quiescent, dense cells and in serum-treated cells, the total incorporation into prostaglandins is increased. Furthermore, the cyclo-oxygenase activity of homogenates from steroid-treated cells is increased very substantially. Thus, although steroids may affect phospholipase (EC 3.1.1.1.4) activities it is possible that these effects may be secondary to a more important stimulatory effect on cyclo-oxygenase activity which leads to selective alterations in prostaglandin biosynthesis. The steroid-induced increase in cyclo-oxygenase activity is not observed in a transformed variant of the same cell line. Fatty acid lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) activity exists in the particulate rather than the cytosolic fraction of 3T3 cells.", "contents": "Action of corticosteroids in regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis in cultured fibroblasts. Various vasoactive agents (e.g., thrombin and bradykinin) and serum stimulate arachidonate production and thus prostaglandin biosynthesis in cultured fibroblasts. Treatment of 3T3 cells with the anti-inflammatory steroid, dexamethasone, inhibits this stimulation but has no inhibitory effect on the basal activity of phospholipase (or on prostaglandin content) in resting, confluent fibroblasts. In intact cells, the proportion of released arachidonic acid converted into prostaglandins is increased by steroid treatment, in quiescent, dense cells and in serum-treated cells, the total incorporation into prostaglandins is increased. Furthermore, the cyclo-oxygenase activity of homogenates from steroid-treated cells is increased very substantially. Thus, although steroids may affect phospholipase (EC 3.1.1.1.4) activities it is possible that these effects may be secondary to a more important stimulatory effect on cyclo-oxygenase activity which leads to selective alterations in prostaglandin biosynthesis. The steroid-induced increase in cyclo-oxygenase activity is not observed in a transformed variant of the same cell line. Fatty acid lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) activity exists in the particulate rather than the cytosolic fraction of 3T3 cells.", "PMID": 415306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8068", "title": "Combined immunofluorescence and high-voltage electron microscopy of cultured mammalian cells, using an antibody that binds to glutaraldehyde-treated tubulin.", "content": "An antibody against tubulin that binds specifically to microtubules in glutaraldehyde-fixed cells has been prepared. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured tubulin treated with glutaraldehyde was used to immunize rabbits. In glutaraldehyde-fixed cells the fluorescent image of this antibody reveals a fine lattice of microtubules around the nucleus of PtK1 (Potorous tridactylis) cells and many uniformly fluorescent microtubules in the peripheral cytoplasm. In cells fixed with formaldehyde the microtubules appear to have a similar distribution, but the fluorescent image is much less uniform. Combined high-voltage electron microscopy and immunofluorescent studies reveal that microtubules are found in the cytoplasm in the same region as the fluorescent antibody stain.", "contents": "Combined immunofluorescence and high-voltage electron microscopy of cultured mammalian cells, using an antibody that binds to glutaraldehyde-treated tubulin. An antibody against tubulin that binds specifically to microtubules in glutaraldehyde-fixed cells has been prepared. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured tubulin treated with glutaraldehyde was used to immunize rabbits. In glutaraldehyde-fixed cells the fluorescent image of this antibody reveals a fine lattice of microtubules around the nucleus of PtK1 (Potorous tridactylis) cells and many uniformly fluorescent microtubules in the peripheral cytoplasm. In cells fixed with formaldehyde the microtubules appear to have a similar distribution, but the fluorescent image is much less uniform. Combined high-voltage electron microscopy and immunofluorescent studies reveal that microtubules are found in the cytoplasm in the same region as the fluorescent antibody stain.", "PMID": 415307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8069", "title": "Immunoglobulin light chain mRNA is processed from large nuclear RNA.", "content": "Recombinant DNA probes, produced by the molecular cloning of immunoglobulin kappa light chain mRNA, have been used to analyze heterogenous nuclear RNA for presumptive precursors to cytoplasmic kappa light chain mRNA, Three discrete classes of nuclear RNA containing kappa mRNA sequences were detected after pulse-labeling of immunoglobulin-producing P3 myeloma cells. Two of these were substantially larger than kappa mRNA (approximately 10 and 4 times larger); the third was similar in size to kappa mRNA. Beginning with the largest, the sequential appearance of these three classes of nuclear RNA preceded the first appearance of newly synthesized kappa light chain mRNA in the cytoplasm. The results presented here suggest that immunoglobulin kappa light chain mRNA is generated by the stepwise cleavage and processing of a large nuclear RNA transcript.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin light chain mRNA is processed from large nuclear RNA. Recombinant DNA probes, produced by the molecular cloning of immunoglobulin kappa light chain mRNA, have been used to analyze heterogenous nuclear RNA for presumptive precursors to cytoplasmic kappa light chain mRNA, Three discrete classes of nuclear RNA containing kappa mRNA sequences were detected after pulse-labeling of immunoglobulin-producing P3 myeloma cells. Two of these were substantially larger than kappa mRNA (approximately 10 and 4 times larger); the third was similar in size to kappa mRNA. Beginning with the largest, the sequential appearance of these three classes of nuclear RNA preceded the first appearance of newly synthesized kappa light chain mRNA in the cytoplasm. The results presented here suggest that immunoglobulin kappa light chain mRNA is generated by the stepwise cleavage and processing of a large nuclear RNA transcript.", "PMID": 415308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8070", "title": "[18F]fluoro-dopa, an analogue of dopa, and its use in direct external measurements of storage, degradation, and turnover of intracerebral dopamine.", "content": "3,4-Dihydroxy-5-fluorophenylalanine, fluorodopa, was injected into rats in which unilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway had been made. The rats rotated towards the side with the lesions, thus providing further evidence that fluoro-dopa is an analogue of dopa. [(18)F]Fluoro-dopa was then injected intravenously into fully conscious baboons. A well-collimated scintillation detector, aligned along the occipitomental axis, recorded the accumulation of (18)F in the brain. Control animals accumulated (18)F continuously for 100 min. This accumulation represents net transport of [(18)F]fluoro-dopa from blood to brain, decarboxylation to [(18)F]fluoro-dopamine, storage, and degradation of [(18)F]fluoro-dopamine. alpha-Methyl-dopa, a competitive inhibitor of dopa transport and decarboxylation, prevented the accumulation of (18)F; reserpine, known to release stored intracerebral dopamine, discharged (18)F; pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and haloperidol, a known augmentor of intracerebral dopamine turnover, increased the rate of accumulation of (18)F. These changes in the accumulation of intracerebral (18)F, after [(18)F]fluoro-dopa, were commensurate with the known action of the drugs used to induce them and demonstrate the use of a gamma-emitting precursor of a neurotransmitter to monitor simply, atraumatically, and externally the intracerebral metabolism of the transmitter in fully conscious primates. When applied to man, the same technique should be able to provide more conclusive evidence than is presently available for the role of catecholamines in schizophrenia and depression. It should also provide further insight into the natural history of nigrostriatal diseases and the action of drugs used in their treatment.", "contents": "[18F]fluoro-dopa, an analogue of dopa, and its use in direct external measurements of storage, degradation, and turnover of intracerebral dopamine. 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-fluorophenylalanine, fluorodopa, was injected into rats in which unilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway had been made. The rats rotated towards the side with the lesions, thus providing further evidence that fluoro-dopa is an analogue of dopa. [(18)F]Fluoro-dopa was then injected intravenously into fully conscious baboons. A well-collimated scintillation detector, aligned along the occipitomental axis, recorded the accumulation of (18)F in the brain. Control animals accumulated (18)F continuously for 100 min. This accumulation represents net transport of [(18)F]fluoro-dopa from blood to brain, decarboxylation to [(18)F]fluoro-dopamine, storage, and degradation of [(18)F]fluoro-dopamine. alpha-Methyl-dopa, a competitive inhibitor of dopa transport and decarboxylation, prevented the accumulation of (18)F; reserpine, known to release stored intracerebral dopamine, discharged (18)F; pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and haloperidol, a known augmentor of intracerebral dopamine turnover, increased the rate of accumulation of (18)F. These changes in the accumulation of intracerebral (18)F, after [(18)F]fluoro-dopa, were commensurate with the known action of the drugs used to induce them and demonstrate the use of a gamma-emitting precursor of a neurotransmitter to monitor simply, atraumatically, and externally the intracerebral metabolism of the transmitter in fully conscious primates. When applied to man, the same technique should be able to provide more conclusive evidence than is presently available for the role of catecholamines in schizophrenia and depression. It should also provide further insight into the natural history of nigrostriatal diseases and the action of drugs used in their treatment.", "PMID": 415309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8071", "title": "Species specificity of cholecystokinin in gut and brain of several mammalian species.", "content": "Immunoreactive intact cholecystokinin and its COOH-terminal octapeptide are found in brain as well as in extracts of gut of the monkey, dog, and pig, by using an antiserum with equivalent sensitivities for detecting the octapeptide in free form or incorporated in the intact molecule. The failure to detect intact cholecystokinin in extracts from monkey or dog by using an antiserum developed by immunization with porcine cholecystokinin is presumed to be due to marked species differences in the NH2-terminal portion of the molecule. Tryptic digestion converted the intact cholecystokinin from all species to a peptide resembling the COOH-terminal octapeptide. The amount of cholecystokinin in the brain is comparable to that found in the gastrointestinal tract, the traditional site for this peptide.", "contents": "Species specificity of cholecystokinin in gut and brain of several mammalian species. Immunoreactive intact cholecystokinin and its COOH-terminal octapeptide are found in brain as well as in extracts of gut of the monkey, dog, and pig, by using an antiserum with equivalent sensitivities for detecting the octapeptide in free form or incorporated in the intact molecule. The failure to detect intact cholecystokinin in extracts from monkey or dog by using an antiserum developed by immunization with porcine cholecystokinin is presumed to be due to marked species differences in the NH2-terminal portion of the molecule. Tryptic digestion converted the intact cholecystokinin from all species to a peptide resembling the COOH-terminal octapeptide. The amount of cholecystokinin in the brain is comparable to that found in the gastrointestinal tract, the traditional site for this peptide.", "PMID": 415310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8072", "title": "Utilization of a depsipeptide substrate for trapping acyl-enzyme intermediates of penicillin-sensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidases.", "content": "The penicillin-sensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidases of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus catalyzed the hydrolysis of the D-lactic acid residue from the depsipeptide diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-lactic acid. The ester substrate was hydrolyzed faster than the peptide analogue, diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine, by the B. subtilis (15-fold) and E. coli (4-fold) carboxypeptidases, presumably because acylation (k(2)), which is the rate-limiting step of the peptidase reaction, occurred more rapidly during cleavage of the ester bond than during cleavage of the amide bond. No rate acceleration was observed with the S. aureus carboxypeptidase for which deacylation (k(3)) is already the rate-determining step with the peptide substrate. The efficiency of utilization of the depsipeptide (V(max)/K(m)) was greatly enhanced (19- to 147-fold) for all three enzymes. After incubation of the B. subtilis carboxypeptidase and [(14)C]diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-lactic acid at pH 5.0 and lowering of the pH to 3.0, a radioactive acyl-enzyme intermediate containing 0.43 mol of substrate per mol of enzyme was isolated by Sephadex G-50 chromatography. After acetone precipitation, the acyl group of the denatured acyl-enzyme complex appeared to be bound to the protein by an ester bond. Acyl enzymes were also detected for the S. aureus and E. coli carboxypeptidases after sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography of enzyme incubated with [(14)C]depsipeptide and precipitated with acetone.", "contents": "Utilization of a depsipeptide substrate for trapping acyl-enzyme intermediates of penicillin-sensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidases. The penicillin-sensitive D-alanine carboxypeptidases of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus catalyzed the hydrolysis of the D-lactic acid residue from the depsipeptide diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-lactic acid. The ester substrate was hydrolyzed faster than the peptide analogue, diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine, by the B. subtilis (15-fold) and E. coli (4-fold) carboxypeptidases, presumably because acylation (k(2)), which is the rate-limiting step of the peptidase reaction, occurred more rapidly during cleavage of the ester bond than during cleavage of the amide bond. No rate acceleration was observed with the S. aureus carboxypeptidase for which deacylation (k(3)) is already the rate-determining step with the peptide substrate. The efficiency of utilization of the depsipeptide (V(max)/K(m)) was greatly enhanced (19- to 147-fold) for all three enzymes. After incubation of the B. subtilis carboxypeptidase and [(14)C]diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-lactic acid at pH 5.0 and lowering of the pH to 3.0, a radioactive acyl-enzyme intermediate containing 0.43 mol of substrate per mol of enzyme was isolated by Sephadex G-50 chromatography. After acetone precipitation, the acyl group of the denatured acyl-enzyme complex appeared to be bound to the protein by an ester bond. Acyl enzymes were also detected for the S. aureus and E. coli carboxypeptidases after sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography of enzyme incubated with [(14)C]depsipeptide and precipitated with acetone.", "PMID": 415311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8073", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine and ethanol on responding of squirrel monkeys maintained under fixed-ratio schedules of food presentation and stimulus-shock termination.", "content": "Effects of d-amphetamine and ethanol were assessed on comparable behaviors maintained under fixed-ratio schedules of either food presentation or termination of electric shock and an accompanying visual stimulus. Ethanol affected the behaviors similarly in all important aspects; d-amphetamine increased rates of responding maintained by stimulus-shock termination at doses that did not affect rates of food-maintained responding. The increases in responding maintained by stimulus-shock termination were not solely due to decreases in the pause prior to the initiation of responding.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine and ethanol on responding of squirrel monkeys maintained under fixed-ratio schedules of food presentation and stimulus-shock termination. Effects of d-amphetamine and ethanol were assessed on comparable behaviors maintained under fixed-ratio schedules of either food presentation or termination of electric shock and an accompanying visual stimulus. Ethanol affected the behaviors similarly in all important aspects; d-amphetamine increased rates of responding maintained by stimulus-shock termination at doses that did not affect rates of food-maintained responding. The increases in responding maintained by stimulus-shock termination were not solely due to decreases in the pause prior to the initiation of responding.", "PMID": 415314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8074", "title": "The day hospital: structures and functions.", "content": "This paper discusses the types of function a day hospital may serve and the choice between generalization and specialization in the creation of day-hospital structures. We suggest that a day hospital may serve as (1) an alternative to hospitalization or to shorten hospital stay; (2) as a long-term resocialization experience; and (3) as an intense brief therapy environment. The patient selection, goals, location, and staffing patterns most appropriate to each of these functions are discussed.", "contents": "The day hospital: structures and functions. This paper discusses the types of function a day hospital may serve and the choice between generalization and specialization in the creation of day-hospital structures. We suggest that a day hospital may serve as (1) an alternative to hospitalization or to shorten hospital stay; (2) as a long-term resocialization experience; and (3) as an intense brief therapy environment. The patient selection, goals, location, and staffing patterns most appropriate to each of these functions are discussed.", "PMID": 415316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8075", "title": "Cholinergic inhibition of methylphenidate-induced stereotypy: oxotremorine.", "content": "Lethality of orally administered oxotremorine for female mice required 250 times the dose that was effective for inhibiting methylphenidate-induced stereotypy. A number of lines of evidence indicate that increasing central cholinergic activity may be useful in various psychiatric syndromes and movement disorders. A relatively safe oral cholinomimetic would be clinically useful. Oxotremorine may be such an agent.", "contents": "Cholinergic inhibition of methylphenidate-induced stereotypy: oxotremorine. Lethality of orally administered oxotremorine for female mice required 250 times the dose that was effective for inhibiting methylphenidate-induced stereotypy. A number of lines of evidence indicate that increasing central cholinergic activity may be useful in various psychiatric syndromes and movement disorders. A relatively safe oral cholinomimetic would be clinically useful. Oxotremorine may be such an agent.", "PMID": 415317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8076", "title": "Effect of diazepam on food consumption in rats.", "content": "Diazepam significantly increased milk consumption in rats that had never been exposed to this food before but not in rats trained to drink milk. Diazepam failed to increase lever-pressing for food reward except when this behavior had been previously suppressed by the simultaneous administration of electric shock. These data suggest that diazepam does not alter appetite, but enhances the expression of motivation suppressed by instinct or training.", "contents": "Effect of diazepam on food consumption in rats. Diazepam significantly increased milk consumption in rats that had never been exposed to this food before but not in rats trained to drink milk. Diazepam failed to increase lever-pressing for food reward except when this behavior had been previously suppressed by the simultaneous administration of electric shock. These data suggest that diazepam does not alter appetite, but enhances the expression of motivation suppressed by instinct or training.", "PMID": 415319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8077", "title": "Circadian rhythm of lithium toxicity in mice.", "content": "The existence of cyclical (circadian) variations in lithium toxicity in mice was determined. Mice, standardized to a light-dark cycle, were injected with lithium chloride (940 mg/kg) at one of six times (20:00, 24:00, 4:00, 8:00, 12:00, and 16:00) and subsequently observed for mortality over 28 h. A significant (P less than 0.01) time-of-day effect was found for lithium-induced lethality, with highest lethality following injection at 12:00.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of lithium toxicity in mice. The existence of cyclical (circadian) variations in lithium toxicity in mice was determined. Mice, standardized to a light-dark cycle, were injected with lithium chloride (940 mg/kg) at one of six times (20:00, 24:00, 4:00, 8:00, 12:00, and 16:00) and subsequently observed for mortality over 28 h. A significant (P less than 0.01) time-of-day effect was found for lithium-induced lethality, with highest lethality following injection at 12:00.", "PMID": 415320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8078", "title": "Time course effects of marijuana and ethanol on event-related potentials.", "content": "Twelve male college students received orally on different days NIMH marijuana extract calibrated to contain 0.7 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 1.0 ml/kg 95% ethanol, and placebo in a double-blind balanced-order design. The contingent negative variation (CNV), auditory evoked potential (EP), heart rate (HR), and subjective measures of intoxication were recorded prior to drug ingestion and at regular intervals for 4.5 h postdrug. Both drugs produced significant subjective effects. Marijuana increased HR but did not have a significant effect on CNV amplitude or EP peak amplitudes and latencies. Ethanol increased HR, but not significantly, and reduced CNV amplitude and N1-P2 amplitude. Time-action curves for ethanol's effect on subjective high, HR, and N1-P2 amplitude were parallel, peaking between 0.5 and 1.5 h postdrug and returning to baseline by the end of testing. Time-action curve for ethanol's effect on the CNV showed continuing amplitude reduction throughout the test session.", "contents": "Time course effects of marijuana and ethanol on event-related potentials. Twelve male college students received orally on different days NIMH marijuana extract calibrated to contain 0.7 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 1.0 ml/kg 95% ethanol, and placebo in a double-blind balanced-order design. The contingent negative variation (CNV), auditory evoked potential (EP), heart rate (HR), and subjective measures of intoxication were recorded prior to drug ingestion and at regular intervals for 4.5 h postdrug. Both drugs produced significant subjective effects. Marijuana increased HR but did not have a significant effect on CNV amplitude or EP peak amplitudes and latencies. Ethanol increased HR, but not significantly, and reduced CNV amplitude and N1-P2 amplitude. Time-action curves for ethanol's effect on subjective high, HR, and N1-P2 amplitude were parallel, peaking between 0.5 and 1.5 h postdrug and returning to baseline by the end of testing. Time-action curve for ethanol's effect on the CNV showed continuing amplitude reduction throughout the test session.", "PMID": 415321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8079", "title": "The attenuation of a specific cue-to-consequence association by antiemetic agents.", "content": "Previous research has been shown that rats develop a conditioned taste aversion after a single pairing of a distinct taste and subsequent toxicosis. The experiments reported here test the hypothesis that the expression of a taste aversion may reflect classically conditioned nausea mediated by activation of brainstem emetic centers by taste stimuli. Rats were allowed to drink a saccharin solution (1 g/l) and 10 min later were intubated with LiCl (180 mg/kg) to produce nausea. When control rats were posttested for saccharin preference they consumed less than 50% of their pretest intake. Experimental rats were injected with one of four pharmacologically distinct antiemetic drugs 30 min prior to their posttest with saccharin. Each drug significantly attenuated the aversion to saccharin at one dose level. The antiemetic drugs we used were scopolamine HBr, cyclizine, prochlorperazine dimaleate, and trimethobenzamide. These drugs had no effect on the conditioned fear of a noise that signaled foot shock or on a natural aversion to a bitter fluid (quinine monohydrochloride, 100 mg/l). Our data suggest that pharmacological suppression of the neural mechanisms of emesis selectively disrupts conditioned taste aversions, and that moderate dose levels are critical for obtaining this effect.", "contents": "The attenuation of a specific cue-to-consequence association by antiemetic agents. Previous research has been shown that rats develop a conditioned taste aversion after a single pairing of a distinct taste and subsequent toxicosis. The experiments reported here test the hypothesis that the expression of a taste aversion may reflect classically conditioned nausea mediated by activation of brainstem emetic centers by taste stimuli. Rats were allowed to drink a saccharin solution (1 g/l) and 10 min later were intubated with LiCl (180 mg/kg) to produce nausea. When control rats were posttested for saccharin preference they consumed less than 50% of their pretest intake. Experimental rats were injected with one of four pharmacologically distinct antiemetic drugs 30 min prior to their posttest with saccharin. Each drug significantly attenuated the aversion to saccharin at one dose level. The antiemetic drugs we used were scopolamine HBr, cyclizine, prochlorperazine dimaleate, and trimethobenzamide. These drugs had no effect on the conditioned fear of a noise that signaled foot shock or on a natural aversion to a bitter fluid (quinine monohydrochloride, 100 mg/l). Our data suggest that pharmacological suppression of the neural mechanisms of emesis selectively disrupts conditioned taste aversions, and that moderate dose levels are critical for obtaining this effect.", "PMID": 415322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8080", "title": "On the interaction of drugs with the cholinergic nervous system. I. Tolerance to phencyclidine derivatives in mice: pharmacological characterization.", "content": "Phencyclidine [1(1-phenylcylohexyl) piperidine] and cyclohexamine [1(1-phenylcyclohexyl) ethylamine) were used as model psychotropic drugs to study the phenomenon of tolerance in mice. The behavioral effects of these drugs were measured by forced motor activity using the rotarod test. Tolerance develops progressively with chronic treatment at a rate and to a degree that are dose-dependent. The optimal conditions for tolerance induction are s.c. administration with 4-h intervals. The process of tolerance development is expressed in concomitant changes in five indices chosen for its quantification: ED50 values, duration, duration-dose dependency, critical falling time, and body weight. All these changes were found to be totally reversible, with no carry-over between two consecutive tolerance cycles. It was established that cyclohexamine is a better tolerance-inducer than phencylidine, although the nature of the tolerance developed for both drugs is qualitatively similar.", "contents": "On the interaction of drugs with the cholinergic nervous system. I. Tolerance to phencyclidine derivatives in mice: pharmacological characterization. Phencyclidine [1(1-phenylcylohexyl) piperidine] and cyclohexamine [1(1-phenylcyclohexyl) ethylamine) were used as model psychotropic drugs to study the phenomenon of tolerance in mice. The behavioral effects of these drugs were measured by forced motor activity using the rotarod test. Tolerance develops progressively with chronic treatment at a rate and to a degree that are dose-dependent. The optimal conditions for tolerance induction are s.c. administration with 4-h intervals. The process of tolerance development is expressed in concomitant changes in five indices chosen for its quantification: ED50 values, duration, duration-dose dependency, critical falling time, and body weight. All these changes were found to be totally reversible, with no carry-over between two consecutive tolerance cycles. It was established that cyclohexamine is a better tolerance-inducer than phencylidine, although the nature of the tolerance developed for both drugs is qualitatively similar.", "PMID": 415323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8081", "title": "On the interaction of drugs with the cholinergic nervous system. II. Cross-tolerance between phencyclidine derivatives and cholinergic drugs.", "content": "A symmetrical cross-tolerance was found between two phencyclidine derivatives--phencyclidine and cyclohexamine--and also between two cholinergic drugs--physostigmine and oxotremorine. On the other hand, mice rendered tolerant to the phencyclidine derivatives showed cross-tolerance to these cholinergic drugs, but no cross-tolerance was observed in the opposite direction. The applicability of such experiments to the elucidation of neurochemical interactions of centrally acting drugs is discussed.", "contents": "On the interaction of drugs with the cholinergic nervous system. II. Cross-tolerance between phencyclidine derivatives and cholinergic drugs. A symmetrical cross-tolerance was found between two phencyclidine derivatives--phencyclidine and cyclohexamine--and also between two cholinergic drugs--physostigmine and oxotremorine. On the other hand, mice rendered tolerant to the phencyclidine derivatives showed cross-tolerance to these cholinergic drugs, but no cross-tolerance was observed in the opposite direction. The applicability of such experiments to the elucidation of neurochemical interactions of centrally acting drugs is discussed.", "PMID": 415324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8082", "title": "A comparison of the food intake suppression produced by giving amphetamine as an aversion treatment versus as an anorexic treatment.", "content": "Separate groups of rats were given either 1 or 2 mg/kg injections of amphetamine 30 min before or after eating a preferred high-fat food. When given before eating as an anorexic treatment, amphetamine initially suppressed intake almost completely, but with repeated injections tolerance developed. In contrast amphetamine given after eating as an aversion treatment initially had little effect on intake, but with repeated injections it suppressed intake almost completely in rats receiving the higher dose.", "contents": "A comparison of the food intake suppression produced by giving amphetamine as an aversion treatment versus as an anorexic treatment. Separate groups of rats were given either 1 or 2 mg/kg injections of amphetamine 30 min before or after eating a preferred high-fat food. When given before eating as an anorexic treatment, amphetamine initially suppressed intake almost completely, but with repeated injections tolerance developed. In contrast amphetamine given after eating as an aversion treatment initially had little effect on intake, but with repeated injections it suppressed intake almost completely in rats receiving the higher dose.", "PMID": 415326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8083", "title": "Genotype and test experience determine responsiveness to morphine.", "content": "Initial responsiveness to morphine was studied in two inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J, and their F1 hybrid, using both a hot-plate analgesia test and a locomotor-activity test. Three dose levels of morphine were used, 0 mg/kg 5 mg/kg, and 15 mg/kg. The inclusion of the 0 mg/kg group revealed differences between the inbred strains in the effects of test experience. These data also led to some new conclusions about the differences in responsiveness to morphine between the strains studied. On both tests, the DBA mice showed no effect of morphine, the C57 mice showed large effects, and the F1 mice showed an intermediate effect.", "contents": "Genotype and test experience determine responsiveness to morphine. Initial responsiveness to morphine was studied in two inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J, and their F1 hybrid, using both a hot-plate analgesia test and a locomotor-activity test. Three dose levels of morphine were used, 0 mg/kg 5 mg/kg, and 15 mg/kg. The inclusion of the 0 mg/kg group revealed differences between the inbred strains in the effects of test experience. These data also led to some new conclusions about the differences in responsiveness to morphine between the strains studied. On both tests, the DBA mice showed no effect of morphine, the C57 mice showed large effects, and the F1 mice showed an intermediate effect.", "PMID": 415328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8084", "title": "Clozapine in tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "Clozapine, which has had limited clinical testing in the U.S.A., was evaluated in 12 chronic schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia. Its antipsychotic activity was again demonstrated and it suppressed the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia with a marked rebound occurring in these symptoms when it was withdrawn; there was no rigidity or other Parkinsonian symptoms. However, out of a total of 12 patients, neutropenia (800 and 1120) occurred in two patients, convulsion in one patient, marked withdrawal effects in three patients, and a hypotensive collapse with atrial fibrillation in one patient. If these adverse effects are confirmed in a larger sample size, then despite the novel desirable effects of clozapine it would seem unlikely that it will gain widespread or routine use.", "contents": "Clozapine in tardive dyskinesia. Clozapine, which has had limited clinical testing in the U.S.A., was evaluated in 12 chronic schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia. Its antipsychotic activity was again demonstrated and it suppressed the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia with a marked rebound occurring in these symptoms when it was withdrawn; there was no rigidity or other Parkinsonian symptoms. However, out of a total of 12 patients, neutropenia (800 and 1120) occurred in two patients, convulsion in one patient, marked withdrawal effects in three patients, and a hypotensive collapse with atrial fibrillation in one patient. If these adverse effects are confirmed in a larger sample size, then despite the novel desirable effects of clozapine it would seem unlikely that it will gain widespread or routine use.", "PMID": 415329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8085", "title": "Marijuana, alcohol, and combined drug effects on the time course of glare recovery.", "content": "The time course of light adaptation after intense light exposure is significantly delayed by alcohol, marijuana, and a combined dose of alcohol and marijuana. These effects were found in a double blind experiment, using 10 subjects. The experimental treatments were placebo, 0.75 ml/kg of 95% ethanol, 8 and 15 mg of delta9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). and 0.75 ml/kg of 95% ethanol together with 15 mg of THC. The marijuana-induced delay in recovery is doserelated. Both drugs produce delayed recovery for at least 2 h after drug ingestion. The combined alcohol and marijuana treatment produces little more than the effect produced by either drug alone, suggesting some antagonism between the drugs--a suggestion supported by a significantly lower blood alcohol level for the alcohol dose when combined with marijuana than when taken alone.", "contents": "Marijuana, alcohol, and combined drug effects on the time course of glare recovery. The time course of light adaptation after intense light exposure is significantly delayed by alcohol, marijuana, and a combined dose of alcohol and marijuana. These effects were found in a double blind experiment, using 10 subjects. The experimental treatments were placebo, 0.75 ml/kg of 95% ethanol, 8 and 15 mg of delta9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). and 0.75 ml/kg of 95% ethanol together with 15 mg of THC. The marijuana-induced delay in recovery is doserelated. Both drugs produce delayed recovery for at least 2 h after drug ingestion. The combined alcohol and marijuana treatment produces little more than the effect produced by either drug alone, suggesting some antagonism between the drugs--a suggestion supported by a significantly lower blood alcohol level for the alcohol dose when combined with marijuana than when taken alone.", "PMID": 415330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8086", "title": "Screening hallucinogenic drugs II. Systematic study of two behavioral tests.", "content": "The effects of hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic drugs were studied on two behavioral tests: (1) discriminated Sidman avoidance, using modified Bovet-Gatti profiles, which have been proposed as specific in detecting hallucinogenic activity and (2) a drug discrimination experiment. By the first method, the \"hallucinogenic profile\" was obtained with both hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic drugs and, at least as used here, was not a suitable screening method. In the drug discrimination experiment, data from the present study along with other available evidence suggest the potential value of this method for drug screening procedures.", "contents": "Screening hallucinogenic drugs II. Systematic study of two behavioral tests. The effects of hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic drugs were studied on two behavioral tests: (1) discriminated Sidman avoidance, using modified Bovet-Gatti profiles, which have been proposed as specific in detecting hallucinogenic activity and (2) a drug discrimination experiment. By the first method, the \"hallucinogenic profile\" was obtained with both hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic drugs and, at least as used here, was not a suitable screening method. In the drug discrimination experiment, data from the present study along with other available evidence suggest the potential value of this method for drug screening procedures.", "PMID": 415331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8087", "title": "Elevated prostaglandin production in cultured cells from a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.", "content": "Prostaglandin E production was measured in cells cultured from both a fibromatoid lesion and a normal area of skin in a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. The synthesis of prostaglandin E-like material (iPGE) was ten- to twenty-fold greater in cells cultured from the patient's fibromatoid lesion than in fibroblasts obtained from her normal skin. Addition of indomethacin in vitro resulted in a greater than 95% reduction of iPGE production in both cell cultures. These observations appear to warrant further investigation in additional patients, with this disease.", "contents": "Elevated prostaglandin production in cultured cells from a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Prostaglandin E production was measured in cells cultured from both a fibromatoid lesion and a normal area of skin in a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. The synthesis of prostaglandin E-like material (iPGE) was ten- to twenty-fold greater in cells cultured from the patient's fibromatoid lesion than in fibroblasts obtained from her normal skin. Addition of indomethacin in vitro resulted in a greater than 95% reduction of iPGE production in both cell cultures. These observations appear to warrant further investigation in additional patients, with this disease.", "PMID": 415337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8088", "title": "Observations on Haematoxenus separatus Uilenberg & Andreasen 1974 in the erythrocytes of Kenyan sheep.", "content": "Two Kenyan sheep were splenectomised; on examination of Giemsa stained blood smears large numbers of piroplasms identical in morphology to Theileria ovis and Haematoxenus separatus (with a veil in the infected erythrocyte) were detected. Uncoagulated infected blood was examined under phase-contrast and it was found that the vast majority of the infected erythrocytes had veils. The veils were more resistant to lysis than the erythrocyte itself and in lysed preparations the veils were seen floating in the plasma. The origin, function and taxonomic importance of the veils has yet to be established.", "contents": "Observations on Haematoxenus separatus Uilenberg & Andreasen 1974 in the erythrocytes of Kenyan sheep. Two Kenyan sheep were splenectomised; on examination of Giemsa stained blood smears large numbers of piroplasms identical in morphology to Theileria ovis and Haematoxenus separatus (with a veil in the infected erythrocyte) were detected. Uncoagulated infected blood was examined under phase-contrast and it was found that the vast majority of the infected erythrocytes had veils. The veils were more resistant to lysis than the erythrocyte itself and in lysed preparations the veils were seen floating in the plasma. The origin, function and taxonomic importance of the veils has yet to be established.", "PMID": 415344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8089", "title": "Quantification of uromucoid: a simplified method.", "content": "As a replacement of current time consuming techniques, a radial immunodiffusion method which is suitable for routine determination of uromucoid in urine in described. The method is based on denaturation of uromucoid by sodium dodecyl sulphate at 37 degrees C before application on the immunoplates. A diffusion period of 30 h at 37 degrees C was chosen. The determination is uninfluenced by variations of urinary electrolytes, freezing and thawing, and storage at 4 degrees C for 3 weeks or at -20 degrees C for several months. The method can also be applied to lyophilized urines.", "contents": "Quantification of uromucoid: a simplified method. As a replacement of current time consuming techniques, a radial immunodiffusion method which is suitable for routine determination of uromucoid in urine in described. The method is based on denaturation of uromucoid by sodium dodecyl sulphate at 37 degrees C before application on the immunoplates. A diffusion period of 30 h at 37 degrees C was chosen. The determination is uninfluenced by variations of urinary electrolytes, freezing and thawing, and storage at 4 degrees C for 3 weeks or at -20 degrees C for several months. The method can also be applied to lyophilized urines.", "PMID": 415349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8090", "title": "Pulp reactions to silicate cement in teeth with healing pulpitis.", "content": "Unlined silicate restorations were placed in intact and experimentally altered monkey, teeth. Pulpitis had been induced experimentally by sealing soft carious human dentin in Class V cavities with amalgam for 7 d. These fillings were then removed and healing allowed by inserting zinc oxide/eugenol cement. A protective effect of the secondary dentin in teeth with healing pulpitis could be demonstrated in short-term experiments. After a 1-month observation period no difference in response to silicate cement could be found between intact and experimentally altered pulps, both groups exhibiting no or slight pulp reactions and secondary dentin formations.", "contents": "Pulp reactions to silicate cement in teeth with healing pulpitis. Unlined silicate restorations were placed in intact and experimentally altered monkey, teeth. Pulpitis had been induced experimentally by sealing soft carious human dentin in Class V cavities with amalgam for 7 d. These fillings were then removed and healing allowed by inserting zinc oxide/eugenol cement. A protective effect of the secondary dentin in teeth with healing pulpitis could be demonstrated in short-term experiments. After a 1-month observation period no difference in response to silicate cement could be found between intact and experimentally altered pulps, both groups exhibiting no or slight pulp reactions and secondary dentin formations.", "PMID": 415350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8091", "title": "Bacteria in experimentally infected cavity preparations.", "content": "The presence of bacteria on cavity walls was assessed histologically following experimental infection by inserting soft carious human dentin or guttapercha temporary filings in 40 monkey teeth. Eighty-five infected cavities which had been restored using zinc oxide-eugenol cement (34 teeth), Ca(OH)2 (39 teeth) or amalgam (12 teeth) were also evaluated. Bacteria could regularly be demonstrated in cavities where soft carious human dentin had remained in the cavities for 82 d, but not, or only very rarely, in any of the other series. It was concluded that vital dentin has considerable resistance against infection and that cavity sterilization appears to be of questionable value.", "contents": "Bacteria in experimentally infected cavity preparations. The presence of bacteria on cavity walls was assessed histologically following experimental infection by inserting soft carious human dentin or guttapercha temporary filings in 40 monkey teeth. Eighty-five infected cavities which had been restored using zinc oxide-eugenol cement (34 teeth), Ca(OH)2 (39 teeth) or amalgam (12 teeth) were also evaluated. Bacteria could regularly be demonstrated in cavities where soft carious human dentin had remained in the cavities for 82 d, but not, or only very rarely, in any of the other series. It was concluded that vital dentin has considerable resistance against infection and that cavity sterilization appears to be of questionable value.", "PMID": 415351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8092", "title": "The morphology of echinoid phagocytes and mouse peritoneal macrophages during phagocytosis in vitro.", "content": "The morphology of mouse peritoneal macrophages and echinoid phagocytes during phagocytosis in vitro was studied. A striking similarity in the function of the foreign surface receptor is found in the two systems. Glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes attached randomly over the entire surface of the cells and were internalized without circumferential attachment between the particles and the phagocyte membrane. The particles seemed to sink directly into the cytoplasm of the cells. Tannin-treated erythrocytes were phagocytosed by the echinoid cells in a similar mode. The complement-coated erythrocytes were attached only in the perinuclear area of the echinoid phagocyte's membrane, but the morphology of their internalization was similar to that mediated by the foreign surface receptor. A circumferential attachment between the particles and the phagocyte membrane did not seem necessary. This is also the case for mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "contents": "The morphology of echinoid phagocytes and mouse peritoneal macrophages during phagocytosis in vitro. The morphology of mouse peritoneal macrophages and echinoid phagocytes during phagocytosis in vitro was studied. A striking similarity in the function of the foreign surface receptor is found in the two systems. Glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes attached randomly over the entire surface of the cells and were internalized without circumferential attachment between the particles and the phagocyte membrane. The particles seemed to sink directly into the cytoplasm of the cells. Tannin-treated erythrocytes were phagocytosed by the echinoid cells in a similar mode. The complement-coated erythrocytes were attached only in the perinuclear area of the echinoid phagocyte's membrane, but the morphology of their internalization was similar to that mediated by the foreign surface receptor. A circumferential attachment between the particles and the phagocyte membrane did not seem necessary. This is also the case for mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "PMID": 415352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8093", "title": "A note on the interpretation of identity reactions in immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Immunoelectrophoretic methods, used in studies of the tissue specificity of two membrane-bound peptides obtained from pig, were observed to produce new types of reactions resembling those of partial immunochemical identity. In addition, the results obtained by fused rocket and rocket-line immunoelectrophoresis suggested that the unshared antigenic determinants were situated on the heterologous antigens. When analyzed in the immunodiffusion system, the antigens showed a reaction of total immunochemical identity. Zone electrophoresis of the antigens demonstrated large differences in electrophoretic mobility. Neuraminidase treatment of the antigens almost abolished these differences, and the antigens now exhibited almost complete antigenic identity, suggesting that the precipitate patterns observed arose from the mobility differences.", "contents": "A note on the interpretation of identity reactions in immunoelectrophoresis. Immunoelectrophoretic methods, used in studies of the tissue specificity of two membrane-bound peptides obtained from pig, were observed to produce new types of reactions resembling those of partial immunochemical identity. In addition, the results obtained by fused rocket and rocket-line immunoelectrophoresis suggested that the unshared antigenic determinants were situated on the heterologous antigens. When analyzed in the immunodiffusion system, the antigens showed a reaction of total immunochemical identity. Zone electrophoresis of the antigens demonstrated large differences in electrophoretic mobility. Neuraminidase treatment of the antigens almost abolished these differences, and the antigens now exhibited almost complete antigenic identity, suggesting that the precipitate patterns observed arose from the mobility differences.", "PMID": 415353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8094", "title": "Idiotypy of measles virus nucleocapsid-specific IgGkappa antibody in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "A gel-precipitating anti-idiotypic antiserum was prepared in a rabbit by immunization with measles virus-specific IgG isolated from the serum of a patient with subacute sclerosing pancencephalitis (SSPE). The idiotypic determinant was associated with an electrophoretically restricted and cathodally migrating IgGkappa protein in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with antibody activity to measles nucleocapsids. The anti-idiotypic antiserum did not precipitate with other oligoclonal populations of measles-specific IgG in the patients serum or CSF, nor with serum or CSF from 4 other patients with SSPE and 10 patients with multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Idiotypy of measles virus nucleocapsid-specific IgGkappa antibody in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. A gel-precipitating anti-idiotypic antiserum was prepared in a rabbit by immunization with measles virus-specific IgG isolated from the serum of a patient with subacute sclerosing pancencephalitis (SSPE). The idiotypic determinant was associated with an electrophoretically restricted and cathodally migrating IgGkappa protein in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with antibody activity to measles nucleocapsids. The anti-idiotypic antiserum did not precipitate with other oligoclonal populations of measles-specific IgG in the patients serum or CSF, nor with serum or CSF from 4 other patients with SSPE and 10 patients with multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 415354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8095", "title": "Some characteristics of RA patients with and without side effects due to gold treatment.", "content": "Gold treatment was initiated in 98 patients suffering from early-stage rheumatoid arthritis. In 30 patients side effects due to gold therapy were seen during the first follow-up year: proteinuria in 6, allergic symptoms in 23, and thrombocytopaenia in one patient. The serum IgM level was higher in patients with side effects. None of the 33 other parameters studied showed any significant differences between patients with or without side effects.", "contents": "Some characteristics of RA patients with and without side effects due to gold treatment. Gold treatment was initiated in 98 patients suffering from early-stage rheumatoid arthritis. In 30 patients side effects due to gold therapy were seen during the first follow-up year: proteinuria in 6, allergic symptoms in 23, and thrombocytopaenia in one patient. The serum IgM level was higher in patients with side effects. None of the 33 other parameters studied showed any significant differences between patients with or without side effects.", "PMID": 415355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8096", "title": "Mepacrine hydrochloride in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion. A controlled randomized trial.", "content": "The effect of local instillation of mepacrine hydrochloride (quinacrine hydrochloride U.S.P., Atabrine) was compared with triethylenethiophosphoramide (Thiotepa) applied locally and with pleurocentesis alone. Twentyfive patients with disseminated malignant disease were allocated at random to one of these three treatments. A finding of more than 500 ml effusion within 3 months of instituting treatment was regarded as a failure, and subsequently one of the other treatments was used at random. Sixty-four per cent of the patients treated with mepacrine responded, compared with 27% treated with triethylenethiophosphoramide, and 11% treated with pleurocentesis alone.", "contents": "Mepacrine hydrochloride in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion. A controlled randomized trial. The effect of local instillation of mepacrine hydrochloride (quinacrine hydrochloride U.S.P., Atabrine) was compared with triethylenethiophosphoramide (Thiotepa) applied locally and with pleurocentesis alone. Twentyfive patients with disseminated malignant disease were allocated at random to one of these three treatments. A finding of more than 500 ml effusion within 3 months of instituting treatment was regarded as a failure, and subsequently one of the other treatments was used at random. Sixty-four per cent of the patients treated with mepacrine responded, compared with 27% treated with triethylenethiophosphoramide, and 11% treated with pleurocentesis alone.", "PMID": 415356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8097", "title": "[Exercise-induced asthma and placebos].", "content": "The effectiveness of a placebo in 15 patients with exercise-induced asthma (E.I.A., decrease of FEV1 by more than 10% after a standard run uphill on a treadmill) has been measured. 7 patients repeated the test without placebo protection, to separate the psychological effect of placebo from the emotional influences of the unusual environment of a technically highly developed hospital and adaptation to test procedures. On selection day FEV1 in % of preexercise value 10 min after exercise was 68.2 +/- 7.9% and on control day 67.1 +/- 9.5% (no statistical difference). The second stage comprised 14 patients who took the placebo or Cromolyn (Lomudal) before exercise; on selection day FEV1 in % of preexercise value 10 min after exercise was 70.1 +/- 4.8%; on placebo day it was 76.0 +/- 3.4% and on Cromolyn day 90.7 +/- 3.3%. There was statistically significant (p less than 0.025) protection by placebo. However, the protective effect of Cromolyn was much better than that of placebo (p less than 0.005). Placebo has a significantly greater protective effectiveness in E.I.A. than expected, and one much greater than previously suggested in preexisting asthma. As environmental influences were ruled out, the only explanation for the high degree of protection by placebo is the patients' trust in the placebo.", "contents": "[Exercise-induced asthma and placebos]. The effectiveness of a placebo in 15 patients with exercise-induced asthma (E.I.A., decrease of FEV1 by more than 10% after a standard run uphill on a treadmill) has been measured. 7 patients repeated the test without placebo protection, to separate the psychological effect of placebo from the emotional influences of the unusual environment of a technically highly developed hospital and adaptation to test procedures. On selection day FEV1 in % of preexercise value 10 min after exercise was 68.2 +/- 7.9% and on control day 67.1 +/- 9.5% (no statistical difference). The second stage comprised 14 patients who took the placebo or Cromolyn (Lomudal) before exercise; on selection day FEV1 in % of preexercise value 10 min after exercise was 70.1 +/- 4.8%; on placebo day it was 76.0 +/- 3.4% and on Cromolyn day 90.7 +/- 3.3%. There was statistically significant (p less than 0.025) protection by placebo. However, the protective effect of Cromolyn was much better than that of placebo (p less than 0.005). Placebo has a significantly greater protective effectiveness in E.I.A. than expected, and one much greater than previously suggested in preexisting asthma. As environmental influences were ruled out, the only explanation for the high degree of protection by placebo is the patients' trust in the placebo.", "PMID": 415359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8098", "title": "Covalent immunoglobulin assembly in vitro: reactivity of light chain covalent dimers (L2) and blocked light chain monomers.", "content": "Covalent light chain dimers (L2) and cysteine-blocked L chain monomers readily react with partially reduced heavy (H) chains. A rapid disappearance of these blocked L chain species is followed by the appearance of covalent intermediates-HL, H2, and H2L-leading to fully assembled H2L2. The mechanism of initial disulfide bond formation between heavy and light chains is disulfide interchange.", "contents": "Covalent immunoglobulin assembly in vitro: reactivity of light chain covalent dimers (L2) and blocked light chain monomers. Covalent light chain dimers (L2) and cysteine-blocked L chain monomers readily react with partially reduced heavy (H) chains. A rapid disappearance of these blocked L chain species is followed by the appearance of covalent intermediates-HL, H2, and H2L-leading to fully assembled H2L2. The mechanism of initial disulfide bond formation between heavy and light chains is disulfide interchange.", "PMID": 415360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8099", "title": "Anilines: selective toxicity to blue-green algae.", "content": "The blue-green alga Agmenellum quadruplicatum (strain PR6) was very sensitive to aniline and p-toluidine (potential environmental toxicants) in an algal lawn assay (the growth of the algal lawn was inhibited with as little as 1 microgram of p-toluidine per disk). Assays with seven other species of blue-green algae showed that they had varying sensitivities ranging from 1 to 100 micrograms of p-toluidine. Under comparable conditions, 0.5 milligram or more of p-toluidine was needed to inhibit a green alga, a diatom, or two species of bacteria. p-Toluidine had no immediate effect on the photosynthesis or respiration of A. quadruplicatum, although growth was arrested and viability declined.", "contents": "Anilines: selective toxicity to blue-green algae. The blue-green alga Agmenellum quadruplicatum (strain PR6) was very sensitive to aniline and p-toluidine (potential environmental toxicants) in an algal lawn assay (the growth of the algal lawn was inhibited with as little as 1 microgram of p-toluidine per disk). Assays with seven other species of blue-green algae showed that they had varying sensitivities ranging from 1 to 100 micrograms of p-toluidine. Under comparable conditions, 0.5 milligram or more of p-toluidine was needed to inhibit a green alga, a diatom, or two species of bacteria. p-Toluidine had no immediate effect on the photosynthesis or respiration of A. quadruplicatum, although growth was arrested and viability declined.", "PMID": 415361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8100", "title": "Anosmia in male rhesus monkeys does not alter copulatory activity with cycling females.", "content": "Three adult male rhesus monkeys were tested daily with intact adult female partners over the course of four or five mentstrual cycles. The males were made permanently anosmic by chemical ablation of the olfactory epithelium after the second or fourth cycle was completed. All males continued to display typical cycles of copulation with their partners after the anosmia procedures, with the shortest latencies to ejaculation occurring during the periovulatory phase of the partner's ovulatory cycle. Hence, female attractivity and cyclic copulatory performance of rhesus monkeys are not dependent upon olfactory signals.", "contents": "Anosmia in male rhesus monkeys does not alter copulatory activity with cycling females. Three adult male rhesus monkeys were tested daily with intact adult female partners over the course of four or five mentstrual cycles. The males were made permanently anosmic by chemical ablation of the olfactory epithelium after the second or fourth cycle was completed. All males continued to display typical cycles of copulation with their partners after the anosmia procedures, with the shortest latencies to ejaculation occurring during the periovulatory phase of the partner's ovulatory cycle. Hence, female attractivity and cyclic copulatory performance of rhesus monkeys are not dependent upon olfactory signals.", "PMID": 415362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8101", "title": "Foreign aid support of science and economic growth.", "content": "The history of U.S. foreign aid support of science and technology in Latin America is examined and an attempt is made to evaluate the scientific and economic growth of that area in relation to the total foreign aid effort.", "contents": "Foreign aid support of science and economic growth. The history of U.S. foreign aid support of science and technology in Latin America is examined and an attempt is made to evaluate the scientific and economic growth of that area in relation to the total foreign aid effort.", "PMID": 415363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8102", "title": "Muscle crossbridge stroke and activity revealed by optical diffraction.", "content": "Optical diffraction measurements during rapid releases of active toad muscle show that the sarcomeres contract within 1 millisecond by an amount up to but not greater than 12 nanometers. This crossbridges immediately start cycling to produce the normal contraction velocity in unloaded muscle.", "contents": "Muscle crossbridge stroke and activity revealed by optical diffraction. Optical diffraction measurements during rapid releases of active toad muscle show that the sarcomeres contract within 1 millisecond by an amount up to but not greater than 12 nanometers. This crossbridges immediately start cycling to produce the normal contraction velocity in unloaded muscle.", "PMID": 415364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8103", "title": "Eye movements of monkeys during learning-set formation.", "content": "Eye movements of stump-tailed monkeys were measured during learning of a long series of two-choice pattern discrimination problems. The amount of scanning per trial (shifts in visual fixation from one pattern to the other) and the duration of individual fixations on the patterns increased during the course of learning-set formation and (except for the amount of scanning by some animals) remained high during the prolonged training following learning-set formation. Some of the changes in eye movements were different from those seen during the learning of single discrimination problems, a difference that possibly reflects cognitive processes specific to the learning-set task.", "contents": "Eye movements of monkeys during learning-set formation. Eye movements of stump-tailed monkeys were measured during learning of a long series of two-choice pattern discrimination problems. The amount of scanning per trial (shifts in visual fixation from one pattern to the other) and the duration of individual fixations on the patterns increased during the course of learning-set formation and (except for the amount of scanning by some animals) remained high during the prolonged training following learning-set formation. Some of the changes in eye movements were different from those seen during the learning of single discrimination problems, a difference that possibly reflects cognitive processes specific to the learning-set task.", "PMID": 415365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8104", "title": "B lymphocyte antigens in sicca syndrome.", "content": "All individuals tested in this study with sicca syndrome, a human autoimmune disease, bear two immunologically distinct and genetically unrelated B lymphocyte antigens that appear similar to the immune response associated (Ia) antigens of the mouse. The genes coding for these two antigens are present in only 37 and 24 percent of normal controls. In animal models Ia antigen genes are closely linked to immune response genes. Our findings suggest that two such genes may be required for the development of sicca syndrome.", "contents": "B lymphocyte antigens in sicca syndrome. All individuals tested in this study with sicca syndrome, a human autoimmune disease, bear two immunologically distinct and genetically unrelated B lymphocyte antigens that appear similar to the immune response associated (Ia) antigens of the mouse. The genes coding for these two antigens are present in only 37 and 24 percent of normal controls. In animal models Ia antigen genes are closely linked to immune response genes. Our findings suggest that two such genes may be required for the development of sicca syndrome.", "PMID": 415366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8105", "title": "delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: antiaggressive effects in mice, rats, and squirrel monkeys.", "content": "delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, the most active constituent of marihuana, decreased species-specific attack behavior in mice, rats, and squirrel monkeys at doses (0.25 to 2.0 milligram per kilogram of body weight) that have no effects on other elements of the behavioral repertoire. Aggressive behavior was engendered in all three species by confronting a resident animal with an intruder conspecific. The present results contrast with the widely held belief that marihuana increases aggressive behavior.", "contents": "delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: antiaggressive effects in mice, rats, and squirrel monkeys. delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, the most active constituent of marihuana, decreased species-specific attack behavior in mice, rats, and squirrel monkeys at doses (0.25 to 2.0 milligram per kilogram of body weight) that have no effects on other elements of the behavioral repertoire. Aggressive behavior was engendered in all three species by confronting a resident animal with an intruder conspecific. The present results contrast with the widely held belief that marihuana increases aggressive behavior.", "PMID": 415367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8106", "title": "Increased intracellular phosphoribosylpyrophosphate and accelerated orotic acid decarboxylation in a mouse cell line resistant to purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides.", "content": "A line of mouse fibroblasts (A9AU-1), originally selected for growth in the presence of 6-azauridine, has been found to be resistant to cytotoxic concentrations of adenosine, guanosine, and thymidine. A9AU-1 cells convert orotic acid to uridine 5'-monophosphate at twice the rate of the A9P line from which the A9AU-1 clone was selected. The resistant cells also excrete purines, synthesized de novo, into the medium at an increased velocity. The average intracellular 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) concentration of the resistant line is 45% higher than that of the parental line. The elevated PRPP concentration is likely to be responsible for both the apparent acceleration of pyrimidine synthesis and the increased excretion of purines into the growth medium; it might also account, by one of the several possible mechanisms, for the resistance of the cells to cytotoxic concentrations of the various nucleosides.", "contents": "Increased intracellular phosphoribosylpyrophosphate and accelerated orotic acid decarboxylation in a mouse cell line resistant to purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides. A line of mouse fibroblasts (A9AU-1), originally selected for growth in the presence of 6-azauridine, has been found to be resistant to cytotoxic concentrations of adenosine, guanosine, and thymidine. A9AU-1 cells convert orotic acid to uridine 5'-monophosphate at twice the rate of the A9P line from which the A9AU-1 clone was selected. The resistant cells also excrete purines, synthesized de novo, into the medium at an increased velocity. The average intracellular 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) concentration of the resistant line is 45% higher than that of the parental line. The elevated PRPP concentration is likely to be responsible for both the apparent acceleration of pyrimidine synthesis and the increased excretion of purines into the growth medium; it might also account, by one of the several possible mechanisms, for the resistance of the cells to cytotoxic concentrations of the various nucleosides.", "PMID": 415375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8107", "title": "Direct right atrial catheterization for total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "A case report of a patient with severe nutritional deficiency and no adequate access to the central venous system for total parenteral nutrition is presented. Operative placement of a catheter directly into the right atrium allowed adequate nutritional support and led to a marked improvement in the clinical status of the patient and a gain of weight from 67 to 98 pounds. The technique of the procedure and its limited indications are discussed.", "contents": "Direct right atrial catheterization for total parenteral nutrition. A case report of a patient with severe nutritional deficiency and no adequate access to the central venous system for total parenteral nutrition is presented. Operative placement of a catheter directly into the right atrium allowed adequate nutritional support and led to a marked improvement in the clinical status of the patient and a gain of weight from 67 to 98 pounds. The technique of the procedure and its limited indications are discussed.", "PMID": 415377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8108", "title": "Teratogenic effects of ribavirin on hamster and rat embryos.", "content": "Ribavirin, a synthetic nucleoside with marked antiviral activity, induced developmental malformations when administered to pregnant hamsters by oral, intraperitoneal or intravenous routes. Abnormalities of the limbs, eyes and brain were the most common defects found in the hamster. Higher doses (about 10 x) were required to induce anomalies in rat embryos and the malformations were generally restricted to the head region. In both rats and hamsters oral administration of the drug seemed to be more teratogenic than administration by other routes suggesting that metabolism of ribavirin in the maternal gastro-intestinal tract and/or liver may change it into its active form.", "contents": "Teratogenic effects of ribavirin on hamster and rat embryos. Ribavirin, a synthetic nucleoside with marked antiviral activity, induced developmental malformations when administered to pregnant hamsters by oral, intraperitoneal or intravenous routes. Abnormalities of the limbs, eyes and brain were the most common defects found in the hamster. Higher doses (about 10 x) were required to induce anomalies in rat embryos and the malformations were generally restricted to the head region. In both rats and hamsters oral administration of the drug seemed to be more teratogenic than administration by other routes suggesting that metabolism of ribavirin in the maternal gastro-intestinal tract and/or liver may change it into its active form.", "PMID": 415379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8109", "title": "Gastrointestinal complications after external megavoltage treatment.", "content": "66 cases treated with external megavoltage irradiation for various malignant diseases in the abdomen are presented 26 patients (39%) had radiation reactions during and immediately after the treatment. Late complications at least two months after the treatment appeared in 15 patients (23%). The relatively low frequency of intestinal disturbances induced by radiotherapy in the present series may have been caused by the low weekly dose in the abdomen and the practise of a split-course interval in the midst of treatment.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal complications after external megavoltage treatment. 66 cases treated with external megavoltage irradiation for various malignant diseases in the abdomen are presented 26 patients (39%) had radiation reactions during and immediately after the treatment. Late complications at least two months after the treatment appeared in 15 patients (23%). The relatively low frequency of intestinal disturbances induced by radiotherapy in the present series may have been caused by the low weekly dose in the abdomen and the practise of a split-course interval in the midst of treatment.", "PMID": 415383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8110", "title": "[A microcalorimeter for assessment of the G-value of a ferrous sulfate solution for high-energy electrons (author's transl)].", "content": "A microcalorimeter with  constant ambient temperature has been designed (circa -195 degrees C = temperature of the absorber), which could be utilized with doses from 10 rd upward. The G-value for ferrous sulfate was assessed by means of comparison measurements with the calorimeter and a Fricke-dosimeter, using two different electron energies. The G-value at 24.8 MeV amounted to 15.64 +/- 0.14 ions/100 eV and at 38.8 MeV, to 15.60 +/- 0.13 ions/100 eV.", "contents": "[A microcalorimeter for assessment of the G-value of a ferrous sulfate solution for high-energy electrons (author's transl)]. A microcalorimeter with  constant ambient temperature has been designed (circa -195 degrees C = temperature of the absorber), which could be utilized with doses from 10 rd upward. The G-value for ferrous sulfate was assessed by means of comparison measurements with the calorimeter and a Fricke-dosimeter, using two different electron energies. The G-value at 24.8 MeV amounted to 15.64 +/- 0.14 ions/100 eV and at 38.8 MeV, to 15.60 +/- 0.13 ions/100 eV.", "PMID": 415384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8111", "title": "[Contribution to deep electron pendulous therapy. VIII. Communication: concerning the problem of diverging contours in telecentric electron pendulous irradiation using the electron energies 10 MeV and 20 MeV (author's transl)].", "content": "The mode of correction of the isodose curves from telecentric electron pendulous technique using a constant patient radius rp = 30 cm (Isodosenatlas, Siemens, 1973) is represented with regard to its application in patients with diverging surface contours. Correction is possible by two different methods: 1st by experimental determination of an air gap factor for the shift of isodoses, and 2nd by two factors depending on the focus-skin distance and on the angle of incidence of the electron beam. Determination of the factors is performed either by means of fixed fields measured by vertical and at oblique incidence of the beam and a depth dose distribution measured at the central axis, with oblique incidence of the electrons.", "contents": "[Contribution to deep electron pendulous therapy. VIII. Communication: concerning the problem of diverging contours in telecentric electron pendulous irradiation using the electron energies 10 MeV and 20 MeV (author's transl)]. The mode of correction of the isodose curves from telecentric electron pendulous technique using a constant patient radius rp = 30 cm (Isodosenatlas, Siemens, 1973) is represented with regard to its application in patients with diverging surface contours. Correction is possible by two different methods: 1st by experimental determination of an air gap factor for the shift of isodoses, and 2nd by two factors depending on the focus-skin distance and on the angle of incidence of the electron beam. Determination of the factors is performed either by means of fixed fields measured by vertical and at oblique incidence of the beam and a depth dose distribution measured at the central axis, with oblique incidence of the electrons.", "PMID": 415385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8112", "title": "[Results of collective caries prevention by means of rinsing with a 0.2 percent sodium solution after 88 months].", "content": "In the framework of a governmental program in the Republic of Cuba, mouth rinsing actions with  a 0.2% sodium fluoride solution were accomplished in more than 900,000 children at a 14-day rhythm. The caries-statistical investigations performed in groups of 400 6-13-year-old children each showed a significant caries reduction (40-50%). The cost-benefit ration can be regarded as positive.", "contents": "[Results of collective caries prevention by means of rinsing with a 0.2 percent sodium solution after 88 months]. In the framework of a governmental program in the Republic of Cuba, mouth rinsing actions with  a 0.2% sodium fluoride solution were accomplished in more than 900,000 children at a 14-day rhythm. The caries-statistical investigations performed in groups of 400 6-13-year-old children each showed a significant caries reduction (40-50%). The cost-benefit ration can be regarded as positive.", "PMID": 415387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8113", "title": "Evaluation of counter immuno-electrophoresis crossed electro-immunodiffusion and agar gel diffusion for immunodiagnosis of human hydatid disease.", "content": "Techniques of counter immuno-electrophoresis (CIEP), crossed electro-immunodiffusion (CEID) and agar gel diffusion (AGD) were used for diagnosis of hydatid disease. Sera were obtained from suspected patients before surgery and the antigens used were either human hydatid fluid (HHF) or sheep hydatid fluid (SHF). Out of the 29 suspected cases, 21 were confirmed by recovering the cysts from lung (ten), liver (nine), liver and spleen (two). The experimental results showed that precipitin line(s) with CIEP were obtained with the sera of all 21 confirmed patients using HHF and of 13 using SHF. With CEID, all 19 sera tested demonstrated precipitin patterns with HHF. In the AGD test precipitin lines were obtained in the sera of 15 patients using HHF and of six using SHF. None of the sera from 22 patients suffering from illnesses other than hydatidosis or of the sera from 34 apparently normal individuals gave positive results with CIEP when either HHF or SHF was used as the source of antigen. The CIEP test correlated well with CEID. It is, therefore, suggested that CIEP, which is a rapid and less sophisticated test, can be applied for the diagnosis of hydatid disease and in epidemiological surveys.", "contents": "Evaluation of counter immuno-electrophoresis crossed electro-immunodiffusion and agar gel diffusion for immunodiagnosis of human hydatid disease. Techniques of counter immuno-electrophoresis (CIEP), crossed electro-immunodiffusion (CEID) and agar gel diffusion (AGD) were used for diagnosis of hydatid disease. Sera were obtained from suspected patients before surgery and the antigens used were either human hydatid fluid (HHF) or sheep hydatid fluid (SHF). Out of the 29 suspected cases, 21 were confirmed by recovering the cysts from lung (ten), liver (nine), liver and spleen (two). The experimental results showed that precipitin line(s) with CIEP were obtained with the sera of all 21 confirmed patients using HHF and of 13 using SHF. With CEID, all 19 sera tested demonstrated precipitin patterns with HHF. In the AGD test precipitin lines were obtained in the sera of 15 patients using HHF and of six using SHF. None of the sera from 22 patients suffering from illnesses other than hydatidosis or of the sera from 34 apparently normal individuals gave positive results with CIEP when either HHF or SHF was used as the source of antigen. The CIEP test correlated well with CEID. It is, therefore, suggested that CIEP, which is a rapid and less sophisticated test, can be applied for the diagnosis of hydatid disease and in epidemiological surveys.", "PMID": 415388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8114", "title": "A cellulose acetate membrane precipitin (CAP) test for amoebiasis.", "content": "A simple precipitin test (CAP) using cellulose acetate membrane has been devised and evaluated against the gel diffusion precipitin (GDP) test. In 251 sera tested by both methods, the CAP was never negative when the GDP was positive (110 sera). 34 sera were negative by the GDP but positive by the CAP; in all of these the patients either had a past history of amoebiasis or were considered to have active amoebiasis. The CAP is technically very simple, the result is available within four and a half hours, and the membranes can be impregnated with antigen and stored for several months. The CAP is slightly more sensitive than the GDP and remains positive longer after the patient has been cured; it seems to be equally specific.", "contents": "A cellulose acetate membrane precipitin (CAP) test for amoebiasis. A simple precipitin test (CAP) using cellulose acetate membrane has been devised and evaluated against the gel diffusion precipitin (GDP) test. In 251 sera tested by both methods, the CAP was never negative when the GDP was positive (110 sera). 34 sera were negative by the GDP but positive by the CAP; in all of these the patients either had a past history of amoebiasis or were considered to have active amoebiasis. The CAP is technically very simple, the result is available within four and a half hours, and the membranes can be impregnated with antigen and stored for several months. The CAP is slightly more sensitive than the GDP and remains positive longer after the patient has been cured; it seems to be equally specific.", "PMID": 415389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8115", "title": "Scrub typhus infection in rats in four habitats in Peninsular Malaysia.", "content": "Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolations were attempted from blood samples obtained from rats captured in four adjacent habitats near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Antibody surveys were also made. Rickettsial infections were most frequent in rats captured in the forest and in lalang grass (Imperata cylindrica) and least frequent in the most extensively disturbed habitat, an Orang Asli (aborigine) village. Forest rats such as Rattus sabanus (31%), as well as rats in the subgenus R. (Rattus), i.e. R. tiomanicus (26%) and R. argentiventer (35%) had frequent active infections. The house rat R. exulans had less frequent infections (15%). Frequency of antibody occurrence followed a similar pattern. No marked seasonal differences in the frequency of infections could be detected during the 18-month study.", "contents": "Scrub typhus infection in rats in four habitats in Peninsular Malaysia. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolations were attempted from blood samples obtained from rats captured in four adjacent habitats near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Antibody surveys were also made. Rickettsial infections were most frequent in rats captured in the forest and in lalang grass (Imperata cylindrica) and least frequent in the most extensively disturbed habitat, an Orang Asli (aborigine) village. Forest rats such as Rattus sabanus (31%), as well as rats in the subgenus R. (Rattus), i.e. R. tiomanicus (26%) and R. argentiventer (35%) had frequent active infections. The house rat R. exulans had less frequent infections (15%). Frequency of antibody occurrence followed a similar pattern. No marked seasonal differences in the frequency of infections could be detected during the 18-month study.", "PMID": 415390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8116", "title": "Transfusion reaction. An immunologic hazard of blood transfusion.", "content": "Twenty-three cases of delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) occurring at the Mayo Clinic from 1964 through 1973 are reviewed. Nineteen patients had clinical manifestations of hemolysis, of which fever was the most frequent presenting symptom. The degree of hemolysis served as an index of morbidity. In four cases, there was oliguria, two of these patients experiencing renal shutdown. In one case, hemolysis led to a disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. Death occurred subsequent of DHTR in three patients. The direct antiglobulin test was positive in all but one case; this finding coincided with elevated unconjugated bilirubin in 14 cases and decreased haptoglobin levels in 15 cases. Anti-Jka antibody accounted for somewhat more than one-third of reactions and, along with anti-E, c, D, Fya, and K antibodies accounted for 91 per cent of cases.", "contents": "Transfusion reaction. An immunologic hazard of blood transfusion. Twenty-three cases of delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) occurring at the Mayo Clinic from 1964 through 1973 are reviewed. Nineteen patients had clinical manifestations of hemolysis, of which fever was the most frequent presenting symptom. The degree of hemolysis served as an index of morbidity. In four cases, there was oliguria, two of these patients experiencing renal shutdown. In one case, hemolysis led to a disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. Death occurred subsequent of DHTR in three patients. The direct antiglobulin test was positive in all but one case; this finding coincided with elevated unconjugated bilirubin in 14 cases and decreased haptoglobin levels in 15 cases. Anti-Jka antibody accounted for somewhat more than one-third of reactions and, along with anti-E, c, D, Fya, and K antibodies accounted for 91 per cent of cases.", "PMID": 415392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8117", "title": "An investigation of the relationship between the V(hrv), VS, and hrH antigens.", "content": "The data from this investigation show that the anti-VS sera studied cannot be separated into anti-hrv (anti-V) and anti-hrH specificities. The antibody specificity is singular and is directed against an antigenic determinant present on VS positive red blood cells. That some anti-VS sera appear to have a separable specificity may be due to the incomplete absorption of those antisera. It was shown that V-, VS+ red blood cells adsorb more anti-VS than do those that are V+, VS+. Several absorption of anti-VS serum with V+, VS+ red blood cells may remove enough of the antibody that the absorbed serum will no longer (visibly) react with V+, VS+ red blood cells, though the same absorbed serum will react with V-, VS+ red blood cells. That this is not a separable specificity can be demonstrated by subsequent absorption to exhaustion of the same serum with V+, VS+ red blood cells. Testing of the original Hernandez serum comfirmed that it defines the antigenic specificity, hrH. The relationship of hrH to VS may be similar to the relationship of the Rh0 (D) antigen to the antigens of the Rh0 (D) mosaic.", "contents": "An investigation of the relationship between the V(hrv), VS, and hrH antigens. The data from this investigation show that the anti-VS sera studied cannot be separated into anti-hrv (anti-V) and anti-hrH specificities. The antibody specificity is singular and is directed against an antigenic determinant present on VS positive red blood cells. That some anti-VS sera appear to have a separable specificity may be due to the incomplete absorption of those antisera. It was shown that V-, VS+ red blood cells adsorb more anti-VS than do those that are V+, VS+. Several absorption of anti-VS serum with V+, VS+ red blood cells may remove enough of the antibody that the absorbed serum will no longer (visibly) react with V+, VS+ red blood cells, though the same absorbed serum will react with V-, VS+ red blood cells. That this is not a separable specificity can be demonstrated by subsequent absorption to exhaustion of the same serum with V+, VS+ red blood cells. Testing of the original Hernandez serum comfirmed that it defines the antigenic specificity, hrH. The relationship of hrH to VS may be similar to the relationship of the Rh0 (D) antigen to the antigens of the Rh0 (D) mosaic.", "PMID": 415393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8118", "title": "Hemolytic anti-hr\" (e) detectable solely by an automated polybrene technique.", "content": "An example of a hemolytic anti-hr\" (e) detectable solely by an AutoAnalyzer-Polybrene (AAP) system is reported. The antibody was undetectable by routine indirect antiglobulin and enzyme tests, and produced a delayed intravascular hemolytic transfusion reaction. The anti-hr\" (e) was no longer AAP detectable five months after the transfusion reaction. This paper points out the potential usefulness of the AAP technique in detecting alloantibodies in cases of transfusion reactions where no antibody specificity can be demonstrated by standard manual techniques.", "contents": "Hemolytic anti-hr\" (e) detectable solely by an automated polybrene technique. An example of a hemolytic anti-hr\" (e) detectable solely by an AutoAnalyzer-Polybrene (AAP) system is reported. The antibody was undetectable by routine indirect antiglobulin and enzyme tests, and produced a delayed intravascular hemolytic transfusion reaction. The anti-hr\" (e) was no longer AAP detectable five months after the transfusion reaction. This paper points out the potential usefulness of the AAP technique in detecting alloantibodies in cases of transfusion reactions where no antibody specificity can be demonstrated by standard manual techniques.", "PMID": 415394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8119", "title": "Vasectomy in rhesus monkeys. III. Light microscopic studies of testicular morphology.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were randomly assigned to undergo various surgical procedures. The animals were followed from one to sixty-six weeks postvasectomy, at which time they were sacrificed and their tissues prepared for light and electron microscopy. Vasectomy in the rhesus monkey, as in certain other species, appears to be a procedure not attended with widespread testicular atrophy or histologic evidence of impaired spermatogenic potential utilizing the procedures and postoperative periods studied. Why certain animals exhibited focal degenerative changes is unclear; perhaps a certain population, yet to be defined, is more sensitive to such procedures, resulting in testicular alterations. It is important that such a population and such changes be defined to predict more accurately the possibility of successful vasovasostomy and reestablishment of fertility.", "contents": "Vasectomy in rhesus monkeys. III. Light microscopic studies of testicular morphology. Rhesus monkeys were randomly assigned to undergo various surgical procedures. The animals were followed from one to sixty-six weeks postvasectomy, at which time they were sacrificed and their tissues prepared for light and electron microscopy. Vasectomy in the rhesus monkey, as in certain other species, appears to be a procedure not attended with widespread testicular atrophy or histologic evidence of impaired spermatogenic potential utilizing the procedures and postoperative periods studied. Why certain animals exhibited focal degenerative changes is unclear; perhaps a certain population, yet to be defined, is more sensitive to such procedures, resulting in testicular alterations. It is important that such a population and such changes be defined to predict more accurately the possibility of successful vasovasostomy and reestablishment of fertility.", "PMID": 415398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8120", "title": "[Effect of calcium on glycogen synthetase activity in skeletal muscles and myocardium of chick embryos and chickens].", "content": "The effect of calcium on the glycogensynthetase activity was studied in the skeletal muscles and myocardium of chick embryos and chickens. Under in vitro conditions the effect of calcium on the enzymes in the myocardium is detected from the 12th day of embryonic development and is pronounced in a significant decrease of the activity in its both forms. The same effect in the skeletal muscles is observed only from the 16th day of embryonic life. In chickens calcium also causes a significant decrease in the activity of the two forms of glycogensynthetase both in skeletal muscles and myocardium. The effects of calcium found in the in vitro experiments are reproduced under in vivo conditions as well. The coincidence is established between the time of appearance of sensitivity of the glycogensynthetase system to calcium and formation of the Ca-transport function of sarcoplasmic reticulum in these muscles. Possible participation of calcium as an intermediary in realization of the cathecholamine action on the glycogensynthetase system is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of calcium on glycogen synthetase activity in skeletal muscles and myocardium of chick embryos and chickens]. The effect of calcium on the glycogensynthetase activity was studied in the skeletal muscles and myocardium of chick embryos and chickens. Under in vitro conditions the effect of calcium on the enzymes in the myocardium is detected from the 12th day of embryonic development and is pronounced in a significant decrease of the activity in its both forms. The same effect in the skeletal muscles is observed only from the 16th day of embryonic life. In chickens calcium also causes a significant decrease in the activity of the two forms of glycogensynthetase both in skeletal muscles and myocardium. The effects of calcium found in the in vitro experiments are reproduced under in vivo conditions as well. The coincidence is established between the time of appearance of sensitivity of the glycogensynthetase system to calcium and formation of the Ca-transport function of sarcoplasmic reticulum in these muscles. Possible participation of calcium as an intermediary in realization of the cathecholamine action on the glycogensynthetase system is discussed.", "PMID": 415396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8121", "title": "Nephrogenic adenoma in urethral diverticulum.", "content": "A nephrogenic adenoma located within a urethral diverticulum of a female was found incidental to a diverticulectomy. Cases of this apparently benign lesion have been reported previously, but the lesions were located in the bladder, particularly in older males with a history of chronic cystitis.", "contents": "Nephrogenic adenoma in urethral diverticulum. A nephrogenic adenoma located within a urethral diverticulum of a female was found incidental to a diverticulectomy. Cases of this apparently benign lesion have been reported previously, but the lesions were located in the bladder, particularly in older males with a history of chronic cystitis.", "PMID": 415400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8122", "title": "[Use of free and bound amino acids in early postoperative parenteral feeding].", "content": "The degree of utilization of free and peptide-bound amino acids in parenteral feeding in early postoperative period was studied. More than 98% of free amino acids infused together with hydrolysate and 77% of peptide-bound amino acids remain in the patient's organism. The comparison of aminograms of aminosole peptides with those of the urine of patients who had been administered the above mentioned preparation showed just a slight similarity, but no correlation was established.", "contents": "[Use of free and bound amino acids in early postoperative parenteral feeding]. The degree of utilization of free and peptide-bound amino acids in parenteral feeding in early postoperative period was studied. More than 98% of free amino acids infused together with hydrolysate and 77% of peptide-bound amino acids remain in the patient's organism. The comparison of aminograms of aminosole peptides with those of the urine of patients who had been administered the above mentioned preparation showed just a slight similarity, but no correlation was established.", "PMID": 415401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8123", "title": "Microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of Kudoa infection in a butterfly fish (Chaetodon).", "content": "Myxosporidiosis of the skeletal muscle was diagnosed in a pearl scale butterfly fish (Chaetodon). On the basis of light and electron microscopy, the infectious agent was thought to be a Kudoa. The muscle had fusiform cysts containing myxosporidian organisms within hypertrophied fibers. Ultrastructural features of the kudoa organisms were four external shell valves joined by sutural planes. Internally, four pyriform polar capsules with polar filaments were anterior to the sporoplasm.", "contents": "Microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of Kudoa infection in a butterfly fish (Chaetodon). Myxosporidiosis of the skeletal muscle was diagnosed in a pearl scale butterfly fish (Chaetodon). On the basis of light and electron microscopy, the infectious agent was thought to be a Kudoa. The muscle had fusiform cysts containing myxosporidian organisms within hypertrophied fibers. Ultrastructural features of the kudoa organisms were four external shell valves joined by sutural planes. Internally, four pyriform polar capsules with polar filaments were anterior to the sporoplasm.", "PMID": 415403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8124", "title": "Focal mastocytosis in lymph nodes from a Beagle dog.", "content": "An 11-year-old Beagle dog had focal mastocytosis in the midtracheobronchial and left tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The cells were well-differentiated and were arranged in well-defined follicles. There were neither skin tumors nor mast-cell accumulations in other tissues.", "contents": "Focal mastocytosis in lymph nodes from a Beagle dog. An 11-year-old Beagle dog had focal mastocytosis in the midtracheobronchial and left tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The cells were well-differentiated and were arranged in well-defined follicles. There were neither skin tumors nor mast-cell accumulations in other tissues.", "PMID": 415404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8125", "title": "Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in the Rhesus monkey.", "content": "Twelve Rhesus monkeys were inoculated intravenously with about 500 000 malaria parasites, Plasmodium knowlesi. Acute hemolysis occurred 5 days later, and all animals died on the 6th or 7th day after inoculation. All organs were gray-green to gray-brown because of deposition of hemoglobin and malaria pigments. This deposition was particularly striking in the lung, brain, abdominal fat and serous surfaces. Microscopic changes indicative of acute hypoxia were found in the liver (centrilobular necrosis) and kidneys (acute tubular necrosis). Terminal intravascular coagulopathy was evidenced by widely distributed, recently formed, fibrin thrombi.", "contents": "Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in the Rhesus monkey. Twelve Rhesus monkeys were inoculated intravenously with about 500 000 malaria parasites, Plasmodium knowlesi. Acute hemolysis occurred 5 days later, and all animals died on the 6th or 7th day after inoculation. All organs were gray-green to gray-brown because of deposition of hemoglobin and malaria pigments. This deposition was particularly striking in the lung, brain, abdominal fat and serous surfaces. Microscopic changes indicative of acute hypoxia were found in the liver (centrilobular necrosis) and kidneys (acute tubular necrosis). Terminal intravascular coagulopathy was evidenced by widely distributed, recently formed, fibrin thrombi.", "PMID": 415405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8126", "title": "[Gamma ray decontamination of skins and wool contaminated with Bac. anthracis spores].", "content": "Studies were carried out to establish the sensitivity of Bacillus anthracis spores in a suspension of physiologic saline and in pelts and wool. Tested were the spores of five B. anthracis strains. The density of spore suspensions was from 1.6 X 10(6) up to 9.0 X 10(9) per cub. cm, and for the pelts and wool the spore count ranged from 7.8 X 10(8) to 5.0 X 10(10) (for the material as a whole). The irradiation was carried out on a device with a 60Co source at a temperature of 15 degrees C and rates of up to 2.75 Mrad. Data showed that the dose necessary to decontaminate infected pelts and wool is 2. 00 Mrad. The water phase of the medium has almost no effect on the sensitivity of B. anthracis spores to gamma rays.", "contents": "[Gamma ray decontamination of skins and wool contaminated with Bac. anthracis spores]. Studies were carried out to establish the sensitivity of Bacillus anthracis spores in a suspension of physiologic saline and in pelts and wool. Tested were the spores of five B. anthracis strains. The density of spore suspensions was from 1.6 X 10(6) up to 9.0 X 10(9) per cub. cm, and for the pelts and wool the spore count ranged from 7.8 X 10(8) to 5.0 X 10(10) (for the material as a whole). The irradiation was carried out on a device with a 60Co source at a temperature of 15 degrees C and rates of up to 2.75 Mrad. Data showed that the dose necessary to decontaminate infected pelts and wool is 2. 00 Mrad. The water phase of the medium has almost no effect on the sensitivity of B. anthracis spores to gamma rays.", "PMID": 415409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8127", "title": "Protective effects of colostral antibodies to Br abortus on strain 19 vaccination and field injection.", "content": "Calves which have received no antibodies against Br abortus in their colostrum may respond to strain 19 vaccination even on the first day of life. However, calves with such antibodies may completely suppress any response to S19 vaccination. In calves which have received very high titres of passive antibodies from their dams complete suppresson of vaccinal response may be expected to occur up to about 153 days of age. Thus, if vaccination is restricted to between 90 and 180 days many calves in infected herds will not be protected by routine vaccination with S19. In calves born of and reared on infected dams the colostral antibodies also have a marked protective effect. In spite of heavy exposure to Br abortus at birth and later from infected milk only six out of 64 calves (9.4 per cent) developed persistent positive titres. The remaining calves reverted to zero titres within 12 months and an anamnestic test indicated that of these up to 15 per cent may have been latent carriers but even more remarkably, 85 per cent of such calves were not even \"primed\" by such heavy exposure.", "contents": "Protective effects of colostral antibodies to Br abortus on strain 19 vaccination and field injection. Calves which have received no antibodies against Br abortus in their colostrum may respond to strain 19 vaccination even on the first day of life. However, calves with such antibodies may completely suppress any response to S19 vaccination. In calves which have received very high titres of passive antibodies from their dams complete suppresson of vaccinal response may be expected to occur up to about 153 days of age. Thus, if vaccination is restricted to between 90 and 180 days many calves in infected herds will not be protected by routine vaccination with S19. In calves born of and reared on infected dams the colostral antibodies also have a marked protective effect. In spite of heavy exposure to Br abortus at birth and later from infected milk only six out of 64 calves (9.4 per cent) developed persistent positive titres. The remaining calves reverted to zero titres within 12 months and an anamnestic test indicated that of these up to 15 per cent may have been latent carriers but even more remarkably, 85 per cent of such calves were not even \"primed\" by such heavy exposure.", "PMID": 415406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8128", "title": "[Allergic reactions in guinea pigs infected with Yersinia enterocolitica type 9 relative to homologous (Yersinia) and heterologous (Brucella) allergens].", "content": "Obtained were allergens from Brucella abortus 99 and Yersinia enterocolitica Type 9 through hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid after M. M. Ivanov and with acetic acid after Kirzhaev. They were tested on guinea pigs that were infected with Yersinia enterocolitica Type 9 through different ways. To M. M. Ivanov's allergens all infected animals responded pronouncedly in the case of the homologous allergen, and half of them only and to a lower degree in the case of the heterologous Brucella allergen. To Kirzhaev's allergens the infected guinea pigs showed more strongly expressed skin reactions. In this case, too, the response was stronger to the homologous Yersinai allergen. The diameters of skin swelling were more than twice greater than with the use of the heterologous Brucella allergen, and the sum of the reacting skin sites was five times greater in the case of the homologous Yersinia allergen. No essential differences were observed between the oral and the plantar route of infection combined with the subcutaneous injection of carboneum tetrachloratum and the morphine preparation Omnopon.", "contents": "[Allergic reactions in guinea pigs infected with Yersinia enterocolitica type 9 relative to homologous (Yersinia) and heterologous (Brucella) allergens]. Obtained were allergens from Brucella abortus 99 and Yersinia enterocolitica Type 9 through hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid after M. M. Ivanov and with acetic acid after Kirzhaev. They were tested on guinea pigs that were infected with Yersinia enterocolitica Type 9 through different ways. To M. M. Ivanov's allergens all infected animals responded pronouncedly in the case of the homologous allergen, and half of them only and to a lower degree in the case of the heterologous Brucella allergen. To Kirzhaev's allergens the infected guinea pigs showed more strongly expressed skin reactions. In this case, too, the response was stronger to the homologous Yersinai allergen. The diameters of skin swelling were more than twice greater than with the use of the heterologous Brucella allergen, and the sum of the reacting skin sites was five times greater in the case of the homologous Yersinia allergen. No essential differences were observed between the oral and the plantar route of infection combined with the subcutaneous injection of carboneum tetrachloratum and the morphine preparation Omnopon.", "PMID": 415410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8129", "title": "Aurosomes produced in the synovial membrane by the oral administration of a gold compound SK & F 36914.", "content": "Chlorotriethylphosphine gold (SK & F 36914) administered orally to rabbits produced aurosomes in the synovial membrane. These aurosomes were similar to aurosomes produced by parenteral or intra-articular injections of soluble gold salts such as sodium aurothiomalate and aurothioglucose. This study shows, (1) that an orally administered gold compound is capable of producing gold deposits in the synovial membrane, and (2) that such compounds may have a future in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Aurosomes produced in the synovial membrane by the oral administration of a gold compound SK & F 36914. Chlorotriethylphosphine gold (SK & F 36914) administered orally to rabbits produced aurosomes in the synovial membrane. These aurosomes were similar to aurosomes produced by parenteral or intra-articular injections of soluble gold salts such as sodium aurothiomalate and aurothioglucose. This study shows, (1) that an orally administered gold compound is capable of producing gold deposits in the synovial membrane, and (2) that such compounds may have a future in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 415423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8130", "title": "Multi-tailed spermatozoa in a case with asthenospermia and teratospermia.", "content": "A case is presented of an infertile male whose spermatozoa showed low mobility, a high percentage of irregular large heads and a variable number of tails (between 0 and 4). In the spermatozoa with several tails each axoneme, surrounded by its own outer fibres and mitochondrial sheath, arose from its own basal plate. Throughout the middle piece of every spermatozoon all the axonemes were arranged in parallel and were enclosed by the same plasma membrane. Usually, at the beginning of the principal piece, the axonemes became separated. At this level each of them constituted a different tail. In most spermatozoa the fine structure of the tail or tails was normal. The alterations of the inner structure of the tail or tails was normal. The alterations of the inner structure of the flagellum observed in some spermatozoa (enlargement of the fibrous sheath, duplication of the outer fibres and of some peripheral doublets) were independent of the number of tails present. In some cases, an intracytoplasmic coiling of the tail or tails could be observed.", "contents": "Multi-tailed spermatozoa in a case with asthenospermia and teratospermia. A case is presented of an infertile male whose spermatozoa showed low mobility, a high percentage of irregular large heads and a variable number of tails (between 0 and 4). In the spermatozoa with several tails each axoneme, surrounded by its own outer fibres and mitochondrial sheath, arose from its own basal plate. Throughout the middle piece of every spermatozoon all the axonemes were arranged in parallel and were enclosed by the same plasma membrane. Usually, at the beginning of the principal piece, the axonemes became separated. At this level each of them constituted a different tail. In most spermatozoa the fine structure of the tail or tails was normal. The alterations of the inner structure of the tail or tails was normal. The alterations of the inner structure of the flagellum observed in some spermatozoa (enlargement of the fibrous sheath, duplication of the outer fibres and of some peripheral doublets) were independent of the number of tails present. In some cases, an intracytoplasmic coiling of the tail or tails could be observed.", "PMID": 415424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8131", "title": "Lysosomal non-lipid component of Gaucher's cells.", "content": "An ultrastructural, histochemical and chemical analysis of storage elements in the infantile form of Gaucher's disease showed that in addition to cerebroside the lysosomes also included a non-lipid component of protein, or possibly glycoprotein nature. This component, easily removable with trypsin, was present in such quantities that it conditioned the typical solid and fibrillar appearance of storage elements even after they had been substantially delipidized. Another noteworthy finding was that the ultrastructural appearance of tubular structures generally regarded as stored cerebrosides persisted in all the extracted specimens without any noticeable change. The findings are compared with available data from the literature and their significance briefly discussed.", "contents": "Lysosomal non-lipid component of Gaucher's cells. An ultrastructural, histochemical and chemical analysis of storage elements in the infantile form of Gaucher's disease showed that in addition to cerebroside the lysosomes also included a non-lipid component of protein, or possibly glycoprotein nature. This component, easily removable with trypsin, was present in such quantities that it conditioned the typical solid and fibrillar appearance of storage elements even after they had been substantially delipidized. Another noteworthy finding was that the ultrastructural appearance of tubular structures generally regarded as stored cerebrosides persisted in all the extracted specimens without any noticeable change. The findings are compared with available data from the literature and their significance briefly discussed.", "PMID": 415425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8132", "title": "alpha-D-mannosidase activity in histiocytosis X.", "content": "A histochemical study of enzymatic activities was undertaken in five cases of histiocytosis X (two localized bone forms, two generalized forms, and one involving mainly the skin), each of which revealed characteristic structural features at the optical and ultrastructural levels. A confirmation was made of the original assumption of high acid alpha-D-mannosidase activity, i.e. activity described in human Langerhans intraepidermal cells (Elleder, 1975). In the control group of tumors, with the exception of urticaria pigmentosa, enzyme activity was either at trace level or altogether absent. Acid alpha-D-mannosidase activity therefore appears to be the first biochemical feature common to both histiocytosis X and the Langerhans cells. The significance of the finding for the present theory of the histogenesis of the above tumors is discussed.", "contents": "alpha-D-mannosidase activity in histiocytosis X. A histochemical study of enzymatic activities was undertaken in five cases of histiocytosis X (two localized bone forms, two generalized forms, and one involving mainly the skin), each of which revealed characteristic structural features at the optical and ultrastructural levels. A confirmation was made of the original assumption of high acid alpha-D-mannosidase activity, i.e. activity described in human Langerhans intraepidermal cells (Elleder, 1975). In the control group of tumors, with the exception of urticaria pigmentosa, enzyme activity was either at trace level or altogether absent. Acid alpha-D-mannosidase activity therefore appears to be the first biochemical feature common to both histiocytosis X and the Langerhans cells. The significance of the finding for the present theory of the histogenesis of the above tumors is discussed.", "PMID": 415426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8133", "title": "Wound healing in the primitive deep layer of the young chick blastoderm.", "content": "Wound healing in the primitive deep layer of stage 4 chick blastoderms was studied in vitro by cinemicrophotography of living cultures and by photomicroscopy, scanning- and transmission electron microscopy after fixation. Experimental wounds with an average diameter of 0.3 mm healed completely within 2 to 4 h through migration of the cells at their rims. Healing occurred in mesenchyme-free areas, providing us with a purely epithelial reaction. The rim cells of the primitive deep layer formed extensions at their free flank, described as fila, filopodia, lamellae and lamellipodia. They were already present in blastoderms fixed at the earliest after the intervention. This reaction was ascribed to the elimination of a normal fellow cell at the side of the rim cell facing the defect. Movement of the rim cell ceased upon meeting another cell with the same polarity. At this moment lamellipodia disappeared as suddenly as they had formed, and the number of fila and filopodia decreased. We believe that the chick blastoderm's primitive deep layer might be appropriate for analysis of the factors governing primary epithelial wound healing.", "contents": "Wound healing in the primitive deep layer of the young chick blastoderm. Wound healing in the primitive deep layer of stage 4 chick blastoderms was studied in vitro by cinemicrophotography of living cultures and by photomicroscopy, scanning- and transmission electron microscopy after fixation. Experimental wounds with an average diameter of 0.3 mm healed completely within 2 to 4 h through migration of the cells at their rims. Healing occurred in mesenchyme-free areas, providing us with a purely epithelial reaction. The rim cells of the primitive deep layer formed extensions at their free flank, described as fila, filopodia, lamellae and lamellipodia. They were already present in blastoderms fixed at the earliest after the intervention. This reaction was ascribed to the elimination of a normal fellow cell at the side of the rim cell facing the defect. Movement of the rim cell ceased upon meeting another cell with the same polarity. At this moment lamellipodia disappeared as suddenly as they had formed, and the number of fila and filopodia decreased. We believe that the chick blastoderm's primitive deep layer might be appropriate for analysis of the factors governing primary epithelial wound healing.", "PMID": 415427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8134", "title": "Histomorphologic and histochemical investigations in mannosidosis. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Morphologic and histochemical studies have been performed at light and electron microscopic level on needle-liver biopsy specimens, circulating blood lymphocytes and fibroblast cultures from patients with mannosidosis. The findings demonstrated generalized storage phenomena of varying degrees in the various tissues examined. Histochemical findings were in agreement with the biochemical nature of the stored material. Enzyme histochemical methods indicated storage in the lysosomes, at least in the hepatocytes. The ultrastructural appearance of mannosidosis in itself has but a limited diagnostic significance since the morphology and distribution of vacuoles have characteristics in common with other storage diseases. Repeated liver biopsy disclosed extensive storage in the hepatic tissue. However, the progression of the disease was not accompanied by severe mechanical destruction or microcirculatory disturbances.", "contents": "Histomorphologic and histochemical investigations in mannosidosis. A light and electron microscopic study. Morphologic and histochemical studies have been performed at light and electron microscopic level on needle-liver biopsy specimens, circulating blood lymphocytes and fibroblast cultures from patients with mannosidosis. The findings demonstrated generalized storage phenomena of varying degrees in the various tissues examined. Histochemical findings were in agreement with the biochemical nature of the stored material. Enzyme histochemical methods indicated storage in the lysosomes, at least in the hepatocytes. The ultrastructural appearance of mannosidosis in itself has but a limited diagnostic significance since the morphology and distribution of vacuoles have characteristics in common with other storage diseases. Repeated liver biopsy disclosed extensive storage in the hepatic tissue. However, the progression of the disease was not accompanied by severe mechanical destruction or microcirculatory disturbances.", "PMID": 415428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8135", "title": "Morphometric study of the ultrastructure of nephrons and collecting tubules in the kidney of rats with renal and spontaneous hypertension.", "content": "The convoluted proximal and straight distal tubules and the medullary collecting ducts in kidneys of rats with ischaemic renal hypertension and with genetic spontaneous hypertension were studied by means of electron microscopic morphometry. The volume of mitochondria, the area of their cristae, of the outer surface and of membranes of the intercellular labyrinth, and other ultrastructural characterisitcs were calculated. No significant differences were found in proximal tubules between experimental and control animals, although in the distal tubules in both experiments the coefficient characterizing the level of morphologic organization of mitochondria, which takes into account their basic morphometric parameters, was reduced in hypertensive animals as compared with the intact ones. The volume of mitochondria and the area of their cristae in collecting ducts, and also the area of membranes of the intercellular labyrinth were increased. Our results suggest that in hypertension the reabsorption of substances from the proximal tubules is essentially normal, that it is reduced at the beginning of the distal tubules but is intensified in the collecting ducts.", "contents": "Morphometric study of the ultrastructure of nephrons and collecting tubules in the kidney of rats with renal and spontaneous hypertension. The convoluted proximal and straight distal tubules and the medullary collecting ducts in kidneys of rats with ischaemic renal hypertension and with genetic spontaneous hypertension were studied by means of electron microscopic morphometry. The volume of mitochondria, the area of their cristae, of the outer surface and of membranes of the intercellular labyrinth, and other ultrastructural characterisitcs were calculated. No significant differences were found in proximal tubules between experimental and control animals, although in the distal tubules in both experiments the coefficient characterizing the level of morphologic organization of mitochondria, which takes into account their basic morphometric parameters, was reduced in hypertensive animals as compared with the intact ones. The volume of mitochondria and the area of their cristae in collecting ducts, and also the area of membranes of the intercellular labyrinth were increased. Our results suggest that in hypertension the reabsorption of substances from the proximal tubules is essentially normal, that it is reduced at the beginning of the distal tubules but is intensified in the collecting ducts.", "PMID": 415429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8136", "title": "Temperature-dependence of the proliferation of mouse bone marrow cells cultured in H2O- and D2O-media.", "content": "In an attempto to optimize and standardize the in vitro culture conditions of mouse bone marrow cells for assaying growth regulating factors, we studied the effects of incubation at low temperatures and of a nutrient medium containing deuteriumoxide instead of water. It was found that (1) the proliferative capacity of the cells is significantly increased by pre-incubation for 1-2 h at 0 degrees C rather than at 37 degrees C, measured by both a colony-forming and a 3H-thymidine (3H-tdr) uptake assay. A similar temperature effect on the colony-forming and 3H-tdr uptake ability is apparent after pre-incubation in D2O-medium, yet significantly lower than in H2O-medium. It was concluded that the previously observed protective effects of D2O on ascites tumor cell proliferation and viability and for hemolysis of human erythrocytes is not apparent in proliferating and colony-forming mouse bone marrow cells in vitro.", "contents": "Temperature-dependence of the proliferation of mouse bone marrow cells cultured in H2O- and D2O-media. In an attempto to optimize and standardize the in vitro culture conditions of mouse bone marrow cells for assaying growth regulating factors, we studied the effects of incubation at low temperatures and of a nutrient medium containing deuteriumoxide instead of water. It was found that (1) the proliferative capacity of the cells is significantly increased by pre-incubation for 1-2 h at 0 degrees C rather than at 37 degrees C, measured by both a colony-forming and a 3H-thymidine (3H-tdr) uptake assay. A similar temperature effect on the colony-forming and 3H-tdr uptake ability is apparent after pre-incubation in D2O-medium, yet significantly lower than in H2O-medium. It was concluded that the previously observed protective effects of D2O on ascites tumor cell proliferation and viability and for hemolysis of human erythrocytes is not apparent in proliferating and colony-forming mouse bone marrow cells in vitro.", "PMID": 415430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8137", "title": "Lymphocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cytolysis: role in immune hemolysis.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from normal volunteers were capable of lysing Rh(D)-positive human erythrocytes in the presence of IgG anti-Rh(D) antibodies. The percent cytotoxicity produced by peripheral blood lymphocytes was approximately equivalent to that produced by unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Neither peripheral blood mononuclear cells nor peripheral blood lymphocytes lysed Rh(D)-negative human erythrocytes in the presence of IgG anti-Rh(D) antibody.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cytolysis: role in immune hemolysis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from normal volunteers were capable of lysing Rh(D)-positive human erythrocytes in the presence of IgG anti-Rh(D) antibodies. The percent cytotoxicity produced by peripheral blood lymphocytes was approximately equivalent to that produced by unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Neither peripheral blood mononuclear cells nor peripheral blood lymphocytes lysed Rh(D)-negative human erythrocytes in the presence of IgG anti-Rh(D) antibody.", "PMID": 415434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8138", "title": "The antigen Duclos. A new high frequency red cell antigen related to Rh and U.", "content": "An antibody is described which defines a new high frequency red cell antigen, Duclos, whose expression seems to require the presence of both U and Rh fundamental antigens. Apart from the antibody maker's own red cells the only nonreactive samples were from Rhnull U impaired individuals, one example of which was shown however to yield very slight amounts of antibody through absorption-elution tests. Rhmod U weak cells gave very depressed and Rhnull U positive or Rh common U negative cells moderately depressed reactions. The proposita's red cells had an apparently normal Rh-LW condition but their U antigen was significantly decreased. No further Duclos negative individual was found by screening 8,500 blood donors in the Paris area.", "contents": "The antigen Duclos. A new high frequency red cell antigen related to Rh and U. An antibody is described which defines a new high frequency red cell antigen, Duclos, whose expression seems to require the presence of both U and Rh fundamental antigens. Apart from the antibody maker's own red cells the only nonreactive samples were from Rhnull U impaired individuals, one example of which was shown however to yield very slight amounts of antibody through absorption-elution tests. Rhmod U weak cells gave very depressed and Rhnull U positive or Rh common U negative cells moderately depressed reactions. The proposita's red cells had an apparently normal Rh-LW condition but their U antigen was significantly decreased. No further Duclos negative individual was found by screening 8,500 blood donors in the Paris area.", "PMID": 415435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8139", "title": "[Serum oestriol: a parameter of the function of the feto-placental unit (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of serum oestriol is known to be a useful parameter of the function of the feto-placental unit. In order to derive the normal range on application of the radioimmunoassay technique, the serum oestriol level was determined in 242 gravidae during the second half of pregnancy. The pregnancies were all uncomplicated and ended with the delivery of a healthy baby at term. The statistical mean and 4 confidence intervals were calculated for each gestational week individually. During the second half of pregnancy there was a continuous gradual increase in serum oestriol; between the 34th and 38th gestational week there was a further steep increase, followed by a decrease from the 39th gestational week onwards. The usefulness of this method is illustrated on the basis of case reports of 10 high-risk pregnancies in which oestriol determination is compared with the clinical findings and HPL determination.", "contents": "[Serum oestriol: a parameter of the function of the feto-placental unit (author's transl)]. The determination of serum oestriol is known to be a useful parameter of the function of the feto-placental unit. In order to derive the normal range on application of the radioimmunoassay technique, the serum oestriol level was determined in 242 gravidae during the second half of pregnancy. The pregnancies were all uncomplicated and ended with the delivery of a healthy baby at term. The statistical mean and 4 confidence intervals were calculated for each gestational week individually. During the second half of pregnancy there was a continuous gradual increase in serum oestriol; between the 34th and 38th gestational week there was a further steep increase, followed by a decrease from the 39th gestational week onwards. The usefulness of this method is illustrated on the basis of case reports of 10 high-risk pregnancies in which oestriol determination is compared with the clinical findings and HPL determination.", "PMID": 415438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8140", "title": "[Role of the liver in lipid metabolism in the parenteral feeding of fatty emulsions].", "content": "Tests conducted on dogs furnished information on the participation of the liver in the metabolism of heptadecanoic acid and fat emulsion \"Intralipid-20%\" with two modes of their administration: into the systemic circulation (through. v. jugularis) and directly into v. portal. Heptadecanoic acid is shown to undergo a whole series of transformations in the liver, in particular, it is very quickly and in fairly large amounts becomes incoporated in the structure of the molecular lipids forms, secreted into the blood as lipoproteins. Data derived from comparative investigations of a long-term infusion of \"intralipid-20%\" into the blood (19 days) and its effect on the lipids of diverse tissues showed that with the preparation introduced into v. portal and into the systemic circulation there is apparent a certain difference in the lipids metabolism rate.", "contents": "[Role of the liver in lipid metabolism in the parenteral feeding of fatty emulsions]. Tests conducted on dogs furnished information on the participation of the liver in the metabolism of heptadecanoic acid and fat emulsion \"Intralipid-20%\" with two modes of their administration: into the systemic circulation (through. v. jugularis) and directly into v. portal. Heptadecanoic acid is shown to undergo a whole series of transformations in the liver, in particular, it is very quickly and in fairly large amounts becomes incoporated in the structure of the molecular lipids forms, secreted into the blood as lipoproteins. Data derived from comparative investigations of a long-term infusion of \"intralipid-20%\" into the blood (19 days) and its effect on the lipids of diverse tissues showed that with the preparation introduced into v. portal and into the systemic circulation there is apparent a certain difference in the lipids metabolism rate.", "PMID": 415433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8141", "title": "[Hypophosphatemia during parenteral nutrition of patients with renal insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypophosphatemia is a much commoner condition than generally recognized from investigations on this subject so far. Hypophosphatemia may cause ill-defined disturbances in the course of illness in patients with renal insufficiency. On the basis of our results we recommend the addition of 5--10 mmol phosphate (155--310 mg phosphorus) per 1000 kcal. of the nutrient solution right from the start of parenteral nutrition in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. The phosphate dosage must be further increased, at least temporarily, in hypophosphatemic patients with acute renal insufficiency. Serum phosphate determination should be obligatory in patients with renal insufficiency at the time when the patient is first seen. It should also be performed at least every second day during the first week of parenteral nutrition. Thereafter, the determination of serum phosphate twice weekly should suffice to control the dosage of phosphate required by the patient.", "contents": "[Hypophosphatemia during parenteral nutrition of patients with renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. Hypophosphatemia is a much commoner condition than generally recognized from investigations on this subject so far. Hypophosphatemia may cause ill-defined disturbances in the course of illness in patients with renal insufficiency. On the basis of our results we recommend the addition of 5--10 mmol phosphate (155--310 mg phosphorus) per 1000 kcal. of the nutrient solution right from the start of parenteral nutrition in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. The phosphate dosage must be further increased, at least temporarily, in hypophosphatemic patients with acute renal insufficiency. Serum phosphate determination should be obligatory in patients with renal insufficiency at the time when the patient is first seen. It should also be performed at least every second day during the first week of parenteral nutrition. Thereafter, the determination of serum phosphate twice weekly should suffice to control the dosage of phosphate required by the patient.", "PMID": 415439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8142", "title": "Kinetics of [3H]trifluoperazine in bile fistula rats.", "content": "1. Anaesthetized male rats with a bile fistula received 12-3 micron mol/kg [9-3H]tri-fluoperazine into the tail vein, and the biliary excretion of total radioactivity, unchanged drug and phenolic glucuronides was followed for 8 h. 2. About half of the administered radioactivity apeared in bile within 8 h;80% of the biliary metabolites were unextractable even after beta-glucuronidasearylsulphatase hydrolysis; about 10% were glucuronides of 7-hydroxytrifluoperazine and its N-demethylated analogue; approx. 0-6% of the excreted radioactivity was unchanged drug. 3. A more rapid excretion, but a similar metabolite pattern, was observed when the drug was administered into the portal vein and bile was collected for 2 h. 4. Rats pre-treated with trifluoperazine per os for 3 weeks and then given the radioactive dose into the tail vein excreted increased quantities of the demethylated phenol glucuronide, while the other metabolities remained unchanged.", "contents": "Kinetics of [3H]trifluoperazine in bile fistula rats. 1. Anaesthetized male rats with a bile fistula received 12-3 micron mol/kg [9-3H]tri-fluoperazine into the tail vein, and the biliary excretion of total radioactivity, unchanged drug and phenolic glucuronides was followed for 8 h. 2. About half of the administered radioactivity apeared in bile within 8 h;80% of the biliary metabolites were unextractable even after beta-glucuronidasearylsulphatase hydrolysis; about 10% were glucuronides of 7-hydroxytrifluoperazine and its N-demethylated analogue; approx. 0-6% of the excreted radioactivity was unchanged drug. 3. A more rapid excretion, but a similar metabolite pattern, was observed when the drug was administered into the portal vein and bile was collected for 2 h. 4. Rats pre-treated with trifluoperazine per os for 3 weeks and then given the radioactive dose into the tail vein excreted increased quantities of the demethylated phenol glucuronide, while the other metabolities remained unchanged.", "PMID": 415442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8143", "title": "Pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies of the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer misonidazole.", "content": "1. The metabolism of the radiosensitizing 2-nitroimidazole, misonidazole, has been investigated in mice, rats, baboons, human volunteers, and in patients receiving radiotherapy for advanced malignant disease. 2. Plasma levels of unchanged drug and its desmethylated metabolite have been measured, and in humans there is good correlation of peak plasma concn. with drug dose. All drug-related material in plasma was accounted for as unchanged misonidazole or its desmethylated metabolite, both compounds being radiosensitizers in vitro. 3. Extensive faecal excretion of material not containing any nitro group occurred in mice, rats, and baboons dosed with radiolabelled drug. 4. Renal excretion is the preferred route of elimination in man, baboon and mouse. Nitroimidazole metabolites accounting for over half the urinary excretion in all species were identified. 5. The compound penetrates solid murine tumours in concentrations sufficient to achieve radiosensitization.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies of the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer misonidazole. 1. The metabolism of the radiosensitizing 2-nitroimidazole, misonidazole, has been investigated in mice, rats, baboons, human volunteers, and in patients receiving radiotherapy for advanced malignant disease. 2. Plasma levels of unchanged drug and its desmethylated metabolite have been measured, and in humans there is good correlation of peak plasma concn. with drug dose. All drug-related material in plasma was accounted for as unchanged misonidazole or its desmethylated metabolite, both compounds being radiosensitizers in vitro. 3. Extensive faecal excretion of material not containing any nitro group occurred in mice, rats, and baboons dosed with radiolabelled drug. 4. Renal excretion is the preferred route of elimination in man, baboon and mouse. Nitroimidazole metabolites accounting for over half the urinary excretion in all species were identified. 5. The compound penetrates solid murine tumours in concentrations sufficient to achieve radiosensitization.", "PMID": 415443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8144", "title": "Serum enzyme changes in experimental diabetes before and after treatment with some hypoglycaemic drugs.", "content": "In alloxan diabetes, serum GOT, GPT, and ceruloplasmin were significantly increased compared to normal rats, while the level of serum alkaline phosphatale was decreased. Treatment with insulin led to lowering of serum GOT, GPT, and ceruloplasmin while serum alkaline phosphatase remained low. Then lycanol or daonil were used for treatment, serum GOT, GPT, and ceruloplasmin were changes towards normalization, while ceruloplasmin returned to normal values. Serum-alkaline phosphatase increased after 7 and 14 days from treatment with oral hypolygylcaemic drugs. In dithizonized diabetic animals, the levels of serum GOT, GPT, and alkaline phosphatase were found to be higher than normal, while ceruloplasmin levels were unchanged. After treatment with insulin all serum enzyme activities were normalized.", "contents": "Serum enzyme changes in experimental diabetes before and after treatment with some hypoglycaemic drugs. In alloxan diabetes, serum GOT, GPT, and ceruloplasmin were significantly increased compared to normal rats, while the level of serum alkaline phosphatale was decreased. Treatment with insulin led to lowering of serum GOT, GPT, and ceruloplasmin while serum alkaline phosphatase remained low. Then lycanol or daonil were used for treatment, serum GOT, GPT, and ceruloplasmin were changes towards normalization, while ceruloplasmin returned to normal values. Serum-alkaline phosphatase increased after 7 and 14 days from treatment with oral hypolygylcaemic drugs. In dithizonized diabetic animals, the levels of serum GOT, GPT, and alkaline phosphatase were found to be higher than normal, while ceruloplasmin levels were unchanged. After treatment with insulin all serum enzyme activities were normalized.", "PMID": 415444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8145", "title": "Effect of low-protein diet and its duration on hair composition.", "content": "The effect of feeding a low-protein diet (1%) and its duration (4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks) on the protein content and amino-acid pattern of hair were studied. These changes were compared with control groups fed an adequate protein diet (16%). Protein content of hair was diminished in the protein-deficient rats after four weeks followed by a gradual decrease till the end of the experiment. Sulphur-containing amino acids, cystine and cysteine, were significantly reduced in the hair of the protein-deficient rats when compared with the normal controls. The amino-acid pattern showed significant differences from controls by the end of the whole experimental period.", "contents": "Effect of low-protein diet and its duration on hair composition. The effect of feeding a low-protein diet (1%) and its duration (4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks) on the protein content and amino-acid pattern of hair were studied. These changes were compared with control groups fed an adequate protein diet (16%). Protein content of hair was diminished in the protein-deficient rats after four weeks followed by a gradual decrease till the end of the experiment. Sulphur-containing amino acids, cystine and cysteine, were significantly reduced in the hair of the protein-deficient rats when compared with the normal controls. The amino-acid pattern showed significant differences from controls by the end of the whole experimental period.", "PMID": 415445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8146", "title": "[Freeze fracture study of Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis infective stages (author's transl)].", "content": "Infective stages of Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis have been studied by the freeze fracture technique. The outer membrane of the pellicle is continuous and shows an apical 8 + 1 particles rosette in the P fracture face. The inner membrane complex is made of rectangular flattened vesicles aligned in longitudinal rows and joined in a puzzle like fashion. Sarcocystis has 11 of these rows whereas their number varies in Toxoplasma. A posterior interruption is present. Anteriorly is one truncated conical plate apically opened by a vertical ridge. The membranes of the inner complex are characterized by parallel alignment of particles (in P faces) some of which are joined and continuous with double rows radiating in the apical cap. Those rows correspond in number and arrangement with the underlying microtubules. The rhoptries membranes show periodic circular arrays of particles.", "contents": "[Freeze fracture study of Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis infective stages (author's transl)]. Infective stages of Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis have been studied by the freeze fracture technique. The outer membrane of the pellicle is continuous and shows an apical 8 + 1 particles rosette in the P fracture face. The inner membrane complex is made of rectangular flattened vesicles aligned in longitudinal rows and joined in a puzzle like fashion. Sarcocystis has 11 of these rows whereas their number varies in Toxoplasma. A posterior interruption is present. Anteriorly is one truncated conical plate apically opened by a vertical ridge. The membranes of the inner complex are characterized by parallel alignment of particles (in P faces) some of which are joined and continuous with double rows radiating in the apical cap. Those rows correspond in number and arrangement with the underlying microtubules. The rhoptries membranes show periodic circular arrays of particles.", "PMID": 415447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8147", "title": "[Formation of increased delayed hypersensitivity to the microbial antigen in animals preliminarily sensitized with pollen].", "content": "Combined forms of allergy to the wormwood pollen and brucellae was experimentally reproduced. Guinea pigs were sensitized primarily with the wormwood pollen, and in 3 weeks, 2 and 4 weeks with brucellae, in addition. Preliminary (2 and 4 weeks before brucellae administration) sensitization with the said pollen aided accelerated and marked formation of delayed allergy to the microbial antigen. The effect of intensification of microbial allergy was temporary. In administration of the microbes directly after the pollen allergen no significant influence of the latter on the formation of allergic reactivity to brucellae was noted.", "contents": "[Formation of increased delayed hypersensitivity to the microbial antigen in animals preliminarily sensitized with pollen]. Combined forms of allergy to the wormwood pollen and brucellae was experimentally reproduced. Guinea pigs were sensitized primarily with the wormwood pollen, and in 3 weeks, 2 and 4 weeks with brucellae, in addition. Preliminary (2 and 4 weeks before brucellae administration) sensitization with the said pollen aided accelerated and marked formation of delayed allergy to the microbial antigen. The effect of intensification of microbial allergy was temporary. In administration of the microbes directly after the pollen allergen no significant influence of the latter on the formation of allergic reactivity to brucellae was noted.", "PMID": 415453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8148", "title": "[Gold treatment of rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "In basic therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis gold is preferred. Continued as well as discontinued therapy is used. The effect of gold is of complex nature. Gold is localized in cells of the RES and mesenchyme main in the inflammatory area. The passing acceleration of mesenchyme metabolism possibly shortens the duration of the inflammatory process. Gold further shows effects on cellular and subcellular membranes, on collagen, ACTH-production and on immune reactions. Patients with high activity and slow progression of their disease are especially suitable for chrysotherapy. Low maintenance of gold levels is effective and inhibits toxic-allergical reactions may be in a sort of desensitisation.", "contents": "[Gold treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. In basic therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis gold is preferred. Continued as well as discontinued therapy is used. The effect of gold is of complex nature. Gold is localized in cells of the RES and mesenchyme main in the inflammatory area. The passing acceleration of mesenchyme metabolism possibly shortens the duration of the inflammatory process. Gold further shows effects on cellular and subcellular membranes, on collagen, ACTH-production and on immune reactions. Patients with high activity and slow progression of their disease are especially suitable for chrysotherapy. Low maintenance of gold levels is effective and inhibits toxic-allergical reactions may be in a sort of desensitisation.", "PMID": 415451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8149", "title": "[Immunochemical characteristics of pepsinogen-pepsin isoforms from the gastric mucosa of the pig, Sus scrofa].", "content": "Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic studies reveal three isoforms of pepsinogen and pepsin which differ in their immunochemical properties. Activation of pepsinogen to pepsin at pH 2 does not affect antigenic properties of the isoforms of the enzyme. Some of the isoforms of commercial pepsin do not exhibit immunogenic properties, although reveal the enzymic activity. This finding indicates that immunochemical and biochemical determinants are located in different parts of isoenzyme molecules.", "contents": "[Immunochemical characteristics of pepsinogen-pepsin isoforms from the gastric mucosa of the pig, Sus scrofa]. Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic studies reveal three isoforms of pepsinogen and pepsin which differ in their immunochemical properties. Activation of pepsinogen to pepsin at pH 2 does not affect antigenic properties of the isoforms of the enzyme. Some of the isoforms of commercial pepsin do not exhibit immunogenic properties, although reveal the enzymic activity. This finding indicates that immunochemical and biochemical determinants are located in different parts of isoenzyme molecules.", "PMID": 415452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8150", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the L forms of meningococcus].", "content": "The authors carried out an electron microscope study of the ultrastructure of the L-form of meningococcus. Several types of cells differing by shape, size, and electron density were revealed. Sharply angular cells closely adjacent to one another prevailed in the culture. Structureless material, possibly representing material of cellular wall was not infrequently revealed around the cells. Elemental bodies and membranous structures of the lamellar type were revealed within the cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the L forms of meningococcus]. The authors carried out an electron microscope study of the ultrastructure of the L-form of meningococcus. Several types of cells differing by shape, size, and electron density were revealed. Sharply angular cells closely adjacent to one another prevailed in the culture. Structureless material, possibly representing material of cellular wall was not infrequently revealed around the cells. Elemental bodies and membranous structures of the lamellar type were revealed within the cells.", "PMID": 415456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8151", "title": "[Study of the structure and function of endotoxins with the aid of enzymes. 2. Modification of Salmonella paratyphi B endotoxin with lysozyme and lipase].", "content": "Endotoxin preparations from the S. paratyphi B cultures, isolated by various methods, were treated with lysozyme (splitting of beta-1,4-glycoside links of lipid A) and lipase of the pancreas (splitting of complex ester links of glycerophosphatides). Lysozyme and, to a lesser extent, lipase, were capable of partial depression of the toxic endotoxin function. The process of enzymatic detoxication coursed selectively, without influencing the serological and immunological activity of the preparations. Suppositions are put forward on the complicated nature of the toxic endotoxin function manifestation and possibility of provision of detoxication effect by specific actions differing by the point of application.", "contents": "[Study of the structure and function of endotoxins with the aid of enzymes. 2. Modification of Salmonella paratyphi B endotoxin with lysozyme and lipase]. Endotoxin preparations from the S. paratyphi B cultures, isolated by various methods, were treated with lysozyme (splitting of beta-1,4-glycoside links of lipid A) and lipase of the pancreas (splitting of complex ester links of glycerophosphatides). Lysozyme and, to a lesser extent, lipase, were capable of partial depression of the toxic endotoxin function. The process of enzymatic detoxication coursed selectively, without influencing the serological and immunological activity of the preparations. Suppositions are put forward on the complicated nature of the toxic endotoxin function manifestation and possibility of provision of detoxication effect by specific actions differing by the point of application.", "PMID": 415457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8152", "title": "[Mechanism of the changes in the animal reactivity to tularemia in mixed infection].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on albino rats infected with listeria or salmonelloses, and then with tularemia; differences were revealed in the duration of manifestation of nonspecific resistance associated with peculiarities of pathogenesis and immunogenesis of the background infections. One of the significant factors causing an increase of albino rats resistance to tularemia in mixed infection was activation of the immunomorphological reaction promoting accelerated development of specific immunity reactions to this infection.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the changes in the animal reactivity to tularemia in mixed infection]. Experiments were conducted on albino rats infected with listeria or salmonelloses, and then with tularemia; differences were revealed in the duration of manifestation of nonspecific resistance associated with peculiarities of pathogenesis and immunogenesis of the background infections. One of the significant factors causing an increase of albino rats resistance to tularemia in mixed infection was activation of the immunomorphological reaction promoting accelerated development of specific immunity reactions to this infection.", "PMID": 415458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8153", "title": "[Ca++-dependent immunosuppressive effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)].", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of a sum total dose of 6.44.10(-5) M of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which binds divalent cations, inhibits the process of accumulation of antibody-forming cells in the spleen of mice (CBA X C57BL) F1 hybrids, immunizated with sheep red blood cells. In a dose of 5.2.10(-5) M CaCl2 eliminated the immunodepressive effect of EDTA almost completely. It was assumed that EDTA action was produced through the Ca++-controlled regulation mechanism of one of the following processes:  the interaction between T- and B-lymphocytes; proliferation and differentiation of T- and B-cells in the course of the immune response to sheep red blood cells. A more complex mechanism of EDTA action on the above-mentioned processes is not excluded, however.", "contents": "[Ca++-dependent immunosuppressive effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)]. Subcutaneous injection of a sum total dose of 6.44.10(-5) M of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which binds divalent cations, inhibits the process of accumulation of antibody-forming cells in the spleen of mice (CBA X C57BL) F1 hybrids, immunizated with sheep red blood cells. In a dose of 5.2.10(-5) M CaCl2 eliminated the immunodepressive effect of EDTA almost completely. It was assumed that EDTA action was produced through the Ca++-controlled regulation mechanism of one of the following processes:  the interaction between T- and B-lymphocytes; proliferation and differentiation of T- and B-cells in the course of the immune response to sheep red blood cells. A more complex mechanism of EDTA action on the above-mentioned processes is not excluded, however.", "PMID": 415459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8154", "title": "[Aggravation of experimental dysentery in mice and acceleration of the process of multiplication of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic bacteria under the effect of yeast RNA].", "content": "Simultaneous infection of mice with Sh. flexneri subtype 2a, culture, with various doses of RNA sodium salt (NaRNA) or administration of the preparation 3 hours prior to or 6, 12, and 18 hours after the infection was accompanied by aggravation of the experimental infection in mice. This was expressed in a greater number of animals which contracted the disease and died, and in increased blood and peritoneal exudate microbiol density. The same processes were noted in mice infected with equal doses of shigella cultures passaged four times through broth with NaRNA, in comparison with the animals infected with shigellae passaged through broth alone. Incubation of a number of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microbes in broth with NaRNA was accompanied by a significant increase in the bacterial biomass volume; at the same time other conditionally patoogenic microbes or even different strains of the same type of the microbes reacted to NaRNA but weakly. A possibility of realization of all of these processes in vivo and their influence on the origination of bacterial complications and development of the infection is supposed.", "contents": "[Aggravation of experimental dysentery in mice and acceleration of the process of multiplication of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic bacteria under the effect of yeast RNA]. Simultaneous infection of mice with Sh. flexneri subtype 2a, culture, with various doses of RNA sodium salt (NaRNA) or administration of the preparation 3 hours prior to or 6, 12, and 18 hours after the infection was accompanied by aggravation of the experimental infection in mice. This was expressed in a greater number of animals which contracted the disease and died, and in increased blood and peritoneal exudate microbiol density. The same processes were noted in mice infected with equal doses of shigella cultures passaged four times through broth with NaRNA, in comparison with the animals infected with shigellae passaged through broth alone. Incubation of a number of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microbes in broth with NaRNA was accompanied by a significant increase in the bacterial biomass volume; at the same time other conditionally patoogenic microbes or even different strains of the same type of the microbes reacted to NaRNA but weakly. A possibility of realization of all of these processes in vivo and their influence on the origination of bacterial complications and development of the infection is supposed.", "PMID": 415460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8155", "title": "[Clinical aspects and pathogenesis of the initial (precrisis) disorders of cerebral circulation].", "content": "In 82 patients from 20--35 years of age with vegetative-vascular dystonia the authors studied clinical variants of the disease, the bioelectrical brain activity, the state of cerebral circulation, the visual analyzer, the cardiovascular system, histamine, protein, lipid, carbohydrate metabolism and the state of coagulative blood system. In the majority of the cases the studies demonstrated hystaminemia, some shifts in the biochemical blood content, an increased brain vascular tone, a drop of blood repletion and disturbances of regional hemodynamics. The studies also depicted a decreased functional lability of the main cortical bioelectrical processes, disturbances of electric activity and propulsive possibilities of the myocardium. It was also possible to demonstrate intercorrelation between the biochemical and electrophysiological indices with the type and form of the disease. It is assumed that the leading role in the pathogenesis of the disease belongs to the dysfunction of the limbico-reticular complex. Certain recommendations for normalization of the histamine metabolism are given as well as for the normalization of the reticulo-hypothalamic system functions. The authors also indicate a necessity of an early screening of the patients with vegetative-vascular dystonia.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and pathogenesis of the initial (precrisis) disorders of cerebral circulation]. In 82 patients from 20--35 years of age with vegetative-vascular dystonia the authors studied clinical variants of the disease, the bioelectrical brain activity, the state of cerebral circulation, the visual analyzer, the cardiovascular system, histamine, protein, lipid, carbohydrate metabolism and the state of coagulative blood system. In the majority of the cases the studies demonstrated hystaminemia, some shifts in the biochemical blood content, an increased brain vascular tone, a drop of blood repletion and disturbances of regional hemodynamics. The studies also depicted a decreased functional lability of the main cortical bioelectrical processes, disturbances of electric activity and propulsive possibilities of the myocardium. It was also possible to demonstrate intercorrelation between the biochemical and electrophysiological indices with the type and form of the disease. It is assumed that the leading role in the pathogenesis of the disease belongs to the dysfunction of the limbico-reticular complex. Certain recommendations for normalization of the histamine metabolism are given as well as for the normalization of the reticulo-hypothalamic system functions. The authors also indicate a necessity of an early screening of the patients with vegetative-vascular dystonia.", "PMID": 415461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8156", "title": "[Clinical aspects of urethral diverticula].", "content": "Experience with the treatment of 39 cases of urethral diverticula between the years 1954 and 1974 is reported. The patients were 32 women and 7 men. In 7 cases (3 women and 4 men) the condition was congenital in origin. In 30 patients the first symptoms appeared between the 31st and 60th year. In a 12 months old infant a hazelnut sized diverticulum in the posterior urethra caused complete ischuria. In two-third of the patients symptoms of cystitis dominated, dyspareunia in women (8%) and prostatitis in men (16%) had a lower incidence. 80% of the diverticula were infected; they contained stones in 3 cases. In one case the diverticulum recurred and histology revealed in its wall a planocellular carcinoma. Thirty-five patients were subjected to operation. Postoperative fistula developed in 3 cases which had to be re-operated. In cases of recurring urethritis, cystitis and prostatitis, urography is recommended, since the symptoms might be due to the presence of urethral diverticula.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of urethral diverticula]. Experience with the treatment of 39 cases of urethral diverticula between the years 1954 and 1974 is reported. The patients were 32 women and 7 men. In 7 cases (3 women and 4 men) the condition was congenital in origin. In 30 patients the first symptoms appeared between the 31st and 60th year. In a 12 months old infant a hazelnut sized diverticulum in the posterior urethra caused complete ischuria. In two-third of the patients symptoms of cystitis dominated, dyspareunia in women (8%) and prostatitis in men (16%) had a lower incidence. 80% of the diverticula were infected; they contained stones in 3 cases. In one case the diverticulum recurred and histology revealed in its wall a planocellular carcinoma. Thirty-five patients were subjected to operation. Postoperative fistula developed in 3 cases which had to be re-operated. In cases of recurring urethritis, cystitis and prostatitis, urography is recommended, since the symptoms might be due to the presence of urethral diverticula.", "PMID": 415462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8157", "title": "Calyceal diverticula: review of the literature, a hypothesis concerning its aetiology, and report of 17 cases.", "content": "The literature on calyceal diverticula is reviewed, the embryological aspects and pathogenesis are discussed and the congenital vasocentric theory of the authors is elaborated. The study includes the analysis of 17 cases.", "contents": "Calyceal diverticula: review of the literature, a hypothesis concerning its aetiology, and report of 17 cases. The literature on calyceal diverticula is reviewed, the embryological aspects and pathogenesis are discussed and the congenital vasocentric theory of the authors is elaborated. The study includes the analysis of 17 cases.", "PMID": 415463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8158", "title": "[Diverticula of the jejunum as a diagnostic and therapeutic problem].", "content": "Five patients with jejenal diverticuli verifed by X-ray were discussed. Four of these patients under-went surgery because of the size of the diverticuli and due to their associating symptoms. In the fifth patient, more conservative therapy has prooved this far to be successful. With the four who underwent surgery, the diverticuli were totally resected and sutured at their bases. In one of the operated cases the intestinal lumen was made too narrow by resuturing the neck of the diverticulum (which was 2 cm in diameter). A reoperation in which the lumen would be widened was deemed necessary so as to promote normal passage of the intestinal contents. Postoperative control checkups showed that all five patients were relieved of the symptoms they had for years prior to their treatment. The X-ray finding were decisive in makings the diagnosis, and the presenting symptoms were indicative of surgery.", "contents": "[Diverticula of the jejunum as a diagnostic and therapeutic problem]. Five patients with jejenal diverticuli verifed by X-ray were discussed. Four of these patients under-went surgery because of the size of the diverticuli and due to their associating symptoms. In the fifth patient, more conservative therapy has prooved this far to be successful. With the four who underwent surgery, the diverticuli were totally resected and sutured at their bases. In one of the operated cases the intestinal lumen was made too narrow by resuturing the neck of the diverticulum (which was 2 cm in diameter). A reoperation in which the lumen would be widened was deemed necessary so as to promote normal passage of the intestinal contents. Postoperative control checkups showed that all five patients were relieved of the symptoms they had for years prior to their treatment. The X-ray finding were decisive in makings the diagnosis, and the presenting symptoms were indicative of surgery.", "PMID": 415464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8159", "title": "Viability of the islets of Langerhans after warm ischemia as judged by isologous transplantation.", "content": "The influence of warm ischemia on pancreatic islet viability was studied by means of 63 isologous transplantations in adult AGUS rats. The pancreases were harvested 0, 20 and 40 min after circulatory arrest. The islets were isolated with collagenase and transplanted intra-portally in known numbers into streptozotocin-diabetic recipients. The islet-dose-metabolic-response relationships in three groups of recipients were compared. No significant difference was found in the quantitative yield. The smallest number of islets which reversed diabetes increased by 25% after a period of warm ischemia regardless of its duration.", "contents": "Viability of the islets of Langerhans after warm ischemia as judged by isologous transplantation. The influence of warm ischemia on pancreatic islet viability was studied by means of 63 isologous transplantations in adult AGUS rats. The pancreases were harvested 0, 20 and 40 min after circulatory arrest. The islets were isolated with collagenase and transplanted intra-portally in known numbers into streptozotocin-diabetic recipients. The islet-dose-metabolic-response relationships in three groups of recipients were compared. No significant difference was found in the quantitative yield. The smallest number of islets which reversed diabetes increased by 25% after a period of warm ischemia regardless of its duration.", "PMID": 415467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8160", "title": "Galactorrhoea and hypogonadism associated with a radiologically-inapparent prolactin-secreting pituitary tumour.", "content": "A 38 year old man was investigated because of impotence, gynaecomastia and galactorrhoea. Hyperprolactinaemia and hypogonadism were documented. Pituitary function was otherwise normal as was tomographic examination of the sella turcica. In the absence of direct evidence of pituitary involvement (hyperprolactinaemia can suppress gonadal function) and to exclude ectopic prolactin production, venous blood was drawn at multiple sites. The highest prolactin levels were found in the superior vena cava and above, indicating an intracranial source. At transsphenoidal hypophysectomy a microadenoma was removed; tumour cells contained typical prolactin secretory granules on electron microscopy. In the light of this report the appropriateness of dividing hyperprolactinaemia into \"tumourous\" and \"idiopathic\" subgroups on the basis of sella size must be reconsidered. Functional tests do not distinguish between the subgroups although prolactin levels tend to be higher when the sella is enlarged. Only a quantitative rather than a qualitative difference may exist between the subgroups.", "contents": "Galactorrhoea and hypogonadism associated with a radiologically-inapparent prolactin-secreting pituitary tumour. A 38 year old man was investigated because of impotence, gynaecomastia and galactorrhoea. Hyperprolactinaemia and hypogonadism were documented. Pituitary function was otherwise normal as was tomographic examination of the sella turcica. In the absence of direct evidence of pituitary involvement (hyperprolactinaemia can suppress gonadal function) and to exclude ectopic prolactin production, venous blood was drawn at multiple sites. The highest prolactin levels were found in the superior vena cava and above, indicating an intracranial source. At transsphenoidal hypophysectomy a microadenoma was removed; tumour cells contained typical prolactin secretory granules on electron microscopy. In the light of this report the appropriateness of dividing hyperprolactinaemia into \"tumourous\" and \"idiopathic\" subgroups on the basis of sella size must be reconsidered. Functional tests do not distinguish between the subgroups although prolactin levels tend to be higher when the sella is enlarged. Only a quantitative rather than a qualitative difference may exist between the subgroups.", "PMID": 415470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8161", "title": "Prolactin-lowering effect of low doses of lisuride in man.", "content": "Lisuride, a new semisynthetic ergot derivative, effectively decreased the TRH-induced hyperprolactinaemia in healthy female volunteers at a dose of 300 microgram given orally. Basal prolactin levels were suppressed after a single dose of 100 and 200 microgram lisuride. This effect was still present 6 h after administration. Two hundred microgram lisuride also decreased the high serum prolactin levels produced by im injection of 50 mg sulpiride, and conversely, sulpiride injection abolished the prolactin lowering effect of lisuride. These results demonstrate that in man too lisuride is a very potent prolactin-lowering agent. In addition, the data support the hypothesis of a predominant role of dopaminergic mechanisms in the regulation of prolactin secretion.", "contents": "Prolactin-lowering effect of low doses of lisuride in man. Lisuride, a new semisynthetic ergot derivative, effectively decreased the TRH-induced hyperprolactinaemia in healthy female volunteers at a dose of 300 microgram given orally. Basal prolactin levels were suppressed after a single dose of 100 and 200 microgram lisuride. This effect was still present 6 h after administration. Two hundred microgram lisuride also decreased the high serum prolactin levels produced by im injection of 50 mg sulpiride, and conversely, sulpiride injection abolished the prolactin lowering effect of lisuride. These results demonstrate that in man too lisuride is a very potent prolactin-lowering agent. In addition, the data support the hypothesis of a predominant role of dopaminergic mechanisms in the regulation of prolactin secretion.", "PMID": 415471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8162", "title": "A radioimmunoassay of oestrone in plasma. Plasma levels of oestrone and oestradiol in oophorectomized Rhesus monkeys during treatment with subcutaneous implants containing oestrone.", "content": "A highly specific antiserum to oestrone was used to develop a sensitive radioimmunoassay. Plasma was generally analysed without prior separation of the oestrogens. A small amount of plasma (0.1-0.2 ml) was extracted once with diethyl ether. The above and previously described radioimmunoassays were used to estimate plasma levels of oestrogens in oophorectomized monkeys treated with subcutaneous oestrone implants. Three monkeys received a rod containing 40 mg of oestrone. The rods were kept in place for about one year. The release rates from the rods were calculated. The oestrone plasma levels were initially high (370-500 pg/ml). In about 3 months they had fallen to a level of 50-100 pg/ml which was maintained till the removal of the rods. A rise in the oestradiol plasma levels was also observed. It is concluded that rods are suitable for administration of oestrone.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay of oestrone in plasma. Plasma levels of oestrone and oestradiol in oophorectomized Rhesus monkeys during treatment with subcutaneous implants containing oestrone. A highly specific antiserum to oestrone was used to develop a sensitive radioimmunoassay. Plasma was generally analysed without prior separation of the oestrogens. A small amount of plasma (0.1-0.2 ml) was extracted once with diethyl ether. The above and previously described radioimmunoassays were used to estimate plasma levels of oestrogens in oophorectomized monkeys treated with subcutaneous oestrone implants. Three monkeys received a rod containing 40 mg of oestrone. The rods were kept in place for about one year. The release rates from the rods were calculated. The oestrone plasma levels were initially high (370-500 pg/ml). In about 3 months they had fallen to a level of 50-100 pg/ml which was maintained till the removal of the rods. A rise in the oestradiol plasma levels was also observed. It is concluded that rods are suitable for administration of oestrone.", "PMID": 415474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8163", "title": "Platelet functions in dysproteinaemia.", "content": "Platelet functions were studied in 16 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and 4 with primary macroglobulinemia (PM). The fall in immunoglobulins on therapy was correlated with the status of platelet function. Effect of incubation of normal platelets with immunoglobulins derived from these patients on kaolin-induced platelet factor 3 (PF3) release was studied to elucidate the mechanism of platelet function defect. Results show increased bleeding time, absence or poor platelet adhesion and aggregation, poor PF3 availability and reduced total PF3 in platelets more consistently in PM but to a lesser extent in MM. Normalisation or partial reduction in globulins on therapy was associated with improvement in platelet functions. Incubation of normal platelets with immunoglobulins enhanced the kaolin-induced PF3 availability. It is suggested that in vivo platelet activation may bring about the PF3 release which subsequently manifests as poor PF3 availability and reduction in its total contents.", "contents": "Platelet functions in dysproteinaemia. Platelet functions were studied in 16 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and 4 with primary macroglobulinemia (PM). The fall in immunoglobulins on therapy was correlated with the status of platelet function. Effect of incubation of normal platelets with immunoglobulins derived from these patients on kaolin-induced platelet factor 3 (PF3) release was studied to elucidate the mechanism of platelet function defect. Results show increased bleeding time, absence or poor platelet adhesion and aggregation, poor PF3 availability and reduced total PF3 in platelets more consistently in PM but to a lesser extent in MM. Normalisation or partial reduction in globulins on therapy was associated with improvement in platelet functions. Incubation of normal platelets with immunoglobulins enhanced the kaolin-induced PF3 availability. It is suggested that in vivo platelet activation may bring about the PF3 release which subsequently manifests as poor PF3 availability and reduction in its total contents.", "PMID": 415475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8164", "title": "Thrombocytopenia and iron deficiency anaemia in a patient with alpha1-thalassaemia trait. Response to iron therapy. Case report.", "content": "Iron deficiency anaemia secondary to menorrhagia was observed in a woman of Greek Cypriot origin. Moderate thrombocytopenia was also present. Treatment with parenteral and oral iron produced a transient thrombocytosis, the platelet count then returning to normal. Subsequent analysis revealed that she also carried the alpha1-thalassaemia trait. Previous reports of thrombocytopenia responsive to iron treatment are reviewed.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenia and iron deficiency anaemia in a patient with alpha1-thalassaemia trait. Response to iron therapy. Case report. Iron deficiency anaemia secondary to menorrhagia was observed in a woman of Greek Cypriot origin. Moderate thrombocytopenia was also present. Treatment with parenteral and oral iron produced a transient thrombocytosis, the platelet count then returning to normal. Subsequent analysis revealed that she also carried the alpha1-thalassaemia trait. Previous reports of thrombocytopenia responsive to iron treatment are reviewed.", "PMID": 415476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8165", "title": "[Fibrinogen Quebec I and Quebec II: two new families of dysfibrinogenemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Two new families of congenital dysfibrinogenemia originating from French Canada are reported. The dysfibrinogenemia in the first family is characterized by an abnormal aggregation of the fibrin monomers; the defect in the second family is due to a faulty release of fibrinopeptides during the proteolytic phase of the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction.", "contents": "[Fibrinogen Quebec I and Quebec II: two new families of dysfibrinogenemia (author's transl)]. Two new families of congenital dysfibrinogenemia originating from French Canada are reported. The dysfibrinogenemia in the first family is characterized by an abnormal aggregation of the fibrin monomers; the defect in the second family is due to a faulty release of fibrinopeptides during the proteolytic phase of the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction.", "PMID": 415477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8166", "title": "[Induction chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas. Results of a controlled trial comparing two quadruple associations (author's transl)].", "content": "Two types of chemotherapy have been compared in a randomized trial to treat non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas. 66 patients were included in this study, but only 40 were evaluable after a histologic review of all cases. Treatment were an association of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone and doxorubicine or VM 26. Patients received only one induction chemotherapy course during 15--20 days. Results were evaluated immediately at the end of the course. Side-effects were mild. Efficacy was about the same with the two protocols: 35 patients out of 40 experienced a remission of more than 50% (among them 8 experienced a complete remission). These results are better than previous one obtained with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone only. It is concluded that this type of treatment is well tolerated, quickly efficient and useful before treating patients with radiotherapy or long-term chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Induction chemotherapy of non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas. Results of a controlled trial comparing two quadruple associations (author's transl)]. Two types of chemotherapy have been compared in a randomized trial to treat non-Hodgkin malignant lymphomas. 66 patients were included in this study, but only 40 were evaluable after a histologic review of all cases. Treatment were an association of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone and doxorubicine or VM 26. Patients received only one induction chemotherapy course during 15--20 days. Results were evaluated immediately at the end of the course. Side-effects were mild. Efficacy was about the same with the two protocols: 35 patients out of 40 experienced a remission of more than 50% (among them 8 experienced a complete remission). These results are better than previous one obtained with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone only. It is concluded that this type of treatment is well tolerated, quickly efficient and useful before treating patients with radiotherapy or long-term chemotherapy.", "PMID": 415478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8167", "title": "Growth of diffusion chamber hematopoietic colonies derived from spleen cells of rats administered hydroxyurea.", "content": "Donor rats of the Hebrew University strain were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of hydroxyurea (400 mg/kg body weight). 1--3 h following the administration of the drug, a suspension of spleen cells, the majority of which consisted of lymphocytes, was prepared. Spleen cells were placed in diffusion chambers and these were implanted in the peritoneal cavity of preirradiated mice. 5--8 days following implantation, erythroid and granulocytic colonies developed in 30.3% of the diffusion chambers studied. However, in most chambers, macrophages were observed. In control experiments with implantation of spleen cells of normal rats, granulocytic colonies did not grow and in only 3.1% of the chambers erythroid colonies were noted. Macrophage colonies, however, developed in all 32 control cultures. Our previous studies showed that administration of a single dose of hydroxyurea strips the rat bone marrow of approximately 50% of replicating cells within 9--10 h. The results of the present study indicate that such a severe depletion of rat marrow cells results in early committment of spleen stem cells to various blood cell lines.", "contents": "Growth of diffusion chamber hematopoietic colonies derived from spleen cells of rats administered hydroxyurea. Donor rats of the Hebrew University strain were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of hydroxyurea (400 mg/kg body weight). 1--3 h following the administration of the drug, a suspension of spleen cells, the majority of which consisted of lymphocytes, was prepared. Spleen cells were placed in diffusion chambers and these were implanted in the peritoneal cavity of preirradiated mice. 5--8 days following implantation, erythroid and granulocytic colonies developed in 30.3% of the diffusion chambers studied. However, in most chambers, macrophages were observed. In control experiments with implantation of spleen cells of normal rats, granulocytic colonies did not grow and in only 3.1% of the chambers erythroid colonies were noted. Macrophage colonies, however, developed in all 32 control cultures. Our previous studies showed that administration of a single dose of hydroxyurea strips the rat bone marrow of approximately 50% of replicating cells within 9--10 h. The results of the present study indicate that such a severe depletion of rat marrow cells results in early committment of spleen stem cells to various blood cell lines.", "PMID": 415479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8168", "title": "Transient monoclonal immunoglobulin G with anti-dextran activity.", "content": "A patient with regional enteritis had received iron dextran for treatment of iron deficiency. Subsequently he developed a large (3.1 g/100 ml) IgG-K serum spike which had precipitin activity against dextran sulfate but not a variety of other antigens. There has been no evidence of multiple myeloma and the spike gradually disappeared spontaneously over the course of 2 years. We speculate that the monoclonal protein may have developed as a response to the iron dextran injections under the immunologic stress of a chronic inflammatory disease.", "contents": "Transient monoclonal immunoglobulin G with anti-dextran activity. A patient with regional enteritis had received iron dextran for treatment of iron deficiency. Subsequently he developed a large (3.1 g/100 ml) IgG-K serum spike which had precipitin activity against dextran sulfate but not a variety of other antigens. There has been no evidence of multiple myeloma and the spike gradually disappeared spontaneously over the course of 2 years. We speculate that the monoclonal protein may have developed as a response to the iron dextran injections under the immunologic stress of a chronic inflammatory disease.", "PMID": 415480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8169", "title": "[Histochemical studies of the dynamic of activity of some mitochondrial enzymes in the rabbit liver during the process of the primary immune answer (author's transl)].", "content": "With the histochemical methods were investigated the dynamic of activity of the succino-dehydrogenase, the NAD- und NADP-depended diaphorase in the rabbit liver after a one time immunisation with botulinus anatoxin typ B. The animals were killed in different steps after the immunity. Their was observed significant variety of the activity of investigated enzymes. This was discussed in connexion with the catabolic processes of the antigen and the stimulation of the synthesis unspecific proteins in the parenchymatous cells.", "contents": "[Histochemical studies of the dynamic of activity of some mitochondrial enzymes in the rabbit liver during the process of the primary immune answer (author's transl)]. With the histochemical methods were investigated the dynamic of activity of the succino-dehydrogenase, the NAD- und NADP-depended diaphorase in the rabbit liver after a one time immunisation with botulinus anatoxin typ B. The animals were killed in different steps after the immunity. Their was observed significant variety of the activity of investigated enzymes. This was discussed in connexion with the catabolic processes of the antigen and the stimulation of the synthesis unspecific proteins in the parenchymatous cells.", "PMID": 415482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8170", "title": "A comparative study of histoenzymological mapping on the distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatases and succinic dehydrogenase in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata of mouse.", "content": "The present contribution deals with the histochemical mapping of the distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatases and succinic dehydrogenase in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord of mouse. The acid phosphatase is observed in neurons of all the nuclei except nucleus cervicalis lateralis (NC), though the activity varies from intense to moderate. Only one nucleus, i.e., nucleus parvocellularis compactus (NPC) is midly positive. In alkaline phosphatase preparations most of the nuclei are either intensely positive or moderately positive. Few nuclei are midly positive. It is interesting to note that only two nuclei, i.e., area postrema (AP) and nucleus cervicalis lateralis (NC) are negative for this enzyme. Further the reaction in most of the nuclei is diffused. In the case of succinic dehydrogenase out of 36 nuclei studied, 9 nuclei are intensely positive, 11 areas are moderately positive, 7 are mildly positive and 9 are completely devoid of enzymatic activity. Nucleus reticularis superior demonstrates activity of very high order. The distribution of the above enzyme has been co-related with the functional significance of the various nuclei.", "contents": "A comparative study of histoenzymological mapping on the distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatases and succinic dehydrogenase in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata of mouse. The present contribution deals with the histochemical mapping of the distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatases and succinic dehydrogenase in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord of mouse. The acid phosphatase is observed in neurons of all the nuclei except nucleus cervicalis lateralis (NC), though the activity varies from intense to moderate. Only one nucleus, i.e., nucleus parvocellularis compactus (NPC) is midly positive. In alkaline phosphatase preparations most of the nuclei are either intensely positive or moderately positive. Few nuclei are midly positive. It is interesting to note that only two nuclei, i.e., area postrema (AP) and nucleus cervicalis lateralis (NC) are negative for this enzyme. Further the reaction in most of the nuclei is diffused. In the case of succinic dehydrogenase out of 36 nuclei studied, 9 nuclei are intensely positive, 11 areas are moderately positive, 7 are mildly positive and 9 are completely devoid of enzymatic activity. Nucleus reticularis superior demonstrates activity of very high order. The distribution of the above enzyme has been co-related with the functional significance of the various nuclei.", "PMID": 415483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8171", "title": "[Histochemical investigation on the parenchyma cells of the Epiphysis cerebri of cattle (Bos taurus domesticus) and pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) (author's transl)].", "content": "The parenchyma cells of the pineal organ from 20 cattle (10 week-old female calfs, from one year to several years of age female and male cattle) and 14 pigs (8- to 9-month-old female pigs) were investigated with histochemical methods. Carbohydrates are evident in a insignificant quantity. The content of lipids is very high, according to the age the quantity varying. Proteins are evident, but only in small quantities. The content of ribonucleic acid is very high.", "contents": "[Histochemical investigation on the parenchyma cells of the Epiphysis cerebri of cattle (Bos taurus domesticus) and pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) (author's transl)]. The parenchyma cells of the pineal organ from 20 cattle (10 week-old female calfs, from one year to several years of age female and male cattle) and 14 pigs (8- to 9-month-old female pigs) were investigated with histochemical methods. Carbohydrates are evident in a insignificant quantity. The content of lipids is very high, according to the age the quantity varying. Proteins are evident, but only in small quantities. The content of ribonucleic acid is very high.", "PMID": 415484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8172", "title": "The Rete ovarii and follicle formation in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata).", "content": "The Rete ovarii in young marmosets shows a strong reactivity for a certain number of enzymes (LDH; NADH2-TR; NADPH2-TR; G-6-PDH; 6-PGDH; alpha-GPDH; beta-OHBDH and nonspecific esterase). The granulosa cells of the cortical innermost placed follicles have the same enzymatic reactivity. The germinal epithelium results negative to the mentioned group of enzymes at this phase of the development. The Rete ovarii must play an important r\u00f4le in the granulosa cells differentiation.", "contents": "The Rete ovarii and follicle formation in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata). The Rete ovarii in young marmosets shows a strong reactivity for a certain number of enzymes (LDH; NADH2-TR; NADPH2-TR; G-6-PDH; 6-PGDH; alpha-GPDH; beta-OHBDH and nonspecific esterase). The granulosa cells of the cortical innermost placed follicles have the same enzymatic reactivity. The germinal epithelium results negative to the mentioned group of enzymes at this phase of the development. The Rete ovarii must play an important r\u00f4le in the granulosa cells differentiation.", "PMID": 415485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8173", "title": "Cytology and cytophotometry in thyroid diseases.", "content": "The authors studied the cytological and cytophotometrical aspects in imprints from freshly surgically removed thyroids with the following diseases: nodular goiter, Graves' disease, lymphofibrous chronic thyroiditis, folliculo-papillary cancer, medullary carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. In all the cases the cytological aspects were confirmed by the histopathological diagnosis in paraffin sections. The dextrodeviation and the plurimodal irregular aspects of nucleic acid content and nuclear volumes histograms were in agreement with the cytological features. In addition the linear regression analysis disclosed a diminished correlation between nuclear volumes and the content of nucleic acids paralleling the cellular dedifferentiation.", "contents": "Cytology and cytophotometry in thyroid diseases. The authors studied the cytological and cytophotometrical aspects in imprints from freshly surgically removed thyroids with the following diseases: nodular goiter, Graves' disease, lymphofibrous chronic thyroiditis, folliculo-papillary cancer, medullary carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. In all the cases the cytological aspects were confirmed by the histopathological diagnosis in paraffin sections. The dextrodeviation and the plurimodal irregular aspects of nucleic acid content and nuclear volumes histograms were in agreement with the cytological features. In addition the linear regression analysis disclosed a diminished correlation between nuclear volumes and the content of nucleic acids paralleling the cellular dedifferentiation.", "PMID": 415486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8174", "title": "Histochemistry and cytochemistry of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPP-ase 3.6.1.) in the rat gastric mucosa.", "content": "The paper deals with the histochemical and cytochemical distribution of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPP-ase 3.6.1.) in the normal rat gastric mucosa using the method of NOVIKOFF and GOLDFISCHER (1961). In light microscopy, activity was demonstrated only in the GOLGI apparatus of the foveolar mucous cells; in the other specialized gastric mucosal cells no activity was established. At electron microscopic level, the reaction product was localized in the membranes of the cisternae of the GOLGI apparatus of foveolar mucous cells, undifferentiated neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells and in endocrine cells. The reaction product was not found in the endoplasmic reticulum of any of the above mentioned types of cells with the exception of parietal cells. The deposits of the reaction product in the cytoplasmic membrane, in the capillary endothelium and on the surface of the plasma membrane of foveolar mucous cells represents the sites of activity of alkaline phosphatase. The examination of the TPP-ase in the gastric mucosa inables us to estimate the activity of the GOLGI apparatus of gastric mucosal cells in the norm and in different pathological conditions connected with its changes.", "contents": "Histochemistry and cytochemistry of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPP-ase 3.6.1.) in the rat gastric mucosa. The paper deals with the histochemical and cytochemical distribution of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPP-ase 3.6.1.) in the normal rat gastric mucosa using the method of NOVIKOFF and GOLDFISCHER (1961). In light microscopy, activity was demonstrated only in the GOLGI apparatus of the foveolar mucous cells; in the other specialized gastric mucosal cells no activity was established. At electron microscopic level, the reaction product was localized in the membranes of the cisternae of the GOLGI apparatus of foveolar mucous cells, undifferentiated neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells and in endocrine cells. The reaction product was not found in the endoplasmic reticulum of any of the above mentioned types of cells with the exception of parietal cells. The deposits of the reaction product in the cytoplasmic membrane, in the capillary endothelium and on the surface of the plasma membrane of foveolar mucous cells represents the sites of activity of alkaline phosphatase. The examination of the TPP-ase in the gastric mucosa inables us to estimate the activity of the GOLGI apparatus of gastric mucosal cells in the norm and in different pathological conditions connected with its changes.", "PMID": 415487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8175", "title": "[Study of anti-Rh(D) immunoglobulin for the presence of antibodies with different properties].", "content": "Investigations of 24 series of anti-Rh(D) immunoglobulins showed presence of arythrocyte antibodies with properties: anti--A (8) and anti--B (9) reacting only in antiglobulin test and anti-C (23), anti-E (16) and anti-s (2). In 8 preparations antibodies of HLA system were found with reactions of lymphocytes. In 2 series antibodies of HLA system were found with reactions of lymphocytes. In 2 series antibodies of HLA system were demonstrated by the C fixation with platelets method. No antibodies were detected against specific antigens of platelets and against to immunoglobulins class IgA. No preparation contained HBs antigen and corresponding antibodies. In 19 series of immunoglobulins anti-HBs antibodies were present.", "contents": "[Study of anti-Rh(D) immunoglobulin for the presence of antibodies with different properties]. Investigations of 24 series of anti-Rh(D) immunoglobulins showed presence of arythrocyte antibodies with properties: anti--A (8) and anti--B (9) reacting only in antiglobulin test and anti-C (23), anti-E (16) and anti-s (2). In 8 preparations antibodies of HLA system were found with reactions of lymphocytes. In 2 series antibodies of HLA system were found with reactions of lymphocytes. In 2 series antibodies of HLA system were demonstrated by the C fixation with platelets method. No antibodies were detected against specific antigens of platelets and against to immunoglobulins class IgA. No preparation contained HBs antigen and corresponding antibodies. In 19 series of immunoglobulins anti-HBs antibodies were present.", "PMID": 415481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8176", "title": "Reversible conformational changes of plasmalemmal glycoproteins.", "content": "Repeated incubations of human red blood cells in low ionic isotonic sucrose result in an instantaneous agglutination. In the same medium which had caused the agglutination, erythrocytes completely disagglutinate within 60 to 90 min. Disagglutination is accompanied by the efflux of cellular ions, which causes a 500-fold increase of extracellular K+. Decomposition of agglutinates occurs at once upon addition to the medium of about 3 mM KCL. It will be inhibited for hours, if the medium is renewed twice an hour. Erythrocytes washed successively with phosphate buffered saline and isotonic sucrose are devoid of adhering blood plasma proteins. If these cells were fixed with glutaraldehyde in isotonic sucrose they had lost a) their anisotropic staining with toluidine blue, and b) most of their colloidal iron binding capacity. The staining with ruthenium red and the electrophoretic velocity of these erythrocytes apparently were identical with the controls. The findings are considered evidence of the reversible unfolding of glycocalyx glycoproteins in the low ionic medium.", "contents": "Reversible conformational changes of plasmalemmal glycoproteins. Repeated incubations of human red blood cells in low ionic isotonic sucrose result in an instantaneous agglutination. In the same medium which had caused the agglutination, erythrocytes completely disagglutinate within 60 to 90 min. Disagglutination is accompanied by the efflux of cellular ions, which causes a 500-fold increase of extracellular K+. Decomposition of agglutinates occurs at once upon addition to the medium of about 3 mM KCL. It will be inhibited for hours, if the medium is renewed twice an hour. Erythrocytes washed successively with phosphate buffered saline and isotonic sucrose are devoid of adhering blood plasma proteins. If these cells were fixed with glutaraldehyde in isotonic sucrose they had lost a) their anisotropic staining with toluidine blue, and b) most of their colloidal iron binding capacity. The staining with ruthenium red and the electrophoretic velocity of these erythrocytes apparently were identical with the controls. The findings are considered evidence of the reversible unfolding of glycocalyx glycoproteins in the low ionic medium.", "PMID": 415488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8177", "title": "[Localization of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brain of Periplaneta americana (L.) (author's transl)].", "content": "A DA-oxidizing MAO has been demonstrated histochemically in DOPAminergic synaptic areas in the brain of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana). However, a 5-HT-oxidizing MAO seems to be absent. The optimal temperature is 37 degrees C, the optimal pH is 7,6. After an abdominal injection the used MAO-inhibitors have no influence on the activity of the MAO. In adding pargyline to the incubating medium there is an inhibition.", "contents": "[Localization of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brain of Periplaneta americana (L.) (author's transl)]. A DA-oxidizing MAO has been demonstrated histochemically in DOPAminergic synaptic areas in the brain of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana). However, a 5-HT-oxidizing MAO seems to be absent. The optimal temperature is 37 degrees C, the optimal pH is 7,6. After an abdominal injection the used MAO-inhibitors have no influence on the activity of the MAO. In adding pargyline to the incubating medium there is an inhibition.", "PMID": 415490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8178", "title": "Intal (sodium cromoglycate) therapy in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Intal was applied intrarectally for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in 39 patients with active pathological process. The drug was insufflated by means of rectoscopic tube at the dosage of 200 mg capsules daily for 15 days. Complete remission of the disease has been achieved in 97 per cent of patients within 2 weeks of the administration of the drug. As a maintenance treatment the patients were given SCG orally (240 mg daily) for a period of 2--3 years. During the course of 2--3 years' observation 93 per cent of patients have been maintained in remission by oral SCG therapy.", "contents": "Intal (sodium cromoglycate) therapy in ulcerative colitis. Intal was applied intrarectally for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in 39 patients with active pathological process. The drug was insufflated by means of rectoscopic tube at the dosage of 200 mg capsules daily for 15 days. Complete remission of the disease has been achieved in 97 per cent of patients within 2 weeks of the administration of the drug. As a maintenance treatment the patients were given SCG orally (240 mg daily) for a period of 2--3 years. During the course of 2--3 years' observation 93 per cent of patients have been maintained in remission by oral SCG therapy.", "PMID": 415501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8179", "title": "Progressive rubella virus panencephalitis: synthesis of oligoclonal virus-specific IgG antibodies and homogeneous free light chains in the central nervous system.", "content": "The occurrence of oligoclonal IgG and homogeneous free lambda light chains in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a patient with progressive rubella virus panencephalitis is reported. Fractions of oligoclonal IgG corresponding to those of the CSF occurred also in the serum. Evidence is presented that the oligoclonal IgG of serum and CSF represent rubella virus-specific antibodies. Different populations of oligoclonal IgG appear to be associated with antibody specificities to different antigenic components of the virus.", "contents": "Progressive rubella virus panencephalitis: synthesis of oligoclonal virus-specific IgG antibodies and homogeneous free light chains in the central nervous system. The occurrence of oligoclonal IgG and homogeneous free lambda light chains in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a patient with progressive rubella virus panencephalitis is reported. Fractions of oligoclonal IgG corresponding to those of the CSF occurred also in the serum. Evidence is presented that the oligoclonal IgG of serum and CSF represent rubella virus-specific antibodies. Different populations of oligoclonal IgG appear to be associated with antibody specificities to different antigenic components of the virus.", "PMID": 415504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8180", "title": "Nasoduodenal feeding in high risk newborns.", "content": "Recent reports indicate that nasoduodenal feeding is a suitable technique for high risk newborns, in particular those with a low birth weight. In the period between February 1975 and June 1976, 100 high risk newborns, divided into four cohorts on the basis of birth weight in 500 g divisions, were fed by nasoduodenal tube. The effect of nasoduodenal feeding has been measured in several ways, but particularly consideration has been given to weight gain, its caloric cost, the mortality rates observed in the Unit before and after the introduction of this nutritional regime and complications. The use of nasoduodenal feeding abolished the physiological loss of weight which normally occurs during the first week of life and was associated with a subsequent rate of weight gain equal to or better than that observed in infants fed by other routes. The mean caloric intake was greater in smaller infants than in larger ones and it was accompanied by a steady decrease in weight gain per unit of caloric intake with increasing birth weight. In 1974 the overall mortality rate in the Unit was 18% and in 1975 following the introduction of nasoduodenal feeding fell to 11.4%. No serious complications were observed associated with nasoduodenal feeding. The conclusion is that this form of feeding is particularly suitable for infants with a birth weight of 1 500 g or less.", "contents": "Nasoduodenal feeding in high risk newborns. Recent reports indicate that nasoduodenal feeding is a suitable technique for high risk newborns, in particular those with a low birth weight. In the period between February 1975 and June 1976, 100 high risk newborns, divided into four cohorts on the basis of birth weight in 500 g divisions, were fed by nasoduodenal tube. The effect of nasoduodenal feeding has been measured in several ways, but particularly consideration has been given to weight gain, its caloric cost, the mortality rates observed in the Unit before and after the introduction of this nutritional regime and complications. The use of nasoduodenal feeding abolished the physiological loss of weight which normally occurs during the first week of life and was associated with a subsequent rate of weight gain equal to or better than that observed in infants fed by other routes. The mean caloric intake was greater in smaller infants than in larger ones and it was accompanied by a steady decrease in weight gain per unit of caloric intake with increasing birth weight. In 1974 the overall mortality rate in the Unit was 18% and in 1975 following the introduction of nasoduodenal feeding fell to 11.4%. No serious complications were observed associated with nasoduodenal feeding. The conclusion is that this form of feeding is particularly suitable for infants with a birth weight of 1 500 g or less.", "PMID": 415508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8181", "title": "Subclinical protein-energy malnutrition in under-privileged Ethiopian mothers and their newborn infants.", "content": "An increased glycine/valine ratio in the maternal and cord vein plasma was observed in under-privileged women and their newborn babies in Ethiopia. There was a delay in the decrease of branch-chained amino acids during the immediate neonatal period. These findings indicate malnutrition in utero and are identical with those of a previous study in an under-privileged group in Pakistan. A reduced cord/maternal ratio of tyrosine and methionine was found in the Ethiopian material, indicating placental dysfunction of unknown origin.", "contents": "Subclinical protein-energy malnutrition in under-privileged Ethiopian mothers and their newborn infants. An increased glycine/valine ratio in the maternal and cord vein plasma was observed in under-privileged women and their newborn babies in Ethiopia. There was a delay in the decrease of branch-chained amino acids during the immediate neonatal period. These findings indicate malnutrition in utero and are identical with those of a previous study in an under-privileged group in Pakistan. A reduced cord/maternal ratio of tyrosine and methionine was found in the Ethiopian material, indicating placental dysfunction of unknown origin.", "PMID": 415509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8182", "title": "Experience with preoperative irradiation in head and neck cancer.", "content": "Experience with 47 patients with head and neck carcinoma operated after preoperative megavoltage irradiation of about 3 000 rads over 3 weeks is reported. The 3-year survival for the series was 25/47 (53%), for the cases of Stages I--II 13/19 (68%) and Stages III--IV 12/28 (43%). Neoplastic cells could not be detected in 18% of the cases at operative biopsy. The remaining neoplastic cells were considered to be degenerated and non-vital in 14%, but in 68% of the cases the histological examination revealed a viable neoplasm. Changes in the macroscopic appearance did not correlate very well with the histological findings. Disadvantages of the irradiation were so minimal that the authors consider the general application of preoperative radiation in the therapy of head and neck malignancies to be the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Experience with preoperative irradiation in head and neck cancer. Experience with 47 patients with head and neck carcinoma operated after preoperative megavoltage irradiation of about 3 000 rads over 3 weeks is reported. The 3-year survival for the series was 25/47 (53%), for the cases of Stages I--II 13/19 (68%) and Stages III--IV 12/28 (43%). Neoplastic cells could not be detected in 18% of the cases at operative biopsy. The remaining neoplastic cells were considered to be degenerated and non-vital in 14%, but in 68% of the cases the histological examination revealed a viable neoplasm. Changes in the macroscopic appearance did not correlate very well with the histological findings. Disadvantages of the irradiation were so minimal that the authors consider the general application of preoperative radiation in the therapy of head and neck malignancies to be the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 415505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8183", "title": "Type classification of group B streptococci by the fluorescent antibody test.", "content": "Fluorescein-isothiocyanate conjugates were prepared from rabbit anti-type Ia, Ib, II and III sera, and used to classify 90 strains of group B streptococci isolated from the genital tract of puerperal women. Of the 84 strains that were typeable, the numbers belonging to serotypes Ia, Ib, Ic, II and III, were 7, 14, 6, 37 and 20, respectively. The anti-type Ib conjugate showed cross-reactivity with 21 of the type II strains and one of the type III strains. Absorption of the anti-type Ib conjugate with bacteria of a type Ic strain and testing of enzyme-digested streptococci indicated cross-reactivity due to antibody to the Ibc protein antigen of group B streptococci. The potential usefulness of this antigen in the classification of type II and type III strains is discussed.", "contents": "Type classification of group B streptococci by the fluorescent antibody test. Fluorescein-isothiocyanate conjugates were prepared from rabbit anti-type Ia, Ib, II and III sera, and used to classify 90 strains of group B streptococci isolated from the genital tract of puerperal women. Of the 84 strains that were typeable, the numbers belonging to serotypes Ia, Ib, Ic, II and III, were 7, 14, 6, 37 and 20, respectively. The anti-type Ib conjugate showed cross-reactivity with 21 of the type II strains and one of the type III strains. Absorption of the anti-type Ib conjugate with bacteria of a type Ic strain and testing of enzyme-digested streptococci indicated cross-reactivity due to antibody to the Ibc protein antigen of group B streptococci. The potential usefulness of this antigen in the classification of type II and type III strains is discussed.", "PMID": 415510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8184", "title": "Isolation and immunochemical determination of sow colostrum trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "Trypsin inhibitor from sow colostrum was isolated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 followed by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and affinity chromatography. Antiserum against sow colostrum trypsin inhibitor was produced by immunization with the purified inhibitor, and made specific by absorption with normal porcine serum. The specific antiserum was used for immunoquantitation by single radial immunodiffusion (SRI). In sow colostrum whey, good agreement was found between the results obtained by SRI and the total trypsin-inhibiting activity as determined by radial diffusion in a casein-containing agarose gel (r = 0.97, n = 10). In sow's milk there was only a very low inhibiting activity, and no colostral inhibitor was demonstrable by SRI. Also in baby-pig urine agreement was found between the two methods (r = 0.97, n = 14). In baby-pig serum such an agreement was not seen, undoubtedly becuase of the presence of genuine serum trypsin inhibitors. By the SRI technique it is possible specifically to determine the colostral inhibitor even in the presence of other trypsin inhibitors.", "contents": "Isolation and immunochemical determination of sow colostrum trypsin inhibitor. Trypsin inhibitor from sow colostrum was isolated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 followed by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and affinity chromatography. Antiserum against sow colostrum trypsin inhibitor was produced by immunization with the purified inhibitor, and made specific by absorption with normal porcine serum. The specific antiserum was used for immunoquantitation by single radial immunodiffusion (SRI). In sow colostrum whey, good agreement was found between the results obtained by SRI and the total trypsin-inhibiting activity as determined by radial diffusion in a casein-containing agarose gel (r = 0.97, n = 10). In sow's milk there was only a very low inhibiting activity, and no colostral inhibitor was demonstrable by SRI. Also in baby-pig urine agreement was found between the two methods (r = 0.97, n = 14). In baby-pig serum such an agreement was not seen, undoubtedly becuase of the presence of genuine serum trypsin inhibitors. By the SRI technique it is possible specifically to determine the colostral inhibitor even in the presence of other trypsin inhibitors.", "PMID": 415513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8185", "title": "A simple method for demonstrating gel-precipitating human anti-immunoglobulin antibodies.", "content": "The use of aggregated human IgG for the detection of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies by double immunodiffusion in gel is described. Of rheumatoid arthritis sera, 54 of 56 sera having a Waaler-Rose test titre of greater than or equal to 1:16 contained antibodies to aggregated IgG, in contrast to only 2 of 52 sera from blood donors. Furthermore, after 2-mercapto-ethanol treatment anti-IgG was still demonstrated in 5 of 16 sera.", "contents": "A simple method for demonstrating gel-precipitating human anti-immunoglobulin antibodies. The use of aggregated human IgG for the detection of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies by double immunodiffusion in gel is described. Of rheumatoid arthritis sera, 54 of 56 sera having a Waaler-Rose test titre of greater than or equal to 1:16 contained antibodies to aggregated IgG, in contrast to only 2 of 52 sera from blood donors. Furthermore, after 2-mercapto-ethanol treatment anti-IgG was still demonstrated in 5 of 16 sera.", "PMID": 415514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8186", "title": "Properties of a conductive cellular chloride pathway in the skin of the toad (Bufo bufo).", "content": "Two types of chloride current response to a step-wise hyperpolarization of the toad skin is demonstrated: (1) An \"instantaneous\" response observed immediately upon voltage change, and (2) a subsequent slow response, the time course of which is sigmoidal. The slow response is due to an increase of a transcellular conductance which is specific to chloride ions. The time constant of the conductance increase is dependent on the amplitude of the transepithelial voltage displacement, the smallest time constants are obtained for the highest amplitudes and are in the order of 30 s. The voltage dependences of the steady-state conductance and the steady-state chloride current reveal that the chloride pathway has maximum conductance for V approximately -80 mV (outside of the skin being negative) and approaches a non-conducting safe for V greater than 0 mV. This strong outward going rectification is a steady-state phenomenon: In skins hyperpolarized for a few minutes, the \"instantaneous\" I-V curves show that the chloride pathway in the conducting state allows a large inward chloride current (outward chloride flux) to pass in the voltage range 40 mV greater than V greater than 0 mV. Calculations based on a three-compartment model indicate that the strong steady-state chloride current rectification cannot be obtained if only the intracellular chloride concentration and the membrane potentials are allowed to vary (\"Goldman-rectification\"). It is suggested, therefore, that the premeability of the chloride pathway varies reversibly with the transepithelial potential difference. The variable which controls the chloride permeability may be a membrane potential or the concentration of an intracellular ion.", "contents": "Properties of a conductive cellular chloride pathway in the skin of the toad (Bufo bufo). Two types of chloride current response to a step-wise hyperpolarization of the toad skin is demonstrated: (1) An \"instantaneous\" response observed immediately upon voltage change, and (2) a subsequent slow response, the time course of which is sigmoidal. The slow response is due to an increase of a transcellular conductance which is specific to chloride ions. The time constant of the conductance increase is dependent on the amplitude of the transepithelial voltage displacement, the smallest time constants are obtained for the highest amplitudes and are in the order of 30 s. The voltage dependences of the steady-state conductance and the steady-state chloride current reveal that the chloride pathway has maximum conductance for V approximately -80 mV (outside of the skin being negative) and approaches a non-conducting safe for V greater than 0 mV. This strong outward going rectification is a steady-state phenomenon: In skins hyperpolarized for a few minutes, the \"instantaneous\" I-V curves show that the chloride pathway in the conducting state allows a large inward chloride current (outward chloride flux) to pass in the voltage range 40 mV greater than V greater than 0 mV. Calculations based on a three-compartment model indicate that the strong steady-state chloride current rectification cannot be obtained if only the intracellular chloride concentration and the membrane potentials are allowed to vary (\"Goldman-rectification\"). It is suggested, therefore, that the premeability of the chloride pathway varies reversibly with the transepithelial potential difference. The variable which controls the chloride permeability may be a membrane potential or the concentration of an intracellular ion.", "PMID": 415515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8187", "title": "An \"on-line\" colorimetric method for repeated, rapid determinations of capillary diffusion capacity.", "content": "The single injection indicator diffusion method for estimation of capillary diffusion capacity (Crone 1963) has been developed to provide directly visualized, continuous colorimetric recordings of the venous time-concentration curves by means of a two-colour densitometer system. Cardio-Green, bound to albumin, is used as the non-permeant (\"reference\") tracer and Cr-EDTA as the permeant one. The artificially perfused hindquarter muscle vascular bed of rats is used. Highly reproducible curve recordings can be obtained every fourth minute. Accidental disturbances of the recordings are readily detected. Thus, compared to the fractional venous sampling technique, the present technique has the great advantage of allowing immediately controlled and frequently repeated determinations of capillary diffusion capacity. It is therefore easily used together with measurements of filtration-absorption events, e.g. for frequent quantitative comparisons of capillary diffusion and filtration capacities over a wide range of induced changes in perfused capillary surface area and/or capillary permeability. The main limitation is that the employed permeant tracer necessitates the use of erythrocyte-free perfusates.", "contents": "An \"on-line\" colorimetric method for repeated, rapid determinations of capillary diffusion capacity. The single injection indicator diffusion method for estimation of capillary diffusion capacity (Crone 1963) has been developed to provide directly visualized, continuous colorimetric recordings of the venous time-concentration curves by means of a two-colour densitometer system. Cardio-Green, bound to albumin, is used as the non-permeant (\"reference\") tracer and Cr-EDTA as the permeant one. The artificially perfused hindquarter muscle vascular bed of rats is used. Highly reproducible curve recordings can be obtained every fourth minute. Accidental disturbances of the recordings are readily detected. Thus, compared to the fractional venous sampling technique, the present technique has the great advantage of allowing immediately controlled and frequently repeated determinations of capillary diffusion capacity. It is therefore easily used together with measurements of filtration-absorption events, e.g. for frequent quantitative comparisons of capillary diffusion and filtration capacities over a wide range of induced changes in perfused capillary surface area and/or capillary permeability. The main limitation is that the employed permeant tracer necessitates the use of erythrocyte-free perfusates.", "PMID": 415516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8188", "title": "Relation between chloride exchange diffusion and a conductive chloride pathway across the isolated skin of the toad (Bufo bufo).", "content": "Substitution of chloride in the outside bathing medium of the toad skin with bromide, iodide, nitrate and sulphate leads to a reduction in the apparent exchange diffusion of chloride across this tissue, and also to a reduction of the chloride current recorded during hyperpolarization. A series of inhibitors (thiocyanate, furosemide, phloretin, and acetazolamide) also affects chloride exchange diffusion, hyperpolarization current as well as chloride influx during hyperpolarization. Although in some cases, effects on the short circuit current were also observed none of the effects on chloride transport systems could be explained as secondary effects due to a primary interaction with the sodium transport mechanisms. A correlation was found between the clamping current recorded during hyperpolarization and the efflux of chloride under short circuit conditions with chloride Ringer's on both sides. On the basis of these findings, and the results reported in the previous paper (Hviid Larsen and Kristensen 1977) it is considered probable that the membrane molecules responsible to chloride exchange diffusion under short circuit conditions, are rearranged under the influence of a hyperpolarizing clamping voltage, thereby forming channels allowing charge transferring transport of chloride.", "contents": "Relation between chloride exchange diffusion and a conductive chloride pathway across the isolated skin of the toad (Bufo bufo). Substitution of chloride in the outside bathing medium of the toad skin with bromide, iodide, nitrate and sulphate leads to a reduction in the apparent exchange diffusion of chloride across this tissue, and also to a reduction of the chloride current recorded during hyperpolarization. A series of inhibitors (thiocyanate, furosemide, phloretin, and acetazolamide) also affects chloride exchange diffusion, hyperpolarization current as well as chloride influx during hyperpolarization. Although in some cases, effects on the short circuit current were also observed none of the effects on chloride transport systems could be explained as secondary effects due to a primary interaction with the sodium transport mechanisms. A correlation was found between the clamping current recorded during hyperpolarization and the efflux of chloride under short circuit conditions with chloride Ringer's on both sides. On the basis of these findings, and the results reported in the previous paper (Hviid Larsen and Kristensen 1977) it is considered probable that the membrane molecules responsible to chloride exchange diffusion under short circuit conditions, are rearranged under the influence of a hyperpolarizing clamping voltage, thereby forming channels allowing charge transferring transport of chloride.", "PMID": 415517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8189", "title": "Aspects on diamine oxidase activity and its determination.", "content": "Homogenate of guinea-pig liver and human placenta, tissues known to be rich in diamine oxidase, were incubated with 14C-putrescine and the metabolites formed were determined. In the incubate of guinea-pig liver, the major metabolites were GABA and some unidentified compound(s); delta1-pyrroline and 14CO2 were also obtained. In both the maternal and fetal parts of human placenta, radioactive GABA and the unidentified compound(s) as well as delta1-pyrroline were found. The results indicate that GABA is an important intermediate in putrescine metabolism. Determination of the amount of delta1-pyrroline is thus not well suited as a measure of the diamine oxidase activity in tissues.", "contents": "Aspects on diamine oxidase activity and its determination. Homogenate of guinea-pig liver and human placenta, tissues known to be rich in diamine oxidase, were incubated with 14C-putrescine and the metabolites formed were determined. In the incubate of guinea-pig liver, the major metabolites were GABA and some unidentified compound(s); delta1-pyrroline and 14CO2 were also obtained. In both the maternal and fetal parts of human placenta, radioactive GABA and the unidentified compound(s) as well as delta1-pyrroline were found. The results indicate that GABA is an important intermediate in putrescine metabolism. Determination of the amount of delta1-pyrroline is thus not well suited as a measure of the diamine oxidase activity in tissues.", "PMID": 415518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8190", "title": "Effect in vitro of ioglycamide on blood proteins and paraproteins.", "content": "No modification of plasma or serum viscosity was observed after in vitro addition of ioglycamide in a series of 160 healthy subjects and 1 467 patients including 33 cases of IgM paraproteinemia, 20 with Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease. The labelled contrast medium never bound to paraproteins. These results are contradictory to the statements in the literature, that plasma gel formation occurs in Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease.", "contents": "Effect in vitro of ioglycamide on blood proteins and paraproteins. No modification of plasma or serum viscosity was observed after in vitro addition of ioglycamide in a series of 160 healthy subjects and 1 467 patients including 33 cases of IgM paraproteinemia, 20 with Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease. The labelled contrast medium never bound to paraproteins. These results are contradictory to the statements in the literature, that plasma gel formation occurs in Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease.", "PMID": 415519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8191", "title": "Influence of air cavities on central depth dose curves for 33 MV roentgen rays.", "content": "The relative central absorbed dose preceding and following air layers and channels in a polytetrafluorethylene (teflon) phantom has been measured with LiF-teflon dosimeters. Focus phantom distance is set to 100 cm and the field sizes range from 3 cm X 3 cm to 6 cm X 6 cm. Absorbed dose decrease and build-up factors in front of and behind the air cavity are evaluated. The build-up factor is strongly dependent on field size. Measurements of absorbed dose in water and polystyrene yield approximately the same results as in teflon if the linear dimensions of the irradiation geometry (including depth in phantom) in water and polystyrene are equal to 1.84 and 1.99 respectively times the corresponding parameter in teflon. The underlying transformation procedure is derived. The absorbed dose correction factors in the region behind the slab are discussed in terms of tissue-air-ratio and effective attenuation formulae.", "contents": "Influence of air cavities on central depth dose curves for 33 MV roentgen rays. The relative central absorbed dose preceding and following air layers and channels in a polytetrafluorethylene (teflon) phantom has been measured with LiF-teflon dosimeters. Focus phantom distance is set to 100 cm and the field sizes range from 3 cm X 3 cm to 6 cm X 6 cm. Absorbed dose decrease and build-up factors in front of and behind the air cavity are evaluated. The build-up factor is strongly dependent on field size. Measurements of absorbed dose in water and polystyrene yield approximately the same results as in teflon if the linear dimensions of the irradiation geometry (including depth in phantom) in water and polystyrene are equal to 1.84 and 1.99 respectively times the corresponding parameter in teflon. The underlying transformation procedure is derived. The absorbed dose correction factors in the region behind the slab are discussed in terms of tissue-air-ratio and effective attenuation formulae.", "PMID": 415520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8192", "title": "Diabetes of excessively long duration with only minor manifestations of long-term diabetic complications.", "content": "A male patient with ketosis-prone diabetes of 55 years' duration is described. To our knowledge, this is the longest duration of diabetes reported. His daughter also has a ketosis-prone diabetes. The low degree of long-term diabetic complications in both father and daughter is remarkable.", "contents": "Diabetes of excessively long duration with only minor manifestations of long-term diabetic complications. A male patient with ketosis-prone diabetes of 55 years' duration is described. To our knowledge, this is the longest duration of diabetes reported. His daughter also has a ketosis-prone diabetes. The low degree of long-term diabetic complications in both father and daughter is remarkable.", "PMID": 415521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8193", "title": "Metals as mutagens.", "content": "A number of metals are mutagenic in bacteria or phage. These include compounds of arsenic, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, platinum, and selenium. Compounds containing alumium, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and tellium have been shown to induce chromosomal aberrations or abnormal cell divisions in animal or plant cells. Genetic evidence suggests that arsenic, chromium, and molybdenum compounds may influence the accuracy of DNA repair processes in microorganisms.", "contents": "Metals as mutagens. A number of metals are mutagenic in bacteria or phage. These include compounds of arsenic, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, platinum, and selenium. Compounds containing alumium, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and tellium have been shown to induce chromosomal aberrations or abnormal cell divisions in animal or plant cells. Genetic evidence suggests that arsenic, chromium, and molybdenum compounds may influence the accuracy of DNA repair processes in microorganisms.", "PMID": 415523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8194", "title": "Beryllium carcinogenesis.", "content": "Beryllium is a proven bone carcinogen in rabbits, and proven pulmonary carcinogen in rats. Median effective doses or concentrations can be computed only with considerable uncertainty; they appear to be in the 10 mg area (as total dose, in divided intravenous injections, expressed as Be for zinc beryllium silicate) for rabbits, and in the 20 alpha/m3 area (as atmospheric concentration for inhalation exposures lasting for at least three months, expressed as Be for beryllium sulfate) for rats. It is also proven that, at least from inhalation, guinea pigs do not develop beryllium cancers. Epidemiologic studies in humans are thus far unconfirmed but do not show increased cancer morbidity among beryllium workers. Current research is aimed at explaining the mechanism of carcinogenic action in the susceptible species, which seems to involve nucleic acid transcriptional interference, or the species specificity, which seems to involve immune mechanisms. No experiments were reported thus far besides the carcinogenesis studies to show that beryllium is a chemical mutagen. In the species thus far tested, there appeared to be mutual exclusion of development of a delayed (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity to beryllium and development of neoplasia from beryllium. Further research on this subject might lead to new possibilities in the understanding of cancer susceptibility.", "contents": "Beryllium carcinogenesis. Beryllium is a proven bone carcinogen in rabbits, and proven pulmonary carcinogen in rats. Median effective doses or concentrations can be computed only with considerable uncertainty; they appear to be in the 10 mg area (as total dose, in divided intravenous injections, expressed as Be for zinc beryllium silicate) for rabbits, and in the 20 alpha/m3 area (as atmospheric concentration for inhalation exposures lasting for at least three months, expressed as Be for beryllium sulfate) for rats. It is also proven that, at least from inhalation, guinea pigs do not develop beryllium cancers. Epidemiologic studies in humans are thus far unconfirmed but do not show increased cancer morbidity among beryllium workers. Current research is aimed at explaining the mechanism of carcinogenic action in the susceptible species, which seems to involve nucleic acid transcriptional interference, or the species specificity, which seems to involve immune mechanisms. No experiments were reported thus far besides the carcinogenesis studies to show that beryllium is a chemical mutagen. In the species thus far tested, there appeared to be mutual exclusion of development of a delayed (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity to beryllium and development of neoplasia from beryllium. Further research on this subject might lead to new possibilities in the understanding of cancer susceptibility.", "PMID": 415524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8195", "title": "Goniodysgenesis in exfoliation glaucoma.", "content": "According to our material the exfoliation glaucoma can be regarded as the result of an interplay of at least two different pathologic conditions: a primary genetic goniodysgenesis creating a relative block to the outflow, and a probable vasculopathy in the iris. Subsequent degeneration of the iris will lead to a liberation of pigment and debris, i.e., the exfoliation syndrome, eventually causing obliteration of the outflow pathways.", "contents": "Goniodysgenesis in exfoliation glaucoma. According to our material the exfoliation glaucoma can be regarded as the result of an interplay of at least two different pathologic conditions: a primary genetic goniodysgenesis creating a relative block to the outflow, and a probable vasculopathy in the iris. Subsequent degeneration of the iris will lead to a liberation of pigment and debris, i.e., the exfoliation syndrome, eventually causing obliteration of the outflow pathways.", "PMID": 415529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8196", "title": "Aspirin and ulcers.", "content": "In eastern Australia, there is an epidemic of gastric ulcer which began 30 years in young women who are now middle-aged, (b) This epidemic is associated with the regular use of aspirin most often in the form of A.P.C. powders taken for non-medical reasons, (c) Data from three separate studies in America confirms a statistically significant association of regular aspirin use and chronic gastric ulcer, and (d) An explanation is provided by the effect of aspirin in inhibiting prostaglandin synthetase.", "contents": "Aspirin and ulcers. In eastern Australia, there is an epidemic of gastric ulcer which began 30 years in young women who are now middle-aged, (b) This epidemic is associated with the regular use of aspirin most often in the form of A.P.C. powders taken for non-medical reasons, (c) Data from three separate studies in America confirms a statistically significant association of regular aspirin use and chronic gastric ulcer, and (d) An explanation is provided by the effect of aspirin in inhibiting prostaglandin synthetase.", "PMID": 415531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8197", "title": "Glucocorticoid effect on the prostaglandin system in fat tissue.", "content": "A prostaglandin-mediated vasodilatation accompanies lipolysis in rabbit subcutaneous adipose tissue. Prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitors, like aspirin and indomethacin, reduced the prostaglandin content of the fat tissue during lipolysis and the functional vasodilatation but did not inhibit lipolysis itself. Anti-inflammatory steroids such as hydrocortisone and prednisolone inhibited vasodilatation but did not reduce the prostaglandin content of the fat tissue during lipolysis. As the steroids did not directly inhibit prostaglandin-induced vasodilatation, nor did they interfere with lipolysis, it seems likely that they inhibit the prostaglandin-mediated vasodilation by preventing the release of prostaglandin from the fat cells after formation. This suggestion is supported by the finding in vitro that indomethacin reduced the prostaglandin content of fat tissue and the incubation medium. On the other hand, steroids caused an increase in the prostaglandin content of the fat tissue while the prostaglandin leaking into the medium was significantly reduced.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid effect on the prostaglandin system in fat tissue. A prostaglandin-mediated vasodilatation accompanies lipolysis in rabbit subcutaneous adipose tissue. Prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitors, like aspirin and indomethacin, reduced the prostaglandin content of the fat tissue during lipolysis and the functional vasodilatation but did not inhibit lipolysis itself. Anti-inflammatory steroids such as hydrocortisone and prednisolone inhibited vasodilatation but did not reduce the prostaglandin content of the fat tissue during lipolysis. As the steroids did not directly inhibit prostaglandin-induced vasodilatation, nor did they interfere with lipolysis, it seems likely that they inhibit the prostaglandin-mediated vasodilation by preventing the release of prostaglandin from the fat cells after formation. This suggestion is supported by the finding in vitro that indomethacin reduced the prostaglandin content of fat tissue and the incubation medium. On the other hand, steroids caused an increase in the prostaglandin content of the fat tissue while the prostaglandin leaking into the medium was significantly reduced.", "PMID": 415533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8198", "title": "Involvement of mediators in the interaction of platelets and carrageenan.", "content": "Carrageenan or thrombin-induced aggregation of plasma-free rabbit platelets was inhibited by calcium and magnesium chelating agents, by N-ethylmaleimide and by drugs that increase the intra-cellular cyclic AMP content. Inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthetase were only partially active, and had to be present in the platelet suspension to inhibit aggregation. Inhibition of PG synthetase, as evaluated by bioassay and by AA-induced platelet aggregation, was not reduced when inhibitors were washed from platelets. The phospholipase A2 inhibitors bromophenacyl bromide and mepacrine, the chymotrypsin inhibitor tosylphenylalaninechloromethylketone, catalase and dithiothreitol also inhibited aggregation, whereas inhibitors of trypsin failed to do so. Incubation of rabbit platelet-rich plasma with carrageenan was followed by generation of PG-like and of rabbit aorta contracting activities. Generation of these activities was inhibited by drugs effective against aggregation, and also by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aggregation of rabbit platelets by carrageenan and by thrombin does not appear to be dependent upon activation of PG synthetase, although PG-like substances are formed during aggregation.", "contents": "Involvement of mediators in the interaction of platelets and carrageenan. Carrageenan or thrombin-induced aggregation of plasma-free rabbit platelets was inhibited by calcium and magnesium chelating agents, by N-ethylmaleimide and by drugs that increase the intra-cellular cyclic AMP content. Inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthetase were only partially active, and had to be present in the platelet suspension to inhibit aggregation. Inhibition of PG synthetase, as evaluated by bioassay and by AA-induced platelet aggregation, was not reduced when inhibitors were washed from platelets. The phospholipase A2 inhibitors bromophenacyl bromide and mepacrine, the chymotrypsin inhibitor tosylphenylalaninechloromethylketone, catalase and dithiothreitol also inhibited aggregation, whereas inhibitors of trypsin failed to do so. Incubation of rabbit platelet-rich plasma with carrageenan was followed by generation of PG-like and of rabbit aorta contracting activities. Generation of these activities was inhibited by drugs effective against aggregation, and also by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aggregation of rabbit platelets by carrageenan and by thrombin does not appear to be dependent upon activation of PG synthetase, although PG-like substances are formed during aggregation.", "PMID": 415534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8199", "title": "Problems of neonatal tetanus as seen in Ghana.", "content": "An analysis of 249 cases of neontal tetanus admitted to Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, between January 1971 and December 1974, has been presented. The overall case fatality was 64%. The unfavourable mortality trend over the period of study calls for urgent preventive measures on a largescale, to control the disease.", "contents": "Problems of neonatal tetanus as seen in Ghana. An analysis of 249 cases of neontal tetanus admitted to Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, between January 1971 and December 1974, has been presented. The overall case fatality was 64%. The unfavourable mortality trend over the period of study calls for urgent preventive measures on a largescale, to control the disease.", "PMID": 415537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8200", "title": "Study of innervation in the oesophagus of monkeys.", "content": "The intraganglionic nerve fibres endings in the oesophagus of monkey were studied. The different types of apparatus found were described, with their location in the oesophagus and their percentage distribution in relation to the different portion of its wall. The osmiumtetroixide-zinciodite and silver impregnation methods were used. A possible afferent function is proposed, which, however, must be considered an open question.", "contents": "Study of innervation in the oesophagus of monkeys. The intraganglionic nerve fibres endings in the oesophagus of monkey were studied. The different types of apparatus found were described, with their location in the oesophagus and their percentage distribution in relation to the different portion of its wall. The osmiumtetroixide-zinciodite and silver impregnation methods were used. A possible afferent function is proposed, which, however, must be considered an open question.", "PMID": 415538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8201", "title": "The practical and therapeutic implications of chloroquine-induced itching in tropical Africa.", "content": "Attention has once again been directed to the very uncomfortable itching following chloroquine chemotherapy of malaria in about 8% of the Nigeria population. Six typical case reports are presented. We have been able to identify three stages in the course of the itching and in the second stage, four phases have been outlined. The major implications of the pruritus are briefly discussed in respect to its effect on malaria treatment. Its possible link with more serious adverse effects and variations in drug metabolism are also mentioned. The treatment outlined is directed towards minimizing the intensity and duration of the itching reaction.", "contents": "The practical and therapeutic implications of chloroquine-induced itching in tropical Africa. Attention has once again been directed to the very uncomfortable itching following chloroquine chemotherapy of malaria in about 8% of the Nigeria population. Six typical case reports are presented. We have been able to identify three stages in the course of the itching and in the second stage, four phases have been outlined. The major implications of the pruritus are briefly discussed in respect to its effect on malaria treatment. Its possible link with more serious adverse effects and variations in drug metabolism are also mentioned. The treatment outlined is directed towards minimizing the intensity and duration of the itching reaction.", "PMID": 415540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8202", "title": "Respiratory distress syndrome: progress in prenatal prediction and prevention.", "content": "The concept of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) as a disease of multiple etiology has shifted during the past decade to that of a developmental biochemical dysfunctional state which has a distinct pattern of clinical expression. Knowledge of the biosynthetic processes of physiologic lung maturation together with the now available perinatal technology have made possible laboratory analysis and quantification of surface active phospholipids, and also correlation of their concentrations with the subsequent respiratory status. Whereas prediction of the syndrome now appears well established, such is not the case with prevention although significant breakthroughs have undoubtedly occurred. It is hoped that development of simple and safe modalities of preventive intervention will follow soon in the wake of these pioneering major accomplishments.", "contents": "Respiratory distress syndrome: progress in prenatal prediction and prevention. The concept of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) as a disease of multiple etiology has shifted during the past decade to that of a developmental biochemical dysfunctional state which has a distinct pattern of clinical expression. Knowledge of the biosynthetic processes of physiologic lung maturation together with the now available perinatal technology have made possible laboratory analysis and quantification of surface active phospholipids, and also correlation of their concentrations with the subsequent respiratory status. Whereas prediction of the syndrome now appears well established, such is not the case with prevention although significant breakthroughs have undoubtedly occurred. It is hoped that development of simple and safe modalities of preventive intervention will follow soon in the wake of these pioneering major accomplishments.", "PMID": 415541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8203", "title": "81mKr ventilation and 99mTc perfusion scans in chest disease: comparison with standard radiographs.", "content": "In 75 patients with various pulmonary disorders, ventilation and perfusion scans were obtained in multiple views with the 81mKr/99mTc technique and compared with an evaluation of regional ventilation and perfusion derived from the standard chest radiograph. In emphysema, the chest film correlated poorly with ventilation-perfusion scans, showing a trend to underestimate the functional impairment. In chronic bronchitis and asthma, large segmental defects observed on both ventilation and perfusion scans were associated with a normal chest radiograph. Typical findings in pulmonary embolism were segmental defects on perfusion scan with normal ventilation scan and clear lung fields on the chest film. In chronic left heart disease, plain films were inaccurate in predicting alteration of the base-to-apex perfusion gradient observed on the scan.", "contents": "81mKr ventilation and 99mTc perfusion scans in chest disease: comparison with standard radiographs. In 75 patients with various pulmonary disorders, ventilation and perfusion scans were obtained in multiple views with the 81mKr/99mTc technique and compared with an evaluation of regional ventilation and perfusion derived from the standard chest radiograph. In emphysema, the chest film correlated poorly with ventilation-perfusion scans, showing a trend to underestimate the functional impairment. In chronic bronchitis and asthma, large segmental defects observed on both ventilation and perfusion scans were associated with a normal chest radiograph. Typical findings in pulmonary embolism were segmental defects on perfusion scan with normal ventilation scan and clear lung fields on the chest film. In chronic left heart disease, plain films were inaccurate in predicting alteration of the base-to-apex perfusion gradient observed on the scan.", "PMID": 415542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8204", "title": "Radiographic appearance of the chest in emphysema.", "content": "Accuracy of the radiologic diagnosis of emphysema was assessed in 696 patients from whose lungs paper-mounted whole-lung sections had been made. Emphysema was diagnosed radiographically primarily on the basis of arterial deficiency. In addition, lung length, lung width, size of the retrosternal space, heart size, and diaphragm position were recorded from the chest films. Recognition of emphysema was poor when radiographs of inadequate quality were included (anteroposterior films or films from patients with acute or chronic lung disease). When these films were excluded, only occasional radiographs from patients without emphysema or with mild emphysema were thought to have emphysema radiologically. Of the patients with moderately severe and severe emphysema, 41% were diagnosed as having emphysema, as were two-thirds of those with the most severe grade of emphysema. For a given grade of emphysema, the radiologic diagnosis of emphysema was made more frequently when patients had severe chronic airflow obstruction. Emphysema was usually most severe in the zones of the lung in which emphysema was radiologically apparent. Centrilobular emphysema was usually present when emphysema was diagnosed radiologically in the upper zones of the lung, and panacinar emphysema was usually present when emphysema was diagnosed in the lower zones. Lung length and the size of the retrosternal space increased, the level of the diaphragm lowered, heart size decreased, and lung width was unchanged as emphysema became more severe. Lung length and diaphragm level were the most discriminating measurements, followed by size of the retrosternal space. No combination of radiologic variables was found that recognized emphysema better than the subjective diagnosis of emphysema based on arterial deficiency. Radiologic lung dimensions are related to stature; for given stature these measurements are larger in men and women.", "contents": "Radiographic appearance of the chest in emphysema. Accuracy of the radiologic diagnosis of emphysema was assessed in 696 patients from whose lungs paper-mounted whole-lung sections had been made. Emphysema was diagnosed radiographically primarily on the basis of arterial deficiency. In addition, lung length, lung width, size of the retrosternal space, heart size, and diaphragm position were recorded from the chest films. Recognition of emphysema was poor when radiographs of inadequate quality were included (anteroposterior films or films from patients with acute or chronic lung disease). When these films were excluded, only occasional radiographs from patients without emphysema or with mild emphysema were thought to have emphysema radiologically. Of the patients with moderately severe and severe emphysema, 41% were diagnosed as having emphysema, as were two-thirds of those with the most severe grade of emphysema. For a given grade of emphysema, the radiologic diagnosis of emphysema was made more frequently when patients had severe chronic airflow obstruction. Emphysema was usually most severe in the zones of the lung in which emphysema was radiologically apparent. Centrilobular emphysema was usually present when emphysema was diagnosed radiologically in the upper zones of the lung, and panacinar emphysema was usually present when emphysema was diagnosed in the lower zones. Lung length and the size of the retrosternal space increased, the level of the diaphragm lowered, heart size decreased, and lung width was unchanged as emphysema became more severe. Lung length and diaphragm level were the most discriminating measurements, followed by size of the retrosternal space. No combination of radiologic variables was found that recognized emphysema better than the subjective diagnosis of emphysema based on arterial deficiency. Radiologic lung dimensions are related to stature; for given stature these measurements are larger in men and women.", "PMID": 415543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8205", "title": "\"Saber-sheath\" trachea: relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Sixty male patients with marked coronal narrowing of the intrathoracic trachea (saber-sheath configuration) were compared with 60 controls. Scores were assigned to patients according to separate clinical and radiographic indexes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Of the 60 patients with the saber-sheath configuration, 57 (95%) had clinical evidence of COPD compared to only 18% in the control group. Of these 57, 26 (45%) lacked conventional radiographic evidence of COPD. This study establishes a strong correlation between saber-sheath trachea and clinical COPD. The value of this radiographic sign is twofold: (1) as an aid in diagnosing COPD when other convincing radiographic evidence is lacking; and (2) to avoid an erroneous assumption that coronal narrowing is due to a mediastinal mass.", "contents": "\"Saber-sheath\" trachea: relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sixty male patients with marked coronal narrowing of the intrathoracic trachea (saber-sheath configuration) were compared with 60 controls. Scores were assigned to patients according to separate clinical and radiographic indexes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Of the 60 patients with the saber-sheath configuration, 57 (95%) had clinical evidence of COPD compared to only 18% in the control group. Of these 57, 26 (45%) lacked conventional radiographic evidence of COPD. This study establishes a strong correlation between saber-sheath trachea and clinical COPD. The value of this radiographic sign is twofold: (1) as an aid in diagnosing COPD when other convincing radiographic evidence is lacking; and (2) to avoid an erroneous assumption that coronal narrowing is due to a mediastinal mass.", "PMID": 415544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8206", "title": "Giant mediastinal lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease): angiographic and clinical features.", "content": "The angiographic and clinical features of two cases of mediastinal angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease) are presented. The masses were angiographically and microscopically extremely hypervascular. Both patients had profuse bleeding at initial surgery. In one patient, angiographic embolization after an initial attempt at resection made complete excision possible. These lesions behave in a benign fashion, and complete surgical excision is curative.", "contents": "Giant mediastinal lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease): angiographic and clinical features. The angiographic and clinical features of two cases of mediastinal angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease) are presented. The masses were angiographically and microscopically extremely hypervascular. Both patients had profuse bleeding at initial surgery. In one patient, angiographic embolization after an initial attempt at resection made complete excision possible. These lesions behave in a benign fashion, and complete surgical excision is curative.", "PMID": 415545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8207", "title": "Angiocardiographic differentiation of constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy due to amyloidosis.", "content": "The cineangiocardiograms and coronary angiograms of two cases of amyloidosis of the heart were compared to six cases of constrictive pericarditis. Three angiographic differentiating points were seen: (1) right ventricular free wall motion showed diastolic restriction in both disorders, whereas the crista supraventricularis, which moved normally in constrictive pericarditis, demonstrated restriction in amyloidosis; (2) ventricles in cases of constrictive pericarditis showed subtle further expansion during atrial systole after initial rapid filling (atrial kick), while in both cases of amyloidosis there was no motion during atrial systole; (3) pericardial thickening in constrictive pericarditis was demonstrated by failure of the distal coronary arteries to reach the surface of the cardiac image. In amyloidosis, the distal coronary arteries normally reached the periphery of the image. All three signs may be useful in differentiation, but the first is the easiest to evaluate. The right anterior oblique or posteroanterior view is the recommended projection.", "contents": "Angiocardiographic differentiation of constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy due to amyloidosis. The cineangiocardiograms and coronary angiograms of two cases of amyloidosis of the heart were compared to six cases of constrictive pericarditis. Three angiographic differentiating points were seen: (1) right ventricular free wall motion showed diastolic restriction in both disorders, whereas the crista supraventricularis, which moved normally in constrictive pericarditis, demonstrated restriction in amyloidosis; (2) ventricles in cases of constrictive pericarditis showed subtle further expansion during atrial systole after initial rapid filling (atrial kick), while in both cases of amyloidosis there was no motion during atrial systole; (3) pericardial thickening in constrictive pericarditis was demonstrated by failure of the distal coronary arteries to reach the surface of the cardiac image. In amyloidosis, the distal coronary arteries normally reached the periphery of the image. All three signs may be useful in differentiation, but the first is the easiest to evaluate. The right anterior oblique or posteroanterior view is the recommended projection.", "PMID": 415546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8208", "title": "Complications of angiographic examinations.", "content": "A prospective study of angiographic complications in 1,217 consecutive adult patients seen during a 1 year period was undertaken. Neuroangiographic and angiocardiographic examinations were excluded. All forms of complications were reported, including those occurring within 3 days after the examination, and the degree of seriousness was evaluated. Complications at puncture which required surgery occurred in 0.14%. Potentially serious complications from catheter manipulation for selective position in abdominal arteries occurred in 0.5%. At catheterization of the internal iliac artery there was a high frequency of lesions (14.3%), one an indirect cause of lethal outcome. Nine patients had thromboembolic complications, and the value of heparinized catheters is discussed. The frequency of serious complications due to contrast agent was remarkably low.", "contents": "Complications of angiographic examinations. A prospective study of angiographic complications in 1,217 consecutive adult patients seen during a 1 year period was undertaken. Neuroangiographic and angiocardiographic examinations were excluded. All forms of complications were reported, including those occurring within 3 days after the examination, and the degree of seriousness was evaluated. Complications at puncture which required surgery occurred in 0.14%. Potentially serious complications from catheter manipulation for selective position in abdominal arteries occurred in 0.5%. At catheterization of the internal iliac artery there was a high frequency of lesions (14.3%), one an indirect cause of lethal outcome. Nine patients had thromboembolic complications, and the value of heparinized catheters is discussed. The frequency of serious complications due to contrast agent was remarkably low.", "PMID": 415547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8209", "title": "Irregularity of Silastic breast implants mimicking a soft tissue mass.", "content": "Seven patients were identified who developed a palpable breast mass following augmentation mammoplasty. Xeromammography showed the \"mass\" to be a puckering or bulge in the Silastic implant.", "contents": "Irregularity of Silastic breast implants mimicking a soft tissue mass. Seven patients were identified who developed a palpable breast mass following augmentation mammoplasty. Xeromammography showed the \"mass\" to be a puckering or bulge in the Silastic implant.", "PMID": 415548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8210", "title": "Transverse folds in the proximal ureter: a normal variant in infants.", "content": "Infants frequently have a \"corkscrew\" appearance of the upper segment of the ureter at excretory urography. In most instances, this tortuous appearance is due to thin transverse folds. These folds are full-thickness inward projections of the ureteral wall. They are believed to represent a persistence of normal fetal tortuosities of the ureter.", "contents": "Transverse folds in the proximal ureter: a normal variant in infants. Infants frequently have a \"corkscrew\" appearance of the upper segment of the ureter at excretory urography. In most instances, this tortuous appearance is due to thin transverse folds. These folds are full-thickness inward projections of the ureteral wall. They are believed to represent a persistence of normal fetal tortuosities of the ureter.", "PMID": 415549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8211", "title": "Streptococcal skeletal infections: observations in four infants.", "content": "The radiographic findings and clinical presentations of four patients with group B beta hemolytic streptococcal osteomyelitis and pyoarthritis are described. Radiographic features, though not specific, are similar in these patients and others reported in the literature. The combination of radiographic patterns and clinical presentations in children of this age group should alert clinicians and radiologists to the possibility of infection with this organism.", "contents": "Streptococcal skeletal infections: observations in four infants. The radiographic findings and clinical presentations of four patients with group B beta hemolytic streptococcal osteomyelitis and pyoarthritis are described. Radiographic features, though not specific, are similar in these patients and others reported in the literature. The combination of radiographic patterns and clinical presentations in children of this age group should alert clinicians and radiologists to the possibility of infection with this organism.", "PMID": 415550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8212", "title": "Medial herniation of the parietal pleura: a useful sign of pneumothorax in supine neonates.", "content": "In a series of 235 consecutive infants with respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax was demonstrated radiographically in 20. On anteroposterior supine chest radiographs of such infants, the intrapleural gas tends to seek an anteromedial position within the involved hemithorax. When the pneumothorax is large, the gas may cause the ipsilateral mediastinal pleura to bulge and herniate across the anterior mediastinum into the contralateral hemithorax. This was seen in 12 or the 14 right pneumothoraces, but only in two of the 10 left ones. The gas-containing sac appeared radiologically as a crescent-shaped lucency medial to the upper thoracic spine which was sharply delineated laterally by the mediastinal pleural layers and the somewhat atelectatic contralateral lung. In some patients treated with a chest tube, the gas disappeared more slowly from the herniated portion of the pleural sac than from elsewhere in the pleural space. Therefore, in addition to being a useful confirmatory sign of pneumothorax, this finding is also important in assessing the completeness of pleural drainage.", "contents": "Medial herniation of the parietal pleura: a useful sign of pneumothorax in supine neonates. In a series of 235 consecutive infants with respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax was demonstrated radiographically in 20. On anteroposterior supine chest radiographs of such infants, the intrapleural gas tends to seek an anteromedial position within the involved hemithorax. When the pneumothorax is large, the gas may cause the ipsilateral mediastinal pleura to bulge and herniate across the anterior mediastinum into the contralateral hemithorax. This was seen in 12 or the 14 right pneumothoraces, but only in two of the 10 left ones. The gas-containing sac appeared radiologically as a crescent-shaped lucency medial to the upper thoracic spine which was sharply delineated laterally by the mediastinal pleural layers and the somewhat atelectatic contralateral lung. In some patients treated with a chest tube, the gas disappeared more slowly from the herniated portion of the pleural sac than from elsewhere in the pleural space. Therefore, in addition to being a useful confirmatory sign of pneumothorax, this finding is also important in assessing the completeness of pleural drainage.", "PMID": 415551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8213", "title": "Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: radiologic abnormalities in the esophagus.", "content": "Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is a disorder characterized by chronic recurrent infection with Candida. The esophagus may be involved, resulting in chronic candidal esophagitis, which is clinically and radiographically distinct from acute candidal esophagitis. The clinical and radiographic features of four new and four previously reported cases are presented. Esopahgeal narrowing was found in all patients; it was focal in six and diffuse in two. Motor abnormalities were common, but mucosal changes seen characteristically in acute candidal esophagitis were unusual. Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis was documented in one patient, substantiating the belief that Candida may be the etiologic agent in some patients with this condition.", "contents": "Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: radiologic abnormalities in the esophagus. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is a disorder characterized by chronic recurrent infection with Candida. The esophagus may be involved, resulting in chronic candidal esophagitis, which is clinically and radiographically distinct from acute candidal esophagitis. The clinical and radiographic features of four new and four previously reported cases are presented. Esopahgeal narrowing was found in all patients; it was focal in six and diffuse in two. Motor abnormalities were common, but mucosal changes seen characteristically in acute candidal esophagitis were unusual. Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis was documented in one patient, substantiating the belief that Candida may be the etiologic agent in some patients with this condition.", "PMID": 415552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8214", "title": "Preliminary abdominal films in oral cholecystography: are they necessary?", "content": "A survey of 45 radiologists with a special interest in gastrointestinal radiology showed that only 8% used a preliminary abdominal film for oral cholecystography. Review of 467 cases of oral cholecystography with preliminary films over a 1 year period disclosed 88 confirmed cases of cholelithiasis. Of these 88 cases, 27% had opaque gallstones visible on the preliminary film. In one-third of the cases, the opaque gallstones had a classic diagnostic appearance, while the remainder required oral cholecystography for confirmation. Opaque calculi were obscured by oral contrast material in 2% of cases. Other significant pathology on the preliminary films was found in 5.5% of the 467 cases.", "contents": "Preliminary abdominal films in oral cholecystography: are they necessary? A survey of 45 radiologists with a special interest in gastrointestinal radiology showed that only 8% used a preliminary abdominal film for oral cholecystography. Review of 467 cases of oral cholecystography with preliminary films over a 1 year period disclosed 88 confirmed cases of cholelithiasis. Of these 88 cases, 27% had opaque gallstones visible on the preliminary film. In one-third of the cases, the opaque gallstones had a classic diagnostic appearance, while the remainder required oral cholecystography for confirmation. Opaque calculi were obscured by oral contrast material in 2% of cases. Other significant pathology on the preliminary films was found in 5.5% of the 467 cases.", "PMID": 415553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8215", "title": "Selective intubation of the afferent loop.", "content": "A selective intubation method for examination of the afferent loop is described and brief review of complications involving the afferent loop is outlined. The value of the intubation method in patient management is illustrated by three case reports. We find this a helpful method for studying selected patients with clinical problems related to the afferent loop.", "contents": "Selective intubation of the afferent loop. A selective intubation method for examination of the afferent loop is described and brief review of complications involving the afferent loop is outlined. The value of the intubation method in patient management is illustrated by three case reports. We find this a helpful method for studying selected patients with clinical problems related to the afferent loop.", "PMID": 415554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8216", "title": "Fractures of the thoracolumbar spine in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Fractures through the disc or juxta-end plate region of the vertebra as well as the posterior elements have been observed in the thoracic and lumbar spine in ankylosing spondylitis. These are usually associated with increasing pain, usually do not produce neurologic deficit, and may require orthopedic fixation to heal. Irregularity and sclerosis at the margins secondary to pseudarthrosis may develop and should not be confused with a pyogenic or granulomatous infection. Biomechanically these fractures resemble the \"seat belt type\" or Chance fracture probably because of shifting of the axis of flexion and extension in the ankylosed spine away from its normal location in the center of the nucleus pulposus.", "contents": "Fractures of the thoracolumbar spine in ankylosing spondylitis. Fractures through the disc or juxta-end plate region of the vertebra as well as the posterior elements have been observed in the thoracic and lumbar spine in ankylosing spondylitis. These are usually associated with increasing pain, usually do not produce neurologic deficit, and may require orthopedic fixation to heal. Irregularity and sclerosis at the margins secondary to pseudarthrosis may develop and should not be confused with a pyogenic or granulomatous infection. Biomechanically these fractures resemble the \"seat belt type\" or Chance fracture probably because of shifting of the axis of flexion and extension in the ankylosed spine away from its normal location in the center of the nucleus pulposus.", "PMID": 415555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8217", "title": "Radiologic soft tissue shadows in the pelvis: another look.", "content": "In patients with adequate amounts of intramuscular fat, the normal contours of the muscles of the pelvic floor and side-walls may be visualized on plain radiographs. Knowledge of the relationships of these muscles to surrounding structures has been facilitated by computed tomography. Obliteration of the medial margin of the psoas muscle with an attendant soft tissue mass implies pathology in the region of the medial chain of external iliac lymph nodes; similarly, obliteration of the obturator internus shadow suggests internal iliac adenopathy. Nonnodal masses in these regions can cause similar radiographic abnormalities. The normal shadow of the piriformis muscle may simulate external iliac adenopathy. Pitfalls which may lead to overinterpretation are discussed.", "contents": "Radiologic soft tissue shadows in the pelvis: another look. In patients with adequate amounts of intramuscular fat, the normal contours of the muscles of the pelvic floor and side-walls may be visualized on plain radiographs. Knowledge of the relationships of these muscles to surrounding structures has been facilitated by computed tomography. Obliteration of the medial margin of the psoas muscle with an attendant soft tissue mass implies pathology in the region of the medial chain of external iliac lymph nodes; similarly, obliteration of the obturator internus shadow suggests internal iliac adenopathy. Nonnodal masses in these regions can cause similar radiographic abnormalities. The normal shadow of the piriformis muscle may simulate external iliac adenopathy. Pitfalls which may lead to overinterpretation are discussed.", "PMID": 415556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8218", "title": "Sequelae of metrizamide myelography in 200 examinations.", "content": "Twenty pediatric and 180 adult patients underwent myelography using metrizamide (Amipaque). All patients were examined and interviewed before and after the studies. New or exacerbated symptoms attributed to metrizamide myelography were graded according to severity. After the procedure, 51 of 200 patients were unchanged from baseline. Headache was the most common complaint, with an overall incidence of 62%. Nausea and/or vomiting occurred in 38%. Back or leg pain, neck stiffness, temperature elevation, and a variety of less common manifestations were also observed. The incidence of sequelae was higher than in comparable Scandinavian studies with this contrast medium.", "contents": "Sequelae of metrizamide myelography in 200 examinations. Twenty pediatric and 180 adult patients underwent myelography using metrizamide (Amipaque). All patients were examined and interviewed before and after the studies. New or exacerbated symptoms attributed to metrizamide myelography were graded according to severity. After the procedure, 51 of 200 patients were unchanged from baseline. Headache was the most common complaint, with an overall incidence of 62%. Nausea and/or vomiting occurred in 38%. Back or leg pain, neck stiffness, temperature elevation, and a variety of less common manifestations were also observed. The incidence of sequelae was higher than in comparable Scandinavian studies with this contrast medium.", "PMID": 415557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8219", "title": "Computed tomography of the trapped fourth ventricle.", "content": "A dilated fourth ventricle due to outlet obstruction is a clinical-radiologic entity with symptoms similar to those of a posterior fossa space-occupying lesion. Computed tomography reveals cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle and hydrocephalus supratentorially. Frequently the symptoms resolve completely and the fourth ventricle returns to normal following lateral ventricular shunting. If there is actual obliteration of the aqueduct, the fourth ventricle must be shunted directly. While the exact mechanism by which the fourth ventricle becomes trapped is not fully known, outlet obstruction must be present. It is most frequently related to previous episodes of meningitis or subarachnoid hemorrhage. In a review of 48 cases of an abnormally enlarged fourth ventricle demonstrated on CT, six were found to have a trapped fourth ventricle. Careful attention to densities and configurations on CT allows its differentiation from other lesions such as cystic tumors and cysts.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the trapped fourth ventricle. A dilated fourth ventricle due to outlet obstruction is a clinical-radiologic entity with symptoms similar to those of a posterior fossa space-occupying lesion. Computed tomography reveals cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle and hydrocephalus supratentorially. Frequently the symptoms resolve completely and the fourth ventricle returns to normal following lateral ventricular shunting. If there is actual obliteration of the aqueduct, the fourth ventricle must be shunted directly. While the exact mechanism by which the fourth ventricle becomes trapped is not fully known, outlet obstruction must be present. It is most frequently related to previous episodes of meningitis or subarachnoid hemorrhage. In a review of 48 cases of an abnormally enlarged fourth ventricle demonstrated on CT, six were found to have a trapped fourth ventricle. Careful attention to densities and configurations on CT allows its differentiation from other lesions such as cystic tumors and cysts.", "PMID": 415558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8220", "title": "Subdural hematomas due to ruptured cerebral aneurysms: angiographic diagnosis and potential pitfall for CT.", "content": "Two patients with subdural hematoma secondary to rupture of intracranial aneurysms are described. Computed tomography and plain skull films are generally the examination of choice for the patient with significant head trauma. In selected patients, however, cerebral angiography in place of, or along with, computed tomography may be necessary to demonstrate an underlying cause for the subdural hematoma.", "contents": "Subdural hematomas due to ruptured cerebral aneurysms: angiographic diagnosis and potential pitfall for CT. Two patients with subdural hematoma secondary to rupture of intracranial aneurysms are described. Computed tomography and plain skull films are generally the examination of choice for the patient with significant head trauma. In selected patients, however, cerebral angiography in place of, or along with, computed tomography may be necessary to demonstrate an underlying cause for the subdural hematoma.", "PMID": 415559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8221", "title": "Computed tomography in leptomeningeal infections.", "content": "In a review of CT scans of 6,078 patients, 47 patients with well documented leptomeningeal infections were identified; 45 were infants or children. Most of the infections were bacterial; 53% were due to Haemophilus influenzae. The 47 patients were divided into two groups according to whether the initial scan was obtained during the acute illness (group A) or after initial treatment had been completed (group B). The 30 patients in the acute group A had 24 complications: 18 with areas of diminished attenuation in the brain parenchyma and six with dilated ventricles. Eleven patients had initially normal scans, but three of these subsequently developed complications. In group B, the 17 patients had 28 complications: nine with enlarged ventricles; eight with subdural effusion; seven with areas of diminished attenuation; and four with abscess formation. An unusually high percentage (40%) of the patients with areas of diminished attenuation had involvement of the anterior poles of the frontal lobes. Of the patients who showed this predilection for the frontal lobes, 72% had Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. CT was found to be useful in early detection of complications of leptomeningeal infections, as well as in evaluation of the extent of the lesions.", "contents": "Computed tomography in leptomeningeal infections. In a review of CT scans of 6,078 patients, 47 patients with well documented leptomeningeal infections were identified; 45 were infants or children. Most of the infections were bacterial; 53% were due to Haemophilus influenzae. The 47 patients were divided into two groups according to whether the initial scan was obtained during the acute illness (group A) or after initial treatment had been completed (group B). The 30 patients in the acute group A had 24 complications: 18 with areas of diminished attenuation in the brain parenchyma and six with dilated ventricles. Eleven patients had initially normal scans, but three of these subsequently developed complications. In group B, the 17 patients had 28 complications: nine with enlarged ventricles; eight with subdural effusion; seven with areas of diminished attenuation; and four with abscess formation. An unusually high percentage (40%) of the patients with areas of diminished attenuation had involvement of the anterior poles of the frontal lobes. Of the patients who showed this predilection for the frontal lobes, 72% had Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. CT was found to be useful in early detection of complications of leptomeningeal infections, as well as in evaluation of the extent of the lesions.", "PMID": 415560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8222", "title": "Quantitative thyroid fluorescent scanning: technique and clinical experience.", "content": "A method for quantifying thyroid gland iodine content using a modified fluorescence scanning system is described. The technique does not require a computer. Two single channel analyzers and digital scalers are used to determine net counts from iodine k-alpha x-rays and system response in counts per milligram is calibrated from studies of known quantities of iodine placed in thyroid phantoms. Fluorescence quantification of thyroid gland iodine content was performed in 250 patients with a wide variety of thyroid disorders. Thirty euthyroid patients judged to have no evidence of thyroid disease averaged 10.1 +/- 3.9 mg glandular iodine. Results for several major diagnostic categories were: untreated Graves' disease, 28 patients, 24.4 +/- 9.9 mg; diffuse euthyroid goiter, 14 patients, 16.1 +/- 7.4 mg; primary hypothyroidism, seven patients, 0.5 mg; and nontoxic multinodular goiter, 28 patients, 7.3 +/- 4.1 mg. Follow-up studies on patients treated for Graves' disease both medically and with 131I generally revealed elevated iodine contents in persistently hyperthyroid patients, lower than normal average amounts in euthyroid patients, and only trace amounts in hypothyroid patients. Although the clinical role of fluorescence iodine quantification remains to be fully established, the technique provides information not otherwise available on an important parameter of thyroid status.", "contents": "Quantitative thyroid fluorescent scanning: technique and clinical experience. A method for quantifying thyroid gland iodine content using a modified fluorescence scanning system is described. The technique does not require a computer. Two single channel analyzers and digital scalers are used to determine net counts from iodine k-alpha x-rays and system response in counts per milligram is calibrated from studies of known quantities of iodine placed in thyroid phantoms. Fluorescence quantification of thyroid gland iodine content was performed in 250 patients with a wide variety of thyroid disorders. Thirty euthyroid patients judged to have no evidence of thyroid disease averaged 10.1 +/- 3.9 mg glandular iodine. Results for several major diagnostic categories were: untreated Graves' disease, 28 patients, 24.4 +/- 9.9 mg; diffuse euthyroid goiter, 14 patients, 16.1 +/- 7.4 mg; primary hypothyroidism, seven patients, 0.5 mg; and nontoxic multinodular goiter, 28 patients, 7.3 +/- 4.1 mg. Follow-up studies on patients treated for Graves' disease both medically and with 131I generally revealed elevated iodine contents in persistently hyperthyroid patients, lower than normal average amounts in euthyroid patients, and only trace amounts in hypothyroid patients. Although the clinical role of fluorescence iodine quantification remains to be fully established, the technique provides information not otherwise available on an important parameter of thyroid status.", "PMID": 415561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8223", "title": "New technique for localization of therapeutic emboli using radionuclide labeling.", "content": "A sensitive method for localizing the resting place of catheter-injected therapeutic gelatin emboli is described. Surgical gelatin (Gelfoam) is labeled with 99mTc and each embolus observed on the persistence scope of a gamma camera after injection. This technique reduces the chance of obstructing blood vessels other than those intended. Two cases of embolization, one arterial and one venous, are illustrated.", "contents": "New technique for localization of therapeutic emboli using radionuclide labeling. A sensitive method for localizing the resting place of catheter-injected therapeutic gelatin emboli is described. Surgical gelatin (Gelfoam) is labeled with 99mTc and each embolus observed on the persistence scope of a gamma camera after injection. This technique reduces the chance of obstructing blood vessels other than those intended. Two cases of embolization, one arterial and one venous, are illustrated.", "PMID": 415562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8224", "title": "Double inferior vena cava or iliac vein occlusion? A diagnostic problem in radionuclide venograms.", "content": "Radionuclide venography in two patients with suspected deep venous disease revealed double channel drainage with cross-pelvic collateral circulation. Contrast inferior venacavograms revealed that one patient had persistent right and left supracardinal veins (double inferior vena cava) and the other had iliac vein occlusion with ascending lumbar collateral circulation. The similarity of radionuclide venographic findings in these two patients emphasizes the importance of contrast venacavography in patients with this appearance on radionuclide venography.", "contents": "Double inferior vena cava or iliac vein occlusion? A diagnostic problem in radionuclide venograms. Radionuclide venography in two patients with suspected deep venous disease revealed double channel drainage with cross-pelvic collateral circulation. Contrast inferior venacavograms revealed that one patient had persistent right and left supracardinal veins (double inferior vena cava) and the other had iliac vein occlusion with ascending lumbar collateral circulation. The similarity of radionuclide venographic findings in these two patients emphasizes the importance of contrast venacavography in patients with this appearance on radionuclide venography.", "PMID": 415563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8225", "title": "The inferior vena cava: mass effects.", "content": "Gray scale ultrasound evaluation of the inferior vena cava is essential for adequate workup of abdominal tumors. Demonstration of perivascular nodal masses and/or invasion of the inferior vena cava is of prognostic significance and of value in planning the surgical approach. In addition, accurate delineation of the extent of such tumor invasion by ultrasonography may preclude additional study by more invasive diagnostic procedures, such as angiography. Results of ultrasonic examination of six patients are reported; all were shown to have significant mass effects on the inferior vena cava.", "contents": "The inferior vena cava: mass effects. Gray scale ultrasound evaluation of the inferior vena cava is essential for adequate workup of abdominal tumors. Demonstration of perivascular nodal masses and/or invasion of the inferior vena cava is of prognostic significance and of value in planning the surgical approach. In addition, accurate delineation of the extent of such tumor invasion by ultrasonography may preclude additional study by more invasive diagnostic procedures, such as angiography. Results of ultrasonic examination of six patients are reported; all were shown to have significant mass effects on the inferior vena cava.", "PMID": 415564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8226", "title": "Fetal movement patterns: a possible means of defining neurologic developmental milestones in utero.", "content": "Phased-array ultrasonography provides a means for continuous observation of moving structures. This method can be used for assessing fetal movements from the middle of the first trimester. Eleven separate spontaneous movement patterns were defined in 40 examinations of clinically normal women (6 weeks to term). A trend of increasingly complex movement with advancing gestational age was noted with indication that discrete developmental events such as isolated body extension, thumb sucking, or repetitive chest wall excursions can be recognized. Fetal movement responses to a simple pressure stimulus were noted.", "contents": "Fetal movement patterns: a possible means of defining neurologic developmental milestones in utero. Phased-array ultrasonography provides a means for continuous observation of moving structures. This method can be used for assessing fetal movements from the middle of the first trimester. Eleven separate spontaneous movement patterns were defined in 40 examinations of clinically normal women (6 weeks to term). A trend of increasingly complex movement with advancing gestational age was noted with indication that discrete developmental events such as isolated body extension, thumb sucking, or repetitive chest wall excursions can be recognized. Fetal movement responses to a simple pressure stimulus were noted.", "PMID": 415565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8227", "title": "Evaluation of current techniques for nonsurgical removal of intravascular iatrogenic foreign bodies.", "content": "Intravascular embolization of polyethylene catheter fragments continues to occur, the majority from intravenous indwelling catheters. Sixty-nine nonsurgical retrievals of embolized fragments have been reported. The various recorded retrieval techniques are reviewed as well as their respective successes and limitations. Complications of snare techniques, unsuccessful retrieval attempts, and factors influencing the choice of local surgical removal versus snare techniques are discussed. The fate of patients from whom embolized catheter fragments were not removed is reviewed in depth. Our figures indicate a 71% incidence of death or serious complication, which is significantly higher than previously reported.", "contents": "Evaluation of current techniques for nonsurgical removal of intravascular iatrogenic foreign bodies. Intravascular embolization of polyethylene catheter fragments continues to occur, the majority from intravenous indwelling catheters. Sixty-nine nonsurgical retrievals of embolized fragments have been reported. The various recorded retrieval techniques are reviewed as well as their respective successes and limitations. Complications of snare techniques, unsuccessful retrieval attempts, and factors influencing the choice of local surgical removal versus snare techniques are discussed. The fate of patients from whom embolized catheter fragments were not removed is reviewed in depth. Our figures indicate a 71% incidence of death or serious complication, which is significantly higher than previously reported.", "PMID": 415566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8228", "title": "Neurofibromatosis in children.", "content": "Neurofibromatosis occurs once in every 3,000 live births. Caf\u00e9 au lait spots are the most common presenting lesion. Five spots with a diameter of at least 0.5 cm. should be considered diagnostic in children. Spinal deformity is the most common bony lesion. Scoliosis varies from mild nonprogressive forms to hairpin curvatures. Four types of pseudarthrosis of the tibia can be distinguished, with progressively more serious prognoses. The incidence of neoplasia greatly exceeds that of the general population.", "contents": "Neurofibromatosis in children. Neurofibromatosis occurs once in every 3,000 live births. Caf\u00e9 au lait spots are the most common presenting lesion. Five spots with a diameter of at least 0.5 cm. should be considered diagnostic in children. Spinal deformity is the most common bony lesion. Scoliosis varies from mild nonprogressive forms to hairpin curvatures. Four types of pseudarthrosis of the tibia can be distinguished, with progressively more serious prognoses. The incidence of neoplasia greatly exceeds that of the general population.", "PMID": 415586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8229", "title": "The biological effects of magnetic fields on man.", "content": "The biological effects of the interaction of stationary magnetic fields (SMF) with man and other animals have been reviewed. The lowest detectable limit of interaction between higher animals and a SMF is 80 to 100 G. The recommended limit on an extended-period basis for whole-body or head exposure is 200 G. Higher limits of magnetic-field exposure for limited periods of time are contained within this report.", "contents": "The biological effects of magnetic fields on man. The biological effects of the interaction of stationary magnetic fields (SMF) with man and other animals have been reviewed. The lowest detectable limit of interaction between higher animals and a SMF is 80 to 100 G. The recommended limit on an extended-period basis for whole-body or head exposure is 200 G. Higher limits of magnetic-field exposure for limited periods of time are contained within this report.", "PMID": 415587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8230", "title": "Hypophysial portal vascular infusion of TRH in the rat: an ultrasturctural and radioimmunoassay study.", "content": "The hypophysial portal vessels and anterior pituitary gland of adult male Wistar rats were exposed surgically. A hypophysial portal vessel was cannulated and infused for one minute with saline or thyrotrophin (TRH). Anterior pituitary glands were collected at 1,5,15,30 or 60 minutes after cessation of infusion, for light and electron microscopic examination. Before and immediately after cannulation of a portal vessel, a 1-ml sample of blood was collected at 1,5,15,30, or 60 minutes, from the femoral vein for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of growth hormone. Thyrotrophs from anterior pituitary glands of rats infused with TRH displayed emiocytic activity at all time-periods studied. Rough endoplasmic reticular (RER) cisternae were dilated at 15 minutes following infusion and remained dilated at 30 and 60 minutes. TRH was observed to stimulate emiocytic activity in most pituitary cell-types. Extensive dilations of RER cisternae were also observed in mammotrophs and gonadotrophs, but were not observed in somatotrophs or adrenocorticotrophs. The demonstration that thyrotrophs, mammotrophs, somatotrophs, and gonadotrophs respond to TRH suggests that some common features may be shared by these cells. Preliminary analysis of the RIA data show that TRH was potent in elevating radioimmunoassayable growth hormone levels. Significant increases (p less than 0.02) in plasma GH levels were present at the earlier time periods studied (1,5, and 15 minutes) following the infusion of TRH, but no at 30 or 60 minutes. These findings provide additional support for the non-specific action of TRH upon hte various adenohypophysial cell types, and demonstrate that TRH stimulates these cells by a direct action on the adenohypophysis.", "contents": "Hypophysial portal vascular infusion of TRH in the rat: an ultrasturctural and radioimmunoassay study. The hypophysial portal vessels and anterior pituitary gland of adult male Wistar rats were exposed surgically. A hypophysial portal vessel was cannulated and infused for one minute with saline or thyrotrophin (TRH). Anterior pituitary glands were collected at 1,5,15,30 or 60 minutes after cessation of infusion, for light and electron microscopic examination. Before and immediately after cannulation of a portal vessel, a 1-ml sample of blood was collected at 1,5,15,30, or 60 minutes, from the femoral vein for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of growth hormone. Thyrotrophs from anterior pituitary glands of rats infused with TRH displayed emiocytic activity at all time-periods studied. Rough endoplasmic reticular (RER) cisternae were dilated at 15 minutes following infusion and remained dilated at 30 and 60 minutes. TRH was observed to stimulate emiocytic activity in most pituitary cell-types. Extensive dilations of RER cisternae were also observed in mammotrophs and gonadotrophs, but were not observed in somatotrophs or adrenocorticotrophs. The demonstration that thyrotrophs, mammotrophs, somatotrophs, and gonadotrophs respond to TRH suggests that some common features may be shared by these cells. Preliminary analysis of the RIA data show that TRH was potent in elevating radioimmunoassayable growth hormone levels. Significant increases (p less than 0.02) in plasma GH levels were present at the earlier time periods studied (1,5, and 15 minutes) following the infusion of TRH, but no at 30 or 60 minutes. These findings provide additional support for the non-specific action of TRH upon hte various adenohypophysial cell types, and demonstrate that TRH stimulates these cells by a direct action on the adenohypophysis.", "PMID": 415588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8231", "title": "Protein deprivation in primates. X. Test performance of juveniles born of deprived mothers.", "content": "Forty juvenile rhesus monkeys whose mothers were fed semisynthetic diets containing 13.4, 6.7, or 3.35% protein during pregnancy were tested as juveniles on four tests of perceptual-discrimination learning. All juveniles were well fed since birth. No significant differences in proficiency due to diet could be detected. It is concluded that thanks to the mother's proficient adaptation to the diet the fetus is well protected, and not deprived.", "contents": "Protein deprivation in primates. X. Test performance of juveniles born of deprived mothers. Forty juvenile rhesus monkeys whose mothers were fed semisynthetic diets containing 13.4, 6.7, or 3.35% protein during pregnancy were tested as juveniles on four tests of perceptual-discrimination learning. All juveniles were well fed since birth. No significant differences in proficiency due to diet could be detected. It is concluded that thanks to the mother's proficient adaptation to the diet the fetus is well protected, and not deprived.", "PMID": 415589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8232", "title": "Protein deprivation in primates. XI. Determinants of weight change during and after pregnancy.", "content": "Individual differences in weight gain of rhesus monkeys during pregnancy far exceed the variation in infant weight. Weight gain thus reflects maternal adjustment to her physiological state in relation to her environment rather than growth of the infant. Diets high in protein lead to great weight gain. Skeletal length is positively correlated and conception weight negatively correlated with weight gain. Season of pregnancy, length of gestation and sex of the infant are unrelated to weight gain. None of the monkeys exhibited edema during gestation. Postpartum changes in body weight were small during the first 6 weeks.", "contents": "Protein deprivation in primates. XI. Determinants of weight change during and after pregnancy. Individual differences in weight gain of rhesus monkeys during pregnancy far exceed the variation in infant weight. Weight gain thus reflects maternal adjustment to her physiological state in relation to her environment rather than growth of the infant. Diets high in protein lead to great weight gain. Skeletal length is positively correlated and conception weight negatively correlated with weight gain. Season of pregnancy, length of gestation and sex of the infant are unrelated to weight gain. None of the monkeys exhibited edema during gestation. Postpartum changes in body weight were small during the first 6 weeks.", "PMID": 415590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8233", "title": "Thyroid iodide clearance and radioiodide uptake in protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "The thyroid function was evaluated in two comparable groups of 12 protein-calorie malnourished children respectively by oral and intravenous test using radioiodine 131I. Maximal radioiodide uptake (RAIUmax) peaked within 24 hr in the intravenously investigated children, but only after 48 hr in the orally investigated children. In both protein-calorie malnutrition groups, the mean RAIUmax was significantly decreased by comparison with the mean normal RAIUmax (P less than 0.01). In protein-calorie malnutrition children, the RAIU curve reached intermediate values ranging from subnormal to about nearly half the normal. Thyroid clearance was early depressed and in some cases, dropped to values as low as one tenth of the normal mean (P less than 0.001), reflecting a severe thyroid involution. There is a high correlation between the RAIUmax and thyroid clearance values (r = 0.95); the regression line is defined by the equation Y = 1.12X + 17.08. Both functional parameters of thyroid activity appear to be mainly lowered in relation to the duration of protein deficiency.", "contents": "Thyroid iodide clearance and radioiodide uptake in protein-calorie malnutrition. The thyroid function was evaluated in two comparable groups of 12 protein-calorie malnourished children respectively by oral and intravenous test using radioiodine 131I. Maximal radioiodide uptake (RAIUmax) peaked within 24 hr in the intravenously investigated children, but only after 48 hr in the orally investigated children. In both protein-calorie malnutrition groups, the mean RAIUmax was significantly decreased by comparison with the mean normal RAIUmax (P less than 0.01). In protein-calorie malnutrition children, the RAIU curve reached intermediate values ranging from subnormal to about nearly half the normal. Thyroid clearance was early depressed and in some cases, dropped to values as low as one tenth of the normal mean (P less than 0.001), reflecting a severe thyroid involution. There is a high correlation between the RAIUmax and thyroid clearance values (r = 0.95); the regression line is defined by the equation Y = 1.12X + 17.08. Both functional parameters of thyroid activity appear to be mainly lowered in relation to the duration of protein deficiency.", "PMID": 415591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8234", "title": "Assessment of protein-calorie malnutrition in surgical patients from plasma proteins and anthropometric measurements.", "content": "Six plasma proteins, two anthropometric measurements, hemoglobin and total lymphocytes were determined in 54 surgical patients and 19 normal individuals. Preoperative patients had a low mean values for prealbumin, retinol binding protein, and arm muscle circumference. In postoperative patients, plasma transferrin, albumin, hemoglobin, total lymphocytes and body weight were also low and complement C3 was higher than normal. A correlation matrix for 10 variables showed interrelationships between the biochemical and anthropometric data. Prealbumin and transferrin were highly correlated with most of the variables. The effects of protein-calorie malnutrition were analyzed from the data ranked and grouped according to the plasma prealbumin or transferrin concentration. Those groups with low mean values for these proteins also had low values for most of the other variables. Protein calorie malnutrition in surgical patients may be conveniently assessed from plasma prealbumin, transferrin, arm muscle circumference, percentage weight loss, and hemoglobin.", "contents": "Assessment of protein-calorie malnutrition in surgical patients from plasma proteins and anthropometric measurements. Six plasma proteins, two anthropometric measurements, hemoglobin and total lymphocytes were determined in 54 surgical patients and 19 normal individuals. Preoperative patients had a low mean values for prealbumin, retinol binding protein, and arm muscle circumference. In postoperative patients, plasma transferrin, albumin, hemoglobin, total lymphocytes and body weight were also low and complement C3 was higher than normal. A correlation matrix for 10 variables showed interrelationships between the biochemical and anthropometric data. Prealbumin and transferrin were highly correlated with most of the variables. The effects of protein-calorie malnutrition were analyzed from the data ranked and grouped according to the plasma prealbumin or transferrin concentration. Those groups with low mean values for these proteins also had low values for most of the other variables. Protein calorie malnutrition in surgical patients may be conveniently assessed from plasma prealbumin, transferrin, arm muscle circumference, percentage weight loss, and hemoglobin.", "PMID": 415592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8235", "title": "Intravenous feeding of the rat with short chain fatty acid esters. II. Monoacetoacetin.", "content": "Acetoacetic acid is oxidized independent of carnitine transport into the cell mitochondria and its monoglyceride is a water soluble compound. The latter was examined as an intravenous nutrient. The monoglyceride of acetoacetic acid was prepared from the acid anhydride, diketene, and glycerol and was found to be totally miscible with water. The nutritional properties of monoacetoacetin were investigated by continuous intravenous infusion of 25 or 50 g/kg body weight per day into ad libitum fed rats. The response of these animals was compared to normal and food restricted rats. All experimental animals survived the 7 day study period in good health and were free of detectable physiological and behavioral abnormalities. The test rats demonstrated weight gain dependent on the infusion rate while on an inadequate spontaneous oral food intake diet. Ketonuria, hyperketonemia and monoglyceride excretion in the urine accompanied the infusion of monoacetoacetin and were dependent on the infusion load. At 50 g/kg per day total plasma ketones were found to be comparable with the infusion load. At 50 g/kg per day total plasma ketones were found to be comparable with the maximum level obtained in fasted rats, but the acetoacetate concentration was relatively higher than in fasting. This was consistant with ketosis derived from the hydrolysis of the monoglyceride. It was concluded from these results that monoacetoacetin might be an asset for intravenous nutrition.", "contents": "Intravenous feeding of the rat with short chain fatty acid esters. II. Monoacetoacetin. Acetoacetic acid is oxidized independent of carnitine transport into the cell mitochondria and its monoglyceride is a water soluble compound. The latter was examined as an intravenous nutrient. The monoglyceride of acetoacetic acid was prepared from the acid anhydride, diketene, and glycerol and was found to be totally miscible with water. The nutritional properties of monoacetoacetin were investigated by continuous intravenous infusion of 25 or 50 g/kg body weight per day into ad libitum fed rats. The response of these animals was compared to normal and food restricted rats. All experimental animals survived the 7 day study period in good health and were free of detectable physiological and behavioral abnormalities. The test rats demonstrated weight gain dependent on the infusion rate while on an inadequate spontaneous oral food intake diet. Ketonuria, hyperketonemia and monoglyceride excretion in the urine accompanied the infusion of monoacetoacetin and were dependent on the infusion load. At 50 g/kg per day total plasma ketones were found to be comparable with the infusion load. At 50 g/kg per day total plasma ketones were found to be comparable with the maximum level obtained in fasted rats, but the acetoacetate concentration was relatively higher than in fasting. This was consistant with ketosis derived from the hydrolysis of the monoglyceride. It was concluded from these results that monoacetoacetin might be an asset for intravenous nutrition.", "PMID": 415593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8236", "title": "Are proteinase inhibitors a factor for the derangement of homoeostasis in protein-energy malnutrition?", "content": "In protein-energy malnutrition essential amino acids for the synthesis of proteins are derived from the mobilization of endogenous proteins in order to maintain homoeostasis. Data are presented to support the hypothesis that proteinase inhibitors, which increase rapidly at the onset of infection, interrupt this catabolic effect which is the normal adaptive response to protein-energy malnutrition.", "contents": "Are proteinase inhibitors a factor for the derangement of homoeostasis in protein-energy malnutrition? In protein-energy malnutrition essential amino acids for the synthesis of proteins are derived from the mobilization of endogenous proteins in order to maintain homoeostasis. Data are presented to support the hypothesis that proteinase inhibitors, which increase rapidly at the onset of infection, interrupt this catabolic effect which is the normal adaptive response to protein-energy malnutrition.", "PMID": 415595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8237", "title": "Effects of antineoplastic drugs on Lactobacillus casei and radioisotopic assays for serum folate.", "content": "Microbiologic assay, usually employing Lactobacillus casei, remains the standard assay for serum folate to date. Among its disadvantages have been falsely low results in patients receiving bacteriostatic agents such as antibiotics. This study examined whether commonly used antineoplastic drugs had similar effect. Methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil depressed microbiologic serum folate levels. No effect was found for adriamycin, bleomycin, BCNU, cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside, vincristine, vinblastine, mechlorethamine, mithramycin, hydroxyurea, and hydrocortisone. None of the drugs affected radioassay except methotrexate, which produced falsely high folate results. Thus, it appears that L. casei assay for folate becomes unreliable in patients receiving 5-fluorouracil and radioisotopic assay becomes unreliable in those receiving methotrexate.", "contents": "Effects of antineoplastic drugs on Lactobacillus casei and radioisotopic assays for serum folate. Microbiologic assay, usually employing Lactobacillus casei, remains the standard assay for serum folate to date. Among its disadvantages have been falsely low results in patients receiving bacteriostatic agents such as antibiotics. This study examined whether commonly used antineoplastic drugs had similar effect. Methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil depressed microbiologic serum folate levels. No effect was found for adriamycin, bleomycin, BCNU, cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside, vincristine, vinblastine, mechlorethamine, mithramycin, hydroxyurea, and hydrocortisone. None of the drugs affected radioassay except methotrexate, which produced falsely high folate results. Thus, it appears that L. casei assay for folate becomes unreliable in patients receiving 5-fluorouracil and radioisotopic assay becomes unreliable in those receiving methotrexate.", "PMID": 415596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8238", "title": "Cost effectiveness of the autopsy in maintaining and improving the standard of patient care.", "content": "A research model has been designed to attempt to obtain data that would help make the autopsy more effective in bringing about better patient care. To maintain and improve patient care, we must demonstrate that which is good about the present state of the practice of medicine and maintain it, and those areas in which improvement is possible, and then strive to change them. The autopsy can play an important role in this process. A better understanding of the mechanism by which the autopsy achieves this key role will enhance its contributions.", "contents": "Cost effectiveness of the autopsy in maintaining and improving the standard of patient care. A research model has been designed to attempt to obtain data that would help make the autopsy more effective in bringing about better patient care. To maintain and improve patient care, we must demonstrate that which is good about the present state of the practice of medicine and maintain it, and those areas in which improvement is possible, and then strive to change them. The autopsy can play an important role in this process. A better understanding of the mechanism by which the autopsy achieves this key role will enhance its contributions.", "PMID": 415597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8239", "title": "Crisis intervention and the prevention of institutionalization: an interrupted time series analysis.", "content": "In the context of the community mental health movement in Illinois, the evolution and development of a crisis intervention program aimed at avoiding state hospitalization and bringing more appropriate and efficacious resources to bear on the difficulties of the individual and/or family is described. This intervention program is characterized by a more active-seeking style of delivering mental health services. With the novel application of interrupted time series analysis to both the targeted and matched nonequivalent control communities the efficacy of this more active intervention in reducing the number of state hospital administrations diagnosed as \"mentally ill\" is highlighted. The cost/benefit to the taxpayer is also discussed.", "contents": "Crisis intervention and the prevention of institutionalization: an interrupted time series analysis. In the context of the community mental health movement in Illinois, the evolution and development of a crisis intervention program aimed at avoiding state hospitalization and bringing more appropriate and efficacious resources to bear on the difficulties of the individual and/or family is described. This intervention program is characterized by a more active-seeking style of delivering mental health services. With the novel application of interrupted time series analysis to both the targeted and matched nonequivalent control communities the efficacy of this more active intervention in reducing the number of state hospital administrations diagnosed as \"mentally ill\" is highlighted. The cost/benefit to the taxpayer is also discussed.", "PMID": 415598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8240", "title": "HB-Ag in sweat.", "content": "Thirty patients were studied at the Hacettepe University Medical Center. Ten patients had hepatic cirrhosis, 20 patients had viral hepatitis. HB-Ag in the serum was positive in all patients by the counterimmunoelectrophoresis method. One and a half milliliters of sweat was collected from each patient, dried and dissolved in 0.2 ml. of buffer solution. HB-Ag was positive in all patients by radioimmunoassay method. This study indicates that direct contact is one of the most important factors in the epidemiology of the disease and this may even be more important in asymptomatic carriers.", "contents": "HB-Ag in sweat. Thirty patients were studied at the Hacettepe University Medical Center. Ten patients had hepatic cirrhosis, 20 patients had viral hepatitis. HB-Ag in the serum was positive in all patients by the counterimmunoelectrophoresis method. One and a half milliliters of sweat was collected from each patient, dried and dissolved in 0.2 ml. of buffer solution. HB-Ag was positive in all patients by radioimmunoassay method. This study indicates that direct contact is one of the most important factors in the epidemiology of the disease and this may even be more important in asymptomatic carriers.", "PMID": 415600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8241", "title": "Health care cost-containment regulation: prospects and an alternative.", "content": "Regulation of the health care system to achieve appropriate containment of overall costs is characterized by Professor Havighurst as requiring public officials to engage, directly or indirectly, in the rationing of medical services. This rationing function is seen by the author as peculiarly difficult for political institutions to perform, given the public's expectations and the symbolic importance of health care. An effort on the part of regulators to shift the rationing burden to providers is detected, as is a trend toward increasingly arbitrary regulation, designed to minimize regulators' confrontations with sensitive issues. Irrationality and ignorance are found to plague regulatory decision making on health-related issues, even though it is the consumer who is usually thought to suffer most from these disabilities. The author argues that consumer choice under some cost constraints is a preferable mechanism for allocating resources because it better reflects individuals' subjective preferences, has a greater capacity for facing trade-offs realistically, and can better contend with professional dominance of the resource allocation process. In view of the unlikelihood of regulation that is both sensitive and effective in containing costs, the author proposes that we rely primarily on consumer incentives to reform the system. A simple change in the tax treatment of health insurance or other health plan premiums, to strengthen consumers' interest in cost containment while also subsidizing needy consumers, is advocated. Steps to improve opportunities for innovation in cost containment by health insurers, HMOs, and other actors are outlined briefly.", "contents": "Health care cost-containment regulation: prospects and an alternative. Regulation of the health care system to achieve appropriate containment of overall costs is characterized by Professor Havighurst as requiring public officials to engage, directly or indirectly, in the rationing of medical services. This rationing function is seen by the author as peculiarly difficult for political institutions to perform, given the public's expectations and the symbolic importance of health care. An effort on the part of regulators to shift the rationing burden to providers is detected, as is a trend toward increasingly arbitrary regulation, designed to minimize regulators' confrontations with sensitive issues. Irrationality and ignorance are found to plague regulatory decision making on health-related issues, even though it is the consumer who is usually thought to suffer most from these disabilities. The author argues that consumer choice under some cost constraints is a preferable mechanism for allocating resources because it better reflects individuals' subjective preferences, has a greater capacity for facing trade-offs realistically, and can better contend with professional dominance of the resource allocation process. In view of the unlikelihood of regulation that is both sensitive and effective in containing costs, the author proposes that we rely primarily on consumer incentives to reform the system. A simple change in the tax treatment of health insurance or other health plan premiums, to strengthen consumers' interest in cost containment while also subsidizing needy consumers, is advocated. Steps to improve opportunities for innovation in cost containment by health insurers, HMOs, and other actors are outlined briefly.", "PMID": 415601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8242", "title": "Control of fraud and abuse in Medicare and Medicaid.", "content": "This Comment explores issues concerning the control of fraud and abuse in health programs financed with public funds, specifically the Medicare and Medicaid programs. It summarizes the nature, scope, and possible causes of what some regard as a fraud and abuse \"crisis,\" and points out the difficulties and obstacles facing those who attempt to develop legislative and executive action aimed at controlling fraud and abuse. Recent federal initiatives in fraud and abuse control are examined, and a brief summary of key provisions of H.R. 3 (the Medicare-Medicaid Anti-fraud and Abuse Amendments, which may prove to be a landmark piece of legislation in this area) is provided. The author emphasizes that more effective control of fraud and abuse is necessary if further expansion of government financing of health programs, including national health insurance, is to occur in the near future. At the same time, caution must be taken not to neglect the appropriate use of other mechanisms necessary for reducing the costs of medical care and improving its quality. In addition, it is likely that efforts to stem fraud and abuse will raise important medicolegal and public policy issues that will require careful interdisciplinary consideration.", "contents": "Control of fraud and abuse in Medicare and Medicaid. This Comment explores issues concerning the control of fraud and abuse in health programs financed with public funds, specifically the Medicare and Medicaid programs. It summarizes the nature, scope, and possible causes of what some regard as a fraud and abuse \"crisis,\" and points out the difficulties and obstacles facing those who attempt to develop legislative and executive action aimed at controlling fraud and abuse. Recent federal initiatives in fraud and abuse control are examined, and a brief summary of key provisions of H.R. 3 (the Medicare-Medicaid Anti-fraud and Abuse Amendments, which may prove to be a landmark piece of legislation in this area) is provided. The author emphasizes that more effective control of fraud and abuse is necessary if further expansion of government financing of health programs, including national health insurance, is to occur in the near future. At the same time, caution must be taken not to neglect the appropriate use of other mechanisms necessary for reducing the costs of medical care and improving its quality. In addition, it is likely that efforts to stem fraud and abuse will raise important medicolegal and public policy issues that will require careful interdisciplinary consideration.", "PMID": 415602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8243", "title": "Formulation of a trace element solution for long-term parenteral nutrition.", "content": "The reproduction of phage T7 in the presence of hydroxylamine (HA) (mutagenesis in vivo) results in the phenotypic suppression of some amber mutants. The presence of O-methylhydroxylamine (OMHA) results in a similar effect, including a simlilar mechanism for the action of the two compounds. Since the rate of reaction of mutagen with nucleoside residues under these conditions is negligibly low, one of the most plausible explanations of this effect is the enzymic formation of modified precursors and their incorporation into bacterial tRNAs or phage-induced RNA.", "contents": "Formulation of a trace element solution for long-term parenteral nutrition. The reproduction of phage T7 in the presence of hydroxylamine (HA) (mutagenesis in vivo) results in the phenotypic suppression of some amber mutants. The presence of O-methylhydroxylamine (OMHA) results in a similar effect, including a simlilar mechanism for the action of the two compounds. Since the rate of reaction of mutagen with nucleoside residues under these conditions is negligibly low, one of the most plausible explanations of this effect is the enzymic formation of modified precursors and their incorporation into bacterial tRNAs or phage-induced RNA.", "PMID": 415604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8244", "title": "Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness: methodologies for evaluating innovative pharmaceutical services.", "content": "Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis techniques which can be of assistance in the evaluation of innovative pharmaceutical services are reviewed. Process and outcome measures are considered, and suggested steps in a cost-benefit study are presented. Samples of pharmacy studies using these techniques are appraised. Possible measures for benefits and costs along with literature references for evaluations of innovative pharmaceutical services are presented. Areas of pharmaceutical service discussed are ambulatory patient consultation, unit dose drug distribution, drug information services, monitoring drug therapy in acute care and long-term care, parenteral admixture services, patient and therapy responsibilities, patient discharge interviews, patient drug histories and profiles, and personnel substitutions. Although there have been several encouraging reports on the cost-benefit of pharmaceutical services, more evaluative research is needed to develop programs which maximize the benefit-to-cost ratio to society.", "contents": "Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness: methodologies for evaluating innovative pharmaceutical services. Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis techniques which can be of assistance in the evaluation of innovative pharmaceutical services are reviewed. Process and outcome measures are considered, and suggested steps in a cost-benefit study are presented. Samples of pharmacy studies using these techniques are appraised. Possible measures for benefits and costs along with literature references for evaluations of innovative pharmaceutical services are presented. Areas of pharmaceutical service discussed are ambulatory patient consultation, unit dose drug distribution, drug information services, monitoring drug therapy in acute care and long-term care, parenteral admixture services, patient and therapy responsibilities, patient discharge interviews, patient drug histories and profiles, and personnel substitutions. Although there have been several encouraging reports on the cost-benefit of pharmaceutical services, more evaluative research is needed to develop programs which maximize the benefit-to-cost ratio to society.", "PMID": 415603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8245", "title": "Self-instructional program on pediatric parenteral nutrition.", "content": "A self-instructional package on pediatric parenteral nutrition was designed and its effectiveness in educating health-care practitioners was studied. Participants included eight medical students, 10 pediatricians, 10 pharmacists and 10 pharmacy students at a teaching hospital. Each participant reviewed the program and completed 25-point pre- and posttests. Participants consistently scored higher on the posttest than on the pretest. Further, participants felt that they better understood parenteral nutrition therapy and that they better understood how to write or check orders as a result of their participation in the program. It is suggested that a self-instructional package is an effective method of educating practitioners and students in total parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "Self-instructional program on pediatric parenteral nutrition. A self-instructional package on pediatric parenteral nutrition was designed and its effectiveness in educating health-care practitioners was studied. Participants included eight medical students, 10 pediatricians, 10 pharmacists and 10 pharmacy students at a teaching hospital. Each participant reviewed the program and completed 25-point pre- and posttests. Participants consistently scored higher on the posttest than on the pretest. Further, participants felt that they better understood parenteral nutrition therapy and that they better understood how to write or check orders as a result of their participation in the program. It is suggested that a self-instructional package is an effective method of educating practitioners and students in total parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 415605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8246", "title": "Hyperbilirubinemia and cholestasis.", "content": "Although the morphologist continues to describe cholestasis on the basis of precipitated bile seen on light microscopic sections of the liver or dilated canaliculi with loss of microvilli seen by electron microscopy, the physiologist can distinguish clearly between hyperbilirubinemia and cholestasis. Both bilirubin and bile acids are specifically removed from sinusoidal plasma by the normal hepatocyte and appear in bile in high concentration. Bilirubin conjugation and excretion appear to be governed by hepatocellular mechanisms that are, for the most part, separate from the conjugation and excretion of bile acids. Disturbances in bilirubin transport are recognized by hyperbilirubinemia which represents a number of clinical syndromes that can be classified by the nature of the block in the transport system. Serum bile acids appear to remain normal in hyperbilirubinemic syndromes. By contrast, cholestatic syndromes are characterized by marked bile acidemia with normal to slightly elevated bilirubin levels. Severe cholestasis, because of the marked reduction in bile flow, can however, engender jaundice. Further exploration of these excretory pathways will provide interesting new insights on the numerous cholestatic and hyperbilirubinemic syndromes that occur in nature.", "contents": "Hyperbilirubinemia and cholestasis. Although the morphologist continues to describe cholestasis on the basis of precipitated bile seen on light microscopic sections of the liver or dilated canaliculi with loss of microvilli seen by electron microscopy, the physiologist can distinguish clearly between hyperbilirubinemia and cholestasis. Both bilirubin and bile acids are specifically removed from sinusoidal plasma by the normal hepatocyte and appear in bile in high concentration. Bilirubin conjugation and excretion appear to be governed by hepatocellular mechanisms that are, for the most part, separate from the conjugation and excretion of bile acids. Disturbances in bilirubin transport are recognized by hyperbilirubinemia which represents a number of clinical syndromes that can be classified by the nature of the block in the transport system. Serum bile acids appear to remain normal in hyperbilirubinemic syndromes. By contrast, cholestatic syndromes are characterized by marked bile acidemia with normal to slightly elevated bilirubin levels. Severe cholestasis, because of the marked reduction in bile flow, can however, engender jaundice. Further exploration of these excretory pathways will provide interesting new insights on the numerous cholestatic and hyperbilirubinemic syndromes that occur in nature.", "PMID": 415609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8247", "title": "Visual evoked responses in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia: effects of check size and retinal locus.", "content": "Sinusoidally modulated checker board patterns were used to investigate the effects of check size and retinal location on the \"steady-state\" visual evoked response (VER) of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopes. Fourier analysis of the averaged VER suggests that the waveforms produced by these techniques are complex, and that they consist of a fundamental component plus 1 or more harmonics. In all of the subjects, the VERs elicited from the amblyopic eyes by small checks in a 3.5-deg disc were significantly smaller in amplitude than those from the nonamblyopic eyes, whereas the responses to larger checks were far more similar. Large annular targets were quite effective in eliciting VERs from the peripheries of both amblyopic and nonamblyopic eyes, and these responses were at times as large as, or larger than, those produced by the central targets. Statistically no significant differences were found between the responses of the amblyopic and the nonamblyopic eyes to the annular targets.", "contents": "Visual evoked responses in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia: effects of check size and retinal locus. Sinusoidally modulated checker board patterns were used to investigate the effects of check size and retinal location on the \"steady-state\" visual evoked response (VER) of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopes. Fourier analysis of the averaged VER suggests that the waveforms produced by these techniques are complex, and that they consist of a fundamental component plus 1 or more harmonics. In all of the subjects, the VERs elicited from the amblyopic eyes by small checks in a 3.5-deg disc were significantly smaller in amplitude than those from the nonamblyopic eyes, whereas the responses to larger checks were far more similar. Large annular targets were quite effective in eliciting VERs from the peripheries of both amblyopic and nonamblyopic eyes, and these responses were at times as large as, or larger than, those produced by the central targets. Statistically no significant differences were found between the responses of the amblyopic and the nonamblyopic eyes to the annular targets.", "PMID": 415614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8248", "title": "Morphologic effects of dietary plant and animal lipids rich in docosenoic acids on heart and skeletal muscle of cynomolgus monkeys.", "content": "Cynomolgi (Macaca fascicularis) were fed diets containing 25% rapeseed oil (RSO), partially hydrogenated herring oil (PHHO), or a 3:1 mixture of lard and corn oil as control for 4 months. The RSO contained approximately 25% of the fatty acids as erucic acid; the PHHO contained a similar concentration of mainly cetoleic acid. The control diet did not include such fatty acids. At the time of necropsy, the RSO- and PHHO-fed monkeys showed myocardial and skeletal muscle lipidosis. Foci of mononuclear cell infiltration, although infrequent, occurred in all three groups and were thought to be nonspecific. The only significant intergroup difference in serum biochemical or hematologic parameters was an increase in serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity in both RSO and PHHO groups. Ultrastructural studies confirmed the presence of lipidosis in cardiac and skeletal muscle and revealed mild mitochondrial degeneration, causing a depression of the P/O ratio of the RSO group and a State III respiratory rate depression of the PHHO group. The difference in the exposure/life span ratio represented by this experiment may account for the absence of clear intergroup differences such as are reported in rats used in similar studies, but a true species difference in regard to dietary oils containing docosenoic acids has to be considered as well.", "contents": "Morphologic effects of dietary plant and animal lipids rich in docosenoic acids on heart and skeletal muscle of cynomolgus monkeys. Cynomolgi (Macaca fascicularis) were fed diets containing 25% rapeseed oil (RSO), partially hydrogenated herring oil (PHHO), or a 3:1 mixture of lard and corn oil as control for 4 months. The RSO contained approximately 25% of the fatty acids as erucic acid; the PHHO contained a similar concentration of mainly cetoleic acid. The control diet did not include such fatty acids. At the time of necropsy, the RSO- and PHHO-fed monkeys showed myocardial and skeletal muscle lipidosis. Foci of mononuclear cell infiltration, although infrequent, occurred in all three groups and were thought to be nonspecific. The only significant intergroup difference in serum biochemical or hematologic parameters was an increase in serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity in both RSO and PHHO groups. Ultrastructural studies confirmed the presence of lipidosis in cardiac and skeletal muscle and revealed mild mitochondrial degeneration, causing a depression of the P/O ratio of the RSO group and a State III respiratory rate depression of the PHHO group. The difference in the exposure/life span ratio represented by this experiment may account for the absence of clear intergroup differences such as are reported in rats used in similar studies, but a true species difference in regard to dietary oils containing docosenoic acids has to be considered as well.", "PMID": 415615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8249", "title": "Origin of tubular complexes developing during induction of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.", "content": "Implantation of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) into the pancreas of rats has been shown to induce adenocarcinoma. Complexes of tubules, which have the appearance of proliferated intralobular ducts, frequently appear during tumor development. These complexes were studied by light and electron microscopy to determine their method of formation. In addition, a tubular complex was reconstructed from serial sections to determine its three-dimensional configuration. Although tubular complexes have been thought by others to result from ductal proliferation, the following observation indicate that they originate from zymogen-granule-containing cells: a) there is a continuum of transitional stages between acini and tubules, b) most tubules decrease in size and are replaced by connective tissue (evidence of regression rather than proliferation), c) few mitotic figures are seen in tubular complexes, d) the tubules comprise many cells which have an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, an organelle which is sparce in ducts, and e) the three-dimensional arrangement of tubules appears identical to the branching, anastomosing arrangement of zymogen-granule-containing cells of the normal rat pancreas. Control animals in which only sutures were placed in the pancreas showed minimal reaction. It is concluded that \"acini\" become recognized as tubules when loss of zymogen granules accompanies tumor induction by DMBA. Transformation of these cells could be erroneously interpreted as transformation from proliferating ducts.", "contents": "Origin of tubular complexes developing during induction of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Implantation of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) into the pancreas of rats has been shown to induce adenocarcinoma. Complexes of tubules, which have the appearance of proliferated intralobular ducts, frequently appear during tumor development. These complexes were studied by light and electron microscopy to determine their method of formation. In addition, a tubular complex was reconstructed from serial sections to determine its three-dimensional configuration. Although tubular complexes have been thought by others to result from ductal proliferation, the following observation indicate that they originate from zymogen-granule-containing cells: a) there is a continuum of transitional stages between acini and tubules, b) most tubules decrease in size and are replaced by connective tissue (evidence of regression rather than proliferation), c) few mitotic figures are seen in tubular complexes, d) the tubules comprise many cells which have an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, an organelle which is sparce in ducts, and e) the three-dimensional arrangement of tubules appears identical to the branching, anastomosing arrangement of zymogen-granule-containing cells of the normal rat pancreas. Control animals in which only sutures were placed in the pancreas showed minimal reaction. It is concluded that \"acini\" become recognized as tubules when loss of zymogen granules accompanies tumor induction by DMBA. Transformation of these cells could be erroneously interpreted as transformation from proliferating ducts.", "PMID": 415616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8250", "title": "The pathology of feline GM2 gangliosidosis.", "content": "An 11-week-old and a 6-month-old kitten with feline GM2 gangliosidosis and deficiency in both A and B isoenzymes of beta-D-N-acetyl hexosaminidase were studied by light transmission (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Neurons throughout the nervous system contained cytoplasmic, membrane-bound inclusions which were PAS-positive at the fine structure level these inclusions were composed of membranous arrays in whorls, vesicles, or multilaminated stacks. Fusion of the bounding membranes of adjacent inclusions resulted in large inclusion-containing vacuoles. Hepatocytes and Kupffer cells contained inclusions slightly different from those in the central nervous system. SEM of cryofractured liver demonstrated their coalescence to form larger composite vacuoles. Vacuoles with inclusions were also seen in pancreatic acinar cells, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, fibroblasts, myocardial cells, renal interstitial cells, corneal stromal cells, and R-E cells of bone marrow and spleen. The specific granules of eosinophils were swollen and took on bizarre forms. Pathologic manifestations of feline GM2 gangliosidosis differ from those seen in feline GM1 gangliosidosis but closely resemble those of Sandhoff disease in humans.", "contents": "The pathology of feline GM2 gangliosidosis. An 11-week-old and a 6-month-old kitten with feline GM2 gangliosidosis and deficiency in both A and B isoenzymes of beta-D-N-acetyl hexosaminidase were studied by light transmission (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Neurons throughout the nervous system contained cytoplasmic, membrane-bound inclusions which were PAS-positive at the fine structure level these inclusions were composed of membranous arrays in whorls, vesicles, or multilaminated stacks. Fusion of the bounding membranes of adjacent inclusions resulted in large inclusion-containing vacuoles. Hepatocytes and Kupffer cells contained inclusions slightly different from those in the central nervous system. SEM of cryofractured liver demonstrated their coalescence to form larger composite vacuoles. Vacuoles with inclusions were also seen in pancreatic acinar cells, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, fibroblasts, myocardial cells, renal interstitial cells, corneal stromal cells, and R-E cells of bone marrow and spleen. The specific granules of eosinophils were swollen and took on bizarre forms. Pathologic manifestations of feline GM2 gangliosidosis differ from those seen in feline GM1 gangliosidosis but closely resemble those of Sandhoff disease in humans.", "PMID": 415617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8251", "title": "Effect of magnesium on sodium transport in toad urinary bladder.", "content": "Voltage-clamp techniques were employed to examine the effect of magnesium (Mg) on sodium transport in the isolated urinary bladder of the Dominican toad. Substitution of 1 mM Mg had no effect, but 3-mM Mg substitution resulted in a reversible increase in short-circuit current (27%) and potential difference (19%) and decrease in transepithelial resistance (14%); no greater effect was seen with 5- or 10-mM Mg substitution. The effect was produced by mucosal or mucosal and serosal Mg substitution; serosal Mg substitution was without effect. Analysis of electrical parameters disclosed that magnesium increased net sodium transport via an effect on the sodium pump.", "contents": "Effect of magnesium on sodium transport in toad urinary bladder. Voltage-clamp techniques were employed to examine the effect of magnesium (Mg) on sodium transport in the isolated urinary bladder of the Dominican toad. Substitution of 1 mM Mg had no effect, but 3-mM Mg substitution resulted in a reversible increase in short-circuit current (27%) and potential difference (19%) and decrease in transepithelial resistance (14%); no greater effect was seen with 5- or 10-mM Mg substitution. The effect was produced by mucosal or mucosal and serosal Mg substitution; serosal Mg substitution was without effect. Analysis of electrical parameters disclosed that magnesium increased net sodium transport via an effect on the sodium pump.", "PMID": 415618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8252", "title": "Effects of nitroglycerin on cardiac function and regional blood flow distribution in conscious dogs.", "content": "The effects of intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin (NTG), 8 and 32 microgram/kg.min for 7 min, and of sublingual NTG, 1.2 mg, were examined on direct and continuous measurements of systemic, coronary, and regional hemodynamics, left ventricular (LV) dimensions, pressures, and myocardial contractility in conscious dogs. NTG induced sustained reductions in LV dimensions and transient increases in heart rate and dP/dt, and decreases in mean arterial pressure. Initially NTG increased cardiac output and flows to the coronary, mesenteric, renal, and iliac beds, while systemic and regional vascular resistances fell. Later, cardiac output, cardiac work, and mesenteric and iliac flows fell significantly below control, and significant vasoconstriction in the systemic as well as mesenteric, iliac, and coronary beds was observed at a time when LV end-diastolic dimensions were still significantly reduced. Peripheral vasoconstriction was not observed with systemic NTG in deafferented dogs or when NTG, 1 microgram/kg.min, was infused intra-arterially into the iliac bed. Thus, systemic NTG induces a biphasic response consisting of initial arteriolar vasodilation followed by vasoconstriction in the mesenteric, iliac, coronary and systemic beds, which is presumably due to longer lasting effects on preload and to secondary reflex responses to the drug.", "contents": "Effects of nitroglycerin on cardiac function and regional blood flow distribution in conscious dogs. The effects of intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin (NTG), 8 and 32 microgram/kg.min for 7 min, and of sublingual NTG, 1.2 mg, were examined on direct and continuous measurements of systemic, coronary, and regional hemodynamics, left ventricular (LV) dimensions, pressures, and myocardial contractility in conscious dogs. NTG induced sustained reductions in LV dimensions and transient increases in heart rate and dP/dt, and decreases in mean arterial pressure. Initially NTG increased cardiac output and flows to the coronary, mesenteric, renal, and iliac beds, while systemic and regional vascular resistances fell. Later, cardiac output, cardiac work, and mesenteric and iliac flows fell significantly below control, and significant vasoconstriction in the systemic as well as mesenteric, iliac, and coronary beds was observed at a time when LV end-diastolic dimensions were still significantly reduced. Peripheral vasoconstriction was not observed with systemic NTG in deafferented dogs or when NTG, 1 microgram/kg.min, was infused intra-arterially into the iliac bed. Thus, systemic NTG induces a biphasic response consisting of initial arteriolar vasodilation followed by vasoconstriction in the mesenteric, iliac, coronary and systemic beds, which is presumably due to longer lasting effects on preload and to secondary reflex responses to the drug.", "PMID": 415619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8253", "title": "Cardiovascular-respiratory reflex interactions between carotid bodies and upper-airways receptors in the monkey.", "content": "The carotid bodies were stimulated in the anesthetized pig-tailed macaque monkey (Macaca nemestrina) using i) brief injections of cyanide or CO2-equilibrated bicarbonate solution into a common carotid artery, and ii) longer perfusion with hypoxic hypercapnic blood in vascularly isolated chemoreceptor preparations. In spontaneously breathing animals, brief stimulations of the chemoreceptors consistently caused an increase in pulmonary ventilation, bradycardia, and an increase in femoral vascular resistance. When the same chemoreceptor stimulus was superimposed during the apneic period, reflexly evoked by stimulating either the central ends of the superior laryngeal nerves or the nasopharynx, the respiratory stimulation was absent or minimal, but the bradycardia and vasconstriction were greatly enhanced and exceeded the summed responses of separate stimulation of the chemoreceptors and one or the other of the upper-airways inputs. With sustained stimulation of the carotid bodies, hyperventilation, tachycardia, and femoral vasodilatation occurred due to overriding respiratory mechanisms. When superior laryngeal nerve stimulation was superimposed on this response, apnea occurred and tachycardia was reversed to bradycardia, and femoral vascular resistance increased above resting level. The interaction of autonomic responses resulting from chemoreceptor stimulation and from increases in the upper-airways inputs are qualitatively similar in the monkey and in subprimate species. Those involving specifically cardioinhibitory vagal responses are, in part at least, dependent on mechanisms related to the concomitant changes in respiration.", "contents": "Cardiovascular-respiratory reflex interactions between carotid bodies and upper-airways receptors in the monkey. The carotid bodies were stimulated in the anesthetized pig-tailed macaque monkey (Macaca nemestrina) using i) brief injections of cyanide or CO2-equilibrated bicarbonate solution into a common carotid artery, and ii) longer perfusion with hypoxic hypercapnic blood in vascularly isolated chemoreceptor preparations. In spontaneously breathing animals, brief stimulations of the chemoreceptors consistently caused an increase in pulmonary ventilation, bradycardia, and an increase in femoral vascular resistance. When the same chemoreceptor stimulus was superimposed during the apneic period, reflexly evoked by stimulating either the central ends of the superior laryngeal nerves or the nasopharynx, the respiratory stimulation was absent or minimal, but the bradycardia and vasconstriction were greatly enhanced and exceeded the summed responses of separate stimulation of the chemoreceptors and one or the other of the upper-airways inputs. With sustained stimulation of the carotid bodies, hyperventilation, tachycardia, and femoral vasodilatation occurred due to overriding respiratory mechanisms. When superior laryngeal nerve stimulation was superimposed on this response, apnea occurred and tachycardia was reversed to bradycardia, and femoral vascular resistance increased above resting level. The interaction of autonomic responses resulting from chemoreceptor stimulation and from increases in the upper-airways inputs are qualitatively similar in the monkey and in subprimate species. Those involving specifically cardioinhibitory vagal responses are, in part at least, dependent on mechanisms related to the concomitant changes in respiration.", "PMID": 415620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8254", "title": "Comparison of synchronization of primate circadian rhythms by light and food.", "content": "Several circadian rhythms in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) entrained by two different agents were studied to compare their mode of coupling with the environmental zeitgebers. Synchronization was accomplished either by light-dark cycles consisting of 12 h of 600 lx followed by 12 h of less than 1 lx (LD 12:12), or by eat-fast cycles in which the animals could eat for 3 h and then had to fast for the remaining 21 h each day (EF 3:21). The rhythms of drinking, colonic temperature, and urinary potassium and water excretion were measured in chair-acclimatized monkeys. The drinking and urinary rhythms were more reproducible (smaller mean variance) and more stable (smaller standard deviation of the timing of a phase reference point) in EF than in LD cycles, whereas the temperature rhythm was more tightly controlled by LD cycles than by EF cycles. In constant light an 8-h phase delay in the EF cycle caused the drinking and urinary rhythms to resynchronize to the EF cycle within one day, while the temperature rhythm required about 6 days to resynchronize. In contrast, previously published data for a similar phase delay in the LD cycle with food available ad libitum show that the drinking and temperature rhythms resynchronized more rapidly than the urinary rhythms. These results indicate that separate mechanisms are involved in transducing temporal cues from LD and EF cycles in the circadian timekeeping system of these nonhuman primates.", "contents": "Comparison of synchronization of primate circadian rhythms by light and food. Several circadian rhythms in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) entrained by two different agents were studied to compare their mode of coupling with the environmental zeitgebers. Synchronization was accomplished either by light-dark cycles consisting of 12 h of 600 lx followed by 12 h of less than 1 lx (LD 12:12), or by eat-fast cycles in which the animals could eat for 3 h and then had to fast for the remaining 21 h each day (EF 3:21). The rhythms of drinking, colonic temperature, and urinary potassium and water excretion were measured in chair-acclimatized monkeys. The drinking and urinary rhythms were more reproducible (smaller mean variance) and more stable (smaller standard deviation of the timing of a phase reference point) in EF than in LD cycles, whereas the temperature rhythm was more tightly controlled by LD cycles than by EF cycles. In constant light an 8-h phase delay in the EF cycle caused the drinking and urinary rhythms to resynchronize to the EF cycle within one day, while the temperature rhythm required about 6 days to resynchronize. In contrast, previously published data for a similar phase delay in the LD cycle with food available ad libitum show that the drinking and temperature rhythms resynchronized more rapidly than the urinary rhythms. These results indicate that separate mechanisms are involved in transducing temporal cues from LD and EF cycles in the circadian timekeeping system of these nonhuman primates.", "PMID": 415621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8255", "title": "Comparative educational approaches to screening for colorectal cancer.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to evaluate the public's willingness to perform the do-it-yourself Hemoccult Test for colon-rectum cancer and to assess the relative effectiveness of alternative means of persuading people to do the test. American Cancer Society volunteers in four different part of the country contacted a total of 11,115 members of the American Association of Retired Persons, using five methods that differed in the extent of personal and impersonal contact involved. Other variables such as inclusion of postage and dietary restrictions were studied and cost efficiencies were estimated. The Group Meeting Method was the most effective personal distribution method. The Selective Mail-Out Method was the most effective impersonal method. The return rate was higher when postage was provided. Dietary restrictions did not markedly reduce participation. Including digital examinations did not affect the return rate. The findings suggest that the Hemoccult Test has the potential of reaching a significant proportion of the nation's older population.", "contents": "Comparative educational approaches to screening for colorectal cancer. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the public's willingness to perform the do-it-yourself Hemoccult Test for colon-rectum cancer and to assess the relative effectiveness of alternative means of persuading people to do the test. American Cancer Society volunteers in four different part of the country contacted a total of 11,115 members of the American Association of Retired Persons, using five methods that differed in the extent of personal and impersonal contact involved. Other variables such as inclusion of postage and dietary restrictions were studied and cost efficiencies were estimated. The Group Meeting Method was the most effective personal distribution method. The Selective Mail-Out Method was the most effective impersonal method. The return rate was higher when postage was provided. Dietary restrictions did not markedly reduce participation. Including digital examinations did not affect the return rate. The findings suggest that the Hemoccult Test has the potential of reaching a significant proportion of the nation's older population.", "PMID": 415624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8256", "title": "Serological evidence for a high incidence of transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in two Orang Asli settlements in Peninsular Malaysia.", "content": "Two communities of Orang Asli (aborigines) in Peninsular Malaysia were observed for evidence of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection over periods of 1-8 mo. Sequential sera were examined for antibody by the indirect immunofluorescence test. The incidence of infection in the two self-selected populations in the two communities was calculated to be 3.9% per month and 3.2% per month.", "contents": "Serological evidence for a high incidence of transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in two Orang Asli settlements in Peninsular Malaysia. Two communities of Orang Asli (aborigines) in Peninsular Malaysia were observed for evidence of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection over periods of 1-8 mo. Sequential sera were examined for antibody by the indirect immunofluorescence test. The incidence of infection in the two self-selected populations in the two communities was calculated to be 3.9% per month and 3.2% per month.", "PMID": 415625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8257", "title": "Recovery from heart norepinephrine depletion in experimental Chagas' disease.", "content": "Norepinephrine (NE) was assayed fluorimetrically in the hearts of rats killed at different periods after inoculation with the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. The levels of cardiac NE which, as reported previously, were not measurable 18, 22, and 32 days after inoculation became detectable at day 48. At day 70 these levels were around 50% of the control values and at day 97 normal values were attained in most animals. These results strongly suggest that sympathetic nerve fibers are destroyed in the acute phase of T. cruzi infection and regenerated during the chronic phase.", "contents": "Recovery from heart norepinephrine depletion in experimental Chagas' disease. Norepinephrine (NE) was assayed fluorimetrically in the hearts of rats killed at different periods after inoculation with the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. The levels of cardiac NE which, as reported previously, were not measurable 18, 22, and 32 days after inoculation became detectable at day 48. At day 70 these levels were around 50% of the control values and at day 97 normal values were attained in most animals. These results strongly suggest that sympathetic nerve fibers are destroyed in the acute phase of T. cruzi infection and regenerated during the chronic phase.", "PMID": 415626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8258", "title": "North Borneo (Malaysia): a new locality for Schistosoma japonicum.", "content": "Eleven pairs of schistosomes, indistinguishable from the classical Schistosoma japonicum, were found in a monkey (Macaca fascicularis) taken near Ranau in North Borneo. The new locality is within the recorded range of the species which extends from Japan, China, Taiwan, and Philippines through Southeast Asia to the Celebes.", "contents": "North Borneo (Malaysia): a new locality for Schistosoma japonicum. Eleven pairs of schistosomes, indistinguishable from the classical Schistosoma japonicum, were found in a monkey (Macaca fascicularis) taken near Ranau in North Borneo. The new locality is within the recorded range of the species which extends from Japan, China, Taiwan, and Philippines through Southeast Asia to the Celebes.", "PMID": 415627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8259", "title": "Selection of increased quinine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus monkeys.", "content": "Although partial resistance (RI) of Plasmodium falciparum to quinine is common in some areas of the world, failure to obtain an initial response (RII or RIII) is unusual. Furthermore, emergence of quinine resistance during therapy of malaria infections in humans and animals is uncommon. In the current study, exposure of the Panama II strain of P. falciparum in Aotus monkeys to subcurative quinine therapy during six serial passages over 6 months resulted in a shift in the quinine responsiveness of the strain from mild insensitivity to quinine to uniform resistance of a marked degree. Treatment with quinine for 14 days of infections in 12 monkeys with the original isolate resulted in cure in 8 monkeys and RI resistance in 4. Infections with the resistant isolate (selected under quinine pressure) were uniformly resistant to cure by 14 days of quinine; resistance to quinine was RIII in 4 of 12 monkeys and was RII in 5. These results suggest that extensive usage of quinine or related drugs (e.g., mefloquine) in the field may result in decreasing sensitivity of falciparum malaria to quinine.", "contents": "Selection of increased quinine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus monkeys. Although partial resistance (RI) of Plasmodium falciparum to quinine is common in some areas of the world, failure to obtain an initial response (RII or RIII) is unusual. Furthermore, emergence of quinine resistance during therapy of malaria infections in humans and animals is uncommon. In the current study, exposure of the Panama II strain of P. falciparum in Aotus monkeys to subcurative quinine therapy during six serial passages over 6 months resulted in a shift in the quinine responsiveness of the strain from mild insensitivity to quinine to uniform resistance of a marked degree. Treatment with quinine for 14 days of infections in 12 monkeys with the original isolate resulted in cure in 8 monkeys and RI resistance in 4. Infections with the resistant isolate (selected under quinine pressure) were uniformly resistant to cure by 14 days of quinine; resistance to quinine was RIII in 4 of 12 monkeys and was RII in 5. These results suggest that extensive usage of quinine or related drugs (e.g., mefloquine) in the field may result in decreasing sensitivity of falciparum malaria to quinine.", "PMID": 415628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8260", "title": "Metabolic responses to enteral and parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Seven pairs of rats were simultaneously infused with a chemically formulated nutritionally complete amino acid-glucose diet which was delivered, at the same rate, into a central vein or into a feeding gastrostomy. The intragastrically infused rats showed greater weight gain than did the intravenously infused rats. This could not be explained by fluid retention since intake and output were similar in the two groups of animals. There was a greater increase in serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) at day 8 in the intragastrically infused animals, but a smaller increment in serum immunoreactive pancreatic glucagon (IRG) at that point. Levels of enteroglucagon or glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) were maintained in the intragastrically infused rats but declined markedly in the intravenously infused rats. It is possible that the greater release of IRI seen with the intragastric amino acid-glucose feeding contributes to better disposal of nutrients and greater weight gain. The presence of nutrients in the intestinal lumen may have stimulated the release of GLI, which in turn is insulinotropic.", "contents": "Metabolic responses to enteral and parenteral nutrition. Seven pairs of rats were simultaneously infused with a chemically formulated nutritionally complete amino acid-glucose diet which was delivered, at the same rate, into a central vein or into a feeding gastrostomy. The intragastrically infused rats showed greater weight gain than did the intravenously infused rats. This could not be explained by fluid retention since intake and output were similar in the two groups of animals. There was a greater increase in serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) at day 8 in the intragastrically infused animals, but a smaller increment in serum immunoreactive pancreatic glucagon (IRG) at that point. Levels of enteroglucagon or glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) were maintained in the intragastrically infused rats but declined markedly in the intravenously infused rats. It is possible that the greater release of IRI seen with the intragastric amino acid-glucose feeding contributes to better disposal of nutrients and greater weight gain. The presence of nutrients in the intestinal lumen may have stimulated the release of GLI, which in turn is insulinotropic.", "PMID": 415630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8261", "title": "Immunogenetic studies of rhesus monkeys. 8. A new reagent of the G blood group system and an example of the founder principle.", "content": "A new reagent called G-3' has been discovered which detects the product of the G3 allele, regardless of the other G allele in the genotype. With this new reagent we can delineate nine of 10 genotypes of the G blood group system. The explicit detection of G3 revealed an example of the founder principle in that the frequency of this allele between the feral and laboratory-reared monkeys was significantly different.", "contents": "Immunogenetic studies of rhesus monkeys. 8. A new reagent of the G blood group system and an example of the founder principle. A new reagent called G-3' has been discovered which detects the product of the G3 allele, regardless of the other G allele in the genotype. With this new reagent we can delineate nine of 10 genotypes of the G blood group system. The explicit detection of G3 revealed an example of the founder principle in that the frequency of this allele between the feral and laboratory-reared monkeys was significantly different.", "PMID": 415641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8262", "title": "Gold salt in the treatment of bronchial asthma--a double-blind study.", "content": "The efficacy of gold salt on bronchial asthma was investigated by double-blind design in 79 patients. The rate of improvement was significantly higher in the gold-treated group (20/28) than in the controls (16/36). This was reflected by greater reduction of requirement for symptomatic medications. Only mild side effects were observed in 14 patients out of 38 gold-treated patients.", "contents": "Gold salt in the treatment of bronchial asthma--a double-blind study. The efficacy of gold salt on bronchial asthma was investigated by double-blind design in 79 patients. The rate of improvement was significantly higher in the gold-treated group (20/28) than in the controls (16/36). This was reflected by greater reduction of requirement for symptomatic medications. Only mild side effects were observed in 14 patients out of 38 gold-treated patients.", "PMID": 415643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8263", "title": "East Coast fever: cultivation in vitro of cell-free schizonts and merozoites of Theileria parva and their immunogenicity in cattle.", "content": "Cell-free schizonts and merozoites of Theileria parva and Theileria lawrencei, derived from parasitized lymphoid cell lines, were propagated in vitro using enriched medium. Use of radioisotopic markers showed that the bovine cell-independent parasites passed through a limited but marked replication by day 4. If normal bovine RBC were inoculated in vitro with the cell-free merozoites, development of piroplasms in the RBC occurred. Electron microscopic studies of the merozoites and piroplasms revealed their structure to be similar to previous descriptions. Cattle inoculated with T parva merozoites and schizonts and later challenge exposed with homologous stabilate developed leukopenia, showed low macroschizont index, and survived longer than unvaccinated controls.", "contents": "East Coast fever: cultivation in vitro of cell-free schizonts and merozoites of Theileria parva and their immunogenicity in cattle. Cell-free schizonts and merozoites of Theileria parva and Theileria lawrencei, derived from parasitized lymphoid cell lines, were propagated in vitro using enriched medium. Use of radioisotopic markers showed that the bovine cell-independent parasites passed through a limited but marked replication by day 4. If normal bovine RBC were inoculated in vitro with the cell-free merozoites, development of piroplasms in the RBC occurred. Electron microscopic studies of the merozoites and piroplasms revealed their structure to be similar to previous descriptions. Cattle inoculated with T parva merozoites and schizonts and later challenge exposed with homologous stabilate developed leukopenia, showed low macroschizont index, and survived longer than unvaccinated controls.", "PMID": 415644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8264", "title": "Serologic response of vaccinated cattle to strains of Moraxella bovis isolated during epizootics of keratoconjunctivitis.", "content": "In studies to determine whether there were antigenic differences between strains (isolates) of Moraxella bovis, the sera from vaccinated calves were tested with isolates of M bovis while the calves were experiencing epizootics of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Before the epizootics of IBK, the calves were intramuscularly vaccinated with a formalin-killed autogenous M bovis bacterin. During the epizootics, the eyes were examined by cultural technique, and isolates which were obtained were categorized by catalase activity, source (diseased or nondiseased eyes), and reactivity with the various sera. The serum reactivity of the isolates was compared with that of the vaccinal strain. The vaccinal strain and 8 of the 1 5 selected isolates obtained during the 1974 epizootic were catalase negative. Seven of the 15 isolates from the 1974 epizootic and all of the selected isolates from the 1975 epizootic were catalase positive. A significantly higher (P less than 0.01) percentage of calf sera were serologically reactive with the vaccinal strain and other catalase-negative isolates (45.0%) than with catalase-positive isolates (34.8%). The results, although not definitive, suggest that there may be antigenic differences among strains of M bovis. These differences should be considered when cattle are vaccinated against IBK under natural conditions of exposure.", "contents": "Serologic response of vaccinated cattle to strains of Moraxella bovis isolated during epizootics of keratoconjunctivitis. In studies to determine whether there were antigenic differences between strains (isolates) of Moraxella bovis, the sera from vaccinated calves were tested with isolates of M bovis while the calves were experiencing epizootics of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Before the epizootics of IBK, the calves were intramuscularly vaccinated with a formalin-killed autogenous M bovis bacterin. During the epizootics, the eyes were examined by cultural technique, and isolates which were obtained were categorized by catalase activity, source (diseased or nondiseased eyes), and reactivity with the various sera. The serum reactivity of the isolates was compared with that of the vaccinal strain. The vaccinal strain and 8 of the 1 5 selected isolates obtained during the 1974 epizootic were catalase negative. Seven of the 15 isolates from the 1974 epizootic and all of the selected isolates from the 1975 epizootic were catalase positive. A significantly higher (P less than 0.01) percentage of calf sera were serologically reactive with the vaccinal strain and other catalase-negative isolates (45.0%) than with catalase-positive isolates (34.8%). The results, although not definitive, suggest that there may be antigenic differences among strains of M bovis. These differences should be considered when cattle are vaccinated against IBK under natural conditions of exposure.", "PMID": 415645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8265", "title": "Kinetics of in vitro bovine lymphocyte immunostimulation with a Brucella abortus antigen.", "content": "A Brucella abortus-soluble antigen was investigated, using in vitro assay of lymphocyte immunostimulation, to determine which concentration of this antigen and which period of incubation of the lymphocyte cultures would induce maximum specific lymphocyte immunostimulation as an additional method for further study of B abortus infection in cattle. Soluble antigen was prepared from autoclaved cells of B abortus strain 1119-3. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from cattle infected with B abortus and from healthy control cattle not infected with B abortus. The lymphocytes were prepared by the Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient technique, suspended in RPMI 1640 medium (1.5 X 10(6)/ml), cultured with several dilutions of soluble antigen, and incubated. Prior to termination of incubation, cultures were labeled with 1 muCi of [3H]thymidine and, after harvesting, assayed for [3H]thymidine incorporation in DNA by a liquid scintillation spectrometer. Maximum specific immunostimulation of lymphocytes from B abortus-infected cattle was induced in this assay system with 6 days' incubation and 22 microgram of protein/ml/1.5 X 10(6) lymphocytes, using protein content to express concentration of soluble antigen in this system.", "contents": "Kinetics of in vitro bovine lymphocyte immunostimulation with a Brucella abortus antigen. A Brucella abortus-soluble antigen was investigated, using in vitro assay of lymphocyte immunostimulation, to determine which concentration of this antigen and which period of incubation of the lymphocyte cultures would induce maximum specific lymphocyte immunostimulation as an additional method for further study of B abortus infection in cattle. Soluble antigen was prepared from autoclaved cells of B abortus strain 1119-3. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from cattle infected with B abortus and from healthy control cattle not infected with B abortus. The lymphocytes were prepared by the Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient technique, suspended in RPMI 1640 medium (1.5 X 10(6)/ml), cultured with several dilutions of soluble antigen, and incubated. Prior to termination of incubation, cultures were labeled with 1 muCi of [3H]thymidine and, after harvesting, assayed for [3H]thymidine incorporation in DNA by a liquid scintillation spectrometer. Maximum specific immunostimulation of lymphocytes from B abortus-infected cattle was induced in this assay system with 6 days' incubation and 22 microgram of protein/ml/1.5 X 10(6) lymphocytes, using protein content to express concentration of soluble antigen in this system.", "PMID": 415646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8266", "title": "Effect of staphylococcal enterotoxin B on cardiorenal functions in rhesus macaques.", "content": "Selected cardiovascular and renal functions were measured for 5 hours in conscious, chair-restrained, female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) after IV (0.05 and 1.0 mg/kg) or oral (1.0 mg/kg) administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Cardiovascular functions, renal hemodynamics, and renal metabolism were also studied between 6 and 11 hours after IV SEB inoculation. Oral SEB produced few changes in cardiorenal functions. In contrast, IV SEB produced hypotension, tachycardia, increased total peripheral and renal vascular resistance, and decreased cardiac and renal functions. The early significant (P less than 0.05) renal depression was not associated with hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure greater than 100 mm of Hg). However, all measured renal functions except extraction ratio of PAH were positively correlated with decreased blood pressure (r = 0.52 - 0.71) in the later phase of SEB toxemia. It is concluded that the kidney is one of the organs affected by IV SEB. Renal impairment may partially contribute to death during SEB enterotoxemia in macaques.", "contents": "Effect of staphylococcal enterotoxin B on cardiorenal functions in rhesus macaques. Selected cardiovascular and renal functions were measured for 5 hours in conscious, chair-restrained, female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) after IV (0.05 and 1.0 mg/kg) or oral (1.0 mg/kg) administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Cardiovascular functions, renal hemodynamics, and renal metabolism were also studied between 6 and 11 hours after IV SEB inoculation. Oral SEB produced few changes in cardiorenal functions. In contrast, IV SEB produced hypotension, tachycardia, increased total peripheral and renal vascular resistance, and decreased cardiac and renal functions. The early significant (P less than 0.05) renal depression was not associated with hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure greater than 100 mm of Hg). However, all measured renal functions except extraction ratio of PAH were positively correlated with decreased blood pressure (r = 0.52 - 0.71) in the later phase of SEB toxemia. It is concluded that the kidney is one of the organs affected by IV SEB. Renal impairment may partially contribute to death during SEB enterotoxemia in macaques.", "PMID": 415647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8267", "title": "Caliciviruses infecting monkeys and possibly man.", "content": "Caliciviruses have, for the 1st time, been shown experimentally to infect a primate. Twenty-four hours after being inoculated with San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV), an African green monkey developed a febrile response and vesicular lesions at injection sites. Virus was recovered from lesion material 96 hours later and from the stool at 48 hours. Possible human infection with SMSV was indicated by serologic evidence. Three persons working with 4 distinct serotypes of SMSV developed neutralizing antibody titers to 2 SMSV types. The positive serum-neutralization test results were confirmed, using immunoelectron microscopy to demonstrate complexes of viruses and antibodies.", "contents": "Caliciviruses infecting monkeys and possibly man. Caliciviruses have, for the 1st time, been shown experimentally to infect a primate. Twenty-four hours after being inoculated with San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV), an African green monkey developed a febrile response and vesicular lesions at injection sites. Virus was recovered from lesion material 96 hours later and from the stool at 48 hours. Possible human infection with SMSV was indicated by serologic evidence. Three persons working with 4 distinct serotypes of SMSV developed neutralizing antibody titers to 2 SMSV types. The positive serum-neutralization test results were confirmed, using immunoelectron microscopy to demonstrate complexes of viruses and antibodies.", "PMID": 415648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8268", "title": "The isolation by immunoabsorbent affinity chromatography and physicochemical characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 5.", "content": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 5 was purified from unheated culture filtrates by absorption onto an immunoabsorbent prepared with globulin from a monospecific goat antiserum and elution with 4.0 M urea at pH 9.0. The product was a homogeneous protein giving a single stainable band in acrylamide gel electrophoresis and a single precipitin arc in immunoelectrophoresis. It was found to have a molecular weight of 28,500 to 35,000 daltons and a sedimentation constant of 2.0. Amino acid analysis demonstrated it to be rich in aspartic acid, suggesting a cytoplasmic origin.", "contents": "The isolation by immunoabsorbent affinity chromatography and physicochemical characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 5. Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 5 was purified from unheated culture filtrates by absorption onto an immunoabsorbent prepared with globulin from a monospecific goat antiserum and elution with 4.0 M urea at pH 9.0. The product was a homogeneous protein giving a single stainable band in acrylamide gel electrophoresis and a single precipitin arc in immunoelectrophoresis. It was found to have a molecular weight of 28,500 to 35,000 daltons and a sedimentation constant of 2.0. Amino acid analysis demonstrated it to be rich in aspartic acid, suggesting a cytoplasmic origin.", "PMID": 415649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8269", "title": "[Limulus test in diagnosis of acute meningitis (author's transl)].", "content": "We tried to evaluate the utility of the Limulus Test in the diagnosis of acute meningitis. The study was made in 60 patients divided in three groups: Group A, formed by 37 children affected by purulent meningitis of known etiology; Group B, formed by 10 children affected by purulent meningitis of unknown etiology; Group C, formed by 13 children with viral meningitis. The results were compared with a control group (Group D), of 10 healthy children. The results correlated with the etiology, the cuantitative count of germs/ml. in C.S.F. and the clinical evolution. The results indicated that the Test is a rapid, simple and useful tool for the detection of endotoxin in the C.S.F. of purulent meningitis caused by Gram negative germs.", "contents": "[Limulus test in diagnosis of acute meningitis (author's transl)]. We tried to evaluate the utility of the Limulus Test in the diagnosis of acute meningitis. The study was made in 60 patients divided in three groups: Group A, formed by 37 children affected by purulent meningitis of known etiology; Group B, formed by 10 children affected by purulent meningitis of unknown etiology; Group C, formed by 13 children with viral meningitis. The results were compared with a control group (Group D), of 10 healthy children. The results correlated with the etiology, the cuantitative count of germs/ml. in C.S.F. and the clinical evolution. The results indicated that the Test is a rapid, simple and useful tool for the detection of endotoxin in the C.S.F. of purulent meningitis caused by Gram negative germs.", "PMID": 415650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8270", "title": "[Fasting insulinemie levels and after overload with oral glucose in malnourrised children (author's transl)].", "content": "Fasting insulinemie levels and after overload with oral glucose are studied in 43 malnourished children aged between 3 months and 12 years. The results are: Increasing of insuline secretion according to the age. This correlation is positive in both, fasting levels and after overload. We found a tendency to low levels of insuline without statistical significative differences on comparing the healthy child of the same age, excluding the infants.", "contents": "[Fasting insulinemie levels and after overload with oral glucose in malnourrised children (author's transl)]. Fasting insulinemie levels and after overload with oral glucose are studied in 43 malnourished children aged between 3 months and 12 years. The results are: Increasing of insuline secretion according to the age. This correlation is positive in both, fasting levels and after overload. We found a tendency to low levels of insuline without statistical significative differences on comparing the healthy child of the same age, excluding the infants.", "PMID": 415651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8271", "title": "[Incidence, clinical, forms and complications of meningococcal infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighty four cases of meningococcal infections are reviewed. Fifty seven cases presented themselfs as meningococcal meningitis, twelve cases as sepsis with moderate hypotension and 15 cases were sepsis with septic shock. A brief course of the disease, shock, echymosis, absence of meningeal signs, leucopenia and intravascular coagulation were findings more frequent in the group of patients with hiperacute sepsis, whereas other signs as fever, headaches, vomiting and petechiae were present with equal frequency in the three groups. N. meningitis was isolated in 73% of the cases. Shock (18.85%) and intravascular coagulation (12%) were the complications more frequently found, followed by convulsions (4.81%), arthritis (4.81%), skin necrosis (4.81%), subdural efusion (3.57%), cerebral palsy (3.40%), thrombophlebitis (1.20%), recurrence (1.20%), inapropiate antidiuretic hormone secretion (1.20%) and subaracnoideal hemorrage (1.20%). The overall mortality was 10.70% and 60% of the patients which initially presented with shock and intravascular coagulation died. Autopsy findings included wide spred hemorragic lesions and intravascular thrombi in skin, mucous membranes and viscera. Adrenal hemorrhage was present in five of the six cases studied.", "contents": "[Incidence, clinical, forms and complications of meningococcal infections (author's transl)]. Eighty four cases of meningococcal infections are reviewed. Fifty seven cases presented themselfs as meningococcal meningitis, twelve cases as sepsis with moderate hypotension and 15 cases were sepsis with septic shock. A brief course of the disease, shock, echymosis, absence of meningeal signs, leucopenia and intravascular coagulation were findings more frequent in the group of patients with hiperacute sepsis, whereas other signs as fever, headaches, vomiting and petechiae were present with equal frequency in the three groups. N. meningitis was isolated in 73% of the cases. Shock (18.85%) and intravascular coagulation (12%) were the complications more frequently found, followed by convulsions (4.81%), arthritis (4.81%), skin necrosis (4.81%), subdural efusion (3.57%), cerebral palsy (3.40%), thrombophlebitis (1.20%), recurrence (1.20%), inapropiate antidiuretic hormone secretion (1.20%) and subaracnoideal hemorrage (1.20%). The overall mortality was 10.70% and 60% of the patients which initially presented with shock and intravascular coagulation died. Autopsy findings included wide spred hemorragic lesions and intravascular thrombi in skin, mucous membranes and viscera. Adrenal hemorrhage was present in five of the six cases studied.", "PMID": 415652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8272", "title": "Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults: clinical, virologic, and serial pulmonary function studies.", "content": "We prospectively studied 10 previously healthy adults who developed an acute respiratory illness while working in an infants' ward during a community outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection. In addition to clinical and viral evaluation, total respiratory resistance before and after carbachol aerosol inhalation was measured. All 10 subjects had respiratory syncytial virus infection documented by viral isolation, and all developed pronounced cough, nasal congestion, and fever. Eight subjects missed work for an average of 6 days. In all 10 patients, the total respiratory resistance was significantly elevated through 8 weeks. Altered airway reactivity, characterized by exaggerated responses of pulmonary resistance to carbachol challenge, was also observed through the first 8 weeks of evaluation. In this group, respiratory syncytial virus produced a protracted illness associated with appreciable morbidity. The pathophysiologic mechanism of this illness in part appeared to arise from altered airway reactivity.", "contents": "Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults: clinical, virologic, and serial pulmonary function studies. We prospectively studied 10 previously healthy adults who developed an acute respiratory illness while working in an infants' ward during a community outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection. In addition to clinical and viral evaluation, total respiratory resistance before and after carbachol aerosol inhalation was measured. All 10 subjects had respiratory syncytial virus infection documented by viral isolation, and all developed pronounced cough, nasal congestion, and fever. Eight subjects missed work for an average of 6 days. In all 10 patients, the total respiratory resistance was significantly elevated through 8 weeks. Altered airway reactivity, characterized by exaggerated responses of pulmonary resistance to carbachol challenge, was also observed through the first 8 weeks of evaluation. In this group, respiratory syncytial virus produced a protracted illness associated with appreciable morbidity. The pathophysiologic mechanism of this illness in part appeared to arise from altered airway reactivity.", "PMID": 415653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8273", "title": "Diabetic ketoacidosis with retinal tear.", "content": "A 59-year-old women with no previous history of diabetes mellitus was admitted in diabetic ketoacidosis. Ultrasonic biometry was used to measure axial vitreous length during therapy. Vitreous length increased from 14.09 mm shortly after admission to 14.26 mm (p less than 0.05) when the episode of diabetic ketoacidosis cleared. An interesting finding was the presence of a horseshoe-shaped retinal tear after the patient was discharged. Severe dehydration with resultant shrinkage of the vitreous compartment may provide sufficient vitreoretinal traction to cause a retinal tear. In addition, an estimate of volume change showed a comparable decrease in vitreous volume seen with therapy using osmotic agents measured in rabbits.", "contents": "Diabetic ketoacidosis with retinal tear. A 59-year-old women with no previous history of diabetes mellitus was admitted in diabetic ketoacidosis. Ultrasonic biometry was used to measure axial vitreous length during therapy. Vitreous length increased from 14.09 mm shortly after admission to 14.26 mm (p less than 0.05) when the episode of diabetic ketoacidosis cleared. An interesting finding was the presence of a horseshoe-shaped retinal tear after the patient was discharged. Severe dehydration with resultant shrinkage of the vitreous compartment may provide sufficient vitreoretinal traction to cause a retinal tear. In addition, an estimate of volume change showed a comparable decrease in vitreous volume seen with therapy using osmotic agents measured in rabbits.", "PMID": 415655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8274", "title": "15alpha-Hydroxyoestriol and other polar oestrogens in pregnancy monitoring.", "content": "Although oestriol measurements are well established for the assessment of 'at risk' pregnancies, there are a number of other oestrogens, excreted during pregnancy, which contain additional hydroxyl groups and might be more sensitive indicators of the condition of mother or fetus. Some of these result from the action of hydroxylases possibly present only in the fetus and others from maternal hydroxylations. We review the evidence for the biosynthesis of these polar oestrogens, summarise methods of measurement, and compare values obtained in normal and pathological pregnancies. There is as yet insufficient evidence to enable their potential value to be confirmed.", "contents": "15alpha-Hydroxyoestriol and other polar oestrogens in pregnancy monitoring. Although oestriol measurements are well established for the assessment of 'at risk' pregnancies, there are a number of other oestrogens, excreted during pregnancy, which contain additional hydroxyl groups and might be more sensitive indicators of the condition of mother or fetus. Some of these result from the action of hydroxylases possibly present only in the fetus and others from maternal hydroxylations. We review the evidence for the biosynthesis of these polar oestrogens, summarise methods of measurement, and compare values obtained in normal and pathological pregnancies. There is as yet insufficient evidence to enable their potential value to be confirmed.", "PMID": 415657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8275", "title": "[Biological properties of an asparaginase-glutaminase preparation from Pseudomonas fluorescens in cell cultures].", "content": "Specific L-asparaginase activity and non-specific cytotoxicity of asparaginase-glutaminase preparation from Pseudomonas fluorescens were studied. Two cell lines, i.e. the asparaginase-dependent (Berkitt lymphoma cells) and the asparaginase-independent (the ovary cancer cells) were used as the test-system. Incorporation of 3H-timidine into DNA was used as the criterion of the drug effect on the cells. Krasnitin was used as the reference preparation. The preparation of asparaginase-glutaminase was inferior to krasnitine by its specific antitumour asparaginase activity and superior to it by the general cytotoxicity in the cells of CaOv. With the help of the above test-system it is possible to study the specific asparaginase activity of the drugs containing L-asparaginase. For studying the specific glutaminase properties it is necessary to develop another cell test-system.", "contents": "[Biological properties of an asparaginase-glutaminase preparation from Pseudomonas fluorescens in cell cultures]. Specific L-asparaginase activity and non-specific cytotoxicity of asparaginase-glutaminase preparation from Pseudomonas fluorescens were studied. Two cell lines, i.e. the asparaginase-dependent (Berkitt lymphoma cells) and the asparaginase-independent (the ovary cancer cells) were used as the test-system. Incorporation of 3H-timidine into DNA was used as the criterion of the drug effect on the cells. Krasnitin was used as the reference preparation. The preparation of asparaginase-glutaminase was inferior to krasnitine by its specific antitumour asparaginase activity and superior to it by the general cytotoxicity in the cells of CaOv. With the help of the above test-system it is possible to study the specific asparaginase activity of the drugs containing L-asparaginase. For studying the specific glutaminase properties it is necessary to develop another cell test-system.", "PMID": 415658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8276", "title": "[Combined action of antiblastoma preparations on lysozyme activity in animal organs].", "content": "The lysozyme activity in the spleen, kidneys and lungs of the mice treated with neocid, sarcolysine or Tio-Fef in therapeutic doses increased or remained at the control level by the 5th or 10th day after the drug administration. The use of sarcolysine per se or in combination with neocid increased the activity of lysozyme in the spleen, kidneys and lungs during the whole period of the experiment as compared to the control. The values of the lysozyme activity in the spleen and lungs of the animals treated with neocid in combination with sarcolysine were higher for 5 days, and in all organs examined were higher by the 10the day as compared to the animals treated with neocid alone. Increased lysozyme activity in the spleen, kidneys and lungs was observed under the effect of neocid in combination with sarcolysine as compared to the lysozyme activity in mice treated with sarcolysine per se (assay on the 10th day). Decreased lysozyme activity was determined in the spleen, kidneys and lungs by the 5th day and in the kidneys by the 10th day in the mice treated with sarcolysine in combination with Tio-Tel and in the spleen and lungs by the 5th and 10th days in the animals treated with neocid in combination with sarcolysine or Tio-Tef as compared to the animals treated with sarcolysine. The lysozyme activity in the kidneys under the effect of sarcolysine combination with Tio-Tef was lower by the 5th days and higher by the 10th day as compared to that under the effect of Tio-Tef.", "contents": "[Combined action of antiblastoma preparations on lysozyme activity in animal organs]. The lysozyme activity in the spleen, kidneys and lungs of the mice treated with neocid, sarcolysine or Tio-Fef in therapeutic doses increased or remained at the control level by the 5th or 10th day after the drug administration. The use of sarcolysine per se or in combination with neocid increased the activity of lysozyme in the spleen, kidneys and lungs during the whole period of the experiment as compared to the control. The values of the lysozyme activity in the spleen and lungs of the animals treated with neocid in combination with sarcolysine were higher for 5 days, and in all organs examined were higher by the 10the day as compared to the animals treated with neocid alone. Increased lysozyme activity in the spleen, kidneys and lungs was observed under the effect of neocid in combination with sarcolysine as compared to the lysozyme activity in mice treated with sarcolysine per se (assay on the 10th day). Decreased lysozyme activity was determined in the spleen, kidneys and lungs by the 5th day and in the kidneys by the 10th day in the mice treated with sarcolysine in combination with Tio-Tel and in the spleen and lungs by the 5th and 10th days in the animals treated with neocid in combination with sarcolysine or Tio-Tef as compared to the animals treated with sarcolysine. The lysozyme activity in the kidneys under the effect of sarcolysine combination with Tio-Tef was lower by the 5th days and higher by the 10th day as compared to that under the effect of Tio-Tef.", "PMID": 415659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8277", "title": "[Testing the sterility of injection preparations of penicillin series antibiotics].", "content": "The efficiency of 3 variants of the method for determination of microbial flora was compared on the injection preparation of potassium benzylpenicillin artificially infected with Staph. aureus 209P and the spores of Bac. subtilis ATCC 6633 in different doses and with different amounts of the preparation in the vials. The procedure of the preparation dissolution in the vial with the thioglycol medium containing penicillinase proved to be most effective. The microbe detection amounted to 100 per cent. The procedure was less labour- and time-consuming since addition of penicillinase to each vial with the thioglycol medium was excluded. The risk of the medium occasional infection with microbial flora during the assay was decreased.", "contents": "[Testing the sterility of injection preparations of penicillin series antibiotics]. The efficiency of 3 variants of the method for determination of microbial flora was compared on the injection preparation of potassium benzylpenicillin artificially infected with Staph. aureus 209P and the spores of Bac. subtilis ATCC 6633 in different doses and with different amounts of the preparation in the vials. The procedure of the preparation dissolution in the vial with the thioglycol medium containing penicillinase proved to be most effective. The microbe detection amounted to 100 per cent. The procedure was less labour- and time-consuming since addition of penicillinase to each vial with the thioglycol medium was excluded. The risk of the medium occasional infection with microbial flora during the assay was decreased.", "PMID": 415660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8278", "title": "Sensitive bioassay for vancomycin.", "content": "An accurate and sensitive assay for vancomycin in serum and body fluids has not been available. This paper reports an assay for vancomycin that can detect serum and fluid levels as low as 0.8 mug/ml. A disk diffusion technique was designed employing buffered glucose minimal salts agar and Bacillus subtilis as an indicator strain. A linear relationship was obtained between zone diameter and concentration for vancomycin standards from 0.8 to 50 mug/ml prepared in pooled human serum. Results were accurate (<10% error) and reproducible (within-sample standard deviation, 0.25 mug/ml) for concentrations of from 0.8 to 25 mug of vancomycin per ml. Zone diameters were at least 6 mm larger on minimal salts agar than on standard assay media. The increased sensitivity and accuracy of the assay make it possible to accurately measure levels in cerebrospinal fluid and dialyzate fluid as well as in serum.", "contents": "Sensitive bioassay for vancomycin. An accurate and sensitive assay for vancomycin in serum and body fluids has not been available. This paper reports an assay for vancomycin that can detect serum and fluid levels as low as 0.8 mug/ml. A disk diffusion technique was designed employing buffered glucose minimal salts agar and Bacillus subtilis as an indicator strain. A linear relationship was obtained between zone diameter and concentration for vancomycin standards from 0.8 to 50 mug/ml prepared in pooled human serum. Results were accurate (<10% error) and reproducible (within-sample standard deviation, 0.25 mug/ml) for concentrations of from 0.8 to 25 mug of vancomycin per ml. Zone diameters were at least 6 mm larger on minimal salts agar than on standard assay media. The increased sensitivity and accuracy of the assay make it possible to accurately measure levels in cerebrospinal fluid and dialyzate fluid as well as in serum.", "PMID": 415661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8279", "title": "Secondary cutaneous mucinosis with systemic lupus erythematosus. A case presentation and review of the literature.", "content": "A patient had papular and nodular cutaneous deposits of mucin and cutaneous and systemic manifestations of lupus erythematosus (LE). Since many of the mucinous deposits occurred at sites that were clinically free of skin lesions of LE, we considered initially that the patient had both LE and papular mucinosis. However, after a review of the English literature and further study of the patient, it seemed more likely that the papular and nodular deposits of mucin were secondary to LE and not a previously unreported simultaneous occurrence of the two diseases in the same patient. To our knowledge, this is the third case report of a patient with papular and nodular cutaneous mucinosis secondary to LE. In addition to the case report, this article is concerned with a discussion of cutaneous mucinosis in LE and other \"collagen vascular\" diseases.", "contents": "Secondary cutaneous mucinosis with systemic lupus erythematosus. A case presentation and review of the literature. A patient had papular and nodular cutaneous deposits of mucin and cutaneous and systemic manifestations of lupus erythematosus (LE). Since many of the mucinous deposits occurred at sites that were clinically free of skin lesions of LE, we considered initially that the patient had both LE and papular mucinosis. However, after a review of the English literature and further study of the patient, it seemed more likely that the papular and nodular deposits of mucin were secondary to LE and not a previously unreported simultaneous occurrence of the two diseases in the same patient. To our knowledge, this is the third case report of a patient with papular and nodular cutaneous mucinosis secondary to LE. In addition to the case report, this article is concerned with a discussion of cutaneous mucinosis in LE and other \"collagen vascular\" diseases.", "PMID": 415667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8280", "title": "Treatment of Bartter's syndrome in early childhood with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors.", "content": "The diagnosis of Bartter's syndrome was made in a 9-month-old boy investigated for poor weight and height gain. Initial treatment with oral potassium supplements and later spironolactone had little or no effect on his growth, although plasma potassium rose to normal after spironolactone. At 33 months indomethacin therapy was started with dramatic results. His symptoms went and his height and weight accelerated into the normal range. In view of the toxicity of indomethacin it was replaced after 12 months by another prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, ketoprofen, with a satisfactory result. During the change-over period from indomethacin to ketoprofen the expected deterioration in clinical well-being was observed, accompanied by a rise in urinary prostaglandins and plasma renin activity. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors provide the best available treatment for Bartter's syndrome.", "contents": "Treatment of Bartter's syndrome in early childhood with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. The diagnosis of Bartter's syndrome was made in a 9-month-old boy investigated for poor weight and height gain. Initial treatment with oral potassium supplements and later spironolactone had little or no effect on his growth, although plasma potassium rose to normal after spironolactone. At 33 months indomethacin therapy was started with dramatic results. His symptoms went and his height and weight accelerated into the normal range. In view of the toxicity of indomethacin it was replaced after 12 months by another prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, ketoprofen, with a satisfactory result. During the change-over period from indomethacin to ketoprofen the expected deterioration in clinical well-being was observed, accompanied by a rise in urinary prostaglandins and plasma renin activity. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors provide the best available treatment for Bartter's syndrome.", "PMID": 415668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8281", "title": "Examination of complement C3 metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis using 2-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "A previous report that C3 activation products are demonstrable in the plasma of subjects with rheumatoid arthritis was reinvestigated using 2-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. Initially it seemed that results were in agreement, but the occurrence of similar patterns in normal sera and poor reproducibility of results suggested the findings were artefacts. When calcium and magnesium ions were removed with EDTA, C3 activation products were no longer demonstrable in plasma from normal subjects or from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The results obtained without EDTA in the buffer showed a greater degree of complement activation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, suggesting that in this condition the serum may have a greater potential ability to bring about complement activation.", "contents": "Examination of complement C3 metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis using 2-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. A previous report that C3 activation products are demonstrable in the plasma of subjects with rheumatoid arthritis was reinvestigated using 2-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. Initially it seemed that results were in agreement, but the occurrence of similar patterns in normal sera and poor reproducibility of results suggested the findings were artefacts. When calcium and magnesium ions were removed with EDTA, C3 activation products were no longer demonstrable in plasma from normal subjects or from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The results obtained without EDTA in the buffer showed a greater degree of complement activation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, suggesting that in this condition the serum may have a greater potential ability to bring about complement activation.", "PMID": 415670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8282", "title": "Identification of nitric oxide (NO) in human blood.", "content": "The amount of nitric oxide (NO) in the blood of residents of urban and suburban areas was measured under steady-state conditions by isotopic dilution with N15O, followed by field-ionization mass spectrometry. Approximately 20 nmoles of NO per ml of blood was characteristic of both smokers and nonsmokers, except for one of the eight subjects who had a significantly lower level. Monkeys (Macaca speciosa) had values comparable to those of seven human subjects, and rats had values like that of the unique human subject. Whether the origin of the NO was endogenous or exogenous was not determined.", "contents": "Identification of nitric oxide (NO) in human blood. The amount of nitric oxide (NO) in the blood of residents of urban and suburban areas was measured under steady-state conditions by isotopic dilution with N15O, followed by field-ionization mass spectrometry. Approximately 20 nmoles of NO per ml of blood was characteristic of both smokers and nonsmokers, except for one of the eight subjects who had a significantly lower level. Monkeys (Macaca speciosa) had values comparable to those of seven human subjects, and rats had values like that of the unique human subject. Whether the origin of the NO was endogenous or exogenous was not determined.", "PMID": 415669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8283", "title": "Gentamicin-resistant bacillary infection. Clinical features and amikacin therapy.", "content": "Infections caused by gentamicin sulfate-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens have occurred in multiple areas of our hospitals and have caused serious clinical illness and death. Isolates of Pseudomonas organisms were sensitive to some alternative drugs including collstin sulfate, but isolates of Serratia organisms were often resistant to all commercially available parenteral antimicrobiais. All isolates were inhibited by amikacin sulfate, and 95% were killed by concentrations achievable in serum with recommended doses. Twenty patients with hospital-acquired infections, including ten with septicemia, were treated with amikacin. Eighteen of the 20 patients had a good clinical and bacteriologic response. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity each occurred in one patient.", "contents": "Gentamicin-resistant bacillary infection. Clinical features and amikacin therapy. Infections caused by gentamicin sulfate-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens have occurred in multiple areas of our hospitals and have caused serious clinical illness and death. Isolates of Pseudomonas organisms were sensitive to some alternative drugs including collstin sulfate, but isolates of Serratia organisms were often resistant to all commercially available parenteral antimicrobiais. All isolates were inhibited by amikacin sulfate, and 95% were killed by concentrations achievable in serum with recommended doses. Twenty patients with hospital-acquired infections, including ten with septicemia, were treated with amikacin. Eighteen of the 20 patients had a good clinical and bacteriologic response. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity each occurred in one patient.", "PMID": 415674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8284", "title": "[Bacterial pollution in the hospital and bacteriological control of the hospitalier staff (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report the results of the researches made in their Hospital, about the bacteriological control of some  departments and services, and of the staff that works there. After pointing out the scanty presence of pathogeneus germs in their hospitalier place, they augur a constant and repeated prophylactic sanitary control, whether of the structures, or the hospitalier staff, to avoid the possibility of diffusion of these germs in persons, already predisposed, since suffering from the most various diseases.", "contents": "[Bacterial pollution in the hospital and bacteriological control of the hospitalier staff (author's transl)]. The Authors report the results of the researches made in their Hospital, about the bacteriological control of some  departments and services, and of the staff that works there. After pointing out the scanty presence of pathogeneus germs in their hospitalier place, they augur a constant and repeated prophylactic sanitary control, whether of the structures, or the hospitalier staff, to avoid the possibility of diffusion of these germs in persons, already predisposed, since suffering from the most various diseases.", "PMID": 415671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8285", "title": "[Coronary artery spasms].", "content": "In a series of 2000 coronary arteriographies, spasm of the coronary artery was found in 52 cases, which were divided into three groups: 41 cases of \"iatrogenic\" spasm caused by stimulating the ostium of the coronary artery (usually the right) with the tip of the catheter; 8 cases of spasm on top of an organic fixed lesion; 4 cases of coronary spasm on a coronary artery which was reported as \"radiologically normal\". The study includes a review of the circumstances which favour or impede discovery of coronary spasm, as well as a provocation test using methyl ergometrine. This test seems to be specific in that it only produced coronary spasm in patients with Prinzmetal's syndrome, and excluded the cases of angina with normal coronary arteriography. The patients with spasm on top of a fixed organic lesion underwent a successful aorto-coronary bypass graft together with resection of the pre- and sub-aortic nerve plexus. Patients with a spasm in an artery which was \"arteriographically normal\" were treated medically by nitrate compounds and vaso-dilators. Three of these patients had an excellent result with medical treatment. Treatment failed in the fourth patient, who then obtained benefit from straight-forward resection of the pre- and sub-aortic nerve plexus with an excellent result which has been maintained for over six months.", "contents": "[Coronary artery spasms]. In a series of 2000 coronary arteriographies, spasm of the coronary artery was found in 52 cases, which were divided into three groups: 41 cases of \"iatrogenic\" spasm caused by stimulating the ostium of the coronary artery (usually the right) with the tip of the catheter; 8 cases of spasm on top of an organic fixed lesion; 4 cases of coronary spasm on a coronary artery which was reported as \"radiologically normal\". The study includes a review of the circumstances which favour or impede discovery of coronary spasm, as well as a provocation test using methyl ergometrine. This test seems to be specific in that it only produced coronary spasm in patients with Prinzmetal's syndrome, and excluded the cases of angina with normal coronary arteriography. The patients with spasm on top of a fixed organic lesion underwent a successful aorto-coronary bypass graft together with resection of the pre- and sub-aortic nerve plexus. Patients with a spasm in an artery which was \"arteriographically normal\" were treated medically by nitrate compounds and vaso-dilators. Three of these patients had an excellent result with medical treatment. Treatment failed in the fourth patient, who then obtained benefit from straight-forward resection of the pre- and sub-aortic nerve plexus with an excellent result which has been maintained for over six months.", "PMID": 415675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8286", "title": "[Long-term results of aortocoronary bypass. 1. Clinical aspects].", "content": "Eighty patients undergoing one or several aorto-coronary bypass graft procedures had longterm clinical and arteriographic follow-up (mean follow-up period of two years, extremes 1 and 6 years). The indication fort operation in these patients was unstable angina in 39 (49%), threatened infarction in 16 (20%), Prinzmetal's angina in 8 (10%), and stable but incapacitating angina in 17 (21%). Significant lesions involved the three coronary trunks in 49 cases, two trunks in 25 cases, and one trunk in 6 cases. The longterm clinical results were excellent in 65% of cases, and fair in 26%; the procedure failed in 9% of cases. Angina pectoris either disappeared or improved in 96% of cases. After operation, myocardial infarctions occurred in 11 cases (14%), 7 of which were early and 4 late with a delay of 1 to 4 years. The pre-operative cardiac failure disappeared or decreased in 13 cases out of 16. Finally the quality of the clinical results does not seem to be influenced by the various indications for operation with the exception of Prinzmetal's angina, where the results have been excellent in all cases (8 cases out of 8).", "contents": "[Long-term results of aortocoronary bypass. 1. Clinical aspects]. Eighty patients undergoing one or several aorto-coronary bypass graft procedures had longterm clinical and arteriographic follow-up (mean follow-up period of two years, extremes 1 and 6 years). The indication fort operation in these patients was unstable angina in 39 (49%), threatened infarction in 16 (20%), Prinzmetal's angina in 8 (10%), and stable but incapacitating angina in 17 (21%). Significant lesions involved the three coronary trunks in 49 cases, two trunks in 25 cases, and one trunk in 6 cases. The longterm clinical results were excellent in 65% of cases, and fair in 26%; the procedure failed in 9% of cases. Angina pectoris either disappeared or improved in 96% of cases. After operation, myocardial infarctions occurred in 11 cases (14%), 7 of which were early and 4 late with a delay of 1 to 4 years. The pre-operative cardiac failure disappeared or decreased in 13 cases out of 16. Finally the quality of the clinical results does not seem to be influenced by the various indications for operation with the exception of Prinzmetal's angina, where the results have been excellent in all cases (8 cases out of 8).", "PMID": 415676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8287", "title": "[Long-term results of aortocoronary bypass. 2 Angiographic aspects].", "content": "Follow-up arteriograms carried out between one and six years (mean follow-up period two years) in 80 cases of aorto-coronary bypass graft procedures showed a good correlation between the quality of the clinical results obtained -- as detailed in the first part of this article -- and a larger proportion of patent grafts: 82% of 130 grafts had remained patent, and 94% of patients have all or some of their grafts patent. Late occlusion of the grafts is rare, and does not appear to be influenced by abnormalities of the graft found at early follow-up, these abnormalities being fairly stable. These follow-up have especially shown the good correlation between the quality of the clinical results and the functional status of the coronary network in the long term, a function not only of the permeability of the grafts which have been carried out, but also of the complete or incomplete correction of the lesions of the three coronary trunks. Such a complete procedure which was carried out or could have been carried out in only 30% of the total patients, was then successful in 94% undergoing it. The clinical results should therefore lead us to carry out operations which remove the lesions as completely as possible.", "contents": "[Long-term results of aortocoronary bypass. 2 Angiographic aspects]. Follow-up arteriograms carried out between one and six years (mean follow-up period two years) in 80 cases of aorto-coronary bypass graft procedures showed a good correlation between the quality of the clinical results obtained -- as detailed in the first part of this article -- and a larger proportion of patent grafts: 82% of 130 grafts had remained patent, and 94% of patients have all or some of their grafts patent. Late occlusion of the grafts is rare, and does not appear to be influenced by abnormalities of the graft found at early follow-up, these abnormalities being fairly stable. These follow-up have especially shown the good correlation between the quality of the clinical results and the functional status of the coronary network in the long term, a function not only of the permeability of the grafts which have been carried out, but also of the complete or incomplete correction of the lesions of the three coronary trunks. Such a complete procedure which was carried out or could have been carried out in only 30% of the total patients, was then successful in 94% undergoing it. The clinical results should therefore lead us to carry out operations which remove the lesions as completely as possible.", "PMID": 415677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8288", "title": "[Non-invasive study of the patency of aortocoronary bypass with pulsed Doppler technic. Preliminary studies].", "content": "The pulsed Doppler effect is a non-invasive investigation technique based on the fact that the blood cells moving in a vessel on which ultrasound is incident cause a rebound of different frequency, according to their rate. This technique allows us to measure flow in a \"measuring volume\", whose size and depth are regulable. It is also possible to collect the signal from one or several aorto-coronary grafts, and to distinguish these from the sorrounding vasculature by their diastolic perfusion. This preliminary study (11 cases) is an attempt to formulate strict procedural criteria by comparison with follow-up arteriography of the grafts. The ease of performance of this investigation should, eventually, make it unnecessary to have to carry out repeated arteriography.", "contents": "[Non-invasive study of the patency of aortocoronary bypass with pulsed Doppler technic. Preliminary studies]. The pulsed Doppler effect is a non-invasive investigation technique based on the fact that the blood cells moving in a vessel on which ultrasound is incident cause a rebound of different frequency, according to their rate. This technique allows us to measure flow in a \"measuring volume\", whose size and depth are regulable. It is also possible to collect the signal from one or several aorto-coronary grafts, and to distinguish these from the sorrounding vasculature by their diastolic perfusion. This preliminary study (11 cases) is an attempt to formulate strict procedural criteria by comparison with follow-up arteriography of the grafts. The ease of performance of this investigation should, eventually, make it unnecessary to have to carry out repeated arteriography.", "PMID": 415678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8289", "title": "[Cause of death in recent myocardial infarct. Correlation between extent of necrosis and clinical, electrocardiographic and anatomical findings].", "content": "A retrospective study of 100 case notes of patients who died from a recent myocardial infarction (less than one month before death) has established the causes of death: cardiac failure (52), rupture of the heart (40), major pulmonary emboli (3), primary irreversible ventricular fibrillation (2), unexplained death (3). Study of the extent of the necrosis by the technique of segmentation of the ventricular mass has allowed us to clarify the correlation between the \"index of extent\" (\"i\"), an the clinico-pathological findings. It has been noted in particular that those infarctions complicated by cardiogenic shock and/or by bilateral bundle branch block were those with the highest value of index of extent (i = 8.91, i = 9.40); also that cardiac failure and ventricular tachycardia were found in the extensive infarctions (i = 7,33, i = 9.52); also that rupture of the outer wall and pulmonary thromboses complicated infarctions of very small extent (i = 4,80, i = 5,67). It would not seem possible to reduce the hospital mortality of infarctions significantly, since it is essentially linked with circulatory failure caused by extensive necrosis, and with ruptures of the heart which are unpredictable and untreatable.", "contents": "[Cause of death in recent myocardial infarct. Correlation between extent of necrosis and clinical, electrocardiographic and anatomical findings]. A retrospective study of 100 case notes of patients who died from a recent myocardial infarction (less than one month before death) has established the causes of death: cardiac failure (52), rupture of the heart (40), major pulmonary emboli (3), primary irreversible ventricular fibrillation (2), unexplained death (3). Study of the extent of the necrosis by the technique of segmentation of the ventricular mass has allowed us to clarify the correlation between the \"index of extent\" (\"i\"), an the clinico-pathological findings. It has been noted in particular that those infarctions complicated by cardiogenic shock and/or by bilateral bundle branch block were those with the highest value of index of extent (i = 8.91, i = 9.40); also that cardiac failure and ventricular tachycardia were found in the extensive infarctions (i = 7,33, i = 9.52); also that rupture of the outer wall and pulmonary thromboses complicated infarctions of very small extent (i = 4,80, i = 5,67). It would not seem possible to reduce the hospital mortality of infarctions significantly, since it is essentially linked with circulatory failure caused by extensive necrosis, and with ruptures of the heart which are unpredictable and untreatable.", "PMID": 415679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8290", "title": "[\"In vitro\" activity of gentamicin, sisomicin and tobramycin against \"pseudomonas aeruginosa\" strains from hospital sources (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro activity of two amynoglicosidic antibiotics, tobramycin and sisomicin, against 215 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens during the years 1972-1975, was evaluated in comparison with that of gentamicin. Tobramycin showed a greater activity than sisomicin and gentamicin. At the concentration of 5 mu/ml tobramycin resulted inhibitory on 94% of strains and sisomicin and gentamicin on 78.6% and 49.8% of strains respectively. The susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to gentamicin decreased from 1972 to 1975, with an increasing of resistant strains of 23%. In an evaluation of possible cross-resistance of 14 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa highly resistant (MIC greater than or equal to 25 gamma/ml) to gentamicin, 13 showed a high degree of resistance also to sisomicin; on the other hand 7 strains highly resistant to gentamicin was sensitive to tobramycin at concentration less than or equal to 10 gamma/ml.", "contents": "[\"In vitro\" activity of gentamicin, sisomicin and tobramycin against \"pseudomonas aeruginosa\" strains from hospital sources (author's transl)]. The in vitro activity of two amynoglicosidic antibiotics, tobramycin and sisomicin, against 215 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens during the years 1972-1975, was evaluated in comparison with that of gentamicin. Tobramycin showed a greater activity than sisomicin and gentamicin. At the concentration of 5 mu/ml tobramycin resulted inhibitory on 94% of strains and sisomicin and gentamicin on 78.6% and 49.8% of strains respectively. The susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to gentamicin decreased from 1972 to 1975, with an increasing of resistant strains of 23%. In an evaluation of possible cross-resistance of 14 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa highly resistant (MIC greater than or equal to 25 gamma/ml) to gentamicin, 13 showed a high degree of resistance also to sisomicin; on the other hand 7 strains highly resistant to gentamicin was sensitive to tobramycin at concentration less than or equal to 10 gamma/ml.", "PMID": 415672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8291", "title": "[Fatal cardiac insufficiency in the course of an initial acute myocardial infarct. Anatomical-clinical data].", "content": "In a series of 51 clinico-pathological examinations on patients who died during the first 15 days after the onset of clinical symptoms of their first and only transmural myocardial infarction (anterior: 29 cases; posterior: 22 cases) the causes of death were divided into: heart failure -- 26 cases (53 p. 100); rupture of the heart -- 22 cases (43 p. 100); disorders of ventricular rhythm -- 2 cases (4 p. 100). The anatomical basis of fatal cardiac failure is twofold: either a very extensive area of necrosed muscle, of poor quality of the mass of muscle not involved in the infarction. In the anterior infarctions (16 cases, representing 55 p. 100 of deaths in this group) the first factor was foremost, the mean extent of necrosed muscle constituting 42 p. 100 of the total left and septal ventricular mass; stenotic coronary lesions, which were commonly found on the anterior descending artery, were confined to this artery alone in 10 cases 62 (p. 100). In posterior infarctions (11 cases, representing 50 p. 100 of deaths in this group), the mass of muscle destroyed was less (mean 36 p. 100), but the stenotic coronary lesions were diffuse, involving the three main trunks in 9 cases, which also explains the poor quality of the muscle not involved by necrosis. Thus there is a clear difference between anterior and posterior infarctions followed by deaths from cardiac failure: in the first group, the remaining muscular mass is quantitatively insufficient to maintain the haemodynamics, while in the second it is qualitatively insufficient, because of poor blood supply, to maintain an adequate cardiac output.", "contents": "[Fatal cardiac insufficiency in the course of an initial acute myocardial infarct. Anatomical-clinical data]. In a series of 51 clinico-pathological examinations on patients who died during the first 15 days after the onset of clinical symptoms of their first and only transmural myocardial infarction (anterior: 29 cases; posterior: 22 cases) the causes of death were divided into: heart failure -- 26 cases (53 p. 100); rupture of the heart -- 22 cases (43 p. 100); disorders of ventricular rhythm -- 2 cases (4 p. 100). The anatomical basis of fatal cardiac failure is twofold: either a very extensive area of necrosed muscle, of poor quality of the mass of muscle not involved in the infarction. In the anterior infarctions (16 cases, representing 55 p. 100 of deaths in this group) the first factor was foremost, the mean extent of necrosed muscle constituting 42 p. 100 of the total left and septal ventricular mass; stenotic coronary lesions, which were commonly found on the anterior descending artery, were confined to this artery alone in 10 cases 62 (p. 100). In posterior infarctions (11 cases, representing 50 p. 100 of deaths in this group), the mass of muscle destroyed was less (mean 36 p. 100), but the stenotic coronary lesions were diffuse, involving the three main trunks in 9 cases, which also explains the poor quality of the muscle not involved by necrosis. Thus there is a clear difference between anterior and posterior infarctions followed by deaths from cardiac failure: in the first group, the remaining muscular mass is quantitatively insufficient to maintain the haemodynamics, while in the second it is qualitatively insufficient, because of poor blood supply, to maintain an adequate cardiac output.", "PMID": 415680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8292", "title": "[Coronary arterial thrombosis and transmural myocardial infarct. Cause or consequence?].", "content": "Macroscopical examination at postmortem of 64 patients who died of their first transmural myocardial infarction (32 with anterior infarctions, 28 with posterior and 4 with lateral), during the first 30 days after the onset of symptoms, has shown that in 59 cases (92.2 p. 100) there was a totally occlusive thrombosis in the coronary artery. In all cases these thromboses were sited on the major coronary arterial trunk to zone of muscle which was destroyed, and on top of an ulcerated atheromatous plaque. The age of the thrombosis and the infarction were identical. There was no relationship between the presence (59 cases) or the absence (5 cases) of coronary arterial thrombosis with the age, sex, survival time or extent of the infarction. These postmortem findings are strongly suggestive of a fairly constant cause and effect relationship between coronary arterial thrombosis and acute transmural myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Coronary arterial thrombosis and transmural myocardial infarct. Cause or consequence?]. Macroscopical examination at postmortem of 64 patients who died of their first transmural myocardial infarction (32 with anterior infarctions, 28 with posterior and 4 with lateral), during the first 30 days after the onset of symptoms, has shown that in 59 cases (92.2 p. 100) there was a totally occlusive thrombosis in the coronary artery. In all cases these thromboses were sited on the major coronary arterial trunk to zone of muscle which was destroyed, and on top of an ulcerated atheromatous plaque. The age of the thrombosis and the infarction were identical. There was no relationship between the presence (59 cases) or the absence (5 cases) of coronary arterial thrombosis with the age, sex, survival time or extent of the infarction. These postmortem findings are strongly suggestive of a fairly constant cause and effect relationship between coronary arterial thrombosis and acute transmural myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 415681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8293", "title": "[Mathematical simulation model of cardiac contraction].", "content": "The authors describe a mathematical model simulating cardiac contraction based onMaxwell's well known analogue model. The general equations of the model are presented and discussed in relation to published findings. The functioning and compute application of the model are briefly described. The investigations were carried out in normal subjects and in some cases with simulated pathology. The first results obtained with the model and their relation to some biological phenomena (hemodynamics, ATP phasic activity, cardiac contractility) are discussed. The hypotheses on which the model is based are also discussed.", "contents": "[Mathematical simulation model of cardiac contraction]. The authors describe a mathematical model simulating cardiac contraction based onMaxwell's well known analogue model. The general equations of the model are presented and discussed in relation to published findings. The functioning and compute application of the model are briefly described. The investigations were carried out in normal subjects and in some cases with simulated pathology. The first results obtained with the model and their relation to some biological phenomena (hemodynamics, ATP phasic activity, cardiac contractility) are discussed. The hypotheses on which the model is based are also discussed.", "PMID": 415682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8294", "title": "[Paradoxical atrioventricular block within the bundle of His].", "content": "We have been able to record an atrio-ventricular block dependent upon bradycardia, but also no tachycardia, in a patient of 76 who presented with syncopal attacks. The basal electrocardiogram showed no significant delay in atrio-ventricular or intraventricular conduction. Intracavitary electrophysiological investigation allowed us to localise the site of this block in the main trunk of the bundle of His; we also established, under basal conduction conditions, a first degree block with an exactly similar relationship to the duration of the preceding diastole.", "contents": "[Paradoxical atrioventricular block within the bundle of His]. We have been able to record an atrio-ventricular block dependent upon bradycardia, but also no tachycardia, in a patient of 76 who presented with syncopal attacks. The basal electrocardiogram showed no significant delay in atrio-ventricular or intraventricular conduction. Intracavitary electrophysiological investigation allowed us to localise the site of this block in the main trunk of the bundle of His; we also established, under basal conduction conditions, a first degree block with an exactly similar relationship to the duration of the preceding diastole.", "PMID": 415683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8295", "title": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of d-transposition of the great vessels by deductive analysis].", "content": "The process of diagnosis by echocardiography of transposition of the great vessels is based fundamentally on the recognition of the position and relative orientation of the two ventricles and of the two vessels of the base of the heart. Traditional two-dimensional echocardiography allows us to establish the position of the left ventricle because of the atrio-ventricular (mitral) valve and its direct continuity with a sigmoid valve. If this continuity is absent, the mitral valve may be recognised because it closes after the tricuspid valve. It the tricuspid valve is on the right of and/or in front of the mitral valve, the aorta will in principle be found on the right of the pulmonary artery (\"loop rule\"). The orientation of the great vessels may then be determined. Two-dimensional systems are particularly useful in diagnosis of vascular disorders. If these are not available, traditional echocardiography may lead us to suspect this abnormality: 1. Provided that the orientation of the transducer is known at all times during the recording; 2. Provided the recording demonstrates simultaneously the two great vessels with their respective valves. Two other criteria are important if Van Praagh's rule or the \"loop rule\" is unhelpful: the diameter of the two vascular trunks, and identification of the valve by a study of the ejection times.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of d-transposition of the great vessels by deductive analysis]. The process of diagnosis by echocardiography of transposition of the great vessels is based fundamentally on the recognition of the position and relative orientation of the two ventricles and of the two vessels of the base of the heart. Traditional two-dimensional echocardiography allows us to establish the position of the left ventricle because of the atrio-ventricular (mitral) valve and its direct continuity with a sigmoid valve. If this continuity is absent, the mitral valve may be recognised because it closes after the tricuspid valve. It the tricuspid valve is on the right of and/or in front of the mitral valve, the aorta will in principle be found on the right of the pulmonary artery (\"loop rule\"). The orientation of the great vessels may then be determined. Two-dimensional systems are particularly useful in diagnosis of vascular disorders. If these are not available, traditional echocardiography may lead us to suspect this abnormality: 1. Provided that the orientation of the transducer is known at all times during the recording; 2. Provided the recording demonstrates simultaneously the two great vessels with their respective valves. Two other criteria are important if Van Praagh's rule or the \"loop rule\" is unhelpful: the diameter of the two vascular trunks, and identification of the valve by a study of the ejection times.", "PMID": 415684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8296", "title": "[Electrocardiagraphic changes of Prinzmetal's angina type in the acute phase of myocardial infarct].", "content": "The authors have studied the frequency and severity of anginal attacks of the Prinzmetal type coming on during the acute phase of a myocardial infarction in 13 patients. They have occurred in 5.50% of cases (anginal attacks of all types occurring in 18.34% of cases). The severity of these attacks is shown by their clinical features: the multiplicity of the attacks, the high incidence of arrhythmias, the difficulties encountered with medical treatment. This also confirmed by the enzyme studies: when the curve of myocardial creatinine kinase release is drawn, there is seen to be an extension of the lesion in 2/3 cases, whereas the electrocardiograph does not show this up.", "contents": "[Electrocardiagraphic changes of Prinzmetal's angina type in the acute phase of myocardial infarct]. The authors have studied the frequency and severity of anginal attacks of the Prinzmetal type coming on during the acute phase of a myocardial infarction in 13 patients. They have occurred in 5.50% of cases (anginal attacks of all types occurring in 18.34% of cases). The severity of these attacks is shown by their clinical features: the multiplicity of the attacks, the high incidence of arrhythmias, the difficulties encountered with medical treatment. This also confirmed by the enzyme studies: when the curve of myocardial creatinine kinase release is drawn, there is seen to be an extension of the lesion in 2/3 cases, whereas the electrocardiograph does not show this up.", "PMID": 415685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8297", "title": "[Coronary stenosis in angina pectoris with normal resting electrocardiogram].", "content": "The arteriographic abnormalities found in 104 patients with typical angina pectoris and an electrocardiogram at rest which was normal at the time of arteriography were compared with those of 238 cases with typical angina pectoris, but with an abnormal electrocardiogram (127 having ST/T changes, 111 having transmural necrosis). There was no major difference between the two groups as far as the degree of coronary stenosis was concerned, nor in its extent and distribution. However, by comparison with the group with an abnormal electrocardiogram, very tight stenoses of the three trunks or of one trunk alone were slightly less common in the patients with a normal electrocardiogram; also, for each of the three trunks, the index of the lesion was slightly less raised, and the circumflex and right coronary arteries were slightly less commonly, affected, although the difference was not usually great enough to achieve significance. The action of the left ventricle and/or the value of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were, however, manifestly better conserved in those with a normal electrocardiogram (p less than 0.001). An aorta-coronary bypass graft is more likely to be indicated in this group of patients.", "contents": "[Coronary stenosis in angina pectoris with normal resting electrocardiogram]. The arteriographic abnormalities found in 104 patients with typical angina pectoris and an electrocardiogram at rest which was normal at the time of arteriography were compared with those of 238 cases with typical angina pectoris, but with an abnormal electrocardiogram (127 having ST/T changes, 111 having transmural necrosis). There was no major difference between the two groups as far as the degree of coronary stenosis was concerned, nor in its extent and distribution. However, by comparison with the group with an abnormal electrocardiogram, very tight stenoses of the three trunks or of one trunk alone were slightly less common in the patients with a normal electrocardiogram; also, for each of the three trunks, the index of the lesion was slightly less raised, and the circumflex and right coronary arteries were slightly less commonly, affected, although the difference was not usually great enough to achieve significance. The action of the left ventricle and/or the value of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were, however, manifestly better conserved in those with a normal electrocardiogram (p less than 0.001). An aorta-coronary bypass graft is more likely to be indicated in this group of patients.", "PMID": 415686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8298", "title": "[Pacemakers in children].", "content": "This is a study of pacemakers in 32 children with permanent pacemakers, 7 of them for congenital block, and 25 for post-operative block, representing a total of 69 pacemaker implantations. After a brief survey of the results, there is a discussion of the problems of the indications, relative for the congenital blocks, and absolute for the surgical blocks after a short period of observation. The choice of type of pacemaker rests upon three essential features: minimum inconvenience, a good length of active life, and the facility of an increased rate. Recent technical progress has allowed these features to be combined. The pacemakers currently available are shown on a table. The results are to a large extent determined by extreme care being taken over the implantation; meticulous asepsis, a low threshold on the electrode test, a pacemaker which is \"comfortable\" in its site, all these are essential if the serious complications are to be avoided, namely infection and pacemaker failure. The best route for the child, as for the adult, is by way of an epigastric approach with an abdominal pocket. In the very small infant, it seems better to implant by left thoracotomy, and to site the pacemaker intrapleurally.", "contents": "[Pacemakers in children]. This is a study of pacemakers in 32 children with permanent pacemakers, 7 of them for congenital block, and 25 for post-operative block, representing a total of 69 pacemaker implantations. After a brief survey of the results, there is a discussion of the problems of the indications, relative for the congenital blocks, and absolute for the surgical blocks after a short period of observation. The choice of type of pacemaker rests upon three essential features: minimum inconvenience, a good length of active life, and the facility of an increased rate. Recent technical progress has allowed these features to be combined. The pacemakers currently available are shown on a table. The results are to a large extent determined by extreme care being taken over the implantation; meticulous asepsis, a low threshold on the electrode test, a pacemaker which is \"comfortable\" in its site, all these are essential if the serious complications are to be avoided, namely infection and pacemaker failure. The best route for the child, as for the adult, is by way of an epigastric approach with an abdominal pocket. In the very small infant, it seems better to implant by left thoracotomy, and to site the pacemaker intrapleurally.", "PMID": 415689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8299", "title": "[Value of hemodynamic surveillance by radiocardiography in human heart transplants].", "content": "Eighteen cases of cardiac transplantation have been carried out for 16 recipients since October 1973, there being 8 survivors at present. The importance of screening in such a treatment is vital. It is a simple method, easy to control, can be carried out at the bedside, is reproducible, reliable, and completely harmless, and by allowing the haemodynamic function of the graft to be seen at all times, helps in the marching of the donor and the recipient, in following the function of the graft in the immediate post-operative period, and in discovering rejection crises, and evaluating the long-term fate of the transplant.", "contents": "[Value of hemodynamic surveillance by radiocardiography in human heart transplants]. Eighteen cases of cardiac transplantation have been carried out for 16 recipients since October 1973, there being 8 survivors at present. The importance of screening in such a treatment is vital. It is a simple method, easy to control, can be carried out at the bedside, is reproducible, reliable, and completely harmless, and by allowing the haemodynamic function of the graft to be seen at all times, helps in the marching of the donor and the recipient, in following the function of the graft in the immediate post-operative period, and in discovering rejection crises, and evaluating the long-term fate of the transplant.", "PMID": 415691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8300", "title": "[Simultaneous measurement of cardiac output by indium 113 m detected externally and by dye dilution of indocyanine green].", "content": "The cardiac output of 11 patients was measured by a method of dilution of a short-life radio-isotope, and compared with measurements obtained simultaneously by a dye dilution technique. After sudden intravenous injection of siderophilin (transferrin) labelled by Indium 113 m, the precoridal radioactivity was measured by a single panel detector probe. In 9 patients these measurements were carried out twice with a 15 minute interval. The correlation coefficient between the two methods was 0.884 for 20 measurements, and 0.939 for the first 11 measurements. The reproducibility of these measurements was comparable for the two techniques. The radio-isotope method of measuring cardiac output, which can be carried out at the bedside, is a simple, reliable and reproducible technique.", "contents": "[Simultaneous measurement of cardiac output by indium 113 m detected externally and by dye dilution of indocyanine green]. The cardiac output of 11 patients was measured by a method of dilution of a short-life radio-isotope, and compared with measurements obtained simultaneously by a dye dilution technique. After sudden intravenous injection of siderophilin (transferrin) labelled by Indium 113 m, the precoridal radioactivity was measured by a single panel detector probe. In 9 patients these measurements were carried out twice with a 15 minute interval. The correlation coefficient between the two methods was 0.884 for 20 measurements, and 0.939 for the first 11 measurements. The reproducibility of these measurements was comparable for the two techniques. The radio-isotope method of measuring cardiac output, which can be carried out at the bedside, is a simple, reliable and reproducible technique.", "PMID": 415692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8301", "title": "[Abnormalities of insulin secretion in coronary patients. Apropos of 67 cases].", "content": "The curve of blood insulin levels recorded during the oral provoked hypoglycaemia test (OPHG) was studied in 67 proven coronary patients. None of the curves obtained was normal. The abnormalities found in this way are of two types: either a hypoinsulinaemic response, with a high non-retarded peak (type 1) or a high retarded peak (type 2), or else a hypoinsulinaemic response, with a flat curve (type 3) or a very small late peak (type 4). The possible role of these abnormalities of insulin secretion in the pathogenesis of atheroma is discussed. The correlations between age, sex, obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, and the OPHG curve are investigated. The preliminary results of a test in which insulin levels are monitored after intravenous provoked hypoglycaemia, followed by tolbutamide, are reported.", "contents": "[Abnormalities of insulin secretion in coronary patients. Apropos of 67 cases]. The curve of blood insulin levels recorded during the oral provoked hypoglycaemia test (OPHG) was studied in 67 proven coronary patients. None of the curves obtained was normal. The abnormalities found in this way are of two types: either a hypoinsulinaemic response, with a high non-retarded peak (type 1) or a high retarded peak (type 2), or else a hypoinsulinaemic response, with a flat curve (type 3) or a very small late peak (type 4). The possible role of these abnormalities of insulin secretion in the pathogenesis of atheroma is discussed. The correlations between age, sex, obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, and the OPHG curve are investigated. The preliminary results of a test in which insulin levels are monitored after intravenous provoked hypoglycaemia, followed by tolbutamide, are reported.", "PMID": 415693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8302", "title": "[Action of chloro-acetyl-ajmaline on the electrical properties of the human heart].", "content": "The electrophysiological changes caused by the intra-atrial injection of 1.5 mg/kg of chloro-acetyl-ajmaline were studied in 23 patients by recording the His potential and by the stimulustest method. The length of the basal cycle being kept constant by atrial stimulation, measurements were made before and after the injection, on the one hand of the -VA node conduction time (A-H interval) and the infra-His conduction time (H-V interval) and on the other of the refractory periods of the right auricle, A-V node, and the His-Purkinje system. The effective refarctory period of the right ventricle was determined under pace-making of the ventricle. Finally, the variability of the sinus rate was measured. The results were as follows: 1. The sinus cycle was significantly shortened after administration of the drug (p 0.001); 2. The conduction time and refractory periods of the A-V node were not influenced by this substance; 3. The H-V interval was increased in 20 patients by an average of 11 ms (p less than 0.001). The relative refractory period of the His-Purkinje system was reduced in 4 cases out of 7 by 21 ms (p less than 0.05); the effective refractory period in one case showed a reduction of more than 45 ms. These findings will serve as a base line for assessing the anti-arrhythmic action of chloro-acetyl-ajmaline.", "contents": "[Action of chloro-acetyl-ajmaline on the electrical properties of the human heart]. The electrophysiological changes caused by the intra-atrial injection of 1.5 mg/kg of chloro-acetyl-ajmaline were studied in 23 patients by recording the His potential and by the stimulustest method. The length of the basal cycle being kept constant by atrial stimulation, measurements were made before and after the injection, on the one hand of the -VA node conduction time (A-H interval) and the infra-His conduction time (H-V interval) and on the other of the refractory periods of the right auricle, A-V node, and the His-Purkinje system. The effective refarctory period of the right ventricle was determined under pace-making of the ventricle. Finally, the variability of the sinus rate was measured. The results were as follows: 1. The sinus cycle was significantly shortened after administration of the drug (p 0.001); 2. The conduction time and refractory periods of the A-V node were not influenced by this substance; 3. The H-V interval was increased in 20 patients by an average of 11 ms (p less than 0.001). The relative refractory period of the His-Purkinje system was reduced in 4 cases out of 7 by 21 ms (p less than 0.05); the effective refractory period in one case showed a reduction of more than 45 ms. These findings will serve as a base line for assessing the anti-arrhythmic action of chloro-acetyl-ajmaline.", "PMID": 415694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8303", "title": "[Effect of a depressant drug on the recovery time of the sinus. Attempt of application to the diagnosis of sinus dysfunctions].", "content": "The authors have studied the effect of a depressant drug, 71247 or piprofurol, on the recovery time of the sinoatrial node after rapid electrical stimulation of the atrium (CSRT). 72 patients, divided into three groups, underwent the test: 14 patients with documentary evidence of sinus dysfunction; 48 patients in whom a sinus disorder was suspected, and 10 controls. As a general rule, the sinus recovery time was found to be significantly prolonged in the patients as compared with the controls. The authors have applied this test to the diagnosis of latent sinus dysfunction, categorising three different degress of RESA values: normal (less than or equal to 550 ms), average (between 550 and 1,000 ms), and prolonged (greater than 1,000 ms). In 6 patients from group one and seven from group two, the post-stimulatory pause was normal or average before the test, and prolonged after the injection of 71247; on the other hand the test did not give evidence of any prolongation of the pause in the controls. In this way a dynamic pharmacological test of depression brings and interesting slant on the diagnosis of disorders of the sinus.", "contents": "[Effect of a depressant drug on the recovery time of the sinus. Attempt of application to the diagnosis of sinus dysfunctions]. The authors have studied the effect of a depressant drug, 71247 or piprofurol, on the recovery time of the sinoatrial node after rapid electrical stimulation of the atrium (CSRT). 72 patients, divided into three groups, underwent the test: 14 patients with documentary evidence of sinus dysfunction; 48 patients in whom a sinus disorder was suspected, and 10 controls. As a general rule, the sinus recovery time was found to be significantly prolonged in the patients as compared with the controls. The authors have applied this test to the diagnosis of latent sinus dysfunction, categorising three different degress of RESA values: normal (less than or equal to 550 ms), average (between 550 and 1,000 ms), and prolonged (greater than 1,000 ms). In 6 patients from group one and seven from group two, the post-stimulatory pause was normal or average before the test, and prolonged after the injection of 71247; on the other hand the test did not give evidence of any prolongation of the pause in the controls. In this way a dynamic pharmacological test of depression brings and interesting slant on the diagnosis of disorders of the sinus.", "PMID": 415695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8304", "title": "[Contribution of echocardiography to the diagnosis of infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous return].", "content": "The authors report the case of a neonate with an abnormal pulmonary venous return which was totally infradiaphragmatic. Multiscan and monoscan echocardiography made the diagnosis, demonstrating an echo-free zone behind the left atrium extended backwards behind the mitral ring and the left ventricle. The child underwent successful surgery, and a follow-up echocardiogram showed that this abnormal space was lessened, responding with the collecting trunk.", "contents": "[Contribution of echocardiography to the diagnosis of infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous return]. The authors report the case of a neonate with an abnormal pulmonary venous return which was totally infradiaphragmatic. Multiscan and monoscan echocardiography made the diagnosis, demonstrating an echo-free zone behind the left atrium extended backwards behind the mitral ring and the left ventricle. The child underwent successful surgery, and a follow-up echocardiogram showed that this abnormal space was lessened, responding with the collecting trunk.", "PMID": 415697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8305", "title": "[Obstinate diarrhea in infants. A review of 84 cases].", "content": "Eighty-four cases of obstinate severe diarrhoea in infants are reported. Criteria for clinical and biological severity are precised. Histological examination of the small bowel was performed in 57 cases; a total atrophy of intestinal villi was found in only 33% of the cases during the first 3 months. Exclusive parenteral feeding, from the beginning or after failure of enteral feeding was given to 71 infants. Later on, enteral renutrition at constant flow, was administered, after simple preparation, in most cases. Seventeen died out of 84 infants, 7 of them within 2 weeks. For the others, the average time for recovery was 4 months. The conditions of prevention of obstinate severe diarrhoea in infancy are emphasized.", "contents": "[Obstinate diarrhea in infants. A review of 84 cases]. Eighty-four cases of obstinate severe diarrhoea in infants are reported. Criteria for clinical and biological severity are precised. Histological examination of the small bowel was performed in 57 cases; a total atrophy of intestinal villi was found in only 33% of the cases during the first 3 months. Exclusive parenteral feeding, from the beginning or after failure of enteral feeding was given to 71 infants. Later on, enteral renutrition at constant flow, was administered, after simple preparation, in most cases. Seventeen died out of 84 infants, 7 of them within 2 weeks. For the others, the average time for recovery was 4 months. The conditions of prevention of obstinate severe diarrhoea in infancy are emphasized.", "PMID": 415698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8306", "title": "[The significance of in-vitro tests with respect to testing of substances for carcinogenic activities (author's transl)].", "content": "The actual possibilities to test chemical substances for carcinogenic activities are critically assessed. Short-term-tests are especially discussed. By these tests--now utilized for screening of chemicals--specific biological activities can be determined, which correlate with carcinogenic effects in vivo. The phase of checking and improving the vitro-tests is not yet finished with regard to the rate of correlation of the results from those tests and the results from long-term experiments in animals as well as from clinical and epidemiological human data. Parallel to this investigations, results from long-term-tests should be critically evaluated, because the experimental induction of tumors in animals is up to now the only way to prove carcinogenic activity of a chemical. Short-term-tests should be utilized as screening methods for the selection of suspicious substances, which should or must be further tested in long-term animal experiments. At present results from short-term-tests are not sufficient to classify a substance as a carcinogen or a non-carcinogen. Certain short-term-tests can and will get significance for the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man when comparing the metabolism of carcinogens in vitro using enzymatic systems of a series of mammalians including man.", "contents": "[The significance of in-vitro tests with respect to testing of substances for carcinogenic activities (author's transl)]. The actual possibilities to test chemical substances for carcinogenic activities are critically assessed. Short-term-tests are especially discussed. By these tests--now utilized for screening of chemicals--specific biological activities can be determined, which correlate with carcinogenic effects in vivo. The phase of checking and improving the vitro-tests is not yet finished with regard to the rate of correlation of the results from those tests and the results from long-term experiments in animals as well as from clinical and epidemiological human data. Parallel to this investigations, results from long-term-tests should be critically evaluated, because the experimental induction of tumors in animals is up to now the only way to prove carcinogenic activity of a chemical. Short-term-tests should be utilized as screening methods for the selection of suspicious substances, which should or must be further tested in long-term animal experiments. At present results from short-term-tests are not sufficient to classify a substance as a carcinogen or a non-carcinogen. Certain short-term-tests can and will get significance for the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man when comparing the metabolism of carcinogens in vitro using enzymatic systems of a series of mammalians including man.", "PMID": 415699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8307", "title": "[Electroencephalographic parameters in psychomotor attacks (author's transl)].", "content": "An investigation of certain electroencephalographic parameters recorded during 19 psychomotor attacks was made. Each attack had been recorded in full. Fourteen of the attacks were preceded by a temporal focus, 13 were provoked by hyperventilation, 18 were initiated focally, 9 were accompanied by seizure potentials, 7 revealed primary or secondary delta rhythms, and 8 were followed by temporal delta focus.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic parameters in psychomotor attacks (author's transl)]. An investigation of certain electroencephalographic parameters recorded during 19 psychomotor attacks was made. Each attack had been recorded in full. Fourteen of the attacks were preceded by a temporal focus, 13 were provoked by hyperventilation, 18 were initiated focally, 9 were accompanied by seizure potentials, 7 revealed primary or secondary delta rhythms, and 8 were followed by temporal delta focus.", "PMID": 415700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8308", "title": "Arteriovenous fistulas for long-term dialysis. Factors that influence fistula survival.", "content": "We reviewed our total experience with arteriovenous (AV) fistulas for long-term hemodialysis. We are unable to show any significant difference in the survival of AV fistulas based either on the type of material used to create the fistulas or on their location. Complications encountered early in this experience largely were due to technical or judgmental errors. Thrombosis of radiocephalic fistulas resulted from failure to use a vein of adequate caliber. Failure of bovine artery heterograft AV fistulas resulted either from wound infection or from the use of a diseased artery that was incapable of delivering sufficient blood to keep the fistula open. Infection around a heterograft fistula frequently was associated with a lymphocele. The meticulous division, between clips or ligatures, of all tissues deep to the skin prevented lymphocele formation.", "contents": "Arteriovenous fistulas for long-term dialysis. Factors that influence fistula survival. We reviewed our total experience with arteriovenous (AV) fistulas for long-term hemodialysis. We are unable to show any significant difference in the survival of AV fistulas based either on the type of material used to create the fistulas or on their location. Complications encountered early in this experience largely were due to technical or judgmental errors. Thrombosis of radiocephalic fistulas resulted from failure to use a vein of adequate caliber. Failure of bovine artery heterograft AV fistulas resulted either from wound infection or from the use of a diseased artery that was incapable of delivering sufficient blood to keep the fistula open. Infection around a heterograft fistula frequently was associated with a lymphocele. The meticulous division, between clips or ligatures, of all tissues deep to the skin prevented lymphocele formation.", "PMID": 415701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8309", "title": "Biological characteristics of a stimulatory factor for viral replication detected in egg fluids.", "content": "Yolk sac and allantoic fluids and albumen from uninfected chicken eggs contain a low-molecular weight factor which, after 90 minutes of contact with cell cultures, significantly enhances viral replication. Of several viruses tested, Semliki Forest virus exhibited the highest (10(5)-fold) responsiveness to this enhancing factor. Maximal enhancement was obtained with cells subjected to low multiplicities of infection. The stimulation of viral replication was linear with the age of the cells in culture. The enhancing factor did not operate through an anti-interferon mechanism. However, it exerted a boosting effect on the low-grade cellular metabolism of ageing cell monolayers. Some of the physico-chemical features of the enhancing factor were determined and conjectures concerning its chemical makeup are discussed.", "contents": "Biological characteristics of a stimulatory factor for viral replication detected in egg fluids. Yolk sac and allantoic fluids and albumen from uninfected chicken eggs contain a low-molecular weight factor which, after 90 minutes of contact with cell cultures, significantly enhances viral replication. Of several viruses tested, Semliki Forest virus exhibited the highest (10(5)-fold) responsiveness to this enhancing factor. Maximal enhancement was obtained with cells subjected to low multiplicities of infection. The stimulation of viral replication was linear with the age of the cells in culture. The enhancing factor did not operate through an anti-interferon mechanism. However, it exerted a boosting effect on the low-grade cellular metabolism of ageing cell monolayers. Some of the physico-chemical features of the enhancing factor were determined and conjectures concerning its chemical makeup are discussed.", "PMID": 415702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8310", "title": "[Cellular composition of the lymph nodes of monkeys (rhesus macaque) under normal and experimental conditions].", "content": "By means of mathematical methods, quantitative and qualitative changes were studied in different structural components of the mesenteric (ileocecal) lymph nodes in normal monkeys (Macaca rhesus) and under per os administration of Salmonella typhi murium, streptomycin-dependent. Cellular composition was calculated in the cortical plateau, cortical (lymphoid) cords and in follicules. Average percent of every cell type was determined. Vaccine administration, was stated to inhibit cytopoiesis in the cortical plateau and in the follicules with light centers. An inverse correlation was noted between the content of small and medium size lymphocytes. Different reactivity of certain structural components in the lymph nodes was demonstrated. As a response to the vaccine administration, plasmocellular acidophilic and macrophagal reactions were most pronounced in the cortical (lymphoid) cords.", "contents": "[Cellular composition of the lymph nodes of monkeys (rhesus macaque) under normal and experimental conditions]. By means of mathematical methods, quantitative and qualitative changes were studied in different structural components of the mesenteric (ileocecal) lymph nodes in normal monkeys (Macaca rhesus) and under per os administration of Salmonella typhi murium, streptomycin-dependent. Cellular composition was calculated in the cortical plateau, cortical (lymphoid) cords and in follicules. Average percent of every cell type was determined. Vaccine administration, was stated to inhibit cytopoiesis in the cortical plateau and in the follicules with light centers. An inverse correlation was noted between the content of small and medium size lymphocytes. Different reactivity of certain structural components in the lymph nodes was demonstrated. As a response to the vaccine administration, plasmocellular acidophilic and macrophagal reactions were most pronounced in the cortical (lymphoid) cords.", "PMID": 415703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8311", "title": "[The autonomic division of oculomotor nerve nuclei in mammals and during human development].", "content": "Development of the vegetative component of the oculomotor nerve nuclei was studied in the main mammalia orders and in human ontogenesis. In phylogenesis parasympathetic nuclei of Jakubovitch--Edinger--Westphal and those of Perlia are formed later than somatic nuclei of the oculomotor nerve. The animals studied have, together with well developed somatic components of the oculomotor nerve nuclei, gomologues of parasympathetic nuclei, which are rather well developed in carnivores and monkeys. In human prenatal ontogenesis, somatic nuclei are formed first and then parasympathetic ones. Both parts of the oculomotor nerve nuclei are fully developed in adult man.", "contents": "[The autonomic division of oculomotor nerve nuclei in mammals and during human development]. Development of the vegetative component of the oculomotor nerve nuclei was studied in the main mammalia orders and in human ontogenesis. In phylogenesis parasympathetic nuclei of Jakubovitch--Edinger--Westphal and those of Perlia are formed later than somatic nuclei of the oculomotor nerve. The animals studied have, together with well developed somatic components of the oculomotor nerve nuclei, gomologues of parasympathetic nuclei, which are rather well developed in carnivores and monkeys. In human prenatal ontogenesis, somatic nuclei are formed first and then parasympathetic ones. Both parts of the oculomotor nerve nuclei are fully developed in adult man.", "PMID": 415704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8312", "title": "Prognostic factors in the survival of 1,484 stroke cases observed for 30 to 48 months. I. Diagnostic types and descriptive variables.", "content": "Survival and factors affecting survival were studied in 1,484 new cases of acute definite stroke occurring between Jan 1, 1970, and June 30, 1971, in Manitoba. The 962 infarctions, 279 hemorrhages, and 243 unidentified strokes were ascertained from hospital claim reports. Personal, clinical, and laboratory data were collected from hospital medical records, death certificates, and autopsy reports. Cases were followed up until Dec 31, 1973, to determine survival. Survival was significantly better in infarction than in hemorrhage, in subarachnoid hemorrhage than in intracerebral hemorrhage, in men than in women, in the young than in the old, in the married than in the single, in hemorrhage cases from rural areas than from urban areas, and in those discharged home than in those transferred to long-term care hospitals. These data may help in predicting the outcome of stroke and in planning for more efficient care.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in the survival of 1,484 stroke cases observed for 30 to 48 months. I. Diagnostic types and descriptive variables. Survival and factors affecting survival were studied in 1,484 new cases of acute definite stroke occurring between Jan 1, 1970, and June 30, 1971, in Manitoba. The 962 infarctions, 279 hemorrhages, and 243 unidentified strokes were ascertained from hospital claim reports. Personal, clinical, and laboratory data were collected from hospital medical records, death certificates, and autopsy reports. Cases were followed up until Dec 31, 1973, to determine survival. Survival was significantly better in infarction than in hemorrhage, in subarachnoid hemorrhage than in intracerebral hemorrhage, in men than in women, in the young than in the old, in the married than in the single, in hemorrhage cases from rural areas than from urban areas, and in those discharged home than in those transferred to long-term care hospitals. These data may help in predicting the outcome of stroke and in planning for more efficient care.", "PMID": 415705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8313", "title": "Multiple ocular anomalies associated with maternal LSD ingestion.", "content": "Severe ocular malformations, including microphthalmos, intraocular cartilage, cataract, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, and retinal dysplasia, occurred in a premature baby girl. The mother had ingested LSD during the first trimester of pregnancy. To our knowledge, this is the third case reported of ocular teratogenesis associated with maternal LSD ingestion. Further cases must be documented to establish an actual cause and effect relationship between the drug and the induced malformations.", "contents": "Multiple ocular anomalies associated with maternal LSD ingestion. Severe ocular malformations, including microphthalmos, intraocular cartilage, cataract, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, and retinal dysplasia, occurred in a premature baby girl. The mother had ingested LSD during the first trimester of pregnancy. To our knowledge, this is the third case reported of ocular teratogenesis associated with maternal LSD ingestion. Further cases must be documented to establish an actual cause and effect relationship between the drug and the induced malformations.", "PMID": 415706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8314", "title": "Aicardi's syndrome. Case report, clinical features, and electrophysiologic studies.", "content": "Aicardi's syndrome consists of abnormalities of the ocular fundus, myoclonic seizures, mental retardation, and congenital malformations of the brain and vertebral column in females. The pathognomonic chorioretinal lesions were noted on ophthalmologic examination of a 22-month-old girl, observed for 19 months with severe myoclonic seizures and profound mental retardation. Computerized tomography confirmed major malformation of the brain. Roentgenograms showed anterior fusion of two thoracic vertebrae. Electroretinography was normal, but visual evoked responses were abnormal. Only 72 children are known to have this syndrome; no affected siblings have been reported. The absolute sex limitation--all cases have been female--suggests that the disorder is produced by a mutation on one of the X chromosomes, and is nonviable in male conceptuses. These genetic considerations dramatically influence counseling of parents regarding likelihood of occurrence of the syndrome in subsequent offspring.", "contents": "Aicardi's syndrome. Case report, clinical features, and electrophysiologic studies. Aicardi's syndrome consists of abnormalities of the ocular fundus, myoclonic seizures, mental retardation, and congenital malformations of the brain and vertebral column in females. The pathognomonic chorioretinal lesions were noted on ophthalmologic examination of a 22-month-old girl, observed for 19 months with severe myoclonic seizures and profound mental retardation. Computerized tomography confirmed major malformation of the brain. Roentgenograms showed anterior fusion of two thoracic vertebrae. Electroretinography was normal, but visual evoked responses were abnormal. Only 72 children are known to have this syndrome; no affected siblings have been reported. The absolute sex limitation--all cases have been female--suggests that the disorder is produced by a mutation on one of the X chromosomes, and is nonviable in male conceptuses. These genetic considerations dramatically influence counseling of parents regarding likelihood of occurrence of the syndrome in subsequent offspring.", "PMID": 415707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8315", "title": "Ocular features of Aicardi's syndrome.", "content": "Four cases of Aicardi's syndrome are reported. The constant features of this syndrome are infantile spasms, chorioretinopathy, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. The chorioretinopathy appears to be a defect of the pigment epithelium and choroid without significant retinal involvement. Additional ocular features include microphthalmia, colobomas of the optic nerve and choroid, persistent pupillary membrane, and glial tissue extending from the disc. The cause of the syndrome is uncertain. It occurs only in females and is nonfamilial. A male lethal syndrome resulting from a gene on the X chromosome occurring as a spontaneous mutation has been suggested. The possible role of intrauterine infection needs further investigation.", "contents": "Ocular features of Aicardi's syndrome. Four cases of Aicardi's syndrome are reported. The constant features of this syndrome are infantile spasms, chorioretinopathy, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. The chorioretinopathy appears to be a defect of the pigment epithelium and choroid without significant retinal involvement. Additional ocular features include microphthalmia, colobomas of the optic nerve and choroid, persistent pupillary membrane, and glial tissue extending from the disc. The cause of the syndrome is uncertain. It occurs only in females and is nonfamilial. A male lethal syndrome resulting from a gene on the X chromosome occurring as a spontaneous mutation has been suggested. The possible role of intrauterine infection needs further investigation.", "PMID": 415708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8316", "title": "Experimental retinal vascular occlusion. I. Pathogenesis of central retinal vein occlusion.", "content": "In 45 eyes of rhesus monkeys, five types of central retinal vascular occlusion were produced by lateral orbitotomy: group 1, central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) alone; group 2, CRVO with simultaneous central retinal artery (CRA) occlusion; group 3, CRVO with transient clamping of the CRA for either 2 to 2 1/2 hours (group 3A) or 6 to 7 1/2 hours (group 3B); and group 4, CRVO with segmental retinal ischemia. The eyes were examined by fundus photography and fluorescein angiography for up to nine months. Group 1 developed venous stasis retinopathy (VSR) and group 3B hemorrhagic retinopathy (HR). In group 4 the ischemic and nonischemic segments of the retina developed segmental HR and VSR, respectively. Groups 2 and 3A developed neither VSR nor HR. Retinal capillary obliteration occurred in groups 2 and 3B and in the ischemic part of group 4, starting one to three weeks after the occlusion and progressing thereafter. These studies indicate that clinically co-called CRVO consists of two distinct entities: VSR and HR, with retinal ischemia playing an important role in the production of HR. On the basis of the present and other available information, the pathogenesis of CRVO was concluded to be multifactorial.", "contents": "Experimental retinal vascular occlusion. I. Pathogenesis of central retinal vein occlusion. In 45 eyes of rhesus monkeys, five types of central retinal vascular occlusion were produced by lateral orbitotomy: group 1, central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) alone; group 2, CRVO with simultaneous central retinal artery (CRA) occlusion; group 3, CRVO with transient clamping of the CRA for either 2 to 2 1/2 hours (group 3A) or 6 to 7 1/2 hours (group 3B); and group 4, CRVO with segmental retinal ischemia. The eyes were examined by fundus photography and fluorescein angiography for up to nine months. Group 1 developed venous stasis retinopathy (VSR) and group 3B hemorrhagic retinopathy (HR). In group 4 the ischemic and nonischemic segments of the retina developed segmental HR and VSR, respectively. Groups 2 and 3A developed neither VSR nor HR. Retinal capillary obliteration occurred in groups 2 and 3B and in the ischemic part of group 4, starting one to three weeks after the occlusion and progressing thereafter. These studies indicate that clinically co-called CRVO consists of two distinct entities: VSR and HR, with retinal ischemia playing an important role in the production of HR. On the basis of the present and other available information, the pathogenesis of CRVO was concluded to be multifactorial.", "PMID": 415709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8317", "title": "Traumatic corneal endothelial rings.", "content": "Nonpenetrating \"blast injuries\" to the eye in two patients resulted in multiple, small, corneal epithelial foreign bodies that were associated with characteristic ring-shaped opacities of the corneal endothelium. These endothelial lesions were clinically visible immediately after injury and became more pronounced during the next several hours. They disappeared within days and resulted in no permanent loss of visual acuity. This communication describes and illustrates the appearance of these endothelial lesions both clinically and in an animal model. Light and electron microscopic observations of an experimental model, with the use of monkey and rabbit eyes, revealed that the ring-shaped opacities resulted from swelling of the corneal endothelium, as well as accumulation of fibrin and leukocytes on the injured cells. Except for the epithelial impact site and the concussion injury of the endothelium, the cornea was uninvolved, and the stroma remained clear.", "contents": "Traumatic corneal endothelial rings. Nonpenetrating \"blast injuries\" to the eye in two patients resulted in multiple, small, corneal epithelial foreign bodies that were associated with characteristic ring-shaped opacities of the corneal endothelium. These endothelial lesions were clinically visible immediately after injury and became more pronounced during the next several hours. They disappeared within days and resulted in no permanent loss of visual acuity. This communication describes and illustrates the appearance of these endothelial lesions both clinically and in an animal model. Light and electron microscopic observations of an experimental model, with the use of monkey and rabbit eyes, revealed that the ring-shaped opacities resulted from swelling of the corneal endothelium, as well as accumulation of fibrin and leukocytes on the injured cells. Except for the epithelial impact site and the concussion injury of the endothelium, the cornea was uninvolved, and the stroma remained clear.", "PMID": 415710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8318", "title": "Treatment of asthma in children.", "content": "Children present a special problem, as the morbidity from asthma is high. Deaths occasionally occur. Evaluation of frequency and severity is mandatory in designing therapy. Adequate theophylline dosage is an effective bronchodilator. Nebulized salbutamol is a great advantage in moderate and moderately severe asthma because of its speed, ease of administration and effectiveness. Intravenous salbutamol is a considerable advance in the treatment of severe asthma. The use of nebulized Intal makes this drug available to the younger child for prophylaxis. Effective prophylactic long term management must include an environmental evaluation including detection of allergens and, if possible their removal, and the evaluation of physical pulmonary trigger factors and attention to emotional physical health.", "contents": "Treatment of asthma in children. Children present a special problem, as the morbidity from asthma is high. Deaths occasionally occur. Evaluation of frequency and severity is mandatory in designing therapy. Adequate theophylline dosage is an effective bronchodilator. Nebulized salbutamol is a great advantage in moderate and moderately severe asthma because of its speed, ease of administration and effectiveness. Intravenous salbutamol is a considerable advance in the treatment of severe asthma. The use of nebulized Intal makes this drug available to the younger child for prophylaxis. Effective prophylactic long term management must include an environmental evaluation including detection of allergens and, if possible their removal, and the evaluation of physical pulmonary trigger factors and attention to emotional physical health.", "PMID": 415712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8319", "title": "Vaccination for hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys.", "content": "Laboratory and field evidence indicates that a safe and effective procedure has been developed for vaccinating turkey poults against hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys. Vaccination is by drinking-water administration of turkey-spleen-propagated pheasant-origin live avirulent virus to 4 1/2-week-old-poults. The effect of vaccination was studied in a field location having recurrent 10-15% mortality and in a second location having recurrent mortality of 0.1-0.2%. The poults involved totaled 214,554.", "contents": "Vaccination for hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys. Laboratory and field evidence indicates that a safe and effective procedure has been developed for vaccinating turkey poults against hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys. Vaccination is by drinking-water administration of turkey-spleen-propagated pheasant-origin live avirulent virus to 4 1/2-week-old-poults. The effect of vaccination was studied in a field location having recurrent 10-15% mortality and in a second location having recurrent mortality of 0.1-0.2%. The poults involved totaled 214,554.", "PMID": 415726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8320", "title": "Pathology produced by, prevalence, of, and probable life-cycle of a species of Sarcocystis in the domestic fowl.", "content": "Sarcosporidiosis was found to be the cause of a severe myositis in 3 fowls in Papua New Guinea and 2 in Australia. This represented 3.8% of a series of fowls examined in Papua New Guinea. The overall prevalence of infection in these birds was 45%. Both epidemiological and experimental evidence suggested that the dog was the definitive host for this particular type of sarcocyst.", "contents": "Pathology produced by, prevalence, of, and probable life-cycle of a species of Sarcocystis in the domestic fowl. Sarcosporidiosis was found to be the cause of a severe myositis in 3 fowls in Papua New Guinea and 2 in Australia. This represented 3.8% of a series of fowls examined in Papua New Guinea. The overall prevalence of infection in these birds was 45%. Both epidemiological and experimental evidence suggested that the dog was the definitive host for this particular type of sarcocyst.", "PMID": 415727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8321", "title": "[Immune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia after peroral therapy with a penicillin derivative (phenoxymethylpenicillin)].", "content": "A previously apparently healthy male patient developed Coombs-positive haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia during phenoxymethylpenicilline intake. A drug dependent IgG red cell antibody was demonstrated in patient's serum. In vitro tests with patient's serum suggested formation of complexes involving penicilline which by complement mediated mechanisms were able to agglutinate red cells in saline medium. Platelet agglutinins were demonstrated in patient's serum but their drug dependence has not been fully elucidated. The mechanism of drug mediated autoantibody synthesis might have been involved in the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "[Immune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia after peroral therapy with a penicillin derivative (phenoxymethylpenicillin)]. A previously apparently healthy male patient developed Coombs-positive haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia during phenoxymethylpenicilline intake. A drug dependent IgG red cell antibody was demonstrated in patient's serum. In vitro tests with patient's serum suggested formation of complexes involving penicilline which by complement mediated mechanisms were able to agglutinate red cells in saline medium. Platelet agglutinins were demonstrated in patient's serum but their drug dependence has not been fully elucidated. The mechanism of drug mediated autoantibody synthesis might have been involved in the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 415731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8322", "title": "[Difficulties in the identification of serum M-component].", "content": "The essential criteria for M-component identification , according to precise M-component definition based on literature data, are cited. Problems and difficulties in M-component identification are illustrated on selected cases. It is pointed out that, beside of M-component, IgA/albumin (fig. 3) as well as Ig/anti IgG soluble complexes (fig. 6) may occasionally have the appearence of electrophoretically homogeneous serum protein fraction: if this is suspected the true nature of homogeneous fraction must be further elucidated. In addition, it is stressed that lipoprotein specific staining of electropherogramms, can be very helpfull in the detection of small or abscure serum M-components (fig. 5).", "contents": "[Difficulties in the identification of serum M-component]. The essential criteria for M-component identification , according to precise M-component definition based on literature data, are cited. Problems and difficulties in M-component identification are illustrated on selected cases. It is pointed out that, beside of M-component, IgA/albumin (fig. 3) as well as Ig/anti IgG soluble complexes (fig. 6) may occasionally have the appearence of electrophoretically homogeneous serum protein fraction: if this is suspected the true nature of homogeneous fraction must be further elucidated. In addition, it is stressed that lipoprotein specific staining of electropherogramms, can be very helpfull in the detection of small or abscure serum M-components (fig. 5).", "PMID": 415732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8323", "title": "A passive hemagglutination test for detecting bovine serum albumin antibodies.", "content": "A microtiter passive hemagglutination test is described for detecting and titrating antibodies in chickens. Chicken erythrocytes are coated with antigen (bovine serum albumin = BSA) in the presence of 0.25% glutaraldehyde. Such sensitized erythrocytes are agglutinated in the presence of antibodies against BSA. The sensitivity and specificity of the test are not affected by salt concentrations in the range of 0.9-9%. This test measures the course of antibody response in chickens immunized with BSA.", "contents": "A passive hemagglutination test for detecting bovine serum albumin antibodies. A microtiter passive hemagglutination test is described for detecting and titrating antibodies in chickens. Chicken erythrocytes are coated with antigen (bovine serum albumin = BSA) in the presence of 0.25% glutaraldehyde. Such sensitized erythrocytes are agglutinated in the presence of antibodies against BSA. The sensitivity and specificity of the test are not affected by salt concentrations in the range of 0.9-9%. This test measures the course of antibody response in chickens immunized with BSA.", "PMID": 415728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8324", "title": "Regulation of onset of development of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity towards o-aminophenol by glucocorticoids in late-foetal rat liver in utero.", "content": "1. A precocious development of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity (EC 2.4.1.17) towards o-aminophenol is demonstrated in 15-17 day foetal rat liver in utero after dexamethasone administration to the mother. 2. This stimulation of liver transferase activity in utero is directly proportional to the dose of dexamethasone infected. 3. Precocious development of transferase activity in utero can also be effected with the natural glucocorticoid cortisol by multiple injections of large amounts of this hormone into the mother. 4. Transferase activity towards o-aminophenolin foetal lung, kidney and upper alimentary tract can also be precociously stimulated by dexamethasone in 17-day foetuses in utero. 5. Natural development of hepatic transferase activity between days 18 and 20 of gestation is retarded after foetal hypophysectomy by decapitation in utero. 6. Overall glucuronidation of o-aminophenol, as observed in foetal rat liver, is also precociously stimulated by dexamethasone. 7. From this and from evidence previously presented we suggest that glucocorticoids, which are known to increase in rat foetuses between days 17 and 20 of gestation, trigger the normal development in utero of hepatic transferase activity towards o-aminophenol which occurs at that time. We also suggest that these hormones are responsible for the rise in activity of the enzyme in foetal lung, kidney and upper alimentary tract which occurs during the same gestational period.", "contents": "Regulation of onset of development of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity towards o-aminophenol by glucocorticoids in late-foetal rat liver in utero. 1. A precocious development of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity (EC 2.4.1.17) towards o-aminophenol is demonstrated in 15-17 day foetal rat liver in utero after dexamethasone administration to the mother. 2. This stimulation of liver transferase activity in utero is directly proportional to the dose of dexamethasone infected. 3. Precocious development of transferase activity in utero can also be effected with the natural glucocorticoid cortisol by multiple injections of large amounts of this hormone into the mother. 4. Transferase activity towards o-aminophenolin foetal lung, kidney and upper alimentary tract can also be precociously stimulated by dexamethasone in 17-day foetuses in utero. 5. Natural development of hepatic transferase activity between days 18 and 20 of gestation is retarded after foetal hypophysectomy by decapitation in utero. 6. Overall glucuronidation of o-aminophenol, as observed in foetal rat liver, is also precociously stimulated by dexamethasone. 7. From this and from evidence previously presented we suggest that glucocorticoids, which are known to increase in rat foetuses between days 17 and 20 of gestation, trigger the normal development in utero of hepatic transferase activity towards o-aminophenol which occurs at that time. We also suggest that these hormones are responsible for the rise in activity of the enzyme in foetal lung, kidney and upper alimentary tract which occurs during the same gestational period.", "PMID": 415733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8325", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase activity in mammalian skeletal and cardiac muscle.", "content": "1. The presence of extravascular carbonic anhydrase activity in skeletal muscle, and its absence from cardiac muscle, were demonstrated in the rat. 2. The activity in skeletal muscle is approximately correlated with the proportion of dark fibres present in the middle fibre bundles.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase activity in mammalian skeletal and cardiac muscle. 1. The presence of extravascular carbonic anhydrase activity in skeletal muscle, and its absence from cardiac muscle, were demonstrated in the rat. 2. The activity in skeletal muscle is approximately correlated with the proportion of dark fibres present in the middle fibre bundles.", "PMID": 415734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8326", "title": "A species difference in nucleoside phosphorylase activity and inosine-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated islets of Langerhans.", "content": "Inosine is a potent simulant of insulin release from rat but not from rabbit islets of Langerhans. Further investigation showed that nucleoside phosphorylase activity is exceptionally low in rabbit islets. The ability of inosine to promote insulin release seems to be related to islet nucleoside phosphorylase activity, which can display marked species differences.", "contents": "A species difference in nucleoside phosphorylase activity and inosine-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated islets of Langerhans. Inosine is a potent simulant of insulin release from rat but not from rabbit islets of Langerhans. Further investigation showed that nucleoside phosphorylase activity is exceptionally low in rabbit islets. The ability of inosine to promote insulin release seems to be related to islet nucleoside phosphorylase activity, which can display marked species differences.", "PMID": 415735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8327", "title": "The fractionation of histones isolated from Euglena gracilis.", "content": "1. The histones of Euglena gracilis were separated by gel filtration into five fractions. 2. Each fraction was characterized in terms of its electrophoretic, solubility and compositional properties. 3. Euglena gracilis clearly contains histones corresponding to vertebrate H1, H2B, H3 and H4 fractions, although they all differ in containing more lysine. 4. The remaining Euglena histone is considered to be homologous to vertebrate histone H2A, but it differs in having a much higher ratio of lysine to arginine. 5. The Euglena histone H1 appears to be lacking in aspartic acid. 6. Electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate indicates that the molecular weights of the Euglena histones are close to those of the homologous vertebrate histones.", "contents": "The fractionation of histones isolated from Euglena gracilis. 1. The histones of Euglena gracilis were separated by gel filtration into five fractions. 2. Each fraction was characterized in terms of its electrophoretic, solubility and compositional properties. 3. Euglena gracilis clearly contains histones corresponding to vertebrate H1, H2B, H3 and H4 fractions, although they all differ in containing more lysine. 4. The remaining Euglena histone is considered to be homologous to vertebrate histone H2A, but it differs in having a much higher ratio of lysine to arginine. 5. The Euglena histone H1 appears to be lacking in aspartic acid. 6. Electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate indicates that the molecular weights of the Euglena histones are close to those of the homologous vertebrate histones.", "PMID": 415736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8328", "title": "Structural requirements in the reaction of morphine uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase with opioid substances.", "content": "The influence of the 3-hydroxyl and N-alkyl groups in the reactivity of narcotic compounds with morphine UDP-glucuronyltransferase was studied. Opioids possessing both, one or none of these groups were tested for inhibition of morphine glucuronidation in rabbit liver microsomal preparations. Compounds with only a 3-hydroxyl group (normorphine) or an N-methyl group (codeine, ethylmorphine) were less potent competitive inhibitors than those containing both groups (dextrorphan). Norcodeine, with neither of these groups, had no inhibitory effect. The synthetic narcotics (+)- and (-)-methadone, (-)-alpha-acetylmethadol and meperidine, with only an N-alkyl group, were effective competitive inhibitors. No stereoselectivity of the morphine glucuronyltransferase for opioid isomers was observed, and [methionine]enkephalin does not react with morphine glucuronyltransferase. Differences of pKa values and water/lipid solubility of narcotics could not explain the effects. Results indicate that the N-alkyl group plays a critical role in the interaction of narcotics with the morphine UDP-glucuronyltransferase.", "contents": "Structural requirements in the reaction of morphine uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase with opioid substances. The influence of the 3-hydroxyl and N-alkyl groups in the reactivity of narcotic compounds with morphine UDP-glucuronyltransferase was studied. Opioids possessing both, one or none of these groups were tested for inhibition of morphine glucuronidation in rabbit liver microsomal preparations. Compounds with only a 3-hydroxyl group (normorphine) or an N-methyl group (codeine, ethylmorphine) were less potent competitive inhibitors than those containing both groups (dextrorphan). Norcodeine, with neither of these groups, had no inhibitory effect. The synthetic narcotics (+)- and (-)-methadone, (-)-alpha-acetylmethadol and meperidine, with only an N-alkyl group, were effective competitive inhibitors. No stereoselectivity of the morphine glucuronyltransferase for opioid isomers was observed, and [methionine]enkephalin does not react with morphine glucuronyltransferase. Differences of pKa values and water/lipid solubility of narcotics could not explain the effects. Results indicate that the N-alkyl group plays a critical role in the interaction of narcotics with the morphine UDP-glucuronyltransferase.", "PMID": 415737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8329", "title": "Reversible inhibitors of penicillinases.", "content": "Reversible competitive inhibitors of a penicillinase, beta-lactamase 1 from Bacillus cereus, were studied. These represent the first inhibitors of a penicillinase that lack the beta-lactam ring. The products of the enzymic reaction, namely penicilloic acids, are inhibitors; their decarboxylation products, the penilloic acids, are also inhibitors, and have somewhat lower Ki values. Inhibitors have been prepared from benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethyl-penicillin, methicillin (2,6-dimethoxybenzamidopenicillanic acid) and 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzamidopenicillanic acid. Decarboxylation of the penicilloic acids from benzyl-penicillin, or from phenoxymethylpenicillin, leads to epimerization (at C-5) of the penilloic acid. Nuclear-magnetic resonance spectroscopy at a frequency of 270 MHz can distinguish the epimers. Other competitive inhibitors studied were boric acid, benzene boronic acid and m-aminobenzeneboronic acid. Boric acid itself was the best inhibitor of beta-lactamase I so far found.", "contents": "Reversible inhibitors of penicillinases. Reversible competitive inhibitors of a penicillinase, beta-lactamase 1 from Bacillus cereus, were studied. These represent the first inhibitors of a penicillinase that lack the beta-lactam ring. The products of the enzymic reaction, namely penicilloic acids, are inhibitors; their decarboxylation products, the penilloic acids, are also inhibitors, and have somewhat lower Ki values. Inhibitors have been prepared from benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethyl-penicillin, methicillin (2,6-dimethoxybenzamidopenicillanic acid) and 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzamidopenicillanic acid. Decarboxylation of the penicilloic acids from benzyl-penicillin, or from phenoxymethylpenicillin, leads to epimerization (at C-5) of the penilloic acid. Nuclear-magnetic resonance spectroscopy at a frequency of 270 MHz can distinguish the epimers. Other competitive inhibitors studied were boric acid, benzene boronic acid and m-aminobenzeneboronic acid. Boric acid itself was the best inhibitor of beta-lactamase I so far found.", "PMID": 415738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8330", "title": "Vitamin A receptors. Retinoic acid binding in ocular tissues.", "content": "Analysis of the sucrose-density-gradient patterns of the 110 000g supernatant fractions of adult and foetal retina and pigment epithelium showed them to contain a limited number of highly specific binding sites ('receptors') for [3H]retinoic acid that sediment at approx. 2S. Binding in pigment epithelium is higher than in any tissue yet reported. A 5S binding component is also observed and is probably due to serum contamination. Fractionation studies indicate that [3H]retinoic acid binding in the retina is lower in the photoreceptor units than in the retinal inner layers. This is in contrast with previous results that show greater [3H]retinol binding in photoreceptors. Studies with dystrophic human and rat retinas, which lack the photoreceptor layers, confirm that [3H]retinoic acid binding is greater in the non-photoreceptor layers of the retina. No specific [3H]retinoic acid binding is found in corneal epithelium, although endothelium and the conjunctiva demonstrate specific 2S binding. Such differences in retinol and retinoic acid binding may indicate different roles for the two compounds in ocular tissues.", "contents": "Vitamin A receptors. Retinoic acid binding in ocular tissues. Analysis of the sucrose-density-gradient patterns of the 110 000g supernatant fractions of adult and foetal retina and pigment epithelium showed them to contain a limited number of highly specific binding sites ('receptors') for [3H]retinoic acid that sediment at approx. 2S. Binding in pigment epithelium is higher than in any tissue yet reported. A 5S binding component is also observed and is probably due to serum contamination. Fractionation studies indicate that [3H]retinoic acid binding in the retina is lower in the photoreceptor units than in the retinal inner layers. This is in contrast with previous results that show greater [3H]retinol binding in photoreceptors. Studies with dystrophic human and rat retinas, which lack the photoreceptor layers, confirm that [3H]retinoic acid binding is greater in the non-photoreceptor layers of the retina. No specific [3H]retinoic acid binding is found in corneal epithelium, although endothelium and the conjunctiva demonstrate specific 2S binding. Such differences in retinol and retinoic acid binding may indicate different roles for the two compounds in ocular tissues.", "PMID": 415739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8331", "title": "Nature of collagens synthesized by monkey periodontal-ligament fibroblasts in vitro.", "content": "1. First subcultures of fibroblast-like cells from adult monkey periodontal ligament were incubated in the presence of 14C-labelled amino acids and produced significant amounts of type-I and type-III collagens. 2. The proportion of type-III collagen produced was calculated on the basis of the recovery of procollagens from DEAE-cellulose chromatography to be approx. 20%, and at least 10% when analysed as collagens on CM-cellulose chromatography. 3. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the procollagens, the collagens and their CNBr peptides was used to confirm the identity of the collagen types. 4. In serum-free media extensive conversion of type-I procollagen, but not of type-III procollagen, into collagen was observed, suggesting that a specific type-I procollagen peptidase was produced. 5. The pattern of collagen synthesis was not significantly different from that obtained with fibroblasts derived from skin corium of the same animals.", "contents": "Nature of collagens synthesized by monkey periodontal-ligament fibroblasts in vitro. 1. First subcultures of fibroblast-like cells from adult monkey periodontal ligament were incubated in the presence of 14C-labelled amino acids and produced significant amounts of type-I and type-III collagens. 2. The proportion of type-III collagen produced was calculated on the basis of the recovery of procollagens from DEAE-cellulose chromatography to be approx. 20%, and at least 10% when analysed as collagens on CM-cellulose chromatography. 3. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the procollagens, the collagens and their CNBr peptides was used to confirm the identity of the collagen types. 4. In serum-free media extensive conversion of type-I procollagen, but not of type-III procollagen, into collagen was observed, suggesting that a specific type-I procollagen peptidase was produced. 5. The pattern of collagen synthesis was not significantly different from that obtained with fibroblasts derived from skin corium of the same animals.", "PMID": 415740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8332", "title": "[Autoradiographic studies on the distribution of 14C-piracetam in the simian brain].", "content": "Autoradiography of the brain of the monkey Callithrix jacchus 2 and 6 h after oral application of 200 mg 14C-piracetam/kg (2-oxo-pyrrolidine-l-acetamide-2-14C) shows that the drug is preferably concentrated in the cortex of cerebrum and cerebellum. This specific affinity of piracetam which was observed earlier in dog and rat is thus confirmed in the primate and seems to be species independent. Beside the dominant cortical concentration there is a characteristic storage of piracetam in many nuclei of other brain areas, for instance, nucleus caudatus, hippocampus, n. anteriores thalami, n. dorsales thalami, corpus geniculatum laterale and mediale, corpora mamillaria, nucleus supraopticus, substantia grisea centralis, colliculi superiores and inferiores. Furthermore piracetam is stored in the blood vessel wall of the brain over 6 h. The hypophysis and pineal body take up radioactivity intensively.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic studies on the distribution of 14C-piracetam in the simian brain]. Autoradiography of the brain of the monkey Callithrix jacchus 2 and 6 h after oral application of 200 mg 14C-piracetam/kg (2-oxo-pyrrolidine-l-acetamide-2-14C) shows that the drug is preferably concentrated in the cortex of cerebrum and cerebellum. This specific affinity of piracetam which was observed earlier in dog and rat is thus confirmed in the primate and seems to be species independent. Beside the dominant cortical concentration there is a characteristic storage of piracetam in many nuclei of other brain areas, for instance, nucleus caudatus, hippocampus, n. anteriores thalami, n. dorsales thalami, corpus geniculatum laterale and mediale, corpora mamillaria, nucleus supraopticus, substantia grisea centralis, colliculi superiores and inferiores. Furthermore piracetam is stored in the blood vessel wall of the brain over 6 h. The hypophysis and pineal body take up radioactivity intensively.", "PMID": 415743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8333", "title": "[Insulin and pro-insulin secretion following intravenous administration of tolbutamide, glisoxepide and glibenclamide].", "content": "12 metabolically healthy subjects were i.v. administered equipotent doses (ED30) of tolbutamide (7.5 mg/kg), glisoxepide (0.02 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (0.006 mg/kg). Prior to and 2, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 120 min after the injection the following serum parameters were determined: blood glucose, immunologically measurable insulin (IMI) with the double-antibody method (Hales and Randle) and proinsulin (IMP) enzymatically (ISP-method). The maximum level of insulin follows the injection of tolbutamide with a value of 70.5 micronU/ml after 2 min, of glisoxepide after 5 min (67.0 micronU/ml) and of glibenclamide after 20 min (32.3 micronU/ml). The proinsulin fraction of the total insulin shows a level of 12.5 micronU/ml before the test. After the administration of the three compounds proinsulin increases, too, but reaches only 20-40% of the total immunoreactive insulin. The amount of secreted insulin and proinsulin during the 120-min test is rather the same for the three substances. The average increase of insulin is nearly identical for tolbutamide and glisoxepide, whereas it is less for glibenclamide. Both the mean blood sugar depression and the highest mean increase of proinsulin is reached after glisoxepide. The significance of the one-chain precursor of insulin as a part of the sulfonylurea stimulated total insulin for glucose depression is discussed.", "contents": "[Insulin and pro-insulin secretion following intravenous administration of tolbutamide, glisoxepide and glibenclamide]. 12 metabolically healthy subjects were i.v. administered equipotent doses (ED30) of tolbutamide (7.5 mg/kg), glisoxepide (0.02 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (0.006 mg/kg). Prior to and 2, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 120 min after the injection the following serum parameters were determined: blood glucose, immunologically measurable insulin (IMI) with the double-antibody method (Hales and Randle) and proinsulin (IMP) enzymatically (ISP-method). The maximum level of insulin follows the injection of tolbutamide with a value of 70.5 micronU/ml after 2 min, of glisoxepide after 5 min (67.0 micronU/ml) and of glibenclamide after 20 min (32.3 micronU/ml). The proinsulin fraction of the total insulin shows a level of 12.5 micronU/ml before the test. After the administration of the three compounds proinsulin increases, too, but reaches only 20-40% of the total immunoreactive insulin. The amount of secreted insulin and proinsulin during the 120-min test is rather the same for the three substances. The average increase of insulin is nearly identical for tolbutamide and glisoxepide, whereas it is less for glibenclamide. Both the mean blood sugar depression and the highest mean increase of proinsulin is reached after glisoxepide. The significance of the one-chain precursor of insulin as a part of the sulfonylurea stimulated total insulin for glucose depression is discussed.", "PMID": 415745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8334", "title": "Connective tissue composition of aortas from non-human primates. A comparative study.", "content": "Connective tissue composition of aortas from several non-human primate species has been studied in an effort to relate collagen, elastin, ang glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content to species susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Among the species studied the baboon contained the highest content of GAG in the aorta. While the distribution of individual GAG varied from species to species, heparan sulfate (HS) was the highest GAG in aortas from most of the species. The ratio of HS to chondroitin sulfates (CS) plus dermatan sulfate (DS) was lowest in the baboon, a species relatively less susceptible to atherosclerosis, and highest in the squirrel monkey, a very susceptible primate. If a relationship exists between HS to CS + DS ratio in the aorta and atherosclerosis, the primates can be arranged in the following decreasing order of susceptibility: squirrel, chimpanzee, stump-tailed, rhesus, African green, patas, baboon. In studies of other connective tissue components, the proportion of total collagen to elastin was found lowest in the baboon. Such observations emphasize the importance of connective tissue in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Connective tissue composition of aortas from non-human primates. A comparative study. Connective tissue composition of aortas from several non-human primate species has been studied in an effort to relate collagen, elastin, ang glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content to species susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Among the species studied the baboon contained the highest content of GAG in the aorta. While the distribution of individual GAG varied from species to species, heparan sulfate (HS) was the highest GAG in aortas from most of the species. The ratio of HS to chondroitin sulfates (CS) plus dermatan sulfate (DS) was lowest in the baboon, a species relatively less susceptible to atherosclerosis, and highest in the squirrel monkey, a very susceptible primate. If a relationship exists between HS to CS + DS ratio in the aorta and atherosclerosis, the primates can be arranged in the following decreasing order of susceptibility: squirrel, chimpanzee, stump-tailed, rhesus, African green, patas, baboon. In studies of other connective tissue components, the proportion of total collagen to elastin was found lowest in the baboon. Such observations emphasize the importance of connective tissue in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 415748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8335", "title": "Slow virus E malattie croniche del sistema nervoso centrale.", "content": "The purpose of this report was to detect whether some subacute or chronic human neurological diseases are significantly associated with traditional virus like papovavirus and paramixovirus and non conventional agents (scrapie-like) or non classified (multiple sclerosis associated agent or MSAA). In this connection for M.S. the data concerning the ethiological factors paramixovirus or MSSA are presented and discussed and it is hypothesized the virus mechanism in the pathogenesis of M.S.", "contents": "Slow virus E malattie croniche del sistema nervoso centrale. The purpose of this report was to detect whether some subacute or chronic human neurological diseases are significantly associated with traditional virus like papovavirus and paramixovirus and non conventional agents (scrapie-like) or non classified (multiple sclerosis associated agent or MSAA). In this connection for M.S. the data concerning the ethiological factors paramixovirus or MSSA are presented and discussed and it is hypothesized the virus mechanism in the pathogenesis of M.S.", "PMID": 415749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8336", "title": "Studies of HLA antigens in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "This review describes the presently available data on HLA typing in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Almost 2,000 MS patients and 12,000 normal controls have been studied with HLA typing in 15 different laboratories. The combined data show remarkably homogeneous results, and are as summarized: an increased frequency of HLA-Dw2 of B7, B8, Bw18, A3, and A1. A decreased frequency of A2, A28, B12, Bw15, Bw17, Bw22, and Bw40. Analysis of data seems to indicate that the HLA linked MS susceptibility gene is linked to HLA-Dw2, and the other deviating HLA antigen frequencies, except B8, may be explained as a secondary phenomenon, due to linkage disequilibrium. The presented data do not allow any conclusions as to whether the MS susceptibility gene operates in a dominant or recessive way. The important of HLA as a marker for disease and MS in particular is discussed, and preliminary data on HLA studies of MS patients of other ethnic groups, notably American blacks, seem to indicate that genetically determined ethnic differences, notably those of HLA, may partly be responsible for the unique geographic distribution of the disease.", "contents": "Studies of HLA antigens in multiple sclerosis. This review describes the presently available data on HLA typing in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Almost 2,000 MS patients and 12,000 normal controls have been studied with HLA typing in 15 different laboratories. The combined data show remarkably homogeneous results, and are as summarized: an increased frequency of HLA-Dw2 of B7, B8, Bw18, A3, and A1. A decreased frequency of A2, A28, B12, Bw15, Bw17, Bw22, and Bw40. Analysis of data seems to indicate that the HLA linked MS susceptibility gene is linked to HLA-Dw2, and the other deviating HLA antigen frequencies, except B8, may be explained as a secondary phenomenon, due to linkage disequilibrium. The presented data do not allow any conclusions as to whether the MS susceptibility gene operates in a dominant or recessive way. The important of HLA as a marker for disease and MS in particular is discussed, and preliminary data on HLA studies of MS patients of other ethnic groups, notably American blacks, seem to indicate that genetically determined ethnic differences, notably those of HLA, may partly be responsible for the unique geographic distribution of the disease.", "PMID": 415750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8337", "title": "The significance of a low amniotic fluid creatinine and a mature lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio.", "content": "Creatinine levels were measured in 546 specimens of amniotic fluid with a lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of 2.5 or more. With amniotic fluid creatinine levels below the normal range, 3 of 6 infants had major congenital abnormalities and two had severe rhesus isoimmunization; 3 of the infants died. Of 514 cases with amniotic fluid creatinine levels within the normal range (mean +/- 2 SD), 13 babies (2.5%) had major congenital abnormalities but only one of the babies died, giving a perinatal mortality rate of 0.2%. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "The significance of a low amniotic fluid creatinine and a mature lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. Creatinine levels were measured in 546 specimens of amniotic fluid with a lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of 2.5 or more. With amniotic fluid creatinine levels below the normal range, 3 of 6 infants had major congenital abnormalities and two had severe rhesus isoimmunization; 3 of the infants died. Of 514 cases with amniotic fluid creatinine levels within the normal range (mean +/- 2 SD), 13 babies (2.5%) had major congenital abnormalities but only one of the babies died, giving a perinatal mortality rate of 0.2%. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 415753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8338", "title": "Maternal anticonvulsants and optic nerve hypoplasia.", "content": "Seven patients with optic nerve hypoplasia, born of epileptic mothers, are presented. All the mothers took anticonvulsants during pregnancy. The possibility that maternal anticonvulsant therapy may play a role in the genesis of optic nerve hypoplasia is discussed in the light of what is known about the teratogenicity of these agents.", "contents": "Maternal anticonvulsants and optic nerve hypoplasia. Seven patients with optic nerve hypoplasia, born of epileptic mothers, are presented. All the mothers took anticonvulsants during pregnancy. The possibility that maternal anticonvulsant therapy may play a role in the genesis of optic nerve hypoplasia is discussed in the light of what is known about the teratogenicity of these agents.", "PMID": 415754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8339", "title": "Effect of age, weight and adequacy of zinc intake on the balance between alkaline ribonuclease and ribonuclease inhibitor in various tissues of the rat.", "content": "1. Deficiency of zinc inhibits growth and also increases the activity of alkaline ribonuclease in certain tissues of the rat (Prasad & Oberleas, 1973). Zn could influence ribonuclease activity by direct effects on the enzyme or its natural inhibitor, or non-specifically as occurs when growth rate is affected by various other factors. These possibilities were studied. 2. Alkaline ribonuclease was shown to be inhibited by Zn in vitro, but the concentrations of Zn required were so high that the enzyme was probably not directly affected by changes in tissue Zn concentration caused by dietary deficiency. 3. At lower concentrations, Zn added in vitro increased the activity of alkaline ribonuclease in tissue homogenates probably by inactivating the inhibitor of the enzyme. 4. Age, weight and particularly food restriction caused tissue-specific alterations of ribonuclease and ribonuclease inhibitor concentrations in liver, kidney, oesophagus, testis and thymus. 5. The ribonuclease activities in liver, kidney and testis of Zn-deficient rats were unaltered in comparison with those of pair-fed rats. In thymus, which decreased in weight in the Zn-deficient animals, there was a concomitant increase in ribonuclease activity, but in oesophagus, the deficiency reduced the activity of ribonuclease. 6. The effects of Zn deficiency upon alkaline ribonuclease and its inhibitor are probably secondary consequences of reductions in food intake or growth.", "contents": "Effect of age, weight and adequacy of zinc intake on the balance between alkaline ribonuclease and ribonuclease inhibitor in various tissues of the rat. 1. Deficiency of zinc inhibits growth and also increases the activity of alkaline ribonuclease in certain tissues of the rat (Prasad & Oberleas, 1973). Zn could influence ribonuclease activity by direct effects on the enzyme or its natural inhibitor, or non-specifically as occurs when growth rate is affected by various other factors. These possibilities were studied. 2. Alkaline ribonuclease was shown to be inhibited by Zn in vitro, but the concentrations of Zn required were so high that the enzyme was probably not directly affected by changes in tissue Zn concentration caused by dietary deficiency. 3. At lower concentrations, Zn added in vitro increased the activity of alkaline ribonuclease in tissue homogenates probably by inactivating the inhibitor of the enzyme. 4. Age, weight and particularly food restriction caused tissue-specific alterations of ribonuclease and ribonuclease inhibitor concentrations in liver, kidney, oesophagus, testis and thymus. 5. The ribonuclease activities in liver, kidney and testis of Zn-deficient rats were unaltered in comparison with those of pair-fed rats. In thymus, which decreased in weight in the Zn-deficient animals, there was a concomitant increase in ribonuclease activity, but in oesophagus, the deficiency reduced the activity of ribonuclease. 6. The effects of Zn deficiency upon alkaline ribonuclease and its inhibitor are probably secondary consequences of reductions in food intake or growth.", "PMID": 415757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8340", "title": "Further studies on the enzymatic conversion of prostaglandin endoperoxide into prostacyclin by porcine aorta microsomes.", "content": "A simple, rapid radiochemical assay for prostacyclin synthesis has been used to characterize the enzyme in arterial walls which converts prostaglandin endoperoxides to prostacyclin. The enzyme displays a broad pH optimum, and catalyses a rapid conversion of saturating concentrations of the endoperoxide at 37 degrees C. Hydroperoxides of several unsaturated fatty acids are potent inhibitors of the enzyme, and act in a time dependent manner. The isomerase which converts prostaglandin endoperoxides to prostaglandin E2 or D2 was not detected in the arterial wall.", "contents": "Further studies on the enzymatic conversion of prostaglandin endoperoxide into prostacyclin by porcine aorta microsomes. A simple, rapid radiochemical assay for prostacyclin synthesis has been used to characterize the enzyme in arterial walls which converts prostaglandin endoperoxides to prostacyclin. The enzyme displays a broad pH optimum, and catalyses a rapid conversion of saturating concentrations of the endoperoxide at 37 degrees C. Hydroperoxides of several unsaturated fatty acids are potent inhibitors of the enzyme, and act in a time dependent manner. The isomerase which converts prostaglandin endoperoxides to prostaglandin E2 or D2 was not detected in the arterial wall.", "PMID": 415760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8341", "title": "Immobilized bovine lactose synthase. A method of topographical analysis of the active site.", "content": "Bovine galactosyltransferase (UDPgalactose: D-glucose 4beta-galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.22) was covalently coupled to Sepharose 4B by reaction at pH 5.0 with the activated mixed disulfide Sepharose-glutathione-2(5-nitropyridyl)-disulfide. The Sepharose-protein conjugate was presumably coupled via the unique highly reactive cysteine of those thiols on the bovine enzyme. The gel-bound N-acetyllactosamine and lactose synthase activity of about 0.4% was consistent with the affects of diffusion and the 90% activity reduction noted upon thiol modification of the dissolved enzyme. The residual lactose biosynthetic activity of the bound enzyme appeared possible only if the reactive thiol were physically distinct from the active site since the bulky Sepharose-glutathione group must not obscure the alpha-lactalbumin binding region.", "contents": "Immobilized bovine lactose synthase. A method of topographical analysis of the active site. Bovine galactosyltransferase (UDPgalactose: D-glucose 4beta-galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.22) was covalently coupled to Sepharose 4B by reaction at pH 5.0 with the activated mixed disulfide Sepharose-glutathione-2(5-nitropyridyl)-disulfide. The Sepharose-protein conjugate was presumably coupled via the unique highly reactive cysteine of those thiols on the bovine enzyme. The gel-bound N-acetyllactosamine and lactose synthase activity of about 0.4% was consistent with the affects of diffusion and the 90% activity reduction noted upon thiol modification of the dissolved enzyme. The residual lactose biosynthetic activity of the bound enzyme appeared possible only if the reactive thiol were physically distinct from the active site since the bulky Sepharose-glutathione group must not obscure the alpha-lactalbumin binding region.", "PMID": 415761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8342", "title": "Demonstration of 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity in various rat tissues. Some properties of the enzyme from rat lung.", "content": "An enzyme (5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase) that catalyzes the phosphorolytic cleavage of 5'-methylthioadenosine to 5-methylthioadenosine to 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate and adenine was found in various rat tissues. Liver and lung had the highest enzyme activities and heart the lowest, most of the activity (greater than 90%) was recovered in soluble tissue fractions. The enzyme from rat lung was purified about 30-fold by pH treatment (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, and gel filtration. The enzyme did not require an added metal-ion for activity, and was not inhibited by EDTA. Many compounds were tested for their inhibitory effects; of these, ribose 1-phosphate, 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate, fructose 1-phosphate, adenine and guanine were shown to inhibit. Kinetic patterns on reciprocal plots were linear as a function of the concentration of either 5'-methylthioadenosine or phosphate. More detailed kinetic studies suggested that the rat lung 5'-methylioadenosine phosphorylase catalyzes an equilibrium-ordered reaction, and that 5'-methylthioadenosine is the first substrate to bind and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate is the first product to be released.", "contents": "Demonstration of 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase activity in various rat tissues. Some properties of the enzyme from rat lung. An enzyme (5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase) that catalyzes the phosphorolytic cleavage of 5'-methylthioadenosine to 5-methylthioadenosine to 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate and adenine was found in various rat tissues. Liver and lung had the highest enzyme activities and heart the lowest, most of the activity (greater than 90%) was recovered in soluble tissue fractions. The enzyme from rat lung was purified about 30-fold by pH treatment (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, and gel filtration. The enzyme did not require an added metal-ion for activity, and was not inhibited by EDTA. Many compounds were tested for their inhibitory effects; of these, ribose 1-phosphate, 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate, fructose 1-phosphate, adenine and guanine were shown to inhibit. Kinetic patterns on reciprocal plots were linear as a function of the concentration of either 5'-methylthioadenosine or phosphate. More detailed kinetic studies suggested that the rat lung 5'-methylioadenosine phosphorylase catalyzes an equilibrium-ordered reaction, and that 5'-methylthioadenosine is the first substrate to bind and 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate is the first product to be released.", "PMID": 415762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8343", "title": "Effects of staphylococcin 1580 on cells and membrane vesicles of Bacillus subtilis W23.", "content": "1. Uptake of L-glutamic acid is inhibited, and preaccumulated L-glutamic acid is released from Bacillus subtilis cells treated with staphylococcin 1580. Uptake of alpha-methylglycoside is enhanced at low bacteriocin concentrations and inhibited by excess bacteriocin. 2. Inhibition of amino acid uptake into membrane vesicles is somewhat less sensitive to staphylococcin 1580 than uptake into whole cells under similar conditions, when the bacteriocin concentration is expressed per weight unit of membrane protein. Inhibition of uptake into vesicles is independent of the electron donor system used, but varies with different substrates. 3. Influx of L-glutamic acid into vesicles under anaerobic conditions is severely hampered by staphylococcin 1580. The L-glutamic acid carrier functions are slightly affected only. 4. Staphylococcin 1580 abolished the membrane potential induced by respiration or by a potassium diffusion potential in the presence of valinomycin, as measured with the fluorescent dye 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine. 5. The effects of staphylococcin 1580 on cells and membrane vesicles allowed the classification into three groups with different sensitivity to the staphylococcin concentration.", "contents": "Effects of staphylococcin 1580 on cells and membrane vesicles of Bacillus subtilis W23. 1. Uptake of L-glutamic acid is inhibited, and preaccumulated L-glutamic acid is released from Bacillus subtilis cells treated with staphylococcin 1580. Uptake of alpha-methylglycoside is enhanced at low bacteriocin concentrations and inhibited by excess bacteriocin. 2. Inhibition of amino acid uptake into membrane vesicles is somewhat less sensitive to staphylococcin 1580 than uptake into whole cells under similar conditions, when the bacteriocin concentration is expressed per weight unit of membrane protein. Inhibition of uptake into vesicles is independent of the electron donor system used, but varies with different substrates. 3. Influx of L-glutamic acid into vesicles under anaerobic conditions is severely hampered by staphylococcin 1580. The L-glutamic acid carrier functions are slightly affected only. 4. Staphylococcin 1580 abolished the membrane potential induced by respiration or by a potassium diffusion potential in the presence of valinomycin, as measured with the fluorescent dye 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine. 5. The effects of staphylococcin 1580 on cells and membrane vesicles allowed the classification into three groups with different sensitivity to the staphylococcin concentration.", "PMID": 415763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8344", "title": "Plasma phencyclidine pharmacokinetics in dog and monkey using a gas chromatography selected ion monitoring assay.", "content": "Phencyclidine was determined by gas chromatography selected ion monitoring in six dogs and seven monkeys. Aliquots of venous blood were taken over 4 h in the monkey after 1.1 mg kg-1 and over 24 h in the dog after 1.0 mg kg-1 of phencyclidine i.v. Pentadeuterated phencyclidine was used as the internal standard. In the electron impact mode the most abundant fragments in the mass spectrum of phencyclidine were m/e 91 and 200, and 96 and 205 in the [2H5]phencyclidine spectrum. These fragments were used to quantitate the amount of phencyclidine present. In both species, a complex exponential decline of plasma phencyclidine was found in most animals that fit a two compartment open model. In monkeys, the mean half-life (beta phase) was 2.36 h and in the dog it was 2.86 h. Compared with the monkey, the dog considerable emergence delirium. The two species had rather different pharmacokinetics which may be relevant to the observed differences in degree of anesthesia and recovery.", "contents": "Plasma phencyclidine pharmacokinetics in dog and monkey using a gas chromatography selected ion monitoring assay. Phencyclidine was determined by gas chromatography selected ion monitoring in six dogs and seven monkeys. Aliquots of venous blood were taken over 4 h in the monkey after 1.1 mg kg-1 and over 24 h in the dog after 1.0 mg kg-1 of phencyclidine i.v. Pentadeuterated phencyclidine was used as the internal standard. In the electron impact mode the most abundant fragments in the mass spectrum of phencyclidine were m/e 91 and 200, and 96 and 205 in the [2H5]phencyclidine spectrum. These fragments were used to quantitate the amount of phencyclidine present. In both species, a complex exponential decline of plasma phencyclidine was found in most animals that fit a two compartment open model. In monkeys, the mean half-life (beta phase) was 2.36 h and in the dog it was 2.86 h. Compared with the monkey, the dog considerable emergence delirium. The two species had rather different pharmacokinetics which may be relevant to the observed differences in degree of anesthesia and recovery.", "PMID": 415768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8345", "title": "Mass spectrometry of acylated sugars as trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. A way for location of long chain fatty acyl groups.", "content": "The mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl ethers of the four positional isomers of methyl-O-palmitoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside have been studied, and the structures of the principal ions assigned by the use of exact mass measurements and deuterium labelling on the aliphatic chain, the trimethylsilyl group and the glucosidic methyl group. The origin of some fragments has been elucidated by analysis of reactions of metastable ions. The mass spectra of the different isomers exhibit major differences, which depend upon the presence or absence of the aliphatic chain. These results indicate that this is a useful method for determining the position of an acyl group in a methyl glucoside. The applicability of this mass spectrometric method in structural determination of unknown acylated sugars is discussed. The structure of a corynomycoloyl-alpha-D-trehalose, isolated from Corynebacterium diphtheriae, has been determined by mass spectrometry as an application of the method. The molecular weight of this compound has been determined by field desorption mass spectrometry (cationization method), and the study of the electron impact spectrum of the trimethylsilyl derivatives clearly demonstrates that the corynomycolic acid is linked by an ester group to position 6 of the trehalose molecule.", "contents": "Mass spectrometry of acylated sugars as trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. A way for location of long chain fatty acyl groups. The mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl ethers of the four positional isomers of methyl-O-palmitoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside have been studied, and the structures of the principal ions assigned by the use of exact mass measurements and deuterium labelling on the aliphatic chain, the trimethylsilyl group and the glucosidic methyl group. The origin of some fragments has been elucidated by analysis of reactions of metastable ions. The mass spectra of the different isomers exhibit major differences, which depend upon the presence or absence of the aliphatic chain. These results indicate that this is a useful method for determining the position of an acyl group in a methyl glucoside. The applicability of this mass spectrometric method in structural determination of unknown acylated sugars is discussed. The structure of a corynomycoloyl-alpha-D-trehalose, isolated from Corynebacterium diphtheriae, has been determined by mass spectrometry as an application of the method. The molecular weight of this compound has been determined by field desorption mass spectrometry (cationization method), and the study of the electron impact spectrum of the trimethylsilyl derivatives clearly demonstrates that the corynomycolic acid is linked by an ester group to position 6 of the trehalose molecule.", "PMID": 415769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8346", "title": "Centrifugal method of determining red cell deformability.", "content": "A recently developed technique for deforming red blood cells (RBC) in which they are centrifuged through buffer and into a glutaraldehyde solution was evaluated as a method of assessing cellular deformability (i.e., the ability of the entire RBC to form a new configuration). To accomplish this, RBC populations of differing cellular deformability were tested, using three generally accepted techniques to obtain these differences: partial fixation with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde, density fractionation, and suspension of RBC in nonisotonic media. Our results indicate that at a constant deforming force the mean deformed length of the RBC decreased under conditions where cellular deformability is known to decrease, thus suggesting the usefulness of this centrifugal method for the estimation of this cellular property.", "contents": "Centrifugal method of determining red cell deformability. A recently developed technique for deforming red blood cells (RBC) in which they are centrifuged through buffer and into a glutaraldehyde solution was evaluated as a method of assessing cellular deformability (i.e., the ability of the entire RBC to form a new configuration). To accomplish this, RBC populations of differing cellular deformability were tested, using three generally accepted techniques to obtain these differences: partial fixation with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde, density fractionation, and suspension of RBC in nonisotonic media. Our results indicate that at a constant deforming force the mean deformed length of the RBC decreased under conditions where cellular deformability is known to decrease, thus suggesting the usefulness of this centrifugal method for the estimation of this cellular property.", "PMID": 415773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8347", "title": "Probes of transmembrane potentials in platelets: changes in cyanine dye fluorescence in response to aggregation stimuli.", "content": "A noncovalent fluorescent probe that responded to changes in transmembrane potential was used to study the response of washed human platelets to aggregating agents. Concentration-dependent changes in the fluorescence were observed in response to ADP and to thrombin. No such changes were observed in response to collagen fibrils. Thus there was an indication that platelet membrane potential changed in response to aggregating stimuli, supporting the hypothesis that the mechanisms of platelet aggregation resembled the mechanisms of other systems that show stimulus-response coupling (e.g., muscle, adrenal chromaffin cells). The different responses to specific agents indicate that the agents may trigger platelet aggregation through different mechanisms.", "contents": "Probes of transmembrane potentials in platelets: changes in cyanine dye fluorescence in response to aggregation stimuli. A noncovalent fluorescent probe that responded to changes in transmembrane potential was used to study the response of washed human platelets to aggregating agents. Concentration-dependent changes in the fluorescence were observed in response to ADP and to thrombin. No such changes were observed in response to collagen fibrils. Thus there was an indication that platelet membrane potential changed in response to aggregating stimuli, supporting the hypothesis that the mechanisms of platelet aggregation resembled the mechanisms of other systems that show stimulus-response coupling (e.g., muscle, adrenal chromaffin cells). The different responses to specific agents indicate that the agents may trigger platelet aggregation through different mechanisms.", "PMID": 415774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8348", "title": "Trout hepatic enzyme activation of aflatoxin B1 in a mutagen assay system and the inhibitory effect of PCBs1.", "content": "In summary, it was demonstrated that the trout PMF may be successfully employed in the Ames mutagen assay method by utilization of proper salts solution and a metabolic preincubation period at 25 degrees C. It has also been observed that, unlike the rat, pretreatment of rainbow trout with various PCBs decrease the mutagen assay response to AFB.", "contents": "Trout hepatic enzyme activation of aflatoxin B1 in a mutagen assay system and the inhibitory effect of PCBs1. In summary, it was demonstrated that the trout PMF may be successfully employed in the Ames mutagen assay method by utilization of proper salts solution and a metabolic preincubation period at 25 degrees C. It has also been observed that, unlike the rat, pretreatment of rainbow trout with various PCBs decrease the mutagen assay response to AFB.", "PMID": 415776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8349", "title": "The value of computer axial tomography (CAT) in cranio-cerebral malformations.", "content": "Cranio-cerebral malformations commonly present in three ways: (1) with a visible structural defect; (2) with symptoms of neurological abnormalities but without evidence of raised intracranial pressure; (3) with macrocephaly or signs of raised intracranial pressure. The large contribution made by computed axial tomography to the diagnosis and management of these cases is discussed in relation to a series of 217 patients. Invasive studies were performed in only 55 cases mainly to obtain further anatomical information prior to surgery.", "contents": "The value of computer axial tomography (CAT) in cranio-cerebral malformations. Cranio-cerebral malformations commonly present in three ways: (1) with a visible structural defect; (2) with symptoms of neurological abnormalities but without evidence of raised intracranial pressure; (3) with macrocephaly or signs of raised intracranial pressure. The large contribution made by computed axial tomography to the diagnosis and management of these cases is discussed in relation to a series of 217 patients. Invasive studies were performed in only 55 cases mainly to obtain further anatomical information prior to surgery.", "PMID": 415785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8350", "title": "The pilo-Ruffini complex: a non-sinus hair and associated slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor in primate facial skin.", "content": "A spray-type of nerve ending identified as a Ruffini corpuscle closely associated with a non-sinus hair has been defined in terms of its histologic, ultrastructural and physiologic parameters. The hair and its associated mechanoreceptor, termed a pilo-Ruffini complex, responds as a slowly adapting (SA) mechanoreceptor, whereas most non-sinus hair-associated mechanoreceptors are rapidly adapting. Morphologically, the terminal nerve fibers branch repeatedly within a unique connective tissue matrix, and the neurite and associated connective tissue matrix forms a collar around the hair follicle. This receptor, on the basis of its organization, is interpreted as corresponding to the corpuscle or end organ of Ruffini.", "contents": "The pilo-Ruffini complex: a non-sinus hair and associated slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor in primate facial skin. A spray-type of nerve ending identified as a Ruffini corpuscle closely associated with a non-sinus hair has been defined in terms of its histologic, ultrastructural and physiologic parameters. The hair and its associated mechanoreceptor, termed a pilo-Ruffini complex, responds as a slowly adapting (SA) mechanoreceptor, whereas most non-sinus hair-associated mechanoreceptors are rapidly adapting. Morphologically, the terminal nerve fibers branch repeatedly within a unique connective tissue matrix, and the neurite and associated connective tissue matrix forms a collar around the hair follicle. This receptor, on the basis of its organization, is interpreted as corresponding to the corpuscle or end organ of Ruffini.", "PMID": 415796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8351", "title": "Fine structure of meganeurites and secondary growth processes in feline GM1-gangliosidosis.", "content": "Electron microscope studies were carried out on neurons of the hippocampal formation in a feline mutant with beta-galactosidase deficiency and GMI-gangliosidosis. Fusiform processes with characteristics similar to meganeurites of Golgi studies were identified between cell bodies and axons of pyramidal and granule cells. The presence of dense material subjacent to the plasma membrane at the meganeurite-axon junction provides evidence that meganeurites form at the axon-hillock region and displace the initial axonal segment distally. Meganeurites of hippocampal neurons exhibited pleomorphic secondary processes with fine structural features of growth cones. Spines and spine-synapses were abundant on perikarya and meganeurites. Numerous membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCBs) were encountered amongst otherwise normally appearing organelles of the cell body. MCBs were densely packed in meganeurites except near their peripheral area. They were less common in dendrites and rare in synapses of the neuropil. The observations provide further support for the view that meganeurites of mature cortical neurons in ganglioside storage diseases have embryonic growth characteristics.", "contents": "Fine structure of meganeurites and secondary growth processes in feline GM1-gangliosidosis. Electron microscope studies were carried out on neurons of the hippocampal formation in a feline mutant with beta-galactosidase deficiency and GMI-gangliosidosis. Fusiform processes with characteristics similar to meganeurites of Golgi studies were identified between cell bodies and axons of pyramidal and granule cells. The presence of dense material subjacent to the plasma membrane at the meganeurite-axon junction provides evidence that meganeurites form at the axon-hillock region and displace the initial axonal segment distally. Meganeurites of hippocampal neurons exhibited pleomorphic secondary processes with fine structural features of growth cones. Spines and spine-synapses were abundant on perikarya and meganeurites. Numerous membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCBs) were encountered amongst otherwise normally appearing organelles of the cell body. MCBs were densely packed in meganeurites except near their peripheral area. They were less common in dendrites and rare in synapses of the neuropil. The observations provide further support for the view that meganeurites of mature cortical neurons in ganglioside storage diseases have embryonic growth characteristics.", "PMID": 415797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8352", "title": "Meganeurites and other aberrant processes of neurons in feline GM1-gangliosidosis: a Golgi study.", "content": "Golgi studies were carried out on neurons in several forebrain structures of young adult mutant cats with inherited beta-galactosidase deficiency and neurobehavioral deterioration due to GM1-ganglioside storage disease. Meganeurites similar to those observed in several human gangliosidoses were present on small and medium pyramidal neurons, granule cells of the fascia dentata and spiny neurons of the caudate nucleus. Large and giant pyramidal cells of the motor cortex exhibited prominent somatic spines but lacked meganeurites. Cortical non-pyramidal neurons and aspiny caudate cells were relatively normal in appearance although they showed variable increases in cell body diameter. The range of morphological alterations in different types of cortical neurons in feline GM1-gangliosidosis was identical to that found in human ganglioside storage diseases. Neurite outgrowth from meganeurites was particularly prominent in the feline mutant. The extensive proliferation of neurites confined to meganeurites indicates that the latter have growth properties typical of embryonic neuronal elements. The demonstration of neurite outgrowth from meganeurites of mature cortical neurons in feline GM1-gangliosidosis suggests a possible role for gangliosides in neurite formation during neuronal differentiation and synaptogenesis.", "contents": "Meganeurites and other aberrant processes of neurons in feline GM1-gangliosidosis: a Golgi study. Golgi studies were carried out on neurons in several forebrain structures of young adult mutant cats with inherited beta-galactosidase deficiency and neurobehavioral deterioration due to GM1-ganglioside storage disease. Meganeurites similar to those observed in several human gangliosidoses were present on small and medium pyramidal neurons, granule cells of the fascia dentata and spiny neurons of the caudate nucleus. Large and giant pyramidal cells of the motor cortex exhibited prominent somatic spines but lacked meganeurites. Cortical non-pyramidal neurons and aspiny caudate cells were relatively normal in appearance although they showed variable increases in cell body diameter. The range of morphological alterations in different types of cortical neurons in feline GM1-gangliosidosis was identical to that found in human ganglioside storage diseases. Neurite outgrowth from meganeurites was particularly prominent in the feline mutant. The extensive proliferation of neurites confined to meganeurites indicates that the latter have growth properties typical of embryonic neuronal elements. The demonstration of neurite outgrowth from meganeurites of mature cortical neurons in feline GM1-gangliosidosis suggests a possible role for gangliosides in neurite formation during neuronal differentiation and synaptogenesis.", "PMID": 415798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8353", "title": "Functional development of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: an analysis utlizing reversible cryogenic depression.", "content": "The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys was functionally inactivated by local hypothermia as the monkeys performed spatial delayed-response and spatial delayed-alternation tasks at different stages of postnatal development. Cryogenic depression of prefrontal cortex at a temperature sufficient to induce 21--25% decrements in delayed-response performance in 34--36-month-old-monkeys, produced deficits of only 7--8% in 19--31-month-old and no detectable loss in younger monkeys, 9--16 months of age. Delayed-alternation performance was impaired by local hypothermia as early as 8.5 months of age, but maximal cooling-induced deficits on this task were not observed before 33 months of age. Thermal gradients mapped in representative monkeys at different stages of development were remarkable similar, indicating that the age-dependent differences in behavior were not attributable to technical factors. The results obtained in the present study on normal developing monkeys confirm the interpretation of previous research on brain-damaged infants that functional maturation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is protracted over several years of postnatal life, and extends the earlier studies by indicating that the lower limit for maturity of dorsolateral function is close to puberty in this species. Further, the present study revealed that delayed-response and delayed-alternation performance are dissociable dorsolateral functions which achieve maturity at different rates. The convergence of evidence from reversible neural depression and permanent lesion methods provides strong validation for neurobehavioral analysis as a general approach to the study of regional maturation of the brain.", "contents": "Functional development of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: an analysis utlizing reversible cryogenic depression. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys was functionally inactivated by local hypothermia as the monkeys performed spatial delayed-response and spatial delayed-alternation tasks at different stages of postnatal development. Cryogenic depression of prefrontal cortex at a temperature sufficient to induce 21--25% decrements in delayed-response performance in 34--36-month-old-monkeys, produced deficits of only 7--8% in 19--31-month-old and no detectable loss in younger monkeys, 9--16 months of age. Delayed-alternation performance was impaired by local hypothermia as early as 8.5 months of age, but maximal cooling-induced deficits on this task were not observed before 33 months of age. Thermal gradients mapped in representative monkeys at different stages of development were remarkable similar, indicating that the age-dependent differences in behavior were not attributable to technical factors. The results obtained in the present study on normal developing monkeys confirm the interpretation of previous research on brain-damaged infants that functional maturation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is protracted over several years of postnatal life, and extends the earlier studies by indicating that the lower limit for maturity of dorsolateral function is close to puberty in this species. Further, the present study revealed that delayed-response and delayed-alternation performance are dissociable dorsolateral functions which achieve maturity at different rates. The convergence of evidence from reversible neural depression and permanent lesion methods provides strong validation for neurobehavioral analysis as a general approach to the study of regional maturation of the brain.", "PMID": 415802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8354", "title": "Non-spatial memory after selective prefrontal lesions in monkeys.", "content": "Separate groups of monkeys were trained on delayed object alternation, delayed object matching, and delayed color matching, after which half the animals in each group received lesions of the cortex in the principal sulcus, and the other half, lesions of the inferior frontal convexity. The inferior convexity lesions produced severe and lasting impairments on all three tasks, perhaps as a result of the perseverative disorder that has been associated with damage to this region. By contrast, the principal sulcus lesions, which yield such severe deficits on spatial memory tasks, led to only small, transient disruptions on each of the three non-spatial tasks. According to these results, the non-spatial memory deficits that have been found after unrestricted lateral prefrontal lesions are due mainly to damage below the principal sulcus in the inferior prefrontal cortex. The function of the tissue in the principal sulcus itself, on the other hand, appears so far to be limited largely to the spatial modality.", "contents": "Non-spatial memory after selective prefrontal lesions in monkeys. Separate groups of monkeys were trained on delayed object alternation, delayed object matching, and delayed color matching, after which half the animals in each group received lesions of the cortex in the principal sulcus, and the other half, lesions of the inferior frontal convexity. The inferior convexity lesions produced severe and lasting impairments on all three tasks, perhaps as a result of the perseverative disorder that has been associated with damage to this region. By contrast, the principal sulcus lesions, which yield such severe deficits on spatial memory tasks, led to only small, transient disruptions on each of the three non-spatial tasks. According to these results, the non-spatial memory deficits that have been found after unrestricted lateral prefrontal lesions are due mainly to damage below the principal sulcus in the inferior prefrontal cortex. The function of the tissue in the principal sulcus itself, on the other hand, appears so far to be limited largely to the spatial modality.", "PMID": 415803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8355", "title": "Discharge patterns of basal ganglia neurons during active maintenance of postural stability and adjustment to chair tilt.", "content": "Neurons in the putamen and globus pallidus were studied in awake monkeys making active postural adjustments during static and dynamic chair tilt. When the chair was held horizontal and the monkey actively maintained a restricted head position, neurons had tonic firing rats similar to those described previously, with low frequency patterns in the putamen and low frequency-burst or intermediate (IFD) to high frequency (HFD) tonic patterns in neurons in the pallidal segments. Over half of the neurons with IFD or HFD discharge rates and a smaller proportion of those with slow discharge rates showed changes in firing that were temporally correlated with chair tilt. Phase shifts of firing frequency relative to sinusoidally vaired chair position varied in units with different tonic discharge frequencies. Maximum and minimum discharge rates in IFD neurons occurred near maximum chair velocities, whereas the phase shift decreased in HFD neurons, which had higher discharge rates during the horizontal chair position. Neurons with changes in discharge during chair tilt were found in all portions of the putamen and globus pallidus studied.", "contents": "Discharge patterns of basal ganglia neurons during active maintenance of postural stability and adjustment to chair tilt. Neurons in the putamen and globus pallidus were studied in awake monkeys making active postural adjustments during static and dynamic chair tilt. When the chair was held horizontal and the monkey actively maintained a restricted head position, neurons had tonic firing rats similar to those described previously, with low frequency patterns in the putamen and low frequency-burst or intermediate (IFD) to high frequency (HFD) tonic patterns in neurons in the pallidal segments. Over half of the neurons with IFD or HFD discharge rates and a smaller proportion of those with slow discharge rates showed changes in firing that were temporally correlated with chair tilt. Phase shifts of firing frequency relative to sinusoidally vaired chair position varied in units with different tonic discharge frequencies. Maximum and minimum discharge rates in IFD neurons occurred near maximum chair velocities, whereas the phase shift decreased in HFD neurons, which had higher discharge rates during the horizontal chair position. Neurons with changes in discharge during chair tilt were found in all portions of the putamen and globus pallidus studied.", "PMID": 415804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8356", "title": "Apparent absence of symmetrical transcription in Tetrahymena mitochondria.", "content": "Transcription in Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondria has been examined for whether or not symmetrical transcription occurs. A ribonuclease A digestion in high-ionic strength was used as a test for the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) either before or after self-annealing. This test was applied to RNA prepared using pulse lengths of from 1 to 30 min. If symmetrical transcription occurred, then the amount of dsRNA should have varied inversely with pulse length. There was no evidence for the presence of dsRNA other than a ribonuclease-resistant core. A search was also made among the largest transcripts present (greater than 26S) since this region of a sucrose gradient is enriched in symmetrical transcripts in HeLa cells. Again none were found. In order to allow for possible rapid processing as the reason for the failure to find dsRNA, total cellular RNA was extracted as quickly as possible, and the ribonuclease digest analyzed by Sephadex chromatography. No large pieces of dsRNA were found.", "contents": "Apparent absence of symmetrical transcription in Tetrahymena mitochondria. Transcription in Tetrahymena pyriformis mitochondria has been examined for whether or not symmetrical transcription occurs. A ribonuclease A digestion in high-ionic strength was used as a test for the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) either before or after self-annealing. This test was applied to RNA prepared using pulse lengths of from 1 to 30 min. If symmetrical transcription occurred, then the amount of dsRNA should have varied inversely with pulse length. There was no evidence for the presence of dsRNA other than a ribonuclease-resistant core. A search was also made among the largest transcripts present (greater than 26S) since this region of a sucrose gradient is enriched in symmetrical transcripts in HeLa cells. Again none were found. In order to allow for possible rapid processing as the reason for the failure to find dsRNA, total cellular RNA was extracted as quickly as possible, and the ribonuclease digest analyzed by Sephadex chromatography. No large pieces of dsRNA were found.", "PMID": 415806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8357", "title": "Recommendations for screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism: Newborn Committee of the American Thyroid Association.", "content": "The newborn committee of the American Thyroid Association recommends establishment and expansion of screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism because of the high frequency of the disease (1/5000 to 1/6000 births), the difficulty in making a clinical diagnosis and the fact that the disease is easily curable. The regional approach for such a program is recommended, and the Quebec experience with measurement of thyronine and thyrotropin concentrations by means of filter-paper blood spots can serve as a model.", "contents": "Recommendations for screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism: Newborn Committee of the American Thyroid Association. The newborn committee of the American Thyroid Association recommends establishment and expansion of screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism because of the high frequency of the disease (1/5000 to 1/6000 births), the difficulty in making a clinical diagnosis and the fact that the disease is easily curable. The regional approach for such a program is recommended, and the Quebec experience with measurement of thyronine and thyrotropin concentrations by means of filter-paper blood spots can serve as a model.", "PMID": 415808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8358", "title": "Plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroxine concentrations in breast cancer.", "content": "Plasma TSH and thyroxine levels were measured in 74 early breast cancer patients and 53 with advanced disease, 77 patients with cancer arising in other organs and 67 healthy women of similar age. The mean plasma TSH levels were higher in the breast cancer cases than the other two groups; the difference was statistically significant only in those with advanced disease. Twelve percent of the early breast cancer and 15% of the advanced breast cancer patients had elevated plasma TSH concentrations, compared with only 1% of the other cancer patients and 3% of the controls. Four breast cancer patients with plasma TSH levels above 85 microIU/ml had subnormal plasma thyroxine levels. Five of 29 (17%) early breast cancer patients had excessive plasma TSH responses to TRH.", "contents": "Plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroxine concentrations in breast cancer. Plasma TSH and thyroxine levels were measured in 74 early breast cancer patients and 53 with advanced disease, 77 patients with cancer arising in other organs and 67 healthy women of similar age. The mean plasma TSH levels were higher in the breast cancer cases than the other two groups; the difference was statistically significant only in those with advanced disease. Twelve percent of the early breast cancer and 15% of the advanced breast cancer patients had elevated plasma TSH concentrations, compared with only 1% of the other cancer patients and 3% of the controls. Four breast cancer patients with plasma TSH levels above 85 microIU/ml had subnormal plasma thyroxine levels. Five of 29 (17%) early breast cancer patients had excessive plasma TSH responses to TRH.", "PMID": 415810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8359", "title": "Plasmacytoma of the stomach: diagnosis with the aid of immunoperoxidase technique.", "content": "A gastric tumor, originally diagnosed as a plamacytoma in 1953, but in which the diagnosis was disputed, has been re-examined by the immunoperoxidase staining technique. The demonstration of a single type of immunoglobulin in the tumor cells is considered conclusive evidence of its neoplastic nature. Two further cases of gastrict plasmacytoma encountered in recent months have also been examined by this technique and similar results obtained. The pathology of plasma cell tumors is discussed and a brief review of the literature is added with regard to the management and the overall poor prognosis.", "contents": "Plasmacytoma of the stomach: diagnosis with the aid of immunoperoxidase technique. A gastric tumor, originally diagnosed as a plamacytoma in 1953, but in which the diagnosis was disputed, has been re-examined by the immunoperoxidase staining technique. The demonstration of a single type of immunoglobulin in the tumor cells is considered conclusive evidence of its neoplastic nature. Two further cases of gastrict plasmacytoma encountered in recent months have also been examined by this technique and similar results obtained. The pathology of plasma cell tumors is discussed and a brief review of the literature is added with regard to the management and the overall poor prognosis.", "PMID": 415811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8360", "title": "Primary osteosarcoma of the kidney.", "content": "Osteosarcoma arising in the kidney is a bona fide entity. A case is reported and described in clinical and pathological detail. Characteristic changes include a palpable stony hard renal mass associated with radiographic demonstration of sunburst calcification in the kidney. The case presented is unique in that virtually the entire specimen was composed of bone.", "contents": "Primary osteosarcoma of the kidney. Osteosarcoma arising in the kidney is a bona fide entity. A case is reported and described in clinical and pathological detail. Characteristic changes include a palpable stony hard renal mass associated with radiographic demonstration of sunburst calcification in the kidney. The case presented is unique in that virtually the entire specimen was composed of bone.", "PMID": 415812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8361", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive jaundice secondary to liver metastases.", "content": "Metastatic disease to the liver and adjacent lymph nodes and may cause jaundice by compression upon the major biliary ducts. Small field relatively high dose radiotherapy after accurate localization can result in effective palliation of jaundice in selected patients.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive jaundice secondary to liver metastases. Metastatic disease to the liver and adjacent lymph nodes and may cause jaundice by compression upon the major biliary ducts. Small field relatively high dose radiotherapy after accurate localization can result in effective palliation of jaundice in selected patients.", "PMID": 415813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8362", "title": "Effects of systemic administration of 6-hydroxydopamine on the circumventricular organs in nonhuman primates. I. Area postrema.", "content": "6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) has been shown to produce degenerative changes in noradrenergic nerve terminals and preterminals in the CNS following intracisternal, intraventricular or direct injection into the brain parenchyma. Systemic injection of 6-OH-DA is known to result in degenerative changes in noradrenergic terminals in the peripheral nervous system. However, only a few studies have been carried out on the effects of systemic injections of 6-OH-DA on noradrenergic terminals in the CNS. In the present study cynomolgus and squirrel monkeys were injected intravenously on two successive days with total doses of 350 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg of 6-OH-DA, respectively, and sacrificed at 2 and 24 h following the second injection. Degenerative changes in the area postrema (AP) neurons in all injected animals were characterized by a generalized increase in electron density of cytoplasmic elements in axonal terminals and preterminals. Multilamellar bodies, clusters of clear and dense core vesicles, increased numbers of secondary lysosomes, and an increase in the number of glycogen increased markedly in injected animals, but no other glial alterations were observed. The number of mast cells in the AP was greater in injected than in noninjected animals, both in the perivascular spaces (PVS) and in parenchymal locations. Cell processes in the PVS were occasionally observed to contain electron dense bodies, and degenerative changes were seen in supraependymal processes in some injected animals.", "contents": "Effects of systemic administration of 6-hydroxydopamine on the circumventricular organs in nonhuman primates. I. Area postrema. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) has been shown to produce degenerative changes in noradrenergic nerve terminals and preterminals in the CNS following intracisternal, intraventricular or direct injection into the brain parenchyma. Systemic injection of 6-OH-DA is known to result in degenerative changes in noradrenergic terminals in the peripheral nervous system. However, only a few studies have been carried out on the effects of systemic injections of 6-OH-DA on noradrenergic terminals in the CNS. In the present study cynomolgus and squirrel monkeys were injected intravenously on two successive days with total doses of 350 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg of 6-OH-DA, respectively, and sacrificed at 2 and 24 h following the second injection. Degenerative changes in the area postrema (AP) neurons in all injected animals were characterized by a generalized increase in electron density of cytoplasmic elements in axonal terminals and preterminals. Multilamellar bodies, clusters of clear and dense core vesicles, increased numbers of secondary lysosomes, and an increase in the number of glycogen increased markedly in injected animals, but no other glial alterations were observed. The number of mast cells in the AP was greater in injected than in noninjected animals, both in the perivascular spaces (PVS) and in parenchymal locations. Cell processes in the PVS were occasionally observed to contain electron dense bodies, and degenerative changes were seen in supraependymal processes in some injected animals.", "PMID": 415814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8363", "title": "Cell surface microvilli and cell agglutinability.", "content": "Detached cells of some transformed mouse fibroblast lines have a villous surface whereas similarly treated cells of other lines are relatively smooth. These differences in surface morphology of detached cells are not reflected in their agglutinability with ConA and they cannot unambigously be explained from their morphology in situ. Treatments of normal and transformed Swiss mouse fibroblasts that induce marked changes in agglutinability with ConA do not cause equivalent changes in surface morphology. It is, therefore, unlikely that agglutinability of mouse fibroblasts by ConA is determined by the number of microvilli on the cell surface.", "contents": "Cell surface microvilli and cell agglutinability. Detached cells of some transformed mouse fibroblast lines have a villous surface whereas similarly treated cells of other lines are relatively smooth. These differences in surface morphology of detached cells are not reflected in their agglutinability with ConA and they cannot unambigously be explained from their morphology in situ. Treatments of normal and transformed Swiss mouse fibroblasts that induce marked changes in agglutinability with ConA do not cause equivalent changes in surface morphology. It is, therefore, unlikely that agglutinability of mouse fibroblasts by ConA is determined by the number of microvilli on the cell surface.", "PMID": 415816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8364", "title": "Asymmetric distribution of anionic sites on rat liver nuclear membranes.", "content": "The labelling characteristics of isolated rat liver cell nuclei was studied using polycationized ferritin as an ultrastructural probe for anionic sites. At low concentrations of the marker the nuclear surface was partly labelled eg. at sites of nuclear annuli. At high probe concentrations the entire cytoplasmic surface of the outer nuclear membrane bound ferritin particles. On the other hand, the cisternal surfaces of nuclear membranes could not be labelled although in parallel experiments Concanavalin A-ferritin bound to the cisternal surface of both nuclear membranes indicating free access of ferritin particles to the perinuclear space. The results indicate that nuclear membranes show a distinct vectorial asymmetry in respect to the presence of anionic surface sites.", "contents": "Asymmetric distribution of anionic sites on rat liver nuclear membranes. The labelling characteristics of isolated rat liver cell nuclei was studied using polycationized ferritin as an ultrastructural probe for anionic sites. At low concentrations of the marker the nuclear surface was partly labelled eg. at sites of nuclear annuli. At high probe concentrations the entire cytoplasmic surface of the outer nuclear membrane bound ferritin particles. On the other hand, the cisternal surfaces of nuclear membranes could not be labelled although in parallel experiments Concanavalin A-ferritin bound to the cisternal surface of both nuclear membranes indicating free access of ferritin particles to the perinuclear space. The results indicate that nuclear membranes show a distinct vectorial asymmetry in respect to the presence of anionic surface sites.", "PMID": 415817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8365", "title": "Preservation of cytoskeletal elements for electron microscopy.", "content": "Attached murine fibroblasts were subjected to different fixation and dehydration procedures in order to study the preservation of cytoskeletal elements. The organization of the microtubular and microfilamentous system was identical whether or not post-fixed with osmic acid after glutaraldehyde fixation. Critical point drying did not preserve structures absent in conventionally dehydrated and embedded cells.", "contents": "Preservation of cytoskeletal elements for electron microscopy. Attached murine fibroblasts were subjected to different fixation and dehydration procedures in order to study the preservation of cytoskeletal elements. The organization of the microtubular and microfilamentous system was identical whether or not post-fixed with osmic acid after glutaraldehyde fixation. Critical point drying did not preserve structures absent in conventionally dehydrated and embedded cells.", "PMID": 415818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8366", "title": "Evidence for the involvement of a diol-epoxide in the binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to DNA in cells in culture.", "content": "1,1,1-Trichloropropene 2,3-oxide (TCPO), a known inhibitor of the enzyme epoxide hydrase, inhibits binding of the carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), to the DNA of secondary mouse embryo cell cultures under conditions which do not appreciably decrease the overall metabolism of this carcinogen. This suggests that the formation of a transdihydrodiol is a necessary step in the metabolic pathway leading to DNA binding and that binding probably occurs through the generation of a reactive diol-epoxide. In concert with this, the major DMBA-DNA product  isolated by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 eluted with a methanol-water gradient is resolved into two separate components in a methanol-sodium borate solution gradient suggesting that, as is known for benzo(a)pyrene, two stereoisomeric diol-epoxides are involved in the binding of DMBA to DNA.", "contents": "Evidence for the involvement of a diol-epoxide in the binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to DNA in cells in culture. 1,1,1-Trichloropropene 2,3-oxide (TCPO), a known inhibitor of the enzyme epoxide hydrase, inhibits binding of the carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), to the DNA of secondary mouse embryo cell cultures under conditions which do not appreciably decrease the overall metabolism of this carcinogen. This suggests that the formation of a transdihydrodiol is a necessary step in the metabolic pathway leading to DNA binding and that binding probably occurs through the generation of a reactive diol-epoxide. In concert with this, the major DMBA-DNA product  isolated by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 eluted with a methanol-water gradient is resolved into two separate components in a methanol-sodium borate solution gradient suggesting that, as is known for benzo(a)pyrene, two stereoisomeric diol-epoxides are involved in the binding of DMBA to DNA.", "PMID": 415819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8367", "title": "Neutralization effect of some agents on the antimicrobial activity of ammoniacal silver nitrate.", "content": "The effect of some agents on the antimicrobial activity of ammoniacal silver nitrate, an endodontic medicament, was tested with Streptococcus faecalis by the serial tube dilution method. Its results indicated that sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and blood had a marked inhibitory effect. However, the presence of dentin, necrotic tissue, saliva, and hydrogen sulfide gas liberated from protein decomposition showed no or little effect on the antibacterial properties of the chemical. Since antiseptics or antibiotics generally may be decomposed by necrotic tissues, these findings suggested that the use of ammoniacal silver nitrate not only may resolve the problem of recalcitrant cases in endodontic treatment but also may simplify the disinfecting procedure for root canals.", "contents": "Neutralization effect of some agents on the antimicrobial activity of ammoniacal silver nitrate. The effect of some agents on the antimicrobial activity of ammoniacal silver nitrate, an endodontic medicament, was tested with Streptococcus faecalis by the serial tube dilution method. Its results indicated that sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and blood had a marked inhibitory effect. However, the presence of dentin, necrotic tissue, saliva, and hydrogen sulfide gas liberated from protein decomposition showed no or little effect on the antibacterial properties of the chemical. Since antiseptics or antibiotics generally may be decomposed by necrotic tissues, these findings suggested that the use of ammoniacal silver nitrate not only may resolve the problem of recalcitrant cases in endodontic treatment but also may simplify the disinfecting procedure for root canals.", "PMID": 415823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8368", "title": "Effect of nitroprusside on regional myocardial blood flow in coronary artery disease. Results in 25 patients and comparison with nitroglycerin.", "content": "The effect of nitroprusside on regional myocardial specific blood flow (RMBF) was evaluated in 25 patients with the xenon-133 washout technique. Six patients were normal (group 1), six patients had coronary artery disease without collateral vessels (group 2), and thirteen patients had coronary artery disease with collateral vessels (group 3). In group 1, RMBF was unchanged following nitroprusside. RMBF decreased significantly in both group 2 and group 3, including seven patients in group 3 with high-grade collateral vessels. The results were compared to the effect of nitroglycerin in 31 patients previously studied using the same technique. Mean arterial pressure and pressure-rate product were comparably reduced by both drugs. In contrast to the findings with nitroprusside, after sublingual nitroglycerin RMBF decreased markedly in normals and increased in patients with coronary artery disease and high-grade collaterals. The data suggest that nitroprusside may primarily affect resistance vessels within the coronary circulation, as opposed to the effect of nitroglycerin on conductance vessels. Thus, nitroprusside could result in redistribution of blood flow away from ischemic areas and potentially increase ischemic injury in some patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Effect of nitroprusside on regional myocardial blood flow in coronary artery disease. Results in 25 patients and comparison with nitroglycerin. The effect of nitroprusside on regional myocardial specific blood flow (RMBF) was evaluated in 25 patients with the xenon-133 washout technique. Six patients were normal (group 1), six patients had coronary artery disease without collateral vessels (group 2), and thirteen patients had coronary artery disease with collateral vessels (group 3). In group 1, RMBF was unchanged following nitroprusside. RMBF decreased significantly in both group 2 and group 3, including seven patients in group 3 with high-grade collateral vessels. The results were compared to the effect of nitroglycerin in 31 patients previously studied using the same technique. Mean arterial pressure and pressure-rate product were comparably reduced by both drugs. In contrast to the findings with nitroprusside, after sublingual nitroglycerin RMBF decreased markedly in normals and increased in patients with coronary artery disease and high-grade collaterals. The data suggest that nitroprusside may primarily affect resistance vessels within the coronary circulation, as opposed to the effect of nitroglycerin on conductance vessels. Thus, nitroprusside could result in redistribution of blood flow away from ischemic areas and potentially increase ischemic injury in some patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 415825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8369", "title": "Etiology of the negative chronotropic responses to transient coronary artery occlusion in the anesthetized rhesus monkey.", "content": "Etiology of the negative chronotropic response to coronary artery occlusion was studied in chloralose-anesthetized monkeys. One-minute occlusion of the circumflex (CIRC) coronary artery resulted in marked negative chronotropic responses and consistent alterations in atrial electrograms. These responses were dependent on interruption of flow to a small proximal CIRC branch, and postmortem examination revealed that it perfused the sinus node region. The negative chronotropic response was not dependent on any apparent neural reflexes because it was not affected by autonomic blockade. Coronary artery occlusion in anesthetized monkeys can result in significant decreases in heart rate and changes in atrial electrical activity when flow to the pacemaker region is interrupted. We suggest that (1) rhesus monkeys may be suitable for study of the sick sinus syndrome, and (2) atropine-resistant bradycardia and atrial arrhythmias observed in postinfarction patients may be due to sinus node artery blockade.", "contents": "Etiology of the negative chronotropic responses to transient coronary artery occlusion in the anesthetized rhesus monkey. Etiology of the negative chronotropic response to coronary artery occlusion was studied in chloralose-anesthetized monkeys. One-minute occlusion of the circumflex (CIRC) coronary artery resulted in marked negative chronotropic responses and consistent alterations in atrial electrograms. These responses were dependent on interruption of flow to a small proximal CIRC branch, and postmortem examination revealed that it perfused the sinus node region. The negative chronotropic response was not dependent on any apparent neural reflexes because it was not affected by autonomic blockade. Coronary artery occlusion in anesthetized monkeys can result in significant decreases in heart rate and changes in atrial electrical activity when flow to the pacemaker region is interrupted. We suggest that (1) rhesus monkeys may be suitable for study of the sick sinus syndrome, and (2) atropine-resistant bradycardia and atrial arrhythmias observed in postinfarction patients may be due to sinus node artery blockade.", "PMID": 415826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8370", "title": "Evaluation of a Behring laser-nephelometer prototype in the measurement of IgG, IgA and IgM.", "content": "A helium-neon laser nephelometer prototype manufactured by Hoechst Behring Institut was evaluated and used in our laboratory during a two-month period for the measurement of IgG, IgA and IgM. Two methods of dilution were usedto prepare standard curves. The best results were obtained when the patient serum was diluted one hundred fold (10-100 microliter) and incubated for 15 min at room temperature in a disposable plastic cuvette with the specific antiserum diluted five fold (100-300 microliter). The intensity of the light scattered by the antigen-antibody complexes was then immediately read on the digital voltmeter. The working ranges were 186-5944 mg/dl for IgG, 33-1066 mg/dl for IgA and 17-545 mg/dl for IgM. Standard curves obtained for the three immunoglobulins on six different days could be superimposed perfectly demonstrating an excellen reproducibility. The coefficient of variation for IgG (n = 8) was 4.1% at 5800 mg/dl. The results (n = 37) produced by the laser nephelometer (y) correlated very well with those obtained by radial immunodiffusion (x) for: IgG y = 8.07 + 1.00 X, r = 0.997, IgA y = - 6.51 + 1.05 X, r = 0.996, IgM y = 3.35 + 0.98 X, r = 0.998.", "contents": "Evaluation of a Behring laser-nephelometer prototype in the measurement of IgG, IgA and IgM. A helium-neon laser nephelometer prototype manufactured by Hoechst Behring Institut was evaluated and used in our laboratory during a two-month period for the measurement of IgG, IgA and IgM. Two methods of dilution were usedto prepare standard curves. The best results were obtained when the patient serum was diluted one hundred fold (10-100 microliter) and incubated for 15 min at room temperature in a disposable plastic cuvette with the specific antiserum diluted five fold (100-300 microliter). The intensity of the light scattered by the antigen-antibody complexes was then immediately read on the digital voltmeter. The working ranges were 186-5944 mg/dl for IgG, 33-1066 mg/dl for IgA and 17-545 mg/dl for IgM. Standard curves obtained for the three immunoglobulins on six different days could be superimposed perfectly demonstrating an excellen reproducibility. The coefficient of variation for IgG (n = 8) was 4.1% at 5800 mg/dl. The results (n = 37) produced by the laser nephelometer (y) correlated very well with those obtained by radial immunodiffusion (x) for: IgG y = 8.07 + 1.00 X, r = 0.997, IgA y = - 6.51 + 1.05 X, r = 0.996, IgM y = 3.35 + 0.98 X, r = 0.998.", "PMID": 415827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8371", "title": "Direct assays of lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate with a centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "Methods are described for direct assays of lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate in plasma with the GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer. The methods for lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate are kinetic and ratiometric, eliminating the need for specimen-blank assays. The pyruvate method is an end-point assay, because endogenous lactate dehydrogenase interferes in a kinetic pyruvate assay. The methods are precise and accurate and 1-min of analysis time is adequate for each assay. Rapid assessment and monitoring of metabolic acidosis is possible with these methods, as is illustrated by examples.", "contents": "Direct assays of lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate with a centrifugal analyzer. Methods are described for direct assays of lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate in plasma with the GEMSAEC centrifugal analyzer. The methods for lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate are kinetic and ratiometric, eliminating the need for specimen-blank assays. The pyruvate method is an end-point assay, because endogenous lactate dehydrogenase interferes in a kinetic pyruvate assay. The methods are precise and accurate and 1-min of analysis time is adequate for each assay. Rapid assessment and monitoring of metabolic acidosis is possible with these methods, as is illustrated by examples.", "PMID": 415828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8372", "title": "Sporadic non-toxic goitre: an investigation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.", "content": "Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) tests have been carried out on sixty-two patients with sporadic non-toxic nodular goitre. 61% gave a subnormal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) response but had normal plasma thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels. T3 administration suppressed 131I uptake by the thyroid adequately in 74% of these and there was normal stimulation of thyroid uptake by exogenous TSH. Prolactin (PRL) rose normally after TRH in all the TRH non-responders. Normal TSH response to TRH was restored by partial thyroidectomy and in some cases by propyl thiouracil administration. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed. It is concluded that these cases were truly euthyroid.", "contents": "Sporadic non-toxic goitre: an investigation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) tests have been carried out on sixty-two patients with sporadic non-toxic nodular goitre. 61% gave a subnormal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) response but had normal plasma thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels. T3 administration suppressed 131I uptake by the thyroid adequately in 74% of these and there was normal stimulation of thyroid uptake by exogenous TSH. Prolactin (PRL) rose normally after TRH in all the TRH non-responders. Normal TSH response to TRH was restored by partial thyroidectomy and in some cases by propyl thiouracil administration. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed. It is concluded that these cases were truly euthyroid.", "PMID": 415831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8373", "title": "The inter-relationship of thyroid hormones, vitamin A and their binding proteins following acute stress.", "content": "The effects of surgical stress on the metabolism of the retinol-binding-protein-thyroxine-binding-prealbumin complex were investigated. The immediate postsurgical period was characterized by a rapid decline in the serum concentration of retinol, retinol binding protein and triiodothyronine and an increase in the 24 h urinary excretion of retinol, retinol-binding-protein and thyroxine. Similar, but less pronounced, changes were seen in other subjects suffering acute myocardial infarction but were not observed in normal healthy euthyroid males or in pre-operative euthyroid patients. The preparation of specific anti-retinol binding protein anti-serum and the use of this in 'monorocket' immunoelectrophoresis are also described.", "contents": "The inter-relationship of thyroid hormones, vitamin A and their binding proteins following acute stress. The effects of surgical stress on the metabolism of the retinol-binding-protein-thyroxine-binding-prealbumin complex were investigated. The immediate postsurgical period was characterized by a rapid decline in the serum concentration of retinol, retinol binding protein and triiodothyronine and an increase in the 24 h urinary excretion of retinol, retinol-binding-protein and thyroxine. Similar, but less pronounced, changes were seen in other subjects suffering acute myocardial infarction but were not observed in normal healthy euthyroid males or in pre-operative euthyroid patients. The preparation of specific anti-retinol binding protein anti-serum and the use of this in 'monorocket' immunoelectrophoresis are also described.", "PMID": 415832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8374", "title": "Effect of selective goitre resection on absent thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone in idiopathic euthyroid goitres.", "content": "Absent thyrotrophin (TSH) response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) was found in ten of fifty consecutive nodular goitrous patients who were clinically and biochemically euthyroid. These ten patients together with a reference group engaging fifty-eight healthy individuals matched for sex, age, and geographic region form the basis of the present study. Patients with autonomously functioning single adenomata were excluded from the investigation. In the patient group, values of serum thyroxine (T4), free T4-index, and serum TSH did not differ significantly from those recorded in the reference group, whereas serum triiodothyronine was found to be significantly higher in the patients, although within the normal range. After selective resection of the goitre, the TSH responsiveness to TRH recovered completely. Routine indices of thyroid function, however, demonstrated no major deviation from pre-operative levels. During a follow-up period of 1 year, no systematic alterations were recorded in TSH response to TRH nor in the thyroid function tests, indicating maintenance of euthyroidism with restored normality within the pituitary-thyroid axis. The present study lends support to the view that increasing functional autonomy apparently is a common trend in goitre evolution in a non-endemic area.", "contents": "Effect of selective goitre resection on absent thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone in idiopathic euthyroid goitres. Absent thyrotrophin (TSH) response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) was found in ten of fifty consecutive nodular goitrous patients who were clinically and biochemically euthyroid. These ten patients together with a reference group engaging fifty-eight healthy individuals matched for sex, age, and geographic region form the basis of the present study. Patients with autonomously functioning single adenomata were excluded from the investigation. In the patient group, values of serum thyroxine (T4), free T4-index, and serum TSH did not differ significantly from those recorded in the reference group, whereas serum triiodothyronine was found to be significantly higher in the patients, although within the normal range. After selective resection of the goitre, the TSH responsiveness to TRH recovered completely. Routine indices of thyroid function, however, demonstrated no major deviation from pre-operative levels. During a follow-up period of 1 year, no systematic alterations were recorded in TSH response to TRH nor in the thyroid function tests, indicating maintenance of euthyroidism with restored normality within the pituitary-thyroid axis. The present study lends support to the view that increasing functional autonomy apparently is a common trend in goitre evolution in a non-endemic area.", "PMID": 415833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8375", "title": "Nephrotoxicity of cis-platinum (II) dichlorodiammine.", "content": "The renal function of 15 patients receiving cis-platinum (II) dichlorodiammine (CPDD) was examined prospectively in detail to elucidate early evidence of nephrotoxicity. Patients were given a total of 49 couses of CPDD at 20 mg/m2/day for 5 days with 1,000 ml of saline prehydration. Renal function was monitored by serial determinations of serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (measured as 125I-iothalamate clearance) and by measurement of parameters of tubular function, including tubular reabsorption of phosphorus, urine-to-serum glucose ratio, total protein, and total free immunoglobulin light chain excretion, serum electrolytes, and urine pH and specific gravity. There was no significant change in mean serum creatinine within a course of treatment, nor was there a cumulative increase in the serum creatinine. In 9 of 19 evaluable courses there was a small transient fall in glomerular filtration rate with prompt recovery. There was no cumulative decrease in glomerular filtration rate through 3 courses of treatment. Four of the patients with preexisting renal insufficiency suffered no significant additional nephrotoxicity. There was no tubular dysfunction demonstrable in any of the patients. This study represents the first prospective detailed examination of multiple parameters of renal function in patients treated with CPDD and reveals that the only parameter to show any change with this schedule of drug administration was the glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity of cis-platinum (II) dichlorodiammine. The renal function of 15 patients receiving cis-platinum (II) dichlorodiammine (CPDD) was examined prospectively in detail to elucidate early evidence of nephrotoxicity. Patients were given a total of 49 couses of CPDD at 20 mg/m2/day for 5 days with 1,000 ml of saline prehydration. Renal function was monitored by serial determinations of serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (measured as 125I-iothalamate clearance) and by measurement of parameters of tubular function, including tubular reabsorption of phosphorus, urine-to-serum glucose ratio, total protein, and total free immunoglobulin light chain excretion, serum electrolytes, and urine pH and specific gravity. There was no significant change in mean serum creatinine within a course of treatment, nor was there a cumulative increase in the serum creatinine. In 9 of 19 evaluable courses there was a small transient fall in glomerular filtration rate with prompt recovery. There was no cumulative decrease in glomerular filtration rate through 3 courses of treatment. Four of the patients with preexisting renal insufficiency suffered no significant additional nephrotoxicity. There was no tubular dysfunction demonstrable in any of the patients. This study represents the first prospective detailed examination of multiple parameters of renal function in patients treated with CPDD and reveals that the only parameter to show any change with this schedule of drug administration was the glomerular filtration rate.", "PMID": 415836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8376", "title": "The effect of berberine on bilirubin excretion in the rat.", "content": "Berberine-containing herbs have been used in folk medicine to relieve neonatal jaundice. In the present investigation, the acute and chronic effects of berberine on bilirubin excretion were studied in rats. Acute doses of berberine were found to increase the secretion of bilirubin in experimental hyperbilrubinemia without affecting the UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity and BSP clearance. Continuous treatment abolished this effect. This apparent tolerance could be attributed to the inhibitory action of chronic berberine treatment on UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity, but the mechanism of this inhibition was not elucidated. Liver microsomal protein concentration, ethylmorphine N-demethylation, and BSP clearance were unchanged.", "contents": "The effect of berberine on bilirubin excretion in the rat. Berberine-containing herbs have been used in folk medicine to relieve neonatal jaundice. In the present investigation, the acute and chronic effects of berberine on bilirubin excretion were studied in rats. Acute doses of berberine were found to increase the secretion of bilirubin in experimental hyperbilrubinemia without affecting the UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity and BSP clearance. Continuous treatment abolished this effect. This apparent tolerance could be attributed to the inhibitory action of chronic berberine treatment on UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity, but the mechanism of this inhibition was not elucidated. Liver microsomal protein concentration, ethylmorphine N-demethylation, and BSP clearance were unchanged.", "PMID": 415839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8377", "title": "Canine brucellosis. Current status of methods for diagnosis.", "content": "A critical review of the performance of several methods used for the serodiagnosis of canine brucellosis is presented. It is concluded that none of the procedures commonly used is, in itself, adequate to permit a definitive diagnosis in all cases. The diagnosis is simplified when several animals in a kennel are infected; however individual cases pose a variety of problems, especially when complete clinical histories are not submitted or opportunities for infection have not been disclosed. Blood cultures are an essential part of the laboratory diagnosis of B. canis infection, but bacteremia is frequently absent in chronically infected dogs. Judgements must therefore be made on the basis of bacteriologic results in concert with a variety of serologic tests, and an evaluation of clinical signs. In some instances, laboratory diagnosis is not possible without repeated samplings. The minimal diagnostic effort should include the screening of sera by the slide agglutination test (SAT). Negative results, in the absence of clinical signs, strongly suggest absence of infection. Positive SAT results indicate that further laboratory study is required. A two-stage testing procedure of all SAT-positive serums is therefore recommended. The tube agglutination test (TAT) or the 2-mercaptoethanol-TAT (ME-TAT) are valuable complementary methods; however either of these latter procedures, in conjunction with immunodiffusion analysis, appears to provide the best chances for accurate judgements of serologic results in difficult cases.", "contents": "Canine brucellosis. Current status of methods for diagnosis. A critical review of the performance of several methods used for the serodiagnosis of canine brucellosis is presented. It is concluded that none of the procedures commonly used is, in itself, adequate to permit a definitive diagnosis in all cases. The diagnosis is simplified when several animals in a kennel are infected; however individual cases pose a variety of problems, especially when complete clinical histories are not submitted or opportunities for infection have not been disclosed. Blood cultures are an essential part of the laboratory diagnosis of B. canis infection, but bacteremia is frequently absent in chronically infected dogs. Judgements must therefore be made on the basis of bacteriologic results in concert with a variety of serologic tests, and an evaluation of clinical signs. In some instances, laboratory diagnosis is not possible without repeated samplings. The minimal diagnostic effort should include the screening of sera by the slide agglutination test (SAT). Negative results, in the absence of clinical signs, strongly suggest absence of infection. Positive SAT results indicate that further laboratory study is required. A two-stage testing procedure of all SAT-positive serums is therefore recommended. The tube agglutination test (TAT) or the 2-mercaptoethanol-TAT (ME-TAT) are valuable complementary methods; however either of these latter procedures, in conjunction with immunodiffusion analysis, appears to provide the best chances for accurate judgements of serologic results in difficult cases.", "PMID": 415843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8378", "title": "Pulmonary and endocrine function before and after therapy with cromolyn sodium in asthma. Studies in steroid-dependent and nonsteroid-dependent asthmatic children and adolescents.", "content": "This study evaluated growth, chest radiographic manifestations, pulmonary function, and function of the pituitary-adrenal axis before and after therapy with cromolyn sodium in two groups of asthmatic youngsters, ie, 18 steroid-dependent patients and ten nonsteroid-dependent patients. The following three groups evolved: (1) steroid-dependent patients; (2) patients weaned from therapy with steroids; and (3) nonsteroid-dependent patients. Growth failure and cataracts were limited to the steroid-dependent group, while abnormalities of the lungs and pituitary-adrenal axis occurred in all three groups. Symptomatic benefits from therapy with cromolyn were striking for all groups. Chest x-ray films and the distribution of alveolar ventilation were more likely to reflect this clinical improvement than tests of pulmonary function and analyses of blood gas levels. Endocrine abnormalities in the steroid-dependent group were significant and were not quickly reversed by withdrawal of therapy with steroids. Even nonsteroid-dependent patients had abnormalities which may be related to having chronic asthma. Therapy with cromolyn seemed to promote some restoration of the function of the pituitary-adrenal axis, as indicated by better responsiveness to administration of metyrapone, which correlated with improved symptomatic control of asthma.", "contents": "Pulmonary and endocrine function before and after therapy with cromolyn sodium in asthma. Studies in steroid-dependent and nonsteroid-dependent asthmatic children and adolescents. This study evaluated growth, chest radiographic manifestations, pulmonary function, and function of the pituitary-adrenal axis before and after therapy with cromolyn sodium in two groups of asthmatic youngsters, ie, 18 steroid-dependent patients and ten nonsteroid-dependent patients. The following three groups evolved: (1) steroid-dependent patients; (2) patients weaned from therapy with steroids; and (3) nonsteroid-dependent patients. Growth failure and cataracts were limited to the steroid-dependent group, while abnormalities of the lungs and pituitary-adrenal axis occurred in all three groups. Symptomatic benefits from therapy with cromolyn were striking for all groups. Chest x-ray films and the distribution of alveolar ventilation were more likely to reflect this clinical improvement than tests of pulmonary function and analyses of blood gas levels. Endocrine abnormalities in the steroid-dependent group were significant and were not quickly reversed by withdrawal of therapy with steroids. Even nonsteroid-dependent patients had abnormalities which may be related to having chronic asthma. Therapy with cromolyn seemed to promote some restoration of the function of the pituitary-adrenal axis, as indicated by better responsiveness to administration of metyrapone, which correlated with improved symptomatic control of asthma.", "PMID": 415844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8379", "title": "Influence of the use of a surgical isolator on the rate of infection in the treatment of hydrocephalus.", "content": "Two series of patients treated for hydrocephalus (101 original shunt insertions, 81 revisions and 35 reinsertions after infections) have been operated on in the same location, 146 with a surgical isolator (SI), 71 without a SI. Due to temporary poor technical conditions, the use of a SI was decided because, the overall rate of acute postoperative infections had suddenly increased from 9 to 19.7%. Then, although these technical conditions remained unchanged, the use of the SI immediately reduced the overall rate of acute postoperative infections from 19.7 to 7.4%. In original shunt insertions, this rate decreased from 24.9 to 5.8% and in revisions from 10.7 to 5.5%. In reinsertions after infection, it only fell from 27.2 to 16.6%. With the SI, the rate of peroperative contamination is almost nil. If postoperative contaminations due to wound disruption or scalp necrosis, and shunt reinsertions after infection are not taken into account, the rate of acute postoperative infection is 0.8%. The data presented indicate the efficiency of the SI. This results from elimination by the SI of airborne contamination and errors in aseptic technique. These two factors are probably the main sources of infection in shunt insertions for hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Influence of the use of a surgical isolator on the rate of infection in the treatment of hydrocephalus. Two series of patients treated for hydrocephalus (101 original shunt insertions, 81 revisions and 35 reinsertions after infections) have been operated on in the same location, 146 with a surgical isolator (SI), 71 without a SI. Due to temporary poor technical conditions, the use of a SI was decided because, the overall rate of acute postoperative infections had suddenly increased from 9 to 19.7%. Then, although these technical conditions remained unchanged, the use of the SI immediately reduced the overall rate of acute postoperative infections from 19.7 to 7.4%. In original shunt insertions, this rate decreased from 24.9 to 5.8% and in revisions from 10.7 to 5.5%. In reinsertions after infection, it only fell from 27.2 to 16.6%. With the SI, the rate of peroperative contamination is almost nil. If postoperative contaminations due to wound disruption or scalp necrosis, and shunt reinsertions after infection are not taken into account, the rate of acute postoperative infection is 0.8%. The data presented indicate the efficiency of the SI. This results from elimination by the SI of airborne contamination and errors in aseptic technique. These two factors are probably the main sources of infection in shunt insertions for hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 415845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8380", "title": "Adult male--infant interactions among monkeys living in nuclear families.", "content": "Adult male rhesus monkeys were housed in nuclear families containing adult female mates, offspring, and other infants and adults. Behaviors exhibited by the adult males were recorded 4 days per week over a 37-month period; in interactions involving other monkeys, the identity and the responses of those participants were also recorded. The results indicated that, although adult males were less active and more stable in their behavioral levels than mates or offspring, they clearly distributed both initiates and responses differently to male offspring, female offspring, mates, and both infant and adult monkeys from other families. These results suggest that adult males have the potential to play more important roles in the social development of infants than had been previously suspected on the basis of field data. Implications for human father-infant interactions are discussed.", "contents": "Adult male--infant interactions among monkeys living in nuclear families. Adult male rhesus monkeys were housed in nuclear families containing adult female mates, offspring, and other infants and adults. Behaviors exhibited by the adult males were recorded 4 days per week over a 37-month period; in interactions involving other monkeys, the identity and the responses of those participants were also recorded. The results indicated that, although adult males were less active and more stable in their behavioral levels than mates or offspring, they clearly distributed both initiates and responses differently to male offspring, female offspring, mates, and both infant and adult monkeys from other families. These results suggest that adult males have the potential to play more important roles in the social development of infants than had been previously suspected on the basis of field data. Implications for human father-infant interactions are discussed.", "PMID": 415846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8381", "title": "Pyocyanine production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Dextrose enhanced the growth of P. aeruginosa but suppressed the biosynthesis of pyocyanine. The preformed pigment could be released from dead cells. Pigmentation was not correlated directly with number of viable organisms in the culture. High concentration of maltose likewise inhibited pyocyanine production. Maltose contained in medium used for pyocyanine production by P. aeruginosa should be kept in low concentration or omitted.", "contents": "Pyocyanine production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dextrose enhanced the growth of P. aeruginosa but suppressed the biosynthesis of pyocyanine. The preformed pigment could be released from dead cells. Pigmentation was not correlated directly with number of viable organisms in the culture. High concentration of maltose likewise inhibited pyocyanine production. Maltose contained in medium used for pyocyanine production by P. aeruginosa should be kept in low concentration or omitted.", "PMID": 415847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8382", "title": "Drug resistance among Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Taiwan during 1975.", "content": "455 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were isolated from patients with history of treatment in Taiwan Provincial Tuberculosis Control Bureau and tested for resistance against various antituberculosis agents including streptomycin (SM), paraaminosalicylic acid (PAS), isoniazid (INH), cycloserine (CS), prothionamide (1321TH), kanamycin (KM), ethambutol (EMB), and rifampicin (RFP). In vitro resistance to SM and INH was more frequently found than others and the resistance to a single drug was more common than multiple resistance.", "contents": "Drug resistance among Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Taiwan during 1975. 455 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were isolated from patients with history of treatment in Taiwan Provincial Tuberculosis Control Bureau and tested for resistance against various antituberculosis agents including streptomycin (SM), paraaminosalicylic acid (PAS), isoniazid (INH), cycloserine (CS), prothionamide (1321TH), kanamycin (KM), ethambutol (EMB), and rifampicin (RFP). In vitro resistance to SM and INH was more frequently found than others and the resistance to a single drug was more common than multiple resistance.", "PMID": 415848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8383", "title": "The role of de novo purine synthesis in lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "Genetic defects in purine metabolism are associated with severe immunodeficiency. Adenosine deaminase deficiency impairs the function of both B- and T-lymphocytes whereas in purine nucleoside (inosine) phosphorylase deficiency there is more severe impairment of T-lymphocyte functions than of B-lymphocyte functions. The relative unimportance of the salvage pathway catalysed by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase is shown by the normal responses of T-lymphocytes from patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome to antigenic and mitogenic stimulation. A mild deficiency of B-lymphocyte function is found in these patients. Agents inhibiting the de novo pathway of purine synthesis, including azaserine, 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine in low doses, block the responses of normal human lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation. These observations emphasize the importance of the de novo pathway of purine synthesis in lymphocyte responses to antigenic and mitogenic stimulation. There is considerable heterogeneity in the amount of labelled uridine incorporated into human and rat lymphocytes. This does not appear to reflect only a difference between T- and B-lymphocytes", "contents": "The role of de novo purine synthesis in lymphocyte transformation. Genetic defects in purine metabolism are associated with severe immunodeficiency. Adenosine deaminase deficiency impairs the function of both B- and T-lymphocytes whereas in purine nucleoside (inosine) phosphorylase deficiency there is more severe impairment of T-lymphocyte functions than of B-lymphocyte functions. The relative unimportance of the salvage pathway catalysed by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase is shown by the normal responses of T-lymphocytes from patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome to antigenic and mitogenic stimulation. A mild deficiency of B-lymphocyte function is found in these patients. Agents inhibiting the de novo pathway of purine synthesis, including azaserine, 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine in low doses, block the responses of normal human lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation. These observations emphasize the importance of the de novo pathway of purine synthesis in lymphocyte responses to antigenic and mitogenic stimulation. There is considerable heterogeneity in the amount of labelled uridine incorporated into human and rat lymphocytes. This does not appear to reflect only a difference between T- and B-lymphocytes", "PMID": 415850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8384", "title": "[Results of treating the acute stage of Crohn's disease by a dietary regimen (author's transl)].", "content": "23 consecutive patients (13 women, 10 men; mean age 31 years) with acute exacerbation of Crohn's disease were treated by a dietary regimen based on \"resting\" the bowel by parenteral nutrition or a balanced synthetic diet (Vivasorb), followed by stepwide introduction of a low-residue diet. Cardinal symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, diarrhoea, incomplete ileus or weight loss responded favourably to treatment in each case. Postoperative fistulae closed in two of three patients. Enterocutaneous fistulae, however, remained open in all five patients, although the volume of secretion decreased distinctly in four. During the follow-up period (averaging nine months after discharge from hospital) symptoms recurred in five patients, necessitating operative treatment in three.", "contents": "[Results of treating the acute stage of Crohn's disease by a dietary regimen (author's transl)]. 23 consecutive patients (13 women, 10 men; mean age 31 years) with acute exacerbation of Crohn's disease were treated by a dietary regimen based on \"resting\" the bowel by parenteral nutrition or a balanced synthetic diet (Vivasorb), followed by stepwide introduction of a low-residue diet. Cardinal symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, diarrhoea, incomplete ileus or weight loss responded favourably to treatment in each case. Postoperative fistulae closed in two of three patients. Enterocutaneous fistulae, however, remained open in all five patients, although the volume of secretion decreased distinctly in four. During the follow-up period (averaging nine months after discharge from hospital) symptoms recurred in five patients, necessitating operative treatment in three.", "PMID": 415856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8385", "title": "Conservation of active ribosomes in acetone-treated cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "The preparation of an acetone powder of cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL is described. A comparison of ribosomal particles isolated from acetone-treated and untreated cells shows that structurally and functionally intact ribosomes can be isolated from acetone-treated cells. Fully active ribosomes have been isolated from acetone powder of Tetrahymena that had been stored for more than 6 months at 4 degrees C. Thus, this procedure allows easy storage of large quantities of cells for the bulk preparation of active ribosomes.", "contents": "Conservation of active ribosomes in acetone-treated cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The preparation of an acetone powder of cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL is described. A comparison of ribosomal particles isolated from acetone-treated and untreated cells shows that structurally and functionally intact ribosomes can be isolated from acetone-treated cells. Fully active ribosomes have been isolated from acetone powder of Tetrahymena that had been stored for more than 6 months at 4 degrees C. Thus, this procedure allows easy storage of large quantities of cells for the bulk preparation of active ribosomes.", "PMID": 415859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8386", "title": "Phosphorylation in vivo of Ribosomes in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "Phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins in vivo was studied in exponentially growing and starved cells of the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis. No phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins could be demonstrated in cells growing exponentially in complex nutrient media. However, when Tetrahymena cells were transferred into a non-nutrient medium, pronounced phosphorylation of a single ribosomal protein was observed. During two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the phosphorylated ribosomal protein migrated in a manner virtually identical to that of the phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 of rat liver. The phosphorylated ribosomal protein has a molecular weight of 38000 as estimated by dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, the phosphorylated ribosomal protein found in starved Tetrahymena is apparently homologous with the ribosomal protein which is predominantly phosphorylated in higher eukaryotes. When phosphorylated ribosomes were dissociated by treatment with high concentration of KCl, the phosphorylated protein was found only on the small subunit. If dissociation was achieved by dialysis against a buffer low in MgCl2, the phosphorylated protein was distributed almost equally between the two subunits. This indicates that the phosphorylated ribosomal protein is located at the interface between the two subunits.", "contents": "Phosphorylation in vivo of Ribosomes in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins in vivo was studied in exponentially growing and starved cells of the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis. No phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins could be demonstrated in cells growing exponentially in complex nutrient media. However, when Tetrahymena cells were transferred into a non-nutrient medium, pronounced phosphorylation of a single ribosomal protein was observed. During two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the phosphorylated ribosomal protein migrated in a manner virtually identical to that of the phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 of rat liver. The phosphorylated ribosomal protein has a molecular weight of 38000 as estimated by dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, the phosphorylated ribosomal protein found in starved Tetrahymena is apparently homologous with the ribosomal protein which is predominantly phosphorylated in higher eukaryotes. When phosphorylated ribosomes were dissociated by treatment with high concentration of KCl, the phosphorylated protein was found only on the small subunit. If dissociation was achieved by dialysis against a buffer low in MgCl2, the phosphorylated protein was distributed almost equally between the two subunits. This indicates that the phosphorylated ribosomal protein is located at the interface between the two subunits.", "PMID": 415860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8387", "title": "The chemistry of the reaction of 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide with his-32 of alpha-lactalbumin.", "content": "His-32 of bovine or human alpha-lactalbumin reacts with the tryptophan reagent 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide at pH 7. The reaction depends on the native conformation of the alpha-lactalbumin molecule and it is restricted to position 1 of the imidazole nucleus. The synthesis and characterization of 1-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)-histidine, 3-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)-histidine and 1,3-bis(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)-histidine are described.", "contents": "The chemistry of the reaction of 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide with his-32 of alpha-lactalbumin. His-32 of bovine or human alpha-lactalbumin reacts with the tryptophan reagent 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide at pH 7. The reaction depends on the native conformation of the alpha-lactalbumin molecule and it is restricted to position 1 of the imidazole nucleus. The synthesis and characterization of 1-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)-histidine, 3-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)-histidine and 1,3-bis(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)-histidine are described.", "PMID": 415861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8388", "title": "Non-ribosomal nucleotide sequences in 7-S RNA, the immediate precursor of 5.8-S ribosomal RNA in yeast.", "content": "The topography and the length of the non-ribosomal sequences present in 7-S RNA, the immediate precursor of 5.8-S ribosomal RNA, from the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis were determined by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of the products obtained after complete digestion of 7-S RNA with RNase T1. The results show that 7-S RNA contains approximately 150 non-ribosomal nucleotides. The majority (90%) of the 7-S RNA molecules was found to have the same 5'-terminal pentadecanucleotide sequence as mature 5.8-S rRNA. The remaining 10% exhibited 5'-terminal sequences identical to those of 5.9-S RNA, which has the same primary structure as 5.8-S rRNA except for a slight extension at the 5' end [Rubin, G.M. (1974) Eur. J. Biochem. 41, 197--202]. These data show that the non-ribosomal nucleotides present in 7-S RNA are all located 3'-distal to the mature 5.8-S rRNA sequence. Moreover, it can be concluded that 5.9-S RNA is a stable rRNA rather than a precursor of 5.8-S rRNA. The 3'-terminal sequence of 5.8-S rRNA (U-C-A-U-U-UOH) is recovered in a much longer oligonucleotide in the T1 RNase digest of 7-S RNA having the sequence U-C-A-U-U-U-(C-C-U-U-C-U-C)-A-A-A-C-A-(U-U-C-U)-Gp. The sequences enclosed in brackets are likely to be correct but could not be established with absolute certainty. The arrow indicates the bond cleaved during processing. The octanucleotide sequence -A-A-A-C-A-U-U-C- located near the cleavage site shows a remarkable similarity to the 5'-terminal octanucleotide sequence of 7-S RNA (-A-A-A-C-U-U-U-C-). We suggest that these sequences may be involved in determining the specificity of the cleavages resulting in the formation of the two termini of 5.8-S rRNA.", "contents": "Non-ribosomal nucleotide sequences in 7-S RNA, the immediate precursor of 5.8-S ribosomal RNA in yeast. The topography and the length of the non-ribosomal sequences present in 7-S RNA, the immediate precursor of 5.8-S ribosomal RNA, from the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis were determined by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of the products obtained after complete digestion of 7-S RNA with RNase T1. The results show that 7-S RNA contains approximately 150 non-ribosomal nucleotides. The majority (90%) of the 7-S RNA molecules was found to have the same 5'-terminal pentadecanucleotide sequence as mature 5.8-S rRNA. The remaining 10% exhibited 5'-terminal sequences identical to those of 5.9-S RNA, which has the same primary structure as 5.8-S rRNA except for a slight extension at the 5' end [Rubin, G.M. (1974) Eur. J. Biochem. 41, 197--202]. These data show that the non-ribosomal nucleotides present in 7-S RNA are all located 3'-distal to the mature 5.8-S rRNA sequence. Moreover, it can be concluded that 5.9-S RNA is a stable rRNA rather than a precursor of 5.8-S rRNA. The 3'-terminal sequence of 5.8-S rRNA (U-C-A-U-U-UOH) is recovered in a much longer oligonucleotide in the T1 RNase digest of 7-S RNA having the sequence U-C-A-U-U-U-(C-C-U-U-C-U-C)-A-A-A-C-A-(U-U-C-U)-Gp. The sequences enclosed in brackets are likely to be correct but could not be established with absolute certainty. The arrow indicates the bond cleaved during processing. The octanucleotide sequence -A-A-A-C-A-U-U-C- located near the cleavage site shows a remarkable similarity to the 5'-terminal octanucleotide sequence of 7-S RNA (-A-A-A-C-U-U-U-C-). We suggest that these sequences may be involved in determining the specificity of the cleavages resulting in the formation of the two termini of 5.8-S rRNA.", "PMID": 415862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8389", "title": "Anger camera imaging of perfused and nonperfused brain tissue with intra-arterial 133Xenon technique.", "content": "The regional cerebral blood flow, the regional blood flow distribution, and the regional distribution of perfused (= vital) brain tissue been imaged with a digitalized conventional Anger camer. An analog scaler was placed behind the PM-tubes to reduce dead-time loss. The input pulse rate was doubled to counteract the effect of scaling on counting statistics, and the gamma emission was filtered through 1 mm of brass to increase the fraction of the integral count rate within the 40% window. In this way the 31 keV peak disappears, and Compton scatter and disturbing coincidences are markedly reduced. This improves spatial resolution. The flow parameters are imaged regionally in 3 X 3 mm2 matrix elements after flat field correction and smoothing. The matrix is 64 X 64 interpolated to 128 X 128. Patient studies emphasized the importance of imaging the distribution of perfused and nonperfused tissue in cases of infarctions, dilacerations, etc., where angiography and conventional brain scanning may often be negative.", "contents": "Anger camera imaging of perfused and nonperfused brain tissue with intra-arterial 133Xenon technique. The regional cerebral blood flow, the regional blood flow distribution, and the regional distribution of perfused (= vital) brain tissue been imaged with a digitalized conventional Anger camer. An analog scaler was placed behind the PM-tubes to reduce dead-time loss. The input pulse rate was doubled to counteract the effect of scaling on counting statistics, and the gamma emission was filtered through 1 mm of brass to increase the fraction of the integral count rate within the 40% window. In this way the 31 keV peak disappears, and Compton scatter and disturbing coincidences are markedly reduced. This improves spatial resolution. The flow parameters are imaged regionally in 3 X 3 mm2 matrix elements after flat field correction and smoothing. The matrix is 64 X 64 interpolated to 128 X 128. Patient studies emphasized the importance of imaging the distribution of perfused and nonperfused tissue in cases of infarctions, dilacerations, etc., where angiography and conventional brain scanning may often be negative.", "PMID": 415863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8390", "title": "Absent kidney sign associated with symmetrical and uniformly increased uptake of radiopharmaceutical by the skeleton.", "content": "In 11 patients 99mTc-stannous H.E.D.P. bone scans showed absent renal images associated with symmetrical and uniformly increased uptake of radiopharmaceutical by the skeleton. These appearances are frequently seen in renal osteodystrophy but are uncommon in malignant disease. Their significance in hypervitaminosis D requires further evaluation.", "contents": "Absent kidney sign associated with symmetrical and uniformly increased uptake of radiopharmaceutical by the skeleton. In 11 patients 99mTc-stannous H.E.D.P. bone scans showed absent renal images associated with symmetrical and uniformly increased uptake of radiopharmaceutical by the skeleton. These appearances are frequently seen in renal osteodystrophy but are uncommon in malignant disease. Their significance in hypervitaminosis D requires further evaluation.", "PMID": 415864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8391", "title": "Serum and cerebrospinal fluid IGM in 203 neurological patients.", "content": "Simultaneous serum and CSF IgM determinations were made by electroimmunodiffusion in 5 normals and 203 patients. Absent from normal CSF, IgM was found in 56 patients (27%): (1) A blood-CSF transudation was present in 25 patients (12%). IgM seems of no diagnostic value in these cases. (2) A purely local synthesis was demonstrated in 17 patients (8%), concerning proved (bacterial, viral, parasitic) or supposed (multiple sclerosis) persistent infectious aggressions. (3) In the last 14 patients with IgM in CSF, a transudation was associated with a local synthesis of IgG (meningitis pattern). (4) A ratio IgM .10(3)/albumin above 10 seems an argument for multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Serum and cerebrospinal fluid IGM in 203 neurological patients. Simultaneous serum and CSF IgM determinations were made by electroimmunodiffusion in 5 normals and 203 patients. Absent from normal CSF, IgM was found in 56 patients (27%): (1) A blood-CSF transudation was present in 25 patients (12%). IgM seems of no diagnostic value in these cases. (2) A purely local synthesis was demonstrated in 17 patients (8%), concerning proved (bacterial, viral, parasitic) or supposed (multiple sclerosis) persistent infectious aggressions. (3) In the last 14 patients with IgM in CSF, a transudation was associated with a local synthesis of IgG (meningitis pattern). (4) A ratio IgM .10(3)/albumin above 10 seems an argument for multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 415865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8392", "title": "Effects of the angiotensin II antagonist 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II in hypertension in man.", "content": "The angiotensin II antagonist 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (saralasin) was infused in forty-six patients with hypertension of various aetiology (essential, renal arterial or parenchymal disease, primary hyperaldosteronism), before and/or during sodium volume depletion obtained by chlorthalidone and low sodium diet. When saralasin was infused in twenty-five patients ingesting 130 mmol of sodium per day, including patients with proven renovascular hypertension, the changes in mean arterial pressure and ranged from +10 to -7 mmHg (mean: +0.20 mmHg) and were not related to the plasma renin concentration (PRC) (r = -0.11). During sodium volume depletion, saralasin induced changes in mean arterial pressure, ranging from +21 to -76 mmHg, which were closely related to log PRC (n = 32; r = -0.87). Combined sodium depletion and antagonism of angiotensin II 'normalized' mean arterial pressure (less than or equal to 100 mmHg) in twenty-one of the thirty-two patients, while pressure remained between 106 and 147 mmHg in eleven 'poor' responders, so that pressor mechanisms other than sodium volume and angiotensin must be responsible for the remaining elevation of pressure in these patients. The study indicates that arterial pressure is not dependent on the immediate pressor effects of angiotensin II in sodium replete patients, and in sodium deplete subjects whose PRC remains low, while it is at least partly angiotensin II dependent during sodium volume depletion in the others. The results cast doubts on the clinical usefulness of saralasin in the investigation of patients with hypertension, when studied in the conditions of the present study.", "contents": "Effects of the angiotensin II antagonist 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II in hypertension in man. The angiotensin II antagonist 1-sar-8-ala-angiotensin II (saralasin) was infused in forty-six patients with hypertension of various aetiology (essential, renal arterial or parenchymal disease, primary hyperaldosteronism), before and/or during sodium volume depletion obtained by chlorthalidone and low sodium diet. When saralasin was infused in twenty-five patients ingesting 130 mmol of sodium per day, including patients with proven renovascular hypertension, the changes in mean arterial pressure and ranged from +10 to -7 mmHg (mean: +0.20 mmHg) and were not related to the plasma renin concentration (PRC) (r = -0.11). During sodium volume depletion, saralasin induced changes in mean arterial pressure, ranging from +21 to -76 mmHg, which were closely related to log PRC (n = 32; r = -0.87). Combined sodium depletion and antagonism of angiotensin II 'normalized' mean arterial pressure (less than or equal to 100 mmHg) in twenty-one of the thirty-two patients, while pressure remained between 106 and 147 mmHg in eleven 'poor' responders, so that pressor mechanisms other than sodium volume and angiotensin must be responsible for the remaining elevation of pressure in these patients. The study indicates that arterial pressure is not dependent on the immediate pressor effects of angiotensin II in sodium replete patients, and in sodium deplete subjects whose PRC remains low, while it is at least partly angiotensin II dependent during sodium volume depletion in the others. The results cast doubts on the clinical usefulness of saralasin in the investigation of patients with hypertension, when studied in the conditions of the present study.", "PMID": 415868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8393", "title": "The role of adrenaline and of the vagus in gastrin release and acid secretion in dogs.", "content": "Serum gastrin, gastric acid secretion and plasma adrenaline in response to intravenous injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and to insulin were measured in six dogs with gastric fistulae before and after denervation of the antrum and the intestine (antral-intestinal vagotomy). Serum gastrin and gastric acid secretion were also measured in the same dogs during intravenous infusion of adrenaline in doses which produced an elevation of plasma adrenaline to levels occurring during hypoglycaemia and after the injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Antral-intestinal vagotomy reduced basal gastrin concentration slightly and basal gastric acid secretion considerably. The rise in serum gastrin in response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose and hypoglycaemia was abolished while the increase in gastric acid secretion was reduced after antral-intestinal vagotomy. Beef meal-stimulated gastrin secretion was the same before and after vagotomy. Intravenous infusion of adrenaline had no effect on either serum gastrin or gastric acid secretion. It is concluded that in the dog, in contradistinction to man, gastrin release after insulin is dependent on an intact vagus. Release of gastrin by adrenaline in the dog does not appear to be physiological since it is not achieved by the amount of adrenaline released in response to hypoglycaemia.", "contents": "The role of adrenaline and of the vagus in gastrin release and acid secretion in dogs. Serum gastrin, gastric acid secretion and plasma adrenaline in response to intravenous injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and to insulin were measured in six dogs with gastric fistulae before and after denervation of the antrum and the intestine (antral-intestinal vagotomy). Serum gastrin and gastric acid secretion were also measured in the same dogs during intravenous infusion of adrenaline in doses which produced an elevation of plasma adrenaline to levels occurring during hypoglycaemia and after the injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Antral-intestinal vagotomy reduced basal gastrin concentration slightly and basal gastric acid secretion considerably. The rise in serum gastrin in response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose and hypoglycaemia was abolished while the increase in gastric acid secretion was reduced after antral-intestinal vagotomy. Beef meal-stimulated gastrin secretion was the same before and after vagotomy. Intravenous infusion of adrenaline had no effect on either serum gastrin or gastric acid secretion. It is concluded that in the dog, in contradistinction to man, gastrin release after insulin is dependent on an intact vagus. Release of gastrin by adrenaline in the dog does not appear to be physiological since it is not achieved by the amount of adrenaline released in response to hypoglycaemia.", "PMID": 415869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8394", "title": "Ethanol-induced hypoglycaemia in man: its suppression by the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole.", "content": "Infusion of ethanol (0.6 g/kg body wt) caused marked hypoglycaemia in subjects fasted for 36 h. Previous administration of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP, 7 mg/kg body wt i.v.) strongly suppressed the ethanol-induced hypoglycaemia. The rate of ethanol elimination was 84.6 mg/kg per hour. 4-MP at the dose used caused a 21% reduction of ethanol elimination, but had no significant effect on blood acetaldehyde levels. 4-MP also significantly suppressed the ethanol-induced elevation of blood lactate and almost completely prevented the increase in the 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio, but had only a slight effect on the lactate/pyruvate ratio of venous blood. The results demonstrate that the hypoglycaemia and lactacidaemia produced by the oxidation of alcohol can be prevented by a dose of 4-MP that diminishes or prevents the ethanol-induced shift in the NAD-coupled redox state of the liver.", "contents": "Ethanol-induced hypoglycaemia in man: its suppression by the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole. Infusion of ethanol (0.6 g/kg body wt) caused marked hypoglycaemia in subjects fasted for 36 h. Previous administration of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP, 7 mg/kg body wt i.v.) strongly suppressed the ethanol-induced hypoglycaemia. The rate of ethanol elimination was 84.6 mg/kg per hour. 4-MP at the dose used caused a 21% reduction of ethanol elimination, but had no significant effect on blood acetaldehyde levels. 4-MP also significantly suppressed the ethanol-induced elevation of blood lactate and almost completely prevented the increase in the 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio, but had only a slight effect on the lactate/pyruvate ratio of venous blood. The results demonstrate that the hypoglycaemia and lactacidaemia produced by the oxidation of alcohol can be prevented by a dose of 4-MP that diminishes or prevents the ethanol-induced shift in the NAD-coupled redox state of the liver.", "PMID": 415870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8395", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for human thyroglobulin: methodology and clinical applications.", "content": "A specific double-antibody radioimmunoassay with a sensitivity of 2.5 ng/ml has been developed for measuring thyroglobulin (Tg) in human serum. As endogenous anti-Tg antibodies in serum interfere in the assay, only sera with a negative tanned red cell (TRC) test are suitable for analysis. Tg was detectable in 84.7% of the euthyroid subjects, with a mean value of 6.1 (values ranging from nondetectable to 43.0 ng/ml). Values were significantly higher in women than in men. Tg release by the thyroid appears to be under pituitary control, as suggested by TSH stimulation and T3 suppression tests. Elevated Tg levels were found in hyperthyroidism, simple goitre, and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The significance of circulating Tg and the possible application of the Tg RIA are discussed.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for human thyroglobulin: methodology and clinical applications. A specific double-antibody radioimmunoassay with a sensitivity of 2.5 ng/ml has been developed for measuring thyroglobulin (Tg) in human serum. As endogenous anti-Tg antibodies in serum interfere in the assay, only sera with a negative tanned red cell (TRC) test are suitable for analysis. Tg was detectable in 84.7% of the euthyroid subjects, with a mean value of 6.1 (values ranging from nondetectable to 43.0 ng/ml). Values were significantly higher in women than in men. Tg release by the thyroid appears to be under pituitary control, as suggested by TSH stimulation and T3 suppression tests. Elevated Tg levels were found in hyperthyroidism, simple goitre, and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The significance of circulating Tg and the possible application of the Tg RIA are discussed.", "PMID": 415873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8396", "title": "Secondary hypertriglyceridaemia in patients with parenchymal liver disease.", "content": "Hypertriglyceridaemia occurring in patients with liver disease has been studied by measuring hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) and plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) by selective precipitation of H-TGL with specific antibodies. Lipid analysis, determination of lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, and liver function tests were performed in parallel in fifty patients with acute hepatitis, twenty patients with chronic active or persistent hepatitis and fifty with cirrhosis of the liver. Total post-heparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) decreased with the severity of liver dysfunction. This decrease was due to low H-TGL and only to some degree to low LPL activity. With improvement over several weeks of hospitalization, hypertriglyceridaemia disappeared with a concomitant increase of H-TGL and LPL. It is concluded that impaired triglyceride metabolism in liver disease is at least partly caused by diminished plasma hepatic TGL activity.", "contents": "Secondary hypertriglyceridaemia in patients with parenchymal liver disease. Hypertriglyceridaemia occurring in patients with liver disease has been studied by measuring hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) and plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) by selective precipitation of H-TGL with specific antibodies. Lipid analysis, determination of lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, and liver function tests were performed in parallel in fifty patients with acute hepatitis, twenty patients with chronic active or persistent hepatitis and fifty with cirrhosis of the liver. Total post-heparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) decreased with the severity of liver dysfunction. This decrease was due to low H-TGL and only to some degree to low LPL activity. With improvement over several weeks of hospitalization, hypertriglyceridaemia disappeared with a concomitant increase of H-TGL and LPL. It is concluded that impaired triglyceride metabolism in liver disease is at least partly caused by diminished plasma hepatic TGL activity.", "PMID": 415876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8397", "title": "Blood polymorphonuclear dysfunction in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function was investigated in twenty patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and three patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis. Bacterial ingestion, oxygen-dependent bactericidal capacity, and chemotactic response were measured. Serum dependent abnormalities were common; they included deficiencies of ingestion and of all subsequent oxygen-dependent metabolic events (three patients), all oxygen-dependent metabolic events (one patient), cytochrome c reduction and iodination deficiencies (six patients), isolated cytochrome c reduction deficiency (ten patients), and chemotactic deficiencies (fourteen out of eighteen patients). Serum-independent abnormalities were much less common; they included increased ingestion rate (four patients), decreased stimulated reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (three patients), and decreased myeloperoxidase content (eight patients). Polymorphonuclear leucocyte abnormalities are frequent in cirrhosis and may account in part for increased susceptibility to infection in that disease.", "contents": "Blood polymorphonuclear dysfunction in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function was investigated in twenty patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and three patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis. Bacterial ingestion, oxygen-dependent bactericidal capacity, and chemotactic response were measured. Serum dependent abnormalities were common; they included deficiencies of ingestion and of all subsequent oxygen-dependent metabolic events (three patients), all oxygen-dependent metabolic events (one patient), cytochrome c reduction and iodination deficiencies (six patients), isolated cytochrome c reduction deficiency (ten patients), and chemotactic deficiencies (fourteen out of eighteen patients). Serum-independent abnormalities were much less common; they included increased ingestion rate (four patients), decreased stimulated reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (three patients), and decreased myeloperoxidase content (eight patients). Polymorphonuclear leucocyte abnormalities are frequent in cirrhosis and may account in part for increased susceptibility to infection in that disease.", "PMID": 415878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8398", "title": "The effects of administrations of HCl, NH4Cl and NH4HCO3 on the excretion of urea and ammonium in man.", "content": "In man, HCl acidosis reduces blood and urinary urea with a concomitant rise in ammonium (NH4+) excretion. Significantly less urea is excreted following NH4Cl administration than following equimolar ingestion of NH4 HCO3. The results of these alterations in nitrogen excretion are interpreted in terms of bicarbonate utilization and production.", "contents": "The effects of administrations of HCl, NH4Cl and NH4HCO3 on the excretion of urea and ammonium in man. In man, HCl acidosis reduces blood and urinary urea with a concomitant rise in ammonium (NH4+) excretion. Significantly less urea is excreted following NH4Cl administration than following equimolar ingestion of NH4 HCO3. The results of these alterations in nitrogen excretion are interpreted in terms of bicarbonate utilization and production.", "PMID": 415880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8399", "title": "Cholesterol and DNA content in arterial tissue in severe obesity: their relation to some risk factors for ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Arterial tissue was obtained from twelve severely obese patients during jejuno-ileal by-pass surgery. The arterial DNA content was inversely correlated with the sum of venous glucose values during an oral glucose tolerance test (rs = -0.72). This observation may have implications on the known relationship between decreased glucose tolerance and early manifestations of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Cholesterol and DNA content in arterial tissue in severe obesity: their relation to some risk factors for ischaemic heart disease. Arterial tissue was obtained from twelve severely obese patients during jejuno-ileal by-pass surgery. The arterial DNA content was inversely correlated with the sum of venous glucose values during an oral glucose tolerance test (rs = -0.72). This observation may have implications on the known relationship between decreased glucose tolerance and early manifestations of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 415881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8400", "title": "Human fat cell adenylate cyclase: regional differences in adrenaline responsiveness.", "content": "The effect of adrenaline on adenylate cyclase activity in membranes prepared from human abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue was examined. Basal enzyme activity averaged 1.0 mmol cAMP/mg protein/15 min in abdominal tissue and 0.68 nmol cAMP/mg protein/15 min in ghosts from the buttock. Maximally effective concentrations of sodium fluoride (20 mmol/1) induced an eight-fold increase in both membrane preparations. The maximal response to adrenaline (1.0 mmol/1) averaged 170% in ghosts of abdominal tissue compared with 60% in gluteal membranes. The concentrations of adrenaline required to produce half-maximal stimulation were similar in membrane preparations of both regions (about 5 X 10(-5) mol/1).", "contents": "Human fat cell adenylate cyclase: regional differences in adrenaline responsiveness. The effect of adrenaline on adenylate cyclase activity in membranes prepared from human abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue was examined. Basal enzyme activity averaged 1.0 mmol cAMP/mg protein/15 min in abdominal tissue and 0.68 nmol cAMP/mg protein/15 min in ghosts from the buttock. Maximally effective concentrations of sodium fluoride (20 mmol/1) induced an eight-fold increase in both membrane preparations. The maximal response to adrenaline (1.0 mmol/1) averaged 170% in ghosts of abdominal tissue compared with 60% in gluteal membranes. The concentrations of adrenaline required to produce half-maximal stimulation were similar in membrane preparations of both regions (about 5 X 10(-5) mol/1).", "PMID": 415882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8401", "title": "Surface immunolglobulin on rabbit lymphoid cells. VI. Failure to detect d and e group immunoglobulin allotypes on lymphocytes by immunoelectron microscopic labeling.", "content": "Surface immunoglobulin allotypes on rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and spleen lymphocytes are detected by an immunoferritin labeling technique for electron microscopy. Human red blood cells, chemically coated with purified rabbit IgG of specific allotypes, served as test cells to assess the labeling specificity and efficiency. Immunoelectron microscopic labeling reveals that groups a, b, d and e allotypic specificities are readily detectable on passively coated test cells. However, only a and b group markers are detectable on lymphocytes. On rabbit PBL both a (VH of Fd region) and b (kappa chain constant region) group allotypes are detectable (73-78% and 68-77%, respectively); on spleen cells, 46% and 52-55% are positive for a and b locus allotypes, respectively. The d and e allotypes (i. e. gamma chain-specific) are undetectable on PBL or on spleen lymphocytes using this method. We conclude that the d and e group allotypes are either not present on the lymphocyte surface or are buried in the surface membrane and unacessible to the antisera used in this immunoferritin labeling technique.", "contents": "Surface immunolglobulin on rabbit lymphoid cells. VI. Failure to detect d and e group immunoglobulin allotypes on lymphocytes by immunoelectron microscopic labeling. Surface immunoglobulin allotypes on rabbit peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and spleen lymphocytes are detected by an immunoferritin labeling technique for electron microscopy. Human red blood cells, chemically coated with purified rabbit IgG of specific allotypes, served as test cells to assess the labeling specificity and efficiency. Immunoelectron microscopic labeling reveals that groups a, b, d and e allotypic specificities are readily detectable on passively coated test cells. However, only a and b group markers are detectable on lymphocytes. On rabbit PBL both a (VH of Fd region) and b (kappa chain constant region) group allotypes are detectable (73-78% and 68-77%, respectively); on spleen cells, 46% and 52-55% are positive for a and b locus allotypes, respectively. The d and e allotypes (i. e. gamma chain-specific) are undetectable on PBL or on spleen lymphocytes using this method. We conclude that the d and e group allotypes are either not present on the lymphocyte surface or are buried in the surface membrane and unacessible to the antisera used in this immunoferritin labeling technique.", "PMID": 415883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8402", "title": "Presence of common idiotypes on antibodies induced by glutamic acid-lysine-containing terpolymers in responder and nonresponder mice with the Ig-1b heavy chain allotype.", "content": "A B10.A (5R) responder mouse to the random linear terpolymer, poly--(Glu, Lys, Phe), GLphi, can produce immunoglobulins which bind poly-L (Glu, Lys), GL, that share idiotypic determinants with GL-binding antibodies produced by other members of the same strain. Expression of these common idiotypic determinants, termed BGL, is independent of the H-2 halotype and closely linked to the Ig-lb heavy chain allotype. Moreover, nonresponder mice with the Ig-lb heavy chain allotype, when immunized with GLphi that has been chemically coupled to an immunogenic carrier, chicken IgG, can produce GL-binding antibodies that share BGL idiotypic specificities with anti-GLphi antibodies produced by responder animals. Also, the responses to other GL-containing polymers, such as poly-L (Glu, Lys, Ala) and poly-L (Glu, Lys, Pro), which are under the control of distinct Ir genes, can stimulate the production of GL-binding antibodies that share common BGL idiotypic determinants with antibodies induced with GLphi. These findings are discussed with respect to their implications concerning the mechanism(s) of Ir gene control.", "contents": "Presence of common idiotypes on antibodies induced by glutamic acid-lysine-containing terpolymers in responder and nonresponder mice with the Ig-1b heavy chain allotype. A B10.A (5R) responder mouse to the random linear terpolymer, poly--(Glu, Lys, Phe), GLphi, can produce immunoglobulins which bind poly-L (Glu, Lys), GL, that share idiotypic determinants with GL-binding antibodies produced by other members of the same strain. Expression of these common idiotypic determinants, termed BGL, is independent of the H-2 halotype and closely linked to the Ig-lb heavy chain allotype. Moreover, nonresponder mice with the Ig-lb heavy chain allotype, when immunized with GLphi that has been chemically coupled to an immunogenic carrier, chicken IgG, can produce GL-binding antibodies that share BGL idiotypic specificities with anti-GLphi antibodies produced by responder animals. Also, the responses to other GL-containing polymers, such as poly-L (Glu, Lys, Ala) and poly-L (Glu, Lys, Pro), which are under the control of distinct Ir genes, can stimulate the production of GL-binding antibodies that share common BGL idiotypic determinants with antibodies induced with GLphi. These findings are discussed with respect to their implications concerning the mechanism(s) of Ir gene control.", "PMID": 415884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8403", "title": "Regulation of allotype expression in heterozygous rabbits. III. Concomitant modulation and concomitant suppression oa a2 and a3 allotypes on individual peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Sensitization of peripheral blood lymphocytes from heterozygous a2/a3 rabbits with purified, monospecific anti-a3 antibodies, raised in a1/a1 rabbits, resulted in the disappearance of surface a2 and a3 allotypes (concomitant modulation) after subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C, as determined by the mixed antiglobulin (rosette) test. Similar results were obtained when anti-a2 antibodies were used. The dose dependence of modulation and comodulation were also studied. Testing of mixtures of homozygous a2/a2 plus a3/a3 cells never led to comodulation. Blocking studies, performed to determine the surface contiguity of a2 and a3 determinants, indicated that both allotypes are situated close together in the membrane on cells exhibiting allotype inclusion. Overnight culture in serum-free medium revealed that cells which underwent extensive modulation and comodulation were often suppressed for both homologous and alternate allotypes (concomitant suppression). These and other data suggest that a single modulation event, in which extensive removal of cell membrane Ig occurred, could serve to inhibit the re-expression of Ig. This may, in part, reflect interactions with membrane receptors involved in the regulation of expression of VH gene products. Implications of VH allotype inclusion are discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of allotype expression in heterozygous rabbits. III. Concomitant modulation and concomitant suppression oa a2 and a3 allotypes on individual peripheral blood lymphocytes. Sensitization of peripheral blood lymphocytes from heterozygous a2/a3 rabbits with purified, monospecific anti-a3 antibodies, raised in a1/a1 rabbits, resulted in the disappearance of surface a2 and a3 allotypes (concomitant modulation) after subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C, as determined by the mixed antiglobulin (rosette) test. Similar results were obtained when anti-a2 antibodies were used. The dose dependence of modulation and comodulation were also studied. Testing of mixtures of homozygous a2/a2 plus a3/a3 cells never led to comodulation. Blocking studies, performed to determine the surface contiguity of a2 and a3 determinants, indicated that both allotypes are situated close together in the membrane on cells exhibiting allotype inclusion. Overnight culture in serum-free medium revealed that cells which underwent extensive modulation and comodulation were often suppressed for both homologous and alternate allotypes (concomitant suppression). These and other data suggest that a single modulation event, in which extensive removal of cell membrane Ig occurred, could serve to inhibit the re-expression of Ig. This may, in part, reflect interactions with membrane receptors involved in the regulation of expression of VH gene products. Implications of VH allotype inclusion are discussed.", "PMID": 415886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8404", "title": "Enhancement of acetylcholine secretion by two sulfhydryl reagents.", "content": "Two sulfhydryl reagents (N-ethyl maleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate), used in a concentration of 0.1 mmol/l, increased both spontaneous and evoked acetylcholine secretion at the toad neuromuscular junction, the former in the absence of extracellular calcium ions.", "contents": "Enhancement of acetylcholine secretion by two sulfhydryl reagents. Two sulfhydryl reagents (N-ethyl maleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate), used in a concentration of 0.1 mmol/l, increased both spontaneous and evoked acetylcholine secretion at the toad neuromuscular junction, the former in the absence of extracellular calcium ions.", "PMID": 415887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8405", "title": "Intensity coding in primate visual system.", "content": "The pupil reflex and the discharge of LGN cells of the awake macaque were measured under stimulus conditions that yielded evidence for wide-range intensity coding in human psychophysical experiments. Ganzfeld flashes of white light were delivered under dark-adapted conditions to the surgically immobilized eye of the monkey while the other eye was observed in the infrared. Three-sec flashes elicited a consensual pupil reflex that was graded from -8 to 0 log Lamberts (L), indicating that the optic nerve fibers are capable of coding at least an 8 log-unit range of light intensity. In the physiological experiments, shorter flashes (0.1-0.5 sec) but otherwise identical conditions elicited monotonically graded responses from one type of LGN cell over the photopic range of -5 to 0 log L. Responses from other types of LGN cells were also graded over wide ranges but had different thresholds and, in some cases, nonmonotonic intensity-response functions. Latency of the excitatory LGN responses decreased with increasing intensity according to a power function with slope of-0.08. The pupil reflex and the LGN cell excitatory responses approximate power functions of light intensity with exponents of 0.22 and 0.14-0.29 respectively. The range of intensity coding found for single LGN cells is the widest yet reported for diffuse stimuli.", "contents": "Intensity coding in primate visual system. The pupil reflex and the discharge of LGN cells of the awake macaque were measured under stimulus conditions that yielded evidence for wide-range intensity coding in human psychophysical experiments. Ganzfeld flashes of white light were delivered under dark-adapted conditions to the surgically immobilized eye of the monkey while the other eye was observed in the infrared. Three-sec flashes elicited a consensual pupil reflex that was graded from -8 to 0 log Lamberts (L), indicating that the optic nerve fibers are capable of coding at least an 8 log-unit range of light intensity. In the physiological experiments, shorter flashes (0.1-0.5 sec) but otherwise identical conditions elicited monotonically graded responses from one type of LGN cell over the photopic range of -5 to 0 log L. Responses from other types of LGN cells were also graded over wide ranges but had different thresholds and, in some cases, nonmonotonic intensity-response functions. Latency of the excitatory LGN responses decreased with increasing intensity according to a power function with slope of-0.08. The pupil reflex and the LGN cell excitatory responses approximate power functions of light intensity with exponents of 0.22 and 0.14-0.29 respectively. The range of intensity coding found for single LGN cells is the widest yet reported for diffuse stimuli.", "PMID": 415894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8406", "title": "Evaluation of a surgical method for immobilizing the eye of an alert monkey.", "content": "One eye of a macaque monkey was immobilized by severing the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves. The residual movements of the operated eye were measured by repeatedly mapping the position of a visual receptive field. Movements of several degrees were caused by contraction of the orbital musculature during the closure blink. The amount of movement was dramatically reduced by paralysis of the superficial orbital muscles with a local anesthetic. Side effects of surgical immobilization include increased risk of corneal clouding and eye infection. In one monkey intraocular pressure was lowered for several weeks. Regeneration of the severed nerves causes return of some voluntary movement of the eye, which is not coordinated with movements of the unoperated eye even after nine months postoperative survival. The suitability of this approach for studies on the visual nervous system is discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of a surgical method for immobilizing the eye of an alert monkey. One eye of a macaque monkey was immobilized by severing the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves. The residual movements of the operated eye were measured by repeatedly mapping the position of a visual receptive field. Movements of several degrees were caused by contraction of the orbital musculature during the closure blink. The amount of movement was dramatically reduced by paralysis of the superficial orbital muscles with a local anesthetic. Side effects of surgical immobilization include increased risk of corneal clouding and eye infection. In one monkey intraocular pressure was lowered for several weeks. Regeneration of the severed nerves causes return of some voluntary movement of the eye, which is not coordinated with movements of the unoperated eye even after nine months postoperative survival. The suitability of this approach for studies on the visual nervous system is discussed.", "PMID": 415895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8407", "title": "Lipofuscin accumulation in squirrel monkey spinal cord consequent to protein malnutrition during gestation.", "content": "The formation of lipofuscin pigment in the anterior horn cells of the cervical spinal cord has shown in the fetuses and neonates under the extrinsic influence of maternal protein deprivation during the gestation period in the squirrel monkeys.", "contents": "Lipofuscin accumulation in squirrel monkey spinal cord consequent to protein malnutrition during gestation. The formation of lipofuscin pigment in the anterior horn cells of the cervical spinal cord has shown in the fetuses and neonates under the extrinsic influence of maternal protein deprivation during the gestation period in the squirrel monkeys.", "PMID": 415896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8408", "title": "Intravenous thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) enhances the excitatory actions of acetylcholine (ACh) on rat cortical neurons.", "content": "I.v. administered TRH (1.25--10 mg/kg) enhanced the excitatory actions of iontophoretically applied ACh on spontaneously active cerebral cortical neurons of pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis of a cholinergic-link in the anti-anaesthetic actions of exogenously administered TRH.", "contents": "Intravenous thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) enhances the excitatory actions of acetylcholine (ACh) on rat cortical neurons. I.v. administered TRH (1.25--10 mg/kg) enhanced the excitatory actions of iontophoretically applied ACh on spontaneously active cerebral cortical neurons of pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis of a cholinergic-link in the anti-anaesthetic actions of exogenously administered TRH.", "PMID": 415897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8409", "title": "Scanning-autoradiography--a new method for the demonstration of membrane-surface-associated structures.", "content": "A method for the demonstration of membrane-localized markers and receptors is described which results from the combination of autoradiography and scanning electronmicroscopy.", "contents": "Scanning-autoradiography--a new method for the demonstration of membrane-surface-associated structures. A method for the demonstration of membrane-localized markers and receptors is described which results from the combination of autoradiography and scanning electronmicroscopy.", "PMID": 415898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8410", "title": "A controlled trial of adenine arabinoside and trifluorothymidine in herpetic keratitis.", "content": "The effectiveness of two anti-viral agents, adenine arabinoside and trifluorothymidine, were studied in cases of human superficial herpetic keratitis (dendritic ulceration). A highly satisfactory response to each drug was demonstrated in most cases.", "contents": "A controlled trial of adenine arabinoside and trifluorothymidine in herpetic keratitis. The effectiveness of two anti-viral agents, adenine arabinoside and trifluorothymidine, were studied in cases of human superficial herpetic keratitis (dendritic ulceration). A highly satisfactory response to each drug was demonstrated in most cases.", "PMID": 415912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8411", "title": "Antibacterial activity of sisomicin.", "content": "A study of the in vitro antibacterial activity of a new aminoglycoside, sisomicin, is reported. The results show no significant differences between the activity of sisomicin and gentamicin.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of sisomicin. A study of the in vitro antibacterial activity of a new aminoglycoside, sisomicin, is reported. The results show no significant differences between the activity of sisomicin and gentamicin.", "PMID": 415913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8412", "title": "Effect of BCG and C. parvum on in vivo Listeria clearance and tumor growth. Comparative studies in normal and congenitally athymic (nude) mice.", "content": "Clinically, it is important to know whether agents used for immunostimulation require the presence of functional thymus-derived (T) cells. Previous studies showed that both BCG and C. parvum induced a macrophage-dependent enhanced in vivo listeria clearance and in vivo inhibition of a fibrosarcoma induced by 20-methylcholanthrene. These two models were re-evaluated in congenitally thymusless (nude or nu/nu) B10LP mice lacking functional T cells. In nu/nu mice, (1) BCG failed to enhance listeria clearance, and when given simultaneously with tumor cells, had no effect on tumor growth; (2) C. parvum enhanced listeria clearance and simultaneous administration of C. parvum and tumor cells exerted an inhibitory effect on tumor growth. The general conclusion was that under the experimental conditions chosen functional T cells are required for an effect of BCG, but not for that of C. parvum. It is not clear whether these observations have any clinical significance.", "contents": "Effect of BCG and C. parvum on in vivo Listeria clearance and tumor growth. Comparative studies in normal and congenitally athymic (nude) mice. Clinically, it is important to know whether agents used for immunostimulation require the presence of functional thymus-derived (T) cells. Previous studies showed that both BCG and C. parvum induced a macrophage-dependent enhanced in vivo listeria clearance and in vivo inhibition of a fibrosarcoma induced by 20-methylcholanthrene. These two models were re-evaluated in congenitally thymusless (nude or nu/nu) B10LP mice lacking functional T cells. In nu/nu mice, (1) BCG failed to enhance listeria clearance, and when given simultaneously with tumor cells, had no effect on tumor growth; (2) C. parvum enhanced listeria clearance and simultaneous administration of C. parvum and tumor cells exerted an inhibitory effect on tumor growth. The general conclusion was that under the experimental conditions chosen functional T cells are required for an effect of BCG, but not for that of C. parvum. It is not clear whether these observations have any clinical significance.", "PMID": 415917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8413", "title": "Studies on the immunostimulating and anti-tumour activity of a fraction isolated from Corynebacterium granulosum.", "content": "The immunostimulating activity of the anaerobic corynebacteriae is well documented. Fractions isolated from while cells have not been much investigated. We have reported that the immunostimulating activity is present in fractions isolated from Corynebacterium granulosum. A few fractions have shown anti-tumour activity in grafted tumours in mice. One of these fractions (P 40) has been investigated in more detail, since it proved to be inhibitory when administered after grafting of the non-syngenic P 815 tumour in mice.", "contents": "Studies on the immunostimulating and anti-tumour activity of a fraction isolated from Corynebacterium granulosum. The immunostimulating activity of the anaerobic corynebacteriae is well documented. Fractions isolated from while cells have not been much investigated. We have reported that the immunostimulating activity is present in fractions isolated from Corynebacterium granulosum. A few fractions have shown anti-tumour activity in grafted tumours in mice. One of these fractions (P 40) has been investigated in more detail, since it proved to be inhibitory when administered after grafting of the non-syngenic P 815 tumour in mice.", "PMID": 415918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8414", "title": "Comparative studies of different strains of BCG vaccine in mice: T-cell dependent immune responses.", "content": "Three tests have been selected to demonstrate the close relationship between the innate immunogenicity and immunopotentiating capacity of different strains of BCG vaccines grown under the same conditions. The five strains of BCG which have been most extensively studied were PASTEUR, PHIPPS, TICE, CONNAUGHT and GLAXO. The first four are alike, they have similar growth characteristics and closely resemble each other, in immunological properties-lymphoproliferative response in vivo and T-cell potentiating effect-PASTEUR BCG being the strongest. GLAXO strain is different in these respects and is shown to have atypical properties.", "contents": "Comparative studies of different strains of BCG vaccine in mice: T-cell dependent immune responses. Three tests have been selected to demonstrate the close relationship between the innate immunogenicity and immunopotentiating capacity of different strains of BCG vaccines grown under the same conditions. The five strains of BCG which have been most extensively studied were PASTEUR, PHIPPS, TICE, CONNAUGHT and GLAXO. The first four are alike, they have similar growth characteristics and closely resemble each other, in immunological properties-lymphoproliferative response in vivo and T-cell potentiating effect-PASTEUR BCG being the strongest. GLAXO strain is different in these respects and is shown to have atypical properties.", "PMID": 415920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8415", "title": "Conditions favouring the selection of either specific or non specific C. parvum-mediated, systemic antitumour immunity in mice.", "content": "Accumulated data suggest that one of two antitumour mechanisms of C. parvum may predominate depending on the route of injection of C. parvum and its distribution in relation to the tumour. After systemic C. parvum the mechanism is considered to be immunologically non specific (i.e. not requiring tumour specific antigens) and mediated by C. parvum activated macrophages. After local injection of C. parvum the interaction (direct or lymph node mediated) between C. parvum and tumour specific antigens has resulted in the generation of immunologically specific T-lymphocytes with antitumour activity.", "contents": "Conditions favouring the selection of either specific or non specific C. parvum-mediated, systemic antitumour immunity in mice. Accumulated data suggest that one of two antitumour mechanisms of C. parvum may predominate depending on the route of injection of C. parvum and its distribution in relation to the tumour. After systemic C. parvum the mechanism is considered to be immunologically non specific (i.e. not requiring tumour specific antigens) and mediated by C. parvum activated macrophages. After local injection of C. parvum the interaction (direct or lymph node mediated) between C. parvum and tumour specific antigens has resulted in the generation of immunologically specific T-lymphocytes with antitumour activity.", "PMID": 415921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8416", "title": "The effect of Corynebacterium parvum on the proliferation of monocyte precursors in the bone marrow of mice.", "content": "The anti-tumour activity of C. parvum is thought to be mediated via the monocyte/macrophage system (Scott, 1974). These cells originate from rapidly dividing precursors in the bone marrow and it might be at this level that C. parvum exerts its action. To test this hypothesis bone marrow T0 Swiss mice has been cultured according to the method of Bradley and Metcalf (1966), which gives an index of the number of proliferating macrophage precursor cells at the time of sacrifice. Experiments were set up at various times following a single i.p. injection of 700 microgram of an anti-tumour strain of C. parvum (CN 6134-Wellcome Research Laboratories). Controls received 700 microgram of either C. diphtheriae CN 2000 or C. parvum CN 5888, a strain with no anti-tumour activity. Macrophage colony counts in those mice receiving \"active\" C. parvum were significantly higher than those in controls at intervals from 2 h to 3 weeks post-treatment. This time course parallels certain immunological properties of C. parvum and suggests a possible mode of action.", "contents": "The effect of Corynebacterium parvum on the proliferation of monocyte precursors in the bone marrow of mice. The anti-tumour activity of C. parvum is thought to be mediated via the monocyte/macrophage system (Scott, 1974). These cells originate from rapidly dividing precursors in the bone marrow and it might be at this level that C. parvum exerts its action. To test this hypothesis bone marrow T0 Swiss mice has been cultured according to the method of Bradley and Metcalf (1966), which gives an index of the number of proliferating macrophage precursor cells at the time of sacrifice. Experiments were set up at various times following a single i.p. injection of 700 microgram of an anti-tumour strain of C. parvum (CN 6134-Wellcome Research Laboratories). Controls received 700 microgram of either C. diphtheriae CN 2000 or C. parvum CN 5888, a strain with no anti-tumour activity. Macrophage colony counts in those mice receiving \"active\" C. parvum were significantly higher than those in controls at intervals from 2 h to 3 weeks post-treatment. This time course parallels certain immunological properties of C. parvum and suggests a possible mode of action.", "PMID": 415919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8417", "title": "Amino acid degrading enzymes for cancer therapy.", "content": "The development of microbial enzymes for cancer therapy presents difficulties not commonly experienced with biological drugs. The development of the enzyme asparaginase from Escherichia coli in the USA and of the serologically different asparaginase from the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora in this Establishment, has not only added to the choice of antileukaemia drugs but also provided a valuable guide to the selection and development of new therapeutic enzymes. Our own programme has led to the study of enzymes that degrade other amino acids (glutamine, arginine, phenylalanine and tyrosine) that appear to be important to certain leukaemia cells. Microbes with only remote associations with man were considered as a source of these to minimize initial immunological sensitivity. In the case of erwinia asparaginase the benefits of this have probably included a lower incidence of anaphylaxis compared with the escherichia enzyme. The selection of a stable, high-affinity enzyme that operates efficiently under physiological conditions ensures effective depletion of a circulating amino acid but the choice is very limited. It is also difficult to assess from laboratory tests the likely persistence, toxicity and efficacy of the enzyme in clinical use and to arrive at meaningful biological tests for the quality control of the finished product. Some of the difficulties will be described and proposals made for criteria of acceptance for this type of drug in experimental use.", "contents": "Amino acid degrading enzymes for cancer therapy. The development of microbial enzymes for cancer therapy presents difficulties not commonly experienced with biological drugs. The development of the enzyme asparaginase from Escherichia coli in the USA and of the serologically different asparaginase from the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora in this Establishment, has not only added to the choice of antileukaemia drugs but also provided a valuable guide to the selection and development of new therapeutic enzymes. Our own programme has led to the study of enzymes that degrade other amino acids (glutamine, arginine, phenylalanine and tyrosine) that appear to be important to certain leukaemia cells. Microbes with only remote associations with man were considered as a source of these to minimize initial immunological sensitivity. In the case of erwinia asparaginase the benefits of this have probably included a lower incidence of anaphylaxis compared with the escherichia enzyme. The selection of a stable, high-affinity enzyme that operates efficiently under physiological conditions ensures effective depletion of a circulating amino acid but the choice is very limited. It is also difficult to assess from laboratory tests the likely persistence, toxicity and efficacy of the enzyme in clinical use and to arrive at meaningful biological tests for the quality control of the finished product. Some of the difficulties will be described and proposals made for criteria of acceptance for this type of drug in experimental use.", "PMID": 415922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8418", "title": "Proposals for quality control methods of bacterial vaccines for immunostimulation. III. Effect of BCG and C. parvum on in vivo Listeria clearance and tumor growth.", "content": "Two quality control methods for BCG and C. parvum are described. First, in vivo macrophage dependent-spleen clearance of Listeria monocytogenes in inbred B10LP mice. BCG and C. parvum were administered intravenously prior to listeria inoculation (a prophylactic model). Conditions for enhanced listeria clearance including dose, route and time interval were described for each vaccine. Next, a tumor model was developed: i.e. a fibrosarcoma, chemically induced by 20-methylcholanthrene in inbred Balb/c mice. Increase in footpad thickness was used as a criterion for tumor growth. Optimal dose, route and time interval were established both in prophylactic and therapeutic situations, including intratumoral application. Depending on the conditions chosen, both inhibition and enhancement of tumor growth were observed. General conclusions of these studies are: (a) both models yield information on the effect of bacterial vaccines for immunostimulation; (b) statements on the effectiveness of any product should be based on careful studies including all variables.", "contents": "Proposals for quality control methods of bacterial vaccines for immunostimulation. III. Effect of BCG and C. parvum on in vivo Listeria clearance and tumor growth. Two quality control methods for BCG and C. parvum are described. First, in vivo macrophage dependent-spleen clearance of Listeria monocytogenes in inbred B10LP mice. BCG and C. parvum were administered intravenously prior to listeria inoculation (a prophylactic model). Conditions for enhanced listeria clearance including dose, route and time interval were described for each vaccine. Next, a tumor model was developed: i.e. a fibrosarcoma, chemically induced by 20-methylcholanthrene in inbred Balb/c mice. Increase in footpad thickness was used as a criterion for tumor growth. Optimal dose, route and time interval were established both in prophylactic and therapeutic situations, including intratumoral application. Depending on the conditions chosen, both inhibition and enhancement of tumor growth were observed. General conclusions of these studies are: (a) both models yield information on the effect of bacterial vaccines for immunostimulation; (b) statements on the effectiveness of any product should be based on careful studies including all variables.", "PMID": 415924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8419", "title": "Effect of oral pancreatic enzymes on the course of cholera in protein-deficient vervet monkeys.", "content": "The effect of pancreatic extract on the course of cholera infection in protein-deficient vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) was studied. Eleven animals were made protein deficient by diet. Thier intestinal pancreatic enzyme concentration decreased as they became protein depleted. These animals were then challenged with Vibrio cholerae. Four control animals given a standard diet were similarly challenged. Immediately after challenge, 6 of the protein-deficient monkeys were given a highly purified pancreatic extract at a dose of 500 mg per day, and the other 5 protein-deficient animals received heat-inactivated pancreatic extract. Pancreatic extract significantly reduced the severity and duration of diarrhea in the treated animals so that they resembled the controls. The period of fecal excretion of vibrios was prolonged in the group of monkeys which received inactivated pancreatic extract. In addition, the response of intestinal antibody titers to cholera toxin was also significantly lower in this latter group. These observations suggest that exocrine pancreatic secretion is involved in the local defense mechanism against cholera during prtein deficiency.", "contents": "Effect of oral pancreatic enzymes on the course of cholera in protein-deficient vervet monkeys. The effect of pancreatic extract on the course of cholera infection in protein-deficient vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) was studied. Eleven animals were made protein deficient by diet. Thier intestinal pancreatic enzyme concentration decreased as they became protein depleted. These animals were then challenged with Vibrio cholerae. Four control animals given a standard diet were similarly challenged. Immediately after challenge, 6 of the protein-deficient monkeys were given a highly purified pancreatic extract at a dose of 500 mg per day, and the other 5 protein-deficient animals received heat-inactivated pancreatic extract. Pancreatic extract significantly reduced the severity and duration of diarrhea in the treated animals so that they resembled the controls. The period of fecal excretion of vibrios was prolonged in the group of monkeys which received inactivated pancreatic extract. In addition, the response of intestinal antibody titers to cholera toxin was also significantly lower in this latter group. These observations suggest that exocrine pancreatic secretion is involved in the local defense mechanism against cholera during prtein deficiency.", "PMID": 415928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8420", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the biliary tract: technique and results in 104 cases.", "content": "A two-step procedure for percutaneous transhepatic drainage (PTD) of the biliary tract is described. This technique was applied on a total of 105 cases of obstructive jaundice, 84 with malignant and 21 with benign lesions, and was successful in 104. Decompression effect was adequate and reduction in serum bilirubin level was quick. Operative mortality, which used to be high in jaundiced patients with serum bilirubin levels above 10 mg per dl, has been significantly reduced with this procedure employed as the first step in a two-stage operation for malignant biliary obstruction. PTD proved to be very useful in the management of acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis and ensuing liver abscesses. Continuous drainage was also achieved by PTD in inoperable cases, and 1 patient with a hilar carcinoma was kept alive for 2 years and 1 month by PTD alone. With the improvement in the diagnosis of biliary tract disease this procedure will assume an important position in the management of obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the biliary tract: technique and results in 104 cases. A two-step procedure for percutaneous transhepatic drainage (PTD) of the biliary tract is described. This technique was applied on a total of 105 cases of obstructive jaundice, 84 with malignant and 21 with benign lesions, and was successful in 104. Decompression effect was adequate and reduction in serum bilirubin level was quick. Operative mortality, which used to be high in jaundiced patients with serum bilirubin levels above 10 mg per dl, has been significantly reduced with this procedure employed as the first step in a two-stage operation for malignant biliary obstruction. PTD proved to be very useful in the management of acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis and ensuing liver abscesses. Continuous drainage was also achieved by PTD in inoperable cases, and 1 patient with a hilar carcinoma was kept alive for 2 years and 1 month by PTD alone. With the improvement in the diagnosis of biliary tract disease this procedure will assume an important position in the management of obstructive jaundice.", "PMID": 415929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8421", "title": "Plasma amino acid abnormalities in the alcoholic: respective role of alcohol, nutrition, and liver injury.", "content": "Plasma amino acid abnormalities are common in alcoholics, but the respective role of alcoholism, nutrition, and liver injury in producing these abnormalities is unknown. To elucidate this question, amino acids were measured in 56 alcoholics and 32 nonalcoholics with liver disease, and in an experimental model of alcoholic liver injury in the baboon. Dietary protein deficiency depressed branched-chain amino acids with a tendency to decreased alpha-amino-n-butyric acid. By contrast, chronic alcoholic consumption selectively increased these amino acids both in short term (2 to 4 weeks) studies in human beings and in 1 to 4-year studies in baboons. Moderate liver injury had no significant effects on these amino acids whereas advanced cirrhosis depressed branched-chain amino acids. Thus, plasma branched-chain amino acids and alpha-amino-n-butyric acid in the alcoholic are affected by at least three variables: dietary protein deficiency and advanced cirrhosis which tend to decrease these amino acids, and chronic alcohol consumption which tends to increase them.", "contents": "Plasma amino acid abnormalities in the alcoholic: respective role of alcohol, nutrition, and liver injury. Plasma amino acid abnormalities are common in alcoholics, but the respective role of alcoholism, nutrition, and liver injury in producing these abnormalities is unknown. To elucidate this question, amino acids were measured in 56 alcoholics and 32 nonalcoholics with liver disease, and in an experimental model of alcoholic liver injury in the baboon. Dietary protein deficiency depressed branched-chain amino acids with a tendency to decreased alpha-amino-n-butyric acid. By contrast, chronic alcoholic consumption selectively increased these amino acids both in short term (2 to 4 weeks) studies in human beings and in 1 to 4-year studies in baboons. Moderate liver injury had no significant effects on these amino acids whereas advanced cirrhosis depressed branched-chain amino acids. Thus, plasma branched-chain amino acids and alpha-amino-n-butyric acid in the alcoholic are affected by at least three variables: dietary protein deficiency and advanced cirrhosis which tend to decrease these amino acids, and chronic alcohol consumption which tends to increase them.", "PMID": 415930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8422", "title": "Secretory immunoglobulin deficiency in a family with inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "A family with 4 of 10 first-degree relatives affected with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was studied to determine whether any distinct immunological abnormalities occur in the affected members, as compared with unaffected members of the family, normal controls, and other unrelated patients with IBD. Red cell blood type and HL-A phenotypes did not distinguish between healthy and affected members, although HL-A2, 32, B27, and B12 were the predominant haplotypes in members with IBD. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the lymphocyte subpopulation counts of T cells, B cells, and cells carrying Fc or complement receptors. The in vitro mitogen response, however, to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen were depressed in the affected members. Serum IgA and C3 levels were significantly elevated in members with IBD compared to healthy subjects with values of 232 +/- 69 (mean +/- SD) versus 148 +/- 29 mg per dl for IgA (P less than 0.05) and 173 +/- 32 versus 115 +/- 22 mg per dl for C3 (P less than 0.025), respectively. Plasma and, to a lesser extent, peripheral lymphocytes from 2 affected members who were tested were cytotoxic to allogeneic colonic epithelial cells. Salivary IgA was normal in the affected family members and unrelated patients with IBD. However, the free secretory component of salivary IgA was absent or markedly depressed in family members, as well as in unrelated patients with ulcerative colitis. This deficiency of the secretory immune system appears to characterize more frequently ulcerative colitis than Crohn's disease and may compromise mucosal host defenses in IBD.", "contents": "Secretory immunoglobulin deficiency in a family with inflammatory bowel disease. A family with 4 of 10 first-degree relatives affected with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was studied to determine whether any distinct immunological abnormalities occur in the affected members, as compared with unaffected members of the family, normal controls, and other unrelated patients with IBD. Red cell blood type and HL-A phenotypes did not distinguish between healthy and affected members, although HL-A2, 32, B27, and B12 were the predominant haplotypes in members with IBD. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the lymphocyte subpopulation counts of T cells, B cells, and cells carrying Fc or complement receptors. The in vitro mitogen response, however, to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen were depressed in the affected members. Serum IgA and C3 levels were significantly elevated in members with IBD compared to healthy subjects with values of 232 +/- 69 (mean +/- SD) versus 148 +/- 29 mg per dl for IgA (P less than 0.05) and 173 +/- 32 versus 115 +/- 22 mg per dl for C3 (P less than 0.025), respectively. Plasma and, to a lesser extent, peripheral lymphocytes from 2 affected members who were tested were cytotoxic to allogeneic colonic epithelial cells. Salivary IgA was normal in the affected family members and unrelated patients with IBD. However, the free secretory component of salivary IgA was absent or markedly depressed in family members, as well as in unrelated patients with ulcerative colitis. This deficiency of the secretory immune system appears to characterize more frequently ulcerative colitis than Crohn's disease and may compromise mucosal host defenses in IBD.", "PMID": 415931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8423", "title": "[Comparative and functional morphology of musculus canalis ani in tetrapod mammals and primates].", "content": "Comparative anatomy of structure and function of the M. canalis ani in tetrapode mammals and primates is described for the first time. The muscle itself lies on the sphincter ani internus in the area between the anorectal (\"pectinate\") and anocutaneal (\"white\") lines and its circumference is intact around the entire anal canal. The canalis ani muscle orginates from the superior part of the sphincter ani internus and concomitantly receives additional fibers from the longitudinal muscle. Caudally the muscle dips back into the sphincter ani internus and, at the same time, a small portion of the fibers go to the longitudinal muscle and, likewise, a portion also sets itself on the perinaal skin. On the basis of its morphological relationship to the convoluted vessels of the rectal venous plexus, the canalis ani muscle appears to be able to complete the closing of the anus in the continence phase to such an extent that a complete closing of the anal lumen is guaranted.", "contents": "[Comparative and functional morphology of musculus canalis ani in tetrapod mammals and primates]. Comparative anatomy of structure and function of the M. canalis ani in tetrapode mammals and primates is described for the first time. The muscle itself lies on the sphincter ani internus in the area between the anorectal (\"pectinate\") and anocutaneal (\"white\") lines and its circumference is intact around the entire anal canal. The canalis ani muscle orginates from the superior part of the sphincter ani internus and concomitantly receives additional fibers from the longitudinal muscle. Caudally the muscle dips back into the sphincter ani internus and, at the same time, a small portion of the fibers go to the longitudinal muscle and, likewise, a portion also sets itself on the perinaal skin. On the basis of its morphological relationship to the convoluted vessels of the rectal venous plexus, the canalis ani muscle appears to be able to complete the closing of the anus in the continence phase to such an extent that a complete closing of the anal lumen is guaranted.", "PMID": 415934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8424", "title": "The anatomical relations of the ductus vomeronasalis and the occurrence of taste buds in the papilla palatina of Nycticebus coucang (primates, prosimiae) with remarks on strepsirrhinism.", "content": "Nycticebus coucang is typically strepsirrhine. This condition is basically the same in all prosimians except Tarsius. The rhinarium shows a labial part; the marked furrow in its median plane clefts the margin of the upper lip. The latter is attached to the gum between the median incisors by means of paired folds (not corresponding to a frenulum labii superioris). The labial cleft is continued in the sulcus papillae palatinae. The ductus vomeronasalis opens into the ductus nasoplatinus which, in turn, enters the aboral part of the sulcus palatinus. Thus strepsirrhinism provides, occasionally, an open communication of the olfactory systems (nose, vomeronasal organ) with the environment in front of the rhinarium. Strepsirrhine primates possess an internarium very similar to the one of platyrrhine monkeys. The shape of the nostrils is not characteristics for strepsirrhinism. A split-lip condition is likely ancestral to the complete lip condition, since it is found in several stems of mammals, especially in archaic forms. Strepsirrhinism, such as in lemuroid prosimians, is probably just one case of the primitive split-lip condition. Therefore, a median furrow in the external hairy skin of the upper lip, found in some platyrrhine monkeys, could be a rudiment of a cleft, indicating that a kind of a split lip condition was ancestral to the undivided lips of platyrrhine monkeys. Taste buds occur in the epithelium of the lateral surface of the papilla palatina of Nycticebus. Other lorisid prosimians have not been studied in this respect. The taste buds test water soluble substances entering the sulcus either way. These substances may come from the environment entering the sulcus through the labial cleft.", "contents": "The anatomical relations of the ductus vomeronasalis and the occurrence of taste buds in the papilla palatina of Nycticebus coucang (primates, prosimiae) with remarks on strepsirrhinism. Nycticebus coucang is typically strepsirrhine. This condition is basically the same in all prosimians except Tarsius. The rhinarium shows a labial part; the marked furrow in its median plane clefts the margin of the upper lip. The latter is attached to the gum between the median incisors by means of paired folds (not corresponding to a frenulum labii superioris). The labial cleft is continued in the sulcus papillae palatinae. The ductus vomeronasalis opens into the ductus nasoplatinus which, in turn, enters the aboral part of the sulcus palatinus. Thus strepsirrhinism provides, occasionally, an open communication of the olfactory systems (nose, vomeronasal organ) with the environment in front of the rhinarium. Strepsirrhine primates possess an internarium very similar to the one of platyrrhine monkeys. The shape of the nostrils is not characteristics for strepsirrhinism. A split-lip condition is likely ancestral to the complete lip condition, since it is found in several stems of mammals, especially in archaic forms. Strepsirrhinism, such as in lemuroid prosimians, is probably just one case of the primitive split-lip condition. Therefore, a median furrow in the external hairy skin of the upper lip, found in some platyrrhine monkeys, could be a rudiment of a cleft, indicating that a kind of a split lip condition was ancestral to the undivided lips of platyrrhine monkeys. Taste buds occur in the epithelium of the lateral surface of the papilla palatina of Nycticebus. Other lorisid prosimians have not been studied in this respect. The taste buds test water soluble substances entering the sulcus either way. These substances may come from the environment entering the sulcus through the labial cleft.", "PMID": 415935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8425", "title": "Variance component analysis of allozyme frequency data from eastern populations of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Gene frequency variation at eight polymorphic allozyme loci in Drosophila melanogaster populations in North Carollina and the east coast of the United States were analyzed utilizing the variance component estimation procedures suggested by Cockerham (1969, 1973). These variance components were used to estimate correlations of genes within small geographic regions. The average (over loci) correlation between genes in the same individual within subpopulations was estimated to be 0.033. That between genes in the same subpopulation in different individuals was estimated to be very small, although significantly different from zero. The macrogeographic variation measured by the correlation of genes sampled from the same local region was large for some loci and smaller for others. this variation was also analyzed by correlation with latitude and longitude. Several previously recognized clines were identified as were several new clines.--These results were interpreted as indicating either some degree of nonrandom mating and local breeding unit isolation or a low frequency of null alleles. The geographic and temporal variation has no simple interpretation.", "contents": "Variance component analysis of allozyme frequency data from eastern populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Gene frequency variation at eight polymorphic allozyme loci in Drosophila melanogaster populations in North Carollina and the east coast of the United States were analyzed utilizing the variance component estimation procedures suggested by Cockerham (1969, 1973). These variance components were used to estimate correlations of genes within small geographic regions. The average (over loci) correlation between genes in the same individual within subpopulations was estimated to be 0.033. That between genes in the same subpopulation in different individuals was estimated to be very small, although significantly different from zero. The macrogeographic variation measured by the correlation of genes sampled from the same local region was large for some loci and smaller for others. this variation was also analyzed by correlation with latitude and longitude. Several previously recognized clines were identified as were several new clines.--These results were interpreted as indicating either some degree of nonrandom mating and local breeding unit isolation or a low frequency of null alleles. The geographic and temporal variation has no simple interpretation.", "PMID": 415939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8426", "title": "A genetic locus having trans and contiguous cis functions that control the disproportionate replication of ribosomal RNA genes in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The results of deficiency mapping experiments reveal the presence of a compensatory response (cr+) locus that is located distal to the cluster of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and is responsible for disproportionately replicating these genes when cr+ locus is present in a single dose, as in X/O males or X/sc4-sc8 females. The cr+ locus is novel in that it exhibits both trans and contiguous cis acting properties in somatic cells. It acts in trans to detect the presence of its partner locus in the opposite homolog, and if that partner locus is absent, it acts in cis to drive the disproportionate replication of those rRNA genes (rDNA) that are contiguous with it. The ability of cr+ to function is independent of the number of ribosomal RNA genes present. Furthermore, it can be shown that the cr+ locus is not required for the magnification or reduction of germ line rDNA. Finally, the implication of cr+ for position-effect variegation and the apparent reversion of the abnormal oocyte (abo) phenotype are discussed.", "contents": "A genetic locus having trans and contiguous cis functions that control the disproportionate replication of ribosomal RNA genes in Drosophila melanogaster. The results of deficiency mapping experiments reveal the presence of a compensatory response (cr+) locus that is located distal to the cluster of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and is responsible for disproportionately replicating these genes when cr+ locus is present in a single dose, as in X/O males or X/sc4-sc8 females. The cr+ locus is novel in that it exhibits both trans and contiguous cis acting properties in somatic cells. It acts in trans to detect the presence of its partner locus in the opposite homolog, and if that partner locus is absent, it acts in cis to drive the disproportionate replication of those rRNA genes (rDNA) that are contiguous with it. The ability of cr+ to function is independent of the number of ribosomal RNA genes present. Furthermore, it can be shown that the cr+ locus is not required for the magnification or reduction of germ line rDNA. Finally, the implication of cr+ for position-effect variegation and the apparent reversion of the abnormal oocyte (abo) phenotype are discussed.", "PMID": 415940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8427", "title": "Electron microscope analysis of mouse and rabbit globin and immunoglobulin gene sequences.", "content": "Mouse and rabbit globin and immunoglobulin gene sequences, which had been synthesized in vitro from eukaryotic mRNAs and inserted into plasmids, have been examined in the electron microscope. The size of the inserted beta rabbit and alpha and beta mouse globin DNA sequences has been estimated as 620 base pairs while the size of the inserted alpha rabbit globin DNA sequences was found to be about 490 base pairs. Heteroduplex analysis has revealed no structural abnormalities at the insertion sites of the chimeric plasmids except in the case of a plasmid containing an immunoglobulin light chain gene sequence of about 830 bases, in which 3 kb deletion adjacent to the insertion site was observed.", "contents": "Electron microscope analysis of mouse and rabbit globin and immunoglobulin gene sequences. Mouse and rabbit globin and immunoglobulin gene sequences, which had been synthesized in vitro from eukaryotic mRNAs and inserted into plasmids, have been examined in the electron microscope. The size of the inserted beta rabbit and alpha and beta mouse globin DNA sequences has been estimated as 620 base pairs while the size of the inserted alpha rabbit globin DNA sequences was found to be about 490 base pairs. Heteroduplex analysis has revealed no structural abnormalities at the insertion sites of the chimeric plasmids except in the case of a plasmid containing an immunoglobulin light chain gene sequence of about 830 bases, in which 3 kb deletion adjacent to the insertion site was observed.", "PMID": 415941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8428", "title": "[Behavior of blood amino acids and fatty acids during complete parenteral hyperalimentation with carbohydrates, amino acids and fats].", "content": "Over a period of 12 hours a total amount of 190 g fructose, 190 g glucose, 145 g xylitol, 96 g fat and 99 g amino acids were infused. The utilization of carbohydrate was not diminished despite the high fat load. In addition, the antiketogenic action of carbohydrate was still provable. The nitrogen balance was positive as an indicator of good utilization of amino acids. Therefore, simultaneous administration of a carbohydrate mixture and a fat emulsion as energy sources during application of amino acids is recommended.", "contents": "[Behavior of blood amino acids and fatty acids during complete parenteral hyperalimentation with carbohydrates, amino acids and fats]. Over a period of 12 hours a total amount of 190 g fructose, 190 g glucose, 145 g xylitol, 96 g fat and 99 g amino acids were infused. The utilization of carbohydrate was not diminished despite the high fat load. In addition, the antiketogenic action of carbohydrate was still provable. The nitrogen balance was positive as an indicator of good utilization of amino acids. Therefore, simultaneous administration of a carbohydrate mixture and a fat emulsion as energy sources during application of amino acids is recommended.", "PMID": 415952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8429", "title": "[Costs and benefits of measles vaccination].", "content": "Former calculations of the medical benefit of measles immunization, concerning frequency of measles complications, effectiveness and risk of vaccination, showed that measles vaccination is a very useful measure. As the decision to introduce vaccination on a broad scale depends on financial deliberations, too, a cost-benefit analysis for Austria has been performed and the cost-benefit ratio as well as the cost-benefit difference calculated. The costs of measles vaccination which is performed mainly by private pediatricians at the present time, include costs of vaccine, physician and additional antipyretic and is 257.90 AS. The average costs of therapy per child consist of home treatment (287.20 AS), hospital treatment (162.50 AS) and care of residual cerebral damage (88.50 AS). Together with the costs of one week vacation which is warranted in Austria for the nursing of a sick child once a year, this makes a total sum of 1081.--AS. From these data the cost-benefit ratio was calculated by 2.95, the cost-benefit difference by 715.--AS per child. 5 years after the start of general measles vaccination of 1 year old children the accumulated costs of vaccination are equalled by the profit gained by prevention of the disease. The annual cost-benefit difference is positive after 3 years. 10 years after introduction of general vaccination the accumulated cost-benefit difference in Austria would be approximately 167 Mill. AS.", "contents": "[Costs and benefits of measles vaccination]. Former calculations of the medical benefit of measles immunization, concerning frequency of measles complications, effectiveness and risk of vaccination, showed that measles vaccination is a very useful measure. As the decision to introduce vaccination on a broad scale depends on financial deliberations, too, a cost-benefit analysis for Austria has been performed and the cost-benefit ratio as well as the cost-benefit difference calculated. The costs of measles vaccination which is performed mainly by private pediatricians at the present time, include costs of vaccine, physician and additional antipyretic and is 257.90 AS. The average costs of therapy per child consist of home treatment (287.20 AS), hospital treatment (162.50 AS) and care of residual cerebral damage (88.50 AS). Together with the costs of one week vacation which is warranted in Austria for the nursing of a sick child once a year, this makes a total sum of 1081.--AS. From these data the cost-benefit ratio was calculated by 2.95, the cost-benefit difference by 715.--AS per child. 5 years after the start of general measles vaccination of 1 year old children the accumulated costs of vaccination are equalled by the profit gained by prevention of the disease. The annual cost-benefit difference is positive after 3 years. 10 years after introduction of general vaccination the accumulated cost-benefit difference in Austria would be approximately 167 Mill. AS.", "PMID": 415953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8430", "title": "[The etiology of epilepsies in children by considering the case histories in comparison with a control group (author's transl)].", "content": "To clarify the etiology of epileptic illnesses in children a detailed questionnaire was prepared, with questions on both genetic factors and the possibility of pre-, peri- and postnatal injury. The questionnaire was filled out by the parents of 422 epileptic children and those of 150 healthy control children of the same age. The differences were statistically calculated by means of the x2 test, small values being corrected according to Yates. Hereditary factors were found in 10.2% of all patients, ranging from 5.6% to 13.5% for the various seizure types (control group:0.6%). A high rate of hereditary afflictions was found even in those types of seizure which are considered predominantly symptomatic (salaam [West] or myoclonic-astatic convulsions: 13.5%, focal attacks: 11.2%). The significance of some exogenic factors, e.g. illnesses during pregnancy, prematurity, birth complications, was statistically confirmed in some instances for all types, in other instances only for certain types of seizure. As regards other factors, however, whose causative role has hitherto been considered proven or at least very probable, no differences were found between patients and controls (e.g. protracted labor, uterine inertia, coiling of the umbilical cord). Confirmation was found for the generally accepted rule that exogenic injuries are most often demonstrable in children with salaam or myoclonic-astatic convulsions and least often in those with absences. In conclusion, it is emphasized that an absolute dividing line can no longer be drawn between genetic and symptomatic epilepsies; in many cases the exogenic influence merely serves as a touching-off factor for a gentic epilepsy.", "contents": "[The etiology of epilepsies in children by considering the case histories in comparison with a control group (author's transl)]. To clarify the etiology of epileptic illnesses in children a detailed questionnaire was prepared, with questions on both genetic factors and the possibility of pre-, peri- and postnatal injury. The questionnaire was filled out by the parents of 422 epileptic children and those of 150 healthy control children of the same age. The differences were statistically calculated by means of the x2 test, small values being corrected according to Yates. Hereditary factors were found in 10.2% of all patients, ranging from 5.6% to 13.5% for the various seizure types (control group:0.6%). A high rate of hereditary afflictions was found even in those types of seizure which are considered predominantly symptomatic (salaam [West] or myoclonic-astatic convulsions: 13.5%, focal attacks: 11.2%). The significance of some exogenic factors, e.g. illnesses during pregnancy, prematurity, birth complications, was statistically confirmed in some instances for all types, in other instances only for certain types of seizure. As regards other factors, however, whose causative role has hitherto been considered proven or at least very probable, no differences were found between patients and controls (e.g. protracted labor, uterine inertia, coiling of the umbilical cord). Confirmation was found for the generally accepted rule that exogenic injuries are most often demonstrable in children with salaam or myoclonic-astatic convulsions and least often in those with absences. In conclusion, it is emphasized that an absolute dividing line can no longer be drawn between genetic and symptomatic epilepsies; in many cases the exogenic influence merely serves as a touching-off factor for a gentic epilepsy.", "PMID": 415954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8431", "title": "Effect of CO2 on carbonic anhydrase activity and isozyme levels in respiratory failure.", "content": "The activity and the isozyme B and C levels of red cell carbonic anhydrase was examined before and during CO2 inhalation in 18 patients with chronic respiratory failure. Carbonic anhydrase B and C levels did not change during 5 min breathing of high (8-9%) and low (3-5%) CO2 mixture. Carbonic anhydrase activity decreased in patients with combined hypercarbia (Paco2 greater than or equal to 45 mmHg) and hypoxemia (Pao2 less than or equal to 60 mmHg). This was accompanied by an increase in red cell K+ content, 2, 3-DPG and Hct/Hb. The activity did not change in patients with only hypoxemia. Carbonic anhydrase activity and plasma HCO-3 concentration were positively correlated (r = 0.4, P less than 0.05). A significant inverse correlation was also found between changes in red cell K+ content and those in carbonic anhydrase activity (r = - 0.42, P less than 0.05). These results indicate that 1), there is a dissociation between activity and isozyme levels in red cell carbonic anhydrase during the initial 5 min of CO2 breathing in patients with combined hypercarbia and hypoxemia, and 2), there seems a linkage exists between K+ movement across the red cell membrane and carbonic anhydrase activity.", "contents": "Effect of CO2 on carbonic anhydrase activity and isozyme levels in respiratory failure. The activity and the isozyme B and C levels of red cell carbonic anhydrase was examined before and during CO2 inhalation in 18 patients with chronic respiratory failure. Carbonic anhydrase B and C levels did not change during 5 min breathing of high (8-9%) and low (3-5%) CO2 mixture. Carbonic anhydrase activity decreased in patients with combined hypercarbia (Paco2 greater than or equal to 45 mmHg) and hypoxemia (Pao2 less than or equal to 60 mmHg). This was accompanied by an increase in red cell K+ content, 2, 3-DPG and Hct/Hb. The activity did not change in patients with only hypoxemia. Carbonic anhydrase activity and plasma HCO-3 concentration were positively correlated (r = 0.4, P less than 0.05). A significant inverse correlation was also found between changes in red cell K+ content and those in carbonic anhydrase activity (r = - 0.42, P less than 0.05). These results indicate that 1), there is a dissociation between activity and isozyme levels in red cell carbonic anhydrase during the initial 5 min of CO2 breathing in patients with combined hypercarbia and hypoxemia, and 2), there seems a linkage exists between K+ movement across the red cell membrane and carbonic anhydrase activity.", "PMID": 415957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8432", "title": "Thyroxine-binding globulin, triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyrotropin in newborn infants and children.", "content": "Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (TSH) have been determined by radioimmunoassay in plasma of newborn infants and throughout childhood until puberty. Mean maternal TBG concentration was 1.65 +/- 0.09 mg/100 ml (SEM) and significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than cord blood levels of TBG (1.16 +/- 0.08 mg/100 ml (SEM). Throughout infancy and childhood TBG remained significantly elevated (p less than 0.01) compared to a middle age control group of healthy blood donors. T3, T4 and TSH concentrations behaved postnatally as known from previous studies. The T3 and T4 increase observed immediately after birth was not a secondary phenomenon due to changes in TBG concentration since this globulin did not change significantly during this period.", "contents": "Thyroxine-binding globulin, triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyrotropin in newborn infants and children. Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (TSH) have been determined by radioimmunoassay in plasma of newborn infants and throughout childhood until puberty. Mean maternal TBG concentration was 1.65 +/- 0.09 mg/100 ml (SEM) and significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than cord blood levels of TBG (1.16 +/- 0.08 mg/100 ml (SEM). Throughout infancy and childhood TBG remained significantly elevated (p less than 0.01) compared to a middle age control group of healthy blood donors. T3, T4 and TSH concentrations behaved postnatally as known from previous studies. The T3 and T4 increase observed immediately after birth was not a secondary phenomenon due to changes in TBG concentration since this globulin did not change significantly during this period.", "PMID": 415959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8433", "title": "Hospitals in Utah reduce costs, improve use of facilities.", "content": "A serious problem in rural areas is low occupancy for acute care hospital beds and a desperate need for additional long-term care beds. In Utah, this problem has been solved through the \"swing bed\" concept. Under this program, underutilized acute care beds can be used for long-term care patients. As a result, all beds are more fully utilized, and long-term care patients in rural areas do not have to be moved to cities.", "contents": "Hospitals in Utah reduce costs, improve use of facilities. A serious problem in rural areas is low occupancy for acute care hospital beds and a desperate need for additional long-term care beds. In Utah, this problem has been solved through the \"swing bed\" concept. Under this program, underutilized acute care beds can be used for long-term care patients. As a result, all beds are more fully utilized, and long-term care patients in rural areas do not have to be moved to cities.", "PMID": 415961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8434", "title": "The histiocytic origin of the multinucleated giant cells in myeloma kidney.", "content": "A recent case of myeloma kidney disease was studied to determine the cellular origin of the syncytial multinucleated giant cell. Light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy of the giant cells revealed features characteristic of histiocytes. This finding contradicts the generally accepted conclusion that the giant cell represents a syncytial mass of degenerating or reactive tubular epithelial cells. We conclude that the giant cells arise in the interstitial tissues, migrate through breaks in the tubular basement membrane, and engulf and surround intratubular protein casts.", "contents": "The histiocytic origin of the multinucleated giant cells in myeloma kidney. A recent case of myeloma kidney disease was studied to determine the cellular origin of the syncytial multinucleated giant cell. Light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy of the giant cells revealed features characteristic of histiocytes. This finding contradicts the generally accepted conclusion that the giant cell represents a syncytial mass of degenerating or reactive tubular epithelial cells. We conclude that the giant cells arise in the interstitial tissues, migrate through breaks in the tubular basement membrane, and engulf and surround intratubular protein casts.", "PMID": 415962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8435", "title": "Genetic control of the immune response to ferritin in F1 hybrid mice.", "content": "The immune response to the antigen horse spleen ferritin, has been investigated in ten inbred parental strains and seven different F1 hybrid strains of mice, using an antigen excess technique. The degree of dominance in an F1 hybrid system can be estimated by using the Fisher dominance index. The responses in F1 hybrid animals, obtained from crosses of high and low responder parents, varied from dominant to recessive but the overall mean dominance index for the ferritin immunogenetic system was found to be -0.0467 +/- 0.0083 (mean +/- s.e.), a value close to zero, which suggests a codominant mode of inheritance of IR-genes to ferritin and this is consistent with most published data in other F1 IR-gene systems.", "contents": "Genetic control of the immune response to ferritin in F1 hybrid mice. The immune response to the antigen horse spleen ferritin, has been investigated in ten inbred parental strains and seven different F1 hybrid strains of mice, using an antigen excess technique. The degree of dominance in an F1 hybrid system can be estimated by using the Fisher dominance index. The responses in F1 hybrid animals, obtained from crosses of high and low responder parents, varied from dominant to recessive but the overall mean dominance index for the ferritin immunogenetic system was found to be -0.0467 +/- 0.0083 (mean +/- s.e.), a value close to zero, which suggests a codominant mode of inheritance of IR-genes to ferritin and this is consistent with most published data in other F1 IR-gene systems.", "PMID": 415964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8436", "title": "Some effects on leukaemic B lymphocytes of antibodies to defined regions of their surface immunoglobulin.", "content": "During the growth of the L2C leukaemia in strain 2 guinea-pigs there is excreted in the urine a monoclonal light chain of lambda class. This is believed to arise from synthesis by the leukaemic cells of a small molar excess of the light chains incorporated into their surface IgM. Antibodies to this light chain have been raised in rabbits and separated by immunosorption into those directed against idiotypic determinants (anti-Id), and those against determinants also present on other lambda chains (anti-lambda). Both antibodies react with L2C cells via the surface immunoglobulin. In accord with prediction anti-Id is specific for L2C cells while anti-lambda also reacts with 7 per cent of normal nodal lymphocytes. L2C cells are agglutinated strongly by anti-Id, weakly by anti-lambda. Both antisera inhibit migration of the cells, and both can kill them by invoking complement or K-cell cytotoxic mechanisms. The results emphasize the potential of anti-idiotype sera for identifying and specifically attacking neoplastic B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Some effects on leukaemic B lymphocytes of antibodies to defined regions of their surface immunoglobulin. During the growth of the L2C leukaemia in strain 2 guinea-pigs there is excreted in the urine a monoclonal light chain of lambda class. This is believed to arise from synthesis by the leukaemic cells of a small molar excess of the light chains incorporated into their surface IgM. Antibodies to this light chain have been raised in rabbits and separated by immunosorption into those directed against idiotypic determinants (anti-Id), and those against determinants also present on other lambda chains (anti-lambda). Both antibodies react with L2C cells via the surface immunoglobulin. In accord with prediction anti-Id is specific for L2C cells while anti-lambda also reacts with 7 per cent of normal nodal lymphocytes. L2C cells are agglutinated strongly by anti-Id, weakly by anti-lambda. Both antisera inhibit migration of the cells, and both can kill them by invoking complement or K-cell cytotoxic mechanisms. The results emphasize the potential of anti-idiotype sera for identifying and specifically attacking neoplastic B lymphocytes.", "PMID": 415966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8437", "title": "Allograft cytotoxicity. Two populations of effector cell detectable by cytolytic and cytostatic assays in vitro.", "content": "Using both the 51Cr-release assay to measure cytolysis and the [125I]UdR incorporation assay to detect cytostasis of target cells, two different effector populations have been identified in C57BL10 mice primed to P815Y cells. As expected, the cytolytic cells were T cells possessing a specific surface receptor. After elimination of T cells with specific antisera and complement the cytostatic effector was found to be an adherent cell which lacked an immunologically specific receptor, and exerted significant activity against the C57BL lymphoma, EL4.", "contents": "Allograft cytotoxicity. Two populations of effector cell detectable by cytolytic and cytostatic assays in vitro. Using both the 51Cr-release assay to measure cytolysis and the [125I]UdR incorporation assay to detect cytostasis of target cells, two different effector populations have been identified in C57BL10 mice primed to P815Y cells. As expected, the cytolytic cells were T cells possessing a specific surface receptor. After elimination of T cells with specific antisera and complement the cytostatic effector was found to be an adherent cell which lacked an immunologically specific receptor, and exerted significant activity against the C57BL lymphoma, EL4.", "PMID": 415967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8438", "title": "The incomplete anti-Rh antibody agglutination mechanism of trypsinized ORh+ red cells.", "content": "The capacity for binding to trypsinized and non-trypsinized ORh+ red cells, of the IgG incomplete anti-Rh antibody and its F(ab')2 and Fc fragments has been investigated. An analysis has also been made of the capacity of non-specific human IgG, aggregated non-specific human IgG, human IgM (19S) and IgM (7S), and of fragments Fcgamma, Fcmu and Fc5mu to inhibit the agglutination of trypsinized ORh+ red cells by the IgG incomplete anti-Rh antibody. The results obtained indicate that these antibodies behave in a similar manner to that of nonprecipitating antibodies, and that the agglutination of trypsinized red cells seems to be a mixed reaction due to the interaction of an Fab fragment with its Rh antigenic determinant present in the surface of a red cell and the Fc of the same molecule with a receptor for Fc present in adjacent red cells. The trypsin treatment apparently results in the liberation of occult Fc receptors. It has also been demonstrated that in the agglutination of ORh+ red cells by IgG incomplete anti-Rh antibody in the presence of albumin, interaction must occur in some manner between the albumin and the Fc fragment since the F(ab')2 fragment does not give rise to agglutination under such conditions.", "contents": "The incomplete anti-Rh antibody agglutination mechanism of trypsinized ORh+ red cells. The capacity for binding to trypsinized and non-trypsinized ORh+ red cells, of the IgG incomplete anti-Rh antibody and its F(ab')2 and Fc fragments has been investigated. An analysis has also been made of the capacity of non-specific human IgG, aggregated non-specific human IgG, human IgM (19S) and IgM (7S), and of fragments Fcgamma, Fcmu and Fc5mu to inhibit the agglutination of trypsinized ORh+ red cells by the IgG incomplete anti-Rh antibody. The results obtained indicate that these antibodies behave in a similar manner to that of nonprecipitating antibodies, and that the agglutination of trypsinized red cells seems to be a mixed reaction due to the interaction of an Fab fragment with its Rh antigenic determinant present in the surface of a red cell and the Fc of the same molecule with a receptor for Fc present in adjacent red cells. The trypsin treatment apparently results in the liberation of occult Fc receptors. It has also been demonstrated that in the agglutination of ORh+ red cells by IgG incomplete anti-Rh antibody in the presence of albumin, interaction must occur in some manner between the albumin and the Fc fragment since the F(ab')2 fragment does not give rise to agglutination under such conditions.", "PMID": 415968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8439", "title": "Opsonic requirements for staphylococcal phagocytosis. Heterogeneity among strains.", "content": "Efficient phagocytosis of staphylococci by human neutrophilis is dependent on bacterial opsonization by serum factors. These factors include specific antibodies as well as components of the classical and alternative complement systems. In this study the opsonic requirements of three strains of S. aureus and three strains of S. epidermidis were investigated by incubating [3H]thymidine-labelled bacteria in sera with different opsonic activities and measuring rates of phagocytosis by human neutrophils. Opsonization of S. aureus Cowan I and 502 A depended primarily on activation of the classical complement pathway. Effective opsonization occurred in the absence of immunoglobulin but not in the absence of complement. A protein A deficient mutant of S. aureus Cowan I was poorly opsonized in the absence of IgG, however. S. aureus Wood 46 and two strains of S. epidermidis were opsonized primarily through the alternative complement pathway and depended on the presence of serum IgG. A third S. epidermidis strain was efficiently opsonized in heat-inactivated serum without complement activity. Thus, a heterogeneity of opsonic requirements was found among staphylococcal strains. It is proposed that cell wall protein A may be an important determinant of this heterogeneity.", "contents": "Opsonic requirements for staphylococcal phagocytosis. Heterogeneity among strains. Efficient phagocytosis of staphylococci by human neutrophilis is dependent on bacterial opsonization by serum factors. These factors include specific antibodies as well as components of the classical and alternative complement systems. In this study the opsonic requirements of three strains of S. aureus and three strains of S. epidermidis were investigated by incubating [3H]thymidine-labelled bacteria in sera with different opsonic activities and measuring rates of phagocytosis by human neutrophils. Opsonization of S. aureus Cowan I and 502 A depended primarily on activation of the classical complement pathway. Effective opsonization occurred in the absence of immunoglobulin but not in the absence of complement. A protein A deficient mutant of S. aureus Cowan I was poorly opsonized in the absence of IgG, however. S. aureus Wood 46 and two strains of S. epidermidis were opsonized primarily through the alternative complement pathway and depended on the presence of serum IgG. A third S. epidermidis strain was efficiently opsonized in heat-inactivated serum without complement activity. Thus, a heterogeneity of opsonic requirements was found among staphylococcal strains. It is proposed that cell wall protein A may be an important determinant of this heterogeneity.", "PMID": 415969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8440", "title": "[Nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids in premature and newborn infants with partial parenteral feeding during the first 3 days of life].", "content": "Eight pre-terms, five with postnatal asphyxia, two hypotrophic newborns and one term infant with severe postnatal asphyxia (mean birth weight 2317 g) were fed in addition to oral nutrition partialy parenterally with glucose solution and a mother-milk adapted amino-acid solution during their first three days of life. At increasing protein supplies with a parenteral share of more than 50% during the three days, the N balances resulted positive on all days although the calories supplied were far below the postulated optimum. On days two and three N retention was about 60% of the supply. Every four hours after discontinuation of the total 16 hours' amino-acid infusion the amino acid levels in plasma were controlled by means of column chromatography. The resulting mean values did not show any imbalances of the amino-acid homeostasis. The maximum mean loss in weight of the present group was 4% of their birth weight during the first ten days of life and thus equalled the loss in weight of normal, healthy pre-terms. Clinical and chemical paramters did not reveal any disadvantageous side effects of parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "[Nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids in premature and newborn infants with partial parenteral feeding during the first 3 days of life]. Eight pre-terms, five with postnatal asphyxia, two hypotrophic newborns and one term infant with severe postnatal asphyxia (mean birth weight 2317 g) were fed in addition to oral nutrition partialy parenterally with glucose solution and a mother-milk adapted amino-acid solution during their first three days of life. At increasing protein supplies with a parenteral share of more than 50% during the three days, the N balances resulted positive on all days although the calories supplied were far below the postulated optimum. On days two and three N retention was about 60% of the supply. Every four hours after discontinuation of the total 16 hours' amino-acid infusion the amino acid levels in plasma were controlled by means of column chromatography. The resulting mean values did not show any imbalances of the amino-acid homeostasis. The maximum mean loss in weight of the present group was 4% of their birth weight during the first ten days of life and thus equalled the loss in weight of normal, healthy pre-terms. Clinical and chemical paramters did not reveal any disadvantageous side effects of parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 415975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8441", "title": "[The serum level of substances to be excreted in the urine and the acid-base equilibrium after parenteral feeding].", "content": "By the present study it was demonstrated that the administration of an amino acid solution containing 20 essential and non-essential amino acids (Aminoplasmal L) together with a fat emulsion (Lipofundin S) and a full electrolyte solution with 10% dextrose (Sterofundin G-10) do not give rise to an increase in creatinine, uric acid, urea and bilirubin in the serum during an observation time of 11 hours.", "contents": "[The serum level of substances to be excreted in the urine and the acid-base equilibrium after parenteral feeding]. By the present study it was demonstrated that the administration of an amino acid solution containing 20 essential and non-essential amino acids (Aminoplasmal L) together with a fat emulsion (Lipofundin S) and a full electrolyte solution with 10% dextrose (Sterofundin G-10) do not give rise to an increase in creatinine, uric acid, urea and bilirubin in the serum during an observation time of 11 hours.", "PMID": 415976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8442", "title": "Immunological response to infection with human reovirus-like agent: measurement of anti-human reovirus-like agent immunoglobulin G and M levels by the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "content": "The report describes the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against the human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis (HRVLA). This ELISA system proved to be four times as sensitive as the standard anti-HRVLA fluorescent-antibody assay and ten times as sensitive as the standard anti-HRVLA complement fixation assay. In addition, the ELISA was capable of determining immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM subclasses of anti-HRVLA antibody using a single dilution os serum. With this assay, it was discovered that 11 of 21 infected children had anti-HRVLA IgM in their acute sera before the appearance of anti-HRVLA IgG. ELISA is a useful tool in the evaluation of immunological response to HRVLA infection.", "contents": "Immunological response to infection with human reovirus-like agent: measurement of anti-human reovirus-like agent immunoglobulin G and M levels by the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The report describes the development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against the human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis (HRVLA). This ELISA system proved to be four times as sensitive as the standard anti-HRVLA fluorescent-antibody assay and ten times as sensitive as the standard anti-HRVLA complement fixation assay. In addition, the ELISA was capable of determining immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM subclasses of anti-HRVLA antibody using a single dilution os serum. With this assay, it was discovered that 11 of 21 infected children had anti-HRVLA IgM in their acute sera before the appearance of anti-HRVLA IgG. ELISA is a useful tool in the evaluation of immunological response to HRVLA infection.", "PMID": 415978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8443", "title": "Impaired chemotactic responsiveness of macrophages from gnotobiotic rats.", "content": "Peptone-induced macrophages obtained from gnotobiotic (GB) rats responded poorly to chemotactic stimuli that have a powerful, attractive influence upon the cells of conventional donors. Monocyte recruitment from the circulation into peptone-induced exudates also was impaired in GB subjects. Although relatively more resident cells are present in exudates borne by GB donors, their number cannot in itself account for the sluggish response of peptone-induced cells from GB rats. Neutrophil accumulation in the inflamed peritoneal cavities and their responsiveness in vitro were similar in GB and conventional rats. The levels of serum-derived chemotactic factors were similar in such animals. Furthermore, germ-free rats exhibited no obvious defects in their capacity to generate lymphocyte-dependent monocyte chemotactic activity in situ upon specific stimulation with Listeria monocytogenes. It is suggested that the diminished chemotactic responsiveness of exudate macrophages is related in some way to the level of cell activation. This state of affairs might account for the impairment of delayed-type hypersensitivity in GB animals and their inability to resist intracellular bacterial infections.", "contents": "Impaired chemotactic responsiveness of macrophages from gnotobiotic rats. Peptone-induced macrophages obtained from gnotobiotic (GB) rats responded poorly to chemotactic stimuli that have a powerful, attractive influence upon the cells of conventional donors. Monocyte recruitment from the circulation into peptone-induced exudates also was impaired in GB subjects. Although relatively more resident cells are present in exudates borne by GB donors, their number cannot in itself account for the sluggish response of peptone-induced cells from GB rats. Neutrophil accumulation in the inflamed peritoneal cavities and their responsiveness in vitro were similar in GB and conventional rats. The levels of serum-derived chemotactic factors were similar in such animals. Furthermore, germ-free rats exhibited no obvious defects in their capacity to generate lymphocyte-dependent monocyte chemotactic activity in situ upon specific stimulation with Listeria monocytogenes. It is suggested that the diminished chemotactic responsiveness of exudate macrophages is related in some way to the level of cell activation. This state of affairs might account for the impairment of delayed-type hypersensitivity in GB animals and their inability to resist intracellular bacterial infections.", "PMID": 415979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8444", "title": "Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: genetics of natural resistance to infection.", "content": "Genetic resistance to lethal infection with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi was studied in over 30 inbred strains, inbred hybrids, and outbred stocks of mice. Inbred mice infected intraperitoneally with the Gilliam strain of R. tsutsugamushi showed three patterns of response: susceptible (A/HeJ, C3H/HeDub, C3H/HeJ, C3H/HeN, C3H/St, CBA/J, DBA/1J, DBA/2J, and SJL/J), resistant (AKR/J, BALB/cDub, BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, C57L/J, and SWR/J), and selectively resistant (A/J). The selectively resistant pattern was characterized by random deaths occurring throughout the titration range and was also observed in three of the six outbred mouse stocks surveyed. No correlation was evident between the H-2 haplotype of inbred mice and their response to Gilliam infection. The progeny from five different Gilliam-resistant by Gilliam-susceptible inbred parental crosses were all resistant. Study of F(1), F(2), and parental backcross generations of BALB/cDub (resistant) and C3H/HeDub (susceptible) hybrids indicated resistance was dominant and was controlled by a single gene or a closely linked cluster of genes that were autosomal and not linked to coat color. The resistance of BALB/cDub mice was not due to an inability of host cells to support rickettsial growth, since C3H/HeDub and BALB/cDub embryo cell cultures supported similar growth of Gilliam organisms. C3H/HeDub mice, although susceptible to intraperitoneal Gilliam infection, were capable of mounting an immune response to Gilliam antigens, since subcutaneous infection was not lethal and did protect animals against subsequent intraperitoneal challenge with either the Gilliam or Karp strains of R. tsutsugamushi.", "contents": "Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: genetics of natural resistance to infection. Genetic resistance to lethal infection with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi was studied in over 30 inbred strains, inbred hybrids, and outbred stocks of mice. Inbred mice infected intraperitoneally with the Gilliam strain of R. tsutsugamushi showed three patterns of response: susceptible (A/HeJ, C3H/HeDub, C3H/HeJ, C3H/HeN, C3H/St, CBA/J, DBA/1J, DBA/2J, and SJL/J), resistant (AKR/J, BALB/cDub, BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, C57L/J, and SWR/J), and selectively resistant (A/J). The selectively resistant pattern was characterized by random deaths occurring throughout the titration range and was also observed in three of the six outbred mouse stocks surveyed. No correlation was evident between the H-2 haplotype of inbred mice and their response to Gilliam infection. The progeny from five different Gilliam-resistant by Gilliam-susceptible inbred parental crosses were all resistant. Study of F(1), F(2), and parental backcross generations of BALB/cDub (resistant) and C3H/HeDub (susceptible) hybrids indicated resistance was dominant and was controlled by a single gene or a closely linked cluster of genes that were autosomal and not linked to coat color. The resistance of BALB/cDub mice was not due to an inability of host cells to support rickettsial growth, since C3H/HeDub and BALB/cDub embryo cell cultures supported similar growth of Gilliam organisms. C3H/HeDub mice, although susceptible to intraperitoneal Gilliam infection, were capable of mounting an immune response to Gilliam antigens, since subcutaneous infection was not lethal and did protect animals against subsequent intraperitoneal challenge with either the Gilliam or Karp strains of R. tsutsugamushi.", "PMID": 415980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8445", "title": "Purification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteases and microscopic characterization of pseudomonal protease-induced rabbit corneal damage.", "content": "Extracellular proteases of three cornea-virulent strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated by sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation, Ultrogel AcA 54 gel filtration, and flat-bed isoelectric focusing. The purity of the preparations was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis , thin-layer isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel, immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic procedures, and tests for the presence of other known pseudomonal products. Light and electron microscopic examination of rabbit corneal lesions observed 4 to 6 h after the intracorneal injection of submicrogram amounts of the proteases revealed: (i) degeneration and necrosis of epithelium, endothelium, and keratocytes, (ii) infiltration, degeneration, and necrosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, (iii) loss of the characteristic weblike pattern, colloidal iron staining, and ruthenium red staining of the stromal proteoglycan ground substance, (iv) dispersal of strucutrally normal appearing collagen fibrils, ground substance, (iv) dispersal of structurally normal appearing collagen fibrils, and (v) accumulation of plasma proteins and fibrin in the necrotic corneas. These structural alterations are very similar to those observed previously during experimental P. aeruginosa keratitis, and this similarity supports the idea that pseudomonal proteases are responsible, at least in part, for the rapid and extensive liquefaction necrosis characteristic of pseudomonal-induced keratitis. In addition, the results support the idea that pseudomonal proteases elicit severe corneal damage by causing the loss of the corneal proteoglycan ground substance, thus resulting in dispersal of undamaged collagen fibrils, weakening of the corneal stroma, and subsequent descemetocele formation and corneal perforation by the anterior chamber pressure.", "contents": "Purification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteases and microscopic characterization of pseudomonal protease-induced rabbit corneal damage. Extracellular proteases of three cornea-virulent strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated by sequential ammonium sulfate precipitation, Ultrogel AcA 54 gel filtration, and flat-bed isoelectric focusing. The purity of the preparations was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis , thin-layer isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel, immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic procedures, and tests for the presence of other known pseudomonal products. Light and electron microscopic examination of rabbit corneal lesions observed 4 to 6 h after the intracorneal injection of submicrogram amounts of the proteases revealed: (i) degeneration and necrosis of epithelium, endothelium, and keratocytes, (ii) infiltration, degeneration, and necrosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, (iii) loss of the characteristic weblike pattern, colloidal iron staining, and ruthenium red staining of the stromal proteoglycan ground substance, (iv) dispersal of strucutrally normal appearing collagen fibrils, ground substance, (iv) dispersal of structurally normal appearing collagen fibrils, and (v) accumulation of plasma proteins and fibrin in the necrotic corneas. These structural alterations are very similar to those observed previously during experimental P. aeruginosa keratitis, and this similarity supports the idea that pseudomonal proteases are responsible, at least in part, for the rapid and extensive liquefaction necrosis characteristic of pseudomonal-induced keratitis. In addition, the results support the idea that pseudomonal proteases elicit severe corneal damage by causing the loss of the corneal proteoglycan ground substance, thus resulting in dispersal of undamaged collagen fibrils, weakening of the corneal stroma, and subsequent descemetocele formation and corneal perforation by the anterior chamber pressure.", "PMID": 415981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8446", "title": "Biochemical characteristics of typhus group rickettsiae with special attention to the Rickettsia prowazekii strains isolated from flying squirrels.", "content": "Six strains of Rickettsia prowazekii, two derived from human infections and four isolated from flying squirrels, two strains of R. typhi, and the single available strain of R. canada, were characterized by several biochemical procedures. The electrophoretic patterns on polyacrylamide gels of rickettsial proteins solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed several species differences, but strains of the same species appeared to have identical patterns. Cytoplasmic fractions of the rickettsiae were examined for enzymatic activities and for polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing patterns. Some species differences were encountered in the activities or ratios of activities of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase. When polyacrylamide gels were stained for malate dehydrogenase after electrophoresis, a single band became apparent with single extracts or mixtures of two strains of R. prowazekii, but two bands were seen with mixtures of a strain of R. prowazekii and one of R. typhi. The isoelectric focusing patterns of the soluble proteins revealed numerous species differences, especially between R. canada and the other two species, and a few differences among the strains of R. prowazekii. The patterns of the two human strains, Breinl and E(R), differed in at least one location, and both differed from the flying squirrel strains in the displacement of one band. One of the flying squirrel strains, GvF-16, contained a protein band not seen in the other five strains. Despite these minor differences, a striking similarity was revealed by all the biochemical tests performed between the R. prowazekii strains of human and flying squirrel origin.", "contents": "Biochemical characteristics of typhus group rickettsiae with special attention to the Rickettsia prowazekii strains isolated from flying squirrels. Six strains of Rickettsia prowazekii, two derived from human infections and four isolated from flying squirrels, two strains of R. typhi, and the single available strain of R. canada, were characterized by several biochemical procedures. The electrophoretic patterns on polyacrylamide gels of rickettsial proteins solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed several species differences, but strains of the same species appeared to have identical patterns. Cytoplasmic fractions of the rickettsiae were examined for enzymatic activities and for polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing patterns. Some species differences were encountered in the activities or ratios of activities of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase. When polyacrylamide gels were stained for malate dehydrogenase after electrophoresis, a single band became apparent with single extracts or mixtures of two strains of R. prowazekii, but two bands were seen with mixtures of a strain of R. prowazekii and one of R. typhi. The isoelectric focusing patterns of the soluble proteins revealed numerous species differences, especially between R. canada and the other two species, and a few differences among the strains of R. prowazekii. The patterns of the two human strains, Breinl and E(R), differed in at least one location, and both differed from the flying squirrel strains in the displacement of one band. One of the flying squirrel strains, GvF-16, contained a protein band not seen in the other five strains. Despite these minor differences, a striking similarity was revealed by all the biochemical tests performed between the R. prowazekii strains of human and flying squirrel origin.", "PMID": 415982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8447", "title": "Inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by aerobic and facultatively anaerobic components of the endocervical flora: evidence for a protective effect against infection.", "content": "The ability of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic endocervical flora to inhibit the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in vitro was assayed. Factors influencing the occurrence of inhibitory components of the flora in vivo were evaluated. Endocervical swabs were obtained from 229 women at a local venereal disease clinic. Endocervical flora and N. gonorrhoeae were isolated and identified, and the ability of the flora to inhibit the growth of N. gonorrhoeae was determined by an agar overlay assay. Results revealed the most active inhibitors to be streptococci, staphylococci, and lactobacilli, in that order. Among only those women harboring inhibitory endocervical flora, inhibitory lactobacilli were recovered from fewer women infected with N. gonorrhoeae than uninfected women (P less than 0.05). Among women having contact with an infected partner, those who subsequently developed gonorrhea were less likely to have inhibitory lactobacilli than those who did not become infected (P less than 0.05). No other significant differences in the composition of the inhibitory flora were noted between infected and uninfected women. During the 2 weeks following menses, recovery of inhibitory lactobacilli on culture was highest, whereas recovery of N. gonorrhoeae was lowest. These observations suggest that the presence of certain lactobacilli may reduce risk of acquisition of N. gonorrhoeae following exposure to infected partners and that the potential protective effect may be greatest during the 2 weeks after menses.", "contents": "Inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by aerobic and facultatively anaerobic components of the endocervical flora: evidence for a protective effect against infection. The ability of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic endocervical flora to inhibit the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in vitro was assayed. Factors influencing the occurrence of inhibitory components of the flora in vivo were evaluated. Endocervical swabs were obtained from 229 women at a local venereal disease clinic. Endocervical flora and N. gonorrhoeae were isolated and identified, and the ability of the flora to inhibit the growth of N. gonorrhoeae was determined by an agar overlay assay. Results revealed the most active inhibitors to be streptococci, staphylococci, and lactobacilli, in that order. Among only those women harboring inhibitory endocervical flora, inhibitory lactobacilli were recovered from fewer women infected with N. gonorrhoeae than uninfected women (P less than 0.05). Among women having contact with an infected partner, those who subsequently developed gonorrhea were less likely to have inhibitory lactobacilli than those who did not become infected (P less than 0.05). No other significant differences in the composition of the inhibitory flora were noted between infected and uninfected women. During the 2 weeks following menses, recovery of inhibitory lactobacilli on culture was highest, whereas recovery of N. gonorrhoeae was lowest. These observations suggest that the presence of certain lactobacilli may reduce risk of acquisition of N. gonorrhoeae following exposure to infected partners and that the potential protective effect may be greatest during the 2 weeks after menses.", "PMID": 415983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8448", "title": "A primate model of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABA) in man is featured by the presence of IgE skin sensitizing and IgG precipitating antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus (AF). An animal model of this disease was created. 2 monkeys immunized with AF produced IgG-precipitating antibody. Normal human serum was infused into both immunized and unimmunized monkeys and allergic human serum containing a high titer of IgE against AF was infused into another pair of immunized and unimmunized monkeys. All monkeys then received an aerosol of AF. Lung biopsies were obtained and light microscopic, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies were performed. Only the monkey with precipitating antibody to AF who received human allergic serum showed changes which included an interstitial cellular infiltrate containing large numbers of eosinophils, edema of the intra-alveolar spaces, thickening of the alveolar septa, intracellular and interstitial deposits of IgG and IgM and proliferation of collagen fibrils. No evidence of vasculitis was observed. This primate model of ABA should enhance our understanding of the inflammatory response and the immunologic processes in this disease.", "contents": "A primate model of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABA) in man is featured by the presence of IgE skin sensitizing and IgG precipitating antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus (AF). An animal model of this disease was created. 2 monkeys immunized with AF produced IgG-precipitating antibody. Normal human serum was infused into both immunized and unimmunized monkeys and allergic human serum containing a high titer of IgE against AF was infused into another pair of immunized and unimmunized monkeys. All monkeys then received an aerosol of AF. Lung biopsies were obtained and light microscopic, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies were performed. Only the monkey with precipitating antibody to AF who received human allergic serum showed changes which included an interstitial cellular infiltrate containing large numbers of eosinophils, edema of the intra-alveolar spaces, thickening of the alveolar septa, intracellular and interstitial deposits of IgG and IgM and proliferation of collagen fibrils. No evidence of vasculitis was observed. This primate model of ABA should enhance our understanding of the inflammatory response and the immunologic processes in this disease.", "PMID": 415985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8449", "title": "Investigation of the reputed inhibition of the Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner reaction by the pentapeptide Asp-Ser-Asp-Pro-Arg.", "content": "An investigation has been made of the inhibitory activity of the so-called Hamburger pentapeptide, Asp-Ser-Asp-Pro-Arg, in both the human Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner and baboon passive cutaneous anaphylaxis systems. With a dose of 6 microgram peptide, administered intradermally 24 h prior to diluted allergic serum from a horse-dandruff-sensitive individual, partial inhibition of wealing was observed in three different normal recipients following the pricking in of specific allergen. In one of the recipients, inhibition of flaring was observed at test sites subsequently challenged with timothy grass pollen allergen. A similar dose of pentapeptide, again injected intradermally 24 h prior to passive sensitisation, was shown to inhibit extravasation in a normal baboon on subsequent challenge with horse dandruff (but not grass pollen) allergen by subcutaneous injection into the upper arm. In vivo tests performed in the forearms of grass-pollen-sensitive individuals failed to provide convincing evidence of displacement of mast-cell-bound IgE antibody by the pentapeptide.", "contents": "Investigation of the reputed inhibition of the Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner reaction by the pentapeptide Asp-Ser-Asp-Pro-Arg. An investigation has been made of the inhibitory activity of the so-called Hamburger pentapeptide, Asp-Ser-Asp-Pro-Arg, in both the human Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner and baboon passive cutaneous anaphylaxis systems. With a dose of 6 microgram peptide, administered intradermally 24 h prior to diluted allergic serum from a horse-dandruff-sensitive individual, partial inhibition of wealing was observed in three different normal recipients following the pricking in of specific allergen. In one of the recipients, inhibition of flaring was observed at test sites subsequently challenged with timothy grass pollen allergen. A similar dose of pentapeptide, again injected intradermally 24 h prior to passive sensitisation, was shown to inhibit extravasation in a normal baboon on subsequent challenge with horse dandruff (but not grass pollen) allergen by subcutaneous injection into the upper arm. In vivo tests performed in the forearms of grass-pollen-sensitive individuals failed to provide convincing evidence of displacement of mast-cell-bound IgE antibody by the pentapeptide.", "PMID": 415986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8450", "title": "Inhibition of allergic reactions by cromoglycate and by a new antiallergy drug U-42,585E. II. Activity in primates against aerosolized Ascaris suum antigen.", "content": "Immediate type hypersensitivity to Ascaris antigen in Rhesus reactor monkeys was used to assess the pharmacologic profile of cromolyn Na (DSCG) and a new inhibitor of IgE-mediated lung function changes (U-42,585E). Two parameters used to measure lung function, respiratory rate increase and tidal volume decrease, were significantly altered in a dose-related fashion by U-42,585E when the latter was administered either by the intravenous, intrabronchial, or the oral route. Oral activity of U-42,585E was demonstrated with doses as low as 5 mg/kg in Ascaris reactor primates.", "contents": "Inhibition of allergic reactions by cromoglycate and by a new antiallergy drug U-42,585E. II. Activity in primates against aerosolized Ascaris suum antigen. Immediate type hypersensitivity to Ascaris antigen in Rhesus reactor monkeys was used to assess the pharmacologic profile of cromolyn Na (DSCG) and a new inhibitor of IgE-mediated lung function changes (U-42,585E). Two parameters used to measure lung function, respiratory rate increase and tidal volume decrease, were significantly altered in a dose-related fashion by U-42,585E when the latter was administered either by the intravenous, intrabronchial, or the oral route. Oral activity of U-42,585E was demonstrated with doses as low as 5 mg/kg in Ascaris reactor primates.", "PMID": 415987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8451", "title": "Peritoneal anaphylaxis in the rat after sensitization with mouse antiserum.", "content": "Passive peritoneal anaphylaxis in rats, sensitized with mouse antiserum, had characteristics of an IgE-mediated reaction, in that the serum was heat-labile and pretreatment of the rats with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), or sodium nivimedone, inhibited the release of both histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). Sodium nivimedone was more potent than DSCG as an inhibitor of histamine release. Peak concentrations of histamine and SRS-A in the peritoneal fluids of the rats, were reached within 2 min of antigen challenge and fell to control levels after 20-30 min.", "contents": "Peritoneal anaphylaxis in the rat after sensitization with mouse antiserum. Passive peritoneal anaphylaxis in rats, sensitized with mouse antiserum, had characteristics of an IgE-mediated reaction, in that the serum was heat-labile and pretreatment of the rats with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), or sodium nivimedone, inhibited the release of both histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). Sodium nivimedone was more potent than DSCG as an inhibitor of histamine release. Peak concentrations of histamine and SRS-A in the peritoneal fluids of the rats, were reached within 2 min of antigen challenge and fell to control levels after 20-30 min.", "PMID": 415988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8452", "title": "Activation of complement by radiographic contrast media: generation of chemotactic and anaphylatoxin activities.", "content": "Iodinated radiographic contrast media such as methylglucamine diatrizoate and sodium ioglycamate activate serum complement in vitro. This was shown by a dose-, time-, and temperature-dependent decrease of total hemolytic complement activity in normal human serum, consumption of C4 and C6 activity, conversion of C3 to C3b, and generation of C5-derived chemotactic and smooth muscle contracting activity. Complement activation was achieved even in sera depleted of immunoglobulin and properdin, which may indicate that contrast media induce complement activation by mechanisms different from the classical or alternative pathway.", "contents": "Activation of complement by radiographic contrast media: generation of chemotactic and anaphylatoxin activities. Iodinated radiographic contrast media such as methylglucamine diatrizoate and sodium ioglycamate activate serum complement in vitro. This was shown by a dose-, time-, and temperature-dependent decrease of total hemolytic complement activity in normal human serum, consumption of C4 and C6 activity, conversion of C3 to C3b, and generation of C5-derived chemotactic and smooth muscle contracting activity. Complement activation was achieved even in sera depleted of immunoglobulin and properdin, which may indicate that contrast media induce complement activation by mechanisms different from the classical or alternative pathway.", "PMID": 415989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8453", "title": "Profits in medicine: a context and an accounting.", "content": "The U.S. health care industry is composed of a dynamic mixture of profit and non-profit entities. These sectors sometimes compete in the same activities and may have virtual monopolies over other activities. Estimates of the relative and absolute sizes and growth trends of the profit and non-profit sectors are developed in this article. These estimates show that approximately 39 percent of total health care expenditures in the U.S. in 1975 went to for-profit institutions, generating $3.3 billion in profit. This represented 7 percent of for-profit and 2.8 percent of total expenditures. Some for-profit subsectors grew more rapidly and others less rapidly than total health care expenditures. As a whole, the for-profit sector grew faster than the non-profit sector before and after Medicare and Medicaid were introduced as well as during the period when price controls were in effect. The relative growth of the for-profit sector was greatest right after the introduction of Medicare and Medicaid. The true significance of profit lies not in numbers, but in the effects that the drive for profit have on the nature and quality of health and health care. This is discussed in the final section.", "contents": "Profits in medicine: a context and an accounting. The U.S. health care industry is composed of a dynamic mixture of profit and non-profit entities. These sectors sometimes compete in the same activities and may have virtual monopolies over other activities. Estimates of the relative and absolute sizes and growth trends of the profit and non-profit sectors are developed in this article. These estimates show that approximately 39 percent of total health care expenditures in the U.S. in 1975 went to for-profit institutions, generating $3.3 billion in profit. This represented 7 percent of for-profit and 2.8 percent of total expenditures. Some for-profit subsectors grew more rapidly and others less rapidly than total health care expenditures. As a whole, the for-profit sector grew faster than the non-profit sector before and after Medicare and Medicaid were introduced as well as during the period when price controls were in effect. The relative growth of the for-profit sector was greatest right after the introduction of Medicare and Medicaid. The true significance of profit lies not in numbers, but in the effects that the drive for profit have on the nature and quality of health and health care. This is discussed in the final section.", "PMID": 415990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8454", "title": "The political economy of federal health programs in the United States: an historical review.", "content": "In the 1960s the federal government of the United States added a wide range of new health programs--Medicare, Medicaid, health manpower training, occupational safety, and others--to its long-established support for biomedical research and hospital construction. Total federal health outlays rose from $5 billion in 1965 to almost $37 billion in 1975. This paper describes the legislative history of federal health programs and reports the recent trends in expenditures by functional category. The expenditures of major programs are related to the populations they serve and data are presented to document the enormous inflow of resources to medical care during the last 10 years. This inflow has been induced by the structural changes in the medical care market first set in motion by private health insurance, and accelerated by the new federal programs. Designing some way to control it is a major problem in health policy for the late 1970s.", "contents": "The political economy of federal health programs in the United States: an historical review. In the 1960s the federal government of the United States added a wide range of new health programs--Medicare, Medicaid, health manpower training, occupational safety, and others--to its long-established support for biomedical research and hospital construction. Total federal health outlays rose from $5 billion in 1965 to almost $37 billion in 1975. This paper describes the legislative history of federal health programs and reports the recent trends in expenditures by functional category. The expenditures of major programs are related to the populations they serve and data are presented to document the enormous inflow of resources to medical care during the last 10 years. This inflow has been induced by the structural changes in the medical care market first set in motion by private health insurance, and accelerated by the new federal programs. Designing some way to control it is a major problem in health policy for the late 1970s.", "PMID": 415991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8455", "title": "Biochemical studies on polychlorinated biphenyl toxicity in rats: manipulation by vitamin C.", "content": "The effects of chronic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compound toxicity on L-ascorbic acid metabolism in rats have been studied. PCB treatment brought about a depression in the activities of the enzymes L-gluonolactone oxidase and dehydroascorbatase along with an increased tissue levels and urinary excretion of L-ascorbic acid. PCB toxicity drastically disturbed the normal histological pattern of the liver cells and also significantly changed the hepatic lipid composition. L-ascorbic acid supplementation to the toxicated group of animals, although could not prevent the growth retardative effect of PCB, could afford a definite protection against the enzyme activity alterations and histological changes as caused by PCB toxicity.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on polychlorinated biphenyl toxicity in rats: manipulation by vitamin C. The effects of chronic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compound toxicity on L-ascorbic acid metabolism in rats have been studied. PCB treatment brought about a depression in the activities of the enzymes L-gluonolactone oxidase and dehydroascorbatase along with an increased tissue levels and urinary excretion of L-ascorbic acid. PCB toxicity drastically disturbed the normal histological pattern of the liver cells and also significantly changed the hepatic lipid composition. L-ascorbic acid supplementation to the toxicated group of animals, although could not prevent the growth retardative effect of PCB, could afford a definite protection against the enzyme activity alterations and histological changes as caused by PCB toxicity.", "PMID": 415995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8456", "title": "Jejunal diverticulosis.", "content": "Diverticulosis of the jejunum is an uncommon condition. We found four patients with such diverticula among 40,341 hospital admissions. All four patients presented with acute volvulus of the small bowel. It is suggested that the diverticula bearing segment becomes heavier due to the diverticula and the semisolid jejunal contents consisting of roughage, millet and cereals in the staple diet of our patients. Both factors contribute to small bowel volvulus. Jejunal diverticula may be missed because they are buried between the leaves of mesentery or adherent loops of jejunum. With a patient has vague abdominal symptoms, the possibility of jejunal diverticula should be considered.", "contents": "Jejunal diverticulosis. Diverticulosis of the jejunum is an uncommon condition. We found four patients with such diverticula among 40,341 hospital admissions. All four patients presented with acute volvulus of the small bowel. It is suggested that the diverticula bearing segment becomes heavier due to the diverticula and the semisolid jejunal contents consisting of roughage, millet and cereals in the staple diet of our patients. Both factors contribute to small bowel volvulus. Jejunal diverticula may be missed because they are buried between the leaves of mesentery or adherent loops of jejunum. With a patient has vague abdominal symptoms, the possibility of jejunal diverticula should be considered.", "PMID": 415996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8457", "title": "Evaluation of absorbable suture materials in biliary tract surgery.", "content": "A comparative study of absorbable suture materials in the presence of digestive fluids has been made. At day 7, plain and chromic catgut had lost 81% and 64% respectively of their initial tensile strengths in bile at a temperature of 37 degrees C, whereas Dexon and Vicryl preserved 82+ and 49% respectively of theirs. Plain and chromic catgut are completely dissolved in gastric juice within two days and had lost about 90% of their initial tensile strength in pancreatic juice on day 4. They produce significant tissue reaction. Dexon and Vicryl appear to be similar in their tissue reaction which is minimal. However, the former is stronger than the latter in the presence of bile. We believe the surgeon who undertakes any type of biliary tract surgery may wish to review his choice of absorbable suture material used in view of the information presented herein.", "contents": "Evaluation of absorbable suture materials in biliary tract surgery. A comparative study of absorbable suture materials in the presence of digestive fluids has been made. At day 7, plain and chromic catgut had lost 81% and 64% respectively of their initial tensile strengths in bile at a temperature of 37 degrees C, whereas Dexon and Vicryl preserved 82+ and 49% respectively of theirs. Plain and chromic catgut are completely dissolved in gastric juice within two days and had lost about 90% of their initial tensile strength in pancreatic juice on day 4. They produce significant tissue reaction. Dexon and Vicryl appear to be similar in their tissue reaction which is minimal. However, the former is stronger than the latter in the presence of bile. We believe the surgeon who undertakes any type of biliary tract surgery may wish to review his choice of absorbable suture material used in view of the information presented herein.", "PMID": 415997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8458", "title": "Enzyme activity during the metabolism of glycogen. II. Cytochemical study of glycogen synthetase in the sensory cells of the tuberous organ of Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae).", "content": "Glycogen synthetase (2.4.1.11) forms I (independent or active) and D (dependent or passive) as well as the enzymes active in the transformation of the pathways, protein kinase and phosphatase transferase, were studied in the sensory cells and glycogen rich epidermal cells of the weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae). For light microscopy an indirect cytochemical method which differentiated between glycogen originally present and that produced during incubation in the presence of UDPG was used. This differentiation was obtained by iodine, PAS and alpha and beta amylases. Glycogen synthetase is present in the sensory cells in the I and D forms. The epidermal cells only contain the D form. Protein kinase (active I yields D) has only been found in the sensory cells but phosphatase transferase (active D yields I) has been found in both the epidermal cells and the sensory cells, but only within certain organs. Electron microscopy studies of glycogen synthetase I and D and protein kinase were restricted to the sensory cells only. As with the light microscope it was possible to differentiate between native glycogen and newly formed glycogen. This was done using ultrathin sections and staining with uranyl acetate, lead citrate or by the PATAg reaction. It was possible from these observations to locate precisely the positions of these enzymes. In fact, glycogen synthetase I and D are found both in the sensory cytoplasm and in the sensory cavity with the polysaccharide filaments. Protein kinase is also abundant in the sensory cytoplasm especially in the periphery of the cell near the microvillary border.", "contents": "Enzyme activity during the metabolism of glycogen. II. Cytochemical study of glycogen synthetase in the sensory cells of the tuberous organ of Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae). Glycogen synthetase (2.4.1.11) forms I (independent or active) and D (dependent or passive) as well as the enzymes active in the transformation of the pathways, protein kinase and phosphatase transferase, were studied in the sensory cells and glycogen rich epidermal cells of the weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae). For light microscopy an indirect cytochemical method which differentiated between glycogen originally present and that produced during incubation in the presence of UDPG was used. This differentiation was obtained by iodine, PAS and alpha and beta amylases. Glycogen synthetase is present in the sensory cells in the I and D forms. The epidermal cells only contain the D form. Protein kinase (active I yields D) has only been found in the sensory cells but phosphatase transferase (active D yields I) has been found in both the epidermal cells and the sensory cells, but only within certain organs. Electron microscopy studies of glycogen synthetase I and D and protein kinase were restricted to the sensory cells only. As with the light microscope it was possible to differentiate between native glycogen and newly formed glycogen. This was done using ultrathin sections and staining with uranyl acetate, lead citrate or by the PATAg reaction. It was possible from these observations to locate precisely the positions of these enzymes. In fact, glycogen synthetase I and D are found both in the sensory cytoplasm and in the sensory cavity with the polysaccharide filaments. Protein kinase is also abundant in the sensory cytoplasm especially in the periphery of the cell near the microvillary border.", "PMID": 416009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8459", "title": "Uptake of (methyl-14C)-sisomicin and (methyl-14C)-gentamicin into bacterial cells.", "content": "Eight sensitive strains (two Staphylococcus aureus, two Escherichia coli, two Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two Klebsiella pneumoniae) and four resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were used to study uptake of sisomicin and gentamicin by the bacterial cells. In eleven out of the twelve organisms studied employing (methyl-14C)-sisomicin and (methyl-14C)-gentamicin, uptake of the former was found higher that that of the latter. In one organism, the uptake of the two antibiotics was similar. This higher uptake of sisomicin may help explain the superior potency of the antibiotic in relation to gentamicin.", "contents": "Uptake of (methyl-14C)-sisomicin and (methyl-14C)-gentamicin into bacterial cells. Eight sensitive strains (two Staphylococcus aureus, two Escherichia coli, two Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two Klebsiella pneumoniae) and four resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were used to study uptake of sisomicin and gentamicin by the bacterial cells. In eleven out of the twelve organisms studied employing (methyl-14C)-sisomicin and (methyl-14C)-gentamicin, uptake of the former was found higher that that of the latter. In one organism, the uptake of the two antibiotics was similar. This higher uptake of sisomicin may help explain the superior potency of the antibiotic in relation to gentamicin.", "PMID": 416011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8460", "title": "Mode of action of pyocin R1.", "content": "The effects of pyocin Rl on transport systems and syntheses of macromolecules in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain P14 were studied under two conditions, 0.4 mM and 40 mM Magnesium ions. In the presence of 0.4 mM magnesium ions, the incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein and the uptake of [14C]leucine into the leucine pool were completely inhibited by pyocin. Furthermore, [14C]leucine which had been taken up into the leucine pool was depleted by pyocin. Comparing the concentration of amino acid within cells with that in the medium, it was concluded that the active transport in P14 cells was inhibited completely by pyocin. Such an effect of pyocin Rl on transport systems was not specific to leucine but common to many amino acids and uridine. On the other hand, under the condition of 40 mM magnesium ions, [14C]-leucine once accumulated was not depleted by pyocin, but uptake of [14C]leucine into the leucine pool stopped immediately while incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein continued at a considerably reduced rate; therefore the machinery for protein synthesis was not directly inhibited by pyocin. It is suggested that the loss from the amino acid pool in cells brings about the rapid cessation of protein synthesis under the condition of 0.4 mM magnesium.", "contents": "Mode of action of pyocin R1. The effects of pyocin Rl on transport systems and syntheses of macromolecules in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain P14 were studied under two conditions, 0.4 mM and 40 mM Magnesium ions. In the presence of 0.4 mM magnesium ions, the incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein and the uptake of [14C]leucine into the leucine pool were completely inhibited by pyocin. Furthermore, [14C]leucine which had been taken up into the leucine pool was depleted by pyocin. Comparing the concentration of amino acid within cells with that in the medium, it was concluded that the active transport in P14 cells was inhibited completely by pyocin. Such an effect of pyocin Rl on transport systems was not specific to leucine but common to many amino acids and uridine. On the other hand, under the condition of 40 mM magnesium ions, [14C]-leucine once accumulated was not depleted by pyocin, but uptake of [14C]leucine into the leucine pool stopped immediately while incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein continued at a considerably reduced rate; therefore the machinery for protein synthesis was not directly inhibited by pyocin. It is suggested that the loss from the amino acid pool in cells brings about the rapid cessation of protein synthesis under the condition of 0.4 mM magnesium.", "PMID": 416014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8461", "title": "Role of the 21,000 molecular weight polypeptide of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase in RNA synthesis.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis contains a 21,000 molecular weight (21K) peptide subunit. This subunit was purified and added to 21K-depleted polymerase isolated from both uninfected and SP85-infected B. subtilis. The effect of the subunit on total RNA synthesis, on enzyme-DNA binding, on RNA chain initiation and elongation, and on enzymatic specificity were examined. A comparison was made of the effects of the 21K peptide and NaCl on polymerase activity, RNA chain elongation, and symmetry of transcription of SP82 DNA. The addition of the 21K peptide to enzyme preparations lacking this subunit stimulated total polymerase activity 20 to 40%. In contrast, addition of NaCl at concentrations greater than 0.1 M significantly reduced polymerase activity. The 21K peptide appeared to alter the general affinity of the polymerase for DNA. The rate of RNA chain initiation was not affected by the 21K peptide, but RNA chain elongation was stimulated. Both the 21K peptide and NaCl increased the asymmetry of transcription of SP82 DNA by phage-modified polymerase. The 21K effect was related to the stimulation of elongation while high concentrations of NCl appeared to act at RNA chain initiation. RNAs synthesized in vitro by polymerase lacking and supplemented with the 21K peptide were translated by a Escherichia coli cell-free system. The 21K peptide had little direct effect on the selection of promoters in vitro as measured by this technique, but it dramatically increased the translatability of the product.", "contents": "Role of the 21,000 molecular weight polypeptide of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase in RNA synthesis. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis contains a 21,000 molecular weight (21K) peptide subunit. This subunit was purified and added to 21K-depleted polymerase isolated from both uninfected and SP85-infected B. subtilis. The effect of the subunit on total RNA synthesis, on enzyme-DNA binding, on RNA chain initiation and elongation, and on enzymatic specificity were examined. A comparison was made of the effects of the 21K peptide and NaCl on polymerase activity, RNA chain elongation, and symmetry of transcription of SP82 DNA. The addition of the 21K peptide to enzyme preparations lacking this subunit stimulated total polymerase activity 20 to 40%. In contrast, addition of NaCl at concentrations greater than 0.1 M significantly reduced polymerase activity. The 21K peptide appeared to alter the general affinity of the polymerase for DNA. The rate of RNA chain initiation was not affected by the 21K peptide, but RNA chain elongation was stimulated. Both the 21K peptide and NaCl increased the asymmetry of transcription of SP82 DNA by phage-modified polymerase. The 21K effect was related to the stimulation of elongation while high concentrations of NCl appeared to act at RNA chain initiation. RNAs synthesized in vitro by polymerase lacking and supplemented with the 21K peptide were translated by a Escherichia coli cell-free system. The 21K peptide had little direct effect on the selection of promoters in vitro as measured by this technique, but it dramatically increased the translatability of the product.", "PMID": 416017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8462", "title": "Anti-glycosyl antibodies. Two sets of isoantibodies with specificity for different carbohydrate moieties of the same glycosyl antigen.", "content": "Two sets of anti-glycosyl antibodies have been isolated by affinity chromatography methods from the antisera of rabbits immunized with a vaccine of nonviable cells of Streptococcus faecalis, strain N. Both types of antibodies are directed against a dineteroglycan of glucose and galactose present in the cell wall of this organism. The members of one set, anti-galactose antibodies, combine with the terminal lactose residues of the glycan and the member of the other set, anti-lactose antibodies, combine with terminal lactose residues of the same glycan. Each set of antibodies is composed of multiprotein components. The electrofocusing method had been used to isolate the individual antibody proteins in homogeneous states as shown by both electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation techniques. Since the components of each set combine with the same structural unit of the antigen, they have been designated as isoantibodies. The sedimentation constants, electrophoretic properties, carbohydrate constituents, and amino acid compositions of the two sets of antibodies are recorded.", "contents": "Anti-glycosyl antibodies. Two sets of isoantibodies with specificity for different carbohydrate moieties of the same glycosyl antigen. Two sets of anti-glycosyl antibodies have been isolated by affinity chromatography methods from the antisera of rabbits immunized with a vaccine of nonviable cells of Streptococcus faecalis, strain N. Both types of antibodies are directed against a dineteroglycan of glucose and galactose present in the cell wall of this organism. The members of one set, anti-galactose antibodies, combine with the terminal lactose residues of the glycan and the member of the other set, anti-lactose antibodies, combine with terminal lactose residues of the same glycan. Each set of antibodies is composed of multiprotein components. The electrofocusing method had been used to isolate the individual antibody proteins in homogeneous states as shown by both electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation techniques. Since the components of each set combine with the same structural unit of the antigen, they have been designated as isoantibodies. The sedimentation constants, electrophoretic properties, carbohydrate constituents, and amino acid compositions of the two sets of antibodies are recorded.", "PMID": 416019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8463", "title": "Properties of the thioesterase component obtained by limited trypsinization of the fatty acid synthetase multienzyme complex.", "content": "The fatty acid synthetase from lactating rat mammary gland is shown to consist of two polyfunctional polypeptides of similar molecular weight (about 220,000); a 4'-phosphopantetheine residue is covalently bound to one, or both subunits. Limited trypsinization of the fatty acid synthetase releases on enzymatically active thioesterase component which has been purified and its properties studied. The thioesterase sediments in the ultracentrifuge as a single component of molecular weight 32,000; its sedimentation coefficient is 2.9 x 10-(13) s its diffusion coefficient 5.0 x 10-(7) cm2 s-(1). The thioesterase also elutes from a column of Sephadex G-75 as a single, symmetrical peak of constant specific activity. However, electrophoresis of the denatured thioesterase in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate reveals that the enzyme has been partially nicked during isolation. The kinetic data of the enzyme reaction were studied using palmityl-CoA as a model substrate. Solvent pH was found to affect both Vmax and Km (Km = 0.5 micron at pH 6.6, 2.5 micron at pH 8.0) wereas solvent ionic strength affected Vmax but no Km. The thioesterases from the fatty acid synthetases of rat liver and lactating mammary gland have identical physical properties, identical amino acid compositions, and are immunologically indistinguishable. Both thioesterases hydrolyze long chain, in preference to short chain, thioesters of CoA, an observation consistent with their role in regulation of the chain-terminating step in fatty acid synthesis by the parent multienzyme complexes.", "contents": "Properties of the thioesterase component obtained by limited trypsinization of the fatty acid synthetase multienzyme complex. The fatty acid synthetase from lactating rat mammary gland is shown to consist of two polyfunctional polypeptides of similar molecular weight (about 220,000); a 4'-phosphopantetheine residue is covalently bound to one, or both subunits. Limited trypsinization of the fatty acid synthetase releases on enzymatically active thioesterase component which has been purified and its properties studied. The thioesterase sediments in the ultracentrifuge as a single component of molecular weight 32,000; its sedimentation coefficient is 2.9 x 10-(13) s its diffusion coefficient 5.0 x 10-(7) cm2 s-(1). The thioesterase also elutes from a column of Sephadex G-75 as a single, symmetrical peak of constant specific activity. However, electrophoresis of the denatured thioesterase in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate reveals that the enzyme has been partially nicked during isolation. The kinetic data of the enzyme reaction were studied using palmityl-CoA as a model substrate. Solvent pH was found to affect both Vmax and Km (Km = 0.5 micron at pH 6.6, 2.5 micron at pH 8.0) wereas solvent ionic strength affected Vmax but no Km. The thioesterases from the fatty acid synthetases of rat liver and lactating mammary gland have identical physical properties, identical amino acid compositions, and are immunologically indistinguishable. Both thioesterases hydrolyze long chain, in preference to short chain, thioesters of CoA, an observation consistent with their role in regulation of the chain-terminating step in fatty acid synthesis by the parent multienzyme complexes.", "PMID": 416021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8464", "title": "Keratin filaments of cultured human epidermal cells. Formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds during terminal differentiation.", "content": "Human epidermal cells grown in culture synthesize abundant keratins. These keratins are similar to those of stratum corneum of human epidermal callus in their insolubility in dilute aqueous buffers, their molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000, their immunolgical reactivity, and their ability to assemble into 80 A tonofilaments in vitro; but there are differences in the molecular weights of some of the proteins, the number of components, and their charge heterogeneity, related at least in part to phosphorylation. About 30% of all the proteins of living cultured keratinocytes consists of keratins, compared with over 85% of stratum corneum. All the keratins of human stratum corneum were found to be cross-linked by intermolecular disulfide bonds while most keratins of the living cells were not. As the cells mature in Methocel-stabilized suspension culture, their keratins become increasingly disulfide cross-linked. When uncross-linked tonofilaments of living keratinocytes are dissolved in 8 M urea and the filaments reconstituted in vitro their keratins become disulfide cross-linked under aerobic conditions and consequently insoluble in solutions of 8 M urea or sodium dodecyl sulfate. The results indicate that the uncross-linked state of the keratins in living cells is due to the reducing intracellular environment and not to a precursor state related to the primary structure of the proteins. The disulfide cross-links stabilizing the keratin filaments must be distinguished from the epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links stabilizing the cornified cell envelope.", "contents": "Keratin filaments of cultured human epidermal cells. Formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds during terminal differentiation. Human epidermal cells grown in culture synthesize abundant keratins. These keratins are similar to those of stratum corneum of human epidermal callus in their insolubility in dilute aqueous buffers, their molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000, their immunolgical reactivity, and their ability to assemble into 80 A tonofilaments in vitro; but there are differences in the molecular weights of some of the proteins, the number of components, and their charge heterogeneity, related at least in part to phosphorylation. About 30% of all the proteins of living cultured keratinocytes consists of keratins, compared with over 85% of stratum corneum. All the keratins of human stratum corneum were found to be cross-linked by intermolecular disulfide bonds while most keratins of the living cells were not. As the cells mature in Methocel-stabilized suspension culture, their keratins become increasingly disulfide cross-linked. When uncross-linked tonofilaments of living keratinocytes are dissolved in 8 M urea and the filaments reconstituted in vitro their keratins become disulfide cross-linked under aerobic conditions and consequently insoluble in solutions of 8 M urea or sodium dodecyl sulfate. The results indicate that the uncross-linked state of the keratins in living cells is due to the reducing intracellular environment and not to a precursor state related to the primary structure of the proteins. The disulfide cross-links stabilizing the keratin filaments must be distinguished from the epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links stabilizing the cornified cell envelope.", "PMID": 416022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8465", "title": "Purification and properties of the bacteriophage T4 gene 31 protein required for prehead assembly.", "content": "A low molecular weight (approximately 16,000), early protein is characterized as the product of the essential T4 head assembly gene 31. This gene is known to be required to allow formation of any ordered head structure from the major T4 capsid protein, P23 (Laemmli, U.K., Beguin, F., and Gujer-Kellenberger, G. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 47, 69-85). In wild type infection P31 synthesis ceases at late times; in contrast, P31 is overproduced in certain early or regulatory T4 mutant infections, particularly gene 55 mutant infections. P31 was purified preparatively from Escherichia coli infected with the latter mutant, but could only be obtained for the most part in modified form, possibly due to unusual sensitivity to a proteolytic activity. P31 is not cleaved in vivo during normal head assembly, nor does it become a part of the mature head or any ordered prehead structure as determined by an immunological assay using antiserum prepared against the purified protein. However P31 does appear to become a part of the unordered P23 aggregates (lumps) which accumulate when ordered P23 assembly is prevented. We cound find no evidence for P31 association with T4 DNA or the host membrane. Our experiments favor the hypothesis that P31 directly affects the aggregation state and solubility properties of P23.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the bacteriophage T4 gene 31 protein required for prehead assembly. A low molecular weight (approximately 16,000), early protein is characterized as the product of the essential T4 head assembly gene 31. This gene is known to be required to allow formation of any ordered head structure from the major T4 capsid protein, P23 (Laemmli, U.K., Beguin, F., and Gujer-Kellenberger, G. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 47, 69-85). In wild type infection P31 synthesis ceases at late times; in contrast, P31 is overproduced in certain early or regulatory T4 mutant infections, particularly gene 55 mutant infections. P31 was purified preparatively from Escherichia coli infected with the latter mutant, but could only be obtained for the most part in modified form, possibly due to unusual sensitivity to a proteolytic activity. P31 is not cleaved in vivo during normal head assembly, nor does it become a part of the mature head or any ordered prehead structure as determined by an immunological assay using antiserum prepared against the purified protein. However P31 does appear to become a part of the unordered P23 aggregates (lumps) which accumulate when ordered P23 assembly is prevented. We cound find no evidence for P31 association with T4 DNA or the host membrane. Our experiments favor the hypothesis that P31 directly affects the aggregation state and solubility properties of P23.", "PMID": 416025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8466", "title": "Isolation of 4-(1'-D-ribitylamino)-5-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine from a riboflavin-adenine-deficient mutant of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Studies were carried out to determine possible intermediates involved in the biosynthetic pathway of riboflavin, using resting cells of a riboflavin-adenine-deficient mutant, Bacillus subtilis AJ1988. The cells excreted 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, the end product in the biosynthetic pathway, into the incubation medium in large amounts. The addition of glyoxal caused a large accumulation of a green fluorescent compound; an inverse relation was observed between the formation of the lumazine and the concentration of glyoxal. Furthermore, added [2-14C]guanine effectively incorporated into the lumazine and the fluorescent compound in the same specific activity during incubation. The fluorescent compound was isolated, purified, and identified by paper chromatographic, fluorometric, and spectrophotometric analyses. It was proved to be 8-(1'-D-ribityl)lumazine, which appeared to have been formed by a reaction between glyoxal and a possible intermediate in the cells. Accordingly, 4-(1'-D-ribitylamino)-5-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine was concluded to be an immediate precursor of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine.", "contents": "Isolation of 4-(1'-D-ribitylamino)-5-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine from a riboflavin-adenine-deficient mutant of Bacillus subtilis. Studies were carried out to determine possible intermediates involved in the biosynthetic pathway of riboflavin, using resting cells of a riboflavin-adenine-deficient mutant, Bacillus subtilis AJ1988. The cells excreted 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, the end product in the biosynthetic pathway, into the incubation medium in large amounts. The addition of glyoxal caused a large accumulation of a green fluorescent compound; an inverse relation was observed between the formation of the lumazine and the concentration of glyoxal. Furthermore, added [2-14C]guanine effectively incorporated into the lumazine and the fluorescent compound in the same specific activity during incubation. The fluorescent compound was isolated, purified, and identified by paper chromatographic, fluorometric, and spectrophotometric analyses. It was proved to be 8-(1'-D-ribityl)lumazine, which appeared to have been formed by a reaction between glyoxal and a possible intermediate in the cells. Accordingly, 4-(1'-D-ribitylamino)-5-amino-2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine was concluded to be an immediate precursor of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine.", "PMID": 416026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8467", "title": "Glycoproteins from human colonic adenocarcinoma. Isolation and characterization of cell surface carcinoembryonic antigen from a cultured tumor cell line.", "content": "Alterations in cell surface glycoproteins have been implicated in malignancy. We examined surface membrane proteins of a cultured cell line, SKCO-1, which had been derived from a human colonic adenocarcinoma. Cell surface labeling of SKCO-1 cells with galactose oxidase, followed by reduction with sodium borotritide, revealed five major labeled glycoproteins upon sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At least three additional labeled glycoproteins could be detected if galactose oxidase treatment was preceded by neuraminidase treatment. Some, but not all, of the glycoproteins could be iodinated by lactoperoxidase. The predominantly labeled glycoprotein (GPI) had a molecular weight of 200,000 and co-migrated in SDS gel with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). GPI was not removed from the cell surface by EDTA, hypertonic saline, or sonication but was released from the membrane by detergents. This glycoprotein was subsequently purified using lectin-agarose columns and gel filtration. GPI was judged homogenous by protein- and carbohydrate-stained SDS-polyacrylamide gels and had an amino acid composition similar to that of CEA. The carbohydrate composition of GPI was qualitatively similar to CEA but quantitatively distinct. GPI had a greater proportion of sialic acid and galactosamine and less fucose and glucosamine than CEA. Immunological studies, however, demonstrated identity between GPI and CEA. A study of the turnover rate of GPI showed it to have a half-life of 5 days.", "contents": "Glycoproteins from human colonic adenocarcinoma. Isolation and characterization of cell surface carcinoembryonic antigen from a cultured tumor cell line. Alterations in cell surface glycoproteins have been implicated in malignancy. We examined surface membrane proteins of a cultured cell line, SKCO-1, which had been derived from a human colonic adenocarcinoma. Cell surface labeling of SKCO-1 cells with galactose oxidase, followed by reduction with sodium borotritide, revealed five major labeled glycoproteins upon sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At least three additional labeled glycoproteins could be detected if galactose oxidase treatment was preceded by neuraminidase treatment. Some, but not all, of the glycoproteins could be iodinated by lactoperoxidase. The predominantly labeled glycoprotein (GPI) had a molecular weight of 200,000 and co-migrated in SDS gel with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). GPI was not removed from the cell surface by EDTA, hypertonic saline, or sonication but was released from the membrane by detergents. This glycoprotein was subsequently purified using lectin-agarose columns and gel filtration. GPI was judged homogenous by protein- and carbohydrate-stained SDS-polyacrylamide gels and had an amino acid composition similar to that of CEA. The carbohydrate composition of GPI was qualitatively similar to CEA but quantitatively distinct. GPI had a greater proportion of sialic acid and galactosamine and less fucose and glucosamine than CEA. Immunological studies, however, demonstrated identity between GPI and CEA. A study of the turnover rate of GPI showed it to have a half-life of 5 days.", "PMID": 416028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8468", "title": "Kinetics of interaction of heavy and light chains in immunoglobulins. Use of a sulfhydryl-specific light chain fluorescent probe.", "content": "The fluorescent probe N-(iodoacetylaminoethyl)-8-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid (1,8-I-AEDANS) reacts stoichiometrically with the COOH-terminal cysteine residue of a human immunoglobulin light (L) chain. The absorption and fluorescence spectral properties of the L-AEDANS product and the environmental sensitivity of the fluorescence suggest the utility of L-AEDANS in the study of the subtle conformational changes accompanying interactions between light chain and other proteins or ligands. Its applicability to the problem of immunoglobulin assembly is illustrated by the association of L-AEDANS with heavy chain dimers, which results in an enhancement of fluorescence. The data indicate that L-AEDANS binds to kinetically equivalent, noninteracting sites with an apparent second order rate constant of 6 X 10(6) liters mol(-1) s(-1) at 20 degrees, pH 7.5.", "contents": "Kinetics of interaction of heavy and light chains in immunoglobulins. Use of a sulfhydryl-specific light chain fluorescent probe. The fluorescent probe N-(iodoacetylaminoethyl)-8-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid (1,8-I-AEDANS) reacts stoichiometrically with the COOH-terminal cysteine residue of a human immunoglobulin light (L) chain. The absorption and fluorescence spectral properties of the L-AEDANS product and the environmental sensitivity of the fluorescence suggest the utility of L-AEDANS in the study of the subtle conformational changes accompanying interactions between light chain and other proteins or ligands. Its applicability to the problem of immunoglobulin assembly is illustrated by the association of L-AEDANS with heavy chain dimers, which results in an enhancement of fluorescence. The data indicate that L-AEDANS binds to kinetically equivalent, noninteracting sites with an apparent second order rate constant of 6 X 10(6) liters mol(-1) s(-1) at 20 degrees, pH 7.5.", "PMID": 416030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8469", "title": "Histologic response to porous PMMA implant materials.", "content": "Poly(methyl methacrylate) as used in polymer replica tooth implants was fabricated into 6 X 6 mm cylindrical specimens and cured in either an air oven, pressure pot, autoclave, or microwave oven. Polymer porosity was achieved by means of either 1) intrinsic foaming agents, or 2) compacting different sizes of large beads with a minimum of monomer, with dense PMMA used as a control. Specimens were then implanted in the long bones of baboons. Histology of thin-sectioned and ground specimens from the sacrificed animals revealed complete tissue ingrowth into implanted material made of medium and large PMMA beads, very superficial ingrowth into material containing foaming agents and anorganic bone chips, and no ingrowth into dense PMMA implants. None of the implants were rejected or caused chronic inflammation. The effect on histologic response of the different curing methods could not be distinguished.", "contents": "Histologic response to porous PMMA implant materials. Poly(methyl methacrylate) as used in polymer replica tooth implants was fabricated into 6 X 6 mm cylindrical specimens and cured in either an air oven, pressure pot, autoclave, or microwave oven. Polymer porosity was achieved by means of either 1) intrinsic foaming agents, or 2) compacting different sizes of large beads with a minimum of monomer, with dense PMMA used as a control. Specimens were then implanted in the long bones of baboons. Histology of thin-sectioned and ground specimens from the sacrificed animals revealed complete tissue ingrowth into implanted material made of medium and large PMMA beads, very superficial ingrowth into material containing foaming agents and anorganic bone chips, and no ingrowth into dense PMMA implants. None of the implants were rejected or caused chronic inflammation. The effect on histologic response of the different curing methods could not be distinguished.", "PMID": 416033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8470", "title": "Rat liver nuclear skeleton and ribonucleoprotein complexes containing HnRNA.", "content": "Rat liver nuclei deprived of chromatin and nucleoplasm show a spongelike network which preserves its connection with nucleoli, the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope, and nuclear pore complexes. It contains all of the HnRNA, provided the endogenous proteolytic activity is inhibited by a proteolytic inhibitor such as phenylmethyl sulfonyl chloride (PMSC) or the fluoride form (PMSF). In the absence of these proteolytic inhibitors, HnRNA is dissociated from the spongelike network and sediments in a sucrose gradient as polydispersed ribonucleoprotein complexes. Furthermore, purified HnRNA as well as rRNA do not bind to the spongelike network when added to these nuclei. These observations demonstrate that the association of HnRNA to the nuclear skeleton is not an artifact. RNase treatment of the spongelike network digests the majority of the rapidly labeled RNA but does not alter the morphological aspect nor the architecture of this network. EDTA and heparin treatments affect neither the attachment of HnRNA nor the structural organization of this network. Electron microscope studies of the network reveal a characteristic flexuous configuration. Its relationship with diffused and condensed chromatin is discussed.", "contents": "Rat liver nuclear skeleton and ribonucleoprotein complexes containing HnRNA. Rat liver nuclei deprived of chromatin and nucleoplasm show a spongelike network which preserves its connection with nucleoli, the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope, and nuclear pore complexes. It contains all of the HnRNA, provided the endogenous proteolytic activity is inhibited by a proteolytic inhibitor such as phenylmethyl sulfonyl chloride (PMSC) or the fluoride form (PMSF). In the absence of these proteolytic inhibitors, HnRNA is dissociated from the spongelike network and sediments in a sucrose gradient as polydispersed ribonucleoprotein complexes. Furthermore, purified HnRNA as well as rRNA do not bind to the spongelike network when added to these nuclei. These observations demonstrate that the association of HnRNA to the nuclear skeleton is not an artifact. RNase treatment of the spongelike network digests the majority of the rapidly labeled RNA but does not alter the morphological aspect nor the architecture of this network. EDTA and heparin treatments affect neither the attachment of HnRNA nor the structural organization of this network. Electron microscope studies of the network reveal a characteristic flexuous configuration. Its relationship with diffused and condensed chromatin is discussed.", "PMID": 416034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8471", "title": "Modified culture technique for Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolation from desiccated swabs.", "content": "Corynebacterium diphtheriae was isolated from pyoderma and ulcerative skin lesions with a modified delayed culture procedure as late as 9 weeks after field collection of silica gel-desiccated swabs. Biotypes gravis and mitis were identified. Most isolates were nontoxigenic. Todd-Hewitt broth enrichment enhanced recovery of C. diphtheriae by 70%.", "contents": "Modified culture technique for Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolation from desiccated swabs. Corynebacterium diphtheriae was isolated from pyoderma and ulcerative skin lesions with a modified delayed culture procedure as late as 9 weeks after field collection of silica gel-desiccated swabs. Biotypes gravis and mitis were identified. Most isolates were nontoxigenic. Todd-Hewitt broth enrichment enhanced recovery of C. diphtheriae by 70%.", "PMID": 416036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8472", "title": "Survey for positive Limulus amoebocyte lysate test in plasma from humans and common research animals.", "content": "A survey for positive Limulus amoebocyte lysate tests was conducted on apparently healthy humans, mongrel dogs, rats, mice, rabbits, and squirrel monkeys. Only mongrel dog (45.8%) and human (32.8%) plasma samples gave positive tests. In dogs, a significant correlation between positive Limulus amoebocyte lysate tests and the presence of intestinal parasites was found. Positives found in human plasma samples were thought to be due to the presence of background levels of endotoxin or some possible mimicker substance found in the plasma after chloroform extraction. It was concluded that there was a need to distinguish between these positive Limulus tests and those which represent significant endotoxemia.", "contents": "Survey for positive Limulus amoebocyte lysate test in plasma from humans and common research animals. A survey for positive Limulus amoebocyte lysate tests was conducted on apparently healthy humans, mongrel dogs, rats, mice, rabbits, and squirrel monkeys. Only mongrel dog (45.8%) and human (32.8%) plasma samples gave positive tests. In dogs, a significant correlation between positive Limulus amoebocyte lysate tests and the presence of intestinal parasites was found. Positives found in human plasma samples were thought to be due to the presence of background levels of endotoxin or some possible mimicker substance found in the plasma after chloroform extraction. It was concluded that there was a need to distinguish between these positive Limulus tests and those which represent significant endotoxemia.", "PMID": 416037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8473", "title": "Relationships between mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) and heart rate - the diagnostic value of a normalization of VCF to heart rate.", "content": "Previous studies relating mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) to heart rate suggested a linear correlation. Since there is considerable variability in the heart rate of normal subjects and in patients with myocardial disease, a normalization of VCF to heart rate could possibly increase the reliability of this echocardiographic parameter of myocardial function. In 106 normal subjects, a linear correlation between VCF and heart rate was confirmed (r=0.87). Values normalized to an arbitrary heart rate of 60/min by the calculated regression were called \"relative velocity of contraction\" (RVC). Because of the independence of RVC from heart rate, the RVC shows an obviously smaller physiological variation than VCF. Two hundred seventy-six patients were grouped and classified according to hemodynamic and angiographic parameters. These parameters correlated closer to RVC than to VCF. In addition, RVC gave definitely superior diagnostic information in separating patients with cardiac abnormality from normal individuals than did VCF.", "contents": "Relationships between mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) and heart rate - the diagnostic value of a normalization of VCF to heart rate. Previous studies relating mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) to heart rate suggested a linear correlation. Since there is considerable variability in the heart rate of normal subjects and in patients with myocardial disease, a normalization of VCF to heart rate could possibly increase the reliability of this echocardiographic parameter of myocardial function. In 106 normal subjects, a linear correlation between VCF and heart rate was confirmed (r=0.87). Values normalized to an arbitrary heart rate of 60/min by the calculated regression were called \"relative velocity of contraction\" (RVC). Because of the independence of RVC from heart rate, the RVC shows an obviously smaller physiological variation than VCF. Two hundred seventy-six patients were grouped and classified according to hemodynamic and angiographic parameters. These parameters correlated closer to RVC than to VCF. In addition, RVC gave definitely superior diagnostic information in separating patients with cardiac abnormality from normal individuals than did VCF.", "PMID": 416039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8474", "title": "Television synchronization of a real time ultrasonic sector scanner.", "content": "The interaction of the scan rates of ultrasonic scanning and television recording systems often causes portions of the resultant television image to be either over- or under-scanned. This results in objectionable bright and dark sectors within the ultrasonic image on a television monitor during single-frame playback. The usual method for dealing with this problem is to exchange time resolution for image quality when preparing pictures for analysis or presentation. Time resolution can be preserved by operating the ultrasonic scanner at a scan rate one-half of the television frame rate and phase locking the ultrasonic scanner to the television system so that each angular scan of the ultrasonic system is initiated coincident with the beginning of each television frame.", "contents": "Television synchronization of a real time ultrasonic sector scanner. The interaction of the scan rates of ultrasonic scanning and television recording systems often causes portions of the resultant television image to be either over- or under-scanned. This results in objectionable bright and dark sectors within the ultrasonic image on a television monitor during single-frame playback. The usual method for dealing with this problem is to exchange time resolution for image quality when preparing pictures for analysis or presentation. Time resolution can be preserved by operating the ultrasonic scanner at a scan rate one-half of the television frame rate and phase locking the ultrasonic scanner to the television system so that each angular scan of the ultrasonic system is initiated coincident with the beginning of each television frame.", "PMID": 416040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8475", "title": "The dynamic uterus revealed by time-lapse echography.", "content": "The dynamic aspects of the uterus have hitherto gone unrecognized by ultrasonographers. The inherent contractility of the uterus produces dynamic artifacts on static echograms that may lead to serious misdiagnoses. Four cases are presented which illustrated these dynamic changes. Time-lapse echography is proposed as a method of assessing uterine dynamics and improving diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "The dynamic uterus revealed by time-lapse echography. The dynamic aspects of the uterus have hitherto gone unrecognized by ultrasonographers. The inherent contractility of the uterus produces dynamic artifacts on static echograms that may lead to serious misdiagnoses. Four cases are presented which illustrated these dynamic changes. Time-lapse echography is proposed as a method of assessing uterine dynamics and improving diagnostic accuracy.", "PMID": 416041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8476", "title": "Ultrasonography in the management of unexplained renal failure.", "content": "A series of seven cases of acute renal failure is presented in which sonographic study of the kidneys provided diagnostic information not otherwise obtainable. Ultrasonic imaging should be among the first diagnostic procedures applied in cases of acute unexplained renal failure because it provides rapid answers to the most urgent management problems--whether there is an obstructive component, and what is the potential for recovery.", "contents": "Ultrasonography in the management of unexplained renal failure. A series of seven cases of acute renal failure is presented in which sonographic study of the kidneys provided diagnostic information not otherwise obtainable. Ultrasonic imaging should be among the first diagnostic procedures applied in cases of acute unexplained renal failure because it provides rapid answers to the most urgent management problems--whether there is an obstructive component, and what is the potential for recovery.", "PMID": 416042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8477", "title": "Water enema: a new ultrasound technique in defining pelvic anatomy.", "content": "A new technique is described for delineating pelvic structures by using a distended bladder in combination with a water enema. The distended urinary bladder, which acts as a sonic window to the pelvis, fully defines only the portion of structures that abut against the surface. With fluid in both the bladder and rectosigmoid colon, and occasionally the cecum, a 'sandwich effect' can be obtained, resulting in a more complete definition of interposed structures. Questionable masses that might be feces in the bowel can be easily distinguished from significant pathology. This new technique has the potential for increasing accuracy of diagnosis of pelvic masses and delineating tumor extension of masses arising in such pelvic organs as the bladder, prostate, and uterus.", "contents": "Water enema: a new ultrasound technique in defining pelvic anatomy. A new technique is described for delineating pelvic structures by using a distended bladder in combination with a water enema. The distended urinary bladder, which acts as a sonic window to the pelvis, fully defines only the portion of structures that abut against the surface. With fluid in both the bladder and rectosigmoid colon, and occasionally the cecum, a 'sandwich effect' can be obtained, resulting in a more complete definition of interposed structures. Questionable masses that might be feces in the bowel can be easily distinguished from significant pathology. This new technique has the potential for increasing accuracy of diagnosis of pelvic masses and delineating tumor extension of masses arising in such pelvic organs as the bladder, prostate, and uterus.", "PMID": 416043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8478", "title": "Cross sectional visualization of the normal heart by the UI Octoson.", "content": "The UI Octoson can provide accurate compound and simple scan cross sectional views of the heart. Sections taken in the transverse, sagittal, and other planes normal and parallel to the long axis of the heart are useful for providing full information that may be obtained by the examination. The views allow the visualization and measurement of most major structures of the heart, giving a more complete description of the geometry of the heart.", "contents": "Cross sectional visualization of the normal heart by the UI Octoson. The UI Octoson can provide accurate compound and simple scan cross sectional views of the heart. Sections taken in the transverse, sagittal, and other planes normal and parallel to the long axis of the heart are useful for providing full information that may be obtained by the examination. The views allow the visualization and measurement of most major structures of the heart, giving a more complete description of the geometry of the heart.", "PMID": 416044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8479", "title": "A comparison of the \"phrygian cap\" deformity with bistable and gray scale ultrasound.", "content": "Sixteen patients with a \"phrygian cap\" deformity of the gall bladder seen with oral cholecystography were further evaluated with both bistable and gray scale ultrasound. The bistable technique produced internal echoes that were suspicious of gall stones. When this same area was reevaluated with the more accurate gray scale technique, the folded-fundus deformity was clearly visualized.", "contents": "A comparison of the \"phrygian cap\" deformity with bistable and gray scale ultrasound. Sixteen patients with a \"phrygian cap\" deformity of the gall bladder seen with oral cholecystography were further evaluated with both bistable and gray scale ultrasound. The bistable technique produced internal echoes that were suspicious of gall stones. When this same area was reevaluated with the more accurate gray scale technique, the folded-fundus deformity was clearly visualized.", "PMID": 416045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8480", "title": "Ultrasonic examination of orbital vasculature.", "content": "Patients with orbital varices form a diagnostically important group of those referred for ultrasonic study of orbital proptosis. Two cases are presented in which diagnosis of dilated orbital blood vessels was established by B scan ultrasonography. The echographic appearance of normal and dilated orbital vessels is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonic examination of orbital vasculature. Patients with orbital varices form a diagnostically important group of those referred for ultrasonic study of orbital proptosis. Two cases are presented in which diagnosis of dilated orbital blood vessels was established by B scan ultrasonography. The echographic appearance of normal and dilated orbital vessels is discussed.", "PMID": 416046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8481", "title": "False placenta previa: a clinical observation.", "content": "A misleading appearance of placenta previa was observed in three sonographic examinations of pregnant women. In these women the fetuses were in a transverse lie and the placentas were implanted on the anterior uterine wall. In these circumstances it appears possible for the lower anterior portion of the uterine wall and the attached portion of the placenta to falsely simulate placenta previa.", "contents": "False placenta previa: a clinical observation. A misleading appearance of placenta previa was observed in three sonographic examinations of pregnant women. In these women the fetuses were in a transverse lie and the placentas were implanted on the anterior uterine wall. In these circumstances it appears possible for the lower anterior portion of the uterine wall and the attached portion of the placenta to falsely simulate placenta previa.", "PMID": 416048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8482", "title": "Antenatal diagnosis of congenital chylothorax by gray scale sonography.", "content": "In a patient with hydramnios, fetal hydrops was diagnosed by B mode ultrasound. Gray scale sonography visualized fluid in the fetal pleural cavity. The diagnosis (congenital chylothorax) was confirmed at autopsy.", "contents": "Antenatal diagnosis of congenital chylothorax by gray scale sonography. In a patient with hydramnios, fetal hydrops was diagnosed by B mode ultrasound. Gray scale sonography visualized fluid in the fetal pleural cavity. The diagnosis (congenital chylothorax) was confirmed at autopsy.", "PMID": 416049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8483", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of a Blalock-Taussig shunt.", "content": "A case of echocardiographic confirmation of the patency of a Blalock-Taussig anastomosis is presented. Using the left atrium-to-aortic ratio (LA/Ao), we could document an increase in left atrial size representing an increase in pulmonary blood flow. This is the first report using echocardiography to prove the patency of a systemic-to-pulmonary artery anastomosis.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of a Blalock-Taussig shunt. A case of echocardiographic confirmation of the patency of a Blalock-Taussig anastomosis is presented. Using the left atrium-to-aortic ratio (LA/Ao), we could document an increase in left atrial size representing an increase in pulmonary blood flow. This is the first report using echocardiography to prove the patency of a systemic-to-pulmonary artery anastomosis.", "PMID": 416053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8484", "title": "Sporicidal activity of mixtures of alcohol and hypochlorite.", "content": "In an investigation of the activity against Bacillus subtilis spores of various mixtures of alcohol and sodium hypochlorite 50% methanol with enough hypochlorite to provide 2000 parts per million available chlorine water was the most sporicidal. This mixture, both when freshly prepared and for at least eight hours after mixing, achieved a five-log reduction in spore count in 10 minutes. The sporicidal activity of mixtures containing the same initial level of available chlorine was found to vary with the alcohol, initial alcohol concentration, and age of the mixture. Such mixtures may be useful for disinfecting heat-sensitive instruments.", "contents": "Sporicidal activity of mixtures of alcohol and hypochlorite. In an investigation of the activity against Bacillus subtilis spores of various mixtures of alcohol and sodium hypochlorite 50% methanol with enough hypochlorite to provide 2000 parts per million available chlorine water was the most sporicidal. This mixture, both when freshly prepared and for at least eight hours after mixing, achieved a five-log reduction in spore count in 10 minutes. The sporicidal activity of mixtures containing the same initial level of available chlorine was found to vary with the alcohol, initial alcohol concentration, and age of the mixture. Such mixtures may be useful for disinfecting heat-sensitive instruments.", "PMID": 416055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8485", "title": "Identification of clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by a coagglutination test.", "content": "Ninety-eight per cent of laboratory isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from a veneral disease clinic gave positive reactions with a gonococcal coagglutination test. The prototype reagent, however, was poor at distinguishing between different species of the genus Neisseria: 75% of strains of Neisseria meningitidis and 40% of other Neisseria species tested gave positive reactions. None of the origanisms other than Neisseria growing on the diagnostic cultures from the clinic gave positive reactions. We therefore suggest that the present reagent is unsuitable for testing isolates from the upper respiratory tract. The technique is simple, rapid, and convenient and with a more specific antibody could be useful. Results of coagglutination reactions of 126 strains of Neisseria grown on serum-containing and serum-free media were very similar and there is no need to use special serum-free media.", "contents": "Identification of clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by a coagglutination test. Ninety-eight per cent of laboratory isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from a veneral disease clinic gave positive reactions with a gonococcal coagglutination test. The prototype reagent, however, was poor at distinguishing between different species of the genus Neisseria: 75% of strains of Neisseria meningitidis and 40% of other Neisseria species tested gave positive reactions. None of the origanisms other than Neisseria growing on the diagnostic cultures from the clinic gave positive reactions. We therefore suggest that the present reagent is unsuitable for testing isolates from the upper respiratory tract. The technique is simple, rapid, and convenient and with a more specific antibody could be useful. Results of coagglutination reactions of 126 strains of Neisseria grown on serum-containing and serum-free media were very similar and there is no need to use special serum-free media.", "PMID": 416056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8486", "title": "The qualitative evaluation of airway responses to immunologic and pharmacologic stimuli in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "This report describes the current status of a colony of rhesus monkeys composed of a group of animals with consistent asthmatic responses to Ascaris antigen challenge, a variable group and a negative group. The cumulative experience with the consistent group of 5 animals totals 144 months of observation with 86 positive respiratory responses to 86 aerosol challenges. Further studies compare rhesus airway responses to Ascaris antigen, anti-IgE, histamine, prostaglandin (PG)F2alpha, carbocholine, and physostigmine. We report that two abnormalities of pulmonary function which occur as a result of aerosol challenge, an increase in breathing frequency (f) and pulmonary resistance (PR), differ in degree of abnormality and time of onset following challenge with different agonists. These results indicate that the f and PR changes in response to these agonists are controlled by different physiologic mechanisms in rhesus monkeys. We suggest that the f changes may occur as a result of reflex afferent vagal stimulation and PR changes as a result of direct effect on smooth muscle receptors. The effect of histamine and PGF2alpha on the airway of rhesus monkeys more closely simulates the airway response to immunologic stimuli than does the effect of cholinergic type agonists.", "contents": "The qualitative evaluation of airway responses to immunologic and pharmacologic stimuli in rhesus monkeys. This report describes the current status of a colony of rhesus monkeys composed of a group of animals with consistent asthmatic responses to Ascaris antigen challenge, a variable group and a negative group. The cumulative experience with the consistent group of 5 animals totals 144 months of observation with 86 positive respiratory responses to 86 aerosol challenges. Further studies compare rhesus airway responses to Ascaris antigen, anti-IgE, histamine, prostaglandin (PG)F2alpha, carbocholine, and physostigmine. We report that two abnormalities of pulmonary function which occur as a result of aerosol challenge, an increase in breathing frequency (f) and pulmonary resistance (PR), differ in degree of abnormality and time of onset following challenge with different agonists. These results indicate that the f and PR changes in response to these agonists are controlled by different physiologic mechanisms in rhesus monkeys. We suggest that the f changes may occur as a result of reflex afferent vagal stimulation and PR changes as a result of direct effect on smooth muscle receptors. The effect of histamine and PGF2alpha on the airway of rhesus monkeys more closely simulates the airway response to immunologic stimuli than does the effect of cholinergic type agonists.", "PMID": 416064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8487", "title": "Medical direction in long-term care.", "content": "This report presents the views of over 1000 administrators, nurses and physicians with respect to the responsibilities, authority and impact of the medical director in a long-term care facility (LTCF), as well as the nature and future of long-term care and geriatric medicine in the USA. Nurses, administrators and physicians were more able to agree on the bureaucratic functions of the medical director than on the functions which might be considered more clinical or activist in terms of the total needs of the LTCF. There was no consensus about the external factors which might determine the future of LTC, i.e. alternatives to institutionalization, public attitudes or community hospital relations. Instead, concern seemed to focus upon the \"low level\" of funding for LTC. With respect to the nature of LTC itself, most respondents felt that the area was clinically challenging. However, only 40 percent of the physicians believed that clinical skills were more important than a sympathetic regard for patients. As a corollary, physicians were the least supportive of geriatrics as a new specialty in medicine.", "contents": "Medical direction in long-term care. This report presents the views of over 1000 administrators, nurses and physicians with respect to the responsibilities, authority and impact of the medical director in a long-term care facility (LTCF), as well as the nature and future of long-term care and geriatric medicine in the USA. Nurses, administrators and physicians were more able to agree on the bureaucratic functions of the medical director than on the functions which might be considered more clinical or activist in terms of the total needs of the LTCF. There was no consensus about the external factors which might determine the future of LTC, i.e. alternatives to institutionalization, public attitudes or community hospital relations. Instead, concern seemed to focus upon the \"low level\" of funding for LTC. With respect to the nature of LTC itself, most respondents felt that the area was clinically challenging. However, only 40 percent of the physicians believed that clinical skills were more important than a sympathetic regard for patients. As a corollary, physicians were the least supportive of geriatrics as a new specialty in medicine.", "PMID": 416065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8488", "title": "Mortality of the aged with chronic brain syndrome: further observations in a five-year study.", "content": "In order to pursue the question of excess mortality due to chronic brain syndrome (CBS), 330 residents of a home for the aged were independently evaluated prior to admission by psychiatrists and by general physicians. Five years later, their medical records were searched to determine: 1) age on admission, 2) diagnosis of CBS on admission, 3) physical status on admission, and 4) if death had occurred, the age at death and the cause of death. Women outnumbered men by 3:1. Subjects with CBS outnumbered those without CBS by 2:1. A previous mortality study on 145 aged subjects at the same institution provided an excellent frame of reference for this investigation. Among the men there was no difference between the mortality rates for those with CBS and those without. Among the women a statistically significant difference in mortality was found between those with CBS and those without. Women with CBS and a \"poor\" physical status had the highest mortality rate. Those who initially had CBS died significantly sooner even if their admission physical status had been \"good.\" Their mortality rate exceeded that for women with a \"poor\" physical status who did not have CBS. Bronchopneumonia caused death twice as often in subjects with CBS as in those without CBS, both among men and women. It is concluded that CBS per se is a significant factor in increasing mortality in the aged.", "contents": "Mortality of the aged with chronic brain syndrome: further observations in a five-year study. In order to pursue the question of excess mortality due to chronic brain syndrome (CBS), 330 residents of a home for the aged were independently evaluated prior to admission by psychiatrists and by general physicians. Five years later, their medical records were searched to determine: 1) age on admission, 2) diagnosis of CBS on admission, 3) physical status on admission, and 4) if death had occurred, the age at death and the cause of death. Women outnumbered men by 3:1. Subjects with CBS outnumbered those without CBS by 2:1. A previous mortality study on 145 aged subjects at the same institution provided an excellent frame of reference for this investigation. Among the men there was no difference between the mortality rates for those with CBS and those without. Among the women a statistically significant difference in mortality was found between those with CBS and those without. Women with CBS and a \"poor\" physical status had the highest mortality rate. Those who initially had CBS died significantly sooner even if their admission physical status had been \"good.\" Their mortality rate exceeded that for women with a \"poor\" physical status who did not have CBS. Bronchopneumonia caused death twice as often in subjects with CBS as in those without CBS, both among men and women. It is concluded that CBS per se is a significant factor in increasing mortality in the aged.", "PMID": 416066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8489", "title": "The effect of devascularization on the regeneration of lacerated peripheral nerves: an experimental study.", "content": "The functional, biochemical, and histological changes in a severed median nerve, 9 months after epineurial repair, were studied in 14 monkeys. In seven the mesoneurium had been stripped 5 cm proximal and 5 cm distal to the site of repair, and in seven the nerve had been stripped only over a 0.5 cm area, just enough to allow repair. In the first group the mean muscular strength in the abductor pollicis brevis was 197 gm, as compared to 257 gm in the second group. The amount of collagen in the perineurium was 57 microgram/mg, as compared to 43 microgram/mg, and the incidence of the h-l-h-nl cross-link was 16% to 21%, as compared to 9% to 11%. If the regeneration of the lacerated nerve was compromised by the deposition of collagen resulting from mobilization of the distal segment, as suggested by the decrease in the strength of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle, then any mobilization of a nerve necessary to obtain a sutured junction with minimum tension should be limited to the proximal segment.", "contents": "The effect of devascularization on the regeneration of lacerated peripheral nerves: an experimental study. The functional, biochemical, and histological changes in a severed median nerve, 9 months after epineurial repair, were studied in 14 monkeys. In seven the mesoneurium had been stripped 5 cm proximal and 5 cm distal to the site of repair, and in seven the nerve had been stripped only over a 0.5 cm area, just enough to allow repair. In the first group the mean muscular strength in the abductor pollicis brevis was 197 gm, as compared to 257 gm in the second group. The amount of collagen in the perineurium was 57 microgram/mg, as compared to 43 microgram/mg, and the incidence of the h-l-h-nl cross-link was 16% to 21%, as compared to 9% to 11%. If the regeneration of the lacerated nerve was compromised by the deposition of collagen resulting from mobilization of the distal segment, as suggested by the decrease in the strength of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle, then any mobilization of a nerve necessary to obtain a sutured junction with minimum tension should be limited to the proximal segment.", "PMID": 416069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8490", "title": "Prevalence of Bacillus cereus in the faeces of healthy adults.", "content": "In a survey designed to determine the prevalence of Bacillus cereus in the faeces of healthy persons, the organism was found in low numbers in 100 (14%) of single faecal specimens from 711 adults in the general population. In addition, in an attempt at assessing the changes in the B. cereus distribution within the faecal flora of the individual, weekly faecal specimens were submitted over a seven-week period by 18 members of staff of two laboratories. The total isolation rate was again 14%, with 15 serotypes represented. In four individuals B. cereus was isolated in two consecutive weeks and in all cases the isolates were of different serotypes. Excretion was never recorded for more than two consecutive weeks. These findings probably reflect the intake of B. cereus in the individual's diet.", "contents": "Prevalence of Bacillus cereus in the faeces of healthy adults. In a survey designed to determine the prevalence of Bacillus cereus in the faeces of healthy persons, the organism was found in low numbers in 100 (14%) of single faecal specimens from 711 adults in the general population. In addition, in an attempt at assessing the changes in the B. cereus distribution within the faecal flora of the individual, weekly faecal specimens were submitted over a seven-week period by 18 members of staff of two laboratories. The total isolation rate was again 14%, with 15 serotypes represented. In four individuals B. cereus was isolated in two consecutive weeks and in all cases the isolates were of different serotypes. Excretion was never recorded for more than two consecutive weeks. These findings probably reflect the intake of B. cereus in the individual's diet.", "PMID": 416141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8491", "title": "Leukocyte complement: assembly of the membrane attack complex of complement by human peripheral blood leukocytes in the presence and absence of serum.", "content": "The specific neoantigenic determinants (neoAg) that are indicative of the assembled C5b-9 C complex are generated on the surface of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) during collection and processing of blood. Formation of neoAg on PBL could be prevented by collecting blood directly into 20 mM EDTA and, could be induced in vitro by adding autologous serum to isolated PBL that lacked neoAg. When neoAg was induced by the addition of serum containing 125I-labeled C8, the C8 was incorporated into a 23S complex which could be eluted from PBL. A mechanism for neoAg formation on PBL independent of exogenous serum factors was detected when PBL were placed into culture in serum-free medium. Results with metabolic inhibitors and 14C-leucine suggest that PBL can synthesize C5 and assemble the C5b-9 complex. The possible relevance of these findings to the understanding of mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity is discussed.", "contents": "Leukocyte complement: assembly of the membrane attack complex of complement by human peripheral blood leukocytes in the presence and absence of serum. The specific neoantigenic determinants (neoAg) that are indicative of the assembled C5b-9 C complex are generated on the surface of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) during collection and processing of blood. Formation of neoAg on PBL could be prevented by collecting blood directly into 20 mM EDTA and, could be induced in vitro by adding autologous serum to isolated PBL that lacked neoAg. When neoAg was induced by the addition of serum containing 125I-labeled C8, the C8 was incorporated into a 23S complex which could be eluted from PBL. A mechanism for neoAg formation on PBL independent of exogenous serum factors was detected when PBL were placed into culture in serum-free medium. Results with metabolic inhibitors and 14C-leucine suggest that PBL can synthesize C5 and assemble the C5b-9 complex. The possible relevance of these findings to the understanding of mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity is discussed.", "PMID": 416143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8492", "title": "The chromosome complement of an Aotus hybrid.", "content": "Two divergent haploid chromosome sets were encountered in the chromosome complement of laboratory-born Aotus. Comparison of G-banded chromosomes of this individual with seven other established G-banded Aotus karyotypes revealed that this monkey is a hybrid offspring of two allopatric chromosome races (Brazilian Aotus X Colombian Aotus).", "contents": "The chromosome complement of an Aotus hybrid. Two divergent haploid chromosome sets were encountered in the chromosome complement of laboratory-born Aotus. Comparison of G-banded chromosomes of this individual with seven other established G-banded Aotus karyotypes revealed that this monkey is a hybrid offspring of two allopatric chromosome races (Brazilian Aotus X Colombian Aotus).", "PMID": 416070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8493", "title": "Immunoquantitation of free light chain immunoglobulins: applications in multiple myeloma.", "content": "A single radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay for the free lambda (lambda) and kappa (kappa) light chain (LC) immunoglobulins was developed for study of clinical samples of serum, urine, and bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. Using highly specific rabbit anti-LC sera, we were able to quantitate: (a) free serum LC after fractionating the serum sample using an Amicon ultrafiltration chamber equipped with an XM100A diaflow membrane and an 125I-LC standard for calculating filtration efficiencies, (b) directly, Bence Jones (BJ) proteins in the urine, and (c) the in vitro LC synthesis by myeloma plasma cells obtained from bone marrow aspirates. The median values of free LC levels in sera (n = 12), urines (n = 25), and marrow culture synthetic rates (n = 17) were 116.2 mg/dl, 0.775 g/day and 15.3 pg/plasma cell/day, respectively. These data were useful in initial evaluation of patients and serial follow-up studies. The assays have also been of use in our research on the determination of total body tumor mass in patients with BJ multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Immunoquantitation of free light chain immunoglobulins: applications in multiple myeloma. A single radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay for the free lambda (lambda) and kappa (kappa) light chain (LC) immunoglobulins was developed for study of clinical samples of serum, urine, and bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. Using highly specific rabbit anti-LC sera, we were able to quantitate: (a) free serum LC after fractionating the serum sample using an Amicon ultrafiltration chamber equipped with an XM100A diaflow membrane and an 125I-LC standard for calculating filtration efficiencies, (b) directly, Bence Jones (BJ) proteins in the urine, and (c) the in vitro LC synthesis by myeloma plasma cells obtained from bone marrow aspirates. The median values of free LC levels in sera (n = 12), urines (n = 25), and marrow culture synthetic rates (n = 17) were 116.2 mg/dl, 0.775 g/day and 15.3 pg/plasma cell/day, respectively. These data were useful in initial evaluation of patients and serial follow-up studies. The assays have also been of use in our research on the determination of total body tumor mass in patients with BJ multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 416145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8494", "title": "Effect of pemphigus antibodies on desmosomal structure in vitro.", "content": "Changes in desmosomes were noted in nonacantholytic regions of skin explants cultured in the presence of intercellular antibodies. These changes included dissociation of desmosomes, as well as a \"selective loss\" of desmosomal components in one or both of neighboring cells.", "contents": "Effect of pemphigus antibodies on desmosomal structure in vitro. Changes in desmosomes were noted in nonacantholytic regions of skin explants cultured in the presence of intercellular antibodies. These changes included dissociation of desmosomes, as well as a \"selective loss\" of desmosomal components in one or both of neighboring cells.", "PMID": 416146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8495", "title": "The effect of chemoprophylactic use of rifampin and minocycline on rates of carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in army recruits in Finland.", "content": "During an epidemic caused by sulfonamide-resistant group A Neisseria meningitidis (A SuR strain), rifampin (600 mg per day for four days) or minocycline (100 mg every 12 hr for five days) was administered as chemoprophylaxis to 1,540 unvaccinated recruits in the Finnish Armed Forces. Rates of carriage of all strains of N. meningitidis were initially reduced by 78% (from 60% to 13%) in the 389 men receiving rifampin and by 62% (from 70% to 26%) in the 1,151 men receiving minocycline but rose to approximately 30% in both groups four weeks after prophylaxis. The carriage of A SuR strains was similarly reduced. An individual follow-up of 636 trainees demonstrated a high rate of new infections. It is suggested that the long-term inefficiency of rifampin and minocycline is due to their inability to reduce the carriage rates enough to prevent further spread of infection after prophylaxis is descontinued. However, no new cases appeared among the men receiving the prophylaxis. Five strains highly resistant to rifampin were found after the use of rifampin (minimal inhibitory concentration, greater than or equal to 100 microgram/ml), but no minocycline-resistant strains were encountered. No unpleasant side effects were seen in subjects receiving either drug.", "contents": "The effect of chemoprophylactic use of rifampin and minocycline on rates of carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in army recruits in Finland. During an epidemic caused by sulfonamide-resistant group A Neisseria meningitidis (A SuR strain), rifampin (600 mg per day for four days) or minocycline (100 mg every 12 hr for five days) was administered as chemoprophylaxis to 1,540 unvaccinated recruits in the Finnish Armed Forces. Rates of carriage of all strains of N. meningitidis were initially reduced by 78% (from 60% to 13%) in the 389 men receiving rifampin and by 62% (from 70% to 26%) in the 1,151 men receiving minocycline but rose to approximately 30% in both groups four weeks after prophylaxis. The carriage of A SuR strains was similarly reduced. An individual follow-up of 636 trainees demonstrated a high rate of new infections. It is suggested that the long-term inefficiency of rifampin and minocycline is due to their inability to reduce the carriage rates enough to prevent further spread of infection after prophylaxis is descontinued. However, no new cases appeared among the men receiving the prophylaxis. Five strains highly resistant to rifampin were found after the use of rifampin (minimal inhibitory concentration, greater than or equal to 100 microgram/ml), but no minocycline-resistant strains were encountered. No unpleasant side effects were seen in subjects receiving either drug.", "PMID": 416147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8496", "title": "Regulation of thyrotrophin secretion by negative feedback of tri-iodothyronine on the hypothalamus.", "content": "Bilateral injections of tri-iodothyronine (T3, 2 ng in 2 microliter artificial cerebrospinal fluid, CSF) were made into the hypothalami of 15 hypothyroid rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) prepared with chronically implanted intrahypothalamic cannulae. In 29 out of 96 such injections, the concentration of thyrotrophin (TSH) in the plasma fell rapidly by more than 30% and returned to the basal value over the succeeding 48 h, in 13 experiments the fall was 20-30% and in the remaining 54 experiments the level of TSH was unaltered. With [125I]T3, the extent of diffusion of T3 through the hypothalamus in these experiments was shown to be very limited. The hypothalamic injection sites were subsequently identified histologically and it was found that in those experiments in which the level of TSH in the plasma had fallen, T3 had been injected into either the dorsomedial nucleus or the lateral hypothalamic area extending into the preoptic region. Injection of artificial CSF alone into these areas of the hypothalamus did not affect the concentration of TSH. Direct intrapituitary injections of T3 (4 ng) resulted in small and inconstant changes in the concentration of TSH in the plasma and injections of T3 (400 ng) into the third ventricle were without any effect. These experiments demonstrate that T3 can rapidly inhibit the secretion of TSH by a direct action upon defined parts of the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Regulation of thyrotrophin secretion by negative feedback of tri-iodothyronine on the hypothalamus. Bilateral injections of tri-iodothyronine (T3, 2 ng in 2 microliter artificial cerebrospinal fluid, CSF) were made into the hypothalami of 15 hypothyroid rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) prepared with chronically implanted intrahypothalamic cannulae. In 29 out of 96 such injections, the concentration of thyrotrophin (TSH) in the plasma fell rapidly by more than 30% and returned to the basal value over the succeeding 48 h, in 13 experiments the fall was 20-30% and in the remaining 54 experiments the level of TSH was unaltered. With [125I]T3, the extent of diffusion of T3 through the hypothalamus in these experiments was shown to be very limited. The hypothalamic injection sites were subsequently identified histologically and it was found that in those experiments in which the level of TSH in the plasma had fallen, T3 had been injected into either the dorsomedial nucleus or the lateral hypothalamic area extending into the preoptic region. Injection of artificial CSF alone into these areas of the hypothalamus did not affect the concentration of TSH. Direct intrapituitary injections of T3 (4 ng) resulted in small and inconstant changes in the concentration of TSH in the plasma and injections of T3 (400 ng) into the third ventricle were without any effect. These experiments demonstrate that T3 can rapidly inhibit the secretion of TSH by a direct action upon defined parts of the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 416161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8497", "title": "[The development of urogenital organs after lateral mesoblast heterotopic graft in the toad (Bufo bufo) neurula. I. Distinct inversions of anteroposterior and dorsoventral axis of the lateral plate (author's transl)].", "content": "Anteroposterior inversion of lateral mesoblast of early toad neurula is followed by differentiation of diverse urogenital blastema, according to the transplant position before the graft. Anteroposterior polarity of lateral mesoderm is thus perfectly determined in young neurula. On the contrary, dorsoventral inversion of lateral mesoblast leads to mesodermic blastema formation according to the transplant position after the graft. Particularly, the dorsal region of the lateral plates displaced to ventral position does not form blastema. On the other hand, the ventral region which shows a dorsal position after the graft develops and produces a typical blastema. Thus, in the young neurula, the dorsoventral polarity is not yet determined in the lateral plate of the mesoblast. Such a result shows also that the ventral and posterior regions of the lateral mesoblast are competent to form blastema. Moreover, factors from dorsal origin and external to lateral mesoblast take part in urogenital organ anlagen formation.", "contents": "[The development of urogenital organs after lateral mesoblast heterotopic graft in the toad (Bufo bufo) neurula. I. Distinct inversions of anteroposterior and dorsoventral axis of the lateral plate (author's transl)]. Anteroposterior inversion of lateral mesoblast of early toad neurula is followed by differentiation of diverse urogenital blastema, according to the transplant position before the graft. Anteroposterior polarity of lateral mesoderm is thus perfectly determined in young neurula. On the contrary, dorsoventral inversion of lateral mesoblast leads to mesodermic blastema formation according to the transplant position after the graft. Particularly, the dorsal region of the lateral plates displaced to ventral position does not form blastema. On the other hand, the ventral region which shows a dorsal position after the graft develops and produces a typical blastema. Thus, in the young neurula, the dorsoventral polarity is not yet determined in the lateral plate of the mesoblast. Such a result shows also that the ventral and posterior regions of the lateral mesoblast are competent to form blastema. Moreover, factors from dorsal origin and external to lateral mesoblast take part in urogenital organ anlagen formation.", "PMID": 416162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8498", "title": "Protection against group B meningococcal disease. II. Infection and resulting immunity in a guinea pig model.", "content": "A guinea pig subcutaneous chamber model was used to evaluate the specificity of the immune response resulting from Neisseria meningitidis infection. Small numbers of meningococci easily infected the chambers. The infections persisted for 6-8 days with relatively high levels of organisms (10(5)-10(6)/milliliter) in the chambers, and were then rapidly eliminated and no organisms could be cultured beyond day 14. Clearance of infection correlated with appearance of circulating antibody. Antibody against both the protein serotype antigen and the capsular polysaccharide were induced as a result of meningococcal infection. The group-specific polysaccharide response peaked 2-3 wk after the animals were inoculated, while the type-specific protein response peaked at 5-6 wk. The animals were quite resistant to reinfection with either the homologous serogroup or serotype.", "contents": "Protection against group B meningococcal disease. II. Infection and resulting immunity in a guinea pig model. A guinea pig subcutaneous chamber model was used to evaluate the specificity of the immune response resulting from Neisseria meningitidis infection. Small numbers of meningococci easily infected the chambers. The infections persisted for 6-8 days with relatively high levels of organisms (10(5)-10(6)/milliliter) in the chambers, and were then rapidly eliminated and no organisms could be cultured beyond day 14. Clearance of infection correlated with appearance of circulating antibody. Antibody against both the protein serotype antigen and the capsular polysaccharide were induced as a result of meningococcal infection. The group-specific polysaccharide response peaked 2-3 wk after the animals were inoculated, while the type-specific protein response peaked at 5-6 wk. The animals were quite resistant to reinfection with either the homologous serogroup or serotype.", "PMID": 416163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8499", "title": "Protection against group B meningococcal disease. III. Immunogenicity of serotype 2 vaccines and specificity of protection in a guinea pig model.", "content": "Protein vaccines were prepared from the serotype antigen of group B Neisseria meningitidis strain M986. The detergents Triton X-100, Emulphogene BC-720, and deoxycholate were used to removed the toxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) portion of the serotype antigen. The LPS was most preferentially solubilized by Emulphogene. Guinea pigs were immunized with one or two doses of vaccine given intramuscularly without adjuvants and the antibody response quantitated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Immunization with graded doses of vaccine between 25 to 200 microgram protein indicated a wide range of effective dosage and that a two-dose immunization schedule was superior to a single immunization. The vaccines elicited peak mean serum antibody levels of approximately 30 microgram/ml with bactericidal titers of 1:1,600-1:6,400. The peak antibody levels occurred 5-6 wk after immunization and persisted above preimmune levels for several months. To evaluate the protective effects of immunization, stainless steel springs were implanted subcutaneously into the guinea pigs. The resulting chambers, in unimmunized animals, could be infected with less than 100 type 2 organisms. A single 25-50 microgram dose of vaccine protected 50% of animals from challenge by 5 X 10(5) type 2 meningococci, and as little as 1 microgram vaccine significantly reduced the severity of infection. A two-dose immunization schedule was best and provided nearly complete protection for at least 4 mo against type 2 strains of meningococcal groups B, C, and Y.", "contents": "Protection against group B meningococcal disease. III. Immunogenicity of serotype 2 vaccines and specificity of protection in a guinea pig model. Protein vaccines were prepared from the serotype antigen of group B Neisseria meningitidis strain M986. The detergents Triton X-100, Emulphogene BC-720, and deoxycholate were used to removed the toxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) portion of the serotype antigen. The LPS was most preferentially solubilized by Emulphogene. Guinea pigs were immunized with one or two doses of vaccine given intramuscularly without adjuvants and the antibody response quantitated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Immunization with graded doses of vaccine between 25 to 200 microgram protein indicated a wide range of effective dosage and that a two-dose immunization schedule was superior to a single immunization. The vaccines elicited peak mean serum antibody levels of approximately 30 microgram/ml with bactericidal titers of 1:1,600-1:6,400. The peak antibody levels occurred 5-6 wk after immunization and persisted above preimmune levels for several months. To evaluate the protective effects of immunization, stainless steel springs were implanted subcutaneously into the guinea pigs. The resulting chambers, in unimmunized animals, could be infected with less than 100 type 2 organisms. A single 25-50 microgram dose of vaccine protected 50% of animals from challenge by 5 X 10(5) type 2 meningococci, and as little as 1 microgram vaccine significantly reduced the severity of infection. A two-dose immunization schedule was best and provided nearly complete protection for at least 4 mo against type 2 strains of meningococcal groups B, C, and Y.", "PMID": 416164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8500", "title": "Cytotoxic T-cell responses to H-Y: mapping of the Ir genes.", "content": "The secondary cytotoxic responses to the male specific antigen (H-Y) in in mice show H-2 restrictions so that cytotoxic female cells must share K and/or D end antigen with the male target cells. The production of cytotoxic cells is under the control of Ir genes, thus offering the possibility of studying the function of Ir genes in H-2-restricted cytotoxic responses. There are two kinds of Ir genes regulating this response; the dominant gene in the H-2b haplotype and complementary genes in other haplotypes. Now we have been able to map the dominant gene and some of the complementary genes: the dominant genes is in IAb, and in H-2k/H-2d complementation, the Ir genes are in ICk and ICd, and in H-2k/H2s and H-2k/H-2q complementations, at least the H-2k gene is in IC.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T-cell responses to H-Y: mapping of the Ir genes. The secondary cytotoxic responses to the male specific antigen (H-Y) in in mice show H-2 restrictions so that cytotoxic female cells must share K and/or D end antigen with the male target cells. The production of cytotoxic cells is under the control of Ir genes, thus offering the possibility of studying the function of Ir genes in H-2-restricted cytotoxic responses. There are two kinds of Ir genes regulating this response; the dominant gene in the H-2b haplotype and complementary genes in other haplotypes. Now we have been able to map the dominant gene and some of the complementary genes: the dominant genes is in IAb, and in H-2k/H-2d complementation, the Ir genes are in ICk and ICd, and in H-2k/H2s and H-2k/H-2q complementations, at least the H-2k gene is in IC.", "PMID": 416165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8501", "title": "Cytotoxic T-cell responses to H-Y: correlation with the rejection of syngeneic male skin grafts.", "content": "The ability of female mice to rapidly reject syngenic male skin grafts is largely determined by dominant genes in the IB region of the H-2b halotype, whereas the ability to produce anti-H-Y cytotoxic cells is determined by a dominant gene in the IA region the H-2b halotype, or by complementary genes in the IC region of some other haplotypes. Thus, it seems that H-2-retricted anti-H-Y cytotoxic T cells are not responsible for the rejection of syngeneic male skin grafts.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T-cell responses to H-Y: correlation with the rejection of syngeneic male skin grafts. The ability of female mice to rapidly reject syngenic male skin grafts is largely determined by dominant genes in the IB region of the H-2b halotype, whereas the ability to produce anti-H-Y cytotoxic cells is determined by a dominant gene in the IA region the H-2b halotype, or by complementary genes in the IC region of some other haplotypes. Thus, it seems that H-2-retricted anti-H-Y cytotoxic T cells are not responsible for the rejection of syngeneic male skin grafts.", "PMID": 416166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8502", "title": "The diversity of the influenza-specific primary B-cell repertoire in BALB/c mice.", "content": "The primary immune response of BALB/c mice to influenza (PR8) hemagglutinin (HA), a complex protein antigen, has been examined by the splenic focus assay, and the resulting monoclonal anti-HA antibodies have been characterized by their reactivity with heterologous viruses. The analysis of the primary B-cell response to HA revealed marked differences from responses previously defined for haptenic determinants. There were following differences: (a) the frequency of HA-specific B cells in both conventional and germ-free BALB/c mice was 1 in 1.0-1.5 X 10(5) splenic B cells, which is substantially lower than the frequency of B cells responsive to various simple haptenic determinants; (b) monoclonal anti-HA antibodies were predominantly of the IgA or IgM isotypes instead of IgG, which dominates antihapten responses; and (c) after immunization, the frequency of anti-HA-specific B cells increases by 10- to 50-fold, which is much greater increase than that observed after immunization with haptenic determinants. Fine specificity analysis of primary monoclonal HA-specific antibodies revealed extensive diversity and a considerable overlap with the specificities obtained from immune mice. Given the low overall frequency of HA-specific B cells, it could be calculated that the representation of most HA-specific clonotypes within the B-cell repertoire could not exceed 1 in 10(7) B cells. These findings indicate that the primary B-cell clonotype repertoire is extremely diverse and largely antigen independent in its generation.", "contents": "The diversity of the influenza-specific primary B-cell repertoire in BALB/c mice. The primary immune response of BALB/c mice to influenza (PR8) hemagglutinin (HA), a complex protein antigen, has been examined by the splenic focus assay, and the resulting monoclonal anti-HA antibodies have been characterized by their reactivity with heterologous viruses. The analysis of the primary B-cell response to HA revealed marked differences from responses previously defined for haptenic determinants. There were following differences: (a) the frequency of HA-specific B cells in both conventional and germ-free BALB/c mice was 1 in 1.0-1.5 X 10(5) splenic B cells, which is substantially lower than the frequency of B cells responsive to various simple haptenic determinants; (b) monoclonal anti-HA antibodies were predominantly of the IgA or IgM isotypes instead of IgG, which dominates antihapten responses; and (c) after immunization, the frequency of anti-HA-specific B cells increases by 10- to 50-fold, which is much greater increase than that observed after immunization with haptenic determinants. Fine specificity analysis of primary monoclonal HA-specific antibodies revealed extensive diversity and a considerable overlap with the specificities obtained from immune mice. Given the low overall frequency of HA-specific B cells, it could be calculated that the representation of most HA-specific clonotypes within the B-cell repertoire could not exceed 1 in 10(7) B cells. These findings indicate that the primary B-cell clonotype repertoire is extremely diverse and largely antigen independent in its generation.", "PMID": 416167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8503", "title": "Activation of mouse lymphocytes by anti-immunoglobulin. I. Parameters of the proliferative response.", "content": "Spleen cell cultures from young adult mice of a variety of strains were stimulated to incorporate tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) by a goat anti-mouse IgM antiserum and by purified anti-mu antibodies prepared from this serum. This stimulation was shown to depend upon the anti-mu activity of the antiserum. In addition, ultracentrifuged anti-mu and F(ab')2 fragments of anti-mu were shown to be stimulatory. The anti-mu preparation lacked detectable endotoxin contamination and was also shown to stimulate response by two strains (C57BL/10ScCr and C3H/HeJ) which are unresponsive to the mitogenic effects of endotoxin, while it failed to stimulate a response by cells from a mouse strain (CBA/N) which responds to endotoxin. In addition purified goat anti-mouse gamma, kappa antibodies and rabbit anti-mouse kappa-antib odies stimulated uptake of [3H]TdR by mouse spleen cells, although to a lesser degree than the anti-mu preparation. The cell density, culture requirements, and kinetics of the response are presented.", "contents": "Activation of mouse lymphocytes by anti-immunoglobulin. I. Parameters of the proliferative response. Spleen cell cultures from young adult mice of a variety of strains were stimulated to incorporate tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) by a goat anti-mouse IgM antiserum and by purified anti-mu antibodies prepared from this serum. This stimulation was shown to depend upon the anti-mu activity of the antiserum. In addition, ultracentrifuged anti-mu and F(ab')2 fragments of anti-mu were shown to be stimulatory. The anti-mu preparation lacked detectable endotoxin contamination and was also shown to stimulate response by two strains (C57BL/10ScCr and C3H/HeJ) which are unresponsive to the mitogenic effects of endotoxin, while it failed to stimulate a response by cells from a mouse strain (CBA/N) which responds to endotoxin. In addition purified goat anti-mouse gamma, kappa antibodies and rabbit anti-mouse kappa-antib odies stimulated uptake of [3H]TdR by mouse spleen cells, although to a lesser degree than the anti-mu preparation. The cell density, culture requirements, and kinetics of the response are presented.", "PMID": 416168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8504", "title": "Studies on the chemical composition of lipopolysaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis group B.", "content": "A lipopolysaccharide was isolated from Neisseria meningitidis group B by phenol/water extraction and purified by differential ultracentrifugation. This preparation exhibited endotoxic properties as shown by the limulus-lysate assay. Mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharides yielded a lipid A fraction and a polysaccharide fraction. The lipid A fraction contained fatty acids, phosphorus and glucosamine. Analysis of the polysaccharide fraction revealed the presence of glucose, galactose, glucosamine, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid and phosphorus. There was no heptose.", "contents": "Studies on the chemical composition of lipopolysaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis group B. A lipopolysaccharide was isolated from Neisseria meningitidis group B by phenol/water extraction and purified by differential ultracentrifugation. This preparation exhibited endotoxic properties as shown by the limulus-lysate assay. Mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharides yielded a lipid A fraction and a polysaccharide fraction. The lipid A fraction contained fatty acids, phosphorus and glucosamine. Analysis of the polysaccharide fraction revealed the presence of glucose, galactose, glucosamine, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid and phosphorus. There was no heptose.", "PMID": 416170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8505", "title": "Peptide utilization by group N streptococci.", "content": "The rate of glycylleucine uptake by Group N streptococci varied widely. One strain of Streptococcus cremoris did not transport the dipeptide or utilize tripeptides. In peptide-utilizing strains, amino acid, dipeptide and tripeptide transport were distinct, although dipeptides inhibited tripeptide utilization. Specificity determinants for peptide transport and utilization were similar to those reported in Gram-negative bacteria. Peptide utilization in S. lactis was not completely dependent on the transport of intact peptides.", "contents": "Peptide utilization by group N streptococci. The rate of glycylleucine uptake by Group N streptococci varied widely. One strain of Streptococcus cremoris did not transport the dipeptide or utilize tripeptides. In peptide-utilizing strains, amino acid, dipeptide and tripeptide transport were distinct, although dipeptides inhibited tripeptide utilization. Specificity determinants for peptide transport and utilization were similar to those reported in Gram-negative bacteria. Peptide utilization in S. lactis was not completely dependent on the transport of intact peptides.", "PMID": 416171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8506", "title": "The effect of lipopolysaccharide composition on the ultrastructure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The surface structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PACl and PAClR and of lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants derived from them was studied by negative-staining and thin-section electron microscopy and compared with that of a rough mutant with wild-type lipopolysaccharide. The rough mutant and the parent strains had fairly smooth outer layers. Negatively stained preparations of all the mutants lacking polymerized O-antigenic sidechains, including a semi-rough mutant, showed numerous blebs on the surface. In thin sections of these mutants occasional extrusions from the surface were seen. They appeared to consist of material extruded from the outer membrane, but there was no evidence to suggest they were complete unit membranes. Polymerized O-antigenic side-chains in the lipopolysaccharide appear to be required to produce the wild-type appearance of the outer membrane in P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "The effect of lipopolysaccharide composition on the ultrastructure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The surface structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PACl and PAClR and of lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants derived from them was studied by negative-staining and thin-section electron microscopy and compared with that of a rough mutant with wild-type lipopolysaccharide. The rough mutant and the parent strains had fairly smooth outer layers. Negatively stained preparations of all the mutants lacking polymerized O-antigenic sidechains, including a semi-rough mutant, showed numerous blebs on the surface. In thin sections of these mutants occasional extrusions from the surface were seen. They appeared to consist of material extruded from the outer membrane, but there was no evidence to suggest they were complete unit membranes. Polymerized O-antigenic side-chains in the lipopolysaccharide appear to be required to produce the wild-type appearance of the outer membrane in P. aeruginosa.", "PMID": 416172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8507", "title": "Electron microscopy and computerized evaluation of some partially denatured group P resistance plasmids.", "content": "DNA of the R plasmids RP1, RP4 and RP8 was isolated from various hosts. The lengths of these plasmid molecules were determined by electron microscopy: RP1 and RP4 were about 19 micron long, RP8 measured 31 micron. An RP4 plasmid mutant, designated RP4a, was isolated from Escherichai coli; it was about 1 micron shorter than normal RP4 DNA. To investigate the molecular relationship between RP4, RP4a and RP8 DNAs of these plasmids were partially denatured and examined in the electron microscope. Measurements of the length and denaturation pattern of the DNA molecules were used to construct physical maps. A new computer program was devised for the alignment of the circular molecules, and the effect of variations of different parameters on the reliability of the program was tested. A comparison of the denaturation pattern of RP4 and RP8 indicated that RP8 was composed of total RP4 plus an additional DNA fragment. The RP4a mutant plasmid could be defined as a deletion mutant with loss of 1 micron DNA.", "contents": "Electron microscopy and computerized evaluation of some partially denatured group P resistance plasmids. DNA of the R plasmids RP1, RP4 and RP8 was isolated from various hosts. The lengths of these plasmid molecules were determined by electron microscopy: RP1 and RP4 were about 19 micron long, RP8 measured 31 micron. An RP4 plasmid mutant, designated RP4a, was isolated from Escherichai coli; it was about 1 micron shorter than normal RP4 DNA. To investigate the molecular relationship between RP4, RP4a and RP8 DNAs of these plasmids were partially denatured and examined in the electron microscope. Measurements of the length and denaturation pattern of the DNA molecules were used to construct physical maps. A new computer program was devised for the alignment of the circular molecules, and the effect of variations of different parameters on the reliability of the program was tested. A comparison of the denaturation pattern of RP4 and RP8 indicated that RP8 was composed of total RP4 plus an additional DNA fragment. The RP4a mutant plasmid could be defined as a deletion mutant with loss of 1 micron DNA.", "PMID": 416173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8508", "title": "Continuous-flow size selection of Tetrahymena pyriformis ST: changes in volume, DNA, RNA and protein during synchronous growth.", "content": "The cell cycle of Tetrahymena pyriformis ST was studied using synchronous cultures prepared by continuous-flow size selection. These organisms had cell cycle times (mean values 151 and 186 min in the first and second cycles respectively) similar to but not identical with the mean generation times of exponential cultures from which they were selected (mean value 165 min). The median volume of cells averaged over the duration of the cell cycle in synchronous cultures was similar to that found in exponential cultures. Total cell DNA, RNA and protein doubled during the cell cycle: there was one discrete S phase which occupied 40 to 50% of the cell cycle time during the period between the end of the selection procedure and the first synchronous division. Total cell protein and RNA increased continuously.", "contents": "Continuous-flow size selection of Tetrahymena pyriformis ST: changes in volume, DNA, RNA and protein during synchronous growth. The cell cycle of Tetrahymena pyriformis ST was studied using synchronous cultures prepared by continuous-flow size selection. These organisms had cell cycle times (mean values 151 and 186 min in the first and second cycles respectively) similar to but not identical with the mean generation times of exponential cultures from which they were selected (mean value 165 min). The median volume of cells averaged over the duration of the cell cycle in synchronous cultures was similar to that found in exponential cultures. Total cell DNA, RNA and protein doubled during the cell cycle: there was one discrete S phase which occupied 40 to 50% of the cell cycle time during the period between the end of the selection procedure and the first synchronous division. Total cell protein and RNA increased continuously.", "PMID": 416174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8509", "title": "Correlations between anti-albumin antibodies and HBsAG in hepatic patients.", "content": "A new category of autoantibodies--antipolymerized albumin antibodies (AAA)--was discovered in 1974. Studies performed from 1974 to 1976 showed their diagnosis and prognostic values in hepatic diseases; the AAA tests [immunodiffusion (ID) and hemagglutination (HS)] made possible a good estimation of the total liver cell function. Without being specific for a viral hepatitis B infection, highly significant linear correlations were found for AAA precipitin and agglutinin positivities with presence of HBsAg. High titre of AAA agglutinins unaccompanied by a positive ID test, characterise the \"healthy carrier\" of the HBsAg, while the isolated AAA positivity in ID is met in more severe, long-standing hepatic diseases.", "contents": "Correlations between anti-albumin antibodies and HBsAG in hepatic patients. A new category of autoantibodies--antipolymerized albumin antibodies (AAA)--was discovered in 1974. Studies performed from 1974 to 1976 showed their diagnosis and prognostic values in hepatic diseases; the AAA tests [immunodiffusion (ID) and hemagglutination (HS)] made possible a good estimation of the total liver cell function. Without being specific for a viral hepatitis B infection, highly significant linear correlations were found for AAA precipitin and agglutinin positivities with presence of HBsAg. High titre of AAA agglutinins unaccompanied by a positive ID test, characterise the \"healthy carrier\" of the HBsAg, while the isolated AAA positivity in ID is met in more severe, long-standing hepatic diseases.", "PMID": 416175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8510", "title": "Experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection of four species of primates.", "content": "Four species of nonhuman primates were inoculated intranasally with 10(3.1) to 10(3.7) plaque forming units (pfu) of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus. Adults squirrel monkeys and newborn rhesus monkeys became infected and shed small quantities (peak titer 10(2.0) pfu/ml of nasopharyngeal swab specimen) of virus, but illness did not develop. Infant cebus monkeys aged 2 months became infected, shed 10(2.3) to 10(3.8) pfu/ml of nasopharyngeal swab specimen, but did not become ill. Chimpanzees aged 15 to 18 months shed a large quantity of virus, up to 10(6.0) pfu/ml of nasopharyngeal swab specimen and developed an upper respiratory illness. Chimpanzees are proposed as a possible animal model for future study of the immunopathology of RS virus disease and for in vivo evaluation of attenuated live virus vaccine candidates.", "contents": "Experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection of four species of primates. Four species of nonhuman primates were inoculated intranasally with 10(3.1) to 10(3.7) plaque forming units (pfu) of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus. Adults squirrel monkeys and newborn rhesus monkeys became infected and shed small quantities (peak titer 10(2.0) pfu/ml of nasopharyngeal swab specimen) of virus, but illness did not develop. Infant cebus monkeys aged 2 months became infected, shed 10(2.3) to 10(3.8) pfu/ml of nasopharyngeal swab specimen, but did not become ill. Chimpanzees aged 15 to 18 months shed a large quantity of virus, up to 10(6.0) pfu/ml of nasopharyngeal swab specimen and developed an upper respiratory illness. Chimpanzees are proposed as a possible animal model for future study of the immunopathology of RS virus disease and for in vivo evaluation of attenuated live virus vaccine candidates.", "PMID": 416176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8511", "title": "Acute optic neuritis: a virological study in relation to multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Previous ultrastructural examination of peripheral blood lymphocytes revealed the presence of intranuclear filamentous structures in multiple sclerosis (MS) and in some optic neuritis (ON) patients. The present investigation was undertaken in the attempt to correlate the presence of such structures with the etiology of ON and MS and possibly to demonstrate the viral origin of the filaments. Suitable virological and serological techniques were used to detect and isolate infectious agents from peripheral blood samples and body excretions of 12 monosymptomatic ON patients at their first acute attack. Nevertheless, any efforts to demonstrate the presence of a virus in these patients have been unsuccessful: no evidence of active viral infection was obtained by serological studies of serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples, nor could viral antigens or inclusions be observed by immunofluorescence and cytochemical analysis. Negative results were also obtained from studies performed in parallel on MS patients and various controls. The significance of the failure to isolate infectious agents from either ON and MS patients is discussed.", "contents": "Acute optic neuritis: a virological study in relation to multiple sclerosis. Previous ultrastructural examination of peripheral blood lymphocytes revealed the presence of intranuclear filamentous structures in multiple sclerosis (MS) and in some optic neuritis (ON) patients. The present investigation was undertaken in the attempt to correlate the presence of such structures with the etiology of ON and MS and possibly to demonstrate the viral origin of the filaments. Suitable virological and serological techniques were used to detect and isolate infectious agents from peripheral blood samples and body excretions of 12 monosymptomatic ON patients at their first acute attack. Nevertheless, any efforts to demonstrate the presence of a virus in these patients have been unsuccessful: no evidence of active viral infection was obtained by serological studies of serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples, nor could viral antigens or inclusions be observed by immunofluorescence and cytochemical analysis. Negative results were also obtained from studies performed in parallel on MS patients and various controls. The significance of the failure to isolate infectious agents from either ON and MS patients is discussed.", "PMID": 416177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8512", "title": "Internal calcium concentration and potassium permeability in Paramecium.", "content": "Ca or EGTA was ionophoretically injected into Paramecium tetraurelia to change [Ca]i. Ca decreased the resting membrane resistance and hyperpolarized the membrane. EGTA had the opposite effect. EGTA following TEA, which suppress GK, had little effect on resistance or resting potential. The I-V relation at steady state was studied before and after EGTA injection while the cell bathed in either K- or TEA-solution. The response to inward test pulses after EGTA injection was similar to that after TEA injection. These results show that [Ca]i controls a steady-state K permeability in Paramecium tetraurelia. A prolonged Ca-spike was recorded after EGTA injection. The plateau potentials in various Ca concentrations in a TEA-solution show the Nernst slope (29 mV for tenfold change in [Ca]o). This result suggests that the prolonged depolarization in this condition is due to a Ca current, after suppression of K-permeability and when [Ca]i is low. The difficulty of obtaining quantitative data on the internal Ca, and the difference between the effects of EGTA injection and TEA injection are discussed.", "contents": "Internal calcium concentration and potassium permeability in Paramecium. Ca or EGTA was ionophoretically injected into Paramecium tetraurelia to change [Ca]i. Ca decreased the resting membrane resistance and hyperpolarized the membrane. EGTA had the opposite effect. EGTA following TEA, which suppress GK, had little effect on resistance or resting potential. The I-V relation at steady state was studied before and after EGTA injection while the cell bathed in either K- or TEA-solution. The response to inward test pulses after EGTA injection was similar to that after TEA injection. These results show that [Ca]i controls a steady-state K permeability in Paramecium tetraurelia. A prolonged Ca-spike was recorded after EGTA injection. The plateau potentials in various Ca concentrations in a TEA-solution show the Nernst slope (29 mV for tenfold change in [Ca]o). This result suggests that the prolonged depolarization in this condition is due to a Ca current, after suppression of K-permeability and when [Ca]i is low. The difficulty of obtaining quantitative data on the internal Ca, and the difference between the effects of EGTA injection and TEA injection are discussed.", "PMID": 416178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8513", "title": "The personal factor in the maturation of epileptogenic brain scars: review and hypothesis.", "content": "Does a metabolic factor, variable but personal to the individual, determine the interval between a brain injury and the onset of late traumatic epilepsy? It could account for the unpredictability of this maturation period, and for the fact that only about 50% of brain scars give rise to epilepsy at all.", "contents": "The personal factor in the maturation of epileptogenic brain scars: review and hypothesis. Does a metabolic factor, variable but personal to the individual, determine the interval between a brain injury and the onset of late traumatic epilepsy? It could account for the unpredictability of this maturation period, and for the fact that only about 50% of brain scars give rise to epilepsy at all.", "PMID": 416180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8514", "title": "Morphological study of skin biopsy specimens: a contribution to the diagnosis of metabolic disorders with involvement of the nervous system.", "content": "Skin biopsies were performed in 71 patients affected by the following disorders: ceroid-lipofuscinoses (17 cases), mucopolysaccharidoses (13 cases) mucolipidoses (seven cases), lipidoses (18 cases), metabolic diseases to be further classified (seven cases), acid maltase deficiency (nine cases). After a survey of semithin sections, the skin specimens were examined with the electron microscope. In most of the cases, epithelial cells, hair follicles, fibroblasts, eccrine sweat glands, smooth muscle cells, sebaceous glands, and nerve bundles were available. In 62 cases (87.3%), positive diagnostic information was obtained while in seven other cases (9.9%) suggestive features were discovered which could support the final diagnosis. In only two cases (2.8%) were the results negative. We conclude that, in association with enzymatic assays in the cultured fibroblasts, a skin biopsy specimen provides a simple opportunity for the combination of both morphological and biochemical diagnosis of storage disorders, precluding major surgical procedures.", "contents": "Morphological study of skin biopsy specimens: a contribution to the diagnosis of metabolic disorders with involvement of the nervous system. Skin biopsies were performed in 71 patients affected by the following disorders: ceroid-lipofuscinoses (17 cases), mucopolysaccharidoses (13 cases) mucolipidoses (seven cases), lipidoses (18 cases), metabolic diseases to be further classified (seven cases), acid maltase deficiency (nine cases). After a survey of semithin sections, the skin specimens were examined with the electron microscope. In most of the cases, epithelial cells, hair follicles, fibroblasts, eccrine sweat glands, smooth muscle cells, sebaceous glands, and nerve bundles were available. In 62 cases (87.3%), positive diagnostic information was obtained while in seven other cases (9.9%) suggestive features were discovered which could support the final diagnosis. In only two cases (2.8%) were the results negative. We conclude that, in association with enzymatic assays in the cultured fibroblasts, a skin biopsy specimen provides a simple opportunity for the combination of both morphological and biochemical diagnosis of storage disorders, precluding major surgical procedures.", "PMID": 416179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8515", "title": "Effect of atropine on cerebrovascular responsiveness to carbon dioxide.", "content": "Effects of cholinergic inhibition by atropine on cerebral circulation were studied in 15 baboons anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Intravertebral infusion of atropine, 0.1 mg/kg, did not cause any changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), superior sagittal sinus wedge pressure (SSWP), epidural pressure (EDP), cerebral perfusion pressure, or cerebral vascular resistance under normal conditions. Cerebrovascular responsiveness to carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation was not influenced by atropine. The presence of cholinergic nerve fibers has been proved in the cerebral blood vessels and the existence of cholinergic mechanism suggested in the brain stem, but it is not likely that the cholinergic nerves have tonic control of cerebral blood vessels in the resting state or affect cerebrovascular responsiveness to CO2. The changes in EDP and those in SSWP showed a very good correlation to each other. There was also a good correlation between the changes in CBF and those in EDP or SSWP.", "contents": "Effect of atropine on cerebrovascular responsiveness to carbon dioxide. Effects of cholinergic inhibition by atropine on cerebral circulation were studied in 15 baboons anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Intravertebral infusion of atropine, 0.1 mg/kg, did not cause any changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), superior sagittal sinus wedge pressure (SSWP), epidural pressure (EDP), cerebral perfusion pressure, or cerebral vascular resistance under normal conditions. Cerebrovascular responsiveness to carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation was not influenced by atropine. The presence of cholinergic nerve fibers has been proved in the cerebral blood vessels and the existence of cholinergic mechanism suggested in the brain stem, but it is not likely that the cholinergic nerves have tonic control of cerebral blood vessels in the resting state or affect cerebrovascular responsiveness to CO2. The changes in EDP and those in SSWP showed a very good correlation to each other. There was also a good correlation between the changes in CBF and those in EDP or SSWP.", "PMID": 416181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8516", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of intracarotid artery 14C-BCNU in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "A comparison of intravenous to intracarotid artery (ICA) administration of 14C-BCNU (1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea) was made in squirrel monkeys. Radioactivity was measured as soluble drug products and as RNA-, DNA-, and protein-bound radioactivity. The ICA administration of BCNU achieved 190% to 280% higher brain nucleic acid-bound drug levels than use of the intravenous route in the infused hemisphere and 130% to 280% higher levels than in the noninfused hemisphere. In addition, some brain regions directly subserved by the middle cerebral artery had bound drug levels four- to fivefold greater than those found in regions of noninfused brain. The data suggest that a need for BCNU dose reduction due to myelotoxicity may be an indication for ICA therapy in selected brain-tumour cases.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of intracarotid artery 14C-BCNU in the squirrel monkey. A comparison of intravenous to intracarotid artery (ICA) administration of 14C-BCNU (1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea) was made in squirrel monkeys. Radioactivity was measured as soluble drug products and as RNA-, DNA-, and protein-bound radioactivity. The ICA administration of BCNU achieved 190% to 280% higher brain nucleic acid-bound drug levels than use of the intravenous route in the infused hemisphere and 130% to 280% higher levels than in the noninfused hemisphere. In addition, some brain regions directly subserved by the middle cerebral artery had bound drug levels four- to fivefold greater than those found in regions of noninfused brain. The data suggest that a need for BCNU dose reduction due to myelotoxicity may be an indication for ICA therapy in selected brain-tumour cases.", "PMID": 416182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8517", "title": "The effect of intracarotid infusion of dexamethasone and 5-hydroxytryptamine on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in baboons.", "content": "The effect of intracarotid infusion of dexamethasone on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen utilization was measured in baboons using the xenon-133 clearance technique. The cerebrovascular response to intracarotid infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) was then determined during simultaneous infusion of the steroid. Infusion of dexamethasone alone and infusion with 5-HT produced no significant change in cerebral blood flow or cerebral oxygen utilization when compared to baseline values. The study indicates that neither dexamethasone nor 5-HT with dexamethasone modify cerebral blood flow when infused via the internal carotid artery.", "contents": "The effect of intracarotid infusion of dexamethasone and 5-hydroxytryptamine on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in baboons. The effect of intracarotid infusion of dexamethasone on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen utilization was measured in baboons using the xenon-133 clearance technique. The cerebrovascular response to intracarotid infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) was then determined during simultaneous infusion of the steroid. Infusion of dexamethasone alone and infusion with 5-HT produced no significant change in cerebral blood flow or cerebral oxygen utilization when compared to baseline values. The study indicates that neither dexamethasone nor 5-HT with dexamethasone modify cerebral blood flow when infused via the internal carotid artery.", "PMID": 416183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8518", "title": "Effect of NTA and EDTA on calcium metabolism of chickens and Coturnix.", "content": "Five experiments were conducted in which various levels of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA or its salt, Na2NTA) disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA) and calcium (Ca) were fed to young chicks, young quail and adult quail. The duration of trials was from 1 to 28 days of age for chicks, 7 to 49 for young quail and 167 to 210 for adult quail. Feeding 0.71% NTA or an equimolar level of Na2NTA caused a moderate decrease in chicks weight and Na2EDTA caused a drastic decrease in body weight of chicks and adult quail. Feeding Na2EDTA caused greater mortality in chicks receiving a low Ca diet than a higher level of Ca. Plasma Ca levels were significantly increased by NTA in young quail and by Na2NTA in adult quail, in contrast, they were significantly decreased by Na2EDTA in adult quail. Dietary NTA promoted greater tibia mineralization (ash/dry matter) in growing chicks. Dietary NTA increased the deposition of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in the chicks tibia, but, it decreased magnesium (Mg). On the other hand, Na2EDTA caused a significant decrease in Zn and Fe in the chicks tibia and a significant increase in Mn. Coturnix are less sensitive than chickens in responding to dietary chelates.", "contents": "Effect of NTA and EDTA on calcium metabolism of chickens and Coturnix. Five experiments were conducted in which various levels of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA or its salt, Na2NTA) disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA) and calcium (Ca) were fed to young chicks, young quail and adult quail. The duration of trials was from 1 to 28 days of age for chicks, 7 to 49 for young quail and 167 to 210 for adult quail. Feeding 0.71% NTA or an equimolar level of Na2NTA caused a moderate decrease in chicks weight and Na2EDTA caused a drastic decrease in body weight of chicks and adult quail. Feeding Na2EDTA caused greater mortality in chicks receiving a low Ca diet than a higher level of Ca. Plasma Ca levels were significantly increased by NTA in young quail and by Na2NTA in adult quail, in contrast, they were significantly decreased by Na2EDTA in adult quail. Dietary NTA promoted greater tibia mineralization (ash/dry matter) in growing chicks. Dietary NTA increased the deposition of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in the chicks tibia, but, it decreased magnesium (Mg). On the other hand, Na2EDTA caused a significant decrease in Zn and Fe in the chicks tibia and a significant increase in Mn. Coturnix are less sensitive than chickens in responding to dietary chelates.", "PMID": 416185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8519", "title": "A new form of nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency in two brothers with defective T-cell function.", "content": "Two brothers, age 9 and 11, respectively, have marked deficiency of nucleoside phosphorylase associated with defective T-cell function and normal B-cell function. Unlike the previously described five patients with this syndrome, each of these children has sufficient NP catalytic activity in their red blood cells (below 1% of the normal level) to be visualized after electrophoresis and staining for the enzyme. Their healthy sibling has normal NP activity and a normal isozyme pattern. The nonconsanguineous parents have about half-normal NP activity, but their electrophoretic patterns differ from each other's and from those of their affected children. These findings are consistent with genetic heterogeneity at the NP structural gene locus, resulting in compound heterozygosity for two different abnormal alleles.", "contents": "A new form of nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency in two brothers with defective T-cell function. Two brothers, age 9 and 11, respectively, have marked deficiency of nucleoside phosphorylase associated with defective T-cell function and normal B-cell function. Unlike the previously described five patients with this syndrome, each of these children has sufficient NP catalytic activity in their red blood cells (below 1% of the normal level) to be visualized after electrophoresis and staining for the enzyme. Their healthy sibling has normal NP activity and a normal isozyme pattern. The nonconsanguineous parents have about half-normal NP activity, but their electrophoretic patterns differ from each other's and from those of their affected children. These findings are consistent with genetic heterogeneity at the NP structural gene locus, resulting in compound heterozygosity for two different abnormal alleles.", "PMID": 416186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8520", "title": "Impaired defense against vaccinia in a child with T-lymphocyte deficiency associated with inosine phosphorylase defect.", "content": "A case of progressive vaccinia associated with a profound deficiency of cellular immunity and a defect in inosine phosphorylase is described. A striking contrast was observed between humoral immunity, which showed little if any impairment, and a severe cellular defect affecting both markers and functions of T lymphocytes. The child died despite treatment with methosazone, levamisole, transfer factor, irradiated blood transfusions, and a thymus graft. An adequate serum level of antibody to vaccinia virus was obtained by transfer of specific immunoglobulins, but this failed to stop the progression of the disease. This observation suggests that host defense against vaccinia infection is mainly mediated by cellular immunity.", "contents": "Impaired defense against vaccinia in a child with T-lymphocyte deficiency associated with inosine phosphorylase defect. A case of progressive vaccinia associated with a profound deficiency of cellular immunity and a defect in inosine phosphorylase is described. A striking contrast was observed between humoral immunity, which showed little if any impairment, and a severe cellular defect affecting both markers and functions of T lymphocytes. The child died despite treatment with methosazone, levamisole, transfer factor, irradiated blood transfusions, and a thymus graft. An adequate serum level of antibody to vaccinia virus was obtained by transfer of specific immunoglobulins, but this failed to stop the progression of the disease. This observation suggests that host defense against vaccinia infection is mainly mediated by cellular immunity.", "PMID": 416187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8521", "title": "Inherited human collagen lysyl hydroxylase deficiency: ascorbic acid response.", "content": "A patient is described with congenital hypotonia, lax joints, friable skin, hemorrhagic scars, high-arched palate, and borderline microcornea. Acid hydrolyzed whole skin collagen had a reduced hydroxylysine content of 0.5 residues per 1,000 as compared to 5.1 +/- 0.7 in control skin. Collagen lysyl hydroxylase in dialyzed subcellular fractions of cultured skin fibroblasts required L-ascorbate as a principal cofactor. Activity of this enzyme in cultured skin fibroblasts derived from this patient, his father, and mother were 17%, 66%, and 39% of control values, respectively. Collagen prolyl hydroxylase activity was normal. Pharmacologic amounts of oral vitamin C (4 gm/day) produced an increase and withdrawal resulted in abrupt diminution of urinary excretion of hydroxylysine. Over a two-year period the patient's wound healing and muscle strength improved and corneal diameter increased. Hydroxylysine content of the skin did not increase.", "contents": "Inherited human collagen lysyl hydroxylase deficiency: ascorbic acid response. A patient is described with congenital hypotonia, lax joints, friable skin, hemorrhagic scars, high-arched palate, and borderline microcornea. Acid hydrolyzed whole skin collagen had a reduced hydroxylysine content of 0.5 residues per 1,000 as compared to 5.1 +/- 0.7 in control skin. Collagen lysyl hydroxylase in dialyzed subcellular fractions of cultured skin fibroblasts required L-ascorbate as a principal cofactor. Activity of this enzyme in cultured skin fibroblasts derived from this patient, his father, and mother were 17%, 66%, and 39% of control values, respectively. Collagen prolyl hydroxylase activity was normal. Pharmacologic amounts of oral vitamin C (4 gm/day) produced an increase and withdrawal resulted in abrupt diminution of urinary excretion of hydroxylysine. Over a two-year period the patient's wound healing and muscle strength improved and corneal diameter increased. Hydroxylysine content of the skin did not increase.", "PMID": 416188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8522", "title": "Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification in siblings: radiologic diagnosis and successful treatment.", "content": "Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification is a disorder of unknown etiology manifested by widespread arterial calcification. This usually leads to early death from coronary artery occlusion. In 12 of the 75 cases in the literature, radiographs were taken and it was possible to make the diagnosis in them all. We present two patients, siblings, in whom the diagnosis was established radiologically. The nature of the calcium deposits was studied in one of the infants and proved to be calcium hydroxyapatite. Therapy with diphosphonate was apparently successful in the other child.", "contents": "Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification in siblings: radiologic diagnosis and successful treatment. Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification is a disorder of unknown etiology manifested by widespread arterial calcification. This usually leads to early death from coronary artery occlusion. In 12 of the 75 cases in the literature, radiographs were taken and it was possible to make the diagnosis in them all. We present two patients, siblings, in whom the diagnosis was established radiologically. The nature of the calcium deposits was studied in one of the infants and proved to be calcium hydroxyapatite. Therapy with diphosphonate was apparently successful in the other child.", "PMID": 416189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8523", "title": "Morphologic analysis of the pulmonary vascular bed in infants exposed in utero to prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors.", "content": "Since the effects of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors on the developing human fetal pulmonary vasculature are unknown, we studied the lungs of two infants, one whose mother took salicylates and the other whose mother took indomethacin during pregnancy. Lungs were fixed by perfusion and fifth generation (resistance) vessels identified. The infant with chronic exposure to aspirin had premature constriction of the ductus arteriosus, tricuspid insufficiency, increased pulmonary arterial medial width/external diameter ratio due to increased smooth muscle, and a decreased number of pulmonary vessels/cm2 lung tissue. The infant with short-term exposure to indomethacin had hypoxemia, increased pulmonary arterial m/d ratio due to increased smooth muscle, and a normal number of pulmonary vessels/cm2 lung tissue. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor drugs on the ductus arteriosus and/or the pulmonary vessels of the human fetus.", "contents": "Morphologic analysis of the pulmonary vascular bed in infants exposed in utero to prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Since the effects of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors on the developing human fetal pulmonary vasculature are unknown, we studied the lungs of two infants, one whose mother took salicylates and the other whose mother took indomethacin during pregnancy. Lungs were fixed by perfusion and fifth generation (resistance) vessels identified. The infant with chronic exposure to aspirin had premature constriction of the ductus arteriosus, tricuspid insufficiency, increased pulmonary arterial medial width/external diameter ratio due to increased smooth muscle, and a decreased number of pulmonary vessels/cm2 lung tissue. The infant with short-term exposure to indomethacin had hypoxemia, increased pulmonary arterial m/d ratio due to increased smooth muscle, and a normal number of pulmonary vessels/cm2 lung tissue. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor drugs on the ductus arteriosus and/or the pulmonary vessels of the human fetus.", "PMID": 416191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8524", "title": "Immunologic aspects of human colostrum and milk. I. Distribution characteristics and concentrations of immunoglobulins at different times after the onset of lactation.", "content": "Human colostrum and milk collected at different times after the onset of lactation from 200 subjects were tested for the levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM classes of immunoglobulins. The technique of radial immunodiffusion was employed. The levels of IgG immunoglobulin ranged from 1.4 to 4.9 mg/gm of protein at different intervals after onset of lactation. No significant change was observed in the individual levels of IgG over 180 days of sequential testing. On the other hand, highest levels of IgM and IgA immunoglobulins in the colostrum and milk were observed during the first three to four days postpartum. The IgM levels ranged from 27 to 30 mg/gm protein and IgA levels, from 22 to 35 mg/gm protein. A 3- to 4-fold decline in the levels of IgM and IgA immunoglobulin was demonstrated in milk samples collected 15 to 180 days postpartum. These observations provide reference data on the levels of immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk at different stages of lactation.", "contents": "Immunologic aspects of human colostrum and milk. I. Distribution characteristics and concentrations of immunoglobulins at different times after the onset of lactation. Human colostrum and milk collected at different times after the onset of lactation from 200 subjects were tested for the levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM classes of immunoglobulins. The technique of radial immunodiffusion was employed. The levels of IgG immunoglobulin ranged from 1.4 to 4.9 mg/gm of protein at different intervals after onset of lactation. No significant change was observed in the individual levels of IgG over 180 days of sequential testing. On the other hand, highest levels of IgM and IgA immunoglobulins in the colostrum and milk were observed during the first three to four days postpartum. The IgM levels ranged from 27 to 30 mg/gm protein and IgA levels, from 22 to 35 mg/gm protein. A 3- to 4-fold decline in the levels of IgM and IgA immunoglobulin was demonstrated in milk samples collected 15 to 180 days postpartum. These observations provide reference data on the levels of immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk at different stages of lactation.", "PMID": 416193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8525", "title": "Essential fatty acid deficiency in neonates: inability to reverse deficiency by topical applications of EFA-rich oil.", "content": "Correction of essential fatty acid deficiency by transcutaneous absorption of topically applied EFA-rich oil has been reported. We measured serum EFA levels in two groups of neonates receiving fat-free total parenteral nutrition: nine control patients after 16 and 25 days of TPN, and six patients before and 12 days after beginning cutaneous application of 100 mg/kg/day of linoleic acid as sunflower seed oil. Progressive biochemical EFA deficiency occurred in all but one of the control patients. Of the six patients receiving 100 mg/kg/day of linoleic acid, one patient with mild deficiency improved, but progressive EFA deficiency occurred in the other five patients. Serum EFA levels were also measured in four patients following 76 days of TPN and daily application of high doses of topical safflower oil, all of whom had severe biochemical EFA deficiency. The topical application of EFA-rich oil cannot be assumed to be uniformly effective in reversing or preventing EFA deficiency. The transcutaneous absorption of essential fatty acids must be documented by appropriate measurements of EFA in serum lipids.", "contents": "Essential fatty acid deficiency in neonates: inability to reverse deficiency by topical applications of EFA-rich oil. Correction of essential fatty acid deficiency by transcutaneous absorption of topically applied EFA-rich oil has been reported. We measured serum EFA levels in two groups of neonates receiving fat-free total parenteral nutrition: nine control patients after 16 and 25 days of TPN, and six patients before and 12 days after beginning cutaneous application of 100 mg/kg/day of linoleic acid as sunflower seed oil. Progressive biochemical EFA deficiency occurred in all but one of the control patients. Of the six patients receiving 100 mg/kg/day of linoleic acid, one patient with mild deficiency improved, but progressive EFA deficiency occurred in the other five patients. Serum EFA levels were also measured in four patients following 76 days of TPN and daily application of high doses of topical safflower oil, all of whom had severe biochemical EFA deficiency. The topical application of EFA-rich oil cannot be assumed to be uniformly effective in reversing or preventing EFA deficiency. The transcutaneous absorption of essential fatty acids must be documented by appropriate measurements of EFA in serum lipids.", "PMID": 416194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8526", "title": "Peripheral total parenteral nutrition for premature infants with the respiratory distress syndrome: a controlled study.", "content": "In 40 premature infants, in whom severe respiratory distress precluded oral feeding, peripheral total parenteral nutrition consisting of casein hydrosylate, dextrose, and soybean emulsion was compared to nutrition with dextrose and electrolytes. The TPN group received more calories, and the total serum protein in them increased significantly. Metabolic complications did not occur. Transient thrombocytosis occurred in six infants who received TPN and eosinophilia occurred in nine. The case fatality rate in the TPN group (three of 20) was not significantly less than in the glucose group (six of 20). The differences suggested that infants who weigh less than 1,500 gm may receive the greater benefit from TPN.", "contents": "Peripheral total parenteral nutrition for premature infants with the respiratory distress syndrome: a controlled study. In 40 premature infants, in whom severe respiratory distress precluded oral feeding, peripheral total parenteral nutrition consisting of casein hydrosylate, dextrose, and soybean emulsion was compared to nutrition with dextrose and electrolytes. The TPN group received more calories, and the total serum protein in them increased significantly. Metabolic complications did not occur. Transient thrombocytosis occurred in six infants who received TPN and eosinophilia occurred in nine. The case fatality rate in the TPN group (three of 20) was not significantly less than in the glucose group (six of 20). The differences suggested that infants who weigh less than 1,500 gm may receive the greater benefit from TPN.", "PMID": 416195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8527", "title": "Enterocutaneous fistulas of the small bowel in children (25 cases).", "content": "During the past 5 yr, 25 children ranging in age from 10 days to 14 yr have been treated for single or multiple severe enterocutaneous fistulas. There were two deaths. In 24 cases out of 25, initial treatment was nonsurgical and consisted of nutritional support (by total parenteral nutrition in 20, and constant rate enteral feeding in 4) and was associated with local treatment. Successful closure was achieved without surgery in 13 cases, and 11 secondary operations were performed, with success in 9. The addition of nutritional methods has completely changed the prognosis of enterocutaneous fistula.", "contents": "Enterocutaneous fistulas of the small bowel in children (25 cases). During the past 5 yr, 25 children ranging in age from 10 days to 14 yr have been treated for single or multiple severe enterocutaneous fistulas. There were two deaths. In 24 cases out of 25, initial treatment was nonsurgical and consisted of nutritional support (by total parenteral nutrition in 20, and constant rate enteral feeding in 4) and was associated with local treatment. Successful closure was achieved without surgery in 13 cases, and 11 secondary operations were performed, with success in 9. The addition of nutritional methods has completely changed the prognosis of enterocutaneous fistula.", "PMID": 416196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8528", "title": "Zinc deficiency during total parenteral nutrition in childhood.", "content": "Changes in plasma zinc levels were studied in 11 pediatric surgical patients treated with total parenteral nutrition. Plasma copper levels were also determined in some patients. In three patients plasma zinc fell to a very low level during long-term total parenteral nutrition, and a syndrome of zinc deficiency developed characterized by dermatitis, alpecia, and enterocolitis with striking response to intravenous zinc therapy. In contrast, plasma zinc levels in the patients with short-term total parenteral nutrition remained in the normal range during the present study. This suggests that one of the mechanisms of zinc deficiency during total parenteral nutrition is insufficient amount of zinc in the nutritional solutions for long-term use, especially for older children. Symptoms of the zinc deficiency also occurred in these patients during the anabolic phase, suggesting that tissue demand for zinc may be increased at that time. Therefore, zinc should be included, on a regular basis, in all parenteral nutritional solutions in amounts sufficient to meet estimated needs for growth and tissue repair.", "contents": "Zinc deficiency during total parenteral nutrition in childhood. Changes in plasma zinc levels were studied in 11 pediatric surgical patients treated with total parenteral nutrition. Plasma copper levels were also determined in some patients. In three patients plasma zinc fell to a very low level during long-term total parenteral nutrition, and a syndrome of zinc deficiency developed characterized by dermatitis, alpecia, and enterocolitis with striking response to intravenous zinc therapy. In contrast, plasma zinc levels in the patients with short-term total parenteral nutrition remained in the normal range during the present study. This suggests that one of the mechanisms of zinc deficiency during total parenteral nutrition is insufficient amount of zinc in the nutritional solutions for long-term use, especially for older children. Symptoms of the zinc deficiency also occurred in these patients during the anabolic phase, suggesting that tissue demand for zinc may be increased at that time. Therefore, zinc should be included, on a regular basis, in all parenteral nutritional solutions in amounts sufficient to meet estimated needs for growth and tissue repair.", "PMID": 416197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8529", "title": "The reinforcing properties of procaine and d-amphetamine compared in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Twelve rhesus monkeys were studied under a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of intravenous procaine or d-amphetamine injection from 8 A.M. to 4 P.M. daily. Under the FR schedule, every nth lever press produced an injection. The FR value (n) and the dose per injection of procaine and d-amphetamine were varied systematically. At a FR value of 10, responding was maintained by doses of procaine ranging from 0.125 to 12 mg/kg/injection and by doses of d-amphetamine ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg/injection. At doses of 1 mg/kg/injection of procaine and 0.1 mg/kg/injection of d-amphetamine, responding was maintained at FR values up to 100 by procaine and d-amphetamine but not by saline. Responding and drug intake were relatively constant throughout each 8-hour session with procaine, but responding tended to decrease and was more variable over the session with d-amphetamine. No toxic effects were observed in doses up to 6 mg/kg/injection with procaine. At this dose, eating and drinking ceased during the period of access to the drug. One of the four monkeys died at 8 mg/kg/injection of procaine. At 12 mg/kg/injection all three monkeys tested showed signs of toxicity.", "contents": "The reinforcing properties of procaine and d-amphetamine compared in rhesus monkeys. Twelve rhesus monkeys were studied under a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of intravenous procaine or d-amphetamine injection from 8 A.M. to 4 P.M. daily. Under the FR schedule, every nth lever press produced an injection. The FR value (n) and the dose per injection of procaine and d-amphetamine were varied systematically. At a FR value of 10, responding was maintained by doses of procaine ranging from 0.125 to 12 mg/kg/injection and by doses of d-amphetamine ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg/injection. At doses of 1 mg/kg/injection of procaine and 0.1 mg/kg/injection of d-amphetamine, responding was maintained at FR values up to 100 by procaine and d-amphetamine but not by saline. Responding and drug intake were relatively constant throughout each 8-hour session with procaine, but responding tended to decrease and was more variable over the session with d-amphetamine. No toxic effects were observed in doses up to 6 mg/kg/injection with procaine. At this dose, eating and drinking ceased during the period of access to the drug. One of the four monkeys died at 8 mg/kg/injection of procaine. At 12 mg/kg/injection all three monkeys tested showed signs of toxicity.", "PMID": 416198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8530", "title": "Calcium ion requirement for acetylcholine-stimulated breakdown of triphosphoinositide in rabbit iris smooth muscle.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory have established that addition of acetylcholine (ACh) or norepinephrine to 32P-labeled rabbit iris smooth muscle increases significantly the breakdown of triphosphoinositide (TPI) and that these stimulatory effects are blocked by atropine and phentolamine, respectively. The present studies were undertaken in order to show the effect of Ca++ on the ACh-stimulated breakdown of TPI (\"TPI effect\") in this tissue. Paired iris smooth muscles were prelabeled with 32Pi for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C in Ca++-free iso-osmotic salt medium. The prelabeled irises were then washed and incubated for 10 minutes in nonradioactive Ca++-free medium which contained 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose under various conditions. The phospholipids were isolated by means of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and their radioactivities were determined. In the absence of Ca++, 50 micrometer ACh increased TPI breakdown and phosphatidic acid (PA) labeling by 16 and 38%, respectively. In the absence of ACh, 0.75 micrometer Ca++ increased TPI breakdown and PA labeling by 11 and 20%, respectively. When both ACh and Ca++ were added, the increase in TPI breakdown and PA labeling rose to 32 and 74%, respectively. The labeling of phosphatidylinositol was found to be insensitive to the presence of Ca++. Ca++ was determined in the iris smooth muscle and it was found to contain 3.13 mumol of Ca++ per g of tissue. This was reduced by 80% after the muscle was washed and incubated in a medium which contained 0.25 micrometer ethyleneglycol bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). The TPI effect was abolished by 0.25 micrometer EGTA and restored when excess Ca++ (1.25 micrometer) was added. Concentrations of Ca++ as low as 50 micrometer provoked a TPI effect. Sr++ (2 micrometer), but not Ba++ or Mn++, was found to substitute partially for Ca++. Ionophore A-23187 (20 micrometer) was found to increase the breakdown of TPI and labeling of PA by 11 and 24%, respectively. High concentrations of Ca++ (20 mM) exerted similar effects. The increase in TPI breakdown and PA labeling in response to these agents, in contrast to the TPI effect in response to ACh, was not blocked by atropine. This suggests that the observed effects are not caused by the release of endogenous ACh from the muscle. A possible interpretation for the above observations on the role of Ca++ in the TPI effect at the postsynaptic membrane of the iris smooth muscle could be: (formula: see text).", "contents": "Calcium ion requirement for acetylcholine-stimulated breakdown of triphosphoinositide in rabbit iris smooth muscle. Previous studies from this laboratory have established that addition of acetylcholine (ACh) or norepinephrine to 32P-labeled rabbit iris smooth muscle increases significantly the breakdown of triphosphoinositide (TPI) and that these stimulatory effects are blocked by atropine and phentolamine, respectively. The present studies were undertaken in order to show the effect of Ca++ on the ACh-stimulated breakdown of TPI (\"TPI effect\") in this tissue. Paired iris smooth muscles were prelabeled with 32Pi for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C in Ca++-free iso-osmotic salt medium. The prelabeled irises were then washed and incubated for 10 minutes in nonradioactive Ca++-free medium which contained 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose under various conditions. The phospholipids were isolated by means of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and their radioactivities were determined. In the absence of Ca++, 50 micrometer ACh increased TPI breakdown and phosphatidic acid (PA) labeling by 16 and 38%, respectively. In the absence of ACh, 0.75 micrometer Ca++ increased TPI breakdown and PA labeling by 11 and 20%, respectively. When both ACh and Ca++ were added, the increase in TPI breakdown and PA labeling rose to 32 and 74%, respectively. The labeling of phosphatidylinositol was found to be insensitive to the presence of Ca++. Ca++ was determined in the iris smooth muscle and it was found to contain 3.13 mumol of Ca++ per g of tissue. This was reduced by 80% after the muscle was washed and incubated in a medium which contained 0.25 micrometer ethyleneglycol bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). The TPI effect was abolished by 0.25 micrometer EGTA and restored when excess Ca++ (1.25 micrometer) was added. Concentrations of Ca++ as low as 50 micrometer provoked a TPI effect. Sr++ (2 micrometer), but not Ba++ or Mn++, was found to substitute partially for Ca++. Ionophore A-23187 (20 micrometer) was found to increase the breakdown of TPI and labeling of PA by 11 and 24%, respectively. High concentrations of Ca++ (20 mM) exerted similar effects. The increase in TPI breakdown and PA labeling in response to these agents, in contrast to the TPI effect in response to ACh, was not blocked by atropine. This suggests that the observed effects are not caused by the release of endogenous ACh from the muscle. A possible interpretation for the above observations on the role of Ca++ in the TPI effect at the postsynaptic membrane of the iris smooth muscle could be: (formula: see text).", "PMID": 416199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8531", "title": "EGTA and motoneuronal after-potentials.", "content": "1. Intracellular iontophoretic injections of EGTA (5--20 nA) into cat spinal motoneurones consistently greatly reduce the amplitude of the delayed after hyperpolarization (a.h.p.) that follows the spike. 2. This effect is accompanied by a large reduction (on average by 3/4) in the marked increase in input conductance normally associated with the a.h.p. 3. There is also a consistent, though less regular, tendency for the resting input conductance to decrease (on average by 1/5), as well as some depolarization. 4. Recovery of the a.h.p., the associated conductance increase and the resting conductance is ver slow. It is sometimes accelerated by injections of citrate and Cl-, or CA2+. 5. Other hyperpolarizing phenomena, such as recurrent or othodromically-evoked i.p.s.p.s, are not depressed by injections of EGTA. 6. When depolarization is minimal EGTA injections that markedly depress the a.h.p. do not affect the rate of rise or fall of the spike. If, as a result of depolarization, an early a.h.p. is visible, it is patently insensitive to EGTA. 7. The post-spike depolarizing after-potential (delayed depolarization) is not obviously affected by EGTA, apart from the usual diminution seen during depolarization. 8. Since the main action of EGTA is to bind free Ca2+, the marked depression of the a.h.p. indicates that the sharp increase in K conductance which generates the a.h.p. is probably caused by a influx of Ca2+ accompanying the action potential. It is suggested that this inward Ca2+ current may be manifested in the depolarizing after-potential.", "contents": "EGTA and motoneuronal after-potentials. 1. Intracellular iontophoretic injections of EGTA (5--20 nA) into cat spinal motoneurones consistently greatly reduce the amplitude of the delayed after hyperpolarization (a.h.p.) that follows the spike. 2. This effect is accompanied by a large reduction (on average by 3/4) in the marked increase in input conductance normally associated with the a.h.p. 3. There is also a consistent, though less regular, tendency for the resting input conductance to decrease (on average by 1/5), as well as some depolarization. 4. Recovery of the a.h.p., the associated conductance increase and the resting conductance is ver slow. It is sometimes accelerated by injections of citrate and Cl-, or CA2+. 5. Other hyperpolarizing phenomena, such as recurrent or othodromically-evoked i.p.s.p.s, are not depressed by injections of EGTA. 6. When depolarization is minimal EGTA injections that markedly depress the a.h.p. do not affect the rate of rise or fall of the spike. If, as a result of depolarization, an early a.h.p. is visible, it is patently insensitive to EGTA. 7. The post-spike depolarizing after-potential (delayed depolarization) is not obviously affected by EGTA, apart from the usual diminution seen during depolarization. 8. Since the main action of EGTA is to bind free Ca2+, the marked depression of the a.h.p. indicates that the sharp increase in K conductance which generates the a.h.p. is probably caused by a influx of Ca2+ accompanying the action potential. It is suggested that this inward Ca2+ current may be manifested in the depolarizing after-potential.", "PMID": 416201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8532", "title": "Significance of 2,4-dinitrophenol action on spinal motoneurones.", "content": "1. Extracellular iontophoretic applications of DNP lead to an increase in the membrane conductance of cat spinal motoneurones, manifested by a rise in input conductance, a slower rate of rise and fall of action potentials, and occlusion of the afterhyperpolarization. 2. There is also some hyperpolarization, but the reversal potential for the action of DNP is only about 12 mV more negative than the resting potential. 3. These effect of DNP can be abolished or significantly reduced by intracellular injections of EGTA. On the other hand, DNP can partly reverse the decreased conductance and the depression of the slow afterhyperpolarization caused by EGTA. 4. Intracellular injections of DNP also induce a rise in input conductance; when repeated, they tend to have a depolarizing effect, mainly irreversible. 5. It is concluded that DNP acts principally inside the motoneurone, by liberating bound internal Ca, the free Ca ions then raising membrane conductance, especially GK.", "contents": "Significance of 2,4-dinitrophenol action on spinal motoneurones. 1. Extracellular iontophoretic applications of DNP lead to an increase in the membrane conductance of cat spinal motoneurones, manifested by a rise in input conductance, a slower rate of rise and fall of action potentials, and occlusion of the afterhyperpolarization. 2. There is also some hyperpolarization, but the reversal potential for the action of DNP is only about 12 mV more negative than the resting potential. 3. These effect of DNP can be abolished or significantly reduced by intracellular injections of EGTA. On the other hand, DNP can partly reverse the decreased conductance and the depression of the slow afterhyperpolarization caused by EGTA. 4. Intracellular injections of DNP also induce a rise in input conductance; when repeated, they tend to have a depolarizing effect, mainly irreversible. 5. It is concluded that DNP acts principally inside the motoneurone, by liberating bound internal Ca, the free Ca ions then raising membrane conductance, especially GK.", "PMID": 416202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8533", "title": "Actions of EGTA and high calcium on the cones in the turtle retina.", "content": "1. The effects of Ca2+ on the activity of retinal cones were investigated by recording intracellular responses from turtle retinae perfused with solutions containing different Ca2+ concentrations. 2. Lowering extracellular Ca2+ concentration with EGTA increased membrane conductance and evoked depolarization in darkness. 3. Responses to bright lights were increased by EGTA by an amount equal to the depolarization in darkness; responses to dim lights instead were usually reduced. In addition EGTA modified the time course of responses to flashes. These changes were especially evident during the later phases of the response. 4. A steady light applied during EGTA perfusion can restore the original membrane potential. The kinetics of responses in these conditions, however, differ profoundly from those prevailing Ca2+ concentrations evoked hyperpolarization of the cones and decreased the amplitude of their responses to bright lights. The time course of responses to flashes was not appreciably modified by high Ca2+. 6. A steady light which hyperpolarizes the cone membrane by the same amount as high Ca2+ has an equal effect on the amplitude of responses to bright flashes but has an entirely different action on response kinetics and on the amplitude of responses to dimmer flashes. 7. The effects of EGTA on resting potential, conductance and response amplitudecan be interpreted assuming that the drug opens channels which are normally closed by Ca2+ in darkness. Conversely, the changes caused by high Ca2+ suggest that raising the concentration of outside Ca2+ reduces the number of light-sensitive channels open in darkness. 8. The observation that Ca2+ and light have different effects on kinetics and sensitivities is difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that Ca2+ is the substance liberated by light to cause photoresponses.", "contents": "Actions of EGTA and high calcium on the cones in the turtle retina. 1. The effects of Ca2+ on the activity of retinal cones were investigated by recording intracellular responses from turtle retinae perfused with solutions containing different Ca2+ concentrations. 2. Lowering extracellular Ca2+ concentration with EGTA increased membrane conductance and evoked depolarization in darkness. 3. Responses to bright lights were increased by EGTA by an amount equal to the depolarization in darkness; responses to dim lights instead were usually reduced. In addition EGTA modified the time course of responses to flashes. These changes were especially evident during the later phases of the response. 4. A steady light applied during EGTA perfusion can restore the original membrane potential. The kinetics of responses in these conditions, however, differ profoundly from those prevailing Ca2+ concentrations evoked hyperpolarization of the cones and decreased the amplitude of their responses to bright lights. The time course of responses to flashes was not appreciably modified by high Ca2+. 6. A steady light which hyperpolarizes the cone membrane by the same amount as high Ca2+ has an equal effect on the amplitude of responses to bright flashes but has an entirely different action on response kinetics and on the amplitude of responses to dimmer flashes. 7. The effects of EGTA on resting potential, conductance and response amplitudecan be interpreted assuming that the drug opens channels which are normally closed by Ca2+ in darkness. Conversely, the changes caused by high Ca2+ suggest that raising the concentration of outside Ca2+ reduces the number of light-sensitive channels open in darkness. 8. The observation that Ca2+ and light have different effects on kinetics and sensitivities is difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that Ca2+ is the substance liberated by light to cause photoresponses.", "PMID": 416204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8534", "title": "Effect of 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-indazole-3-carboxylic acid on sperm tails in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Large numbers of spermatozoa with bent or coiled tails were found in the ejaculates of rhesus monkeys treated with 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (DICA) (50 or 500 mg/kg for various periods). The defect appeared only in spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis and consisted of axoneme disarrangement and loss of the fibre doublets. The coil was completely enclosed in a membrane.", "contents": "Effect of 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-indazole-3-carboxylic acid on sperm tails in rhesus monkeys. Large numbers of spermatozoa with bent or coiled tails were found in the ejaculates of rhesus monkeys treated with 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (DICA) (50 or 500 mg/kg for various periods). The defect appeared only in spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis and consisted of axoneme disarrangement and loss of the fibre doublets. The coil was completely enclosed in a membrane.", "PMID": 416207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8535", "title": "Prolactin response to synthetic TRF in pregnant ewes.", "content": "The prolactin secretion response to TRF was similar at all stages of pregnancy (Days 40, 66, 102 and term).", "contents": "Prolactin response to synthetic TRF in pregnant ewes. The prolactin secretion response to TRF was similar at all stages of pregnancy (Days 40, 66, 102 and term).", "PMID": 416208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8536", "title": "Pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH and TRH and the effects of progesterone or progesterone and oestradiol treatment in anoestrous sheep.", "content": "Pituitary responsiveness to 200 microgram synthetic LH-RH and to 10 microgram TRH was determined in anoestrous sheep before and after treatment for 3 weeks with progesterone (100 mg/day), or oestradiol (250 microgram/day) plus progesterone (100 mg/day). There was a marked decrease in pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH after progesterone (P is less than 0.01), or oestradiol plus progesterone (P is less than 0.01) treatments, and an increase in response to TRH after oestradiol plus progesterone (P is less than 0.01) treatment. The results demonstrate selective and simultaneous feedback effects of oestradiol and progesterone on pituitary responsiveness to two hypothalamic releasing hormones.", "contents": "Pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH and TRH and the effects of progesterone or progesterone and oestradiol treatment in anoestrous sheep. Pituitary responsiveness to 200 microgram synthetic LH-RH and to 10 microgram TRH was determined in anoestrous sheep before and after treatment for 3 weeks with progesterone (100 mg/day), or oestradiol (250 microgram/day) plus progesterone (100 mg/day). There was a marked decrease in pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH after progesterone (P is less than 0.01), or oestradiol plus progesterone (P is less than 0.01) treatments, and an increase in response to TRH after oestradiol plus progesterone (P is less than 0.01) treatment. The results demonstrate selective and simultaneous feedback effects of oestradiol and progesterone on pituitary responsiveness to two hypothalamic releasing hormones.", "PMID": 416209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8537", "title": "E1k, another quantitative variant at cholinesterase locus 1.", "content": "Two families segregating for the atypical (E1a) allele at cholinesterase locus 1 are described. Unusual results for dibucaine inhibition led to the recognition of a new allele (E1k) also segregating in these families. The enzymatic and immunological data are consistent with the hypothesis that E1k causes reduction of 'usual' (E1u) molecules by about 33%. Whether the reduction of E1u caused by E1k is caused by retarded synthesis or accelerated degradation of serum cholinesterase remains to be determined.", "contents": "E1k, another quantitative variant at cholinesterase locus 1. Two families segregating for the atypical (E1a) allele at cholinesterase locus 1 are described. Unusual results for dibucaine inhibition led to the recognition of a new allele (E1k) also segregating in these families. The enzymatic and immunological data are consistent with the hypothesis that E1k causes reduction of 'usual' (E1u) molecules by about 33%. Whether the reduction of E1u caused by E1k is caused by retarded synthesis or accelerated degradation of serum cholinesterase remains to be determined.", "PMID": 416211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8538", "title": "The Axenfeld syndrome and the Rieger syndrome.", "content": "A family is reported in which both the syndrome of Axenfeld and the eye malformations of the syndrome of Rieger occur, indicating that both may be expressions of the same gene. We also review the associated anomalies already reported, emphasise their high incidence, suggest that these are not accidental associations, and propose some possible explanations for the high incidence.", "contents": "The Axenfeld syndrome and the Rieger syndrome. A family is reported in which both the syndrome of Axenfeld and the eye malformations of the syndrome of Rieger occur, indicating that both may be expressions of the same gene. We also review the associated anomalies already reported, emphasise their high incidence, suggest that these are not accidental associations, and propose some possible explanations for the high incidence.", "PMID": 416212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8539", "title": "Medical students' orientation toward the chronically ill.", "content": "Medical students receive little training specifically directed toward care of chronically ill persons, and physicians, therefore, tend to have little knowledge of alternative long-term care arrangements. Moreover, the negative attitudes toward chronic patients which were observed by Becker in the 1950s still seem prevalent among medical students. Little interest is expressed by medical students in fields which focus on the chronically ill or aged. Restructuring of medical education is necessary in order to promote more concern among physicians with the needs of the chronically ill.", "contents": "Medical students' orientation toward the chronically ill. Medical students receive little training specifically directed toward care of chronically ill persons, and physicians, therefore, tend to have little knowledge of alternative long-term care arrangements. Moreover, the negative attitudes toward chronic patients which were observed by Becker in the 1950s still seem prevalent among medical students. Little interest is expressed by medical students in fields which focus on the chronically ill or aged. Restructuring of medical education is necessary in order to promote more concern among physicians with the needs of the chronically ill.", "PMID": 416213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8540", "title": "Radiographic diagnosis of choanal atresia induced prenatally with triamcinolone in the baboon (Papio cynocephalus).", "content": "Choanal atresia was diagnosed radiographically using a water soluble contrast media in 2 of 7 Papio cynocephalus exposed to triamcinolone acetonide in utero. In one P. cynocephalus, the atresia was complete and was associated with other orofacial abnormalities. The other animal, previously considered to be normal, had a partial nasal obstruction. The radiographic appearance of the drug-induced defects observed in the baboon closely resemble the descriptions of spontaneously occurring defects in human infants.", "contents": "Radiographic diagnosis of choanal atresia induced prenatally with triamcinolone in the baboon (Papio cynocephalus). Choanal atresia was diagnosed radiographically using a water soluble contrast media in 2 of 7 Papio cynocephalus exposed to triamcinolone acetonide in utero. In one P. cynocephalus, the atresia was complete and was associated with other orofacial abnormalities. The other animal, previously considered to be normal, had a partial nasal obstruction. The radiographic appearance of the drug-induced defects observed in the baboon closely resemble the descriptions of spontaneously occurring defects in human infants.", "PMID": 416215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8541", "title": "Response of baboon peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin: time-course and dose-response relationships.", "content": "Optimal conditions for studying phytohemagglutinin(PHA)-induced transformation of baboon peripheral blood lymphocytes were determined. Maximal stimulation, as determined by uptake and incorporation of tritiated thymidine (total cell and trichloroacetic-acid-precipitable radioactivity), occurred at a PHA level of 12.5 microgram in a culture volume of 0.25 ml containing 2 x 10(5) lymphocytes. Optimal stimulation occurred after a total incubation period of 114 h, the last 18 h of which was in the presence of 1muCi of the labeled DNA precursor per culture. While there was considerable variation in the extent of responsiveness of lymphocytes from individual animals, the shape of the dose-response and time-course curves for most mitogen concentrations was generally similar.", "contents": "Response of baboon peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin: time-course and dose-response relationships. Optimal conditions for studying phytohemagglutinin(PHA)-induced transformation of baboon peripheral blood lymphocytes were determined. Maximal stimulation, as determined by uptake and incorporation of tritiated thymidine (total cell and trichloroacetic-acid-precipitable radioactivity), occurred at a PHA level of 12.5 microgram in a culture volume of 0.25 ml containing 2 x 10(5) lymphocytes. Optimal stimulation occurred after a total incubation period of 114 h, the last 18 h of which was in the presence of 1muCi of the labeled DNA precursor per culture. While there was considerable variation in the extent of responsiveness of lymphocytes from individual animals, the shape of the dose-response and time-course curves for most mitogen concentrations was generally similar.", "PMID": 416216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8542", "title": "Effect of chronic oral methadone treatment on the growth of maturing monkeys.", "content": "Three male rhesus monkeys drank methadone hydrochloride (1.0-2.5 mg/kg/day) in Tang orange drink from age two to four years. Their rate of body weight gain was faster than that found by other experimenters. In a second study one male monkey drank 2.0 mg/kg/day methadone while two others drank only Tang from age 21/2 to 31/2 years. The rate of body weight gain was identical for the three monkeys, and was the same as that found in the previous study. The apparent augmentation of body weight gain in the first study was probably due to inter-laboratory differences in housing and feeding conditions.", "contents": "Effect of chronic oral methadone treatment on the growth of maturing monkeys. Three male rhesus monkeys drank methadone hydrochloride (1.0-2.5 mg/kg/day) in Tang orange drink from age two to four years. Their rate of body weight gain was faster than that found by other experimenters. In a second study one male monkey drank 2.0 mg/kg/day methadone while two others drank only Tang from age 21/2 to 31/2 years. The rate of body weight gain was identical for the three monkeys, and was the same as that found in the previous study. The apparent augmentation of body weight gain in the first study was probably due to inter-laboratory differences in housing and feeding conditions.", "PMID": 416217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8543", "title": "Ribosomal RNA homologies and the evolution of the filamentous blue-green bacteria.", "content": "Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence homology (as determined by comparisons of T1 oligonucleotide catalogs of 32P-labeled 16S rRNAs) has been used to assess phylogenetic relationships within the filamentous and unicellular blue-green bacteria, and to identify regions of evolutionary conservatism within blue-green bacterial 16S rRNAs. Nostoc and Fishcherella, representatives of two morphologically distinct and highly differentiated orders, are shown to be as closely related (on the basis of RNA sequence homology) as typical members of the non-blue-green bacterial genus Bacillus. They are further shown to be (on the same basis) indistinguishable from typical unicellular members of a subgroup of the unicellular blue-green bacterial order Chroococcales. These results have general implications for studies of the origin of differentiated prokaryotes and of evolutionary change in prokaryotic macromolecules. In particular, they provide indirect evidence that the divergences of contemporary major prokaryotic groups are truly ancient ones.", "contents": "Ribosomal RNA homologies and the evolution of the filamentous blue-green bacteria. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence homology (as determined by comparisons of T1 oligonucleotide catalogs of 32P-labeled 16S rRNAs) has been used to assess phylogenetic relationships within the filamentous and unicellular blue-green bacteria, and to identify regions of evolutionary conservatism within blue-green bacterial 16S rRNAs. Nostoc and Fishcherella, representatives of two morphologically distinct and highly differentiated orders, are shown to be as closely related (on the basis of RNA sequence homology) as typical members of the non-blue-green bacterial genus Bacillus. They are further shown to be (on the same basis) indistinguishable from typical unicellular members of a subgroup of the unicellular blue-green bacterial order Chroococcales. These results have general implications for studies of the origin of differentiated prokaryotes and of evolutionary change in prokaryotic macromolecules. In particular, they provide indirect evidence that the divergences of contemporary major prokaryotic groups are truly ancient ones.", "PMID": 416225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8544", "title": "Carcinogenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in c3H-A vyfB mice: influence of different dietary fats.", "content": "The effect of a diet containing either sunflower-seed oil (polyunsaturated fat diet) or tallow (saturated fat diet) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced carcinogenesis in C3H-A vyfB mice was examined. After receiving either diet for 28 days, some of the mice were given an intragastric dose of 5 mg DMBA. To identify the stage of carcinogenesis that might be influenced by dietary fat, the diets of half of the mice were then interchanged so that those previously fed the saturated fat diet were fed the polyunsaturated fat diet and vice versa. The cumulative incidence of tumor-bearing mice was significantly greater among the females fed the polyunsaturated fat diet compared to those fed the saturated fat diet. This enhancement of carcinogenesis was observed only when the mice were fed the polyunsaturated fat diet after DMBA administration. Similar trends were observed in the male mice, but these mice developed fewer tumors and none of the differences between the tumor incidences were statistically significant. The most common sites for tumors in the male mice were the liver, lungs, and skin, whereas those for tumors in the females were the mammary glands and ovaries. The differences in tumor incidence suggest that carcinogenesis was enhanced by the polyunsaturated fat diet during the promotion stage of carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Carcinogenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in c3H-A vyfB mice: influence of different dietary fats. The effect of a diet containing either sunflower-seed oil (polyunsaturated fat diet) or tallow (saturated fat diet) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced carcinogenesis in C3H-A vyfB mice was examined. After receiving either diet for 28 days, some of the mice were given an intragastric dose of 5 mg DMBA. To identify the stage of carcinogenesis that might be influenced by dietary fat, the diets of half of the mice were then interchanged so that those previously fed the saturated fat diet were fed the polyunsaturated fat diet and vice versa. The cumulative incidence of tumor-bearing mice was significantly greater among the females fed the polyunsaturated fat diet compared to those fed the saturated fat diet. This enhancement of carcinogenesis was observed only when the mice were fed the polyunsaturated fat diet after DMBA administration. Similar trends were observed in the male mice, but these mice developed fewer tumors and none of the differences between the tumor incidences were statistically significant. The most common sites for tumors in the male mice were the liver, lungs, and skin, whereas those for tumors in the females were the mammary glands and ovaries. The differences in tumor incidence suggest that carcinogenesis was enhanced by the polyunsaturated fat diet during the promotion stage of carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 416226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8545", "title": "Comparison of acute response to polychlorinated biphenyl in liver of rat and channel catfish: a biochemical and morphological study.", "content": "The acute response of liver of channel catfish and rat to polychlorinated biphenyl was compared on a structural and functional basis. Both the rat and the fish had elevated microsomal enzyme activities. However, in the rat the response was quantitatively greater in all respects. Morphologically, rats responded with lipid accumulation and marked increases in smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Fish liver showed lipid accumulation and increased profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum with alterations in arrangement that appeared as vesicles and parallel cisternae. Minimal changes were seen in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which appeared to be increased as discrete foci.", "contents": "Comparison of acute response to polychlorinated biphenyl in liver of rat and channel catfish: a biochemical and morphological study. The acute response of liver of channel catfish and rat to polychlorinated biphenyl was compared on a structural and functional basis. Both the rat and the fish had elevated microsomal enzyme activities. However, in the rat the response was quantitatively greater in all respects. Morphologically, rats responded with lipid accumulation and marked increases in smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Fish liver showed lipid accumulation and increased profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum with alterations in arrangement that appeared as vesicles and parallel cisternae. Minimal changes were seen in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which appeared to be increased as discrete foci.", "PMID": 416227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8546", "title": "Measurement of dietary cadmium absorption in humans.", "content": "Total body counting was used to determine cadmium absorption in 14 healthy subjects and in 1 patient with an ileostomy. Breakfast was extrinsically tagged with 115mCdCl2, and a poorly absorbed marker, 51CrCl3, was added to determine the point of complete elimination of unabsorbed radiocadmium from the gastrointestinal tract. The 51Cr was not an ideal marker: fecal excretion of radiocadmium continued beyond the point at which chromium was completely eliminated from the body, Nevertheless, it was helpful in six subjects in identifying the presence of unabsorbed radiocadmium still in transit in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract 3--5 wk after the test meal. The average body retention of radiocadmium determined between 7 and 14 d after the disappearance of the chromium marker from the body was 4.6 +/- 4.0% (SD), with a range of 0.7--15.6%. The biological half-time of absorbed radiocadmium in one of the subjects was 100 d.", "contents": "Measurement of dietary cadmium absorption in humans. Total body counting was used to determine cadmium absorption in 14 healthy subjects and in 1 patient with an ileostomy. Breakfast was extrinsically tagged with 115mCdCl2, and a poorly absorbed marker, 51CrCl3, was added to determine the point of complete elimination of unabsorbed radiocadmium from the gastrointestinal tract. The 51Cr was not an ideal marker: fecal excretion of radiocadmium continued beyond the point at which chromium was completely eliminated from the body, Nevertheless, it was helpful in six subjects in identifying the presence of unabsorbed radiocadmium still in transit in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract 3--5 wk after the test meal. The average body retention of radiocadmium determined between 7 and 14 d after the disappearance of the chromium marker from the body was 4.6 +/- 4.0% (SD), with a range of 0.7--15.6%. The biological half-time of absorbed radiocadmium in one of the subjects was 100 d.", "PMID": 416228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8547", "title": "Leucocytozoonosis in Canada geese in upper Michigan,. 1. Strain differences among geese from different localities.", "content": "Geographic variation in pathogenicity of Leucocytozoon simondi in Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) was investigated by exposing goslings to natural infection at three locations in the upper peninsula of Michigan. Examination of blood smears and tissue sections revealed two patterns of development. Hepatic schizogony and secondary megaloschizogony occurred in cells of the reticuloendothelial system, with round and elongate gametocytes, or only hepatic schizonts and round gametocytes. The evidence for strain differences in L. simondi and its implications in wildfowl management practices are discussed.", "contents": "Leucocytozoonosis in Canada geese in upper Michigan,. 1. Strain differences among geese from different localities. Geographic variation in pathogenicity of Leucocytozoon simondi in Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) was investigated by exposing goslings to natural infection at three locations in the upper peninsula of Michigan. Examination of blood smears and tissue sections revealed two patterns of development. Hepatic schizogony and secondary megaloschizogony occurred in cells of the reticuloendothelial system, with round and elongate gametocytes, or only hepatic schizonts and round gametocytes. The evidence for strain differences in L. simondi and its implications in wildfowl management practices are discussed.", "PMID": 416231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8548", "title": "Brucellosis in elk I. Serologic and bacteriologic survey in Wyoming.", "content": "Incidence of brucellosis in elk (Cervus canadensis) on two winter feedgrounds in Wyoming was examined over a 5-year period by testing serum samples using the standard plate agglutination (SPT) buffered Brucella antigen (BBA), rivanol (Riv) and complement fixation (CFT) tests. Thirty-one percent of 1,165 elk were positive by defined criteria. Considering each test individually, only 29% (106) of 370 positive sera would have been classified as reactors by the SPT, 83% (307) by the BBA test and 86% (314) by the Riv test. The CFT would have identified 85% (267) of 332 positive samples on which it was used. Brucella abortus, type 1, was isolated from 17 of 45 elk necropsied. The SPT identified 59% (10) of these as reactors, the BBA test 94% (16) and the Riv test 88% (15). The CFT identified nine of nine (100%) on which it was used. Prevalence of sero-positive animals increased with age. Brucellosis has been present in one of the two elk herds since at least 1930, and the incidence of infection among mature females in both herds was approximately 50% during this study. No single serologic test should be relied upon to diagnose brucellosis in elk.", "contents": "Brucellosis in elk I. Serologic and bacteriologic survey in Wyoming. Incidence of brucellosis in elk (Cervus canadensis) on two winter feedgrounds in Wyoming was examined over a 5-year period by testing serum samples using the standard plate agglutination (SPT) buffered Brucella antigen (BBA), rivanol (Riv) and complement fixation (CFT) tests. Thirty-one percent of 1,165 elk were positive by defined criteria. Considering each test individually, only 29% (106) of 370 positive sera would have been classified as reactors by the SPT, 83% (307) by the BBA test and 86% (314) by the Riv test. The CFT would have identified 85% (267) of 332 positive samples on which it was used. Brucella abortus, type 1, was isolated from 17 of 45 elk necropsied. The SPT identified 59% (10) of these as reactors, the BBA test 94% (16) and the Riv test 88% (15). The CFT identified nine of nine (100%) on which it was used. Prevalence of sero-positive animals increased with age. Brucellosis has been present in one of the two elk herds since at least 1930, and the incidence of infection among mature females in both herds was approximately 50% during this study. No single serologic test should be relied upon to diagnose brucellosis in elk.", "PMID": 416232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8549", "title": "Ampicillin therapy for pharyngeal gonorrhea.", "content": "Single-dose oral ampicillin trihydrate is ineffective for the treatment of pharyngeal gonorrhea. An evaluation was made of the efficacy of extended oral ampicillin therapy. The regimen consisted of a single oral 3.5-g dose of ampicillin trihydrate and 1.0 g of probenecid on the first day, followed by 500 mg of ampicillin tridhydrate four times a day for each of the succeeding two days, for a total ampicillin trihydrate dose of 7.5 g. One or two follow-up cultures taken within 35 days of completion of therapy were obtained in 77 of the 101 patients treated. Positive test-of-cure cultures were reported in three persons, two of whom may have been reinfected. The failure rate was calculated to range between 1.3% (1/77) to 3.9% (3/77). This compares favorably with current recommended modes of therapy.", "contents": "Ampicillin therapy for pharyngeal gonorrhea. Single-dose oral ampicillin trihydrate is ineffective for the treatment of pharyngeal gonorrhea. An evaluation was made of the efficacy of extended oral ampicillin therapy. The regimen consisted of a single oral 3.5-g dose of ampicillin trihydrate and 1.0 g of probenecid on the first day, followed by 500 mg of ampicillin tridhydrate four times a day for each of the succeeding two days, for a total ampicillin trihydrate dose of 7.5 g. One or two follow-up cultures taken within 35 days of completion of therapy were obtained in 77 of the 101 patients treated. Positive test-of-cure cultures were reported in three persons, two of whom may have been reinfected. The failure rate was calculated to range between 1.3% (1/77) to 3.9% (3/77). This compares favorably with current recommended modes of therapy.", "PMID": 416234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8550", "title": "Some host defence factors in iron deficiency anemia.", "content": "Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye test, Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) contact sensitization reaction, and purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test were carried out in a group of 80 women. The results showed a significant depression in all the three tests in cases who were anemic.", "contents": "Some host defence factors in iron deficiency anemia. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye test, Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) contact sensitization reaction, and purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test were carried out in a group of 80 women. The results showed a significant depression in all the three tests in cases who were anemic.", "PMID": 416237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8551", "title": "Rosette forming T lymphocytes in healthy subjects and patients with liver disease.", "content": "The number of rosette forming T cells was significantly reduced in patients with acute viral hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. The frequency of T cells in various hepatic disorders correlated well with the impairment of delayed hypersensitivity response to DNCB.", "contents": "Rosette forming T lymphocytes in healthy subjects and patients with liver disease. The number of rosette forming T cells was significantly reduced in patients with acute viral hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. The frequency of T cells in various hepatic disorders correlated well with the impairment of delayed hypersensitivity response to DNCB.", "PMID": 416238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8552", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin and transferin in preschool children.", "content": "Considerable variation was observed in immunoglobulins, estimated in 75 preschool children. The mean +/- 1 SD levels of IgG, IgM and IgA were found to be 1241 mgs% +/- 366, 149 mgs% +/- 48,231 mgs% +/- 99 respectively. A significant correlation of serum albumin was found with transferin and hemoglobin, but none existed between hemoglobin and transferin.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin and transferin in preschool children. Considerable variation was observed in immunoglobulins, estimated in 75 preschool children. The mean +/- 1 SD levels of IgG, IgM and IgA were found to be 1241 mgs% +/- 366, 149 mgs% +/- 48,231 mgs% +/- 99 respectively. A significant correlation of serum albumin was found with transferin and hemoglobin, but none existed between hemoglobin and transferin.", "PMID": 416242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8553", "title": "Immunoglobulins in healthy subjects and blood donors.", "content": "Levels of immunoglobulins in serum were determined in 41 healthy subjects and 128 professional blood donors. In healthy subjects mean levels +/- S.D. were: IgG 1260 +/- 492.9 mg/dl, IgM 62.4 +/- 18.2 mg/dl, and IgA 183.4 +/- 70.1 mg/dl. Of 128 blood donors 112 were hepatitis Bs antigen (HBsAg) negative and 16 were positive. A significant (P is less than 0.001) elevation of all three immunoglobulins was observed in HBsAg positive group suggesting increased antibody formation due to persistance of antigen.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in healthy subjects and blood donors. Levels of immunoglobulins in serum were determined in 41 healthy subjects and 128 professional blood donors. In healthy subjects mean levels +/- S.D. were: IgG 1260 +/- 492.9 mg/dl, IgM 62.4 +/- 18.2 mg/dl, and IgA 183.4 +/- 70.1 mg/dl. Of 128 blood donors 112 were hepatitis Bs antigen (HBsAg) negative and 16 were positive. A significant (P is less than 0.001) elevation of all three immunoglobulins was observed in HBsAg positive group suggesting increased antibody formation due to persistance of antigen.", "PMID": 416243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8554", "title": "Immunoglobulins in liver disease.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulins were determined in 39 healthy subjects and 55 patients with a variety of acute and chronic liver diseases. Elevation of IgG and IgA was frequently observed in healthy subjects and patients with acute viral hepatitis, liver cancer and miscellaneous liver disorders. IgG and IgM were elevated in cirrhosis of the liver.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins in liver disease. Serum immunoglobulins were determined in 39 healthy subjects and 55 patients with a variety of acute and chronic liver diseases. Elevation of IgG and IgA was frequently observed in healthy subjects and patients with acute viral hepatitis, liver cancer and miscellaneous liver disorders. IgG and IgM were elevated in cirrhosis of the liver.", "PMID": 416244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8555", "title": "Heterogeneity of amylase in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Serum amylase, total reducing capacity, true glucose and saccharoid fractions were determined in healthy subjects and patients with diabetes mellitus. An increase in the enzyme activity was observed in patients with diabetes mellitus and further elevation occurred with increase in the age. An increase in the activity of isoenzymes was also observed.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of amylase in diabetes mellitus. Serum amylase, total reducing capacity, true glucose and saccharoid fractions were determined in healthy subjects and patients with diabetes mellitus. An increase in the enzyme activity was observed in patients with diabetes mellitus and further elevation occurred with increase in the age. An increase in the activity of isoenzymes was also observed.", "PMID": 416245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8556", "title": "Effects of elastase, protease and common antigen (OEP) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on protection against burns in mice.", "content": "For the purpose of studying the role of elastase and protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bacterial infection in burns, the effects of the vaccines made from each enzyme, their toxoids and OEP on protection against infection in burned mice were studied. Elastase, protease, toxoids of the enzymes, two- or three-component-mixed vaccines and OEP demonstrated significant protection. Toxoids of elastase and protease produced effects similar to those of the enzymes themselves but no synergistic effect in mixed vaccine was detected. Elastase was significantly more effective than protease, the three-component-mixed vaccine or OEP in protecting mice against P. aeruginosa infection in burns.", "contents": "Effects of elastase, protease and common antigen (OEP) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on protection against burns in mice. For the purpose of studying the role of elastase and protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bacterial infection in burns, the effects of the vaccines made from each enzyme, their toxoids and OEP on protection against infection in burned mice were studied. Elastase, protease, toxoids of the enzymes, two- or three-component-mixed vaccines and OEP demonstrated significant protection. Toxoids of elastase and protease produced effects similar to those of the enzymes themselves but no synergistic effect in mixed vaccine was detected. Elastase was significantly more effective than protease, the three-component-mixed vaccine or OEP in protecting mice against P. aeruginosa infection in burns.", "PMID": 416253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8557", "title": "[Treatment of band keratopathy with EDTA (author's transl)].", "content": "Six eyes with band keratopathy were treated with ethylenediamintetraacetacid (EDTA). The treatment is simple, shows no harmful complications and may replace corneal grafting. EDTA treatment can not be successful if a pannus or hyalin deposits impede contact between EDTA and the calcium deposition. Histopathologic examination suggests that the basement membrane of the corneal epithelium is the primary focus of cristallisation of the calcium salt. Even in long standing cases of band keratopathy only the most superficial layers of the cornea are involved.", "contents": "[Treatment of band keratopathy with EDTA (author's transl)]. Six eyes with band keratopathy were treated with ethylenediamintetraacetacid (EDTA). The treatment is simple, shows no harmful complications and may replace corneal grafting. EDTA treatment can not be successful if a pannus or hyalin deposits impede contact between EDTA and the calcium deposition. Histopathologic examination suggests that the basement membrane of the corneal epithelium is the primary focus of cristallisation of the calcium salt. Even in long standing cases of band keratopathy only the most superficial layers of the cornea are involved.", "PMID": 416288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8558", "title": "Acepromazine-ketamine anesthesia in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Six adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were anesthetized using a combination of acepromazine maleate and ketamine hydrochloride administered by intramuscular injection. This combination produced a smooth induction to anesthesia requiring less than 5 minutes. The average duration of anesthesia was slightly less than 1 hour and was safely prolonged with additional doses of ketamine. The depth of anesthesia was sufficient for minor surgical procedures and for precise radiological studies. No deleterious side effects were noted, and animals recovered completely in a short time.", "contents": "Acepromazine-ketamine anesthesia in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Six adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were anesthetized using a combination of acepromazine maleate and ketamine hydrochloride administered by intramuscular injection. This combination produced a smooth induction to anesthesia requiring less than 5 minutes. The average duration of anesthesia was slightly less than 1 hour and was safely prolonged with additional doses of ketamine. The depth of anesthesia was sufficient for minor surgical procedures and for precise radiological studies. No deleterious side effects were noted, and animals recovered completely in a short time.", "PMID": 416295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8559", "title": "Sex determination in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).", "content": "The general morphology of the external genitalia was examined in 43 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) ranging in age from newborn to adult. At birth, the scrotum was a small irregular fold of skin on either side of the caudal aspect of the penis. The testes were not present in the scrotum until 8--11 months of age. The scrotum covered the penis in the adult male, was devoid of fur, was covered by pearly while nodules, and presented a median raphe. In the young female, the pudendal pad closely resembled the scrotum of the male. The vulva was pendulous, and the small vestibular opening was located near its most ventral aspect and closely resembled the preputial opening of the male. In the adult female, the pudendal pad was pendulous, was studded with white nodules, and closely resembled the scrotum of the male. Sex determination by casual observation resulted in numerous errors. Accurate sex determination was based on differences in the preputial and vestibular openings, demonstration of the glans penis in the prepuce, and palpation of the testes in the scrotum or inguinal region.", "contents": "Sex determination in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The general morphology of the external genitalia was examined in 43 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) ranging in age from newborn to adult. At birth, the scrotum was a small irregular fold of skin on either side of the caudal aspect of the penis. The testes were not present in the scrotum until 8--11 months of age. The scrotum covered the penis in the adult male, was devoid of fur, was covered by pearly while nodules, and presented a median raphe. In the young female, the pudendal pad closely resembled the scrotum of the male. The vulva was pendulous, and the small vestibular opening was located near its most ventral aspect and closely resembled the preputial opening of the male. In the adult female, the pudendal pad was pendulous, was studded with white nodules, and closely resembled the scrotum of the male. Sex determination by casual observation resulted in numerous errors. Accurate sex determination was based on differences in the preputial and vestibular openings, demonstration of the glans penis in the prepuce, and palpation of the testes in the scrotum or inguinal region.", "PMID": 416296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8560", "title": "Placenta extrachorialis in the stumptailed macaque (Macaca arctoides).", "content": "Placenta extrachorialis was diagnosed in two of 56 placentas obtained from stumtailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) after elective cesarean section. The condition was characterized by the presence of an annular ring of necrotic tissue and fibrin at the margin of the villous chorion. Because these cases occurred in two of six known primiparous females, it was suggested that thte condition may account, at least in part, for the high incidence of pregnancy-related problems observed in primiparous stumptailed macaques.", "contents": "Placenta extrachorialis in the stumptailed macaque (Macaca arctoides). Placenta extrachorialis was diagnosed in two of 56 placentas obtained from stumtailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) after elective cesarean section. The condition was characterized by the presence of an annular ring of necrotic tissue and fibrin at the margin of the villous chorion. Because these cases occurred in two of six known primiparous females, it was suggested that thte condition may account, at least in part, for the high incidence of pregnancy-related problems observed in primiparous stumptailed macaques.", "PMID": 416297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8561", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis with obstruction of the right atrioventricular orifice and the pulmonary outflow trace in an African monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).", "content": "A 7 to 8-year-old male African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) was found moribund in his cage. Fluid and antibiotic therapy were administered, but the monkey dies 2 hours later. At necropsy, large septic mural thrombi obstructed the right atrioventricular orifice and the pulmonary outflow tract, and smaller septic thrombi were attached to the leaflets of the pulmonary and mitral valves. Staphylococci were isolated from the large thrombus occluding the atrioventricular orifice. Large abscesses were present in the upper and lower lobes of the right lung, and small, wedge shaped infarcts were present in the lungs and kidneys. The clinical and pathologic findings were consistent with a rapidly progressive form of bacterial endocarditis. This was the only case of vegetative bacterial endocarditis seen at this instituion in 700 necropsies of nonhuman primates.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis with obstruction of the right atrioventricular orifice and the pulmonary outflow trace in an African monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). A 7 to 8-year-old male African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) was found moribund in his cage. Fluid and antibiotic therapy were administered, but the monkey dies 2 hours later. At necropsy, large septic mural thrombi obstructed the right atrioventricular orifice and the pulmonary outflow tract, and smaller septic thrombi were attached to the leaflets of the pulmonary and mitral valves. Staphylococci were isolated from the large thrombus occluding the atrioventricular orifice. Large abscesses were present in the upper and lower lobes of the right lung, and small, wedge shaped infarcts were present in the lungs and kidneys. The clinical and pathologic findings were consistent with a rapidly progressive form of bacterial endocarditis. This was the only case of vegetative bacterial endocarditis seen at this instituion in 700 necropsies of nonhuman primates.", "PMID": 416298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8562", "title": "Hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis function during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Marked alterations in levels of circulating thyroid hormone were found in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass with a rise in the free thyroxine and a fall in the free triiodothyronine levels. Studies using thyrotropin-releasing hormone during bypass demonstrated a blunted response to this stimulus. This reduced response is related to changes in thyroid hormone levels and it is suggested that bypass surgery may have a direct inhibitory action on thyroid-stimulating hormone release at the hypothalamo-pituitary level. The potential significance of these hormonal changes is discussed.", "contents": "Hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis function during cardiopulmonary bypass. Marked alterations in levels of circulating thyroid hormone were found in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass with a rise in the free thyroxine and a fall in the free triiodothyronine levels. Studies using thyrotropin-releasing hormone during bypass demonstrated a blunted response to this stimulus. This reduced response is related to changes in thyroid hormone levels and it is suggested that bypass surgery may have a direct inhibitory action on thyroid-stimulating hormone release at the hypothalamo-pituitary level. The potential significance of these hormonal changes is discussed.", "PMID": 416303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8563", "title": "Recovery of group A and nongroup A beta-hemolytic streptococci from throat swab specimens.", "content": "The recovery of beta-hemolytic streptococci from throat swab specimens, from 1973 through 1975, was analyzed. Group A and nongroup A beta-hemolytic streptococci were recovered from 16.5% and 16.1%, respectively, of the specimens received. Although the recovery of group A streptococci fluctuated during the year, with the greatest incidence during the winter and spring months, the recovery of nongroup A streptococci was constant throughout the year. The proportion of group A to nongroup A streptococci was significantly greater in specimens collected during the winter and spring months than in those collected during the summer and fall months, and in specimens from pediatric patients than in those from adults.", "contents": "Recovery of group A and nongroup A beta-hemolytic streptococci from throat swab specimens. The recovery of beta-hemolytic streptococci from throat swab specimens, from 1973 through 1975, was analyzed. Group A and nongroup A beta-hemolytic streptococci were recovered from 16.5% and 16.1%, respectively, of the specimens received. Although the recovery of group A streptococci fluctuated during the year, with the greatest incidence during the winter and spring months, the recovery of nongroup A streptococci was constant throughout the year. The proportion of group A to nongroup A streptococci was significantly greater in specimens collected during the winter and spring months than in those collected during the summer and fall months, and in specimens from pediatric patients than in those from adults.", "PMID": 416304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8564", "title": "[Complete colonoscopy with short instruments--results obtained with the ACMI F9S (author's transl)].", "content": "Total colonoscopy was performed in 3,740 cases within approximately 4 years. Results show, that total colonoscopy may be used as a primary method of clinical examination in an optimal way, if the technically improved, new class of instruments is used. The new short ACMI F6S is especially suited for this approach, yielding reliable results in about 92% of all patients, if the colon is clean and if there are no organic stenoses present.", "contents": "[Complete colonoscopy with short instruments--results obtained with the ACMI F9S (author's transl)]. Total colonoscopy was performed in 3,740 cases within approximately 4 years. Results show, that total colonoscopy may be used as a primary method of clinical examination in an optimal way, if the technically improved, new class of instruments is used. The new short ACMI F6S is especially suited for this approach, yielding reliable results in about 92% of all patients, if the colon is clean and if there are no organic stenoses present.", "PMID": 416310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8565", "title": "Influences of exogenous intake and nitrogen balance on plasma and brain aromatic amino acid concentrations.", "content": "In an effort to determine the sum of the factors influencing the plasma and brain concentrations of aromatic amino acids in rats with liver disease, rats with end-to-side portacaval shunts and their sham-operated controls were placed on various oral and intravenous diets by the techniques of parenteral nutrition. In sham-operated animals with normal hepatic function, the source of amino acids and their composition appeared to play little role in the plasma and brain aromatic amino acids and a derivative of brain tyrosine, octopamine. After end-to-side portacaval shunt, however, plasma and brain concentrations of aromatic amino acids were responsive to exogenous intake in the presence of hepatic impairment. In a group of rats with end-to-side portacaval shunt and presumed hepatic impairment, graded increments of protein equivalent were given with isocaloric hypertonic dextrose by the techniques of parenteral nutrition. When the animals achieved positive nitrogen balance, there were decreased levels in plasma and brain of the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine, and a derivative of tyrosine, octopamine. A clear statistical relationship between plasma and brain tryptophan and nitrogen balance was not observed. The results suggest that in animals with hepatic impairment secondary to end-to-side portacaval shunt both exogenous intake and the level of catabolism (nitrogen balance) influence plasma and brain aromatic amino acids.", "contents": "Influences of exogenous intake and nitrogen balance on plasma and brain aromatic amino acid concentrations. In an effort to determine the sum of the factors influencing the plasma and brain concentrations of aromatic amino acids in rats with liver disease, rats with end-to-side portacaval shunts and their sham-operated controls were placed on various oral and intravenous diets by the techniques of parenteral nutrition. In sham-operated animals with normal hepatic function, the source of amino acids and their composition appeared to play little role in the plasma and brain aromatic amino acids and a derivative of brain tyrosine, octopamine. After end-to-side portacaval shunt, however, plasma and brain concentrations of aromatic amino acids were responsive to exogenous intake in the presence of hepatic impairment. In a group of rats with end-to-side portacaval shunt and presumed hepatic impairment, graded increments of protein equivalent were given with isocaloric hypertonic dextrose by the techniques of parenteral nutrition. When the animals achieved positive nitrogen balance, there were decreased levels in plasma and brain of the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine, and a derivative of tyrosine, octopamine. A clear statistical relationship between plasma and brain tryptophan and nitrogen balance was not observed. The results suggest that in animals with hepatic impairment secondary to end-to-side portacaval shunt both exogenous intake and the level of catabolism (nitrogen balance) influence plasma and brain aromatic amino acids.", "PMID": 416320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8566", "title": "Fasting metabolism in infants. I. Effect of severe undernutrition on energy and protein utilization.", "content": "Fasting energy metabolism was studied in infants to determine the rates of utilization of endogenous carbohydrate, fat, and protein in relation to length of fasting, glucose homeostasis, other circulating energy substrates and hormones, and severe depletion of energy reserves due to prior malnutrition. Five subjects about 1 yr of age were each studied before and after restoration of their energy reserves. Following 3 days of a standard maintenance intake of energy and protein, the subjects were fasted until glycogen oxidation became negligible. Total energy utilization, determined by hourly oxygen consumption, did not diminish as a result of fasting but was significantly less when malnourished than when recovered, 66 versus 79 kcal/kg/day. In all cases the major energy source shifted from oxidation of dietary carbohydrate and glycogen to oxidation of fat, determined from the respiratory quotient, until the oxidation of glycogen became negligible and fat provided 94% of energy in the malnourished subjects after 21 hr and 92% in the recovered subjects after 27 hr. Utilization of protein, determined from urinary nitrogen excretion, remained very low in the malnourished infants accounting for a maximum of 4% of energy, 103 mg N/kg/day, whereas after recovery, protein utilization doubled as a result of fasting, finally accounting for 7% of energy, 226 mg N/kg/day (p less than 0.005). Urea accounted for 60% of total urinary N in both groups and plasma urea increased correspondingly in the recovered but not in the malnourished subjects. Plasma glucose decreased to about 40 mg/100 ml in both groups as glycogen oxidation diminished. The maximum amount of glucose that could have been derived from dietary carbohydrate, glycogen, glycerol, and amino acids decreased over this time from about 6 to 1 mg/kg/min. Alanine declined in relation to glucose concentration and was not different in the two groups in spite of the difference in urea production. Glycerol free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate increased in both groups, but the latter three of these remained significantly less in the malnourished group. Insulin decreased rapidly and remained equally low in both groups. Urinary epinephrine increased in both groups and cortisol was elevated after fasting, while growth hormone did not increase significantly. It is concluded that fasting infants complete the transition from dietary carbohydrate to endogenous fat as the major energy source much faster than do adults, proportionate to relatively greater energy utilization. Severe wasting did not prevent energy homeostasis in spite of greatly depleted body fat. Oxidation of fat continued to provide virtually all of the fasting energy requirements, although ketosis was relatively less. Utilization of endogenous protein also increased as a result of fasting but, by contrast, provided only a very small fraction of total energy, and this was substantially diminished as a result of wasting, similar to what has been found in starved adults...", "contents": "Fasting metabolism in infants. I. Effect of severe undernutrition on energy and protein utilization. Fasting energy metabolism was studied in infants to determine the rates of utilization of endogenous carbohydrate, fat, and protein in relation to length of fasting, glucose homeostasis, other circulating energy substrates and hormones, and severe depletion of energy reserves due to prior malnutrition. Five subjects about 1 yr of age were each studied before and after restoration of their energy reserves. Following 3 days of a standard maintenance intake of energy and protein, the subjects were fasted until glycogen oxidation became negligible. Total energy utilization, determined by hourly oxygen consumption, did not diminish as a result of fasting but was significantly less when malnourished than when recovered, 66 versus 79 kcal/kg/day. In all cases the major energy source shifted from oxidation of dietary carbohydrate and glycogen to oxidation of fat, determined from the respiratory quotient, until the oxidation of glycogen became negligible and fat provided 94% of energy in the malnourished subjects after 21 hr and 92% in the recovered subjects after 27 hr. Utilization of protein, determined from urinary nitrogen excretion, remained very low in the malnourished infants accounting for a maximum of 4% of energy, 103 mg N/kg/day, whereas after recovery, protein utilization doubled as a result of fasting, finally accounting for 7% of energy, 226 mg N/kg/day (p less than 0.005). Urea accounted for 60% of total urinary N in both groups and plasma urea increased correspondingly in the recovered but not in the malnourished subjects. Plasma glucose decreased to about 40 mg/100 ml in both groups as glycogen oxidation diminished. The maximum amount of glucose that could have been derived from dietary carbohydrate, glycogen, glycerol, and amino acids decreased over this time from about 6 to 1 mg/kg/min. Alanine declined in relation to glucose concentration and was not different in the two groups in spite of the difference in urea production. Glycerol free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate increased in both groups, but the latter three of these remained significantly less in the malnourished group. Insulin decreased rapidly and remained equally low in both groups. Urinary epinephrine increased in both groups and cortisol was elevated after fasting, while growth hormone did not increase significantly. It is concluded that fasting infants complete the transition from dietary carbohydrate to endogenous fat as the major energy source much faster than do adults, proportionate to relatively greater energy utilization. Severe wasting did not prevent energy homeostasis in spite of greatly depleted body fat. Oxidation of fat continued to provide virtually all of the fasting energy requirements, although ketosis was relatively less. Utilization of endogenous protein also increased as a result of fasting but, by contrast, provided only a very small fraction of total energy, and this was substantially diminished as a result of wasting, similar to what has been found in starved adults...", "PMID": 416321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8567", "title": "Metabolic effects of clofibrate in insulin-dependent ketosis-prone diabetic man.", "content": "This study examined the effects of clofibrate therapy on basal plasma substrate and hormone concentrations in ketosis-prone insulin-dependent diabetic man. A double-blind crossover design was utilized during a 3-mo period in which clofibrate treatment (1 g b.i.d.) was compared to that of a lactose placebo (1 g b.i.d.). Our results demonstrate that clofibrate treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the concentration of plasma glucose, ketone bodies, free fatty acids, triglyceride, and cholesterol in diabetic man. These beneficial effects were observed without demonstrable changes in circulating concentrations of insulin and glucagon. These observations suggest that in ketosis-prone diabetic man, clofibrate therapy may provide an adjunct to exogenous insulin administration.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of clofibrate in insulin-dependent ketosis-prone diabetic man. This study examined the effects of clofibrate therapy on basal plasma substrate and hormone concentrations in ketosis-prone insulin-dependent diabetic man. A double-blind crossover design was utilized during a 3-mo period in which clofibrate treatment (1 g b.i.d.) was compared to that of a lactose placebo (1 g b.i.d.). Our results demonstrate that clofibrate treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the concentration of plasma glucose, ketone bodies, free fatty acids, triglyceride, and cholesterol in diabetic man. These beneficial effects were observed without demonstrable changes in circulating concentrations of insulin and glucagon. These observations suggest that in ketosis-prone diabetic man, clofibrate therapy may provide an adjunct to exogenous insulin administration.", "PMID": 416322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8568", "title": "Characterisation of Tn501, a transposon determining resistance to mercuric ions.", "content": "The transposon encoding resistance to mercuric ions, Tn501, is 5.2 (+/-0.1) x 10(6) daltons and is bounded by small inverted repeats. The restriction sites for the restriction endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII and SalGI have been mapped on the element.", "contents": "Characterisation of Tn501, a transposon determining resistance to mercuric ions. The transposon encoding resistance to mercuric ions, Tn501, is 5.2 (+/-0.1) x 10(6) daltons and is bounded by small inverted repeats. The restriction sites for the restriction endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII and SalGI have been mapped on the element.", "PMID": 416334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8569", "title": "Photon and electron response of silicon-diode neutron detectors.", "content": "The photon response of silicon-diode neutron detectors is analyzed theoretically and measured in the 15-25-MeV region. The main mechanism for producing a response in the diode is shown to be the displacement of silicon atoms by scattering of electrons. If the photon source is an electron accelerator target, the response is mostly due to electrons originating in the target with a smaller contribution from electrons produced in the diode by photons generated at small angles to the beam.", "contents": "Photon and electron response of silicon-diode neutron detectors. The photon response of silicon-diode neutron detectors is analyzed theoretically and measured in the 15-25-MeV region. The main mechanism for producing a response in the diode is shown to be the displacement of silicon atoms by scattering of electrons. If the photon source is an electron accelerator target, the response is mostly due to electrons originating in the target with a smaller contribution from electrons produced in the diode by photons generated at small angles to the beam.", "PMID": 416330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8570", "title": "Differences in pattern of a DNA protein complex isolated from vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A DNA protein complex has been isolated from vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus subtilis. Properties of the DNA protein complex prepared from vegetative cells were studied and SDS gel electrophoresis was employed to compare the different DNase-untreated and -treated DNA protein complexes. It is concluded that proteins are associated with the DNA and differences in protein pattern in polyacrylamide gels indicates the involvement of DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of spore formation.", "contents": "Differences in pattern of a DNA protein complex isolated from vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus subtilis. A DNA protein complex has been isolated from vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus subtilis. Properties of the DNA protein complex prepared from vegetative cells were studied and SDS gel electrophoresis was employed to compare the different DNase-untreated and -treated DNA protein complexes. It is concluded that proteins are associated with the DNA and differences in protein pattern in polyacrylamide gels indicates the involvement of DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of spore formation.", "PMID": 416335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8571", "title": "[Dosage effects of the non permissive allele of Drosophila ref(2)P gene on sensitive strains of sigma virus (author's transl)].", "content": "Different characteristics of flies relating to sigma virus allow us to class the following drosophila genotypes according to their permissivity for the virus strains which are sensitive to the Pp allele: (formula: see text). It is concluded 1) that the two alleles Po and Pp of ref(2)P gene are active and 2) that the viral protein which interact with the product of ref(2)P is effective, or effectively transformed, without interaction with the product of ref(2)P. The delayed appearance of CO2 sensitivity symptom in flies which are issued from stabilized maternal lines, while they are immune to a superinfection non Pp sensitive virus, leads us to believe that ref(2)P is active not only on a function necessary to viral genome replication, as assumed by preceding workers, but also on a function necessary to maturation for the viral strain which was used.", "contents": "[Dosage effects of the non permissive allele of Drosophila ref(2)P gene on sensitive strains of sigma virus (author's transl)]. Different characteristics of flies relating to sigma virus allow us to class the following drosophila genotypes according to their permissivity for the virus strains which are sensitive to the Pp allele: (formula: see text). It is concluded 1) that the two alleles Po and Pp of ref(2)P gene are active and 2) that the viral protein which interact with the product of ref(2)P is effective, or effectively transformed, without interaction with the product of ref(2)P. The delayed appearance of CO2 sensitivity symptom in flies which are issued from stabilized maternal lines, while they are immune to a superinfection non Pp sensitive virus, leads us to believe that ref(2)P is active not only on a function necessary to viral genome replication, as assumed by preceding workers, but also on a function necessary to maturation for the viral strain which was used.", "PMID": 416337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8572", "title": "Two related structural genes coding two homologous serine proteases in the Bacillus subtilis genome.", "content": "A Bacillus subtilis intracellular serine protease is homologous in sequence to an extracellular serine protease from the same strain, indicating the presence of two related structural genes in the Bacillus subtilis genome.", "contents": "Two related structural genes coding two homologous serine proteases in the Bacillus subtilis genome. A Bacillus subtilis intracellular serine protease is homologous in sequence to an extracellular serine protease from the same strain, indicating the presence of two related structural genes in the Bacillus subtilis genome.", "PMID": 416338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8573", "title": "[Some questions about blood group nomenclature].", "content": "Author in introductory part of the paper deals with several basic principles of the scientifical nomenclature, then with the up to date definition of \"blood-groups\". The so called \"blood-groups\" in the human and in animals represent biochemical, more exactly structurechemical polymorphisms, i.e. they are genetically regulated inherited variants of some functionally basic molecules. Consequently the expression \"blood-groups\"--which originally implied Landsteiner's ABO-system and it's groups--nowadays include various types (erythrocyte-membrane, serum, enzym etc.) of structural polymorphisms. Author recommends to sign serum samples (\"Serotypes\") as anti-A, anti-B and anti-A + B. Definition of \"sub-groups\" and \"variants\" is given. Author deals with the nomenclature of Rh-system including Rh-phenotypes and genotypes. At last description of symbols used in blood-group systems is given.", "contents": "[Some questions about blood group nomenclature]. Author in introductory part of the paper deals with several basic principles of the scientifical nomenclature, then with the up to date definition of \"blood-groups\". The so called \"blood-groups\" in the human and in animals represent biochemical, more exactly structurechemical polymorphisms, i.e. they are genetically regulated inherited variants of some functionally basic molecules. Consequently the expression \"blood-groups\"--which originally implied Landsteiner's ABO-system and it's groups--nowadays include various types (erythrocyte-membrane, serum, enzym etc.) of structural polymorphisms. Author recommends to sign serum samples (\"Serotypes\") as anti-A, anti-B and anti-A + B. Definition of \"sub-groups\" and \"variants\" is given. Author deals with the nomenclature of Rh-system including Rh-phenotypes and genotypes. At last description of symbols used in blood-group systems is given.", "PMID": 416340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8574", "title": "[Smallpox vaccination--Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A fatal acute meningococcal sepsis (Waterhouse-Friderchsen syndrome) appearing 25 days after smallpox vaccination (re-vaccination) on military service is reported. In order to assume a causal connection between the vaccination reaction and the acute infectious complication on atypically long \"unspecific negative phase\" after the vaccination is postulated. The morphological findings at the vaccination pustule, which shows the same changes as a first vaccination, also support a pathological post-vaccinal course. In consideration of these observations, revaccination after 20 years is apparently a risk.", "contents": "[Smallpox vaccination--Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (author's transl)]. A fatal acute meningococcal sepsis (Waterhouse-Friderchsen syndrome) appearing 25 days after smallpox vaccination (re-vaccination) on military service is reported. In order to assume a causal connection between the vaccination reaction and the acute infectious complication on atypically long \"unspecific negative phase\" after the vaccination is postulated. The morphological findings at the vaccination pustule, which shows the same changes as a first vaccination, also support a pathological post-vaccinal course. In consideration of these observations, revaccination after 20 years is apparently a risk.", "PMID": 416342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8575", "title": "Abuse of inhalation anesthetic drugs.", "content": "Abuse of inhalational drugs used to produce anesthesia has progressed pari passu with their evolvement and may exist far into the future. It occurs among both professional and lay people and is fraught with toxicological and sociological hazard in excess of many other forms of substance abuse.", "contents": "Abuse of inhalation anesthetic drugs. Abuse of inhalational drugs used to produce anesthesia has progressed pari passu with their evolvement and may exist far into the future. It occurs among both professional and lay people and is fraught with toxicological and sociological hazard in excess of many other forms of substance abuse.", "PMID": 416343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8576", "title": "[Genome organization in eukaryotes].", "content": "The review discussed problems of genome organization in the chromosomes of eukaryotes based on the data of genetical and molecular-biological studies. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of organization of genetic material in Drosophila. The main (euchromatic) part of the genome is considered as the totality of separate functional units (chromomere, gene loci), which have in the average a higher excess of DNA compared to the sized of the structural gene. The possible ways of internal organization of these units and the role of different types of DNA sequences in their function are discussed. The features of organization and function of the heterochromatic regions of chromosomes consisting of simple sequences of satellite DNA and tandemly repeated genes (polygenes), that code for general cellular functions (similar to the ribosomal genes) are considered. The instability of the number and even the sites of localization of polygenes in the chromosome, which can be determined by the peculiarities of their functions during differentiation of somatic cells is notes.", "contents": "[Genome organization in eukaryotes]. The review discussed problems of genome organization in the chromosomes of eukaryotes based on the data of genetical and molecular-biological studies. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of organization of genetic material in Drosophila. The main (euchromatic) part of the genome is considered as the totality of separate functional units (chromomere, gene loci), which have in the average a higher excess of DNA compared to the sized of the structural gene. The possible ways of internal organization of these units and the role of different types of DNA sequences in their function are discussed. The features of organization and function of the heterochromatic regions of chromosomes consisting of simple sequences of satellite DNA and tandemly repeated genes (polygenes), that code for general cellular functions (similar to the ribosomal genes) are considered. The instability of the number and even the sites of localization of polygenes in the chromosome, which can be determined by the peculiarities of their functions during differentiation of somatic cells is notes.", "PMID": 416339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8577", "title": "[Vision with moving eyes].", "content": "Recent microelectrode studies of single neurons of the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, and visual and parietal cortex are related to the problems of visual stability, prevention of fading, control of eye movements, and visual attention.", "contents": "[Vision with moving eyes]. Recent microelectrode studies of single neurons of the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, and visual and parietal cortex are related to the problems of visual stability, prevention of fading, control of eye movements, and visual attention.", "PMID": 416360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8578", "title": "[3H]-Thyroliberin (TRH) binding to nuclei isolated from a pituitary clonal cell line (GH3).", "content": "[3H]Thyroliberin (TRH) has been previously shown to enter its target GH3 cells. Intracellular [3H]-TRH was found chemically unmodified and associated to organites, cytosol and nucleus. We studied the [3H]-TRH binding capacity of a highly purified nuclear fraction isolated by an original procedure from GH3 cells. The nuclei still presented their double nuclear envelope. They are able to bind [H]-TRH to the same extent as nuclei isolated from GH3 cells previously exposed to [3H]-TRH. The equilibrium of binding was reached after 2--5 min incubation at 25 degrees or 35 degrees C. The binding is stable at 4 degrees C and partially (50%) dissociated within 15 min at 25 degrees C. 50% of the binding was inhibited by large excess of unlabelled TRH. Nuclei obtained from a variant GH3 cell which has lost its responsiveness to TRH presented only the noncompetitive binding compartment. The binding was found dose dependent and not saturable. Two apparent dissociation constants were evaluated: 1.5--2.5 x 10--8M and 2.10--6M, respectively, for high and low doses of [3H]-TRH. The first one was identical to that previously found for intact GH3 cells. The present data show the existence of specific nuclear binding sites for TRH, establish their characteristics and suggest a possible nuclear site of action for that peptide hormone.", "contents": "[3H]-Thyroliberin (TRH) binding to nuclei isolated from a pituitary clonal cell line (GH3). [3H]Thyroliberin (TRH) has been previously shown to enter its target GH3 cells. Intracellular [3H]-TRH was found chemically unmodified and associated to organites, cytosol and nucleus. We studied the [3H]-TRH binding capacity of a highly purified nuclear fraction isolated by an original procedure from GH3 cells. The nuclei still presented their double nuclear envelope. They are able to bind [H]-TRH to the same extent as nuclei isolated from GH3 cells previously exposed to [3H]-TRH. The equilibrium of binding was reached after 2--5 min incubation at 25 degrees or 35 degrees C. The binding is stable at 4 degrees C and partially (50%) dissociated within 15 min at 25 degrees C. 50% of the binding was inhibited by large excess of unlabelled TRH. Nuclei obtained from a variant GH3 cell which has lost its responsiveness to TRH presented only the noncompetitive binding compartment. The binding was found dose dependent and not saturable. Two apparent dissociation constants were evaluated: 1.5--2.5 x 10--8M and 2.10--6M, respectively, for high and low doses of [3H]-TRH. The first one was identical to that previously found for intact GH3 cells. The present data show the existence of specific nuclear binding sites for TRH, establish their characteristics and suggest a possible nuclear site of action for that peptide hormone.", "PMID": 416366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8579", "title": "[Various prognostic elements in childhood epilepsy in the light of selected materials of the Department of Developmental Neurology, Medical Academy in Gda\u0144sk].", "content": "The purpose of the work was establishing prognostic factors in childhood epilepsy with particular reference to older children after the age of puberty. Of the total number of 138 children in 84 the seizures didn't return during follow-up from 2 to 11 years or more. Good prognosis was associated with seizures (with the exception of temporal-lobe seizures, salaam seizures and seizures limited to one half of the body) of gestation-perinatal or traumatic aetiology appearing for the first time between the age of 3 and 10 years, occurring rarely and treated early and systematically, and also cases without abnormalities in neurological examination.", "contents": "[Various prognostic elements in childhood epilepsy in the light of selected materials of the Department of Developmental Neurology, Medical Academy in Gda\u0144sk]. The purpose of the work was establishing prognostic factors in childhood epilepsy with particular reference to older children after the age of puberty. Of the total number of 138 children in 84 the seizures didn't return during follow-up from 2 to 11 years or more. Good prognosis was associated with seizures (with the exception of temporal-lobe seizures, salaam seizures and seizures limited to one half of the body) of gestation-perinatal or traumatic aetiology appearing for the first time between the age of 3 and 10 years, occurring rarely and treated early and systematically, and also cases without abnormalities in neurological examination.", "PMID": 416364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8580", "title": "Juvenile type of generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Spielmeyer-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome1 II. Biopsy findings.", "content": "Rectal biopsies were obtained from 11 children, clinically presumed to suffer from the juvenile type of generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis. In addition, sural nerve biopsies were performed in 4 cases. Of the various staining procedures applied for light microscopy, Sundan Black B was found to be the most useful, revealing in each of the rectal biopsies at least some nerve cells with coarse black droplets as well as numerous mucosal macrophages with a more greyish, dustlike material. In sural nerve biopsies a slight reduction of the thick myelinated nerve fibers was seen in two cases, accompanied by regeneration phenomena. The latter were also detectable in one other case, the remaining sural nerve biopsy being histologically unremarkable. By electron microscopy neuronal perikarya revealed lipopigment bodies with a fingerprint-like pattern in each of the rectal biopsies. In one case only was this pattern combined with distinct curvilinear profiles. In 4 cases, however, the fingerprint-like deposits were intermingled with different lamellated bodies, some of them reminiscent of MCB's or zebra bodies. In two of the 4 cases, these were even seen exclusively in some neurons. In each of the rectal as well as the sural nerve biopsies, most of the non-neuronal cell types presented lipopigment bodies, likewise, displaying both curvilinear and fingerpring-like profiles, with some characteristics related to the various cell types. With regard to generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis the diagnostic value of rectal biopsies, though being disputed in the literature, appears reestablished by the findings presented.", "contents": "Juvenile type of generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Spielmeyer-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome1 II. Biopsy findings. Rectal biopsies were obtained from 11 children, clinically presumed to suffer from the juvenile type of generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis. In addition, sural nerve biopsies were performed in 4 cases. Of the various staining procedures applied for light microscopy, Sundan Black B was found to be the most useful, revealing in each of the rectal biopsies at least some nerve cells with coarse black droplets as well as numerous mucosal macrophages with a more greyish, dustlike material. In sural nerve biopsies a slight reduction of the thick myelinated nerve fibers was seen in two cases, accompanied by regeneration phenomena. The latter were also detectable in one other case, the remaining sural nerve biopsy being histologically unremarkable. By electron microscopy neuronal perikarya revealed lipopigment bodies with a fingerprint-like pattern in each of the rectal biopsies. In one case only was this pattern combined with distinct curvilinear profiles. In 4 cases, however, the fingerprint-like deposits were intermingled with different lamellated bodies, some of them reminiscent of MCB's or zebra bodies. In two of the 4 cases, these were even seen exclusively in some neurons. In each of the rectal as well as the sural nerve biopsies, most of the non-neuronal cell types presented lipopigment bodies, likewise, displaying both curvilinear and fingerpring-like profiles, with some characteristics related to the various cell types. With regard to generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis the diagnostic value of rectal biopsies, though being disputed in the literature, appears reestablished by the findings presented.", "PMID": 416372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8581", "title": "Juvenile type of generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Spielmeyer-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome) I. Clinical findings.", "content": "Thirteen patients with the clinical course of the juvenile type of generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis were examined clinically, ophthalmologically, neurologically and psychiatrically. This included registration of EEG, x-ray, brain scintigraphy, motor nerve conduction velocity, ERG, fundus photography and bioptical investigations including electron microscopy. The children suffered from progressing decrease of visual acuity, decline of mental capacities, and later on speech and gait disturbances. The most characteristic findings are presented in case reports, two tables and fourteen pictures.", "contents": "Juvenile type of generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Spielmeyer-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome) I. Clinical findings. Thirteen patients with the clinical course of the juvenile type of generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis were examined clinically, ophthalmologically, neurologically and psychiatrically. This included registration of EEG, x-ray, brain scintigraphy, motor nerve conduction velocity, ERG, fundus photography and bioptical investigations including electron microscopy. The children suffered from progressing decrease of visual acuity, decline of mental capacities, and later on speech and gait disturbances. The most characteristic findings are presented in case reports, two tables and fourteen pictures.", "PMID": 416373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8582", "title": "Effects of plant and animal lipids rich in docosenoic acids on the myocardium of Cynomolgus monkeys.", "content": "Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were fed diets containing 25% rapeseed oil (RSO), partially-hydrogenated herring oil (PHHO) or a 3:1 mixture of lard/corn oil as control (CON) for 4 months. The RSO contained approximately 25% of the fatty acids as erucic acid (cis-docos-13-enoic, 22:1w9) while the PHHO contained a similar concentration of mainly cetoleic acid (cis-docos-11-enoic, 22:1w11). The CON contained no 22:1 acids. The monkeys developed the expected myocardial lipidosis, somewhat more pronounced in the RSO than the PHHO group, but small foci of mononuclear cell infiltration, while infrequent, occurred in all three groups. Significant intergroup differences in biochemical or hematologic measurements of serum constituents were an increase in serum cholesterol concentration in the RSO group and an increase in serum glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase activity in both RSO and PHHO groups at certain intervals. The shorter proportion of M. fascicularis life span represented by this experiment may account for the absence of clear intergroup differences such as are reported in rats used in similar studies.", "contents": "Effects of plant and animal lipids rich in docosenoic acids on the myocardium of Cynomolgus monkeys. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were fed diets containing 25% rapeseed oil (RSO), partially-hydrogenated herring oil (PHHO) or a 3:1 mixture of lard/corn oil as control (CON) for 4 months. The RSO contained approximately 25% of the fatty acids as erucic acid (cis-docos-13-enoic, 22:1w9) while the PHHO contained a similar concentration of mainly cetoleic acid (cis-docos-11-enoic, 22:1w11). The CON contained no 22:1 acids. The monkeys developed the expected myocardial lipidosis, somewhat more pronounced in the RSO than the PHHO group, but small foci of mononuclear cell infiltration, while infrequent, occurred in all three groups. Significant intergroup differences in biochemical or hematologic measurements of serum constituents were an increase in serum cholesterol concentration in the RSO group and an increase in serum glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase activity in both RSO and PHHO groups at certain intervals. The shorter proportion of M. fascicularis life span represented by this experiment may account for the absence of clear intergroup differences such as are reported in rats used in similar studies.", "PMID": 416402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8583", "title": "Development of digestive enzymes in the piglet from birth to 8 weeks. II. Intestine and intestinal disaccharidases.", "content": "The changes with age of intestinal mucosa, protein, lactase, maltase and sucrase were followed in the piglet between day 105 of gestation and 8 weeks after birth. Lactase and maltase activities appeared during fetal life in the whole of the small intestine. Activity of sucrase was recorded after the 1st postnatal week. Lactase activity was high at birth and reached a maximum at 1 week (X 2.5); maltase activity which was low at birth increased to the 8th week (X 143). Activities of all enzymes were low in the duodenum; lactase was most active in the jejumum. Similar activities of maltase and sucrase were found in the two distal parts of the small intestine. Specific activity (related to protein content) of lactase reached a maximum at the end of the 1st week after birth and decreased afterwards. Specific maltase and sucrase activities were higher in the 2nd week, decreased between the 2nd and 4th week and increased afterwards (maltase) or decreased to the 6th--8th week (sucrase).", "contents": "Development of digestive enzymes in the piglet from birth to 8 weeks. II. Intestine and intestinal disaccharidases. The changes with age of intestinal mucosa, protein, lactase, maltase and sucrase were followed in the piglet between day 105 of gestation and 8 weeks after birth. Lactase and maltase activities appeared during fetal life in the whole of the small intestine. Activity of sucrase was recorded after the 1st postnatal week. Lactase activity was high at birth and reached a maximum at 1 week (X 2.5); maltase activity which was low at birth increased to the 8th week (X 143). Activities of all enzymes were low in the duodenum; lactase was most active in the jejumum. Similar activities of maltase and sucrase were found in the two distal parts of the small intestine. Specific activity (related to protein content) of lactase reached a maximum at the end of the 1st week after birth and decreased afterwards. Specific maltase and sucrase activities were higher in the 2nd week, decreased between the 2nd and 4th week and increased afterwards (maltase) or decreased to the 6th--8th week (sucrase).", "PMID": 416403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8584", "title": "Address of the President. Look around with awareness.", "content": "In conspectus, consideration is given to the first \"academy\" in ancient Greece, current national health goals, change affecting health and medical care in the United States, and evolution--as well as the promising future--of the American Academy of Ophthalomology and Otolaryngology. Contemplating the future, the advice of James Thurber is increasingly valid: \"Look backward not with anger, nor forward with fear, but look around with awareness.\"", "contents": "Address of the President. Look around with awareness. In conspectus, consideration is given to the first \"academy\" in ancient Greece, current national health goals, change affecting health and medical care in the United States, and evolution--as well as the promising future--of the American Academy of Ophthalomology and Otolaryngology. Contemplating the future, the advice of James Thurber is increasingly valid: \"Look backward not with anger, nor forward with fear, but look around with awareness.\"", "PMID": 416407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8585", "title": "Spontaneous regression of induced parotid gland tumors in rats.", "content": "Pellets of powdered DMBA were implanted in the parotid glands of inbred male Fischer rats, and all experimental animals in which the carcinogen was implanted for 8, 10, 12, and 14 weeks developed well-differentiated squamous-cell carcinomas. When the carcinogen was implanted for longer periods of time, tumors developed in a smaller percentage of the experimental animals. Also, the weight of the parotid glands continued to increase with time following implantation of DMBA, reaching its highest level after 10 weeks, and then gradually decreasing with time. Different possible explanations for the regression of the induced parotid tumors are offered.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of induced parotid gland tumors in rats. Pellets of powdered DMBA were implanted in the parotid glands of inbred male Fischer rats, and all experimental animals in which the carcinogen was implanted for 8, 10, 12, and 14 weeks developed well-differentiated squamous-cell carcinomas. When the carcinogen was implanted for longer periods of time, tumors developed in a smaller percentage of the experimental animals. Also, the weight of the parotid glands continued to increase with time following implantation of DMBA, reaching its highest level after 10 weeks, and then gradually decreasing with time. Different possible explanations for the regression of the induced parotid tumors are offered.", "PMID": 416408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8586", "title": "Newborn screening for maple syrup urine disease (branched-chain ketoaciduria).", "content": "Routine newborn screening for maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) has been conducted since 1964, and more than 9 1/2 million newborns throughout the world have been tested with use of a bacterial inhibition assay (BIA) for leucine on dried filter paper blood specimens. Forty-three confirmed cases of the \"classical\" and the \"intermediate\" variant forms have been detected. The frequency of MSUD, based on these data, is approximately one in 224,000 newborns. The sensitivity and the specificity of the leucine BIA are demonstrated. There are several problems in routine screening for MSUD, including the fact that the \"intermittent\" variant form will be missed. A brief summary of the clinical course of the 13 cases detected by our collaborative laboratories is presented.", "contents": "Newborn screening for maple syrup urine disease (branched-chain ketoaciduria). Routine newborn screening for maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) has been conducted since 1964, and more than 9 1/2 million newborns throughout the world have been tested with use of a bacterial inhibition assay (BIA) for leucine on dried filter paper blood specimens. Forty-three confirmed cases of the \"classical\" and the \"intermediate\" variant forms have been detected. The frequency of MSUD, based on these data, is approximately one in 224,000 newborns. The sensitivity and the specificity of the leucine BIA are demonstrated. There are several problems in routine screening for MSUD, including the fact that the \"intermittent\" variant form will be missed. A brief summary of the clinical course of the 13 cases detected by our collaborative laboratories is presented.", "PMID": 416414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8587", "title": "Residues of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls and autopsy data for bald eagles, 1973-74.", "content": "Eighty-six bald eagles found sick or dead during 1973-74 in 24 States were analyzed for organochlorine compounds. DDE was detected in all caracasses; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) were found in all but two. Seventy-five carcasses contained TDE and/or dieldrin. Four eagles had possibly lethal levels of dieldrin in the brain. Bald eagles continue to retain high residue levels of organochlorine pollutants. Illegal shooting remained the most common cause of death but accounted for a smaller percentage of the mortalities than in the two previous biennial collections.", "contents": "Residues of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls and autopsy data for bald eagles, 1973-74. Eighty-six bald eagles found sick or dead during 1973-74 in 24 States were analyzed for organochlorine compounds. DDE was detected in all caracasses; polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) were found in all but two. Seventy-five carcasses contained TDE and/or dieldrin. Four eagles had possibly lethal levels of dieldrin in the brain. Bald eagles continue to retain high residue levels of organochlorine pollutants. Illegal shooting remained the most common cause of death but accounted for a smaller percentage of the mortalities than in the two previous biennial collections.", "PMID": 416416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8588", "title": "[Anaerobic infections of domestic animals excluding enterotoxaemias (author's transl)].", "content": "With the advent of improved techniques for anaerobic cultivation on recent years increased interest in anaerobic infections has occurred. Against this background the present study presents a survey of those animal diseases (with the exception of the enterotoxaemias) in the pathogenesis of which anaerobic bacteria are involved.", "contents": "[Anaerobic infections of domestic animals excluding enterotoxaemias (author's transl)]. With the advent of improved techniques for anaerobic cultivation on recent years increased interest in anaerobic infections has occurred. Against this background the present study presents a survey of those animal diseases (with the exception of the enterotoxaemias) in the pathogenesis of which anaerobic bacteria are involved.", "PMID": 416418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8589", "title": "Masking, De Lange curves and integration time as revealed by the electroretinogram of a tree shrew (Tupaia chinensis).", "content": "Dynamical characteristics of the electroretinogram (ERG) of a tree shrew were measured. Since this animal has a cone dominated receptor population (95%) comparison to human photopic vision is obvious. The light source was chosen to stimulate the red cones of this deuteranopic animal predominantly. Masking experiments displayed a reasonable correspondence to human foveal psychophysics. De Lange curves and CFF values revealed a maximum sensitivity at 15-20 HZ, which is higher than is found for human vision. A secondary maximum was observed in the De Lange curves at high adaptation levels, which is possibly due to interactions of the ERG components. The dependency of integration time on adaptation level appeared to be similar to known data of human psychophysics and electrophysiological data from Limulus receptor cells.", "contents": "Masking, De Lange curves and integration time as revealed by the electroretinogram of a tree shrew (Tupaia chinensis). Dynamical characteristics of the electroretinogram (ERG) of a tree shrew were measured. Since this animal has a cone dominated receptor population (95%) comparison to human photopic vision is obvious. The light source was chosen to stimulate the red cones of this deuteranopic animal predominantly. Masking experiments displayed a reasonable correspondence to human foveal psychophysics. De Lange curves and CFF values revealed a maximum sensitivity at 15-20 HZ, which is higher than is found for human vision. A secondary maximum was observed in the De Lange curves at high adaptation levels, which is possibly due to interactions of the ERG components. The dependency of integration time on adaptation level appeared to be similar to known data of human psychophysics and electrophysiological data from Limulus receptor cells.", "PMID": 416417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8590", "title": "[The sella turcica and pituitary function in congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid ectopia or hypogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine patients suffering from hypothyroidism due to thyroid ectopia or hypogenesis, with a large sella turcica, were examined at adolescence or during adult life. TSH, prolactin and growth hormone function were studied. Basal plasma TSH, evaluated in 5 cases, was raised and responded explosively to stimulation with TRH. The administration of L-dopa was not associated with any notable changes in TSH. In one case, the chronic administration of l-T3 resulted in a fall followed by normalisation in plasma TSH levels. Basal plasma prolactin, explored in 6 patients, was high in 4 females and normal in 2 males. TRH stimulation resulted in a marked increased in prolactin in the female cases and a moderate increase in the male cases. L-dopa caused a fall only in high prolactin values. Stimulation of GH by argininehydrochloride, insulin hypoglycaemia and L-dopa gave variable responses. In one case, substitutive thyroid hormone therapy restored the GH response to L-dopa and arginine hydrochloride to normal. Paradoxically, GH increase following stimulation with TRH.", "contents": "[The sella turcica and pituitary function in congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid ectopia or hypogenesis (author's transl)]. Nine patients suffering from hypothyroidism due to thyroid ectopia or hypogenesis, with a large sella turcica, were examined at adolescence or during adult life. TSH, prolactin and growth hormone function were studied. Basal plasma TSH, evaluated in 5 cases, was raised and responded explosively to stimulation with TRH. The administration of L-dopa was not associated with any notable changes in TSH. In one case, the chronic administration of l-T3 resulted in a fall followed by normalisation in plasma TSH levels. Basal plasma prolactin, explored in 6 patients, was high in 4 females and normal in 2 males. TRH stimulation resulted in a marked increased in prolactin in the female cases and a moderate increase in the male cases. L-dopa caused a fall only in high prolactin values. Stimulation of GH by argininehydrochloride, insulin hypoglycaemia and L-dopa gave variable responses. In one case, substitutive thyroid hormone therapy restored the GH response to L-dopa and arginine hydrochloride to normal. Paradoxically, GH increase following stimulation with TRH.", "PMID": 416419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8591", "title": "[Total parenteral nutrition in the adult. Theoretical aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "When oral or enteral feeding becomes impossible or inadequate, total parenteral nutrition makes it possible to reduce the occurrence of malnutrition states as complications of medicosurgical disorders. From a practical point of view it should provide a minimum fluid intake of 30 ml/kg with a nitrogen intake of the order of 150 to 300 mg/kg/day with sufficient quantities of all essential amino acids in a balanced ration. In most instances the calorie intake should be 40 to 60 Kcal/kg/day. Non-protein calories are obtained from carbohydrates or fats but the ideal percentage of each of these two nutrients is not known. In order to be effective and well tolerated, intravenous nutrition of this sort must be adapted to each patient and should be administered by a qualified medical and nursing team in order to minimise the metabolic and septic risks secondary to the techniques used.", "contents": "[Total parenteral nutrition in the adult. Theoretical aspects (author's transl)]. When oral or enteral feeding becomes impossible or inadequate, total parenteral nutrition makes it possible to reduce the occurrence of malnutrition states as complications of medicosurgical disorders. From a practical point of view it should provide a minimum fluid intake of 30 ml/kg with a nitrogen intake of the order of 150 to 300 mg/kg/day with sufficient quantities of all essential amino acids in a balanced ration. In most instances the calorie intake should be 40 to 60 Kcal/kg/day. Non-protein calories are obtained from carbohydrates or fats but the ideal percentage of each of these two nutrients is not known. In order to be effective and well tolerated, intravenous nutrition of this sort must be adapted to each patient and should be administered by a qualified medical and nursing team in order to minimise the metabolic and septic risks secondary to the techniques used.", "PMID": 416420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8592", "title": "Folded chromosomes of vegetative Bacillus subtilis: composition and properties.", "content": "The isolation of folded DNA from Bacillus subtilis, a Gram positive bacterium is described. When the lysis was achieved with 1 M NaCl a slow sedimenting nucleoid was obtained (1600-2000 S). Conversely, when the lysis was achieved with 0.2 M NaCl a fast sedimenting nucleoid was obtained (3500-4000 S). The yield of folded DNA was between 80 to 90 % of the total lysate DNA. Both nucleoids contained the same amount of RNA, but the relative proportions of lipids and proteins were different. Folded chromosomes were prepared in the presence of spermidine: artifactual protein binding is shown to be unlikely. Electrophoresis of nucleoid proteins showed a dominant polypeptide (MW = 36,000), which remained associated with DNA after sarcosyl treatment and could be partially removed by heat mediated DNA unfolding. In vitro transcription by endogenous RNA polymerase bound to the fast sedimenting-nucleoid was rifamycin resistant; the template capacity of the fast sedimenting-nucleoid was compared with that of the completely unfolded chromosomes.", "contents": "Folded chromosomes of vegetative Bacillus subtilis: composition and properties. The isolation of folded DNA from Bacillus subtilis, a Gram positive bacterium is described. When the lysis was achieved with 1 M NaCl a slow sedimenting nucleoid was obtained (1600-2000 S). Conversely, when the lysis was achieved with 0.2 M NaCl a fast sedimenting nucleoid was obtained (3500-4000 S). The yield of folded DNA was between 80 to 90 % of the total lysate DNA. Both nucleoids contained the same amount of RNA, but the relative proportions of lipids and proteins were different. Folded chromosomes were prepared in the presence of spermidine: artifactual protein binding is shown to be unlikely. Electrophoresis of nucleoid proteins showed a dominant polypeptide (MW = 36,000), which remained associated with DNA after sarcosyl treatment and could be partially removed by heat mediated DNA unfolding. In vitro transcription by endogenous RNA polymerase bound to the fast sedimenting-nucleoid was rifamycin resistant; the template capacity of the fast sedimenting-nucleoid was compared with that of the completely unfolded chromosomes.", "PMID": 416424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8593", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of threonine tRNA from Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A threonine tRNA was purified from Bacillus subtilis W168 by a combined use of column chromatographic systems. The nucleotide sequence was determined to be pG-C-C-G-G-U-G-U-A-G-C-U-C-A-A-U-D-G-G-D(U)-A-G-A-G-C-A-A-C-U-G-A-C-U-mo5U-G-U-t6A-A-psi-C-A-G-U-A-G-m7G-U-U-G-G-G-G-G-T-psi-C-A-A-G-U-C-C-U-C-U-U-G-C-C-G-G-C-A-C-C-AOH, where about 40 % of D20 remained unmodified as U20. It consists of 76 nucleotides including a new minor nucleoside, 5-methoxyuridine (mo5U), which occupies the wobble position of anticodon.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of threonine tRNA from Bacillus subtilis. A threonine tRNA was purified from Bacillus subtilis W168 by a combined use of column chromatographic systems. The nucleotide sequence was determined to be pG-C-C-G-G-U-G-U-A-G-C-U-C-A-A-U-D-G-G-D(U)-A-G-A-G-C-A-A-C-U-G-A-C-U-mo5U-G-U-t6A-A-psi-C-A-G-U-A-G-m7G-U-U-G-G-G-G-G-T-psi-C-A-A-G-U-C-C-U-C-U-U-G-C-C-G-G-C-A-C-C-AOH, where about 40 % of D20 remained unmodified as U20. It consists of 76 nucleotides including a new minor nucleoside, 5-methoxyuridine (mo5U), which occupies the wobble position of anticodon.", "PMID": 416425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8594", "title": "Enzymatic synthesis of a segment of bacteriophage Qbeta coat protein gene.", "content": "The oligoribonucleotide, A-A-A-C-U-U-U-Gp, constituting a segment of RNA bacteriophage Qbeta coat protein gene was efficiently synthesized at a milligram scale by a combination of enzymatic methods using bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase and the thermophilic polynucleotide phosphorylase. A-A-A-Cp was synthesized from A-A-A and pCp by the newly developed mononucleotide addition method using T4 RNA ligase in a yield of 83%, followed by dephosphorylation with bacterial alkaline phosphatase to obtain A-A-A-C. pU-U-U-Gp was synthesized from pU-U-U and GDP by the simultaneous action of polynucleotide phosphorylase and RNase T1 in a yield of 32%. finally, the two oligonucleotides (A-A-A-C and pU-U-U-Gp) were ligated with T4 RNA ligase and the octanucleotide, A-A-A-C-U-U-U-Gp, was obtained in a yield of 85%.", "contents": "Enzymatic synthesis of a segment of bacteriophage Qbeta coat protein gene. The oligoribonucleotide, A-A-A-C-U-U-U-Gp, constituting a segment of RNA bacteriophage Qbeta coat protein gene was efficiently synthesized at a milligram scale by a combination of enzymatic methods using bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase and the thermophilic polynucleotide phosphorylase. A-A-A-Cp was synthesized from A-A-A and pCp by the newly developed mononucleotide addition method using T4 RNA ligase in a yield of 83%, followed by dephosphorylation with bacterial alkaline phosphatase to obtain A-A-A-C. pU-U-U-Gp was synthesized from pU-U-U and GDP by the simultaneous action of polynucleotide phosphorylase and RNase T1 in a yield of 32%. finally, the two oligonucleotides (A-A-A-C and pU-U-U-Gp) were ligated with T4 RNA ligase and the octanucleotide, A-A-A-C-U-U-U-Gp, was obtained in a yield of 85%.", "PMID": 416426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8595", "title": "Effect of insulin in the induction and regression of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in the rabbit.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the effects of long-term insulin therapy on the development and regression of lipid perturbations and experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in rabbits: (1) Insulin administration for 15 days significantly reduced plasma lipid levels and free fatty acids in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet; it also inhibited the effects of a single dose of cholesterol. Paradoxically, continued insulin treatment led to the reinforcement of lipaemia through the stimulation of mobilization. Insulin administration during the development of atherosclerosis significantly aggravated the fatty infiltration of the aortic tissue and the lesions of the vessels, and also increased the frequency of coronary lesions. (2) In rabbits fed a cholesterol enriched diet during two months and then a normal diet, insulin treatment accelerated the rate of reduction of hypercholesterolaemia, but aggravated the lipid infiltration of the artery walls, and also prevented regression of coronary atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Effect of insulin in the induction and regression of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in the rabbit. A study was undertaken to determine the effects of long-term insulin therapy on the development and regression of lipid perturbations and experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in rabbits: (1) Insulin administration for 15 days significantly reduced plasma lipid levels and free fatty acids in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet; it also inhibited the effects of a single dose of cholesterol. Paradoxically, continued insulin treatment led to the reinforcement of lipaemia through the stimulation of mobilization. Insulin administration during the development of atherosclerosis significantly aggravated the fatty infiltration of the aortic tissue and the lesions of the vessels, and also increased the frequency of coronary lesions. (2) In rabbits fed a cholesterol enriched diet during two months and then a normal diet, insulin treatment accelerated the rate of reduction of hypercholesterolaemia, but aggravated the lipid infiltration of the artery walls, and also prevented regression of coronary atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 416430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8596", "title": "Dense plexus of substance P immunoreactive nerve terminals in eminentia medialis of the primate hypothalamus.", "content": "The indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators was used to study the distribution of substance P-like and luliberin (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone)-like immunoreactivity in the eminentia mediana (eminentia medialis or infundibulum) of rats, monkeys, and human beings. In rats, abundant luliberin-positive fibers were present in the external layer (mainly lateral parts) whereas almost no substance P-immunoreactive nerves were observed in this region. In contrast, in the external layer of the primate eminentia medialis a dense plexus of substance P-positive nerve terminals was observed close to the blood vessels supplying the anterior pituitary gland. Luliberin-immunoreactive fibers were also present, but with a more even distribution all over the eminentia medialis and in lower numbers. The present findings indicate that substance P may play a role in the control of hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary, either by being released into the portal vessels, i.e., acting as a releasing or inhibitory hormone, or by an action as local regulator (modulator or transmitter) at the level of the eminentia medialis. Thus, in agreement with many earlier studies, substances other than the \"classical\" releasing and inhibitory hormones may be important for the regulation of the pituitary gland. Furthermore, there may exist marked species differences with regard to the type of substances involved in the central control of the pituitary.", "contents": "Dense plexus of substance P immunoreactive nerve terminals in eminentia medialis of the primate hypothalamus. The indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators was used to study the distribution of substance P-like and luliberin (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone)-like immunoreactivity in the eminentia mediana (eminentia medialis or infundibulum) of rats, monkeys, and human beings. In rats, abundant luliberin-positive fibers were present in the external layer (mainly lateral parts) whereas almost no substance P-immunoreactive nerves were observed in this region. In contrast, in the external layer of the primate eminentia medialis a dense plexus of substance P-positive nerve terminals was observed close to the blood vessels supplying the anterior pituitary gland. Luliberin-immunoreactive fibers were also present, but with a more even distribution all over the eminentia medialis and in lower numbers. The present findings indicate that substance P may play a role in the control of hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary, either by being released into the portal vessels, i.e., acting as a releasing or inhibitory hormone, or by an action as local regulator (modulator or transmitter) at the level of the eminentia medialis. Thus, in agreement with many earlier studies, substances other than the \"classical\" releasing and inhibitory hormones may be important for the regulation of the pituitary gland. Furthermore, there may exist marked species differences with regard to the type of substances involved in the central control of the pituitary.", "PMID": 416435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8597", "title": "[Lysis of the cell walls of streptococcus group A by Streptomyces griseus pronase].", "content": "The effect of Streptomyces griseus pronase on Streptococcus group A cell walls was studied. Cell walls were shown to be lysed by pronase, the lysis level being dependent on the molarity of the potassium-phosphate buffer used. With an increase in the buffer molarity from 0.005 M to 0.05 M lysis of cell walls decreased from 70-80% to 30%. By DEAE-cellulose chromatography lysates were separated into two fractions the first of which contained a group specific polysaccharide. A preparative method of obtaining a group specific polysaccharide of Streptococcus group A using Streptomyces griseus pronase under mild conditions is described.", "contents": "[Lysis of the cell walls of streptococcus group A by Streptomyces griseus pronase]. The effect of Streptomyces griseus pronase on Streptococcus group A cell walls was studied. Cell walls were shown to be lysed by pronase, the lysis level being dependent on the molarity of the potassium-phosphate buffer used. With an increase in the buffer molarity from 0.005 M to 0.05 M lysis of cell walls decreased from 70-80% to 30%. By DEAE-cellulose chromatography lysates were separated into two fractions the first of which contained a group specific polysaccharide. A preparative method of obtaining a group specific polysaccharide of Streptococcus group A using Streptomyces griseus pronase under mild conditions is described.", "PMID": 416431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8598", "title": "Nonequivalence of alpha-bungarotoxin receptors and acetylcholine receptors in chick sympathetic neurons.", "content": "alpha-Bungarotoxin binds selectively to chick sympathetic neurons that are responsive iontophoretically applied acetylcholine. alpha-Bungarotoxin (125 nM) does not affect the response of cultured neurons to acetylcholine, nor does it affect a cholinergic synaptic potential recorded from sympathetic ganglia. d-Tubocurarine (100 muM) inhibits alpha-bungarotoxin binding and blocks acetylcholine receptor function in both preparations, but alpha-bungarotoxin does not protect acetylcholine receptors against d-tubocurarine blockade of acetylcholine responses. The receptor for alpha-bungarotoxin can be extracted from neuronal membranes with nonionic detergents and, when assayed by velocity sedimentation in sucrose gradients, sediments at a rate faster than that of skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptors. Treatment of alpha-bungarotoxin-receptor complexes with glutaraldehyde (0.1%, wt/vol) increases their stability from a half-time for dissociation of 3.5 hr to greater than 6 days at 23 degrees. This permits a quantitative assay of alpha-bungarotoxin-receptor complexes after relatively long periods of velocity sedimentation. It is concluded that alpha-bungarotoxin does not bind to the acetylcholine-binding site of neuronal acetylcholine receptors. These results compel a reevaluation of studies that assume that alpha-bungarotoxin is a specific ligand for neuronal acetylcholine receptors.", "contents": "Nonequivalence of alpha-bungarotoxin receptors and acetylcholine receptors in chick sympathetic neurons. alpha-Bungarotoxin binds selectively to chick sympathetic neurons that are responsive iontophoretically applied acetylcholine. alpha-Bungarotoxin (125 nM) does not affect the response of cultured neurons to acetylcholine, nor does it affect a cholinergic synaptic potential recorded from sympathetic ganglia. d-Tubocurarine (100 muM) inhibits alpha-bungarotoxin binding and blocks acetylcholine receptor function in both preparations, but alpha-bungarotoxin does not protect acetylcholine receptors against d-tubocurarine blockade of acetylcholine responses. The receptor for alpha-bungarotoxin can be extracted from neuronal membranes with nonionic detergents and, when assayed by velocity sedimentation in sucrose gradients, sediments at a rate faster than that of skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptors. Treatment of alpha-bungarotoxin-receptor complexes with glutaraldehyde (0.1%, wt/vol) increases their stability from a half-time for dissociation of 3.5 hr to greater than 6 days at 23 degrees. This permits a quantitative assay of alpha-bungarotoxin-receptor complexes after relatively long periods of velocity sedimentation. It is concluded that alpha-bungarotoxin does not bind to the acetylcholine-binding site of neuronal acetylcholine receptors. These results compel a reevaluation of studies that assume that alpha-bungarotoxin is a specific ligand for neuronal acetylcholine receptors.", "PMID": 416436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8599", "title": "[Role of the adrenal glands and the testes in the formation of the sex steroid pool in the peripheral blood of male monkeys].", "content": "A study was made of formation of the pool of sex steroid hormones and their precursors in the blood plasma of male Paio hamadryas. Cannulation and simultaneous recovery of the blood from the adrenal, testicular, left iliac veins and the aorta were carried out under nembutal anesthesia. Thirteen steroid hormones and their precursors were determined by the radioimmunological method in all the blood portions. Steroid function was tested on columns with celite. Pregnenolone, 17alpha-oxypregnenolone, and 17alpha-oxyprogesterone were secreted chiefly by the adrenal glands. Dihydroepiandrosterone was produced by the adrenal glands and utilized by the testes. Androstendion and dihydrotestosterone were mostly of adrenal, and testosterone--testicular origin. Estron is secreted by the adrenal glands only, whereas estradiol is produced by the testes in larger quantities than by the adrenal glands. The sulfate forms of pregnenolone and dihydroepiandrosterone are produced chiefly by the adrenal glands.", "contents": "[Role of the adrenal glands and the testes in the formation of the sex steroid pool in the peripheral blood of male monkeys]. A study was made of formation of the pool of sex steroid hormones and their precursors in the blood plasma of male Paio hamadryas. Cannulation and simultaneous recovery of the blood from the adrenal, testicular, left iliac veins and the aorta were carried out under nembutal anesthesia. Thirteen steroid hormones and their precursors were determined by the radioimmunological method in all the blood portions. Steroid function was tested on columns with celite. Pregnenolone, 17alpha-oxypregnenolone, and 17alpha-oxyprogesterone were secreted chiefly by the adrenal glands. Dihydroepiandrosterone was produced by the adrenal glands and utilized by the testes. Androstendion and dihydrotestosterone were mostly of adrenal, and testosterone--testicular origin. Estron is secreted by the adrenal glands only, whereas estradiol is produced by the testes in larger quantities than by the adrenal glands. The sulfate forms of pregnenolone and dihydroepiandrosterone are produced chiefly by the adrenal glands.", "PMID": 416432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8600", "title": "Conformational changes of the chromatin subunit.", "content": "Hydrodynamic studies on monomer chromatin subunits (v1) as a function of ionic strength (0.7 mM to 100 mM KCl) indicate two salt-dependent conformational transitions. An abrupt transition occurs at about 7.5 mM ionic strength. Decreasing the ionic strength from 10 to 5 mM results in a decrease in s20,w of the v1 from 11.1 to 9.9 S. The diffusion coefficient D20,w decreases from 3.3 to 2.7 X 10(-7) cm2 sec--1. The v1 crosslinked with formaldehyde at 10 mM ionic strength do not undergo a similar salt-dependent change in s20,w. Another transition is observed at about 1 mM ionic strength; s20,w decreases to 9.4 S and D20,w decreases to 2.2 X 10(-7) cm2 sec--1. Throughout the entire salt range the molecular weight of the v1 remains reasonably constant, implying that salt-dependent changes in the frictional coefficient are being observed. Various hydrodynamic models are considered as possible interpretations of the observed changes in the frictional coefficient.", "contents": "Conformational changes of the chromatin subunit. Hydrodynamic studies on monomer chromatin subunits (v1) as a function of ionic strength (0.7 mM to 100 mM KCl) indicate two salt-dependent conformational transitions. An abrupt transition occurs at about 7.5 mM ionic strength. Decreasing the ionic strength from 10 to 5 mM results in a decrease in s20,w of the v1 from 11.1 to 9.9 S. The diffusion coefficient D20,w decreases from 3.3 to 2.7 X 10(-7) cm2 sec--1. The v1 crosslinked with formaldehyde at 10 mM ionic strength do not undergo a similar salt-dependent change in s20,w. Another transition is observed at about 1 mM ionic strength; s20,w decreases to 9.4 S and D20,w decreases to 2.2 X 10(-7) cm2 sec--1. Throughout the entire salt range the molecular weight of the v1 remains reasonably constant, implying that salt-dependent changes in the frictional coefficient are being observed. Various hydrodynamic models are considered as possible interpretations of the observed changes in the frictional coefficient.", "PMID": 416437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8601", "title": "Stimulation of bilirubin catabolism in jaundiced Gunn rats by an induced of microsomal mixed-function monooxygenases.", "content": "The homozygous, jaundiced Gunn rat compensates for its inability to form bilirubin conjugates by production of polar bilirubin metabolites which can be excreted in the bile without conjugation. To assess whether microsomal mixed-function monooxygenases might be involved in formation of these metabolites, a potent inducer of these enzymes, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, was administered to Gunn rats in a single intraperitoneal dose of 10 mug/kg. Four to 6 days after treatment, plasma bilirubin levels had declined by a mean of 61%, whereas no significant change was observed in control Gunn rats that received only the dioxane vehicle. Use of tracer [(14)C]bilirubin showed that the decline in plasma bilirubin was the result of a 7-fold increase in fractional bilirubin turnover which reduced the bilirubin pool to an average of 11% of the control values. In the new steady state, total bilirubin turnover was unaltered. The accelerated fractional bilirubin turnover was associated with augmented biliary excretion of polar bilirubin metabolites and a 16-fold increase in hepatic benzo[a]-pyrene hydroxylase activity. Hepatic bilirubin-UDPglucuronate transferase was not induced, and no bilirubin conjugates appeared in the bile. This chemical simulation of the alternate pathways of bilirubin catabolism by the inducer suggests that microsomal cytochrome P(448)-dependent monooxygenases may be involved in the formation of the polar bilirubin metabolites excreted by the Gunn rat.", "contents": "Stimulation of bilirubin catabolism in jaundiced Gunn rats by an induced of microsomal mixed-function monooxygenases. The homozygous, jaundiced Gunn rat compensates for its inability to form bilirubin conjugates by production of polar bilirubin metabolites which can be excreted in the bile without conjugation. To assess whether microsomal mixed-function monooxygenases might be involved in formation of these metabolites, a potent inducer of these enzymes, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, was administered to Gunn rats in a single intraperitoneal dose of 10 mug/kg. Four to 6 days after treatment, plasma bilirubin levels had declined by a mean of 61%, whereas no significant change was observed in control Gunn rats that received only the dioxane vehicle. Use of tracer [(14)C]bilirubin showed that the decline in plasma bilirubin was the result of a 7-fold increase in fractional bilirubin turnover which reduced the bilirubin pool to an average of 11% of the control values. In the new steady state, total bilirubin turnover was unaltered. The accelerated fractional bilirubin turnover was associated with augmented biliary excretion of polar bilirubin metabolites and a 16-fold increase in hepatic benzo[a]-pyrene hydroxylase activity. Hepatic bilirubin-UDPglucuronate transferase was not induced, and no bilirubin conjugates appeared in the bile. This chemical simulation of the alternate pathways of bilirubin catabolism by the inducer suggests that microsomal cytochrome P(448)-dependent monooxygenases may be involved in the formation of the polar bilirubin metabolites excreted by the Gunn rat.", "PMID": 416438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8602", "title": "Antibody-mediated activation of a defective beta-D-galactosidase: dimeric form of the activatable mutant enzyme.", "content": "Sedimentation analyses of AMEF, an activatable mutant beta-D-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23), and the products of its reaction with Fab fragments of activating antibody show that this enzyme exists mainly as 10S dimers. Activation of AMEF by purified antibody resulted in formation of 16S tetramers. A unifying hypothesis postulating a dimer--tetramer equilibrium accounts for this observation as the counterpart of inactivation, which was shown to involve the breakdown of tetramers into inactive subunits [Roth, R. A. & Rotman, B. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 1382--1390]. Conditions are described under which AMEF loses the specific antigenic determinant(s) responsible for binding activating antibody, allowing its subsequent use as an absorption to obtain immunologically purified activating antibody,", "contents": "Antibody-mediated activation of a defective beta-D-galactosidase: dimeric form of the activatable mutant enzyme. Sedimentation analyses of AMEF, an activatable mutant beta-D-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23), and the products of its reaction with Fab fragments of activating antibody show that this enzyme exists mainly as 10S dimers. Activation of AMEF by purified antibody resulted in formation of 16S tetramers. A unifying hypothesis postulating a dimer--tetramer equilibrium accounts for this observation as the counterpart of inactivation, which was shown to involve the breakdown of tetramers into inactive subunits [Roth, R. A. & Rotman, B. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 1382--1390]. Conditions are described under which AMEF loses the specific antigenic determinant(s) responsible for binding activating antibody, allowing its subsequent use as an absorption to obtain immunologically purified activating antibody,", "PMID": 416439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8603", "title": "In vitro transcription of heat-shock-specific RNA from chromatin of Drosophila melanogaster cells.", "content": "Polyadenylylated RNA synthesized after heat shock was isolated from polysomes of cultured cells of Drosophila melanogaster and used as template to prepare cDNA. An excess of poly(A)-RNA from heat-shocked cells hybridized to 80% of the cDNA, whereas cytoplasmic poly(A)-RNA from cells grown at 25 degrees could drive only half of the cDNA probe into hybrid. These sequences were removed from the cDNA population by annealing to poly(A)-RNA from cells grown at 25 degrees. The unreacted material represented only heat-shock-induced mRNA sequences, as shown by a second cycle of hybridization. Isolated chromatin was transcribed in vitro at 25 degrees with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, with mercurated UTP as precursor. RNA transcribed from chromatin that was prepared from cells 1 hr after the temperature was shifted to 37 degrees hybridized with 100-fold faster kinetics to the heat-shock-specific cDNA probe than did RNA transcribed from chromatin of cells grown at 25 degrees. Therefore, heat shock results in a change in chromatin structure recognizable by E. coli RNA polymerase.", "contents": "In vitro transcription of heat-shock-specific RNA from chromatin of Drosophila melanogaster cells. Polyadenylylated RNA synthesized after heat shock was isolated from polysomes of cultured cells of Drosophila melanogaster and used as template to prepare cDNA. An excess of poly(A)-RNA from heat-shocked cells hybridized to 80% of the cDNA, whereas cytoplasmic poly(A)-RNA from cells grown at 25 degrees could drive only half of the cDNA probe into hybrid. These sequences were removed from the cDNA population by annealing to poly(A)-RNA from cells grown at 25 degrees. The unreacted material represented only heat-shock-induced mRNA sequences, as shown by a second cycle of hybridization. Isolated chromatin was transcribed in vitro at 25 degrees with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, with mercurated UTP as precursor. RNA transcribed from chromatin that was prepared from cells 1 hr after the temperature was shifted to 37 degrees hybridized with 100-fold faster kinetics to the heat-shock-specific cDNA probe than did RNA transcribed from chromatin of cells grown at 25 degrees. Therefore, heat shock results in a change in chromatin structure recognizable by E. coli RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 416440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8604", "title": "Complete amino acid sequence of the alpha 2 heavy chain of a human IgA2 immunoglobulin of the A2m (2) allotype.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of the alpha 2 heavy chain of a human IgA2 immunoglobulin of the A2m(2) allotype has been determined and is compared to the sequence of the alpha 1 chain of the human IgA1 subclass. The characteristic differences between the alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains are greatest in the hinge region and in the location and number of the oligosaccharides. Apart from the duplication in the hinge region of alpha 1 and the deletion in alpha 2, there are 23 amino acid exchanges in the constant (C) regions of the two chains. Accepted mutations are related to the surface accessibility of the residues and the proximity of carbohydrate. The results indicate that human IgA and IgG subclasses arose late in evolution and reflect similar mutationa pressures.", "contents": "Complete amino acid sequence of the alpha 2 heavy chain of a human IgA2 immunoglobulin of the A2m (2) allotype. The complete amino acid sequence of the alpha 2 heavy chain of a human IgA2 immunoglobulin of the A2m(2) allotype has been determined and is compared to the sequence of the alpha 1 chain of the human IgA1 subclass. The characteristic differences between the alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains are greatest in the hinge region and in the location and number of the oligosaccharides. Apart from the duplication in the hinge region of alpha 1 and the deletion in alpha 2, there are 23 amino acid exchanges in the constant (C) regions of the two chains. Accepted mutations are related to the surface accessibility of the residues and the proximity of carbohydrate. The results indicate that human IgA and IgG subclasses arose late in evolution and reflect similar mutationa pressures.", "PMID": 416441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8605", "title": "Water/air mass stopping power ratios for megavoltage photon and electron beams.", "content": "Water/air mass stopping power ratios have been calculated for 5, 10, 20 and 30 MeV electron beams and various photon beams from 60Co to 31 MV betatron. The stopping power ratios have been evaluated by applying a modified version of the Spencer-Attix theory to depth-dependent electron flux spectra computed by the Monte Carlo method. Results are presented for three values of the cavity size parameter delta, 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 MeV, and also for a Bragg-Gray cavity. For the electron beams, the results are compared to Berger's comprehensive computations. In the case of the photon beams, such a rigorous evaluation of the stopping power ratio has not been carried out previously. It is shown that the currently used approximate Bragg-Gray ratios are as much as 2% too low for high energy photon beams, and that there is a difference of about 1% between values for betatron (thin target) and linac (thick target) beams of the same maximum photon energy.", "contents": "Water/air mass stopping power ratios for megavoltage photon and electron beams. Water/air mass stopping power ratios have been calculated for 5, 10, 20 and 30 MeV electron beams and various photon beams from 60Co to 31 MV betatron. The stopping power ratios have been evaluated by applying a modified version of the Spencer-Attix theory to depth-dependent electron flux spectra computed by the Monte Carlo method. Results are presented for three values of the cavity size parameter delta, 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 MeV, and also for a Bragg-Gray cavity. For the electron beams, the results are compared to Berger's comprehensive computations. In the case of the photon beams, such a rigorous evaluation of the stopping power ratio has not been carried out previously. It is shown that the currently used approximate Bragg-Gray ratios are as much as 2% too low for high energy photon beams, and that there is a difference of about 1% between values for betatron (thin target) and linac (thick target) beams of the same maximum photon energy.", "PMID": 416446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8606", "title": "Neutron spectra from deuteron and proton bombardment of thick lithium targets: potential for neutron therapy.", "content": "Neutron energy spectra and yields produced by the bombardment of thick lithium targets by deuterons and protons have been measured using the time-of-flight method. Measurements were made at angles up to 45 degrees for deuteron energies of 8, 12 and 15 MeV and a proton energy of 15 MeV. The average neutron energy of the (d, n) reactions is shown to vary approximately as 0.44Ed. The (p, n) reaction has En = 4.7 MeV. The tissue penetration of neutron therapy beams is dependent on their average neutron energy and thus the low average neutron energy for these reactions appears to preclude their use for practical neutron therapy at these incident particle energies.", "contents": "Neutron spectra from deuteron and proton bombardment of thick lithium targets: potential for neutron therapy. Neutron energy spectra and yields produced by the bombardment of thick lithium targets by deuterons and protons have been measured using the time-of-flight method. Measurements were made at angles up to 45 degrees for deuteron energies of 8, 12 and 15 MeV and a proton energy of 15 MeV. The average neutron energy of the (d, n) reactions is shown to vary approximately as 0.44Ed. The (p, n) reaction has En = 4.7 MeV. The tissue penetration of neutron therapy beams is dependent on their average neutron energy and thus the low average neutron energy for these reactions appears to preclude their use for practical neutron therapy at these incident particle energies.", "PMID": 416447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8607", "title": "Dosimetry measurements of 26, 35 and 45 MeV p-Be and p-Li neutron beams.", "content": "Dosimetric properties of neutron beams produced by stopping 26, 35 and 45 MeV protons in beryllium and lithium have been measured. The effects of filtering the p-Be beam with 6 cm of polyethylene have been investigated. The tissue kerma rate in air exhibited an energy dependence of approximately E3 and the rate for p-Be beams was approximately one-fifth of the rate for d-Be beams. The penetrability of the neutrons was significnatly enhanced by the use of the filter, but with a 50% attentuation in tissue kerma rate. The tissue kerma rate for the p-Li beam was nearly the same as that for the p-Be beam.", "contents": "Dosimetry measurements of 26, 35 and 45 MeV p-Be and p-Li neutron beams. Dosimetric properties of neutron beams produced by stopping 26, 35 and 45 MeV protons in beryllium and lithium have been measured. The effects of filtering the p-Be beam with 6 cm of polyethylene have been investigated. The tissue kerma rate in air exhibited an energy dependence of approximately E3 and the rate for p-Be beams was approximately one-fifth of the rate for d-Be beams. The penetrability of the neutrons was significnatly enhanced by the use of the filter, but with a 50% attentuation in tissue kerma rate. The tissue kerma rate for the p-Li beam was nearly the same as that for the p-Be beam.", "PMID": 416448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8608", "title": "Increased skin dose using a Mylar section in the treatment couch during megavoltage irradiation.", "content": "Use of a thin polyester (Mylar) window in the treatment couch during megavoltage irradiation can cause a notable increase in skin dose. The authors suggest that a nylon mesh be used instead.", "contents": "Increased skin dose using a Mylar section in the treatment couch during megavoltage irradiation. Use of a thin polyester (Mylar) window in the treatment couch during megavoltage irradiation can cause a notable increase in skin dose. The authors suggest that a nylon mesh be used instead.", "PMID": 416464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8609", "title": "Radiographic aspects of total parenteral nutrition during infancy.", "content": "In a retrospective radiographic study the authors reviewed the position of 82 central venous catheters in 57 consecutive infants receiving total parenteral nutrition between 1972 and 1976. Sixteen of the 82 catheters (19%) were initially not positioned within the superior vena cava and 11 (14%) migrated from a satisfactory position during therapy; peripheral edema, pleural effusion, and vascular thrombosis occurred more frequently in this group than in those infants with the catheter remaining in the superior vena cava. Unusual complications of intersititial pulmonary edema, hydrocephalus, and cardiac arrhythmia were noted in three different patients. An increased incidence of clinical complications is associated with catheter malposition or migration during total parenteral nutritional therapy. Radiographic monitoring with repositioning or removal of a malpositioned catheter may reduce the number of clinical complications.", "contents": "Radiographic aspects of total parenteral nutrition during infancy. In a retrospective radiographic study the authors reviewed the position of 82 central venous catheters in 57 consecutive infants receiving total parenteral nutrition between 1972 and 1976. Sixteen of the 82 catheters (19%) were initially not positioned within the superior vena cava and 11 (14%) migrated from a satisfactory position during therapy; peripheral edema, pleural effusion, and vascular thrombosis occurred more frequently in this group than in those infants with the catheter remaining in the superior vena cava. Unusual complications of intersititial pulmonary edema, hydrocephalus, and cardiac arrhythmia were noted in three different patients. An increased incidence of clinical complications is associated with catheter malposition or migration during total parenteral nutritional therapy. Radiographic monitoring with repositioning or removal of a malpositioned catheter may reduce the number of clinical complications.", "PMID": 416463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8610", "title": "Prostaglandin (PG) analysis in urine of humans and rats by different radioimmunoassays: effect on PG-excretion by PG-synthetase inhibitors, laparotomy and furosemide.", "content": "The radioimmunological (RIA) determination of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and of PGF2alpha in urine of humans and rats is described in detail. After extraction and chromatography PGE2 was determined by using a PGE specific antibody or by using either PGB or PGF2alpha specific antibodies after the respective conversion procedures. The three different RIA procedures were compared to each other. PGF2alpha was determined by a specific antibody to PGF2alpha. Basal excretion of PGE2 and of PGF2alpha in healthy women on free diet was 9.3 ng/hour+/-0.98 and 18.3 ng/hour +/- 2.5 respectively. Furosemide increased the excretion of PGE2 and of PGF2alpha in humans significantly, while PG-excretion rates decreased on indomethacin. In rat urine PGE2 and PGF2alpha increased markedly from 46.2 pg/min +/- 9.3 and 27+/- 3.4 to 253.8 +/- 43.3 and 108 +/- 12.6 pg/min (per one kidney) in the anesthetized-laparotomized animal. This increase was abolished after giving two different PG synthetase inhibitors.", "contents": "Prostaglandin (PG) analysis in urine of humans and rats by different radioimmunoassays: effect on PG-excretion by PG-synthetase inhibitors, laparotomy and furosemide. The radioimmunological (RIA) determination of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and of PGF2alpha in urine of humans and rats is described in detail. After extraction and chromatography PGE2 was determined by using a PGE specific antibody or by using either PGB or PGF2alpha specific antibodies after the respective conversion procedures. The three different RIA procedures were compared to each other. PGF2alpha was determined by a specific antibody to PGF2alpha. Basal excretion of PGE2 and of PGF2alpha in healthy women on free diet was 9.3 ng/hour+/-0.98 and 18.3 ng/hour +/- 2.5 respectively. Furosemide increased the excretion of PGE2 and of PGF2alpha in humans significantly, while PG-excretion rates decreased on indomethacin. In rat urine PGE2 and PGF2alpha increased markedly from 46.2 pg/min +/- 9.3 and 27+/- 3.4 to 253.8 +/- 43.3 and 108 +/- 12.6 pg/min (per one kidney) in the anesthetized-laparotomized animal. This increase was abolished after giving two different PG synthetase inhibitors.", "PMID": 416466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8611", "title": "Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by c-5,c-8,c-11-eicosatrienoic acid.", "content": "The enzyme prostaglandin H leads to E-isomerase (EC 5.3.99.3), which is present in sheep vesicular gland and needs glutathione as cofactor, is inhibited by c-5,c-8,c-11-eicosatrienoic acid, the fatty acid accumulating during essential fatty acid deficiency. The EFA-deficiency syndrome can partly be explained from a prostaglandin deficiency caused by lack of precursors. The present finding indicates that 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid could well be an additional factor in modifying the symptoms of EFA-deficiency.", "contents": "Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by c-5,c-8,c-11-eicosatrienoic acid. The enzyme prostaglandin H leads to E-isomerase (EC 5.3.99.3), which is present in sheep vesicular gland and needs glutathione as cofactor, is inhibited by c-5,c-8,c-11-eicosatrienoic acid, the fatty acid accumulating during essential fatty acid deficiency. The EFA-deficiency syndrome can partly be explained from a prostaglandin deficiency caused by lack of precursors. The present finding indicates that 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid could well be an additional factor in modifying the symptoms of EFA-deficiency.", "PMID": 416467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8612", "title": "[Protein mixture: importance of its presentation forms (author's transl)].", "content": "Acceptability and tolerance of a mixture containing corn (60%), soybean (30%), and wheat (10%) were tested. The mixture was used in the recuperation of pre-school children suffering from 2nd. and 3rd. degree malnutrition. To enable a higher consumption the mixture was used in forty-four different forms. The mean daily intake of the mixture was 121.35g during the four months of the experiment corresponding to about two-thirds of the protein intake of every child. Tolerance was found to be high. Acceptance of the mixture was high (92.2%) indicating that the form in which a product to be tested is presented is a matter of great concern.", "contents": "[Protein mixture: importance of its presentation forms (author's transl)]. Acceptability and tolerance of a mixture containing corn (60%), soybean (30%), and wheat (10%) were tested. The mixture was used in the recuperation of pre-school children suffering from 2nd. and 3rd. degree malnutrition. To enable a higher consumption the mixture was used in forty-four different forms. The mean daily intake of the mixture was 121.35g during the four months of the experiment corresponding to about two-thirds of the protein intake of every child. Tolerance was found to be high. Acceptance of the mixture was high (92.2%) indicating that the form in which a product to be tested is presented is a matter of great concern.", "PMID": 416474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8613", "title": "[Present problems in x-ray diagnostics--introductory review (author's transl)].", "content": "Introductory article for a series on problems about appropriate applications in x-ray diagnostics; the following questions are dealt with:--Did the development of clinical x-ray diagnostics keep up with the technological development?--Are the costs arising in x-ray diagnostics still tolerable compared with the benefits?--Is it possible to reduce the somatic and genetic population exposure by means of appropriate measures or is it only possible to \"simply\" accept it?", "contents": "[Present problems in x-ray diagnostics--introductory review (author's transl)]. Introductory article for a series on problems about appropriate applications in x-ray diagnostics; the following questions are dealt with:--Did the development of clinical x-ray diagnostics keep up with the technological development?--Are the costs arising in x-ray diagnostics still tolerable compared with the benefits?--Is it possible to reduce the somatic and genetic population exposure by means of appropriate measures or is it only possible to \"simply\" accept it?", "PMID": 416485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8614", "title": "Bacteriological studies of common duct bile in patients with gallstone disease and juxta-papillary duodenal diverticula.", "content": "Bile samples from the common duct were collected at cholecystectomy and cultivated aerobically and anaerobically. Two groups of patients were studied, patients with juxta-papillary duodenal diverticula and patients without diverticula. All patients had chronic cholecystitis and concrements in the gallbladder, but no biliary obstruction. A significantly higher incidence of positive cultures was found in patients with diverticula than in the control group. The positive samples contained bacterial species belonging to the intestinal flora. We propose an ascending route of infection and assume that bacteria may play a role in the formation of gallstones so often seen in patients with juxta-papillary duodenal diverticula.", "contents": "Bacteriological studies of common duct bile in patients with gallstone disease and juxta-papillary duodenal diverticula. Bile samples from the common duct were collected at cholecystectomy and cultivated aerobically and anaerobically. Two groups of patients were studied, patients with juxta-papillary duodenal diverticula and patients without diverticula. All patients had chronic cholecystitis and concrements in the gallbladder, but no biliary obstruction. A significantly higher incidence of positive cultures was found in patients with diverticula than in the control group. The positive samples contained bacterial species belonging to the intestinal flora. We propose an ascending route of infection and assume that bacteria may play a role in the formation of gallstones so often seen in patients with juxta-papillary duodenal diverticula.", "PMID": 416486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8615", "title": "Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in a semi-isolated arctic community.", "content": "The carriage of Neisseria meningitidis was examined in the Norwegian population of Svalbard (1150 persons) after a fatal case of meningococcal septicaemia. The overall carrier rate was 39.0%. The rate was highest among males (47.8%), with a maximum of 63.4% in the age group 15-24 years. The carrier rate was low among children aged 3 to 15 years (6.5%). Children below 3 years were frequent meningococcal carriers, however (37.5%). Sulphonamide-resistant strains were often found, 22.6% of the total material being resistant. Group B was the most frequent serogroup, and accounted for 44.5% of the isolated strains. Non-groupable strains were second in frequency (23.8%), followed by group Y (15.8%). Only a few strains belonged to the serogroups A, C, X and Z. N. lactamica was isolated from 26.9% of children below 15 years, but seldom in older age groups.", "contents": "Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in a semi-isolated arctic community. The carriage of Neisseria meningitidis was examined in the Norwegian population of Svalbard (1150 persons) after a fatal case of meningococcal septicaemia. The overall carrier rate was 39.0%. The rate was highest among males (47.8%), with a maximum of 63.4% in the age group 15-24 years. The carrier rate was low among children aged 3 to 15 years (6.5%). Children below 3 years were frequent meningococcal carriers, however (37.5%). Sulphonamide-resistant strains were often found, 22.6% of the total material being resistant. Group B was the most frequent serogroup, and accounted for 44.5% of the isolated strains. Non-groupable strains were second in frequency (23.8%), followed by group Y (15.8%). Only a few strains belonged to the serogroups A, C, X and Z. N. lactamica was isolated from 26.9% of children below 15 years, but seldom in older age groups.", "PMID": 416488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8616", "title": "Multiple diverticula of the ureter.", "content": "Multiple ureteral diverticula are rare and not previously reported in Scandinavian literature. Various etiologic factors have been considered. In our opinion, it is a congenital abnormality, not in itself demanding specific therapy. Diverticulosis ureteris is not seen at ordinary excretory pyelography, and only occasionally at a high volume excretory pyelography with compression. They are best visualized by retrograde pyelography, and the incidence may, therefore, be higher than hitherto anticipated.", "contents": "Multiple diverticula of the ureter. Multiple ureteral diverticula are rare and not previously reported in Scandinavian literature. Various etiologic factors have been considered. In our opinion, it is a congenital abnormality, not in itself demanding specific therapy. Diverticulosis ureteris is not seen at ordinary excretory pyelography, and only occasionally at a high volume excretory pyelography with compression. They are best visualized by retrograde pyelography, and the incidence may, therefore, be higher than hitherto anticipated.", "PMID": 416489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8617", "title": "[Periosteal bone formation in Crohn's disease].", "content": "Crohn's disease not only affects the gastrointestinal tract but also causes skeletal complications. Arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis are among the best known of these, while periostal new bone formation in patients with Crohn's disease is rare. A report is presented on a patient who developed this complication after Crohn's disease of many year's standing.", "contents": "[Periosteal bone formation in Crohn's disease]. Crohn's disease not only affects the gastrointestinal tract but also causes skeletal complications. Arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis are among the best known of these, while periostal new bone formation in patients with Crohn's disease is rare. A report is presented on a patient who developed this complication after Crohn's disease of many year's standing.", "PMID": 416490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8618", "title": "Importance of interactions between nutrients and environmental contaminants as a factor in experimental design in toxicological research: with emphasis on selenium and ascorbic acid.", "content": "Interactions between dietary components and environmental contaminants may influence the outcome of toxicological testing. A comparison was made between the vitamin and mineral content of laboratory animal basal diets as supplied by two major feed companies. Striking differences in nutrient content of Guinea pig, rat, and primate diets, as supplied by these companies are cited. Attention is drawn to the lack of data on selenium content of these feeds. The importance of Vitamin C in regards to ameliorating toxic effects of heavy metals is discussed.", "contents": "Importance of interactions between nutrients and environmental contaminants as a factor in experimental design in toxicological research: with emphasis on selenium and ascorbic acid. Interactions between dietary components and environmental contaminants may influence the outcome of toxicological testing. A comparison was made between the vitamin and mineral content of laboratory animal basal diets as supplied by two major feed companies. Striking differences in nutrient content of Guinea pig, rat, and primate diets, as supplied by these companies are cited. Attention is drawn to the lack of data on selenium content of these feeds. The importance of Vitamin C in regards to ameliorating toxic effects of heavy metals is discussed.", "PMID": 416493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8619", "title": "Hv(1), a variable-region genetic marker of human immunoglobulin heavy chains.", "content": "A new antigenic determinant was discovered with a hemagglutination-inhibition assay system. Designated Hv(1), it is located in the variable region of human immunoglobulin heavy chains of the G, M, and A classes. Pedigree and population analyses suggest that it has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. This represents the first description of an allotypic determinant in the variable region of human immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Hv(1), a variable-region genetic marker of human immunoglobulin heavy chains. A new antigenic determinant was discovered with a hemagglutination-inhibition assay system. Designated Hv(1), it is located in the variable region of human immunoglobulin heavy chains of the G, M, and A classes. Pedigree and population analyses suggest that it has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. This represents the first description of an allotypic determinant in the variable region of human immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 416494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8620", "title": "Immunological studies of eosinophilic gastro-enteritis and treatment with disodium cromoglycate and beclomethasone dipropionate.", "content": "A 45-year-old woman with intestinal malabsorption due to eosinophilic gastro-enteritis was found to have markedly fluctuating total serum IgE levels with a positive intradermal skin test and a positive radio-allergosorbent test to milk antigen. No organ-specific or non-organ-specific auto-antibodies were detected in the patient's serum, and her complement profile was normal. Low doses of disodium cromoglycate failed to improve intestinal absorption, whereas a 16-day course of a corticosteroid, beclomethasone dipropionate 3 mg daily, improved D-xylose and carotene absorption without suppressing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.", "contents": "Immunological studies of eosinophilic gastro-enteritis and treatment with disodium cromoglycate and beclomethasone dipropionate. A 45-year-old woman with intestinal malabsorption due to eosinophilic gastro-enteritis was found to have markedly fluctuating total serum IgE levels with a positive intradermal skin test and a positive radio-allergosorbent test to milk antigen. No organ-specific or non-organ-specific auto-antibodies were detected in the patient's serum, and her complement profile was normal. Low doses of disodium cromoglycate failed to improve intestinal absorption, whereas a 16-day course of a corticosteroid, beclomethasone dipropionate 3 mg daily, improved D-xylose and carotene absorption without suppressing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.", "PMID": 416498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8621", "title": "High dietary ascorbic acid levels and oxalate crystallization in soft tissues of baboons.", "content": "The baboon (Papio ursinus) was used as a model to investigate the possibility of oxalate crystallization in the soft tissues due to long-term feeding of ascorbic acid in high doses. Microscopical inspection in polarized light did not reveal oxalate crystals in any of the soft tissues obtained from 16 baboons fed very high doses of ascorbic acid for a period of 20 months.", "contents": "High dietary ascorbic acid levels and oxalate crystallization in soft tissues of baboons. The baboon (Papio ursinus) was used as a model to investigate the possibility of oxalate crystallization in the soft tissues due to long-term feeding of ascorbic acid in high doses. Microscopical inspection in polarized light did not reveal oxalate crystals in any of the soft tissues obtained from 16 baboons fed very high doses of ascorbic acid for a period of 20 months.", "PMID": 416499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8622", "title": "The extent and causes of malnutrition in children in the Tsolo district of Transkei.", "content": "A survey of children under 5 years old living in a rural Transkei village was carried out. It was found that 36% of the children were below the Boston third percentile (BTP) (including 57% of those children between the ages of 18 and 32 months), and that nearly 30% die before the age of 2 years. The relative importance of education, dietary understanding and socio-economic status in accounting for this situation is assessed.", "contents": "The extent and causes of malnutrition in children in the Tsolo district of Transkei. A survey of children under 5 years old living in a rural Transkei village was carried out. It was found that 36% of the children were below the Boston third percentile (BTP) (including 57% of those children between the ages of 18 and 32 months), and that nearly 30% die before the age of 2 years. The relative importance of education, dietary understanding and socio-economic status in accounting for this situation is assessed.", "PMID": 416500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8623", "title": "Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "One of the indications for the use of the heterotopic cardiac transplant is temporarily to support a failing heart in the anticipation of its recovery when all other measures of support have been unsuccessful. Human donors are not always available when required and we decided to use a xenograft for this purpose when the need arose. This report details our experience with a baboon and a chimpanzee cardiac xenograft transplant in the heterotopic position. We have found (a) that the operation is technically feasible; (b) that the xenograft will support the failing circulation, but that the more support required, the bigger the xenograft should be and the species chosen accordingly; (c) that severe acute rejection will occur within 4 days and the procedure should therefore only be employed where there is evidence that the patient's own heart function will recover rapidly.", "contents": "Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass. One of the indications for the use of the heterotopic cardiac transplant is temporarily to support a failing heart in the anticipation of its recovery when all other measures of support have been unsuccessful. Human donors are not always available when required and we decided to use a xenograft for this purpose when the need arose. This report details our experience with a baboon and a chimpanzee cardiac xenograft transplant in the heterotopic position. We have found (a) that the operation is technically feasible; (b) that the xenograft will support the failing circulation, but that the more support required, the bigger the xenograft should be and the species chosen accordingly; (c) that severe acute rejection will occur within 4 days and the procedure should therefore only be employed where there is evidence that the patient's own heart function will recover rapidly.", "PMID": 416502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8624", "title": "Respiratory infection in an intensive care unit.", "content": "A postmortem bacteriological study of Black children in a respiratory intensive care unit showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common opportunistic pathogen and that it usually complicated a viral infection. In a parallel study of non-debilitated patients in general hospital wards Klebsiella aerogenes and Escherichia coli were the most frequently isolated organisms. Counter-immuno-electrophoresis was used for the identification of Pseudomonas-precipitating antibody in serum and tracheal secretions, and also of Pseudomonas antigen in the latter.", "contents": "Respiratory infection in an intensive care unit. A postmortem bacteriological study of Black children in a respiratory intensive care unit showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common opportunistic pathogen and that it usually complicated a viral infection. In a parallel study of non-debilitated patients in general hospital wards Klebsiella aerogenes and Escherichia coli were the most frequently isolated organisms. Counter-immuno-electrophoresis was used for the identification of Pseudomonas-precipitating antibody in serum and tracheal secretions, and also of Pseudomonas antigen in the latter.", "PMID": 416503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8625", "title": "The incidence of gonorrhoea in urban Rhodesian Black women.", "content": "The incidence of gonorrhoea in urban Black women seen in an antenatal clinic, a gynaecological clinic and a family planning clinic, was studied. Swabs taken from the urethra, endocervix and rectum were cultured by means of the Clinicult system. The overall incidence of gonorrhoea was 9.7%. In the antenatal clinic the incidence was 2%, in the gynaecological clinic it was 11% and in the family planning clinic it was 12%.", "contents": "The incidence of gonorrhoea in urban Rhodesian Black women. The incidence of gonorrhoea in urban Black women seen in an antenatal clinic, a gynaecological clinic and a family planning clinic, was studied. Swabs taken from the urethra, endocervix and rectum were cultured by means of the Clinicult system. The overall incidence of gonorrhoea was 9.7%. In the antenatal clinic the incidence was 2%, in the gynaecological clinic it was 11% and in the family planning clinic it was 12%.", "PMID": 416504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8626", "title": "Specific double diffusion microtechnique for the diagnosis of aspergillosis and paracoccidioidomycosis using monospecific antisera.", "content": "Using experimental reference sera against species-specific antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in a microdouble diffusion technique, a simple and specific test for the immunodiagnosis of aspergillosis and paracoccidioidomycosis has been developed. Only sera that produced lines of identity with either one of the bands formed by the anti-C2 or the anti-E2 reference sera were considered positive for aspergillosis or paracoccidioidomycosis, respectively. The sensitivity of the diagnostic test was similar to those of the classical double diffusion and the immunoelectrophoresis test. No false positives were found in sera obtained from patients affected by other mycoses, nor from healthy controls. The amount of reagents for the specific test was ten fold less than that required by the classical double diffusion test.", "contents": "Specific double diffusion microtechnique for the diagnosis of aspergillosis and paracoccidioidomycosis using monospecific antisera. Using experimental reference sera against species-specific antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in a microdouble diffusion technique, a simple and specific test for the immunodiagnosis of aspergillosis and paracoccidioidomycosis has been developed. Only sera that produced lines of identity with either one of the bands formed by the anti-C2 or the anti-E2 reference sera were considered positive for aspergillosis or paracoccidioidomycosis, respectively. The sensitivity of the diagnostic test was similar to those of the classical double diffusion and the immunoelectrophoresis test. No false positives were found in sera obtained from patients affected by other mycoses, nor from healthy controls. The amount of reagents for the specific test was ten fold less than that required by the classical double diffusion test.", "PMID": 416505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8627", "title": "Replacement of pancreatic beta cells as treatment for diabetes mellitus: a review.", "content": "At the present time, two major factors limit further clinical application of islet cell transplantation in treatment of the insulin-deficient diabetic patient. First, the yield of islet tissue obtainable from a single donor pancreas is insufficient for adequate reconstitution of normal beta cell mass. The purification procedures required to eliminate acinar contamination and allow safe portal vein infusion cause large islet cell losses. Other procedures designed to minimize islet loss result in crude preparations containing substantial acinar tissue. In dogs and rats, crude preparations have been inoculated with safety into the spleen and function well in this location, but such a procedure might not be feasible in the human. Preliminary trials of these techniques in the monkey have not been successful. Second, dispersed and isolated islets inoculated into any site are exceptionally vulnerable to rejection and cease to function within a few days. Successful human islet allografting must await development of improved techniques of histocompatibility matching and/or immunosuppression. An additional question, unanswered in experiments to date, relates to the probable requirement for accuracy in replacement of alpha cells and beta cells for cure of the insulin-deficient juvenile diabetic patient. In rats, transplantation of large volumes of islet cells has resulted in hyperglucagonemia, hyperinsulinemia, and polyphagia, although the rats remain normoglycemic and have normal glucose tolerance tests. Bewick has elicited hyperinsulinemia in dogs by denervation and shunting the pancreatic venous drainage from portal to systemic. The metabolic effects of this abnormal state have not been adequately studied. These unresolved issues mandate that pancreatic transplantation remain an experimental procedure in humans. Whole or segmental pancreatic implants are technically feasible and are capable of function for extended periods of time. Islet implantation is reserved for carefully controlled experiments and in patients immunosuppressed for other organ transplants.", "contents": "Replacement of pancreatic beta cells as treatment for diabetes mellitus: a review. At the present time, two major factors limit further clinical application of islet cell transplantation in treatment of the insulin-deficient diabetic patient. First, the yield of islet tissue obtainable from a single donor pancreas is insufficient for adequate reconstitution of normal beta cell mass. The purification procedures required to eliminate acinar contamination and allow safe portal vein infusion cause large islet cell losses. Other procedures designed to minimize islet loss result in crude preparations containing substantial acinar tissue. In dogs and rats, crude preparations have been inoculated with safety into the spleen and function well in this location, but such a procedure might not be feasible in the human. Preliminary trials of these techniques in the monkey have not been successful. Second, dispersed and isolated islets inoculated into any site are exceptionally vulnerable to rejection and cease to function within a few days. Successful human islet allografting must await development of improved techniques of histocompatibility matching and/or immunosuppression. An additional question, unanswered in experiments to date, relates to the probable requirement for accuracy in replacement of alpha cells and beta cells for cure of the insulin-deficient juvenile diabetic patient. In rats, transplantation of large volumes of islet cells has resulted in hyperglucagonemia, hyperinsulinemia, and polyphagia, although the rats remain normoglycemic and have normal glucose tolerance tests. Bewick has elicited hyperinsulinemia in dogs by denervation and shunting the pancreatic venous drainage from portal to systemic. The metabolic effects of this abnormal state have not been adequately studied. These unresolved issues mandate that pancreatic transplantation remain an experimental procedure in humans. Whole or segmental pancreatic implants are technically feasible and are capable of function for extended periods of time. Islet implantation is reserved for carefully controlled experiments and in patients immunosuppressed for other organ transplants.", "PMID": 416507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8628", "title": "Zinc and copper deficiency, with particular reference to parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Trace mineral metabolism has reached a new importance and received a new stimulus with the development of total intravenous feeding. A syndrome of acute zinc deficiency has been described in patients receiving intravenous feeding with pure amino acid infusates. Although the rapid response to zinc therapy makes it tempting to assume that the syndrome we have recognized during total parenteral nutrition is one of pure zinc deficiency, it is very likely that this is an oversimplication. The subtle relationships between zinc and other metals, such as calcium, copper, cadmium, and selenium, need further clarification and may account for some patients with low serum zinc not developing the expected clinical manifestations. Copper deficiency also occurs, but its importance is not yet as clearly defined as that of zinc deficiency.", "contents": "Zinc and copper deficiency, with particular reference to parenteral nutrition. Trace mineral metabolism has reached a new importance and received a new stimulus with the development of total intravenous feeding. A syndrome of acute zinc deficiency has been described in patients receiving intravenous feeding with pure amino acid infusates. Although the rapid response to zinc therapy makes it tempting to assume that the syndrome we have recognized during total parenteral nutrition is one of pure zinc deficiency, it is very likely that this is an oversimplication. The subtle relationships between zinc and other metals, such as calcium, copper, cadmium, and selenium, need further clarification and may account for some patients with low serum zinc not developing the expected clinical manifestations. Copper deficiency also occurs, but its importance is not yet as clearly defined as that of zinc deficiency.", "PMID": 416508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8629", "title": "Anatomic relationship of insertion of the common bile duct into primary duodenal diverticula.", "content": "Examination of 96 postmortem specimens disclosed six diverticula of the second portion of the duodenum. In every instance, the common bile duct either emptied into, or immediately adjacent to, the diverticulum. The pancreatic duct was opacified twice; it was also intimately associated with the diverticulum on both occasions. This relationship is almost constant and should be considered in the management of patients with biliary and pancreatic disease who have primary duodenal diverticula.", "contents": "Anatomic relationship of insertion of the common bile duct into primary duodenal diverticula. Examination of 96 postmortem specimens disclosed six diverticula of the second portion of the duodenum. In every instance, the common bile duct either emptied into, or immediately adjacent to, the diverticulum. The pancreatic duct was opacified twice; it was also intimately associated with the diverticulum on both occasions. This relationship is almost constant and should be considered in the management of patients with biliary and pancreatic disease who have primary duodenal diverticula.", "PMID": 416511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8630", "title": "Postsynaptic membranes in the electric tissue of Narcine: IV. Isolation and characterization of the nicotinic receptor protein.", "content": "The nicotinic receptor protein of the electric tissue of Narcine was purified in several different media by partial isolation of postsynaptic membranes and affinity chromatography. Protease inhibitors were found to be necessary to prevent degradation of the protein, and both EDTA and Tris buffer were used in addition to prevent intramolecular crosslinking of 44,000 and 58,000 dalton subunits by tissue factors. The intact protein was found to have a molecular weight close to 400,000, and appears to be composed of four subunits of 44,000 daltons, two to three of 48,000, one of 58,000 and one of 65,000. All the subunits are glycoproteins and their amino acid compositions show similar hydrophobicity and acidity, suggesting similar positioning in postsynaptic membranes. Crosslinking experiments showed that acetylcholine and alpha-bungarotoxin bind to the smallest subunit, and suggest the juxtaposition of at least two of these subunits, and of all four toxin molecules bound to a receptor molecule. Morphological studies of the protein in membranes and after purification indicated cylindrial molecules with central cores.", "contents": "Postsynaptic membranes in the electric tissue of Narcine: IV. Isolation and characterization of the nicotinic receptor protein. The nicotinic receptor protein of the electric tissue of Narcine was purified in several different media by partial isolation of postsynaptic membranes and affinity chromatography. Protease inhibitors were found to be necessary to prevent degradation of the protein, and both EDTA and Tris buffer were used in addition to prevent intramolecular crosslinking of 44,000 and 58,000 dalton subunits by tissue factors. The intact protein was found to have a molecular weight close to 400,000, and appears to be composed of four subunits of 44,000 daltons, two to three of 48,000, one of 58,000 and one of 65,000. All the subunits are glycoproteins and their amino acid compositions show similar hydrophobicity and acidity, suggesting similar positioning in postsynaptic membranes. Crosslinking experiments showed that acetylcholine and alpha-bungarotoxin bind to the smallest subunit, and suggest the juxtaposition of at least two of these subunits, and of all four toxin molecules bound to a receptor molecule. Morphological studies of the protein in membranes and after purification indicated cylindrial molecules with central cores.", "PMID": 416517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8631", "title": "The damaging effects of light on the retina. Empirical findings, theoretical and practical implications.", "content": "Light well below the intensity which causes thermal burns physiologically damages the retina. This damage is primarily localized in the receptors. The outer segments are most sensitive and slow recovery is possible if damage does not proceed to destruction of the inner segment. Many variables affect the extent and severity of light damage. Damage is correlated with continuity of source, light intensity, elevated body temperature, nocturnality, and albinism. Light damage has been considered only minimally in visual research with light preferences, reinforcement and discrimination, or in clinical settings. Based on the available evidence, it is suggested that retinal damage may be produced by such common light sources as room lighting, phototherapy techniques, ophthalmoscopes and fundus cameras. Further studies are recommended.", "contents": "The damaging effects of light on the retina. Empirical findings, theoretical and practical implications. Light well below the intensity which causes thermal burns physiologically damages the retina. This damage is primarily localized in the receptors. The outer segments are most sensitive and slow recovery is possible if damage does not proceed to destruction of the inner segment. Many variables affect the extent and severity of light damage. Damage is correlated with continuity of source, light intensity, elevated body temperature, nocturnality, and albinism. Light damage has been considered only minimally in visual research with light preferences, reinforcement and discrimination, or in clinical settings. Based on the available evidence, it is suggested that retinal damage may be produced by such common light sources as room lighting, phototherapy techniques, ophthalmoscopes and fundus cameras. Further studies are recommended.", "PMID": 416513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8632", "title": "[The question of the possibility to reproduce field positions in high-voltage therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to obtain informations about the possibility to reproduce field positions in high-voltage therapy, controls were made by therapy films on several patients during the irradiation with a linear accelerator and a telecobalt unit. An incorrect position of the fields and/or lead satellites was found in 51% of the controls. The authors discuss possible reasons and their consequences for the radiotherapeutic practice. It must be taken into consideration especially when therapy plans are elaborated, that their realization may cause difficulties in the daily practice.", "contents": "[The question of the possibility to reproduce field positions in high-voltage therapy (author's transl)]. In order to obtain informations about the possibility to reproduce field positions in high-voltage therapy, controls were made by therapy films on several patients during the irradiation with a linear accelerator and a telecobalt unit. An incorrect position of the fields and/or lead satellites was found in 51% of the controls. The authors discuss possible reasons and their consequences for the radiotherapeutic practice. It must be taken into consideration especially when therapy plans are elaborated, that their realization may cause difficulties in the daily practice.", "PMID": 416521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8633", "title": "Management of herpetic eye disease.", "content": "We define in this paper a rational approach to the management of the various stages of herpetic eye disease. We consider in more detail comparisons between idoxuridine (IDU), trifluorothymidine (F3T), and adenine arabinoside (Ara-a) (derived largely from clinical trials in herpetic ulcers). We discuss metaherpetic ulcers and certain aspects of keratoplasty.", "contents": "Management of herpetic eye disease. We define in this paper a rational approach to the management of the various stages of herpetic eye disease. We consider in more detail comparisons between idoxuridine (IDU), trifluorothymidine (F3T), and adenine arabinoside (Ara-a) (derived largely from clinical trials in herpetic ulcers). We discuss metaherpetic ulcers and certain aspects of keratoplasty.", "PMID": 416522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8634", "title": "Comparative xenodiagnosis with three triatomine species of different hosts with natural and experimental chronic infections with Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi.", "content": "Simultaneous xenodiagnosis was made of 29 patients with chronic Chagas's disease, six naturally infected opossums (Didelphis azarae) and of a Rhesus monkey with an experimental chronic infection with Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi (Peru strain). Patients and opossums were from an endemic area in the state of Bahia, Brazil, where Panstrongylus megistus is the sole domiciliary vector of the disease to man. Various instars of P. megistus Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus were used. The proportion of bugs infected with compared with bloodmeal intake by a computer programme using linear logistic analysis. The analysis showed that there are intrinsic interspecific differences in susceptibility to infection with Trypanosoma cruzi between the three triatomine species used and that subsequent infection of bugs with T. cruzi is correlated with the quantity of blood ingested. The results show that interspecific differences of bloodmeal size and intrinsic differences in susceptibility to T. cruzi between triatomine species are limiting factors for the standardization and interpretation of the results of xenodiagnosis.", "contents": "Comparative xenodiagnosis with three triatomine species of different hosts with natural and experimental chronic infections with Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. Simultaneous xenodiagnosis was made of 29 patients with chronic Chagas's disease, six naturally infected opossums (Didelphis azarae) and of a Rhesus monkey with an experimental chronic infection with Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi (Peru strain). Patients and opossums were from an endemic area in the state of Bahia, Brazil, where Panstrongylus megistus is the sole domiciliary vector of the disease to man. Various instars of P. megistus Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus were used. The proportion of bugs infected with compared with bloodmeal intake by a computer programme using linear logistic analysis. The analysis showed that there are intrinsic interspecific differences in susceptibility to infection with Trypanosoma cruzi between the three triatomine species used and that subsequent infection of bugs with T. cruzi is correlated with the quantity of blood ingested. The results show that interspecific differences of bloodmeal size and intrinsic differences in susceptibility to T. cruzi between triatomine species are limiting factors for the standardization and interpretation of the results of xenodiagnosis.", "PMID": 416525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8635", "title": "Studies on the enhancement of rat islet allografts.", "content": "Attempts to improve the induction of immunological enhancement of (AS X August)F1 pancreatic islet allografts in diabetic AS rats have been carried out. First, by treating the diabetic AS recipient with enhancing serum obtained from AS rats with functioning enhanced (AS X August)F1 islet allografts. In these rats on 1 of 5 islet allografts had a prolonged survival, the other 4 being rejected by 2 days. Second, by transplanting (AS X August)F1 islet allografts into diabetic AS rats bearing functioning enhanced (AS X August)F1 cardiac allografts. All of these islet allografts were rejected by 2 days.", "contents": "Studies on the enhancement of rat islet allografts. Attempts to improve the induction of immunological enhancement of (AS X August)F1 pancreatic islet allografts in diabetic AS rats have been carried out. First, by treating the diabetic AS recipient with enhancing serum obtained from AS rats with functioning enhanced (AS X August)F1 islet allografts. In these rats on 1 of 5 islet allografts had a prolonged survival, the other 4 being rejected by 2 days. Second, by transplanting (AS X August)F1 islet allografts into diabetic AS rats bearing functioning enhanced (AS X August)F1 cardiac allografts. All of these islet allografts were rejected by 2 days.", "PMID": 416526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8636", "title": "Attempts to induce immunological enhancement for kidney allografts in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Various rhesus alloantisera were tested for their capacity to induce enhancement of kidney allograft survival in D locus-incompatible rhesus monkeys. Six experimental groups were investigated: 1, ten allografted monkeys remained untreated; 2, six recipients were treated with Imuran and prednisolone; 3, eight rhesus monkeys were treated with a polyspecific \"anti-SD\" serum; 4, four animals were given oligospecific antikidney serum; 5, four monkeys were treated with oligospecific antiblood serum; and 6, nine recipients were given anti-Ia-like sera plus immunosuppressive treatment with Imuran and prednisolone. It was found that neither treatment with Imuran and prednisolone nor the administration of any of the alloantisera had a substantial effect on kidney graft survival. However, there appeared to be a difference in renal function among experimental groups. At 6 days after grafting, the mean blood urea level in the group treated with Ia-like antisera was found to be significantly lower than those of all other groups. It is discussed that this favourable effect is attributable to treatment with anti-Ia-like sera and not to the additional factors (conventional immunosuppression and partial matching for Ia-like antigens) occurring in this experimental group.", "contents": "Attempts to induce immunological enhancement for kidney allografts in rhesus monkeys. Various rhesus alloantisera were tested for their capacity to induce enhancement of kidney allograft survival in D locus-incompatible rhesus monkeys. Six experimental groups were investigated: 1, ten allografted monkeys remained untreated; 2, six recipients were treated with Imuran and prednisolone; 3, eight rhesus monkeys were treated with a polyspecific \"anti-SD\" serum; 4, four animals were given oligospecific antikidney serum; 5, four monkeys were treated with oligospecific antiblood serum; and 6, nine recipients were given anti-Ia-like sera plus immunosuppressive treatment with Imuran and prednisolone. It was found that neither treatment with Imuran and prednisolone nor the administration of any of the alloantisera had a substantial effect on kidney graft survival. However, there appeared to be a difference in renal function among experimental groups. At 6 days after grafting, the mean blood urea level in the group treated with Ia-like antisera was found to be significantly lower than those of all other groups. It is discussed that this favourable effect is attributable to treatment with anti-Ia-like sera and not to the additional factors (conventional immunosuppression and partial matching for Ia-like antigens) occurring in this experimental group.", "PMID": 416527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8637", "title": "Impact of anti-tuberculosis legislation in Libya on the prevalence of primary and acquired resistance to the three main drugs at a majortuberculosis centre.", "content": "The effect of legislative actions taken in 1973 on the prevalence of primary and acquired drug resistance was studied from the records on the Regional Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Centre in Benghazi during the period June 1971 to August 1976. There were available for analysis 771 culture-positive cases of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis in Libyan nationals, and 789 cases of both Libyan nationals and others with positive cultures during treatment. The legislative actions included screening of all foreign and local workers for tuberculosis before employment or in the course of employement for those already employed and strict control of the use of antituberculosis drugs, which were not made available to private practitioners, private pharmacies, general dispensaries and general hospitals. The proportion of newly diagnosed cases with resistance to one or more of the 3 drugs streptomycin, isoniazid, PAS (resistance to PAS was negligible, occurring in only 0.7% of the whole series) during the first 3 months of the survey was 16.6%. During the first 9 3-month periods there was a small decrease of 0.15% per quarter. However, after adoption of the antituberculosis measures in mid-1973 the rate of decline accelerated to 0.61% per quarter, a 4-fold increase over the earlier rates (P less than 0.001 for comparison of rates). If the rate of decline observed in the first 9 quarters had continued unchanged the expected proportion resistant at the end of the period would have been 13.5%, compared with the observed proportion of 8.6%. The proportion of patients under treatment from whom resistant cultures were isolated was 33.3% in the first quarter. It remained at about this level until the 14th quarter, approximately a year after the legislation came into force, when the proportion began to decline. By the end of the period it was only 14.7%.", "contents": "Impact of anti-tuberculosis legislation in Libya on the prevalence of primary and acquired resistance to the three main drugs at a majortuberculosis centre. The effect of legislative actions taken in 1973 on the prevalence of primary and acquired drug resistance was studied from the records on the Regional Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Centre in Benghazi during the period June 1971 to August 1976. There were available for analysis 771 culture-positive cases of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis in Libyan nationals, and 789 cases of both Libyan nationals and others with positive cultures during treatment. The legislative actions included screening of all foreign and local workers for tuberculosis before employment or in the course of employement for those already employed and strict control of the use of antituberculosis drugs, which were not made available to private practitioners, private pharmacies, general dispensaries and general hospitals. The proportion of newly diagnosed cases with resistance to one or more of the 3 drugs streptomycin, isoniazid, PAS (resistance to PAS was negligible, occurring in only 0.7% of the whole series) during the first 3 months of the survey was 16.6%. During the first 9 3-month periods there was a small decrease of 0.15% per quarter. However, after adoption of the antituberculosis measures in mid-1973 the rate of decline accelerated to 0.61% per quarter, a 4-fold increase over the earlier rates (P less than 0.001 for comparison of rates). If the rate of decline observed in the first 9 quarters had continued unchanged the expected proportion resistant at the end of the period would have been 13.5%, compared with the observed proportion of 8.6%. The proportion of patients under treatment from whom resistant cultures were isolated was 33.3% in the first quarter. It remained at about this level until the 14th quarter, approximately a year after the legislation came into force, when the proportion began to decline. By the end of the period it was only 14.7%.", "PMID": 416530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8638", "title": "Diverticula on distal tubule, simple renal cysts, and ureteral obstruction. Causal relationship.", "content": "A case of obstruction on a localized kidney zone is reported. Obstruction was considered a precipitating factor in the morphogenesis of diverticula on the distal tubules and the simple cyst, found exclusively in the adjacent renal parenchyma to the obstruction.", "contents": "Diverticula on distal tubule, simple renal cysts, and ureteral obstruction. Causal relationship. A case of obstruction on a localized kidney zone is reported. Obstruction was considered a precipitating factor in the morphogenesis of diverticula on the distal tubules and the simple cyst, found exclusively in the adjacent renal parenchyma to the obstruction.", "PMID": 416536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8639", "title": "Urethral diverticulum with endometriosis.", "content": "A case of urethral diverticulum in a female patient with endometriosis in the diverticular wall is presented. Review of the recent urologic literature reveals no such case reported previously. The diverticulum was excised and the urethral walls were approximated, with uneventful postoperative recovery.", "contents": "Urethral diverticulum with endometriosis. A case of urethral diverticulum in a female patient with endometriosis in the diverticular wall is presented. Review of the recent urologic literature reveals no such case reported previously. The diverticulum was excised and the urethral walls were approximated, with uneventful postoperative recovery.", "PMID": 416537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8640", "title": "[Roentgenological examination of the biliary system during emergency surgery].", "content": "The drip-infusion cholegraphy carried out within 24 hours after the onset of cholecystitis ensures timely diagnosis or adds to the already established clinical diagnosis. The combination of the cholegraphy with the infusion therapy simplifies a lot the method of examination and expands its possibilities. This combination helps, in particular, to avoid the necessity of the test-injection. The patients tolerate well this method of examination which conveys information on the status of the biliferous system within 1--1.5 hours after infusion.", "contents": "[Roentgenological examination of the biliary system during emergency surgery]. The drip-infusion cholegraphy carried out within 24 hours after the onset of cholecystitis ensures timely diagnosis or adds to the already established clinical diagnosis. The combination of the cholegraphy with the infusion therapy simplifies a lot the method of examination and expands its possibilities. This combination helps, in particular, to avoid the necessity of the test-injection. The patients tolerate well this method of examination which conveys information on the status of the biliferous system within 1--1.5 hours after infusion.", "PMID": 416539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8641", "title": "[Use of mass spectrometry in the chemical analysis of organophosporus compounds].", "content": "The authors studied the possibility of using mass spectrometry in the chemical analysis of the biologically highly active organophosphorus compounds. The results show that methylthiophosphorous acid O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ester has the most complex mass spectrum of all the substances under study. In the spectrum characteristic fragments were detected, having m/e values of 42, 44, 58, 71 and 72 [corresponding to the presence of the (CH3)2NCH2CH2-group], and 81, 95, 97, 105 and 125 which are characteristic of the phosphoester group. Mass spectrometric analysis, performed in this study, proved that the MS method is suitable for a qualitative analysis of biologically highly active organophosphorus compounds such as methylthiophosphorous acid O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ester.", "contents": "[Use of mass spectrometry in the chemical analysis of organophosporus compounds]. The authors studied the possibility of using mass spectrometry in the chemical analysis of the biologically highly active organophosphorus compounds. The results show that methylthiophosphorous acid O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ester has the most complex mass spectrum of all the substances under study. In the spectrum characteristic fragments were detected, having m/e values of 42, 44, 58, 71 and 72 [corresponding to the presence of the (CH3)2NCH2CH2-group], and 81, 95, 97, 105 and 125 which are characteristic of the phosphoester group. Mass spectrometric analysis, performed in this study, proved that the MS method is suitable for a qualitative analysis of biologically highly active organophosphorus compounds such as methylthiophosphorous acid O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ester.", "PMID": 416541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8642", "title": "[Selection of screening methods for the detection of aflatoxins in animal feed].", "content": "Five different screening methods of the detection of aflatoxin B1 are compared as to their usability in ten feeds, feed concentrates, and complete feed mixtures. Method II, i. e. the author's modification of the method of Pons et al. (1973) was found to be the best for the highest number of different feeds. Aflatoxin B1-positive findings were obtained in samples of groundnut cake and protein concentrates a) for laying hens and b) for breeding pigs. No aflatoxins were detected in other feed samples: soya, sunflower, maize, fish meal, complete feed mixtures--table trout trout feed, carp stock feed, table carp feed, duckling fattening mixture.", "contents": "[Selection of screening methods for the detection of aflatoxins in animal feed]. Five different screening methods of the detection of aflatoxin B1 are compared as to their usability in ten feeds, feed concentrates, and complete feed mixtures. Method II, i. e. the author's modification of the method of Pons et al. (1973) was found to be the best for the highest number of different feeds. Aflatoxin B1-positive findings were obtained in samples of groundnut cake and protein concentrates a) for laying hens and b) for breeding pigs. No aflatoxins were detected in other feed samples: soya, sunflower, maize, fish meal, complete feed mixtures--table trout trout feed, carp stock feed, table carp feed, duckling fattening mixture.", "PMID": 416542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8643", "title": "[Vitamin E levels in the ovine serum after administration of vitamin E and selenium].", "content": "The effects of drugs containing vitamin E for peroral administration (Combinal E), intramuscular injection (Erevit) and parenteral administration of a combined drug containing vitamin E and selenium (Selevit) on vitamin E levels in the ovine blood serum were studied. A uniform dose of 15 mg tocopherol acetate per 1 kg live weight was administered to the experimental animals. The level of vitamin E after the peroral administration of Combinal E was affected to a lesser extent than in swine and calves. The serum was examined before and after saponification to determine the effect of the intramuscular injection of Erevit; it was found out that tocopherol acetate prevailed in the blood serum in the first hours after such a route of administration. The best results were obtained after both subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of Selevit, the levels of free tocopherol showing high values even at the end of the experiments. These results may be made use of in determining effective preventive and therapeutic measures to do away with the white muscle disease in practice.", "contents": "[Vitamin E levels in the ovine serum after administration of vitamin E and selenium]. The effects of drugs containing vitamin E for peroral administration (Combinal E), intramuscular injection (Erevit) and parenteral administration of a combined drug containing vitamin E and selenium (Selevit) on vitamin E levels in the ovine blood serum were studied. A uniform dose of 15 mg tocopherol acetate per 1 kg live weight was administered to the experimental animals. The level of vitamin E after the peroral administration of Combinal E was affected to a lesser extent than in swine and calves. The serum was examined before and after saponification to determine the effect of the intramuscular injection of Erevit; it was found out that tocopherol acetate prevailed in the blood serum in the first hours after such a route of administration. The best results were obtained after both subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of Selevit, the levels of free tocopherol showing high values even at the end of the experiments. These results may be made use of in determining effective preventive and therapeutic measures to do away with the white muscle disease in practice.", "PMID": 416545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8644", "title": "[Biological titration of antidiuretic activity of ovine plasma].", "content": "We studied a relationship of the antidiuretic hormone to the level of urea in the ovine blood. An antidiuretic activity of the ovine blood plasma before and after 36-hour fasting was determined by biological titration on 22-day-old rats. Optimum control doses were calculated as follows: 1.0 muU for pitressin, 2.5 muU for lysine-vasopressin and 0.1 muU for arginine-vasopressin, these doses securing 80-85% antidiuretic activity. The antidiuretic activity of the ovine blood plasma reached 90, 70, 46% before fasting and 58, 59, 46% after 36-hour fasting, in comparison with the control doses. It can be concluded from the results that there is no relationship between the antidiuretic activity of the ovine plasma and an increased urea concentration in the blood during the first days of fasting (36 hours).", "contents": "[Biological titration of antidiuretic activity of ovine plasma]. We studied a relationship of the antidiuretic hormone to the level of urea in the ovine blood. An antidiuretic activity of the ovine blood plasma before and after 36-hour fasting was determined by biological titration on 22-day-old rats. Optimum control doses were calculated as follows: 1.0 muU for pitressin, 2.5 muU for lysine-vasopressin and 0.1 muU for arginine-vasopressin, these doses securing 80-85% antidiuretic activity. The antidiuretic activity of the ovine blood plasma reached 90, 70, 46% before fasting and 58, 59, 46% after 36-hour fasting, in comparison with the control doses. It can be concluded from the results that there is no relationship between the antidiuretic activity of the ovine plasma and an increased urea concentration in the blood during the first days of fasting (36 hours).", "PMID": 416546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8645", "title": "[Enzootic abortion among ewes in the Roznava district].", "content": "In the winter months of the year 1977, 64 dams out of 170 ewes pregnant for the first time miscarried on one farm in the locality G., Roznava district. Antibodies were revealed in 97% dams after the examination of the blood of 170 ewes from the abortion-affected flock; ornithosis antigen was employed for the examination in the complement-fixing reaction. In the cytoplasm of placentary cells of two miscarrying ewes chlamydiae were proved microscopically. The chlamydiae-strains designated LH-5109 and PK-5082 were isolated by inoculating placentary suspensions to the yolk sacs of chicken embryos. Both strains correspond to all the criteria necessitating the identification of chlamydiae (Storz, 1971). As miscarrying ewes in the course of abortions eliminate, with abortions and amniotic fluids, great amounts of chlamydiae to their environment, they represent a powerful source of infection to healthy animals housed on the same premises and to tending staff. Chlamydiae-antibodies were proved, by the complement-fixing reaction, in the blood of seven attendants out of all the eleven-member tending staff.", "contents": "[Enzootic abortion among ewes in the Roznava district]. In the winter months of the year 1977, 64 dams out of 170 ewes pregnant for the first time miscarried on one farm in the locality G., Roznava district. Antibodies were revealed in 97% dams after the examination of the blood of 170 ewes from the abortion-affected flock; ornithosis antigen was employed for the examination in the complement-fixing reaction. In the cytoplasm of placentary cells of two miscarrying ewes chlamydiae were proved microscopically. The chlamydiae-strains designated LH-5109 and PK-5082 were isolated by inoculating placentary suspensions to the yolk sacs of chicken embryos. Both strains correspond to all the criteria necessitating the identification of chlamydiae (Storz, 1971). As miscarrying ewes in the course of abortions eliminate, with abortions and amniotic fluids, great amounts of chlamydiae to their environment, they represent a powerful source of infection to healthy animals housed on the same premises and to tending staff. Chlamydiae-antibodies were proved, by the complement-fixing reaction, in the blood of seven attendants out of all the eleven-member tending staff.", "PMID": 416547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8646", "title": "[Efficacy of mebendazole in sheep experimentally invaded with larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in relation to the results of clinical examination].", "content": "A group of six lambs at the age of two months and of the average weight of 13 kg were invaded with the larvae Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis; the course of invasion was compared with that in a group of four control lambs. In regular ten-day intervals, some hematological indices, proteinemia. SGOT and SGPT activities, glucose level, sodium and potassium were studied in blood samples; at the same time egg elimination was observed in excrement samples. The invasion intensity was checked by helminthological dissection of an experimentally invaded lamb 35th day p.i.; 576 H. contortus adults and 398 T. colubriformis adults were determined. Egg number recalculated per 1 g excrements (E.P.G.) amounted to 3072. At that stage, both groups were administered mebendazole at a dose of 10 mg active substance per 1 kg live weight on three successive days. The efficacy of the treatment (IE) was 97.01 to 98.05%. According to the clinical examination the hematocrit level dropped statistically significantly on the ninth day p.i., the other indices under study showed no changes. The drug administration increased temporarily the erythrocyte count and decreased MCV and MCH. Although mebendazole mainly inhibited glucose metabolism in the nematodes, the drug administration did not influence the glucose level of the host's blood serum.", "contents": "[Efficacy of mebendazole in sheep experimentally invaded with larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in relation to the results of clinical examination]. A group of six lambs at the age of two months and of the average weight of 13 kg were invaded with the larvae Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis; the course of invasion was compared with that in a group of four control lambs. In regular ten-day intervals, some hematological indices, proteinemia. SGOT and SGPT activities, glucose level, sodium and potassium were studied in blood samples; at the same time egg elimination was observed in excrement samples. The invasion intensity was checked by helminthological dissection of an experimentally invaded lamb 35th day p.i.; 576 H. contortus adults and 398 T. colubriformis adults were determined. Egg number recalculated per 1 g excrements (E.P.G.) amounted to 3072. At that stage, both groups were administered mebendazole at a dose of 10 mg active substance per 1 kg live weight on three successive days. The efficacy of the treatment (IE) was 97.01 to 98.05%. According to the clinical examination the hematocrit level dropped statistically significantly on the ninth day p.i., the other indices under study showed no changes. The drug administration increased temporarily the erythrocyte count and decreased MCV and MCH. Although mebendazole mainly inhibited glucose metabolism in the nematodes, the drug administration did not influence the glucose level of the host's blood serum.", "PMID": 416548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8647", "title": "[Pastures as a source of helminthiasis invasions in sheep and cattle].", "content": "The aim of the study was to find out the influence of naturally invaded environment on heifers and sheep grazing in the open air for the first time, and/or possibilities of parasite transmission between domesticated and wild ruminants. Larvae were proved to be able to survive 11 months in the environment, even if the eggs had been eliminated with excrements to the grass in July at a high temperature of 26 degrees C. For instance, the larvae Nematodirus, Ostertagia, Chabertia and Trichostrongylus, belonging to the most resistant, survived from the July of one year to the June of the subsequent year in a closed sheep-run located on the pasture and excluding a possibility of access of other animals. In April and May, grass samples were positive up to 88% and 90%, root mat samples up to 70% and 72%, respectively. Dictyocaulus survives only over the winter months till April; then it is not resistant to temperature and moisture fluctuations.", "contents": "[Pastures as a source of helminthiasis invasions in sheep and cattle]. The aim of the study was to find out the influence of naturally invaded environment on heifers and sheep grazing in the open air for the first time, and/or possibilities of parasite transmission between domesticated and wild ruminants. Larvae were proved to be able to survive 11 months in the environment, even if the eggs had been eliminated with excrements to the grass in July at a high temperature of 26 degrees C. For instance, the larvae Nematodirus, Ostertagia, Chabertia and Trichostrongylus, belonging to the most resistant, survived from the July of one year to the June of the subsequent year in a closed sheep-run located on the pasture and excluding a possibility of access of other animals. In April and May, grass samples were positive up to 88% and 90%, root mat samples up to 70% and 72%, respectively. Dictyocaulus survives only over the winter months till April; then it is not resistant to temperature and moisture fluctuations.", "PMID": 416549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8648", "title": "[Pulmonary and hepatic aspergillomas in the deer].", "content": "Four solitary aspergillomas in deer are being described. Two were found in the lungs and two in the liver. Morphologically, they were bulky, local lesions filled with homogenous, fragile, necrotic tissue of conspicuously green color. Pulmonary aspergillomas communicated with the conducting bronchus having affected fibers. The necrotic tissue of aspergillomas was interwoven by diffuse abundant fibers of Aspergillus fumigatus.", "contents": "[Pulmonary and hepatic aspergillomas in the deer]. Four solitary aspergillomas in deer are being described. Two were found in the lungs and two in the liver. Morphologically, they were bulky, local lesions filled with homogenous, fragile, necrotic tissue of conspicuously green color. Pulmonary aspergillomas communicated with the conducting bronchus having affected fibers. The necrotic tissue of aspergillomas was interwoven by diffuse abundant fibers of Aspergillus fumigatus.", "PMID": 416550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8649", "title": "The prevalence of Sarcocystis spp in dogs and red foxes.", "content": "Protozoan parasites of the genus Sarcocystis have been recognised for many years as intramuscular cysts of numerous vertebrates. It is only comparatively recently that the two-host nature of the life cycle has been recognised and that the intramuscular cysts are a stage in the developmental cycle of coccidian parasites of flesh eating mammals (Fayer 1974, Fayer and Johnson 1973, 1974, Rommel and others 1972, Dubey 1976). Carnivores ingest the intramuscular cysts from herbivores and presumably from other animals too and eventually shed sporulated tetrazoic sporocysts in their faeces. The cystic stages which occur in the flesh of herbivores are probably non-pathogenic but the earlier stages in which schizonts develop in vascular endothelium may be severely pathogenic. Sarcocystis cruzi, S ovicanis and S porcifelis are known to be severely pathogenic in cattle, sheep and pigs respectively (Dubey 1976). Observations on the prevalence of Sarcocystis spp in the faeces of working farm dogs, greyhounds and foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are recorded.", "contents": "The prevalence of Sarcocystis spp in dogs and red foxes. Protozoan parasites of the genus Sarcocystis have been recognised for many years as intramuscular cysts of numerous vertebrates. It is only comparatively recently that the two-host nature of the life cycle has been recognised and that the intramuscular cysts are a stage in the developmental cycle of coccidian parasites of flesh eating mammals (Fayer 1974, Fayer and Johnson 1973, 1974, Rommel and others 1972, Dubey 1976). Carnivores ingest the intramuscular cysts from herbivores and presumably from other animals too and eventually shed sporulated tetrazoic sporocysts in their faeces. The cystic stages which occur in the flesh of herbivores are probably non-pathogenic but the earlier stages in which schizonts develop in vascular endothelium may be severely pathogenic. Sarcocystis cruzi, S ovicanis and S porcifelis are known to be severely pathogenic in cattle, sheep and pigs respectively (Dubey 1976). Observations on the prevalence of Sarcocystis spp in the faeces of working farm dogs, greyhounds and foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are recorded.", "PMID": 416553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8650", "title": "An ultrastructural, morphometric and autoradiographic study of the effects of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene on the rat adrenal cortex.", "content": "The effects of chronic treatment (up to 9 consecutive days) with 7,12-dimethylbenzathracene (DMBA) on the adrenal glands of adult male Wistar rats were investigated. Morphometry showed that DMBA provokes atrophy of the zona reticularis which was due to the decrease in both cell volume and number. The zona fasciculata showed only a decrease in the cell volume, whereas the zona glomerulosa did not display any significant changes. Autoradiography demonstrated that DMBA induces a significant increase in the number of mitoses and \"S\" phase cells in the zona glomerulosa and outer zona fasciculata, which may be interpreted as a repair mechanism of the DMBA-provoked slight necrosis in the inner adrenocortical layers. The mechanism(s) underlying the cytotoxic effect of DMBA is discussed in the light of our ultrastructural observations showing that the chemical causes a decrease in the volume of the mitochondrial and nuclear compartments and in the surface of smooth endoplasmic reticulum as well as an increase in the volume of the lipid compartment.", "contents": "An ultrastructural, morphometric and autoradiographic study of the effects of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene on the rat adrenal cortex. The effects of chronic treatment (up to 9 consecutive days) with 7,12-dimethylbenzathracene (DMBA) on the adrenal glands of adult male Wistar rats were investigated. Morphometry showed that DMBA provokes atrophy of the zona reticularis which was due to the decrease in both cell volume and number. The zona fasciculata showed only a decrease in the cell volume, whereas the zona glomerulosa did not display any significant changes. Autoradiography demonstrated that DMBA induces a significant increase in the number of mitoses and \"S\" phase cells in the zona glomerulosa and outer zona fasciculata, which may be interpreted as a repair mechanism of the DMBA-provoked slight necrosis in the inner adrenocortical layers. The mechanism(s) underlying the cytotoxic effect of DMBA is discussed in the light of our ultrastructural observations showing that the chemical causes a decrease in the volume of the mitochondrial and nuclear compartments and in the surface of smooth endoplasmic reticulum as well as an increase in the volume of the lipid compartment.", "PMID": 416583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8651", "title": "Cell kinetics of mouse urinary bladder epithelium. III. A histologic and ultrastructural study of bladder epithelium during regeneration after a single dose of cyclophosphamide, with special reference to the mechanism by which polyploid cells are formed.", "content": "In order to see whether the polyploid cells lining the mouse urinary bladder are formed by nuclear fusion, such epithelium was studied under the light and electron microscope forty-eight hours after an injection of cyclophosphamide when the bladder epithelium regenerates with rapid formation of many diploid, tetraploid and octoploid cells. The probability of seing fusion, if it occurs, ought then to be high. Serial sections of many specimens from four mice revealed no signs of fusion. Thus we found no support for the theory that polyploid cells are formed by nuclear fusion.", "contents": "Cell kinetics of mouse urinary bladder epithelium. III. A histologic and ultrastructural study of bladder epithelium during regeneration after a single dose of cyclophosphamide, with special reference to the mechanism by which polyploid cells are formed. In order to see whether the polyploid cells lining the mouse urinary bladder are formed by nuclear fusion, such epithelium was studied under the light and electron microscope forty-eight hours after an injection of cyclophosphamide when the bladder epithelium regenerates with rapid formation of many diploid, tetraploid and octoploid cells. The probability of seing fusion, if it occurs, ought then to be high. Serial sections of many specimens from four mice revealed no signs of fusion. Thus we found no support for the theory that polyploid cells are formed by nuclear fusion.", "PMID": 416584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8652", "title": "Scanning and transmission electronmicroscopy of leukemic lymphoma cells without T- and B-cell surface markers.", "content": "The lymphoma cells from a patient with leukemia lymphoblastic sarcoma (Kiel classification) were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. These cells were also examined by E, EA, EAC rosette-formation tests and by the indirect immunofluorescence technique for surface immunoglobulins. The malignant cells showed failure of rosette-formation or absence of surface immunoglobulins. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that many uniform protrusions were present on the cell surfaces. These surface protrusions were different from those seen on E-or EAC-rosette-forming cells. Ultrastructurally, the malignant cells were characterized by long profiles of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum with regular, narrow cisternae which radiated from Golgi area to the periphery of cytoplasm. These appearances differed from those observed in T-or B-lymphoma cells.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electronmicroscopy of leukemic lymphoma cells without T- and B-cell surface markers. The lymphoma cells from a patient with leukemia lymphoblastic sarcoma (Kiel classification) were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. These cells were also examined by E, EA, EAC rosette-formation tests and by the indirect immunofluorescence technique for surface immunoglobulins. The malignant cells showed failure of rosette-formation or absence of surface immunoglobulins. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that many uniform protrusions were present on the cell surfaces. These surface protrusions were different from those seen on E-or EAC-rosette-forming cells. Ultrastructurally, the malignant cells were characterized by long profiles of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum with regular, narrow cisternae which radiated from Golgi area to the periphery of cytoplasm. These appearances differed from those observed in T-or B-lymphoma cells.", "PMID": 416585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8653", "title": "Adaptive changes of rat liver cells induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of d-galactosamine. III-Light- and electron-microscopic investigations of hepatocellular cytoplasmic changes.", "content": "In rats hepatocellular cytoplasmic changes after daily repeated D-galactosamine (GalN) intoxication--i.e. subacute GalN intoxication--were studied by light and electron microscopy. The number of GalN injections--and thus the days of survival--was between one and 30. The rats were killed six hours after the last GalN injection. Less degenerative changes were found after repeated GalN injections. An increased formation of atypical dense bodies (ADB), a temporary pronounced lipid accumulation and changes of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum were prominent features of subacute GalN intoxication. The implications with respect to a modified GalN action in subacute GalN intoxication are discussed with special reference to biochemical data obtained in the same experimental model (Schuchhardt et al., 1977).", "contents": "Adaptive changes of rat liver cells induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of d-galactosamine. III-Light- and electron-microscopic investigations of hepatocellular cytoplasmic changes. In rats hepatocellular cytoplasmic changes after daily repeated D-galactosamine (GalN) intoxication--i.e. subacute GalN intoxication--were studied by light and electron microscopy. The number of GalN injections--and thus the days of survival--was between one and 30. The rats were killed six hours after the last GalN injection. Less degenerative changes were found after repeated GalN injections. An increased formation of atypical dense bodies (ADB), a temporary pronounced lipid accumulation and changes of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum were prominent features of subacute GalN intoxication. The implications with respect to a modified GalN action in subacute GalN intoxication are discussed with special reference to biochemical data obtained in the same experimental model (Schuchhardt et al., 1977).", "PMID": 416586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8654", "title": "Annulate lamellae in a malignant mesenchymal tumor.", "content": "Intracytoplasmic membranous structures, known as annulate lamellae were seen in a malignant mesenchymal tumor. Close relationship with rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) suggested their origin from ER.", "contents": "Annulate lamellae in a malignant mesenchymal tumor. Intracytoplasmic membranous structures, known as annulate lamellae were seen in a malignant mesenchymal tumor. Close relationship with rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) suggested their origin from ER.", "PMID": 416587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8655", "title": "Number of nucleoli in Ehrlich tumor cells during interphase.", "content": "Fractions of mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cell populations with a high percentage of cell either in early or in late interphase were separated by centrifugation on ficoll gradients. Nucleoli were studied by light or electron microscopy in these cell subpopulations. It was shown that, in these cells, the number of nucleoli per nucleus does not vary significantly during interphase. This result is discussed and an anlysis of the relationships between the number and the volume of the nucleoli in these cells is present.", "contents": "Number of nucleoli in Ehrlich tumor cells during interphase. Fractions of mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cell populations with a high percentage of cell either in early or in late interphase were separated by centrifugation on ficoll gradients. Nucleoli were studied by light or electron microscopy in these cell subpopulations. It was shown that, in these cells, the number of nucleoli per nucleus does not vary significantly during interphase. This result is discussed and an anlysis of the relationships between the number and the volume of the nucleoli in these cells is present.", "PMID": 416588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8656", "title": "Cell population kinetics in the epithelium of the colon of the male rat.", "content": "The present study was undertaken in order to try to define some of the kinetic parameters in the colonic mucosa of normal Wistar rats. Preliminary observations showed considerable morphological differences in the mucosa from site to site along the length of the colon. In particular the height of the crypts (measured in cells) was variable. In addition labelling index studies demonstrated dramatic variations in the distribution of labelling along the length of the crypts from site to site in the bowel. A single site in the descending colon was selected for more detailed study using a stathmokinetic agent, vincristine, and the continous labelling technique with tritiated thymidine. The results of these investigations suggest that there exists at the base of the crypt a subpopulation of cells cycling more slowly than the cells in the rest of the proliferative compartment. Growth fraction appears to fall with rising cell positions within the crypt.", "contents": "Cell population kinetics in the epithelium of the colon of the male rat. The present study was undertaken in order to try to define some of the kinetic parameters in the colonic mucosa of normal Wistar rats. Preliminary observations showed considerable morphological differences in the mucosa from site to site along the length of the colon. In particular the height of the crypts (measured in cells) was variable. In addition labelling index studies demonstrated dramatic variations in the distribution of labelling along the length of the crypts from site to site in the bowel. A single site in the descending colon was selected for more detailed study using a stathmokinetic agent, vincristine, and the continous labelling technique with tritiated thymidine. The results of these investigations suggest that there exists at the base of the crypt a subpopulation of cells cycling more slowly than the cells in the rest of the proliferative compartment. Growth fraction appears to fall with rising cell positions within the crypt.", "PMID": 416589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8657", "title": "Ultrastructural changes during cholestasis induced by chlorpromazine in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "Addition of cholestatic doses of chlorpromazine-HC1 to the perfusate of isolated rat livers produces widespread changes in hepatocyte membrane structure. These findings include a marked increase in intrasinusoidal cytoplasmic bullae, appearance of intracellular vacuoles within hepatocytes at both sinusoidal and biliary poles, dilation of bile canaliculi and evagination of canalicular diverticuli, and the formation of myeloid bodies within hepatocytes. These findings obtained in the bile acid depleted perfused liver may result from physiochemical interactions between chlorpromazine or its metabolites and lipid-protein components of cell membranes, consistent with chlorpromazine's properties as a cationic detergent. They occur independently of the vasoconstrictive effects of chlorpromazine and suggest that chlorpromazine may produce cholestasis by altering hepatocyte membrane function.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes during cholestasis induced by chlorpromazine in the isolated perfused rat liver. Addition of cholestatic doses of chlorpromazine-HC1 to the perfusate of isolated rat livers produces widespread changes in hepatocyte membrane structure. These findings include a marked increase in intrasinusoidal cytoplasmic bullae, appearance of intracellular vacuoles within hepatocytes at both sinusoidal and biliary poles, dilation of bile canaliculi and evagination of canalicular diverticuli, and the formation of myeloid bodies within hepatocytes. These findings obtained in the bile acid depleted perfused liver may result from physiochemical interactions between chlorpromazine or its metabolites and lipid-protein components of cell membranes, consistent with chlorpromazine's properties as a cationic detergent. They occur independently of the vasoconstrictive effects of chlorpromazine and suggest that chlorpromazine may produce cholestasis by altering hepatocyte membrane function.", "PMID": 416590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8658", "title": "The basement membrane of the atrophic kidney tubule. An electron microscopic study of changes in rats.", "content": "In a light and electron microscopic study of the rat's kidney after obstruction of the renal vein or after subtotal nephrectomy the tubular basement membrane changes occurring during the ensuing atrophy of the tubules have been examined. Characteristically, they consist of diffuse widening, focal thickening with vesicular and granular inclusions, circumscribed dissolution, or reduplication of this structure. These observations have led to the conclusion that the tubular basement membrane is formed by both interstitial and tubular cells, although the interstitial cells contribute the greater share to its formation, maintenance and renewal. The thickening of the basement membrane taking place in tubular atrophy must, however, be attributed entirely to the interstitial cells.", "contents": "The basement membrane of the atrophic kidney tubule. An electron microscopic study of changes in rats. In a light and electron microscopic study of the rat's kidney after obstruction of the renal vein or after subtotal nephrectomy the tubular basement membrane changes occurring during the ensuing atrophy of the tubules have been examined. Characteristically, they consist of diffuse widening, focal thickening with vesicular and granular inclusions, circumscribed dissolution, or reduplication of this structure. These observations have led to the conclusion that the tubular basement membrane is formed by both interstitial and tubular cells, although the interstitial cells contribute the greater share to its formation, maintenance and renewal. The thickening of the basement membrane taking place in tubular atrophy must, however, be attributed entirely to the interstitial cells.", "PMID": 416591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8659", "title": "On the pathogenesis of galactosamine hepatitis. Indications of extrahepatocellular mechanisms responsible for liver cell death.", "content": "In order to evaluate the pathogenesis of galactosamine hepatitis, the action of galactosamine on mast cells, and alteration in the complement system suring the course of this experimental injury were studied. It has been previously demonstrated that rat livers after colectomy are refractory to galactosamine-induced liver cell necrosis and inflammation. For this reason colectomized animals were used to see whether the biochemical alterations produced by this aminosugar and thought to be responsible for cell death developed. Results showed: 1. galactosamine potently degranulates mast cells in vivo and in vitro, 2. the complement system is a) activated during the course of galactosamine hepatitis, probably by circulating endotoxins, and b) is essential for liver cell death in galactosamine hepatitis, and 3. colectomy does not prevent biochemical changes known to occur during galactosamine metabolism. It is concluded that death of galactosamine-injured liver cells is triggered by extrahepatocellular mechanisms, which lead ultimately to an activated complement system by endotoxins. It is postulated that related mechanism may also occur in viral hepatitis and in fulminant hepatic failure in man.", "contents": "On the pathogenesis of galactosamine hepatitis. Indications of extrahepatocellular mechanisms responsible for liver cell death. In order to evaluate the pathogenesis of galactosamine hepatitis, the action of galactosamine on mast cells, and alteration in the complement system suring the course of this experimental injury were studied. It has been previously demonstrated that rat livers after colectomy are refractory to galactosamine-induced liver cell necrosis and inflammation. For this reason colectomized animals were used to see whether the biochemical alterations produced by this aminosugar and thought to be responsible for cell death developed. Results showed: 1. galactosamine potently degranulates mast cells in vivo and in vitro, 2. the complement system is a) activated during the course of galactosamine hepatitis, probably by circulating endotoxins, and b) is essential for liver cell death in galactosamine hepatitis, and 3. colectomy does not prevent biochemical changes known to occur during galactosamine metabolism. It is concluded that death of galactosamine-injured liver cells is triggered by extrahepatocellular mechanisms, which lead ultimately to an activated complement system by endotoxins. It is postulated that related mechanism may also occur in viral hepatitis and in fulminant hepatic failure in man.", "PMID": 416592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8660", "title": "The electron microscopy of normal human oesophageal epithelium.", "content": "Oesophageal biopsies were studied with the electron microscope. Three layers were identified, as in the light microscopy of the oesophageal epithelium: basal, prickle and funtional cell layers. A continuous basement membrane separated the lamina propria from the basal cells. The basal cell membrane carried hemidesmosomes, desmosomes and microvillous processes. Their cytoplasm contained the usual organelles plus free ribosomes and tonofirbrils. Prickle cells contained glycogen rosettes and many tonofilaments, and their cell membrane many microvillous and demosomal processes, in places elaborated into desmosome fields. In both these layers there was a wide intercellular space containing some particulate and membranous debris. The flattened cells of the functional layer had fewer desmosomes and microvilli but abundant glycogen and tonofilaments, and a narrow intercellular space. Membrane coating granules first reaching a maximum in the functional cell layer appeared in the upper prickle cell layer and few persisted into the surface cells. The apical cell membrane of the most superficial cells was thickened and had few small microvillous processes, which were covered with a filamentous \"fuzzy\" coat. No keratohyaline granules were present. Papillae of lamina propria contained capillaries, some with a fenestrated endothelium.", "contents": "The electron microscopy of normal human oesophageal epithelium. Oesophageal biopsies were studied with the electron microscope. Three layers were identified, as in the light microscopy of the oesophageal epithelium: basal, prickle and funtional cell layers. A continuous basement membrane separated the lamina propria from the basal cells. The basal cell membrane carried hemidesmosomes, desmosomes and microvillous processes. Their cytoplasm contained the usual organelles plus free ribosomes and tonofirbrils. Prickle cells contained glycogen rosettes and many tonofilaments, and their cell membrane many microvillous and demosomal processes, in places elaborated into desmosome fields. In both these layers there was a wide intercellular space containing some particulate and membranous debris. The flattened cells of the functional layer had fewer desmosomes and microvilli but abundant glycogen and tonofilaments, and a narrow intercellular space. Membrane coating granules first reaching a maximum in the functional cell layer appeared in the upper prickle cell layer and few persisted into the surface cells. The apical cell membrane of the most superficial cells was thickened and had few small microvillous processes, which were covered with a filamentous \"fuzzy\" coat. No keratohyaline granules were present. Papillae of lamina propria contained capillaries, some with a fenestrated endothelium.", "PMID": 416593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8661", "title": "Anaerobiosis and oxygen recovery: changes in cell cycle distribution of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells grown in vitro.", "content": "The cell cycle distribution of in vitro cultured Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells was analysed by pulse-cytophotometry to characterize the growth cessation observed under anaerobic conditions. DNA histograms provided evidence that in the absence of oxygen EAT cells accumulate in the G1 and early S phase of the cell cycle while in the presence of oxygen an increase in G2 was observed during 24h culture period. Cellular recovery from anaerobiosis was observed soon after transfer of the cells into fresh aerobic culture medium but occurred slowly if the cells were only resupplied with air. Cell cycle analyses as well as (14C)-thymidine incorporation suggest considerable synchronization results from the introduction of anaerobiosis.", "contents": "Anaerobiosis and oxygen recovery: changes in cell cycle distribution of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells grown in vitro. The cell cycle distribution of in vitro cultured Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells was analysed by pulse-cytophotometry to characterize the growth cessation observed under anaerobic conditions. DNA histograms provided evidence that in the absence of oxygen EAT cells accumulate in the G1 and early S phase of the cell cycle while in the presence of oxygen an increase in G2 was observed during 24h culture period. Cellular recovery from anaerobiosis was observed soon after transfer of the cells into fresh aerobic culture medium but occurred slowly if the cells were only resupplied with air. Cell cycle analyses as well as (14C)-thymidine incorporation suggest considerable synchronization results from the introduction of anaerobiosis.", "PMID": 416594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8662", "title": "Cell kinetics of mouse urinary bladder epithelium. V. Changes in the proportion of cells with various nuclear DNA content after repeated doses of cyclophosphamide.", "content": "A dose of 2 mg cyclophosphamide (Sendoxan, \"Pharamcia\", Sweden) dissolved in 0.2 ml distilled water was injected intraperitoneally once a week to 12 hairless mice for three months. Four animals were killed at 1, 2 and 3 months and micro-flow fluormetric histograms of the bladder epithelial cells were made. The proportion of cells in diploid S phase remained normal at 1 and 2 months, but increased at 3 months. The proportion of tetraploid S-phase cells fell rapidly and markedly and there were almost no cells in this phase at 1, 2 and 3 months. The proportion of diploid cells increased, the proportion of tetraploids was significantly reduced and the octoploid cells disappeared after 2 months. The changes are similar to those seen after repeated injections of the bladder carcinogen dibutylnitrosamine, but less pronounced. Since cyclophosphamide is a strong alkylating agent it is possible that, in the doses used, it is also a weak carcinogen for hte bladder epithelium. This must be tested in direct, long-term treatment experiments. Bladder cancers in humans receiving cyclophosphamide therapy have been described.", "contents": "Cell kinetics of mouse urinary bladder epithelium. V. Changes in the proportion of cells with various nuclear DNA content after repeated doses of cyclophosphamide. A dose of 2 mg cyclophosphamide (Sendoxan, \"Pharamcia\", Sweden) dissolved in 0.2 ml distilled water was injected intraperitoneally once a week to 12 hairless mice for three months. Four animals were killed at 1, 2 and 3 months and micro-flow fluormetric histograms of the bladder epithelial cells were made. The proportion of cells in diploid S phase remained normal at 1 and 2 months, but increased at 3 months. The proportion of tetraploid S-phase cells fell rapidly and markedly and there were almost no cells in this phase at 1, 2 and 3 months. The proportion of diploid cells increased, the proportion of tetraploids was significantly reduced and the octoploid cells disappeared after 2 months. The changes are similar to those seen after repeated injections of the bladder carcinogen dibutylnitrosamine, but less pronounced. Since cyclophosphamide is a strong alkylating agent it is possible that, in the doses used, it is also a weak carcinogen for hte bladder epithelium. This must be tested in direct, long-term treatment experiments. Bladder cancers in humans receiving cyclophosphamide therapy have been described.", "PMID": 416595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8663", "title": "[Change in acetylation activity in 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)-anthracene induction].", "content": "In mice, injected DMBA subcutaneously 12 weeks prior to sarcomas detection, an increased activity of N-acetyltransferase was noted. As a result of DMBA application into mice skin the increased activity of this enzyme was noted 16 weeks prior to the appearance of papillomas and cancer of skin. Initial increase of the enzyme activity was followed by its considerable decrease and terminated by a new increase in the detection of tumors. The causes of the changes in the activity of N-acetyl-transferase are discussed, as well as the possibility to consider these changes as a sign indicating that tumor is likely to appear in the nearest future.", "contents": "[Change in acetylation activity in 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)-anthracene induction]. In mice, injected DMBA subcutaneously 12 weeks prior to sarcomas detection, an increased activity of N-acetyltransferase was noted. As a result of DMBA application into mice skin the increased activity of this enzyme was noted 16 weeks prior to the appearance of papillomas and cancer of skin. Initial increase of the enzyme activity was followed by its considerable decrease and terminated by a new increase in the detection of tumors. The causes of the changes in the activity of N-acetyl-transferase are discussed, as well as the possibility to consider these changes as a sign indicating that tumor is likely to appear in the nearest future.", "PMID": 416597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8664", "title": "[Postoperative period in previously irradiated lung cancer patients].", "content": "The postoperative period in 62 patients with lung cancer was studied in a comparative aspect. Preoperative use of radiotherapy influences but insignificantly the postoperative course. As a whole, the incidence of postoperative complications and mortality does not differ considerably from that in patients not irradiated with a Betatron. The state of blood coagulation was studied before and prior to surgery in 34 patients previously irradiated with a Betatron. Following the irradiation some changes indicative of hypocoagulation were revealed. In the early postoperative period (2d--10th day postoperatively) a marked increase in the fibrinogen \"A\" content is observed.", "contents": "[Postoperative period in previously irradiated lung cancer patients]. The postoperative period in 62 patients with lung cancer was studied in a comparative aspect. Preoperative use of radiotherapy influences but insignificantly the postoperative course. As a whole, the incidence of postoperative complications and mortality does not differ considerably from that in patients not irradiated with a Betatron. The state of blood coagulation was studied before and prior to surgery in 34 patients previously irradiated with a Betatron. Following the irradiation some changes indicative of hypocoagulation were revealed. In the early postoperative period (2d--10th day postoperatively) a marked increase in the fibrinogen \"A\" content is observed.", "PMID": 416598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8665", "title": "Variability of nitrogen fixation in some isolates of Nostoc linckia.", "content": "Four clonal isolates of Nostoc linckia isolated from different localities were compared with respect to growth, nitrogen content (cellular and extracellular), and pigment composition. A considerable range of variation was observed among these isolates. This indicates the existence of genetically distinct clonal populations of the alga in natural habitats.", "contents": "Variability of nitrogen fixation in some isolates of Nostoc linckia. Four clonal isolates of Nostoc linckia isolated from different localities were compared with respect to growth, nitrogen content (cellular and extracellular), and pigment composition. A considerable range of variation was observed among these isolates. This indicates the existence of genetically distinct clonal populations of the alga in natural habitats.", "PMID": 416603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8666", "title": "[The evidence capacity of the lymphocyte-transformation-test and the quantitative immunoglobulin-determination in sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 50 patients suffering from a cytologically or histologically confirmed sarcoidosis the unspecific transformation rate by PHA in the lymphocyte-transformation-test (LTT) and the immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, IgM and IgD have been determined by the help of a simple radial immunodiffusion. The evaluation of the LTT took place morphologically. 600 cells were counted each set-up (3 different smears each PHA-set-up). For the purpose of a better morphological presentation of lymphoblasts in the LTT a smear of alkalineous hydrolysis was fixed and followed by a colouring according to PAPPENHEIM. There was a decreased PHA-transformation-rate in sarcoidosis as a symptom for a partial defect within the cellular immune area. The levels of immunoglobulins showed no deviations as against to standard values.", "contents": "[The evidence capacity of the lymphocyte-transformation-test and the quantitative immunoglobulin-determination in sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. In 50 patients suffering from a cytologically or histologically confirmed sarcoidosis the unspecific transformation rate by PHA in the lymphocyte-transformation-test (LTT) and the immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, IgM and IgD have been determined by the help of a simple radial immunodiffusion. The evaluation of the LTT took place morphologically. 600 cells were counted each set-up (3 different smears each PHA-set-up). For the purpose of a better morphological presentation of lymphoblasts in the LTT a smear of alkalineous hydrolysis was fixed and followed by a colouring according to PAPPENHEIM. There was a decreased PHA-transformation-rate in sarcoidosis as a symptom for a partial defect within the cellular immune area. The levels of immunoglobulins showed no deviations as against to standard values.", "PMID": 416607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8667", "title": "[Serum transferrin in chronic kidney failure with conservative treatment and hemodialysis].", "content": "1. Serum transferrin is a sensitive indicator for the establishment of a subclinical protein deficit. 2. When a diet moderately poor in protein was given (0.5-0.6 g/kg body weight/daily) was given the transferrin values (243 +/- 61 mg/100 ml) were significantly lower than in the control group (284 +/- 61 mg/100 ml), but they were altogether still in the lower normal region.", "contents": "[Serum transferrin in chronic kidney failure with conservative treatment and hemodialysis]. 1. Serum transferrin is a sensitive indicator for the establishment of a subclinical protein deficit. 2. When a diet moderately poor in protein was given (0.5-0.6 g/kg body weight/daily) was given the transferrin values (243 +/- 61 mg/100 ml) were significantly lower than in the control group (284 +/- 61 mg/100 ml), but they were altogether still in the lower normal region.", "PMID": 416617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8668", "title": "[On the utilization different organic and anorganic compounds by some strains of Bac. cereus var. mycoides (Fl\u00fcgge) (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to investigate the decomposition of 46 organic and anorganic compounds by Bac. mycoides, the behaviour of four strains was tested by means of plate counting technique (after Koch) and the Warburg method. Mostly intensive substances containing protein were decomposed by all strains. Furthermore amino acid, sugar, alcohols, and ammonium salts are used by the bacteria, but there were large differences between strains tested. Urea and nitrates have not been decomposed.", "contents": "[On the utilization different organic and anorganic compounds by some strains of Bac. cereus var. mycoides (Fl\u00fcgge) (author's transl)]. In order to investigate the decomposition of 46 organic and anorganic compounds by Bac. mycoides, the behaviour of four strains was tested by means of plate counting technique (after Koch) and the Warburg method. Mostly intensive substances containing protein were decomposed by all strains. Furthermore amino acid, sugar, alcohols, and ammonium salts are used by the bacteria, but there were large differences between strains tested. Urea and nitrates have not been decomposed.", "PMID": 416618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8669", "title": "[Phytopathological tests with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)].", "content": "Several strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated for pathogenicity to plant tissue. Inoculations into the intercellular spaces of leaves of Vicia faba (28 degrees C) and Vinca rosea (36 degrees C) showed negative results. In leaves of Nicotiana tabacum (32 degrees C) the bacteria multiplied; the tissue reacted to form partial lesions and necrosis. Neither in culture filtrates of the bacteria nor in eluates of inoculated leaves pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes or breakdown products of these could be obtained. Whilst the proteolytic activity was high, symptoms for effects on the plant tissue, however, were not observed. Although this bacterium may be able to multiply after injection into tobacco leaf, the general question about pathogenicity to plants must be denied.", "contents": "[Phytopathological tests with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)]. Several strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated for pathogenicity to plant tissue. Inoculations into the intercellular spaces of leaves of Vicia faba (28 degrees C) and Vinca rosea (36 degrees C) showed negative results. In leaves of Nicotiana tabacum (32 degrees C) the bacteria multiplied; the tissue reacted to form partial lesions and necrosis. Neither in culture filtrates of the bacteria nor in eluates of inoculated leaves pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes or breakdown products of these could be obtained. Whilst the proteolytic activity was high, symptoms for effects on the plant tissue, however, were not observed. Although this bacterium may be able to multiply after injection into tobacco leaf, the general question about pathogenicity to plants must be denied.", "PMID": 416619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8670", "title": "[Interactions between nuclear polyhedrosis viruses and vertebrate cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of NPV on mammals was tested in animals and tissue cultures. Toxicity experiments were performed in rats: per os application (3 X 10(9) Virusinclusionbodies per kg body weight) and intravenous (5 X 10(8) Virusinclusionbodies per kg body weight). Skin irrition was performed in guinea pigs. In each tested animal no virus induced changes could be shown. Tissue culture studies were done in tissues of human (Hela Ohio), monkey (Vero) and rats (REC). The infectious unit was Ac NPV derived from infected, virus-producing insect tissue cultures. Three blind passages were done in each examined cell type and no signs of viral replication could be shown. An additional infectivity assay of cellfree extracts in insect cell cultures as indicator system remained negative.", "contents": "[Interactions between nuclear polyhedrosis viruses and vertebrate cells (author's transl)]. The influence of NPV on mammals was tested in animals and tissue cultures. Toxicity experiments were performed in rats: per os application (3 X 10(9) Virusinclusionbodies per kg body weight) and intravenous (5 X 10(8) Virusinclusionbodies per kg body weight). Skin irrition was performed in guinea pigs. In each tested animal no virus induced changes could be shown. Tissue culture studies were done in tissues of human (Hela Ohio), monkey (Vero) and rats (REC). The infectious unit was Ac NPV derived from infected, virus-producing insect tissue cultures. Three blind passages were done in each examined cell type and no signs of viral replication could be shown. An additional infectivity assay of cellfree extracts in insect cell cultures as indicator system remained negative.", "PMID": 416620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8671", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of the NAG vibrio enterotoxin.", "content": "The culture filtrates of non-cholera vibrios (NAG vibrios) which possessed toxic activity were concentrated, precipitated with (NH4)2SO4 and fractionated on a column of Sephadex G-100. Three fractions were obtained. The first fraction contained mainly lipopolysaccharide which possessed no enterotoxic activity measured by the fluid accumulation in the ligated rabbit ileal loop as well as no activity in the skin permeability test. However, it was toxic for mice after i.v. administration (LD50: 600 microgram per mouse). The second fraction contained one antigenic protein and revealed four bands in the region of albumin migration distance in polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The size of the molecules from the second fraction was estimated by the elution volume from the G-100 Sephadex and polyacrylamide electrophoresis at approximately 50,000-70,000 daltons. This fraction had marked proteolytic activity. The third fraction contained proteins. In biological experiments only the second fraction possessed the enterotoxic activity identical to that of the original filtrate. The coexistence of the permeability and hemorrhagic factor in this material was proven by means of the rabbit skin test and a fast toxic effect for infant mice after intragastric inoculation. The enterotoxic activity characteristic of cholera enterotoxin was demonstrated in the ligated ileal loop of rabbit only after administration of 5-10 fold concentrated culture filtrate and the second fraction.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of the NAG vibrio enterotoxin. The culture filtrates of non-cholera vibrios (NAG vibrios) which possessed toxic activity were concentrated, precipitated with (NH4)2SO4 and fractionated on a column of Sephadex G-100. Three fractions were obtained. The first fraction contained mainly lipopolysaccharide which possessed no enterotoxic activity measured by the fluid accumulation in the ligated rabbit ileal loop as well as no activity in the skin permeability test. However, it was toxic for mice after i.v. administration (LD50: 600 microgram per mouse). The second fraction contained one antigenic protein and revealed four bands in the region of albumin migration distance in polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The size of the molecules from the second fraction was estimated by the elution volume from the G-100 Sephadex and polyacrylamide electrophoresis at approximately 50,000-70,000 daltons. This fraction had marked proteolytic activity. The third fraction contained proteins. In biological experiments only the second fraction possessed the enterotoxic activity identical to that of the original filtrate. The coexistence of the permeability and hemorrhagic factor in this material was proven by means of the rabbit skin test and a fast toxic effect for infant mice after intragastric inoculation. The enterotoxic activity characteristic of cholera enterotoxin was demonstrated in the ligated ileal loop of rabbit only after administration of 5-10 fold concentrated culture filtrate and the second fraction.", "PMID": 416621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8672", "title": "Serum anti-candida albicans antibodies in candidal and non-candidal vaginitis.", "content": "The agglutination, immunodiffusion and immune adherence tests were performed on sera from 60 women with clinically diagnosed vaginitis. Candida albicans was isolated from the vaginal discharge of 36 of them (Group 1) and not from the other 24 (Group 2). Fifty eight patients reacted positively in the agglutination test. No differentiation could be made between the two groups on the basis of this test (number of positive sera and height of titer). No antibodies could be detected by the immunodiffusion test (except for one positive serum). The immune adherence test demonstrated a difference between the two groups, which was expressed both in the total of positive reacting sera and in titer of antibodies.", "contents": "Serum anti-candida albicans antibodies in candidal and non-candidal vaginitis. The agglutination, immunodiffusion and immune adherence tests were performed on sera from 60 women with clinically diagnosed vaginitis. Candida albicans was isolated from the vaginal discharge of 36 of them (Group 1) and not from the other 24 (Group 2). Fifty eight patients reacted positively in the agglutination test. No differentiation could be made between the two groups on the basis of this test (number of positive sera and height of titer). No antibodies could be detected by the immunodiffusion test (except for one positive serum). The immune adherence test demonstrated a difference between the two groups, which was expressed both in the total of positive reacting sera and in titer of antibodies.", "PMID": 416622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8673", "title": "[Spontaneous infection of marmoset-monkeys (Sanguinus oedipus) with a Trypanosoma cruzi-like-strain, Springer 1975. Isolation and identification (author's transl)].", "content": "A Trypanosoma cruzi-like strain was isolated from marmoset monkeys originating from Columbia. The frequency of affected monkeys was up to 32.7%. The parasite density was 10-40 trypomastigote forms per mililiter. Monkeys, rats, mice and other small Rodentia were found to be susceptible. Clinical symptoms or histopathological findings could not be acertained with these trypanosomes even after a 2 1/2 year observation period. The strain behaved as an apathogen in experimental animals. The parasitaemia in animals was sparse (1-10 trypanosomes/ml) and without any conspicuous periodic fluctuations. Trypanosomes could be detected microscopically up to 2 1/2 years after infection in the blood of infected animals. With a positive blood finding, the blood passage could be carried out in animals with regularity. The serum from infected reacted positively in Chagas Latex test as well as in Chagas CFT. The trypomastigote forms injected into cultures of human embryonal thyroid gland and in cells of other origin, showed higher or lower multiplication with a marked cytopathogenic effect between the 9th and 11th day post infection, depending on the type of tissue culture. There was a cyclical development in Rhodnius prolixus or Triatoma infestans. The so-called metacyclic or trypomastigote forms from the faeces of Reduviidae or from tissue culture could again infect animals.", "contents": "[Spontaneous infection of marmoset-monkeys (Sanguinus oedipus) with a Trypanosoma cruzi-like-strain, Springer 1975. Isolation and identification (author's transl)]. A Trypanosoma cruzi-like strain was isolated from marmoset monkeys originating from Columbia. The frequency of affected monkeys was up to 32.7%. The parasite density was 10-40 trypomastigote forms per mililiter. Monkeys, rats, mice and other small Rodentia were found to be susceptible. Clinical symptoms or histopathological findings could not be acertained with these trypanosomes even after a 2 1/2 year observation period. The strain behaved as an apathogen in experimental animals. The parasitaemia in animals was sparse (1-10 trypanosomes/ml) and without any conspicuous periodic fluctuations. Trypanosomes could be detected microscopically up to 2 1/2 years after infection in the blood of infected animals. With a positive blood finding, the blood passage could be carried out in animals with regularity. The serum from infected reacted positively in Chagas Latex test as well as in Chagas CFT. The trypomastigote forms injected into cultures of human embryonal thyroid gland and in cells of other origin, showed higher or lower multiplication with a marked cytopathogenic effect between the 9th and 11th day post infection, depending on the type of tissue culture. There was a cyclical development in Rhodnius prolixus or Triatoma infestans. The so-called metacyclic or trypomastigote forms from the faeces of Reduviidae or from tissue culture could again infect animals.", "PMID": 416623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8674", "title": "In vitro susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes to some antibiotics and their combinations.", "content": "The Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated during recent years in our hospital have been tested for in vitro susceptibility against eleven antibiotics. The following tests were used: antibiotics discs method on Mueller-Hinton agar, determination of MICs by agar dilution method, study of the bactericidal potency of antibiotics combinations. Antibiotic discs method gives some too optimistic results, not confirmed by the MICs determined with agar dilution method. Ther are a few antibiotics used alone which are bactericidal upon Listeria monocytogenes at the concentration reached with usual therapeutic doses, and none regularly bactericidal. B\u00eatalactam-aminoglycoside combinations are the most effective ones but the ones involving gentamicin are more bactericidal than the ones involving streptomycin. Pristinamycin-aminoglycoside combinations have interesting activities and might be used as an alternative to betalactam-aminoglycoside ones in some peculiar and restricted indications. The other tested combinations are antagonistic or without interest.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes to some antibiotics and their combinations. The Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated during recent years in our hospital have been tested for in vitro susceptibility against eleven antibiotics. The following tests were used: antibiotics discs method on Mueller-Hinton agar, determination of MICs by agar dilution method, study of the bactericidal potency of antibiotics combinations. Antibiotic discs method gives some too optimistic results, not confirmed by the MICs determined with agar dilution method. Ther are a few antibiotics used alone which are bactericidal upon Listeria monocytogenes at the concentration reached with usual therapeutic doses, and none regularly bactericidal. B\u00eatalactam-aminoglycoside combinations are the most effective ones but the ones involving gentamicin are more bactericidal than the ones involving streptomycin. Pristinamycin-aminoglycoside combinations have interesting activities and might be used as an alternative to betalactam-aminoglycoside ones in some peculiar and restricted indications. The other tested combinations are antagonistic or without interest.", "PMID": 416625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8675", "title": "[Brucella titers in subclinical infections due to Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 in a pig-breeding farm (author's transl)].", "content": "According to the Federal German Veterinary Public Health Regulations part of the stock of a pig-breeding farm in Lower Franconia (South Germany) had to be destroyed due to the findings of positive serological titers against Brucella. B. suis was not isolated from various specimens examined by the local veterinary public health authorities, but the authors found Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 in 15 of 117 pigs investigated (12.8%). The organisms were cultured from 6 out of 117 specimens of fecal material (5.1%), and from 10 out of 55 pharyngeal tonsils (18.2%). The examination of 45 mesenteric and 2 submandibular lymphnodes remained negative. In 9 out of 93 sera titers against B. abortus between 1:20 and 1:40 were detected in tube agglutination but not in complement fixation tests. These sera and an additional serum specimen gave simultaneous reactions against Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 ranging from 1:40 to 1:640 (Table 2). By cross-absorption antibodies to Brucella were completely removed, but to Yersinia titers between 1:10 and 1:320 remained detectable in 7 sera. It may be concluded that the Brucella titers observed in the animals were caused by subclinical infections with Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 which is known to give rise to marked serological cross-reactions with various Brucella antigens. The importance of the above findings will be discussed in view of the current veterinary public health regulations.", "contents": "[Brucella titers in subclinical infections due to Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 in a pig-breeding farm (author's transl)]. According to the Federal German Veterinary Public Health Regulations part of the stock of a pig-breeding farm in Lower Franconia (South Germany) had to be destroyed due to the findings of positive serological titers against Brucella. B. suis was not isolated from various specimens examined by the local veterinary public health authorities, but the authors found Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 in 15 of 117 pigs investigated (12.8%). The organisms were cultured from 6 out of 117 specimens of fecal material (5.1%), and from 10 out of 55 pharyngeal tonsils (18.2%). The examination of 45 mesenteric and 2 submandibular lymphnodes remained negative. In 9 out of 93 sera titers against B. abortus between 1:20 and 1:40 were detected in tube agglutination but not in complement fixation tests. These sera and an additional serum specimen gave simultaneous reactions against Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 ranging from 1:40 to 1:640 (Table 2). By cross-absorption antibodies to Brucella were completely removed, but to Yersinia titers between 1:10 and 1:320 remained detectable in 7 sera. It may be concluded that the Brucella titers observed in the animals were caused by subclinical infections with Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9 which is known to give rise to marked serological cross-reactions with various Brucella antigens. The importance of the above findings will be discussed in view of the current veterinary public health regulations.", "PMID": 416626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8676", "title": "[Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates. 2. Communication: unsymmetrically substituted animals of formaldehyde (author's transl)].", "content": "In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of aldehyde-amin-condensates a number of partly new unsymmetrically substituted animals was synthesized by reaction of formaldehyde with different secondary amines. Structures and physically constants are shown in the tables 1 and 2. The antimicrobial activity is demonstrated by the results of the disktest (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC, table 4) and the suspension and area disinfecting tests following the method of the DGHM (tables 5 and 6). For this testing a standardized formulation was used to eliminate the different solubility effects of the various animals. This formulation does not influence the test results. It may be shown, that unsymmetrically substituted animals have both germistatic activity mainly versus Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and germicidal activity especially versus Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Micosporum gypseum.", "contents": "[Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates. 2. Communication: unsymmetrically substituted animals of formaldehyde (author's transl)]. In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of aldehyde-amin-condensates a number of partly new unsymmetrically substituted animals was synthesized by reaction of formaldehyde with different secondary amines. Structures and physically constants are shown in the tables 1 and 2. The antimicrobial activity is demonstrated by the results of the disktest (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC, table 4) and the suspension and area disinfecting tests following the method of the DGHM (tables 5 and 6). For this testing a standardized formulation was used to eliminate the different solubility effects of the various animals. This formulation does not influence the test results. It may be shown, that unsymmetrically substituted animals have both germistatic activity mainly versus Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and germicidal activity especially versus Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Micosporum gypseum.", "PMID": 416627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8677", "title": "[Automatic disinfection of fiberendoscopes (author's transl)].", "content": "Bacteremia following endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with impaired resistance even fatal septicemia has been reported. Transmission of pathogenic bacterias via endoscopes has been described. We could demonstrate a considerable high number of gramnegative bacteria obtained from biopsy channel of fiberendoscopes after conventionell cleaning of the instruments. In seven different endoscopy units we found high bacterial contamination of all 22 fiberendoscopes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in concentrations up to 4 X 10(6)/ml was cultivated on the instruments including cleaning utilities (flasks etc., Table 1). The new apparatus we demonstrate here has the advantage of cleaning and disinfecting the endoscopes. One or two endoscopes are placed into a U-shaped pipe which is interconnected with a pumping system. In this automatic apparatus a disinfectant which recycles through all channels is used (Fig. 1). We investigated solutions of 2% glutardialdehyde, of 5% succindialdehyde respectively 1% peracetic acid. Disinfection of instruments was effective. No bacteria could be detected in material obtained from biopsy channels, HBsAg also could not be detected on the instruments after this procedure. The use of dialdehyde is recommended.", "contents": "[Automatic disinfection of fiberendoscopes (author's transl)]. Bacteremia following endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with impaired resistance even fatal septicemia has been reported. Transmission of pathogenic bacterias via endoscopes has been described. We could demonstrate a considerable high number of gramnegative bacteria obtained from biopsy channel of fiberendoscopes after conventionell cleaning of the instruments. In seven different endoscopy units we found high bacterial contamination of all 22 fiberendoscopes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in concentrations up to 4 X 10(6)/ml was cultivated on the instruments including cleaning utilities (flasks etc., Table 1). The new apparatus we demonstrate here has the advantage of cleaning and disinfecting the endoscopes. One or two endoscopes are placed into a U-shaped pipe which is interconnected with a pumping system. In this automatic apparatus a disinfectant which recycles through all channels is used (Fig. 1). We investigated solutions of 2% glutardialdehyde, of 5% succindialdehyde respectively 1% peracetic acid. Disinfection of instruments was effective. No bacteria could be detected in material obtained from biopsy channels, HBsAg also could not be detected on the instruments after this procedure. The use of dialdehyde is recommended.", "PMID": 416628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8678", "title": "A simplified procedure for the examination of drinking water for bacteria of public health significance: the differential hydrobacteriogramme.", "content": "A new method is described which can be used for the examination of piped drinking water. It is also suitable for monitoring water which was initially of potable quality, and is intended for reuse in the food industry. The method is based on CLARK's \"P-A test\" and, because this allows many bacterial types to be detected, i.e. Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Aeromonadaceae and LANCEFIELD group D streptococci it is called differential hydrobacteriogramme. A preliminary resuscitation treatment to revive sublethally injured cells is essential in this procedure. In earlier work this was attained by adding an equal volume of double strength nutrient broth and later double strength MACCONKEY purple broth, making the method somewhat bulky. In the new procedure, after the resuscitation step, a concentrated bile salts/indicator solution is added, allowing subsequent selective enrichment of the taxa sought. Positive enrichment cultures are examined for these organisms by the procedures summarized in Fig. 1. The new method, when tested on approx. 150 artificially inoculated and 92 natural samples, showed the same productivity and selectivity as the one introduced earlier. The new method is recommended for routine monitoring purposes, because it is less bulky.", "contents": "A simplified procedure for the examination of drinking water for bacteria of public health significance: the differential hydrobacteriogramme. A new method is described which can be used for the examination of piped drinking water. It is also suitable for monitoring water which was initially of potable quality, and is intended for reuse in the food industry. The method is based on CLARK's \"P-A test\" and, because this allows many bacterial types to be detected, i.e. Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Aeromonadaceae and LANCEFIELD group D streptococci it is called differential hydrobacteriogramme. A preliminary resuscitation treatment to revive sublethally injured cells is essential in this procedure. In earlier work this was attained by adding an equal volume of double strength nutrient broth and later double strength MACCONKEY purple broth, making the method somewhat bulky. In the new procedure, after the resuscitation step, a concentrated bile salts/indicator solution is added, allowing subsequent selective enrichment of the taxa sought. Positive enrichment cultures are examined for these organisms by the procedures summarized in Fig. 1. The new method, when tested on approx. 150 artificially inoculated and 92 natural samples, showed the same productivity and selectivity as the one introduced earlier. The new method is recommended for routine monitoring purposes, because it is less bulky.", "PMID": 416629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8679", "title": "[Variants of the course of chronic meningoencephalitis with a syndrome of Jacksonian epilepsy].", "content": "The report contains some results of a follow-up checking of 200 patients with chronic meningoencephalitis with the syndrome of Jackson's epilepsy. The author distinguishes 3 variants in the development of the disease: favourable, remittent and unfavourable. The basis of this division is the structure and frequency of convulsive fits, the state of the nervous system and liquid-containing spaces, bioelectrical brain and muscular activity. Distinguishing such variants in the development of this disease permits to accomplish a differentiated selection of treatment, fix the terms of therapy, solve some problems of formal expert opinion of work capacity.", "contents": "[Variants of the course of chronic meningoencephalitis with a syndrome of Jacksonian epilepsy]. The report contains some results of a follow-up checking of 200 patients with chronic meningoencephalitis with the syndrome of Jackson's epilepsy. The author distinguishes 3 variants in the development of the disease: favourable, remittent and unfavourable. The basis of this division is the structure and frequency of convulsive fits, the state of the nervous system and liquid-containing spaces, bioelectrical brain and muscular activity. Distinguishing such variants in the development of this disease permits to accomplish a differentiated selection of treatment, fix the terms of therapy, solve some problems of formal expert opinion of work capacity.", "PMID": 416631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8680", "title": "Hypophosphataemia in severe burns.", "content": "A retrospective study was made of 17 severely burned patients with special reference to serum and urinary phosphate. A lowering of the serum phosphate level was regularly recorded between the 3rd and 9th day. The lowest mean value of serum phosphate of the group was 0.57 +/- 0.2 (S.D.) mmol/l (normal range 0.8-1.5 mmol/l) occurring on the 5th day after the accident. Serum phosphate then returned to normal levels in all the patients except three, who died. These three were among the four patients who showed the lowest serum phosphate values, less than 0.32 mmol/l, and their deaths coincided with the recording of these low values. The phosphate depletion seemed to be of prerenal origin. Hypophosphataemia may be of significance in the fatal outcome in some of the patients with severe burns.", "contents": "Hypophosphataemia in severe burns. A retrospective study was made of 17 severely burned patients with special reference to serum and urinary phosphate. A lowering of the serum phosphate level was regularly recorded between the 3rd and 9th day. The lowest mean value of serum phosphate of the group was 0.57 +/- 0.2 (S.D.) mmol/l (normal range 0.8-1.5 mmol/l) occurring on the 5th day after the accident. Serum phosphate then returned to normal levels in all the patients except three, who died. These three were among the four patients who showed the lowest serum phosphate values, less than 0.32 mmol/l, and their deaths coincided with the recording of these low values. The phosphate depletion seemed to be of prerenal origin. Hypophosphataemia may be of significance in the fatal outcome in some of the patients with severe burns.", "PMID": 416633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8681", "title": "Capping of ricin-binding sites does not influence phagocytosis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN'S) were incubated at 0 degrees C with ferritin-conjugated ricin and warmed to 37 degrees C to induce capping of the ricin-binding sites. The PMNs were then allowed to phagocytose yeast or Staphylococcus epidermidis for 15 min, and processed for electron microscopy. Phagocytic uptake, granule fusion, and the fate of lectin-bound membrane were quantified by morphometry. Ricin-capped PMNs phagocytosed as extensively as untreated PMNs. Particles were ingested almost exclusively with a lectin-free portion of the plasmalemma. Fusion of granules with phagocytic vacuoles was not affected by ricin-induced capping. This indicates that ricin-binding sites are not involved in particle recognition and uptake.", "contents": "Capping of ricin-binding sites does not influence phagocytosis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN'S) were incubated at 0 degrees C with ferritin-conjugated ricin and warmed to 37 degrees C to induce capping of the ricin-binding sites. The PMNs were then allowed to phagocytose yeast or Staphylococcus epidermidis for 15 min, and processed for electron microscopy. Phagocytic uptake, granule fusion, and the fate of lectin-bound membrane were quantified by morphometry. Ricin-capped PMNs phagocytosed as extensively as untreated PMNs. Particles were ingested almost exclusively with a lectin-free portion of the plasmalemma. Fusion of granules with phagocytic vacuoles was not affected by ricin-induced capping. This indicates that ricin-binding sites are not involved in particle recognition and uptake.", "PMID": 416636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8682", "title": "Oxacillin-induced granulocytopenia.", "content": "The development of granulocytopenia during oxacillin therapy is reported in 2 patients. In both cases the onset of granulocytopenia occurred 24 days after therapy was instituted with similar clinical presentations. The bone marrow aspirates revealed myeloid hyperplasia, left shift and maturation arrest. 24 h after oxacillin was discontinued the granulocyte counts rapidly rose towards normal, with subsequent complete recovery. Although sought for, leukoagglutinins could not be demonstrated in either patient. The occurrence of granulocytopenia in patients receiving natural and semisynthetic penicillins is reviewed and the mechanisms are outlined.", "contents": "Oxacillin-induced granulocytopenia. The development of granulocytopenia during oxacillin therapy is reported in 2 patients. In both cases the onset of granulocytopenia occurred 24 days after therapy was instituted with similar clinical presentations. The bone marrow aspirates revealed myeloid hyperplasia, left shift and maturation arrest. 24 h after oxacillin was discontinued the granulocyte counts rapidly rose towards normal, with subsequent complete recovery. Although sought for, leukoagglutinins could not be demonstrated in either patient. The occurrence of granulocytopenia in patients receiving natural and semisynthetic penicillins is reviewed and the mechanisms are outlined.", "PMID": 416637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8683", "title": "Coagulation and fibrinolysis in thyroid disease.", "content": "The levels of components of the coagulation mechanism and fibrinolytic system in 20 hyperthyroid patients and 9 hypothyroid patients were compared with those of 20 euthyroid control subjects. The mean levels of fibrinolytic activity and plasminogen were significantly reduced in the hyperthyroid patients while mean levels of alpha1-antitrypsin and C1 inactivator were increased. Patients with hypothyroidism had significantly increased levels of fibrinolytic activity and alpha2-macroglobulin, a prolonged partial thromboplastin time, and reduced levels of factor XII and antithrombin III.", "contents": "Coagulation and fibrinolysis in thyroid disease. The levels of components of the coagulation mechanism and fibrinolytic system in 20 hyperthyroid patients and 9 hypothyroid patients were compared with those of 20 euthyroid control subjects. The mean levels of fibrinolytic activity and plasminogen were significantly reduced in the hyperthyroid patients while mean levels of alpha1-antitrypsin and C1 inactivator were increased. Patients with hypothyroidism had significantly increased levels of fibrinolytic activity and alpha2-macroglobulin, a prolonged partial thromboplastin time, and reduced levels of factor XII and antithrombin III.", "PMID": 416638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8684", "title": "Different types of beta-thalassemia intermedia. A genetic study in 20 patients.", "content": "20 patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia classified according to the results of genetic studies are presented. (1) 9 patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia homozygous for beta-thalassemia with increased Hb-A2 are reported. (2) 8 patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia, 3 homozygous for beta-thalassemia with normal levels of Hbs.A2 and F, 5 heterozygous for both this and beta-thalassemia with increased Hb-A2 are presented. (3) 2 families with beta-thalassemia intermedia heterozygous for both beta-thalassemia with increased HbA2 and 'silent\" beta-thalassemia are reported. Two different varieties are presented.", "contents": "Different types of beta-thalassemia intermedia. A genetic study in 20 patients. 20 patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia classified according to the results of genetic studies are presented. (1) 9 patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia homozygous for beta-thalassemia with increased Hb-A2 are reported. (2) 8 patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia, 3 homozygous for beta-thalassemia with normal levels of Hbs.A2 and F, 5 heterozygous for both this and beta-thalassemia with increased Hb-A2 are presented. (3) 2 families with beta-thalassemia intermedia heterozygous for both beta-thalassemia with increased HbA2 and 'silent\" beta-thalassemia are reported. Two different varieties are presented.", "PMID": 416639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8685", "title": "The influence of protein-calorie malnutrition on the development of internodal segments. A study on peripheral nerve and spinal roots in rats.", "content": "The current investigation comprised normal young rats as well as rats submitted to a 50% food reduction or severe protein restriction. Isolated nerve fibres from lumbar spinal roots and sciatic nerves were investigated with reference to the relation between length and diameter of internodes as well as variation of internodal length along single nerve fibres. The present results do not support the view that protein-calorie malnutrition should cause neuropathy. Internodal segments were, on an average, shorter in relation to their thickness in young rats submitted to severe protein restriction or a 50% food reduction. The deviation was most marked in low-protein animals and particularly among coarser internodal segments. An inhibition of longitudinal growth was considered to be the main factor behind the difference between malnourished and normal rats.", "contents": "The influence of protein-calorie malnutrition on the development of internodal segments. A study on peripheral nerve and spinal roots in rats. The current investigation comprised normal young rats as well as rats submitted to a 50% food reduction or severe protein restriction. Isolated nerve fibres from lumbar spinal roots and sciatic nerves were investigated with reference to the relation between length and diameter of internodes as well as variation of internodal length along single nerve fibres. The present results do not support the view that protein-calorie malnutrition should cause neuropathy. Internodal segments were, on an average, shorter in relation to their thickness in young rats submitted to severe protein restriction or a 50% food reduction. The deviation was most marked in low-protein animals and particularly among coarser internodal segments. An inhibition of longitudinal growth was considered to be the main factor behind the difference between malnourished and normal rats.", "PMID": 416643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8686", "title": "Ocular pathology of bovine GM1 gangliosidosis.", "content": "Late-onset of disturbed vision is a clinical feature of bovine GM1 gangliosidosis. Studies on eight affected calves showed that ocular lesions were confined to the retinae and optic nerves. Myriad tiny white spots were visible by ophthalmic examination of the fundus. These spots were related to protuberances on the vitreal surface caused by distended retinal ganglion cells. The perikaryons of these were packed with dense aggregates of membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCBs). Similar MCBs were present in the perikaryons of amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. Wallerian degeneration was present in the optic nerves. The lesions were compared with those described in gangliosidosis in man, cats, pigs and dogs. It is suggested that examination of the fundus is a useful clinical procedure in the diagnosis of bovine GM1 gangliosidosis.", "contents": "Ocular pathology of bovine GM1 gangliosidosis. Late-onset of disturbed vision is a clinical feature of bovine GM1 gangliosidosis. Studies on eight affected calves showed that ocular lesions were confined to the retinae and optic nerves. Myriad tiny white spots were visible by ophthalmic examination of the fundus. These spots were related to protuberances on the vitreal surface caused by distended retinal ganglion cells. The perikaryons of these were packed with dense aggregates of membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCBs). Similar MCBs were present in the perikaryons of amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. Wallerian degeneration was present in the optic nerves. The lesions were compared with those described in gangliosidosis in man, cats, pigs and dogs. It is suggested that examination of the fundus is a useful clinical procedure in the diagnosis of bovine GM1 gangliosidosis.", "PMID": 416644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8687", "title": "Plasma levels of non-conjugated oestrone in high risk pregnancies.", "content": "Plasma levels of non-conjugated oestrone were measured with a radio-immunological method in women with complicated pregnancies during the last trimester. A comparison was performed between values of normal pregnancies from a previous report (3) and those of pathological pregnancies. Women with severe pre-eclampsia were found to have low values and to some extent the oestrone level could predict fetal outcome. In pregnant patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus the plasma levels of oestrone seemed to be higher than those of uncomplicated pregnancy. In women with pregnancies complicated by Rh-isoimmunization, oestrone plasma levels were similar to those found in normal pregnancies.", "contents": "Plasma levels of non-conjugated oestrone in high risk pregnancies. Plasma levels of non-conjugated oestrone were measured with a radio-immunological method in women with complicated pregnancies during the last trimester. A comparison was performed between values of normal pregnancies from a previous report (3) and those of pathological pregnancies. Women with severe pre-eclampsia were found to have low values and to some extent the oestrone level could predict fetal outcome. In pregnant patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus the plasma levels of oestrone seemed to be higher than those of uncomplicated pregnancy. In women with pregnancies complicated by Rh-isoimmunization, oestrone plasma levels were similar to those found in normal pregnancies.", "PMID": 416646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8688", "title": "Postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy in patients with advanced ovarian cancer.", "content": "Two groups of patients with stage III ovarian carcinoma were selected for a randomized clinical trial. The first group consisted of 157 patients who had radical surgery at their first laparotomy, the second group consisted of 145 patients with inoperable disease. The aim of the trial was to compare the results of maximum external megavoltage irradiation, 5 000 rads, to a large abdominal field, with the results of a reduced dose, 3 000 rads, immediately followed by chemotherapy with an alkylating agent (Thio-tepa). In none of the groups, did maximum radiotherapy prove superior to the schedule of a reduced dose combined with chemotherapy. The less costly and time saving combined treatment was better tolerated than irradiation alone. Histological tumour type did not influence the prognosis in these advanced cases where spread was found outside the true pelvis.", "contents": "Postoperative irradiation and chemotherapy in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Two groups of patients with stage III ovarian carcinoma were selected for a randomized clinical trial. The first group consisted of 157 patients who had radical surgery at their first laparotomy, the second group consisted of 145 patients with inoperable disease. The aim of the trial was to compare the results of maximum external megavoltage irradiation, 5 000 rads, to a large abdominal field, with the results of a reduced dose, 3 000 rads, immediately followed by chemotherapy with an alkylating agent (Thio-tepa). In none of the groups, did maximum radiotherapy prove superior to the schedule of a reduced dose combined with chemotherapy. The less costly and time saving combined treatment was better tolerated than irradiation alone. Histological tumour type did not influence the prognosis in these advanced cases where spread was found outside the true pelvis.", "PMID": 416647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8689", "title": "Disruption of blood-retinal barrier at the retinal pigment epithelium after systemic urea injection.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies were done on the structural alterations of retinal pigment epithelial cells occurring under osmotic stress utilizing rhesus monkeys and lanthanum nitrate as a tracer. Fluorescein fundus angiography revealed leaking points of fluorescein from the choroid to the retina, and various degenerative alterations of the retinal pigment epithelial cells were observed in these leaking areas. Some cells included many vacuoles in their cytoplasm, but diffusion of lanthanum from the choroid to the outer segment of visual cell was obstructed by the tight junctions between the retinal pigment epithelial cells. Other cells were severely damaged with ruptured membranes. Abundant tracer material diffused through the cytoplasm into the subretinal space. Other cells were broken down in an isolated manner and here marked extravasation of lanthanum into the subretinal space was observed.", "contents": "Disruption of blood-retinal barrier at the retinal pigment epithelium after systemic urea injection. Electron microscopic studies were done on the structural alterations of retinal pigment epithelial cells occurring under osmotic stress utilizing rhesus monkeys and lanthanum nitrate as a tracer. Fluorescein fundus angiography revealed leaking points of fluorescein from the choroid to the retina, and various degenerative alterations of the retinal pigment epithelial cells were observed in these leaking areas. Some cells included many vacuoles in their cytoplasm, but diffusion of lanthanum from the choroid to the outer segment of visual cell was obstructed by the tight junctions between the retinal pigment epithelial cells. Other cells were severely damaged with ruptured membranes. Abundant tracer material diffused through the cytoplasm into the subretinal space. Other cells were broken down in an isolated manner and here marked extravasation of lanthanum into the subretinal space was observed.", "PMID": 416648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8690", "title": "Kappa-type light chain crystal storage histiocytosis.", "content": "An autopsy case of systemic histiocytosis with excessive deposition of kappa-type light chain crystals was reported in a 58 year-old man who had consistently showed kappa-type light chain paraproteinemia, Bence Jones proteinuria and hypogammaglobulinemia for about 10 years until his death. However, no bony destruction was found by repeated X-ray examinations. At autopsy, extensive hyperplasia of crystal-storing histiocytes was observed in the bone marrow, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, interstitial tissues of visceral organs and loose connective tissues. In the bone marrow and some other tissues, mild proliferation of plasmocytoid cells containing small crystals were found. Histochemically the crystals positively stained with various methods for amino acids and proteins, especially with Weigerts' method for fibrin. Ultrastructurally intralysosomal crystal deposition was confirmed in the storage histiocytes and derivation of the crystals from Golgi's sacculi in the plasmocytoid cells was suggested. Biochemically the crystals were regarded as mainly consisting of dimers of a variable half of light chain immunoglobulin and immunochemically and immunohistochemically reacted to anti-kappa type light chain serum. Such a generalized storage histiocytosis may be secondarily induced by immunoglobulin synthesized in plasmocytoid cells.", "contents": "Kappa-type light chain crystal storage histiocytosis. An autopsy case of systemic histiocytosis with excessive deposition of kappa-type light chain crystals was reported in a 58 year-old man who had consistently showed kappa-type light chain paraproteinemia, Bence Jones proteinuria and hypogammaglobulinemia for about 10 years until his death. However, no bony destruction was found by repeated X-ray examinations. At autopsy, extensive hyperplasia of crystal-storing histiocytes was observed in the bone marrow, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, interstitial tissues of visceral organs and loose connective tissues. In the bone marrow and some other tissues, mild proliferation of plasmocytoid cells containing small crystals were found. Histochemically the crystals positively stained with various methods for amino acids and proteins, especially with Weigerts' method for fibrin. Ultrastructurally intralysosomal crystal deposition was confirmed in the storage histiocytes and derivation of the crystals from Golgi's sacculi in the plasmocytoid cells was suggested. Biochemically the crystals were regarded as mainly consisting of dimers of a variable half of light chain immunoglobulin and immunochemically and immunohistochemically reacted to anti-kappa type light chain serum. Such a generalized storage histiocytosis may be secondarily induced by immunoglobulin synthesized in plasmocytoid cells.", "PMID": 416650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8691", "title": "Is sulphated blood-group substance in pancreas a factor in cystic fibrosis?", "content": "The present study showed that the pancreas of two monkey species contained sulphated blood-group substance. Such strongly anionic molecules are known to bind calcium, and their solutions form gels in the presence of cations. It is suggested that such a mechanism may be involved in cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Is sulphated blood-group substance in pancreas a factor in cystic fibrosis? The present study showed that the pancreas of two monkey species contained sulphated blood-group substance. Such strongly anionic molecules are known to bind calcium, and their solutions form gels in the presence of cations. It is suggested that such a mechanism may be involved in cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 416651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8692", "title": "Listeria encephalitis in five renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Listeria encephalitis has occurred recently in 5 renal transplant recipients at the Transplantation Unit in Stockholm. Symptoms from the central nervous system, such as coma, hemiparesis and cranial nerve paresis, dominated the clinical picture. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from the blood of all the patients, from the cerebrospinal fluid in two, from the urine in one and post mortem from the brain in one patient. Pleocytosis never exceeded 200 leucocytes/mm3 and the glucose ratio was normal or near normal. Complement fixation test for Listeria was negative in all 5 patients. Four patients expired in spite of treatment with large doses of penicillin and other antibiotics to which the isolated strains were sensitive in vitro. At autopsy, inflammation and necrosis were observed in the brain, especially the brain stem, and there was mild lymphocytic infiltration of the meninges. The surviving patient was treated with a combination of chloramphenicol and ampicillin.", "contents": "Listeria encephalitis in five renal transplant recipients. Listeria encephalitis has occurred recently in 5 renal transplant recipients at the Transplantation Unit in Stockholm. Symptoms from the central nervous system, such as coma, hemiparesis and cranial nerve paresis, dominated the clinical picture. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from the blood of all the patients, from the cerebrospinal fluid in two, from the urine in one and post mortem from the brain in one patient. Pleocytosis never exceeded 200 leucocytes/mm3 and the glucose ratio was normal or near normal. Complement fixation test for Listeria was negative in all 5 patients. Four patients expired in spite of treatment with large doses of penicillin and other antibiotics to which the isolated strains were sensitive in vitro. At autopsy, inflammation and necrosis were observed in the brain, especially the brain stem, and there was mild lymphocytic infiltration of the meninges. The surviving patient was treated with a combination of chloramphenicol and ampicillin.", "PMID": 416653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8693", "title": "Directional conflict between vestibular and visual inputs in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "The directional conflict between vestibular and visual stimuli was studied in the squirrel monkey. Sinusoidal rotation was given to the subject and the direction of his visual target movement was reversed by installing a mirror in a 45 degree plane in front of the eyes. A large interindividual variance was noticed in controlling vestibular-visual conflict. The degree of vestibular-visual conflict and stimulus magnitude had no linear relationship. Also no relationship existed between vestibular-visual conflict and the provocation of vestibular nystagmus. Under the situation of vestibular-visual conflict, visual target pursuit failed to improve when two daily trials were given twice a week, for five weeks. The reduction of vestibular input created by surgery resulted in the reduction of vestibular evoked nystagmus and vestibular-visual conflict. However, their degrees were not necessarily parallel. Inter-individual difference in response of vestibular-visual conflict was related to vestibular-visual coordination.", "contents": "Directional conflict between vestibular and visual inputs in the squirrel monkey. The directional conflict between vestibular and visual stimuli was studied in the squirrel monkey. Sinusoidal rotation was given to the subject and the direction of his visual target movement was reversed by installing a mirror in a 45 degree plane in front of the eyes. A large interindividual variance was noticed in controlling vestibular-visual conflict. The degree of vestibular-visual conflict and stimulus magnitude had no linear relationship. Also no relationship existed between vestibular-visual conflict and the provocation of vestibular nystagmus. Under the situation of vestibular-visual conflict, visual target pursuit failed to improve when two daily trials were given twice a week, for five weeks. The reduction of vestibular input created by surgery resulted in the reduction of vestibular evoked nystagmus and vestibular-visual conflict. However, their degrees were not necessarily parallel. Inter-individual difference in response of vestibular-visual conflict was related to vestibular-visual coordination.", "PMID": 416649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8694", "title": "Lactoferrin in human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes in relation to iron metabolism.", "content": "Lactoferrin (LF), the iron-binding protein of external secretions and neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), was studied in 27 patients during granulocytosis caused by acute inflammation and in disorders without granulocytosis (iron deficiency anemia, iron overload and liver diseases). During granulocytosis the LF concentration of PMN was significantly lower than in controls (p less than 0.001). This difference proved to be related to the number of PMN. A relation between the LF concentration of PMN and iron metabolism could be demonstrated: loss of iron by blood donation is accompanied by a significant decrease in the LF concentration in PMN, whereas iron therapy in patients with iron deficiency anemia is accompanied by a significant increase in the LF concentration in PMN.", "contents": "Lactoferrin in human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes in relation to iron metabolism. Lactoferrin (LF), the iron-binding protein of external secretions and neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), was studied in 27 patients during granulocytosis caused by acute inflammation and in disorders without granulocytosis (iron deficiency anemia, iron overload and liver diseases). During granulocytosis the LF concentration of PMN was significantly lower than in controls (p less than 0.001). This difference proved to be related to the number of PMN. A relation between the LF concentration of PMN and iron metabolism could be demonstrated: loss of iron by blood donation is accompanied by a significant decrease in the LF concentration in PMN, whereas iron therapy in patients with iron deficiency anemia is accompanied by a significant increase in the LF concentration in PMN.", "PMID": 416654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8695", "title": "Coronary heart disease--a possible risk in megavoltage therapy?", "content": "A 21-year old man died of an extensive anteroseptal myocardial infarction 16 months after receiving megavoltage radiotherapy to a mantle field for Hodgkin's disease stage PS IA confined to the midcervical lymph nodes on the left side of the neck. Post mortem findings revealed severe atherosclerotic changes in the coronary arteries. This case and a review of the literature suggest that irradiation to the heart may induce or accelerate atherosclerosis of the epicardial vessels. This should be taken into consideration when starting prophylactic irradiation to the mantle field in patients with Hodgkin's disease stage IA without obvious involvement of the mediastinun. Histologic examination of the heart and coronary vessels should be performed in any fatal case after megavoltage therapy involving the heart.", "contents": "Coronary heart disease--a possible risk in megavoltage therapy? A 21-year old man died of an extensive anteroseptal myocardial infarction 16 months after receiving megavoltage radiotherapy to a mantle field for Hodgkin's disease stage PS IA confined to the midcervical lymph nodes on the left side of the neck. Post mortem findings revealed severe atherosclerotic changes in the coronary arteries. This case and a review of the literature suggest that irradiation to the heart may induce or accelerate atherosclerosis of the epicardial vessels. This should be taken into consideration when starting prophylactic irradiation to the mantle field in patients with Hodgkin's disease stage IA without obvious involvement of the mediastinun. Histologic examination of the heart and coronary vessels should be performed in any fatal case after megavoltage therapy involving the heart.", "PMID": 416655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8696", "title": "The effect of location on the elderly mentally infirm: relationship to mortality and behavioural deterioration.", "content": "An investigation was carried out into the effects of location on the elderly mentally infirm. While location had no bearing on subsequent mortality there was some evidence to suggest that some aspects of behavioural deterioration were influenced by the type of location and in those cases residential home placement seemed to produce the least deterioration over and 18-month period when the effects of mental and behavioural competent were taken into account. The implications of these findings for the provision of long-term care for the elderly are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of location on the elderly mentally infirm: relationship to mortality and behavioural deterioration. An investigation was carried out into the effects of location on the elderly mentally infirm. While location had no bearing on subsequent mortality there was some evidence to suggest that some aspects of behavioural deterioration were influenced by the type of location and in those cases residential home placement seemed to produce the least deterioration over and 18-month period when the effects of mental and behavioural competent were taken into account. The implications of these findings for the provision of long-term care for the elderly are discussed.", "PMID": 416661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8697", "title": "Immunological assessment of ageing: emergence of scrapie-like antigens.", "content": "Certain morphological similarities between scrapie--a naturally occurring disease of sheep, long looked upon as a paradigm of 'slow infections'--and the ageing process in normal animals led to a study of the development of new antigens both in scrapie-affected animals and in normal mice and humans. It was found that with advancing age new antigen(s) identical with, or similar to, those occurring in scrapie (where the time co-ordinate of aging in the brain seems foreshortened) make their appearance both in mice and humans, and lead to special sensitization of lymphocytes in normal guinea pigs injected with old tissues so that the difference in the lymphocyte response to scrapie or normal test antigen (SND) is exaggerated. It may be that the 'new antigen(s)' depend upon molecular rearrangement of membrane structure perhaps induced by an external agent (not necessarily a virus). Thymectomy in the new-born mouse or rat produces in many cases 'runting' which appears in many ways to be a caricature of ageing. The SND is greatly increased at a very early age by the process of thymectomy and there is evidence that it may be held up by implantation of neonatal thymus tissue into the deprived animals. During the first years of life there appears to be the same difference in the constitution of erythrocyte membranes which moves towards the adult type towards puberty. This may be part of a general phenomenon of significance in the physiopathology of childhood. Finally the analogy between the changes occurring the kuru-scrapie-CJD complex and old age, and the somewhat new antigenic materials emerging in them must not be taken to imply that any virus is per se concerned with the ageing process. No 'virus of old age' is known. It seems to the writer that it is much more likely that ageing (and the diseases mentioned) are associated with membrane steric rearrangement (which can be transmitted--but not necessarily by a classical virus). In the writer's opinion it is a reasonable hypothesis to entertain that as the cell 'ages' and becomes a less favourable habitat for viruses (normally built into its DNA and/or RNA) they emerge, may take on recognizable forms, and indeed may attempt to seek younger and better homes. No doubt we all carry a load of such inapparent 'viruses' which (like our fellow humans) are likely to abandon us in old age. It is a commonplace that we have an embarras de richesse of viruses and it may be some of these which have been 'isolated' from old tissues.", "contents": "Immunological assessment of ageing: emergence of scrapie-like antigens. Certain morphological similarities between scrapie--a naturally occurring disease of sheep, long looked upon as a paradigm of 'slow infections'--and the ageing process in normal animals led to a study of the development of new antigens both in scrapie-affected animals and in normal mice and humans. It was found that with advancing age new antigen(s) identical with, or similar to, those occurring in scrapie (where the time co-ordinate of aging in the brain seems foreshortened) make their appearance both in mice and humans, and lead to special sensitization of lymphocytes in normal guinea pigs injected with old tissues so that the difference in the lymphocyte response to scrapie or normal test antigen (SND) is exaggerated. It may be that the 'new antigen(s)' depend upon molecular rearrangement of membrane structure perhaps induced by an external agent (not necessarily a virus). Thymectomy in the new-born mouse or rat produces in many cases 'runting' which appears in many ways to be a caricature of ageing. The SND is greatly increased at a very early age by the process of thymectomy and there is evidence that it may be held up by implantation of neonatal thymus tissue into the deprived animals. During the first years of life there appears to be the same difference in the constitution of erythrocyte membranes which moves towards the adult type towards puberty. This may be part of a general phenomenon of significance in the physiopathology of childhood. Finally the analogy between the changes occurring the kuru-scrapie-CJD complex and old age, and the somewhat new antigenic materials emerging in them must not be taken to imply that any virus is per se concerned with the ageing process. No 'virus of old age' is known. It seems to the writer that it is much more likely that ageing (and the diseases mentioned) are associated with membrane steric rearrangement (which can be transmitted--but not necessarily by a classical virus). In the writer's opinion it is a reasonable hypothesis to entertain that as the cell 'ages' and becomes a less favourable habitat for viruses (normally built into its DNA and/or RNA) they emerge, may take on recognizable forms, and indeed may attempt to seek younger and better homes. No doubt we all carry a load of such inapparent 'viruses' which (like our fellow humans) are likely to abandon us in old age. It is a commonplace that we have an embarras de richesse of viruses and it may be some of these which have been 'isolated' from old tissues.", "PMID": 416662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8698", "title": "Copper and inflammation.", "content": "Bonta, Sorenson and others have shown that Cu(II) derivatives are effective anti-inflammatory agents. Some chemical and pharmacological properties of Cu(I) and metallic Cu are discussed. Thio complexes of Cu(I) were prepared and shown to be useful anti-inflammatory agents in rats. Hypotheses are stated concerning the possible therapeutic value of copper in its various oxidation states.", "contents": "Copper and inflammation. Bonta, Sorenson and others have shown that Cu(II) derivatives are effective anti-inflammatory agents. Some chemical and pharmacological properties of Cu(I) and metallic Cu are discussed. Thio complexes of Cu(I) were prepared and shown to be useful anti-inflammatory agents in rats. Hypotheses are stated concerning the possible therapeutic value of copper in its various oxidation states.", "PMID": 416664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8699", "title": "Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis in a developing country 1968-1975.", "content": "The paper records the results of a retrospective study of laboratory findings on samples sent for diagnosis of possible tuberculosis among patients attending or admitted to hospital during the 8 years, 1968-1975. Out of a total of 23 419 such samples, 2479 were positive for tubercle bacilli: both direct microscopy and cultural examinations were carried out, except in the case of many sputum samples which were strongly positive on direct film examination. It was found that the simple examination of stained smears would detect 77% of positive sputa, but was unsatisfactory for other specimens, where cultural examination was essential. Among the positive samples, only sixty-nine came from children under 15 years old: this low figure probably represents selection in hospital attendance or submission of samples, rather than a true comparison with the incidence of clinical tuberculosis in adults. The type of infections evident in children differed from that apparent for all age groups combined, in the high proportion of cases of tuberculous meningitis among the younger age group. The yearly figures give little indication of a fall in the incidence of clinically significant tuberculosis over the past 8 years. A vigorous effort is required for case finding and treatment if there is to be substantial improvement over the next 8 years.", "contents": "Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis in a developing country 1968-1975. The paper records the results of a retrospective study of laboratory findings on samples sent for diagnosis of possible tuberculosis among patients attending or admitted to hospital during the 8 years, 1968-1975. Out of a total of 23 419 such samples, 2479 were positive for tubercle bacilli: both direct microscopy and cultural examinations were carried out, except in the case of many sputum samples which were strongly positive on direct film examination. It was found that the simple examination of stained smears would detect 77% of positive sputa, but was unsatisfactory for other specimens, where cultural examination was essential. Among the positive samples, only sixty-nine came from children under 15 years old: this low figure probably represents selection in hospital attendance or submission of samples, rather than a true comparison with the incidence of clinical tuberculosis in adults. The type of infections evident in children differed from that apparent for all age groups combined, in the high proportion of cases of tuberculous meningitis among the younger age group. The yearly figures give little indication of a fall in the incidence of clinically significant tuberculosis over the past 8 years. A vigorous effort is required for case finding and treatment if there is to be substantial improvement over the next 8 years.", "PMID": 416665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8700", "title": "Stroke in the Africans.", "content": "Stroke is increasingly becoming a major cause of death and morbidity in African population among most of which the frequencies of hypertension are considerable, although hard data based on community surveys are lacking and most of the information available is from hospital data. The epidemiology of stroke in the Africans is reviewed. The frequencies in hospital populations varied from 0.9% to 4.0% and stroke accounted for 0.5% to 45% of neurological admissions. There is male predominance in published series. The main risk factors are hypertension, diabetes mellitus and homozygous sickle cell disease (in children only). Ischaemic stroke is by far the commonest clinical type encountered. These conclusions are further supported by experience at Ibadan, of over 1100 Africans seen over 18 years reported briefly in this communication. The results of the first community study over a 2-year period on the incidence of stroke in an African Urban (Ibadan) Community are presented. The study was carried out as part of a multinational multicentric study initiated and sponsored by the World Health Organization. The male to female ratio was five to two. Incidence rates reached peaks in the eighth decade in males and in seventh decade in females and were higher in males in all age groups, and the rates are comparable with those recorded in European populations, except in those under the age of 40 in Ibadan, in which age-specific incidence rates are considerably lower than in European and Japanese populations. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus constituted the main risk factors. Mortality and recurrence rates are described and are similar to experience in the Caucasians. Hypertension in the Nigerians predispose to a high frequency of cerebrovascular disease other than through mainly cerebral atherosclerosis. With increasing longevity of Nigerians and other Africans, the mortality and morbidity caused by cerebrovascular disease would probably become of enormous dimensions and adequate control of high blood pressure on a community basis may be the only way of preventing this: this would be desirable as myocardial infarction in contradistinction to hypertensive heart disease is an uncommon complication of high blood pressure in the Africans and prevention of hypertensive heart disease as shown by experience elsewhere can be achieved by control of high blood pressure, which does not seem to prevent ischaemic myocardial disease.", "contents": "Stroke in the Africans. Stroke is increasingly becoming a major cause of death and morbidity in African population among most of which the frequencies of hypertension are considerable, although hard data based on community surveys are lacking and most of the information available is from hospital data. The epidemiology of stroke in the Africans is reviewed. The frequencies in hospital populations varied from 0.9% to 4.0% and stroke accounted for 0.5% to 45% of neurological admissions. There is male predominance in published series. The main risk factors are hypertension, diabetes mellitus and homozygous sickle cell disease (in children only). Ischaemic stroke is by far the commonest clinical type encountered. These conclusions are further supported by experience at Ibadan, of over 1100 Africans seen over 18 years reported briefly in this communication. The results of the first community study over a 2-year period on the incidence of stroke in an African Urban (Ibadan) Community are presented. The study was carried out as part of a multinational multicentric study initiated and sponsored by the World Health Organization. The male to female ratio was five to two. Incidence rates reached peaks in the eighth decade in males and in seventh decade in females and were higher in males in all age groups, and the rates are comparable with those recorded in European populations, except in those under the age of 40 in Ibadan, in which age-specific incidence rates are considerably lower than in European and Japanese populations. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus constituted the main risk factors. Mortality and recurrence rates are described and are similar to experience in the Caucasians. Hypertension in the Nigerians predispose to a high frequency of cerebrovascular disease other than through mainly cerebral atherosclerosis. With increasing longevity of Nigerians and other Africans, the mortality and morbidity caused by cerebrovascular disease would probably become of enormous dimensions and adequate control of high blood pressure on a community basis may be the only way of preventing this: this would be desirable as myocardial infarction in contradistinction to hypertensive heart disease is an uncommon complication of high blood pressure in the Africans and prevention of hypertensive heart disease as shown by experience elsewhere can be achieved by control of high blood pressure, which does not seem to prevent ischaemic myocardial disease.", "PMID": 416666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8701", "title": "Radiological features of tuberculosis of the spine in Ibadan, Nigeria.", "content": "In Nigeria, tuberculosis of the spine remains an important medical problem in the diagnosis and management of which radiology plays an invaluable role. The present study reviewed sixty-nine cases seen in 1966-1972 at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The possible radiological classification of the disease was grouped into seven different types:- (i) disc space narrowing only (ii) kissing lesions; (iii) wedge collapse of vertebra; (iv) vertebra plana; (v) lesions localised in the vertebral body and/or its appendages; (vi) para-spinal abscesses; (vii) complete destruction of vertebral body. The dorsolumbar region was the most frequently involved with D.11 vertebra being most often affected. The maximum number of vertebrae involved was eight but involvement of two was the most frequent. Some uncommonly reported radiological features encountered include bone sclerosis, intervertebral non-osteophytic bony bridge formation and skip lesions.", "contents": "Radiological features of tuberculosis of the spine in Ibadan, Nigeria. In Nigeria, tuberculosis of the spine remains an important medical problem in the diagnosis and management of which radiology plays an invaluable role. The present study reviewed sixty-nine cases seen in 1966-1972 at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The possible radiological classification of the disease was grouped into seven different types:- (i) disc space narrowing only (ii) kissing lesions; (iii) wedge collapse of vertebra; (iv) vertebra plana; (v) lesions localised in the vertebral body and/or its appendages; (vi) para-spinal abscesses; (vii) complete destruction of vertebral body. The dorsolumbar region was the most frequently involved with D.11 vertebra being most often affected. The maximum number of vertebrae involved was eight but involvement of two was the most frequent. Some uncommonly reported radiological features encountered include bone sclerosis, intervertebral non-osteophytic bony bridge formation and skip lesions.", "PMID": 416667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8702", "title": "A comparative trial of liquid lomotil and mist kaolin in childhood diarrhoea.", "content": "Lomotil liquid in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day has been compared with plain mist kaolin in controlling acute diarrhoea in young children aged 6 weeks to 2 years. Lomotil was found to stop the diarrhoea faster and significantly shorten the period of hospital admission than kaolin (P less than 0.05) in children whose diarrhoea was complicated by moderate dehydration. In those with mild dehydration lomotil had no advantage over kaolin. Children with severe dehydration treated with lomotil spent on the average much shorter period in hospital than those on kaolin, but the numbers were too small to allow for useful comparison. There was no adverse effect observed in any of subjects at the dose of lomotil used.", "contents": "A comparative trial of liquid lomotil and mist kaolin in childhood diarrhoea. Lomotil liquid in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day has been compared with plain mist kaolin in controlling acute diarrhoea in young children aged 6 weeks to 2 years. Lomotil was found to stop the diarrhoea faster and significantly shorten the period of hospital admission than kaolin (P less than 0.05) in children whose diarrhoea was complicated by moderate dehydration. In those with mild dehydration lomotil had no advantage over kaolin. Children with severe dehydration treated with lomotil spent on the average much shorter period in hospital than those on kaolin, but the numbers were too small to allow for useful comparison. There was no adverse effect observed in any of subjects at the dose of lomotil used.", "PMID": 416669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8703", "title": "A comparative trial of the anthelminthic efficacy of pyrantel pamoate (Combantrin) and thiabendazole (Mintezol).", "content": "The anthelminthic efficacy of pyrantel pamoate (Combantrin) in a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight was compared with that of thiabendazole (Mintezol) in two doses each of 25 mg/kg body weight in a controlled trial. Follow-up examination, 6 weeks after treatment with Combantrin gave cure rates of 93.8%, and 29.1% for infection with Ascaris and the Hookworm respectively, and 44.3% and 27.3% in those treated with Mintezol. The reduction in hookworm egg counts was higher in patients treated with Combantrin than with Mintezol, and Combantrin was better tolerated. Neither drug was effective against the Trichuris. The results are compared with those from other parts of the world.", "contents": "A comparative trial of the anthelminthic efficacy of pyrantel pamoate (Combantrin) and thiabendazole (Mintezol). The anthelminthic efficacy of pyrantel pamoate (Combantrin) in a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight was compared with that of thiabendazole (Mintezol) in two doses each of 25 mg/kg body weight in a controlled trial. Follow-up examination, 6 weeks after treatment with Combantrin gave cure rates of 93.8%, and 29.1% for infection with Ascaris and the Hookworm respectively, and 44.3% and 27.3% in those treated with Mintezol. The reduction in hookworm egg counts was higher in patients treated with Combantrin than with Mintezol, and Combantrin was better tolerated. Neither drug was effective against the Trichuris. The results are compared with those from other parts of the world.", "PMID": 416671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8704", "title": "Sero-epidemiology of herpes type-2 virus and carcinoma of the cervix in Ibadan.", "content": "Various sero-epidemiologic studies, including the preliminary report from Ibadan, have established that most women with premalignant and malignant carcinoma of the cervix have serologic evidence of infection of herpes type-2 virus. Using immunofluorescence method, the earlier report in Ibadan was confirmed, whereby the prevalence of HT-2 virus antibodies was shown to be significantly associated with carcinoma of the cervix, especially the squamous cell type. However, there was no such association with the grade and stage of the disease.", "contents": "Sero-epidemiology of herpes type-2 virus and carcinoma of the cervix in Ibadan. Various sero-epidemiologic studies, including the preliminary report from Ibadan, have established that most women with premalignant and malignant carcinoma of the cervix have serologic evidence of infection of herpes type-2 virus. Using immunofluorescence method, the earlier report in Ibadan was confirmed, whereby the prevalence of HT-2 virus antibodies was shown to be significantly associated with carcinoma of the cervix, especially the squamous cell type. However, there was no such association with the grade and stage of the disease.", "PMID": 416672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8705", "title": "Osteochondral fractures: mechanisms of injury and fate of fragments.", "content": "Osteochondral fractures, although relatively common, are frequently misdiagnosed by both clinicians and radiologists. In many of these cases positive radiographic findings are present although subtle. This paper reviews the mechanisms of injury by which osteochondral fractures occur and discusses the radiographic features of such fractures. An analysis of 43 surgical cases of osteochondral fractures in different sites was undertaken with respect to the radiographic, surgical, and histopathologic findings. Fragments consisting of cartilage alone or cartilage and bone were analyzed in terms of their radiographic features acutely and chronically after the trauma. The pathologic changes occurring within the original fragments are differentiated from those of surface growth in the older loose bodies. Attached fragments react differently than loose fragments. Typical cases from the knee joint are illustrated.", "contents": "Osteochondral fractures: mechanisms of injury and fate of fragments. Osteochondral fractures, although relatively common, are frequently misdiagnosed by both clinicians and radiologists. In many of these cases positive radiographic findings are present although subtle. This paper reviews the mechanisms of injury by which osteochondral fractures occur and discusses the radiographic features of such fractures. An analysis of 43 surgical cases of osteochondral fractures in different sites was undertaken with respect to the radiographic, surgical, and histopathologic findings. Fragments consisting of cartilage alone or cartilage and bone were analyzed in terms of their radiographic features acutely and chronically after the trauma. The pathologic changes occurring within the original fragments are differentiated from those of surface growth in the older loose bodies. Attached fragments react differently than loose fragments. Typical cases from the knee joint are illustrated.", "PMID": 416673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8706", "title": "Significant new observations on cervical spine trauma.", "content": "The results of a computer analysis of 399 patients with documented fractures and/or dislocations of the cervical spine are summarized. Vertebral arch fractures were present in half of all patients with radiographic evidence of cervical spine trauma. Two-thirds of the patients had two or more injuries. Isolated disk injuries were rare and, when present, were characterized by a vacuum sign. The dens fracture, with or without atlantoaxial dislocation, was rarely associated with injury elsewhere in the cervical spine. The study suggests that the routine five-film cervical spine examination is inadequate to detect the most common traumatic lesions. Thus vertebral arch views (pillar views) should be obtained if there is evidence to suggest hyperextension as the mechanism of injury. In addition, the study underscores the importance of aggressively searching for multiple abnormalities.", "contents": "Significant new observations on cervical spine trauma. The results of a computer analysis of 399 patients with documented fractures and/or dislocations of the cervical spine are summarized. Vertebral arch fractures were present in half of all patients with radiographic evidence of cervical spine trauma. Two-thirds of the patients had two or more injuries. Isolated disk injuries were rare and, when present, were characterized by a vacuum sign. The dens fracture, with or without atlantoaxial dislocation, was rarely associated with injury elsewhere in the cervical spine. The study suggests that the routine five-film cervical spine examination is inadequate to detect the most common traumatic lesions. Thus vertebral arch views (pillar views) should be obtained if there is evidence to suggest hyperextension as the mechanism of injury. In addition, the study underscores the importance of aggressively searching for multiple abnormalities.", "PMID": 416674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8707", "title": "Multiple level spinal injuries: importance of early recognition.", "content": "Patients with severe trauma may simultaneously sustain more than one level of spinal injury. Often, the second or third levels of injury are not recognized early enough to prevent clinically significant extension of the neurologic deficit, pain pattern, spinal instability, and/or deformity. A review of 710 spinal injury patients admitted to the Midwest Regional Spinal Cord Injury Care System yielded 4.5% multiple noncontiguous vertebral injuries. Thirty cases were studied in respect to location and type of primary and secondary injury. Of the secondary lesions, 40% occurred above and 60% below the primary lesion. In half of the patients, there was a mean of 52.6 days delay in diagnosis of the secondary lesion. Three major patterns of injury emerged from this analysis. Knowledge of these patterns and careful total spine radiography in patients with severe trauma may be a significant aid in early recognition of multiple level injuries and possible prevention of their complication.", "contents": "Multiple level spinal injuries: importance of early recognition. Patients with severe trauma may simultaneously sustain more than one level of spinal injury. Often, the second or third levels of injury are not recognized early enough to prevent clinically significant extension of the neurologic deficit, pain pattern, spinal instability, and/or deformity. A review of 710 spinal injury patients admitted to the Midwest Regional Spinal Cord Injury Care System yielded 4.5% multiple noncontiguous vertebral injuries. Thirty cases were studied in respect to location and type of primary and secondary injury. Of the secondary lesions, 40% occurred above and 60% below the primary lesion. In half of the patients, there was a mean of 52.6 days delay in diagnosis of the secondary lesion. Three major patterns of injury emerged from this analysis. Knowledge of these patterns and careful total spine radiography in patients with severe trauma may be a significant aid in early recognition of multiple level injuries and possible prevention of their complication.", "PMID": 416675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8708", "title": "Bone mineral in Vilcabamba, Ecuador.", "content": "Bone mineral content was measured by photon absorptiometry of the radius in an Ecuadorian population noted for longevity and for rarity of fractures and spinal curvature in the elderly. Bone mass, after covariance adjustment for age, height, weight, and bone width, was 15% below values for U.S. whites, indicating that the rarity of skeletal problems was not due to high bone mass or diminution of aging bone loss.", "contents": "Bone mineral in Vilcabamba, Ecuador. Bone mineral content was measured by photon absorptiometry of the radius in an Ecuadorian population noted for longevity and for rarity of fractures and spinal curvature in the elderly. Bone mass, after covariance adjustment for age, height, weight, and bone width, was 15% below values for U.S. whites, indicating that the rarity of skeletal problems was not due to high bone mass or diminution of aging bone loss.", "PMID": 416676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8709", "title": "The pedicle in neurofibromatosis.", "content": "Three cases of von Recklinghausen's disease (neurofibromatosis) are described, one with agenesis of a pedicle, another with multiple hypoplastic pedicles, and a third with bilateral hypoplastic pedicles producing a spondylolistesis. These peidcle deficiencies are manifestations of mesodermal dysplasia. Agenesis of the pedicle most likely represents a defect in chondrification. Hypoplasia probably represents a partial lack of development of the pedicle and the ipsilateral arch. Hypoplasia or agenesis of a pedicle should suggest the possibility of underlying neurofibromatosis.", "contents": "The pedicle in neurofibromatosis. Three cases of von Recklinghausen's disease (neurofibromatosis) are described, one with agenesis of a pedicle, another with multiple hypoplastic pedicles, and a third with bilateral hypoplastic pedicles producing a spondylolistesis. These peidcle deficiencies are manifestations of mesodermal dysplasia. Agenesis of the pedicle most likely represents a defect in chondrification. Hypoplasia probably represents a partial lack of development of the pedicle and the ipsilateral arch. Hypoplasia or agenesis of a pedicle should suggest the possibility of underlying neurofibromatosis.", "PMID": 416677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8710", "title": "Evaluation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and angiography in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "A series of 118 patients with suspected pancreatic disease was studied by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Angiography was subsequently performed in 30 of these patients. ERCP was 95% accurate in the prospective diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. This study suggests that angiography is valuable in determining tumor resectability following ERCP diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Angiography may obviate the need for exploratory laparotomy in patients with unresectable tumors and encourage aggressive treatment of resectable lesions. Patients with a high clinical suspicion of pancreatic disease should have angiography if the ERCP is normal, equivocal, or there is a cannulation failure.", "contents": "Evaluation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and angiography in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. A series of 118 patients with suspected pancreatic disease was studied by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Angiography was subsequently performed in 30 of these patients. ERCP was 95% accurate in the prospective diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. This study suggests that angiography is valuable in determining tumor resectability following ERCP diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Angiography may obviate the need for exploratory laparotomy in patients with unresectable tumors and encourage aggressive treatment of resectable lesions. Patients with a high clinical suspicion of pancreatic disease should have angiography if the ERCP is normal, equivocal, or there is a cannulation failure.", "PMID": 416679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8711", "title": "Barium duodenography as an adjunct to percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.", "content": "Performance of barium duodenography at the end of transhepatic cholangiography improves visualization of the anatomy of the porta hepatis and lower common bile duct. The relationships of C loop, common the bile duct, and ampulla are clearly demonstrated. Without the barium study, the variability of the relationship between the biliary tree and the duodenum may not be appreciated. The technique is described and illustrated by four cases.", "contents": "Barium duodenography as an adjunct to percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Performance of barium duodenography at the end of transhepatic cholangiography improves visualization of the anatomy of the porta hepatis and lower common bile duct. The relationships of C loop, common the bile duct, and ampulla are clearly demonstrated. Without the barium study, the variability of the relationship between the biliary tree and the duodenum may not be appreciated. The technique is described and illustrated by four cases.", "PMID": 416680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8712", "title": "Fine needle cholangiography in postcholecystectomy patients.", "content": "Thirteen cholecystectomized patients with postcholecystectomy symptoms are described. The patients were investigated with a combination of intravenous cholangiography and fine needle cholangiography. Fine needle cholangiography was found useful in patients with nonvisualized or questionably abnormal bile ducts on intravenous cholangiography. In one patient the intravenous cholangiogram was normal, but percutaneous cholangiography demonstrated calculi.", "contents": "Fine needle cholangiography in postcholecystectomy patients. Thirteen cholecystectomized patients with postcholecystectomy symptoms are described. The patients were investigated with a combination of intravenous cholangiography and fine needle cholangiography. Fine needle cholangiography was found useful in patients with nonvisualized or questionably abnormal bile ducts on intravenous cholangiography. In one patient the intravenous cholangiogram was normal, but percutaneous cholangiography demonstrated calculi.", "PMID": 416681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8713", "title": "Bacteremia during barium enema study.", "content": "The occurrence of bacteremia was studied in patients undergoing barium enema. Blood cultures were done on 34 patients before, during, and after the procedure using two schedules. Cultures were obtained once during the procedure in the first schedule and four times in the second. None of the cultures were positive by the first schedule, while 23% of patients studied by the second schedule had one or more positive cultures. Organisms isolated were anaerobes. The bacteremia was transient and self-limited, without serious clinical sequelae. The incidence of bacteremia during barium enema examination was statistically indistinguishable from bacteremia previously reported during colonscopy. It is concluded that antibiotic prophylaxis is not indicated in most patients undergoing colonic diagnostic procedures. Prophylaxis in selected high-risk patients requires further study.", "contents": "Bacteremia during barium enema study. The occurrence of bacteremia was studied in patients undergoing barium enema. Blood cultures were done on 34 patients before, during, and after the procedure using two schedules. Cultures were obtained once during the procedure in the first schedule and four times in the second. None of the cultures were positive by the first schedule, while 23% of patients studied by the second schedule had one or more positive cultures. Organisms isolated were anaerobes. The bacteremia was transient and self-limited, without serious clinical sequelae. The incidence of bacteremia during barium enema examination was statistically indistinguishable from bacteremia previously reported during colonscopy. It is concluded that antibiotic prophylaxis is not indicated in most patients undergoing colonic diagnostic procedures. Prophylaxis in selected high-risk patients requires further study.", "PMID": 416682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8714", "title": "Angiography of abdominal leiomyosarcoma.", "content": "The spectrum of angiographic findings of abdominal leiomyosarcoma in 33 cases is presented, and the value of angiography in the diagnosis and management of such patients is discussed. Angiographic features of abdominal leiomyosarcomas are different depending upon the site of origin. Small bowel lesions are hypervascular, and those in the stomach and colon moderately vascular. Well circumscribed masses with enlarged feeding arteries and draining veins form the predominant presentation of small bowel leiomyosarcoma. In the retroperitoneum these neoplasms are usually hypovascular to moderately vascular, and displacement of major vessels, particularly the inferior vena cava, is the most common angiographic finding. Bladder leiomyosarcoma can be either moderately vascular or hypervascular. Vascularity of metastases is usually similar to that of the primary lesion.", "contents": "Angiography of abdominal leiomyosarcoma. The spectrum of angiographic findings of abdominal leiomyosarcoma in 33 cases is presented, and the value of angiography in the diagnosis and management of such patients is discussed. Angiographic features of abdominal leiomyosarcomas are different depending upon the site of origin. Small bowel lesions are hypervascular, and those in the stomach and colon moderately vascular. Well circumscribed masses with enlarged feeding arteries and draining veins form the predominant presentation of small bowel leiomyosarcoma. In the retroperitoneum these neoplasms are usually hypovascular to moderately vascular, and displacement of major vessels, particularly the inferior vena cava, is the most common angiographic finding. Bladder leiomyosarcoma can be either moderately vascular or hypervascular. Vascularity of metastases is usually similar to that of the primary lesion.", "PMID": 416684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8715", "title": "Sensitivity of gray scale ultrasound in detecting urinary tract obstruction.", "content": "To determine the reliability of gray scale ultrasound in detecting urinary tract obstruction, a prospective study of 67 patients examined by both excretory urography and ultrasound was undertaken. The degree of hydronephrosis was defined by urographic criteria, and the corresponding echograms were analyzed without knowledge of the urographic results. Hydronephrosis was correctly diagnosed by ultrasound in 46 of 47 kidneys shown to be obstructed on urography, for a sensitivity of 98%. Our results show that when obstruction is the sole clinical question, ultrasound is an effective screening test. Thus many patients with a variety of medical diseases of the kidney can be spared excretory urography.", "contents": "Sensitivity of gray scale ultrasound in detecting urinary tract obstruction. To determine the reliability of gray scale ultrasound in detecting urinary tract obstruction, a prospective study of 67 patients examined by both excretory urography and ultrasound was undertaken. The degree of hydronephrosis was defined by urographic criteria, and the corresponding echograms were analyzed without knowledge of the urographic results. Hydronephrosis was correctly diagnosed by ultrasound in 46 of 47 kidneys shown to be obstructed on urography, for a sensitivity of 98%. Our results show that when obstruction is the sole clinical question, ultrasound is an effective screening test. Thus many patients with a variety of medical diseases of the kidney can be spared excretory urography.", "PMID": 416685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8716", "title": "Accuracy of CT staging of bladder neoplasms using the gas-filled method: report of 21 patients with surgical confirmation.", "content": "CT staging of bladder neoplasms is a highly accurate procedure with a proven accuracy rate of 81% and a potential accuracy rate probably above 90%. At this institution, CT staging has become a routine procedure for all patients with bladder neoplasms prior to surgery or radiotherapy as well as to follow the progress of therapy. Staging of bladder carcinoma is performed by cystoscopy with biopsy, intravenous urography, and CT of the gas-filled bladder. Of 21 patients with surgical confirmation, 17 were correctly staged solely from the CT image. Overstaging in the four errors resulted from confusion produced by normal contiguous extravesical structures and by tangential viewing of the normal bladder wall. Negative contrast allowed precise demonstration of the morphology of the intravesical portion of the tumor.", "contents": "Accuracy of CT staging of bladder neoplasms using the gas-filled method: report of 21 patients with surgical confirmation. CT staging of bladder neoplasms is a highly accurate procedure with a proven accuracy rate of 81% and a potential accuracy rate probably above 90%. At this institution, CT staging has become a routine procedure for all patients with bladder neoplasms prior to surgery or radiotherapy as well as to follow the progress of therapy. Staging of bladder carcinoma is performed by cystoscopy with biopsy, intravenous urography, and CT of the gas-filled bladder. Of 21 patients with surgical confirmation, 17 were correctly staged solely from the CT image. Overstaging in the four errors resulted from confusion produced by normal contiguous extravesical structures and by tangential viewing of the normal bladder wall. Negative contrast allowed precise demonstration of the morphology of the intravesical portion of the tumor.", "PMID": 416686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8717", "title": "Gray scale ultrasonography of adrenal neoplasms.", "content": "Ultrasonic characteristics of 21 adrenal neoplasms (19 patients) examined by gray scale ultrasonography are reviewed. The significance of the adrenal-renal cleavage plane is discussed. In our experience the cleavage plane only has definite localization value when it separates the adrenal gland from the kidney on all ultrasonographic sections. Compression of the posterior wall and/or anterior displacement of the inferior vena cava was seen in about two-thirds of the right adrenal tumors. The difficulty in examining left adrenal masses is emphasized. Ultrasonography has proved to be an excellent screening procedure for adrenal tumors.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasonography of adrenal neoplasms. Ultrasonic characteristics of 21 adrenal neoplasms (19 patients) examined by gray scale ultrasonography are reviewed. The significance of the adrenal-renal cleavage plane is discussed. In our experience the cleavage plane only has definite localization value when it separates the adrenal gland from the kidney on all ultrasonographic sections. Compression of the posterior wall and/or anterior displacement of the inferior vena cava was seen in about two-thirds of the right adrenal tumors. The difficulty in examining left adrenal masses is emphasized. Ultrasonography has proved to be an excellent screening procedure for adrenal tumors.", "PMID": 416687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8718", "title": "The suprasternal fossa on chest radiographs in newborns.", "content": "Visualization of the suprasternal fossa in the newborn is due to suprasternal retraction. It is seen in 59% of patients with respiratory distress syndrome of the premature prior to intubation, and in 5% of patients with conditions such as pneumonia, meconium aspiration, and transient tachypnea of the newborn. The lower compliance of the lungs in patients with respiratory distress syndrome and increased compliance of the chest wall in premature infants accounts for the higher incidence of accentuation of the fossa. Visualization of the suprasternal fossa can simulate the distended proximal pouch of esophageal atresia. The two can be differentiated in the lateral view where the pretracheal location of the fossa can be appreciated.", "contents": "The suprasternal fossa on chest radiographs in newborns. Visualization of the suprasternal fossa in the newborn is due to suprasternal retraction. It is seen in 59% of patients with respiratory distress syndrome of the premature prior to intubation, and in 5% of patients with conditions such as pneumonia, meconium aspiration, and transient tachypnea of the newborn. The lower compliance of the lungs in patients with respiratory distress syndrome and increased compliance of the chest wall in premature infants accounts for the higher incidence of accentuation of the fossa. Visualization of the suprasternal fossa can simulate the distended proximal pouch of esophageal atresia. The two can be differentiated in the lateral view where the pretracheal location of the fossa can be appreciated.", "PMID": 416688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8719", "title": "Tween 80/diatrizoate enemas in bowel obstruction.", "content": "Although successful treatment of meconium ileus with Gastrografin enema has been attributed to the hypertonicity of this material, Tween 80, present in a 0.75% concentration, may be its most effective component. Tween 80 acts as a surface-active substance and stool emulsifier. An enema solution of 1%-2% Tween 80 and isotonic sodium diatrizoate has been effective in the relief of meconium or fecal mass obstruction in infants and children.", "contents": "Tween 80/diatrizoate enemas in bowel obstruction. Although successful treatment of meconium ileus with Gastrografin enema has been attributed to the hypertonicity of this material, Tween 80, present in a 0.75% concentration, may be its most effective component. Tween 80 acts as a surface-active substance and stool emulsifier. An enema solution of 1%-2% Tween 80 and isotonic sodium diatrizoate has been effective in the relief of meconium or fecal mass obstruction in infants and children.", "PMID": 416689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8720", "title": "A phlebographic study of the incidence and significance of venous thrombosis in the foot.", "content": "A total of 188 foot phelbograms in 100 patients with suspected venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism were studied. Thrombus was demonstrated in 59 (31%) of the foot phlebograms. It is concluded that foot vein thrombosis is common, that it may be a source of pulmonary embolism, and that venous thrombus may start in the foot veins and spread into the calf. Foot phlebography should become part of the routine examination of patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "A phlebographic study of the incidence and significance of venous thrombosis in the foot. A total of 188 foot phelbograms in 100 patients with suspected venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism were studied. Thrombus was demonstrated in 59 (31%) of the foot phlebograms. It is concluded that foot vein thrombosis is common, that it may be a source of pulmonary embolism, and that venous thrombus may start in the foot veins and spread into the calf. Foot phlebography should become part of the routine examination of patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 416690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8721", "title": "Diagnosis of ascending transtentorial herniation by cranial computed tomography.", "content": "The secondary effects of large infratentorial masses may include ascending transtentorial herniation. Rostral displacement of the superior vermis through the tentorial incisura can be accurately detected by cranial computed tomography. Signs of early or impending upward herniation are compression and slight posterior flattening of the quadrigeminal plate cistern. Progressively more severe herniation produces amputation of the peritcetal cerebrospinal fluid diamond, leading to a triangle or \"squared off\" appearance of the confluent quadrigeminal and superior cerebellar cisterns. When the disorder is severe, the herniated vermis plugs the incisura, completely effacing these cisterns and flattening the posterior third ventricle. Obstructive hydrocephalus may also occur with moderate or severe herniation.", "contents": "Diagnosis of ascending transtentorial herniation by cranial computed tomography. The secondary effects of large infratentorial masses may include ascending transtentorial herniation. Rostral displacement of the superior vermis through the tentorial incisura can be accurately detected by cranial computed tomography. Signs of early or impending upward herniation are compression and slight posterior flattening of the quadrigeminal plate cistern. Progressively more severe herniation produces amputation of the peritcetal cerebrospinal fluid diamond, leading to a triangle or \"squared off\" appearance of the confluent quadrigeminal and superior cerebellar cisterns. When the disorder is severe, the herniated vermis plugs the incisura, completely effacing these cisterns and flattening the posterior third ventricle. Obstructive hydrocephalus may also occur with moderate or severe herniation.", "PMID": 416691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8722", "title": "Computed tomography and skull radiography in the diagnosis of calcified brain tumor.", "content": "Among 104 consecutive patients with verified brain tumor, 13 (12.5%) had histologic evidence for calcification. Skull radiographs and CT scans of those cases revealed that in most instances calcification detected by CT was also present on skull radiographs. In cases with a high density lesion present on CT and normal skull radiography, the maximum density on CT was below that which characterizes calcification. The study suggests a complementary role of the two modalities in investigating intracranial calcification.", "contents": "Computed tomography and skull radiography in the diagnosis of calcified brain tumor. Among 104 consecutive patients with verified brain tumor, 13 (12.5%) had histologic evidence for calcification. Skull radiographs and CT scans of those cases revealed that in most instances calcification detected by CT was also present on skull radiographs. In cases with a high density lesion present on CT and normal skull radiography, the maximum density on CT was below that which characterizes calcification. The study suggests a complementary role of the two modalities in investigating intracranial calcification.", "PMID": 416692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8723", "title": "The vertex scan: an important component of cranial computed tomography.", "content": "Physicians who monitor cranial computed tomography occasionally omit the most superior aspects of the brain and calvarium because of time limitations and overloaded scanning schedules. In addition, standardized CT reporting forms as well training literature distributed by some manufacturers support the concept that a complete CT series consists of three scan pairs. Omission of a vertex scan pair results in failure to visualize 10%-15% of the brain volume. We have reviewed the results of 2,000 consecutive CT studies to determine the number and variety of pathologic entities that would have been missed had a vertex scan not been obtained. The most significant or sole abnormality was present on the vertex scan alone in 3% of the cases. Examples are presented. A true vertex levels should be obtained in every routine CT examination.", "contents": "The vertex scan: an important component of cranial computed tomography. Physicians who monitor cranial computed tomography occasionally omit the most superior aspects of the brain and calvarium because of time limitations and overloaded scanning schedules. In addition, standardized CT reporting forms as well training literature distributed by some manufacturers support the concept that a complete CT series consists of three scan pairs. Omission of a vertex scan pair results in failure to visualize 10%-15% of the brain volume. We have reviewed the results of 2,000 consecutive CT studies to determine the number and variety of pathologic entities that would have been missed had a vertex scan not been obtained. The most significant or sole abnormality was present on the vertex scan alone in 3% of the cases. Examples are presented. A true vertex levels should be obtained in every routine CT examination.", "PMID": 416693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8724", "title": "Computed tomography in cranial tuberculosis.", "content": "Twelve patients with proven tuberculosis were studied by computed tomography. Three had tuberculomas and nine had tuberculous meningitis. Although a definite diagnosis is often not possible on CT, the method is of value in determining number, location and extent of lesions. In patients with tuberculous meningitis, CT is helpful in assessing the degree of hydrocephalus and in evaluating the effectiveness of antituberculous therapy.", "contents": "Computed tomography in cranial tuberculosis. Twelve patients with proven tuberculosis were studied by computed tomography. Three had tuberculomas and nine had tuberculous meningitis. Although a definite diagnosis is often not possible on CT, the method is of value in determining number, location and extent of lesions. In patients with tuberculous meningitis, CT is helpful in assessing the degree of hydrocephalus and in evaluating the effectiveness of antituberculous therapy.", "PMID": 416694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8725", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes simulating acute myocardial infarction caused by hyperkalemia: report of a patient with normal coronary arteriograms.", "content": "A patient is described with severe diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperkalemia who presented with an ECG resembling an acute anterior wall myocardial infarction. Treatment of hyperkalemia resulted in prompt return of the ECG towards normal. Subsequent work-up including exercise testing and selective coronary arteriography ruled out any significant coronary artery disease suggesting that the ECG changes were probably caused by hyperkalemia. While similar changes have rarely been described in the past, this would appear to be the first such case in whom coronary artery disease was ruled out by a negative exercise testing and coronary arteriography.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes simulating acute myocardial infarction caused by hyperkalemia: report of a patient with normal coronary arteriograms. A patient is described with severe diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperkalemia who presented with an ECG resembling an acute anterior wall myocardial infarction. Treatment of hyperkalemia resulted in prompt return of the ECG towards normal. Subsequent work-up including exercise testing and selective coronary arteriography ruled out any significant coronary artery disease suggesting that the ECG changes were probably caused by hyperkalemia. While similar changes have rarely been described in the past, this would appear to be the first such case in whom coronary artery disease was ruled out by a negative exercise testing and coronary arteriography.", "PMID": 416705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8726", "title": "Changes in the red blood cell membrane in protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Ten children with protein-calorie malnutrition (five with kwashiorkor, three with marasmus, and two with marasmic-kwashiorkor) were studied at hospital admission and during recovery for evidence of changes in red blood cell lipids, osmotic fragility, and chromium survival. On admission, the children had significantly higher-than-normal red blood cell membrane cholesterol and phospholipid, and an elevated cholesterol:phospholipid ratio. Both red blood cell osmotic fragility and red cell survivals were depressed. These measurements returned to normal limits with recovery.", "contents": "Changes in the red blood cell membrane in protein-calorie malnutrition. Ten children with protein-calorie malnutrition (five with kwashiorkor, three with marasmus, and two with marasmic-kwashiorkor) were studied at hospital admission and during recovery for evidence of changes in red blood cell lipids, osmotic fragility, and chromium survival. On admission, the children had significantly higher-than-normal red blood cell membrane cholesterol and phospholipid, and an elevated cholesterol:phospholipid ratio. Both red blood cell osmotic fragility and red cell survivals were depressed. These measurements returned to normal limits with recovery.", "PMID": 416706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8727", "title": "Respiratory hydrogen excretion as a parameter for lactose malabsorption in children.", "content": "Respiratory hydrogen excretion was measured during tolerance tests with lactose, glucose plus galactose, and skim milk in 52 children, 4 to 15 years of age. Ten children appeared to be lactose-malabsorbers, as reflected by increased respiratory hydrogen excretion after administration of 2 g lactose per kilogram, maximum 50 g. Skim milk, equivalent to 0.5 g lactose per kilogram was administered to all lactose-malabsorbers. Eight children were tolerant and two children were \"intolerant\" for this physiological amount of lactose when administered as skim milk. Disaccharidase activities of jejunal biopsies were determined in all 10 children with lactose malabsorption. Lactase activity was deficient in nine children and normal in one child. The increase of blood glucose during the lactose tolerance test did reflect lactose malabsorption less accurately than the respiratory hydrogen excretion.", "contents": "Respiratory hydrogen excretion as a parameter for lactose malabsorption in children. Respiratory hydrogen excretion was measured during tolerance tests with lactose, glucose plus galactose, and skim milk in 52 children, 4 to 15 years of age. Ten children appeared to be lactose-malabsorbers, as reflected by increased respiratory hydrogen excretion after administration of 2 g lactose per kilogram, maximum 50 g. Skim milk, equivalent to 0.5 g lactose per kilogram was administered to all lactose-malabsorbers. Eight children were tolerant and two children were \"intolerant\" for this physiological amount of lactose when administered as skim milk. Disaccharidase activities of jejunal biopsies were determined in all 10 children with lactose malabsorption. Lactase activity was deficient in nine children and normal in one child. The increase of blood glucose during the lactose tolerance test did reflect lactose malabsorption less accurately than the respiratory hydrogen excretion.", "PMID": 416707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8728", "title": "Carnitine metabolism in human subjects. III. Metabolism in disease.", "content": "Carnitine metabolism is reviewed in lipid storage myopathies, diabetes, vomiting sickness of Jamaica, malnutrition, hyperthyrodism, Duchenne dystrophy, and a few other disease states.", "contents": "Carnitine metabolism in human subjects. III. Metabolism in disease. Carnitine metabolism is reviewed in lipid storage myopathies, diabetes, vomiting sickness of Jamaica, malnutrition, hyperthyrodism, Duchenne dystrophy, and a few other disease states.", "PMID": 416708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8729", "title": "Vitamin B12-binding proteins in serum and plasma in various disorders. Effect of anticoagulants.", "content": "Because of recent developments in the study of vitamin B12-binding proteins, the levels of the three serum binders were compared in serum and plasma samples from subjects with various disorders. The results allow the following conclusions: (1) As previously reported, transcobalamin (TC) III and to a lesser extent TC I are artifactually elevated in serum. The appear to be released in vitro during the clotting process, presumably from granulocytes. (2) Blood cells of patients with polycythemia vera release exceedingly large amounts of TC I and TC III in vitro. (3) The above findings support, but do not prove, at least a partial granulocytic source of TC I. Nevertheless, factors other than granulocytes influence TC I levels, as disorders characterized by increased TC I (most prominently chronic myelogenous leukemia but also several cases of cancer) manifest relatively little cellular release of TC I in vitro. (4) Despite the serum artifact, the serum abnormalities described in various conditions were seen in plasma also, even though the actual values of themselves were lower in plasma. The chief exception was TC III, which was elevated in plasma only in polycythemia vera (and in a few cases of leukocytosis). (5) EDTA-NaF anticoagulant is not suitable, as it causes plasma dilution, thus explaining previous reports of TC II level differences between serum and plasma. EDTA is therefore a preferable anticoagulant for vitamin B12-binding protein studies, although it too may not be ideal.", "contents": "Vitamin B12-binding proteins in serum and plasma in various disorders. Effect of anticoagulants. Because of recent developments in the study of vitamin B12-binding proteins, the levels of the three serum binders were compared in serum and plasma samples from subjects with various disorders. The results allow the following conclusions: (1) As previously reported, transcobalamin (TC) III and to a lesser extent TC I are artifactually elevated in serum. The appear to be released in vitro during the clotting process, presumably from granulocytes. (2) Blood cells of patients with polycythemia vera release exceedingly large amounts of TC I and TC III in vitro. (3) The above findings support, but do not prove, at least a partial granulocytic source of TC I. Nevertheless, factors other than granulocytes influence TC I levels, as disorders characterized by increased TC I (most prominently chronic myelogenous leukemia but also several cases of cancer) manifest relatively little cellular release of TC I in vitro. (4) Despite the serum artifact, the serum abnormalities described in various conditions were seen in plasma also, even though the actual values of themselves were lower in plasma. The chief exception was TC III, which was elevated in plasma only in polycythemia vera (and in a few cases of leukocytosis). (5) EDTA-NaF anticoagulant is not suitable, as it causes plasma dilution, thus explaining previous reports of TC II level differences between serum and plasma. EDTA is therefore a preferable anticoagulant for vitamin B12-binding protein studies, although it too may not be ideal.", "PMID": 416709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8730", "title": "Immunochemical detection of human blood in feces.", "content": "Current methods for testing stool samples for hemoglobin utilize peroxidase oxidation of chemical indicators such as guaiac or benzidine. These tests have frequent false-positive and false-negative results, complicating random screening for occult gastrointestinal bleeding. The authors have developed an immunochemical test for human blood in feces using goat antibodies to hemoglobin. When employed in radial immunoassay the test is uncomplicated by cross-reaction with common human foods or other nonhemorrhagic fecal fecal constitutents. The lower limit of sensitivity for hemoglobin in stool samples is 10 mg/dl, compared with a commonly reported threshold of 100 mg/dl for peroxidase tests. The test accurately detects hemoglobin in mixtures of human blood and feces. Immunochemical identification of human blood in stool offers improved detection of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.", "contents": "Immunochemical detection of human blood in feces. Current methods for testing stool samples for hemoglobin utilize peroxidase oxidation of chemical indicators such as guaiac or benzidine. These tests have frequent false-positive and false-negative results, complicating random screening for occult gastrointestinal bleeding. The authors have developed an immunochemical test for human blood in feces using goat antibodies to hemoglobin. When employed in radial immunoassay the test is uncomplicated by cross-reaction with common human foods or other nonhemorrhagic fecal fecal constitutents. The lower limit of sensitivity for hemoglobin in stool samples is 10 mg/dl, compared with a commonly reported threshold of 100 mg/dl for peroxidase tests. The test accurately detects hemoglobin in mixtures of human blood and feces. Immunochemical identification of human blood in stool offers improved detection of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.", "PMID": 416710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8731", "title": "Lymphoproliferative disease with IgM lambda monoclonal protein and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. A report of four cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Four patients with lymphoproliferative disease with immunoglobulin M lambda (IgMlambda) monoclonal proteins and severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia are described. These patients had many features in common that may warrant their recognition as a specific entity within the lymphoproliferative spectrum. In each case, a wide thermal range low titer cold agglutinin was present. The association of cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia with IgMlambda monoclonal protein and lymphoproliferative disease is unusual. The literature on IgM monoclonal proteins associated with lymphoproliferative disease is reviewed with emphasis on the presence of direct antiglobulin test positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia.", "contents": "Lymphoproliferative disease with IgM lambda monoclonal protein and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. A report of four cases and a review of the literature. Four patients with lymphoproliferative disease with immunoglobulin M lambda (IgMlambda) monoclonal proteins and severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia are described. These patients had many features in common that may warrant their recognition as a specific entity within the lymphoproliferative spectrum. In each case, a wide thermal range low titer cold agglutinin was present. The association of cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia with IgMlambda monoclonal protein and lymphoproliferative disease is unusual. The literature on IgM monoclonal proteins associated with lymphoproliferative disease is reviewed with emphasis on the presence of direct antiglobulin test positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia.", "PMID": 416711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8732", "title": "The trisomy 4p syndrome: case report and review.", "content": "We report a further case of trisomy 4p: a 5-year-old mentally retarded boy with characteristic facial features, eye abnormalities, flexion contractures, several bone anomalies, and hyperactivity. In a review of 27 cases (11 male, 16 female, 22 families) the cytogenetic and clinical data were tabulated and analyzed. Diagnosis is established by karyotype: there is always partial or apparently \"total\" trisomy of the short term arm of chromosome 4. In 19 families a parent carried either a balanced translocation (16 times) or a pericentric inversion (3 times); 3 patients had de novo duplication of 4p. In several cases, additional deletions or trisomies were present. From the analysis of all cases, but particularly of the \"pure\" trisomies, the phenotypic spectrum of this condition was observed and found to be a specific multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome. Its main features are a characteristic facial appearance, postnatal growth retardation, severe psychomotor retardation with or without seizures, microcephaly, and various major and minor anomalies.", "contents": "The trisomy 4p syndrome: case report and review. We report a further case of trisomy 4p: a 5-year-old mentally retarded boy with characteristic facial features, eye abnormalities, flexion contractures, several bone anomalies, and hyperactivity. In a review of 27 cases (11 male, 16 female, 22 families) the cytogenetic and clinical data were tabulated and analyzed. Diagnosis is established by karyotype: there is always partial or apparently \"total\" trisomy of the short term arm of chromosome 4. In 19 families a parent carried either a balanced translocation (16 times) or a pericentric inversion (3 times); 3 patients had de novo duplication of 4p. In several cases, additional deletions or trisomies were present. From the analysis of all cases, but particularly of the \"pure\" trisomies, the phenotypic spectrum of this condition was observed and found to be a specific multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome. Its main features are a characteristic facial appearance, postnatal growth retardation, severe psychomotor retardation with or without seizures, microcephaly, and various major and minor anomalies.", "PMID": 416713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8733", "title": "Morquio-like syndrome with beta galactosidase deficiency and normal hexosamine sulfatase activity: mucopolysacchariodosis IVB.", "content": "A 14-year-old white girl with mild dysostosis multiplex, odontoid hypoplasia, short stature, cloudy corneas, keratansulfaturia, but without detectable central nervous system abnormalities was referred with the diagnosis of Morquio syndrome. Clinical and roentgenographic findings were minimal compared to those of typical patients with the Morquio syndrome, MPS IV. Beta-Galactosidase activity in extracts of the patient's cultured fibroblasts was deficient, while that of galactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase was normal. Conjunctival biopsy revealed intracytoplasmic vacuoles typical of lysosomal storage diseases. It is postulated that in this patient the deficiency of a beta-galactosidase is responsible for inadequate degradation of keratan sulfate and the appearance of a mild form of the  Morquio syndrome (MPS IVB).", "contents": "Morquio-like syndrome with beta galactosidase deficiency and normal hexosamine sulfatase activity: mucopolysacchariodosis IVB. A 14-year-old white girl with mild dysostosis multiplex, odontoid hypoplasia, short stature, cloudy corneas, keratansulfaturia, but without detectable central nervous system abnormalities was referred with the diagnosis of Morquio syndrome. Clinical and roentgenographic findings were minimal compared to those of typical patients with the Morquio syndrome, MPS IV. Beta-Galactosidase activity in extracts of the patient's cultured fibroblasts was deficient, while that of galactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase was normal. Conjunctival biopsy revealed intracytoplasmic vacuoles typical of lysosomal storage diseases. It is postulated that in this patient the deficiency of a beta-galactosidase is responsible for inadequate degradation of keratan sulfate and the appearance of a mild form of the  Morquio syndrome (MPS IVB).", "PMID": 416714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8734", "title": "Response of immature baboon fetal lung to intra-amniotic betamethasone.", "content": "Intra-amniotic betamethasone (6 mg.) given to six immature fetal baboons, at four and again at three days prior to delivery by cesarean section, between 147 and 158 days' gestation (term = 180 days), significantly increased the amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio. At delivery, treated animal lungs were more mature in that they had a significantly  increased deflation stability and significantly decreased minimum surface tension in minced lung when compared to five control animals. Changes in maximum air distensibility lagged behind changes in deflation stability. The major molecular species of pulmonary phosphatidylcholine were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography as the diacylglycerol derivatives. The proportions of 14:0/16:0, 16:0/16:0, and 16:0/18:0, were significantly increased over control proportions while unsaturated species tended to decrease in animals exposed to intra-amniotic betamethasone. The immature fetal baboon pulmonary system responded to intra-amniotic betamethasone with a synchronous increase in the L/S ratio, improved pulmonary stability, and a more mature pulmonary lecithin composition, but did not demonstrate a synchronous increase in tissue distensibility.", "contents": "Response of immature baboon fetal lung to intra-amniotic betamethasone. Intra-amniotic betamethasone (6 mg.) given to six immature fetal baboons, at four and again at three days prior to delivery by cesarean section, between 147 and 158 days' gestation (term = 180 days), significantly increased the amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio. At delivery, treated animal lungs were more mature in that they had a significantly  increased deflation stability and significantly decreased minimum surface tension in minced lung when compared to five control animals. Changes in maximum air distensibility lagged behind changes in deflation stability. The major molecular species of pulmonary phosphatidylcholine were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography as the diacylglycerol derivatives. The proportions of 14:0/16:0, 16:0/16:0, and 16:0/18:0, were significantly increased over control proportions while unsaturated species tended to decrease in animals exposed to intra-amniotic betamethasone. The immature fetal baboon pulmonary system responded to intra-amniotic betamethasone with a synchronous increase in the L/S ratio, improved pulmonary stability, and a more mature pulmonary lecithin composition, but did not demonstrate a synchronous increase in tissue distensibility.", "PMID": 416716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8735", "title": "Serologic and animal inoculation studies of a communal outbreak of viral hepatitis, type A.", "content": "Sera from individuals in an outbreak of viral hepatitis in a multifamily household, probably spread by contaminated food, were studied for antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV), and selected acute phase sera were inoculated into marmosets. Significant rises in anti-HAV titers between acute and convalescent sera occurred in all of 15 individuals in the outbreak who experienced serum enzyme elevations and in one of 14 individuals whose serum enzyme levels remained normal. The remaining 13 individuals in the latter group had antibody levels in both early and late sera compatible with residual immunity from prior HAV infections and correlating with resistance to reinfection. Groups of marmosets were infected with acute phase sera from two of the cases; in both instances the inoculated sera contained substantial levels of anti-HAV. The marmosets developed specific anti-HAV seroconversions as well as enzyme elevations.", "contents": "Serologic and animal inoculation studies of a communal outbreak of viral hepatitis, type A. Sera from individuals in an outbreak of viral hepatitis in a multifamily household, probably spread by contaminated food, were studied for antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV), and selected acute phase sera were inoculated into marmosets. Significant rises in anti-HAV titers between acute and convalescent sera occurred in all of 15 individuals in the outbreak who experienced serum enzyme elevations and in one of 14 individuals whose serum enzyme levels remained normal. The remaining 13 individuals in the latter group had antibody levels in both early and late sera compatible with residual immunity from prior HAV infections and correlating with resistance to reinfection. Groups of marmosets were infected with acute phase sera from two of the cases; in both instances the inoculated sera contained substantial levels of anti-HAV. The marmosets developed specific anti-HAV seroconversions as well as enzyme elevations.", "PMID": 416712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8736", "title": "Temporal relationships of estrogen, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone levels to ovulation in women and infrahuman primates.", "content": "These studies were undertaken to ascertain the interval between the estrogen and LH peaks and ovulation in women, rhesus monkeys, and baboons. Estrogen, progesterone, and LH were measured by RIA. Ovulation was documented by visual examination of the ovaries, histology of the corpora lutea, and recovery of ova. The data for human subjects was based on a group of 23 normal women scheduled for surgical sterilization. Blood was drawn daily between 8:30 and 10:30 P.M. beginning on day 10 of the cycle. Surgery was performed 1 to 5 days after the LH peak. The hormonal findings were correlated with the histology of the corpus luteum. The mean interval from the estrogen peak to ovulation was 34 hours, the interval from the estrogen peak to the LH peak was 24 hours, and that from the LH peak to ovulation was 9 hours. In 46 rhesus monkey cycles and in 53 baboon cycles diagnostic serial laparoscopic examinations were initiated following the estrogen peak and repeated every 24 hours until ovulation was confirmed. The mean interval between the estrogen peak and ovulation was 34 hours in the monkey and 41 hours in the baboon. The intervals from the estrogen peaks to the LH peaks were 12 hours in the monkey and 23 hours in the baboon. The intervals from LH peak to ovulation were 22 hours in the monkey and 18 hours in the baboon. Plasma progesterone levels were significantly increased prior to the LH peak in all three species.", "contents": "Temporal relationships of estrogen, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone levels to ovulation in women and infrahuman primates. These studies were undertaken to ascertain the interval between the estrogen and LH peaks and ovulation in women, rhesus monkeys, and baboons. Estrogen, progesterone, and LH were measured by RIA. Ovulation was documented by visual examination of the ovaries, histology of the corpora lutea, and recovery of ova. The data for human subjects was based on a group of 23 normal women scheduled for surgical sterilization. Blood was drawn daily between 8:30 and 10:30 P.M. beginning on day 10 of the cycle. Surgery was performed 1 to 5 days after the LH peak. The hormonal findings were correlated with the histology of the corpus luteum. The mean interval from the estrogen peak to ovulation was 34 hours, the interval from the estrogen peak to the LH peak was 24 hours, and that from the LH peak to ovulation was 9 hours. In 46 rhesus monkey cycles and in 53 baboon cycles diagnostic serial laparoscopic examinations were initiated following the estrogen peak and repeated every 24 hours until ovulation was confirmed. The mean interval between the estrogen peak and ovulation was 34 hours in the monkey and 41 hours in the baboon. The intervals from the estrogen peaks to the LH peaks were 12 hours in the monkey and 23 hours in the baboon. The intervals from LH peak to ovulation were 22 hours in the monkey and 18 hours in the baboon. Plasma progesterone levels were significantly increased prior to the LH peak in all three species.", "PMID": 416719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8737", "title": "Glucocorticoids and the rhesus fetal lung.", "content": "The effects of glucocorticoids on primate fetal lung function have not been clearly delineated. In this prospective study of preterm rhesus fetuses exposed in utero to betamethasone for 72 hours, the most significant alteration was a striking increase in maximum lung volumes. Functionally less significant increases in residual lung volumes were also noted. The lungs of the treated fetuses did not exhibit lower extract surface tensions or increased phospholipid concentrations. These findings suggest that the major effect of betamethasone is on lung connective tissue elements, with minimal effects on alveolar surfactant. Additional evidence of the multisystemic effects of glucocorticoids was obtained in that significant differences in fetal, adrenal, hepatic, and placental weights also were observed.", "contents": "Glucocorticoids and the rhesus fetal lung. The effects of glucocorticoids on primate fetal lung function have not been clearly delineated. In this prospective study of preterm rhesus fetuses exposed in utero to betamethasone for 72 hours, the most significant alteration was a striking increase in maximum lung volumes. Functionally less significant increases in residual lung volumes were also noted. The lungs of the treated fetuses did not exhibit lower extract surface tensions or increased phospholipid concentrations. These findings suggest that the major effect of betamethasone is on lung connective tissue elements, with minimal effects on alveolar surfactant. Additional evidence of the multisystemic effects of glucocorticoids was obtained in that significant differences in fetal, adrenal, hepatic, and placental weights also were observed.", "PMID": 416720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8738", "title": "Analysis of the hominoid os coxae by Cartesian coordinates.", "content": "This study is based upon 48 3-dimensional coordinates taken on 4 fossil hominid and 127 extant hominoid coxal bones. The follis include Sts 14, SK 3155, MLD 7, and MLD 25. The comparative sample consists of 42 Homo sapiens, 27 Pan troglodytes, 29 Gorilla gorilla and 29 Pongo pygmaeus. The coordinates improve the metrical representation of the bone beyond what can be done with linear measurements because the shape complexity of the os coxae is so great. The coordinates are rotated and translated so that all bones are in a standard position. The coordinates are then standardized for each specimen by dividing all coordinates by the pooled standard deviation of X, Y, and Z coordinates. These data are treated to standard statistical analyses including analysis of variance, Penrose size and shape statistics, principal coordinates and components, and canonical variates analysis. The data are then further altered by using some specimen as a standard and rotating each specimen until the total squared distance between its coordinates and those of the standard are minimized. The same statistics are applied to these \"best fit\" data. The results show a high degree of agreement between the methods. The hominid os coxae are dundamentally different from the other hominoids and the fossil hominids share the basic hominid configuration but with some unique differences.", "contents": "Analysis of the hominoid os coxae by Cartesian coordinates. This study is based upon 48 3-dimensional coordinates taken on 4 fossil hominid and 127 extant hominoid coxal bones. The follis include Sts 14, SK 3155, MLD 7, and MLD 25. The comparative sample consists of 42 Homo sapiens, 27 Pan troglodytes, 29 Gorilla gorilla and 29 Pongo pygmaeus. The coordinates improve the metrical representation of the bone beyond what can be done with linear measurements because the shape complexity of the os coxae is so great. The coordinates are rotated and translated so that all bones are in a standard position. The coordinates are then standardized for each specimen by dividing all coordinates by the pooled standard deviation of X, Y, and Z coordinates. These data are treated to standard statistical analyses including analysis of variance, Penrose size and shape statistics, principal coordinates and components, and canonical variates analysis. The data are then further altered by using some specimen as a standard and rotating each specimen until the total squared distance between its coordinates and those of the standard are minimized. The same statistics are applied to these \"best fit\" data. The results show a high degree of agreement between the methods. The hominid os coxae are dundamentally different from the other hominoids and the fossil hominids share the basic hominid configuration but with some unique differences.", "PMID": 416722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8739", "title": "Blood groups of pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina).", "content": "The human-type A-B-O blood groups of 57 pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were determined and the calculated gene frequencies, O = 0.8908, A = 0.0825 and B = 0.0267, gave excellent fit with the hypothesis of inheritance by triple allelic genes. In tests for simian-type blood groups with rhesus, baboon and crab-eating macaque immune antisera, it was shown that the red cells of pig-tailed macaques are polymorphic for several simian-type specificities defined by those cross-reacting sera. Pig-tailed macaques share with other macaque species the complex Drh-graded blood group system, which seems to occupy a special role among red cell antigens of macaques. Normal sera of three female macaques contained spontaneous isoagglutinins which selectively agglutinated the red cells of some pig-tailed as well as stump-tailed macaques.", "contents": "Blood groups of pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). The human-type A-B-O blood groups of 57 pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were determined and the calculated gene frequencies, O = 0.8908, A = 0.0825 and B = 0.0267, gave excellent fit with the hypothesis of inheritance by triple allelic genes. In tests for simian-type blood groups with rhesus, baboon and crab-eating macaque immune antisera, it was shown that the red cells of pig-tailed macaques are polymorphic for several simian-type specificities defined by those cross-reacting sera. Pig-tailed macaques share with other macaque species the complex Drh-graded blood group system, which seems to occupy a special role among red cell antigens of macaques. Normal sera of three female macaques contained spontaneous isoagglutinins which selectively agglutinated the red cells of some pig-tailed as well as stump-tailed macaques.", "PMID": 416724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8740", "title": "Change in the management of adult groin hernia.", "content": "Three hundred fifty-seven groin hernia repairs were performed under local anesthesia using a long-lasting local anesthetic agent. An ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and twelfth intercostal nerve block was carried out initially, followed by regional infiltration of the agent, using a technic first described by Ponka [8] with several modifications. This technic can be employed suffessfully in the majority of groin hernia repairs. It requires careful attention to detail in the administration of preoperative sedation and analgesia and the use of sharp dissection only and greater gentleness in the handling of tissue. We have observed a significant reduction in postoperative discomfort and the virtual elimination of urinary retention, urinary sepsis, atelectasis, and phlebitis in these cases. All patients are fully ambulatory, without assistance immediately after surgery and the majority are discharged the same day or the following morning. This results in a marked reduction in the total cost of repairing a groin hernia.", "contents": "Change in the management of adult groin hernia. Three hundred fifty-seven groin hernia repairs were performed under local anesthesia using a long-lasting local anesthetic agent. An ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and twelfth intercostal nerve block was carried out initially, followed by regional infiltration of the agent, using a technic first described by Ponka [8] with several modifications. This technic can be employed suffessfully in the majority of groin hernia repairs. It requires careful attention to detail in the administration of preoperative sedation and analgesia and the use of sharp dissection only and greater gentleness in the handling of tissue. We have observed a significant reduction in postoperative discomfort and the virtual elimination of urinary retention, urinary sepsis, atelectasis, and phlebitis in these cases. All patients are fully ambulatory, without assistance immediately after surgery and the majority are discharged the same day or the following morning. This results in a marked reduction in the total cost of repairing a groin hernia.", "PMID": 416725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8741", "title": "[Eigen-frequencies and lines of nodes from skulls (author's transl)].", "content": "The skull has a system of vibration with characteristic Eigen-frequencies and oscillation modes. Macereted and non-macereted skulls showed lines of nodes of a typical manner which is specific for the hominides. Specially the mod of vibration of the 2. Eigen-frequency is strongly correlated with the state of the skull. Defined fractures of the base causes the Eigen-frequency shifting in rostral direction. Patterns of fracture, diaphanoscopic and x-ray investigation showed no correlations to the mod of vibration of all the Eigen-frequencies. In the clinical practice this findings give a diagnostic possibility in immediate identification of the fractures and infractures.", "contents": "[Eigen-frequencies and lines of nodes from skulls (author's transl)]. The skull has a system of vibration with characteristic Eigen-frequencies and oscillation modes. Macereted and non-macereted skulls showed lines of nodes of a typical manner which is specific for the hominides. Specially the mod of vibration of the 2. Eigen-frequency is strongly correlated with the state of the skull. Defined fractures of the base causes the Eigen-frequency shifting in rostral direction. Patterns of fracture, diaphanoscopic and x-ray investigation showed no correlations to the mod of vibration of all the Eigen-frequencies. In the clinical practice this findings give a diagnostic possibility in immediate identification of the fractures and infractures.", "PMID": 416729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8742", "title": "A (comparative study on the nasal fossae of Tupaia glis and four insectivores.", "content": "The macro- and microscopic anatomy of the nasal fossa of Tupaia glis was compared with those of some insectivores. No significant group differences were found as far as the intranasal structures are concerned. Since the number of receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium of Tupaia glis and Talpa europaea is smaller than in the other species studied, a slight reduction of the sense of smell is suggested.", "contents": "A (comparative study on the nasal fossae of Tupaia glis and four insectivores. The macro- and microscopic anatomy of the nasal fossa of Tupaia glis was compared with those of some insectivores. No significant group differences were found as far as the intranasal structures are concerned. Since the number of receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium of Tupaia glis and Talpa europaea is smaller than in the other species studied, a slight reduction of the sense of smell is suggested.", "PMID": 416730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8743", "title": "Disodium cromoglycate in anaphylaxis and pollinois.", "content": "Because disodium cromoglycate is being used in treating the symptoms of allergic patients and its mode of action remains uncertain, morphological experiments were conducted in an attempt to further elucidate this compound's mode of action. Rabbits with an ear chamber underwent anaphylaxis, lethal or sublethal, with microscopic observations of the microcirculation during anaphylaxis. At death or a chosen interval tissue of the ear chamber was secured for histological examination. The mast cells and the state of their granules were counted for each section. In no instance did disodium cromoglycate have any effect in preventing the gross or microscopic changes and disodium cromoglycate did not protect mast cells in passive anaphylaxis. The nasal mucosa of a subject sensitive to ragweed pollen was exposed to ragweed pollen in a non-pollen season and the gross symptoms of hay fever were noted. When the nasal mucosa was pre-treated with disodium cromoglycate, however, no symptoms were observed and biopsies of nasal mucosa showed more normal mast cells and fewer degranulated mast cells.", "contents": "Disodium cromoglycate in anaphylaxis and pollinois. Because disodium cromoglycate is being used in treating the symptoms of allergic patients and its mode of action remains uncertain, morphological experiments were conducted in an attempt to further elucidate this compound's mode of action. Rabbits with an ear chamber underwent anaphylaxis, lethal or sublethal, with microscopic observations of the microcirculation during anaphylaxis. At death or a chosen interval tissue of the ear chamber was secured for histological examination. The mast cells and the state of their granules were counted for each section. In no instance did disodium cromoglycate have any effect in preventing the gross or microscopic changes and disodium cromoglycate did not protect mast cells in passive anaphylaxis. The nasal mucosa of a subject sensitive to ragweed pollen was exposed to ragweed pollen in a non-pollen season and the gross symptoms of hay fever were noted. When the nasal mucosa was pre-treated with disodium cromoglycate, however, no symptoms were observed and biopsies of nasal mucosa showed more normal mast cells and fewer degranulated mast cells.", "PMID": 416732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8744", "title": "Occupational asthma of bakers.", "content": "Two cases of bakers with asthma are discussed. The etiologic mechanisms which play a role in baker's asthma are reviewed. Disodium cromoglycate may be used to minimize symptoms in this disease entity.", "contents": "Occupational asthma of bakers. Two cases of bakers with asthma are discussed. The etiologic mechanisms which play a role in baker's asthma are reviewed. Disodium cromoglycate may be used to minimize symptoms in this disease entity.", "PMID": 416733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8745", "title": "Cellular immunologic studies of malignant lymphoma in rhesus macaques.", "content": "Cells from malignant lymphoma in 10 rhesus macaques were examined for lymphocyte surface markers. Three had features of T cells, 5 had features of B cells, and 2 lacked evidence of either B- or T-cell differentiation. Correlation between the histologic classification of cell type and the B- or T-cell nature of the neoplasms was not evident. Evaluation of serum electrophoresis, mitogen responses tests, and previous histologic studies suggest that the development of the neoplastic lymphocyte proliferation occurred following or during an abnormal immunologic response.", "contents": "Cellular immunologic studies of malignant lymphoma in rhesus macaques. Cells from malignant lymphoma in 10 rhesus macaques were examined for lymphocyte surface markers. Three had features of T cells, 5 had features of B cells, and 2 lacked evidence of either B- or T-cell differentiation. Correlation between the histologic classification of cell type and the B- or T-cell nature of the neoplasms was not evident. Evaluation of serum electrophoresis, mitogen responses tests, and previous histologic studies suggest that the development of the neoplastic lymphocyte proliferation occurred following or during an abnormal immunologic response.", "PMID": 416735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8746", "title": "Tuberculosis screening for hospital employees. A five-year experience in a large community hospital.", "content": "A 5-year experience in developing an annual tuberculosis screening program for employees of a 570-bed community hospital in a state with a low endemic rate of tuberculosis is described. Using a computerized payroll system to notify employees and the incentive of free lunch tickets, the program reached more than 95 per cent of the eligible employees. No active cases and only 7 skin test conversions (0.11 per cent) were found during the 5-year period; only 3 of the 7 converters worked in patient care. Three other converters (1.03 per cent) were found among the 291 employee contracts of 20 patients who were initially undiagnosed. The costs for comprehensive screening were high in relation to the low conversion rates found, and more selective screening may be justified in similar hospitals where the risk of acquiring tuberculosis is low. Nonetheless, because the problem of poor compliance was managed successfully, the program has provided an effective measure of protection for both patients and personnel.", "contents": "Tuberculosis screening for hospital employees. A five-year experience in a large community hospital. A 5-year experience in developing an annual tuberculosis screening program for employees of a 570-bed community hospital in a state with a low endemic rate of tuberculosis is described. Using a computerized payroll system to notify employees and the incentive of free lunch tickets, the program reached more than 95 per cent of the eligible employees. No active cases and only 7 skin test conversions (0.11 per cent) were found during the 5-year period; only 3 of the 7 converters worked in patient care. Three other converters (1.03 per cent) were found among the 291 employee contracts of 20 patients who were initially undiagnosed. The costs for comprehensive screening were high in relation to the low conversion rates found, and more selective screening may be justified in similar hospitals where the risk of acquiring tuberculosis is low. Nonetheless, because the problem of poor compliance was managed successfully, the program has provided an effective measure of protection for both patients and personnel.", "PMID": 416736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8747", "title": "[Four new pyocine types of \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\": epidemiological significance (author's transl)].", "content": "The pyocin-typing of 448 Ps. aeruginosa from several Hospitals in Lisbonne has been done with the Gillies and Govan method; 69% Portuguese strains are in pyocinotypes n degrees 1, 3, 5 and 7; 16 % are in 24 other pyocinotypes. Four new pyocinotypes were found in a group of 34 atypical strains. The relationship between serotype and pyocinotype was investigated and the most frequent serotypes in Portugal (0:11; 0:6; 0:3) has been subdivided into numerous pyocinotypes with epidemiological significance.", "contents": "[Four new pyocine types of \"Pseudomonas aeruginosa\": epidemiological significance (author's transl)]. The pyocin-typing of 448 Ps. aeruginosa from several Hospitals in Lisbonne has been done with the Gillies and Govan method; 69% Portuguese strains are in pyocinotypes n degrees 1, 3, 5 and 7; 16 % are in 24 other pyocinotypes. Four new pyocinotypes were found in a group of 34 atypical strains. The relationship between serotype and pyocinotype was investigated and the most frequent serotypes in Portugal (0:11; 0:6; 0:3) has been subdivided into numerous pyocinotypes with epidemiological significance.", "PMID": 416740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8748", "title": "[Studies on the bactericidal activity of glutaraldehyde (author's transl)].", "content": "Bactericidal activity of aqueous glutaraldehyde has been determined in comparison with aqueous sodium hypochlorite. Several bacterial strains have been tested and it was found that the activity of the glutaraldehyde solution was superior or equal to that of the hypochlorite solution with the exception of the action on mycobacteria.", "contents": "[Studies on the bactericidal activity of glutaraldehyde (author's transl)]. Bactericidal activity of aqueous glutaraldehyde has been determined in comparison with aqueous sodium hypochlorite. Several bacterial strains have been tested and it was found that the activity of the glutaraldehyde solution was superior or equal to that of the hypochlorite solution with the exception of the action on mycobacteria.", "PMID": 416741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8749", "title": "[Slightly active Actinomyces streptomycini (Streptomyces griseus) mutants having a protein in the biosynthesis of the streptidine portion of the streptomycin molecule].", "content": "Twelve mutants having a block in biosynthesis of the streptidine part of the streptomyciu molecule were selected under the effect of nitrozomethylbiuret. These 12 strains responded by an increase in the level of the antibiotic production to the addition of streptidine to the cultivation medium. The complementation analysis showed that every streptidine-dependent mutant interacted at least with 2 other mutants. On the basis of the data obtained it is possible to conclude that all 12 mutants had blocks in streptidine biosynthesis but at different stages of this complicated process.", "contents": "[Slightly active Actinomyces streptomycini (Streptomyces griseus) mutants having a protein in the biosynthesis of the streptidine portion of the streptomycin molecule]. Twelve mutants having a block in biosynthesis of the streptidine part of the streptomyciu molecule were selected under the effect of nitrozomethylbiuret. These 12 strains responded by an increase in the level of the antibiotic production to the addition of streptidine to the cultivation medium. The complementation analysis showed that every streptidine-dependent mutant interacted at least with 2 other mutants. On the basis of the data obtained it is possible to conclude that all 12 mutants had blocks in streptidine biosynthesis but at different stages of this complicated process.", "PMID": 416747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8750", "title": "Studies on the differential inhibition by azide on the nitrite/nitrous oxide level of denitrification.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method was used to demonstrate that nitrite can counteract the inhibition by azide of nitrous oxide reductase activity in denitrifiers. This effect explains why azide (and cyanide) can inhibit nitrogen production from nitrous oxide in these organisms but have little effect on nitrogen production from nitrite. Although the physiological basis by which nitrite opposes the action of azide remains unknown, extensive destruction of azide by nitrite can be ruled out as an explanation.", "contents": "Studies on the differential inhibition by azide on the nitrite/nitrous oxide level of denitrification. A gas chromatographic method was used to demonstrate that nitrite can counteract the inhibition by azide of nitrous oxide reductase activity in denitrifiers. This effect explains why azide (and cyanide) can inhibit nitrogen production from nitrous oxide in these organisms but have little effect on nitrogen production from nitrite. Although the physiological basis by which nitrite opposes the action of azide remains unknown, extensive destruction of azide by nitrite can be ruled out as an explanation.", "PMID": 416748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8751", "title": "Survival and resistance of Trichophyton mentagrophytes arthrospores.", "content": "The effects of several physical and chemical agents on the survival of Trichophyton mentagrophytes arthrospores were investigated. Although arthrospores of this dermatophyte were highly resistant to chilling and freezing, they were extremely susceptible to moderate heat (above 50 degrees C) and desiccation. This high susceptibility could be significantly reduced when they were dried in the presence of exogenous proteins. These arthrospores were markedly susceptible to glutaraldehyde. They appeared to be significantly more resistant than their hyphal counterparts to common antimycotics such as clotrimazole, griseofulvin, miconazole nitrate, and nystatin. Clinical and epidemiological implications of these observations are discussed.", "contents": "Survival and resistance of Trichophyton mentagrophytes arthrospores. The effects of several physical and chemical agents on the survival of Trichophyton mentagrophytes arthrospores were investigated. Although arthrospores of this dermatophyte were highly resistant to chilling and freezing, they were extremely susceptible to moderate heat (above 50 degrees C) and desiccation. This high susceptibility could be significantly reduced when they were dried in the presence of exogenous proteins. These arthrospores were markedly susceptible to glutaraldehyde. They appeared to be significantly more resistant than their hyphal counterparts to common antimycotics such as clotrimazole, griseofulvin, miconazole nitrate, and nystatin. Clinical and epidemiological implications of these observations are discussed.", "PMID": 416749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8752", "title": "Production of penicillic acid and patulin by an atypical Penicillium roqueforti isolate.", "content": "Simultaneous production of penicillic acid and patulin by an atypical strain of Penicillium roqueforti isolated from cheddar cheese is reported. Mycotoxin production was confirmed by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography and by ultraviolet, infrared, and mass spectral analyses. Culture extracts were toxic to Bacillus megaterium and chicken embryos. Commercial strains of P. roqueoforti used in production of blue-veined cheeses were shown not to produce penicillic acid and patulin.", "contents": "Production of penicillic acid and patulin by an atypical Penicillium roqueforti isolate. Simultaneous production of penicillic acid and patulin by an atypical strain of Penicillium roqueforti isolated from cheddar cheese is reported. Mycotoxin production was confirmed by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography and by ultraviolet, infrared, and mass spectral analyses. Culture extracts were toxic to Bacillus megaterium and chicken embryos. Commercial strains of P. roqueoforti used in production of blue-veined cheeses were shown not to produce penicillic acid and patulin.", "PMID": 416750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8753", "title": "Determination of fatty acid compositions of Bacillus cereus and related bacteria: a rapid gas chromatographic method using a glass capillary column.", "content": "A rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination of fatty acid compositions of Bacillus cereus and related bacteria is presented. By the use of a free fatty acid phase-coated glass capillary column, the complete separation of fatty acids, including the branched ones, was achieved. The method enables a more distinct differentiation of Bacillus species than can be obtained with packed columns.", "contents": "Determination of fatty acid compositions of Bacillus cereus and related bacteria: a rapid gas chromatographic method using a glass capillary column. A rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination of fatty acid compositions of Bacillus cereus and related bacteria is presented. By the use of a free fatty acid phase-coated glass capillary column, the complete separation of fatty acids, including the branched ones, was achieved. The method enables a more distinct differentiation of Bacillus species than can be obtained with packed columns.", "PMID": 416751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8754", "title": "Maintenance of a certain rumen protozoal population in a continuous in vitro fermentation system.", "content": "A continuous culture system suitable for maintaining certain rumen protozoa was developed by modifying the procedure of Walter and Pilgrim (R.A. Weller and A.F. Pilgrim, Br. J. Nutr. 32:341-351, 1974) to include a dialyzing system. The concentration of ciliate protozoa, the pH value, and concentrations of volatile fatty acid and ammonia-N could be maintained within normal rumen limits for more than 15 days by appropriate choice of mechanical agitation and of the amount of substrate and physical form of the substrate bags. The average concentration of protozoa in the free fluid around the substrate was about 10% that in the fluid squeezed from solid digesta residues. More than 10(6) protozoa per ml was present in the fresh substrates only 2 h after supplying the substrate. These facts suggest that sequestration of the protozoa among particulate digesta is an important factor in maintaining the concentration of protozoa.", "contents": "Maintenance of a certain rumen protozoal population in a continuous in vitro fermentation system. A continuous culture system suitable for maintaining certain rumen protozoa was developed by modifying the procedure of Walter and Pilgrim (R.A. Weller and A.F. Pilgrim, Br. J. Nutr. 32:341-351, 1974) to include a dialyzing system. The concentration of ciliate protozoa, the pH value, and concentrations of volatile fatty acid and ammonia-N could be maintained within normal rumen limits for more than 15 days by appropriate choice of mechanical agitation and of the amount of substrate and physical form of the substrate bags. The average concentration of protozoa in the free fluid around the substrate was about 10% that in the fluid squeezed from solid digesta residues. More than 10(6) protozoa per ml was present in the fresh substrates only 2 h after supplying the substrate. These facts suggest that sequestration of the protozoa among particulate digesta is an important factor in maintaining the concentration of protozoa.", "PMID": 416752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8755", "title": "Changes in photosynthetic rate and pigment content of blue-green algae in Lake Mendota.", "content": "Blue-green algal blooms were present in Lake Mendota (Dane County, Wis.) from June to November 1976. Concentrations of total algal biomass and of particular algal species were monitored and compared with the pigment contents (chlorophyll a and phycocyanin) and photosynthetic rate of the algal populations. The specific photosynthetic rate (micrograms of C fixed per microgram of chlorophyll a per hour) was a good measure of the physiological state of the algae because this quantity increased just before each population increase and decreased before algal densities diminished. Since the quantity of light in the epilimnion which was available for photosynthesis by algal cells decreased in summer when the high algal densities attenuated incoming radiation, we investigated the possibility that the organisms would utilize lower light intensities more efficiently by increasing their pigment contents. Although some evidence of enhanced utilization of low light levels was found in the period from July to October, this result was not due to increasing chlorophyll and phycocyanin contents. There was a decrease in the phycocyanin content of the algae during this period, perhaps related to the availability of inorganic nitrogen.", "contents": "Changes in photosynthetic rate and pigment content of blue-green algae in Lake Mendota. Blue-green algal blooms were present in Lake Mendota (Dane County, Wis.) from June to November 1976. Concentrations of total algal biomass and of particular algal species were monitored and compared with the pigment contents (chlorophyll a and phycocyanin) and photosynthetic rate of the algal populations. The specific photosynthetic rate (micrograms of C fixed per microgram of chlorophyll a per hour) was a good measure of the physiological state of the algae because this quantity increased just before each population increase and decreased before algal densities diminished. Since the quantity of light in the epilimnion which was available for photosynthesis by algal cells decreased in summer when the high algal densities attenuated incoming radiation, we investigated the possibility that the organisms would utilize lower light intensities more efficiently by increasing their pigment contents. Although some evidence of enhanced utilization of low light levels was found in the period from July to October, this result was not due to increasing chlorophyll and phycocyanin contents. There was a decrease in the phycocyanin content of the algae during this period, perhaps related to the availability of inorganic nitrogen.", "PMID": 416753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8756", "title": "Gentamicin-based medium for the isolation of group D streptococci and application of the medium to water analysis.", "content": "Gentamicin-thallous-carbonate (GTC) medium contained (per liter): 40.0 g of Trypticase soy agar, 5.0 g of KH(2)PO(4), 2.0 g of NaHCO(2), 1.0 g of glucose, 1.0 g of esculin, 0.5 g of thallous acetate (TA), 0.5 g of ferric citrate, 0.75 ml of Tween 80, and 2.5 mg of gentamicin sulfate. The NaHCO(3) (20 ml of a 10% solution that had been heated to boiling) was added after sterilization of the basal medium. The spread plate technique was used to compare GTC agar with Pfizer selective enterococcus, TA, and KF agars by using sewage as well as bovine and swine fecal samples. Significantly greater numbers of group D streptococci were recovered on GTC agar than on Pfizer selective enterococcus or KF agars, within and over all samples. Higher counts also were obtained on GTC than on TA agar, but the differences were not statistically significant. The percentage of false positives was about the same for all four media. Samples of riverwater also were plated on GTC, TA, and KF agars, and significantly higher recoveries were obtained with GTC agar. GTC agar was superior to the other media examined primarily because of increased recoveries of Streptococcus bovis and S. equinus; other advantages of GTC agar were large colony size and short (24-h) incubation period. The percentage of false positives from riverwater was 13% for GTC agar and 0% for TA and KF agars; therefore, confirmation would be necessary when GTC agar is used with some types of environmental samples.", "contents": "Gentamicin-based medium for the isolation of group D streptococci and application of the medium to water analysis. Gentamicin-thallous-carbonate (GTC) medium contained (per liter): 40.0 g of Trypticase soy agar, 5.0 g of KH(2)PO(4), 2.0 g of NaHCO(2), 1.0 g of glucose, 1.0 g of esculin, 0.5 g of thallous acetate (TA), 0.5 g of ferric citrate, 0.75 ml of Tween 80, and 2.5 mg of gentamicin sulfate. The NaHCO(3) (20 ml of a 10% solution that had been heated to boiling) was added after sterilization of the basal medium. The spread plate technique was used to compare GTC agar with Pfizer selective enterococcus, TA, and KF agars by using sewage as well as bovine and swine fecal samples. Significantly greater numbers of group D streptococci were recovered on GTC agar than on Pfizer selective enterococcus or KF agars, within and over all samples. Higher counts also were obtained on GTC than on TA agar, but the differences were not statistically significant. The percentage of false positives was about the same for all four media. Samples of riverwater also were plated on GTC, TA, and KF agars, and significantly higher recoveries were obtained with GTC agar. GTC agar was superior to the other media examined primarily because of increased recoveries of Streptococcus bovis and S. equinus; other advantages of GTC agar were large colony size and short (24-h) incubation period. The percentage of false positives from riverwater was 13% for GTC agar and 0% for TA and KF agars; therefore, confirmation would be necessary when GTC agar is used with some types of environmental samples.", "PMID": 416754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8757", "title": "Improved lysis of group N streptococci for isolation and rapid characterization of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "Procedures for effective cellular lysis and plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolation from group N streptococci were developed. Cells were grown at 32 degrees C for 4 h in a modified Elliker broth containing 20 mM DL-threonine. After cellular digestion with 2 mg of lysozyme per ml for 7 min at 37 degrees C, 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate exposure resulted in complete and immediate lysis. Lactose (Lac) plasmid species in Streptococcus lactis C2 and S. cremoris B1 (30 and 37 megadaltons, respectively) were demonstrated upon examination of DNA from the cleared lysates by agarose gel electrophoresis. Increasing the lysozyme treatment to 20 min or more resulted in loss of the Lac plasmid, whereas other resident plasmids were unaffected and demonstrable in agarose gels. Diethylpyrocarbonate added before lysis prevented Lac plasmid loss in 20-min lysozyme-treated cells, but was not effective after 40 min of lysozyme treatment. The results suggested that endogenous nuclease activity during the lysozyme treatment period initiated Lac plasmid DNA loss. The development of an efficient lysis procedure for the group N streptococci allowed rapid identification and characterization of plasmid DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis. The plasmid composition of S. lactis C2 and S. cremoris B1, as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis, compared favorably to previous electron microscopic observations.", "contents": "Improved lysis of group N streptococci for isolation and rapid characterization of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid. Procedures for effective cellular lysis and plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolation from group N streptococci were developed. Cells were grown at 32 degrees C for 4 h in a modified Elliker broth containing 20 mM DL-threonine. After cellular digestion with 2 mg of lysozyme per ml for 7 min at 37 degrees C, 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate exposure resulted in complete and immediate lysis. Lactose (Lac) plasmid species in Streptococcus lactis C2 and S. cremoris B1 (30 and 37 megadaltons, respectively) were demonstrated upon examination of DNA from the cleared lysates by agarose gel electrophoresis. Increasing the lysozyme treatment to 20 min or more resulted in loss of the Lac plasmid, whereas other resident plasmids were unaffected and demonstrable in agarose gels. Diethylpyrocarbonate added before lysis prevented Lac plasmid loss in 20-min lysozyme-treated cells, but was not effective after 40 min of lysozyme treatment. The results suggested that endogenous nuclease activity during the lysozyme treatment period initiated Lac plasmid DNA loss. The development of an efficient lysis procedure for the group N streptococci allowed rapid identification and characterization of plasmid DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis. The plasmid composition of S. lactis C2 and S. cremoris B1, as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis, compared favorably to previous electron microscopic observations.", "PMID": 416755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8758", "title": "Incidence of airborne Aspergillus flavus spores in cornfields of five states.", "content": "Airborne Aspergillus flavus spores were rarely detected throughout the 1975 growing season by the agar plate method at cornfield sites in Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, South Carolina, and Virginia.", "contents": "Incidence of airborne Aspergillus flavus spores in cornfields of five states. Airborne Aspergillus flavus spores were rarely detected throughout the 1975 growing season by the agar plate method at cornfield sites in Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, South Carolina, and Virginia.", "PMID": 416756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8759", "title": "To pulse or not to pulse.", "content": "Pulsatile and nonpulsatile blood flow have been intensely studied for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), isolated organ perfusion, and myocardial preservation. Although early studies differed, later ones have shown the benefits of pulsatile flow. Kidney function, lymph flow, and oxygen consumption are increased during pulsatile perfusion. Also, nonpulsatile CPB increases total peripheral resistance and mean arterial pressure, which are related to time of perfusion. Theories to account for the superiority of pulsatile flow include: (1) \"vascular shocks\" causing physical displacement of tissues, which changes the boundary layer of interstitial fluid around cell membranes and enhances diffusion ;(2) increased lymph movement during pulsatile flow; and (3) pulsatile energy ensuring the patency of the vascular beds and preventing shunting. New methods to create pulsatile flow and their adaptation to the standard roller pump are discussed.", "contents": "To pulse or not to pulse. Pulsatile and nonpulsatile blood flow have been intensely studied for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), isolated organ perfusion, and myocardial preservation. Although early studies differed, later ones have shown the benefits of pulsatile flow. Kidney function, lymph flow, and oxygen consumption are increased during pulsatile perfusion. Also, nonpulsatile CPB increases total peripheral resistance and mean arterial pressure, which are related to time of perfusion. Theories to account for the superiority of pulsatile flow include: (1) \"vascular shocks\" causing physical displacement of tissues, which changes the boundary layer of interstitial fluid around cell membranes and enhances diffusion ;(2) increased lymph movement during pulsatile flow; and (3) pulsatile energy ensuring the patency of the vascular beds and preventing shunting. New methods to create pulsatile flow and their adaptation to the standard roller pump are discussed.", "PMID": 416759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8760", "title": "Glucagon vs anticholinergics in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. A double-blind controlled trial.", "content": "Sixty-two cases of acute pancreatitis, evaluated for severity according to uniform standards, were treated identically except that patients in one group received glucagon hydrochloride (group A) and those in the other oxyphenonium bromomethylate (group B). Each of the two homologous series comprise 31 patients, and mortality was the same for both groups (3/31, 10%). Statistical comparison of both series showed no significant differences in frequency of expected complications nor in fall of serum amylase levels. During treatment, serum calcium levels were significantly reduced in group A (P less than .005), and the duration of the abdominal pain was shortened (P less than .05). The volume of gastric aspirate was smaller in group B (P less than .005), and vesical catheterization proved necessary more frequently (P less than .005). Thus, similar results are obtained when glucagon or anticholinergics are employed in the treatment of acute pancreatitis, although secondary effects differ.", "contents": "Glucagon vs anticholinergics in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. A double-blind controlled trial. Sixty-two cases of acute pancreatitis, evaluated for severity according to uniform standards, were treated identically except that patients in one group received glucagon hydrochloride (group A) and those in the other oxyphenonium bromomethylate (group B). Each of the two homologous series comprise 31 patients, and mortality was the same for both groups (3/31, 10%). Statistical comparison of both series showed no significant differences in frequency of expected complications nor in fall of serum amylase levels. During treatment, serum calcium levels were significantly reduced in group A (P less than .005), and the duration of the abdominal pain was shortened (P less than .05). The volume of gastric aspirate was smaller in group B (P less than .005), and vesical catheterization proved necessary more frequently (P less than .005). Thus, similar results are obtained when glucagon or anticholinergics are employed in the treatment of acute pancreatitis, although secondary effects differ.", "PMID": 416763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8761", "title": "[A new anatomo-clinical entity? The left superior vena cava obstructing the interior of the left atrium in association with a left-right shunt. Apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "The association of a left-right shunt with obstruction to the pulmonary venous return must not be ignored. Failure to recognise this may be fatal post-operatively. We have described here what we believe to be a new cause of supra-mitral obstruction: an abnormal left superior vena cava. The echocardiogram was essential in the diagnosis, and allowed us to establish, after surgical correction, that all abnormalities of the left auricle had disappeared.", "contents": "[A new anatomo-clinical entity? The left superior vena cava obstructing the interior of the left atrium in association with a left-right shunt. Apropos of 2 cases]. The association of a left-right shunt with obstruction to the pulmonary venous return must not be ignored. Failure to recognise this may be fatal post-operatively. We have described here what we believe to be a new cause of supra-mitral obstruction: an abnormal left superior vena cava. The echocardiogram was essential in the diagnosis, and allowed us to establish, after surgical correction, that all abnormalities of the left auricle had disappeared.", "PMID": 416766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8762", "title": "[Electrophysiological study of a Portuguese case of amyloidosis with conduction disorders].", "content": "Cardiac involvement in the course of familial Portuguese amyloidosis, as apart from the other primary amyloidosis, is characterised by the early and wide-spread intracardiac conduction disorders, and the contrasting late presentation of the clinical signs. A case is presented of Portuguese amyloidosis which was typical from the viewpoint of the neurological disorders, the familial characteristics, and the positive biopsy; the main conduction defects found in primitive amyloidoses are also recalled. The patient described had for many years suffered from first degree heart block, and then presented with lipid changes with syncopal attacks which led to electrophysiological investigation of the conduction defect, no similar example of which has been found in the literature. The severity and widespread nature of the disorders which were found, together with the localisation of a sub-His block led us to implant the pacemaker. We have only found two other patients who had implants for disorders of conduction secondary to cardiac amyloidosis. Emphasis has been laid on the importance of this investigation which, when it leads to the positioning of a pacemaker, should avoid the onset of syncopal attacks and sudden death which together constitute one of the primary causes of mortality in primary amyloidosis. The length of follow-up in our case has been 14 months (April 1977).", "contents": "[Electrophysiological study of a Portuguese case of amyloidosis with conduction disorders]. Cardiac involvement in the course of familial Portuguese amyloidosis, as apart from the other primary amyloidosis, is characterised by the early and wide-spread intracardiac conduction disorders, and the contrasting late presentation of the clinical signs. A case is presented of Portuguese amyloidosis which was typical from the viewpoint of the neurological disorders, the familial characteristics, and the positive biopsy; the main conduction defects found in primitive amyloidoses are also recalled. The patient described had for many years suffered from first degree heart block, and then presented with lipid changes with syncopal attacks which led to electrophysiological investigation of the conduction defect, no similar example of which has been found in the literature. The severity and widespread nature of the disorders which were found, together with the localisation of a sub-His block led us to implant the pacemaker. We have only found two other patients who had implants for disorders of conduction secondary to cardiac amyloidosis. Emphasis has been laid on the importance of this investigation which, when it leads to the positioning of a pacemaker, should avoid the onset of syncopal attacks and sudden death which together constitute one of the primary causes of mortality in primary amyloidosis. The length of follow-up in our case has been 14 months (April 1977).", "PMID": 416767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8763", "title": "[Pseudoaneuysms of the heart after myocardial infarct. Apropos of 5 operated cases].", "content": "The authors base themselves on 5 personal cases and a review of the literature to summarise the clinical and paraclinical features of false aneurysms of the heart. The clinical features differ from those of true aneurysms only slightly. It is only arteriography, which shows up the collar and the slow evacuation of the cavity, which makes the real distinction and argues in favour of operation. The results of surgical treatment have been satisfactory, especially considering the natural outcome, which is always death from rupture.", "contents": "[Pseudoaneuysms of the heart after myocardial infarct. Apropos of 5 operated cases]. The authors base themselves on 5 personal cases and a review of the literature to summarise the clinical and paraclinical features of false aneurysms of the heart. The clinical features differ from those of true aneurysms only slightly. It is only arteriography, which shows up the collar and the slow evacuation of the cavity, which makes the real distinction and argues in favour of operation. The results of surgical treatment have been satisfactory, especially considering the natural outcome, which is always death from rupture.", "PMID": 416768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8764", "title": "[Acquired interventricular communications in bacterial endocarditis. Apropos of a case with review of the literature].", "content": "The case reported here concerns a female of 33 who presented, during the course of an acute bacterial aortitis which had been treated, with an inflammatory perforation of the membranous septum. The clinical picture consisted of an association of very severe heart failure with severe aortic incompetence, an apical pansystolic murmur, and atrioventricular conduction defects. Although it was carried out in the presence of active endocarditis (valve cultures positive for streptococci), operative intervention (Patch + Starr) allowed rapid healing and excellent cardiovascular function after a 30 month follow-up period. Careful study of this case and of the eleven others in the literature has enabled us to underline the following points:--the sudden appearance, in a case with infective aortic incompetence, of a gross pansystolic murmur associated with atrial or intraventricular conduction defects, should be taken as suggesting a septal perforation;--examination of the haemodynamic system in such a case runs certain risks, and should never be allowed to delay the operation, which must always be carried out urgently;--despite the unfavourable operative conditions, the results strongly support the need for surgical intervention in these patients in good time.", "contents": "[Acquired interventricular communications in bacterial endocarditis. Apropos of a case with review of the literature]. The case reported here concerns a female of 33 who presented, during the course of an acute bacterial aortitis which had been treated, with an inflammatory perforation of the membranous septum. The clinical picture consisted of an association of very severe heart failure with severe aortic incompetence, an apical pansystolic murmur, and atrioventricular conduction defects. Although it was carried out in the presence of active endocarditis (valve cultures positive for streptococci), operative intervention (Patch + Starr) allowed rapid healing and excellent cardiovascular function after a 30 month follow-up period. Careful study of this case and of the eleven others in the literature has enabled us to underline the following points:--the sudden appearance, in a case with infective aortic incompetence, of a gross pansystolic murmur associated with atrial or intraventricular conduction defects, should be taken as suggesting a septal perforation;--examination of the haemodynamic system in such a case runs certain risks, and should never be allowed to delay the operation, which must always be carried out urgently;--despite the unfavourable operative conditions, the results strongly support the need for surgical intervention in these patients in good time.", "PMID": 416769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8765", "title": "[Hypoplastic syndrome of the left heart. Anatomo-echocardiographic correlations].", "content": "The findings on echocardiography and their anatomical correlations are reported in a group of 15 neonates with the syndrome of hypoplasia of the left side of the heart. The lesions which make up this syndrome could be defined precisely using echocardiography. In the major forms of this syndrome (10 cases), the correlation between the clinical and the echocardiographical findings was sufficient to establish the diagnosis, and to avoid the necessity for cardiac catheterisation without prejudice to the treatment plan. Characteristic findings in the major types were: --an aortic diameter less than or equal to 5 mm; --a left ventricle which was absent or had a diameter of less than 11 mm with an LV/RV ratio of less than 0.6; --a mitral valve which was absent or had a very abnormal form with multiple echoes. The differential diagnosis on echocardiography and the limitations of the method are discussed.", "contents": "[Hypoplastic syndrome of the left heart. Anatomo-echocardiographic correlations]. The findings on echocardiography and their anatomical correlations are reported in a group of 15 neonates with the syndrome of hypoplasia of the left side of the heart. The lesions which make up this syndrome could be defined precisely using echocardiography. In the major forms of this syndrome (10 cases), the correlation between the clinical and the echocardiographical findings was sufficient to establish the diagnosis, and to avoid the necessity for cardiac catheterisation without prejudice to the treatment plan. Characteristic findings in the major types were: --an aortic diameter less than or equal to 5 mm; --a left ventricle which was absent or had a diameter of less than 11 mm with an LV/RV ratio of less than 0.6; --a mitral valve which was absent or had a very abnormal form with multiple echoes. The differential diagnosis on echocardiography and the limitations of the method are discussed.", "PMID": 416770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8766", "title": "[Complete bundle-branch block and myocardial infarct. Natural history. Comparative study].", "content": "Myocardial infarction (MI), (and especially anteriorly situated necrosis) was complicated by complete branch block (CBB) in 9.7% of cases (45 patients out of 462). A comparison of the short- and long-term outcome in two groups of patients (group A: 45 cases of MI complicated by CBB; group B: 45 cases of MI with no atrio-ventricular or intra-ventricular conduction defects) showed that there was a much bigger immediate mortality in group A, which was not changed by temporary cardiac pacemaking, and depended on the extent of myocardial destruction. A study of the long-term outcome showed that there were more deaths in group A (recurrence of MI, intractable cardiac failure). However, the incidence of sudden death was equal in the two groups (group A 15%, group B 13%), and there was no obvious explanation in the absence of electrocardiographic tracings. Therefore this study lends no support to the argument which favours prophylactic implantation of a cardiac pacemaker during the course of MI complicated by CBB.", "contents": "[Complete bundle-branch block and myocardial infarct. Natural history. Comparative study]. Myocardial infarction (MI), (and especially anteriorly situated necrosis) was complicated by complete branch block (CBB) in 9.7% of cases (45 patients out of 462). A comparison of the short- and long-term outcome in two groups of patients (group A: 45 cases of MI complicated by CBB; group B: 45 cases of MI with no atrio-ventricular or intra-ventricular conduction defects) showed that there was a much bigger immediate mortality in group A, which was not changed by temporary cardiac pacemaking, and depended on the extent of myocardial destruction. A study of the long-term outcome showed that there were more deaths in group A (recurrence of MI, intractable cardiac failure). However, the incidence of sudden death was equal in the two groups (group A 15%, group B 13%), and there was no obvious explanation in the absence of electrocardiographic tracings. Therefore this study lends no support to the argument which favours prophylactic implantation of a cardiac pacemaker during the course of MI complicated by CBB.", "PMID": 416772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8767", "title": "[Vasodilator treatment of the acute phase of myocardial infarct with phentolamine. Analysis of hemodynamic results and therapeutic indications].", "content": "Treatment by phentolamine was carried out in 30 patients presenting with an acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure, 8 of which had cardiogenic shock. The response to treatment was closely related to the level of overload of the left ventricle. Significant improvement in the haemodynamic state was only observed in the most severe cases of cardiac failure, and in these cases was accompanied by only a minimal and insignificant change in mean arterial pressure and heart rate.", "contents": "[Vasodilator treatment of the acute phase of myocardial infarct with phentolamine. Analysis of hemodynamic results and therapeutic indications]. Treatment by phentolamine was carried out in 30 patients presenting with an acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure, 8 of which had cardiogenic shock. The response to treatment was closely related to the level of overload of the left ventricle. Significant improvement in the haemodynamic state was only observed in the most severe cases of cardiac failure, and in these cases was accompanied by only a minimal and insignificant change in mean arterial pressure and heart rate.", "PMID": 416775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8768", "title": "[Severe tricuspid insufficiency and primary carcinoid tumor of the ovary. Long term success after valve replacement. Apropos of a case].", "content": "The case is reported of carcinoid heart disease in a lady of 70 with intractable congestive cardiac failure 5 years after the removal of a primary carcinoid tumour of the ovary. The special features of primary carcinoid tumours of the ovary are recalled, with emphasis on their rarity and of the absence of liver metastases. The various features of carcinoid syndrome are recalled in the light of current knowledge of the pathogenesis. A review of the literature on cardiac involvement in primary carcinoid tumours of the ovary, amounting to 10 cases, is included. The possibility of surgical cure of the heart lesions in carcinoid tumour by a prosthetic tricuspid valve are discussed, in the light of the 6 reported cases and the present one. Our report is the first one of replacement of the valve after removal of a primary ovarien carcinoid tumour, and the excellent result has been maintained after three years.", "contents": "[Severe tricuspid insufficiency and primary carcinoid tumor of the ovary. Long term success after valve replacement. Apropos of a case]. The case is reported of carcinoid heart disease in a lady of 70 with intractable congestive cardiac failure 5 years after the removal of a primary carcinoid tumour of the ovary. The special features of primary carcinoid tumours of the ovary are recalled, with emphasis on their rarity and of the absence of liver metastases. The various features of carcinoid syndrome are recalled in the light of current knowledge of the pathogenesis. A review of the literature on cardiac involvement in primary carcinoid tumours of the ovary, amounting to 10 cases, is included. The possibility of surgical cure of the heart lesions in carcinoid tumour by a prosthetic tricuspid valve are discussed, in the light of the 6 reported cases and the present one. Our report is the first one of replacement of the valve after removal of a primary ovarien carcinoid tumour, and the excellent result has been maintained after three years.", "PMID": 416776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8769", "title": "[Arterial pressure changes during exertion in the normal subject].", "content": "The exercice electrocardiogram, carried out in 160 normal subjects, has allowed us to witness the physiological mechanisms of adaptation to exercise as a function of age and sex. The relationship between systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and cardiac rate (CR) is very narrow (R = 0.97), and is a linear function. Its slope increases with age in both sexes, and differs significantly in the male and female (P less than 0.001). Systolic pressure is related to the relative cardiac rate (CR%) by the formula SAP = 1.55.CR% + 70.", "contents": "[Arterial pressure changes during exertion in the normal subject]. The exercice electrocardiogram, carried out in 160 normal subjects, has allowed us to witness the physiological mechanisms of adaptation to exercise as a function of age and sex. The relationship between systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and cardiac rate (CR) is very narrow (R = 0.97), and is a linear function. Its slope increases with age in both sexes, and differs significantly in the male and female (P less than 0.001). Systolic pressure is related to the relative cardiac rate (CR%) by the formula SAP = 1.55.CR% + 70.", "PMID": 416777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8770", "title": "[Paradoxical displacement of the interventricular septum with impairment of filling of the left ventricle. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic diagnosis. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "An unusual type of displacement of interventricular septum, the inverse of that found normally, was found by echocardiography in 3 cases: 2 with pulmonary arterial hypertension and 1 with constrictive pericarditis. In two cases catheterisation showed the haemodynamic picture of mitral obstruction, and in 1 case the typical findings on auscultation of mitral stenosis were present. The echocardiogram and anatomical studies showed that the mitral valve was normal. The obstruction was due to displacement of the septum towards the left ventricle during diastole. Because of this displacement, the septum came into contact with the mitral valve, and caused impairment of the filling of the left ventricle.", "contents": "[Paradoxical displacement of the interventricular septum with impairment of filling of the left ventricle. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic diagnosis. Apropos of 3 cases]. An unusual type of displacement of interventricular septum, the inverse of that found normally, was found by echocardiography in 3 cases: 2 with pulmonary arterial hypertension and 1 with constrictive pericarditis. In two cases catheterisation showed the haemodynamic picture of mitral obstruction, and in 1 case the typical findings on auscultation of mitral stenosis were present. The echocardiogram and anatomical studies showed that the mitral valve was normal. The obstruction was due to displacement of the septum towards the left ventricle during diastole. Because of this displacement, the septum came into contact with the mitral valve, and caused impairment of the filling of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 416778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8771", "title": "[Echography after regularization of atrial fibrillation].", "content": "An echographic study was carried out on 17 patients before and after conversion of atrial fibrillation to normal rhythm. It showed up the moment of return of atrial contraction as a movement of the posterior wall of the left auricle and a reappearance of the 'a' wave or the anterior cusp of the mitral valve. The contraction can appear immediately after the electric shock, or may be delayed.", "contents": "[Echography after regularization of atrial fibrillation]. An echographic study was carried out on 17 patients before and after conversion of atrial fibrillation to normal rhythm. It showed up the moment of return of atrial contraction as a movement of the posterior wall of the left auricle and a reappearance of the 'a' wave or the anterior cusp of the mitral valve. The contraction can appear immediately after the electric shock, or may be delayed.", "PMID": 416779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8772", "title": "[The electrocardiogram during bilharziosis caused by Schistosoma mansoni].", "content": "The electrocardiographic abnormalities associated with bilharziasis are not well-known. This study, carried out in Guadeloupe, involved 220 cases of both sexes with bilharziasis, and 157 control subjects. The changes on the electrocardiogram were: an ST elevation of 0.1 to 0.5 mV associated with a large T wave in the intermediate and left precordial leads (16.8%), flattening of the T wave (13%) in V1 to V3 and beyond, a negative T wave (10.8% in the right precordial leads V1, V2, V3, and left ventricular hypertrophy (10%). The abnormalities which were found were identical to those described in the \"normal\" black person, and led us to discuss whether there was really a characteristic ECG for the black races. Additionally we were able to conclude that these abnormalities were unrelated to anaemia or to therapy against bilharziasis, and that there was no abnormal sex distribution. Moreover this study has revealed that the population of Guadeloupe who have no parasitic infection have ECG abnormalities (4.8%) more commonly than the white races, and has led us to suspect the possibilities of as yet underfined abnormalities which cannot be regarded as \"normal\".", "contents": "[The electrocardiogram during bilharziosis caused by Schistosoma mansoni]. The electrocardiographic abnormalities associated with bilharziasis are not well-known. This study, carried out in Guadeloupe, involved 220 cases of both sexes with bilharziasis, and 157 control subjects. The changes on the electrocardiogram were: an ST elevation of 0.1 to 0.5 mV associated with a large T wave in the intermediate and left precordial leads (16.8%), flattening of the T wave (13%) in V1 to V3 and beyond, a negative T wave (10.8% in the right precordial leads V1, V2, V3, and left ventricular hypertrophy (10%). The abnormalities which were found were identical to those described in the \"normal\" black person, and led us to discuss whether there was really a characteristic ECG for the black races. Additionally we were able to conclude that these abnormalities were unrelated to anaemia or to therapy against bilharziasis, and that there was no abnormal sex distribution. Moreover this study has revealed that the population of Guadeloupe who have no parasitic infection have ECG abnormalities (4.8%) more commonly than the white races, and has led us to suspect the possibilities of as yet underfined abnormalities which cannot be regarded as \"normal\".", "PMID": 416780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8773", "title": "[Recording the electrogram of the sinus node. Effects of the injection of tetrodotoxin into the artery of the sinus].", "content": "The cells of the SA node (SAN) are very resistant to the action of tetrodotoxine (TTX), a drug which. paradoxically, blocks depolarisation of the outer myocardial cells. Injection of TTX into the artery of the SAN brings about asystole; bur regular electrical activity, consisting of a slow wave of 200 to 300 ms duration, can still be picked up by an electrode placed on the SAN. This electrical activity, which can only be picked up over the SAN, and is resistant to TTX but blocked by acetylcholine, is interpretated as being the electrogram of the SAN. After the artery has been washed out by normal saline, the effect of TTX becomes progressively less; under these conditions, all degrees of sino-atrial block can be observed. Arising from a study of the phenomena of capture of the SA and AV nodes, of the effect of artrial stimulation, and of the time relationships between the various electrical events recorded, some hypotheses of the electrophysiology of the SAN and the sino-atrial conduction are put forward.", "contents": "[Recording the electrogram of the sinus node. Effects of the injection of tetrodotoxin into the artery of the sinus]. The cells of the SA node (SAN) are very resistant to the action of tetrodotoxine (TTX), a drug which. paradoxically, blocks depolarisation of the outer myocardial cells. Injection of TTX into the artery of the SAN brings about asystole; bur regular electrical activity, consisting of a slow wave of 200 to 300 ms duration, can still be picked up by an electrode placed on the SAN. This electrical activity, which can only be picked up over the SAN, and is resistant to TTX but blocked by acetylcholine, is interpretated as being the electrogram of the SAN. After the artery has been washed out by normal saline, the effect of TTX becomes progressively less; under these conditions, all degrees of sino-atrial block can be observed. Arising from a study of the phenomena of capture of the SA and AV nodes, of the effect of artrial stimulation, and of the time relationships between the various electrical events recorded, some hypotheses of the electrophysiology of the SAN and the sino-atrial conduction are put forward.", "PMID": 416781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8774", "title": "[Comparative study of left ventricular kinetics by gamma-cinecardiography and ventriculography].", "content": "50 patients were investigated by both left ventricular cine-angiography, and \"balanced\" gamma-cine-cardiography in the frontal and LAO positions. Measurements of the ejection fraction and the mean and maximal speeds of contraction were made by the two techniques. The correlation was good (r = 0.89 for the ejection fraction). A morphological analysis of the dynamic findings in the two methods in the 12 cases with discordered left ventricular kinetics showed that once again the results were very similar. A numerical presentation of the data from the radioisotope studies was made either as a group of sequential ventricular contours successively from diastole to systole, or to give a functional picture which would provide the value for one kinetic paramter at any one time (for example, the regional equivalent of the ejection fraction). To overcome the problems of superimposition in the RAO position in the \"balanced\" technique, the recordings of the first radioisotope study in RAO were combined with a study of balance in 50 other patients, and the correlation was excellent. These two isotope techniques, which can be carried out in the same examination and which may be repeated without risk, perfectly complement each other, and very few of the results were incapable of interpretation.", "contents": "[Comparative study of left ventricular kinetics by gamma-cinecardiography and ventriculography]. 50 patients were investigated by both left ventricular cine-angiography, and \"balanced\" gamma-cine-cardiography in the frontal and LAO positions. Measurements of the ejection fraction and the mean and maximal speeds of contraction were made by the two techniques. The correlation was good (r = 0.89 for the ejection fraction). A morphological analysis of the dynamic findings in the two methods in the 12 cases with discordered left ventricular kinetics showed that once again the results were very similar. A numerical presentation of the data from the radioisotope studies was made either as a group of sequential ventricular contours successively from diastole to systole, or to give a functional picture which would provide the value for one kinetic paramter at any one time (for example, the regional equivalent of the ejection fraction). To overcome the problems of superimposition in the RAO position in the \"balanced\" technique, the recordings of the first radioisotope study in RAO were combined with a study of balance in 50 other patients, and the correlation was excellent. These two isotope techniques, which can be carried out in the same examination and which may be repeated without risk, perfectly complement each other, and very few of the results were incapable of interpretation.", "PMID": 416782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8775", "title": "[Contribution of echocardiography to the study of stenotic mitral valve diseases in adults].", "content": "The \"time motion\" echocardiographic findings in 133 patients, with stenotic mitral valve defects were compared with the anatomical and haemodynamic findings. The information was derived either by monosound, or after a multiscan survey, selecting the lines in two perpendicular planes. A morphological analysis of VMA has allowed us to define a statistical profile according to the type of valve defect: a single diastolic slope in the pure uncalcified stenoses, 2 slopes with the first being more rapid than the second, in other mitral conditions. The cinetics of VMP were related to the presence of associated regurgitation and to the type of fusion. In cases with multiple diastolic slopes, the degree of stenosis was correlated only with the first slope, whilst the second was fairly closely related to the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The degree of valvular involvement can be predicted on the coexistence of a thick contour with multiple images, or in their absence on the diminution of amplitude of opening (less than 12 mm) and on the maximum speed of opening (less than 250 mm/s). By contrast, the sub-valvular lesions are underestimated whichever technique is used.", "contents": "[Contribution of echocardiography to the study of stenotic mitral valve diseases in adults]. The \"time motion\" echocardiographic findings in 133 patients, with stenotic mitral valve defects were compared with the anatomical and haemodynamic findings. The information was derived either by monosound, or after a multiscan survey, selecting the lines in two perpendicular planes. A morphological analysis of VMA has allowed us to define a statistical profile according to the type of valve defect: a single diastolic slope in the pure uncalcified stenoses, 2 slopes with the first being more rapid than the second, in other mitral conditions. The cinetics of VMP were related to the presence of associated regurgitation and to the type of fusion. In cases with multiple diastolic slopes, the degree of stenosis was correlated only with the first slope, whilst the second was fairly closely related to the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The degree of valvular involvement can be predicted on the coexistence of a thick contour with multiple images, or in their absence on the diminution of amplitude of opening (less than 12 mm) and on the maximum speed of opening (less than 250 mm/s). By contrast, the sub-valvular lesions are underestimated whichever technique is used.", "PMID": 416783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8776", "title": "[The double ventricular response phenomenon in 2 cases of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome].", "content": "The authors report two cases of \"true\" consecutive double ventricular response caused by a single premature atrial stimulation; both were young men with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In both cases, the presence of a bundle of Kent was confirmed. The phenomenon of double ventricular response arising successively from the bundle of Kent and node-His pathway is rare, being mentioned in only two cases in the literature. It is only found when there is the combination of a good bundle of Kent, fair forward conduction, and a relative ventricle-His retrograde block. Amongst the other mechanisms for double ventricular repsonse, re-entry from branch to branch presents the most difficult differential diagnosis. From our observations, the forward characteristics of the spread through the bundle of His which always procedes the bundle of His which always precedes the second ventricular complex have been confirmed, especially in view of the freat variation in the position of this potential which can easily be explained by variations in intra-nodal conduction. In one of these cases, the atriogram, taken after the second ventriculogram, was provided by retrograde activity in the bundle of Kent.", "contents": "[The double ventricular response phenomenon in 2 cases of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]. The authors report two cases of \"true\" consecutive double ventricular response caused by a single premature atrial stimulation; both were young men with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In both cases, the presence of a bundle of Kent was confirmed. The phenomenon of double ventricular response arising successively from the bundle of Kent and node-His pathway is rare, being mentioned in only two cases in the literature. It is only found when there is the combination of a good bundle of Kent, fair forward conduction, and a relative ventricle-His retrograde block. Amongst the other mechanisms for double ventricular repsonse, re-entry from branch to branch presents the most difficult differential diagnosis. From our observations, the forward characteristics of the spread through the bundle of His which always procedes the bundle of His which always precedes the second ventricular complex have been confirmed, especially in view of the freat variation in the position of this potential which can easily be explained by variations in intra-nodal conduction. In one of these cases, the atriogram, taken after the second ventriculogram, was provided by retrograde activity in the bundle of Kent.", "PMID": 416784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8777", "title": "[Resections of the left ventricle in the surgical treatment of parietal sequelae of myocardial infarct].", "content": "Resection of left ventricular tissue seems to be playing an increasing part in the treatment of the sequelae of myocardial infarction. In a total of 700 patients who underwent surgery for some aspect of coronary atherosclerosis, 40 underwent resection of left ventricular tissue. In the majority of cases, diagnosis rested on left ventricular cine-angiography and in 3 cases this had to be carried out as an urgent procedure with circulatory assistance using diastolic counter-pressure (DCP) from an intra-aortic balloon. A selective contrast technique for the two coronary arteries was used whenever possible. The surgical anatomy of the lesions indicates a difference between a localised dyskinesia and diffuse dyskinesia, the latter having a severe effect on left ventricular function. In a group of localised dyskinesias, the territory supplied by the anterior descending artery was by far the most frequently affected. Resection of left ventricular tissue was associated with a myocardial bypass revascularisation procedure in 9 cases, valve repair in 7 cases, and closure of a septal perforation in 3 cases. The total inpatient mortality rate is still quite high (23.1%) because of the severity and widespread nature of the coronary disease. However, the mid-and long-term results are good, the criteria being functional improvement and the actuarial 4-year survival rate.", "contents": "[Resections of the left ventricle in the surgical treatment of parietal sequelae of myocardial infarct]. Resection of left ventricular tissue seems to be playing an increasing part in the treatment of the sequelae of myocardial infarction. In a total of 700 patients who underwent surgery for some aspect of coronary atherosclerosis, 40 underwent resection of left ventricular tissue. In the majority of cases, diagnosis rested on left ventricular cine-angiography and in 3 cases this had to be carried out as an urgent procedure with circulatory assistance using diastolic counter-pressure (DCP) from an intra-aortic balloon. A selective contrast technique for the two coronary arteries was used whenever possible. The surgical anatomy of the lesions indicates a difference between a localised dyskinesia and diffuse dyskinesia, the latter having a severe effect on left ventricular function. In a group of localised dyskinesias, the territory supplied by the anterior descending artery was by far the most frequently affected. Resection of left ventricular tissue was associated with a myocardial bypass revascularisation procedure in 9 cases, valve repair in 7 cases, and closure of a septal perforation in 3 cases. The total inpatient mortality rate is still quite high (23.1%) because of the severity and widespread nature of the coronary disease. However, the mid-and long-term results are good, the criteria being functional improvement and the actuarial 4-year survival rate.", "PMID": 416785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8778", "title": "[Early surgical treatment of a septal perforation complicating a posterior infarct. Value of the diaphragmatic left ventricular approach].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 53 year old patient who required operation on the 5th day after postero-inferior myocardical infarction for a poorly tolerated perforation of the ventricular septum. In discussing this case, they recall that the results for surgical repair of septal perforations complicating myocardial infarction are poorer when the infarction is posterior than when it is anterior. They suggest that this difference in prognosis is in large part due to the customary use in postero-inferior infarcts, of the right transventricular approach, which does not allow the infarct to be resected at the same time as the septum is closed. They finish by recommending the systematic use of a diaphragmatic approach to the left ventricle, including resection of the infarct, for all cases of septal perforations with posterior infarction in which surgery is necessary.", "contents": "[Early surgical treatment of a septal perforation complicating a posterior infarct. Value of the diaphragmatic left ventricular approach]. The authors report the case of a 53 year old patient who required operation on the 5th day after postero-inferior myocardical infarction for a poorly tolerated perforation of the ventricular septum. In discussing this case, they recall that the results for surgical repair of septal perforations complicating myocardial infarction are poorer when the infarction is posterior than when it is anterior. They suggest that this difference in prognosis is in large part due to the customary use in postero-inferior infarcts, of the right transventricular approach, which does not allow the infarct to be resected at the same time as the septum is closed. They finish by recommending the systematic use of a diaphragmatic approach to the left ventricle, including resection of the infarct, for all cases of septal perforations with posterior infarction in which surgery is necessary.", "PMID": 416786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8779", "title": "[Remote results of the surgical correction of aortic coarctation. Study of 90 patients operated on 11 to 15 years earlier].", "content": "An 11 to 15 year follow up (mean 12.7 years) of 90 patients undergoing surgery for coarctation of the isthmus of the aorta is reported. There were 7 late deaths. Of the survivors 87% were normotensive (B.P. less than or equal to 160/100 mmHg) and 90% were asymptomatic and leading a normal life. Five cases-all with an aortic prosthesis-had to be reoperated for recurrent coarctation. These figures are comparable with those found in the literature. The best long-term results are obtained in patients who have the operation while young (less than 20 years), who have no associated abnormality, and whose coarctation can be treated by resection with direct anastamosis.", "contents": "[Remote results of the surgical correction of aortic coarctation. Study of 90 patients operated on 11 to 15 years earlier]. An 11 to 15 year follow up (mean 12.7 years) of 90 patients undergoing surgery for coarctation of the isthmus of the aorta is reported. There were 7 late deaths. Of the survivors 87% were normotensive (B.P. less than or equal to 160/100 mmHg) and 90% were asymptomatic and leading a normal life. Five cases-all with an aortic prosthesis-had to be reoperated for recurrent coarctation. These figures are comparable with those found in the literature. The best long-term results are obtained in patients who have the operation while young (less than 20 years), who have no associated abnormality, and whose coarctation can be treated by resection with direct anastamosis.", "PMID": 416787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8780", "title": "[Treatment of acute arterial occulusions with streptokinase].", "content": "Of the patients treated within the first week after thrombo-embolic occulusion of the arteries of the lower limb 45% achieve total disobliteration with thrombolytic therapy. The authors discuss the factors influencing disobliteration, as well as the mortality and complications of thrombolytic treatment using streptokinase. Surgical treatment (the Fogarty catheter) is complementary. Choice of treatment is made by a combination of factors which include the age of the patient, the site and extent of the block, the amount of neuro-muscular ischaemia, and the general condition of the patient.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute arterial occulusions with streptokinase]. Of the patients treated within the first week after thrombo-embolic occulusion of the arteries of the lower limb 45% achieve total disobliteration with thrombolytic therapy. The authors discuss the factors influencing disobliteration, as well as the mortality and complications of thrombolytic treatment using streptokinase. Surgical treatment (the Fogarty catheter) is complementary. Choice of treatment is made by a combination of factors which include the age of the patient, the site and extent of the block, the amount of neuro-muscular ischaemia, and the general condition of the patient.", "PMID": 416788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8781", "title": "[Extensive aortic dissection and aneurysm of the left coronary trunk. 20-year spontaneous development].", "content": "A case is reported of dissection of the aorta in a lady of 35. The condition was complicated first by myocardial infarction and secondly by severe aortic incompetence which led, 20 years after the onset of the dissection, to the death of the patient from intractable heart failure. At post-mortem, an extensive dissection was found to involve the whole of the aorta and several of its branches, but did not involve the coronary arteries, which were normal except for the trunk of the left coronary; this was dilated. The natural history of dissections of the aorta is reviewed. The incidence, course and etiology of coronary aneurysms are also discussed.", "contents": "[Extensive aortic dissection and aneurysm of the left coronary trunk. 20-year spontaneous development]. A case is reported of dissection of the aorta in a lady of 35. The condition was complicated first by myocardial infarction and secondly by severe aortic incompetence which led, 20 years after the onset of the dissection, to the death of the patient from intractable heart failure. At post-mortem, an extensive dissection was found to involve the whole of the aorta and several of its branches, but did not involve the coronary arteries, which were normal except for the trunk of the left coronary; this was dilated. The natural history of dissections of the aorta is reviewed. The incidence, course and etiology of coronary aneurysms are also discussed.", "PMID": 416790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8782", "title": "[Pseudotumor of the right atrium caused by hernia of the valve of Vieussens].", "content": "A round swelling was on the substraction films of the right side of the heart taken during angiocardiographic examination of a patient with mitral valve disease; this suggested a mass attached to the inter-atrial septum, and prolapsing into the auricle of the right atrium. Initial diagnsosi was of atrial thrombosis, but this was disproved at operation. An aneurysm of the membrane of the fossa ovalis was found, being caused by overstretching of the auricle of the left atrium under the increased pressure of the valve defect. The aneurysm was resected and the septum simply repositioned as part of the mitral valve replacement. A search of the literature shows how rare this disorder is, and that it should be reclassified with the abnormalities of the inter-atrial septum which are found only rarely in cases of mitral valve disease.", "contents": "[Pseudotumor of the right atrium caused by hernia of the valve of Vieussens]. A round swelling was on the substraction films of the right side of the heart taken during angiocardiographic examination of a patient with mitral valve disease; this suggested a mass attached to the inter-atrial septum, and prolapsing into the auricle of the right atrium. Initial diagnsosi was of atrial thrombosis, but this was disproved at operation. An aneurysm of the membrane of the fossa ovalis was found, being caused by overstretching of the auricle of the left atrium under the increased pressure of the valve defect. The aneurysm was resected and the septum simply repositioned as part of the mitral valve replacement. A search of the literature shows how rare this disorder is, and that it should be reclassified with the abnormalities of the inter-atrial septum which are found only rarely in cases of mitral valve disease.", "PMID": 416791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8783", "title": "[A case of subannular aneurysm of the left ventricle].", "content": "The authors present a case of sub-annular aneurysm of the left ventricle in a child of 7. It was associated with aortic incompetence, a ventricular septal defect, and coarctation of the aorta which were discovered during investigation of streptococcal septicaemia. As a first stage procedure, the aortic valve was repaired, the aneurysm was excised, and the ventricular septal defect closed. At a later stage, the coarctation was resected. The question of whether this lesion was congenital or acquired is discussed. After one year, the result remains satisfactory.", "contents": "[A case of subannular aneurysm of the left ventricle]. The authors present a case of sub-annular aneurysm of the left ventricle in a child of 7. It was associated with aortic incompetence, a ventricular septal defect, and coarctation of the aorta which were discovered during investigation of streptococcal septicaemia. As a first stage procedure, the aortic valve was repaired, the aneurysm was excised, and the ventricular septal defect closed. At a later stage, the coarctation was resected. The question of whether this lesion was congenital or acquired is discussed. After one year, the result remains satisfactory.", "PMID": 416794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8784", "title": "[Nodo-ventricular accessory pathway unmasked by a block in the trunk of the bundle of His].", "content": "A case is reported in which, contrary to the unusual finding, conduction was slower in an accessory pathway than in the node-His pathway. Only when this latter became blocked (in the trunk of the bundle of His) following on the longest refractory period, was a pre-excitation syndrome unmasked related to the right nodo-ventricular fibres (the fibres of Mahaim).", "contents": "[Nodo-ventricular accessory pathway unmasked by a block in the trunk of the bundle of His]. A case is reported in which, contrary to the unusual finding, conduction was slower in an accessory pathway than in the node-His pathway. Only when this latter became blocked (in the trunk of the bundle of His) following on the longest refractory period, was a pre-excitation syndrome unmasked related to the right nodo-ventricular fibres (the fibres of Mahaim).", "PMID": 416795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8785", "title": "[Posttraumatic true aneurysm of the left ventricle caused by a shotgun wound].", "content": "An asymptomatic aneurysm of the left ventricle was discovered incidentally in a policeman aged 25, who had a history of a severe thoracic injury from a shotgun wound at the age of 15. Electrocardiography showed a transmural antero-lateral infarct; this was later confirmed at ventriculography. Coronary arteriography showed a narrowed anterior descending artery which crossed over the surface of the aneurysm. The cardiac status remained unchanged over an 8 year follow up period. The pathogenesis is discussed: a fold of contused myocardium, or immediate or late traumatic obstruction of the anterior descending artery, or both factors at the same time?", "contents": "[Posttraumatic true aneurysm of the left ventricle caused by a shotgun wound]. An asymptomatic aneurysm of the left ventricle was discovered incidentally in a policeman aged 25, who had a history of a severe thoracic injury from a shotgun wound at the age of 15. Electrocardiography showed a transmural antero-lateral infarct; this was later confirmed at ventriculography. Coronary arteriography showed a narrowed anterior descending artery which crossed over the surface of the aneurysm. The cardiac status remained unchanged over an 8 year follow up period. The pathogenesis is discussed: a fold of contused myocardium, or immediate or late traumatic obstruction of the anterior descending artery, or both factors at the same time?", "PMID": 416796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8786", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of isosorbide dinitrate in patients with congestive cardiac failure at rest and during submaximal supine exercise.", "content": "Eight patients with chronic congestive cardiac failure secondary to ischaemic heart disease performed submaximal supine exercise before and after 5 mg sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) at the time of cardiac catheterisation. Exercise before ISDN produced a poor response in left ventricular performance. After ISDN this response was significantly improved. Compared with the control exercise period cardiac index (CI) increased from mean 2.9 to 3.5 l/mn/m2 (p = less than 0.0025), stroke volume index (SVI) from mean 24 to 29 ml/m2 (p = less than 0.0005) and left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) from mean 22 to 28 g-m/m2 (p = less than 0.0025). Although ISDN reduced LVEDP significantly at rest, there were associated small but significant falls in CI, SVI and LVSWI. The improvement in exercise cardiac index was related to the ejection fraction, or the ejection fraction of the contractile section where a left ventricular aneurysm was present. ISDN may be effective in improving exercise tolerance in ambulant patients with chronic congestive cardiac failure.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of isosorbide dinitrate in patients with congestive cardiac failure at rest and during submaximal supine exercise. Eight patients with chronic congestive cardiac failure secondary to ischaemic heart disease performed submaximal supine exercise before and after 5 mg sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) at the time of cardiac catheterisation. Exercise before ISDN produced a poor response in left ventricular performance. After ISDN this response was significantly improved. Compared with the control exercise period cardiac index (CI) increased from mean 2.9 to 3.5 l/mn/m2 (p = less than 0.0025), stroke volume index (SVI) from mean 24 to 29 ml/m2 (p = less than 0.0005) and left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) from mean 22 to 28 g-m/m2 (p = less than 0.0025). Although ISDN reduced LVEDP significantly at rest, there were associated small but significant falls in CI, SVI and LVSWI. The improvement in exercise cardiac index was related to the ejection fraction, or the ejection fraction of the contractile section where a left ventricular aneurysm was present. ISDN may be effective in improving exercise tolerance in ambulant patients with chronic congestive cardiac failure.", "PMID": 416797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8787", "title": "[Angina pectoris and muscular bridges on the anterior interventricular artery. Apropos of 3 operated cases].", "content": "A relationship between ischaemia of the myocardium and a muscular bridge over the anterios descending artery has now been demonstrated. The authors report three cases in which the severity of the clinical features was sufficient to justify surgical division of the muscular bridge without touching the underlying artery. Progress remained satisfactory after a follow-up period of 1.5 to 3 years. The opportunity is taken to discuss the role of the muscle bridge in causing pathology in the coronary arterial system.", "contents": "[Angina pectoris and muscular bridges on the anterior interventricular artery. Apropos of 3 operated cases]. A relationship between ischaemia of the myocardium and a muscular bridge over the anterios descending artery has now been demonstrated. The authors report three cases in which the severity of the clinical features was sufficient to justify surgical division of the muscular bridge without touching the underlying artery. Progress remained satisfactory after a follow-up period of 1.5 to 3 years. The opportunity is taken to discuss the role of the muscle bridge in causing pathology in the coronary arterial system.", "PMID": 416798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8788", "title": "The relationship between myocardial ischaemia and cell death during acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Praecordial mapping of the electrocardiogram (ECG) demonstrated the natural history of ST segment elevation, loss of R and appearance of Q waves in 50 patients suffering uncomplicated anterior myocardial infarction. The results showed that ST segment elevation has a complicated natural history. The loss of R wave electromotive force and development of Q waves were complete by 12 h following the onset of chest pain. This evidence for the loss of viable myocardium was complete before the MB-isoenzyme of creatine kinase (MBCK) was detected in the plasma. Regression analysis of these results showed a direct relationship between the praecordial area of ST segment elevation at 2 h (myocardial ischaemia) and the praecordial area of Q waves at 24 h after the onset of symptoms (cell death). The efficacy of interventions on the natural history of myocardial infarction might be assessed by their effects on the relationship between myocardial ischaemia and cell death.", "contents": "The relationship between myocardial ischaemia and cell death during acute myocardial infarction. Praecordial mapping of the electrocardiogram (ECG) demonstrated the natural history of ST segment elevation, loss of R and appearance of Q waves in 50 patients suffering uncomplicated anterior myocardial infarction. The results showed that ST segment elevation has a complicated natural history. The loss of R wave electromotive force and development of Q waves were complete by 12 h following the onset of chest pain. This evidence for the loss of viable myocardium was complete before the MB-isoenzyme of creatine kinase (MBCK) was detected in the plasma. Regression analysis of these results showed a direct relationship between the praecordial area of ST segment elevation at 2 h (myocardial ischaemia) and the praecordial area of Q waves at 24 h after the onset of symptoms (cell death). The efficacy of interventions on the natural history of myocardial infarction might be assessed by their effects on the relationship between myocardial ischaemia and cell death.", "PMID": 416800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8789", "title": "[Assessment of the myocardial infarct size and kinetic study of the necrosis process by serial determinations of creatine kinase].", "content": "Assessment of the size of a myocardial infarct is important from a prognostic point of view, given the opportunities for surgical and pharmacological limitation of the process of necrosis. Serial doses of creatine kinase and its isoenzyme MB given every 4 hours for the first 48 hours of the infarct have allowed us to estimate the size of the infarct and to study the kinetics of enzyme liberation during necrosis. Unknown factors limit the sensitivity of this means of assessing the size of an infarct. The kinetic study showed that the enzyme is liberated by differing mechanisms.", "contents": "[Assessment of the myocardial infarct size and kinetic study of the necrosis process by serial determinations of creatine kinase]. Assessment of the size of a myocardial infarct is important from a prognostic point of view, given the opportunities for surgical and pharmacological limitation of the process of necrosis. Serial doses of creatine kinase and its isoenzyme MB given every 4 hours for the first 48 hours of the infarct have allowed us to estimate the size of the infarct and to study the kinetics of enzyme liberation during necrosis. Unknown factors limit the sensitivity of this means of assessing the size of an infarct. The kinetic study showed that the enzyme is liberated by differing mechanisms.", "PMID": 416801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8790", "title": "The relationship between posture, blood pressure and electrophysiological properties in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "In 9 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia the effects of tilting the body on the blood pressure and on responses during tachycardia or pacing revealed important effects that could influence the clinical presentation and the treatment required. Assessment of these reflex responses adds a major dimension to the understanding of the patient with supraventricular tachycardia.", "contents": "The relationship between posture, blood pressure and electrophysiological properties in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. In 9 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia the effects of tilting the body on the blood pressure and on responses during tachycardia or pacing revealed important effects that could influence the clinical presentation and the treatment required. Assessment of these reflex responses adds a major dimension to the understanding of the patient with supraventricular tachycardia.", "PMID": 416803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8791", "title": "Pulmonary vein blood flow velocity in pulsus paradoxus.", "content": "The effect of inspiration on pulmonary vein blood flow velocity and forward pressure gradient from pulmonary vein to left atrium was studied in seven patients with chronic constrictive pericarditis, five of whom had clinically obvious pulsus paradoxus. Compared to patients without pericardial disease, where inspiration produced no change, patients with pericardial disease showed an inspiratory fall in the forward pressure gradient and forward blood flow velocity in the pulmonary veins on inspiration. The mechanism of pulsus paradoxus in these patients can be explained by incomplete transmission of the inspiratory fall of intrathoracic pressure to the left atrium.", "contents": "Pulmonary vein blood flow velocity in pulsus paradoxus. The effect of inspiration on pulmonary vein blood flow velocity and forward pressure gradient from pulmonary vein to left atrium was studied in seven patients with chronic constrictive pericarditis, five of whom had clinically obvious pulsus paradoxus. Compared to patients without pericardial disease, where inspiration produced no change, patients with pericardial disease showed an inspiratory fall in the forward pressure gradient and forward blood flow velocity in the pulmonary veins on inspiration. The mechanism of pulsus paradoxus in these patients can be explained by incomplete transmission of the inspiratory fall of intrathoracic pressure to the left atrium.", "PMID": 416804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8792", "title": "Diastolic changes in left ventricular wall thickness studied by echocardiography.", "content": "In order to study factors influencing posterior wall thickness during diastole, echocardiograms showing the septum, mitral valve and posterior wall endocardium and epicardium in 15 normal subjects and 49 patients with heart disease were digitized. Maximum wall thickness, minimum cavity dimension and the onset of mitral valve opening are normally synchronous, and an early period of rapid wall thinning, at a peak rate of 10.7 +/- 1.7 cm/sec corresponds closely to rapid filling. In patients with ischaemic heart disease the peak rate and duration of rapid thinning were normal, but thinning preceded mitral valve opening (mean 50 msec). In 11 of 17 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the peak rate of thinning was reduced and in 2 it was increased. There was a close correlation between the peak thinning rate in this group and the peak rate of increase in dimension. In mitral stenosis peak thinning rate was frequently reduced but in some patients was normal, with the reduced rate of increase in cavity dimension maintained by reversal of septal movement. We conclude that rapid thinning is an intrinsic property of the ventricular wall which is normally associated with rapid filling, but which may be dissociated from filling by asynchronous relaxation or inflow obstruction, or may be modified by myocardial disease.", "contents": "Diastolic changes in left ventricular wall thickness studied by echocardiography. In order to study factors influencing posterior wall thickness during diastole, echocardiograms showing the septum, mitral valve and posterior wall endocardium and epicardium in 15 normal subjects and 49 patients with heart disease were digitized. Maximum wall thickness, minimum cavity dimension and the onset of mitral valve opening are normally synchronous, and an early period of rapid wall thinning, at a peak rate of 10.7 +/- 1.7 cm/sec corresponds closely to rapid filling. In patients with ischaemic heart disease the peak rate and duration of rapid thinning were normal, but thinning preceded mitral valve opening (mean 50 msec). In 11 of 17 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the peak rate of thinning was reduced and in 2 it was increased. There was a close correlation between the peak thinning rate in this group and the peak rate of increase in dimension. In mitral stenosis peak thinning rate was frequently reduced but in some patients was normal, with the reduced rate of increase in cavity dimension maintained by reversal of septal movement. We conclude that rapid thinning is an intrinsic property of the ventricular wall which is normally associated with rapid filling, but which may be dissociated from filling by asynchronous relaxation or inflow obstruction, or may be modified by myocardial disease.", "PMID": 416805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8793", "title": "Complex pulmonary atresia with congenital systemic collaterals. Classification and management.", "content": "80 patients with pulmonary atresia and subaortic ventricular septal defect had complete angiography with right ventricular, aortic and selective arterial angiograms to delineate the anatomy of the central pulmonary arteries and the systemic supply to the lungs, as correct management of the patient depends on this. In 67 (85 p. 100) there were 1-5 large congenital systemic collateral arteries mainly arising at or below the aortic isthmus. This group, referred to as \"complex pulmonary atresia\" with right aortic arch in 30, had variable central pulmonary artery development, either completely absent in 17, hypoplastic in 33 (49 p. 100) appearing as a \"seagull\" (une mouette) in the mediastinum on late films or large well developed vessels in 17. Patients with hypoplastic central arteries require special management. We now perform a two stage procedure, initially placing a conduit containing a homograft aortic valve between the right ventricle and small central pulmonary arteries in order to develop them and leaving the ventricular septal defect open. Initial results in 6 patients treated this way are encouraging and it is proposed to close the defect later after enlargment of the pulmonary arteries has occurred.", "contents": "Complex pulmonary atresia with congenital systemic collaterals. Classification and management. 80 patients with pulmonary atresia and subaortic ventricular septal defect had complete angiography with right ventricular, aortic and selective arterial angiograms to delineate the anatomy of the central pulmonary arteries and the systemic supply to the lungs, as correct management of the patient depends on this. In 67 (85 p. 100) there were 1-5 large congenital systemic collateral arteries mainly arising at or below the aortic isthmus. This group, referred to as \"complex pulmonary atresia\" with right aortic arch in 30, had variable central pulmonary artery development, either completely absent in 17, hypoplastic in 33 (49 p. 100) appearing as a \"seagull\" (une mouette) in the mediastinum on late films or large well developed vessels in 17. Patients with hypoplastic central arteries require special management. We now perform a two stage procedure, initially placing a conduit containing a homograft aortic valve between the right ventricle and small central pulmonary arteries in order to develop them and leaving the ventricular septal defect open. Initial results in 6 patients treated this way are encouraging and it is proposed to close the defect later after enlargment of the pulmonary arteries has occurred.", "PMID": 416806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8794", "title": "[Identification of the sino-atrial potential in the dog by epicardial electrocardiography].", "content": "The electrical activity of the sino-atrial node has been recorded in the dog through a thoracotomy and using both unipolar and bipolar electrodes. Amiodarone was used to establish that the pre-artial potential which was registered was indeed originating in the sinus, as it allowed us to produce various degrees of sino-atrial block in a reliable and reproducable manner. The fact that the sinus potential can be recorded in the presence of intermittent abnormalities of the surface P wave suggests that the abnormalities may be associated with intra-sinus displacement of the pacemaker and not with ectopic depolarisation of the atrium.", "contents": "[Identification of the sino-atrial potential in the dog by epicardial electrocardiography]. The electrical activity of the sino-atrial node has been recorded in the dog through a thoracotomy and using both unipolar and bipolar electrodes. Amiodarone was used to establish that the pre-artial potential which was registered was indeed originating in the sinus, as it allowed us to produce various degrees of sino-atrial block in a reliable and reproducable manner. The fact that the sinus potential can be recorded in the presence of intermittent abnormalities of the surface P wave suggests that the abnormalities may be associated with intra-sinus displacement of the pacemaker and not with ectopic depolarisation of the atrium.", "PMID": 416807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8795", "title": "[Changes in the subvalvular apparatus and left ventricular function in pure mitral stenosis].", "content": "Disordered left ventricular function and changes in the sub-valvular apparatus appear to be associated in patients with isolated mitral stenosis (MS). Left ventricular cine-angiography has demonstrated two groups of patients, according to the presence (group II) or absence (group I) of changes in the sub-valvular apparatus. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, heart rate, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, surface area of the mitral valve, or ventricular ejection time. However, group II patients had a lowered ejection fraction (EF), systolic ejection volume (SEB), speed of shortening of circular fibres (VCF), and systolic work index (SWI) compared with group I cases (respectively 0.49 +/- 0.06 and 0.58 +/- 0.04 for the EF, 36 +/- 7 ml.m-2 and 41 +/- 7 ml.m-2 for the SEV, 0.85 +/- 0.12 circ.s-1 and 1.09 +/- 0.16 circ.s-1 for the VCF, 45 +/- 11 gm.m-2 and 57 +/- 11 gm.m-2 for the SWI. Nevertheless, it appears that changes in the sub-valvular apparatus indicate rather than cause dysfunction of the left ventricle, which occurs in a certain number of patients who have a normal sub-valvular apparatus.", "contents": "[Changes in the subvalvular apparatus and left ventricular function in pure mitral stenosis]. Disordered left ventricular function and changes in the sub-valvular apparatus appear to be associated in patients with isolated mitral stenosis (MS). Left ventricular cine-angiography has demonstrated two groups of patients, according to the presence (group II) or absence (group I) of changes in the sub-valvular apparatus. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, heart rate, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, surface area of the mitral valve, or ventricular ejection time. However, group II patients had a lowered ejection fraction (EF), systolic ejection volume (SEB), speed of shortening of circular fibres (VCF), and systolic work index (SWI) compared with group I cases (respectively 0.49 +/- 0.06 and 0.58 +/- 0.04 for the EF, 36 +/- 7 ml.m-2 and 41 +/- 7 ml.m-2 for the SEV, 0.85 +/- 0.12 circ.s-1 and 1.09 +/- 0.16 circ.s-1 for the VCF, 45 +/- 11 gm.m-2 and 57 +/- 11 gm.m-2 for the SWI. Nevertheless, it appears that changes in the sub-valvular apparatus indicate rather than cause dysfunction of the left ventricle, which occurs in a certain number of patients who have a normal sub-valvular apparatus.", "PMID": 416808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8796", "title": "Age and sexual behavior of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata).", "content": "The sexual behavior of the Arashiyama West troop, a natural semi-free-ranging troop of Japanese macaques, was studied during the 1973-1974 and 1974-1975 breeding seasons. The troop was transported intact from Japan to its current location in South Texas. There they have been free to move about in a 42.2-hectare electric fence enclosure. This report describes the relationships among age, aging, and sexual behavior. Males beginning at the age of 2.5 years were observed to series-mount estrous females in the double foot clasp mount position. Mounting in series in the double foot position is the normal pattern for Japanese macaque males. The ejaculation of semen with concomitant body movements indicative of orgasm begins at age 4.5 years at the earliest and continues until death. Males 4.5 and 5.5 years of age, sexually mature in the physiological sense, were not consistently sexually mature in the behavioral sense. The oldest male displayed traits that appear analogous to traits observed in aging human males. Females begin to experience estrus at 3.5 years of age. However, like pubescent males, pubescent females display behavioral patterns of sexual immaturity. The oldest female of the troop has remained sexually active. The attainment of sexual maturity by adulthood can be viewed as a learned process leading to efficiency and prowess, followed in old age by sexual involution.", "contents": "Age and sexual behavior of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). The sexual behavior of the Arashiyama West troop, a natural semi-free-ranging troop of Japanese macaques, was studied during the 1973-1974 and 1974-1975 breeding seasons. The troop was transported intact from Japan to its current location in South Texas. There they have been free to move about in a 42.2-hectare electric fence enclosure. This report describes the relationships among age, aging, and sexual behavior. Males beginning at the age of 2.5 years were observed to series-mount estrous females in the double foot clasp mount position. Mounting in series in the double foot position is the normal pattern for Japanese macaque males. The ejaculation of semen with concomitant body movements indicative of orgasm begins at age 4.5 years at the earliest and continues until death. Males 4.5 and 5.5 years of age, sexually mature in the physiological sense, were not consistently sexually mature in the behavioral sense. The oldest male displayed traits that appear analogous to traits observed in aging human males. Females begin to experience estrus at 3.5 years of age. However, like pubescent males, pubescent females display behavioral patterns of sexual immaturity. The oldest female of the troop has remained sexually active. The attainment of sexual maturity by adulthood can be viewed as a learned process leading to efficiency and prowess, followed in old age by sexual involution.", "PMID": 416810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8797", "title": "Hepatic dysfunction during hyperalimentation.", "content": "Liver biopsy specimens were studied in 26 patients in whom liver function abnormalities developed during intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH). The clinical manifestations and duration of IVH were evaluated in relation to the morphological changes seen in the liver. Early hepatic changes consisted of fatty metamorphosis, and progressive intrahepatic cholestasis developed as IVH was continued. Essential fatty acid deficiency, amino acid imbalance, caloric excess, and toxic manifestations of certain amino acids are postulated as causative factors. The hepatic steatosis secondary to IVH may be treated by lowering the dextrose concentration of the infusion or by administering dextrose-free amino acid solutions. The clinical importance of this common complication of IVH is the difficulty in distinguishing it from other causes of cholestasis in seriously ill patients.", "contents": "Hepatic dysfunction during hyperalimentation. Liver biopsy specimens were studied in 26 patients in whom liver function abnormalities developed during intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH). The clinical manifestations and duration of IVH were evaluated in relation to the morphological changes seen in the liver. Early hepatic changes consisted of fatty metamorphosis, and progressive intrahepatic cholestasis developed as IVH was continued. Essential fatty acid deficiency, amino acid imbalance, caloric excess, and toxic manifestations of certain amino acids are postulated as causative factors. The hepatic steatosis secondary to IVH may be treated by lowering the dextrose concentration of the infusion or by administering dextrose-free amino acid solutions. The clinical importance of this common complication of IVH is the difficulty in distinguishing it from other causes of cholestasis in seriously ill patients.", "PMID": 416812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8798", "title": "Latent measles virus infection in Vero cells depending on a temperature-sensitive phenomenon.", "content": "A latent infection by measles virus in a line of Vero cells could be maintained only at 37 degrees C. The conditions of temperature nonpermissiveness were associated with some block in virus production and/or release and with the establishment of an autointerference phenomenon. Reduction of the incubation temperature to 33.5 degrees C induced a rather rapid transition from the latent to a lytical infection with a recue of virus. The rescued virus exhibited a restricted capacity to grow at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Latent measles virus infection in Vero cells depending on a temperature-sensitive phenomenon. A latent infection by measles virus in a line of Vero cells could be maintained only at 37 degrees C. The conditions of temperature nonpermissiveness were associated with some block in virus production and/or release and with the establishment of an autointerference phenomenon. Reduction of the incubation temperature to 33.5 degrees C induced a rather rapid transition from the latent to a lytical infection with a recue of virus. The rescued virus exhibited a restricted capacity to grow at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 416813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8799", "title": "The last segregation: systems of care for the aged and chronically ill.", "content": "Adequate criteria are needed before patients are admitted to nursing homes. Separation of categories of patients is desirable. Thos with rehabilitation potential should have greater certainty of receiving therapy. Demented patients should be separated from the mentally intace. We need to give serious thought to the quality of life for patients who are permanently placed.", "contents": "The last segregation: systems of care for the aged and chronically ill. Adequate criteria are needed before patients are admitted to nursing homes. Separation of categories of patients is desirable. Thos with rehabilitation potential should have greater certainty of receiving therapy. Demented patients should be separated from the mentally intace. We need to give serious thought to the quality of life for patients who are permanently placed.", "PMID": 416815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8800", "title": "Extended care: medical care of the elderly disabled.", "content": "Geriatric medicine has now been practised as a specialty for 30 years; there is still argument as to its usefulness, and it is not regarded as an attractive career. At the same time there is a large gap between the standard of acute medicine an that offered to people with continuing disabilities, most of whom are elderly. If this area of medicine is to become more effective, it should be an extension of the responsibilities and activities of the medical centre, practised by a hospital based team, complementing the existing activities of the family doctor and the acute hospital. This method would not only raise the standard, but provide opportunity for a reasonable career. Medical care should be arranged according to disability--not according to age. The name 'extended care' referring to the method of practice, could well replace the worn out label of 'geriatric', which gives unnecessary emphasis to old age. But more important than what it is called, is how it is performed.", "contents": "Extended care: medical care of the elderly disabled. Geriatric medicine has now been practised as a specialty for 30 years; there is still argument as to its usefulness, and it is not regarded as an attractive career. At the same time there is a large gap between the standard of acute medicine an that offered to people with continuing disabilities, most of whom are elderly. If this area of medicine is to become more effective, it should be an extension of the responsibilities and activities of the medical centre, practised by a hospital based team, complementing the existing activities of the family doctor and the acute hospital. This method would not only raise the standard, but provide opportunity for a reasonable career. Medical care should be arranged according to disability--not according to age. The name 'extended care' referring to the method of practice, could well replace the worn out label of 'geriatric', which gives unnecessary emphasis to old age. But more important than what it is called, is how it is performed.", "PMID": 416816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8801", "title": "Oxygen-induced brain vacuolation in Drosophila and a possible threshold for this response.", "content": "Wild type populations of Drosophila melanogaster were exposed to 21%, 33%, 45%, and 55% oxygen at normal atmospheric pressures. Individuals were selected randomly at 5-d intervals and inspected for vacuolation of the forebrain. Longevity of the populations was also measured. Flies in 21% and 33% oxygen had identical survivorship and even after 50 d showed little vacuolation. Flies maintained in 45% oxygen showed rapid mortality between 30-40 d and were found to have vacuolated forebrains. Populations treated in 55% oxygen declined rapidly in numbers between 20-30 d and showed severe vacuolation of the forebrain. It was considered important that normal longevity and normal aging of brain cells in 33% oxygen at standard pressure were found because similar partial pressures of pure oxygen were reported to significantly reduce longevity. It is suggested that, because insects are known to be tolerant to fairly extreme changes in total atmospheric pressure, a partial pressure of nitrogen as a diluent gas is the important factor in the toxic effects of a given pressure of oxygen. The study indicates that in a nitrogen/oxygen mix at 760 torr total pressure, the threshold to toxicity lies near, or just beyond, 300 torr oxygen. The authors indicate that preliminary findings in their current work show that if a small partial pressure of nitrogen is maintained, the total pressure can be reduced considerably without affecting this threshold level.", "contents": "Oxygen-induced brain vacuolation in Drosophila and a possible threshold for this response. Wild type populations of Drosophila melanogaster were exposed to 21%, 33%, 45%, and 55% oxygen at normal atmospheric pressures. Individuals were selected randomly at 5-d intervals and inspected for vacuolation of the forebrain. Longevity of the populations was also measured. Flies in 21% and 33% oxygen had identical survivorship and even after 50 d showed little vacuolation. Flies maintained in 45% oxygen showed rapid mortality between 30-40 d and were found to have vacuolated forebrains. Populations treated in 55% oxygen declined rapidly in numbers between 20-30 d and showed severe vacuolation of the forebrain. It was considered important that normal longevity and normal aging of brain cells in 33% oxygen at standard pressure were found because similar partial pressures of pure oxygen were reported to significantly reduce longevity. It is suggested that, because insects are known to be tolerant to fairly extreme changes in total atmospheric pressure, a partial pressure of nitrogen as a diluent gas is the important factor in the toxic effects of a given pressure of oxygen. The study indicates that in a nitrogen/oxygen mix at 760 torr total pressure, the threshold to toxicity lies near, or just beyond, 300 torr oxygen. The authors indicate that preliminary findings in their current work show that if a small partial pressure of nitrogen is maintained, the total pressure can be reduced considerably without affecting this threshold level.", "PMID": 416820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8802", "title": "A chromosome substitution analysis of geotactic maze behavior in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Positive and negative geotactic maze behaviors were selected in strains of Drosophila melanogaster, for over 40 generations on 15-unit classification mazes. A chromosome substition analysis of these behaviors was undertaken to determine which of the three major chromosomes is most important in causing the differences in geotactic maze behavior between the divergent strains. By following the appropriate mating scheme, every possible homozygous chromosomal combination of the X, II, and III chromosomes from the geopositive and geonegative strain was produced. Heterozygous combinations were also produced to test for dominance and interchromosomal interactions. The results indicate that all three chromosomes are involved in geotactic behavior. The order of importance was II greater than III greater than X. Dominance effects were found in females of the X chromosome from the geopositive strain and for the III chromosome from the geonegative strain. No evidence for interchromosomal interactions was uncovered.", "contents": "A chromosome substitution analysis of geotactic maze behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Positive and negative geotactic maze behaviors were selected in strains of Drosophila melanogaster, for over 40 generations on 15-unit classification mazes. A chromosome substition analysis of these behaviors was undertaken to determine which of the three major chromosomes is most important in causing the differences in geotactic maze behavior between the divergent strains. By following the appropriate mating scheme, every possible homozygous chromosomal combination of the X, II, and III chromosomes from the geopositive and geonegative strain was produced. Heterozygous combinations were also produced to test for dominance and interchromosomal interactions. The results indicate that all three chromosomes are involved in geotactic behavior. The order of importance was II greater than III greater than X. Dominance effects were found in females of the X chromosome from the geopositive strain and for the III chromosome from the geonegative strain. No evidence for interchromosomal interactions was uncovered.", "PMID": 416821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8803", "title": "Thrombocytosis and platelet aggregates in the circulation of adjuvant arthritic rats.", "content": "A marked increase in platelet count was observed in adjuvant-induced polyarthritic rats. Elevation of platelet count was still significant 3 months after onset of disease. Increased number and larger size of platelets reflect an increase in the rate of platelet production. By means of the platelet-count ratio technique, circulating platelet aggregates were demonstrated in rats with severe arthritis. Aspirin treatment prevented thrombocytosis and formation of platelet aggregates.", "contents": "Thrombocytosis and platelet aggregates in the circulation of adjuvant arthritic rats. A marked increase in platelet count was observed in adjuvant-induced polyarthritic rats. Elevation of platelet count was still significant 3 months after onset of disease. Increased number and larger size of platelets reflect an increase in the rate of platelet production. By means of the platelet-count ratio technique, circulating platelet aggregates were demonstrated in rats with severe arthritis. Aspirin treatment prevented thrombocytosis and formation of platelet aggregates.", "PMID": 416828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8804", "title": "Vertebral sarcoidosis with paravertebral ossification.", "content": "A young black male with sarcoidosis developed quadriplegia after a fall. Roentgenograms of the spine revealed extensive lytic and scierotic changes with paravertebral bony bridges simulating ankylosing spondylitis. He recovered on corticosteroid therapy after laminectomy and cervical fusion. Review of the literature suggests that this case of vertebral sarcoidosis is the most severe yet reported and the first with paravertebral ossification.", "contents": "Vertebral sarcoidosis with paravertebral ossification. A young black male with sarcoidosis developed quadriplegia after a fall. Roentgenograms of the spine revealed extensive lytic and scierotic changes with paravertebral bony bridges simulating ankylosing spondylitis. He recovered on corticosteroid therapy after laminectomy and cervical fusion. Review of the literature suggests that this case of vertebral sarcoidosis is the most severe yet reported and the first with paravertebral ossification.", "PMID": 416829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8805", "title": "The reversible biotransformation of N-acetylprocainamide in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The specific activity of 14C-N-acetylprocainamide (14C-NAPA) was measured in the 24-h urine of two rhesus monkeys given the labelled drug i.v. Specific activity was found to decrease by 15.8% from the original value. This was attributed to an in vivo biotransformation of NAPA to procainamide (PCA) and reacetylation of PCA back to NAPA before it was eliminated in the urine. The major fraction of NAPA, 72.1% of the dose, was found to be excreted in the urine of monkeys in 48 h.", "contents": "The reversible biotransformation of N-acetylprocainamide in the rhesus monkey. The specific activity of 14C-N-acetylprocainamide (14C-NAPA) was measured in the 24-h urine of two rhesus monkeys given the labelled drug i.v. Specific activity was found to decrease by 15.8% from the original value. This was attributed to an in vivo biotransformation of NAPA to procainamide (PCA) and reacetylation of PCA back to NAPA before it was eliminated in the urine. The major fraction of NAPA, 72.1% of the dose, was found to be excreted in the urine of monkeys in 48 h.", "PMID": 416831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8806", "title": "[Clinical and therapeutic aspects of duodenal diverticula].", "content": "The Authors present 33 cases of duodenal diverticula, 12 of which underwent surgical therapy. They analyse the clinical and therapeutic problems entailed in this surgica entity with particular reference to the frequency and gravity of emorrhagis complication. Concerning the surgical approach of ampullar and iuxta ampullar diverticula, Authors experience seems to advise indirect operations.", "contents": "[Clinical and therapeutic aspects of duodenal diverticula]. The Authors present 33 cases of duodenal diverticula, 12 of which underwent surgical therapy. They analyse the clinical and therapeutic problems entailed in this surgica entity with particular reference to the frequency and gravity of emorrhagis complication. Concerning the surgical approach of ampullar and iuxta ampullar diverticula, Authors experience seems to advise indirect operations.", "PMID": 416833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8807", "title": "The regulation of erythropoiesis in protein-energy-malnutrition.", "content": "The erythropoietin (ESF) content of plasma and urine has been studied in children with protein-energy-malnutrition (PEM) living in the Kivu province at an altitude of 1467--2000 m. On admission, packed cell volume (PCV) was moderately reduced; after 2 months of refeeding PCV had increased but was still lower than in the controls. Plasma ESF was increased on admission and in patients refed for 2 months. The expected positive correlation between serum and urine ESF levels was found after refeeding but not on admission; the last finding could not be explained by the presence of erythropoiesis inhibiting factor(s) in the urine. In spite of the normal 2,3-DPG and P50 previously described in PEM in Kivu, the anaemia associated with this disease is not merely an adaptation to lowered oxygen consumption and there must be some disturbances in the responsiveness of bone marrow to ESF. The high ESF values observed after 2 months of refeeding confirm that the restoration of the red cell volume proceeds slowly.", "contents": "The regulation of erythropoiesis in protein-energy-malnutrition. The erythropoietin (ESF) content of plasma and urine has been studied in children with protein-energy-malnutrition (PEM) living in the Kivu province at an altitude of 1467--2000 m. On admission, packed cell volume (PCV) was moderately reduced; after 2 months of refeeding PCV had increased but was still lower than in the controls. Plasma ESF was increased on admission and in patients refed for 2 months. The expected positive correlation between serum and urine ESF levels was found after refeeding but not on admission; the last finding could not be explained by the presence of erythropoiesis inhibiting factor(s) in the urine. In spite of the normal 2,3-DPG and P50 previously described in PEM in Kivu, the anaemia associated with this disease is not merely an adaptation to lowered oxygen consumption and there must be some disturbances in the responsiveness of bone marrow to ESF. The high ESF values observed after 2 months of refeeding confirm that the restoration of the red cell volume proceeds slowly.", "PMID": 416844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8808", "title": "Critical re-examination of the specificity of auto-anti-Rh antibodies in patients with a positive direct antiglobulin test.", "content": "Forty-eight autoantibodies with apparent 'simple' anti-Rh specificity (anti-e, -E, -c, -D, -C, -Ce, -G), have been studied by means of multiple absorption tests. The finding that 34 (70.8%) of these antibodies could bind to red blood cells lacking the antigens that the antibodies appeared to define, indicated that the antibodies had different specificities than seemed to be the case in initial antibody identification tests. Those autoantibodies that at first appeared to be directed against the Rh antigens e, E or c, most often had anti-Hr or anti-Hro specificity. These data explain why some apparent anti-Rh autoantibodies can be eluted from the red blood cells of patients negative for the antigens that the antibodi:s appear to define. However, they also illustrate that the phenomenon of autoantibodies mimicking specificities that they do not possess is common in patients positive for the antigens against which their autoantibodies appear to be directed. An explanation for the mode of action of these autoantibodies in complexing with the Rh agglutinogen is proposed, and the significance of the antibodies in transfusion therapy is considered.", "contents": "Critical re-examination of the specificity of auto-anti-Rh antibodies in patients with a positive direct antiglobulin test. Forty-eight autoantibodies with apparent 'simple' anti-Rh specificity (anti-e, -E, -c, -D, -C, -Ce, -G), have been studied by means of multiple absorption tests. The finding that 34 (70.8%) of these antibodies could bind to red blood cells lacking the antigens that the antibodies appeared to define, indicated that the antibodies had different specificities than seemed to be the case in initial antibody identification tests. Those autoantibodies that at first appeared to be directed against the Rh antigens e, E or c, most often had anti-Hr or anti-Hro specificity. These data explain why some apparent anti-Rh autoantibodies can be eluted from the red blood cells of patients negative for the antigens that the antibodi:s appear to define. However, they also illustrate that the phenomenon of autoantibodies mimicking specificities that they do not possess is common in patients positive for the antigens against which their autoantibodies appear to be directed. An explanation for the mode of action of these autoantibodies in complexing with the Rh agglutinogen is proposed, and the significance of the antibodies in transfusion therapy is considered.", "PMID": 416845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8809", "title": "International collaborative study of assay of anti-D (anti-Rh) immunoglobulin.", "content": "An international collaborative study of anti-D assays has been carried out by 21 laboratories in 11 countries. Samples of anti-D immunoglobulin assayed in this study included two dilutions of a preparation used in clinical trials to determine a dose-protection relation, a national standard, commercial clinical preparations and the proposed international reference preparation in coded ampoules. Manual, automated haemagglutination and isotope labelling methods all gave similar relative potencies. Several of these estimates were significantly (P=0.95) heterogeneous and some modifications to improve assay design and procedure are suggested. The coded preparation was shown to be stable and suitable for comparative assays. It was estimated to contain 60 microgram of of anti-D IgG immunoglobulin per ampoule, and 150 i.u./ampoule when assayed against the International Standard for Incomplete Anti-D Blood Typing Serum. Thus for this preparation 1 microgram of IgG anti-D immunoglobulin identical to 2.5 i.u. anti-D antibody. At its 28th meeting the Expert Committee on Biological Standardization of WHO established the preparation 68/419 as the International Reference Preparation of Anti-D Immunoglobulin and assigned to it a potency of 150 i.u. per ampoule. The Preparation has been widely used (with a nominal content of 60 microgram of IgG anti-D immunoglobulin) for control of clinical preparations.", "contents": "International collaborative study of assay of anti-D (anti-Rh) immunoglobulin. An international collaborative study of anti-D assays has been carried out by 21 laboratories in 11 countries. Samples of anti-D immunoglobulin assayed in this study included two dilutions of a preparation used in clinical trials to determine a dose-protection relation, a national standard, commercial clinical preparations and the proposed international reference preparation in coded ampoules. Manual, automated haemagglutination and isotope labelling methods all gave similar relative potencies. Several of these estimates were significantly (P=0.95) heterogeneous and some modifications to improve assay design and procedure are suggested. The coded preparation was shown to be stable and suitable for comparative assays. It was estimated to contain 60 microgram of of anti-D IgG immunoglobulin per ampoule, and 150 i.u./ampoule when assayed against the International Standard for Incomplete Anti-D Blood Typing Serum. Thus for this preparation 1 microgram of IgG anti-D immunoglobulin identical to 2.5 i.u. anti-D antibody. At its 28th meeting the Expert Committee on Biological Standardization of WHO established the preparation 68/419 as the International Reference Preparation of Anti-D Immunoglobulin and assigned to it a potency of 150 i.u. per ampoule. The Preparation has been widely used (with a nominal content of 60 microgram of IgG anti-D immunoglobulin) for control of clinical preparations.", "PMID": 416846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8810", "title": "Measurement by a flow dialysis technique of the steady-state proton-motive force in chromatophores from Rhodospirillum rubrum. Comparison with phosphorylation potential.", "content": "1. In the light a transmembrane electrical potential of 100 mV has been estimated to occur in chromatophores from Rhodospirillum rubrum. The potential was determined by measuring the steady-state distribution of the permeant SCN- across the chromatophore membrane using a flow dialysis technique. The potential was not observed in the dark, nor in the presence of antimycin. It was dissipated on the addition of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. The potential was reduced by between 15 and 20 mV when ADP and Pi were added. Hydrolysis of ATP by the chromatophores generated a membrane potential of about 80 mV. 2. Using a flow dialysis technique light-dependent uptake of methylamine was observed only in the presence of concentrations of SCN- that were 500-fold higher than were used to measure the membrane potential. It is concluded that the pH gradient across the illuminated chromatophore membrane is insignificant except in the presence of relatively high concentrations of a permeant anion like thiocyanate. Further evidence that a negligible pH gradient was generated by the chromatophores is that addition of K+ and nigericin to illuminated chromatophores did not stimulate uptake of SCN-. 3. In the light of chromatophores established and maintained a phosphorylation potential of up to 14 kcal/mol. If a phosphorylation potential of this magnitude is to be poised against a proton-motive force that comprises solely a membrane potential of approx. 100 mV, then at least five protons must be translocated for each ATP synthesised via a chemiosmotic mechanism.", "contents": "Measurement by a flow dialysis technique of the steady-state proton-motive force in chromatophores from Rhodospirillum rubrum. Comparison with phosphorylation potential. 1. In the light a transmembrane electrical potential of 100 mV has been estimated to occur in chromatophores from Rhodospirillum rubrum. The potential was determined by measuring the steady-state distribution of the permeant SCN- across the chromatophore membrane using a flow dialysis technique. The potential was not observed in the dark, nor in the presence of antimycin. It was dissipated on the addition of carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. The potential was reduced by between 15 and 20 mV when ADP and Pi were added. Hydrolysis of ATP by the chromatophores generated a membrane potential of about 80 mV. 2. Using a flow dialysis technique light-dependent uptake of methylamine was observed only in the presence of concentrations of SCN- that were 500-fold higher than were used to measure the membrane potential. It is concluded that the pH gradient across the illuminated chromatophore membrane is insignificant except in the presence of relatively high concentrations of a permeant anion like thiocyanate. Further evidence that a negligible pH gradient was generated by the chromatophores is that addition of K+ and nigericin to illuminated chromatophores did not stimulate uptake of SCN-. 3. In the light of chromatophores established and maintained a phosphorylation potential of up to 14 kcal/mol. If a phosphorylation potential of this magnitude is to be poised against a proton-motive force that comprises solely a membrane potential of approx. 100 mV, then at least five protons must be translocated for each ATP synthesised via a chemiosmotic mechanism.", "PMID": 416847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8811", "title": "On the relationship between glycerophosphoglycolipids and lipoteichoic acids in Gram-positive bacteria. II. Structures of glycerophosphoglycolipids.", "content": "1. Eight glycerophosphoglycolipids were isolated from six Gram-positive bacteria. Besides sn-glycero-1-phospho-beta-gentiobiosyldiacylglycerol (i) and sn-glycero-1-phospho-alpha-kojibiosyldiacylglycerol (ii), three novel structures have been established: 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[6-(sn-glycero-1-phospho)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-(6-O-acyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)]glycerol (iii), 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[6-(sn-glycero-1-phospho)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl]glycerol (iv), and 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[6-(sn-glycero-1-phospho)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-(6-O-acyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)]glycerol (v). 2. Compound i was isolated from Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, compound ii from a group B Streptococcus, compounds ii and iii from Streptococcus lactis, compounds iv and v from Lactobacillus casei. Lactobacillus plantarum contained besides compounds iv and v a glycerophosphate derivative of 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[alpha-D-galactopyranosyl (1 leads to 2)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl]glycerol. 3. Identical structural features of the described glycerophosphoglycolipids and the corresponding lipoteichoic acids are discussed.", "contents": "On the relationship between glycerophosphoglycolipids and lipoteichoic acids in Gram-positive bacteria. II. Structures of glycerophosphoglycolipids. 1. Eight glycerophosphoglycolipids were isolated from six Gram-positive bacteria. Besides sn-glycero-1-phospho-beta-gentiobiosyldiacylglycerol (i) and sn-glycero-1-phospho-alpha-kojibiosyldiacylglycerol (ii), three novel structures have been established: 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[6-(sn-glycero-1-phospho)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-(6-O-acyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)]glycerol (iii), 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[6-(sn-glycero-1-phospho)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl]glycerol (iv), and 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[6-(sn-glycero-1-phospho)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-(6-O-acyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)]glycerol (v). 2. Compound i was isolated from Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, compound ii from a group B Streptococcus, compounds ii and iii from Streptococcus lactis, compounds iv and v from Lactobacillus casei. Lactobacillus plantarum contained besides compounds iv and v a glycerophosphate derivative of 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[alpha-D-galactopyranosyl (1 leads to 2)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl]glycerol. 3. Identical structural features of the described glycerophosphoglycolipids and the corresponding lipoteichoic acids are discussed.", "PMID": 416848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8812", "title": "Control of phosphonic acid and phosphonolipid synthesis in Tetrahymena.", "content": "The phosphonolipid content of the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis was increased by growing the organism on a medium containing increasing amounts of 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid. With levels of 0, 1, 5 and 10 mM 2-amino-ethylphosphonic acid, the phosphonolipid content was 23, 25, 31 and 37% of the total cellular phospholipids, respectively. This increase was accompanied by a reciprocal decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine. With 32Pi in the growth medium along with the 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid, the incorporation of the radioactivity into new molecules of 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid was almost totally inhibited, indicating a feedback control on phosphonic acid synthesis.", "contents": "Control of phosphonic acid and phosphonolipid synthesis in Tetrahymena. The phosphonolipid content of the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis was increased by growing the organism on a medium containing increasing amounts of 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid. With levels of 0, 1, 5 and 10 mM 2-amino-ethylphosphonic acid, the phosphonolipid content was 23, 25, 31 and 37% of the total cellular phospholipids, respectively. This increase was accompanied by a reciprocal decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine. With 32Pi in the growth medium along with the 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid, the incorporation of the radioactivity into new molecules of 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid was almost totally inhibited, indicating a feedback control on phosphonic acid synthesis.", "PMID": 416849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8813", "title": "Mechanism of thermal adaptation of membrane lipids in Tetrahymena pyriformis NT-1. Possible evidence for temperature-mediated induction of palmitoyl-CoA desaturase.", "content": "The regulatory mechanism of a key enzyme, palmitoyl-CoA desaturase, involved in the adaptation to temperature shift was investigated by labeling Tetrahymena pyriformis cells with [14C]palmitic acid. The rate of conversion of [14C]palmitate to [14C]palmitoleate was shown to be dependent on incubation temperature and also to be maximal at 2 h after the shift 39.5 to 15 degrees C. Addition of cycloheximide before the temperature shift produced no increase in desaturation of [14C]palmitate after the shift. These data would provide evidence for temperature-triggered increase of palmitoyl-CoA desaturase level and are also discussed in relation to membrane fluidity.", "contents": "Mechanism of thermal adaptation of membrane lipids in Tetrahymena pyriformis NT-1. Possible evidence for temperature-mediated induction of palmitoyl-CoA desaturase. The regulatory mechanism of a key enzyme, palmitoyl-CoA desaturase, involved in the adaptation to temperature shift was investigated by labeling Tetrahymena pyriformis cells with [14C]palmitic acid. The rate of conversion of [14C]palmitate to [14C]palmitoleate was shown to be dependent on incubation temperature and also to be maximal at 2 h after the shift 39.5 to 15 degrees C. Addition of cycloheximide before the temperature shift produced no increase in desaturation of [14C]palmitate after the shift. These data would provide evidence for temperature-triggered increase of palmitoyl-CoA desaturase level and are also discussed in relation to membrane fluidity.", "PMID": 416850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8814", "title": "Amino acid sequence of rabbit carbonic anhydrase II.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the high activity form of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase, carbonic anhydrase II, purified from rabbit erythrocytes has been determined. This sequence was determined primarily from the cyanogen bromide and tryptic peptides through use of automated Edman degradation procedures. The ordering of the peptides from rabbit carbonic anhydrase II was based on the high degree of homology between the rabbit enzyme and the homologous enzymes derived from sheep, bovine, and human erythrocytes. The function of certain residues is discussed in the context of these three known sequences and the previously reported three-dimensional structure of human carbonic anhydrase II. Possible microheterogeneity of rabbit carbonic anhydrase II is also discussed.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of rabbit carbonic anhydrase II. The amino acid sequence of the high activity form of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase, carbonic anhydrase II, purified from rabbit erythrocytes has been determined. This sequence was determined primarily from the cyanogen bromide and tryptic peptides through use of automated Edman degradation procedures. The ordering of the peptides from rabbit carbonic anhydrase II was based on the high degree of homology between the rabbit enzyme and the homologous enzymes derived from sheep, bovine, and human erythrocytes. The function of certain residues is discussed in the context of these three known sequences and the previously reported three-dimensional structure of human carbonic anhydrase II. Possible microheterogeneity of rabbit carbonic anhydrase II is also discussed.", "PMID": 416851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8815", "title": "1H NMR studies of the binding of EDTA to bovine pancreatic ribonuclease.", "content": "EDTA binds at the active site of ribonuclease causing a selective downfield shift of the C2 proton resonance of His 12 at pH 5.5 (pH denotes an uncorrected glass electrode pH meter reading of a 2H2O solution). A dissociation constant for EDTA binding to ribonuclease of 1.70 mM was calculated from this chemical shift change. The pKa of His 12 increased from 5.79 in ribonuclease alone to 6.73 in the RNAase . EDTA complex. Compared to these effects, the other histidine residues were not significantly affected by EDTA. EDTA was shown to act as a competitive inhibitor of cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate hydrolysis by ribonuclease with a Ki of 1.37 mM at pH 5.5, 25 degrees C. Molecular model building suggests that three of the four carboxyl groups of EDTA could simultaneously interact with histidine 12, lysine 41 and lysine 7. A complex of this type would account for the data described herein.", "contents": "1H NMR studies of the binding of EDTA to bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. EDTA binds at the active site of ribonuclease causing a selective downfield shift of the C2 proton resonance of His 12 at pH 5.5 (pH denotes an uncorrected glass electrode pH meter reading of a 2H2O solution). A dissociation constant for EDTA binding to ribonuclease of 1.70 mM was calculated from this chemical shift change. The pKa of His 12 increased from 5.79 in ribonuclease alone to 6.73 in the RNAase . EDTA complex. Compared to these effects, the other histidine residues were not significantly affected by EDTA. EDTA was shown to act as a competitive inhibitor of cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate hydrolysis by ribonuclease with a Ki of 1.37 mM at pH 5.5, 25 degrees C. Molecular model building suggests that three of the four carboxyl groups of EDTA could simultaneously interact with histidine 12, lysine 41 and lysine 7. A complex of this type would account for the data described herein.", "PMID": 416852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8816", "title": "Evolution of ornithine decarboxylase activity during the cell cycle of Euglena gracilis Z in synchronous culture. Influence of vitamin B-12.", "content": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity in Euglena gracilis Z was studied during the normal cell cycle and in vitamin B-12 deficiency. The cells were synchronized by means of alternating periods of light and dark. During the normal cell cycle, ornithine decarboxylase activity was very weak in the dark period, while three peaks of activity were recognized in the light period. The first peak, in the G1 phase, occurred when luminous stimulation started; the second preceded the S phase and the third was found in G2. In B-12-deficient cells, ornithine decarboxylase activity was greatly decreased and only the first peak remained. Elimination of the deficiency by addition of vitamin B-12 to the medium induced a very fast and significant increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity.", "contents": "Evolution of ornithine decarboxylase activity during the cell cycle of Euglena gracilis Z in synchronous culture. Influence of vitamin B-12. Ornithine decarboxylase activity in Euglena gracilis Z was studied during the normal cell cycle and in vitamin B-12 deficiency. The cells were synchronized by means of alternating periods of light and dark. During the normal cell cycle, ornithine decarboxylase activity was very weak in the dark period, while three peaks of activity were recognized in the light period. The first peak, in the G1 phase, occurred when luminous stimulation started; the second preceded the S phase and the third was found in G2. In B-12-deficient cells, ornithine decarboxylase activity was greatly decreased and only the first peak remained. Elimination of the deficiency by addition of vitamin B-12 to the medium induced a very fast and significant increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity.", "PMID": 416853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8817", "title": "Properties of an alpha-bungarotoxin-binding cholinergic nicotinic receptor from Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "alpha-[125I]Bungarotoxin specifically binds to homogenates of Drosophila melanogaster head at levels of 0.3-0.8 pmol/mg protein. The dissociation constant calculated from rates of association and dissociation of toxin.receptor complex, is 0.6.10(-9) M. Ca2+, and to a lesser extent Na+, inhibit the reaction. alpha-[125I]Bungarotoxin binding is inhibited by low concentrations of unlabelled toxin, nicotinic ligands and eserine, but not by low concentrations of muscarinic ligands, decamethonium or an organophosphate. The receptor is membrane bound and can be partially released into 100 000 X g supernatant by combination of 1 M NaCl and 1% Triton X-100. Most of the activity in the supernatant sediments after further centrifugation at 200 000 X g for 2 h. Toxin binding sites are distinct from acetylcholinesterase molecules as revealed by pharmacological, biochemical and genetic techniques. The gene for the toxin-binding nicotinic receptor in Drosophila is apparently not located adjacent to the gene for acetylcholinesterase.", "contents": "Properties of an alpha-bungarotoxin-binding cholinergic nicotinic receptor from Drosophila melanogaster. alpha-[125I]Bungarotoxin specifically binds to homogenates of Drosophila melanogaster head at levels of 0.3-0.8 pmol/mg protein. The dissociation constant calculated from rates of association and dissociation of toxin.receptor complex, is 0.6.10(-9) M. Ca2+, and to a lesser extent Na+, inhibit the reaction. alpha-[125I]Bungarotoxin binding is inhibited by low concentrations of unlabelled toxin, nicotinic ligands and eserine, but not by low concentrations of muscarinic ligands, decamethonium or an organophosphate. The receptor is membrane bound and can be partially released into 100 000 X g supernatant by combination of 1 M NaCl and 1% Triton X-100. Most of the activity in the supernatant sediments after further centrifugation at 200 000 X g for 2 h. Toxin binding sites are distinct from acetylcholinesterase molecules as revealed by pharmacological, biochemical and genetic techniques. The gene for the toxin-binding nicotinic receptor in Drosophila is apparently not located adjacent to the gene for acetylcholinesterase.", "PMID": 416854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8818", "title": "Biosynthesis of riboflavin. 6,7-Dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine 5'-phosphate is not a substrate for riboflavin synthase.", "content": "Phosphotransferase from carrot is shown to catalyze the phosphorylation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine specifically at position 5' of the ribityl side chain. The lumazine 5'-phosphate is neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of riboflavin synthase from Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. It follows that the obligatory product of riboflavin synthase is riboflavin and not FMN.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of riboflavin. 6,7-Dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine 5'-phosphate is not a substrate for riboflavin synthase. Phosphotransferase from carrot is shown to catalyze the phosphorylation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine specifically at position 5' of the ribityl side chain. The lumazine 5'-phosphate is neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of riboflavin synthase from Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. It follows that the obligatory product of riboflavin synthase is riboflavin and not FMN.", "PMID": 416855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8819", "title": "Increase of serum thyrotropin (TSH) os suckling rats after thyroliberin (TRH) injection to lactating mothers.", "content": "Injection of 50 microgram TRH to lactating rats 15 days after parturition was followed 4 h after treatment by an increase of serum TSH and a decrease of absolute and relative pituitary TSH content in suckling pups when compared to sucklings of saline-treated mothers. The weight of the pituitary and thyroid also decreased. Results indicate that TRH administered to lactating rats induces release of TSH from the pituitary of suckling pups. An increase of the variability of serum TSH and a decrease of pituitary TSH content at noon in pups of saline-treated mothers suggest the presence of diurnal variation of TSH secretion in 15-day-old rats.", "contents": "Increase of serum thyrotropin (TSH) os suckling rats after thyroliberin (TRH) injection to lactating mothers. Injection of 50 microgram TRH to lactating rats 15 days after parturition was followed 4 h after treatment by an increase of serum TSH and a decrease of absolute and relative pituitary TSH content in suckling pups when compared to sucklings of saline-treated mothers. The weight of the pituitary and thyroid also decreased. Results indicate that TRH administered to lactating rats induces release of TSH from the pituitary of suckling pups. An increase of the variability of serum TSH and a decrease of pituitary TSH content at noon in pups of saline-treated mothers suggest the presence of diurnal variation of TSH secretion in 15-day-old rats.", "PMID": 416857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8820", "title": "Perinatal development of bilirubin UDP-glycosyltransferase activities in rat liver.", "content": "Bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase and UDP-xylosyltransferase activity could already be demonstrated in rat liver from day 19 of fetal life onwards (4 days before birth). Bilirubin-glucuronide was present in hepatocytes of 21-day-old fetal liver strongly suggesting that the enzyme detected in vitro was really active in vivo. This further supports the theory that secretion from the cell is also immature. The known deficiency of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase in fetal and neonatal rat liver could lead to decreased intracellular concentrations of UDP-glucuronic acid and possibly to increased concentrations of UDP-glucose. However, no glucosides were present in the fetal hepatocytes.", "contents": "Perinatal development of bilirubin UDP-glycosyltransferase activities in rat liver. Bilirubin UDP-glucuronyltransferase and UDP-xylosyltransferase activity could already be demonstrated in rat liver from day 19 of fetal life onwards (4 days before birth). Bilirubin-glucuronide was present in hepatocytes of 21-day-old fetal liver strongly suggesting that the enzyme detected in vitro was really active in vivo. This further supports the theory that secretion from the cell is also immature. The known deficiency of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase in fetal and neonatal rat liver could lead to decreased intracellular concentrations of UDP-glucuronic acid and possibly to increased concentrations of UDP-glucose. However, no glucosides were present in the fetal hepatocytes.", "PMID": 416858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8821", "title": "Infections in hairy-cell leukemia.", "content": "In order to determine the nature of infectious complications in hairy-cell leukemia we studied 20 consecutive patients seen at UCLA and analyzed the available literature. The incidence of serious infection in our series was 40%, and pneumonia and septicemia due to Pseudomonas and E. coli organisms were the leading types of infections. Fungal infections with Cryptococci and Histoplasma organisms were documented, and a single case of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was observed. Noninfectious fever occurred in 30% of our patients. There was a clear relationship between fungal disease and corticosteroid therapy, and the overall incidence of infection was correlated with the degree of neutropenia and corticosteroid treatment. No relationship was found between age, duration of disease, or the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy and infectious complications. Of the 13 infectious episodes, 11 occurred in patients prior to splenectomy. Only two episodes were seen in splenectomized patients, both occurring in the immediate postoperative period. We conclude that splenectomy has a beneficial effect in reducing the incidence of infections in hairy-cell leukemia and that corticosteroids should be used cautiously, since they predispose to opportunistic infection in this disease.", "contents": "Infections in hairy-cell leukemia. In order to determine the nature of infectious complications in hairy-cell leukemia we studied 20 consecutive patients seen at UCLA and analyzed the available literature. The incidence of serious infection in our series was 40%, and pneumonia and septicemia due to Pseudomonas and E. coli organisms were the leading types of infections. Fungal infections with Cryptococci and Histoplasma organisms were documented, and a single case of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was observed. Noninfectious fever occurred in 30% of our patients. There was a clear relationship between fungal disease and corticosteroid therapy, and the overall incidence of infection was correlated with the degree of neutropenia and corticosteroid treatment. No relationship was found between age, duration of disease, or the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy and infectious complications. Of the 13 infectious episodes, 11 occurred in patients prior to splenectomy. Only two episodes were seen in splenectomized patients, both occurring in the immediate postoperative period. We conclude that splenectomy has a beneficial effect in reducing the incidence of infections in hairy-cell leukemia and that corticosteroids should be used cautiously, since they predispose to opportunistic infection in this disease.", "PMID": 416862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8822", "title": "Epidemiology and treatment of gonorrhoea caused by penicillinase-producing strains in Liverpool.", "content": "The epidemiological features are described of an outbreak of gonorrhoea caused by penicillinase-producing strains of gonococci in 76 patients in Liverpool between February and November 1976. Initially infections were confined to a socially deprived inner city area with a large immigrant population, and subsequent spread of infection remained circumscribed. The characteristics of those patients acquiring these infections were similar to those infected by gonococci of diminished sensitivity to benzylpenicillin, and showed a strong association with adverse social factors. A comparison of the clinical features of patients harbouring sensitive, less sensitive, and penicillinase-producing strains showed severe symptoms and signs in men and a greater involvement of multiple sites in women infected with penicillinase-producing gonococci. Treatment with penicillins failed. Tetracycline was satisfactory in men but was less so in women in whom gonococci persisted in the rectum. Cefuroxime and spectinomycin were effective.", "contents": "Epidemiology and treatment of gonorrhoea caused by penicillinase-producing strains in Liverpool. The epidemiological features are described of an outbreak of gonorrhoea caused by penicillinase-producing strains of gonococci in 76 patients in Liverpool between February and November 1976. Initially infections were confined to a socially deprived inner city area with a large immigrant population, and subsequent spread of infection remained circumscribed. The characteristics of those patients acquiring these infections were similar to those infected by gonococci of diminished sensitivity to benzylpenicillin, and showed a strong association with adverse social factors. A comparison of the clinical features of patients harbouring sensitive, less sensitive, and penicillinase-producing strains showed severe symptoms and signs in men and a greater involvement of multiple sites in women infected with penicillinase-producing gonococci. Treatment with penicillins failed. Tetracycline was satisfactory in men but was less so in women in whom gonococci persisted in the rectum. Cefuroxime and spectinomycin were effective.", "PMID": 416874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8823", "title": "Cultural diagnosis of gonorrhoea with modified New York City (MNYC) medium.", "content": "A simply prepared modified New York City medium, designated MNYC was compared with Thayer Martin (TM) medium for the cultural diagnosis of gonorrhoea. MNYC medium contained lincomycin, commercial gonococcal base and lysed whole blood, whereas the original New York City medium contained fresh horse plasma and haemoglobin solution, a basal medium prepared from basic ingredients and vanocmycin. Using MNYC medium gonococci were cultured from 96.1% of men and 100% of women with gonorrhoea (positive film and/or culture) compared with only 77.6% and 69% respectively using TM medium. There were no patients positive by culture on TM medium but negative by culture on MNYC medium. The proportion of men with positive films but negative culture was reduced from 17.1% on TM medium to 3.9% on MNYC medium. There were no women with positive films but negative cultures on MNYC medium compared with 19% on TM medium. MNYC medium is recommended as a simply prepared and highly efficient medium for the cultural diagnosis of gonorrhoea.", "contents": "Cultural diagnosis of gonorrhoea with modified New York City (MNYC) medium. A simply prepared modified New York City medium, designated MNYC was compared with Thayer Martin (TM) medium for the cultural diagnosis of gonorrhoea. MNYC medium contained lincomycin, commercial gonococcal base and lysed whole blood, whereas the original New York City medium contained fresh horse plasma and haemoglobin solution, a basal medium prepared from basic ingredients and vanocmycin. Using MNYC medium gonococci were cultured from 96.1% of men and 100% of women with gonorrhoea (positive film and/or culture) compared with only 77.6% and 69% respectively using TM medium. There were no patients positive by culture on TM medium but negative by culture on MNYC medium. The proportion of men with positive films but negative culture was reduced from 17.1% on TM medium to 3.9% on MNYC medium. There were no women with positive films but negative cultures on MNYC medium compared with 19% on TM medium. MNYC medium is recommended as a simply prepared and highly efficient medium for the cultural diagnosis of gonorrhoea.", "PMID": 416875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8824", "title": "Isolation of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria catarrhalis from the genitourinary tract and anal canal.", "content": "During a 12-month period 285 isolates of Neisseria species, other than Neisseria gonorrhoeae, were cultured from patients attending the Department of Venereology, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. There were eight patients in whom genitourinary or rectal isolates of Neisseria meningitidis or Neisseria catarrhalis were found. Differences between data from our series and from previous reports are discussed with particular regard to sites routinely cultured in female patients. We also report in vitro inhibition of N. gonorrhoeae by an isolate of N. meningitidis cultured from the cerivx of a patient.", "contents": "Isolation of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria catarrhalis from the genitourinary tract and anal canal. During a 12-month period 285 isolates of Neisseria species, other than Neisseria gonorrhoeae, were cultured from patients attending the Department of Venereology, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. There were eight patients in whom genitourinary or rectal isolates of Neisseria meningitidis or Neisseria catarrhalis were found. Differences between data from our series and from previous reports are discussed with particular regard to sites routinely cultured in female patients. We also report in vitro inhibition of N. gonorrhoeae by an isolate of N. meningitidis cultured from the cerivx of a patient.", "PMID": 416876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8825", "title": "Postgonococcal urethritis. Relationship to penicillin sensitivity of the gonococcus.", "content": "Postgonococcal urethritis (PGU) occurred in 69 (21.3%) of 344 men with urethral gonorrhoea. Each case of gonorrhoea was treated with intramuscular procaine penicillin 2.4 megaunits and the penicillin sensitivity was determined. All 69 of the isolates from patients with PGU were fully sensitive to penicillin (IC50 less than 0.08 iu penicillin per ml). Twenty-eight (10.2%) of 275 cases of gonorrhoea which were not followed by PGU were relatively resistant to penicillin. The persistence of gonococcal L-forms is therefore not likely to be a main cause of PGU. An incidental finding was that significantly more of the 69 men who developed PGU had a history of non-specific urethritis compared with the 224 men who fully recovered (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Postgonococcal urethritis. Relationship to penicillin sensitivity of the gonococcus. Postgonococcal urethritis (PGU) occurred in 69 (21.3%) of 344 men with urethral gonorrhoea. Each case of gonorrhoea was treated with intramuscular procaine penicillin 2.4 megaunits and the penicillin sensitivity was determined. All 69 of the isolates from patients with PGU were fully sensitive to penicillin (IC50 less than 0.08 iu penicillin per ml). Twenty-eight (10.2%) of 275 cases of gonorrhoea which were not followed by PGU were relatively resistant to penicillin. The persistence of gonococcal L-forms is therefore not likely to be a main cause of PGU. An incidental finding was that significantly more of the 69 men who developed PGU had a history of non-specific urethritis compared with the 224 men who fully recovered (P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 416877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8826", "title": "Strain related infectivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae for the guinea-pig subcutaneous chamber and the variability of the immune resistance in different breeds of guinea-pig.", "content": "The ability of gonococci to infect the subcutaneous chamber in guinea-pigs is strictly strain related. This ability was usually present in prototrophic strains and auxotrophs requiring proline only which were obtained from patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea, but it was invariably absent in Neisseria gonorrhoeae auxotypes requiring arginine, uracil, and hypoxanthine, or arginine only for growth. All the strains obtained from disseminated gonococcal infections (all dependent upon arginine, uracil, and hypoxanthine) were unable to infect the guinea-pig chamber. Hence, the high invasiveness of N. gonorrhoeae for man and its infectivity for guinea-pig chambers appear to be unrelated properties. Although guinea-pigs of the same origin (Dunkin-Hartley) were used throughout, the degree of immune resistance was found to differ between the lines supplied by various breeders--that is, after a standard immunisation schedule using whole cell gonococcal vaccines, the homologous immune resistance to challenge varied from weak or non-existent in some lines, to highly resistant in others.", "contents": "Strain related infectivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae for the guinea-pig subcutaneous chamber and the variability of the immune resistance in different breeds of guinea-pig. The ability of gonococci to infect the subcutaneous chamber in guinea-pigs is strictly strain related. This ability was usually present in prototrophic strains and auxotrophs requiring proline only which were obtained from patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea, but it was invariably absent in Neisseria gonorrhoeae auxotypes requiring arginine, uracil, and hypoxanthine, or arginine only for growth. All the strains obtained from disseminated gonococcal infections (all dependent upon arginine, uracil, and hypoxanthine) were unable to infect the guinea-pig chamber. Hence, the high invasiveness of N. gonorrhoeae for man and its infectivity for guinea-pig chambers appear to be unrelated properties. Although guinea-pigs of the same origin (Dunkin-Hartley) were used throughout, the degree of immune resistance was found to differ between the lines supplied by various breeders--that is, after a standard immunisation schedule using whole cell gonococcal vaccines, the homologous immune resistance to challenge varied from weak or non-existent in some lines, to highly resistant in others.", "PMID": 416878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8827", "title": "Serological diagnosis of gonorrhoea by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa).", "content": "IgG antibody to an outer membrane protein extracted from Neisseria gonorrhoeae was measured in patients with gonorrhoea. The level in such patients was significantly higher than in normal controls or in patients with other conditions who were attending the clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Significantly higher antibody levels were detectable in half the patients within a few days of infection and in a similar proportion of carriers--both male and female. Men with rectal gonorrhoea had particularly high antibody levels. Sixteen per cent of presumptively normal men and 11% of normal women gave positive results but the actual false positive rate could be lower.", "contents": "Serological diagnosis of gonorrhoea by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa). IgG antibody to an outer membrane protein extracted from Neisseria gonorrhoeae was measured in patients with gonorrhoea. The level in such patients was significantly higher than in normal controls or in patients with other conditions who were attending the clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Significantly higher antibody levels were detectable in half the patients within a few days of infection and in a similar proportion of carriers--both male and female. Men with rectal gonorrhoea had particularly high antibody levels. Sixteen per cent of presumptively normal men and 11% of normal women gave positive results but the actual false positive rate could be lower.", "PMID": 416879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8828", "title": "Ultrastructure of supraspinal dorsal root projections in the toads. I. The obex region.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the dorsal column nucleus (DCN) has been investigated at the level of the obex region in normal and experimental toads. Large 'isolated' neurons (greater than 20 micrometer) and clusters of small neurons (less than 20 micrometer) have been identified in this region. Synaptic profiles have been classified into three types: large 'en passant' LR boutons, containing round synaptic vesicles and neurofilaments, small R boutons with round vesicles and F boutons with pleomorphic vesicles. The axon terminals exhibited synaptic contacts with cell somata, with dendrites of varying calibers and with other axons. The terminals involved in the axo-axonic contact were the F boutons which were presynaptic to the LR boutons, thus representing the morphological basis for presynaptic inhibition. Transection of the second dorsal root was performed in order to identify the terminals of the primary afferents to the DCN, after different survival periods (16 h--50 days). Only the LR boutons underwent degeneration, thus representing the central endings of the primary dorsal root afferents. The functional significance of these findings was discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of supraspinal dorsal root projections in the toads. I. The obex region. The ultrastructure of the dorsal column nucleus (DCN) has been investigated at the level of the obex region in normal and experimental toads. Large 'isolated' neurons (greater than 20 micrometer) and clusters of small neurons (less than 20 micrometer) have been identified in this region. Synaptic profiles have been classified into three types: large 'en passant' LR boutons, containing round synaptic vesicles and neurofilaments, small R boutons with round vesicles and F boutons with pleomorphic vesicles. The axon terminals exhibited synaptic contacts with cell somata, with dendrites of varying calibers and with other axons. The terminals involved in the axo-axonic contact were the F boutons which were presynaptic to the LR boutons, thus representing the morphological basis for presynaptic inhibition. Transection of the second dorsal root was performed in order to identify the terminals of the primary afferents to the DCN, after different survival periods (16 h--50 days). Only the LR boutons underwent degeneration, thus representing the central endings of the primary dorsal root afferents. The functional significance of these findings was discussed.", "PMID": 416880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8829", "title": "The effects of chronicity on burst structure in epileptogenic foci.", "content": "Pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) from tungstic acid, cobalt and alumina gel foci in cat were studied for spontaneous and antidromically-evoked firing patterns. Specifically, the structured long-first-interval (LFI) burst was looked for. The LFI burst did occur spontaneously from PTNs in tungstic acid foci but could not be antidromically evoked. The LFI burst did not occur as often as would have bee predicted from cobalt and alumina foci, but, in foci older than 60 days, antidromically-evoked activity could be a burst which was structurally identical to those which occurred spontaneously. This data, in addition to that from acute penicillin foci, would indicate that the ability for single antidromic APs to evoke burst activity in PTNs is a function of the chronicity of the epileptic focus rather than the agent used to produce the focus.", "contents": "The effects of chronicity on burst structure in epileptogenic foci. Pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) from tungstic acid, cobalt and alumina gel foci in cat were studied for spontaneous and antidromically-evoked firing patterns. Specifically, the structured long-first-interval (LFI) burst was looked for. The LFI burst did occur spontaneously from PTNs in tungstic acid foci but could not be antidromically evoked. The LFI burst did not occur as often as would have bee predicted from cobalt and alumina foci, but, in foci older than 60 days, antidromically-evoked activity could be a burst which was structurally identical to those which occurred spontaneously. This data, in addition to that from acute penicillin foci, would indicate that the ability for single antidromic APs to evoke burst activity in PTNs is a function of the chronicity of the epileptic focus rather than the agent used to produce the focus.", "PMID": 416881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8830", "title": "A comparative study of the polypeptides of mammalian peripheral nerve myelin.", "content": "Polypeptide components of peripheral nerve myelin prepared from sciatic nerves of mouse, rat, rabbit, cat, guinea pig, monkey, dog and chicken were analyzed using a 20% polyacrylamide slab-gel electrophoresis system. Using this technique, we have demonstrated that there are at least two polypeptides present in the region of P1 protein (mol. wt. 18,000 and 16,000), and two closely moving components in the region of P2 protein (mol. wt. 13,500). A polypeptide (mol. wt. 10,500) is present in significant amounts only in mouse sciatic nerve myelin. Staining with periodic acid-Schiff reagent shows that in addition to P0 protein (mol. wt. 28,000), the major glycoprotein of peripheral nerve myelin, there are several minor glycoprotein components in both the high and low molecular weight regions.", "contents": "A comparative study of the polypeptides of mammalian peripheral nerve myelin. Polypeptide components of peripheral nerve myelin prepared from sciatic nerves of mouse, rat, rabbit, cat, guinea pig, monkey, dog and chicken were analyzed using a 20% polyacrylamide slab-gel electrophoresis system. Using this technique, we have demonstrated that there are at least two polypeptides present in the region of P1 protein (mol. wt. 18,000 and 16,000), and two closely moving components in the region of P2 protein (mol. wt. 13,500). A polypeptide (mol. wt. 10,500) is present in significant amounts only in mouse sciatic nerve myelin. Staining with periodic acid-Schiff reagent shows that in addition to P0 protein (mol. wt. 28,000), the major glycoprotein of peripheral nerve myelin, there are several minor glycoprotein components in both the high and low molecular weight regions.", "PMID": 416884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8831", "title": "An autoradiographic, semistereotaxic mapping of major projections from locus coeruleus and adjacent nuclei in Macaca mulatta.", "content": "The autoradiographic method was used to trace projections from the monkey locus coeruleus (LC) and adjacent nuclei (nn. parabrachiales, n. tractus mesencephalicus nervus trigemini, substantia grisea centralis). Pathways attributed to LC are presented diagrammatically in a set of 26 coronal sections. They include a descending pathway along the tractus tegmentalis centralis, a caudal pathway entering the corpus medullaris cerebellaris via the lateral wall and roof of ventriculus quartus, and an ascending pathway along the tractus tegmentalis centralis giving off branches to the commissura posterior, tractus habenulo-interpeduncularis, centrum medianum and n. ventralis posteromedialis thalami, fasciculus lenticularis, lamina medullaris thalami lateralis, capsula interna, commissura supraoptica dorsalis, tractus supraoptico-hypophyseus, stria terminalis, laminae medullaris interna and medialis and pars interna of globus pallidus, corpus subfornicale, capsula externa, stria longitudinalis, cingulum, and gyrus rectus. A contribution to the branches entering n. ventralis posteromedialis thalami and the commissura supraoptica dorsalis was attributed to the nn. parabrachiaels. Axons entering trigeminal structures via the tractus mesencephalicus nervus trigemini were attributed to labeling of cells in the nucleus of that tract. Terminal areas attributed to labeling of LC axons were evident in decreasing order of density in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, substantia innominata, nn. amygdalae anterior, centralis and basalis (dorsal portion), nn. paraventricularis, supraopticus and dorsomedialis hypothalami, and n. antero-ventralis thalami.", "contents": "An autoradiographic, semistereotaxic mapping of major projections from locus coeruleus and adjacent nuclei in Macaca mulatta. The autoradiographic method was used to trace projections from the monkey locus coeruleus (LC) and adjacent nuclei (nn. parabrachiales, n. tractus mesencephalicus nervus trigemini, substantia grisea centralis). Pathways attributed to LC are presented diagrammatically in a set of 26 coronal sections. They include a descending pathway along the tractus tegmentalis centralis, a caudal pathway entering the corpus medullaris cerebellaris via the lateral wall and roof of ventriculus quartus, and an ascending pathway along the tractus tegmentalis centralis giving off branches to the commissura posterior, tractus habenulo-interpeduncularis, centrum medianum and n. ventralis posteromedialis thalami, fasciculus lenticularis, lamina medullaris thalami lateralis, capsula interna, commissura supraoptica dorsalis, tractus supraoptico-hypophyseus, stria terminalis, laminae medullaris interna and medialis and pars interna of globus pallidus, corpus subfornicale, capsula externa, stria longitudinalis, cingulum, and gyrus rectus. A contribution to the branches entering n. ventralis posteromedialis thalami and the commissura supraoptica dorsalis was attributed to the nn. parabrachiaels. Axons entering trigeminal structures via the tractus mesencephalicus nervus trigemini were attributed to labeling of cells in the nucleus of that tract. Terminal areas attributed to labeling of LC axons were evident in decreasing order of density in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, substantia innominata, nn. amygdalae anterior, centralis and basalis (dorsal portion), nn. paraventricularis, supraopticus and dorsomedialis hypothalami, and n. antero-ventralis thalami.", "PMID": 416887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8832", "title": "Synthesis of thymidine nucleotides in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "To investigate the synthesis of thymidine nucleotides in Bacillus subtilis, mutants that carried various combinations of thyA, thyB, and other mutations affecting pyrimidine metabolism were isolated. It was found that exogenously supplied deoxycytidine was converted to thymidine nucleotides. The present data suggest that deoxycytidine nucleotides are first deaminated to yield deoxyuridine nucleotides which can serve as substrates for both thyA- and thyB-coded synthetases. A deaminase activity for dCDP was found in crude extracts of B. subtilis. A mutant lacking the deaminase activity was unable to convert deoxycytidine nucleotides to thymidine nucleotides.", "contents": "Synthesis of thymidine nucleotides in Bacillus subtilis. To investigate the synthesis of thymidine nucleotides in Bacillus subtilis, mutants that carried various combinations of thyA, thyB, and other mutations affecting pyrimidine metabolism were isolated. It was found that exogenously supplied deoxycytidine was converted to thymidine nucleotides. The present data suggest that deoxycytidine nucleotides are first deaminated to yield deoxyuridine nucleotides which can serve as substrates for both thyA- and thyB-coded synthetases. A deaminase activity for dCDP was found in crude extracts of B. subtilis. A mutant lacking the deaminase activity was unable to convert deoxycytidine nucleotides to thymidine nucleotides.", "PMID": 416889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8833", "title": "Relative positions of chromosome 1 loci Fy, PGM1, Sc, UMPK, Rh, PGD and ENO1 in man.", "content": "Ongoing linkage studies of red cell antigens and enzymes in many families along with concentration on a large Mennonite kindred segregating for Sc have resulted in lods, recombinant: nonrecombinant counts and multi-point information which support an order with approximate recombination fractions as measured in the male as follows: Fy--.25--PGM1--.20--Sc--less than .05--UMPK--.15--Rh--.20--PGD, with ENO1 close to PGD. The insertion of Sc and UMPK between PGM1 and Rh allows the recognition of double crossing-over between the latter pair; indications are that this is not a rare event in the female. In the male no evidence of double crossing-over was found in the similar distances PGM1--Rh and Sc--PGD in 13 and 19 opportunities respectively.", "contents": "Relative positions of chromosome 1 loci Fy, PGM1, Sc, UMPK, Rh, PGD and ENO1 in man. Ongoing linkage studies of red cell antigens and enzymes in many families along with concentration on a large Mennonite kindred segregating for Sc have resulted in lods, recombinant: nonrecombinant counts and multi-point information which support an order with approximate recombination fractions as measured in the male as follows: Fy--.25--PGM1--.20--Sc--less than .05--UMPK--.15--Rh--.20--PGD, with ENO1 close to PGD. The insertion of Sc and UMPK between PGM1 and Rh allows the recognition of double crossing-over between the latter pair; indications are that this is not a rare event in the female. In the male no evidence of double crossing-over was found in the similar distances PGM1--Rh and Sc--PGD in 13 and 19 opportunities respectively.", "PMID": 416891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8834", "title": "The TRH test: its value in the diagnosis of Graves' ophthalmopathy.", "content": "When a goiter or hyperthyroidism is absent, the diagnosis of ophthalmic Graves' disease is often difficult. We evaluated the thyrotropin (TSH) response to intravenously administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in fourteen patients presenting with proptosis or lid retraction. All of them had normal results with routine thyroid function tests and in most a T3 suppression test and orbital ultrasonography were performed. We found an absent or impaired response to TRH in the patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy which correlates well with their having a non-suppressible thyroid gland. Patients with orbital tumours, pseudotumours or congenital lid retraction responded normally to TRH. The TRH test was easier and as reliable as the T3 suppression test in the investigation of a patient with suspected Graves' disease.", "contents": "The TRH test: its value in the diagnosis of Graves' ophthalmopathy. When a goiter or hyperthyroidism is absent, the diagnosis of ophthalmic Graves' disease is often difficult. We evaluated the thyrotropin (TSH) response to intravenously administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in fourteen patients presenting with proptosis or lid retraction. All of them had normal results with routine thyroid function tests and in most a T3 suppression test and orbital ultrasonography were performed. We found an absent or impaired response to TRH in the patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy which correlates well with their having a non-suppressible thyroid gland. Patients with orbital tumours, pseudotumours or congenital lid retraction responded normally to TRH. The TRH test was easier and as reliable as the T3 suppression test in the investigation of a patient with suspected Graves' disease.", "PMID": 416892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8835", "title": "Intensity of stimulation and rod and cone response in clinical electroretinography.", "content": "We exposed adult Rhesus monkeys who were fully dark adapted to paired flashes of white light which increased in intensity by increments of 0.1 log. units. As intensity increased, the amplitudes of both the cone and rod systems increased while the implicit times decreased so that the responses overlapped. High intensities produce a complex waveform which prevents separation of the rod and cone components or timing of the peaks. On the other hand, low intensities separate the early and late receptor potentials (L.R.P.) of cones and rods well and make it easy to time normal and pathological variations.", "contents": "Intensity of stimulation and rod and cone response in clinical electroretinography. We exposed adult Rhesus monkeys who were fully dark adapted to paired flashes of white light which increased in intensity by increments of 0.1 log. units. As intensity increased, the amplitudes of both the cone and rod systems increased while the implicit times decreased so that the responses overlapped. High intensities produce a complex waveform which prevents separation of the rod and cone components or timing of the peaks. On the other hand, low intensities separate the early and late receptor potentials (L.R.P.) of cones and rods well and make it easy to time normal and pathological variations.", "PMID": 416893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8836", "title": "Laser iridotomy and trabeculotomy in monkeys. A morphological study.", "content": "We performed laser iridotomy and trabeculotomy on Rhesus and Cynomologous monkeys with a Britt Model 152 repetitively pulsed argon laser. The total energy delivered varied from 2 to 6 joules. The easiest sites for laser iridotomy were at 3 and 9 o'clock. The iridotomy remained open for at least 2 months. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that no damage occurred to the lens. After laser burns to the trabecular meshwork light microscopy showed anterior synechiae, corneal endothelial swelling and trabecular coagulation. Scanning electron microscopy showed that only a few holes were made in the trabecular tissue, even after a massive dose; some of them appeared to lead directly to the canal of Schlemm. We feel that although this machine can be used successfully to perform iridotomy in humans, it cannot replace the current surgical procedures in glaucoma.", "contents": "Laser iridotomy and trabeculotomy in monkeys. A morphological study. We performed laser iridotomy and trabeculotomy on Rhesus and Cynomologous monkeys with a Britt Model 152 repetitively pulsed argon laser. The total energy delivered varied from 2 to 6 joules. The easiest sites for laser iridotomy were at 3 and 9 o'clock. The iridotomy remained open for at least 2 months. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that no damage occurred to the lens. After laser burns to the trabecular meshwork light microscopy showed anterior synechiae, corneal endothelial swelling and trabecular coagulation. Scanning electron microscopy showed that only a few holes were made in the trabecular tissue, even after a massive dose; some of them appeared to lead directly to the canal of Schlemm. We feel that although this machine can be used successfully to perform iridotomy in humans, it cannot replace the current surgical procedures in glaucoma.", "PMID": 416894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8837", "title": "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide excitation of central neurons.", "content": "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was tested on neurons in the rat sensory motor cerebral cortex and on the isolated hemisected toad spinal cord. Iontophoretically applied VIP excited deep, spontaneously active cortical neurons, including identified corticospinal neurons. The excitation had a latency of onset varying from several seconds to over 1 min and often lasted for a minute or longer after cessation of the application. Desensitization of the effect occurred with repeated applications. VIP caused a depolarization of motoneurons and dorsal root terminals in the isolated amphibian spinal cord. Threshold for this effect was about 10(-6) M. The effects of VIP on both preparations were comparable with those of another peptide, substance P.", "contents": "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide excitation of central neurons. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was tested on neurons in the rat sensory motor cerebral cortex and on the isolated hemisected toad spinal cord. Iontophoretically applied VIP excited deep, spontaneously active cortical neurons, including identified corticospinal neurons. The excitation had a latency of onset varying from several seconds to over 1 min and often lasted for a minute or longer after cessation of the application. Desensitization of the effect occurred with repeated applications. VIP caused a depolarization of motoneurons and dorsal root terminals in the isolated amphibian spinal cord. Threshold for this effect was about 10(-6) M. The effects of VIP on both preparations were comparable with those of another peptide, substance P.", "PMID": 416895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8838", "title": "Effects of growth temperature on protoplast membrane properties in Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "Changes in the protoplast membrane of the KM strain of Bacillus megaterium were assessed after growth at 20, 30, or 37 degrees, C. Although the overall membrane concentrations of lipids and proteins were virtually unchanged, increased culture temperature resulted in cells with membranes that contained relatively more unbranched and long-chain fatty acids and more acidic phospholipids, as well as different proportions and numbers of individual proteins. Electrophoretic analysis revealed 23, 31, or 29 protein bands, respectively, in membranes from cells grown at the three temperatures. Protoplasts from cells grown at higher temperatures were considerably less susceptible to lysis by shearing forces. As judged by passive leakage at 30 degrees C, intact cells from cultures grown at 37 degrees C were the least permeable to erythritol. Relatively low ambient concentrations of Ca2+ or Mg2+ protected protoplasts from osmotic lysis but even much higher concentrations left erythritol leakage virtually unaffected. Thus, growth temperature affected not only membrane lipis but also membrane proteins and these changes resulted in membranes with altered mechanical properties and permeabilities.", "contents": "Effects of growth temperature on protoplast membrane properties in Bacillus megaterium. Changes in the protoplast membrane of the KM strain of Bacillus megaterium were assessed after growth at 20, 30, or 37 degrees, C. Although the overall membrane concentrations of lipids and proteins were virtually unchanged, increased culture temperature resulted in cells with membranes that contained relatively more unbranched and long-chain fatty acids and more acidic phospholipids, as well as different proportions and numbers of individual proteins. Electrophoretic analysis revealed 23, 31, or 29 protein bands, respectively, in membranes from cells grown at the three temperatures. Protoplasts from cells grown at higher temperatures were considerably less susceptible to lysis by shearing forces. As judged by passive leakage at 30 degrees C, intact cells from cultures grown at 37 degrees C were the least permeable to erythritol. Relatively low ambient concentrations of Ca2+ or Mg2+ protected protoplasts from osmotic lysis but even much higher concentrations left erythritol leakage virtually unaffected. Thus, growth temperature affected not only membrane lipis but also membrane proteins and these changes resulted in membranes with altered mechanical properties and permeabilities.", "PMID": 416896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8839", "title": "A cytochrome b-like pigment with a peak at 567 nm in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A cytochrome b - like pigment with an absorption peak at 567 nm was detected in Pseudomonas aeruginosa irrespective of whether the organism was grown aerobically or anaerobically under denitrifying conditions. This pigment has not been reported previously for P. aeruginosa but it has been detected in other denitrifying bacteria including closely related Pseudomonas species.", "contents": "A cytochrome b-like pigment with a peak at 567 nm in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A cytochrome b - like pigment with an absorption peak at 567 nm was detected in Pseudomonas aeruginosa irrespective of whether the organism was grown aerobically or anaerobically under denitrifying conditions. This pigment has not been reported previously for P. aeruginosa but it has been detected in other denitrifying bacteria including closely related Pseudomonas species.", "PMID": 416897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8840", "title": "New presentation of alpha heavy chain disease: North American polypoid gastrointestinal lymphoma. Clinical and cellular studies.", "content": "Alpha Heavy Chain Disease has generally been described in the Mediterranean area in young people with a diffuse gastrointestinal lymphoma and malabsorption. We describe a patient from the United States with polypoid lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract and a prolonged clinical course, who had the characteristic alpha heavy chain disease protein. He did not have malabsorption, and the gastrointestinal tract, though containing multiple discrete lymphomatous polyps had little plasmacytic reaction. Lymphosarcoma cell leukemia developed late in the course and the malignant cells had the characteristics of B lymphocytes but did not contain alpha heavy chains. The data support the contention that the lymphoma in this form of alpha heavy chain disease may involve B lymphocytes but that the abnormal protein may be produced by other cells. Polypoid varieties of gastrointestinal lymphoma in North America must now be considered part of the spectrum of alpha heavy chain disease and the diagnostic protein searched for diligently.", "contents": "New presentation of alpha heavy chain disease: North American polypoid gastrointestinal lymphoma. Clinical and cellular studies. Alpha Heavy Chain Disease has generally been described in the Mediterranean area in young people with a diffuse gastrointestinal lymphoma and malabsorption. We describe a patient from the United States with polypoid lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract and a prolonged clinical course, who had the characteristic alpha heavy chain disease protein. He did not have malabsorption, and the gastrointestinal tract, though containing multiple discrete lymphomatous polyps had little plasmacytic reaction. Lymphosarcoma cell leukemia developed late in the course and the malignant cells had the characteristics of B lymphocytes but did not contain alpha heavy chains. The data support the contention that the lymphoma in this form of alpha heavy chain disease may involve B lymphocytes but that the abnormal protein may be produced by other cells. Polypoid varieties of gastrointestinal lymphoma in North America must now be considered part of the spectrum of alpha heavy chain disease and the diagnostic protein searched for diligently.", "PMID": 416900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8841", "title": "The use and abuse of CEA test in clinical practice.", "content": "Charts of 437 patients having plasma carcinoembryonic antigen determinations during the period January 1, 1976 through April 30, 1976 were reviewed to determine whether CEA results led to clinical decisions altering management patterns. Data analysis disclosed that CEA test results did not result in any change in management in 167 patients with non-neoplastic disease. Most had single determinations. In 270 patients with neoplastic disease, CEA results led to changes in management in one patient with lung cancer and two patients with colon cancer, which may have altered prognosis. In a fourth patient, CEA results led to discovery of unresectable pancreatic cancer at laparotomy. Cost benefit analysis indicated a CEA test cost of $5,047.50 per patient benefitted in 299 patients eligible for analysis. We conclude that maximal benefit to the patient results from serial CEA test use in follow-up of colon cancer patients after curative therapy.", "contents": "The use and abuse of CEA test in clinical practice. Charts of 437 patients having plasma carcinoembryonic antigen determinations during the period January 1, 1976 through April 30, 1976 were reviewed to determine whether CEA results led to clinical decisions altering management patterns. Data analysis disclosed that CEA test results did not result in any change in management in 167 patients with non-neoplastic disease. Most had single determinations. In 270 patients with neoplastic disease, CEA results led to changes in management in one patient with lung cancer and two patients with colon cancer, which may have altered prognosis. In a fourth patient, CEA results led to discovery of unresectable pancreatic cancer at laparotomy. Cost benefit analysis indicated a CEA test cost of $5,047.50 per patient benefitted in 299 patients eligible for analysis. We conclude that maximal benefit to the patient results from serial CEA test use in follow-up of colon cancer patients after curative therapy.", "PMID": 416901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8842", "title": "Pregnancy outcome of patients treated for Hodgkin's disease: a controlled study.", "content": "Normal reproduction prosepcts for Hodgkin's disease patients are unknown. This study compares the outcome of 93 pregnancies in 48 patients with 228 pregnancies in 69 sibling controls. No statistically significant differences for  spontaneous abortions or abnormal offspring were noted comparing all patients with all controls or 35 irradiated patients with all controls. Pregnancy outcome of 13 patients who received both irradiation and chemotherapy prior to pregnancy appeared to be compromised compared to controls. Wives of male patients in this category were more likely to have spontnaeous abortions than  wives of male controls; female patients in this category were significantly more likely to produce abnormal offspring than were female controls (p = 0.047). In this series of patients therapeutic irradiation alone did not appear to jeoparadize posttreatment reproduction in fertile Hodgkin's disease patients but in the smaller group of patients who received both irradiation and chemotherapy the reproduction picture was statistically not as good.", "contents": "Pregnancy outcome of patients treated for Hodgkin's disease: a controlled study. Normal reproduction prosepcts for Hodgkin's disease patients are unknown. This study compares the outcome of 93 pregnancies in 48 patients with 228 pregnancies in 69 sibling controls. No statistically significant differences for  spontaneous abortions or abnormal offspring were noted comparing all patients with all controls or 35 irradiated patients with all controls. Pregnancy outcome of 13 patients who received both irradiation and chemotherapy prior to pregnancy appeared to be compromised compared to controls. Wives of male patients in this category were more likely to have spontnaeous abortions than  wives of male controls; female patients in this category were significantly more likely to produce abnormal offspring than were female controls (p = 0.047). In this series of patients therapeutic irradiation alone did not appear to jeoparadize posttreatment reproduction in fertile Hodgkin's disease patients but in the smaller group of patients who received both irradiation and chemotherapy the reproduction picture was statistically not as good.", "PMID": 416902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8843", "title": "\"Mediterranean abdominal lymphoma\" or immunoproliferative small intestinal disease. Part II: pathological aspects.", "content": "The pathology of 25 cases of Mediterranean abdominal lymphoma, better designated as immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID), are reported from the American University of Beirut Hospital. The series includes nine cases with documented alpha heavy chain disease (alpha-HCD). The disease is characterized by the presence of a diffuse and compact bandlike lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the proximal small intestinal mucosa. The presence of a concomitant malignant lymphoma in the intestine and/or mesenteric lymph nodes, and of alpha-heavy protein in the serum is commonly encountered. Two histopathologic variants of IPSID are present. The first is characterized by the diffuse infiltration of the mucosa, at sites away from tumoral masses,  by either pure plasmacytic infiltration, or mixed lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. This variety is associated with the immunoblastic sarcoma type of malignant lymphoma, and with alpha chain disease (alpha-HCD). The second variant is characterized by a diffuse follicular lymphoid hyperplasia pattern in the small intestinal mucosa. The associated malignant lymphoma is  diffuse and undifferentiated often having a starry-sky pattern. This variety is not associated with alpha-HCD. Both histologic variants share the same clinical antecedents. In five patients, mesenteric lymph nodes harbored immunoblastic sarcoma while the intestinal mucosae of the same patients were involved with a benign appearing lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. This finding stresses the need for staging laparatomy. Three patients, with alpha-HCD, had peripheral lymph node involvement with immunoblastic sarcoma. The disease apparently evolves in two stages: an immunoproliferative phase, probably reversible, and a later development of malignant lymphoma. The term immunoproliferative small intestinal disease accurately describes the nature of the entity.", "contents": "\"Mediterranean abdominal lymphoma\" or immunoproliferative small intestinal disease. Part II: pathological aspects. The pathology of 25 cases of Mediterranean abdominal lymphoma, better designated as immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID), are reported from the American University of Beirut Hospital. The series includes nine cases with documented alpha heavy chain disease (alpha-HCD). The disease is characterized by the presence of a diffuse and compact bandlike lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the proximal small intestinal mucosa. The presence of a concomitant malignant lymphoma in the intestine and/or mesenteric lymph nodes, and of alpha-heavy protein in the serum is commonly encountered. Two histopathologic variants of IPSID are present. The first is characterized by the diffuse infiltration of the mucosa, at sites away from tumoral masses,  by either pure plasmacytic infiltration, or mixed lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. This variety is associated with the immunoblastic sarcoma type of malignant lymphoma, and with alpha chain disease (alpha-HCD). The second variant is characterized by a diffuse follicular lymphoid hyperplasia pattern in the small intestinal mucosa. The associated malignant lymphoma is  diffuse and undifferentiated often having a starry-sky pattern. This variety is not associated with alpha-HCD. Both histologic variants share the same clinical antecedents. In five patients, mesenteric lymph nodes harbored immunoblastic sarcoma while the intestinal mucosae of the same patients were involved with a benign appearing lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. This finding stresses the need for staging laparatomy. Three patients, with alpha-HCD, had peripheral lymph node involvement with immunoblastic sarcoma. The disease apparently evolves in two stages: an immunoproliferative phase, probably reversible, and a later development of malignant lymphoma. The term immunoproliferative small intestinal disease accurately describes the nature of the entity.", "PMID": 416903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8844", "title": "Metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbmethylbenz(a)anthracene by macrophages and uptake of macrophage-derived metabolites by respiratory tissues in vitro.", "content": "Cultured mouse macrophages and tracheal and lung tissue each produced the same ethyl acetate-soluble derivatives of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). The derivatives produced in the different cultures were indistinguishable by thin-layer chromatography and by high-pressure liquid chromatography but differed in their relative proportions. The greatest difference was seen between lungs and macrophages. The predominant metabolite produced by lungs was 8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, while macrophages produced equal quantities of both 8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and a second uncharacterized derivative, Metabolite B, at low DMBA doses (less than 0.05 microgram/ml medium) and primarily Metabolite B at higher DMBA doses (greater than 0.05 microgram/ml medium). Macrophages released the majority of the ethyl acetate-soluble metabolites that they produced into the surrounding medium. With the exception of 8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7,12dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, these derivatives were accumulated within tracheal and lung tissue when these organs were cocultivated with macrophages in the presence of DMBA.", "contents": "Metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbmethylbenz(a)anthracene by macrophages and uptake of macrophage-derived metabolites by respiratory tissues in vitro. Cultured mouse macrophages and tracheal and lung tissue each produced the same ethyl acetate-soluble derivatives of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). The derivatives produced in the different cultures were indistinguishable by thin-layer chromatography and by high-pressure liquid chromatography but differed in their relative proportions. The greatest difference was seen between lungs and macrophages. The predominant metabolite produced by lungs was 8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, while macrophages produced equal quantities of both 8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and a second uncharacterized derivative, Metabolite B, at low DMBA doses (less than 0.05 microgram/ml medium) and primarily Metabolite B at higher DMBA doses (greater than 0.05 microgram/ml medium). Macrophages released the majority of the ethyl acetate-soluble metabolites that they produced into the surrounding medium. With the exception of 8,9-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-7,12dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, these derivatives were accumulated within tracheal and lung tissue when these organs were cocultivated with macrophages in the presence of DMBA.", "PMID": 416905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8845", "title": "Chemical and biological adjuvants capable of potentiating tumor cell vaccine.", "content": "With an L1210 tumor vaccine model, three biological and two chemical agents were tested for their ability to act as adjuvants. Adjuvant was administered with irradiated L1210 cells to immunize mice against this poorly immunogenic tumor. Two chemicals, pyran copolymer and glucan, and one biological, Brucella abortus strain 456 ether extract, were shown to be strong stimulators of antitumor immunity. Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells or adjuvant alone did not produce host resistance. Optimal immunity to challenge was produced by concomitant administration of either pyran copolymer, glucan, or B. abortus strain 456 ether extract with L1210 vaccine. Antitumor immunity was maximally expressed when vaccine and adjuvant were administered i.p. Evidence for systemic immunity was demonstrated when challenge was at a distal s.c. site. Mice immune to challenge were found to be refractory to a later rechallenge.", "contents": "Chemical and biological adjuvants capable of potentiating tumor cell vaccine. With an L1210 tumor vaccine model, three biological and two chemical agents were tested for their ability to act as adjuvants. Adjuvant was administered with irradiated L1210 cells to immunize mice against this poorly immunogenic tumor. Two chemicals, pyran copolymer and glucan, and one biological, Brucella abortus strain 456 ether extract, were shown to be strong stimulators of antitumor immunity. Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells or adjuvant alone did not produce host resistance. Optimal immunity to challenge was produced by concomitant administration of either pyran copolymer, glucan, or B. abortus strain 456 ether extract with L1210 vaccine. Antitumor immunity was maximally expressed when vaccine and adjuvant were administered i.p. Evidence for systemic immunity was demonstrated when challenge was at a distal s.c. site. Mice immune to challenge were found to be refractory to a later rechallenge.", "PMID": 416906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8846", "title": "Inhibition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced neoplasia by naturally occurring indoles.", "content": "Indole-3-carbinol, 3,3'-diindolylmethane, and indole-3-acetonitrile, three indoles occurring in edible cruciferous vegetables, have been studied for their effects on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumor formation in female Sprague-Dawley rats and on benzo(a)pyrene-induced neoplasia of the forestomach in female ICR/Ha mice. When given by p.o. intubation 20 hr prior to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene administration, indole-3-carbinol and 3,3'-diindolylmethane had an inhibitory effect on mammary tumor formation, but indole-3-acetonitrile was inactive. Indole-3-carbinol when added to the diet for 8 days prior to challenge with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene inhibited mammary tumor formation, whereas indole-3-acetonitrile did not. Dietary administration of all three indoles inhibited benzo(a)pyrene-induced neoplasia of the forestomach in ICR/Ha mice. The identification of dietary constituents that can inhibit chemical carcinogens ultimately may be of value in understanding the balance of factors that determines the neoplastic response to these cancer-producing agents in the environment.", "contents": "Inhibition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced neoplasia by naturally occurring indoles. Indole-3-carbinol, 3,3'-diindolylmethane, and indole-3-acetonitrile, three indoles occurring in edible cruciferous vegetables, have been studied for their effects on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumor formation in female Sprague-Dawley rats and on benzo(a)pyrene-induced neoplasia of the forestomach in female ICR/Ha mice. When given by p.o. intubation 20 hr prior to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene administration, indole-3-carbinol and 3,3'-diindolylmethane had an inhibitory effect on mammary tumor formation, but indole-3-acetonitrile was inactive. Indole-3-carbinol when added to the diet for 8 days prior to challenge with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene inhibited mammary tumor formation, whereas indole-3-acetonitrile did not. Dietary administration of all three indoles inhibited benzo(a)pyrene-induced neoplasia of the forestomach in ICR/Ha mice. The identification of dietary constituents that can inhibit chemical carcinogens ultimately may be of value in understanding the balance of factors that determines the neoplastic response to these cancer-producing agents in the environment.", "PMID": 416908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8847", "title": "Separation of glutathione S-transferase activities with epoxides from the mouse liver h-protein, a major polycyclic hydrocarbon-binding protein.", "content": "The C3H mouse liver h-protein is a cytoplasmic protein to which metabolites of carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons bind covalently following i.p. injection. It has a number of physical properties similar to those of the glutathione S-transferases (EC 2.5.1.18). These properties include molecular weight (40,000), number of subunits (2), basic isoelectric point around 8.0, sedimentation coefficient (3.5S), and subcellular localization. In this communication, we have shown that glutathione S-transferase activities with 1,2-epoxy(3-p-nitrophenoxy)propane and benz[a]anthracene 5,6-oxide as substrates were separated from the h-protein on carboxymethylcellulose and isoelectrofocusing columns. The purification of the mouse h-protein as a [3H]-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene conjugate or as the free form is also described.", "contents": "Separation of glutathione S-transferase activities with epoxides from the mouse liver h-protein, a major polycyclic hydrocarbon-binding protein. The C3H mouse liver h-protein is a cytoplasmic protein to which metabolites of carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons bind covalently following i.p. injection. It has a number of physical properties similar to those of the glutathione S-transferases (EC 2.5.1.18). These properties include molecular weight (40,000), number of subunits (2), basic isoelectric point around 8.0, sedimentation coefficient (3.5S), and subcellular localization. In this communication, we have shown that glutathione S-transferase activities with 1,2-epoxy(3-p-nitrophenoxy)propane and benz[a]anthracene 5,6-oxide as substrates were separated from the h-protein on carboxymethylcellulose and isoelectrofocusing columns. The purification of the mouse h-protein as a [3H]-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene conjugate or as the free form is also described.", "PMID": 416909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8848", "title": "Surface processes of olfactory receptors.", "content": "The free surface morphology of olfactory receptor cells from the nasal mucosa of Cynomolgus monkeys was studied electron microscopically. The receptor cell, in addition to showing characteristic cilia, possess several branched or unbranched shorter elevations or spiny processes covered by numerous delicate lace-like filaments not previously described. These filaments diminish in length and number toward the base of the microvillous protrusions.", "contents": "Surface processes of olfactory receptors. The free surface morphology of olfactory receptor cells from the nasal mucosa of Cynomolgus monkeys was studied electron microscopically. The receptor cell, in addition to showing characteristic cilia, possess several branched or unbranched shorter elevations or spiny processes covered by numerous delicate lace-like filaments not previously described. These filaments diminish in length and number toward the base of the microvillous protrusions.", "PMID": 416912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8849", "title": "The termination of the central microtubules from the cilia of Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "In frayed axonemes of cilia isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis, observed in negative stain, the central apparatus remains intact, stabilized in part by the sheath projections that encircle the two singlet central microtubules. The projections terminate ca. 1.5 +/- 0.5 micron before the microtubules themselves end. The microtubules are capped together at their tips by a distinct structure, the central pair cap. The cap, ca. 50 nm across and 90 nm long, consists of a stack of two disks and a ball, similar in shape to a finial. The cap is the only part of the axoneme that extends to the distalmost point of the ciliary membrane and, therefore, it may be of significance in length determination or in shaping the ciliary tip.", "contents": "The termination of the central microtubules from the cilia of Tetrahymena pyriformis. In frayed axonemes of cilia isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis, observed in negative stain, the central apparatus remains intact, stabilized in part by the sheath projections that encircle the two singlet central microtubules. The projections terminate ca. 1.5 +/- 0.5 micron before the microtubules themselves end. The microtubules are capped together at their tips by a distinct structure, the central pair cap. The cap, ca. 50 nm across and 90 nm long, consists of a stack of two disks and a ball, similar in shape to a finial. The cap is the only part of the axoneme that extends to the distalmost point of the ciliary membrane and, therefore, it may be of significance in length determination or in shaping the ciliary tip.", "PMID": 416914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8850", "title": "Template activity of macronuclear and micronuclear chromatin of the ciliate Stylonychia mytilus.", "content": "Template activity of macronuclear and micronuclear chromatin of the ciliate Stylonychia mytilus was studied under in vitro conditions. Micronuclear chromatin has a template activity which is about 50% of that of the macronucleus. The relative number of initiation sites is much smaller in micronuclear chromatin.", "contents": "Template activity of macronuclear and micronuclear chromatin of the ciliate Stylonychia mytilus. Template activity of macronuclear and micronuclear chromatin of the ciliate Stylonychia mytilus was studied under in vitro conditions. Micronuclear chromatin has a template activity which is about 50% of that of the macronucleus. The relative number of initiation sites is much smaller in micronuclear chromatin.", "PMID": 416915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8851", "title": "Vectorcardiographic quantification of infarct size in baboons.", "content": "A vectorcardiographic method has been developed for determining the absolute size of myocardial infarcts in baboons resulting from coronary artery ligation. Spatial area (mvolt . msec) and voltage (mvolt) difference-vectors were obtained for 8 animals by measuring the voltage loss and temporal deviation from pre- to post-ligation McFee scalar leads. The difference vectors were then correlated with the absolute infarct volumes, which were derived by histological assessment 10 days after ligation. Absolute lesion sizes ranged from approximately 2 cc to 14 cc, involving 10-30% of ventricular muscle mass. The correlation coefficient, r, for the area deviation index was 0.98 (SEE = +/- 0.24 cc); and for the voltage deviation index, r was 0.92 (SEE = +/- 0.51 cc). These results demonstrate that the severity of infarction can be accurately determined if prepathological vectorcardiograms are available.", "contents": "Vectorcardiographic quantification of infarct size in baboons. A vectorcardiographic method has been developed for determining the absolute size of myocardial infarcts in baboons resulting from coronary artery ligation. Spatial area (mvolt . msec) and voltage (mvolt) difference-vectors were obtained for 8 animals by measuring the voltage loss and temporal deviation from pre- to post-ligation McFee scalar leads. The difference vectors were then correlated with the absolute infarct volumes, which were derived by histological assessment 10 days after ligation. Absolute lesion sizes ranged from approximately 2 cc to 14 cc, involving 10-30% of ventricular muscle mass. The correlation coefficient, r, for the area deviation index was 0.98 (SEE = +/- 0.24 cc); and for the voltage deviation index, r was 0.92 (SEE = +/- 0.51 cc). These results demonstrate that the severity of infarction can be accurately determined if prepathological vectorcardiograms are available.", "PMID": 416921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8852", "title": "Regional myocardial wall thickening response to nitroglycerin. A predictor of myocardial response to aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "The peak rate of systolic wall thickening (p +/- dTw/dt) in regions of the left ventricle (LV) was determined preoperatively by biplane roentgen videometry in 18 patients before and after sublingual administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) and 3-23 months (median 12) after aortocoronary bypass surgery. The regional LV response to NTG was a reliable predictor for postoperative improvement in regional wall dynamics after successful aortocoronary bypass grafting. The ejection fraction response to NTG or surgery will not predict the regional myocardial response to NTG or surgery, nor will the regional response predict the global response. Subendocardial myocardial infarction is another cause of unimproved regional myocardial function after NTG and aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "contents": "Regional myocardial wall thickening response to nitroglycerin. A predictor of myocardial response to aortocoronary bypass surgery. The peak rate of systolic wall thickening (p +/- dTw/dt) in regions of the left ventricle (LV) was determined preoperatively by biplane roentgen videometry in 18 patients before and after sublingual administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) and 3-23 months (median 12) after aortocoronary bypass surgery. The regional LV response to NTG was a reliable predictor for postoperative improvement in regional wall dynamics after successful aortocoronary bypass grafting. The ejection fraction response to NTG or surgery will not predict the regional myocardial response to NTG or surgery, nor will the regional response predict the global response. Subendocardial myocardial infarction is another cause of unimproved regional myocardial function after NTG and aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "PMID": 416922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8853", "title": "Conditions for vasodilator-induced coronary steal in experimental myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The conditions for coronary steal were determined using the two vasodilators--dipyridamole and nitroglycerin--in anesthetized dogs after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Previous studies have shown that when the non-ligated coronary arteries are normal, collateral flow increases after dipyridamole. This study utilized a model in which the distal LAD was ligated and the proximal LAD and left circumflex (LC) arteries were stenosed. Heart rate and blood pressure were kept constant. In 20 dogs, 1-1.5 mg/kg dipyridamole caused a decrease in flow to the ischemic region as measured by radioactive microspheres (0.19 to 0.14 ml/min/g, P = 0.05) while flow increased four-fold to surrounding nonischemic myocardium. The decrease in collateral flow was confined to the epicardial half of the ischemic region (0.26 to 0.14 ml/min/g, P less than 0.001) and was associated with an increase in sigmaST from 30.9 to 44.7 mV (P less than 0.01). In five dogs nitroglycerin, 5 microgram/kg/min, produced no significant changes in collateral flow or flow to other parts of the LV, and sigmaST was unchanged. Vasodilator-induced coronary steal therefore appears to require 1) an arteriolar-type dilator like dipyridamole and 2) stenoses of the arteries supplying collateral flow to the ischemic region. The steal phenomenon is probably caused by a decrease in pressure distal to the stenoses in these vessels, resulting in reduced driving pressure for collateral flow.", "contents": "Conditions for vasodilator-induced coronary steal in experimental myocardial ischemia. The conditions for coronary steal were determined using the two vasodilators--dipyridamole and nitroglycerin--in anesthetized dogs after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Previous studies have shown that when the non-ligated coronary arteries are normal, collateral flow increases after dipyridamole. This study utilized a model in which the distal LAD was ligated and the proximal LAD and left circumflex (LC) arteries were stenosed. Heart rate and blood pressure were kept constant. In 20 dogs, 1-1.5 mg/kg dipyridamole caused a decrease in flow to the ischemic region as measured by radioactive microspheres (0.19 to 0.14 ml/min/g, P = 0.05) while flow increased four-fold to surrounding nonischemic myocardium. The decrease in collateral flow was confined to the epicardial half of the ischemic region (0.26 to 0.14 ml/min/g, P less than 0.001) and was associated with an increase in sigmaST from 30.9 to 44.7 mV (P less than 0.01). In five dogs nitroglycerin, 5 microgram/kg/min, produced no significant changes in collateral flow or flow to other parts of the LV, and sigmaST was unchanged. Vasodilator-induced coronary steal therefore appears to require 1) an arteriolar-type dilator like dipyridamole and 2) stenoses of the arteries supplying collateral flow to the ischemic region. The steal phenomenon is probably caused by a decrease in pressure distal to the stenoses in these vessels, resulting in reduced driving pressure for collateral flow.", "PMID": 416923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8854", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of calcitonin in the plasma of rhesus monkey and man.", "content": "We describe a radioimmunoassay for rhesus monkey and human immunoreactive calcitonin, in which a selected goat anti-human calcitonin antiserum, 131I-labeled synthetic human calcitonin tracer, and purified synthetic human calcitonin standards were used. The mean basal concentration of calcitonin in normal monkey plasma (254 microgram/liter) was not significantly different from that in normal human plasma (217 microgram/liter). The data indicate that the method is sensitive (lower limit of detection, 5 ng/liter), specific, accurate, and reproducible (coefficient of variation, 1-11% over a wide range of concentrations). Monkey calcitonin response to changes in plasma calcium concentration is similar to that in man, with significant correlation between calcium and calcitonin concentrations. Use of this radioimmunoassay for monkey and human calcitonin allows the monkey to be used in further studies of factors regulating secretion, function, and metabolism of calcitonin under various experimental conditions that would not be feasible in man.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of calcitonin in the plasma of rhesus monkey and man. We describe a radioimmunoassay for rhesus monkey and human immunoreactive calcitonin, in which a selected goat anti-human calcitonin antiserum, 131I-labeled synthetic human calcitonin tracer, and purified synthetic human calcitonin standards were used. The mean basal concentration of calcitonin in normal monkey plasma (254 microgram/liter) was not significantly different from that in normal human plasma (217 microgram/liter). The data indicate that the method is sensitive (lower limit of detection, 5 ng/liter), specific, accurate, and reproducible (coefficient of variation, 1-11% over a wide range of concentrations). Monkey calcitonin response to changes in plasma calcium concentration is similar to that in man, with significant correlation between calcium and calcitonin concentrations. Use of this radioimmunoassay for monkey and human calcitonin allows the monkey to be used in further studies of factors regulating secretion, function, and metabolism of calcitonin under various experimental conditions that would not be feasible in man.", "PMID": 416924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8855", "title": "Response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone in Klinefelter's syndrome.", "content": "In eleven patients with Klinefelter's Syndrome TSH, T4 and T3 levels have been measured after stimulation with TRH. The eleven patients included three who had been noted to have a low radioactive iodine uptake and two of these also had abnormally low T4 levels. Three of the patients were receiving androgen replacement therapy. A normal response to TRH was observed in all cases.", "contents": "Response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone in Klinefelter's syndrome. In eleven patients with Klinefelter's Syndrome TSH, T4 and T3 levels have been measured after stimulation with TRH. The eleven patients included three who had been noted to have a low radioactive iodine uptake and two of these also had abnormally low T4 levels. Three of the patients were receiving androgen replacement therapy. A normal response to TRH was observed in all cases.", "PMID": 416925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8856", "title": "Evidence for thyroidal secretion of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in man and its control by TSH.", "content": "Thyroidal secretion of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) and its control by TSH was assessed by measuring (1) arterio-venous hormone gradients in patients undergoing surgery, (2) changes of hormone concentrations after induction of anaesthesia, and (3) changes induced by TRH administration. In ten patients in whom thyroid activity was under TSH control (parathyroidectomy and non-toxic goitre) increased thyroid vein/carotid artery ratios (TV/CA) for rT3 (mean TV/CA ratio 2.53) were found when compared to six patients with non-toxic goitre on suppressive doses of T4 (mean TV/CA ratio, 1.27) (P less than 0.05). The mean calculated operative secretion rate of rT3 was 12.5 microgram/day but only 2.4 microgram/day in patients receiving T4. In thirteen patients undergoing elective surgery induction of anaesthesia significantly increased rT3 levels. In nine euthyroid adults intravenous TRH (200 microgram) increased peripheral venous rT3 levels between 3 h (P less than 0.005) and 8 h (P less than 0.05) after the injection. It is concluded that significant amounts of rT3 are secreted by the thyroid gland at operation and this is, in part, under TSH control.", "contents": "Evidence for thyroidal secretion of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in man and its control by TSH. Thyroidal secretion of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) and its control by TSH was assessed by measuring (1) arterio-venous hormone gradients in patients undergoing surgery, (2) changes of hormone concentrations after induction of anaesthesia, and (3) changes induced by TRH administration. In ten patients in whom thyroid activity was under TSH control (parathyroidectomy and non-toxic goitre) increased thyroid vein/carotid artery ratios (TV/CA) for rT3 (mean TV/CA ratio 2.53) were found when compared to six patients with non-toxic goitre on suppressive doses of T4 (mean TV/CA ratio, 1.27) (P less than 0.05). The mean calculated operative secretion rate of rT3 was 12.5 microgram/day but only 2.4 microgram/day in patients receiving T4. In thirteen patients undergoing elective surgery induction of anaesthesia significantly increased rT3 levels. In nine euthyroid adults intravenous TRH (200 microgram) increased peripheral venous rT3 levels between 3 h (P less than 0.005) and 8 h (P less than 0.05) after the injection. It is concluded that significant amounts of rT3 are secreted by the thyroid gland at operation and this is, in part, under TSH control.", "PMID": 416927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8857", "title": "Recessive spondylocostal dysostosis: two new cases.", "content": "Two sisters with spondylocastal dysostosis are presented. Clinical findings are: short neck, short trunk, decreased upper to lower segment ratio, vertebral and costal malformations and normal intelligence. Both the clinical aspects and the family history are suggestive of the autosomal recessive form of the disease.", "contents": "Recessive spondylocostal dysostosis: two new cases. Two sisters with spondylocastal dysostosis are presented. Clinical findings are: short neck, short trunk, decreased upper to lower segment ratio, vertebral and costal malformations and normal intelligence. Both the clinical aspects and the family history are suggestive of the autosomal recessive form of the disease.", "PMID": 416928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8858", "title": "Beta-galactosidase deficiency: prolonged survival in three patients following early central nervous system deterioration.", "content": "Three adult patients from two families have shown slowly progressive neurologic deterioration since the age of 3 years, associated with profound beta-galactosidase deficiency. Although affected individuals from the two different families differ in degree of intellectual deficit, facial coarseness and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, all lack visceromegaly and macular red spots. The diversity of phenotypic expression in these patients and others previously reported suggests the existence of composite genotypes (compound and double heterozygosity).", "contents": "Beta-galactosidase deficiency: prolonged survival in three patients following early central nervous system deterioration. Three adult patients from two families have shown slowly progressive neurologic deterioration since the age of 3 years, associated with profound beta-galactosidase deficiency. Although affected individuals from the two different families differ in degree of intellectual deficit, facial coarseness and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, all lack visceromegaly and macular red spots. The diversity of phenotypic expression in these patients and others previously reported suggests the existence of composite genotypes (compound and double heterozygosity).", "PMID": 416929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8859", "title": "Localization of a conformational anomaly to the Fabmu region of a monoclonal IgM cryoglobulin.", "content": "The hydrodynamic (gel filtration and sedimentation) properties of an isolated monoclonal IgM-K cryoglobulin (McE.) and five non-cryoglobulin cold-soluble proteins, as well as their constituent monomeric subunits and (Fc)5mu and Fabmu fragments, are compared under both native and partially denaturing conditions. It is concluded that the cryoimmunoglobulin exhibits a significantly greater Stokes radius than the non-cryoglobulin reference proteins, and that this difference arises in the Fabmu region of the McE. molecule. When the proteins and their fragments are analysed by circular dichroism in the far u.v. region, an atypical conformation is again detected in the Fabmu region of the cryoglobulin. These findings are the first demonstration and partial structural localization of a conformation anomaly in a monoclonal cryoimmunoglobulin.", "contents": "Localization of a conformational anomaly to the Fabmu region of a monoclonal IgM cryoglobulin. The hydrodynamic (gel filtration and sedimentation) properties of an isolated monoclonal IgM-K cryoglobulin (McE.) and five non-cryoglobulin cold-soluble proteins, as well as their constituent monomeric subunits and (Fc)5mu and Fabmu fragments, are compared under both native and partially denaturing conditions. It is concluded that the cryoimmunoglobulin exhibits a significantly greater Stokes radius than the non-cryoglobulin reference proteins, and that this difference arises in the Fabmu region of the McE. molecule. When the proteins and their fragments are analysed by circular dichroism in the far u.v. region, an atypical conformation is again detected in the Fabmu region of the cryoglobulin. These findings are the first demonstration and partial structural localization of a conformation anomaly in a monoclonal cryoimmunoglobulin.", "PMID": 416930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8860", "title": "Circulating thyroid hormone levels and adequacy of dialysis.", "content": "In vitro thyroid function tests were performed in three groups of patients with chronic renal failure who were receiving, on average, 15, 18 and 27 hours of maintenance hemodialysis per week. Total thyroxine levels were low and total triiodothyronine levels low to normal in those receiving the least dialysis (15 hours), and were significantly higher in those receiving longer dialysis. Free thyroxine levels, as measured by the effective thyroxine ratio, were normal and similar in all three groups, as were serum thyrotrophin levels. All patients were clinically euthyroid. As total hormone levels showed a significant inverse relationship to both urea and creatinine, this study suggests that there is a dialyzable metabolite retained in uremia which competes with thyroid hormones for protein-binding sites.", "contents": "Circulating thyroid hormone levels and adequacy of dialysis. In vitro thyroid function tests were performed in three groups of patients with chronic renal failure who were receiving, on average, 15, 18 and 27 hours of maintenance hemodialysis per week. Total thyroxine levels were low and total triiodothyronine levels low to normal in those receiving the least dialysis (15 hours), and were significantly higher in those receiving longer dialysis. Free thyroxine levels, as measured by the effective thyroxine ratio, were normal and similar in all three groups, as were serum thyrotrophin levels. All patients were clinically euthyroid. As total hormone levels showed a significant inverse relationship to both urea and creatinine, this study suggests that there is a dialyzable metabolite retained in uremia which competes with thyroid hormones for protein-binding sites.", "PMID": 416931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8861", "title": "Genetic studies on heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster and their implications for the functions of satellite DNA.", "content": "In Drosophila melanogaster the centromeric heterochromatin of all chromosomes consists almost entirely of several different satellite DNA sequences. In view of this we have examined by genetic means the meiotic consequences of X chromosomes with partial deletions of their heterochromatin, and have found that the amount and position of recombination on each heterochromatically deleted X is substantially different from that of a normal X. It appears that the amount of heterochromatin is important in modifying the \"centromere effect\" on recombination.--In all the deleted Xs tested, chromosome segregation is not appreciably altered from that of a nondeleted control chromosome. Thus satellite DNA does not appear to be an important factor in determining the regular segregation of sex chromosomes in Drosophila. Additionally, since X chromosomes with massive satellite DNA deficiencies are able to participate in a chromocenter within salivary gland nuclei, a major role of satellite DNA in chromocenter formation in this tissue is also quite unlikely.--In order to examine the mechanisms by which the amount of satellite DNA is increased or decreased in vivo, we have measured cytologically the frequency of spontaneous sister chromatid exchanges in a ring Y chromosome which is entirely heterochromatic and consists almost exclusively of satellite DNA. In larval neuroblast cells the frequency of spontaneous SCE in this Y is approximately 0.3% per cell division. Since there is no meiotic recombination in D. melanogaster males and since meiotic recombination in the female does not occur in heterochromatin, our results provide a minimum estimate of the in vivo frequency of SCE in C-banded heterochromatin (which is predominantly simple sequence DNA), without the usual complications of substituted base analogs, incorporated radioactive label or substantial genetic content.--We emphasise that: (a) satellite DNA is not implicated in any major way in recognition processes such as meiotic homologue recognition or chromocenter formation in salivaries, (b) there is likely to be continuous variation in the amount of satellite DNA between individuals of a species; and (c) the amount of satellite DNA can have a crucial functional role in the meiotic recombination system.", "contents": "Genetic studies on heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster and their implications for the functions of satellite DNA. In Drosophila melanogaster the centromeric heterochromatin of all chromosomes consists almost entirely of several different satellite DNA sequences. In view of this we have examined by genetic means the meiotic consequences of X chromosomes with partial deletions of their heterochromatin, and have found that the amount and position of recombination on each heterochromatically deleted X is substantially different from that of a normal X. It appears that the amount of heterochromatin is important in modifying the \"centromere effect\" on recombination.--In all the deleted Xs tested, chromosome segregation is not appreciably altered from that of a nondeleted control chromosome. Thus satellite DNA does not appear to be an important factor in determining the regular segregation of sex chromosomes in Drosophila. Additionally, since X chromosomes with massive satellite DNA deficiencies are able to participate in a chromocenter within salivary gland nuclei, a major role of satellite DNA in chromocenter formation in this tissue is also quite unlikely.--In order to examine the mechanisms by which the amount of satellite DNA is increased or decreased in vivo, we have measured cytologically the frequency of spontaneous sister chromatid exchanges in a ring Y chromosome which is entirely heterochromatic and consists almost exclusively of satellite DNA. In larval neuroblast cells the frequency of spontaneous SCE in this Y is approximately 0.3% per cell division. Since there is no meiotic recombination in D. melanogaster males and since meiotic recombination in the female does not occur in heterochromatin, our results provide a minimum estimate of the in vivo frequency of SCE in C-banded heterochromatin (which is predominantly simple sequence DNA), without the usual complications of substituted base analogs, incorporated radioactive label or substantial genetic content.--We emphasise that: (a) satellite DNA is not implicated in any major way in recognition processes such as meiotic homologue recognition or chromocenter formation in salivaries, (b) there is likely to be continuous variation in the amount of satellite DNA between individuals of a species; and (c) the amount of satellite DNA can have a crucial functional role in the meiotic recombination system.", "PMID": 416935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8862", "title": "Effects of Fructus gardeniae extract on hepatic function.", "content": "This article discusses the effects of Fructus Gardeniae extract on hepatic function. Fructus Gardeniae extract manifested no hepatotoxic effects on rats, as shown by alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase studies. Fructus Gardeniae extract failed to activate the UDP-glucuronyltransferase system; whereas in hyperbilirubinemic state the enzyme was activated, presumably by substrate induction. Fructus Gardeniae extract increased the activity of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, which would result in an increase in availability of UDP-glucuronic acid intracellularly, BSP clearance study showed an unexpected impairment of hepatic uptake of the dye after extract treatment. The action mechanism involved in lowering of serum bilirubin level by Fructus Gardeniae extract may well be complex; it is probably acting on a locus other than glucuronyl transferase.", "contents": "Effects of Fructus gardeniae extract on hepatic function. This article discusses the effects of Fructus Gardeniae extract on hepatic function. Fructus Gardeniae extract manifested no hepatotoxic effects on rats, as shown by alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase studies. Fructus Gardeniae extract failed to activate the UDP-glucuronyltransferase system; whereas in hyperbilirubinemic state the enzyme was activated, presumably by substrate induction. Fructus Gardeniae extract increased the activity of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, which would result in an increase in availability of UDP-glucuronic acid intracellularly, BSP clearance study showed an unexpected impairment of hepatic uptake of the dye after extract treatment. The action mechanism involved in lowering of serum bilirubin level by Fructus Gardeniae extract may well be complex; it is probably acting on a locus other than glucuronyl transferase.", "PMID": 416932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8863", "title": "Endocrine regulation of fetal development and its relation to parturition in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Rhesus monkey fetuses were surgically prosencephalectomized (Type 2) or functionally hypophysectomized (Type 1) at 75 days gestation, then returned to the uterus until elective Caesarean section on day 145--150 (term 167 days). Deprivation of fetal hypothalamic releasing factors in Type 2 and fetal pituitary tropic hormones in Type 1 significantly delayed the ontogeny and functional development of fetal endocrine tissues. Bone ossification and growth were significantly retarded in Type 1 only, not in Type 2. In Type 1 the body and all organs except the endocrine glands were about half normal weight. The adrenals, thyroids, ovaries and testes were histologically abnormal and about one-tenth normal weight. Non-endocrine organs were histologically similar to 110-130-day fetuses. Thyroxine (T4) concentrations were significantly depressed in Type 1 fetal and maternal plasma at Caesarean section but normal in Type 2. Cortisol concentrations were normal in Type 1 fetal and maternal plasma. Types 1 and 2 plasma oestradiol concentrations were significantly lower in mothers but normal in fetuses. Type 1 placentas produced significantly less progesterone in vitro than normal. Fetal endocrine autonomy is indicated (thyrotropin-releasing factor excepted). Many of the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones do not pass in effective amounts from mother to fetus. Fetal endocrine autonomy is a prerequisite for the control of both development and parturition.", "contents": "Endocrine regulation of fetal development and its relation to parturition in the rhesus monkey. Rhesus monkey fetuses were surgically prosencephalectomized (Type 2) or functionally hypophysectomized (Type 1) at 75 days gestation, then returned to the uterus until elective Caesarean section on day 145--150 (term 167 days). Deprivation of fetal hypothalamic releasing factors in Type 2 and fetal pituitary tropic hormones in Type 1 significantly delayed the ontogeny and functional development of fetal endocrine tissues. Bone ossification and growth were significantly retarded in Type 1 only, not in Type 2. In Type 1 the body and all organs except the endocrine glands were about half normal weight. The adrenals, thyroids, ovaries and testes were histologically abnormal and about one-tenth normal weight. Non-endocrine organs were histologically similar to 110-130-day fetuses. Thyroxine (T4) concentrations were significantly depressed in Type 1 fetal and maternal plasma at Caesarean section but normal in Type 2. Cortisol concentrations were normal in Type 1 fetal and maternal plasma. Types 1 and 2 plasma oestradiol concentrations were significantly lower in mothers but normal in fetuses. Type 1 placentas produced significantly less progesterone in vitro than normal. Fetal endocrine autonomy is indicated (thyrotropin-releasing factor excepted). Many of the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones do not pass in effective amounts from mother to fetus. Fetal endocrine autonomy is a prerequisite for the control of both development and parturition.", "PMID": 416938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8864", "title": "Human decidua and uterine contractility.", "content": "Physiological saline solution injected into the uterus by the extraamniotic route was found to damage the decidua and rupture its lysosomes. The mechanism by which this procedure provokes abortion may be through the release of lysosomal phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4), an enzyme thought to regulate the formation of polyunsaturated fatty acids utilized for prostaglandin synthesis. A similar sequence of events may be involved in the initiation of spontaneous labour, since decidual cells obtained at elective Caesarean section at term exhibited degenerative changes and signs of release of a lysosomal marker enzyme. The cause of this release is unknown.", "contents": "Human decidua and uterine contractility. Physiological saline solution injected into the uterus by the extraamniotic route was found to damage the decidua and rupture its lysosomes. The mechanism by which this procedure provokes abortion may be through the release of lysosomal phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4), an enzyme thought to regulate the formation of polyunsaturated fatty acids utilized for prostaglandin synthesis. A similar sequence of events may be involved in the initiation of spontaneous labour, since decidual cells obtained at elective Caesarean section at term exhibited degenerative changes and signs of release of a lysosomal marker enzyme. The cause of this release is unknown.", "PMID": 416939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8865", "title": "[Comparison of the effects of digitalis and nitroglycerine in coronary heart disease with cardiac failure on exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of moderately rapid oral digitalization and sublingual nitroglycerine were studied in 13 patients with coronary heart disease without signs of manifest heart failure but definite rise in pulmonary artery pressure on ergometric exercise. Digitalis had no effect on exercise-induced rise in pulmonary pressure. In the individual case there may be a clear-cut deterioration in exercise response. This possible unfavourable digitalis effect cannot be predicted in a given case from the clinical state and thus one must critically assess digitalis treatment in coronary heart disease without manifest heart failure. On the other hand, the favourable effect of nitroglycerine in lowering pulmonary arterial pressure at rest and preventing an abnormal pressure rise on exercise underlines its value in the treatment of both compensated and uncompensated coronary heart disease.", "contents": "[Comparison of the effects of digitalis and nitroglycerine in coronary heart disease with cardiac failure on exercise (author's transl)]. The effects of moderately rapid oral digitalization and sublingual nitroglycerine were studied in 13 patients with coronary heart disease without signs of manifest heart failure but definite rise in pulmonary artery pressure on ergometric exercise. Digitalis had no effect on exercise-induced rise in pulmonary pressure. In the individual case there may be a clear-cut deterioration in exercise response. This possible unfavourable digitalis effect cannot be predicted in a given case from the clinical state and thus one must critically assess digitalis treatment in coronary heart disease without manifest heart failure. On the other hand, the favourable effect of nitroglycerine in lowering pulmonary arterial pressure at rest and preventing an abnormal pressure rise on exercise underlines its value in the treatment of both compensated and uncompensated coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 416940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8866", "title": "Immunobiology and pathogenesis of alpha chain disease.", "content": "alpha chain disease, the most frequent of the heavy chain diseases, is a proliferative disorder of B lymphoid cells involving primarily the small intestine and mesenteric nodes. The characteristic immunoglobulin, whose detection by immunochemical techniques may present some difficulties, consists of incomplete alpha chains devoid of light chains. The deleted portion of the alpha chain is located in the Fd segment and involves both the variable and first constant domains. In both of two proteins for which structural data are available, normal sequence resumes at the beginning of the hinge region. The absence of L chains is due to a failure of synthesis. alpha chain disease appears to proceed in two stages. The early stage is characterized by a possibly non-malignant diffuse and extensive plasma cell infiltration which may be reversible after administration of antibiotics. The later stage is characterized by overt neoplasia (immunoblastic lymphoma). The socio-geographic distribution of the digestive form of alpha chain disease shows a clear predilection for underpriviliged populations living in areas with a high degree of infestation by intestinal pathogens which play presumably a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Immunobiology and pathogenesis of alpha chain disease. alpha chain disease, the most frequent of the heavy chain diseases, is a proliferative disorder of B lymphoid cells involving primarily the small intestine and mesenteric nodes. The characteristic immunoglobulin, whose detection by immunochemical techniques may present some difficulties, consists of incomplete alpha chains devoid of light chains. The deleted portion of the alpha chain is located in the Fd segment and involves both the variable and first constant domains. In both of two proteins for which structural data are available, normal sequence resumes at the beginning of the hinge region. The absence of L chains is due to a failure of synthesis. alpha chain disease appears to proceed in two stages. The early stage is characterized by a possibly non-malignant diffuse and extensive plasma cell infiltration which may be reversible after administration of antibiotics. The later stage is characterized by overt neoplasia (immunoblastic lymphoma). The socio-geographic distribution of the digestive form of alpha chain disease shows a clear predilection for underpriviliged populations living in areas with a high degree of infestation by intestinal pathogens which play presumably a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the disease.", "PMID": 416936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8867", "title": "[Qualitative and quantitative EEG-findings in schizophrenia (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of the qualitative but particularly the quantitative EEG-studies indicate that 1. The EEG of adult schizophrenics is characterized by an appearance of excessive fast activity along with some slow waves and the lack of alpha-activity. 2. Excessive fast activity and lack of alpha-waves have also been found in the EEGs of psychotic children and most interestingly in children whose parents (particularly the mother) are schizophrenic (high risk children). 3. Based on the studies during sleep and investigations with neuroleptics, it was established that the origin of the excess fast activity in schizophrenia cannot be the muscle potential. Particularly the excess fast activity in high risk children for schizophrenia goes against the muscle potential hypothesis. 4. The quantitative EEG changes seen in schizophrenia show similarity to those seen after hallucinogenic compounds particularly after anticholinergic hallucinogenics. 5. All neuroleptics (major tranquilizers) produce quantitative EEG alterations which are almost diametrically opposite to those seen in schizoprenia.", "contents": "[Qualitative and quantitative EEG-findings in schizophrenia (author's transl)]. The results of the qualitative but particularly the quantitative EEG-studies indicate that 1. The EEG of adult schizophrenics is characterized by an appearance of excessive fast activity along with some slow waves and the lack of alpha-activity. 2. Excessive fast activity and lack of alpha-waves have also been found in the EEGs of psychotic children and most interestingly in children whose parents (particularly the mother) are schizophrenic (high risk children). 3. Based on the studies during sleep and investigations with neuroleptics, it was established that the origin of the excess fast activity in schizophrenia cannot be the muscle potential. Particularly the excess fast activity in high risk children for schizophrenia goes against the muscle potential hypothesis. 4. The quantitative EEG changes seen in schizophrenia show similarity to those seen after hallucinogenic compounds particularly after anticholinergic hallucinogenics. 5. All neuroleptics (major tranquilizers) produce quantitative EEG alterations which are almost diametrically opposite to those seen in schizoprenia.", "PMID": 416942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8868", "title": "[Influence of uncorrelated noise sources in parallel signal processing chains on the coherence function (author's transl)].", "content": "When linear relationships between bio-electrical signals have to be established, it is important to consider the possible influence of noise added to these signals during recording and processing. Using a model for the signal generation (Fig. 1A) and one for the signal processing (Fig. 1B), the influence of uncorrelated noise in parallel signal processing chains on the coherence function can be quantified (Fig. 2). This is illustrated by the results of electrophysiological experiments, in which field potentials have been recorded simultaneously by two electrodes in different parts of the rat brain.", "contents": "[Influence of uncorrelated noise sources in parallel signal processing chains on the coherence function (author's transl)]. When linear relationships between bio-electrical signals have to be established, it is important to consider the possible influence of noise added to these signals during recording and processing. Using a model for the signal generation (Fig. 1A) and one for the signal processing (Fig. 1B), the influence of uncorrelated noise in parallel signal processing chains on the coherence function can be quantified (Fig. 2). This is illustrated by the results of electrophysiological experiments, in which field potentials have been recorded simultaneously by two electrodes in different parts of the rat brain.", "PMID": 416943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8869", "title": "Intestinal secretion of IgA and IgM: a hypothetical model.", "content": "The secretory component (SC) has recently been found to be associated with IgM in external secretions, although in a less stable complex than secretory IgA. Moreover, SC combines spontaneously in vitro with both IgA and IgM. A prerequisite is that the immunoglobulins contain the J chain, which is present only in dimers and polymers. This polypeptide is essential for the formation of an SC-binding site which appears already at the cytoplasmic level in IgA- and IgM-producing immunocytes. Locally formed J-chain-containing immunoglobulins are therefore readily available for complexing with SC present in the membranes of columnar secretory epithelial cells of glandular sites. This complexing initiates pinocytosis and external transport. Immunohistochemically the gland cells are shown to contain SC, IgA and IgM in identical locations, except that SC alone appears in the Golgi zone. Locally formed IgA and IgM antibodies are thus efficiently transferred to the mucosal surface where they exert an immunological exclusion of antigens. Conversely, IgG antibodies, which are not actively drained away from the lamina propria, may rather become engaged in complement activation and cell-mediated cytotoxicity with potentially deleterious effects on the tissue. Secondary to severe inflammatory reactions, secretory epithelium may show decreased production of SC; the selective external transport of SC-stabilized secretory IgA and IgM is thus jeopardized, and a vicious circle may be set up in the mucosa.", "contents": "Intestinal secretion of IgA and IgM: a hypothetical model. The secretory component (SC) has recently been found to be associated with IgM in external secretions, although in a less stable complex than secretory IgA. Moreover, SC combines spontaneously in vitro with both IgA and IgM. A prerequisite is that the immunoglobulins contain the J chain, which is present only in dimers and polymers. This polypeptide is essential for the formation of an SC-binding site which appears already at the cytoplasmic level in IgA- and IgM-producing immunocytes. Locally formed J-chain-containing immunoglobulins are therefore readily available for complexing with SC present in the membranes of columnar secretory epithelial cells of glandular sites. This complexing initiates pinocytosis and external transport. Immunohistochemically the gland cells are shown to contain SC, IgA and IgM in identical locations, except that SC alone appears in the Golgi zone. Locally formed IgA and IgM antibodies are thus efficiently transferred to the mucosal surface where they exert an immunological exclusion of antigens. Conversely, IgG antibodies, which are not actively drained away from the lamina propria, may rather become engaged in complement activation and cell-mediated cytotoxicity with potentially deleterious effects on the tissue. Secondary to severe inflammatory reactions, secretory epithelium may show decreased production of SC; the selective external transport of SC-stabilized secretory IgA and IgM is thus jeopardized, and a vicious circle may be set up in the mucosa.", "PMID": 416937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8870", "title": "[Changes in the spontaneous EEG-activity before and during voluntary self-paced movement. New ways of investigation of the central mu-activity (author's transl)].", "content": "Movement-related desynchronization was investigated in the EEG from central region in human subjects, during voluntary self-paced movement of the thumb. The average dynamic time-behaviour of the power in the alpha band was calculated from 4 sec before to 2 sec after voluntary movement. In all investigated subjects (9 students and 7 patients with several forms of hemiplegia) a significant power reduction before voluntary movement of the thumb was found. This power decrease can be interpreted as desynchronization of the central mu activity. Therefore, it appears that in all subjects a mu activity can be demonstrated. In most cases, a short-lasting desynchronization of central mu activity occurred about 2 sec before movement onset and was followed by a second one, about 1 sec before movement onset which reached a maximum during initiation of movement. Frequently the first desynchronization occurred in parallel but often also before the Bereitschaftspotential.", "contents": "[Changes in the spontaneous EEG-activity before and during voluntary self-paced movement. New ways of investigation of the central mu-activity (author's transl)]. Movement-related desynchronization was investigated in the EEG from central region in human subjects, during voluntary self-paced movement of the thumb. The average dynamic time-behaviour of the power in the alpha band was calculated from 4 sec before to 2 sec after voluntary movement. In all investigated subjects (9 students and 7 patients with several forms of hemiplegia) a significant power reduction before voluntary movement of the thumb was found. This power decrease can be interpreted as desynchronization of the central mu activity. Therefore, it appears that in all subjects a mu activity can be demonstrated. In most cases, a short-lasting desynchronization of central mu activity occurred about 2 sec before movement onset and was followed by a second one, about 1 sec before movement onset which reached a maximum during initiation of movement. Frequently the first desynchronization occurred in parallel but often also before the Bereitschaftspotential.", "PMID": 416944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8871", "title": "[EMG-findings in typ-II-glycogenosis (Pompe's disease, acid maltase deficiency) (author's transl)].", "content": "EMG findings of two patients (one 43 years old male; one 47 years old female) with Typ-II-glycogenosis are referred. The diagnosis is proofed by enzym histochemical, ultrastructural and biochemical investigations. The EMG findings were characterized by vivacious spontaneous activity and the high rate of different EMG pattern in one patient. Beside myopathic patterns existed neurogenic patterns and spontaneous activities as pseudomyotonic discharges, fibrillations and positive sharp-waves. Case I showed myotonic discharges too. These EMG findings are compared with the histological findings. Signs of differentiation between myotonic and pseudomyotonic discharges especially in view of Typ II glycogenosis is discussed. The EMG findings of the two investigated patients are compared with others of the literature.", "contents": "[EMG-findings in typ-II-glycogenosis (Pompe's disease, acid maltase deficiency) (author's transl)]. EMG findings of two patients (one 43 years old male; one 47 years old female) with Typ-II-glycogenosis are referred. The diagnosis is proofed by enzym histochemical, ultrastructural and biochemical investigations. The EMG findings were characterized by vivacious spontaneous activity and the high rate of different EMG pattern in one patient. Beside myopathic patterns existed neurogenic patterns and spontaneous activities as pseudomyotonic discharges, fibrillations and positive sharp-waves. Case I showed myotonic discharges too. These EMG findings are compared with the histological findings. Signs of differentiation between myotonic and pseudomyotonic discharges especially in view of Typ II glycogenosis is discussed. The EMG findings of the two investigated patients are compared with others of the literature.", "PMID": 416945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8872", "title": "[EEG after sleep deprivation in patients with unequivocal and equivocal epileptic seizures, as well as no epileptic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In 107 patients the EEG after sleep deprivation was performed. The patients have been divided in three groups: 1) with clinically unequivocal, 2) equivocal and 3) no epileptic seizures. All the patients where subdivided in those with and those without anticonvulsive medication. In patients with a previous normal EEG, sleep deprivation had the most activating effect regarding focal or generalized spikes or spike wave complexes in group one. However, patients without medication showed more often activation compared with untreated patients. In the second group the activation was less pronounced, again presenting the same relation between treated and untreated patients. Patients with no seizures as well as a control group of 20 volunteers had no activation at all.", "contents": "[EEG after sleep deprivation in patients with unequivocal and equivocal epileptic seizures, as well as no epileptic patients (author's transl)]. In 107 patients the EEG after sleep deprivation was performed. The patients have been divided in three groups: 1) with clinically unequivocal, 2) equivocal and 3) no epileptic seizures. All the patients where subdivided in those with and those without anticonvulsive medication. In patients with a previous normal EEG, sleep deprivation had the most activating effect regarding focal or generalized spikes or spike wave complexes in group one. However, patients without medication showed more often activation compared with untreated patients. In the second group the activation was less pronounced, again presenting the same relation between treated and untreated patients. Patients with no seizures as well as a control group of 20 volunteers had no activation at all.", "PMID": 416947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8873", "title": "[Evaluation of blocking and activation response of focal EEG abnormalities by opening and closing the eyes (author's transl)].", "content": "Blocking and activation of constant focal EEG abnormalities by opening and closing the eyes were assessed by visual analysis in 173 EEG recordings of 173 patients. Correlations between single variable were weak in general and did not gain statistical significance in any case. The blocking response had similar extent on both hemispheres. There was no sign of direct dependence from extra- or intracerebral localisation of the causal process. However, the biplot method of computing the results discovered several constellations of variables responsible for blocking and activation. Two of them are reported here. 1) Both responses were more prominent at frontal than at occipital areas. 2) A prodominant slowing localized in mainly frontal regions on the left hemisphere and caused by a process extending from extracerebral or cortical to subcortical showed the greatest tendency to be blocked by opening the eyes while the cause of the focus had no influence.", "contents": "[Evaluation of blocking and activation response of focal EEG abnormalities by opening and closing the eyes (author's transl)]. Blocking and activation of constant focal EEG abnormalities by opening and closing the eyes were assessed by visual analysis in 173 EEG recordings of 173 patients. Correlations between single variable were weak in general and did not gain statistical significance in any case. The blocking response had similar extent on both hemispheres. There was no sign of direct dependence from extra- or intracerebral localisation of the causal process. However, the biplot method of computing the results discovered several constellations of variables responsible for blocking and activation. Two of them are reported here. 1) Both responses were more prominent at frontal than at occipital areas. 2) A prodominant slowing localized in mainly frontal regions on the left hemisphere and caused by a process extending from extracerebral or cortical to subcortical showed the greatest tendency to be blocked by opening the eyes while the cause of the focus had no influence.", "PMID": 416948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8874", "title": "[EEG in Parkinson's disease and cerebral hypoxia (author's transl)].", "content": "EEG-findings of a group of 95 patients suffering from Parkinson's disease were related to accompanying diseases inducing cerebral hypoxic hypoxidosis. The EEG in 59 to 74 per cent of our patients was abnormal but the changes were not specific. There was a correlation between age and EEG-abnormalities. On the other hand no association could be seen between EEG-changes and duration of the Parkinson's disease. At least 74 per cent of the patients suffered from concomitant cardiovascular complications and 36 of them had a severe pathologic EEG as well as a pathologic ECG. The results lead to the conclusion that in treatment of parkinsonian patients attention is to be paid to accompanying diseases as heart failure, angiopathy or anemia.", "contents": "[EEG in Parkinson's disease and cerebral hypoxia (author's transl)]. EEG-findings of a group of 95 patients suffering from Parkinson's disease were related to accompanying diseases inducing cerebral hypoxic hypoxidosis. The EEG in 59 to 74 per cent of our patients was abnormal but the changes were not specific. There was a correlation between age and EEG-abnormalities. On the other hand no association could be seen between EEG-changes and duration of the Parkinson's disease. At least 74 per cent of the patients suffered from concomitant cardiovascular complications and 36 of them had a severe pathologic EEG as well as a pathologic ECG. The results lead to the conclusion that in treatment of parkinsonian patients attention is to be paid to accompanying diseases as heart failure, angiopathy or anemia.", "PMID": 416949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8875", "title": "Effects of TRH on circulating growth hormone, prolactin and triiodothyronine levels in the bovine.", "content": "The effects of administration of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on circulating growth hormone (GH), PROLACTIN (PRL) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels of lactating dairy cows, non-lactating dairy heifers, and beef cows were studied. Intravenous administration of 0.1, 1, and 5 microgram of TRH per kg of body weight (bw) elevated plasma GH and PRL levels of lactating cows within 5 min. The plasma GH and PRL levels increased in proportion to the dose of TRH and reached a peak 10 to 30 min after TRH injection. Intravenous administration of 1 microgram of TRH per kg of bw to 7 non-lactating heifers, 14 lactating dairy cows, and 5 non-lactating beef cows elevated plasma GH level to peak values after 15 min, the increase rates being 6.9, 5.6, and 3.8 times as high as those in the pretreatment levels. The mean maximum vale was also in that order. Plasma T3 levels of non lactating dairy heifers at pre- and post-injection of TRH were significantly higher than those of lactating cows. The peak values of plasma PRL were obtained between 5 to 30 min after TRH administration. The increase rates of lactating dairy cows, heifers, and beef cows were 19.2, 13.9, and 20.9 times as high as those in the pretreatment. In contrast to GH and T3, plasma PRL levels of both pre- and post-injection with TRH in lactating cows and heifers were significantly higher in May than in October, though the increase rates were similar. Plasma PRL levels of lactating dairy cows at pre- and post-injection with TRH were significantly higher than those of non-lactating heifers. Subcutaneous administration of TRH was also effective to increase plasma TH, rl, and T3 levels in lactating cows. No significant change of GH or PRL response to TRH was observed after a short-term pretreatment of thyroid hormones.", "contents": "Effects of TRH on circulating growth hormone, prolactin and triiodothyronine levels in the bovine. The effects of administration of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on circulating growth hormone (GH), PROLACTIN (PRL) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels of lactating dairy cows, non-lactating dairy heifers, and beef cows were studied. Intravenous administration of 0.1, 1, and 5 microgram of TRH per kg of body weight (bw) elevated plasma GH and PRL levels of lactating cows within 5 min. The plasma GH and PRL levels increased in proportion to the dose of TRH and reached a peak 10 to 30 min after TRH injection. Intravenous administration of 1 microgram of TRH per kg of bw to 7 non-lactating heifers, 14 lactating dairy cows, and 5 non-lactating beef cows elevated plasma GH level to peak values after 15 min, the increase rates being 6.9, 5.6, and 3.8 times as high as those in the pretreatment levels. The mean maximum vale was also in that order. Plasma T3 levels of non lactating dairy heifers at pre- and post-injection of TRH were significantly higher than those of lactating cows. The peak values of plasma PRL were obtained between 5 to 30 min after TRH administration. The increase rates of lactating dairy cows, heifers, and beef cows were 19.2, 13.9, and 20.9 times as high as those in the pretreatment. In contrast to GH and T3, plasma PRL levels of both pre- and post-injection with TRH in lactating cows and heifers were significantly higher in May than in October, though the increase rates were similar. Plasma PRL levels of lactating dairy cows at pre- and post-injection with TRH were significantly higher than those of non-lactating heifers. Subcutaneous administration of TRH was also effective to increase plasma TH, rl, and T3 levels in lactating cows. No significant change of GH or PRL response to TRH was observed after a short-term pretreatment of thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 416950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8876", "title": "Obesity and thyroid function. 3. Relationship between some indicators of thyroid function and the energy metabolism of striated muscle in obese women.", "content": "1. In a group of 23 obese women the relations between some indicators of thyroid function (thyroxine-binding globuline--T4BG, triiodothyronine-binding globuline--T3BG, Achilles tendon reflex--ART) on the one hand and activities of enzymes of the energy metabolism (hexokinase--HK, triose phosphate dehydrogenase--TPDH, lactate dehydrogenase--LDH, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase--GPDH, citrate synthease--CS, malate dehydrogenase--MDH, hydroxyacyl--COA dehydrogenase) in the quadriceps femoris muscle on the other hand were investigated. 2. Correlations were found between T4BG and TPDH, LDH and GPDH activities, between T3BG and TPDH and GPDH activities and between the value of the Achilles tendon reflex and TPDH activity. Functionally these enzymes activities are associated with glycolysis and hydrogen transport from cytoplasmatic NADH2. No correlations were found between enzymes of the aerobic metabolism incl. enzymes of fatty acid oxidation and indicators of thyroid function. 3. The results indicate a relationship between thyroid function and enzymes involved in glycolysis and hydrogen transport from cytoplasmatic NADH2. They do not suggest, however, the unequivocal conclusion that in obese women with reduced thyroid function there is a generally reduced energy supplying metabolism in skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Obesity and thyroid function. 3. Relationship between some indicators of thyroid function and the energy metabolism of striated muscle in obese women. 1. In a group of 23 obese women the relations between some indicators of thyroid function (thyroxine-binding globuline--T4BG, triiodothyronine-binding globuline--T3BG, Achilles tendon reflex--ART) on the one hand and activities of enzymes of the energy metabolism (hexokinase--HK, triose phosphate dehydrogenase--TPDH, lactate dehydrogenase--LDH, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase--GPDH, citrate synthease--CS, malate dehydrogenase--MDH, hydroxyacyl--COA dehydrogenase) in the quadriceps femoris muscle on the other hand were investigated. 2. Correlations were found between T4BG and TPDH, LDH and GPDH activities, between T3BG and TPDH and GPDH activities and between the value of the Achilles tendon reflex and TPDH activity. Functionally these enzymes activities are associated with glycolysis and hydrogen transport from cytoplasmatic NADH2. No correlations were found between enzymes of the aerobic metabolism incl. enzymes of fatty acid oxidation and indicators of thyroid function. 3. The results indicate a relationship between thyroid function and enzymes involved in glycolysis and hydrogen transport from cytoplasmatic NADH2. They do not suggest, however, the unequivocal conclusion that in obese women with reduced thyroid function there is a generally reduced energy supplying metabolism in skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 416951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8877", "title": "Acute prolonged confusion in later life as an ictal state.", "content": "Six patients ranging in age from 42 to 69 with no prior history of seizure disorder presented an acute prolonged or intermittent confusional state, with or without psychotic symptoms, as an ictal manifestation. The EEGs demonstrated protracted generalized spike and wave discharges, but full diagnostic evaluation disclosed no evident cause for the seizures. All promptly responded to small amounts of intravenous diazepam and subsequent oral phenytoin and phenobarbital. Three of the six patients had focal spike or sharp wave discharges on EEGs recorded subsequently, suggesting that the episodes may reflect secondary generalized seizures in some cases. These cases do not fit in the classic category of petit mal status and appear to be a distinct entity.", "contents": "Acute prolonged confusion in later life as an ictal state. Six patients ranging in age from 42 to 69 with no prior history of seizure disorder presented an acute prolonged or intermittent confusional state, with or without psychotic symptoms, as an ictal manifestation. The EEGs demonstrated protracted generalized spike and wave discharges, but full diagnostic evaluation disclosed no evident cause for the seizures. All promptly responded to small amounts of intravenous diazepam and subsequent oral phenytoin and phenobarbital. Three of the six patients had focal spike or sharp wave discharges on EEGs recorded subsequently, suggesting that the episodes may reflect secondary generalized seizures in some cases. These cases do not fit in the classic category of petit mal status and appear to be a distinct entity.", "PMID": 416952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8878", "title": "Neuropsychological performance in posttraumatic epilepsy.", "content": "Performances on the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale and on Halstead's neuropsychological measures were investigated in two groups of adult subjects with posttraumatic seizures. One of the groups, in addition to seizures, had abnormal and persistent focal cortical signs. The other group had seizures only and no other known deficits or complications. The results suggest that posttraumatic epilepsy, whether or not accompanied by abnormal and persistent focal cortical signs, is associated with significant psychological impairment. Patients with posttraumatic epilepsy alone perform somewhat better than those whose epilepsy is accompanied by independent evidence of cortical damage. However, the performance difference between such patients is not major, nor is it statistically significant on most measures such as those used in the present study. Possible reasons for the performance deficit in this group were discussed.", "contents": "Neuropsychological performance in posttraumatic epilepsy. Performances on the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale and on Halstead's neuropsychological measures were investigated in two groups of adult subjects with posttraumatic seizures. One of the groups, in addition to seizures, had abnormal and persistent focal cortical signs. The other group had seizures only and no other known deficits or complications. The results suggest that posttraumatic epilepsy, whether or not accompanied by abnormal and persistent focal cortical signs, is associated with significant psychological impairment. Patients with posttraumatic epilepsy alone perform somewhat better than those whose epilepsy is accompanied by independent evidence of cortical damage. However, the performance difference between such patients is not major, nor is it statistically significant on most measures such as those used in the present study. Possible reasons for the performance deficit in this group were discussed.", "PMID": 416953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8879", "title": "Regulation of hepatic drug metabolism by elaidic and linoleic acids in rats.", "content": "Elaidic and linoleic acids were administered at doses of 40 and 200 mg/kg i.p. every second day for 4 weeks to rats fed a fat-free diet. The fatty acids had only a slight effect on the weight gain of the animals. The amount of microsomal protein was slightly decreased with the higher dose of linoleic acid. The higher dose level of both fatty acids decreased the microsomal phospholipid content. The relative amounts of microsomal phospholipid fatty acids were also altered due to fatty acid administration. The activity of microsomal NADPH cytochrome c reductase and microsomal cytochrome P-450 contents were decreased by the higher dose of linoleic acid. The hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activities decreased in fatty acid-treated rats. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity was also lowered after the fatty acid administration. The results suggest that fatty acid-induced changes in the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes may be due to the microenvironmental changes of membrane-bound enzymes.", "contents": "Regulation of hepatic drug metabolism by elaidic and linoleic acids in rats. Elaidic and linoleic acids were administered at doses of 40 and 200 mg/kg i.p. every second day for 4 weeks to rats fed a fat-free diet. The fatty acids had only a slight effect on the weight gain of the animals. The amount of microsomal protein was slightly decreased with the higher dose of linoleic acid. The higher dose level of both fatty acids decreased the microsomal phospholipid content. The relative amounts of microsomal phospholipid fatty acids were also altered due to fatty acid administration. The activity of microsomal NADPH cytochrome c reductase and microsomal cytochrome P-450 contents were decreased by the higher dose of linoleic acid. The hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activities decreased in fatty acid-treated rats. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity was also lowered after the fatty acid administration. The results suggest that fatty acid-induced changes in the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes may be due to the microenvironmental changes of membrane-bound enzymes.", "PMID": 416954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8880", "title": "Properties of the high-molecular-weight deoxyribonuclease of Bacillus subtilis degrading single-stranded DNA.", "content": "We have studied the properties of the high-Mr DNAse degrading single-stranded DNA which is present in extracts of Bacillus subtilis. This enzyme is a heterogeneous aggregate of identical subunits with an Mr of 36 000, as measured in dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The aggregate can be disassembled by the presence of Triton X-100, but reforms spontaneously following removal of the detergent. A mild proteolytic treatment of the aggregate causes the irreversible and nearly quantitative conversion into the free subunit. The modified subunit has identical properties (in terms of size, chromatographic adsorption and catalytic activity) as the small DNAse previously described by Ciarrocchi et al. [Eur. J. Biochem. 61, 487 (1976)], i.e. an endonuclease highly specific for single-stranded DNA and producing 5'-P and 3'-OH ends.", "contents": "Properties of the high-molecular-weight deoxyribonuclease of Bacillus subtilis degrading single-stranded DNA. We have studied the properties of the high-Mr DNAse degrading single-stranded DNA which is present in extracts of Bacillus subtilis. This enzyme is a heterogeneous aggregate of identical subunits with an Mr of 36 000, as measured in dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The aggregate can be disassembled by the presence of Triton X-100, but reforms spontaneously following removal of the detergent. A mild proteolytic treatment of the aggregate causes the irreversible and nearly quantitative conversion into the free subunit. The modified subunit has identical properties (in terms of size, chromatographic adsorption and catalytic activity) as the small DNAse previously described by Ciarrocchi et al. [Eur. J. Biochem. 61, 487 (1976)], i.e. an endonuclease highly specific for single-stranded DNA and producing 5'-P and 3'-OH ends.", "PMID": 416955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8881", "title": "Isolation and characterization of free cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoproteins from rabbit reticulocyte.", "content": "Free cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoproteins have been prepared with a high yield in a zonal rotor. They are rapidly labelled by [3H]uridine. Their sedimentation coefficients are 14.6 S and 19.4 S. Their protein contents are higher than in ribosomes, as indicated by a shift towards greater wavelength in their ultraviolet spectra and a buoyant density of 1.39 g cm-2 in CsCl. They do not cross-react with antiribosome antibodies and their protein patterns in sodium dodecylsulfate and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are different from ribosomes'. They may contain up to 30 proteins. The proteins are acidic and their molecular weights range from 22 000 to 100 000. When compared to chromatin they behave more like non-histone proteins than histones.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of free cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoproteins from rabbit reticulocyte. Free cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoproteins have been prepared with a high yield in a zonal rotor. They are rapidly labelled by [3H]uridine. Their sedimentation coefficients are 14.6 S and 19.4 S. Their protein contents are higher than in ribosomes, as indicated by a shift towards greater wavelength in their ultraviolet spectra and a buoyant density of 1.39 g cm-2 in CsCl. They do not cross-react with antiribosome antibodies and their protein patterns in sodium dodecylsulfate and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are different from ribosomes'. They may contain up to 30 proteins. The proteins are acidic and their molecular weights range from 22 000 to 100 000. When compared to chromatin they behave more like non-histone proteins than histones.", "PMID": 416957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8882", "title": "The binding site of ribosomal protein L1 from Escherichia coli on the 23-S ribosomal RNA from Bacillus stearothermophilus. A possible base-pairing scheme differing from that proposed for Escherichia coli.", "content": "The region of Bacillus stearothermophilus strain NCA 1503 23-S ribosomal RNA protected from T1 ribonuclease digestion by the 50-S ribosomal subunit protein L1 from Escherichia coli has been established. The sequence of 115 nucleotides is compared to the analogous region in E. coli. The similar behaviour of the RNA towards the recognition of protein L1 may be explained in terms of secondary base-pairing, even though there exists almost 40% difference between the primary nucleotide sequences.", "contents": "The binding site of ribosomal protein L1 from Escherichia coli on the 23-S ribosomal RNA from Bacillus stearothermophilus. A possible base-pairing scheme differing from that proposed for Escherichia coli. The region of Bacillus stearothermophilus strain NCA 1503 23-S ribosomal RNA protected from T1 ribonuclease digestion by the 50-S ribosomal subunit protein L1 from Escherichia coli has been established. The sequence of 115 nucleotides is compared to the analogous region in E. coli. The similar behaviour of the RNA towards the recognition of protein L1 may be explained in terms of secondary base-pairing, even though there exists almost 40% difference between the primary nucleotide sequences.", "PMID": 416958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8883", "title": "Role of IgD in the immune response and tolerance. II. Precursor analysis of murine B cells separated on the basis of surface IgD or treated with an anti-delta serum.", "content": "Precursor analysis of the function of murine B cells with surface IgD has been accomplished using an alloantiserum directed against a delta allotype and cellular affinity chromatography. Spleen cells from 3-week-old C57BL.Ige mice were treated with a TNP-labeled anti-delta allotype serum, washed and passed through an anti-TNP affinity column. The cells passing such a column were depleted of IgD-bearing lymphocytes by immunofluorescence and also showed a greatly reduced ability to develop into specific antibody-forming cell clones vs. the fluorescein (FL) hapten in a limiting dilution microculture system in vitro. In contrast, the IgD-bearing cells eluted from such columns were slightly enriched in precursor activity compared to the original population. Moreover, brief treatment with anti-delta serum alone produced a partial reduction in the precursor frequency vs. FL with C57BL.Ige spleen cells (which bear the appropriate delta allotype) but not C57BL/6 spleen cells (which are negative for this delta allotype). This effect varied with the age of the spleen donor, but was most dramatic with splenocytes from 2 to 3-week-old mice. This contrasts with the effect of anti-mu pretreatment, which only inhibited neonatal precursors. The results are interpreted in terms of the maturation of murine B cells and the function of IgD and IgM receptors in triggering an immune response.", "contents": "Role of IgD in the immune response and tolerance. II. Precursor analysis of murine B cells separated on the basis of surface IgD or treated with an anti-delta serum. Precursor analysis of the function of murine B cells with surface IgD has been accomplished using an alloantiserum directed against a delta allotype and cellular affinity chromatography. Spleen cells from 3-week-old C57BL.Ige mice were treated with a TNP-labeled anti-delta allotype serum, washed and passed through an anti-TNP affinity column. The cells passing such a column were depleted of IgD-bearing lymphocytes by immunofluorescence and also showed a greatly reduced ability to develop into specific antibody-forming cell clones vs. the fluorescein (FL) hapten in a limiting dilution microculture system in vitro. In contrast, the IgD-bearing cells eluted from such columns were slightly enriched in precursor activity compared to the original population. Moreover, brief treatment with anti-delta serum alone produced a partial reduction in the precursor frequency vs. FL with C57BL.Ige spleen cells (which bear the appropriate delta allotype) but not C57BL/6 spleen cells (which are negative for this delta allotype). This effect varied with the age of the spleen donor, but was most dramatic with splenocytes from 2 to 3-week-old mice. This contrasts with the effect of anti-mu pretreatment, which only inhibited neonatal precursors. The results are interpreted in terms of the maturation of murine B cells and the function of IgD and IgM receptors in triggering an immune response.", "PMID": 416959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8884", "title": "Effects of methysergide, pizotifen and ergotamine in the monkey cranial circulation.", "content": "Internal and external carotid vascular resistances were measured, in anaesthetized monkeys, to asses the direct cranial vascular effects of i.v. methysergide, pizotifen and ergotamine, and their effects on the cranial vascular responses to the constrictors 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline and the dilators histamine, prostaglandin E1 and bradykinin. Methysergide reduced responses to 5-HT, and tended to potentiate the external carotid responses to noradrenaline. Pizotifen blocked responses to histamine; it tended to reduce internal carotid responses to 5-HT, but it potentiated external carotid 5-HT responses. Ergotamine reduced responses to 5-HT and noradrenaline, but this was probably related to its cranial vasoconstrictor effects, especially in the external carotid circulation. Methysergide induced weak transient cranial vasoconstriction and pizotifen had no direct effects. These findings may be relevant to the therapeutic actions of these drugs in migraine, since the doses used approximated to those used clinically.", "contents": "Effects of methysergide, pizotifen and ergotamine in the monkey cranial circulation. Internal and external carotid vascular resistances were measured, in anaesthetized monkeys, to asses the direct cranial vascular effects of i.v. methysergide, pizotifen and ergotamine, and their effects on the cranial vascular responses to the constrictors 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline and the dilators histamine, prostaglandin E1 and bradykinin. Methysergide reduced responses to 5-HT, and tended to potentiate the external carotid responses to noradrenaline. Pizotifen blocked responses to histamine; it tended to reduce internal carotid responses to 5-HT, but it potentiated external carotid 5-HT responses. Ergotamine reduced responses to 5-HT and noradrenaline, but this was probably related to its cranial vasoconstrictor effects, especially in the external carotid circulation. Methysergide induced weak transient cranial vasoconstriction and pizotifen had no direct effects. These findings may be relevant to the therapeutic actions of these drugs in migraine, since the doses used approximated to those used clinically.", "PMID": 416960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8885", "title": "Studies on the neuropharmacology of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and a new TRH analog.", "content": "TRH and a new TRH analog (all L-pyro-2-aminoadipyl-histidyl-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide, MK-771) have been compared with several other peptides for their \"analeptic\" activity and their ability to enhance the excitatory actions of microiontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) on cerebral cortical neurons of rats. TRH and MK-771 offset the narcosis induced by pentobarbital in mice, whereas the C-terminal free acid derived from TRH, melanostatin, somatostatin and pyroglutamyl-histidineamide have been found inactive. Similarly, of these peptides only TRH and MK-771 induced a tremor of the forepaws in pentobarbital-anesthetized mice. Employing comparable ejection currents and durations, only TRH and MK-771, applied by microiontophoresis, enhanced the excitatory actions of ACh on spontaneously active cortical neurons in anesthetized rats. Based on these findings and other recent data, it is suggested that the interactions of TRH and MK-771 with cholinergic mechanisms may underlie some of the actions, including their anti-anesthetic effects, of these peptides.", "contents": "Studies on the neuropharmacology of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and a new TRH analog. TRH and a new TRH analog (all L-pyro-2-aminoadipyl-histidyl-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide, MK-771) have been compared with several other peptides for their \"analeptic\" activity and their ability to enhance the excitatory actions of microiontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) on cerebral cortical neurons of rats. TRH and MK-771 offset the narcosis induced by pentobarbital in mice, whereas the C-terminal free acid derived from TRH, melanostatin, somatostatin and pyroglutamyl-histidineamide have been found inactive. Similarly, of these peptides only TRH and MK-771 induced a tremor of the forepaws in pentobarbital-anesthetized mice. Employing comparable ejection currents and durations, only TRH and MK-771, applied by microiontophoresis, enhanced the excitatory actions of ACh on spontaneously active cortical neurons in anesthetized rats. Based on these findings and other recent data, it is suggested that the interactions of TRH and MK-771 with cholinergic mechanisms may underlie some of the actions, including their anti-anesthetic effects, of these peptides.", "PMID": 416961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8886", "title": "Distribution of calcitonin cells in the thyroid glands of normal adult rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta.", "content": "The calcitonin cells of adult rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta are located in the central region of thyroid along the median axis. The anterior and posterior poles, the isthmus and peripheral regions of thyroid are completely devoid of C cells. The parathyroid also lacks C cells.", "contents": "Distribution of calcitonin cells in the thyroid glands of normal adult rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta. The calcitonin cells of adult rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta are located in the central region of thyroid along the median axis. The anterior and posterior poles, the isthmus and peripheral regions of thyroid are completely devoid of C cells. The parathyroid also lacks C cells.", "PMID": 416967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8887", "title": "Innervation of the renal cortex.", "content": "Morphologic studies of renal innervation have utilized the methods of histochemistry and electron microscopy. Much information has been derived from examination of the renal cortex in monkey and rat. Fluorescence histochemistry shows a rich adrenergic innervation. Acetylcholinesterase can be demonstrated histochemically in the renal nerves by light and electron microscopy. Studies in the rat using 6-hydroxydopamine, a drug that selectively destroys adrenergic nerves, indicate that the glomerular arterioles and surrounding tubules are innervated by adrenergic nerves containing acetylcholinesterase. Distinct neurovascular and neurotubular junctions are observed the electron microscope. They are anatomically consistent with being the sites of synaptic transmission. Ultrastructural analysis of serial sections reveals that single individual axons contact multiple vascular cells and renal tubules. We now have a considerable body of information concerning the morphology of renal innervation are are beginning to appreciate the role of the renal nerves in kidney function.", "contents": "Innervation of the renal cortex. Morphologic studies of renal innervation have utilized the methods of histochemistry and electron microscopy. Much information has been derived from examination of the renal cortex in monkey and rat. Fluorescence histochemistry shows a rich adrenergic innervation. Acetylcholinesterase can be demonstrated histochemically in the renal nerves by light and electron microscopy. Studies in the rat using 6-hydroxydopamine, a drug that selectively destroys adrenergic nerves, indicate that the glomerular arterioles and surrounding tubules are innervated by adrenergic nerves containing acetylcholinesterase. Distinct neurovascular and neurotubular junctions are observed the electron microscope. They are anatomically consistent with being the sites of synaptic transmission. Ultrastructural analysis of serial sections reveals that single individual axons contact multiple vascular cells and renal tubules. We now have a considerable body of information concerning the morphology of renal innervation are are beginning to appreciate the role of the renal nerves in kidney function.", "PMID": 416969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8888", "title": "The activity of purine salvage pathway enzymes in murine and horse models of congenital and acquired dysimmunity.", "content": "Previous studies of human congenital immunodeficiency states and in vitro observations of lymphocyte response to mitogens have implicated two purine salvage pathway enzymes, andenosine deaminase (ADA) and nucleoside phosphorylase (NP), as critical in the normal maturation and/or function of the immune system. Based on this information, ADA and NP activities were examined in a variety of congenital and acquired animal models of dysimmunity. The animals studied herein included: congenitally athymic (nude) mice; congenitally asplenic mice; congenitally athymic-asplenic mice; motheaten mice; New Zealand mice; and Arabian foals with severe combined immunodeficiency. No significant differences in the activities of ADA and NP were observed in any of these animals when compared with either normal littermates or animals with intact  immune function. Major species differences were apparent when erythrocyte ADA acitivty was compared between mice and horses. In contrast, only minor strain alterations in ADA or NP activity were noted between several inbred groups of mice.", "contents": "The activity of purine salvage pathway enzymes in murine and horse models of congenital and acquired dysimmunity. Previous studies of human congenital immunodeficiency states and in vitro observations of lymphocyte response to mitogens have implicated two purine salvage pathway enzymes, andenosine deaminase (ADA) and nucleoside phosphorylase (NP), as critical in the normal maturation and/or function of the immune system. Based on this information, ADA and NP activities were examined in a variety of congenital and acquired animal models of dysimmunity. The animals studied herein included: congenitally athymic (nude) mice; congenitally asplenic mice; congenitally athymic-asplenic mice; motheaten mice; New Zealand mice; and Arabian foals with severe combined immunodeficiency. No significant differences in the activities of ADA and NP were observed in any of these animals when compared with either normal littermates or animals with intact  immune function. Major species differences were apparent when erythrocyte ADA acitivty was compared between mice and horses. In contrast, only minor strain alterations in ADA or NP activity were noted between several inbred groups of mice.", "PMID": 416973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8889", "title": "Small dose anti-Rh therapy after first trimester abortion.", "content": "The standard prophylactic dose of anti-Rh immunoglobulin used in the United States is 300 microgram. For use after spontaneous or induced abortion and diagnostic amniocentesis, this dose represents immunological \"overkill\". A 50 microgram dose has been effectively used for these patients in other countries but the specific products used were not equivalent to the products available in the USA. No evaluation of this 50 microgram dose has been conducted in the USA. This is a pilot study of 315 patients given a 50 microgram dose or a 300 microgram dose of anti-Rh immunoglobulin after first trimester abortion. No patient in either treatment group developed atypical blood group antibodies within 6 months. This finding confirms that 50 microgram of the American product is protective after first trimester abortion.", "contents": "Small dose anti-Rh therapy after first trimester abortion. The standard prophylactic dose of anti-Rh immunoglobulin used in the United States is 300 microgram. For use after spontaneous or induced abortion and diagnostic amniocentesis, this dose represents immunological \"overkill\". A 50 microgram dose has been effectively used for these patients in other countries but the specific products used were not equivalent to the products available in the USA. No evaluation of this 50 microgram dose has been conducted in the USA. This is a pilot study of 315 patients given a 50 microgram dose or a 300 microgram dose of anti-Rh immunoglobulin after first trimester abortion. No patient in either treatment group developed atypical blood group antibodies within 6 months. This finding confirms that 50 microgram of the American product is protective after first trimester abortion.", "PMID": 416975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8890", "title": "Pituitary-adrenal response to separation in mother and infant squirrel monkeys.", "content": "Pituitary-adrenal response in mother and infant squirrel monkeys following brief separation was assessed. Each mother and infant pair was tested under each of 3 conditions: (1) Basal; (2) Separation-Reunion; and (3) Separation. Samples were obtained from mothers and infants in the Separation and Separation-Reunion conditions 30 min following the initial disturbance. A similar paradigm was used to assess the effects of separation in surrogate-reared animals. The results indicate that mothers, infants, and surrogate-reared infants respond to 30-min separation with a substantial increase in plasma cortisol. The values obtained in the Separation-Reunion condition did not differ significantly from Basal values in any of the 3 groups, suggesting that the effect of separation on the pituitary-adrenal system is not due to the disturbance involved in the separation procedure. The response of surrogate-reared infants suggests that these infants develop similar attachments to the surrogate as normal infants to their own mothers.", "contents": "Pituitary-adrenal response to separation in mother and infant squirrel monkeys. Pituitary-adrenal response in mother and infant squirrel monkeys following brief separation was assessed. Each mother and infant pair was tested under each of 3 conditions: (1) Basal; (2) Separation-Reunion; and (3) Separation. Samples were obtained from mothers and infants in the Separation and Separation-Reunion conditions 30 min following the initial disturbance. A similar paradigm was used to assess the effects of separation in surrogate-reared animals. The results indicate that mothers, infants, and surrogate-reared infants respond to 30-min separation with a substantial increase in plasma cortisol. The values obtained in the Separation-Reunion condition did not differ significantly from Basal values in any of the 3 groups, suggesting that the effect of separation on the pituitary-adrenal system is not due to the disturbance involved in the separation procedure. The response of surrogate-reared infants suggests that these infants develop similar attachments to the surrogate as normal infants to their own mothers.", "PMID": 416983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8891", "title": "Insular amyloidosis and diabetes mellitus in Macaca nigra.", "content": "Amyloid in the islets of Langerhans increases with increasing severity of diabetes mellitus in Macaca nigra. The amount of insular amyloid was quantified, and diabetic monkeys averaged eight times more islet amyloid than did normal monkeys. The quantity of insular amyloid correlated significantly with glucose clearance in intravenous glucose tolerance tests and with serum glucose, triglycerides, immunoreactive insulin, and prebetallipoprotein measured after an overnight fast. As with human beings, insular amyloid appeared to be more prevalent in aging monkeys. The results support the hypothesis that the interrelated islet pathologic and metabolic events, which result in the appearance of insular amyloid concomitant with islet cell necrosis, may contribute more to maturity-onset diabetes in aging individuals than has been heretofore realized.", "contents": "Insular amyloidosis and diabetes mellitus in Macaca nigra. Amyloid in the islets of Langerhans increases with increasing severity of diabetes mellitus in Macaca nigra. The amount of insular amyloid was quantified, and diabetic monkeys averaged eight times more islet amyloid than did normal monkeys. The quantity of insular amyloid correlated significantly with glucose clearance in intravenous glucose tolerance tests and with serum glucose, triglycerides, immunoreactive insulin, and prebetallipoprotein measured after an overnight fast. As with human beings, insular amyloid appeared to be more prevalent in aging monkeys. The results support the hypothesis that the interrelated islet pathologic and metabolic events, which result in the appearance of insular amyloid concomitant with islet cell necrosis, may contribute more to maturity-onset diabetes in aging individuals than has been heretofore realized.", "PMID": 416984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8892", "title": "Suppression of autochthonous tumors by mixed implantation with Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton and related bacterial fractions.", "content": "Antitumor activities of the cell-wall skeleton of Nocardia rubra and related bacterial fractions in autochthonous tumor-host system were tested on autografts of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma in SHN mice and of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in ICR/JCL mice. The oil-attached cell-wall skeleton of N. rubra was the most effective in suppressing the autografts of the mammary adenocarcinoma but less of the fibrosarcoma, when the autografts were mixed with oil-attached preparation and implanted subcutaneously in the original host, while peptidoglycolipid of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Aoyama B was the most suppressive on the autografts of the fibrosarcoma but not on the mammary tumor autografts. The cell-wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis BCG slightly suppressed the autografts of the fibrosarcoma. Presensitization of tumor-bearing mice with the cell-wall skeleton of N. rubra resulted in a more marked suppression on autografts of both tumors than without the presensitization, but local destruction of these tumor autografts did not induce recognizable systemic immunity to the respective tumors. Intralesional injection of cell-wall skeleton of N. rubra showed prolongation of survival days of mice with fibrosarcoma.", "contents": "Suppression of autochthonous tumors by mixed implantation with Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton and related bacterial fractions. Antitumor activities of the cell-wall skeleton of Nocardia rubra and related bacterial fractions in autochthonous tumor-host system were tested on autografts of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma in SHN mice and of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in ICR/JCL mice. The oil-attached cell-wall skeleton of N. rubra was the most effective in suppressing the autografts of the mammary adenocarcinoma but less of the fibrosarcoma, when the autografts were mixed with oil-attached preparation and implanted subcutaneously in the original host, while peptidoglycolipid of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Aoyama B was the most suppressive on the autografts of the fibrosarcoma but not on the mammary tumor autografts. The cell-wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis BCG slightly suppressed the autografts of the fibrosarcoma. Presensitization of tumor-bearing mice with the cell-wall skeleton of N. rubra resulted in a more marked suppression on autografts of both tumors than without the presensitization, but local destruction of these tumor autografts did not induce recognizable systemic immunity to the respective tumors. Intralesional injection of cell-wall skeleton of N. rubra showed prolongation of survival days of mice with fibrosarcoma.", "PMID": 416987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8893", "title": "Base and base sequence specificity of the binding of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide to DNA.", "content": "Synthetic and natural DNAs we;e reacted with 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-HAQO) in an in vitro enzyme system. The amount of 4-HAQO bound to DNA varied significantly depending on the DNA used. The base sequence as well as the base composition affected the binding. Optical melting profiles of 4-HAQO-modified DNAs were examined. Decrease in the melting temperature and broadening of the transition width were commonly observed. Melting fine structure of lambda-phage DNA became less clear according to the modification. The shape of the melting curves of synthetic polynucleotides was little affected by binding, which suggests that the binding sites are distributed randomly along a DNA molecule. Binding of 4-HAQO to a purine base may distort the secondary structure of neighboring base pairs in a DNA molecule. Degree of the distortion can be estimated as a free energy increment associated with the binding. It was found that the free energy increment differs considerably among the polynucleotides with different base sequences.", "contents": "Base and base sequence specificity of the binding of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide to DNA. Synthetic and natural DNAs we;e reacted with 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-HAQO) in an in vitro enzyme system. The amount of 4-HAQO bound to DNA varied significantly depending on the DNA used. The base sequence as well as the base composition affected the binding. Optical melting profiles of 4-HAQO-modified DNAs were examined. Decrease in the melting temperature and broadening of the transition width were commonly observed. Melting fine structure of lambda-phage DNA became less clear according to the modification. The shape of the melting curves of synthetic polynucleotides was little affected by binding, which suggests that the binding sites are distributed randomly along a DNA molecule. Binding of 4-HAQO to a purine base may distort the secondary structure of neighboring base pairs in a DNA molecule. Degree of the distortion can be estimated as a free energy increment associated with the binding. It was found that the free energy increment differs considerably among the polynucleotides with different base sequences.", "PMID": 416988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8894", "title": "Effect of a lactobacilli preparation on traveler's diarrhea. A randomized, double blind clinical trial.", "content": "The effectiveness of prophylactic ingestion of a commercial preparation of lactobacilli (Lactinex) for the prevention or modification of traveler's diarrhea was tested in a randomized double blind clinical trial in 50 volunteer travelers to Mexico from the United States. Twenty-six subjects received the lactobacilli preparation and 24 received placebo. The incidence of diarrhea and its duration during the 4 weeks of observation were quite similar for the two preparations: 35% for lactobacilli-treated subjects and 29% for placebo subjects. Typically, the diarrhea was mild, lasting 2 days. From the observations during this study we conclude that prophylactic ingestion of lactobacilli for 1 week does not reduce the incidence or duration of traveler's diarrhea either during the period of ingestion or during the following 3 weeks.", "contents": "Effect of a lactobacilli preparation on traveler's diarrhea. A randomized, double blind clinical trial. The effectiveness of prophylactic ingestion of a commercial preparation of lactobacilli (Lactinex) for the prevention or modification of traveler's diarrhea was tested in a randomized double blind clinical trial in 50 volunteer travelers to Mexico from the United States. Twenty-six subjects received the lactobacilli preparation and 24 received placebo. The incidence of diarrhea and its duration during the 4 weeks of observation were quite similar for the two preparations: 35% for lactobacilli-treated subjects and 29% for placebo subjects. Typically, the diarrhea was mild, lasting 2 days. From the observations during this study we conclude that prophylactic ingestion of lactobacilli for 1 week does not reduce the incidence or duration of traveler's diarrhea either during the period of ingestion or during the following 3 weeks.", "PMID": 416989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8895", "title": "Primate mesenteric blood flow. Effects of vasopressin and its route of delivery.", "content": "The effects of vasopressin on blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery and on mean arterial pressure and portal venous pressure were measured in 7 rhesus monkeys. Vasopressin was injected, as either a bolus, or infused both intravenously and intraarterially to assess the influence of the route of administration upon hemodynamic responses. Dose-dependent decreases in superior mesenteric arterial flow were observed during both intraarterial and intravenous injections of vasopressin. No statistically significant differences between the two routes of administration, the decrease in flow, and changes in pressure were observed. Based upon these observations, one might anticipate that intravenously administered vasopressin will be as effective as intraarterially administered vasopressin in reducing mesenteric blood flow, and thus portal venous pressure, in man.", "contents": "Primate mesenteric blood flow. Effects of vasopressin and its route of delivery. The effects of vasopressin on blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery and on mean arterial pressure and portal venous pressure were measured in 7 rhesus monkeys. Vasopressin was injected, as either a bolus, or infused both intravenously and intraarterially to assess the influence of the route of administration upon hemodynamic responses. Dose-dependent decreases in superior mesenteric arterial flow were observed during both intraarterial and intravenous injections of vasopressin. No statistically significant differences between the two routes of administration, the decrease in flow, and changes in pressure were observed. Based upon these observations, one might anticipate that intravenously administered vasopressin will be as effective as intraarterially administered vasopressin in reducing mesenteric blood flow, and thus portal venous pressure, in man.", "PMID": 416990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8896", "title": "[A contribution to the problem of heterologous insemination (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of a heterologous insemination must occasionally be dealt with. The conditions for such treatment are not good in the Federal Republic of Germany. This, however, should not negatively influence the quality of the therapy. At least the serologic characteristics of the donor should be known. The impetus for this article was provided by the unsuccessful course of a pregnancy after heterologous insemination in a patient with an established, severe Rhesus incompatibility.", "contents": "[A contribution to the problem of heterologous insemination (author's transl)]. The problem of a heterologous insemination must occasionally be dealt with. The conditions for such treatment are not good in the Federal Republic of Germany. This, however, should not negatively influence the quality of the therapy. At least the serologic characteristics of the donor should be known. The impetus for this article was provided by the unsuccessful course of a pregnancy after heterologous insemination in a patient with an established, severe Rhesus incompatibility.", "PMID": 416991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8897", "title": "Cytogenetic localization of the acid phosphatase-1 gene in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "A translocation in which a segment of chromosome 3 is inserted into the Y chromosome was found to contain the acid phosphatase-1 gene (Acph-1). In flies hyperploid for that gene, acid phosphatase-1 levels are proportional to the dose of the gene. The locus is placed within the salivary chromosome subdivisions 99D and 99E on the basis of its inclusion in the translocated segment and on the previous placement of the claret locus. Several chromosomal rearrangements involving heterochromatic breakpoints and euchromatic breakpoints adjacent to 99D-99E were tested for possible postiion-effect variegation of acid phosphatase-1. No decrease in the synthesis of the electorphoretic subunit encoded by the relocated gene was observed within any of the rearrangements.", "contents": "Cytogenetic localization of the acid phosphatase-1 gene in Drosophila melanogaster. A translocation in which a segment of chromosome 3 is inserted into the Y chromosome was found to contain the acid phosphatase-1 gene (Acph-1). In flies hyperploid for that gene, acid phosphatase-1 levels are proportional to the dose of the gene. The locus is placed within the salivary chromosome subdivisions 99D and 99E on the basis of its inclusion in the translocated segment and on the previous placement of the claret locus. Several chromosomal rearrangements involving heterochromatic breakpoints and euchromatic breakpoints adjacent to 99D-99E were tested for possible postiion-effect variegation of acid phosphatase-1. No decrease in the synthesis of the electorphoretic subunit encoded by the relocated gene was observed within any of the rearrangements.", "PMID": 416992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8898", "title": "Electronmicroscopic histochemical investigation of the surface of the cell membrane of the renal tubules with the use of ruthenium red and lantanum nitrate.", "content": "The renal tubules were investigated with the use of ruthenium red and lanthanum nitrate to titrate the carbohydrate groups which are localized on the differentiated surface of the cell membranes and intercellular spaces. Ruthenium red visualized the surface coat which is tightly bound to the outer lamellae of the cell membrane. Lanthanum nitrate used in this investigations is a valuable marker of the intercellular spaces. The applied markers have visualized in the kidney the canals which are originated from the foldings of membranes of the tubular cells which adhere to the basal membrane. The markers used in combination with the fixative glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde give an electrondense envelope of the cell membrane which is more distinct as compared with specimen treated with glutaraldehyde and markers only.", "contents": "Electronmicroscopic histochemical investigation of the surface of the cell membrane of the renal tubules with the use of ruthenium red and lantanum nitrate. The renal tubules were investigated with the use of ruthenium red and lanthanum nitrate to titrate the carbohydrate groups which are localized on the differentiated surface of the cell membranes and intercellular spaces. Ruthenium red visualized the surface coat which is tightly bound to the outer lamellae of the cell membrane. Lanthanum nitrate used in this investigations is a valuable marker of the intercellular spaces. The applied markers have visualized in the kidney the canals which are originated from the foldings of membranes of the tubular cells which adhere to the basal membrane. The markers used in combination with the fixative glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde give an electrondense envelope of the cell membrane which is more distinct as compared with specimen treated with glutaraldehyde and markers only.", "PMID": 416997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8899", "title": "Contribution to the problem of cyst-producing coccidians.", "content": "The problem of life cycles of cyst-producing coccidians, mainly those of the genus Sarcocystis, from carnivorous birds has been discussed. Oocysts of the \"sarcocystic\" type have been recovered from 9 species of birds of prey and owls from Czechoslovakia. The course of experimental infection in a group of birds consisting of the species Tyto alba, Asio otus, Strix aluco, Buteo buteo has been described. We inoculated these birds with cystic stages of the genus Sarcocystis obtained from white laboratory mice (Mus musculus) infected previously with oocysts from Tyto alba. The nomenclature of heteroxenous coccidians of the genus Sarcocystis has been discussed and suggestions have been made for the use of simple, one-word specific names. A description is given of a new species of the genus Sarcocystis--Sarcocystis dispersa sp. n. Its asexual development and cyst production in Mus musculus (intermediate host), and cyst production in Tyto alba and Asio otus (definitive hosts) have been studied.", "contents": "Contribution to the problem of cyst-producing coccidians. The problem of life cycles of cyst-producing coccidians, mainly those of the genus Sarcocystis, from carnivorous birds has been discussed. Oocysts of the \"sarcocystic\" type have been recovered from 9 species of birds of prey and owls from Czechoslovakia. The course of experimental infection in a group of birds consisting of the species Tyto alba, Asio otus, Strix aluco, Buteo buteo has been described. We inoculated these birds with cystic stages of the genus Sarcocystis obtained from white laboratory mice (Mus musculus) infected previously with oocysts from Tyto alba. The nomenclature of heteroxenous coccidians of the genus Sarcocystis has been discussed and suggestions have been made for the use of simple, one-word specific names. A description is given of a new species of the genus Sarcocystis--Sarcocystis dispersa sp. n. Its asexual development and cyst production in Mus musculus (intermediate host), and cyst production in Tyto alba and Asio otus (definitive hosts) have been studied.", "PMID": 416999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8900", "title": "[Studies on the antigenicity of swine arterio graft (author's transl)].", "content": "To obtain better arterio grafts, we prepared three samples from adventitia of swine carotid arteries, and their antigenicity was studied with immunological procedures. Sample I was prepared from swine carotid arteries, by eliminating the extraneous fat and connective tissues. Sample II was prepared from Sample I by treatment with chymotrypsin, and Sample III was prepared from Sample II by treatment with 3% glutaraldehyde for 14 days. From the three samples, the water soluble protein fractions were extracted, and abbreviated as E-I, E-II and E-III, respectively. Immunopharmacological tests in guinea pigs and rabbits including active and passive anaphylaxis, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, Schultz-Dale test and Arthus's phenomenon among these extracts revealed cross reactions between E-I and E-II. Also, precipitin test and Ouchterlony's method, precipitation was observed between E-I and E-II, and it was suggested that there might be at least a common antigen between E-I and E-II. The rabbits which had been implanted subcutaneously at the back with the minced Sample I evoked severe reactions and died after intravenous injection of E-I at the 3rd or 5th month after implantation. No reaction was observed between Sample III and E-III in the same experiment. From the above results, it was suggested that the antigenicity of swine carotid arteries could be eliminated by the treatment with chymotrypsin and glutaraldehyde.", "contents": "[Studies on the antigenicity of swine arterio graft (author's transl)]. To obtain better arterio grafts, we prepared three samples from adventitia of swine carotid arteries, and their antigenicity was studied with immunological procedures. Sample I was prepared from swine carotid arteries, by eliminating the extraneous fat and connective tissues. Sample II was prepared from Sample I by treatment with chymotrypsin, and Sample III was prepared from Sample II by treatment with 3% glutaraldehyde for 14 days. From the three samples, the water soluble protein fractions were extracted, and abbreviated as E-I, E-II and E-III, respectively. Immunopharmacological tests in guinea pigs and rabbits including active and passive anaphylaxis, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, Schultz-Dale test and Arthus's phenomenon among these extracts revealed cross reactions between E-I and E-II. Also, precipitin test and Ouchterlony's method, precipitation was observed between E-I and E-II, and it was suggested that there might be at least a common antigen between E-I and E-II. The rabbits which had been implanted subcutaneously at the back with the minced Sample I evoked severe reactions and died after intravenous injection of E-I at the 3rd or 5th month after implantation. No reaction was observed between Sample III and E-III in the same experiment. From the above results, it was suggested that the antigenicity of swine carotid arteries could be eliminated by the treatment with chymotrypsin and glutaraldehyde.", "PMID": 417002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8901", "title": "Facial expressions in captive squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "The facial expressions of captive, group-living squirrel monkeys are described. Elements of facial expressions, the occurrence of these expressions and accompanying vocalizations are detailed. The range of facial expressions recorded for this species is similar to that previously reported for other simian primates.", "contents": "Facial expressions in captive squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). The facial expressions of captive, group-living squirrel monkeys are described. Elements of facial expressions, the occurrence of these expressions and accompanying vocalizations are detailed. The range of facial expressions recorded for this species is similar to that previously reported for other simian primates.", "PMID": 417003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8902", "title": "Annual reproductive strategy of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "The physiological and behavioral factors underlying the annual reproductive cycle of the squirrel monkey were evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions. Mating activity following the formation of two social groups served to synchronize the reproductive phases during the subsequent year of observation. Changes in male and female reproductive status were assessed during four designated phases: breeding, pregnancy, lactation and fatting. Behavioral and somatic changes in gonadectomized subjects, living in the social groups, were also evaluated. The variations in behavior and physiology across the year were considered in terms of factors constraining the timing of the natural reproductive pattern.", "contents": "Annual reproductive strategy of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). The physiological and behavioral factors underlying the annual reproductive cycle of the squirrel monkey were evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions. Mating activity following the formation of two social groups served to synchronize the reproductive phases during the subsequent year of observation. Changes in male and female reproductive status were assessed during four designated phases: breeding, pregnancy, lactation and fatting. Behavioral and somatic changes in gonadectomized subjects, living in the social groups, were also evaluated. The variations in behavior and physiology across the year were considered in terms of factors constraining the timing of the natural reproductive pattern.", "PMID": 417004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8903", "title": "Home range, activity pattern, and agonistic encounters of a group of night monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) in Peru.", "content": "Findings are presented from a 9-week field study on Aotus trivirgatus in continuous primary, tropical forest in Peru. One group of 2 adults and 2 juveniles utilized the same lodge area in the center of a home range of 3.1 ha for the duration of the study. The group utilized eleven fruit trees of nine different species during the 9 weeks. The home range overlapped extensively with that of other Aotus groups.", "contents": "Home range, activity pattern, and agonistic encounters of a group of night monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) in Peru. Findings are presented from a 9-week field study on Aotus trivirgatus in continuous primary, tropical forest in Peru. One group of 2 adults and 2 juveniles utilized the same lodge area in the center of a home range of 3.1 ha for the duration of the study. The group utilized eleven fruit trees of nine different species during the 9 weeks. The home range overlapped extensively with that of other Aotus groups.", "PMID": 417005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8904", "title": "The taste responses in primates to the proteins thaumatin and monellin and their phylogenetic implications.", "content": "Electrophysiological and behavioural methods have been applied to 34 species of the primates and, for comparison, to the Madagascan hedgehog to determine their responses to the proteins thaumatin and monellin. These substances elicit an intensely sweet taste sensation in man. All Catarrhina prefer monellin to water. The responses of the Prosimii as well as those of the South American primates to monellin are different, some species show a reaction, other species are not sensitive. In the case of thaumatin neither the Prosimii--including Tupaia and Tarsius--nor the South American primates show any response to this protein. Only the Cercopithecidae, the Hylobatidae and the Pongidae respond to this protein like man and prefer this substance to water. This physiological aspect of taste constitutes a clear dichotomy within the order Primates. This capability to taste thaumatin probably developed as long as 38 million years ago.", "contents": "The taste responses in primates to the proteins thaumatin and monellin and their phylogenetic implications. Electrophysiological and behavioural methods have been applied to 34 species of the primates and, for comparison, to the Madagascan hedgehog to determine their responses to the proteins thaumatin and monellin. These substances elicit an intensely sweet taste sensation in man. All Catarrhina prefer monellin to water. The responses of the Prosimii as well as those of the South American primates to monellin are different, some species show a reaction, other species are not sensitive. In the case of thaumatin neither the Prosimii--including Tupaia and Tarsius--nor the South American primates show any response to this protein. Only the Cercopithecidae, the Hylobatidae and the Pongidae respond to this protein like man and prefer this substance to water. This physiological aspect of taste constitutes a clear dichotomy within the order Primates. This capability to taste thaumatin probably developed as long as 38 million years ago.", "PMID": 417006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8905", "title": "Composition of the milk of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and milk substitutes used in hand-rearing programmes, with special reference to fatty acids.", "content": "Analyses of marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) milk were carried out to determine values for crude protein, lactose, total lipids, major minerals, and osmotic pressure. Mean values were (g/100 ml): protein, 3.6; lactose, 7.5; total lipids, 7.7; minerals (mg/100 ml): sodium, 21.4; potassium, 54.3; calcium, 92.2; phosphorus, 22.8; magnesium, 5.0; chloride, 52.2; osmotic pressure, 354 mosm/kg water. Similar analyses were conducted on 2 milk substitutes used in hand-rearing programmes. Fatty acid analyses were carried out on natural milk, the milk substitutes, and the marmoset diet. For hand-rearing C. jacchus it is recommended that a human milk substitute is modified by increasing the levels of protein, carbohydrate, and total lipids, and that a small amount of fish oil is added.", "contents": "Composition of the milk of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and milk substitutes used in hand-rearing programmes, with special reference to fatty acids. Analyses of marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) milk were carried out to determine values for crude protein, lactose, total lipids, major minerals, and osmotic pressure. Mean values were (g/100 ml): protein, 3.6; lactose, 7.5; total lipids, 7.7; minerals (mg/100 ml): sodium, 21.4; potassium, 54.3; calcium, 92.2; phosphorus, 22.8; magnesium, 5.0; chloride, 52.2; osmotic pressure, 354 mosm/kg water. Similar analyses were conducted on 2 milk substitutes used in hand-rearing programmes. Fatty acid analyses were carried out on natural milk, the milk substitutes, and the marmoset diet. For hand-rearing C. jacchus it is recommended that a human milk substitute is modified by increasing the levels of protein, carbohydrate, and total lipids, and that a small amount of fish oil is added.", "PMID": 417007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8906", "title": "[Indications for central veinous catheterism in psychiatric patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on cases of a Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit specific indications and applications of catheterism of central-veins in these special instances are presented, the psychiatric indications and contraindications for such measures are submitted in addition to those known from other medical fields. The mode of insertion, duration, infusionregimen and rates of complications are reviewed in 102 cases. Two of the common veinous-catheter systems are compared as for practicability.", "contents": "[Indications for central veinous catheterism in psychiatric patients (author's transl)]. Based on cases of a Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit specific indications and applications of catheterism of central-veins in these special instances are presented, the psychiatric indications and contraindications for such measures are submitted in addition to those known from other medical fields. The mode of insertion, duration, infusionregimen and rates of complications are reviewed in 102 cases. Two of the common veinous-catheter systems are compared as for practicability.", "PMID": 417008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8907", "title": "[Clinical, preclinical and prenatal diagnosis of congenital sphingolipidoses by determining lysosomal hydrolases (author's transl)].", "content": "Sphingolipidoses in infancy and adulthood and associated metabolic disturbances are caused by a recessively inherited, circumscribed lysosomal enzyme deficiency in the catabolism of various structural tissue substances. After presenting detailed methods for the quantitative assay of activities of lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes in leukocytes, serum , fibroblasts, urine and organ tissue with the aid of synthetic chromogenic and fluorescent substrates the signigicance of these methods for clinical diagnosis, for the detection of homozygote persons before developing clinical symptoms (preclinical diagnosis), for the preventive prenatal diagnosis and forthe detection of heterozygote carriers is described for the following diseases: Deficiency of hexosaminidase A and B, deficiency of beta-glucosidase, deficiency or arylsulfatase A, deficiency of alpha-galactosidase, deficiency of alpha-glucosidase.", "contents": "[Clinical, preclinical and prenatal diagnosis of congenital sphingolipidoses by determining lysosomal hydrolases (author's transl)]. Sphingolipidoses in infancy and adulthood and associated metabolic disturbances are caused by a recessively inherited, circumscribed lysosomal enzyme deficiency in the catabolism of various structural tissue substances. After presenting detailed methods for the quantitative assay of activities of lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes in leukocytes, serum , fibroblasts, urine and organ tissue with the aid of synthetic chromogenic and fluorescent substrates the signigicance of these methods for clinical diagnosis, for the detection of homozygote persons before developing clinical symptoms (preclinical diagnosis), for the preventive prenatal diagnosis and forthe detection of heterozygote carriers is described for the following diseases: Deficiency of hexosaminidase A and B, deficiency of beta-glucosidase, deficiency or arylsulfatase A, deficiency of alpha-galactosidase, deficiency of alpha-glucosidase.", "PMID": 417009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8908", "title": "On the linkages between chromophore and protein in biliproteins, VII. Amino acid sequence in the chromophore regions of C-phycoerythrin from Pseudanabaena W 1173 and Phormidium persicinum.", "content": "Bilipeptides from all chromophore regions were prepared by trypsin digestion of C-phycoerythrin from Pseudanabaena W 1173 and Phormidium persicinum. Analytical separation and quantitative determination of bilipeptides was achieved by isoelectric focusing, preparative isolation by gel chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. Amino acid analysis revealed cysteine as the only amino acid common to all chromopeptides. Amino acid sequences were determined by Edman degradation and the dansyl-Edman technique. Sequences are different in all 5 and 6 chromophore regions, respectively. Possible homologies are discussed. A thioether linkage between ring A of the chromophore and cysteine was found in the bilipeptides (as before in biliproteins). A second linkage (serine ester) was found in only one peptide (CM 4.I from Pseudanabaena W 1173). This peptide absorbs as cation at a longer wavelength (559 nm) than the other bilipeptides (542 - 550 nm).", "contents": "On the linkages between chromophore and protein in biliproteins, VII. Amino acid sequence in the chromophore regions of C-phycoerythrin from Pseudanabaena W 1173 and Phormidium persicinum. Bilipeptides from all chromophore regions were prepared by trypsin digestion of C-phycoerythrin from Pseudanabaena W 1173 and Phormidium persicinum. Analytical separation and quantitative determination of bilipeptides was achieved by isoelectric focusing, preparative isolation by gel chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. Amino acid analysis revealed cysteine as the only amino acid common to all chromopeptides. Amino acid sequences were determined by Edman degradation and the dansyl-Edman technique. Sequences are different in all 5 and 6 chromophore regions, respectively. Possible homologies are discussed. A thioether linkage between ring A of the chromophore and cysteine was found in the bilipeptides (as before in biliproteins). A second linkage (serine ester) was found in only one peptide (CM 4.I from Pseudanabaena W 1173). This peptide absorbs as cation at a longer wavelength (559 nm) than the other bilipeptides (542 - 550 nm).", "PMID": 417013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8909", "title": "Free light chain synthesis by neoplastic cells in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Cell populations from twenty-two cases of B-cell neoplasia reflecting various stages of B-lymphocyte maturation were investigated for their ability to synthesise immunoglobulin (Ig) in vitro. All surface Ig positive neoplasms studied synthesised labelled Ig of the same light chain class as that expressed at the cell surface. Immature B-cell neoplasms, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and CLL-type lymphoma, synthesised only a minor proportion of their total protein as Ig; labelled free light chain was the only detectable secreted Ig product in thirteen cases and was in excess in the remaining four. Labelled heavy chain was detected in cell lysates in all but one case. Follicular centre cell lymphomas, neoplasms of more mature B-lymphocyte types, synthesised more of their total protein as Ig and showed a more balanced synthesis of heavy and light chains compared to the other neoplasms studies. The Ig synthesis patterns and, in particular, free light chain production, are discussed in relation to normal B-lymphocyte maturation.", "contents": "Free light chain synthesis by neoplastic cells in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cell populations from twenty-two cases of B-cell neoplasia reflecting various stages of B-lymphocyte maturation were investigated for their ability to synthesise immunoglobulin (Ig) in vitro. All surface Ig positive neoplasms studied synthesised labelled Ig of the same light chain class as that expressed at the cell surface. Immature B-cell neoplasms, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and CLL-type lymphoma, synthesised only a minor proportion of their total protein as Ig; labelled free light chain was the only detectable secreted Ig product in thirteen cases and was in excess in the remaining four. Labelled heavy chain was detected in cell lysates in all but one case. Follicular centre cell lymphomas, neoplasms of more mature B-lymphocyte types, synthesised more of their total protein as Ig and showed a more balanced synthesis of heavy and light chains compared to the other neoplasms studies. The Ig synthesis patterns and, in particular, free light chain production, are discussed in relation to normal B-lymphocyte maturation.", "PMID": 417018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8910", "title": "Inhibition of C5 convertase by epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA): a limiting factor in the generation of C5a anaphylatoxin.", "content": "The effect of EACA on spontaneous C5 consumption and on the mechanisms of C5 activation through the alternative pathway of complement were analyzed. In contrast to the effect upon C3, ADDITION OF 1 M EACA to normal human serum (NHS) did not enhance spontaneous consumption of C5, but augmented its haemolytic efficiency. In the presence of 1 M EACA, activation of serum with zymosan (Z), resulted in inhibition of the formation of C5 convertase, and thus of C5 cleavage and C5a anaphylatoxin release. The generation of a C5 convertase on activated zymosan (Z) was inhibited when Z was formed at 17 degrees with NHS containing 1 M EACA. In contrast, if Z was formed in the absence of EACA the C5 convertase could be regenerated with fresh serum containing 1M EACA. Nearly maximal C5 consumption was obtained if 5 mM EGTA and 10 mM MgCl2 were added to the mixture. These conditions are considered optimal for generation and maximum recovery of fully active anaphylatoxin.", "contents": "Inhibition of C5 convertase by epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA): a limiting factor in the generation of C5a anaphylatoxin. The effect of EACA on spontaneous C5 consumption and on the mechanisms of C5 activation through the alternative pathway of complement were analyzed. In contrast to the effect upon C3, ADDITION OF 1 M EACA to normal human serum (NHS) did not enhance spontaneous consumption of C5, but augmented its haemolytic efficiency. In the presence of 1 M EACA, activation of serum with zymosan (Z), resulted in inhibition of the formation of C5 convertase, and thus of C5 cleavage and C5a anaphylatoxin release. The generation of a C5 convertase on activated zymosan (Z) was inhibited when Z was formed at 17 degrees with NHS containing 1 M EACA. In contrast, if Z was formed in the absence of EACA the C5 convertase could be regenerated with fresh serum containing 1M EACA. Nearly maximal C5 consumption was obtained if 5 mM EGTA and 10 mM MgCl2 were added to the mixture. These conditions are considered optimal for generation and maximum recovery of fully active anaphylatoxin.", "PMID": 417019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8911", "title": "Characterization and localization of secretory component in the chicken.", "content": "A component found free in intestinal contents and caecal contents of conventional and germ-free chickens (lacking IgA producing cells) was found to have similar characteristics to mammalian secretory component (SC). Free secretory component (FSC) showed a classic reaction of partial identity with secretory IgA (SIgA) from bile, intestinal contents and cystic oviduct fluid. Furthermore, there was demonstrable cross-reactivity between FSC and a low molecular weight component released from SIgA by mild reductive dissociation, confirming the presence of a disulphide-linked accessory polypeptide chain. Fractionation of serum IgA revealed two molecular classes of IgA, a high molecular weight 15S IgA which possessed SC and could not be differentiated antigenically from SIgA and a low molecular weight 7S IgA which showed a reaction of partial identity with 15S IgA and non-identity with FSC. Fluorescent localization of SC in young germ-free chicks demonstrated its presence in the supranuclear golgi zone, apical cytoplasm and basement membrane of crypt epithelial cells. It is concluded that the characteristics of chicken SIgA are closely aligned with those of its mammalian counterpart and are consistent with a system in which SIgA is the wynthetic product of two distinct cells, final assembly occurring in the crypt epithelium.", "contents": "Characterization and localization of secretory component in the chicken. A component found free in intestinal contents and caecal contents of conventional and germ-free chickens (lacking IgA producing cells) was found to have similar characteristics to mammalian secretory component (SC). Free secretory component (FSC) showed a classic reaction of partial identity with secretory IgA (SIgA) from bile, intestinal contents and cystic oviduct fluid. Furthermore, there was demonstrable cross-reactivity between FSC and a low molecular weight component released from SIgA by mild reductive dissociation, confirming the presence of a disulphide-linked accessory polypeptide chain. Fractionation of serum IgA revealed two molecular classes of IgA, a high molecular weight 15S IgA which possessed SC and could not be differentiated antigenically from SIgA and a low molecular weight 7S IgA which showed a reaction of partial identity with 15S IgA and non-identity with FSC. Fluorescent localization of SC in young germ-free chicks demonstrated its presence in the supranuclear golgi zone, apical cytoplasm and basement membrane of crypt epithelial cells. It is concluded that the characteristics of chicken SIgA are closely aligned with those of its mammalian counterpart and are consistent with a system in which SIgA is the wynthetic product of two distinct cells, final assembly occurring in the crypt epithelium.", "PMID": 417021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8912", "title": "Antigen dose and strain variation as factors in the genetic control of the immune response to sperm whale myoglobin.", "content": "The primary and secondary immune response to the antigen sperm whale myoglobin was investigated in DBA/2, 129 and B10.BR mice over a dose range of immunization from 10 to 2000 microgram. Using an antigen excess technique, the quantity of antibody produced after secondary immunization followed a sigmoidal dose-response curve and the maximal plateau level was found to be different for each strain of mice. Furthermore, the genetic control of the immune response was investigated in twelve different inbred strains of mice following secondary immunization with 500 microgram of myoglobin. A continuous distribution for the mean antibody responses was obtained for the twelve different strains of mice. High responsiveness was associated with H-2 haplotypes d, f and k located on chromosome 17, the non-agouti gene 'a' located on chromosome 2 and the chinchilla gene 'c(ch)' located on chromosome 7. It is concluded that either a large number of IR-genes to myoglobin are present in many loci located on different chromosomes or the antibody differences could be explained by a cross-tolerance mechanism requiring no IR-genes at all.", "contents": "Antigen dose and strain variation as factors in the genetic control of the immune response to sperm whale myoglobin. The primary and secondary immune response to the antigen sperm whale myoglobin was investigated in DBA/2, 129 and B10.BR mice over a dose range of immunization from 10 to 2000 microgram. Using an antigen excess technique, the quantity of antibody produced after secondary immunization followed a sigmoidal dose-response curve and the maximal plateau level was found to be different for each strain of mice. Furthermore, the genetic control of the immune response was investigated in twelve different inbred strains of mice following secondary immunization with 500 microgram of myoglobin. A continuous distribution for the mean antibody responses was obtained for the twelve different strains of mice. High responsiveness was associated with H-2 haplotypes d, f and k located on chromosome 17, the non-agouti gene 'a' located on chromosome 2 and the chinchilla gene 'c(ch)' located on chromosome 7. It is concluded that either a large number of IR-genes to myoglobin are present in many loci located on different chromosomes or the antibody differences could be explained by a cross-tolerance mechanism requiring no IR-genes at all.", "PMID": 417022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8913", "title": "Vole agent identified as a strain of the trench fever rickettsia, Rochalimaea quintana.", "content": "The vole agent described by Baker in 1946 was studied as an example of a bacterium that has been mistakenly regarded a rickettsia. Unlike rickettsiae, the vole agent killed chicken embryos with great irregularity, multipled primarily at the surface of avian or mammalian cells and not intracellularly, produced colonies rather than plaques on chicken embryo monolayers under agar, and developed small colonies after 4 to 7 days of cultivation on blood plates. It was most conveniently cultivated on monolayers of irradiated L cells and was purified by minor modifications of the Renografin gradient procedure used for rickettsiae. It actively catabolized glutamate, glutamine, succinate, and pyruvate, but not glucose or glucose-6-phosphate. Enzymatic activities of cell extracts were consistent with above findings. The base ratio (molar percent guanine plus cytosine) of its deoxyribonucleic acid was shown to be 39, which was identical to the base ratio of the deoxyribonucleic acid of Rochalimaea quintana tested simultaneously. Serological studies indicated no cross-reactivity with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, but strong cross-reaction with R. quintana was observed when a hyperimmune rabbit serum and a convalescent human serum were tested. We conclude that the vole agent is a strain of the trench fever rickettsia, R. quintana.", "contents": "Vole agent identified as a strain of the trench fever rickettsia, Rochalimaea quintana. The vole agent described by Baker in 1946 was studied as an example of a bacterium that has been mistakenly regarded a rickettsia. Unlike rickettsiae, the vole agent killed chicken embryos with great irregularity, multipled primarily at the surface of avian or mammalian cells and not intracellularly, produced colonies rather than plaques on chicken embryo monolayers under agar, and developed small colonies after 4 to 7 days of cultivation on blood plates. It was most conveniently cultivated on monolayers of irradiated L cells and was purified by minor modifications of the Renografin gradient procedure used for rickettsiae. It actively catabolized glutamate, glutamine, succinate, and pyruvate, but not glucose or glucose-6-phosphate. Enzymatic activities of cell extracts were consistent with above findings. The base ratio (molar percent guanine plus cytosine) of its deoxyribonucleic acid was shown to be 39, which was identical to the base ratio of the deoxyribonucleic acid of Rochalimaea quintana tested simultaneously. Serological studies indicated no cross-reactivity with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, but strong cross-reaction with R. quintana was observed when a hyperimmune rabbit serum and a convalescent human serum were tested. We conclude that the vole agent is a strain of the trench fever rickettsia, R. quintana.", "PMID": 417026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8914", "title": "Experimental infection of mouse peritoneal mesothelium with scrub typhus rickettsiae: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "The infection cycle of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in mouse peritoneal mesothelial cells, observed late in the course of an established infection, intimately involved the host cell plasma membrane. Organisms multiplied in the cytoplasm, moved to the cell periphery, and acquired a host-membrane coat as they budded from the cell surface. Rickettsiae enveloped by this membrane entered other mesothelial cells, apparently by a phagocytic mechanism. Organisms escaped from the phagocytic vacuole as the vacuole membrane and host membrane coat disintegrated. Free rickettsiae replicated by binary fission in the cell cytoplasm. Rickettsial infection of mesothelial cells induced conspicuous cellular hypertrophy with increased numbers of unaltered cytoplasmic organelles.", "contents": "Experimental infection of mouse peritoneal mesothelium with scrub typhus rickettsiae: an ultrastructural study. The infection cycle of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in mouse peritoneal mesothelial cells, observed late in the course of an established infection, intimately involved the host cell plasma membrane. Organisms multiplied in the cytoplasm, moved to the cell periphery, and acquired a host-membrane coat as they budded from the cell surface. Rickettsiae enveloped by this membrane entered other mesothelial cells, apparently by a phagocytic mechanism. Organisms escaped from the phagocytic vacuole as the vacuole membrane and host membrane coat disintegrated. Free rickettsiae replicated by binary fission in the cell cytoplasm. Rickettsial infection of mesothelial cells induced conspicuous cellular hypertrophy with increased numbers of unaltered cytoplasmic organelles.", "PMID": 417027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8915", "title": "Toxicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A for human macrophages.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A was toxi in vitro for human peripheral blood macrophages. Cytotoxicity, manifested by morphological evidence of cell death and inhibition of [3H]thymidine uptake, followed exposure to as little as 10 ng of exotoxin per ml for 1 h. In addition, phagocytosis of heat-killed Candida albicans by macrophages exposed to sublethal concentrations of exotoxin was impaired. This cytotoxicity was neutralizable with antiexotoxin serum.", "contents": "Toxicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A for human macrophages. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A was toxi in vitro for human peripheral blood macrophages. Cytotoxicity, manifested by morphological evidence of cell death and inhibition of [3H]thymidine uptake, followed exposure to as little as 10 ng of exotoxin per ml for 1 h. In addition, phagocytosis of heat-killed Candida albicans by macrophages exposed to sublethal concentrations of exotoxin was impaired. This cytotoxicity was neutralizable with antiexotoxin serum.", "PMID": 417028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8916", "title": "Resistance and susceptibility of mice to bacterial infection: course of listeriosis in resistant or susceptible mice.", "content": "Resistance and susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes in mice was found to be related to (i) the innate ability of the nonimmune macrophages to kill or inhibit the growth of the organism during the first 24 to 48 h after infection, and (ii) the time of onset of acquired cell-mediated resistance. Resistant C57Bl/6 mice were 10 times more efficient than susceptible BALB/c mice at suppressing the early growth of Listeria in the liver. Furthermore, the onset of acquired immunity occurred 24 to 48 h earlier in C57Bl/6 than in BALB/c mice. Acquired immunity was measured by (i) fall in bacterial numbers in spleen and livers of infected mice (ii) adoptive transfer of immunity to normal mice by using spleen cells from infected mice, (iii) delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing, and (iv) uptake of tritiated thymidine by lymphocytes in the spleen.", "contents": "Resistance and susceptibility of mice to bacterial infection: course of listeriosis in resistant or susceptible mice. Resistance and susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes in mice was found to be related to (i) the innate ability of the nonimmune macrophages to kill or inhibit the growth of the organism during the first 24 to 48 h after infection, and (ii) the time of onset of acquired cell-mediated resistance. Resistant C57Bl/6 mice were 10 times more efficient than susceptible BALB/c mice at suppressing the early growth of Listeria in the liver. Furthermore, the onset of acquired immunity occurred 24 to 48 h earlier in C57Bl/6 than in BALB/c mice. Acquired immunity was measured by (i) fall in bacterial numbers in spleen and livers of infected mice (ii) adoptive transfer of immunity to normal mice by using spleen cells from infected mice, (iii) delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing, and (iv) uptake of tritiated thymidine by lymphocytes in the spleen.", "PMID": 417029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8917", "title": "Effect of iron on yields of exotoxin A in cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-103.", "content": "The yields of exotoxin A in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures were influenced by the concentration of iron in the culture media. When the iron concentration of the culture media was increased from 0.05 to 1.5 microgram/ml, there was at least a 90% decrease in exotoxin A (measured both by enzymatic activity and by mouse lethality) and a slight increase in the growth of the bacteria. The addition of iron as late as 13 h after initiation of growth repressed further measurable increases of exotoxin A within 3 h. Intracellular toxin levels were also reduced by increasing the iron concentrations of the culture media. The addition of 3.0 microgram of iron per ml did not significantly alter either the enzyme activity of preformed crude or purified exotoxin A or the mouse toxicity of the pure toxin. Thus it appears that either the rate of production or the rate of intracellular degradation of exotoxin A is regulated by the concentration of iron in the culture media.", "contents": "Effect of iron on yields of exotoxin A in cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-103. The yields of exotoxin A in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures were influenced by the concentration of iron in the culture media. When the iron concentration of the culture media was increased from 0.05 to 1.5 microgram/ml, there was at least a 90% decrease in exotoxin A (measured both by enzymatic activity and by mouse lethality) and a slight increase in the growth of the bacteria. The addition of iron as late as 13 h after initiation of growth repressed further measurable increases of exotoxin A within 3 h. Intracellular toxin levels were also reduced by increasing the iron concentrations of the culture media. The addition of 3.0 microgram of iron per ml did not significantly alter either the enzyme activity of preformed crude or purified exotoxin A or the mouse toxicity of the pure toxin. Thus it appears that either the rate of production or the rate of intracellular degradation of exotoxin A is regulated by the concentration of iron in the culture media.", "PMID": 417030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8918", "title": "Role of exotoxin and protease as possible virulence factors in experimental infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Evidence is presented which suggests that both the proteases and the exotoxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa multiplying in situ in a burned mouse model are virulence factors. A 50% decrease in functional elongation factor 2 (EF-2) was seen 16 h postinfection in the liver of mice infected with the toxigenic, protease-producing P. aeruginosa strain M-2; at the time of death EF-2 was depleted by 80%. This correlates with a reduction in the level of protein synthesis in the liver of infected animals. Treatment with specific antitoxin extended the mean time to death and blocked depletion of EF-2. Administration of gentamicin 24 h after infection caused rapid clearance of bacteria and extended the mean time to death, but all animals treated with either antitoxin or gentamicin eventually died. In contrast, treatment with both antitoxin and gentamicin provided virtually complete protection. Infection of mice with P. aeruginosa WR5 (protease-producing, nontoxigenic) or with P. aeruginosa PA103 (toxigenic, slow protease producer) required several logs more bacteria and did not result in the same extensive depletion in EF-2 content. When challenge with PA103 was supplemented by injection of purified Pseudomonas protease, the mean time to death was shortened and significant reduction in liver EF-2 was observed. It is suggested that both toxin and proteases are required for the full expression of virulence in Pseudomonas infections.", "contents": "Role of exotoxin and protease as possible virulence factors in experimental infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Evidence is presented which suggests that both the proteases and the exotoxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa multiplying in situ in a burned mouse model are virulence factors. A 50% decrease in functional elongation factor 2 (EF-2) was seen 16 h postinfection in the liver of mice infected with the toxigenic, protease-producing P. aeruginosa strain M-2; at the time of death EF-2 was depleted by 80%. This correlates with a reduction in the level of protein synthesis in the liver of infected animals. Treatment with specific antitoxin extended the mean time to death and blocked depletion of EF-2. Administration of gentamicin 24 h after infection caused rapid clearance of bacteria and extended the mean time to death, but all animals treated with either antitoxin or gentamicin eventually died. In contrast, treatment with both antitoxin and gentamicin provided virtually complete protection. Infection of mice with P. aeruginosa WR5 (protease-producing, nontoxigenic) or with P. aeruginosa PA103 (toxigenic, slow protease producer) required several logs more bacteria and did not result in the same extensive depletion in EF-2 content. When challenge with PA103 was supplemented by injection of purified Pseudomonas protease, the mean time to death was shortened and significant reduction in liver EF-2 was observed. It is suggested that both toxin and proteases are required for the full expression of virulence in Pseudomonas infections.", "PMID": 417031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8919", "title": "Rat model of experimental endocarditis.", "content": "A simple model of infective endocarditis was produced in rats. With the aid of a guide wire, polyethylene catheters were passed into the left ventricle through the right carotid artery of Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300 to 350 g. A volume of 1 ml of an overnight culture of Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus aureus, or Streptococcus faecalis was intravenously injected 1 to 2 days after catheterization. Bacterial titers of Streptococcus mitis in vegetations were about 10(4)-fold greater than in other tissues. Blood cultures were always positive after 6 h. Mortality was 19% at 1 week and 82% at 2 weeks. Catheters were pulled 24 h after infection, and vegetation titers of greater than 7.0 log10 colony-forming units per g were sustained at 5 days. In intravenously infected rats without catheters, blood and tissues were sterile after 3 to 5 days. With Staphylococcus aureus, vegetations had greater than 9.0 log10 colony-forming units and with Streptococcus faecalis 8.8 +/- 0.3 log10 colony-forming units per g at 2 days. The rat model of infective endocarditis should prove to be suitable for further pathological and therapeutic studies.", "contents": "Rat model of experimental endocarditis. A simple model of infective endocarditis was produced in rats. With the aid of a guide wire, polyethylene catheters were passed into the left ventricle through the right carotid artery of Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300 to 350 g. A volume of 1 ml of an overnight culture of Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus aureus, or Streptococcus faecalis was intravenously injected 1 to 2 days after catheterization. Bacterial titers of Streptococcus mitis in vegetations were about 10(4)-fold greater than in other tissues. Blood cultures were always positive after 6 h. Mortality was 19% at 1 week and 82% at 2 weeks. Catheters were pulled 24 h after infection, and vegetation titers of greater than 7.0 log10 colony-forming units per g were sustained at 5 days. In intravenously infected rats without catheters, blood and tissues were sterile after 3 to 5 days. With Staphylococcus aureus, vegetations had greater than 9.0 log10 colony-forming units and with Streptococcus faecalis 8.8 +/- 0.3 log10 colony-forming units per g at 2 days. The rat model of infective endocarditis should prove to be suitable for further pathological and therapeutic studies.", "PMID": 417032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8920", "title": "Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity against Trypanosoma rhodesiense mediated through an alternative complement pathway.", "content": "A quantitative in vitro method was used to examine the role of classical and alternative pathways of complement activation in cytotoxicity against African trypanosomes by immune serum. This assay is based on the estimation of the extent of antibody-mediated cytotoxicity by measurement of inhibition of incorporation of [(3)H]leucine as an indicator of trypanosome metabolic integrity. To determine which pathway(s) is activated during cytotoxic events, complements sufficient in all components (C4S) and deficient in C4 (C4D) were used. Immune inhibition of [(3)H]leucine uptake by trypanosomes was observed in the presence of both complement sources. Treatment of C4S or C4D serum with cobra venom factor or disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid abolished antibody-mediated cytotoxicity as well as immune hemolysis, thus suggesting the requirement for late-acting complement components. Ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid had no effect on inhibition of leucine incorporation, whereas immune hemolysis was inhibited, suggesting that cytotoxicity did not require C1 activation, a Ca(2+)-dependent event. The dependence of the cytotoxic process on Mg(2+) and not Ca(2+) ions and the fact that C4D guinea pig serum is fully active in trypanosome cytotoxicity indicate that an alternative pathway of complement activation is sufficient for activity.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity against Trypanosoma rhodesiense mediated through an alternative complement pathway. A quantitative in vitro method was used to examine the role of classical and alternative pathways of complement activation in cytotoxicity against African trypanosomes by immune serum. This assay is based on the estimation of the extent of antibody-mediated cytotoxicity by measurement of inhibition of incorporation of [(3)H]leucine as an indicator of trypanosome metabolic integrity. To determine which pathway(s) is activated during cytotoxic events, complements sufficient in all components (C4S) and deficient in C4 (C4D) were used. Immune inhibition of [(3)H]leucine uptake by trypanosomes was observed in the presence of both complement sources. Treatment of C4S or C4D serum with cobra venom factor or disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid abolished antibody-mediated cytotoxicity as well as immune hemolysis, thus suggesting the requirement for late-acting complement components. Ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid had no effect on inhibition of leucine incorporation, whereas immune hemolysis was inhibited, suggesting that cytotoxicity did not require C1 activation, a Ca(2+)-dependent event. The dependence of the cytotoxic process on Mg(2+) and not Ca(2+) ions and the fact that C4D guinea pig serum is fully active in trypanosome cytotoxicity indicate that an alternative pathway of complement activation is sufficient for activity.", "PMID": 417033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8921", "title": "Suppression of delayed hypersensitivity to the hapten by induction of tolerance to the carrier.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) and anaphylactic reactions to carrier and hapten determinants were studied in guinea pigs immunized with DNP-mycobacterium and rendered partially tolerant to the carrier by a single intravenous injection of mycobacterium prior to immunization. The results clearly show that the induction of depressed DHR to mycobacterium leads to a suppression of DHR to the hapten while no depression of anaphylaxis to the hapten is observed. It is proposed that the tolerogenic treatment acts at the macrophage level rather than at the T cell level.", "contents": "Suppression of delayed hypersensitivity to the hapten by induction of tolerance to the carrier. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions (DHR) and anaphylactic reactions to carrier and hapten determinants were studied in guinea pigs immunized with DNP-mycobacterium and rendered partially tolerant to the carrier by a single intravenous injection of mycobacterium prior to immunization. The results clearly show that the induction of depressed DHR to mycobacterium leads to a suppression of DHR to the hapten while no depression of anaphylaxis to the hapten is observed. It is proposed that the tolerogenic treatment acts at the macrophage level rather than at the T cell level.", "PMID": 417034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8922", "title": "The urban fiscal crisis in the United States, national health insurance, and municipal hospitals.", "content": "The fiscal stress which many U.S. cities are currently experiencing, the persistent problems of large-city local government hospitals, the recent decisions for selected public hospital closings in New York City and Philadelphia, and the prospective enactment of a program of national health insurance collectively raise questions about the viability of the nation's major municipal hospitals. While the majority of the nation's 40 largest cities are in a state of economic and demographic decline, the diversity which characterizes their fiscal conditions and their responses to fiscal stress suggests caution in generalizing from the highly publicized New York City experience in asserting the ability of cities to continue to maintain public hospital activities. Indeed, there is considerable evidence to indicate that the staying power of municipal hospitals is quite substantial even in circumstances of severe fiscal stress. Further, analysis of the effect of Medicaid implementation on municipal hospital utilization and of the impact of prospective national health insurance programs on the demand for and supply of medical services suggests that municipal hospitals will continue to be important providers of health care services for many years to come.", "contents": "The urban fiscal crisis in the United States, national health insurance, and municipal hospitals. The fiscal stress which many U.S. cities are currently experiencing, the persistent problems of large-city local government hospitals, the recent decisions for selected public hospital closings in New York City and Philadelphia, and the prospective enactment of a program of national health insurance collectively raise questions about the viability of the nation's major municipal hospitals. While the majority of the nation's 40 largest cities are in a state of economic and demographic decline, the diversity which characterizes their fiscal conditions and their responses to fiscal stress suggests caution in generalizing from the highly publicized New York City experience in asserting the ability of cities to continue to maintain public hospital activities. Indeed, there is considerable evidence to indicate that the staying power of municipal hospitals is quite substantial even in circumstances of severe fiscal stress. Further, analysis of the effect of Medicaid implementation on municipal hospital utilization and of the impact of prospective national health insurance programs on the demand for and supply of medical services suggests that municipal hospitals will continue to be important providers of health care services for many years to come.", "PMID": 417035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8923", "title": "Radiation sensitivity of transforming DNA.", "content": "Biologically active DNA isolated from Bacillus subtilis was exposed in vitro to X-rays at a concentration of 10 microgram/ml in 29 mM phosphate buffer. Radiation-induced damage to the DNA was quantitatively determined by measuring the decrease in its transforming activity (try2 locus) using B. subtilis 168M (try-) as recipient. In O2, which removes .H and eaq-, the radiation sensitivity of the DNA is less than that in N2-saturated water. In N2O, which has been shown to increase yields of .OH in irardiated aqueous solutions, the radiation sensitivity of Transforming DNA is twice that observed in O2 and 1.5 times that in N2. Addition of 5 X 10(-2) M ethanol or 1.7 X 10(-1) M t-butanol, both .OH scavengers, causes large (about tenfold) reduction in the radiation sensitivity in all three saturating gases. These results suggest the importance of the .OH radical in the loss of biological activity of DNA.", "contents": "Radiation sensitivity of transforming DNA. Biologically active DNA isolated from Bacillus subtilis was exposed in vitro to X-rays at a concentration of 10 microgram/ml in 29 mM phosphate buffer. Radiation-induced damage to the DNA was quantitatively determined by measuring the decrease in its transforming activity (try2 locus) using B. subtilis 168M (try-) as recipient. In O2, which removes .H and eaq-, the radiation sensitivity of the DNA is less than that in N2-saturated water. In N2O, which has been shown to increase yields of .OH in irardiated aqueous solutions, the radiation sensitivity of Transforming DNA is twice that observed in O2 and 1.5 times that in N2. Addition of 5 X 10(-2) M ethanol or 1.7 X 10(-1) M t-butanol, both .OH scavengers, causes large (about tenfold) reduction in the radiation sensitivity in all three saturating gases. These results suggest the importance of the .OH radical in the loss of biological activity of DNA.", "PMID": 417037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8924", "title": "Transurethral electroresection of the diverticular neck: indications, technique, results and analysis of ten surgical cases.", "content": "In cases of bladder diverticulum it is not sufficient to deal with the obstruction to urinary passage at the neck of the bladder. The detrusor musculature enclosing the neck of the diverticulum functions in a sphincter-like fashion and maintains an intradiverticular urinary retention. If total extirpation of the diverticulum involves major surgical risks owing to poor general condition or advanced age, transurethral electroresection of the diverticular neck may be carried out with full success.", "contents": "Transurethral electroresection of the diverticular neck: indications, technique, results and analysis of ten surgical cases. In cases of bladder diverticulum it is not sufficient to deal with the obstruction to urinary passage at the neck of the bladder. The detrusor musculature enclosing the neck of the diverticulum functions in a sphincter-like fashion and maintains an intradiverticular urinary retention. If total extirpation of the diverticulum involves major surgical risks owing to poor general condition or advanced age, transurethral electroresection of the diverticular neck may be carried out with full success.", "PMID": 417039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8925", "title": "Astigmatism and acuity in two primate infants.", "content": "The development of grating acuity was followed in two astigmatic primate infants, one a human being and one a pigtail macaque monkey. Both infants showed variations of acuity with grating orientation, predictable from the orientation and type of astigmatism present. Optical correction of the human infant during testing virtually eliminated the variation of acuity with orientation, suggesting that a neurally based meridional amblyopia had not yet been established.", "contents": "Astigmatism and acuity in two primate infants. The development of grating acuity was followed in two astigmatic primate infants, one a human being and one a pigtail macaque monkey. Both infants showed variations of acuity with grating orientation, predictable from the orientation and type of astigmatism present. Optical correction of the human infant during testing virtually eliminated the variation of acuity with orientation, suggesting that a neurally based meridional amblyopia had not yet been established.", "PMID": 417041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8926", "title": "Effects of ascorbate and ATP upon amino acid transport in the toad's cornea.", "content": "We have examined the effects of ascorbate upon amino acid uptake by the in vitro toad cornea. Physiologic levels of ascorbate increase the uptake of leucine by approximately 35% but have no effect upon the uptake of alanine. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation do not inhibit the stimulation by ascorbic acid of leucine accumulation, indicating the increased synthesis of ATP is not the mechanism; exogenous ATP, unlike ascorbate, stimulates the uptake of both alanine and leucine. Carbon monoxide blocks the effects of ascorbate, whereas 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HOQNO), which inhibits \"reverse\" electron transfer, enhances the accumulation of leucine. The evidence suggests that ascorbate serves as an energy source for the uptake of leucine.", "contents": "Effects of ascorbate and ATP upon amino acid transport in the toad's cornea. We have examined the effects of ascorbate upon amino acid uptake by the in vitro toad cornea. Physiologic levels of ascorbate increase the uptake of leucine by approximately 35% but have no effect upon the uptake of alanine. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation do not inhibit the stimulation by ascorbic acid of leucine accumulation, indicating the increased synthesis of ATP is not the mechanism; exogenous ATP, unlike ascorbate, stimulates the uptake of both alanine and leucine. Carbon monoxide blocks the effects of ascorbate, whereas 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HOQNO), which inhibits \"reverse\" electron transfer, enhances the accumulation of leucine. The evidence suggests that ascorbate serves as an energy source for the uptake of leucine.", "PMID": 417042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8927", "title": "Perfusate effects upon resistance to aqueous humor outflow in the rhesus monkey eye. A comparison of glutathione-bicarbonate Ringer's solution to pooled aqueous humor as perfusate.", "content": "In vivo perfusion of the anterior chamber of normal rhesus monkeys with pooled rhesus aqueous humor gives an initial total facility of 0.48 +/- 0.08 (+/-S.E.) microliter/min/mm Hg. With continued intermittent perfusion for 2 hr this value increased only slightly to 0.57 +/- 0.10 microliter/min/mm Hg. Perfusion of the paired eyes of the same monkeys with glutathionebicarbonate Ringer's solution gives an initial total facility of 0.55 +/- 0.08 microliter/min/mm Hg. This value increased to 1.21 +/- 0.15 microliter/min/mm Hg with continued intermittent perfusion. Thus aqueous is a satisfactory perfusate for experiments requiring prolonged stability of the eye, but glutathione-bicarbonate Ringer's solution is not a satisfactory substitute perfusate. Neither addition of physiologic amounts of ascorbic acid to the buffered salt solution nor careful modification of the pH of the solution to the physiologic level prevented the increase of total facility it produces when used as a perfusate. A reversible, fast-phased small-magnitude increase in total facility was noted in eyes perfused with either perfusate. It is speculated this is caused by neural mechanisms for intraocular pressure control.", "contents": "Perfusate effects upon resistance to aqueous humor outflow in the rhesus monkey eye. A comparison of glutathione-bicarbonate Ringer's solution to pooled aqueous humor as perfusate. In vivo perfusion of the anterior chamber of normal rhesus monkeys with pooled rhesus aqueous humor gives an initial total facility of 0.48 +/- 0.08 (+/-S.E.) microliter/min/mm Hg. With continued intermittent perfusion for 2 hr this value increased only slightly to 0.57 +/- 0.10 microliter/min/mm Hg. Perfusion of the paired eyes of the same monkeys with glutathionebicarbonate Ringer's solution gives an initial total facility of 0.55 +/- 0.08 microliter/min/mm Hg. This value increased to 1.21 +/- 0.15 microliter/min/mm Hg with continued intermittent perfusion. Thus aqueous is a satisfactory perfusate for experiments requiring prolonged stability of the eye, but glutathione-bicarbonate Ringer's solution is not a satisfactory substitute perfusate. Neither addition of physiologic amounts of ascorbic acid to the buffered salt solution nor careful modification of the pH of the solution to the physiologic level prevented the increase of total facility it produces when used as a perfusate. A reversible, fast-phased small-magnitude increase in total facility was noted in eyes perfused with either perfusate. It is speculated this is caused by neural mechanisms for intraocular pressure control.", "PMID": 417044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8928", "title": "The role of hemolysin in corneal infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa considered to be of proven virulence were found to have higher titers of extracellular hemolysin than cultures of lesser virulence. Intracorneal injection of purified hemolysin produced extensive corneal opacification with extensive leukocytic infiltration of the tissue. It is suggested that the hemolysin plays a role in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa infections by effecting lysis of host cells and/or subcellular organelles, leading to the release of enzymes destructive to corneal tissue.", "contents": "The role of hemolysin in corneal infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa considered to be of proven virulence were found to have higher titers of extracellular hemolysin than cultures of lesser virulence. Intracorneal injection of purified hemolysin produced extensive corneal opacification with extensive leukocytic infiltration of the tissue. It is suggested that the hemolysin plays a role in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa infections by effecting lysis of host cells and/or subcellular organelles, leading to the release of enzymes destructive to corneal tissue.", "PMID": 417045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8929", "title": "Experimental pyelonephritis. V. Functional characteristics of pyelonephritis.", "content": "Changes in renal and ureteral function were studied in monkeys with experimental pyelonephritis, and correlated with the findings of 131I Hippuran scintiphotos. During the acute phase, delayed excretion of radionuclide was found to be a combined result of prolonged intrarenal as well as ureteral transit times. During the chronic phase, scintiphoto studies revealed decreased renal uptake of radionuclide suggesting decreased renal blood flow. Subsequent individual renal function studies confirmed the decrease in renal function and provided data that strongly support the \"intact nephron hypothesis\" in chronic pyelonephritis.", "contents": "Experimental pyelonephritis. V. Functional characteristics of pyelonephritis. Changes in renal and ureteral function were studied in monkeys with experimental pyelonephritis, and correlated with the findings of 131I Hippuran scintiphotos. During the acute phase, delayed excretion of radionuclide was found to be a combined result of prolonged intrarenal as well as ureteral transit times. During the chronic phase, scintiphoto studies revealed decreased renal uptake of radionuclide suggesting decreased renal blood flow. Subsequent individual renal function studies confirmed the decrease in renal function and provided data that strongly support the \"intact nephron hypothesis\" in chronic pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 417046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8930", "title": "Detection of antibodies to Neisseria gonorrhoeae by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Antigen was partially purified from Neisseria gonorrhoeae B370 saline wash and used to assay human sera for the presence of antibodies to N. gonorrhoeae. The antigen activity as monitored by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) is resistant to trypsin and papain but sensitive to heat and periodate oxidation. Of the sera from patients with bacteriologically confirmed cases of gonorrhea, 80% were positive by CIE using this antigen preparation. Of the sera in the negative control group 11% were reactive.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies to Neisseria gonorrhoeae by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Antigen was partially purified from Neisseria gonorrhoeae B370 saline wash and used to assay human sera for the presence of antibodies to N. gonorrhoeae. The antigen activity as monitored by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) is resistant to trypsin and papain but sensitive to heat and periodate oxidation. Of the sera from patients with bacteriologically confirmed cases of gonorrhea, 80% were positive by CIE using this antigen preparation. Of the sera in the negative control group 11% were reactive.", "PMID": 417047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8931", "title": "The selectivity of vancomycin and lincomycin in NYC medium for the recovery of N. gonorrhoeae from clinical specimens.", "content": "Varying concentrations of vancomycin and lincomycin were tested separately in NYC medium to determine the degree of their selectivity and sensitivity for isolation of N. gonorrhoeae from clinical specimens. Results indicate that 2 microgram/ml of vancomycin used in conjunction with colymycin, amphotericin B, and trimethoprim lactate provide adequate selectivity and reduce the possibility of losses of vancomycin-sensitive strains of gonococci seen with 3 microgram/ml of vancomycin. The same medium with concentrations of from 1 to 4 microgram/ml of lincomycin substituted for vancomycin permitted more contamination and fewer recoveries of gonococci as compared with 2 microgram/ml of vancomycin.", "contents": "The selectivity of vancomycin and lincomycin in NYC medium for the recovery of N. gonorrhoeae from clinical specimens. Varying concentrations of vancomycin and lincomycin were tested separately in NYC medium to determine the degree of their selectivity and sensitivity for isolation of N. gonorrhoeae from clinical specimens. Results indicate that 2 microgram/ml of vancomycin used in conjunction with colymycin, amphotericin B, and trimethoprim lactate provide adequate selectivity and reduce the possibility of losses of vancomycin-sensitive strains of gonococci seen with 3 microgram/ml of vancomycin. The same medium with concentrations of from 1 to 4 microgram/ml of lincomycin substituted for vancomycin permitted more contamination and fewer recoveries of gonococci as compared with 2 microgram/ml of vancomycin.", "PMID": 417048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8932", "title": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa in swimming pools related to the incidence of otitis externa infection.", "content": "A study is reported which demonstrates that four out of twenty-four people developed otitis externa as a result of swimming in a pool with a high incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Serotyping and phage typing were used to establish that P. aeruginosa was the etiolgoical event responsible for the outbreaks of the infection.", "contents": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa in swimming pools related to the incidence of otitis externa infection. A study is reported which demonstrates that four out of twenty-four people developed otitis externa as a result of swimming in a pool with a high incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Serotyping and phage typing were used to establish that P. aeruginosa was the etiolgoical event responsible for the outbreaks of the infection.", "PMID": 417049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8933", "title": "An efficient method to produce specific anti-actin.", "content": "The production of affinity column purified (specific) anti-actin is described. With the immunization scheme employed, all rabbits produced precipitating antibodies over several months, so that 30 mg specific anti-actin per rabbit could be isolated in 6 months. The antibodies against native and detergent denatured smooth muscle actin are characterized by immunodiffusion tests, staining of the I-band of isolated myofibrils and stress fibers in tissue culture cells, using indirect immunofluorescence.", "contents": "An efficient method to produce specific anti-actin. The production of affinity column purified (specific) anti-actin is described. With the immunization scheme employed, all rabbits produced precipitating antibodies over several months, so that 30 mg specific anti-actin per rabbit could be isolated in 6 months. The antibodies against native and detergent denatured smooth muscle actin are characterized by immunodiffusion tests, staining of the I-band of isolated myofibrils and stress fibers in tissue culture cells, using indirect immunofluorescence.", "PMID": 417050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8934", "title": "Histochemical quantification of dopa-oxidase (tyrosinase) activity in epidermal melanocytes.", "content": "The graphical method of Lineweaver-Burk was applied to the histochemical system to obtain quantitative information on the dopa-oxidase activity in human epidermal melanocytes. In vitro experiment showed that the incubation time necessary for yielding a certain amount of dopa-melanin is related to the amount of enzyme present. In the case of histochemical experiment, the time required for the first appearance of dopa-melanin deposition in melanocytes at various substrate concentrations was plotted against the reciprocal of the substrate concentration. This technique made it possible to compare the dopa-oxidase activity at various sites of the tissue.", "contents": "Histochemical quantification of dopa-oxidase (tyrosinase) activity in epidermal melanocytes. The graphical method of Lineweaver-Burk was applied to the histochemical system to obtain quantitative information on the dopa-oxidase activity in human epidermal melanocytes. In vitro experiment showed that the incubation time necessary for yielding a certain amount of dopa-melanin is related to the amount of enzyme present. In the case of histochemical experiment, the time required for the first appearance of dopa-melanin deposition in melanocytes at various substrate concentrations was plotted against the reciprocal of the substrate concentration. This technique made it possible to compare the dopa-oxidase activity at various sites of the tissue.", "PMID": 417051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8935", "title": "Static lung mechanics of intact and excised rhesus monkey lungs and lobes.", "content": "Subdivisions of lung volume and pressure-volume (PV) curves of the lung and chest wall (CW) were measured in 12 rhesus monkeys (Macacca mulatta) under pentobarbital anesthesia. In addition, volumes and PV curves were obtained on the excised lungs and lobes of 12 cynomolgus monkeys (M. fasicularis). Boyle's law was used to determine functional residual capacity (FRC) in the intact animals and water displacement to determine minimal volume (MV) in the excised lungs. Total lung capacity (TLC = lung volume at a transpulmonary pressure of 30 cmH2O) was similar in vivo and in vitro (90 + 83 ml/kg) but residual volume (RV = volume at airway pressure of -50 cmH2O) and MV differed markedly (16.5 + 5.9 ml/kg). In the intact animals a very stiff CW appeared to determine RV, whereas airway closure determined MV in excised lungs. PV curves of upper and lower lobes were not different when expressed as %TLC but when expressed as milliliters of gas per gram of lung, the upper lobes contained significantly more gas per unit weight.", "contents": "Static lung mechanics of intact and excised rhesus monkey lungs and lobes. Subdivisions of lung volume and pressure-volume (PV) curves of the lung and chest wall (CW) were measured in 12 rhesus monkeys (Macacca mulatta) under pentobarbital anesthesia. In addition, volumes and PV curves were obtained on the excised lungs and lobes of 12 cynomolgus monkeys (M. fasicularis). Boyle's law was used to determine functional residual capacity (FRC) in the intact animals and water displacement to determine minimal volume (MV) in the excised lungs. Total lung capacity (TLC = lung volume at a transpulmonary pressure of 30 cmH2O) was similar in vivo and in vitro (90 + 83 ml/kg) but residual volume (RV = volume at airway pressure of -50 cmH2O) and MV differed markedly (16.5 + 5.9 ml/kg). In the intact animals a very stiff CW appeared to determine RV, whereas airway closure determined MV in excised lungs. PV curves of upper and lower lobes were not different when expressed as %TLC but when expressed as milliliters of gas per gram of lung, the upper lobes contained significantly more gas per unit weight.", "PMID": 417053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8936", "title": "Quantitation of polychlorinated biphenyl residues by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography: reference material characterization and preliminary study.", "content": "Weight per cent compositions of individual peaks of Aroclors 1016, 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260 were determined under standard gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) conditions. The GLC peak compositions were determined by using a Hall electrolytic conductivity detector for chlorine measurement and chemical ionization mass spectrometry with single ion monitoring for molecular weight characterization. The Aroclors used are available as reference materials for individual peak quantitation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues by electron capture GLC. On the basis of a limited interlaboratory study and a collaborative study, the individual peak method shows improved interlaboratory precision and/or accuracy in PCB quantitation over existing methods.", "contents": "Quantitation of polychlorinated biphenyl residues by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography: reference material characterization and preliminary study. Weight per cent compositions of individual peaks of Aroclors 1016, 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260 were determined under standard gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) conditions. The GLC peak compositions were determined by using a Hall electrolytic conductivity detector for chlorine measurement and chemical ionization mass spectrometry with single ion monitoring for molecular weight characterization. The Aroclors used are available as reference materials for individual peak quantitation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues by electron capture GLC. On the basis of a limited interlaboratory study and a collaborative study, the individual peak method shows improved interlaboratory precision and/or accuracy in PCB quantitation over existing methods.", "PMID": 417055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8937", "title": "Influence of growth rate and nutrient limitation on the gross cellular composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its resistance to 3- and 4-chlorophenol.", "content": "Concentrations of 3-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol below their minimal inhibitory concentrations were found to increase the permeability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells to protons. Levels of such activity were assessed in suspensions of cells prepared from chemostat-grown cultures, limited by either magnesium (Mg-lim) or glucose (G-lim), with the use of five growth rates. Drug concentrations required to produce the same levels of proton translocation varied with the growth rate and the nutrient limiting growth. Fast-growing cultures were more sensitive than slower-growing ones, and G-lim cells were generally more sensitive than Mg-lim ones. 3-Chlorophenol had greater activity than 4-chlorophenol at slow growth rates, but at faster rates of growth their activity was similar. Variation in these iso-effective concentrations for different cells probably reflected an alteration in the ease of drug penetration of the outer envelope. Uptake of the compounds by cells in suspension varied, drug-sensitive bacteria absorbing more than resistant ones. This variation in uptake persisted when bacteria were solvent-extracted to remove readily extractable lipids (REL). Since no significant alteration in cell size was observed among the growth conditions studied, variation in absorption probably resulted from an altered affinity of the cells to the drug, with little involvement of REL. Overall REL content did not alter significantly with growth rate or nutrient limitation. However, total phospholipid content decreased and fatty acid content increased with increasing growth rate. For G-lim and Mg-lim cultures phosphatidylcholine content remained constant, yet phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol content decreased with increasing growth rate. Diphosphatidylglycerol content decreased with increasing growth rate for Mg-lim cultures and remained relatively constant for G-lim cultures. Lipopolysaccharide content of the cells was higher in Mg-lim than in G-lim cultures and decreased with increasing growth rate in both cases. Lipopolysaccharide content correlated significantly with drug uptake and sensitivity, and it appeared to determine the degree of penetration of the cell envelope by these chlorinated phenols.", "contents": "Influence of growth rate and nutrient limitation on the gross cellular composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its resistance to 3- and 4-chlorophenol. Concentrations of 3-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol below their minimal inhibitory concentrations were found to increase the permeability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells to protons. Levels of such activity were assessed in suspensions of cells prepared from chemostat-grown cultures, limited by either magnesium (Mg-lim) or glucose (G-lim), with the use of five growth rates. Drug concentrations required to produce the same levels of proton translocation varied with the growth rate and the nutrient limiting growth. Fast-growing cultures were more sensitive than slower-growing ones, and G-lim cells were generally more sensitive than Mg-lim ones. 3-Chlorophenol had greater activity than 4-chlorophenol at slow growth rates, but at faster rates of growth their activity was similar. Variation in these iso-effective concentrations for different cells probably reflected an alteration in the ease of drug penetration of the outer envelope. Uptake of the compounds by cells in suspension varied, drug-sensitive bacteria absorbing more than resistant ones. This variation in uptake persisted when bacteria were solvent-extracted to remove readily extractable lipids (REL). Since no significant alteration in cell size was observed among the growth conditions studied, variation in absorption probably resulted from an altered affinity of the cells to the drug, with little involvement of REL. Overall REL content did not alter significantly with growth rate or nutrient limitation. However, total phospholipid content decreased and fatty acid content increased with increasing growth rate. For G-lim and Mg-lim cultures phosphatidylcholine content remained constant, yet phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol content decreased with increasing growth rate. Diphosphatidylglycerol content decreased with increasing growth rate for Mg-lim cultures and remained relatively constant for G-lim cultures. Lipopolysaccharide content of the cells was higher in Mg-lim than in G-lim cultures and decreased with increasing growth rate in both cases. Lipopolysaccharide content correlated significantly with drug uptake and sensitivity, and it appeared to determine the degree of penetration of the cell envelope by these chlorinated phenols.", "PMID": 417057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8938", "title": "Isolation and characterization of an R' plasmid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "An R' plasmid, R'PA1, carrying a 3- to 4-min segment of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosome has been derived from the incP-1 plasmid R68.45. The chromosomal segment includes the markers argA, argB, argH, and lys-12. The plasmid retains all the properties of R68.45, including chromosome mobilization ability and wide bacterial host range. R'PA1 reverts to R68.45 in rec+ strains of P. aeruginosa, but it can be maintained in a recA strain.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of an R' plasmid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An R' plasmid, R'PA1, carrying a 3- to 4-min segment of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosome has been derived from the incP-1 plasmid R68.45. The chromosomal segment includes the markers argA, argB, argH, and lys-12. The plasmid retains all the properties of R68.45, including chromosome mobilization ability and wide bacterial host range. R'PA1 reverts to R68.45 in rec+ strains of P. aeruginosa, but it can be maintained in a recA strain.", "PMID": 417058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8939", "title": "Chromosome mapping in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAT.", "content": "A linkage map of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAT has been derived from the results of conjugation experiments using the plasmids FP2-2, R68, R91-5, and R68.45. FP2-2 and R68 each mobilize the chromosome from single, distinct transfer origins. R91-5 appears to mobilize the chromosome from two such origins, and R68.45 utilizes a number of transfer origins. R68 and R91-5 have both been shown to mobilize the chromosome with a polarity opposite to that by FP2-2. The locations of the transfer origins of these plasmids are such that it has not been possible to demonstrate chromosomal circularity by means of interrupted mating experiments. However, the available time-of-entry data combined with linkage data from plate mating experiments support the conclusion that the chromosome of P. aeruginosa is circular.", "contents": "Chromosome mapping in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAT. A linkage map of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAT has been derived from the results of conjugation experiments using the plasmids FP2-2, R68, R91-5, and R68.45. FP2-2 and R68 each mobilize the chromosome from single, distinct transfer origins. R91-5 appears to mobilize the chromosome from two such origins, and R68.45 utilizes a number of transfer origins. R68 and R91-5 have both been shown to mobilize the chromosome with a polarity opposite to that by FP2-2. The locations of the transfer origins of these plasmids are such that it has not been possible to demonstrate chromosomal circularity by means of interrupted mating experiments. However, the available time-of-entry data combined with linkage data from plate mating experiments support the conclusion that the chromosome of P. aeruginosa is circular.", "PMID": 417059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8940", "title": "Occurrence of glutathione in bacteria.", "content": "Glutathione and soluble thiol content were examined in a broad spectrum of bacteria. Significant soluble thiol was present in all cases. The thiol compound was glutathione in most of the gram-negative bacteria but not in most of the gram-positive bacteria studied. Glutathione was absent in four anerobes and one microaerophile but was present in a blue-green bacterium. The glutathione content of Escherichia coli increased significantly during transition from exponential to stationary phase.", "contents": "Occurrence of glutathione in bacteria. Glutathione and soluble thiol content were examined in a broad spectrum of bacteria. Significant soluble thiol was present in all cases. The thiol compound was glutathione in most of the gram-negative bacteria but not in most of the gram-positive bacteria studied. Glutathione was absent in four anerobes and one microaerophile but was present in a blue-green bacterium. The glutathione content of Escherichia coli increased significantly during transition from exponential to stationary phase.", "PMID": 417060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8941", "title": "Catabolite inhibition and sequential metabolism of sugars by Streptococcus lactis.", "content": "Growth of galactose-adapted cells of Streptococcus lactis ML(3) in a medium containing a mixture of glucose, galactose, and lactose was characterized initially by the simultaneous metabolism of glucose and lactose. Galactose was not significantly utilized until the latter sugars had been exhausted from the medium. The addition of glucose or lactose to a culture of S. lactis ML(3) growing exponentially on galactose caused immediate inhibition of galactose utilization and an increase in growth rate, concomitant with the preferential metabolism of the added sugar. Under nongrowing conditions, cells of S. lactis ML(3) grown previously on galactose metabolized the three separate sugars equally rapidly. However, cells suspended in buffer containing a mixture of glucose plus galactose or lactose plus galactose again consumed glucose or lactose preferentially. The rate of galactose metabolism was reduced by approximately 95% in the presence of the inhibitory sugar, but the maximum rate of metabolism was resumed upon exhaustion of glucose or lactose from the system. When presented with a mixture of glucose and lactose, the resting cells metabolized both sugars simultaneously. Lactose, glucose, and a non-metabolizable glucose analog (2-deoxy-d-glucose) prevented the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent uptake of thiomethyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (TMG), but the accumulation of TMG, like galactose metabolism, commenced immediately upon exhaustion of the metabolizable sugars from the medium. Growth of galactose-adapted cells of the lactose-defective variant S. lactis 7962 in the triple-sugar medium was characterized by the sequential metabolism of glucose, galactose, and lactose. Growth of S. lactis ML(3) and 7962 in the triple-sugar medium occurred without apparent diauxie, and for each strain the patterns of sequential sugar metabolism under growing and nongrowing conditions were identical. Fine control of the activities of preexisting enzyme systems by catabolite inhibition may afford a satisfactory explanation for the observed sequential utilization of sugars by these two organisms.", "contents": "Catabolite inhibition and sequential metabolism of sugars by Streptococcus lactis. Growth of galactose-adapted cells of Streptococcus lactis ML(3) in a medium containing a mixture of glucose, galactose, and lactose was characterized initially by the simultaneous metabolism of glucose and lactose. Galactose was not significantly utilized until the latter sugars had been exhausted from the medium. The addition of glucose or lactose to a culture of S. lactis ML(3) growing exponentially on galactose caused immediate inhibition of galactose utilization and an increase in growth rate, concomitant with the preferential metabolism of the added sugar. Under nongrowing conditions, cells of S. lactis ML(3) grown previously on galactose metabolized the three separate sugars equally rapidly. However, cells suspended in buffer containing a mixture of glucose plus galactose or lactose plus galactose again consumed glucose or lactose preferentially. The rate of galactose metabolism was reduced by approximately 95% in the presence of the inhibitory sugar, but the maximum rate of metabolism was resumed upon exhaustion of glucose or lactose from the system. When presented with a mixture of glucose and lactose, the resting cells metabolized both sugars simultaneously. Lactose, glucose, and a non-metabolizable glucose analog (2-deoxy-d-glucose) prevented the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent uptake of thiomethyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (TMG), but the accumulation of TMG, like galactose metabolism, commenced immediately upon exhaustion of the metabolizable sugars from the medium. Growth of galactose-adapted cells of the lactose-defective variant S. lactis 7962 in the triple-sugar medium was characterized by the sequential metabolism of glucose, galactose, and lactose. Growth of S. lactis ML(3) and 7962 in the triple-sugar medium occurred without apparent diauxie, and for each strain the patterns of sequential sugar metabolism under growing and nongrowing conditions were identical. Fine control of the activities of preexisting enzyme systems by catabolite inhibition may afford a satisfactory explanation for the observed sequential utilization of sugars by these two organisms.", "PMID": 417061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8942", "title": "Binding and transport of thiamine by Lactobacillus casei.", "content": "The relationship between thiamine transport and a membrane-associated thiamine-binding activity has been investigated in Lactobacillus casei. Thiamine transport proceeds via a system whose general properties are typical of active uptake processes; entry of the vitamin into the cells requires energy, is temperature dependent, exhibits saturation kinetics, and is inhibited by substrate analogs. A considerable concentration gradient of unchanged thiamine can be achieved by the system, although the vitamin is slowly metabolized to thiamine pyrophosphate. Consistent with these results, L. casei also contains a high-affinity, thiamine-binding component which could be measured by incubation of intact cells with labeled substrate at 4 degrees C (conditions under which transport is negligible). Binding was insensitive to iodoacetate, occurred at a level (0.5 nmol per 10(10) cells) nearly 20-fold higher than could be accounted for by facilitated diffusion, and was found to reside in a component of the cell membrane. Participation of this binder in thiamine transport is supported by the observations that the processes of binding and transport showed similarities in their (i) regulation by the concentration of thiamine in the growth medium, (ii) binding affinities for thiamine, and (iii) susceptibility to inhibition by thiamine analogs.", "contents": "Binding and transport of thiamine by Lactobacillus casei. The relationship between thiamine transport and a membrane-associated thiamine-binding activity has been investigated in Lactobacillus casei. Thiamine transport proceeds via a system whose general properties are typical of active uptake processes; entry of the vitamin into the cells requires energy, is temperature dependent, exhibits saturation kinetics, and is inhibited by substrate analogs. A considerable concentration gradient of unchanged thiamine can be achieved by the system, although the vitamin is slowly metabolized to thiamine pyrophosphate. Consistent with these results, L. casei also contains a high-affinity, thiamine-binding component which could be measured by incubation of intact cells with labeled substrate at 4 degrees C (conditions under which transport is negligible). Binding was insensitive to iodoacetate, occurred at a level (0.5 nmol per 10(10) cells) nearly 20-fold higher than could be accounted for by facilitated diffusion, and was found to reside in a component of the cell membrane. Participation of this binder in thiamine transport is supported by the observations that the processes of binding and transport showed similarities in their (i) regulation by the concentration of thiamine in the growth medium, (ii) binding affinities for thiamine, and (iii) susceptibility to inhibition by thiamine analogs.", "PMID": 417062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8943", "title": "Interspecies transformation in Bacillus: mechanism of heterologous intergenote transformation.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis-Bacillus globigii hybrids were made by integration of the B. globigii aromatic region (aroB to aroE) as an intergenote in the B. subtillis chromosome. Transformation of the heterologous intergenote by B. subtillis DNA (or vice versa) occurred at about 10% of the frequency of homologous transformation by hybrid donors into the same region. Heterologous intergenote crosses were unusually sensitive to shear fragmentations of donor DNA to sizes less than 30 X 10(6) to 40 X 10(6) daltons. In all cases, the entire intergenote was transferred en bloc. Homologous transformation of intergenote markers by B. globigii DNA was not unusually shear sensitive, and linkage was normal for markers in the intergenote. A model is proposed in which efficient heterologous intergenote transformation occurs by recognition and base pairing of homologous DNA sequences of both flanks of the intergenote.", "contents": "Interspecies transformation in Bacillus: mechanism of heterologous intergenote transformation. Bacillus subtilis-Bacillus globigii hybrids were made by integration of the B. globigii aromatic region (aroB to aroE) as an intergenote in the B. subtillis chromosome. Transformation of the heterologous intergenote by B. subtillis DNA (or vice versa) occurred at about 10% of the frequency of homologous transformation by hybrid donors into the same region. Heterologous intergenote crosses were unusually sensitive to shear fragmentations of donor DNA to sizes less than 30 X 10(6) to 40 X 10(6) daltons. In all cases, the entire intergenote was transferred en bloc. Homologous transformation of intergenote markers by B. globigii DNA was not unusually shear sensitive, and linkage was normal for markers in the intergenote. A model is proposed in which efficient heterologous intergenote transformation occurs by recognition and base pairing of homologous DNA sequences of both flanks of the intergenote.", "PMID": 417064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8944", "title": "Interspecies transformation in Bacillus: sequence heterology as the major barrier.", "content": "The relative contribution of DNA restriction and of sequence heterology as barriers to interspecies transfer of DNA was studied in the heterologous transformation of Bacillus subtilis recipients by DNA was studied in the heterologous transformation of Bacillus subtilis recipients by DNA isolated from B. globigii. Transformants were obtained at very low frequencies in the evolutionarily nonconserved aromatic region; high cotransfer of linked markers was observed. New mutations were introduced into the B. globigii intergenote sequence in the resulting hybrids; these markers could be transformed with high efficiency by both B. globigii and B. subtilis DNA, representing a 10(5)-fold increase in heterologous transforming efficiency. A restriction activity in B. globigii crude extracts inactivated the biological activity of B. subtilis and hybrid DNA but not B. globigii DNA in vitro, demonstrating different sites for restriction and modification between these species. In vivo, however, B. globigii and hybrid DNA transformed the B. globigii sequence in a hybrid recipient with the same efficiency. These results show that sequence heterology is the major barrier to interspecies transformation and that, in this system, enzymatic restriction does not prevent interspecies transformation.", "contents": "Interspecies transformation in Bacillus: sequence heterology as the major barrier. The relative contribution of DNA restriction and of sequence heterology as barriers to interspecies transfer of DNA was studied in the heterologous transformation of Bacillus subtilis recipients by DNA was studied in the heterologous transformation of Bacillus subtilis recipients by DNA isolated from B. globigii. Transformants were obtained at very low frequencies in the evolutionarily nonconserved aromatic region; high cotransfer of linked markers was observed. New mutations were introduced into the B. globigii intergenote sequence in the resulting hybrids; these markers could be transformed with high efficiency by both B. globigii and B. subtilis DNA, representing a 10(5)-fold increase in heterologous transforming efficiency. A restriction activity in B. globigii crude extracts inactivated the biological activity of B. subtilis and hybrid DNA but not B. globigii DNA in vitro, demonstrating different sites for restriction and modification between these species. In vivo, however, B. globigii and hybrid DNA transformed the B. globigii sequence in a hybrid recipient with the same efficiency. These results show that sequence heterology is the major barrier to interspecies transformation and that, in this system, enzymatic restriction does not prevent interspecies transformation.", "PMID": 417063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8945", "title": "D-alanine incorporation into macromolecules and effects of D-alanine deprivation on active transport in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "An auxotroph of Bacillus subtilis 168 unable to synthesize D-alanine loses the ability to support endogenously energized transport when deprived of D-alanine. Revertants of the mutant retain transport activity. The loss of transport is specific for substrates taken up by active transport; substrates taken up by group translocation are transported at normal rates. The loss of transport can be retarded by pretreatment of the cells with inhibitors of protein synthesis. Since the loss of transport could be due to an alteration in a D-alanine-containing polymer, we investigated the incorporation of D-[14C]alanine into macromolecules. The major D-alanine-containing polymers in B. subtilis are peptidoglycan and teichoic acid, with 4 to 6% of the D-[14C]alanine label found in trypsin-soluble material. Whereas the peptidoglycan and teichoic acid undergo turnover, the trypsin-soluble material does not. Treatment of the trypsin-soluble material with Pronase releases free D-alanine. Analysis of acid-hydrolyzed trypsin-soluble material indicated that approximately 75% of the radioactivity is present as D-alanine, with the remainder present as L-alanine. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of partially purified D-[14C]alanine-labeled membranes indicated the presence of two peaks of radioactivity (molecular weights, 230,000 and 80,000) that could be digested by trypsin. The results suggest that D-alanine may be covalently bound to cellular proteins.", "contents": "D-alanine incorporation into macromolecules and effects of D-alanine deprivation on active transport in Bacillus subtilis. An auxotroph of Bacillus subtilis 168 unable to synthesize D-alanine loses the ability to support endogenously energized transport when deprived of D-alanine. Revertants of the mutant retain transport activity. The loss of transport is specific for substrates taken up by active transport; substrates taken up by group translocation are transported at normal rates. The loss of transport can be retarded by pretreatment of the cells with inhibitors of protein synthesis. Since the loss of transport could be due to an alteration in a D-alanine-containing polymer, we investigated the incorporation of D-[14C]alanine into macromolecules. The major D-alanine-containing polymers in B. subtilis are peptidoglycan and teichoic acid, with 4 to 6% of the D-[14C]alanine label found in trypsin-soluble material. Whereas the peptidoglycan and teichoic acid undergo turnover, the trypsin-soluble material does not. Treatment of the trypsin-soluble material with Pronase releases free D-alanine. Analysis of acid-hydrolyzed trypsin-soluble material indicated that approximately 75% of the radioactivity is present as D-alanine, with the remainder present as L-alanine. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of partially purified D-[14C]alanine-labeled membranes indicated the presence of two peaks of radioactivity (molecular weights, 230,000 and 80,000) that could be digested by trypsin. The results suggest that D-alanine may be covalently bound to cellular proteins.", "PMID": 417065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8946", "title": "Nutritional studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown on inorganic sulfur sources.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa was grown on a succinate-basal salts medium supplemented with various inorganic sulfur compounds as its sole source of sulfur. The organism was able to grow on the sodium salts of sulfide, thiosulfate, tetrathionate, dithionite, metabisulfite, sulfite, or sulfate, but not on those of dithionate. Analyses of the culture media after 24 h of growth indicated accumulation of sulfate from each inorganic sulfur source except sulfate. Manometric studies with resting cells obtained by growth on each of these sulfur sources yielded net oxygen uptake for all substrates except sulfite and dithionate. Similar results were obtained with extracts from these cells by spectrophotometric techniques. Thiosulfate oxidase activity appeared to be induced by growth on sulfide, thiosulfate, or tetrathionate, with little or no activity observed when cells were grown on inorganic sulfur sources of higher oxidative states. Metabisulfite oxidase appeared to be associated with growth on all inorganic sulfur compounds. Rhodanese activity appeared to be constitutively present, and its activity, observed only in soluble fraction, seemed independent of the growth medium employed. Thiosulfate and tetrathionate oxidase activities were studied in greater detail than some of the other sulfur oxidases, and both were found to be distributed between particulate and soluble fractions.", "contents": "Nutritional studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown on inorganic sulfur sources. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was grown on a succinate-basal salts medium supplemented with various inorganic sulfur compounds as its sole source of sulfur. The organism was able to grow on the sodium salts of sulfide, thiosulfate, tetrathionate, dithionite, metabisulfite, sulfite, or sulfate, but not on those of dithionate. Analyses of the culture media after 24 h of growth indicated accumulation of sulfate from each inorganic sulfur source except sulfate. Manometric studies with resting cells obtained by growth on each of these sulfur sources yielded net oxygen uptake for all substrates except sulfite and dithionate. Similar results were obtained with extracts from these cells by spectrophotometric techniques. Thiosulfate oxidase activity appeared to be induced by growth on sulfide, thiosulfate, or tetrathionate, with little or no activity observed when cells were grown on inorganic sulfur sources of higher oxidative states. Metabisulfite oxidase appeared to be associated with growth on all inorganic sulfur compounds. Rhodanese activity appeared to be constitutively present, and its activity, observed only in soluble fraction, seemed independent of the growth medium employed. Thiosulfate and tetrathionate oxidase activities were studied in greater detail than some of the other sulfur oxidases, and both were found to be distributed between particulate and soluble fractions.", "PMID": 417066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8947", "title": "Physiological characterization of an Escherichia coli mutant altered in the structure of murein lipoprotein.", "content": "Studies using isogenic transductant strains mlpA+ and mlpA as well as reversion analysis suggested that the physiological consequences of a structural gene mutation in murein lipoprotein include (i) increased sensitivity toward chelating agents ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and ethyleneglycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid, (ii) leakage of periplasmic enzyme ribonuclease, (iii) weakened association between the outer membrane and the rigid layer accentuated by Mg2+ starvation, resulting in the formation of outer membrane blebs, and (iv) decreased growth rate in media of low ionic strength or low osmolarity. It is suggested that the bound form of lipoprotein plays an important role in the maintenance of the structural integrity of the outer membrane of the Escherichia coli cell envelope. Other outer membrane components may also contribute to the anchorage of outer membrane to the rigid layer, probably through ionic interactions with divalent cations. Using the phenotype of ribonuclease leakage as an unselected marker in a three-factor cross with P1 transduction, we were able to establish the gene order of man mlpA aroD pps on the E. coli chromosome.", "contents": "Physiological characterization of an Escherichia coli mutant altered in the structure of murein lipoprotein. Studies using isogenic transductant strains mlpA+ and mlpA as well as reversion analysis suggested that the physiological consequences of a structural gene mutation in murein lipoprotein include (i) increased sensitivity toward chelating agents ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and ethyleneglycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid, (ii) leakage of periplasmic enzyme ribonuclease, (iii) weakened association between the outer membrane and the rigid layer accentuated by Mg2+ starvation, resulting in the formation of outer membrane blebs, and (iv) decreased growth rate in media of low ionic strength or low osmolarity. It is suggested that the bound form of lipoprotein plays an important role in the maintenance of the structural integrity of the outer membrane of the Escherichia coli cell envelope. Other outer membrane components may also contribute to the anchorage of outer membrane to the rigid layer, probably through ionic interactions with divalent cations. Using the phenotype of ribonuclease leakage as an unselected marker in a three-factor cross with P1 transduction, we were able to establish the gene order of man mlpA aroD pps on the E. coli chromosome.", "PMID": 417067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8948", "title": "Turnover-synthesis of chloroplast DNA in developing chloroplasts.", "content": "The mechanism for the turnover-synthesis of chloroplast DNA in the absence of net synthesis during the chloroplast maturation in Euglena gracilis was determined. DNA synthesis was measured by incorporation of32Pi into chloroplast DNA. The density label, 15N, was incorporated to examine the mechanism of turnover-synthesis. The newly synthesized segments represent a replacement of segments in the DNA containing 1.5 X 10(3) to 6.1 X 10(3) nucleotides. Twenty-three fragments of chloroplast DNA, generated by digestion with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI, became labeled with 32Pi. Turnover-synthesis, therefore, replaces segments throughout the molecule of chloroplast DNA.", "contents": "Turnover-synthesis of chloroplast DNA in developing chloroplasts. The mechanism for the turnover-synthesis of chloroplast DNA in the absence of net synthesis during the chloroplast maturation in Euglena gracilis was determined. DNA synthesis was measured by incorporation of32Pi into chloroplast DNA. The density label, 15N, was incorporated to examine the mechanism of turnover-synthesis. The newly synthesized segments represent a replacement of segments in the DNA containing 1.5 X 10(3) to 6.1 X 10(3) nucleotides. Twenty-three fragments of chloroplast DNA, generated by digestion with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI, became labeled with 32Pi. Turnover-synthesis, therefore, replaces segments throughout the molecule of chloroplast DNA.", "PMID": 417068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8949", "title": "Double mutants of Bacillus subtilis growing as helices.", "content": "Double mutants of Bacillus subtilis, deficient in autolysin and rod in genotype, grow as helical filaments of unseparated cells when changed from the cocci to rods.", "contents": "Double mutants of Bacillus subtilis growing as helices. Double mutants of Bacillus subtilis, deficient in autolysin and rod in genotype, grow as helical filaments of unseparated cells when changed from the cocci to rods.", "PMID": 417069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8950", "title": "RSF1010 plasmid as a potentially useful vector in Pseudomonas species.", "content": "RSF1010 plasmid DNA was introduced into Pseudomonas putida and P. aeruginosa cells and maintained stably, suggesting the potential usefulness of this plasmid as a vector in Pseudomonas species. The number of copies of RSF1010 was 43 per chromosome equivalent in P. putida cells.", "contents": "RSF1010 plasmid as a potentially useful vector in Pseudomonas species. RSF1010 plasmid DNA was introduced into Pseudomonas putida and P. aeruginosa cells and maintained stably, suggesting the potential usefulness of this plasmid as a vector in Pseudomonas species. The number of copies of RSF1010 was 43 per chromosome equivalent in P. putida cells.", "PMID": 417070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8951", "title": "Ethionine-resistant mutants of the filamentous blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum.", "content": "Plectonema boryanum mutants that are resistant to ethionine are unable to incorporate ethionine into acid-precipitable material. Ethionine causes bleaching of chlorophyll in sensitive cells.", "contents": "Ethionine-resistant mutants of the filamentous blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum. Plectonema boryanum mutants that are resistant to ethionine are unable to incorporate ethionine into acid-precipitable material. Ethionine causes bleaching of chlorophyll in sensitive cells.", "PMID": 417071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8952", "title": "Acute cerebral symptomatology, a rare presentation of scleromyxedema.", "content": "A 65 year old male with the entity, scleromyxedema, experienced exacerbation of the disease in which the main clinical features involved the central nervous system. He presented with clouded sensorium, disorganized thinking, combative behavior, headache, unsteady gait and grand mal seizures. A few days after hospital admission the symptoms abated. After a 6 day hiatus, the symptoms suddenly recurred, continuing for another week. The symptomatology again suddenly ceased with complete clearance of mental status. During the full-blown delirium, the electroencephalogram had demonstrated diffuse slowing while lumbar puncture, brain scan, E.M.I. scan and cerebral arteriogram failed to contribute to the understanding of the clinical presentation. Scleromyxedema rarely involves the central nervous system. This case illustrates a very unusual manifestation of scleromyxedema, prominent central nervous system involvement presenting as an acute organic brain syndrome. It is the only case which includes formal mental status examination, cerebrospinal fluid findings and electroencephalogram results.", "contents": "Acute cerebral symptomatology, a rare presentation of scleromyxedema. A 65 year old male with the entity, scleromyxedema, experienced exacerbation of the disease in which the main clinical features involved the central nervous system. He presented with clouded sensorium, disorganized thinking, combative behavior, headache, unsteady gait and grand mal seizures. A few days after hospital admission the symptoms abated. After a 6 day hiatus, the symptoms suddenly recurred, continuing for another week. The symptomatology again suddenly ceased with complete clearance of mental status. During the full-blown delirium, the electroencephalogram had demonstrated diffuse slowing while lumbar puncture, brain scan, E.M.I. scan and cerebral arteriogram failed to contribute to the understanding of the clinical presentation. Scleromyxedema rarely involves the central nervous system. This case illustrates a very unusual manifestation of scleromyxedema, prominent central nervous system involvement presenting as an acute organic brain syndrome. It is the only case which includes formal mental status examination, cerebrospinal fluid findings and electroencephalogram results.", "PMID": 417072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8953", "title": "A compound possessing antitumor and interferon-inducing activities derived from the common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "OEP, a component consisting mainly of protein with small amounts of lipids and sugars, has been isolated from the autolysate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and purified by physicochemical methods. It possesses remarkable biological properties, showing antitumor and interferon-inducing activities. As regards the antitumor activity of the sample, the ED50 value against ascites sarcoma-180 was 1 microgram/kg mouse/day, and its interferon-inducing activity amounted to 15 units at a concentration of 0.01 microgram/ml. Both activities increased after protease digestion, reaching about ten times those of the sample which had not undergone digestion. The protease-treated OEP contained 17% protein, 14.5% total sugars, 31% lipids, 12.5% hexosamine, 3.8% KDO, and 2.7% phosphorus. Neutral sugars consisted of 12.4% rhamnose, 2.7% mannose, 66.9% glucose, and other unidentified material. Total lipids derived from OEP consisted of 65% loosely-bound and 35% covalently-bound lipids; the former contained C14:10, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, and C15:1 acids and the latter, beta-OH C10:0, C12:0, alpha-OH C12:0, beta-OH C12:0, C16:0, and C16:1 acids. The antitumor and interferon-inducing activities of OEP remained after the removal of loosely-bound lipids from OEP.", "contents": "A compound possessing antitumor and interferon-inducing activities derived from the common antigen (OEP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. OEP, a component consisting mainly of protein with small amounts of lipids and sugars, has been isolated from the autolysate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and purified by physicochemical methods. It possesses remarkable biological properties, showing antitumor and interferon-inducing activities. As regards the antitumor activity of the sample, the ED50 value against ascites sarcoma-180 was 1 microgram/kg mouse/day, and its interferon-inducing activity amounted to 15 units at a concentration of 0.01 microgram/ml. Both activities increased after protease digestion, reaching about ten times those of the sample which had not undergone digestion. The protease-treated OEP contained 17% protein, 14.5% total sugars, 31% lipids, 12.5% hexosamine, 3.8% KDO, and 2.7% phosphorus. Neutral sugars consisted of 12.4% rhamnose, 2.7% mannose, 66.9% glucose, and other unidentified material. Total lipids derived from OEP consisted of 65% loosely-bound and 35% covalently-bound lipids; the former contained C14:10, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, and C15:1 acids and the latter, beta-OH C10:0, C12:0, alpha-OH C12:0, beta-OH C12:0, C16:0, and C16:1 acids. The antitumor and interferon-inducing activities of OEP remained after the removal of loosely-bound lipids from OEP.", "PMID": 417073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8954", "title": "Chemical modification of ribonuclease T1 with ozone.", "content": "The single tryptophan residue in ribonuclease T1 [EC 3.1.4.8] was selectively oxidized by ozone to N'-formylkynurenine, which was then converted to kynurenine by acid-catalyzed deformylation in the frozen state. The two enzyme derivatives thus formed, NFK- and Kyn-RNase T1, lost enzymatic activity at pH 7.5, at which native RNase T1 most efficiently catalyzes the hydrolysis of RNA. At pH 4.75, the modified enzymes retained a decreased but distinct enzymatic activity toward RNA without alteration of substrate specificity, and Kyn-RNase T1 was four times more active than NFK-RNase T1. The binding of 3'-GMP to these modified enzymes decreased remarkably at pH 5.5, the optimum pH for binding to the intact enzyme. The gamma-carboxyl group of glutamic acid 58 was still reactive to iodoacetic acid after modification of tryptophan 59. The amounts of the carboxymethyl group introduced into NFK- and Kyn-RNase T1 were 0.36 and 0.59 mol, respectively, under conditions such that quantitative esterification of native RNase T1 takes place. CD spectroscopy indicated that the tertiary structure of the molecule was disordered in NFK-RNase T1, but not significantly in Kyn-RNase T1. It is concluded that tryptophan 59 functions in maintaining the active conformation of the protein structure, particularly in constructing the active environment for a functionally important set of groups involved in the binding of the substrate at the active site, although direct participation of in tryptophan the catalytic function of ribonuclease T1 is unlikely.", "contents": "Chemical modification of ribonuclease T1 with ozone. The single tryptophan residue in ribonuclease T1 [EC 3.1.4.8] was selectively oxidized by ozone to N'-formylkynurenine, which was then converted to kynurenine by acid-catalyzed deformylation in the frozen state. The two enzyme derivatives thus formed, NFK- and Kyn-RNase T1, lost enzymatic activity at pH 7.5, at which native RNase T1 most efficiently catalyzes the hydrolysis of RNA. At pH 4.75, the modified enzymes retained a decreased but distinct enzymatic activity toward RNA without alteration of substrate specificity, and Kyn-RNase T1 was four times more active than NFK-RNase T1. The binding of 3'-GMP to these modified enzymes decreased remarkably at pH 5.5, the optimum pH for binding to the intact enzyme. The gamma-carboxyl group of glutamic acid 58 was still reactive to iodoacetic acid after modification of tryptophan 59. The amounts of the carboxymethyl group introduced into NFK- and Kyn-RNase T1 were 0.36 and 0.59 mol, respectively, under conditions such that quantitative esterification of native RNase T1 takes place. CD spectroscopy indicated that the tertiary structure of the molecule was disordered in NFK-RNase T1, but not significantly in Kyn-RNase T1. It is concluded that tryptophan 59 functions in maintaining the active conformation of the protein structure, particularly in constructing the active environment for a functionally important set of groups involved in the binding of the substrate at the active site, although direct participation of in tryptophan the catalytic function of ribonuclease T1 is unlikely.", "PMID": 417075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8955", "title": "Improved preparation and cooperative calcium contraction of glycerinated Vorticella.", "content": "An improved method for the preparation of glycerinated Vorticella convallaria was investigated. The pretreatment of living vorticellas with a medium containing 0.1% saponins and subsequent treatment with an extraction medium containing 35% glycerol at about 0 degrees C was satisfactory. The equilibrium average length of contractile stalks of glycerinated vorticellas was measured at various free calcium concentrations in the reaction medium. It was found that the contractile element in the spasmoneme of the stalk is contracted by a cooperative interaction involving at least two calcium ions.", "contents": "Improved preparation and cooperative calcium contraction of glycerinated Vorticella. An improved method for the preparation of glycerinated Vorticella convallaria was investigated. The pretreatment of living vorticellas with a medium containing 0.1% saponins and subsequent treatment with an extraction medium containing 35% glycerol at about 0 degrees C was satisfactory. The equilibrium average length of contractile stalks of glycerinated vorticellas was measured at various free calcium concentrations in the reaction medium. It was found that the contractile element in the spasmoneme of the stalk is contracted by a cooperative interaction involving at least two calcium ions.", "PMID": 417076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8956", "title": "Synthesis and secretion of kidney beta-galactosidase in mutant le/le mice.", "content": "We have found that the pigmentation mutant light ear in the mouse has a striking effect on lysosomes in the kidney. Male mice homozygous for the le mutant allele have a 4-fold elevated concentration of kidney beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23). The abnormal elevation of kidney beta-galactosidase is the net result of two processes. First, beta-galactosidase is elevated due to the defective urinary secretion of lysosomal enzymes which is a specific effect of the le mutation. Secondly, this effect is most evident in males and testosterone-treated females because of the induction of beta-galactosidase synthesis by testosterone, which occurs in +/+ as well as in mutant mice. The pale-ear mutation (ep) which mimics the pigmentation phenotype of le also has a similar effect on kidney lysosomes.", "contents": "Synthesis and secretion of kidney beta-galactosidase in mutant le/le mice. We have found that the pigmentation mutant light ear in the mouse has a striking effect on lysosomes in the kidney. Male mice homozygous for the le mutant allele have a 4-fold elevated concentration of kidney beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23). The abnormal elevation of kidney beta-galactosidase is the net result of two processes. First, beta-galactosidase is elevated due to the defective urinary secretion of lysosomal enzymes which is a specific effect of the le mutation. Secondly, this effect is most evident in males and testosterone-treated females because of the induction of beta-galactosidase synthesis by testosterone, which occurs in +/+ as well as in mutant mice. The pale-ear mutation (ep) which mimics the pigmentation phenotype of le also has a similar effect on kidney lysosomes.", "PMID": 417081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8957", "title": "Fractures of the neck of the talus. Long-term evaluation of seventy-one cases.", "content": "Seventy-one fractures through the neck of the talus were clinically evaluated and classified on the basis of roentgenographic appearance. The follow-up interval averaged 12.7 years. Good or excellent results were achieved in 59 per cent of the fractures. Accurate anatomical reduction of displaced fractures, if necessary by open reduction and internal fixation, is recommended. Avascular necrosis of the talar body occurred in 52 per cent of the fractures (in two of thirteen non-displaced fractures, in half of the fractures with subluxation or dislocation of the subtalar joint, and in sixteen of nineteen fractures with complete dislocation of the body of the talus). Many patients with avascular necrosis treated conservatively had satisfactory results. The complications of avascular necrosis, malunion, subtalar arthritis, and infection required twenty-five secondary procedures. Triple arthrodesis, tibiocalcaneal fusion, and dorsal beak resection of the talar neck all resulted in a high percentage of satisfactory results, but talectomy did not.", "contents": "Fractures of the neck of the talus. Long-term evaluation of seventy-one cases. Seventy-one fractures through the neck of the talus were clinically evaluated and classified on the basis of roentgenographic appearance. The follow-up interval averaged 12.7 years. Good or excellent results were achieved in 59 per cent of the fractures. Accurate anatomical reduction of displaced fractures, if necessary by open reduction and internal fixation, is recommended. Avascular necrosis of the talar body occurred in 52 per cent of the fractures (in two of thirteen non-displaced fractures, in half of the fractures with subluxation or dislocation of the subtalar joint, and in sixteen of nineteen fractures with complete dislocation of the body of the talus). Many patients with avascular necrosis treated conservatively had satisfactory results. The complications of avascular necrosis, malunion, subtalar arthritis, and infection required twenty-five secondary procedures. Triple arthrodesis, tibiocalcaneal fusion, and dorsal beak resection of the talar neck all resulted in a high percentage of satisfactory results, but talectomy did not.", "PMID": 417084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8958", "title": "The spinal disorders in diastrophic dwarfism.", "content": "Of seven patients with diastrophic dwarfism, all had cervical spina bifida occulta. Two had cervical kyphosis, which was severe in one. Scoliosis was present in five patients and was always progressive. Lumbar lordosis was seen in all seven patients and was not progressive.", "contents": "The spinal disorders in diastrophic dwarfism. Of seven patients with diastrophic dwarfism, all had cervical spina bifida occulta. Two had cervical kyphosis, which was severe in one. Scoliosis was present in five patients and was always progressive. Lumbar lordosis was seen in all seven patients and was not progressive.", "PMID": 417085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8959", "title": "Fractures of the fibula proximal to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis.", "content": "Study of thirty-six cases of fracture of the fibula at levels proximal to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis established that there are three types, distinguished by the direction of the fracture line, which are produced by different mechanisms: supination-external rotation, pronation-abduction, and pronation-external rotation. Advanced lesions that were seen were severe injuries of the ankle which included rupture of the deltoid ligament or fracture of the medial malleolus and complete diastasis of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis in addition to the fracture of the fibula. Surgical treatment is necessary in most advanced lesions.", "contents": "Fractures of the fibula proximal to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. Study of thirty-six cases of fracture of the fibula at levels proximal to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis established that there are three types, distinguished by the direction of the fracture line, which are produced by different mechanisms: supination-external rotation, pronation-abduction, and pronation-external rotation. Advanced lesions that were seen were severe injuries of the ankle which included rupture of the deltoid ligament or fracture of the medial malleolus and complete diastasis of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis in addition to the fracture of the fibula. Surgical treatment is necessary in most advanced lesions.", "PMID": 417086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8960", "title": "Adaptation to cycloheximide of macromolecular synthesis in Tetrahymena.", "content": "Cycloheximide (CHI) at 10 ng/ml partially inhibited protein synthesis in exponential cultures of Tetrahymena Sp. At 20 ng/ml or greater, inhibition was complete. When protein synthesis was inhibited to any extent, cell division ceased immediately. In all instances where measured, synthesis of RNA and DNA also ceased. After a period of delay, cellular functions reinitiated in the order: (i) protein synthesis, (ii) DNA synthesis and, (iii) RNA synthesis and cell division. The delay in cell division was divided into three phases of: I, zero; II, low; and, III; fully recovered rates of exponential protein synthesis. The length of the three phases increased with increasing concentration of CHI. Prior growth of cells for one generation in the presence of 7.5 ng/ml CHI (facilitation) eliminated phase I and slightly decreased phases II and III following subsequent challenge with an inhibitory concentration of CHI. Facilitation for six generations further decreased phases II and III. Protein synthesis and cell division were not inhibited during facilitation. In the culture, succinate dehydrogenase activity did not increase during the delay but increased normally at the onset of division. In contrast, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity continued to increase for an hour after inhibition of protein synthesis, was constant for a period and did not increase again until an hour after reinitiation of cell division and RNA synthesis. Inhibition of division of all cells was immediate and reinitiation of synthesis and cell division was non-synchronous.", "contents": "Adaptation to cycloheximide of macromolecular synthesis in Tetrahymena. Cycloheximide (CHI) at 10 ng/ml partially inhibited protein synthesis in exponential cultures of Tetrahymena Sp. At 20 ng/ml or greater, inhibition was complete. When protein synthesis was inhibited to any extent, cell division ceased immediately. In all instances where measured, synthesis of RNA and DNA also ceased. After a period of delay, cellular functions reinitiated in the order: (i) protein synthesis, (ii) DNA synthesis and, (iii) RNA synthesis and cell division. The delay in cell division was divided into three phases of: I, zero; II, low; and, III; fully recovered rates of exponential protein synthesis. The length of the three phases increased with increasing concentration of CHI. Prior growth of cells for one generation in the presence of 7.5 ng/ml CHI (facilitation) eliminated phase I and slightly decreased phases II and III following subsequent challenge with an inhibitory concentration of CHI. Facilitation for six generations further decreased phases II and III. Protein synthesis and cell division were not inhibited during facilitation. In the culture, succinate dehydrogenase activity did not increase during the delay but increased normally at the onset of division. In contrast, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity continued to increase for an hour after inhibition of protein synthesis, was constant for a period and did not increase again until an hour after reinitiation of cell division and RNA synthesis. Inhibition of division of all cells was immediate and reinitiation of synthesis and cell division was non-synchronous.", "PMID": 417087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8961", "title": "Heat shock dependent fluctuations of RNase activity during the cell cycle of synchronized Tetrahymena.", "content": "The total cellular acid RNase activity per milliliter of culture increases sharply following each heat shock in the cell cycle of Tetrahymena pyriformis ST synchronized with heat shocks spaced one generation time apart. Thus, the RNase activity per 10(5) cells is 24.5 units immediately after the end of the sixth heat shock, increases to 39.0 units during the following 55 minutes and decreases to 24.2 units at the start of the seventh heat shock. No change in the RNase activity occurs during the heat shock period. In logarithmically growing cells the RNase activity per 10(5) cells is 15.4 units. The heart shock stimulates the increase in the RNase activity, since no rapid increase occurs during the free running division cycle but a rapid increase occurs after an additional heat shock given at different times during the cell cycle. Inhibition of the increase in RNase activity by cycloheximide suggests that concurrent protein synthesis is required for the stimulation of the RNase activity by the heat shock treatment.", "contents": "Heat shock dependent fluctuations of RNase activity during the cell cycle of synchronized Tetrahymena. The total cellular acid RNase activity per milliliter of culture increases sharply following each heat shock in the cell cycle of Tetrahymena pyriformis ST synchronized with heat shocks spaced one generation time apart. Thus, the RNase activity per 10(5) cells is 24.5 units immediately after the end of the sixth heat shock, increases to 39.0 units during the following 55 minutes and decreases to 24.2 units at the start of the seventh heat shock. No change in the RNase activity occurs during the heat shock period. In logarithmically growing cells the RNase activity per 10(5) cells is 15.4 units. The heart shock stimulates the increase in the RNase activity, since no rapid increase occurs during the free running division cycle but a rapid increase occurs after an additional heat shock given at different times during the cell cycle. Inhibition of the increase in RNase activity by cycloheximide suggests that concurrent protein synthesis is required for the stimulation of the RNase activity by the heat shock treatment.", "PMID": 417088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8962", "title": "Separation of polychlorobiphenyls from chlorinated pesticides in sediment and oyster samples for analysis by gas chromatography.", "content": "Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) have been separated from DDT and its analogs and from the other common chlorinated pesticides by adsorption chromatography on columns of alumina and charcoal. Elution from alumina columns with increasing fractional amounts of hexane first isolates dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide from a mixture of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs. The remaining fraction, when added to a charcoal column, can be separated into two fractions, one containing the chlorinated pesticides, the other containing the PCBs, by eluting with acetone-diethyl ether (25:75) and benzene, respectively. The PCBs and the pesticides are then determined by gas chromatography on the separate column eluates without cross interference. The method is applicable to sample extracts prepared for gas chromatography. Recoveries of the PCBs (Aroclors) and the chlorinated pesticides are good and the method is applicable to sediment and marine biota samples.", "contents": "Separation of polychlorobiphenyls from chlorinated pesticides in sediment and oyster samples for analysis by gas chromatography. Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) have been separated from DDT and its analogs and from the other common chlorinated pesticides by adsorption chromatography on columns of alumina and charcoal. Elution from alumina columns with increasing fractional amounts of hexane first isolates dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide from a mixture of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs. The remaining fraction, when added to a charcoal column, can be separated into two fractions, one containing the chlorinated pesticides, the other containing the PCBs, by eluting with acetone-diethyl ether (25:75) and benzene, respectively. The PCBs and the pesticides are then determined by gas chromatography on the separate column eluates without cross interference. The method is applicable to sample extracts prepared for gas chromatography. Recoveries of the PCBs (Aroclors) and the chlorinated pesticides are good and the method is applicable to sediment and marine biota samples.", "PMID": 417089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8963", "title": "Evaluation of the Microcult system for isolating and identifying Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Specimens from 95 patients attending a venereal diseases clinic were examined for gonococci by three methods--a conventional culture technique using modified Thayer-Martin medium, microscopy of a Gram-stained direct smear, and the Microcult system. For 56% of the specimens the results by all three methods agreed. Assuming the results obtained by culture on Thayer-Martin medium to be correct, the largest source of error was due to false-positive results: microscopy gave 26 and Microcult gave 15 such results. False-negative results were less common: Microcult gave 14, microscopy six. Microcult gave positive results more quickly than the conventional Thayer-Martin cultural method, but the gonococci were difficult to isolate by subculture from the Microcult culture pads. The Microcult medium was not absolutely specific for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Nevertheless, the Microcult test may well prove to be a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of gonorrhoea, especially when laboratory facilities are not readily available.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Microcult system for isolating and identifying Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Specimens from 95 patients attending a venereal diseases clinic were examined for gonococci by three methods--a conventional culture technique using modified Thayer-Martin medium, microscopy of a Gram-stained direct smear, and the Microcult system. For 56% of the specimens the results by all three methods agreed. Assuming the results obtained by culture on Thayer-Martin medium to be correct, the largest source of error was due to false-positive results: microscopy gave 26 and Microcult gave 15 such results. False-negative results were less common: Microcult gave 14, microscopy six. Microcult gave positive results more quickly than the conventional Thayer-Martin cultural method, but the gonococci were difficult to isolate by subculture from the Microcult culture pads. The Microcult medium was not absolutely specific for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Nevertheless, the Microcult test may well prove to be a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of gonorrhoea, especially when laboratory facilities are not readily available.", "PMID": 417090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8964", "title": "Effect of Tween 80 on incubation period of Lactobacillus casei assay of serum folate.", "content": "Contamination of folic acid assay medium with oleate led to a lag phase when Lactobacillus casei cultures were grown on folic acid but not when whole serum provided the folate source. This led to high assay values when using 20-hour incubation periods but satisfactory results were obtained after 48 hours' incubation. The addition of Tween 80 to the medium eliminated the lag phase and the assay results were consistent after 13, 24, and 48 hours' incubation.", "contents": "Effect of Tween 80 on incubation period of Lactobacillus casei assay of serum folate. Contamination of folic acid assay medium with oleate led to a lag phase when Lactobacillus casei cultures were grown on folic acid but not when whole serum provided the folate source. This led to high assay values when using 20-hour incubation periods but satisfactory results were obtained after 48 hours' incubation. The addition of Tween 80 to the medium eliminated the lag phase and the assay results were consistent after 13, 24, and 48 hours' incubation.", "PMID": 417091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8965", "title": "IgM lambda cytoplasmic crystals in three cases of immunocytoma: a clinical, cytochemical, and ultrastructural study.", "content": "Endoplasmic reticulum-associated crystals were seen in 1-10% of the bone-marrow lymphocytes and in the lymphocytes of the peripheral blood in three cases of immunocytoma. Their crystalline nature and their location in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum was proved by ultrastructural study. IgM lambda in the crystals was demonstrated by fluorescent and peroxidase-labelled antibody methods. The crystals did not stain with the PAS reaction, suggesting that the immunoglobulin was not bound to a carbohydrate group. A defect in glucosyltransferase activity with failure to modify the immunoglobulins could explain the absence of the PAS reaction and the accumulation of immunoglobulin in crystalline before reaching the Golgi region.", "contents": "IgM lambda cytoplasmic crystals in three cases of immunocytoma: a clinical, cytochemical, and ultrastructural study. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated crystals were seen in 1-10% of the bone-marrow lymphocytes and in the lymphocytes of the peripheral blood in three cases of immunocytoma. Their crystalline nature and their location in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum was proved by ultrastructural study. IgM lambda in the crystals was demonstrated by fluorescent and peroxidase-labelled antibody methods. The crystals did not stain with the PAS reaction, suggesting that the immunoglobulin was not bound to a carbohydrate group. A defect in glucosyltransferase activity with failure to modify the immunoglobulins could explain the absence of the PAS reaction and the accumulation of immunoglobulin in crystalline before reaching the Golgi region.", "PMID": 417092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8966", "title": "Cerebral involvement in multiple myeloma: case report.", "content": "Cerebral myeloma in a 49-year-old white man took the form of diffuse arachnoid infiltration, intracerebral perivascular cuffing, and frank intracerebral invasion.", "contents": "Cerebral involvement in multiple myeloma: case report. Cerebral myeloma in a 49-year-old white man took the form of diffuse arachnoid infiltration, intracerebral perivascular cuffing, and frank intracerebral invasion.", "PMID": 417093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8967", "title": "Aberrant form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputum and cerebrospinal fluid causing infection in a compromised patient.", "content": "A patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma developed meningitis due to an aberrant form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa observed on Gram stain. The organism was grown on primary isolation media without needing hypertonic media. The significance of aberrant forms in body fluids is discussed.", "contents": "Aberrant form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputum and cerebrospinal fluid causing infection in a compromised patient. A patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma developed meningitis due to an aberrant form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa observed on Gram stain. The organism was grown on primary isolation media without needing hypertonic media. The significance of aberrant forms in body fluids is discussed.", "PMID": 417094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8968", "title": "Comparison of susceptibility of Neisseria meningitidis to sodium sulphadiazine and sodium fusidate in vitro.", "content": "Out of 100 strains of meningococci examined 62 were resistant to 1 mg/l or more of sodium sulphadiazine, including 82% of group W135 strains and 69% of group B strains. All strains were sensitive in vitro to 0.5 mg/l of sodium fusidate. Sodium fusidate should be considered as a chemoprophylactic agent for those who may be at risk of meningococcal disease.", "contents": "Comparison of susceptibility of Neisseria meningitidis to sodium sulphadiazine and sodium fusidate in vitro. Out of 100 strains of meningococci examined 62 were resistant to 1 mg/l or more of sodium sulphadiazine, including 82% of group W135 strains and 69% of group B strains. All strains were sensitive in vitro to 0.5 mg/l of sodium fusidate. Sodium fusidate should be considered as a chemoprophylactic agent for those who may be at risk of meningococcal disease.", "PMID": 417095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8969", "title": "The representation of the body surface in somatosensory area I of the grey squirrel.", "content": "Microelectrode mapping methods were used to determine the organization of primary somatosensory cortex, SmI, in grey squirrels. A systematic representation of the contralateral body surface was found within somatic konicortex. This primary representation differs from maps of SmI in other mammals in at least two significant ways. The first way in which SmI of squirrels differs from the organization reported for other mammals is that SmI of squirrels contains a double representation of the hand and parts of the forearm. The glabrous skin of the digits is represented twice in a mirror image fashion joined at the finger tips. The hairy skin of the digits, wrist, and parts of the forearm are also represented twice, once on each side of the joined representations of the glabrous skin. A second unique feature of SmI of squirrels is that there is a small region of cortex completely surrounded by SmI that was unresponsive to light cutaneous stimuli under our recording conditions. This unresponsive zone is easily identified in brain sections by architectonic features that deviate from sensory koniocortex and approach motor cortex. A third significant finding was that the back is rostral to the belly in the representation of the trunk in SmI of squirrels. This is the reverse of the orientation reported elsewhere for SmI of mammals, but corresponds to the orientation of the trunk representation in Area 3b of owl monkeys (Kaas et al., '78; Merzenich et al., '78). This similarity supports an earlier contention that the representation of the body in Area 3b of primates is the homolog of SmI in other mammals (Merzenich et al., '78).", "contents": "The representation of the body surface in somatosensory area I of the grey squirrel. Microelectrode mapping methods were used to determine the organization of primary somatosensory cortex, SmI, in grey squirrels. A systematic representation of the contralateral body surface was found within somatic konicortex. This primary representation differs from maps of SmI in other mammals in at least two significant ways. The first way in which SmI of squirrels differs from the organization reported for other mammals is that SmI of squirrels contains a double representation of the hand and parts of the forearm. The glabrous skin of the digits is represented twice in a mirror image fashion joined at the finger tips. The hairy skin of the digits, wrist, and parts of the forearm are also represented twice, once on each side of the joined representations of the glabrous skin. A second unique feature of SmI of squirrels is that there is a small region of cortex completely surrounded by SmI that was unresponsive to light cutaneous stimuli under our recording conditions. This unresponsive zone is easily identified in brain sections by architectonic features that deviate from sensory koniocortex and approach motor cortex. A third significant finding was that the back is rostral to the belly in the representation of the trunk in SmI of squirrels. This is the reverse of the orientation reported elsewhere for SmI of mammals, but corresponds to the orientation of the trunk representation in Area 3b of owl monkeys (Kaas et al., '78; Merzenich et al., '78). This similarity supports an earlier contention that the representation of the body in Area 3b of primates is the homolog of SmI in other mammals (Merzenich et al., '78).", "PMID": 417097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8970", "title": "Differential effects of monocular deprivation seen in different layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus.", "content": "Recent investigations have suggested that the morphological effects of monocular deprivation can be explained by a developmental competitive interaction between the pathways from the two eyes. This study presents evidence in the tree shrew for binocular competition and for an unequal effect of such competition on the different layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. The effects of monocular deprivation were evaluated by comparing cell size changes in the binocular and monocular segments of the lateral geniculate nucleus in three tree shrews raised with one eye sutured. In two of these animals the open eye was injected with 3H proline in order to identify accurately geniculate layers innervated by the non-deprived eye. Cell sizes in three normal animals and one monocularly enucleated animal were measured for comparison. The results show the following main effects: First, that monocular deprivation significantly changes cell size in the binocular but not the monocular segment of the geniculate nucleus. Comparisons with cell size in normal animals indicates that non-deprived cells may grow in response to deprivation. Second, that cell size in geniculate lamina 3 is not affected by monocular deprivation, suggesting that cells in this layer are morphologically or functionally secluded from competitive interactions affecting the other layers. Finally, that monocular enucleation in the adult tree shrew affects all parts of the geniculate nucleus including layer 3 and the monocular segment, demonstrating that these parts of the geniculate nucleus are responsive to lack of retinal innervation.", "contents": "Differential effects of monocular deprivation seen in different layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Recent investigations have suggested that the morphological effects of monocular deprivation can be explained by a developmental competitive interaction between the pathways from the two eyes. This study presents evidence in the tree shrew for binocular competition and for an unequal effect of such competition on the different layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. The effects of monocular deprivation were evaluated by comparing cell size changes in the binocular and monocular segments of the lateral geniculate nucleus in three tree shrews raised with one eye sutured. In two of these animals the open eye was injected with 3H proline in order to identify accurately geniculate layers innervated by the non-deprived eye. Cell sizes in three normal animals and one monocularly enucleated animal were measured for comparison. The results show the following main effects: First, that monocular deprivation significantly changes cell size in the binocular but not the monocular segment of the geniculate nucleus. Comparisons with cell size in normal animals indicates that non-deprived cells may grow in response to deprivation. Second, that cell size in geniculate lamina 3 is not affected by monocular deprivation, suggesting that cells in this layer are morphologically or functionally secluded from competitive interactions affecting the other layers. Finally, that monocular enucleation in the adult tree shrew affects all parts of the geniculate nucleus including layer 3 and the monocular segment, demonstrating that these parts of the geniculate nucleus are responsive to lack of retinal innervation.", "PMID": 417098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8971", "title": "Transport of radioactivity from primary auditory neurons beyond the cochlear nuclei.", "content": "Transneuronal degeneration in secondary brainstem auditory nuclei has been described following cochlear lesions, and Marchi studies have revealed degeneration in the trapezoid body after such lesions. These findings support the view of some early neuroanatomists that primary auditory afferents project beyond the cochlear nuclei. Silver impregnation studies of degenerating cochlear afferents have failed to support this claim, leaving the question unresolved. Using [3H] amino acids auditory projections in the monkey were traced autoradiographically from labeled ganglion cells: (1) in all portions of the spiral ganglion, (2) in apical and middle turns of the cochlea and (3) primarily in the basal turn of the cochlea. Labeling of the entire spiral ganglion resulted in profuse transport of isotope to parts of all cochlear nuclei [anteroventral (AVCN), posteroventral (PVCN), and dorsal (DCN) cochlear nuclei]. Labeled axons entering the trapezoid body (TB) projected ipsilaterally to: (1) the lateral trapezoid nuclei (LTN), (2) the lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO), (3) the dorsal dendritic zone of the medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO), and (4) the pericollicular or cortical nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC). Auditory fibers crossing the midline in the TB projected contralaterally to: (1) the medial trapezoid nucleus (MTN), (2) the ventral dendritic zone of the MSO, (3) the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL), and (4) the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC). Selective labeling of cells in the apical and middle ganglionic turns ofthe cochlea resulted in a similar pattern of centripetal transport. Selective [3H] uptake primarily by ganglion cells in the basal turn of the cochlea resulted in: (1) labeling of restricted parts of all cochlear nuclei, and (2) a considerable reduction of isotope transported beyond the cochlear nuclei. Labeled fibers in the TB were distributed sparsely in the ipsilateral LTN, LSO and dorsal dendritic zone of the MSO. Fibers in the TB were not labeled contralaterally in these animals. Interpretation of these data considers the possibility of transneuronal isotope transport. The pattern of isotope transported beyond the cochlear nuclei does not correspond to the secondary projections of any individual cochlear nucleus, although it bears some resemblance to that of the AVCN. The current study suggests that some primary auditory afferents project beyond the cochlear nuclei.", "contents": "Transport of radioactivity from primary auditory neurons beyond the cochlear nuclei. Transneuronal degeneration in secondary brainstem auditory nuclei has been described following cochlear lesions, and Marchi studies have revealed degeneration in the trapezoid body after such lesions. These findings support the view of some early neuroanatomists that primary auditory afferents project beyond the cochlear nuclei. Silver impregnation studies of degenerating cochlear afferents have failed to support this claim, leaving the question unresolved. Using [3H] amino acids auditory projections in the monkey were traced autoradiographically from labeled ganglion cells: (1) in all portions of the spiral ganglion, (2) in apical and middle turns of the cochlea and (3) primarily in the basal turn of the cochlea. Labeling of the entire spiral ganglion resulted in profuse transport of isotope to parts of all cochlear nuclei [anteroventral (AVCN), posteroventral (PVCN), and dorsal (DCN) cochlear nuclei]. Labeled axons entering the trapezoid body (TB) projected ipsilaterally to: (1) the lateral trapezoid nuclei (LTN), (2) the lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO), (3) the dorsal dendritic zone of the medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO), and (4) the pericollicular or cortical nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC). Auditory fibers crossing the midline in the TB projected contralaterally to: (1) the medial trapezoid nucleus (MTN), (2) the ventral dendritic zone of the MSO, (3) the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL), and (4) the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC). Selective labeling of cells in the apical and middle ganglionic turns ofthe cochlea resulted in a similar pattern of centripetal transport. Selective [3H] uptake primarily by ganglion cells in the basal turn of the cochlea resulted in: (1) labeling of restricted parts of all cochlear nuclei, and (2) a considerable reduction of isotope transported beyond the cochlear nuclei. Labeled fibers in the TB were distributed sparsely in the ipsilateral LTN, LSO and dorsal dendritic zone of the MSO. Fibers in the TB were not labeled contralaterally in these animals. Interpretation of these data considers the possibility of transneuronal isotope transport. The pattern of isotope transported beyond the cochlear nuclei does not correspond to the secondary projections of any individual cochlear nucleus, although it bears some resemblance to that of the AVCN. The current study suggests that some primary auditory afferents project beyond the cochlear nuclei.", "PMID": 417099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8972", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac function and drug effects in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The hemodynamic evaluation of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) usually is performed by invasive methods. A prospective echocardiographic study was conducted on 23 AMI patients to determine the feasibility of this technique in evaluating hemodynamics and in measuring the effect of drugs on left ventricular performance. The results showed that: 1) reproducible measurements of left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions can be obtained by echocardiography, and 2) echocardiography can be used in the assessment of the effect of drugs in AMI. As echocardiography is a simple noninvasive procedure, it is well suited for conducting longitudinal studies in patients outside the coronary care unit and in ambulatory AMI patients.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac function and drug effects in acute myocardial infarction. The hemodynamic evaluation of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) usually is performed by invasive methods. A prospective echocardiographic study was conducted on 23 AMI patients to determine the feasibility of this technique in evaluating hemodynamics and in measuring the effect of drugs on left ventricular performance. The results showed that: 1) reproducible measurements of left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions can be obtained by echocardiography, and 2) echocardiography can be used in the assessment of the effect of drugs in AMI. As echocardiography is a simple noninvasive procedure, it is well suited for conducting longitudinal studies in patients outside the coronary care unit and in ambulatory AMI patients.", "PMID": 417104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8973", "title": "The distributional effects of national health insurance in Quebec.", "content": "In November of 1970 a major change in public health policy occurred in Quebec: the movement from a mixed private-public system to a completely public system of financing health care (known as Medicare). This policy change had important economic effects on the distribution of income, taxation, and health care costs. This paper analyzes these economic effects by focusing on the changes in financial burden of medical care costs between 1969-70 and 1971-72 for eight income classes. The key results that emerge are: the total cost of medical care increases sharply for all of the income groups, and the burden of the cost of medical care becomes more equitable across the income groups. Based on these results, policy considerations for the present debate on national health insurance in the United States are offered.", "contents": "The distributional effects of national health insurance in Quebec. In November of 1970 a major change in public health policy occurred in Quebec: the movement from a mixed private-public system to a completely public system of financing health care (known as Medicare). This policy change had important economic effects on the distribution of income, taxation, and health care costs. This paper analyzes these economic effects by focusing on the changes in financial burden of medical care costs between 1969-70 and 1971-72 for eight income classes. The key results that emerge are: the total cost of medical care increases sharply for all of the income groups, and the burden of the cost of medical care becomes more equitable across the income groups. Based on these results, policy considerations for the present debate on national health insurance in the United States are offered.", "PMID": 417107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8974", "title": "Pathogenesis of diphtheria carrier state from the immunological point of view.", "content": "Results of a comparative investigation of diphtheria antitoxin and type-specific antibacterial antibodes in 264 carriers of diphtherial bacteria, 41 diphtheria patients and 263 non-infected subjects are presented. A high level of antitoxin did not prevent the development of toxigenic-strain carrier state. A basically similar immunological antibacterial response was observed in patients with manifest forms of diphtheria and in carriers of toxigenic strains; such a response could not as yet be detected in carriers of non-toxigenic strains. It has been suggested that the infectious process in the toxigenic-strain carrier state is due to factors of the virulence responsible for infectivity and invasiveness of the diphtherial microbe. The toxin plays no pathogenic role in carrier state.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of diphtheria carrier state from the immunological point of view. Results of a comparative investigation of diphtheria antitoxin and type-specific antibacterial antibodes in 264 carriers of diphtherial bacteria, 41 diphtheria patients and 263 non-infected subjects are presented. A high level of antitoxin did not prevent the development of toxigenic-strain carrier state. A basically similar immunological antibacterial response was observed in patients with manifest forms of diphtheria and in carriers of toxigenic strains; such a response could not as yet be detected in carriers of non-toxigenic strains. It has been suggested that the infectious process in the toxigenic-strain carrier state is due to factors of the virulence responsible for infectivity and invasiveness of the diphtherial microbe. The toxin plays no pathogenic role in carrier state.", "PMID": 417135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8975", "title": "Viremia and serum antibodies in Macacus rhesus monkey after inapparent infection with European tick-borne encephalitis virus.", "content": "1. Inapparent infection was called forth in M. rhesus monkeys by means of subcutaneous inoculation of ETBE virus. 2. Viremia was found in 18 (86 per cent) of 21 monkeys. In all the 18 monkeys, specific virus-neutralizing antibodies were found; in 17 of them complement-fixing antibodies developed in addition. 3. Neutralizing antibodies (N greater than or equal to 1.7 log10) were first recorded on 10th day with a peak on 32nd day, retaining, after a small decrease, a relatively high level in all reacting animals. 4. Complement-fixing antibodies were first found on 18th day, showing a peak on 22nd day whereafter they dropped considerably or even disappeared so that on 150th day they were present in a low titre in only 35 per cent of the originally reacting monkeys. 5. The findings were compared with the situation in naturally infected humans and in hamsters infected inapparently (experimentally) with ETBE virus.", "contents": "Viremia and serum antibodies in Macacus rhesus monkey after inapparent infection with European tick-borne encephalitis virus. 1. Inapparent infection was called forth in M. rhesus monkeys by means of subcutaneous inoculation of ETBE virus. 2. Viremia was found in 18 (86 per cent) of 21 monkeys. In all the 18 monkeys, specific virus-neutralizing antibodies were found; in 17 of them complement-fixing antibodies developed in addition. 3. Neutralizing antibodies (N greater than or equal to 1.7 log10) were first recorded on 10th day with a peak on 32nd day, retaining, after a small decrease, a relatively high level in all reacting animals. 4. Complement-fixing antibodies were first found on 18th day, showing a peak on 22nd day whereafter they dropped considerably or even disappeared so that on 150th day they were present in a low titre in only 35 per cent of the originally reacting monkeys. 5. The findings were compared with the situation in naturally infected humans and in hamsters infected inapparently (experimentally) with ETBE virus.", "PMID": 417136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8976", "title": "Latent expression of a Cgamma gene.", "content": "Rabbit 136 represented the first instance whereby more than two alleles for any immunoglobulin locus are detected phenotypically in a single animal. This was reported as the acquisition of the a2 and b6 markers in the animal nominally typed a1a3, b4b5 after intensive immunization. Follow-up studies indicate that another immunoglobulin marker, notably d11, also appeared in the postimmune serum. The d11 specificity was detected serologically by the hemagglutination-inhibition assay and chemically by analysis of the CNBr digestion products involving a strategic methionine.", "contents": "Latent expression of a Cgamma gene. Rabbit 136 represented the first instance whereby more than two alleles for any immunoglobulin locus are detected phenotypically in a single animal. This was reported as the acquisition of the a2 and b6 markers in the animal nominally typed a1a3, b4b5 after intensive immunization. Follow-up studies indicate that another immunoglobulin marker, notably d11, also appeared in the postimmune serum. The d11 specificity was detected serologically by the hemagglutination-inhibition assay and chemically by analysis of the CNBr digestion products involving a strategic methionine.", "PMID": 417137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8977", "title": "Characterization of a soluble factor that specifically suppresses the in vitro generation of cells cytotoxic for syngeneic tumor cells in mice.", "content": "A tumor-specific soluble factor found in extracts of thymocytes from mice bearing small P815 tumors has been demonstrated. This factor is capable of significantly suppressing the in vitro generation of syngeneic cells cytotoxic for P815 targets if it is added to culture vessels within the first 30 hr of culture. The suppressive factor eluted from Sephadex G-100 after hemoglobin and was estimated to have a m.w. in the range of 40 to 60,000. Preparative isoelectric focusing of thymic extracts established that the suppressive material has an isoelectric point in the range of pH 4.6 to 4.9. The suppressive activity of extracts could be removed by passage of the material through immunoadsorbent columns prepared from membrane proteins of P815 cells but not by analogous columns prepared by using L1210 membrane proteins. The suppressive material was not removed by its passage through immunoadsorbent columns containing anti-mouse immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Characterization of a soluble factor that specifically suppresses the in vitro generation of cells cytotoxic for syngeneic tumor cells in mice. A tumor-specific soluble factor found in extracts of thymocytes from mice bearing small P815 tumors has been demonstrated. This factor is capable of significantly suppressing the in vitro generation of syngeneic cells cytotoxic for P815 targets if it is added to culture vessels within the first 30 hr of culture. The suppressive factor eluted from Sephadex G-100 after hemoglobin and was estimated to have a m.w. in the range of 40 to 60,000. Preparative isoelectric focusing of thymic extracts established that the suppressive material has an isoelectric point in the range of pH 4.6 to 4.9. The suppressive activity of extracts could be removed by passage of the material through immunoadsorbent columns prepared from membrane proteins of P815 cells but not by analogous columns prepared by using L1210 membrane proteins. The suppressive material was not removed by its passage through immunoadsorbent columns containing anti-mouse immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 417138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8978", "title": "Purification of human monocytes on microexudate-coated surfaces.", "content": "Human blood monocytes, but not other Ficoll-Hypaque cells, adhere to plastic surfaces from which confluent BHK cells have been removed. EDTA (3mM) rapidly and completely removes monocytes, providing a simple technique for preparation of human monocytes in suspension. The method should be valuable for studies of monocyte function where monocyte monolayers are not suitable.", "contents": "Purification of human monocytes on microexudate-coated surfaces. Human blood monocytes, but not other Ficoll-Hypaque cells, adhere to plastic surfaces from which confluent BHK cells have been removed. EDTA (3mM) rapidly and completely removes monocytes, providing a simple technique for preparation of human monocytes in suspension. The method should be valuable for studies of monocyte function where monocyte monolayers are not suitable.", "PMID": 417139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8979", "title": "Isolation and serial cultivation of rabbit skin epithelial cells.", "content": "A method to isolate and to serially cultivate rabbit skin epithelial cells from adult trunk skin has been developed. Using a collagen gel as substrate and trypsin and EDTA to dissociate cells, nonproliferative primary cultures of rabbit cells may be converted to proliferative populations, and at least 3 serial passages achieved. In the presence of large concentrations of methotrexate (up to 1000 microgram/ml), epithelial cells in primary culture show no decrease in their ability to attach, spread, or keratinize. Following conversion to proliferative populations by trypsin and EDTA low concentrations of methotrexate (1 microgram/ml) are strongly cytotoxic. When the incorporation of 32PO4(3-) and 3H-thymidine into DNA of proliferative and nonproliferative cells is compared, the incorporation of 32PO4(3-), but not that of 3H-thymidine, correlates with changes in cell number and DNA content. In both primary and serially cultivated cells, L-serine is required for optimal growth.", "contents": "Isolation and serial cultivation of rabbit skin epithelial cells. A method to isolate and to serially cultivate rabbit skin epithelial cells from adult trunk skin has been developed. Using a collagen gel as substrate and trypsin and EDTA to dissociate cells, nonproliferative primary cultures of rabbit cells may be converted to proliferative populations, and at least 3 serial passages achieved. In the presence of large concentrations of methotrexate (up to 1000 microgram/ml), epithelial cells in primary culture show no decrease in their ability to attach, spread, or keratinize. Following conversion to proliferative populations by trypsin and EDTA low concentrations of methotrexate (1 microgram/ml) are strongly cytotoxic. When the incorporation of 32PO4(3-) and 3H-thymidine into DNA of proliferative and nonproliferative cells is compared, the incorporation of 32PO4(3-), but not that of 3H-thymidine, correlates with changes in cell number and DNA content. In both primary and serially cultivated cells, L-serine is required for optimal growth.", "PMID": 417141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8980", "title": "Malignant lymphoma of the faucial tonsil.", "content": "Ten cases of malignant lymphoma of the faucial tonsil treated in the R.U.H., Bath, during 1965--1975 are reviewed. Dysphagia and irritation in the throat are predominant symptoms. Enlarged tonsil is the commonest feature. Radiotherapy is the treatment of choice and the prognosis has improved considerably with modern supervoltage radiotherapy.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma of the faucial tonsil. Ten cases of malignant lymphoma of the faucial tonsil treated in the R.U.H., Bath, during 1965--1975 are reviewed. Dysphagia and irritation in the throat are predominant symptoms. Enlarged tonsil is the commonest feature. Radiotherapy is the treatment of choice and the prognosis has improved considerably with modern supervoltage radiotherapy.", "PMID": 417143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8981", "title": "Procedure for a normalised thyroxine determination in small sephadex columns.", "content": "A rapid simple test for measuring normalised serum thyroxine is described in detail, using small Sephadex columns. A small portion of test serum is reintroduced into the test system at the competitive binding stage, so that corrected T4 values are obtained when the concentrations of thyroxine binding globulin are variable. Only 125 microliter serum is required for the whole test. Values obtained by the present method correlated well with the product of thyroxine concentration and radioactive T3 uptake (T4--RT3U index) and with a commercially available method for normalized thyroxine (T4N). Day-to-day variation was CV=6%.", "contents": "Procedure for a normalised thyroxine determination in small sephadex columns. A rapid simple test for measuring normalised serum thyroxine is described in detail, using small Sephadex columns. A small portion of test serum is reintroduced into the test system at the competitive binding stage, so that corrected T4 values are obtained when the concentrations of thyroxine binding globulin are variable. Only 125 microliter serum is required for the whole test. Values obtained by the present method correlated well with the product of thyroxine concentration and radioactive T3 uptake (T4--RT3U index) and with a commercially available method for normalized thyroxine (T4N). Day-to-day variation was CV=6%.", "PMID": 417144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8982", "title": "Strain differences in the immune response of mice to homologous sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-C4).", "content": "The sperm-specific isozyme of murine lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-C4) was injected into female mice of various strains. Two regulatory phenotypes characterize the resultant immunity to LDH-C4: one is manifested by high, intermediate or low levels of response, the other by the immediate or delayed maturation of peak titer. The response of several strains can be classified as high (SWR, SJL, BABL/c, C3H/He) and intermediate to low (A, CBA, DBA/2, DBA/1, C57BL/6) according to the level of antibody production and cell mediated immunity. BALB/c, SJL and SWR strains are immediate responders while DBA/2 and C3H/He mice are clearly delayed responders. Maturation and magnitude of response do not appear to be related. Both the antibody and cell mediated responses are T-dependent, but are not obviously associated with Ig allotype or H-2 regulation.", "contents": "Strain differences in the immune response of mice to homologous sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-C4). The sperm-specific isozyme of murine lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-C4) was injected into female mice of various strains. Two regulatory phenotypes characterize the resultant immunity to LDH-C4: one is manifested by high, intermediate or low levels of response, the other by the immediate or delayed maturation of peak titer. The response of several strains can be classified as high (SWR, SJL, BABL/c, C3H/He) and intermediate to low (A, CBA, DBA/2, DBA/1, C57BL/6) according to the level of antibody production and cell mediated immunity. BALB/c, SJL and SWR strains are immediate responders while DBA/2 and C3H/He mice are clearly delayed responders. Maturation and magnitude of response do not appear to be related. Both the antibody and cell mediated responses are T-dependent, but are not obviously associated with Ig allotype or H-2 regulation.", "PMID": 417145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8983", "title": "A heat-sensitive lysis mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168 with a low activity of pyruvate carboxylase.", "content": "A mutant of Bacillus subtilis which grew in complex medium at 30 degrees C but lysed at 45 degrees C has been isolated. It could only grow on minimal medium at 45 degrees C with added aspartate (20 microgram ml-1) but lysed if lysine (20 microgram ml-1) was also present. The requirement for aspartate was due to a low activity of pyruvate carboxylase; the site of the mutation (pyc) was linked (16% cotransducible using phage PBSI) to the pyrD locus, and the order of markers deduced was: pyrD-cysC-pyc. This defect appeared to lead to decreased synthesis of mesodiaminopimelic acid (mesoA2pm), an amino acid unique to peptidoglycan and its precursors. At the restrictive temperature the mutant accumulated uridine-5'-diphosphate N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate, since meso A2pm is the next amino acid to be added to the growing peptide chain of peptidoglycan. This resulted in an inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis, determined as a reduced incorporation of N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine. Peptidoglycan synthesis was not decreased if the mutant was grown in media containing aspartate but lacking lysine. The sensitivity to lysine may arise because (i) at 45 degrees C the mutant was starved for aspartate and hence mesoA2pm even when aspartate was present, since aspartate utilization, as estimated by the incorporation of [3H]aspartate into trichloroacetic acid precipitable material, was relatively inefficient; and (ii) this diminished level of mesoA2pm synthesis from aspartate was further curtailed since lysine inhibits one of the aspartokinases in B. subtilis. Thus, addition of lysine allowed protein synthesis and hence autolysin production to proceed whilst peptidoglycan synthesis remained inhibited. When autolysis was blocked, either indirectly by stopping protein synthesis through starvation of aspartate and lysine, or directly by introducing a lyt mutation, then shifting the mutant to 45 degrees C did not result in lysis but growth still ceased.", "contents": "A heat-sensitive lysis mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168 with a low activity of pyruvate carboxylase. A mutant of Bacillus subtilis which grew in complex medium at 30 degrees C but lysed at 45 degrees C has been isolated. It could only grow on minimal medium at 45 degrees C with added aspartate (20 microgram ml-1) but lysed if lysine (20 microgram ml-1) was also present. The requirement for aspartate was due to a low activity of pyruvate carboxylase; the site of the mutation (pyc) was linked (16% cotransducible using phage PBSI) to the pyrD locus, and the order of markers deduced was: pyrD-cysC-pyc. This defect appeared to lead to decreased synthesis of mesodiaminopimelic acid (mesoA2pm), an amino acid unique to peptidoglycan and its precursors. At the restrictive temperature the mutant accumulated uridine-5'-diphosphate N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate, since meso A2pm is the next amino acid to be added to the growing peptide chain of peptidoglycan. This resulted in an inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis, determined as a reduced incorporation of N-acetyl[14C]glucosamine. Peptidoglycan synthesis was not decreased if the mutant was grown in media containing aspartate but lacking lysine. The sensitivity to lysine may arise because (i) at 45 degrees C the mutant was starved for aspartate and hence mesoA2pm even when aspartate was present, since aspartate utilization, as estimated by the incorporation of [3H]aspartate into trichloroacetic acid precipitable material, was relatively inefficient; and (ii) this diminished level of mesoA2pm synthesis from aspartate was further curtailed since lysine inhibits one of the aspartokinases in B. subtilis. Thus, addition of lysine allowed protein synthesis and hence autolysin production to proceed whilst peptidoglycan synthesis remained inhibited. When autolysis was blocked, either indirectly by stopping protein synthesis through starvation of aspartate and lysine, or directly by introducing a lyt mutation, then shifting the mutant to 45 degrees C did not result in lysis but growth still ceased.", "PMID": 417147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8984", "title": "Antibody-modification of measles \"in vitro\" infection.", "content": "While the involvement of measles-like virus with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) has been shown in many laboratories, the possible mechanisms by which a normal measles infection may lead to the chronic condition are unclear. The work reported here demonstrates that the growth and maintenance of Vero cells infected with the MV 30 strain of measles, in the presence of multivalent antibody, results in a redistribution of the viral antigens within the cells and an alteration in the properties of this attenuated virus which persists even after removal of the antiserum from the culture medium. It is suggested that these in vitro findings could be parallel to the situation that occurs in vivo with measles encephalitis in hamsters and human SSPE.", "contents": "Antibody-modification of measles \"in vitro\" infection. While the involvement of measles-like virus with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) has been shown in many laboratories, the possible mechanisms by which a normal measles infection may lead to the chronic condition are unclear. The work reported here demonstrates that the growth and maintenance of Vero cells infected with the MV 30 strain of measles, in the presence of multivalent antibody, results in a redistribution of the viral antigens within the cells and an alteration in the properties of this attenuated virus which persists even after removal of the antiserum from the culture medium. It is suggested that these in vitro findings could be parallel to the situation that occurs in vivo with measles encephalitis in hamsters and human SSPE.", "PMID": 417148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8985", "title": "Single case study. Contact epilepsy: a rare form of reflex epilepsy.", "content": "An 80-year-old male is presented who had violent myoclonic seizures with occasional brief loss of consciousness, triggered by tactile stimuli directed to the upper extremities and upper part of the trunk which evolved over a 10-year period. Physical examination revealed very few neurological abnormalities. His resting electroencephalograms were normal, but generalized spikes, polyspikes, and slow wave discharges were precipitated by tactile stimuli with the patient sitting up. He showed no significant response to standard anticonvulsant therapy. The relevant literature is reviewed briefly.", "contents": "Single case study. Contact epilepsy: a rare form of reflex epilepsy. An 80-year-old male is presented who had violent myoclonic seizures with occasional brief loss of consciousness, triggered by tactile stimuli directed to the upper extremities and upper part of the trunk which evolved over a 10-year period. Physical examination revealed very few neurological abnormalities. His resting electroencephalograms were normal, but generalized spikes, polyspikes, and slow wave discharges were precipitated by tactile stimuli with the patient sitting up. He showed no significant response to standard anticonvulsant therapy. The relevant literature is reviewed briefly.", "PMID": 417149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8986", "title": "Clinical evaluation of intravenous nitroglycerin for neurosurgery.", "content": "Moment-to-moment control of blood pressure is important in the management of the neurosurgical patient. The ideal agent to control blood pressure or induce hypotension should be non-toxic, maintain cerebrovascular autoregulation, and not alter cardiac output or change intracranial pressure. Intravenous nitroglycerin has been used to control blood pressure in 54 neurosurgical cases. This agent produces a rapid, controllable, but not precipitous fall in blood pressure without rebound, is non-toxic, may not alter cerebrovascular autoregulation, and does not raise intracranial pressure. Our clinical experience with intravenous nitroglycerin indicates that it has an important role as a hypotensive agent for the neurosurgical patient.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of intravenous nitroglycerin for neurosurgery. Moment-to-moment control of blood pressure is important in the management of the neurosurgical patient. The ideal agent to control blood pressure or induce hypotension should be non-toxic, maintain cerebrovascular autoregulation, and not alter cardiac output or change intracranial pressure. Intravenous nitroglycerin has been used to control blood pressure in 54 neurosurgical cases. This agent produces a rapid, controllable, but not precipitous fall in blood pressure without rebound, is non-toxic, may not alter cerebrovascular autoregulation, and does not raise intracranial pressure. Our clinical experience with intravenous nitroglycerin indicates that it has an important role as a hypotensive agent for the neurosurgical patient.", "PMID": 417150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8987", "title": "The relation of cerebral ischemia, hypoxia, and hypercarbia to the Cushing response.", "content": "A marked increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) produces a concomitant increase in systemic blood pressure (the Cushing response). In this study a comparison is made between this response of systemic blood pressure to increased ICP and the blood pressure responses produced by ischemia, hypoxia, and hypercarbia of the primate brain. A carotid-to-carotid cross-perfusion system was used to produce a purely cerebral hypoxia and hypercarbia. Each stimulus, except hypercarbia, produced a hypertensive response that was qualitatively and quantitatively similar. These responses were characterized by a short latent period, a rapid development, and an increase in mean arterial pressure of 60% or more. The similarity of the responses suggests that these stimuli act through a final common pathway independent of the purely mechanical effects of increased ICP upon the brain.", "contents": "The relation of cerebral ischemia, hypoxia, and hypercarbia to the Cushing response. A marked increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) produces a concomitant increase in systemic blood pressure (the Cushing response). In this study a comparison is made between this response of systemic blood pressure to increased ICP and the blood pressure responses produced by ischemia, hypoxia, and hypercarbia of the primate brain. A carotid-to-carotid cross-perfusion system was used to produce a purely cerebral hypoxia and hypercarbia. Each stimulus, except hypercarbia, produced a hypertensive response that was qualitatively and quantitatively similar. These responses were characterized by a short latent period, a rapid development, and an increase in mean arterial pressure of 60% or more. The similarity of the responses suggests that these stimuli act through a final common pathway independent of the purely mechanical effects of increased ICP upon the brain.", "PMID": 417151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8988", "title": "Re-evaluation of differential sacral rhizotomy for neurological bladder disease.", "content": "The authors describe long-term follow-up results (4 to 6 years) in 13 patients who underwent differential sacral rhizotomy for urgency incontinence. Six patients were originally presented in a preliminary report in 1973. In the last seven patients, a highly selective rhizotomy of sacral fascicles innervating only the urinary bladder was performed. Results in the original six patients appear to be superior to those in patients who underwent a more refined rhizotomy. Possible explanations for this as well as alternative approaches to the treatment of urgency incontinence are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of differential sacral rhizotomy for neurological bladder disease. The authors describe long-term follow-up results (4 to 6 years) in 13 patients who underwent differential sacral rhizotomy for urgency incontinence. Six patients were originally presented in a preliminary report in 1973. In the last seven patients, a highly selective rhizotomy of sacral fascicles innervating only the urinary bladder was performed. Results in the original six patients appear to be superior to those in patients who underwent a more refined rhizotomy. Possible explanations for this as well as alternative approaches to the treatment of urgency incontinence are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 417152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8989", "title": "Labeling of platelets with oxine complexes of Tc-99m and In-111. Part 1. In vitro studies and survival in the rabbit.", "content": "We have used both Tc-99m oxine and In-111 oxine to study the effects in the rabbit of various parameters on platelet labeling and the in vivo survival of platelets harvested by four different methods. For In-111 oxine, platelet labeling in saline produces much higher efficiencies (90%) than labeling in the presence of plasma (20%), with no significant shortening of in vivo survival (1% survival at 5.9 days). For Tc-99m oxine, labeling efficiencies are considerably lower (30%) and survival is shorter (1% survival at 3.8 days). For both radioagents, a 30-min labeling incubation at room temperature is suggested.", "contents": "Labeling of platelets with oxine complexes of Tc-99m and In-111. Part 1. In vitro studies and survival in the rabbit. We have used both Tc-99m oxine and In-111 oxine to study the effects in the rabbit of various parameters on platelet labeling and the in vivo survival of platelets harvested by four different methods. For In-111 oxine, platelet labeling in saline produces much higher efficiencies (90%) than labeling in the presence of plasma (20%), with no significant shortening of in vivo survival (1% survival at 5.9 days). For Tc-99m oxine, labeling efficiencies are considerably lower (30%) and survival is shorter (1% survival at 3.8 days). For both radioagents, a 30-min labeling incubation at room temperature is suggested.", "PMID": 417153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8990", "title": "Platelets labeled with oxine complexes of Tc-99m and In-111. Part 2. Localization of experimentally induced vascular lesions.", "content": "Using rabbit platelets harvested and labeled with either Tc-99m or In-111 oxine as described in Part 1, we have successfully imaged experimentally induced fresh venous thrombi and newly injured arterial intima. Visualization of lesions up to 6 hr old is striking. Thrombi and arterial damage 24 hr old, however, were usually not imaged successfully; nor were preformed platelet-poor arterial emboli. The varying rates of platelet deposition in vascular lesions of different ages and types account for these observations. Should human cells prove as effective, widespread clinical application is anticipated.", "contents": "Platelets labeled with oxine complexes of Tc-99m and In-111. Part 2. Localization of experimentally induced vascular lesions. Using rabbit platelets harvested and labeled with either Tc-99m or In-111 oxine as described in Part 1, we have successfully imaged experimentally induced fresh venous thrombi and newly injured arterial intima. Visualization of lesions up to 6 hr old is striking. Thrombi and arterial damage 24 hr old, however, were usually not imaged successfully; nor were preformed platelet-poor arterial emboli. The varying rates of platelet deposition in vascular lesions of different ages and types account for these observations. Should human cells prove as effective, widespread clinical application is anticipated.", "PMID": 417154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8991", "title": "Effect of peroral administration of xylitol on exocrine secretions of monkeys.", "content": "The effects of the administration of xylitol on the biochemical properties of monkey parotid and submandibular saliva and lacrimal fluid were investigated. Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were fed either a sucrose or xylitol diet for 3 days. Ingestion of xylitol was associated with a significant increase of the activity of the salivary lactoperoxidase. The concentration of protein was also increased. Higher lactoperoxidase activity was found in parotid than in submandibular saliva. The concentrations of inorganic phosphate, calcium and SCN ions were practically unaffected. The concentration of SCN ions in pilocarpine stimulated monkey saliva was low (less than 5.5 mg/liter). Peroral administration of 2.5 g of xylitol or sorbitol per day to M. fascicularis resulted in almost similar levels of salivary lactoperoxidase activity. The administration of xylitol orally or by gastric intubation was not found to affect the concentration of lactoperoxidase, protein, phosphate, and SCN and iodine ions in lacrimal fluid. The results suggest that specific dietary sugars have a selective effect on the biochemical properties of saliva.", "contents": "Effect of peroral administration of xylitol on exocrine secretions of monkeys. The effects of the administration of xylitol on the biochemical properties of monkey parotid and submandibular saliva and lacrimal fluid were investigated. Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were fed either a sucrose or xylitol diet for 3 days. Ingestion of xylitol was associated with a significant increase of the activity of the salivary lactoperoxidase. The concentration of protein was also increased. Higher lactoperoxidase activity was found in parotid than in submandibular saliva. The concentrations of inorganic phosphate, calcium and SCN ions were practically unaffected. The concentration of SCN ions in pilocarpine stimulated monkey saliva was low (less than 5.5 mg/liter). Peroral administration of 2.5 g of xylitol or sorbitol per day to M. fascicularis resulted in almost similar levels of salivary lactoperoxidase activity. The administration of xylitol orally or by gastric intubation was not found to affect the concentration of lactoperoxidase, protein, phosphate, and SCN and iodine ions in lacrimal fluid. The results suggest that specific dietary sugars have a selective effect on the biochemical properties of saliva.", "PMID": 417156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8992", "title": "Plasma zinc levels in premature infants receiving parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Plasma zinc levels in premature infants receiving parenteral nutrition without supplementation of trace elements were evaluated. The mean +/- SE for plasma zinc concentration prior to the start of parenteral nutrition  was 53 +/- 6 microgram/dl. During the first two weeks of parenteral nutrition the levels remained low, but did not change significantly. However, from day 14 through day 32 there was a statistically significant (P less than 0.05), progressive decline in plasma zinc values. Perhaps the shortened gestational periods were etiologic in producing the initial low plasma zinc concentration in these patients. Since low-birth-weight infants apparently have a high requirement for zinc, the reduced growth rates of these patients may be related to their apparent zinc deficiencies.", "contents": "Plasma zinc levels in premature infants receiving parenteral nutrition. Plasma zinc levels in premature infants receiving parenteral nutrition without supplementation of trace elements were evaluated. The mean +/- SE for plasma zinc concentration prior to the start of parenteral nutrition  was 53 +/- 6 microgram/dl. During the first two weeks of parenteral nutrition the levels remained low, but did not change significantly. However, from day 14 through day 32 there was a statistically significant (P less than 0.05), progressive decline in plasma zinc values. Perhaps the shortened gestational periods were etiologic in producing the initial low plasma zinc concentration in these patients. Since low-birth-weight infants apparently have a high requirement for zinc, the reduced growth rates of these patients may be related to their apparent zinc deficiencies.", "PMID": 417159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8993", "title": "Meningococcus group A vaccine in children three months to five years of age. Adverse reactions and immunogenicity related to endotoxin content and molecular weight of the polysaccharide.", "content": "Vaccination of 21,007 children between the ages of three months and five years was completed with five different lots of the meningococcal group A capsular polysaccharide vaccine. A correlation was found between the frequency and severity of adverse reactions and the endotoxin content of the vaccine lots. All vaccine lots elicited a serum antibody response. The endotoxin content of the vaccines did not correlate with the serum antibody response.", "contents": "Meningococcus group A vaccine in children three months to five years of age. Adverse reactions and immunogenicity related to endotoxin content and molecular weight of the polysaccharide. Vaccination of 21,007 children between the ages of three months and five years was completed with five different lots of the meningococcal group A capsular polysaccharide vaccine. A correlation was found between the frequency and severity of adverse reactions and the endotoxin content of the vaccine lots. All vaccine lots elicited a serum antibody response. The endotoxin content of the vaccines did not correlate with the serum antibody response.", "PMID": 417160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8994", "title": "Tetrapeltalonema (t.) mystaxi sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Brazilian moustached marmosets, Saguinus m. mystax.", "content": "Tetrapetalonema (T.) mystaxi sp. n. is described from the subscapular connective tissues of Saguinus mystax. The parasite is placed in the subgenus Tetrapetalonema and most closely resembles Tetrapetalonema atelensis, from which it can be differentiated by its long esophagus, size and shape of the spicules, and the size and arrangement of nuclei in the tail of the microfilaria.", "contents": "Tetrapeltalonema (t.) mystaxi sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Brazilian moustached marmosets, Saguinus m. mystax. Tetrapetalonema (T.) mystaxi sp. n. is described from the subscapular connective tissues of Saguinus mystax. The parasite is placed in the subgenus Tetrapetalonema and most closely resembles Tetrapetalonema atelensis, from which it can be differentiated by its long esophagus, size and shape of the spicules, and the size and arrangement of nuclei in the tail of the microfilaria.", "PMID": 417161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8995", "title": "Phenol oxidase activity: inductionin female schistosomes by in vitro incubation.", "content": "A biochemical methods has been developed for detecting phenol oxidase in female Schistosoma mansoni. Enzyme activity is observed only after incubation of the female schistosomes for an extended period of time in tissue culture media. Male S. mansoni do not contain detectable levels of phenol oxidase activity. The properties of this enzyme are similar to those identified for a phenol oxidase from Fasciola hepatica. L-DOPA, dopamine, and tyrosine were found to be good substrates for this enzyme. Vmax = 14.1, 8.1, and 6.1 mumoles O2/min/mg protein for each substrate, respectively. This enzyme appears to be associated with egg production and thus may be a useful marker for biochemical and immunological studies.", "contents": "Phenol oxidase activity: inductionin female schistosomes by in vitro incubation. A biochemical methods has been developed for detecting phenol oxidase in female Schistosoma mansoni. Enzyme activity is observed only after incubation of the female schistosomes for an extended period of time in tissue culture media. Male S. mansoni do not contain detectable levels of phenol oxidase activity. The properties of this enzyme are similar to those identified for a phenol oxidase from Fasciola hepatica. L-DOPA, dopamine, and tyrosine were found to be good substrates for this enzyme. Vmax = 14.1, 8.1, and 6.1 mumoles O2/min/mg protein for each substrate, respectively. This enzyme appears to be associated with egg production and thus may be a useful marker for biochemical and immunological studies.", "PMID": 417162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8996", "title": "Cockroaches as vectors of Sarcocystis muris and of other coccidia in the laboratory.", "content": "To assess the roles of the German cockroach (Blatella germanica) and the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) in the transmission of Sarcocystis muris and of 3 other coccidia of cats-Toxoplasma gondii, Isospora felis, and Isospora rivolta, cockroaches exposed to feces containing these coccidia were periodically fed to mice, as was a portion of the fecal matter. Sarcocystis muris sporocysts, which in feces remained infectious for at least 20 days, were also transmitted to mice by P. americana for at least 20 days and by B. germanica for 5 days after exposure to infectious feces. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts were transmitted by P. americana intermittently up to 10 days, but by B. germanica only immediately after exposure to feces. Oocysts of 2 species of Isospora, when associated with fecal matter, remained infectious for 20 days. Those of I. rivolta were transmitted by both cockroach species for 10 days, but I. felis was transmitted only by by B. germanica, and for only 2 days.", "contents": "Cockroaches as vectors of Sarcocystis muris and of other coccidia in the laboratory. To assess the roles of the German cockroach (Blatella germanica) and the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) in the transmission of Sarcocystis muris and of 3 other coccidia of cats-Toxoplasma gondii, Isospora felis, and Isospora rivolta, cockroaches exposed to feces containing these coccidia were periodically fed to mice, as was a portion of the fecal matter. Sarcocystis muris sporocysts, which in feces remained infectious for at least 20 days, were also transmitted to mice by P. americana for at least 20 days and by B. germanica for 5 days after exposure to infectious feces. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts were transmitted by P. americana intermittently up to 10 days, but by B. germanica only immediately after exposure to feces. Oocysts of 2 species of Isospora, when associated with fecal matter, remained infectious for 20 days. Those of I. rivolta were transmitted by both cockroach species for 10 days, but I. felis was transmitted only by by B. germanica, and for only 2 days.", "PMID": 417163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8997", "title": "Fine structure of immature cysts of Sarcocystis cruzi.", "content": "Sarcocystis cruzi forms cysts in striated muscle of the bovine host following schizogony. The fine structure of the immature cyst within muscle fibers of the ventricular myocardium was studied in relation to its development and to the multiplication of parasites within it. The young cyst is enclosed by a cyst wall containing numerous small protuberances. Metrocytes within the cyst are irregular in shape and are separated from each other and the cyst wall by a thin layer of ground substance. The parasite multiplies by endodyogeny within the metrocyte. As the cyst enlarges, the host muscle fiber is disrupted and large protrusions are present in the cyst wall.", "contents": "Fine structure of immature cysts of Sarcocystis cruzi. Sarcocystis cruzi forms cysts in striated muscle of the bovine host following schizogony. The fine structure of the immature cyst within muscle fibers of the ventricular myocardium was studied in relation to its development and to the multiplication of parasites within it. The young cyst is enclosed by a cyst wall containing numerous small protuberances. Metrocytes within the cyst are irregular in shape and are separated from each other and the cyst wall by a thin layer of ground substance. The parasite multiplies by endodyogeny within the metrocyte. As the cyst enlarges, the host muscle fiber is disrupted and large protrusions are present in the cyst wall.", "PMID": 417164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8998", "title": "The opossum (Didelphis virginiana) as a host for Sarcocystis debonei from cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and grackles (Cassidix mexicanus, Quiscalus quiscula).", "content": "Sarcocystis-infected muscles from ducks, cowbirds, and grackles were fed to cats, opossums, rats, and a dog. Only the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) was a suitable definitive host. All opossums that were fed Sarcocystis-infected cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and grackles (Cassidix mexicanus and Quiscalus quiscula) passed sporocysts in their feces. Opossums that ate the cowbirds had prepatent periods of 5 and 10 days and remained patent for at least 105 days. Opossums that ate the grackles became patent on day 10 after the infective meal and remained patent for over 90 (Quiscalus) and 105 (Cassidix) days. A single opossum fed infected muscle from a pintail duck (Anas acuta) passed sporocysts in the feces from days 13 through 18 after infection. No sporocysts were passed by opossums fed infected muscle from the green-winged teal (Anas carolinensis) and shoveller (Spatula clypeata). Sporocysts of duck, cowbird, and grackle origin were structurally similar. Mean dimensions of sporocysts were: duck-origin, 11.2 by 8.2 micron; cowbird-origin, 11.4 by 7.8 micron; Cassidix-origin, 11.2 by 7.8 micron; and Quiscalus-origin, 11.6 by 7.7 micron. We designate the sporocysts of cowbird and grackle origin as Sarcoycstis debonei Vogelsang, 1929 (Syn. Isospora boughtoni Volk, 1938).", "contents": "The opossum (Didelphis virginiana) as a host for Sarcocystis debonei from cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and grackles (Cassidix mexicanus, Quiscalus quiscula). Sarcocystis-infected muscles from ducks, cowbirds, and grackles were fed to cats, opossums, rats, and a dog. Only the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) was a suitable definitive host. All opossums that were fed Sarcocystis-infected cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and grackles (Cassidix mexicanus and Quiscalus quiscula) passed sporocysts in their feces. Opossums that ate the cowbirds had prepatent periods of 5 and 10 days and remained patent for at least 105 days. Opossums that ate the grackles became patent on day 10 after the infective meal and remained patent for over 90 (Quiscalus) and 105 (Cassidix) days. A single opossum fed infected muscle from a pintail duck (Anas acuta) passed sporocysts in the feces from days 13 through 18 after infection. No sporocysts were passed by opossums fed infected muscle from the green-winged teal (Anas carolinensis) and shoveller (Spatula clypeata). Sporocysts of duck, cowbird, and grackle origin were structurally similar. Mean dimensions of sporocysts were: duck-origin, 11.2 by 8.2 micron; cowbird-origin, 11.4 by 7.8 micron; Cassidix-origin, 11.2 by 7.8 micron; and Quiscalus-origin, 11.6 by 7.7 micron. We designate the sporocysts of cowbird and grackle origin as Sarcoycstis debonei Vogelsang, 1929 (Syn. Isospora boughtoni Volk, 1938).", "PMID": 417165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_8999", "title": "Differences in antibacterial activity of benzalkonium chloride.", "content": "Benzalkonium solutions obtained from different manufacturers were shown to have different activities. This difference in activity was related to the composition of the benzalkonium chloride. The potential seriousness of this situation is emphasized, and a recommendation is made that the official monographs on benzalkonium chloride be amended appropriately, noting the apparently superior antibacterial activity of the tetradecyl (C14) homolog.", "contents": "Differences in antibacterial activity of benzalkonium chloride. Benzalkonium solutions obtained from different manufacturers were shown to have different activities. This difference in activity was related to the composition of the benzalkonium chloride. The potential seriousness of this situation is emphasized, and a recommendation is made that the official monographs on benzalkonium chloride be amended appropriately, noting the apparently superior antibacterial activity of the tetradecyl (C14) homolog.", "PMID": 417167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9000", "title": "Effect of acylated amino acids and acylated amino acid analogs on microbial antitumor screen.", "content": "A series of N-acetyl,-N-propionyl, and N-chloroacetyl derivatives of amino acids and amino acid analogs was tested for growth-inhibitory activity using a Lactobacillus casei system as a prescreen for possible antitumor activity. While none of the acetyl or propionyl derivatives of these amino acids and amino acid analogs caused any remarkable inhibition, certain chloroacetyl derivatives exhibited significant activity. The chloroacetyl derivatives, especially those of essential amino acids and of analogs of essential amino acids, showed modest, but pharmacologically significant, inhibition; those of nonessential amino acids exhibited no activity. When two such inhibitory acyl derivatives were combined in a single assay, the extent of inhibition was neither additive nor synergistic but was that of the more active of the two test components.", "contents": "Effect of acylated amino acids and acylated amino acid analogs on microbial antitumor screen. A series of N-acetyl,-N-propionyl, and N-chloroacetyl derivatives of amino acids and amino acid analogs was tested for growth-inhibitory activity using a Lactobacillus casei system as a prescreen for possible antitumor activity. While none of the acetyl or propionyl derivatives of these amino acids and amino acid analogs caused any remarkable inhibition, certain chloroacetyl derivatives exhibited significant activity. The chloroacetyl derivatives, especially those of essential amino acids and of analogs of essential amino acids, showed modest, but pharmacologically significant, inhibition; those of nonessential amino acids exhibited no activity. When two such inhibitory acyl derivatives were combined in a single assay, the extent of inhibition was neither additive nor synergistic but was that of the more active of the two test components.", "PMID": 417168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9001", "title": "Improved GLC determination of plasma nitroglycerin concentrations.", "content": "A specific and quantitative assay for determining nanogram levels of nitroglycerin in plasma was developed. The method involves stabilization of the drug in plasma with silver nitrate, followed by multiple extraction using purified hexane. Isosorbide dinitrate is added as the internal standard. The hexane extract is subsequently concentrated and injected into a glass column packed with 3% SP-2401 on 100--120-mesh Supelcoport at 140 degrees. A 63Ni-electron-capture detector gives a linear response over the range of 0.1--50 ng of nitroglycerin/ml of rat plasma. From spiked samples, the procedure gave a recovery of about 90%. There was little or no interference from the isomeric glyceryl dinitrates and endogenous compounds in rat or human plasma.", "contents": "Improved GLC determination of plasma nitroglycerin concentrations. A specific and quantitative assay for determining nanogram levels of nitroglycerin in plasma was developed. The method involves stabilization of the drug in plasma with silver nitrate, followed by multiple extraction using purified hexane. Isosorbide dinitrate is added as the internal standard. The hexane extract is subsequently concentrated and injected into a glass column packed with 3% SP-2401 on 100--120-mesh Supelcoport at 140 degrees. A 63Ni-electron-capture detector gives a linear response over the range of 0.1--50 ng of nitroglycerin/ml of rat plasma. From spiked samples, the procedure gave a recovery of about 90%. There was little or no interference from the isomeric glyceryl dinitrates and endogenous compounds in rat or human plasma.", "PMID": 417169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9002", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of nitroglycerin in rats.", "content": "The plasma nitroglycerin levels obtained after intracardial (0.7 mg/kg), oral (7 mg/kg), and topical (7--14 mg/kg) doses of nitroglycerin in rats are reported. Nitroglycerin followed essentially one-compartment kinetics after intracardial administration, showing a mean half-life of about 4 min and a mean apparent volume of distribution of about 3 liters/kg. After oral drug administration, \"flip-flop\" kinetics were evident. The mean oral bioavailability was determined to be 1.6%, firmly supporting the contention that nitroglycerin is extensively metabolized during first passage through the liver. Under the experimental conditions studied, no detectable levels of nitroglycerin were observed after topical application.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of nitroglycerin in rats. The plasma nitroglycerin levels obtained after intracardial (0.7 mg/kg), oral (7 mg/kg), and topical (7--14 mg/kg) doses of nitroglycerin in rats are reported. Nitroglycerin followed essentially one-compartment kinetics after intracardial administration, showing a mean half-life of about 4 min and a mean apparent volume of distribution of about 3 liters/kg. After oral drug administration, \"flip-flop\" kinetics were evident. The mean oral bioavailability was determined to be 1.6%, firmly supporting the contention that nitroglycerin is extensively metabolized during first passage through the liver. Under the experimental conditions studied, no detectable levels of nitroglycerin were observed after topical application.", "PMID": 417170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9003", "title": "Improved stability of proteins immobilized in microparticles prepared by a modified emulsion polymerization technique.", "content": "Proteins can be immobilized in spherical microparticles of polyacrylamide gel (having a diameter of about 1 microgram) by an emulsion--polymerization technique. Higher cross-linked gels have a structure consisting of relatively large pores. This structure is advantageous when dealing with biologically active proteins acting on molecules dissolved in the surrounding medium. A rapid equilibrium is established between the interior of the particles and the medium, and rate-limiting diffusion is not observed. A suspension of carbonic anhydrase immobilized in microparticles will thus have kinetic properties very much like the free enzyme. In addition to the entrapment of the protein molecules in the three-dimensional network formed by the polyacrylamide threads, protein molecules are also fixed in the cross-linked threads of polyacrylamide. This fixation is probably responsible for the improved stability of the protein molecules against heat denaturation. Not even autoclaving at 110 degrees for 30 min denatured the immobilized enzyme completely (more than 25% of the enzyme activity was left). The higher resistance of molecules in microparticles against proteolytic degradation also is documented.", "contents": "Improved stability of proteins immobilized in microparticles prepared by a modified emulsion polymerization technique. Proteins can be immobilized in spherical microparticles of polyacrylamide gel (having a diameter of about 1 microgram) by an emulsion--polymerization technique. Higher cross-linked gels have a structure consisting of relatively large pores. This structure is advantageous when dealing with biologically active proteins acting on molecules dissolved in the surrounding medium. A rapid equilibrium is established between the interior of the particles and the medium, and rate-limiting diffusion is not observed. A suspension of carbonic anhydrase immobilized in microparticles will thus have kinetic properties very much like the free enzyme. In addition to the entrapment of the protein molecules in the three-dimensional network formed by the polyacrylamide threads, protein molecules are also fixed in the cross-linked threads of polyacrylamide. This fixation is probably responsible for the improved stability of the protein molecules against heat denaturation. Not even autoclaving at 110 degrees for 30 min denatured the immobilized enzyme completely (more than 25% of the enzyme activity was left). The higher resistance of molecules in microparticles against proteolytic degradation also is documented.", "PMID": 417171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9004", "title": "Discriminative effects of cyclazocine in the squirrel monkey.", "content": "In order to characterize the discriminative stimulus properties of cyclazocine squirrel monkeys were trained to discriminate between intramuscular injections of 0.1 mg/kg of cyclazocine and drug vehicle in a discrete-trial avoidance paradigm in which a response on one of two levers would prevent or terminate the delivery of a mild electric shock to the tail. Behavior was considered to be under stimulus control when the monkeys completed at least 22 trials of a 25-trial session on the appropriate choice lever after they received cyclazocine or vehicle. Stimulus generalization (i.e., dose-response) curves were then determined for a variety of drugs over a broad range of doses. The following analgesics with narcotic antagonist properties produced stimulus control of behavior comparable to that produced by 0.1 mg/kg of cyclazocine: ketocyclazocine (0.1 mg/kg), butorphanol (1.0 mg/kg), oxilorphan (3.0 mg/kg) and levallorphan (3.0 mg/kg). Time course experiments revealed that the duration of complete stimulus control was relatively short: 1 hour after 0.1 mg/kg of cyclazocine and 3.0 mg/kg of oxilorphan and 0.5 hour after 0.1 mg/kg of ketocyclazocine. Naloxone produced a dose-related antagonism of the stimulus control by cyclazocine and butorphanol which was complete at 1.0 mg/kg. In contrast, as much as 10 mg/kg of naloxone only partially blocked stimulus control by ketocyclazocine and failed to modify stimulus control by oxilorphan and levallorphan. The monkeys showed partial generalization to other drugs with activity as narcotic agonists, antagonists or both (e.g., morphine, naloxone, pentazocine, nalbuphine, nalmexone and nalorphine), but little or no generalization to the nonopioid psychoactive drugs, d-amphetamine, mescaline, pentobarbital and scopolamine. This discrimination paradigm appears to have potential as a model for the quantitative assessment of the discriminative stimulus properties of narcotic antagonist analgesics.", "contents": "Discriminative effects of cyclazocine in the squirrel monkey. In order to characterize the discriminative stimulus properties of cyclazocine squirrel monkeys were trained to discriminate between intramuscular injections of 0.1 mg/kg of cyclazocine and drug vehicle in a discrete-trial avoidance paradigm in which a response on one of two levers would prevent or terminate the delivery of a mild electric shock to the tail. Behavior was considered to be under stimulus control when the monkeys completed at least 22 trials of a 25-trial session on the appropriate choice lever after they received cyclazocine or vehicle. Stimulus generalization (i.e., dose-response) curves were then determined for a variety of drugs over a broad range of doses. The following analgesics with narcotic antagonist properties produced stimulus control of behavior comparable to that produced by 0.1 mg/kg of cyclazocine: ketocyclazocine (0.1 mg/kg), butorphanol (1.0 mg/kg), oxilorphan (3.0 mg/kg) and levallorphan (3.0 mg/kg). Time course experiments revealed that the duration of complete stimulus control was relatively short: 1 hour after 0.1 mg/kg of cyclazocine and 3.0 mg/kg of oxilorphan and 0.5 hour after 0.1 mg/kg of ketocyclazocine. Naloxone produced a dose-related antagonism of the stimulus control by cyclazocine and butorphanol which was complete at 1.0 mg/kg. In contrast, as much as 10 mg/kg of naloxone only partially blocked stimulus control by ketocyclazocine and failed to modify stimulus control by oxilorphan and levallorphan. The monkeys showed partial generalization to other drugs with activity as narcotic agonists, antagonists or both (e.g., morphine, naloxone, pentazocine, nalbuphine, nalmexone and nalorphine), but little or no generalization to the nonopioid psychoactive drugs, d-amphetamine, mescaline, pentobarbital and scopolamine. This discrimination paradigm appears to have potential as a model for the quantitative assessment of the discriminative stimulus properties of narcotic antagonist analgesics.", "PMID": 417173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9005", "title": "Should dentures be worn continuously?", "content": "Material has been presented to show the potential problem in continuous denture wearing. Commercial booklets for patient education have been reviewed and found to be in need of revision. Dental schools are not in agreement in the subject of continuous denture wear. The need for unanimity is evident, and if this is to be achieved, patient education publications must be revised. A maximum effort is needed to educate edentulous patients about oral tissue health, and especially the length of time that dentures should be worn.", "contents": "Should dentures be worn continuously? Material has been presented to show the potential problem in continuous denture wearing. Commercial booklets for patient education have been reviewed and found to be in need of revision. Dental schools are not in agreement in the subject of continuous denture wear. The need for unanimity is evident, and if this is to be achieved, patient education publications must be revised. A maximum effort is needed to educate edentulous patients about oral tissue health, and especially the length of time that dentures should be worn.", "PMID": 417175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9006", "title": "[Voluminous tracheal diverticulum. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "A tracheal diverticulum, probably of congenital origin, was discovered accidentally during the course of a broncho-pulmonary affection. Diverticuli of the trachea are usually found during a simple systematic radiological examination, or when an established pulmonary condition is being investigated. Routine bronchography, alone, or associated with a tomograph, can be used to demonstrate its characteristics and precise location. Bronchoscopy may then be carried out in order to study the area surrounding the diverticular orifice more closely, and to establish the condition of its mucous lining. Several evolutive stages are involved in the pathogenesis of tracheal diverticuli, varying from a rudimentary bronchiole to megalotrachea, which, for many authors, is an autonomous condition because of its anatomical and pathological make-up, producing its own well-defined symptomatology.", "contents": "[Voluminous tracheal diverticulum. One case (author's transl)]. A tracheal diverticulum, probably of congenital origin, was discovered accidentally during the course of a broncho-pulmonary affection. Diverticuli of the trachea are usually found during a simple systematic radiological examination, or when an established pulmonary condition is being investigated. Routine bronchography, alone, or associated with a tomograph, can be used to demonstrate its characteristics and precise location. Bronchoscopy may then be carried out in order to study the area surrounding the diverticular orifice more closely, and to establish the condition of its mucous lining. Several evolutive stages are involved in the pathogenesis of tracheal diverticuli, varying from a rudimentary bronchiole to megalotrachea, which, for many authors, is an autonomous condition because of its anatomical and pathological make-up, producing its own well-defined symptomatology.", "PMID": 417176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9007", "title": "[Arterial hypertension and horseshoe kidney during Von Recklinghausen's disease. Angiographic study and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Angiographic studies in a young girl aged 16 years who developed arterial hypertension during the course of Von Recklinghausen's disease, demonstrated the presence of an obliterated renal artery in a horseshoe kidney. The distal arterial segment was revascularized by two homolateral ureteral arteries. A full review of the literature revealed 30 cases of renal artery lesions for which angiography had been carried out in young people with neurofibromatosis. This demonstrates the low incidence of obliterative lesions (4 cases throughout the world) which are always associated with collateral vascularization. It was not possible to apply the usual surgical treatment in our case because of the associated horseshoe kidney.", "contents": "[Arterial hypertension and horseshoe kidney during Von Recklinghausen's disease. Angiographic study and review of the literature (author's transl)]. Angiographic studies in a young girl aged 16 years who developed arterial hypertension during the course of Von Recklinghausen's disease, demonstrated the presence of an obliterated renal artery in a horseshoe kidney. The distal arterial segment was revascularized by two homolateral ureteral arteries. A full review of the literature revealed 30 cases of renal artery lesions for which angiography had been carried out in young people with neurofibromatosis. This demonstrates the low incidence of obliterative lesions (4 cases throughout the world) which are always associated with collateral vascularization. It was not possible to apply the usual surgical treatment in our case because of the associated horseshoe kidney.", "PMID": 417177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9008", "title": "Physical, hormonal and behavioural aspects of sexual development in the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus.", "content": "Measurements of growth, plasma progesterone and testosterone levels, and copulatory behaviour were obtained from captive marmosets from birth until 600-800 days of age. Body weight and knee-to-heel length were similar for both sexes. Males exhibited a neonatal testosterone surge from 15-100 days and testosterone levels began to rise again, coincident with the growth of the testis, at about 250 days. The males were copulating by 400-500 days of age. Paired females were apparently ovulating and able to conceive from about 400 days. In peer groups, only the dominant female became pregnant, because subordinate females failed to ovulate.", "contents": "Physical, hormonal and behavioural aspects of sexual development in the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus. Measurements of growth, plasma progesterone and testosterone levels, and copulatory behaviour were obtained from captive marmosets from birth until 600-800 days of age. Body weight and knee-to-heel length were similar for both sexes. Males exhibited a neonatal testosterone surge from 15-100 days and testosterone levels began to rise again, coincident with the growth of the testis, at about 250 days. The males were copulating by 400-500 days of age. Paired females were apparently ovulating and able to conceive from about 400 days. In peer groups, only the dominant female became pregnant, because subordinate females failed to ovulate.", "PMID": 417178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9009", "title": "The role of histamine in implantation in the rabbit.", "content": "When disodium cromoglycate, an inhibitor of histamine release, was instilled into the uterine lumen on Days 5 or 6 of pregnancy, the number of blastocysts implanting was significantly (P less than 0.002) reduced. Simultaneous instillation of histamine and disodium cromoglycate prevented the effect.", "contents": "The role of histamine in implantation in the rabbit. When disodium cromoglycate, an inhibitor of histamine release, was instilled into the uterine lumen on Days 5 or 6 of pregnancy, the number of blastocysts implanting was significantly (P less than 0.002) reduced. Simultaneous instillation of histamine and disodium cromoglycate prevented the effect.", "PMID": 417179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9010", "title": "Electron microprobe analysis of the different epithelial cells of toad urinary bladder. Electrolyte concentrations at different functional states of transepithelial sodium transport.", "content": "The electrolyte composition of toad urinary bladder epithelial cells has been measured using the technique of electron microprobe analysis. Portions of hemibladders, which had been mounted in chambers and bathed with a variety of media, were layered with albumin solution on their mucosal surfaces and immediately shock-frozen in liquid propane at -180 degrees C. From the frozen material 1--2 micrometer thick cryosections were cut and promptly freeze-dried for 12 hr at-80 degrees C and 10(-6) Torr. Electron microprobe analysis using a scanning electron microscope, an energy dispersive X-ray detector, and a computer programme, to distinguish between characteristic and uncharacteristic radiations, allowed quantification of cellular ionic concentrations per kg tissue wet wt by comparison of the intensities of the emitted radiations from the cells and from the albumin layer. Granular, mitochondrial-rich, and basal cells, and the basal portions of goblet cells, showed a similar composition, being high in K (about 110 mM/kg wet wt) and low in Na (about 13 mM/kg wet wt). The apical portions of goblet cells were higher in Ca and S and lower in P and K, presumably reflecting the composition of the mucus within them. With Na-Ringer's as the mucosal medium, cells gained Na and lost K, when their serosal surfaces were exposed to ouabain, 10(-2) M. Replacement of mucosal Na by choline virtually prevented these ouabain-induced changes. Cellular ion contents were unchanged when Na in the serosal medium was replaced by choline. No differences in Na and K concentrations were detected between nuclei and cytoplasm. These results provide independent support for the hypothesis the the cellular Na transport pool in toad bladder epithelial cells derives exclusively from the mucosal medium and that no important recycling of Na occurs from the serosal medium to the cells.", "contents": "Electron microprobe analysis of the different epithelial cells of toad urinary bladder. Electrolyte concentrations at different functional states of transepithelial sodium transport. The electrolyte composition of toad urinary bladder epithelial cells has been measured using the technique of electron microprobe analysis. Portions of hemibladders, which had been mounted in chambers and bathed with a variety of media, were layered with albumin solution on their mucosal surfaces and immediately shock-frozen in liquid propane at -180 degrees C. From the frozen material 1--2 micrometer thick cryosections were cut and promptly freeze-dried for 12 hr at-80 degrees C and 10(-6) Torr. Electron microprobe analysis using a scanning electron microscope, an energy dispersive X-ray detector, and a computer programme, to distinguish between characteristic and uncharacteristic radiations, allowed quantification of cellular ionic concentrations per kg tissue wet wt by comparison of the intensities of the emitted radiations from the cells and from the albumin layer. Granular, mitochondrial-rich, and basal cells, and the basal portions of goblet cells, showed a similar composition, being high in K (about 110 mM/kg wet wt) and low in Na (about 13 mM/kg wet wt). The apical portions of goblet cells were higher in Ca and S and lower in P and K, presumably reflecting the composition of the mucus within them. With Na-Ringer's as the mucosal medium, cells gained Na and lost K, when their serosal surfaces were exposed to ouabain, 10(-2) M. Replacement of mucosal Na by choline virtually prevented these ouabain-induced changes. Cellular ion contents were unchanged when Na in the serosal medium was replaced by choline. No differences in Na and K concentrations were detected between nuclei and cytoplasm. These results provide independent support for the hypothesis the the cellular Na transport pool in toad bladder epithelial cells derives exclusively from the mucosal medium and that no important recycling of Na occurs from the serosal medium to the cells.", "PMID": 417181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9011", "title": "Transients in toad skin: short circuit current and ionic fluxes related to inner sodium substitution by monovalent cations.", "content": "When the Na electrochemical potential difference across the skin (delta muNa) is altered by perturbing the transmembrane electrical potential difference or the external Na concentration, effects on transport and associated oxygen consumption can be described by the formalism of linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics (Vieira, Caplan & Essig, 1972, J. Gen. Physiol. 59:77; Danisi & Lacaz-Vieira, 1974, J. Gen. Physiol. 64:372; Proc\u00f3pio and Lacaz-Vieira, 1977, J. Membrane Biol. 35:219). We now show that with modifications of delta muNa by substitution of Li or choline for Na in the inner bathing solution, this formalism is no longer applicable. Inner Na by K substitution ((Na X K)i) causes profound alterations in short-circuit current (SCC), JinNa, K efflux (JeffK) and PD. SCC drops transiently after (Na X K)i in Cl and in SO4 media, increasing subsequently. In Cl medium, following the initial transient, there is a late decline in SCC toward a steady state. The rate of SCC decline in Cl medium is more pronounced than that observed in SO4 medium. (Na X K)i causes a transient increase in JinNa with a peak synchronous to the minimum in SCC, both in Cl and in SO4 media. This was interpreted as due to depolarization of the inner membrane. In SO4 medium, following the peak observed after (Na X K)i, JimNa drops, to increase again toward a steady state in which SCC and JinNa are not statistically different, resembling the control condition before (Na X K)i. In Cl medium, however, the JinNa steady state is approximately 100% higher than SCC. This difference is due to an important K efflux (JeffK), which builds up progressively after the substitution. The apparent K permeability [JeffK/(Ki)] is of comparable magnitude in Cl and in SO4 media before (Na X K)i and also in SO4 medium after (Na X K)i. However, in Cl medium, after (Na X K)i, the apparent K permeability increases one order of magnitude as compared to the control condition before the ionic substitution. In Cl medium, the high levels of JinNa and of Jeff(K) observed in the steady state after (Na X K)i were interpreted as being a consequence of cell swelling. SCC and PD follow very different temporal patterns after (Na X K)i which are characterized by transients in SCC and a simple fall in PD. Reasons for these differences are discussed.", "contents": "Transients in toad skin: short circuit current and ionic fluxes related to inner sodium substitution by monovalent cations. When the Na electrochemical potential difference across the skin (delta muNa) is altered by perturbing the transmembrane electrical potential difference or the external Na concentration, effects on transport and associated oxygen consumption can be described by the formalism of linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics (Vieira, Caplan & Essig, 1972, J. Gen. Physiol. 59:77; Danisi & Lacaz-Vieira, 1974, J. Gen. Physiol. 64:372; Proc\u00f3pio and Lacaz-Vieira, 1977, J. Membrane Biol. 35:219). We now show that with modifications of delta muNa by substitution of Li or choline for Na in the inner bathing solution, this formalism is no longer applicable. Inner Na by K substitution ((Na X K)i) causes profound alterations in short-circuit current (SCC), JinNa, K efflux (JeffK) and PD. SCC drops transiently after (Na X K)i in Cl and in SO4 media, increasing subsequently. In Cl medium, following the initial transient, there is a late decline in SCC toward a steady state. The rate of SCC decline in Cl medium is more pronounced than that observed in SO4 medium. (Na X K)i causes a transient increase in JinNa with a peak synchronous to the minimum in SCC, both in Cl and in SO4 media. This was interpreted as due to depolarization of the inner membrane. In SO4 medium, following the peak observed after (Na X K)i, JimNa drops, to increase again toward a steady state in which SCC and JinNa are not statistically different, resembling the control condition before (Na X K)i. In Cl medium, however, the JinNa steady state is approximately 100% higher than SCC. This difference is due to an important K efflux (JeffK), which builds up progressively after the substitution. The apparent K permeability [JeffK/(Ki)] is of comparable magnitude in Cl and in SO4 media before (Na X K)i and also in SO4 medium after (Na X K)i. However, in Cl medium, after (Na X K)i, the apparent K permeability increases one order of magnitude as compared to the control condition before the ionic substitution. In Cl medium, the high levels of JinNa and of Jeff(K) observed in the steady state after (Na X K)i were interpreted as being a consequence of cell swelling. SCC and PD follow very different temporal patterns after (Na X K)i which are characterized by transients in SCC and a simple fall in PD. Reasons for these differences are discussed.", "PMID": 417182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9012", "title": "Low temperature microspectrofluorometry: design of a 'cold chamber'.", "content": "Low temperature microspectrofluorometry allows an improvement of spectral resolution and an increase of fluorescence intensity. Suppression of fluorescence fading, or at least a marked reduction, is also obtained. A cooling chamber for microspectrofluorometric measurement is described which allows the cooling, under a microscope, of a biological sample down to liquid nitrogen temperature. Objectives with numerical apertures better than 1.0 and a magnification power up to 100X can be used. Low temperature measurements on a histological sample are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Low temperature microspectrofluorometry: design of a 'cold chamber'. Low temperature microspectrofluorometry allows an improvement of spectral resolution and an increase of fluorescence intensity. Suppression of fluorescence fading, or at least a marked reduction, is also obtained. A cooling chamber for microspectrofluorometric measurement is described which allows the cooling, under a microscope, of a biological sample down to liquid nitrogen temperature. Objectives with numerical apertures better than 1.0 and a magnification power up to 100X can be used. Low temperature measurements on a histological sample are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 417183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9013", "title": "Effect of fixation on cell membrane of early embryonic material as observed on freeze-fracture replicas.", "content": "Some cell membranes of chemically fixed, cryoprotected and freeze-fractured chick embryonic material are characterized by 150-250 nm diameter circular smooth blebs. No such blebs are observed, however, on cryoprotected, rapidly frozen but not chemically fixed samples. It is concluded, therefore, that fixation with buffered glutaraldehyde and not cryoprotection with glycerol is mainly responsible for the appearance of the blebs. The suggestion that blebs represent a budding virus is not tenable, since blebs are present in material obtained from virus free embryos.", "contents": "Effect of fixation on cell membrane of early embryonic material as observed on freeze-fracture replicas. Some cell membranes of chemically fixed, cryoprotected and freeze-fractured chick embryonic material are characterized by 150-250 nm diameter circular smooth blebs. No such blebs are observed, however, on cryoprotected, rapidly frozen but not chemically fixed samples. It is concluded, therefore, that fixation with buffered glutaraldehyde and not cryoprotection with glycerol is mainly responsible for the appearance of the blebs. The suggestion that blebs represent a budding virus is not tenable, since blebs are present in material obtained from virus free embryos.", "PMID": 417184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9014", "title": "Tumor cell threshold required for suppression of macrophage inflammation.", "content": "In DBA/2 mice bearing transplanted, syngeneic P815 mastocytoma, macrophage accumulation was impaired in the tumor when the cancer grew intraperitoneally. By varying the number of transplanted mastocytoma cells and quantitating the macrophage response to a standardized stimulus of proteose peptone, we determined that 4-16x10(6) mastocytoma cells were required to inhibit monocyte inflammation. That interference with monocyte inflammation required a threshold number of tumor cells was consistent with an increase in tumor-associated macrophages proportional to tumor growth during early cancer. It was also consonant with a greater number of macrophages in tumors initiated with small rather than large tumor inocula. Impairment of monocyte inflammation could be passively transferred with ascitic fluid.", "contents": "Tumor cell threshold required for suppression of macrophage inflammation. In DBA/2 mice bearing transplanted, syngeneic P815 mastocytoma, macrophage accumulation was impaired in the tumor when the cancer grew intraperitoneally. By varying the number of transplanted mastocytoma cells and quantitating the macrophage response to a standardized stimulus of proteose peptone, we determined that 4-16x10(6) mastocytoma cells were required to inhibit monocyte inflammation. That interference with monocyte inflammation required a threshold number of tumor cells was consistent with an increase in tumor-associated macrophages proportional to tumor growth during early cancer. It was also consonant with a greater number of macrophages in tumors initiated with small rather than large tumor inocula. Impairment of monocyte inflammation could be passively transferred with ascitic fluid.", "PMID": 417187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9015", "title": "Effect of ethynodiol diacetate with ethinyl estradiol on the mammary glands of rhesus monkeys: a preliminary report.", "content": "The oral contraceptive combination of ethynodiol diacetate with ethinyl estradiol (Demulen) was given cyclically to 48 female rhesus monkeys for 5 years. Doses employed were 1, 10, and 50 times the human dose. Treatment did not induce palpable breast nodules, and there were no deaths from mammary gland cancer.", "contents": "Effect of ethynodiol diacetate with ethinyl estradiol on the mammary glands of rhesus monkeys: a preliminary report. The oral contraceptive combination of ethynodiol diacetate with ethinyl estradiol (Demulen) was given cyclically to 48 female rhesus monkeys for 5 years. Doses employed were 1, 10, and 50 times the human dose. Treatment did not induce palpable breast nodules, and there were no deaths from mammary gland cancer.", "PMID": 417188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9016", "title": "Ionized calcium and magnesium: the effect of septic shock in the baboon.", "content": "Ionized calcium (Ca2+) and ionized magnesium (Mg2+) are important intracellular \"second messengers\" and control exictation-contraction coupling, excitation-secretion, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial acid-base balance. The present study examines the effect of septic shock on serum (Ca2+) and (Mg2+). Five adult female baboons were subjected to live E. coli septic shock and then resuscitated. Three baboons served as controls. Ca2+ was measured by the Orion SS-20 flow-through calcium electrode and Mg2+ calculated by the method of Killen. Other measurements included: total calcium, bound calcium, total magnesium, bound magnesium, phosphate, albumin, globulin, hemotocrit, and total protein. This study shows that there are significant disturbances of Ca2+ and Mg2+ during septic shock in the baboon. These disturbances may in part explain cellular dysfunction during shock including: decreased myocardial contractility, inappropriate secretion of endocrine cells, decrease in oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial acidosis.", "contents": "Ionized calcium and magnesium: the effect of septic shock in the baboon. Ionized calcium (Ca2+) and ionized magnesium (Mg2+) are important intracellular \"second messengers\" and control exictation-contraction coupling, excitation-secretion, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial acid-base balance. The present study examines the effect of septic shock on serum (Ca2+) and (Mg2+). Five adult female baboons were subjected to live E. coli septic shock and then resuscitated. Three baboons served as controls. Ca2+ was measured by the Orion SS-20 flow-through calcium electrode and Mg2+ calculated by the method of Killen. Other measurements included: total calcium, bound calcium, total magnesium, bound magnesium, phosphate, albumin, globulin, hemotocrit, and total protein. This study shows that there are significant disturbances of Ca2+ and Mg2+ during septic shock in the baboon. These disturbances may in part explain cellular dysfunction during shock including: decreased myocardial contractility, inappropriate secretion of endocrine cells, decrease in oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial acidosis.", "PMID": 417190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9017", "title": "A comparative trial of co-trimoxazole and chloramphenicol in thyphoid and paratyphoid fever.", "content": "A comparative trial of co-trimoxazole and chloramphenicol was carried out on 91 patients, 57 having typhoid fever and 34 cases having paratyphoid fever. Co-trimoxazole is an effective drug in the treatment of enteric fevers with respect to clinical cure, absence of relapses and the mild nature of short term toxic drug effects. Unlike some of the earlier reports, treatment failure or non-responsiveness to the drug occurred in just under 10 per cent of the cases and would constitute a drawback of therapy with co-trimoxazole. This feature was not observed in the patients receiving chloramphenicol. The excretion of Salmonellae after drug therapy was more common with chloramphenicol than with co-trimoxazole, again indicating the value of the latter drug in the treatment of enteric fevers.", "contents": "A comparative trial of co-trimoxazole and chloramphenicol in thyphoid and paratyphoid fever. A comparative trial of co-trimoxazole and chloramphenicol was carried out on 91 patients, 57 having typhoid fever and 34 cases having paratyphoid fever. Co-trimoxazole is an effective drug in the treatment of enteric fevers with respect to clinical cure, absence of relapses and the mild nature of short term toxic drug effects. Unlike some of the earlier reports, treatment failure or non-responsiveness to the drug occurred in just under 10 per cent of the cases and would constitute a drawback of therapy with co-trimoxazole. This feature was not observed in the patients receiving chloramphenicol. The excretion of Salmonellae after drug therapy was more common with chloramphenicol than with co-trimoxazole, again indicating the value of the latter drug in the treatment of enteric fevers.", "PMID": 417191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9018", "title": "Membrane-free scrapie activity.", "content": "Determinations of scrapie activity in subcellular fractions from infected hamster brains through the asymptomatic and symptomatic course of infection revealed the presence of substantial amounts of scrapie infectivity in the 100,000 X g supernatant fractions, indicating that association with physically discernible membrane structures is not necessary for the transmission of the scrapie agent. An increase of scrapie infectivity in the 100,000 X g supernatant fractions after vigorous homogenization of infected membrane-rich fractions suggests that the agent is identical in membrane-rich and 100,000 X g supernatant fractions.", "contents": "Membrane-free scrapie activity. Determinations of scrapie activity in subcellular fractions from infected hamster brains through the asymptomatic and symptomatic course of infection revealed the presence of substantial amounts of scrapie infectivity in the 100,000 X g supernatant fractions, indicating that association with physically discernible membrane structures is not necessary for the transmission of the scrapie agent. An increase of scrapie infectivity in the 100,000 X g supernatant fractions after vigorous homogenization of infected membrane-rich fractions suggests that the agent is identical in membrane-rich and 100,000 X g supernatant fractions.", "PMID": 417194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9019", "title": "The effect of oral potassium supplements on plasma potassium in normokalaemic and hypokalaemic patients.", "content": "Thirteen out of 44 patients taking bendrofluazide 10 mg daily became hypokalaemic over a period of three months. Oral potassium supplements of 3.6 grams daily (48 mmol) given in addition to bendrofluazide for a further period of 3 months raised plasma potassium level significantly in hypokalaemic patients only. We conclude that where patients on diuretic therapy are followed up with plasma potassium measurements, it is generally necessary to prescribe oral potassium in the presence of hypokalaemia only.", "contents": "The effect of oral potassium supplements on plasma potassium in normokalaemic and hypokalaemic patients. Thirteen out of 44 patients taking bendrofluazide 10 mg daily became hypokalaemic over a period of three months. Oral potassium supplements of 3.6 grams daily (48 mmol) given in addition to bendrofluazide for a further period of 3 months raised plasma potassium level significantly in hypokalaemic patients only. We conclude that where patients on diuretic therapy are followed up with plasma potassium measurements, it is generally necessary to prescribe oral potassium in the presence of hypokalaemia only.", "PMID": 417199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9020", "title": "A survey of blood groups.", "content": "A survey was conducted to investigate into the frequency of different blood groups in Punjab. A total of 1415 persons were included in this survey. The slide method was used for determination of ABO and AB blood groups as well as Rh factor. The frequency of blood group A was 21.20%; B, 36.16%; AB, 9.05% and O, 34.14%. Distribution of blood groups among various castes revealed the incidence of blood group A, 13.57% to 30%; B, 28.125% to 50%; O, 16.67% to 40%; and AB, zero to 25%. Only 2.76% cases were found to be Rh negative. Rh negative frequency was much higher in Baluchs, Awans and Gujjars than Rajputs, Jats and Arains.", "contents": "A survey of blood groups. A survey was conducted to investigate into the frequency of different blood groups in Punjab. A total of 1415 persons were included in this survey. The slide method was used for determination of ABO and AB blood groups as well as Rh factor. The frequency of blood group A was 21.20%; B, 36.16%; AB, 9.05% and O, 34.14%. Distribution of blood groups among various castes revealed the incidence of blood group A, 13.57% to 30%; B, 28.125% to 50%; O, 16.67% to 40%; and AB, zero to 25%. Only 2.76% cases were found to be Rh negative. Rh negative frequency was much higher in Baluchs, Awans and Gujjars than Rajputs, Jats and Arains.", "PMID": 417200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9021", "title": "Effect of environments on human functions: studies on water metabolism.", "content": "The purpose of this review is to study general behaviour of human systems with respect to the environmental conditions. This type of work will be of profound significance to record the effect of medical treatment in various climatic zones of the world (Arayne and Saify, 1975). We attempted to discuss various facts which would be helpful for tackling the health problems of the people residing in these areas. The statistical data is avoided at the moment and a descriptive pattern is adapted in order to express views, about one of the important aspects of medical science.", "contents": "Effect of environments on human functions: studies on water metabolism. The purpose of this review is to study general behaviour of human systems with respect to the environmental conditions. This type of work will be of profound significance to record the effect of medical treatment in various climatic zones of the world (Arayne and Saify, 1975). We attempted to discuss various facts which would be helpful for tackling the health problems of the people residing in these areas. The statistical data is avoided at the moment and a descriptive pattern is adapted in order to express views, about one of the important aspects of medical science.", "PMID": 417202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9022", "title": "[Serum-concentrations of the immunoglobulins iga, ige and igm in children with different age and diseases with different aetiologies (author's transl)].", "content": "Normal values of the immunoglobulins, G, A and M in the serum were measured with the immunodiffusion-method by Mancini et al., (1965) (immunodiffusion-plates: Hyland-Travenol) for children in the age between 0-15 years. Moreover, we measured the course of the immunoglobulin development of some babies during hospitalisation. Here we found a wide individual range in synthesis of immunoglobulins.", "contents": "[Serum-concentrations of the immunoglobulins iga, ige and igm in children with different age and diseases with different aetiologies (author's transl)]. Normal values of the immunoglobulins, G, A and M in the serum were measured with the immunodiffusion-method by Mancini et al., (1965) (immunodiffusion-plates: Hyland-Travenol) for children in the age between 0-15 years. Moreover, we measured the course of the immunoglobulin development of some babies during hospitalisation. Here we found a wide individual range in synthesis of immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 417211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9023", "title": "[Oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of okulo-aurikulo-vertebral syndrome in a three year old girl is described. The similarities between the maxillary arch syndromes are emphasized on the one hand and on the other the relatively frequent occurrence of congenital unilateral facil palsy with congenital cardiac defects is outlined. Aetiological hypotheses are discussed.", "contents": "[Oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia (author's transl)]. A case of okulo-aurikulo-vertebral syndrome in a three year old girl is described. The similarities between the maxillary arch syndromes are emphasized on the one hand and on the other the relatively frequent occurrence of congenital unilateral facil palsy with congenital cardiac defects is outlined. Aetiological hypotheses are discussed.", "PMID": 417212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9024", "title": "The prevalence of Hepatocystis kochi in African green monkeys.", "content": "The prevalence of Hepatocystis kochi was studied in 178 African green monkeys from Kenya and 61 from Ethiopia. Examinations of blood smears for gametocytes and examinations of the livers for merocysts were performed to determine the presence of infection in these animals. The overall prevalence of infection was 29%. No significant difference in infection rate was found between monkeys from the different geographic areas or between males and females.", "contents": "The prevalence of Hepatocystis kochi in African green monkeys. The prevalence of Hepatocystis kochi was studied in 178 African green monkeys from Kenya and 61 from Ethiopia. Examinations of blood smears for gametocytes and examinations of the livers for merocysts were performed to determine the presence of infection in these animals. The overall prevalence of infection was 29%. No significant difference in infection rate was found between monkeys from the different geographic areas or between males and females.", "PMID": 417213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9025", "title": "A primate model for prolonged endotoxin shock. Blood-vascular reactions and effects of glucocorticoid treatment.", "content": "A primate model was developed to study sequential blood-vascular responses, primarily of the lung and liver, and hematologic changes during prolonged endotoxemia with or without glucocorticoid treatment. In this model, pairs of animals, one with intermittent glucocorticoid regimen, were continuously infused with endotoxin throughout the experimental period. The duration of the experiment and the onset of progressive shock could be adjusted by changing the rate of endotoxin infusion. Endotoxemia at a rate of 10 mg. per kg. per hour resulted in progressive shick which was significantly delayed with glucocorticoid treatment. Endotoxin-induced hematologic alterations included early leukopenia and gradual development of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Morphologic studies revealed margination of neutrophils and mononuclear cells in the microcirculation of lung and liver. These changes were associated with sustained phagocytosis of endotoxin by the sequestered leukocytes and Kupffer cells, degranulation of the hepatic sinusoids and spaces of Disse contained extensive fibrinous deposits which in advanced stages of shock were accompanied by midzonal and centrilobular necrosis. Pulmonary lesions included margination, degranulation and fragmentation of leukocytes, early appearance of fibrin in hepatic sinusoids, and rapid development of disseminated intravascular coagulation, endothelial damage and associated lesions of lung and liver. The results indicate that events relating to sustained phagocytosis of endotoxin by the marginating leukocytes initiate a state of intravascular inflammation with disseminated intravascular coagulation and play a vasic role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary and hepatic lesions during prolonged endotoxemia leading to shock. The findings also suggest that glucocorticoid treatment attenuates endotoxin-induced blood-vascular reactions thereby providing an early protection against the development of shock and structural damage to the lung and liver.", "contents": "A primate model for prolonged endotoxin shock. Blood-vascular reactions and effects of glucocorticoid treatment. A primate model was developed to study sequential blood-vascular responses, primarily of the lung and liver, and hematologic changes during prolonged endotoxemia with or without glucocorticoid treatment. In this model, pairs of animals, one with intermittent glucocorticoid regimen, were continuously infused with endotoxin throughout the experimental period. The duration of the experiment and the onset of progressive shock could be adjusted by changing the rate of endotoxin infusion. Endotoxemia at a rate of 10 mg. per kg. per hour resulted in progressive shick which was significantly delayed with glucocorticoid treatment. Endotoxin-induced hematologic alterations included early leukopenia and gradual development of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Morphologic studies revealed margination of neutrophils and mononuclear cells in the microcirculation of lung and liver. These changes were associated with sustained phagocytosis of endotoxin by the sequestered leukocytes and Kupffer cells, degranulation of the hepatic sinusoids and spaces of Disse contained extensive fibrinous deposits which in advanced stages of shock were accompanied by midzonal and centrilobular necrosis. Pulmonary lesions included margination, degranulation and fragmentation of leukocytes, early appearance of fibrin in hepatic sinusoids, and rapid development of disseminated intravascular coagulation, endothelial damage and associated lesions of lung and liver. The results indicate that events relating to sustained phagocytosis of endotoxin by the marginating leukocytes initiate a state of intravascular inflammation with disseminated intravascular coagulation and play a vasic role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary and hepatic lesions during prolonged endotoxemia leading to shock. The findings also suggest that glucocorticoid treatment attenuates endotoxin-induced blood-vascular reactions thereby providing an early protection against the development of shock and structural damage to the lung and liver.", "PMID": 417215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9026", "title": "The identification of amyloid P-component (protein AP) in normal cultured human fibroblasts.", "content": "The amyloid protein, AP, has not previously been detected in normal or nonamyloidotic tissues. In this study, human fibroblasts were examined for the presence of AP by immunofluorescence technique. Normal human skin fibroblasts were cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium for varying periods of time. Antiserum was prepared in rabbits using AP isolated from amyloid-rich tissues. Using indirect immunofluorescence and anti-AP, fluorescent material was found to be distributed in a punctate pattern throughout the cytoplasm with sparing of the nucleus. The fluorescent reaction was speicifically inhibited by absorption of anti-AP with AP-positive serum but not by addition of AP-negative human cord serum. Thus, AP may have a fibroblast origin and a relationship to normal connective tissue.", "contents": "The identification of amyloid P-component (protein AP) in normal cultured human fibroblasts. The amyloid protein, AP, has not previously been detected in normal or nonamyloidotic tissues. In this study, human fibroblasts were examined for the presence of AP by immunofluorescence technique. Normal human skin fibroblasts were cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium for varying periods of time. Antiserum was prepared in rabbits using AP isolated from amyloid-rich tissues. Using indirect immunofluorescence and anti-AP, fluorescent material was found to be distributed in a punctate pattern throughout the cytoplasm with sparing of the nucleus. The fluorescent reaction was speicifically inhibited by absorption of anti-AP with AP-positive serum but not by addition of AP-negative human cord serum. Thus, AP may have a fibroblast origin and a relationship to normal connective tissue.", "PMID": 417216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9027", "title": "Comparative studies of pulsatile and nonpulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass. III. Response of anterior pituitary gland to thyrotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated that, during nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass, the anterior pituitary gland fails to respond to the tropic stimulus of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This is in contrast to the normal response seen during closed cardiac and general surgical procedures. The St\u00f6ckert pulsatile pump system described in Part I has been employed in a comparative study of TRH responses in 20 patients subjected to pulsatile or nonpulsatile perfusion during open-heart surgery. In the nonpulsatile group, a consistently subnormal response to TRH injection was again found. In the pulsatile group, however, the pituitary response to TRH was normal in nine patients out of 10. The quantitative difference between the groups was statistically highly significant (p less than 0.005). These results indicate that the subnormal pituitary function seen with nonpulsatile bypass may be prevented by the use of pulsatile perfusion.", "contents": "Comparative studies of pulsatile and nonpulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass. III. Response of anterior pituitary gland to thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Previous studies have indicated that, during nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass, the anterior pituitary gland fails to respond to the tropic stimulus of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This is in contrast to the normal response seen during closed cardiac and general surgical procedures. The St\u00f6ckert pulsatile pump system described in Part I has been employed in a comparative study of TRH responses in 20 patients subjected to pulsatile or nonpulsatile perfusion during open-heart surgery. In the nonpulsatile group, a consistently subnormal response to TRH injection was again found. In the pulsatile group, however, the pituitary response to TRH was normal in nine patients out of 10. The quantitative difference between the groups was statistically highly significant (p less than 0.005). These results indicate that the subnormal pituitary function seen with nonpulsatile bypass may be prevented by the use of pulsatile perfusion.", "PMID": 417219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9028", "title": "Late spontaneous disruption of a porcine xenograft mitral valve. Clinical, hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and pathological findings.", "content": "A case is presented of failure of a Hancock porcine xenograft mitral prosthesis secondary to disruption of the prosthetic leaflets. Clinical, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic evidence of prosthetic dysfunction has been correlated with operative, pathological, and ultrastructural findings. Other instances of dysfunction of this prosthesis have been reviewed. Echocardiography should be routinely employed when the diagnosis of xenograft dysfunction is entertained.", "contents": "Late spontaneous disruption of a porcine xenograft mitral valve. Clinical, hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and pathological findings. A case is presented of failure of a Hancock porcine xenograft mitral prosthesis secondary to disruption of the prosthetic leaflets. Clinical, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic evidence of prosthetic dysfunction has been correlated with operative, pathological, and ultrastructural findings. Other instances of dysfunction of this prosthesis have been reviewed. Echocardiography should be routinely employed when the diagnosis of xenograft dysfunction is entertained.", "PMID": 417220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9029", "title": "Endocarditis related to transvenous pacemakers. Syndromes and surgical implications.", "content": "Two cases of microbial endocarditis related to transvenous pacemakers illustrate syndromes whose pathogenesis we consider to be distinctive. Acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa endocarditis related to a pacemaker developed in a 75-year-old man, an event which to our knowledge has not been previously described. There was no evidence of generator site infection, and the sequence of events indicated metastatic implantation of bacteria on traumatized endothelium. A 76-year-old women with a 3 year history of local generator site infection and recurrent fever was found to have extensive vegatative Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis at cardiotomy. The sequence of events indicated gradual spread of infection locally, related to the contaminated foreign body. Awareness of these separate pathogenetic mechanisms should facilitate recognition and appropriate management. Removal of the entire pacing system and prolonged antibiotic therapy were considered to be essential to cure of infection in both instances.", "contents": "Endocarditis related to transvenous pacemakers. Syndromes and surgical implications. Two cases of microbial endocarditis related to transvenous pacemakers illustrate syndromes whose pathogenesis we consider to be distinctive. Acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa endocarditis related to a pacemaker developed in a 75-year-old man, an event which to our knowledge has not been previously described. There was no evidence of generator site infection, and the sequence of events indicated metastatic implantation of bacteria on traumatized endothelium. A 76-year-old women with a 3 year history of local generator site infection and recurrent fever was found to have extensive vegatative Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis at cardiotomy. The sequence of events indicated gradual spread of infection locally, related to the contaminated foreign body. Awareness of these separate pathogenetic mechanisms should facilitate recognition and appropriate management. Removal of the entire pacing system and prolonged antibiotic therapy were considered to be essential to cure of infection in both instances.", "PMID": 417221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9030", "title": "Increased production of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins after partial biliary diversion in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "An interrelationship between bile acid and triglyceride metabolism is suggested by observations in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia and in subjects treated with bile acid-binding resins or chenodeoxycholic acid. We investigated this possible interrelationship in the rhesus monkey. The effect of 14 days of partial bile diversion on plasma concentration and secretion rates of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins was studied by means of a stream-splitting device that permitted controlled interruption of the enterohepatic circulation. Diversion of 25% of the enterohepatic circulation resulted in increased bile acid synthesis and decreased bile acid secretion and pool size, and was associated with a 75% increase in fasting serum triglyceride concentration and a twofold increase in the rate of secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins into plasma. Intraduodenal replacemtn of cholic acid during the period of bile diversion completely prevented the increase in lipoprotein secretion and partially prevented the increase in fasting plasma triglycerides, suggesting that these changes resulted from loss of bile acid rather than other components of bile. These studies show that partial removal of bile acids from the enterohepatic circulation augments the secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein into plasma in the rhesus monkey. Elucidation of the mechanism of this effect may provide important new information concerning the control of hepatic lipoprotein secretion.", "contents": "Increased production of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins after partial biliary diversion in the rhesus monkey. An interrelationship between bile acid and triglyceride metabolism is suggested by observations in patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia and in subjects treated with bile acid-binding resins or chenodeoxycholic acid. We investigated this possible interrelationship in the rhesus monkey. The effect of 14 days of partial bile diversion on plasma concentration and secretion rates of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins was studied by means of a stream-splitting device that permitted controlled interruption of the enterohepatic circulation. Diversion of 25% of the enterohepatic circulation resulted in increased bile acid synthesis and decreased bile acid secretion and pool size, and was associated with a 75% increase in fasting serum triglyceride concentration and a twofold increase in the rate of secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins into plasma. Intraduodenal replacemtn of cholic acid during the period of bile diversion completely prevented the increase in lipoprotein secretion and partially prevented the increase in fasting plasma triglycerides, suggesting that these changes resulted from loss of bile acid rather than other components of bile. These studies show that partial removal of bile acids from the enterohepatic circulation augments the secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein into plasma in the rhesus monkey. Elucidation of the mechanism of this effect may provide important new information concerning the control of hepatic lipoprotein secretion.", "PMID": 417230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9031", "title": "Studies on the bacterial spore coat 6 effects of alkali extraction on the spore of Bacillus thiaminolyticus.", "content": "Thin sections of the spore of Bacillus thiaminolyticus Matsukawa and Misawa show a characteristic surface structure with five ridges, and a series of three district layers. The outer layer of the spore coat was peeled off by SDS sonic treatment, and than the middle layer was solubilized by alkali extraction of the SDS sonic-treated spore. The spores subjected to these treatments were still refractile, heat resistant, and contained dipicolinic acid, but lost their resistance to mechanical shock.", "contents": "Studies on the bacterial spore coat 6 effects of alkali extraction on the spore of Bacillus thiaminolyticus. Thin sections of the spore of Bacillus thiaminolyticus Matsukawa and Misawa show a characteristic surface structure with five ridges, and a series of three district layers. The outer layer of the spore coat was peeled off by SDS sonic treatment, and than the middle layer was solubilized by alkali extraction of the SDS sonic-treated spore. The spores subjected to these treatments were still refractile, heat resistant, and contained dipicolinic acid, but lost their resistance to mechanical shock.", "PMID": 417231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9032", "title": "Synergistic activity of gentamicin plus carbenicillin upon Pseudomonas aeruginosa: its relationship with pyocin and antibiotic susceptibility.", "content": "The synergistic effect of combinations of gentamicin and carbenicillin, as well as the type or subtype of the pyocins produced, were investigated in 170 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens. A high proportion of strains were synergistically inhibited (73.5%), but among strains producing pyocins 7, 14 and 31, synergy was infrequent or absent. The synergistic effect was more frequent upon gentamicin- or carbenicillin-susceptible strains. However, among untypable strains, synergy was more frequent among gentamicin-resistant strains. Susceptibility to both gentamicin and carbenicillin must be considered if antibiotic susceptibility is to be related to synergy.", "contents": "Synergistic activity of gentamicin plus carbenicillin upon Pseudomonas aeruginosa: its relationship with pyocin and antibiotic susceptibility. The synergistic effect of combinations of gentamicin and carbenicillin, as well as the type or subtype of the pyocins produced, were investigated in 170 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens. A high proportion of strains were synergistically inhibited (73.5%), but among strains producing pyocins 7, 14 and 31, synergy was infrequent or absent. The synergistic effect was more frequent upon gentamicin- or carbenicillin-susceptible strains. However, among untypable strains, synergy was more frequent among gentamicin-resistant strains. Susceptibility to both gentamicin and carbenicillin must be considered if antibiotic susceptibility is to be related to synergy.", "PMID": 417232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9033", "title": "HLA and the genesis of autoimmune diseases.", "content": "In general, evidence of autoimmunity increase with age. The following explanations are proposed: Somatic mutations causing progressive changes in cell surfaces lead to progressive increase of antibodies which cross react with normal cell surfaces (auto-antibodies). The HLA antigens (and to a lesser extent other cell surface antigens) bind foreign molecules creating a hapten-carrier relationship which will direct the immune response to the surfaces of cells, which will most commonly be the blood and tissue leukocytes. However the HLA antigens on the surfaces of cells of some solid tissues may, for reasons intrinsic to the particular antigen and cell surface, bind haptenic material leading to an immune response directed in part against the tissue. This may be a short term event while the hapten is present, or it may continue in the absence of the hapten, directed at the carrier (cell surface) molecule alone. It may be perpetuated in some tissues (e.g. joint tissues) by the presence of immune complexes or other products of inflammation.", "contents": "HLA and the genesis of autoimmune diseases. In general, evidence of autoimmunity increase with age. The following explanations are proposed: Somatic mutations causing progressive changes in cell surfaces lead to progressive increase of antibodies which cross react with normal cell surfaces (auto-antibodies). The HLA antigens (and to a lesser extent other cell surface antigens) bind foreign molecules creating a hapten-carrier relationship which will direct the immune response to the surfaces of cells, which will most commonly be the blood and tissue leukocytes. However the HLA antigens on the surfaces of cells of some solid tissues may, for reasons intrinsic to the particular antigen and cell surface, bind haptenic material leading to an immune response directed in part against the tissue. This may be a short term event while the hapten is present, or it may continue in the absence of the hapten, directed at the carrier (cell surface) molecule alone. It may be perpetuated in some tissues (e.g. joint tissues) by the presence of immune complexes or other products of inflammation.", "PMID": 417233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9034", "title": "[Possible clinical importance of the activation of diamine oxidase (histaminase) in heparin treatment of renal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Heparin up until now has been in renal diseases for its anticlotting effect. An additional property of heparin is the activation of the diamine oxidase (histaminase). Whether a possible clinical importance of the diamine oxidase activation in heparin treatment of renal diseases exists or not remains unknown and is discussed.", "contents": "[Possible clinical importance of the activation of diamine oxidase (histaminase) in heparin treatment of renal diseases (author's transl)]. Heparin up until now has been in renal diseases for its anticlotting effect. An additional property of heparin is the activation of the diamine oxidase (histaminase). Whether a possible clinical importance of the diamine oxidase activation in heparin treatment of renal diseases exists or not remains unknown and is discussed.", "PMID": 417236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9035", "title": "The effect of various conditions of chromatin isolation on the nucleosomal structure of the isolated chromatin.", "content": "Chromatin from calf thymus isolated under hypotonic conditions in the presence of various agents was investigated by methods of electron microscopy prior to and after EDTA treatment. It is shown that the presence of chelating agents and, especially, the application of considerable mechanical forces in the course of isolation may cause damage to the nucleosomal structure of the chromatin. Moreover, sufficiently great mechanical forces are liable to destroy the structure of the chromatin nucleosomal fibres even when they are packed in structures of a higher order of organization of the chromatin.", "contents": "The effect of various conditions of chromatin isolation on the nucleosomal structure of the isolated chromatin. Chromatin from calf thymus isolated under hypotonic conditions in the presence of various agents was investigated by methods of electron microscopy prior to and after EDTA treatment. It is shown that the presence of chelating agents and, especially, the application of considerable mechanical forces in the course of isolation may cause damage to the nucleosomal structure of the chromatin. Moreover, sufficiently great mechanical forces are liable to destroy the structure of the chromatin nucleosomal fibres even when they are packed in structures of a higher order of organization of the chromatin.", "PMID": 417238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9036", "title": "[Renovascular hypertension in neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen (author's transl)].", "content": "The course of the illness in a six-year-old boy is reported. His recurrent headaches led to the detection of arterial hypertension (170/135 mmHg). Clinical and histological examination revealed neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen. A bilateral paraumbilical murmur hinted at a renovascular form. Arteriography showed an aneurysm of the right renal artery and multiple bilateral intrarenal stenoses and aneurysmatic dilatations. Under conservative treatment with Propranolol and Dihydralazine blood pressure remained almost normal over two years. 38 paediatric cases of renovascular hypertension in childhood reported in the literature are analyzed with regard to clinical manifestation, morphology and localisation of the renovascular lesions.", "contents": "[Renovascular hypertension in neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen (author's transl)]. The course of the illness in a six-year-old boy is reported. His recurrent headaches led to the detection of arterial hypertension (170/135 mmHg). Clinical and histological examination revealed neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen. A bilateral paraumbilical murmur hinted at a renovascular form. Arteriography showed an aneurysm of the right renal artery and multiple bilateral intrarenal stenoses and aneurysmatic dilatations. Under conservative treatment with Propranolol and Dihydralazine blood pressure remained almost normal over two years. 38 paediatric cases of renovascular hypertension in childhood reported in the literature are analyzed with regard to clinical manifestation, morphology and localisation of the renovascular lesions.", "PMID": 417239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9037", "title": "[Pyruvate-dehydrogenase deficiency. Lethal course of the disease during infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The course of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency in an infant is described. During pregnancy fetal movements were reduced, and since birth severe neurologic involvement was noticed. Permanent metabolic acidosis due to lactic acidemia as well as hyperpyruvic acidemia and hyperalaninemia were present. Alanine accumulated in CSF and urine, urinary excretion of lactate and pyruvate was highly elevated. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in a liver biopsy was only 5% of that for normal controls, and pyruvate decarboxylation by cultured fibroblasts was equally decreased. Therapy required permanent administration of bicarbonate. The administration of thiamine had no effect. The infant died within three months. Recently prenatal diagnosis during a subsequent pregnancy of the mother revealed normal results when pyruvate degradation with cultured amniotic fluid cells was investigated, and a healthy child was born.", "contents": "[Pyruvate-dehydrogenase deficiency. Lethal course of the disease during infancy (author's transl)]. The course of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency in an infant is described. During pregnancy fetal movements were reduced, and since birth severe neurologic involvement was noticed. Permanent metabolic acidosis due to lactic acidemia as well as hyperpyruvic acidemia and hyperalaninemia were present. Alanine accumulated in CSF and urine, urinary excretion of lactate and pyruvate was highly elevated. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in a liver biopsy was only 5% of that for normal controls, and pyruvate decarboxylation by cultured fibroblasts was equally decreased. Therapy required permanent administration of bicarbonate. The administration of thiamine had no effect. The infant died within three months. Recently prenatal diagnosis during a subsequent pregnancy of the mother revealed normal results when pyruvate degradation with cultured amniotic fluid cells was investigated, and a healthy child was born.", "PMID": 417240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9038", "title": "[The importance of interferon for rabies prophylaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of interferon for the prophylaxis of rabies is not yet fully understood. About 50% of cynomolgus monkeys infected with rabies virus could be protected from the disease with human interferon which was administered at a total dose of 1--10 million units per animal either intramuscularly 24 hours after infection or by intralumbar injection up to 11 days after. The clinical relevance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "[The importance of interferon for rabies prophylaxis (author's transl)]. The importance of interferon for the prophylaxis of rabies is not yet fully understood. About 50% of cynomolgus monkeys infected with rabies virus could be protected from the disease with human interferon which was administered at a total dose of 1--10 million units per animal either intramuscularly 24 hours after infection or by intralumbar injection up to 11 days after. The clinical relevance of the findings is discussed.", "PMID": 417241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9039", "title": "Mutagenic evaluation of clonazepam using in vitro and in vivo bacterial tests.", "content": "The mutagenicity of an anti-epileptic drug, clonazepam, and its metabolites was studied by three repair (rec, pol and uvr) assays and reversion (Ames') tests. No detectable induction of mutation could be found in any tests by them per se or via metabolism in rat and mouse.", "contents": "Mutagenic evaluation of clonazepam using in vitro and in vivo bacterial tests. The mutagenicity of an anti-epileptic drug, clonazepam, and its metabolites was studied by three repair (rec, pol and uvr) assays and reversion (Ames') tests. No detectable induction of mutation could be found in any tests by them per se or via metabolism in rat and mouse.", "PMID": 417244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9040", "title": "Bone marrow and lymphocyte cytogenetics of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) treated with the clastogen Mitomycin C.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were used to determine their effectiveness as experimental animals for different cytogenetic tests with mitomycin C (MC). The micronucleus test (MNT and/or chromosome analysis of blood and bone marrow were made before and/or after the treatment with mitomycin C. Thus, the controls data and treated data were obtained from the same animals. With the employed methology, the micronucleus test could not be performed on living animals. Less chromosomal damage was detected in the micronucleus test of post-mortem samples than in the chromosome analysis of bone marrow. No influence by the mutagen could be observed in lymphocyte chromosomes at any of the different times of analysis. In contrast to this, bone-marrow chromosomes seemed to be highly affected by mitomycin C at day 1, 2 and 3 after injection. However, before treatment and at day 14, 16 and 17 after treatment there was no visible increase in chromosomal aberration in bone marrow.", "contents": "Bone marrow and lymphocyte cytogenetics of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) treated with the clastogen Mitomycin C. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were used to determine their effectiveness as experimental animals for different cytogenetic tests with mitomycin C (MC). The micronucleus test (MNT and/or chromosome analysis of blood and bone marrow were made before and/or after the treatment with mitomycin C. Thus, the controls data and treated data were obtained from the same animals. With the employed methology, the micronucleus test could not be performed on living animals. Less chromosomal damage was detected in the micronucleus test of post-mortem samples than in the chromosome analysis of bone marrow. No influence by the mutagen could be observed in lymphocyte chromosomes at any of the different times of analysis. In contrast to this, bone-marrow chromosomes seemed to be highly affected by mitomycin C at day 1, 2 and 3 after injection. However, before treatment and at day 14, 16 and 17 after treatment there was no visible increase in chromosomal aberration in bone marrow.", "PMID": 417245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9041", "title": "Granulocyte transfusions for the prevention of infection in patients receiving bone-marrow transplants.", "content": "Prophylaxis by granulocyte transfusions against infection associated with granulocytopenia was studied in 69 patients receiving bone-marrow transplants for the therapy of hematologic neoplasia or aplastic anemia. Patients were randomized to receive or not to receive granulocyte transfusions when their circulating granulocyte levels fell to less than 200 per cubic millimeter during the period between transplantation and the development of graft function. During the first 21 posttransplant days, there were two local infections and no septicemias in 29 transfused patients. Seven local infections and 10 septicemias developed among the 40 controls. This protection was afforded by granulocytes collected by reversible leukoadhesion as well as by cells collected by continuous-flow centrifugation.", "contents": "Granulocyte transfusions for the prevention of infection in patients receiving bone-marrow transplants. Prophylaxis by granulocyte transfusions against infection associated with granulocytopenia was studied in 69 patients receiving bone-marrow transplants for the therapy of hematologic neoplasia or aplastic anemia. Patients were randomized to receive or not to receive granulocyte transfusions when their circulating granulocyte levels fell to less than 200 per cubic millimeter during the period between transplantation and the development of graft function. During the first 21 posttransplant days, there were two local infections and no septicemias in 29 transfused patients. Seven local infections and 10 septicemias developed among the 40 controls. This protection was afforded by granulocytes collected by reversible leukoadhesion as well as by cells collected by continuous-flow centrifugation.", "PMID": 417248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9042", "title": "Radioprotective effect of Aspergillus flavus.", "content": "A study designed to determine the extent and intensity of radioprotective effects of the mold conidium A. flavus in white mice revealed a higher survival rate with irradiation doses in the range of LD70-LD90; with irradiation with supralethal doses there is no difference in survival by stimulated and control mice. The radioprotective effect is independent of whether the strain A. flavus had been isolated from environment with enhanced radioactivity or not. It depends on a structure of the wall of conidia and not on the toxin produced by mold cells.", "contents": "Radioprotective effect of Aspergillus flavus. A study designed to determine the extent and intensity of radioprotective effects of the mold conidium A. flavus in white mice revealed a higher survival rate with irradiation doses in the range of LD70-LD90; with irradiation with supralethal doses there is no difference in survival by stimulated and control mice. The radioprotective effect is independent of whether the strain A. flavus had been isolated from environment with enhanced radioactivity or not. It depends on a structure of the wall of conidia and not on the toxin produced by mold cells.", "PMID": 417272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9043", "title": "Time dependence of radioprotective effects of A. flavus conidia.", "content": "No essential difference in radioprotection results when conidia of A. flavus are applied to mice within a time lapse of a few minutes up to 48 hours prior to irradiation. When applied 72 hr before irradiation, they fail to affect mouse resistance. Application of conidia provide no protection to mice irradiated for 18-20 hr at the dose rate of 1 R/min; similarly ineffective are the chemoprotectors cistafos and mexamine. A combined administration of conidia and the two protective substances increases survival in mice and prolongs the mean survival period.", "contents": "Time dependence of radioprotective effects of A. flavus conidia. No essential difference in radioprotection results when conidia of A. flavus are applied to mice within a time lapse of a few minutes up to 48 hours prior to irradiation. When applied 72 hr before irradiation, they fail to affect mouse resistance. Application of conidia provide no protection to mice irradiated for 18-20 hr at the dose rate of 1 R/min; similarly ineffective are the chemoprotectors cistafos and mexamine. A combined administration of conidia and the two protective substances increases survival in mice and prolongs the mean survival period.", "PMID": 417273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9044", "title": "Is coronary artery surgery so expensive?", "content": "Severe angina may lead to complete invalidism, with reliance on social security payments and accumulated savings. The average cost of this situation to the patient is $4-6000 pa and to the State $3-4000 pa. Reputedly expensive cardiac operations are cheaper, at under $2000, than unoperated invalidism, and thus rapidly repay their cost in addition to their non-financial attributes.", "contents": "Is coronary artery surgery so expensive? Severe angina may lead to complete invalidism, with reliance on social security payments and accumulated savings. The average cost of this situation to the patient is $4-6000 pa and to the State $3-4000 pa. Reputedly expensive cardiac operations are cheaper, at under $2000, than unoperated invalidism, and thus rapidly repay their cost in addition to their non-financial attributes.", "PMID": 417277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9045", "title": "A study on the use of fluoroalkyl cyanoacrylate adhesive as a hemostatic agent and dressing after exodontia.", "content": "A fluoroalkyl cyanoacrylate is shown to be a very effective hemostatic agent in routine extractions in rhesus monkeys. Clinical and histologic observations of the healing sockets at selected intervals revealed uneventful healing, even when the tissue adhesive was placed directly against the alveolar bone within the extraction socket. The quantity, quality, and rate of bone replacement were not different between the experimental and control groups. When polymerized cyanoacrylate is entrapped within the connective tissue above the healing socket, it is effectively removed by normal tissue phagocytes.", "contents": "A study on the use of fluoroalkyl cyanoacrylate adhesive as a hemostatic agent and dressing after exodontia. A fluoroalkyl cyanoacrylate is shown to be a very effective hemostatic agent in routine extractions in rhesus monkeys. Clinical and histologic observations of the healing sockets at selected intervals revealed uneventful healing, even when the tissue adhesive was placed directly against the alveolar bone within the extraction socket. The quantity, quality, and rate of bone replacement were not different between the experimental and control groups. When polymerized cyanoacrylate is entrapped within the connective tissue above the healing socket, it is effectively removed by normal tissue phagocytes.", "PMID": 417279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9046", "title": "Histologic response of replanted teeth pretreated with acidulated sodium fluoride.", "content": "Central incisors in the vervet monkey were extracted, endodontically treated, and replanted into their original sockets after immersion in a 2 per cent acidulated sodium fluoride solution (pH 5.5) for 30 minutes. Histologic examination at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively showed that by the second week resorption had taken place and that ankylosis, first seen by the fourth week, along both the buccal and palatal root surfaces, was well established by the eighth week. Under the conditions of the study, pretreatment of the tooth roots with 2 per cent acidulated sodium fluoride did not reduce root resorption and ankylosis.", "contents": "Histologic response of replanted teeth pretreated with acidulated sodium fluoride. Central incisors in the vervet monkey were extracted, endodontically treated, and replanted into their original sockets after immersion in a 2 per cent acidulated sodium fluoride solution (pH 5.5) for 30 minutes. Histologic examination at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively showed that by the second week resorption had taken place and that ankylosis, first seen by the fourth week, along both the buccal and palatal root surfaces, was well established by the eighth week. Under the conditions of the study, pretreatment of the tooth roots with 2 per cent acidulated sodium fluoride did not reduce root resorption and ankylosis.", "PMID": 417280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9047", "title": "Preservation of rat liver tissue by endodontic therapeutic agents.", "content": "The preservation action of seven endodontic therapeutic agents has been tested on rat liver tissue. Such agents can be divided into three catagories: formaldehyde-containing, parachlorophenol-containing, and miscellaneous compounds. Besides their bactericidal and fungicidal effects, they also have a fixative action on tissue components. Because of this double action, they are called preservatives. In this series of experiments 25 percent formalin in 80 percent ethanol gave the best combination of bactericidal, fungicidal, and fixation properties.", "contents": "Preservation of rat liver tissue by endodontic therapeutic agents. The preservation action of seven endodontic therapeutic agents has been tested on rat liver tissue. Such agents can be divided into three catagories: formaldehyde-containing, parachlorophenol-containing, and miscellaneous compounds. Besides their bactericidal and fungicidal effects, they also have a fixative action on tissue components. Because of this double action, they are called preservatives. In this series of experiments 25 percent formalin in 80 percent ethanol gave the best combination of bactericidal, fungicidal, and fixation properties.", "PMID": 417281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9048", "title": "Intramural diverticulosis of the esophagus in an eight-year-old boy.", "content": "A third pediatric case of intramural diverticulosis of the esophagus is reported in an 8-year-old boy. A hiatal hernia, chronic nonspecific esophagitis and defective esophageal motility was also documented in his 10-year-old brother.", "contents": "Intramural diverticulosis of the esophagus in an eight-year-old boy. A third pediatric case of intramural diverticulosis of the esophagus is reported in an 8-year-old boy. A hiatal hernia, chronic nonspecific esophagitis and defective esophageal motility was also documented in his 10-year-old brother.", "PMID": 417285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9049", "title": "Diverticula of the bladder in children.", "content": "Diverticula of the bladder in infants and children are common and occur when vesical mucosa protrudes through a congenital defect in the muscle wall. Most are primary. Diverticula secondary to obstruction or neurogenic dysfunction are not as common as was once thought. The majority of diverticula are asymptomatic but they can cause vesico-ureteral reflux, obstruction or residual urine. Diverticula also occur after bladder surgery and in association with some syndromes. Voiding cystourethrography is the most reliable method for detection.", "contents": "Diverticula of the bladder in children. Diverticula of the bladder in infants and children are common and occur when vesical mucosa protrudes through a congenital defect in the muscle wall. Most are primary. Diverticula secondary to obstruction or neurogenic dysfunction are not as common as was once thought. The majority of diverticula are asymptomatic but they can cause vesico-ureteral reflux, obstruction or residual urine. Diverticula also occur after bladder surgery and in association with some syndromes. Voiding cystourethrography is the most reliable method for detection.", "PMID": 417286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9050", "title": "Quantitative analysis of nuclear population in muscle from malnourished and recovered children.", "content": "Muscle tissue obtained by needle biopsy from the quadriceps femoris of eight malnourished and eight recovered children were examined histologically. In both groups about two-thirds of the total nuclear count was due to muscle nuclei. The remaining one-third was made up of vascular, nerve, and interstitial cells and isolated nuclei in similar proportions in the two groups. A significantly greater percentage of muscle nuclei consisted of myogenic cells in recovered children as compared to malnourished children (20.7 +/- 6.4 vs. 2.6 +/- 1.4%).", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of nuclear population in muscle from malnourished and recovered children. Muscle tissue obtained by needle biopsy from the quadriceps femoris of eight malnourished and eight recovered children were examined histologically. In both groups about two-thirds of the total nuclear count was due to muscle nuclei. The remaining one-third was made up of vascular, nerve, and interstitial cells and isolated nuclei in similar proportions in the two groups. A significantly greater percentage of muscle nuclei consisted of myogenic cells in recovered children as compared to malnourished children (20.7 +/- 6.4 vs. 2.6 +/- 1.4%).", "PMID": 417289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9051", "title": "Standardised antimicrobial sensitivity testing in veterinary practice.", "content": "A standardised antimicrobial sensitivity testing method for veterinary use is described. The method makes use of Neo-Sensitabs tablets, and is based in a quantitative technique relating, diameter of inhibition zones to MIC values, and to serum concentrations for the different antimicrobials used in veterinary medicine. The sensitivity testing method has been standardised with 4 different media: Danish Blood Agar, Mueller-Hinton Agar, DST Agar, and Iso-sensitest Agar and with two different inocula (according to ICS and Kirby-Bauer respectively). Information is given on cross-resistance between different antimicrobials, and basic sets of drugs are recommended for routine use. Interpretation tablets are given for both inocula (semi-confluent or confluent colonies), and a quality control procedure using two standard strains (E. Coli ATCC 25922 and Staph, aureus ATCC 25923), enables the regular control of the media and inocula used in the test.", "contents": "Standardised antimicrobial sensitivity testing in veterinary practice. A standardised antimicrobial sensitivity testing method for veterinary use is described. The method makes use of Neo-Sensitabs tablets, and is based in a quantitative technique relating, diameter of inhibition zones to MIC values, and to serum concentrations for the different antimicrobials used in veterinary medicine. The sensitivity testing method has been standardised with 4 different media: Danish Blood Agar, Mueller-Hinton Agar, DST Agar, and Iso-sensitest Agar and with two different inocula (according to ICS and Kirby-Bauer respectively). Information is given on cross-resistance between different antimicrobials, and basic sets of drugs are recommended for routine use. Interpretation tablets are given for both inocula (semi-confluent or confluent colonies), and a quality control procedure using two standard strains (E. Coli ATCC 25922 and Staph, aureus ATCC 25923), enables the regular control of the media and inocula used in the test.", "PMID": 417293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9052", "title": "Separation of very large DNA molecules by gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Very large DNA molecules were separated by electrophoresis in horizontal slab gels of dilute agarose. Conditions of electrophoresis were developed using intact DNA molecules from the bacterial viruses lambda, T4 and G. Their DNAs have molecular weights (M) of 32 million, 120 million, and 500 million, respectively. Several electrophoresis conditions were found which give sufficiently high mobilities and large differences that these DNAs are separated in a short time. Electrophoresis in 0.1% agarose at 2.5 V/cm of gel length separates T4 and lambda DNAs by 2.0 cm, and G and T4 DNAs by 1.0 cm in only 10 hr. With some conditions DNA mobilities are directly proportional to log M for M values from 10 to 500 million. The procedures used will allow rapid molecular weight determination and separation of very large DNA molecules.", "contents": "Separation of very large DNA molecules by gel electrophoresis. Very large DNA molecules were separated by electrophoresis in horizontal slab gels of dilute agarose. Conditions of electrophoresis were developed using intact DNA molecules from the bacterial viruses lambda, T4 and G. Their DNAs have molecular weights (M) of 32 million, 120 million, and 500 million, respectively. Several electrophoresis conditions were found which give sufficiently high mobilities and large differences that these DNAs are separated in a short time. Electrophoresis in 0.1% agarose at 2.5 V/cm of gel length separates T4 and lambda DNAs by 2.0 cm, and G and T4 DNAs by 1.0 cm in only 10 hr. With some conditions DNA mobilities are directly proportional to log M for M values from 10 to 500 million. The procedures used will allow rapid molecular weight determination and separation of very large DNA molecules.", "PMID": 417296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9053", "title": "Yeast seryl tRNA synthetase: interactions between the ATP binding site and the sites for tRNASer and L-serine.", "content": "T1 ribonuclease digestion of yeast tRNASer in the presence of seryl tRNA synthetase was used for monitoring the relationship between the substrate binding sites on the synthetase. It was found that (a) ATP displaces the tRNA from the synthetase with an effector affinity constant corresponding to the Km for ATP of 10 micron; (b) AMP and a number of nucleoside triphosphates, while influencing the rate of aminoacylation, do not displace the tRNA from the enzyme; (c) ADP and PPi inhibit the aminoacylation and the binding of tRNASer; (d) adenylyl diphosphonate is bound to the synthetase and lowers the protection of the tRNA against the nuclease attack in a similar way as does ATP; (e) interactions between the sites of L-serine and tRNASer could only be shown when both sites for serine were saturated and, in addition, the ATP analog or ADP was present. It is concluded that in seryl tRNA synthetase binding sites for ATP interact with the ones for tRNA as well as with the ones for serine. These findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of aminoacylation.", "contents": "Yeast seryl tRNA synthetase: interactions between the ATP binding site and the sites for tRNASer and L-serine. T1 ribonuclease digestion of yeast tRNASer in the presence of seryl tRNA synthetase was used for monitoring the relationship between the substrate binding sites on the synthetase. It was found that (a) ATP displaces the tRNA from the synthetase with an effector affinity constant corresponding to the Km for ATP of 10 micron; (b) AMP and a number of nucleoside triphosphates, while influencing the rate of aminoacylation, do not displace the tRNA from the enzyme; (c) ADP and PPi inhibit the aminoacylation and the binding of tRNASer; (d) adenylyl diphosphonate is bound to the synthetase and lowers the protection of the tRNA against the nuclease attack in a similar way as does ATP; (e) interactions between the sites of L-serine and tRNASer could only be shown when both sites for serine were saturated and, in addition, the ATP analog or ADP was present. It is concluded that in seryl tRNA synthetase binding sites for ATP interact with the ones for tRNA as well as with the ones for serine. These findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of aminoacylation.", "PMID": 417297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9054", "title": "[Value of gastrostomy in the prevention of food inhalation].", "content": "Gastrostomy can have both a preventive and curative effect for patients particularly exposed to food inhaling, especially the heavy casualties with loss of initial consciousness and prolonged intubation or tracheotomy. In these patients stopping the forcible feeding led to frequent mishaps and to recurrent pulmonary complications. Gastrostomy prevents them while enabling the seriously injured patients to receive 2.500 calories daily. These cases showed the different circumstances where gastrostomy done rapidly under L. A. and with assisted ventilation gave good results.", "contents": "[Value of gastrostomy in the prevention of food inhalation]. Gastrostomy can have both a preventive and curative effect for patients particularly exposed to food inhaling, especially the heavy casualties with loss of initial consciousness and prolonged intubation or tracheotomy. In these patients stopping the forcible feeding led to frequent mishaps and to recurrent pulmonary complications. Gastrostomy prevents them while enabling the seriously injured patients to receive 2.500 calories daily. These cases showed the different circumstances where gastrostomy done rapidly under L. A. and with assisted ventilation gave good results.", "PMID": 417307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9055", "title": "Studies on pyrazine derivatives. Part XIII. synthesis and tuberculostatic activity of some 6-alkyl-amino- and 6-dialkylhydrazinopyrazine-2-carboxylic acids derivatives.", "content": "6-RNH- and 6-R2NNH-pyrazine-2-carbothioamides 1--3, 5, 6, 9 and 14 were obtained from 2-cyano-6-chloropyrazine. In the in vitro screening the thioamides were active against Myc. tuber. H37Rv at the conc. range of 15.6--250 microgram/cm3. The most active thioamides 1 and 8, however, do not act in experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs.", "contents": "Studies on pyrazine derivatives. Part XIII. synthesis and tuberculostatic activity of some 6-alkyl-amino- and 6-dialkylhydrazinopyrazine-2-carboxylic acids derivatives. 6-RNH- and 6-R2NNH-pyrazine-2-carbothioamides 1--3, 5, 6, 9 and 14 were obtained from 2-cyano-6-chloropyrazine. In the in vitro screening the thioamides were active against Myc. tuber. H37Rv at the conc. range of 15.6--250 microgram/cm3. The most active thioamides 1 and 8, however, do not act in experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs.", "PMID": 417305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9056", "title": "Isolation and characterization of glycosaminoglycans from the Furth murine mastocytoma.", "content": "New methods for isolation and fractionation by partition are described and compared with existing techniques. Substantially purer products were isolated by partition as compared to precipitation with hexadecylpyridinium chloride. The glycosaminoglycans isolated fron Furth murine mastocytoma tumor were found to consist of 78-80% heparin, 12-13% chondroitin sulfate, and 8-9% hyaluronate. Dermatan sulfate was not detected. Two heparin-like glycosaminoglycans could be isolated by partition fractionation in the phase system 1-butanol/aqueous NaCl containing hexadecylpyridinium chloride. The composition of one was typical of heparins. However, the other glycosaminoglycan contained only 0.47 moles N-sulfate/mole uronate, but had electrophoretic and partition properties characteristic of heparin.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of glycosaminoglycans from the Furth murine mastocytoma. New methods for isolation and fractionation by partition are described and compared with existing techniques. Substantially purer products were isolated by partition as compared to precipitation with hexadecylpyridinium chloride. The glycosaminoglycans isolated fron Furth murine mastocytoma tumor were found to consist of 78-80% heparin, 12-13% chondroitin sulfate, and 8-9% hyaluronate. Dermatan sulfate was not detected. Two heparin-like glycosaminoglycans could be isolated by partition fractionation in the phase system 1-butanol/aqueous NaCl containing hexadecylpyridinium chloride. The composition of one was typical of heparins. However, the other glycosaminoglycan contained only 0.47 moles N-sulfate/mole uronate, but had electrophoretic and partition properties characteristic of heparin.", "PMID": 417310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9057", "title": "Affinity chromatographic purification of beta-glucosidase of Candida gulliermondii.", "content": "A beta-glucosidase was isolated from Candida guilliermondii, a yeast capable of growth on cellobiose. The enzyme was partially purified by treatment with polyethyleneimine and ammonium sulfate precipitation. Further purification was achieved by affinity chromatography using a Sepharose 4B matrix to which oxidized salicin was coupled through adipic dihydrazide. The final product was a 12.5-fold purification of the crude extract with a recovery of 27% of the initial enzyme activity. Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis of the purified enzyme gave a single band. A km of 1.25 x 10(-4)M was obtained using p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside as the substrate. The optimum pH for enzyme activity was 6.8. Maximum activity  was observed at temperature of 37 degrees C. Enzyme activity was completely inhibited by Hg++, Pb++, and Zn++ ions. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 48,000 as estimated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation.", "contents": "Affinity chromatographic purification of beta-glucosidase of Candida gulliermondii. A beta-glucosidase was isolated from Candida guilliermondii, a yeast capable of growth on cellobiose. The enzyme was partially purified by treatment with polyethyleneimine and ammonium sulfate precipitation. Further purification was achieved by affinity chromatography using a Sepharose 4B matrix to which oxidized salicin was coupled through adipic dihydrazide. The final product was a 12.5-fold purification of the crude extract with a recovery of 27% of the initial enzyme activity. Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis of the purified enzyme gave a single band. A km of 1.25 x 10(-4)M was obtained using p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside as the substrate. The optimum pH for enzyme activity was 6.8. Maximum activity  was observed at temperature of 37 degrees C. Enzyme activity was completely inhibited by Hg++, Pb++, and Zn++ ions. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 48,000 as estimated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation.", "PMID": 417311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9058", "title": "Purification and characterization of human prostatic acid phosphatase.", "content": "Human prostatic acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrase, EC 3.1.3.2) is purified to homogeneity by standard procedures which include CM-Sephadex, Con A affinity chromatography and gel filtration. The purified enzyme is antigenically specific and has a M.W. of 100,000 with subunit M.W. of 48,000. However, the enzyme exhibited charge heterogeneity. Two major electrophoretic or chromatographic isozymic forms of PAP were separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and their immunochemical identity was studied by immunodiffusion before and after the neuraminidase digestion. Quantitative precipitin and inhibition experiments showed immunological identity of the two chromatographic isozymes. Immunologic specificity of this enzyme resides on the protein moiety rather than the carbohydrate residue, although the latter group is mostly responsible for the charge group heterogeneity of the enzyme.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of human prostatic acid phosphatase. Human prostatic acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrase, EC 3.1.3.2) is purified to homogeneity by standard procedures which include CM-Sephadex, Con A affinity chromatography and gel filtration. The purified enzyme is antigenically specific and has a M.W. of 100,000 with subunit M.W. of 48,000. However, the enzyme exhibited charge heterogeneity. Two major electrophoretic or chromatographic isozymic forms of PAP were separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and their immunochemical identity was studied by immunodiffusion before and after the neuraminidase digestion. Quantitative precipitin and inhibition experiments showed immunological identity of the two chromatographic isozymes. Immunologic specificity of this enzyme resides on the protein moiety rather than the carbohydrate residue, although the latter group is mostly responsible for the charge group heterogeneity of the enzyme.", "PMID": 417312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9059", "title": "Spontaneous colonic adenocarcinoma in marmosets.", "content": "We find that colonic adenocarcinoma, which is an extremely rare neoplasm of all animals except man and carcinogen-treated rodents, occurs spontaneously in some marmosets. The cotton-topped Saguinus oedipus oedipus is particularly prone to develop it, but we have found it also at necropsy in Callimico goeldii (Goeldi's marmoset). Numerous metastases to regional lymph nodes develop. The cancers arise de novo in the mucosa and early invade the submucosa and lymphatic apparatus and paracolonic lymph nodes. These findings and the continuing occurrence of this cancer in our colony suggests that the marmoset may be the long-sought primate model for experimental intestinal carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Spontaneous colonic adenocarcinoma in marmosets. We find that colonic adenocarcinoma, which is an extremely rare neoplasm of all animals except man and carcinogen-treated rodents, occurs spontaneously in some marmosets. The cotton-topped Saguinus oedipus oedipus is particularly prone to develop it, but we have found it also at necropsy in Callimico goeldii (Goeldi's marmoset). Numerous metastases to regional lymph nodes develop. The cancers arise de novo in the mucosa and early invade the submucosa and lymphatic apparatus and paracolonic lymph nodes. These findings and the continuing occurrence of this cancer in our colony suggests that the marmoset may be the long-sought primate model for experimental intestinal carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 417316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9060", "title": "Marmoset evolution: the molecular evidence.", "content": "We report here the results of comparative immunological and electrophoretic studies of the serum proteins of the New World monkeys. Specifically, we find that the New World monkeys share a long period of common ancestry with the Catarrhini and that the divergence between these two groups occurred some 35-40 million years ago. The extant New World monkey lineages are then seen as sharing a long period of common ancestry subsequent to that divergence, with their radiation beginning in the early Miocene. We see seven distinct lineages stemming from this radiation: (1) Aotus, (2) Callicebus, (3) Cebus, (4) Saimiri, (5) Ateles-Lagothrix-Alouatta, (6) Pithecia-Cacajao and (7) Callimico-Callimico with Cebuella-Saguinus-Leontideus. Within those Ateles with Lagonthrix, and Callimico with Callithrix-Cebuella form further subgroups. The marmoset radiation appears to have begun some 7-10 million years ago.", "contents": "Marmoset evolution: the molecular evidence. We report here the results of comparative immunological and electrophoretic studies of the serum proteins of the New World monkeys. Specifically, we find that the New World monkeys share a long period of common ancestry with the Catarrhini and that the divergence between these two groups occurred some 35-40 million years ago. The extant New World monkey lineages are then seen as sharing a long period of common ancestry subsequent to that divergence, with their radiation beginning in the early Miocene. We see seven distinct lineages stemming from this radiation: (1) Aotus, (2) Callicebus, (3) Cebus, (4) Saimiri, (5) Ateles-Lagothrix-Alouatta, (6) Pithecia-Cacajao and (7) Callimico-Callimico with Cebuella-Saguinus-Leontideus. Within those Ateles with Lagonthrix, and Callimico with Callithrix-Cebuella form further subgroups. The marmoset radiation appears to have begun some 7-10 million years ago.", "PMID": 417317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9061", "title": "Lymphocyte functions and subpopulation distribution in marmosets.", "content": "Marmoset lymphocytes were highly reactive to general mitogens, participate in direct cytotoxicity (purportedly mediated by T-cells) and particpate in an antibody dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity assay (K-cell). The distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations among various species showed that the percent T-cells ranged from 46.4 to 66.6% in different species while complement receptor cells ranged from 10.3 to 19.0%. Surface immunoglobulin (SIg) stable B-cells ranged from 10.6 to 16.4% while the SIg labile L-cells ranged from 26.9 to 37.5%. A fourth receptor, Fc, was demonstrated on 23.7 to 31.7% of the marmoset lymphocytes.", "contents": "Lymphocyte functions and subpopulation distribution in marmosets. Marmoset lymphocytes were highly reactive to general mitogens, participate in direct cytotoxicity (purportedly mediated by T-cells) and particpate in an antibody dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity assay (K-cell). The distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations among various species showed that the percent T-cells ranged from 46.4 to 66.6% in different species while complement receptor cells ranged from 10.3 to 19.0%. Surface immunoglobulin (SIg) stable B-cells ranged from 10.6 to 16.4% while the SIg labile L-cells ranged from 26.9 to 37.5%. A fourth receptor, Fc, was demonstrated on 23.7 to 31.7% of the marmoset lymphocytes.", "PMID": 417319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9062", "title": "Structure and synthesis of hemoglobin in marmosets (Saguinus fuscicollis).", "content": "Marmoset reticulocytes and bone marrow provide a valuable tissue resource for the study of primate hemoglobin structure and synthesis. The amino acid sequence of the marmoset hemoglobin has been determined, and the close homology between it and that of the human suggest it may be a valuable model for study of the effects of chemical modification on hemoglobin function. Hemoglobin synthesis by fetal bone marrow has been reported to be stimulated by physiologic levels of l-thyroxine. Differences in hormone responsiveness between fetal and adult red cell precursors have tentatively been ascribed to differences in permeability of the fetal and adult clones of cells.", "contents": "Structure and synthesis of hemoglobin in marmosets (Saguinus fuscicollis). Marmoset reticulocytes and bone marrow provide a valuable tissue resource for the study of primate hemoglobin structure and synthesis. The amino acid sequence of the marmoset hemoglobin has been determined, and the close homology between it and that of the human suggest it may be a valuable model for study of the effects of chemical modification on hemoglobin function. Hemoglobin synthesis by fetal bone marrow has been reported to be stimulated by physiologic levels of l-thyroxine. Differences in hormone responsiveness between fetal and adult red cell precursors have tentatively been ascribed to differences in permeability of the fetal and adult clones of cells.", "PMID": 417320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9063", "title": "Radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in somatic and germ cells of the male marmoset.", "content": "The induction of chromosome aberrations by low LET radiations was studied in peripheral lymphocytes and spermatogonial stem cells of the male marmoset. The data showed that there was not significant difference in the sensitivity of the lymphocytes whether they were irradiated in vitro or in vivo, but the frequency of heritable translocations recovered in the primary spermatocytes were considerably lower than that calculated to occur in the lymphocytes. The data are used to make estimates of human genetic risk from radiation based on limited interspecific comparisons.", "contents": "Radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in somatic and germ cells of the male marmoset. The induction of chromosome aberrations by low LET radiations was studied in peripheral lymphocytes and spermatogonial stem cells of the male marmoset. The data showed that there was not significant difference in the sensitivity of the lymphocytes whether they were irradiated in vitro or in vivo, but the frequency of heritable translocations recovered in the primary spermatocytes were considerably lower than that calculated to occur in the lymphocytes. The data are used to make estimates of human genetic risk from radiation based on limited interspecific comparisons.", "PMID": 417321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9064", "title": "Callitrichids in Brazil and the Guianas: current conservation status and potential for biomedical research.", "content": "Brazilian and Guianan callitrichids are categorized as endangered, vulnerable, common or status unknown. Endangered species should not be used in biomedical research and a continuing supply of wild-caught vulnerable species is also out of the question. Common species, on the other hand, could withstand limited sustained yield cropping without difficulty. Species categorized as status unknown should not be used until more data on them become available. Callitrichids have a higher reproductive potential than other New World monkeys, are for the most part quite adaptable, and are rarely hunted for food or captured as pets locally. Widespread habitat destruction is the major threat to their survival and species with naturally small ranges in areas of high human activity (e.g. Leontopithecus, Callithrix flaviceps) are in the greatest danger.", "contents": "Callitrichids in Brazil and the Guianas: current conservation status and potential for biomedical research. Brazilian and Guianan callitrichids are categorized as endangered, vulnerable, common or status unknown. Endangered species should not be used in biomedical research and a continuing supply of wild-caught vulnerable species is also out of the question. Common species, on the other hand, could withstand limited sustained yield cropping without difficulty. Species categorized as status unknown should not be used until more data on them become available. Callitrichids have a higher reproductive potential than other New World monkeys, are for the most part quite adaptable, and are rarely hunted for food or captured as pets locally. Widespread habitat destruction is the major threat to their survival and species with naturally small ranges in areas of high human activity (e.g. Leontopithecus, Callithrix flaviceps) are in the greatest danger.", "PMID": 417322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9065", "title": "Pathogenesis of adjuvant-induced destructive periodontitis in marmosets.", "content": "The histologic reaction of the marmoset periodontium to a single intragingival injection of CFA was followed sequentially over a 2-week period. The earliest lesions were nonspecific and similar to IFA-induced responses. After 4 days the CFA-produced lesions were markedly destructive of periodontal bone, whereas the IFA reaction was not, indicating that the alveolar bone destruction that stemmed form the CFA injection may have been immunologically mediated.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of adjuvant-induced destructive periodontitis in marmosets. The histologic reaction of the marmoset periodontium to a single intragingival injection of CFA was followed sequentially over a 2-week period. The earliest lesions were nonspecific and similar to IFA-induced responses. After 4 days the CFA-produced lesions were markedly destructive of periodontal bone, whereas the IFA reaction was not, indicating that the alveolar bone destruction that stemmed form the CFA injection may have been immunologically mediated.", "PMID": 417323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9066", "title": "Human spongiform encephalopathies in marmoset monkeys (Saguinus sp.).", "content": "Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from five of seven kuru patients inoculated intracerebrally (i.c., 0.1 ml) into marmosets (Saguinus sp.) induced a rapidly progressive CNS disease 26, 31, 36, 76 and 94 months postinoculation. Serial marmoset passages of kuru were accomplished by i.c. inoculation of neonatal marmosets with brain homogenates from marmosets with experimentally induced kuru. The incubation periods ranged from 1.5 to 11 months (average 7.3) in 19 animals, 20-25 months in four animals and greater than 26 months in two animals. Symptoms and brain lesions of the induced disease were compatible with kuru as observed in humans and other nonhuman primates. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been induced by i.c. inoculation of marmosets with brain homogenates from two of four human CJD patients with incubation periods of 43 and 54 months and is in serial passage.", "contents": "Human spongiform encephalopathies in marmoset monkeys (Saguinus sp.). Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from five of seven kuru patients inoculated intracerebrally (i.c., 0.1 ml) into marmosets (Saguinus sp.) induced a rapidly progressive CNS disease 26, 31, 36, 76 and 94 months postinoculation. Serial marmoset passages of kuru were accomplished by i.c. inoculation of neonatal marmosets with brain homogenates from marmosets with experimentally induced kuru. The incubation periods ranged from 1.5 to 11 months (average 7.3) in 19 animals, 20-25 months in four animals and greater than 26 months in two animals. Symptoms and brain lesions of the induced disease were compatible with kuru as observed in humans and other nonhuman primates. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been induced by i.c. inoculation of marmosets with brain homogenates from two of four human CJD patients with incubation periods of 43 and 54 months and is in serial passage.", "PMID": 417327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9067", "title": "A paramyxovirus causing fatal gastroenterocolitis in marmoset monkeys.", "content": "A paramyxovirus has been isolated, identified and characterized. The virus causes a disease characterized clinically by severe diarrhea, dehydration and death. Microscopically the disease is characterized as a proliferative gastroenterocolitis with focal necrosis of the mucosa, by giant syncytial cells and eosinophilic intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions. The virus is closely related to measles virus antigenically.", "contents": "A paramyxovirus causing fatal gastroenterocolitis in marmoset monkeys. A paramyxovirus has been isolated, identified and characterized. The virus causes a disease characterized clinically by severe diarrhea, dehydration and death. Microscopically the disease is characterized as a proliferative gastroenterocolitis with focal necrosis of the mucosa, by giant syncytial cells and eosinophilic intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions. The virus is closely related to measles virus antigenically.", "PMID": 417328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9068", "title": "Use of the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, in reproductive research.", "content": "A self-sustaining colony of common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, was established for reproductive research. Methods of management were developed to ensure optimal breeding conditions for marmosets in captivity. Studies of the reproductive biology and endocrinology of this species suggest that the common marmoset may be a suitable model for the human in certain aspects of the ovarian cycle, pregnancy, puberty and the hypothalamic and pituitary control of luteinizing hormone secretion. The rapid rate of reproduction of C. jacchus in captivity allows a relatively large colony to be maintained at moderate cost and also makes this species a most suitable laboratory primate for longer term studies of the safety and efficacy of new contraceptive methods.", "contents": "Use of the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, in reproductive research. A self-sustaining colony of common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, was established for reproductive research. Methods of management were developed to ensure optimal breeding conditions for marmosets in captivity. Studies of the reproductive biology and endocrinology of this species suggest that the common marmoset may be a suitable model for the human in certain aspects of the ovarian cycle, pregnancy, puberty and the hypothalamic and pituitary control of luteinizing hormone secretion. The rapid rate of reproduction of C. jacchus in captivity allows a relatively large colony to be maintained at moderate cost and also makes this species a most suitable laboratory primate for longer term studies of the safety and efficacy of new contraceptive methods.", "PMID": 417331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9069", "title": "Reproductive and social behavior of marmosets with special reference to captive breeding.", "content": "The field studies reviewed above raise some doubts about the laboratory concept of the extended family as the basic social unit of the Callithricidae. As Dawson [6] suggests, wild groups might more closely approximate artificial laboratory groups. They probably consist of a dominant, monogamous breeding pair, its dependent offspring and separate hierarchies of subdominant males and females who stay associated with the group for various lengths of time. Some of these subdominants might be offspring or relatives of the breeding pair. As the field studies show, these groups are more or less open to immigrants coming from other groups. They possibly tolerate transient relatives more easily and for longer periods of time than nonrelated individuals. In spite of the relative tolerance of wild groups towards strange conspecifics, it appears most practical to maintain laboratory breeders as families and remove the offspring after they have participated in the care of their younger siblings. In this way their reproductive capacities can be utilized as soon as their parental behavior has developed adequately. Moreover, possible losses caused by keeping nonrelated adults of the same sex together are avoided. As pointed out above, some species are very aggressive towards strange adult conspecifics and some seem to defend territories in the wild. It seems advisable therefore to house them in cages which provide a certain degree of isolation from neighboring groups. We have found this to be more important in S. fuscicollis than in C. jacchus, particularly in densely populated colony rooms. We therefore house our animals in cages which allow no visual contact with any other group, and by doing so have reduced the general level of excitement in the colony room. We believe that aggressive displays between groups are responsible for a large amount of redirected aggression between mates and for some of the abortions we have seen in our colony. Moreover, Rothe's [28, 29] observation that the parturient female withdraws from her group and gives birth in relative isolation should be taken into consideration when designing breeding cages. Although not all individuals of all species might show this behavior [see 32] it seems to be widespread enough to be an important factor in breeding efficiency and might figure in some of the infanticides observed by us and other authors.", "contents": "Reproductive and social behavior of marmosets with special reference to captive breeding. The field studies reviewed above raise some doubts about the laboratory concept of the extended family as the basic social unit of the Callithricidae. As Dawson [6] suggests, wild groups might more closely approximate artificial laboratory groups. They probably consist of a dominant, monogamous breeding pair, its dependent offspring and separate hierarchies of subdominant males and females who stay associated with the group for various lengths of time. Some of these subdominants might be offspring or relatives of the breeding pair. As the field studies show, these groups are more or less open to immigrants coming from other groups. They possibly tolerate transient relatives more easily and for longer periods of time than nonrelated individuals. In spite of the relative tolerance of wild groups towards strange conspecifics, it appears most practical to maintain laboratory breeders as families and remove the offspring after they have participated in the care of their younger siblings. In this way their reproductive capacities can be utilized as soon as their parental behavior has developed adequately. Moreover, possible losses caused by keeping nonrelated adults of the same sex together are avoided. As pointed out above, some species are very aggressive towards strange adult conspecifics and some seem to defend territories in the wild. It seems advisable therefore to house them in cages which provide a certain degree of isolation from neighboring groups. We have found this to be more important in S. fuscicollis than in C. jacchus, particularly in densely populated colony rooms. We therefore house our animals in cages which allow no visual contact with any other group, and by doing so have reduced the general level of excitement in the colony room. We believe that aggressive displays between groups are responsible for a large amount of redirected aggression between mates and for some of the abortions we have seen in our colony. Moreover, Rothe's [28, 29] observation that the parturient female withdraws from her group and gives birth in relative isolation should be taken into consideration when designing breeding cages. Although not all individuals of all species might show this behavior [see 32] it seems to be widespread enough to be an important factor in breeding efficiency and might figure in some of the infanticides observed by us and other authors.", "PMID": 417332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9070", "title": "Observations on a colony of cotton eared marmosets Callithrix jacchus with some plans for future expansion.", "content": "The current and proposed colony design and management are described. In an effort to increase the neonatal survival of marmosets, an outdoor-indoor housing arrangement is planned.", "contents": "Observations on a colony of cotton eared marmosets Callithrix jacchus with some plans for future expansion. The current and proposed colony design and management are described. In an effort to increase the neonatal survival of marmosets, an outdoor-indoor housing arrangement is planned.", "PMID": 417333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9071", "title": "Notes on comparative reproduction of selected Callitrichidae in the laboratory.", "content": "Analysis of reproductive performance for four species of callitrichids maintained in our laboratory shows conception rates to vary from 3.14 for S. weddelli to 1.01 for S. fuscicollis lagonotus. Delivery rates vary from 0.55 for S. fuscicollis nigrifrons to 0.90 for S. weddelli. There is no seasonal pattern of births for any of the species maintained in the laboratory. Abdominal palpation of females has proven useful for predicting the date of parturition and assessing development of the fetus. Abortions occur among all species and tend to occur during the first third of gestation in C. jacchus and the last third of gestation in S. oedipus.", "contents": "Notes on comparative reproduction of selected Callitrichidae in the laboratory. Analysis of reproductive performance for four species of callitrichids maintained in our laboratory shows conception rates to vary from 3.14 for S. weddelli to 1.01 for S. fuscicollis lagonotus. Delivery rates vary from 0.55 for S. fuscicollis nigrifrons to 0.90 for S. weddelli. There is no seasonal pattern of births for any of the species maintained in the laboratory. Abdominal palpation of females has proven useful for predicting the date of parturition and assessing development of the fetus. Abortions occur among all species and tend to occur during the first third of gestation in C. jacchus and the last third of gestation in S. oedipus.", "PMID": 417336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9072", "title": "Structure of psoralen-crosslinked ribosomal RNA from Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "Ribosomal RNA from Drosophila melanogaster photoreacted with hydroxymethyltrioxsalen has been examined by electron microscopy. Reproducible patterns of hairpins were found in both the 26S and 18S RNA. The frequency of these hairpins and the amount of incorporated drug were dependent upon the conditions under which the crosslinking was performed. A prominent central hairpin occurs in the 26S RNA and the break that interrupts the continuity of the RNA chain is located within it. In addition to several small hairpins, the crosslinked 18S RNA contains a large open loop.", "contents": "Structure of psoralen-crosslinked ribosomal RNA from Drosophila melanogaster. Ribosomal RNA from Drosophila melanogaster photoreacted with hydroxymethyltrioxsalen has been examined by electron microscopy. Reproducible patterns of hairpins were found in both the 26S and 18S RNA. The frequency of these hairpins and the amount of incorporated drug were dependent upon the conditions under which the crosslinking was performed. A prominent central hairpin occurs in the 26S RNA and the break that interrupts the continuity of the RNA chain is located within it. In addition to several small hairpins, the crosslinked 18S RNA contains a large open loop.", "PMID": 417342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9073", "title": "[Effect of thyroliberin (thyrotropin releasing hormone) on the proliferation of adenohypophysis cells in monolayer culture].", "content": "Autoradiographic and immunohistochemical experiments were conducted to study the action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on the cell proliferation in 7--8-day monolayer culture or the rat adenohypophysis. There was an increase of the epithelioid and fibroblast-like cells of the S-period of the mitotic cycle 24 hours after the TRH treatment. There were no thyrotropin-positive cells labeled with 3H-thymidine.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroliberin (thyrotropin releasing hormone) on the proliferation of adenohypophysis cells in monolayer culture]. Autoradiographic and immunohistochemical experiments were conducted to study the action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on the cell proliferation in 7--8-day monolayer culture or the rat adenohypophysis. There was an increase of the epithelioid and fibroblast-like cells of the S-period of the mitotic cycle 24 hours after the TRH treatment. There were no thyrotropin-positive cells labeled with 3H-thymidine.", "PMID": 417338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9074", "title": "Cytoplasmic microtubular images in glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue culture cells by electron microscopy and by immunofluorescence microscopy.", "content": "Electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using monospecific tubulin antibodies were performed in parallel on glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue culture cells without osmium fixation. In order to reduce the excess aldehyde groups of the strongly crosslinked cellular matrix, which normally interfere with subsequent immunofluorescence microscopy, a mild NaBH(4) treatment was introduced during or after the dehydration steps. Cells processed through the NaBH(4) step show, in transmission electron microscopy, normal cytoplasmic microtubules approximately 250 A in diameter. When such cells are subjected to indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using monospecific tubulin antibody they reveal a complex system of unbroken, fine, fluorescent fibers traversing the cytoplasm between the perinuclear space and the plasma membrane. Thin sections of cells processed through the indirect immunofluorescence procedure show antibody-decorated microtubules with a diameter of approximately 600 A. This decoration is not obtained when non-immune IgGs are used instead of monospecific antitubulin IgGs. Thus, a direct comparison of cytoplasmic microtubules in glutaraldehyde-fixed cells by both electron microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy can be obtained.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic microtubular images in glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue culture cells by electron microscopy and by immunofluorescence microscopy. Electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using monospecific tubulin antibodies were performed in parallel on glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue culture cells without osmium fixation. In order to reduce the excess aldehyde groups of the strongly crosslinked cellular matrix, which normally interfere with subsequent immunofluorescence microscopy, a mild NaBH(4) treatment was introduced during or after the dehydration steps. Cells processed through the NaBH(4) step show, in transmission electron microscopy, normal cytoplasmic microtubules approximately 250 A in diameter. When such cells are subjected to indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using monospecific tubulin antibody they reveal a complex system of unbroken, fine, fluorescent fibers traversing the cytoplasm between the perinuclear space and the plasma membrane. Thin sections of cells processed through the indirect immunofluorescence procedure show antibody-decorated microtubules with a diameter of approximately 600 A. This decoration is not obtained when non-immune IgGs are used instead of monospecific antitubulin IgGs. Thus, a direct comparison of cytoplasmic microtubules in glutaraldehyde-fixed cells by both electron microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy can be obtained.", "PMID": 417343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9075", "title": "Sequence variation among heavy chains from inulin-binding myeloma proteins.", "content": "The entire sequences of the variable region of four heavy chains from BALB/c inulin-binding myeloma proteins have been determined. Among the four proteins there are six amino acid differences, all of which occur in the framework portion of the variable region. All of the six amino acid substitutions can be explained by single base mutations at the DNA level. The pattern of diversity in these proteins is compared to a previously reported group of heavy chains from phosphorylcholine-binding myeloma proteins. Unlike the phosphorylcholine-binding proteins, which (with the exception of two that are identical) have size and sequence differences in their complementarity regions, the inulin-binding heavy chains all have identical complementarity regions with H3 being extremely short. The pattern of variation observed in the anti-inulin heavy chains appears to be most easily explained by a somatic mutation mechanism. However, because none of the substitutions occur in complementarity-determining regions, they presumably would have no selective advantage and would not alter binding specificity. These proteins have further been shown to have crossreacting antigenic determinants (idiotypes). Five of the six sequence differences observed occur at positions that are internal in the molecule and thus presumably would not account for the idiotypic differences. These results suggest that most of the observed idiotypic crossreactivities will be due to differences in the light chains of the anti-inulin proteins.", "contents": "Sequence variation among heavy chains from inulin-binding myeloma proteins. The entire sequences of the variable region of four heavy chains from BALB/c inulin-binding myeloma proteins have been determined. Among the four proteins there are six amino acid differences, all of which occur in the framework portion of the variable region. All of the six amino acid substitutions can be explained by single base mutations at the DNA level. The pattern of diversity in these proteins is compared to a previously reported group of heavy chains from phosphorylcholine-binding myeloma proteins. Unlike the phosphorylcholine-binding proteins, which (with the exception of two that are identical) have size and sequence differences in their complementarity regions, the inulin-binding heavy chains all have identical complementarity regions with H3 being extremely short. The pattern of variation observed in the anti-inulin heavy chains appears to be most easily explained by a somatic mutation mechanism. However, because none of the substitutions occur in complementarity-determining regions, they presumably would have no selective advantage and would not alter binding specificity. These proteins have further been shown to have crossreacting antigenic determinants (idiotypes). Five of the six sequence differences observed occur at positions that are internal in the molecule and thus presumably would not account for the idiotypic differences. These results suggest that most of the observed idiotypic crossreactivities will be due to differences in the light chains of the anti-inulin proteins.", "PMID": 417344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9076", "title": "Antipyrine plasma half-life. In vivo indicator of oxidative metabolic capability in Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "Antipyrine plasma half-life (APH) has been used as an indicator of hepatic oxidase activity in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Plasma disappearance of 14CH3-N-antipyrine (AP) was measured radiometrically. AP and 3 metabolites were detected using high pressure liquid chromatography. APH was assessed during a 300-day control period and following phenobarbital (PB) pretreatments. Significant interindividual variability was observed requiring that animals be used as their own controls. PB (15 mg/kg i.m., 2/day X 4 days) reduced mean APH values from 81 +/- 12 to 41 +/- 2 min. PB treatment also increased monooxygenase catalyzed aldrin epoxidation, dihydroisodrin hydroxylation and benzo(a)pyrene oxidation measured using liver biopsy homogenates. These parameters permit 'continual' assessment of HMO activity in rhesus monkeys under a variety of experimental conditions.", "contents": "Antipyrine plasma half-life. In vivo indicator of oxidative metabolic capability in Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Antipyrine plasma half-life (APH) has been used as an indicator of hepatic oxidase activity in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Plasma disappearance of 14CH3-N-antipyrine (AP) was measured radiometrically. AP and 3 metabolites were detected using high pressure liquid chromatography. APH was assessed during a 300-day control period and following phenobarbital (PB) pretreatments. Significant interindividual variability was observed requiring that animals be used as their own controls. PB (15 mg/kg i.m., 2/day X 4 days) reduced mean APH values from 81 +/- 12 to 41 +/- 2 min. PB treatment also increased monooxygenase catalyzed aldrin epoxidation, dihydroisodrin hydroxylation and benzo(a)pyrene oxidation measured using liver biopsy homogenates. These parameters permit 'continual' assessment of HMO activity in rhesus monkeys under a variety of experimental conditions.", "PMID": 417345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9077", "title": "Neutron uniformity studies related to clinical total body in vivo neutron activation analysis.", "content": "Methods of assessing the uniformity of thermal and fast neutron fluence in relation to total body in vivo neutron activation analysis are described. Results are presented for 14 MeV neutrons emitted by sealed tube generators housed in a massive concrete shield, representing a substantial source of neutrons degraded in energy. Optimisation of conditions for patient irradiations is discussed and it is shown that acceptable uniformity of fluence can be achieved with little or no premoderation of the incident neutrons.", "contents": "Neutron uniformity studies related to clinical total body in vivo neutron activation analysis. Methods of assessing the uniformity of thermal and fast neutron fluence in relation to total body in vivo neutron activation analysis are described. Results are presented for 14 MeV neutrons emitted by sealed tube generators housed in a massive concrete shield, representing a substantial source of neutrons degraded in energy. Optimisation of conditions for patient irradiations is discussed and it is shown that acceptable uniformity of fluence can be achieved with little or no premoderation of the incident neutrons.", "PMID": 417346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9078", "title": "[Episodic psychoses in epileptic juveniles with reference to electroencephalographic findings].", "content": "The present paper describes three juveniles affected with epilepsy, who suffered from episodic psychoses. Such disorders are a very rare occurrence in young persons. The patients had grand mal epilepsy with \"secondary temporalization\". Clinical and electroencepholographic aspects are discussed by reference to these particular cases. Also, the authors deal with questions of classification and etiopathogenesis. Finally, possible causes producing such psychoses and giving rise to the psychopathological character thereof are pointed out within the framework of a multiconditional approach.", "contents": "[Episodic psychoses in epileptic juveniles with reference to electroencephalographic findings]. The present paper describes three juveniles affected with epilepsy, who suffered from episodic psychoses. Such disorders are a very rare occurrence in young persons. The patients had grand mal epilepsy with \"secondary temporalization\". Clinical and electroencepholographic aspects are discussed by reference to these particular cases. Also, the authors deal with questions of classification and etiopathogenesis. Finally, possible causes producing such psychoses and giving rise to the psychopathological character thereof are pointed out within the framework of a multiconditional approach.", "PMID": 417358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9079", "title": "Effects of piracetam on regional cerebral blood flow and mental functions in patients with organic dementia.", "content": "The effects of piracetam (Nootropil, UCB6215) on mental functions and on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were investigated in eight patients in the presenile age who displayed symptoms of moderate dementia. The double-blind crossover design included nine measurement occasions, each involving rCBF measurement by the 133-Xe inhalation method, ratings of symptoms of dementia, personality changes, and side effects, and a psychometric investigation. Three investigations were included in each of three treatment periods. The first investigation in a period was made without medication. Then either placebo or piracetam 4.8 g/day or 9.6 g/day was given during four weeks with measurements after 2 weekks and 4 weeks. There were intervals of 4 weeks without medication between the treatment periods. Piracetam had no significant effect on either mental functions or rCBF.", "contents": "Effects of piracetam on regional cerebral blood flow and mental functions in patients with organic dementia. The effects of piracetam (Nootropil, UCB6215) on mental functions and on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were investigated in eight patients in the presenile age who displayed symptoms of moderate dementia. The double-blind crossover design included nine measurement occasions, each involving rCBF measurement by the 133-Xe inhalation method, ratings of symptoms of dementia, personality changes, and side effects, and a psychometric investigation. Three investigations were included in each of three treatment periods. The first investigation in a period was made without medication. Then either placebo or piracetam 4.8 g/day or 9.6 g/day was given during four weeks with measurements after 2 weekks and 4 weeks. There were intervals of 4 weeks without medication between the treatment periods. Piracetam had no significant effect on either mental functions or rCBF.", "PMID": 417361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9080", "title": "Effect of intraventricular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on discrimination learning in rats.", "content": "Rats were trained to perform light-dark discrimination learning for a period of 6 consecutive days. GABA, an inhibitory transmitter, was administered into the lateral ventricle either immediately or 60 min after the completion of each training session. GABA, in dose levels of 100 and 150 microgram and injected immediately after the completion of the session, significantly increased correct responses in comparison with the corresponding control group, while 200 microgram of the drug had no further effect on the correct responses. When the administration of the drug was delayed by 60 min, neither 100 nor 150 microgram of GABA significantly increased correct response. Intraventricular GABA did not affect total activity or water intake which could be considered indexes corresponding to motility and motivational state, respectively. It was concluded that under these conditions GABA improves discrimination learning by its action as an inhibitory transmitter.", "contents": "Effect of intraventricular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on discrimination learning in rats. Rats were trained to perform light-dark discrimination learning for a period of 6 consecutive days. GABA, an inhibitory transmitter, was administered into the lateral ventricle either immediately or 60 min after the completion of each training session. GABA, in dose levels of 100 and 150 microgram and injected immediately after the completion of the session, significantly increased correct responses in comparison with the corresponding control group, while 200 microgram of the drug had no further effect on the correct responses. When the administration of the drug was delayed by 60 min, neither 100 nor 150 microgram of GABA significantly increased correct response. Intraventricular GABA did not affect total activity or water intake which could be considered indexes corresponding to motility and motivational state, respectively. It was concluded that under these conditions GABA improves discrimination learning by its action as an inhibitory transmitter.", "PMID": 417363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9081", "title": "Effects of medial raphe and raphe magnus lesions on the analgesic activity of morphine and methadone.", "content": "The effects of lesions of the raphe nuclei on opiate-induced antinociception and brain serotonin (5-HT) levels were investigated. Lesions of the medial raphe nucleus effectively antagonized the analgesic effects of morphine, but not methadone, and lowered brain 5-HT. The decrement in analgesic activity of morphine was reversed by pretreatment with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Lesions of the raphe magnus, a descending 5-HT system, antagonized the analgesic potency of both morphine and methadone. These experiments indicate a differential effect of 5-HT manipulation on opiate-induced analgesia, suggesting a different mechanism of analgesic action for morphine and methadone.", "contents": "Effects of medial raphe and raphe magnus lesions on the analgesic activity of morphine and methadone. The effects of lesions of the raphe nuclei on opiate-induced antinociception and brain serotonin (5-HT) levels were investigated. Lesions of the medial raphe nucleus effectively antagonized the analgesic effects of morphine, but not methadone, and lowered brain 5-HT. The decrement in analgesic activity of morphine was reversed by pretreatment with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Lesions of the raphe magnus, a descending 5-HT system, antagonized the analgesic potency of both morphine and methadone. These experiments indicate a differential effect of 5-HT manipulation on opiate-induced analgesia, suggesting a different mechanism of analgesic action for morphine and methadone.", "PMID": 417364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9082", "title": "Effect of baclofen on tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "Eighteen chronic psychiatric patients with neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia of 1/2-9 years duration participated in a double-blind crossover study on the effect and side effects of baclofen and placebo in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Each treatment phase lasted 3 weeks. Evaluation of the results included an assessment of video-tape recording. Baclofen (20-120 mg daily) reduced the hyperkinesias (median score from 5 to 3, P less than 0.05) and increased the parkinsonism (median score from 5 to 7, P less than 0.01). The effect on the oral movement pattern of tardive dyskinesia was characterized by a reduced frequency, an unchanged or slightly reduced amplitude, and an increased duration of each separate mouth opening and tongue protrusion, a response pattern very similar to the response pattern of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, an inhibitor of the catecholamine synthesis. Sediation, muscular weakness, and confusion were observed in 50% of the patients. These side effects, appearing mainly in elderly patients, sometimes set in before the anti-hyperkinetic effect, thus limiting the practical usefulness of baclofen in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.", "contents": "Effect of baclofen on tardive dyskinesia. Eighteen chronic psychiatric patients with neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia of 1/2-9 years duration participated in a double-blind crossover study on the effect and side effects of baclofen and placebo in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Each treatment phase lasted 3 weeks. Evaluation of the results included an assessment of video-tape recording. Baclofen (20-120 mg daily) reduced the hyperkinesias (median score from 5 to 3, P less than 0.05) and increased the parkinsonism (median score from 5 to 7, P less than 0.01). The effect on the oral movement pattern of tardive dyskinesia was characterized by a reduced frequency, an unchanged or slightly reduced amplitude, and an increased duration of each separate mouth opening and tongue protrusion, a response pattern very similar to the response pattern of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, an inhibitor of the catecholamine synthesis. Sediation, muscular weakness, and confusion were observed in 50% of the patients. These side effects, appearing mainly in elderly patients, sometimes set in before the anti-hyperkinetic effect, thus limiting the practical usefulness of baclofen in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.", "PMID": 417365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9083", "title": "Ethanol, pentobarbital, and chlordiazepoxide effects in squirrel monkeys responding under fixed-ratio food presentation and stimulus-shock termination schedules.", "content": "Ethanol, pentobarbital, and chlordiazepoxide were administered to squirrel monkeys responding under a multiple schedule comprised of two fixed-ratio 100-response schedules (FR 100). Under one FR schedule, the one-hundredth response produced food. Under the other schedule, the one-hundredth response terminated the prevailing stimuli and accompanying schedule of electric shock presentation (stimulus-shock termination). Comparable high response rates were maintained under the two schedules. Each drug produced dose-related decreases in response rates. With all three drugs the effects on all aspects of performance were quantitatively similar for both stimulus-shock termination and food-maintained responding.", "contents": "Ethanol, pentobarbital, and chlordiazepoxide effects in squirrel monkeys responding under fixed-ratio food presentation and stimulus-shock termination schedules. Ethanol, pentobarbital, and chlordiazepoxide were administered to squirrel monkeys responding under a multiple schedule comprised of two fixed-ratio 100-response schedules (FR 100). Under one FR schedule, the one-hundredth response produced food. Under the other schedule, the one-hundredth response terminated the prevailing stimuli and accompanying schedule of electric shock presentation (stimulus-shock termination). Comparable high response rates were maintained under the two schedules. Each drug produced dose-related decreases in response rates. With all three drugs the effects on all aspects of performance were quantitatively similar for both stimulus-shock termination and food-maintained responding.", "PMID": 417366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9084", "title": "Alcohol influence on hemisphere differences and signal detection thresholds.", "content": "Six right- and six left-handed subjects were run in a repeated measures design to determine the influences of alcohol on hemiretina detection thresholds. Stimuli were presented tachistoscopically to the hemiretinae at blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of 0, 50, and 100 mg%. The nasal hemiretinae had higher thresholds than the temporal hemiretinae and this difference was independent of alcohol. Alcohol interacted with visual field and handedness. The results showed that the highest alcohol dose (100 mg%) raised detection thresholds more for the hemifield contralateral to the subject's preferred hand than the ipsilateral hemified. Results are discussed in terms of lateral dominance and attention.", "contents": "Alcohol influence on hemisphere differences and signal detection thresholds. Six right- and six left-handed subjects were run in a repeated measures design to determine the influences of alcohol on hemiretina detection thresholds. Stimuli were presented tachistoscopically to the hemiretinae at blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of 0, 50, and 100 mg%. The nasal hemiretinae had higher thresholds than the temporal hemiretinae and this difference was independent of alcohol. Alcohol interacted with visual field and handedness. The results showed that the highest alcohol dose (100 mg%) raised detection thresholds more for the hemifield contralateral to the subject's preferred hand than the ipsilateral hemified. Results are discussed in terms of lateral dominance and attention.", "PMID": 417367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9085", "title": "Behavioural studies on the effects of d-amphetamine and estradiol benzoate alone and in combination.", "content": "The effects of d-amphetamine sulphate on grooming, rearing, and ambulatory behaviour in the T-maze was studied in rats. Low doses (0.25-2.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent change in behaviour; ambulatory behaviour was increased while grooming and rearing behaviour was decreased. The results suggest that the behavioural changes are a direct effect of amphetamine rather than a secondary consequence of a competition between different types of behaviour. The effects of d-amphetamine sulphate and/or estradiol benzoate on grooming, rearing, and ambulatory bheaviours in the T-maze and open field were also studied. Rats chronically treated with estradiol or oil were injected with amphetamine or saline just prior to evaluation in the maze or open field. Amphetamine treatment, irrespective of environment or hormone treatment, stimulated ambulatory behaviour while inhibiting grooming behaviour. Estradiol specificially antagonized the amphetamine induced reduction of grooming in the maze only. The results suggest that amphetamine has an independent action on T-maze behaviour whereas estradiol has an effect that depends on the environment for its manifestation.", "contents": "Behavioural studies on the effects of d-amphetamine and estradiol benzoate alone and in combination. The effects of d-amphetamine sulphate on grooming, rearing, and ambulatory behaviour in the T-maze was studied in rats. Low doses (0.25-2.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent change in behaviour; ambulatory behaviour was increased while grooming and rearing behaviour was decreased. The results suggest that the behavioural changes are a direct effect of amphetamine rather than a secondary consequence of a competition between different types of behaviour. The effects of d-amphetamine sulphate and/or estradiol benzoate on grooming, rearing, and ambulatory bheaviours in the T-maze and open field were also studied. Rats chronically treated with estradiol or oil were injected with amphetamine or saline just prior to evaluation in the maze or open field. Amphetamine treatment, irrespective of environment or hormone treatment, stimulated ambulatory behaviour while inhibiting grooming behaviour. Estradiol specificially antagonized the amphetamine induced reduction of grooming in the maze only. The results suggest that amphetamine has an independent action on T-maze behaviour whereas estradiol has an effect that depends on the environment for its manifestation.", "PMID": 417368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9086", "title": "Activating and anesthetic effects of general depressants.", "content": "The long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) lines of mice were derived by selective breeding with respect to ethanol sleep time. We found that in current generations LS mice also have longer sleep times than SS mice to trichloroethanol and paraldehyde. Two subsequent experiments tested our hypothesis that mice that are relatively insensitive to the hypnotic effects of depressant drugs might be relatively activated by low doses of these drugs. Both experiments failed to support the hypothesis. First, although SS mice were more activated than LS mice by subhypnotic doses of paraldehyde, the lines did not differ in the degree of activation produced by low doses of trichloroethanol. Second, among mice from a genetically heterogeneous population (HS), there was no relation between the degree of activation induced by a low dose of ethanol and sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of a higher dose.", "contents": "Activating and anesthetic effects of general depressants. The long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) lines of mice were derived by selective breeding with respect to ethanol sleep time. We found that in current generations LS mice also have longer sleep times than SS mice to trichloroethanol and paraldehyde. Two subsequent experiments tested our hypothesis that mice that are relatively insensitive to the hypnotic effects of depressant drugs might be relatively activated by low doses of these drugs. Both experiments failed to support the hypothesis. First, although SS mice were more activated than LS mice by subhypnotic doses of paraldehyde, the lines did not differ in the degree of activation produced by low doses of trichloroethanol. Second, among mice from a genetically heterogeneous population (HS), there was no relation between the degree of activation induced by a low dose of ethanol and sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of a higher dose.", "PMID": 417369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9087", "title": "GABA involvement in memory consolidation: evidence from posttrial amino-oxyacetic acid.", "content": "In order to assess the possible effects of central GABA activation on the consolidation of shock avoidance, the GABA-T inhibitor amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) was administered posttrial to adult male rats. Learning was assessed over nine widely spaced sessions of 20 trials each. AOAA-treated animals showed learning within sessions and a lack of consolidation across sessions. Controls, on the other hand, showed learning both within and across sessions. This evidence agrees with previous reports suggesting GABA involvement in memory processes.", "contents": "GABA involvement in memory consolidation: evidence from posttrial amino-oxyacetic acid. In order to assess the possible effects of central GABA activation on the consolidation of shock avoidance, the GABA-T inhibitor amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) was administered posttrial to adult male rats. Learning was assessed over nine widely spaced sessions of 20 trials each. AOAA-treated animals showed learning within sessions and a lack of consolidation across sessions. Controls, on the other hand, showed learning both within and across sessions. This evidence agrees with previous reports suggesting GABA involvement in memory processes.", "PMID": 417370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9088", "title": "Alterations of cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and total blood serotonin content during clozapine treatment.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid level, and total blood serotonin content was measured in groups of manic and schizophrenic patients before and after 2, 4, 6, 10, 20, and 30 days of clozapine treatment. CSF 5-HIAA values were elevated after 2 and 4 days and returned to baseline levels after 6 days or more. Blood serotonin content, in contrast, increased gradually and remained high even after 30 days. Neither CSF 5-HIAA nor blood 5-HT correlated with age, drug dose, or clinical effectiveness, but some relationship between these and the sedative component of the clozapine action was observed.", "contents": "Alterations of cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and total blood serotonin content during clozapine treatment. Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid level, and total blood serotonin content was measured in groups of manic and schizophrenic patients before and after 2, 4, 6, 10, 20, and 30 days of clozapine treatment. CSF 5-HIAA values were elevated after 2 and 4 days and returned to baseline levels after 6 days or more. Blood serotonin content, in contrast, increased gradually and remained high even after 30 days. Neither CSF 5-HIAA nor blood 5-HT correlated with age, drug dose, or clinical effectiveness, but some relationship between these and the sedative component of the clozapine action was observed.", "PMID": 417371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9089", "title": "The effects of dextroamphetamine on kinesthetic figural aftereffects.", "content": "The effect of dextroamphetamine, primarily a central stimulant, on kinesthetic figural aftereffects (KFAEs) was examined. The subjects were selected after preliminary testing with the Eysenck Personality Inventory and were classified into three groups: extraverts, ambiverts, and introverts. d-Amphetamine was used at three dose levels and a control group was included for purposes of comparison. The 3 X 4 randomized block design was replicated ten times. KFAEs were measured under two sets of conditions, i.e., before and after the induction experience. The results support the following conclusions: (1) neither personality grouping nor drug treatment during preinduction trials significantly affected KFAE; (2) both types of variables were, however, significantly related to behavior during the postinduction trials; (3) the extraverted subjects showed larger KFAEs than ambiverted and introverted subjects under placebo condition; (4) the extent of KFAE was reduced in extraverted and enhanced in introverted subjects under the influence of the drug; (5) there were significant interactions between the drug treatments and personality variables in effects on KFAE.", "contents": "The effects of dextroamphetamine on kinesthetic figural aftereffects. The effect of dextroamphetamine, primarily a central stimulant, on kinesthetic figural aftereffects (KFAEs) was examined. The subjects were selected after preliminary testing with the Eysenck Personality Inventory and were classified into three groups: extraverts, ambiverts, and introverts. d-Amphetamine was used at three dose levels and a control group was included for purposes of comparison. The 3 X 4 randomized block design was replicated ten times. KFAEs were measured under two sets of conditions, i.e., before and after the induction experience. The results support the following conclusions: (1) neither personality grouping nor drug treatment during preinduction trials significantly affected KFAE; (2) both types of variables were, however, significantly related to behavior during the postinduction trials; (3) the extraverted subjects showed larger KFAEs than ambiverted and introverted subjects under placebo condition; (4) the extent of KFAE was reduced in extraverted and enhanced in introverted subjects under the influence of the drug; (5) there were significant interactions between the drug treatments and personality variables in effects on KFAE.", "PMID": 417372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9090", "title": "Changes in brain catecholamine turnover and receptor sensitivity induced by social deprivation in rats.", "content": "Catecholamine turnover was compared in two brain areas of rats housed under different social conditions. Rats reared in isolation for 6-8 weeks had a significantly lower noradrenaline turnover in the brainstem and lower noradrenaline and dopamine turnover in a brain segment comprising all other areas except the cerebellum, pineal gland, thalamus, and subthalamus. In the open-field test, isolated rats were much more active than group-housed animals. Noradrenaline turnover increased in both brain areas of isolated rats but not in grouped animals after exposure to the open field. Hyperactivity was selectively reduced in isolated rats by chronic oral treatment with d-amphetamine, 5 mg/kg/24 h. It was also reduced 15 min after pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine 200 mg/kg. It is suggested that a prolonged period of reduced noradrenaline release may sensitise post synaptic receptors in isolated rats. Hyperactivity appears to be associated with an increase in transmitter release onto sensitised receptors.", "contents": "Changes in brain catecholamine turnover and receptor sensitivity induced by social deprivation in rats. Catecholamine turnover was compared in two brain areas of rats housed under different social conditions. Rats reared in isolation for 6-8 weeks had a significantly lower noradrenaline turnover in the brainstem and lower noradrenaline and dopamine turnover in a brain segment comprising all other areas except the cerebellum, pineal gland, thalamus, and subthalamus. In the open-field test, isolated rats were much more active than group-housed animals. Noradrenaline turnover increased in both brain areas of isolated rats but not in grouped animals after exposure to the open field. Hyperactivity was selectively reduced in isolated rats by chronic oral treatment with d-amphetamine, 5 mg/kg/24 h. It was also reduced 15 min after pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine 200 mg/kg. It is suggested that a prolonged period of reduced noradrenaline release may sensitise post synaptic receptors in isolated rats. Hyperactivity appears to be associated with an increase in transmitter release onto sensitised receptors.", "PMID": 417373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9091", "title": "Some effects of chlordiazepoxide and d-amphetamine on response force during punished responding in rats.", "content": "Rats were reinforced with water on a continuous reinforcement schedule and were also punished with electric shock for every fifth response applied to a silent, isometric, force-sensing manipulandum. Oral doses of chlordiazepoxide (3.0, 9.0, 27.0 mg/kg) increased both conventional rate and force of punished responding. In contrast, d-amphetamine (0.8, 1.6, 3.2 mg/kg, by gavage) further decreased conventional rate and force of response, but this latter drug increased the rate of recorded responses that were lower than the 15-g force criterion for response consequences. The results for chlordiazepoxide are viewed in terms of its anxiolytic properties, while the d-amphetamine data appear to support a theory of amphetamine effects based on the concept of stereotyped behaviors.", "contents": "Some effects of chlordiazepoxide and d-amphetamine on response force during punished responding in rats. Rats were reinforced with water on a continuous reinforcement schedule and were also punished with electric shock for every fifth response applied to a silent, isometric, force-sensing manipulandum. Oral doses of chlordiazepoxide (3.0, 9.0, 27.0 mg/kg) increased both conventional rate and force of punished responding. In contrast, d-amphetamine (0.8, 1.6, 3.2 mg/kg, by gavage) further decreased conventional rate and force of response, but this latter drug increased the rate of recorded responses that were lower than the 15-g force criterion for response consequences. The results for chlordiazepoxide are viewed in terms of its anxiolytic properties, while the d-amphetamine data appear to support a theory of amphetamine effects based on the concept of stereotyped behaviors.", "PMID": 417374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9092", "title": "Effects of cannabis intoxication on primary suggestibility.", "content": "Thirty-five subjects of known hypnotizability were tested for primary suggestibility in the waking state with and without marijuana intoxication. The drug caused an increase in suggestibility similar to that produced by the induction of hypnosis. The effect did not persist when subjects were retested one week later in their normal waking state.", "contents": "Effects of cannabis intoxication on primary suggestibility. Thirty-five subjects of known hypnotizability were tested for primary suggestibility in the waking state with and without marijuana intoxication. The drug caused an increase in suggestibility similar to that produced by the induction of hypnosis. The effect did not persist when subjects were retested one week later in their normal waking state.", "PMID": 417375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9093", "title": "Polygraphic evaluation of ethchlorvynol (14 days).", "content": "Ethchlorvynol 500 mg was administered to four young insomniacs for 14 days as part of a standard 22-day sleep laboratory protocol. Subjects slept more while receiving drug, but these benefits were not statistically significant. Ethchlorvynol impaired mood during both drug and withdrawal periods as compared to baseline, and serious side effects were reported. Stage REM and stage 1 were suppressed by ethchlorvynol, and stage 1 (but not stage REM) showed withdrawal rebound.", "contents": "Polygraphic evaluation of ethchlorvynol (14 days). Ethchlorvynol 500 mg was administered to four young insomniacs for 14 days as part of a standard 22-day sleep laboratory protocol. Subjects slept more while receiving drug, but these benefits were not statistically significant. Ethchlorvynol impaired mood during both drug and withdrawal periods as compared to baseline, and serious side effects were reported. Stage REM and stage 1 were suppressed by ethchlorvynol, and stage 1 (but not stage REM) showed withdrawal rebound.", "PMID": 417376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9094", "title": "Clinical and plasma level characteristics of intramuscular and oral loxapine.", "content": "The intramuscular and oral forms of loxapine succinate were compared in their clinical, side effect, and blood level characteristics in ten hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients. The first phase of the study determined the single dose that produced moderate sedation (i.e., the sedation threshold), and this dose was essentially the same for the two forms. Continuous administration of the two forms using the individualized sedation threshold dosage also failed to indicate any clinical or side effect differences in the two forms. The blood level characteristics, however, did differ between the two forms. The kinetic studies indicated that there was a larger are under the loxapine curve with the intramuscular form than with the oral form, while the 8-OH loxapine area was larger with the oral form. The steady-state studies also showed that the i.m. form had higher loxapine levels than the oral form. The significance of these findings, both clinically and in terms of the relative activity of loxapine and its metabolites, is discussed.", "contents": "Clinical and plasma level characteristics of intramuscular and oral loxapine. The intramuscular and oral forms of loxapine succinate were compared in their clinical, side effect, and blood level characteristics in ten hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients. The first phase of the study determined the single dose that produced moderate sedation (i.e., the sedation threshold), and this dose was essentially the same for the two forms. Continuous administration of the two forms using the individualized sedation threshold dosage also failed to indicate any clinical or side effect differences in the two forms. The blood level characteristics, however, did differ between the two forms. The kinetic studies indicated that there was a larger are under the loxapine curve with the intramuscular form than with the oral form, while the 8-OH loxapine area was larger with the oral form. The steady-state studies also showed that the i.m. form had higher loxapine levels than the oral form. The significance of these findings, both clinically and in terms of the relative activity of loxapine and its metabolites, is discussed.", "PMID": 417377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9095", "title": "A gradual score to evaluate the climbing behaviour elicited by apomorphine in mice.", "content": "Mice treated with apomorphine tend to adopt a vertical position in a stereotyped manner. A quantal evaluation of this behaviour, taking into account its frequency and duration, leads to a biphasic dose-response curve that reveals opposite actions of the dopamine agonist.", "contents": "A gradual score to evaluate the climbing behaviour elicited by apomorphine in mice. Mice treated with apomorphine tend to adopt a vertical position in a stereotyped manner. A quantal evaluation of this behaviour, taking into account its frequency and duration, leads to a biphasic dose-response curve that reveals opposite actions of the dopamine agonist.", "PMID": 417378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9096", "title": "Inhibition of pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in rats by prostaglandin E1: role of brain monoamines.", "content": "Prostaglandin E1-(PGE1-) induced inhibition of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) convulsions in rats were significantly antagonized after pretreatment with drugs known to reduce brain serotonin activity, but not by pharmacological agents that decrease brain catecholamine activity. PGF2alpha also significantly inhibited PGE1 action. The results suggest that PGE1-induced inhibition of PTZ convulsions is not a direct effect, but an indirect one mediated through increase in brain serotonin activity.", "contents": "Inhibition of pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in rats by prostaglandin E1: role of brain monoamines. Prostaglandin E1-(PGE1-) induced inhibition of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) convulsions in rats were significantly antagonized after pretreatment with drugs known to reduce brain serotonin activity, but not by pharmacological agents that decrease brain catecholamine activity. PGF2alpha also significantly inhibited PGE1 action. The results suggest that PGE1-induced inhibition of PTZ convulsions is not a direct effect, but an indirect one mediated through increase in brain serotonin activity.", "PMID": 417379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9097", "title": "Radiotherapy of orbital pseudotumor.", "content": "Recent advances in ultrasound and computed tomography have permitted localization of orbital lesions, and sophisticated high-energy irradiation techniques facilitate improved dose distribution without significant damage to normal tissue. Three patients treated for orbital pseudotumor are discussed.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of orbital pseudotumor. Recent advances in ultrasound and computed tomography have permitted localization of orbital lesions, and sophisticated high-energy irradiation techniques facilitate improved dose distribution without significant damage to normal tissue. Three patients treated for orbital pseudotumor are discussed.", "PMID": 417380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9098", "title": "Real-time ultrasound as an aid in intrauterine transfusion.", "content": "Real-time ultrasound was used as an aid in intrauterine transfusions for patients with Rh isoimmunization. It was preferred to fluoroscopy and x-ray control to identify the placental site and fetal abdomen and to direct the insertion and placement of the transfusion needle. The technique was used 22 times in 12 patients and resulted in increased efficiency and safety, including decreased radiation to the fetus.", "contents": "Real-time ultrasound as an aid in intrauterine transfusion. Real-time ultrasound was used as an aid in intrauterine transfusions for patients with Rh isoimmunization. It was preferred to fluoroscopy and x-ray control to identify the placental site and fetal abdomen and to direct the insertion and placement of the transfusion needle. The technique was used 22 times in 12 patients and resulted in increased efficiency and safety, including decreased radiation to the fetus.", "PMID": 417381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9099", "title": "Spherical lead shields for megavoltage teletherapy.", "content": "A new method of manufacturing individualized, focused lead shields for megavoltage teletherapy is described. Computerized film dosimetry demonstrated that in contrast to nonfocused shields, the new focused shields exhibit good maintenance of penumbra width as the distance between the edge of the beam and the central axis is increased.", "contents": "Spherical lead shields for megavoltage teletherapy. A new method of manufacturing individualized, focused lead shields for megavoltage teletherapy is described. Computerized film dosimetry demonstrated that in contrast to nonfocused shields, the new focused shields exhibit good maintenance of penumbra width as the distance between the edge of the beam and the central axis is increased.", "PMID": 417382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9100", "title": "[Whole-body retention studies of 167Tm-citrate.--Estimation of radiation dose to human from 167Tm-citrate--(author's transl)].", "content": "For the purpose of calculating absorbed dose to humans from 167Tm-citrate, the whole-body retention studies using 5 rats were carried out. Up to 40 days following intravenous injection of 167Tm-citrate, the whole-body counts were monitored with a animal counter. The whole-body retention curve was obtained with three exponentaial components. Namely, the 26% of the injected 167 Tm-citrate had a biological half-time of 3.4 hours, 12.5% had a biological half-time of 99 hours and 61.5% had a biological half-time of 106 days. These results indicate, that three components consist of the rapid clearance from the kidneys, the retention in the liver and other soft tissues with relatively long half-time and the retention in the bones with long half-time. Based on these biological data and the MIRD Committee method, the average dose estimates to the bone and whole-body from intravenous administration of 1 mCi 167Tm-citrate were 7.08 rads and 1.28 rads, respectively.", "contents": "[Whole-body retention studies of 167Tm-citrate.--Estimation of radiation dose to human from 167Tm-citrate--(author's transl)]. For the purpose of calculating absorbed dose to humans from 167Tm-citrate, the whole-body retention studies using 5 rats were carried out. Up to 40 days following intravenous injection of 167Tm-citrate, the whole-body counts were monitored with a animal counter. The whole-body retention curve was obtained with three exponentaial components. Namely, the 26% of the injected 167 Tm-citrate had a biological half-time of 3.4 hours, 12.5% had a biological half-time of 99 hours and 61.5% had a biological half-time of 106 days. These results indicate, that three components consist of the rapid clearance from the kidneys, the retention in the liver and other soft tissues with relatively long half-time and the retention in the bones with long half-time. Based on these biological data and the MIRD Committee method, the average dose estimates to the bone and whole-body from intravenous administration of 1 mCi 167Tm-citrate were 7.08 rads and 1.28 rads, respectively.", "PMID": 417386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9101", "title": "[About the comparison of closely related species chimpanzee-man and fox-dog in respect of the possibility of xenotransplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Although the transplant combinations chimpanzee-man on one hand and fox-dog on the other hand have nearly the same phylogenetic development within their zoological family, it is not quite correct to compare the immunological reactions and patterns of rejection of xenogeneic transplants within these systems. The differences in immunochemistry of serum proteins between these two systems confirm that chimpanzee and man are more closely related than fox and dog concerning their genetic disparity. This and other mentioned examples demonstrate the possibility of obtaining qualitative informations of genetic constellations between xenogeneic species combinations by comparing immunochemistry of serum proteins.", "contents": "[About the comparison of closely related species chimpanzee-man and fox-dog in respect of the possibility of xenotransplantation (author's transl)]. Although the transplant combinations chimpanzee-man on one hand and fox-dog on the other hand have nearly the same phylogenetic development within their zoological family, it is not quite correct to compare the immunological reactions and patterns of rejection of xenogeneic transplants within these systems. The differences in immunochemistry of serum proteins between these two systems confirm that chimpanzee and man are more closely related than fox and dog concerning their genetic disparity. This and other mentioned examples demonstrate the possibility of obtaining qualitative informations of genetic constellations between xenogeneic species combinations by comparing immunochemistry of serum proteins.", "PMID": 417391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9102", "title": "[A genetic study of familial epilepsy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied 3 generations of a family in which 4 members presented with classical grand mal epilepsy. The propositus and all his descendents were examined clinically and electroencephalographically. 19 markers were tested. The EEG criteria used are discussed. A relation between the different markers and the clinical and EEG presentation was studied using Morton's scores.", "contents": "[A genetic study of familial epilepsy (author's transl)]. The authors studied 3 generations of a family in which 4 members presented with classical grand mal epilepsy. The propositus and all his descendents were examined clinically and electroencephalographically. 19 markers were tested. The EEG criteria used are discussed. A relation between the different markers and the clinical and EEG presentation was studied using Morton's scores.", "PMID": 417387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9103", "title": "[Temporal variations of excitability in photosensitive papio papio after series of intermittent light flashes (author's transl)].", "content": "After several trains of intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) each lasting 10 seconds and sometimes inducing paroxysmal electrical activity, isolated flashes or salves of 2 or 3 light flashes are capable of inducing bifrontal paroxysmal discharges in photosensitive Papio papio, an effect which is augmented by allylglycine or the use of highly photosensitive animals. Use of these salves repeated every second enabled the authors to demonstrate two types of changes in cortical excitability after intermittent photic stimulation: 1. responses which were more frequent and of greater amplitude appearing in the first 3 or 4 seconds after IPS; after paralysis of the animal amplitude and frequency of the responses are augmented. 2. if trains of intermittent photic stimulation are repeated regularly a seizure occurs after 5 to 15 trains. In the paralysed animal, more trains are required although large responses are seen after each train whereas in the non-paralysed animal the seizure occurs rapidly but the responses are on average weaker and less frequent than in 1. The relationship between photosensitive epilepsy and these responses is discussed as well as that of somatic afferents.", "contents": "[Temporal variations of excitability in photosensitive papio papio after series of intermittent light flashes (author's transl)]. After several trains of intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) each lasting 10 seconds and sometimes inducing paroxysmal electrical activity, isolated flashes or salves of 2 or 3 light flashes are capable of inducing bifrontal paroxysmal discharges in photosensitive Papio papio, an effect which is augmented by allylglycine or the use of highly photosensitive animals. Use of these salves repeated every second enabled the authors to demonstrate two types of changes in cortical excitability after intermittent photic stimulation: 1. responses which were more frequent and of greater amplitude appearing in the first 3 or 4 seconds after IPS; after paralysis of the animal amplitude and frequency of the responses are augmented. 2. if trains of intermittent photic stimulation are repeated regularly a seizure occurs after 5 to 15 trains. In the paralysed animal, more trains are required although large responses are seen after each train whereas in the non-paralysed animal the seizure occurs rapidly but the responses are on average weaker and less frequent than in 1. The relationship between photosensitive epilepsy and these responses is discussed as well as that of somatic afferents.", "PMID": 417388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9104", "title": "[The role of large portal- and shielding-techniques in radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Since electron linear accelerators with energies up to 20 MeV were introduced to radiotherapy it has become easier to irradiate large portals than was previously possible with 60Co unites or betatrons. The reasons for this are: 1) More favourable depth dose distribution resulting in better field homogeneity 2) Considerably smaller penumbra 3) Higher and more constant dose rates 4) Larger portals. The indications for the following large portal techniques are discussed: 1) Total nodal irradiation 2) Total lung irradiation 3) Abdominal bath 4) Irradiation of larger segments of the extremities 5) Whole body irradiation.", "contents": "[The role of large portal- and shielding-techniques in radiotherapy (author's transl)]. Since electron linear accelerators with energies up to 20 MeV were introduced to radiotherapy it has become easier to irradiate large portals than was previously possible with 60Co unites or betatrons. The reasons for this are: 1) More favourable depth dose distribution resulting in better field homogeneity 2) Considerably smaller penumbra 3) Higher and more constant dose rates 4) Larger portals. The indications for the following large portal techniques are discussed: 1) Total nodal irradiation 2) Total lung irradiation 3) Abdominal bath 4) Irradiation of larger segments of the extremities 5) Whole body irradiation.", "PMID": 417394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9105", "title": "Functional plasticity in the immature striate cortex of the monkey shown by the [14C]deoxyglucose method.", "content": "Autoradiographic representation of the local rates of cerebral glucose utilization and local cerebral functional activity by means of the [14C]deoxyglucose technique reveals the existence of the ocular dominance columns in the striate cortex of the monkey in the first day of life. In contrast to the stability of these columns in more mature brain, monocular deprivation for 3 months from the first day of life results in their complete disappearance and a reversion of the autoradiographic pattern to that seen in animals with normal binocular vision. These results are consistent with a reorganization of the representation of the visual fields of the two eyes in the striate cortex and provide additional evidence of the plasticity of the striate cortex of the monkey in early life.", "contents": "Functional plasticity in the immature striate cortex of the monkey shown by the [14C]deoxyglucose method. Autoradiographic representation of the local rates of cerebral glucose utilization and local cerebral functional activity by means of the [14C]deoxyglucose technique reveals the existence of the ocular dominance columns in the striate cortex of the monkey in the first day of life. In contrast to the stability of these columns in more mature brain, monocular deprivation for 3 months from the first day of life results in their complete disappearance and a reversion of the autoradiographic pattern to that seen in animals with normal binocular vision. These results are consistent with a reorganization of the representation of the visual fields of the two eyes in the striate cortex and provide additional evidence of the plasticity of the striate cortex of the monkey in early life.", "PMID": 417397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9106", "title": "Potency in male rhesus monkeys: effects of continuously receptive females.", "content": "Ejaculations decreased and mount latencies increased when intact males were paired regularly over a 3.5-year period (3180 tests) with ovariectomized females made constantly receptive by daily injections of estradiol. The deterioration in potency was abruptly and completely reversed by substituting a group of new but similarly treated females for the original ones.", "contents": "Potency in male rhesus monkeys: effects of continuously receptive females. Ejaculations decreased and mount latencies increased when intact males were paired regularly over a 3.5-year period (3180 tests) with ovariectomized females made constantly receptive by daily injections of estradiol. The deterioration in potency was abruptly and completely reversed by substituting a group of new but similarly treated females for the original ones.", "PMID": 417398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9107", "title": "Dyskinesias evoked in monkeys by weekly administration of haloperidol.", "content": "In two cebus (Cebus albifrons) monkeys given weekly oral doses of 0.25 milligram of haloperidol per kilogram, movement disorders appeared 1 to 8 hours after drug administration following the tenth weekly dose. These disorders included oral movements, peculiar postures, writhing, and stretching. Such reactions faded in intensity after the next two doses. Increasing the dose to 0.5 milligram per kilogram has elicited the disorders reliably after each weekly dose for almost 2 years. Similar reactions also developed in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciurea) treated weekly with haloperidol and in a third cebus monkey previously maintained for a year on a regimen of 0.25 milligram of haloperidol per kilogram on 5 days per week. These findings suggest an experimental model for determining the etiology of drug-induced movement disorders. They also suggest an unrecognized clinical problem.", "contents": "Dyskinesias evoked in monkeys by weekly administration of haloperidol. In two cebus (Cebus albifrons) monkeys given weekly oral doses of 0.25 milligram of haloperidol per kilogram, movement disorders appeared 1 to 8 hours after drug administration following the tenth weekly dose. These disorders included oral movements, peculiar postures, writhing, and stretching. Such reactions faded in intensity after the next two doses. Increasing the dose to 0.5 milligram per kilogram has elicited the disorders reliably after each weekly dose for almost 2 years. Similar reactions also developed in a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciurea) treated weekly with haloperidol and in a third cebus monkey previously maintained for a year on a regimen of 0.25 milligram of haloperidol per kilogram on 5 days per week. These findings suggest an experimental model for determining the etiology of drug-induced movement disorders. They also suggest an unrecognized clinical problem.", "PMID": 417399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9108", "title": "The quality of medical care.", "content": "This article classifies the major approaches to the assessment of the process and outcomes of medical care. The apparent need to safeguard and enhance the quality of care has led to the institution of mechanisms that subject care to constant review so that deficiencies may be found and corrected. The article reviews the developments that led to the involvement of the federal government in this activity through its sponsorship of professional standards review organizations (PSRO's). The major features of the PSRO's are described and their possible effects discussed. It is too early to say how the PSRO's will fare, but should they fail to accomplish their objectives the pressure for more radical solutions will be difficult to resist.", "contents": "The quality of medical care. This article classifies the major approaches to the assessment of the process and outcomes of medical care. The apparent need to safeguard and enhance the quality of care has led to the institution of mechanisms that subject care to constant review so that deficiencies may be found and corrected. The article reviews the developments that led to the involvement of the federal government in this activity through its sponsorship of professional standards review organizations (PSRO's). The major features of the PSRO's are described and their possible effects discussed. It is too early to say how the PSRO's will fare, but should they fail to accomplish their objectives the pressure for more radical solutions will be difficult to resist.", "PMID": 417400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9109", "title": "National health insurance: comments on selected issues.", "content": "The primary objective of national health insurance is to make sure that good medical care is available to everyone at a price he or she can afford. Any plan when first adopted will have a role for both private and government insurance but, regardless of the mix, the combined system should meet the following goals: (i) to the extent possible the needs of low-income people should be met through plans that cover others; (ii) the part of the plan to be operated by government should be built on the administrative structure of Medicare, but with changes in reimbursement to encourage more efficient delivery of care; (iii) direct capital and manpower controls should be included; and (iv) rather than acting primarily as an insurer protecting people against the cost of medical care, the plan should be an aggressive buyer of health services, defining the product it is willing to buy and the price it is willing to pay.", "contents": "National health insurance: comments on selected issues. The primary objective of national health insurance is to make sure that good medical care is available to everyone at a price he or she can afford. Any plan when first adopted will have a role for both private and government insurance but, regardless of the mix, the combined system should meet the following goals: (i) to the extent possible the needs of low-income people should be met through plans that cover others; (ii) the part of the plan to be operated by government should be built on the administrative structure of Medicare, but with changes in reimbursement to encourage more efficient delivery of care; (iii) direct capital and manpower controls should be included; and (iv) rather than acting primarily as an insurer protecting people against the cost of medical care, the plan should be an aggressive buyer of health services, defining the product it is willing to buy and the price it is willing to pay.", "PMID": 417401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9110", "title": "Evaluation of medical practices.", "content": "Evaluation of the efficacy of a medical intervention requires valid measurements of both its benefits and risks as compared to those of alternative forms of management. The requisite measurements are more difficult to make than this simple description suggests, and the accumulation of information is further inhibited by certain characteristics of our pattern of health care. These features include, for example, discontinuous care by a variety of unrelated providers, inadequate records, the autonomy of physicians as decision-makers, financial disincentives, ambiguities in what we mean by \"experimental\" and \"accepted\" forms of therapy, and failure to see continuing evaluation as a necessary component of the cost of providing good medical care. Although no single change will solve all the problems of evaluation, several offer promise of improving our ability to choose from among medical interventions those most likely to be useful.", "contents": "Evaluation of medical practices. Evaluation of the efficacy of a medical intervention requires valid measurements of both its benefits and risks as compared to those of alternative forms of management. The requisite measurements are more difficult to make than this simple description suggests, and the accumulation of information is further inhibited by certain characteristics of our pattern of health care. These features include, for example, discontinuous care by a variety of unrelated providers, inadequate records, the autonomy of physicians as decision-makers, financial disincentives, ambiguities in what we mean by \"experimental\" and \"accepted\" forms of therapy, and failure to see continuing evaluation as a necessary component of the cost of providing good medical care. Although no single change will solve all the problems of evaluation, several offer promise of improving our ability to choose from among medical interventions those most likely to be useful.", "PMID": 417402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9111", "title": "Care of the aged: old problems in need of new solutions.", "content": "Long-term care for the aged in the United States is overly dependent upon the nursing home. This hospital-like model for long-term care is particularly inappropriate since it imposes a medical solution on a variety of social problems. An adequate long-term care program requires a range of resources in the community as well as in institutions; sheltered housing options seem a desirable alternative to the nursing home. To ensure the quality of nursing home care, the present focus on setting standards for care activities should be abandoned in favor of a focus on care outcomes (physical, mental, and social). In an effort to change our present perverse incentives in the nursing home industry, the proposal is made that nursing homes be reimbursed according to the degree to which patient outcomes meet predicted outcomes.", "contents": "Care of the aged: old problems in need of new solutions. Long-term care for the aged in the United States is overly dependent upon the nursing home. This hospital-like model for long-term care is particularly inappropriate since it imposes a medical solution on a variety of social problems. An adequate long-term care program requires a range of resources in the community as well as in institutions; sheltered housing options seem a desirable alternative to the nursing home. To ensure the quality of nursing home care, the present focus on setting standards for care activities should be abandoned in favor of a focus on care outcomes (physical, mental, and social). In an effort to change our present perverse incentives in the nursing home industry, the proposal is made that nursing homes be reimbursed according to the degree to which patient outcomes meet predicted outcomes.", "PMID": 417403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9112", "title": "Primary urethral malignancy: review of 22 cases.", "content": "Twenty-two cases of primary urethral malignancy have been diagnosed at the Medical University Hospital from 1955 to 1976. These lesions are uncommon and prognosis is poor except when disease is diagnosed in the early stages and treated aggressively. Anterior lesions are more often diagnosed at an early stage but may be mistaken for benign processes, delaying appropriate therapy. Our experience with urethral malignancies is reviewed and includes an association of carcinoma with urethral caruncles and diverticula. The first reported association of a urethral diverticulum with carcinoma in the male is presented and two additional cases of adenocarcinoma in female urethral diverticula are reported. Excision of urethral caruncles and diverticula is encouraged.", "contents": "Primary urethral malignancy: review of 22 cases. Twenty-two cases of primary urethral malignancy have been diagnosed at the Medical University Hospital from 1955 to 1976. These lesions are uncommon and prognosis is poor except when disease is diagnosed in the early stages and treated aggressively. Anterior lesions are more often diagnosed at an early stage but may be mistaken for benign processes, delaying appropriate therapy. Our experience with urethral malignancies is reviewed and includes an association of carcinoma with urethral caruncles and diverticula. The first reported association of a urethral diverticulum with carcinoma in the male is presented and two additional cases of adenocarcinoma in female urethral diverticula are reported. Excision of urethral caruncles and diverticula is encouraged.", "PMID": 417404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9113", "title": "Arachnoiditis from experimental myelography with aqueous contrast media.", "content": "Myelography was performed on 80 monkeys to study postmyelographic arachnoiditis. Metrizamide myelography caused arachnoiditis when high concentrations were used, but not with the usual clinical concentrations. Arachnoiditis resulted after myelography with meglumine iocarmate; however, the risk of arachnoiditis was reduced by diluting the contrast medium. Prophylactic intrathecal methylprednisolone was not effective in preventing arachnoiditis. Blood in the cerebrospinal fluid did not affect the degree of arachnoiditis.", "contents": "Arachnoiditis from experimental myelography with aqueous contrast media. Myelography was performed on 80 monkeys to study postmyelographic arachnoiditis. Metrizamide myelography caused arachnoiditis when high concentrations were used, but not with the usual clinical concentrations. Arachnoiditis resulted after myelography with meglumine iocarmate; however, the risk of arachnoiditis was reduced by diluting the contrast medium. Prophylactic intrathecal methylprednisolone was not effective in preventing arachnoiditis. Blood in the cerebrospinal fluid did not affect the degree of arachnoiditis.", "PMID": 417405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9114", "title": "Protein energy malnutrition and nutritional anaemia in preschool children in rural KwaZulu.", "content": "The prevalence of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and nutritional anaemia was investigated in 392 black children, aged 13--60 months, living in a poor rural area. Breast feeding was practised extensively in the population (median duration 14 months). The overall prevalence of PEM was 16,4%, but severe PEM occurred in only 2,7% of the children. Anaemia was present in 6,7% of children, and was almost invariably associated with iron deficiency. Biochemical evidence of iron, folate and vitamin B12 deficiency was detected in 36%, 14,8%, and 0,3% of children respectively. Anaemia was almost confined to the 1-year-old group, but biochemical evidence of iron deficiency, while highest in this age group, continued into the 2-4-year age group. No relationship was found between ecological factors such as income, educational status, etc. and any of the anthropometric, biochemical or haematological variables. The prevalence of PEM and anaemia in these poor rural children is lower than that of a comparable group of underprivileged urban children, thus emphasizing that city slum conditions are producing considerable nutritional problems in their wake. It is of importance to investigate further why some children who are severely deprived in many ways do not necessarily manifest a proportional degree of nutritional deprivation.", "contents": "Protein energy malnutrition and nutritional anaemia in preschool children in rural KwaZulu. The prevalence of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and nutritional anaemia was investigated in 392 black children, aged 13--60 months, living in a poor rural area. Breast feeding was practised extensively in the population (median duration 14 months). The overall prevalence of PEM was 16,4%, but severe PEM occurred in only 2,7% of the children. Anaemia was present in 6,7% of children, and was almost invariably associated with iron deficiency. Biochemical evidence of iron, folate and vitamin B12 deficiency was detected in 36%, 14,8%, and 0,3% of children respectively. Anaemia was almost confined to the 1-year-old group, but biochemical evidence of iron deficiency, while highest in this age group, continued into the 2-4-year age group. No relationship was found between ecological factors such as income, educational status, etc. and any of the anthropometric, biochemical or haematological variables. The prevalence of PEM and anaemia in these poor rural children is lower than that of a comparable group of underprivileged urban children, thus emphasizing that city slum conditions are producing considerable nutritional problems in their wake. It is of importance to investigate further why some children who are severely deprived in many ways do not necessarily manifest a proportional degree of nutritional deprivation.", "PMID": 417406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9115", "title": "Intensive surgical and chemotherapeutic management of advanced ovarian cancer.", "content": "We have presented the background and rationale for initiating a program of intensive surgical and chemotherapeutic management of advanced ovarian cancer. Our goal of excising all tumor masses larger than 1.5 cm in diameter has been explained and our operative approach described. The necessity for nutritional support has been emphasized. Preliminary results among patients with Stage III disease treated by optimal operation and Adriamycin-cyclophosphamide chemotherapy are encouraging. Aggressive operations have been unsuccessful when employed as secondary treatment. The single most important contraindication to extensive operation is the inability to initiate effective chemotherapy in the postoperative period.", "contents": "Intensive surgical and chemotherapeutic management of advanced ovarian cancer. We have presented the background and rationale for initiating a program of intensive surgical and chemotherapeutic management of advanced ovarian cancer. Our goal of excising all tumor masses larger than 1.5 cm in diameter has been explained and our operative approach described. The necessity for nutritional support has been emphasized. Preliminary results among patients with Stage III disease treated by optimal operation and Adriamycin-cyclophosphamide chemotherapy are encouraging. Aggressive operations have been unsuccessful when employed as secondary treatment. The single most important contraindication to extensive operation is the inability to initiate effective chemotherapy in the postoperative period.", "PMID": 417410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9116", "title": "An effective, simplified medium for the culture of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "A new culture medium for Neisseria gonoorhoeae is described. The frequency of isolation of gonococci was significantly higher when this medium was used than when Thayer-Martin medium containing vancomycin, colistin, and nystatin was used in a study of cervical, urethral, and analy specimens. In a similar comparative study, Thayer-Martin medium containing trimethoprim and polymyxin B as antimicrobial agents gave a significantly lower frequency of isolation of gonococci than did the new medium. A modified McLeod medium containing human placenta was found to have the same high performance as the new medium, but, like the modified Thayer-Martin medium, the modified McLeod medium is more expensive and more difficult to prepare.", "contents": "An effective, simplified medium for the culture of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A new culture medium for Neisseria gonoorhoeae is described. The frequency of isolation of gonococci was significantly higher when this medium was used than when Thayer-Martin medium containing vancomycin, colistin, and nystatin was used in a study of cervical, urethral, and analy specimens. In a similar comparative study, Thayer-Martin medium containing trimethoprim and polymyxin B as antimicrobial agents gave a significantly lower frequency of isolation of gonococci than did the new medium. A modified McLeod medium containing human placenta was found to have the same high performance as the new medium, but, like the modified Thayer-Martin medium, the modified McLeod medium is more expensive and more difficult to prepare.", "PMID": 417407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9117", "title": "Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in broth cultures by immunologic methods.", "content": "The feasibilities of use of coagglutination, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and indirect enzyme-labeled antibody techniques for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in broth cultures were evaluated. Six-hour broth cultures of 47 subcultures of recent clinical isolates of N. Gonorrhoeae were used for the tests. Positive coagglutination reactions were obtained with 43 of the broth cultures. Precipitin lines were observed with 45 cultures when counterimmunoelectrophoresis was used. All 47 broth cultures gave positive reactions with the indirect enzyme-labeled antibody technique.", "contents": "Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in broth cultures by immunologic methods. The feasibilities of use of coagglutination, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and indirect enzyme-labeled antibody techniques for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in broth cultures were evaluated. Six-hour broth cultures of 47 subcultures of recent clinical isolates of N. Gonorrhoeae were used for the tests. Positive coagglutination reactions were obtained with 43 of the broth cultures. Precipitin lines were observed with 45 cultures when counterimmunoelectrophoresis was used. All 47 broth cultures gave positive reactions with the indirect enzyme-labeled antibody technique.", "PMID": 417408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9118", "title": "Evaluation of glutaraldehyde-tanned human umbilical cord vein as a vascular prosthesis for bypass to the popliteal, tibial, and peroneal arteries.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-one reconstructions to the popliteal (n = 80), tibial (n = 26), and peroneal (n = 25) arteries were performed using glutaraldehyde (GA)-tanned human umbilical cord veins. Cumulative patency rates to 20 months, calculated by the standard life-table method were 84.8%, 74.0%, and 49.6% for popliteal, tibial, and peroneal reconstructions, respectively. The latter included many of the early cases with extremely advanced obliterative atherosclerosis and gangrene. These results are equivalent and even superior to those obtained with saphenous veins, particularly when the cases are analyzed in distinct clinical and pathological categories. The quality of the runoff was the major determinant in obtaining long-term patency and limb function. The primary factor accounting for graft closure was progression of the atherosclerotic process in the distal circulation. No failures could be attributed directly to the graft. This clinical experience confirmed previous data showing the unique properties of the GA-tanned umbilical vein. It is anticipated that longer-term follow-up will continue to show the superior qualities of this new vascular substitute.", "contents": "Evaluation of glutaraldehyde-tanned human umbilical cord vein as a vascular prosthesis for bypass to the popliteal, tibial, and peroneal arteries. One hundred and thirty-one reconstructions to the popliteal (n = 80), tibial (n = 26), and peroneal (n = 25) arteries were performed using glutaraldehyde (GA)-tanned human umbilical cord veins. Cumulative patency rates to 20 months, calculated by the standard life-table method were 84.8%, 74.0%, and 49.6% for popliteal, tibial, and peroneal reconstructions, respectively. The latter included many of the early cases with extremely advanced obliterative atherosclerosis and gangrene. These results are equivalent and even superior to those obtained with saphenous veins, particularly when the cases are analyzed in distinct clinical and pathological categories. The quality of the runoff was the major determinant in obtaining long-term patency and limb function. The primary factor accounting for graft closure was progression of the atherosclerotic process in the distal circulation. No failures could be attributed directly to the graft. This clinical experience confirmed previous data showing the unique properties of the GA-tanned umbilical vein. It is anticipated that longer-term follow-up will continue to show the superior qualities of this new vascular substitute.", "PMID": 417413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9119", "title": "Systemic toxic reactions to procaine penicillin G.", "content": "Systemic toxic were encountered in eight of 10,469 patients during or immediately following the intramuscular injection of 4,800,000 units of procaine penicillin G for the treatment of gonorrhea. Fear of imminent death, visual and auditory disturbances, violent combativeness, confusion, disorientation, and restlessness, disturbance in taste, cardiovascular changes, and grand mal seizures are the principal manifestations; these usually subside in two to 10 minutes spontaneously or after treatment. Symptoms and signs closely parallel systemic toxic reactions to local anesthetics. Pharmacokinetic analysis in dogs using 14C-procaine and 14C-procaine penicillin G showed rapid distribution of labeled drugs from plasma to cerebrospinal fluid for the intravenous as compared to the intramuscular route of administration. The animal studies were consistent with the hypothesis that the inadvertent intravenous administration of procaine penicillin G is responsible for the systemic toxic reactions. Plasma procainesterase (pseudocholinesterase) activity was assayed with an ultraviolet spectroscopic method. Substrates were procaine and procaine penicillin G. The plasma procainesterase activity of patients who had experienced systemic toxic reactions was significantly decreased as compared to that of controls, an observation not previously reported.", "contents": "Systemic toxic reactions to procaine penicillin G. Systemic toxic were encountered in eight of 10,469 patients during or immediately following the intramuscular injection of 4,800,000 units of procaine penicillin G for the treatment of gonorrhea. Fear of imminent death, visual and auditory disturbances, violent combativeness, confusion, disorientation, and restlessness, disturbance in taste, cardiovascular changes, and grand mal seizures are the principal manifestations; these usually subside in two to 10 minutes spontaneously or after treatment. Symptoms and signs closely parallel systemic toxic reactions to local anesthetics. Pharmacokinetic analysis in dogs using 14C-procaine and 14C-procaine penicillin G showed rapid distribution of labeled drugs from plasma to cerebrospinal fluid for the intravenous as compared to the intramuscular route of administration. The animal studies were consistent with the hypothesis that the inadvertent intravenous administration of procaine penicillin G is responsible for the systemic toxic reactions. Plasma procainesterase (pseudocholinesterase) activity was assayed with an ultraviolet spectroscopic method. Substrates were procaine and procaine penicillin G. The plasma procainesterase activity of patients who had experienced systemic toxic reactions was significantly decreased as compared to that of controls, an observation not previously reported.", "PMID": 417409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9120", "title": "Determination of viability of ischemic intestine by Doppler ultrasound.", "content": "Doppler ultrasound was used to determine the viability of ischemic small intestine and to select the optimum point for resection of nonviable bowel. Twenty ischemic segments of small intestine were produced in dogs by ligating the vascular supply. The Doppler ultrasound probe then was used to determine the last point of arterial flow within the bowel wall. The dogs were reexplored after 24 hours. Histological examination of full-thickness biopsies showed the intestine to be normal in all 20 segments at the last audible Doppler signal, and in 19 of the 20 segments at 1 cm distal to the last signal. Progressive degrees of necrosis were observed at 2 and 3 cm distal to the last signal. Twenty-five segments of ischemic intestine were resected in baboons. All resections performed at the last Doppler signal or 1 cm distal to it were normal 1 month later. Of 15 resections performed at 2, 3, and 4 cm distal to the last signal, 10 showed evidence of stricture or anastomotic disruption. Doppler ultrasound is a reliable method for determining the viability of ischemic intestine and for selecting the optimum point for resection of nonviable bowel.", "contents": "Determination of viability of ischemic intestine by Doppler ultrasound. Doppler ultrasound was used to determine the viability of ischemic small intestine and to select the optimum point for resection of nonviable bowel. Twenty ischemic segments of small intestine were produced in dogs by ligating the vascular supply. The Doppler ultrasound probe then was used to determine the last point of arterial flow within the bowel wall. The dogs were reexplored after 24 hours. Histological examination of full-thickness biopsies showed the intestine to be normal in all 20 segments at the last audible Doppler signal, and in 19 of the 20 segments at 1 cm distal to the last signal. Progressive degrees of necrosis were observed at 2 and 3 cm distal to the last signal. Twenty-five segments of ischemic intestine were resected in baboons. All resections performed at the last Doppler signal or 1 cm distal to it were normal 1 month later. Of 15 resections performed at 2, 3, and 4 cm distal to the last signal, 10 showed evidence of stricture or anastomotic disruption. Doppler ultrasound is a reliable method for determining the viability of ischemic intestine and for selecting the optimum point for resection of nonviable bowel.", "PMID": 417416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9121", "title": "Calcification of glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft.", "content": "The clinical and light and electron microscopic findings are reported in a 14-year-old patient who died 12 months after mitral valve replacement with a Hancock prosthesis. Severe cusp calcification had led to immobilisation of the valve and stenosis. Calcification involved the substance of the valve cusps. The cause of the calcification in this patient is unknown.", "contents": "Calcification of glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft. The clinical and light and electron microscopic findings are reported in a 14-year-old patient who died 12 months after mitral valve replacement with a Hancock prosthesis. Severe cusp calcification had led to immobilisation of the valve and stenosis. Calcification involved the substance of the valve cusps. The cause of the calcification in this patient is unknown.", "PMID": 417417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9122", "title": "Tuberculosis and mediastinoscopy.", "content": "Biopsy of lymph nodes at mediastinoscopy has been the method of diagnosis of tuberculosis in 14 patients; Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from the nodes in nine cases, and in five there was histological evidence of the disease but cultural confirmation was lacking. All patients had radiographic abnormality of the superior mediastinum, and a frequent finding at mediastinoscopy was mediastinal fibrosis involving the fascia and lymph nodes. No cause other than tuberculosis could be demonstrated to account for the mediastinal fibrosis, and the patients made clinical recoveries in response to standard courses of antituberculosis chemotherapy. The development of superior vena caval compression was not observed.", "contents": "Tuberculosis and mediastinoscopy. Biopsy of lymph nodes at mediastinoscopy has been the method of diagnosis of tuberculosis in 14 patients; Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from the nodes in nine cases, and in five there was histological evidence of the disease but cultural confirmation was lacking. All patients had radiographic abnormality of the superior mediastinum, and a frequent finding at mediastinoscopy was mediastinal fibrosis involving the fascia and lymph nodes. No cause other than tuberculosis could be demonstrated to account for the mediastinal fibrosis, and the patients made clinical recoveries in response to standard courses of antituberculosis chemotherapy. The development of superior vena caval compression was not observed.", "PMID": 417418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9123", "title": "Total body and exchangeable potassium in chronic airways obstruction: a controversial area?", "content": "Potassium deficiency is an important complication in the treatment of heart disease. However, there is a serious dichotomy in the literature. Severe potassium depletion has been reported in this condition when exchangeable potassium was measured whereas normal levels or marginal depletion were found in measurements of total body potassium. To clarify this situation, simultaneous measurements of total body potassium by whole-body counting, and of exchangeable potassium by isotope dilution using 43K, were made in 10 male subjects with established airways obstruction. Sequential determinations showed that exchangeable potassium increased up to 68 hours after administration, and values obtained at only 24 hours would have been a substantial underestimate. In this group of subjects neither total body nor exchangeable potassium at 48 hours was significantly different from the expected normal value.", "contents": "Total body and exchangeable potassium in chronic airways obstruction: a controversial area? Potassium deficiency is an important complication in the treatment of heart disease. However, there is a serious dichotomy in the literature. Severe potassium depletion has been reported in this condition when exchangeable potassium was measured whereas normal levels or marginal depletion were found in measurements of total body potassium. To clarify this situation, simultaneous measurements of total body potassium by whole-body counting, and of exchangeable potassium by isotope dilution using 43K, were made in 10 male subjects with established airways obstruction. Sequential determinations showed that exchangeable potassium increased up to 68 hours after administration, and values obtained at only 24 hours would have been a substantial underestimate. In this group of subjects neither total body nor exchangeable potassium at 48 hours was significantly different from the expected normal value.", "PMID": 417419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9124", "title": "The effects of metal ions on esterase activities of urokinase.", "content": "The esterase activity of highly purified human urokinase on Nalpha-acetylglycl-L-lysine methyl ester is strongly inhibited by 1 X 10(-5) to 1 X 10(-2)M Cu++, Hg++, Ni++, Co++, Fe+++, and Mn++ solutions, whereas Na+, K+, Ca++, and Mg++ are weakly effective. This inhibition is parallel with the inhibition of activation of plasminogenby urokinase. There is no simple linear relation between inhibiton and concentration. Addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetate or electrodialysis fully reactivates the inhibited enzyme. These results are discussed in relation to similar effects of ions on trypsin.", "contents": "The effects of metal ions on esterase activities of urokinase. The esterase activity of highly purified human urokinase on Nalpha-acetylglycl-L-lysine methyl ester is strongly inhibited by 1 X 10(-5) to 1 X 10(-2)M Cu++, Hg++, Ni++, Co++, Fe+++, and Mn++ solutions, whereas Na+, K+, Ca++, and Mg++ are weakly effective. This inhibition is parallel with the inhibition of activation of plasminogenby urokinase. There is no simple linear relation between inhibiton and concentration. Addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetate or electrodialysis fully reactivates the inhibited enzyme. These results are discussed in relation to similar effects of ions on trypsin.", "PMID": 417420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9125", "title": "A modified milk ring test for detecting Brucella agglutinins in bulk tank coolers.", "content": "The Milk Ring Test (MRT) can be used to detect Brucella antibodies in tank milk if the following points are considered: (1) Before testing, the milk must be stored at least 72 hours at 6 degrees C. (2) To obtain a reliable reaction one must use 8 ml milk and 0.8 ml antigen, instead of 1 ml milk and 0,05 ml antigen. (3) The 4 vol.% antigen appears to be more sensitive than the 5 vol.% antigen. (4) A standard negative milk sample should be included in a batch to be examined. It can help to determine doubtful results. (5) For further determination of a doubtful result obtained from the 1 ml milk reaction, 3 ml milk and 0.05 ml antigen can be used.", "contents": "A modified milk ring test for detecting Brucella agglutinins in bulk tank coolers. The Milk Ring Test (MRT) can be used to detect Brucella antibodies in tank milk if the following points are considered: (1) Before testing, the milk must be stored at least 72 hours at 6 degrees C. (2) To obtain a reliable reaction one must use 8 ml milk and 0.8 ml antigen, instead of 1 ml milk and 0,05 ml antigen. (3) The 4 vol.% antigen appears to be more sensitive than the 5 vol.% antigen. (4) A standard negative milk sample should be included in a batch to be examined. It can help to determine doubtful results. (5) For further determination of a doubtful result obtained from the 1 ml milk reaction, 3 ml milk and 0.05 ml antigen can be used.", "PMID": 417422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9126", "title": "Tissue distribution and residues of oxytetracycline in normal and emergency-slaughtered ruminants.", "content": "The concentration of oxytetracycline (OCT) in the blood, kidneys urine and meat was determined in a group of clinically normal dairy cows slaughtered at different times after treatment. Drug concentrations were similarly determined in a group of emergency-slaughtered dairy cows and calves. Distribution pattern of the drug in the body, expressed as muscle-drip-to-serum and kidney-cortex-to-serum ratios of the drug concentrations were determined in clinically normal cows and these ratios were compared with the corresponding ratios found in the emergency-slaughtered cows. Attempts were also made to relate changes in the expected ratios to the clinical and pathological findings in the emergency-slaughtered cows. High and persistent levels of the drug in the serum and a slower drug elimination from the body were the main characteristic findings in the sick cows. Drug persistence could not be related to specific tissue uptake or to better drug distribution, although the actual drug concentration in the muscle and the kidney of cows with different clinical pathological findings varied widely and was quite unpredictable. It is concluded that the kinetics of the oxytetracycline residues follow the same pattern as the drug residues in the serum, and these principles seem to apply in normal and in emergency-slaughtered dairy cows.", "contents": "Tissue distribution and residues of oxytetracycline in normal and emergency-slaughtered ruminants. The concentration of oxytetracycline (OCT) in the blood, kidneys urine and meat was determined in a group of clinically normal dairy cows slaughtered at different times after treatment. Drug concentrations were similarly determined in a group of emergency-slaughtered dairy cows and calves. Distribution pattern of the drug in the body, expressed as muscle-drip-to-serum and kidney-cortex-to-serum ratios of the drug concentrations were determined in clinically normal cows and these ratios were compared with the corresponding ratios found in the emergency-slaughtered cows. Attempts were also made to relate changes in the expected ratios to the clinical and pathological findings in the emergency-slaughtered cows. High and persistent levels of the drug in the serum and a slower drug elimination from the body were the main characteristic findings in the sick cows. Drug persistence could not be related to specific tissue uptake or to better drug distribution, although the actual drug concentration in the muscle and the kidney of cows with different clinical pathological findings varied widely and was quite unpredictable. It is concluded that the kinetics of the oxytetracycline residues follow the same pattern as the drug residues in the serum, and these principles seem to apply in normal and in emergency-slaughtered dairy cows.", "PMID": 417423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9127", "title": "Effects of hypertonic glucose and amino acid infusions on pancreatic exocrine function.", "content": "Inhibiting effects of hypertonic glucose and amino-acids on pancreatic exocrine function were studied using mongrel dogs with chronic gastric and pancreatic fistulae. Under the basal stimulation with secretin and pancreoxymin, 20% glucose, 30% glucose and 12% amino acids were given intravenously. Infusion of these substances caused the maximal decreases in pancreatic juice volume and amylase output, to 23% and 11%, respectively (20% glucose), 32% and 29% (30% glucose), and 53% and 42% (12% amino acids). But no significant changes were noted in bicarbonate concentration. When glucose was infused, the rise in levels of blood sugar and IRI was associated with the inhibition of pancreatic exocrine secretion. Aminoacid infusion produced the greatest inhibitory effect on the pancreatic secretion and markedly elevated both the levels of IRI and IRG. Intravenous infusion of glucagon suppressed notably the exocrine function of the pancreas.", "contents": "Effects of hypertonic glucose and amino acid infusions on pancreatic exocrine function. Inhibiting effects of hypertonic glucose and amino-acids on pancreatic exocrine function were studied using mongrel dogs with chronic gastric and pancreatic fistulae. Under the basal stimulation with secretin and pancreoxymin, 20% glucose, 30% glucose and 12% amino acids were given intravenously. Infusion of these substances caused the maximal decreases in pancreatic juice volume and amylase output, to 23% and 11%, respectively (20% glucose), 32% and 29% (30% glucose), and 53% and 42% (12% amino acids). But no significant changes were noted in bicarbonate concentration. When glucose was infused, the rise in levels of blood sugar and IRI was associated with the inhibition of pancreatic exocrine secretion. Aminoacid infusion produced the greatest inhibitory effect on the pancreatic secretion and markedly elevated both the levels of IRI and IRG. Intravenous infusion of glucagon suppressed notably the exocrine function of the pancreas.", "PMID": 417425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9128", "title": "[Radiation therapy in myasthenia gravis (author's transl)].", "content": "The etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis are discussed. We treated 16 patients, 13 of them with conventional X-rays and three by megavoltage irradiation. Our results show that radiotherapy has a definite role in the management of patients with myasthenia gravis and should be considered more frequently in future.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy in myasthenia gravis (author's transl)]. The etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis are discussed. We treated 16 patients, 13 of them with conventional X-rays and three by megavoltage irradiation. Our results show that radiotherapy has a definite role in the management of patients with myasthenia gravis and should be considered more frequently in future.", "PMID": 417426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9129", "title": "Xenon enhanced CT for analysis of cerebral integrity, perfusion, and blood flow.", "content": "Enhancement of the brain substance for CT evaluation using inhaled Xenon is confirmed. This technique was applied to the study of the normal and the embolized adolescent baboon. Healthy cerebral tissue enhances symmetrically, while abnormal areas show significantly diminished enhancement. At maximal enhancement, an indication of gross comparative cerebral perfusion to obtained. By obtaining serial CT scans over a 10 minute time interval, the clearance rate of Xenon (cerebral blood flow) may be evaluated. Xenon-enhanced CT enables a visual and numerical analysis of both brain morphology and physiology.", "contents": "Xenon enhanced CT for analysis of cerebral integrity, perfusion, and blood flow. Enhancement of the brain substance for CT evaluation using inhaled Xenon is confirmed. This technique was applied to the study of the normal and the embolized adolescent baboon. Healthy cerebral tissue enhances symmetrically, while abnormal areas show significantly diminished enhancement. At maximal enhancement, an indication of gross comparative cerebral perfusion to obtained. By obtaining serial CT scans over a 10 minute time interval, the clearance rate of Xenon (cerebral blood flow) may be evaluated. Xenon-enhanced CT enables a visual and numerical analysis of both brain morphology and physiology.", "PMID": 417427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9130", "title": "Is there a real treatment for stroke? Clinical and statistical comparison of different treatments in 300 patients.", "content": "In the absence of universally accepted criteria for the medical treatment of stroke, we made a rigorously randomized comparative study of different treatments in 300 patients. One group of patients received only a general supportive treatment designed to ensure adequate supplies of water, electrolytes and calories, plus whatever was needed to prevent infection and correct extant associated pathology. Three other groups of patients were treated in the same way but were also given, respectively, one of the following medications: Hydergine (Sandoz) (a mixture of three ergot alkaloids), dexamethasone, and mannitol. No statistically significant difference emerged among any of the treatment groups and the reference group in terms of objective therapeutic results. The authors concluded that, at least with the dosage used in this study, none of the treatments proved more useful than conventional supportive therapy in the first 10 days after a stroke.", "contents": "Is there a real treatment for stroke? Clinical and statistical comparison of different treatments in 300 patients. In the absence of universally accepted criteria for the medical treatment of stroke, we made a rigorously randomized comparative study of different treatments in 300 patients. One group of patients received only a general supportive treatment designed to ensure adequate supplies of water, electrolytes and calories, plus whatever was needed to prevent infection and correct extant associated pathology. Three other groups of patients were treated in the same way but were also given, respectively, one of the following medications: Hydergine (Sandoz) (a mixture of three ergot alkaloids), dexamethasone, and mannitol. No statistically significant difference emerged among any of the treatment groups and the reference group in terms of objective therapeutic results. The authors concluded that, at least with the dosage used in this study, none of the treatments proved more useful than conventional supportive therapy in the first 10 days after a stroke.", "PMID": 417428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9131", "title": "Prevention of cerebral infarction in the monkey by omental transposition to the brain.", "content": "The intact omentum of 13 monkeys was lengthened, placed subcutaneously, and laid on the left cerebral hemisphere prior to occluding the left middle cerebral artery. Two of these 13 monkeys developed left cerebral infarct and a right hemiparesis. Nine other monkeys had their left middle cerebral artery occluded without omental protection. All of these 9 developed a left cerebral infarct and 8 of them a right hemiparesis. Intact omentum may prevent a cerebral infarction when placed on the brain prior to MCA occlusion.", "contents": "Prevention of cerebral infarction in the monkey by omental transposition to the brain. The intact omentum of 13 monkeys was lengthened, placed subcutaneously, and laid on the left cerebral hemisphere prior to occluding the left middle cerebral artery. Two of these 13 monkeys developed left cerebral infarct and a right hemiparesis. Nine other monkeys had their left middle cerebral artery occluded without omental protection. All of these 9 developed a left cerebral infarct and 8 of them a right hemiparesis. Intact omentum may prevent a cerebral infarction when placed on the brain prior to MCA occlusion.", "PMID": 417430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9132", "title": "The major histocompatibility complex of rhesus monkeys. VIII. Isolation and partial characterization of SD antigens.", "content": "The structure and chemical nature of the serologically defined (SD) antigens coded by the major histocompatibility complex (RhLA) of rhesus monkeys was studied. The use of specific anti-SD sera allowed the selective isolation of the corresponding antigens from crude antigen preparations. These were obtained by detergent solubilization after incorporation of 3H, 35S, and 14C amino acids in lymphocytes or mitogen-stimulated lymphoblasts. The results indicate that the SD antigens are of proteinaceous nature and are composed of two polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 44,000 and 12,000, the latter being beta 2-microglobulin. No differences in molecular size and subunit composition were detected between antigens of both segregant series. The results are discussed in relation to similar data available for the analogous human and murine histocompatibility antigens.", "contents": "The major histocompatibility complex of rhesus monkeys. VIII. Isolation and partial characterization of SD antigens. The structure and chemical nature of the serologically defined (SD) antigens coded by the major histocompatibility complex (RhLA) of rhesus monkeys was studied. The use of specific anti-SD sera allowed the selective isolation of the corresponding antigens from crude antigen preparations. These were obtained by detergent solubilization after incorporation of 3H, 35S, and 14C amino acids in lymphocytes or mitogen-stimulated lymphoblasts. The results indicate that the SD antigens are of proteinaceous nature and are composed of two polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 44,000 and 12,000, the latter being beta 2-microglobulin. No differences in molecular size and subunit composition were detected between antigens of both segregant series. The results are discussed in relation to similar data available for the analogous human and murine histocompatibility antigens.", "PMID": 417437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9133", "title": "The risk of abbreviating the major crossmatch in urgent or massive transfusion.", "content": "The risk of abbreviating the major crossmatch in urgent situations by issuing blood after an \"immediate spin\" phase was evaluated by a retrospective study of 82,647 crossmatches performed on serum from approximately 13,950 patients. Although the initial screening test for unexpected antibodies for all patients failed to show agglutination or hemolysis of the reagent red blood cells, agglutination was subsequently noted during at least one crossmatch performed for 148 of them. Further evaluation of these patients' serums indicated that most positive reactions were due to weakly reactive low thermal amplitude antibodies. Eight of the incompatible crossmatches were related to antibodies in the Kell, Kidd or Rh systems, and a ninth antibody, anti-E, was identified through subsequent evaluation of a cold antibody-induced crossmatch incompatibility. Issuance of blood in urgent situations after an \"immediate spin\" phase of the crossmatch, for patients whose red blood cells have been typed, and whose serums have been screened for unexpected antibodies, has a low level of risk.", "contents": "The risk of abbreviating the major crossmatch in urgent or massive transfusion. The risk of abbreviating the major crossmatch in urgent situations by issuing blood after an \"immediate spin\" phase was evaluated by a retrospective study of 82,647 crossmatches performed on serum from approximately 13,950 patients. Although the initial screening test for unexpected antibodies for all patients failed to show agglutination or hemolysis of the reagent red blood cells, agglutination was subsequently noted during at least one crossmatch performed for 148 of them. Further evaluation of these patients' serums indicated that most positive reactions were due to weakly reactive low thermal amplitude antibodies. Eight of the incompatible crossmatches were related to antibodies in the Kell, Kidd or Rh systems, and a ninth antibody, anti-E, was identified through subsequent evaluation of a cold antibody-induced crossmatch incompatibility. Issuance of blood in urgent situations after an \"immediate spin\" phase of the crossmatch, for patients whose red blood cells have been typed, and whose serums have been screened for unexpected antibodies, has a low level of risk.", "PMID": 417431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9134", "title": "Granulocyte transfusions for patients with severe thermal burns.", "content": "Ten severely burned (greater than 50% BSA) pediatric and young adult patients developed 19 episodes of clinical sepsis of four or more days duration. During eight of the 19 septic episodes the patients received granulocyte transfusions (median, four; range, two to seven). Risk variables, types and prevalence of infections, mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antibiotic regimens were similar for all the septic episodes studied. All eight episodes (100%) resolved in the transfused group while eight of 11 (72%) episodes resolved in the nontransfused group. Patients survived four episodes of ecthyma gangrenosum when granulocyte transfusions were used and the single episode in which they were not used was fatal. Granulocyte transfusions may be helpful in severely burned patients with sepsis.", "contents": "Granulocyte transfusions for patients with severe thermal burns. Ten severely burned (greater than 50% BSA) pediatric and young adult patients developed 19 episodes of clinical sepsis of four or more days duration. During eight of the 19 septic episodes the patients received granulocyte transfusions (median, four; range, two to seven). Risk variables, types and prevalence of infections, mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antibiotic regimens were similar for all the septic episodes studied. All eight episodes (100%) resolved in the transfused group while eight of 11 (72%) episodes resolved in the nontransfused group. Patients survived four episodes of ecthyma gangrenosum when granulocyte transfusions were used and the single episode in which they were not used was fatal. Granulocyte transfusions may be helpful in severely burned patients with sepsis.", "PMID": 417432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9135", "title": "Quantitative studies of specific and nonspecific second antibody uptake by sensitized erythrocytes.", "content": "Experiments were conducted using the technique of quantitative hemagglutination with an electronic particle counter to study the specific and nonspecific uptake of blood group antibodies by previously sensitized erythrocytes. Specific attachment of a second antibody was impaired by prior RBC sensitization. It was found possible to quantitate simultaneously the amount of both specific and nonspecific second antibody uptake.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of specific and nonspecific second antibody uptake by sensitized erythrocytes. Experiments were conducted using the technique of quantitative hemagglutination with an electronic particle counter to study the specific and nonspecific uptake of blood group antibodies by previously sensitized erythrocytes. Specific attachment of a second antibody was impaired by prior RBC sensitization. It was found possible to quantitate simultaneously the amount of both specific and nonspecific second antibody uptake.", "PMID": 417434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9136", "title": "The effect of an immune RNA (RNAi) against Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice.", "content": "Immune ribonucleic acid (RNAi) was extracted with phenol from the spleen of mice immunized with the avirulent PF strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. These preparations were able to induce immunocompetent cells to answer as a secondary response to later challenges with the virulent Y strain of the same parasite. The preparations of RNAi were\"immunogenic\" and free of proteins. The RNAi preparations were sensitive to pancreatic RNAase and lost their immune effect when pretreated with this enzyme. The injections of normal RNA (RNAn) obtained by the same method showed that this polymer acts as an immuno supressor or competitive agent. The electrophoretic profiles of the RNAi preparations in polyacrylamide gels showed normal and characteristic migration patterns (28S, 18S and 4.5S). These results demonstrate the development of an immune state against T. cruzi infection in mice injected with RNAi, in the absence of living parasites.", "contents": "The effect of an immune RNA (RNAi) against Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. Immune ribonucleic acid (RNAi) was extracted with phenol from the spleen of mice immunized with the avirulent PF strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. These preparations were able to induce immunocompetent cells to answer as a secondary response to later challenges with the virulent Y strain of the same parasite. The preparations of RNAi were\"immunogenic\" and free of proteins. The RNAi preparations were sensitive to pancreatic RNAase and lost their immune effect when pretreated with this enzyme. The injections of normal RNA (RNAn) obtained by the same method showed that this polymer acts as an immuno supressor or competitive agent. The electrophoretic profiles of the RNAi preparations in polyacrylamide gels showed normal and characteristic migration patterns (28S, 18S and 4.5S). These results demonstrate the development of an immune state against T. cruzi infection in mice injected with RNAi, in the absence of living parasites.", "PMID": 417440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9137", "title": "T cell-specific activity in rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin. Correlation with immunosuppresive activity in nonhuman primates.", "content": "Spotaneous E rosette-forming (T) lymphocytes were monitored in the peripheral blood of rhesus monkeys receiving a 5-day course of rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin (RATG) after skin allotransplantation. Mean graft survival in RATG-treated recipients was 32.3 +/- 7.6 (SD) days compared with 8.2 +/- 1.7 (SD) days in controls. The percentage and total number of circulating T cells fell precipitously after RATG treatment and recovered slowly. Linear regression analysis showed that the recovery pattern of the total number of circulating T cells, but not the percentage of T cells, was significantly correlated with rejection. Specific antihuman T cell antibody was detected in RATG preparations after extensive absorption with human erythrocytes, platelets, and B lymphoblastoid cells. The cytotoxic titers of B cell-absorbed RATG preparations to human peripheral blood lymphocytes showed a significant correlation with the mean skin allograft survival times obtained in RATG-treated primates. Overall the data suggest that the immunosuppressive potency of RATG in the primate skin graft assay is related in large part to its anti-T cell activity.", "contents": "T cell-specific activity in rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin. Correlation with immunosuppresive activity in nonhuman primates. Spotaneous E rosette-forming (T) lymphocytes were monitored in the peripheral blood of rhesus monkeys receiving a 5-day course of rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin (RATG) after skin allotransplantation. Mean graft survival in RATG-treated recipients was 32.3 +/- 7.6 (SD) days compared with 8.2 +/- 1.7 (SD) days in controls. The percentage and total number of circulating T cells fell precipitously after RATG treatment and recovered slowly. Linear regression analysis showed that the recovery pattern of the total number of circulating T cells, but not the percentage of T cells, was significantly correlated with rejection. Specific antihuman T cell antibody was detected in RATG preparations after extensive absorption with human erythrocytes, platelets, and B lymphoblastoid cells. The cytotoxic titers of B cell-absorbed RATG preparations to human peripheral blood lymphocytes showed a significant correlation with the mean skin allograft survival times obtained in RATG-treated primates. Overall the data suggest that the immunosuppressive potency of RATG in the primate skin graft assay is related in large part to its anti-T cell activity.", "PMID": 417439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9138", "title": "Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon involving anti-ampicillin.", "content": "A 47-year-old group A, Rh1Rh1 woman treated with intravenous ampicillin for chronic pyelonephritis received two units of blood and also received oral cephalexin. Three months after the transfusions she was noted to have allo-anti-E and anti-c, and a 2+ positive direct antiglobulin test. Anti-E and anti-c could be eluted from her cells, yet neither antigen could be demonstrated on the patient's circulating red blood cells. Also present in the serum and in the eluate was anti-ampicillin antibody. Studies of the patient's red blood cell eluates using ampicillin-treated R1R1 and untreated R2R2 cells demonstrated anti-E complexed with anti-ampicillin in a drug-related example of the Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon. Artificially created mixtures of anti-E and drug antibody could reproduce the effect in vitro. No effect of cephalexin could be demonstrated. The variability of the Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon is discussed with regard to the sequence of antibody attachment, and the possible relationship to cephalexin is discussed. Drug antibodies may be involved in the Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon in cases where another red blood cell antibody cannot be shown to be present.", "contents": "Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon involving anti-ampicillin. A 47-year-old group A, Rh1Rh1 woman treated with intravenous ampicillin for chronic pyelonephritis received two units of blood and also received oral cephalexin. Three months after the transfusions she was noted to have allo-anti-E and anti-c, and a 2+ positive direct antiglobulin test. Anti-E and anti-c could be eluted from her cells, yet neither antigen could be demonstrated on the patient's circulating red blood cells. Also present in the serum and in the eluate was anti-ampicillin antibody. Studies of the patient's red blood cell eluates using ampicillin-treated R1R1 and untreated R2R2 cells demonstrated anti-E complexed with anti-ampicillin in a drug-related example of the Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon. Artificially created mixtures of anti-E and drug antibody could reproduce the effect in vitro. No effect of cephalexin could be demonstrated. The variability of the Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon is discussed with regard to the sequence of antibody attachment, and the possible relationship to cephalexin is discussed. Drug antibodies may be involved in the Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon in cases where another red blood cell antibody cannot be shown to be present.", "PMID": 417436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9139", "title": "Specific IgM and IgGAntibodies in cattle immunized or infected with Theileria annulata.", "content": "Antibodies of the IgM and IgG classes were detected in cattle inoculated with living or dead Theileria annulata. Both types of antibody appeared from 18 to 36 days after inoculation and persisted for up to 120 days, the longest period tested. No diagnostic application could be assigned to the differentiation of the 2 classes of antibody.", "contents": "Specific IgM and IgGAntibodies in cattle immunized or infected with Theileria annulata. Antibodies of the IgM and IgG classes were detected in cattle inoculated with living or dead Theileria annulata. Both types of antibody appeared from 18 to 36 days after inoculation and persisted for up to 120 days, the longest period tested. No diagnostic application could be assigned to the differentiation of the 2 classes of antibody.", "PMID": 417441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9140", "title": "Procainamide-induced hemolytic anemia.", "content": "The paper reports a case of hemolytic anemia induced by procainamide hydrochloride treatment. Decreases in hemoglobin concentration are correlated with 11 months of procainamide treatment along with a marked increase in hemoglobin following cessation of the drug. The patient exhibited no symptoms suggestive of drug-induced Lupus Erythematosus that has been frequently reported as a sequela of procainamide therapy. Direct antiglobulin tests were consistently positive throughout the clinical course, and an ether-eluate prepared from the patient's red blood cells showed panagglutinability. The antibody in the eluate reacted with Rhnull, D--, LW negative, and U negative red blood cells without addition of procainamide or pretreatment of red blood cells with the drug. It is noted that this antibody reacts similarly to the antibody produced as a consequence of alpha-methyl-dopa therapy.", "contents": "Procainamide-induced hemolytic anemia. The paper reports a case of hemolytic anemia induced by procainamide hydrochloride treatment. Decreases in hemoglobin concentration are correlated with 11 months of procainamide treatment along with a marked increase in hemoglobin following cessation of the drug. The patient exhibited no symptoms suggestive of drug-induced Lupus Erythematosus that has been frequently reported as a sequela of procainamide therapy. Direct antiglobulin tests were consistently positive throughout the clinical course, and an ether-eluate prepared from the patient's red blood cells showed panagglutinability. The antibody in the eluate reacted with Rhnull, D--, LW negative, and U negative red blood cells without addition of procainamide or pretreatment of red blood cells with the drug. It is noted that this antibody reacts similarly to the antibody produced as a consequence of alpha-methyl-dopa therapy.", "PMID": 417435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9141", "title": "Abnormalities of the ureteral bud.", "content": "The development and incorporation of the ureteric bud into the developing bladder is a complex process, and it is influenced by events occurring at the same time in the development of other systems in the perineum. Knowledge of the embryology of the ureteric bud and associated wolffian duct is the key to understanding the development of the entire genitourinary system. If the normal embryology is understood, the dysembryogenesis that results in many of the common anomalies of the lower urinary system is simplified. Many of the concepts proposed in this discussion are well substantiated, others are more difficult to prove conclusively. It is believed, however, that the embryologic approach provides a simplified understanding of many of the common problems encountered in pediatric urology. The key in clinical practice to the diagnosis and understanding of these defects is the cystoscopic examination. Careful assessment of the orifice's position, appearance, and tunnel length will allow the interpretation of how the abnormality came about, and also provides valuable information concerning the state of the associated renal segment. This in turn allow better therapeutic management of the problem based on the knowledge of the severity of the renal anomaly associated with the abnormality found in the bladder.", "contents": "Abnormalities of the ureteral bud. The development and incorporation of the ureteric bud into the developing bladder is a complex process, and it is influenced by events occurring at the same time in the development of other systems in the perineum. Knowledge of the embryology of the ureteric bud and associated wolffian duct is the key to understanding the development of the entire genitourinary system. If the normal embryology is understood, the dysembryogenesis that results in many of the common anomalies of the lower urinary system is simplified. Many of the concepts proposed in this discussion are well substantiated, others are more difficult to prove conclusively. It is believed, however, that the embryologic approach provides a simplified understanding of many of the common problems encountered in pediatric urology. The key in clinical practice to the diagnosis and understanding of these defects is the cystoscopic examination. Careful assessment of the orifice's position, appearance, and tunnel length will allow the interpretation of how the abnormality came about, and also provides valuable information concerning the state of the associated renal segment. This in turn allow better therapeutic management of the problem based on the knowledge of the severity of the renal anomaly associated with the abnormality found in the bladder.", "PMID": 417443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9142", "title": "The acute effects of various cytotoxic compounds injected into the prostate glands of dogs.", "content": "The acute effects of direct injections with various cytotoxic compounds into the prostates of adult dogs were studied microscopically. The effects remained localised to the site of injection, with no diffusion of the agents into other areas of the prostate. No systemic effects were observed despite the high concentrations used. The main histological changes consisted of local aseptic necrosis at the injection site surrounded by atrophy of the acinar epithelium.", "contents": "The acute effects of various cytotoxic compounds injected into the prostate glands of dogs. The acute effects of direct injections with various cytotoxic compounds into the prostates of adult dogs were studied microscopically. The effects remained localised to the site of injection, with no diffusion of the agents into other areas of the prostate. No systemic effects were observed despite the high concentrations used. The main histological changes consisted of local aseptic necrosis at the injection site surrounded by atrophy of the acinar epithelium.", "PMID": 417447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9143", "title": "Immunoglobulin production by human-mouse somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Studies on immunoglobulin production in human-mouse somatic cell hybrids suggest: 1. The structural genes for heavy chain immunoglobulins are carried on chromsome 6, probably on the short arm or the proximal half of the long arm of the chromosome. 2. The structural gene for kappa light chain immunoglobulin may be carried on chromsome 11. 3. The occurrence of immunoglobulin molecules on the cell surface requires the presence of chromosome 2.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin production by human-mouse somatic cell hybrids. Studies on immunoglobulin production in human-mouse somatic cell hybrids suggest: 1. The structural genes for heavy chain immunoglobulins are carried on chromsome 6, probably on the short arm or the proximal half of the long arm of the chromosome. 2. The structural gene for kappa light chain immunoglobulin may be carried on chromsome 11. 3. The occurrence of immunoglobulin molecules on the cell surface requires the presence of chromosome 2.", "PMID": 417448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9144", "title": "[Complications after total endoprosthesis of the hip joint].", "content": "On the grounds of the literature data and his own findings the author analyzes the complications occurring in total endoprothetics of the hip joint. The following complications were observed: formation of para-articular ossifications (7), wound infection (1), dislocation of the endoprothesis socket from the acetabulum (1), fracture of the femur (2), laxity of the prothesis pedicle (1), thrombophlebitis (2), postoperative bleeding (1). Various aspects of this problem are covered in the article.", "contents": "[Complications after total endoprosthesis of the hip joint]. On the grounds of the literature data and his own findings the author analyzes the complications occurring in total endoprothetics of the hip joint. The following complications were observed: formation of para-articular ossifications (7), wound infection (1), dislocation of the endoprothesis socket from the acetabulum (1), fracture of the femur (2), laxity of the prothesis pedicle (1), thrombophlebitis (2), postoperative bleeding (1). Various aspects of this problem are covered in the article.", "PMID": 417451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9145", "title": "Recovery of Brucella abortus in culture from a 5 ml sample of bovine blood.", "content": "Calvings in a herd infected by Brucella abortus were monitored by cultural examination of milk and mucus and by serological and cultural examination of 5 ml samples of the blood. Out of 129 samples from which culture of B abortus was attempted, only one yielded a positive result.", "contents": "Recovery of Brucella abortus in culture from a 5 ml sample of bovine blood. Calvings in a herd infected by Brucella abortus were monitored by cultural examination of milk and mucus and by serological and cultural examination of 5 ml samples of the blood. Out of 129 samples from which culture of B abortus was attempted, only one yielded a positive result.", "PMID": 417452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9146", "title": "Cell kinetics of mouse urinary bladder epithelium. VI. Changes in the proportions of cells with various nuclear DNA content after repeated doses of propylene glycol (1,2 propanediol).", "content": "A dose of 0.2 ml propylene glycol (1,2 propanediol) was injected subcutaneously into 12 hairless mice three times a week for three months. Four animals were killed at 1, 2 and 3 months and micro-flow fluorometric histograms of the bladder epithelial cells were made. The proportion of cells in diploid S phase was not much altered, but the proportion of tetraploid S-phase cells was significantly reduced and at three months DNA synthesis in tetraploid cells completely disappeared. The proportion of diploid cells increased, the proportion of tetraploids was slightly reduced and almost all octoploid cells disappeared. The changes are qualitatively similar to those seen after the bladder carcinogen dibutylnitrosamine, and after repeated injections of cyclophosphamide, but quantitatively much less pronounced. They can be explained as a result of cell toxicity whereby propylene glycol kills some bladder epithelial cells and disturbs the mechanism of repeated DNA synthesis. Propylene glycol is thus not a completely harmless solvent and when the kinetic effects of bladder carcinogens dissolved in propylene glycol are studied, the effect of the solvent alone must be accounted for.", "contents": "Cell kinetics of mouse urinary bladder epithelium. VI. Changes in the proportions of cells with various nuclear DNA content after repeated doses of propylene glycol (1,2 propanediol). A dose of 0.2 ml propylene glycol (1,2 propanediol) was injected subcutaneously into 12 hairless mice three times a week for three months. Four animals were killed at 1, 2 and 3 months and micro-flow fluorometric histograms of the bladder epithelial cells were made. The proportion of cells in diploid S phase was not much altered, but the proportion of tetraploid S-phase cells was significantly reduced and at three months DNA synthesis in tetraploid cells completely disappeared. The proportion of diploid cells increased, the proportion of tetraploids was slightly reduced and almost all octoploid cells disappeared. The changes are qualitatively similar to those seen after the bladder carcinogen dibutylnitrosamine, and after repeated injections of cyclophosphamide, but quantitatively much less pronounced. They can be explained as a result of cell toxicity whereby propylene glycol kills some bladder epithelial cells and disturbs the mechanism of repeated DNA synthesis. Propylene glycol is thus not a completely harmless solvent and when the kinetic effects of bladder carcinogens dissolved in propylene glycol are studied, the effect of the solvent alone must be accounted for.", "PMID": 417454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9147", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in the spleen. Investigation of Hodgkin foci and areas for the immune response.", "content": "Spleens with proven though small Hodgkin lesions were examined expecially in relation to the lymphoid tissue normally engaged in the immune response. These Hodgkin foci were always very close to small arteries and surrounded by a lymphocyte corona. Most of the red and white pulp seemed normal, but in some instances abnormal looking large and also multinucleated cells were found scattered through the p.a.l.s. and especially through some follicles. It is considered possible that these isolated cellular abnormalities in the white pulp, when associated with pre-existent Hodgkin foci, represent early Hodgkin lesions. The implications for the dissemination of the disease are discussed. Spread of malignant cells to the spleen is only acceptable within the concept of a homing principle. It is also possible that the lesions arise \"de novo\". The nature of the observed abnormal cells is not clear. An explanation for the origin of these Sternberg-Reed-like cells from B-lymphocytes would be in accordance with recent data, but another possibility still is that they originate from antigen trapping cells.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in the spleen. Investigation of Hodgkin foci and areas for the immune response. Spleens with proven though small Hodgkin lesions were examined expecially in relation to the lymphoid tissue normally engaged in the immune response. These Hodgkin foci were always very close to small arteries and surrounded by a lymphocyte corona. Most of the red and white pulp seemed normal, but in some instances abnormal looking large and also multinucleated cells were found scattered through the p.a.l.s. and especially through some follicles. It is considered possible that these isolated cellular abnormalities in the white pulp, when associated with pre-existent Hodgkin foci, represent early Hodgkin lesions. The implications for the dissemination of the disease are discussed. Spread of malignant cells to the spleen is only acceptable within the concept of a homing principle. It is also possible that the lesions arise \"de novo\". The nature of the observed abnormal cells is not clear. An explanation for the origin of these Sternberg-Reed-like cells from B-lymphocytes would be in accordance with recent data, but another possibility still is that they originate from antigen trapping cells.", "PMID": 417455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9148", "title": "The in vivo differentiation of murine neuroblastoma.", "content": "C1300 neuroblastoma was implanted with regenerating skeletal muscle to study the role of tissue interactions during tumor cell differentiation. Combined tumor-muscle implants, placed subcutaneously or within diffusion chambers were compared with control tumors implanted without muscle. Neuroblastoma implanted with injured muscle undergoes a partial neuronal differentiation. The tumor cells lose their normal round cell configuration and develop numerous cytoplasmic processes. Accompanying these outward changes are an increased content of microtubules in the neuritic processes; the appearance of glial-like processes containing abundant microfilaments; and the occurrence of growth vesicles identical to those of the growth cones of normal neurites. Although the implants usually contain large numbers of regenerated myofibers, tumor cell differentiation is not dependent upon the presence of these newly formed fibers. Tumor differentiation occurs equally well on the surfaces of degenerating muscle fragments, fibrin deposits and on the membrane surfaces of the diffusion chambers. These observations suggest that non-specific cell surface phenomena, rather than neuromuscular interactions were primarily responsible for the tumor cell differentiation in vivo.", "contents": "The in vivo differentiation of murine neuroblastoma. C1300 neuroblastoma was implanted with regenerating skeletal muscle to study the role of tissue interactions during tumor cell differentiation. Combined tumor-muscle implants, placed subcutaneously or within diffusion chambers were compared with control tumors implanted without muscle. Neuroblastoma implanted with injured muscle undergoes a partial neuronal differentiation. The tumor cells lose their normal round cell configuration and develop numerous cytoplasmic processes. Accompanying these outward changes are an increased content of microtubules in the neuritic processes; the appearance of glial-like processes containing abundant microfilaments; and the occurrence of growth vesicles identical to those of the growth cones of normal neurites. Although the implants usually contain large numbers of regenerated myofibers, tumor cell differentiation is not dependent upon the presence of these newly formed fibers. Tumor differentiation occurs equally well on the surfaces of degenerating muscle fragments, fibrin deposits and on the membrane surfaces of the diffusion chambers. These observations suggest that non-specific cell surface phenomena, rather than neuromuscular interactions were primarily responsible for the tumor cell differentiation in vivo.", "PMID": 417456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9149", "title": "Morphogenesis and significance of fibrous bodies in human pituitary adenomas.", "content": "In the course of light and electron microscopic studies of 142 surgically-removed human pituitary adenomas, 28 tumors were found containing fibrous bodies composed of type II microfilaments with an average width of 115A. These spherical structures, measuring up to 4-5 micrometer occur exclusively in sparsely granulated growth hormone cells and acidophil stem cells, but as revealed by the immunoperoxidase technique, contain no growth hormone. Fibrous bodies are located in the Golgi region and are consistently associated with Golgi membranes and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Their association with centrioles is thought to be anatomical rather than functional. Several adenoma cells possess spherical formations composed entirely of smooth-walled membranes or transitional forms between smooth tubules and type II microfilaments, suggesting that smooth membranes may play a key role in the production of fibrillar substance. Fibrous bodies appear to be reliable morphologic markers and are valuable in the differential diagnosis of pituitary adenomas.", "contents": "Morphogenesis and significance of fibrous bodies in human pituitary adenomas. In the course of light and electron microscopic studies of 142 surgically-removed human pituitary adenomas, 28 tumors were found containing fibrous bodies composed of type II microfilaments with an average width of 115A. These spherical structures, measuring up to 4-5 micrometer occur exclusively in sparsely granulated growth hormone cells and acidophil stem cells, but as revealed by the immunoperoxidase technique, contain no growth hormone. Fibrous bodies are located in the Golgi region and are consistently associated with Golgi membranes and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Their association with centrioles is thought to be anatomical rather than functional. Several adenoma cells possess spherical formations composed entirely of smooth-walled membranes or transitional forms between smooth tubules and type II microfilaments, suggesting that smooth membranes may play a key role in the production of fibrillar substance. Fibrous bodies appear to be reliable morphologic markers and are valuable in the differential diagnosis of pituitary adenomas.", "PMID": 417457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9150", "title": "Morphology of the rectinal pigment epithelium in the vitamin A deficient rat.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and adjacent photoreceptor cells have been followed in the Wistar rat during the course of long-term vitamin A deficiency. Of particular interest has been the discovery of unusual concentric aggregates within the photoreceptor outer segments and the inner cytoplasm of the RPE. The aggregates were present throughout the course of the retinal degeneration induced by vitamin A deficiency and could be identified in the RPE either by themselves in the apical cytoplasm or within phagolysosomes. It is postulated that the concentric aggregates result initially from abnormal formation or condensation of outer segment membranes and are then slowly degraded by lysosomal action in the RPE cytoplasm. In addition, acid phosphatase activity and typical phagosomes (shed outer segment packets) have been demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the RPE of the vitamin A deficient rats. The latter findings indicate that, at least to some extent, the normal phagocytic and lytic processes of the RPE are retained in this nutritional disorder.", "contents": "Morphology of the rectinal pigment epithelium in the vitamin A deficient rat. Ultrastructural changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and adjacent photoreceptor cells have been followed in the Wistar rat during the course of long-term vitamin A deficiency. Of particular interest has been the discovery of unusual concentric aggregates within the photoreceptor outer segments and the inner cytoplasm of the RPE. The aggregates were present throughout the course of the retinal degeneration induced by vitamin A deficiency and could be identified in the RPE either by themselves in the apical cytoplasm or within phagolysosomes. It is postulated that the concentric aggregates result initially from abnormal formation or condensation of outer segment membranes and are then slowly degraded by lysosomal action in the RPE cytoplasm. In addition, acid phosphatase activity and typical phagosomes (shed outer segment packets) have been demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the RPE of the vitamin A deficient rats. The latter findings indicate that, at least to some extent, the normal phagocytic and lytic processes of the RPE are retained in this nutritional disorder.", "PMID": 417458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9151", "title": "Effects of antimitotic agents either free or bound to DNA on mouse peritoneal macrophages cultivated in vitro.", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages were cultivated in vitro and treated with ethidium bromide (EB) or with cis-dichloro-diammine platinum (II) (cis-Pt). EB provokes strong cytological alterations and cell degeneration; cis-Pt was not toxic under our experimental contitions. EB-DNA complex penetrates into the macrophages, is liberated from DNA in vacuoles, then diffuses into the cell and is highly cytotoxic. Cis-Pt-DNA complex also penetrates into the cells, but cis-Pt cannot be released from DNA, cis-Pt-DNA complex accumulates inside cytoplasmic vacuoles but has no cytotoxic activity.", "contents": "Effects of antimitotic agents either free or bound to DNA on mouse peritoneal macrophages cultivated in vitro. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were cultivated in vitro and treated with ethidium bromide (EB) or with cis-dichloro-diammine platinum (II) (cis-Pt). EB provokes strong cytological alterations and cell degeneration; cis-Pt was not toxic under our experimental contitions. EB-DNA complex penetrates into the macrophages, is liberated from DNA in vacuoles, then diffuses into the cell and is highly cytotoxic. Cis-Pt-DNA complex also penetrates into the cells, but cis-Pt cannot be released from DNA, cis-Pt-DNA complex accumulates inside cytoplasmic vacuoles but has no cytotoxic activity.", "PMID": 417459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9152", "title": "Ultrastructural changes of human sural nerves in the neuropathy induced by intrauterine methylmercury poisoning (so-called fetal Minamata disease).", "content": "Biopsy of the sural nerve was performed on three patients with severe Minamata disease of more than 10 years duration. There were so many unmyelinated and poorly myelinated nerve fibers that myelinated fibers scattered irregularly in small numbers or in groups of peculiar features in the intraneural bundle. Abnormaly thin or poorly formed myelin sheaths were noticed. Incomplete myelination and abnormal myelination varied in size and shape appeared as fetal anomaly. Regenerated axons extremely small in size remained singly or in groups following regenerative sprouting. Sometimes, extremely small axons with normal myelination were noticeable, while the axons were lost, leaving myelin sheaths. Axons occasionally contained increased neurofilaments. Schwann cells were not so increased as in adult Minamata disease. Degenerative changes of nerve fibers still proceeded, presumably because the patients lived in the mercury-contaminated district. Myelin degenerations and glycogen deposits in the axoplasm were identified.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes of human sural nerves in the neuropathy induced by intrauterine methylmercury poisoning (so-called fetal Minamata disease). Biopsy of the sural nerve was performed on three patients with severe Minamata disease of more than 10 years duration. There were so many unmyelinated and poorly myelinated nerve fibers that myelinated fibers scattered irregularly in small numbers or in groups of peculiar features in the intraneural bundle. Abnormaly thin or poorly formed myelin sheaths were noticed. Incomplete myelination and abnormal myelination varied in size and shape appeared as fetal anomaly. Regenerated axons extremely small in size remained singly or in groups following regenerative sprouting. Sometimes, extremely small axons with normal myelination were noticeable, while the axons were lost, leaving myelin sheaths. Axons occasionally contained increased neurofilaments. Schwann cells were not so increased as in adult Minamata disease. Degenerative changes of nerve fibers still proceeded, presumably because the patients lived in the mercury-contaminated district. Myelin degenerations and glycogen deposits in the axoplasm were identified.", "PMID": 417462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9153", "title": "C3b and c3d receptor sites on human fibroblasts derived from several human tissues.", "content": "The C3b and C3d receptor sites on one cell line of human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38) were reported in previous papers [3, 4]. In this paper we describe that C3b and C3d receptor sites can also be detected in fibroblast cell lines derived from other human tissues. We consider that C3b and C3d receptors are normally found on the cell surfaces of all human fibroblasts.", "contents": "C3b and c3d receptor sites on human fibroblasts derived from several human tissues. The C3b and C3d receptor sites on one cell line of human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38) were reported in previous papers [3, 4]. In this paper we describe that C3b and C3d receptor sites can also be detected in fibroblast cell lines derived from other human tissues. We consider that C3b and C3d receptors are normally found on the cell surfaces of all human fibroblasts.", "PMID": 417463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9154", "title": "C-cell in vestiges of the ultimobranchial body in human thyroid glands.", "content": "Calcitonin-containing cells were demonstrated in the so-called solid cell nests of three human thyroid glands, which supports the theory of the ultimobranchial origin of these cell nests.", "contents": "C-cell in vestiges of the ultimobranchial body in human thyroid glands. Calcitonin-containing cells were demonstrated in the so-called solid cell nests of three human thyroid glands, which supports the theory of the ultimobranchial origin of these cell nests.", "PMID": 417465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9155", "title": "[Comparative study of the action of carcinogenic substances that induce transplacental blastomogenesis in rabbits].", "content": "The injection of blastomogenic agents--ENM, MNM, DMBA and BP in rabbits during the last third of the pregnancy period would induce in their offspring tumors mostly of peripheral nerves and kidney. Ethylnitrosourea shows the highest blastomogenic activity in rabbits than other carcinogens; it also exhibits a rather pronounced neurotropic blastomogenic effect. Relative tropism to different organs and tissues characteristic of carcinogens in their effect on the adult organism is not always manifested in transplacental blastomogenesis. Transplacental tumors induced in rabbits are of special importance, since thus the model of a neoplasm, most frequently observed in children, may be obtained.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the action of carcinogenic substances that induce transplacental blastomogenesis in rabbits]. The injection of blastomogenic agents--ENM, MNM, DMBA and BP in rabbits during the last third of the pregnancy period would induce in their offspring tumors mostly of peripheral nerves and kidney. Ethylnitrosourea shows the highest blastomogenic activity in rabbits than other carcinogens; it also exhibits a rather pronounced neurotropic blastomogenic effect. Relative tropism to different organs and tissues characteristic of carcinogens in their effect on the adult organism is not always manifested in transplacental blastomogenesis. Transplacental tumors induced in rabbits are of special importance, since thus the model of a neoplasm, most frequently observed in children, may be obtained.", "PMID": 417468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9156", "title": "[Thyroid gland function in obesity].", "content": "It is reported on in vitro tests of the thyroid gland in 7 males with normal weight and 9 adipose ones. No clear difference was found in the two groups. The TSH level, too, after TRH stimulation is not significantly different so that a latent primary hypothyroidism cannot be ascertained.", "contents": "[Thyroid gland function in obesity]. It is reported on in vitro tests of the thyroid gland in 7 males with normal weight and 9 adipose ones. No clear difference was found in the two groups. The TSH level, too, after TRH stimulation is not significantly different so that a latent primary hypothyroidism cannot be ascertained.", "PMID": 417476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9157", "title": "[Fragmentation of DNA of monkey adenovirus type 7 by specific endonucleases R. SalI and R. BamI].", "content": "The effect of restrictive endonucleases R. Ecor I, R. Bam I, and R. Sal I on simian adenovirus type 7 (SA7) genome was studied. Because of the occurrence of the only recognition site, the R. EcoR I enzyme cuts SA7 DNA into two fragments with molecular mass of 12 and 10 X 10(6) daltons. R. Ram I cuts this DNA in 6 sites producing 7 fragments with molecular mass 6.6, 5.9, 3.8, 2.7, 1.3, 0.7 and 0.6 X 10(6) daltons. Treatment with R. Sal I gives 6 fragments with molecular mass of 8.1, 5.5, 4.3, 2.45, 1.2, and 0.6 X 10(6) daltons R. Bam I and R. Sal I fragments form the sequence E--A--D--F--C--G--B and A--B--D--F--E--C, respectively. The only recognition site of R. EcoR I is localized in the C fragment of R. Bam I and B fragment of R. Sal I.", "contents": "[Fragmentation of DNA of monkey adenovirus type 7 by specific endonucleases R. SalI and R. BamI]. The effect of restrictive endonucleases R. Ecor I, R. Bam I, and R. Sal I on simian adenovirus type 7 (SA7) genome was studied. Because of the occurrence of the only recognition site, the R. EcoR I enzyme cuts SA7 DNA into two fragments with molecular mass of 12 and 10 X 10(6) daltons. R. Ram I cuts this DNA in 6 sites producing 7 fragments with molecular mass 6.6, 5.9, 3.8, 2.7, 1.3, 0.7 and 0.6 X 10(6) daltons. Treatment with R. Sal I gives 6 fragments with molecular mass of 8.1, 5.5, 4.3, 2.45, 1.2, and 0.6 X 10(6) daltons R. Bam I and R. Sal I fragments form the sequence E--A--D--F--C--G--B and A--B--D--F--E--C, respectively. The only recognition site of R. EcoR I is localized in the C fragment of R. Bam I and B fragment of R. Sal I.", "PMID": 417472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9158", "title": "[Intramural diverticulosis and adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder].", "content": "Issuing from an own observation the clinical picture of the adenomyomatosis and the intramural diverticulosis of the gall bladder is considered from the clinical, radiological and pathologo-anatomical point of view. The opinions which are not homogeneous are explained and discussed. Also abortive forms may radiologically be proved with probability.", "contents": "[Intramural diverticulosis and adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder]. Issuing from an own observation the clinical picture of the adenomyomatosis and the intramural diverticulosis of the gall bladder is considered from the clinical, radiological and pathologo-anatomical point of view. The opinions which are not homogeneous are explained and discussed. Also abortive forms may radiologically be proved with probability.", "PMID": 417477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9159", "title": "[Infections model involving the mouse in experimental burns].", "content": "By help of four differently virulent strains of pycocyanic pseudomonas standardized infections were induced, which may be the basis for further immunologic investigations.", "contents": "[Infections model involving the mouse in experimental burns]. By help of four differently virulent strains of pycocyanic pseudomonas standardized infections were induced, which may be the basis for further immunologic investigations.", "PMID": 417478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9160", "title": "[Effect of infection on the immune system in burns in animal experiments].", "content": "After discussing a model of infection in mice and the possibility of active immunization against pyocyanic pseudomonas, the authors describe the effect of a lipid-protein-complex achieved from isolated burnt mouse skin on pseudomonas infection. First results showed that sublethal amounts of that complex at otherwise less pathogenic suspension of pseudomonas cause a lethality of 100 per cent. This effect can partially inhibited by application of antitoxic IgG. The lethal course was not primarily caused by the infection but by the above mentioned complex which significantly lowers the resistance against pyocyanic pseudomonas.", "contents": "[Effect of infection on the immune system in burns in animal experiments]. After discussing a model of infection in mice and the possibility of active immunization against pyocyanic pseudomonas, the authors describe the effect of a lipid-protein-complex achieved from isolated burnt mouse skin on pseudomonas infection. First results showed that sublethal amounts of that complex at otherwise less pathogenic suspension of pseudomonas cause a lethality of 100 per cent. This effect can partially inhibited by application of antitoxic IgG. The lethal course was not primarily caused by the infection but by the above mentioned complex which significantly lowers the resistance against pyocyanic pseudomonas.", "PMID": 417479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9161", "title": "Sensory nerve endings in the penis in green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus).", "content": "The authors examined the sensory innervation of the skin in the penis in green monkey in four adult individuals both in the light and in the elctron microscope. They found 3 kings of nerve endings. The free nerve endings were the most frequently occurring kind of nerve endings in the superficial layers of the corium--altogether 6,444 in number. The second kind of sensory nerve endings is represented by the glomerular endings out of which 96 per cent were found in the papillae. The typical Meissner's endings were observed in the light microscopy only rarely. Deeper in the corium the authors also found single simple sensory corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles. Studying the ultrastructure the authors found in the papillae of the corium 4 types of glomerular endings: quite simple glomerular endings with irregularly arranged Schwann cells, larger and more complicated glomerular endings having a thicker capsule, endings with lamellar system around the terminals and typical Meissner's endings. In the epidermis the authors observed naked axons which passed in the spaces among the epidermal cells. They contained an accumulation of mitochondria. In the basal cell layer of the epidermis there was a small amount of Langerhans cells.", "contents": "Sensory nerve endings in the penis in green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). The authors examined the sensory innervation of the skin in the penis in green monkey in four adult individuals both in the light and in the elctron microscope. They found 3 kings of nerve endings. The free nerve endings were the most frequently occurring kind of nerve endings in the superficial layers of the corium--altogether 6,444 in number. The second kind of sensory nerve endings is represented by the glomerular endings out of which 96 per cent were found in the papillae. The typical Meissner's endings were observed in the light microscopy only rarely. Deeper in the corium the authors also found single simple sensory corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles. Studying the ultrastructure the authors found in the papillae of the corium 4 types of glomerular endings: quite simple glomerular endings with irregularly arranged Schwann cells, larger and more complicated glomerular endings having a thicker capsule, endings with lamellar system around the terminals and typical Meissner's endings. In the epidermis the authors observed naked axons which passed in the spaces among the epidermal cells. They contained an accumulation of mitochondria. In the basal cell layer of the epidermis there was a small amount of Langerhans cells.", "PMID": 417480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9162", "title": "Studies on Sarcocystis in Malaysia. I. Sarcocystis levinei n. sp. from the water buffalo Bubalus bubalis.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies and feeding experiments have confirmed the presence of two species of Sarcocystis in the water buffalo Bubalus bubalis. One is the already known species with large macroscopic sarcocysts, Sarcocystis fusiformia (Railliet, 1897) Bernard and Bauche, 1912 and the other is S. levinei n. sp. which is being described in detail. The sarcocysts of S. levinei are 0.9 x 0.1 mm and the zoites in them 17.8 x 4.2 micrometer. Ultrastructurally, the primary cyst wall shows sloping villi with irregular wavy outlines. Within the villi are coarse granules and annulated fibrils. Trabeculae are present. The sexual stages of S. levinei occur in the subepithelial tissue of the small intestine of the dog and sporocysts shed by this definitive host are 15-16 by 10 micrometer.", "contents": "Studies on Sarcocystis in Malaysia. I. Sarcocystis levinei n. sp. from the water buffalo Bubalus bubalis. Light and electron microscopic studies and feeding experiments have confirmed the presence of two species of Sarcocystis in the water buffalo Bubalus bubalis. One is the already known species with large macroscopic sarcocysts, Sarcocystis fusiformia (Railliet, 1897) Bernard and Bauche, 1912 and the other is S. levinei n. sp. which is being described in detail. The sarcocysts of S. levinei are 0.9 x 0.1 mm and the zoites in them 17.8 x 4.2 micrometer. Ultrastructurally, the primary cyst wall shows sloping villi with irregular wavy outlines. Within the villi are coarse granules and annulated fibrils. Trabeculae are present. The sexual stages of S. levinei occur in the subepithelial tissue of the small intestine of the dog and sporocysts shed by this definitive host are 15-16 by 10 micrometer.", "PMID": 417481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9163", "title": "[The efficacy of praziquantel against experimental cysticercosis and hydatidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Praziquantel is active against cysticerci in experimentally infected mice, rabbits, sheep and cattle. After single or repeated application the infectious stages of Hymenolepis nana, Cysticercus fasciolaris, C. pisiformis, C. tennuicollis and C. bovis were killed. The compound is more active against older than against younger stages as demonstrated with H. nana-cystecercoids and C. fasciolaris in mice. Against the tetrahyridia of Mesocestoides corti in mice praziquantel is only effective after an intraperitoneal application of an oily suspension. Praziquantel shows also activity in rodents against the infectious protoscolices of Echinococcus multilocularis but failed to inhibit the growth of the hydatid cysts.", "contents": "[The efficacy of praziquantel against experimental cysticercosis and hydatidosis (author's transl)]. Praziquantel is active against cysticerci in experimentally infected mice, rabbits, sheep and cattle. After single or repeated application the infectious stages of Hymenolepis nana, Cysticercus fasciolaris, C. pisiformis, C. tennuicollis and C. bovis were killed. The compound is more active against older than against younger stages as demonstrated with H. nana-cystecercoids and C. fasciolaris in mice. Against the tetrahyridia of Mesocestoides corti in mice praziquantel is only effective after an intraperitoneal application of an oily suspension. Praziquantel shows also activity in rodents against the infectious protoscolices of Echinococcus multilocularis but failed to inhibit the growth of the hydatid cysts.", "PMID": 417482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9164", "title": "Development of listeria monocytogenes in monoxenic and polyxenic beef minces.", "content": "The objective of this study was to determine the multiplication possibilities of Listeria monocytogenes in beef minces with a defined microflora (gnotoxenic). Selective counts were made for each species and each bacterial association for a period of 17 days after inoculation of the axenic meat. The concentration of L. monocytogenes did not increase, but remained constant in monoxenic meats. Associated with Lactobacillus plantarum, the number of Listeria tended to decrease. Conversely, in association with P. fluorescens, L. monocytogenes definitely multiplied, especially in polyxenic meats, the microflora of which is similar to that of conventional meats. Consequently, it seems that meat might constitute a source of L. monocytogenes infection.", "contents": "Development of listeria monocytogenes in monoxenic and polyxenic beef minces. The objective of this study was to determine the multiplication possibilities of Listeria monocytogenes in beef minces with a defined microflora (gnotoxenic). Selective counts were made for each species and each bacterial association for a period of 17 days after inoculation of the axenic meat. The concentration of L. monocytogenes did not increase, but remained constant in monoxenic meats. Associated with Lactobacillus plantarum, the number of Listeria tended to decrease. Conversely, in association with P. fluorescens, L. monocytogenes definitely multiplied, especially in polyxenic meats, the microflora of which is similar to that of conventional meats. Consequently, it seems that meat might constitute a source of L. monocytogenes infection.", "PMID": 417516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9165", "title": "[Participating therapy of a compulsive neurosis. The history of a monastery student].", "content": "The case represented above reminds the description of Freud concerning the special relationship in obsessive neurosis to the theme of death, i.e. that these patients find a constant preoccupation in reflecting over the duration of life as well as of the possibility of death of those who are in close relationship to them. Furthermore, the world in which our patient lives, has the quality of threatening and rejecting (\"Drohung und Abstossung\") described by von Gebsattel in his study on the phenomenology of the obsessional.--The young special-school teacher who was 24 years old in the beginning of the therapy, suffered not only from depression, but from obsessions in thinking certain thoughts, and compulsions, mainly controls. The facts in his fate: early death of the mother, sickness of the father, a congenital abnormity of one eye which demanded several operations, and, last not least, school-years passed in a college of Benedictine monchs, created the roots of his neurosis. And when, in the age of 20 years, he fell in love with a girl, he had to discover that she was suffering from Hodgkin disease, which put him in the dilemma whether to stay with her or to seperate. In this situation he asked for therapeutic help which proceedings were reflected in a rich material of dreams.", "contents": "[Participating therapy of a compulsive neurosis. The history of a monastery student]. The case represented above reminds the description of Freud concerning the special relationship in obsessive neurosis to the theme of death, i.e. that these patients find a constant preoccupation in reflecting over the duration of life as well as of the possibility of death of those who are in close relationship to them. Furthermore, the world in which our patient lives, has the quality of threatening and rejecting (\"Drohung und Abstossung\") described by von Gebsattel in his study on the phenomenology of the obsessional.--The young special-school teacher who was 24 years old in the beginning of the therapy, suffered not only from depression, but from obsessions in thinking certain thoughts, and compulsions, mainly controls. The facts in his fate: early death of the mother, sickness of the father, a congenital abnormity of one eye which demanded several operations, and, last not least, school-years passed in a college of Benedictine monchs, created the roots of his neurosis. And when, in the age of 20 years, he fell in love with a girl, he had to discover that she was suffering from Hodgkin disease, which put him in the dilemma whether to stay with her or to seperate. In this situation he asked for therapeutic help which proceedings were reflected in a rich material of dreams.", "PMID": 417514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9166", "title": "[Effect of single impulses on cochlear microphone potentials of the guinea-pig cochlea].", "content": "The influence of highly intensive single impulses on the cochlea of guinea pig was studied in an acute experiment. Very short impulses of less than or equal to 0.1 ms duration were produced by a sparknoise generator. The cochlear microphonics (CM) to a test stimulus (sinus tone, 3150 Hz) were recorded from the round window and measured prior to, during, and following impulse treatment. During the impulse treatment, the greatest amplitude reduction of CM occurred after the first impulse, while the further impulses caused a decreasing reduction. At first the number of impulses was varied: 1, 3, and 5 impulses were applied at intervals of 15 s each, at an impulse sound level of 164 dB sound pressure level re. 0.002 mubar (SPL). After these impulse treatments, in all cases a continual decrease of CM amplitudes up to a constant end value without recovery was found within a 2-hrs period of observation. The height of the end value depends on the number of impulses applied. Subsequently, at an exposure to 5 impluses the impulse sound level was stepwise reduced (164, 153, 144, 139 and 133 dB SPL). Again, a characteristic decrease of CM amplitudes was observed during the 2-hrs period of observation. The height of the end value is now dependent on the impluse sound level. Impulses of 164, 153 and 144 dB SPL cause a strong decrease of CM while the effect of impulses of 139 and 133 dB SPL is distinctly lower.", "contents": "[Effect of single impulses on cochlear microphone potentials of the guinea-pig cochlea]. The influence of highly intensive single impulses on the cochlea of guinea pig was studied in an acute experiment. Very short impulses of less than or equal to 0.1 ms duration were produced by a sparknoise generator. The cochlear microphonics (CM) to a test stimulus (sinus tone, 3150 Hz) were recorded from the round window and measured prior to, during, and following impulse treatment. During the impulse treatment, the greatest amplitude reduction of CM occurred after the first impulse, while the further impulses caused a decreasing reduction. At first the number of impulses was varied: 1, 3, and 5 impulses were applied at intervals of 15 s each, at an impulse sound level of 164 dB sound pressure level re. 0.002 mubar (SPL). After these impulse treatments, in all cases a continual decrease of CM amplitudes up to a constant end value without recovery was found within a 2-hrs period of observation. The height of the end value depends on the number of impulses applied. Subsequently, at an exposure to 5 impluses the impulse sound level was stepwise reduced (164, 153, 144, 139 and 133 dB SPL). Again, a characteristic decrease of CM amplitudes was observed during the 2-hrs period of observation. The height of the end value is now dependent on the impluse sound level. Impulses of 164, 153 and 144 dB SPL cause a strong decrease of CM while the effect of impulses of 139 and 133 dB SPL is distinctly lower.", "PMID": 417535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9167", "title": "[Experiments on the mechanism of action of vascular spasmolytics. 4. Effect of nitroprusside sodium, nitroglycerin, prenylamine and verapamil on the calcium uptake of microsomes of the smooth bascular muscles].", "content": "Nitroprusside-sodium, nitroglycerol, and verapamil had no effect on the calcium uptake by microsomes from the carotid artery of cattle. Prenylamine reduced the passive binding and the active uptake and released already bound calcium. The basal Mg-dependendent ATPase and Ca-stimulatable Mg-ATPase were inhibited by prenylamine.", "contents": "[Experiments on the mechanism of action of vascular spasmolytics. 4. Effect of nitroprusside sodium, nitroglycerin, prenylamine and verapamil on the calcium uptake of microsomes of the smooth bascular muscles]. Nitroprusside-sodium, nitroglycerol, and verapamil had no effect on the calcium uptake by microsomes from the carotid artery of cattle. Prenylamine reduced the passive binding and the active uptake and released already bound calcium. The basal Mg-dependendent ATPase and Ca-stimulatable Mg-ATPase were inhibited by prenylamine.", "PMID": 417536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9168", "title": "[Mechanism of action of the inhibition of pyridine-nucleotide-dependent flavine enzymes using the systemic fungicide Dexon].", "content": "The actions of Dexon on the NADH-ferricyanide oxidoreductase and the NADPH oxidase system of electron transfer particles (ETP) from beef heart as well as on the NADPH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase from brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces carlsbergensis Hansen) were investigated. The inhibition of the NADH dehydrogenase activity of ETP and that of the yeast enzyme correspond with respect to the following characteristics: 1) increase in the inhibition, 2) enhancement of the Dexon sensitivity by one order of magnitude after preincubation in the presence of NAD(P)H, 3) irreversibility of the inhibition, 4) no detectable changes in the spectral properties and in coenzyme activity of FMN after acid extraction from Dexon-treated enzyme. The inhibition of the NADH dehydrogenase activity of ETP is diminished by both NAD+ and FMN. However, no interaction of Dexon with NAD(P)H or FMN could be detected in the absence of enzyme or apoenzyme. The concentration of half-inhibition by Dexon for the yeast enzyme corresponds with its FMN concentration. It is proposed that both apoenzyme, NAD(P)H and FMN are involved in the interaction with Dexon. Possible mechanisms of binding are both complanar complexations of the ring systems and a triazene formation between FMNH2 and Dexon. The NADPH oxidase activity of the ETP is partly inhibited; the share inhibited by Dexon may represent the pathway via the transhydrogenase reaction.", "contents": "[Mechanism of action of the inhibition of pyridine-nucleotide-dependent flavine enzymes using the systemic fungicide Dexon]. The actions of Dexon on the NADH-ferricyanide oxidoreductase and the NADPH oxidase system of electron transfer particles (ETP) from beef heart as well as on the NADPH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase from brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces carlsbergensis Hansen) were investigated. The inhibition of the NADH dehydrogenase activity of ETP and that of the yeast enzyme correspond with respect to the following characteristics: 1) increase in the inhibition, 2) enhancement of the Dexon sensitivity by one order of magnitude after preincubation in the presence of NAD(P)H, 3) irreversibility of the inhibition, 4) no detectable changes in the spectral properties and in coenzyme activity of FMN after acid extraction from Dexon-treated enzyme. The inhibition of the NADH dehydrogenase activity of ETP is diminished by both NAD+ and FMN. However, no interaction of Dexon with NAD(P)H or FMN could be detected in the absence of enzyme or apoenzyme. The concentration of half-inhibition by Dexon for the yeast enzyme corresponds with its FMN concentration. It is proposed that both apoenzyme, NAD(P)H and FMN are involved in the interaction with Dexon. Possible mechanisms of binding are both complanar complexations of the ring systems and a triazene formation between FMNH2 and Dexon. The NADPH oxidase activity of the ETP is partly inhibited; the share inhibited by Dexon may represent the pathway via the transhydrogenase reaction.", "PMID": 417538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9169", "title": "Long-term treatment of acromegaly with bromocriptine.", "content": "Treatment with bromocriptine, 30-55 mg daily, in 13 acromegalics for 1-15 months, resulted in a 60% decrease in growth hormone secretion, as judged from the excretion of growth hormone in 24-h urine. Normal excretion was obtained in 10 patients, while 1 patient showed no response. The plasma growth hormone response to O-GTT was improved, but not normalized, in 4 of 7 patients treated for more than 6 months, and marked glucosuria disappeared in two diabetics. While the secretion of TSH, LH and FSH was unchanged, the prolactin secretion was inhibited. The urine excretion of free cortisol showed a 30% decrease, possibly due to a direct effect of bromocriptine on the ACTH-secretion. Hypercalcaemia was never seen, but the initial hypercalcuria showed a modest decrease without measurable changes in the creatinine clearance. The subjective relief during long-term treatment was marked in 10 of 11 patients and the dominating symptoms disappeared in 40-67%, whereas heal-pad thickness, enlarged sellae, and visual fields remained unchanged. No serious side effects were observed. Treatment with bromocriptine seems effective and should be considered as a remedy amongst others, in suitable cases of acromegaly.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of acromegaly with bromocriptine. Treatment with bromocriptine, 30-55 mg daily, in 13 acromegalics for 1-15 months, resulted in a 60% decrease in growth hormone secretion, as judged from the excretion of growth hormone in 24-h urine. Normal excretion was obtained in 10 patients, while 1 patient showed no response. The plasma growth hormone response to O-GTT was improved, but not normalized, in 4 of 7 patients treated for more than 6 months, and marked glucosuria disappeared in two diabetics. While the secretion of TSH, LH and FSH was unchanged, the prolactin secretion was inhibited. The urine excretion of free cortisol showed a 30% decrease, possibly due to a direct effect of bromocriptine on the ACTH-secretion. Hypercalcaemia was never seen, but the initial hypercalcuria showed a modest decrease without measurable changes in the creatinine clearance. The subjective relief during long-term treatment was marked in 10 of 11 patients and the dominating symptoms disappeared in 40-67%, whereas heal-pad thickness, enlarged sellae, and visual fields remained unchanged. No serious side effects were observed. Treatment with bromocriptine seems effective and should be considered as a remedy amongst others, in suitable cases of acromegaly.", "PMID": 417539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9170", "title": "Intracerebral calcifications in childhood lymphoblastic leukemia. A new iatrogenic disease?", "content": "A 3-year-old child diagnosed as having acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL), developed meningeal leukemia 36 months after the onset of the disease. He was twice subjected to cranial irradiation plus intrathecal methotrexate (i.t. MTX). Skull radiology showed bilateral gyriform calcification of both cerebral hemispheres. Hematological relapse was first detected 5 years after diagnosis and the child died 5 months later. The most striking findings of a right frontal lobe biopsy and the postmortem examination were wide calcium deposits located in the cortex and in the adjacent white matter. Intense demyelination as well as areas of neuron poverty were apparent in the necropsy but in the biopsy specimen. The possible interrelationship between such deposition and cranial irradiation and/or i.t. MTX suggests a new iatrogenic disorder.", "contents": "Intracerebral calcifications in childhood lymphoblastic leukemia. A new iatrogenic disease? A 3-year-old child diagnosed as having acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL), developed meningeal leukemia 36 months after the onset of the disease. He was twice subjected to cranial irradiation plus intrathecal methotrexate (i.t. MTX). Skull radiology showed bilateral gyriform calcification of both cerebral hemispheres. Hematological relapse was first detected 5 years after diagnosis and the child died 5 months later. The most striking findings of a right frontal lobe biopsy and the postmortem examination were wide calcium deposits located in the cortex and in the adjacent white matter. Intense demyelination as well as areas of neuron poverty were apparent in the necropsy but in the biopsy specimen. The possible interrelationship between such deposition and cranial irradiation and/or i.t. MTX suggests a new iatrogenic disorder.", "PMID": 417541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9171", "title": "Sequential therapy with daunorubicin and L-asparaginase in relapses of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children.", "content": "13 children affected by acute lymphoblastic leukemia in advanced stage of illness received a sequential therapy with daunorubicin and L-asparaginase. During daunorubicin therapy a significant decrease of bone hypercellularity as well as circulating cells occurred, a further cycle with a scarcely myelotoxic drug, L-asparaginase, was administered: a 10/13 (76.9%) remission of the disease was then achieved. This therapeutic trial was well accepted and could be more extensively used in the patients in relapse. A remission lasting between 4 and 28 weeks was observed.", "contents": "Sequential therapy with daunorubicin and L-asparaginase in relapses of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. 13 children affected by acute lymphoblastic leukemia in advanced stage of illness received a sequential therapy with daunorubicin and L-asparaginase. During daunorubicin therapy a significant decrease of bone hypercellularity as well as circulating cells occurred, a further cycle with a scarcely myelotoxic drug, L-asparaginase, was administered: a 10/13 (76.9%) remission of the disease was then achieved. This therapeutic trial was well accepted and could be more extensively used in the patients in relapse. A remission lasting between 4 and 28 weeks was observed.", "PMID": 417542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9172", "title": "Cryoimmunoglobulinemia in four sisters.", "content": "Mixed-typed cryoproteins, consisting of IgG and IgM, were demonstrated in the sera of four sisters. While the IgG component was polyclonal in every instance, in two of them the IgM component was found to be monoclonal with type chi light chains. Clinical diagnoses included the purpura-weakness-arthralgias syndrome, posthepatitis cirrhosis, congestive heart failure and mitral stenosis. The cryocrit differed in the four sisters, ranging from 3 to 16%; in addition, rheumatoid factor activity was consistently associated with both washed cryoprecipitates and their isolated IgM components. Endomembraneous deposits of IgG and IgM were revealed by immunofluorescent studies of the renal biopsy specimen from one patient. A genetic abnormality, possibly of the autosomal recessive type, is suggested in this instance of familial cryoglobulinemia.", "contents": "Cryoimmunoglobulinemia in four sisters. Mixed-typed cryoproteins, consisting of IgG and IgM, were demonstrated in the sera of four sisters. While the IgG component was polyclonal in every instance, in two of them the IgM component was found to be monoclonal with type chi light chains. Clinical diagnoses included the purpura-weakness-arthralgias syndrome, posthepatitis cirrhosis, congestive heart failure and mitral stenosis. The cryocrit differed in the four sisters, ranging from 3 to 16%; in addition, rheumatoid factor activity was consistently associated with both washed cryoprecipitates and their isolated IgM components. Endomembraneous deposits of IgG and IgM were revealed by immunofluorescent studies of the renal biopsy specimen from one patient. A genetic abnormality, possibly of the autosomal recessive type, is suggested in this instance of familial cryoglobulinemia.", "PMID": 417543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9173", "title": "Separation of erythropoietin responsive cells in fetal mouse liver.", "content": "The erythropoietin responsive cells (ERC) in suspension cultures (ERCSC) of fetal mouse liver and the cells producing erythroid colonies in 2-day plasma clot cultures (CFU-E) sediment at similar rates. However, the sedimented fractions containing the majority of nucleated cells show minimal sensivitity to erythropoietin (Ep) and these cells sediment at a slower rate than the ERCSC. The studies suggest that in short-term suspension cultures of fetal mouse liver, Ep acts on morphologically unrecognizable cells to increase the number of hemoglobin-synthesizing cells rather than by increasing the quantity of hemoglobin synthesized per cell. This effect is similar to the principal in vivo action of Ep.", "contents": "Separation of erythropoietin responsive cells in fetal mouse liver. The erythropoietin responsive cells (ERC) in suspension cultures (ERCSC) of fetal mouse liver and the cells producing erythroid colonies in 2-day plasma clot cultures (CFU-E) sediment at similar rates. However, the sedimented fractions containing the majority of nucleated cells show minimal sensivitity to erythropoietin (Ep) and these cells sediment at a slower rate than the ERCSC. The studies suggest that in short-term suspension cultures of fetal mouse liver, Ep acts on morphologically unrecognizable cells to increase the number of hemoglobin-synthesizing cells rather than by increasing the quantity of hemoglobin synthesized per cell. This effect is similar to the principal in vivo action of Ep.", "PMID": 417544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9174", "title": "Different composition of the erythropoietic tissue in bone marrow, spleen and liver in myelofibrosis.", "content": "Aspirates from bone marrow, spleen and liver were analysed in 10 untreated patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis (MF). The proportion of erythroblasts was higher in the spleen and the liver than in the bone marrow. The mitotic indices of the erythropoietic precursor cells were subnormal in the extramedullary sites and significantly lower in the liver compared with the spleen. There was a \"shift to the left\" within the liver erythropoiesis and a significant megaloblastosis in the spleen. The same tendencies have formerly been found in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and it is suggested that the discrepancies may be due to differences in the microenvironment of the erythropoietic cells.", "contents": "Different composition of the erythropoietic tissue in bone marrow, spleen and liver in myelofibrosis. Aspirates from bone marrow, spleen and liver were analysed in 10 untreated patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis (MF). The proportion of erythroblasts was higher in the spleen and the liver than in the bone marrow. The mitotic indices of the erythropoietic precursor cells were subnormal in the extramedullary sites and significantly lower in the liver compared with the spleen. There was a \"shift to the left\" within the liver erythropoiesis and a significant megaloblastosis in the spleen. The same tendencies have formerly been found in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and it is suggested that the discrepancies may be due to differences in the microenvironment of the erythropoietic cells.", "PMID": 417545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9175", "title": "Benign sickle cell anemia in Israeli-Arabs with high red cell 2,3 diphosphoglycerate.", "content": "Arabs living near the Sea of Galilee were found to be homozygous for hemoglobin S. Studies of solubility, mechanical precipitability, electrophoretic mobility on starch-gel and citrate agar media, minimum gelling concentration, and peptide mapping of the hemoglobin beta-chain confirmed complete identity of the hemoglobin with that found in Afro-American hemoglobin S homozygotes. A comparison of Arab Hb S homozygotes with Afro-American Hb S patients showed no significant differences in hemoglobin levels, red cell indices or morphology. Hb F averaged 4.4% in Arab patients. The 2,3 diphosphoglycerate levels were increased approximately twofold in Arabs, whereas in Afro-Americans, it was increased by only 7% in females and 20% in males.", "contents": "Benign sickle cell anemia in Israeli-Arabs with high red cell 2,3 diphosphoglycerate. Arabs living near the Sea of Galilee were found to be homozygous for hemoglobin S. Studies of solubility, mechanical precipitability, electrophoretic mobility on starch-gel and citrate agar media, minimum gelling concentration, and peptide mapping of the hemoglobin beta-chain confirmed complete identity of the hemoglobin with that found in Afro-American hemoglobin S homozygotes. A comparison of Arab Hb S homozygotes with Afro-American Hb S patients showed no significant differences in hemoglobin levels, red cell indices or morphology. Hb F averaged 4.4% in Arab patients. The 2,3 diphosphoglycerate levels were increased approximately twofold in Arabs, whereas in Afro-Americans, it was increased by only 7% in females and 20% in males.", "PMID": 417546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9176", "title": "Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia presented as pleurisy of unknown origin. A case report.", "content": "This report describes an unusual case of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia, in which the sole demonstrable clinical manifestations were pleural effusion and ascites. Bone marrow aspirates and bone biopsy revealed no increase in lymphocytes. The case responded to a combination therapy of melphalan, cyclophosphamide and prednisolone.", "contents": "Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia presented as pleurisy of unknown origin. A case report. This report describes an unusual case of Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia, in which the sole demonstrable clinical manifestations were pleural effusion and ascites. Bone marrow aspirates and bone biopsy revealed no increase in lymphocytes. The case responded to a combination therapy of melphalan, cyclophosphamide and prednisolone.", "PMID": 417547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9177", "title": "A new case of gamma-heavy chain disease.", "content": "The first case of gamma-heavy chain disease described in Spain is here reported. The patient, a 36-year-old woman, presented fever, enlarged regional lymph nodes, and hepatosplenomegaly, without bone marrow abnormalities but with lymphopenia. Serum electrophoresis did not disclose any M-component. The abnormal gamma-chain protein had a alpha2-globulin mobility and was immunochemically related to the Fc fragment. It belonged to the IgG 4 subclass, its molecular weight was about 60,000. Proteinuria was minimal but the electrophoresis of concentrated urine showed a homogeneous peak of alpha2-globulin mobility constituted by the gamma-chain fragment. Biopsy of an axillary lymph node disclosed features of immunoblastic sarcoma. The course was malignant, resulting in death in 8 months.", "contents": "A new case of gamma-heavy chain disease. The first case of gamma-heavy chain disease described in Spain is here reported. The patient, a 36-year-old woman, presented fever, enlarged regional lymph nodes, and hepatosplenomegaly, without bone marrow abnormalities but with lymphopenia. Serum electrophoresis did not disclose any M-component. The abnormal gamma-chain protein had a alpha2-globulin mobility and was immunochemically related to the Fc fragment. It belonged to the IgG 4 subclass, its molecular weight was about 60,000. Proteinuria was minimal but the electrophoresis of concentrated urine showed a homogeneous peak of alpha2-globulin mobility constituted by the gamma-chain fragment. Biopsy of an axillary lymph node disclosed features of immunoblastic sarcoma. The course was malignant, resulting in death in 8 months.", "PMID": 417549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9178", "title": "Acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency in essential cryoglobulinemia and macrocryoglobulinemia.", "content": "In 5 patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia, 3 with Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease and 2 with essential cryoglobulinemia, a C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency was discovered. The complement profile was characteristic of the acquired type: the total hemolytic activity and the early components were reduced, C3 was diminished in 1 patient only, C5 and C9 were normal or elevated. 1 atient with Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease and 1 with essential cryoglobulinemia experienced episodes of angioedema. Circulating immune complexes were found in all patients' sera by the 125I-radiolabelled C1q binding activity (C1q BA) test. The values of the C1q binding activity were correlated with the depletion of the early complement components and that of C1-inh. 4 patients showed circulating 7S IgM. Our data support the hypothesis of a complement activation by the cryoprecipitating immune complexes; the C1-INH depletion is secondary to its consumption following C1 activation.", "contents": "Acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency in essential cryoglobulinemia and macrocryoglobulinemia. In 5 patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia, 3 with Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease and 2 with essential cryoglobulinemia, a C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency was discovered. The complement profile was characteristic of the acquired type: the total hemolytic activity and the early components were reduced, C3 was diminished in 1 patient only, C5 and C9 were normal or elevated. 1 atient with Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease and 1 with essential cryoglobulinemia experienced episodes of angioedema. Circulating immune complexes were found in all patients' sera by the 125I-radiolabelled C1q binding activity (C1q BA) test. The values of the C1q binding activity were correlated with the depletion of the early complement components and that of C1-inh. 4 patients showed circulating 7S IgM. Our data support the hypothesis of a complement activation by the cryoprecipitating immune complexes; the C1-INH depletion is secondary to its consumption following C1 activation.", "PMID": 417550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9179", "title": "Acid hydrolases in normal B and T blood lymphocytes.", "content": "B and T lymphocytes were separated by means of the spontaneous sheep red blood cell rosette formation technique from 3 normal donors. The following acid hydrolases were biochemically determined on separated B and T lymphocytes: acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-hexosaminidase, alpha-arabinosidase, alpha-galactosidase, alpha-mannosidase, alpha-glucosidase, and pH 4.0 and pH 5.0 beta-glucosidase. The activities of most of the acid hydrolases including acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were found to be slightly decreased in B lymphocytes when compared to T lymphocytes. However, alpha-mannosidase activity was found to be significantly higher in the B lymphocytes than in the T lymphocytes and offers the possibility of using this enzyme as a B lymphocyte marker.", "contents": "Acid hydrolases in normal B and T blood lymphocytes. B and T lymphocytes were separated by means of the spontaneous sheep red blood cell rosette formation technique from 3 normal donors. The following acid hydrolases were biochemically determined on separated B and T lymphocytes: acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-hexosaminidase, alpha-arabinosidase, alpha-galactosidase, alpha-mannosidase, alpha-glucosidase, and pH 4.0 and pH 5.0 beta-glucosidase. The activities of most of the acid hydrolases including acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were found to be slightly decreased in B lymphocytes when compared to T lymphocytes. However, alpha-mannosidase activity was found to be significantly higher in the B lymphocytes than in the T lymphocytes and offers the possibility of using this enzyme as a B lymphocyte marker.", "PMID": 417551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9180", "title": "Survival and significance of PNH erythrocytes: a scanning study.", "content": "The SEM study of PNH erthrocytes which survived incubations with decreasing dilutions (from 1:640 to 1:20) of fresh compatible serum in isotonic sucrose has indirectly evidenced that spherocytes and spherostomatocytes are the most sensitive population to the complement lytic action; swelling is an osmotic consequence of their membrane hypersusceptibility. In such functional abnormality the swollen red cells are closely followed by the cribrous and pitted erythrocytes. A relationship has been found between percentage of the swollen cells and frequency of PNH haemolytic bouts: these are most likely to occur when spherocytes and spherostomatocytes are above 40% of cells. On the contrary, SEM evaluation of swollen erthrocytes does not allow to express any longer-term prognosis about the severity and the course of PNH, owing to the constantly variable marrow production of abnormal erythrocytes.", "contents": "Survival and significance of PNH erythrocytes: a scanning study. The SEM study of PNH erthrocytes which survived incubations with decreasing dilutions (from 1:640 to 1:20) of fresh compatible serum in isotonic sucrose has indirectly evidenced that spherocytes and spherostomatocytes are the most sensitive population to the complement lytic action; swelling is an osmotic consequence of their membrane hypersusceptibility. In such functional abnormality the swollen red cells are closely followed by the cribrous and pitted erythrocytes. A relationship has been found between percentage of the swollen cells and frequency of PNH haemolytic bouts: these are most likely to occur when spherocytes and spherostomatocytes are above 40% of cells. On the contrary, SEM evaluation of swollen erthrocytes does not allow to express any longer-term prognosis about the severity and the course of PNH, owing to the constantly variable marrow production of abnormal erythrocytes.", "PMID": 417552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9181", "title": "Enzymatic abnormalities in erythroleukemia.", "content": "Enzymatic studies were performed on erythroblasts obtained from marrows of 2 patients with untreated erythroleukemia. Cytochemically, erythroblasts showed abnormalities of several enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, as well as abnormalities of specific and nonspecific esterases. Electrophoretic analysis of esterases extracted from predominatly erythroid marrows showed strong moderately fluoride-resistant nonspecific esterase activity with alpha-naphthyl acetate, and weak activity with alpha-naphthyl butyrate. Isoenzymatic patterns of specific esterase activity in erythroleukemia were indistinguishable from those found in myeloblastic leukemia. The results are consistent with the concept of the Di Guglielmo syndrome in which a preleukemic erythroid disorder may precede the emergence of acute myeloblastic or myelomonocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Enzymatic abnormalities in erythroleukemia. Enzymatic studies were performed on erythroblasts obtained from marrows of 2 patients with untreated erythroleukemia. Cytochemically, erythroblasts showed abnormalities of several enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, as well as abnormalities of specific and nonspecific esterases. Electrophoretic analysis of esterases extracted from predominatly erythroid marrows showed strong moderately fluoride-resistant nonspecific esterase activity with alpha-naphthyl acetate, and weak activity with alpha-naphthyl butyrate. Isoenzymatic patterns of specific esterase activity in erythroleukemia were indistinguishable from those found in myeloblastic leukemia. The results are consistent with the concept of the Di Guglielmo syndrome in which a preleukemic erythroid disorder may precede the emergence of acute myeloblastic or myelomonocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 417553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9182", "title": "Experimental protein malnutrition in squirrel monkeys: cytochemical interaction of nucleolus and cytoplasm in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord of Saimiri sciureus.", "content": "Nuecleolo-cytoplasmic relationships have been studied using histochemical techniques in the spinal cord of healthy neonates compared with those born to mothers malnourished through most of the gestation period, and healthy and severely protein-malnourished young adult squirrel monkeys. Formaldehyde-fixed as well as fresh frozen tissues were used for histological study and for histochemical techniques to demonstrate lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and enzymes of various metabolic cycles. Changes in the neuronal cytoplasm of the low protein animals appear to be related to impaired protein metabolism and energy transport. The nucleolus reacts to cytoplasmic changes by enlarging its size and by active synthesis of secretion of nucleolar material, which is then passed into the cytoplasm through an evagination of the nuclear envelope. The greater the degree of chromatolysis in the cytoplasm, the more active the nucleolus appears to be in terms of its enlarged size and transfer of secretion products into the cytoplasm. It is believed that the perinuclear accumulation of secretion products in the neuronal cytoplasm of the protein-deficient animals has its origin in the nucleolus. Such an accumulation in the severely malnourished animals appears to be a compensatory mechanism for the increased cytoplasmic catabolism and loss of ribonucleoprotein material in order to facilitate additional protein synthesis for cell survival.", "contents": "Experimental protein malnutrition in squirrel monkeys: cytochemical interaction of nucleolus and cytoplasm in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord of Saimiri sciureus. Nuecleolo-cytoplasmic relationships have been studied using histochemical techniques in the spinal cord of healthy neonates compared with those born to mothers malnourished through most of the gestation period, and healthy and severely protein-malnourished young adult squirrel monkeys. Formaldehyde-fixed as well as fresh frozen tissues were used for histological study and for histochemical techniques to demonstrate lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and enzymes of various metabolic cycles. Changes in the neuronal cytoplasm of the low protein animals appear to be related to impaired protein metabolism and energy transport. The nucleolus reacts to cytoplasmic changes by enlarging its size and by active synthesis of secretion of nucleolar material, which is then passed into the cytoplasm through an evagination of the nuclear envelope. The greater the degree of chromatolysis in the cytoplasm, the more active the nucleolus appears to be in terms of its enlarged size and transfer of secretion products into the cytoplasm. It is believed that the perinuclear accumulation of secretion products in the neuronal cytoplasm of the protein-deficient animals has its origin in the nucleolus. Such an accumulation in the severely malnourished animals appears to be a compensatory mechanism for the increased cytoplasmic catabolism and loss of ribonucleoprotein material in order to facilitate additional protein synthesis for cell survival.", "PMID": 417556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9183", "title": "Macroglobulinaemia in an Icelandic family.", "content": "Macroglobulinaemia in an Icelandic family is presented. A woman had Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia, and two of her brothers had monoclonal macroglobulinaemia of the benign form. One was asymptomatic, but the other had polyneuropathy and IgM deposits in peripheral nerves. A third brother of these siblings died of a lymphoreticular disease, which presented with a widespread neuropathy. A second sister had polyclonal increase in serum IgA and two other brothers of this sibship had IgM slightly elevated. A study of all descendants (45 in all and 19 spouses) revealed seven individuals with elevated IgM levels. No other immunoglobulin abnormalities were detected.", "contents": "Macroglobulinaemia in an Icelandic family. Macroglobulinaemia in an Icelandic family is presented. A woman had Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinaemia, and two of her brothers had monoclonal macroglobulinaemia of the benign form. One was asymptomatic, but the other had polyneuropathy and IgM deposits in peripheral nerves. A third brother of these siblings died of a lymphoreticular disease, which presented with a widespread neuropathy. A second sister had polyclonal increase in serum IgA and two other brothers of this sibship had IgM slightly elevated. A study of all descendants (45 in all and 19 spouses) revealed seven individuals with elevated IgM levels. No other immunoglobulin abnormalities were detected.", "PMID": 417561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9184", "title": "Shape regulation capacity during development: recovering capacity of embryos developing notwithstanding dramatic deformations.", "content": "1. The development was studied of embryos in which dramatic deformations were produced by physical means during the period in which they are highly susceptible to teratogenesis. 2. In spite of the deformations histogenesis as a whole as well as cytodifferentiation seems to be normal. 3. With only few exceptions the embryos showing dramatic deformations ultimately recover a normal morphology. 4. The shape recovering capacity raises the question whether morphogenesis and shape are not in fact more or less independent phenomena.", "contents": "Shape regulation capacity during development: recovering capacity of embryos developing notwithstanding dramatic deformations. 1. The development was studied of embryos in which dramatic deformations were produced by physical means during the period in which they are highly susceptible to teratogenesis. 2. In spite of the deformations histogenesis as a whole as well as cytodifferentiation seems to be normal. 3. With only few exceptions the embryos showing dramatic deformations ultimately recover a normal morphology. 4. The shape recovering capacity raises the question whether morphogenesis and shape are not in fact more or less independent phenomena.", "PMID": 417562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9185", "title": "Neuroendocrine effects of bromperidol.", "content": "In the present study we have considered the influence of various antipsychotic drugs (mostly butyrophenones) on some neuroendocrine axes (hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal, hypothalamic-hypophyseal-thyroidal and hypothalamic-hypophyseal-prolactin axes). The antagonistic activity of bromperidol on DA receptors regulating the hypothalamic LH-RH release was compared in vitro to that of haloperidol. To support the possible inhibitory role of DA neurons on HHTA activity, we have evaluated the capacity of bromperidol to remove the apomorphine induced blockade of cold stress-stimulated TSH release. Finally, to evaluate the influence of the drug on prolactin release, bromperidol was compared with haloperidol and pimozide in adult male rats. The results obtained show that bromperidol is able to antagonize as well as haloperidol the DA-induced LH-RH release. The butyrophenone partially remove, in contrast to pimozide, the inhibitory effect of L-DOPA and apomorphine on TSH release. In in vivo and in vitro experiements the antidopaminergic action of bromperidol, evaluated by PRL release, can be considered intermediate between pimozide and haloperidol.", "contents": "Neuroendocrine effects of bromperidol. In the present study we have considered the influence of various antipsychotic drugs (mostly butyrophenones) on some neuroendocrine axes (hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal, hypothalamic-hypophyseal-thyroidal and hypothalamic-hypophyseal-prolactin axes). The antagonistic activity of bromperidol on DA receptors regulating the hypothalamic LH-RH release was compared in vitro to that of haloperidol. To support the possible inhibitory role of DA neurons on HHTA activity, we have evaluated the capacity of bromperidol to remove the apomorphine induced blockade of cold stress-stimulated TSH release. Finally, to evaluate the influence of the drug on prolactin release, bromperidol was compared with haloperidol and pimozide in adult male rats. The results obtained show that bromperidol is able to antagonize as well as haloperidol the DA-induced LH-RH release. The butyrophenone partially remove, in contrast to pimozide, the inhibitory effect of L-DOPA and apomorphine on TSH release. In in vivo and in vitro experiements the antidopaminergic action of bromperidol, evaluated by PRL release, can be considered intermediate between pimozide and haloperidol.", "PMID": 417559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9186", "title": "Chronic ulcerative colitis and colon cancer: can radiographic appearance predict survival patterns?", "content": "Twenty-four patients with chronic ulcerative colitis and colon carcinoma who underwent barium enema examination prior to the diagnosis of cancer were studied in an attempt to correlate the radiographic appearance of the tumors with their biologic behavior, as well as to assess the accuracy of the barium enema in detection. Of the radiographically detected tumors, 65% displayed an annular infiltrative appearance, with the prime radiographic manifestation being relative nondistensibility of the involved segment. The remaining tumors had various appearances more typical of noncolitic colon cancer. Patients with infiltrative lesions had a much poorer prognosis than those with noninfiltrative lesions. Of 33 gross tumors described pathologically and/or surgically, only 70% were correctly detected by barium enema. It is suggested that periodic barium enema examinations are an unreliable means of following patients with ulcerative colitis if malignant degeneration is to be detected at an early and curative stage. Prophylactic proctocolectomy may be the best therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Chronic ulcerative colitis and colon cancer: can radiographic appearance predict survival patterns? Twenty-four patients with chronic ulcerative colitis and colon carcinoma who underwent barium enema examination prior to the diagnosis of cancer were studied in an attempt to correlate the radiographic appearance of the tumors with their biologic behavior, as well as to assess the accuracy of the barium enema in detection. Of the radiographically detected tumors, 65% displayed an annular infiltrative appearance, with the prime radiographic manifestation being relative nondistensibility of the involved segment. The remaining tumors had various appearances more typical of noncolitic colon cancer. Patients with infiltrative lesions had a much poorer prognosis than those with noninfiltrative lesions. Of 33 gross tumors described pathologically and/or surgically, only 70% were correctly detected by barium enema. It is suggested that periodic barium enema examinations are an unreliable means of following patients with ulcerative colitis if malignant degeneration is to be detected at an early and curative stage. Prophylactic proctocolectomy may be the best therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 417578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9187", "title": "High density, low viscosity barium for fine mucosal detail on double-contrast upper gastrointestinal examinations.", "content": "A high-density, low viscosity barium suspension was developed to maximize demonstration of very small mucosal details on double-contrast upper gastrointestinal examinations. The suspension is capable of 250% wt/vol densities without mechanical mixing, while retaining a low viscosity. In vitro tests showed the material to be superior to suspensions of greater viscosity and/or more moderate density in demonstrating fine surface detail. Clinical experience with more than 3,000 examinations with the 250% wt/vol barium suspension has shown the material to be capable of demonstrating areae gastricae or similar fine nodular patterns in approximately 70% of studies.", "contents": "High density, low viscosity barium for fine mucosal detail on double-contrast upper gastrointestinal examinations. A high-density, low viscosity barium suspension was developed to maximize demonstration of very small mucosal details on double-contrast upper gastrointestinal examinations. The suspension is capable of 250% wt/vol densities without mechanical mixing, while retaining a low viscosity. In vitro tests showed the material to be superior to suspensions of greater viscosity and/or more moderate density in demonstrating fine surface detail. Clinical experience with more than 3,000 examinations with the 250% wt/vol barium suspension has shown the material to be capable of demonstrating areae gastricae or similar fine nodular patterns in approximately 70% of studies.", "PMID": 417579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9188", "title": "Strangulating obstruction of the bowel: a reevaluation of radiographic criteria.", "content": "Fifty consecutive cases of strangulating obstruction were compared with 100 consecutive cases of surgically proven simple obstruction due to adhesions or hernia. All cases were studied by the usual supine and either erect or decubitus abdominal films, and by two successive supine films made at 5 min intervals. Radiographic criteria previously described as signs of possible strangulation were evaluated in the two series. Reduced activity of the small bowel loops on the successive supine films was the only frequent sign (58% of the cases with strangulating obstruction) which showed a statistically significant difference in incidence between the two groups. Other signs seen with some frequency (22%-28% of the group with strangulation) were long air-fluid levels, loss of valvulae conniventes, retention of bubbly fecal matter in the right colon, and predominance of fluid-filled loops; however, they occurred with the same frequency in simple obstruction. The more specific signs of bowel congestion and necrosis (i.e., a narrow rigid loop or intramural gas) were seen in 10% and 2% of the cases, respectively. Only the incidence of a narrow rigid loop in strangulation reached statistical significance. This study confirms the difficulty of diagnosing strangulating obstruction using plain films of the abdomen. Successive abdominal films were shown to be valuable in providing information about small bowel activity, which can help in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Strangulating obstruction of the bowel: a reevaluation of radiographic criteria. Fifty consecutive cases of strangulating obstruction were compared with 100 consecutive cases of surgically proven simple obstruction due to adhesions or hernia. All cases were studied by the usual supine and either erect or decubitus abdominal films, and by two successive supine films made at 5 min intervals. Radiographic criteria previously described as signs of possible strangulation were evaluated in the two series. Reduced activity of the small bowel loops on the successive supine films was the only frequent sign (58% of the cases with strangulating obstruction) which showed a statistically significant difference in incidence between the two groups. Other signs seen with some frequency (22%-28% of the group with strangulation) were long air-fluid levels, loss of valvulae conniventes, retention of bubbly fecal matter in the right colon, and predominance of fluid-filled loops; however, they occurred with the same frequency in simple obstruction. The more specific signs of bowel congestion and necrosis (i.e., a narrow rigid loop or intramural gas) were seen in 10% and 2% of the cases, respectively. Only the incidence of a narrow rigid loop in strangulation reached statistical significance. This study confirms the difficulty of diagnosing strangulating obstruction using plain films of the abdomen. Successive abdominal films were shown to be valuable in providing information about small bowel activity, which can help in the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 417580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9189", "title": "A new contrast agent for oral cholecystography: iopronic acid (Oravue).", "content": "In a preliminary study to determine the safety and minimal effective dose in patients with impaired hepatic function, the cholecystographic agent iopronic acid (Oravue, research contrast material from Squibb) was well tolerated in single oral doses of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, or 6.0 g. None of the patients experienced clinical adverse reactions. The radiologic results were generally poor, as anticipated for patients with total serum bilirubin concentrations of 2.0-11.4 mg/100 ml. In a subsequent double-blind controlled study in patients without hapatic dysfunction, 4.5 g of iopronic acid or 3.0 g of iopanoic acid (Telepaque, Winthrop) was given to two groups of 90 patients each. Serial radiographs were obtained 13, 14, 15, and 16 hr after ingestion of the drug. Both drugs were highly effective cholecystographic agents, producing visualization in 88% of the patients. Although not statistically significant, a repeat dose was required for visualization in only 4% of the patients given iopronic acid compared to 9% of the patients given iopanoic acid. Visualization was nearly always observed on the first film obtained 13 hr after drug administration. The contrast agents were similar in terms of safety.", "contents": "A new contrast agent for oral cholecystography: iopronic acid (Oravue). In a preliminary study to determine the safety and minimal effective dose in patients with impaired hepatic function, the cholecystographic agent iopronic acid (Oravue, research contrast material from Squibb) was well tolerated in single oral doses of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, or 6.0 g. None of the patients experienced clinical adverse reactions. The radiologic results were generally poor, as anticipated for patients with total serum bilirubin concentrations of 2.0-11.4 mg/100 ml. In a subsequent double-blind controlled study in patients without hapatic dysfunction, 4.5 g of iopronic acid or 3.0 g of iopanoic acid (Telepaque, Winthrop) was given to two groups of 90 patients each. Serial radiographs were obtained 13, 14, 15, and 16 hr after ingestion of the drug. Both drugs were highly effective cholecystographic agents, producing visualization in 88% of the patients. Although not statistically significant, a repeat dose was required for visualization in only 4% of the patients given iopronic acid compared to 9% of the patients given iopanoic acid. Visualization was nearly always observed on the first film obtained 13 hr after drug administration. The contrast agents were similar in terms of safety.", "PMID": 417581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9190", "title": "Gray scale ultrasonographic evaluation of hepatic cystic disease.", "content": "Eight patients with various forms of hepatic cystic disease studied with gray scale ultrasonography are described. Four had solitary cysts, two had multiple simple liver cysts, and two had congenital polycystic liver and kidney disease. The spectrum of ultrasonographic features in benign cystic disease of the liver is discussed. All eight patients were felt to have malignant disease in the liver prior to ultrasonographic evaluation. The value of gray scale ultrasound as a noninvasive means of differentiating cystic disease from suspected metastatic disease is emphasized.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasonographic evaluation of hepatic cystic disease. Eight patients with various forms of hepatic cystic disease studied with gray scale ultrasonography are described. Four had solitary cysts, two had multiple simple liver cysts, and two had congenital polycystic liver and kidney disease. The spectrum of ultrasonographic features in benign cystic disease of the liver is discussed. All eight patients were felt to have malignant disease in the liver prior to ultrasonographic evaluation. The value of gray scale ultrasound as a noninvasive means of differentiating cystic disease from suspected metastatic disease is emphasized.", "PMID": 417582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9191", "title": "Giant cystic abdominal masses in children and adolescents: ultrasonic differential diagnosis.", "content": "Twelve children and adolescents with a variety of giant cystic abdominal masses are described. These masses are easily evaluated by ultrasonic scanning. Information regarding location, size, origin, and internal structure aid in the differential diagnosis. A correct diagnosis was made in a high percentage of the cases, obviating the need for more invasive studies. Ultrasound examinations at appropriate intervals during patient management can document change in position and/or size.", "contents": "Giant cystic abdominal masses in children and adolescents: ultrasonic differential diagnosis. Twelve children and adolescents with a variety of giant cystic abdominal masses are described. These masses are easily evaluated by ultrasonic scanning. Information regarding location, size, origin, and internal structure aid in the differential diagnosis. A correct diagnosis was made in a high percentage of the cases, obviating the need for more invasive studies. Ultrasound examinations at appropriate intervals during patient management can document change in position and/or size.", "PMID": 417583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9192", "title": "350 kVp chest radiography: review and comparison with 120 kVp.", "content": "High kilovoltage radiography had its beginning with super-voltage technique and is presently accomplished with the 350 KV chest x-ray system. The physical reasons to explain the improved visibility with this technique are: (1) absorption coefficients of bone and soft tissue, (2) more uniform bone visibility, (3) x-ray spectrum, (4) visual responses, and (5) depth resolution. In this study, 350 kV and 120 kV chest x-ray techniques were compared by evaluating 15 parameters. Based on our data and the results of previous large clinical studies, a list of disadvantages and advantages is offered. The entrance dose for an average 350 kV posteroanterior chest radiograph is 8 mR, or about one-third that with 90 kV technique.", "contents": "350 kVp chest radiography: review and comparison with 120 kVp. High kilovoltage radiography had its beginning with super-voltage technique and is presently accomplished with the 350 KV chest x-ray system. The physical reasons to explain the improved visibility with this technique are: (1) absorption coefficients of bone and soft tissue, (2) more uniform bone visibility, (3) x-ray spectrum, (4) visual responses, and (5) depth resolution. In this study, 350 kV and 120 kV chest x-ray techniques were compared by evaluating 15 parameters. Based on our data and the results of previous large clinical studies, a list of disadvantages and advantages is offered. The entrance dose for an average 350 kV posteroanterior chest radiograph is 8 mR, or about one-third that with 90 kV technique.", "PMID": 417584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9193", "title": "Tuberculosis: frequency of unusual radiographic findings.", "content": "The changing pattern of the radiologic presentation of tuberculosis was noted in a review of 100 consecutive cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Active tuberculosis was not suggested as a radiologic diagnosis in 43% of the patients. Of the 100 cases, only 66 had characteristics of reactivation tuberculosis (i.e., minimal upper lobe infiltrate or more advanced cavitary disease). Of the other 34 patients, 18 had less usual presentations, making the radiographic diagnosis difficult. The remaining 16 patients had radiographic patterns quite unusual for tuberculosis, including masslike densities resembling carcinoma; chronic infiltrates in a lower lobe; miliary tuberculosis, either superimposed on diffuse interstitial lung disease or associated with a diffuse lung pattern atypical for miliary disease; and normal chest radiograph.", "contents": "Tuberculosis: frequency of unusual radiographic findings. The changing pattern of the radiologic presentation of tuberculosis was noted in a review of 100 consecutive cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Active tuberculosis was not suggested as a radiologic diagnosis in 43% of the patients. Of the 100 cases, only 66 had characteristics of reactivation tuberculosis (i.e., minimal upper lobe infiltrate or more advanced cavitary disease). Of the other 34 patients, 18 had less usual presentations, making the radiographic diagnosis difficult. The remaining 16 patients had radiographic patterns quite unusual for tuberculosis, including masslike densities resembling carcinoma; chronic infiltrates in a lower lobe; miliary tuberculosis, either superimposed on diffuse interstitial lung disease or associated with a diffuse lung pattern atypical for miliary disease; and normal chest radiograph.", "PMID": 417585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9194", "title": "Thoracic effects of therapeutic irradiation for breast carcinoma.", "content": "Therapeutic irradiation produces alterations in normal tissue which, when visible on diagnostic x-ray examinations, may be confused with recurrent tumor or other unrelated conditions. Therapeutic irradiation of breast carcinoma may produce gross effects in the lungs, bone, breast, heart and great vessels, esophagus, liver, and spinal cord. The radiographic appearance of such changes is presented and contrasted with changes secondary to the malignancy itself or benign inflammatory processes. Recognition is imperative for proper management.", "contents": "Thoracic effects of therapeutic irradiation for breast carcinoma. Therapeutic irradiation produces alterations in normal tissue which, when visible on diagnostic x-ray examinations, may be confused with recurrent tumor or other unrelated conditions. Therapeutic irradiation of breast carcinoma may produce gross effects in the lungs, bone, breast, heart and great vessels, esophagus, liver, and spinal cord. The radiographic appearance of such changes is presented and contrasted with changes secondary to the malignancy itself or benign inflammatory processes. Recognition is imperative for proper management.", "PMID": 417586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9195", "title": "Pediatric tracheostomy. I. Radiographic features of normal healing.", "content": "Serial radiographic studies were used in a prospective study of tracheostomy healing in 30 consecutive infants and children. The examinations were simple, required no anesthesia or sedation, and were coordinated with decannulation of the tracheostomy. In 22 of 30, the tracheostomy site healed normally; in four of these 22 patients the primary cause for obstruction persisted. In 19 of 22 the radiologic study served as an alternative to bronchoscopy before decannulation. Particularly in small infants, the features of normal healing vary in the first days; temporary narrowing of the tracheal lumen can occur at the stomal site and mimic early granulations. After 1 month the trachea is normal except for minor changes at the previous site of the tracheostomy.", "contents": "Pediatric tracheostomy. I. Radiographic features of normal healing. Serial radiographic studies were used in a prospective study of tracheostomy healing in 30 consecutive infants and children. The examinations were simple, required no anesthesia or sedation, and were coordinated with decannulation of the tracheostomy. In 22 of 30, the tracheostomy site healed normally; in four of these 22 patients the primary cause for obstruction persisted. In 19 of 22 the radiologic study served as an alternative to bronchoscopy before decannulation. Particularly in small infants, the features of normal healing vary in the first days; temporary narrowing of the tracheal lumen can occur at the stomal site and mimic early granulations. After 1 month the trachea is normal except for minor changes at the previous site of the tracheostomy.", "PMID": 417587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9196", "title": "Pediatric tracheostomy. II. Radiographic features of difficult decannulations.", "content": "A difficult decannulation was the principal complication in 12 of 30 consecutive infants and children with tracheostomies. Simple radiographic studies permitted accurate diagnoses which correlated with bronchoscopy. In eight patients an endotracheal lesion was caused directly by the tracheostomy, a risk of complication higher than expected. These obstructions were usually granulomas at the superior margin of the stoma; resectable and nonresectable granulomas could not be differentiated radiographically. Four patients had a primary tracheal or laryngeal obstruction which preceded the tracheostomy and complicated decannulation; these included adhesions of the vocal cords and subglottic trachea and posed difficulties in radiographic diagnosis. In no case was dependency on tracheostomy entirely due to emotional causes.", "contents": "Pediatric tracheostomy. II. Radiographic features of difficult decannulations. A difficult decannulation was the principal complication in 12 of 30 consecutive infants and children with tracheostomies. Simple radiographic studies permitted accurate diagnoses which correlated with bronchoscopy. In eight patients an endotracheal lesion was caused directly by the tracheostomy, a risk of complication higher than expected. These obstructions were usually granulomas at the superior margin of the stoma; resectable and nonresectable granulomas could not be differentiated radiographically. Four patients had a primary tracheal or laryngeal obstruction which preceded the tracheostomy and complicated decannulation; these included adhesions of the vocal cords and subglottic trachea and posed difficulties in radiographic diagnosis. In no case was dependency on tracheostomy entirely due to emotional causes.", "PMID": 417588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9197", "title": "A specially designed cutting aspiration needle for lung biopsy.", "content": "The results of 166 lung biopsy procedures performed on 151 patients using a specially designed cutting aspiration needle are summarized. Excellent tissue cores and fragments of tissue were obtained providing a pathologic diagnosis in 85.5% of attempts. A correspondingly low overall complication rate of 12.7% was obtained.", "contents": "A specially designed cutting aspiration needle for lung biopsy. The results of 166 lung biopsy procedures performed on 151 patients using a specially designed cutting aspiration needle are summarized. Excellent tissue cores and fragments of tissue were obtained providing a pathologic diagnosis in 85.5% of attempts. A correspondingly low overall complication rate of 12.7% was obtained.", "PMID": 417589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9198", "title": "Variation in measurement of coronary lesions on 35 and 70 mm angiograms.", "content": "Inter- and intraobserver variability in the measurement of coronary artery stenosis using 35 mm cine and 70 mm spot film angiography was examined. Three experienced observers measured 52 lesions on two occasions. The 35 mm cine was evaluated visually, and a single 70 mm frame demonstrating the stenosis was assessed both visually and with a calibrated magnifying device (jeweler's eyepiece). Higher correlation coefficients within and between observers were obtained using the cine method compared to the 70 mm visual and eyepiece techniques. Observer variability was decreased further by using an average of several readings from the 35 mm cine to assess the degree of stenosis. The data suggest that neither higher resolution film (70 mm) nor calibrated magnifying devices diminish observer variability in the measurement of coronary artery lesions.", "contents": "Variation in measurement of coronary lesions on 35 and 70 mm angiograms. Inter- and intraobserver variability in the measurement of coronary artery stenosis using 35 mm cine and 70 mm spot film angiography was examined. Three experienced observers measured 52 lesions on two occasions. The 35 mm cine was evaluated visually, and a single 70 mm frame demonstrating the stenosis was assessed both visually and with a calibrated magnifying device (jeweler's eyepiece). Higher correlation coefficients within and between observers were obtained using the cine method compared to the 70 mm visual and eyepiece techniques. Observer variability was decreased further by using an average of several readings from the 35 mm cine to assess the degree of stenosis. The data suggest that neither higher resolution film (70 mm) nor calibrated magnifying devices diminish observer variability in the measurement of coronary artery lesions.", "PMID": 417590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9199", "title": "Left aortic arch with right descending aorta.", "content": "A left aortic arch with a right descending aorta is a rare congenital anomaly. The radiographic findings in 13 previously described cases and three additional cases are discussed. Characteristic findings on the plain radiograph and esophagram can usually obviate the need for aortography. The anomaly was associated with a vascular ring in at least four and probably five of the 16 patients. Additional and more complex studies may be needed in patients with suspected symptomatic vascular rings.", "contents": "Left aortic arch with right descending aorta. A left aortic arch with a right descending aorta is a rare congenital anomaly. The radiographic findings in 13 previously described cases and three additional cases are discussed. Characteristic findings on the plain radiograph and esophagram can usually obviate the need for aortography. The anomaly was associated with a vascular ring in at least four and probably five of the 16 patients. Additional and more complex studies may be needed in patients with suspected symptomatic vascular rings.", "PMID": 417591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9200", "title": "The Dominican Republic conjoined twins: ischiopagus, tetrapus, omphalophagus.", "content": "Alta and Clara, the Dominican Republic conjoined twins (ischiopagus, omphalopagus, tetrapus) were evaluated prior to separation with plain films, vaginograms, arteriograms, intravenous pyelogram, barium enema, and upper gastrointestinal series with small bowel follow-through. The clear demonstration of their internal anatomy allowed the surgeons to plan the operative approach and to make a reasonable judgment regarding viability of each baby. Each twin had a semicircular pelvis which joined the other to form a complete ring. There were a few hepatic arterial twigs from Alta which crossed the midline, proving at surgery to be a small bridge of tissue connecting the two livers. Clara's superior mesenteric arteries supplied the majority of the small bowel. Portal venous drainage was separate for each twin. Each baby had two kidneys in normal position with the bladders laterally placed. Each bladder received one ureter from each twin. Two separate small bowels joined proximal to the single colon which terminated in an anus related to Clara's pelvic structures. Following separation, each baby did well. Their postoperative anatomy is described.", "contents": "The Dominican Republic conjoined twins: ischiopagus, tetrapus, omphalophagus. Alta and Clara, the Dominican Republic conjoined twins (ischiopagus, omphalopagus, tetrapus) were evaluated prior to separation with plain films, vaginograms, arteriograms, intravenous pyelogram, barium enema, and upper gastrointestinal series with small bowel follow-through. The clear demonstration of their internal anatomy allowed the surgeons to plan the operative approach and to make a reasonable judgment regarding viability of each baby. Each twin had a semicircular pelvis which joined the other to form a complete ring. There were a few hepatic arterial twigs from Alta which crossed the midline, proving at surgery to be a small bridge of tissue connecting the two livers. Clara's superior mesenteric arteries supplied the majority of the small bowel. Portal venous drainage was separate for each twin. Each baby had two kidneys in normal position with the bladders laterally placed. Each bladder received one ureter from each twin. Two separate small bowels joined proximal to the single colon which terminated in an anus related to Clara's pelvic structures. Following separation, each baby did well. Their postoperative anatomy is described.", "PMID": 417592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9201", "title": "Renal vein valves.", "content": "A total of 33 renal venograms were reviewed to determine the incidence of radiographically demonstrable valves. Valves were identified in five of 22 left renal venograms and two of 11 right renal venograms. On the right side in both patients the valve was located at the junction of the renal vein with the inferior vena cava. On the left, valves were located in the main renal vein proximal or distal to the gonadal vein and in one patient in a segmental upper pole tributary. These valves are significant because of the technical difficulties they can create during renal venography and their possible usefulness in selecting the site of anastomosis in patients undergoing distal splenorenal shunts.", "contents": "Renal vein valves. A total of 33 renal venograms were reviewed to determine the incidence of radiographically demonstrable valves. Valves were identified in five of 22 left renal venograms and two of 11 right renal venograms. On the right side in both patients the valve was located at the junction of the renal vein with the inferior vena cava. On the left, valves were located in the main renal vein proximal or distal to the gonadal vein and in one patient in a segmental upper pole tributary. These valves are significant because of the technical difficulties they can create during renal venography and their possible usefulness in selecting the site of anastomosis in patients undergoing distal splenorenal shunts.", "PMID": 417593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9202", "title": "Computed tomography of cerebellar astrocytoma.", "content": "Analysis of CT scans of 25 patients with cerebellar astrocytoma indicates that a typical spectrum of findings exists for the cerebellar astrocytomas. CT is highly accurate in delineation and characterization of new and recurrent tumors. Recurrences may be demonstrated long before symptoms occur. The density of the fluid in the tumor cyst is twice that of cerebrospinal fluid. Thus differentiation from nonneoplastic cystic lesions and postoperative defects is possible. CT findings of solid or cystic tumor frequently correlate with histologic categorization, and in such cases prognostic information can be derived from the CT appearance.", "contents": "Computed tomography of cerebellar astrocytoma. Analysis of CT scans of 25 patients with cerebellar astrocytoma indicates that a typical spectrum of findings exists for the cerebellar astrocytomas. CT is highly accurate in delineation and characterization of new and recurrent tumors. Recurrences may be demonstrated long before symptoms occur. The density of the fluid in the tumor cyst is twice that of cerebrospinal fluid. Thus differentiation from nonneoplastic cystic lesions and postoperative defects is possible. CT findings of solid or cystic tumor frequently correlate with histologic categorization, and in such cases prognostic information can be derived from the CT appearance.", "PMID": 417594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9203", "title": "Resolving intracerebral hematoma: alteration of the \"ring sign\" with steroids.", "content": "A ring of contrast enhancement is seen on CT scans of resolving intracerebral hematomas. This ring can be modified with steroid administration in the early stages; however, enhancement seen in the later stages is not affected. Evidence suggests that the early ring is due to blood-brain barrier breakdown, and the later enhancement is due to vascular granulation tissue. The following six stages of hematoma resorption were identified depending on the hematoma density, the presence or absence of a ring of enhancement, and the response of the ring to steroid administration: I = dense hematoma without enhancement; II = decreasing density, enhancement, modification of enhancement with steroid; III = isodense hematoma, enhancement, modification with steroid; IV = lucent hematoma, enhancement, modification with steroid; V = lucent hematoma, enhancement, no modification with steroid; and VI = healed, no enhancement.", "contents": "Resolving intracerebral hematoma: alteration of the \"ring sign\" with steroids. A ring of contrast enhancement is seen on CT scans of resolving intracerebral hematomas. This ring can be modified with steroid administration in the early stages; however, enhancement seen in the later stages is not affected. Evidence suggests that the early ring is due to blood-brain barrier breakdown, and the later enhancement is due to vascular granulation tissue. The following six stages of hematoma resorption were identified depending on the hematoma density, the presence or absence of a ring of enhancement, and the response of the ring to steroid administration: I = dense hematoma without enhancement; II = decreasing density, enhancement, modification of enhancement with steroid; III = isodense hematoma, enhancement, modification with steroid; IV = lucent hematoma, enhancement, modification with steroid; V = lucent hematoma, enhancement, no modification with steroid; and VI = healed, no enhancement.", "PMID": 417595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9204", "title": "Sialography of salivary gland tumors with fluoroscopy and tomography.", "content": "Sialography with fluoroscopy and tomography has increased the accuracy of detecting and delineating mass lesions of the parotid gland. Lesions which are small, at the periphery of the gland, or in the deep lobe are often most clearly visualized on tomographic sections. Often differentiation of benign from malignant tumors is not possible.", "contents": "Sialography of salivary gland tumors with fluoroscopy and tomography. Sialography with fluoroscopy and tomography has increased the accuracy of detecting and delineating mass lesions of the parotid gland. Lesions which are small, at the periphery of the gland, or in the deep lobe are often most clearly visualized on tomographic sections. Often differentiation of benign from malignant tumors is not possible.", "PMID": 417596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9205", "title": "Acute chondrolysis complicating slipped capital femoral epiphysis.", "content": "Radiographs of 20 patients with acute chondrolysis complicating a slipped capital femoral epiphysis were reviewed with emphasis on the radiographic features and differential diagnosis. There was bilateral disease in five instances; radiographic follow-up ranged from 6 months to 5 years. The onset of chondrolysis occurred after surgery in 18 of the 25 abnormal hips. Acute necrosis of the articular cartilage is characterized radiographically by (1) persistent juxtaarticular osteoporosis; (2) progressive narrowing of all or a portion of the cartilage space; and (3) erosion of the subchondral cortices of the femoral head and acetabulum. The radiographic differential diagnosis varies with the stage of disease. The initial osteoporosis is indistinguishable from disuse. The rapid loss of the joint space, accompanied by destruction of the central portions of the subchondral bone, makes differentiation from postoperative infection a common problem. Late changes may resemble either degenerative joint disease or a chronic inflammatory arthritis. The accurate diagnosis of acute chondrolysis depends on correlation of the clinical history and radiographic findings.", "contents": "Acute chondrolysis complicating slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Radiographs of 20 patients with acute chondrolysis complicating a slipped capital femoral epiphysis were reviewed with emphasis on the radiographic features and differential diagnosis. There was bilateral disease in five instances; radiographic follow-up ranged from 6 months to 5 years. The onset of chondrolysis occurred after surgery in 18 of the 25 abnormal hips. Acute necrosis of the articular cartilage is characterized radiographically by (1) persistent juxtaarticular osteoporosis; (2) progressive narrowing of all or a portion of the cartilage space; and (3) erosion of the subchondral cortices of the femoral head and acetabulum. The radiographic differential diagnosis varies with the stage of disease. The initial osteoporosis is indistinguishable from disuse. The rapid loss of the joint space, accompanied by destruction of the central portions of the subchondral bone, makes differentiation from postoperative infection a common problem. Late changes may resemble either degenerative joint disease or a chronic inflammatory arthritis. The accurate diagnosis of acute chondrolysis depends on correlation of the clinical history and radiographic findings.", "PMID": 417597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9206", "title": "The trough line: a radiographic sign of posterior shoulder dislocation.", "content": "Over 50% of posterior dislocations of the shoulder are not recognized initially because of failure to appreciate the subtle clues available on the standard frontal projection. In 15 of 20 cases of posterior dislocation, two parallel lines of cortical bone were identified on the medial aspect of the humeral head. One line represents the medial cortex of the humeral head. The other was found to represent the margin of a troughlike impaction fracture. This is designated the \"trough line\". This line proved to be an important clue in the recognition of posterior dislocations of the shoulder.", "contents": "The trough line: a radiographic sign of posterior shoulder dislocation. Over 50% of posterior dislocations of the shoulder are not recognized initially because of failure to appreciate the subtle clues available on the standard frontal projection. In 15 of 20 cases of posterior dislocation, two parallel lines of cortical bone were identified on the medial aspect of the humeral head. One line represents the medial cortex of the humeral head. The other was found to represent the margin of a troughlike impaction fracture. This is designated the \"trough line\". This line proved to be an important clue in the recognition of posterior dislocations of the shoulder.", "PMID": 417598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9207", "title": "Congenital pseudarthrosis of the radius.", "content": "Five children with six congenital pseudarthroses of the long bones of the forearm are described. Four cases were the result of neurofibromatosis, one was related to fibrous dysplasia, and one appears to be idiopathic. Whereas congenital pseudarthrosis of the leg primarily involves the tibia, congenital pseudarthrosis of the forearm primarily involves the radius. Four of the children were treated with bone grafts of the radius, three requiring repeated grafting. The etiology, differential diagnosis, long term prognosis, and treatment correlate with the data of similar lesions in the tibia. Thus the reason for poor fusion is probably unrelated to weight bearing but is rather the result of underlying bone pathology.", "contents": "Congenital pseudarthrosis of the radius. Five children with six congenital pseudarthroses of the long bones of the forearm are described. Four cases were the result of neurofibromatosis, one was related to fibrous dysplasia, and one appears to be idiopathic. Whereas congenital pseudarthrosis of the leg primarily involves the tibia, congenital pseudarthrosis of the forearm primarily involves the radius. Four of the children were treated with bone grafts of the radius, three requiring repeated grafting. The etiology, differential diagnosis, long term prognosis, and treatment correlate with the data of similar lesions in the tibia. Thus the reason for poor fusion is probably unrelated to weight bearing but is rather the result of underlying bone pathology.", "PMID": 417599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9208", "title": "Urography in the child who wets.", "content": "Most children who wet have no underlying structural abnormality and will not benefit from urography. However, several conditions may mimic simple enuresis, and in children with clinical clues that suggest these diagnoses, urography can be confirmatory. The urogram should be conducted so as to exclude an anatomic cause for wetting. This is likely in females in the presence of a duplex collecting system, a nonfunctioning kidney, marked vaginal reflux, or a widened interpublic distance. In the urogram of a child of either sex, a spinal anomaly should be sought.", "contents": "Urography in the child who wets. Most children who wet have no underlying structural abnormality and will not benefit from urography. However, several conditions may mimic simple enuresis, and in children with clinical clues that suggest these diagnoses, urography can be confirmatory. The urogram should be conducted so as to exclude an anatomic cause for wetting. This is likely in females in the presence of a duplex collecting system, a nonfunctioning kidney, marked vaginal reflux, or a widened interpublic distance. In the urogram of a child of either sex, a spinal anomaly should be sought.", "PMID": 417600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9209", "title": "Computed tomography of the normal adrenal glands.", "content": "CT body scans of 60 random patients without evidence of adrenal disease were reviewed to determine the location, size, and shape of both normal adrenal glands. Both glands were clearly delineated in 78% of the patients evaluated. The length, width, and thickness of adrenal glands as measured by computed tomography were similar to comparable measurements from surgical and autopsy studies.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the normal adrenal glands. CT body scans of 60 random patients without evidence of adrenal disease were reviewed to determine the location, size, and shape of both normal adrenal glands. Both glands were clearly delineated in 78% of the patients evaluated. The length, width, and thickness of adrenal glands as measured by computed tomography were similar to comparable measurements from surgical and autopsy studies.", "PMID": 417601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9210", "title": "Hydronephrosis of the lower pole of the duplex kidney: another renal pseudotumor.", "content": "Obstruction and reflux occur fairly commonly in the duplex kidney. Although obstruction with attendant hydronephrosis is more frequently seen in the upper pole of a duplex system, a similar process involving the lower pole should be considered in the differential diagnosis of renal mass lesions. Four cases are described in which lower pole hydronephrosis simulated neoplasm.", "contents": "Hydronephrosis of the lower pole of the duplex kidney: another renal pseudotumor. Obstruction and reflux occur fairly commonly in the duplex kidney. Although obstruction with attendant hydronephrosis is more frequently seen in the upper pole of a duplex system, a similar process involving the lower pole should be considered in the differential diagnosis of renal mass lesions. Four cases are described in which lower pole hydronephrosis simulated neoplasm.", "PMID": 417602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9211", "title": "Effect of fatigue and alcohol on observer perception.", "content": "A test series of chest radiographs containing pseudonodules was used to establish baseline sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rates for individual observers. This experiment studies the effect of fatigue (as subjectively measured) and alcohol (as measured by blood alcohol levels) on observer perception and performance. The results indicate that the fatigue encountered in the course of ordinary professional activities has no significant effect on diagnostic accuracy. Modest quantities of alcohol may adversely influence diagnostic sensitivity, but the effect is unpredictable. Subjective estimates of the influence of fatigue or alcohol on performance by individual observers are frequently erroneous.", "contents": "Effect of fatigue and alcohol on observer perception. A test series of chest radiographs containing pseudonodules was used to establish baseline sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rates for individual observers. This experiment studies the effect of fatigue (as subjectively measured) and alcohol (as measured by blood alcohol levels) on observer perception and performance. The results indicate that the fatigue encountered in the course of ordinary professional activities has no significant effect on diagnostic accuracy. Modest quantities of alcohol may adversely influence diagnostic sensitivity, but the effect is unpredictable. Subjective estimates of the influence of fatigue or alcohol on performance by individual observers are frequently erroneous.", "PMID": 417603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9212", "title": "Treatment of obesity: cost-benefit assessment of behavioral therapy, placebo, and two anorectic drugs.", "content": "Mazindol, diethylpropion, and a placebo were compared with behavioral therapy for effectiveness in producing weight reduction in an outpatient obesity clinic. Each method was also compared in cost and harmful side effects. The patients were recruited from the middle and lower socioeconomic groups. Of the 120 patients beginning treatment, only 33 completed the entire 14-week study. There was no statistically significant difference in the weight loss among the treatment groups. The program of behavioral therapy was administered by a dietitian who as experienced in the techniques of behavior modification; the drug treatment groups were seen by physicians. We conclude that behavioral therapy may be the treatment of choice in an outpatient obese population since it requires little physician time, is less expensive, and avoids the side effects of anorectic drugs.", "contents": "Treatment of obesity: cost-benefit assessment of behavioral therapy, placebo, and two anorectic drugs. Mazindol, diethylpropion, and a placebo were compared with behavioral therapy for effectiveness in producing weight reduction in an outpatient obesity clinic. Each method was also compared in cost and harmful side effects. The patients were recruited from the middle and lower socioeconomic groups. Of the 120 patients beginning treatment, only 33 completed the entire 14-week study. There was no statistically significant difference in the weight loss among the treatment groups. The program of behavioral therapy was administered by a dietitian who as experienced in the techniques of behavior modification; the drug treatment groups were seen by physicians. We conclude that behavioral therapy may be the treatment of choice in an outpatient obese population since it requires little physician time, is less expensive, and avoids the side effects of anorectic drugs.", "PMID": 417615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9213", "title": "Prevention of hypercholesterolemia in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) by digitonin.", "content": "Digitonin mixed in the diet was well tolerated by rats and cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), and prevented the expected rise in plasma cholesterol in monkeys fed a diet containing butter and cholesterol. Both digitonin and mildly hydrolyzed digitonin precipitated cholesterol dispersed in micellar suspensions and decreased intestinal absorption of cholesterol in rats, but only digitonin bound cholesterol in vitro. The hypocholesterolemic effect of digitonin may be secondary to decreased intestinal absorption of cholesterol associated with a disturbance in the micellar suspension of cholesterol in the intestinal content. Modification of other mechanisms that may be involved in membrane transport of cholesterol through the intestinal epithelium is not ruled out by the present findings.", "contents": "Prevention of hypercholesterolemia in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) by digitonin. Digitonin mixed in the diet was well tolerated by rats and cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), and prevented the expected rise in plasma cholesterol in monkeys fed a diet containing butter and cholesterol. Both digitonin and mildly hydrolyzed digitonin precipitated cholesterol dispersed in micellar suspensions and decreased intestinal absorption of cholesterol in rats, but only digitonin bound cholesterol in vitro. The hypocholesterolemic effect of digitonin may be secondary to decreased intestinal absorption of cholesterol associated with a disturbance in the micellar suspension of cholesterol in the intestinal content. Modification of other mechanisms that may be involved in membrane transport of cholesterol through the intestinal epithelium is not ruled out by the present findings.", "PMID": 417616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9214", "title": "Zinc deficiency in pregnant rhesus monkeys: effects on behavior of infants.", "content": "Zinc deprivation from day 110 to 150 of gestation in rhesus monkeys resulted in rash, alopecia, anorexia, decreased feed efficiency, and low plasma zinc in the mothers. Infants of the dams that had been deprived of zinc during gestation displayed a more rapid postnatal growth rate than infants of the control mothers. Infants of the zinc-deprived dams played and explored less than the control infants. They also associated with their mothers a greater percentage of the time and were less active. This study has shown that third trimester maternal zinc deprivation in nonhuman primates can impair behavioral development of offspring.", "contents": "Zinc deficiency in pregnant rhesus monkeys: effects on behavior of infants. Zinc deprivation from day 110 to 150 of gestation in rhesus monkeys resulted in rash, alopecia, anorexia, decreased feed efficiency, and low plasma zinc in the mothers. Infants of the dams that had been deprived of zinc during gestation displayed a more rapid postnatal growth rate than infants of the control mothers. Infants of the zinc-deprived dams played and explored less than the control infants. They also associated with their mothers a greater percentage of the time and were less active. This study has shown that third trimester maternal zinc deprivation in nonhuman primates can impair behavioral development of offspring.", "PMID": 417617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9215", "title": "Evaluation of methods to detect antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus.", "content": "Seventy-five sera, including sera from 23 patients with aspergillosis, 17 with tuberculosis, asthma or carcinoma, and 35 normal controls, were studied for antibody activity against Aspergillus fumigatus by agar gel double diffusion (DD), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), indirect hemagglutination (IHA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IF). Metabolic antigens produced from a selected strain of A. fumigatus were used for DD, CIE and IHA, while slide cultures of the same organism were used for IF. The results indicated that sera from the patients with aspergillosis had high IHA and IF titers, while only 91 and 87% were positive for CIE and DD methods, respectively. IHA was more sensitive than DD and CIE, and IF was equally sensitive but had false-positive reactions. CIE was simple and fast, but had false-negative and occasionally false-positive results.", "contents": "Evaluation of methods to detect antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus. Seventy-five sera, including sera from 23 patients with aspergillosis, 17 with tuberculosis, asthma or carcinoma, and 35 normal controls, were studied for antibody activity against Aspergillus fumigatus by agar gel double diffusion (DD), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), indirect hemagglutination (IHA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IF). Metabolic antigens produced from a selected strain of A. fumigatus were used for DD, CIE and IHA, while slide cultures of the same organism were used for IF. The results indicated that sera from the patients with aspergillosis had high IHA and IF titers, while only 91 and 87% were positive for CIE and DD methods, respectively. IHA was more sensitive than DD and CIE, and IF was equally sensitive but had false-positive reactions. CIE was simple and fast, but had false-negative and occasionally false-positive results.", "PMID": 417619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9216", "title": "Screening test for complement activation by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "This report describes the use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) as a method of detecting activation of the complement system. With this technic small amounts of C3 split products (C3c/d) can be detected in plasma samples by specific precipitation with antiserum in less than two hours. The CIE technic is a highly sensitive, rapid method for detecting activation of the complement system in the presence of normal concentrations of C3 measured hemolytically or by radial immunodiffusion (RID) in human disease. A clinical investigation was carried out in 40 patients with systemic rheumatic diseases and 116 normal healthy individuals. The following observations were made: (1) plasmas and sera from normal individuals had normal total complement hemolytic activity (CH50), hemolytic active C4 (C4H50) and C3 (C3H50); (2) in 30% of the serum samples it was possible to identify the presence of C3 split products, in contrast to only 2.5% of the plasma samples obtained simultaneously; (3) in the specimens from patients who had rheumatic disease activity, C3 split products were identified by CIE in all cases except one in the presence of normal C3 protein measured by RID.", "contents": "Screening test for complement activation by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. This report describes the use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) as a method of detecting activation of the complement system. With this technic small amounts of C3 split products (C3c/d) can be detected in plasma samples by specific precipitation with antiserum in less than two hours. The CIE technic is a highly sensitive, rapid method for detecting activation of the complement system in the presence of normal concentrations of C3 measured hemolytically or by radial immunodiffusion (RID) in human disease. A clinical investigation was carried out in 40 patients with systemic rheumatic diseases and 116 normal healthy individuals. The following observations were made: (1) plasmas and sera from normal individuals had normal total complement hemolytic activity (CH50), hemolytic active C4 (C4H50) and C3 (C3H50); (2) in 30% of the serum samples it was possible to identify the presence of C3 split products, in contrast to only 2.5% of the plasma samples obtained simultaneously; (3) in the specimens from patients who had rheumatic disease activity, C3 split products were identified by CIE in all cases except one in the presence of normal C3 protein measured by RID.", "PMID": 417620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9217", "title": "Severe toxicity and lethality in some monkeys following chronic administration of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM).", "content": "Recurrent episodes of mild to severe opiate-like toxic effects were observed in 3 of 18 monkeys maintained on 2 mg/kg p.o. dose of LAAM on alternate days 3 times a week for up to one year. Despite antagonist administration and artificial respiration, the final toxic reaction in 3 LAAM sensitive monkeys progressed rapidly to cardio-respiratory arrest and death 3, 6, and 12 months after LAAM treatment. The blood chemistry and hematology were not significantly altered during chronic LAAM administration. Necropsy did not reveal any aberrant gross, histological or neuropathological features other than pulmonary edema. Differential rates of formation and elimination of active metabolites of LAAM may play a significant role in this potentially lethal toxicity. These findings may have important clinical implications for LAAM maintenance treatment programs.", "contents": "Severe toxicity and lethality in some monkeys following chronic administration of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM). Recurrent episodes of mild to severe opiate-like toxic effects were observed in 3 of 18 monkeys maintained on 2 mg/kg p.o. dose of LAAM on alternate days 3 times a week for up to one year. Despite antagonist administration and artificial respiration, the final toxic reaction in 3 LAAM sensitive monkeys progressed rapidly to cardio-respiratory arrest and death 3, 6, and 12 months after LAAM treatment. The blood chemistry and hematology were not significantly altered during chronic LAAM administration. Necropsy did not reveal any aberrant gross, histological or neuropathological features other than pulmonary edema. Differential rates of formation and elimination of active metabolites of LAAM may play a significant role in this potentially lethal toxicity. These findings may have important clinical implications for LAAM maintenance treatment programs.", "PMID": 417622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9218", "title": "Guidelines in the management of patients with pancreatic abscess.", "content": "A systematic approach to the management of patients with pancreatic abscess is presented. The method includes an aggressive diagnostic approach relying on radiographic and ultrasound examinations, adequate transperitoneal drainage of the abscess, coupled with gastrostomy and feeding jejunostomy. The importance of nutritional support using an elemental diet administered through a jejunostomy is emphasized.", "contents": "Guidelines in the management of patients with pancreatic abscess. A systematic approach to the management of patients with pancreatic abscess is presented. The method includes an aggressive diagnostic approach relying on radiographic and ultrasound examinations, adequate transperitoneal drainage of the abscess, coupled with gastrostomy and feeding jejunostomy. The importance of nutritional support using an elemental diet administered through a jejunostomy is emphasized.", "PMID": 417623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9219", "title": "Exploitation of the medical care dollar.", "content": "Review of and commentary on health care expenditures in the United States are presented. The growth of medical expenditures over recent years is chronicled, and reasons for the upsurge are given. Aspects of good health are enumerated, and the economics of the medical care industry are explained. Health insurance in general, and national health insurance in particular, are reviewed. Methods of curtailing unnecessary use of expensive medical care need to be aimed at two targets: (1) the extensive supply of goods and services that continues to grow independently of consumer demand, and (2) the uninformed status of consumers who somewhat blindly use the questionably effective services offered by physicians and hospitals.", "contents": "Exploitation of the medical care dollar. Review of and commentary on health care expenditures in the United States are presented. The growth of medical expenditures over recent years is chronicled, and reasons for the upsurge are given. Aspects of good health are enumerated, and the economics of the medical care industry are explained. Health insurance in general, and national health insurance in particular, are reviewed. Methods of curtailing unnecessary use of expensive medical care need to be aimed at two targets: (1) the extensive supply of goods and services that continues to grow independently of consumer demand, and (2) the uninformed status of consumers who somewhat blindly use the questionably effective services offered by physicians and hospitals.", "PMID": 417624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9220", "title": "Diverticulum of the left ventricle in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "An unusual case of diverticulum of the left ventricle is presented. The most distinctive feature was the presence of a circumferential mid-ventricular contraction ring with histologic abnormalities similar to those described in patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy. This abnormal ring of tissue obstructed emptying of the ventricular apex and isolated it from the rest of the ventricle. The obstructed apex assumed the appearance of a muscular diverticulum, and the residual portion of the ventricle was markedly diminished in volume. In addition, the abnormal mid-ventricular hypertrophy interfered with papillary muscle function, producing mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. The patient's age was equally unusual; she was 65 at the time of diagnosis, probably the oldest known patient with ventricular diverticulum. She was treated surgically by transapical myotomy and myectomy of the mid-ventricular contraction ring, in order to increase effective ventricular volume. The relationship of this entity to other types of ventricular deiverticula and aneurysms, and to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is discussed.", "contents": "Diverticulum of the left ventricle in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. An unusual case of diverticulum of the left ventricle is presented. The most distinctive feature was the presence of a circumferential mid-ventricular contraction ring with histologic abnormalities similar to those described in patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy. This abnormal ring of tissue obstructed emptying of the ventricular apex and isolated it from the rest of the ventricle. The obstructed apex assumed the appearance of a muscular diverticulum, and the residual portion of the ventricle was markedly diminished in volume. In addition, the abnormal mid-ventricular hypertrophy interfered with papillary muscle function, producing mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. The patient's age was equally unusual; she was 65 at the time of diagnosis, probably the oldest known patient with ventricular diverticulum. She was treated surgically by transapical myotomy and myectomy of the mid-ventricular contraction ring, in order to increase effective ventricular volume. The relationship of this entity to other types of ventricular deiverticula and aneurysms, and to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is discussed.", "PMID": 417626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9221", "title": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in association with monoclonal IgM(kappa) with anti-i activity.", "content": "A patient with a warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia with an immunoglobulin G (IgG) panagglutinin, also had monocional IgM(kappa) cold agglutinin with anti-i activity. Ninety per cent of the peripheral blood lymphocytes had surface immunoglobulin and the number of T cells was diminished. A subpopulation of the patient's lymphocytes formed rosettes with cord (i) erythrocytes and not with adult (l) erythrocytes. The finding of increased lymphocytes bearing i-binding sites and a monoclonal antibody with anti-i activity could be related to shared idiotypic determinants between antigen-binding sites and serum antibody. The occurrence of two autoantibodies in this patient suggests an immune regulatory disorder.", "contents": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in association with monoclonal IgM(kappa) with anti-i activity. A patient with a warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia with an immunoglobulin G (IgG) panagglutinin, also had monocional IgM(kappa) cold agglutinin with anti-i activity. Ninety per cent of the peripheral blood lymphocytes had surface immunoglobulin and the number of T cells was diminished. A subpopulation of the patient's lymphocytes formed rosettes with cord (i) erythrocytes and not with adult (l) erythrocytes. The finding of increased lymphocytes bearing i-binding sites and a monoclonal antibody with anti-i activity could be related to shared idiotypic determinants between antigen-binding sites and serum antibody. The occurrence of two autoantibodies in this patient suggests an immune regulatory disorder.", "PMID": 417627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9222", "title": "Cryocoagulation of the endometrium at the uterine cornua.", "content": "A cryoprobe that will produce coagulation necrosis and subsequent scar formation of the cornual areas of the uterus has been tested. A discussion is made of the developmental program, including the design of the instrument, efficacy and safety testing in baboons, and preliminary investigations of the safety of this procedure in man.", "contents": "Cryocoagulation of the endometrium at the uterine cornua. A cryoprobe that will produce coagulation necrosis and subsequent scar formation of the cornual areas of the uterus has been tested. A discussion is made of the developmental program, including the design of the instrument, efficacy and safety testing in baboons, and preliminary investigations of the safety of this procedure in man.", "PMID": 417630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9223", "title": "Autoimmune and virus-induced demyelinating diseases. A review.", "content": "Patterns of demyelination are described in several autoimmune and virus-induced demyelinating diseases of the peripheral and central nervous system. Myelin can be destroyed by injuries that affect either the myelin-supporting cells and/or the myelin lamellae. After destruction of the supporting cells, the related disintegrating sheaths are stripped off axons by invading phagocytes. Virus-induced cytolysis can occur with or without participation of immune responses, as demonstrated in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and progressive mutlifocal leukoencephalopathy, respectively. Autoimmune demyelination is characterized by disintegration of myelin sheaths in periventular, mononuclear cell infiltrates. Myelin lamellae rather than the myelin-supporting cells are the target of the allergic reaction. The lamellae are lysed in focal areas when in contact with presumably sensitized mononuclear cells. The damaged sheaths are then removed in a nonspecific manner by invading macrophages that strip the myelin remnant off the axons. This sequence of changes is best revealed in experimental and human autoimmune demyelination of peripheral nerves, ie, allergic neuritis and idiopathic polyneutris (the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome). Autoimmune demyelination triggered by virus infection is described in Marek's disease and postinfectious Theiler's virus myelitis. Changes in canine distemper are discussed with reference to both autoimmune and virus-induced demyelination. The observations are compared with lesions in multiple sclerosis, the most common human demyelinating disease of unknown etiology.", "contents": "Autoimmune and virus-induced demyelinating diseases. A review. Patterns of demyelination are described in several autoimmune and virus-induced demyelinating diseases of the peripheral and central nervous system. Myelin can be destroyed by injuries that affect either the myelin-supporting cells and/or the myelin lamellae. After destruction of the supporting cells, the related disintegrating sheaths are stripped off axons by invading phagocytes. Virus-induced cytolysis can occur with or without participation of immune responses, as demonstrated in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and progressive mutlifocal leukoencephalopathy, respectively. Autoimmune demyelination is characterized by disintegration of myelin sheaths in periventular, mononuclear cell infiltrates. Myelin lamellae rather than the myelin-supporting cells are the target of the allergic reaction. The lamellae are lysed in focal areas when in contact with presumably sensitized mononuclear cells. The damaged sheaths are then removed in a nonspecific manner by invading macrophages that strip the myelin remnant off the axons. This sequence of changes is best revealed in experimental and human autoimmune demyelination of peripheral nerves, ie, allergic neuritis and idiopathic polyneutris (the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome). Autoimmune demyelination triggered by virus infection is described in Marek's disease and postinfectious Theiler's virus myelitis. Changes in canine distemper are discussed with reference to both autoimmune and virus-induced demyelination. The observations are compared with lesions in multiple sclerosis, the most common human demyelinating disease of unknown etiology.", "PMID": 417631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9224", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on pulmonary vascular response to ventilation of fetal goats.", "content": "The effect of indomethacin treatment of the pulmonary vasodilation caused by ventilation of the fetal lung with air was evaluated in anesthetized, exteriorized, fetal goats by means of an open-chest, pump-perfused lung preparation. The decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance that occurs when the fetal lung is ventilated with air consists of two components: 1) a rapid decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance during the first 30 s of ventilation; 2) a slower decline, which continues through the first 10-20 min or more of ventilation. Indomethacin has no effect on the first component. The second component is absent following indomethacin pretreatment. The effect of indomethacin treatment is more pronounced in immature fetuses (less than 90% gestation) than in mature fetuses. Prostaglandin synthase activity appears to be important in the pulmonary vasodilation caused by ventilation of the fetal lungs with air.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on pulmonary vascular response to ventilation of fetal goats. The effect of indomethacin treatment of the pulmonary vasodilation caused by ventilation of the fetal lung with air was evaluated in anesthetized, exteriorized, fetal goats by means of an open-chest, pump-perfused lung preparation. The decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance that occurs when the fetal lung is ventilated with air consists of two components: 1) a rapid decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance during the first 30 s of ventilation; 2) a slower decline, which continues through the first 10-20 min or more of ventilation. Indomethacin has no effect on the first component. The second component is absent following indomethacin pretreatment. The effect of indomethacin treatment is more pronounced in immature fetuses (less than 90% gestation) than in mature fetuses. Prostaglandin synthase activity appears to be important in the pulmonary vasodilation caused by ventilation of the fetal lungs with air.", "PMID": 417633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9225", "title": "Prostaglandins: renal vascular responses to bradykinin, histamine, and nitroglycerine.", "content": "A study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on renal vascular responses to several renal vasodilators in anesthetized dogs. Indomethacin (IND) and meclofenamate (MEC), two dissimilar cyclooxygenase inhibitors were used. An electromagnetic flow probe was placed on the renal artery and a needle was inserted proximal to the probe. Injections of bradykinin, histamine, nitroglycerine, and arachidonic acid (AA) were given before and after administration of IND or MEC, 2.5 mg/kg body wt. In each experiment, inhibition of PG synthesis was estimated by reduction of vasodilator activity following AA injection. Although renal vascular resistance increased slightly after IND or MEC, elevations of renal blood flow in response to injections of bradykinin and nitroglycerine were not affected by PG synthesis inhibitors, whereas percent responses to histamine were enhanced by IND but not MEC. In addition, the action of 5 mg/kg IND on responses to injections and infusions of bradykinin was evaluated. No decrease in vasodilator activity following the kinin was detected in these studies. These results demonstrate that renal vascular responses to bradykinin, histamine, and nitroglycerine were not dependent on endogenously produced products of cyclooxygenase (e.g., prostaglandins) in the kidney of the anesthetized dog.", "contents": "Prostaglandins: renal vascular responses to bradykinin, histamine, and nitroglycerine. A study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on renal vascular responses to several renal vasodilators in anesthetized dogs. Indomethacin (IND) and meclofenamate (MEC), two dissimilar cyclooxygenase inhibitors were used. An electromagnetic flow probe was placed on the renal artery and a needle was inserted proximal to the probe. Injections of bradykinin, histamine, nitroglycerine, and arachidonic acid (AA) were given before and after administration of IND or MEC, 2.5 mg/kg body wt. In each experiment, inhibition of PG synthesis was estimated by reduction of vasodilator activity following AA injection. Although renal vascular resistance increased slightly after IND or MEC, elevations of renal blood flow in response to injections of bradykinin and nitroglycerine were not affected by PG synthesis inhibitors, whereas percent responses to histamine were enhanced by IND but not MEC. In addition, the action of 5 mg/kg IND on responses to injections and infusions of bradykinin was evaluated. No decrease in vasodilator activity following the kinin was detected in these studies. These results demonstrate that renal vascular responses to bradykinin, histamine, and nitroglycerine were not dependent on endogenously produced products of cyclooxygenase (e.g., prostaglandins) in the kidney of the anesthetized dog.", "PMID": 417634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9226", "title": "Alterations in steroid binding plasma proteins in Macaca nemestrina during pregnancy.", "content": "We measured the corticosterone and dihydrotestosterone steroid binding capacities of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and sex steroid plasma binding protein (SBP) throughout pregnancy in seven Macaca nemestrina. The nSBP binding capacity rises significantly by 28 days of pregnancy, remains elevated through 56 days, tends to fall through midpregnancy, and then decreases dramatically to very low values 130-153 days after conception. In contrast, nCBG rises slightly (1.2-fold) in early pregnancy, is elevated in midpregnancy, but is similar to nonpregnant values during the last trimester of pregnancy. Our data indicate that factors controlling the plasma concentration of nCBG and nSBP are not identical. The results are in sharp contrast to those observed in human pregnancies in which both hSBP and hCBG are increased severalfold during pregnancy, including at term. Because the changes of nCBG and nSBP during pregnancy do not paralle the changes observed in human beings even though their steroid binding characteristics are similar, the M. nemestrina may serve as a valuable model for defining the physiologic function of SBP and CBG and the mechanism(s) controlling their concentrations in blood.", "contents": "Alterations in steroid binding plasma proteins in Macaca nemestrina during pregnancy. We measured the corticosterone and dihydrotestosterone steroid binding capacities of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and sex steroid plasma binding protein (SBP) throughout pregnancy in seven Macaca nemestrina. The nSBP binding capacity rises significantly by 28 days of pregnancy, remains elevated through 56 days, tends to fall through midpregnancy, and then decreases dramatically to very low values 130-153 days after conception. In contrast, nCBG rises slightly (1.2-fold) in early pregnancy, is elevated in midpregnancy, but is similar to nonpregnant values during the last trimester of pregnancy. Our data indicate that factors controlling the plasma concentration of nCBG and nSBP are not identical. The results are in sharp contrast to those observed in human pregnancies in which both hSBP and hCBG are increased severalfold during pregnancy, including at term. Because the changes of nCBG and nSBP during pregnancy do not paralle the changes observed in human beings even though their steroid binding characteristics are similar, the M. nemestrina may serve as a valuable model for defining the physiologic function of SBP and CBG and the mechanism(s) controlling their concentrations in blood.", "PMID": 417636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9227", "title": "Postnatal development of circadian rhythms in disaccharidase activities in rat small intestine.", "content": "The circadian rhythms in the activities of maltase and lactase of the small intestine were examined at various stages of postnatal development in rats. When the rats were fed ad libitum, no circadian change in the enzyme activities was found during the suckling period or the weaning period. However, several days after the time of weaning, the enzymes showed the same circadian changes as in adult rats with higher activities at night. After weaning, when the rats were fed only during the daytime, the phase of the enzyme rhythm shifted about half a day, and the highest activity was observed around feeding time. However, during the suckling period, no circadian rhythm in the enzyme acvities was found, even when the rats were allowed to feed only during a restricted time of the day.", "contents": "Postnatal development of circadian rhythms in disaccharidase activities in rat small intestine. The circadian rhythms in the activities of maltase and lactase of the small intestine were examined at various stages of postnatal development in rats. When the rats were fed ad libitum, no circadian change in the enzyme activities was found during the suckling period or the weaning period. However, several days after the time of weaning, the enzymes showed the same circadian changes as in adult rats with higher activities at night. After weaning, when the rats were fed only during the daytime, the phase of the enzyme rhythm shifted about half a day, and the highest activity was observed around feeding time. However, during the suckling period, no circadian rhythm in the enzyme acvities was found, even when the rats were allowed to feed only during a restricted time of the day.", "PMID": 417637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9228", "title": "The effects of phenylethylamine in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "In controlled experiments rhesus monkeys that had received phenylethylamine (PEA) demonstrated behavior similar to that reported after the administration of amphetamines, except that tolerance to PEA did not develop. These findings are of psychiatric interest because PEA is found in the human body and is a specific substrate for type B MAO, which is found in decreased quantities in certain schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "The effects of phenylethylamine in rhesus monkeys. In controlled experiments rhesus monkeys that had received phenylethylamine (PEA) demonstrated behavior similar to that reported after the administration of amphetamines, except that tolerance to PEA did not develop. These findings are of psychiatric interest because PEA is found in the human body and is a specific substrate for type B MAO, which is found in decreased quantities in certain schizophrenic patients.", "PMID": 417638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9229", "title": "Triatomines as experimental vectors of trypanosomes of Asian monkeys.", "content": "Systematic surveys of the wild macaques of South Asia by blood culture resulted in the discovery that trypanosomiasis is enzootic in the simians of Indonesia, Malaysia, India, and Thailand. The isolates obtained differ in morphology, metabolism, and ability to multiply in arthropods. Following this discovery, interest focused on possible transmissions of these trypanosomiases. Laboratory-reared and wild-caught insects were studied to determine which are satisfactory intermediate hosts and potential natural vectors. Successful results were obtained with insectary-reared reduviids and Indonesian isolates. In Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma rubrofasciata the Indonesian trypanosomes multiply for periods which can exceed 40 days. The flagellate infections are in the digestive tract, whereas trypanosomes have never been seen in the salivary glands or in the hemolymph. The feces of trypanosome-carrying reduviids are infective, suggesting a stercoreal method of infection of mammals, and infection was produced in experiments in which feeding by the insects was not possible. The relevance of these findings to natural transmission in Indonesia is not known. Experiments with insects and all other trypanosomal isolates have been negative. The natural transmission mechanism(s) of the simian trypanosomiases in South Asia remains an unsolved problem.", "contents": "Triatomines as experimental vectors of trypanosomes of Asian monkeys. Systematic surveys of the wild macaques of South Asia by blood culture resulted in the discovery that trypanosomiasis is enzootic in the simians of Indonesia, Malaysia, India, and Thailand. The isolates obtained differ in morphology, metabolism, and ability to multiply in arthropods. Following this discovery, interest focused on possible transmissions of these trypanosomiases. Laboratory-reared and wild-caught insects were studied to determine which are satisfactory intermediate hosts and potential natural vectors. Successful results were obtained with insectary-reared reduviids and Indonesian isolates. In Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma rubrofasciata the Indonesian trypanosomes multiply for periods which can exceed 40 days. The flagellate infections are in the digestive tract, whereas trypanosomes have never been seen in the salivary glands or in the hemolymph. The feces of trypanosome-carrying reduviids are infective, suggesting a stercoreal method of infection of mammals, and infection was produced in experiments in which feeding by the insects was not possible. The relevance of these findings to natural transmission in Indonesia is not known. Experiments with insects and all other trypanosomal isolates have been negative. The natural transmission mechanism(s) of the simian trypanosomiases in South Asia remains an unsolved problem.", "PMID": 417639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9230", "title": "The Schistosoma japonicum egg granuloma. II. Cellular composition, granuloma size, and immunologic concomitants.", "content": "Studies of granulomatous hypersensitivity to Schistosoma japonicum eggs were performed at various time periods up to 20 wk after the induction of light infections in mice. Cell populations which were determined in granulomas isolated from the livers revealed a maximum in the total number of cells at 6 wk with a decline of 36% by 20 wk. Large mononuclear cells were predominant at all time periods, with eosinophils being the second most common cell. Measurements of granuloma diameters around single viable eggs in the livers also revealed peak size at 6 wk with a decline of 51% between 16 and 24 wk. Immunodiffusion analysis demonstrated the presence of precipitating antibodies as early as 7 wk after infection. Investigations of lymphocyte blastogenesis revealed a profound depression in response to T-cell mitogens by 8 wk of infection. Studies of footpad swelling to soluble S. japonicum egg antigens revealed massive immediate reactions starting at 6 wk. but no delayed reactivity over a period from 3 to 20 wk. All of these results are related to differences in the biology of S. japonicum in comparison with S. mansoni with respect to the earlier onset of egg production, the much larger numbers of eggs produced, and the possibility of differences in the antigens emitted by the eggs.", "contents": "The Schistosoma japonicum egg granuloma. II. Cellular composition, granuloma size, and immunologic concomitants. Studies of granulomatous hypersensitivity to Schistosoma japonicum eggs were performed at various time periods up to 20 wk after the induction of light infections in mice. Cell populations which were determined in granulomas isolated from the livers revealed a maximum in the total number of cells at 6 wk with a decline of 36% by 20 wk. Large mononuclear cells were predominant at all time periods, with eosinophils being the second most common cell. Measurements of granuloma diameters around single viable eggs in the livers also revealed peak size at 6 wk with a decline of 51% between 16 and 24 wk. Immunodiffusion analysis demonstrated the presence of precipitating antibodies as early as 7 wk after infection. Investigations of lymphocyte blastogenesis revealed a profound depression in response to T-cell mitogens by 8 wk of infection. Studies of footpad swelling to soluble S. japonicum egg antigens revealed massive immediate reactions starting at 6 wk. but no delayed reactivity over a period from 3 to 20 wk. All of these results are related to differences in the biology of S. japonicum in comparison with S. mansoni with respect to the earlier onset of egg production, the much larger numbers of eggs produced, and the possibility of differences in the antigens emitted by the eggs.", "PMID": 417640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9231", "title": "Cholecystohepatic duct.", "content": "Review of embryologic and surgical literature emphasizes the great variability in biliary ducts. Major cholecystohepatic ducts are rare, although accessory bile ducts are common. A rare case of intrahepatic junction of right and left hepatic ducts providing drainage through a single cholecystohepatic duct is presented. Chlolecystectomy and primary anastomosis of hepatic ducts and duodenum was successful. We know of no report of a precisely similar case. Awareness of the possibility of these anomalies should increase their reported incidence and decrease the severe morbidity and mortality attending failure of recognition.", "contents": "Cholecystohepatic duct. Review of embryologic and surgical literature emphasizes the great variability in biliary ducts. Major cholecystohepatic ducts are rare, although accessory bile ducts are common. A rare case of intrahepatic junction of right and left hepatic ducts providing drainage through a single cholecystohepatic duct is presented. Chlolecystectomy and primary anastomosis of hepatic ducts and duodenum was successful. We know of no report of a precisely similar case. Awareness of the possibility of these anomalies should increase their reported incidence and decrease the severe morbidity and mortality attending failure of recognition.", "PMID": 417642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9232", "title": "Ophthalmic terminals in the iris and the ciliary body of monkeys. An electron microscopical study.", "content": "Recent studies have indicated that sensory terminals can be recognized by the presence of an accumulation of mitochondria. By inducing changes in uveal ophthalmic nerve fibers it was shown that an accumulation of mitochondria also occurs in autonomic terminals. Although an aggregation of mitochondria may occur in sensory terminals, it is not a feature unique to them. The ophthalmic fibers in the iris and the ciliary body appeared to terminate as free nerve endings without characteristics peculiar to them.", "contents": "Ophthalmic terminals in the iris and the ciliary body of monkeys. An electron microscopical study. Recent studies have indicated that sensory terminals can be recognized by the presence of an accumulation of mitochondria. By inducing changes in uveal ophthalmic nerve fibers it was shown that an accumulation of mitochondria also occurs in autonomic terminals. Although an aggregation of mitochondria may occur in sensory terminals, it is not a feature unique to them. The ophthalmic fibers in the iris and the ciliary body appeared to terminate as free nerve endings without characteristics peculiar to them.", "PMID": 417643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9233", "title": "[Changes of the essential fatty acids in plasmalipid fractions of polytraumatized patients with different parenteral nutrition (author's transl)].", "content": "In two groups of polytraumatized patients we investigated changes in the fatty acid pattern of plasma-lipids during the phase of total parenteral nutrition. For parenteral nutrition we gave L-amino acid solutions in a dose of 0.24 g N/kg body weight/day. In addition, we administered in the first group glucose and fructose and in the second group glucose, fructose and fat emulsions in a total dose of 30 kcal/kg body weight/day. In the latter group, the proportion of the fat emulsions was 30-40% of the administered calories. We compared the achieved results with the values of a group of control persons. The most essential findings of these studies were the striking decrease of the essential fatty acids with regard to the phospholipid fraction in the early post-traumatic phase. In the first group we observed a further reduction of essential fatty acids during the period of observation. This could be avoided by administering fat emulsions of the same type as we gave in the case of the second group of patients. The functions of essential fatty acids in membranes and in intermediary metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes of the essential fatty acids in plasmalipid fractions of polytraumatized patients with different parenteral nutrition (author's transl)]. In two groups of polytraumatized patients we investigated changes in the fatty acid pattern of plasma-lipids during the phase of total parenteral nutrition. For parenteral nutrition we gave L-amino acid solutions in a dose of 0.24 g N/kg body weight/day. In addition, we administered in the first group glucose and fructose and in the second group glucose, fructose and fat emulsions in a total dose of 30 kcal/kg body weight/day. In the latter group, the proportion of the fat emulsions was 30-40% of the administered calories. We compared the achieved results with the values of a group of control persons. The most essential findings of these studies were the striking decrease of the essential fatty acids with regard to the phospholipid fraction in the early post-traumatic phase. In the first group we observed a further reduction of essential fatty acids during the period of observation. This could be avoided by administering fat emulsions of the same type as we gave in the case of the second group of patients. The functions of essential fatty acids in membranes and in intermediary metabolism are discussed.", "PMID": 417644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9234", "title": "[Immunosecretory cells in human bone marrow. Immunofluorescence study on histological sections].", "content": "The authors report on a method for studies using immunofluorescence with total and anti-light chain anti-immunoglobuline immune serums of bone marrow specimens previously fixed, decalcified, and embedded in paraffin. The semi-quantitative counts of plasmocytes on histological sections are in agreement with those performed by other authors on smears of bone marrow punctures. The results of this method are in agreement with those of serum electrophoresis. It provides a distinction between polyclonal and monoclonal plasmocytosis and an exact identification of clonal proliferation of a frank tumorous nature (myeloma and Waldenstr\u00f6m). Applicable to autopsies performed within 24 hours, it reveals the existance in the vast majority of amyloid diseases of monoclonal dysglobulinemia, without the abnormal clone being necessarily present in the other immunocyte area (spleen and ganglions).", "contents": "[Immunosecretory cells in human bone marrow. Immunofluorescence study on histological sections]. The authors report on a method for studies using immunofluorescence with total and anti-light chain anti-immunoglobuline immune serums of bone marrow specimens previously fixed, decalcified, and embedded in paraffin. The semi-quantitative counts of plasmocytes on histological sections are in agreement with those performed by other authors on smears of bone marrow punctures. The results of this method are in agreement with those of serum electrophoresis. It provides a distinction between polyclonal and monoclonal plasmocytosis and an exact identification of clonal proliferation of a frank tumorous nature (myeloma and Waldenstr\u00f6m). Applicable to autopsies performed within 24 hours, it reveals the existance in the vast majority of amyloid diseases of monoclonal dysglobulinemia, without the abnormal clone being necessarily present in the other immunocyte area (spleen and ganglions).", "PMID": 417647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9235", "title": "Specific lymphocyte stimulation in cattle naturally infected with strains of Brucella abortus and cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19.", "content": "Cell-mediated immune responses in cattle naturally infected with strains of Brucella abortus and in cattle vaccinated with B abortus strain 19 during calfhood were studied by an in vitro lymphocyte-stimulation procedure. Lymphocytes were prepared from peripheral bovine blood by the Ficoll-diatrizoate technique, suspended in RPMI-1640 medium (1.5 X 10(6) lymphocytes/ml), cultured with B abortus-soluble antigen or phytohemagglutinin, and incubated for 6 days. Sixteen hours prior to termination of incubation, cultures were labeled with 1 muCi of [3H]thymidine (3HdT) and, after harvesting, assayed for 3HdT incorporation into DNA by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Lymphocytes from cattle with bacteriologically confirmed isolation of B abortus underwent a significantly higher lymphocyte stimulation with B abortus-soluble antigen than did cattle vaccinated with B abortus strain 19 during calfhood (P less than 0.005). Standard seroagglutination tests were conducted simultaneously with lymphocyte-stimulation tests, but there was no apparent correlation between levels of humoral antibodies and the cell-mediated immune responses as measured by in vitro specific lymphocyte stimulation.", "contents": "Specific lymphocyte stimulation in cattle naturally infected with strains of Brucella abortus and cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19. Cell-mediated immune responses in cattle naturally infected with strains of Brucella abortus and in cattle vaccinated with B abortus strain 19 during calfhood were studied by an in vitro lymphocyte-stimulation procedure. Lymphocytes were prepared from peripheral bovine blood by the Ficoll-diatrizoate technique, suspended in RPMI-1640 medium (1.5 X 10(6) lymphocytes/ml), cultured with B abortus-soluble antigen or phytohemagglutinin, and incubated for 6 days. Sixteen hours prior to termination of incubation, cultures were labeled with 1 muCi of [3H]thymidine (3HdT) and, after harvesting, assayed for 3HdT incorporation into DNA by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Lymphocytes from cattle with bacteriologically confirmed isolation of B abortus underwent a significantly higher lymphocyte stimulation with B abortus-soluble antigen than did cattle vaccinated with B abortus strain 19 during calfhood (P less than 0.005). Standard seroagglutination tests were conducted simultaneously with lymphocyte-stimulation tests, but there was no apparent correlation between levels of humoral antibodies and the cell-mediated immune responses as measured by in vitro specific lymphocyte stimulation.", "PMID": 417648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9236", "title": "In vitro lymphocyte transformation as a herd survey method for bovine paratuberculosis.", "content": "The lymphocyte-transformation (LT) test was evaluated for its potential application as a field test for bovine paratuberculosis. Using a whole blood technique, samples from 3 consecutive collection periods were subjected to 3 mycobacterial antigens and to phytohemagglutinin. The results obtained from LT were compared with conventional serologic and cultural methods. A positive LT response to johnin purified-protein derivative (PPD) or avian PPD (or both) was noted in 40% to 60% of the animals tested. The complement-fixation test yielded 4% to 6.7% positive results, the immunodiffusion test between 1.2% and 1.4%, and the direct fecal culture between 2.4% and 6%. The mean of the stimulation indices of all positively responding animals was highest with johnin PPD. Specific stimulation to mammalian PPD occurred between 2.4% and 6% of the animals. The efficacy of the LT test for determining the incidence of infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro lymphocyte transformation as a herd survey method for bovine paratuberculosis. The lymphocyte-transformation (LT) test was evaluated for its potential application as a field test for bovine paratuberculosis. Using a whole blood technique, samples from 3 consecutive collection periods were subjected to 3 mycobacterial antigens and to phytohemagglutinin. The results obtained from LT were compared with conventional serologic and cultural methods. A positive LT response to johnin purified-protein derivative (PPD) or avian PPD (or both) was noted in 40% to 60% of the animals tested. The complement-fixation test yielded 4% to 6.7% positive results, the immunodiffusion test between 1.2% and 1.4%, and the direct fecal culture between 2.4% and 6%. The mean of the stimulation indices of all positively responding animals was highest with johnin PPD. Specific stimulation to mammalian PPD occurred between 2.4% and 6% of the animals. The efficacy of the LT test for determining the incidence of infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is discussed.", "PMID": 417649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9237", "title": "Rapid radiometric susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.", "content": "A 48-hour radiometric test for determining the drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been developed. The test is based on the measurement of 14CO2 produced by the oxidation of formate labeled with carbon-14. The test system uses 5 X 10(7) organisms in 1 ml of Middlebrook 7H9 medium plus albumin-dextrose-catalase enrichment and 1 muCi of [14C]formate. The 14CO2 produced is measured in an ionization chamber at 24-, 48-, and 72-hour intervals, with and without the addition of antituberculous drugs. Isoniazid, streptomycin, rifampin, and ethambutol were each tested at 3 concentrations by the radiometric method and the reference (agar dilution) method. Six standard strains and 21 patient isolates were compared by both methods. Production of 14CO2 was quantitatively decreased in the presence of drugs that inhibit the organism. The radiometric method requires 2 days; the agar dilution, 14 to 21 days.", "contents": "Rapid radiometric susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A 48-hour radiometric test for determining the drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been developed. The test is based on the measurement of 14CO2 produced by the oxidation of formate labeled with carbon-14. The test system uses 5 X 10(7) organisms in 1 ml of Middlebrook 7H9 medium plus albumin-dextrose-catalase enrichment and 1 muCi of [14C]formate. The 14CO2 produced is measured in an ionization chamber at 24-, 48-, and 72-hour intervals, with and without the addition of antituberculous drugs. Isoniazid, streptomycin, rifampin, and ethambutol were each tested at 3 concentrations by the radiometric method and the reference (agar dilution) method. Six standard strains and 21 patient isolates were compared by both methods. Production of 14CO2 was quantitatively decreased in the presence of drugs that inhibit the organism. The radiometric method requires 2 days; the agar dilution, 14 to 21 days.", "PMID": 417650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9238", "title": "Diabetic ketoacidosis: new concepts and trends in pathogenesis and treatment.", "content": "New concepts concerning the pathogenesis and therapy of diabetic ketoacidosis are reviewed. The regulation of ketogenesis by intrahepatic enzymic processes and the roles of insulin deficiency or glucagon or other counterregulatory hormone excess are summarized. Major emphasis is placed on an analysis of the use of low-dose insulin regimens for the treatment of ketoacidosis. Most patients with diabetic ketoacidosis will respond to low-dose, hourly, intravenous or intramuscular regular insulin. Low doses of insulin are as effective as high doses and have fewer associated complications of hypoglycemia and hypokalemia. Phosphorus deficiency is common in diabetic ketoacidosis and hypophosphatemia usually becomes manifest within 4 to 12 h of institution of therapy. Phosphorus supplementation is now generally recommended to replete erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and improve oxygen delivery to tissues. Coexistent and biochemically significant lactic acidosis is a relatively infrequent complication of diabetic ketoacidosis and when present is usually due to underlying disorders associated with poor tissue perfusion.", "contents": "Diabetic ketoacidosis: new concepts and trends in pathogenesis and treatment. New concepts concerning the pathogenesis and therapy of diabetic ketoacidosis are reviewed. The regulation of ketogenesis by intrahepatic enzymic processes and the roles of insulin deficiency or glucagon or other counterregulatory hormone excess are summarized. Major emphasis is placed on an analysis of the use of low-dose insulin regimens for the treatment of ketoacidosis. Most patients with diabetic ketoacidosis will respond to low-dose, hourly, intravenous or intramuscular regular insulin. Low doses of insulin are as effective as high doses and have fewer associated complications of hypoglycemia and hypokalemia. Phosphorus deficiency is common in diabetic ketoacidosis and hypophosphatemia usually becomes manifest within 4 to 12 h of institution of therapy. Phosphorus supplementation is now generally recommended to replete erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and improve oxygen delivery to tissues. Coexistent and biochemically significant lactic acidosis is a relatively infrequent complication of diabetic ketoacidosis and when present is usually due to underlying disorders associated with poor tissue perfusion.", "PMID": 417652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9239", "title": "[Morphology of Sarcoptes Scabiei (variety hominis) under scanning electron microscopy].", "content": "Some morphologic aspects of S. S. by SEM in twelve parasites (female) extracted from the lesions with a pin are studied. We think that the extraction method and the posterior colocation of the parasite has contributed to its better understanding. We describe the dorsal cleft, a characteristic formation of the sarcoptidos, tapered on both sides with thorns in the form of shark's teeth. We analyze the details of the Ambulacro, constituted by the cut or the strait Pedicelo, with a distal extremity in the form of Condyl in which the suction cups are articulated. We can see, in the anogenital portion, two independent anal and genital orificius and, in the ventral area, the tocostoma, or cleft, where the eggs are deposited. Finally we analyze the bucal organs, the Pedipulpos, the morphology and disposition of the hipostoma and the queliceros.", "contents": "[Morphology of Sarcoptes Scabiei (variety hominis) under scanning electron microscopy]. Some morphologic aspects of S. S. by SEM in twelve parasites (female) extracted from the lesions with a pin are studied. We think that the extraction method and the posterior colocation of the parasite has contributed to its better understanding. We describe the dorsal cleft, a characteristic formation of the sarcoptidos, tapered on both sides with thorns in the form of shark's teeth. We analyze the details of the Ambulacro, constituted by the cut or the strait Pedicelo, with a distal extremity in the form of Condyl in which the suction cups are articulated. We can see, in the anogenital portion, two independent anal and genital orificius and, in the ventral area, the tocostoma, or cleft, where the eggs are deposited. Finally we analyze the bucal organs, the Pedipulpos, the morphology and disposition of the hipostoma and the queliceros.", "PMID": 417658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9240", "title": "Salivary bypass tube.", "content": "A silicone salivary bypass tube is introduced as an adjuvant to the therapy of the following clinical entities: advanced carcinoma of the pharynx complicated by stricture and/or pharyngocutaneous fistula, traumatic stricture of the cervical esophagus or tracheoesophageal fistula, a stricture of the hypopharynx or cervical esophagus following ingestion of a caustic material, and a stricture of the cervical esophagus following laryngoesophagectomy. The salivary bypass tube is described and illustrated in detail along with the technique for its insertion and removal. Examples of its usage are illustrated by x-rays.", "contents": "Salivary bypass tube. A silicone salivary bypass tube is introduced as an adjuvant to the therapy of the following clinical entities: advanced carcinoma of the pharynx complicated by stricture and/or pharyngocutaneous fistula, traumatic stricture of the cervical esophagus or tracheoesophageal fistula, a stricture of the hypopharynx or cervical esophagus following ingestion of a caustic material, and a stricture of the cervical esophagus following laryngoesophagectomy. The salivary bypass tube is described and illustrated in detail along with the technique for its insertion and removal. Examples of its usage are illustrated by x-rays.", "PMID": 417655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9241", "title": "[Systematized papulosis of the lower scapular areas with ultrastructural anhist bodies: specific cutaneous symptoms of Hunter's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Papulosis of the scapular areas is a characteristic dermatologic sign of Hunter's disease. It has not been described in the other mucopolysaccharidoses. This sign had been detailed by Hunter in 1917 in his princeps observation. We noted it in two cases of the disease. The ultrastructural study showed an accumulation in the connective interstitial substance of anhist bodies of intra-cellular origin.", "contents": "[Systematized papulosis of the lower scapular areas with ultrastructural anhist bodies: specific cutaneous symptoms of Hunter's disease (author's transl)]. Papulosis of the scapular areas is a characteristic dermatologic sign of Hunter's disease. It has not been described in the other mucopolysaccharidoses. This sign had been detailed by Hunter in 1917 in his princeps observation. We noted it in two cases of the disease. The ultrastructural study showed an accumulation in the connective interstitial substance of anhist bodies of intra-cellular origin.", "PMID": 417659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9242", "title": "Cochlear and vestibular lesions in capsular otosclerosis as seen in microdissection.", "content": "In 24 temporal bones from patients with otosclerosis prepared by the method of microdissection and surface preparations, otosclerotic foci could be clearly seen during removal of the otic capsule. The state of activity of each focus was estimated on the basis of its consistency and vascularity. Small anterior foci constituted the most common form of involvement of the otic capsule. All were judged to be inactive, and none of them appeared to have caused obvious sensorineural degeneration. No cases of \"pure cochlear otosclerosis\" were seen. Sensorineural degeneration was associated with large anterior foci which reached the upper basal turn. One specimen displayed a circumscribed sensorineural degeneration in the upper basal turn, with an almost exact correspondence between the location and extent of the cochlear lesion and the site of invasion by the otosclerotic process in the bone and endosteum bordering on scala media and scala tympani. It is postulated that a toxic factor had diffused from the focus and acted directly on the organ of Corti. When multiple foci were present they were usually poorly defined. The otosclerotic process involved the round window, with new lamellar bone formation in the scala tympant of the lower half of the basal turn. The most extensive sensorineural degeneration in the entire material was seen in this group. One specimen also had severe cochlear hydrops. In three specimens large shunts were observed to connect the otosclerotic foci with the cochlear vasculature, which was severely dilated. Where otosclerosis involved the endosteum of the scala tympani, loss of vessels was observed. One specimum with extensive active capsular otosclerosis had severe sensorineural degeneration of the vestibular system. Vestibular pathology in fenestrated ears is also described. In a specimen from a patient with no caloric reaction, numerous hair cells were present in the macular organs.", "contents": "Cochlear and vestibular lesions in capsular otosclerosis as seen in microdissection. In 24 temporal bones from patients with otosclerosis prepared by the method of microdissection and surface preparations, otosclerotic foci could be clearly seen during removal of the otic capsule. The state of activity of each focus was estimated on the basis of its consistency and vascularity. Small anterior foci constituted the most common form of involvement of the otic capsule. All were judged to be inactive, and none of them appeared to have caused obvious sensorineural degeneration. No cases of \"pure cochlear otosclerosis\" were seen. Sensorineural degeneration was associated with large anterior foci which reached the upper basal turn. One specimen displayed a circumscribed sensorineural degeneration in the upper basal turn, with an almost exact correspondence between the location and extent of the cochlear lesion and the site of invasion by the otosclerotic process in the bone and endosteum bordering on scala media and scala tympani. It is postulated that a toxic factor had diffused from the focus and acted directly on the organ of Corti. When multiple foci were present they were usually poorly defined. The otosclerotic process involved the round window, with new lamellar bone formation in the scala tympant of the lower half of the basal turn. The most extensive sensorineural degeneration in the entire material was seen in this group. One specimen also had severe cochlear hydrops. In three specimens large shunts were observed to connect the otosclerotic foci with the cochlear vasculature, which was severely dilated. Where otosclerosis involved the endosteum of the scala tympani, loss of vessels was observed. One specimum with extensive active capsular otosclerosis had severe sensorineural degeneration of the vestibular system. Vestibular pathology in fenestrated ears is also described. In a specimen from a patient with no caloric reaction, numerous hair cells were present in the macular organs.", "PMID": 417656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9243", "title": "[Effect of time in culture on the stimulatory effect of 17-beta estradiol on adenohypophyseal hormone release (author's transl)].", "content": "Secretion of LH, FSH, TSH and prolactin was studied in rat anterior pituitary cells in primary culture. Basal LH release, LH cell content and LH responsiveness to LHRH decreased with a half-life of 4 days. Basal FSH decreased only 20% up to 20 days thus indicating the relative independence of FSH secretion compared to that of LH. The stimulatory effect of 17-beta estradiol on LH and FSH secretion was higher during the first days in culture. The stimulatory effect of 17-beta estradiol on prolactin secretion did however remain maximal up to 20 days.", "contents": "[Effect of time in culture on the stimulatory effect of 17-beta estradiol on adenohypophyseal hormone release (author's transl)]. Secretion of LH, FSH, TSH and prolactin was studied in rat anterior pituitary cells in primary culture. Basal LH release, LH cell content and LH responsiveness to LHRH decreased with a half-life of 4 days. Basal FSH decreased only 20% up to 20 days thus indicating the relative independence of FSH secretion compared to that of LH. The stimulatory effect of 17-beta estradiol on LH and FSH secretion was higher during the first days in culture. The stimulatory effect of 17-beta estradiol on prolactin secretion did however remain maximal up to 20 days.", "PMID": 417661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9244", "title": "[Influence of estrogens on pituitary responsiveness to LHRH and TRH in human (author's transl)].", "content": "Estrogens are supposed to be responsible for the increased sensitivity of the pituitary to LHRH and TRH observed in female in comparison to male adults. The influence of physiological and pharmacological variations of estrogens was studied throughout female life. Adolescents girls showed enhanced responses to both LHRH and TRH, as compared to cycling adult women. The adolescent pituitary seems to be particularly sensitive to the increasing estradiol secretion. Adult cycling women disclosed higher LH and FSH responses to LHRH during the periovulatory and luteal phases than during the follicular phase; prolactin response to TRH was enhanced only during the periovulatory phase while TSH response remained constant throughout the menstrual cycle. In adult women, sequential oral contraceptives increased LH, FSH and prolactin responses to LHRH and TRH while TSH response was unchanged. Combined contraceptives displayed an important inhibition of the LH, FSH and TSH responses but not of that of prolactin. The inhibitory effects on gonadotrophins and TSH may be due to the association of gestagens to estrogens. Postmenopausal women presented a TSH response to TRH similar to that found in male adults while prolactin response remained unchanged in spite of decreased basal values. The potentiatory effects of estrogens on the pituitary responsiveness to LHRH and TSH may be attributed either to an increased number or to an enhanced binding activity of the pituitary receptors to LHRH and TRH, as suggested by several experimental data.", "contents": "[Influence of estrogens on pituitary responsiveness to LHRH and TRH in human (author's transl)]. Estrogens are supposed to be responsible for the increased sensitivity of the pituitary to LHRH and TRH observed in female in comparison to male adults. The influence of physiological and pharmacological variations of estrogens was studied throughout female life. Adolescents girls showed enhanced responses to both LHRH and TRH, as compared to cycling adult women. The adolescent pituitary seems to be particularly sensitive to the increasing estradiol secretion. Adult cycling women disclosed higher LH and FSH responses to LHRH during the periovulatory and luteal phases than during the follicular phase; prolactin response to TRH was enhanced only during the periovulatory phase while TSH response remained constant throughout the menstrual cycle. In adult women, sequential oral contraceptives increased LH, FSH and prolactin responses to LHRH and TRH while TSH response was unchanged. Combined contraceptives displayed an important inhibition of the LH, FSH and TSH responses but not of that of prolactin. The inhibitory effects on gonadotrophins and TSH may be due to the association of gestagens to estrogens. Postmenopausal women presented a TSH response to TRH similar to that found in male adults while prolactin response remained unchanged in spite of decreased basal values. The potentiatory effects of estrogens on the pituitary responsiveness to LHRH and TSH may be attributed either to an increased number or to an enhanced binding activity of the pituitary receptors to LHRH and TRH, as suggested by several experimental data.", "PMID": 417662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9245", "title": "Serological and biochemical investigations among five endogamous groups of Delhi, India.", "content": "Phenotype and gene frequencies for four blood group systems (ABO, MN, Rh and P) and haptoglobin among five endogamous groups of Delhi, India, are reported. All the systems are polymorphic in all the population groups. The average heterozygosity per locus in high (in the range 48-52 per cent) for all the groups. The extent of genic variability among the groups in terms of net codon differences per locus has been studied; the heterogeneity within the groups is large as compared to the between-group heterogeneity. There is no definite clustering of the of the groups with respect to their biological rank.", "contents": "Serological and biochemical investigations among five endogamous groups of Delhi, India. Phenotype and gene frequencies for four blood group systems (ABO, MN, Rh and P) and haptoglobin among five endogamous groups of Delhi, India, are reported. All the systems are polymorphic in all the population groups. The average heterozygosity per locus in high (in the range 48-52 per cent) for all the groups. The extent of genic variability among the groups in terms of net codon differences per locus has been studied; the heterogeneity within the groups is large as compared to the between-group heterogeneity. There is no definite clustering of the of the groups with respect to their biological rank.", "PMID": 417663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9246", "title": "Anorexia nervosa: recent investigations.", "content": "In this paper, I have: 1. described the typological diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, 2. discussed recent hematological, lipid, electrolyte, gastrointestinal, and electrocardiographic studies in anorexia nervosa, and 3. reviewed recent endocrine investigations including thyroid, adrenal cortical, gonadotropin, growth hormone, and catecholamine studies in anorexia nervosa. Although all of the reviewed studies have contributed greatly to the formation of descriptive criteria for anorexia nervosa, they have not supported any single hypothesis concerning the etiology of anorexia nervosa. Further studies are needed to ascertain relationships between the typical anorectic behavior and the endocrine and catecholamine changes observed in this disorder.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa: recent investigations. In this paper, I have: 1. described the typological diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, 2. discussed recent hematological, lipid, electrolyte, gastrointestinal, and electrocardiographic studies in anorexia nervosa, and 3. reviewed recent endocrine investigations including thyroid, adrenal cortical, gonadotropin, growth hormone, and catecholamine studies in anorexia nervosa. Although all of the reviewed studies have contributed greatly to the formation of descriptive criteria for anorexia nervosa, they have not supported any single hypothesis concerning the etiology of anorexia nervosa. Further studies are needed to ascertain relationships between the typical anorectic behavior and the endocrine and catecholamine changes observed in this disorder.", "PMID": 417664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9247", "title": "[Antibiotic formation in plasmid and plasmid-free strains].", "content": "Antibiotic activity of three plasmid and three plasmid-free strains of Bacillus pumilus was studied. The antibiotic activity was found in one plasmid and two plasmid-free strains. It was supposed that both the chromosomic and extrachromosomic genes could participate in regulation of the antibiotic production in Bac. pumilus. It was shown that the antibiotics produced by Bac. pumilus had a very narrow spectrum and inhibited multiplication only of several grampositive bacteria.", "contents": "[Antibiotic formation in plasmid and plasmid-free strains]. Antibiotic activity of three plasmid and three plasmid-free strains of Bacillus pumilus was studied. The antibiotic activity was found in one plasmid and two plasmid-free strains. It was supposed that both the chromosomic and extrachromosomic genes could participate in regulation of the antibiotic production in Bac. pumilus. It was shown that the antibiotics produced by Bac. pumilus had a very narrow spectrum and inhibited multiplication only of several grampositive bacteria.", "PMID": 417667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9248", "title": "[Interaction of streptidin-dependent Actinomyces streptomycini (Streptomyces griseus) mutants No. 170 and 145 with mutants having blocks at various stages of streptomycin biosynthesis].", "content": "In complementation analysis of low active streptidine dependent strains of Act. streptomycini, 170 and 145 with mutants having different blocks in biosynthesis of streptomycin it was found that these strains were the donors of some thermostable substances and could reduce the biosynthesis of streptomycin in the mutants having impairements in biosynthesis of streptidine and streptobiosamine, as well as in a number of strains with unknown blocks. It is supposed that the substances produced by mutants 170 and 145 were intermediate products in streptomycin biosynthesis.", "contents": "[Interaction of streptidin-dependent Actinomyces streptomycini (Streptomyces griseus) mutants No. 170 and 145 with mutants having blocks at various stages of streptomycin biosynthesis]. In complementation analysis of low active streptidine dependent strains of Act. streptomycini, 170 and 145 with mutants having different blocks in biosynthesis of streptomycin it was found that these strains were the donors of some thermostable substances and could reduce the biosynthesis of streptomycin in the mutants having impairements in biosynthesis of streptidine and streptobiosamine, as well as in a number of strains with unknown blocks. It is supposed that the substances produced by mutants 170 and 145 were intermediate products in streptomycin biosynthesis.", "PMID": 417668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9249", "title": "[RP4 factor integration with E. coli chromosome].", "content": "Integration of R-factor RP4 with the chromosome of E. coli was studied with the use of replication thermosensitive mutant pEG1 of this factor. It was found that the frequency of integration of factor pEG1 containing the ampicillin transposone Tn1 with the chromosome of bacteria JC411 carrying transposone Tn1 previously inserted into it was very high and markedly exceeded that of its insertion into the same chromosome but not carrying this transposone. The frequency of factor pEG1 insertion into the chromosome of bacteria JC 1553 rec A defective with respect to genetic recombination was less than 2.10(-5) and did not depend on the presence of transposone Tn1 in it. Probably, insertion of factor RP4 into the bacterial chromosome may be realized through the rec A-dependent process of recombination between transposone Tn1 previously translocated into the chromosome and the same transposone contained in R-factor.", "contents": "[RP4 factor integration with E. coli chromosome]. Integration of R-factor RP4 with the chromosome of E. coli was studied with the use of replication thermosensitive mutant pEG1 of this factor. It was found that the frequency of integration of factor pEG1 containing the ampicillin transposone Tn1 with the chromosome of bacteria JC411 carrying transposone Tn1 previously inserted into it was very high and markedly exceeded that of its insertion into the same chromosome but not carrying this transposone. The frequency of factor pEG1 insertion into the chromosome of bacteria JC 1553 rec A defective with respect to genetic recombination was less than 2.10(-5) and did not depend on the presence of transposone Tn1 in it. Probably, insertion of factor RP4 into the bacterial chromosome may be realized through the rec A-dependent process of recombination between transposone Tn1 previously translocated into the chromosome and the same transposone contained in R-factor.", "PMID": 417669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9250", "title": "SCE-129, antipseudomonal cephalosporin: in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities.", "content": "SCE-129 [3-(4-carbamoyl-1-pyridiniomethyl)-7beta-(d-alpha-sulfophenylacetamido)-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylate monosodium salt], a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, shows potent in vitro antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and some gram-positive bacteria, whereas it shows lower activity against many gram-negative rods. Against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa this cephalosporin exhibited higher activity than did carbenicillin, and against the strains of Staphylococcus aureus, SCE-129 had similar activity to carbenicillin. Variations in pH, addition of horse serum, and type of growth medium had no significant effects on the activity of the cephalosporin; however, the inoculum size had some effect on the activity. SCE-129 is an effective bactericidal agent against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The protective effects of SCE-129 in mice infected with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were more potent than those of carbenicillin. The protective effects of SCE-129 on Pseudomonas infection in mice varied according to the dosage schedule and the challenge dose. In a multiple dose schedule, a smaller amount of SCE-129 was necessary than that in a single dose schedule. The effects of SCE-129 after subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration were more potent than were those by intravenous administration. No protective effect was observed by oral administration.", "contents": "SCE-129, antipseudomonal cephalosporin: in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities. SCE-129 [3-(4-carbamoyl-1-pyridiniomethyl)-7beta-(d-alpha-sulfophenylacetamido)-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylate monosodium salt], a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, shows potent in vitro antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and some gram-positive bacteria, whereas it shows lower activity against many gram-negative rods. Against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa this cephalosporin exhibited higher activity than did carbenicillin, and against the strains of Staphylococcus aureus, SCE-129 had similar activity to carbenicillin. Variations in pH, addition of horse serum, and type of growth medium had no significant effects on the activity of the cephalosporin; however, the inoculum size had some effect on the activity. SCE-129 is an effective bactericidal agent against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The protective effects of SCE-129 in mice infected with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were more potent than those of carbenicillin. The protective effects of SCE-129 on Pseudomonas infection in mice varied according to the dosage schedule and the challenge dose. In a multiple dose schedule, a smaller amount of SCE-129 was necessary than that in a single dose schedule. The effects of SCE-129 after subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration were more potent than were those by intravenous administration. No protective effect was observed by oral administration.", "PMID": 417670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9251", "title": "Comparison of ticarcillin and carbenicillin activity against random and select populations Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The in vitro activities of ticarcillin (T) and carbenicillin (C) against 253 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (108 randomly selected clinical isolates and 145 isolates determined to be C resistant by 10 referring hospitals) were evaluated using both broth microdilution and disk diffusion techniques. T activity was usually twofold or greater than C activity for individual strains in both sample populations. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of T and C were </=0.4 to >400 (median, 25) and 0.8 to >400 (median, 50) mug/ml, respectively, for the random sample and 1.6 to >400 (median, 50) and 12.5 to >400 (median, 200) mug/ml, respectively, for the select sample. For predicting susceptibility (MIC, </=50 mug of T and </=100 mug of C per ml), 75-mug T and 100-mug C disks were equivalent in accuracy for the random sample (T/T = 92.6%, T/C = 92.0%, C/T = 91.7%, C/C = 89.8%). Regression-line analyses of zones of inhibition versus MIC values for the four combinations showed coefficients of correlation to be -0.81, -0.76, -0.77, and -0.75, respectively. With the sample selected as being resistant to C, T was better than C for predicting T susceptibility (P < 0.05), and T was equivalent to C for predicting C susceptibility (T/T = 84.3%, T/C = 81.0%, C/T = 73.6%, C/C = 80.4%). Coefficients of correlation were -0.70, -0.74, -0.55, and -0.61, respectively. T and C disks were, therefore, equivalent for determining T and C susceptibilities, but the T disk was more reliable for determining T susceptibility in a population skewed with C-resistant strains.", "contents": "Comparison of ticarcillin and carbenicillin activity against random and select populations Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The in vitro activities of ticarcillin (T) and carbenicillin (C) against 253 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (108 randomly selected clinical isolates and 145 isolates determined to be C resistant by 10 referring hospitals) were evaluated using both broth microdilution and disk diffusion techniques. T activity was usually twofold or greater than C activity for individual strains in both sample populations. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of T and C were </=0.4 to >400 (median, 25) and 0.8 to >400 (median, 50) mug/ml, respectively, for the random sample and 1.6 to >400 (median, 50) and 12.5 to >400 (median, 200) mug/ml, respectively, for the select sample. For predicting susceptibility (MIC, </=50 mug of T and </=100 mug of C per ml), 75-mug T and 100-mug C disks were equivalent in accuracy for the random sample (T/T = 92.6%, T/C = 92.0%, C/T = 91.7%, C/C = 89.8%). Regression-line analyses of zones of inhibition versus MIC values for the four combinations showed coefficients of correlation to be -0.81, -0.76, -0.77, and -0.75, respectively. With the sample selected as being resistant to C, T was better than C for predicting T susceptibility (P < 0.05), and T was equivalent to C for predicting C susceptibility (T/T = 84.3%, T/C = 81.0%, C/T = 73.6%, C/C = 80.4%). Coefficients of correlation were -0.70, -0.74, -0.55, and -0.61, respectively. T and C disks were, therefore, equivalent for determining T and C susceptibilities, but the T disk was more reliable for determining T susceptibility in a population skewed with C-resistant strains.", "PMID": 417671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9252", "title": "Activity of amantadine, rimantadine, and ribavirin against swine influenza in mice and squirrel monkeys.", "content": "Amantadine, rimantadine, and ribavirin given orally, either prophylactically or therapeutically, reduced mortality and increased the survival time of 3-week-old mice infected with the type A/New Jersey/8/76 (swine) strain of influenza virus. In addition, amantadine and rimantadine, administered therapeutically, increased the rate of virus clearance from lungs of infected mice. Administration of amantadine either before or after virus challenge ameliorated the illness in squirrel monkeys; when administered therapeutically, it appeared to eliminate virus shedding from infected monkeys within hours after therapy was initiated.", "contents": "Activity of amantadine, rimantadine, and ribavirin against swine influenza in mice and squirrel monkeys. Amantadine, rimantadine, and ribavirin given orally, either prophylactically or therapeutically, reduced mortality and increased the survival time of 3-week-old mice infected with the type A/New Jersey/8/76 (swine) strain of influenza virus. In addition, amantadine and rimantadine, administered therapeutically, increased the rate of virus clearance from lungs of infected mice. Administration of amantadine either before or after virus challenge ameliorated the illness in squirrel monkeys; when administered therapeutically, it appeared to eliminate virus shedding from infected monkeys within hours after therapy was initiated.", "PMID": 417672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9253", "title": "Use of fecal streptococci as indicators of pollution in soil.", "content": "The survival, recovery, and identification of Streptococcus isolates from soil was investigated by (i) examination of survival in soil under different moisture and temperature conditions, (ii) evaluation of media combinations for recovering fecal streptococci from soil, and (iii) partial identification of isolates from diverse habitats. Cool, moist conditions prolonged the survival of Streptococcus faecalis in soil for at least 12 weeks, whereas freezing was lethal, with the populations being reduced up to 95% when several freeze-thaw treatments occurred. Media evaluations indicated that both the efficiency of recovery and enumeration of the fecal streptococci from soil can be influenced by the combination of media used. Taxonomic data revealed a need to develop procedures to differentiate between isolates of fecal origin and plant-derived streptococci that possess many of the cultural reactions of S. faecalis. It was found that recent fecal isolates exhibited a much greater incidence of multiple antibiotic resistance than soil or vegetation isolates, and this characteristic, coupled with the use of enterococci as indicators of fecal contamination in soil systems, is discussed.", "contents": "Use of fecal streptococci as indicators of pollution in soil. The survival, recovery, and identification of Streptococcus isolates from soil was investigated by (i) examination of survival in soil under different moisture and temperature conditions, (ii) evaluation of media combinations for recovering fecal streptococci from soil, and (iii) partial identification of isolates from diverse habitats. Cool, moist conditions prolonged the survival of Streptococcus faecalis in soil for at least 12 weeks, whereas freezing was lethal, with the populations being reduced up to 95% when several freeze-thaw treatments occurred. Media evaluations indicated that both the efficiency of recovery and enumeration of the fecal streptococci from soil can be influenced by the combination of media used. Taxonomic data revealed a need to develop procedures to differentiate between isolates of fecal origin and plant-derived streptococci that possess many of the cultural reactions of S. faecalis. It was found that recent fecal isolates exhibited a much greater incidence of multiple antibiotic resistance than soil or vegetation isolates, and this characteristic, coupled with the use of enterococci as indicators of fecal contamination in soil systems, is discussed.", "PMID": 417673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9254", "title": "Use of extractable adenosine triphosphate to estimate the viable cell mass in dental plaque samples obtained from monkeys.", "content": "The viable cell mass in plaque samples obtained from monkeys was estimated by determining the concentration of extractable adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and total cell mass was estimated by measuring the protein content. The results were expressed in terms of the specific ATP and protein contents of Streptococcus sanguis. The viable counts estimated by these techniques were comparable to or exceeded viable counts obtained by other investigators using conventional bacteriological methods.", "contents": "Use of extractable adenosine triphosphate to estimate the viable cell mass in dental plaque samples obtained from monkeys. The viable cell mass in plaque samples obtained from monkeys was estimated by determining the concentration of extractable adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and total cell mass was estimated by measuring the protein content. The results were expressed in terms of the specific ATP and protein contents of Streptococcus sanguis. The viable counts estimated by these techniques were comparable to or exceeded viable counts obtained by other investigators using conventional bacteriological methods.", "PMID": 417674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9255", "title": "Osmotically induced increase in thermal resistance of heat-sensitive, dipicolinic acid-less spores of Bacillus cereus Ht-8.", "content": "Thermal resistance in heat-sensitive, dipicolinic acid (DPA)-less spores of Bacillus cereus Ht-8 heated in sucrose solutions increased at and above a concentration of 2 M sucrose. The decimal reduction times at 75 degrees C for spores heated in 0.0, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.6 M sucrose were 2.0, 2.8, 4.5, and 12 min, respectively. Maltose, fructose, and glucose increased heat resistance above that observed in water but did not elevate resistance to the level observed with sucrose at the same osmolality. Cation-induced loss of thermal resistance in chemically sensitized spores was reversed in the presence of sucrose. Spores germinated in brain heart infusion were resistant when heated in sucrose. In the presence of sucrose, spores exhibited an increase in optical density at 700 nm. Electron micrographs of the DPA-less spores suspended in 2.2 M sucrose revealed a shrinkage of outer coats and exosporium membranes. The results suggested that the osmotic property of sugars increased thermal resistance in DPA-less spores. The osmotic pressure exerted by sugars may be similar to the pressure that usually exists within the cortex of normal spores containing DPA and may cause the dehydration of the protoplast and the consequent thermal resistance. The role of dehydration and the nonessential nature of DPA for thermal resistance in spores were confirmed.", "contents": "Osmotically induced increase in thermal resistance of heat-sensitive, dipicolinic acid-less spores of Bacillus cereus Ht-8. Thermal resistance in heat-sensitive, dipicolinic acid (DPA)-less spores of Bacillus cereus Ht-8 heated in sucrose solutions increased at and above a concentration of 2 M sucrose. The decimal reduction times at 75 degrees C for spores heated in 0.0, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.6 M sucrose were 2.0, 2.8, 4.5, and 12 min, respectively. Maltose, fructose, and glucose increased heat resistance above that observed in water but did not elevate resistance to the level observed with sucrose at the same osmolality. Cation-induced loss of thermal resistance in chemically sensitized spores was reversed in the presence of sucrose. Spores germinated in brain heart infusion were resistant when heated in sucrose. In the presence of sucrose, spores exhibited an increase in optical density at 700 nm. Electron micrographs of the DPA-less spores suspended in 2.2 M sucrose revealed a shrinkage of outer coats and exosporium membranes. The results suggested that the osmotic property of sugars increased thermal resistance in DPA-less spores. The osmotic pressure exerted by sugars may be similar to the pressure that usually exists within the cortex of normal spores containing DPA and may cause the dehydration of the protoplast and the consequent thermal resistance. The role of dehydration and the nonessential nature of DPA for thermal resistance in spores were confirmed.", "PMID": 417675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9256", "title": "Improved tube for nasojejunal feeding in low birthweight infants.", "content": "A simple tube for nasojejunal feeding is described. 22 infants with birthweight less than 1500 g and 25 infants 1500--2000 g were fed during the first weeks of life. The tube elimintes many of the difficulties previously encountered with nasojejunal feeding.", "contents": "Improved tube for nasojejunal feeding in low birthweight infants. A simple tube for nasojejunal feeding is described. 22 infants with birthweight less than 1500 g and 25 infants 1500--2000 g were fed during the first weeks of life. The tube elimintes many of the difficulties previously encountered with nasojejunal feeding.", "PMID": 417678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9257", "title": "Fat embolism in infancy after intravenous fat infusions.", "content": "Four cases of fat embolism are described in infants receiving prolonged intravenous infusion of fat (Intralipid 20%). This therapeutic complication has been termed 'fat overloading syndrome' but bears a clinical similarity to post-traumatic fat embolism. These 4 cases are the first to be recorded in infancy, and with histopathological proof of fat embolism. These 4 cases are the first to be recorded in infancy, and with histopathological proof of fat embolism. Transient high rates of infusion of Intralipid appears to be a factor in the aetiology of the condition.", "contents": "Fat embolism in infancy after intravenous fat infusions. Four cases of fat embolism are described in infants receiving prolonged intravenous infusion of fat (Intralipid 20%). This therapeutic complication has been termed 'fat overloading syndrome' but bears a clinical similarity to post-traumatic fat embolism. These 4 cases are the first to be recorded in infancy, and with histopathological proof of fat embolism. These 4 cases are the first to be recorded in infancy, and with histopathological proof of fat embolism. Transient high rates of infusion of Intralipid appears to be a factor in the aetiology of the condition.", "PMID": 417679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9258", "title": "Combined test of anterior pituitary function in children.", "content": "A combined test of anterior pituitary function was used on 21 normal children. It shows that a comprehensive evaluation can be made of growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and gonadotrophin reserve. Simultaneous assessment of those peripheral glands associated with the anterior pituitary is possible by the measurement of thyroid hormones, cortisol, and gonadal steroids. The procedure can be completed in 4 hours with minimum inconvenience and distress to the child.", "contents": "Combined test of anterior pituitary function in children. A combined test of anterior pituitary function was used on 21 normal children. It shows that a comprehensive evaluation can be made of growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and gonadotrophin reserve. Simultaneous assessment of those peripheral glands associated with the anterior pituitary is possible by the measurement of thyroid hormones, cortisol, and gonadal steroids. The procedure can be completed in 4 hours with minimum inconvenience and distress to the child.", "PMID": 417680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9259", "title": "Loss of energy during continuous infusions of breast milk.", "content": "During 9 experiments simulating continuous intragastric infusion of human breast milk, variations in milk energy content of up to 24% occurred, the samples taken at the end of 8-12 hours' infusion being particularly energy-rich compared with earlier samples. Burettes should be regularly agitated during infusions of human milk.", "contents": "Loss of energy during continuous infusions of breast milk. During 9 experiments simulating continuous intragastric infusion of human breast milk, variations in milk energy content of up to 24% occurred, the samples taken at the end of 8-12 hours' infusion being particularly energy-rich compared with earlier samples. Burettes should be regularly agitated during infusions of human milk.", "PMID": 417681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9260", "title": "Air embolism occurring as a complication of central venous catheterization.", "content": "Two patients with air embolism (one fatal) which occurred during intravenous feeding with a central venous catheter are reported. The connection between intravenous administration sets and such catheters is shown to be a danger area which requires further technological improvement. The world literature concerning this hazard is reviewed.", "contents": "Air embolism occurring as a complication of central venous catheterization. Two patients with air embolism (one fatal) which occurred during intravenous feeding with a central venous catheter are reported. The connection between intravenous administration sets and such catheters is shown to be a danger area which requires further technological improvement. The world literature concerning this hazard is reviewed.", "PMID": 417682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9261", "title": "Ten years experience with intravenous hyperalimentation and inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "A retrospective analysis was conducted on 74 patients with inflammatory bowel disease who were treated with intravenous hyperalimentation at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between the years 1967-1976. Intravenous hyperalimentation can ameliorate the inevitable protein-calorie malnutrition present in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Combined with complete bowel rest, intravenous hyperalimentation can effectively function as the primary treatment or as an adjunct to the surgical management of the complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Intravenous hyperalimentation can be safely administered to these severely ill patients, almost certainly improving survival rates in the patients treated.", "contents": "Ten years experience with intravenous hyperalimentation and inflammatory bowel disease. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 74 patients with inflammatory bowel disease who were treated with intravenous hyperalimentation at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between the years 1967-1976. Intravenous hyperalimentation can ameliorate the inevitable protein-calorie malnutrition present in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Combined with complete bowel rest, intravenous hyperalimentation can effectively function as the primary treatment or as an adjunct to the surgical management of the complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Intravenous hyperalimentation can be safely administered to these severely ill patients, almost certainly improving survival rates in the patients treated.", "PMID": 417685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9262", "title": "Electro-acupuncture analgesia in monkeys: a behavioral and neurophysiological assessment.", "content": "Monkeys were initially trained to press a lever to escape noxious electrical stimulation applied to one leg. They were then presented with electrical stimuli consisting of 40 successive intensity increments beginning at zero intensity and with random interstimulus intervals (ISIs). A lever press, initiated by the monkey during presentation of a stimulus, immediately terminated stimulation of the leg, triggering another sequence of the same increasing stimuli with a new series of ISIs. After establishment of a stable threshold measure of lever pressing, 45 min of electro-acupuncture was applied to traditional points on both legs. The results show that electro-acupuncture dramatically increased (300-400 %) the lever pressing threshold for approximately 20 min after electro-acupuncture stimulation was terminated. In acute monkey preparations, spike activity of single neurons in N. Parafascicularis of the thalamus, evoked by noxious electrical stimulation to the sciatic nerve, was recorded. The evoked activity of only nociceptive specific neurons was either eliminated or markedly reduced for at least one hour following 45 min of electro-acupuncture applied to traditional points on both legs. The observations made by these two experimental approaches suggest that electro-acupuncture exerts an analgesic effect on artificially induced nociception.", "contents": "Electro-acupuncture analgesia in monkeys: a behavioral and neurophysiological assessment. Monkeys were initially trained to press a lever to escape noxious electrical stimulation applied to one leg. They were then presented with electrical stimuli consisting of 40 successive intensity increments beginning at zero intensity and with random interstimulus intervals (ISIs). A lever press, initiated by the monkey during presentation of a stimulus, immediately terminated stimulation of the leg, triggering another sequence of the same increasing stimuli with a new series of ISIs. After establishment of a stable threshold measure of lever pressing, 45 min of electro-acupuncture was applied to traditional points on both legs. The results show that electro-acupuncture dramatically increased (300-400 %) the lever pressing threshold for approximately 20 min after electro-acupuncture stimulation was terminated. In acute monkey preparations, spike activity of single neurons in N. Parafascicularis of the thalamus, evoked by noxious electrical stimulation to the sciatic nerve, was recorded. The evoked activity of only nociceptive specific neurons was either eliminated or markedly reduced for at least one hour following 45 min of electro-acupuncture applied to traditional points on both legs. The observations made by these two experimental approaches suggest that electro-acupuncture exerts an analgesic effect on artificially induced nociception.", "PMID": 417686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9263", "title": "Massive proteinuria in light chain disease.", "content": "A 33-year-old man with overall renal function in the lower normal range had daily excretion in the urine of between 31 and 70 gm of protein composed entirely of free monoclonal K light chains. K light chains were also present in the serum. Serum protein electrophoresis and findings on bone marrow and lymph node biopsy were diagnostic of light chain disease. Amyloid was absent from renal tissue. General clinical improvement and almost total disappearance of protein from the urine followed treatment with phenylalanine mustard.", "contents": "Massive proteinuria in light chain disease. A 33-year-old man with overall renal function in the lower normal range had daily excretion in the urine of between 31 and 70 gm of protein composed entirely of free monoclonal K light chains. K light chains were also present in the serum. Serum protein electrophoresis and findings on bone marrow and lymph node biopsy were diagnostic of light chain disease. Amyloid was absent from renal tissue. General clinical improvement and almost total disappearance of protein from the urine followed treatment with phenylalanine mustard.", "PMID": 417687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9264", "title": "Correction of taste abnormality of malignancy with intravenous hyperalimentation.", "content": "A complete remission of widely metastatic bladder carcinoma was obtained with chemotherapy in a 41-year-old man. Severe persistent anorexia led to a 33% weight loss. The anorexia correlated with an elevated sucrose recognition threshold. Following 16 days of intravenous hyperalimentation, taste sensation returned to normal, anorectic symptoms cleared, and weight gain and positive nitrogen balance resulted. There was no stimulation of tumor growth. Restoration of nutritional deficits with intravenous hyperalimentation can improve taste function and appetite so that adequate oral alimentation can be tolerated.", "contents": "Correction of taste abnormality of malignancy with intravenous hyperalimentation. A complete remission of widely metastatic bladder carcinoma was obtained with chemotherapy in a 41-year-old man. Severe persistent anorexia led to a 33% weight loss. The anorexia correlated with an elevated sucrose recognition threshold. Following 16 days of intravenous hyperalimentation, taste sensation returned to normal, anorectic symptoms cleared, and weight gain and positive nitrogen balance resulted. There was no stimulation of tumor growth. Restoration of nutritional deficits with intravenous hyperalimentation can improve taste function and appetite so that adequate oral alimentation can be tolerated.", "PMID": 417688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9265", "title": "Hyponatremia of hypothyroidism. Appropriate suppression of antidiuretic hormone levels.", "content": "A hypothyroid, 72-year-old woman with idiopathic hypopituitarism manifested severe hyponatremia, plasma hypoosmolality, and inappropriately elevated urine osmolality suggestive of a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretions. The hyponatremia did not respond to demeclocycline hydrochloride, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels measured by a specific radioimmunoassay were appropriately suppressed. Subsequent replacement therapy with levothyroxine sodium resulted in correction of the hyponatremia. Thus, both direct assay as well as hormone blockade failed to show an action of ADH in mediating the water retention.", "contents": "Hyponatremia of hypothyroidism. Appropriate suppression of antidiuretic hormone levels. A hypothyroid, 72-year-old woman with idiopathic hypopituitarism manifested severe hyponatremia, plasma hypoosmolality, and inappropriately elevated urine osmolality suggestive of a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretions. The hyponatremia did not respond to demeclocycline hydrochloride, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels measured by a specific radioimmunoassay were appropriately suppressed. Subsequent replacement therapy with levothyroxine sodium resulted in correction of the hyponatremia. Thus, both direct assay as well as hormone blockade failed to show an action of ADH in mediating the water retention.", "PMID": 417689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9266", "title": "Liver disease and vasculitis in a patient taking cromolyn.", "content": "Hypersensitivity reactions to cromolyn sodium occur rarely. On several occasions they have been associated with peripheral eosinophilia and granulomatous inflammation. Liver disease has not been reported previously as a complication of inhaled cromolyn. We describe here a woman in whom marked peripheral eosinophilia, liver disease, and systemic vasculitis developed while taking cromolyn and resolved or improved on discontinuation of the drug and treatment with corticosteroids. The liver disease was similar to primary biliary cirrhosis except that marked eosinophilic infiltration and granulomas were present initially. Studies of the patient's serum for binding of carbon 14-labeled cromolyn, the skin for deposits of the drug, and the circulating lymphocytes for stimulation by cromolyn failed to demonstrate any abnormalities. However, the elevated IgG and IgM levels, the positive rheumatoid factor and antimitochondrial antibody, and the reduced serum complement, which returned to normal on discontinuation of the drug therapy, suggests that immunologic mechanisms may have played a role in the pathogenesis of this patient's illness.", "contents": "Liver disease and vasculitis in a patient taking cromolyn. Hypersensitivity reactions to cromolyn sodium occur rarely. On several occasions they have been associated with peripheral eosinophilia and granulomatous inflammation. Liver disease has not been reported previously as a complication of inhaled cromolyn. We describe here a woman in whom marked peripheral eosinophilia, liver disease, and systemic vasculitis developed while taking cromolyn and resolved or improved on discontinuation of the drug and treatment with corticosteroids. The liver disease was similar to primary biliary cirrhosis except that marked eosinophilic infiltration and granulomas were present initially. Studies of the patient's serum for binding of carbon 14-labeled cromolyn, the skin for deposits of the drug, and the circulating lymphocytes for stimulation by cromolyn failed to demonstrate any abnormalities. However, the elevated IgG and IgM levels, the positive rheumatoid factor and antimitochondrial antibody, and the reduced serum complement, which returned to normal on discontinuation of the drug therapy, suggests that immunologic mechanisms may have played a role in the pathogenesis of this patient's illness.", "PMID": 417690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9267", "title": "Variations in short term products of inorganic carbon fixation in exponential and stationary phase cultures of Aphanocapsa 6308.", "content": "Aphanocapsa 6308 metabolizes both NaHCO3 and Na2CO3. The short term incorporation (5-s) metabolic pattern and the patterns of incorporation of bicarbonate for exponential versus stationary phase cultures differ, however. Cells were equilibrated for 10 min in air and distilled water prior to injection of either NaH14CO3 at pH 8.0, or Na214CO3 at pH 11.0. Hot ethanol extracts were analyzed via paper chromatography and autoradiography for products of CO2 fixation. At 5 s, malate (51.5%) predominates slightly as a primary bicarbonate fixation product over 3-phosphoglycerate (40.3%); 3-phosphoglycerate is the primary product of carbonate fixation. At 60 s, the carbonate and bicarbonate labelling patterns are similar. Cells in stationary phase fix in 5 s a greater proportion of bicarbonate into malate (36% vs. 14% for 3-phosphoglycerate) than do cells in exponential growth. Likewise, 60 s incorporations show a large amount of bicarbonate fixed into aspartate (30.9%) in stationary phase cells over that of exponential phase (11.6%). These data suggest an operative C4 pathway for purposes not related to carbohydrate synthesis but rather as compensation for the incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle in cyanobacteria. The enhancement of both aspartate fixation and CO2 fixation into citrulline in stationary phase correlates with an increase in cyanophycin granule production which requires both aspartate and arginine.", "contents": "Variations in short term products of inorganic carbon fixation in exponential and stationary phase cultures of Aphanocapsa 6308. Aphanocapsa 6308 metabolizes both NaHCO3 and Na2CO3. The short term incorporation (5-s) metabolic pattern and the patterns of incorporation of bicarbonate for exponential versus stationary phase cultures differ, however. Cells were equilibrated for 10 min in air and distilled water prior to injection of either NaH14CO3 at pH 8.0, or Na214CO3 at pH 11.0. Hot ethanol extracts were analyzed via paper chromatography and autoradiography for products of CO2 fixation. At 5 s, malate (51.5%) predominates slightly as a primary bicarbonate fixation product over 3-phosphoglycerate (40.3%); 3-phosphoglycerate is the primary product of carbonate fixation. At 60 s, the carbonate and bicarbonate labelling patterns are similar. Cells in stationary phase fix in 5 s a greater proportion of bicarbonate into malate (36% vs. 14% for 3-phosphoglycerate) than do cells in exponential growth. Likewise, 60 s incorporations show a large amount of bicarbonate fixed into aspartate (30.9%) in stationary phase cells over that of exponential phase (11.6%). These data suggest an operative C4 pathway for purposes not related to carbohydrate synthesis but rather as compensation for the incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle in cyanobacteria. The enhancement of both aspartate fixation and CO2 fixation into citrulline in stationary phase correlates with an increase in cyanophycin granule production which requires both aspartate and arginine.", "PMID": 417691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9268", "title": "Metabolic products of microorganisms 167. Cyclopaldic acid from Aspergillus duricaulis. 1. Production, isolation and bioloical properties.", "content": "In the course of a screening for new metabolites from fungi we isolated a substance with antimicrobial activity from cultures of Aspergillus duricaulis (CBS 481.65) (T\u00fc 679). It was antagonized by putrescine, spermidine, spermine, arginine, citrulline, lysine, ornithine, in higher concentration by aspraagine and glutamine too. The effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate on the susceptibility of Streptomyces viridochromogenes (T\u00fc 57) and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 to this antibiotic has been studied. The substance was characterized and identified as cyclopaldic acid.", "contents": "Metabolic products of microorganisms 167. Cyclopaldic acid from Aspergillus duricaulis. 1. Production, isolation and bioloical properties. In the course of a screening for new metabolites from fungi we isolated a substance with antimicrobial activity from cultures of Aspergillus duricaulis (CBS 481.65) (T\u00fc 679). It was antagonized by putrescine, spermidine, spermine, arginine, citrulline, lysine, ornithine, in higher concentration by aspraagine and glutamine too. The effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate on the susceptibility of Streptomyces viridochromogenes (T\u00fc 57) and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 to this antibiotic has been studied. The substance was characterized and identified as cyclopaldic acid.", "PMID": 417692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9269", "title": "Determination of kallidinogenase activity by radial immunodiffusion methods.", "content": "An attempt has been made to elaborate a method allowing determination of kallidinogenase obtained from the pancreas of slaughtered animals (pigs), by means of radial immunodiffusion method. As the test substance (antigen) a pharmaceutical preparation Dilminal D has been used. The immune serum against the preparation administered was obtained from rabbits. This serum was used to saturate plates of agar gel. Little pigs cut in the gel were filled with various concentrations of the preparation (antigen). A linear correlation between the selected concentrations of the preparation was obtained. This method may find application in determining preparations of kallidinogenase (from pig pancreas) with titer value given in different units.", "contents": "Determination of kallidinogenase activity by radial immunodiffusion methods. An attempt has been made to elaborate a method allowing determination of kallidinogenase obtained from the pancreas of slaughtered animals (pigs), by means of radial immunodiffusion method. As the test substance (antigen) a pharmaceutical preparation Dilminal D has been used. The immune serum against the preparation administered was obtained from rabbits. This serum was used to saturate plates of agar gel. Little pigs cut in the gel were filled with various concentrations of the preparation (antigen). A linear correlation between the selected concentrations of the preparation was obtained. This method may find application in determining preparations of kallidinogenase (from pig pancreas) with titer value given in different units.", "PMID": 417696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9270", "title": "Stroke rehabilitation: a reconsideration of some common attitudes.", "content": "Some common, yet erroneous, attitudes and perceptions about stroke still persist. These warrant reconsideration: (1) benefits of stroke rehabilitation (including validity of its basis, life expectancy, adequacy in nursing homes, outcome prediction, cost benefits, and vocational outcome); (2) gait training (including evaluation methods, gait patterns, hand supports, sensory deficits, and types of braces); (3) effects of training on regaining balance; (4) spasticity (as a negative factor, enhancement by spring-action brace, benefit of inhibition training, and importance of antispasmotic drugs); (5) danger of early activity; (6) depression; (7) effects on patients' sexuality; (8) effects of communication impairments on learning abilities as well as effectiveness of speech therapy; (9) application of neurphysiological principles (regarding decreasing synaptic resistance, applications of principles from cerebral palsy training, and benefits of training for percept-concept-motor function deficits); and (10) research including reliability of past reports and paucity of facilities for new research.", "contents": "Stroke rehabilitation: a reconsideration of some common attitudes. Some common, yet erroneous, attitudes and perceptions about stroke still persist. These warrant reconsideration: (1) benefits of stroke rehabilitation (including validity of its basis, life expectancy, adequacy in nursing homes, outcome prediction, cost benefits, and vocational outcome); (2) gait training (including evaluation methods, gait patterns, hand supports, sensory deficits, and types of braces); (3) effects of training on regaining balance; (4) spasticity (as a negative factor, enhancement by spring-action brace, benefit of inhibition training, and importance of antispasmotic drugs); (5) danger of early activity; (6) depression; (7) effects on patients' sexuality; (8) effects of communication impairments on learning abilities as well as effectiveness of speech therapy; (9) application of neurphysiological principles (regarding decreasing synaptic resistance, applications of principles from cerebral palsy training, and benefits of training for percept-concept-motor function deficits); and (10) research including reliability of past reports and paucity of facilities for new research.", "PMID": 417697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9271", "title": "Reciprocal changes in primary and secondary optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) produced by repetitive optokinetic stimulation in the monkey.", "content": "In six rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) the effect of repetitive periods of whole-field optokinetic stimulation upon the different phases of optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) was studied. The precedings optokinetic stimulus consisted of rotating a striped cylinder around the stationary monkey. Experiments were performed on up to 8 successive days. The results demonstrate that OKAN I and OKAN II are affected in a reverse manner by repeated optokinetic stimulation: The duration of OKAN I strongly decreases, whereas OKAN II increases in duration and intensity. The mechanisms under lying the generation of OKAN I and OKAN II and the role of OKAN II in the habituation process are discussed.", "contents": "Reciprocal changes in primary and secondary optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) produced by repetitive optokinetic stimulation in the monkey. In six rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) the effect of repetitive periods of whole-field optokinetic stimulation upon the different phases of optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) was studied. The precedings optokinetic stimulus consisted of rotating a striped cylinder around the stationary monkey. Experiments were performed on up to 8 successive days. The results demonstrate that OKAN I and OKAN II are affected in a reverse manner by repeated optokinetic stimulation: The duration of OKAN I strongly decreases, whereas OKAN II increases in duration and intensity. The mechanisms under lying the generation of OKAN I and OKAN II and the role of OKAN II in the habituation process are discussed.", "PMID": 417698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9272", "title": "Endotoxin-challenged monkeys and rats.", "content": "Studies in our laboratory with both the monkey and the rat showed that, after three hours of endotoxemia, there was a significant decrease in the number of circulating platelets, total hemolytic complement (CH 50 units), and blood serotonin (5-HT) levels. Administration of dexamethasone sodium phosphate in the clinical dose range at the time of endotoxin challenge significantly attenuated the decrease in blood 5-HT levels when compared to the untreated groups in both the monkey and the rat experiments. In the monkey, CH 50 units remained at a higher level when dexamethasone was administered; however, the difference between the treated and untreated groups was not statistically significant. The number of circulating white blood cells and platelets did not appear to be significantly altered by corticosteroid treatment. It is suggested that glucocorticoids may interfere with lipopolysaccharide-induced alterations in complement components or factors regulating hemostasis that influence platelet 5-HT release.", "contents": "Endotoxin-challenged monkeys and rats. Studies in our laboratory with both the monkey and the rat showed that, after three hours of endotoxemia, there was a significant decrease in the number of circulating platelets, total hemolytic complement (CH 50 units), and blood serotonin (5-HT) levels. Administration of dexamethasone sodium phosphate in the clinical dose range at the time of endotoxin challenge significantly attenuated the decrease in blood 5-HT levels when compared to the untreated groups in both the monkey and the rat experiments. In the monkey, CH 50 units remained at a higher level when dexamethasone was administered; however, the difference between the treated and untreated groups was not statistically significant. The number of circulating white blood cells and platelets did not appear to be significantly altered by corticosteroid treatment. It is suggested that glucocorticoids may interfere with lipopolysaccharide-induced alterations in complement components or factors regulating hemostasis that influence platelet 5-HT release.", "PMID": 417699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9273", "title": "Management of septic thrombosis of the inferior vena cava caused by Candida.", "content": "Septic thrombosis of central veins is rarely diagnosed during life and nearly always proves fatal. We have recently successfully treated a patient with a 75% body surface burn in whom septic thrombosis of the inferior vena cava developed associated with high-grade candidemia as a complication of parenteral nutrition. Signs of venous thrombosis and candidemia persisted after catheter removal. Prompt and intensive therapy with amphotericin B, monitored by fungicidal assays of serum, resulted in cure. Generous hydration and directed supplementation of sodium bicarbonate permitted us to administer a large total dose of amphotericin over a relatively brief period of time with no nephrototoxic effect whatsoever. Septic central venous thrombosis mandates a pharmacologic approach to therapy similar to that used for infective endocarditis, with the addition of anticoagulation. Should sepsis prove refractory to this program of it pulmonary embolization occurs, operative intervention is indicated despite the high risks involved.", "contents": "Management of septic thrombosis of the inferior vena cava caused by Candida. Septic thrombosis of central veins is rarely diagnosed during life and nearly always proves fatal. We have recently successfully treated a patient with a 75% body surface burn in whom septic thrombosis of the inferior vena cava developed associated with high-grade candidemia as a complication of parenteral nutrition. Signs of venous thrombosis and candidemia persisted after catheter removal. Prompt and intensive therapy with amphotericin B, monitored by fungicidal assays of serum, resulted in cure. Generous hydration and directed supplementation of sodium bicarbonate permitted us to administer a large total dose of amphotericin over a relatively brief period of time with no nephrototoxic effect whatsoever. Septic central venous thrombosis mandates a pharmacologic approach to therapy similar to that used for infective endocarditis, with the addition of anticoagulation. Should sepsis prove refractory to this program of it pulmonary embolization occurs, operative intervention is indicated despite the high risks involved.", "PMID": 417700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9274", "title": "Squirrel monkey retrovirus: electron microscopy of a virus from New World monkeys and comparison with Mason-Pfizer monkey virus.", "content": "The ultrastructural morphogenesis of squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV) and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) growth in cell culture were compared. Both viruses develop by a process that begins with the formation of intracytoplasmic A particles which are then enveloped at the plasma membrane during budding. SMRV also develops as a crescent-shaped nucleoid beneath a bulging plasma membrane, a development characteristic of type C oncornaviruses. Free extra-cellular mature SMRV was generally round with a centrally located electron-dense nucleoid enclosed by the viral envelope. In contrast, mature MPMV had a tubular-shaped nucleoid. Negative stained preparations of both viruses yielded head-tail forms with surface projections. By uranyl acetate/critical point drying, SMRV particles were usually round with an eccentric electron-dense nucleoid enclosed by the viral envelope, whereas MPMV particles were round and contained an electron-dense bar-shaped nucleoid. These morphological observations indicate that SMRV more closely resembles MPMV, presently the only member of genus oncornavirus type D, than other retroviruses species. However, since SMRV can be morphologically, biochemically, and immunologically distinguished from MPMV, it represents a new species within genus oncornavirus type D.", "contents": "Squirrel monkey retrovirus: electron microscopy of a virus from New World monkeys and comparison with Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. The ultrastructural morphogenesis of squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV) and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) growth in cell culture were compared. Both viruses develop by a process that begins with the formation of intracytoplasmic A particles which are then enveloped at the plasma membrane during budding. SMRV also develops as a crescent-shaped nucleoid beneath a bulging plasma membrane, a development characteristic of type C oncornaviruses. Free extra-cellular mature SMRV was generally round with a centrally located electron-dense nucleoid enclosed by the viral envelope. In contrast, mature MPMV had a tubular-shaped nucleoid. Negative stained preparations of both viruses yielded head-tail forms with surface projections. By uranyl acetate/critical point drying, SMRV particles were usually round with an eccentric electron-dense nucleoid enclosed by the viral envelope, whereas MPMV particles were round and contained an electron-dense bar-shaped nucleoid. These morphological observations indicate that SMRV more closely resembles MPMV, presently the only member of genus oncornavirus type D, than other retroviruses species. However, since SMRV can be morphologically, biochemically, and immunologically distinguished from MPMV, it represents a new species within genus oncornavirus type D.", "PMID": 417701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9275", "title": "[Comparative morphologic features of the retinas of insectivores and primates].", "content": "By means of scanning electron microscopy and by neurohistological methods with subsequent quantitative treatment of the data, it is demonstrated that the retina of the hedgehog differs from that of the green monkey. In the former, the density of photoreceptors convergence is higher, that corresponds to the night mode of life of the hedgehog Monotony in the cells of all the layers, lack of photoreceptor differentiation according to the form of their external segments corresponds to general low level in the organization of the hedgehog nervous system. The retina of the hedgehog possessing the above mentioned structural peculiarities can be considered as a model reflecting the organization in the peripheral portion of the optic analyzer of the original forms in Mammalia placentalia.", "contents": "[Comparative morphologic features of the retinas of insectivores and primates]. By means of scanning electron microscopy and by neurohistological methods with subsequent quantitative treatment of the data, it is demonstrated that the retina of the hedgehog differs from that of the green monkey. In the former, the density of photoreceptors convergence is higher, that corresponds to the night mode of life of the hedgehog Monotony in the cells of all the layers, lack of photoreceptor differentiation according to the form of their external segments corresponds to general low level in the organization of the hedgehog nervous system. The retina of the hedgehog possessing the above mentioned structural peculiarities can be considered as a model reflecting the organization in the peripheral portion of the optic analyzer of the original forms in Mammalia placentalia.", "PMID": 417702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9276", "title": "EEG patterns at the time of focal seizure onset.", "content": "We studied the electroencephalographic pattern at the time of focal seizure onset in 41 patients. Progressive rhythmic EEG activity was characteristic of spontaneous focal seizures in man. Focal hypersynchrony was present in 49% of cases and served as an accurate localizing indication of cortical irritability. Interictal sharp or spike discharges were absent in 34% of cases. When present, spike and sharp discharges characteristically attentuate at the onset of rhythmic ictal activity. Recognition of the pattern of rhythmic ictal transformation is often essential for the electroencephalographic diagnosis of focal seizures.", "contents": "EEG patterns at the time of focal seizure onset. We studied the electroencephalographic pattern at the time of focal seizure onset in 41 patients. Progressive rhythmic EEG activity was characteristic of spontaneous focal seizures in man. Focal hypersynchrony was present in 49% of cases and served as an accurate localizing indication of cortical irritability. Interictal sharp or spike discharges were absent in 34% of cases. When present, spike and sharp discharges characteristically attentuate at the onset of rhythmic ictal activity. Recognition of the pattern of rhythmic ictal transformation is often essential for the electroencephalographic diagnosis of focal seizures.", "PMID": 417703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9277", "title": "Involvement of peripheral nerve and muscle in Fabry's disease. Histologic, ultrastructural, and morphometric studies.", "content": "Light microscopic and ultrastructural studies of biopsy specimens from the sural nerve and the gastrocnemius muscle in a patient with Fabry's disease showed accumulation of lipids in endothelial and perithelial cells of the vessel walls. In addition, the peripheral nerve exhibited deposition of lipids in the perineurial cells, occasionally in unmyelinated and myelinated axons, and infrequently in Schwann cell cytoplasm. In the muscle biopsy specimen, stored lipid was found in the sarcoplasm. Quantitative histologic studies showed loss of large unmyelinated and thin myelinated nerve fibers. Excruciating pain and loss of sweating, characteristic of this disorder, may result from loss of these fiber categories. The peripheral neuropathy is probably secondary to perikaryal deposition of lipid as described previously in the literature.", "contents": "Involvement of peripheral nerve and muscle in Fabry's disease. Histologic, ultrastructural, and morphometric studies. Light microscopic and ultrastructural studies of biopsy specimens from the sural nerve and the gastrocnemius muscle in a patient with Fabry's disease showed accumulation of lipids in endothelial and perithelial cells of the vessel walls. In addition, the peripheral nerve exhibited deposition of lipids in the perineurial cells, occasionally in unmyelinated and myelinated axons, and infrequently in Schwann cell cytoplasm. In the muscle biopsy specimen, stored lipid was found in the sarcoplasm. Quantitative histologic studies showed loss of large unmyelinated and thin myelinated nerve fibers. Excruciating pain and loss of sweating, characteristic of this disorder, may result from loss of these fiber categories. The peripheral neuropathy is probably secondary to perikaryal deposition of lipid as described previously in the literature.", "PMID": 417704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9278", "title": "Impedance audiometry in the squirrel monkey. Effect of middle ear surgery.", "content": "The two principal components of impedance audiometry, the tympanogram and acoustic reflexes, were measured preoperatively and postoperatively in seven squirrel monkeys subjected to experimental middle ear surgery. A probe-tone frequency of 1,200 Hz yielded both tympanograms and acoustic reflex thresholds roughly comparable to analogous data in humans at a probe-tone frequency of 220 Hz. Both tympanograms and acoustic reflex thresholds could be obtained reliably and with comparative ease. In general, postoperative data were modified in the expected fashion by the experimental middle ear surgery. Impedance audiometry appears to be a worthwhile and useful technique for monitoring middle ear status in the squirrel monkey.", "contents": "Impedance audiometry in the squirrel monkey. Effect of middle ear surgery. The two principal components of impedance audiometry, the tympanogram and acoustic reflexes, were measured preoperatively and postoperatively in seven squirrel monkeys subjected to experimental middle ear surgery. A probe-tone frequency of 1,200 Hz yielded both tympanograms and acoustic reflex thresholds roughly comparable to analogous data in humans at a probe-tone frequency of 220 Hz. Both tympanograms and acoustic reflex thresholds could be obtained reliably and with comparative ease. In general, postoperative data were modified in the expected fashion by the experimental middle ear surgery. Impedance audiometry appears to be a worthwhile and useful technique for monitoring middle ear status in the squirrel monkey.", "PMID": 417705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9279", "title": "Symptomatic ossification of the pterygomandibular raphe.", "content": "A case of symptomatic ossification of the pterygomandibular raphe, believed to be the first reported case of such an entity, was relieved by surgical removal of the ossified tissue. Ossification of the pterygomandibular raphe should, in the future, be considered in the differential diagnosis in cases of obscure lateral pharyngeal pain.", "contents": "Symptomatic ossification of the pterygomandibular raphe. A case of symptomatic ossification of the pterygomandibular raphe, believed to be the first reported case of such an entity, was relieved by surgical removal of the ossified tissue. Ossification of the pterygomandibular raphe should, in the future, be considered in the differential diagnosis in cases of obscure lateral pharyngeal pain.", "PMID": 417706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9280", "title": "Hearing loss and cochlear pathology in the monkey (Macaca) following exposure to high levels of noise.", "content": "Eight Old World monkeys were exposed 8 h daily for 20 days to octave-band noise having center frequencies from 0.5--8 kHz at levels of 117--120 dB SPL. Two additional animals received exposures to wide-band, 120-dB SPL noise on the same schedule, and one animal was exposed to the 2-kHz octave band for 40 h continuously. Behavioral audiograms were measured throughout exposure and during a 1-month recovery period. Following recovery, the animals were sacrificed and their ears examined histologically. Monaural audiograms are presented showing initial and final TTS and PTS measured at the end of the recovery period. These are compared with complete cytocochleograms for each ear. Hair cell loss was generally restricted to the outer rows, and was reasonably well correlated with pattern of hearing loss. Some cell loss, including inner hair cells, was found in the extreme basal turn, usually without associated high-frequency hearing loss. The relationships between exposure frequency, hearing loss, and locus of cochlear pathology are discussed, as are changes in TTS during exposure.", "contents": "Hearing loss and cochlear pathology in the monkey (Macaca) following exposure to high levels of noise. Eight Old World monkeys were exposed 8 h daily for 20 days to octave-band noise having center frequencies from 0.5--8 kHz at levels of 117--120 dB SPL. Two additional animals received exposures to wide-band, 120-dB SPL noise on the same schedule, and one animal was exposed to the 2-kHz octave band for 40 h continuously. Behavioral audiograms were measured throughout exposure and during a 1-month recovery period. Following recovery, the animals were sacrificed and their ears examined histologically. Monaural audiograms are presented showing initial and final TTS and PTS measured at the end of the recovery period. These are compared with complete cytocochleograms for each ear. Hair cell loss was generally restricted to the outer rows, and was reasonably well correlated with pattern of hearing loss. Some cell loss, including inner hair cells, was found in the extreme basal turn, usually without associated high-frequency hearing loss. The relationships between exposure frequency, hearing loss, and locus of cochlear pathology are discussed, as are changes in TTS during exposure.", "PMID": 417707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9281", "title": "Acute recreational injuries.", "content": "The injuries which occur in recreation have the effect of eliminating participation for a period and also in many cases lead to a cessation of physical activity. The loss of well being as a result of idleness is a price that today's inactive world cannot afford to pay.", "contents": "Acute recreational injuries. The injuries which occur in recreation have the effect of eliminating participation for a period and also in many cases lead to a cessation of physical activity. The loss of well being as a result of idleness is a price that today's inactive world cannot afford to pay.", "PMID": 417709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9282", "title": "The New South Wales mastitis control program. 3. The effect on production and economics.", "content": "A mastitis control program carried out in 35 commercial dairy heards over three years increased the milk produced by 343 kg per cow per year and the amount of butterfat by 15.8 kg per cow per year, giving a net benefit of $16.10 per cow per year by the end of the third year. The net benefit is considerably understated since benefits other than the increase in milk production were not quantified. The overall disposal rate of 33 herds showed a drop from 19.3% in year 1 to 13.6% in year 3. An analysis of culling records showed that as the severity of mastitis increased so did cow age.", "contents": "The New South Wales mastitis control program. 3. The effect on production and economics. A mastitis control program carried out in 35 commercial dairy heards over three years increased the milk produced by 343 kg per cow per year and the amount of butterfat by 15.8 kg per cow per year, giving a net benefit of $16.10 per cow per year by the end of the third year. The net benefit is considerably understated since benefits other than the increase in milk production were not quantified. The overall disposal rate of 33 herds showed a drop from 19.3% in year 1 to 13.6% in year 3. An analysis of culling records showed that as the severity of mastitis increased so did cow age.", "PMID": 417710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9283", "title": "Drosophila hemolymph proteins: purification, characterization, and genetic mapping of larval serum protein 2 in D. melanogaster.", "content": "Three of the major protein species present in the hemolymph of Drosophila melanogaster larvae just prior to pupation are absent from second instar larvae but accumulate rapidly during the third instar. This article describes the purification and characterization of one of these, larval serum protein (LSP) 2, using an immunological assay. It is a homohexamer of molecular weight about 450,000, with a polypeptide molecular weight of 78,000--83,000. Fast and slow electrophoretic variants of this protein map between the markers vin and gs, at 36--37 on chromosome 3.", "contents": "Drosophila hemolymph proteins: purification, characterization, and genetic mapping of larval serum protein 2 in D. melanogaster. Three of the major protein species present in the hemolymph of Drosophila melanogaster larvae just prior to pupation are absent from second instar larvae but accumulate rapidly during the third instar. This article describes the purification and characterization of one of these, larval serum protein (LSP) 2, using an immunological assay. It is a homohexamer of molecular weight about 450,000, with a polypeptide molecular weight of 78,000--83,000. Fast and slow electrophoretic variants of this protein map between the markers vin and gs, at 36--37 on chromosome 3.", "PMID": 417715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9284", "title": "Isolation of turkey immunoglobulin-A.", "content": "Trukey biliary and gut IgA were isolated and monospecific antisera were prepared in rabbits. Isolation was accomplished by filtration of precipitated globulins on Sephadex G-200 followed by step-wise-elution DEAE ion-exchange chromatography. Using an immunodiffusion procedure, IgA was detected in turkey serum, saliva, lacrimal secretions, bile, gut washings, and tracheal washings. No IgA was detected in hatching-poult serum, egg white, or yolk. Two forms of IgA (high and low molecular weight) were detected in different body fluids.", "contents": "Isolation of turkey immunoglobulin-A. Trukey biliary and gut IgA were isolated and monospecific antisera were prepared in rabbits. Isolation was accomplished by filtration of precipitated globulins on Sephadex G-200 followed by step-wise-elution DEAE ion-exchange chromatography. Using an immunodiffusion procedure, IgA was detected in turkey serum, saliva, lacrimal secretions, bile, gut washings, and tracheal washings. No IgA was detected in hatching-poult serum, egg white, or yolk. Two forms of IgA (high and low molecular weight) were detected in different body fluids.", "PMID": 417711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9285", "title": "Microsporidian infection in the pied peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis).", "content": "A microsporidian infection was diagnosed in a pied peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) which had died after an illness of 2 days. The parasite was observed in the liver, kidney, and small intestine. Lesions were most severe in the liver, with numerous organisms adjacent to areas of hepatic necrosis. Although the organisms were seen within renal tubules and within the intestinal mucosa, inflammatory lesions in those sites were minimal. The microsporidian nature of the parasite was confirmed by morphologic studies. The genus of the organism was not determined.", "contents": "Microsporidian infection in the pied peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis). A microsporidian infection was diagnosed in a pied peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) which had died after an illness of 2 days. The parasite was observed in the liver, kidney, and small intestine. Lesions were most severe in the liver, with numerous organisms adjacent to areas of hepatic necrosis. Although the organisms were seen within renal tubules and within the intestinal mucosa, inflammatory lesions in those sites were minimal. The microsporidian nature of the parasite was confirmed by morphologic studies. The genus of the organism was not determined.", "PMID": 417712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9286", "title": "Control of drosopterin synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster: mutants showing an altered pattern of GTP cyclohydrolase activity during development.", "content": "The reaction catalyzed by GTP cyclohydrolase is the first unique step of pteridine biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster and is therefore likely to be an important control point. GTP cyclohydrolase activity varies during development, showing two distinct peaks of activity--one at pupariation and a much larger peak at emergence. Most of the early pupal enzyme is located in the body region, whereas in late pupal and early adult life most of the activity is found in the head. Mixing experiments indicate that developmental changes in activity are not due to changes in the level of a direct effector of GTP cyclohydrolase. The mutants raspberry and prune show an increased GTP cyclohydrolase activity at pupariation relative to wild type, but a decreased enzyme activity at emergence. The changes in GTP cyclohydrolase activity are reflected in changes in pteridine levels in these mutants. Several lines of evidence suggest that neither locus is the structural gene for GTP cyclohydrolase. The raspberry and prune gene products may play a specific role in regulating GTP cyclohydrolase activity during development.", "contents": "Control of drosopterin synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster: mutants showing an altered pattern of GTP cyclohydrolase activity during development. The reaction catalyzed by GTP cyclohydrolase is the first unique step of pteridine biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster and is therefore likely to be an important control point. GTP cyclohydrolase activity varies during development, showing two distinct peaks of activity--one at pupariation and a much larger peak at emergence. Most of the early pupal enzyme is located in the body region, whereas in late pupal and early adult life most of the activity is found in the head. Mixing experiments indicate that developmental changes in activity are not due to changes in the level of a direct effector of GTP cyclohydrolase. The mutants raspberry and prune show an increased GTP cyclohydrolase activity at pupariation relative to wild type, but a decreased enzyme activity at emergence. The changes in GTP cyclohydrolase activity are reflected in changes in pteridine levels in these mutants. Several lines of evidence suggest that neither locus is the structural gene for GTP cyclohydrolase. The raspberry and prune gene products may play a specific role in regulating GTP cyclohydrolase activity during development.", "PMID": 417716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9287", "title": "Leucocytozoon smithi: persistence of gametocytes in peripheral turkey blood.", "content": "Ten-week-old Broad-breasted White turkeys were exposed for 2 weeks to a natural infection of Leucocytozoon smithi in Marlboro and Sumter Counties in South Carolina. The birds were then returned to Clemson, South Carolina, and housed in pens proofed against black flies (Simulium sp.) to prevent any reinfection. Blood smears, stained with Giemsa's stain, were prepared at regular intervals to determine the presence of gametocytes of L. smithi after a single natural infectional exposure. Gametocytes were observed in the blood smears for 13 consecutive months, after which the experiment was terminated.", "contents": "Leucocytozoon smithi: persistence of gametocytes in peripheral turkey blood. Ten-week-old Broad-breasted White turkeys were exposed for 2 weeks to a natural infection of Leucocytozoon smithi in Marlboro and Sumter Counties in South Carolina. The birds were then returned to Clemson, South Carolina, and housed in pens proofed against black flies (Simulium sp.) to prevent any reinfection. Blood smears, stained with Giemsa's stain, were prepared at regular intervals to determine the presence of gametocytes of L. smithi after a single natural infectional exposure. Gametocytes were observed in the blood smears for 13 consecutive months, after which the experiment was terminated.", "PMID": 417713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9288", "title": "Nonsecreting myeloma variants with heavy-chain carbohydrate deficiencies.", "content": "Light- and heavy-chain synthesis was studied in six previously isolated S194-2 mouse myeloma variant lines and in the parent from which they were derived. Serological data and comparative analysis of the cyanogen bromide fragments obtained from variant and parent intracellular immunoglobulin showed that five variants which failed to secrete detectable amounts of IgA synthesized both heavy- and light-chain subunits. Whereas at least two heavy-chain populations were resolved in the parent line, one containing carbohydrate and one devoid of carbohydrate, only the heavy-chain fraction devoid of carbohydrate was detected in the variant lines. The correlation between carbohydrate deficiencies on the heavy chains and lack of immunoglobulin secretion in five independent subclones is discussed in terms of possible primary lesions and the role of carbohydrate in secretion.", "contents": "Nonsecreting myeloma variants with heavy-chain carbohydrate deficiencies. Light- and heavy-chain synthesis was studied in six previously isolated S194-2 mouse myeloma variant lines and in the parent from which they were derived. Serological data and comparative analysis of the cyanogen bromide fragments obtained from variant and parent intracellular immunoglobulin showed that five variants which failed to secrete detectable amounts of IgA synthesized both heavy- and light-chain subunits. Whereas at least two heavy-chain populations were resolved in the parent line, one containing carbohydrate and one devoid of carbohydrate, only the heavy-chain fraction devoid of carbohydrate was detected in the variant lines. The correlation between carbohydrate deficiencies on the heavy chains and lack of immunoglobulin secretion in five independent subclones is discussed in terms of possible primary lesions and the role of carbohydrate in secretion.", "PMID": 417717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9289", "title": "Extensive homologies between the methylated nucleotide sequences in several vertebrate ribosomal ribonucleic acids.", "content": "The methylated nucleotide sequences in the rRNA molecules of the following vertebrate cultured cells were compared: human (HeLa); hamster (BHK/C13); mouse (L); chick-embryo fibroblast; Xenopus laevis kidney. In each species the combined 18S, 28S and 5.8S molecules possess approx. 110-115 methyl groups, and the methylated oligonucleotides released after complete digestion of the rRNA by T1 ribonuclease encompass several hundred nucleotides. \"Fingerprints\" of the three mammalian methyl-labelled 18S rRNA species were qualitatively indistinguishable. \"Fingerprints\" of digests of 28S rRNA of hamster and mouse L-cells were extremely similar to those of HeLa cells, differing in one and three methylated oligonucleotides respectively. \"Fingerprints\" of methyl-labelled rRNA from chick and Xenopus strongly resembled those of mammals in most respects, but differed in several oligonucleotides in both 18S and 28S rRNA. At least some of the differences between \"fingerprints\" appear to be due to single base changes or to the presence or absence of methyl groups at particular points in the primary sequence. The findings strongly suggest that the methylated-nucleotide sequences are at least 95% homologous between the rRNA molecules of the two most distantly related vertebrates compared, man and Xenopus laevis.", "contents": "Extensive homologies between the methylated nucleotide sequences in several vertebrate ribosomal ribonucleic acids. The methylated nucleotide sequences in the rRNA molecules of the following vertebrate cultured cells were compared: human (HeLa); hamster (BHK/C13); mouse (L); chick-embryo fibroblast; Xenopus laevis kidney. In each species the combined 18S, 28S and 5.8S molecules possess approx. 110-115 methyl groups, and the methylated oligonucleotides released after complete digestion of the rRNA by T1 ribonuclease encompass several hundred nucleotides. \"Fingerprints\" of the three mammalian methyl-labelled 18S rRNA species were qualitatively indistinguishable. \"Fingerprints\" of digests of 28S rRNA of hamster and mouse L-cells were extremely similar to those of HeLa cells, differing in one and three methylated oligonucleotides respectively. \"Fingerprints\" of methyl-labelled rRNA from chick and Xenopus strongly resembled those of mammals in most respects, but differed in several oligonucleotides in both 18S and 28S rRNA. At least some of the differences between \"fingerprints\" appear to be due to single base changes or to the presence or absence of methyl groups at particular points in the primary sequence. The findings strongly suggest that the methylated-nucleotide sequences are at least 95% homologous between the rRNA molecules of the two most distantly related vertebrates compared, man and Xenopus laevis.", "PMID": 417718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9290", "title": "Purification and characterization of the class-II D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli (Crookes' strain).", "content": "A new form of the class-II D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) of Escherichia coli (Crookes' strain) was isolated from an extract of glycerol-grown bacteria. It has a higher molecular weight (approx. 80000)than previous preparations of the enzyme and closely resembles the typical class-II aldolase from yeast in size and amino acid composition. On the other hand, its kinetic behaviour is not typical of a class-II aldolase. The enzyme has no requirement for thiol compounds either for stability or activity, added K+ ions have no effect, and the optimum pH for the cleavage activity is unusually high. The class-II enzymes from the prokaryote E. coli and the eukaryote yeast show no immunological identity. However, the similarity of their structures suggests that they have evolved from a common ancestor.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the class-II D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli (Crookes' strain). A new form of the class-II D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) of Escherichia coli (Crookes' strain) was isolated from an extract of glycerol-grown bacteria. It has a higher molecular weight (approx. 80000)than previous preparations of the enzyme and closely resembles the typical class-II aldolase from yeast in size and amino acid composition. On the other hand, its kinetic behaviour is not typical of a class-II aldolase. The enzyme has no requirement for thiol compounds either for stability or activity, added K+ ions have no effect, and the optimum pH for the cleavage activity is unusually high. The class-II enzymes from the prokaryote E. coli and the eukaryote yeast show no immunological identity. However, the similarity of their structures suggests that they have evolved from a common ancestor.", "PMID": 417719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9291", "title": "Purification of rat fibrinogen and its constituent chains.", "content": "Rat fibrinogen was purified from rat plasma by using lysine-Sepharose chromatography, repeated precipitation with 25%-satd. (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and gel chromatography on Sepharose 6B. To minimize proteolytic activity, rats were injected intravenously with Trasylol before bleeding and the collected blood was treated with Trasylol and di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate. A 95%-clottable preparation was obtained in 70-75% yield; it proved to be free of factor XIII and plasminogen. It showed a single band on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and on disc electrophoresis in 8m-urea. Alanine was the only detectable N-terminal amino acid. After reduction and modification of the thiol groups, the material could be separated into three distinct chains (Aalpha, Bbeta and gamma) by pore-limit polyacrylamide slab-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The amino acid compositions of the whole fibrinogen and of the separated modified chains were determined. The molecular weights were 61000, 58000 and 51000 for Aalpha-, Bbeta- and gamma-chains respectively. Our results for the chains are in contrast with previous reports on rat fibrinogen [Bouma & Fuller (1975) J. Biol. Chem.250, 4678-4683; Stemberger & Jilek (1976) Thromb. Res.9, 657-660], in which no separation between Aalpha- and Bbeta-chains was achieved on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis for 3h. Evidence is presented that this is probably due to Aalpha-chain degradation as a result of incomplete inhibition of proteolytic enzymes during the purification. Complete inhibition of proteolytic activities is essential in all steps of the present purification procedure.", "contents": "Purification of rat fibrinogen and its constituent chains. Rat fibrinogen was purified from rat plasma by using lysine-Sepharose chromatography, repeated precipitation with 25%-satd. (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and gel chromatography on Sepharose 6B. To minimize proteolytic activity, rats were injected intravenously with Trasylol before bleeding and the collected blood was treated with Trasylol and di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate. A 95%-clottable preparation was obtained in 70-75% yield; it proved to be free of factor XIII and plasminogen. It showed a single band on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and on disc electrophoresis in 8m-urea. Alanine was the only detectable N-terminal amino acid. After reduction and modification of the thiol groups, the material could be separated into three distinct chains (Aalpha, Bbeta and gamma) by pore-limit polyacrylamide slab-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The amino acid compositions of the whole fibrinogen and of the separated modified chains were determined. The molecular weights were 61000, 58000 and 51000 for Aalpha-, Bbeta- and gamma-chains respectively. Our results for the chains are in contrast with previous reports on rat fibrinogen [Bouma & Fuller (1975) J. Biol. Chem.250, 4678-4683; Stemberger & Jilek (1976) Thromb. Res.9, 657-660], in which no separation between Aalpha- and Bbeta-chains was achieved on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis for 3h. Evidence is presented that this is probably due to Aalpha-chain degradation as a result of incomplete inhibition of proteolytic enzymes during the purification. Complete inhibition of proteolytic activities is essential in all steps of the present purification procedure.", "PMID": 417720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9292", "title": "Demineralization in organic solvents by alkylammonium salts of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid.", "content": "1. Insoluble salts of alklaine earth metals (e. g. calcium phosphate) dissolve in non-aqueous solvents containing EDTA salts of organic cations (e.g. tetraethylammonium). 2. Bone is efficiently demineralized in ethanolic trimethylammonium EDTA. Retention in the matrix of water-soluble materials (e.g. proteoglycan) is much better than in standard aqueous EDTA demineralization procedures.", "contents": "Demineralization in organic solvents by alkylammonium salts of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid. 1. Insoluble salts of alklaine earth metals (e. g. calcium phosphate) dissolve in non-aqueous solvents containing EDTA salts of organic cations (e.g. tetraethylammonium). 2. Bone is efficiently demineralized in ethanolic trimethylammonium EDTA. Retention in the matrix of water-soluble materials (e.g. proteoglycan) is much better than in standard aqueous EDTA demineralization procedures.", "PMID": 417721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9293", "title": "Affinity chromatography of the cellulase system of Trichoderma koningii.", "content": "A procedure involving affinity chromatography on cellulose was developed for separating enzymic components of the cellulase complex. Cellobiase, carboxymethylcellulase, component C2 and cellobiohydrolase are adsorbed with increasing tenacity, and released, as highly purified components, as the ionic strength of the eluent is decreased.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of the cellulase system of Trichoderma koningii. A procedure involving affinity chromatography on cellulose was developed for separating enzymic components of the cellulase complex. Cellobiase, carboxymethylcellulase, component C2 and cellobiohydrolase are adsorbed with increasing tenacity, and released, as highly purified components, as the ionic strength of the eluent is decreased.", "PMID": 417722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9294", "title": "Recovery from vitamin B-12-induced unbalanced growth. The shortened cell cycle and the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools.", "content": "The deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools are undetectable in vitamin B-12-deficient cells of Euglena gracillis, but appear rapidly after the replenishment with the vitamin. They reach a maximum size that is about 6 times that of normal exponentially growing cells, but decrease to almost zero as the cells divide. The pools expand again during the post-replenishment shortened cell cycle. However, the expansion takes place during rather than before the resumption of DNA synthesis. The maximum sizes reached are still larger than in normal cells. By using the protein-synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and determining the pool size, we found that vitamin-deficient cells apparently accumulate a large amount of ribonucleoside triphosphate reductase apoenzyme, which lacks the vitamin B12 coenzyme. We showed that the production of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates is not closely coupled to DNA synthesis under our experimental conditions, and that the concentration of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools per unit of DNA synthesized is almost constant for all stages of growth examined.", "contents": "Recovery from vitamin B-12-induced unbalanced growth. The shortened cell cycle and the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools. The deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools are undetectable in vitamin B-12-deficient cells of Euglena gracillis, but appear rapidly after the replenishment with the vitamin. They reach a maximum size that is about 6 times that of normal exponentially growing cells, but decrease to almost zero as the cells divide. The pools expand again during the post-replenishment shortened cell cycle. However, the expansion takes place during rather than before the resumption of DNA synthesis. The maximum sizes reached are still larger than in normal cells. By using the protein-synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and determining the pool size, we found that vitamin-deficient cells apparently accumulate a large amount of ribonucleoside triphosphate reductase apoenzyme, which lacks the vitamin B12 coenzyme. We showed that the production of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates is not closely coupled to DNA synthesis under our experimental conditions, and that the concentration of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools per unit of DNA synthesized is almost constant for all stages of growth examined.", "PMID": 417723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9295", "title": "Studies on cathepsin B in human articular cartilage.", "content": "The thiol proteinase cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1), previously called cathepsin B1, was assayed in human articular cartilage by its hydrolysis of the synthetic substrate alpha-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine 2-naphthylamide. The enzyme was activated by cysteine and EDTA and completely inhibited by iodoacetamide and HgCl2. It was also partially inhibited by whole human serum. Human osteoarthrotic cartilage had increased activity when compared with normal cartilage. Cathepsin B activity of normal cartilage was age-related, being high in juveniles and declining to low values in adult and elderly individuals. Cathepsin D and cathepsin B both exhibited a zonal variation through the cartilage depth; the surface cells appeared to contain more activity than those close to the subchondral bone.", "contents": "Studies on cathepsin B in human articular cartilage. The thiol proteinase cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1), previously called cathepsin B1, was assayed in human articular cartilage by its hydrolysis of the synthetic substrate alpha-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine 2-naphthylamide. The enzyme was activated by cysteine and EDTA and completely inhibited by iodoacetamide and HgCl2. It was also partially inhibited by whole human serum. Human osteoarthrotic cartilage had increased activity when compared with normal cartilage. Cathepsin B activity of normal cartilage was age-related, being high in juveniles and declining to low values in adult and elderly individuals. Cathepsin D and cathepsin B both exhibited a zonal variation through the cartilage depth; the surface cells appeared to contain more activity than those close to the subchondral bone.", "PMID": 417724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9296", "title": "The fate of bilirubin-IXalpha glucuronide in cholestasis and during storage in vitro. Intramolecular rearrangement to positional isomers of glucuronic acid.", "content": "1. In aqueous solution above pH7 bilirubin-IXalpha 1-O-acylglucuronide rapidly isomerizes to the non-C-1 glucuronides by sequential migration of the bilirubin acyl group from position 1 to positions 2, 3 and 4 of the sugar moiety. The transformations are enhanced by increasing the pH. Compared with the rates at 37 degrees C the transformations are rather slow at 0 degrees C. Virtually complete inhibition is observed at values below pH6. The isomerization at 25 degrees C and pH 7.4 is not affected by the presence in the solutions of a molar excess of human serum albumin. 2. Isomerization in bile kept at 37 degrees C at pH7.7-7.8 is probably non-enzymic, as the rates of change are similar to those observed under comparable conditions for aqueous solutions of glucuronides of bilirubin-1Xalpha and of azodipyrrole. 3. Analysis without delay of normal biles of man and rats collected at 0 degrees C over a maximum period of 10 min shows that the bilirubin-IXalpha mono- and di-glucuronides consist exclusively of the 1-O-acyl isomers. 4. The mixtures of the four positional isomers of bilirubin-IXalpha glucuronide found in freshly collected biles of man and rats with cholestasis probably originate from initially synthesized 1-O-acylglucuronide by the same mechanism of sequential migration as has been observed in aqueous solutions of conjugated bilirubin-IXalpha.", "contents": "The fate of bilirubin-IXalpha glucuronide in cholestasis and during storage in vitro. Intramolecular rearrangement to positional isomers of glucuronic acid. 1. In aqueous solution above pH7 bilirubin-IXalpha 1-O-acylglucuronide rapidly isomerizes to the non-C-1 glucuronides by sequential migration of the bilirubin acyl group from position 1 to positions 2, 3 and 4 of the sugar moiety. The transformations are enhanced by increasing the pH. Compared with the rates at 37 degrees C the transformations are rather slow at 0 degrees C. Virtually complete inhibition is observed at values below pH6. The isomerization at 25 degrees C and pH 7.4 is not affected by the presence in the solutions of a molar excess of human serum albumin. 2. Isomerization in bile kept at 37 degrees C at pH7.7-7.8 is probably non-enzymic, as the rates of change are similar to those observed under comparable conditions for aqueous solutions of glucuronides of bilirubin-1Xalpha and of azodipyrrole. 3. Analysis without delay of normal biles of man and rats collected at 0 degrees C over a maximum period of 10 min shows that the bilirubin-IXalpha mono- and di-glucuronides consist exclusively of the 1-O-acyl isomers. 4. The mixtures of the four positional isomers of bilirubin-IXalpha glucuronide found in freshly collected biles of man and rats with cholestasis probably originate from initially synthesized 1-O-acylglucuronide by the same mechanism of sequential migration as has been observed in aqueous solutions of conjugated bilirubin-IXalpha.", "PMID": 417725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9297", "title": "Troponin I from human skeletal and cardiac muscles.", "content": "1. Myofibrils from human skeletal muscle contained regulatory proteins exhibiting similar electrophoretic behaviour to those present in rabbit skeletal muscle. 2. All human skeletal muscles examined contained two forms of troponin I corresponding to the forms already characterized in fast and slow rabbit muscle. 3. The ratios of the amounts of the two forms of troponin I in different human skeletal muscles were not identical with the ratios for the type 1 to type 2 fibres published in the literature. The ratios could, however, be arranged in the same rank order. 4. Primate heart contained a single form of troponin I different in molecular weight and amino acid composition from the skeletal forms. 5. A monospecific antiserum to human cardiac troponin I was prepared in the sheep and shown not to react with the fast or slow skeletal-muscle forms of troponin I from human and other species. 6. The anti-(human cardiac-muscle troponin I) reacted with the cardiac troponin I from the human, baboon, rabbit and rhesus monkey. Positive reactions were also obtained with urea extracts of whole cardiac tissue.", "contents": "Troponin I from human skeletal and cardiac muscles. 1. Myofibrils from human skeletal muscle contained regulatory proteins exhibiting similar electrophoretic behaviour to those present in rabbit skeletal muscle. 2. All human skeletal muscles examined contained two forms of troponin I corresponding to the forms already characterized in fast and slow rabbit muscle. 3. The ratios of the amounts of the two forms of troponin I in different human skeletal muscles were not identical with the ratios for the type 1 to type 2 fibres published in the literature. The ratios could, however, be arranged in the same rank order. 4. Primate heart contained a single form of troponin I different in molecular weight and amino acid composition from the skeletal forms. 5. A monospecific antiserum to human cardiac troponin I was prepared in the sheep and shown not to react with the fast or slow skeletal-muscle forms of troponin I from human and other species. 6. The anti-(human cardiac-muscle troponin I) reacted with the cardiac troponin I from the human, baboon, rabbit and rhesus monkey. Positive reactions were also obtained with urea extracts of whole cardiac tissue.", "PMID": 417726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9298", "title": "The cellulase of Trichoderma koningii. Purification and properties of some endoglucanase components with special reference to their action on cellulose when acting alone and in synergism with the cellobiohydrolase.", "content": "1. Four principal endoglucanase components of Trichoderma koningii cellulase were separated and purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE- and sulphoethyl-Sephadex and isoelectric focusing. 2. All four endoglucanases hydrolysed CM-cellulose, H3PO4-swollen cellulose, cellotetraose and cellopentaose, but differed in the rate and mode of attack. 3. Attack on cotton fibre by the endoglucanases was minimal, but resulted in changes that were manifested by an increased capacity for the uptake of alkali, and a decrease in tensile strength. 4. All four endoglucanases acted synergistically with the exoglucanase [cellobiohydrolase; Wood & McCrae (1972) Biochem. J. 128, 1183-1192] of T. koningii during the early stages of the breakdown of cotton fibre, but only two could produce extensive solubilization of cotton cellulose when acting in admixture with the exoglucanase component. 5. The mode of action of the enzymes is discussed in relation to these synergistic effects. It is suggested that the results are compatible with the interpretation that the 'crystalline' areas of cotton cellulose are hydrolysed only by those endoglucanases capable of forming of forming an enzyme-enzyme complex with the cellobiohydrolase on the surface of the cellulose chains.", "contents": "The cellulase of Trichoderma koningii. Purification and properties of some endoglucanase components with special reference to their action on cellulose when acting alone and in synergism with the cellobiohydrolase. 1. Four principal endoglucanase components of Trichoderma koningii cellulase were separated and purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE- and sulphoethyl-Sephadex and isoelectric focusing. 2. All four endoglucanases hydrolysed CM-cellulose, H3PO4-swollen cellulose, cellotetraose and cellopentaose, but differed in the rate and mode of attack. 3. Attack on cotton fibre by the endoglucanases was minimal, but resulted in changes that were manifested by an increased capacity for the uptake of alkali, and a decrease in tensile strength. 4. All four endoglucanases acted synergistically with the exoglucanase [cellobiohydrolase; Wood & McCrae (1972) Biochem. J. 128, 1183-1192] of T. koningii during the early stages of the breakdown of cotton fibre, but only two could produce extensive solubilization of cotton cellulose when acting in admixture with the exoglucanase component. 5. The mode of action of the enzymes is discussed in relation to these synergistic effects. It is suggested that the results are compatible with the interpretation that the 'crystalline' areas of cotton cellulose are hydrolysed only by those endoglucanases capable of forming of forming an enzyme-enzyme complex with the cellobiohydrolase on the surface of the cellulose chains.", "PMID": 417727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9299", "title": "The purification and properties of the second component of human complement.", "content": "The second component of human complement (C2) was purified by a combination of euglobulin precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and affinity chromatography. The final product was homogeneous by the criterion of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and represents a purification of about 4000-fold from serum with 15-20% yield. Component C2 comprises a single carbohydrate-containing polypeptide chain, with an apparent mol.wt. of 102000; alanine is the N-terminal amino acid. The molecule is rapidly cleaved by activated subcomponent C1s with the loss of haemolytic activity to yield two fragments with apparent mol.wts. of 74000 and 34000. These fragments are not linked by disulphide bonds and can be easily separated. A second protein isolated during the purification of component C2 was identified by its haemolytic and antigenic properties as complement Factor B, the protein serving an analogous function to component C2 in the alternative pathway. The protein, which is also a single carbohydrate-containing polypeptide chain, has an apparent mol.wt. of 95000 and threonine as N-terminal amino acid. The amino acid analyses of component C2 and Factor B are compared.", "contents": "The purification and properties of the second component of human complement. The second component of human complement (C2) was purified by a combination of euglobulin precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and affinity chromatography. The final product was homogeneous by the criterion of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and represents a purification of about 4000-fold from serum with 15-20% yield. Component C2 comprises a single carbohydrate-containing polypeptide chain, with an apparent mol.wt. of 102000; alanine is the N-terminal amino acid. The molecule is rapidly cleaved by activated subcomponent C1s with the loss of haemolytic activity to yield two fragments with apparent mol.wts. of 74000 and 34000. These fragments are not linked by disulphide bonds and can be easily separated. A second protein isolated during the purification of component C2 was identified by its haemolytic and antigenic properties as complement Factor B, the protein serving an analogous function to component C2 in the alternative pathway. The protein, which is also a single carbohydrate-containing polypeptide chain, has an apparent mol.wt. of 95000 and threonine as N-terminal amino acid. The amino acid analyses of component C2 and Factor B are compared.", "PMID": 417728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9300", "title": "Comparison of the presence of immune complexes in Felty's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Evidence has been found to document the presence of circulating immune complexes in all patients with Felty's syndrome. The sera of all 12 patients studied showed intermediate complexes by analytical ultracentrifugation. The sera of 9 of 12 patients (75%) showed precipitin lines upon immunodiffusion against IgM rheumatoid factor. Both findings were statistically increased above those in a matched group of patients with classic rheumatoid arthritis. The presence of circulating immune complexes in the sera of the Felty patients was consistent with the observation that large inclusions containing IgG, IgM, and complement were phagocytized by normal polymorphonuclear cells when incubated with sera of Felty patients. Normal polymorphonuclear cells phagocytosed inclusions from 77% of Felty sera, compared with 27% classic rheumatoid arthritis sera. It is suggested that the uptake of immune complexes by polymorphonuclear cells plays a role in the neutropenia of Felty's syndrome.", "contents": "Comparison of the presence of immune complexes in Felty's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Evidence has been found to document the presence of circulating immune complexes in all patients with Felty's syndrome. The sera of all 12 patients studied showed intermediate complexes by analytical ultracentrifugation. The sera of 9 of 12 patients (75%) showed precipitin lines upon immunodiffusion against IgM rheumatoid factor. Both findings were statistically increased above those in a matched group of patients with classic rheumatoid arthritis. The presence of circulating immune complexes in the sera of the Felty patients was consistent with the observation that large inclusions containing IgG, IgM, and complement were phagocytized by normal polymorphonuclear cells when incubated with sera of Felty patients. Normal polymorphonuclear cells phagocytosed inclusions from 77% of Felty sera, compared with 27% classic rheumatoid arthritis sera. It is suggested that the uptake of immune complexes by polymorphonuclear cells plays a role in the neutropenia of Felty's syndrome.", "PMID": 417729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9301", "title": "Synthesis by an established lymphocyte cell line from a rheumatoid synovium.", "content": "Lymphocytes derived from the synovium of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis were shown to synthesize predominantly IgG as measured by an equilibrium binding assay. Chromatographic separation of the radiolabeled lymphocyte culture supernatant revealed rheumatoid factor activity associated with IgG and IgM. In addition, immunofluorescence studies on fixed lymphocytes demonstrated that the majority of cells stained positive for both IgG and rheumatoid factor.", "contents": "Synthesis by an established lymphocyte cell line from a rheumatoid synovium. Lymphocytes derived from the synovium of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis were shown to synthesize predominantly IgG as measured by an equilibrium binding assay. Chromatographic separation of the radiolabeled lymphocyte culture supernatant revealed rheumatoid factor activity associated with IgG and IgM. In addition, immunofluorescence studies on fixed lymphocytes demonstrated that the majority of cells stained positive for both IgG and rheumatoid factor.", "PMID": 417730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9302", "title": "Purification and properties of the phenprocoumon-induced decarboxyfactor X from bovine plasma. A comparison to normal factor X.", "content": "1. By a procedure involving adsorption to barium sulfate, chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and QAE-Sephadex and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, decarboxyfactor X was purified from plasma of phenprocoumon-treated cows. No contaminants could be detected in the final preparation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and zone-electrophoresis. 2. The molecular weight of decarboxyfactor X, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is approximately 55 000, which is equal to that of factor X. The protein consists of two polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 44 000 and 17 000. 3. Decarboxyfactor X has antigenic determinants in common with normal factor X. 4. The amino acid composition and aminoterminal amino acids of normal factor X and decarboxyfactor X are identical. 5. Less than one residue of gamma-carboxyglutamate could be detected per mole of decarboxyfactor X. 6. In the absence of Ca2+, normal factor X has a slightly higher electrophoretic mobility than decarboxyfactor X. In the presence of Ca2+ the mobility of factor X decreases considerably while the mobility of decarboxyfactor X remains unaltered.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the phenprocoumon-induced decarboxyfactor X from bovine plasma. A comparison to normal factor X. 1. By a procedure involving adsorption to barium sulfate, chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and QAE-Sephadex and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, decarboxyfactor X was purified from plasma of phenprocoumon-treated cows. No contaminants could be detected in the final preparation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and zone-electrophoresis. 2. The molecular weight of decarboxyfactor X, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is approximately 55 000, which is equal to that of factor X. The protein consists of two polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 44 000 and 17 000. 3. Decarboxyfactor X has antigenic determinants in common with normal factor X. 4. The amino acid composition and aminoterminal amino acids of normal factor X and decarboxyfactor X are identical. 5. Less than one residue of gamma-carboxyglutamate could be detected per mole of decarboxyfactor X. 6. In the absence of Ca2+, normal factor X has a slightly higher electrophoretic mobility than decarboxyfactor X. In the presence of Ca2+ the mobility of factor X decreases considerably while the mobility of decarboxyfactor X remains unaltered.", "PMID": 417733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9303", "title": "Activation of decarboxyfactor X by a protein from Russell's viper venom. Purification and partial characterization of activated decarboxyfactor X.", "content": "1. Incubation of decarboxyfactor X with the factor X-activating enzyme from Russell's Viper venom revealed the generation of amidase activity towards Bz-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-pNA, but not of activity in blood coagulation. 2. The rate of activation of both factor X and decarboxyfactor X depends on the ability of the zymogens to bind Ca2+. The relationship between Ca2+ concentration and velocity of the activation reaction is sigmoid in the case of factor X, but hyperbolic with decarboxyfactor X. 3. Activated decarboxyfactor X was purified by powder column electrophoresis. 4. Identical changes of primary structure accompanied the activation of factor X and decarboxyfactor X. Identical molecular weight and common antigenic determinants were found in factor Xa and decarboxyfactor Xa. The amino acid composition was identical except for 12 glutamic acid residues in decarboxyfactor Xa and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in factor Xa. 5. Unlike factor X, activated factor X has a very low electrophoretic mobility in the presence of Ca2+ at pH 8.6. This is probably due to self association of factor Xa under the influence of Ca2+. The electrophoretic mobility of activated decarboxyfactor X is only slightly decreased compared to decarboxyfactor X in the presence of Ca2+.", "contents": "Activation of decarboxyfactor X by a protein from Russell's viper venom. Purification and partial characterization of activated decarboxyfactor X. 1. Incubation of decarboxyfactor X with the factor X-activating enzyme from Russell's Viper venom revealed the generation of amidase activity towards Bz-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-pNA, but not of activity in blood coagulation. 2. The rate of activation of both factor X and decarboxyfactor X depends on the ability of the zymogens to bind Ca2+. The relationship between Ca2+ concentration and velocity of the activation reaction is sigmoid in the case of factor X, but hyperbolic with decarboxyfactor X. 3. Activated decarboxyfactor X was purified by powder column electrophoresis. 4. Identical changes of primary structure accompanied the activation of factor X and decarboxyfactor X. Identical molecular weight and common antigenic determinants were found in factor Xa and decarboxyfactor Xa. The amino acid composition was identical except for 12 glutamic acid residues in decarboxyfactor Xa and gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in factor Xa. 5. Unlike factor X, activated factor X has a very low electrophoretic mobility in the presence of Ca2+ at pH 8.6. This is probably due to self association of factor Xa under the influence of Ca2+. The electrophoretic mobility of activated decarboxyfactor X is only slightly decreased compared to decarboxyfactor X in the presence of Ca2+.", "PMID": 417734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9304", "title": "Purification and characterization of nerve growth factor from the venom of Bungarus multicinctus.", "content": "The nerve growth factor from Bungarus multicinctus venom was purified by means of successive chromatography on Sephadex G-50, carboxymethyl-cellulose, carboxymethyl-Sephadex C-50 and Sephadex G-50. The purified nerve growth factor was homogeneous by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was estimated to be about 21 000 by gel filtration. Compared with the nerve growth factors from the venoms of other Elapidae, namely Naja naja and Naja naja atra, this protein showed high isoelectric point of approximately pH 10. A characteristic of the nerve growth factor of B. multicinctus venom is that the protein consisted of two subunits of equal molecular weight which are linked covalently to each other by a disulfide bridge. The purified B. multicintus nerve growth factor elicited its maximal neurite outgrowth from embryonic dorsal root ganglia at the concentration interval from 30 to 100 ng/ml.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of nerve growth factor from the venom of Bungarus multicinctus. The nerve growth factor from Bungarus multicinctus venom was purified by means of successive chromatography on Sephadex G-50, carboxymethyl-cellulose, carboxymethyl-Sephadex C-50 and Sephadex G-50. The purified nerve growth factor was homogeneous by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was estimated to be about 21 000 by gel filtration. Compared with the nerve growth factors from the venoms of other Elapidae, namely Naja naja and Naja naja atra, this protein showed high isoelectric point of approximately pH 10. A characteristic of the nerve growth factor of B. multicinctus venom is that the protein consisted of two subunits of equal molecular weight which are linked covalently to each other by a disulfide bridge. The purified B. multicintus nerve growth factor elicited its maximal neurite outgrowth from embryonic dorsal root ganglia at the concentration interval from 30 to 100 ng/ml.", "PMID": 417735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9305", "title": "Binary and ternary complexes of dihydrofolate reductase with substrates, coenzymes and inhibitors. Circular dichroic and magnetic circular dichroic studies.", "content": "Interaction of several representative folate, quinazoline and pyridine nucleotide derivatives with dihydrofolate reductase from amethopterin-resistant Lactobacillus casei induces dramatic changes in its circular dichroic spectral properties. The binding of dihydrofolate induces a large extrinsic Cotton effect at 295 nm ([theta] = 113 800 deg . cm2 . dm-1). The generation of this band by dihydrofolate is strictly dependent on complex formation with a single substrate binding site and a KD = 7 . 10(-6) M. The other binary complexes examined include the enzyme . NADPH, enzyme . amethopterin, enzyme . folate, and enzyme . methasquin. All such complexes differ in spectral detail, the negative ellipticity at 330 nm being characteristic of the \"folate site\" complexes. The circular dichroic spectrum of the ternary complex of reductase . NADPH . methotrexate shows a positive symmetrical band centered at 360 nm ([theta] - 32 000 deg . cm2 . dm-1). Since both of the corresponding binary complexes exhibit negative bands in this region, this induced band represents a unique molecular property of the ternary complex. Chemical modification of a single tryptophan residue of the enzyme, as determined from magnetic circular dichroism spectra, results in a complete loss in the ability to bind either dihydrofolate or NADPH.", "contents": "Binary and ternary complexes of dihydrofolate reductase with substrates, coenzymes and inhibitors. Circular dichroic and magnetic circular dichroic studies. Interaction of several representative folate, quinazoline and pyridine nucleotide derivatives with dihydrofolate reductase from amethopterin-resistant Lactobacillus casei induces dramatic changes in its circular dichroic spectral properties. The binding of dihydrofolate induces a large extrinsic Cotton effect at 295 nm ([theta] = 113 800 deg . cm2 . dm-1). The generation of this band by dihydrofolate is strictly dependent on complex formation with a single substrate binding site and a KD = 7 . 10(-6) M. The other binary complexes examined include the enzyme . NADPH, enzyme . amethopterin, enzyme . folate, and enzyme . methasquin. All such complexes differ in spectral detail, the negative ellipticity at 330 nm being characteristic of the \"folate site\" complexes. The circular dichroic spectrum of the ternary complex of reductase . NADPH . methotrexate shows a positive symmetrical band centered at 360 nm ([theta] - 32 000 deg . cm2 . dm-1). Since both of the corresponding binary complexes exhibit negative bands in this region, this induced band represents a unique molecular property of the ternary complex. Chemical modification of a single tryptophan residue of the enzyme, as determined from magnetic circular dichroism spectra, results in a complete loss in the ability to bind either dihydrofolate or NADPH.", "PMID": 417736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9306", "title": "The chemical modification of tryptophan residues of alpha-mannosidase from Phaseolus vulgaris.", "content": "Reaction of alpha-mannosidase (alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.24) from Phaseolus vulgaris with N-bromosuccinimide or 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide- resulted in loss of enzyme activity. Spectral absorption and fluorescence studies, as well as amino acid analysis, suggested that only tryptophan residues had been modified. No change in conformation could be detected by density gradient ultracentrifugation or circular dichroism of alpha-mannosidase modified by N-bromosuccinimide to virtually zero enzyme activity. The inhibition was partly offset by the substrate analogue alpha-methyl-D-mannoside and the competitive inhibitor mannono-1,4-lactone. Concomitantly, two tryptophan residues fewer were oxidized per molecule. After modification V was reduced, while Km seemed unchanged. Further, there was found evidence for the enzyme having a secondary structure dominated by beta-pleated sheets.", "contents": "The chemical modification of tryptophan residues of alpha-mannosidase from Phaseolus vulgaris. Reaction of alpha-mannosidase (alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.24) from Phaseolus vulgaris with N-bromosuccinimide or 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide- resulted in loss of enzyme activity. Spectral absorption and fluorescence studies, as well as amino acid analysis, suggested that only tryptophan residues had been modified. No change in conformation could be detected by density gradient ultracentrifugation or circular dichroism of alpha-mannosidase modified by N-bromosuccinimide to virtually zero enzyme activity. The inhibition was partly offset by the substrate analogue alpha-methyl-D-mannoside and the competitive inhibitor mannono-1,4-lactone. Concomitantly, two tryptophan residues fewer were oxidized per molecule. After modification V was reduced, while Km seemed unchanged. Further, there was found evidence for the enzyme having a secondary structure dominated by beta-pleated sheets.", "PMID": 417737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9307", "title": "Stabilization of casein mRNA by prolactin and glucocorticoids.", "content": "Prolactin injected into pseudopregnant rabbits led to a parallel enhancement of casein synthesis and casein mRNA concentration. When this stimulation was followed by a withdrawal of prolactin obtained by injections of bromocriptine, the rate of casein synthesis progressively diminished. In the presence of endogenous prolactin after the initial stimulation, the decline of casein synthesis was delayed. Hydrocortisone acetate injected with bromocriptine after the initial stimulation by prolactin was able to maintain a high rate of casein synthesis. Measurements of casein mRNA concentration by hybridization with casein cDNA indicated that in all cases the amount of casein mRNA was correlated with the magnitude of casein synthesis. This suggests that the lactogenic hormones, prolactin and glucocorticoids, which were previously demonstrated to be responsible for the enhancement of casein mRNA concentration are involved in their stabilization.", "contents": "Stabilization of casein mRNA by prolactin and glucocorticoids. Prolactin injected into pseudopregnant rabbits led to a parallel enhancement of casein synthesis and casein mRNA concentration. When this stimulation was followed by a withdrawal of prolactin obtained by injections of bromocriptine, the rate of casein synthesis progressively diminished. In the presence of endogenous prolactin after the initial stimulation, the decline of casein synthesis was delayed. Hydrocortisone acetate injected with bromocriptine after the initial stimulation by prolactin was able to maintain a high rate of casein synthesis. Measurements of casein mRNA concentration by hybridization with casein cDNA indicated that in all cases the amount of casein mRNA was correlated with the magnitude of casein synthesis. This suggests that the lactogenic hormones, prolactin and glucocorticoids, which were previously demonstrated to be responsible for the enhancement of casein mRNA concentration are involved in their stabilization.", "PMID": 417739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9308", "title": "[A new protein from human plasma lipoproteins: isolation and partial characterization of apolipoprotein G].", "content": "A new apolipoprotein has been identified in VHDL1 and in HDL. This protein is immunologically distinct from already isolated apoproteins. It was isolated by column chromatography on hydroxylapatite. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, its mobility is very close to that of apo D. The amino acid composition differs from those of the well characterized polypeptides of the human plasma lipoproteins. It contains glucosamine. The apparent molecular weight is 72 000 +/- 2 000 in the presence and absence of reducing agent. According to the ABCDEF nomenclature, this protein can be named apolipoprotein G (apo G). It is present in a lipoprotein distinct from the lipoproteins A and D among the VHDL1 : this new lipoprotein can be named lipoprotein G (LPG).", "contents": "[A new protein from human plasma lipoproteins: isolation and partial characterization of apolipoprotein G]. A new apolipoprotein has been identified in VHDL1 and in HDL. This protein is immunologically distinct from already isolated apoproteins. It was isolated by column chromatography on hydroxylapatite. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, its mobility is very close to that of apo D. The amino acid composition differs from those of the well characterized polypeptides of the human plasma lipoproteins. It contains glucosamine. The apparent molecular weight is 72 000 +/- 2 000 in the presence and absence of reducing agent. According to the ABCDEF nomenclature, this protein can be named apolipoprotein G (apo G). It is present in a lipoprotein distinct from the lipoproteins A and D among the VHDL1 : this new lipoprotein can be named lipoprotein G (LPG).", "PMID": 417740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9309", "title": "[Diphenoloxydase (DPOx) in red cell membranes].", "content": "Two diphenoloxydases (DPOx) with similar molecular weights (158 000) are found in normal human red cell hemolysates. One of these enzymes appears to be tightly bound to the membranes while the other is not, or at most only weakly bound.", "contents": "[Diphenoloxydase (DPOx) in red cell membranes]. Two diphenoloxydases (DPOx) with similar molecular weights (158 000) are found in normal human red cell hemolysates. One of these enzymes appears to be tightly bound to the membranes while the other is not, or at most only weakly bound.", "PMID": 417741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9310", "title": "[Effect of a magnetic field on the rate of H202 breakdown by catalase and by an Fe3+--EDTA complex].", "content": "The acceleration of H202 decomposition induced by catalase and the dimer complex [Fe3+(EDTA)]2 has been observed in a constant magnetic field. The effect increases with the field increasing up to 8000 Oe, reaching 20 +/- 5% and 24 +/- 5% for catalase and [Fe3+(EDTA)]2 respectively. The results are discussed within the hypothesis of a one-electron reaction mechanism using the models developed specially to explain the magnetic effects in radical reactions. It is supposed that the stage which is affected by the magnetic field is the electron transfer coupled with Fe3+O./2 paramagnetic species. The interpretation proposed does not exclude an alternative possibility of the magnetic effects during the electron transfer to two iron atoms by a two-electron (synchronous) mechanism.", "contents": "[Effect of a magnetic field on the rate of H202 breakdown by catalase and by an Fe3+--EDTA complex]. The acceleration of H202 decomposition induced by catalase and the dimer complex [Fe3+(EDTA)]2 has been observed in a constant magnetic field. The effect increases with the field increasing up to 8000 Oe, reaching 20 +/- 5% and 24 +/- 5% for catalase and [Fe3+(EDTA)]2 respectively. The results are discussed within the hypothesis of a one-electron reaction mechanism using the models developed specially to explain the magnetic effects in radical reactions. It is supposed that the stage which is affected by the magnetic field is the electron transfer coupled with Fe3+O./2 paramagnetic species. The interpretation proposed does not exclude an alternative possibility of the magnetic effects during the electron transfer to two iron atoms by a two-electron (synchronous) mechanism.", "PMID": 417738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9311", "title": "[The role of teichoic acids in the regulation of biochemical processes in microorganisms].", "content": "The role of cell wall teichoic and lipoteichoic acids in the regulation of activity of some autolytic enzymes and in ion exchange, the role of lipoteichoic acids in biosynthesis of cell wall teichoic acids and some other functional features of these compounds in the bacterial cell are discussed.", "contents": "[The role of teichoic acids in the regulation of biochemical processes in microorganisms]. The role of cell wall teichoic and lipoteichoic acids in the regulation of activity of some autolytic enzymes and in ion exchange, the role of lipoteichoic acids in biosynthesis of cell wall teichoic acids and some other functional features of these compounds in the bacterial cell are discussed.", "PMID": 417744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9312", "title": "Structure-activity studies of aldose reductase inhibitors containing the 4-oxo-4h-chromen ring system.", "content": "Various 4-oxo-4H-chromen-2-carboxylic acids and their derivatives were screened for aldose reductase inhibitory activity. Their inhibitory response along with that of several flavonoids has been correlated with simple H\u00fcckel molecular orbital calculations. From these results a possible mode of action is postulated.", "contents": "Structure-activity studies of aldose reductase inhibitors containing the 4-oxo-4h-chromen ring system. Various 4-oxo-4H-chromen-2-carboxylic acids and their derivatives were screened for aldose reductase inhibitory activity. Their inhibitory response along with that of several flavonoids has been correlated with simple H\u00fcckel molecular orbital calculations. From these results a possible mode of action is postulated.", "PMID": 417745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9313", "title": "Kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: analytical description of a mechanistic model.", "content": "A generalized mechanistic model for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is developed and expressed mathematically. The model is based on Michaelis--Menten-type kinetics for concurrent random and endwise attack of the substrate involving end-product inhibitions and three types of enzymes: an endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, an exo-beta-1,4-glucanase, and beta-glucosidase. Basic parameters of the model which can explain synergistic and other effects observed experimentally are quantified and discussed. It is shown that cellulose degradation kinetics are expected to be strongly affected by the ratio of endo- to exocellulases in the reaction mixture as indicated by previous experimental data, and the substrate degree of polymerization, a factor not fully appreciated in previous studies, which appear to be overridingly important in many practical cases.", "contents": "Kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: analytical description of a mechanistic model. A generalized mechanistic model for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is developed and expressed mathematically. The model is based on Michaelis--Menten-type kinetics for concurrent random and endwise attack of the substrate involving end-product inhibitions and three types of enzymes: an endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, an exo-beta-1,4-glucanase, and beta-glucosidase. Basic parameters of the model which can explain synergistic and other effects observed experimentally are quantified and discussed. It is shown that cellulose degradation kinetics are expected to be strongly affected by the ratio of endo- to exocellulases in the reaction mixture as indicated by previous experimental data, and the substrate degree of polymerization, a factor not fully appreciated in previous studies, which appear to be overridingly important in many practical cases.", "PMID": 417746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9314", "title": "The effects of a polychlorinated biphenyl)Aroclor 1254) on the white pelican: ultrastructure of hepatocytes.", "content": "White pelicans were each given 100 mg of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) per day for 10 weeks. After the treatment period, the bird's food supply was decreased 50% for 2 weeks. Measurements taken from transmission electron micrographs of the pelican's liver tissue revealed hepatocytes of the treated birds averaged 22% larger in cross-section area than those of controls. The number of vacuoles (lysosomes, microbodies) per hepatocyte was 22% greater. The number of mitochondria per hepatocyte was 25% greater while 25% fewer cristae per mitochondrion were present in treated as compared to control birds.", "contents": "The effects of a polychlorinated biphenyl)Aroclor 1254) on the white pelican: ultrastructure of hepatocytes. White pelicans were each given 100 mg of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) per day for 10 weeks. After the treatment period, the bird's food supply was decreased 50% for 2 weeks. Measurements taken from transmission electron micrographs of the pelican's liver tissue revealed hepatocytes of the treated birds averaged 22% larger in cross-section area than those of controls. The number of vacuoles (lysosomes, microbodies) per hepatocyte was 22% greater. The number of mitochondria per hepatocyte was 25% greater while 25% fewer cristae per mitochondrion were present in treated as compared to control birds.", "PMID": 417749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9315", "title": "The effect of polychlorobiphenyls (Aroclor 1242) on bicarbonate-C14 uptake by Euglena gracilis.", "content": "Aroclor 1242 is inhibitory to long-term batch growth of Euglena gracilis at 10 ppm. Exposure to PCB's, subsequent to an initial drop of 50% in the first 30 minutes, does not appear to inhibit photosynthesis on a per cell basis over the time span of four hours. Consequently our experimental findings suggest that inhibition of population growth does not lie directly in the photosynthetic pathway despite the initial inhibition by Aroclor 1242 on Euglena gracilis in \"light\". \"Dark\" absorption of bicarbonate appears to decrease with increased PCB exposure. This decrease may be causally related to the population growth inhibition observed.", "contents": "The effect of polychlorobiphenyls (Aroclor 1242) on bicarbonate-C14 uptake by Euglena gracilis. Aroclor 1242 is inhibitory to long-term batch growth of Euglena gracilis at 10 ppm. Exposure to PCB's, subsequent to an initial drop of 50% in the first 30 minutes, does not appear to inhibit photosynthesis on a per cell basis over the time span of four hours. Consequently our experimental findings suggest that inhibition of population growth does not lie directly in the photosynthetic pathway despite the initial inhibition by Aroclor 1242 on Euglena gracilis in \"light\". \"Dark\" absorption of bicarbonate appears to decrease with increased PCB exposure. This decrease may be causally related to the population growth inhibition observed.", "PMID": 417750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9316", "title": "Radiotherapy in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Eighty-seven untreated patients with localised Hodgkin's disease seen from 1969 to 1975 were treated by megavoltage radiotherapy. All were followed for at least 33 months. Thirty-three patients were staged clinically and 54 underwent more extensive investigation by lapaortomy and splenectomy. The projected five-year disease-free survival figures for patients staged surgically were 100% for the 17 with stage IA disease, 70% for the 19 with stage IIA disease, and 73% for the 15 with stage IIIA disease. These results were consistently better than those obtained in clinically staged patients. Five patients died, one of them without evidence of Hodgkin's disease. As irradiation seems to produce excellent disease-free survival in most patients who are staged accurately at diagnosis, caution should be exercised in the routine use of adjuvant chemotherapy until the full risks of such treatment are clear. Combined modality therapy may be appropriate for patients with unfavourable features at presentation.", "contents": "Radiotherapy in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Eighty-seven untreated patients with localised Hodgkin's disease seen from 1969 to 1975 were treated by megavoltage radiotherapy. All were followed for at least 33 months. Thirty-three patients were staged clinically and 54 underwent more extensive investigation by lapaortomy and splenectomy. The projected five-year disease-free survival figures for patients staged surgically were 100% for the 17 with stage IA disease, 70% for the 19 with stage IIA disease, and 73% for the 15 with stage IIIA disease. These results were consistently better than those obtained in clinically staged patients. Five patients died, one of them without evidence of Hodgkin's disease. As irradiation seems to produce excellent disease-free survival in most patients who are staged accurately at diagnosis, caution should be exercised in the routine use of adjuvant chemotherapy until the full risks of such treatment are clear. Combined modality therapy may be appropriate for patients with unfavourable features at presentation.", "PMID": 417751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9317", "title": "Periurethral aerobic microflora of pregnant and non-pregnant women.", "content": "Seventy-two pregnant and 88 non-pregnant women were examined to see whether the periurethral region had been colonised with group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae), enterococci, and Gram-negative rods belonging to the Enterobacteriaeceae. A semi-quantitative method was used for periurethral sampling, and paired urethral swabs were also collected to compare the isolation rates of group B streptococci from the two sites and with the two sampling methods. A higher isolation rate was found with periurethral sampling. Most specimens showed no or scanty growth of Gram-negative rods. Pregnancy was often associated with heavy growth of enterococci. Sampling performed during menstruation and while oral contraceptives were being used produced high isolation rates of group B streptococci. These results seem to suggest that the periurethral area might protect against genital colonisation with group B streptococci as it does against urinary tract infection and that hormonal factors influence the carriage of these organisms.", "contents": "Periurethral aerobic microflora of pregnant and non-pregnant women. Seventy-two pregnant and 88 non-pregnant women were examined to see whether the periurethral region had been colonised with group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae), enterococci, and Gram-negative rods belonging to the Enterobacteriaeceae. A semi-quantitative method was used for periurethral sampling, and paired urethral swabs were also collected to compare the isolation rates of group B streptococci from the two sites and with the two sampling methods. A higher isolation rate was found with periurethral sampling. Most specimens showed no or scanty growth of Gram-negative rods. Pregnancy was often associated with heavy growth of enterococci. Sampling performed during menstruation and while oral contraceptives were being used produced high isolation rates of group B streptococci. These results seem to suggest that the periurethral area might protect against genital colonisation with group B streptococci as it does against urinary tract infection and that hormonal factors influence the carriage of these organisms.", "PMID": 417753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9318", "title": "Prevention of secondary cases of meningococcal disease in household contacts by vaccination.", "content": "Household contacts of patients with group A meningococcal infection were vaccinated with either meningococcal vaccine or tetanus toxoid. Five of the 523 subjects who received tetanus toxoid developed meningococcal meningitis and another four probably had meningococcal disease. Only one possible case of meningococcal infection occurred among 520 contacts vaccinated with meningococcal vaccine. Vaccination had no effect on nasopharyngeal carriage of meningococci. Vaccination of household contacts of patients with group A meningococcal infections is an effective way of using limited supplies of meningococcal vaccine, though its value would be limited in an epidemic. Secondary cases of meningococcal infection often occur within a few days of the index case, and, although vaccine alone seemed to provide adequate prophylaxis in these Nigerian subjects, additional chemoprophylaxis may be needed to cover this critical period.", "contents": "Prevention of secondary cases of meningococcal disease in household contacts by vaccination. Household contacts of patients with group A meningococcal infection were vaccinated with either meningococcal vaccine or tetanus toxoid. Five of the 523 subjects who received tetanus toxoid developed meningococcal meningitis and another four probably had meningococcal disease. Only one possible case of meningococcal infection occurred among 520 contacts vaccinated with meningococcal vaccine. Vaccination had no effect on nasopharyngeal carriage of meningococci. Vaccination of household contacts of patients with group A meningococcal infections is an effective way of using limited supplies of meningococcal vaccine, though its value would be limited in an epidemic. Secondary cases of meningococcal infection often occur within a few days of the index case, and, although vaccine alone seemed to provide adequate prophylaxis in these Nigerian subjects, additional chemoprophylaxis may be needed to cover this critical period.", "PMID": 417754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9319", "title": "Saccades induced by stimulation of the frontal eye fields: interaction with voluntary and reflexive eye movements.", "content": "Saccadic eye movements were evoked in alert monkeys by electrical stimulation of the frontal eye fields (FEF). The interaction of FEF movements with voluntary saccades, pursuit, and vestibular nystagmus (VN) was examined. An FEF saccade in one direction could be evoked as little as 10 msec after the onset of a natural rapid movement (saccade, fast phase of VN) in the opposite direction. Thus, refractory periods between similar eye movements are directionally specific. The frequency of evoked FEF saccades following natural slow movements (pursuit, slow phase of VN) in either direction was reduced as though saccade thresholds were elevated. The FEF appears capable of modulating any ongoing eye movement.", "contents": "Saccades induced by stimulation of the frontal eye fields: interaction with voluntary and reflexive eye movements. Saccadic eye movements were evoked in alert monkeys by electrical stimulation of the frontal eye fields (FEF). The interaction of FEF movements with voluntary saccades, pursuit, and vestibular nystagmus (VN) was examined. An FEF saccade in one direction could be evoked as little as 10 msec after the onset of a natural rapid movement (saccade, fast phase of VN) in the opposite direction. Thus, refractory periods between similar eye movements are directionally specific. The frequency of evoked FEF saccades following natural slow movements (pursuit, slow phase of VN) in either direction was reduced as though saccade thresholds were elevated. The FEF appears capable of modulating any ongoing eye movement.", "PMID": 417755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9320", "title": "The effects of bilateral frontal eye-field, posterior parietal or superior collicular lesions on visual search in the rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Superior collicular, frontal eye-field and posterior parietal lesions increased the time taken to find a circular target among other geometrical shapes. The collicular monkeys were considerably more impaired than the other groups, suggesting that the superior colliculus is the main neural structure underlying this highly practised visual search task. Failure to respond in the 5 sec allowed on each trail increased for all groups, and the collicular and frontal groups showed a small increase in false positive errors. None of the groups increased search time for a near-threshold target on a homogenous background. [corrected] Analysis of the latencies of individual trials suggest that scanpaths over the display were still systematic after the lesions. This suggests that the search was being slowed down either by the need to make more correction saccades to give accurate fixations of the stimuli being discriminated, or by an increase in latencies specificially for those saccades that shift the gaze between stimuli.", "contents": "The effects of bilateral frontal eye-field, posterior parietal or superior collicular lesions on visual search in the rhesus monkeys. Superior collicular, frontal eye-field and posterior parietal lesions increased the time taken to find a circular target among other geometrical shapes. The collicular monkeys were considerably more impaired than the other groups, suggesting that the superior colliculus is the main neural structure underlying this highly practised visual search task. Failure to respond in the 5 sec allowed on each trail increased for all groups, and the collicular and frontal groups showed a small increase in false positive errors. None of the groups increased search time for a near-threshold target on a homogenous background. [corrected] Analysis of the latencies of individual trials suggest that scanpaths over the display were still systematic after the lesions. This suggests that the search was being slowed down either by the need to make more correction saccades to give accurate fixations of the stimuli being discriminated, or by an increase in latencies specificially for those saccades that shift the gaze between stimuli.", "PMID": 417756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9321", "title": "Operant conditioning of tonic firing patterns from precentral neurons in monkey neocortex.", "content": "This report presents a single neurons operant conditioning paradigm which allows the quantification of operant control between neurons and monkeys. The operant task is for the monkey to change firing patterns of the neuron from phasic to tonic. In 60 neurons conditioned after the protocol had been standardized the following results were obtained. (1) For a fixed interspike interval target range, the time off target may be considered error, and this may be used as a parameter with which to judge operant neuronal control. (2) The degree to which the monkey could control a neuron was not correlative with the neuron's initial firing rate, firing rate variance, or pattern. (3) Neurons coactivated by distal arm muscle groups were, as a group, more highly controlled in comparison to neurons coactivated by proximal muscle groups. (4) Pyramidal tract neurons, as a group, appear more accurately controlled than non-pyramidal tract neurons. (5) The role of proprioception in response acquisition is discussed.", "contents": "Operant conditioning of tonic firing patterns from precentral neurons in monkey neocortex. This report presents a single neurons operant conditioning paradigm which allows the quantification of operant control between neurons and monkeys. The operant task is for the monkey to change firing patterns of the neuron from phasic to tonic. In 60 neurons conditioned after the protocol had been standardized the following results were obtained. (1) For a fixed interspike interval target range, the time off target may be considered error, and this may be used as a parameter with which to judge operant neuronal control. (2) The degree to which the monkey could control a neuron was not correlative with the neuron's initial firing rate, firing rate variance, or pattern. (3) Neurons coactivated by distal arm muscle groups were, as a group, more highly controlled in comparison to neurons coactivated by proximal muscle groups. (4) Pyramidal tract neurons, as a group, appear more accurately controlled than non-pyramidal tract neurons. (5) The role of proprioception in response acquisition is discussed.", "PMID": 417757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9322", "title": "Comparison of forelimb and hindlimb motor deficits following dorsal column section in monkeys.", "content": "Macaca speciosa monkeys were trained to acquire food reinforcement with motor responses that were defined by 4 different tasks. The effects of dorsal column lesions on the speed of these responses were compared for the forelimbs vs. the hindlimbs. Enduring impairments were not seen for any limb when the animal was required to accurately project a limb to different points in space, even with exclusion of visual guidance and with random variation of the start and stop points for each movement. Similarly, when the task required that the animals emit rapid response sequences, the forelimbs were impaired temporarily, but no long-term deficits were seen for the forelimbs or the hindlimbs. Although these impositions of spatial and temporal demands did not reveal striking disruptions of whole-limb movements, hindlimb grasp responses were shown to be impaired over long periods of postoperative testing. This corroborates previous findings for the forelimb and indicates that facility of distal extremity movement depends crucially on dorsal column-lemniscal input.", "contents": "Comparison of forelimb and hindlimb motor deficits following dorsal column section in monkeys. Macaca speciosa monkeys were trained to acquire food reinforcement with motor responses that were defined by 4 different tasks. The effects of dorsal column lesions on the speed of these responses were compared for the forelimbs vs. the hindlimbs. Enduring impairments were not seen for any limb when the animal was required to accurately project a limb to different points in space, even with exclusion of visual guidance and with random variation of the start and stop points for each movement. Similarly, when the task required that the animals emit rapid response sequences, the forelimbs were impaired temporarily, but no long-term deficits were seen for the forelimbs or the hindlimbs. Although these impositions of spatial and temporal demands did not reveal striking disruptions of whole-limb movements, hindlimb grasp responses were shown to be impaired over long periods of postoperative testing. This corroborates previous findings for the forelimb and indicates that facility of distal extremity movement depends crucially on dorsal column-lemniscal input.", "PMID": 417758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9323", "title": "Categorization and retrieval after selective inferotemporal lesions in monkeys.", "content": "Two variations of a colour matching to sample task, with and without delay, were used to explore the deficits produced by bilateral foveal prestriate, posterior inferotemporal or anterior inferotemporal cortex lesions in monkeys. In the first task, 7 colours served as samples, but matching had to be done from only 4 alternative stimuli (7s x 4a); this task taxes the animal's ability to categorize information. In the second variation of matching to sample only 4 colours served as samples, but matching had to be done from amongst 8 alternative stimuli (4s x 8a); here, ability to retrieve information is tested. Task comparisons showed that the posterior inferotemporal group performed poorly on the 7s x 4a problem, whilst the AIT group were worse on the 4s x 8a task. It is concluded that posterior inferotemporal lesions disrupt categorization, whereas anterior inferotemporal lesions affect the retrieval of information.", "contents": "Categorization and retrieval after selective inferotemporal lesions in monkeys. Two variations of a colour matching to sample task, with and without delay, were used to explore the deficits produced by bilateral foveal prestriate, posterior inferotemporal or anterior inferotemporal cortex lesions in monkeys. In the first task, 7 colours served as samples, but matching had to be done from only 4 alternative stimuli (7s x 4a); this task taxes the animal's ability to categorize information. In the second variation of matching to sample only 4 colours served as samples, but matching had to be done from amongst 8 alternative stimuli (4s x 8a); here, ability to retrieve information is tested. Task comparisons showed that the posterior inferotemporal group performed poorly on the 7s x 4a problem, whilst the AIT group were worse on the 4s x 8a task. It is concluded that posterior inferotemporal lesions disrupt categorization, whereas anterior inferotemporal lesions affect the retrieval of information.", "PMID": 417759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9324", "title": "Use of pneumoencephalography to increase stereotaxic accuracy in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "A radiographic method for visualizing intracranial structures for stereotaxic surgery is described. The procedure circumvents the problems associated with the use of radiopaque dyes, and it does not require modification of standard stereotaxic equipment. Anatomical data derived from the use of the method are presented, as well as an example of its application for accurately placing cannulae in the midbrain.", "contents": "Use of pneumoencephalography to increase stereotaxic accuracy in rhesus monkeys. A radiographic method for visualizing intracranial structures for stereotaxic surgery is described. The procedure circumvents the problems associated with the use of radiopaque dyes, and it does not require modification of standard stereotaxic equipment. Anatomical data derived from the use of the method are presented, as well as an example of its application for accurately placing cannulae in the midbrain.", "PMID": 417763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9325", "title": "Technique for casting chronic extradural and intracerebral cannula arrays.", "content": "A technique for fixing multiple brain cannulae in uniform arrays by embedding guide cannulae in molded plastic pedestals is described. Methods for producing corresponding threaded caps for protection of the outer ends of the cannulae, and procedures for reducing mortality and morbidity when large number of cannulae are implanted in brain tissue, are presented.", "contents": "Technique for casting chronic extradural and intracerebral cannula arrays. A technique for fixing multiple brain cannulae in uniform arrays by embedding guide cannulae in molded plastic pedestals is described. Methods for producing corresponding threaded caps for protection of the outer ends of the cannulae, and procedures for reducing mortality and morbidity when large number of cannulae are implanted in brain tissue, are presented.", "PMID": 417764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9326", "title": "Influence of EGTA on an exercise-induced elevation in the colonic temperature of the rat.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine if an exercise-induced rise in body temperature could be affected by the chelation of Ca++ in the extracellular fluid surrounding the hypothalamus of the rat. Following the implantation of a guide tube above the hypothalamus, each animal was familiarized with exercising on a motor-driven treadmill. In random order, on separate days, a solution containing 3.6 mM EGTA, 26 mM Ca++ or an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) solution was perfused through the guide tube while the animal was running. Colonic (Tc) and tail-skin (Tt) temperatures were monitored continuously. The perfusion of EGTA produced a significant increase in Tc when compared with the perfusion of the ACSF solution. The perfusion of excess Ca++ produced a significant decrease in Tc. These results suggest that Ca++ may play an important role in the mediation of heat dissipation during exercise.", "contents": "Influence of EGTA on an exercise-induced elevation in the colonic temperature of the rat. The purpose of this study was to determine if an exercise-induced rise in body temperature could be affected by the chelation of Ca++ in the extracellular fluid surrounding the hypothalamus of the rat. Following the implantation of a guide tube above the hypothalamus, each animal was familiarized with exercising on a motor-driven treadmill. In random order, on separate days, a solution containing 3.6 mM EGTA, 26 mM Ca++ or an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) solution was perfused through the guide tube while the animal was running. Colonic (Tc) and tail-skin (Tt) temperatures were monitored continuously. The perfusion of EGTA produced a significant increase in Tc when compared with the perfusion of the ACSF solution. The perfusion of excess Ca++ produced a significant decrease in Tc. These results suggest that Ca++ may play an important role in the mediation of heat dissipation during exercise.", "PMID": 417765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9327", "title": "The use of case history studies to differentiate potentially infected from potentially noninfected herds with reactors to Brucella abortus antigens.", "content": "Data on farm characteristics and the results of the first herd test for brucellosis were collected for 74 reactor and 74 negative herds in Wellington County, Ontario. Each reactor herd was classified as either probably infected or probably not infected using the occurrence of abortions prior to the first herd test or during the testing period, the total number of cattle removed and/or the spread of reactors within the herd as criteria of infection. Statistical techniques were used to select variables which were good \"discriminators\" between probably infected and noninfected herds. In general, reactor herds were primarily dairy herds and were somewhat larger than negative herds. The presence of only single suspicious reactors on the first test appeared to be a good predictor of lack of infection with Brucella abortus. Among the 37 farms in this category the single reactor was removed from only eight farms and no evidence o fthe spread of infection was observed. The presence of one or more positive reactors on the first herd test appeared to be a good predictor of the presence of infection. Of the 24 farms in this category, evidence of the spread of infection was present in ten farms and seven of these ten farms were eventually depopulated. The brucella milk ring test appeared to be the most effective means of identifying infected herds under the conditions present in Wellington County.", "contents": "The use of case history studies to differentiate potentially infected from potentially noninfected herds with reactors to Brucella abortus antigens. Data on farm characteristics and the results of the first herd test for brucellosis were collected for 74 reactor and 74 negative herds in Wellington County, Ontario. Each reactor herd was classified as either probably infected or probably not infected using the occurrence of abortions prior to the first herd test or during the testing period, the total number of cattle removed and/or the spread of reactors within the herd as criteria of infection. Statistical techniques were used to select variables which were good \"discriminators\" between probably infected and noninfected herds. In general, reactor herds were primarily dairy herds and were somewhat larger than negative herds. The presence of only single suspicious reactors on the first test appeared to be a good predictor of lack of infection with Brucella abortus. Among the 37 farms in this category the single reactor was removed from only eight farms and no evidence o fthe spread of infection was observed. The presence of one or more positive reactors on the first herd test appeared to be a good predictor of the presence of infection. Of the 24 farms in this category, evidence of the spread of infection was present in ten farms and seven of these ten farms were eventually depopulated. The brucella milk ring test appeared to be the most effective means of identifying infected herds under the conditions present in Wellington County.", "PMID": 417777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9328", "title": "The effects of Brucella strain 19 vaccination on titers in the tube agglutination test: a case control study.", "content": "The degree of agglutination in the tube agglutination test of the sera of 373 \"reactor\" cattle was compared to that of 800 \"non-reactor\" cattle from multiple reactor herds in southwestern Ontario. Vaccinated cattle had lower titers than did nonvaccinated cattle. Thus, vaccinated cattle were less likely to be classified as positive than nonvaccinated cattle irrespective of the method of interpreting the results of the tube test. When the full allowance for vaccination was used, vaccinated cattle were less likely to be classified as suspicious than nonvaccinated cattle. The extent of herd vaccination did not appear to markedly influence the effects of vaccination or the prevalence of reactors. Thus, it appeared that vaccination with strain 19 produced a small protective effect (inferred from the lower titers in vaccinated animals), but that the magnitude of this effect was markedly dependent on the appropriateness of the vaccine allowance for classifying cattle. Further work is needed on this aspect of vaccination with strain 19.", "contents": "The effects of Brucella strain 19 vaccination on titers in the tube agglutination test: a case control study. The degree of agglutination in the tube agglutination test of the sera of 373 \"reactor\" cattle was compared to that of 800 \"non-reactor\" cattle from multiple reactor herds in southwestern Ontario. Vaccinated cattle had lower titers than did nonvaccinated cattle. Thus, vaccinated cattle were less likely to be classified as positive than nonvaccinated cattle irrespective of the method of interpreting the results of the tube test. When the full allowance for vaccination was used, vaccinated cattle were less likely to be classified as suspicious than nonvaccinated cattle. The extent of herd vaccination did not appear to markedly influence the effects of vaccination or the prevalence of reactors. Thus, it appeared that vaccination with strain 19 produced a small protective effect (inferred from the lower titers in vaccinated animals), but that the magnitude of this effect was markedly dependent on the appropriateness of the vaccine allowance for classifying cattle. Further work is needed on this aspect of vaccination with strain 19.", "PMID": 417778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9329", "title": "Studies on circulating gonococcal antibodies and antigens.", "content": "One hundred human sera obtained from acute gonococcal disease and 100 sera from nongonococcal diseases or healthy persons were concentrated four times and examined for the presence of circulating gonococcal antigens and antibodies by means of a counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and delayed hypersensitivity assay. Antibodies reacting with cytoplasmic gonococcal antigens were detected by CIE in 92% of sera received from patients suffering from acute gonococcal disease. Gonococcal antigens were found in the concentrated sera of 82.3% of patients on the basis of dermal reactions observed upon injections of these sera into the skin of rabbits sensitized with disrupted gonococci; 51.8% of the patients' sera gave delayed hypersensitivity reactions in rabbits sensitized with cytoplasmic antigens of N. gonorrhoeae. Control sera from healthy people and those with non-gonococcal diseases did not react with any of the preparations tested.", "contents": "Studies on circulating gonococcal antibodies and antigens. One hundred human sera obtained from acute gonococcal disease and 100 sera from nongonococcal diseases or healthy persons were concentrated four times and examined for the presence of circulating gonococcal antigens and antibodies by means of a counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and delayed hypersensitivity assay. Antibodies reacting with cytoplasmic gonococcal antigens were detected by CIE in 92% of sera received from patients suffering from acute gonococcal disease. Gonococcal antigens were found in the concentrated sera of 82.3% of patients on the basis of dermal reactions observed upon injections of these sera into the skin of rabbits sensitized with disrupted gonococci; 51.8% of the patients' sera gave delayed hypersensitivity reactions in rabbits sensitized with cytoplasmic antigens of N. gonorrhoeae. Control sera from healthy people and those with non-gonococcal diseases did not react with any of the preparations tested.", "PMID": 417779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9330", "title": "The lipopolysaccharide (R type) as a common antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. I. Immunizing properties.", "content": "The ability of R-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS), isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae colony type 4, to protect against infection with N. gonorrhoea colony type 1 (T1 isolates) in the mouse and chicken embryo was investigated. C57 black mice were immunized intraperitoneally with 50 microgram of LPS, and challenged intracerebrally with 10-20 LD50's of N. gonorrhoeae colony type 1. Immunized mice were significantly protected (P less than 0.01 to less than 0.05) against challenge with different T1 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae when compared with non-immunized mice. Mice, injected with succinylated or alkali-treated LPS were not protected against gonococcal challenges. In a second animal model, leghorn hens were immunized intravenously with three injections of 500 microgram of LPS followed by a booster of 2.5 mg 2 weeks later. Embryonated eggs obtained from immunized hens were protected against challenge with 5 x 10(3) - 1 x 10(4) LD50's of three different T1 isolates. When hens were injected with the chemically modified LPS, the embryos were not resistant to gonococcal challenge. The results of this study demonstrate the ability of R-type gonococcal LPS to provide protection against different T1 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae.", "contents": "The lipopolysaccharide (R type) as a common antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. I. Immunizing properties. The ability of R-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS), isolated from Neisseria gonorrhoeae colony type 4, to protect against infection with N. gonorrhoea colony type 1 (T1 isolates) in the mouse and chicken embryo was investigated. C57 black mice were immunized intraperitoneally with 50 microgram of LPS, and challenged intracerebrally with 10-20 LD50's of N. gonorrhoeae colony type 1. Immunized mice were significantly protected (P less than 0.01 to less than 0.05) against challenge with different T1 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae when compared with non-immunized mice. Mice, injected with succinylated or alkali-treated LPS were not protected against gonococcal challenges. In a second animal model, leghorn hens were immunized intravenously with three injections of 500 microgram of LPS followed by a booster of 2.5 mg 2 weeks later. Embryonated eggs obtained from immunized hens were protected against challenge with 5 x 10(3) - 1 x 10(4) LD50's of three different T1 isolates. When hens were injected with the chemically modified LPS, the embryos were not resistant to gonococcal challenge. The results of this study demonstrate the ability of R-type gonococcal LPS to provide protection against different T1 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae.", "PMID": 417780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9331", "title": "The lipopolysaccharide (R type) as a common antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. II. Use of hen antiserum to gonococcal lipopolysaccharide in a rapid slide test for the identification of N. gonorrhoeae from primary isolates and secondary cultures.", "content": "An antiserum has been prepared in hens to R-type gonococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and used in a simple slide-agglutination test for the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Anti-LPS serum agglutinated gonococcal cells representative of the four colony types of N. gonorrhoeae. Absorption of the antiserum with LPS removed the agglutinating activity. Secondary cultures (1120) were tested without observation of the colony type and all were agglutinated. No agglutination occurred with strains of Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria lactamica, non-pathogenic Neisseria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Branhamella catarrhalis, or with species of lactobacilli and Acinetobacter. Cross-reactivity of the antiserum occurred with some streptococci. The anti-LPS serum was used to identify N. gonorrhoeae in primary isolates from the cervix, urethra, and pharynx. Of 251 gonococcal isolates tested, 249 were agglutinated by the antiserum, while all of the corresponding second cultures were agglutinated. The antiserum did not agglutinate N. meningitidis found in primary isolates from pharyngeal specimens. Anti-LPS hen serum should be useful for the rapid identification of N. gonorrhoeae in primary isolates or secondary cultures.", "contents": "The lipopolysaccharide (R type) as a common antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. II. Use of hen antiserum to gonococcal lipopolysaccharide in a rapid slide test for the identification of N. gonorrhoeae from primary isolates and secondary cultures. An antiserum has been prepared in hens to R-type gonococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and used in a simple slide-agglutination test for the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Anti-LPS serum agglutinated gonococcal cells representative of the four colony types of N. gonorrhoeae. Absorption of the antiserum with LPS removed the agglutinating activity. Secondary cultures (1120) were tested without observation of the colony type and all were agglutinated. No agglutination occurred with strains of Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria lactamica, non-pathogenic Neisseria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Branhamella catarrhalis, or with species of lactobacilli and Acinetobacter. Cross-reactivity of the antiserum occurred with some streptococci. The anti-LPS serum was used to identify N. gonorrhoeae in primary isolates from the cervix, urethra, and pharynx. Of 251 gonococcal isolates tested, 249 were agglutinated by the antiserum, while all of the corresponding second cultures were agglutinated. The antiserum did not agglutinate N. meningitidis found in primary isolates from pharyngeal specimens. Anti-LPS hen serum should be useful for the rapid identification of N. gonorrhoeae in primary isolates or secondary cultures.", "PMID": 417781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9332", "title": "[Diminution of the antibacterial activity of antibiotics in cultures and in experimental mixed infections].", "content": "We have studied interactions between Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the absence and the presence of four different antimicrobials in mixed cultures and experimental infections. These two bacterial species, in addition to having different properties, are known to be opportunistic pathogens often present in human microflora. Two main aspects have been investigated and they are related to modifications in two species affecting their equilibrium in the mixed bacterial population and also their pathogenicity markers. Our results indicate that individual growth of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa is not modified in vitro in mixed cultures in the absence of antimicrobials; in vivo, in mouse peritoneal cavity, there is a synergism favorable to S. aureus. In the presence of rifamycin SV and three cell wall inhibitors, pencillin G,D-cycloserine, and vancomycin, we have observed that P. aeruginosa protected S. aureus against the inhibitory effect of these antimicrobials in vitro and in vivo. Such results were obtained in different conditions of culture, stationary, shaken, and in special apparatuses, an \"Ecologen\" and a \"Chemostat.\" When any one of the antimicrobials was allowed to be in contact  for 6 to 8 h with P. aeruginosa cells in a culture, we observed a decrease in their inhibitory effects against S. aureus. These results were supported by microscopical observation. It seems that the inhibitory effects of the antimicrobials have hindered the formation of toxic products of S. aureus, e.g., alpha toxin, and that it was not restored in the presence of P. aeruginosa. Conversely, P. aeruginosa remained apparently unchanged through all these experiments. Our observations may imply that the inhibitory effect of an antimicrobial towards a bacterial species may be significantly decreased in the presence of another species, sometimes present in human microflora.", "contents": "[Diminution of the antibacterial activity of antibiotics in cultures and in experimental mixed infections]. We have studied interactions between Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the absence and the presence of four different antimicrobials in mixed cultures and experimental infections. These two bacterial species, in addition to having different properties, are known to be opportunistic pathogens often present in human microflora. Two main aspects have been investigated and they are related to modifications in two species affecting their equilibrium in the mixed bacterial population and also their pathogenicity markers. Our results indicate that individual growth of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa is not modified in vitro in mixed cultures in the absence of antimicrobials; in vivo, in mouse peritoneal cavity, there is a synergism favorable to S. aureus. In the presence of rifamycin SV and three cell wall inhibitors, pencillin G,D-cycloserine, and vancomycin, we have observed that P. aeruginosa protected S. aureus against the inhibitory effect of these antimicrobials in vitro and in vivo. Such results were obtained in different conditions of culture, stationary, shaken, and in special apparatuses, an \"Ecologen\" and a \"Chemostat.\" When any one of the antimicrobials was allowed to be in contact  for 6 to 8 h with P. aeruginosa cells in a culture, we observed a decrease in their inhibitory effects against S. aureus. These results were supported by microscopical observation. It seems that the inhibitory effects of the antimicrobials have hindered the formation of toxic products of S. aureus, e.g., alpha toxin, and that it was not restored in the presence of P. aeruginosa. Conversely, P. aeruginosa remained apparently unchanged through all these experiments. Our observations may imply that the inhibitory effect of an antimicrobial towards a bacterial species may be significantly decreased in the presence of another species, sometimes present in human microflora.", "PMID": 417782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9333", "title": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae: evaluation of some methods used for carbohydrate utilization.", "content": "A total of 989 Neisseria gonorrhoeae cultures were examined for acid production from dextrose in seven different carbohydrate media. Four of these media were found to be quite accurate for this purpose. Some pitfalls in the preparation and usage of cystine trypticase agar carbohydrate media are discussed. The term 'fermentation' of carbohydrates by Neisseria species is inaccurate and responsible for some N. gonorrhoeae false-dextrose-negative results.", "contents": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae: evaluation of some methods used for carbohydrate utilization. A total of 989 Neisseria gonorrhoeae cultures were examined for acid production from dextrose in seven different carbohydrate media. Four of these media were found to be quite accurate for this purpose. Some pitfalls in the preparation and usage of cystine trypticase agar carbohydrate media are discussed. The term 'fermentation' of carbohydrates by Neisseria species is inaccurate and responsible for some N. gonorrhoeae false-dextrose-negative results.", "PMID": 417783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9334", "title": "Health--indicator bacteria in water--surface microlayers.", "content": "The distribuution patterns of a variety of bacteria in the surface microlayer, 20 cm and 100 cm below the surface of rivers, open lake waters, and off docks are presented. Implications of this three-season study are that conventional sampling techniques underestimate the true microbiol densities.", "contents": "Health--indicator bacteria in water--surface microlayers. The distribuution patterns of a variety of bacteria in the surface microlayer, 20 cm and 100 cm below the surface of rivers, open lake waters, and off docks are presented. Implications of this three-season study are that conventional sampling techniques underestimate the true microbiol densities.", "PMID": 417784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9335", "title": "Immunological relationships of some non-pathogenic Neisseria.", "content": "A collection of nine stock strains of non-pathogenic Neisseria species and one strain of Branhamella catarrhalis has been examined serologically by a simple immunodiffusion technique utilising cultures growing on solid medium.", "contents": "Immunological relationships of some non-pathogenic Neisseria. A collection of nine stock strains of non-pathogenic Neisseria species and one strain of Branhamella catarrhalis has been examined serologically by a simple immunodiffusion technique utilising cultures growing on solid medium.", "PMID": 417785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9336", "title": "Protein-lipopolysaccharide interactions. 1. The reaction of lysozyme with Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS.", "content": "Lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) complexes with extracted Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS in two distinct stages. The initial stage does not produce turbidity detectable by nephelometry (measured as nephelos units (N) per time) but does permit low-speed sedimentation of the lysozyme-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) complex. This association is 100% disrupted by the action of 0.1 M Mg2+. Monovalent cations at equal ionic strength to the Mg2+ concentration used for these studies failed to alter significantly the lysozyme-LPS complex, indicating that the role of Mg2+ was not strictly an ionic one. The study of lysozyme-LPS complexes may provide a model system for investigating in vivo protein-LPS interactions.", "contents": "Protein-lipopolysaccharide interactions. 1. The reaction of lysozyme with Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS. Lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) complexes with extracted Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS in two distinct stages. The initial stage does not produce turbidity detectable by nephelometry (measured as nephelos units (N) per time) but does permit low-speed sedimentation of the lysozyme-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) complex. This association is 100% disrupted by the action of 0.1 M Mg2+. Monovalent cations at equal ionic strength to the Mg2+ concentration used for these studies failed to alter significantly the lysozyme-LPS complex, indicating that the role of Mg2+ was not strictly an ionic one. The study of lysozyme-LPS complexes may provide a model system for investigating in vivo protein-LPS interactions.", "PMID": 417786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9337", "title": "Colonization resistance against potentially pathogenic bacteria in hexaflora-associated gnotobiotic mice.", "content": "A study of colonization resistance against potentially pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was conducted in hexaflora-associated gnotobiotic mice. Groups of germfree AKR mice were swabbed with five bacterial and a single gastrointestinal yeast species: Streptococcus faecalis. Lactobacillus brevis. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Bacteroides fragilis var. vulgatus, and Torulopsis sp. All species became established in the gut in 8 weeks. Later these associated mice were divided and challenged by four graded doses of E. coli or P. aeruginosa. The presence of challenge organism was monitored specifically in the freshly voided fecal specimens of the challenged mice. Escherichia coli colonized the gut of each mouse at each level up to 60 days post challenge. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely eliminated from each mouse at each dose level after 30 days post challenge. Evidence suggests that all six species were sufficient to prevent the colonization of P. aeruginosa and not of E. coli in the gut of the gnotobiotic mice.", "contents": "Colonization resistance against potentially pathogenic bacteria in hexaflora-associated gnotobiotic mice. A study of colonization resistance against potentially pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was conducted in hexaflora-associated gnotobiotic mice. Groups of germfree AKR mice were swabbed with five bacterial and a single gastrointestinal yeast species: Streptococcus faecalis. Lactobacillus brevis. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Bacteroides fragilis var. vulgatus, and Torulopsis sp. All species became established in the gut in 8 weeks. Later these associated mice were divided and challenged by four graded doses of E. coli or P. aeruginosa. The presence of challenge organism was monitored specifically in the freshly voided fecal specimens of the challenged mice. Escherichia coli colonized the gut of each mouse at each level up to 60 days post challenge. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely eliminated from each mouse at each dose level after 30 days post challenge. Evidence suggests that all six species were sufficient to prevent the colonization of P. aeruginosa and not of E. coli in the gut of the gnotobiotic mice.", "PMID": 417787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9338", "title": "[Effect of surface-active agents on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. Obtaining chromogenic mycobacteria].", "content": "In 18 strains of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis it has been possible to demonstrate the existence, in pure cultures, of elements able to grow in vitro in scotochromogenic mycobacteria. The experimental method used includes a dispersion, under shaking, of organisms in different surface-active agents. The chromogenic strains isolated during the experimentation are eugonic, and PAS- and INH-resistant. Their experimental virulence is different from that of tubercle bacillus. We discuss the signification of this dissociation phenomenon inductible by surface-active agents.", "contents": "[Effect of surface-active agents on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. Obtaining chromogenic mycobacteria]. In 18 strains of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis it has been possible to demonstrate the existence, in pure cultures, of elements able to grow in vitro in scotochromogenic mycobacteria. The experimental method used includes a dispersion, under shaking, of organisms in different surface-active agents. The chromogenic strains isolated during the experimentation are eugonic, and PAS- and INH-resistant. Their experimental virulence is different from that of tubercle bacillus. We discuss the signification of this dissociation phenomenon inductible by surface-active agents.", "PMID": 417788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9339", "title": "Genetic fate of DNA in a strain of Bacillus subtilis which is impaired in genetic transformation.", "content": "A mutation in Bacillus subtilis call recC4 which results in an impairment of genetic transformation was transferred to a new strain using the closely linked marker mit-2 (mitomycin C-resistance) for selection. This derived strain was in turn impaired in transformation but showed normal levels of sensitivity to ultraviolet irradiation and methyl methane sulfonate. The genetic and molecular fate of transforming DNA in the recC4 strain was studied. Normal amounts of DNA were taken up by the cells and this DNA or parts of it became associated with recipient DNA. Linkage between genes on donor and recipient molecules was, however, not established and transformants were not generated. The recC4 mutation therefore affects a step in the recombination pathway during transformation. Either the association between donor and recipient DNA molecules is abnormal or the cells are deficient in the further processing of the associated complex.", "contents": "Genetic fate of DNA in a strain of Bacillus subtilis which is impaired in genetic transformation. A mutation in Bacillus subtilis call recC4 which results in an impairment of genetic transformation was transferred to a new strain using the closely linked marker mit-2 (mitomycin C-resistance) for selection. This derived strain was in turn impaired in transformation but showed normal levels of sensitivity to ultraviolet irradiation and methyl methane sulfonate. The genetic and molecular fate of transforming DNA in the recC4 strain was studied. Normal amounts of DNA were taken up by the cells and this DNA or parts of it became associated with recipient DNA. Linkage between genes on donor and recipient molecules was, however, not established and transformants were not generated. The recC4 mutation therefore affects a step in the recombination pathway during transformation. Either the association between donor and recipient DNA molecules is abnormal or the cells are deficient in the further processing of the associated complex.", "PMID": 417789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9340", "title": "Biochemical identification of a tryptophan auxotroph in Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "A tryptophan auxotroph of aerobically grown Rodospirillum rubrum was isolated after mutagenesis and replica plating. The mutant grows on tryptophan or indole, accumulates indole glycerol phosphate, lacks the capacity to convert indole glycerol phosphate to indole glycerol phosphate to indole, and finally is defective in photosynthetic growth. The strain is, therefore, analogous to a Trp A mutant which is defective in the alpha-subunit structural gene of tryptophan synthetase.", "contents": "Biochemical identification of a tryptophan auxotroph in Rhodospirillum rubrum. A tryptophan auxotroph of aerobically grown Rodospirillum rubrum was isolated after mutagenesis and replica plating. The mutant grows on tryptophan or indole, accumulates indole glycerol phosphate, lacks the capacity to convert indole glycerol phosphate to indole glycerol phosphate to indole, and finally is defective in photosynthetic growth. The strain is, therefore, analogous to a Trp A mutant which is defective in the alpha-subunit structural gene of tryptophan synthetase.", "PMID": 417790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9341", "title": "Ovarian carcinoma terminating in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia following alkylating agent therapy.", "content": "Rapidly fatal acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) occurred in a woman with advanced (Stage III) ovarian carcinoma who was treated with thiotepa for 30 months. This patient was 1 of 10 long term survivors and represented less than 2% of patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma with regional metastases who received long term chemotherapy during the period 1947-1975. Acute leukemia developed 44 months after initial diagnosis and was preceded by a 10 month period of pancytopenia following cessation of thiotepa. The leukemia did not respond to treatment and the patient expired 3 weeks after its onset. At autopsy, leukemic infiltration of organs was seen, but there was no evidence of carcinoma. A review of the literature suggests that the development of AML reported in ovarian cancer patients is related to alkylating agent therapy.", "contents": "Ovarian carcinoma terminating in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia following alkylating agent therapy. Rapidly fatal acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) occurred in a woman with advanced (Stage III) ovarian carcinoma who was treated with thiotepa for 30 months. This patient was 1 of 10 long term survivors and represented less than 2% of patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma with regional metastases who received long term chemotherapy during the period 1947-1975. Acute leukemia developed 44 months after initial diagnosis and was preceded by a 10 month period of pancytopenia following cessation of thiotepa. The leukemia did not respond to treatment and the patient expired 3 weeks after its onset. At autopsy, leukemic infiltration of organs was seen, but there was no evidence of carcinoma. A review of the literature suggests that the development of AML reported in ovarian cancer patients is related to alkylating agent therapy.", "PMID": 417794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9342", "title": "Dose response in radiotherapy for glottic carcinoma.", "content": "All consecutive patients with glottic squamous cell carcinoma treated primarily by radiotherapy from 1965 through 1974 have been analyzed to reveal response of the primary tumor in relation to the dose. This study appears to indicate presence of dose response for all stages of the primary lesions (T) of the glottic carcinoma except for the smallest ones namely TIS, T1a and T1b. The total number of advanced tumors is small and selected. But they tend to indicate presence of dose response. Out of 15 selected patients with T3 and T4 glottic tumors, 5 (33%) had attained local control by primary radiotherapy; two had distant metastasis at onset of therapy, while 5 (33%) needed salvage surgery for control of the residual or recurrent disease. The ultimate success rate is 66% (10 out of 15) for the patients with advanced tumors treated with a conservative approach. An ongoing study indicates similar, if not better preliminary results with high dose radiotherapy.", "contents": "Dose response in radiotherapy for glottic carcinoma. All consecutive patients with glottic squamous cell carcinoma treated primarily by radiotherapy from 1965 through 1974 have been analyzed to reveal response of the primary tumor in relation to the dose. This study appears to indicate presence of dose response for all stages of the primary lesions (T) of the glottic carcinoma except for the smallest ones namely TIS, T1a and T1b. The total number of advanced tumors is small and selected. But they tend to indicate presence of dose response. Out of 15 selected patients with T3 and T4 glottic tumors, 5 (33%) had attained local control by primary radiotherapy; two had distant metastasis at onset of therapy, while 5 (33%) needed salvage surgery for control of the residual or recurrent disease. The ultimate success rate is 66% (10 out of 15) for the patients with advanced tumors treated with a conservative approach. An ongoing study indicates similar, if not better preliminary results with high dose radiotherapy.", "PMID": 417795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9343", "title": "Radiotherapy of Kaposi's sarcoma.", "content": "Between 1958 and 1976, 34 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma were seen. Two patients were kidney transplant recipients. Co-existing malignancies were seen in 22% of patients. From 1958 to 1965, cutaneous lesions were treated solely with local radiotherapy techniques, single doses of 800 rads being found adequate to produce a complete response. In 1965, because of the multicentric occurrence of the disease and frequent recurrences after local radiotherapy techniques, extended field radiotherapy was begun. Ten of twelve patients thus treated responded completely. It is concluded that extended field radiotherapy using a single dose of 800 rads offers complete relief of symptoms and better control of the disease when compared to local radiotherapy. There was very little morbidity, with the extended field technique.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of Kaposi's sarcoma. Between 1958 and 1976, 34 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma were seen. Two patients were kidney transplant recipients. Co-existing malignancies were seen in 22% of patients. From 1958 to 1965, cutaneous lesions were treated solely with local radiotherapy techniques, single doses of 800 rads being found adequate to produce a complete response. In 1965, because of the multicentric occurrence of the disease and frequent recurrences after local radiotherapy techniques, extended field radiotherapy was begun. Ten of twelve patients thus treated responded completely. It is concluded that extended field radiotherapy using a single dose of 800 rads offers complete relief of symptoms and better control of the disease when compared to local radiotherapy. There was very little morbidity, with the extended field technique.", "PMID": 417796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9344", "title": "Radiation myelopathy of the thoracic spinal cord in long term survivors treated with radical radiotherapy using conventional fractionation.", "content": "Previous reports on radiation myelopathy of the thoracic spinal cord have attempted to predict tolerance doses as a function of overall treatment time and number of fractions by extrapolation of data from collected myelopathy cases having markedly heterogeneous treatment parameters. A review of long term survivors receiving radical radiotherapy with conventional fractionation for lung and esophageal cancer was undertaken to determine if the proposed tolerance levels were consistent with clinical results in a series of patients constituting the group at risk for developing myelopathy. Spinal cord doses were determined in 58 patients who survived greater than or equal to 18 months following radiotherapy. All patients were treated with megavoltage equipment at dose rates of 200 rads/day continuously (53 patients) or 250 rads/day using split course (5 patients). Tumor doses ranged from 4500 rads to 7000 rads. Seventeen patients (29%) received less than 5000 rads to the thoracic cord, 6 patients (10%) received 5000 rads, and 35 patients (61%) received greater than 5000 rads. There were two patients who developed myelopathy. Review of our data, the clinical data of others and recent experimental results suggest that the slope of tolerance curves for thoracic spinal cord commonly utilized to express time-dose-fractionation relationships may be inappropriate. It is suggested that cord tolerance to well fractionated radiation has been previously underestimated.", "contents": "Radiation myelopathy of the thoracic spinal cord in long term survivors treated with radical radiotherapy using conventional fractionation. Previous reports on radiation myelopathy of the thoracic spinal cord have attempted to predict tolerance doses as a function of overall treatment time and number of fractions by extrapolation of data from collected myelopathy cases having markedly heterogeneous treatment parameters. A review of long term survivors receiving radical radiotherapy with conventional fractionation for lung and esophageal cancer was undertaken to determine if the proposed tolerance levels were consistent with clinical results in a series of patients constituting the group at risk for developing myelopathy. Spinal cord doses were determined in 58 patients who survived greater than or equal to 18 months following radiotherapy. All patients were treated with megavoltage equipment at dose rates of 200 rads/day continuously (53 patients) or 250 rads/day using split course (5 patients). Tumor doses ranged from 4500 rads to 7000 rads. Seventeen patients (29%) received less than 5000 rads to the thoracic cord, 6 patients (10%) received 5000 rads, and 35 patients (61%) received greater than 5000 rads. There were two patients who developed myelopathy. Review of our data, the clinical data of others and recent experimental results suggest that the slope of tolerance curves for thoracic spinal cord commonly utilized to express time-dose-fractionation relationships may be inappropriate. It is suggested that cord tolerance to well fractionated radiation has been previously underestimated.", "PMID": 417797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9345", "title": "Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis: polyclonal surface immunoglobulin on \"hairy\" cells.", "content": "The cytochemistry, surface markers and functional properties of purified mononuclear cells obtained from the peripheral blood and spleen of a patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis were studied. Nonspecific esterase activity, a monocyte marker, was demonstrable in 83% of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and 84% of the splenic mononuclear cells. Rosetting techniques failed to detect T or B lymphocyte surface markers on the majority of the cells. Direct immunofluorescence revealed capped, noncytophilic surface immunoglobulin on the cells with all immunoglobulin classes being detectable. Since noncapping conditions ahd been used during immunofluorescence staining, the observed caps were attributed to in vivo binding of autoantibodies to the \"hairy\" cells. This conclusion was supported by the demonstration of susceptibility of the \"hairy\" cells to lysis mediated by normal allogeneic lymphocytes. It is postulated that the \"hairy\" cells in this patient are leukemic monocytes which bear autoantibodies directed against leukemia associated antigens.", "contents": "Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis: polyclonal surface immunoglobulin on \"hairy\" cells. The cytochemistry, surface markers and functional properties of purified mononuclear cells obtained from the peripheral blood and spleen of a patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis were studied. Nonspecific esterase activity, a monocyte marker, was demonstrable in 83% of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and 84% of the splenic mononuclear cells. Rosetting techniques failed to detect T or B lymphocyte surface markers on the majority of the cells. Direct immunofluorescence revealed capped, noncytophilic surface immunoglobulin on the cells with all immunoglobulin classes being detectable. Since noncapping conditions ahd been used during immunofluorescence staining, the observed caps were attributed to in vivo binding of autoantibodies to the \"hairy\" cells. This conclusion was supported by the demonstration of susceptibility of the \"hairy\" cells to lysis mediated by normal allogeneic lymphocytes. It is postulated that the \"hairy\" cells in this patient are leukemic monocytes which bear autoantibodies directed against leukemia associated antigens.", "PMID": 417798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9346", "title": "Pleomorphic reticulum cell sarcoma, monoclonal gammopathy and amyloidosis: an immunoperoxidase study.", "content": "Pleomorphic reticulum cell sarcoma, a histologic variant of the histiocytic lymphomas, presented as an abdominal mass in a 52-year-old woman. Extensive amyloid deposition was present within the tumor mass and an M-component (IgG Lambda) was identified in the serum. Direct immunoperoxidase staining of tissue sections demonstrated the same monoclonal immunoglobulin to be present within the neoplastic cells, presumptive evidence of their ability to both synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. The presence of amyloid within this patient was probably the direct result of the tissue deposition of this monoclonal immunoglobulin and may be related to the amyloidogenic nature of Lambda light chains. Immunoglobulin production is a specific property of the B lymphocyte series. Transforming B lymphocytes and their differentiating progeny are engaged in active immunoglobulin synthesis and thus may be distinguished from morphologically identical but functionally distinct cells. The demonstration of cytoplasmic monoclonal immunoglobulin within these \"malignant reticulum cells\" strongly supports the assertion that at least some \"histiocytic lymphomas\" are neoplastic analogues of transformed B lymphocytes, and are not derived from phagocytic histiocytes, as previously believed.", "contents": "Pleomorphic reticulum cell sarcoma, monoclonal gammopathy and amyloidosis: an immunoperoxidase study. Pleomorphic reticulum cell sarcoma, a histologic variant of the histiocytic lymphomas, presented as an abdominal mass in a 52-year-old woman. Extensive amyloid deposition was present within the tumor mass and an M-component (IgG Lambda) was identified in the serum. Direct immunoperoxidase staining of tissue sections demonstrated the same monoclonal immunoglobulin to be present within the neoplastic cells, presumptive evidence of their ability to both synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. The presence of amyloid within this patient was probably the direct result of the tissue deposition of this monoclonal immunoglobulin and may be related to the amyloidogenic nature of Lambda light chains. Immunoglobulin production is a specific property of the B lymphocyte series. Transforming B lymphocytes and their differentiating progeny are engaged in active immunoglobulin synthesis and thus may be distinguished from morphologically identical but functionally distinct cells. The demonstration of cytoplasmic monoclonal immunoglobulin within these \"malignant reticulum cells\" strongly supports the assertion that at least some \"histiocytic lymphomas\" are neoplastic analogues of transformed B lymphocytes, and are not derived from phagocytic histiocytes, as previously believed.", "PMID": 417799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9347", "title": "An aggressive approach to marginally resectable lung cancer.", "content": "Between July 1968 and December 1974, 53 patients with lung cancer were planned for preoperative irradiation and surgery. All patients were considered clinically marginally resectable because of advanced local disease, 4 Stage II patients, with limited pulmonary reserve and 49 Stage III patients. Most patients received 3000 to 4000 rad followed in two weeks by thoracotomy. Forty-six patients were explored and 38 were resectable. Twelve patients are alive with a median follow-up of 48 months. The cumulative 5-year survival of all resectable patients is 27%. The survival of patients with marginally resectable lung cancer treated by accelerated radiotherapy followed by aggressive surgery approaches the survival experience of patients with primary resectable lung cancer and is superior to such patients treated with radiation therapy alone.", "contents": "An aggressive approach to marginally resectable lung cancer. Between July 1968 and December 1974, 53 patients with lung cancer were planned for preoperative irradiation and surgery. All patients were considered clinically marginally resectable because of advanced local disease, 4 Stage II patients, with limited pulmonary reserve and 49 Stage III patients. Most patients received 3000 to 4000 rad followed in two weeks by thoracotomy. Forty-six patients were explored and 38 were resectable. Twelve patients are alive with a median follow-up of 48 months. The cumulative 5-year survival of all resectable patients is 27%. The survival of patients with marginally resectable lung cancer treated by accelerated radiotherapy followed by aggressive surgery approaches the survival experience of patients with primary resectable lung cancer and is superior to such patients treated with radiation therapy alone.", "PMID": 417800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9348", "title": "Anterior resection and primary anastomosis following high dose preoperative irradiation for adenocarcinoma of the recto-sigmoid.", "content": "Preoperative irradiation for adenocarcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid does not always limit the surgery to an abdominoperineal resection. From 1960 to 1976 anterior resection and primary anastomosis of the bowel has been performed in 13 patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid whose tumor had been irradiated with 5000 rads with small pelvic fields. The inferior surgical resection line was within or very near the edge of the radiation field in 10 patients. In no instance was the superior resection line irradiated. Compared to a group of 79 patients treated with anterior resection only, the preoperatively irradiated patients had lower incidence of pelvic and anastomotic tumor recurrence, but a higher incidence of anastomotic leak and subsequent adhesions and intestinal obstruction. We stress that if irradiated rectum is considered for forming the anastomosis, a temporary \"protective colostomy\" should be strongly considered at the time of the surgery.", "contents": "Anterior resection and primary anastomosis following high dose preoperative irradiation for adenocarcinoma of the recto-sigmoid. Preoperative irradiation for adenocarcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid does not always limit the surgery to an abdominoperineal resection. From 1960 to 1976 anterior resection and primary anastomosis of the bowel has been performed in 13 patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid whose tumor had been irradiated with 5000 rads with small pelvic fields. The inferior surgical resection line was within or very near the edge of the radiation field in 10 patients. In no instance was the superior resection line irradiated. Compared to a group of 79 patients treated with anterior resection only, the preoperatively irradiated patients had lower incidence of pelvic and anastomotic tumor recurrence, but a higher incidence of anastomotic leak and subsequent adhesions and intestinal obstruction. We stress that if irradiated rectum is considered for forming the anastomosis, a temporary \"protective colostomy\" should be strongly considered at the time of the surgery.", "PMID": 417801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9349", "title": "Cell and microsome mediated binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to DNA studied by fluorescence spectroscopy.", "content": "Fluorescence spectra of DNA isolated from hamster embryo cells incubated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, or DNA modified in a microsomal system by reaction with this carcinogen or its 7-hydroxymethyl derivative, were compared to various model compounds. The spectra indicate that the DMBA derivative bound to DNA, in all 3 cases, has a 9,10-dimethylanthracene-like chromophore. They also provide the first evidence of the similarity in structure of the DNA-bound products between 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and its 7-hydroxymethyl derivative. Our results are consistent with an activation mechanism that involves saturation of the 1,2,3,4-ring positions.", "contents": "Cell and microsome mediated binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to DNA studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence spectra of DNA isolated from hamster embryo cells incubated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, or DNA modified in a microsomal system by reaction with this carcinogen or its 7-hydroxymethyl derivative, were compared to various model compounds. The spectra indicate that the DMBA derivative bound to DNA, in all 3 cases, has a 9,10-dimethylanthracene-like chromophore. They also provide the first evidence of the similarity in structure of the DNA-bound products between 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and its 7-hydroxymethyl derivative. Our results are consistent with an activation mechanism that involves saturation of the 1,2,3,4-ring positions.", "PMID": 417802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9350", "title": "Production of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma by combined administration of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide and azaserine in partial pancreatectomized rats.", "content": "The effect of azaserine on the pancreatic tumorigenesis of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-HAQO) after partial pancreatectomy in rats was studied. Pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas were produced in 7 out of 10 rats (70%), which received 7 mg/kg body wt. 4-HAQO 3 days after partial pancreatectomy, followed by 10 weekly injections of 30 mg/kg body wt. azaserine. Partial pancreatectomy enhanced the carcinogenesis of 4-HAQO, which was further promoted by azaserine.", "contents": "Production of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma by combined administration of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide and azaserine in partial pancreatectomized rats. The effect of azaserine on the pancreatic tumorigenesis of 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-HAQO) after partial pancreatectomy in rats was studied. Pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas were produced in 7 out of 10 rats (70%), which received 7 mg/kg body wt. 4-HAQO 3 days after partial pancreatectomy, followed by 10 weekly injections of 30 mg/kg body wt. azaserine. Partial pancreatectomy enhanced the carcinogenesis of 4-HAQO, which was further promoted by azaserine.", "PMID": 417803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9351", "title": "Biochemical activation of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity, cellular distribution of polynuclear hydrocarbon metabolites, and DNA damage by polynuclear hydrocarbon products in human cells in vitro.", "content": "Carcinogenic polynuclear hydrocarbons [7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and benzo(a)pyrene] were added to human skin fibroblast cell cultures. Only benzo(a)pyrene at 10 microgram/ml or above induced mixed-function hydroxylase activity, altered cell proliferation kinetics, and caused DNA damage as measured by altered grain count and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. 3-Methylcholanthrene at concentrations as high as 15 microgram/ml was ineffective. 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene at 6 microgram/ml or above induced mixed-function oxygenase and stimulated DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, but at those concentrations little or no cytotoxicity or DNA damage was detected. The noncarcinogenic analogs 6,8,12-trimethylbenzanthracene, 5-fluorodimethylbenzanthracene, anthracene, and phenanthrene had no detectable effect on the human cells. It was concluded that benzo(a)pyrene can initiate all the biochemical events in human cells probably necessary to initiate transformation of human cells in vitro.", "contents": "Biochemical activation of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity, cellular distribution of polynuclear hydrocarbon metabolites, and DNA damage by polynuclear hydrocarbon products in human cells in vitro. Carcinogenic polynuclear hydrocarbons [7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and benzo(a)pyrene] were added to human skin fibroblast cell cultures. Only benzo(a)pyrene at 10 microgram/ml or above induced mixed-function hydroxylase activity, altered cell proliferation kinetics, and caused DNA damage as measured by altered grain count and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. 3-Methylcholanthrene at concentrations as high as 15 microgram/ml was ineffective. 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene at 6 microgram/ml or above induced mixed-function oxygenase and stimulated DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, but at those concentrations little or no cytotoxicity or DNA damage was detected. The noncarcinogenic analogs 6,8,12-trimethylbenzanthracene, 5-fluorodimethylbenzanthracene, anthracene, and phenanthrene had no detectable effect on the human cells. It was concluded that benzo(a)pyrene can initiate all the biochemical events in human cells probably necessary to initiate transformation of human cells in vitro.", "PMID": 417805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9352", "title": "Actions of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase of rabbit-skeletal muscle on modified glycogens.", "content": "The high reactivities exhibited by rabbit-muscle synthase and phosphorylase for unmodified glycogen-acceptors decrease progressively, presumably because of a large increase in apparent Km as the glycogen molecule is converted into its component maltosaccharide chains by the debranching enzyme, isoamylase. Elongation of the outer chains of glycogen acceptor also results in decreased reactivities of the two transglucosylases and this is shown, for phosphorylase acting in the direction of glucan synthesis, to be caused by a decrease in the Vmax of the reaction. A partial restoration of the degradative reactivity of phosphorylase by a limited alpha-amylolysis of the long outer-chains of modified glycogen suggests a role of cytoplasmic alpha-amylase in mammalian glycogen metabolism.", "contents": "Actions of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase of rabbit-skeletal muscle on modified glycogens. The high reactivities exhibited by rabbit-muscle synthase and phosphorylase for unmodified glycogen-acceptors decrease progressively, presumably because of a large increase in apparent Km as the glycogen molecule is converted into its component maltosaccharide chains by the debranching enzyme, isoamylase. Elongation of the outer chains of glycogen acceptor also results in decreased reactivities of the two transglucosylases and this is shown, for phosphorylase acting in the direction of glucan synthesis, to be caused by a decrease in the Vmax of the reaction. A partial restoration of the degradative reactivity of phosphorylase by a limited alpha-amylolysis of the long outer-chains of modified glycogen suggests a role of cytoplasmic alpha-amylase in mammalian glycogen metabolism.", "PMID": 417806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9353", "title": "Anterior pituitary response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone during open-heart surgery.", "content": "The anterior pituitary response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone has been studied in 20 patients submitted to elective open-heart surgical procedures, and in six control patients submitted to closed mitral valvotomy. Standard non-pulsatile normothermic perfusion was used in all the open-heart cases. 400 microgram thyrotropin-releasing hormone was administered by intravenous injection during bypass, at 30 min post-bypass, and at 60 min post-bypass. The same dose (400 microgram) was given during closed mitral valvotomy (Control Group). Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone administration during bypass failed to produce a normal response from the anterior pituitary, in contrast to the normal response pattern seen in the control group (P less than 0.01). Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone given after the period of bypass produced responses within the normal range in the majority of patients. These results suggest that anterior pituitary hypofunction may exist during the period of extracorporeal circulation using non-pulsatile perfusion and that recovery of pituitary function is evident within the first hour post-extracorporeal circulation.", "contents": "Anterior pituitary response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone during open-heart surgery. The anterior pituitary response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone has been studied in 20 patients submitted to elective open-heart surgical procedures, and in six control patients submitted to closed mitral valvotomy. Standard non-pulsatile normothermic perfusion was used in all the open-heart cases. 400 microgram thyrotropin-releasing hormone was administered by intravenous injection during bypass, at 30 min post-bypass, and at 60 min post-bypass. The same dose (400 microgram) was given during closed mitral valvotomy (Control Group). Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone administration during bypass failed to produce a normal response from the anterior pituitary, in contrast to the normal response pattern seen in the control group (P less than 0.01). Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone given after the period of bypass produced responses within the normal range in the majority of patients. These results suggest that anterior pituitary hypofunction may exist during the period of extracorporeal circulation using non-pulsatile perfusion and that recovery of pituitary function is evident within the first hour post-extracorporeal circulation.", "PMID": 417807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9354", "title": "Cytochalasin B and water transport. A scanning electron microscope study of the toad urinary bladder.", "content": "A morpho-functional study of the effects of cytochalasin B (CB) on Na and water transport was made in amphibian epithelia. The functional studies confirmed the dissociation of the natriferic and hydrosmotic effects of vasopressin in toad urinary bladders exposed to CB and showed in addition that the block of the hydrosmotic effect was reversible and could still be induced in epithelia maximally stimulated with the hormone. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that CB, per se, did not alter the apical surface of the bladders. An almost total loss of microvilli of granular cells was seen, however, if CB was associated with vasopressin and an osmotic gradient. The results suggest two points: a) the block of the hydrosmotic flow induced by CB is due to factors beyond the apical membrane; b) microfilaments may be important mechanochemical transducers in the chain of events leading to the hydrosmotic effect of vasopressin.", "contents": "Cytochalasin B and water transport. A scanning electron microscope study of the toad urinary bladder. A morpho-functional study of the effects of cytochalasin B (CB) on Na and water transport was made in amphibian epithelia. The functional studies confirmed the dissociation of the natriferic and hydrosmotic effects of vasopressin in toad urinary bladders exposed to CB and showed in addition that the block of the hydrosmotic effect was reversible and could still be induced in epithelia maximally stimulated with the hormone. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that CB, per se, did not alter the apical surface of the bladders. An almost total loss of microvilli of granular cells was seen, however, if CB was associated with vasopressin and an osmotic gradient. The results suggest two points: a) the block of the hydrosmotic flow induced by CB is due to factors beyond the apical membrane; b) microfilaments may be important mechanochemical transducers in the chain of events leading to the hydrosmotic effect of vasopressin.", "PMID": 417808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9355", "title": "Formation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha] anthracene-DNA adducts in 7,8-benzoflavone-treated hamster embryo cells.", "content": "Pretreatment of secondary cultures of Syrian hamster embryo cells with 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF) inhibited both the metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha] anthracene (DMBA) and the formation of DMBA-DNA adducts. The DMBA-deoxyribonucleoside adducts from 7,8-BF-treated cultures had the same elution profiles on Sephadex LH-20 columns as those from cultures exposed to DMBA alone, but 7,8-BF-treated cultures contained smaller amounts of DMBA-DNA adducts per mg DNA. As the concentration of 7,8-BF was increased, the decrease in the amount of DMBA-DNA adducts per mg DNA was logarithmic with respect to the decrease in the amount of DMBA metabolized. The results suggest that more than one metabolic step is required for the binding of DMBA to DNA in hamster embryo cells.", "contents": "Formation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha] anthracene-DNA adducts in 7,8-benzoflavone-treated hamster embryo cells. Pretreatment of secondary cultures of Syrian hamster embryo cells with 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF) inhibited both the metabolism of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha] anthracene (DMBA) and the formation of DMBA-DNA adducts. The DMBA-deoxyribonucleoside adducts from 7,8-BF-treated cultures had the same elution profiles on Sephadex LH-20 columns as those from cultures exposed to DMBA alone, but 7,8-BF-treated cultures contained smaller amounts of DMBA-DNA adducts per mg DNA. As the concentration of 7,8-BF was increased, the decrease in the amount of DMBA-DNA adducts per mg DNA was logarithmic with respect to the decrease in the amount of DMBA metabolized. The results suggest that more than one metabolic step is required for the binding of DMBA to DNA in hamster embryo cells.", "PMID": 417810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9356", "title": "The in vitro interaction of the carcinogens, 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide and its metabolite 4-hydroxylaminoquinoline-N-oxide, with intact rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial respiration caused by rotenone, is relieved by the 2 carcinogens, 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (NQO) and its metabolite 4-hydroxylaminoquinoline-N-oxide (HAQO). Thus these agents cause reducing equivalents to circumvent the first coupling site of the respiratory chain. This is another example of the experimental confluence between oxidative phosphorylation and chemical carcinogenesis.", "contents": "The in vitro interaction of the carcinogens, 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide and its metabolite 4-hydroxylaminoquinoline-N-oxide, with intact rat liver mitochondria. The inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial respiration caused by rotenone, is relieved by the 2 carcinogens, 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (NQO) and its metabolite 4-hydroxylaminoquinoline-N-oxide (HAQO). Thus these agents cause reducing equivalents to circumvent the first coupling site of the respiratory chain. This is another example of the experimental confluence between oxidative phosphorylation and chemical carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 417811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9357", "title": "[Blood plasma differentiation of 11 domestic species by layer electrofocusing].", "content": "The study of the dispersion of plasma proteins of 11 species of Mammals by electrofocusing in thin layers, allows the characterisation of each species with the diagram of the migration of the proteins according to their isoelectric point. This fast and easy method may be preferred to immunological means and can be applied to the smallest sample forensic medicine.", "contents": "[Blood plasma differentiation of 11 domestic species by layer electrofocusing]. The study of the dispersion of plasma proteins of 11 species of Mammals by electrofocusing in thin layers, allows the characterisation of each species with the diagram of the migration of the proteins according to their isoelectric point. This fast and easy method may be preferred to immunological means and can be applied to the smallest sample forensic medicine.", "PMID": 417813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9358", "title": "[Evolution of median menigeal veins network in primates, from endocranial imprint patterns].", "content": "In the evolution of Primates, three main changes in the endocranial imprint pattern of the median meningeal veins are observed: 1. a gradual increase in the arrangement of the three-branched network: 2. a progression of the complexity of the anastomotic squaring; 3. the consecutive disappearnce of the retroarticular system (external jugular vein), which brings about an enlargement of the available space for the internal jugular system, and the ensuing increase in functional importance of the pterygoid plexus.", "contents": "[Evolution of median menigeal veins network in primates, from endocranial imprint patterns]. In the evolution of Primates, three main changes in the endocranial imprint pattern of the median meningeal veins are observed: 1. a gradual increase in the arrangement of the three-branched network: 2. a progression of the complexity of the anastomotic squaring; 3. the consecutive disappearnce of the retroarticular system (external jugular vein), which brings about an enlargement of the available space for the internal jugular system, and the ensuing increase in functional importance of the pterygoid plexus.", "PMID": 417814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9359", "title": "[Organization of contralateral and bilateral projections of corticospinal tracts in cats].", "content": "In Cats with a previous spinal lesion (C 6) saving only a lateral or ventral funiculus, a caudal horseradish peroxidase injection (C 8-Th 1) reveals that some cortical zones (lateral sigmo\u00efd gyrus, medial part of the posterieur sigmo\u00efd gyrus, medial part of the dorsal bank of the cruciate sulcus) send spinal projections, only contralaterally, by way of the dorsolateral funiculus, whereas other cortical zones (anterior sigmo\u00efd gyrus, middle part of the posterior sigmo\u00efd gyrus, lateral parts of the dorsal and ventral bank of the cruciate sulcus) send bilateral spinal projections by way of the ventral and dorsolateral funiculi.", "contents": "[Organization of contralateral and bilateral projections of corticospinal tracts in cats]. In Cats with a previous spinal lesion (C 6) saving only a lateral or ventral funiculus, a caudal horseradish peroxidase injection (C 8-Th 1) reveals that some cortical zones (lateral sigmo\u00efd gyrus, medial part of the posterieur sigmo\u00efd gyrus, medial part of the dorsal bank of the cruciate sulcus) send spinal projections, only contralaterally, by way of the dorsolateral funiculus, whereas other cortical zones (anterior sigmo\u00efd gyrus, middle part of the posterior sigmo\u00efd gyrus, lateral parts of the dorsal and ventral bank of the cruciate sulcus) send bilateral spinal projections by way of the ventral and dorsolateral funiculi.", "PMID": 417815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9360", "title": "[Variations in alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport during in vitro differentiation of cultured myocardial cells from newborn rats].", "content": "The transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid has been studied as a function of age in heart cell cultures derived from new-born Rats. The specific rate of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport decreased slightly once confluency had been reached and then, from day 8 on, increased abruptly. This last phase may be related to the expression of specialized functions encountered in older cultures.", "contents": "[Variations in alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport during in vitro differentiation of cultured myocardial cells from newborn rats]. The transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid has been studied as a function of age in heart cell cultures derived from new-born Rats. The specific rate of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport decreased slightly once confluency had been reached and then, from day 8 on, increased abruptly. This last phase may be related to the expression of specialized functions encountered in older cultures.", "PMID": 417816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9361", "title": "[Electrical colonic activity in the conscious dog].", "content": "Identification of two distinct rhythms of the colonic slow waves at a mean frequency of 5 and 18 cycles/min. Evidence is provided for an origin of the faster rhythm from the mascularis mucosae.", "contents": "[Electrical colonic activity in the conscious dog]. Identification of two distinct rhythms of the colonic slow waves at a mean frequency of 5 and 18 cycles/min. Evidence is provided for an origin of the faster rhythm from the mascularis mucosae.", "PMID": 417817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9362", "title": "[Regulation of isolated rat hepatocyte volume in hypoosmotic media].", "content": "Isolated hepatocytes behave like osmometers immediately after an incubation in hypo-osmotic media. During long-term incubation periods they recover their normal volume either in the absence or in the presence of ouabain. The volume regulation is parlty due to a decrease in intracellular potassium and amino acid contents.", "contents": "[Regulation of isolated rat hepatocyte volume in hypoosmotic media]. Isolated hepatocytes behave like osmometers immediately after an incubation in hypo-osmotic media. During long-term incubation periods they recover their normal volume either in the absence or in the presence of ouabain. The volume regulation is parlty due to a decrease in intracellular potassium and amino acid contents.", "PMID": 417818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9363", "title": "[Pituitary-testicular relationships in the rat embryo].", "content": "LH given to the Rat embryo at the time of hypophysectomy by decapitation (18 days of intrauterine life) will prevent the drop in androgen synthesis which normally ensues. This is regarded as definite proof that androgen synthesis is under pituitary control in the rat embryo at late gestational stages. On the other hand, the decrease in androgen synthesis following testosterone injection to the pregnant female points to the fact that there is a negative feedback of testosterone on pituitary LH secretion.", "contents": "[Pituitary-testicular relationships in the rat embryo]. LH given to the Rat embryo at the time of hypophysectomy by decapitation (18 days of intrauterine life) will prevent the drop in androgen synthesis which normally ensues. This is regarded as definite proof that androgen synthesis is under pituitary control in the rat embryo at late gestational stages. On the other hand, the decrease in androgen synthesis following testosterone injection to the pregnant female points to the fact that there is a negative feedback of testosterone on pituitary LH secretion.", "PMID": 417819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9364", "title": "[Seasonal variations in plasma progesterone in the pine marten (Martes foina), a species with delayed implantation].", "content": "Luteal function in Pine Marten (Martes foina), species which exhibit delayed implantation, shows low progesterone plasma levels during the major part of diapause. A significant increase occurs before implantation. These results confirm histological appearance observed in lutea corpora.", "contents": "[Seasonal variations in plasma progesterone in the pine marten (Martes foina), a species with delayed implantation]. Luteal function in Pine Marten (Martes foina), species which exhibit delayed implantation, shows low progesterone plasma levels during the major part of diapause. A significant increase occurs before implantation. These results confirm histological appearance observed in lutea corpora.", "PMID": 417820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9365", "title": "[Alteration in the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones during dimethylbenzathracene induction of mammary tumors in rats].", "content": "In a sensitive strain of Rat (Sprague-Dawley) a deregulation of the secretion of some pituitary hormones was noted in the female during induction of mammary tumors by dimethylbenzanthracene administration. The deregulation occurred quickly and depended on the stage of the estrous cycle. It mainly consists of hyposecretion of gonadotropins. TSH and GH and of hypersecretion of prolactin.", "contents": "[Alteration in the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones during dimethylbenzathracene induction of mammary tumors in rats]. In a sensitive strain of Rat (Sprague-Dawley) a deregulation of the secretion of some pituitary hormones was noted in the female during induction of mammary tumors by dimethylbenzanthracene administration. The deregulation occurred quickly and depended on the stage of the estrous cycle. It mainly consists of hyposecretion of gonadotropins. TSH and GH and of hypersecretion of prolactin.", "PMID": 417821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9366", "title": "[Interaction between visual activation and proprioceptive activation in neurons of the superior colliculus].", "content": "Units located in the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus are activated by proprioceptive stimulation of the extraocular muscle nerves as well as by specific visual stimuli. Units of the deep layer of the colliculus, not sensitive to visual activation, are inhibited by proprioceptive stimulation. A few of the units showed interaction between the two types of stimulation, the proprioceptive response appearing only when spontaneous activity was decreased by a visual stimulus.", "contents": "[Interaction between visual activation and proprioceptive activation in neurons of the superior colliculus]. Units located in the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus are activated by proprioceptive stimulation of the extraocular muscle nerves as well as by specific visual stimuli. Units of the deep layer of the colliculus, not sensitive to visual activation, are inhibited by proprioceptive stimulation. A few of the units showed interaction between the two types of stimulation, the proprioceptive response appearing only when spontaneous activity was decreased by a visual stimulus.", "PMID": 417822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9367", "title": "[Inhibition of DNA biosynthesis in human lymphocytes by alpha 1-antitrypsin].", "content": "Incorporation of tritiated thymidine into human lymphocytes from tonsils is markedly inhibited by purified alpha1-antitrypsin-preparations. This inhibitory effect is observed in lymphocytes stimulated by a mitogen factor (phytohemagglutinin) as in non stimulated lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Inhibition of DNA biosynthesis in human lymphocytes by alpha 1-antitrypsin]. Incorporation of tritiated thymidine into human lymphocytes from tonsils is markedly inhibited by purified alpha1-antitrypsin-preparations. This inhibitory effect is observed in lymphocytes stimulated by a mitogen factor (phytohemagglutinin) as in non stimulated lymphocytes.", "PMID": 417823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9368", "title": "[Stimulation of the growth of murine bone marrow colonies in vitro by an acute inflammatory exudate. Comparison with colony stimulating factor CSF)].", "content": "Formation of colonies from mice bone marrow progenitors of macrophages and granulocytes in methylcellulose culture was induced by an inflammatory pleural exudate obtained from mice injected with dextran. Mitogenic activity of this acute inflammatory exudate was compared with that of colony stimulating factor (CSF). It was found that colony and cluster counts, during 10 days of culture, were similar with the two types of stimulating factors. When used at the same dose, exudate was less active than CSF. It was concluded that inflammatory exudate showed an activity similar to that of CSF but contained a smaller amount of stimulating factor. Further cytochemical studies are necessary to specify whether or not the two factors induced the same type of colonies (monocytic or granulocytic).", "contents": "[Stimulation of the growth of murine bone marrow colonies in vitro by an acute inflammatory exudate. Comparison with colony stimulating factor CSF)]. Formation of colonies from mice bone marrow progenitors of macrophages and granulocytes in methylcellulose culture was induced by an inflammatory pleural exudate obtained from mice injected with dextran. Mitogenic activity of this acute inflammatory exudate was compared with that of colony stimulating factor (CSF). It was found that colony and cluster counts, during 10 days of culture, were similar with the two types of stimulating factors. When used at the same dose, exudate was less active than CSF. It was concluded that inflammatory exudate showed an activity similar to that of CSF but contained a smaller amount of stimulating factor. Further cytochemical studies are necessary to specify whether or not the two factors induced the same type of colonies (monocytic or granulocytic).", "PMID": 417824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9369", "title": "[Organization of the ventral branchial and lumbar horns of the spinal cord in embryos of snake-like and tetrapod reptiles].", "content": "In embryos of Snake-like Reptiles (Anguis fragilis) and of Ophidians (Tropidonotus, Python), the lay-out of motor neuroblast in the ventral horns of the spinal cord, in the brachial and the lumbar regions differs from the one observed in the same regions of embryos of tetrapod Reptiles (Lacerta viridis).", "contents": "[Organization of the ventral branchial and lumbar horns of the spinal cord in embryos of snake-like and tetrapod reptiles]. In embryos of Snake-like Reptiles (Anguis fragilis) and of Ophidians (Tropidonotus, Python), the lay-out of motor neuroblast in the ventral horns of the spinal cord, in the brachial and the lumbar regions differs from the one observed in the same regions of embryos of tetrapod Reptiles (Lacerta viridis).", "PMID": 417825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9370", "title": "[Chaetotaxic variation of the cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, the agent of intestinal bilharziasis, correlation with the vertebrate host of the parasite].", "content": "The chaetotaxy of the cercariae of human or simian strains of Schistosoma mansoni, a fluke producing the intestinal bilharziasis displays a characteristic difference from that of cercariae of the same parasite adapted to Mouse or wild Rat. Taking into account this differential characteristic, makes it possible to determine the human or murine origin of cercariae released from naturally infected snails during epidemiologic investigations.", "contents": "[Chaetotaxic variation of the cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, the agent of intestinal bilharziasis, correlation with the vertebrate host of the parasite]. The chaetotaxy of the cercariae of human or simian strains of Schistosoma mansoni, a fluke producing the intestinal bilharziasis displays a characteristic difference from that of cercariae of the same parasite adapted to Mouse or wild Rat. Taking into account this differential characteristic, makes it possible to determine the human or murine origin of cercariae released from naturally infected snails during epidemiologic investigations.", "PMID": 417826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9371", "title": "[Systematic study of the variations in mineral composition of different bones from various animals according to their localization].", "content": "X-ray diffraction techniques allow us to show that, in calcified tissues, phosphates resulting from a given formation process have the same ratio Ca/P for the bones at different subjects, providing these subjects are of the same kind and the same age. This ratio Ca/P depends on the bone formation process.", "contents": "[Systematic study of the variations in mineral composition of different bones from various animals according to their localization]. X-ray diffraction techniques allow us to show that, in calcified tissues, phosphates resulting from a given formation process have the same ratio Ca/P for the bones at different subjects, providing these subjects are of the same kind and the same age. This ratio Ca/P depends on the bone formation process.", "PMID": 417827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9372", "title": "[Demonstration and characterization of mannosyl phosphoryl dolichol synthesized in the outer membrane of liver mitochondria].", "content": "There is in mitochondrial outer membrane a mannosyl-transferase which is able to catalyse the mannose transfer on a polyprenic acceptor, to give a mannosyl-phosphoryl-dolichol. This enzyme is stimulated by Mn2+, Mg2+ and dithiothreitol. It is inhibited by GDP, mersalyl and EGTA.", "contents": "[Demonstration and characterization of mannosyl phosphoryl dolichol synthesized in the outer membrane of liver mitochondria]. There is in mitochondrial outer membrane a mannosyl-transferase which is able to catalyse the mannose transfer on a polyprenic acceptor, to give a mannosyl-phosphoryl-dolichol. This enzyme is stimulated by Mn2+, Mg2+ and dithiothreitol. It is inhibited by GDP, mersalyl and EGTA.", "PMID": 417828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9373", "title": "[Molecular aspects of 2 human urinary glycoproteins with histocompatibility antigen (HLA) serological activity].", "content": "Two serologically active urinary glycoproteins (HLA-A 9 and HLA-B 12) were isolated from urine provided by a patient suffering from tubular proteinuria. Their N-terminal sequences were automatically determined. The latter were identical with the sequence of another urinary glycoprotein (protein HC). The relationship between protein HC and the serological activity is discussed.", "contents": "[Molecular aspects of 2 human urinary glycoproteins with histocompatibility antigen (HLA) serological activity]. Two serologically active urinary glycoproteins (HLA-A 9 and HLA-B 12) were isolated from urine provided by a patient suffering from tubular proteinuria. Their N-terminal sequences were automatically determined. The latter were identical with the sequence of another urinary glycoprotein (protein HC). The relationship between protein HC and the serological activity is discussed.", "PMID": 417829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9374", "title": "[Effect of phosphorylated constituents on the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens in media containing potassium oxalatoberyllate].", "content": "Differences in the extent of beryllium inhibition on the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens cultivated in various media are related to the concentration and nature of phosphorus-containing constituents of the substrate. Quantitative studies are carried out for interaction processes leading to reduction in beryllium toxicity. These include sequestration of beryllium in soluble form by beta-glycerophosphate and formation of sparingly soluble derivatives with inorganic orthophosphate ions.", "contents": "[Effect of phosphorylated constituents on the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens in media containing potassium oxalatoberyllate]. Differences in the extent of beryllium inhibition on the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens cultivated in various media are related to the concentration and nature of phosphorus-containing constituents of the substrate. Quantitative studies are carried out for interaction processes leading to reduction in beryllium toxicity. These include sequestration of beryllium in soluble form by beta-glycerophosphate and formation of sparingly soluble derivatives with inorganic orthophosphate ions.", "PMID": 417830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9375", "title": "[Synthesis of nuclear proteins incorporated into chromatin during anterior traumatic regeneration of an annelid (Owenia fusiformis)].", "content": "3H Trp and 14C Lys incorporation in proteins from chromatin of normal and regenerating animals, purified on metrizamide, show that the synthesis of these proteins is different in the two cases.", "contents": "[Synthesis of nuclear proteins incorporated into chromatin during anterior traumatic regeneration of an annelid (Owenia fusiformis)]. 3H Trp and 14C Lys incorporation in proteins from chromatin of normal and regenerating animals, purified on metrizamide, show that the synthesis of these proteins is different in the two cases.", "PMID": 417831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9376", "title": "[Behavior modifications induced by unilateral administration of picrotoxin into rat substantia nigra].", "content": "Intranigral injection of picrotoxin in Rats induced contralateral rotation and stereotyped behaviour. These responses were significantly altered following neuroleptic treatment (haloperiod, pimozide) or ipsilateral striatal electrolytic destruction. The present results provide behavioural evidence for gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway.", "contents": "[Behavior modifications induced by unilateral administration of picrotoxin into rat substantia nigra]. Intranigral injection of picrotoxin in Rats induced contralateral rotation and stereotyped behaviour. These responses were significantly altered following neuroleptic treatment (haloperiod, pimozide) or ipsilateral striatal electrolytic destruction. The present results provide behavioural evidence for gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway.", "PMID": 417832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9377", "title": "[Effect of lead microparticles introduced into the respiratory system of the sensitivity of mice to Pasteurella multocida infection via aerosol].", "content": "Lead microparticles, resulting from the pyrolysis of organic lead used as an anti-knock agent in gasoline, were introduced into the lungs of Mice, during a short single exposure. When 6 microgram of lead were retained in the lungs (mean value per Mouse), the phagocytic ability of the pulmonary alveolar macrophages harvested 6 and 18 hrs. later, was significantly reduced. It was observed, in the same conditions, that the resistance of Mice to experimental infection by aerosolized Pasteurella multocida, was significantly reduced. When 3 microgram of lead were retained in the lungs, there was no significant difference between control and intoxicated Mice.", "contents": "[Effect of lead microparticles introduced into the respiratory system of the sensitivity of mice to Pasteurella multocida infection via aerosol]. Lead microparticles, resulting from the pyrolysis of organic lead used as an anti-knock agent in gasoline, were introduced into the lungs of Mice, during a short single exposure. When 6 microgram of lead were retained in the lungs (mean value per Mouse), the phagocytic ability of the pulmonary alveolar macrophages harvested 6 and 18 hrs. later, was significantly reduced. It was observed, in the same conditions, that the resistance of Mice to experimental infection by aerosolized Pasteurella multocida, was significantly reduced. When 3 microgram of lead were retained in the lungs, there was no significant difference between control and intoxicated Mice.", "PMID": 417833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9378", "title": "[Actinomyces odontolyticus, first study in France].", "content": "The authors report the detailed study of a strain of Actinomyces odontolyticus isolated from a pleural liquid. Gas-liquid chromatography can specify the biochemistral metabolism of the germ and set off an endocellular lipidolytic activity.", "contents": "[Actinomyces odontolyticus, first study in France]. The authors report the detailed study of a strain of Actinomyces odontolyticus isolated from a pleural liquid. Gas-liquid chromatography can specify the biochemistral metabolism of the germ and set off an endocellular lipidolytic activity.", "PMID": 417834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9379", "title": "[Isolation of a new plasmid of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by chromatography on coupled Sepharose 4B-nitrocellulose].", "content": "A new plasmid has been isolated by chromatography on coupled columns of Sepharose 4B-Nitrocellulose from the auxotrphic strain PAO8 56 Be of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This strain has been shown by genetic tests to be resistant to carbenicillin.", "contents": "[Isolation of a new plasmid of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by chromatography on coupled Sepharose 4B-nitrocellulose]. A new plasmid has been isolated by chromatography on coupled columns of Sepharose 4B-Nitrocellulose from the auxotrphic strain PAO8 56 Be of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This strain has been shown by genetic tests to be resistant to carbenicillin.", "PMID": 417835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9380", "title": "[Satellite RNA (RNA3) of tomato black ring virus is found with one of the 2 major RNAs (RNA2) in a new capsid nucleoprotein].", "content": "Tomato Black Ring Virus (TBRV) like other NEPOviruses posseses two nucleoproteins M and B and two major RNAs, RNA1 and RNA2 respectively distributed in B and M. A new nucleoprotein has just been discovered and comprises one molecule of RNA2 associated with one molecule of RNA3. RNA3 is a small RNA of molecular weight 500,000 d considered to be a satellite RNA. Its level appears to depend on the infection stage, local or systemic. RNA3 is able to modify the relative proportions of nucleoproteins M and B and their respective RNAs. The satellite RNA, might be part of the genome and represent a monocistronic mRNA for protein capsid synthesis. However it seems perhaps more tempting to correlate TBRV-RNA3 with satellite RNA5 of certain strains of Cucumber mosaic virus.", "contents": "[Satellite RNA (RNA3) of tomato black ring virus is found with one of the 2 major RNAs (RNA2) in a new capsid nucleoprotein]. Tomato Black Ring Virus (TBRV) like other NEPOviruses posseses two nucleoproteins M and B and two major RNAs, RNA1 and RNA2 respectively distributed in B and M. A new nucleoprotein has just been discovered and comprises one molecule of RNA2 associated with one molecule of RNA3. RNA3 is a small RNA of molecular weight 500,000 d considered to be a satellite RNA. Its level appears to depend on the infection stage, local or systemic. RNA3 is able to modify the relative proportions of nucleoproteins M and B and their respective RNAs. The satellite RNA, might be part of the genome and represent a monocistronic mRNA for protein capsid synthesis. However it seems perhaps more tempting to correlate TBRV-RNA3 with satellite RNA5 of certain strains of Cucumber mosaic virus.", "PMID": 417836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9381", "title": "[Differences in the intracellular potentials of human peripheral lymphocytes].", "content": "The intra-cellular potentials of human blood mononuclear cells have been measured using a microelectrode and a modified classical neurophysiological system. The results obtained in vitro suggest that different lymphocyte sub-populations and monocytes have characteristics intra-cellular potentials. We have also shown that a change from negative to positive intra-cellular potential occurs in lymphocytes stimulated by Phytohemaglutinine and Concanavaline A.", "contents": "[Differences in the intracellular potentials of human peripheral lymphocytes]. The intra-cellular potentials of human blood mononuclear cells have been measured using a microelectrode and a modified classical neurophysiological system. The results obtained in vitro suggest that different lymphocyte sub-populations and monocytes have characteristics intra-cellular potentials. We have also shown that a change from negative to positive intra-cellular potential occurs in lymphocytes stimulated by Phytohemaglutinine and Concanavaline A.", "PMID": 417837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9382", "title": "[Cells secreting antibodies originate from cells secreting immunoglobulins without a detectable antibody function for the antigen injected].", "content": "Cells secreting immunoglobulins without detectable antibody function arising after an injection of horseradish peroxidase were micromanipulated from the center of haemolytic plaques of Sheep red blood cells coated with anti-Ig antibodies. These cells were cultured individually for 48 hrs, with irradiated cells as feeder layer and in the presence of the immunogen and of LPS. It was shown that after this time 22% of the immunoglobulin-secreting cells had generated antiperoxidase antibody-secreting cells or were transformed into antibody-secreting cells.", "contents": "[Cells secreting antibodies originate from cells secreting immunoglobulins without a detectable antibody function for the antigen injected]. Cells secreting immunoglobulins without detectable antibody function arising after an injection of horseradish peroxidase were micromanipulated from the center of haemolytic plaques of Sheep red blood cells coated with anti-Ig antibodies. These cells were cultured individually for 48 hrs, with irradiated cells as feeder layer and in the presence of the immunogen and of LPS. It was shown that after this time 22% of the immunoglobulin-secreting cells had generated antiperoxidase antibody-secreting cells or were transformed into antibody-secreting cells.", "PMID": 417838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9383", "title": "[HLA phenotypes in patients surviving a long time after immunotherapy with BCG for acute childhood lymphoblastic leukemia. Arguments in favor of the existance of a gene for immune response in human leukemia].", "content": "HLA phenotypes of 13 patients surviving in lasting first remission over 6 years after BCG immunotherapy for acute childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were compared to phenotypes of normal subjects and of surviving ALL patients treated exclusively with chemotherapy. Among the BCG-treated patients, the frequency of the antigen HLA-BW 17 was 46.1% vs 7.3% in healthy controls (p less than 0.001) and the frequency of the antigen HLA-AW 33 was 30.8% vs 1.2% (p less than 0.001). 9 patients possessed at least one of these two antigens (69.2% vs 8% in controls p less than 0.001). Phenotypes of the chemotherapy-treated patients did not differ significantly from controls. These results suggest the existence in humans of HLA-linked genes which are involved in the response to BCG immunotherapy in ALL.", "contents": "[HLA phenotypes in patients surviving a long time after immunotherapy with BCG for acute childhood lymphoblastic leukemia. Arguments in favor of the existance of a gene for immune response in human leukemia]. HLA phenotypes of 13 patients surviving in lasting first remission over 6 years after BCG immunotherapy for acute childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were compared to phenotypes of normal subjects and of surviving ALL patients treated exclusively with chemotherapy. Among the BCG-treated patients, the frequency of the antigen HLA-BW 17 was 46.1% vs 7.3% in healthy controls (p less than 0.001) and the frequency of the antigen HLA-AW 33 was 30.8% vs 1.2% (p less than 0.001). 9 patients possessed at least one of these two antigens (69.2% vs 8% in controls p less than 0.001). Phenotypes of the chemotherapy-treated patients did not differ significantly from controls. These results suggest the existence in humans of HLA-linked genes which are involved in the response to BCG immunotherapy in ALL.", "PMID": 417839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9384", "title": "[Increased resistance in mice to Listeria monocytogenes after treatment with a fraction from an inflammatory granuloma].", "content": "The multiplication of Listeria monocytogenes in the spleen was decreased between the 3rd and the 11th day following the inflammatory reaction induced in Mice by subcutaneous implantation of talc embedded in a calcium phosphate gel into the dorsal area. A similar activity was observed after injection of SO4 (NH4)2 fractionated extracts from granuloma. The major activities were found in the 33% saturation precipitate and in the 80% saturation supernatant.", "contents": "[Increased resistance in mice to Listeria monocytogenes after treatment with a fraction from an inflammatory granuloma]. The multiplication of Listeria monocytogenes in the spleen was decreased between the 3rd and the 11th day following the inflammatory reaction induced in Mice by subcutaneous implantation of talc embedded in a calcium phosphate gel into the dorsal area. A similar activity was observed after injection of SO4 (NH4)2 fractionated extracts from granuloma. The major activities were found in the 33% saturation precipitate and in the 80% saturation supernatant.", "PMID": 417840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9385", "title": "[Potentiation of immunologic memory by Corynebacterium parvum and its mechanism].", "content": "Immune response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) at dose of 2,50 mg/kg which is rather a weak immunogen in Rabbits, when given intravenous was highly potentiated when the animals received a previous single intravenous infection of 2 mg/kg of C. parvum, followed by subsequent BSA anamnestic challenges for several months. Thus, the antibody amounts synthesized following the 1st anamnestic injection (3 weeks) were 0,260 mg/ml in the control versus, 0,800 mg/ml in the C. parvum pretreated groups; following the 2nd anamnestic challenge (12 weeks afterwards) 1 mg/ml in the control versus, 2,50 mg/ml in the treated groups following the 3rd anamnestic challenge (28 weeks afterwards) 1,3 mg/ml in the control versus 5 mg/ml in the C. parvum pretreated groups; following the 4th anamnestic challenge (52 weeks afterwards) 0,300 mg/ml in the control versus 0,800 mg/ml in the C. parvum treated groups. On the whole for the four first anamnestic challenges the differences at peak levels between the control and C. parvum treated groups were about to 4. Furthermore, the antibody molecules synthesized by the C. parvum treated animals were found to belong to IgG class. The results suggest that the immunological mechanisms mobilized are peculiar to C. parvum since they could not be reproduced either by BCG or by Freun'd adjuvant under similar conditions.", "contents": "[Potentiation of immunologic memory by Corynebacterium parvum and its mechanism]. Immune response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) at dose of 2,50 mg/kg which is rather a weak immunogen in Rabbits, when given intravenous was highly potentiated when the animals received a previous single intravenous infection of 2 mg/kg of C. parvum, followed by subsequent BSA anamnestic challenges for several months. Thus, the antibody amounts synthesized following the 1st anamnestic injection (3 weeks) were 0,260 mg/ml in the control versus, 0,800 mg/ml in the C. parvum pretreated groups; following the 2nd anamnestic challenge (12 weeks afterwards) 1 mg/ml in the control versus, 2,50 mg/ml in the treated groups following the 3rd anamnestic challenge (28 weeks afterwards) 1,3 mg/ml in the control versus 5 mg/ml in the C. parvum pretreated groups; following the 4th anamnestic challenge (52 weeks afterwards) 0,300 mg/ml in the control versus 0,800 mg/ml in the C. parvum treated groups. On the whole for the four first anamnestic challenges the differences at peak levels between the control and C. parvum treated groups were about to 4. Furthermore, the antibody molecules synthesized by the C. parvum treated animals were found to belong to IgG class. The results suggest that the immunological mechanisms mobilized are peculiar to C. parvum since they could not be reproduced either by BCG or by Freun'd adjuvant under similar conditions.", "PMID": 417841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9386", "title": "[Study of the coronary arteriole bed at rest and during hyperemia by selective coronary scintigraphy with labeled microspheres].", "content": "The hyperemic response induced by the tri-iodinated contrast agent injection for coronarography assesses functional value of the arteriolar areas of coronary distribution. The intracoronary injection of two kinds of micropheres labeled with gamma emitter radionuclides of different levels of energy (99m-Technetium and 113m-Indium) provides comparison of the studied areas-scintigraphies at rest and during hyperemia.", "contents": "[Study of the coronary arteriole bed at rest and during hyperemia by selective coronary scintigraphy with labeled microspheres]. The hyperemic response induced by the tri-iodinated contrast agent injection for coronarography assesses functional value of the arteriolar areas of coronary distribution. The intracoronary injection of two kinds of micropheres labeled with gamma emitter radionuclides of different levels of energy (99m-Technetium and 113m-Indium) provides comparison of the studied areas-scintigraphies at rest and during hyperemia.", "PMID": 417842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9387", "title": "[Effects of ablation of the hindlimb on the organization of the ventral horn of the spinal cord in the lumbar region of green lizard embryos (Lacerta viridis Laur.)].", "content": "After extirpation of an hind limb in embryos of Lacerta viridis, numerous motor neuroblasts degenerate on the operated side, in the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord and the corresponding motor column is reduced or disappears. The lumbar spinal ganglia are affected and reduced on the operated side.", "contents": "[Effects of ablation of the hindlimb on the organization of the ventral horn of the spinal cord in the lumbar region of green lizard embryos (Lacerta viridis Laur.)]. After extirpation of an hind limb in embryos of Lacerta viridis, numerous motor neuroblasts degenerate on the operated side, in the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord and the corresponding motor column is reduced or disappears. The lumbar spinal ganglia are affected and reduced on the operated side.", "PMID": 417843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9388", "title": "[Differentiation of the endodermal epithelium associated with the splanchnic mesoderm].", "content": "Allantoic epithelium and epithelium from different levels of the digestive tube of the guail embryo were grafted into chick embryo splanchnopleure so that these epitheliums would come into contact with the mesoderm of the developing host digestive tube at a variety of levels. Under these conditions, the allantoic epithelium develops into an epithelium corresponding to the level of the digestive tube at which it was grafted. By contrast, the presumptive fate of epithelium from the small intestine is not modified by the mesenchyme with which it becomes associated. Mesenchyme from the small intestine, on the other hand, always dictates the type of differentiation in epithelial grafts from other levels of the digestive tube.", "contents": "[Differentiation of the endodermal epithelium associated with the splanchnic mesoderm]. Allantoic epithelium and epithelium from different levels of the digestive tube of the guail embryo were grafted into chick embryo splanchnopleure so that these epitheliums would come into contact with the mesoderm of the developing host digestive tube at a variety of levels. Under these conditions, the allantoic epithelium develops into an epithelium corresponding to the level of the digestive tube at which it was grafted. By contrast, the presumptive fate of epithelium from the small intestine is not modified by the mesenchyme with which it becomes associated. Mesenchyme from the small intestine, on the other hand, always dictates the type of differentiation in epithelial grafts from other levels of the digestive tube.", "PMID": 417844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9389", "title": "[Effects of raised and lowered incubation temperatures on the sexual differentiation in the embryos of Emys orbicularis L. (Chelonien)].", "content": "Eggs of Emys orbicularis L. were incubated at 18 and 19 degrees 5C during the period of sexual differentiation of the gonads of the embryos; genital glands of testicular structure and retrogressed M\u00fcllerian ducts were observed in all cases, like in the embryos issued from eggs incubated at 25 +/- 1 degrees C and 27,5 +/- 0,5 degrees C. On the contrary, the sexual phenotype is female in all the embryos which developed at 35 degrees C, as it is the case between 29 and 30 degrees C.", "contents": "[Effects of raised and lowered incubation temperatures on the sexual differentiation in the embryos of Emys orbicularis L. (Chelonien)]. Eggs of Emys orbicularis L. were incubated at 18 and 19 degrees 5C during the period of sexual differentiation of the gonads of the embryos; genital glands of testicular structure and retrogressed M\u00fcllerian ducts were observed in all cases, like in the embryos issued from eggs incubated at 25 +/- 1 degrees C and 27,5 +/- 0,5 degrees C. On the contrary, the sexual phenotype is female in all the embryos which developed at 35 degrees C, as it is the case between 29 and 30 degrees C.", "PMID": 417845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9390", "title": "[Endocyclic selection and stable polymorphism].", "content": "If the period of time from zygotic to adult state is divided in successive intervals where the fitness of a particular genotype takes different values, a stable polymorphism can be maintained in the population, without any superiority of heterozygotes in any interval.", "contents": "[Endocyclic selection and stable polymorphism]. If the period of time from zygotic to adult state is divided in successive intervals where the fitness of a particular genotype takes different values, a stable polymorphism can be maintained in the population, without any superiority of heterozygotes in any interval.", "PMID": 417846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9391", "title": "[The hypothesis of the genetic transmission (autosomal recessive) of subtypes of HBs Ag. The example of Kel Kummer].", "content": "In a study of asymtomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) in a closed population, the Twareg Kel Kummer, 18% of the population (79 individuals out of 439 tested) were found to be carriers of one of the 3 sub types: HBs Ag/a2 1 dw, HBs Ag/a2 1 yw and HBs Ag/a3 yw. Evidence from genealogies and the distribution of carriers in the pyramid of ages strongly supports the hypothesis of genetic transmission of the gene sub type as an autosomal recessive.", "contents": "[The hypothesis of the genetic transmission (autosomal recessive) of subtypes of HBs Ag. The example of Kel Kummer]. In a study of asymtomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) in a closed population, the Twareg Kel Kummer, 18% of the population (79 individuals out of 439 tested) were found to be carriers of one of the 3 sub types: HBs Ag/a2 1 dw, HBs Ag/a2 1 yw and HBs Ag/a3 yw. Evidence from genealogies and the distribution of carriers in the pyramid of ages strongly supports the hypothesis of genetic transmission of the gene sub type as an autosomal recessive.", "PMID": 417847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9392", "title": "[The behavioral development of the mutant \"staggerer\" mouse].", "content": "The behavioural study, in particular rearing environmental conditions, of the mutant mouse staggerer has shown that such animals may live more than 90 days. (he behavioural diagnosis of this mutation has been possible from the second week of life, using specific tests. A typical \"bat posture\" permits one to recognize the mutant from the normal Mouse. Locomotory and feeding behaviours also present late and various qualitatige particularities.", "contents": "[The behavioral development of the mutant \"staggerer\" mouse]. The behavioural study, in particular rearing environmental conditions, of the mutant mouse staggerer has shown that such animals may live more than 90 days. (he behavioural diagnosis of this mutation has been possible from the second week of life, using specific tests. A typical \"bat posture\" permits one to recognize the mutant from the normal Mouse. Locomotory and feeding behaviours also present late and various qualitatige particularities.", "PMID": 417848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9393", "title": "[Detection of schistosomiasis in rats using micro blood sampling and immunofluorescence during an epidemiologic study].", "content": "For a study of rat parasitism with Schistosoma mansoni in Guadeloupe, we used a technique of microbloodsampling followed by an immunofluorescence test. This method makes it possible to take the blood of the rats, the latter being then marked and set loose. It informs us of the presence of the parasite, the time of infestation, and the rats' movements relative to waterspots.", "contents": "[Detection of schistosomiasis in rats using micro blood sampling and immunofluorescence during an epidemiologic study]. For a study of rat parasitism with Schistosoma mansoni in Guadeloupe, we used a technique of microbloodsampling followed by an immunofluorescence test. This method makes it possible to take the blood of the rats, the latter being then marked and set loose. It informs us of the presence of the parasite, the time of infestation, and the rats' movements relative to waterspots.", "PMID": 417849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9394", "title": "[Protein differentiation in striated white, yellow muscles and cardiac muscles in an antarctic fish free of hemoglobin, Champsocephalus gunnari].", "content": "Antarctic hemoglobin-free fish possess, besides white and cardiac muscles, a third type of striated muscle of yellowish appearance devoid of myoglobin which corresponds to the fish red muscles. Each of these three types differs from the others by its parvalbumin composition and lactate dehydrogenase isozymic distribution.", "contents": "[Protein differentiation in striated white, yellow muscles and cardiac muscles in an antarctic fish free of hemoglobin, Champsocephalus gunnari]. Antarctic hemoglobin-free fish possess, besides white and cardiac muscles, a third type of striated muscle of yellowish appearance devoid of myoglobin which corresponds to the fish red muscles. Each of these three types differs from the others by its parvalbumin composition and lactate dehydrogenase isozymic distribution.", "PMID": 417850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9395", "title": "[Inhibitory effect of exogenous histones on cellular growth and DNA synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii].", "content": "The addition of exogenous histones to synchronous culture of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, at the beginning of the cell cycle, leads to the death of the cells. The same amount of histones added in the middle of the cycle, only blocks the cell division. The mechanism of this inhibition effect of the histones could involve a block at the level of the chloroplast DNA replication.", "contents": "[Inhibitory effect of exogenous histones on cellular growth and DNA synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]. The addition of exogenous histones to synchronous culture of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, at the beginning of the cell cycle, leads to the death of the cells. The same amount of histones added in the middle of the cycle, only blocks the cell division. The mechanism of this inhibition effect of the histones could involve a block at the level of the chloroplast DNA replication.", "PMID": 417851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9396", "title": "[Antigens of the blood group I and i on the surfacc of chicken erythrocytes].", "content": "I and i blood group antigens have been looked for an Chick erythrocytes using purified and 125 I anti-I, anti-i and anti-I i antibodies. No I antigen is found but i determinants are detected on embryo and adult Chick erythrocytes. This i reactivity is different from the embryonic and adult antigens respectively specific for embryo and adult Chick erythrocytes. Treatment of the erythrocytes with nuraminidase increases the i reactivity. Incubation with papain reduces the fixation of anti-i antibodies suggesting that the i determinant of Chick erythrocyte could be linked to glycopeptide chains.", "contents": "[Antigens of the blood group I and i on the surfacc of chicken erythrocytes]. I and i blood group antigens have been looked for an Chick erythrocytes using purified and 125 I anti-I, anti-i and anti-I i antibodies. No I antigen is found but i determinants are detected on embryo and adult Chick erythrocytes. This i reactivity is different from the embryonic and adult antigens respectively specific for embryo and adult Chick erythrocytes. Treatment of the erythrocytes with nuraminidase increases the i reactivity. Incubation with papain reduces the fixation of anti-i antibodies suggesting that the i determinant of Chick erythrocyte could be linked to glycopeptide chains.", "PMID": 417852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9397", "title": "[Detection of fibrillary bodies in human and experimental leukemias by polarizing microscopy].", "content": "An optical polarizing microscope with a good coefficient of extinction permits the visualization of the cytoplasmic fibrillar body in living preparations and smears of leukemic cells (human leukemias and the L 5222 experimental leukemia). These inclusions are not visible by phase contrast microscopy nor in fixed and stained smears.", "contents": "[Detection of fibrillary bodies in human and experimental leukemias by polarizing microscopy]. An optical polarizing microscope with a good coefficient of extinction permits the visualization of the cytoplasmic fibrillar body in living preparations and smears of leukemic cells (human leukemias and the L 5222 experimental leukemia). These inclusions are not visible by phase contrast microscopy nor in fixed and stained smears.", "PMID": 417853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9398", "title": "[Differentiation of an achromatic metastatic human melanoma. Development in vitro and tumorigenicity in nude mice].", "content": "The evolution of the phenotypic expression in vitro of unpigmented human metastatic melanocytes is accompanied by the transitionary disappearance of specific morphological structures, a variation in the mode and ploidy of the cells and a modification in their tumorigenicity.", "contents": "[Differentiation of an achromatic metastatic human melanoma. Development in vitro and tumorigenicity in nude mice]. The evolution of the phenotypic expression in vitro of unpigmented human metastatic melanocytes is accompanied by the transitionary disappearance of specific morphological structures, a variation in the mode and ploidy of the cells and a modification in their tumorigenicity.", "PMID": 417854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9399", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the oocyte follicles in the crustacean amphipod Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas)].", "content": "The follicle cells of the Crustacean Amphipoda Orchestia gammarellus produce syntheses at the level of the ergastoplasm and the Golgi body. No secretary cycle is observed. A complex but permeable network of intercellular spaces provides a path for possible transfollicular penetration for the exogenous fraction of the vitellus.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the oocyte follicles in the crustacean amphipod Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas)]. The follicle cells of the Crustacean Amphipoda Orchestia gammarellus produce syntheses at the level of the ergastoplasm and the Golgi body. No secretary cycle is observed. A complex but permeable network of intercellular spaces provides a path for possible transfollicular penetration for the exogenous fraction of the vitellus.", "PMID": 417855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9400", "title": "[Demonstration of a basal lamina in cocultures of thyroid cells and embryonal swine skin cells].", "content": "Porcine thyroid and embryo skin cells were isolated and cultured. Cultures from each kind of cells, as well as cocultures were fixed twice a week for electron microscopy. On day 8th a basal lamina like material appears only in the cocultures, along the basal plasmalemma of the reassociated thyroid cells. This amorphous material increases up to day 17th.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a basal lamina in cocultures of thyroid cells and embryonal swine skin cells]. Porcine thyroid and embryo skin cells were isolated and cultured. Cultures from each kind of cells, as well as cocultures were fixed twice a week for electron microscopy. On day 8th a basal lamina like material appears only in the cocultures, along the basal plasmalemma of the reassociated thyroid cells. This amorphous material increases up to day 17th.", "PMID": 417856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9401", "title": "[Use of radioimmunoassay of \"thyroxine binding globulin\" to determine the concentration of free plasma thyroxine].", "content": "A relationship is proposed for calculating the concentration of free serum thyroxine using the measured values of thyroxine and thyroxine-binding globulin total concentrations. This calculation has been performed on a population of 335 patients. A good discrimination of the different thyroid diseases has been obtained.", "contents": "[Use of radioimmunoassay of \"thyroxine binding globulin\" to determine the concentration of free plasma thyroxine]. A relationship is proposed for calculating the concentration of free serum thyroxine using the measured values of thyroxine and thyroxine-binding globulin total concentrations. This calculation has been performed on a population of 335 patients. A good discrimination of the different thyroid diseases has been obtained.", "PMID": 417857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9402", "title": "[Levels  of triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine in the thyroid glands of man and swine at different stages of development].", "content": "3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) were measured by radioimmunoassay in saline extracts of neonates and human adult thyroid tissues and of fetuses, Piglets and adult Swine thyroid tissues. In all these extracts, T3 content was higher than rT3 content whatever the period of development. Both triiodoamino acids represent a small percentage of the iodinated protein in thyroid tissues.", "contents": "[Levels  of triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine in the thyroid glands of man and swine at different stages of development]. 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) were measured by radioimmunoassay in saline extracts of neonates and human adult thyroid tissues and of fetuses, Piglets and adult Swine thyroid tissues. In all these extracts, T3 content was higher than rT3 content whatever the period of development. Both triiodoamino acids represent a small percentage of the iodinated protein in thyroid tissues.", "PMID": 417858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9403", "title": "[Electrophysiologic and anatomic demonstration of inhibitory commisural vestibular neurons in the tench (Tinca tinca)].", "content": "Horseradish peroxydase was injected intracellularly in some of the medullary neurons which, in Fish, exhibit a passive hyperpolarizing potential after spinal cord stimulation (this indicates that such neurons both electrical and chemical inhibitions of the Mauthner cells). With positive staining, commissural vestibular neurons were identified; their axons cross the midline and they establish connexions with the Mauthner cell and with vestibular neurons of both sides. Thus the existence of a crossed vestibular inhibitory pathway, previously suggested by electrophysiological studies in lower Vertebrates as well as in Mammals, is now correlated with histological evidence.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic and anatomic demonstration of inhibitory commisural vestibular neurons in the tench (Tinca tinca)]. Horseradish peroxydase was injected intracellularly in some of the medullary neurons which, in Fish, exhibit a passive hyperpolarizing potential after spinal cord stimulation (this indicates that such neurons both electrical and chemical inhibitions of the Mauthner cells). With positive staining, commissural vestibular neurons were identified; their axons cross the midline and they establish connexions with the Mauthner cell and with vestibular neurons of both sides. Thus the existence of a crossed vestibular inhibitory pathway, previously suggested by electrophysiological studies in lower Vertebrates as well as in Mammals, is now correlated with histological evidence.", "PMID": 417859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9404", "title": "[Effect of increasing concentrations of detergents on electron transfer in chloroplasts].", "content": "The effects of increasing concentrations of sodium cholate and deoxycholate, \"Tween 80\" and \"Triton X 100\" upon O2 evolution by intact or osmotically broken spinach chloroplasts were investigated polarographically. Except for cholate, low concentrations of any detergent increased considerably (up to four times) the rates of oxygen evolution by broken chloroplasts, without interrupting the electron flux between photosystem II and photosystem I.", "contents": "[Effect of increasing concentrations of detergents on electron transfer in chloroplasts]. The effects of increasing concentrations of sodium cholate and deoxycholate, \"Tween 80\" and \"Triton X 100\" upon O2 evolution by intact or osmotically broken spinach chloroplasts were investigated polarographically. Except for cholate, low concentrations of any detergent increased considerably (up to four times) the rates of oxygen evolution by broken chloroplasts, without interrupting the electron flux between photosystem II and photosystem I.", "PMID": 417860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9405", "title": "[Lipoxygenase activity of wheat seeding chloroplasts].", "content": "Chloroplasts have been isolated from Wheat shoots by density gradient centrifugation. When added to a linoleic acid and Tween 20 suspension these chloroplasts induce an oxygen consumption. The hydroperoxides synthesized from linoleic and oxygen have been characterized by spectrophotometry and thin layer chromatography.", "contents": "[Lipoxygenase activity of wheat seeding chloroplasts]. Chloroplasts have been isolated from Wheat shoots by density gradient centrifugation. When added to a linoleic acid and Tween 20 suspension these chloroplasts induce an oxygen consumption. The hydroperoxides synthesized from linoleic and oxygen have been characterized by spectrophotometry and thin layer chromatography.", "PMID": 417861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9406", "title": "[Immunofluorescent localization of the types of collagen synthesized in the embryonic mouse tooth germ].", "content": "The different types of collagen synthesized by embryonic Mouse tooth germs were analysed using an immunohistiological method. The tooth germs were shown to synthesize at least three genetically distinct collagen types: I, III and IV.", "contents": "[Immunofluorescent localization of the types of collagen synthesized in the embryonic mouse tooth germ]. The different types of collagen synthesized by embryonic Mouse tooth germs were analysed using an immunohistiological method. The tooth germs were shown to synthesize at least three genetically distinct collagen types: I, III and IV.", "PMID": 417862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9407", "title": "[Automatic recognition of different phases of the cell cycle and automatic count of the cells by means of a computer coupled to a cytophotometer].", "content": "Existing relationships between cell cycle phases and chromatin scattering within the nucleus led us to state more precisely our first alogrithm for cell cycle phases recognition. These refundments give evidence for the accuracy and the improving performance of the densitometric and morphologic analysis system used in this study: the \"Samba\".", "contents": "[Automatic recognition of different phases of the cell cycle and automatic count of the cells by means of a computer coupled to a cytophotometer]. Existing relationships between cell cycle phases and chromatin scattering within the nucleus led us to state more precisely our first alogrithm for cell cycle phases recognition. These refundments give evidence for the accuracy and the improving performance of the densitometric and morphologic analysis system used in this study: the \"Samba\".", "PMID": 417863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9408", "title": "[Effects of chronic paralysis of chick embryo by flaxedil on the development of the neuromuscular junction].", "content": "Chronic paralysis of Chick embryos by the cholinergic antagonist flaxedil blocks the subsynaptic accumulation of acetylcholinesterase but not the formation of acetylcholine receptor cluster. Flaxedil paralysis also causes an increase of the total muscle content of acetylcholine receptor without altering the half-life of the receptor protein. The spontaneous activity of the embryon therefore \"shuts off\" the synthesis of extrasynpatic acetylcholine receptor.", "contents": "[Effects of chronic paralysis of chick embryo by flaxedil on the development of the neuromuscular junction]. Chronic paralysis of Chick embryos by the cholinergic antagonist flaxedil blocks the subsynaptic accumulation of acetylcholinesterase but not the formation of acetylcholine receptor cluster. Flaxedil paralysis also causes an increase of the total muscle content of acetylcholine receptor without altering the half-life of the receptor protein. The spontaneous activity of the embryon therefore \"shuts off\" the synthesis of extrasynpatic acetylcholine receptor.", "PMID": 417864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9409", "title": "[Visualization of transcription complexes in spread chromatin from mammalian cells: high resolution autoradiographic study].", "content": "RNA transcription processes were visualized within chromatin from cultured Mouse cells, spread according to Miller, and Bakken (3), by high resolution autoradiography. The cells were labelled for a short time with 3H-uridine and lysed using the detergent Nonidet P 40. Transcription complexes of both ribosomal (\"Christmas tree\"-like forms) and non-ribosomal types were revealed and their structure is described.", "contents": "[Visualization of transcription complexes in spread chromatin from mammalian cells: high resolution autoradiographic study]. RNA transcription processes were visualized within chromatin from cultured Mouse cells, spread according to Miller, and Bakken (3), by high resolution autoradiography. The cells were labelled for a short time with 3H-uridine and lysed using the detergent Nonidet P 40. Transcription complexes of both ribosomal (\"Christmas tree\"-like forms) and non-ribosomal types were revealed and their structure is described.", "PMID": 417865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9410", "title": "[Relation between the electronic structure of a series of 1,4-tetrahydro-oxazines and their p-D2, for the tryptaminergic receptor].", "content": "Certain features of the isopotential maps of morpholine derivatives seem to be related to their ability to bind with tryptaminergic receptors.", "contents": "[Relation between the electronic structure of a series of 1,4-tetrahydro-oxazines and their p-D2, for the tryptaminergic receptor]. Certain features of the isopotential maps of morpholine derivatives seem to be related to their ability to bind with tryptaminergic receptors.", "PMID": 417866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9411", "title": "[Modification of the kinetics of healing after iterative exeresis in the rat. Action of a triterpenoid and its derivatives on the duration of healing].", "content": "The authors have studied the action of Titrated Extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) on the duration off healing of iterative wounds in the Rat. After repeated exeresis, the planimetric quantification of the wounds, by episcopic projection, shows that the healing process involves an immediate phase of dilatation followed by another of contraction. A mathematical analysis has permitted determination of times of semi-healing and has shown that these are significantly lengthened after several exeresis in the control group. When administered by oral route, at a 100 mg/kg dosing, TECA shortens significantly this lengthening of time, acting more specifically on the immediate process of healing.", "contents": "[Modification of the kinetics of healing after iterative exeresis in the rat. Action of a triterpenoid and its derivatives on the duration of healing]. The authors have studied the action of Titrated Extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) on the duration off healing of iterative wounds in the Rat. After repeated exeresis, the planimetric quantification of the wounds, by episcopic projection, shows that the healing process involves an immediate phase of dilatation followed by another of contraction. A mathematical analysis has permitted determination of times of semi-healing and has shown that these are significantly lengthened after several exeresis in the control group. When administered by oral route, at a 100 mg/kg dosing, TECA shortens significantly this lengthening of time, acting more specifically on the immediate process of healing.", "PMID": 417867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9412", "title": "[Action of serotonin on neuromuscular transmission in normal guinea pigs and those treated with paralyzing doses of botulinum toxin type A].", "content": "Serotonin inhibits the muscular contractions elicited by indirect stimulation; injected before Botulinum toxin it prevents the paralysis induced by this toxin.", "contents": "[Action of serotonin on neuromuscular transmission in normal guinea pigs and those treated with paralyzing doses of botulinum toxin type A]. Serotonin inhibits the muscular contractions elicited by indirect stimulation; injected before Botulinum toxin it prevents the paralysis induced by this toxin.", "PMID": 417868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9413", "title": "[A new variety of Bacillus thuringinesis very toxic to mosquitoes: B. thuringiensis var. israelensis serotype 14].", "content": "A new strain of B. thuringiensis is described, the flagllar antigen of which is a new one named H14. This strain produces unusual crystals, with all shapes and sizes, and shows a high toxicity for larvae of Aedes aegypti.", "contents": "[A new variety of Bacillus thuringinesis very toxic to mosquitoes: B. thuringiensis var. israelensis serotype 14]. A new strain of B. thuringiensis is described, the flagllar antigen of which is a new one named H14. This strain produces unusual crystals, with all shapes and sizes, and shows a high toxicity for larvae of Aedes aegypti.", "PMID": 417869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9414", "title": "[Characteristics of the partial derivative of hemoglobin saturation with respect ot oxygen pressure : delta S 02/delta P 02].", "content": "The first (delta S/delta P) and second (delta 2S/delta [H+] delta P) partial derivatives of hemoglobin saturation with respect to oxygen pressure and [H+] were numerically calculated for the blood of non-smoking young adult at different pH, PCO2 and [2.3-DPG]. Their functional value in respiratory physiology was stressed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the partial derivative of hemoglobin saturation with respect ot oxygen pressure : delta S 02/delta P 02]. The first (delta S/delta P) and second (delta 2S/delta [H+] delta P) partial derivatives of hemoglobin saturation with respect to oxygen pressure and [H+] were numerically calculated for the blood of non-smoking young adult at different pH, PCO2 and [2.3-DPG]. Their functional value in respiratory physiology was stressed.", "PMID": 417870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9415", "title": "[Action of testosterone and androstanolone on mullerian duct of Triton Pleurodeles waltl Michah. in organ culture].", "content": "Testosterone and androstanolone promote hyperplasia and differentiation of ciliated cells of the mullerian duct of immature newts, in organe culture. Cyproterone inhibits these effects. Association of testicular explants with mullerian ducts also reduces the androgen action.", "contents": "[Action of testosterone and androstanolone on mullerian duct of Triton Pleurodeles waltl Michah. in organ culture]. Testosterone and androstanolone promote hyperplasia and differentiation of ciliated cells of the mullerian duct of immature newts, in organe culture. Cyproterone inhibits these effects. Association of testicular explants with mullerian ducts also reduces the androgen action.", "PMID": 417871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9416", "title": "[Spatial filtration in the nerve networks].", "content": "A simplified neuronal model leads to studies of multiunit nerve nets. Properties of spatial integration and differentiation are exhibited according to the structure of the interconnections. A spatial periodicity of nervous signal appears in nets with backward lateral inhibitions. It is a fundamental property of this structure.", "contents": "[Spatial filtration in the nerve networks]. A simplified neuronal model leads to studies of multiunit nerve nets. Properties of spatial integration and differentiation are exhibited according to the structure of the interconnections. A spatial periodicity of nervous signal appears in nets with backward lateral inhibitions. It is a fundamental property of this structure.", "PMID": 417872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9417", "title": "[Interaction of two isomers, N-nitrosomethylphenylamine, N-nitroso derivative, and p-nitrosomethylaniline with microorganisms].", "content": "There exists a relationship between the chemical structure C--NO or N--NO and biological effects. p-nitrosomethylaniline, a C-nitroso compound, in contrast to its isomer, N-nitrosomethylphenylamine, a N-nitroso derivate, shows a marked action against microoganisms and is, alone, reduced enzymatically.", "contents": "[Interaction of two isomers, N-nitrosomethylphenylamine, N-nitroso derivative, and p-nitrosomethylaniline with microorganisms]. There exists a relationship between the chemical structure C--NO or N--NO and biological effects. p-nitrosomethylaniline, a C-nitroso compound, in contrast to its isomer, N-nitrosomethylphenylamine, a N-nitroso derivate, shows a marked action against microoganisms and is, alone, reduced enzymatically.", "PMID": 417873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9418", "title": "[Macrophage origin of platelet activating factor].", "content": "Platelet-activating factor (P.A.F.) is a mediator of anaphylaxis released from human and Rabbit basophils which causes aggregation of platelets and release of their vasoactive amines. We have induced the release of P.A.F. from Rat peritoneal cells (P.C.) with ionophore A 23187. After fractionation of P.C. on 5-15% Ficoll gradients, P.A.F. was obtained from macrophage-rich but not from mastocyte-rich fractions and from adherent cells but not from non adherent cells. These data suggest an important new function for the macrophage: aggregation of platelets and release of their vasoactive amines and others mediators of inflammation.", "contents": "[Macrophage origin of platelet activating factor]. Platelet-activating factor (P.A.F.) is a mediator of anaphylaxis released from human and Rabbit basophils which causes aggregation of platelets and release of their vasoactive amines. We have induced the release of P.A.F. from Rat peritoneal cells (P.C.) with ionophore A 23187. After fractionation of P.C. on 5-15% Ficoll gradients, P.A.F. was obtained from macrophage-rich but not from mastocyte-rich fractions and from adherent cells but not from non adherent cells. These data suggest an important new function for the macrophage: aggregation of platelets and release of their vasoactive amines and others mediators of inflammation.", "PMID": 417874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9419", "title": "[Immunologic properties of ovine chorionic somatomammotropin].", "content": "Immunological properties of ovine chorionic somatomammotropin (OSC) are studied immunodiffusion, radio-immunoassays and by comparative studies of serum hormonal changes during pregnancy. OCS shows no immunological cross-reaction with ovine prolacin, ovine, bovine and human growth hormone and human placental lactogen. Structural analogies of these hormones are discussed.", "contents": "[Immunologic properties of ovine chorionic somatomammotropin]. Immunological properties of ovine chorionic somatomammotropin (OSC) are studied immunodiffusion, radio-immunoassays and by comparative studies of serum hormonal changes during pregnancy. OCS shows no immunological cross-reaction with ovine prolacin, ovine, bovine and human growth hormone and human placental lactogen. Structural analogies of these hormones are discussed.", "PMID": 417875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9420", "title": "[Cytotoxicity of mouse peritoneal cells after alloimmunization].", "content": "CBA Mice were immunized by two intraperitoneal injections of 30 X 10(6) DBA/2 or C57BL/6 spleen cells at days--12 and--2. Peritoneal cell population was obtained at day zero by washing the peritoneal cavity of Mice. Adherent cells were then separated using a 2 hrs. incubation in \"Falcon\" plates followed by washing. This macrophage-rich peritoneal cell population was found nonspecifically cytotoxic against 51Cr labeled tumoral target cells: P815 X DBA/2 mastocytoma cells, EL4 X C57BL/L lymphoma cells and spontaneous lymphoma AKR cells (same H--2k as CBA). This adherent peritoneal cell cytoxicity was demonstrated after 24 hrs. incubation with the target cells. It was found in nonspecific combination as well as when using target cells syngeneic to the donor. These findings suggest that adherent peritoneal cell cytotoxicity could be at least partly due to macrophages and result from factor (s) released by sensitized lymphocytes in vivo in the same way as has been previously demonstrated in vitro.", "contents": "[Cytotoxicity of mouse peritoneal cells after alloimmunization]. CBA Mice were immunized by two intraperitoneal injections of 30 X 10(6) DBA/2 or C57BL/6 spleen cells at days--12 and--2. Peritoneal cell population was obtained at day zero by washing the peritoneal cavity of Mice. Adherent cells were then separated using a 2 hrs. incubation in \"Falcon\" plates followed by washing. This macrophage-rich peritoneal cell population was found nonspecifically cytotoxic against 51Cr labeled tumoral target cells: P815 X DBA/2 mastocytoma cells, EL4 X C57BL/L lymphoma cells and spontaneous lymphoma AKR cells (same H--2k as CBA). This adherent peritoneal cell cytoxicity was demonstrated after 24 hrs. incubation with the target cells. It was found in nonspecific combination as well as when using target cells syngeneic to the donor. These findings suggest that adherent peritoneal cell cytotoxicity could be at least partly due to macrophages and result from factor (s) released by sensitized lymphocytes in vivo in the same way as has been previously demonstrated in vitro.", "PMID": 417876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9421", "title": "Influence of ageing on IgE-mediated reactions in allergic patients.", "content": "The influence of age and sex has been evaluated in 326 allergic patients on the following parameters: total serum IgE concentration, serum concentration of specific IgE antibodies against seventeen common allergens, mean number of positive allergens, absolute numbers of circulating eosinophils, corticosteroid dependence and response to sodium cromoglycate (DSCG). The results indicate that age and sex significantly influence the IgE antibody production in these patients. The data strongly suggests the appearance during ageing of a progressive natural desensitization. This contrasts with the increased frequency of corticosteroid-dependent cases during ageing. There is an inverse relation between age and response to DSCG therapy.", "contents": "Influence of ageing on IgE-mediated reactions in allergic patients. The influence of age and sex has been evaluated in 326 allergic patients on the following parameters: total serum IgE concentration, serum concentration of specific IgE antibodies against seventeen common allergens, mean number of positive allergens, absolute numbers of circulating eosinophils, corticosteroid dependence and response to sodium cromoglycate (DSCG). The results indicate that age and sex significantly influence the IgE antibody production in these patients. The data strongly suggests the appearance during ageing of a progressive natural desensitization. This contrasts with the increased frequency of corticosteroid-dependent cases during ageing. There is an inverse relation between age and response to DSCG therapy.", "PMID": 417878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9422", "title": "Two immunofluorescent methods compared with a radial immunodiffusion method for measurement of serum immunoglobulins.", "content": "We found high correlations when the values for immunoglobulins G, A, and M, obtained from the analysis of a group of 50 or more human sera by a measured-time radial immunodiffusion method, were compared to values found by  two new  commercial  immunofluorescent  methods. The  Fiax  and the Immuno-Fluor systems make use of fluorescently labeled antibodies and solid-phase immunoadsorbents and offer simple, precise, and objective methods for immunoglobulin quantitation. The Fiax procedure is less time consuming than is the Immuno-Fluor and gives IgG and IgA concentrations that are in close agreement with those found by radial immunodiffusion and IgM values that are significantly lower than the radial immunodiffusion values. The IgG results determined by the Immuno-Fluor method compare well with the radial immunodiffusion results, uhile the IgA values are significantly higher and IgM values significantly lower than those obtained by radial immunodiffusion.", "contents": "Two immunofluorescent methods compared with a radial immunodiffusion method for measurement of serum immunoglobulins. We found high correlations when the values for immunoglobulins G, A, and M, obtained from the analysis of a group of 50 or more human sera by a measured-time radial immunodiffusion method, were compared to values found by  two new  commercial  immunofluorescent  methods. The  Fiax  and the Immuno-Fluor systems make use of fluorescently labeled antibodies and solid-phase immunoadsorbents and offer simple, precise, and objective methods for immunoglobulin quantitation. The Fiax procedure is less time consuming than is the Immuno-Fluor and gives IgG and IgA concentrations that are in close agreement with those found by radial immunodiffusion and IgM values that are significantly lower than the radial immunodiffusion values. The IgG results determined by the Immuno-Fluor method compare well with the radial immunodiffusion results, uhile the IgA values are significantly higher and IgM values significantly lower than those obtained by radial immunodiffusion.", "PMID": 417879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9423", "title": "Inhibitory activity of alpha-1-antitrypsin bound to human IgA.", "content": "Complexes between alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) and monoclonal IgA are regularly demonstrable in the plasma of myeloma patients. These alpha 1AT-IgA complexes, free of contamination by unbound alpha 1AT, are purified from 5 myeloma patients sera using salt-mediated hydrophobic chromatography. The complexes have a molecular weight greater than or equal to 400 000: this suggests that alpha 1AT is bound to di- or polymeric IgA. The alpha 1AT bound to IgA constitutes the 3.2, 3.5, 7.2, 8.5, and 24.6 per cent of the total alpha 1AT present in the 5 myeloma serum samples. There is a linear correlation between bound alpha 1AT concentration and IgA level in the range of the IgA concentrations considered (r = 0.988; p less than 0.05). Similar values are obtained quantitating bound alpha 1AT by radioimmunodiffusion technique or by determination of the trypsin-inhibiting capacity; this demonstrates that the bound alpha 1AT fully retains its inhibitory capacity. The biological significant of this binding phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibitory activity of alpha-1-antitrypsin bound to human IgA. Complexes between alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) and monoclonal IgA are regularly demonstrable in the plasma of myeloma patients. These alpha 1AT-IgA complexes, free of contamination by unbound alpha 1AT, are purified from 5 myeloma patients sera using salt-mediated hydrophobic chromatography. The complexes have a molecular weight greater than or equal to 400 000: this suggests that alpha 1AT is bound to di- or polymeric IgA. The alpha 1AT bound to IgA constitutes the 3.2, 3.5, 7.2, 8.5, and 24.6 per cent of the total alpha 1AT present in the 5 myeloma serum samples. There is a linear correlation between bound alpha 1AT concentration and IgA level in the range of the IgA concentrations considered (r = 0.988; p less than 0.05). Similar values are obtained quantitating bound alpha 1AT by radioimmunodiffusion technique or by determination of the trypsin-inhibiting capacity; this demonstrates that the bound alpha 1AT fully retains its inhibitory capacity. The biological significant of this binding phenomenon is discussed.", "PMID": 417880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9424", "title": "Purification and characterization of choriogonadotropin from hydatidiform mole.", "content": "Human choriogonadotropin (HCG) of high immunoactivity was isolated from hydatidiform mole by acid and salt precipitation, immunoaffinity and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and N-terminal amino acid analyses showed that the product obtained is essentially homogeneous. Molar HCG was found to resemble HCG from urine of normal pregnant women in amino acid composition bu to differ from it in having a lower content of mannose and N-acetylglucosamine.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of choriogonadotropin from hydatidiform mole. Human choriogonadotropin (HCG) of high immunoactivity was isolated from hydatidiform mole by acid and salt precipitation, immunoaffinity and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and N-terminal amino acid analyses showed that the product obtained is essentially homogeneous. Molar HCG was found to resemble HCG from urine of normal pregnant women in amino acid composition bu to differ from it in having a lower content of mannose and N-acetylglucosamine.", "PMID": 417881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9425", "title": "A simple colorimetric method for the estimation of plasma biliverdin.", "content": "A new colorimetric method for the assay of biliverdin in biological fluids is described. The method, based upon the reaction of biliverdin with barbituric acid, offers improved sensitivity and selectivity when compared to direct spectrophotometric measurements. Using this method biliverdinaemia was observed in two patients with obstructive jaundice of malignant origin.", "contents": "A simple colorimetric method for the estimation of plasma biliverdin. A new colorimetric method for the assay of biliverdin in biological fluids is described. The method, based upon the reaction of biliverdin with barbituric acid, offers improved sensitivity and selectivity when compared to direct spectrophotometric measurements. Using this method biliverdinaemia was observed in two patients with obstructive jaundice of malignant origin.", "PMID": 417882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9426", "title": "Evaluation of the results of trans-sphenoidal surgery in acromegaly by assessment of the growth hormone response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone.", "content": "Eighteen acromegalic patients GH-responsive to TRH were reinvestigated following trans-sphenoidal surgery and radiotherapy. Basal serum GH decreased below 10 microgram/1 in thirteen cases; nine of them became GH-unresponsive to TRH 1 month after operation, and another one following conventional pituitary irradiation. Four of these ten patients also showed a normal GH response to L-Dopa after treatment, and five responded normally to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia; two patients had a normal GH secretory pattern after both these stimuli. No recurrences were observed over a follow-up period of 15-80 months among the ten patients who became GH-unresponsive to TRH following operation, while one of the three subjects still responsive to TRH in spite of normalized basal serum GH concentration relapsed 10 months after surgery. Three patients with normalized TRH test following operation were repeatedly reinvestigated over a 3-6 years period and always found unresponsive. The present study shows that the 'paradoxical' GH responses to TRH and L-Dopa frequently disappear after surgery, that complete normalization of GH secretory pattern may rarely be attained, and that the disappearance of GH response to TRH probably indicates satisfactory treatment of acromegaly. These data suggest that the 'paradoxical' GH responses frequently found in acromegaly are dependent on the adenoma per se and not on hypothalamic dysfunction.", "contents": "Evaluation of the results of trans-sphenoidal surgery in acromegaly by assessment of the growth hormone response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone. Eighteen acromegalic patients GH-responsive to TRH were reinvestigated following trans-sphenoidal surgery and radiotherapy. Basal serum GH decreased below 10 microgram/1 in thirteen cases; nine of them became GH-unresponsive to TRH 1 month after operation, and another one following conventional pituitary irradiation. Four of these ten patients also showed a normal GH response to L-Dopa after treatment, and five responded normally to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia; two patients had a normal GH secretory pattern after both these stimuli. No recurrences were observed over a follow-up period of 15-80 months among the ten patients who became GH-unresponsive to TRH following operation, while one of the three subjects still responsive to TRH in spite of normalized basal serum GH concentration relapsed 10 months after surgery. Three patients with normalized TRH test following operation were repeatedly reinvestigated over a 3-6 years period and always found unresponsive. The present study shows that the 'paradoxical' GH responses to TRH and L-Dopa frequently disappear after surgery, that complete normalization of GH secretory pattern may rarely be attained, and that the disappearance of GH response to TRH probably indicates satisfactory treatment of acromegaly. These data suggest that the 'paradoxical' GH responses frequently found in acromegaly are dependent on the adenoma per se and not on hypothalamic dysfunction.", "PMID": 417883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9427", "title": "Expression of immunoglobin G on blood lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "A sensitive rosette test utilizing antibody-coated red cells has been applied to the study of the immunoglobulins on the surface of blood lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Contrary to other reports, IgG has been found to be a common surface membrane immunoglobulin (SmIg) on CLL cells. The reasons for this variation are discussed. Evidence is presented to show that (a) the anti-IgG-coated erythrocytes really are detecting IgG and not a cross-reacting substance, (b) the IgG is intrinsic to the cell and not cytophilically bound and (c) Fc-binding and other artefacts have been excluded. Expression of Ig by individual cells was studied by using mixtures of fluorescein- and rhodamine-labelled red cells coated with various anti-Ig. Fifty-one cases of untreated CLL were tested and the lymphocytes of thirty-eight of these cases bore Ig of a single light chain type. These cases could be classified on the basis of their lymphocyte SmIg as follows: eighteen expressing M and D and G, eleven expressing D and G but not M, six expressing M and D but not G, and three expressing G alone.", "contents": "Expression of immunoglobin G on blood lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. A sensitive rosette test utilizing antibody-coated red cells has been applied to the study of the immunoglobulins on the surface of blood lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Contrary to other reports, IgG has been found to be a common surface membrane immunoglobulin (SmIg) on CLL cells. The reasons for this variation are discussed. Evidence is presented to show that (a) the anti-IgG-coated erythrocytes really are detecting IgG and not a cross-reacting substance, (b) the IgG is intrinsic to the cell and not cytophilically bound and (c) Fc-binding and other artefacts have been excluded. Expression of Ig by individual cells was studied by using mixtures of fluorescein- and rhodamine-labelled red cells coated with various anti-Ig. Fifty-one cases of untreated CLL were tested and the lymphocytes of thirty-eight of these cases bore Ig of a single light chain type. These cases could be classified on the basis of their lymphocyte SmIg as follows: eighteen expressing M and D and G, eleven expressing D and G but not M, six expressing M and D but not G, and three expressing G alone.", "PMID": 417884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9428", "title": "Free immunoglobulin light chain synthesis by neoplastic cells in leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis.", "content": "Neoplastic cell preparations from four patients with clinically and morphologically well-defined leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE) were investigated for their capacity to synthesize immunoglobulin in vitro. Neoplastic cells from all cases synthesized immunoglobulin of the same light chain class as expressed at their cell surface. Labelled IgM and IgD were identified in cell lysates while free light chain was the predominant labelled immunoglobulin product in the LRE culture supernatants. The capacity of LRE cells to synthesize immunoglobulin and free light chain was similar to that of neoplastic cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and provides further evidence for the B-lymphocyte origin of the neoplastic cells in LRE.", "contents": "Free immunoglobulin light chain synthesis by neoplastic cells in leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis. Neoplastic cell preparations from four patients with clinically and morphologically well-defined leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE) were investigated for their capacity to synthesize immunoglobulin in vitro. Neoplastic cells from all cases synthesized immunoglobulin of the same light chain class as expressed at their cell surface. Labelled IgM and IgD were identified in cell lysates while free light chain was the predominant labelled immunoglobulin product in the LRE culture supernatants. The capacity of LRE cells to synthesize immunoglobulin and free light chain was similar to that of neoplastic cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and provides further evidence for the B-lymphocyte origin of the neoplastic cells in LRE.", "PMID": 417885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9429", "title": "Enhancement and inhibition of immunological mechanisms by immunosuppressive agents. I. Dose effect on priming and generation of memory to a bacterial antigen.", "content": "A new experimental system is described which allows the study of the effect of immunosuppressors upon the priming and generation of memory to an antigen from Escherichia coli. A single dose of bacterial beta-D-galactosidase without adjuvant injected into C57B1/6J mice primes and elicits memory but not antibodies. Thus by administering immunosuppressors near the priming injection, one can examine whether primary antibody formation is enhanced and whether priming generation of memory is enhanced or inhibited. We found that X-rays, cyclophosphamide and oxisuran (2-[(methylsulfinyl)acetyl]pyridine) either enhance or inhibit the elicitation of memory, depending on dosage, although they do not alter primary antibody unresponsiveness. The data show two main features: (a) immunosuppressors can enhance immunization; and (b) generation of memory can be improved without increasing antibody levels. The former finding draws attention to the role that immunosuppressors might play in the breaching of tolerance to self-antigens which share determinants with microbes, while the latter observation shows that antibody synthesis and elicitation of memory can follow independent pathways.", "contents": "Enhancement and inhibition of immunological mechanisms by immunosuppressive agents. I. Dose effect on priming and generation of memory to a bacterial antigen. A new experimental system is described which allows the study of the effect of immunosuppressors upon the priming and generation of memory to an antigen from Escherichia coli. A single dose of bacterial beta-D-galactosidase without adjuvant injected into C57B1/6J mice primes and elicits memory but not antibodies. Thus by administering immunosuppressors near the priming injection, one can examine whether primary antibody formation is enhanced and whether priming generation of memory is enhanced or inhibited. We found that X-rays, cyclophosphamide and oxisuran (2-[(methylsulfinyl)acetyl]pyridine) either enhance or inhibit the elicitation of memory, depending on dosage, although they do not alter primary antibody unresponsiveness. The data show two main features: (a) immunosuppressors can enhance immunization; and (b) generation of memory can be improved without increasing antibody levels. The former finding draws attention to the role that immunosuppressors might play in the breaching of tolerance to self-antigens which share determinants with microbes, while the latter observation shows that antibody synthesis and elicitation of memory can follow independent pathways.", "PMID": 417887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9430", "title": "Gentisuric acid: metabolic formation in animals and identification as a metabolite of aspirin in man.", "content": "Gentisuric acid was synthesized from gentisic acid and glycine ethyl ester. NMR, mass spectrometric and elemental analysis confirmed the product as GU, and physicochemical characteristics were determined. A TLC-densitometric technique was developed to estimate GU and other metabolites of aspirin. Conjugation of gentisic acid with glycine to form GU was catalyzed by a mitochondrial fraction of rat and beef liver. GU was also formed by the rat liver microsomal hydroxylation of salicyluric acid, and phenobarbital pretreatment increased this formation. A random survey showed GU in 76% of SA-positive urines from aspirin-treated patients. Identity of GU in urine from two aspirin-treated patients was confirmed by TLC and mass spectrometric analysis, and hydrolysis of the compound from one patient yielded glycine and gentisic acid. Urine from controls or post-aspirin treatment patients did not show GU by TLC analysis. These results demonstrate for the first time the metabolic formation of GU in animals and its occurrence as a metabolite of aspirin in man.", "contents": "Gentisuric acid: metabolic formation in animals and identification as a metabolite of aspirin in man. Gentisuric acid was synthesized from gentisic acid and glycine ethyl ester. NMR, mass spectrometric and elemental analysis confirmed the product as GU, and physicochemical characteristics were determined. A TLC-densitometric technique was developed to estimate GU and other metabolites of aspirin. Conjugation of gentisic acid with glycine to form GU was catalyzed by a mitochondrial fraction of rat and beef liver. GU was also formed by the rat liver microsomal hydroxylation of salicyluric acid, and phenobarbital pretreatment increased this formation. A random survey showed GU in 76% of SA-positive urines from aspirin-treated patients. Identity of GU in urine from two aspirin-treated patients was confirmed by TLC and mass spectrometric analysis, and hydrolysis of the compound from one patient yielded glycine and gentisic acid. Urine from controls or post-aspirin treatment patients did not show GU by TLC analysis. These results demonstrate for the first time the metabolic formation of GU in animals and its occurrence as a metabolite of aspirin in man.", "PMID": 417892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9431", "title": "Renovascular hypersensitivity to noradrenaline in dietary-induced hypercholesterolaemia in baboons.", "content": "1. Using the xenon-133 washout technique, the renovascular response to intrarenal infusions of 3 and 30 mumol/min noradrenaline in four baboons with dietary-induced hypercholesterolaemia was measured. 2. The degree of reduction in cortical blood flow rate during an intrarenal infusion of 3 mumol/min noradrenaline in the four hypercholesterolaemic baboons was not significantly different from that in normocholesterolaemic baboons. However, a significant difference in the degree of reduction in cortical blood flow rate was found with the 30 mumol/min noradrenaline infusion (P less than 0.05). 3. The mean arterial blood pressure of the four animals was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than the mean blood pressure in baboons used in this laboratory for other experiments. 4. These results have shown that baboons with dietary-induced hypercholesterolaemia have an enhanced renovascular sensitivity to exogenous noradrenaline. However, the possibility that this enhanced sensitivity was due to the associated hypertension cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Renovascular hypersensitivity to noradrenaline in dietary-induced hypercholesterolaemia in baboons. 1. Using the xenon-133 washout technique, the renovascular response to intrarenal infusions of 3 and 30 mumol/min noradrenaline in four baboons with dietary-induced hypercholesterolaemia was measured. 2. The degree of reduction in cortical blood flow rate during an intrarenal infusion of 3 mumol/min noradrenaline in the four hypercholesterolaemic baboons was not significantly different from that in normocholesterolaemic baboons. However, a significant difference in the degree of reduction in cortical blood flow rate was found with the 30 mumol/min noradrenaline infusion (P less than 0.05). 3. The mean arterial blood pressure of the four animals was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than the mean blood pressure in baboons used in this laboratory for other experiments. 4. These results have shown that baboons with dietary-induced hypercholesterolaemia have an enhanced renovascular sensitivity to exogenous noradrenaline. However, the possibility that this enhanced sensitivity was due to the associated hypertension cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 417888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9432", "title": "Clinical trials of radiotherapy in hyperbaric oxygen at Portsmouth, 1964--1976.", "content": "For 12 years randomised clinical trials have been run at Portsmouth in collaboration with the Medical Research Council's Working Party on radiotherapy and high pressure oxygen to determine the survival rate of patients treated by megavoltage radiotherapy in high pressure oxygen (HPO) compared with those treated in air at atmospheric pressure. Five hundred and five patients have been included, 280 with carcinoma bronchus, 163 with carcinoma bladder and 62 with carcinoma cervix stage III. With conventional small fraction daily radiotherapy, the use of HPO has not improved survival in carcinoma of the bronchus and of the bladder. When six fractions of 600 rad maximum tissue dose are given in HPO, some improved survival is shown in carcinoma of the bronchus and of the cervix compared with the same dose in the air series. In the cervix, the survival rate in HPO is almost the same as that of a retrospective series treated by an intrauterine radium tube followed by 6000 rad central depth dose to the whole true pelvis in air. Large fraction radiotherapy has not given improved survival when using adjuvant HPO in carcinoma of the bladder. The bladder trial has now been abandoned.", "contents": "Clinical trials of radiotherapy in hyperbaric oxygen at Portsmouth, 1964--1976. For 12 years randomised clinical trials have been run at Portsmouth in collaboration with the Medical Research Council's Working Party on radiotherapy and high pressure oxygen to determine the survival rate of patients treated by megavoltage radiotherapy in high pressure oxygen (HPO) compared with those treated in air at atmospheric pressure. Five hundred and five patients have been included, 280 with carcinoma bronchus, 163 with carcinoma bladder and 62 with carcinoma cervix stage III. With conventional small fraction daily radiotherapy, the use of HPO has not improved survival in carcinoma of the bronchus and of the bladder. When six fractions of 600 rad maximum tissue dose are given in HPO, some improved survival is shown in carcinoma of the bronchus and of the cervix compared with the same dose in the air series. In the cervix, the survival rate in HPO is almost the same as that of a retrospective series treated by an intrauterine radium tube followed by 6000 rad central depth dose to the whole true pelvis in air. Large fraction radiotherapy has not given improved survival when using adjuvant HPO in carcinoma of the bladder. The bladder trial has now been abandoned.", "PMID": 417893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9433", "title": "Acute hepatotoxicity of ethylene and halogenated ethylenes after PCB pretreatment.", "content": "Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that ethylene, vinyl fluoride monomer (VFM), vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), and vinyl bromide monomer (VBM) are all acutely hepatotoxic in rats pretreated with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). The time course of hepatic injury development after exposure and several parameters, environmental and chemical, affecting this toxicity were evaluated in the work reported here. Liver injury, as measured by serum alanine-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase (SAKT) or sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), develops progressively over a 24-hr period following a 4-hr inhalation exposure of PCB-pretreated rats to ethylene or VCM. Environmental temperature during exposure to VCM does not affect hepatotoxicity or mortality below 30.3 degrees C. At 33.8 degrees C, however, mortality and SAKT are dramatically increased. Overnight fasting, which depletes hepatic glutathione (GSH) of PCB-pretreated rats before exposure to ethylene or VCM, significantly increases the hepatotoxicity of these compounds as measured by SDH. The combined effects of fasting and of trichloropropane epoxide (TCPE), an inhibitor of epoxide hydrase (EH), were also examined. TCPE treatment of fasted PCB-pretreated rats immediately before exposure was synergistic in increasing the acute toxicity of ethylene and VCM. TCPE increased mortality in fed or fasted rats exposed to VFM, but there was no effect of fasting alone. Both fasting and TCPE increased the sensitivity of PCB-pretreated rats to VBM, but there was not a clearly synergistic effect of fasting plus TCPE. These data suggest that the acute toxicity of these compounds is mediated through epoxide intermediates.", "contents": "Acute hepatotoxicity of ethylene and halogenated ethylenes after PCB pretreatment. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that ethylene, vinyl fluoride monomer (VFM), vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), and vinyl bromide monomer (VBM) are all acutely hepatotoxic in rats pretreated with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). The time course of hepatic injury development after exposure and several parameters, environmental and chemical, affecting this toxicity were evaluated in the work reported here. Liver injury, as measured by serum alanine-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase (SAKT) or sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), develops progressively over a 24-hr period following a 4-hr inhalation exposure of PCB-pretreated rats to ethylene or VCM. Environmental temperature during exposure to VCM does not affect hepatotoxicity or mortality below 30.3 degrees C. At 33.8 degrees C, however, mortality and SAKT are dramatically increased. Overnight fasting, which depletes hepatic glutathione (GSH) of PCB-pretreated rats before exposure to ethylene or VCM, significantly increases the hepatotoxicity of these compounds as measured by SDH. The combined effects of fasting and of trichloropropane epoxide (TCPE), an inhibitor of epoxide hydrase (EH), were also examined. TCPE treatment of fasted PCB-pretreated rats immediately before exposure was synergistic in increasing the acute toxicity of ethylene and VCM. TCPE increased mortality in fed or fasted rats exposed to VFM, but there was no effect of fasting alone. Both fasting and TCPE increased the sensitivity of PCB-pretreated rats to VBM, but there was not a clearly synergistic effect of fasting plus TCPE. These data suggest that the acute toxicity of these compounds is mediated through epoxide intermediates.", "PMID": 417916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9434", "title": "Mutagenicity of the halogenated olefin, 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethylene, a presumed metabolite of the inhalation anesthetic halothane.", "content": "The presumed halothane metabolite, 2-bromo-1,1-difluoroethylene, produces both base substitution and frameshift mutations in Salmonella typhimurium. Direct mutagenesis of isolated DNA also was observed by using a Bacillus subtils transformation assay to score the production of mutagenic lesions in transforming DNA.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of the halogenated olefin, 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethylene, a presumed metabolite of the inhalation anesthetic halothane. The presumed halothane metabolite, 2-bromo-1,1-difluoroethylene, produces both base substitution and frameshift mutations in Salmonella typhimurium. Direct mutagenesis of isolated DNA also was observed by using a Bacillus subtils transformation assay to score the production of mutagenic lesions in transforming DNA.", "PMID": 417917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9435", "title": "Further evidence for the structure of the teichoic acids from Bacillus stearothermophilus B65 and Bacillus subtilis var. niger WM.", "content": "Bacillus stearothermophilus B65 and Bacillus subtilis var. niger WM both contain teichoic acids in their walls composed of glycerol, phosphate and glucose. The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of B. stearothermophilus teichoic acid showed 13C-31P coupling on the signals from the C-5 and C-6 carbon atoms of the glucose molecule and an alpha-glucosidic linkage between glucose and the C-1 atom of the glycerol moiety. These data are consistent with a poly[glucosylglycerol phosphate] as the cell-wall teichoic acid in this organism. B. subtilis var. niger WM teichoic acid was oxidized by periodate and incubated in glycine buffer at pH 10.5. This treatment did not significantly increase the phosphomonoester content (by beta-elimination of the phosphate groups) of the teichoic acid molecule (7.1 to 9.5%), which is in accordance with earlier data derived from 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [De Boer et al. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 62, 1-6], that in this organism the glucose is not an integral part of the polymer chain. Similar treatment of B. stearothermophilus B65 teichoic acid increased the phosphomonoester content of the preparation from 0.15 to 68.1%.", "contents": "Further evidence for the structure of the teichoic acids from Bacillus stearothermophilus B65 and Bacillus subtilis var. niger WM. Bacillus stearothermophilus B65 and Bacillus subtilis var. niger WM both contain teichoic acids in their walls composed of glycerol, phosphate and glucose. The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of B. stearothermophilus teichoic acid showed 13C-31P coupling on the signals from the C-5 and C-6 carbon atoms of the glucose molecule and an alpha-glucosidic linkage between glucose and the C-1 atom of the glycerol moiety. These data are consistent with a poly[glucosylglycerol phosphate] as the cell-wall teichoic acid in this organism. B. subtilis var. niger WM teichoic acid was oxidized by periodate and incubated in glycine buffer at pH 10.5. This treatment did not significantly increase the phosphomonoester content (by beta-elimination of the phosphate groups) of the teichoic acid molecule (7.1 to 9.5%), which is in accordance with earlier data derived from 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [De Boer et al. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 62, 1-6], that in this organism the glucose is not an integral part of the polymer chain. Similar treatment of B. stearothermophilus B65 teichoic acid increased the phosphomonoester content of the preparation from 0.15 to 68.1%.", "PMID": 417919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9436", "title": "Increased plasma noradrenaline and serum gastrin in patients with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Serum gastrin, serum insulin, plasma noradrenaline, plasma adrenaline, pulse rate and blood pressure were measured repeatedly during 24h in six patients with duodenal ulcer and in six control subjects. Mean serum gastrin concentration was 3-4 times higher in duodenal ulcer patients than in controls during both the day and at night. Serum insulin was the same in both groups of subjects. Overnight fasting and mean supine plasma noradrenaline as well as mean supine pulse rate were significantly higher in duodenal ulcer patients than in controls. Plasma adrenaline and arterial blood pressure were the same in patients and controls. These results suggest that sympathetic nervous activity is increased in patients with duodenal ulcer. The increased sympathetic nervous activity may mean that duodenal ulcer patients are subject to more stress than normal subjects or may be compensatory to increased vagal nervous activity presumed by some authors to be present in such patients.", "contents": "Increased plasma noradrenaline and serum gastrin in patients with duodenal ulcer. Serum gastrin, serum insulin, plasma noradrenaline, plasma adrenaline, pulse rate and blood pressure were measured repeatedly during 24h in six patients with duodenal ulcer and in six control subjects. Mean serum gastrin concentration was 3-4 times higher in duodenal ulcer patients than in controls during both the day and at night. Serum insulin was the same in both groups of subjects. Overnight fasting and mean supine plasma noradrenaline as well as mean supine pulse rate were significantly higher in duodenal ulcer patients than in controls. Plasma adrenaline and arterial blood pressure were the same in patients and controls. These results suggest that sympathetic nervous activity is increased in patients with duodenal ulcer. The increased sympathetic nervous activity may mean that duodenal ulcer patients are subject to more stress than normal subjects or may be compensatory to increased vagal nervous activity presumed by some authors to be present in such patients.", "PMID": 417926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9437", "title": "Inhibition of hepatic demethylation of aminopyrine by oral contraceptive steroids in humans.", "content": "The effect of oral contraceptive steroids (OCS) on the rate of hepatic demethylation of 14C-dimethylaminoantipyrine (DAP) was studied directly in healthy young volunteers using a newly developed noninvasive breath analysis technique. After oral administration of a trace dose of DAP the specific activity of 14CO2 in breath was determined during 6 h and expressed as half life. The half life of eighteen female and twelve male control subjects was 2.4 +/- 1.2 h (2 SD) and 2.2 +/- 0.6 h (2 SD), respectively. In seven women starting OCS a progressive prolongation of DAP half life during a single menstrual period was observed. In seventeen women who had taken OCS in 21 day cycles, for more than 3 months, the half life was significantly (P less than 0.001) prolonged (4.4 +/- 2.1 h) when measured after 21 consecutive days of OCS intake. On average, stopping OCS for 7 days or giving phenobarbital in addition to OCS shortened DAP half life significantly (from 4.4 +/- 2.1 h to 3.2 +/- 1.1 h, n = 17, P less than 0.005; and from 4.6 +/- 2.0 h to 3.2 +/- 1.0 h, n = 12, P less than 0.01, respectively). Eight of twelve women on OCS responded to OCS intake and to OCS cessation and phenobarbital, whereas four women did not respond to any of these measures. These data suggest that inhibition of hepatic demethylation of DAP by OCS is time dependent and reversible. The extent of inhibition appears to be an individual characteristic of a given person.", "contents": "Inhibition of hepatic demethylation of aminopyrine by oral contraceptive steroids in humans. The effect of oral contraceptive steroids (OCS) on the rate of hepatic demethylation of 14C-dimethylaminoantipyrine (DAP) was studied directly in healthy young volunteers using a newly developed noninvasive breath analysis technique. After oral administration of a trace dose of DAP the specific activity of 14CO2 in breath was determined during 6 h and expressed as half life. The half life of eighteen female and twelve male control subjects was 2.4 +/- 1.2 h (2 SD) and 2.2 +/- 0.6 h (2 SD), respectively. In seven women starting OCS a progressive prolongation of DAP half life during a single menstrual period was observed. In seventeen women who had taken OCS in 21 day cycles, for more than 3 months, the half life was significantly (P less than 0.001) prolonged (4.4 +/- 2.1 h) when measured after 21 consecutive days of OCS intake. On average, stopping OCS for 7 days or giving phenobarbital in addition to OCS shortened DAP half life significantly (from 4.4 +/- 2.1 h to 3.2 +/- 1.1 h, n = 17, P less than 0.005; and from 4.6 +/- 2.0 h to 3.2 +/- 1.0 h, n = 12, P less than 0.01, respectively). Eight of twelve women on OCS responded to OCS intake and to OCS cessation and phenobarbital, whereas four women did not respond to any of these measures. These data suggest that inhibition of hepatic demethylation of DAP by OCS is time dependent and reversible. The extent of inhibition appears to be an individual characteristic of a given person.", "PMID": 417927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9438", "title": "Enhanced sympathetic nervous activity after intravenous propranolol in ischaemic heart disease: plasma noradrenaline splanchnic blood flow and mixed venous oxygen saturation at rest and during exercise.", "content": "To study the mechanisms by which acute beta-adrenergic blockade may change the activity of the sympathetic nervous system we have measured haemodynamic responses including splanchnic blood flow in twenty-three patients with ischaemic heart disease at rest and during supine exercise before and after i.v. injection of 0.039 mmol (10 mg) dl-propranolol. After propranolol both at rest and on exercise blood pressure, cardiac output and heart rate decreased, while splanchnic vascular resistance increased; mixed venous oxygen saturation decreased whilst arterial oxygen saturation and oxygen uptake were unchanged. Plasma noradrenaline increased after propranolol, values correlating with mixed venous oxygen saturation and splanchnic vascular resistance, both at rest and during exercise before and after propranolol, only at rest was there any correlation with arterial blood pressure. The increase in sympathetic nervous activity after propranolol may be due to a reduction in cardiac output and thereby alteration of the metabolic state (oxygen or related factors) in tissues. Afferent neural signals from the tissues may play a significant role in the regulation of sympathetic nervous activity.", "contents": "Enhanced sympathetic nervous activity after intravenous propranolol in ischaemic heart disease: plasma noradrenaline splanchnic blood flow and mixed venous oxygen saturation at rest and during exercise. To study the mechanisms by which acute beta-adrenergic blockade may change the activity of the sympathetic nervous system we have measured haemodynamic responses including splanchnic blood flow in twenty-three patients with ischaemic heart disease at rest and during supine exercise before and after i.v. injection of 0.039 mmol (10 mg) dl-propranolol. After propranolol both at rest and on exercise blood pressure, cardiac output and heart rate decreased, while splanchnic vascular resistance increased; mixed venous oxygen saturation decreased whilst arterial oxygen saturation and oxygen uptake were unchanged. Plasma noradrenaline increased after propranolol, values correlating with mixed venous oxygen saturation and splanchnic vascular resistance, both at rest and during exercise before and after propranolol, only at rest was there any correlation with arterial blood pressure. The increase in sympathetic nervous activity after propranolol may be due to a reduction in cardiac output and thereby alteration of the metabolic state (oxygen or related factors) in tissues. Afferent neural signals from the tissues may play a significant role in the regulation of sympathetic nervous activity.", "PMID": 417929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9439", "title": "Serum prolactin levels in eighty patients with sarcoidosis.", "content": "Serum prolactin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in eighty patients (thirty-four males, forty-six females) with sarcoidosis before treatment. In twelve patients (15%) serum prolactin levels were more than two standard deviations above the mean of normal subjects. Hyperprolactinaemia was found most frequently (22%) in patients with radiological stage II; however, 14% of patients with stage I also had elevated serum prolactin levels. In most cases serum prolactin levels fell to within the normal range after treatment with corticosteroid in parallel with improvement of intrathoracic lesions. These findings suggest that hyperprolactinaemia may be due to hypothalamic involvement by sarcoid granulomata. We conclude that the measurement of basal serum prolactin levels using radioimmunoassay is a sensitive and practical method for screening patients with sarcoidosis for hypothalmic lesions.", "contents": "Serum prolactin levels in eighty patients with sarcoidosis. Serum prolactin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in eighty patients (thirty-four males, forty-six females) with sarcoidosis before treatment. In twelve patients (15%) serum prolactin levels were more than two standard deviations above the mean of normal subjects. Hyperprolactinaemia was found most frequently (22%) in patients with radiological stage II; however, 14% of patients with stage I also had elevated serum prolactin levels. In most cases serum prolactin levels fell to within the normal range after treatment with corticosteroid in parallel with improvement of intrathoracic lesions. These findings suggest that hyperprolactinaemia may be due to hypothalamic involvement by sarcoid granulomata. We conclude that the measurement of basal serum prolactin levels using radioimmunoassay is a sensitive and practical method for screening patients with sarcoidosis for hypothalmic lesions.", "PMID": 417930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9440", "title": "Bile acid pattern in human amniotic fluid.", "content": "Individual bile acids were determined in twenty-nine amniotic fluid specimens obtained from twenty-six women between the 32nd and 41st week of gestation. Total bile acid concentration ranged from 0.4 to 4.8 mumol/l with a mean of 1.57 mumol/l. Besides the two major bile acids of man, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid was found in all, lithocholic acid in ten and deoxycholic acid in nine of the twenty-nine amniotic fluid samples. 3beta-Hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid averaged 39.8% of total bile acids during 32-37 weeks of gestation and 20.2% at term (P less than 0.01). These findings point towards important differences between fetal and adult bile metabolism and may reflect maturation of hepatic bile acid biosynthesis near term.", "contents": "Bile acid pattern in human amniotic fluid. Individual bile acids were determined in twenty-nine amniotic fluid specimens obtained from twenty-six women between the 32nd and 41st week of gestation. Total bile acid concentration ranged from 0.4 to 4.8 mumol/l with a mean of 1.57 mumol/l. Besides the two major bile acids of man, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, 3beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid was found in all, lithocholic acid in ten and deoxycholic acid in nine of the twenty-nine amniotic fluid samples. 3beta-Hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid averaged 39.8% of total bile acids during 32-37 weeks of gestation and 20.2% at term (P less than 0.01). These findings point towards important differences between fetal and adult bile metabolism and may reflect maturation of hepatic bile acid biosynthesis near term.", "PMID": 417931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9441", "title": "The influence of meal frequency on diurnal lipid, glucose and cortisol levels in normal subjects.", "content": "Diurnal levels of serum triglyceride, cholesterol, free fatty acids, glucose, and cortisol were measured in four normal persons on a fixed solid 65% carbohydrate diet under steady state conditions in a metabolic unit. Triglyceride levels in all subjects showed similar patterns, which unexpectedly did not bear a simple relation to meal frequency or distribution. With three equivalent meals per day at 09.00, 12.00 and 17.00 hours, 'fasting' triglyceride levels increased by about 0.3 g/l from a minimum value between 03.00 and 05.00 hours in the morning till before breakfast. After breakfast there was a continued rise till about 15.00 hours and then a overall fall in spite of the meal at 17.00 hours. Isocaloric change to eight equivalent meals, consumed between 09.00 and 23.00 hours, resulted in a similar although slightly more even triglyceride pattern. On eight equivalent meals, spaced evenly over the entire 24 h period, a different pattern was found with lower triglyceride values at daytime than at night. Increase in meal frequency did not result in a lowering of mean diurnal triglyceride levels. The cholesterol pattern followed the triglyceride pattern most clearly in subjects with high triglyceride levels. Glucose showed the expected postprandial increments. Cortisol rhythm did not change on varying meal frequency.", "contents": "The influence of meal frequency on diurnal lipid, glucose and cortisol levels in normal subjects. Diurnal levels of serum triglyceride, cholesterol, free fatty acids, glucose, and cortisol were measured in four normal persons on a fixed solid 65% carbohydrate diet under steady state conditions in a metabolic unit. Triglyceride levels in all subjects showed similar patterns, which unexpectedly did not bear a simple relation to meal frequency or distribution. With three equivalent meals per day at 09.00, 12.00 and 17.00 hours, 'fasting' triglyceride levels increased by about 0.3 g/l from a minimum value between 03.00 and 05.00 hours in the morning till before breakfast. After breakfast there was a continued rise till about 15.00 hours and then a overall fall in spite of the meal at 17.00 hours. Isocaloric change to eight equivalent meals, consumed between 09.00 and 23.00 hours, resulted in a similar although slightly more even triglyceride pattern. On eight equivalent meals, spaced evenly over the entire 24 h period, a different pattern was found with lower triglyceride values at daytime than at night. Increase in meal frequency did not result in a lowering of mean diurnal triglyceride levels. The cholesterol pattern followed the triglyceride pattern most clearly in subjects with high triglyceride levels. Glucose showed the expected postprandial increments. Cortisol rhythm did not change on varying meal frequency.", "PMID": 417936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9442", "title": "Increase of the lipoprotein-lipase activity in human skeletal muscle during clofibrate administration.", "content": "Lipoprotein-lipase activity was determined in tissue from the skeletal muscle of the leg and the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the abdomen in fourteen patients before and after 1 month of clofibrate administration. The concentrations of serum triglycerides decreased by, on the average, 37% in a group of thirteen patients which mainly consisted of subjects with type-IV hyperlipoproteinaemia. Clofibrate administration was associated with an average increase of the skeletal muscle-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity of 50% (P less than 0.005). There was a significant correlation between the percentage changes in skeletal muscle-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity and those of the triglycerides concentrations and the K2-values in an intravenous fat tolerance test during clofibrate treatment. Adipose-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity did not change significantly. One patient with type-I hyperlipoproteinaemia had very low values of skeletal muscle-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity and moderately low adipose-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity. In this patient, neither the tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity nor the triglycerides concentration changed during clofibrate therapy. Fasting serum insulin concentrations decreased significantly during clofibrate administration and the percentage decrease was significantly correlated to the percentage increase of skeletal-muscle lipoprotein-lipase activity. It is suggested that the lowering of insulin levels is a possible mechanism through which glucagon activity is enhanced and this may increase skeletal muscle-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity.", "contents": "Increase of the lipoprotein-lipase activity in human skeletal muscle during clofibrate administration. Lipoprotein-lipase activity was determined in tissue from the skeletal muscle of the leg and the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the abdomen in fourteen patients before and after 1 month of clofibrate administration. The concentrations of serum triglycerides decreased by, on the average, 37% in a group of thirteen patients which mainly consisted of subjects with type-IV hyperlipoproteinaemia. Clofibrate administration was associated with an average increase of the skeletal muscle-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity of 50% (P less than 0.005). There was a significant correlation between the percentage changes in skeletal muscle-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity and those of the triglycerides concentrations and the K2-values in an intravenous fat tolerance test during clofibrate treatment. Adipose-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity did not change significantly. One patient with type-I hyperlipoproteinaemia had very low values of skeletal muscle-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity and moderately low adipose-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity. In this patient, neither the tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity nor the triglycerides concentration changed during clofibrate therapy. Fasting serum insulin concentrations decreased significantly during clofibrate administration and the percentage decrease was significantly correlated to the percentage increase of skeletal-muscle lipoprotein-lipase activity. It is suggested that the lowering of insulin levels is a possible mechanism through which glucagon activity is enhanced and this may increase skeletal muscle-tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity.", "PMID": 417937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9443", "title": "Atraumatic method of renal blood flow estimation by 133Xenoninhalation and its application to transplanted kidneys.", "content": "Non-invasive measurement of organ blood flow can be achieved by tracing the elimination patterns of 133Xe administered by inhalation. An adaption of the method for the estimation of renal blood flow was developed. The 133Xe is accumulated in the tissue by re-breathing for 1 min and the time course of its washout from the kidney is followed for 14 min thereafter. Normal values were determined in ten dogs and forty-five healthy human volunteers. In man they were similar to results obtained with 131I-hippuran clearance. When flow rates were between 250 and 600 ml/100 g/min the correlation coefficient was 0.84. Only in cases with high cortex flow rates (greater than 600 ml/100 g/min) did the inhalation method give values higher than those determined by the 131I-hippuran clearance. In dogs the results closely correlated with results obtained by direct intra arterial xenon injection (r = 0.96). The value of the inhalation method in routine examination of patients with kidney transplants and its suitability for the early detection of ongoing rejection is demonstrated.", "contents": "Atraumatic method of renal blood flow estimation by 133Xenoninhalation and its application to transplanted kidneys. Non-invasive measurement of organ blood flow can be achieved by tracing the elimination patterns of 133Xe administered by inhalation. An adaption of the method for the estimation of renal blood flow was developed. The 133Xe is accumulated in the tissue by re-breathing for 1 min and the time course of its washout from the kidney is followed for 14 min thereafter. Normal values were determined in ten dogs and forty-five healthy human volunteers. In man they were similar to results obtained with 131I-hippuran clearance. When flow rates were between 250 and 600 ml/100 g/min the correlation coefficient was 0.84. Only in cases with high cortex flow rates (greater than 600 ml/100 g/min) did the inhalation method give values higher than those determined by the 131I-hippuran clearance. In dogs the results closely correlated with results obtained by direct intra arterial xenon injection (r = 0.96). The value of the inhalation method in routine examination of patients with kidney transplants and its suitability for the early detection of ongoing rejection is demonstrated.", "PMID": 417938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9444", "title": "On the mechanism of glucose release from the muscle of juvenile diabetics in acute insulin deficiency.", "content": "In fifty-three healthy subjects and twenty-three juvenile diabetics the measurement of arterial and deep venous glucose concentrations showed that the substrate was taken up by the tissues of the forearm of all the healthy subjects and released from it in all the diabetic ones. In six of the diabetics glucose output was accelerated almost five-fold during the intrabrachial arterial administration of metaproterenol (1.62 nmol/min), indicating that basal glucose release from muscle may result from enhanced glycogenolysis during acute insulin deficiency. In line with this view a reduction of glucose uptake by muscle was observed in six healthy subjects receiving metaproterenol infusion. However, since the production of lactate by the forearm appeared to be smaller in the diabetics, the basal glucose output could also partly be due to impaired glycolysis. These data suggest that the glucose released from muscle during acute insulin deficiency may be of clinical importance, especially when the rate of glycogenolysis is further stimulated by, for example, enhanced catecholamine drive.", "contents": "On the mechanism of glucose release from the muscle of juvenile diabetics in acute insulin deficiency. In fifty-three healthy subjects and twenty-three juvenile diabetics the measurement of arterial and deep venous glucose concentrations showed that the substrate was taken up by the tissues of the forearm of all the healthy subjects and released from it in all the diabetic ones. In six of the diabetics glucose output was accelerated almost five-fold during the intrabrachial arterial administration of metaproterenol (1.62 nmol/min), indicating that basal glucose release from muscle may result from enhanced glycogenolysis during acute insulin deficiency. In line with this view a reduction of glucose uptake by muscle was observed in six healthy subjects receiving metaproterenol infusion. However, since the production of lactate by the forearm appeared to be smaller in the diabetics, the basal glucose output could also partly be due to impaired glycolysis. These data suggest that the glucose released from muscle during acute insulin deficiency may be of clinical importance, especially when the rate of glycogenolysis is further stimulated by, for example, enhanced catecholamine drive.", "PMID": 417939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9445", "title": "Magnesium metabolism in patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "1. The oral absorption of magnesium, its myocardial uptake and exchangeable magnesium have been studied in patients with coronary heart disease and controls using the radioactive isotope magnesium-28. 2. No significant difference in oral absorption or myocardial uptake was found between patients and controls. 3. The exchangeable magnesium per kg body weight was significantly lower in the patients than in the controls.", "contents": "Magnesium metabolism in patients with coronary heart disease. 1. The oral absorption of magnesium, its myocardial uptake and exchangeable magnesium have been studied in patients with coronary heart disease and controls using the radioactive isotope magnesium-28. 2. No significant difference in oral absorption or myocardial uptake was found between patients and controls. 3. The exchangeable magnesium per kg body weight was significantly lower in the patients than in the controls.", "PMID": 417940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9446", "title": "Relation between triglycerides in human skeletal muscle and serum and the fractional elimination rate of exogenous plasma triglycerides.", "content": "Muscle triglycerides, serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and an intravenous fat tolerance test were determined on thirteen survivors of myocardial infarction and on fourteen subjects referred to a Lipid Clinic but without myocardial infarction. The mean concentration of triglycerides in muscle and the fractional removal rate k2 of intravenous injected Intralipid were similar in patients with and without MI. In seventeen of these subjects type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia was found. In type IV patients the muscle triglyceride concentration was twice that found in patients without hypertriglyceridaemia. A negative correlation between muscle triglyceride concentration and the k2 value was found for all subjects with a correlation coefficient of -0.62 (P less than 0.001). No independent correlations were found between muscle triglyceride and serum triglyceride concentration or the triglyceride concentrations of the major lipoproteins.", "contents": "Relation between triglycerides in human skeletal muscle and serum and the fractional elimination rate of exogenous plasma triglycerides. Muscle triglycerides, serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and an intravenous fat tolerance test were determined on thirteen survivors of myocardial infarction and on fourteen subjects referred to a Lipid Clinic but without myocardial infarction. The mean concentration of triglycerides in muscle and the fractional removal rate k2 of intravenous injected Intralipid were similar in patients with and without MI. In seventeen of these subjects type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia was found. In type IV patients the muscle triglyceride concentration was twice that found in patients without hypertriglyceridaemia. A negative correlation between muscle triglyceride concentration and the k2 value was found for all subjects with a correlation coefficient of -0.62 (P less than 0.001). No independent correlations were found between muscle triglyceride and serum triglyceride concentration or the triglyceride concentrations of the major lipoproteins.", "PMID": 417941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9447", "title": "Lowering of serum 3,3',5-triiodothyronine thyroxine ratio in patients with myocardial infarction; relationship with extent of tissue injury.", "content": "Serial measurements of haematocrit (Ht), plasma thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydroxygenase (alpha-HBDH) were performed in patients following myocardial infarction (MI). Infarct size was estimated by mathematical analysis of the change in plasma alpha-HBDH activity with time. After an initial small increase Ht decreased 12% until day 9 and remained constant thereafter. Serum T4 did not change during the entire study. Serum T3 decreased to 66% at day 9 and then returned to normal within 2 months. These figures are expressed relative to determinations in the first blood sample obtained within 12 h after MI. A significant correlation between the lowest serum T3/T4 ratio and infarct size was observed. These observations suggest that in these patients the peripheral conversion of T4 into T3 is reduced. This was accompanied by an increased production of reverse T3 as evidenced by observations in one patient.", "contents": "Lowering of serum 3,3',5-triiodothyronine thyroxine ratio in patients with myocardial infarction; relationship with extent of tissue injury. Serial measurements of haematocrit (Ht), plasma thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydroxygenase (alpha-HBDH) were performed in patients following myocardial infarction (MI). Infarct size was estimated by mathematical analysis of the change in plasma alpha-HBDH activity with time. After an initial small increase Ht decreased 12% until day 9 and remained constant thereafter. Serum T4 did not change during the entire study. Serum T3 decreased to 66% at day 9 and then returned to normal within 2 months. These figures are expressed relative to determinations in the first blood sample obtained within 12 h after MI. A significant correlation between the lowest serum T3/T4 ratio and infarct size was observed. These observations suggest that in these patients the peripheral conversion of T4 into T3 is reduced. This was accompanied by an increased production of reverse T3 as evidenced by observations in one patient.", "PMID": 417942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9448", "title": "Comparative studies of the ethynyl estrogens used in oral contraceptives: effects with and without progestational agents on plasma androstenedione, testosterone, and testosterone binding in humans, baboons, and beagles.", "content": "The effects of ethynylestradiol or mestranol given in cyclic fashion, with and without a progestational compound (norethindrone acetate, dl-norgestrel, or megestrol acetate), on plasma androgens and their binding were examined in adult women, female baboons, and beagles. The two estrogens are equivalent in their effect, and there were essentially no dose-related differences over the range examined. In human subjects, the estrogens increased total testosterone and testosterone binding, and decreased free testosterone. In baboons, estrogen produced a transient decrease in total testosterone and an increase in binding. The levels of progestational agents used did not affect total testosterone in humans, as is commonly observed with commercial agents, but did decrease it in baboons. Percentage binding was decreased in both species by the 19-nor compounds, but not by megestrol. Androstenedione levels were unaffected in human subjects, but effects of both estrogens and progestins were seen in baboons. Because of the very low levels of androgens in female beagles, this species did not lend itself well to a study of this kind. However, an increase in testosterone binding was induced by estrogen even in the absence of testosterone/estrogen-binding globulin.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the ethynyl estrogens used in oral contraceptives: effects with and without progestational agents on plasma androstenedione, testosterone, and testosterone binding in humans, baboons, and beagles. The effects of ethynylestradiol or mestranol given in cyclic fashion, with and without a progestational compound (norethindrone acetate, dl-norgestrel, or megestrol acetate), on plasma androgens and their binding were examined in adult women, female baboons, and beagles. The two estrogens are equivalent in their effect, and there were essentially no dose-related differences over the range examined. In human subjects, the estrogens increased total testosterone and testosterone binding, and decreased free testosterone. In baboons, estrogen produced a transient decrease in total testosterone and an increase in binding. The levels of progestational agents used did not affect total testosterone in humans, as is commonly observed with commercial agents, but did decrease it in baboons. Percentage binding was decreased in both species by the 19-nor compounds, but not by megestrol. Androstenedione levels were unaffected in human subjects, but effects of both estrogens and progestins were seen in baboons. Because of the very low levels of androgens in female beagles, this species did not lend itself well to a study of this kind. However, an increase in testosterone binding was induced by estrogen even in the absence of testosterone/estrogen-binding globulin.", "PMID": 417948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9449", "title": "The genes for 5 S ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "In the present communication a characterization of the 5 S rRNA genes and the tRNA genes of Tetrahymena pyriformis has been performed. The number of 5 S rRNA and tRNA genes in the macromolecular DNA has been established. Furthermore no sequence homology is observed for these genes. The number of both types of genes does not change significantly under starvation conditions. The genomic organization of the 5 S rRNA and tRNA genes has been investigated. From in vivo replication studies it is concluded, that replication of both 5 S rRNA and tRNA genes takes place throughout the whole S-period.", "contents": "The genes for 5 S ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA in Tetrahymena pyriformis. In the present communication a characterization of the 5 S rRNA genes and the tRNA genes of Tetrahymena pyriformis has been performed. The number of 5 S rRNA and tRNA genes in the macromolecular DNA has been established. Furthermore no sequence homology is observed for these genes. The number of both types of genes does not change significantly under starvation conditions. The genomic organization of the 5 S rRNA and tRNA genes has been investigated. From in vivo replication studies it is concluded, that replication of both 5 S rRNA and tRNA genes takes place throughout the whole S-period.", "PMID": 417950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9450", "title": "Structure and ribonucleoprotein staining of kinetochores of colchicine-treated HeLa cells.", "content": "HeLa cells treated with colchicine show a lengthening of kinetochores lacking an inner layer. Combined EDTA- and ribonuclease treatment (BERNHARD 1969) indicate the presence of ribonucleoprotein in the dense outer layer as well as in the surrounding fine fibrillar mass. Reconstructions from serial sections reveal a band-like enlargement of these layers around the primary constriction during the inhibition of mitosis by colchicine.", "contents": "Structure and ribonucleoprotein staining of kinetochores of colchicine-treated HeLa cells. HeLa cells treated with colchicine show a lengthening of kinetochores lacking an inner layer. Combined EDTA- and ribonuclease treatment (BERNHARD 1969) indicate the presence of ribonucleoprotein in the dense outer layer as well as in the surrounding fine fibrillar mass. Reconstructions from serial sections reveal a band-like enlargement of these layers around the primary constriction during the inhibition of mitosis by colchicine.", "PMID": 417951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9451", "title": "[Effects of nifedipine in the treatment of effort stable angina: a double blind study (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectiveness of chronic treatment with nifedipine in patients (pts) with a history of stable angina on effort has been evaluated in a double-blind study in 15 subjects of both sexes, aged 45 to 65 years. All pts underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization and selective coronary angiography, which showed stenosis of one or two main coronary vessels between 50 and 70%. The pts, after 2 weeks of observation, underwent erect bicycle exercise test with increasing workloads. After 4 weeks of treatment with nifedipine or placebo the stress test was repeated. Nifedipine treatment reduced the weekly number of anginal attacks as well as the weekly number of nitroglycerin tablets consumed by the pts, increased maximum workload tolerated and reduced the S-T segment depression for the same workload, meanwhile heart rate and blood pressure did not change significantly either at rest or during exercise. The result of this study indicate that nifedipine is useful in the treatment of pts with stable angina on effort.", "contents": "[Effects of nifedipine in the treatment of effort stable angina: a double blind study (author's transl)]. The effectiveness of chronic treatment with nifedipine in patients (pts) with a history of stable angina on effort has been evaluated in a double-blind study in 15 subjects of both sexes, aged 45 to 65 years. All pts underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization and selective coronary angiography, which showed stenosis of one or two main coronary vessels between 50 and 70%. The pts, after 2 weeks of observation, underwent erect bicycle exercise test with increasing workloads. After 4 weeks of treatment with nifedipine or placebo the stress test was repeated. Nifedipine treatment reduced the weekly number of anginal attacks as well as the weekly number of nitroglycerin tablets consumed by the pts, increased maximum workload tolerated and reduced the S-T segment depression for the same workload, meanwhile heart rate and blood pressure did not change significantly either at rest or during exercise. The result of this study indicate that nifedipine is useful in the treatment of pts with stable angina on effort.", "PMID": 417957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9452", "title": "Lactose tolerance in normal Egyptian infants and children and in protein calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Oral lactose tolerance test was performed on a total of 100 cases of normal Egyptian infants and children aged 6 months to 12 years. The same test was performed on 30 cases of protein calorie malnutrition (15 cases of marasmus and 15 cases of kwashiorkor). Detection of sugar and determination of pH were also carried out on all stools passed after the test. Lactose intolerance, as judged by a maximal blood glucose rise of 20 mg. or less and/or stools positive for sugar with a pH less than 6 following lactose ingestion, was observed as follows in normal cases: 12% in the age group 6 months to 2 years, 32% in the age group 2 to 5 years, 32% in the age group 5 to 9 years, and 80% in the age group 9 to 12 years. On the other hand, lactose intolerance was demonstrated in 73.3% of cases suffering from protein malnutrition. The aetiology and practical implications of the present findings of lactose intolerance on normal and malnourished children are discussed.", "contents": "Lactose tolerance in normal Egyptian infants and children and in protein calorie malnutrition. Oral lactose tolerance test was performed on a total of 100 cases of normal Egyptian infants and children aged 6 months to 12 years. The same test was performed on 30 cases of protein calorie malnutrition (15 cases of marasmus and 15 cases of kwashiorkor). Detection of sugar and determination of pH were also carried out on all stools passed after the test. Lactose intolerance, as judged by a maximal blood glucose rise of 20 mg. or less and/or stools positive for sugar with a pH less than 6 following lactose ingestion, was observed as follows in normal cases: 12% in the age group 6 months to 2 years, 32% in the age group 2 to 5 years, 32% in the age group 5 to 9 years, and 80% in the age group 9 to 12 years. On the other hand, lactose intolerance was demonstrated in 73.3% of cases suffering from protein malnutrition. The aetiology and practical implications of the present findings of lactose intolerance on normal and malnourished children are discussed.", "PMID": 417959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9453", "title": "Protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) in Egypt: comparative study of the electrolyte pattern in plasma and erythrocytes.", "content": "The electrolytes sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were determined in both plasma and erythrocytes of 300 PCM subjects and 26 parallel healthy controls. The results obtained revealed that: The level of plasma sodium was lower than normal in all PCM cases except in marasmic kwashiorkor. The RBC's sodium content was more or less not affected. Plasma potassium level was markedly lower than normal in all groups of malnourished subjects. RBC's potassium was significantly lower than normal in severe K.W.O. and marasmic kwashiorkor, while it was high in 3rd grade marasmus. Magnesium level was lower than normal in both plasma and RBC's in all malnourished subjects. Calcium level dropped in plasma and was elevated in RBC's. Estimation of RBC's minerals may be useful in reflecting the concerned changes in tissues of PCM subjects.", "contents": "Protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) in Egypt: comparative study of the electrolyte pattern in plasma and erythrocytes. The electrolytes sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were determined in both plasma and erythrocytes of 300 PCM subjects and 26 parallel healthy controls. The results obtained revealed that: The level of plasma sodium was lower than normal in all PCM cases except in marasmic kwashiorkor. The RBC's sodium content was more or less not affected. Plasma potassium level was markedly lower than normal in all groups of malnourished subjects. RBC's potassium was significantly lower than normal in severe K.W.O. and marasmic kwashiorkor, while it was high in 3rd grade marasmus. Magnesium level was lower than normal in both plasma and RBC's in all malnourished subjects. Calcium level dropped in plasma and was elevated in RBC's. Estimation of RBC's minerals may be useful in reflecting the concerned changes in tissues of PCM subjects.", "PMID": 417960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9454", "title": "Studies of tryptophan metabolism in protein-energy malnutrition (PEM).", "content": "Studies on tryptophan metabolism in PEM were performed. In this respect, the basal excretion of tryptophan and some of its metabolites, namely, kynurenine, 3 OH-anthranilic, anthramilic, indol-3-acetic, 5 OH-indol acetic and xanthurenic acids were determined. The response of these metabolites to oral tryptophan load, singly and in combination, with pyridoxine, were performed in kwashiorkor cases compared to normal controls. The study revealed that kynurenine leads to niacine pathway is hindered, Indole-3-acetic acid levels are lower and respond poorly to tryptophan loading in PEM. Increased levels of 5 OH-indol acetic were found in kwashiorkor compared to marasmus, although lower response to tryptophan was noted. Xanthurenic acid excretion is much higher in PEM and poorly responds to tryptophan load either singly or in combination with pyridoxine. These errors of tryptophan metabolism in PEM are suggested to be due to defects in the enzyme systems involved rather than to vitamin B6 deficiency.", "contents": "Studies of tryptophan metabolism in protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). Studies on tryptophan metabolism in PEM were performed. In this respect, the basal excretion of tryptophan and some of its metabolites, namely, kynurenine, 3 OH-anthranilic, anthramilic, indol-3-acetic, 5 OH-indol acetic and xanthurenic acids were determined. The response of these metabolites to oral tryptophan load, singly and in combination, with pyridoxine, were performed in kwashiorkor cases compared to normal controls. The study revealed that kynurenine leads to niacine pathway is hindered, Indole-3-acetic acid levels are lower and respond poorly to tryptophan loading in PEM. Increased levels of 5 OH-indol acetic were found in kwashiorkor compared to marasmus, although lower response to tryptophan was noted. Xanthurenic acid excretion is much higher in PEM and poorly responds to tryptophan load either singly or in combination with pyridoxine. These errors of tryptophan metabolism in PEM are suggested to be due to defects in the enzyme systems involved rather than to vitamin B6 deficiency.", "PMID": 417961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9455", "title": "[Routine gonorrhoeae cultures: a cost--benefit analysis on obstetric--gynaecological patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Report is made on the routine check up of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae cultures of 46.081 patients. 375 (0.81%) of these showed positive results. Of the 375 positive N. Gonorrhoeae cases 122 (33%) showed neither clinical symptoms nor anamnestic indications of Gonorrhoeae. The costs for the N. Gonorrhoeae cultures amounted to sfr. 18.407.-. Distributed on the 122 non-symptomatic and anamnestically mute cases there resulted costs of sfr. 148.-for each N. Gonorrhoeae case discovered by routine check up. The setting up a routine check up of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae cultures is therefore recommended.", "contents": "[Routine gonorrhoeae cultures: a cost--benefit analysis on obstetric--gynaecological patients (author's transl)]. Report is made on the routine check up of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae cultures of 46.081 patients. 375 (0.81%) of these showed positive results. Of the 375 positive N. Gonorrhoeae cases 122 (33%) showed neither clinical symptoms nor anamnestic indications of Gonorrhoeae. The costs for the N. Gonorrhoeae cultures amounted to sfr. 18.407.-. Distributed on the 122 non-symptomatic and anamnestically mute cases there resulted costs of sfr. 148.-for each N. Gonorrhoeae case discovered by routine check up. The setting up a routine check up of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae cultures is therefore recommended.", "PMID": 417964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9456", "title": "Enzyme preparations from Aspergillus flavus for structural studies of the peach gum polysaccharide.", "content": "Extra- and intracellular glycanohydrolases were isolated from Aspergillus flavus and partially characterized. Both preparations exhibited beta-galactosidase activity. Gel chromatography of the extracellular enzyme preparation on Sephadex revealed one protein fraction containing beta-galactosidase activity and a second one exhibiting mainly beta-xylosidase activity. Electrophoresis in starch gel and disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel showed that the preparation obtained from the cultivation broth contained five protein fractions, whereas two protein fractions could be detected in the intracellular preparation. Hydrolysis of a partially degraded polysaccharide of peach gum by the above preparations yielded D-galactose as the main product and traces of D-mannose, L-arabinose, D-xylose and a number of oligosaccharides.", "contents": "Enzyme preparations from Aspergillus flavus for structural studies of the peach gum polysaccharide. Extra- and intracellular glycanohydrolases were isolated from Aspergillus flavus and partially characterized. Both preparations exhibited beta-galactosidase activity. Gel chromatography of the extracellular enzyme preparation on Sephadex revealed one protein fraction containing beta-galactosidase activity and a second one exhibiting mainly beta-xylosidase activity. Electrophoresis in starch gel and disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel showed that the preparation obtained from the cultivation broth contained five protein fractions, whereas two protein fractions could be detected in the intracellular preparation. Hydrolysis of a partially degraded polysaccharide of peach gum by the above preparations yielded D-galactose as the main product and traces of D-mannose, L-arabinose, D-xylose and a number of oligosaccharides.", "PMID": 417981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9457", "title": "[Morphometry and histology of the eye of Callimico goeldii (Thomas 1904, callimiconidae primates) (author's transl)].", "content": "The histologic anatomy of the eye of Callimico goeldii is described and histometric data are communicated. The retina is treated with special attention. The eye of Callimico features all characteristics of a visual organ adapted to diurnal activity as is known from many higher primates and man. The well-differentiated Fovea centralis and the numerical relations of the three retinal neurons, which are clearly reduced from the periphery towards the center of the retina, indicate a particularly high degree of centralization (\"Zentralisationsstufe\" sensu Rohen). Similar numerical relations are found in the taxonomically related families Cebidae and Callithrichidae. A high degree of centralization is understood to facilitate a good visual resolution. The eyelid apparatus is differentiated like in other higher primates. The eye muscles contain extraordinarily many nervous-muscular entities that are interpreted to serve as nervous regulatory functions. The histologic results relate well with certain behavioral phenomena of this species.", "contents": "[Morphometry and histology of the eye of Callimico goeldii (Thomas 1904, callimiconidae primates) (author's transl)]. The histologic anatomy of the eye of Callimico goeldii is described and histometric data are communicated. The retina is treated with special attention. The eye of Callimico features all characteristics of a visual organ adapted to diurnal activity as is known from many higher primates and man. The well-differentiated Fovea centralis and the numerical relations of the three retinal neurons, which are clearly reduced from the periphery towards the center of the retina, indicate a particularly high degree of centralization (\"Zentralisationsstufe\" sensu Rohen). Similar numerical relations are found in the taxonomically related families Cebidae and Callithrichidae. A high degree of centralization is understood to facilitate a good visual resolution. The eyelid apparatus is differentiated like in other higher primates. The eye muscles contain extraordinarily many nervous-muscular entities that are interpreted to serve as nervous regulatory functions. The histologic results relate well with certain behavioral phenomena of this species.", "PMID": 417982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9458", "title": "Non-metric features in the ulna of Aegyptopithecus, Alouatta, Ateles, and Lagothrix.", "content": "A comparison of the non-metric features of the ulnar fragment (YPM 23940) referred to Aegyptopithecus zeuxis with those in the same bone of Alouatta, Ateles, and Lagothrix -- the three living taxa whose ulnae most closely resemble that of the fossil -- reveals that the closest similarities of the fragment are with the ulna of Alouatta.", "contents": "Non-metric features in the ulna of Aegyptopithecus, Alouatta, Ateles, and Lagothrix. A comparison of the non-metric features of the ulnar fragment (YPM 23940) referred to Aegyptopithecus zeuxis with those in the same bone of Alouatta, Ateles, and Lagothrix -- the three living taxa whose ulnae most closely resemble that of the fossil -- reveals that the closest similarities of the fragment are with the ulna of Alouatta.", "PMID": 417983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9459", "title": "Drinking from arboreal water sources by mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata Gray).", "content": "Despite occasional trips to the ground and feeding in trees whose canopies touched the river, mantled howling monkeys were never seen to drink from any ground water. Drinking from arboreal cisterns was observed, but only during the wet season (meteorologically the less stressful season but phenologically the more stressful season). The lack of sufficient new leaves during the wet season forced the howlers to ingest more mature leaves which contained significantly less water. To compensate for the lowered amount of water in their food, the monkeys utilized arboreal water cisterns. The cisterns dried up during the dry season, but the howlers maintained their water balance by altering their time of actiivity and selecting a diet comprised largely of succulent new leaves. The effect of plant-produced secondary compounds on drinking also was discussed.", "contents": "Drinking from arboreal water sources by mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata Gray). Despite occasional trips to the ground and feeding in trees whose canopies touched the river, mantled howling monkeys were never seen to drink from any ground water. Drinking from arboreal cisterns was observed, but only during the wet season (meteorologically the less stressful season but phenologically the more stressful season). The lack of sufficient new leaves during the wet season forced the howlers to ingest more mature leaves which contained significantly less water. To compensate for the lowered amount of water in their food, the monkeys utilized arboreal water cisterns. The cisterns dried up during the dry season, but the howlers maintained their water balance by altering their time of actiivity and selecting a diet comprised largely of succulent new leaves. The effect of plant-produced secondary compounds on drinking also was discussed.", "PMID": 417985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9460", "title": "[Total caloric nutrition of underweight newborn infants].", "content": "Owing to the reduced energy reserves of the premature infant, we consider adherance to Finkelstein's concept for underweight infants insufficient, particularly as these infants need increased energy to offset early adjustment difficulties. We achieved the necessary balance of energy by using a combined method of forced build-up of food intake complemented by parenteral nourishment. As parenteral substances we used 12.5% glucoseelectrolyte solvent and an amino-acid solvent of 6%. Fat infusions have only been taken when disturbed oral intake of nourishment made it necessary. With this method of full joule diet infused through the peripheral veins, we were able to lower the mortality rate on the premature infant ward considerably, without increased risk to the child.", "contents": "[Total caloric nutrition of underweight newborn infants]. Owing to the reduced energy reserves of the premature infant, we consider adherance to Finkelstein's concept for underweight infants insufficient, particularly as these infants need increased energy to offset early adjustment difficulties. We achieved the necessary balance of energy by using a combined method of forced build-up of food intake complemented by parenteral nourishment. As parenteral substances we used 12.5% glucoseelectrolyte solvent and an amino-acid solvent of 6%. Fat infusions have only been taken when disturbed oral intake of nourishment made it necessary. With this method of full joule diet infused through the peripheral veins, we were able to lower the mortality rate on the premature infant ward considerably, without increased risk to the child.", "PMID": 417986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9461", "title": "[Problems of current diagnosis of neoplasms in women].", "content": "The value of early cancer detection in women is limited by the screening methods and their minor reliability in \"mass-screening\". The effect of detection programs is difficult to demonstrate. The interest in cancer detection is low, especially in elderly high risk patients. A more suitable application of screening tests with widespread indication of further methods together with exact demonstration could be the basis for better results in early cancer detection programs in women.", "contents": "[Problems of current diagnosis of neoplasms in women]. The value of early cancer detection in women is limited by the screening methods and their minor reliability in \"mass-screening\". The effect of detection programs is difficult to demonstrate. The interest in cancer detection is low, especially in elderly high risk patients. A more suitable application of screening tests with widespread indication of further methods together with exact demonstration could be the basis for better results in early cancer detection programs in women.", "PMID": 417987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9462", "title": "Reduction of beta-galactosidase in the ketotic Chinese hamster kidney.", "content": "Kidneys from normal, diabetic-nonketotic and ketotic Chinese hamsters were homogenized, fractionated and assayed for beta-glucosidase, and beta-galactosidase activities. The kidneys of the ketotic animals were enlarged but the protein content in each subcellular fraction was similar in all three groups of animals. beta-Glucosidase was found chiefly in the soluble fraction and no difference was observed in these animals. beta-Galactosidase was distributed in both cytoplasmic and particulate fractions; difference in the specific activity of beta-galactosidase between control and ketotic animals was found in nuclear, lysosomal-mitochondrial, microsomal and soluble fractions.", "contents": "Reduction of beta-galactosidase in the ketotic Chinese hamster kidney. Kidneys from normal, diabetic-nonketotic and ketotic Chinese hamsters were homogenized, fractionated and assayed for beta-glucosidase, and beta-galactosidase activities. The kidneys of the ketotic animals were enlarged but the protein content in each subcellular fraction was similar in all three groups of animals. beta-Glucosidase was found chiefly in the soluble fraction and no difference was observed in these animals. beta-Galactosidase was distributed in both cytoplasmic and particulate fractions; difference in the specific activity of beta-galactosidase between control and ketotic animals was found in nuclear, lysosomal-mitochondrial, microsomal and soluble fractions.", "PMID": 417989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9463", "title": "Comparison of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase from Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophilus.", "content": "Purification of tRNa nucleotidyltransferase from Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4963 and Escherichia coli MRE 600 by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is described. Both enzymes gave a single band on analytical polyacrylamide-gel electroesis and sodium dodecylsulfate gels. Chromatography of the high speed supernatant from Lactobacillus at low salt concentrations gave three enzyme fractions of molecular weights about 45 000, 90 000, and 120 000. At 1M NaCl only the first enzyme fraction was found. Kinetic data for both enzymes are given.", "contents": "Comparison of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase from Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Purification of tRNa nucleotidyltransferase from Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4963 and Escherichia coli MRE 600 by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is described. Both enzymes gave a single band on analytical polyacrylamide-gel electroesis and sodium dodecylsulfate gels. Chromatography of the high speed supernatant from Lactobacillus at low salt concentrations gave three enzyme fractions of molecular weights about 45 000, 90 000, and 120 000. At 1M NaCl only the first enzyme fraction was found. Kinetic data for both enzymes are given.", "PMID": 417990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9464", "title": "Health care cost control will affect total U.S. economy.", "content": "The crisis in health care costs in being attributed primarily to hospitals although it has many causes and sources. Moreover, it typically is viewed simply as being one industry's inflation even though it affects, and is affected by, finances and spending in many other sectors of society and the economy.", "contents": "Health care cost control will affect total U.S. economy. The crisis in health care costs in being attributed primarily to hospitals although it has many causes and sources. Moreover, it typically is viewed simply as being one industry's inflation even though it affects, and is affected by, finances and spending in many other sectors of society and the economy.", "PMID": 417991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9465", "title": "Juvenile Sandhoff Disease: complementation tests with Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs disease using polyethylene glycol-induced cell fusion.", "content": "Juvenile Sandhoff, Sandhoff, and Tay-Sachs fibroblasts were mixed in paired combinations and treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to promote cell fusion. The hexosaminidase (hex) isozymes of PEG-treated mixed-cell cultures were determined and compared with those of untreated control cultures. Fusions involving juvenile Sandhoff and Sandhoff fibroblasts did not show an increase in either total hexosaminidase or heat-stable hex B. Fusions of juvenile Sandhoff (or Sandhoff) and Tay-Sachs fibroblasts showed an increase of heat-labile hex A. Thus, juvenile Sandhoff cells show complementation with Tay-Sachs cells but not Sandhoff cells. Consequently, the genetic defect in juvenile Sandhoff disease probably represents an allelic mutation of the gene that is defective in Sandhoff disease.", "contents": "Juvenile Sandhoff Disease: complementation tests with Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs disease using polyethylene glycol-induced cell fusion. Juvenile Sandhoff, Sandhoff, and Tay-Sachs fibroblasts were mixed in paired combinations and treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to promote cell fusion. The hexosaminidase (hex) isozymes of PEG-treated mixed-cell cultures were determined and compared with those of untreated control cultures. Fusions involving juvenile Sandhoff and Sandhoff fibroblasts did not show an increase in either total hexosaminidase or heat-stable hex B. Fusions of juvenile Sandhoff (or Sandhoff) and Tay-Sachs fibroblasts showed an increase of heat-labile hex A. Thus, juvenile Sandhoff cells show complementation with Tay-Sachs cells but not Sandhoff cells. Consequently, the genetic defect in juvenile Sandhoff disease probably represents an allelic mutation of the gene that is defective in Sandhoff disease.", "PMID": 417993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9466", "title": "The two human lactosylceramidases and their respective enzyme activity deficiency diseases: inhibition studies using p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside.", "content": "Total lactosyl ceramide beta-galactosidase (LC) activity from normal and pathologic human leukocytes and tissues was subdivided into LC I (EC 3.2.1.46) and LC II (EC 3.2.1.23) activity by means of specific inhibition of LC II with 5 mM p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside (Ki = 1.5 mM). In globoid-cell leudodystrophy, inhibition of total LC was nearly complete (only LC II is active), whereas in GM1-gangliosidosis Type 1, very little inhibition was found (only LC I is actict). Total LC activity was not significantly low in either of the diseases, which have different genetic origins. The ratio of LC I to LC II activity may display remarkable genetic variation in normal probands.", "contents": "The two human lactosylceramidases and their respective enzyme activity deficiency diseases: inhibition studies using p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside. Total lactosyl ceramide beta-galactosidase (LC) activity from normal and pathologic human leukocytes and tissues was subdivided into LC I (EC 3.2.1.46) and LC II (EC 3.2.1.23) activity by means of specific inhibition of LC II with 5 mM p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside (Ki = 1.5 mM). In globoid-cell leudodystrophy, inhibition of total LC was nearly complete (only LC II is active), whereas in GM1-gangliosidosis Type 1, very little inhibition was found (only LC I is actict). Total LC activity was not significantly low in either of the diseases, which have different genetic origins. The ratio of LC I to LC II activity may display remarkable genetic variation in normal probands.", "PMID": 417994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9467", "title": "[Comparative studies of the warming capacity of 2 blood warmers].", "content": "The warming effect of two apparatuses using dry heat and of one apparatus with blood warming by microwaves is measured at the entry of the blood into the venous circulation. The following facts were compared: the time needed to prepare the apparatus, any occuring technical hazards, the relationship between blood temperature and blood flow, and finally the economy of the equipment. The results show alternative indications, on one hand for the use of warmers with dry heat, on the other hand for those with microwaves. The low flows are of interest in the warming procedure of patients with hypothermia following trauma and the blood transfusion applied to infant anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of the warming capacity of 2 blood warmers]. The warming effect of two apparatuses using dry heat and of one apparatus with blood warming by microwaves is measured at the entry of the blood into the venous circulation. The following facts were compared: the time needed to prepare the apparatus, any occuring technical hazards, the relationship between blood temperature and blood flow, and finally the economy of the equipment. The results show alternative indications, on one hand for the use of warmers with dry heat, on the other hand for those with microwaves. The low flows are of interest in the warming procedure of patients with hypothermia following trauma and the blood transfusion applied to infant anaesthesia.", "PMID": 418000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9468", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations of peripheral-venous parenteral feeding].", "content": "The possibilities of peripheral-venous nutrition as regards its substrate dosage are limited due to the vein tolerance (osmolarity) of the infusion mixtures. It is, therefore, imperative to achieve an optimum composition of the solution for obtaining the most favourable utilization rate for the organism. We have shown that a dosage below 0.6 g amino acids/kg BW per day does not have a positive influence on the nitrogen balance in comparison to a control group not nourished. The situation of a patient in the post-aggression phase results in 30 to 40% of the supplied amino acids being utilized in the energy metabolism and excreted as urea, in spite of a sufficient simultaneous energy supply. Not only does this uneconomical loss alone necessitate a higher amino acid dosage, but also the additionally increased catabolism of endogenous protein reserves in the post-operative phase. It remains to be tested whether the sole substitution of amino acids in a solution without carbohydrates over a short infusion period constitutes a compromise between the intended peripheral-venous tolerance and an effect on the nitrogen balance.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations of peripheral-venous parenteral feeding]. The possibilities of peripheral-venous nutrition as regards its substrate dosage are limited due to the vein tolerance (osmolarity) of the infusion mixtures. It is, therefore, imperative to achieve an optimum composition of the solution for obtaining the most favourable utilization rate for the organism. We have shown that a dosage below 0.6 g amino acids/kg BW per day does not have a positive influence on the nitrogen balance in comparison to a control group not nourished. The situation of a patient in the post-aggression phase results in 30 to 40% of the supplied amino acids being utilized in the energy metabolism and excreted as urea, in spite of a sufficient simultaneous energy supply. Not only does this uneconomical loss alone necessitate a higher amino acid dosage, but also the additionally increased catabolism of endogenous protein reserves in the post-operative phase. It remains to be tested whether the sole substitution of amino acids in a solution without carbohydrates over a short infusion period constitutes a compromise between the intended peripheral-venous tolerance and an effect on the nitrogen balance.", "PMID": 418002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9469", "title": "Amino acids in parenteral feeding. I. The normal distribution of serum amino acids in healthy subjects.", "content": "Questions as to the utilisation of intravenously supplied amino-acids are answerable by determining nitrogen balances and by ascertaining the pattern of amino-acids in the serum of plasma. In a first study, the normal distribution was established for the individual serum amino-acids in 150 fasting test persons with a healthy metabolism. Sex-specific differences in concentration became clearly evident for the majority of amino-acids present in the serum.", "contents": "Amino acids in parenteral feeding. I. The normal distribution of serum amino acids in healthy subjects. Questions as to the utilisation of intravenously supplied amino-acids are answerable by determining nitrogen balances and by ascertaining the pattern of amino-acids in the serum of plasma. In a first study, the normal distribution was established for the individual serum amino-acids in 150 fasting test persons with a healthy metabolism. Sex-specific differences in concentration became clearly evident for the majority of amino-acids present in the serum.", "PMID": 418003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9470", "title": "[Dosage of calcium and phosphate in parenteral feeding].", "content": "In a carbohydrate combination solution containing 12.5 mEq/1 calcium and 12 mmol/1 phosphate the concentrations of calcium and phosphate were kept constant during parenteral infusion therapy with carbohydrate, at a rate of 0.5 g/kg/h and amino acids at a rate of 0.1 g/kg/h. Balance for calcium and phosphate was positive. Calcium excretion was slightly above the levels determined in oral nutrition. A slight modification of calcium supplement by changing the concentration of the solution to 10 mEq/1 is suggested.", "contents": "[Dosage of calcium and phosphate in parenteral feeding]. In a carbohydrate combination solution containing 12.5 mEq/1 calcium and 12 mmol/1 phosphate the concentrations of calcium and phosphate were kept constant during parenteral infusion therapy with carbohydrate, at a rate of 0.5 g/kg/h and amino acids at a rate of 0.1 g/kg/h. Balance for calcium and phosphate was positive. Calcium excretion was slightly above the levels determined in oral nutrition. A slight modification of calcium supplement by changing the concentration of the solution to 10 mEq/1 is suggested.", "PMID": 418004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9471", "title": "[Plasma amino acid level in premature and newborn infants after infusion of 2 commercial pediatric amino acid solutions].", "content": "13 preterms and 10 term-babies were fed with two commercially available amino acid solutions (mother milk-adapted and requirement-adapted) under the same test conditions. Method and results were compared and discussed. None of the solutions showed amino acid imbalances 4 hours after discontinuation of continuous infusion over 20 hours. This applies also to glutamic and aspartic acid which were not contained in the mother milk-adapted solution. Threonine and methionine showed more favorable levels after the infusion of the mother milk-adapted solution It was pointed out that additional monitoring of levels is mandatory in the course of continuous i.v. amino acid supplies.", "contents": "[Plasma amino acid level in premature and newborn infants after infusion of 2 commercial pediatric amino acid solutions]. 13 preterms and 10 term-babies were fed with two commercially available amino acid solutions (mother milk-adapted and requirement-adapted) under the same test conditions. Method and results were compared and discussed. None of the solutions showed amino acid imbalances 4 hours after discontinuation of continuous infusion over 20 hours. This applies also to glutamic and aspartic acid which were not contained in the mother milk-adapted solution. Threonine and methionine showed more favorable levels after the infusion of the mother milk-adapted solution It was pointed out that additional monitoring of levels is mandatory in the course of continuous i.v. amino acid supplies.", "PMID": 418005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9472", "title": "[Blood sugar level in surgical patients].", "content": "Serum glucose levels of six different patient groups were investigated preoperatively, during operation, postoperatively and in the first postoperative days: Group A, 10 cholecystectomy patients with 5% glucose infusion 2000 ml/day at a constant infusion rate; group B, 10 cholecystectomy patients with 10% constant rate glucose infusion; group C, 20 cholecystectomy or hernia patients with saline infusion; group D, 34 patients with 5% free rate glucose infusion 2000 ml/day; group E, 15 atrial septal defect patients with 5% constant rate glucose infusion 1500 ml/day and group f, 14 valvular surgery patients with 5% constant rate glucose infusion. Serum glucose increased in all groups during the study, most in the group B and least in the group C. There were no significant differences between the groups A and D, so constant or \"free\" infusion rate are the same from this viewpoint. The differences between the saline group (C) and all other groups was per- and postoperatively and in the postoperative day significant (p less than 0.001). There were no significant differences between the open heart surgery groups (E and F) and general surgery groups (A and D).", "contents": "[Blood sugar level in surgical patients]. Serum glucose levels of six different patient groups were investigated preoperatively, during operation, postoperatively and in the first postoperative days: Group A, 10 cholecystectomy patients with 5% glucose infusion 2000 ml/day at a constant infusion rate; group B, 10 cholecystectomy patients with 10% constant rate glucose infusion; group C, 20 cholecystectomy or hernia patients with saline infusion; group D, 34 patients with 5% free rate glucose infusion 2000 ml/day; group E, 15 atrial septal defect patients with 5% constant rate glucose infusion 1500 ml/day and group f, 14 valvular surgery patients with 5% constant rate glucose infusion. Serum glucose increased in all groups during the study, most in the group B and least in the group C. There were no significant differences between the groups A and D, so constant or \"free\" infusion rate are the same from this viewpoint. The differences between the saline group (C) and all other groups was per- and postoperatively and in the postoperative day significant (p less than 0.001). There were no significant differences between the open heart surgery groups (E and F) and general surgery groups (A and D).", "PMID": 418006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9473", "title": "Binding of aminoglycoside antibiotics to human serum proteins. III. Effect of experimental conditions.", "content": "The binding of several aminoglycoside antibiotics to human serum proteins was studied under varying experimental conditions. The protein binding was determined by means of equilibrium dialysis and, with sisomicin and gentamicin, also by the ultracentrifuge method in the presence and in the absence of Ca++ and Mg++ ions. The technical experimental procedure (dialysis, ultrafiltration, ultracentrifugation) has no effect on protein binding contrary to the physico-chemical conditions (varying concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++ ions). Under experimental conditions closely conforming to physiological conditions, the aminoglycosides of the kanamycin and neomycin series are not bound by the serum proteins, independent of the assay method used, whereas streptomycin is bound under these conditions. In the absence of divalent cations all the aminoglycosides studied were bound by the serum proteins to varying degrees; the fewer the OH groups contained in the aminoglycoside molecule the greater the rate of protein binding. At equal protein concentration, the albumin fraction of the serum has as great a binding capacity for sisomicin as gamma globulin. Alpha-1 and beta-1 globulin, however, are unable to bind sisomicin.", "contents": "Binding of aminoglycoside antibiotics to human serum proteins. III. Effect of experimental conditions. The binding of several aminoglycoside antibiotics to human serum proteins was studied under varying experimental conditions. The protein binding was determined by means of equilibrium dialysis and, with sisomicin and gentamicin, also by the ultracentrifuge method in the presence and in the absence of Ca++ and Mg++ ions. The technical experimental procedure (dialysis, ultrafiltration, ultracentrifugation) has no effect on protein binding contrary to the physico-chemical conditions (varying concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++ ions). Under experimental conditions closely conforming to physiological conditions, the aminoglycosides of the kanamycin and neomycin series are not bound by the serum proteins, independent of the assay method used, whereas streptomycin is bound under these conditions. In the absence of divalent cations all the aminoglycosides studied were bound by the serum proteins to varying degrees; the fewer the OH groups contained in the aminoglycoside molecule the greater the rate of protein binding. At equal protein concentration, the albumin fraction of the serum has as great a binding capacity for sisomicin as gamma globulin. Alpha-1 and beta-1 globulin, however, are unable to bind sisomicin.", "PMID": 418007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9474", "title": "[In vitro effect of fosfomycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to carbenicillin, gentamycin and polymyxin B].", "content": "The activity of fosfomycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (78 serotyped strains isolated from clinical specimens) is considerably more dependent on test conditions than that of carbenicillin, polymyxin B or gentamicin. Using a degree of standardization of the micro-serial dilution test and agar diffusion test (Iso-Sensitest broth and agar), which yields a high degree of correlation between the values of both techniques with carbenicillin and gentamicin, a moderate degree of correlation is obtained with fosfomycin. In regard to minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in human serum and human urine, fewer \"false\" results are obtained in Iso-Sensitest broth than in Mueller Hinton broth and in particular glucose caseinhydrolysate broth. On the basis of MIC values in Iso-Sensitest broth P. aeruginosa is much more sensitive to polymyxin B, carbenicillin and gentamicin than to fosfomycin.", "contents": "[In vitro effect of fosfomycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to carbenicillin, gentamycin and polymyxin B]. The activity of fosfomycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (78 serotyped strains isolated from clinical specimens) is considerably more dependent on test conditions than that of carbenicillin, polymyxin B or gentamicin. Using a degree of standardization of the micro-serial dilution test and agar diffusion test (Iso-Sensitest broth and agar), which yields a high degree of correlation between the values of both techniques with carbenicillin and gentamicin, a moderate degree of correlation is obtained with fosfomycin. In regard to minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in human serum and human urine, fewer \"false\" results are obtained in Iso-Sensitest broth than in Mueller Hinton broth and in particular glucose caseinhydrolysate broth. On the basis of MIC values in Iso-Sensitest broth P. aeruginosa is much more sensitive to polymyxin B, carbenicillin and gentamicin than to fosfomycin.", "PMID": 418008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9475", "title": "Closed condylotomy in the treatment of recurrent dislocation of the mandibular condyle.", "content": "Twenty-one patients 10-79 years of age were operated on for recurrent dislocation of the mandibular condyle using Kostecka's closed condylotomy method. The procedure alters the condyle position and will indirectly shorten the lateral pterygoid muscle, thus eliminating its pulling power to the condyle, even though it still functions. For the study, a late examination was performed with at least 1 year's follow-up. Seventeen patients were cured after unilateral or bilateral condylotomies, and two patients were asked to undergo a second operation on the opposite side. In normal cases any joint operated on was cured. Two cases suffering from congenital torticollis or disseminated sclerosis were felt to be unsuccessful. One exceptional case resulted in a pseudarthrosis, and was repaired by rib bone cartilage transplant. The method is the simplest and least traumatic when recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint is treated surgically.", "contents": "Closed condylotomy in the treatment of recurrent dislocation of the mandibular condyle. Twenty-one patients 10-79 years of age were operated on for recurrent dislocation of the mandibular condyle using Kostecka's closed condylotomy method. The procedure alters the condyle position and will indirectly shorten the lateral pterygoid muscle, thus eliminating its pulling power to the condyle, even though it still functions. For the study, a late examination was performed with at least 1 year's follow-up. Seventeen patients were cured after unilateral or bilateral condylotomies, and two patients were asked to undergo a second operation on the opposite side. In normal cases any joint operated on was cured. Two cases suffering from congenital torticollis or disseminated sclerosis were felt to be unsuccessful. One exceptional case resulted in a pseudarthrosis, and was repaired by rib bone cartilage transplant. The method is the simplest and least traumatic when recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint is treated surgically.", "PMID": 418012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9476", "title": "Central giant cell granuloma and periapical fibrous dysplasia occurring in the same jaw.", "content": "A 19-year-old woman presented with two tumorlike conditions in the mandible. Seven vital mandibular teeth were associated with periapical lesions. One periapical lesion was enucleated and histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of periapical fibrous dysplasia. The second lesion was a large multilocular radiolucency which extended from the mandibular left premolars to the ascending ramus. It was diagnosed as a central giant cell granuloma despite having many features in common with those of an ossifying fibroma. The lesion was removed and healing was uneventful.", "contents": "Central giant cell granuloma and periapical fibrous dysplasia occurring in the same jaw. A 19-year-old woman presented with two tumorlike conditions in the mandible. Seven vital mandibular teeth were associated with periapical lesions. One periapical lesion was enucleated and histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of periapical fibrous dysplasia. The second lesion was a large multilocular radiolucency which extended from the mandibular left premolars to the ascending ramus. It was diagnosed as a central giant cell granuloma despite having many features in common with those of an ossifying fibroma. The lesion was removed and healing was uneventful.", "PMID": 418013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9477", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst--simple bone cyst, two aspects of the same pathologic entity?", "content": "An unusual case of aneurysmal bone cyst recurring after operation as a simple bone cyst is reported. Different theories on etiology and pathogenesis of aneurysmal bone cyst, simple bone cyst, and central giant cell granuloma of the jaws are resumed and similarities demonstrated. It is suggested that these three lesions have a common dysvascular etiology and that local environmental factors within the bone may differentiate the pathogenesis.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst--simple bone cyst, two aspects of the same pathologic entity? An unusual case of aneurysmal bone cyst recurring after operation as a simple bone cyst is reported. Different theories on etiology and pathogenesis of aneurysmal bone cyst, simple bone cyst, and central giant cell granuloma of the jaws are resumed and similarities demonstrated. It is suggested that these three lesions have a common dysvascular etiology and that local environmental factors within the bone may differentiate the pathogenesis.", "PMID": 418014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9478", "title": "Chondromyxoid fibroma of the mandible. Case report.", "content": "Chondromyxoid fibroma in the jaws is an extremely rare, benign tumor. The lesion is relatively more common in the long bones and mainly occurs in adolescents and young adults. The treatment of choice is local resection of the tumor. Recurrences are not uncommon, especially when curettage was the method of treatment. Differentiation from chondrosarcoma is mandatory as treatment and prognosis are dissimilar.", "contents": "Chondromyxoid fibroma of the mandible. Case report. Chondromyxoid fibroma in the jaws is an extremely rare, benign tumor. The lesion is relatively more common in the long bones and mainly occurs in adolescents and young adults. The treatment of choice is local resection of the tumor. Recurrences are not uncommon, especially when curettage was the method of treatment. Differentiation from chondrosarcoma is mandatory as treatment and prognosis are dissimilar.", "PMID": 418015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9479", "title": "An unusual case of \"simple bone cyst\" of the mandible.", "content": "Reviews of the literature show that simple bone cysts of the jaws no longer can be considered rare. The clinical and radiographic appearances are mostly rather typical, but in some cases there are great variations. In this article an unusual case with both facial asymmetry and bilateral occurrence is described. The differential diagnosis between simple bone cysts, tumors, odontogenic cysts and vascular abnormalities is sometimes hard to establish. In those cases aspiration biopsy can be of great help.", "contents": "An unusual case of \"simple bone cyst\" of the mandible. Reviews of the literature show that simple bone cysts of the jaws no longer can be considered rare. The clinical and radiographic appearances are mostly rather typical, but in some cases there are great variations. In this article an unusual case with both facial asymmetry and bilateral occurrence is described. The differential diagnosis between simple bone cysts, tumors, odontogenic cysts and vascular abnormalities is sometimes hard to establish. In those cases aspiration biopsy can be of great help.", "PMID": 418017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9480", "title": "Use of acrylate root reproduction in replantation and tranplantation of teeth.", "content": "A method to prepare and test the fitness of the alveolus in the jaw before transplantation of teeth is carried out. An impacted canine from a 30-year-old woman was extracted and stored in tissue culture for 3 weeks. The tooth was then transferred to a semisolid tissue culture medium for preparing an artificial alveolus. Methylacrylate was then poured into the alvelous and was left to solidify at room temperature. Thereafter the root model was removed from the medium and a screw was fixed in the upper part. This root model was used in testing the fitness of the prepared alveolus before the root was transplanted. The advantage of the technique is that the reproduction of the root could replace the transplant during the fitting procedure to avoid damage to the periodontal membrane.", "contents": "Use of acrylate root reproduction in replantation and tranplantation of teeth. A method to prepare and test the fitness of the alveolus in the jaw before transplantation of teeth is carried out. An impacted canine from a 30-year-old woman was extracted and stored in tissue culture for 3 weeks. The tooth was then transferred to a semisolid tissue culture medium for preparing an artificial alveolus. Methylacrylate was then poured into the alvelous and was left to solidify at room temperature. Thereafter the root model was removed from the medium and a screw was fixed in the upper part. This root model was used in testing the fitness of the prepared alveolus before the root was transplanted. The advantage of the technique is that the reproduction of the root could replace the transplant during the fitting procedure to avoid damage to the periodontal membrane.", "PMID": 418019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9481", "title": "Resorption of bone implants. The effect of in vivo incorporation of a diphosphonate and fluoride on resorption.", "content": "Weanling isogenously related rats were divided into one control group, one group given a fluoride supplement of 100 parts/10(6) of F- in the drinking water, and a third group given 0.5 mg per kg body weight of phosphorus as dichloromethylene diphosphanic acid (Cl2MDP). The rats were labeled with 1 muCi per g body weight of 3H proline and 40 muCi of 45Ca. Four weeks after labeling, the animals were sacrificed and one scapula was implanted subcutaneously in the back of an isogenously related rat of the same age. The other scapula was stored in a freezer pending analysis. After another 4 weeks the implants were recovered and the radioactivity of each isotope was compared with that of the initially stored scapulae. A 30-40% loss of activity was found, reflecting a considerable loss of bone. However, this loss was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) when Cl2MDP was given to the donor animals, whereas fluoride treatment did not affect the resorption.", "contents": "Resorption of bone implants. The effect of in vivo incorporation of a diphosphonate and fluoride on resorption. Weanling isogenously related rats were divided into one control group, one group given a fluoride supplement of 100 parts/10(6) of F- in the drinking water, and a third group given 0.5 mg per kg body weight of phosphorus as dichloromethylene diphosphanic acid (Cl2MDP). The rats were labeled with 1 muCi per g body weight of 3H proline and 40 muCi of 45Ca. Four weeks after labeling, the animals were sacrificed and one scapula was implanted subcutaneously in the back of an isogenously related rat of the same age. The other scapula was stored in a freezer pending analysis. After another 4 weeks the implants were recovered and the radioactivity of each isotope was compared with that of the initially stored scapulae. A 30-40% loss of activity was found, reflecting a considerable loss of bone. However, this loss was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) when Cl2MDP was given to the donor animals, whereas fluoride treatment did not affect the resorption.", "PMID": 418021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9482", "title": "Pituitary and adrenal function in normal women after treatment with Lergotrile mesylate.", "content": "We studied the effects of a dopaminergic agonist, 2-chloro-6-methyl-ergoline-8-beta-acetonitrile methanesulfonate (LERGOTRILE mesylate), on the pituitary and adrenal function of five normal women. No changes were observed in basal serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH) and cortisol levels, in LH and FSH levels after luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) stimulation, or in GH and cortisol levels during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Lergotrile treatment produced a fall in basal prolactin and thyrotropin (TSH) levels and there was dissociation in the responses of the women to thyrotropin-releasing hormone: attenuation of TSH release, but retention of prolactin release.", "contents": "Pituitary and adrenal function in normal women after treatment with Lergotrile mesylate. We studied the effects of a dopaminergic agonist, 2-chloro-6-methyl-ergoline-8-beta-acetonitrile methanesulfonate (LERGOTRILE mesylate), on the pituitary and adrenal function of five normal women. No changes were observed in basal serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH) and cortisol levels, in LH and FSH levels after luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) stimulation, or in GH and cortisol levels during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Lergotrile treatment produced a fall in basal prolactin and thyrotropin (TSH) levels and there was dissociation in the responses of the women to thyrotropin-releasing hormone: attenuation of TSH release, but retention of prolactin release.", "PMID": 418023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9483", "title": "Induction of intrauterine adhesions in experimental animals and in women.", "content": "Intrauterine adhesions were induced in rats, rabbits and monkeys with fibroblast carrying polyvinyl sponges. Fertility studies have shown that these adhesions may serve as a method of contraception. Following successful studies in the animals, induction of intrauterine adhesions by the same technique was clinically applied in four women in order to reduce excessive uterine bleeding in benign uterine lesions.", "contents": "Induction of intrauterine adhesions in experimental animals and in women. Intrauterine adhesions were induced in rats, rabbits and monkeys with fibroblast carrying polyvinyl sponges. Fertility studies have shown that these adhesions may serve as a method of contraception. Following successful studies in the animals, induction of intrauterine adhesions by the same technique was clinically applied in four women in order to reduce excessive uterine bleeding in benign uterine lesions.", "PMID": 418024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9484", "title": "A social systems model of nursing home use.", "content": "Causal modeling (path analysis) was applied to data from the 39 mental health catchment areas of Massachusetts to analyze the effects of sociocultural and health-resource variables on long-term-care utilization. The variables chosen explained 53 percent of the variance of long-term-care use by persons 60 and older: 41 percent was explained by the sociocultural variables and 12 percent by the health-resource variables. With data adjusted for age, the major determinant of long-term-care use was ethnicity: less long-term care was used in areas with more persons who were foreign-born or had a foreign-born parent. The effects of other health resources (supply of primary care physicians and use of mental and general (short-term) hospitals) were small and negative.", "contents": "A social systems model of nursing home use. Causal modeling (path analysis) was applied to data from the 39 mental health catchment areas of Massachusetts to analyze the effects of sociocultural and health-resource variables on long-term-care utilization. The variables chosen explained 53 percent of the variance of long-term-care use by persons 60 and older: 41 percent was explained by the sociocultural variables and 12 percent by the health-resource variables. With data adjusted for age, the major determinant of long-term-care use was ethnicity: less long-term care was used in areas with more persons who were foreign-born or had a foreign-born parent. The effects of other health resources (supply of primary care physicians and use of mental and general (short-term) hospitals) were small and negative.", "PMID": 418027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9485", "title": "Balancing policy objectives in long-term care.", "content": "The public policy objectives in long-term care--quality, availability, and cost containment--are promoted by different groups with conflicting but legitimate interests. The problem faced by the policymaker is to balance the economic and political consequences for patients, providers, and public funding agencies, and he often does this by partial achievement or selective nonachievement of the policy goals. A multidimensional objective function is described that permits calculation of the optimum extent to which conflicting goals can be achieved. The model allows simulation of the effects, on several simultaneous measures, of an administered change in some or all of the measures. The example given illustrates the complexity of the policymaker's problem and suggests a rational approach to dealing with it.", "contents": "Balancing policy objectives in long-term care. The public policy objectives in long-term care--quality, availability, and cost containment--are promoted by different groups with conflicting but legitimate interests. The problem faced by the policymaker is to balance the economic and political consequences for patients, providers, and public funding agencies, and he often does this by partial achievement or selective nonachievement of the policy goals. A multidimensional objective function is described that permits calculation of the optimum extent to which conflicting goals can be achieved. The model allows simulation of the effects, on several simultaneous measures, of an administered change in some or all of the measures. The example given illustrates the complexity of the policymaker's problem and suggests a rational approach to dealing with it.", "PMID": 418028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9486", "title": "Respiratory inhibition with sympathetic afferent stimulation in the canine and primate.", "content": "Inhibition of phrenic efferent nerve activity, diaphragm electromyogram (EMG), and external intercostal EMG was observed in halothane- and pentobarbital-anesthetized mongrel dogs and pentobarbital-anesthetized monkeys with stimulation of sympathetic afferents. The central end of the transected ventral limb of the left ansa subclavia, the sympathetic chain, or individual white rami were stimulated while simultaneously recording phrenic efferent nerve activity, diaphragm EMG, or the external intercostal EMG. Averaged phrenic efferent bursts or MEG were used to trigger an electronic respirator. In all of the dogs and monkeys, electrical stimulation of sympathetic afferent pathways resulted in inhibition of phrenic efferent nerve activity, diaphragm EMG, or external intercostal EMG. Although the exact origin of these fibers was not determined, the conduction velocities of these afferents were 4-7 m/s, which places them in the Adelta fiber-type range. The importance of these afferents in the regulation of respiration in the awake animal remains unknown.", "contents": "Respiratory inhibition with sympathetic afferent stimulation in the canine and primate. Inhibition of phrenic efferent nerve activity, diaphragm electromyogram (EMG), and external intercostal EMG was observed in halothane- and pentobarbital-anesthetized mongrel dogs and pentobarbital-anesthetized monkeys with stimulation of sympathetic afferents. The central end of the transected ventral limb of the left ansa subclavia, the sympathetic chain, or individual white rami were stimulated while simultaneously recording phrenic efferent nerve activity, diaphragm EMG, or the external intercostal EMG. Averaged phrenic efferent bursts or MEG were used to trigger an electronic respirator. In all of the dogs and monkeys, electrical stimulation of sympathetic afferent pathways resulted in inhibition of phrenic efferent nerve activity, diaphragm EMG, or external intercostal EMG. Although the exact origin of these fibers was not determined, the conduction velocities of these afferents were 4-7 m/s, which places them in the Adelta fiber-type range. The importance of these afferents in the regulation of respiration in the awake animal remains unknown.", "PMID": 418050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9487", "title": "Effect of ambient temperature on development of prostaglandin E1 hyperthermia in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) hyperthermia (fever) was studied at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 18, 27, and 35 degrees C in four male unanesthetized rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) implanted with four guide tubes and one reentrant tube within the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH). Rectal, hypothalamic, and mean weighted skin temperatures, O2 consumption, CO2 production, and respiratory and total evaporative water losses were measured continuously before and during PGE1 fever at each Ta. The febrile reponse to PO/AH PGE1 injection was dose responsive and was less at a Ta of 35 degrees C than at the other Ta's. At a Ta of 18 degrees C, fever was brought about primarily by an increase in metabolic rate. At a Ta of 27 degrees C, fever was produced by an increase in metabolic rate and by skin vasoconstriction. At a Ta of 35 degrees C, fever was the result of an increase in metabolic rate and a decrease in sweating evaporative heat loss. At each Ta some generalized skin vasconstriction also occurred. During the plateau phase of the fever, the measured heat losses and gains returned to near control levels. The data indicate that the rhesus monkey shows specific thermoregulatory responses to PO/AH PGE1 injection and would be a good model for the study of thermoregulation during fever in higher primates.", "contents": "Effect of ambient temperature on development of prostaglandin E1 hyperthermia in the rhesus monkey. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) hyperthermia (fever) was studied at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 18, 27, and 35 degrees C in four male unanesthetized rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) implanted with four guide tubes and one reentrant tube within the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH). Rectal, hypothalamic, and mean weighted skin temperatures, O2 consumption, CO2 production, and respiratory and total evaporative water losses were measured continuously before and during PGE1 fever at each Ta. The febrile reponse to PO/AH PGE1 injection was dose responsive and was less at a Ta of 35 degrees C than at the other Ta's. At a Ta of 18 degrees C, fever was brought about primarily by an increase in metabolic rate. At a Ta of 27 degrees C, fever was produced by an increase in metabolic rate and by skin vasoconstriction. At a Ta of 35 degrees C, fever was the result of an increase in metabolic rate and a decrease in sweating evaporative heat loss. At each Ta some generalized skin vasconstriction also occurred. During the plateau phase of the fever, the measured heat losses and gains returned to near control levels. The data indicate that the rhesus monkey shows specific thermoregulatory responses to PO/AH PGE1 injection and would be a good model for the study of thermoregulation during fever in higher primates.", "PMID": 418051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9488", "title": "An ultrastructural study of preimplantation uterine embryos of the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Two cleavage stage embryos, two blastocyts surrounded by zona pellucida, and two azonal ('hatched') blastocysts were recovered from uteri of rhesus monkeys and examined with the electron microscope. Cleavage-stage embryos showed no striking differences between inside and outside blastomeres, all of them displaying primitive junctional complexes, heteromorphic mitochondria, large ovoid nuclei and a few polyribosomes. The zonal blastocysts had distinctive trophectoderm and inner cell mass areas in which tight junctional complexes and occasional desmosomes were observed at cell membrane junctions. Such embryos also contained numerous polyribosome complexes and cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, while some inner cell mass cells displayed large autophagic vacuoles. Hatched blastocysts showed an increased number and length of microvilli on the free surface of the embryo, and the trophectoderm cells contained microfibrillar bundles not seen in equivalent regions of zonal blastocysts. Most of the listed ultrastructural features of the rhesus preimplantation embryo are also present in similar embryos of other mammalian species.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of preimplantation uterine embryos of the rhesus monkey. Two cleavage stage embryos, two blastocyts surrounded by zona pellucida, and two azonal ('hatched') blastocysts were recovered from uteri of rhesus monkeys and examined with the electron microscope. Cleavage-stage embryos showed no striking differences between inside and outside blastomeres, all of them displaying primitive junctional complexes, heteromorphic mitochondria, large ovoid nuclei and a few polyribosomes. The zonal blastocysts had distinctive trophectoderm and inner cell mass areas in which tight junctional complexes and occasional desmosomes were observed at cell membrane junctions. Such embryos also contained numerous polyribosome complexes and cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, while some inner cell mass cells displayed large autophagic vacuoles. Hatched blastocysts showed an increased number and length of microvilli on the free surface of the embryo, and the trophectoderm cells contained microfibrillar bundles not seen in equivalent regions of zonal blastocysts. Most of the listed ultrastructural features of the rhesus preimplantation embryo are also present in similar embryos of other mammalian species.", "PMID": 418052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9489", "title": "Stability of antimicrobials in Schaedler's anaerobic and brain heart infusion broths stored at --20 degrees C.", "content": "Penicillin-like drugs are found to be unstable in SCHAEDLER'S broth in forzen storage (--20 degrees C). Chloramphenicol, clindamycin and tetracycline remained at original potency to 45 days. No detectable antimicrobial decay was found in two formulations of supplemented BHI broth. Antimicrobial potency was measured by quality control organism endpoints, bioassays and MIC changes in use at four clinical microbiology laboratories.", "contents": "Stability of antimicrobials in Schaedler's anaerobic and brain heart infusion broths stored at --20 degrees C. Penicillin-like drugs are found to be unstable in SCHAEDLER'S broth in forzen storage (--20 degrees C). Chloramphenicol, clindamycin and tetracycline remained at original potency to 45 days. No detectable antimicrobial decay was found in two formulations of supplemented BHI broth. Antimicrobial potency was measured by quality control organism endpoints, bioassays and MIC changes in use at four clinical microbiology laboratories.", "PMID": 418054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9490", "title": "Quantitative determination of carbaryl in apples, lettuce, and water by densitometry of thin layer chromatograms.", "content": "A method for the quantitative determination of carbaryl insecticide by in situ densitometry was developed. After separation on silica gel thin layer plates, carbaryl residues were detected by using p-nitrobenzenediazonium fluoborate reagent and quantitated by scanning the resultant blue spots with a fiber optics densitometer and comparing them with standards. The method was applied to water fortified with carbaryl at 8 ppb and apples and lettuce fortified at 0.10 ppm; all recoveries were greater than 89%. The 2 crop extracts were cleaned up by using the AOAC thin layer chromatographic method for visual estimation of carbaryl. Related carbamate insecticides were detected by using the same reagent, and the potential for quantitation was demonstrated.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of carbaryl in apples, lettuce, and water by densitometry of thin layer chromatograms. A method for the quantitative determination of carbaryl insecticide by in situ densitometry was developed. After separation on silica gel thin layer plates, carbaryl residues were detected by using p-nitrobenzenediazonium fluoborate reagent and quantitated by scanning the resultant blue spots with a fiber optics densitometer and comparing them with standards. The method was applied to water fortified with carbaryl at 8 ppb and apples and lettuce fortified at 0.10 ppm; all recoveries were greater than 89%. The 2 crop extracts were cleaned up by using the AOAC thin layer chromatographic method for visual estimation of carbaryl. Related carbamate insecticides were detected by using the same reagent, and the potential for quantitation was demonstrated.", "PMID": 418055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9491", "title": "Pathways of assimilation of [13N]N2 and 13NH4+ by cyanobacteria with and without heterocysts.", "content": "The principal initial product of metabolism of [13N]N2 and 13NH4+ by five diverse cyanobacteria is glutamine. Methionine sulfoximine inhibits formation of [13N]glutamine except in the case of Gloeothece sp., an organism with a thick sheath through which the inhibitor may not penetrate. Thus, glutamine synthetase appears to catalyze the initial step in the assimilation of N2-derived or exogenous NH4+ by these organisms. [13N]Glutamate is, in all cases, the second major product of assimilation of 13N-labeled N2 and NH4+. In all of the N2-fixing cyanobacteria studied, the fraction of 13N in glutamine declines and that in glutamate increases with increasing times of assimilation of [13N]N2 and 13NH4+, and (Gloeothece again excepted) methionine sulfoximine reduces incorporation of 13N into glutamate as well as into glutamine. Glutamate synthase therefore appears to catalyze the formation of glutamate in a wide range of N2-fixing cyanobacteria. However, the major fraction of [13N]glutamate formed by Anacystis nidulans incubated with 13NH4+ may be formed by glutamic acid dehydrogenase. The formation of [13N]alanine from 13NH4+ appears to be catalyzed principally either by alanine dehydrogenase (as in Cylindrospermum licheniforme) or by a transaminase (as in Anabaena variabilis).", "contents": "Pathways of assimilation of [13N]N2 and 13NH4+ by cyanobacteria with and without heterocysts. The principal initial product of metabolism of [13N]N2 and 13NH4+ by five diverse cyanobacteria is glutamine. Methionine sulfoximine inhibits formation of [13N]glutamine except in the case of Gloeothece sp., an organism with a thick sheath through which the inhibitor may not penetrate. Thus, glutamine synthetase appears to catalyze the initial step in the assimilation of N2-derived or exogenous NH4+ by these organisms. [13N]Glutamate is, in all cases, the second major product of assimilation of 13N-labeled N2 and NH4+. In all of the N2-fixing cyanobacteria studied, the fraction of 13N in glutamine declines and that in glutamate increases with increasing times of assimilation of [13N]N2 and 13NH4+, and (Gloeothece again excepted) methionine sulfoximine reduces incorporation of 13N into glutamate as well as into glutamine. Glutamate synthase therefore appears to catalyze the formation of glutamate in a wide range of N2-fixing cyanobacteria. However, the major fraction of [13N]glutamate formed by Anacystis nidulans incubated with 13NH4+ may be formed by glutamic acid dehydrogenase. The formation of [13N]alanine from 13NH4+ appears to be catalyzed principally either by alanine dehydrogenase (as in Cylindrospermum licheniforme) or by a transaminase (as in Anabaena variabilis).", "PMID": 418057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9492", "title": "Deoxyuridine residues in DNA of thymine-requiring Bacillus subtilis strains with defective N-glycosidase activity for uracil-containing DNA.", "content": "DNA extracted from exponentially growing cells of thymine-requiring Bacillus subtilis strains with defective N-glycosidase activity for deoxyuridine residues in DNA was subjected to the action of N-glycosidase in vitro and analyzed by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. The sites attacked by N-glycosidase occurred once per 6 X 10(6) to 7 X 10(6) daltons of DNA from cells cultured in the presence of growth-supporting concentrations of thymine. The number of N-glycosidase-susceptible sites increased when the thymine concentration in the medium was lowered. Parallel to this observation, the N-glycosidase-defective mutant cells were less apt to show the detrimental effect due to thymine depletion than were the parental cells. Such sites were not detected in DNA from cells with a normal N-glycosidase activity or with a \"wild type\" capacity for thymidylate synthesis. The results are interpreted to mean that cells defective for thymidylate synthesis incorporate dUTP in place of TTP in DNA and that the deoxyuridine residues, once incorporated, remain in the DNA in the absence of N-glycosidase activity.", "contents": "Deoxyuridine residues in DNA of thymine-requiring Bacillus subtilis strains with defective N-glycosidase activity for uracil-containing DNA. DNA extracted from exponentially growing cells of thymine-requiring Bacillus subtilis strains with defective N-glycosidase activity for deoxyuridine residues in DNA was subjected to the action of N-glycosidase in vitro and analyzed by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. The sites attacked by N-glycosidase occurred once per 6 X 10(6) to 7 X 10(6) daltons of DNA from cells cultured in the presence of growth-supporting concentrations of thymine. The number of N-glycosidase-susceptible sites increased when the thymine concentration in the medium was lowered. Parallel to this observation, the N-glycosidase-defective mutant cells were less apt to show the detrimental effect due to thymine depletion than were the parental cells. Such sites were not detected in DNA from cells with a normal N-glycosidase activity or with a \"wild type\" capacity for thymidylate synthesis. The results are interpreted to mean that cells defective for thymidylate synthesis incorporate dUTP in place of TTP in DNA and that the deoxyuridine residues, once incorporated, remain in the DNA in the absence of N-glycosidase activity.", "PMID": 418058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9493", "title": "Isolation of TOL and RP4 recombinants by integrative suppression.", "content": "We obtained genetic and molecular evidence of non-thermosensitive recombinants of RP4 (Kmr Tcr Cbr/Apr) and the thermosensitive TOL plasmid. As first isolated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO, the recombinant plasmid pTN1 specified noninducible synthesis of TOL enzymes and was transmissible to Escherichia coli on selection for the transfer of kanamycin resistance. The phenotypic expression of TOL genes of pTN1 in E. coli was low and also noninducible. A spontaneous segregant, pTN2, appearing from pTN1, conferred inducible synthesis of TOL enzymes. These plasmids carry all of the TOL determinants as evidenced by the ability of Pseudomonas putida carrying recombinant plasmids to grow on toluene, xylene, and m-toluate. In E. coli the expression of TOL genes with normal regulation (pTN2) appears to be extremely low without induction, and the induced expression is comparable to that with defective regulation (pTN1). The measurement of the molecular weight of pTN2 by electron microscopy gave a value of about 74 X 10(6).", "contents": "Isolation of TOL and RP4 recombinants by integrative suppression. We obtained genetic and molecular evidence of non-thermosensitive recombinants of RP4 (Kmr Tcr Cbr/Apr) and the thermosensitive TOL plasmid. As first isolated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO, the recombinant plasmid pTN1 specified noninducible synthesis of TOL enzymes and was transmissible to Escherichia coli on selection for the transfer of kanamycin resistance. The phenotypic expression of TOL genes of pTN1 in E. coli was low and also noninducible. A spontaneous segregant, pTN2, appearing from pTN1, conferred inducible synthesis of TOL enzymes. These plasmids carry all of the TOL determinants as evidenced by the ability of Pseudomonas putida carrying recombinant plasmids to grow on toluene, xylene, and m-toluate. In E. coli the expression of TOL genes with normal regulation (pTN2) appears to be extremely low without induction, and the induced expression is comparable to that with defective regulation (pTN1). The measurement of the molecular weight of pTN2 by electron microscopy gave a value of about 74 X 10(6).", "PMID": 418059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9494", "title": "Conjugative plasmids in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "A conjugation system initially discovered in beta-lactamase-producing gonococci mobilized small non-selftransmissible R plasmids encoding beta-lactamase (penicillinase) production into other gonococci, Neisseria, and Escherichia coli. This conjugation system was mediated by a separate selftransmissible plasmid of 23.9 X 10(6) daltons, pFA2. Conjugative plasmids capable of mobilizing R plasmids were also found in nearly 8% of the non-penicillinase-producing gonococci. These were similar to pFA2 in size, buoyant density, and restriction endonuclease digest patterns but were less efficient than pFA2 in mobilization of the penicillinase plasmid pFA3. The presence of conjugative plasmids in gonococci isolated before the appearance of penicillinase-producing strains indicates that a conjugation system for plasmid transfer predated the appearance of R plasmids in gonococci.", "contents": "Conjugative plasmids in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A conjugation system initially discovered in beta-lactamase-producing gonococci mobilized small non-selftransmissible R plasmids encoding beta-lactamase (penicillinase) production into other gonococci, Neisseria, and Escherichia coli. This conjugation system was mediated by a separate selftransmissible plasmid of 23.9 X 10(6) daltons, pFA2. Conjugative plasmids capable of mobilizing R plasmids were also found in nearly 8% of the non-penicillinase-producing gonococci. These were similar to pFA2 in size, buoyant density, and restriction endonuclease digest patterns but were less efficient than pFA2 in mobilization of the penicillinase plasmid pFA3. The presence of conjugative plasmids in gonococci isolated before the appearance of penicillinase-producing strains indicates that a conjugation system for plasmid transfer predated the appearance of R plasmids in gonococci.", "PMID": 418060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9495", "title": "Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus plasmids introduced by transformation into Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Covalently closed circular DNA from five Staphylococcus aureus plasmids has been introduced into Bacillus subtilis. Four of these plasmids (pUB110, pCM194, pSA2100, and pSA0501) have been selected for further study. These plasmids replicate as multicopy autonomous replicons in both Rec+ and Rec- B. subtilis strains. They may be transduced between B. subtilis strains or transformed at a frequency of 10(4) to 10(5) transformants per microgram of DNA. The molecular weights of these plasmids were estimated, and restriction endonuclease cleavage site maps are presented. Evidence is given that pSA2100, an in vivo recombinant of pSA0501 and pCM194 (S. Iord\u0103nescu, J. Bacteriol. 124:597-601, 1975), arose by a fusion of the latter plasmids, possibly by insertion of one element into another as a translocatable element. Genetic information from three other S. aureus plasmids (pK545, pSH2, and pUB101) has also been introduced into B. subtilis, although no covalently closed circular plasmid DNA was recovered.", "contents": "Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus plasmids introduced by transformation into Bacillus subtilis. Covalently closed circular DNA from five Staphylococcus aureus plasmids has been introduced into Bacillus subtilis. Four of these plasmids (pUB110, pCM194, pSA2100, and pSA0501) have been selected for further study. These plasmids replicate as multicopy autonomous replicons in both Rec+ and Rec- B. subtilis strains. They may be transduced between B. subtilis strains or transformed at a frequency of 10(4) to 10(5) transformants per microgram of DNA. The molecular weights of these plasmids were estimated, and restriction endonuclease cleavage site maps are presented. Evidence is given that pSA2100, an in vivo recombinant of pSA0501 and pCM194 (S. Iord\u0103nescu, J. Bacteriol. 124:597-601, 1975), arose by a fusion of the latter plasmids, possibly by insertion of one element into another as a translocatable element. Genetic information from three other S. aureus plasmids (pK545, pSH2, and pUB101) has also been introduced into B. subtilis, although no covalently closed circular plasmid DNA was recovered.", "PMID": 418061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9496", "title": "Plasmid-mediated chromosomal gene transfer in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "An indigenous Neisseria gonorrhoeae conjugative plasmid, pLE2450, was tested for its ability to mediate chromosomal gene transfer between gonococcal strains. Plasmid-mediated chromosomal transfer was detected at a low frequency and can be used to establish certain linkage relationships between amino acid and antibiotic resistance markers.", "contents": "Plasmid-mediated chromosomal gene transfer in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. An indigenous Neisseria gonorrhoeae conjugative plasmid, pLE2450, was tested for its ability to mediate chromosomal gene transfer between gonococcal strains. Plasmid-mediated chromosomal transfer was detected at a low frequency and can be used to establish certain linkage relationships between amino acid and antibiotic resistance markers.", "PMID": 418062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9497", "title": "Deoxycytidylate deaminase from Bacillus subtilis. Purification, characterization, and physiological function.", "content": "dCMP deaminase from Bacillus subtilis has been purified 700-fold. In addition to the substrate, dCMP, the enzyme requires dCTP, Zn2+, and 2-mercaptoethanol, Mg2+ cannot substitute for Zn2+. The dCMP saturation curve is hyperbolic in the presence of saturating concentrations of dCTP and Zn2+. The dCTP saturation curve is sigmoidal, the sigmoidicity being dependent on the Zn2+ and dCMP concentrations. The molecular weight as determined by gel filtration is 170,000 both in the presence and in the absence of dCTP and Zn2+. In the absence of thiols, the enzyme is highly unstable. At 0 degrees, the half-life of the enzyme activity is 30 min. Addition of Zn2+ and dCTP protects against this inactivation. In the presence of a thiol, dCTP and Zn2+ protect the enzyme against heat inactivation at 50 degrees. A mutant lacking dCMP deaminase (dcd) was isolated. Labeling of the pyrimidine nucleotide pools reveals that in the parent strain, 45% of the dTTP pool is derived via dCMP deamination, the residual 55% being derived via reduction of a uridine nucleotide. Since the dcd mutant grows with the same doubling time as the parent strain, we conclude that uridine nucleotide reduction alone is capable of supplying sufficient dUMP for normalthymidine nucleotide synthesis.", "contents": "Deoxycytidylate deaminase from Bacillus subtilis. Purification, characterization, and physiological function. dCMP deaminase from Bacillus subtilis has been purified 700-fold. In addition to the substrate, dCMP, the enzyme requires dCTP, Zn2+, and 2-mercaptoethanol, Mg2+ cannot substitute for Zn2+. The dCMP saturation curve is hyperbolic in the presence of saturating concentrations of dCTP and Zn2+. The dCTP saturation curve is sigmoidal, the sigmoidicity being dependent on the Zn2+ and dCMP concentrations. The molecular weight as determined by gel filtration is 170,000 both in the presence and in the absence of dCTP and Zn2+. In the absence of thiols, the enzyme is highly unstable. At 0 degrees, the half-life of the enzyme activity is 30 min. Addition of Zn2+ and dCTP protects against this inactivation. In the presence of a thiol, dCTP and Zn2+ protect the enzyme against heat inactivation at 50 degrees. A mutant lacking dCMP deaminase (dcd) was isolated. Labeling of the pyrimidine nucleotide pools reveals that in the parent strain, 45% of the dTTP pool is derived via dCMP deamination, the residual 55% being derived via reduction of a uridine nucleotide. Since the dcd mutant grows with the same doubling time as the parent strain, we conclude that uridine nucleotide reduction alone is capable of supplying sufficient dUMP for normalthymidine nucleotide synthesis.", "PMID": 418064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9498", "title": "Enzymatic formation of uridine diphosphate N-acetyl-D-mannosamine.", "content": "An enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine was purified about 700-fold from the supernatant fraction of Bacillus cereus, and the properties of this enzyme were studied. This enzyme was not stimulated by NAD+, NADH, or any metal ions. The optimum pH was between 7.5 and 8.0. At equilibrium of the reaction, the ratio of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to UDP-N-acetylmannosmaine was about 9:1. The enzyme was inactive toward free N-acetylhexosamines, their phosphate esters, UDP-glucose, and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. A stimulatory role of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was demonstrated. In the reaction with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, the rate as a function of substrate concentration showed a sigmoidal relationship with a Hill coefficient of 1.8 and an apparent Km value for UDP-N-acetylglucosamine of 1.1 mM. The reverse reaction with UDP-N-acetylmannosamine required the presence of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. The UDP-N-acetylglucosamine concentration required for half-maximal activation was about 0.5 mM. The apparent Km for UDP-N-acetylmannosamine measured in the presence of 0.5 mM UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was 0.22mM. Other nucleotides or hexosamine derivatives were not stimulatory. The same activity was found in cell extracts from several bacterial species.", "contents": "Enzymatic formation of uridine diphosphate N-acetyl-D-mannosamine. An enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine was purified about 700-fold from the supernatant fraction of Bacillus cereus, and the properties of this enzyme were studied. This enzyme was not stimulated by NAD+, NADH, or any metal ions. The optimum pH was between 7.5 and 8.0. At equilibrium of the reaction, the ratio of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to UDP-N-acetylmannosmaine was about 9:1. The enzyme was inactive toward free N-acetylhexosamines, their phosphate esters, UDP-glucose, and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. A stimulatory role of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was demonstrated. In the reaction with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, the rate as a function of substrate concentration showed a sigmoidal relationship with a Hill coefficient of 1.8 and an apparent Km value for UDP-N-acetylglucosamine of 1.1 mM. The reverse reaction with UDP-N-acetylmannosamine required the presence of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. The UDP-N-acetylglucosamine concentration required for half-maximal activation was about 0.5 mM. The apparent Km for UDP-N-acetylmannosamine measured in the presence of 0.5 mM UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was 0.22mM. Other nucleotides or hexosamine derivatives were not stimulatory. The same activity was found in cell extracts from several bacterial species.", "PMID": 418068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9499", "title": "Purification and characterization of saccharopine dehydrogenase from baker's yeast.", "content": "Saccharopine dehydrogenase (N6-(glutar-2-yl)-L-ly-sine:NAD oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)) from baker's yeast was purified to homogenicity. The overall purification was about 1,200-fold over the crude extract with a yield of about 24%. The purified enzyme had a sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) of 3.0 S. The molecular weight determinations by sedimentation equilibrium, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave a value of about 39,000 and, therefore, saccharopine dehydrogenase is a single polypeptide chain enzyme. A Stokes radius of 27 A and a diffusion constant of 7.9 X 10(-7) cm2 s-1 were obtained from Sephadex gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme had a high isoelectric pH of 10.1. The NH2-terminal sequence was Ala-Ala----. The enzyme possessed 3 cysteine residues/molecule; no disulfide bond was present. Incubation of saccharopine dehydrogenase with p-chloromercuribenzoate or iodoacetate resulted in complete loss of enzyme activity. Whereas the coenzyme and substrates were ineffective in protecting from inactivation by p-chloromercuribenzoate, iodoacetate inhibition was protected by excess coenzyme.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of saccharopine dehydrogenase from baker's yeast. Saccharopine dehydrogenase (N6-(glutar-2-yl)-L-ly-sine:NAD oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)) from baker's yeast was purified to homogenicity. The overall purification was about 1,200-fold over the crude extract with a yield of about 24%. The purified enzyme had a sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) of 3.0 S. The molecular weight determinations by sedimentation equilibrium, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave a value of about 39,000 and, therefore, saccharopine dehydrogenase is a single polypeptide chain enzyme. A Stokes radius of 27 A and a diffusion constant of 7.9 X 10(-7) cm2 s-1 were obtained from Sephadex gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme had a high isoelectric pH of 10.1. The NH2-terminal sequence was Ala-Ala----. The enzyme possessed 3 cysteine residues/molecule; no disulfide bond was present. Incubation of saccharopine dehydrogenase with p-chloromercuribenzoate or iodoacetate resulted in complete loss of enzyme activity. Whereas the coenzyme and substrates were ineffective in protecting from inactivation by p-chloromercuribenzoate, iodoacetate inhibition was protected by excess coenzyme.", "PMID": 418069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9500", "title": "Acetylation of the NH2-terminal serine of prostaglandin synthetase by aspirin.", "content": "Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by acetylating an active site portion of the enzyme, prostaglandin synthetase. In the current study, the site of acetylation has been demonstrated to be a seryl residue at the NH2 terminus of the enzyme. Purified [3H]acetyl enzyme was prepared from seminal vesicle homogenates treated with [acetyl-3H]aspirin. The [3H]acetate to protein bond was stable to hydroxylamine, indicating an N-acetyl linkage. The [3H]acetyl enzyme was fragmented sequentially with cyanogen bromide, trypsin, and pronase. The 3H material isolated from the pronase digest was identified as N-acetylserine. This finding indicates that the oxygenase portion of prostaglandin synthetase has an NH2-terminal serine which is involved in enzymatic activity and is susceptible to acetylation by aspirin.", "contents": "Acetylation of the NH2-terminal serine of prostaglandin synthetase by aspirin. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by acetylating an active site portion of the enzyme, prostaglandin synthetase. In the current study, the site of acetylation has been demonstrated to be a seryl residue at the NH2 terminus of the enzyme. Purified [3H]acetyl enzyme was prepared from seminal vesicle homogenates treated with [acetyl-3H]aspirin. The [3H]acetate to protein bond was stable to hydroxylamine, indicating an N-acetyl linkage. The [3H]acetyl enzyme was fragmented sequentially with cyanogen bromide, trypsin, and pronase. The 3H material isolated from the pronase digest was identified as N-acetylserine. This finding indicates that the oxygenase portion of prostaglandin synthetase has an NH2-terminal serine which is involved in enzymatic activity and is susceptible to acetylation by aspirin.", "PMID": 418070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9501", "title": "Calcium-binding proteins in the vorticellid spasmoneme.", "content": "The proteins of the contractile spasmoneme from Vorticella convallaria, Carcheslium polypinum, and Zoothamnium geniculatum have been extracted in the detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), as well as urea and guanidine hydrochloride (GuCl). After SDS extraction, the molecular weight distribution of the proteins was examined by means of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Significant amounts of material corresponding to the contractile proteins actin and tubulin are not present. The contractile organelles in the three species examined contain a group of closely related proteins of molecular weight near 20,000, which constitute a major part (40-60%) of the dry mass. The 20,000 mol wt proteins in Zoothamnium bind calcium with high affinity (pK congruent to 6) and are termed \"spasmins.\" By means of urea polyacrylamide gel electrophorsis, it is demonstrated that in Carchesium and Zoothamnium certain spasmin components bind calcium even in the presence of 6 M urea. The binding of calcium in 6 M urea suggests a functional relationship between the spasmins and the calcium-binding proteins of striated muscle which behave similarly. The calcium binding in urea also indicates that the spasmins within a single spasmoneme have different calcium affinities, and this difference in calcium-binding properties may be an important factor in the physiological function of the organelle.", "contents": "Calcium-binding proteins in the vorticellid spasmoneme. The proteins of the contractile spasmoneme from Vorticella convallaria, Carcheslium polypinum, and Zoothamnium geniculatum have been extracted in the detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), as well as urea and guanidine hydrochloride (GuCl). After SDS extraction, the molecular weight distribution of the proteins was examined by means of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Significant amounts of material corresponding to the contractile proteins actin and tubulin are not present. The contractile organelles in the three species examined contain a group of closely related proteins of molecular weight near 20,000, which constitute a major part (40-60%) of the dry mass. The 20,000 mol wt proteins in Zoothamnium bind calcium with high affinity (pK congruent to 6) and are termed \"spasmins.\" By means of urea polyacrylamide gel electrophorsis, it is demonstrated that in Carchesium and Zoothamnium certain spasmin components bind calcium even in the presence of 6 M urea. The binding of calcium in 6 M urea suggests a functional relationship between the spasmins and the calcium-binding proteins of striated muscle which behave similarly. The calcium binding in urea also indicates that the spasmins within a single spasmoneme have different calcium affinities, and this difference in calcium-binding properties may be an important factor in the physiological function of the organelle.", "PMID": 418073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9502", "title": "Plant protoplast agglutination by artificial carbohydrate antigens.", "content": "The existence of beta-lectins on protoplast surfaces is confirmed by the agglutination of protoplasts by those Yariv antigens that have sugar specificities which also interact with isolated beta-lectins. Agglutination by beta-maltosyl but not by beta-D-mannosyl Yariv antigens is used to identify some of the structural features required of the ligand for beta-lectin binding. Inhibition of agglutination by phenolic glycosides and the effect of protoplast fixation are also investigated.", "contents": "Plant protoplast agglutination by artificial carbohydrate antigens. The existence of beta-lectins on protoplast surfaces is confirmed by the agglutination of protoplasts by those Yariv antigens that have sugar specificities which also interact with isolated beta-lectins. Agglutination by beta-maltosyl but not by beta-D-mannosyl Yariv antigens is used to identify some of the structural features required of the ligand for beta-lectin binding. Inhibition of agglutination by phenolic glycosides and the effect of protoplast fixation are also investigated.", "PMID": 418075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9503", "title": "Proteins of rough microsomal membranes related to ribosome binding. II. Cross-linking of bound ribosomes to specific membrane proteins exposed at the binding sites.", "content": "Two proteins (ribophorins I and II), which are integral components of rough microsomal membranes and appear to be related to the bound ribosomes, were shown to be exposed on the surface of rat liver rough microsomes (RM) and to be in close proximity to the bound ribosomes. Both proteins were labeled when intact RM were incubated with a lactoperoxidase iodinating system, but only ribophorin I was digested during mild trypsinization of intact RM. Ribophorin II (63,000 daltons) was only proteolyzed when the luminal face of the microsomal vesicles was made accessible to trypsin by the addition of sublytical detergent concentrations. Only 30--40% of the bound ribosomes were released during trypsinization on intact RM, but ribosome release was almost complete in the presence of low detergent concentrations. Very low glutaraldehyde concentrations (0.005--0.02%) led to the preferential cross-linking of large ribosomal subunits of bound ribosomes to the microsomal membranes. This cross-linking prevented the release of subunits caused by puromycin in media of high ionic strength, but not the incorporation of [3H]puromycin into nascent polypeptide chains. SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of cross-linked samples a preferential reduction in the intensity of the bands representing the ribophorins and the formation of aggregates which did not penetrate into the gels. At low methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate (MMB) concentrations (0.26 mg/ml) only 30% of the ribosomes were cross-linked to the microsomal membranes, as shown by the puromycin-KCl test, but membranes could still be solubilized with 1% DOC. This allowed the isolation of the ribophorins together with the sedimentable ribosomes, as was shown by electrophoresis of the sediments after disruption of the cross-links by reduction. Experiments with RM which contained only inactive ribosomes showed that the presence of nascent chains was not necessary for the reversible cross-linking of ribosomes to the membranes. These observations suggest that ribophorins are in close proximity to the bound ribosomes, as may be expected from components of the ribosome-binding sites.", "contents": "Proteins of rough microsomal membranes related to ribosome binding. II. Cross-linking of bound ribosomes to specific membrane proteins exposed at the binding sites. Two proteins (ribophorins I and II), which are integral components of rough microsomal membranes and appear to be related to the bound ribosomes, were shown to be exposed on the surface of rat liver rough microsomes (RM) and to be in close proximity to the bound ribosomes. Both proteins were labeled when intact RM were incubated with a lactoperoxidase iodinating system, but only ribophorin I was digested during mild trypsinization of intact RM. Ribophorin II (63,000 daltons) was only proteolyzed when the luminal face of the microsomal vesicles was made accessible to trypsin by the addition of sublytical detergent concentrations. Only 30--40% of the bound ribosomes were released during trypsinization on intact RM, but ribosome release was almost complete in the presence of low detergent concentrations. Very low glutaraldehyde concentrations (0.005--0.02%) led to the preferential cross-linking of large ribosomal subunits of bound ribosomes to the microsomal membranes. This cross-linking prevented the release of subunits caused by puromycin in media of high ionic strength, but not the incorporation of [3H]puromycin into nascent polypeptide chains. SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of cross-linked samples a preferential reduction in the intensity of the bands representing the ribophorins and the formation of aggregates which did not penetrate into the gels. At low methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate (MMB) concentrations (0.26 mg/ml) only 30% of the ribosomes were cross-linked to the microsomal membranes, as shown by the puromycin-KCl test, but membranes could still be solubilized with 1% DOC. This allowed the isolation of the ribophorins together with the sedimentable ribosomes, as was shown by electrophoresis of the sediments after disruption of the cross-links by reduction. Experiments with RM which contained only inactive ribosomes showed that the presence of nascent chains was not necessary for the reversible cross-linking of ribosomes to the membranes. These observations suggest that ribophorins are in close proximity to the bound ribosomes, as may be expected from components of the ribosome-binding sites.", "PMID": 418074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9504", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of plasma and urinary 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3,7-dicarboxylic acid.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3,7-dicarboxylic acid (I) in plasma and urine is described. A statistical evaluation of the assay technique has shown acceptable accuracy and precision at concentrations as high as 2.0 microgram/ml of plasma or 29.0 microgram/ml of urine for samples augmented with 1. As little as 0.08 microgram/ml of I in plasma or 0.42 microgram/ml of I in urine were quantitatively determined. The mean relative error for the assay of unknown concentrations of I in plasma and urine was +/- 8% and +/- 3%, respectively. This method was used for the analysis of I in the plasma and urine of rhesus monkeys following oral administration of 200 mg/kg of nalidixic acid.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of plasma and urinary 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3,7-dicarboxylic acid. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3,7-dicarboxylic acid (I) in plasma and urine is described. A statistical evaluation of the assay technique has shown acceptable accuracy and precision at concentrations as high as 2.0 microgram/ml of plasma or 29.0 microgram/ml of urine for samples augmented with 1. As little as 0.08 microgram/ml of I in plasma or 0.42 microgram/ml of I in urine were quantitatively determined. The mean relative error for the assay of unknown concentrations of I in plasma and urine was +/- 8% and +/- 3%, respectively. This method was used for the analysis of I in the plasma and urine of rhesus monkeys following oral administration of 200 mg/kg of nalidixic acid.", "PMID": 418076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9505", "title": "Identification and penicillinase testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from primary isolation cultures on modified New York City medium.", "content": "The fluorescent-antibody test, rapid carbohydrate utilization test (RCUT), and a test for penicillinase production were performed on the bacterial growth from primary cultures on modified New York City medium. Of 134 gonococcal infections in men, 88.8% were diagnosed by the fluorescent-antibody test and 70.9% by the RCUT after incubation for 24 h; the corresponding figures for 75 infections in women were 86.7 and 54.7%, respectively. After incubation for 48 h, 100% of infections were diagnosed by the fluorescent-antibody test, wherease 88.8% of infected males and 86.7% of females were also diagnosed by the RCUT. Primary isolation cultures on modified New York City medium proved suitable for determining the ability of strains to produce penicillinase by a modified RCUT procedure. The method of isolation and identification by using primary cultures from modified New York City medium is both rapid and economical. The rapidity of diagnosis provided by the RCUT makes this a very useful diagnostic method, particularly in laboratories lacking immunofluorescence equipment. Since the penicillinase production test forms part of a routine identification procedure, no extra culture media or subcultures are required. The rapidity of this test should make it of value in tracing contacts of patients infected with penicillinase-producing strains.", "contents": "Identification and penicillinase testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from primary isolation cultures on modified New York City medium. The fluorescent-antibody test, rapid carbohydrate utilization test (RCUT), and a test for penicillinase production were performed on the bacterial growth from primary cultures on modified New York City medium. Of 134 gonococcal infections in men, 88.8% were diagnosed by the fluorescent-antibody test and 70.9% by the RCUT after incubation for 24 h; the corresponding figures for 75 infections in women were 86.7 and 54.7%, respectively. After incubation for 48 h, 100% of infections were diagnosed by the fluorescent-antibody test, wherease 88.8% of infected males and 86.7% of females were also diagnosed by the RCUT. Primary isolation cultures on modified New York City medium proved suitable for determining the ability of strains to produce penicillinase by a modified RCUT procedure. The method of isolation and identification by using primary cultures from modified New York City medium is both rapid and economical. The rapidity of diagnosis provided by the RCUT makes this a very useful diagnostic method, particularly in laboratories lacking immunofluorescence equipment. Since the penicillinase production test forms part of a routine identification procedure, no extra culture media or subcultures are required. The rapidity of this test should make it of value in tracing contacts of patients infected with penicillinase-producing strains.", "PMID": 418078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9506", "title": "Esculin hydrolysis reaction by Escherichia coli.", "content": "The literature contains variable reports concerning the hydrolysis of esculin by members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and particularly Escherichia coli. We examined 113 strains of fresh clinical isolates of E. coli and assessed the ability of colonies in a population to hydrolyze esculin with and without preincubation in inducible substrates at 24, 48, and 72 h. The number of strains capable of fermenting salicin, a sugar with a beta-glucoside linkage like esculin, was studied under the same conditions. A strip test that measured the presence of the constitutive glucosidase was also performed with and without preincubation in inducible substrates. No E. coli strain was able to produce constitutive enzyme; preincubation in esculin and salicin resulted in an induction of the beta-glucosidase. The number of colonies able to hydrolyze esculin increased with time. Only those strains preincubated in esculin or salicin were able to produce a positive constitutive strip test. Because the beta-glucosidase of E. coli is inducible, one should employe, when using growth media, a light inoculum obtained by touching the top of a colony with a bacteriological wire and read the reaction between 18 and 24 h, or perform a rapid strip or spot test.", "contents": "Esculin hydrolysis reaction by Escherichia coli. The literature contains variable reports concerning the hydrolysis of esculin by members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and particularly Escherichia coli. We examined 113 strains of fresh clinical isolates of E. coli and assessed the ability of colonies in a population to hydrolyze esculin with and without preincubation in inducible substrates at 24, 48, and 72 h. The number of strains capable of fermenting salicin, a sugar with a beta-glucoside linkage like esculin, was studied under the same conditions. A strip test that measured the presence of the constitutive glucosidase was also performed with and without preincubation in inducible substrates. No E. coli strain was able to produce constitutive enzyme; preincubation in esculin and salicin resulted in an induction of the beta-glucosidase. The number of colonies able to hydrolyze esculin increased with time. Only those strains preincubated in esculin or salicin were able to produce a positive constitutive strip test. Because the beta-glucosidase of E. coli is inducible, one should employe, when using growth media, a light inoculum obtained by touching the top of a colony with a bacteriological wire and read the reaction between 18 and 24 h, or perform a rapid strip or spot test.", "PMID": 418079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9507", "title": "N. gonorrhoeae: pathogenicity of colonial type 5.", "content": "This paper records the results of the intravenous inoculation of chick embryos with type 5 gonococci and establishes that these strains are pathogenic.", "contents": "N. gonorrhoeae: pathogenicity of colonial type 5. This paper records the results of the intravenous inoculation of chick embryos with type 5 gonococci and establishes that these strains are pathogenic.", "PMID": 418080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9508", "title": "Thalamic projections to S-I in macaque monkey.", "content": "The organization of thalamic input to functionally characterized zones in primary somatosensory cerebral cortex (S-I) of macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was investigated using the method of labelling by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). It was found that the cell columns positioned at the posterior margin of the band of cortex representing a given body region receive thalamic input from a posterior level of the ventroposterior thalamic nucleus (VP), and that cell columns at successively more anterior positions within that band receive input from successively more anterior levels of VP. The extreme posterior and anterior margins of the S-I hand, foot and face areas receive input from neuron populations which are not as widely separated in the anteroposterior dimension of VP as the neurons projecting to the extreme anterior and posterior margins of the proximal limb and trunk representations in S-I. These characteristics of the organization of the projections from VP to S-I are consistent with the view that the body representations in VP and S-I have the same connectivity and differential submodality distribution; and with the idea that thalamocortical conncetions only exist between functionally equivalent neuron populations in VP and S-I.", "contents": "Thalamic projections to S-I in macaque monkey. The organization of thalamic input to functionally characterized zones in primary somatosensory cerebral cortex (S-I) of macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was investigated using the method of labelling by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). It was found that the cell columns positioned at the posterior margin of the band of cortex representing a given body region receive thalamic input from a posterior level of the ventroposterior thalamic nucleus (VP), and that cell columns at successively more anterior positions within that band receive input from successively more anterior levels of VP. The extreme posterior and anterior margins of the S-I hand, foot and face areas receive input from neuron populations which are not as widely separated in the anteroposterior dimension of VP as the neurons projecting to the extreme anterior and posterior margins of the proximal limb and trunk representations in S-I. These characteristics of the organization of the projections from VP to S-I are consistent with the view that the body representations in VP and S-I have the same connectivity and differential submodality distribution; and with the idea that thalamocortical conncetions only exist between functionally equivalent neuron populations in VP and S-I.", "PMID": 418081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9509", "title": "The cerebellofugal projections in the brachium conjunctivum of the rat. II. The ipsilateral and contralateral descending pathways.", "content": "The cerebellofugal projections in the ipsilateral and contralateral descending pathways of the brachium conjunctivum (B.C.) in the rat have been investigated in 22 animals using the Fink-Heimer technique to demonstrate the axonal degeneration resulting from complete B.C. lesions (6), partial B.C. lesions (14) and control lesions dorsal to the B.C. (2). The incidental degeneration resulting from the concomitant involvement of the structures surrounding the B.C. is accounted for in terms of known fiber pathways and from the results in the control experiments. This study confirms Ram\u00f3n y Cajal's ('03) original observation that cerebellofugal fibers in the B.C. project caudally throughout the length of the hindbrain via both ipsilateral and contralateral descending pathways. The fibers forming the ipsilateral descending pathway proceed ventrally from the B.C. at the level of the trigeminal motor nucleus, turn caudally and terminate within nucleus reticularis parvocellularis (Rpa). In particular, fibers within this pathway terminate densely in two cytoarchitecturally distinct Rpa subnuclei--nucleus \"k\" (Meessen and Olszewski, '49) and a caudal linear subnucleus--which project to the cerebellum (Faull, '77). The contralateral descending pathway (B.C.de) roceeds caudally from the decussation of the B.C. within the ventromedial region of the magnocellular nuclei of the reticular formation of the pons and medulla. Cerebellofugal fibers of the B.C.de terminate in a distinctive pattern within precerebellar brainstem nuclei: densely throughout the middle third of nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis; in a longitudinal zone of each of the three pontine gray subnuclei; in the principal and dorsal accessory nuclei of the inferior olive; and sparsely within nucleus reticularis paramedianus. Fibers in the B.C.de also terminate within the magnocellular nuclei of the reticular formation, principally the nuclei reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis.", "contents": "The cerebellofugal projections in the brachium conjunctivum of the rat. II. The ipsilateral and contralateral descending pathways. The cerebellofugal projections in the ipsilateral and contralateral descending pathways of the brachium conjunctivum (B.C.) in the rat have been investigated in 22 animals using the Fink-Heimer technique to demonstrate the axonal degeneration resulting from complete B.C. lesions (6), partial B.C. lesions (14) and control lesions dorsal to the B.C. (2). The incidental degeneration resulting from the concomitant involvement of the structures surrounding the B.C. is accounted for in terms of known fiber pathways and from the results in the control experiments. This study confirms Ram\u00f3n y Cajal's ('03) original observation that cerebellofugal fibers in the B.C. project caudally throughout the length of the hindbrain via both ipsilateral and contralateral descending pathways. The fibers forming the ipsilateral descending pathway proceed ventrally from the B.C. at the level of the trigeminal motor nucleus, turn caudally and terminate within nucleus reticularis parvocellularis (Rpa). In particular, fibers within this pathway terminate densely in two cytoarchitecturally distinct Rpa subnuclei--nucleus \"k\" (Meessen and Olszewski, '49) and a caudal linear subnucleus--which project to the cerebellum (Faull, '77). The contralateral descending pathway (B.C.de) roceeds caudally from the decussation of the B.C. within the ventromedial region of the magnocellular nuclei of the reticular formation of the pons and medulla. Cerebellofugal fibers of the B.C.de terminate in a distinctive pattern within precerebellar brainstem nuclei: densely throughout the middle third of nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis; in a longitudinal zone of each of the three pontine gray subnuclei; in the principal and dorsal accessory nuclei of the inferior olive; and sparsely within nucleus reticularis paramedianus. Fibers in the B.C.de also terminate within the magnocellular nuclei of the reticular formation, principally the nuclei reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis.", "PMID": 418082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9510", "title": "Efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus: an autoradiographic study in monkey and cat.", "content": "The efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus were studied with the autoradiographic tracing technique in Rhesus monkey and cat. From the data it appears that the major efferent projections of the nucleus are to the pallidal complex and the substantia nigra. In both monkey and cat, the projection to the pallidal complex is truly massive and is directed at both pallidal segments. The projection field includes an infracommissural part of the pallidal complex bordering on the substantia innominata. In the monkey the termination in the pallidal complex is organized in several characteristic bands oriented parallel to the medullary laminae. The subthalamo-pallidal projection in monkey further appears to be topographically organized. The projections to the substantia nigra is prominent in both cat and monkey though not as massive as that to the pallidal complex. The distribution of termination in the substantia nigra favors the more ventral strata near the cerebral peduncle. In the monkey the terminal distribution appears to avoid regions of the substantia nigra containing pigmented neurons and it is suggested that the subthalamo-nigral pathway may prefer non-dopaminergic neurons. In addition to the above major projections, sparse projections were noted to the thalamic nuclei ventralis lateralis and ventralis anterior, to the putamen, and to the mesencephalic nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus, pars compacta. The findings are discussed.", "contents": "Efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus: an autoradiographic study in monkey and cat. The efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus were studied with the autoradiographic tracing technique in Rhesus monkey and cat. From the data it appears that the major efferent projections of the nucleus are to the pallidal complex and the substantia nigra. In both monkey and cat, the projection to the pallidal complex is truly massive and is directed at both pallidal segments. The projection field includes an infracommissural part of the pallidal complex bordering on the substantia innominata. In the monkey the termination in the pallidal complex is organized in several characteristic bands oriented parallel to the medullary laminae. The subthalamo-pallidal projection in monkey further appears to be topographically organized. The projections to the substantia nigra is prominent in both cat and monkey though not as massive as that to the pallidal complex. The distribution of termination in the substantia nigra favors the more ventral strata near the cerebral peduncle. In the monkey the terminal distribution appears to avoid regions of the substantia nigra containing pigmented neurons and it is suggested that the subthalamo-nigral pathway may prefer non-dopaminergic neurons. In addition to the above major projections, sparse projections were noted to the thalamic nuclei ventralis lateralis and ventralis anterior, to the putamen, and to the mesencephalic nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus, pars compacta. The findings are discussed.", "PMID": 418083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9511", "title": "The neurons and the synaptic endings in the primate basilar pontine gray.", "content": "Two types of neurons, projection and intrinsic, previously identified in Golgi preparations of the adult monkey (Macaca mulatta) basilar pontine gray (Cooper and Fox, '76) were observed electronmicroscopically in Macaca mulatta and the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus. The cell body of the projection neuron measures up to 37 micrometer and its cytoplasm is rich in organelles. The Goli apparatus, ribosomes, and mitochondria are disposed around the nucleus, while rough endoplasmic reticulum though abundant is usually confined to one half of the cell body. The cell body of the intrinsic neuron measures less than 20 micrometer and its cytoplasm displays prominent ribosomes, but a paucity of other organelles. Five types of synaptic profiles have been identified in the neuropil of the basilar pons; one measures up to 5 micrometer and the rest 2 micrometer or less. They are: (1) a large profile (MSV) containing medium size vesicles (500A) and a central core of mitochondria and neurofilaments; (2) a profile (SSV) containing small round vesicles (250-500 A) which is the most abundant and ubiquitous; (3) a profile (F) containing flattened or pleomorphic vesicles; (4) a profile (LSV) containing large oval egg shaped vesicles (750 A); and (5) a pale profile (PP) that contains oval and occasionally pleomorphic vesicles. MSV, SSV, and LSV terminals form asymmetrical contacts and F terminals form symmetrical contacts with both dendritic and vesicle-containing, pale profiles. The vesicle-containing, pale profile is both pre- and post-synaptic and participates in serial synapses. Following unilateral cortical ablations both dark and filamentous degeneration were observed in the ipsilateral basilar pontine gray.", "contents": "The neurons and the synaptic endings in the primate basilar pontine gray. Two types of neurons, projection and intrinsic, previously identified in Golgi preparations of the adult monkey (Macaca mulatta) basilar pontine gray (Cooper and Fox, '76) were observed electronmicroscopically in Macaca mulatta and the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus. The cell body of the projection neuron measures up to 37 micrometer and its cytoplasm is rich in organelles. The Goli apparatus, ribosomes, and mitochondria are disposed around the nucleus, while rough endoplasmic reticulum though abundant is usually confined to one half of the cell body. The cell body of the intrinsic neuron measures less than 20 micrometer and its cytoplasm displays prominent ribosomes, but a paucity of other organelles. Five types of synaptic profiles have been identified in the neuropil of the basilar pons; one measures up to 5 micrometer and the rest 2 micrometer or less. They are: (1) a large profile (MSV) containing medium size vesicles (500A) and a central core of mitochondria and neurofilaments; (2) a profile (SSV) containing small round vesicles (250-500 A) which is the most abundant and ubiquitous; (3) a profile (F) containing flattened or pleomorphic vesicles; (4) a profile (LSV) containing large oval egg shaped vesicles (750 A); and (5) a pale profile (PP) that contains oval and occasionally pleomorphic vesicles. MSV, SSV, and LSV terminals form asymmetrical contacts and F terminals form symmetrical contacts with both dendritic and vesicle-containing, pale profiles. The vesicle-containing, pale profile is both pre- and post-synaptic and participates in serial synapses. Following unilateral cortical ablations both dark and filamentous degeneration were observed in the ipsilateral basilar pontine gray.", "PMID": 418084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9512", "title": "The intraosseous orientation of the alveolar component of marmoset alveolodental fibers.", "content": "Sections of the jaws from marmosets of all ages were impregnated with silver nitrate to demonstrate the intrabony course of the alveolar fibers of the periodontal ligament. As the interseptal bone undergoes a period of resorption and apposition, the intrabony alveolar fibers also are lost and reformed. Age changes were noted in the insertion depth of the alveolar fibers. A continuum of fibers traversing the alveolar septum could not be determined.", "contents": "The intraosseous orientation of the alveolar component of marmoset alveolodental fibers. Sections of the jaws from marmosets of all ages were impregnated with silver nitrate to demonstrate the intrabony course of the alveolar fibers of the periodontal ligament. As the interseptal bone undergoes a period of resorption and apposition, the intrabony alveolar fibers also are lost and reformed. Age changes were noted in the insertion depth of the alveolar fibers. A continuum of fibers traversing the alveolar septum could not be determined.", "PMID": 418086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9513", "title": "Severe chronic intra-abdominal sepsis: a report of 3 cases and a review of patient management.", "content": "The management of three cases (one fatal) with extensive intraabdominal sepsis, is described. Management included metabolic and fluid control, intravenous nutrition (where feeding by the oral route is impossible because of multiple intestinal fistuli), maintenance and support of vital organ function, and infection control. Appropriate and timely surgical intervention may be life saving.", "contents": "Severe chronic intra-abdominal sepsis: a report of 3 cases and a review of patient management. The management of three cases (one fatal) with extensive intraabdominal sepsis, is described. Management included metabolic and fluid control, intravenous nutrition (where feeding by the oral route is impossible because of multiple intestinal fistuli), maintenance and support of vital organ function, and infection control. Appropriate and timely surgical intervention may be life saving.", "PMID": 418088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9514", "title": "Catheter-induced ascites--an unusual complication of parenteral feeding.", "content": "A nearly fatal complication of parenteral feeding is reported. An emaciated infant with severe Shigella dysentery was treated with intravenous feeding through a catheter in the inferior vena cava. After three days severe ascites developed acutely. Venocavography revealed effusion into the peritoneal cavity due to the catheter having penetrated the wall of the inferior vena cava.", "contents": "Catheter-induced ascites--an unusual complication of parenteral feeding. A nearly fatal complication of parenteral feeding is reported. An emaciated infant with severe Shigella dysentery was treated with intravenous feeding through a catheter in the inferior vena cava. After three days severe ascites developed acutely. Venocavography revealed effusion into the peritoneal cavity due to the catheter having penetrated the wall of the inferior vena cava.", "PMID": 418089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9515", "title": "Distribution of 14C-formaldehyde after pulpotomy with formocresol.", "content": "Pulpotomies were performed on rhesus monkeys with use of formocresol to determine if there was uptake of 14C-formaldehyde into the systemic circulation after formocresol pulpotomies. Five-minute exposure of pulpal tissue to the 14C-formocresol resulted in the systemic absorption of approximately 1% of the dose. Two hours of exposure of pulp tissue to the 14C-formocresol did not increase the systemic absorption. Multiple sequential pulpotomies resulted in proportionately higher systemic absorption of 14C-formaldehyde. Application of 131I to pulpotomy sites indicated that formocresol compromises the microcirculation of the dental pulp. Autoradiography disclosed extensive concentrations of 14C-formaldehyde in the pulp, dentin, periodontal ligament, and bone.", "contents": "Distribution of 14C-formaldehyde after pulpotomy with formocresol. Pulpotomies were performed on rhesus monkeys with use of formocresol to determine if there was uptake of 14C-formaldehyde into the systemic circulation after formocresol pulpotomies. Five-minute exposure of pulpal tissue to the 14C-formocresol resulted in the systemic absorption of approximately 1% of the dose. Two hours of exposure of pulp tissue to the 14C-formocresol did not increase the systemic absorption. Multiple sequential pulpotomies resulted in proportionately higher systemic absorption of 14C-formaldehyde. Application of 131I to pulpotomy sites indicated that formocresol compromises the microcirculation of the dental pulp. Autoradiography disclosed extensive concentrations of 14C-formaldehyde in the pulp, dentin, periodontal ligament, and bone.", "PMID": 418090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9516", "title": "The sensitization of children by opportunist mycobacteria in Lagos, Nigeria.", "content": "Groups of school children aged 6-14 years were tested with PPDS and one of the following five antigens simultaneously, namely PPDA, PPDF, PPDG, PPDPL and PPDY, PPDS was prepared from the human tubercle bacillus, and the others were prepared from M. avium, M. fortuitum, the 'Gause' organisms, M. marinum and M. kansasii respectively. It was observed that there was some increase in induration size to PPDA, PPDG, PPDL, PPDS and PPDY with increase in age, while M. fortuitum gave a preponderance of small reactions with no increase of size with age. It was also observed that there was evidence of cross sensitization between PPDS and all the other antigens, particularly in those who had negative or doubtful reactions.", "contents": "The sensitization of children by opportunist mycobacteria in Lagos, Nigeria. Groups of school children aged 6-14 years were tested with PPDS and one of the following five antigens simultaneously, namely PPDA, PPDF, PPDG, PPDPL and PPDY, PPDS was prepared from the human tubercle bacillus, and the others were prepared from M. avium, M. fortuitum, the 'Gause' organisms, M. marinum and M. kansasii respectively. It was observed that there was some increase in induration size to PPDA, PPDG, PPDL, PPDS and PPDY with increase in age, while M. fortuitum gave a preponderance of small reactions with no increase of size with age. It was also observed that there was evidence of cross sensitization between PPDS and all the other antigens, particularly in those who had negative or doubtful reactions.", "PMID": 418112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9517", "title": "Serological and biochemical relationships between the alleged avirulent variant of Corynebacterium kutscheri and streptococci of group N.", "content": "Morphological, biochemical and serological observations suggested that no close relationship existed between C. kutscheri and its alleged avirulent variant isolated from mice at the Rockefeller University. However, both capillary and double diffusion precipitin reactions showed the alleged variant to be a streptococcus of group N, indistinguishable from that previously isolated from Rockefeller University mice.", "contents": "Serological and biochemical relationships between the alleged avirulent variant of Corynebacterium kutscheri and streptococci of group N. Morphological, biochemical and serological observations suggested that no close relationship existed between C. kutscheri and its alleged avirulent variant isolated from mice at the Rockefeller University. However, both capillary and double diffusion precipitin reactions showed the alleged variant to be a streptococcus of group N, indistinguishable from that previously isolated from Rockefeller University mice.", "PMID": 418113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9518", "title": "Comparison of the results of some serological tests for bovine brucellosis.", "content": "A total of 1887 bovine sera positive to the Rose Bengal plate test were subjected to other serological tests for bovine brucellosis: the complement fixation test using warm fixation (CFTW),the serum agglutination test (SAT) and the radioimmunoassay (RIA). The SAT was generally much less sensitive than the CFTW. Many sera, however, gave positive reactions in the SAT but no reaction in the CFTW or the RIA. These SAT reactions were attributed to IgM antibody. Comparison between the results of the CFTW and the RIA led to the conclusion that 200 ng could be used as a minimum diagnostic reaction in the RIA.", "contents": "Comparison of the results of some serological tests for bovine brucellosis. A total of 1887 bovine sera positive to the Rose Bengal plate test were subjected to other serological tests for bovine brucellosis: the complement fixation test using warm fixation (CFTW),the serum agglutination test (SAT) and the radioimmunoassay (RIA). The SAT was generally much less sensitive than the CFTW. Many sera, however, gave positive reactions in the SAT but no reaction in the CFTW or the RIA. These SAT reactions were attributed to IgM antibody. Comparison between the results of the CFTW and the RIA led to the conclusion that 200 ng could be used as a minimum diagnostic reaction in the RIA.", "PMID": 418114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9519", "title": "The diagnostic efficiency of some serological tests for bovine brucellosis.", "content": "Results obtained from 1887 sera using three serological tests for bovine brucellosis were compared with a serological classification of sera described as the 'probable infection status'. Sera showing apparent false positive and apparent false negative reactions were identified, and were subjected to supplementary testing as appropriate. The serum agglutination test (SAT) gave 35% apparent false negative reactions and 5% apparent false positives. The complement fixation test (CFT) gave 12% apparent false negative reactions using warm fixation (CFTW) and at least 5% using cold fixation (CFTC). The routine diagnostic system used in Victoria, in which the CFTW is supplemented by the CFTC and the SAT, gave 9% apparent false negative reactions and 2% apparent false positive reactions. The radioimmunoassay gave 1% or 6% apparent false negative reactions, depending on the minimum diagnostic value used. Atypical reactions in the CFT sometimes caused difficulties in diagnosis.", "contents": "The diagnostic efficiency of some serological tests for bovine brucellosis. Results obtained from 1887 sera using three serological tests for bovine brucellosis were compared with a serological classification of sera described as the 'probable infection status'. Sera showing apparent false positive and apparent false negative reactions were identified, and were subjected to supplementary testing as appropriate. The serum agglutination test (SAT) gave 35% apparent false negative reactions and 5% apparent false positives. The complement fixation test (CFT) gave 12% apparent false negative reactions using warm fixation (CFTW) and at least 5% using cold fixation (CFTC). The routine diagnostic system used in Victoria, in which the CFTW is supplemented by the CFTC and the SAT, gave 9% apparent false negative reactions and 2% apparent false positive reactions. The radioimmunoassay gave 1% or 6% apparent false negative reactions, depending on the minimum diagnostic value used. Atypical reactions in the CFT sometimes caused difficulties in diagnosis.", "PMID": 418115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9520", "title": "Determination of the position of electroimmune precipitates of antigen--antibody systems on their respective quantitative precipitation curves.", "content": "Using corresponding monospecific antisera from the rabbit, the precipitation curves for albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin 1-1 and fibrinogen were produced. In parallel, four different dilutions of these antigens were examined by line immmunoelectrophoresis, employing the same antisera. The distance of the resulting line immune precipitates from the start served to calculate the amount of antigen-antiserum reacting with each other. After converting these values to the amount of antiserum used for producing the precipitation curves, the 'line antigen/antibody ratios' were drawn into the appropriate precipitation curves. All electroimmune precipitates (in this case, the 'line immune precipitates') were found to be located on the side of antigen excess of their corresponding precipitation curve.", "contents": "Determination of the position of electroimmune precipitates of antigen--antibody systems on their respective quantitative precipitation curves. Using corresponding monospecific antisera from the rabbit, the precipitation curves for albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin 1-1 and fibrinogen were produced. In parallel, four different dilutions of these antigens were examined by line immmunoelectrophoresis, employing the same antisera. The distance of the resulting line immune precipitates from the start served to calculate the amount of antigen-antiserum reacting with each other. After converting these values to the amount of antiserum used for producing the precipitation curves, the 'line antigen/antibody ratios' were drawn into the appropriate precipitation curves. All electroimmune precipitates (in this case, the 'line immune precipitates') were found to be located on the side of antigen excess of their corresponding precipitation curve.", "PMID": 418116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9521", "title": "A solid phase radiommunoassay on hydrophobic membrane filters: detection of antibodies to gonococcal surface antigens.", "content": "A solid phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) has been developed for detection of IgG antibodies to gonococcal outer membrane components. Gonococcal antigens were immobilized on a solid support by covalent coupling to CNBr-activated Sepharose in the presence of the detergent Triton X-100. Binding of specific antibody to the Sepharose-antigen complex was detected using radiolabelled Protein A as the antiglobulin. Protein A was labelled by radioacetylation with tritiated acetic anhydride, yielding a product of high specific activity and high stability. No detectable loss of activity was observed over a ten month period. The entire assay was performed on Mitex teflon hydrophobic membrane filters which held the Sepharose beads and aqueous supernatant as a discrete drop of liquid. The supernatants and incubation media were easily and rapidly removed from the beads by suction on a specially designed manifold system. This procedure removed the need for repeated and time-consuming centrifugations. Titres were obtained graphically from double log plots of cpm bound versus antiserum dilution by extrapolation of the straight line to a point corresponding to twice the control level of radioactivity binding. The assay proved to be a very reliable and simple procedure for the detection of IgG antibodies to gonococcal surface antigens.", "contents": "A solid phase radiommunoassay on hydrophobic membrane filters: detection of antibodies to gonococcal surface antigens. A solid phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) has been developed for detection of IgG antibodies to gonococcal outer membrane components. Gonococcal antigens were immobilized on a solid support by covalent coupling to CNBr-activated Sepharose in the presence of the detergent Triton X-100. Binding of specific antibody to the Sepharose-antigen complex was detected using radiolabelled Protein A as the antiglobulin. Protein A was labelled by radioacetylation with tritiated acetic anhydride, yielding a product of high specific activity and high stability. No detectable loss of activity was observed over a ten month period. The entire assay was performed on Mitex teflon hydrophobic membrane filters which held the Sepharose beads and aqueous supernatant as a discrete drop of liquid. The supernatants and incubation media were easily and rapidly removed from the beads by suction on a specially designed manifold system. This procedure removed the need for repeated and time-consuming centrifugations. Titres were obtained graphically from double log plots of cpm bound versus antiserum dilution by extrapolation of the straight line to a point corresponding to twice the control level of radioactivity binding. The assay proved to be a very reliable and simple procedure for the detection of IgG antibodies to gonococcal surface antigens.", "PMID": 418118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9522", "title": "Rapid preparation of peroxidase: anti-peroxidase complexes for immunocytochemical use.", "content": "Soluble immune complexes of horseradish peroxidase and antibody to peroxidase (PAP) have been widely used in the 'unlabelled antibody' method for the immunocytochemical detection of cellular antigens. This paper describes a simple and rapid method for preparation of these complexes by column chromatography of a mixture of the enzyme and the IgG fraction of antiperoxidase antiserum on Sephacryl S-200. The material eluting in the void column consists of stable soluble PAP complexes, with a molar peroxidase: antiperoxidase ratio of 0.8 and a molecular weight of approximately 400,000. When tested immunocytochemically this material gives identical results to those obtained with conventionally prepared PAP.", "contents": "Rapid preparation of peroxidase: anti-peroxidase complexes for immunocytochemical use. Soluble immune complexes of horseradish peroxidase and antibody to peroxidase (PAP) have been widely used in the 'unlabelled antibody' method for the immunocytochemical detection of cellular antigens. This paper describes a simple and rapid method for preparation of these complexes by column chromatography of a mixture of the enzyme and the IgG fraction of antiperoxidase antiserum on Sephacryl S-200. The material eluting in the void column consists of stable soluble PAP complexes, with a molar peroxidase: antiperoxidase ratio of 0.8 and a molecular weight of approximately 400,000. When tested immunocytochemically this material gives identical results to those obtained with conventionally prepared PAP.", "PMID": 418119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9523", "title": "Laurell crossed immunoelectrophoresis and affinity chromatography for the purification of a parasite antigen.", "content": "Laurell crossed immunoelectrophoresis (two-dimensional electroimmunodiffusion) was used to prepare minute amounts of purified parasite antigens complexed with their precipitating antibodies obtained from rabbits. These complexes, emuslified in Freund's complete adjuvant, were then used to prime rabbits for selective production of precipitins to the complexed antigens when the animals were later boosted with whole parasite extract. The IgG antibody from the monospecific antiserum recovered was then utilized in affinity chromatography to isolate from the crude parasite antigen large amounts of specific antigen in one step. Thus the combination of preparatory crossed immunoelectrophoresis for immunization using complexed antigen and affinity chromatography with monospecific antibody offers a powerful procedure for the rapid isolation of specific antigens.", "contents": "Laurell crossed immunoelectrophoresis and affinity chromatography for the purification of a parasite antigen. Laurell crossed immunoelectrophoresis (two-dimensional electroimmunodiffusion) was used to prepare minute amounts of purified parasite antigens complexed with their precipitating antibodies obtained from rabbits. These complexes, emuslified in Freund's complete adjuvant, were then used to prime rabbits for selective production of precipitins to the complexed antigens when the animals were later boosted with whole parasite extract. The IgG antibody from the monospecific antiserum recovered was then utilized in affinity chromatography to isolate from the crude parasite antigen large amounts of specific antigen in one step. Thus the combination of preparatory crossed immunoelectrophoresis for immunization using complexed antigen and affinity chromatography with monospecific antibody offers a powerful procedure for the rapid isolation of specific antigens.", "PMID": 418120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9524", "title": "Anogenital infection with Neisseria meningitidis in homosexual men.", "content": "Among monosexual men anal infection with Neisseria meningitidis was more prevalent (15 of 731 men) than expected and significantly more prevalent than urethral infection with N. meningitidis (three of 669 men, P less than 0.01). Anal infection was also significantly more prevalent among homosexual men than among heterosexual women (two of 1,197 women, P less than 0.001). These differences in rates of prevalence may be best explained by a preference of meningococci for anal mucosa and by the common homosexual practice of oral-anal sexual contact. Serogrouping of the 17 anal and three urethral isolates revealed a broad representation of serogroups often found in meningococcal pharyngeal carriage in the community. Of 14 patients who returned for a test-of-cure culture within seven days of treatment with an antibiotic regimen recommended for anogenital gonococcal infection, each was culture-negative for N. meningitidis. Minor and symptoms in three men and profuse urethral discharges in two men resolved with treatment.", "contents": "Anogenital infection with Neisseria meningitidis in homosexual men. Among monosexual men anal infection with Neisseria meningitidis was more prevalent (15 of 731 men) than expected and significantly more prevalent than urethral infection with N. meningitidis (three of 669 men, P less than 0.01). Anal infection was also significantly more prevalent among homosexual men than among heterosexual women (two of 1,197 women, P less than 0.001). These differences in rates of prevalence may be best explained by a preference of meningococci for anal mucosa and by the common homosexual practice of oral-anal sexual contact. Serogrouping of the 17 anal and three urethral isolates revealed a broad representation of serogroups often found in meningococcal pharyngeal carriage in the community. Of 14 patients who returned for a test-of-cure culture within seven days of treatment with an antibiotic regimen recommended for anogenital gonococcal infection, each was culture-negative for N. meningitidis. Minor and symptoms in three men and profuse urethral discharges in two men resolved with treatment.", "PMID": 418124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9525", "title": "Comparative toxicity of netilmicin and gentamicin in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).", "content": "Netilmicin was found to be less toxic than gentamicin when administered at comparable dosage levels to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). This finding is based upon data obtained from the following determinations: length of survival period; change in body weight; observation of general change in behavior after daily injection; ataxia, as measured by the squirrel monkey platform-runway test; acoustic reflex threshold; levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine (and pathology of the kidney); and microbiological antibiotic assay.", "contents": "Comparative toxicity of netilmicin and gentamicin in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Netilmicin was found to be less toxic than gentamicin when administered at comparable dosage levels to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). This finding is based upon data obtained from the following determinations: length of survival period; change in body weight; observation of general change in behavior after daily injection; ataxia, as measured by the squirrel monkey platform-runway test; acoustic reflex threshold; levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine (and pathology of the kidney); and microbiological antibiotic assay.", "PMID": 418125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9526", "title": "Similar content of phospholipids and gangliosides in normal and homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia fibroblasts.", "content": "The cellular content of total and individual phospholipids and gangliosides was measured in fibroblasts cultured from four normal subjects, three patients with lysosomal lipid storage diseases, and two subjects with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Measurements were made on cells grown in medium containing fetal calf serum under conditions in which normal cells derive cholesterol for cell growth from low density lipoprotein present in the fetal calf serum, whereas familial hypercholesterolemia homozygote cells, which lack cell surface low density lipoprotein receptors, derive cholesterol from endogenous synthesis. No difference was observed in the cellular content of total or individual phospholipids and gangliosides in the normal and familial hypercholesterolemia homozygote cells. In contrast, cells from a patient with Niemann-Pick disease and a patient with Sandhoff disease showed elevations in the content of sphingomyelin and complex gangliosides, respectively.", "contents": "Similar content of phospholipids and gangliosides in normal and homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia fibroblasts. The cellular content of total and individual phospholipids and gangliosides was measured in fibroblasts cultured from four normal subjects, three patients with lysosomal lipid storage diseases, and two subjects with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Measurements were made on cells grown in medium containing fetal calf serum under conditions in which normal cells derive cholesterol for cell growth from low density lipoprotein present in the fetal calf serum, whereas familial hypercholesterolemia homozygote cells, which lack cell surface low density lipoprotein receptors, derive cholesterol from endogenous synthesis. No difference was observed in the cellular content of total or individual phospholipids and gangliosides in the normal and familial hypercholesterolemia homozygote cells. In contrast, cells from a patient with Niemann-Pick disease and a patient with Sandhoff disease showed elevations in the content of sphingomyelin and complex gangliosides, respectively.", "PMID": 418130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9527", "title": "Experiences with intra-oral partial resection and simultaneous reconstruction in cases of mandibular osteomyelitis.", "content": "A review of the surgical treatment of 17 cases of mandibular osteomyelitis is presented in which, following certain special indications, resection and simultaneous reconstruction of parts of the mandible were performed. This treatment was successful in 15 of the 17 patients considered. In two cases, the necrotic graft had to be removed. In one of them, the immediate reconstruction was successfully repeated. The indications for immediate reconstruction are given and the principles of the procedure described.", "contents": "Experiences with intra-oral partial resection and simultaneous reconstruction in cases of mandibular osteomyelitis. A review of the surgical treatment of 17 cases of mandibular osteomyelitis is presented in which, following certain special indications, resection and simultaneous reconstruction of parts of the mandible were performed. This treatment was successful in 15 of the 17 patients considered. In two cases, the necrotic graft had to be removed. In one of them, the immediate reconstruction was successfully repeated. The indications for immediate reconstruction are given and the principles of the procedure described.", "PMID": 418131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9528", "title": "[The development of urogenital organs after lateral mesoblast heterotopic graft in the toad (Bufo bufo) neurula. II. Simultaneous inversion of anteroposterior and dorsoventral axis of the lateral plate].", "content": "Simultaneous inversion of the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes of the lateral mesoblast in the early toad neurula leads to the total agenesis of the urogenital organs. The experimental results show that the lateral mesoblast is unable to undergo self-differentiation, and that three factors at least are required for the formation of the urogenital blastemata. The mesoblast must be competent: only the posterior (dorsal, but also ventral) part of the lateral mesoderm is endowed with this competence. It must receive two stimulating influences, from the cordomesoblast on the one hand, and from the dorsocaudal endoblast on the other hand.", "contents": "[The development of urogenital organs after lateral mesoblast heterotopic graft in the toad (Bufo bufo) neurula. II. Simultaneous inversion of anteroposterior and dorsoventral axis of the lateral plate]. Simultaneous inversion of the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes of the lateral mesoblast in the early toad neurula leads to the total agenesis of the urogenital organs. The experimental results show that the lateral mesoblast is unable to undergo self-differentiation, and that three factors at least are required for the formation of the urogenital blastemata. The mesoblast must be competent: only the posterior (dorsal, but also ventral) part of the lateral mesoderm is endowed with this competence. It must receive two stimulating influences, from the cordomesoblast on the one hand, and from the dorsocaudal endoblast on the other hand.", "PMID": 418132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9529", "title": "Developmental analysis of the tumorous head mutation in Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The extent and type of adult transformations in the tumorous head (tuh) mutation of Drosophila melanogaster were studied. The observations indicate homeotic transformations, duplications and deficiencies of eye antennal disc derivatives. Contrary to previous observations there is no transformation of eye to abdomen and the only homeotic transformations identifiable are antenna to leg and rostralhaut to genitalia. Embryonic and post-embryonic lethality was also examined. Specific anterior abnormalities were found in embryos leading to early death. The amount of embryonic lethality was not affected by increased temperature during oogenesis. When analysing the adult phenotype, however, the whole period of oogenesis was sensitive to pulses of increased temperature; the pulses however did not have to be restricted to any particular stage of oogenesis to be effective in increasing tuh penetrance. The increase in the penetrance of the adult transformations is also exhibited when eggs are moved from 25 degrees C to 29 degrees C from the 8th to the 12th hour of embryonic development. Experiments indicate that the tuh-3 gene is active before the 8th hour of embryogenesis.", "contents": "Developmental analysis of the tumorous head mutation in Drosophila melanogaster. The extent and type of adult transformations in the tumorous head (tuh) mutation of Drosophila melanogaster were studied. The observations indicate homeotic transformations, duplications and deficiencies of eye antennal disc derivatives. Contrary to previous observations there is no transformation of eye to abdomen and the only homeotic transformations identifiable are antenna to leg and rostralhaut to genitalia. Embryonic and post-embryonic lethality was also examined. Specific anterior abnormalities were found in embryos leading to early death. The amount of embryonic lethality was not affected by increased temperature during oogenesis. When analysing the adult phenotype, however, the whole period of oogenesis was sensitive to pulses of increased temperature; the pulses however did not have to be restricted to any particular stage of oogenesis to be effective in increasing tuh penetrance. The increase in the penetrance of the adult transformations is also exhibited when eggs are moved from 25 degrees C to 29 degrees C from the 8th to the 12th hour of embryonic development. Experiments indicate that the tuh-3 gene is active before the 8th hour of embryogenesis.", "PMID": 418133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9530", "title": "Neutralization of meningococcal endotoxin by antibody to core glycolipid.", "content": "Antibodies to Escherichia coli J5, a uridine 5'-diphosphate-galactose epimerase-less mutant of E. coli 0111, neutralized meningococcal endotoxemia from all three major capsular serogroups. We chose the dermal necrosis of the local Shwartzman phenomenon and the renal cortical necrosis of the general Shwartzman phenomenon as assays because these are the hallmarks of meningococcemia, and because meningococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a uniquely potent cause of dermal purpura and necrosis. Meningococcal antisera raised against LPS from MGC A, B, and C also provided good protection against endotoxemia from the homologous capsular groups, but it was inconsistent against the heterologous serogroups. The superiority of J5 antibodies (purified IgG as well as antiserum) is probably due to the fact that J5 LPS contains only the endotoxin core. Consequently, immunization with this mutant stimulates production of antibodies to core LPS without interference by the \"0\" antigenic determinants of the side chains. These observations indicate that the endotoxin core is the toxic moiety of meningococcal LPS, that the core LPS of meningococcus (MGC) is immunologically similar to enteric LPS, and that the antigenically variable \"0\" side chains of MGC LPS interfere with antibody production against the common core. They also suggest that antibodies prepared against this E. coli mutant could interrupt the devastating course of meningococcal endotoxemia in man, regardless of the capsular serogroup of the infecting strain.", "contents": "Neutralization of meningococcal endotoxin by antibody to core glycolipid. Antibodies to Escherichia coli J5, a uridine 5'-diphosphate-galactose epimerase-less mutant of E. coli 0111, neutralized meningococcal endotoxemia from all three major capsular serogroups. We chose the dermal necrosis of the local Shwartzman phenomenon and the renal cortical necrosis of the general Shwartzman phenomenon as assays because these are the hallmarks of meningococcemia, and because meningococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a uniquely potent cause of dermal purpura and necrosis. Meningococcal antisera raised against LPS from MGC A, B, and C also provided good protection against endotoxemia from the homologous capsular groups, but it was inconsistent against the heterologous serogroups. The superiority of J5 antibodies (purified IgG as well as antiserum) is probably due to the fact that J5 LPS contains only the endotoxin core. Consequently, immunization with this mutant stimulates production of antibodies to core LPS without interference by the \"0\" antigenic determinants of the side chains. These observations indicate that the endotoxin core is the toxic moiety of meningococcal LPS, that the core LPS of meningococcus (MGC) is immunologically similar to enteric LPS, and that the antigenically variable \"0\" side chains of MGC LPS interfere with antibody production against the common core. They also suggest that antibodies prepared against this E. coli mutant could interrupt the devastating course of meningococcal endotoxemia in man, regardless of the capsular serogroup of the infecting strain.", "PMID": 418134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9531", "title": "In vitro analysis of allogeneic lymphocyte interaction. II. I-region control of the activity of a B-cell-derived H-2-restricted allogeneic effect factor and its receptor during B-cell activation.", "content": "A genetically restricted allogeneic effect factor (AEF) derived from a mixed lymphocyte culture reaction between Ia-negative activated responder cells and irradiated T-cell-depleted stimulator cells was characterized. Restricted AEF is a B-cell-derived soluble helper factor which consists in part of Ia antigens controlled by the I-A subregion of the stimulator haplotype; additional control by the I-B, I-E, and I-C subregions, although unlikely, could not be excluded. This factor helps B cells of only its own haplotype or of haplotypes which carry an I-A and/or I-B subregion identity. Unprimed as well as hapten-primed Ia-positive B cells express a receptor for restricted AEF. The results indicate that the B-cell receptor for AEF is determined by the I-A subregion. Both restricted AEF and its receptor may therefore be products of the same I-region gene(s). The data are compatible with the hypothesis that the AEF Ia antigens serve as a second signal required for B-cell activation to IgG antibody production.", "contents": "In vitro analysis of allogeneic lymphocyte interaction. II. I-region control of the activity of a B-cell-derived H-2-restricted allogeneic effect factor and its receptor during B-cell activation. A genetically restricted allogeneic effect factor (AEF) derived from a mixed lymphocyte culture reaction between Ia-negative activated responder cells and irradiated T-cell-depleted stimulator cells was characterized. Restricted AEF is a B-cell-derived soluble helper factor which consists in part of Ia antigens controlled by the I-A subregion of the stimulator haplotype; additional control by the I-B, I-E, and I-C subregions, although unlikely, could not be excluded. This factor helps B cells of only its own haplotype or of haplotypes which carry an I-A and/or I-B subregion identity. Unprimed as well as hapten-primed Ia-positive B cells express a receptor for restricted AEF. The results indicate that the B-cell receptor for AEF is determined by the I-A subregion. Both restricted AEF and its receptor may therefore be products of the same I-region gene(s). The data are compatible with the hypothesis that the AEF Ia antigens serve as a second signal required for B-cell activation to IgG antibody production.", "PMID": 418135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9532", "title": "Immunosuppressive factors from lymphoid cells of nonresponder mice primed with L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10. IV. Lack of strain restrictions among allogeneic, nonresponder donors and recipients.", "content": "The synthetic terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) fails to stimulate development of GAT-specific antibody responses in nonresponder mice but stimulates development of GAT-specific suppressor T cells that inhibit the development of normal anti-GAT plaque-forming cell responses to GAT complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA). Extracts from lymphoid cells of GAT-primed but not control, nonresponder (DBA/1) mice contain a T-cell factor (GAT-TsF) that also specifically suppresses responses to GAT-MBSA by normal syngeneic spleen cells. The experiments reported in this communication demonstrate that: (a) extracts from all GAT-primed nonresponder mice tested contain GAT-TsF; (b) non-H-2 genes do not restrict the production of GAT-TsF; (c) all nonresponder strains of mice regardless of their non-H-2 genes are suppressed by GAT-TsF from all other strains bearing the nonresponder H-2p,q,s haplotypes; (d) suppression of GAT-MBSA responses by both syngeneic and allogeneic nonresponder spleen cells is mediated by a molecule encoded by the H-2 gene complex; and (e) both syngeneic and allogeneic nonresponder mice are suppressed by purified GAT-TsF that lacks immunoreactive GAT.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive factors from lymphoid cells of nonresponder mice primed with L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10. IV. Lack of strain restrictions among allogeneic, nonresponder donors and recipients. The synthetic terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) fails to stimulate development of GAT-specific antibody responses in nonresponder mice but stimulates development of GAT-specific suppressor T cells that inhibit the development of normal anti-GAT plaque-forming cell responses to GAT complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA). Extracts from lymphoid cells of GAT-primed but not control, nonresponder (DBA/1) mice contain a T-cell factor (GAT-TsF) that also specifically suppresses responses to GAT-MBSA by normal syngeneic spleen cells. The experiments reported in this communication demonstrate that: (a) extracts from all GAT-primed nonresponder mice tested contain GAT-TsF; (b) non-H-2 genes do not restrict the production of GAT-TsF; (c) all nonresponder strains of mice regardless of their non-H-2 genes are suppressed by GAT-TsF from all other strains bearing the nonresponder H-2p,q,s haplotypes; (d) suppression of GAT-MBSA responses by both syngeneic and allogeneic nonresponder spleen cells is mediated by a molecule encoded by the H-2 gene complex; and (e) both syngeneic and allogeneic nonresponder mice are suppressed by purified GAT-TsF that lacks immunoreactive GAT.", "PMID": 418136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9533", "title": "Isolated hapten-binding receptors of sensitized lymphocytes. III. Evidence for idiotypic restriction of T-cell receptors.", "content": "The primary antibody response of C57BL/6 mice to the 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NP) hapten is restricted to antibody molecules expressing the NPb idiotype. This idiotype is a genetic marker for V genes in the heavy chain linkage group. In the secondary response, the frequency of NPb idiotype-positive molecules within the antibody population drops to very low values. Accordingly, isolated NP binding receptors from NP-sensitized B lymphocytes are largely devoid of this idiotype. In contrast, the NPb idiotype is expressed on the majority of the receptor fractions which we consider T-cell derived. This finding suggests that the antigen receptors of T lymphocytes may be restricted to the expression of major (germ-line encoded?) heavy chain idiotypes.", "contents": "Isolated hapten-binding receptors of sensitized lymphocytes. III. Evidence for idiotypic restriction of T-cell receptors. The primary antibody response of C57BL/6 mice to the 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NP) hapten is restricted to antibody molecules expressing the NPb idiotype. This idiotype is a genetic marker for V genes in the heavy chain linkage group. In the secondary response, the frequency of NPb idiotype-positive molecules within the antibody population drops to very low values. Accordingly, isolated NP binding receptors from NP-sensitized B lymphocytes are largely devoid of this idiotype. In contrast, the NPb idiotype is expressed on the majority of the receptor fractions which we consider T-cell derived. This finding suggests that the antigen receptors of T lymphocytes may be restricted to the expression of major (germ-line encoded?) heavy chain idiotypes.", "PMID": 418137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9534", "title": "Lung tumor-associated derepressed alloantigen coded for by the K region of the H-2 major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "Transplacental induction of lung tumors in C3HfeB/HeN (C3Hf) strain mice can be readily achieved with the carcinogen 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea. Several of these tumors express, as a tumor-associated transplantation antigen (TATA), a normal tissue alloantigen present in strain A and C3H/HeN (C3H) mice. In the present study it was shown that the tumor-associated alloantigen on the C3Hf-derived lung tumor 85 was present in all mice of H-2(a) and H-2(k) haplotypes tested and in CBA (532) strain mice (H-2(ka) haplotype). Studies using congenic-resistant and recombinant strains of mice indicated that the genetic locus controlling the expression of this antigen was either within or to the left of the H-2K region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Thus the antigen was expressed in B10.A (4R) mice (kkbbbb MHC haplotype) but not in B10 (bbbbbb) or B10.AQR mice (qkkddd). The antigen was expressed in all tissues tested of C3H and A strain mice. It was not detected on any tissue tested including embryo tissue of C3Hf mice or mice of MHC haplotype other than H-2(k) or H-2(a). Because C3Hf strain mice were originally derived from C3H strain mice (H-2(k)), the MHC haplotype of C3Hf mice has been provisionally designated H-2(kb). The finding of a tumor-associated change in the expression of a H-2K region-coded antigen is consistent with the concept that MHC-coded antigens may act as targets for immunological surveillance of tumors.", "contents": "Lung tumor-associated derepressed alloantigen coded for by the K region of the H-2 major histocompatibility complex. Transplacental induction of lung tumors in C3HfeB/HeN (C3Hf) strain mice can be readily achieved with the carcinogen 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea. Several of these tumors express, as a tumor-associated transplantation antigen (TATA), a normal tissue alloantigen present in strain A and C3H/HeN (C3H) mice. In the present study it was shown that the tumor-associated alloantigen on the C3Hf-derived lung tumor 85 was present in all mice of H-2(a) and H-2(k) haplotypes tested and in CBA (532) strain mice (H-2(ka) haplotype). Studies using congenic-resistant and recombinant strains of mice indicated that the genetic locus controlling the expression of this antigen was either within or to the left of the H-2K region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Thus the antigen was expressed in B10.A (4R) mice (kkbbbb MHC haplotype) but not in B10 (bbbbbb) or B10.AQR mice (qkkddd). The antigen was expressed in all tissues tested of C3H and A strain mice. It was not detected on any tissue tested including embryo tissue of C3Hf mice or mice of MHC haplotype other than H-2(k) or H-2(a). Because C3Hf strain mice were originally derived from C3H strain mice (H-2(k)), the MHC haplotype of C3Hf mice has been provisionally designated H-2(kb). The finding of a tumor-associated change in the expression of a H-2K region-coded antigen is consistent with the concept that MHC-coded antigens may act as targets for immunological surveillance of tumors.", "PMID": 418138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9535", "title": "Genetic studies in NZB mice. I. Spontaneous autoantibody production.", "content": "The appearance of naturally occurring thymocytotoxic autoantibodies (NTA) and spontaneously produced antibodies to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) was studied in NZB, and DBA/2 mice and their F1 and backcross progeny. NTA production was markedly decreased in males; however, castrated males produced quantities of NTA similar to those of females. Because the amount of NTA was influenced by sex hormones, it was necessary to gonadectomize all progeny to determine the mode of inheritance. Such studies suggested that NTA production was determined by a single locus with a gene dosage (codominant) mode of expression. The spontaneous production of antibodies to ssDNA appeared to be inherited as a single dominant genetic trait. The quantity of anti-ssDNA was also found to be under additional regulation; either a gene dosage effect or more likely a regulatory gene. The genes controlling the presence and quantity of ssDNA antibodies were not linked to the gene controlling the appearance of NTA.", "contents": "Genetic studies in NZB mice. I. Spontaneous autoantibody production. The appearance of naturally occurring thymocytotoxic autoantibodies (NTA) and spontaneously produced antibodies to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) was studied in NZB, and DBA/2 mice and their F1 and backcross progeny. NTA production was markedly decreased in males; however, castrated males produced quantities of NTA similar to those of females. Because the amount of NTA was influenced by sex hormones, it was necessary to gonadectomize all progeny to determine the mode of inheritance. Such studies suggested that NTA production was determined by a single locus with a gene dosage (codominant) mode of expression. The spontaneous production of antibodies to ssDNA appeared to be inherited as a single dominant genetic trait. The quantity of anti-ssDNA was also found to be under additional regulation; either a gene dosage effect or more likely a regulatory gene. The genes controlling the presence and quantity of ssDNA antibodies were not linked to the gene controlling the appearance of NTA.", "PMID": 418139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9536", "title": "Oligoclonal immunoglobulins, light chain ratios and free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from patients affected with various neurological diseases.", "content": "Several immunological parameters, of which the most important are the kappa-lambda ratios, the presence of free light chains and the double ring formation for kappa-chains in single radial immunodiffusion, were investigated in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients affected with different neurological diseases. Parallels were run either with multiple sclerosis or subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. There seems to be a correlation between the frequency of the presence of free light chains and the degree of severity of the immunological process.", "contents": "Oligoclonal immunoglobulins, light chain ratios and free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from patients affected with various neurological diseases. Several immunological parameters, of which the most important are the kappa-lambda ratios, the presence of free light chains and the double ring formation for kappa-chains in single radial immunodiffusion, were investigated in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients affected with different neurological diseases. Parallels were run either with multiple sclerosis or subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. There seems to be a correlation between the frequency of the presence of free light chains and the degree of severity of the immunological process.", "PMID": 418140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9537", "title": "Light-induced voltage noise in the photoreceptor of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The Drosophila photoreceptor potential is thought to be composed of discrete unit potentials called bumps. The steady-state receptor potential and the accompanying voltage fluctuations were recorded intracellularly under steady illumination. The occurrence rate, effective amplitude, and duration of the bumps were deduced by assuming a shot noise model. Over a wide range of light intensity, the duration of bumps remained essentially constant (25-30 ms). Below the saturation intensity for the receptor potential, the bump rate was roughly proportional to the intensity, and the adjustment of bumps to smaller size at higher intensity was mainly responsible for the nonlinear behavior of the receptor potential. The reduction in size of bumps at increasing light intensity was found to be due mainly to the diminishing magnitude of the bump current, and not to some other secondary effects. The bump rate saturated at about 3 x 105-106 events/s.", "contents": "Light-induced voltage noise in the photoreceptor of Drosophila melanogaster. The Drosophila photoreceptor potential is thought to be composed of discrete unit potentials called bumps. The steady-state receptor potential and the accompanying voltage fluctuations were recorded intracellularly under steady illumination. The occurrence rate, effective amplitude, and duration of the bumps were deduced by assuming a shot noise model. Over a wide range of light intensity, the duration of bumps remained essentially constant (25-30 ms). Below the saturation intensity for the receptor potential, the bump rate was roughly proportional to the intensity, and the adjustment of bumps to smaller size at higher intensity was mainly responsible for the nonlinear behavior of the receptor potential. The reduction in size of bumps at increasing light intensity was found to be due mainly to the diminishing magnitude of the bump current, and not to some other secondary effects. The bump rate saturated at about 3 x 105-106 events/s.", "PMID": 418142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9538", "title": "The effect of specific antiserum on the resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to intracellular killing by phagocytes of human blood.", "content": "The high natural resistance of gonococci showing a characteristic 'double highlight' (DH) colonial morphology (Penn, Veale & Smith, 1977b) to intracellular killing by human phagocytes was markedly reduced by addition of rabbit antiserum to the phagocytosis medium or by preincubation of organisms with antiserum. Antisera raised to three different DH gonococcal strains showed a complex pattern of specificity in phagocytosis tests with the homologous organisms and three other DH strains. The effect of antiserum could be neutralized by adsorption with intact organisms or with extracts, prepared ultrasonically, of the homologous strain. Antiserum also promoted the intracellular killing of a strain which had a 'single highlight' colonial morphology (Penn et al., 1977b) and a low natural resistance to phagocytic killing, but adsorption with this strain neutralized the antiserum less consistently than the DH strain. The neutralization of antiserum-mediated promotion of intracellular killing by extracts of organisms naturally resistant to such killing may provide an assay for the aggressins responsible for this resistance.", "contents": "The effect of specific antiserum on the resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to intracellular killing by phagocytes of human blood. The high natural resistance of gonococci showing a characteristic 'double highlight' (DH) colonial morphology (Penn, Veale & Smith, 1977b) to intracellular killing by human phagocytes was markedly reduced by addition of rabbit antiserum to the phagocytosis medium or by preincubation of organisms with antiserum. Antisera raised to three different DH gonococcal strains showed a complex pattern of specificity in phagocytosis tests with the homologous organisms and three other DH strains. The effect of antiserum could be neutralized by adsorption with intact organisms or with extracts, prepared ultrasonically, of the homologous strain. Antiserum also promoted the intracellular killing of a strain which had a 'single highlight' colonial morphology (Penn et al., 1977b) and a low natural resistance to phagocytic killing, but adsorption with this strain neutralized the antiserum less consistently than the DH strain. The neutralization of antiserum-mediated promotion of intracellular killing by extracts of organisms naturally resistant to such killing may provide an assay for the aggressins responsible for this resistance.", "PMID": 418143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9539", "title": "Carboxymethylcellulase produced by facultative bacteria from the hind-gut of the termite Reticulitermes hesperus.", "content": "Bacillus cereus RW1 and Serratia marcescens RW3, isolated from the hind-gut of the termite Reticulitermes hesperus, both grew well on mesquite wood and produced moderate amounts of carboxymethylcellulase. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) gels were depolymerized rapidly by B. cereus RW1 and slowly by S. marcescens RW3. The depolymerization of CMC was pH and temperature sensitive. Depolymerization of gels by growing cultures of B. cereus RW1 and the action of cell-free extracts of B. cereus RW1 on CMC sols were optimum at pH 6.0 and 5.5, respectively. Glucose and cellobiose increased the rate of CMC gel depolymerization. Enzyme synthesis rather than growth was stimulated by the addition of glucose to a culture of RW1 growing on a non-cellulosic substrate. Bacillus cereus RW1 produced both cell-free and cell-bound carboxymethylcellulase.", "contents": "Carboxymethylcellulase produced by facultative bacteria from the hind-gut of the termite Reticulitermes hesperus. Bacillus cereus RW1 and Serratia marcescens RW3, isolated from the hind-gut of the termite Reticulitermes hesperus, both grew well on mesquite wood and produced moderate amounts of carboxymethylcellulase. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) gels were depolymerized rapidly by B. cereus RW1 and slowly by S. marcescens RW3. The depolymerization of CMC was pH and temperature sensitive. Depolymerization of gels by growing cultures of B. cereus RW1 and the action of cell-free extracts of B. cereus RW1 on CMC sols were optimum at pH 6.0 and 5.5, respectively. Glucose and cellobiose increased the rate of CMC gel depolymerization. Enzyme synthesis rather than growth was stimulated by the addition of glucose to a culture of RW1 growing on a non-cellulosic substrate. Bacillus cereus RW1 produced both cell-free and cell-bound carboxymethylcellulase.", "PMID": 418144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9540", "title": "Some factors controlling the attachment of the rumen holotrich protozoa Isotricha intestinalis and I. prostoma to plant particles in vitro.", "content": "The rumen holotrich protozoa Isotricha intestinalis and I. prostoma showed chemotaxis to sucrose, glucose and fructose. They attached themselves, by means of an organelle on the anterior cell surface, to particulate sources of these carbohydrates provided soluble protein was present in the medium. The concentration of protein eliciting attachment varied with the species and the state of nutrition of the cell, but was between 20 and 150 microgram ml-1. Attachment occurred only if the concentration of carbohydrate, at its source, exceeded the chemotaxis threshold concentration (50 micrometer for sucrose) and if it was less than 1 mM. At concentrations exceeding 1 mM, indiscriminate attachment to gas-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces occurred, provided the protein concentration was high enough to elicit attachment. In the rumen, soluble carbohydrates diffusing from food particles may attract the protozoa which attach themselves to the particles in the presence of soluble plant protein at less than 20 microgram ml-1; these conditions exist in the host animal soon after feeding when fed infrequently. The attachment mechanism may confer an ecological advantage on the Isotricha spp. over other rumen organisms dependent on soluble carbohydrates as energy and carbon sources.", "contents": "Some factors controlling the attachment of the rumen holotrich protozoa Isotricha intestinalis and I. prostoma to plant particles in vitro. The rumen holotrich protozoa Isotricha intestinalis and I. prostoma showed chemotaxis to sucrose, glucose and fructose. They attached themselves, by means of an organelle on the anterior cell surface, to particulate sources of these carbohydrates provided soluble protein was present in the medium. The concentration of protein eliciting attachment varied with the species and the state of nutrition of the cell, but was between 20 and 150 microgram ml-1. Attachment occurred only if the concentration of carbohydrate, at its source, exceeded the chemotaxis threshold concentration (50 micrometer for sucrose) and if it was less than 1 mM. At concentrations exceeding 1 mM, indiscriminate attachment to gas-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces occurred, provided the protein concentration was high enough to elicit attachment. In the rumen, soluble carbohydrates diffusing from food particles may attract the protozoa which attach themselves to the particles in the presence of soluble plant protein at less than 20 microgram ml-1; these conditions exist in the host animal soon after feeding when fed infrequently. The attachment mechanism may confer an ecological advantage on the Isotricha spp. over other rumen organisms dependent on soluble carbohydrates as energy and carbon sources.", "PMID": 418148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9541", "title": "Transformation of group F streptococci by plasmid DNA.", "content": "When the Challis strain of Streptococcus sanguis was transformed by the 17 megadalton beta plasmid from Streptococcus faecalis strain DS5, the plasmid underwent a 1.5 megadalton deletion (LeBlanc & Hassell, 1976). Furthermore, the covalently closed circular (CCC) plasmid DNA isolated from Challis transformants was rapidly converted to a linear form which did not possess any detectable transforming activity. To obtain stable CCC plasmid DNA a competent culture of a Lancefield group F streptococcus, strain DL8 (ATCC 12393), was used as a recipient of beta plasmid DNA. The plasmid DNA isolated from group F transformants exhibited the same configuration and size characteristics as the DS5 beta plasmid, and the CCC configuration was stable upon storage. CCC plasmid DNA from a group F transformant was biologically active and, when added to competent cultures of strain DL8, transformed them at frequencies about 100-fold greater than did beta plasmid DNA from DS5. This suggests the existence of a restriction--modification system in strain DL8.", "contents": "Transformation of group F streptococci by plasmid DNA. When the Challis strain of Streptococcus sanguis was transformed by the 17 megadalton beta plasmid from Streptococcus faecalis strain DS5, the plasmid underwent a 1.5 megadalton deletion (LeBlanc & Hassell, 1976). Furthermore, the covalently closed circular (CCC) plasmid DNA isolated from Challis transformants was rapidly converted to a linear form which did not possess any detectable transforming activity. To obtain stable CCC plasmid DNA a competent culture of a Lancefield group F streptococcus, strain DL8 (ATCC 12393), was used as a recipient of beta plasmid DNA. The plasmid DNA isolated from group F transformants exhibited the same configuration and size characteristics as the DS5 beta plasmid, and the CCC configuration was stable upon storage. CCC plasmid DNA from a group F transformant was biologically active and, when added to competent cultures of strain DL8, transformed them at frequencies about 100-fold greater than did beta plasmid DNA from DS5. This suggests the existence of a restriction--modification system in strain DL8.", "PMID": 418149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9542", "title": "Demonstration by light and electron microscopy of capsules on gonococci recently grown in vivo.", "content": "A study by light microscopy, using Leishman's stain alone or Leishman's stain followed by nigrosin, showed the presence of capsules on gonococci of two strains subcultured from subcutaneous chambers in guinea pigs. With the Alcian blue method of preparation for electron microscopy, gonococci of both strains recently grown in vivo showed densely stained capsules on some cells, while others in the same preparation showed only irregular masses of dense material on their surfaces with strands connecting adjacent bacteria. Treatment with antiserum, complement and conglutinin revealed irregular masses and strands of extracellular material with fixatives that did not contain Alcian blue.", "contents": "Demonstration by light and electron microscopy of capsules on gonococci recently grown in vivo. A study by light microscopy, using Leishman's stain alone or Leishman's stain followed by nigrosin, showed the presence of capsules on gonococci of two strains subcultured from subcutaneous chambers in guinea pigs. With the Alcian blue method of preparation for electron microscopy, gonococci of both strains recently grown in vivo showed densely stained capsules on some cells, while others in the same preparation showed only irregular masses of dense material on their surfaces with strands connecting adjacent bacteria. Treatment with antiserum, complement and conglutinin revealed irregular masses and strands of extracellular material with fixatives that did not contain Alcian blue.", "PMID": 418150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9543", "title": "Interferon enhances the fragility of lysosomes in L-929 mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "Infection of interferon-treated L-929 mouse fibroblasts with vaccinia WR virus is followed by severe cytolysis within 3 to 4 h. It is shown that this cytolysis cannot be caused by enzymes released from lysosomes into the cytosol. However, there is evidence that homologous interferon has a noxious effect on lysosomes. This phenomenon appears to be another aspect of the anticellular functions of interferon.", "contents": "Interferon enhances the fragility of lysosomes in L-929 mouse fibroblasts. Infection of interferon-treated L-929 mouse fibroblasts with vaccinia WR virus is followed by severe cytolysis within 3 to 4 h. It is shown that this cytolysis cannot be caused by enzymes released from lysosomes into the cytosol. However, there is evidence that homologous interferon has a noxious effect on lysosomes. This phenomenon appears to be another aspect of the anticellular functions of interferon.", "PMID": 418151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9544", "title": "Neuroaxonal dystrophy (Seitelberger's disease) with late onset, protracted course and myoclonic epilepsy.", "content": "We present the pathologic findings, including electron microscopy, in one of two affected borthers with severe progressive myoclonus epilepsy, beginning in our patient at the age of 10 and leading to death at age 23. At autopsy there was widespread and marked neuroaxonal dystrophy, severe cerebellar atrophy, and tract degenerations in the gracilis columns and the lateral corticospinal tracts in the spinal cord. There was no increased pigmentation in the globus pallidus or reticular zone of the substantia nigra, on gross or microscopic examination. We regard this case as an example of a juvenile form of neuroaxonal dystrophy (Seitelberger's disease). The absence of pallido-nigral hyperpigmentation distinguishes this disease from Hallervorden-Spatz disease, which we regard as a separate disease entity.", "contents": "Neuroaxonal dystrophy (Seitelberger's disease) with late onset, protracted course and myoclonic epilepsy. We present the pathologic findings, including electron microscopy, in one of two affected borthers with severe progressive myoclonus epilepsy, beginning in our patient at the age of 10 and leading to death at age 23. At autopsy there was widespread and marked neuroaxonal dystrophy, severe cerebellar atrophy, and tract degenerations in the gracilis columns and the lateral corticospinal tracts in the spinal cord. There was no increased pigmentation in the globus pallidus or reticular zone of the substantia nigra, on gross or microscopic examination. We regard this case as an example of a juvenile form of neuroaxonal dystrophy (Seitelberger's disease). The absence of pallido-nigral hyperpigmentation distinguishes this disease from Hallervorden-Spatz disease, which we regard as a separate disease entity.", "PMID": 418153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9545", "title": "Variability in somatosensory cortical neuron discharge: effects on capacity to signal different stimulus conditions using a mean rate code.", "content": "1. The present study is based on the demonstration (8, 9) that the relationship between mean interval (MI) and standard deviation (SD) for stimulus-driven activity recorded from SI neurons is well fitted by the linear equation SD = a X MI + b and on the observations that the values of the slope (a) and y intercept (b) parameters of this relationship are independent of stimulus conditions and may vary widely from one neuron to the next (8). 2. A criterion for the discriminability of two different mean firing rates requiring that the mean intervals of their respective interspike interval (ISI) distributions be separated by a fixed interval (expressed in SD units) is developed and, on the basis of this criterion, a graphical display of the capacity of a neuron with a known SD-MI relationship to reflect a change in stimulus conditions with a change in mean firing rate is derived. Using this graphical approach, it is shown that the parameters of the SD-MI relationship for a single neuron determine a range of firing frequencies, within which that neuron exhibits the greatest capacity to signal differences in stimulus conditions using a frequency code. 3. The discrimination criterion is modified to incorporate the changes in the symmetry of the ISI distribution observed to accompany changes in mean firing rate. It is shown that, although the observed symmetry changes do influence the capacity of a cortical neuron to signal a change in stimulus conditions with a change in mean firing rate, they do not alter the range of firing rates (determined by the parameters of the SD-MI relationship) within which the capacity for discrimination is maximal. 4. The maximal number of firing levels that can be distinguished by a somatosensory cortical neuron (using the same discrimination criterion described above) discharging within a specified range of mean frequencies also is demonstrated to depend on the parameters of the linear equation which relates SD to MI. 5. Two approaches based on the t test for differences between two means are developed in an attempt to ascertain the minimum separation of the mean intervals of the ISI distributions necessary for two different mean firing rates to be discriminated with 80% certainty.", "contents": "Variability in somatosensory cortical neuron discharge: effects on capacity to signal different stimulus conditions using a mean rate code. 1. The present study is based on the demonstration (8, 9) that the relationship between mean interval (MI) and standard deviation (SD) for stimulus-driven activity recorded from SI neurons is well fitted by the linear equation SD = a X MI + b and on the observations that the values of the slope (a) and y intercept (b) parameters of this relationship are independent of stimulus conditions and may vary widely from one neuron to the next (8). 2. A criterion for the discriminability of two different mean firing rates requiring that the mean intervals of their respective interspike interval (ISI) distributions be separated by a fixed interval (expressed in SD units) is developed and, on the basis of this criterion, a graphical display of the capacity of a neuron with a known SD-MI relationship to reflect a change in stimulus conditions with a change in mean firing rate is derived. Using this graphical approach, it is shown that the parameters of the SD-MI relationship for a single neuron determine a range of firing frequencies, within which that neuron exhibits the greatest capacity to signal differences in stimulus conditions using a frequency code. 3. The discrimination criterion is modified to incorporate the changes in the symmetry of the ISI distribution observed to accompany changes in mean firing rate. It is shown that, although the observed symmetry changes do influence the capacity of a cortical neuron to signal a change in stimulus conditions with a change in mean firing rate, they do not alter the range of firing rates (determined by the parameters of the SD-MI relationship) within which the capacity for discrimination is maximal. 4. The maximal number of firing levels that can be distinguished by a somatosensory cortical neuron (using the same discrimination criterion described above) discharging within a specified range of mean frequencies also is demonstrated to depend on the parameters of the linear equation which relates SD to MI. 5. Two approaches based on the t test for differences between two means are developed in an attempt to ascertain the minimum separation of the mean intervals of the ISI distributions necessary for two different mean firing rates to be discriminated with 80% certainty.", "PMID": 418155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9546", "title": "Comparison of responses of warm and nociceptive C-fiber afferents in monkey with human judgments of thermal pain.", "content": "1. Radiant-heat stimuli of different intensities were delivered every 28 s to the thenar eminence of the hand of human subjects and to the receptive fields (RFs) of 58 \"mechanothermal nociceptive\" and 16 \"warm\" C-fibers, most of which innervated the glabrous skin of the monkey hand. A CO2 infrared laser under control via a radiometer provided a step increase in skin temperature to a level maintained within +/- 0.1 degrees C over a 7.5-mm-diameter spot. 2. Human subjects categorized the magnitude of warmth and pain sensations evoked by stimuli that ranged in temperature from 40 to 50 degrees C. The scale of subjective thermal intensity constructed from these category estimates showed a monotonically increasing relation between stimulus temperature and the magnitude of warmth and pain sensations. 3. The mechanothermal fibers had a mean RF size of 18.9 +/- 3.2 mm2 (SE), a mean conduction velocity of 0.8 +/- 0.1 m/s, mean thresholds of 43.6 +/- 0.6 degrees C for radiant heat and 5.95 +/- 0.59 bars for mechanical stimulation, and no spontaneous activity. In contrast, warm fibers had punctate RFs, a mean conduction velocity of 1.1 +/- 0.1 m/s, heat thresholds of less than 1 degrees C above skin temperature, no response to mechanical stimulation, and a resting level of activity in warm skin that was suppressed by cooling. 4. The cumulative number of impulses evoked during each stimulation in the nociceptive afferents increased monotonically as a function of stimulus temperature over the range described by humans as increasingly painful (45-50 degrees C). Nociceptive fibers showed little or no response to stimulus temperatures less than 45 degrees C that elicited in humans sensations primarily of warmth but not pain. In contrast, the cumulative impulse count during stimulation of each warm fiber increased monotonically with stimulus temperature over the range of 39-43 degrees C. However, for stimuli of 41-49 degrees C the cumulative impulse count in warm fibers was nonmonotonic with stimulus temperature. Warm-fiber response to stimuli of 45 degrees C or greater usually consisted of a short burst of impulses followed by cessation of activity. 5. The subjective magnitude of warmth and pain sensations in humans and the cumulative impulse count evoked by each stimulus in warm and nociceptive afferents varied inversely with the number, delivery rate, and intensity of preceding stimulations. 6. The results of these experiments suggest the following: a) that activity in the mechanothermal nociceptive C-fibers signals the occurrence of pain evoked by radiant heat, and that the frequency of discharge in these fibers may encode the intensity of painful stimulation; b) that activity in warm fibers may encode the intensity of warmth at lower stimulus temperatures, but is unlikely to provide a peripheral mechanism for encoding the intensity of painful stimulation at higher stimulus temperatures.", "contents": "Comparison of responses of warm and nociceptive C-fiber afferents in monkey with human judgments of thermal pain. 1. Radiant-heat stimuli of different intensities were delivered every 28 s to the thenar eminence of the hand of human subjects and to the receptive fields (RFs) of 58 \"mechanothermal nociceptive\" and 16 \"warm\" C-fibers, most of which innervated the glabrous skin of the monkey hand. A CO2 infrared laser under control via a radiometer provided a step increase in skin temperature to a level maintained within +/- 0.1 degrees C over a 7.5-mm-diameter spot. 2. Human subjects categorized the magnitude of warmth and pain sensations evoked by stimuli that ranged in temperature from 40 to 50 degrees C. The scale of subjective thermal intensity constructed from these category estimates showed a monotonically increasing relation between stimulus temperature and the magnitude of warmth and pain sensations. 3. The mechanothermal fibers had a mean RF size of 18.9 +/- 3.2 mm2 (SE), a mean conduction velocity of 0.8 +/- 0.1 m/s, mean thresholds of 43.6 +/- 0.6 degrees C for radiant heat and 5.95 +/- 0.59 bars for mechanical stimulation, and no spontaneous activity. In contrast, warm fibers had punctate RFs, a mean conduction velocity of 1.1 +/- 0.1 m/s, heat thresholds of less than 1 degrees C above skin temperature, no response to mechanical stimulation, and a resting level of activity in warm skin that was suppressed by cooling. 4. The cumulative number of impulses evoked during each stimulation in the nociceptive afferents increased monotonically as a function of stimulus temperature over the range described by humans as increasingly painful (45-50 degrees C). Nociceptive fibers showed little or no response to stimulus temperatures less than 45 degrees C that elicited in humans sensations primarily of warmth but not pain. In contrast, the cumulative impulse count during stimulation of each warm fiber increased monotonically with stimulus temperature over the range of 39-43 degrees C. However, for stimuli of 41-49 degrees C the cumulative impulse count in warm fibers was nonmonotonic with stimulus temperature. Warm-fiber response to stimuli of 45 degrees C or greater usually consisted of a short burst of impulses followed by cessation of activity. 5. The subjective magnitude of warmth and pain sensations in humans and the cumulative impulse count evoked by each stimulus in warm and nociceptive afferents varied inversely with the number, delivery rate, and intensity of preceding stimulations. 6. The results of these experiments suggest the following: a) that activity in the mechanothermal nociceptive C-fibers signals the occurrence of pain evoked by radiant heat, and that the frequency of discharge in these fibers may encode the intensity of painful stimulation; b) that activity in warm fibers may encode the intensity of warmth at lower stimulus temperatures, but is unlikely to provide a peripheral mechanism for encoding the intensity of painful stimulation at higher stimulus temperatures.", "PMID": 418156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9547", "title": "Oral lichen planus: the evidence regarding potential malignant transformation.", "content": "A critical review of the literature was undertaken to determine if there is valid data to support the contention that oral lichen planus represents a disease with significant potential for malignant degeneration. Although there are reports alleging such a relationship, there is insufficient documented evidence to state with any degree of confidence that oral lichen planus, in itself, represents a premalignant state.", "contents": "Oral lichen planus: the evidence regarding potential malignant transformation. A critical review of the literature was undertaken to determine if there is valid data to support the contention that oral lichen planus represents a disease with significant potential for malignant degeneration. Although there are reports alleging such a relationship, there is insufficient documented evidence to state with any degree of confidence that oral lichen planus, in itself, represents a premalignant state.", "PMID": 418159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9548", "title": "Calcifying odontogenic cyst with ameloblastic fibro-odontome: one lesion or two?", "content": "The calcifying odontogenic cyst is unusual in that it is frequently found in conjunction with the histologic features of a variety of other odontogenic conditions. Two cases are reported, one of which contained areas histologically similar to the ameloblastic fibro-odontome and also showed condensations of cells in the stroma beneath epithelial strands proliferating from the cyst lining. In both cases the \"ghost cells\" stained strongly for disulphide groups but only occasional areas were positive for sulphydryl groups. No amyloid or \"amyloid-like\" material was detected. As no part of the current name is specific to this lesion it is suggested that the nomenclature should be changed--perhaps to \"ghost cell dyst\".", "contents": "Calcifying odontogenic cyst with ameloblastic fibro-odontome: one lesion or two? The calcifying odontogenic cyst is unusual in that it is frequently found in conjunction with the histologic features of a variety of other odontogenic conditions. Two cases are reported, one of which contained areas histologically similar to the ameloblastic fibro-odontome and also showed condensations of cells in the stroma beneath epithelial strands proliferating from the cyst lining. In both cases the \"ghost cells\" stained strongly for disulphide groups but only occasional areas were positive for sulphydryl groups. No amyloid or \"amyloid-like\" material was detected. As no part of the current name is specific to this lesion it is suggested that the nomenclature should be changed--perhaps to \"ghost cell dyst\".", "PMID": 418160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9549", "title": "The prevalence of consolidated salivary deposits in the small ducts of human submandibular glands.", "content": "Deposits of apparently solid material were observed in the small salivary ducts in a series of non-diseased submandibular glands obtained from necropsies evenly divided by sex and adult age. The deposits were of granular or laminated structure. They were of mixed staining, the majority being predominantly eosinophilic. A small number of deposits were essentially wholly hematoxylinophilic and some of these were probably calcified. The prevalence of deposits, expressed as the number per unit sectional area, increased steadily with increasing age but was unrelated to sex. An apparently close correlation between intraductal salivary deposits and foci of obstructive adenitis in the same series of glands was shown to be mainly due to the common influence of age. The deposits probably form by precipitation of salivary glycoprotein, possibly because of parenchymal age changes. They may be related to early salivary lithogenesis but the statistical evidence of this study suggests that they are unlikely to be a major factor in the etiology of focal obstructive adenitis.", "contents": "The prevalence of consolidated salivary deposits in the small ducts of human submandibular glands. Deposits of apparently solid material were observed in the small salivary ducts in a series of non-diseased submandibular glands obtained from necropsies evenly divided by sex and adult age. The deposits were of granular or laminated structure. They were of mixed staining, the majority being predominantly eosinophilic. A small number of deposits were essentially wholly hematoxylinophilic and some of these were probably calcified. The prevalence of deposits, expressed as the number per unit sectional area, increased steadily with increasing age but was unrelated to sex. An apparently close correlation between intraductal salivary deposits and foci of obstructive adenitis in the same series of glands was shown to be mainly due to the common influence of age. The deposits probably form by precipitation of salivary glycoprotein, possibly because of parenchymal age changes. They may be related to early salivary lithogenesis but the statistical evidence of this study suggests that they are unlikely to be a major factor in the etiology of focal obstructive adenitis.", "PMID": 418161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9550", "title": "Lingual carcinogenesis in an inbred strain of hamsters.", "content": "Epidermoid carcinoma of the lateral border of the tongue can be induced in a standard strain of hamsters, applying DMBA in acetone after traumatizing the area with a root canal broach. Employing the same technique in an inbred strain of hamsters resulted in the more rapid development of carcinomas. The inbred strain should be a useful model for experimental carcinogenesis of tongue.", "contents": "Lingual carcinogenesis in an inbred strain of hamsters. Epidermoid carcinoma of the lateral border of the tongue can be induced in a standard strain of hamsters, applying DMBA in acetone after traumatizing the area with a root canal broach. Employing the same technique in an inbred strain of hamsters resulted in the more rapid development of carcinomas. The inbred strain should be a useful model for experimental carcinogenesis of tongue.", "PMID": 418162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9551", "title": "The influence of extracellular calcium binding on the calcium efflux from squid axons.", "content": "1. The Ca efflux from unpoisoned squid axons seems to consist of three components: Cao-dependent Ca efflux and a 'residual' flux that persists in the nominal absence of external Ca and Na and is little affected by the further removal of external Mg. 2. Evidence is presented to show that much of the apparent dependence on Cao of the Ca efflux from unpoisoned axons probably does not reflect a membrane process but results instead from the existence of a Ca-binding matrix external to the plasma membrane. Removal of external Ca produces a fall in efflux which is not maintained but returns to its original level over 20-60 min. Readmission of Ca produces only a transient increase in Ca efflux. Addition of EGTA to nominally Ca-free media also produces only a transient rise in Ca efflux. 3. Direct measurement of Ca binding to the surface of highly cleaned axons reveals appreciable binding over a wide range of Ca concentrations. A high affinity component of superficial binding can be recognized which has a capacity of about 60 p-mole/cm2 axon membrane and is half-maximal about 0.3 micrometer-Ca in Na-ASW. This component of binding is unaltered in cyanide-poisoned axons and in media in which Na is replaced isosmotically by Tris; but is reduced in the presence of 1 mM-La or after brief exposure of the axon to pronase. There is also a component of large capacity and lower affinity which was not saturated by 100 mM-Cao. 4. After brief pronase treatment the sensitivity of the Ca efflux to external Ca is markedly reduced although the Na-dependent Ca efflux persists apparently unaltered. 5. Addition of La produces a transient increase in Ca efflux followed by a maintained fall. 300 micrometer-La largely inhibits the component of the Ca efflux that persists in the nominal absence of external Na and Ca. Higher concentrations of La also inhibit Nao-dependent Ca efflux. 6. The Cao-dependent Ca efflux and Nao-dependent Ca efflux seen in poisoned axons persist in the presence of EGTA or after pronase treatment, suggesting that both are genuine membrane processes. 7. We conclude that in unpoisoned axons 50-90% of the Ca efflux can continue in the absence of external Ca, Na and Mg and may reflect an uncoupled extrusion of Ca. Most of the remaining efflux from these axons is Nao-dependent although a small Cao-dependent component can be distinguished in the absence of Na. Poisoning results in the loss of uncoupled Ca efflux, the appearance of appreciable Cao-dependent Ca efflux and alteration in the kinetics of Nao-dependent Ca efflux.", "contents": "The influence of extracellular calcium binding on the calcium efflux from squid axons. 1. The Ca efflux from unpoisoned squid axons seems to consist of three components: Cao-dependent Ca efflux and a 'residual' flux that persists in the nominal absence of external Ca and Na and is little affected by the further removal of external Mg. 2. Evidence is presented to show that much of the apparent dependence on Cao of the Ca efflux from unpoisoned axons probably does not reflect a membrane process but results instead from the existence of a Ca-binding matrix external to the plasma membrane. Removal of external Ca produces a fall in efflux which is not maintained but returns to its original level over 20-60 min. Readmission of Ca produces only a transient increase in Ca efflux. Addition of EGTA to nominally Ca-free media also produces only a transient rise in Ca efflux. 3. Direct measurement of Ca binding to the surface of highly cleaned axons reveals appreciable binding over a wide range of Ca concentrations. A high affinity component of superficial binding can be recognized which has a capacity of about 60 p-mole/cm2 axon membrane and is half-maximal about 0.3 micrometer-Ca in Na-ASW. This component of binding is unaltered in cyanide-poisoned axons and in media in which Na is replaced isosmotically by Tris; but is reduced in the presence of 1 mM-La or after brief exposure of the axon to pronase. There is also a component of large capacity and lower affinity which was not saturated by 100 mM-Cao. 4. After brief pronase treatment the sensitivity of the Ca efflux to external Ca is markedly reduced although the Na-dependent Ca efflux persists apparently unaltered. 5. Addition of La produces a transient increase in Ca efflux followed by a maintained fall. 300 micrometer-La largely inhibits the component of the Ca efflux that persists in the nominal absence of external Na and Ca. Higher concentrations of La also inhibit Nao-dependent Ca efflux. 6. The Cao-dependent Ca efflux and Nao-dependent Ca efflux seen in poisoned axons persist in the presence of EGTA or after pronase treatment, suggesting that both are genuine membrane processes. 7. We conclude that in unpoisoned axons 50-90% of the Ca efflux can continue in the absence of external Ca, Na and Mg and may reflect an uncoupled extrusion of Ca. Most of the remaining efflux from these axons is Nao-dependent although a small Cao-dependent component can be distinguished in the absence of Na. Poisoning results in the loss of uncoupled Ca efflux, the appearance of appreciable Cao-dependent Ca efflux and alteration in the kinetics of Nao-dependent Ca efflux.", "PMID": 418168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9552", "title": "Deficient influence of peripheral stimuli on precentral neurones in monkeys with dorsal column lesions.", "content": "1. Four male monkeys (M. fascicularis) were trained in a movement performance task which involved pulling a horizontal lever into a target zone and then collecting, from one of a variety of positions, a small food reward. The same animals were also trained to sit quietly and accept passive manipulation and natural stimulation of the arm and hand while remaining relaxed. 2. After complete bilateral section of the cuneate fasciculi or division of a major part of these dorsal column afferents at C1-C2 or at C5 level, the animals were still able to perform movement tasks normally. Disturbance of discrimination ability was revealed after vision was occluded it the animal was required to detect differences in texture with only a small cutaneous area in contact with the object (e.g. using only the tip of the index finger). Contactual-placing reactions could be performed in the absence of vision and the movements the animal made in these reactions were well controlled and appropriately directed. Minimal disturbance of contact placing was noticed if the surface touched was on the hand or fingers or if the reaction involved crossed placing. 3. An examination of the natural discharges of 342 percentral neurones revealed that the patterns of activity exhibited in relation to complex movements were indistinguishable from patterns recorded in normal monkeys carrying out similar tasks. 4. Discharges of ninety-one of 321 precentral neurones could be produced by appropriate natural stimuli delivered within the cell's afferent input zone at the periphery. The zone from which a given cell could be influenced was usually limited and its location could be on any part of the contralateral forelimb. However, all but nine of these responses were found in animals in which a small proportion of the cuneate fibres remained intact. In an animal with histologically proven complete section of the cuneate faciculi very few (nine of 171) precentral neurones were influenced by natural activation of peripheral receptors in the forelimb. The zones from which these few afferent inputs were found could all have been proximal to the level of the cuneate lesion. 5. The very small number of responding pre-central neurones found in an animal with complete section of the cuneate fasciculi made it likely that the dorsal columns provide the major pathway for effects from circumscribed peripheral receptors in the forelimb to influence precentral neurones. However, even in an animal with complete interruption of cuneate fibres, a proportion of post-central neurones could still be influenced by natural activation of peripheral receptors within restricted regions of the forelimb. Hence the 'sensory' cortex was still in receipt of afferent projections which could be revealted readily by the tests used. 6...", "contents": "Deficient influence of peripheral stimuli on precentral neurones in monkeys with dorsal column lesions. 1. Four male monkeys (M. fascicularis) were trained in a movement performance task which involved pulling a horizontal lever into a target zone and then collecting, from one of a variety of positions, a small food reward. The same animals were also trained to sit quietly and accept passive manipulation and natural stimulation of the arm and hand while remaining relaxed. 2. After complete bilateral section of the cuneate fasciculi or division of a major part of these dorsal column afferents at C1-C2 or at C5 level, the animals were still able to perform movement tasks normally. Disturbance of discrimination ability was revealed after vision was occluded it the animal was required to detect differences in texture with only a small cutaneous area in contact with the object (e.g. using only the tip of the index finger). Contactual-placing reactions could be performed in the absence of vision and the movements the animal made in these reactions were well controlled and appropriately directed. Minimal disturbance of contact placing was noticed if the surface touched was on the hand or fingers or if the reaction involved crossed placing. 3. An examination of the natural discharges of 342 percentral neurones revealed that the patterns of activity exhibited in relation to complex movements were indistinguishable from patterns recorded in normal monkeys carrying out similar tasks. 4. Discharges of ninety-one of 321 precentral neurones could be produced by appropriate natural stimuli delivered within the cell's afferent input zone at the periphery. The zone from which a given cell could be influenced was usually limited and its location could be on any part of the contralateral forelimb. However, all but nine of these responses were found in animals in which a small proportion of the cuneate fibres remained intact. In an animal with histologically proven complete section of the cuneate faciculi very few (nine of 171) precentral neurones were influenced by natural activation of peripheral receptors in the forelimb. The zones from which these few afferent inputs were found could all have been proximal to the level of the cuneate lesion. 5. The very small number of responding pre-central neurones found in an animal with complete section of the cuneate fasciculi made it likely that the dorsal columns provide the major pathway for effects from circumscribed peripheral receptors in the forelimb to influence precentral neurones. However, even in an animal with complete interruption of cuneate fibres, a proportion of post-central neurones could still be influenced by natural activation of peripheral receptors within restricted regions of the forelimb. Hence the 'sensory' cortex was still in receipt of afferent projections which could be revealted readily by the tests used. 6...", "PMID": 418170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9553", "title": "The topographic organization of rhesus monkey prestriate cortex.", "content": "1. The topographic organization of prestriate visual cortex in the rhesus monkey has been studied both anatomically, by determining the pattern of termination of fibres passing through the corpus callosum, and physiologically, in the same animals, by plotting receptive field positions for different recording sites. Results are displayed on two-dimensional, \"unfolded\" maps of the cortex in the dorsal half of the occipital lobe. 2. Transcallosal fibres terminate in a narrow strip of cortex along the boundary between striate and prestriate areas and in a separate, broader, zone occupying much of the anterior bank of the lunate sulcus, the annectant gyrus, and the parietooccipital sulcus. The detailed pattern of inputs is highly complicated but shows considerable similarities from one animal to the next. 3. Physiological recordings confirmed earlier reports that regions where transcallosal fibres terminate correspond to representations of the vertical meridian in the visual field. This relationship is most precise along the striate-prestriate boundary and along the boundary of area V3 farthest from V1; it is less precise within area V4, where the pattern of transcallosal inputs is more complex. 4. A distinct, topographically organized visual area, named V3A, was found in the region between areas V3 and V4 in the lunate and parieto-occipital sulci. Area V3A differs from V2 and V3 in that both superior and inferior visual quadrants are represented in a single region of the dorsal occipital lobe. 5. The contralateral visual field is represented in a suprisingly complex fashion in areas V3A and V4. Within each area there are multiple representations of some, but perhaps not all, parts of the visual hemifield. It is unclear whether V3A and V4 should be more appropriately considered as sets of distinct sub-areas, each representing only a portion of the hemifield, or as larger areas with complicated internal topographies. 6. Most cells in areas V2, V3 and V3A are orientation selective but not selective for stimulus colour or direction of movement. In contrast, area V4 contains a higher incidence of colour selective cells and a lower incidence of orientation selectivity. These results support the notion of a functional division of labour within the prestriate cortex.", "contents": "The topographic organization of rhesus monkey prestriate cortex. 1. The topographic organization of prestriate visual cortex in the rhesus monkey has been studied both anatomically, by determining the pattern of termination of fibres passing through the corpus callosum, and physiologically, in the same animals, by plotting receptive field positions for different recording sites. Results are displayed on two-dimensional, \"unfolded\" maps of the cortex in the dorsal half of the occipital lobe. 2. Transcallosal fibres terminate in a narrow strip of cortex along the boundary between striate and prestriate areas and in a separate, broader, zone occupying much of the anterior bank of the lunate sulcus, the annectant gyrus, and the parietooccipital sulcus. The detailed pattern of inputs is highly complicated but shows considerable similarities from one animal to the next. 3. Physiological recordings confirmed earlier reports that regions where transcallosal fibres terminate correspond to representations of the vertical meridian in the visual field. This relationship is most precise along the striate-prestriate boundary and along the boundary of area V3 farthest from V1; it is less precise within area V4, where the pattern of transcallosal inputs is more complex. 4. A distinct, topographically organized visual area, named V3A, was found in the region between areas V3 and V4 in the lunate and parieto-occipital sulci. Area V3A differs from V2 and V3 in that both superior and inferior visual quadrants are represented in a single region of the dorsal occipital lobe. 5. The contralateral visual field is represented in a suprisingly complex fashion in areas V3A and V4. Within each area there are multiple representations of some, but perhaps not all, parts of the visual hemifield. It is unclear whether V3A and V4 should be more appropriately considered as sets of distinct sub-areas, each representing only a portion of the hemifield, or as larger areas with complicated internal topographies. 6. Most cells in areas V2, V3 and V3A are orientation selective but not selective for stimulus colour or direction of movement. In contrast, area V4 contains a higher incidence of colour selective cells and a lower incidence of orientation selectivity. These results support the notion of a functional division of labour within the prestriate cortex.", "PMID": 418173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9554", "title": "The cortical projections of foveal striate cortex in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "1. The cortical projections of the foveal and extrafoveal parts of the striate cortex have been compared, using conventional degeneration techniques, as well as combinations of anatomical methods. While both foveal and extrafoveal striate cortex share a common pattern of projections (to areas V2, V3 and the visual area in the medial part of the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus), foveal striate cortex was found to have an additional projection (to part of the cortex of the fourth visual areas, V4). The latter projection includes the posterior lip of the inferior occipital sulcus which, on anatomical grounds, is regarded as the ventral extension of V4. 2. Anatomical studies using double tracers were employed to clarify the nature of the projections from the striate cortex and from V2 to V4. In one such experiment, tritiated proline was injected into extra-foveal striate cortex and a small lesion was made in that part of V2 receiving a direct projection from the region of the striate cortex into which the radioactive tracer was injected. Only degenerating fibres (due to the lesion), and no radioactive label, was found in V4. Such an experiment showed that, unlike foveal striate cortex, the projections from extrafoveal striate cortex to V4 are not direct, but through V2. 3. In another type of anatomical experiment using double tracers, the corpus callosum was sectioned and tritiated proline was injected into foveal striate cortex. Such an experiment allowed a more accurate determination of the extent of V4, as judged from its callosal connexions, to which foveal striate cortex projects. 4. Considering the projections of V1 to areas V2, V3 and the visual area in the medial part of the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus, and considering the differences in the projections of foveal and extrafoveal striate cortex, it is suggested that, among other functions, the striate cortex acts as a distribution centre for the information coming over the retino-geniculo-cortical pathways, parcelling this information out to different visual areas of the prestriate cortex for further analysis.", "contents": "The cortical projections of foveal striate cortex in the rhesus monkey. 1. The cortical projections of the foveal and extrafoveal parts of the striate cortex have been compared, using conventional degeneration techniques, as well as combinations of anatomical methods. While both foveal and extrafoveal striate cortex share a common pattern of projections (to areas V2, V3 and the visual area in the medial part of the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus), foveal striate cortex was found to have an additional projection (to part of the cortex of the fourth visual areas, V4). The latter projection includes the posterior lip of the inferior occipital sulcus which, on anatomical grounds, is regarded as the ventral extension of V4. 2. Anatomical studies using double tracers were employed to clarify the nature of the projections from the striate cortex and from V2 to V4. In one such experiment, tritiated proline was injected into extra-foveal striate cortex and a small lesion was made in that part of V2 receiving a direct projection from the region of the striate cortex into which the radioactive tracer was injected. Only degenerating fibres (due to the lesion), and no radioactive label, was found in V4. Such an experiment showed that, unlike foveal striate cortex, the projections from extrafoveal striate cortex to V4 are not direct, but through V2. 3. In another type of anatomical experiment using double tracers, the corpus callosum was sectioned and tritiated proline was injected into foveal striate cortex. Such an experiment allowed a more accurate determination of the extent of V4, as judged from its callosal connexions, to which foveal striate cortex projects. 4. Considering the projections of V1 to areas V2, V3 and the visual area in the medial part of the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus, and considering the differences in the projections of foveal and extrafoveal striate cortex, it is suggested that, among other functions, the striate cortex acts as a distribution centre for the information coming over the retino-geniculo-cortical pathways, parcelling this information out to different visual areas of the prestriate cortex for further analysis.", "PMID": 418174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9555", "title": "The third visual complex of rhesus monkey prestriate cortex.", "content": "1. Two independent but neighbouring visual areas, V3 and V3A, sharing a common cytoarchitectural plan, but in each one of which the visual fields are separately represented, have been studied anatomically, functionally, and in combined anatomico-physiological experiments. 2. The properties of single cells in the two areas are so similar, judged by the techniques used in this study, that it is often impossible to tell whether any one penetration was sampling from cells in V3 or V3A. This is especially so if the cells have receptive fields in the lower hemi-quadrants, since the vertical meridian of the lower visual fields is represented along the V3-V3A boundary and since a transition from V3 to V3A along this border is not accompanied by a shift in receptive field positions of cells. 3. Since the visual fields, including the vertical meridian, are separately represented in these two areas, and since regions of vertical meridian representation are callosally connected, a simple and certain method of specifying the boundary between V3 and V3A is to examine the degeneration following section of the callosal splenium. A heavy patch of degeneration then marks the V3-V3A boundary. Within this patch, however, is a sub-patch containing fewer callosal fibres, or none at all. The boundary between V3 and V3A was taken to be at this subpatch. 4. Since the horizontal meridian is represented at the V2-V3 boundary, and since V1 projects to both these areas, sending coarse fibres to V3 and fine fibres to V2, it was found that the boundary between V2 and V3 could be precisely drawn by making a lesion in the horizontal meridian representation in V1 and noting where, in the prestriate cortex, fine fibres give way to coarse ones, without an intervening gap. 5. Double tracer anatomical experiments, in which tritiated proline was injected into V1 of animals whose callosal splenium had been sectioned, showed that whereas V3 receives a direct input from V1, V3A does not. V3A, instead, was found to receive an input from V3. Double tracer anatomical experiments were undertaken to study a possible input from V2 to V3A. Although such experiments did not reveal a direct input from V2 to V3A, they were not entirely conclusive. 6. The vast majority of cells in V3 and V3A were binocularly driven, without obvious monocular preferences. Some cells, however, though responding to stimulation of the individual eyes, summated their responses to binocular stimulation. Others responded only when both eyes were simulataneously stimulated. In any oblique penetration, cells preferring binocular stimulation only occurred either singly or in groups. 7. In an oblique penetration, the shift from a cell responding to binocular stimulation only to one responding equally well to stimulation of either eye was not necessarily accompanied by a shift in orientational preferences, shifts in the former...", "contents": "The third visual complex of rhesus monkey prestriate cortex. 1. Two independent but neighbouring visual areas, V3 and V3A, sharing a common cytoarchitectural plan, but in each one of which the visual fields are separately represented, have been studied anatomically, functionally, and in combined anatomico-physiological experiments. 2. The properties of single cells in the two areas are so similar, judged by the techniques used in this study, that it is often impossible to tell whether any one penetration was sampling from cells in V3 or V3A. This is especially so if the cells have receptive fields in the lower hemi-quadrants, since the vertical meridian of the lower visual fields is represented along the V3-V3A boundary and since a transition from V3 to V3A along this border is not accompanied by a shift in receptive field positions of cells. 3. Since the visual fields, including the vertical meridian, are separately represented in these two areas, and since regions of vertical meridian representation are callosally connected, a simple and certain method of specifying the boundary between V3 and V3A is to examine the degeneration following section of the callosal splenium. A heavy patch of degeneration then marks the V3-V3A boundary. Within this patch, however, is a sub-patch containing fewer callosal fibres, or none at all. The boundary between V3 and V3A was taken to be at this subpatch. 4. Since the horizontal meridian is represented at the V2-V3 boundary, and since V1 projects to both these areas, sending coarse fibres to V3 and fine fibres to V2, it was found that the boundary between V2 and V3 could be precisely drawn by making a lesion in the horizontal meridian representation in V1 and noting where, in the prestriate cortex, fine fibres give way to coarse ones, without an intervening gap. 5. Double tracer anatomical experiments, in which tritiated proline was injected into V1 of animals whose callosal splenium had been sectioned, showed that whereas V3 receives a direct input from V1, V3A does not. V3A, instead, was found to receive an input from V3. Double tracer anatomical experiments were undertaken to study a possible input from V2 to V3A. Although such experiments did not reveal a direct input from V2 to V3A, they were not entirely conclusive. 6. The vast majority of cells in V3 and V3A were binocularly driven, without obvious monocular preferences. Some cells, however, though responding to stimulation of the individual eyes, summated their responses to binocular stimulation. Others responded only when both eyes were simulataneously stimulated. In any oblique penetration, cells preferring binocular stimulation only occurred either singly or in groups. 7. In an oblique penetration, the shift from a cell responding to binocular stimulation only to one responding equally well to stimulation of either eye was not necessarily accompanied by a shift in orientational preferences, shifts in the former...", "PMID": 418175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9556", "title": "Uniformity and diversity of structure and function in rhesus monkey prestriate visual cortex.", "content": "1. Recordings were made from single neurones, or small clusters of cells, in five prestriate visual areas of rhesus monkey cortex. The cells were studied for their binocularity, as well as for their orientational, motion and colour preferences. In all, 1500 cells were studied, 250 cells for each of the areas V2, V3, V3A and the motion area of the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus, and 500 cells for V4. All the cells referred to in this study can be placed in one prestriate area or another unambiguously. 2. The great majority of cells in all areas were binocularly driven, without monocular preferences. Within each area, there were cells that either preferred binocular stimulation markedly, or were responsive to binocular stimulation only. The ocular interaction histograms for all areas are remarkably similar when tested at a fixed disparity. 3. Over 70% of the cells in areas V2, V3 and V3A were selective for orientation. The receptive fields of cells were larger in V3 and V3A than in V2. By contrast, less than 50% of the cells in V4 and the motion area of the superior temporal sulcus were orientation selective. 4. Directionally selective cells were found in all areas. But they were present in small numbers (less than 15%) in areas V2, V3, V3A and V4. By contrast, 90% of the cells in the motion area of the superior temporal sulcus were directionally selective. 5. 8% of the cells in V2 had opponent colour properties. Cells with such properties were not found in V3, V3A or in the motion area of the superior temporal sulcus. By contrast, 54% of the cells in the V4 complex had opponent colour properties. 6. It is argued that despite its uniformity in cytoarchitectural appearance and in ocular interaction patterns, there is a functional division of labour within the prestriate cortex. Evidence for this is seen not only in the different concentrations of functional cell types in distinct areas of the prestriate cortex, but also in the differential anatomical and callosal connexions of each area.", "contents": "Uniformity and diversity of structure and function in rhesus monkey prestriate visual cortex. 1. Recordings were made from single neurones, or small clusters of cells, in five prestriate visual areas of rhesus monkey cortex. The cells were studied for their binocularity, as well as for their orientational, motion and colour preferences. In all, 1500 cells were studied, 250 cells for each of the areas V2, V3, V3A and the motion area of the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus, and 500 cells for V4. All the cells referred to in this study can be placed in one prestriate area or another unambiguously. 2. The great majority of cells in all areas were binocularly driven, without monocular preferences. Within each area, there were cells that either preferred binocular stimulation markedly, or were responsive to binocular stimulation only. The ocular interaction histograms for all areas are remarkably similar when tested at a fixed disparity. 3. Over 70% of the cells in areas V2, V3 and V3A were selective for orientation. The receptive fields of cells were larger in V3 and V3A than in V2. By contrast, less than 50% of the cells in V4 and the motion area of the superior temporal sulcus were orientation selective. 4. Directionally selective cells were found in all areas. But they were present in small numbers (less than 15%) in areas V2, V3, V3A and V4. By contrast, 90% of the cells in the motion area of the superior temporal sulcus were directionally selective. 5. 8% of the cells in V2 had opponent colour properties. Cells with such properties were not found in V3, V3A or in the motion area of the superior temporal sulcus. By contrast, 54% of the cells in the V4 complex had opponent colour properties. 6. It is argued that despite its uniformity in cytoarchitectural appearance and in ocular interaction patterns, there is a functional division of labour within the prestriate cortex. Evidence for this is seen not only in the different concentrations of functional cell types in distinct areas of the prestriate cortex, but also in the differential anatomical and callosal connexions of each area.", "PMID": 418176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9557", "title": "Liquid-sensitive laryngeal receptors in the developing sheep, cat and monkey.", "content": "1. Action potentials were recorded from single afferent units of the superior laryngeal nerves in neonatal and adult sheep, cats and monkeys when liquids were passed over the laryngeal mucosa. 2. Two types of mucosal receptors, sensitive to water but not to isotonic saline, were found in each species from birth. The most common type of unit responded after a short latency (less than 1 sec), discharged maximally in the first 1-3 sec and became inactive when the stimulus was withdrawn. The other type responded only after several seconds, the discharges gradually increasing in frequency and continuing after removal of the stimulus. 3. Reproducible responses were elicited by tactile stimulation of the laryngeal mucosa over the receptive field of each of the long-latency units. Fewer than 50% of the short-latency units were excited, the remainder responding only unreproducibly to firm pressure. 4. Short-latency, but not long-latency, units responded to milks, gastric contents, saliva and isotonic solutions of sugars. 5. The responses of long-latency units to water were often modified by, but rarely dependent on, reflexly evoked activity in laryngeal muscles. 6. The conduction velocities of afferent fibres of water sensitive units ranged from 22 to 49 m/sec, and differed little from those of water-insensitive laryngeal mechanoreceptors. 7. Histological examination of the laryngeal mucosa showed that taste buds were present in lambs from birth whereas they developed post-natally in kittens and monkeys. The evidence suggests that taste buds were not associated with water-sensitive units.", "contents": "Liquid-sensitive laryngeal receptors in the developing sheep, cat and monkey. 1. Action potentials were recorded from single afferent units of the superior laryngeal nerves in neonatal and adult sheep, cats and monkeys when liquids were passed over the laryngeal mucosa. 2. Two types of mucosal receptors, sensitive to water but not to isotonic saline, were found in each species from birth. The most common type of unit responded after a short latency (less than 1 sec), discharged maximally in the first 1-3 sec and became inactive when the stimulus was withdrawn. The other type responded only after several seconds, the discharges gradually increasing in frequency and continuing after removal of the stimulus. 3. Reproducible responses were elicited by tactile stimulation of the laryngeal mucosa over the receptive field of each of the long-latency units. Fewer than 50% of the short-latency units were excited, the remainder responding only unreproducibly to firm pressure. 4. Short-latency, but not long-latency, units responded to milks, gastric contents, saliva and isotonic solutions of sugars. 5. The responses of long-latency units to water were often modified by, but rarely dependent on, reflexly evoked activity in laryngeal muscles. 6. The conduction velocities of afferent fibres of water sensitive units ranged from 22 to 49 m/sec, and differed little from those of water-insensitive laryngeal mechanoreceptors. 7. Histological examination of the laryngeal mucosa showed that taste buds were present in lambs from birth whereas they developed post-natally in kittens and monkeys. The evidence suggests that taste buds were not associated with water-sensitive units.", "PMID": 418177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9558", "title": "[Bone lesions in a case of heavy chain alpha disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Specific bone lesions are not usually found in heavy chain alpha disease we report a case in which images identical to those seen in Parker and Jackson's sarcoma (bone lymphoma) were found. The malignant lymphomatous nature of the lesion could not be confirmed as a bone biopsy was not made, but its regression under chemotherapy makes the diagnosis almost certain. Indirectly, arguments in favour of this hypothesis can be drawn from the common cellular origin of bone lymphomas and monoclonal gammopathies. Furthermore, it is logical to assume that heavy chain alpha disease, as with most other immuno-proliferative syndromes, can be associated with malignant lymphomatous changes in the skeleton.", "contents": "[Bone lesions in a case of heavy chain alpha disease (author's transl)]. Specific bone lesions are not usually found in heavy chain alpha disease we report a case in which images identical to those seen in Parker and Jackson's sarcoma (bone lymphoma) were found. The malignant lymphomatous nature of the lesion could not be confirmed as a bone biopsy was not made, but its regression under chemotherapy makes the diagnosis almost certain. Indirectly, arguments in favour of this hypothesis can be drawn from the common cellular origin of bone lymphomas and monoclonal gammopathies. Furthermore, it is logical to assume that heavy chain alpha disease, as with most other immuno-proliferative syndromes, can be associated with malignant lymphomatous changes in the skeleton.", "PMID": 418178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9559", "title": "Spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines]. 3. Diuretic and antihypertensive properties of compounds containing a sulfur attached to nitrogen.", "content": "The synthesis and antihypertensive and diuretic activity of several N-sulfur derivatives of 3-phenylspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidine] are reported. Benzenesulfenamide 3 possessed marked, species-specific diuretic and antihypertensive activity in rats.", "contents": "Spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidines]. 3. Diuretic and antihypertensive properties of compounds containing a sulfur attached to nitrogen. The synthesis and antihypertensive and diuretic activity of several N-sulfur derivatives of 3-phenylspiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),4'-piperidine] are reported. Benzenesulfenamide 3 possessed marked, species-specific diuretic and antihypertensive activity in rats.", "PMID": 418179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9560", "title": "Vasopressin-like effects of a hallucinogenic drug--harmaline--on sodium and water transport.", "content": "To determine if harmala alkaloids affect transport systems other than (Na +K)-ATPase, effects of harmaline on Na and water fluxes were studied in amphibian skins. Net Na flux was evaluated from short-circuit current, and water flux monitored with automatic, volumetric methods. At 2 to 5 mM, harmaline consistently inhibited SCC and prevented the natriferic effects of oxytocin and norepinephrine. However, at 0.1 to 0.5 mM, harmaline produced an increase in SCC inhibitable with amiloride. The stimulatory effects of harmaline and oxytocin were either nonadditive or additive depending on whether the hallucinogen was present in the inner solution or in the outer solution bathing the skin, respectively. Water flow was not modified by harmaline on the outer medium. In contrast, addition of the drug to the inner medium elicited a conspicuous, sustained, vasopressin-like, hydrosmotic effect, comparable to and competive with those of vasopressin and norepinephrine. The ensemble of these results suggests that harmaline may affect three distinct transport systems: (i) the Na pump; (ii) the cyclic nucleotide system; (iii) the Na entry pathway at the outer membrane of the skin that is also activated by agents such as diphenylhydantoin, lanthanides and propranolol.", "contents": "Vasopressin-like effects of a hallucinogenic drug--harmaline--on sodium and water transport. To determine if harmala alkaloids affect transport systems other than (Na +K)-ATPase, effects of harmaline on Na and water fluxes were studied in amphibian skins. Net Na flux was evaluated from short-circuit current, and water flux monitored with automatic, volumetric methods. At 2 to 5 mM, harmaline consistently inhibited SCC and prevented the natriferic effects of oxytocin and norepinephrine. However, at 0.1 to 0.5 mM, harmaline produced an increase in SCC inhibitable with amiloride. The stimulatory effects of harmaline and oxytocin were either nonadditive or additive depending on whether the hallucinogen was present in the inner solution or in the outer solution bathing the skin, respectively. Water flow was not modified by harmaline on the outer medium. In contrast, addition of the drug to the inner medium elicited a conspicuous, sustained, vasopressin-like, hydrosmotic effect, comparable to and competive with those of vasopressin and norepinephrine. The ensemble of these results suggests that harmaline may affect three distinct transport systems: (i) the Na pump; (ii) the cyclic nucleotide system; (iii) the Na entry pathway at the outer membrane of the skin that is also activated by agents such as diphenylhydantoin, lanthanides and propranolol.", "PMID": 418180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9561", "title": "Isolation and metastatic properties of detachment variants of B16 melanoma cells.", "content": "Variant clones of B16 melanoma cells have been isolated that detached from plastic tissue culture dishes either more or less readily than the parent line upon treatment with EDTA or ethyleneglycol-bis(b-amino ethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid. Cells that detached more readily were spindlier in culture than parent cells, covered less surface area per cell, and formed fewer pulmonary tumors when injected iv into C57BL/6J mice. Cells that detached less readily were flatter in culture and formed more pulmonary tumors when injected iv than the parent cells. After detachment with EDTA, the cells reattached to culture dishes at the same rate.", "contents": "Isolation and metastatic properties of detachment variants of B16 melanoma cells. Variant clones of B16 melanoma cells have been isolated that detached from plastic tissue culture dishes either more or less readily than the parent line upon treatment with EDTA or ethyleneglycol-bis(b-amino ethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid. Cells that detached more readily were spindlier in culture than parent cells, covered less surface area per cell, and formed fewer pulmonary tumors when injected iv into C57BL/6J mice. Cells that detached less readily were flatter in culture and formed more pulmonary tumors when injected iv than the parent cells. After detachment with EDTA, the cells reattached to culture dishes at the same rate.", "PMID": 418183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9562", "title": "Differences in purine metabolizing enzyme activities in human leukemia T-cell, B-cell and null cell lines.", "content": "Clear metabolic differences between T- and B-cells were demonstrated. Both adenosine deaminase (ADA) and nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) activities increased during logarithmic growth and then decreased in T-cells, but remained essentially constant during the growth cycle of B-cells. When these enzyme activities were examined in a number of T-cell, B-cell, and null cell lines, ADA activity was clearly higher in T-cells as compared to all others. With NP, the opposite appeared to be true, although the differences were much smaller and not statistically significant in all instances. No clear differences were found in the isoenzyme distributions of both enzymes in the various cell types.", "contents": "Differences in purine metabolizing enzyme activities in human leukemia T-cell, B-cell and null cell lines. Clear metabolic differences between T- and B-cells were demonstrated. Both adenosine deaminase (ADA) and nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) activities increased during logarithmic growth and then decreased in T-cells, but remained essentially constant during the growth cycle of B-cells. When these enzyme activities were examined in a number of T-cell, B-cell, and null cell lines, ADA activity was clearly higher in T-cells as compared to all others. With NP, the opposite appeared to be true, although the differences were much smaller and not statistically significant in all instances. No clear differences were found in the isoenzyme distributions of both enzymes in the various cell types.", "PMID": 418184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9563", "title": "Stimulation of malignant skin cells by antibody to normal skin cells of mice.", "content": "The ability of antibodies developed against normal skin cells to stimulate skin cells transformed by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was investigated. Primary cultures of normal skin, containing both fibroblasts and epithelial cells, were established from epidermis of the back skin of adult strain A/J mice. Malignant skin cells were obtained by treating a subculture of normal cells with DMBA. Transformation was demonstrated by increased growth rate, growth in soft agar, and production of tumors in strain A/J mice. Antisera developed in New Zealand White rabbits against the normal cells were cytotoxic to both normal and malignant cells in the presence of complement of 1:320 dilution. However, greater dilutions of the antisera (1:500-1:1,000) in the absence of complement produced growth enhancement of the malignant but not of the normal cells. The growth-enhancing properties were present in the gamma-globulin fraction of the antisera that contained IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies. Immunofluorescence studies indicated that antibodies from the sera bound to the membranes of both normal and malignant cells. These data indicate that antibodies to normal cells are stimulatory to DMBA-transformed cells and confirm previous data obtained with spontaneously transformed cells.", "contents": "Stimulation of malignant skin cells by antibody to normal skin cells of mice. The ability of antibodies developed against normal skin cells to stimulate skin cells transformed by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was investigated. Primary cultures of normal skin, containing both fibroblasts and epithelial cells, were established from epidermis of the back skin of adult strain A/J mice. Malignant skin cells were obtained by treating a subculture of normal cells with DMBA. Transformation was demonstrated by increased growth rate, growth in soft agar, and production of tumors in strain A/J mice. Antisera developed in New Zealand White rabbits against the normal cells were cytotoxic to both normal and malignant cells in the presence of complement of 1:320 dilution. However, greater dilutions of the antisera (1:500-1:1,000) in the absence of complement produced growth enhancement of the malignant but not of the normal cells. The growth-enhancing properties were present in the gamma-globulin fraction of the antisera that contained IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies. Immunofluorescence studies indicated that antibodies from the sera bound to the membranes of both normal and malignant cells. These data indicate that antibodies to normal cells are stimulatory to DMBA-transformed cells and confirm previous data obtained with spontaneously transformed cells.", "PMID": 418185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9564", "title": "Studies on endoparasites of the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the southeastern United States.", "content": "Examination of 53 black bears (Ursus americanus) from six states in the southeastern United States revealed at least 17 species of endoparasites, including Sarcocystis sp., Spirometra mansonoides (spargana), Macracanthorhynchus ingens, Ancylostoma caninum, Arthrocephalus lotoris, Baylisascaris transfuga, Capillaria aerophila, Capillaria putorii, Crenosoma sp., Cyathospirura sp., Dirofilaria immitis, Gnathostoma sp., Gongylonema pulchrum, microfilariae, Molineus barbatus, Physaloptera sp. and Strongyloides sp. Twelve of these represent new host records for black bear, and two are considered to be new species. Data are presented on prevalence, intensity and geographic distribution of each species. Pathologic effects were associated with infections of spargana of S. mansonoides and adults of C. aerophilia.", "contents": "Studies on endoparasites of the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the southeastern United States. Examination of 53 black bears (Ursus americanus) from six states in the southeastern United States revealed at least 17 species of endoparasites, including Sarcocystis sp., Spirometra mansonoides (spargana), Macracanthorhynchus ingens, Ancylostoma caninum, Arthrocephalus lotoris, Baylisascaris transfuga, Capillaria aerophila, Capillaria putorii, Crenosoma sp., Cyathospirura sp., Dirofilaria immitis, Gnathostoma sp., Gongylonema pulchrum, microfilariae, Molineus barbatus, Physaloptera sp. and Strongyloides sp. Twelve of these represent new host records for black bear, and two are considered to be new species. Data are presented on prevalence, intensity and geographic distribution of each species. Pathologic effects were associated with infections of spargana of S. mansonoides and adults of C. aerophilia.", "PMID": 418189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9565", "title": "Parasites of the coyote (Canis latrans) in central Utah.", "content": "Seventeen coyotes, Canis latrans, from central Utah were surveyed for parasites. Five species of parasites not reported previously from coyotes in Utah were detected: Filaroides osleri, Physaloptera sp., Spirocerca sp., Ancylostoma caninum, and Cediopsylla simplex. In all, 11 genera of parasites were observed.", "contents": "Parasites of the coyote (Canis latrans) in central Utah. Seventeen coyotes, Canis latrans, from central Utah were surveyed for parasites. Five species of parasites not reported previously from coyotes in Utah were detected: Filaroides osleri, Physaloptera sp., Spirocerca sp., Ancylostoma caninum, and Cediopsylla simplex. In all, 11 genera of parasites were observed.", "PMID": 418190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9566", "title": "Caryospora cheloniae sp. n.: a coccidial pathogen of mariculture-reared green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas mydas).", "content": "Caryospora cheloniae sp. n. is described from mariculture-reared green sea turtles (Chelonia m. mydas). The sporulated oocyst has a thin, transparent, single-layered wall which often ruptures, leaving a naked sporulated sporocyst. Oocysts measured 33.8 to 40.1 micrometer by 11.0 to 14.6 micrometer (mean 37.4 by 12.8 micrometer). Greatest concentrations of developmental stages of C. cheloniae were found in the hindgut. Transverse binary fission was observed in dividing tissue stages. Pathologic alterations were most pronounced in the posterior third of the intestines (hindgut). The hindgut lumen was greatly dilated and filled with blood, oocysts and tissue debris. The hindgut wall was thinner than normal and the mucosal folds had sloughed into the intestinal lumen. Free blood escaped from the blood vessels of the tunica propria into the intestinal lumen. Epithelial hyperplasia was pronounced at the margins of denuded mucosal areas. Numerous inflammatory cells infiltrated the infected mucosal surface.", "contents": "Caryospora cheloniae sp. n.: a coccidial pathogen of mariculture-reared green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas mydas). Caryospora cheloniae sp. n. is described from mariculture-reared green sea turtles (Chelonia m. mydas). The sporulated oocyst has a thin, transparent, single-layered wall which often ruptures, leaving a naked sporulated sporocyst. Oocysts measured 33.8 to 40.1 micrometer by 11.0 to 14.6 micrometer (mean 37.4 by 12.8 micrometer). Greatest concentrations of developmental stages of C. cheloniae were found in the hindgut. Transverse binary fission was observed in dividing tissue stages. Pathologic alterations were most pronounced in the posterior third of the intestines (hindgut). The hindgut lumen was greatly dilated and filled with blood, oocysts and tissue debris. The hindgut wall was thinner than normal and the mucosal folds had sloughed into the intestinal lumen. Free blood escaped from the blood vessels of the tunica propria into the intestinal lumen. Epithelial hyperplasia was pronounced at the margins of denuded mucosal areas. Numerous inflammatory cells infiltrated the infected mucosal surface.", "PMID": 418191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9567", "title": "Rocky mountain spotted fever caused by blood transfusion.", "content": "Transfusion of 500 ml of blood, contributed by a donor three days before the onset of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and refrigerated for nine days, caused this disease in the recipient. The blood donor died of Rocky Mountain spotted fever after six days; rickettsia were identified in various tissues by immunofluorescence techniques. The recipient of the blood became mildly ill and recovered fully; specific antibiotic treatment was initiated on the fourth day of illness. Diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever was confirmed in the recipient by positive serologic reactions and isolation of Rickettsia rickettsii from blood after inoculation in animals and tissue culture.", "contents": "Rocky mountain spotted fever caused by blood transfusion. Transfusion of 500 ml of blood, contributed by a donor three days before the onset of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and refrigerated for nine days, caused this disease in the recipient. The blood donor died of Rocky Mountain spotted fever after six days; rickettsia were identified in various tissues by immunofluorescence techniques. The recipient of the blood became mildly ill and recovered fully; specific antibiotic treatment was initiated on the fourth day of illness. Diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever was confirmed in the recipient by positive serologic reactions and isolation of Rickettsia rickettsii from blood after inoculation in animals and tissue culture.", "PMID": 418193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9568", "title": "Preliminary screening of amino acids excretion in the urine of newly born babies.", "content": "The paper attempts to characterize the qualitative as well as quantitative estimations of aminoacids in the urines of new born babies using two dimensional paper chromatography. The objective of this investigation was to know the extent of amino acid defects in these samples and to correlate such defects with the physical abnormalities in infants. Based on the overall results, it is inferred that phenylalanine excreted in the urine gave a positive response with PKU test and some particular amino acids are identified and estimated in the urine of new born babies to confirm the diagnosis of phenylketonuric patients.", "contents": "Preliminary screening of amino acids excretion in the urine of newly born babies. The paper attempts to characterize the qualitative as well as quantitative estimations of aminoacids in the urines of new born babies using two dimensional paper chromatography. The objective of this investigation was to know the extent of amino acid defects in these samples and to correlate such defects with the physical abnormalities in infants. Based on the overall results, it is inferred that phenylalanine excreted in the urine gave a positive response with PKU test and some particular amino acids are identified and estimated in the urine of new born babies to confirm the diagnosis of phenylketonuric patients.", "PMID": 418194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9569", "title": "Composition of gall stones-microchemical analysis.", "content": "The composition of gall stones removed surgically from 31 patients was determined by microchemical analysis. Twenty six had mixed infective, 2 cholesterol and 3 pigment stones. All the stones consisted of combination of various constituents in varying amount. Bilirubin was detected in the centre and peripheral layers of all, protein was found in the centre of 84.6% and cholesterol in the centre of 54% and the peripheral layers of all the gall stones. The findings in this study suggest that infection is the most likely cause of biliary lithogenesis.", "contents": "Composition of gall stones-microchemical analysis. The composition of gall stones removed surgically from 31 patients was determined by microchemical analysis. Twenty six had mixed infective, 2 cholesterol and 3 pigment stones. All the stones consisted of combination of various constituents in varying amount. Bilirubin was detected in the centre and peripheral layers of all, protein was found in the centre of 84.6% and cholesterol in the centre of 54% and the peripheral layers of all the gall stones. The findings in this study suggest that infection is the most likely cause of biliary lithogenesis.", "PMID": 418195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9570", "title": "[The effects of a new type of laser on fixed tissue of the angle of the anterior chamber in the monkey eye (author's transl)].", "content": "Segments of fixed tissue of the chamber angle of the monkey eye are irradiated with a neodymium (YAG-) q-spoiled laser at a pulse duration of 50 ns, a pulse energy of 200 mJ and an optic distance of 15 mm. Perforating injuries are observed between the anterior chamber and Schlemm's canal. When an acute angle of the laser beam relative to the cornea is chosen, the application point must be at the anterior part of the trabecular meshwork, close to the cornea, to open the canal of Schlemm. An impact further back toward the iris would create cyclodialysis.", "contents": "[The effects of a new type of laser on fixed tissue of the angle of the anterior chamber in the monkey eye (author's transl)]. Segments of fixed tissue of the chamber angle of the monkey eye are irradiated with a neodymium (YAG-) q-spoiled laser at a pulse duration of 50 ns, a pulse energy of 200 mJ and an optic distance of 15 mm. Perforating injuries are observed between the anterior chamber and Schlemm's canal. When an acute angle of the laser beam relative to the cornea is chosen, the application point must be at the anterior part of the trabecular meshwork, close to the cornea, to open the canal of Schlemm. An impact further back toward the iris would create cyclodialysis.", "PMID": 418267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9571", "title": "[Diabetic cataract and flavonoids (first results) (author's transl)].", "content": "The possible effects of Quercetine, a potent inhibitor of aldose-reductase, on cataract formation and vascular permeability were investigated in streptozotocine-diabetic rats. Preliminary results after peroral administration of Quercetine did not allow to demonstrate a clear inhibitory effect on cataract formation.", "contents": "[Diabetic cataract and flavonoids (first results) (author's transl)]. The possible effects of Quercetine, a potent inhibitor of aldose-reductase, on cataract formation and vascular permeability were investigated in streptozotocine-diabetic rats. Preliminary results after peroral administration of Quercetine did not allow to demonstrate a clear inhibitory effect on cataract formation.", "PMID": 418268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9572", "title": "Output value analysis of an alcoholism treatment program.", "content": "A form of cost--benefit analysis is used to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of an alcoholism treatment program in caring for patients grouped by year of admission, sex and level of impairment.", "contents": "Output value analysis of an alcoholism treatment program. A form of cost--benefit analysis is used to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of an alcoholism treatment program in caring for patients grouped by year of admission, sex and level of impairment.", "PMID": 418272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9573", "title": "Age-dependent alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity changes in mutant and wild type Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The age-related changes in the activity of the extramitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) were compared in two mutants of Drosophila melanogaster, a vestigial-winged and an alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase deficient mutant with that of the wild type. The age-dependent patterns of activity change in both mutants were shown to be identical to that of the wild type. This is in spite of the lack of flight ability in both mutants, the reduced enzyme activity levels in the alpha-glycerophosphate mutant, and in the case of the vestigial flies, of reduced life-span. The results suggest that those mechanisms responsible for the observed aged-related activity changes in alpha-GPDH are intrinsically regulated, independent of functional flight, genetic alteration of specific activity, and life-span.", "contents": "Age-dependent alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity changes in mutant and wild type Drosophila melanogaster. The age-related changes in the activity of the extramitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH) were compared in two mutants of Drosophila melanogaster, a vestigial-winged and an alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase deficient mutant with that of the wild type. The age-dependent patterns of activity change in both mutants were shown to be identical to that of the wild type. This is in spite of the lack of flight ability in both mutants, the reduced enzyme activity levels in the alpha-glycerophosphate mutant, and in the case of the vestigial flies, of reduced life-span. The results suggest that those mechanisms responsible for the observed aged-related activity changes in alpha-GPDH are intrinsically regulated, independent of functional flight, genetic alteration of specific activity, and life-span.", "PMID": 418273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9574", "title": "Patient outcomes in alternative long-term care settings.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare health status outcomes in three alternative long-term care settings in the Veterans Administration : 1) home care; 2) community-based nursing home care; and 3) hospital-based nursing home care. Patients were measured on a behavioral index of health status, at two points in time: when transferred from the acute care hospital to one of the three treatment programs (pretest and three months later (posttest). Since patients could not be randomly distributed to programs, two methods were employed to control for potential sample selection bias: the choice of a nonequivalent control group design, and multivariate analytic techniques. First, within each program type, patients were randomly selected from both a hospital that offered only that program as a long-term care alternative and from a hospital that provided all three treatment settings. Second, multiple regression analysis was used to control for pretest differences among patients. Patients placed in the home care program displayed the greatest mean improvement in functional health status, holding all other variables constant. This treatment effect was not uniform, however; patients showed differential rates of improvement across the three programs, based upon both initial health status and prognosis.", "contents": "Patient outcomes in alternative long-term care settings. The purpose of this study was to compare health status outcomes in three alternative long-term care settings in the Veterans Administration : 1) home care; 2) community-based nursing home care; and 3) hospital-based nursing home care. Patients were measured on a behavioral index of health status, at two points in time: when transferred from the acute care hospital to one of the three treatment programs (pretest and three months later (posttest). Since patients could not be randomly distributed to programs, two methods were employed to control for potential sample selection bias: the choice of a nonequivalent control group design, and multivariate analytic techniques. First, within each program type, patients were randomly selected from both a hospital that offered only that program as a long-term care alternative and from a hospital that provided all three treatment settings. Second, multiple regression analysis was used to control for pretest differences among patients. Patients placed in the home care program displayed the greatest mean improvement in functional health status, holding all other variables constant. This treatment effect was not uniform, however; patients showed differential rates of improvement across the three programs, based upon both initial health status and prognosis.", "PMID": 418277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9575", "title": "Assessing the impact of tonsillectomies.", "content": "This paper explores outcomes associated with the tonsillectomy operation using multiple control groups and a large claims-based data bank from the Canadian province of Manitoba. Given the difficulty of conducting large-scale clinical trials of common surgical procedures, the use of multiple methods for evaluating such interventions is both advocated and implemented in this study. When the data are restricted to respiratory diagnoses, the findings suggest that, on the average, tonsil surgery saves between one half and one and a half episodes of illness per patient over the two years after surgery. Such savings are much more pronounced among individuals having several tonsillitis episodes in the preoperative year. However, when all medical claims are considered, the estimated savings from the tonsillectomy operation are somewhat reduced. Individual variation in predisposition to \"see the doctor\" appears to account for such results; visits about conditions other than respiratory take up much of the \"savings\" produced by tonsil surgery. The findings are discussed in terms of the costs and benefits of the tonsillectomy operation, and future research needs are outlined.", "contents": "Assessing the impact of tonsillectomies. This paper explores outcomes associated with the tonsillectomy operation using multiple control groups and a large claims-based data bank from the Canadian province of Manitoba. Given the difficulty of conducting large-scale clinical trials of common surgical procedures, the use of multiple methods for evaluating such interventions is both advocated and implemented in this study. When the data are restricted to respiratory diagnoses, the findings suggest that, on the average, tonsil surgery saves between one half and one and a half episodes of illness per patient over the two years after surgery. Such savings are much more pronounced among individuals having several tonsillitis episodes in the preoperative year. However, when all medical claims are considered, the estimated savings from the tonsillectomy operation are somewhat reduced. Individual variation in predisposition to \"see the doctor\" appears to account for such results; visits about conditions other than respiratory take up much of the \"savings\" produced by tonsil surgery. The findings are discussed in terms of the costs and benefits of the tonsillectomy operation, and future research needs are outlined.", "PMID": 418278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9576", "title": "Failure of 3,3'-diiodothyronine administration to alter TSH and prolactin responses to TRH stimulation.", "content": "In order to determine whether elevations in serum 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'T2) concentrations influence the hypothalamic-pituitary--thyroid axis, thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were assessed in five patients both prior to and during 3,3'T2 administration. Mean (+/- SE) peak TSH responses to TRH were 168 +/- 64 microU/ml during 3,3'T2 administration and 168 +/- 65 muU/ml during 3,3'T2 administration. Mean basal and peak prolactin concentrations after TRH were 6 +/- 3 ng/ml and 54 +/- 26 ng/ml, whereas during 3,3'T2 administration the basal and peak prolactin levels were 6 +/- 2 ng/ml and 55 +/- 28 ng/ml, respectively. Hypothyroid rats administered triiodothyronine (10 migrogram b.i.d.) for 5 days had a mean TSH response to TRH stimulation of 0.051 +/- 0.003 mU/ml, whereas rats to whom saline or 3,3'T2 (50 microgram b.i.d.) had been given for the same time interval had mean TRH-induced TSH responses of 1.127 +/- 0.179 mU/ml and 1.324 +/- 0.286 mU/ml, respectively. None of the TSH or prolactin responses to TRH, in either human or rat studies, were apparently altered by 3,3'T2. These observations suggest that elevation of serum 3,3'T2 levels are not associated with alterations in the hypothalamic--pituitary--thyroid axis in the experimental systems employed.", "contents": "Failure of 3,3'-diiodothyronine administration to alter TSH and prolactin responses to TRH stimulation. In order to determine whether elevations in serum 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'T2) concentrations influence the hypothalamic-pituitary--thyroid axis, thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were assessed in five patients both prior to and during 3,3'T2 administration. Mean (+/- SE) peak TSH responses to TRH were 168 +/- 64 microU/ml during 3,3'T2 administration and 168 +/- 65 muU/ml during 3,3'T2 administration. Mean basal and peak prolactin concentrations after TRH were 6 +/- 3 ng/ml and 54 +/- 26 ng/ml, whereas during 3,3'T2 administration the basal and peak prolactin levels were 6 +/- 2 ng/ml and 55 +/- 28 ng/ml, respectively. Hypothyroid rats administered triiodothyronine (10 migrogram b.i.d.) for 5 days had a mean TSH response to TRH stimulation of 0.051 +/- 0.003 mU/ml, whereas rats to whom saline or 3,3'T2 (50 microgram b.i.d.) had been given for the same time interval had mean TRH-induced TSH responses of 1.127 +/- 0.179 mU/ml and 1.324 +/- 0.286 mU/ml, respectively. None of the TSH or prolactin responses to TRH, in either human or rat studies, were apparently altered by 3,3'T2. These observations suggest that elevation of serum 3,3'T2 levels are not associated with alterations in the hypothalamic--pituitary--thyroid axis in the experimental systems employed.", "PMID": 418309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9577", "title": "[Refinement of the diagnosis of the genera and species of methane-using bacteria].", "content": "The diagnoses of taxons have been corrected for methane assimilating bacteria of the family Methylomonadaceae Leadbetter 1974, of the genera Methylomonas Leadbetter 1974. Methylococcus Foster a. Davis 1966, Methylosinus Whittenbury. Phillips a. Wilkinson 1970, Methylocytis Whittenbury, Phillips a. Wilkinson 1970, and of 16 species. The diagnosis of the species Methylomonas rubra Whittenbury, Phillips a. Wilkinson 1970 has been completed, and the new species Methylomonas gracilis sp. nov. and Methylococcus luteus sp. nov. have been described. Since information about the properties of certain strains is not complete, they should be transferred to the category incertae sedis. Diagnostic keys for identification of methane assimilating bacteria are presented in the paper.", "contents": "[Refinement of the diagnosis of the genera and species of methane-using bacteria]. The diagnoses of taxons have been corrected for methane assimilating bacteria of the family Methylomonadaceae Leadbetter 1974, of the genera Methylomonas Leadbetter 1974. Methylococcus Foster a. Davis 1966, Methylosinus Whittenbury. Phillips a. Wilkinson 1970, Methylocytis Whittenbury, Phillips a. Wilkinson 1970, and of 16 species. The diagnosis of the species Methylomonas rubra Whittenbury, Phillips a. Wilkinson 1970 has been completed, and the new species Methylomonas gracilis sp. nov. and Methylococcus luteus sp. nov. have been described. Since information about the properties of certain strains is not complete, they should be transferred to the category incertae sedis. Diagnostic keys for identification of methane assimilating bacteria are presented in the paper.", "PMID": 418311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9578", "title": "[Possibility of culturing hydrogen bacteria in the presence of CO].", "content": "The growth of Hydrogenomonas eutropha Z-1 was studied in the presence of CO in the gaseous phase. The culture was found to be resistant to the action of carbon monoxide at concentrations of 5 per cent (periodic cultivation) and 7 per cent (continuous cultivation). The hydrogen bacteria can assimilate CO as a source of carbon.", "contents": "[Possibility of culturing hydrogen bacteria in the presence of CO]. The growth of Hydrogenomonas eutropha Z-1 was studied in the presence of CO in the gaseous phase. The culture was found to be resistant to the action of carbon monoxide at concentrations of 5 per cent (periodic cultivation) and 7 per cent (continuous cultivation). The hydrogen bacteria can assimilate CO as a source of carbon.", "PMID": 418312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9579", "title": "Widespread distribution of variant forms of carbonic anhydrase in Australian aboriginals.", "content": "Three distinctive genes which control variants of carbonic anhydrase (CA) have been detected in tests on nearly 3000 Aboriginals from various parts of Australia. Two of these genes affect the products of the CA1 locus, the other affects the products of the CA2 locus. In some populations of Aboriginals, more than 10% of persons have a variant carbonic anhydrase. It is suggested that such an unusual frequency of CA variants may be an evolutionary response to metabolic stress connected either with low zinc concentrations in the diet or with the altered needs of ion regulation in an arid environment.", "contents": "Widespread distribution of variant forms of carbonic anhydrase in Australian aboriginals. Three distinctive genes which control variants of carbonic anhydrase (CA) have been detected in tests on nearly 3000 Aboriginals from various parts of Australia. Two of these genes affect the products of the CA1 locus, the other affects the products of the CA2 locus. In some populations of Aboriginals, more than 10% of persons have a variant carbonic anhydrase. It is suggested that such an unusual frequency of CA variants may be an evolutionary response to metabolic stress connected either with low zinc concentrations in the diet or with the altered needs of ion regulation in an arid environment.", "PMID": 418319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9580", "title": "[Changes in the intracellular desoxyribonuclease activity in the process of Bacillus subtilis cell growth and division].", "content": "DNA synthesis and cell division were studied in Bacillus subtilis in relation to their intracellular DNAase activity. The specific activity of DNAases was found to increase prior to the beginning of DNA synthesis and cell division. Active DNA synthesis and cell division were accompanied with a decrease in the specific activity of intracellular DNAases.", "contents": "[Changes in the intracellular desoxyribonuclease activity in the process of Bacillus subtilis cell growth and division]. DNA synthesis and cell division were studied in Bacillus subtilis in relation to their intracellular DNAase activity. The specific activity of DNAases was found to increase prior to the beginning of DNA synthesis and cell division. Active DNA synthesis and cell division were accompanied with a decrease in the specific activity of intracellular DNAases.", "PMID": 418314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9581", "title": "[Optimization of the conditions for beta-galactosidase biosynthesis in eukaryotes].", "content": "Liquid whey can be subsituted by dry whey in the growth medium for Saccharomyces fragilis producing endocellular beta-galactosidase. The total biosynthesis of beta-galactosidase by the yeast on the medium containing dry whey can be increased by 40-50 percent as a result of additional stepwise introduction of lactose into the medium or optimization of the medium by mathematical planning of the experiment. Constructive metabolism of the yeast is not correlated with the rate of biosynthesis of beta-galactosidase. Damages in constructive metabolism of facultative anaerobes - yeast cultures - caused by the limitation of aeration result in an increase of the rate of beta-galactosidase biosynthesis. Such a correlation between the rate of the enzyme biosynthesis and the degree of aeration of the culture is not found in strict aerobes - fungi Alternaria tenuis and Curvularia inaequalis.", "contents": "[Optimization of the conditions for beta-galactosidase biosynthesis in eukaryotes]. Liquid whey can be subsituted by dry whey in the growth medium for Saccharomyces fragilis producing endocellular beta-galactosidase. The total biosynthesis of beta-galactosidase by the yeast on the medium containing dry whey can be increased by 40-50 percent as a result of additional stepwise introduction of lactose into the medium or optimization of the medium by mathematical planning of the experiment. Constructive metabolism of the yeast is not correlated with the rate of biosynthesis of beta-galactosidase. Damages in constructive metabolism of facultative anaerobes - yeast cultures - caused by the limitation of aeration result in an increase of the rate of beta-galactosidase biosynthesis. Such a correlation between the rate of the enzyme biosynthesis and the degree of aeration of the culture is not found in strict aerobes - fungi Alternaria tenuis and Curvularia inaequalis.", "PMID": 418313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9582", "title": "[Physiology of xerophytic microorganisms that grow under very dry conditions].", "content": "The biology of xerophytic microorganisms surviving and growing under conditions imitating Martian ones was studied, as well as the zone of tolerance of several microorganisms towards the activity of water. The xerophytic nature of microorganisms is suggested to be evaluated by means of quantitative determination, using gas chromatography, of carbon dioxide which is evolved when microorganisms are cultivated on media with different values of aw.", "contents": "[Physiology of xerophytic microorganisms that grow under very dry conditions]. The biology of xerophytic microorganisms surviving and growing under conditions imitating Martian ones was studied, as well as the zone of tolerance of several microorganisms towards the activity of water. The xerophytic nature of microorganisms is suggested to be evaluated by means of quantitative determination, using gas chromatography, of carbon dioxide which is evolved when microorganisms are cultivated on media with different values of aw.", "PMID": 418315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9583", "title": "A clinical look at Stuart's transport medium.", "content": "The development of Stuart's Transport Medium is described, followed by an inquiry into the rationale of its composition. Suggestions are made for the optimal use of the medium.", "contents": "A clinical look at Stuart's transport medium. The development of Stuart's Transport Medium is described, followed by an inquiry into the rationale of its composition. Suggestions are made for the optimal use of the medium.", "PMID": 418321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9584", "title": "The initial attachment of transforming DNA to competent Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The initial attachment of transforming DNA to competent Bacillus subtilis is temperature independent between 25 degrees and 45 degrees. However, below 15 degrees there is a significant reduction in the amount of DNA attached to compentent cells. The DNA that is attached at 4 degrees can lead to transformation or interfere effectively with the subsequent attachment of a distinctive DNA when the cells are shifted to a permissive temperature (37 degrees). These data suggest that the attachment of DNA at 4 degrees is to sites normally involved in the transformation process. The amount of DNA that is initially attached to the bacteria at 4 degrees or 37 degrees after perturbation of the cells by ionic strength changes, repetitive washings, or periodate oxidation varies with the temperature at which the treatment occurs. These results are consistent with a reorientation of the DNA attachment sites upon lowering the temperature to 4 degrees, such that their affinity for DNA and susceptibility inhibitory treatments are reduced.", "contents": "The initial attachment of transforming DNA to competent Bacillus subtilis. The initial attachment of transforming DNA to competent Bacillus subtilis is temperature independent between 25 degrees and 45 degrees. However, below 15 degrees there is a significant reduction in the amount of DNA attached to compentent cells. The DNA that is attached at 4 degrees can lead to transformation or interfere effectively with the subsequent attachment of a distinctive DNA when the cells are shifted to a permissive temperature (37 degrees). These data suggest that the attachment of DNA at 4 degrees is to sites normally involved in the transformation process. The amount of DNA that is initially attached to the bacteria at 4 degrees or 37 degrees after perturbation of the cells by ionic strength changes, repetitive washings, or periodate oxidation varies with the temperature at which the treatment occurs. These results are consistent with a reorientation of the DNA attachment sites upon lowering the temperature to 4 degrees, such that their affinity for DNA and susceptibility inhibitory treatments are reduced.", "PMID": 418325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9585", "title": "[Intermediate states formed during discharge separation in the reaction centers of Rhodospirillum rubrum in the presence of a low-redox potential].", "content": "The intermediate short-lived states arising in reaction centre preparations (RC) of purple bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum are investigated under the conditions of low redox potential. Excitation by 353 and 530 nm laser pulses produced two states characterized by optical absorption changes in the range of 350--650 nm and lifetimes: 10--30 ns for the first state and 2.5 +/- 0.5 microseconds for the second one. The first state is similar to the state PF, described previously by Parson et al. for RC from Rps. sphaeroides. Carotenoid extraction with isooctane resulted in changing the spectrum with tau = 2.5 microseconds and in the appearance of new absorption changes similar to those for the R state observed before in carotenoidless bacterial strains within microsecond time range. The comparison of the microsecond spectra with difference spectra (continuous light minus dark) of RC from R. rubrum in the range of 350--650 nm made it possible to identify the states with tau = 2.5 microseconds as carotenoid triplet states. The ratio of quantum yields of PR and carotenoid triplet states production was determined as being 1 : 1. The conclusion was made that triplet-triplet energy transfer from state PR to carotenoid is responsible for the production of carotenoid triplet states.", "contents": "[Intermediate states formed during discharge separation in the reaction centers of Rhodospirillum rubrum in the presence of a low-redox potential]. The intermediate short-lived states arising in reaction centre preparations (RC) of purple bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum are investigated under the conditions of low redox potential. Excitation by 353 and 530 nm laser pulses produced two states characterized by optical absorption changes in the range of 350--650 nm and lifetimes: 10--30 ns for the first state and 2.5 +/- 0.5 microseconds for the second one. The first state is similar to the state PF, described previously by Parson et al. for RC from Rps. sphaeroides. Carotenoid extraction with isooctane resulted in changing the spectrum with tau = 2.5 microseconds and in the appearance of new absorption changes similar to those for the R state observed before in carotenoidless bacterial strains within microsecond time range. The comparison of the microsecond spectra with difference spectra (continuous light minus dark) of RC from R. rubrum in the range of 350--650 nm made it possible to identify the states with tau = 2.5 microseconds as carotenoid triplet states. The ratio of quantum yields of PR and carotenoid triplet states production was determined as being 1 : 1. The conclusion was made that triplet-triplet energy transfer from state PR to carotenoid is responsible for the production of carotenoid triplet states.", "PMID": 418326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9586", "title": "[Effect of flunarizine (sibelium) on the arterial blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "31 patients with intermittent claudication were treated with 10 mg Flunarizine (Sibelium) daily for 6 months. Before the beginning of the trial and after a period of 6 months, a plethysmographic examination was undertaken to determine the reactive hyperemia elicited by a temporary arterial occlusion. 25 patients showed an improvement in at least one of the parameters measured during the reactive hyperemia. Lengthening of the walking distance was also seen at the same time in 24 of these patients. In a further analysis of our results it was shown that in each of the 25 patients those parameters of the reactive hyperemia improved which had deviated furthest from the normal.", "contents": "[Effect of flunarizine (sibelium) on the arterial blood flow (author's transl)]. 31 patients with intermittent claudication were treated with 10 mg Flunarizine (Sibelium) daily for 6 months. Before the beginning of the trial and after a period of 6 months, a plethysmographic examination was undertaken to determine the reactive hyperemia elicited by a temporary arterial occlusion. 25 patients showed an improvement in at least one of the parameters measured during the reactive hyperemia. Lengthening of the walking distance was also seen at the same time in 24 of these patients. In a further analysis of our results it was shown that in each of the 25 patients those parameters of the reactive hyperemia improved which had deviated furthest from the normal.", "PMID": 418333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9587", "title": "Doctors, damages and deterrence. An economic view of medical malpractice.", "content": "Damages awarded in a malpractice suit must be viewed not only as compensating the victim but also as deterring health-care providers from negligent behavior. Economic analysis of the malpractice system indicates that awards can send a signal to providers that informs them how much to invest in avoiding mishaps. The malpractice system is beset by difficulties, but not the ones commonly incriminated. The signal to the physician, as determined by the number of claims and size of awards (\"expected damages\"), appears to be insufficient for ideal deterrence. Moreover, the deterrence signal is attenuated because malpractice premiums are set for groups of physicians, not for individuals according to their record of previous malpractice incidents. Replacing the present tort system with a no-fault insurance scheme would not necessarily be cheaper, and might well abolish the deterrent signal or distort clinical decision making.", "contents": "Doctors, damages and deterrence. An economic view of medical malpractice. Damages awarded in a malpractice suit must be viewed not only as compensating the victim but also as deterring health-care providers from negligent behavior. Economic analysis of the malpractice system indicates that awards can send a signal to providers that informs them how much to invest in avoiding mishaps. The malpractice system is beset by difficulties, but not the ones commonly incriminated. The signal to the physician, as determined by the number of claims and size of awards (\"expected damages\"), appears to be insufficient for ideal deterrence. Moreover, the deterrence signal is attenuated because malpractice premiums are set for groups of physicians, not for individuals according to their record of previous malpractice incidents. Replacing the present tort system with a no-fault insurance scheme would not necessarily be cheaper, and might well abolish the deterrent signal or distort clinical decision making.", "PMID": 418337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9588", "title": "How do health-maintenance organizations achieve their \"savings\"?", "content": "Health-maintenance organizations have been suggested as a way to stop spiraling medical costs. Although many of the arguments have been largely rhetorical, theoretical considerations suggest that the shift from fee for service to a fixed budget for the providers (physicians and hospitals) will result in substantial savings. Total costs (premium and out-of-pocket) for enrollees are 10 to 40 per cent lower than those for comparable people with health insurance. Enrollees in health-maintenance organizations have about as many ambulatory visits as comparison groups. Most of the cost differences are attributable to hospitalization rates about 30 per cent lower than those of conventionally insured populations. These lower hospitalization rates, in turn, are due almost entirely to lower admission rates; the average lenth of stay shows little difference. There is no evidence that health-maintenance organizations reduce admissions in discretionary or \"unnecessary\" categories; instead, the data suggest lower admission rates across the board.", "contents": "How do health-maintenance organizations achieve their \"savings\"? Health-maintenance organizations have been suggested as a way to stop spiraling medical costs. Although many of the arguments have been largely rhetorical, theoretical considerations suggest that the shift from fee for service to a fixed budget for the providers (physicians and hospitals) will result in substantial savings. Total costs (premium and out-of-pocket) for enrollees are 10 to 40 per cent lower than those for comparable people with health insurance. Enrollees in health-maintenance organizations have about as many ambulatory visits as comparison groups. Most of the cost differences are attributable to hospitalization rates about 30 per cent lower than those of conventionally insured populations. These lower hospitalization rates, in turn, are due almost entirely to lower admission rates; the average lenth of stay shows little difference. There is no evidence that health-maintenance organizations reduce admissions in discretionary or \"unnecessary\" categories; instead, the data suggest lower admission rates across the board.", "PMID": 418339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9589", "title": "Pathology of radiation damage to the normal brain of the monkey.", "content": "Model I: A portion of the monkey brain, the right occipital lobe, was exposed to 3,500 rads of orthovoltage radiation in a single dose. This demonstrated a) the delayed, 4 to 5 months, massive break in blood-brain barrier with extravasation of plasmatic fluid throughout the right hemisphere causing gross brain distortion, and b) after a protracted course, a remaining impairment in function extending beyond the irradiation lesion. Model II: The whole brain was exposed to supervoltage radiation in single doses of 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 rads, respectively. This demonstrated a) the lack of effect from 1,000 rads; b) the wide scatter of necrotic lesions in the forebrain white matter from 1,500 rads at 6 months, followed by confluent necrosis in the cerebral hemispheres at 12 months; and c) the numerous focal lesions throughout the brain from 2,000 rads, with the lesions in the brain stem precluding survival beyond 6 months. Model III: The whole brain was exposed to fractionated doses of 4,000, 6,000 and 8,000 rads in 4, 6, and 8 weeks, respectively. This demonstrated a) the lack of effect from 4,000 rads; b) the wide scatter of small focal lesions at different stages of breakdown and repair accompanied by focal edema from 6,000 rads at 6 months, followed by more of the reparative processes including mineralization of focal lesions, and widespread telangiectasia, at 12 months; and c) with 8,000 rads, at 6 months, focal lesions similar to those from 6,000 rads, but at 12 months, gross brain loss from coalescing necrosis.", "contents": "Pathology of radiation damage to the normal brain of the monkey. Model I: A portion of the monkey brain, the right occipital lobe, was exposed to 3,500 rads of orthovoltage radiation in a single dose. This demonstrated a) the delayed, 4 to 5 months, massive break in blood-brain barrier with extravasation of plasmatic fluid throughout the right hemisphere causing gross brain distortion, and b) after a protracted course, a remaining impairment in function extending beyond the irradiation lesion. Model II: The whole brain was exposed to supervoltage radiation in single doses of 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 rads, respectively. This demonstrated a) the lack of effect from 1,000 rads; b) the wide scatter of necrotic lesions in the forebrain white matter from 1,500 rads at 6 months, followed by confluent necrosis in the cerebral hemispheres at 12 months; and c) the numerous focal lesions throughout the brain from 2,000 rads, with the lesions in the brain stem precluding survival beyond 6 months. Model III: The whole brain was exposed to fractionated doses of 4,000, 6,000 and 8,000 rads in 4, 6, and 8 weeks, respectively. This demonstrated a) the lack of effect from 4,000 rads; b) the wide scatter of small focal lesions at different stages of breakdown and repair accompanied by focal edema from 6,000 rads at 6 months, followed by more of the reparative processes including mineralization of focal lesions, and widespread telangiectasia, at 12 months; and c) with 8,000 rads, at 6 months, focal lesions similar to those from 6,000 rads, but at 12 months, gross brain loss from coalescing necrosis.", "PMID": 418344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9590", "title": "Neuropathology of tissues from patients treated by the Brain Tumor Study Group.", "content": "The histopathologic diagnoses in 718 brain tumor patients entered in the Brain Tumor Study Group were reviewed, as well as those for 53 of these patients who were reviewed, as well as those for 53 of these patients who were autopsied later. This review documented instances of progression of histologic analplasia. Of particular interest in the autopsied cases were several instances of extensive necrosis in white matter distant from persisting glioma following chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This observation suggested the presence of a structural and/or metabolic alteration in the diseased hemisphere that perhaps makes it more susceptible to further alterations secondary to the adjunctive therapy.", "contents": "Neuropathology of tissues from patients treated by the Brain Tumor Study Group. The histopathologic diagnoses in 718 brain tumor patients entered in the Brain Tumor Study Group were reviewed, as well as those for 53 of these patients who were reviewed, as well as those for 53 of these patients who were autopsied later. This review documented instances of progression of histologic analplasia. Of particular interest in the autopsied cases were several instances of extensive necrosis in white matter distant from persisting glioma following chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This observation suggested the presence of a structural and/or metabolic alteration in the diseased hemisphere that perhaps makes it more susceptible to further alterations secondary to the adjunctive therapy.", "PMID": 418345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9591", "title": "Pavlovian conditioning analysis of morphine tolerance.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that many conditional responses to a variety of drugs are opposite in direction to the unconditional effects of the drug, and the conditioning analysis of morphine tolerance emphasizes the fact that subjects with a history of morphine administration display morphine-compensatory conditional responses when confronted with the usual administration procedure but without the drug. Thus, when the drug is presented in the context of the usual administration cues, these conditional morphine-compensatory responses would be expected to attenuate the drug-induced unconditional responses, thereby decreasing the observed response to the drug. Research has been summarized which supports this compensatory conditioning model of tolerance by demonstrating that the display of tolerance is specific to the environment in which the drug has been previously administered. Further evidence supporting this theory of tolerance has been provided by studies establishing that extinction, partial reinforcement, and latent inhibition--non-pharmacological manipulations known to be effective in generally affecting the display of conditional responses--similarly affect the display of morphine tolerance. Additional research has suggested many parallels between learning and morphine tolerance: Both processes exhibit great retention, both are disrupted by electroconvulsive shock and frontal cortical stimulation, both are retarded by inhibitors of protein synthesis, and both are facilitated by antagonists of these metabolic inhibitors.", "contents": "Pavlovian conditioning analysis of morphine tolerance. It has been demonstrated that many conditional responses to a variety of drugs are opposite in direction to the unconditional effects of the drug, and the conditioning analysis of morphine tolerance emphasizes the fact that subjects with a history of morphine administration display morphine-compensatory conditional responses when confronted with the usual administration procedure but without the drug. Thus, when the drug is presented in the context of the usual administration cues, these conditional morphine-compensatory responses would be expected to attenuate the drug-induced unconditional responses, thereby decreasing the observed response to the drug. Research has been summarized which supports this compensatory conditioning model of tolerance by demonstrating that the display of tolerance is specific to the environment in which the drug has been previously administered. Further evidence supporting this theory of tolerance has been provided by studies establishing that extinction, partial reinforcement, and latent inhibition--non-pharmacological manipulations known to be effective in generally affecting the display of conditional responses--similarly affect the display of morphine tolerance. Additional research has suggested many parallels between learning and morphine tolerance: Both processes exhibit great retention, both are disrupted by electroconvulsive shock and frontal cortical stimulation, both are retarded by inhibitors of protein synthesis, and both are facilitated by antagonists of these metabolic inhibitors.", "PMID": 418352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9592", "title": "Narcotic tolerance and operant behavior.", "content": "Narcotic tolerance was measured as a shift to the right in dose-effect relations on operant behavior following repeated administration of drug. Tolerance has been observed with operant responding in both pigeons and rhesus monkeys. The amount of tolerance observed with food-reinforced responding is related both to the amount of morphine administered and to the nature of the drug-induced change in operant responding. Pharmacological specificity of the narcotic tolerance has been confirmed by equivalent loss of sensitivity to other narcotics without concomitant changes in sensitivity to nonnarcotic stereoisomers. Tolerant birds do not show disturbed operant behavior when narcotic administration is terminated abruptly. Tolerance has been induced by narcotic self-injection and its effects measured on rates and patterns of food- and narcotic-reinforced responding. Tolerance does not necessarily confer changes in narcotic-reinforced responding. Moreover, narcotic-reinforced responding may be initiated and maintained for periods of over one month without conferring tolerance.", "contents": "Narcotic tolerance and operant behavior. Narcotic tolerance was measured as a shift to the right in dose-effect relations on operant behavior following repeated administration of drug. Tolerance has been observed with operant responding in both pigeons and rhesus monkeys. The amount of tolerance observed with food-reinforced responding is related both to the amount of morphine administered and to the nature of the drug-induced change in operant responding. Pharmacological specificity of the narcotic tolerance has been confirmed by equivalent loss of sensitivity to other narcotics without concomitant changes in sensitivity to nonnarcotic stereoisomers. Tolerant birds do not show disturbed operant behavior when narcotic administration is terminated abruptly. Tolerance has been induced by narcotic self-injection and its effects measured on rates and patterns of food- and narcotic-reinforced responding. Tolerance does not necessarily confer changes in narcotic-reinforced responding. Moreover, narcotic-reinforced responding may be initiated and maintained for periods of over one month without conferring tolerance.", "PMID": 418354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9593", "title": "Use of melatonin and synthetic TRH to determine site of pineal inhibition of TSH secretion.", "content": "An experiment was performed on 21-day-old male rats to determine the combined effects of pinealectomy, constant light and darkness, and intraperitoneal (i.p.) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on pituitary and plasma radioimmunoassayable thyrotropin (TSH), serum thyroxine (T4), and pituitary, thyroid and body weights at the age of 25 days. In saline-treated rats, pinealectomy or constant illumination decreased pituitary TSH and increased plasma TSH and serum T4. Constant darkness with an intact pineal, however, decreased all 3 of these parameters. When i.p. TRH was injected all rats showed an increase in plasma TSH as compared to saline-treated controls. Another study was performed on 25-day-old male rats to determine the effects of intraventricular administration of melatonin (MEL) alone, and intraventricular MEL plus i.p. TRH on pituitary and plasma TSH. MEL decreased plasma TSH levels as compared to non-treated and saline-treated controls, whereas the concurrent administration of TRH obviated the effect of MEL and increased plasma TSH levels above those of the control animals. The results are interpreted as indicating that the inhibitory effect of the pineal in dark-reared, sham-operated prepuberal male rats is exerted at the level of hypothalamic secretion of TRH.", "contents": "Use of melatonin and synthetic TRH to determine site of pineal inhibition of TSH secretion. An experiment was performed on 21-day-old male rats to determine the combined effects of pinealectomy, constant light and darkness, and intraperitoneal (i.p.) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on pituitary and plasma radioimmunoassayable thyrotropin (TSH), serum thyroxine (T4), and pituitary, thyroid and body weights at the age of 25 days. In saline-treated rats, pinealectomy or constant illumination decreased pituitary TSH and increased plasma TSH and serum T4. Constant darkness with an intact pineal, however, decreased all 3 of these parameters. When i.p. TRH was injected all rats showed an increase in plasma TSH as compared to saline-treated controls. Another study was performed on 25-day-old male rats to determine the effects of intraventricular administration of melatonin (MEL) alone, and intraventricular MEL plus i.p. TRH on pituitary and plasma TSH. MEL decreased plasma TSH levels as compared to non-treated and saline-treated controls, whereas the concurrent administration of TRH obviated the effect of MEL and increased plasma TSH levels above those of the control animals. The results are interpreted as indicating that the inhibitory effect of the pineal in dark-reared, sham-operated prepuberal male rats is exerted at the level of hypothalamic secretion of TRH.", "PMID": 418360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9594", "title": "Meningiomas in five members of a family over two generations, in one member simultaneously with acoustic neurinomas.", "content": "Despite four reports of familial occurrence of meningiomas, the inheritance of this tumor remains an open question. We describe a family in which four members in two generations had meningiomas without evidence of neurofibromatosis. Another member of the family, however, had multiple meningiomas and bilateral acoustic neurinomas, while yet another had multiple caf\u00e9-au-lait spots. We suspect that a highly unusual presentation of neurofibromatosis explains this otherwise very unlikely occurrence.", "contents": "Meningiomas in five members of a family over two generations, in one member simultaneously with acoustic neurinomas. Despite four reports of familial occurrence of meningiomas, the inheritance of this tumor remains an open question. We describe a family in which four members in two generations had meningiomas without evidence of neurofibromatosis. Another member of the family, however, had multiple meningiomas and bilateral acoustic neurinomas, while yet another had multiple caf\u00e9-au-lait spots. We suspect that a highly unusual presentation of neurofibromatosis explains this otherwise very unlikely occurrence.", "PMID": 418361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9595", "title": "The day hospital: efficacy and cost effectiveness.", "content": "Analysis of the operation of the Roberts day hospital has demonstrated that this is economically a sound alternative to other methods of care of the disabled with not only good maintenance of independence of the patients going through the centre but also an increased social involvement in the community. Lessons with regard to the operation of a day hospital team are discussed with particular attention being drawn to the controversial area of team leadership.", "contents": "The day hospital: efficacy and cost effectiveness. Analysis of the operation of the Roberts day hospital has demonstrated that this is economically a sound alternative to other methods of care of the disabled with not only good maintenance of independence of the patients going through the centre but also an increased social involvement in the community. Lessons with regard to the operation of a day hospital team are discussed with particular attention being drawn to the controversial area of team leadership.", "PMID": 418366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9596", "title": "Subtotal thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis: a reassessment, including TRH responsiveness.", "content": "Thyroid function was assessed in patients treated surgically for thyrotoxicosis in Christchurch between 1965 and 1972. Seventy-eight of the 89 thyrotoxic patients were available for reassessment. Seventy-one were clinically and biochemically euthyroid. Seven patients had received radioiodine therapy for post-operative relapse and 10 patients were receiving thyroxine replacement therapy. At the time of the survey five patients were clinically thyrotoxic and two patients were hypothyroid and an additional nine patients had grossly elevated TSH levels. TRH tests performed on 31 clinically euthyroid patients with normal baseline thyroid parameters demonstrated that more than a third had excessive TSH responses consistent with reduced thyroid reserve and only one patient showed a lack of response consistent with persistent thyroid autonomy.", "contents": "Subtotal thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis: a reassessment, including TRH responsiveness. Thyroid function was assessed in patients treated surgically for thyrotoxicosis in Christchurch between 1965 and 1972. Seventy-eight of the 89 thyrotoxic patients were available for reassessment. Seventy-one were clinically and biochemically euthyroid. Seven patients had received radioiodine therapy for post-operative relapse and 10 patients were receiving thyroxine replacement therapy. At the time of the survey five patients were clinically thyrotoxic and two patients were hypothyroid and an additional nine patients had grossly elevated TSH levels. TRH tests performed on 31 clinically euthyroid patients with normal baseline thyroid parameters demonstrated that more than a third had excessive TSH responses consistent with reduced thyroid reserve and only one patient showed a lack of response consistent with persistent thyroid autonomy.", "PMID": 418367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9597", "title": "Paraproteinemia in normal family members of eight cases with primary intestinal lymphomas in Iraq.", "content": "Normal family members of eight patients with paraproteinemia of the primary intestinal lymphoma, had been investigated by immunoelectrophoresis, for IgA heavy chain pattern. IgA heavy chain pattern was demonstrated in four families only, of different members, but all are of the first degree relationship. Detailed clinical, laboratory, radiological and histopathological findings of those eight cases were suggestive of malaborption. Out of the 129 normal family members of the 8 cases, 23 cases (17.8%) had abnormal immunoglobulin in their sera. These results may explain a hereditary factor which is responsible for production of alpha-chain diseases. Supports for this hypothesis need further research.", "contents": "Paraproteinemia in normal family members of eight cases with primary intestinal lymphomas in Iraq. Normal family members of eight patients with paraproteinemia of the primary intestinal lymphoma, had been investigated by immunoelectrophoresis, for IgA heavy chain pattern. IgA heavy chain pattern was demonstrated in four families only, of different members, but all are of the first degree relationship. Detailed clinical, laboratory, radiological and histopathological findings of those eight cases were suggestive of malaborption. Out of the 129 normal family members of the 8 cases, 23 cases (17.8%) had abnormal immunoglobulin in their sera. These results may explain a hereditary factor which is responsible for production of alpha-chain diseases. Supports for this hypothesis need further research.", "PMID": 418369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9598", "title": "Plasma prolactin levels and ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotropins.", "content": "Standard gonadotropin stimulation tests of ovarian function and basal plasma prolactin measurements have been carried out in 151 patients with amenorrhea or severe oligomenorrhea. In 90 of these a standardized multiple pituitary stimulation test, including the prolactin response to thyrotropin releasing hormone, was also performed. There was a tendency for the basal estrogen excretion and the ovarian response to gonadotropin to be lower in patients with hyperprolactinemia. These correlations were weak and did not reach the levels of statistical significance except when compareing the ovariance response in patients with mild hyperprolactinemia to those with moderate or severe hyperprolactinemia. It is concluded that, in women, elevated plasma prolactin levels have little, if any, direct inhibitory influence on the ovariance response to gonadotropins in vivo.", "contents": "Plasma prolactin levels and ovarian responsiveness to exogenous gonadotropins. Standard gonadotropin stimulation tests of ovarian function and basal plasma prolactin measurements have been carried out in 151 patients with amenorrhea or severe oligomenorrhea. In 90 of these a standardized multiple pituitary stimulation test, including the prolactin response to thyrotropin releasing hormone, was also performed. There was a tendency for the basal estrogen excretion and the ovarian response to gonadotropin to be lower in patients with hyperprolactinemia. These correlations were weak and did not reach the levels of statistical significance except when compareing the ovariance response in patients with mild hyperprolactinemia to those with moderate or severe hyperprolactinemia. It is concluded that, in women, elevated plasma prolactin levels have little, if any, direct inhibitory influence on the ovariance response to gonadotropins in vivo.", "PMID": 418368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9599", "title": "Neurofibromatosis and congenital glaucoma. A case report.", "content": "Congenital glaucoma may be associated with other developmental disorders and particularly with neurofibromatosis. A baby girl, with unilateral buphthalmus, thickening of the upper eye lid on the same side and caf\u00e9  au lait spots on her body lost this eye in spite of repeated interventions. Histological examination revealed the presence of neurofibromatic and congenital glaucoma changes in the eye. There was no neurofibroma in the angle area which could have caused glaucoma. Glaucoma was due to failure of normal development of the angle.", "contents": "Neurofibromatosis and congenital glaucoma. A case report. Congenital glaucoma may be associated with other developmental disorders and particularly with neurofibromatosis. A baby girl, with unilateral buphthalmus, thickening of the upper eye lid on the same side and caf\u00e9  au lait spots on her body lost this eye in spite of repeated interventions. Histological examination revealed the presence of neurofibromatic and congenital glaucoma changes in the eye. There was no neurofibroma in the angle area which could have caused glaucoma. Glaucoma was due to failure of normal development of the angle.", "PMID": 418370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9600", "title": "[Virginiamycin resistance in staphylococci (author's transl)].", "content": "Virginiamycin M factor transformation into an o-acetyl derivative has been observed in a particular Staphylococcus strain, naturally resistant to virginiamycin (Vr). It could not be detected in induced strains nor in sensitive ones. Turbidimetric studies with the naturally resistant strain showed that increasing concentration of the antibiotic had a progressive prolongation effect on the lag phase, without change in the growth rate. The prolonged lag phase could be reduced or eliminated by using an inoculum of cells previously \"adapted\" to M factor or virginiamycin. Preadapted cells had an increased acetylating power. Acridine dye treated cells showed a decreased o-acetyl derivative formation. This all suggested that virginiamycin resistance in the particular Vr strain was effectively connected with o-acetylation of the M factor.", "contents": "[Virginiamycin resistance in staphylococci (author's transl)]. Virginiamycin M factor transformation into an o-acetyl derivative has been observed in a particular Staphylococcus strain, naturally resistant to virginiamycin (Vr). It could not be detected in induced strains nor in sensitive ones. Turbidimetric studies with the naturally resistant strain showed that increasing concentration of the antibiotic had a progressive prolongation effect on the lag phase, without change in the growth rate. The prolonged lag phase could be reduced or eliminated by using an inoculum of cells previously \"adapted\" to M factor or virginiamycin. Preadapted cells had an increased acetylating power. Acridine dye treated cells showed a decreased o-acetyl derivative formation. This all suggested that virginiamycin resistance in the particular Vr strain was effectively connected with o-acetylation of the M factor.", "PMID": 418374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9601", "title": "Immunological studies with aortic and venous tissue antigens. III. Examination of cell-mediated and humoral immune response induced by human vascular antigens.", "content": "The effects of human vascular antigens on the cell-mediated and the humoral immune response were studied in guinea pigs. In animals immunized with buffer extracts of aortic and venous wall a well measurable cell-mediated and humoral immune response were developed. Between the two kinds of vascular extracts in the skin tests, migration inhibition tests and antibody-production tests a cross-reactivity was observed, whereas the induction of desoxyribonucleic acid-synthesis proved to be specific. No cellular or humoral immune response to vascular extracts was detectable in the control animals. Analysing the time-kinetics of the cell-mediated and humoral immune response it was found, that with the increased production of antibodies the cellular immune reactions did not cease until the ninth week.", "contents": "Immunological studies with aortic and venous tissue antigens. III. Examination of cell-mediated and humoral immune response induced by human vascular antigens. The effects of human vascular antigens on the cell-mediated and the humoral immune response were studied in guinea pigs. In animals immunized with buffer extracts of aortic and venous wall a well measurable cell-mediated and humoral immune response were developed. Between the two kinds of vascular extracts in the skin tests, migration inhibition tests and antibody-production tests a cross-reactivity was observed, whereas the induction of desoxyribonucleic acid-synthesis proved to be specific. No cellular or humoral immune response to vascular extracts was detectable in the control animals. Analysing the time-kinetics of the cell-mediated and humoral immune response it was found, that with the increased production of antibodies the cellular immune reactions did not cease until the ninth week.", "PMID": 418373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9602", "title": "Studies on the primary and secondary structure of potato spindle tuber viroid: products of digestion with ribonuclease A and ribonuclease T1, and modification with bisulfite.", "content": "Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV), a small infectios RNA, has been completely digested with RNase T1 and RNase A, and the resulting oligonucleotides have been sequenced using 5'-terminal 32p-labelling with gamma-32p ATP and T4 polynucleotide kinase, fingerprinting and controlled nuclease P1 digestion. Modified nucleotides have not been detected in 5'-positions of these oligonucleotides. PSTV consists of about 359 nucleotides and contains a remarkable stretch of 18 purines, mainly adenosines; there is no AUG initiation triplet present. The established oligonucleotide sequences preclude a perfect intramolecular base complementarity within the covalently closed viroid circle. Therefore, the rigid, rod-like native secondary structure of PSTV, as seen in the electron microscope, must be based on a defective rather than on a homogeneous RNA helix. The detailed analysis of the bisulfite-catalized modification of cytidine to uridine in PSTV revealed a higher reactivity for the majority of the cytidines than would be expected for a perfect helix. Since only cytidines in single-stranded regions are knonw to be fully reactive, this finding provides additional evidence for defects in the helical secondary structure of PSTV.", "contents": "Studies on the primary and secondary structure of potato spindle tuber viroid: products of digestion with ribonuclease A and ribonuclease T1, and modification with bisulfite. Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV), a small infectios RNA, has been completely digested with RNase T1 and RNase A, and the resulting oligonucleotides have been sequenced using 5'-terminal 32p-labelling with gamma-32p ATP and T4 polynucleotide kinase, fingerprinting and controlled nuclease P1 digestion. Modified nucleotides have not been detected in 5'-positions of these oligonucleotides. PSTV consists of about 359 nucleotides and contains a remarkable stretch of 18 purines, mainly adenosines; there is no AUG initiation triplet present. The established oligonucleotide sequences preclude a perfect intramolecular base complementarity within the covalently closed viroid circle. Therefore, the rigid, rod-like native secondary structure of PSTV, as seen in the electron microscope, must be based on a defective rather than on a homogeneous RNA helix. The detailed analysis of the bisulfite-catalized modification of cytidine to uridine in PSTV revealed a higher reactivity for the majority of the cytidines than would be expected for a perfect helix. Since only cytidines in single-stranded regions are knonw to be fully reactive, this finding provides additional evidence for defects in the helical secondary structure of PSTV.", "PMID": 418383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9603", "title": "On the biosynthesis of 5-methoxyuridine and uridine-5-oxyacetic acid in specific procaryotic transfer RNAs.", "content": "The uridine-5-0-derivatives, 5-methoxyuridine (mo5U) and uridine-5-oxyacetic acid (cmo5U) occupy the first position of anticondons in certain tRNA species of B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively. Here we present experimental evidence showing that both modifications are derived from a common precursor, 5-hydroxyuridine. Incompletely modified tRNASer and tRNAVal from E. coli met- rel-. All five tRNAs accepted methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine with B. subtilis extracts in vitro and mo5U was formed. In B. subtilis tRNAs the mo5U was proved to be at the specific site; in E. coli tRNAVal the mo5U was demonstrated to be present in the oligonucleotide that comprises the anticodon. In submethylated E. coli tRNAVal,5-hydroxyuridine was detected whereas considerable amounts of cmo5U were lacking.", "contents": "On the biosynthesis of 5-methoxyuridine and uridine-5-oxyacetic acid in specific procaryotic transfer RNAs. The uridine-5-0-derivatives, 5-methoxyuridine (mo5U) and uridine-5-oxyacetic acid (cmo5U) occupy the first position of anticondons in certain tRNA species of B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively. Here we present experimental evidence showing that both modifications are derived from a common precursor, 5-hydroxyuridine. Incompletely modified tRNASer and tRNAVal from E. coli met- rel-. All five tRNAs accepted methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine with B. subtilis extracts in vitro and mo5U was formed. In B. subtilis tRNAs the mo5U was proved to be at the specific site; in E. coli tRNAVal the mo5U was demonstrated to be present in the oligonucleotide that comprises the anticodon. In submethylated E. coli tRNAVal,5-hydroxyuridine was detected whereas considerable amounts of cmo5U were lacking.", "PMID": 418384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9604", "title": "[Puncture of central veins venesection in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Due to advances in parenteral feeding the indications for creating access to the central veins in infants and young children have become less strict. The technique of establishing such access by puncture of the internal jugular or subclavian vein is reviewed. Venesection is now indicated only in exceptional cases. The technique of placing a catheter into the umbilical artery or vein is described.", "contents": "[Puncture of central veins venesection in childhood (author's transl)]. Due to advances in parenteral feeding the indications for creating access to the central veins in infants and young children have become less strict. The technique of establishing such access by puncture of the internal jugular or subclavian vein is reviewed. Venesection is now indicated only in exceptional cases. The technique of placing a catheter into the umbilical artery or vein is described.", "PMID": 418392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9605", "title": "Multiple receptors for brain dopamine.", "content": "This study was done to obtain direct in vitro evidence for the possible existence of more than one type of dopaminergic binding site in homogenates of the caudate nucleus from calf brain. Five radioligands for dopaminergic sites were tested. The inhibitions of two agonist radioligands ([3H]dopamine, [3H]apomorphine) by haloperidol, chlorpromazine, or piflutixol were biphasic. The inhibitions of [3H]haloperidol, [3H]spiroperidol, and [3H]dihydroergocryptine binding by dopamine and (-)-norepinephrine were also biphasic. Thus, both 3H-labeled agonists and 3H-labeled antagonists were possibly binding to two high-affinity sites.", "contents": "Multiple receptors for brain dopamine. This study was done to obtain direct in vitro evidence for the possible existence of more than one type of dopaminergic binding site in homogenates of the caudate nucleus from calf brain. Five radioligands for dopaminergic sites were tested. The inhibitions of two agonist radioligands ([3H]dopamine, [3H]apomorphine) by haloperidol, chlorpromazine, or piflutixol were biphasic. The inhibitions of [3H]haloperidol, [3H]spiroperidol, and [3H]dihydroergocryptine binding by dopamine and (-)-norepinephrine were also biphasic. Thus, both 3H-labeled agonists and 3H-labeled antagonists were possibly binding to two high-affinity sites.", "PMID": 418405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9606", "title": "Promoter recognition by phage SP01-modified RNA polymerase.", "content": "A modified form of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase containing a phage SP01-coded regulatory protein (the gene 28 product) selectively transcribes \"middle\" genes of the phage genome in vitro. In this paper, we identify a subset of restriction endonuclease fragments of SP01 DNA that promote specific transcription by the phage-modified polymerase. In the absence of nucleoside triphosphates, RNA polymerase containing the gene 28 protein selectively binds to these DNA fragments thereby forming stable binary complexes that can be isolated on nitrocellulose filters. In contrast, unmodified RNA polymerase containing sigma factor selectively binds to and transcribes a subset of phage DNA fragments that contain \"early\" sequences and that are in large part distinct from the fragments recognized by the phage-modified transcriptase. Our results strongly suggest that phage \"early\" and \"middle\" genes are transcribed from distinct promoters and that the RNA polymerase containing the gene 28 protein binds to sites that are located at or near promoters for SP01 \"middle\" genes.", "contents": "Promoter recognition by phage SP01-modified RNA polymerase. A modified form of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase containing a phage SP01-coded regulatory protein (the gene 28 product) selectively transcribes \"middle\" genes of the phage genome in vitro. In this paper, we identify a subset of restriction endonuclease fragments of SP01 DNA that promote specific transcription by the phage-modified polymerase. In the absence of nucleoside triphosphates, RNA polymerase containing the gene 28 protein selectively binds to these DNA fragments thereby forming stable binary complexes that can be isolated on nitrocellulose filters. In contrast, unmodified RNA polymerase containing sigma factor selectively binds to and transcribes a subset of phage DNA fragments that contain \"early\" sequences and that are in large part distinct from the fragments recognized by the phage-modified transcriptase. Our results strongly suggest that phage \"early\" and \"middle\" genes are transcribed from distinct promoters and that the RNA polymerase containing the gene 28 protein binds to sites that are located at or near promoters for SP01 \"middle\" genes.", "PMID": 418406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9607", "title": "Two thymidylate synthetases in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis grown at temperatures below 37 degrees contains two thymidylate synthetases, TSaseA and TSaseB. Their presence is dependent on functional thyA and thyB genes, respectively. When cells are grown at 46 degrees they only contain TSaseA activity. This allous an easy positive selection for thyA and thyA, THYB mutants. The two TSases have been physically separated, and they show similar overall requirements for activity. However, they differ significantly in both their kinetic and their physicochemical properties.", "contents": "Two thymidylate synthetases in Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis grown at temperatures below 37 degrees contains two thymidylate synthetases, TSaseA and TSaseB. Their presence is dependent on functional thyA and thyB genes, respectively. When cells are grown at 46 degrees they only contain TSaseA activity. This allous an easy positive selection for thyA and thyA, THYB mutants. The two TSases have been physically separated, and they show similar overall requirements for activity. However, they differ significantly in both their kinetic and their physicochemical properties.", "PMID": 418407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9608", "title": "Regulation of prolactin and somatotropin mRNAs by thyroliberin.", "content": "The tripeptide thyroliberin (thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TRH) regulates the levels of cytoplasmic prolactin and growth hormone (somatotropin) mRNAs in a line of functional rat pituitary tumor cells. Intracellular mRNA levels were determined with specific complementary DNA probes in RNA-excess hybridization reactions and independently by two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of the products of mRNA-directed cell-free translation. Prolactin mRNA sequences increased from 1.1 to 4.5% of the cytoplasmic poly(A)containing mRNA within 48 hr after addition of TRH to the medium; in parallel, growth hormone mRNA sequences were decreased. Similar effects on prolactin mRNA levels were observed in cells grown in serum-containing medium or when the cells were maintained in a serum-free medium for 72 hr prior to addition of TRH, suggesting that TRH is responsible for the stimulation of prolactin mRNA levels rather than for exerting a permissive effect for another factor present in serum.", "contents": "Regulation of prolactin and somatotropin mRNAs by thyroliberin. The tripeptide thyroliberin (thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TRH) regulates the levels of cytoplasmic prolactin and growth hormone (somatotropin) mRNAs in a line of functional rat pituitary tumor cells. Intracellular mRNA levels were determined with specific complementary DNA probes in RNA-excess hybridization reactions and independently by two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of the products of mRNA-directed cell-free translation. Prolactin mRNA sequences increased from 1.1 to 4.5% of the cytoplasmic poly(A)containing mRNA within 48 hr after addition of TRH to the medium; in parallel, growth hormone mRNA sequences were decreased. Similar effects on prolactin mRNA levels were observed in cells grown in serum-containing medium or when the cells were maintained in a serum-free medium for 72 hr prior to addition of TRH, suggesting that TRH is responsible for the stimulation of prolactin mRNA levels rather than for exerting a permissive effect for another factor present in serum.", "PMID": 418408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9609", "title": "Membrane lateral phase separations and chlortetracycline transport by Bacillus megaterium.", "content": "Chlortetracycline, a fluorescent probe of its own active transport, has been used to study lateral phase separations of membrane lipid in Bacillus megaterium cells. Arrhenius plots of initial accumulation rates are triphasic, with transitions or characteristic temperatures of 20 degrees and 9.5 degrees . At the higher temperature, the mobility of the chloretracycline, as measured by fluorescence polarization, is markedly altered. Chlortetracycline transport exhibits saturation kinetics, and fluorescence energy transfer from protein to bound antibiotic can be observed. N-Phenyl-1-naphthylamine, a lipophilic fluorescent probe, responds to changes in the hydrophobic regions of the membrane that are distinct from membrane protein. The fluorescent properties of N-phenylnaphthylamine in partitioning and polarization experiments are altered most significantly at the lower characteristic temperature. No fluorescence energy transfer between N-phenylnaphthylamine and membrane protein or bound tetracycline can be detected. In correlative electron spin resonance experiments on the partitioning of a lipid-soluble spin label, the same characteristic temperatures detected in the fluorescence studies were measured. These data suggest that different probes may respond to either or both of the characteristic temperatures describing the lateral phase separation. Between these characteristic temperatures the chlortetracycline transport system is most intimately associated with relatively immobile lipids that are surrounded by a more mobile lipid phase.", "contents": "Membrane lateral phase separations and chlortetracycline transport by Bacillus megaterium. Chlortetracycline, a fluorescent probe of its own active transport, has been used to study lateral phase separations of membrane lipid in Bacillus megaterium cells. Arrhenius plots of initial accumulation rates are triphasic, with transitions or characteristic temperatures of 20 degrees and 9.5 degrees . At the higher temperature, the mobility of the chloretracycline, as measured by fluorescence polarization, is markedly altered. Chlortetracycline transport exhibits saturation kinetics, and fluorescence energy transfer from protein to bound antibiotic can be observed. N-Phenyl-1-naphthylamine, a lipophilic fluorescent probe, responds to changes in the hydrophobic regions of the membrane that are distinct from membrane protein. The fluorescent properties of N-phenylnaphthylamine in partitioning and polarization experiments are altered most significantly at the lower characteristic temperature. No fluorescence energy transfer between N-phenylnaphthylamine and membrane protein or bound tetracycline can be detected. In correlative electron spin resonance experiments on the partitioning of a lipid-soluble spin label, the same characteristic temperatures detected in the fluorescence studies were measured. These data suggest that different probes may respond to either or both of the characteristic temperatures describing the lateral phase separation. Between these characteristic temperatures the chlortetracycline transport system is most intimately associated with relatively immobile lipids that are surrounded by a more mobile lipid phase.", "PMID": 418409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9610", "title": "Neoplastic transformation of human diploid fibroblast cells by chemical carcinogens.", "content": "Cultured fibroblast cells derived from a skin biopsy sample taken from normal human adult were exposed to a potent carcinogen, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Alterations of cell growth pattern such as higher density and piling up of cells were noticed in some fractions of cultures that were successively subcultured after nitroquinoline oxide treatment. Morphologically altered cells retained this growth pattern and became established lines of transformed cells without showing the limited life-span characteristic of normal cells in culture. The transformed cells showed a higher saturation density and the ability to grow in soft agar, properties that are usually correlated with neoplastic transformation of cells in culture. Selection of preexisting transformed human cells as a mechanism of this observed transformation seemed unlikely because clones of these normal cells could also be used to assess the transforming effect of nitroquinoline oxide. Preliminary results suggest that numerous cell divisions were required for the development of the transformation after nitroquinoline oxide treatment of these human cells. When the transformed cell lines were injected subcutaneously into nude (athymic) mice, solid tumors were produced at the site of inoculation. Treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine also induced cell transformation, in a manner similar to treatment with nitroquinoline oxide. However, transformation was not induced with (i) 4-aminoquinoline 1-oxide (a noncarcinogenic derivative of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide), (ii) 3-methylcholanthrene (a carcinogen that cannot be metabolically activated by the target cells employed), or (iii) the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide.", "contents": "Neoplastic transformation of human diploid fibroblast cells by chemical carcinogens. Cultured fibroblast cells derived from a skin biopsy sample taken from normal human adult were exposed to a potent carcinogen, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Alterations of cell growth pattern such as higher density and piling up of cells were noticed in some fractions of cultures that were successively subcultured after nitroquinoline oxide treatment. Morphologically altered cells retained this growth pattern and became established lines of transformed cells without showing the limited life-span characteristic of normal cells in culture. The transformed cells showed a higher saturation density and the ability to grow in soft agar, properties that are usually correlated with neoplastic transformation of cells in culture. Selection of preexisting transformed human cells as a mechanism of this observed transformation seemed unlikely because clones of these normal cells could also be used to assess the transforming effect of nitroquinoline oxide. Preliminary results suggest that numerous cell divisions were required for the development of the transformation after nitroquinoline oxide treatment of these human cells. When the transformed cell lines were injected subcutaneously into nude (athymic) mice, solid tumors were produced at the site of inoculation. Treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine also induced cell transformation, in a manner similar to treatment with nitroquinoline oxide. However, transformation was not induced with (i) 4-aminoquinoline 1-oxide (a noncarcinogenic derivative of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide), (ii) 3-methylcholanthrene (a carcinogen that cannot be metabolically activated by the target cells employed), or (iii) the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide.", "PMID": 418410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9611", "title": "Molecular cloning of genetically active fragments of Bacillus DNA in Bacillus subtilis and properties of the vector plasmid pUB110.", "content": "Plasmid pUB110 (approximately 2.8 x 10(6) daltons), originally detected in Staphylococcus aureus, specifies resistance to neomycin and has been transformed into Bacillus subtilis 168, In B. subtilis, pUB110 is stably maintained at about 50 copies per chromosome and renders the host resistant to neomycin sulfate at 5 microgram/ml. pUB110 isolated from B. subtilis transforms Rec+ and recE4-containing strains of B. subtilis at frequencies greater than or equal to 10(3) transformants per microgram of plasmid. pUB110 was transferred by PBS1 or SP10 transduction from B. subtilis to strains of B. pumilus and B. licheniformis. pUB110 is compatible with each of four previously described Bacillus plasmids, including pPL576, pPL10, pPL7065, and pPL2. pUB110 contains a single EcoR1-sensitive site and was used as vector to clone DNA fragments that complement the trpC2 mutation in B. subtilis 168 from EcoR1 digests of the chromosome DNA isolated from B. pumilus strains NRRL B-3275 and NRS576, B. licheniformis strains 9945A and 749C, and B. subtilis 168. Genetic and physical properties of each of the constructed Trp derivatives of pUB110 are described.", "contents": "Molecular cloning of genetically active fragments of Bacillus DNA in Bacillus subtilis and properties of the vector plasmid pUB110. Plasmid pUB110 (approximately 2.8 x 10(6) daltons), originally detected in Staphylococcus aureus, specifies resistance to neomycin and has been transformed into Bacillus subtilis 168, In B. subtilis, pUB110 is stably maintained at about 50 copies per chromosome and renders the host resistant to neomycin sulfate at 5 microgram/ml. pUB110 isolated from B. subtilis transforms Rec+ and recE4-containing strains of B. subtilis at frequencies greater than or equal to 10(3) transformants per microgram of plasmid. pUB110 was transferred by PBS1 or SP10 transduction from B. subtilis to strains of B. pumilus and B. licheniformis. pUB110 is compatible with each of four previously described Bacillus plasmids, including pPL576, pPL10, pPL7065, and pPL2. pUB110 contains a single EcoR1-sensitive site and was used as vector to clone DNA fragments that complement the trpC2 mutation in B. subtilis 168 from EcoR1 digests of the chromosome DNA isolated from B. pumilus strains NRRL B-3275 and NRS576, B. licheniformis strains 9945A and 749C, and B. subtilis 168. Genetic and physical properties of each of the constructed Trp derivatives of pUB110 are described.", "PMID": 418411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9612", "title": "Construction and properties of chimeric plasmids in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Antibiotic resistance chimeric plasmids have been constructed by in vitro enzymatic manipulation and introduced into Bacillus subtilis by transformation. The parental plasmids used had been introduced into B. subtilis from Staphylococcus aureus by transformation. Of the seven recombinant plasmids constructed using restriction endonucleases, one was made using EcoRI, another using Hpa II, and five with Xba I (from Xanthomonas badrii), demonstrating the utility of the latter enzyme for molecular cloning experiments. Although all of the recombinant plasmids we have made replicate and express their antibiotic resistance characters, three of them have suffered a loss of DNA, either in vitro or, more likely, in vivo. The deletion event in all cases involved one of the two termini used to join the parental plasmids. The plasmid chimeras reported in this paper should prove useful for the study of plasmid replication, incompatibility, and recombination. In addition, the utility of the B. subtilis system for molecular cloning has been clearly illustrated.", "contents": "Construction and properties of chimeric plasmids in Bacillus subtilis. Antibiotic resistance chimeric plasmids have been constructed by in vitro enzymatic manipulation and introduced into Bacillus subtilis by transformation. The parental plasmids used had been introduced into B. subtilis from Staphylococcus aureus by transformation. Of the seven recombinant plasmids constructed using restriction endonucleases, one was made using EcoRI, another using Hpa II, and five with Xba I (from Xanthomonas badrii), demonstrating the utility of the latter enzyme for molecular cloning experiments. Although all of the recombinant plasmids we have made replicate and express their antibiotic resistance characters, three of them have suffered a loss of DNA, either in vitro or, more likely, in vivo. The deletion event in all cases involved one of the two termini used to join the parental plasmids. The plasmid chimeras reported in this paper should prove useful for the study of plasmid replication, incompatibility, and recombination. In addition, the utility of the B. subtilis system for molecular cloning has been clearly illustrated.", "PMID": 418412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9613", "title": "DNA cloning in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A plasmid pC194, encoding resistance to chloramphenicol, can serve as a cloning vector in Bacillus subtilis 168 for other HindIII-cleaved DNA segments. Replicons constructed by linking pC194 to several Escherichia coli plasmids can be used to introduce and compare the expression of the same genes in these two bacterial hosts.", "contents": "DNA cloning in Bacillus subtilis. A plasmid pC194, encoding resistance to chloramphenicol, can serve as a cloning vector in Bacillus subtilis 168 for other HindIII-cleaved DNA segments. Replicons constructed by linking pC194 to several Escherichia coli plasmids can be used to introduce and compare the expression of the same genes in these two bacterial hosts.", "PMID": 418413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9614", "title": "Sequence of a mouse germ-line gene for a variable region of an immunoglobulin light chain.", "content": "We have determined the sequence of the DNA of a germ-line gene for the variable region of a mouse immunoglobulin light chain, the VlambdaII gene. The sequence confirms that the variable region gene lies on the DNA separated from the constant region. Hypervariable region codons appear in the germ-line sequence. A sequence for the hydrophobic leader, 19 amino acids that are cleaved from the amino terminus of the protein, appears near, but not continuous with, the light chain structural sequence: most of the leader sequence is separated from the rest of the gene by 93 bases of untranslated DNA.", "contents": "Sequence of a mouse germ-line gene for a variable region of an immunoglobulin light chain. We have determined the sequence of the DNA of a germ-line gene for the variable region of a mouse immunoglobulin light chain, the VlambdaII gene. The sequence confirms that the variable region gene lies on the DNA separated from the constant region. Hypervariable region codons appear in the germ-line sequence. A sequence for the hydrophobic leader, 19 amino acids that are cleaved from the amino terminus of the protein, appears near, but not continuous with, the light chain structural sequence: most of the leader sequence is separated from the rest of the gene by 93 bases of untranslated DNA.", "PMID": 418414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9615", "title": "Lambda2 light chains in normal mouse immunoglobulins.", "content": "Light (L) chains of the lambda type are rare in mouse immunoglobulins. One lambda chain, the L chain of myeloma protein 315 (L315), differs in amino acid sequence at many positions in the COOH-terminal domain from all other lambda chains whose sequences have been determined (called lambda1 chains). To determine whether chains of the L315 type (called lambda2) occur in normal mouse immunoglobulins, we synthesized the COOH-terminal peptides expected in tryptic digests of K, lambda1, and L315 and developed procedures to separate the S-carboxymethyl derivatives of these peptides. Peptide maps of tryptic digests of [14C]carboxymethyl-labeled L chains from normal serum immunoglobulins showed that about 1% of mouse 7S immunoglobulins have L chains of the L315 or lambda2 type.", "contents": "Lambda2 light chains in normal mouse immunoglobulins. Light (L) chains of the lambda type are rare in mouse immunoglobulins. One lambda chain, the L chain of myeloma protein 315 (L315), differs in amino acid sequence at many positions in the COOH-terminal domain from all other lambda chains whose sequences have been determined (called lambda1 chains). To determine whether chains of the L315 type (called lambda2) occur in normal mouse immunoglobulins, we synthesized the COOH-terminal peptides expected in tryptic digests of K, lambda1, and L315 and developed procedures to separate the S-carboxymethyl derivatives of these peptides. Peptide maps of tryptic digests of [14C]carboxymethyl-labeled L chains from normal serum immunoglobulins showed that about 1% of mouse 7S immunoglobulins have L chains of the L315 or lambda2 type.", "PMID": 418415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9616", "title": "Opposing effects of calcium and barium in vertebrate rod photoreceptors.", "content": "Intracellular recording in outer segments of red rods of the toad retina showed that increasing Ca(2+) concentration in the perfusate mimicked certain aspects of light adaptation. Light sensitivity was reduced, the amplitude of light responses was reduced, the time course of light responses was altered by shortening the delay to the peak and increasing the decay rate, and the resting membrane potential was generally increased. These results provide further support for the hypothesis that Ca(2+) acts as an internal transmitter that is subject to light-induced release from the rod saccules. The addition of Ba(2+) to the perfusate mimicked dark adaptation by having effects opposite to all those described for Ca(2+). The Ba(2+) effects were specific, Mg(2+) and Sr(2+) being ineffective in similar or greater concentration. Also, Ba (2+) gave clear effects at concentrations as low as 0.1 mM. It is proposed that Ba(2+) enters the cell and reduces the uptake of Ca(2+) into the rod saccules, because the various effects of Ba(2+) upon light responses all seem explicable from this hypothesis. Ba(2+) also reduced the resting membrane potential, probably by reducing the membrane conductance for K(+). The demonstrated effects of Ba(2+) indicate an important role for Ba(2+) in analyzing the ionic aspects of transduction in vertebrate photoreceptors. They also suggest a critical physiological role for Ba(2+) in controlling both the resting properties and light-induced responses of vertebrate rods, because barium has been reported to be concentrated in outer and inner segments of cat photoreceptors.", "contents": "Opposing effects of calcium and barium in vertebrate rod photoreceptors. Intracellular recording in outer segments of red rods of the toad retina showed that increasing Ca(2+) concentration in the perfusate mimicked certain aspects of light adaptation. Light sensitivity was reduced, the amplitude of light responses was reduced, the time course of light responses was altered by shortening the delay to the peak and increasing the decay rate, and the resting membrane potential was generally increased. These results provide further support for the hypothesis that Ca(2+) acts as an internal transmitter that is subject to light-induced release from the rod saccules. The addition of Ba(2+) to the perfusate mimicked dark adaptation by having effects opposite to all those described for Ca(2+). The Ba(2+) effects were specific, Mg(2+) and Sr(2+) being ineffective in similar or greater concentration. Also, Ba (2+) gave clear effects at concentrations as low as 0.1 mM. It is proposed that Ba(2+) enters the cell and reduces the uptake of Ca(2+) into the rod saccules, because the various effects of Ba(2+) upon light responses all seem explicable from this hypothesis. Ba(2+) also reduced the resting membrane potential, probably by reducing the membrane conductance for K(+). The demonstrated effects of Ba(2+) indicate an important role for Ba(2+) in analyzing the ionic aspects of transduction in vertebrate photoreceptors. They also suggest a critical physiological role for Ba(2+) in controlling both the resting properties and light-induced responses of vertebrate rods, because barium has been reported to be concentrated in outer and inner segments of cat photoreceptors.", "PMID": 418416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9617", "title": "Protein deficiency and energy restriction in young cebus monkeys.", "content": "Infant cebus monkeys (Cebus albifrons) were fed liquid formulas that were limited in protein, energy, or a combination of the two restrictions. Weight gain, food intake, hematological development, and plasma protein and cholesterol levels were monitored over a 20-week period. The animals restricted in protein developed the classical signs of protein deficiency--reductions in plasma albumin, a mild anemia, accumulation of fat in the liver, and, in a few cases, facial edema. These animals maintained a relatively high energy intake, and apparently wasted energy when compared to similarly non-growing energy-restricted animals. Energy-restricted animals did not exhibit these symptoms, even when their daily protein intake was reduced to match that of protein-restricted monkeys. It is concluded that an energy restriction superimposed upon a limited protein intake did not increase protein requirements or precipitate protein deficiency.", "contents": "Protein deficiency and energy restriction in young cebus monkeys. Infant cebus monkeys (Cebus albifrons) were fed liquid formulas that were limited in protein, energy, or a combination of the two restrictions. Weight gain, food intake, hematological development, and plasma protein and cholesterol levels were monitored over a 20-week period. The animals restricted in protein developed the classical signs of protein deficiency--reductions in plasma albumin, a mild anemia, accumulation of fat in the liver, and, in a few cases, facial edema. These animals maintained a relatively high energy intake, and apparently wasted energy when compared to similarly non-growing energy-restricted animals. Energy-restricted animals did not exhibit these symptoms, even when their daily protein intake was reduced to match that of protein-restricted monkeys. It is concluded that an energy restriction superimposed upon a limited protein intake did not increase protein requirements or precipitate protein deficiency.", "PMID": 418417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9618", "title": "Metrazol-induced petit mal: the role played by monoaminergic mechanisms and striatum.", "content": "Gradually accumulating subconvulsive doses of metrazol give rise to behavioral and electrographic effects close to petit mal epilepsy: slow negative waves and spike-wave complexes on EEG, frozen and myoclonic jerks. Intensification of monoaminergic transmission with apomorphine, DOPA or 5-hydroxytryptophan attenuates, but inhibition (chlorpromazine, haloperidol and p-chlorphenylalanine), on the contrary, increases the subconvulsive effect of the metrazol. Low frequency stimulation of the striatum potentiates, and lesion limits expressiveness of metrazol-induced petit mal. Bilateral electrolytic lesion of the striatum eliminates apomorphine, DOPA and haloperidol action, but slight changes the effects of chlorpromazine, 5-hydroxytryptophan and p-chlorphenylalanine.", "contents": "Metrazol-induced petit mal: the role played by monoaminergic mechanisms and striatum. Gradually accumulating subconvulsive doses of metrazol give rise to behavioral and electrographic effects close to petit mal epilepsy: slow negative waves and spike-wave complexes on EEG, frozen and myoclonic jerks. Intensification of monoaminergic transmission with apomorphine, DOPA or 5-hydroxytryptophan attenuates, but inhibition (chlorpromazine, haloperidol and p-chlorphenylalanine), on the contrary, increases the subconvulsive effect of the metrazol. Low frequency stimulation of the striatum potentiates, and lesion limits expressiveness of metrazol-induced petit mal. Bilateral electrolytic lesion of the striatum eliminates apomorphine, DOPA and haloperidol action, but slight changes the effects of chlorpromazine, 5-hydroxytryptophan and p-chlorphenylalanine.", "PMID": 418421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9619", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine and prefrontal cortical cooling on delayed matching-to-sample behavior.", "content": "The interaction was examined between d-amphetamine (s-A) and dysfunction induced by localized cooling of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Saline or d-A(0.1,0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg) was administered to monkeys in two conditions; normal cortical temperature (no cooling -NC) and frontal cooling (FC). Errors, reaction time (RT), eye movements, and motor activity were recorded during performance of a delayed matching-to-sample task with intratrial delays of 1-32 sec. Although d-A and FC had little effect on percentage of correct responses at the shortest delay, each of the two treatments significantly decreased correct responses, at longer delays; drug and FC combined produced a significantly greater decrease than either treatment alone. Motor activity and eye movements were increased by either d-A or FC; the two treatments combined had an even greater effect. In the NC condition, two-choice RT was decreased by the drug; it was increased by drug-FC combinations. These findings indicate that d-A and FC potentiate each other in their behavioral effects.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine and prefrontal cortical cooling on delayed matching-to-sample behavior. The interaction was examined between d-amphetamine (s-A) and dysfunction induced by localized cooling of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Saline or d-A(0.1,0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg) was administered to monkeys in two conditions; normal cortical temperature (no cooling -NC) and frontal cooling (FC). Errors, reaction time (RT), eye movements, and motor activity were recorded during performance of a delayed matching-to-sample task with intratrial delays of 1-32 sec. Although d-A and FC had little effect on percentage of correct responses at the shortest delay, each of the two treatments significantly decreased correct responses, at longer delays; drug and FC combined produced a significantly greater decrease than either treatment alone. Motor activity and eye movements were increased by either d-A or FC; the two treatments combined had an even greater effect. In the NC condition, two-choice RT was decreased by the drug; it was increased by drug-FC combinations. These findings indicate that d-A and FC potentiate each other in their behavioral effects.", "PMID": 418422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9620", "title": "The social outcome of patients in a trial of long-term continuation therapy in schizophrenia: pimozide vs. fluphenazine.", "content": "A blind social assessment at home carried out twice during a year's follow-up of 41 patients on continuation therapy, 21 randomly allocated to pimozide tablets and 20 to fluphenazine decanoate injections. Patients on pimozide were significantly more favourably rated on aspects of sociability, use of leisure, warmth of personal relationships, household tasks and child-rearing. The mode of production of this result is discussed.", "contents": "The social outcome of patients in a trial of long-term continuation therapy in schizophrenia: pimozide vs. fluphenazine. A blind social assessment at home carried out twice during a year's follow-up of 41 patients on continuation therapy, 21 randomly allocated to pimozide tablets and 20 to fluphenazine decanoate injections. Patients on pimozide were significantly more favourably rated on aspects of sociability, use of leisure, warmth of personal relationships, household tasks and child-rearing. The mode of production of this result is discussed.", "PMID": 418431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9621", "title": "Disappearance of chlorpromazine from plasma following drug withdrawal.", "content": "Plasma chlorpromazine measured by a gas chromatographic procedure was found to disappear rapidly during the first week after withdrawal of chlorpromazine treatment in a group of 17 chronically hospitalized patients. The drug or its metabolites were no longer measurable in plasma after 8 days.", "contents": "Disappearance of chlorpromazine from plasma following drug withdrawal. Plasma chlorpromazine measured by a gas chromatographic procedure was found to disappear rapidly during the first week after withdrawal of chlorpromazine treatment in a group of 17 chronically hospitalized patients. The drug or its metabolites were no longer measurable in plasma after 8 days.", "PMID": 418432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9622", "title": "PRL-8-53: enhanced learning and subsequent retention in humans as a result of low oral doses of new psychotropic agent.", "content": "The effect of 3-(2-benzylmethylaminoethyl) benzoic acid methyl ester hydrochloride (PRL-8-53) on learning and on retention of verbal information in human subjects was investigated. Using the serial anticipation method under double-blind conditions it was found that PRL-8-53 causes slight improvement of acquisition. Retinetion of verbal information was found improved to a statistically significant degree (most P values better than 0.01, some better than 0.001). No significant changes were found for either visual reaction time or motor control after drug when compared with placebo values.", "contents": "PRL-8-53: enhanced learning and subsequent retention in humans as a result of low oral doses of new psychotropic agent. The effect of 3-(2-benzylmethylaminoethyl) benzoic acid methyl ester hydrochloride (PRL-8-53) on learning and on retention of verbal information in human subjects was investigated. Using the serial anticipation method under double-blind conditions it was found that PRL-8-53 causes slight improvement of acquisition. Retinetion of verbal information was found improved to a statistically significant degree (most P values better than 0.01, some better than 0.001). No significant changes were found for either visual reaction time or motor control after drug when compared with placebo values.", "PMID": 418433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9623", "title": "Morphine-induced regional and dose-response differences on unit impulse activity in decerebrate rats.", "content": "Previous studies have indicated that morphine alters nerve impulse activity differently in various brain areas of intact animals. Because morphine has profound effects on visceral organs and on the spinal cord, cervically transected preparations, in which hypothermia was prevented, were used for recording spontaneous impulse activity before and for 30 min after morphine simultaneously from six regions of the brain: caudate (Cau), midbrain reticular formation (MBRF), central grey (CG), cingulate cortex (CC), hippocampus (Hip), and substantia nigra (SN). Morphine (5 and 15 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a naloxone-preventable depression of impulse activity in most brain areas. The depression was, however, especially pronounced in the CG, more so with the lower than the higher dose; naloxone completely blocked the low-dose effect. The MBRF responded with increased impulse activity after 5 mg/kg, but with depression after 15 mg/kg; naloxone blocked both responses. Activity in both the Hip and CC was depressed by the low dose of morphine, but not by the high dose; naloxone blocked the depression. Both doses of morphine generally depressed the variance in impulse activity, with a clear preferential depression of CG variance; naloxone blocked the CG variance effect, but not that of other brain areas.", "contents": "Morphine-induced regional and dose-response differences on unit impulse activity in decerebrate rats. Previous studies have indicated that morphine alters nerve impulse activity differently in various brain areas of intact animals. Because morphine has profound effects on visceral organs and on the spinal cord, cervically transected preparations, in which hypothermia was prevented, were used for recording spontaneous impulse activity before and for 30 min after morphine simultaneously from six regions of the brain: caudate (Cau), midbrain reticular formation (MBRF), central grey (CG), cingulate cortex (CC), hippocampus (Hip), and substantia nigra (SN). Morphine (5 and 15 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a naloxone-preventable depression of impulse activity in most brain areas. The depression was, however, especially pronounced in the CG, more so with the lower than the higher dose; naloxone completely blocked the low-dose effect. The MBRF responded with increased impulse activity after 5 mg/kg, but with depression after 15 mg/kg; naloxone blocked both responses. Activity in both the Hip and CC was depressed by the low dose of morphine, but not by the high dose; naloxone blocked the depression. Both doses of morphine generally depressed the variance in impulse activity, with a clear preferential depression of CG variance; naloxone blocked the CG variance effect, but not that of other brain areas.", "PMID": 418434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9624", "title": "Relationship between body temperature and brain monoamines during the development of tolerance to delat9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat.", "content": "The development of tolerance to delat9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) was examined. Rats with permanently indwelling intravenous catheters were injected daily with delta9-THC, 2 mg/kg, for up to 10 days and on each day subjective behaviour and body weight of each rat were noted. Tolerance appeared to develop to both the excitatory and depressant behavioural effects of delta9-THC, whereas the rate of gain in body weight of delta9-THC treated rats was retarded and tolerance to this phenomenon did not develop over the experimental period. On days 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 10 body temperature was recorded continuously for at least 2 h after delta9-THC and in other groups of rats the brain levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured spectrophotofluorimetrically 1 h after delta9-THC. Tolerance developed to the delta9-THC-induced hypothermia by day 3, and on days 6 and 10 hyperthermia was observed. delta9-THC did not markedly affect the brain levels of NA or DA over the experimental period. The brain levels of 5-HT were unchanged on days 1--5 but there was a decrease on days 6 and 10. On days 1, 2, and 3 brain levels of 5-HIAA were raised, whereas on day 6 there was a decrease. These results show that delta9-THC induces tolerance to the hypothermia and elevation of brain 5-HIAA levels in a linear manner. An inverse relationship appears to exist between these two parameters.", "contents": "Relationship between body temperature and brain monoamines during the development of tolerance to delat9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat. The development of tolerance to delat9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) was examined. Rats with permanently indwelling intravenous catheters were injected daily with delta9-THC, 2 mg/kg, for up to 10 days and on each day subjective behaviour and body weight of each rat were noted. Tolerance appeared to develop to both the excitatory and depressant behavioural effects of delta9-THC, whereas the rate of gain in body weight of delta9-THC treated rats was retarded and tolerance to this phenomenon did not develop over the experimental period. On days 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 10 body temperature was recorded continuously for at least 2 h after delta9-THC and in other groups of rats the brain levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured spectrophotofluorimetrically 1 h after delta9-THC. Tolerance developed to the delta9-THC-induced hypothermia by day 3, and on days 6 and 10 hyperthermia was observed. delta9-THC did not markedly affect the brain levels of NA or DA over the experimental period. The brain levels of 5-HT were unchanged on days 1--5 but there was a decrease on days 6 and 10. On days 1, 2, and 3 brain levels of 5-HIAA were raised, whereas on day 6 there was a decrease. These results show that delta9-THC induces tolerance to the hypothermia and elevation of brain 5-HIAA levels in a linear manner. An inverse relationship appears to exist between these two parameters.", "PMID": 418435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9625", "title": "Ethanol dependence in the rat: temporal changes in neuroexcitability following withdrawal.", "content": "Electrodes were chronically implanted in the dorsal hippocampus of rats. Pretreatment levels of neural excitability were assessed by determining the duration of direct hippocampal electrical stimulation sufficient to induce forelimb clonus in each rat. Following baseline measurements the rats were administered an alcohol or sucrose-containing liquid diet and 19--22 days later were withdrawan. Two postwithdrawal stimulation sessions were conducted on each animal. Separate groups of ethanol-dependent and control rats were given primary stimulation sessions at 8 h, 24 h, 72 h, or 1 week postwithdrawal. Secondary stimulation sessions were conducted 1 week or 2 weeks postwithdrawal. The results from the primary stimulations indicated that ethanol-dependent animals exhibited significant neural hyperexcitability for at least 72 h, but not 1 week, postwithdrawal. Results from the secondary stimulations demonstrated the presence of a relative neural hypoexcitability in ethanol-dependent groups as compared to controls. The pattern of results suggests, however, that the observed relative neural hypoexcitability was not the direct result of ethanol withdrawal.", "contents": "Ethanol dependence in the rat: temporal changes in neuroexcitability following withdrawal. Electrodes were chronically implanted in the dorsal hippocampus of rats. Pretreatment levels of neural excitability were assessed by determining the duration of direct hippocampal electrical stimulation sufficient to induce forelimb clonus in each rat. Following baseline measurements the rats were administered an alcohol or sucrose-containing liquid diet and 19--22 days later were withdrawan. Two postwithdrawal stimulation sessions were conducted on each animal. Separate groups of ethanol-dependent and control rats were given primary stimulation sessions at 8 h, 24 h, 72 h, or 1 week postwithdrawal. Secondary stimulation sessions were conducted 1 week or 2 weeks postwithdrawal. The results from the primary stimulations indicated that ethanol-dependent animals exhibited significant neural hyperexcitability for at least 72 h, but not 1 week, postwithdrawal. Results from the secondary stimulations demonstrated the presence of a relative neural hypoexcitability in ethanol-dependent groups as compared to controls. The pattern of results suggests, however, that the observed relative neural hypoexcitability was not the direct result of ethanol withdrawal.", "PMID": 418436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9626", "title": "Stages of constant amphetamine intoxication: delayed appearance of abnormal social behaviors in rat colonies.", "content": "Rats in colonies were observed for 7 days after half of them were implanted with slow-release silicone pellets containing d-amphetamine base. The drug-implanted animals were initially hyperactive and exploratory, but this gradually evolved over the next 24 h into motor stereotypies of an increasingly more circumscribed nature. On the 4th day after amphetamine implantation they transiently withdrew to the burrows area; thereafter they were characterized by heightened startle responses and increased social behaviors such as fighting and fleeing. During the last phase some of the drug-implanted animals tended to focus their fighting behaviors on one other drug-implanted animal. This late phase of constant amphetamine intoxication in rats has a number of similarities to amphetamine psychosis in humans, and can serve as a useful animal model for the study of its biochemical correlates.", "contents": "Stages of constant amphetamine intoxication: delayed appearance of abnormal social behaviors in rat colonies. Rats in colonies were observed for 7 days after half of them were implanted with slow-release silicone pellets containing d-amphetamine base. The drug-implanted animals were initially hyperactive and exploratory, but this gradually evolved over the next 24 h into motor stereotypies of an increasingly more circumscribed nature. On the 4th day after amphetamine implantation they transiently withdrew to the burrows area; thereafter they were characterized by heightened startle responses and increased social behaviors such as fighting and fleeing. During the last phase some of the drug-implanted animals tended to focus their fighting behaviors on one other drug-implanted animal. This late phase of constant amphetamine intoxication in rats has a number of similarities to amphetamine psychosis in humans, and can serve as a useful animal model for the study of its biochemical correlates.", "PMID": 418437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9627", "title": "The effects of scopolamine on extinction and spontaneous recovery.", "content": "The effects of scopolamine hydrobromide on baseline extinction levels and spontaneous recovery were assessed. Rats were trained on one of four reinforcement schedules (CRF, FR 10, FR 20, FR 40) with either food or water reinforcement. Scopolamine increased response rates in extinction and spontaneous recovery following training on all four schedules when the reinforcer was water, but had no effect on responding previously maintained by food. The results are discussed in terms of the limitations of a general theory of a cholinergic system mediating all suppressed behavior and the effects of anticholinergic drugs on central thirst mechanisms and consummatory behavior.", "contents": "The effects of scopolamine on extinction and spontaneous recovery. The effects of scopolamine hydrobromide on baseline extinction levels and spontaneous recovery were assessed. Rats were trained on one of four reinforcement schedules (CRF, FR 10, FR 20, FR 40) with either food or water reinforcement. Scopolamine increased response rates in extinction and spontaneous recovery following training on all four schedules when the reinforcer was water, but had no effect on responding previously maintained by food. The results are discussed in terms of the limitations of a general theory of a cholinergic system mediating all suppressed behavior and the effects of anticholinergic drugs on central thirst mechanisms and consummatory behavior.", "PMID": 418438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9628", "title": "Methylxanthine-facilitated shock-induced aggression in the rat.", "content": "The methylxanthines caffeine and aminophylline, in daily doses of 100 mg/kg, facilitated shock-induced aggression in the rat. Under the limited parameters of this study, there was no induction of mouse-killing behavior or alteration of jump thresholds. Additional studies showed the optimal dose and time course for the facilitation of shock-induced aggression by caffeine to be 50 mg/kg administered i.p. 4 h prior to testing. Facilitation of a central adrenergic system may be the mechanism of action.", "contents": "Methylxanthine-facilitated shock-induced aggression in the rat. The methylxanthines caffeine and aminophylline, in daily doses of 100 mg/kg, facilitated shock-induced aggression in the rat. Under the limited parameters of this study, there was no induction of mouse-killing behavior or alteration of jump thresholds. Additional studies showed the optimal dose and time course for the facilitation of shock-induced aggression by caffeine to be 50 mg/kg administered i.p. 4 h prior to testing. Facilitation of a central adrenergic system may be the mechanism of action.", "PMID": 418439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9629", "title": "Studies on the interactions of copper and cannabis.", "content": "The action of copper (CuSO4, 5 mg/kg, oral) on selected neuropharmacological actions of cannabis resin (CI, oral) was studied on albino rats and mice. Copper potentiated the barbiturate hypnosis-potentiating activity of CI in albino rats and mice and had no effect on hypothermic activity in albino rats. Single doses of copper partially inhibited tolerance to barbiturate hypnosis-potentiation activity and markedly delayed the development of tolerance to hypothermic activity of CI. Oral as well as i.c.v. copper (CuSO4, 0.1 microgram) in single dose antagonised the tolerance to hypothermic activity of cannabis or THC for one to two weeks. Copper-CI interaction could be antagonised by penicillamine. Zinc (ZnSO4, 5 mg/kg, oral) had an action similar to that of copper in antagonising the development of tolerance to the hypothermic activity of CI, but magnesium (MgSO4, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) was devoid of any such action. Studies indicate that, although copper has no significant neuropharmacological action, it interacts with CI activity, especially in tolerant rats, in effects on hypothermia. The site of action of copper is possibly the hypothalamus, where it inhibits the processes of tolerance development to CI on the noradrenergic neurone.", "contents": "Studies on the interactions of copper and cannabis. The action of copper (CuSO4, 5 mg/kg, oral) on selected neuropharmacological actions of cannabis resin (CI, oral) was studied on albino rats and mice. Copper potentiated the barbiturate hypnosis-potentiating activity of CI in albino rats and mice and had no effect on hypothermic activity in albino rats. Single doses of copper partially inhibited tolerance to barbiturate hypnosis-potentiation activity and markedly delayed the development of tolerance to hypothermic activity of CI. Oral as well as i.c.v. copper (CuSO4, 0.1 microgram) in single dose antagonised the tolerance to hypothermic activity of cannabis or THC for one to two weeks. Copper-CI interaction could be antagonised by penicillamine. Zinc (ZnSO4, 5 mg/kg, oral) had an action similar to that of copper in antagonising the development of tolerance to the hypothermic activity of CI, but magnesium (MgSO4, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) was devoid of any such action. Studies indicate that, although copper has no significant neuropharmacological action, it interacts with CI activity, especially in tolerant rats, in effects on hypothermia. The site of action of copper is possibly the hypothalamus, where it inhibits the processes of tolerance development to CI on the noradrenergic neurone.", "PMID": 418440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9630", "title": "Opiates, catecholamines, behavior, and mood.", "content": "Indirect evidence has linked opioid reinforcement with changes in noradrenergic metabolism secondary to drug administration. Methodological precedents for biobehavioral correlations in depressive illness have suggested an important association between changes in mood and biogenic amine excretion patterns in the urines of patients during depression and recovery. This paper presents preliminary data on the possible relationship between changes in catecholamine excretion that were observed and the changes in behavior, mood, psychiatric status, and cardiorespiratory physiology secondary to heroin administration and methadone-assisted withdrawal. This study focuses on the urinary excretion of MHPG, since an appreciable fraction of this metabolite is probably derived from norepinephrine originating in the brain. The subjective changes in mood associated with heroin use, the decrease in respiratory rate, and the behavioral and mental status effects associated with opiate intoxication were observed only in the individuals whose MHPG excretion increased during the period of opiate administration.", "contents": "Opiates, catecholamines, behavior, and mood. Indirect evidence has linked opioid reinforcement with changes in noradrenergic metabolism secondary to drug administration. Methodological precedents for biobehavioral correlations in depressive illness have suggested an important association between changes in mood and biogenic amine excretion patterns in the urines of patients during depression and recovery. This paper presents preliminary data on the possible relationship between changes in catecholamine excretion that were observed and the changes in behavior, mood, psychiatric status, and cardiorespiratory physiology secondary to heroin administration and methadone-assisted withdrawal. This study focuses on the urinary excretion of MHPG, since an appreciable fraction of this metabolite is probably derived from norepinephrine originating in the brain. The subjective changes in mood associated with heroin use, the decrease in respiratory rate, and the behavioral and mental status effects associated with opiate intoxication were observed only in the individuals whose MHPG excretion increased during the period of opiate administration.", "PMID": 418442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9631", "title": "Decrease in brain NE turnover after chronic DMI treatment; no effect with iprindole.", "content": "Previous studies have suggested that chronic treatment with tricyclic antidepressants alters brain NE turnover. This action is more likely a biochemical correlate of their clinical effect than is the blockade of amine reuptake, because the latter occurs with acute administration, whereas tricyclics must be given chronically for clinical improvement. In this paper the effects of chronic treatment with the tricyclics desmethylimipramine (DMI) and iprindole (a clinically effective tricyclic that does not potently block amine reuptake) on rat brain NE turnover, as measured by the Conversion Index, was studied. Chronic DMI, but not iprindole, decreased NE turnover. These results are discussed regarding the proposed mechanism of action of tricyclics and the 'catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders'. Chronic DMI also tended to decrease endogenous brain NE, and chronic treatment with either DMI or iprindole tended to decrease brain and plasma tyrosine.", "contents": "Decrease in brain NE turnover after chronic DMI treatment; no effect with iprindole. Previous studies have suggested that chronic treatment with tricyclic antidepressants alters brain NE turnover. This action is more likely a biochemical correlate of their clinical effect than is the blockade of amine reuptake, because the latter occurs with acute administration, whereas tricyclics must be given chronically for clinical improvement. In this paper the effects of chronic treatment with the tricyclics desmethylimipramine (DMI) and iprindole (a clinically effective tricyclic that does not potently block amine reuptake) on rat brain NE turnover, as measured by the Conversion Index, was studied. Chronic DMI, but not iprindole, decreased NE turnover. These results are discussed regarding the proposed mechanism of action of tricyclics and the 'catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders'. Chronic DMI also tended to decrease endogenous brain NE, and chronic treatment with either DMI or iprindole tended to decrease brain and plasma tyrosine.", "PMID": 418443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9632", "title": "Tolerance to the increased locomotor activity produced by L-5-hydroxytryptophan following peripheral decarboxylase inhibition in mice.", "content": "The development of tolerance to hyperactivity produced by L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) was studied in mice pretreated with the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor MK-486. The results of Experiment I indicated that partial tolerance developed to 5-HTP given twice daily (i.p.) at a dose of 400 mg/kg, but not at a dose of 800 mg/kg. Sustained hyperactivity at the greater dose (800 mg/kg) apparently resulted from the induction of seizures and stereotypy rather than increased locomotor activity. When 5-HTP (400 mg/kg) or saline was administered three times daily (Experiments II and III), the locomotor activity of saline control groups did not differ significantly from chronic 5-HTP-treated groups, but both differed significantly from that of acute 5-HTP-treated animals. Cessation of treatments resulted in a recovery of 5-HTP-induced hyperactivity for experimental animals when later retested. These findings suggest that mice develop tolerance to the effects of 5-HTP on locomotor activity and agree with the hypothesis that behavior change is more closely correlated with the rate of change in concentration of neurotransmitters than the absolute concentrations.", "contents": "Tolerance to the increased locomotor activity produced by L-5-hydroxytryptophan following peripheral decarboxylase inhibition in mice. The development of tolerance to hyperactivity produced by L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) was studied in mice pretreated with the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor MK-486. The results of Experiment I indicated that partial tolerance developed to 5-HTP given twice daily (i.p.) at a dose of 400 mg/kg, but not at a dose of 800 mg/kg. Sustained hyperactivity at the greater dose (800 mg/kg) apparently resulted from the induction of seizures and stereotypy rather than increased locomotor activity. When 5-HTP (400 mg/kg) or saline was administered three times daily (Experiments II and III), the locomotor activity of saline control groups did not differ significantly from chronic 5-HTP-treated groups, but both differed significantly from that of acute 5-HTP-treated animals. Cessation of treatments resulted in a recovery of 5-HTP-induced hyperactivity for experimental animals when later retested. These findings suggest that mice develop tolerance to the effects of 5-HTP on locomotor activity and agree with the hypothesis that behavior change is more closely correlated with the rate of change in concentration of neurotransmitters than the absolute concentrations.", "PMID": 418444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9633", "title": "Ethanol drinking by rhesus monkeys as a function of concentration.", "content": "Ethanol deliveries maintained fixed-ratio (FR) responding of three rhesus monkeys during daily 3-h sessions. At FR values of 8 or 16, ethanol concentration was varied in the sequence 0 (water), 8, 11.3, 16, 22.6 32, 8, and 0% (w/v). As the ethanol concentration increased, number of liquid deliveries decreased somewhat. Blood ethanol levels were usually greater than 200 mg% and occasionally greater than 300 mg%.", "contents": "Ethanol drinking by rhesus monkeys as a function of concentration. Ethanol deliveries maintained fixed-ratio (FR) responding of three rhesus monkeys during daily 3-h sessions. At FR values of 8 or 16, ethanol concentration was varied in the sequence 0 (water), 8, 11.3, 16, 22.6 32, 8, and 0% (w/v). As the ethanol concentration increased, number of liquid deliveries decreased somewhat. Blood ethanol levels were usually greater than 200 mg% and occasionally greater than 300 mg%.", "PMID": 418445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9634", "title": "Experimental barbiturate dependence. I. Barbiturate dependence development in rats by drug-admixed food (DAF) method.", "content": "A method for testing a rat's physical-dependence liability to sedaditive-hypnotic agents and for evaluating that dependence was studied by using the method. Rats received phenobarbital- or barbital-admixed food on a graded-increase dosage schedule over 30-40 days. Manifestations of CNS-suppressing action of either drug (e.g., systemic muscle relaxation, motor incoordination, staggering gait, and ptosis) persisted day and night during the drug medication. Twenty-four to 48 h after withdrawal of either drug, abstinence symptoms (e.g., muscle fasciculation, nuchal twitching, vocalization, increased irritability, ataxia, hyperthermia, and clonic-tonic and grand mal-type convulsions) were evidenced in all animals (N = 6), some of which died after convulsions. These withdrawal signs in rats were classified and found to be closely correlated with the magnitude of weight loss during the withdrawal. The calssification provides a basis for quantitatively assessing physical-dependence liability. The data obtained in the present study suggest that rats, like dogs and monkeys, are suitable experimental animals for tests in early stages of dependence liability, and that the administration of drug-admixed food is a useful method of developing dependence on both barbiturate and morphine-type drugs.", "contents": "Experimental barbiturate dependence. I. Barbiturate dependence development in rats by drug-admixed food (DAF) method. A method for testing a rat's physical-dependence liability to sedaditive-hypnotic agents and for evaluating that dependence was studied by using the method. Rats received phenobarbital- or barbital-admixed food on a graded-increase dosage schedule over 30-40 days. Manifestations of CNS-suppressing action of either drug (e.g., systemic muscle relaxation, motor incoordination, staggering gait, and ptosis) persisted day and night during the drug medication. Twenty-four to 48 h after withdrawal of either drug, abstinence symptoms (e.g., muscle fasciculation, nuchal twitching, vocalization, increased irritability, ataxia, hyperthermia, and clonic-tonic and grand mal-type convulsions) were evidenced in all animals (N = 6), some of which died after convulsions. These withdrawal signs in rats were classified and found to be closely correlated with the magnitude of weight loss during the withdrawal. The calssification provides a basis for quantitatively assessing physical-dependence liability. The data obtained in the present study suggest that rats, like dogs and monkeys, are suitable experimental animals for tests in early stages of dependence liability, and that the administration of drug-admixed food is a useful method of developing dependence on both barbiturate and morphine-type drugs.", "PMID": 418446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9635", "title": "Movement induced in cataleptic rats: differential effects produced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, substantia nigra, and reticular formation.", "content": "Haloperidol catalepsy can be countered by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and, to a lesser extent, the reticular formation (RH). Substantia nigra (SN) stimulation proved to be least effective in this regard. Dissociation between behavioral arousal and cortical EEG during stimulation of the RF in cataleptic rats was observed.", "contents": "Movement induced in cataleptic rats: differential effects produced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, substantia nigra, and reticular formation. Haloperidol catalepsy can be countered by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and, to a lesser extent, the reticular formation (RH). Substantia nigra (SN) stimulation proved to be least effective in this regard. Dissociation between behavioral arousal and cortical EEG during stimulation of the RF in cataleptic rats was observed.", "PMID": 418447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9636", "title": "Influence of the new 5-HT-uptake inhibitor paroxetine on hypermotility in rats produced by p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) and 4,alpha-dimethyl-7-tyramine (H 77/77).", "content": "Two different forms of hypermotility produced by the amphetamine derivatives PCA and H 77/77, 5 mg/kg of each, was studied in rats treated s.c. with the new 5-HT uptake inhibitor paroxetine. The substance inhibited the effect of PCA but did not influence that of H 77/77. The 5-HT-uptake inhibitors paroxetine, imipramine, and chlorimipramine were also administered p.o. at various times before PCA. The three substances inhibited PCA-induced hypermotility. Paroxetine 0.5-2 mg/kg, was active at intervals of 1-4 h and 4 mg/kg was active at 18-h interval. Imipramine and chlorimipramine 25-30 mg/kg showed PCA inhibition at treatment intervals of 1-2h, but 80-100 mg/kg or more was required to inhibit PCA at intervals of 4 and 18 h. Previous results have shown that PCA-induced hypermotility is antagonized by substances inhibiting 5-HT synthesis and uptake, whereas H 77/77-induced hypermotility is inhibited by substances blocking NA synthesis, uptake, and receptors. The previous and present results indicate that paroxetine is a selective 5-HT-uptake inhibitor. After oral administration paroxetine presumably produces a more potent and long-lasting 5-HT-uptake inhibition than imipramine and chlorimipramine.", "contents": "Influence of the new 5-HT-uptake inhibitor paroxetine on hypermotility in rats produced by p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) and 4,alpha-dimethyl-7-tyramine (H 77/77). Two different forms of hypermotility produced by the amphetamine derivatives PCA and H 77/77, 5 mg/kg of each, was studied in rats treated s.c. with the new 5-HT uptake inhibitor paroxetine. The substance inhibited the effect of PCA but did not influence that of H 77/77. The 5-HT-uptake inhibitors paroxetine, imipramine, and chlorimipramine were also administered p.o. at various times before PCA. The three substances inhibited PCA-induced hypermotility. Paroxetine 0.5-2 mg/kg, was active at intervals of 1-4 h and 4 mg/kg was active at 18-h interval. Imipramine and chlorimipramine 25-30 mg/kg showed PCA inhibition at treatment intervals of 1-2h, but 80-100 mg/kg or more was required to inhibit PCA at intervals of 4 and 18 h. Previous results have shown that PCA-induced hypermotility is antagonized by substances inhibiting 5-HT synthesis and uptake, whereas H 77/77-induced hypermotility is inhibited by substances blocking NA synthesis, uptake, and receptors. The previous and present results indicate that paroxetine is a selective 5-HT-uptake inhibitor. After oral administration paroxetine presumably produces a more potent and long-lasting 5-HT-uptake inhibition than imipramine and chlorimipramine.", "PMID": 418448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9637", "title": "Changes in the behavioral response to a novel environment following lesioning of the central dopaminergic system in rat pups.", "content": "During the third week of life, a hyperactive period for laboratory rat, the occurrence of 8 behavioral categories was recorded in individual littermates transferred to a novel environment. Neonatal destruction of the catecholaminergic system by intraventricular injection of 6-OH-DA resulted in increased motor activity during the third week of life. Selective lesioning of the dopaminergic system by the combined treatment of 6-OH-DA + desmethylimipramine also induced a significant increase in some active behavioral categories. It appeared that in contrasts to the gross behavioral sequence, as seen in controls, which compromised locomotion and rearing leads to grooming leads to sitting and lying down, the lesioned animals showed a prolonged phse of restless locomotion. These data are interpreted as a disability to habituate adequately to a novel environment after neonatal lesioning of the dopaminergic system.", "contents": "Changes in the behavioral response to a novel environment following lesioning of the central dopaminergic system in rat pups. During the third week of life, a hyperactive period for laboratory rat, the occurrence of 8 behavioral categories was recorded in individual littermates transferred to a novel environment. Neonatal destruction of the catecholaminergic system by intraventricular injection of 6-OH-DA resulted in increased motor activity during the third week of life. Selective lesioning of the dopaminergic system by the combined treatment of 6-OH-DA + desmethylimipramine also induced a significant increase in some active behavioral categories. It appeared that in contrasts to the gross behavioral sequence, as seen in controls, which compromised locomotion and rearing leads to grooming leads to sitting and lying down, the lesioned animals showed a prolonged phse of restless locomotion. These data are interpreted as a disability to habituate adequately to a novel environment after neonatal lesioning of the dopaminergic system.", "PMID": 418450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9638", "title": "Studies on the effect of lesions of the ventral noradrenergic tract on the antinociceptive action of morphine.", "content": "In rats, lesions were placed in the ventral tegmental noradrenergic tract (VT). In some animals lesions also involved the dorsal tegmental noradrenergic tract (DT). Morphine (Mf) analgesia was examined by the tail compression method 8-9 days after lesions. VT lesions produced no changes in Mf activity, while lesions involving VT + DT produced a partial attenuation of the antinoceptive action of Mf. These results suggest that the ascending NA fibres forming the VT are not essential for the antinoceptive effect of Mf.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of lesions of the ventral noradrenergic tract on the antinociceptive action of morphine. In rats, lesions were placed in the ventral tegmental noradrenergic tract (VT). In some animals lesions also involved the dorsal tegmental noradrenergic tract (DT). Morphine (Mf) analgesia was examined by the tail compression method 8-9 days after lesions. VT lesions produced no changes in Mf activity, while lesions involving VT + DT produced a partial attenuation of the antinoceptive action of Mf. These results suggest that the ascending NA fibres forming the VT are not essential for the antinoceptive effect of Mf.", "PMID": 418453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9639", "title": "Effects of chronic ingestion and withdrawal of sodium barbitone on learning in rats.", "content": "Rats were submitted to three different manipulations: chronic ingestion of sodium barbitone, which was added to the drinking water; chronic administration of barbitone and subsequent withdrawal of the drug; and drinking water only. Both groups of experimental animals showed deficient acquisition in both shuttle-box avoidance and passive-avoidance response when compared to the control animals. Nevertheless, no impairment was observed in passive avoidance when the period of withdrawal was 15 days. Neither was impairment observed when the animals were tested in a T-maze or in another appetitive task. These results cannot be explained by differences in weight or fluid consumption.", "contents": "Effects of chronic ingestion and withdrawal of sodium barbitone on learning in rats. Rats were submitted to three different manipulations: chronic ingestion of sodium barbitone, which was added to the drinking water; chronic administration of barbitone and subsequent withdrawal of the drug; and drinking water only. Both groups of experimental animals showed deficient acquisition in both shuttle-box avoidance and passive-avoidance response when compared to the control animals. Nevertheless, no impairment was observed in passive avoidance when the period of withdrawal was 15 days. Neither was impairment observed when the animals were tested in a T-maze or in another appetitive task. These results cannot be explained by differences in weight or fluid consumption.", "PMID": 418455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9640", "title": "Attenuation of stereotyped behaviour by sex steroids.", "content": "Effects of sex steroids, testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol on PEA-induced stereotyped behaviour (SB) has been studied in normal, castrated, and ovariectomised mice. Effects of sex steroids on amphetamine-induced sterotypy and hyperactivity are also described. In castrated and ovariectomised mice B-phenylethylamine (PEA) increased SB. Pretreatment with sex steroids attenuated PEA-induced stereotypy in normal, castrated, and ovarietomised mice. Sex steroid pretreatment significantly inhibited PEA- and amphetamine-induced SB, but failed to alter increased motor activity due to amphetamine or PEA. The possible effect of sec steroids on SB through changes in central neurotransmitters are discussed.", "contents": "Attenuation of stereotyped behaviour by sex steroids. Effects of sex steroids, testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol on PEA-induced stereotyped behaviour (SB) has been studied in normal, castrated, and ovariectomised mice. Effects of sex steroids on amphetamine-induced sterotypy and hyperactivity are also described. In castrated and ovariectomised mice B-phenylethylamine (PEA) increased SB. Pretreatment with sex steroids attenuated PEA-induced stereotypy in normal, castrated, and ovarietomised mice. Sex steroid pretreatment significantly inhibited PEA- and amphetamine-induced SB, but failed to alter increased motor activity due to amphetamine or PEA. The possible effect of sec steroids on SB through changes in central neurotransmitters are discussed.", "PMID": 418456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9641", "title": "The effects of divalent ions on morphine analgesia and abstinence syndrome in morphine-tolerant and -dependent mice.", "content": "Intracerebral administration of copper sulfate potentiated morphine analgesia in morphine-tolerant and -dependent mice, but copper failed to affect other abstinence signs. When abstinence was precipitated with a partial antagonist, nalorphine, stereotyped jumping was not inhibited by either calcium or copper. These modifications of narcotic effects by copper were produced without alterations in the brain disposition of morphine. Total radioactivity in the brain following radioactive naloxone administration was also not altered.", "contents": "The effects of divalent ions on morphine analgesia and abstinence syndrome in morphine-tolerant and -dependent mice. Intracerebral administration of copper sulfate potentiated morphine analgesia in morphine-tolerant and -dependent mice, but copper failed to affect other abstinence signs. When abstinence was precipitated with a partial antagonist, nalorphine, stereotyped jumping was not inhibited by either calcium or copper. These modifications of narcotic effects by copper were produced without alterations in the brain disposition of morphine. Total radioactivity in the brain following radioactive naloxone administration was also not altered.", "PMID": 418458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9642", "title": "The effects of intravenous phosphate loading on salivary phosphate secretion and plasma parathyroid hormone levels in the sheep.", "content": "Adult sheep were given intravenous infusions of a solution of Na2HPO4 and the effects on parotid salivary composition and on plasma parathyroid hormone levels were studied. Infusion of the phosphate solution resulted in increases in the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the plasma and to proportional increases in the concentration and amount of phosphate secreted in the saliva. There was, however, no evidence that the salivary response was dependent upon a change in endogenous parathyroid hormone release. In other studies infusion of bovine parathyroid hormone or stimulation of endogenous hormone release through infusion of EDTA both led to a fall in the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the plasma and to a fall in the concentration and amount of phosphate secreted in the saliva. Taken together these results suggest that the major factor affecting salivary phosphate secretion in these studies was the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the plasma. Parathyroid hormone does not appear to have any direct effect on salivary phosphate secretion in the sheep though it may indirectly influence phosphate secretion through its effects on plasma inorganic phosphate level.", "contents": "The effects of intravenous phosphate loading on salivary phosphate secretion and plasma parathyroid hormone levels in the sheep. Adult sheep were given intravenous infusions of a solution of Na2HPO4 and the effects on parotid salivary composition and on plasma parathyroid hormone levels were studied. Infusion of the phosphate solution resulted in increases in the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the plasma and to proportional increases in the concentration and amount of phosphate secreted in the saliva. There was, however, no evidence that the salivary response was dependent upon a change in endogenous parathyroid hormone release. In other studies infusion of bovine parathyroid hormone or stimulation of endogenous hormone release through infusion of EDTA both led to a fall in the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the plasma and to a fall in the concentration and amount of phosphate secreted in the saliva. Taken together these results suggest that the major factor affecting salivary phosphate secretion in these studies was the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the plasma. Parathyroid hormone does not appear to have any direct effect on salivary phosphate secretion in the sheep though it may indirectly influence phosphate secretion through its effects on plasma inorganic phosphate level.", "PMID": 418459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9643", "title": "[Early immunological aspects in rats infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. I. Agglutination and immunofluorescence tests with antigen of trypomastigotes recovered in successive days of the infection (author's transl)].", "content": "From rats infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi trypomastigotes were recovered in successive days to be used in agglutination tests (AT) and in direct immunofluorescence tests (DIT). Titres obtained in AT reached 1/640 with trypomastigotes in the fourth and fifth days, decreased to 1/160 in the sixth day and were negative in the seventh day; in the tenth day the titers were again up to 1/40 and reached 1/320 in the eleventh day. The DIT were negative with trypomastigotes in the fourth and fifth days, a few were positive in the sixth day and numerous were positive in the seventh day; again a few were positive in the tenth day and all were negative in the eleventh day. These results seems to indicate that the trypomastigotes are blocked by circulating antibodies when they are not agglutinated by immune sera in vitro.", "contents": "[Early immunological aspects in rats infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. I. Agglutination and immunofluorescence tests with antigen of trypomastigotes recovered in successive days of the infection (author's transl)]. From rats infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi trypomastigotes were recovered in successive days to be used in agglutination tests (AT) and in direct immunofluorescence tests (DIT). Titres obtained in AT reached 1/640 with trypomastigotes in the fourth and fifth days, decreased to 1/160 in the sixth day and were negative in the seventh day; in the tenth day the titers were again up to 1/40 and reached 1/320 in the eleventh day. The DIT were negative with trypomastigotes in the fourth and fifth days, a few were positive in the sixth day and numerous were positive in the seventh day; again a few were positive in the tenth day and all were negative in the eleventh day. These results seems to indicate that the trypomastigotes are blocked by circulating antibodies when they are not agglutinated by immune sera in vitro.", "PMID": 418466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9644", "title": "Dibenz[a,c]anthracene: a potent inhibitor of skin-tumor initiation by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.", "content": "The mechanism by which the weak tumor initiator dibenz[a,c]anthracene (DB[a,c]A) inhibits the skin-tumor-initiating activity of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was investigated. DB[a,c]A was found to be a potent inhibitor of DMBA initiation when given either 5 min, or 1, 12, or 36 hours before DMBA. Pretreatment of mice with unlabeled DB[a,c]A at either 1, 12, or 36 hours before killing increased the in vitro epidermally mediated covalent binding of [3H]DMBA to DNA more than pretreatment with unlabeled DMBA at comparable times. Only when the tumor experiments were mimicked did a decrease in DMBA covalent binding to DNA in vitro occur. The results suggests that some competition at the level of polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolism or at the genome level may exist between metabolites of the weak carcinogen and those of the strong carcinogen.", "contents": "Dibenz[a,c]anthracene: a potent inhibitor of skin-tumor initiation by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The mechanism by which the weak tumor initiator dibenz[a,c]anthracene (DB[a,c]A) inhibits the skin-tumor-initiating activity of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was investigated. DB[a,c]A was found to be a potent inhibitor of DMBA initiation when given either 5 min, or 1, 12, or 36 hours before DMBA. Pretreatment of mice with unlabeled DB[a,c]A at either 1, 12, or 36 hours before killing increased the in vitro epidermally mediated covalent binding of [3H]DMBA to DNA more than pretreatment with unlabeled DMBA at comparable times. Only when the tumor experiments were mimicked did a decrease in DMBA covalent binding to DNA in vitro occur. The results suggests that some competition at the level of polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolism or at the genome level may exist between metabolites of the weak carcinogen and those of the strong carcinogen.", "PMID": 418469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9645", "title": "Erythrocytic forms of Theileria velifera.", "content": "The enigmatic veil associated with the cattle parasite Haematoxenus veliferus has been shown to be crystallike in ultrastructure and to stain with benzidine like haemoglobin. The ultrastructure of the organism is similar to that of other theilerial parasites. As less distinct veil-like structures are known to occur with some other Theileria species, and in one case, have also been shown to be crystalline in structure, it is proposed to sink the genus Haematoxenus as a synonym of Theileria.", "contents": "Erythrocytic forms of Theileria velifera. The enigmatic veil associated with the cattle parasite Haematoxenus veliferus has been shown to be crystallike in ultrastructure and to stain with benzidine like haemoglobin. The ultrastructure of the organism is similar to that of other theilerial parasites. As less distinct veil-like structures are known to occur with some other Theileria species, and in one case, have also been shown to be crystalline in structure, it is proposed to sink the genus Haematoxenus as a synonym of Theileria.", "PMID": 418470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9646", "title": "[Primary chemoresistance to tuberculostatics in the district of Dolj between the years 1971 and 1975].", "content": "Primary resistance to tuberculostatics between 1971 and 1975 was studied in a lot of 676 adults with pulmonary tuberculosis, as well as the incidence and overall prevalence of primary and secondary resistance within the district covered by the tb. dispensary of Craiova. The incidence of primary resistance was of 13,61% of the entire lot, falling from 20.41% in 1971--1972, to 14.28% in 1973--1974 and to 7.25% in 1975. The incidence fell from 6.66 per 100 000 in 1971 to 2.3 per 100 000 in 1975, and the total prevalence of resistance from 27.7 per 100 000 in 1971 to 6.67 per 100 000 in 1975. Monoresistance was predominant (8.14% of the total), followed by biresistance (5.18%); primary triresistance was seldom recorded (0.29%). Biresistance rapidly decreased with years down to 1.55% in 1975 and triresistance disappeared in 1975. Although the frequency of primary resistance varies in terms of environment, sex and age of the patients, the differences are not statistically significant. Primary resistance to isoniazide and streptomycin occured in 7.99% of cases each, to ethambutol in 0.15% and to rifampicin in 0.51%. In order to reduce the cases of tuberculosis with primary resistance, endeavours should be directed towards the detection of all M. tuberculosis eliminators, applying a surveyed chemotherapy and following up the bacteriologic evolution of patients under specific treatment.", "contents": "[Primary chemoresistance to tuberculostatics in the district of Dolj between the years 1971 and 1975]. Primary resistance to tuberculostatics between 1971 and 1975 was studied in a lot of 676 adults with pulmonary tuberculosis, as well as the incidence and overall prevalence of primary and secondary resistance within the district covered by the tb. dispensary of Craiova. The incidence of primary resistance was of 13,61% of the entire lot, falling from 20.41% in 1971--1972, to 14.28% in 1973--1974 and to 7.25% in 1975. The incidence fell from 6.66 per 100 000 in 1971 to 2.3 per 100 000 in 1975, and the total prevalence of resistance from 27.7 per 100 000 in 1971 to 6.67 per 100 000 in 1975. Monoresistance was predominant (8.14% of the total), followed by biresistance (5.18%); primary triresistance was seldom recorded (0.29%). Biresistance rapidly decreased with years down to 1.55% in 1975 and triresistance disappeared in 1975. Although the frequency of primary resistance varies in terms of environment, sex and age of the patients, the differences are not statistically significant. Primary resistance to isoniazide and streptomycin occured in 7.99% of cases each, to ethambutol in 0.15% and to rifampicin in 0.51%. In order to reduce the cases of tuberculosis with primary resistance, endeavours should be directed towards the detection of all M. tuberculosis eliminators, applying a surveyed chemotherapy and following up the bacteriologic evolution of patients under specific treatment.", "PMID": 418488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9647", "title": "Interrelationships between Vitamin B12 and folic acid in myelomatosis: cobalamin coenzyme and tetrahydrofolic acid function.", "content": "Cobalamin and folate metabolism was investigated in 43 patients with myelomatosis, in 8 control subjects of similar age and 22 younger controls. Plasma total cobalamin was lower in myeloma patients than in either of the control groups and methylcobalamin (Me-Cbl) was disproportionately reduced. Erythrocyte levels of total cobalamin were very similar in patients and elderly controls but were half the levels in younger controls. Erythrocyte levels of Me-Cbl were slightly higher in patients than in the dlderly controls. FIGLU excretion after L-histidine was elevated in 53% of the patients but values did not correlate with serum or erythrocyte folate or with plasma total cobalamin. FIGLU excretion decreased after DL-methionine or Me-Cbl only in patients whose FIGLU excretion was initially high. The results are discussed in the light of the 'methylfolate trap hypothesis' and suggest that some patients with myelomatosis have insufficient activity of methionine synthetase to meet the additional metabolic demand for one carbon compounds.", "contents": "Interrelationships between Vitamin B12 and folic acid in myelomatosis: cobalamin coenzyme and tetrahydrofolic acid function. Cobalamin and folate metabolism was investigated in 43 patients with myelomatosis, in 8 control subjects of similar age and 22 younger controls. Plasma total cobalamin was lower in myeloma patients than in either of the control groups and methylcobalamin (Me-Cbl) was disproportionately reduced. Erythrocyte levels of total cobalamin were very similar in patients and elderly controls but were half the levels in younger controls. Erythrocyte levels of Me-Cbl were slightly higher in patients than in the dlderly controls. FIGLU excretion after L-histidine was elevated in 53% of the patients but values did not correlate with serum or erythrocyte folate or with plasma total cobalamin. FIGLU excretion decreased after DL-methionine or Me-Cbl only in patients whose FIGLU excretion was initially high. The results are discussed in the light of the 'methylfolate trap hypothesis' and suggest that some patients with myelomatosis have insufficient activity of methionine synthetase to meet the additional metabolic demand for one carbon compounds.", "PMID": 418497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9648", "title": "Acute renal failure associated with a malignant lymphoproliferative disorder with monoclonal light chain immunoglobulin production. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of a 32-year-old male negro is reported in whom acute renal failure was the first manifestation of a diffuse lymphocplasmocytic infiltrative disorder. The malignant cells only produced immunoglobulin light chain (lambda-type). A description of the pathological findings is given. The case presented can be considered an intermediate form between macroglobulinaemia and multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Acute renal failure associated with a malignant lymphoproliferative disorder with monoclonal light chain immunoglobulin production. Report of a case. A case of a 32-year-old male negro is reported in whom acute renal failure was the first manifestation of a diffuse lymphocplasmocytic infiltrative disorder. The malignant cells only produced immunoglobulin light chain (lambda-type). A description of the pathological findings is given. The case presented can be considered an intermediate form between macroglobulinaemia and multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 418498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9649", "title": "Natural killer cells may be the only cells in normal mouse lymphoid cell populations endowed with cytolytic ability for antibody-coated tumour target cells.", "content": "Mouse normal lymphoid cells were analysed as to their ability to perform in three cytolytic systems: Ability to act as 'natural killer', NK, cells against a NK sensitive tumour target, YAC; as effector cells against IgG-coated 815 cells, or to function as effector cells against IgG-coated CRBC. NK activity and ADCC against the IgG-coated P815 cells were found to vary in parallel as affected by age, organ distribution and genotype of the effector cells. On the other hand, ADCC against CRBC was largely carried out by effector cells distinct from those functioning as NK cells or in ADCC against P815. Temperature pretreatment schedules at 37 degrees C showed both NK cells and ADCC ability against P815 to be highly sensitive on contrast to ADCC against CRBC. Likewise, inoculation of Corynebacterium parvum intraperitoneally will lead to reduction in ADCC ability against CRBC but increase in ADCC against P815 and NK activity. Blocking experiments using 'cold' inhibitor cells in the cytolytic assays indicated that NK cells and effector cells against IgG-coated P815 cells are the very same cells. We thus conclude that NK cells in the mouse also have the ability to express K cell activity against IgG-coated tumour target cells. In fact, our data suggest that the NK cells may be the only cell type in the mouse equipped with cytolytic potential for antibody-coated murine nucleated cells", "contents": "Natural killer cells may be the only cells in normal mouse lymphoid cell populations endowed with cytolytic ability for antibody-coated tumour target cells. Mouse normal lymphoid cells were analysed as to their ability to perform in three cytolytic systems: Ability to act as 'natural killer', NK, cells against a NK sensitive tumour target, YAC; as effector cells against IgG-coated 815 cells, or to function as effector cells against IgG-coated CRBC. NK activity and ADCC against the IgG-coated P815 cells were found to vary in parallel as affected by age, organ distribution and genotype of the effector cells. On the other hand, ADCC against CRBC was largely carried out by effector cells distinct from those functioning as NK cells or in ADCC against P815. Temperature pretreatment schedules at 37 degrees C showed both NK cells and ADCC ability against P815 to be highly sensitive on contrast to ADCC against CRBC. Likewise, inoculation of Corynebacterium parvum intraperitoneally will lead to reduction in ADCC ability against CRBC but increase in ADCC against P815 and NK activity. Blocking experiments using 'cold' inhibitor cells in the cytolytic assays indicated that NK cells and effector cells against IgG-coated P815 cells are the very same cells. We thus conclude that NK cells in the mouse also have the ability to express K cell activity against IgG-coated tumour target cells. In fact, our data suggest that the NK cells may be the only cell type in the mouse equipped with cytolytic potential for antibody-coated murine nucleated cells", "PMID": 418499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9650", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of rat lymphoid cell surface histocompatibility antigens and immunoglobulins.", "content": "Cell surface molecules of rat normal lymphoid cells were selectively labelled by lactoperoxidase catalysed iodination or by a galactose oxidase tritiated sodium borohydride technique, subsequently detergent solubilized, isolated by indirect immunoprecipitation and analysed on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four polypeptide chains were isolated by using the alloantiserum DA anti-Lewis. The molecular weights of the antigens were calculated as 41,000, 33,000, 27,000 and 12,000. Based on functional in vitro characteristics of the antiserum used and on the physiochemical properties as well as genetics of inheritance and tissue distribution, the polypeptide chains were identified as being subunits of Ag-B and Ia antigens. Two types of immunoglobulin heavy chains exhibiting the molecular weight 70,000 and 64,000 were isolated from unfractionated normal spleen cells by use of a polyvalent rabbit anti-rat immunoglobulin serum and tentatively identified as mu and delta chain. Using the same anti-immunoglobulin serum, no molecules could be precipitated from the lysated of Lewis thymocytes or peripheral T cells.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of rat lymphoid cell surface histocompatibility antigens and immunoglobulins. Cell surface molecules of rat normal lymphoid cells were selectively labelled by lactoperoxidase catalysed iodination or by a galactose oxidase tritiated sodium borohydride technique, subsequently detergent solubilized, isolated by indirect immunoprecipitation and analysed on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four polypeptide chains were isolated by using the alloantiserum DA anti-Lewis. The molecular weights of the antigens were calculated as 41,000, 33,000, 27,000 and 12,000. Based on functional in vitro characteristics of the antiserum used and on the physiochemical properties as well as genetics of inheritance and tissue distribution, the polypeptide chains were identified as being subunits of Ag-B and Ia antigens. Two types of immunoglobulin heavy chains exhibiting the molecular weight 70,000 and 64,000 were isolated from unfractionated normal spleen cells by use of a polyvalent rabbit anti-rat immunoglobulin serum and tentatively identified as mu and delta chain. Using the same anti-immunoglobulin serum, no molecules could be precipitated from the lysated of Lewis thymocytes or peripheral T cells.", "PMID": 418500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9651", "title": "[The question of use of glucose or fructose for parenteral feeding. Results of a comparative study].", "content": "Glucose and fluctose (400 g/24 h) were compared as sources of carbohydrate in parenteral nutrition in patients following major abdominal operations or following multiple injuries. Group A (n = 8) received glucose during the first 2 days and fructose for another 2 days thereafter. In group B (n = 8) the sequence of carbohydrate infusion was reversed (2 days' fructose follwed by 2 days' glucose). The additional infusion to amino acids and a fat emulsion remained constant (total calories: 2,700 kcal/24 h). The following results were obtained: 1. Mean blood glucose concentrations were elevated in both infusion periods. During infusion of glucose the values were about 10% higher than those obtained during fructose infusion. Insulin administration was not necessary any of the patients studied. 2. Urinary excretion of both monosaccharides was negligible. 3. Blood lactate concentrations were higher during the infusion of fructose when compared to the glucose infusion period. The concentration of ketone bodies in the blood was not significantly influenced by either regimen. No major changes in base-acid equilibrium were observed. 4. The serum concentration of uric acid and several other metabolites did not differ significantly during the two infusion periods. 5. Mean urinary urea excretion exhibited a 30% increase during fructose infusion when compared to the glucose infusion period (p less than 0.012). From the results of t;is study and earlier findings it is concluded that fructose in a dose up to 400 g/day has no proven advantages over glucose in postoperative parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "[The question of use of glucose or fructose for parenteral feeding. Results of a comparative study]. Glucose and fluctose (400 g/24 h) were compared as sources of carbohydrate in parenteral nutrition in patients following major abdominal operations or following multiple injuries. Group A (n = 8) received glucose during the first 2 days and fructose for another 2 days thereafter. In group B (n = 8) the sequence of carbohydrate infusion was reversed (2 days' fructose follwed by 2 days' glucose). The additional infusion to amino acids and a fat emulsion remained constant (total calories: 2,700 kcal/24 h). The following results were obtained: 1. Mean blood glucose concentrations were elevated in both infusion periods. During infusion of glucose the values were about 10% higher than those obtained during fructose infusion. Insulin administration was not necessary any of the patients studied. 2. Urinary excretion of both monosaccharides was negligible. 3. Blood lactate concentrations were higher during the infusion of fructose when compared to the glucose infusion period. The concentration of ketone bodies in the blood was not significantly influenced by either regimen. No major changes in base-acid equilibrium were observed. 4. The serum concentration of uric acid and several other metabolites did not differ significantly during the two infusion periods. 5. Mean urinary urea excretion exhibited a 30% increase during fructose infusion when compared to the glucose infusion period (p less than 0.012). From the results of t;is study and earlier findings it is concluded that fructose in a dose up to 400 g/day has no proven advantages over glucose in postoperative parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 418502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9652", "title": "[Long-term animal experimental studies of a new dentin and pulp protective varnish (Bayer D-520)].", "content": "A new polyurethan varnish (Bayer D-520) was tested on 4 monkeys with a total of 96 cavities after the norms of \"Recommended standard practices for biological evaluation of dental materials\" of the ADA 1975. After the successful short-term experiment of two weeks, a long-term examination of dentin and pulp protective properties followed. 6 combinations were used: - 16 silicate cement fillings with varnish, 16 with Dycal base (negative control), 16 without protection (positive control) - 16 composite fillings with varnish, 16 with Dycal and 16 without protection After an observation time of 3 months, with marks of 0-3 for each criterion of the histological sample a significant difference (p less than or equal to 0.01) in favour of the varnish- and Dycal-protected cavities resulted. A difference between the varnish and the Dycal base could not be statistically established.", "contents": "[Long-term animal experimental studies of a new dentin and pulp protective varnish (Bayer D-520)]. A new polyurethan varnish (Bayer D-520) was tested on 4 monkeys with a total of 96 cavities after the norms of \"Recommended standard practices for biological evaluation of dental materials\" of the ADA 1975. After the successful short-term experiment of two weeks, a long-term examination of dentin and pulp protective properties followed. 6 combinations were used: - 16 silicate cement fillings with varnish, 16 with Dycal base (negative control), 16 without protection (positive control) - 16 composite fillings with varnish, 16 with Dycal and 16 without protection After an observation time of 3 months, with marks of 0-3 for each criterion of the histological sample a significant difference (p less than or equal to 0.01) in favour of the varnish- and Dycal-protected cavities resulted. A difference between the varnish and the Dycal base could not be statistically established.", "PMID": 418503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9653", "title": "Potent antidopaminergic activity of estradiol at the pituitary level on prolactin release.", "content": "Prior incubation of rat anterior pituitary cells with 17beta-estradiol led to an almost complete reversal of the inhibitory effect of two dopamine agonists, dihydroergocornine and RU 24213, on both basal prolactin release and thyrotropin releasing hormone-induced prolactin release. These experiments thus demonstrate a direct interference of dopamine action by a peripheral hormone. Prolactin secretion by pituitary cells in primary culture could possibly serve as an easily accessible model of a system under dopaminergic control.", "contents": "Potent antidopaminergic activity of estradiol at the pituitary level on prolactin release. Prior incubation of rat anterior pituitary cells with 17beta-estradiol led to an almost complete reversal of the inhibitory effect of two dopamine agonists, dihydroergocornine and RU 24213, on both basal prolactin release and thyrotropin releasing hormone-induced prolactin release. These experiments thus demonstrate a direct interference of dopamine action by a peripheral hormone. Prolactin secretion by pituitary cells in primary culture could possibly serve as an easily accessible model of a system under dopaminergic control.", "PMID": 418505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9654", "title": "Opportunistic infections in certain non-malignant diseases.", "content": "In this paper infections associated with immunological and white blood cell deficiencies are discussed, together with certain aspects of infection in patients suffering from chronic renal failure and other non-malignant disease states. Reference is made to experience of opportunistic infections at East Birmingham Hospital, and certain aspects of the prevention and management of these conditions are outlined.", "contents": "Opportunistic infections in certain non-malignant diseases. In this paper infections associated with immunological and white blood cell deficiencies are discussed, together with certain aspects of infection in patients suffering from chronic renal failure and other non-malignant disease states. Reference is made to experience of opportunistic infections at East Birmingham Hospital, and certain aspects of the prevention and management of these conditions are outlined.", "PMID": 418508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9655", "title": "Drug kinetics in protein energy malnutrition.", "content": "Potential problems of drug metabolism in human protein energy malnutrition (PEM) are reviewed in the light of the pathophysiological changes seen in PEM. Data derived from human studies and animal experiments are discussed, and a plea is made for further research in this area.", "contents": "Drug kinetics in protein energy malnutrition. Potential problems of drug metabolism in human protein energy malnutrition (PEM) are reviewed in the light of the pathophysiological changes seen in PEM. Data derived from human studies and animal experiments are discussed, and a plea is made for further research in this area.", "PMID": 418509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9656", "title": "[Possible methods of control of virus disease in swine today and in the future (author's transl)].", "content": "To begin with, possible approaches to the control of virus disease in swine are discussed in general. The choice of a method of control will be decided by various factors such as the ecological and geographical environment of the animal population, the epizootiological behaviour of the causative virus itself as well as economic and political considerations. These consist in definitely freeing the swine population and/or keeping it free from a particular virus, maintaining a particular virus in an enzootic state, promoting this enzootic state within the herd, vaccinating and, finally, combining the above procedures. In conjunction with the trend towards increasingly large piggeries, the equilibrium between natural or specific immunity of the animal population and various viruses is often upset to the advantage of the virus. The pressure of infection will increase unduly and the epizootiological behaviour of the virus in question will not infrequently undergo alterations. Therefore, it is believed that the need for artificially increasing immunity or maintaining it at its current level will constantly increase in the long run. This can only be achieved by frequent vaccination. It is not unlikely that vaccination will remain as the sole and last possibility of effectively controlling various forms of virus disease in pigs.", "contents": "[Possible methods of control of virus disease in swine today and in the future (author's transl)]. To begin with, possible approaches to the control of virus disease in swine are discussed in general. The choice of a method of control will be decided by various factors such as the ecological and geographical environment of the animal population, the epizootiological behaviour of the causative virus itself as well as economic and political considerations. These consist in definitely freeing the swine population and/or keeping it free from a particular virus, maintaining a particular virus in an enzootic state, promoting this enzootic state within the herd, vaccinating and, finally, combining the above procedures. In conjunction with the trend towards increasingly large piggeries, the equilibrium between natural or specific immunity of the animal population and various viruses is often upset to the advantage of the virus. The pressure of infection will increase unduly and the epizootiological behaviour of the virus in question will not infrequently undergo alterations. Therefore, it is believed that the need for artificially increasing immunity or maintaining it at its current level will constantly increase in the long run. This can only be achieved by frequent vaccination. It is not unlikely that vaccination will remain as the sole and last possibility of effectively controlling various forms of virus disease in pigs.", "PMID": 418522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9657", "title": "A new heterophile antigen: man distinguished from higher apes and other mammals.", "content": "Human cell membranes acquired an antigenic substance from the bovine serum in culture medium. The antigen was named the heterologous membrane antigen (HM Ag). Cross-reactive antigen was found in sera of all mammals tested, except for man. The distribution of the HM Ag serologically distinguished man from other mammals.", "contents": "A new heterophile antigen: man distinguished from higher apes and other mammals. Human cell membranes acquired an antigenic substance from the bovine serum in culture medium. The antigen was named the heterologous membrane antigen (HM Ag). Cross-reactive antigen was found in sera of all mammals tested, except for man. The distribution of the HM Ag serologically distinguished man from other mammals.", "PMID": 418523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9658", "title": "Neurophysiological correlates of acupuncture: limbic and thalamic responses to analgesic studies in non-human primates.", "content": "Single unit activity from chronically implanted squirrel monkeys was analyzed to evaluate the effect of acupuncture stimulation on limbic and thalamic structures associated with pain. Extracellular recordings and computer-generated interspike interval histograms (ISIH) were obtained from n. parafasicularis and n. ventralis posteromedialis of the thalamus and the laternal septum, basal amygdala and anterior cigulate cortex. Thalamic activity remained unchanged while limibc units demonstrated statistically significant alterations in both cell firing rate and the ISIH in response to acupuncture stimulation. Although pain thresholds in response to tooth pulp stimulation were increased by morphine (37-51% +/- 2.1), acupuncture proved totally ineffective. This may be interpreted as a selective response to acupuncture in CNS structures primarily concerned with the affective component of pain.", "contents": "Neurophysiological correlates of acupuncture: limbic and thalamic responses to analgesic studies in non-human primates. Single unit activity from chronically implanted squirrel monkeys was analyzed to evaluate the effect of acupuncture stimulation on limbic and thalamic structures associated with pain. Extracellular recordings and computer-generated interspike interval histograms (ISIH) were obtained from n. parafasicularis and n. ventralis posteromedialis of the thalamus and the laternal septum, basal amygdala and anterior cigulate cortex. Thalamic activity remained unchanged while limibc units demonstrated statistically significant alterations in both cell firing rate and the ISIH in response to acupuncture stimulation. Although pain thresholds in response to tooth pulp stimulation were increased by morphine (37-51% +/- 2.1), acupuncture proved totally ineffective. This may be interpreted as a selective response to acupuncture in CNS structures primarily concerned with the affective component of pain.", "PMID": 418524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9659", "title": "Neurotoxic response of infant monkeys to methylmercury.", "content": "Four infant monkeys were dosed orally with 500 microgram Hg/kg body wt./day /as methylmercury (MeHg) chloride dissolved sodium carbonate) beginning at 1 day of age. Neurological and behavioral signs of MeHg toxicity and blood Hg levels were monitored weekly. At first sign of MeHg intoxication, dosing with MeHg was terminated and the infants were monitored to assess reversal of the signs of MeHg toxicity. The first signs of MeHg toxicity, exhibited as a loss in dexterity and locomotor ability, were observed after 28--29 days of treatment; the blood Hg levels were 8.0--9.4 microgram Hg/g blood. Dosing was terminated at 28--29 days of treatment but the signs of MeHg toxicity continued to develop. The infants became ataxic, blind, comatose and were necropsied at 35--43 days after initiating treatment with MgHg. The mercury concentrations in tissues analyzed after necropsy were highest in liver (55.8 +/- 3.2 microgram Hg/g) followed by occipital cortex (35.6 +/- 4.8 microgram Hg/g) renal cortex (32.8 +/- 1.6 microgram Hg/g). The frontal and temporal cortices had 27.0 +/- 3.4 and 29.6 +/- 4.9 microgram Hg/g respectively while the cerebellar Hg concentration averaged 13.0 +/- 1.5 microgram Hg/g. The mean blood/brain ratio was 0.21 +/- 0.4. Histopathologic lesions were marked in the cerebrum with less severe lesions in the cerebellar nuclei. The Purkinje and granular cells of the cerebellar vermis appeared histologically normal. Lesions were not observed in the peripheral nervous system. The signs of MeHg intoxication, the tissue distribution of MeHg and histopathologic lesions observed in the infant monkeys were similar to those reported for adult monkeys.", "contents": "Neurotoxic response of infant monkeys to methylmercury. Four infant monkeys were dosed orally with 500 microgram Hg/kg body wt./day /as methylmercury (MeHg) chloride dissolved sodium carbonate) beginning at 1 day of age. Neurological and behavioral signs of MeHg toxicity and blood Hg levels were monitored weekly. At first sign of MeHg intoxication, dosing with MeHg was terminated and the infants were monitored to assess reversal of the signs of MeHg toxicity. The first signs of MeHg toxicity, exhibited as a loss in dexterity and locomotor ability, were observed after 28--29 days of treatment; the blood Hg levels were 8.0--9.4 microgram Hg/g blood. Dosing was terminated at 28--29 days of treatment but the signs of MeHg toxicity continued to develop. The infants became ataxic, blind, comatose and were necropsied at 35--43 days after initiating treatment with MgHg. The mercury concentrations in tissues analyzed after necropsy were highest in liver (55.8 +/- 3.2 microgram Hg/g) followed by occipital cortex (35.6 +/- 4.8 microgram Hg/g) renal cortex (32.8 +/- 1.6 microgram Hg/g). The frontal and temporal cortices had 27.0 +/- 3.4 and 29.6 +/- 4.9 microgram Hg/g respectively while the cerebellar Hg concentration averaged 13.0 +/- 1.5 microgram Hg/g. The mean blood/brain ratio was 0.21 +/- 0.4. Histopathologic lesions were marked in the cerebrum with less severe lesions in the cerebellar nuclei. The Purkinje and granular cells of the cerebellar vermis appeared histologically normal. Lesions were not observed in the peripheral nervous system. The signs of MeHg intoxication, the tissue distribution of MeHg and histopathologic lesions observed in the infant monkeys were similar to those reported for adult monkeys.", "PMID": 418532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9660", "title": "The toxicity of 1-amino-3-chloro-2-propanol hydrochloride (CL88,236) in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "The toxicity of 1-amino-3-chloro-2-propanol is associated with acute histopathological change in the medulla oblongata, characterised lesions of focal oedema. Continued administration results in neurological scars. Lesions can be induced at dose levels of 50 mg . kg-1 day-1. Clinical manifestations of neurological involvement are periods of slight incoordination and loss of balance in a few animals only.", "contents": "The toxicity of 1-amino-3-chloro-2-propanol hydrochloride (CL88,236) in the rhesus monkey. The toxicity of 1-amino-3-chloro-2-propanol is associated with acute histopathological change in the medulla oblongata, characterised lesions of focal oedema. Continued administration results in neurological scars. Lesions can be induced at dose levels of 50 mg . kg-1 day-1. Clinical manifestations of neurological involvement are periods of slight incoordination and loss of balance in a few animals only.", "PMID": 418534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9661", "title": "[Haptoglobins in gynecologic tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum concentrations of haptoglobins were checked in 100 women with benign or malign gynecologic tumors. Typification of haptoglobins was determined by starch gel electrophoresis, quantification by single radial immunodiffusion. Cases with malignancies showed significant increased levels in comparison to healthy women. In cases with cervical carcinoma, a significant increase of the haptoglobin level was evaluated according to advanced carcinoma.", "contents": "[Haptoglobins in gynecologic tumors (author's transl)]. Serum concentrations of haptoglobins were checked in 100 women with benign or malign gynecologic tumors. Typification of haptoglobins was determined by starch gel electrophoresis, quantification by single radial immunodiffusion. Cases with malignancies showed significant increased levels in comparison to healthy women. In cases with cervical carcinoma, a significant increase of the haptoglobin level was evaluated according to advanced carcinoma.", "PMID": 418536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9662", "title": "Ebola haemorrhagic fever: experimental infection of monkeys.", "content": "Experimental infection of rhesus and vervet monkeys with Ebola virus produced a uniformly fatal illness. The course of the disease resembled that found in man with weight loss, anorexia, fever, haemorrhages and skin rash being frequently seen. Viraemia was obvious within two days of infection and persisted until death which occurred between days five and eight. Virus was found in high concentrations in several organs but particularly in the liver, spleen, and lungs.", "contents": "Ebola haemorrhagic fever: experimental infection of monkeys. Experimental infection of rhesus and vervet monkeys with Ebola virus produced a uniformly fatal illness. The course of the disease resembled that found in man with weight loss, anorexia, fever, haemorrhages and skin rash being frequently seen. Viraemia was obvious within two days of infection and persisted until death which occurred between days five and eight. Virus was found in high concentrations in several organs but particularly in the liver, spleen, and lungs.", "PMID": 418537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9663", "title": "Rhodopsin and blindness.", "content": "Systemic immunization with purified homologous rhodopsin from retinal outer segments induced blindness in primates (Macaca mulatta). Inflammation and characteristic retinal changes were the earliest clinical signs of the disease. Perivasculitis, subretinal exudations and bullous detachments of the retina were progressive and unrelenting pathological processes leading to rapid and irreversible visual deterioration. Electroretinographic responses (ERG) at this stage of the disorder became abolished. Antibodies and delayed hypersensitivity to rhodopsin were demonstrated only in the experimental diseased animals. Homologous visual purple appears to be organ and immunopathologically specific. Histological confirmation of these findings showed a pathological spectrum of destructive alterations confirmed specifically to the outer segments of the entire retina. The pathologic reaction was supported by a distinct and pronounced granulomatous inflammatory response.", "contents": "Rhodopsin and blindness. Systemic immunization with purified homologous rhodopsin from retinal outer segments induced blindness in primates (Macaca mulatta). Inflammation and characteristic retinal changes were the earliest clinical signs of the disease. Perivasculitis, subretinal exudations and bullous detachments of the retina were progressive and unrelenting pathological processes leading to rapid and irreversible visual deterioration. Electroretinographic responses (ERG) at this stage of the disorder became abolished. Antibodies and delayed hypersensitivity to rhodopsin were demonstrated only in the experimental diseased animals. Homologous visual purple appears to be organ and immunopathologically specific. Histological confirmation of these findings showed a pathological spectrum of destructive alterations confirmed specifically to the outer segments of the entire retina. The pathologic reaction was supported by a distinct and pronounced granulomatous inflammatory response.", "PMID": 418545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9664", "title": "Double controlled comparison of IDU and trifluorothymidine in thirty-three patients with superficial herpetic keratitis.", "content": "Thirty-three patients were followed in a double controlled study to test the efficacy of IDU and TFT on superficial epithelial herpes simplex virus infection. Sixteen received TFT and 17, IDU. There were four failures in patients on IDU therapy and no failures in the 16 patients using TFT. These results indicate a trend for greater efficacy of TFT than IDU. In those patients who healed with IDU and with TFT, there was no difference in the number of days to heal in each group.", "contents": "Double controlled comparison of IDU and trifluorothymidine in thirty-three patients with superficial herpetic keratitis. Thirty-three patients were followed in a double controlled study to test the efficacy of IDU and TFT on superficial epithelial herpes simplex virus infection. Sixteen received TFT and 17, IDU. There were four failures in patients on IDU therapy and no failures in the 16 patients using TFT. These results indicate a trend for greater efficacy of TFT than IDU. In those patients who healed with IDU and with TFT, there was no difference in the number of days to heal in each group.", "PMID": 418546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9665", "title": "Chromosomal abnormalities associated with cyclopia and synophthalmia.", "content": "At the present time, essentially all known facts concerning cyclopia are consistent with some chromosomal disease, including clinical features of the pregnancy (fetal wastage, prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, maternal age factor, complications of pregnancy), the generalized developmental abnormalities, specific ocular dysgenesis, by the high incidence of chromosomal abnormality already demonstrated, and the possibility of error in those cases of cyclopia with normal chromosomes. Even if chromosomal aberrations represent only one group of several different etiologic factors leading to cyclopia, at the present time chromosomal errors would seem to be the most common cause of cyclopia now recognized. Further studies will establish or disprove a chromosomal error in those instances which are now considered to be the result of an environmental factor alone or those with apparent familial patterns of inheritance. This apparent diverse origin of cyclopia can be clarified if future cyclopic specimens are carefully investigated. The evaluation should include a careful gross and microscopic examination of all organs, including the eye, and chromosome banding studies of all organs, including the eye, and chromosome banding studies of at least two cyclopic tissues. Then the presence or absence of multiple causative factors can be better evaluated.", "contents": "Chromosomal abnormalities associated with cyclopia and synophthalmia. At the present time, essentially all known facts concerning cyclopia are consistent with some chromosomal disease, including clinical features of the pregnancy (fetal wastage, prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, maternal age factor, complications of pregnancy), the generalized developmental abnormalities, specific ocular dysgenesis, by the high incidence of chromosomal abnormality already demonstrated, and the possibility of error in those cases of cyclopia with normal chromosomes. Even if chromosomal aberrations represent only one group of several different etiologic factors leading to cyclopia, at the present time chromosomal errors would seem to be the most common cause of cyclopia now recognized. Further studies will establish or disprove a chromosomal error in those instances which are now considered to be the result of an environmental factor alone or those with apparent familial patterns of inheritance. This apparent diverse origin of cyclopia can be clarified if future cyclopic specimens are carefully investigated. The evaluation should include a careful gross and microscopic examination of all organs, including the eye, and chromosome banding studies of all organs, including the eye, and chromosome banding studies of at least two cyclopic tissues. Then the presence or absence of multiple causative factors can be better evaluated.", "PMID": 418547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9666", "title": "Massive periretinal proliferation: a logical approach to therapy.", "content": "Massive periretinal proliferation (MPP), a serious complication of retinal surgery is caused by proliferation and fibrous metaplasia of cells mostly deriving from retinal pigment epithelium and retinal glial cells. Contracting fibrous membranes in the vitreous and on and also under the retina cause the intraocular changes of MPP. Early signs such as increased \"tobacco dust,\" pigmented clumps in the vitreous, subtle preretinal and even retroretinal membranes are usually overlooked. The late signs such as starfolds, irregular retinal folds and funnel-shaped detachments are well known. The pathogenesis of the clinically visible signs is described and a four stage classification of the disease is given. Based on the improved understanding of this disease, a new therapeutic approach is presented, with the technique of pars plana vitreous surgery. Not only vitreous membranes but also preretinal membranes are removed. Forty-seven consecutive patients who suffered from severe massive periretinal proliferation were  operated on with this technique and followed for six months or more. Seventeen patients (36%) had an attached retina. Twelve patients had a major visual improvement. The major postoperative complication is phthisis bulbi (10 eyes, 21%).", "contents": "Massive periretinal proliferation: a logical approach to therapy. Massive periretinal proliferation (MPP), a serious complication of retinal surgery is caused by proliferation and fibrous metaplasia of cells mostly deriving from retinal pigment epithelium and retinal glial cells. Contracting fibrous membranes in the vitreous and on and also under the retina cause the intraocular changes of MPP. Early signs such as increased \"tobacco dust,\" pigmented clumps in the vitreous, subtle preretinal and even retroretinal membranes are usually overlooked. The late signs such as starfolds, irregular retinal folds and funnel-shaped detachments are well known. The pathogenesis of the clinically visible signs is described and a four stage classification of the disease is given. Based on the improved understanding of this disease, a new therapeutic approach is presented, with the technique of pars plana vitreous surgery. Not only vitreous membranes but also preretinal membranes are removed. Forty-seven consecutive patients who suffered from severe massive periretinal proliferation were  operated on with this technique and followed for six months or more. Seventeen patients (36%) had an attached retina. Twelve patients had a major visual improvement. The major postoperative complication is phthisis bulbi (10 eyes, 21%).", "PMID": 418548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9667", "title": "Production of anterior segment ischemia.", "content": "Anterior segment ischemic changes can occur without detachment of any muscles. The most common cause of such ischemic changes of the anterior segment is the removal of too many rectus muscles in one operation. Twenty dog eyes and eight monkey eyes were subjected to the disinsertion and detachment of various combinations of extraocular muscles. The dogs were sacrificed at intervals from 30 to 90 days. During the observation period, they were observed for gross and slit-lamp changes. The enucleated eyes were studied microscopically for signs of ischemic and necrotic changes. Two patients who were studied, observed, and treated for anterior segment ischemia following muscle surgery are described. The changes which occur after extraocular muscle surgery are extensive and include corneal edema, cataract, chemosis, corneal changes, decreases in intraocular pressure, decreases in outflow or glaucoma, and frank necrosis. The variables which lead to this reaction are described in detail. Also, some unanswered queries, such as the duration of the reaction and the time interval of the reaction after multiple muscle operations are discussed.", "contents": "Production of anterior segment ischemia. Anterior segment ischemic changes can occur without detachment of any muscles. The most common cause of such ischemic changes of the anterior segment is the removal of too many rectus muscles in one operation. Twenty dog eyes and eight monkey eyes were subjected to the disinsertion and detachment of various combinations of extraocular muscles. The dogs were sacrificed at intervals from 30 to 90 days. During the observation period, they were observed for gross and slit-lamp changes. The enucleated eyes were studied microscopically for signs of ischemic and necrotic changes. Two patients who were studied, observed, and treated for anterior segment ischemia following muscle surgery are described. The changes which occur after extraocular muscle surgery are extensive and include corneal edema, cataract, chemosis, corneal changes, decreases in intraocular pressure, decreases in outflow or glaucoma, and frank necrosis. The variables which lead to this reaction are described in detail. Also, some unanswered queries, such as the duration of the reaction and the time interval of the reaction after multiple muscle operations are discussed.", "PMID": 418549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9668", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of different nitrogen sources in parenteral feeding].", "content": "The problem dealing with the effect of various nitrogen sources upon the protein metabolism indices and also with the effect of the main pathological process and volume of surgical intervention upon these indices in the closest postoperative period following gastrointestinal surgery, are discussed in this paper. According to the authors' findings there is no statistically significant difference in using such nitrogen sources in parenteral feeding as moriamine, aminozol and hydrolyzine solution. Some findings prove a higher albumin and beta-albumin contents and a high albumin-globulin coefficient in recovered patients within the first days after the operation. The authors came to the conclusion on the necessity of elaborating individual parenteral feeding programs.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of different nitrogen sources in parenteral feeding]. The problem dealing with the effect of various nitrogen sources upon the protein metabolism indices and also with the effect of the main pathological process and volume of surgical intervention upon these indices in the closest postoperative period following gastrointestinal surgery, are discussed in this paper. According to the authors' findings there is no statistically significant difference in using such nitrogen sources in parenteral feeding as moriamine, aminozol and hydrolyzine solution. Some findings prove a higher albumin and beta-albumin contents and a high albumin-globulin coefficient in recovered patients within the first days after the operation. The authors came to the conclusion on the necessity of elaborating individual parenteral feeding programs.", "PMID": 418550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9669", "title": "[Attempt at restoring the health of pigs suffering from atrophic rhinitis].", "content": "A group of 24 sows selected from herds affected by atrophic rhinitis was subjected to the study of the therapeutic effect of the administration of wide-spectrum antibiotics combined with an improvement of the zoohygienic conditions and with full-value nutrition in the pre-partal period and during lactation. It was found that the mentioned measures in sows before parturition and their housing in a sanitized farrowing house during treatment generally improved the health of the sows and enabled the rearing of healthy piglets. The mortality rate during rearing up to the age of 28 days was 12.5%. In the control group of piglets and sows the losses amounted to 29%; the clinical symptoms of rhinitis were found in 11% of the piglets already at the age of 28 days.", "contents": "[Attempt at restoring the health of pigs suffering from atrophic rhinitis]. A group of 24 sows selected from herds affected by atrophic rhinitis was subjected to the study of the therapeutic effect of the administration of wide-spectrum antibiotics combined with an improvement of the zoohygienic conditions and with full-value nutrition in the pre-partal period and during lactation. It was found that the mentioned measures in sows before parturition and their housing in a sanitized farrowing house during treatment generally improved the health of the sows and enabled the rearing of healthy piglets. The mortality rate during rearing up to the age of 28 days was 12.5%. In the control group of piglets and sows the losses amounted to 29%; the clinical symptoms of rhinitis were found in 11% of the piglets already at the age of 28 days.", "PMID": 418552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9670", "title": "[Demonstration of papillomatosis in nutrias (Myocastor coypus Molina)].", "content": "The occurrence of the papillomatous disease of the coypu having a contagious character was recorded for the first time in Czechoslovakia in 1975. The papillomatous lesions of the size of a pea to bean occurred on the skin of the extremities, tail head and in the oral and nasal cavities. The females were affected first, followed by their young and then by the young borne by healthy mothers after contact with the diseased animals. On the whole the disease affected 57 animals (60%). The disease spontaneously disappeared within 2.5 to 3.5 months of the occurrence of the papillomatous lesions. The virus etiology of the disease was demonstrated by means of the electron-microscopic detection of virus particles the structure of which corresponded to that of the papillomatous viruses.", "contents": "[Demonstration of papillomatosis in nutrias (Myocastor coypus Molina)]. The occurrence of the papillomatous disease of the coypu having a contagious character was recorded for the first time in Czechoslovakia in 1975. The papillomatous lesions of the size of a pea to bean occurred on the skin of the extremities, tail head and in the oral and nasal cavities. The females were affected first, followed by their young and then by the young borne by healthy mothers after contact with the diseased animals. On the whole the disease affected 57 animals (60%). The disease spontaneously disappeared within 2.5 to 3.5 months of the occurrence of the papillomatous lesions. The virus etiology of the disease was demonstrated by means of the electron-microscopic detection of virus particles the structure of which corresponded to that of the papillomatous viruses.", "PMID": 418553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9671", "title": "[Changes in the distribution of urea in body fluids during growth].", "content": "Urea concentration in plasma, muscle, and liver fluids of Wistar rats at the age of 3, 6, and 12 weeks was determined. In rats at the age of 3 weeks urea was cumulated in liver and muscle tissue fluids, in older rats (6 and 12 weeks) in plasma fluid. According to the stated urea distribution in individual age categories, a higher urea transport from tissues to blood is considered to be in rats at the age of 6 and 12 weeks. The urea transport proved to be one of the mechanisms of facilitating better utilization of endogenous urea nitrogen in bio-synthetic processes of the nitrogen metabolism in ruminants as well as in monogastric animals.", "contents": "[Changes in the distribution of urea in body fluids during growth]. Urea concentration in plasma, muscle, and liver fluids of Wistar rats at the age of 3, 6, and 12 weeks was determined. In rats at the age of 3 weeks urea was cumulated in liver and muscle tissue fluids, in older rats (6 and 12 weeks) in plasma fluid. According to the stated urea distribution in individual age categories, a higher urea transport from tissues to blood is considered to be in rats at the age of 6 and 12 weeks. The urea transport proved to be one of the mechanisms of facilitating better utilization of endogenous urea nitrogen in bio-synthetic processes of the nitrogen metabolism in ruminants as well as in monogastric animals.", "PMID": 418554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9672", "title": "[Carbadox in combination with furazolidone in the prevention of enteral and growth disorders in weaned piglets].", "content": "Two feed mixtures were produced, each containing the antimicrobial preparation Carbadox and different amounts of furazolidone. Their fortnightly administration in starters to piglets weaned at the age of 25--31 days prevented mortality and stimulated somatic growth and feed utilization. Premix with a higher content of furazolidone markedly depressed the clinical symptoms of gastro-enteritis and reduced the number of the haemolytic germs of E. coli in the contents of the duodenum and jejunum. The presence of furazolidone in the feed completely eliminated enteral disorders and delayed the onset of the disease, or alleviated its course, in cases of severe diarrhoea, which killed, in the control group, the piglets of the same litter. Weight gains were significantly increased, particularly in the first post-weaning week, the difference from the control being up to 520%. Almost 0.5 kg of the COS 2 starter was saved per 1 kg of piglet live weight gain. Under the current farming conditions of five agricultural enterprises the weight gains during the ten days of the administration of the medicated feed were increased, on an average by 0.84-1.32 kg. In herds where the untreated piglets put on less than 1 kg the gains were increased by 96--124%. It is recommended to administer the new-developed medicated premix to prevent losses due to alteration of the intestinal microflora in early-weaned piglets.", "contents": "[Carbadox in combination with furazolidone in the prevention of enteral and growth disorders in weaned piglets]. Two feed mixtures were produced, each containing the antimicrobial preparation Carbadox and different amounts of furazolidone. Their fortnightly administration in starters to piglets weaned at the age of 25--31 days prevented mortality and stimulated somatic growth and feed utilization. Premix with a higher content of furazolidone markedly depressed the clinical symptoms of gastro-enteritis and reduced the number of the haemolytic germs of E. coli in the contents of the duodenum and jejunum. The presence of furazolidone in the feed completely eliminated enteral disorders and delayed the onset of the disease, or alleviated its course, in cases of severe diarrhoea, which killed, in the control group, the piglets of the same litter. Weight gains were significantly increased, particularly in the first post-weaning week, the difference from the control being up to 520%. Almost 0.5 kg of the COS 2 starter was saved per 1 kg of piglet live weight gain. Under the current farming conditions of five agricultural enterprises the weight gains during the ten days of the administration of the medicated feed were increased, on an average by 0.84-1.32 kg. In herds where the untreated piglets put on less than 1 kg the gains were increased by 96--124%. It is recommended to administer the new-developed medicated premix to prevent losses due to alteration of the intestinal microflora in early-weaned piglets.", "PMID": 418555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9673", "title": "[Variation of the serum testosterone level in boars during 24 hours and during a period of several days].", "content": "Seven sexually mature boars were studied in two-hour intervals for 8 to 32 hours, as to the variation of testosterone levels in the blood plasma. Blood samples were obtained by means of a cannula inserted in the v. cava cranialis. The hormone level under study showed marked fluctuation. The coefficient of variation of testosterone concentration ranged from 12.7% to 35.2% in the individual animals and for the whole part of the study it was 33.0%. It appeared impossible to derive seriously any regular periodicity of testosterone concentration in boar blood in the 24-hour period from the analysis of the variation of the levels of the hormone in individual animals during the period under study. Further, the study revealed a marked fluctuation of testosterone levels in the blood plasma of twelve sexually mature boars in the course of several days' study. The coefficient of variation of testosterone concentration in individual animals ranged from 18.1% to 106.5%, reaching 77.0% for the whole part of study. The analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences of hormonal levels in individual boars in which the fluctuation of testosterone was studied in the 8- to 32-hour period as well as in several days' period. This proved the role of the animals' individuality in determining the concentration of testosterone in their blood. The discussion concerns the importance of these findings for the evaluation of the role of basal testosterone levels in the blood in classifying the incretion function of the gonads and in the diagnosis of incretion hypogonadism of boars.", "contents": "[Variation of the serum testosterone level in boars during 24 hours and during a period of several days]. Seven sexually mature boars were studied in two-hour intervals for 8 to 32 hours, as to the variation of testosterone levels in the blood plasma. Blood samples were obtained by means of a cannula inserted in the v. cava cranialis. The hormone level under study showed marked fluctuation. The coefficient of variation of testosterone concentration ranged from 12.7% to 35.2% in the individual animals and for the whole part of the study it was 33.0%. It appeared impossible to derive seriously any regular periodicity of testosterone concentration in boar blood in the 24-hour period from the analysis of the variation of the levels of the hormone in individual animals during the period under study. Further, the study revealed a marked fluctuation of testosterone levels in the blood plasma of twelve sexually mature boars in the course of several days' study. The coefficient of variation of testosterone concentration in individual animals ranged from 18.1% to 106.5%, reaching 77.0% for the whole part of study. The analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences of hormonal levels in individual boars in which the fluctuation of testosterone was studied in the 8- to 32-hour period as well as in several days' period. This proved the role of the animals' individuality in determining the concentration of testosterone in their blood. The discussion concerns the importance of these findings for the evaluation of the role of basal testosterone levels in the blood in classifying the incretion function of the gonads and in the diagnosis of incretion hypogonadism of boars.", "PMID": 418556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9674", "title": "[Incidence and intensity of atrophic rhinitis in pigs in relation to age and zoohygienic conditions].", "content": "The occurrence rate of the clinical forms of atrophic rhinitis in pigs kept in cotes was lower by up to 10% than in pigs kept in brick-walled farrowing house under bad zoo-hygienic conditions. In both types of housing the lowest occurrence rate of rhinitis was reported in the summer months. In the cotes rhinitis affected 10% of the piglets in summer and 16% in autumn. In the farrowing house rhinitis was observed in 12% of the piglets in summer and in 25% in autumn. The first symptoms of disease occurred in the piglets at the age of two weeks and the occurrence rate of the clinical forms of rhinitis was found to increase with age.", "contents": "[Incidence and intensity of atrophic rhinitis in pigs in relation to age and zoohygienic conditions]. The occurrence rate of the clinical forms of atrophic rhinitis in pigs kept in cotes was lower by up to 10% than in pigs kept in brick-walled farrowing house under bad zoo-hygienic conditions. In both types of housing the lowest occurrence rate of rhinitis was reported in the summer months. In the cotes rhinitis affected 10% of the piglets in summer and 16% in autumn. In the farrowing house rhinitis was observed in 12% of the piglets in summer and in 25% in autumn. The first symptoms of disease occurred in the piglets at the age of two weeks and the occurrence rate of the clinical forms of rhinitis was found to increase with age.", "PMID": 418557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9675", "title": "[Pathobiochemical aspects of lysosomal enzymes with special reference to lysosomal storage diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Lysosomal hydrolases participate substantially in the degradation of all classes of biological macromolecules. They act physiologically within the lysosome. The enzymes are either primarily included within primary lysosomes or are transported to these cell organelles after secretion and subsequent adsorptive pinocytosis. The involvement of these enzymes in a variety of pathological conditions can be understood on the basis of the known functions of lysosomal hydrolases. Inactivity of one or several of the enzymes causes lysosomal storage disorders. Similar metabolic consequences are found when the enzymes are unable to be concentrated within the lysosome. Lysosomal hydrolases participate, furthermore, in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. A distinction can be made between lysosomal overload, pathologically-increased enzyme secretion into the extracellular space, and a release of lysosomal enzymes into the cytosol.", "contents": "[Pathobiochemical aspects of lysosomal enzymes with special reference to lysosomal storage diseases (author's transl)]. Lysosomal hydrolases participate substantially in the degradation of all classes of biological macromolecules. They act physiologically within the lysosome. The enzymes are either primarily included within primary lysosomes or are transported to these cell organelles after secretion and subsequent adsorptive pinocytosis. The involvement of these enzymes in a variety of pathological conditions can be understood on the basis of the known functions of lysosomal hydrolases. Inactivity of one or several of the enzymes causes lysosomal storage disorders. Similar metabolic consequences are found when the enzymes are unable to be concentrated within the lysosome. Lysosomal hydrolases participate, furthermore, in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. A distinction can be made between lysosomal overload, pathologically-increased enzyme secretion into the extracellular space, and a release of lysosomal enzymes into the cytosol.", "PMID": 418578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9676", "title": "Disposition and metabolism of benoxaprofen in laboratory animals and man.", "content": "1. The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of benoxaprofen, a novel anti-inflammatory compound, has been studied in the dog, mouse, rat, rabbit, rhesus monkey and man. 2. Benoxaprofen was well absorbed after oral administration of doses of 1 to 10 mg/kg in all six species. Only unchanged drug was detected in plasma. It was extensively bound to plasma proteins, the highest binding occurring in man (99.8%) and rhesus monkey (99.6%). 3. Species differences were observed in the plasma elimination half-life, the longest being in man (33 h). The rat and mouse also had high values (28 and 24 h respectively) whereas in the other species, values were less than 13 h. 4. After an oral dose of [14C]benoxaprofen (20 mg/kg) to female rats, tissue concn. was highest in liver, kidney, lungs, adrenals and ovaries. Tissue distribution in the pregnant rat was identical to the normal female. The compound was found in the foetus but at a concn. lower than in all maternal organs. 5. There was a marked species difference in the route of excretion. In man, rhesus monkey and rabbit, excretion in the urine was a major route, whilst biliary--faecal excretion was the only effective route in the rat and dog. 6. No major metabolic transformation of benoxaprofen was observed. Man and dog excreted the compound predominantly as the ester glucuronide whereas the rat, mouse, rabbit and rhesus monkey excreted a large proportion of the dose unchanged.", "contents": "Disposition and metabolism of benoxaprofen in laboratory animals and man. 1. The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of benoxaprofen, a novel anti-inflammatory compound, has been studied in the dog, mouse, rat, rabbit, rhesus monkey and man. 2. Benoxaprofen was well absorbed after oral administration of doses of 1 to 10 mg/kg in all six species. Only unchanged drug was detected in plasma. It was extensively bound to plasma proteins, the highest binding occurring in man (99.8%) and rhesus monkey (99.6%). 3. Species differences were observed in the plasma elimination half-life, the longest being in man (33 h). The rat and mouse also had high values (28 and 24 h respectively) whereas in the other species, values were less than 13 h. 4. After an oral dose of [14C]benoxaprofen (20 mg/kg) to female rats, tissue concn. was highest in liver, kidney, lungs, adrenals and ovaries. Tissue distribution in the pregnant rat was identical to the normal female. The compound was found in the foetus but at a concn. lower than in all maternal organs. 5. There was a marked species difference in the route of excretion. In man, rhesus monkey and rabbit, excretion in the urine was a major route, whilst biliary--faecal excretion was the only effective route in the rat and dog. 6. No major metabolic transformation of benoxaprofen was observed. Man and dog excreted the compound predominantly as the ester glucuronide whereas the rat, mouse, rabbit and rhesus monkey excreted a large proportion of the dose unchanged.", "PMID": 418580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9677", "title": "Salivary amino acids and proteins in normal and malnourished Egyptian infants and young children.", "content": "Amino acids and proteins in whole saliva of normal and malnourished Egyptian infants and young children were investigated. 16 amino acids, 7 of them are essential, could be detected in saliva of normal infants. Electrophoretic analysis revealed the existence of 10 protein components in saliva of either normal or malnourished infants. In oedematous cases, salivary aminoacids, particularly the essential ones, were increased as well as most of the protein components. In non-oedematous cases, the pattern was more or less normal, but in 3rd grade marasmus, amino acid and protein components of saliva were somewhat increased. The conclusion was drawn that such increase is mainly due to tissue degeneration which is more marked in oedematous than non-oedematous form of the disease.", "contents": "Salivary amino acids and proteins in normal and malnourished Egyptian infants and young children. Amino acids and proteins in whole saliva of normal and malnourished Egyptian infants and young children were investigated. 16 amino acids, 7 of them are essential, could be detected in saliva of normal infants. Electrophoretic analysis revealed the existence of 10 protein components in saliva of either normal or malnourished infants. In oedematous cases, salivary aminoacids, particularly the essential ones, were increased as well as most of the protein components. In non-oedematous cases, the pattern was more or less normal, but in 3rd grade marasmus, amino acid and protein components of saliva were somewhat increased. The conclusion was drawn that such increase is mainly due to tissue degeneration which is more marked in oedematous than non-oedematous form of the disease.", "PMID": 418582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9678", "title": "[Experimental pancreas transplantation in swine].", "content": "After surveying the problem of pancreas transplantation the results of pancreatico-duodenal transplantation attempts performed on dogs and 20 pigs are reported. Surgically, the major pancreatic duct is anastomosed to a Roux' loop using a preserved duodenal patch around the papilla. The graft is sited unto the retroperitoneal space. The animals survived for 6 to 9 months. In some cases an increasing fibrosis of the transplantate was observed. Most often, the animals died from pneumonia. The authors want to continue their research in order to obtain better results.", "contents": "[Experimental pancreas transplantation in swine]. After surveying the problem of pancreas transplantation the results of pancreatico-duodenal transplantation attempts performed on dogs and 20 pigs are reported. Surgically, the major pancreatic duct is anastomosed to a Roux' loop using a preserved duodenal patch around the papilla. The graft is sited unto the retroperitoneal space. The animals survived for 6 to 9 months. In some cases an increasing fibrosis of the transplantate was observed. Most often, the animals died from pneumonia. The authors want to continue their research in order to obtain better results.", "PMID": 418583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9679", "title": "[Prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone in late pregnancy after stimulation by thyrotropin releasing hormone (author's transl)].", "content": "There is little information to what extent the secretion of prolactin (HPRL) can be stimulated in pregnancy. The effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on the secretion of HPRL and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in late pregnancy was examined with special emphasis on the amount and time sequence of secretion of both hormones. 21 pregnant women and 20 non-pregnant women were tested by intravenous injection of 200 ug TRH. In the pregnant group the HPRL serum levels increased much more than in the non-pregnant group, however, the increase of HPRL above baseline levels expressed as percentage was lower. In contrast, TSH secretion was similar in both groups. The baseline levels of HPRL did not influence the response to the stimulus. There was no evidence for a correlation between the secretion of HPRL and TSH. The maximal increase of both hormones in serum occurred at various testpoints, however, most of the HPRL peaks preceded those of TSH. Repeating the TRH test after two or three days resulted in good reproducibility concerning HPRL secretion whereas TSH secretion was diminished.", "contents": "[Prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone in late pregnancy after stimulation by thyrotropin releasing hormone (author's transl)]. There is little information to what extent the secretion of prolactin (HPRL) can be stimulated in pregnancy. The effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on the secretion of HPRL and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in late pregnancy was examined with special emphasis on the amount and time sequence of secretion of both hormones. 21 pregnant women and 20 non-pregnant women were tested by intravenous injection of 200 ug TRH. In the pregnant group the HPRL serum levels increased much more than in the non-pregnant group, however, the increase of HPRL above baseline levels expressed as percentage was lower. In contrast, TSH secretion was similar in both groups. The baseline levels of HPRL did not influence the response to the stimulus. There was no evidence for a correlation between the secretion of HPRL and TSH. The maximal increase of both hormones in serum occurred at various testpoints, however, most of the HPRL peaks preceded those of TSH. Repeating the TRH test after two or three days resulted in good reproducibility concerning HPRL secretion whereas TSH secretion was diminished.", "PMID": 418584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9680", "title": "Effect of oral thyrotropin releasing hormone on serum prolactin, thyrotropin and total thyroxine levels in postpartum women.", "content": "A study was designed to investigate the effects of oral administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on prolactin levels and on thyroid function during the early puerperium. Eight lactating mothers took a single dose of oral TRH (40 mg) while eight other volunteers had a placebo treatment. Serial serum samples taken before and after treatment were assayed for prolactin, thyrotropin (TSH) and total thyroxine (T4) by using specific radioimmunoassays. There was approximately twofold increase in prolactin level at 30--210 min, about sevenfold increase in the TSH level at 210 min, and a marked increasing trend in the T4 level during the study period only in the treatment group. Six mothers treated with TRH and two treated with placebo regarded milk secretion more abundant in post-test than pre-test feeding. However, before TRH could be extensively tested on mothers with deficient lactation a thorough study of the effects of oral TRH on thyroid function in the puerperium is mandatory.", "contents": "Effect of oral thyrotropin releasing hormone on serum prolactin, thyrotropin and total thyroxine levels in postpartum women. A study was designed to investigate the effects of oral administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on prolactin levels and on thyroid function during the early puerperium. Eight lactating mothers took a single dose of oral TRH (40 mg) while eight other volunteers had a placebo treatment. Serial serum samples taken before and after treatment were assayed for prolactin, thyrotropin (TSH) and total thyroxine (T4) by using specific radioimmunoassays. There was approximately twofold increase in prolactin level at 30--210 min, about sevenfold increase in the TSH level at 210 min, and a marked increasing trend in the T4 level during the study period only in the treatment group. Six mothers treated with TRH and two treated with placebo regarded milk secretion more abundant in post-test than pre-test feeding. However, before TRH could be extensively tested on mothers with deficient lactation a thorough study of the effects of oral TRH on thyroid function in the puerperium is mandatory.", "PMID": 418585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9681", "title": "[Investigations into the fire structure of the asexual developmental stages of Frenkelia in the liver of the bank vole (author's transl)].", "content": "Bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) were infected by stomach tube with Frenkelia sporocysts from the faeces of buzzards (Buteo buteo). The voles were sacrificed at regular intervals and their livers examined electronmicroscopically. Seven days p.i. developmental stages of Frenkelia could be detected in liver parenchymal cells. The youngest schizonts detected are enveloped by a pellicle consisting of two membranes. This pellicle, which is in direct contact with the host cell mitochondria, shows marked invaginations which increase with the development of the schizont. A parasitophorous vacuole is not detectable. In developing schizonts numerous sections through nuclei with nucleic spindles and merozoite anlagen (dome-shaped) structures) are visible. It is not clear whether there are several nuclei or a section through one large and lobed nucleus. Within the merozoite anlagen the conoid and the subpellicular microtubules are formed first. By the prolongation of the dome-shaped structures towards the posterior pole, the nucleus and the other newly formed cell organelles are incorporated into the forming merozoite. The posterior pole of the merozoite still remains open at this stage of development. With increasing differentiation the merozoites become lancet-shaped, their apical poles bing always directed towards the periphery of the schizont. The outer membrane of the pellicle of the schizont forms the outer part of the pellicle of the merozoites by invaginating around them. At this stage of development the inner membrane of the pellicle of the schizont is no longer detectable. Thus the typical pellicle of the motile stages of sporozoaonsisting of three membranes is formed. In the centre of the merozoites which lie freely in the liver cell a residual body is present. The host cell reacts against the parasites by forming a thick border of mitochondria and distinct endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "[Investigations into the fire structure of the asexual developmental stages of Frenkelia in the liver of the bank vole (author's transl)]. Bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) were infected by stomach tube with Frenkelia sporocysts from the faeces of buzzards (Buteo buteo). The voles were sacrificed at regular intervals and their livers examined electronmicroscopically. Seven days p.i. developmental stages of Frenkelia could be detected in liver parenchymal cells. The youngest schizonts detected are enveloped by a pellicle consisting of two membranes. This pellicle, which is in direct contact with the host cell mitochondria, shows marked invaginations which increase with the development of the schizont. A parasitophorous vacuole is not detectable. In developing schizonts numerous sections through nuclei with nucleic spindles and merozoite anlagen (dome-shaped) structures) are visible. It is not clear whether there are several nuclei or a section through one large and lobed nucleus. Within the merozoite anlagen the conoid and the subpellicular microtubules are formed first. By the prolongation of the dome-shaped structures towards the posterior pole, the nucleus and the other newly formed cell organelles are incorporated into the forming merozoite. The posterior pole of the merozoite still remains open at this stage of development. With increasing differentiation the merozoites become lancet-shaped, their apical poles bing always directed towards the periphery of the schizont. The outer membrane of the pellicle of the schizont forms the outer part of the pellicle of the merozoites by invaginating around them. At this stage of development the inner membrane of the pellicle of the schizont is no longer detectable. Thus the typical pellicle of the motile stages of sporozoaonsisting of three membranes is formed. In the centre of the merozoites which lie freely in the liver cell a residual body is present. The host cell reacts against the parasites by forming a thick border of mitochondria and distinct endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 418587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9682", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the cyst wall of sarcocysts of the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the cyst wall of two types of sarcocysts from roe deer is described. In the thin-walled cyst (wall thickness 0.18-00.26 micrometer), the primary cyst wall forms long, finger-shaped protrusions distant from one another and running in parallel with the surface of the cyst (Figs. 1a--d, FP). No fibrils are observable in the protrusions. The primary cyst wall between them forms numerous bubble-like invaginations (Fig. 1c, arrows). In the thick-walled cysts (wall thickness 4.9--7.49 micrometer), the primary cyst wall forms massive, palisade-like protrusions lying close one to another (Figs. 2a, c). There are numerous fibrillar and tubular structures in these protrusions (Fig. 2d), and the primary cyst wall occasionally forms shallow invaginations at the base of some protrusions (Fig. 2b). The unit membrane onthe surface of some protrusions is slightly undulated and covered with a layer of short and thick bars on the outside. The sarcocysts found in roe deer are compared with those from cattle and sheep.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the cyst wall of sarcocysts of the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) (author's transl)]. The ultrastructure of the cyst wall of two types of sarcocysts from roe deer is described. In the thin-walled cyst (wall thickness 0.18-00.26 micrometer), the primary cyst wall forms long, finger-shaped protrusions distant from one another and running in parallel with the surface of the cyst (Figs. 1a--d, FP). No fibrils are observable in the protrusions. The primary cyst wall between them forms numerous bubble-like invaginations (Fig. 1c, arrows). In the thick-walled cysts (wall thickness 4.9--7.49 micrometer), the primary cyst wall forms massive, palisade-like protrusions lying close one to another (Figs. 2a, c). There are numerous fibrillar and tubular structures in these protrusions (Fig. 2d), and the primary cyst wall occasionally forms shallow invaginations at the base of some protrusions (Fig. 2b). The unit membrane onthe surface of some protrusions is slightly undulated and covered with a layer of short and thick bars on the outside. The sarcocysts found in roe deer are compared with those from cattle and sheep.", "PMID": 418588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9683", "title": "Effect of some--SH and other reagents on aspartate aminotransferase and L-alanine aminotransferase of Paramphistomum explanatum Fischoeder, 1901.", "content": "Studies on aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) and L-alanine aminotransferase (GPT) of Paramphistomum explanatum have shown that GPT activity has more than twice the activity of GOT. The effect os some--SH reagents like cadmium, mercury, silver and iodoacetamide revealed that both enzymes were inhibited except that GOT was insensitive to cadmium ions. GPT was found to be much more sensitive to--SH reagents than GOT. There was unusual reaction to the two thiols used, cysteine and mercaptoethanol. Cysteine inhibited both the enzymes and mercaptoethanol activated GPT and inhibited GOT. Thiols in combination with iodoacetamide showed that the strong inhibitory effect of cysteine on both enzymes was reduced by iodoacetamide, but with mercaptoethanol the inhibitory effect on GOT was greater than when either of them was used alone, while GPT the effect of either counteracted each other. EDTA activated both enzymes and partially protected mercury inhibition of both enzymes and silver inhibition GOT only. It provided no protection against silver inhibition of GPT but complete protection of GPT against total inhibition by cadmium ions.", "contents": "Effect of some--SH and other reagents on aspartate aminotransferase and L-alanine aminotransferase of Paramphistomum explanatum Fischoeder, 1901. Studies on aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) and L-alanine aminotransferase (GPT) of Paramphistomum explanatum have shown that GPT activity has more than twice the activity of GOT. The effect os some--SH reagents like cadmium, mercury, silver and iodoacetamide revealed that both enzymes were inhibited except that GOT was insensitive to cadmium ions. GPT was found to be much more sensitive to--SH reagents than GOT. There was unusual reaction to the two thiols used, cysteine and mercaptoethanol. Cysteine inhibited both the enzymes and mercaptoethanol activated GPT and inhibited GOT. Thiols in combination with iodoacetamide showed that the strong inhibitory effect of cysteine on both enzymes was reduced by iodoacetamide, but with mercaptoethanol the inhibitory effect on GOT was greater than when either of them was used alone, while GPT the effect of either counteracted each other. EDTA activated both enzymes and partially protected mercury inhibition of both enzymes and silver inhibition GOT only. It provided no protection against silver inhibition of GPT but complete protection of GPT against total inhibition by cadmium ions.", "PMID": 418589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9684", "title": "[External quality control for anti-D demonstration within the scope of Rh immunoprevention].", "content": "In the GDR the success and the dosage of IgG-anti-D in immune prophylaxis after birth of Rh-positive infants from Rh-negative mothers are controlled by the estimation of anti-D antibodies in maternal serum. For this purpose the papain method was introduced in centers for immune prophylaxis since 1970/71 at the time of general introduction of this immune prophylaxis in the GDR. The results if five external quality control experiments in the 16 to 18 such centers in the district of Magdeburg between 1972 and 1977 are recorded. The false positive and false negative reports are discussed and the demand for those regular external quality controls is carried ant.", "contents": "[External quality control for anti-D demonstration within the scope of Rh immunoprevention]. In the GDR the success and the dosage of IgG-anti-D in immune prophylaxis after birth of Rh-positive infants from Rh-negative mothers are controlled by the estimation of anti-D antibodies in maternal serum. For this purpose the papain method was introduced in centers for immune prophylaxis since 1970/71 at the time of general introduction of this immune prophylaxis in the GDR. The results if five external quality control experiments in the 16 to 18 such centers in the district of Magdeburg between 1972 and 1977 are recorded. The false positive and false negative reports are discussed and the demand for those regular external quality controls is carried ant.", "PMID": 418599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9685", "title": "[Study on the effect of formaldehyde on the immunological reactivity and morphology of hepatitis B-antigen (author's transl)].", "content": "Treatment of purified HB-antigen with formaldehyde solution changes its immunological reactivity and its morphology. A decrease in antigen activity by formaldehyde treatment could be demonstrated by radial immunodiffusion and by radioimmunoassay (Fig. 1). Electron microscopic studies revealed a segmentation of tubular HBAg particles into small round forms (Fig. 3) and a shift of the ratio tubular forms: spherical forms in favour of the spherical particles (Table 1). These findings support the hypothesis that 20 nm particles originate from a division of tubular forms. Round forms became smaller after formaldehyde treatment (Fig. 4). The treatment with formaldehyde changed neither the density of HBsAg testes in CsCl gradients, nor the immunologic identity tested in immunodiffusion tests (Fig. 2). All prescribed effects were observed only in the high concentrations of formalin (10 and 1%), whereas in the concentration of 0.1%, which is usually used for inactivations in the development of vaccines, no immunological and morphological changes of the HBAg could be seen.", "contents": "[Study on the effect of formaldehyde on the immunological reactivity and morphology of hepatitis B-antigen (author's transl)]. Treatment of purified HB-antigen with formaldehyde solution changes its immunological reactivity and its morphology. A decrease in antigen activity by formaldehyde treatment could be demonstrated by radial immunodiffusion and by radioimmunoassay (Fig. 1). Electron microscopic studies revealed a segmentation of tubular HBAg particles into small round forms (Fig. 3) and a shift of the ratio tubular forms: spherical forms in favour of the spherical particles (Table 1). These findings support the hypothesis that 20 nm particles originate from a division of tubular forms. Round forms became smaller after formaldehyde treatment (Fig. 4). The treatment with formaldehyde changed neither the density of HBsAg testes in CsCl gradients, nor the immunologic identity tested in immunodiffusion tests (Fig. 2). All prescribed effects were observed only in the high concentrations of formalin (10 and 1%), whereas in the concentration of 0.1%, which is usually used for inactivations in the development of vaccines, no immunological and morphological changes of the HBAg could be seen.", "PMID": 418600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9686", "title": "[Permanence and parellelism of serogroups of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitalized patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of O-antigens of 248 serial isolates of Ps. aeruginosa from 50 patients with respiratory, urinary tract or wound infections reveals that over a period of 41 (8-178) days in 12% of cases a change, in 88% no variation of serogroup at the infection site occurs. Simultaneous incidence of different serogroups in the same specimen is not observed. 55 parallel isolates from the various lesions of 26 multiinfected patients have in 46% of cases different serogroups, in 54% the same serogroup. The striking permanence of serogroups at a particular infection site indicates that the O-antigens of Ps. aeruginosa remain constant under natural infection conditions. A change in serogroup suggests--considering the frequent parallelism of different serogroups--reinfection by a new strain.", "contents": "[Permanence and parellelism of serogroups of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitalized patients (author's transl)]. The determination of O-antigens of 248 serial isolates of Ps. aeruginosa from 50 patients with respiratory, urinary tract or wound infections reveals that over a period of 41 (8-178) days in 12% of cases a change, in 88% no variation of serogroup at the infection site occurs. Simultaneous incidence of different serogroups in the same specimen is not observed. 55 parallel isolates from the various lesions of 26 multiinfected patients have in 46% of cases different serogroups, in 54% the same serogroup. The striking permanence of serogroups at a particular infection site indicates that the O-antigens of Ps. aeruginosa remain constant under natural infection conditions. A change in serogroup suggests--considering the frequent parallelism of different serogroups--reinfection by a new strain.", "PMID": 418601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9687", "title": "[Identification of Corynebacterium diphtheriae by Way of Immunofluorescence (author's transl)].", "content": "The immunofluorescence technique (IF) will be demonstrated as a time-saving method for identifying Corynebacterium diphtheriae. In three test-series the IF-test was performed on 74 strains of C. diphtheriae which had been isolated in a small case of epidemic in Gelsenkirchen, on 4 strains of diphtheroids and on some strains to be found in the nasopharynx. All of these strains had been taken from blood agar, 69 toxinogenic strains of C. diphtheriae showed a clear, plainly reproducible fluorescence (Fig. 1). The diphtheroids and the other strains tested could be clearly differentiated from C. diphtheriae as a consequence of absent fluorescence of the cell wall. Because of morphological changes effected by potassium tellurite on C. diphtheriae smears made from tellurite media proved themselves to be inappropriate for the IF-test. Swabs from carriers of bacilli were not available for our IF-test. The results obtained from the blood agar, however, show that the IF-technique has to be considered as an improvement and a broadening of diphtheria diagnostics. New prospects present themselves for effecting the long aimed-at rapid diagnosis within a few hours.", "contents": "[Identification of Corynebacterium diphtheriae by Way of Immunofluorescence (author's transl)]. The immunofluorescence technique (IF) will be demonstrated as a time-saving method for identifying Corynebacterium diphtheriae. In three test-series the IF-test was performed on 74 strains of C. diphtheriae which had been isolated in a small case of epidemic in Gelsenkirchen, on 4 strains of diphtheroids and on some strains to be found in the nasopharynx. All of these strains had been taken from blood agar, 69 toxinogenic strains of C. diphtheriae showed a clear, plainly reproducible fluorescence (Fig. 1). The diphtheroids and the other strains tested could be clearly differentiated from C. diphtheriae as a consequence of absent fluorescence of the cell wall. Because of morphological changes effected by potassium tellurite on C. diphtheriae smears made from tellurite media proved themselves to be inappropriate for the IF-test. Swabs from carriers of bacilli were not available for our IF-test. The results obtained from the blood agar, however, show that the IF-technique has to be considered as an improvement and a broadening of diphtheria diagnostics. New prospects present themselves for effecting the long aimed-at rapid diagnosis within a few hours.", "PMID": 418603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9688", "title": "[Interaction between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of monkeys in delayed spatial choice].", "content": "Interaction between bioelectrical processes in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus was investigated on three Macaca mulatta performing a task of delayed spatial choice. It was found that the processes of short-term spatial memory are reflected in certain patterns of reciprocal correlations between EEG of the given structures. Different patterns correspond to tasks of different nature. The data obtained corroborate the hypothesis that the functional significance of brain structures may change instantaneously in the course of mnestic activity, depending on regulation requirements.", "contents": "[Interaction between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of monkeys in delayed spatial choice]. Interaction between bioelectrical processes in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus was investigated on three Macaca mulatta performing a task of delayed spatial choice. It was found that the processes of short-term spatial memory are reflected in certain patterns of reciprocal correlations between EEG of the given structures. Different patterns correspond to tasks of different nature. The data obtained corroborate the hypothesis that the functional significance of brain structures may change instantaneously in the course of mnestic activity, depending on regulation requirements.", "PMID": 418597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9689", "title": "[Modified procedure for pyocin typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)].", "content": "The Procedure for pyocin typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolations as proposed by GILLIES and GOVAN has been modified in the following aspects: strains are arranged in a symmetrical way, with a central producer zone and radial indicator streaks, optimal size of inocula for both producer (300 x 10(6)/ml) and indicators (50 X 10(6)/ml) was determined, unsupplemented Tryptic Soy Agar is used giving identical results to those when TSA is supplemented with 5% horse blood. The typing results obtained with this simplified and standardized procedure were identical with those from the cross streak method.", "contents": "[Modified procedure for pyocin typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)]. The Procedure for pyocin typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolations as proposed by GILLIES and GOVAN has been modified in the following aspects: strains are arranged in a symmetrical way, with a central producer zone and radial indicator streaks, optimal size of inocula for both producer (300 x 10(6)/ml) and indicators (50 X 10(6)/ml) was determined, unsupplemented Tryptic Soy Agar is used giving identical results to those when TSA is supplemented with 5% horse blood. The typing results obtained with this simplified and standardized procedure were identical with those from the cross streak method.", "PMID": 418604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9690", "title": "[Environmental carcinogens: mechanisms of action and occurrence. Some aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "New aspects on the mechanism of action of known environmental carcinogens are described. These compounds are not active as such, but are bioactivated in the mammalian metabolism via chemically reactive intermediates to electrophilic reactants, forming with information-bearing biopolymeres covalent bonds. This change in the genetic code is in agreement with the mutation hypothesis of carcinogenesis. Aflatoxin B1, N-nitroso compounds and benzo(a)pyrene are taken as examples. \"Threshold levels\", e.g. no-effect-levels derived from animal experiments with all their inherent limitations, are compared with data from human exposure to benzo(a)pyren, aflatoxine, N-nitroso compounds and vinyl chloride. The difficulties of such risk evaluations are discussed.", "contents": "[Environmental carcinogens: mechanisms of action and occurrence. Some aspects (author's transl)]. New aspects on the mechanism of action of known environmental carcinogens are described. These compounds are not active as such, but are bioactivated in the mammalian metabolism via chemically reactive intermediates to electrophilic reactants, forming with information-bearing biopolymeres covalent bonds. This change in the genetic code is in agreement with the mutation hypothesis of carcinogenesis. Aflatoxin B1, N-nitroso compounds and benzo(a)pyrene are taken as examples. \"Threshold levels\", e.g. no-effect-levels derived from animal experiments with all their inherent limitations, are compared with data from human exposure to benzo(a)pyren, aflatoxine, N-nitroso compounds and vinyl chloride. The difficulties of such risk evaluations are discussed.", "PMID": 418605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9691", "title": "[Comparative investigations on the efficiency of chlorine and ozone against bacteria and spores (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper is concerned with the measurement of first order rate constants for the death of bacteria by chlorine and ozone. While the first order conditions for chlorine were achieved with the aid of a new instrument which works basing on the polarographic principle this was attained for ozone under steady state conditions. Besides differences of species some different properties for both oxidants were found as far as their bactericidal efficiency is concerned. They are discussed in this paper.", "contents": "[Comparative investigations on the efficiency of chlorine and ozone against bacteria and spores (author's transl)]. This paper is concerned with the measurement of first order rate constants for the death of bacteria by chlorine and ozone. While the first order conditions for chlorine were achieved with the aid of a new instrument which works basing on the polarographic principle this was attained for ozone under steady state conditions. Besides differences of species some different properties for both oxidants were found as far as their bactericidal efficiency is concerned. They are discussed in this paper.", "PMID": 418606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9692", "title": "[Dermatoglyphics in children and adolescents suffering epilepsy].", "content": "A dermatoglyphical study was conducted on 393 children and adolescents suffering from different forms of epilepsy. The group of epileptic patients compared to normals demonstrated more frequent existence of the transversal sulcus, less symmetricity on digital patterns. The authors distinguished correlations between dermatoglyphical features and a form of epilepsy, type of a course and pathogenic forms. The obtained data testify to a certain diagnostical and prognostical value of dermatoglyphical features.", "contents": "[Dermatoglyphics in children and adolescents suffering epilepsy]. A dermatoglyphical study was conducted on 393 children and adolescents suffering from different forms of epilepsy. The group of epileptic patients compared to normals demonstrated more frequent existence of the transversal sulcus, less symmetricity on digital patterns. The authors distinguished correlations between dermatoglyphical features and a form of epilepsy, type of a course and pathogenic forms. The obtained data testify to a certain diagnostical and prognostical value of dermatoglyphical features.", "PMID": 418610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9693", "title": "Cell sociology and the problem of position effect: pattern formation, origin and role of gradients.", "content": "The control of pattern formation and the significance of gradients is reconsidered on the basis of the concept of cell sociology (which takes into account continuous exchange of information between cells and the possibility of autonomous progression in differentiation). Not all traits of a pattern are imposed by a single prepattern, which would be an organized molecular framework or a gradient. Patterns are unfolded in steps; these are readjustments of a cell population to intrinsic and extrinsic changes in cell activities. Prepatterns are the various components of the programme of every readjustment and are established by information of various origins, which can be dissociated experimentally: determination (elementary social prepattern), preexisting organization (antecedent pp.), surrounding cell populations (environmental pp.), position among other tissues (positional pp.) and the organization of inducers (imprinting pp.). Every transitory pattern formed during a readjustment serves as antecedent pp. during the next readjustment. Covert graded patterns result from various aspects of the social behaviour of cells (growth, aggregation, induction, cell renewal) and may serve as antecedent or imprinting prepatterns. They appear as 'water marks' in the final patterns, or generate overt graded patterns. They also manifest themselves in temporal patterns, particularly in gradients of relative growth.", "contents": "Cell sociology and the problem of position effect: pattern formation, origin and role of gradients. The control of pattern formation and the significance of gradients is reconsidered on the basis of the concept of cell sociology (which takes into account continuous exchange of information between cells and the possibility of autonomous progression in differentiation). Not all traits of a pattern are imposed by a single prepattern, which would be an organized molecular framework or a gradient. Patterns are unfolded in steps; these are readjustments of a cell population to intrinsic and extrinsic changes in cell activities. Prepatterns are the various components of the programme of every readjustment and are established by information of various origins, which can be dissociated experimentally: determination (elementary social prepattern), preexisting organization (antecedent pp.), surrounding cell populations (environmental pp.), position among other tissues (positional pp.) and the organization of inducers (imprinting pp.). Every transitory pattern formed during a readjustment serves as antecedent pp. during the next readjustment. Covert graded patterns result from various aspects of the social behaviour of cells (growth, aggregation, induction, cell renewal) and may serve as antecedent or imprinting prepatterns. They appear as 'water marks' in the final patterns, or generate overt graded patterns. They also manifest themselves in temporal patterns, particularly in gradients of relative growth.", "PMID": 418611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9694", "title": "Massive thrombosis of the superior mesenteric, splenic, and portal veins. Report of a case.", "content": "A 19-year-old previously healthy youth developed a deep venous thrombosis and a pulmonary embolism in connection with rupture of a ligament of the left ankle. Two months later, while on effective (thrombotest value 21%) oral anticoagulant therapy, the patient had massive thrombosis of the superior mesenteric splenic and portal veins and died. There was no known predisposition to thrombosis, such as tumour, infection, or trauma. A later examination of a 12-year-old brother revealed decreased fibrinolytic activity in the vessel wall as well as a decreased fibrinolytic response to venous occlusion. Since decreased fibrinolytic activity in the vessel wall is sometimes familial, it seems reasonable to suspect that the same defect might have occurred in the patient with the fatal massive thromboembolic disease.", "contents": "Massive thrombosis of the superior mesenteric, splenic, and portal veins. Report of a case. A 19-year-old previously healthy youth developed a deep venous thrombosis and a pulmonary embolism in connection with rupture of a ligament of the left ankle. Two months later, while on effective (thrombotest value 21%) oral anticoagulant therapy, the patient had massive thrombosis of the superior mesenteric splenic and portal veins and died. There was no known predisposition to thrombosis, such as tumour, infection, or trauma. A later examination of a 12-year-old brother revealed decreased fibrinolytic activity in the vessel wall as well as a decreased fibrinolytic response to venous occlusion. Since decreased fibrinolytic activity in the vessel wall is sometimes familial, it seems reasonable to suspect that the same defect might have occurred in the patient with the fatal massive thromboembolic disease.", "PMID": 418613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9695", "title": "[Electrophysiologic study of hypothalamo-neocortical connections in Macaca mulatta monkeys].", "content": "In acute experiments on monkeys studies have been made on the character and functional properties of the EP as well as of extracellular neuronal reactions in the new cortex zones during stimulation of phylogenetically different parts of the hypothalamus. It was shown that most short-latency, low-threshold EP and neuronal responses in the new cortex of the monkeys are recorded during stimulation of the posterior and lateral hypothalamus. It was also demonstrated that the focus of maximum activity of short-latency evoked reactions is localized in the frontal associative cortex. Differences in the effects of the posterior and lateral hypothalamus on the new cortex in monkeys are discussed.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic study of hypothalamo-neocortical connections in Macaca mulatta monkeys]. In acute experiments on monkeys studies have been made on the character and functional properties of the EP as well as of extracellular neuronal reactions in the new cortex zones during stimulation of phylogenetically different parts of the hypothalamus. It was shown that most short-latency, low-threshold EP and neuronal responses in the new cortex of the monkeys are recorded during stimulation of the posterior and lateral hypothalamus. It was also demonstrated that the focus of maximum activity of short-latency evoked reactions is localized in the frontal associative cortex. Differences in the effects of the posterior and lateral hypothalamus on the new cortex in monkeys are discussed.", "PMID": 418607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9696", "title": "[Complex forms of behavior in a series of vertebrates].", "content": "Within evolutionary line of vertebrates, correlation between the degree of differentiation of the brain and peculiarities of the formation of complex behavioural acts may be observed. Gradual evolution in the organization of complex motor food-searching conditioned reflexes and the capacity to visual discrimination was revealed in phylogenetic line of vertebrates: elasmobranchs (rays and sharks), marine teleosts, reptiles (terrestrial tortoises), insectivores (hedgehogs), rodents (rats) and primates (lower monkeys).", "contents": "[Complex forms of behavior in a series of vertebrates]. Within evolutionary line of vertebrates, correlation between the degree of differentiation of the brain and peculiarities of the formation of complex behavioural acts may be observed. Gradual evolution in the organization of complex motor food-searching conditioned reflexes and the capacity to visual discrimination was revealed in phylogenetic line of vertebrates: elasmobranchs (rays and sharks), marine teleosts, reptiles (terrestrial tortoises), insectivores (hedgehogs), rodents (rats) and primates (lower monkeys).", "PMID": 418609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9697", "title": "[Participation of the frontal lobes in the integrative activity of the brain in Macaca mulatta monkeys].", "content": "Frontal lobe neuronal impulsation during complex behavioral program was investigated by means of the multineuronal recording technique. This program consisted of unspecific expectation after the anticipatory stimulus, conditioned stimulus and delay period, trigger signal and alternative selection followed by food award. Such processes as combining the external stimuli into the integrated program, preservation of short term memory traces, correct and incorrect experimental task solution are reflected in principal sulcus neuronal activity. The level of correct selection and corresponding correlates of neuronal activity changes are in direct dependence on the food motivation level. The data are discussed in connection with the development of thalamos--frontal associative brain system which participates in the behavioral program formation based on current biological motivation.", "contents": "[Participation of the frontal lobes in the integrative activity of the brain in Macaca mulatta monkeys]. Frontal lobe neuronal impulsation during complex behavioral program was investigated by means of the multineuronal recording technique. This program consisted of unspecific expectation after the anticipatory stimulus, conditioned stimulus and delay period, trigger signal and alternative selection followed by food award. Such processes as combining the external stimuli into the integrated program, preservation of short term memory traces, correct and incorrect experimental task solution are reflected in principal sulcus neuronal activity. The level of correct selection and corresponding correlates of neuronal activity changes are in direct dependence on the food motivation level. The data are discussed in connection with the development of thalamos--frontal associative brain system which participates in the behavioral program formation based on current biological motivation.", "PMID": 418608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9698", "title": "[Prostaglandins and lung].", "content": "The physiologic and pathophysiologic role of the prostaglandins in the lung is not fully understood. Prostaglandins seem to be important in the regulation of local blood flow. They might be involved in relaxation of the pulmonary vascular bed by opposing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and in constriction of the pulmonary vascular bed after microembolisation. The tonus of bronchial muscle is also probably modulated by the prostaglandins. Prostaglandin degradation in the lung might be another physiological role of lung function, which would allow the regulation of arterial blood levels. It is not known if this is of importance for the regulation of systemic, or other local circulations. If prostaglandins are primarily involved in patients with asthma is not clear, secondary effects at least, are probable. The therapeutic aspects of exogen administered prostaglandins are thus far of little clinical importance for the lung.", "contents": "[Prostaglandins and lung]. The physiologic and pathophysiologic role of the prostaglandins in the lung is not fully understood. Prostaglandins seem to be important in the regulation of local blood flow. They might be involved in relaxation of the pulmonary vascular bed by opposing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and in constriction of the pulmonary vascular bed after microembolisation. The tonus of bronchial muscle is also probably modulated by the prostaglandins. Prostaglandin degradation in the lung might be another physiological role of lung function, which would allow the regulation of arterial blood levels. It is not known if this is of importance for the regulation of systemic, or other local circulations. If prostaglandins are primarily involved in patients with asthma is not clear, secondary effects at least, are probable. The therapeutic aspects of exogen administered prostaglandins are thus far of little clinical importance for the lung.", "PMID": 418617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9699", "title": "Low flow continuous enteral alimentation with the Levy Nutripompe.", "content": "The authors reports the existence of an enteral method of alimentation, a real mechanical nutritional aid which, through the Nutripompe, allows exclusive performances: highest calorie intakes, accelerated absorption in the upper portion of the small gut, excellent tolerance, inversion of the tendency to catabolism, undisputed clinical effectiveness, innocuousness, simplicity, little supervision. It is a very economical procedure.", "contents": "Low flow continuous enteral alimentation with the Levy Nutripompe. The authors reports the existence of an enteral method of alimentation, a real mechanical nutritional aid which, through the Nutripompe, allows exclusive performances: highest calorie intakes, accelerated absorption in the upper portion of the small gut, excellent tolerance, inversion of the tendency to catabolism, undisputed clinical effectiveness, innocuousness, simplicity, little supervision. It is a very economical procedure.", "PMID": 418618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9700", "title": "Transplantation of isologous islets of Langerhans in diabetic rats. Long-term immunohistochemical results.", "content": "Isologous isolated islets of Langerhans were transplanted into the peritoneum and through the portal vein into the liver of diabetic rats. This resulted in the normalization of fasting blood glucose levels, with clear improvement of glucose tolerance tests. The results after intrahepatic implantation were better than after intraperitoneal implantation. Three months after implantation of islets into the peritoneum diabetes recurred and after one year only 2 of the 15 rats were alive, with high blood glucoe levels. In the group with intrahepatic islets the normalization of blood glucose was maintained over a period of one year. Immunohistochemical insulin proofs were positive in the peritoneum over a period of 3 months and in the liver up to one year after implantation. Glucagon proofs were positive in the intraperitoneal islets for 6 weeks and in intrahepatic ones for one year. Morphological examination of transplanted islets suggested that the liver is better suited for islet transplantation than the peritoneum.", "contents": "Transplantation of isologous islets of Langerhans in diabetic rats. Long-term immunohistochemical results. Isologous isolated islets of Langerhans were transplanted into the peritoneum and through the portal vein into the liver of diabetic rats. This resulted in the normalization of fasting blood glucose levels, with clear improvement of glucose tolerance tests. The results after intrahepatic implantation were better than after intraperitoneal implantation. Three months after implantation of islets into the peritoneum diabetes recurred and after one year only 2 of the 15 rats were alive, with high blood glucoe levels. In the group with intrahepatic islets the normalization of blood glucose was maintained over a period of one year. Immunohistochemical insulin proofs were positive in the peritoneum over a period of 3 months and in the liver up to one year after implantation. Glucagon proofs were positive in the intraperitoneal islets for 6 weeks and in intrahepatic ones for one year. Morphological examination of transplanted islets suggested that the liver is better suited for islet transplantation than the peritoneum.", "PMID": 418614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9701", "title": "Effective thyroxine ratio in newborn infants during exchange transfusion.", "content": "The effect of blood exchange transfusion on the thyroid has been studied by serially establishing the effective thyroxine ratio (ETR). The ETR value is slightly increased in the newborn infant and the level is further augmented by blood exchange. Since the ETR level is lower in the transfused blood than in the blood of the newborn, the finding points to the good thyroid hormone producing capacity of the neonate.", "contents": "Effective thyroxine ratio in newborn infants during exchange transfusion. The effect of blood exchange transfusion on the thyroid has been studied by serially establishing the effective thyroxine ratio (ETR). The ETR value is slightly increased in the newborn infant and the level is further augmented by blood exchange. Since the ETR level is lower in the transfused blood than in the blood of the newborn, the finding points to the good thyroid hormone producing capacity of the neonate.", "PMID": 418620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9702", "title": "The influence of pentoxyfylline [1-(5-oxohexyl-) 3,7-dimethylxanthine] (BL 191) on the insulin secretion induced by glibenclamide and by arginine/glucose in the perfused pancreas.", "content": "Pharmacodynamic characteristics of pentoxyfylline (BL 191) related to insulin secretion by the isolated perfused rat pancreas are studied. The results obtained show that: 1) BL 191 (5 mM) is capable of stimulating insulin secretion, even in the presence of another stimulator; 2) BL 191 increases both phases of the secretion produced by constant arginine 20 mM/glucose 5 mM perfusion; 3) BL 191 significantly increases and turns biphasic the monophasic insulin secretion pattern produced by 1 microgram/ml glibenclamide; 4) the effects mentioned in points 2) and 3) are inhibited if the phosphodiesterase activator imidazole (300 mg/100 ml) is present in the perfusion medium; 5) the phosphodiesterase inhibitor theophylline has the same effects as BL 191, except for its inability to stimulate insulin release in the absence of another stimulator; 6) somatostatin (100 ng/ml) significantly inhibits insulin secretion produced by arginine/glucose or glibenclamide, as well as by arginine, glucose plus theophylline or BL 191, and by glibenclamide plus theophylline or BL 191, in both cases the inhibitory effect of somatostatin is reduced by the presence of BL 191 or theophylline.", "contents": "The influence of pentoxyfylline [1-(5-oxohexyl-) 3,7-dimethylxanthine] (BL 191) on the insulin secretion induced by glibenclamide and by arginine/glucose in the perfused pancreas. Pharmacodynamic characteristics of pentoxyfylline (BL 191) related to insulin secretion by the isolated perfused rat pancreas are studied. The results obtained show that: 1) BL 191 (5 mM) is capable of stimulating insulin secretion, even in the presence of another stimulator; 2) BL 191 increases both phases of the secretion produced by constant arginine 20 mM/glucose 5 mM perfusion; 3) BL 191 significantly increases and turns biphasic the monophasic insulin secretion pattern produced by 1 microgram/ml glibenclamide; 4) the effects mentioned in points 2) and 3) are inhibited if the phosphodiesterase activator imidazole (300 mg/100 ml) is present in the perfusion medium; 5) the phosphodiesterase inhibitor theophylline has the same effects as BL 191, except for its inability to stimulate insulin release in the absence of another stimulator; 6) somatostatin (100 ng/ml) significantly inhibits insulin secretion produced by arginine/glucose or glibenclamide, as well as by arginine, glucose plus theophylline or BL 191, and by glibenclamide plus theophylline or BL 191, in both cases the inhibitory effect of somatostatin is reduced by the presence of BL 191 or theophylline.", "PMID": 418615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9703", "title": "Plasma free amino acid levels during the initial rehabilitation of protein-energy malnutrtion with protracted diarrhoea using a free amino acid--glucose diet.", "content": "This study intends to assess, by ion-exchange chromatography of free amino acid levels of peripheral blood plasma, the amino acid absorption of severely growth retarded infants with protracted diarrhoea, during the initial period of rehabilitation. Eleven infants from a very low socio-economic group of a developing country, with nutritional marasmic growth retardation and prolonged diarrhoea, were treated for a period of 10 days with a commercially available free amino acid--glucose diet (Vivonex, Pfrimmer Co., Erlangen, Germany). Excessive hyperprolinaemia characterized the plasma aminogram before treatment. After initial rehabilitation with this diet, the plasma analyses showed very low branch-chained and cystine levels, and marginally high alanine, glycine, and proline levels. It seemed that the free amino acids could not be absorbed quickly enough to meet with the high supply of glucose. Furthermore, this investigation supports the assumption that cystine is an essential amino acid in malnourished infants. In spite of normal or high human growth hormone levels, somatomedin was not detectable in pooled samples from these severely growth retarded infants.", "contents": "Plasma free amino acid levels during the initial rehabilitation of protein-energy malnutrtion with protracted diarrhoea using a free amino acid--glucose diet. This study intends to assess, by ion-exchange chromatography of free amino acid levels of peripheral blood plasma, the amino acid absorption of severely growth retarded infants with protracted diarrhoea, during the initial period of rehabilitation. Eleven infants from a very low socio-economic group of a developing country, with nutritional marasmic growth retardation and prolonged diarrhoea, were treated for a period of 10 days with a commercially available free amino acid--glucose diet (Vivonex, Pfrimmer Co., Erlangen, Germany). Excessive hyperprolinaemia characterized the plasma aminogram before treatment. After initial rehabilitation with this diet, the plasma analyses showed very low branch-chained and cystine levels, and marginally high alanine, glycine, and proline levels. It seemed that the free amino acids could not be absorbed quickly enough to meet with the high supply of glucose. Furthermore, this investigation supports the assumption that cystine is an essential amino acid in malnourished infants. In spite of normal or high human growth hormone levels, somatomedin was not detectable in pooled samples from these severely growth retarded infants.", "PMID": 418621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9704", "title": "Polygraphic study of the orienting reflex in patients with late post-traumatic epilepsy.", "content": "A polygraphic study performed on 102 patients with late post-traumatic epilepsy has shown marked interictal nervous reactivity disturbances. The disturbances, estimated by testing for the electrographic components of the orienting reflex elicited by a repetitive auditory stimulus, and for their habituation, were expressed by alterations in the intensity, resistance to habituation and sequence of habituation of the somatic, autonomic and EEG components. The character and severity of these disturbances depended on the site of the traumatic impact, lesional aspect of cranio-cerebral trauma, electro-clinical form of seizures and features of interictal EEG tracings.", "contents": "Polygraphic study of the orienting reflex in patients with late post-traumatic epilepsy. A polygraphic study performed on 102 patients with late post-traumatic epilepsy has shown marked interictal nervous reactivity disturbances. The disturbances, estimated by testing for the electrographic components of the orienting reflex elicited by a repetitive auditory stimulus, and for their habituation, were expressed by alterations in the intensity, resistance to habituation and sequence of habituation of the somatic, autonomic and EEG components. The character and severity of these disturbances depended on the site of the traumatic impact, lesional aspect of cranio-cerebral trauma, electro-clinical form of seizures and features of interictal EEG tracings.", "PMID": 418619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9705", "title": "Effects of pure chlorobiphenyls (2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) on the post-natal growth in mice.", "content": "The post-natal growth rate of young mice, pre- and post-natally exposed to either 2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl or 2,2',4,4',5,5',-hexachlorobiphenyl has been studied. The results show that both the chlorobiphenyls have the ability toincrease the post-natal growth rate in mice and they indicate that this ability of 2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl is most pronounced in females whereas that of 2,2',4,4',5,5',-hexachlorobiphenyl is most pronounced in males.", "contents": "Effects of pure chlorobiphenyls (2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) on the post-natal growth in mice. The post-natal growth rate of young mice, pre- and post-natally exposed to either 2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl or 2,2',4,4',5,5',-hexachlorobiphenyl has been studied. The results show that both the chlorobiphenyls have the ability toincrease the post-natal growth rate in mice and they indicate that this ability of 2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl is most pronounced in females whereas that of 2,2',4,4',5,5',-hexachlorobiphenyl is most pronounced in males.", "PMID": 418623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9706", "title": "Steroidal antiinflammatory drugs as inhibitors of phospholipase A2.", "content": "It would seem that steroidal antiinflammatory drugs can block the prostaglandin endoperoxide releasing activity of a wide variety of stimuli. This seems to be due to an inhibition of the release of the fatty acid substrate since the effect is easily reversed by the addition of substrate. The effect of steroids on phospholipase A2 activity in lungs was investigated and it was found that these drugs inhibited the enzyme activity in a time-dependent reversible fashion and that they will block the effect of stimuli such as RCS-RF (bradykinin being an exception). The steroids do not appear to inhibit the phospholipase directly since they do not work in cell-free homogenates. It is too early to say whether or not the antiinflammatory activity of steroids depends on the actions. Many important experiments remain to be done, for example: what exactly is the nature of the phospholipase activation process? Which particular step are the steroids inhibiting? Why do they not work against bradykinin induced stimulation? We hope that in the not too distant future we shall be able to supply the answers to some of these questions.", "contents": "Steroidal antiinflammatory drugs as inhibitors of phospholipase A2. It would seem that steroidal antiinflammatory drugs can block the prostaglandin endoperoxide releasing activity of a wide variety of stimuli. This seems to be due to an inhibition of the release of the fatty acid substrate since the effect is easily reversed by the addition of substrate. The effect of steroids on phospholipase A2 activity in lungs was investigated and it was found that these drugs inhibited the enzyme activity in a time-dependent reversible fashion and that they will block the effect of stimuli such as RCS-RF (bradykinin being an exception). The steroids do not appear to inhibit the phospholipase directly since they do not work in cell-free homogenates. It is too early to say whether or not the antiinflammatory activity of steroids depends on the actions. Many important experiments remain to be done, for example: what exactly is the nature of the phospholipase activation process? Which particular step are the steroids inhibiting? Why do they not work against bradykinin induced stimulation? We hope that in the not too distant future we shall be able to supply the answers to some of these questions.", "PMID": 418628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9707", "title": "Effects of ischemia on the oxygen diffusion coefficients in the brain cortex (studies on Macaca irus).", "content": "In this series of experiments changes in oxygen diffusion coefficients were measured in waking primates undergoing focal middle cerebral artery ischemia; Ligation of the middle cerebral artery followed by a decrease of the oxygen diffusion coefficient in the areas supplied by that vessel to levels ten to twenty per cent below normal by twenty-five minutes following onset of ischemia. Following release and re-perfusion diffusion coefficient gradually increases and reaches a super normal peak value three hours after release of ligation. This is followed by a gradual reduction in diffusion coefficient with stabilization at preocclusion levels. In the three experiments described these changes following re-perfusion corresponded with clinical improvement of the neurological status of the monkeys;", "contents": "Effects of ischemia on the oxygen diffusion coefficients in the brain cortex (studies on Macaca irus). In this series of experiments changes in oxygen diffusion coefficients were measured in waking primates undergoing focal middle cerebral artery ischemia; Ligation of the middle cerebral artery followed by a decrease of the oxygen diffusion coefficient in the areas supplied by that vessel to levels ten to twenty per cent below normal by twenty-five minutes following onset of ischemia. Following release and re-perfusion diffusion coefficient gradually increases and reaches a super normal peak value three hours after release of ligation. This is followed by a gradual reduction in diffusion coefficient with stabilization at preocclusion levels. In the three experiments described these changes following re-perfusion corresponded with clinical improvement of the neurological status of the monkeys;", "PMID": 418626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9708", "title": "Yersinia enterocolitica infections in non-human primates.", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from ten non-human primates in the Netherlands. The following species were represented: Potto, Senegalgalago, wooly monkey, black spider monkey, common marmoset, cottonhead tamarin, pigtailed macaque and lesser whitenosed guenon.", "contents": "Yersinia enterocolitica infections in non-human primates. Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from ten non-human primates in the Netherlands. The following species were represented: Potto, Senegalgalago, wooly monkey, black spider monkey, common marmoset, cottonhead tamarin, pigtailed macaque and lesser whitenosed guenon.", "PMID": 418633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9709", "title": "The chemical restraint of  apes and monkeys by means of phencyclidine or ketamine.", "content": "The anesthetic effects of two drugs, namely, Phencyclidine and Ketamine, used alone or in combination with atropine, were compared during clinical and experimental procedures on different primate species ranging from gorillas, orangutans, white-faced and dwarf chimpanzees, baboons, cercopithecus monkeys to new--world monkeys. It is concluded that both these anesthetics are very good and safe drugs for restraint and anesthesia. Ketamine appeared to be superior to Phencyclidine for use among apes and monkeys in so far as it is shorter acting, has wider safety margin and shorter recovery time, provides better muscle relaxation and is practically without side effects. But Phencyclidine has definite advantage in so far as it is needed is smaller quantity to produce comparable effect of anesthesia.", "contents": "The chemical restraint of  apes and monkeys by means of phencyclidine or ketamine. The anesthetic effects of two drugs, namely, Phencyclidine and Ketamine, used alone or in combination with atropine, were compared during clinical and experimental procedures on different primate species ranging from gorillas, orangutans, white-faced and dwarf chimpanzees, baboons, cercopithecus monkeys to new--world monkeys. It is concluded that both these anesthetics are very good and safe drugs for restraint and anesthesia. Ketamine appeared to be superior to Phencyclidine for use among apes and monkeys in so far as it is shorter acting, has wider safety margin and shorter recovery time, provides better muscle relaxation and is practically without side effects. But Phencyclidine has definite advantage in so far as it is needed is smaller quantity to produce comparable effect of anesthesia.", "PMID": 418634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9710", "title": "Differential effects of Pitressin on blood flow and oxygen extraction in canine vascular beds.", "content": "Physiologic studies in dogs have been performed with an intravascular flow/diameter sensor which can be introduced directly into the aorta or its branch vessels through a percutaneous radiologic catheter. These studies have focused upon attempts to devise a clinically practical means to protect the small intestine from radiation damage during therapy of abdominal and pelvic malignant tumors. The effects on superior mesenteric, renal, and lower extremity blood flows of controlled infusions of Pitressin given directly into the superior mesenteric artery or into a peripheral vein have been measured. In addition, using these regional flow measurements and arteriovenous differences in oxygen content, regional tissue oxygen extraction rates during Pitressin infusions have also been estimated. The data show that intravenous Pitressin at an infusion rate of 0.0124 U/kg/min may be almost as effective as Pitressin given directly into the superior mesenteric artery in lowering superior mesenteric blood flow (40%-70% reduction for intravenous, 50%-70% for direct arterial infusions) and intestinal oxygen extraction (20%-40% reduction for intravenous, 40%-50% for direct arterial infusions). The effects of Pitressin at similar dose rates on the kidney and the lower extremity are less reproducible, and it is possible that relatively selective radiation protection of the intestine using systemic (intravenous) infusions of Pitressin during abdominopelvic radiotherapy might be achievable.", "contents": "Differential effects of Pitressin on blood flow and oxygen extraction in canine vascular beds. Physiologic studies in dogs have been performed with an intravascular flow/diameter sensor which can be introduced directly into the aorta or its branch vessels through a percutaneous radiologic catheter. These studies have focused upon attempts to devise a clinically practical means to protect the small intestine from radiation damage during therapy of abdominal and pelvic malignant tumors. The effects on superior mesenteric, renal, and lower extremity blood flows of controlled infusions of Pitressin given directly into the superior mesenteric artery or into a peripheral vein have been measured. In addition, using these regional flow measurements and arteriovenous differences in oxygen content, regional tissue oxygen extraction rates during Pitressin infusions have also been estimated. The data show that intravenous Pitressin at an infusion rate of 0.0124 U/kg/min may be almost as effective as Pitressin given directly into the superior mesenteric artery in lowering superior mesenteric blood flow (40%-70% reduction for intravenous, 50%-70% for direct arterial infusions) and intestinal oxygen extraction (20%-40% reduction for intravenous, 40%-50% for direct arterial infusions). The effects of Pitressin at similar dose rates on the kidney and the lower extremity are less reproducible, and it is possible that relatively selective radiation protection of the intestine using systemic (intravenous) infusions of Pitressin during abdominopelvic radiotherapy might be achievable.", "PMID": 418635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9711", "title": "Effects of intravenous vasopressin on canine mesenteric arterial blood flow, bowel oxygen consumption, and cardiac output.", "content": "The effects of various doses of intravenous vasopressin on mesenteric arterial blood flow, intestinal oxygen consumption, and cardiac output in anesthetized dogs were investigated. Optimal dose rate of intravenous vasopressin was found to be 3.0 mU/kg/min. At this dose rate, mesenteric arterial blood flow, intestinal oxygen consumption, and cardiac output decreased by 57%, 57% and 26%, respectively. Increasing the dose rate to 8.0 mU/kg/min did not offer significant gains. Maximum effect was observed 20 min after the beginning of the infusion. The effects disappeared 10-20 min after the infusion was discontinued, with the exception of superior mesenteric blood flow which showed a rebound increase. We conclude that in the anesthetized dog, intravenous infusions of vasopressin at low dose rates (3.0 mU/kg/min) substantially reduce mesenteric blood flow and intestinal oxygen extraction with moderate reduction of cardiac output. Possible clinical applications of low dose intravenous infusions of vasopressin would include reduction of portal hypertension and bowel protection during radiation therapy.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous vasopressin on canine mesenteric arterial blood flow, bowel oxygen consumption, and cardiac output. The effects of various doses of intravenous vasopressin on mesenteric arterial blood flow, intestinal oxygen consumption, and cardiac output in anesthetized dogs were investigated. Optimal dose rate of intravenous vasopressin was found to be 3.0 mU/kg/min. At this dose rate, mesenteric arterial blood flow, intestinal oxygen consumption, and cardiac output decreased by 57%, 57% and 26%, respectively. Increasing the dose rate to 8.0 mU/kg/min did not offer significant gains. Maximum effect was observed 20 min after the beginning of the infusion. The effects disappeared 10-20 min after the infusion was discontinued, with the exception of superior mesenteric blood flow which showed a rebound increase. We conclude that in the anesthetized dog, intravenous infusions of vasopressin at low dose rates (3.0 mU/kg/min) substantially reduce mesenteric blood flow and intestinal oxygen extraction with moderate reduction of cardiac output. Possible clinical applications of low dose intravenous infusions of vasopressin would include reduction of portal hypertension and bowel protection during radiation therapy.", "PMID": 418636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9712", "title": "Double-blind study of single and double contrast upper gastrointestinal examinations using endoscopy as a control.", "content": "A total of 100 patients were examined by both single and double contrast upper gastrointestinal radiography. The radiographs were coded, interpreted blindly by two gastrointestinal radiologists, and the accuracy of each examination was determined using endoscopy as the standard. The interpretation error rate for each type of examination alone was almost identical. Interpretations based on a combination of both studies significantly reduced both the false positive and negative errors and strongly suggests a complementary role for the two methods.", "contents": "Double-blind study of single and double contrast upper gastrointestinal examinations using endoscopy as a control. A total of 100 patients were examined by both single and double contrast upper gastrointestinal radiography. The radiographs were coded, interpreted blindly by two gastrointestinal radiologists, and the accuracy of each examination was determined using endoscopy as the standard. The interpretation error rate for each type of examination alone was almost identical. Interpretations based on a combination of both studies significantly reduced both the false positive and negative errors and strongly suggests a complementary role for the two methods.", "PMID": 418637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9713", "title": "Double channel pylorus.", "content": "Radiographic and clinical features in five patients with the double channel pylorus deformity are reviewed and compared with previously reported cases. The double channel pylorus is a form of gastroduodenal fistula with a characteristic radiographic appearance. An accessory channel connects the lesser curvature of the prepyloric antrum with the duodenal bulb. A peptic ulcer lies in or immediately adjacent to the accessory channel in almost all cases. The double channel pylorus appears to be an acquired form of peptic deformity in the great majority of cases and is probably more common than the number of reported cases would imply.", "contents": "Double channel pylorus. Radiographic and clinical features in five patients with the double channel pylorus deformity are reviewed and compared with previously reported cases. The double channel pylorus is a form of gastroduodenal fistula with a characteristic radiographic appearance. An accessory channel connects the lesser curvature of the prepyloric antrum with the duodenal bulb. A peptic ulcer lies in or immediately adjacent to the accessory channel in almost all cases. The double channel pylorus appears to be an acquired form of peptic deformity in the great majority of cases and is probably more common than the number of reported cases would imply.", "PMID": 418638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9714", "title": "Cholecystokinetic cholecystography: efficacy and tolerance studies of ceruletide.", "content": "The effect of intravenous and intramuscular administration of ceruletide on gallbladder contraction was investigated in 67 normal volunteers and patients. Of the 45 normal volunteers, 33 received the drug intravenously and 12 intramuscularly in graded ascending doses. By either means of injection, ceruletide produced a substantial contraction of the gallbladder with a measurable reduction in gallbladder area. Based on findings in these groups, the 22 patients requiring oral cholecystography for clinical evaluation received 0.3 microgram/kg intramuscularly. The intramuscular administration of synthetic ceruletide after oral cholecystography, in a dose of 0.o microgram/kg, afforded a safe and effective means of gallbladder contraction, with resultant cystic and common bile duct visualization. Side effects occurred less frequently when the drug was administered intramuscularly and were minimal and self-limiting. Peak contraction (40% or greater reduction in size) occurred as early as 5-15 min after after intramuscular injection and in most instances within 30 min.", "contents": "Cholecystokinetic cholecystography: efficacy and tolerance studies of ceruletide. The effect of intravenous and intramuscular administration of ceruletide on gallbladder contraction was investigated in 67 normal volunteers and patients. Of the 45 normal volunteers, 33 received the drug intravenously and 12 intramuscularly in graded ascending doses. By either means of injection, ceruletide produced a substantial contraction of the gallbladder with a measurable reduction in gallbladder area. Based on findings in these groups, the 22 patients requiring oral cholecystography for clinical evaluation received 0.3 microgram/kg intramuscularly. The intramuscular administration of synthetic ceruletide after oral cholecystography, in a dose of 0.o microgram/kg, afforded a safe and effective means of gallbladder contraction, with resultant cystic and common bile duct visualization. Side effects occurred less frequently when the drug was administered intramuscularly and were minimal and self-limiting. Peak contraction (40% or greater reduction in size) occurred as early as 5-15 min after after intramuscular injection and in most instances within 30 min.", "PMID": 418639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9715", "title": "Percutaneous cholangiography in infants.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography was attempted in eight infants with normal-size bile ducts and was successful in four. The technique described is feasible in the infant age group, and is useful in the infant with obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "Percutaneous cholangiography in infants. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography was attempted in eight infants with normal-size bile ducts and was successful in four. The technique described is feasible in the infant age group, and is useful in the infant with obstructive jaundice.", "PMID": 418640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9716", "title": "Computed tomography of the gallbladder.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) was used to study 79 patients with suspected gallbladder disease. First and second generation scanners were used to determine the efficacy of CT in detecting cholecystitis or cholelithiasis. Manifestations of gallbladder disease such as hydrops, opaque and nonopaque gallstones, chronic cholecystitis with thickened inflammatory walls, and secondary liver abscesses can be easily detected. It is a useful technique for individuals in whom the gallbladder has failed to opacity on oral cholecystography. The scanning method is described, and estimates of reliability are given including its accuracy, limitations, and place in the management of gallbladder disease, especially cholelithiasis. When conventional radiographic examinations or ultrasound fail to give definitive diagnostic information, CT can be a useful alternative with an overall diagnostic accuracy greater than 80%.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the gallbladder. Computed tomography (CT) was used to study 79 patients with suspected gallbladder disease. First and second generation scanners were used to determine the efficacy of CT in detecting cholecystitis or cholelithiasis. Manifestations of gallbladder disease such as hydrops, opaque and nonopaque gallstones, chronic cholecystitis with thickened inflammatory walls, and secondary liver abscesses can be easily detected. It is a useful technique for individuals in whom the gallbladder has failed to opacity on oral cholecystography. The scanning method is described, and estimates of reliability are given including its accuracy, limitations, and place in the management of gallbladder disease, especially cholelithiasis. When conventional radiographic examinations or ultrasound fail to give definitive diagnostic information, CT can be a useful alternative with an overall diagnostic accuracy greater than 80%.", "PMID": 418641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9717", "title": "Scanning techniques in computed body tomography.", "content": "Clinical examinations with the whole body CT scanner require considerable individualization of examination technique in relation to specific organs, anatomic areas, and clinical problems. Careful selection of radiographic factors, patient position, contrast agents, and pharmacologic adjuncts will optimize diagnostic results and patient throughput.", "contents": "Scanning techniques in computed body tomography. Clinical examinations with the whole body CT scanner require considerable individualization of examination technique in relation to specific organs, anatomic areas, and clinical problems. Careful selection of radiographic factors, patient position, contrast agents, and pharmacologic adjuncts will optimize diagnostic results and patient throughput.", "PMID": 418642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9718", "title": "Spontaneous resolution of colonic strictures caused by necrotizing enterocolitis: therapeutic implications.", "content": "Colonic strictures are now a well recognized complication in infants surviving necrotizing enterocolitis. We describe the clinical course of seven infants with colonic strictures after necrotizing enterocolitis. Only two demonstrated the finding of fixed fibrotic stricture described in the literature, while the remaining five showed atypical radiographic and pathologic features. Two of the five showed partial or spontaneous resolution of post-necrotizing enterocolitis colonic stenoses on follow-up barium enema studies. In three of four patients with colonic resections, the histopathologic examination revealed a surprising absence of irreversible fibrosis or cicatrix formation. Current surgical practice dictates elective resection of these narrowed colonic segments. The radiologic and pathologic findings in our series of patients suggest surgical resection may be unnecessary in selected cases.", "contents": "Spontaneous resolution of colonic strictures caused by necrotizing enterocolitis: therapeutic implications. Colonic strictures are now a well recognized complication in infants surviving necrotizing enterocolitis. We describe the clinical course of seven infants with colonic strictures after necrotizing enterocolitis. Only two demonstrated the finding of fixed fibrotic stricture described in the literature, while the remaining five showed atypical radiographic and pathologic features. Two of the five showed partial or spontaneous resolution of post-necrotizing enterocolitis colonic stenoses on follow-up barium enema studies. In three of four patients with colonic resections, the histopathologic examination revealed a surprising absence of irreversible fibrosis or cicatrix formation. Current surgical practice dictates elective resection of these narrowed colonic segments. The radiologic and pathologic findings in our series of patients suggest surgical resection may be unnecessary in selected cases.", "PMID": 418643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9719", "title": "Ultrasonic detection of renal tumor extension into the inferior vena cava.", "content": "Five cases of extension of renal carcinoma into the inferior vena cava were detected using gray scale ultrasonography. Two different ultrasonographic appearances reflecting the intracaval tumor were observed. Four patients had one or two intraluminal echogenic nodules or thrombi, and the fifth case manifested generalized caval dilatation with innumerable diffuse low amplitude echoes emanating from the lumen. The role of ultrasonography in the complete evaluation of the patient with renal carcinoma is discussed, and the ultrasonographic features of intracaval tumor are demonstrated.", "contents": "Ultrasonic detection of renal tumor extension into the inferior vena cava. Five cases of extension of renal carcinoma into the inferior vena cava were detected using gray scale ultrasonography. Two different ultrasonographic appearances reflecting the intracaval tumor were observed. Four patients had one or two intraluminal echogenic nodules or thrombi, and the fifth case manifested generalized caval dilatation with innumerable diffuse low amplitude echoes emanating from the lumen. The role of ultrasonography in the complete evaluation of the patient with renal carcinoma is discussed, and the ultrasonographic features of intracaval tumor are demonstrated.", "PMID": 418644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9720", "title": "Replacement lipomatosis of the kidney.", "content": "Replacement lipomatosis and renal sinus lipomatosis are parts of a spectrum of fatty replacement of destroyed or atrophic renal tissue. When long-standing inflammation exists in a kidney, especially with calculus disease, replacement lipomatosis may be the end result. Awareness of this process along with the specific radiologic findings will allow a correct preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "Replacement lipomatosis of the kidney. Replacement lipomatosis and renal sinus lipomatosis are parts of a spectrum of fatty replacement of destroyed or atrophic renal tissue. When long-standing inflammation exists in a kidney, especially with calculus disease, replacement lipomatosis may be the end result. Awareness of this process along with the specific radiologic findings will allow a correct preoperative diagnosis.", "PMID": 418645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9721", "title": "Ectopic vas deferens: a report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Two new cases of ectopia of the urethral end of the vas are described, and six cases reported since 1949 are reviewed. Most cases had associated urinary tract abnormalities, often anomalies of renal position, and imperforate anus was the most frequent gastrointestinal anomaly. The most productive mode of radiologic evaluation was voiding cystourethrography. The two types of insertion and the associated urinary and gastrointestinal anomalies are analyzed on the basis of embryologic development.", "contents": "Ectopic vas deferens: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Two new cases of ectopia of the urethral end of the vas are described, and six cases reported since 1949 are reviewed. Most cases had associated urinary tract abnormalities, often anomalies of renal position, and imperforate anus was the most frequent gastrointestinal anomaly. The most productive mode of radiologic evaluation was voiding cystourethrography. The two types of insertion and the associated urinary and gastrointestinal anomalies are analyzed on the basis of embryologic development.", "PMID": 418646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9722", "title": "Cerebral ischemia. I. Current angiographic techniques, complications, and safety.", "content": "The angiographic evaluation of the transient ischemic attack has been technically difficult, time consuming, and complication prone because of underlying arteriosclerosis and other medical diseases. The examination described depends upon small soft catheters, dynamic fluoroscopy for positioning, and selective magnified views of the arteries needed for surgical planning. Five basic views are exposed. On the side of clinical interest, a lateral view of the head and neck, a frontal view of the head, and a fluoroscopically positioned view of the carotid bifurcation are obtained; on the other side the frontal view is omitted. A total of 662 consecutive studies were performed on 603 patients without death or permanent strokes. The only permanent complication was a partial radial nerve palsy.", "contents": "Cerebral ischemia. I. Current angiographic techniques, complications, and safety. The angiographic evaluation of the transient ischemic attack has been technically difficult, time consuming, and complication prone because of underlying arteriosclerosis and other medical diseases. The examination described depends upon small soft catheters, dynamic fluoroscopy for positioning, and selective magnified views of the arteries needed for surgical planning. Five basic views are exposed. On the side of clinical interest, a lateral view of the head and neck, a frontal view of the head, and a fluoroscopically positioned view of the carotid bifurcation are obtained; on the other side the frontal view is omitted. A total of 662 consecutive studies were performed on 603 patients without death or permanent strokes. The only permanent complication was a partial radial nerve palsy.", "PMID": 418647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9723", "title": "Angiography of chronic hemodialysis arteriovenous grafts.", "content": "The arteriovenous graft has become an accepted vascular access route for chronic hemodialysis. Angiography plays in important role in the demonstration of graft abnormalities and in the management of graft malfunction. We describe the two basic techniques of graft angiography and classify graft abnormalities and factors associated with graft malfunction. The role of angiography in each category is analyzed, and representative cases are presented. Pertinent clinical material is also presented to provide information concerning the relative frequency of graft complications. In addition, the role of arteriovenous grafts in chronic maintenance hemodialysis and highlights in the development of graft technology are reviewed.", "contents": "Angiography of chronic hemodialysis arteriovenous grafts. The arteriovenous graft has become an accepted vascular access route for chronic hemodialysis. Angiography plays in important role in the demonstration of graft abnormalities and in the management of graft malfunction. We describe the two basic techniques of graft angiography and classify graft abnormalities and factors associated with graft malfunction. The role of angiography in each category is analyzed, and representative cases are presented. Pertinent clinical material is also presented to provide information concerning the relative frequency of graft complications. In addition, the role of arteriovenous grafts in chronic maintenance hemodialysis and highlights in the development of graft technology are reviewed.", "PMID": 418648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9724", "title": "Aortic dissection beginning in the abdomen.", "content": "Two cases of aortic dissection beginning in the abdominal aorta are presented, and the angiographic and surgical principles are discussed. Every effort must be made to identify the sites of all intimal tears at aortography and to excise or oversew these sites at surgery; otherwise, dissection may continue. If an intimal tear cannot be identified at aortography, we recommend initial conservative therapy unless the patient's clinical condition forces emergency surgery.", "contents": "Aortic dissection beginning in the abdomen. Two cases of aortic dissection beginning in the abdominal aorta are presented, and the angiographic and surgical principles are discussed. Every effort must be made to identify the sites of all intimal tears at aortography and to excise or oversew these sites at surgery; otherwise, dissection may continue. If an intimal tear cannot be identified at aortography, we recommend initial conservative therapy unless the patient's clinical condition forces emergency surgery.", "PMID": 418649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9725", "title": "Angiography of extremity masses in children.", "content": "Arteriography has proved useful in evaluating 24 children with soft tissue extremity masses. In all cases, it was possible to distinguish between benigna and malignant tumors. The five patients with malignant tumors had increased vascularity with coarse irregular vessels and irregular tumor staining. Arteriovenous shunting was present in three of these five. In addition, clinically unsuspected satellite tumors (local metastases) were seen in two patients. Arteriography in 19 patients with benign conditions was characteristic. Benign tumors of non-blood vessel origin (five) showed only arterial displacement but no pathologic circulation. Five hemangiomas and six arteriovenous malformations were easily distinguished; characteristic appearances were present in three patients with miscellaneous benign masses.", "contents": "Angiography of extremity masses in children. Arteriography has proved useful in evaluating 24 children with soft tissue extremity masses. In all cases, it was possible to distinguish between benigna and malignant tumors. The five patients with malignant tumors had increased vascularity with coarse irregular vessels and irregular tumor staining. Arteriovenous shunting was present in three of these five. In addition, clinically unsuspected satellite tumors (local metastases) were seen in two patients. Arteriography in 19 patients with benign conditions was characteristic. Benign tumors of non-blood vessel origin (five) showed only arterial displacement but no pathologic circulation. Five hemangiomas and six arteriovenous malformations were easily distinguished; characteristic appearances were present in three patients with miscellaneous benign masses.", "PMID": 418650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9726", "title": "Craniocaudal axial view of the sacroiliac joint.", "content": "A technique that provides a craniocaudal axial view of the sacroiliac joint is described. This technique gives information about the ventral aspect of the sacroiliac joint, particularly at the level of the pelvic brim. It can demonstrate extraarticular ventral ankylosis of the joint, which is not visible or only suspected on anteroposterior films. In osteitis condensans ilii, it shows the thickness of the involved iliac bone. It is very useful for the accurate localization of paraarticular changes.", "contents": "Craniocaudal axial view of the sacroiliac joint. A technique that provides a craniocaudal axial view of the sacroiliac joint is described. This technique gives information about the ventral aspect of the sacroiliac joint, particularly at the level of the pelvic brim. It can demonstrate extraarticular ventral ankylosis of the joint, which is not visible or only suspected on anteroposterior films. In osteitis condensans ilii, it shows the thickness of the involved iliac bone. It is very useful for the accurate localization of paraarticular changes.", "PMID": 418651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9727", "title": "Migrating bone shards in dissecting Charcot joints.", "content": "Extensive periarticular calcification is characteristic of Charcot joints. Fragmentation of the articular margins of bone contributes to the bony detritus, but the majority forms de novo in the joint capsule. Occasionally the calcific debris is seen far removed from the joint. Dissection of a chronically distended joint along muscle planes is most commonly associated with the inflammatory joint disease of rheumatoid arthritis. Its occurrence in Charcot joints is documented by arthrography, which demonstrates continuity of the joint space and the distant calcifications.", "contents": "Migrating bone shards in dissecting Charcot joints. Extensive periarticular calcification is characteristic of Charcot joints. Fragmentation of the articular margins of bone contributes to the bony detritus, but the majority forms de novo in the joint capsule. Occasionally the calcific debris is seen far removed from the joint. Dissection of a chronically distended joint along muscle planes is most commonly associated with the inflammatory joint disease of rheumatoid arthritis. Its occurrence in Charcot joints is documented by arthrography, which demonstrates continuity of the joint space and the distant calcifications.", "PMID": 418652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9728", "title": "Retropharyngeal tendinitis.", "content": "The tendon of the longus colli muscle is an unusual location for a common condition. Acute inflammation with calcareous deposits is similar in radiographic and clinical presentation to acute calcific tendinitis in common locations, such as the supraspinatus tendon in the shoulder. The radiographic finding is characteristic amorphous calcification localized anterior to C1 with associated swelling of the prevertebral soft tissues from C1 through C4. After the acute phase, calcification becomes more poorly defined and begins to resorb, with resorption usually complete by 1-2 weeks. The clinical feature is rather sudden onset of severe pain in the neck and throat aggravated by swallowing and movement of the head; this may be associated with mild fever and elevation of sedimentation rate. Pain reaches a maximum at 2-5 days, then gradually subsides, usually completely by 1-2 weeks.", "contents": "Retropharyngeal tendinitis. The tendon of the longus colli muscle is an unusual location for a common condition. Acute inflammation with calcareous deposits is similar in radiographic and clinical presentation to acute calcific tendinitis in common locations, such as the supraspinatus tendon in the shoulder. The radiographic finding is characteristic amorphous calcification localized anterior to C1 with associated swelling of the prevertebral soft tissues from C1 through C4. After the acute phase, calcification becomes more poorly defined and begins to resorb, with resorption usually complete by 1-2 weeks. The clinical feature is rather sudden onset of severe pain in the neck and throat aggravated by swallowing and movement of the head; this may be associated with mild fever and elevation of sedimentation rate. Pain reaches a maximum at 2-5 days, then gradually subsides, usually completely by 1-2 weeks.", "PMID": 418653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9729", "title": "The pulmonary-renal syndrome.", "content": "The pulmonary-renal syndrome is characterized by the coexistence of life-threatening pulmonary hemorrhage and renal disease in individuals without any concomitant destructive pulmonary disease or coagulopathy. Six patients fulfilled the above criteria despite diverse etiologies and pathomechanisms of disease. Two patients showed evidence of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies, while three others showed immune complexes in their kidneys. Therefore, it is likely that immunologic events play an important pathogenic role in this syndrome, explaining the effectiveness of nephrectomy as demonstrated in these patients. The chest radiograph was a reliable indicator of the extent of the pulmonary hemorrhage and was representative of the clinical presentation and blood gas levels. During the recovery phase the radiographic findings lagged somewhat behind the clinical improvement in the gas exchange.", "contents": "The pulmonary-renal syndrome. The pulmonary-renal syndrome is characterized by the coexistence of life-threatening pulmonary hemorrhage and renal disease in individuals without any concomitant destructive pulmonary disease or coagulopathy. Six patients fulfilled the above criteria despite diverse etiologies and pathomechanisms of disease. Two patients showed evidence of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies, while three others showed immune complexes in their kidneys. Therefore, it is likely that immunologic events play an important pathogenic role in this syndrome, explaining the effectiveness of nephrectomy as demonstrated in these patients. The chest radiograph was a reliable indicator of the extent of the pulmonary hemorrhage and was representative of the clinical presentation and blood gas levels. During the recovery phase the radiographic findings lagged somewhat behind the clinical improvement in the gas exchange.", "PMID": 418654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9730", "title": "Chest film diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus in infants with hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "Patent ductus arteriosus in an infant with hyaline membrane disease is usually a serious complication. To evaluate the diagnostic role of chest radiography in these infants, a double-blind study comparing patients with both hyaline membrane disease and patent ductus arteriosus and matched controls was undertaken. Three pediatric radiologists acted as observers. In no instance were they more reliable than chance in predicting the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus. Analysis according to various clinical criteria (e.g., severity of illness, PAO2) also failed to show any subgroup in which the observers were accurate. From these data it is concluded that chest radiography does not play a significant role in the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus in infants with hyaline membrane disease.", "contents": "Chest film diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus in infants with hyaline membrane disease. Patent ductus arteriosus in an infant with hyaline membrane disease is usually a serious complication. To evaluate the diagnostic role of chest radiography in these infants, a double-blind study comparing patients with both hyaline membrane disease and patent ductus arteriosus and matched controls was undertaken. Three pediatric radiologists acted as observers. In no instance were they more reliable than chance in predicting the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus. Analysis according to various clinical criteria (e.g., severity of illness, PAO2) also failed to show any subgroup in which the observers were accurate. From these data it is concluded that chest radiography does not play a significant role in the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus in infants with hyaline membrane disease.", "PMID": 418655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9731", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of radiographic opacities of the chest.", "content": "The nature of pleural based radiographic opacities in the chest can be uncertain; however, ultrasonic examination provides a reliable means of distinguishing solid from fluid-containing lesions. It is superior to both fluoroscopy and radiography in accurately localizing loculated fluid collections for thoracentesis and can be performed with commercially available gray scale contact scanning equipment. Cases representing a spectrum of clinical applications are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of radiographic opacities of the chest. The nature of pleural based radiographic opacities in the chest can be uncertain; however, ultrasonic examination provides a reliable means of distinguishing solid from fluid-containing lesions. It is superior to both fluoroscopy and radiography in accurately localizing loculated fluid collections for thoracentesis and can be performed with commercially available gray scale contact scanning equipment. Cases representing a spectrum of clinical applications are discussed.", "PMID": 418656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9732", "title": "Mammographic patterns and risk of breast cancer.", "content": "A study of 171 breast cancer cases matched by age and race to asymptomatic controls was undertaken to check Wolfe's assertion [1, 2] that breast cancer risk depends strongly on the mammographic classifications N1, P1, P2, and DY. The classifications were made blindly relative to all variables, including the case-control factor. Distribution of the four categories among the breast cancer patients in this study was consistent with the distribution found by Wolfe. (P = .46). Our age-standardized risk ratio estimates of the categories, relative to N1, are 1.5 for P1, 2.7 for P2, and 7.2 for DY. While not as striking as Wolfe's estimates, the same monotone trend is evident, and the cases and controls differ significantly with respect to the distributions of the four categories (P less than .01).", "contents": "Mammographic patterns and risk of breast cancer. A study of 171 breast cancer cases matched by age and race to asymptomatic controls was undertaken to check Wolfe's assertion [1, 2] that breast cancer risk depends strongly on the mammographic classifications N1, P1, P2, and DY. The classifications were made blindly relative to all variables, including the case-control factor. Distribution of the four categories among the breast cancer patients in this study was consistent with the distribution found by Wolfe. (P = .46). Our age-standardized risk ratio estimates of the categories, relative to N1, are 1.5 for P1, 2.7 for P2, and 7.2 for DY. While not as striking as Wolfe's estimates, the same monotone trend is evident, and the cases and controls differ significantly with respect to the distributions of the four categories (P less than .01).", "PMID": 418657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9733", "title": "Contact spot xeromammography in the early diagnosis of breast cancer.", "content": "As currently used, xeromammography is a sensitive and specific test to detect early breast cancers. However small the incidence of false positive and false negative diagnoses may be, they do lead to either false assurance of health in some breast cancer patients or cause some cancer-free women to undergo further radiologic and/or surgical diagnostic workup. To improve the accuracy of xeromammography in breast cancer diagnosis, contact spot xeromammography was used to enhance the image detail when findings on the conventional xeromammogram proved ambiguous. This contact spot technique has now been used about 2,500 times in 10,000 asymptomatic women. Our experience with contact spot xeromamography is described, including instances in which it led to correct diagnoses.", "contents": "Contact spot xeromammography in the early diagnosis of breast cancer. As currently used, xeromammography is a sensitive and specific test to detect early breast cancers. However small the incidence of false positive and false negative diagnoses may be, they do lead to either false assurance of health in some breast cancer patients or cause some cancer-free women to undergo further radiologic and/or surgical diagnostic workup. To improve the accuracy of xeromammography in breast cancer diagnosis, contact spot xeromammography was used to enhance the image detail when findings on the conventional xeromammogram proved ambiguous. This contact spot technique has now been used about 2,500 times in 10,000 asymptomatic women. Our experience with contact spot xeromamography is described, including instances in which it led to correct diagnoses.", "PMID": 418658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9734", "title": "An economic evaluation of a genetic screening program for Tay-Sachs disease.", "content": "The resolution of policy questions relating to medical genetic screening programs will not be without considerable difficulty. Examples include such issues as the optimal degree of screening program expansion, the relative values of screening for different genetic diseases, the appropriate sources of program funding (public vs. private), and the relative value of funding expanded genetic screening programs vs. research directed toward elimination of genetic traits themselves. Information on the net impact of the relevant alternatives is greatly needed, and this need will increase if the National Genetics Act receives funding approval. We have provided what is hopefully a contribution toward this end. While our analysis pertains to a specific disease and a specific screening program for that disease, the methodology is readily generalizable to other genetic diseases, as well as programs of any size or structure. Hopefully, this will serve to stimulate further research efforts that we believe are needed for the objective consideration of resource allocation alternatives.", "contents": "An economic evaluation of a genetic screening program for Tay-Sachs disease. The resolution of policy questions relating to medical genetic screening programs will not be without considerable difficulty. Examples include such issues as the optimal degree of screening program expansion, the relative values of screening for different genetic diseases, the appropriate sources of program funding (public vs. private), and the relative value of funding expanded genetic screening programs vs. research directed toward elimination of genetic traits themselves. Information on the net impact of the relevant alternatives is greatly needed, and this need will increase if the National Genetics Act receives funding approval. We have provided what is hopefully a contribution toward this end. While our analysis pertains to a specific disease and a specific screening program for that disease, the methodology is readily generalizable to other genetic diseases, as well as programs of any size or structure. Hopefully, this will serve to stimulate further research efforts that we believe are needed for the objective consideration of resource allocation alternatives.", "PMID": 418675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9735", "title": "Stability of nitroglycerin injection determined by gas chromatography.", "content": "The stability of nitroglycerin injection was studied over an eight-week period. Gas-liquid chromatographic assay and thin-layer chromatography were used to study the stability in relation to sorption by rubber and plastic (Viaflex), light and the effect of two diluents (5% dextrose in water and 0.9% sodium chloride for injection). More nitroglycerin was lost from vials with rubber closures, and the loss occurred at a faster rate when compared with nitroglycerin packaged in ampuls. There was no difference in the loss of nitroglycerin from injection packaged in ampuls when stored in the light or in the dark, or in the loss of nitroglycerin from two diluents, 5% dextrose in water and 0.9% sodium chloride for injection, packaged in glass bottles. A 70.4% greater loss of nitroglycerin occurred from Viaflex bags than from glass bottles. Loss of nitroglycerin in this study may have been characterized by reversible first-order kinetics.", "contents": "Stability of nitroglycerin injection determined by gas chromatography. The stability of nitroglycerin injection was studied over an eight-week period. Gas-liquid chromatographic assay and thin-layer chromatography were used to study the stability in relation to sorption by rubber and plastic (Viaflex), light and the effect of two diluents (5% dextrose in water and 0.9% sodium chloride for injection). More nitroglycerin was lost from vials with rubber closures, and the loss occurred at a faster rate when compared with nitroglycerin packaged in ampuls. There was no difference in the loss of nitroglycerin from injection packaged in ampuls when stored in the light or in the dark, or in the loss of nitroglycerin from two diluents, 5% dextrose in water and 0.9% sodium chloride for injection, packaged in glass bottles. A 70.4% greater loss of nitroglycerin occurred from Viaflex bags than from glass bottles. Loss of nitroglycerin in this study may have been characterized by reversible first-order kinetics.", "PMID": 418678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9736", "title": "Apparent stability of nitroglycerin in dextrose 5% in water.", "content": "The apparent stability profile of nitroglycerin (NTG) in dextrose 5% in water when packaged in glass bottles and plastic bags was studied under the following conditions: room temperature (25 +/- 1 C) and room light, room temperature protected from room light, and refrigeration (4 C). NTG stability was assessed by monitoring drug disappearance from solution over a period of five hours after preparation of the admixtures. A spectrophotometric assay was used. There appeared to be no difference in the apparent rate of NTG disappearance when prepared in either glass bottles or plastic bags. Protection of the drug solutions from room light had no apparent effect on the disappearance pattern of NTG. Furthermore, although refrigeration of the NTG solutions appeared to increase the stability of the admixtures, this effect was not seen until approximately four to five hours after preparation of the solutions. It is possible that sorption onto the walls of the glass bottles and plastic bags may account for the observed disappearance of admixed NTG in dextrose 5% in water.", "contents": "Apparent stability of nitroglycerin in dextrose 5% in water. The apparent stability profile of nitroglycerin (NTG) in dextrose 5% in water when packaged in glass bottles and plastic bags was studied under the following conditions: room temperature (25 +/- 1 C) and room light, room temperature protected from room light, and refrigeration (4 C). NTG stability was assessed by monitoring drug disappearance from solution over a period of five hours after preparation of the admixtures. A spectrophotometric assay was used. There appeared to be no difference in the apparent rate of NTG disappearance when prepared in either glass bottles or plastic bags. Protection of the drug solutions from room light had no apparent effect on the disappearance pattern of NTG. Furthermore, although refrigeration of the NTG solutions appeared to increase the stability of the admixtures, this effect was not seen until approximately four to five hours after preparation of the solutions. It is possible that sorption onto the walls of the glass bottles and plastic bags may account for the observed disappearance of admixed NTG in dextrose 5% in water.", "PMID": 418679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9737", "title": "A simple photogrammetric method of measuring anterior chamber volume.", "content": "We devised a convenient method of measuring anterior chamber volume in man. Photographs of the anterior chamber were taken with a Zeiss photographic slit lamp with a Polaroid attachment, and measured with a specially constructed transparent scale. Using this method, the standard deviation of individual measurements of volume on different occasions in a given eye was 8 microliter. The standard deviation of the differences between right and left eyes of normal subjects was 10 microliter. The volume of the anterior chamber measured in 78 eyes of 39 normal subjects (mean age, 28 years; range, 19 to 56 years) was found to be 209 +/- 37 microliter (mean +/- SD). We observed a small negative correlation between the age of the subject and the volume of the anterior chamber.", "contents": "A simple photogrammetric method of measuring anterior chamber volume. We devised a convenient method of measuring anterior chamber volume in man. Photographs of the anterior chamber were taken with a Zeiss photographic slit lamp with a Polaroid attachment, and measured with a specially constructed transparent scale. Using this method, the standard deviation of individual measurements of volume on different occasions in a given eye was 8 microliter. The standard deviation of the differences between right and left eyes of normal subjects was 10 microliter. The volume of the anterior chamber measured in 78 eyes of 39 normal subjects (mean age, 28 years; range, 19 to 56 years) was found to be 209 +/- 37 microliter (mean +/- SD). We observed a small negative correlation between the age of the subject and the volume of the anterior chamber.", "PMID": 418685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9738", "title": "Retinal damage produced by intraocular fiber optic light.", "content": "We exposed the maculas of owl monkey eyes to light from an intraocular fiber optic light source similar to that used for human pars plana vitrectomy. Retinal irradiance was calculated at 0.22 W/cm2. Eyes were exposed for time intervals ranging from 30 minutes to five minutes and were observed after light treatment by fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. Tissue was obtained for light and electron microscopy by animal killing at one hour, 24 hours, one week, and four weeks. Fundus lesions were seen ophthalmoscopically as early as five hours following 30 minutes of light exposure. Significant damage to the photoreceptor layer and less damage to the pigment epithelium was present by light and electron microscopy as early as one hour after 30 minutes of light exposure. By one month complete loss of photoreceptors with M\u00fcller cell junctions between inner retina and flattened abnormal retinal pigment epithelium cells was observed. Fluorescein angiography revealed significant staining of the pigment epithelium and outer retina 24 hours after 30 minutes of light exposure. No leakage from retinal vessels occurred. At one month following light treatment, transmission of choroidal fluorescein through window defects in the pigment epithelium was present with no retinal staining. The threshold for ophthalmoscopically visible fundus lesions in this study was 15 minutes of light exposure. Ten minutes of light treatment was the threshold for microscopic changes. Short light exposures damaged the outer retina and spared the pigment epithelium. Removing a substantial amount of the infrared light from our light source did not protect the retina from damage. Removal of light between 400 and 500 nm is probably more helpful in protecting the retina. Intermittent light exposure of the retina seemed as harmful as uninterrupted illumination for the same cumulative period of time. We speculate that the retinal damage caused by intraocular fiber optic light has primarily a photic mechanism. Damage to the retinal pigment epithelium may be secondary to outer retinal damage. The present levels of intraocular light used for human pars plana vitrectomy are probably safe in most instances. Lengthy preretinal membrane stripping procedures during vitrectomy, however, may pose a threat of light damage to the retina. This damage must be appreciated as continued efforts are made to produce brighter sources of intraocular light for human pars plana vitrectomy.", "contents": "Retinal damage produced by intraocular fiber optic light. We exposed the maculas of owl monkey eyes to light from an intraocular fiber optic light source similar to that used for human pars plana vitrectomy. Retinal irradiance was calculated at 0.22 W/cm2. Eyes were exposed for time intervals ranging from 30 minutes to five minutes and were observed after light treatment by fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. Tissue was obtained for light and electron microscopy by animal killing at one hour, 24 hours, one week, and four weeks. Fundus lesions were seen ophthalmoscopically as early as five hours following 30 minutes of light exposure. Significant damage to the photoreceptor layer and less damage to the pigment epithelium was present by light and electron microscopy as early as one hour after 30 minutes of light exposure. By one month complete loss of photoreceptors with M\u00fcller cell junctions between inner retina and flattened abnormal retinal pigment epithelium cells was observed. Fluorescein angiography revealed significant staining of the pigment epithelium and outer retina 24 hours after 30 minutes of light exposure. No leakage from retinal vessels occurred. At one month following light treatment, transmission of choroidal fluorescein through window defects in the pigment epithelium was present with no retinal staining. The threshold for ophthalmoscopically visible fundus lesions in this study was 15 minutes of light exposure. Ten minutes of light treatment was the threshold for microscopic changes. Short light exposures damaged the outer retina and spared the pigment epithelium. Removing a substantial amount of the infrared light from our light source did not protect the retina from damage. Removal of light between 400 and 500 nm is probably more helpful in protecting the retina. Intermittent light exposure of the retina seemed as harmful as uninterrupted illumination for the same cumulative period of time. We speculate that the retinal damage caused by intraocular fiber optic light has primarily a photic mechanism. Damage to the retinal pigment epithelium may be secondary to outer retinal damage. The present levels of intraocular light used for human pars plana vitrectomy are probably safe in most instances. Lengthy preretinal membrane stripping procedures during vitrectomy, however, may pose a threat of light damage to the retina. This damage must be appreciated as continued efforts are made to produce brighter sources of intraocular light for human pars plana vitrectomy.", "PMID": 418686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9739", "title": "Intraocular penetration of gentamicin after subconjunctibal and retrobulbar injection .", "content": "We compared the ocular penetration of labeled with radioactive carbon gentamicin in squirrel monkeys after subconjunctival and retrobulbar administration. In both normal and infected (Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis) eyes, high concentrations of drug were achieved in the sclera and choroid-retina by both routes, while corneal levels were markedly higher after subconjunctival injection than after retrobulbar injection. Regional variations in concentration were evident in these tissues; the highest levels were clustered about the site of injection. Aqueous humor concentrations were lowest in the group with normal eyes treated by the retrobulbar route; vitreous humor levels were extremely low in normal eyes injected subconjunctivally. These data differ from those in rabbits, especially with regard to penetration of the vitreous humor of normal eyes. Interspecies differences were less marked in inflamed eyes. The two species were similar in demonstrating maximum access to the cornea and aqueous humor with subconjunctival injection, and equivalence of the two routes in penetrating the vitreous humor of the inflamed eyes.", "contents": "Intraocular penetration of gentamicin after subconjunctibal and retrobulbar injection . We compared the ocular penetration of labeled with radioactive carbon gentamicin in squirrel monkeys after subconjunctival and retrobulbar administration. In both normal and infected (Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis) eyes, high concentrations of drug were achieved in the sclera and choroid-retina by both routes, while corneal levels were markedly higher after subconjunctival injection than after retrobulbar injection. Regional variations in concentration were evident in these tissues; the highest levels were clustered about the site of injection. Aqueous humor concentrations were lowest in the group with normal eyes treated by the retrobulbar route; vitreous humor levels were extremely low in normal eyes injected subconjunctivally. These data differ from those in rabbits, especially with regard to penetration of the vitreous humor of normal eyes. Interspecies differences were less marked in inflamed eyes. The two species were similar in demonstrating maximum access to the cornea and aqueous humor with subconjunctival injection, and equivalence of the two routes in penetrating the vitreous humor of the inflamed eyes.", "PMID": 418687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9740", "title": "Anticholinesterase-induced cholinergic subsensitivity in primate accommodative mechanism.", "content": "I treated cynomolgus monkeys with topical echothiophate iodide twice daily for several months. Accommodative responses to topical or intramuscular pilocarpine were determined after ciliary ganglion or cholinergic nerve blockade. During echothiophate treatment, there was little or no accommodative response to intramuscular pilocarpine doses which were near maximal in nonechothiophate-treated eyes. Similarly, echothiophate-treated eyes demonstrated little or no response to topical pilocarpine doses that were more than 50 times supramaximal in nontreated eye. Within two weeks after stopping echothiophate, accommodative responses to intramuscular pilocarpine had returned noticeably, and by seven weeks after stopping echothiophate, sensitivity to intramuscular pilocarpine had increased to 30 to 50% of control levels. The findings are compatible with acetylcholine-induced cholinergic subsensitivity of the ciliary muscle.", "contents": "Anticholinesterase-induced cholinergic subsensitivity in primate accommodative mechanism. I treated cynomolgus monkeys with topical echothiophate iodide twice daily for several months. Accommodative responses to topical or intramuscular pilocarpine were determined after ciliary ganglion or cholinergic nerve blockade. During echothiophate treatment, there was little or no accommodative response to intramuscular pilocarpine doses which were near maximal in nonechothiophate-treated eyes. Similarly, echothiophate-treated eyes demonstrated little or no response to topical pilocarpine doses that were more than 50 times supramaximal in nontreated eye. Within two weeks after stopping echothiophate, accommodative responses to intramuscular pilocarpine had returned noticeably, and by seven weeks after stopping echothiophate, sensitivity to intramuscular pilocarpine had increased to 30 to 50% of control levels. The findings are compatible with acetylcholine-induced cholinergic subsensitivity of the ciliary muscle.", "PMID": 418688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9741", "title": "Craniofacial adaptations after total maxillary osteotomy in Macaca irus: a cephalometric and histologic study.", "content": "Five Macaca irus monkeys were used in this study to determine cephalometric and histologic changes after total maxillary impactions. In the three experimental animals, the maxilla was impacted 5 to 7 mm. and lateral cephalograms were taken over a 150-day period. By superimposing on craniofacial implants, osseous and dental changes were measured. Excellent skeletal stability was demonstrated during the postoperative period. Histologically, there was normal osseous healing of the osteotomized maxillas. Accompanying the counterclockwise rotation (overclosure) of the mandible, there was extensive change in the temporomandibular joint. In the experimental monkeys, the fibrous articular covering of the temporal fossa was thin and irregular. The condylar cartilage appeared atrophic and showed considerable aging; also, the articular disc was much thicker in the experimental animals. The study showed the superiorly repositioned total maxillary osteotomy to be a stable procedure after 150 days of postoperative observation. However, further studies are needed to investigate the neuromuscular and adaptive response of temporomandibular articulation and mandibular rest position after maxillary surgical procedures.", "contents": "Craniofacial adaptations after total maxillary osteotomy in Macaca irus: a cephalometric and histologic study. Five Macaca irus monkeys were used in this study to determine cephalometric and histologic changes after total maxillary impactions. In the three experimental animals, the maxilla was impacted 5 to 7 mm. and lateral cephalograms were taken over a 150-day period. By superimposing on craniofacial implants, osseous and dental changes were measured. Excellent skeletal stability was demonstrated during the postoperative period. Histologically, there was normal osseous healing of the osteotomized maxillas. Accompanying the counterclockwise rotation (overclosure) of the mandible, there was extensive change in the temporomandibular joint. In the experimental monkeys, the fibrous articular covering of the temporal fossa was thin and irregular. The condylar cartilage appeared atrophic and showed considerable aging; also, the articular disc was much thicker in the experimental animals. The study showed the superiorly repositioned total maxillary osteotomy to be a stable procedure after 150 days of postoperative observation. However, further studies are needed to investigate the neuromuscular and adaptive response of temporomandibular articulation and mandibular rest position after maxillary surgical procedures.", "PMID": 418689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9742", "title": "Ossification in the hand and foot of the macaque (Macaca nemistrina). I. General features.", "content": "The appearance of the secondary centers of ossification was investigated in hand and foot radiographs of 112 fetal and neonatal Macaca nemestrina and a maturational index calculated using a scoring system that differentiated between the initial and later stages of ossification. Cumulative incremental curves of skeletal maturation, constructed by plotting the maturational indices against gestational age, demonstrated three distinct periods of ossification: the First Acceleration when primary centers appear, the Plateau, and the Second Acceleration when the secondary centers ossify. Similar curves are constructed for human prenatal and postnatal ossification. The results are also compared with those reported for M. mulatta, and the bases of the observed differences are discussed. Compared with other primates, the fetal and neonatal macaque shows a developmental precocity which may be an ontogenetic adaptation to the socioecological setting of terrestrial life.", "contents": "Ossification in the hand and foot of the macaque (Macaca nemistrina). I. General features. The appearance of the secondary centers of ossification was investigated in hand and foot radiographs of 112 fetal and neonatal Macaca nemestrina and a maturational index calculated using a scoring system that differentiated between the initial and later stages of ossification. Cumulative incremental curves of skeletal maturation, constructed by plotting the maturational indices against gestational age, demonstrated three distinct periods of ossification: the First Acceleration when primary centers appear, the Plateau, and the Second Acceleration when the secondary centers ossify. Similar curves are constructed for human prenatal and postnatal ossification. The results are also compared with those reported for M. mulatta, and the bases of the observed differences are discussed. Compared with other primates, the fetal and neonatal macaque shows a developmental precocity which may be an ontogenetic adaptation to the socioecological setting of terrestrial life.", "PMID": 418690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9743", "title": "Population structure and genetic heterogeneity in the Upper Markham Valley of New Guinea.", "content": "An analysis is presented of the standardized Wahlund's variances (f) in gene frequencies of the ABO, Rh and MNS blood group systems among 19 villages of the Atsera isolate of the upper Markham Valley, Papua New Guinea. In the past, there has been some disagreement over the relative importance of population structure and natural selection in the determination of these variances. The Lewontin-Krakauer test is presented as a means of resolving this disagreement. According to this test, selectively neutral variation in gene frequencies should generate essentially homogeneous values of f for all loci, a homogeneity which can be tested by comparing the value of (formula: see text) to a theoretical (formula: see text) expected when variations in (formula: see text) are due solely to sampling error. The observed value of (formula: see text) for the Atsera isolate is 2.9 x 10(-5), which is not significantly different from the expected values that range from 1.23 x 10(-5) to 2.46 x 10(-5) depending on the constant used in calculating (formula: see text). Therefore it appears that nonselective aspects of population structure such as genetic drift and intervillage migration are responsible for the recorded genetic variation in this isolate.", "contents": "Population structure and genetic heterogeneity in the Upper Markham Valley of New Guinea. An analysis is presented of the standardized Wahlund's variances (f) in gene frequencies of the ABO, Rh and MNS blood group systems among 19 villages of the Atsera isolate of the upper Markham Valley, Papua New Guinea. In the past, there has been some disagreement over the relative importance of population structure and natural selection in the determination of these variances. The Lewontin-Krakauer test is presented as a means of resolving this disagreement. According to this test, selectively neutral variation in gene frequencies should generate essentially homogeneous values of f for all loci, a homogeneity which can be tested by comparing the value of (formula: see text) to a theoretical (formula: see text) expected when variations in (formula: see text) are due solely to sampling error. The observed value of (formula: see text) for the Atsera isolate is 2.9 x 10(-5), which is not significantly different from the expected values that range from 1.23 x 10(-5) to 2.46 x 10(-5) depending on the constant used in calculating (formula: see text). Therefore it appears that nonselective aspects of population structure such as genetic drift and intervillage migration are responsible for the recorded genetic variation in this isolate.", "PMID": 418691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9744", "title": "Biosocial functions of grooming behavior among the common Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus).", "content": "An intensive study of the Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus) reveals an interplay between biological and social processes. This study which involved captive animals and over 1,500 observation hours suggests that grooming behavior alone cannot be used to measure status differences between the sexes, nor as a means to understand how pathogens carried by ecto-parasites are controlled. It is shown that the type of grooming exhibited in an interactional setting and the region of the body presented by one animal to another for grooming is often determined by the immediate social events and by the nature of the relationship existing between the participants. For these Colobine langur monkeys grooming behavior not only facilitates integration but it also enables an animal to manipulate a tense situation into a peaceful one. Without reference to many of the other patterns of behavior which only relatively, not absolutely differentiate age and sex classes, grooming behavior cannot be entirely understood.", "contents": "Biosocial functions of grooming behavior among the common Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus). An intensive study of the Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus) reveals an interplay between biological and social processes. This study which involved captive animals and over 1,500 observation hours suggests that grooming behavior alone cannot be used to measure status differences between the sexes, nor as a means to understand how pathogens carried by ecto-parasites are controlled. It is shown that the type of grooming exhibited in an interactional setting and the region of the body presented by one animal to another for grooming is often determined by the immediate social events and by the nature of the relationship existing between the participants. For these Colobine langur monkeys grooming behavior not only facilitates integration but it also enables an animal to manipulate a tense situation into a peaceful one. Without reference to many of the other patterns of behavior which only relatively, not absolutely differentiate age and sex classes, grooming behavior cannot be entirely understood.", "PMID": 418692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9745", "title": "An ethmoid exposure (os planum) in the orbit of Indri indri (Primates, Lemuriformes).", "content": "In 6 of 17 skulls of Indri indri retaining distinct sutures in the medial orbital wall, a small separate bony element intervenes between the frontal and the maxillolacrimal suture. This element is demonstrably continuous with the ethmoid on one such skull. The occurrence of an ethmoid exposure in the orbit of Indri suggests that this trait is not a simple function of orbital size and convergence. Since such an exposure is found in non-cheirogaleine lemuriforms, its distribution provides no support for the hyothesis that lorises and galagos are derived from cheirogaleines.", "contents": "An ethmoid exposure (os planum) in the orbit of Indri indri (Primates, Lemuriformes). In 6 of 17 skulls of Indri indri retaining distinct sutures in the medial orbital wall, a small separate bony element intervenes between the frontal and the maxillolacrimal suture. This element is demonstrably continuous with the ethmoid on one such skull. The occurrence of an ethmoid exposure in the orbit of Indri suggests that this trait is not a simple function of orbital size and convergence. Since such an exposure is found in non-cheirogaleine lemuriforms, its distribution provides no support for the hyothesis that lorises and galagos are derived from cheirogaleines.", "PMID": 418693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9746", "title": "Morphoclinal variation in the anthropoid shoulder.", "content": "A morphocline in the organization of the shoulder joint is demonstrated among anthropoid primates. This metrical test supports the view that hominoid distinctions are monophyletic in origin. The primates that are behaviorally and functionally convergent on hominoids are only partially convergent or are not convergent in shoulder morphology.", "contents": "Morphoclinal variation in the anthropoid shoulder. A morphocline in the organization of the shoulder joint is demonstrated among anthropoid primates. This metrical test supports the view that hominoid distinctions are monophyletic in origin. The primates that are behaviorally and functionally convergent on hominoids are only partially convergent or are not convergent in shoulder morphology.", "PMID": 418694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9747", "title": "The external provision of Health Maintenance Organization mental health services.", "content": "The author describes the three ways mental health services may be provided in a health maintenance organization (HMO)--by an internal department of psychiatry, by one or more unrelated external autonomous care providers, or by an external autonomous group of providers. He proposes that the latter type is the best model, offering many of the advantages of the internal department while delivering more personalized, higher quality care at lower cost to the HMO. However, certain conditions must exist, including convenient location, regular conferences with other HMOR physicians, and the provision of educational and preventive services, if the superiority of this model is to be maintained.", "contents": "The external provision of Health Maintenance Organization mental health services. The author describes the three ways mental health services may be provided in a health maintenance organization (HMO)--by an internal department of psychiatry, by one or more unrelated external autonomous care providers, or by an external autonomous group of providers. He proposes that the latter type is the best model, offering many of the advantages of the internal department while delivering more personalized, higher quality care at lower cost to the HMO. However, certain conditions must exist, including convenient location, regular conferences with other HMOR physicians, and the provision of educational and preventive services, if the superiority of this model is to be maintained.", "PMID": 418695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9748", "title": "Primary upper small-intestinal lymphoma and alpha-chain disease. Report of 10 cases emphasizing pathological aspects.", "content": "Ten cases of primary upper small-intestinal lymphoma associated with alpha-chain protein in serum were discovered in a prospective study of the sera of patients with immunoproliferative small-intestinal disease (IPSID). Patients were mostly young males presenting with abdominal pain, weight loss, and diarrhea and showing laboratory evidence of carbohydrate, fat, and vitamin B12 malabsorption and hypoalbuminemia. The more frequently encountered pathologic abnormality was a diffusely nodular jejunal mucosa produced by a plasmacytic infiltrate of variable cell maturity involving a varible depth of small bowel wall with or without involvement of the mesenteric or para-aortic-lymph node complex and, in one instance, the liver. A less frequent picture included circumferential ulcerative and constrictive transmural tumors of the upper small intestine produced by a malignant lymphoma with involvement of abdominal lymph nodes. Small-intestinal surface epithelial abnormalities, a dense mantle of mature plasma cells overlying the lymphoma, a pronounced follicular lymphoid hyperplasia adjacent to and at distances from the lymphoma were other features of note in our IPSID cases associated with alpha-chain protein.", "contents": "Primary upper small-intestinal lymphoma and alpha-chain disease. Report of 10 cases emphasizing pathological aspects. Ten cases of primary upper small-intestinal lymphoma associated with alpha-chain protein in serum were discovered in a prospective study of the sera of patients with immunoproliferative small-intestinal disease (IPSID). Patients were mostly young males presenting with abdominal pain, weight loss, and diarrhea and showing laboratory evidence of carbohydrate, fat, and vitamin B12 malabsorption and hypoalbuminemia. The more frequently encountered pathologic abnormality was a diffusely nodular jejunal mucosa produced by a plasmacytic infiltrate of variable cell maturity involving a varible depth of small bowel wall with or without involvement of the mesenteric or para-aortic-lymph node complex and, in one instance, the liver. A less frequent picture included circumferential ulcerative and constrictive transmural tumors of the upper small intestine produced by a malignant lymphoma with involvement of abdominal lymph nodes. Small-intestinal surface epithelial abnormalities, a dense mantle of mature plasma cells overlying the lymphoma, a pronounced follicular lymphoid hyperplasia adjacent to and at distances from the lymphoma were other features of note in our IPSID cases associated with alpha-chain protein.", "PMID": 418696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9749", "title": "[Eye changes in the merle syndrome in the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "In 44 dachshunds of both sexes, reared and held under identical conditions in order to investigate the effects of the merle gene, ophthalmologic examinations were performed. Eleven extreme dapples with a cutaneous depigmentation beyond 50% (homozygous merle animals, MM) exhibited severe defects in variable forms: Microphthalmia and microcornea, microcoria and corectopia, cataracts and colobomas, rudimentary lenses and ectasia of episcleral vessels. In heterozygous merles with a white percentage of coat color beneath 50% (Mm), lacking tapetum lucidum, depigmented retina, papillary anomaly and ectasia of episcleral vessels were stated, as well as in MM-animals, though not in all. These findings are interpreted as obvious gene dosis effects of the incompletely dominant merle gene which is used to produce a characteric harlequin dappling in many breeds of dogs. With the exception of ectasia of episcleral vessels in a few animals, the homozygous well pigmented controls (mm) displayed none of the anomalies mentioned. The meaning of these results for comparactive medicine and animal protection is discussed.", "contents": "[Eye changes in the merle syndrome in the dog (author's transl)]. In 44 dachshunds of both sexes, reared and held under identical conditions in order to investigate the effects of the merle gene, ophthalmologic examinations were performed. Eleven extreme dapples with a cutaneous depigmentation beyond 50% (homozygous merle animals, MM) exhibited severe defects in variable forms: Microphthalmia and microcornea, microcoria and corectopia, cataracts and colobomas, rudimentary lenses and ectasia of episcleral vessels. In heterozygous merles with a white percentage of coat color beneath 50% (Mm), lacking tapetum lucidum, depigmented retina, papillary anomaly and ectasia of episcleral vessels were stated, as well as in MM-animals, though not in all. These findings are interpreted as obvious gene dosis effects of the incompletely dominant merle gene which is used to produce a characteric harlequin dappling in many breeds of dogs. With the exception of ectasia of episcleral vessels in a few animals, the homozygous well pigmented controls (mm) displayed none of the anomalies mentioned. The meaning of these results for comparactive medicine and animal protection is discussed.", "PMID": 418699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9750", "title": "Development of the interpeduncular nucleus in the midbrain of Rhesus monkey and human.", "content": "The development of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) in primates was studied in rhesus monkey with 3H-thymidine autoradiographic, Nissl and Golgi methods and in humans in histological preparations from embryos and fetuses of different ages. Autoradiographic analysis demonstrated that the neurons of the monkey IPN underwent their final cell division between postconception day 36 (E36) and E42, which corresponds to Stages 17 through 21 of Hendrickx and Sawyer. Autoradiograms of monkeys sacrificed at various short intervals following exposure to a pulse of 3H-thymidine showed that IPN neurons were generated in the proximity of the ventricular surface near the confluence of the 3rd ventricle and cerebral aqueduct, migrated ventrally along the midline and then spread laterally after reaching the ventral midbrain, where IPN was first recognized at E45 (Stage 23). The distribution of successively generated neurons in autoradiograms revealed caudal to rostal and lateral to medial spatiotemporal gradients. Differentiation of IPN neuronal size and development of Nissl substance began in rhesus monkey only after postmitotic cells had reached their destination and seemed to be pronounced mainly through E104. However, growth of the dendrites and elaboration of their side branches as seen in Golgi impregnations progressed gradually from E81 to birth (E165) and perhaps even later. Analysis of histological preparations of a series of human embryos and fetuses was used to derive similar information indirectly, since the autoradiographic method cannot be applied to man. It was found that IPN neurons in human probably underwent their final division between Carnegie Stage 17 and 21. Similarly, as in monkey, postmitotic cells in human IPN displayed an inverted fountain pattern of cellular migration. IPN could first be delineated at Stage 23. There was evidence for both caudal to rostral and lateral to medial spatiotemporal gradients in the human, as in the monkey. Thus, in monkey and human, all IPN neurons are generated within the first quarter of intrauterine life and there is remarkable similarity in the timing, tempo and pattern of IPN neuronal differentiation in both species, indicating the validity of using nonhuman primates as an experimental model for understanding the development of this structure in man.", "contents": "Development of the interpeduncular nucleus in the midbrain of Rhesus monkey and human. The development of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) in primates was studied in rhesus monkey with 3H-thymidine autoradiographic, Nissl and Golgi methods and in humans in histological preparations from embryos and fetuses of different ages. Autoradiographic analysis demonstrated that the neurons of the monkey IPN underwent their final cell division between postconception day 36 (E36) and E42, which corresponds to Stages 17 through 21 of Hendrickx and Sawyer. Autoradiograms of monkeys sacrificed at various short intervals following exposure to a pulse of 3H-thymidine showed that IPN neurons were generated in the proximity of the ventricular surface near the confluence of the 3rd ventricle and cerebral aqueduct, migrated ventrally along the midline and then spread laterally after reaching the ventral midbrain, where IPN was first recognized at E45 (Stage 23). The distribution of successively generated neurons in autoradiograms revealed caudal to rostal and lateral to medial spatiotemporal gradients. Differentiation of IPN neuronal size and development of Nissl substance began in rhesus monkey only after postmitotic cells had reached their destination and seemed to be pronounced mainly through E104. However, growth of the dendrites and elaboration of their side branches as seen in Golgi impregnations progressed gradually from E81 to birth (E165) and perhaps even later. Analysis of histological preparations of a series of human embryos and fetuses was used to derive similar information indirectly, since the autoradiographic method cannot be applied to man. It was found that IPN neurons in human probably underwent their final division between Carnegie Stage 17 and 21. Similarly, as in monkey, postmitotic cells in human IPN displayed an inverted fountain pattern of cellular migration. IPN could first be delineated at Stage 23. There was evidence for both caudal to rostral and lateral to medial spatiotemporal gradients in the human, as in the monkey. Thus, in monkey and human, all IPN neurons are generated within the first quarter of intrauterine life and there is remarkable similarity in the timing, tempo and pattern of IPN neuronal differentiation in both species, indicating the validity of using nonhuman primates as an experimental model for understanding the development of this structure in man.", "PMID": 418705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9751", "title": "Paired vessels in the spinal cord of Rhesus monkey and cat.", "content": "In the spinal cord of the rhesus monkey and of the cat paired vessels near the central canal are described. These paired vessels, consisting of one artery and one vein, are enveloped by a common glial sheath. In some Virchow-Robin's spaces two arteries and two veins can be observed. The physiological significance of this morphological feature is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Paired vessels in the spinal cord of Rhesus monkey and cat. In the spinal cord of the rhesus monkey and of the cat paired vessels near the central canal are described. These paired vessels, consisting of one artery and one vein, are enveloped by a common glial sheath. In some Virchow-Robin's spaces two arteries and two veins can be observed. The physiological significance of this morphological feature is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 418706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9752", "title": "Local cerebral glucose uptake in awake and halothane-anesthetized primates.", "content": "Local glucose consumption within specific brain structures in awake and halothane-anesthetized primates was studied using a quantitative autoradiographic technique for glucose (14C-deoxyglucose). In both awake and anesthetized animals, significant heterogeneity (one-way analysis of variance) in uptake of glucose was found in the cortex, subcortical grey matter, and brainstem nuclei. No significant variability was found for any of the white matter areas sampled under either experimental condition. Halothane produced significant decreases in glucose metabolic rates in the occipital cortex, brainstem nuclei, cerebellar cortex, cerebellar white matter, and anterior commissure, compared with the awake state. The greatest decrease in cerebral metabolic rate was found in the occipital lobes of halothaneanesthetized animals. Results of this study suggest that neurophysiologic and behavioral changes that occur with anesthetic agents can, for the first time, be correlated with alterations in local cerebral glucose metabolism.", "contents": "Local cerebral glucose uptake in awake and halothane-anesthetized primates. Local glucose consumption within specific brain structures in awake and halothane-anesthetized primates was studied using a quantitative autoradiographic technique for glucose (14C-deoxyglucose). In both awake and anesthetized animals, significant heterogeneity (one-way analysis of variance) in uptake of glucose was found in the cortex, subcortical grey matter, and brainstem nuclei. No significant variability was found for any of the white matter areas sampled under either experimental condition. Halothane produced significant decreases in glucose metabolic rates in the occipital cortex, brainstem nuclei, cerebellar cortex, cerebellar white matter, and anterior commissure, compared with the awake state. The greatest decrease in cerebral metabolic rate was found in the occipital lobes of halothaneanesthetized animals. Results of this study suggest that neurophysiologic and behavioral changes that occur with anesthetic agents can, for the first time, be correlated with alterations in local cerebral glucose metabolism.", "PMID": 418710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9753", "title": "[Effects of parenteral nutrition solutions on the venous walls (an experimental study) (author's transl)].", "content": "Lesions (thrombosis, intimal damage, perivascular inflammation) of the marginal ear vein of domestic rabbits were studied 48 hours after infusions of parenteral feeding solutions administered through a butterfly-type 25 needles. Six-hour infusions with a rather diluted solution (12 g dextrose, 1.25 g. aminoacids, 1.5 mEq., Na, Cl, K and PO4 and 1.5 mEq. Ca and Mg per 100 ml.) with osmolality of 930 and pH of 6.9 were slightly harmful, while the lesions were considerable after 12-hours infusions. A more concentrated solution (15.83 g. dextrose, 2.08 g. aminoacids, 2.5 mEq. Na, Cl, K and PO4 0.2 MEq. Ca and Mg per 100 ml.) with osmolality of 1,600 and pH 6.7 produced severe lesions both after 6 and 12-hours infusions. Similar results were obtained with a mixture of this solution with intralipid at clinical doses (4 g. fat for 100 ml. of solution). This mixture had 1,280 mOsm/1. and pH of 6.7. Rather surprisingly the lesions were even more marked when intralipid alone was infused (osmolality 317, pH 7.5). These results lead to the conclusion that practically all fluids used for parenteral feeding purposes either centrally or peripherally, are considerably harmful for the venous wall after a few hours of infusion, probably due to their shifts from isoosmolality and chemical neutrality. Specially puzzling was the harmful local effect of the otherwise well tolerated intralipid.", "contents": "[Effects of parenteral nutrition solutions on the venous walls (an experimental study) (author's transl)]. Lesions (thrombosis, intimal damage, perivascular inflammation) of the marginal ear vein of domestic rabbits were studied 48 hours after infusions of parenteral feeding solutions administered through a butterfly-type 25 needles. Six-hour infusions with a rather diluted solution (12 g dextrose, 1.25 g. aminoacids, 1.5 mEq., Na, Cl, K and PO4 and 1.5 mEq. Ca and Mg per 100 ml.) with osmolality of 930 and pH of 6.9 were slightly harmful, while the lesions were considerable after 12-hours infusions. A more concentrated solution (15.83 g. dextrose, 2.08 g. aminoacids, 2.5 mEq. Na, Cl, K and PO4 0.2 MEq. Ca and Mg per 100 ml.) with osmolality of 1,600 and pH 6.7 produced severe lesions both after 6 and 12-hours infusions. Similar results were obtained with a mixture of this solution with intralipid at clinical doses (4 g. fat for 100 ml. of solution). This mixture had 1,280 mOsm/1. and pH of 6.7. Rather surprisingly the lesions were even more marked when intralipid alone was infused (osmolality 317, pH 7.5). These results lead to the conclusion that practically all fluids used for parenteral feeding purposes either centrally or peripherally, are considerably harmful for the venous wall after a few hours of infusion, probably due to their shifts from isoosmolality and chemical neutrality. Specially puzzling was the harmful local effect of the otherwise well tolerated intralipid.", "PMID": 418713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9754", "title": "[Ketotic hiperglycinemia: one case of possible propionic acidemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present the first case to be observed in Spain of neonatal propionic acidemia. The subject is a newborn with symtoms free interval, family consanquinity and siblings who have died prematurely with a similar picture of hyperventilation \"sine materiae\", progressive metabolic acidosis without anionic discrepancy and terminal coma. The possibility that it might be a question of other metabolopathies is under discussion, but bio-chemical examination, with discovery of large quantities of propionic acid in urine (51 mcg./ml.) and concentrations of aminoacids in plasma, strongly suggest the diagnosis of a new case of neonatal propionic acidemia.", "contents": "[Ketotic hiperglycinemia: one case of possible propionic acidemia (author's transl)]. Authors present the first case to be observed in Spain of neonatal propionic acidemia. The subject is a newborn with symtoms free interval, family consanquinity and siblings who have died prematurely with a similar picture of hyperventilation \"sine materiae\", progressive metabolic acidosis without anionic discrepancy and terminal coma. The possibility that it might be a question of other metabolopathies is under discussion, but bio-chemical examination, with discovery of large quantities of propionic acid in urine (51 mcg./ml.) and concentrations of aminoacids in plasma, strongly suggest the diagnosis of a new case of neonatal propionic acidemia.", "PMID": 418714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9755", "title": "Toxigenic Aspergilli isolated from different sources in Egypt.", "content": "45 cultures of Aspergillus, belonging to 25 species isolated from different sources in Egypt, were tested for toxicity to chicken embryos and to Bacillus megaterium growth. Mycotoxins were detected by TLC analysis. 30 isolates out of 45 exhibited toxicity. 3 isolates were recorded as high-toxin producers. (A. egyptiacus, A. carneus and A. terricola). The 2 former produced unknown toxins, while A. terricola produced aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2). Aflatoxins production by A. terricola is reported for the first time.", "contents": "Toxigenic Aspergilli isolated from different sources in Egypt. 45 cultures of Aspergillus, belonging to 25 species isolated from different sources in Egypt, were tested for toxicity to chicken embryos and to Bacillus megaterium growth. Mycotoxins were detected by TLC analysis. 30 isolates out of 45 exhibited toxicity. 3 isolates were recorded as high-toxin producers. (A. egyptiacus, A. carneus and A. terricola). The 2 former produced unknown toxins, while A. terricola produced aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2). Aflatoxins production by A. terricola is reported for the first time.", "PMID": 418720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9756", "title": "[Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus in soya and other legumes].", "content": "There is no doubt that our programme of applied nutrition must include soya on account of the high nutritive value of the legume. This underlines research undertaken here regarding the risks of contamination by A. flavus and the subsequent formation of aflatoxins on and in soya beans. We have studied on parallel lines soya beans and other legumes important in the local dietary habits. These legumes are either obtained locally or imported. On every specimen of legume we have tried to confirm, or otherwise, the presence of A. flavus and the aflatoxins. This was followed by experimenting on the conditions for growth and formation of aflatoxins on every one of the legumes. During subsequent experiments we have studied mixtures of legumes containing soya. Research on these lines has shown the inhibitory effects of legumes such as lentils, dried garden peas, Bengal gram, green peas, red peas, and broad beans on the growth of A. flavus and the formation of aflatoxins. Groundnut, on the other hand, seems to encourage such growth and such formation. The results of the experiments carried out, as above, lead us to conclude that soya must form part of our national food monitoring programme.", "contents": "[Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus in soya and other legumes]. There is no doubt that our programme of applied nutrition must include soya on account of the high nutritive value of the legume. This underlines research undertaken here regarding the risks of contamination by A. flavus and the subsequent formation of aflatoxins on and in soya beans. We have studied on parallel lines soya beans and other legumes important in the local dietary habits. These legumes are either obtained locally or imported. On every specimen of legume we have tried to confirm, or otherwise, the presence of A. flavus and the aflatoxins. This was followed by experimenting on the conditions for growth and formation of aflatoxins on every one of the legumes. During subsequent experiments we have studied mixtures of legumes containing soya. Research on these lines has shown the inhibitory effects of legumes such as lentils, dried garden peas, Bengal gram, green peas, red peas, and broad beans on the growth of A. flavus and the formation of aflatoxins. Groundnut, on the other hand, seems to encourage such growth and such formation. The results of the experiments carried out, as above, lead us to conclude that soya must form part of our national food monitoring programme.", "PMID": 418721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9757", "title": "Ocular findings in a newborn with cri du chat syndrome.", "content": "A deletion of the short arm of chromosome No. 5 has been termed the cri du chat (cat cry) syndrome. We report the first ophthalmologic examination of a newborn infant with this syndrome. Multiple ophthalmic abnormalities were found, including hypertelorism, telecanthus, epicanthal folds, antimongoloid palpebral fissures, exotropia, optic atrophy, and tortuosity of the retinal vasculature. It is of interest that these changes are congenital and present at birth, rather than developmental. Although such individuals are usually so severely mentally retarded that no ophthalmologic intervention is indicated, there are rare exceptions, and each case must be judged individually. Ten percent to 15% of these children inherit the chromosomal abnormality from phenotypically normal parents. Chromosomes from each parent should therefore be evaluated for the purposes of genetic counseling.", "contents": "Ocular findings in a newborn with cri du chat syndrome. A deletion of the short arm of chromosome No. 5 has been termed the cri du chat (cat cry) syndrome. We report the first ophthalmologic examination of a newborn infant with this syndrome. Multiple ophthalmic abnormalities were found, including hypertelorism, telecanthus, epicanthal folds, antimongoloid palpebral fissures, exotropia, optic atrophy, and tortuosity of the retinal vasculature. It is of interest that these changes are congenital and present at birth, rather than developmental. Although such individuals are usually so severely mentally retarded that no ophthalmologic intervention is indicated, there are rare exceptions, and each case must be judged individually. Ten percent to 15% of these children inherit the chromosomal abnormality from phenotypically normal parents. Chromosomes from each parent should therefore be evaluated for the purposes of genetic counseling.", "PMID": 418724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9758", "title": "[Hepatocystis brosseti n. sp. Haemproteidae, parasite of Epomops franqueti, Pteropinae, in Gabon].", "content": "Epomops franqueti (Pteriopinae) trapped around Makokou (Gabon) are frequently infected with Hepatocystis brosseti n. sp. Blood smears and tissue sections were made; all schizonts were found in the liver except a single one in the spleen. In liver, near maturity the schizonts are extracellular, convoluted, medium sized (250 mu) and filled with abundant colloidal substance.", "contents": "[Hepatocystis brosseti n. sp. Haemproteidae, parasite of Epomops franqueti, Pteropinae, in Gabon]. Epomops franqueti (Pteriopinae) trapped around Makokou (Gabon) are frequently infected with Hepatocystis brosseti n. sp. Blood smears and tissue sections were made; all schizonts were found in the liver except a single one in the spleen. In liver, near maturity the schizonts are extracellular, convoluted, medium sized (250 mu) and filled with abundant colloidal substance.", "PMID": 418727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9759", "title": "[Study of the thyroid function by the I-M TRH test (2 mg) (author's transl)].", "content": "The responses of TSH, T3 and T4 to intramuscular administration of 2 mg of TRH were compared in the same subjects to those observed after intravenous injection of 200 microgram of TRH. In 12 normal subjects the TSH and T3 peaks were significantly higher after intramuscular injection. There was no difference in T4 levels. In 15 patients: 5 toxic adenomas after surgery and 10 Graves' disease after treatment the results were comparable for TSH and T3 by the two routes.", "contents": "[Study of the thyroid function by the I-M TRH test (2 mg) (author's transl)]. The responses of TSH, T3 and T4 to intramuscular administration of 2 mg of TRH were compared in the same subjects to those observed after intravenous injection of 200 microgram of TRH. In 12 normal subjects the TSH and T3 peaks were significantly higher after intramuscular injection. There was no difference in T4 levels. In 15 patients: 5 toxic adenomas after surgery and 10 Graves' disease after treatment the results were comparable for TSH and T3 by the two routes.", "PMID": 418731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9760", "title": "[Chronologic study of free T3 and T4, of responses to TRH and of the suppression test during treatment of Basedow's disease].", "content": "32 patients with Graves' Disease were investigated before treatment, during ATD therapy and after recovery with a normal T3 suppression test. Before treatment, TRH response was negative with elevated values of plasma TT4, AFT4, TT3 and AFT3. The 3d, 6 - 9 and 12-18 months and after recovery, several patients remained unresponders to TRH despite normal AFT4 and AFT3 in serum. In an opposite way some patients were responders, 1 month after ATD withdrawal, at the 6-9 month, with elevated values of AFT4 or AFT3. The discrepancy between TRH response and T3 suppression test is pointed out after recovery. The unresponsiveness of TSH to TRH unexplained by serum AFT4 or AFT3 may be due to : 1) a decrease in pituitary TSH stores. 2) an unknown factor inhibiting TSH release during Graves' disease 3) an hypersensitivity of thyreotrop cells to T3.", "contents": "[Chronologic study of free T3 and T4, of responses to TRH and of the suppression test during treatment of Basedow's disease]. 32 patients with Graves' Disease were investigated before treatment, during ATD therapy and after recovery with a normal T3 suppression test. Before treatment, TRH response was negative with elevated values of plasma TT4, AFT4, TT3 and AFT3. The 3d, 6 - 9 and 12-18 months and after recovery, several patients remained unresponders to TRH despite normal AFT4 and AFT3 in serum. In an opposite way some patients were responders, 1 month after ATD withdrawal, at the 6-9 month, with elevated values of AFT4 or AFT3. The discrepancy between TRH response and T3 suppression test is pointed out after recovery. The unresponsiveness of TSH to TRH unexplained by serum AFT4 or AFT3 may be due to : 1) a decrease in pituitary TSH stores. 2) an unknown factor inhibiting TSH release during Graves' disease 3) an hypersensitivity of thyreotrop cells to T3.", "PMID": 418732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9761", "title": "[Dermatophytosis, pseudo-dermatophytosis and healthy cutaneous portage observed in Platyrhini and Cynomorpha monkeys (author's transl)].", "content": "The most frequent tinea of the subhuman Primates are microsporosis due to Microsporum canis or trichophytosis at Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. simii. The T. mentagrophytes, an anthropo-zoophilic species must be differenciated from T. rubrum and T. interdigitale, dermatophytes of the man; due to the importance of that diagnosis in Primate mycology, some tests are used for the differenciation. Between the 226 monkeys investigated it was registered: 2 trichophytosis at T. mentagrophytes (an onychosis in a Cebus capucinus and a back-skin implantation in a Cercopithecus mona campbelli) and 13 cases of pseudo-dermatophytosis cutaneous disorders. From 40 of the 221 healthy subjects were discovered 14 porteur monkeys of keratinophilic fungi (2 T. terrestre, 1 Keratinomyces ajelloi, 5 Chrysosporium keratinophilus and 7 Chrysosporium sp.). The question of the alopecia of the Primates, without isolating a dermatophyte, was discussed.", "contents": "[Dermatophytosis, pseudo-dermatophytosis and healthy cutaneous portage observed in Platyrhini and Cynomorpha monkeys (author's transl)]. The most frequent tinea of the subhuman Primates are microsporosis due to Microsporum canis or trichophytosis at Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. simii. The T. mentagrophytes, an anthropo-zoophilic species must be differenciated from T. rubrum and T. interdigitale, dermatophytes of the man; due to the importance of that diagnosis in Primate mycology, some tests are used for the differenciation. Between the 226 monkeys investigated it was registered: 2 trichophytosis at T. mentagrophytes (an onychosis in a Cebus capucinus and a back-skin implantation in a Cercopithecus mona campbelli) and 13 cases of pseudo-dermatophytosis cutaneous disorders. From 40 of the 221 healthy subjects were discovered 14 porteur monkeys of keratinophilic fungi (2 T. terrestre, 1 Keratinomyces ajelloi, 5 Chrysosporium keratinophilus and 7 Chrysosporium sp.). The question of the alopecia of the Primates, without isolating a dermatophyte, was discussed.", "PMID": 418728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9762", "title": "[Alterations in thyroid hormones and thyrotropin response to TRH in cirrhotic patients with or without hyperammonemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and TSH response to TRH are studied in normal controls and in patients with liver cirrhosis. T3 levels are significantly diminished in the cirrhotic group while the mean total T4 concentration, the basal TSH and the magnitude of the peak response to TRH are similar in cirrhotic and control patients. However when the cirrhotic patients are separated in two groups according to the level of arterial ammonemia, it appears that the group with hyperammonemia (n = 10) has a significantly higher peak response than the control group. Since hyperammonemia is a wittness of hepatic encephalopathy it is suggested that TSH release or synthesis may be modified by this situation resulting from a cerebral accumulation of false neurotransmitters and a depletion of aminergic mediators.", "contents": "[Alterations in thyroid hormones and thyrotropin response to TRH in cirrhotic patients with or without hyperammonemia (author's transl)]. Serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and TSH response to TRH are studied in normal controls and in patients with liver cirrhosis. T3 levels are significantly diminished in the cirrhotic group while the mean total T4 concentration, the basal TSH and the magnitude of the peak response to TRH are similar in cirrhotic and control patients. However when the cirrhotic patients are separated in two groups according to the level of arterial ammonemia, it appears that the group with hyperammonemia (n = 10) has a significantly higher peak response than the control group. Since hyperammonemia is a wittness of hepatic encephalopathy it is suggested that TSH release or synthesis may be modified by this situation resulting from a cerebral accumulation of false neurotransmitters and a depletion of aminergic mediators.", "PMID": 418733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9763", "title": "[Contribution to the study of ontogeny of the cells synthetizing IgE class immunoglobulins (author's transl)].", "content": "It is known that a treatment, initiated with birth, of repeated injections of anti-mu heavy chain sera leads in mice to considerable decrease of the serum level of the various classes of immunoglobulins : IgM, IgA, IgG1, IgG2. A similar treatment led to similar results in rats but, in addition, made it clear that the IgE serum level was also decreased by the treatment. Moreover, a series of injections of an anti-rat IgD serum also produced a significative decrease of the IgE serum level. The results suggest that the precursor cells of the IgE plasma cells are bearing molecules of IgM and IgD classes on their membrane.", "contents": "[Contribution to the study of ontogeny of the cells synthetizing IgE class immunoglobulins (author's transl)]. It is known that a treatment, initiated with birth, of repeated injections of anti-mu heavy chain sera leads in mice to considerable decrease of the serum level of the various classes of immunoglobulins : IgM, IgA, IgG1, IgG2. A similar treatment led to similar results in rats but, in addition, made it clear that the IgE serum level was also decreased by the treatment. Moreover, a series of injections of an anti-rat IgD serum also produced a significative decrease of the IgE serum level. The results suggest that the precursor cells of the IgE plasma cells are bearing molecules of IgM and IgD classes on their membrane.", "PMID": 418734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9764", "title": "The pathophysiology of focal epilepsy: neurophysiological considerations.", "content": "The study of epilepsy serves to emphasize the importance of integrating basic research with clinical data. In this selective review, the results of recent experiments using intracellular recording techniques, ion-specific microelectrodes, and a methodology suitable for studying mammalian cortex in vitro are discussed in terms of cellular phenomena which underlie clinical observations made in epileptic patients. This information has begun to clarify: (1) the changes in neuronal behavior associated with interictal and ictal events; (2) alterations in local ionic microenvironment which occur during focal epileptogenesis; (3) intrinsic control mechanisms which serve to restrict seizure spread; (4) neuronal characteristics which account for the differences in seizure patterns seen in infants and adults; and (5) the possible long-term consequences of recurrent local neuronal hyperexcitability.", "contents": "The pathophysiology of focal epilepsy: neurophysiological considerations. The study of epilepsy serves to emphasize the importance of integrating basic research with clinical data. In this selective review, the results of recent experiments using intracellular recording techniques, ion-specific microelectrodes, and a methodology suitable for studying mammalian cortex in vitro are discussed in terms of cellular phenomena which underlie clinical observations made in epileptic patients. This information has begun to clarify: (1) the changes in neuronal behavior associated with interictal and ictal events; (2) alterations in local ionic microenvironment which occur during focal epileptogenesis; (3) intrinsic control mechanisms which serve to restrict seizure spread; (4) neuronal characteristics which account for the differences in seizure patterns seen in infants and adults; and (5) the possible long-term consequences of recurrent local neuronal hyperexcitability.", "PMID": 418735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9765", "title": "IgD myeloma: immunology and ultrastructure.", "content": "A case of multiple myeloma producing IgD-M component with light chains of lambda type is reported. It involved the skeleton and was complicated by compression of the spinal cord and massive extension to the pleura. The urine contained lambda Bence Jones protein. Under the electron microscope, the neoplastic plasma cells showed dissociation between nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation.", "contents": "IgD myeloma: immunology and ultrastructure. A case of multiple myeloma producing IgD-M component with light chains of lambda type is reported. It involved the skeleton and was complicated by compression of the spinal cord and massive extension to the pleura. The urine contained lambda Bence Jones protein. Under the electron microscope, the neoplastic plasma cells showed dissociation between nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation.", "PMID": 418730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9766", "title": "McArdle disease: the mystery of reappearing phosphorylase activity in muscle culture--a fetal isoenzyme.", "content": "To understand the apparently paradoxical appearance of phosphorylase in muscle cultured from patients with McArdle disease, the enzyme in muscle culture was studied immunologically and electrophoretically. Antibody against normal human muscle phosphorylase completely inhibited the enzyme of adult muscle, but it had no effect on phosphorylase activity of muscle cultures from normal individuals or patients with McArdle disease. Also, amounts of antibody that would completely inhibit phosphorylase in mature muscle left about 30% of the activity in muscle obtained from human fetus at four months' gestation. Acrylamide-disc and slab-gel electrophoresis showed a single band of phorphorylase activity in adult muscle and two bands in fetal muscle. This suggested that at four months' gestation, both fetal and mature forms are present but that only the mature isoenzyme is inhibited by the antibody. The enzyme from cultured muscle gave only a single band, with the electrophoretic mobility of the fetal isoenzyme. These data suggest that phosphorylase activity in muscle cultured from patients with McArdle disease is due to a fetal isoenzyme whose genetic control is different from that of the mature enzyme.", "contents": "McArdle disease: the mystery of reappearing phosphorylase activity in muscle culture--a fetal isoenzyme. To understand the apparently paradoxical appearance of phosphorylase in muscle cultured from patients with McArdle disease, the enzyme in muscle culture was studied immunologically and electrophoretically. Antibody against normal human muscle phosphorylase completely inhibited the enzyme of adult muscle, but it had no effect on phosphorylase activity of muscle cultures from normal individuals or patients with McArdle disease. Also, amounts of antibody that would completely inhibit phosphorylase in mature muscle left about 30% of the activity in muscle obtained from human fetus at four months' gestation. Acrylamide-disc and slab-gel electrophoresis showed a single band of phorphorylase activity in adult muscle and two bands in fetal muscle. This suggested that at four months' gestation, both fetal and mature forms are present but that only the mature isoenzyme is inhibited by the antibody. The enzyme from cultured muscle gave only a single band, with the electrophoretic mobility of the fetal isoenzyme. These data suggest that phosphorylase activity in muscle cultured from patients with McArdle disease is due to a fetal isoenzyme whose genetic control is different from that of the mature enzyme.", "PMID": 418736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9767", "title": "Familial multiple sclerosis: clinical, histocompatibility, and viral serological studies.", "content": "Evaluation of presumed \"multiple sclerosis families\" and comparison with recently reported families has led us to the following observations: (1) Seven of our original fourteen presumptive multiple sclerosis families had to be eliminated after personal clinical evaluation of family members failed to confirm the diagnosis in a second close relative. (2) No segregation of HLA type was noted between affected and unaffected individuals in our seven bona fide multiple sclerosis families, and no consistent segregation was noted in the twenty-eight families reported elsewhere. This supports other genetic evidence that there is not a single, major gene mapping in the HLA complex which predisposes to multiple sclerosis. (3) The DW2 antigen was increased in frequency among affected members of our families, and the A3 B7 haplotype was more frequent among affected members of other families reported. But unaffected members also tended to have an increased frequency of these same antigens. (4) No relationship was noted between HLA type and antimeasles antibody titer within our families.", "contents": "Familial multiple sclerosis: clinical, histocompatibility, and viral serological studies. Evaluation of presumed \"multiple sclerosis families\" and comparison with recently reported families has led us to the following observations: (1) Seven of our original fourteen presumptive multiple sclerosis families had to be eliminated after personal clinical evaluation of family members failed to confirm the diagnosis in a second close relative. (2) No segregation of HLA type was noted between affected and unaffected individuals in our seven bona fide multiple sclerosis families, and no consistent segregation was noted in the twenty-eight families reported elsewhere. This supports other genetic evidence that there is not a single, major gene mapping in the HLA complex which predisposes to multiple sclerosis. (3) The DW2 antigen was increased in frequency among affected members of our families, and the A3 B7 haplotype was more frequent among affected members of other families reported. But unaffected members also tended to have an increased frequency of these same antigens. (4) No relationship was noted between HLA type and antimeasles antibody titer within our families.", "PMID": 418737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9768", "title": "Levodopa in Parkinson disease: a long-term appraisal of mortality.", "content": "Mortality rates for a group of patients in a collaborative multicenter study of levodopa (Larodopa) in the treatment of parkinsonism were compared with corresponding mortality rates in the general population adjusted for age and sex distribution in accordance with that of the parkinsonian patients under study. The death rate, conservatively adjusted for dropouts among parkinsonian patients, is estimated to be approximately 33% greater than that for the general population. This is in contrast to an earlier study of Hoehn and Yahr, prior to the advent of levodopa treatment, wherein the mortality rate for parkinsonian patients was shown to be in excess of that in the general population by a factor of 2.9, or nearly 200%.", "contents": "Levodopa in Parkinson disease: a long-term appraisal of mortality. Mortality rates for a group of patients in a collaborative multicenter study of levodopa (Larodopa) in the treatment of parkinsonism were compared with corresponding mortality rates in the general population adjusted for age and sex distribution in accordance with that of the parkinsonian patients under study. The death rate, conservatively adjusted for dropouts among parkinsonian patients, is estimated to be approximately 33% greater than that for the general population. This is in contrast to an earlier study of Hoehn and Yahr, prior to the advent of levodopa treatment, wherein the mortality rate for parkinsonian patients was shown to be in excess of that in the general population by a factor of 2.9, or nearly 200%.", "PMID": 418738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9769", "title": "Isolation and properties of fungi that lyse blue-green algae.", "content": "Of 70 pure microbial cultures isolated from aquatic habitats, soil, and air according to the ability to lyse live blue-green algae, 62 were fungi representing the genera Acremonium, Emericellopsis, and Verticillium. Algal-lysing fungi were isolated from all habitat types sampled. The remaining isolates comprised four bacteria and four streptomycetes. All isolates lysed Anabaena flos-aquae and, in most cases, several other filamentous and unicellular blue-green algae. The fungi generally showed greater activity than most other isolates towards a wider range of susceptible algae, including green algae in some cases. Acremonium and Emericellopsis isolates, but not Verticillium, also inhibited the growth of blue-green algae and gram-positive bacteria, but did not lyse the latter. Lysis of blue green algae by Acremonium and Emericellopsis spp. was associated with the formation of diffusible heat-stable extracellular factors which, evidence suggests, could be cephalosporin antibiotic(s). Blue-green algae were also lysed by pure cephalosporin C. The frequent isolation of lytic fungi from algal habitats suggests a possible natural algal-destroying role for such fungi, which might be exploitable for algal bloom control.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of fungi that lyse blue-green algae. Of 70 pure microbial cultures isolated from aquatic habitats, soil, and air according to the ability to lyse live blue-green algae, 62 were fungi representing the genera Acremonium, Emericellopsis, and Verticillium. Algal-lysing fungi were isolated from all habitat types sampled. The remaining isolates comprised four bacteria and four streptomycetes. All isolates lysed Anabaena flos-aquae and, in most cases, several other filamentous and unicellular blue-green algae. The fungi generally showed greater activity than most other isolates towards a wider range of susceptible algae, including green algae in some cases. Acremonium and Emericellopsis isolates, but not Verticillium, also inhibited the growth of blue-green algae and gram-positive bacteria, but did not lyse the latter. Lysis of blue green algae by Acremonium and Emericellopsis spp. was associated with the formation of diffusible heat-stable extracellular factors which, evidence suggests, could be cephalosporin antibiotic(s). Blue-green algae were also lysed by pure cephalosporin C. The frequent isolation of lytic fungi from algal habitats suggests a possible natural algal-destroying role for such fungi, which might be exploitable for algal bloom control.", "PMID": 418740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9770", "title": "Suggested procedure allowing use of plastic petri dishes in bacteriocin typing.", "content": "After bacteria are mechanically removed from solid media, the remaining viable cells can be killed by exposure to chloroform vapors. Until recently, the applicability of this procedure was restricted to glass petri dishes. Here a procedure is described in which plastic petri dishes are used and remain stable in the presence of chloroform vapors.", "contents": "Suggested procedure allowing use of plastic petri dishes in bacteriocin typing. After bacteria are mechanically removed from solid media, the remaining viable cells can be killed by exposure to chloroform vapors. Until recently, the applicability of this procedure was restricted to glass petri dishes. Here a procedure is described in which plastic petri dishes are used and remain stable in the presence of chloroform vapors.", "PMID": 418741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9771", "title": "Sarcocystis cymruensis n. sp., a parasite of rats Rattus norvegicus and cats Felis catus.", "content": "Sarcocystic cymruensis n. sp. is described from wild Rattus norvegicus. The parasite, which was maintained cyclically in rats and cats in the laboratory, resembles S. muris but was not infective for laboratory mice. Sporocysts were produced by cats within four days, but only in very small numbers. Muscle cysts were distinguishable in rats after three months, and grew continuously reacing 5 cm in length at nine months.", "contents": "Sarcocystis cymruensis n. sp., a parasite of rats Rattus norvegicus and cats Felis catus. Sarcocystic cymruensis n. sp. is described from wild Rattus norvegicus. The parasite, which was maintained cyclically in rats and cats in the laboratory, resembles S. muris but was not infective for laboratory mice. Sporocysts were produced by cats within four days, but only in very small numbers. Muscle cysts were distinguishable in rats after three months, and grew continuously reacing 5 cm in length at nine months.", "PMID": 418743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9772", "title": "Mode of action of the 2-nitroimidazole derivative benznidazole.", "content": "Using cultures of Trypanosoma cruzi cells in a liquid medium, the mode of action of the 2-nitroimidazole derivative benznidazole was examined. Benznidazole inhibits protein synthesis and RNA synthesis in T. cruzy. The DNA synthesis is only slightly decreased and no effect on the aerobic respiration of T. cruzi was observed.", "contents": "Mode of action of the 2-nitroimidazole derivative benznidazole. Using cultures of Trypanosoma cruzi cells in a liquid medium, the mode of action of the 2-nitroimidazole derivative benznidazole was examined. Benznidazole inhibits protein synthesis and RNA synthesis in T. cruzy. The DNA synthesis is only slightly decreased and no effect on the aerobic respiration of T. cruzi was observed.", "PMID": 418744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9773", "title": "Long-term treatment of onchocerciasis in children with low doses of diethylcarbamazine.", "content": "Two groups of children were treated daily with 12.5 or 25 mg diethylcarbamazine for five months and a further group with 12.5 mg daily for seven weeks; 88 children completed the course. The trial was under constant supervision and ophthalmic and parasitological examinations were carried out at approximately one-month intervals. The acceptability of the drug was poor owing to adverse reactions, but the clinical response to treatment good.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of onchocerciasis in children with low doses of diethylcarbamazine. Two groups of children were treated daily with 12.5 or 25 mg diethylcarbamazine for five months and a further group with 12.5 mg daily for seven weeks; 88 children completed the course. The trial was under constant supervision and ophthalmic and parasitological examinations were carried out at approximately one-month intervals. The acceptability of the drug was poor owing to adverse reactions, but the clinical response to treatment good.", "PMID": 418745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9774", "title": "Inhibition of DMBA-induced carcinogenesis by phenformin in the mammary gland of rats.", "content": "It is shown that daily oral administration of 5--10 mg of an antidiabetic biguanide-phenformin (phenethyl-biguanide) for 2.5--5 months suppressed DMBA-induced mammary tumour development in rats considerably. Phenformin-treated rats revealed-a tendency towards a decrease in blood insulin level (radioimmunoassay). The obtained data are regarded as additional evidence for the proposed existence of the same metabolic background of diseases of compensation, i.e. adult-onset diabetes, artherosclerosis and cancer, and suggest studies on possible antitumour effect of phenformin in man.", "contents": "Inhibition of DMBA-induced carcinogenesis by phenformin in the mammary gland of rats. It is shown that daily oral administration of 5--10 mg of an antidiabetic biguanide-phenformin (phenethyl-biguanide) for 2.5--5 months suppressed DMBA-induced mammary tumour development in rats considerably. Phenformin-treated rats revealed-a tendency towards a decrease in blood insulin level (radioimmunoassay). The obtained data are regarded as additional evidence for the proposed existence of the same metabolic background of diseases of compensation, i.e. adult-onset diabetes, artherosclerosis and cancer, and suggest studies on possible antitumour effect of phenformin in man.", "PMID": 418748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9775", "title": "[Screening for lung cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Incidence of lung cancer is high in the male population of the German Democratic Republic: 0,005--4,63 per thousand annualy in the age groups 25 years and above. Therefore, efforts to improve early detection are mandatory. Possibilities and effectivity of screening for lung cancer are discussed. Only mass X-ray examination and exfoliative cytology have up to now gained practical importance. Most roentgenological studies performed so far show methodological weaknesses. Based upon recent studies of screening of high risk groups in the USA and in the GDR, it is suggested that this method applied in short intervals may be effective. Cytological screening of risk groups demands high costs and cannot be implemented on a broad base. Ways of optimization of cost-benefit ratio in roentgenological screening are discussed.", "contents": "[Screening for lung cancer (author's transl)]. Incidence of lung cancer is high in the male population of the German Democratic Republic: 0,005--4,63 per thousand annualy in the age groups 25 years and above. Therefore, efforts to improve early detection are mandatory. Possibilities and effectivity of screening for lung cancer are discussed. Only mass X-ray examination and exfoliative cytology have up to now gained practical importance. Most roentgenological studies performed so far show methodological weaknesses. Based upon recent studies of screening of high risk groups in the USA and in the GDR, it is suggested that this method applied in short intervals may be effective. Cytological screening of risk groups demands high costs and cannot be implemented on a broad base. Ways of optimization of cost-benefit ratio in roentgenological screening are discussed.", "PMID": 418749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9776", "title": "Exacerbation generalized nonconvulsive seizures with ethosuximide therapy.", "content": "We describe a patient whose absence seizures increased greatly in number after the addition of ethosuximide to ongoing phenobarbital therapy. This unusual response and review of other cases in the literature suggested the possibility of some as yet underfined interaction between ethosuximide and other anticonvulsant drugs. That a particular subytpe of epilepsy may be worsened by ethosuximide therapy is also considered.", "contents": "Exacerbation generalized nonconvulsive seizures with ethosuximide therapy. We describe a patient whose absence seizures increased greatly in number after the addition of ethosuximide to ongoing phenobarbital therapy. This unusual response and review of other cases in the literature suggested the possibility of some as yet underfined interaction between ethosuximide and other anticonvulsant drugs. That a particular subytpe of epilepsy may be worsened by ethosuximide therapy is also considered.", "PMID": 418751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9777", "title": "Grand mal seizures after retrobulbar block.", "content": "Convulsions developed in two patients after retrobulbar block. The amount of local anesthetic agent that was used was considerably less than the intravenous toxic dose in both cases. No retrobulbar hemorrhage resulted. The probable cause of seizures was inadvertent injection of local anesthetic directly to the CNS via the ophthalmic artery or its sheath.", "contents": "Grand mal seizures after retrobulbar block. Convulsions developed in two patients after retrobulbar block. The amount of local anesthetic agent that was used was considerably less than the intravenous toxic dose in both cases. No retrobulbar hemorrhage resulted. The probable cause of seizures was inadvertent injection of local anesthetic directly to the CNS via the ophthalmic artery or its sheath.", "PMID": 418755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9778", "title": "Optic nerve in globoid leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease). Ultrastructural changes.", "content": "Globoid leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease) was diagnosed in an infant in whom a progressive neurological disorder and optic atrophy developed. At autopsy, ultrastructural examination of the optic nerves and cerebral white matter revealed characteristic tubular inclusions in globoid-epithelioid cells. Thinning of the nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers of the retina appeared to be due to retrograde degeneration of the optic nerve related to the abnormal metabolism of myelin. We discuss the pathogenesis of the clinical and pathological ocular findings, with regard to the inherited absence of the enzyme galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase and the accumulation in the optic nerve and brain of its substrates, galactocerebroside and psychosine.", "contents": "Optic nerve in globoid leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease). Ultrastructural changes. Globoid leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease) was diagnosed in an infant in whom a progressive neurological disorder and optic atrophy developed. At autopsy, ultrastructural examination of the optic nerves and cerebral white matter revealed characteristic tubular inclusions in globoid-epithelioid cells. Thinning of the nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers of the retina appeared to be due to retrograde degeneration of the optic nerve related to the abnormal metabolism of myelin. We discuss the pathogenesis of the clinical and pathological ocular findings, with regard to the inherited absence of the enzyme galactocerebroside beta-galactosidase and the accumulation in the optic nerve and brain of its substrates, galactocerebroside and psychosine.", "PMID": 418756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9779", "title": "Involutional entropion. A review with evaluation of a procedure.", "content": "The pathophysiologic changes that lead to involutional entropion are discussed. The Quickert entropion operation gives good results because it rectifies the effect of enophthalmos; it restricts the upward movement of the preseptal muscle; it repairs the relaxation or disinsertion of the lower eyelid retractors; and it corrects the buckling of the upper tarsal border. Using this procedure, the recurrence rate of 3.7% is comparable with that of other procedures.", "contents": "Involutional entropion. A review with evaluation of a procedure. The pathophysiologic changes that lead to involutional entropion are discussed. The Quickert entropion operation gives good results because it rectifies the effect of enophthalmos; it restricts the upward movement of the preseptal muscle; it repairs the relaxation or disinsertion of the lower eyelid retractors; and it corrects the buckling of the upper tarsal border. Using this procedure, the recurrence rate of 3.7% is comparable with that of other procedures.", "PMID": 418757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9780", "title": "Penetrating keratoplasty with fresh and cryopreserved corneas. Donor endothelial cell survival in primates.", "content": "Eight monkeys received bilateral corneal transplants, one fresh and one cryopreserved, from eight other healthy monkeys of sex opposite to that of the recipients. Three of the animals maintained clear grafts in both eyes, and the sex chromatin patterns of the corneal endothelial cells in these transplants were studied at one, two, and three years after keratoplasty. Definite survival of donor endothelial cells of their progeny was observed in each graft, and the percentage of cells of donor origin was similar for both fresh and cryopreserved grafts at each timer period.", "contents": "Penetrating keratoplasty with fresh and cryopreserved corneas. Donor endothelial cell survival in primates. Eight monkeys received bilateral corneal transplants, one fresh and one cryopreserved, from eight other healthy monkeys of sex opposite to that of the recipients. Three of the animals maintained clear grafts in both eyes, and the sex chromatin patterns of the corneal endothelial cells in these transplants were studied at one, two, and three years after keratoplasty. Definite survival of donor endothelial cells of their progeny was observed in each graft, and the percentage of cells of donor origin was similar for both fresh and cryopreserved grafts at each timer period.", "PMID": 418758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9781", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens (HLA): associations with immunopathic diseases and with responses to microbial antigens.", "content": "Described is the experience from a single histocompatibility typing laboratory sampling, firstly, Australian patients with various immunopathic diseases and, secondly, subjects previously classified as \"responders\" or \"non-responders\" to various microbial antigens. The diseases considered included chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and various cirrhoses, \"thyrogastric\" autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) with intestinal villous atrophy, and multiple sclerosis (MS). The immune responses considered included those to flagellin, candidin, mumps, trichophyton, tuberculin and streptococcal enzymes. The HLA specificities particularly associated with disease included B8 (CAH, thyrotoxicosis SLE, DH, and miscellaneous immunopathic diseases) and B7 (thyrotoxicosis, SLE, DH, and MS). The same specificities were present in excess, although not impressively so, among responders to certain of the microbial antigens, i.e. B7 with high responders to flagellin and B8 (and A1) with responders to trichophyton.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens (HLA): associations with immunopathic diseases and with responses to microbial antigens. Described is the experience from a single histocompatibility typing laboratory sampling, firstly, Australian patients with various immunopathic diseases and, secondly, subjects previously classified as \"responders\" or \"non-responders\" to various microbial antigens. The diseases considered included chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and various cirrhoses, \"thyrogastric\" autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) with intestinal villous atrophy, and multiple sclerosis (MS). The immune responses considered included those to flagellin, candidin, mumps, trichophyton, tuberculin and streptococcal enzymes. The HLA specificities particularly associated with disease included B8 (CAH, thyrotoxicosis SLE, DH, and miscellaneous immunopathic diseases) and B7 (thyrotoxicosis, SLE, DH, and MS). The same specificities were present in excess, although not impressively so, among responders to certain of the microbial antigens, i.e. B7 with high responders to flagellin and B8 (and A1) with responders to trichophyton.", "PMID": 418759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9782", "title": "Sheep mortalities associated with the blue green alga Nodularia spumigena.", "content": "In 2 field mortalities studied, sheep died and showed haemorrhage and diffuse liver necrosis after drinking water from dams containing growths of the blue green algae Nodularia. Sheep dosed with water containing N. spumigena Mert 5, 9 and 18 days after collection from one of the farm dams developed pyrexia and leucopenia before death. At necropsy, these sheep showed extensive haemorrhage, accumulations of yellow fluid in body cavitis and acute hepatic necrosis. Guinea pigs dosed with the water 9 days after collection died and developed periacinar liver necrosis, but those dosed 12 days after collection did not.", "contents": "Sheep mortalities associated with the blue green alga Nodularia spumigena. In 2 field mortalities studied, sheep died and showed haemorrhage and diffuse liver necrosis after drinking water from dams containing growths of the blue green algae Nodularia. Sheep dosed with water containing N. spumigena Mert 5, 9 and 18 days after collection from one of the farm dams developed pyrexia and leucopenia before death. At necropsy, these sheep showed extensive haemorrhage, accumulations of yellow fluid in body cavitis and acute hepatic necrosis. Guinea pigs dosed with the water 9 days after collection died and developed periacinar liver necrosis, but those dosed 12 days after collection did not.", "PMID": 418760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9783", "title": "Survivorship of drosophila in nitrogen reduced hypobaric atmospheres.", "content": "Populations of Drosophila melanogaster were maintained from eclosure to death in 150 torr oxygen/150 torr nitrogen (300 torr total pressure). Survivorship was identical to siblings maintained in normal atmospheric pressures. The study demonstrates that a significant reduction in atmospheric nitrogen does not affect the toxicity of oxygen at normal partial pressures. The author indicates that this information provides the basis for future studies concerning hypobaric, oxygen-enriched atmospheres.", "contents": "Survivorship of drosophila in nitrogen reduced hypobaric atmospheres. Populations of Drosophila melanogaster were maintained from eclosure to death in 150 torr oxygen/150 torr nitrogen (300 torr total pressure). Survivorship was identical to siblings maintained in normal atmospheric pressures. The study demonstrates that a significant reduction in atmospheric nitrogen does not affect the toxicity of oxygen at normal partial pressures. The author indicates that this information provides the basis for future studies concerning hypobaric, oxygen-enriched atmospheres.", "PMID": 418774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9784", "title": "Sequence of the full-length immunoglobulin kappa-chain of mouse myeloma MPC 11.", "content": "MPC 11 mouse myeloma cells synthesize two immunoglobulin kappa light chains, coded by two separate genes. One of these Kappa-chains has no variable region and is degraded intracellularly. The other is a full-length kappa-chain contaning both variable and constant regions: this chain is secreted, both by itself and combined with heavy chains in molecules of immunoglobulin G. This paper reports the amino acid sequence of the myeloma MPC 11 full-length kappa-chain. The chain is unusual in having 12 extra residues at its N-terminus when its sequence is aligned with those of other mouse kappa-chains; no other anomalies were found in its sequence.", "contents": "Sequence of the full-length immunoglobulin kappa-chain of mouse myeloma MPC 11. MPC 11 mouse myeloma cells synthesize two immunoglobulin kappa light chains, coded by two separate genes. One of these Kappa-chains has no variable region and is degraded intracellularly. The other is a full-length kappa-chain contaning both variable and constant regions: this chain is secreted, both by itself and combined with heavy chains in molecules of immunoglobulin G. This paper reports the amino acid sequence of the myeloma MPC 11 full-length kappa-chain. The chain is unusual in having 12 extra residues at its N-terminus when its sequence is aligned with those of other mouse kappa-chains; no other anomalies were found in its sequence.", "PMID": 418775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9785", "title": "Location of O-methyl sugars in antigenic (lipo-)polysaccharides of photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria.", "content": "An attempt was made to localize a number of O-methyl sugars in lipopolysaccharides and antigenic polysaccharides isolated from photosynthetic bacteria and from cyano-bacteria. Methylation analysis with [2H3]methyl iodide as methylating agent was the method of choice. One has to differentiate between (lipo-)polysaccharides having only trace amounts (less than 1% of polymer dry weight) of O-methyl sugars and those having them in larger amounts (more than 4% of polymer dry weight). In the former case O-methyl sugars occupy either non-reducing or reducing terminals. When present in larger quantities they may be present as part of each repeating unit either in chain-linked or in terminal positions or in both. A possible role of O-methyl sugars in biosynthesis of O-chains, and their contribution to the lipophilic character of the cell surface are discussed.", "contents": "Location of O-methyl sugars in antigenic (lipo-)polysaccharides of photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria. An attempt was made to localize a number of O-methyl sugars in lipopolysaccharides and antigenic polysaccharides isolated from photosynthetic bacteria and from cyano-bacteria. Methylation analysis with [2H3]methyl iodide as methylating agent was the method of choice. One has to differentiate between (lipo-)polysaccharides having only trace amounts (less than 1% of polymer dry weight) of O-methyl sugars and those having them in larger amounts (more than 4% of polymer dry weight). In the former case O-methyl sugars occupy either non-reducing or reducing terminals. When present in larger quantities they may be present as part of each repeating unit either in chain-linked or in terminal positions or in both. A possible role of O-methyl sugars in biosynthesis of O-chains, and their contribution to the lipophilic character of the cell surface are discussed.", "PMID": 418776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9786", "title": "Resolution of the methane mono-oxygenase of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) into three components. Purification and properties of component C, a flavoprotein.", "content": "1. Ion-exchange chromatography resolves the methane mono-oxygenase from soluble extracts of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) into three fractions. 2. Fractions A and B are comparatively stable at 0 degrees C, whereas fraction C is very unstable unless kept in the presence of sodium thioglycollate (1-10 mM) or dithiothreitol (5-10mM). 3. The active component from fraction C was purified some 80-fold. 4. Purified component C has mol. wt. 42000. Its solutions are yellow with absorption maxima at 270 and 465 nm and a shoulder at 395 nm. The 465 nm peak is abolished by reduction with NADH or sodium dithionite, or by photoreduction in the presence of EDTA. A new spectral species, probably a neutral flavin semiquinone, is observed on partial reduction of component C. 5. No copper was detected in samples of purified component C, but the protein contains 1.3-1.5 atoms of iron/molecule. 6. On boiling, component C releases a yellow-green fluorescent material that has been identified as FAD from its absorption and fluorescence spectra and by t.l.c. 7. Component C contains 1 mol of FAD/mol of protein.", "contents": "Resolution of the methane mono-oxygenase of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) into three components. Purification and properties of component C, a flavoprotein. 1. Ion-exchange chromatography resolves the methane mono-oxygenase from soluble extracts of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) into three fractions. 2. Fractions A and B are comparatively stable at 0 degrees C, whereas fraction C is very unstable unless kept in the presence of sodium thioglycollate (1-10 mM) or dithiothreitol (5-10mM). 3. The active component from fraction C was purified some 80-fold. 4. Purified component C has mol. wt. 42000. Its solutions are yellow with absorption maxima at 270 and 465 nm and a shoulder at 395 nm. The 465 nm peak is abolished by reduction with NADH or sodium dithionite, or by photoreduction in the presence of EDTA. A new spectral species, probably a neutral flavin semiquinone, is observed on partial reduction of component C. 5. No copper was detected in samples of purified component C, but the protein contains 1.3-1.5 atoms of iron/molecule. 6. On boiling, component C releases a yellow-green fluorescent material that has been identified as FAD from its absorption and fluorescence spectra and by t.l.c. 7. Component C contains 1 mol of FAD/mol of protein.", "PMID": 418777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9787", "title": "Extracellular manganese-stimulated deoxyribonuclease as a marker event in sporulation of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "A considerable amount of Mn2+-stimulated DNAase (deoxyribonuclease) activity is released by Bacillus subtilis 168 during sporulation in a glucose-deficient medium; much smaller amounts are released during starvation for phosphate or nitrogen. Protein synthesis is required. Two forms of evidence are presented that production of the DNAase is associated with events late in stage II of sporulation. 19 Thymidine starvation, which inhibits the biochemical events associated with sporulation, also inhibits release of the DNAase. 2. Several asporogenous mutants blocked at stage II or earlier and unable to produce alkaline phosphatase (a stage-II event) do not produce the enzyme. Mutants blocked towards the end of stage II or later produce both enzymes. During sporulation of the wild-type strain, the DNAase appears about 1 h after alkaline phosphatase. The results suggest that production of the DNAase is controlled by a still-undiscovered stage-II genetic locus.", "contents": "Extracellular manganese-stimulated deoxyribonuclease as a marker event in sporulation of Bacillus subtilis. A considerable amount of Mn2+-stimulated DNAase (deoxyribonuclease) activity is released by Bacillus subtilis 168 during sporulation in a glucose-deficient medium; much smaller amounts are released during starvation for phosphate or nitrogen. Protein synthesis is required. Two forms of evidence are presented that production of the DNAase is associated with events late in stage II of sporulation. 19 Thymidine starvation, which inhibits the biochemical events associated with sporulation, also inhibits release of the DNAase. 2. Several asporogenous mutants blocked at stage II or earlier and unable to produce alkaline phosphatase (a stage-II event) do not produce the enzyme. Mutants blocked towards the end of stage II or later produce both enzymes. During sporulation of the wild-type strain, the DNAase appears about 1 h after alkaline phosphatase. The results suggest that production of the DNAase is controlled by a still-undiscovered stage-II genetic locus.", "PMID": 418778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9788", "title": "Light chain heterogeneity of 19S and 7S anti-gamma-globulins in rheumatoid arthritis and subacute bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "Both 19S and 7S anti-gamma-globulins in rheumatoid arthritis sera are enriched in kappa light chain bearing antibody molecules when compared to total 19S and 7S globulins from the same individuals. In patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis 19S anti-gamma-globulins are also, to a degree, enriched in kappa light chains, whereas the 7S anti-gamma-globulins have kappa to lambda light chain ratios indistinguishable from total 7S globulin.", "contents": "Light chain heterogeneity of 19S and 7S anti-gamma-globulins in rheumatoid arthritis and subacute bacterial endocarditis. Both 19S and 7S anti-gamma-globulins in rheumatoid arthritis sera are enriched in kappa light chain bearing antibody molecules when compared to total 19S and 7S globulins from the same individuals. In patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis 19S anti-gamma-globulins are also, to a degree, enriched in kappa light chains, whereas the 7S anti-gamma-globulins have kappa to lambda light chain ratios indistinguishable from total 7S globulin.", "PMID": 418786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9789", "title": "Comparison of gold levels and distribution in guinea pig serum.", "content": "Serum levels after oral administration of 30 mg/kg of sodium aurothiomalate (Myocrisin), triethylphosphine gold chloride, or triphenylphosphine gold chloride to guinea pigs indicated that all were orally absorbed. However, the serum gold level of triethylphosphine gold chloride was three to four times that of Myocrisin or triphenylphosphine gold chloride and was comparable with the serum level produced when the same dose of Myocrisin was injected intramuscularly. A comparative time-course study between intramuscular administration of Myocrisin and oral administration of triethylphosphine gold chl;ride indicated that during the first 24 hours after intramuscular injection of Myocrisin, a large fraction of the gold was not protein-bound, whereas all detectable gold in serum after oral administration of triethylphosphine gold chloride was protein-bound. Gold levels in the separated protein fractions indicate that the gamma-globulin level after oral administration of triethylphosphine gold chloride is approximately three times higher after 24 hours than with intramuscular Myocrisin.", "contents": "Comparison of gold levels and distribution in guinea pig serum. Serum levels after oral administration of 30 mg/kg of sodium aurothiomalate (Myocrisin), triethylphosphine gold chloride, or triphenylphosphine gold chloride to guinea pigs indicated that all were orally absorbed. However, the serum gold level of triethylphosphine gold chloride was three to four times that of Myocrisin or triphenylphosphine gold chloride and was comparable with the serum level produced when the same dose of Myocrisin was injected intramuscularly. A comparative time-course study between intramuscular administration of Myocrisin and oral administration of triethylphosphine gold chl;ride indicated that during the first 24 hours after intramuscular injection of Myocrisin, a large fraction of the gold was not protein-bound, whereas all detectable gold in serum after oral administration of triethylphosphine gold chloride was protein-bound. Gold levels in the separated protein fractions indicate that the gamma-globulin level after oral administration of triethylphosphine gold chloride is approximately three times higher after 24 hours than with intramuscular Myocrisin.", "PMID": 418787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9790", "title": "[The problem of infections in acute leukemias: origin, therapy and prevention by protective isolation].", "content": "The most important factors of infection in leukemic patients and immunodepressive effect of chemotherapy are evaluated. The microorganisms causing infections most frequently are considered. The associations of antibiotics for therapy of severe infections are reported. The employement of granulocyte transfusion, in patients with severe neutropenia and infections antibiotico-resistents, is also considered. Dealing with patients liable of infections the possibility of infection prevention and therapy in protected environment is faced. 12 patients affected by acute nonlymphocitic leukemia were treated with cytostatic drugs to induce remission in laminar air flow room. The number of infections is significantly decreased in comparison with of patients treated in open ward. In protected environment it is possible to treat patients with the maximal dose of antiblastic drugs without interruption obtaining higher number of complete remission.", "contents": "[The problem of infections in acute leukemias: origin, therapy and prevention by protective isolation]. The most important factors of infection in leukemic patients and immunodepressive effect of chemotherapy are evaluated. The microorganisms causing infections most frequently are considered. The associations of antibiotics for therapy of severe infections are reported. The employement of granulocyte transfusion, in patients with severe neutropenia and infections antibiotico-resistents, is also considered. Dealing with patients liable of infections the possibility of infection prevention and therapy in protected environment is faced. 12 patients affected by acute nonlymphocitic leukemia were treated with cytostatic drugs to induce remission in laminar air flow room. The number of infections is significantly decreased in comparison with of patients treated in open ward. In protected environment it is possible to treat patients with the maximal dose of antiblastic drugs without interruption obtaining higher number of complete remission.", "PMID": 418788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9791", "title": "High performance thin layer chromatography of neutral and acidic glycolipids: application to the chemical diagnosis of lipid storage diseases.", "content": "A new technique was utilized for the separation of neutral and acidic glycolipids using an equipment named U-Chamber System. This technique was employed for the chemical diagnosis of inherited inborn errors diseases in which complex glycolipids are involved. Results in the identification of storage products in Tay-Sachs' disease, GM1 gangliosidosis and Fabry's disease are presented.", "contents": "High performance thin layer chromatography of neutral and acidic glycolipids: application to the chemical diagnosis of lipid storage diseases. A new technique was utilized for the separation of neutral and acidic glycolipids using an equipment named U-Chamber System. This technique was employed for the chemical diagnosis of inherited inborn errors diseases in which complex glycolipids are involved. Results in the identification of storage products in Tay-Sachs' disease, GM1 gangliosidosis and Fabry's disease are presented.", "PMID": 418792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9792", "title": "Antigenic structure of double-stranded RNA analogues having varying activity in interferon induction.", "content": "Antibodies were induced by immunization of rabbits with methylated bovine serum albumin complexes of: poly(I).poly(BC), an effective interferon inducer; poly(c7A).poly(rT), a noninducer that can block induction by active poly(A).poly(rT); and poly(A).poly(Um), which has neither inducing nor blocking activity. Similar complexes of f2 phage RNA or tRNA did not induce anti-nucleic acid antibodies. Each anti-polynucleotide serum contained some antibodies specific for double-stranded structure. Antibodies were immunospecifically purified from precipitates made with each serum and homologous or cross-reacting double-stranded polynucleotides. The purified antibodies distinguished among varying helices bearing base or ribose modifications. Antipoly(I).poly(BC) specificity paralleled that of the interferon induction system. Anti-poly(A).poly(Um) specificity favored the 2'-modified polymers. Anti-poly(c7A).poly(rT) antibodies were the least discriminating. Cross-reaction results indicated that some antibodies reacted with determinants that included both sugar-phosphate backbones. In far antibody excess, antigen:antibody ratios in precipitating complexes reached a minimum of 7 to 12 base pairs per bivalent IgG molecule. Single antigenic determinants may span about 4 base pairs, with primary contact sites including the phosphate groups and the furanose.", "contents": "Antigenic structure of double-stranded RNA analogues having varying activity in interferon induction. Antibodies were induced by immunization of rabbits with methylated bovine serum albumin complexes of: poly(I).poly(BC), an effective interferon inducer; poly(c7A).poly(rT), a noninducer that can block induction by active poly(A).poly(rT); and poly(A).poly(Um), which has neither inducing nor blocking activity. Similar complexes of f2 phage RNA or tRNA did not induce anti-nucleic acid antibodies. Each anti-polynucleotide serum contained some antibodies specific for double-stranded structure. Antibodies were immunospecifically purified from precipitates made with each serum and homologous or cross-reacting double-stranded polynucleotides. The purified antibodies distinguished among varying helices bearing base or ribose modifications. Antipoly(I).poly(BC) specificity paralleled that of the interferon induction system. Anti-poly(A).poly(Um) specificity favored the 2'-modified polymers. Anti-poly(c7A).poly(rT) antibodies were the least discriminating. Cross-reaction results indicated that some antibodies reacted with determinants that included both sugar-phosphate backbones. In far antibody excess, antigen:antibody ratios in precipitating complexes reached a minimum of 7 to 12 base pairs per bivalent IgG molecule. Single antigenic determinants may span about 4 base pairs, with primary contact sites including the phosphate groups and the furanose.", "PMID": 418795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9793", "title": "Purification of synaptic vesicles from elasmobranch electric organ and the use of biophysical criteria to demonstrate purity.", "content": "We have purified cholinergic synaptic vesicles from the electric organs of two related marine elasmobranchs, Torpedo californica and Narcine brasiliensis, to a specific activity higher than had previously been obtained. We have demonstrated the homogeneity of the vesicles by biophysical criteria. The purification scheme consisted of differential centrifugation, flotation equilibrium in sucrose density gradients, and permeation chromatography on glass bead columns of average pore size 3000 A. Our criteria for purity were that bound acetylcholine, bound nucleotide triphosphate, protein, and lipid--phosphorus behave identically when vesicles were analyzed by procedures which depend on vesicle size, density, and charge. Contaminants were not detected when vesicles were fractionated by preparative and analytical sedimentation, by preparative equilibrium sedimentation using glycerol density gradients, or by electrophoresis in Ficoll density gradients. Pure synaptic vesicles, which have been purified 290-fold from the initial homogenate, contain per mg of protein: 8 mumol of acetylcholine, 3 mumol of ATP, and 7 mumol of lipid phosphorus. These procedures may be of general value in the purification of membrane vesicles.", "contents": "Purification of synaptic vesicles from elasmobranch electric organ and the use of biophysical criteria to demonstrate purity. We have purified cholinergic synaptic vesicles from the electric organs of two related marine elasmobranchs, Torpedo californica and Narcine brasiliensis, to a specific activity higher than had previously been obtained. We have demonstrated the homogeneity of the vesicles by biophysical criteria. The purification scheme consisted of differential centrifugation, flotation equilibrium in sucrose density gradients, and permeation chromatography on glass bead columns of average pore size 3000 A. Our criteria for purity were that bound acetylcholine, bound nucleotide triphosphate, protein, and lipid--phosphorus behave identically when vesicles were analyzed by procedures which depend on vesicle size, density, and charge. Contaminants were not detected when vesicles were fractionated by preparative and analytical sedimentation, by preparative equilibrium sedimentation using glycerol density gradients, or by electrophoresis in Ficoll density gradients. Pure synaptic vesicles, which have been purified 290-fold from the initial homogenate, contain per mg of protein: 8 mumol of acetylcholine, 3 mumol of ATP, and 7 mumol of lipid phosphorus. These procedures may be of general value in the purification of membrane vesicles.", "PMID": 418798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9794", "title": "Modification of Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase with pyridoxal phosphate. 2. Stoichiometry and kinetics of inactivation.", "content": "Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase contains two high affinity binding sites for pyridoxal phosphate and two catalytic sites per dimer. However, pyridoxal phosphate binding at only one site is sufficient for inactivation of both catalytic sites. In the presence of 20 mM bicarbonate, 10 mM magnesium, and pyridoxal phosphate, the rates of inactivation and Schiff base formation are pseudo-first-order and show saturation kinetics. These observations provide additional evidence that pyridoxal phosphate binds at the active site of the R. rubrum carboxylase. It is also proposed that the large subunit may contain regulatory as well as catalytic properties.", "contents": "Modification of Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase with pyridoxal phosphate. 2. Stoichiometry and kinetics of inactivation. Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase contains two high affinity binding sites for pyridoxal phosphate and two catalytic sites per dimer. However, pyridoxal phosphate binding at only one site is sufficient for inactivation of both catalytic sites. In the presence of 20 mM bicarbonate, 10 mM magnesium, and pyridoxal phosphate, the rates of inactivation and Schiff base formation are pseudo-first-order and show saturation kinetics. These observations provide additional evidence that pyridoxal phosphate binds at the active site of the R. rubrum carboxylase. It is also proposed that the large subunit may contain regulatory as well as catalytic properties.", "PMID": 418800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9795", "title": "Homogeneous rabbit immunoglobulin lacking group a allotypes: amino acid sequence analysis of the heavy chain.", "content": "The partial amino acid sequence of rabbit a-negative heavy chain has been determined for residues 1--43 as: less than EEQLEESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCKGSGFDFSVYGVTWVRQAPGK; and for residues 64--120 as: MNGRFTISSDNAQNRLYLQLNSLTAADTATYFCARSMVVVAGVHSYFDVWGPGTLVTV. Comparison of this sequence with the human heavy chain subgroup III shows homology of 78% suggesting that a common ancestral variable region gene existed in mammals prior to speciation. The constant region of the a-negative chain is structurally identical with that of a-positive chains, whereas the variable region differs substantially between a-positive and a-negative molecules. These findings support the concept that two genes encode one immunoglobulin polypeptide chain and demonstrate the existence in the rabbit of variable region subgroups similar to those reported for humans and other species. A novel approach to the initial fragmentation of the heavy chain was developed in this study. This method, which involved digestion of the H chain with the protease V8, produced a free N terminus and should have wide application in future studies on heavy chains with blocked amino terminals.", "contents": "Homogeneous rabbit immunoglobulin lacking group a allotypes: amino acid sequence analysis of the heavy chain. The partial amino acid sequence of rabbit a-negative heavy chain has been determined for residues 1--43 as: less than EEQLEESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCKGSGFDFSVYGVTWVRQAPGK; and for residues 64--120 as: MNGRFTISSDNAQNRLYLQLNSLTAADTATYFCARSMVVVAGVHSYFDVWGPGTLVTV. Comparison of this sequence with the human heavy chain subgroup III shows homology of 78% suggesting that a common ancestral variable region gene existed in mammals prior to speciation. The constant region of the a-negative chain is structurally identical with that of a-positive chains, whereas the variable region differs substantially between a-positive and a-negative molecules. These findings support the concept that two genes encode one immunoglobulin polypeptide chain and demonstrate the existence in the rabbit of variable region subgroups similar to those reported for humans and other species. A novel approach to the initial fragmentation of the heavy chain was developed in this study. This method, which involved digestion of the H chain with the protease V8, produced a free N terminus and should have wide application in future studies on heavy chains with blocked amino terminals.", "PMID": 418801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9796", "title": "Interactions of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide with four deoxyribonucleotides.", "content": "The interactions of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (NQO) with the four 5'-deoxyribonucleotides were probed using absorption spectra of the charge transfer bands and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of nucleotide-NQO mixtures. Spectral data yielded equilibrium constants (K(dpG:NQO) = 16 M-1, K(dpA:NQO) = 12 M-1, K(dpT:NQO) = K(dpC:NQO) = 4 M-1) which suggest the preference of NQO for the guanine residue in a DNA. This is in agreement with the data of Okano, T., et al. [(1969) Gann 60, 295]. From 13C and 1H NMR data on nucleosides, a structure for the dpG:NQO complex is proposed.", "contents": "Interactions of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide with four deoxyribonucleotides. The interactions of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (NQO) with the four 5'-deoxyribonucleotides were probed using absorption spectra of the charge transfer bands and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of nucleotide-NQO mixtures. Spectral data yielded equilibrium constants (K(dpG:NQO) = 16 M-1, K(dpA:NQO) = 12 M-1, K(dpT:NQO) = K(dpC:NQO) = 4 M-1) which suggest the preference of NQO for the guanine residue in a DNA. This is in agreement with the data of Okano, T., et al. [(1969) Gann 60, 295]. From 13C and 1H NMR data on nucleosides, a structure for the dpG:NQO complex is proposed.", "PMID": 418803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9797", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the variable region of the light (lambda) chain from human myeloma cryoimmunoglobulin IgG Hil.", "content": "We have determined the complete amino acid sequence of the variable region of the light (lambda) chain from a human myeloma cryoimmunoglobulin (IgG Hil), the Fab fragment from which has been previously crystallized. The presence of unblocked alpha-amino terminal residue and the isolation of a CNBr fragment starting at position 46 and of a maleylated tryptic fragment spanning residues 61 to 189 provided three suitable starting points for automatic Edman degradation. In addition, tryptic peptides and chymotryptic subpeptides covering the whole extension of the light chain were obtained and characterized to further verify the sequence of the variable region and the established sequence of the constant region. The proposed sequence of the variable region indicates that it may be assigned to subgroup III. Positions 152 (serine) and 189 (arginine) correspond to the isotypic markers Kern- and Oz-, respectively. In addition, a novel substitution has been detected in the constant region where at position 155 isoleucine replaces the usually occurring valine.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the variable region of the light (lambda) chain from human myeloma cryoimmunoglobulin IgG Hil. We have determined the complete amino acid sequence of the variable region of the light (lambda) chain from a human myeloma cryoimmunoglobulin (IgG Hil), the Fab fragment from which has been previously crystallized. The presence of unblocked alpha-amino terminal residue and the isolation of a CNBr fragment starting at position 46 and of a maleylated tryptic fragment spanning residues 61 to 189 provided three suitable starting points for automatic Edman degradation. In addition, tryptic peptides and chymotryptic subpeptides covering the whole extension of the light chain were obtained and characterized to further verify the sequence of the variable region and the established sequence of the constant region. The proposed sequence of the variable region indicates that it may be assigned to subgroup III. Positions 152 (serine) and 189 (arginine) correspond to the isotypic markers Kern- and Oz-, respectively. In addition, a novel substitution has been detected in the constant region where at position 155 isoleucine replaces the usually occurring valine.", "PMID": 418804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9798", "title": "Isolation, purification, and properties of mouse heavy-chain immunoglobulin mRNAs.", "content": "A procedure is described for the isolation of highly purified heavy-chain immunoglobulin mRNAs from a variety of mouse plasmacytomas (IgA, IgG, and IgM producers). The use of fresh tissue and the rapid isolation and direct extraction of membrane-bound polyribosomes were found to be essential in obtaining large quantities of undegraded heavy-chain mRNAs. The individual mRNAs were purified by two cycles of oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate--sucrose gradient centrifugation, and electrophoresis on 98% formamide containing polyacrylamide gels. When added to a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from wheat germ, the MPC-11 gamma2b and H2020 alpha heavy-chain mRNAs efficiently directed the synthesis of a predominant product of 55 000 molecular weight, while the synthesis of a 70 000 dalton protein in addition to other lower molecular weight polypeptides were observed with MOPC 3741 mu mRNA. All of these proteins were immunoprecipitable with class-specific heavy-chain antisera, and in the case of the gamma2b in vitro products good correspondence in a comparative trypsin--chymotrypsin fingerpring with in vivo labeled gamma2b heavy chain was observed. The gamma2b and a alpha heavy-chain mRNAs possessed a chain length of approximately 1800 nucleotides and the mu mRNA a size of approximately 2150 nucleotides when examined under stringent denaturation conditions. The purities of the alpha, gamma2b, and mu mRNAs were estimated to be 60--80%, 50--70%, and 50--83%, respectively, on the basis of their hybridization rates with cDNA probes in comparison to mRNA standards of known complexity. Heavy-chain mRNAs of the same class isolated from different mouse strains (Balb/C or NZB) display no detectable sequence differences in cross hybridization experiments, even though the cDNA--mRNA hybrids are submitted to stringent S1 nuclease digestion. These results indicate that allotypic determinants represent only a minor fraction of the heavy-chain constant region sequence in the mouse.", "contents": "Isolation, purification, and properties of mouse heavy-chain immunoglobulin mRNAs. A procedure is described for the isolation of highly purified heavy-chain immunoglobulin mRNAs from a variety of mouse plasmacytomas (IgA, IgG, and IgM producers). The use of fresh tissue and the rapid isolation and direct extraction of membrane-bound polyribosomes were found to be essential in obtaining large quantities of undegraded heavy-chain mRNAs. The individual mRNAs were purified by two cycles of oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate--sucrose gradient centrifugation, and electrophoresis on 98% formamide containing polyacrylamide gels. When added to a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from wheat germ, the MPC-11 gamma2b and H2020 alpha heavy-chain mRNAs efficiently directed the synthesis of a predominant product of 55 000 molecular weight, while the synthesis of a 70 000 dalton protein in addition to other lower molecular weight polypeptides were observed with MOPC 3741 mu mRNA. All of these proteins were immunoprecipitable with class-specific heavy-chain antisera, and in the case of the gamma2b in vitro products good correspondence in a comparative trypsin--chymotrypsin fingerpring with in vivo labeled gamma2b heavy chain was observed. The gamma2b and a alpha heavy-chain mRNAs possessed a chain length of approximately 1800 nucleotides and the mu mRNA a size of approximately 2150 nucleotides when examined under stringent denaturation conditions. The purities of the alpha, gamma2b, and mu mRNAs were estimated to be 60--80%, 50--70%, and 50--83%, respectively, on the basis of their hybridization rates with cDNA probes in comparison to mRNA standards of known complexity. Heavy-chain mRNAs of the same class isolated from different mouse strains (Balb/C or NZB) display no detectable sequence differences in cross hybridization experiments, even though the cDNA--mRNA hybrids are submitted to stringent S1 nuclease digestion. These results indicate that allotypic determinants represent only a minor fraction of the heavy-chain constant region sequence in the mouse.", "PMID": 418805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9799", "title": "Identification of phyllostine as an intermediate of the patulin pathway in Penicillium urticae.", "content": "A patulin negative mutant (J1) of Penicillium urticae (NRRL 2159A) was found to accumulate large quantities (greater than 128 mg/L culture) of a reactive, photosensitive compound, which was isolated and identified as (-)-phyllostine (5,6-epoxygentisylquinone). This epoxyquinone possessed an antibiotic activity against Bacillus subtilis which was approximately 80% of that exhibited by patulin. In separate in vivo feeding experiments, [2-14C]acetate and [G-3H]gentisaldehyde were readily incorporated into phyllostine by mutant J1 and [14C]phyllostine was incorporated into patulin by the parent strain (NRRL 2159A). When fed to a washed-cell suspension of a second patulin negative mutant (J2) which produced gentisaldehyde but not phyllostine, unlabeled phyllostine was efficiently converted to patulin in yields of 33, 56, and 92% after 30 min, 1 and 5 h, respectively. The role of phyllostine as an intermediate of a new post-gentisaldehyde portion of the patulin biosynthetic pathway is discussed.", "contents": "Identification of phyllostine as an intermediate of the patulin pathway in Penicillium urticae. A patulin negative mutant (J1) of Penicillium urticae (NRRL 2159A) was found to accumulate large quantities (greater than 128 mg/L culture) of a reactive, photosensitive compound, which was isolated and identified as (-)-phyllostine (5,6-epoxygentisylquinone). This epoxyquinone possessed an antibiotic activity against Bacillus subtilis which was approximately 80% of that exhibited by patulin. In separate in vivo feeding experiments, [2-14C]acetate and [G-3H]gentisaldehyde were readily incorporated into phyllostine by mutant J1 and [14C]phyllostine was incorporated into patulin by the parent strain (NRRL 2159A). When fed to a washed-cell suspension of a second patulin negative mutant (J2) which produced gentisaldehyde but not phyllostine, unlabeled phyllostine was efficiently converted to patulin in yields of 33, 56, and 92% after 30 min, 1 and 5 h, respectively. The role of phyllostine as an intermediate of a new post-gentisaldehyde portion of the patulin biosynthetic pathway is discussed.", "PMID": 418806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9800", "title": "Changes in membrane potential during calcium ion influx and efflux across the mitochondrial membrane.", "content": "1. A depolarisation of the membrane of rat liver mitochondria, as measured with the safranine method, is seen during Ca2+ uptake. The depolarisation is followed by a slow repolarisation, the rate of which can be increased by the addition of EGTA or phosphate. 2. Plots relating the initial rate of calcium ion (Ca2+) uptake and the decrease in membrane potential (delta psi) to the Ca2+ concentration show a half-maximal change at less than 10 micron Ca2+ and a saturation above 20 micron Ca2+. 3. Plots relating the initial rate of Ca2+ uptake to delta psi are linear. 4. Addition of Ca2+ chelators, nitriloacetate or EGTA, to deenergized mitochondria equilibrated with Ca2+ causes a polarisation of the mitochondrial membrane due to a diffusion potential created by electrogenic Ca2+ efflux. 5. If the extent of the response induced by different nitriloacetate concentrations is plotted against the expected membrane potential a linear plot is obtained up to 70 mV with a slope corresponding to two-times the extent of the response induced by valinomycin in the presence of different potassium ion gradients. This suggests that the Ca2+ ion is transferred across the membrane with one net positive charge in present conditions.", "contents": "Changes in membrane potential during calcium ion influx and efflux across the mitochondrial membrane. 1. A depolarisation of the membrane of rat liver mitochondria, as measured with the safranine method, is seen during Ca2+ uptake. The depolarisation is followed by a slow repolarisation, the rate of which can be increased by the addition of EGTA or phosphate. 2. Plots relating the initial rate of calcium ion (Ca2+) uptake and the decrease in membrane potential (delta psi) to the Ca2+ concentration show a half-maximal change at less than 10 micron Ca2+ and a saturation above 20 micron Ca2+. 3. Plots relating the initial rate of Ca2+ uptake to delta psi are linear. 4. Addition of Ca2+ chelators, nitriloacetate or EGTA, to deenergized mitochondria equilibrated with Ca2+ causes a polarisation of the mitochondrial membrane due to a diffusion potential created by electrogenic Ca2+ efflux. 5. If the extent of the response induced by different nitriloacetate concentrations is plotted against the expected membrane potential a linear plot is obtained up to 70 mV with a slope corresponding to two-times the extent of the response induced by valinomycin in the presence of different potassium ion gradients. This suggests that the Ca2+ ion is transferred across the membrane with one net positive charge in present conditions.", "PMID": 418807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9801", "title": "The photoproduction of H2 and NH4 fixed from N2 by a derepressed mutant of Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "A mutant of Rhodospirillum rubrum has been isolated, after mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine, which is characterized by its inability to grow in the light on malate-minimal media with exogenous ammonia or alanine, poor growth on glutamine and vigorous growth on glutamate. This mutant produces low levels of a key NH+4 assimilation enzyme, glutamate synthase (NADPH-dependent). It also exhibits significant derepression of nitrogenase biosynthesis in the presence of ammonia or alanine, being 15% derepressed for the former and about 70% derepressed for the latter. Some of this mutant's fixed N2 is excreted into the medium as NH+4 (1 mumol NH+4 per mg cell protein in 50 h). Nitrogenase-mediated H2 production by this strain is considerable (42 mumol H2 per mg cell protein in 50 h), approximately twice that of the wild type assayed under similar conditions. These results demonstrate that genetic alteration of the photosynthetic N2-fixer's NH+4 assimilation system disrupts the tight coupling of N2 fixation and NH+4 assimilation normally observed in these organisms, enabling photochemical conversion steps to be utilized for the photoproduction of NH+4 and H2.", "contents": "The photoproduction of H2 and NH4 fixed from N2 by a derepressed mutant of Rhodospirillum rubrum. A mutant of Rhodospirillum rubrum has been isolated, after mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine, which is characterized by its inability to grow in the light on malate-minimal media with exogenous ammonia or alanine, poor growth on glutamine and vigorous growth on glutamate. This mutant produces low levels of a key NH+4 assimilation enzyme, glutamate synthase (NADPH-dependent). It also exhibits significant derepression of nitrogenase biosynthesis in the presence of ammonia or alanine, being 15% derepressed for the former and about 70% derepressed for the latter. Some of this mutant's fixed N2 is excreted into the medium as NH+4 (1 mumol NH+4 per mg cell protein in 50 h). Nitrogenase-mediated H2 production by this strain is considerable (42 mumol H2 per mg cell protein in 50 h), approximately twice that of the wild type assayed under similar conditions. These results demonstrate that genetic alteration of the photosynthetic N2-fixer's NH+4 assimilation system disrupts the tight coupling of N2 fixation and NH+4 assimilation normally observed in these organisms, enabling photochemical conversion steps to be utilized for the photoproduction of NH+4 and H2.", "PMID": 418808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9802", "title": "Factors affecting energy transfer from phycobilisomes to thylakoids in Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "Short illumination with white light of dark-maintained Anacystis nidulans prior to immersion in liquid nitrogen resulted in a marked change of fluorescence emission characteristics at 77 K. The fluorescence of Photosystem II-associated membrane bound pigments increases, while the emission due to phycobilins decreases. This effect seems to be due to a light-dependent alteration in the extent of contact between phycobilisomes and thylakoids, since the effect is reversible in the dark and is abolished by short glutaraldehyde fixation. The preillumination effect is not inhibited by DCMU. Emission spectra obtained with actively growing and CO2-starved cells indicate that the light-dependent increase in energy transfer from phycobilins to chlorophyll depends upon the physiological state of the cells.", "contents": "Factors affecting energy transfer from phycobilisomes to thylakoids in Anacystis nidulans. Short illumination with white light of dark-maintained Anacystis nidulans prior to immersion in liquid nitrogen resulted in a marked change of fluorescence emission characteristics at 77 K. The fluorescence of Photosystem II-associated membrane bound pigments increases, while the emission due to phycobilins decreases. This effect seems to be due to a light-dependent alteration in the extent of contact between phycobilisomes and thylakoids, since the effect is reversible in the dark and is abolished by short glutaraldehyde fixation. The preillumination effect is not inhibited by DCMU. Emission spectra obtained with actively growing and CO2-starved cells indicate that the light-dependent increase in energy transfer from phycobilins to chlorophyll depends upon the physiological state of the cells.", "PMID": 418809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9803", "title": "Proteins exposed at the surface of chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum: the orientation of isolated chromatophores.", "content": "The exposure of proteins at the surface of isolated chromatophores (i.e., the cytoplasmic face of intracytoplasmic membranes) of Rhodospirillum rubrum was studied by proteolysis as well as by enzymatic iodination with 125I. Analyses were performed after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of chromatophore proteins solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Reversible light induced proton uptake by partially digested chromatophores was used as a criterion for the integrity of the permeability barrier and thus, as evidence for proteolysis only of proteins outside of this barrier. Trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin completely cleaved four proteins which were identified as the heavy subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (Mr = 64 000), the alpha- and beta-subunits of coupling factor ATPase (Mr = 55 000 and 51 000), and the heavy (H) subunit of photochemical reaction centers (Mr = 31 000). alpha-Chymotrypsin, in addition, attacked the protein (Mr = 9000) of light harvesting bacteriochlorophyll preparations. By enzymatic iodination, the same proteins were labeled as were digested with trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin except for the protein of Mr = 9000. In addition, significant label was incorporated into three more proteins, one of which (Mr = 41 000) could be identified as a major protein of the cell wall. The complete cleavage with trypsin of four proteins exposed at the surface indicated that isolated chromatophores were homogeneously oriented regardless of the method employed for cell breakage, i.e., passage through a French pressure cell at different forces or osmotic shock of sphaeroplasts.", "contents": "Proteins exposed at the surface of chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum: the orientation of isolated chromatophores. The exposure of proteins at the surface of isolated chromatophores (i.e., the cytoplasmic face of intracytoplasmic membranes) of Rhodospirillum rubrum was studied by proteolysis as well as by enzymatic iodination with 125I. Analyses were performed after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of chromatophore proteins solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Reversible light induced proton uptake by partially digested chromatophores was used as a criterion for the integrity of the permeability barrier and thus, as evidence for proteolysis only of proteins outside of this barrier. Trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin completely cleaved four proteins which were identified as the heavy subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (Mr = 64 000), the alpha- and beta-subunits of coupling factor ATPase (Mr = 55 000 and 51 000), and the heavy (H) subunit of photochemical reaction centers (Mr = 31 000). alpha-Chymotrypsin, in addition, attacked the protein (Mr = 9000) of light harvesting bacteriochlorophyll preparations. By enzymatic iodination, the same proteins were labeled as were digested with trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin except for the protein of Mr = 9000. In addition, significant label was incorporated into three more proteins, one of which (Mr = 41 000) could be identified as a major protein of the cell wall. The complete cleavage with trypsin of four proteins exposed at the surface indicated that isolated chromatophores were homogeneously oriented regardless of the method employed for cell breakage, i.e., passage through a French pressure cell at different forces or osmotic shock of sphaeroplasts.", "PMID": 418810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9804", "title": "The quantitative determination of metabolites of 6-mercaptopurine in biological materials. III. The determination of 14C-labeled 6-thiopurines in L5178Y cell extracts using high-pressure liquid cation-exchange chromatography.", "content": "A method is presented for the separation of 6-thiopurine bases and ribonucleosides, of sulphate anions and of common purine bases and oxidized purines by means of high-pressure liquid cation-exchange chromatography using a 0.18 X 100 cm column, filled with Beckman M71 resin, and eluted with 0.4M ammonium formate, pH 4.6, at a linear flow velocity of 5.2 cm/min at 50 degrees C. The method has been applied to the separation and quantitative determination of 14C-labeled 6-mercaptopurine metabolites in HClO4 extracts of L5178Y murine lymphoma cells. Distribution patterns of 14C radioactivity within the cells after a 24 h incubation period with (8-14C)-labeled 6-mercaptopurine have been established. The indentification of 6-mercaptopurine metabolites, such as 6-thioxanthosine ribonucleotide, 6-thioinosinic acid, 6-thioguanylic acid, 6-methylthioinosinic acid, and 6-thiouric acid, after the digestion of the extracts with alkaline phosphatase has been confirmed using the behaviour of each compound in enzymatic peak-shifting analyses with purine nucleoside phosphorylase and the corresponding elution volumes of 6-thiopurine bases and ribonucleosides as proofs. According to the specific radioactivity of the (8-14C)-labeled 6-mercaptopurine batch, the amounts of the various 6-mercaptopurine metabolites in about 6% of the total HClO4 extract of 1.6 . 10(8) labeled cells have quantitatively been determined as 1--130 pmol. The intracellular concentration of 6-thiopurines was determined at 1.4 . 10(-5)mol/1.", "contents": "The quantitative determination of metabolites of 6-mercaptopurine in biological materials. III. The determination of 14C-labeled 6-thiopurines in L5178Y cell extracts using high-pressure liquid cation-exchange chromatography. A method is presented for the separation of 6-thiopurine bases and ribonucleosides, of sulphate anions and of common purine bases and oxidized purines by means of high-pressure liquid cation-exchange chromatography using a 0.18 X 100 cm column, filled with Beckman M71 resin, and eluted with 0.4M ammonium formate, pH 4.6, at a linear flow velocity of 5.2 cm/min at 50 degrees C. The method has been applied to the separation and quantitative determination of 14C-labeled 6-mercaptopurine metabolites in HClO4 extracts of L5178Y murine lymphoma cells. Distribution patterns of 14C radioactivity within the cells after a 24 h incubation period with (8-14C)-labeled 6-mercaptopurine have been established. The indentification of 6-mercaptopurine metabolites, such as 6-thioxanthosine ribonucleotide, 6-thioinosinic acid, 6-thioguanylic acid, 6-methylthioinosinic acid, and 6-thiouric acid, after the digestion of the extracts with alkaline phosphatase has been confirmed using the behaviour of each compound in enzymatic peak-shifting analyses with purine nucleoside phosphorylase and the corresponding elution volumes of 6-thiopurine bases and ribonucleosides as proofs. According to the specific radioactivity of the (8-14C)-labeled 6-mercaptopurine batch, the amounts of the various 6-mercaptopurine metabolites in about 6% of the total HClO4 extract of 1.6 . 10(8) labeled cells have quantitatively been determined as 1--130 pmol. The intracellular concentration of 6-thiopurines was determined at 1.4 . 10(-5)mol/1.", "PMID": 418811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9805", "title": "Spectral analysis of high resolution direct-derivative melting curves of DNA for instantaneous and total base composition.", "content": "Derivative melting profiles of DNA have been obtained directly by recording the difference in absorbance between two identical solutions maintained at a small constant temperature differential. This deltaA is monitored continuously with increasing temperature in a ratio recording spectrophotometer. Resolution of complex hyperfine structure in the profiles of small homogeneous viral DNAs appears to be significantly better than has been produced by various numerical methods of differentiation. In addition, a spectral method has been modified that permits easy analysis for DNA base composition from the ratio of derivative melting curves obtained at 282 and 260 nm. Eight bacterial and three vertebrate DNAs have been analyzed for total base composition from the product of the instantaneous base composition at small temperature intervals (0.05 degrees C) throughout the entire melting region and the integrated area of the 282 nm profile. The results are in excellent agreement with values determined by traditional methods.", "contents": "Spectral analysis of high resolution direct-derivative melting curves of DNA for instantaneous and total base composition. Derivative melting profiles of DNA have been obtained directly by recording the difference in absorbance between two identical solutions maintained at a small constant temperature differential. This deltaA is monitored continuously with increasing temperature in a ratio recording spectrophotometer. Resolution of complex hyperfine structure in the profiles of small homogeneous viral DNAs appears to be significantly better than has been produced by various numerical methods of differentiation. In addition, a spectral method has been modified that permits easy analysis for DNA base composition from the ratio of derivative melting curves obtained at 282 and 260 nm. Eight bacterial and three vertebrate DNAs have been analyzed for total base composition from the product of the instantaneous base composition at small temperature intervals (0.05 degrees C) throughout the entire melting region and the integrated area of the 282 nm profile. The results are in excellent agreement with values determined by traditional methods.", "PMID": 418812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9806", "title": "Heterologous transfection with bacteriophage phiX174 DNA: and improved system.", "content": "A highly efficient and much more reproducible system for the heterologous transfection of several kinds of Gram-negative bacterial spheroplasts with bacteriophage phiX174 DNA was established. By mild washing of the speroplasts, the efficiency of transfection of all non-host heterologous bacterial species tested increased one or more orders of magnitude in producing the progeny phages and/or the infectious intermediates. Using the improved heterologous transfection systems, it has become clearer that a strong suppression system operates on the processes of phiX174 progeny phage production and not on those of phiX174 dougle-stranded replicative form DNA synthesis in the heterologous bacterial cells. Similar stimulatory effects of this washing procedure were observed in the homologous transfection. With this improved assay system, even less than 100 molecules of phage phiX174 DNA can be detected and the number of molecules can be determined with accuracy.", "contents": "Heterologous transfection with bacteriophage phiX174 DNA: and improved system. A highly efficient and much more reproducible system for the heterologous transfection of several kinds of Gram-negative bacterial spheroplasts with bacteriophage phiX174 DNA was established. By mild washing of the speroplasts, the efficiency of transfection of all non-host heterologous bacterial species tested increased one or more orders of magnitude in producing the progeny phages and/or the infectious intermediates. Using the improved heterologous transfection systems, it has become clearer that a strong suppression system operates on the processes of phiX174 progeny phage production and not on those of phiX174 dougle-stranded replicative form DNA synthesis in the heterologous bacterial cells. Similar stimulatory effects of this washing procedure were observed in the homologous transfection. With this improved assay system, even less than 100 molecules of phage phiX174 DNA can be detected and the number of molecules can be determined with accuracy.", "PMID": 418813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9807", "title": "A bacterial phenylalanine aminotransferase lacking pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as cofactor.", "content": "A bacterium has been isolated from soil which metabolises phenylalanine initially through the action of a phenylalanine aminotransferase. This enzyme has been purified by conventional techniques and affinity chromatography and shown to be unusual among aminotransferases in  not containing pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as cofactor.", "contents": "A bacterial phenylalanine aminotransferase lacking pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as cofactor. A bacterium has been isolated from soil which metabolises phenylalanine initially through the action of a phenylalanine aminotransferase. This enzyme has been purified by conventional techniques and affinity chromatography and shown to be unusual among aminotransferases in  not containing pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as cofactor.", "PMID": 418814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9808", "title": "Amino acid sequence at the active site of beta-glucosidase A from bitter almonds.", "content": "beta-Glucosidase A from bitter almonds was inhibited by the substrate analogue 6-bromo-3,4,5-trihydroxycyclo[2-3H]hex-1-ene oxide. Incorporation of 2 mol inhibitor/mol of dimeric enzyme resulted in total loss of activity. From tryptic digests of the labeled enzyme two radioactive peptides were isolated and their sequence determined (binding site of inhibitor underlined): peptide I, containing approx. 60% of the label: Ile-Thr-Glx-Glx-Gly-Val--Phe-Gly-Asp-Ser-Glx-(Ala, Asx2, Pro)-Lys and peptide II with approx. 30% of the label: Gly-Thr-Glx-Asp. The specifity of the reaction of beta-glucosidases (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) with substrate-related epoxides indicates that the aspartic acid labeled in peptide I participates in the catalytic process of beta-glucoside hydrolysis. The labeling of a second site is interpreted in terms of two, mutually exclusive, binding modes of the inhibitor.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence at the active site of beta-glucosidase A from bitter almonds. beta-Glucosidase A from bitter almonds was inhibited by the substrate analogue 6-bromo-3,4,5-trihydroxycyclo[2-3H]hex-1-ene oxide. Incorporation of 2 mol inhibitor/mol of dimeric enzyme resulted in total loss of activity. From tryptic digests of the labeled enzyme two radioactive peptides were isolated and their sequence determined (binding site of inhibitor underlined): peptide I, containing approx. 60% of the label: Ile-Thr-Glx-Glx-Gly-Val--Phe-Gly-Asp-Ser-Glx-(Ala, Asx2, Pro)-Lys and peptide II with approx. 30% of the label: Gly-Thr-Glx-Asp. The specifity of the reaction of beta-glucosidases (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) with substrate-related epoxides indicates that the aspartic acid labeled in peptide I participates in the catalytic process of beta-glucoside hydrolysis. The labeling of a second site is interpreted in terms of two, mutually exclusive, binding modes of the inhibitor.", "PMID": 418815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9809", "title": "Aminotransferases for aromatic amino acids and aspartate in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Two proteins (form A and form B2) with aromatic-amino-acid aminotransferase activity were detected in extracts of Bacillus subtilis. A histidinol phosphate aminotransferase (protein B1) with aminotransferase activity for the aromatic amino acids was also present. The aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) (protein C) also displayed similar activity. Each of the four proteins was isolated free from the others by the successive application of DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and flat-bed isoelectric focusing at pH range 4-6. Form B2 is the major form of the aromatic-amino-acid aminotransferase (aromatic-amino-acid:2-oxoglutarate amino-transferase, EC 2.6.1.57) and the Km values of tyrosine and phenylalanine with this form are somewhat lower than with the minor form A. The Km of tyrosine with histidinol phosphate aminotransferase (protein B1) is in the same range, but the Km of phenylalanine with this enzyme is 12-20 times higher than the corresponding values with the two forms of the aromatic-amino-acid amino-transferase. Apparent molecular weights were estimated with Sephadex gel filtration to be approx. 73 000, 64 000, 54 000 and 66 000 for form A, form B2, histidinol phosphate aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, respectively. Form B2 is being reported for the first time in this communication.", "contents": "Aminotransferases for aromatic amino acids and aspartate in Bacillus subtilis. Two proteins (form A and form B2) with aromatic-amino-acid aminotransferase activity were detected in extracts of Bacillus subtilis. A histidinol phosphate aminotransferase (protein B1) with aminotransferase activity for the aromatic amino acids was also present. The aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) (protein C) also displayed similar activity. Each of the four proteins was isolated free from the others by the successive application of DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and flat-bed isoelectric focusing at pH range 4-6. Form B2 is the major form of the aromatic-amino-acid aminotransferase (aromatic-amino-acid:2-oxoglutarate amino-transferase, EC 2.6.1.57) and the Km values of tyrosine and phenylalanine with this form are somewhat lower than with the minor form A. The Km of tyrosine with histidinol phosphate aminotransferase (protein B1) is in the same range, but the Km of phenylalanine with this enzyme is 12-20 times higher than the corresponding values with the two forms of the aromatic-amino-acid amino-transferase. Apparent molecular weights were estimated with Sephadex gel filtration to be approx. 73 000, 64 000, 54 000 and 66 000 for form A, form B2, histidinol phosphate aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, respectively. Form B2 is being reported for the first time in this communication.", "PMID": 418816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9810", "title": "Inhibition of beta-glucosidases from almonds by cationic and neutral beta-glucosyl derivatives.", "content": "The beta-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) isoenzymes B from sweet and bitter almonds showed considerable differences in their kinetic and inhibition parameters, but both were inhibited much more strongly by basic beta-glucosyl derivatives than by their neutral analogs. The additional interaction energy apparently due to the basic character ranged from 18 kJ/mol (4.3 kcal/mol) for beta-glucosylamine compared to beta-glucose to 28 kJ/mol (6.9 kcal/mol) for N-benzyl-beta-glucosylamine compared to N-beta-glucosyl-p-toluidine. N-beta-Glucosylpyridinium ion and N-beta-glucosylimidazol which both cannot be protonated at the glucosylated nitrogen are very weak inhibitors. beta-2-Amino-2-deoxyglucose is bound with half the affinity of beta-glucosylamine. The structural requirement for strong inhibition is thus the protonation of the inhibitor at the glucosylated nitrogen. The additional binding energy is assumed to be due to the electrostatic interaction of the inhibitor cation with a carboxylate group in an environment of low polarity. The failure of the pyridinium ion to show this interaction is attributed to the presence of a positively charged group at the active site which acts as proton donor. The pKa values of beta-glucosylamine and its derivatives have been determined and found to be 3.5 units lower than those of the corresponding parent amines. An exception is beta-glucosylimidazol (pKa 5.4) which is protonated on the non-glycosylated nitrogen.", "contents": "Inhibition of beta-glucosidases from almonds by cationic and neutral beta-glucosyl derivatives. The beta-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) isoenzymes B from sweet and bitter almonds showed considerable differences in their kinetic and inhibition parameters, but both were inhibited much more strongly by basic beta-glucosyl derivatives than by their neutral analogs. The additional interaction energy apparently due to the basic character ranged from 18 kJ/mol (4.3 kcal/mol) for beta-glucosylamine compared to beta-glucose to 28 kJ/mol (6.9 kcal/mol) for N-benzyl-beta-glucosylamine compared to N-beta-glucosyl-p-toluidine. N-beta-Glucosylpyridinium ion and N-beta-glucosylimidazol which both cannot be protonated at the glucosylated nitrogen are very weak inhibitors. beta-2-Amino-2-deoxyglucose is bound with half the affinity of beta-glucosylamine. The structural requirement for strong inhibition is thus the protonation of the inhibitor at the glucosylated nitrogen. The additional binding energy is assumed to be due to the electrostatic interaction of the inhibitor cation with a carboxylate group in an environment of low polarity. The failure of the pyridinium ion to show this interaction is attributed to the presence of a positively charged group at the active site which acts as proton donor. The pKa values of beta-glucosylamine and its derivatives have been determined and found to be 3.5 units lower than those of the corresponding parent amines. An exception is beta-glucosylimidazol (pKa 5.4) which is protonated on the non-glycosylated nitrogen.", "PMID": 418817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9811", "title": "On the relationship between glycerophosphoglycolipids and lipoteichoic acids of gram-positive bacteria. III. Di(glycerophospho)-acylkojibiosyldiacylglycerol and related compounds from Streptococcus lactis NCDO 712.", "content": "1. Streptococcus lactis NCDO 712 contains at lease three unusually polar glycerophosphoglycolipids. One of them was composed of D-glucose, glycerol, fatty acid ester, and phosphorus in the molar ratio of approx. 2 : 3 : 3 : 2. The structure was established as 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[6-(sn-glycero-1-phospho-3-sn-glycero-1-phospho)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-(6-O-acyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)]-glycerol. 2. The second glycerophosphoglycolipid was shown to have the same core structure but is lacking the carbohydrate-linked fatty acid. The third glycero-phosphoglycolipid is a glycosylated derivative of the first one bearing an alpha-galactosyl residue at position 2 of the inner glycolipid-linked glycerophosphate moiety. 3. These novel phosphoglycolipids are considered to be the so far missing link between simple glycerophosphoglycolipids and lipoteichoic acids of Gram-positive bacteria.", "contents": "On the relationship between glycerophosphoglycolipids and lipoteichoic acids of gram-positive bacteria. III. Di(glycerophospho)-acylkojibiosyldiacylglycerol and related compounds from Streptococcus lactis NCDO 712. 1. Streptococcus lactis NCDO 712 contains at lease three unusually polar glycerophosphoglycolipids. One of them was composed of D-glucose, glycerol, fatty acid ester, and phosphorus in the molar ratio of approx. 2 : 3 : 3 : 2. The structure was established as 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[6-(sn-glycero-1-phospho-3-sn-glycero-1-phospho)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-(6-O-acyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)]-glycerol. 2. The second glycerophosphoglycolipid was shown to have the same core structure but is lacking the carbohydrate-linked fatty acid. The third glycero-phosphoglycolipid is a glycosylated derivative of the first one bearing an alpha-galactosyl residue at position 2 of the inner glycolipid-linked glycerophosphate moiety. 3. These novel phosphoglycolipids are considered to be the so far missing link between simple glycerophosphoglycolipids and lipoteichoic acids of Gram-positive bacteria.", "PMID": 418818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9812", "title": "Initiation of glycogen biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Studies of the properties of the enzymes involved.", "content": "The properties of the enzymes involved in the initiation of glycogen biosynthesis in Escherichia coli were studied. It was found that the enzymic activities which transfer the glycosyl residues from UDPglucose or ADPglucose for the glucoprotein synthesis had differing stabilities upon storage at 4 degrees C. The small amount of glycogen and the saccharide firmly bound to the membrane preparation, were degraded during the storage period. The activity measured in fresh and in stored preparations gave different time dependence curves. The stored preparation had a lag period which could be due to the transfer of the first glucose units to the protein. Both UDPglucose and ADPglucose : protein glucosyltransferases were affected in different ways by detergents. Based on the results presented, it may be concluded that both enzymatic activities are due to different enzymes. Furthermore, both enzymatic activities are different from that which transfers glucose from ADPglucose to glycogen. The following mechanism for the de novo synthesis is suggested. Glycogen in E. coli could be initiated by two different enzymes which transfer glucose to a protein acceptor either from UDPglucose or ADPglucose. Once the saccharide linked to the protein has reached a certain size it is almost exclusively enlarged by another ADPglucose-dependent enzyme. The participation of branching enzyme will produce a polysaccharide with the characteristics of glycogen.", "contents": "Initiation of glycogen biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Studies of the properties of the enzymes involved. The properties of the enzymes involved in the initiation of glycogen biosynthesis in Escherichia coli were studied. It was found that the enzymic activities which transfer the glycosyl residues from UDPglucose or ADPglucose for the glucoprotein synthesis had differing stabilities upon storage at 4 degrees C. The small amount of glycogen and the saccharide firmly bound to the membrane preparation, were degraded during the storage period. The activity measured in fresh and in stored preparations gave different time dependence curves. The stored preparation had a lag period which could be due to the transfer of the first glucose units to the protein. Both UDPglucose and ADPglucose : protein glucosyltransferases were affected in different ways by detergents. Based on the results presented, it may be concluded that both enzymatic activities are due to different enzymes. Furthermore, both enzymatic activities are different from that which transfers glucose from ADPglucose to glycogen. The following mechanism for the de novo synthesis is suggested. Glycogen in E. coli could be initiated by two different enzymes which transfer glucose to a protein acceptor either from UDPglucose or ADPglucose. Once the saccharide linked to the protein has reached a certain size it is almost exclusively enlarged by another ADPglucose-dependent enzyme. The participation of branching enzyme will produce a polysaccharide with the characteristics of glycogen.", "PMID": 418819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9813", "title": "The use of mutants in the study of structure-function relationships in cloacin DF13.", "content": "A bacteriocin from cells with a mutant Clo DF13 plasmid (cloacin clp03 . immunity protein complex) and a bacteriocin from cells containing the recombinant plasmic Clo DF13 :: Tn901 (cloacin pJN82) have been isolated. Both bacteriocins like wild-type cloacin DF13, are still able to inhibit in vitro protein synthesis, but their in vivo killing activity is absent. Comparison of some physicochemical characteristics of the cloacin clp03 . immunity protein complex and wild-type cloacin complex showed no significant differences. From a comparison of the binding capacity to specific receptors on sensitive cells, the translocation through the cell wall, and the interaction with cytoplasmic membranes, it could be concluded that the cloacin clp03 complex is hampered in its translocation from the outer membrane receptor site to the cytoplasmic membrane, resulting in the observed lack in killing activity. Cloacin pJN82 is shortened at the C-terminal of the molecule by approximately ten amino acid residues. Together with its loss of in vivo killing activity it has lost its capacity to bind immunity protein. Since the immunity protein probably not only provides cloacin-producing cells with \"immunity\" but is also involved in the translocation of the bacteriocin to the interior of sensitive cells, the absence of this protein is probably the reason for the lack of killing activity of cloacin pJN82. The implications of these findings for the topography of the cloacin molecule as suggested by de Graaf et al. (de Graaf, F.K., Stukart, M.J., Boogerd, F.C. and Metselaar, K. (1978) Biochemistry, in press) are discussed.", "contents": "The use of mutants in the study of structure-function relationships in cloacin DF13. A bacteriocin from cells with a mutant Clo DF13 plasmid (cloacin clp03 . immunity protein complex) and a bacteriocin from cells containing the recombinant plasmic Clo DF13 :: Tn901 (cloacin pJN82) have been isolated. Both bacteriocins like wild-type cloacin DF13, are still able to inhibit in vitro protein synthesis, but their in vivo killing activity is absent. Comparison of some physicochemical characteristics of the cloacin clp03 . immunity protein complex and wild-type cloacin complex showed no significant differences. From a comparison of the binding capacity to specific receptors on sensitive cells, the translocation through the cell wall, and the interaction with cytoplasmic membranes, it could be concluded that the cloacin clp03 complex is hampered in its translocation from the outer membrane receptor site to the cytoplasmic membrane, resulting in the observed lack in killing activity. Cloacin pJN82 is shortened at the C-terminal of the molecule by approximately ten amino acid residues. Together with its loss of in vivo killing activity it has lost its capacity to bind immunity protein. Since the immunity protein probably not only provides cloacin-producing cells with \"immunity\" but is also involved in the translocation of the bacteriocin to the interior of sensitive cells, the absence of this protein is probably the reason for the lack of killing activity of cloacin pJN82. The implications of these findings for the topography of the cloacin molecule as suggested by de Graaf et al. (de Graaf, F.K., Stukart, M.J., Boogerd, F.C. and Metselaar, K. (1978) Biochemistry, in press) are discussed.", "PMID": 418820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9814", "title": "[Immobilization of phosphorylase B and study of its enzymatic and immunological properties].", "content": "The properties of phosphorylase B (PhB) immobilized on an agar derivative were studied. It was shown that the enzyme activity makes up to 15-20% as compared to that of the soluble enzyme, the Km value for glucose-1-phosphate is increased 1.5-fold and the pH optimum remains unchanged, whereas the thermostability of enzyme shows a considerable increase. PhB immobilized on a highly activated sorbent completely losses its enzymatic activity but retains its antigenic properties and binds 1.6-2 mol antibodies (per monomer). Using immunosorbents, purified antibodies homogeneous during electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel were isolated. The immunosorbent capacity is 500-800 mg of antibodies per 1 g of dry weight. The purified antibodies are characterized by a lower inhibitory power upon interaction with soluble PhB. The type of inhibition of both immobilized and soluble enzyme is similar. It is assumed that immobilization produces conformational changes only at the active site of enzyme, which is spatially separated from the antibody binding site.", "contents": "[Immobilization of phosphorylase B and study of its enzymatic and immunological properties]. The properties of phosphorylase B (PhB) immobilized on an agar derivative were studied. It was shown that the enzyme activity makes up to 15-20% as compared to that of the soluble enzyme, the Km value for glucose-1-phosphate is increased 1.5-fold and the pH optimum remains unchanged, whereas the thermostability of enzyme shows a considerable increase. PhB immobilized on a highly activated sorbent completely losses its enzymatic activity but retains its antigenic properties and binds 1.6-2 mol antibodies (per monomer). Using immunosorbents, purified antibodies homogeneous during electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel were isolated. The immunosorbent capacity is 500-800 mg of antibodies per 1 g of dry weight. The purified antibodies are characterized by a lower inhibitory power upon interaction with soluble PhB. The type of inhibition of both immobilized and soluble enzyme is similar. It is assumed that immobilization produces conformational changes only at the active site of enzyme, which is spatially separated from the antibody binding site.", "PMID": 418821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9815", "title": "[Isolation and characteristics of lipoxygenase isoenzyme from pea seeds].", "content": "The individual isoenzyme lipoxygenase-2, a constituent of the heterogeneous lipoxygenase system (EC 1.13.11.12) which catalyzes coupled oxidation of beta-carotene in the presence of linoleic acid, was isolated from pea seeds and its properties were characterized. The isoenzyme has been proved to be homogeneous; some of its kinetic properties, the amino acid composition and the subunit structure have been investigated.", "contents": "[Isolation and characteristics of lipoxygenase isoenzyme from pea seeds]. The individual isoenzyme lipoxygenase-2, a constituent of the heterogeneous lipoxygenase system (EC 1.13.11.12) which catalyzes coupled oxidation of beta-carotene in the presence of linoleic acid, was isolated from pea seeds and its properties were characterized. The isoenzyme has been proved to be homogeneous; some of its kinetic properties, the amino acid composition and the subunit structure have been investigated.", "PMID": 418822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9816", "title": "Sucrase and lactase synthesis in suckling rat intestine in response to substrate administration.", "content": "The intestinal brush border disaccharidases separated by gel electrophoresis were studied after oral administration of a high sucrose or lactose diet to 11-day-old suckling rats during 3 days. Some modifications of the brush border protein and eyzyme patterns could be attributed to the effect of the basic diet: increase of glucoamylase, appearance of a weak sucrase activity and of a second molecular form of maltase. However, the specific action of a given disaccharide on the synthesis of the corresponding hydrolytic enzyme could be clearly demonstrated. Indeed, the electrophoretic pattern after sucrose or lactose feeding showed a marked increase of the protein bands corresponding to sucrase-isomaltase or lactase activities.", "contents": "Sucrase and lactase synthesis in suckling rat intestine in response to substrate administration. The intestinal brush border disaccharidases separated by gel electrophoresis were studied after oral administration of a high sucrose or lactose diet to 11-day-old suckling rats during 3 days. Some modifications of the brush border protein and eyzyme patterns could be attributed to the effect of the basic diet: increase of glucoamylase, appearance of a weak sucrase activity and of a second molecular form of maltase. However, the specific action of a given disaccharide on the synthesis of the corresponding hydrolytic enzyme could be clearly demonstrated. Indeed, the electrophoretic pattern after sucrose or lactose feeding showed a marked increase of the protein bands corresponding to sucrase-isomaltase or lactase activities.", "PMID": 418823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9817", "title": "Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms.", "content": "Traditional classification imposed a division into plant-like and animal-like forms on the unicellular eukaryotes, or protists; in a current view the protists are a diverse assemblage of plant-, animal- and fungus-like groups. Classification of these into phyla is difficult because of their relatively simple structure and limited geological record, but study of ultrastructure and other characteristics is providing new insight on protist classification. Possible classifications are discussed, and a summary classification of the living world into kingdoms (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae) and phyla is suggested. This classification also suggests groupings of phyla into superphyla and form-superphyla, and a broadened kingdom Protista (including green algae, oomycotes and slime molds but excluding red and brown algae). The classification thus seeks to offer a compromise between the protist and protoctist kingdoms of Whittaker and Margulis and to combine a full listing of phyla with grouping of these for synoptic treatment.", "contents": "Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms. Traditional classification imposed a division into plant-like and animal-like forms on the unicellular eukaryotes, or protists; in a current view the protists are a diverse assemblage of plant-, animal- and fungus-like groups. Classification of these into phyla is difficult because of their relatively simple structure and limited geological record, but study of ultrastructure and other characteristics is providing new insight on protist classification. Possible classifications are discussed, and a summary classification of the living world into kingdoms (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae) and phyla is suggested. This classification also suggests groupings of phyla into superphyla and form-superphyla, and a broadened kingdom Protista (including green algae, oomycotes and slime molds but excluding red and brown algae). The classification thus seeks to offer a compromise between the protist and protoctist kingdoms of Whittaker and Margulis and to combine a full listing of phyla with grouping of these for synoptic treatment.", "PMID": 418827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9818", "title": "Problems in the development of an explicit hypothetical phylogeny of the lower eukaryotes.", "content": "A semi-explicit arrangement of the lower eukaryotes is provided to serve as a basis for phyletic discussions. No single character is used to determine the position of all the groups. The tree provides no ready separation of protozoa, algae and fungi, groups assigned to these traditional assemblages being considered to be for the most part inextricably interwoven. Photosynthetic forms, whose relationships seem to be more readily discernable, are considered to have given rise repeatedly to nonphotosynthetic forms. The assumption that there are primitive \"preflagellar\" eukaryotes (red algae, non-flagellated fungi) is adopted. The potential value of mitochondrial features as indicators of broad affinities is emphasised, particularly in determining the probable affinities of non-photosynthetic forms, and this criterion is contra-indicative of a ciliate ancestry for the Metazoa. In the arrangement provided the distributions of chloroplast, mitochondrial and flagellar features match one another well, suggesting their probable co-evolution.", "contents": "Problems in the development of an explicit hypothetical phylogeny of the lower eukaryotes. A semi-explicit arrangement of the lower eukaryotes is provided to serve as a basis for phyletic discussions. No single character is used to determine the position of all the groups. The tree provides no ready separation of protozoa, algae and fungi, groups assigned to these traditional assemblages being considered to be for the most part inextricably interwoven. Photosynthetic forms, whose relationships seem to be more readily discernable, are considered to have given rise repeatedly to nonphotosynthetic forms. The assumption that there are primitive \"preflagellar\" eukaryotes (red algae, non-flagellated fungi) is adopted. The potential value of mitochondrial features as indicators of broad affinities is emphasised, particularly in determining the probable affinities of non-photosynthetic forms, and this criterion is contra-indicative of a ciliate ancestry for the Metazoa. In the arrangement provided the distributions of chloroplast, mitochondrial and flagellar features match one another well, suggesting their probable co-evolution.", "PMID": 418828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9819", "title": "Hospital-based patient education programs and the role of the hospital librarian.", "content": "This paper examines current advances in hospital-based patient education, and delineates the role of the hospital librarian in these programs. Recently, programs of planned patient education have been recognized by health care personnel and the public as being an integral part of health care delivery. Various key elements, including legislative action, the advent of audiovisual technology, and rising health care costs have contributed to the development of patient education programs in hospitals. As responsible members of the hospital organization, hospital librarians should contribute their expertise to patient education programs. They are uniquely trained with skills in providing information on other health education programs; in assembling, cataloging, and managing collections of patient education materials; and in providing documentation of their use. In order to demonstrate the full range of their skills and to contribute to patient care, education, and research, hospital librarians should actively participate in programs of planned patient education.", "contents": "Hospital-based patient education programs and the role of the hospital librarian. This paper examines current advances in hospital-based patient education, and delineates the role of the hospital librarian in these programs. Recently, programs of planned patient education have been recognized by health care personnel and the public as being an integral part of health care delivery. Various key elements, including legislative action, the advent of audiovisual technology, and rising health care costs have contributed to the development of patient education programs in hospitals. As responsible members of the hospital organization, hospital librarians should contribute their expertise to patient education programs. They are uniquely trained with skills in providing information on other health education programs; in assembling, cataloging, and managing collections of patient education materials; and in providing documentation of their use. In order to demonstrate the full range of their skills and to contribute to patient care, education, and research, hospital librarians should actively participate in programs of planned patient education.", "PMID": 418835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9820", "title": "The effect of magnesium on the response of smooth muscle to 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "1 The responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) of rabbit isolated mesenteric artery and vein and longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig ileum were examined in Krebs solution containing 0, 1.2 or 2.4 mM Mg2+. 2 When the concentration of Mg2+ was raised the spontaneous contractile activity of rabbit mesenteric vein was depressed. The responses to 5-HT in rabbit mesenteric artery and vein and guinea-pig ileum were greater in the absence of Mg2+. The initial fast component of 5-HT-induced contractions in rabbit mesenteric vein was reduced more consistently than the subsequent slow component by increasing the Mg2+ concentration. 3 Exposure of mesenteric vein to Ca-free solution containing ethyleneglycoltetra-acetic acid (EGTA) promptly abolished 5-HT contraction in normal-Mg but not in low-Mg Krebs solution. 4 In mesenteric veins, no difference was observed in either the 'lanthanum-resistant' uptake of 45Ca or total tissue Ca, measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, after 60 min exposure to either low-Mg or normal-Mg Krebs solution. On the other hand, after 5 min exposure, the 'lanthanum-resistant' uptake of 45Ca was greater in the absence of Mg2+ than in the presence of higher Mg2+ concentrations. 5 It is suggested that Mg2+ depressed the 5-HT response at least partly by reducing the availability of Ca2+ from a rapidly equilibrating intracellular pool.", "contents": "The effect of magnesium on the response of smooth muscle to 5-hydroxytryptamine. 1 The responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) of rabbit isolated mesenteric artery and vein and longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig ileum were examined in Krebs solution containing 0, 1.2 or 2.4 mM Mg2+. 2 When the concentration of Mg2+ was raised the spontaneous contractile activity of rabbit mesenteric vein was depressed. The responses to 5-HT in rabbit mesenteric artery and vein and guinea-pig ileum were greater in the absence of Mg2+. The initial fast component of 5-HT-induced contractions in rabbit mesenteric vein was reduced more consistently than the subsequent slow component by increasing the Mg2+ concentration. 3 Exposure of mesenteric vein to Ca-free solution containing ethyleneglycoltetra-acetic acid (EGTA) promptly abolished 5-HT contraction in normal-Mg but not in low-Mg Krebs solution. 4 In mesenteric veins, no difference was observed in either the 'lanthanum-resistant' uptake of 45Ca or total tissue Ca, measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, after 60 min exposure to either low-Mg or normal-Mg Krebs solution. On the other hand, after 5 min exposure, the 'lanthanum-resistant' uptake of 45Ca was greater in the absence of Mg2+ than in the presence of higher Mg2+ concentrations. 5 It is suggested that Mg2+ depressed the 5-HT response at least partly by reducing the availability of Ca2+ from a rapidly equilibrating intracellular pool.", "PMID": 418838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9821", "title": "Postoperative amino acid infusions: an appraisal.", "content": "Amino acid infusions either as a 7 per cent solution or as an isotonic 3.5 per cent solution produce a nitrogen-sparing effect in the postoperative period. The nitrogen-sparing effect is independent of the concentration and rate of infusion of the amino acid solution; or of any changes in plasma substrate and hormone concentrations. These solutions have no advantage over conventional intravenous therapy with isotonic glucose and saline solutions and there is no indication for their routine use in the management of postoperative patients.", "contents": "Postoperative amino acid infusions: an appraisal. Amino acid infusions either as a 7 per cent solution or as an isotonic 3.5 per cent solution produce a nitrogen-sparing effect in the postoperative period. The nitrogen-sparing effect is independent of the concentration and rate of infusion of the amino acid solution; or of any changes in plasma substrate and hormone concentrations. These solutions have no advantage over conventional intravenous therapy with isotonic glucose and saline solutions and there is no indication for their routine use in the management of postoperative patients.", "PMID": 418840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9822", "title": "A prospective study of subclavian vein catheters used exclusively for the purpose of intravenous feeding.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-eight central venous catheters inserted via the subclavian vein for the purposes of intravenous feeding were studied in 77 patients. Insertion of the catheter was complicated by puncture of the subclavian artery on three occasions and by a pneumothorax on two. Catheters remained in situ for a mean period of 10 days. Ninety-two were removed because the requirement for nutrition no longer existed and 86 were removed because of suspected infection, venous thrombosis or mechanical problems. Infective organisms were grown from 17 catheters (9.5 per cent) but other unrelated causes of infection were frequently present in the population under study. Venous thrombosis of a major upper limb vein was seen in 8 patients.", "contents": "A prospective study of subclavian vein catheters used exclusively for the purpose of intravenous feeding. One hundred and seventy-eight central venous catheters inserted via the subclavian vein for the purposes of intravenous feeding were studied in 77 patients. Insertion of the catheter was complicated by puncture of the subclavian artery on three occasions and by a pneumothorax on two. Catheters remained in situ for a mean period of 10 days. Ninety-two were removed because the requirement for nutrition no longer existed and 86 were removed because of suspected infection, venous thrombosis or mechanical problems. Infective organisms were grown from 17 catheters (9.5 per cent) but other unrelated causes of infection were frequently present in the population under study. Venous thrombosis of a major upper limb vein was seen in 8 patients.", "PMID": 418841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9823", "title": "The cost of cardiac surgery.", "content": "A study in Wessex has shown that at 1977 prices, and excluding the cost of equipment already installed in the unit, the cost of replacing a man's aortic valve in this unit is about 1800 pounds. Nevertheless, this seems a small price to pay for return to health and full working capacity, particularly since such patients no longer need to draw social security benefits and their tax contributions will return to normal, thus probably paying for the operation within two years.", "contents": "The cost of cardiac surgery. A study in Wessex has shown that at 1977 prices, and excluding the cost of equipment already installed in the unit, the cost of replacing a man's aortic valve in this unit is about 1800 pounds. Nevertheless, this seems a small price to pay for return to health and full working capacity, particularly since such patients no longer need to draw social security benefits and their tax contributions will return to normal, thus probably paying for the operation within two years.", "PMID": 418846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9824", "title": "Studies on Neisseria gonorrhoeae cultured in liquid medium.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to determine the minimum amount of inoculum of gonococci that is needed to produce growth in ANM liquid medium. This was found to be less than had previously been thought. Minimum inocula were used to study penicillin sensitivity in liquid medium. This work showed that growth occurred at higher concentrations of penicillin with larger inocula. Evidence was also obtained which suggested that in some circumstances penicillin acts bacteriostatically rather than bacteriocidally. It was also shown that growth of gonococci can be inhibited in liquid medium by the presence of hyperimmune serum, the inhibition being more marked in the presence of fresh complement. This work is continuing in the hope that it may provide a basis for a much-needed serological test for gonorrhoea. This would be especially valuable in chronic assymptomatic infections.", "contents": "Studies on Neisseria gonorrhoeae cultured in liquid medium. Experiments were carried out to determine the minimum amount of inoculum of gonococci that is needed to produce growth in ANM liquid medium. This was found to be less than had previously been thought. Minimum inocula were used to study penicillin sensitivity in liquid medium. This work showed that growth occurred at higher concentrations of penicillin with larger inocula. Evidence was also obtained which suggested that in some circumstances penicillin acts bacteriostatically rather than bacteriocidally. It was also shown that growth of gonococci can be inhibited in liquid medium by the presence of hyperimmune serum, the inhibition being more marked in the presence of fresh complement. This work is continuing in the hope that it may provide a basis for a much-needed serological test for gonorrhoea. This would be especially valuable in chronic assymptomatic infections.", "PMID": 418848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9825", "title": "Afferent cortical connections and architectonics of the superior temporal sulcus and surrounding cortex in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "A cyto- and myeloarchitectonic parcellation of the superior temporal sulcus and surrounding cortex in the rhesus monkey has been correlated with the pattern of afferent cortical connections from ipsilateral temporal, parietal and occipital lobes, studied by both silver impregnation and autoradiographic techniques. The results suggest a definite organization of this region. Subdivisions of the superior temporal gyrus are tied together in a precise sequence of connections beginning in primary auditory cortex. The inferotemporal area, which receives input from the lateral peristriate region, can also be divided into architectonic divisions, each of which is related to the others in a specific pattern of connections. Within the superior temporal sulcus several distinct areas exist. In the caudal reaches is found a region that receives input from both primary visual and visual association cortices. This zone is similar to the Clare-Bishop area of the cat. Other superior temporal sulcus zones receive input primarily from one limited area of association cortex. A strip in the upper bank receives input exclusively from the superior temporal gyrus. An area in the rostral lower bank has afferent connections mainly with the inferotemporal area, and a zone in the depth of the superior temporal sulcus receives fibers from a region within the lower bank of the intraparietal sulcus. Two additional zones, in the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus, however, have multiple sources of cortical input: the peristriate belt, inferior parietal lobule and caudal superior temporal gyrus.", "contents": "Afferent cortical connections and architectonics of the superior temporal sulcus and surrounding cortex in the rhesus monkey. A cyto- and myeloarchitectonic parcellation of the superior temporal sulcus and surrounding cortex in the rhesus monkey has been correlated with the pattern of afferent cortical connections from ipsilateral temporal, parietal and occipital lobes, studied by both silver impregnation and autoradiographic techniques. The results suggest a definite organization of this region. Subdivisions of the superior temporal gyrus are tied together in a precise sequence of connections beginning in primary auditory cortex. The inferotemporal area, which receives input from the lateral peristriate region, can also be divided into architectonic divisions, each of which is related to the others in a specific pattern of connections. Within the superior temporal sulcus several distinct areas exist. In the caudal reaches is found a region that receives input from both primary visual and visual association cortices. This zone is similar to the Clare-Bishop area of the cat. Other superior temporal sulcus zones receive input primarily from one limited area of association cortex. A strip in the upper bank receives input exclusively from the superior temporal gyrus. An area in the rostral lower bank has afferent connections mainly with the inferotemporal area, and a zone in the depth of the superior temporal sulcus receives fibers from a region within the lower bank of the intraparietal sulcus. Two additional zones, in the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus, however, have multiple sources of cortical input: the peristriate belt, inferior parietal lobule and caudal superior temporal gyrus.", "PMID": 418850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9826", "title": "Effects of lesions of globus pallidus on species-typical display behavior of squirrel monkeys.", "content": "In a study of brain mechanisms underlying species-typical communication, systematic testing has been conducted on the effects of cerebral lesions on the mirror display of squirrel monkeys. The mirror display is a highly predictable variation of a naturally occurring display used by male squirrel monkeys in a show of aggression, in courtship and in greeting. Of the 5 features of the display, vocalization, thigh-spreading and forward thrusts of the erect phallus are the major and most regularly occurring manifestations, constituting the so-called trump display. Testing has been performed on more than 100 animals with lesions in various structures of the brain. The present report describes the positive effects of electro-coagulation of certain parts of the globus pallidus. Lesions of the medial segment have resulted in an enduring elimination or fragmentation of the trump display. Recovery of the display may occur with lesions predominantly involving the external segment, while destruction of the caudalmost pallidum is without effect. A variety of evidence indicates that the behavioral changes are not due to a deterioration of health, motor disabilities, seasonal factors or motivation. When weighed against the negative or transitory effects of lesions of numerous other structures of the brain, the present findings support the hypothesis that the striatal complex plays a basic role in the organized expression of species-typical behavior.", "contents": "Effects of lesions of globus pallidus on species-typical display behavior of squirrel monkeys. In a study of brain mechanisms underlying species-typical communication, systematic testing has been conducted on the effects of cerebral lesions on the mirror display of squirrel monkeys. The mirror display is a highly predictable variation of a naturally occurring display used by male squirrel monkeys in a show of aggression, in courtship and in greeting. Of the 5 features of the display, vocalization, thigh-spreading and forward thrusts of the erect phallus are the major and most regularly occurring manifestations, constituting the so-called trump display. Testing has been performed on more than 100 animals with lesions in various structures of the brain. The present report describes the positive effects of electro-coagulation of certain parts of the globus pallidus. Lesions of the medial segment have resulted in an enduring elimination or fragmentation of the trump display. Recovery of the display may occur with lesions predominantly involving the external segment, while destruction of the caudalmost pallidum is without effect. A variety of evidence indicates that the behavioral changes are not due to a deterioration of health, motor disabilities, seasonal factors or motivation. When weighed against the negative or transitory effects of lesions of numerous other structures of the brain, the present findings support the hypothesis that the striatal complex plays a basic role in the organized expression of species-typical behavior.", "PMID": 418851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9827", "title": "Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions and discrimination of movement-produced cues by rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were trained on a conditional discrimination in which sequences of either 32 or 64 lever presses served as discriminative stimuli. For half the subjects, reinforcement was contingent upon choice of a red response key following a sequence of 32 presses (FR 32), and a white key after FR 64, with the position of the two key colors randomized across trials. The remaining subjects were reinforced for left key presses after FR 64, and right key presses after FR 32, with key color again randomized across trials. Ablation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex resulted in postoperative deficits in all subjects, although 6 of 8 eventually remastered the task. This recovery was investigated in a second experiment, in which psychophysical functions were generated by varying the length of the shorter FR. Although dorsolateral lesions again produced a severe disruption in performance, the post-operative functions eventually obtained were identical to the preoperative functions. This pattern of marked impairment in retention of fixed ratio discriminations, but no change in asymptotic capacity, suggests participation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in processing kinesthetic information, possibly analogous to the role of inferior temporal cortex in processing visual information.", "contents": "Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions and discrimination of movement-produced cues by rhesus monkeys. Rhesus monkeys were trained on a conditional discrimination in which sequences of either 32 or 64 lever presses served as discriminative stimuli. For half the subjects, reinforcement was contingent upon choice of a red response key following a sequence of 32 presses (FR 32), and a white key after FR 64, with the position of the two key colors randomized across trials. The remaining subjects were reinforced for left key presses after FR 64, and right key presses after FR 32, with key color again randomized across trials. Ablation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex resulted in postoperative deficits in all subjects, although 6 of 8 eventually remastered the task. This recovery was investigated in a second experiment, in which psychophysical functions were generated by varying the length of the shorter FR. Although dorsolateral lesions again produced a severe disruption in performance, the post-operative functions eventually obtained were identical to the preoperative functions. This pattern of marked impairment in retention of fixed ratio discriminations, but no change in asymptotic capacity, suggests participation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in processing kinesthetic information, possibly analogous to the role of inferior temporal cortex in processing visual information.", "PMID": 418853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9828", "title": "Intracellular levels of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) in cultures of Streptomyces griseus producing streptomycin.", "content": "Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) were identified in the vegative mycelium of Streptomyces griseus. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppApp) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppApp) were not present but several other phosphorus-containing compounds which may have been inorganic polyphosphates were detected. During exponential growth of S. griseus the concentrations of ppGpp and pppGpp were several times higher than in the stationary stage. They fell sharply when exponential growth ended and then remained at an almost constant basal level. For the tetraphosphate the maximum concentration was about 50, and for the basal level about 10, pmol per millilitre of a culture with an optical density of 1.0. Production of streptomycin started several hours after exponential growth had ended and the concentrations of ppGpp and pppGpp had fallen. Streptomycin synthesis was delayed if the cells were resuspended just before production started in fresh medium lacking phosphate, but it was not delayed by glucose starvation. Both cultures, as well as cultures transferred to nitrogen-free medium, showed an immediate increase in ppGpp content to about four-fold the basal level. The results suggest that the guanosine polyphosphates do not directly control initiation of streptomycin production in S. griseus. Twelve additional species of Streptomyces examined all contained ppGpp and pppGpp.", "contents": "Intracellular levels of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) in cultures of Streptomyces griseus producing streptomycin. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) were identified in the vegative mycelium of Streptomyces griseus. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppApp) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppApp) were not present but several other phosphorus-containing compounds which may have been inorganic polyphosphates were detected. During exponential growth of S. griseus the concentrations of ppGpp and pppGpp were several times higher than in the stationary stage. They fell sharply when exponential growth ended and then remained at an almost constant basal level. For the tetraphosphate the maximum concentration was about 50, and for the basal level about 10, pmol per millilitre of a culture with an optical density of 1.0. Production of streptomycin started several hours after exponential growth had ended and the concentrations of ppGpp and pppGpp had fallen. Streptomycin synthesis was delayed if the cells were resuspended just before production started in fresh medium lacking phosphate, but it was not delayed by glucose starvation. Both cultures, as well as cultures transferred to nitrogen-free medium, showed an immediate increase in ppGpp content to about four-fold the basal level. The results suggest that the guanosine polyphosphates do not directly control initiation of streptomycin production in S. griseus. Twelve additional species of Streptomyces examined all contained ppGpp and pppGpp.", "PMID": 418858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9829", "title": "beta-D-phosphogalactoside galactohydrolase of Streptococcus faecalis and the inhibition of its synthesis by glucose.", "content": "The lactose hydrolysing system of Streptococcus faecalis is described. It is closely related to that one of the group N streptocci as it consists of a beta-D-phosphogalactoside galactohydrolase (beta-Pgal). The uptake of methyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside (TMG), lactose, and glucose is maintained by the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) but the uptake of galactose is not. The induction time is 6--7 min. Inducers are lactose and galactose but not isopropyl-beta-D-galactoside (IPTG) and TMG. In the presence of glucose, mannose, and maltose no induction of beta-Pgal occurs but pyruvate and glycerol allow induction. The competitive inhibition of uptake of TMG by glucose suggests inducer exclusion by this sugar. TMG accumulates in the cells exclusively as a derivative.", "contents": "beta-D-phosphogalactoside galactohydrolase of Streptococcus faecalis and the inhibition of its synthesis by glucose. The lactose hydrolysing system of Streptococcus faecalis is described. It is closely related to that one of the group N streptocci as it consists of a beta-D-phosphogalactoside galactohydrolase (beta-Pgal). The uptake of methyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside (TMG), lactose, and glucose is maintained by the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) but the uptake of galactose is not. The induction time is 6--7 min. Inducers are lactose and galactose but not isopropyl-beta-D-galactoside (IPTG) and TMG. In the presence of glucose, mannose, and maltose no induction of beta-Pgal occurs but pyruvate and glycerol allow induction. The competitive inhibition of uptake of TMG by glucose suggests inducer exclusion by this sugar. TMG accumulates in the cells exclusively as a derivative.", "PMID": 418859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9830", "title": "Characterization of the mitogenic activity elicited by Neisseria gonorrhoeae ribosomal fractions.", "content": "Ribosomal preparations from Neisseria gonorrhoeae types 1 and 4 were examined for their in vitro stimulation of mouse splenocytes to determine the ribosomal moiety or contaminant responsible for the immunoproliferative activity. In immunodiffusion tests with homologous rabbit antiserum, crude 70S ribosomes formed four precipitin bands while the purified 30S and 50S subunits showed one major line. The same antiserum reacted with lysed N. gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis A cells but no precipitation occurred with Escherichia coli cells purified N. gonorrhoeae lipopolysaccharide (LPS). No membrane or LPS contaminant was detected in the purified 30S and 50S preparations. All the ribosomal preparations from virulent and non-virulent N. gonorrhoeae consistently stimulated the murine splenocytes. The mitogenic activity of the 30S and 50S ribosomal preparation was destroyed by treatment with trypsin but only slightly decreased by ribonuclease. It is suggested that the lymphoproliferative response elicited by gonococcal ribosomes is triggered by the protein moiety of the 30S or 50S subunits.", "contents": "Characterization of the mitogenic activity elicited by Neisseria gonorrhoeae ribosomal fractions. Ribosomal preparations from Neisseria gonorrhoeae types 1 and 4 were examined for their in vitro stimulation of mouse splenocytes to determine the ribosomal moiety or contaminant responsible for the immunoproliferative activity. In immunodiffusion tests with homologous rabbit antiserum, crude 70S ribosomes formed four precipitin bands while the purified 30S and 50S subunits showed one major line. The same antiserum reacted with lysed N. gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis A cells but no precipitation occurred with Escherichia coli cells purified N. gonorrhoeae lipopolysaccharide (LPS). No membrane or LPS contaminant was detected in the purified 30S and 50S preparations. All the ribosomal preparations from virulent and non-virulent N. gonorrhoeae consistently stimulated the murine splenocytes. The mitogenic activity of the 30S and 50S ribosomal preparation was destroyed by treatment with trypsin but only slightly decreased by ribonuclease. It is suggested that the lymphoproliferative response elicited by gonococcal ribosomes is triggered by the protein moiety of the 30S or 50S subunits.", "PMID": 418860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9831", "title": "Further characterization of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 5.", "content": "Fifteen strains of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 5 were characteriized for carbohydrate utilization, enzymic reactions, and other differential criteria. Hemolytic patterns were tested on ovine, bovine, equine, human and lapine blood agars. Results were compared with those of previously reported strains of L. monocytogens serotype 5.", "contents": "Further characterization of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 5. Fifteen strains of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 5 were characteriized for carbohydrate utilization, enzymic reactions, and other differential criteria. Hemolytic patterns were tested on ovine, bovine, equine, human and lapine blood agars. Results were compared with those of previously reported strains of L. monocytogens serotype 5.", "PMID": 418861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9832", "title": "A general method for the lysis of Streptomyces species.", "content": "A procedure for the gentle lysis of Streptomyces is described. Complete lysis is obtained and covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA remains intact. This procedure was successfully used to lyse 14 different species of Streptomyces.", "contents": "A general method for the lysis of Streptomyces species. A procedure for the gentle lysis of Streptomyces is described. Complete lysis is obtained and covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA remains intact. This procedure was successfully used to lyse 14 different species of Streptomyces.", "PMID": 418862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9833", "title": "Calcium metabolism in adult outpatients with epilepsy receiving long-term anticonvulsant therapy.", "content": "Long-term anticonvulsant drug therapy may lead to abnormalities of calcium metabolism resulting in osteomalacia. The prevalence and severity of altered calcium metabolism was studied in an adult outpatient population of persons with epilepsy receiving anticonvulsant therapy for a minimum of 2 years. Assessment of calcium metabolism was based on serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and of plasma parathyroid hormone, intestinal absorption of isotopic calcium and skeletal bone mineral mass as determined by in vivo neutron activation or x-ray photodensitometry.Thirty-nine patients who had been receiving anticonvulsant therapy for an average of 20 years were studied; none had clinical evidence of metabolic bone disease. Decreased serum calcium concentration was noted in 10%, decreased serum phosphorus concentration in 10% and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase concentration in 44%. The mean serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than in a control group (11.6 v. 19.6 mg/mL). None of 18 patients studied had an increased plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone, and only 1 of 17 patients had decreased intestinal absorption of isotopic calcium. Bone mineral mass was decreased in 44% of 32 patients studied.It was concluded that long-term treatment with anticonvulsant drugs leads to mild abnormalities of calcium metabolism and decreased bone mineral mass in a substantial percentage of adult outpatients with epilepsy. These abnormalities probably predispose the patients to the development of clinically significant metabolic bone disease.", "contents": "Calcium metabolism in adult outpatients with epilepsy receiving long-term anticonvulsant therapy. Long-term anticonvulsant drug therapy may lead to abnormalities of calcium metabolism resulting in osteomalacia. The prevalence and severity of altered calcium metabolism was studied in an adult outpatient population of persons with epilepsy receiving anticonvulsant therapy for a minimum of 2 years. Assessment of calcium metabolism was based on serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and of plasma parathyroid hormone, intestinal absorption of isotopic calcium and skeletal bone mineral mass as determined by in vivo neutron activation or x-ray photodensitometry.Thirty-nine patients who had been receiving anticonvulsant therapy for an average of 20 years were studied; none had clinical evidence of metabolic bone disease. Decreased serum calcium concentration was noted in 10%, decreased serum phosphorus concentration in 10% and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase concentration in 44%. The mean serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than in a control group (11.6 v. 19.6 mg/mL). None of 18 patients studied had an increased plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone, and only 1 of 17 patients had decreased intestinal absorption of isotopic calcium. Bone mineral mass was decreased in 44% of 32 patients studied.It was concluded that long-term treatment with anticonvulsant drugs leads to mild abnormalities of calcium metabolism and decreased bone mineral mass in a substantial percentage of adult outpatients with epilepsy. These abnormalities probably predispose the patients to the development of clinically significant metabolic bone disease.", "PMID": 418865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9834", "title": "Pituitary-ovarian function in breast cancer patients on adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy.", "content": "One hundred thirty-one patients with operable breast cancer were treated with adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and BCG (FAC-BCG). Fifty-five of 131 patients were premenopausal of which 71% (38/55) became amenorrheic. To determine the mechanism of amenorrhea, we measured the immunoreactive serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and plasma estradiol (E2) before and after intravenous administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in 11 unselected premenopausal patients who developed amenorrhea and 11 unselected patients who did not. Serum prolactin (PRL) levels were also measured before and after iv administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Our results showed that patients who developed amenorrhea had abnormally high serum LH and FSH levels at basal and after LH-RH stimulation and low plasma estradiol. Serum PRL levels were normal. Patients who developed amenorrhea were older than those who did not, but their serum LH and FSH levels were also significantly higher and plasma estrogens were significantly lower than that found in 11 normal women with regular menses of the same age range. These results indicate that amenorrhea that develops in some patients with breast cancer after FAC-BCG therapy is a result of primary ovarian failure.", "contents": "Pituitary-ovarian function in breast cancer patients on adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy. One hundred thirty-one patients with operable breast cancer were treated with adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and BCG (FAC-BCG). Fifty-five of 131 patients were premenopausal of which 71% (38/55) became amenorrheic. To determine the mechanism of amenorrhea, we measured the immunoreactive serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and plasma estradiol (E2) before and after intravenous administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in 11 unselected premenopausal patients who developed amenorrhea and 11 unselected patients who did not. Serum prolactin (PRL) levels were also measured before and after iv administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Our results showed that patients who developed amenorrhea had abnormally high serum LH and FSH levels at basal and after LH-RH stimulation and low plasma estradiol. Serum PRL levels were normal. Patients who developed amenorrhea were older than those who did not, but their serum LH and FSH levels were also significantly higher and plasma estrogens were significantly lower than that found in 11 normal women with regular menses of the same age range. These results indicate that amenorrhea that develops in some patients with breast cancer after FAC-BCG therapy is a result of primary ovarian failure.", "PMID": 418867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9835", "title": "Localized arterial occlusions in patients treated with pelvic field radiation for cancer.", "content": "Five patients, previously treated with pelvic irradiation for cancer of the cervix uteri, ovaries or bladder are presented. They developed occlusions of the distal aorta and/or the iliac arteries 2 to 6 years after irradiation. The presenting symptoms caused by the vascular obstructions were claudication or rest pain. All patients were operated upon with revascularization procedures and thereby relieved from their symptoms. One vascular graft occluded but reoperation was successful. The mechanism by which radiation causes atherosclerosis is discussed. All patients were heavy cigarette smokers. The patients with signs of atherosclerosis outside the irradiated area were the ones with the shortest time interval between radiation and symptoms of ischaemia. It is proposed that irradiation acts synergistically to other atherogenetic factors and this should be kept in mind when radiation therapy is planned in patients with high risk of developing atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Localized arterial occlusions in patients treated with pelvic field radiation for cancer. Five patients, previously treated with pelvic irradiation for cancer of the cervix uteri, ovaries or bladder are presented. They developed occlusions of the distal aorta and/or the iliac arteries 2 to 6 years after irradiation. The presenting symptoms caused by the vascular obstructions were claudication or rest pain. All patients were operated upon with revascularization procedures and thereby relieved from their symptoms. One vascular graft occluded but reoperation was successful. The mechanism by which radiation causes atherosclerosis is discussed. All patients were heavy cigarette smokers. The patients with signs of atherosclerosis outside the irradiated area were the ones with the shortest time interval between radiation and symptoms of ischaemia. It is proposed that irradiation acts synergistically to other atherogenetic factors and this should be kept in mind when radiation therapy is planned in patients with high risk of developing atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 418868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9836", "title": "An immunohistological study of immunoglobulin content of primary central nervous system lymphomas.", "content": "Paraffin sections of surgical and autopsy material from 24 cases of primary CNS lymphoma were examined for the presence of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin by an immunoperoxidase technique. Definite staining for cytoplasmic immunoglobulin was observed in 13 cases, and in eight of these the pattern of staining was consistent with current concepts of monoclonality. In every case the histological diagnosis of malignant lymphoma was confirmed, and cases were subclassified by both the Lukes-Collins and the Rappaport classifications. Morphologically 12 of the 24 cases resembled immunoblastic sarcoma occurring outside the CNS. Other cases showed features of follicular center cell lymphoma or plasmacytoid lymphocytic lymphoma. Of those cases with positive immunoglobulin staining of tumor cells, the majority showed some plasmacytoid features. It was concluded that the primary CNS lymphomas resemble their counterparts occurring outside the CNS, and that at least a proportion are derived from the B lymphocyte.", "contents": "An immunohistological study of immunoglobulin content of primary central nervous system lymphomas. Paraffin sections of surgical and autopsy material from 24 cases of primary CNS lymphoma were examined for the presence of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin by an immunoperoxidase technique. Definite staining for cytoplasmic immunoglobulin was observed in 13 cases, and in eight of these the pattern of staining was consistent with current concepts of monoclonality. In every case the histological diagnosis of malignant lymphoma was confirmed, and cases were subclassified by both the Lukes-Collins and the Rappaport classifications. Morphologically 12 of the 24 cases resembled immunoblastic sarcoma occurring outside the CNS. Other cases showed features of follicular center cell lymphoma or plasmacytoid lymphocytic lymphoma. Of those cases with positive immunoglobulin staining of tumor cells, the majority showed some plasmacytoid features. It was concluded that the primary CNS lymphomas resemble their counterparts occurring outside the CNS, and that at least a proportion are derived from the B lymphocyte.", "PMID": 418869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9837", "title": "Specialized nutritional support in the cancer patient: is it worthwhile?", "content": "Over a 7 year period, 85 cancer patients were managed by the nutrition service of St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto. All these patients were nutritionally depleted, had obstruction to the gastrointestinal tract, or had postoperative complications such as enterocutaneous fistulas, evisceration or intraabdominal sepsis, which left total parenteral nutrition (TPN) as the only means of achieving positive nitrogen balance. A prospective study started in 1970 has found that when cancer was resectable and TPN was started preoperatively and continued postoperatively (24 patients-group 1) until the patient could take a normal diet, no deaths or significant complications occurred. When TPN was first started after life-threatening complications had occurred (53 depleted patients-group 2), the mortality was 17.0%. This mortality was only 4.5% after complications following operations for colon cancer, but was much higher with esophageal, pancreatic and bladder cancer, and especially after complications following surgery where radiotherapy had previously been given to abdomen or pelvis. When TPN was used in inoperable, cachectic patients (8 patients-group 3) to permit them to tolerate radiotherapy or chemotherapy, the mortality was 37.5%. This latter group is small, but TPN is worthwhile in selected patients where significant palliation and improvement in the quality of life can occur.", "contents": "Specialized nutritional support in the cancer patient: is it worthwhile? Over a 7 year period, 85 cancer patients were managed by the nutrition service of St. Joseph's Hospital, Toronto. All these patients were nutritionally depleted, had obstruction to the gastrointestinal tract, or had postoperative complications such as enterocutaneous fistulas, evisceration or intraabdominal sepsis, which left total parenteral nutrition (TPN) as the only means of achieving positive nitrogen balance. A prospective study started in 1970 has found that when cancer was resectable and TPN was started preoperatively and continued postoperatively (24 patients-group 1) until the patient could take a normal diet, no deaths or significant complications occurred. When TPN was first started after life-threatening complications had occurred (53 depleted patients-group 2), the mortality was 17.0%. This mortality was only 4.5% after complications following operations for colon cancer, but was much higher with esophageal, pancreatic and bladder cancer, and especially after complications following surgery where radiotherapy had previously been given to abdomen or pelvis. When TPN was used in inoperable, cachectic patients (8 patients-group 3) to permit them to tolerate radiotherapy or chemotherapy, the mortality was 37.5%. This latter group is small, but TPN is worthwhile in selected patients where significant palliation and improvement in the quality of life can occur.", "PMID": 418870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9838", "title": "Growth characteristics and drug responses of a murine lung carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Cells obtained from the Nettesheim lung carcinoma of DBA/2 mice, a heterogenous population grown s.c., were cultured as monolayers. These cells were serially subcultured and cloned twice, and a clone was selected for further study. This clone produced malignant tumors at the injected site when injected s.c. into male DBA/2 or C57BL/L x DBA/2 F1 mice. Referred as KLN205, this cell line had the highest rate of lung colony formation on i.v. injection. It was subcultured for over 15 generations, and its cytological characteristics were investigated. The s.c. and lung colony growth were examined histologically. The effects of treatment with two antimetabolite drugs, arabinosyl-6-mercaptopurine (NSC 406021) and 6-selenoguanosine (NSC 137679) were determined in culture and in vivo. The former was relatively ineffective; the latter was very effective both in vivo and in vitro. Several drugs used clinically for the treatment of lung cancer were also tested. This established and characterized cell line is proposed as a potential model for testing other chemotherapeutic treatments.", "contents": "Growth characteristics and drug responses of a murine lung carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Cells obtained from the Nettesheim lung carcinoma of DBA/2 mice, a heterogenous population grown s.c., were cultured as monolayers. These cells were serially subcultured and cloned twice, and a clone was selected for further study. This clone produced malignant tumors at the injected site when injected s.c. into male DBA/2 or C57BL/L x DBA/2 F1 mice. Referred as KLN205, this cell line had the highest rate of lung colony formation on i.v. injection. It was subcultured for over 15 generations, and its cytological characteristics were investigated. The s.c. and lung colony growth were examined histologically. The effects of treatment with two antimetabolite drugs, arabinosyl-6-mercaptopurine (NSC 406021) and 6-selenoguanosine (NSC 137679) were determined in culture and in vivo. The former was relatively ineffective; the latter was very effective both in vivo and in vitro. Several drugs used clinically for the treatment of lung cancer were also tested. This established and characterized cell line is proposed as a potential model for testing other chemotherapeutic treatments.", "PMID": 418873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9839", "title": "Carcinogenic and other adverse effects of procarbazine in nonhuman primates.", "content": "The carcinogenic potential of procarbazine is under investigation in three species (Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis, and Cercopithecus aethiops) of nonhuman primates. A total of 55 monkeys have received procarbazine s.c., p.o., or i.p. for periods of up to 12 years. Eleven of the 42 monkeys (26%) necropsied thus far have had malignant neoplasms, 6 of which were acute leukemia. Two monkeys developed osteogenic sarcomas, two monkeys developed hemangiosarcomas, and a single case of lymphocytic lymphoma was found. The average total dose of procarbazine received by the monkeys developing cancers was 36.0 g; the average duration of procarbazine treatment was 75 months. A number of the toxic effects of procarbazine seen in humans were also noted in this series of monkeys, including vomiting and myelosuppression. Another striking toxic effect was on the reproductive system of the males. The majority of the adult males necropsied to date have had testicular atrophy with complete aplasia of the germinal epithelium.", "contents": "Carcinogenic and other adverse effects of procarbazine in nonhuman primates. The carcinogenic potential of procarbazine is under investigation in three species (Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis, and Cercopithecus aethiops) of nonhuman primates. A total of 55 monkeys have received procarbazine s.c., p.o., or i.p. for periods of up to 12 years. Eleven of the 42 monkeys (26%) necropsied thus far have had malignant neoplasms, 6 of which were acute leukemia. Two monkeys developed osteogenic sarcomas, two monkeys developed hemangiosarcomas, and a single case of lymphocytic lymphoma was found. The average total dose of procarbazine received by the monkeys developing cancers was 36.0 g; the average duration of procarbazine treatment was 75 months. A number of the toxic effects of procarbazine seen in humans were also noted in this series of monkeys, including vomiting and myelosuppression. Another striking toxic effect was on the reproductive system of the males. The majority of the adult males necropsied to date have had testicular atrophy with complete aplasia of the germinal epithelium.", "PMID": 418874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9840", "title": "Intracellular localization of meso-Tetra(p-sulfophenyl)porphine: a potential tumor localizing agent.", "content": "The mechanism of meso-tetra (p-sulfophenyl)porphine (TPPS4) localization was examined in Vero and HEp-2 cells in vitro. TPPS4 was found to be relatively nontoxic to both cell types at concentrations up to 200 microgram/ml. However, changes in cellular ultrastructure were observed by electron microscopy, consisting mainly of an increase in membrane-bound vacuoles. The nature of the new structures has not been determined. Both fluorescence microscopy and cellular fractionation indicate that TPPS4 is localized inside the cells studied. Considerable differences in the pattern of localization between  the two cell types were found. The TPPS4 in the Vero cells was found to be mainly in the soluble fraction and the red fluorescence was found to be diffuse throughout the cytoplasm. The HEp-2 cells showed TPPS4 fluorescence associated with various cell organelles, predominatly the nucleolus. [14C]-TPPS4 was found in many cellular components but predominantly it was in the soluble and protein fractions. These differences may be significant in the understanding of in vivo localization of this porphyrin in neoplastic tissue.", "contents": "Intracellular localization of meso-Tetra(p-sulfophenyl)porphine: a potential tumor localizing agent. The mechanism of meso-tetra (p-sulfophenyl)porphine (TPPS4) localization was examined in Vero and HEp-2 cells in vitro. TPPS4 was found to be relatively nontoxic to both cell types at concentrations up to 200 microgram/ml. However, changes in cellular ultrastructure were observed by electron microscopy, consisting mainly of an increase in membrane-bound vacuoles. The nature of the new structures has not been determined. Both fluorescence microscopy and cellular fractionation indicate that TPPS4 is localized inside the cells studied. Considerable differences in the pattern of localization between  the two cell types were found. The TPPS4 in the Vero cells was found to be mainly in the soluble fraction and the red fluorescence was found to be diffuse throughout the cytoplasm. The HEp-2 cells showed TPPS4 fluorescence associated with various cell organelles, predominatly the nucleolus. [14C]-TPPS4 was found in many cellular components but predominantly it was in the soluble and protein fractions. These differences may be significant in the understanding of in vivo localization of this porphyrin in neoplastic tissue.", "PMID": 418875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9841", "title": "Renal vascular anatomy of the toad (Bufo marinus).", "content": "The renal vasculature of the toad, Bufo marinus, was studied mainly by means of scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. All arterial branches terminated in a glomerulus. Each glomerulus was supplied by only one afferent arteriole. No shunts between afferent and efferent arterioles were observed. The glomerular channels appeared to be permanent capillaries. No evidence supporting the theory of freely shifting glomerular blood channels was found. Efferent arterioles radiated out towards the dorsal surface of the kidney where they connected with peritubular vessels. The renal portal veins produced an anastomosing plexus on the dorsal surface of the kidney, giving rise to the peritubular vessels. Peritubular vessels ran radially toward the ventral surface of the kidney, where they formed the roots of the renal veins. Attention is drawn to the possibility of hairpin countercurrent exchange between the capillary-like efferent arterioles and the peritubular vessels in the dorsal kidney.", "contents": "Renal vascular anatomy of the toad (Bufo marinus). The renal vasculature of the toad, Bufo marinus, was studied mainly by means of scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. All arterial branches terminated in a glomerulus. Each glomerulus was supplied by only one afferent arteriole. No shunts between afferent and efferent arterioles were observed. The glomerular channels appeared to be permanent capillaries. No evidence supporting the theory of freely shifting glomerular blood channels was found. Efferent arterioles radiated out towards the dorsal surface of the kidney where they connected with peritubular vessels. The renal portal veins produced an anastomosing plexus on the dorsal surface of the kidney, giving rise to the peritubular vessels. Peritubular vessels ran radially toward the ventral surface of the kidney, where they formed the roots of the renal veins. Attention is drawn to the possibility of hairpin countercurrent exchange between the capillary-like efferent arterioles and the peritubular vessels in the dorsal kidney.", "PMID": 418878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9842", "title": "Myogenesis in primary cell cultures from Drosophila melanogaster: protein synthesis and actin heterogeneity during development.", "content": "Muscle cell cultures from Drosophila melanogaster were obtained by plating dissociated gastrula stage embryo cells on protamine-treated culture dishes. They myogenic cells in these cultures fuse to form multinucleated pulsating cells by 15 hr after plating. An analysis of protein synthesis during myogenesis in these cultures, as measured by the incorporation of 35S-methionine and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, showed profound changes in the pattern of protein synthesis. This analysis enabled us to identify three distinct classes of proteins. Class A proteins, the most abundant, are synthesized continuously throughout myogenesis, class B proteins are those proteins whose synthesis is initiated during myogenesis and continued throughout development; class C proteins are those synthesized at specific times during development. In addition, three forms of actin have been identified in these cultures. Actin I, which shows increased synthesis concomitant with the myogenic development in these cultures, is apparently a muscle-specific form of actin. Actin II, the predominant \"cytoplasmic\" form of actin in the nonmuscle Schneider cell line 2, is also the major form in the gastrula cultures before differentiation begins. Synthesis of this actin continues in the myogenic cultures. Actin III is a rapidly turning over form of actin which does not accumulate in either the Schneider cells or the myogenic cultures.", "contents": "Myogenesis in primary cell cultures from Drosophila melanogaster: protein synthesis and actin heterogeneity during development. Muscle cell cultures from Drosophila melanogaster were obtained by plating dissociated gastrula stage embryo cells on protamine-treated culture dishes. They myogenic cells in these cultures fuse to form multinucleated pulsating cells by 15 hr after plating. An analysis of protein synthesis during myogenesis in these cultures, as measured by the incorporation of 35S-methionine and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, showed profound changes in the pattern of protein synthesis. This analysis enabled us to identify three distinct classes of proteins. Class A proteins, the most abundant, are synthesized continuously throughout myogenesis, class B proteins are those proteins whose synthesis is initiated during myogenesis and continued throughout development; class C proteins are those synthesized at specific times during development. In addition, three forms of actin have been identified in these cultures. Actin I, which shows increased synthesis concomitant with the myogenic development in these cultures, is apparently a muscle-specific form of actin. Actin II, the predominant \"cytoplasmic\" form of actin in the nonmuscle Schneider cell line 2, is also the major form in the gastrula cultures before differentiation begins. Synthesis of this actin continues in the myogenic cultures. Actin III is a rapidly turning over form of actin which does not accumulate in either the Schneider cells or the myogenic cultures.", "PMID": 418880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9843", "title": "Activation of [14C] chlorobiphenyls to protein-binding metabolites by rat liver microsomes.", "content": "The irreversible binding of [14C] 2,2'-di- and [14C] 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl ([14C] DCB and [14C] HCB) to protein was studied in the presence of rat liver microsomes and a NADPH-generating system. Protein-bound radioactivity was found with [14C] DCB but not with [14C] HCB. The binding of 14C-metabolites was increased by pretreatment of the rats with phenobarbital or polychlorinated biphenyls. Protein binding was linear for 80 min. In contrast, monohydroxy-metabolites of DCB were formed and degraded within 40 min. Inhibition of secondary oxidation of DCB by scavenging superoxide anions or by glucuronidation of the monophenols markedly decreased the protein binding. Addition of trichloropropene oxide or styrene oxide, both inhibitors of epoxide hydrase, did not significantly stimulate the binding. The results suggest that the majority of reactive metabolites of DCB arise from secondary metabolism, i.e., the subsequent oxidation of the phenolic metabolites. Arene oxides, the primary products, appear to play a minor role in the protein binding of DCB.", "contents": "Activation of [14C] chlorobiphenyls to protein-binding metabolites by rat liver microsomes. The irreversible binding of [14C] 2,2'-di- and [14C] 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl ([14C] DCB and [14C] HCB) to protein was studied in the presence of rat liver microsomes and a NADPH-generating system. Protein-bound radioactivity was found with [14C] DCB but not with [14C] HCB. The binding of 14C-metabolites was increased by pretreatment of the rats with phenobarbital or polychlorinated biphenyls. Protein binding was linear for 80 min. In contrast, monohydroxy-metabolites of DCB were formed and degraded within 40 min. Inhibition of secondary oxidation of DCB by scavenging superoxide anions or by glucuronidation of the monophenols markedly decreased the protein binding. Addition of trichloropropene oxide or styrene oxide, both inhibitors of epoxide hydrase, did not significantly stimulate the binding. The results suggest that the majority of reactive metabolites of DCB arise from secondary metabolism, i.e., the subsequent oxidation of the phenolic metabolites. Arene oxides, the primary products, appear to play a minor role in the protein binding of DCB.", "PMID": 418886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9844", "title": "[Passage of labelled elements between two palatal shelves in vitro].", "content": "3H Fucose of 14C Galactosamine have been incorporated in vitro into a palatal shelf. This shelf has been associated with the homologous non-labeled palatal shelf on a normal medium. The mesenchyme of the explants which were incubated with the isotope is densely labeled. In the epithelium the cells are scarcely labeled. The isotope is dense in enlarged intercellular spaces. On the free surface, the tracer is located in front of those intercellular spaces and does not form a continuous coat. When the shelves have fused, the isotope migrates through the intercellular spaces of the non-labeled epithelium into the mesenchyme.", "contents": "[Passage of labelled elements between two palatal shelves in vitro]. 3H Fucose of 14C Galactosamine have been incorporated in vitro into a palatal shelf. This shelf has been associated with the homologous non-labeled palatal shelf on a normal medium. The mesenchyme of the explants which were incubated with the isotope is densely labeled. In the epithelium the cells are scarcely labeled. The isotope is dense in enlarged intercellular spaces. On the free surface, the tracer is located in front of those intercellular spaces and does not form a continuous coat. When the shelves have fused, the isotope migrates through the intercellular spaces of the non-labeled epithelium into the mesenchyme.", "PMID": 418891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9845", "title": "[Production of Friend virus particles at the surface of cells synchronized by Ficoll gradient centrifugation].", "content": "Murine cells continuously producing Friend viral complex were synchronized by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. Cells were isolated from different parts of the gradient and counts of budding particles were performed on ultra-thin sections. No significant differences were noticed, suggesting that viral release is not related to cell cycle.", "contents": "[Production of Friend virus particles at the surface of cells synchronized by Ficoll gradient centrifugation]. Murine cells continuously producing Friend viral complex were synchronized by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. Cells were isolated from different parts of the gradient and counts of budding particles were performed on ultra-thin sections. No significant differences were noticed, suggesting that viral release is not related to cell cycle.", "PMID": 418892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9846", "title": "[Spontaneous infestation of Phlebotomus dubosqui by promastigotes of Leishmania in Senegal].", "content": "An epidemiological survey of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Senegal revealed the presence of numerous Phlebotomus duboscqi in the entrances of rodent burrows. Two P. duboscqi out of 45 females dissected showed infection of the gut by promastigotes which could be cultured on NNN medium.", "contents": "[Spontaneous infestation of Phlebotomus dubosqui by promastigotes of Leishmania in Senegal]. An epidemiological survey of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Senegal revealed the presence of numerous Phlebotomus duboscqi in the entrances of rodent burrows. Two P. duboscqi out of 45 females dissected showed infection of the gut by promastigotes which could be cultured on NNN medium.", "PMID": 418893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9847", "title": "[Effect of water oxygenation on oxygen consumption and gill ventilation of the crab, Carcinus maenas (L.)].", "content": "At 15 degrees C, the oxygen uptake rate of Carcinus maenas was practically independent of the ambient oxygen pressure betueen 50 and 500 Torr. Within this range, hyperventilatory and hypoventilatory responses were observed in hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions respectively whereas the oxygen extraction coefficient remained more or less constant.", "contents": "[Effect of water oxygenation on oxygen consumption and gill ventilation of the crab, Carcinus maenas (L.)]. At 15 degrees C, the oxygen uptake rate of Carcinus maenas was practically independent of the ambient oxygen pressure betueen 50 and 500 Torr. Within this range, hyperventilatory and hypoventilatory responses were observed in hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions respectively whereas the oxygen extraction coefficient remained more or less constant.", "PMID": 418894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9848", "title": "[Demonstration of a specific androgen binding protein (ABP) in the seminal plasma of the ram].", "content": "A specific androgen binding protein has been demonstrated in the seminal plasma of adult Ram. This protein binds especially to 5 alpha-DHT and testosterone and much lower to oestradiol-17 beta. Its characteristics such as Ka (in order 10(9) M(-1) at 4 degrees C), relative mobility (Rf) and its specificity are similar to those of the androgen binding protein (ABP) of the Rete Testis Fluid and the epididymal plasma of the Ram. It is probable that this protein secreted from the testis, crosses the epididymis before being secreted in the seminal plasma at the moment of the ejaculation.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a specific androgen binding protein (ABP) in the seminal plasma of the ram]. A specific androgen binding protein has been demonstrated in the seminal plasma of adult Ram. This protein binds especially to 5 alpha-DHT and testosterone and much lower to oestradiol-17 beta. Its characteristics such as Ka (in order 10(9) M(-1) at 4 degrees C), relative mobility (Rf) and its specificity are similar to those of the androgen binding protein (ABP) of the Rete Testis Fluid and the epididymal plasma of the Ram. It is probable that this protein secreted from the testis, crosses the epididymis before being secreted in the seminal plasma at the moment of the ejaculation.", "PMID": 418895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9849", "title": "[Use of a zonal rotor for demonstrating that human myelin is formed by a continuum of particles of different densities].", "content": "Human myelin isolated from frozen brain consists of a continuum of particles as shown by sucrose continuous gradient (between 0,4 and 0,85 M) on zonal rotor. This was determined by measuring the O. D. at 260 and 280 millimicron, the protein concentration by Lowry method and sucrose concentration by polarimetry in 60 fractions. Most of the material is concentrated between 20-23% sucrose, the maximum being found at 21.5% (0.63 M). The fractions are dialyzed for 62 hrs. to remove the sucrose and the pellet obtained after centrifugation shows that the protein concentration increases from the ligher fraction to the heavier.", "contents": "[Use of a zonal rotor for demonstrating that human myelin is formed by a continuum of particles of different densities]. Human myelin isolated from frozen brain consists of a continuum of particles as shown by sucrose continuous gradient (between 0,4 and 0,85 M) on zonal rotor. This was determined by measuring the O. D. at 260 and 280 millimicron, the protein concentration by Lowry method and sucrose concentration by polarimetry in 60 fractions. Most of the material is concentrated between 20-23% sucrose, the maximum being found at 21.5% (0.63 M). The fractions are dialyzed for 62 hrs. to remove the sucrose and the pellet obtained after centrifugation shows that the protein concentration increases from the ligher fraction to the heavier.", "PMID": 418896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9850", "title": "[Detection and distribution of \"rutinase+, an enzyme hydrolyzin; rutoside].", "content": "125 species were investigated for rutinase. A high enzyme activity was found only in a few genera: Fagopyrum, Rhamnus, Berchemia, Sophora, Datisca and Danae. Lower activity was detected in several Lichens (Parmeliaceae) and diverse plants but is lacking in some specimens. In a number of species containing 3- or 7-rutinosides, no enzyme able to hydrolyse the latter seems to be present.", "contents": "[Detection and distribution of \"rutinase+, an enzyme hydrolyzin; rutoside]. 125 species were investigated for rutinase. A high enzyme activity was found only in a few genera: Fagopyrum, Rhamnus, Berchemia, Sophora, Datisca and Danae. Lower activity was detected in several Lichens (Parmeliaceae) and diverse plants but is lacking in some specimens. In a number of species containing 3- or 7-rutinosides, no enzyme able to hydrolyse the latter seems to be present.", "PMID": 418897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9851", "title": "[Evidence of an ileal hormone inhibiting pancreatic secretion (ACP anticholecystokinine peptide)].", "content": "The contact of long and medium chain fatty acids with the ileal mucosa inhibits basal or stimulated pancreatic protein secretion of Man, Dog, Cat and Rat. This inhibition is due to an inhibitory factor transmitted by cross-circulation. We isolated from partially purified extracts of Pig ileum a peptide which inhibits strongly volume and protein pancreatic output of the conscious Rat. We propose to call this factor ACP, anticholecystokinine peptide.", "contents": "[Evidence of an ileal hormone inhibiting pancreatic secretion (ACP anticholecystokinine peptide)]. The contact of long and medium chain fatty acids with the ileal mucosa inhibits basal or stimulated pancreatic protein secretion of Man, Dog, Cat and Rat. This inhibition is due to an inhibitory factor transmitted by cross-circulation. We isolated from partially purified extracts of Pig ileum a peptide which inhibits strongly volume and protein pancreatic output of the conscious Rat. We propose to call this factor ACP, anticholecystokinine peptide.", "PMID": 418898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9852", "title": "[Induction of cytochrome P 450 by phenobarbital in cats].", "content": "Phenobarbital administration to the Cat an animal hypersensitive to the actions of many toxic substances or to physiological compounds such as hormones, does not produce cytochrome P 450 induction. Consequently, hepatic storage of retinol remains unchanged. The specific and original characteristics of the Cat in this field are underlined by these results.", "contents": "[Induction of cytochrome P 450 by phenobarbital in cats]. Phenobarbital administration to the Cat an animal hypersensitive to the actions of many toxic substances or to physiological compounds such as hormones, does not produce cytochrome P 450 induction. Consequently, hepatic storage of retinol remains unchanged. The specific and original characteristics of the Cat in this field are underlined by these results.", "PMID": 418899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9853", "title": "[Effect of methotrexate on glycolysis of leukemia L 1210 cells cultivated in vitro].", "content": "Methotrexate, at non lethal doses, alters the glycolysis of leukaemic L 1210 cells. Glucose uptake and lactate excretion are increased but lactate/glucose ratio remains constant. The activity of glycolytic enzymes in the cytoplasm is increased and the level of intracellular ATP is greatly enhanced.", "contents": "[Effect of methotrexate on glycolysis of leukemia L 1210 cells cultivated in vitro]. Methotrexate, at non lethal doses, alters the glycolysis of leukaemic L 1210 cells. Glucose uptake and lactate excretion are increased but lactate/glucose ratio remains constant. The activity of glycolytic enzymes in the cytoplasm is increased and the level of intracellular ATP is greatly enhanced.", "PMID": 418900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9854", "title": "[Effect of hypoxia on glycolysis in isolated fetal rat heart].", "content": "Glycolysis was assessed in the isolated foetal Rat in hypoxia. Measurements were made of glucose uptake, lactate output, C14 glucose incorporation into glycogen and tissular levels of ATP, PCr, glycogen and lactate. Glycolysis was stimulated by hypoxia to a greater extent in the young foetal heart of 16.5 days post coitum than in the foetal heart at term. Thus high energy phosphates were maintained at a higher level in the younger heart. The results are discussed in relation to the high resistance to hypoxia of the foetal heart.", "contents": "[Effect of hypoxia on glycolysis in isolated fetal rat heart]. Glycolysis was assessed in the isolated foetal Rat in hypoxia. Measurements were made of glucose uptake, lactate output, C14 glucose incorporation into glycogen and tissular levels of ATP, PCr, glycogen and lactate. Glycolysis was stimulated by hypoxia to a greater extent in the young foetal heart of 16.5 days post coitum than in the foetal heart at term. Thus high energy phosphates were maintained at a higher level in the younger heart. The results are discussed in relation to the high resistance to hypoxia of the foetal heart.", "PMID": 418901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9855", "title": "[Effects of salicylate on the electrical properties of the proximal convoluted tubule of Necturus maculosus].", "content": "The effects of peritubular salicylate for chloride substitution were studied in the isolated perfused Necturus kidney. This substitution resulted in changes of cell membrane p.d., varying from tubule to tubule; the withdrawal of the test-anion invariably produced a steep and prolonged depolarization. Exposure of the tissue to salicylate brought about, in addition, electrical uncoupling of junctional membranes, which was not related to concomitant changes of membrane p.d.", "contents": "[Effects of salicylate on the electrical properties of the proximal convoluted tubule of Necturus maculosus]. The effects of peritubular salicylate for chloride substitution were studied in the isolated perfused Necturus kidney. This substitution resulted in changes of cell membrane p.d., varying from tubule to tubule; the withdrawal of the test-anion invariably produced a steep and prolonged depolarization. Exposure of the tissue to salicylate brought about, in addition, electrical uncoupling of junctional membranes, which was not related to concomitant changes of membrane p.d.", "PMID": 418902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9856", "title": "[Effect of imazalil (1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy) ethyl)-1H-imidazole) on biosynthesis of ergosterol in Penicillium expansum Link].", "content": "Imazalil is a new fungicide effective against Penicillium molds on fruits after harvest. This compound inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis in mycelia of Penicillium expansum. The accumulation of 24--methylenedithydrolanosterol, obtusifoliol and 14 alpha-methyl-delta 8, 24(28)-ergostadienol in treated fungi suggests that imazalil blocks sterol C--14 demethylation.", "contents": "[Effect of imazalil (1-(2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy) ethyl)-1H-imidazole) on biosynthesis of ergosterol in Penicillium expansum Link]. Imazalil is a new fungicide effective against Penicillium molds on fruits after harvest. This compound inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis in mycelia of Penicillium expansum. The accumulation of 24--methylenedithydrolanosterol, obtusifoliol and 14 alpha-methyl-delta 8, 24(28)-ergostadienol in treated fungi suggests that imazalil blocks sterol C--14 demethylation.", "PMID": 418903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9857", "title": "[New toxins from Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius].", "content": "A strain of Aspergillus fumigatus Fres., isolated from sugar-beet draffs, synthesizes in vitro four toxic metabolites which have not yet been described in these fungal species. Toxic effects of the most abundant of these metabolites \"fumitoxin A\" have been studed on chick embryo. Artemia salina larvae, cell cultures, and on mice.", "contents": "[New toxins from Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius]. A strain of Aspergillus fumigatus Fres., isolated from sugar-beet draffs, synthesizes in vitro four toxic metabolites which have not yet been described in these fungal species. Toxic effects of the most abundant of these metabolites \"fumitoxin A\" have been studed on chick embryo. Artemia salina larvae, cell cultures, and on mice.", "PMID": 418904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9858", "title": "[Inclusion of Gross virus cell surface associated antigen in liposomes].", "content": "The Gross virus associated cell surface antigen GCSAa was extracted from (C58NT)D cells by solubilization of membranes with detergent and partially purified. This antigen was entraped in liposomes. Absorption experiments of the cytotoxic activity towards EmaleG2 cells of a W/Fu anti (C58NT)D serum showed the presence of the antigen at the surface of sensibilized liposomes.", "contents": "[Inclusion of Gross virus cell surface associated antigen in liposomes]. The Gross virus associated cell surface antigen GCSAa was extracted from (C58NT)D cells by solubilization of membranes with detergent and partially purified. This antigen was entraped in liposomes. Absorption experiments of the cytotoxic activity towards EmaleG2 cells of a W/Fu anti (C58NT)D serum showed the presence of the antigen at the surface of sensibilized liposomes.", "PMID": 418905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9859", "title": "[Preparation and experimental antitumor activity of a new semi-synthetic antibiotic: 14-diethoxyacetoxy daunorubicin (R.P. 33 921)].", "content": "14-diethoxyacetoxy daunorubicin (R.P. 33 921) was chosen among a series of new daunorubicin analogues. Its preparation from daunorubicin and its biological activities are described. It displays an antitumoral activity in mice with a better chemotherapeutic index than daunorubicin and doxorubicin.", "contents": "[Preparation and experimental antitumor activity of a new semi-synthetic antibiotic: 14-diethoxyacetoxy daunorubicin (R.P. 33 921)]. 14-diethoxyacetoxy daunorubicin (R.P. 33 921) was chosen among a series of new daunorubicin analogues. Its preparation from daunorubicin and its biological activities are described. It displays an antitumoral activity in mice with a better chemotherapeutic index than daunorubicin and doxorubicin.", "PMID": 418906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9860", "title": "[Evolution of myocardial glycolysis in perinatal rats].", "content": "Glycolysis was assessed in the Langendorff perfused rat heart during the perinatal period. Glucose uptake, lactate production, 14C-glucose incorporation into glycogen, tissue content content of glycogen, lactate and high energy phosphates were measured in the foetus of 21.5 days post co\u00eftum and in the newborn of 1 and 7 days post partum. Glycogen synthesis and anaerobic glycolysis were found to be more active in the foetal heart and to decrease during the first neonatal week.", "contents": "[Evolution of myocardial glycolysis in perinatal rats]. Glycolysis was assessed in the Langendorff perfused rat heart during the perinatal period. Glucose uptake, lactate production, 14C-glucose incorporation into glycogen, tissue content content of glycogen, lactate and high energy phosphates were measured in the foetus of 21.5 days post co\u00eftum and in the newborn of 1 and 7 days post partum. Glycogen synthesis and anaerobic glycolysis were found to be more active in the foetal heart and to decrease during the first neonatal week.", "PMID": 418907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9861", "title": "[Immunohistochemical localization by electron microscopy of GnRH in the median eminence of Xenopus laevis daud].", "content": "Using antibodies against mammalian LHRH with the unlabeled antibody enzyme method immunoreactive nerve fibres were localized in the median eminence of Xenopus laevis at the electron microscopic level. These fibres contain irregularly shaped neurosecretory granules with an average diameter of 890 A.", "contents": "[Immunohistochemical localization by electron microscopy of GnRH in the median eminence of Xenopus laevis daud]. Using antibodies against mammalian LHRH with the unlabeled antibody enzyme method immunoreactive nerve fibres were localized in the median eminence of Xenopus laevis at the electron microscopic level. These fibres contain irregularly shaped neurosecretory granules with an average diameter of 890 A.", "PMID": 418908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9862", "title": "[Metrizamide CT cisternography in skull base tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-three cases suspected of skull base tumors were examined by CT cisternography (CTC) with CT scanner (EMI 1010) from April, 1977 to March, 1978. The lesions in 20 cases were diagnosed as positive and confirmed by operation and/or autopsies. These include five acoustic neurinomas, six pituitary adenomas, two craniopharyngiomas, two skull base meningiomas, one arachnoid cyst and miscellaneous tumors. Isotonic Metrizamide solution four of 2-10 ml was injected via lumbar route. Patients were kept in 30 degrees Trendelenburg position for 60 minutes until the first scanning. Scannings were obtained 1, 3, 6, 24 and in some cases 48 hours after lumbar injection. No side effects except for headache, nausea, vomiting occurred. There were no convulsions. In diagnosing cerebellopontine angle tumors, the indirect signs such as asymmetrical ambient cisterns are of importance, when combined with direct signs, i.e. a shadow defect. Parasellar tumors are usually difficult to diagnose with conventional CT due to streak artifact caused by adjacent bony structure. In CTC the extrasellar extension of pituitary tumors were clearly visible. The size, shape, dimensions and the relationship to the adjacent structures of the craniopharyngiomas were easily demonstrated with CTC especially when a coronal view was added. In arachnoid cyst, CTC demonstrated the delayed turnover of Metrizamide between the cyst cavity and the adjacent subarachnoid space. In conclusion, CTC is an useful neuroradiological diagnostic adjunct because of minimal  bony streak artifact and high spatial resolution. It would be expected that small tumors of even 2-3 mm in diameter might be diagnosed, from the fact that the middle cerebral artery in the suprasellar cistern is clearly visible as a shadow defect.", "contents": "[Metrizamide CT cisternography in skull base tumors (author's transl)]. Twenty-three cases suspected of skull base tumors were examined by CT cisternography (CTC) with CT scanner (EMI 1010) from April, 1977 to March, 1978. The lesions in 20 cases were diagnosed as positive and confirmed by operation and/or autopsies. These include five acoustic neurinomas, six pituitary adenomas, two craniopharyngiomas, two skull base meningiomas, one arachnoid cyst and miscellaneous tumors. Isotonic Metrizamide solution four of 2-10 ml was injected via lumbar route. Patients were kept in 30 degrees Trendelenburg position for 60 minutes until the first scanning. Scannings were obtained 1, 3, 6, 24 and in some cases 48 hours after lumbar injection. No side effects except for headache, nausea, vomiting occurred. There were no convulsions. In diagnosing cerebellopontine angle tumors, the indirect signs such as asymmetrical ambient cisterns are of importance, when combined with direct signs, i.e. a shadow defect. Parasellar tumors are usually difficult to diagnose with conventional CT due to streak artifact caused by adjacent bony structure. In CTC the extrasellar extension of pituitary tumors were clearly visible. The size, shape, dimensions and the relationship to the adjacent structures of the craniopharyngiomas were easily demonstrated with CTC especially when a coronal view was added. In arachnoid cyst, CTC demonstrated the delayed turnover of Metrizamide between the cyst cavity and the adjacent subarachnoid space. In conclusion, CTC is an useful neuroradiological diagnostic adjunct because of minimal  bony streak artifact and high spatial resolution. It would be expected that small tumors of even 2-3 mm in diameter might be diagnosed, from the fact that the middle cerebral artery in the suprasellar cistern is clearly visible as a shadow defect.", "PMID": 418946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9863", "title": "[Surgical treatment of the middle cerebral artery aneurysm--from the experiences of 174 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "174 cases of middle cerebral artery aneurysm submitted to surgical operations without using microscope were reviewed. At operation, the head is set on the neutral and slightly chin up position, not turned to any directions. Small craniotomy, which is about half as much as the ordinary unifrontal craniotomy, is performed. The merit of our method is as follows; the M1 portion (Fisher) of the middle cerebral artery runs horizontally, so that we can keep the parent artery during the operation, and owing to the chin up position the strong retraction of the frontal lobe can be avoided. Of 174 cases, 9 were dead (mortality rate 5.2%) and 18 were poor (10.4%). Bad operative outcome is due to the obstruction of the middle cerebral artery around the aneurysmal neck. Therefore, we should always keep in mind to preserve the blood flow of the parent artery as well as that of its branches. Study was made mainly on this point of view such as the general technical process of the aneurysmal neck treatment, the treatment of the cases with severe arteriosclerosis and with large aneurysms having the blood coagula inside.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of the middle cerebral artery aneurysm--from the experiences of 174 cases (author's transl)]. 174 cases of middle cerebral artery aneurysm submitted to surgical operations without using microscope were reviewed. At operation, the head is set on the neutral and slightly chin up position, not turned to any directions. Small craniotomy, which is about half as much as the ordinary unifrontal craniotomy, is performed. The merit of our method is as follows; the M1 portion (Fisher) of the middle cerebral artery runs horizontally, so that we can keep the parent artery during the operation, and owing to the chin up position the strong retraction of the frontal lobe can be avoided. Of 174 cases, 9 were dead (mortality rate 5.2%) and 18 were poor (10.4%). Bad operative outcome is due to the obstruction of the middle cerebral artery around the aneurysmal neck. Therefore, we should always keep in mind to preserve the blood flow of the parent artery as well as that of its branches. Study was made mainly on this point of view such as the general technical process of the aneurysmal neck treatment, the treatment of the cases with severe arteriosclerosis and with large aneurysms having the blood coagula inside.", "PMID": 418949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9864", "title": "[A case of giant aneurysm associated with vertebral fenestration (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of giant aneurysm associated with vertebral fenestration was reported. A 18-year-old female had complained of visual disturbance of left eye for past 2 years without headache, nausea and vomiting. Neurological examinations revealed normal except for optic atrophy on the left side. Physiological examinations were normal. Skull plain films showed the small calcification at the left supraclinoid region. Left common carotid angiograms revealed a giant aneurysm at left internal carotid artery measuring 4 X 2 X 2 cm in size, and left middle cerebral artery was poorly visualized. Vertebral angiograms showed the fenestration at left craniospinal junction. Computerized tomograms showed a round, granular high density lesion, and this lesion was clearly homogenously enhanced by contrast medium. It was considered that the direct surgery to this aneurysm might be impossible, because the neck of the aneurysm was located at extradural portion. Ligation of her common carotid artery was performed with Selverstone clamp. Her postoperative course was uneventful, and the postoperative angiograms revealed the reduction of the size of aneurysm. The etiological hypotheses of these cerebral vascular anomalies were briefly discussed.", "contents": "[A case of giant aneurysm associated with vertebral fenestration (author's transl)]. A case of giant aneurysm associated with vertebral fenestration was reported. A 18-year-old female had complained of visual disturbance of left eye for past 2 years without headache, nausea and vomiting. Neurological examinations revealed normal except for optic atrophy on the left side. Physiological examinations were normal. Skull plain films showed the small calcification at the left supraclinoid region. Left common carotid angiograms revealed a giant aneurysm at left internal carotid artery measuring 4 X 2 X 2 cm in size, and left middle cerebral artery was poorly visualized. Vertebral angiograms showed the fenestration at left craniospinal junction. Computerized tomograms showed a round, granular high density lesion, and this lesion was clearly homogenously enhanced by contrast medium. It was considered that the direct surgery to this aneurysm might be impossible, because the neck of the aneurysm was located at extradural portion. Ligation of her common carotid artery was performed with Selverstone clamp. Her postoperative course was uneventful, and the postoperative angiograms revealed the reduction of the size of aneurysm. The etiological hypotheses of these cerebral vascular anomalies were briefly discussed.", "PMID": 418950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9865", "title": "[Primary interhemispheric subdural abscess--case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of primary interhemispheric subdural abscess was reported, which was not accompanied by abscess formation in other places such as subdural spaces of the convexity or in the brain. A 13-year-old school boy was admitted with 8 days' history of fever, headache and progressive weakness of the left lower extremity. Prior to admission he developed 2 spells of jacksonian seizure initiating from the left leg. Right carotid angiography was performed on admission and separation of the pericallosal and callosomarginal arteries with small avascular area was shown indicating possible abscess formation in the interhemispheric fissure. There was no evidence of purulent infection in the laboratory findings including the CSF and EEG showed diffuse slow wave discharge, more in the right frontocentral leads. He was placed on the vigorous treatment with antibiotics and steroids, and one month later the left lower weakness as well as the EEG abnormality showed some improvement. However, the separation of the anterior cerebral arterial branches became more prominent and formed a lens shaped avascular area, although the pericallosal artery was in the midline. A diagnosis of interhemispheric subdural abscess was made and was confirmed by surgery. Patient showed progressive recovery of the left lower paralysis, and the abscess was totally collapsed in the repeated angiographic follow-up study. Angiographic characteristics of the interhemispheric subdural abscess were described and particular emphasis was placed on the peculiar neurological symptoms referring to the previous reports in the literature.", "contents": "[Primary interhemispheric subdural abscess--case report (author's transl)]. A case of primary interhemispheric subdural abscess was reported, which was not accompanied by abscess formation in other places such as subdural spaces of the convexity or in the brain. A 13-year-old school boy was admitted with 8 days' history of fever, headache and progressive weakness of the left lower extremity. Prior to admission he developed 2 spells of jacksonian seizure initiating from the left leg. Right carotid angiography was performed on admission and separation of the pericallosal and callosomarginal arteries with small avascular area was shown indicating possible abscess formation in the interhemispheric fissure. There was no evidence of purulent infection in the laboratory findings including the CSF and EEG showed diffuse slow wave discharge, more in the right frontocentral leads. He was placed on the vigorous treatment with antibiotics and steroids, and one month later the left lower weakness as well as the EEG abnormality showed some improvement. However, the separation of the anterior cerebral arterial branches became more prominent and formed a lens shaped avascular area, although the pericallosal artery was in the midline. A diagnosis of interhemispheric subdural abscess was made and was confirmed by surgery. Patient showed progressive recovery of the left lower paralysis, and the abscess was totally collapsed in the repeated angiographic follow-up study. Angiographic characteristics of the interhemispheric subdural abscess were described and particular emphasis was placed on the peculiar neurological symptoms referring to the previous reports in the literature.", "PMID": 418951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9866", "title": "Role of nutrition in the development of osteomalacia in the elderly.", "content": "A dietary survey has been carried out of elderly people with osteomalacia. The commonest type of osteomalacia was that associated with partial gastrectomy. Although a dietary deficiency of vitamin D has been suggested as a cause of the osteomalacia the intake of this substance was not significantly different from that in controls to explain the development of the disease. It was found, however, that patients with osteomalacia went outside much less than controls and given the contribution of sunlight to meeting vitamin D requirements it is suggested that further consideration should be given to this factor in the aetiology of post-gastrectomy osteomalacia.", "contents": "Role of nutrition in the development of osteomalacia in the elderly. A dietary survey has been carried out of elderly people with osteomalacia. The commonest type of osteomalacia was that associated with partial gastrectomy. Although a dietary deficiency of vitamin D has been suggested as a cause of the osteomalacia the intake of this substance was not significantly different from that in controls to explain the development of the disease. It was found, however, that patients with osteomalacia went outside much less than controls and given the contribution of sunlight to meeting vitamin D requirements it is suggested that further consideration should be given to this factor in the aetiology of post-gastrectomy osteomalacia.", "PMID": 418961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9867", "title": "Fatty acid composition of cerebrosides and phospholipids in brains of undernourished rats.", "content": "The effect of undernutrition on the fatty acid profiles of cerebrosides and phospholipids in the developing rat brain has been investigated. Undernutrition was imposed post-natally in pups by the method of large litter size and feeding a protein-deficient diet during the post-weaning period. The results showed that lignoceric (24:0) and nervonic (24:1) acids of cerebrosides, which are marker fatty acids of myelin, were significantly lower in 50-day-old undernourished rats than in well-nourished controls. Among the polyunsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids the contribution of arachidonic acid (20:4) to the total fatty acids was lower in 10- and 21-day-old as well as 50-day-old rats. Altered fatty acid pattern of lipid classes might be the result of impaired myelination of brain due to nutritional stress.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of cerebrosides and phospholipids in brains of undernourished rats. The effect of undernutrition on the fatty acid profiles of cerebrosides and phospholipids in the developing rat brain has been investigated. Undernutrition was imposed post-natally in pups by the method of large litter size and feeding a protein-deficient diet during the post-weaning period. The results showed that lignoceric (24:0) and nervonic (24:1) acids of cerebrosides, which are marker fatty acids of myelin, were significantly lower in 50-day-old undernourished rats than in well-nourished controls. Among the polyunsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids the contribution of arachidonic acid (20:4) to the total fatty acids was lower in 10- and 21-day-old as well as 50-day-old rats. Altered fatty acid pattern of lipid classes might be the result of impaired myelination of brain due to nutritional stress.", "PMID": 418962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9868", "title": "Effects of dietary fats on the coronary flow rate and the left ventricular function of the isolated rat heart.", "content": "Two groups of rats were fed diets containing large amounts (45-50% of the total digestible energy) of sunflower seed oil or hydrogenated coconut oil for 4-5 days. The left ventricular working capacity, the coronary flow rate, the oxygen consumption, the glucose uptake and the lactate release were determined in the isolated perfused heart. The fatty acid composition of the heart phospholipids was also determined. The left ventricular working capacity and the coronary flow rate of hearts of rats fed sunflower seed oil are higher (10-20%) than those of rats fed hydrogenated coconut oil. Feeding the two fats for 3-4 weeks instead of 4-5 days does not alter the results. There are no or only minor differences between the two dietary groups as to the other quantities mentioned. It is concluded that dietary fats affect the properties of the heart already after a short feeding time.", "contents": "Effects of dietary fats on the coronary flow rate and the left ventricular function of the isolated rat heart. Two groups of rats were fed diets containing large amounts (45-50% of the total digestible energy) of sunflower seed oil or hydrogenated coconut oil for 4-5 days. The left ventricular working capacity, the coronary flow rate, the oxygen consumption, the glucose uptake and the lactate release were determined in the isolated perfused heart. The fatty acid composition of the heart phospholipids was also determined. The left ventricular working capacity and the coronary flow rate of hearts of rats fed sunflower seed oil are higher (10-20%) than those of rats fed hydrogenated coconut oil. Feeding the two fats for 3-4 weeks instead of 4-5 days does not alter the results. There are no or only minor differences between the two dietary groups as to the other quantities mentioned. It is concluded that dietary fats affect the properties of the heart already after a short feeding time.", "PMID": 418963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9869", "title": "Perinatal mortality and morbidity in breech presentation.", "content": "The perinatal mortality associated with breech presentation at the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, between 1974 and 1976 was 10.4%, or almost 5 times the overall hospital figure. Nine of 487 infants (1.8%) weighing greater than or equal to 2500 g died in the perinatal period, but 7 were already dead at the onset of labor or had congenital abnormalities incompatible with life. Sixty of 177 infants (33.9%) weighing 1000-2499 g died in the perinatal period, but 28 of these died due to prematurity alone or from complications of intrauterine hypoxia or birth trauma. Although elective cesarean section for breech presentation could not be justified for infants weighing greater than or equal to 2500 g, this procedure may well reduce the perinatal loss of premature infants by reducing the incidence of intrauterine hypoxia and preventing birth trauma.", "contents": "Perinatal mortality and morbidity in breech presentation. The perinatal mortality associated with breech presentation at the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, between 1974 and 1976 was 10.4%, or almost 5 times the overall hospital figure. Nine of 487 infants (1.8%) weighing greater than or equal to 2500 g died in the perinatal period, but 7 were already dead at the onset of labor or had congenital abnormalities incompatible with life. Sixty of 177 infants (33.9%) weighing 1000-2499 g died in the perinatal period, but 28 of these died due to prematurity alone or from complications of intrauterine hypoxia or birth trauma. Although elective cesarean section for breech presentation could not be justified for infants weighing greater than or equal to 2500 g, this procedure may well reduce the perinatal loss of premature infants by reducing the incidence of intrauterine hypoxia and preventing birth trauma.", "PMID": 418964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9870", "title": "Prophylactic cesarean section antibiotics: maternal and neonatal morbidity before or after cord clamping.", "content": "In an ongoing prospective study at 2 hospitals, 114 cesarean section patients were studied to determine whether giving ampicillin after umbilical cord clamping is as effective as perioperative ampicillin in reducing maternal postoperative morbidity. The same patients have also been studied to determine the effect of prophylactic cesarean section ampicillin on the newborn. Results have shown that prophylactic ampicillin initiated after cord clamping is as effective in reducing maternal morbidity as ampicillin initiated prior to the surgery. There is also no evidence from our study that the transplacental passage of prophylactic ampicillin increases immediate or delayed neonatal infections.", "contents": "Prophylactic cesarean section antibiotics: maternal and neonatal morbidity before or after cord clamping. In an ongoing prospective study at 2 hospitals, 114 cesarean section patients were studied to determine whether giving ampicillin after umbilical cord clamping is as effective as perioperative ampicillin in reducing maternal postoperative morbidity. The same patients have also been studied to determine the effect of prophylactic cesarean section ampicillin on the newborn. Results have shown that prophylactic ampicillin initiated after cord clamping is as effective in reducing maternal morbidity as ampicillin initiated prior to the surgery. There is also no evidence from our study that the transplacental passage of prophylactic ampicillin increases immediate or delayed neonatal infections.", "PMID": 418966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9871", "title": "Glucose intolerance during pregnancy. I. A reappraisal of alleged screening criteria.", "content": "This study was designed to examine various risk factors in regard to their correlation with carbohydrate intolerance and in relation to birthweight and well-being of the newborn. Of the various alleged prediabetic stigmata among a selected group of 390 women, only marked maternal overweight, diabetes in previous pregnancy, family history of diabetes at the sibling level, and accompanying maternal morbidity were associated with increased risk for both gestational carbohydrate intolerance and for morbidity in the newborn. In women over 30 years of age a definite increase in the incidence of carbohydrate intolerance was noted among this high-risk population. Multiplicity of screening criteria presented a significantly (P less than 0.001) greater risk for the development of carbohydrate intolerance and was seen to be positively (P less than 0.001) with increased perinatal morbidity.", "contents": "Glucose intolerance during pregnancy. I. A reappraisal of alleged screening criteria. This study was designed to examine various risk factors in regard to their correlation with carbohydrate intolerance and in relation to birthweight and well-being of the newborn. Of the various alleged prediabetic stigmata among a selected group of 390 women, only marked maternal overweight, diabetes in previous pregnancy, family history of diabetes at the sibling level, and accompanying maternal morbidity were associated with increased risk for both gestational carbohydrate intolerance and for morbidity in the newborn. In women over 30 years of age a definite increase in the incidence of carbohydrate intolerance was noted among this high-risk population. Multiplicity of screening criteria presented a significantly (P less than 0.001) greater risk for the development of carbohydrate intolerance and was seen to be positively (P less than 0.001) with increased perinatal morbidity.", "PMID": 418967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9872", "title": "The effect of prophylactic antibiotics on febrile morbidity following cesarean section.", "content": "One hundred fifty patients undergoing cesarean section were evaluated prospectively for the effect of prophylactic antibiotics on postoperative morbidity. The postoperative infection rate was significantly reduced, being 30%, 16%, and 50% in the ampicillin, the cephalothin, and the control groups, respectively. The results are favorably compared with the results achieved in previously reported studies where the antibiotic treatment was started preoperatively. Our study confirms experimental studies that postoperative infection can be reduced by using prophylactic antibiotics in the immediate postoperative period. By this regimen, undesired placental transfer of the antibiotics to the fetus can be avoided.", "contents": "The effect of prophylactic antibiotics on febrile morbidity following cesarean section. One hundred fifty patients undergoing cesarean section were evaluated prospectively for the effect of prophylactic antibiotics on postoperative morbidity. The postoperative infection rate was significantly reduced, being 30%, 16%, and 50% in the ampicillin, the cephalothin, and the control groups, respectively. The results are favorably compared with the results achieved in previously reported studies where the antibiotic treatment was started preoperatively. Our study confirms experimental studies that postoperative infection can be reduced by using prophylactic antibiotics in the immediate postoperative period. By this regimen, undesired placental transfer of the antibiotics to the fetus can be avoided.", "PMID": 418968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9873", "title": "The bupivacaine paracervical block in labor and its effect on quantitative uterine activity.", "content": "This study utilized internal fetal monitoring and an on-line voltage control oscillator for measurement of uterine activity unit (UAU) determination in patients who received a paracervical block (PCB) with the use of bupivacaine hydrochloride (Marcaine). The total dose of 25 mg (5 cc/side) of 0.25% bupivacaine used for PCB in 32 patients produced no ill effects to the fetus, as reflected by baseline fetal heart rate (FHR), beat-to-beat variablity, or Apgar scores. No adverse maternal effects were noted, and anesthesia was rated good or excellent in 81% of patients. Rate of cervical dilation remained the same or increased in 29 of 32 patients. Quantitative UAUs showed a significant decrease in the third 10-minute interval after block in primiparas, but no significant change in multiparas or in the group taken as a whole. Total UAUs before versus after PCB for either group or taken together were not statistically different. A decreasing trend in UAUs after PCB versus a positive regression line from activity prior to the block was noted.", "contents": "The bupivacaine paracervical block in labor and its effect on quantitative uterine activity. This study utilized internal fetal monitoring and an on-line voltage control oscillator for measurement of uterine activity unit (UAU) determination in patients who received a paracervical block (PCB) with the use of bupivacaine hydrochloride (Marcaine). The total dose of 25 mg (5 cc/side) of 0.25% bupivacaine used for PCB in 32 patients produced no ill effects to the fetus, as reflected by baseline fetal heart rate (FHR), beat-to-beat variablity, or Apgar scores. No adverse maternal effects were noted, and anesthesia was rated good or excellent in 81% of patients. Rate of cervical dilation remained the same or increased in 29 of 32 patients. Quantitative UAUs showed a significant decrease in the third 10-minute interval after block in primiparas, but no significant change in multiparas or in the group taken as a whole. Total UAUs before versus after PCB for either group or taken together were not statistically different. A decreasing trend in UAUs after PCB versus a positive regression line from activity prior to the block was noted.", "PMID": 418969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9874", "title": "Alcohol, indomethacin, and salbutamol. A comparative trial of their use in preterm labor.", "content": "In a comparative trial, ethanol effectively arrested preterm labor for 48 hours for more in 32% of cases, a beta-adrenergic agent (salbutamol) in 60% of cases (not statistically significant), and a combination of ethanol and indomethacin in 70% of cases (statistically significant, P less than 0.5). Labor was delayed for 14 days or more in 36, 60, and 50%, respectively (not statistically significant). The numbers studied were small, and tests of statistical significance were of doubtful value. Salbutamol was more acceptable to patients and the staff than ethanol. The trial was suspended and eventually abandoned due to reports of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors causing premature closure of the ductus arteriosus. In this series no problems were encountered with the use of indomethacin.", "contents": "Alcohol, indomethacin, and salbutamol. A comparative trial of their use in preterm labor. In a comparative trial, ethanol effectively arrested preterm labor for 48 hours for more in 32% of cases, a beta-adrenergic agent (salbutamol) in 60% of cases (not statistically significant), and a combination of ethanol and indomethacin in 70% of cases (statistically significant, P less than 0.5). Labor was delayed for 14 days or more in 36, 60, and 50%, respectively (not statistically significant). The numbers studied were small, and tests of statistical significance were of doubtful value. Salbutamol was more acceptable to patients and the staff than ethanol. The trial was suspended and eventually abandoned due to reports of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors causing premature closure of the ductus arteriosus. In this series no problems were encountered with the use of indomethacin.", "PMID": 418970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9875", "title": "Herpes zoster during pregnancy.", "content": "Herpes zoster has rarely been noted to occur during pregnancy. We report the case of a woman at 37 weeks' gestation who developed herpes zoster and 3 weeks later delivered a normal infant. A 6-month follow-up has revealed no sequelae in the child. Pertinent clinical aspects of herpes zoster and a review of the literature indicating a favorable prognosis for infants exposed in utero are presented.", "contents": "Herpes zoster during pregnancy. Herpes zoster has rarely been noted to occur during pregnancy. We report the case of a woman at 37 weeks' gestation who developed herpes zoster and 3 weeks later delivered a normal infant. A 6-month follow-up has revealed no sequelae in the child. Pertinent clinical aspects of herpes zoster and a review of the literature indicating a favorable prognosis for infants exposed in utero are presented.", "PMID": 418971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9876", "title": "The impact of regionalization programs on patterns of perinatal care.", "content": "A questionnaire developed to assess changes in patterns of perinatal care related to regionalization programs was sent to all 505 members of The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in the state of Massachusetts. Respondents reported changes in facilities, services, educational experience, and referral and transfer patterns. The implications of these changes are discussed.", "contents": "The impact of regionalization programs on patterns of perinatal care. A questionnaire developed to assess changes in patterns of perinatal care related to regionalization programs was sent to all 505 members of The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in the state of Massachusetts. Respondents reported changes in facilities, services, educational experience, and referral and transfer patterns. The implications of these changes are discussed.", "PMID": 418973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9877", "title": "Spontaneous abortion after midtrimester amniocentesis.", "content": "Of 371 consecutive patients who underwent midtrimester diagnostic amniocentesis, 8 subsequently aborted spontaneously (2.2%), and 1 had a stillbirth at 24 weeks of gestation (0.17%). In 3 of the 9 patients who suffered fetal loss, infection appears to have played a significant role. Whereas midtrimester diagnostic amniocentesis is widely considered to be a safe and accurate procedure, the possibility of hazard to the patient and her fetus remains and should be considered during the preliminary counseling session.", "contents": "Spontaneous abortion after midtrimester amniocentesis. Of 371 consecutive patients who underwent midtrimester diagnostic amniocentesis, 8 subsequently aborted spontaneously (2.2%), and 1 had a stillbirth at 24 weeks of gestation (0.17%). In 3 of the 9 patients who suffered fetal loss, infection appears to have played a significant role. Whereas midtrimester diagnostic amniocentesis is widely considered to be a safe and accurate procedure, the possibility of hazard to the patient and her fetus remains and should be considered during the preliminary counseling session.", "PMID": 418974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9878", "title": "The effects of oxytocin on fetal scalp temperature.", "content": "During a study of fetal temperature, it was found that there was a significantly higher temperature among infants whose mothers received oxytocin than among a comparable control group. These data indicate that normal-appearing oxytocin-induced contractions may reduce uterine blood flow and thereby raise the intrauterine fetal temperature.", "contents": "The effects of oxytocin on fetal scalp temperature. During a study of fetal temperature, it was found that there was a significantly higher temperature among infants whose mothers received oxytocin than among a comparable control group. These data indicate that normal-appearing oxytocin-induced contractions may reduce uterine blood flow and thereby raise the intrauterine fetal temperature.", "PMID": 418975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9879", "title": "Choriocarcinoma following term pregnancy.", "content": "Two hundred and sixty-five patients with malignant trophoblastic disease were admitted to the Southeastern Trophoblastic Disease Center at Duke University Medical Center between July 1966 and June 1976. Of these 165 patients, 20 had choriocarcinoma following a term gestation with a survival rate of 60% as compared to 95% survival rate for the remaining 245 patients. Previously described risk factors of initial human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) titer of greater than 100,000 IU/24 hr urine, duration of symptoms for more than 4 months, significant prior unsuccessful chemotherapy or cerebral or hepatic metastases identified the \"poor prognosis\" group. Post-term gestation \"poor prognosis\" patients had a significantly lower cure rate (47%), than other patients with \"poor prognosis\" for gestational trophoblastic disease (75%; P less than 0.05). Post-term gestation choriocarcinoma has a propensity for more extensive metastatic spread and would appear to be less responsive to conventional chemotherapy, which may be due to an altered immune response in these patients. This suggests that an antecedent term pregnancy should be added to the previously described high-risk factors for patients with malignant trophoblastic disease.", "contents": "Choriocarcinoma following term pregnancy. Two hundred and sixty-five patients with malignant trophoblastic disease were admitted to the Southeastern Trophoblastic Disease Center at Duke University Medical Center between July 1966 and June 1976. Of these 165 patients, 20 had choriocarcinoma following a term gestation with a survival rate of 60% as compared to 95% survival rate for the remaining 245 patients. Previously described risk factors of initial human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) titer of greater than 100,000 IU/24 hr urine, duration of symptoms for more than 4 months, significant prior unsuccessful chemotherapy or cerebral or hepatic metastases identified the \"poor prognosis\" group. Post-term gestation \"poor prognosis\" patients had a significantly lower cure rate (47%), than other patients with \"poor prognosis\" for gestational trophoblastic disease (75%; P less than 0.05). Post-term gestation choriocarcinoma has a propensity for more extensive metastatic spread and would appear to be less responsive to conventional chemotherapy, which may be due to an altered immune response in these patients. This suggests that an antecedent term pregnancy should be added to the previously described high-risk factors for patients with malignant trophoblastic disease.", "PMID": 418976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9880", "title": "Smooth muscle tumors of the vulva.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic features of 32 smooth muscle tumors of the vulva were studied to determine the pathologic characteristics that best relate to the clinical behavior and to define criteria for separating leiomyomas from leiomyosarcomas. The length of follow-up ranged from 16 months to 20 years, with a median of 9 years. None of the tumors metastasized. Of the 4 neoplasms that recurred, the 2 with infiltrating margins recurred within 1 year and of these 2, the one with more than 5 mitotic figures in 10 high-power fields (HPF) recurred 5 times within a 2-year period. Neoplasms were discovered during pregnancy in 7 patients; these were characterized by extensive myxoid change, but none of the tumors that occurred during pregnancy showed significant cellular atypism or mitotic activity. Local excision is recommended as initial therapy and also for recurrences.", "contents": "Smooth muscle tumors of the vulva. The clinical and pathologic features of 32 smooth muscle tumors of the vulva were studied to determine the pathologic characteristics that best relate to the clinical behavior and to define criteria for separating leiomyomas from leiomyosarcomas. The length of follow-up ranged from 16 months to 20 years, with a median of 9 years. None of the tumors metastasized. Of the 4 neoplasms that recurred, the 2 with infiltrating margins recurred within 1 year and of these 2, the one with more than 5 mitotic figures in 10 high-power fields (HPF) recurred 5 times within a 2-year period. Neoplasms were discovered during pregnancy in 7 patients; these were characterized by extensive myxoid change, but none of the tumors that occurred during pregnancy showed significant cellular atypism or mitotic activity. Local excision is recommended as initial therapy and also for recurrences.", "PMID": 418977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9881", "title": "Primary invasive squamous carcinoma of the vagina.", "content": "Forty-three cases of primary vaginal squamous cell cancer were treated at the University of Wisconsin Hospital between 1956 and 1971. These cases comprised 1.2% of patients admitted to the University Hospital with female genital tract cancer. Evidence is presented to support a modification of the currently accepted FIGO staging system for vaginal carcinoma (Stage II disease). Radiation therapy using both external beam and brachyradium equivalents or interstitial implantation of suitable isotopes was an effective method for the treatment of patients having early and locally advanced invasive vaginal cancer. The 5-year absolute survival rate for the entire series was 37.2%. Absolute survival rate by modified FIGO clinical staging was 66% for Stages I and IIA, 31% for Stage IIB, 25% for Stage III, and 0% for Stage IV.", "contents": "Primary invasive squamous carcinoma of the vagina. Forty-three cases of primary vaginal squamous cell cancer were treated at the University of Wisconsin Hospital between 1956 and 1971. These cases comprised 1.2% of patients admitted to the University Hospital with female genital tract cancer. Evidence is presented to support a modification of the currently accepted FIGO staging system for vaginal carcinoma (Stage II disease). Radiation therapy using both external beam and brachyradium equivalents or interstitial implantation of suitable isotopes was an effective method for the treatment of patients having early and locally advanced invasive vaginal cancer. The 5-year absolute survival rate for the entire series was 37.2%. Absolute survival rate by modified FIGO clinical staging was 66% for Stages I and IIA, 31% for Stage IIB, 25% for Stage III, and 0% for Stage IV.", "PMID": 418978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9882", "title": "Living cytology--revisited. In vitro demonstration of intraabdominal adenocarcinomatosis.", "content": "An in vitro culture technique, \"living cytology\", was used in a single-blind study to study 36 paracentesis and 7 intracystic fluid specimens for possible adenocarcinomatosis. Islets of epithelial cells were demonstrated only in the 20 patients who were ultimately shown to have intraabdominal adenocarcinomatosis. Ten patients with nonmalignant conditions and 6 patients with nonmetastatic malignancies did not exhibit a comparable pattern. One of the 7 intracystic fluid specimens grew out epithelial islets similar to those observed in patients with intraabdominal adenocarcinomatosis.", "contents": "Living cytology--revisited. In vitro demonstration of intraabdominal adenocarcinomatosis. An in vitro culture technique, \"living cytology\", was used in a single-blind study to study 36 paracentesis and 7 intracystic fluid specimens for possible adenocarcinomatosis. Islets of epithelial cells were demonstrated only in the 20 patients who were ultimately shown to have intraabdominal adenocarcinomatosis. Ten patients with nonmalignant conditions and 6 patients with nonmetastatic malignancies did not exhibit a comparable pattern. One of the 7 intracystic fluid specimens grew out epithelial islets similar to those observed in patients with intraabdominal adenocarcinomatosis.", "PMID": 418979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9883", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of head-down lithotomy position in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "The hemodynamic effect of the head-down lithotomy (HDL) position was studied in 12 anesthetized patients with documented coronary artery disease. Data were collected in patients in supine position and then 10 minutes after placement in a 10-degree HDL position. Systolic arterial pressure (SP), mean arterial pressure (AP), mean right atrial pressure (RAP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), cardiac output (CO), and heart rate-systolic pressure product (HRSP) increased significantly. Heart rate (HR), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were unchanged. In 2 patients with very low ejection fractions (EF), CO was decreased. The increase in HRSPP and PCWP suggests that all patients had increased myocardial oxygen demand. This increased demand may not be met because of impaired coronary circulation, potentially causing myocardial ischemia. This study suggests that patients with significant coronary artery disease should not be placed in the HDL position for extended periods without appropriate monitoring.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of head-down lithotomy position in patients with coronary artery disease. The hemodynamic effect of the head-down lithotomy (HDL) position was studied in 12 anesthetized patients with documented coronary artery disease. Data were collected in patients in supine position and then 10 minutes after placement in a 10-degree HDL position. Systolic arterial pressure (SP), mean arterial pressure (AP), mean right atrial pressure (RAP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), cardiac output (CO), and heart rate-systolic pressure product (HRSP) increased significantly. Heart rate (HR), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were unchanged. In 2 patients with very low ejection fractions (EF), CO was decreased. The increase in HRSPP and PCWP suggests that all patients had increased myocardial oxygen demand. This increased demand may not be met because of impaired coronary circulation, potentially causing myocardial ischemia. This study suggests that patients with significant coronary artery disease should not be placed in the HDL position for extended periods without appropriate monitoring.", "PMID": 418980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9884", "title": "Oral contraceptive use and secondary amenorrhea.", "content": "Among 1099 patients seen over an 8-year period for amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, 115 (10.5%) had developed amenorrhea after ceasing oral contraception. These patients were the subject of a special study. Those who were treated received either clomiphene alone, hMG/hCG therapy, or both. There was no correlation between the incidence of either spontaneous or treatment-induced ovulation and menstruation and the duration of use of oral contraception, previous parity, or the nature of prior menstrual cycles. The incidence of treatment-induced resumption of menses was essentially the same as that for spontaneous resumption. An average duration of 30 months of oral contraceptive use did not significantly affect urinary excretion levels of estrogens and gonadotropins.", "contents": "Oral contraceptive use and secondary amenorrhea. Among 1099 patients seen over an 8-year period for amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, 115 (10.5%) had developed amenorrhea after ceasing oral contraception. These patients were the subject of a special study. Those who were treated received either clomiphene alone, hMG/hCG therapy, or both. There was no correlation between the incidence of either spontaneous or treatment-induced ovulation and menstruation and the duration of use of oral contraception, previous parity, or the nature of prior menstrual cycles. The incidence of treatment-induced resumption of menses was essentially the same as that for spontaneous resumption. An average duration of 30 months of oral contraceptive use did not significantly affect urinary excretion levels of estrogens and gonadotropins.", "PMID": 418981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9885", "title": "Artifactual fetal heart rate recording secondary to 60-Hz power-line interference.", "content": "The presence of excessive 60-Hz power-line interference may produce fetal heart rate (FHR) monitor records that do not reflect the true fetal condition. A case in presented where improper leg-plate grounding resulted in an artifactual tracing that could have easily been misinterpreted. Careful examination of the monitor oscillographic display is urged whenever a tracing appears to have no variability and/or a rigidly fixed baseline rate.", "contents": "Artifactual fetal heart rate recording secondary to 60-Hz power-line interference. The presence of excessive 60-Hz power-line interference may produce fetal heart rate (FHR) monitor records that do not reflect the true fetal condition. A case in presented where improper leg-plate grounding resulted in an artifactual tracing that could have easily been misinterpreted. Careful examination of the monitor oscillographic display is urged whenever a tracing appears to have no variability and/or a rigidly fixed baseline rate.", "PMID": 418982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9886", "title": "The gravity suit: a major advance in management of gynecologic blood loss.", "content": "We have used the gravity suit (G-suit) to stabilize patients in shock as a result of ruptured ectopic pregnancies. Four patients presenting in shock were carefully studied with serial vital signs, fluid replacement, and blood loss before and after application of the G-suit. These studies were continued through surgery and the removal of the G-suit. The G-suit improved vital signs, increased peripheral organ and limb perfusion, and decreased blood loss in all cases.", "contents": "The gravity suit: a major advance in management of gynecologic blood loss. We have used the gravity suit (G-suit) to stabilize patients in shock as a result of ruptured ectopic pregnancies. Four patients presenting in shock were carefully studied with serial vital signs, fluid replacement, and blood loss before and after application of the G-suit. These studies were continued through surgery and the removal of the G-suit. The G-suit improved vital signs, increased peripheral organ and limb perfusion, and decreased blood loss in all cases.", "PMID": 418983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9887", "title": "A dose-response study with Monistat cream.", "content": "A randomized multiregimen clinical study was undertaken using Monistat Cream for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. The objective of the study was to find if there is a shorter regimen comparable in effectiveness to the currently marketed 14-day regimen. The results indicate that there is no significant difference between the cure rate obtained for 7 days of therapy and for 14 days of therapy.", "contents": "A dose-response study with Monistat cream. A randomized multiregimen clinical study was undertaken using Monistat Cream for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. The objective of the study was to find if there is a shorter regimen comparable in effectiveness to the currently marketed 14-day regimen. The results indicate that there is no significant difference between the cure rate obtained for 7 days of therapy and for 14 days of therapy.", "PMID": 418984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9888", "title": "The Swan-Ganz catheter and management of patients undergoing pelvic exenteration.", "content": "A Swan-Ganz catheter has been used in 10 consecutive patients undergoing pelvic exenteration and has made the intraoperative and postoperative management of these patients a much easier task. Use of this catheter eliminates the guesswork involved in managing fluid and volume status by providing an accurate assessment of left ventricular end diastolic pressure. The complication rate is reported as 5% and consists mostly of ruptured balloons, infection, coiling of the catheter, and cardiac irritability. There have been no complications in the 10 patients in whom we have used the catheter. We believe that the use of the Swan-Ganz catheter in these difficult-to-manage patients is justified because of its low complication rate, easy use, and the accurate valuable information obtained.", "contents": "The Swan-Ganz catheter and management of patients undergoing pelvic exenteration. A Swan-Ganz catheter has been used in 10 consecutive patients undergoing pelvic exenteration and has made the intraoperative and postoperative management of these patients a much easier task. Use of this catheter eliminates the guesswork involved in managing fluid and volume status by providing an accurate assessment of left ventricular end diastolic pressure. The complication rate is reported as 5% and consists mostly of ruptured balloons, infection, coiling of the catheter, and cardiac irritability. There have been no complications in the 10 patients in whom we have used the catheter. We believe that the use of the Swan-Ganz catheter in these difficult-to-manage patients is justified because of its low complication rate, easy use, and the accurate valuable information obtained.", "PMID": 418985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9889", "title": "Painless abruptio placentae.", "content": "Three cases of abruption of a posteriorly inserted fundal placenta are described. This condition is characterized by vaginal bleeding associated with backache, a nontender uterus, and if unrecognized, high fetal mortality. Ultrasonography permits early recognition and definitive diagnosis. Fetal survival is ensured by closely supervised monitoring and early recourse to cesarean section.", "contents": "Painless abruptio placentae. Three cases of abruption of a posteriorly inserted fundal placenta are described. This condition is characterized by vaginal bleeding associated with backache, a nontender uterus, and if unrecognized, high fetal mortality. Ultrasonography permits early recognition and definitive diagnosis. Fetal survival is ensured by closely supervised monitoring and early recourse to cesarean section.", "PMID": 418986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9890", "title": "Vasa previa: a major complication and its management.", "content": "Vasa previa is an extremely rare condition. Consequently it is not often considered in the differential diagnosis of antepartum or intrapartum hemorrhage. Rupture of a fetal vessel may lead to sudden fetal death from exsanguination; therefore, this condition should be suspected in any antepartum or intrapartum hemorrhage. The blood that is lost should be tested for the presence of fetal hemoglobin. Other diagnostic tests to assess the degree of fetal distress are described. Four patients showing unusual presentations of vasa previa are reported. These cases demonstrate that fetal vessel rupture may occur independently of membrane rupture.", "contents": "Vasa previa: a major complication and its management. Vasa previa is an extremely rare condition. Consequently it is not often considered in the differential diagnosis of antepartum or intrapartum hemorrhage. Rupture of a fetal vessel may lead to sudden fetal death from exsanguination; therefore, this condition should be suspected in any antepartum or intrapartum hemorrhage. The blood that is lost should be tested for the presence of fetal hemoglobin. Other diagnostic tests to assess the degree of fetal distress are described. Four patients showing unusual presentations of vasa previa are reported. These cases demonstrate that fetal vessel rupture may occur independently of membrane rupture.", "PMID": 418987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9891", "title": "[Oligosymptomatic manifestation of congenital hypothyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "A 4-year-old girl with congenital dysgenesis of the thyroid gland is reported. The girl's appearance was that of hypothyroidism in childhood but the classical symptoms of constipation and cerebral retardation were missing. Thus it is assumed that relative insufficiency of the ectopic thyroid at the base of the tongue produced manifestations only a short time before diagnosis, having had no influence on cerebral maturity.", "contents": "[Oligosymptomatic manifestation of congenital hypothyroidism (author's transl)]. A 4-year-old girl with congenital dysgenesis of the thyroid gland is reported. The girl's appearance was that of hypothyroidism in childhood but the classical symptoms of constipation and cerebral retardation were missing. Thus it is assumed that relative insufficiency of the ectopic thyroid at the base of the tongue produced manifestations only a short time before diagnosis, having had no influence on cerebral maturity.", "PMID": 418993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9892", "title": "[Polycystic disease of early infancy in two sisters (author's transl)].", "content": "Polycystic disease of early infancy is a heritable disorder diffusely involving both kidneys with no other evidence of renal parenchymal malformation. After discussing the typical histological data of two sisters with normal family history a short survey about classification and differential diagnosis of similar heritable renal cysts is given. With regard to the few other cases with familiar occurrence an autosomal recessive transmission is the most likely form of inheritance, delayed manifestation has not been observed until now.", "contents": "[Polycystic disease of early infancy in two sisters (author's transl)]. Polycystic disease of early infancy is a heritable disorder diffusely involving both kidneys with no other evidence of renal parenchymal malformation. After discussing the typical histological data of two sisters with normal family history a short survey about classification and differential diagnosis of similar heritable renal cysts is given. With regard to the few other cases with familiar occurrence an autosomal recessive transmission is the most likely form of inheritance, delayed manifestation has not been observed until now.", "PMID": 418995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9893", "title": "[The psychodynamics of violence against children (author's transl)].", "content": "It was attempted to describe some important aspects of the complicated psychodynamics of violence against children. The empirical research has still the task to solve many essential problems concerning this subject. Nevertheless we can conclude from our knowledge we gained up to now, that great attention has to be paid to the psychodynamics in all therapeutic, preventive and legislative initiatives, which concern the problem of battered child syndrom and physical punishment. This is necessary in order to focus on a symptom only, that is the flogging of children, but to influence the psychodynamic conditions as well.", "contents": "[The psychodynamics of violence against children (author's transl)]. It was attempted to describe some important aspects of the complicated psychodynamics of violence against children. The empirical research has still the task to solve many essential problems concerning this subject. Nevertheless we can conclude from our knowledge we gained up to now, that great attention has to be paid to the psychodynamics in all therapeutic, preventive and legislative initiatives, which concern the problem of battered child syndrom and physical punishment. This is necessary in order to focus on a symptom only, that is the flogging of children, but to influence the psychodynamic conditions as well.", "PMID": 418996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9894", "title": "[Pathogenesis of ketotic hypoglycemia (author's transl)].", "content": "4 children with ketotic hypoglycemia (KH) showed during a fasting period over 24 hours significant higher decreases of serum alanine levels than normal controls. Insulin induced hypoglycemia was followed by only minimal increase of urine epinephrine secretion, while all controls showed more than 6 times higher increases. 2-desoxy-glucose-tests were pathological in all cases with KH. One can speculate, that there is a connection between the reduced availability of alanine and the adrenal medullary hyporesponsiveness. Epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in muscle cells. Lack of epinephrine reduces pyruvate production and subsequently alanine synthesis. Alanine however is essential for gluconeogenesis in liver cells especially during starvation. After some days administration of diazoxide the 2-desoxy-glucose-test was normalised in all patients. This observation could probably be of some interest in therapy of KH.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of ketotic hypoglycemia (author's transl)]. 4 children with ketotic hypoglycemia (KH) showed during a fasting period over 24 hours significant higher decreases of serum alanine levels than normal controls. Insulin induced hypoglycemia was followed by only minimal increase of urine epinephrine secretion, while all controls showed more than 6 times higher increases. 2-desoxy-glucose-tests were pathological in all cases with KH. One can speculate, that there is a connection between the reduced availability of alanine and the adrenal medullary hyporesponsiveness. Epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in muscle cells. Lack of epinephrine reduces pyruvate production and subsequently alanine synthesis. Alanine however is essential for gluconeogenesis in liver cells especially during starvation. After some days administration of diazoxide the 2-desoxy-glucose-test was normalised in all patients. This observation could probably be of some interest in therapy of KH.", "PMID": 418997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9895", "title": "[Additional comments on the differential diagnosis of rare bone diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "We report about two seldom types of diseases of bones. Both came to our hospital with the diagnosis Osteomyelitis. The first case, the Mafucci-Syndrome, is presented--a systemic Chondrodysplasia with Angiomatosis. This disease is not hereditary. There are found multiple Enchondromas mostly in the longer bones. In 20% the cases of the Mafucci-Syndrome get malignant. The second case shows the Conradi-H\u00fcnermann-Syndrome a Chondrodysplasia calcificans congenita, which seems to be hereditary. The characteristic sign is the minor growth of the bones, caused by early deposition of lime in the regions of ossification. Malignity is not described.", "contents": "[Additional comments on the differential diagnosis of rare bone diseases (author's transl)]. We report about two seldom types of diseases of bones. Both came to our hospital with the diagnosis Osteomyelitis. The first case, the Mafucci-Syndrome, is presented--a systemic Chondrodysplasia with Angiomatosis. This disease is not hereditary. There are found multiple Enchondromas mostly in the longer bones. In 20% the cases of the Mafucci-Syndrome get malignant. The second case shows the Conradi-H\u00fcnermann-Syndrome a Chondrodysplasia calcificans congenita, which seems to be hereditary. The characteristic sign is the minor growth of the bones, caused by early deposition of lime in the regions of ossification. Malignity is not described.", "PMID": 418998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9896", "title": "[Winter sport injuries in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "3374 accidents occurring on the field of sport during the years 1975--1977 accounted for 19% of all accidents dealt with at the Institute of Kinderchirurgie in Graz. 51% of the accidents were caused by the typical winter sports: skiing, tobogganing, ice-skating and ski-jumping with skiing accounting for 75% of the accidents. The fracture localization typical of the different kinds of winter sport is dealt with in detail. The correct size and safety of the equipment were found to be particularly important in the prevention of such accidents in childhood.", "contents": "[Winter sport injuries in childhood (author's transl)]. 3374 accidents occurring on the field of sport during the years 1975--1977 accounted for 19% of all accidents dealt with at the Institute of Kinderchirurgie in Graz. 51% of the accidents were caused by the typical winter sports: skiing, tobogganing, ice-skating and ski-jumping with skiing accounting for 75% of the accidents. The fracture localization typical of the different kinds of winter sport is dealt with in detail. The correct size and safety of the equipment were found to be particularly important in the prevention of such accidents in childhood.", "PMID": 418999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9897", "title": "[Enteritis regionalis (Crohn's disease) in two twelve-year-old sisters (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported of two sisters with Crohn's disease manifesting in both cases at the age of twelve years but in a temporal distance of eight years. The outbreak of disease at the same age and its similar development emphasize the importance of constitutional and/or genetic factors.", "contents": "[Enteritis regionalis (Crohn's disease) in two twelve-year-old sisters (author's transl)]. It is reported of two sisters with Crohn's disease manifesting in both cases at the age of twelve years but in a temporal distance of eight years. The outbreak of disease at the same age and its similar development emphasize the importance of constitutional and/or genetic factors.", "PMID": 419000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9898", "title": "Monoamine oxidase in adult Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda).", "content": "A membrane-bound monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) was demonstrated in homogenates of Hymenolepis diminuta. The enzyme oxidized a variety of biologically active amines (in decreasing order: dopamine,  adrenaline, noradrenaline, tryptamine, tyramine, octopamine), there was, however, no activity with 5-hydroxytryptamine or benzylamine. No diamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6.) could be detected in H. diminuta (using histamine, cadaverine or putrescine as substrates). The monoamine oxidase from H. diminuta was not inhibited by azide, hydroxylamine or semicarbazide, but was inhibited by cupferron, alpha-alpha dipyridyl and iodoacetamide, and by the specific monoamine oxidase inhibitors pargyline, nialamide and iproniazid. Several anthelmintics were also found to be inhibitors of monoamine oxidase. The possible roles of monoamine oxidase in H. diminuta are discussed.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase in adult Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). A membrane-bound monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) was demonstrated in homogenates of Hymenolepis diminuta. The enzyme oxidized a variety of biologically active amines (in decreasing order: dopamine,  adrenaline, noradrenaline, tryptamine, tyramine, octopamine), there was, however, no activity with 5-hydroxytryptamine or benzylamine. No diamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6.) could be detected in H. diminuta (using histamine, cadaverine or putrescine as substrates). The monoamine oxidase from H. diminuta was not inhibited by azide, hydroxylamine or semicarbazide, but was inhibited by cupferron, alpha-alpha dipyridyl and iodoacetamide, and by the specific monoamine oxidase inhibitors pargyline, nialamide and iproniazid. Several anthelmintics were also found to be inhibitors of monoamine oxidase. The possible roles of monoamine oxidase in H. diminuta are discussed.", "PMID": 419001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9899", "title": "Efficacy and cross-resistance studies on N, N'-bis (3,4 ditrifluoromethylphenyl) methylmalonamide, a novel anticoccidial agent.", "content": "N,N'-bis (3,4 ditrifluoromethylphenyl) methylmalonamide (Sch 18545) completely controlled a mild Eimeria necatrix infection at 50, 40 or 30 p.p.m. in the diet, and controlled E. tenella infections at 50 and 40 p.p.m. Slight oocyst passage was observed at each E. tenella treatment level with a marked increase at the 30 p.p.m. treatment level. Fifty p.p.m. were necessary to control E. acervulina infections; levels of 40 p.p.m. reduced E. acervulina oocyst production while 30 p.p.m. were ineffective. Evaluations of Sch 18545 using a mixed infection (Coccivac D) further suggested that activity with this compound was weakest against E. acervulina. Weight gains decreased with increasing concentration of drug in the diet of treated, infected birds and thus the compound showed an insufficient safety margin to be of practical value. Such 18545 administered at 35 p.p.m. in the diet was effective against amprolium, zoalene, aklomide or nicarbazin-resistant strains of E. tenella.", "contents": "Efficacy and cross-resistance studies on N, N'-bis (3,4 ditrifluoromethylphenyl) methylmalonamide, a novel anticoccidial agent. N,N'-bis (3,4 ditrifluoromethylphenyl) methylmalonamide (Sch 18545) completely controlled a mild Eimeria necatrix infection at 50, 40 or 30 p.p.m. in the diet, and controlled E. tenella infections at 50 and 40 p.p.m. Slight oocyst passage was observed at each E. tenella treatment level with a marked increase at the 30 p.p.m. treatment level. Fifty p.p.m. were necessary to control E. acervulina infections; levels of 40 p.p.m. reduced E. acervulina oocyst production while 30 p.p.m. were ineffective. Evaluations of Sch 18545 using a mixed infection (Coccivac D) further suggested that activity with this compound was weakest against E. acervulina. Weight gains decreased with increasing concentration of drug in the diet of treated, infected birds and thus the compound showed an insufficient safety margin to be of practical value. Such 18545 administered at 35 p.p.m. in the diet was effective against amprolium, zoalene, aklomide or nicarbazin-resistant strains of E. tenella.", "PMID": 419002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9900", "title": "Studies on Eimeria dispersa Tyzzer 1929 in turkeys.", "content": "Eimeria dispersa was isolated from young, intensively housed turkeys in Britain. The parasite has morphological features in common with those of the original description. At least two generations of schizonts occur before gametogony and one or two more schizont generations are concurrent with gametogony. Four generations of schizonts are needed to account for the observed reproduction index of 2.08 x 10(6)/oocyst inoculated. The first oocysts were discharged by 105 h and these sporulated within 30 h at 30 degree C. A single dose of between 1 x 10(2) and 1 x 10(6) oocysts depressed body weight gain of 3-week-old poults and 2 poults died 6 and 12 days after receiving 1 x 10(4) or 1 x 10(6) oocysts. A single dose of oocysts protected against a challenge inoculation given 14 days later. Poults immunized against E. dispersa were resistant to challenge with a strain of E. dispera obtained from the United States. Electrophoretic examination of 2 enzymes from both strains of E. dispersa showed that they had similar mobilities. Attempts to infect chickens, guinea-fowl and Japanese quail with E. dispersa were unsuccessful. The strain of E. dispersa isolated here is best referred to as E. dispersa (Briston).", "contents": "Studies on Eimeria dispersa Tyzzer 1929 in turkeys. Eimeria dispersa was isolated from young, intensively housed turkeys in Britain. The parasite has morphological features in common with those of the original description. At least two generations of schizonts occur before gametogony and one or two more schizont generations are concurrent with gametogony. Four generations of schizonts are needed to account for the observed reproduction index of 2.08 x 10(6)/oocyst inoculated. The first oocysts were discharged by 105 h and these sporulated within 30 h at 30 degree C. A single dose of between 1 x 10(2) and 1 x 10(6) oocysts depressed body weight gain of 3-week-old poults and 2 poults died 6 and 12 days after receiving 1 x 10(4) or 1 x 10(6) oocysts. A single dose of oocysts protected against a challenge inoculation given 14 days later. Poults immunized against E. dispersa were resistant to challenge with a strain of E. dispera obtained from the United States. Electrophoretic examination of 2 enzymes from both strains of E. dispersa showed that they had similar mobilities. Attempts to infect chickens, guinea-fowl and Japanese quail with E. dispersa were unsuccessful. The strain of E. dispersa isolated here is best referred to as E. dispersa (Briston).", "PMID": 419003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9901", "title": "The possible role of the frontal and sub-parietal gland systems of the pentastomid Reighardia sternae (Diesing, 1864) in the evasion of the host immune response.", "content": "The frontal and sub-parietal glands of the pentastomid Reighardia sternae elaborate lamellate secretion which is poured on to the cuticle. The entire surface of the cuticle, including the mouth, hook pits and reproductive apertures, is coated with secretion. Electron microscope studies indicate that the glands are continuously active, which implies a turnover of surface membranes. The postulated function of these membranes is to protect certain vital areas of the host--parasite interface, notably the pores of ion-transporting cells, from the host immune response. The available evidence suggests that pentastomids do evoke a strong immune response but since most are long-lived they must circumvent it. We believe the surface membrane system to be instrumental in this. Studies on another pentastomid, Porocephalus crotali in rats have shown that an immune response stimulated by a primary infection will kill subsequent infections and that the surface membranes are strongly immunogenic. Obvious parallels between this situation and that of schistosome infections in mammals are discussed. An alternative explantation of concomitant immunity is proposed.", "contents": "The possible role of the frontal and sub-parietal gland systems of the pentastomid Reighardia sternae (Diesing, 1864) in the evasion of the host immune response. The frontal and sub-parietal glands of the pentastomid Reighardia sternae elaborate lamellate secretion which is poured on to the cuticle. The entire surface of the cuticle, including the mouth, hook pits and reproductive apertures, is coated with secretion. Electron microscope studies indicate that the glands are continuously active, which implies a turnover of surface membranes. The postulated function of these membranes is to protect certain vital areas of the host--parasite interface, notably the pores of ion-transporting cells, from the host immune response. The available evidence suggests that pentastomids do evoke a strong immune response but since most are long-lived they must circumvent it. We believe the surface membrane system to be instrumental in this. Studies on another pentastomid, Porocephalus crotali in rats have shown that an immune response stimulated by a primary infection will kill subsequent infections and that the surface membranes are strongly immunogenic. Obvious parallels between this situation and that of schistosome infections in mammals are discussed. An alternative explantation of concomitant immunity is proposed.", "PMID": 419004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9902", "title": "Phosphoglucomutase polymorphism in the tick Ixodes ricinus.", "content": "Ten variants of phosphoglucomutase were detected by starch-gel electrophoresis in extracts of the tick Ixodes ricinus. Agreement of phenotype frequencies with those predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg model indicated that the enzyme is coded by a single gene locus (Pgm) at which 10 alleles are segregating. Allelic proportions in 5 Irish tick samples indicated that both spatial and temporal genetic differentiation exist. It is suggested that this polymorphism may be of use as a marker for studying the relationships of I. ricinus populations in Europe, as well as in taxonomic studies. A hypothesis is advanced which offers a possible adaptive explanation of the very high Pgm heterozygosity in tick populations. It is suggested that if kinetic differences exist between the various enzyme variants, the polymorphism may act to maintain an array of individuals in each population with varying developmental rates and longevities. Such a genetic strategy could be one factor which determines that the host-infesting seasons are spread over several months, thus ensuring maximum feeding and reproductive rates in each population.", "contents": "Phosphoglucomutase polymorphism in the tick Ixodes ricinus. Ten variants of phosphoglucomutase were detected by starch-gel electrophoresis in extracts of the tick Ixodes ricinus. Agreement of phenotype frequencies with those predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg model indicated that the enzyme is coded by a single gene locus (Pgm) at which 10 alleles are segregating. Allelic proportions in 5 Irish tick samples indicated that both spatial and temporal genetic differentiation exist. It is suggested that this polymorphism may be of use as a marker for studying the relationships of I. ricinus populations in Europe, as well as in taxonomic studies. A hypothesis is advanced which offers a possible adaptive explanation of the very high Pgm heterozygosity in tick populations. It is suggested that if kinetic differences exist between the various enzyme variants, the polymorphism may act to maintain an array of individuals in each population with varying developmental rates and longevities. Such a genetic strategy could be one factor which determines that the host-infesting seasons are spread over several months, thus ensuring maximum feeding and reproductive rates in each population.", "PMID": 419005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9903", "title": "Heparin and warfarin therapy. Recommendations concerning efficacy and safety.", "content": "Heparin and warfarin are antithrombotic agents effective against venous thrombosis as well as pulmonic and systemic emboli. They can exert a favorable effect on mortality and morbidity in a diverse group of illnesses associated with thrombosis. Proper use of these agents will increase their efficacy and diminish the risk of serious hemorrhage.", "contents": "Heparin and warfarin therapy. Recommendations concerning efficacy and safety. Heparin and warfarin are antithrombotic agents effective against venous thrombosis as well as pulmonic and systemic emboli. They can exert a favorable effect on mortality and morbidity in a diverse group of illnesses associated with thrombosis. Proper use of these agents will increase their efficacy and diminish the risk of serious hemorrhage.", "PMID": 419012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9904", "title": "Recurrent urinary tract infections. Therapeutic considerations.", "content": "Urinary tract infections can recur because of bacterial persistence after chemotherapy or because of reinfection. Treatment of bacterial persistence varies with the cause. Chemoprophylaxis has helped to reduce the incidence of reinfection.", "contents": "Recurrent urinary tract infections. Therapeutic considerations. Urinary tract infections can recur because of bacterial persistence after chemotherapy or because of reinfection. Treatment of bacterial persistence varies with the cause. Chemoprophylaxis has helped to reduce the incidence of reinfection.", "PMID": 419013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9905", "title": "Chronic diarrhea in children.", "content": "Among the many causes of chronic diarrhea in children are food, the most common; inflammation; enzyme deficiencies; metabolic, anatomic, and physiologic abnormalities; and endocrine disorders. The first step in management is to estimate fluid losses and treat dehydration greater than 5%. Workup should include a careful diet history, physical examination, examination of stools and urine, and usually a sweat test. Treatment should be directed to the underlying disease.", "contents": "Chronic diarrhea in children. Among the many causes of chronic diarrhea in children are food, the most common; inflammation; enzyme deficiencies; metabolic, anatomic, and physiologic abnormalities; and endocrine disorders. The first step in management is to estimate fluid losses and treat dehydration greater than 5%. Workup should include a careful diet history, physical examination, examination of stools and urine, and usually a sweat test. Treatment should be directed to the underlying disease.", "PMID": 419014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9906", "title": "Syndrome delineation. 2. Inborn errors of metabolism, deformities, and variant familial developmental patterns.", "content": "Classification of genetic disorders and birth defects into the following five categories aids in efficient patient evaluation, prognostic counseling, and therapy: malformations, dysplasias, inborn errors of metabolism, deformities, and variant familial developmental patterns. These categories highlight different pathogenetic aspects of disease processes. Mixed disorders with manifestations from the different categories may be of special significance.", "contents": "Syndrome delineation. 2. Inborn errors of metabolism, deformities, and variant familial developmental patterns. Classification of genetic disorders and birth defects into the following five categories aids in efficient patient evaluation, prognostic counseling, and therapy: malformations, dysplasias, inborn errors of metabolism, deformities, and variant familial developmental patterns. These categories highlight different pathogenetic aspects of disease processes. Mixed disorders with manifestations from the different categories may be of special significance.", "PMID": 419018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9907", "title": "Primary Pseudomonas maltophilia infection of the lung.", "content": "To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of primary Pseudomonas maltophilia pneumonia. Presenting symptoms were fever and chills of two days' duration and a density in the right upper lobe. Sputum culture showed normal flora, and multiple blood cultures were negative. Antibiotic therapy initially with penicillin and then with carbenicillin was unsuccessful. Selective bronchial aspiration yielded pure cultures of P maltophilia. When an appropriate antibiotic, chloramphenicol, was given, a prompt therapeutic response followed.", "contents": "Primary Pseudomonas maltophilia infection of the lung. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of primary Pseudomonas maltophilia pneumonia. Presenting symptoms were fever and chills of two days' duration and a density in the right upper lobe. Sputum culture showed normal flora, and multiple blood cultures were negative. Antibiotic therapy initially with penicillin and then with carbenicillin was unsuccessful. Selective bronchial aspiration yielded pure cultures of P maltophilia. When an appropriate antibiotic, chloramphenicol, was given, a prompt therapeutic response followed.", "PMID": 419020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9908", "title": "Vasospastic disorders.", "content": "Acute digital ischemia not due to thromboembolism may be the result of either a primary vasospastic disorder (Raynaud's disease, acrocyanosis, livedo reticularis) or vasospasm associated with a systemic, regional, or traumatic disorder (Raynaud's syndrome, cold injury). Raynaud's disease versus syndrome is distinguishable up to 95% of the time from clinical criteria.", "contents": "Vasospastic disorders. Acute digital ischemia not due to thromboembolism may be the result of either a primary vasospastic disorder (Raynaud's disease, acrocyanosis, livedo reticularis) or vasospasm associated with a systemic, regional, or traumatic disorder (Raynaud's syndrome, cold injury). Raynaud's disease versus syndrome is distinguishable up to 95% of the time from clinical criteria.", "PMID": 419023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9909", "title": "Glucose-insulin-potassium infusion in acute myocardial infarction. Review of clinical experience.", "content": "A solution of 300 gm of glucose, 50 units of regular insulin, and 80 mEq of potassium chloride in 1,000 ml of sterile water infused at a rate of 1.5 ml/kg of body weight per hour can alter the availability of glucose and free fatty acids to the myocardium. Clinical studies of patients receiving this infusion less than 15 hours after the onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction suggest a reduction in mortality, an improvement in left ventricular mechanical performance, and a reduction in cardiac irritability as beneficial effects. Swan-Ganz catheterization for hemodynamic, electrophysiologic, and metabolic monitoring is recommended. Diabetics who require insulin and patients with impaired renal function are not candidates for the infusion. Further clinical studies are required before conclusions can be reached regarding the efficacy of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion in attempts to salvage damaged myocardium.", "contents": "Glucose-insulin-potassium infusion in acute myocardial infarction. Review of clinical experience. A solution of 300 gm of glucose, 50 units of regular insulin, and 80 mEq of potassium chloride in 1,000 ml of sterile water infused at a rate of 1.5 ml/kg of body weight per hour can alter the availability of glucose and free fatty acids to the myocardium. Clinical studies of patients receiving this infusion less than 15 hours after the onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction suggest a reduction in mortality, an improvement in left ventricular mechanical performance, and a reduction in cardiac irritability as beneficial effects. Swan-Ganz catheterization for hemodynamic, electrophysiologic, and metabolic monitoring is recommended. Diabetics who require insulin and patients with impaired renal function are not candidates for the infusion. Further clinical studies are required before conclusions can be reached regarding the efficacy of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion in attempts to salvage damaged myocardium.", "PMID": 419024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9910", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus as seen in primary care.", "content": "Systemic lupus erythematosus does not wholly deserve its bad reputation. At the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Center in San Francisco, the ten-year survival rate among patients with the disease has been about 90%. Many clinicians no longer hold renal biopsy to be mandatory in cases of the disease, even if there is clinical evidence of renal involvement. Clinically significant renal involvement occurs in fewer than 10% of patients. Initiation of corticosteroid therapy when deterioration of renal function is demonstrable is recommended. Cytotoxic agents are seldom indicated.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus as seen in primary care. Systemic lupus erythematosus does not wholly deserve its bad reputation. At the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Center in San Francisco, the ten-year survival rate among patients with the disease has been about 90%. Many clinicians no longer hold renal biopsy to be mandatory in cases of the disease, even if there is clinical evidence of renal involvement. Clinically significant renal involvement occurs in fewer than 10% of patients. Initiation of corticosteroid therapy when deterioration of renal function is demonstrable is recommended. Cytotoxic agents are seldom indicated.", "PMID": 419026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9911", "title": "The myth of senility. Diagnosing nonspecific major illness in the elderly.", "content": "In the elderly, physical and mental concemitants of chronic and explainable ill health are often masked by the diagnosis of senility. The presentation of major illness in the elderly is commonly nonspecific, and a full physical examination and tests with special attention to infections and to the signs of endocrine and metabolic disorders should be carried out. Symptoms such as confusion and memory loss, hostile or difficult behavior, and dementia point to different probable causes, and the physician should carefully search for the underlying pathology.", "contents": "The myth of senility. Diagnosing nonspecific major illness in the elderly. In the elderly, physical and mental concemitants of chronic and explainable ill health are often masked by the diagnosis of senility. The presentation of major illness in the elderly is commonly nonspecific, and a full physical examination and tests with special attention to infections and to the signs of endocrine and metabolic disorders should be carried out. Symptoms such as confusion and memory loss, hostile or difficult behavior, and dementia point to different probable causes, and the physician should carefully search for the underlying pathology.", "PMID": 419027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9912", "title": "Anticonvulsant therapy. Approaches to some common clinical problems.", "content": "The anticonvulsants generally preferred for initial therapy of most seizure disorders are phenytoin for adults and phenobarbital for children. If seizures continue despite a high serum level of drug or the patient has symptoms of toxicity, another anticonvulsant may be added. A patient who is taking three or four drugs but still having seizures may benefit from adjustments in dosage, or if an epileptogenic focus is present, from surgical excision. Anticonvulsant therapy is usually continued indefinitely because of the continued risk of seizures. Newer drugs are becoming available, but none is free from side effects. Increasing attention is being given to the effect of anticonvulsants on the fetus.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant therapy. Approaches to some common clinical problems. The anticonvulsants generally preferred for initial therapy of most seizure disorders are phenytoin for adults and phenobarbital for children. If seizures continue despite a high serum level of drug or the patient has symptoms of toxicity, another anticonvulsant may be added. A patient who is taking three or four drugs but still having seizures may benefit from adjustments in dosage, or if an epileptogenic focus is present, from surgical excision. Anticonvulsant therapy is usually continued indefinitely because of the continued risk of seizures. Newer drugs are becoming available, but none is free from side effects. Increasing attention is being given to the effect of anticonvulsants on the fetus.", "PMID": 419028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9913", "title": "Acute splenic sequestration crisis in an adolescent with S-C hemoglobinopathy.", "content": "Acute splenic sequestration crisis occurs rarely as a complication of sickle hemoglobinopathy. It is a medical emergency requiring immediate restoration of intravascular volume with transfusions of fresh packed RBCs. If the blood of the patient under discussion had not contained strong irregular antibodies, the delay in blood transfusion and the subsequent fatal outcome might have been avoided. Whether young children with sickle hemoglobinopathies should be checked periodically for the presence of irregular antibodies is an unanswered question. Monitoring might be important in view of the small but definite risk during childhood of the development of acute splenic sequestration crisis.", "contents": "Acute splenic sequestration crisis in an adolescent with S-C hemoglobinopathy. Acute splenic sequestration crisis occurs rarely as a complication of sickle hemoglobinopathy. It is a medical emergency requiring immediate restoration of intravascular volume with transfusions of fresh packed RBCs. If the blood of the patient under discussion had not contained strong irregular antibodies, the delay in blood transfusion and the subsequent fatal outcome might have been avoided. Whether young children with sickle hemoglobinopathies should be checked periodically for the presence of irregular antibodies is an unanswered question. Monitoring might be important in view of the small but definite risk during childhood of the development of acute splenic sequestration crisis.", "PMID": 419029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9914", "title": "Patient compliance to antibiotic regimens. A simple method of evaluation.", "content": "Clinicians are often perplexed by patients with bacterial infection who are not responding to oral antibiotic therapy. Since most of the commonly used antibiotics are excreted in the urine, inhibitory activity of urine against susceptible organisms can be used as a measure of patient compliance. To assess the reliability of this technique, we studied 42 hospitalized patients documented to be receiving oral antibiotics. All urine samples from patients receiving oral antibiotics inhibited bacterial growth at a dilution of greater than or equal to 1:32, while none of the specimens from control patients inhibited growth. Subsequent experience in the outpatient clinic has corroborated the reliability and simplicity of this test as a measure of compliance in patients who are receiving antibiotics either for prophylaxis or for therapy of acute infection.", "contents": "Patient compliance to antibiotic regimens. A simple method of evaluation. Clinicians are often perplexed by patients with bacterial infection who are not responding to oral antibiotic therapy. Since most of the commonly used antibiotics are excreted in the urine, inhibitory activity of urine against susceptible organisms can be used as a measure of patient compliance. To assess the reliability of this technique, we studied 42 hospitalized patients documented to be receiving oral antibiotics. All urine samples from patients receiving oral antibiotics inhibited bacterial growth at a dilution of greater than or equal to 1:32, while none of the specimens from control patients inhibited growth. Subsequent experience in the outpatient clinic has corroborated the reliability and simplicity of this test as a measure of compliance in patients who are receiving antibiotics either for prophylaxis or for therapy of acute infection.", "PMID": 419030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9915", "title": "Cervical cytologic evaluation. And what to do when findings are abnormal.", "content": "Detection and treatment of cervical carcinoma in the preinvasive stage have increased substantially as a result of the widespread cytologic screening made possible by development of the Papanicolaou test. The numerical system of reporting has been abandoned, and reports are now descriptive and more specific than formerly. Outpatient evaluation of the patient with abnormal cytologic findings has been improved by the use of colposcopy and directed biopsies. Cold cone biopsy is used less frequently than in the past but still has specific indications. Therapy depends on histologic diagnosis and cannot be based on cytologic or colposcopic findings alone.", "contents": "Cervical cytologic evaluation. And what to do when findings are abnormal. Detection and treatment of cervical carcinoma in the preinvasive stage have increased substantially as a result of the widespread cytologic screening made possible by development of the Papanicolaou test. The numerical system of reporting has been abandoned, and reports are now descriptive and more specific than formerly. Outpatient evaluation of the patient with abnormal cytologic findings has been improved by the use of colposcopy and directed biopsies. Cold cone biopsy is used less frequently than in the past but still has specific indications. Therapy depends on histologic diagnosis and cannot be based on cytologic or colposcopic findings alone.", "PMID": 419031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9916", "title": "Investigation of nonpoikilocytic normochromic normocytic anemia.", "content": "When the mean corpuscular volume is normal in an anemic patient, examination of a blood smear becomes of paramount importance. When the RBCs are normochronic, normocytic, and nonpoikilocytic, the reticulocyte count determines the line of investigation. When the count is increased, either hemorrhage or hemolysis is present. When the count is not increased (ie, normal or low), the differential diagnosis includes anemias due to iron deficiency, chronic disease, renal disease, hemodilution, marrow infiltration, and marrow failure (aplastic anemia). Some morphologic clues to cause other than those pertaining to RBC morphology are discussed and illustrated. A working approach to the investigation of nonpoikilocytic normochromic normocytic anemia is suggested.", "contents": "Investigation of nonpoikilocytic normochromic normocytic anemia. When the mean corpuscular volume is normal in an anemic patient, examination of a blood smear becomes of paramount importance. When the RBCs are normochronic, normocytic, and nonpoikilocytic, the reticulocyte count determines the line of investigation. When the count is increased, either hemorrhage or hemolysis is present. When the count is not increased (ie, normal or low), the differential diagnosis includes anemias due to iron deficiency, chronic disease, renal disease, hemodilution, marrow infiltration, and marrow failure (aplastic anemia). Some morphologic clues to cause other than those pertaining to RBC morphology are discussed and illustrated. A working approach to the investigation of nonpoikilocytic normochromic normocytic anemia is suggested.", "PMID": 419035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9917", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of genetic defects.", "content": "A wide discrepancy exists between the number of amniocenteses performed for prenatal diagnosis of genetic abnormalities and the size of the population at risk of having offspring with these abnormalities. A small percentage of the women at risk are being offered amniocentesis. The optimal time for amniocentesis is 14 to 16 weeks of pregnancy. Preliminary ultrasonography is indicated in all instances. Highly specialized biochemical tests may be necessary and should be done at special centralized laboratories. The risk of complications of amniocentesis is 0.5% to 1%.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of genetic defects. A wide discrepancy exists between the number of amniocenteses performed for prenatal diagnosis of genetic abnormalities and the size of the population at risk of having offspring with these abnormalities. A small percentage of the women at risk are being offered amniocentesis. The optimal time for amniocentesis is 14 to 16 weeks of pregnancy. Preliminary ultrasonography is indicated in all instances. Highly specialized biochemical tests may be necessary and should be done at special centralized laboratories. The risk of complications of amniocentesis is 0.5% to 1%.", "PMID": 419036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9918", "title": "Osteoarthritis. Changing concepts in pathogenesis and treatment.", "content": "The clinical features of osteoarthritis provide little support for the traditional view of the disease as a wear-and-tear phenomenon of aging. In many cases osteoarthritis consists of a polyarthritis with mildly inflammatory features, such as stiffness, effusions, and hot Heberden's nodes. The finding of biochemical abnormalities of cartilage throws new light on this enormously important disease and suggests the possibility of more effective therapy.", "contents": "Osteoarthritis. Changing concepts in pathogenesis and treatment. The clinical features of osteoarthritis provide little support for the traditional view of the disease as a wear-and-tear phenomenon of aging. In many cases osteoarthritis consists of a polyarthritis with mildly inflammatory features, such as stiffness, effusions, and hot Heberden's nodes. The finding of biochemical abnormalities of cartilage throws new light on this enormously important disease and suggests the possibility of more effective therapy.", "PMID": 419039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9919", "title": "[Clinical uses of electrostimulation anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1972 electrostimulation anaesthesia (ESA) has been employed in an attempt to reduce the amount of anaesthetic agents needed. In the beginning the Chinese combination of acupuncture points was used; at a later stage Benzer et al. inserted the needles paravertebrally and Abdulla replaced the needles by contact electrodes for ophthalmic operations. At the Department of Anaesthetics, Hamburg, the same course was followed, i.e. the classic acupuncture points were used originally, then the acupuncture points were used originally, then the technique was changed to paravertebral insertion of the needles and now only paravertebrally placed contact electrodes are being employed for inducing ESA for various surgical operations. All three techniques of ESA have proved satisfactory; but ESA with contact electrodes is considered the method of choice on account of both practical considerations and success rate.", "contents": "[Clinical uses of electrostimulation anaesthesia (author's transl)]. Since 1972 electrostimulation anaesthesia (ESA) has been employed in an attempt to reduce the amount of anaesthetic agents needed. In the beginning the Chinese combination of acupuncture points was used; at a later stage Benzer et al. inserted the needles paravertebrally and Abdulla replaced the needles by contact electrodes for ophthalmic operations. At the Department of Anaesthetics, Hamburg, the same course was followed, i.e. the classic acupuncture points were used originally, then the acupuncture points were used originally, then the technique was changed to paravertebral insertion of the needles and now only paravertebrally placed contact electrodes are being employed for inducing ESA for various surgical operations. All three techniques of ESA have proved satisfactory; but ESA with contact electrodes is considered the method of choice on account of both practical considerations and success rate.", "PMID": 419057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9920", "title": "[Characteristics of electrostimulation with the multi-purpose therapy apparatus 71-3 for electroacupuncture analgesia].", "content": "The stimulating impulses employed in electroacupuncture analgesia are of widely differing character and strength. Experiences with the Chinese impulse generator MPTA 71-3 clearly show the necessity to determine the performance of the generator and to measure and record the strength, configuration and frequency of the electrical impulses employed. A simple equipment for measuring these factors is described. The apparatus makes it possible to record the character and type of the stimuli and to compare different techniques of stimulation.", "contents": "[Characteristics of electrostimulation with the multi-purpose therapy apparatus 71-3 for electroacupuncture analgesia]. The stimulating impulses employed in electroacupuncture analgesia are of widely differing character and strength. Experiences with the Chinese impulse generator MPTA 71-3 clearly show the necessity to determine the performance of the generator and to measure and record the strength, configuration and frequency of the electrical impulses employed. A simple equipment for measuring these factors is described. The apparatus makes it possible to record the character and type of the stimuli and to compare different techniques of stimulation.", "PMID": 419058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9921", "title": "[Haemodynamic alterations after epidural anaesthesia in geriatric patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In 22 elderly patients haemodynamic alterations after epidural anaesthesia with Carticain 2% (Ultracain) with epinephrine (1:200 000) were compared to those after Lidocaine 2% with epinephrine. There were no differences to be found in these agents, and a less pronounced depressing effect of Carticain on circulation could not be confirmed. Unlike young people elderly patients only develop slight and short rises of heart rate and cardiac output after epidural anaesthesia, which are not sufficient to compensate for the distinct fall of mean arterial pressure up to the 15th minute. In our study mean arterial pressure decreased to critical values which might lead to cerebral and coronary ischemia in these patients. Adequate prophylactic and therapeutic measures are discussed.", "contents": "[Haemodynamic alterations after epidural anaesthesia in geriatric patients (author's transl)]. In 22 elderly patients haemodynamic alterations after epidural anaesthesia with Carticain 2% (Ultracain) with epinephrine (1:200 000) were compared to those after Lidocaine 2% with epinephrine. There were no differences to be found in these agents, and a less pronounced depressing effect of Carticain on circulation could not be confirmed. Unlike young people elderly patients only develop slight and short rises of heart rate and cardiac output after epidural anaesthesia, which are not sufficient to compensate for the distinct fall of mean arterial pressure up to the 15th minute. In our study mean arterial pressure decreased to critical values which might lead to cerebral and coronary ischemia in these patients. Adequate prophylactic and therapeutic measures are discussed.", "PMID": 419059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9922", "title": "[Haemodynamics of the systemic and pulmonary circulation during surgery of hip fractures in spinal anaesthesia in elderly persons (author's transl)].", "content": "The haemodynamics of the pulmonary and systemic circulation during anaesthesia and surgical treatment of a hip fracture were investigated in 26 patients (mean age 73 +/-  4.5 years). After induction of spinal anaesthesia the mean arterial pressure, right atrial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance were significantly reduced. The cardiac index remained constant due to mild tachycardia. During the operation no significant variations of the haemodynamic parameters were observed. Implantation of methylmethacrylate in 10 patients was followed by a significant increase of the mean pulmonary pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. The PaO2 DECREASED. 15 minutes after implantation the original values were again reached.", "contents": "[Haemodynamics of the systemic and pulmonary circulation during surgery of hip fractures in spinal anaesthesia in elderly persons (author's transl)]. The haemodynamics of the pulmonary and systemic circulation during anaesthesia and surgical treatment of a hip fracture were investigated in 26 patients (mean age 73 +/-  4.5 years). After induction of spinal anaesthesia the mean arterial pressure, right atrial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance were significantly reduced. The cardiac index remained constant due to mild tachycardia. During the operation no significant variations of the haemodynamic parameters were observed. Implantation of methylmethacrylate in 10 patients was followed by a significant increase of the mean pulmonary pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. The PaO2 DECREASED. 15 minutes after implantation the original values were again reached.", "PMID": 419060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9923", "title": "[Problems of nerve block during prolonged surgery on the upper extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "Regional anaesthesia secured by injecting the supraclavicular plexus was used for 34 reconstructive surgical operations on the fingers and hands. The operations lasted for 5 1/2-19 hours. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are reviewed. In 5 cases other anaesthetic techniques had to be substituted because the patients, despite sedation, could not tolerate the forced position any longer. Motivation, intensive psychic support during the operation, optimum positioning and the use of suitable sedatives are pre-conditions for the success of nerve block for prolonged surgery.", "contents": "[Problems of nerve block during prolonged surgery on the upper extremities (author's transl)]. Regional anaesthesia secured by injecting the supraclavicular plexus was used for 34 reconstructive surgical operations on the fingers and hands. The operations lasted for 5 1/2-19 hours. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are reviewed. In 5 cases other anaesthetic techniques had to be substituted because the patients, despite sedation, could not tolerate the forced position any longer. Motivation, intensive psychic support during the operation, optimum positioning and the use of suitable sedatives are pre-conditions for the success of nerve block for prolonged surgery.", "PMID": 419061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9924", "title": "Long duration subarachnoid anaesthesia with continuous epidural block.", "content": "A method of spinal anaesthesia with Dixidextracaine-70 (a mixture of xylocaine 40.0 mg + percaine, 10.0 mg+ Dextran-70, 60,0 mg+ distiled water ad 2.0 ml) with continuous epidural block has been tested in 150 patients. The advantages of this association are: the possibility of obtaining a high quality conduction anaesthesia, virtually unlimited in time, the ability to extend over several anatomical regions the surgical field, minimal toxicity, the absence of postoperative pulmonary complications, and the economy. Drawbacks are: the need for two vertebral punctures, the longer induction time of anaesthesia and some difficulty in finding the subarachnoid space after catheterisation of the epidural space. The indications of the method include subdiaphragmatic surgery, interventions on more than one anatomical region, surgery in aging patients, patients with full stomach, and those with anaesthetic and surgical risk, as well as socioeconomic factors which may prevent application of a differentiated and safe narcosis. those of subarachnoid and epidural block. The incidents and accidents are minimal and specific to both techniques. The fear of producing total subarachnoid anaesthesia by injection of the anaesthetic solution in the epidural space after puncture of the subarachnoid space is virtually unfounded.", "contents": "Long duration subarachnoid anaesthesia with continuous epidural block. A method of spinal anaesthesia with Dixidextracaine-70 (a mixture of xylocaine 40.0 mg + percaine, 10.0 mg+ Dextran-70, 60,0 mg+ distiled water ad 2.0 ml) with continuous epidural block has been tested in 150 patients. The advantages of this association are: the possibility of obtaining a high quality conduction anaesthesia, virtually unlimited in time, the ability to extend over several anatomical regions the surgical field, minimal toxicity, the absence of postoperative pulmonary complications, and the economy. Drawbacks are: the need for two vertebral punctures, the longer induction time of anaesthesia and some difficulty in finding the subarachnoid space after catheterisation of the epidural space. The indications of the method include subdiaphragmatic surgery, interventions on more than one anatomical region, surgery in aging patients, patients with full stomach, and those with anaesthetic and surgical risk, as well as socioeconomic factors which may prevent application of a differentiated and safe narcosis. those of subarachnoid and epidural block. The incidents and accidents are minimal and specific to both techniques. The fear of producing total subarachnoid anaesthesia by injection of the anaesthetic solution in the epidural space after puncture of the subarachnoid space is virtually unfounded.", "PMID": 419062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9925", "title": "[Anaesthesia for peripheral angiographies (author's transl)].", "content": "The anaesthetic requirements for peripheral angiographies in geriatric or poor risk patients are temporary sedation, analgesia and sufficient immobilisation. Neither general anaesthesia using muscle relaxants and assisted ventilation nor regional methods warrant satisfactory results in all cases, especially if multiple arteriographies are to be performed at the same session. Therefore a few new anaesthetic techniques were studied, having combined benzodiazepines with ultrashort acting intravenous narcotics. Premedication with Pethidin 1mg/kg, the administration of Flunitrazepam 0,017 mg/kg with regard to sedative, analgesic and relaxant effects and Methohexital 0.67 mg/kg as anaesthetic given prior to injection of contrast medium would seem more useful than other techniques.", "contents": "[Anaesthesia for peripheral angiographies (author's transl)]. The anaesthetic requirements for peripheral angiographies in geriatric or poor risk patients are temporary sedation, analgesia and sufficient immobilisation. Neither general anaesthesia using muscle relaxants and assisted ventilation nor regional methods warrant satisfactory results in all cases, especially if multiple arteriographies are to be performed at the same session. Therefore a few new anaesthetic techniques were studied, having combined benzodiazepines with ultrashort acting intravenous narcotics. Premedication with Pethidin 1mg/kg, the administration of Flunitrazepam 0,017 mg/kg with regard to sedative, analgesic and relaxant effects and Methohexital 0.67 mg/kg as anaesthetic given prior to injection of contrast medium would seem more useful than other techniques.", "PMID": 419063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9926", "title": "[Electrostimulation anaesthesia for surgery of the limbs (author's transl)].", "content": "In Germany electrostimulation anaesthesia (ESA) has, so far, not been considered suitable for surgical operations on the extremities. An attempt was made to develop a combination of acupuncture points that would allow the use of ESA for this type of surgery. Based on the experience gained with ESA in abdominal surgery the suitability of paravertebral contact electrodes for operations on the limb was studied. Because of its simplicity and efficacy this technique of ESA is highly recommended.", "contents": "[Electrostimulation anaesthesia for surgery of the limbs (author's transl)]. In Germany electrostimulation anaesthesia (ESA) has, so far, not been considered suitable for surgical operations on the extremities. An attempt was made to develop a combination of acupuncture points that would allow the use of ESA for this type of surgery. Based on the experience gained with ESA in abdominal surgery the suitability of paravertebral contact electrodes for operations on the limb was studied. Because of its simplicity and efficacy this technique of ESA is highly recommended.", "PMID": 419064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9927", "title": "[Gonadotropic regulation of ovarian function in patients with polycystic ovaries].", "content": "The authors studied the LH-125I binding by the interstitial tissue of 12 polycystic ovaries obtained after wedge resection of the ovaries in 6 patients. Prior to the operation the patients were differentiated by the LH, FSH, prolactin, and testosterone level. Disturbances of LH125I binding were revealed in the interstitial tissue of polycystic ovaries. The peripheral blood LH level did not correlate with disturbances of the LH125I binding.", "contents": "[Gonadotropic regulation of ovarian function in patients with polycystic ovaries]. The authors studied the LH-125I binding by the interstitial tissue of 12 polycystic ovaries obtained after wedge resection of the ovaries in 6 patients. Prior to the operation the patients were differentiated by the LH, FSH, prolactin, and testosterone level. Disturbances of LH125I binding were revealed in the interstitial tissue of polycystic ovaries. The peripheral blood LH level did not correlate with disturbances of the LH125I binding.", "PMID": 419086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9928", "title": "[Changes in the myocardium during the early stages of dithizone diabetes development].", "content": "Sorption capacity, the content of catecholamines, cytochrome C, the activity of cytochromoxidase, of some tricarbonic acids cycle enzymes were studied in the myocardium of rabbits with dithizone diabetes of moderate severity. The detected electrocardiographic changes, hypoxia, disturbances of the hormone-mediator-enzymatic metabolism an increased affinity to the myocardial cell stain at the early periods of diabetes mellitus development permitted to regard cardiovascular affections in diabetes mellitus as a manifestation, not as a complication of the disease.", "contents": "[Changes in the myocardium during the early stages of dithizone diabetes development]. Sorption capacity, the content of catecholamines, cytochrome C, the activity of cytochromoxidase, of some tricarbonic acids cycle enzymes were studied in the myocardium of rabbits with dithizone diabetes of moderate severity. The detected electrocardiographic changes, hypoxia, disturbances of the hormone-mediator-enzymatic metabolism an increased affinity to the myocardial cell stain at the early periods of diabetes mellitus development permitted to regard cardiovascular affections in diabetes mellitus as a manifestation, not as a complication of the disease.", "PMID": 419089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9929", "title": "[Dynamics of cellular and humoral immunologic reactions following insulin administration to guinea pigs].", "content": "Prolonged daily insulin administration to guinea pigs induced humoral and cellular immunological reactions to insulin; the earliest phenomena were reactions of lymphocyte blast-cell transformation and delayed skin hypersensitivity. Inhibition of macrophage migration and immediate skin hypersensitivity, as well as circulating insulin antibodies appeared later. Following prolonged 3--6 month insulin administration the blast-cell transformation reaction to insulin becomes negative; as to other immunological reactions under study--they displayed sensitization to insulin.", "contents": "[Dynamics of cellular and humoral immunologic reactions following insulin administration to guinea pigs]. Prolonged daily insulin administration to guinea pigs induced humoral and cellular immunological reactions to insulin; the earliest phenomena were reactions of lymphocyte blast-cell transformation and delayed skin hypersensitivity. Inhibition of macrophage migration and immediate skin hypersensitivity, as well as circulating insulin antibodies appeared later. Following prolonged 3--6 month insulin administration the blast-cell transformation reaction to insulin becomes negative; as to other immunological reactions under study--they displayed sensitization to insulin.", "PMID": 419088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9930", "title": "[Morphologic studies of the placenta in alloxan diabetes].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on the placentae of 18 female Wistar rats. Alloxan diabetes was induced in prepubertal rats; in some of the animals diabetes was compensated by sulphanilamides before pregnancy. Histological examination of the placentae demonstrated that prematurity signs (the presence of cytotrophoblastic and giant cells in the labyrinth) and vascular affection were determined in the manifest alloxan diabetes. These changes were less pronounced in rats with compensated diabetes. It was demonstrated with the aid of contact microscope that, in comparison with the treated rats and control animals, rats with alloxan diabetes displayed in vivo a significant (p less than 0.001) increase of the number of vessels in the field of vision; it was also noted that in rats with alloxan diabetes and treated rats the vessels were tortuous.", "contents": "[Morphologic studies of the placenta in alloxan diabetes]. Experiments were conducted on the placentae of 18 female Wistar rats. Alloxan diabetes was induced in prepubertal rats; in some of the animals diabetes was compensated by sulphanilamides before pregnancy. Histological examination of the placentae demonstrated that prematurity signs (the presence of cytotrophoblastic and giant cells in the labyrinth) and vascular affection were determined in the manifest alloxan diabetes. These changes were less pronounced in rats with compensated diabetes. It was demonstrated with the aid of contact microscope that, in comparison with the treated rats and control animals, rats with alloxan diabetes displayed in vivo a significant (p less than 0.001) increase of the number of vessels in the field of vision; it was also noted that in rats with alloxan diabetes and treated rats the vessels were tortuous.", "PMID": 419090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9931", "title": "[Antiandrogenic effects of 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyrylanilide (niftolide) in prepubertal male rats during stimulation with exogenous gonadotropins].", "content": "Nonsteroid antiandrogen 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide (10 mg/kg per os from the 26th to the 37th day after birth) decreased the weight of the accessory sex organs, and levator ani muscle. DNA, RNA, and protein content in the ventral prostate and the seminal vesicles, the thickness of the secretory cell epithelium of the ventral prostate under conditions of stimulation of prepubertal male rat gonads with human gonadotropin (100 Units/kg subcutaneously from the 21st to the 37th day after birth). The mentioned effects were observed against the background of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of Leidig's cells and increase of the activity of steroid-delta5-3beta-ol-dehydrogenase of the testes activity. A conclusion was made that niftolide was capable of preventing or delaying the development of some signs of premature sexual maturation.", "contents": "[Antiandrogenic effects of 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyrylanilide (niftolide) in prepubertal male rats during stimulation with exogenous gonadotropins]. Nonsteroid antiandrogen 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide (10 mg/kg per os from the 26th to the 37th day after birth) decreased the weight of the accessory sex organs, and levator ani muscle. DNA, RNA, and protein content in the ventral prostate and the seminal vesicles, the thickness of the secretory cell epithelium of the ventral prostate under conditions of stimulation of prepubertal male rat gonads with human gonadotropin (100 Units/kg subcutaneously from the 21st to the 37th day after birth). The mentioned effects were observed against the background of hyperplasia and hypertrophy of Leidig's cells and increase of the activity of steroid-delta5-3beta-ol-dehydrogenase of the testes activity. A conclusion was made that niftolide was capable of preventing or delaying the development of some signs of premature sexual maturation.", "PMID": 419091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9932", "title": "[Adenylate cyclase activity in human embryo adrenals].", "content": "Adenylate cyclase activity was studied histochemically in the human embryo adrenal glands by means of Reik's et al method modified for light microscopy. A negative or very weak reaction to adenylate cyclase in 7--8 week embryos was sharply intensified in 9-week-old embryos, and persisted up to 12 weeks. The reaction was the most intense along sinus capillaries of the provision zone where the enzyme apparently localized in the endothelium and the adjacent cytomembranes of adrenocorticocytes. The latter displayed activity in the areas which had no contact with the endothelium. Manifestation of high adenylate cyclase activity is regarded important for glandular cells differentiation in the adrenal glands.", "contents": "[Adenylate cyclase activity in human embryo adrenals]. Adenylate cyclase activity was studied histochemically in the human embryo adrenal glands by means of Reik's et al method modified for light microscopy. A negative or very weak reaction to adenylate cyclase in 7--8 week embryos was sharply intensified in 9-week-old embryos, and persisted up to 12 weeks. The reaction was the most intense along sinus capillaries of the provision zone where the enzyme apparently localized in the endothelium and the adjacent cytomembranes of adrenocorticocytes. The latter displayed activity in the areas which had no contact with the endothelium. Manifestation of high adenylate cyclase activity is regarded important for glandular cells differentiation in the adrenal glands.", "PMID": 419087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9933", "title": "[Incorporation of 3H-estradiol into elements of the tanycytic and ciliated ependyma of the 3d cerebral ventricle in experiments in vitro].", "content": "The label incorporation into the arcuate nucleus neurons, the tanicytic and ciliary ependyma of the mediobasal hypotahalamus, and also into the underlying nerve tissue after in vitro incubation of male Wistar rats hypothalamic tissue in the presence of 3H-estradiol was studied autoradiographically. After incubation at 37 degrees C, along with the nuclear localization of the label in the neutrons of the arcuate nucleus, characteristic of estradiol, high radioactivity was revealed in tanicytes; the label incorporation into beta-tanicytes was always higher than into the alpha2-tanicytes. Subsequent incubation of the tissue with nonlabeled estradiol led to reduction of beta-tanicytes radioactivity; as to ciliary ependyma and alpha2-tanicytes radioactivity--it rose. Reduction of incubation temperature to 22 degrees C failed to alter the character of the label incorporation into tanicytes. The data obtained confirmed the possibility of participation of the mediobasal hypothalamus tanicytes in the realization of the estradiol action of the hypothalamus.", "contents": "[Incorporation of 3H-estradiol into elements of the tanycytic and ciliated ependyma of the 3d cerebral ventricle in experiments in vitro]. The label incorporation into the arcuate nucleus neurons, the tanicytic and ciliary ependyma of the mediobasal hypotahalamus, and also into the underlying nerve tissue after in vitro incubation of male Wistar rats hypothalamic tissue in the presence of 3H-estradiol was studied autoradiographically. After incubation at 37 degrees C, along with the nuclear localization of the label in the neutrons of the arcuate nucleus, characteristic of estradiol, high radioactivity was revealed in tanicytes; the label incorporation into beta-tanicytes was always higher than into the alpha2-tanicytes. Subsequent incubation of the tissue with nonlabeled estradiol led to reduction of beta-tanicytes radioactivity; as to ciliary ependyma and alpha2-tanicytes radioactivity--it rose. Reduction of incubation temperature to 22 degrees C failed to alter the character of the label incorporation into tanicytes. The data obtained confirmed the possibility of participation of the mediobasal hypothalamus tanicytes in the realization of the estradiol action of the hypothalamus.", "PMID": 419092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9934", "title": "[11-azasteroids. V. Hormonal properties of 11-azaestranes].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on sexually-immature female rats, ovariectomized mice and castrated male rats. Hormonal properties of some 11-azaestran were studied. As shown, introduction of azafunction into the position of the 11 molecule of the steroid sharply reduced the hormonal activity, irrespective of other functions in the molecule determining the reference of the steroid to the estron, estradiol, or 19-nortestosterone series.", "contents": "[11-azasteroids. V. Hormonal properties of 11-azaestranes]. Experiments were conducted on sexually-immature female rats, ovariectomized mice and castrated male rats. Hormonal properties of some 11-azaestran were studied. As shown, introduction of azafunction into the position of the 11 molecule of the steroid sharply reduced the hormonal activity, irrespective of other functions in the molecule determining the reference of the steroid to the estron, estradiol, or 19-nortestosterone series.", "PMID": 419093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9935", "title": "[Progestagen and contraceptive activity of a 16alpha-methylene derivative of progesterone].", "content": "Data of experimental character reflecting the pharmacological activity of 16alpha-methylene derivative of progesterone--melengesterol acetate--are presented. A high progestagenic activity of the preparation was revealed in a series of tests, namely, the appearance of secretory changes in the uterine endometrium of infantile female rabbits and persistence of pregnancy in ovariectomized rabbits. A high contraceptive activity not accompanied by suppression of ovulation was found in administration of the preparation in low doses combined with mestranol.", "contents": "[Progestagen and contraceptive activity of a 16alpha-methylene derivative of progesterone]. Data of experimental character reflecting the pharmacological activity of 16alpha-methylene derivative of progesterone--melengesterol acetate--are presented. A high progestagenic activity of the preparation was revealed in a series of tests, namely, the appearance of secretory changes in the uterine endometrium of infantile female rabbits and persistence of pregnancy in ovariectomized rabbits. A high contraceptive activity not accompanied by suppression of ovulation was found in administration of the preparation in low doses combined with mestranol.", "PMID": 419094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9936", "title": "[Cytochemical and histoautoradiographic analysis of changes in the epithelium of the submandibular gland of white rats following ovariectomy].", "content": "The author considers the dependence of the changes in the submaxillary gland epithelium in albino rats on the female sex hormone balance. Histochemical peculiarities of the secretory cells of the gland following ovariectomy were studied. The intensity of RNA and protein synthesis was studied by means of histautoradiography. The change of the nuclear and cytoplasmic area of the acinar cells, reduction of the RNA synthesis in all the gland parts after ovariectomy were demonstrated. The secretion synthesis intensity was disturbed; also the histochemical composition of the product secreted was altered. There occurs \"masculinization\" of the submaxillary gland epithelium in female rats, and secretion characteristic of males of these animals appears.", "contents": "[Cytochemical and histoautoradiographic analysis of changes in the epithelium of the submandibular gland of white rats following ovariectomy]. The author considers the dependence of the changes in the submaxillary gland epithelium in albino rats on the female sex hormone balance. Histochemical peculiarities of the secretory cells of the gland following ovariectomy were studied. The intensity of RNA and protein synthesis was studied by means of histautoradiography. The change of the nuclear and cytoplasmic area of the acinar cells, reduction of the RNA synthesis in all the gland parts after ovariectomy were demonstrated. The secretion synthesis intensity was disturbed; also the histochemical composition of the product secreted was altered. There occurs \"masculinization\" of the submaxillary gland epithelium in female rats, and secretion characteristic of males of these animals appears.", "PMID": 419095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9937", "title": "Effect of coadministration of procainamide and isoniazid on each other's acetylation pathway.", "content": "The effect of isoniazid (INH) and procainamide (PA) on each other's acetylation pathway was studied in 7 normal subjects (3 rapid acetylators, 3 slow acetylators, 1 of indeterminate phenotype). Oral PA (6 mg/kg) was administered every 4 h for a total of seven doses. Following the final dose subjects received a single 300-mg oral dose of INH. Analysis of the parent drugs and their acetylated metabolites in plasma and urine revealed no effect on the acetylation of either drug. In 2 subjects (1 rapid, 1 slow acetylator) increasing doses of PA were given and the effect on INH (300 mg) acetylation measured. High mean circulating levels of PA (7.1 microgram/ml) appeared to inhibit acetylation of INH in the rapid acetylator whereas a mean PA plasma level of 8.6 microgram/ml had no effect on INH acetylation in the slow acetylator. However, the results from this study suggest that alterations of INH acetylation by PA are unlikely to be of clinical significance.", "contents": "Effect of coadministration of procainamide and isoniazid on each other's acetylation pathway. The effect of isoniazid (INH) and procainamide (PA) on each other's acetylation pathway was studied in 7 normal subjects (3 rapid acetylators, 3 slow acetylators, 1 of indeterminate phenotype). Oral PA (6 mg/kg) was administered every 4 h for a total of seven doses. Following the final dose subjects received a single 300-mg oral dose of INH. Analysis of the parent drugs and their acetylated metabolites in plasma and urine revealed no effect on the acetylation of either drug. In 2 subjects (1 rapid, 1 slow acetylator) increasing doses of PA were given and the effect on INH (300 mg) acetylation measured. High mean circulating levels of PA (7.1 microgram/ml) appeared to inhibit acetylation of INH in the rapid acetylator whereas a mean PA plasma level of 8.6 microgram/ml had no effect on INH acetylation in the slow acetylator. However, the results from this study suggest that alterations of INH acetylation by PA are unlikely to be of clinical significance.", "PMID": 419159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9938", "title": "Effect of epinephrine and alprenolol on ethanol metabolism, liver cell respiration and mitochondrial function.", "content": "Chronic administration of epinephrine to adult male rats resulted in a significant increase in the rate of ethanol elimination, when given alone or together with the beta-adrenergic blocker alprenolol. This effect was observed concomitantly with an increased hepatic oxygen utilization and no changes in mitochondrial respiratory functions. Epinephrine given acutely did not modify the rate of ethanol metabolism. Blood glucose levels were enhanced in these conditions, but were unaffected in rats treated with epinephrine plus alprenolol. These results suggest that chronic epinephrine treatment induces an increased oxidative capacity in the liver characterized by enhanced rates of oxygen uptake and ethanol metabolism, which is not related to its beta-adrenergic actions.", "contents": "Effect of epinephrine and alprenolol on ethanol metabolism, liver cell respiration and mitochondrial function. Chronic administration of epinephrine to adult male rats resulted in a significant increase in the rate of ethanol elimination, when given alone or together with the beta-adrenergic blocker alprenolol. This effect was observed concomitantly with an increased hepatic oxygen utilization and no changes in mitochondrial respiratory functions. Epinephrine given acutely did not modify the rate of ethanol metabolism. Blood glucose levels were enhanced in these conditions, but were unaffected in rats treated with epinephrine plus alprenolol. These results suggest that chronic epinephrine treatment induces an increased oxidative capacity in the liver characterized by enhanced rates of oxygen uptake and ethanol metabolism, which is not related to its beta-adrenergic actions.", "PMID": 419160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9939", "title": "Sex-related differences in biotransformation of aniline hydroxylase in Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "A significant difference was found in the rate of aromatic hydroxylation of the type II substrate, aniline, between male and female rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. In addition, microsomal cytochrome P-450 levels were significantly lower in female rats and aniline-induced spectral binding was significantly greater in microsomes isolated from male rats. Castration caused a significant reduction in aniline metabolism in male rats and testosterone treatment elevated this metabolism toward control level. Treatment of male rats with 17beta-estradiol significantly reduced aniline hydroxylase activity and female rats receiving testosterone for 1 month exhibited significantly increased rates of aniline metabolism over control females. Enzyme activities measured in immature male and in mature and immature female rats were all significantly lower than in mature male rats. These results suggest that the metabolism of aniline in Sprague-Dawley derived rats is controlled by androgen and, thus, is sex-dependent.", "contents": "Sex-related differences in biotransformation of aniline hydroxylase in Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant difference was found in the rate of aromatic hydroxylation of the type II substrate, aniline, between male and female rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. In addition, microsomal cytochrome P-450 levels were significantly lower in female rats and aniline-induced spectral binding was significantly greater in microsomes isolated from male rats. Castration caused a significant reduction in aniline metabolism in male rats and testosterone treatment elevated this metabolism toward control level. Treatment of male rats with 17beta-estradiol significantly reduced aniline hydroxylase activity and female rats receiving testosterone for 1 month exhibited significantly increased rates of aniline metabolism over control females. Enzyme activities measured in immature male and in mature and immature female rats were all significantly lower than in mature male rats. These results suggest that the metabolism of aniline in Sprague-Dawley derived rats is controlled by androgen and, thus, is sex-dependent.", "PMID": 419161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9940", "title": "Development of a classification rule for four clinical therapeutic psychotropic drug classes with EEG power-spectrum variables of human volunteers.", "content": "An objective rule for the classification of psychotropic substances has been developed. Classification is based on data from five basic studies simultaneously designed and performed and involving 75 healthy volunteers who ingested 20 different psychotropic drugs and 5 placebos in single oral dosages. Each volunteer took one psychostimulant, one antidepressant, one neuroleptic, one minor tranquilizer and one placebo in a double-blind Latin square cross-over design. The variables were 6 frequency bands, based on power spectrum estimates and determined by factor analysis, plus total power in the 1.5-30.0 Hz range. An objective classification rule was established by multi-group (5 groups) linear discriminant analysis. Reclassification of the substances by the new rule yielded correct results for 17 out of 20 psychotropic drugs and 4 out of 5 placebos. Of placebos from various studies not used for the establishment of the classification rule, 7/9 were classified correctly. The validity of the rule for other classes of substances will have to be verified in independent studies.", "contents": "Development of a classification rule for four clinical therapeutic psychotropic drug classes with EEG power-spectrum variables of human volunteers. An objective rule for the classification of psychotropic substances has been developed. Classification is based on data from five basic studies simultaneously designed and performed and involving 75 healthy volunteers who ingested 20 different psychotropic drugs and 5 placebos in single oral dosages. Each volunteer took one psychostimulant, one antidepressant, one neuroleptic, one minor tranquilizer and one placebo in a double-blind Latin square cross-over design. The variables were 6 frequency bands, based on power spectrum estimates and determined by factor analysis, plus total power in the 1.5-30.0 Hz range. An objective classification rule was established by multi-group (5 groups) linear discriminant analysis. Reclassification of the substances by the new rule yielded correct results for 17 out of 20 psychotropic drugs and 4 out of 5 placebos. Of placebos from various studies not used for the establishment of the classification rule, 7/9 were classified correctly. The validity of the rule for other classes of substances will have to be verified in independent studies.", "PMID": 419163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9941", "title": "HZI systems for EEG parametrization and classification of psychotropic drugs.", "content": "The EEG effects of twenty, clinically most frequently used psychotropic drugs and five placebos were studied in 75 male volunteers in five simultaneously designed basic studies. In each of the five studies single oral dosages of five drugs (well known representatives of neuroleptics, antidepressants, anxiolytics and psychostimulants, as well as placebos) were investigated in 15 subjects in a double-blind latin-square research design using the methods of the Quantitative Pharmaco-EEG. The results demonstrated that the therapeutically equivalent effective compounds also have similar effects on human EEG. With a classification rule, based on discriminant function 20, and with a classification rule, based on correlation statistics 19 of 25 compounds could be reclassified into correct clinical-therapeutic psychotropic drug groups. It is suggested that CEEG is an important tool in predicting and describing psychotropic properties of compounds, and should routinely be used in psychotropic drug development.", "contents": "HZI systems for EEG parametrization and classification of psychotropic drugs. The EEG effects of twenty, clinically most frequently used psychotropic drugs and five placebos were studied in 75 male volunteers in five simultaneously designed basic studies. In each of the five studies single oral dosages of five drugs (well known representatives of neuroleptics, antidepressants, anxiolytics and psychostimulants, as well as placebos) were investigated in 15 subjects in a double-blind latin-square research design using the methods of the Quantitative Pharmaco-EEG. The results demonstrated that the therapeutically equivalent effective compounds also have similar effects on human EEG. With a classification rule, based on discriminant function 20, and with a classification rule, based on correlation statistics 19 of 25 compounds could be reclassified into correct clinical-therapeutic psychotropic drug groups. It is suggested that CEEG is an important tool in predicting and describing psychotropic properties of compounds, and should routinely be used in psychotropic drug development.", "PMID": 419164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9942", "title": "Evaluation of pharmacodynamic properties of psychotropic drugs: quanitative EEG, psychometric and blood level investigations in normals and patients.", "content": "Quantitative EEG analyses in combination with certain statistical procedures may be utilized in order to classify psychotropic drugs and to determine their cerebral bioavailability. Psychometric tests including evaluation of attention, concentration, psychomotor activity, critical flicker frequency, reaction time, Archimedean spiral, mood and affectivity, may add valuable information about a drug's psychotropic and pharmacodynamic properties. As was seen in studies involving a new pyridodiazepine, short-term drug effects in the EEG of normals are predictive of EEG and clinical effects in patients. Pharmaco-EEG profiles of lopirazepam were found similar in normals and alcoholic patients with an anxiety syndrom as far as the type of changes was concerned, although some quantitative differences were observed. As previously described, quantitative EEG changes during treatment were correlated with clinical improvement or deterioration. Moreover, there is some evidence that single dose effects in the EEG of patients may eventually be utilized to predict therapeutic outcome with a certain drug. Finally, relationships between blood level, quantitative EEG and psychometric changes after administration of phentermine and oxazepam are described and discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of pharmacodynamic properties of psychotropic drugs: quanitative EEG, psychometric and blood level investigations in normals and patients. Quantitative EEG analyses in combination with certain statistical procedures may be utilized in order to classify psychotropic drugs and to determine their cerebral bioavailability. Psychometric tests including evaluation of attention, concentration, psychomotor activity, critical flicker frequency, reaction time, Archimedean spiral, mood and affectivity, may add valuable information about a drug's psychotropic and pharmacodynamic properties. As was seen in studies involving a new pyridodiazepine, short-term drug effects in the EEG of normals are predictive of EEG and clinical effects in patients. Pharmaco-EEG profiles of lopirazepam were found similar in normals and alcoholic patients with an anxiety syndrom as far as the type of changes was concerned, although some quantitative differences were observed. As previously described, quantitative EEG changes during treatment were correlated with clinical improvement or deterioration. Moreover, there is some evidence that single dose effects in the EEG of patients may eventually be utilized to predict therapeutic outcome with a certain drug. Finally, relationships between blood level, quantitative EEG and psychometric changes after administration of phentermine and oxazepam are described and discussed.", "PMID": 419165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9943", "title": "Is a man, a man, a man? (or: is an EEG, an EEG, an EEG?) some remarks on the homogeneity of \"normal subjects\".", "content": "Many studies involving computerized EEG analyses are based on the assumption that normal subjects constitute a homogeneous population, so that under specified conditions across-subject averaging is justified. Quite often EEG signals are processed with little or no concern for the state of the particular person from whom they are obtained. It is the purpose of this discussion to draw attention to the fact that only can normals have different EEG's one from another, but also that the same ones can display markedly different EEGs from recording session to recording session. A consequence of this situation is that there is always a large between-subject variability, and that the source of the signals needs to be carefully documented before generalizations can be made.", "contents": "Is a man, a man, a man? (or: is an EEG, an EEG, an EEG?) some remarks on the homogeneity of \"normal subjects\". Many studies involving computerized EEG analyses are based on the assumption that normal subjects constitute a homogeneous population, so that under specified conditions across-subject averaging is justified. Quite often EEG signals are processed with little or no concern for the state of the particular person from whom they are obtained. It is the purpose of this discussion to draw attention to the fact that only can normals have different EEG's one from another, but also that the same ones can display markedly different EEGs from recording session to recording session. A consequence of this situation is that there is always a large between-subject variability, and that the source of the signals needs to be carefully documented before generalizations can be made.", "PMID": 419168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9944", "title": "Orthopedic manual therapy--an overview. Part II: the spine.", "content": "The focus of this article is orthopedic manual therapy for the spine: 1) precautions and contraindications for manual methods of treatment; 2) definitions of general terms for therapeutic techniques of mobilization and traction; and 3) the general concepts and the evaluation, treatment, and aftertreatment procedures of James Cyriax, MD, MRCP; Freddy Kaltenborn, DO, RPT; Geoffrey Maitland, MAPA, FCSP; and John McM. Mennell, MD.", "contents": "Orthopedic manual therapy--an overview. Part II: the spine. The focus of this article is orthopedic manual therapy for the spine: 1) precautions and contraindications for manual methods of treatment; 2) definitions of general terms for therapeutic techniques of mobilization and traction; and 3) the general concepts and the evaluation, treatment, and aftertreatment procedures of James Cyriax, MD, MRCP; Freddy Kaltenborn, DO, RPT; Geoffrey Maitland, MAPA, FCSP; and John McM. Mennell, MD.", "PMID": 419170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9945", "title": "Contract learning.", "content": "The learning contract format can be used to provide a learning situation that encourages individuality, flexibility, and mutuality. General components of the learning contract are formats, roles, climate setting, goal setting, resources, timing, and evaluation. Suggestions are made for applying the learning contract to self-directed continuing education for physical therapist educators, clinical physical therapists, and individual physical therapists.", "contents": "Contract learning. The learning contract format can be used to provide a learning situation that encourages individuality, flexibility, and mutuality. General components of the learning contract are formats, roles, climate setting, goal setting, resources, timing, and evaluation. Suggestions are made for applying the learning contract to self-directed continuing education for physical therapist educators, clinical physical therapists, and individual physical therapists.", "PMID": 419171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9946", "title": "Effect of pelvic-femoral position on vertebral separation produced by lumbar traction.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hip position and the amount of vertebral separation produced by intermittent lumbar traction. Ten subjects received intermittent lumbar traction at a force of 31.8 kg (70 lb) for 15 minutes in each of three positions of hip flexion (supine): 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees. Vertebral separation was measured on lateral roentgenograms by outlining and marking the vertebral bodies and measuring interspaces with fine-point calipers. Except for the T12-L1 interspace, traction produced greater posterior interspace separation as the angle of hip flexion increased from 0 to 90 degrees. These differences were statistically significant at interspaces L4-5 and L5-S1. We found no systematic changes in anterior interspace distance. To produce maximal posterior vertebral interspace separation, pelvic traction should be applied with the hip flexed 90 degrees.", "contents": "Effect of pelvic-femoral position on vertebral separation produced by lumbar traction. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hip position and the amount of vertebral separation produced by intermittent lumbar traction. Ten subjects received intermittent lumbar traction at a force of 31.8 kg (70 lb) for 15 minutes in each of three positions of hip flexion (supine): 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees. Vertebral separation was measured on lateral roentgenograms by outlining and marking the vertebral bodies and measuring interspaces with fine-point calipers. Except for the T12-L1 interspace, traction produced greater posterior interspace separation as the angle of hip flexion increased from 0 to 90 degrees. These differences were statistically significant at interspaces L4-5 and L5-S1. We found no systematic changes in anterior interspace distance. To produce maximal posterior vertebral interspace separation, pelvic traction should be applied with the hip flexed 90 degrees.", "PMID": 419172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9947", "title": "Toward understanding the terminology of exercise mechanics.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to reduce the confusion and misunderstanding of exercise mechanics terminology by giving simplified definitions of the most important physical quantities and terms. Isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic exercises are discussed and related to the appropriate physical quantities. The correct use of the most confusing and frequently misused terms is discussed.", "contents": "Toward understanding the terminology of exercise mechanics. The purpose of this paper is to reduce the confusion and misunderstanding of exercise mechanics terminology by giving simplified definitions of the most important physical quantities and terms. Isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic exercises are discussed and related to the appropriate physical quantities. The correct use of the most confusing and frequently misused terms is discussed.", "PMID": 419173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9948", "title": "The Cyrano nose: a clinical review of hemangiomas of the nasal tip.", "content": "It is always difficult to establish one preferred management program for all patients with any lesion, but serious consideration must be given to \"no-touch\" management of cavernous or capillary-cavernous hemangiomas of the nasal tip. This requires frequent consultations with the parents to furnish psychological support. If extreme pressure from the parents makes surgery inevitable, the operation should be limited to the immediate confines of the nasal tip.", "contents": "The Cyrano nose: a clinical review of hemangiomas of the nasal tip. It is always difficult to establish one preferred management program for all patients with any lesion, but serious consideration must be given to \"no-touch\" management of cavernous or capillary-cavernous hemangiomas of the nasal tip. This requires frequent consultations with the parents to furnish psychological support. If extreme pressure from the parents makes surgery inevitable, the operation should be limited to the immediate confines of the nasal tip.", "PMID": 419193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9949", "title": "Predicting the course of a congenital hemangioma.", "content": "We report a series of 10 congenital hemangiomas which have been followed by serial examinations with the Doppler apparatus, to determine persistence of and increase in A--V fistulae, or a decrease in same. We believe the data on the A--V fistulae correlate inversely with the likelihood of spontaneous regression and involution.", "contents": "Predicting the course of a congenital hemangioma. We report a series of 10 congenital hemangiomas which have been followed by serial examinations with the Doppler apparatus, to determine persistence of and increase in A--V fistulae, or a decrease in same. We believe the data on the A--V fistulae correlate inversely with the likelihood of spontaneous regression and involution.", "PMID": 419194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9950", "title": "Cornifying Darier's disease.", "content": "Five patients with cornifying Darier's disease were treated successfully by partial-thickness resection of the skin and dermabrasion down through the papillary dermis into the reticular dermis. Healing was quick and the complication rate was low. Although some lesions recurred, all of these 5 patients have been able to return to full work and are now employed. The histology and genetics of the disease are discussed.", "contents": "Cornifying Darier's disease. Five patients with cornifying Darier's disease were treated successfully by partial-thickness resection of the skin and dermabrasion down through the papillary dermis into the reticular dermis. Healing was quick and the complication rate was low. Although some lesions recurred, all of these 5 patients have been able to return to full work and are now employed. The histology and genetics of the disease are discussed.", "PMID": 419195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9951", "title": "Rhytidectomies in office operating rooms.", "content": "We report our experiences in 100 consecutive face lifts done in a well-equipped office operating room, and we believe the results answer the question about the safety of face lifts being done in this manner in a carefully screened population. With the application of our preoperative criteria for patient selection, the complication rate in these outpatients compares favorably with the reported rates in inpatient series of face lifts. Patient satisfaction has been higher, we feel.", "contents": "Rhytidectomies in office operating rooms. We report our experiences in 100 consecutive face lifts done in a well-equipped office operating room, and we believe the results answer the question about the safety of face lifts being done in this manner in a carefully screened population. With the application of our preoperative criteria for patient selection, the complication rate in these outpatients compares favorably with the reported rates in inpatient series of face lifts. Patient satisfaction has been higher, we feel.", "PMID": 419196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9952", "title": "Use of pectoralis major muscle flaps to repair defects of anterior chest wall.", "content": "We closed defects of the anterior chest wall in 6 patients, using either unilateral or bilateral pectoralis major muscle flap transpositions. In 4 of these patients the defect was stabilized with autogenous rib grafts, and none of these had a flail chest. All of the transposed muscle flaps remained viable and innervated. The deformities and the functional disturbances resulting from the transpositions were minimal.", "contents": "Use of pectoralis major muscle flaps to repair defects of anterior chest wall. We closed defects of the anterior chest wall in 6 patients, using either unilateral or bilateral pectoralis major muscle flap transpositions. In 4 of these patients the defect was stabilized with autogenous rib grafts, and none of these had a flail chest. All of the transposed muscle flaps remained viable and innervated. The deformities and the functional disturbances resulting from the transpositions were minimal.", "PMID": 419197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9953", "title": "Review of long-term results in supportive treatment of facial paralysis.", "content": "We have reviewed approximately 150 patients who were treated with supportive measures for facial paralysis. We found that in the patient's view an adequate result requires establishment of a proper lip sphincter--either by restoring muscular tone, or by creating an anatomical framework to which can be added either a motor unit or stabilization to aid the opposite intact muscle. We also found lasting value from dampening contralateral spasticity, and from the use of such ancillary procedures as the face lift, the brow lift, and the creation of a nasolabial fold. It is important for the physician to help the patient acquire a tranquil face during speech and emotion by persevering in mirror training and mimetic gymnastics.", "contents": "Review of long-term results in supportive treatment of facial paralysis. We have reviewed approximately 150 patients who were treated with supportive measures for facial paralysis. We found that in the patient's view an adequate result requires establishment of a proper lip sphincter--either by restoring muscular tone, or by creating an anatomical framework to which can be added either a motor unit or stabilization to aid the opposite intact muscle. We also found lasting value from dampening contralateral spasticity, and from the use of such ancillary procedures as the face lift, the brow lift, and the creation of a nasolabial fold. It is important for the physician to help the patient acquire a tranquil face during speech and emotion by persevering in mirror training and mimetic gymnastics.", "PMID": 419198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9954", "title": "Clinical experiences with Proplast as an implant.", "content": "We report our experiences with 38 Proplast implants to the face, with 33 results which we classified as good. The material seems to be biocompatible, and because it is porous there is rapid tissue ingrowth into it.", "contents": "Clinical experiences with Proplast as an implant. We report our experiences with 38 Proplast implants to the face, with 33 results which we classified as good. The material seems to be biocompatible, and because it is porous there is rapid tissue ingrowth into it.", "PMID": 419199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9955", "title": "Reduction mammaplasty with a single superiorly-based pedicle.", "content": "We have reduced 68 breasts in 34 women, transposing the nipple-areolar complex on a single superiorly-based pedicle. The complication rate was 4.4 percent. The method appears to be safe, and it produces better shaped breasts than we obtained by operations using double pedicles.", "contents": "Reduction mammaplasty with a single superiorly-based pedicle. We have reduced 68 breasts in 34 women, transposing the nipple-areolar complex on a single superiorly-based pedicle. The complication rate was 4.4 percent. The method appears to be safe, and it produces better shaped breasts than we obtained by operations using double pedicles.", "PMID": 419200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9956", "title": "Management of radiation necrosis and advanced cancer of the chest wall in patients with breast malignancy.", "content": "Aggressive resection, with individualized reconstruction by several methods, is of value in many patients with radiation necrosis and/or advanced breast cancer of the chest wall. Although this does not always significantly lengthen survival, it can improve the quality of life markedly in many instances. Remarkably large defects can be reconstructed with single-stage procedures.", "contents": "Management of radiation necrosis and advanced cancer of the chest wall in patients with breast malignancy. Aggressive resection, with individualized reconstruction by several methods, is of value in many patients with radiation necrosis and/or advanced breast cancer of the chest wall. Although this does not always significantly lengthen survival, it can improve the quality of life markedly in many instances. Remarkably large defects can be reconstructed with single-stage procedures.", "PMID": 419201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9957", "title": "Experimental evaluation of microarterial grafts in rats and rabbits: long-term histological studies.", "content": "This experimental study was done to compare the fate of microarterial grafts versus microvenous grafts. Based on morphological aspects, patency rates, and histological features, the arterial grafts gave better long-term results than the venous grafts--due mainly to an absence of subintimal fibrotic changes in the microarterial grafts.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of microarterial grafts in rats and rabbits: long-term histological studies. This experimental study was done to compare the fate of microarterial grafts versus microvenous grafts. Based on morphological aspects, patency rates, and histological features, the arterial grafts gave better long-term results than the venous grafts--due mainly to an absence of subintimal fibrotic changes in the microarterial grafts.", "PMID": 419202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9958", "title": "A complication of a transareolar augmentation mammaplasty.", "content": "A case of sudden development of a small tender mass in the breast, one year after an augmentation mammaplasty, is presented. This mass was found to be a herniation of the implant in the region of the previous incision.", "contents": "A complication of a transareolar augmentation mammaplasty. A case of sudden development of a small tender mass in the breast, one year after an augmentation mammaplasty, is presented. This mass was found to be a herniation of the implant in the region of the previous incision.", "PMID": 419205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9959", "title": "Pulmonary embolism associated with hemolymphangioma of lower extremity.", "content": "We present a case of major pulmonary embolization from a hemolymphangiomatous malformation of the loin and lower extremity. Treatment was with a low-dose infusion of urokinase for a short period directly into the pulmonary artery, and dramatic clinical improvement was noted. Prolonged maintenance therapy was with a low dose of heparin.", "contents": "Pulmonary embolism associated with hemolymphangioma of lower extremity. We present a case of major pulmonary embolization from a hemolymphangiomatous malformation of the loin and lower extremity. Treatment was with a low-dose infusion of urokinase for a short period directly into the pulmonary artery, and dramatic clinical improvement was noted. Prolonged maintenance therapy was with a low dose of heparin.", "PMID": 419206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9960", "title": "Outpatient breast surgery under intercostal block anesthesia.", "content": "During the past 3 years, we have performed various breast operations in 320 patients under local anesthesia, using intercostal nerve block. The amount of local anesthetic solution required has been about 20 ml 1% lidocaine for blocking both sides, and an additional 24 ml of 0.5% lidocaine during the surgery. This dosage is well within safe limits. We have found that various breast operations, ranging from augmentation mammaplasty to a staged reconstruction after mastectomy, can be done with this method of anesthesia. The complications attributable to the nerve block were nil in our series.", "contents": "Outpatient breast surgery under intercostal block anesthesia. During the past 3 years, we have performed various breast operations in 320 patients under local anesthesia, using intercostal nerve block. The amount of local anesthetic solution required has been about 20 ml 1% lidocaine for blocking both sides, and an additional 24 ml of 0.5% lidocaine during the surgery. This dosage is well within safe limits. We have found that various breast operations, ranging from augmentation mammaplasty to a staged reconstruction after mastectomy, can be done with this method of anesthesia. The complications attributable to the nerve block were nil in our series.", "PMID": 419209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9961", "title": "Facial bone changes with vascular tumors in children.", "content": "Deformities of the adjacent facial bones are common with large vascular tumors. Most hemangiomas will resolve spontaneously, but the incidence of resolution appears to be quite low when the adjacent bones are affected. In these, we have used high dosage corticosteroid therapy in the early cases, particularly those involving the orbit. Surgical excision has been used in most of the other cases, with reasonable improvement.", "contents": "Facial bone changes with vascular tumors in children. Deformities of the adjacent facial bones are common with large vascular tumors. Most hemangiomas will resolve spontaneously, but the incidence of resolution appears to be quite low when the adjacent bones are affected. In these, we have used high dosage corticosteroid therapy in the early cases, particularly those involving the orbit. Surgical excision has been used in most of the other cases, with reasonable improvement.", "PMID": 419210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9962", "title": "Concentric circle operation for massive gynecomastia to excise the redundant skin.", "content": "A technique is described for excising the excess skin in gynecomastia operations, using a concentric \"circle\" design to remove a calculated amount in the vertical in the horizontal directions. The sole residual scar is a circular one around the periphery of the areola.", "contents": "Concentric circle operation for massive gynecomastia to excise the redundant skin. A technique is described for excising the excess skin in gynecomastia operations, using a concentric \"circle\" design to remove a calculated amount in the vertical in the horizontal directions. The sole residual scar is a circular one around the periphery of the areola.", "PMID": 419211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9963", "title": "A cost analysis of office plastic surgery.", "content": "A cost analysis of doing surgery in an office operating suite is presented, and other possible benefits to patients and physicians of this type of practice are commented upon.", "contents": "A cost analysis of office plastic surgery. A cost analysis of doing surgery in an office operating suite is presented, and other possible benefits to patients and physicians of this type of practice are commented upon.", "PMID": 419212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9964", "title": "Use of a muscle flap in lower blepharoplasty.", "content": "An adjunctive technique for lower lid blepharoplasty is presented. This operative procedure uses the principle of anchoring the upper margin of the lower lid by suturing a triangular muscle flap from it to the lateral-superior part of the orbital rim. This more effective support for the lower lid margin permits one to excise more redundant tissue without getting an ectropion.", "contents": "Use of a muscle flap in lower blepharoplasty. An adjunctive technique for lower lid blepharoplasty is presented. This operative procedure uses the principle of anchoring the upper margin of the lower lid by suturing a triangular muscle flap from it to the lateral-superior part of the orbital rim. This more effective support for the lower lid margin permits one to excise more redundant tissue without getting an ectropion.", "PMID": 419213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9965", "title": "Pseudo-paralysis of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve after platysmal face-lift operation.", "content": "With the increasing popularity of platysmal face lifts, the anatomy of the cervical branch of the facial nerve should be noted. The postoperative appearance of lack of ability to retrude the corner of the mouth, in someone who had a \"full denture\" smile preoperatively, could possibly be due to severance or stretching of the rami of the cervical branch of the facial nerve--rather than an injury of the facial nerve of the marginal mandibular branch.", "contents": "Pseudo-paralysis of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve after platysmal face-lift operation. With the increasing popularity of platysmal face lifts, the anatomy of the cervical branch of the facial nerve should be noted. The postoperative appearance of lack of ability to retrude the corner of the mouth, in someone who had a \"full denture\" smile preoperatively, could possibly be due to severance or stretching of the rami of the cervical branch of the facial nerve--rather than an injury of the facial nerve of the marginal mandibular branch.", "PMID": 419214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9966", "title": "Transfer of a large, single temporo-occipital flap for treatment of baldness.", "content": "A technique is described to correct male pattern baldness by transferring a large, single, temporo-occipital flap after one delay.", "contents": "Transfer of a large, single temporo-occipital flap for treatment of baldness. A technique is described to correct male pattern baldness by transferring a large, single, temporo-occipital flap after one delay.", "PMID": 419215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9967", "title": "Ear cartilage grafts to the nose.", "content": "We present our experience in the treatment of secondary nasal deformities caused by excessive resection of the nasal dorsum. We have used ear cartilage autografts, with good results and (on the whole) little or no resorption (some have been followed for 10 years). We consider it essential to correctly shape the transplant and to hold it firmly in the proper position for a period of not less than one week.", "contents": "Ear cartilage grafts to the nose. We present our experience in the treatment of secondary nasal deformities caused by excessive resection of the nasal dorsum. We have used ear cartilage autografts, with good results and (on the whole) little or no resorption (some have been followed for 10 years). We consider it essential to correctly shape the transplant and to hold it firmly in the proper position for a period of not less than one week.", "PMID": 419217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9968", "title": "Experimental studies on the effects of tension on intraneural microcirculation in sutured peripheral nerves.", "content": "Tension on an end-to-end nerve suture causes injury to the intraneural vessels. Impairment of the transverse anastomoses occurs first, followed by degeneration of the intrafascicular vessels. The the transverse anastomoses undergo complete degeneration, and the extrafascicular vessels also sustain severe damage. This series of circulatory disturbances is an important factor to consider when determining the advisability of an end-to-end nerve suture.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the effects of tension on intraneural microcirculation in sutured peripheral nerves. Tension on an end-to-end nerve suture causes injury to the intraneural vessels. Impairment of the transverse anastomoses occurs first, followed by degeneration of the intrafascicular vessels. The the transverse anastomoses undergo complete degeneration, and the extrafascicular vessels also sustain severe damage. This series of circulatory disturbances is an important factor to consider when determining the advisability of an end-to-end nerve suture.", "PMID": 419218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9969", "title": "Epigenetic regulation of the shape and position of the auricle in the rat.", "content": "We hypothesized that epigenetic (non-genomic) factors, related to muscular function, significantly regulate the shape and position of the auricular cartilage. We tested this experimentally by doing unilateral partial and total facial neurectomies, auricular myectomies, and ear rotations with skin excisions in rats. The neurectomies produced muscle atrophy, abolished the horizontal scaphoid ridging, and produced characteristic changes in the auricular shape. The myectomies of extrinsic auricular musculature alone were followed routinely by complete muscle regeneration and no changes in shape. The auricular rotations, with skin excision, produced an antihelix-like complex analogous to the human ear--a configuration that was permanent and was accompanied by muscle relocation. The findings are believed to support our hypothesis.", "contents": "Epigenetic regulation of the shape and position of the auricle in the rat. We hypothesized that epigenetic (non-genomic) factors, related to muscular function, significantly regulate the shape and position of the auricular cartilage. We tested this experimentally by doing unilateral partial and total facial neurectomies, auricular myectomies, and ear rotations with skin excisions in rats. The neurectomies produced muscle atrophy, abolished the horizontal scaphoid ridging, and produced characteristic changes in the auricular shape. The myectomies of extrinsic auricular musculature alone were followed routinely by complete muscle regeneration and no changes in shape. The auricular rotations, with skin excision, produced an antihelix-like complex analogous to the human ear--a configuration that was permanent and was accompanied by muscle relocation. The findings are believed to support our hypothesis.", "PMID": 419219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9970", "title": "Elastic cartilage choristoma of the neck.", "content": "Two cases of elastic cartilage choristoma in the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the lower midline of the neck are reported.", "contents": "Elastic cartilage choristoma of the neck. Two cases of elastic cartilage choristoma in the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the lower midline of the neck are reported.", "PMID": 419222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9971", "title": "[The value of a systemic method for radiologic examination of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for systematical examination of stomach is described. The exporation is done with different technics (double-contrast, full-filling, compression). Films are taken in 13 positions. The purpose of the method is, to get an exact documentation of all parts of the stomach and to raise the number of detected lesions. Further, the training of young radiologists will be easy and more effectiv.", "contents": "[The value of a systemic method for radiologic examination of the stomach (author's transl)]. A method for systematical examination of stomach is described. The exporation is done with different technics (double-contrast, full-filling, compression). Films are taken in 13 positions. The purpose of the method is, to get an exact documentation of all parts of the stomach and to raise the number of detected lesions. Further, the training of young radiologists will be easy and more effectiv.", "PMID": 419311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9972", "title": "[Radiologic findings on crohn's disease of the adult (author's transl)].", "content": "Roentgen signs of 42 patients with Crohn's disease are reported. Characteristic features are stenosis [30], fistulas (30), cobble-stone formation (14), asymetry of lesions (12), and thickening of the mucosal wall (10). Main locations are the ileum, predominantly its terminal part (32). The frequency of colon involvement has increased compared with earlier publications. 1 fistula between colon and urinary bladder is described as a rare type of tract formation. In comparison with a study of Hanke et al. (1978) in children there is no significant change in frequency distribution reported.", "contents": "[Radiologic findings on crohn's disease of the adult (author's transl)]. Roentgen signs of 42 patients with Crohn's disease are reported. Characteristic features are stenosis [30], fistulas (30), cobble-stone formation (14), asymetry of lesions (12), and thickening of the mucosal wall (10). Main locations are the ileum, predominantly its terminal part (32). The frequency of colon involvement has increased compared with earlier publications. 1 fistula between colon and urinary bladder is described as a rare type of tract formation. In comparison with a study of Hanke et al. (1978) in children there is no significant change in frequency distribution reported.", "PMID": 419312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9973", "title": "[The significance of x-ray-examination in early diagnosis of colon carcinoma compared with colonoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The medical literature and our own observations show the importance of x-ray examinations to diagnose colon carcinoma. The conventional barium enema examination without double contrast is not suitable for a general medical check-up. In contrast to the diagnostic value of the conventional procedure, the diagnostic accuracy of double contrast examination is comparable to that of the colonoscopy. In 1108 patients, endoscopically proven polyps smaller than 1 cm were detected in 61%, whereas the percentage for polyps bigger than 1 cm was 87. These results are achieved only in patients with a sufficient preparation. Two of 25 colorectal carcinomas were detected neither by endoscopy nor by the double contrast method.", "contents": "[The significance of x-ray-examination in early diagnosis of colon carcinoma compared with colonoscopy (author's transl)]. The medical literature and our own observations show the importance of x-ray examinations to diagnose colon carcinoma. The conventional barium enema examination without double contrast is not suitable for a general medical check-up. In contrast to the diagnostic value of the conventional procedure, the diagnostic accuracy of double contrast examination is comparable to that of the colonoscopy. In 1108 patients, endoscopically proven polyps smaller than 1 cm were detected in 61%, whereas the percentage for polyps bigger than 1 cm was 87. These results are achieved only in patients with a sufficient preparation. Two of 25 colorectal carcinomas were detected neither by endoscopy nor by the double contrast method.", "PMID": 419313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9974", "title": "[Duplication of the gallbladder. A rare anomaly, more often a diagnostic error (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of true duplication of the gallbladder and three cases with roentgen signs simulating duplication are reported. In true duplication the diagnosis was made by routine cholecystography which showed a double gallbladder with ductular shape. In three cases the cause for an incorrect diagnosis by cholecystography were an ampullary right renal pelvis visualized by heterotopic renal excretion of the contrast medium, a short loop of the first and second part of the duodenum and a diverticulum at the outer border of the duodenum.", "contents": "[Duplication of the gallbladder. A rare anomaly, more often a diagnostic error (author's transl)]. A case of true duplication of the gallbladder and three cases with roentgen signs simulating duplication are reported. In true duplication the diagnosis was made by routine cholecystography which showed a double gallbladder with ductular shape. In three cases the cause for an incorrect diagnosis by cholecystography were an ampullary right renal pelvis visualized by heterotopic renal excretion of the contrast medium, a short loop of the first and second part of the duodenum and a diverticulum at the outer border of the duodenum.", "PMID": 419314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9975", "title": "[Analysis and differential diagnosis of gastric impressions (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the vector principle conceived by Whalen pertaining to the spreading of intra abdominal space occupying lesions, the attempt was made to analyse impression effects of the gastric wall and to demonstrate their relevance for differential diagnosis. An examination technique (hypotensive double contrast technique), suitable for adequate assessment, applicable also to minor alterations, is being described.", "contents": "[Analysis and differential diagnosis of gastric impressions (author's transl)]. Based on the vector principle conceived by Whalen pertaining to the spreading of intra abdominal space occupying lesions, the attempt was made to analyse impression effects of the gastric wall and to demonstrate their relevance for differential diagnosis. An examination technique (hypotensive double contrast technique), suitable for adequate assessment, applicable also to minor alterations, is being described.", "PMID": 419315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9976", "title": "[Cinedensitometric documentation of a catheter-induced spasm in the carotid siphon (author's transl)].", "content": "During a transfemoral cerebral angiography spasm of the carotid siphon was to be observed. This circulatory disturbance has been recorded by angiocinematography and evaluated by cinedensitometry. The analysis of the catheter-induced spasm is intended as a contribution to the etiology and the pathophysiology of vasospasm in man.", "contents": "[Cinedensitometric documentation of a catheter-induced spasm in the carotid siphon (author's transl)]. During a transfemoral cerebral angiography spasm of the carotid siphon was to be observed. This circulatory disturbance has been recorded by angiocinematography and evaluated by cinedensitometry. The analysis of the catheter-induced spasm is intended as a contribution to the etiology and the pathophysiology of vasospasm in man.", "PMID": 419316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9977", "title": "[Thibi\u00e8rge- and Weissenbach-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Subcutaneous and periarticular calcium deposits in progressive systemic sclerosis usually appear due to prolonged disease. One case with 40 years' duration is demonstrated which developed extensive subcutaneous and periarticular calcium deposits as well as soft tissue calcifications around old fractures.", "contents": "[Thibi\u00e8rge- and Weissenbach-syndrome (author's transl)]. Subcutaneous and periarticular calcium deposits in progressive systemic sclerosis usually appear due to prolonged disease. One case with 40 years' duration is demonstrated which developed extensive subcutaneous and periarticular calcium deposits as well as soft tissue calcifications around old fractures.", "PMID": 419317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9978", "title": "[Radiological reporting systems. The viewpoint of the central radiodiagnostic department in an university hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of automatic Roentgen diagnostic reporting systems is limited. Therefore, the capabilities of these systems should be expanded, and should include an integral patient identification as well as relevant data regarding the clinical patient information. By this way, appropriate data considering payments and statistics can be collected. In addition, there is selective access to the data from previous investigations. Thus, the evaluation of the entire information about a patient, including a verification of previous diagnosis is possible. Based on the radiology reporting system of Wheeler (Sirep, Siemens Ltd.) and of Vadraux-Vernier (Sacre, CGR, Ltd.), an additional set of input and output parameter is described as well as their use in a system comprising a small central processor and large external storage unit.", "contents": "[Radiological reporting systems. The viewpoint of the central radiodiagnostic department in an university hospital (author's transl)]. The use of automatic Roentgen diagnostic reporting systems is limited. Therefore, the capabilities of these systems should be expanded, and should include an integral patient identification as well as relevant data regarding the clinical patient information. By this way, appropriate data considering payments and statistics can be collected. In addition, there is selective access to the data from previous investigations. Thus, the evaluation of the entire information about a patient, including a verification of previous diagnosis is possible. Based on the radiology reporting system of Wheeler (Sirep, Siemens Ltd.) and of Vadraux-Vernier (Sacre, CGR, Ltd.), an additional set of input and output parameter is described as well as their use in a system comprising a small central processor and large external storage unit.", "PMID": 419319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9979", "title": "Management of dementias.", "content": "Our best hope of helping patients who appear to be demented lies in the painstaking diagnostic evaluation of each such patient whom the physician encounters. The first step is to separate out those patients who appear to have organic dementias but in fact do not. These pseudodemented patients, i.e., patients with functional psychiatric disorders mimicking dementia, often have an excellent prognosis. Next, in those patients with diffuse organic dysfunction, a diligent search must be made for those disorders that are amenable to specific therapy. Good evidence is available to demonstrate that thorough diagnostic evaluation pays off in the identification of a significant proportion of treatable disease. Even when no treatable disease can be identified, treatment of coexisting medical and physical problems, environmental manipulation, and pharmacologic therapy can do much to alleviate the patient's plight.", "contents": "Management of dementias. Our best hope of helping patients who appear to be demented lies in the painstaking diagnostic evaluation of each such patient whom the physician encounters. The first step is to separate out those patients who appear to have organic dementias but in fact do not. These pseudodemented patients, i.e., patients with functional psychiatric disorders mimicking dementia, often have an excellent prognosis. Next, in those patients with diffuse organic dysfunction, a diligent search must be made for those disorders that are amenable to specific therapy. Good evidence is available to demonstrate that thorough diagnostic evaluation pays off in the identification of a significant proportion of treatable disease. Even when no treatable disease can be identified, treatment of coexisting medical and physical problems, environmental manipulation, and pharmacologic therapy can do much to alleviate the patient's plight.", "PMID": 419336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9980", "title": "Gas exchange in the parabronchial lung of birds: experiments in unidirectionally ventilated ducks.", "content": "Pulmonary exchange of O2 and CO2 was measured in unidirectionally ventilated ducks in an attempt to determine lung O2 diffusing capacity, DO2. Perfusion shunt (= venous admixture) was estimated from O2 exchange in hyperoxia, and the ventilation shunt (ventilation of non-perfused parallel lung units) was estimated from exchange of the highly soluble inert gas, chloroform. Differences in the ventilation/perfusion ratio of parallel lung units were assessed from measurement of CO2 exchange using a parallel two-compartment model. DO2 values were calculated accounting for ventilation shunt, perfusion shunt, and inhomogeneity. Perfusion shunt averaged 2.7% and ventilation shunt, 9.4%. The ventilation/perfusion ratio in the two compartments differed on the average by a factor of 2.6. The uncorrected values of DO2, not accounting for lung inhomogeneities, progressively declined with increasing inspired PO2, but this dependence was less pronounced after correcting for lung inhomogeneities. The corrected value of DO2 averaged 100 mumol . min-1 . torr-1 for ducks of 1.8 kg mean body weight. DO2 did not differ when nitrogen was replaced by helium in the ventilatory gas indicating that diffusion within the air capillaries did not contribute a significant resistance to O2 uptake. The results suggest that neither functional inhomogeneities nor diffusion between lung gas and blood limit O2 uptake of the resting duck. Under conditions of elevated metabolism, however, these parameters may become rate-limiting for O2 supply.", "contents": "Gas exchange in the parabronchial lung of birds: experiments in unidirectionally ventilated ducks. Pulmonary exchange of O2 and CO2 was measured in unidirectionally ventilated ducks in an attempt to determine lung O2 diffusing capacity, DO2. Perfusion shunt (= venous admixture) was estimated from O2 exchange in hyperoxia, and the ventilation shunt (ventilation of non-perfused parallel lung units) was estimated from exchange of the highly soluble inert gas, chloroform. Differences in the ventilation/perfusion ratio of parallel lung units were assessed from measurement of CO2 exchange using a parallel two-compartment model. DO2 values were calculated accounting for ventilation shunt, perfusion shunt, and inhomogeneity. Perfusion shunt averaged 2.7% and ventilation shunt, 9.4%. The ventilation/perfusion ratio in the two compartments differed on the average by a factor of 2.6. The uncorrected values of DO2, not accounting for lung inhomogeneities, progressively declined with increasing inspired PO2, but this dependence was less pronounced after correcting for lung inhomogeneities. The corrected value of DO2 averaged 100 mumol . min-1 . torr-1 for ducks of 1.8 kg mean body weight. DO2 did not differ when nitrogen was replaced by helium in the ventilatory gas indicating that diffusion within the air capillaries did not contribute a significant resistance to O2 uptake. The results suggest that neither functional inhomogeneities nor diffusion between lung gas and blood limit O2 uptake of the resting duck. Under conditions of elevated metabolism, however, these parameters may become rate-limiting for O2 supply.", "PMID": 419339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9981", "title": "Involvement of thoracic nerve afferents in the respiratory response to chest compression.", "content": "Chest compression elicits extravagal neural reflexes which can alter the respiratory pattern. Experiments were conducted to determine the source of the afferents responsible for the respiratory response to chest compression (CC). The effects of CC on VT, f, TI, TE, blood gases, end-tidal CO2, and blood pressure were studied in anesthetized, vagotomized dogs and cats. In dogs, thoracic wall afferents were eliminated by thoracic dorsal rhizotomies (TDR) and/or spinal blocks (SB). There were two different respiratory responses to CC. In one (I), Tt decreased and TE increased, resulting in a decreased f. The second (II) resulted in a decreased TI and TE. The I response was still present, but weaker, in animals after TDR (1--4), TDR (5--9), TDR (1--9, T5 or T10 SB and absent in those with T1SB. The II response was still present after TDR ()--4), TDR (5--9), TDR (1--9), or T10SB and absent after T5SB. The results indicate that: (1) afferents responsible for the I response to CC arise from the upper, middle and lower thoracic wall, (2) afferents responsible for the II response arise from the middle and lower thoracic wall, and (3) the responses are not due to changes in chemical drive, blood pressure or lung receptors.", "contents": "Involvement of thoracic nerve afferents in the respiratory response to chest compression. Chest compression elicits extravagal neural reflexes which can alter the respiratory pattern. Experiments were conducted to determine the source of the afferents responsible for the respiratory response to chest compression (CC). The effects of CC on VT, f, TI, TE, blood gases, end-tidal CO2, and blood pressure were studied in anesthetized, vagotomized dogs and cats. In dogs, thoracic wall afferents were eliminated by thoracic dorsal rhizotomies (TDR) and/or spinal blocks (SB). There were two different respiratory responses to CC. In one (I), Tt decreased and TE increased, resulting in a decreased f. The second (II) resulted in a decreased TI and TE. The I response was still present, but weaker, in animals after TDR (1--4), TDR (5--9), TDR (1--9, T5 or T10 SB and absent in those with T1SB. The II response was still present after TDR ()--4), TDR (5--9), TDR (1--9), or T10SB and absent after T5SB. The results indicate that: (1) afferents responsible for the I response to CC arise from the upper, middle and lower thoracic wall, (2) afferents responsible for the II response arise from the middle and lower thoracic wall, and (3) the responses are not due to changes in chemical drive, blood pressure or lung receptors.", "PMID": 419340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9982", "title": "[On the pathogenesis of unilateral kerley-b lines (author's transl)].", "content": "Histological and roentgenological synopsis on the importance of lymphangiosis carcinomatosa for the occurrence of unilateral Kerley-B lines.", "contents": "[On the pathogenesis of unilateral kerley-b lines (author's transl)]. Histological and roentgenological synopsis on the importance of lymphangiosis carcinomatosa for the occurrence of unilateral Kerley-B lines.", "PMID": 419349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9983", "title": "[The unilateral pulmonary oedema (author's transl)].", "content": "6 cases of unilateral pulmonary oedema give rise to discuss the causes of the atypical distribution of pulmonary oedema by means of the literature on hand as well as to consider differential diagnosis in view of pulmonary infiltrates of other origin. Knowledge of the possible unilateral manifestation of pulmonary oedema is necessary to introduce early effective therapy.", "contents": "[The unilateral pulmonary oedema (author's transl)]. 6 cases of unilateral pulmonary oedema give rise to discuss the causes of the atypical distribution of pulmonary oedema by means of the literature on hand as well as to consider differential diagnosis in view of pulmonary infiltrates of other origin. Knowledge of the possible unilateral manifestation of pulmonary oedema is necessary to introduce early effective therapy.", "PMID": 419350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9984", "title": "[The value of scintigraphy and osteoscintimetry for the early detection of legg-calv\u00e9-perthes disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Scintigraphy and the stimultaneously effected osteoscintimetry of the pelvis and of both hip joints offers the possibility of a safe early diagnosis of Perthes' disease directly after manifestation of the clinical symptoms, two months before the roentgenologically identifiable, discrete changes of stage I have occurred, or four months before the clear roentgenological visualisation of the disease (stage II). Moreover, scintigraphy enables detection of the time at which restitution or revascularisation of the necrotic bone of the epiphysis of the head of the femur sets in, and to draw further conclusions from the scintigraphic and scintimetric pattern of results, on the prognosis and further course (with time) of Perthes' disease.", "contents": "[The value of scintigraphy and osteoscintimetry for the early detection of legg-calv\u00e9-perthes disease (author's transl)]. Scintigraphy and the stimultaneously effected osteoscintimetry of the pelvis and of both hip joints offers the possibility of a safe early diagnosis of Perthes' disease directly after manifestation of the clinical symptoms, two months before the roentgenologically identifiable, discrete changes of stage I have occurred, or four months before the clear roentgenological visualisation of the disease (stage II). Moreover, scintigraphy enables detection of the time at which restitution or revascularisation of the necrotic bone of the epiphysis of the head of the femur sets in, and to draw further conclusions from the scintigraphic and scintimetric pattern of results, on the prognosis and further course (with time) of Perthes' disease.", "PMID": 419351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9985", "title": "[Arthrographic proof of loosening of the acetabulum following total endoprosthesis of the hip joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Arthrography is a useful method to prove the loosening of the cup after total hip replacement. Contrast medium seeping between the bone and acrylic is an unequivocal sign of loosening. False positive diagnoses are unknown. Because of the risk of infection, arthrography is only indicated, if plain films and push-pull-roentgenograms are not significant. Possible errors and complications are discussed.", "contents": "[Arthrographic proof of loosening of the acetabulum following total endoprosthesis of the hip joint (author's transl)]. Arthrography is a useful method to prove the loosening of the cup after total hip replacement. Contrast medium seeping between the bone and acrylic is an unequivocal sign of loosening. False positive diagnoses are unknown. Because of the risk of infection, arthrography is only indicated, if plain films and push-pull-roentgenograms are not significant. Possible errors and complications are discussed.", "PMID": 419352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9986", "title": "[Dose and time-saving fluoroscopy by means of immediate reproduction of a high-quality stored image (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on a special unit for use with an X-ray television chain, which permits the immediate reproduction of views stored during fluoroscopy, and thus speeds up the establishment of a reliable diagnosis. The stored images are also available during the examination. They clearly show whether the phases of functional processes needed for assessment purposes are actually represented. The result is that additional radiography is avoided, the patient subjected to less exposure the examination procedure shortened. A comparison with the corresponding 100 mm image intensifier views in clinical examples shows that the quality of the stored image is completely adequate for the establishment of the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Dose and time-saving fluoroscopy by means of immediate reproduction of a high-quality stored image (author's transl)]. A report is given on a special unit for use with an X-ray television chain, which permits the immediate reproduction of views stored during fluoroscopy, and thus speeds up the establishment of a reliable diagnosis. The stored images are also available during the examination. They clearly show whether the phases of functional processes needed for assessment purposes are actually represented. The result is that additional radiography is avoided, the patient subjected to less exposure the examination procedure shortened. A comparison with the corresponding 100 mm image intensifier views in clinical examples shows that the quality of the stored image is completely adequate for the establishment of the diagnosis.", "PMID": 419353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9987", "title": "[The efficacy of chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on two female patients with cancer of the breast who had primarily not been treated by surgery or exposure to radiation, but only with cytostatics. Complete remission of the tumour occurred in both patients in the course of several years of treatment. These two examples show that in patients with cancer of the breast in stages which appear refractory and hopeless, a treatment course with cytostatics should be attempted.", "contents": "[The efficacy of chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer of the breast (author's transl)]. The article reports on two female patients with cancer of the breast who had primarily not been treated by surgery or exposure to radiation, but only with cytostatics. Complete remission of the tumour occurred in both patients in the course of several years of treatment. These two examples show that in patients with cancer of the breast in stages which appear refractory and hopeless, a treatment course with cytostatics should be attempted.", "PMID": 419354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9988", "title": "[Which arguments favour radiation therapy in induratio penis plastica? (author's transl)].", "content": "Vitamin E and percutaneous irradiation are the most common treatment regimens of Peyronie's disease. This report presents the results of 49 patients irradiated with 137Cs gamma rays. 28 of them had also received Vitamin E. An objective improvement was achieved in 37 patients (75%). Vitamin E did not show any additional benefit. In spite of the fact that these results do not permit an objective evaluation of both treatment regimens, the following advantages of radiotherapy should be considered: a) short treatment time b) low costs c) no serious side effects.", "contents": "[Which arguments favour radiation therapy in induratio penis plastica? (author's transl)]. Vitamin E and percutaneous irradiation are the most common treatment regimens of Peyronie's disease. This report presents the results of 49 patients irradiated with 137Cs gamma rays. 28 of them had also received Vitamin E. An objective improvement was achieved in 37 patients (75%). Vitamin E did not show any additional benefit. In spite of the fact that these results do not permit an objective evaluation of both treatment regimens, the following advantages of radiotherapy should be considered: a) short treatment time b) low costs c) no serious side effects.", "PMID": 419355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9989", "title": "Evidence that soluble products released by PHA-stimulated human lymphoid cells activate immunosuppressive monocytes.", "content": "Soluble mediators, lymphokines, released by stimulated lymphoid cells can modify immunological responses in several ways. In this investigation we have examined whether the supernatants of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-activated human lymphocytes (active SUPs) contain factors that can suppress proliferative responses of lymphocytes in vitro. The results have shown that crude preparations of peripheral lymphoid cells incubated for 24 h in active SUPs can suppress the responses of cocultured autologous lymphocytes to PPD tuberculin in vitro. Their suppressive activity was not abolished by mitomycin treatment. Some reduction of phytomitogen responses was also noted. Maximal suppressive activity was obtained within 24 h of incubation in active SUPs and it could not be induced in cell preparations depleted of monocytes-macrophages. Similar results were obtained by treating lymphoid cells with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli, which is a known activator of monocytes. These results thus show that lymphokines released by stimulated lymphoid cells can activate monocytes-macrophages in such a way that they become immunosuppressive.", "contents": "Evidence that soluble products released by PHA-stimulated human lymphoid cells activate immunosuppressive monocytes. Soluble mediators, lymphokines, released by stimulated lymphoid cells can modify immunological responses in several ways. In this investigation we have examined whether the supernatants of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-activated human lymphocytes (active SUPs) contain factors that can suppress proliferative responses of lymphocytes in vitro. The results have shown that crude preparations of peripheral lymphoid cells incubated for 24 h in active SUPs can suppress the responses of cocultured autologous lymphocytes to PPD tuberculin in vitro. Their suppressive activity was not abolished by mitomycin treatment. Some reduction of phytomitogen responses was also noted. Maximal suppressive activity was obtained within 24 h of incubation in active SUPs and it could not be induced in cell preparations depleted of monocytes-macrophages. Similar results were obtained by treating lymphoid cells with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli, which is a known activator of monocytes. These results thus show that lymphokines released by stimulated lymphoid cells can activate monocytes-macrophages in such a way that they become immunosuppressive.", "PMID": 419364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9990", "title": "Incompatibility between complement components C3 and C5 of guinea-pig and man, an indication of their interaction in C5 activation by classical and alternative C5 convertases.", "content": "The use of heterologous combinations of guinea-pig and human complement components for titration of C5 with convertases of the alternative and classical pathway has been investigated. In addition to the known unfavourable combination of C2hu with C4gp partial incompatibilities were detected between heterologous C3 and C5 as well as between CZhu and C5gp. The incompatibility between heterologous C3 and C5 is of special interest since it indicates an interaction of these two non-enzymic components. Concomitant binding studies have demonstrated that a reduced efficiency of C5 convertases correlates with decreased binding affinity of surface-fixed C3b for C5 when heterologous components are offered. Hence, the present studies give further evidence that surface-bound C3b has the function of a co-factor which binds C5; this interaction is required for C5 activation via the classical as well as the alternative pathway, i.e. by the C3/C5 convertases C42 and C3bB.", "contents": "Incompatibility between complement components C3 and C5 of guinea-pig and man, an indication of their interaction in C5 activation by classical and alternative C5 convertases. The use of heterologous combinations of guinea-pig and human complement components for titration of C5 with convertases of the alternative and classical pathway has been investigated. In addition to the known unfavourable combination of C2hu with C4gp partial incompatibilities were detected between heterologous C3 and C5 as well as between CZhu and C5gp. The incompatibility between heterologous C3 and C5 is of special interest since it indicates an interaction of these two non-enzymic components. Concomitant binding studies have demonstrated that a reduced efficiency of C5 convertases correlates with decreased binding affinity of surface-fixed C3b for C5 when heterologous components are offered. Hence, the present studies give further evidence that surface-bound C3b has the function of a co-factor which binds C5; this interaction is required for C5 activation via the classical as well as the alternative pathway, i.e. by the C3/C5 convertases C42 and C3bB.", "PMID": 419365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9991", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis. II. A prospective study with clinical, laboratory and therapeutic observations.", "content": "In a prospective study 31 cases of proved and 10 of highly suspected bacterial endocarditis were analysed. Valve incompetence was the usual consequence but stenosis occurred in 3 cases, all fatal. Congestive heart failure developed in two-thirds. Secondary manifestations were common and as often caused by alpha-streptococci as by other bacteria. Initial antibiotic treatment was mainly applied according to a fixed schedule, generally with continuous intravenous infusion, followed by oral therapy. In 10 patients, the infection was still active after 6 weeks of therapy. Therefore, we now use intermittent injections or infusions for at least 4--6 weeks. Within a year, 9 patients died from uncontrolled infection together with congestive heart failure, and 1 from heart failure and active chronic endocarditis. In 4, myocardial abscesses or inflammations were found. All 10 had underlying factors or advanced stages of the disease. Of 18 patients with alpha-streptococci or enterococci none died from endocarditis, as against 10 of 23 with other or unknown bacteria. Follow-up yielded valuable information on one-third of the patients. The mortality during the initial hospital stay was 22%, after 1 year 24% and after 5 years 39%.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis. II. A prospective study with clinical, laboratory and therapeutic observations. In a prospective study 31 cases of proved and 10 of highly suspected bacterial endocarditis were analysed. Valve incompetence was the usual consequence but stenosis occurred in 3 cases, all fatal. Congestive heart failure developed in two-thirds. Secondary manifestations were common and as often caused by alpha-streptococci as by other bacteria. Initial antibiotic treatment was mainly applied according to a fixed schedule, generally with continuous intravenous infusion, followed by oral therapy. In 10 patients, the infection was still active after 6 weeks of therapy. Therefore, we now use intermittent injections or infusions for at least 4--6 weeks. Within a year, 9 patients died from uncontrolled infection together with congestive heart failure, and 1 from heart failure and active chronic endocarditis. In 4, myocardial abscesses or inflammations were found. All 10 had underlying factors or advanced stages of the disease. Of 18 patients with alpha-streptococci or enterococci none died from endocarditis, as against 10 of 23 with other or unknown bacteria. Follow-up yielded valuable information on one-third of the patients. The mortality during the initial hospital stay was 22%, after 1 year 24% and after 5 years 39%.", "PMID": 419366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9992", "title": "Pseudomonas cepacia in 16 non-fatal cases of postoperative bacteremia derived from intrinsic contamination of the anaesthetic fentanyl. Clinical and epidemiological observations in Denmark and Holland.", "content": "From Nov. 15 to Dec. 17, 1977, Pseudomonas cepacia was isolated from the blood of 16 patients in Odense, Denmark, and Nijmegen, Holland, 2--5 days after an operation with general anaesthesia. The fever started 14--70 h after operation and lasted 2--4 days. All patients recovered. 14/15 patients examined 7--51 days later had agglutinating antibody titres of 400-3,200 against the epidemic strain. Ps. cepacia with identical biochemical characters and sensitivity pattern was isolated from unbroken vials containing the anaesthetic fentanyl, which had been given to all 16 patients. Two batches were contaminated, one heavily so (10(4)--10(5) cfu/0.1 ml). Seven other batches examined yielded no growth. The preservative added to the vials was a mixture of methyl- and propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates which not only allowed growth of the Ps. cepacia strain but could also serve as a carbon source as did citric and malonic acids. The concentration of preservative was not reduced in contaminated vials. The vials had not been sterilized after closure; too much reliance had been placed on an aseptic technique and insufficient preservatives.", "contents": "Pseudomonas cepacia in 16 non-fatal cases of postoperative bacteremia derived from intrinsic contamination of the anaesthetic fentanyl. Clinical and epidemiological observations in Denmark and Holland. From Nov. 15 to Dec. 17, 1977, Pseudomonas cepacia was isolated from the blood of 16 patients in Odense, Denmark, and Nijmegen, Holland, 2--5 days after an operation with general anaesthesia. The fever started 14--70 h after operation and lasted 2--4 days. All patients recovered. 14/15 patients examined 7--51 days later had agglutinating antibody titres of 400-3,200 against the epidemic strain. Ps. cepacia with identical biochemical characters and sensitivity pattern was isolated from unbroken vials containing the anaesthetic fentanyl, which had been given to all 16 patients. Two batches were contaminated, one heavily so (10(4)--10(5) cfu/0.1 ml). Seven other batches examined yielded no growth. The preservative added to the vials was a mixture of methyl- and propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates which not only allowed growth of the Ps. cepacia strain but could also serve as a carbon source as did citric and malonic acids. The concentration of preservative was not reduced in contaminated vials. The vials had not been sterilized after closure; too much reliance had been placed on an aseptic technique and insufficient preservatives.", "PMID": 419367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9993", "title": "Correlations between clinical and postmortem findings in listeriosis.", "content": "Clinical data were correlated with postmortem findings in 14 cases of fatal listeriosis in adults and 23 cases of listeriosis during pregnancy and the neonatal period. Most children born with congenital listeriosis showed the typical morphological picture of granulomatosis infantiseptica. Occasionally no pathological changes were demonstrable. In adult patients the morphological lesions were those of non-specific purulent meningoencephalitis or septicemia. Sometimes encephalitis with abscesses in the brain was found.", "contents": "Correlations between clinical and postmortem findings in listeriosis. Clinical data were correlated with postmortem findings in 14 cases of fatal listeriosis in adults and 23 cases of listeriosis during pregnancy and the neonatal period. Most children born with congenital listeriosis showed the typical morphological picture of granulomatosis infantiseptica. Occasionally no pathological changes were demonstrable. In adult patients the morphological lesions were those of non-specific purulent meningoencephalitis or septicemia. Sometimes encephalitis with abscesses in the brain was found.", "PMID": 419369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9994", "title": "Epidemiology of listeriosis in Sweden  1958--1974.", "content": "In 1958--1974 altogether 110 cases of listeriosis were diagnosed in Sweden by culture. 64 cases were seen in children and adults. Of these, 52 had manifestations of meningoencephalitis and 10 of septicemia. Another 46 cases were seen in pregnant women and/or their neonates. Pregnancy ended in abortions in 8 cases and in stillborns in 3. Out of 37 neonates born alive, 22 had \"early disease\", mostly granulomatosis infantiseptica, and 8 had \"late disease\" with meningoencephalitis. The reported frequency of listeriosis in humans showed no correlation with that in animals. With the exception of pregnant women the incidence and mortality showed no difference with sex. Serotypes 1 and 4b prevailed and were equally common. The serotype did not vary with the clinical diagnosis or the outcome. There was no seasonal variation. Cases of all serotypes were uniformly distributed over the country in proportion to the density of its population. Occupational contact with animals was less common. Only in a few cases was there reason to suspect infection from animals. Co-existing disorders predisposed for the disease and often determined its outcome. Neonates with early onset of disease were infected by their mothers, while neonates with late onset of disease were infected from other and often nosocomial sources.", "contents": "Epidemiology of listeriosis in Sweden  1958--1974. In 1958--1974 altogether 110 cases of listeriosis were diagnosed in Sweden by culture. 64 cases were seen in children and adults. Of these, 52 had manifestations of meningoencephalitis and 10 of septicemia. Another 46 cases were seen in pregnant women and/or their neonates. Pregnancy ended in abortions in 8 cases and in stillborns in 3. Out of 37 neonates born alive, 22 had \"early disease\", mostly granulomatosis infantiseptica, and 8 had \"late disease\" with meningoencephalitis. The reported frequency of listeriosis in humans showed no correlation with that in animals. With the exception of pregnant women the incidence and mortality showed no difference with sex. Serotypes 1 and 4b prevailed and were equally common. The serotype did not vary with the clinical diagnosis or the outcome. There was no seasonal variation. Cases of all serotypes were uniformly distributed over the country in proportion to the density of its population. Occupational contact with animals was less common. Only in a few cases was there reason to suspect infection from animals. Co-existing disorders predisposed for the disease and often determined its outcome. Neonates with early onset of disease were infected by their mothers, while neonates with late onset of disease were infected from other and often nosocomial sources.", "PMID": 419368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9995", "title": "Lysozyme activity and immunoglobulins in middle ear effusion fluid in acute purulent otitis media and in otitis media with effusion.", "content": "147 samples of punctured middle ear effusion fluid from cases of otitis media with effusion and 150 samples from patients with acute purulent otitis media were tested for lysozyme activity. In otitis media with effusion the concentration was 182.0 U/ml, in acute otitis 433.8 U/ml. The lysozyme concentration in otitis media with effusion depended upon the nature of the effusion. Serous fluid showed an activity of 124.8 U/ml and mucoid 311.6 U/ml, respectively. In culture-positive cases of acute otitis media the lysozyme level was 423.4 U/ml. Culture-negative cases showed about the same concentration, 438.3 U/ml. The possible role of lysozyme in defence systems of the middle ear is discussed.", "contents": "Lysozyme activity and immunoglobulins in middle ear effusion fluid in acute purulent otitis media and in otitis media with effusion. 147 samples of punctured middle ear effusion fluid from cases of otitis media with effusion and 150 samples from patients with acute purulent otitis media were tested for lysozyme activity. In otitis media with effusion the concentration was 182.0 U/ml, in acute otitis 433.8 U/ml. The lysozyme concentration in otitis media with effusion depended upon the nature of the effusion. Serous fluid showed an activity of 124.8 U/ml and mucoid 311.6 U/ml, respectively. In culture-positive cases of acute otitis media the lysozyme level was 423.4 U/ml. Culture-negative cases showed about the same concentration, 438.3 U/ml. The possible role of lysozyme in defence systems of the middle ear is discussed.", "PMID": 419370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9996", "title": "Treatment of anaerobic infections with metronidazole.", "content": "Metronidazole (Flagl), a compound widely used in man with minimal side-effects, has been used in the treatment of anaerobic infections caused by Bacteroides fragilis and other Bacteroides species. Seven patients were treated and all were restored to full health. Four of them did not respond to lincomycin or clindamycin which so far have been the drugs of choice against anaerobic infections. The reasons for the good results during metronidazole therapy such as the good penetration through the blood/brain barrier and into abscess cavities are discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of anaerobic infections with metronidazole. Metronidazole (Flagl), a compound widely used in man with minimal side-effects, has been used in the treatment of anaerobic infections caused by Bacteroides fragilis and other Bacteroides species. Seven patients were treated and all were restored to full health. Four of them did not respond to lincomycin or clindamycin which so far have been the drugs of choice against anaerobic infections. The reasons for the good results during metronidazole therapy such as the good penetration through the blood/brain barrier and into abscess cavities are discussed.", "PMID": 419371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9997", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of tobramycin in infants.", "content": "Tobramycin was used in the treatment of severe infections in infants, mostly newborns and prematures. Serum half-life of the drug was 3.5 h in infants older than one week and above 2,500 g, and 8.0 h in infants below one week and less than 2,500 g. Apparent volume of distribution was similar in both groups, 0.24 l/kg. Intravenous infusions of the drug gave considerably higher plasma levels than intramuscular infections. Particularly in the newborn and premature group intramuscular injections gave fairly unpredictable plasma concentrations.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of tobramycin in infants. Tobramycin was used in the treatment of severe infections in infants, mostly newborns and prematures. Serum half-life of the drug was 3.5 h in infants older than one week and above 2,500 g, and 8.0 h in infants below one week and less than 2,500 g. Apparent volume of distribution was similar in both groups, 0.24 l/kg. Intravenous infusions of the drug gave considerably higher plasma levels than intramuscular infections. Particularly in the newborn and premature group intramuscular injections gave fairly unpredictable plasma concentrations.", "PMID": 419372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9998", "title": "Congenital rubella after maternal reinfection.", "content": "This report concerns a boy with congenital rubella virus infection. The diagnosis was confirmed by virus isolation, demonstration of rubella-specific serum IgM and by persistence of serum antibody at the age of 9 months. In 2 sera from the mother sampled 2 weeks apart 20 months before the birth of the boy, low titers of rubella antibody were demonstrated by hemagglutination-inhibition, hemolysis-in-gel and complement fixation tests, but not by neutralization. Significant rises in titer were demonstrable by all serologic reactions--including neutralization--at the time of birth of the infected child. The mother was not aware of any rubella-like illness or exposure to such disease during pregnancy. The case is discussed against findings of neutralizing activity in sera from natural immunes and rubella vaccinees.", "contents": "Congenital rubella after maternal reinfection. This report concerns a boy with congenital rubella virus infection. The diagnosis was confirmed by virus isolation, demonstration of rubella-specific serum IgM and by persistence of serum antibody at the age of 9 months. In 2 sera from the mother sampled 2 weeks apart 20 months before the birth of the boy, low titers of rubella antibody were demonstrated by hemagglutination-inhibition, hemolysis-in-gel and complement fixation tests, but not by neutralization. Significant rises in titer were demonstrable by all serologic reactions--including neutralization--at the time of birth of the infected child. The mother was not aware of any rubella-like illness or exposure to such disease during pregnancy. The case is discussed against findings of neutralizing activity in sera from natural immunes and rubella vaccinees.", "PMID": 419373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_9999", "title": "Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis in a patient with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.", "content": "A 26-year-old man developed pneumonia, hepatitis and biopsy-verified acute tubulointerstitial nephritis coinciding with a rise and fall of complement-fixing antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. M. pneumoniae antigenic material and complement (C3) in the renal interstitium were shown by immunohistochemical techniques. A causal relationship between M. pneumoniae infection and the renal lesion is suggested.", "contents": "Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis in a patient with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. A 26-year-old man developed pneumonia, hepatitis and biopsy-verified acute tubulointerstitial nephritis coinciding with a rise and fall of complement-fixing antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. M. pneumoniae antigenic material and complement (C3) in the renal interstitium were shown by immunohistochemical techniques. A causal relationship between M. pneumoniae infection and the renal lesion is suggested.", "PMID": 419374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10000", "title": "Fatal group G streptococcal sepsis in a neonate.", "content": "A full-term infant became ill at 16--24 h of age following an uncomplicated pregnancy, labor, and delivery. The clinical course (absence of prenatal warning, rapidly progressive respiratory distress, apnea, shock, and coagulopathy) terminated fatally and resembled that seen in neonatal 'early onset' group B streptococcal sepsis. Previous cases of neonatal group G streptococcal disease are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Fatal group G streptococcal sepsis in a neonate. A full-term infant became ill at 16--24 h of age following an uncomplicated pregnancy, labor, and delivery. The clinical course (absence of prenatal warning, rapidly progressive respiratory distress, apnea, shock, and coagulopathy) terminated fatally and resembled that seen in neonatal 'early onset' group B streptococcal sepsis. Previous cases of neonatal group G streptococcal disease are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 419376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10001", "title": "Acute Corynebacterium endocarditis causing aortic valve destruction. Successful treatment with antibiotics and valve replacement.", "content": "A case of acute infective endocarditis caused by diphtheroids in a healthy young male is described. The pathogenic role of the diphtheroids was verified by recognition of the same bacterium in 6 consecutive blood cultures and simultaneous rise of specific antibody titers. The infection was effectively controlled by antibiotic treatment, but destruction of the aortic valve led to progressive heart failure irresponsive to medical treatment. The affected valve was successfully replaced by a prosthetic valve, and the patient made a complete recovery. Neither congenital or acquired cardiac defects, nor signs of immunological deficiency could be detected.", "contents": "Acute Corynebacterium endocarditis causing aortic valve destruction. Successful treatment with antibiotics and valve replacement. A case of acute infective endocarditis caused by diphtheroids in a healthy young male is described. The pathogenic role of the diphtheroids was verified by recognition of the same bacterium in 6 consecutive blood cultures and simultaneous rise of specific antibody titers. The infection was effectively controlled by antibiotic treatment, but destruction of the aortic valve led to progressive heart failure irresponsive to medical treatment. The affected valve was successfully replaced by a prosthetic valve, and the patient made a complete recovery. Neither congenital or acquired cardiac defects, nor signs of immunological deficiency could be detected.", "PMID": 419375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10002", "title": "Priapism: surgical or medical treatment?", "content": "Two cases of priapism treated with fibrinolysin (streptokinase) are presented. Comparisons are made between medical and surgical treatment in the literature. It is concluded that fibrinolysin may be useful in some cases of early priapism, but should be chosen only after serious consideration of the circumstance that its use precludes early surgery.", "contents": "Priapism: surgical or medical treatment? Two cases of priapism treated with fibrinolysin (streptokinase) are presented. Comparisons are made between medical and surgical treatment in the literature. It is concluded that fibrinolysin may be useful in some cases of early priapism, but should be chosen only after serious consideration of the circumstance that its use precludes early surgery.", "PMID": 419377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10003", "title": "Familial renal agenesis and urogenital malformations. Seminal vesicle cyst and vaginal cyst with bicornuate uterus in siblings.", "content": "A seminal vesicle cyst was found in a 30-year-old man with ipsilateral renal agenesis. His sister had embryologically analogous malformations--Gartner duct cyst, bicornuate uterus and renal agenesis. This seems to be the first reported familial occurrence of these combined malformations. The embryogenesis is reviewed and the diagnostic procedure and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Familial renal agenesis and urogenital malformations. Seminal vesicle cyst and vaginal cyst with bicornuate uterus in siblings. A seminal vesicle cyst was found in a 30-year-old man with ipsilateral renal agenesis. His sister had embryologically analogous malformations--Gartner duct cyst, bicornuate uterus and renal agenesis. This seems to be the first reported familial occurrence of these combined malformations. The embryogenesis is reviewed and the diagnostic procedure and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 419378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10004", "title": "Cyst of seminal vesicle associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis. A report on four cases.", "content": "Four cases of seminal vesicle cyst associated with agenesis of the ipsilateral kidney are presented. The literature and the embryologic development of this rare anomaly are briefly surveyed.", "contents": "Cyst of seminal vesicle associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis. A report on four cases. Four cases of seminal vesicle cyst associated with agenesis of the ipsilateral kidney are presented. The literature and the embryologic development of this rare anomaly are briefly surveyed.", "PMID": 419379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10005", "title": "Carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder in an adult male.", "content": "Carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder in a 64-year-old man is described. Total cystectomy with bilateral ureteroileostomy was performed. The patient is in good health 12 months after the operation. Histologically the main bulk of the tumour tissue was rhabdomyosarcomatous, but in some areas atypical glands were intermingled with the rhabdomyoblasts. This histologic pattern has not previously been described. The histologic features, clinical manifestations and treatment of these rare bladder tumours are discussed in relation to the literature.", "contents": "Carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder in an adult male. Carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder in a 64-year-old man is described. Total cystectomy with bilateral ureteroileostomy was performed. The patient is in good health 12 months after the operation. Histologically the main bulk of the tumour tissue was rhabdomyosarcomatous, but in some areas atypical glands were intermingled with the rhabdomyoblasts. This histologic pattern has not previously been described. The histologic features, clinical manifestations and treatment of these rare bladder tumours are discussed in relation to the literature.", "PMID": 419380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10006", "title": "Right ureteral occlusion due to isolated Crohn's disease of the appendix.", "content": "A case of Crohn's disease limited to the vermiform appendix is described. The patient was initially thought to have an appendiceal abscess. The condition was complicated with right ureteral occlusion. Urinary stasis completely ceased after removal of the appendix. Our patient is apparently the first reported case of obstructive uropathy due to isolated Crohn's disease of the appendix.", "contents": "Right ureteral occlusion due to isolated Crohn's disease of the appendix. A case of Crohn's disease limited to the vermiform appendix is described. The patient was initially thought to have an appendiceal abscess. The condition was complicated with right ureteral occlusion. Urinary stasis completely ceased after removal of the appendix. Our patient is apparently the first reported case of obstructive uropathy due to isolated Crohn's disease of the appendix.", "PMID": 419381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10007", "title": "Traumatic haematuria in supernumerary hydronephrotic kidney. A case report.", "content": "A 27-year-old man had macroscopic haematuria following a blow to the right side of the abdomen. Intravenous pyelography showed narrowing and lateralisation of the right renal pelvis and suggested rupture and fragmentation of the right kidney. Surgical exploration, however, revealed massive hydronephrosis in a supernumerary kidney. The haemorrhage had been caused by rupture of the pelvis. Diagnostic considerations are discussed and the surgical procedure is described. Correct pre-operative evaluation was exceedingly difficult in this case. Only two similar cases were found in the literature.", "contents": "Traumatic haematuria in supernumerary hydronephrotic kidney. A case report. A 27-year-old man had macroscopic haematuria following a blow to the right side of the abdomen. Intravenous pyelography showed narrowing and lateralisation of the right renal pelvis and suggested rupture and fragmentation of the right kidney. Surgical exploration, however, revealed massive hydronephrosis in a supernumerary kidney. The haemorrhage had been caused by rupture of the pelvis. Diagnostic considerations are discussed and the surgical procedure is described. Correct pre-operative evaluation was exceedingly difficult in this case. Only two similar cases were found in the literature.", "PMID": 419382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10008", "title": "Epiermoid cyst in the kidney.", "content": "Epidermoid cyst of the kidney is a rare entity. In the case here presented, epidermoid cyst was an incidental finding at urography performed in a 67-year-old man in connexion with splenectomy for polycythaemia. The cyst was interpreted as an old tuberculous focus. Two years later partial nephrectomy was performed because of repeated attacks of renal colic and signs of recurrent pyelonephritis. The diagnosis of epidermoid cyst was not made preoperatively in this case, or in the cases described in the literature.", "contents": "Epiermoid cyst in the kidney. Epidermoid cyst of the kidney is a rare entity. In the case here presented, epidermoid cyst was an incidental finding at urography performed in a 67-year-old man in connexion with splenectomy for polycythaemia. The cyst was interpreted as an old tuberculous focus. Two years later partial nephrectomy was performed because of repeated attacks of renal colic and signs of recurrent pyelonephritis. The diagnosis of epidermoid cyst was not made preoperatively in this case, or in the cases described in the literature.", "PMID": 419383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10009", "title": "Prostatitis in the rat.", "content": "A high incidence of spontaneous, non-acute, age-dependent prostatitis was observed in the lateral prostate of Copenhagen rats and Wistar rats. The lumen of infected acini was filled with polymorphonuclear leucocytes, shed epithelial cells and cell residues. Epithelial cells lining such acini showed degenerative changes. Lymphocytes and macrophages were seen in the stroma. A histochemically observed increase in acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity in affected epithelial cells may indicate an increased lysosomal activity. Some bacteriological cultures of infected lateral prostates were positive for Proteus vulgaris and diphtheroids. It is suggested that this spontaneous rat prostatitis may be a useful model for the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of human non-acute prostatitis.", "contents": "Prostatitis in the rat. A high incidence of spontaneous, non-acute, age-dependent prostatitis was observed in the lateral prostate of Copenhagen rats and Wistar rats. The lumen of infected acini was filled with polymorphonuclear leucocytes, shed epithelial cells and cell residues. Epithelial cells lining such acini showed degenerative changes. Lymphocytes and macrophages were seen in the stroma. A histochemically observed increase in acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity in affected epithelial cells may indicate an increased lysosomal activity. Some bacteriological cultures of infected lateral prostates were positive for Proteus vulgaris and diphtheroids. It is suggested that this spontaneous rat prostatitis may be a useful model for the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of human non-acute prostatitis.", "PMID": 419384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10010", "title": "Surface characteristics of malignant human urinary bladder epithelium studied with scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Biopsies were obtained from 28 male and seven female patients with cystoscopically and histologically confirmed urinary bladder carcionoma. Tissue specimens for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were obtained from the tumours as well as from cystoscopically tumour-free mucosa of the dome, the lateral walls and the trigone of the urinary bladder and also from the proximal urethra. Certain surface structural changes, which seem to represent malignancy, present in different regions of the urinary bladder were detected by SEM, although not visible by light microscopy.", "contents": "Surface characteristics of malignant human urinary bladder epithelium studied with scanning electron microscopy. Biopsies were obtained from 28 male and seven female patients with cystoscopically and histologically confirmed urinary bladder carcionoma. Tissue specimens for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were obtained from the tumours as well as from cystoscopically tumour-free mucosa of the dome, the lateral walls and the trigone of the urinary bladder and also from the proximal urethra. Certain surface structural changes, which seem to represent malignancy, present in different regions of the urinary bladder were detected by SEM, although not visible by light microscopy.", "PMID": 419385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10011", "title": "Epodyl treatment of bladder tumours.", "content": "Multiple, non-invasive bladder papillomas were treated with intravesical instillation of Epodyl in 44 patients. Irritative cystitis occurred in 16 per cent of the series, and in these cases Epodyl treatment had to be stopped. Total or partial disappearance of the papillomas was seen after 16 months of treatment in 43% of the total series. This was the minimum success rate, since all the patients who left the study were counted as failures. When the treatment could be carried through, total or partial disappearance of papillomas occurred in 19 of 29 patients (66%). Epodyl has a place in the treatment of vesical papillomas when other methods have failed.", "contents": "Epodyl treatment of bladder tumours. Multiple, non-invasive bladder papillomas were treated with intravesical instillation of Epodyl in 44 patients. Irritative cystitis occurred in 16 per cent of the series, and in these cases Epodyl treatment had to be stopped. Total or partial disappearance of the papillomas was seen after 16 months of treatment in 43% of the total series. This was the minimum success rate, since all the patients who left the study were counted as failures. When the treatment could be carried through, total or partial disappearance of papillomas occurred in 19 of 29 patients (66%). Epodyl has a place in the treatment of vesical papillomas when other methods have failed.", "PMID": 419386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10012", "title": "Observations on the effect of metoclopramide (Primperan) on the human ureter. A preliminary communication.", "content": "Metoclopramide, a procainamide derivative with a documented effect on the gastro-intestinal motility, was given to four patients with hydroureter. It induced strong peristalsis in the ureter, manifested clinically as relief of pain and fluoroscopically as emptying of the ureter and the renal pelvis.", "contents": "Observations on the effect of metoclopramide (Primperan) on the human ureter. A preliminary communication. Metoclopramide, a procainamide derivative with a documented effect on the gastro-intestinal motility, was given to four patients with hydroureter. It induced strong peristalsis in the ureter, manifested clinically as relief of pain and fluoroscopically as emptying of the ureter and the renal pelvis.", "PMID": 419387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10013", "title": "Disc pressure measurements in para- and tetraplegic patients. A study of of mobilization and exercise in para- and tetraplegic patients.", "content": "The intradiscal lumbar pressure was measured in 10 patients with para- or tetraplegia and in one normal subject. The pressure was registered both in the horizontal position and during tilting on a table, during the performance of a standardized exercise program for the upper extremities, as well as during cough, during abdominal strain and while the subjects were being turned from the supine to the lateral position. The increase in pressure during the tilting to an angle of +30 degrees, and mostly to +50 degrees was less than the maximum pressure change during the exercises to which an immobilized patient with acute unstable fracture of the spine, was exposed daily, such as being turned, performing respiratory exercises and muscular training for the upper extremities. Provided fixation was secured with a belt, patients with unstable fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine maybe treated with a \"more active immobilization\" tilting them in the bed even during the acute stage. Forward flexion exercises in the shoulder joints with hand weights produced a greater increase of the intradiscal pressure than did abduction exercises with the corresponding load. Spasticity produced a considerable increase in intradiscal pressure.", "contents": "Disc pressure measurements in para- and tetraplegic patients. A study of of mobilization and exercise in para- and tetraplegic patients. The intradiscal lumbar pressure was measured in 10 patients with para- or tetraplegia and in one normal subject. The pressure was registered both in the horizontal position and during tilting on a table, during the performance of a standardized exercise program for the upper extremities, as well as during cough, during abdominal strain and while the subjects were being turned from the supine to the lateral position. The increase in pressure during the tilting to an angle of +30 degrees, and mostly to +50 degrees was less than the maximum pressure change during the exercises to which an immobilized patient with acute unstable fracture of the spine, was exposed daily, such as being turned, performing respiratory exercises and muscular training for the upper extremities. Provided fixation was secured with a belt, patients with unstable fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine maybe treated with a \"more active immobilization\" tilting them in the bed even during the acute stage. Forward flexion exercises in the shoulder joints with hand weights produced a greater increase of the intradiscal pressure than did abduction exercises with the corresponding load. Spasticity produced a considerable increase in intradiscal pressure.", "PMID": 419393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10014", "title": "Movements in the lumbar spine during exercises of the upper extremities. A roentgenologic study in para- and tetraplegic patients.", "content": "Strengthening exercises during treatment of patients with unstable lumbar fractures produce a kyphotic or lordotic sagittal movement in the lumbar spine. These movements have been measured roentgenologically. Forward flexion exercises in the shoulder joints to 45 degrees produced a kyphotic movement, while forward flexion to 110 degrees and abduction exercises to 90 degrees produced a lordotic movement. Flexion of hips and knees to 45 degrees produced a kyphotic movement adding to the movements caused by the shoulder exercises. Increasing the load on the upper extremities produced an increase of all movements.", "contents": "Movements in the lumbar spine during exercises of the upper extremities. A roentgenologic study in para- and tetraplegic patients. Strengthening exercises during treatment of patients with unstable lumbar fractures produce a kyphotic or lordotic sagittal movement in the lumbar spine. These movements have been measured roentgenologically. Forward flexion exercises in the shoulder joints to 45 degrees produced a kyphotic movement, while forward flexion to 110 degrees and abduction exercises to 90 degrees produced a lordotic movement. Flexion of hips and knees to 45 degrees produced a kyphotic movement adding to the movements caused by the shoulder exercises. Increasing the load on the upper extremities produced an increase of all movements.", "PMID": 419394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10015", "title": "Wheelchair user's shoulder? Shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord lesions.", "content": "A questionnaire was circulated to the 708 members of the Spinal Cord Injuries Association in 1976. The response rate was 79.5%. Over one half (51.4%) of the respondents suffered from shoulder pain, an incidence in excess of any age group in a control population derived from a general practitioner's register. The pain, which was related particularly to wheelchair usage and other attendant factors such as transfers, was in some instances clearly in the shoulder, whereas in others it was more likely to be cervical root pain. The implication of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Wheelchair user's shoulder? Shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord lesions. A questionnaire was circulated to the 708 members of the Spinal Cord Injuries Association in 1976. The response rate was 79.5%. Over one half (51.4%) of the respondents suffered from shoulder pain, an incidence in excess of any age group in a control population derived from a general practitioner's register. The pain, which was related particularly to wheelchair usage and other attendant factors such as transfers, was in some instances clearly in the shoulder, whereas in others it was more likely to be cervical root pain. The implication of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 419395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10016", "title": "Increase of muscle strength from isometric quadriceps exercises at different knee angles.", "content": "Isometric quadriceps exercises were performed at two different knee angles, 15 and 60 degrees respectively. The maximal torque was measured in both positions before and after training in 10 healthy females. Both legs were exercised, one at each position. The purpose was to develop practical recommendations for choice of training position. The strength increase was mainly specific according to the angle at which the knee was exercised. It was suggested that isometric exercise would preferably be performed at different knee angles to secure an optimal total strength increase. Isometric exercises improved dynamic strength at a low velocity but not at a high velocity.", "contents": "Increase of muscle strength from isometric quadriceps exercises at different knee angles. Isometric quadriceps exercises were performed at two different knee angles, 15 and 60 degrees respectively. The maximal torque was measured in both positions before and after training in 10 healthy females. Both legs were exercised, one at each position. The purpose was to develop practical recommendations for choice of training position. The strength increase was mainly specific according to the angle at which the knee was exercised. It was suggested that isometric exercise would preferably be performed at different knee angles to secure an optimal total strength increase. Isometric exercises improved dynamic strength at a low velocity but not at a high velocity.", "PMID": 419396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10017", "title": "Achilles tendon injury. 5. A model of isokinetic strength training using biofeedback.", "content": "Plantar flexion strength was isokinetically trained under visual biofeedback control in subjects with long standing unilateral soleus muscle myopathy and plantar flexion weakness after Achilles tendon rupture. The rupture had been surgically treated at least one year before training commenced. In the subjects both static and dynamic plantar flexion strengths were normalized as compared to the uninjured leg pre-training. This was accomplished by a) normalization of muscle fibre cross-sectional profile and area within the myopathic muscles, and b) faster achievement of the peak torque during the angular motion. The successful results imply that this training model can be applied when hypotrophy and possibly calf weakness prevail in the aftermath of Achilles tendon rupture.", "contents": "Achilles tendon injury. 5. A model of isokinetic strength training using biofeedback. Plantar flexion strength was isokinetically trained under visual biofeedback control in subjects with long standing unilateral soleus muscle myopathy and plantar flexion weakness after Achilles tendon rupture. The rupture had been surgically treated at least one year before training commenced. In the subjects both static and dynamic plantar flexion strengths were normalized as compared to the uninjured leg pre-training. This was accomplished by a) normalization of muscle fibre cross-sectional profile and area within the myopathic muscles, and b) faster achievement of the peak torque during the angular motion. The successful results imply that this training model can be applied when hypotrophy and possibly calf weakness prevail in the aftermath of Achilles tendon rupture.", "PMID": 419397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10018", "title": "An appraisal of relative airborne sub-urban concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons monitored indoors and outdoors.", "content": "Particle-size distribution studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in city and sub-urban atmospheres indicate that these compounds are associated with particles having MMD values of about 0.5 micrometer. Ambient airborne concentrations of pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene and coronene at suburban sites between 11 and 17 km from a city centre are shown to be approximately similar inside and outside detached residential houses. At all sites, monitored chrysene appears in highest concentration in the range 4-7 ng m-3, followed by benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[e]pyrene between 2-4 ng m-3, with coronene generally less than 1 ng m-3. By taking benzo[a]pyrene as a typical example of this class of compounds, these results indicate that the lungs of sub-urban populations will be exposed to about 34 ng of benzo[a]pyrene per day. This background amount is roughly equivalent to the exposure to this chemical experienced by the lung when one cigarette is smoked per day.", "contents": "An appraisal of relative airborne sub-urban concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons monitored indoors and outdoors. Particle-size distribution studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in city and sub-urban atmospheres indicate that these compounds are associated with particles having MMD values of about 0.5 micrometer. Ambient airborne concentrations of pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene and coronene at suburban sites between 11 and 17 km from a city centre are shown to be approximately similar inside and outside detached residential houses. At all sites, monitored chrysene appears in highest concentration in the range 4-7 ng m-3, followed by benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[e]pyrene between 2-4 ng m-3, with coronene generally less than 1 ng m-3. By taking benzo[a]pyrene as a typical example of this class of compounds, these results indicate that the lungs of sub-urban populations will be exposed to about 34 ng of benzo[a]pyrene per day. This background amount is roughly equivalent to the exposure to this chemical experienced by the lung when one cigarette is smoked per day.", "PMID": 419398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10019", "title": "Total mercury levels in whole blood, hair and fingernails for a population group from Rome and its surroundings.", "content": "Whole blood, hair and fingernails of 80 representative subjects from the Province of Rome were analysed for total mercury. The mean value for whole blood was 0.020 mg/kg, for hair 0.51 mg/kg and for nails 1.08 mg/kg. Correlations were found (except for hair) between mercury levels and the number of fish meals, mercury amalgam dental fillings and residence (urban or rural) of the subjects examined. The levels found in hair appear to be influenced by external and individual pollution factors and thus unsuitable for any direct determination of the distribution in other organs of the human body.", "contents": "Total mercury levels in whole blood, hair and fingernails for a population group from Rome and its surroundings. Whole blood, hair and fingernails of 80 representative subjects from the Province of Rome were analysed for total mercury. The mean value for whole blood was 0.020 mg/kg, for hair 0.51 mg/kg and for nails 1.08 mg/kg. Correlations were found (except for hair) between mercury levels and the number of fish meals, mercury amalgam dental fillings and residence (urban or rural) of the subjects examined. The levels found in hair appear to be influenced by external and individual pollution factors and thus unsuitable for any direct determination of the distribution in other organs of the human body.", "PMID": 419399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10020", "title": "Cadmium and lead pollution from secondary metal refinery operations.", "content": "A study was made of cadmium and lead levels around a small secondary metal recovery factory as part of an environmental monitoring programme in a London borough. Lead levels were essentially typical for an urban environment whereas the levels of cadmium-in-air and in household dust gave rise to very considerable concern. Some of the problems associated with assessing the potential hazard and the steps taken to control the emission are considered. It is suggested that clearly-defined standards and procedures are necessary in order to deal efficiently with similar cases as they are discovered.", "contents": "Cadmium and lead pollution from secondary metal refinery operations. A study was made of cadmium and lead levels around a small secondary metal recovery factory as part of an environmental monitoring programme in a London borough. Lead levels were essentially typical for an urban environment whereas the levels of cadmium-in-air and in household dust gave rise to very considerable concern. Some of the problems associated with assessing the potential hazard and the steps taken to control the emission are considered. It is suggested that clearly-defined standards and procedures are necessary in order to deal efficiently with similar cases as they are discovered.", "PMID": 419400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10021", "title": "Toxic metals in street and household dusts.", "content": "Street and household dusts have been sampled within the Lancaster area (U.K.), and analysed for Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn. The concentration of each metal has been determined both as total and extractable metal, the latter referring to metal soluble in a 0.07N hydrochloric acid solution. The results are discussed in relation to the sources of the metals, and possible health hazards to children exposed to the dusts.", "contents": "Toxic metals in street and household dusts. Street and household dusts have been sampled within the Lancaster area (U.K.), and analysed for Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn. The concentration of each metal has been determined both as total and extractable metal, the latter referring to metal soluble in a 0.07N hydrochloric acid solution. The results are discussed in relation to the sources of the metals, and possible health hazards to children exposed to the dusts.", "PMID": 419401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10022", "title": "Endemic goitre, the factors controlling iodine deficiency in soils.", "content": "Iodine concentrations in soils derived from a selection of very different parent rocks but within a small well-defined area of uniform environmental conditions have been studied. The results indicate that iodine in soils is independent of parent rock type, and that the maturing of young soils such as those found in areas of endemic goitre is the most important influence on iodine deficiency. The iodine is retained and enriched during vegetative recycling processes.", "contents": "Endemic goitre, the factors controlling iodine deficiency in soils. Iodine concentrations in soils derived from a selection of very different parent rocks but within a small well-defined area of uniform environmental conditions have been studied. The results indicate that iodine in soils is independent of parent rock type, and that the maturing of young soils such as those found in areas of endemic goitre is the most important influence on iodine deficiency. The iodine is retained and enriched during vegetative recycling processes.", "PMID": 419402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10023", "title": "Risk with energy from conventional and nonconventional sources.", "content": "Risk to human health was compared for five conventional and six nonconventional energy systems. The entire cycle for producing energy was considered, not just part. The most important conclusion drawn is that the risk to human health from nonconventional sources can be as high as, or even higher than, that of conventional sources. This result is produced only when the risk per unit energy is considered, rather than the risk per solar panel or windmill. The risk from nonconventional energy sources derives from the large amount of material and labor needed, along with their backup and storage requirements. Risk evaluation is a relatively new discipline, and therefore the results presented here can be considered only a beginning. However, society should keep relative risk in mind when evaluating present and future energy sources.", "contents": "Risk with energy from conventional and nonconventional sources. Risk to human health was compared for five conventional and six nonconventional energy systems. The entire cycle for producing energy was considered, not just part. The most important conclusion drawn is that the risk to human health from nonconventional sources can be as high as, or even higher than, that of conventional sources. This result is produced only when the risk per unit energy is considered, rather than the risk per solar panel or windmill. The risk from nonconventional energy sources derives from the large amount of material and labor needed, along with their backup and storage requirements. Risk evaluation is a relatively new discipline, and therefore the results presented here can be considered only a beginning. However, society should keep relative risk in mind when evaluating present and future energy sources.", "PMID": 419404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10024", "title": "Timers in developing systems.", "content": "Conditional methods are proposed for investigating the number and relationships of processes that are rate-limiting for the genesis of consecutive stages in a developmental sequence. These methods depend on the differential sensitivity of \"timer\" pathways to small changes in temperature and can be applied to any developmental sequence in which discrete stages can be reproducibly monitored with time. We have applied the methods to multicellular morphogenesis in the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum and have obtained an unexpected tentative scheme for timer relationships. A minimum of six timers has been delineated, each specific for at least one morphological stage. The majority of these timers appear to be in parallel.", "contents": "Timers in developing systems. Conditional methods are proposed for investigating the number and relationships of processes that are rate-limiting for the genesis of consecutive stages in a developmental sequence. These methods depend on the differential sensitivity of \"timer\" pathways to small changes in temperature and can be applied to any developmental sequence in which discrete stages can be reproducibly monitored with time. We have applied the methods to multicellular morphogenesis in the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum and have obtained an unexpected tentative scheme for timer relationships. A minimum of six timers has been delineated, each specific for at least one morphological stage. The majority of these timers appear to be in parallel.", "PMID": 419408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10025", "title": "Classification of renal injuries as a guide to therapy.", "content": "Renal injuries require immediate or early surgical intervention for threatened exsanguination, damage to the pedicle vessels and disruption of the renal pelvis. Elective delayed operation prevents late complications in those patients in whom there is transparenchymal connection between the pelvocaliceal system and the perirenal space following trauma. There appears to be an increased incidence of nephrectomy if the latter are explored early. Expectant treatment is appropriate for renal lacerations without extravasation, if there is no threat of exsanguination and if the pedicle is intact.", "contents": "Classification of renal injuries as a guide to therapy. Renal injuries require immediate or early surgical intervention for threatened exsanguination, damage to the pedicle vessels and disruption of the renal pelvis. Elective delayed operation prevents late complications in those patients in whom there is transparenchymal connection between the pelvocaliceal system and the perirenal space following trauma. There appears to be an increased incidence of nephrectomy if the latter are explored early. Expectant treatment is appropriate for renal lacerations without extravasation, if there is no threat of exsanguination and if the pedicle is intact.", "PMID": 419415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10026", "title": "Obstructive, pseudo-obstructive and enteropathic syndromes after jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "We have encountered two patients with volvulus of the small intestine at the ileocolic anastomosis, occurring after jejunoileal bypass. This uncommon complication is generally seen many months after bypass and may be difficult to diagnose. Barium enema examination was helpful in one patient. If there are acute, severe abdominal symptoms, mechanical obstruction and early operation should be considered. Attention has been called to other intestinal syndromes with obstructive features developing after jejunoileal bypass, and these have been compared.", "contents": "Obstructive, pseudo-obstructive and enteropathic syndromes after jejunoileal bypass. We have encountered two patients with volvulus of the small intestine at the ileocolic anastomosis, occurring after jejunoileal bypass. This uncommon complication is generally seen many months after bypass and may be difficult to diagnose. Barium enema examination was helpful in one patient. If there are acute, severe abdominal symptoms, mechanical obstruction and early operation should be considered. Attention has been called to other intestinal syndromes with obstructive features developing after jejunoileal bypass, and these have been compared.", "PMID": 419416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10027", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in carcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "The value of gastroduodenal endoscopy and retrograde cholangiopancreatography has been assessed in 55 patients subsequently confirmed to have pancreatic carcinoma. The technique provided a precise and accurate diagnosis in 45 patients. In nine of these patients, the diagnosis was obtained by duodenoscopy and biopsy alone. Cannulation of the duct was attempted in 47 of the 55 patients; roentgenograms of the pancreatic or biliary tree, or both, were obtained in 40 studies, 36 of which were diagnostic. Tumors were most common in the head of the pancreas, and virtually all roentgenograms showed duct obstruction or a major stricture with upstream dilatation. One pancreatogram of poor quality was reported as normal. Endoscopic cholangiograms were often diagnostic when pancreatography failed in patients with tumors of the head of the pancreas. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a precise technique for the diagnosis of patients with tumors of the papilla of Vater which may present relatively early and prove resectable. Patients with tumors of the pancreas itself usually present with advanced disease, and in this series, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography provided no clear benefit in terms of operability or patient survival. However, the efficient documentation of inoperable tumors is important, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography sets a standard against which other techniques can be evaluated.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in carcinoma of the pancreas. The value of gastroduodenal endoscopy and retrograde cholangiopancreatography has been assessed in 55 patients subsequently confirmed to have pancreatic carcinoma. The technique provided a precise and accurate diagnosis in 45 patients. In nine of these patients, the diagnosis was obtained by duodenoscopy and biopsy alone. Cannulation of the duct was attempted in 47 of the 55 patients; roentgenograms of the pancreatic or biliary tree, or both, were obtained in 40 studies, 36 of which were diagnostic. Tumors were most common in the head of the pancreas, and virtually all roentgenograms showed duct obstruction or a major stricture with upstream dilatation. One pancreatogram of poor quality was reported as normal. Endoscopic cholangiograms were often diagnostic when pancreatography failed in patients with tumors of the head of the pancreas. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a precise technique for the diagnosis of patients with tumors of the papilla of Vater which may present relatively early and prove resectable. Patients with tumors of the pancreas itself usually present with advanced disease, and in this series, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography provided no clear benefit in terms of operability or patient survival. However, the efficient documentation of inoperable tumors is important, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography sets a standard against which other techniques can be evaluated.", "PMID": 419418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10028", "title": "Value of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in pancreatic ascites.", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography was easily performed preoperatively in six patients with pancreatic ascites, and no complications resulted from this procedure. The abnormalities observed during the procedure were unpredictable and varied. Endoscopic pancreatograms provided delineation of the pancreatic ductal system, showing one or more sites of ductal leaks into pseudocysts or segmental narrowing of the main pancreatic duct. This preoperative information was invaluable in selecting appropriate surgical procedures.", "contents": "Value of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in pancreatic ascites. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography was easily performed preoperatively in six patients with pancreatic ascites, and no complications resulted from this procedure. The abnormalities observed during the procedure were unpredictable and varied. Endoscopic pancreatograms provided delineation of the pancreatic ductal system, showing one or more sites of ductal leaks into pseudocysts or segmental narrowing of the main pancreatic duct. This preoperative information was invaluable in selecting appropriate surgical procedures.", "PMID": 419419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10029", "title": "Deaths among female patients with carcinoma of the breast treated by a surgical procedure only.", "content": "The postoperative mortality from carcinoma of the breast is low, and it appears to be getting lower. Mortality is highest for the women in the older age group and for those with the most advanced stage of disease. Surgeons who generally consider these factors in deciding whether or not to perform an operation may wish to review their own experience in light of these data. In general, while surgical mortality for carcinoma of the breast is not zero, it certainly is low. The historical data collected in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program do not contain details on the extent of the operations actually performed, and this should influence the mortality. With proper safeguards for protecting the confidentiality of the medical records, it may be possible for qualified persons interested in surgical research to review a sample of the detailed records that contributed to the series reported herein to determine the exact extent of the operation and the curative or palliative purpose, and to help elucidate the actual causes and patterns of early deaths.", "contents": "Deaths among female patients with carcinoma of the breast treated by a surgical procedure only. The postoperative mortality from carcinoma of the breast is low, and it appears to be getting lower. Mortality is highest for the women in the older age group and for those with the most advanced stage of disease. Surgeons who generally consider these factors in deciding whether or not to perform an operation may wish to review their own experience in light of these data. In general, while surgical mortality for carcinoma of the breast is not zero, it certainly is low. The historical data collected in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program do not contain details on the extent of the operations actually performed, and this should influence the mortality. With proper safeguards for protecting the confidentiality of the medical records, it may be possible for qualified persons interested in surgical research to review a sample of the detailed records that contributed to the series reported herein to determine the exact extent of the operation and the curative or palliative purpose, and to help elucidate the actual causes and patterns of early deaths.", "PMID": 419420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10030", "title": "A prospective evaluation of oculoplethysmography and carotid phonoangiography.", "content": "With oculoplethysmography, conclusions are drawn regarding the state of internal carotid artery disease by measurements based upon pressure and flow in the eye, a location far removed from the site of the disease. Thus, many potential variables including ocular disease, vessel wall properties, intracranial atherosclerosis and collateral flow may affect the results. Although oculoplethysmography was quite accurate in detecting occlusion of the internal carotid artery, the identification of a high grade stenosis was much less precise. Furthermore, it could not distinguish between stenosis and occlusion, making angiography necessary for accurate diagnosis. In this study, oculoplethysmography, either alone or in combination with carotid phonoangiography, was not of sufficient accuracy to recommend its use as part of a noninvasive evaluation of carotid artery occlusive disease.", "contents": "A prospective evaluation of oculoplethysmography and carotid phonoangiography. With oculoplethysmography, conclusions are drawn regarding the state of internal carotid artery disease by measurements based upon pressure and flow in the eye, a location far removed from the site of the disease. Thus, many potential variables including ocular disease, vessel wall properties, intracranial atherosclerosis and collateral flow may affect the results. Although oculoplethysmography was quite accurate in detecting occlusion of the internal carotid artery, the identification of a high grade stenosis was much less precise. Furthermore, it could not distinguish between stenosis and occlusion, making angiography necessary for accurate diagnosis. In this study, oculoplethysmography, either alone or in combination with carotid phonoangiography, was not of sufficient accuracy to recommend its use as part of a noninvasive evaluation of carotid artery occlusive disease.", "PMID": 419421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10031", "title": "Evaluation of atropine in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "A prospective randomized clinical trial was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of atropine in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Fifty-one patients with elevated amylase levels, and with the clinical signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis, were included in the study. All were treated with fluids intravenously and analgesics, and a nasogastric tube if needed. In addition, on a random basis, 19 were given atropine intramuscularly and 32 were not. The clinical courses of the two groups of patients did not differ significantly.", "contents": "Evaluation of atropine in acute pancreatitis. A prospective randomized clinical trial was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of atropine in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Fifty-one patients with elevated amylase levels, and with the clinical signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis, were included in the study. All were treated with fluids intravenously and analgesics, and a nasogastric tube if needed. In addition, on a random basis, 19 were given atropine intramuscularly and 32 were not. The clinical courses of the two groups of patients did not differ significantly.", "PMID": 419422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10032", "title": "Drifting hematomas.", "content": "When blood is released into the tissues of the lower extremities, it may drift downward under the influence of the force of gravity to produce the influence of the force of gravity to produce pain, edema, redness and heat. A crescent shaped ecchymosis may appear around the malleoli. The relationship between cause and effect may be obscured by a time interval of up to four weeks before conclusive signs are seen. Early differentiation of this condition from that of phlebitis and deep venous thrombosis is necessary. Such differentiation prevents inappropriate and potentially dangerous anticoagulation as well as the disastrous consequences of untreated edema of the legs. With prompt, appropriate treatment, complete recovery can be expected. If treatment is delayed, permanent damage to the leg can result.", "contents": "Drifting hematomas. When blood is released into the tissues of the lower extremities, it may drift downward under the influence of the force of gravity to produce the influence of the force of gravity to produce pain, edema, redness and heat. A crescent shaped ecchymosis may appear around the malleoli. The relationship between cause and effect may be obscured by a time interval of up to four weeks before conclusive signs are seen. Early differentiation of this condition from that of phlebitis and deep venous thrombosis is necessary. Such differentiation prevents inappropriate and potentially dangerous anticoagulation as well as the disastrous consequences of untreated edema of the legs. With prompt, appropriate treatment, complete recovery can be expected. If treatment is delayed, permanent damage to the leg can result.", "PMID": 419423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10033", "title": "Clinical applications of nonoperative T-tube replacement.", "content": "T tubes were successfully reintroduced through previously created drainage tracts in 17 consecutive attempts. The new tubes can re-establish bile flow in a variety of circumstances in avoiding reoperation.", "contents": "Clinical applications of nonoperative T-tube replacement. T tubes were successfully reintroduced through previously created drainage tracts in 17 consecutive attempts. The new tubes can re-establish bile flow in a variety of circumstances in avoiding reoperation.", "PMID": 419424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10034", "title": "Multiple transverse taeniamyotomy for diverticular disease.", "content": "The indications for transverse taeniamyotomy, and the results obtained on a group of 11 patients, were analyzed. Intraluminal pressure recordings carried out before and one year after operation showed a significant decrease of the mean motility index after both natural and pharmacologic stimuli. The use of such a procedure, even in an early stage of the disease, should be considered.", "contents": "Multiple transverse taeniamyotomy for diverticular disease. The indications for transverse taeniamyotomy, and the results obtained on a group of 11 patients, were analyzed. Intraluminal pressure recordings carried out before and one year after operation showed a significant decrease of the mean motility index after both natural and pharmacologic stimuli. The use of such a procedure, even in an early stage of the disease, should be considered.", "PMID": 419425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10035", "title": "Irrigation of subcutaneous tissue with povidone-iodine solution for prevention of surgical wound infections.", "content": "Five hundred patients undergoing a variety of general surgical operative procedures were prospectively randomly allocated into a treatment group, in which the incisions were irrigated with povidone-iodine solution prior to skin closure or into a control group in which wounds were irrigated with saline solution. Wounds were classified according to the degree of bacterial contamination as clean, potentially contaminated, contaminated or dirty. For all categories of surgical incisions, povidone-iodine irrigation resulted in a significant decrease in wound infections over that for saline solution irrigation. Over-all incidence of wound sepsis in the treatment group was seven of 242 patients, 2.9 per cent, compared with the control rate of 39 wound infections of 258 patients, 15.1 per cent--p less than 0.001.", "contents": "Irrigation of subcutaneous tissue with povidone-iodine solution for prevention of surgical wound infections. Five hundred patients undergoing a variety of general surgical operative procedures were prospectively randomly allocated into a treatment group, in which the incisions were irrigated with povidone-iodine solution prior to skin closure or into a control group in which wounds were irrigated with saline solution. Wounds were classified according to the degree of bacterial contamination as clean, potentially contaminated, contaminated or dirty. For all categories of surgical incisions, povidone-iodine irrigation resulted in a significant decrease in wound infections over that for saline solution irrigation. Over-all incidence of wound sepsis in the treatment group was seven of 242 patients, 2.9 per cent, compared with the control rate of 39 wound infections of 258 patients, 15.1 per cent--p less than 0.001.", "PMID": 419426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10036", "title": "Assessment of the healing potentials of ulcers of the skin by photoplethysmography.", "content": "An objective method of assessing the healing potentials of skin ulcers would eliminate the long waiting period necessary for visual evidence of healing or nonhealing to appear. This would permit the continued conservative treatment for healing ulcers and prompt surgical interventions for those ulcers which are nonhealing. In this preliminary study, the cutaneous blood flow immediately around the ulcer site was studied using the photoplethysmograph. Vigorous cutaneous blood flow shown by good pulsatile wave forms on the photoplethysmograph is shown to be indicative of an ongoing healing process in which spontaneous healing of the ulcer can be predicted. Ulcers with nonpulsatile wave forms fail to heal with conservative management. One patient with nonpulsatile wave forms at the ulcer site showed improvement and eventual healing of the ulcer after undergoing a lumbar sympathectomy. Thus, nonpulsatile blood flow shown by poor wave forms on the photoplethysmograph would suggest early surgical intervention. This method may also aid in determining the extent of surgical excision of the ischemic scar tissue surrounding the chronic skin ulcer.", "contents": "Assessment of the healing potentials of ulcers of the skin by photoplethysmography. An objective method of assessing the healing potentials of skin ulcers would eliminate the long waiting period necessary for visual evidence of healing or nonhealing to appear. This would permit the continued conservative treatment for healing ulcers and prompt surgical interventions for those ulcers which are nonhealing. In this preliminary study, the cutaneous blood flow immediately around the ulcer site was studied using the photoplethysmograph. Vigorous cutaneous blood flow shown by good pulsatile wave forms on the photoplethysmograph is shown to be indicative of an ongoing healing process in which spontaneous healing of the ulcer can be predicted. Ulcers with nonpulsatile wave forms fail to heal with conservative management. One patient with nonpulsatile wave forms at the ulcer site showed improvement and eventual healing of the ulcer after undergoing a lumbar sympathectomy. Thus, nonpulsatile blood flow shown by poor wave forms on the photoplethysmograph would suggest early surgical intervention. This method may also aid in determining the extent of surgical excision of the ischemic scar tissue surrounding the chronic skin ulcer.", "PMID": 419427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10037", "title": "The significance of urine phosphate measurements in the early diagnosis of intestinal infarction.", "content": "This study has confirmed previous experiments which indicated that inorganic phosphate concentrations rise in body fluids after intestinal infarction. The phosphate clearance ratio is elevated in dogs after occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, but is not as sensitive as indicator of the presence of a necrotic intestine as the serum or peritoneal fluid phosphate levels. The rise and fall of phosphate levels occur within the first 24 hours after infarction, similar to amylase levels in acute pancreatitis. The renal failure observed in dogs after ligation of the superior mesenteric vein is likely on the basis of hypovolemia and does not seem to result from hyperphosphatemia. Intestinal infarction should be suspected with laboratory evidence of hemo-concentration, marked leukocytosis, an inappropriate metabolic acidosis and elevated serum and peritoneal fluid phosphate levels. In dogs with normal renal function, an elevated urinary phosphate clearance ratio of greater than 0.20, as measured on a spot sample of urine and serum, is also highly suggestive of the presence of this condition, but its absence, by no means, excludes the diagnosis. With these simple laboratory tests, possibly an earlier diagnosis can be made, and timely operation can be an entirely intestine-saving procedure.", "contents": "The significance of urine phosphate measurements in the early diagnosis of intestinal infarction. This study has confirmed previous experiments which indicated that inorganic phosphate concentrations rise in body fluids after intestinal infarction. The phosphate clearance ratio is elevated in dogs after occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, but is not as sensitive as indicator of the presence of a necrotic intestine as the serum or peritoneal fluid phosphate levels. The rise and fall of phosphate levels occur within the first 24 hours after infarction, similar to amylase levels in acute pancreatitis. The renal failure observed in dogs after ligation of the superior mesenteric vein is likely on the basis of hypovolemia and does not seem to result from hyperphosphatemia. Intestinal infarction should be suspected with laboratory evidence of hemo-concentration, marked leukocytosis, an inappropriate metabolic acidosis and elevated serum and peritoneal fluid phosphate levels. In dogs with normal renal function, an elevated urinary phosphate clearance ratio of greater than 0.20, as measured on a spot sample of urine and serum, is also highly suggestive of the presence of this condition, but its absence, by no means, excludes the diagnosis. With these simple laboratory tests, possibly an earlier diagnosis can be made, and timely operation can be an entirely intestine-saving procedure.", "PMID": 419430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10038", "title": "Monitoring of the patient in a state of shock.", "content": "Patients in a state of shock require careful monitoring to carry out intelligently appropriate treatment. Many methods of monitoring are available. Some are required for all patients in a state of shock, some are only required in severe or refractory shock, some are of little value, some are valuable but difficult or expensive and some are confusing and may mean the opposite of what they seem to indicate.", "contents": "Monitoring of the patient in a state of shock. Patients in a state of shock require careful monitoring to carry out intelligently appropriate treatment. Many methods of monitoring are available. Some are required for all patients in a state of shock, some are only required in severe or refractory shock, some are of little value, some are valuable but difficult or expensive and some are confusing and may mean the opposite of what they seem to indicate.", "PMID": 419431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10039", "title": "Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of tumors of the ovary.", "content": "Ultrasonography was performed prior to operation upon 60 patients with tumors of the ovary. This procedure was accurate in differentiating tumors of the ovary from other types of tumors of the pelvis in more than 90 per cent of the patients. Likewise, a determination between benign and malignant lesions of the ovary could be reliably made on the basis of ultrasonic patterns. These findings suggest that ultrasonography should be performed on all patients suspected of having a tumor of the ovary.", "contents": "Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of tumors of the ovary. Ultrasonography was performed prior to operation upon 60 patients with tumors of the ovary. This procedure was accurate in differentiating tumors of the ovary from other types of tumors of the pelvis in more than 90 per cent of the patients. Likewise, a determination between benign and malignant lesions of the ovary could be reliably made on the basis of ultrasonic patterns. These findings suggest that ultrasonography should be performed on all patients suspected of having a tumor of the ovary.", "PMID": 419432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10040", "title": "Limb salvage and selectivity.", "content": "In a group of properly prepared poor risk patients with advanced atherosclerosis of both the aortoiliac and femoropopliteal segments, a combined procedure, extra-anatomic bypass with an extended profundoplasty, was used for successful salvage of their ischemic--mean calf pressure=27 millimeters of mercury--limbs. Prediction of success versus failure could be determined on neither clinical nor angiographic-anatomic grounds but was possible using two simple measurements: a large aortoiliac differential pressure--deltaP--between inflow pressure obtained from a standard arm cuff and outflow pressure measured directly from the femoral artery, 89.3 millimeters of mercury versus 33.2 millimeters of mercury, p less than 0.001, and a potentially adequate outflow bed as determined by the percentage drop in outflow [(deltaPo/Po) per cent] upon papaverine injection, 36.3 versus 11.3 per cent, p less than 0.001. These values became an important part of the selection scheme developed in the approach to 24 ischemic limbs.", "contents": "Limb salvage and selectivity. In a group of properly prepared poor risk patients with advanced atherosclerosis of both the aortoiliac and femoropopliteal segments, a combined procedure, extra-anatomic bypass with an extended profundoplasty, was used for successful salvage of their ischemic--mean calf pressure=27 millimeters of mercury--limbs. Prediction of success versus failure could be determined on neither clinical nor angiographic-anatomic grounds but was possible using two simple measurements: a large aortoiliac differential pressure--deltaP--between inflow pressure obtained from a standard arm cuff and outflow pressure measured directly from the femoral artery, 89.3 millimeters of mercury versus 33.2 millimeters of mercury, p less than 0.001, and a potentially adequate outflow bed as determined by the percentage drop in outflow [(deltaPo/Po) per cent] upon papaverine injection, 36.3 versus 11.3 per cent, p less than 0.001. These values became an important part of the selection scheme developed in the approach to 24 ischemic limbs.", "PMID": 419433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10041", "title": "Ureteral obstruction secondary to metastatic tumors.", "content": "Carcinoma metastatic to the ureter is uncommon, only 160 patients having been reported upon to date. During a ten year period, 82 patients with ureteral obstruction, secondary to metastatic disease, were seen at the UCLA Hospital. A critical analysis of the records of these patients revealed important clinical and diagnostic criteria to aid in the evaluation and treatment of extrinsic ureteral obstruction. Tumors of the cervix, prostate, breast and colon-rectum were the most common primary lesions to metastasize to the ureter. Subtle changes in urinary symptoms or in laboratory values should alert the physician to the possibility of ureteral involvement. Early detection of metastatic ureteral obstruction prior to the ravages of uremia may allow time for more aggressive use of adjuvant therapeutic modalities that would, at a later stage of the disease, be ineffectual or contraindicated.", "contents": "Ureteral obstruction secondary to metastatic tumors. Carcinoma metastatic to the ureter is uncommon, only 160 patients having been reported upon to date. During a ten year period, 82 patients with ureteral obstruction, secondary to metastatic disease, were seen at the UCLA Hospital. A critical analysis of the records of these patients revealed important clinical and diagnostic criteria to aid in the evaluation and treatment of extrinsic ureteral obstruction. Tumors of the cervix, prostate, breast and colon-rectum were the most common primary lesions to metastasize to the ureter. Subtle changes in urinary symptoms or in laboratory values should alert the physician to the possibility of ureteral involvement. Early detection of metastatic ureteral obstruction prior to the ravages of uremia may allow time for more aggressive use of adjuvant therapeutic modalities that would, at a later stage of the disease, be ineffectual or contraindicated.", "PMID": 419434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10042", "title": "Poor prognosis of patients with intra-abdominal sepsis and hypouricemia.", "content": "With uric acid levels of 0.4 to 3.0 milligrams per cent, hypouricemia was noted in 17 patients with intra-abdominal sepsis. This was associated with a fivefold to sixteenfold increase in the urate clearance and uric acid to creatinine clearance ratios. The number of deaths in the 17 patients with hypouricemia is 14 versus 20 for the overall group of 111 patients studied. Two patients had a reversal of the serum uric acid, 24 hour urine uric acid output and uric acid to creatinine clearance ratio, with drainage of the intra-abdominal sepsis. Hypouricemia seems to indicate a poor prognosis in patients with intra-abdominal sepsis.", "contents": "Poor prognosis of patients with intra-abdominal sepsis and hypouricemia. With uric acid levels of 0.4 to 3.0 milligrams per cent, hypouricemia was noted in 17 patients with intra-abdominal sepsis. This was associated with a fivefold to sixteenfold increase in the urate clearance and uric acid to creatinine clearance ratios. The number of deaths in the 17 patients with hypouricemia is 14 versus 20 for the overall group of 111 patients studied. Two patients had a reversal of the serum uric acid, 24 hour urine uric acid output and uric acid to creatinine clearance ratio, with drainage of the intra-abdominal sepsis. Hypouricemia seems to indicate a poor prognosis in patients with intra-abdominal sepsis.", "PMID": 419435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10043", "title": "Prediction of total body water from the early arterial disappearance curve of isotopic water.", "content": "With the use of tritiated water, total body water was measured by isotope dilution in 17 normal dogs. Analysis of the plasma arterial disappearance curve up to 20 minutes by a computer program using a weighted least-squares technique makes it possible to predict the final volume of dilution, with acceptable precision from the early curve.", "contents": "Prediction of total body water from the early arterial disappearance curve of isotopic water. With the use of tritiated water, total body water was measured by isotope dilution in 17 normal dogs. Analysis of the plasma arterial disappearance curve up to 20 minutes by a computer program using a weighted least-squares technique makes it possible to predict the final volume of dilution, with acceptable precision from the early curve.", "PMID": 419436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10044", "title": "Glucose tolerance in the obese surgical patient.", "content": "Intraoperative glucose metabolism was studied in seven grossly obese patients during an intestinal bypass surgical procedure. Preoperative fasting plasma glucose levels were in the low normal range. Results of intravenous glucose tolerance studies during the preoperative period suggested that three patients demonstrated a diabetic utilization of glucose. Fasting awake plasma glucose levels were increased after premedication for anesthesia and surgical treatment. Following induction of anesthesia, laryngoscopy and intubation, there was a further increase in glucose concentrations. In five patients, a 25 gram glucose load was given intravenously during the anesthetic period and prior to operation; glucose utilization was severely impaired in all patients. When the glucose load was not administered to two patients, a slow uptake of glucose was suggested. Surgical trauma did not further decrease glucose utilization after anesthesia. In patients with no glucose load, surgical treatment resulted in a gradual rise in glucose levels. These results suggested that intraoperative glucose utilization is impaired in the obese. Although a marked osmotic diuresis leading to hypovolemia is not apparent in the present study, decreased intraoperative glucose utilization demonstrates that cautious intraoperative administration of glucose should be considered in the obese patient.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance in the obese surgical patient. Intraoperative glucose metabolism was studied in seven grossly obese patients during an intestinal bypass surgical procedure. Preoperative fasting plasma glucose levels were in the low normal range. Results of intravenous glucose tolerance studies during the preoperative period suggested that three patients demonstrated a diabetic utilization of glucose. Fasting awake plasma glucose levels were increased after premedication for anesthesia and surgical treatment. Following induction of anesthesia, laryngoscopy and intubation, there was a further increase in glucose concentrations. In five patients, a 25 gram glucose load was given intravenously during the anesthetic period and prior to operation; glucose utilization was severely impaired in all patients. When the glucose load was not administered to two patients, a slow uptake of glucose was suggested. Surgical trauma did not further decrease glucose utilization after anesthesia. In patients with no glucose load, surgical treatment resulted in a gradual rise in glucose levels. These results suggested that intraoperative glucose utilization is impaired in the obese. Although a marked osmotic diuresis leading to hypovolemia is not apparent in the present study, decreased intraoperative glucose utilization demonstrates that cautious intraoperative administration of glucose should be considered in the obese patient.", "PMID": 419438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10045", "title": "Observations during treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis with surgical ablation.", "content": "Seven patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis were treated by surgical ablation. Immediate improvement was seen in six patients. Two patients died during the course of postoperative complications requiring reoperations. At operation, strikingly conforming lesions were found in the shape of a sharply limited necrotic portion of the gland. The body and tail of the pancreas constituted this necrotic portion in all patients. In a certain group of patients, the vascular anatomy infers a total infarction of the body and tail of the pancreas if a thrombosis of the transverse pancreatic artery occurs. In view of these observations, more interest should be directed toward the possibility of a vascular occlusion as a cause of pancreatic necrosis.", "contents": "Observations during treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis with surgical ablation. Seven patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis were treated by surgical ablation. Immediate improvement was seen in six patients. Two patients died during the course of postoperative complications requiring reoperations. At operation, strikingly conforming lesions were found in the shape of a sharply limited necrotic portion of the gland. The body and tail of the pancreas constituted this necrotic portion in all patients. In a certain group of patients, the vascular anatomy infers a total infarction of the body and tail of the pancreas if a thrombosis of the transverse pancreatic artery occurs. In view of these observations, more interest should be directed toward the possibility of a vascular occlusion as a cause of pancreatic necrosis.", "PMID": 419439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10046", "title": "Management of severe ischemia of the foot secondary to occlusive vascular disease.", "content": "One hundred patients, 111 limbs, with gangrene of the lower extremity were initially treated with lumbar sympathectomy. Lumbar sympathectomy appears to be most beneficial in the management of gangrene of the toe with a limb salvage rate of 75 per cent. The best results were seen when only one toe, not the big toe, was involved. Limb salvage dropped to 38 per cent for gangrene of the foot, and with gangrene of the leg, lumbar sympathectomy had no affect. The presence of diabetes had no affect on limb salvage for gangrene of the toe but did have an apparent affect on limb salvage for gangrene of the foot. Sympathectomy appeared to aid in stump healing, with 77 per cent of the amputations done not requiring revision to a higher level. Results of our experience appear to indicate that, for patients presenting with gangrene of the toes or forefoot who are not candidates for reconstructive arterial procedures, lumbar sympathectomy as an initial operative procedure should be given serious consideration.", "contents": "Management of severe ischemia of the foot secondary to occlusive vascular disease. One hundred patients, 111 limbs, with gangrene of the lower extremity were initially treated with lumbar sympathectomy. Lumbar sympathectomy appears to be most beneficial in the management of gangrene of the toe with a limb salvage rate of 75 per cent. The best results were seen when only one toe, not the big toe, was involved. Limb salvage dropped to 38 per cent for gangrene of the foot, and with gangrene of the leg, lumbar sympathectomy had no affect. The presence of diabetes had no affect on limb salvage for gangrene of the toe but did have an apparent affect on limb salvage for gangrene of the foot. Sympathectomy appeared to aid in stump healing, with 77 per cent of the amputations done not requiring revision to a higher level. Results of our experience appear to indicate that, for patients presenting with gangrene of the toes or forefoot who are not candidates for reconstructive arterial procedures, lumbar sympathectomy as an initial operative procedure should be given serious consideration.", "PMID": 419441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10047", "title": "The role of cimetidine in the prevention of stress induced gastric mucosal injury.", "content": "The results of these studies assessed the value of pretreatment with cimetidine in the prevention of gastric mucosal erosions secondary to stress. Ninety-four female C-D rats were divided into two trials using cold restraint stress. In trial 1, intraperitoneal cimetidine, administered prior to stress, significantly reduced the number of glandular mucosal lesions per animal, X +/- S.E.M., compared with saline solution controls, 1.2 +/- 0.5 versus 8.4 +/- 1.7. In trial 2, addition of hydrochloric acid given intragastrically to rats pretreated with cimetidine resulted in the same lesion rate per stomach as in the saline solution control group, 5.9 +/- 0.7 versus 6.1 +/- 0.6. Rats receiving cimetidine alone exhibited a reduced lesion rate, 1.2 +/- 0.4. The results demonstrate the ability of cimetidine to reduce gastric injury produced by cold induced stress. Furthermore, this action appears to be related to the pharmacologic effects which decrease gastric acid production.", "contents": "The role of cimetidine in the prevention of stress induced gastric mucosal injury. The results of these studies assessed the value of pretreatment with cimetidine in the prevention of gastric mucosal erosions secondary to stress. Ninety-four female C-D rats were divided into two trials using cold restraint stress. In trial 1, intraperitoneal cimetidine, administered prior to stress, significantly reduced the number of glandular mucosal lesions per animal, X +/- S.E.M., compared with saline solution controls, 1.2 +/- 0.5 versus 8.4 +/- 1.7. In trial 2, addition of hydrochloric acid given intragastrically to rats pretreated with cimetidine resulted in the same lesion rate per stomach as in the saline solution control group, 5.9 +/- 0.7 versus 6.1 +/- 0.6. Rats receiving cimetidine alone exhibited a reduced lesion rate, 1.2 +/- 0.4. The results demonstrate the ability of cimetidine to reduce gastric injury produced by cold induced stress. Furthermore, this action appears to be related to the pharmacologic effects which decrease gastric acid production.", "PMID": 419442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10048", "title": "The debate over immediate lymph node dissection in melanoma.", "content": "The World Health Organization report has not dissuaded me from still believing that it is not in the best interest of the patient to allow regional lymph nodes draining an advanced primary melanoma, such as a thick level 5 nodular lesion, to go untreated and to be exposed to a wait and see philosophy. Whether the nodes are treated by excision or regional perfusion is probably unimportant. What is of importance is that clinicians in their own respective areas of the world continue to look critically at the concept of biologic determinism of regional lymph nodes in patients with advanced Clark-Breslow melanoma.", "contents": "The debate over immediate lymph node dissection in melanoma. The World Health Organization report has not dissuaded me from still believing that it is not in the best interest of the patient to allow regional lymph nodes draining an advanced primary melanoma, such as a thick level 5 nodular lesion, to go untreated and to be exposed to a wait and see philosophy. Whether the nodes are treated by excision or regional perfusion is probably unimportant. What is of importance is that clinicians in their own respective areas of the world continue to look critically at the concept of biologic determinism of regional lymph nodes in patients with advanced Clark-Breslow melanoma.", "PMID": 419443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10049", "title": "The importance of histologic grade in stage II endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with stage II endometrial carcinoma were reviewed. Survival time was found to be influenced most by histology. Fifteen of 19 patients with a favorable histologic grade survived. The combination of stage II disease and unfavorable histologic condition proved to be ominous, as there were no disease-free survivors in this group. Adequate combinations of pelvic irradiation and operation, as well as radiation therapy alone, provided satisfactory local control. Preoperative external irradiation and intracavitary insertion, followed by total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, are the preferred treatment sequence.", "contents": "The importance of histologic grade in stage II endometrial carcinoma. Twenty-six patients with stage II endometrial carcinoma were reviewed. Survival time was found to be influenced most by histology. Fifteen of 19 patients with a favorable histologic grade survived. The combination of stage II disease and unfavorable histologic condition proved to be ominous, as there were no disease-free survivors in this group. Adequate combinations of pelvic irradiation and operation, as well as radiation therapy alone, provided satisfactory local control. Preoperative external irradiation and intracavitary insertion, followed by total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, are the preferred treatment sequence.", "PMID": 419444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10050", "title": "Splenomegaly with carcinoma of the colon and rectum.", "content": "Scans of the liver and spleen were reviewed for patients with carcinoma of the large intestine. The patients were divided into groups, depending upon the size of the liver and spleen. Those with enlarged spleens tended to have an increased survival time compared with those without splenomegaly. It is postulated that splenomegaly is a good predictor of survival when used with the Dukes' classification and that the increased size of the spleen is on an immunologic basis.", "contents": "Splenomegaly with carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Scans of the liver and spleen were reviewed for patients with carcinoma of the large intestine. The patients were divided into groups, depending upon the size of the liver and spleen. Those with enlarged spleens tended to have an increased survival time compared with those without splenomegaly. It is postulated that splenomegaly is a good predictor of survival when used with the Dukes' classification and that the increased size of the spleen is on an immunologic basis.", "PMID": 419445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10051", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity of the peritoneum during experimental peritonitis.", "content": "The effect of laparotomy, intestinal resection, heparin and bacterial peritonitis on fibrinolysis of the peritoneum was evaluated in dogs. Heparin had no effect. Sterile laparotomy and intestinal resection severely, but incompletely, reduced fibrinolytic activity measured 24 hours after operation. Fibrinopurulent peritonitis induced by creation of a 10 centimeter long ischemic loop of the terminal part of the ileum abolished the fibrinolytic activity of the peritoneum almost completely. The data are consistent with findings that adhesion formation is inversely correlated with the fibrinolytic activity of the peritoneum. Untreated peritonitis abolished that activity by mechanisms as yet not elucidated. Heparin, which has been shown to reduce both adhesion-formation and the lethality of peritonitis, apparently does so by mechanisms independent of the intrinsic fibrinolytic system of the peritoneum.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity of the peritoneum during experimental peritonitis. The effect of laparotomy, intestinal resection, heparin and bacterial peritonitis on fibrinolysis of the peritoneum was evaluated in dogs. Heparin had no effect. Sterile laparotomy and intestinal resection severely, but incompletely, reduced fibrinolytic activity measured 24 hours after operation. Fibrinopurulent peritonitis induced by creation of a 10 centimeter long ischemic loop of the terminal part of the ileum abolished the fibrinolytic activity of the peritoneum almost completely. The data are consistent with findings that adhesion formation is inversely correlated with the fibrinolytic activity of the peritoneum. Untreated peritonitis abolished that activity by mechanisms as yet not elucidated. Heparin, which has been shown to reduce both adhesion-formation and the lethality of peritonitis, apparently does so by mechanisms independent of the intrinsic fibrinolytic system of the peritoneum.", "PMID": 419446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10052", "title": "Deviation of the prostatic urethra in pelvic masses.", "content": "A cystourethrogram in the anteroposterior view can be useful for the diagnosis of a mass in the true pelvis in males, particularly when rectal examination is not possible. The technique is simple and rapid and has the same morbidity as simple urethral catheterization. This maneuver should be used whenever a pelvic mass is suspected in a male and physical findings fail to confirm its presence.", "contents": "Deviation of the prostatic urethra in pelvic masses. A cystourethrogram in the anteroposterior view can be useful for the diagnosis of a mass in the true pelvis in males, particularly when rectal examination is not possible. The technique is simple and rapid and has the same morbidity as simple urethral catheterization. This maneuver should be used whenever a pelvic mass is suspected in a male and physical findings fail to confirm its presence.", "PMID": 419450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10053", "title": "Lateral approach for exploration of the parathyroid gland.", "content": "The common use of automated metabolic screening has led to the early discovery of many patients with hyperparathyroidism and an increase in the number of operations performed upon the parathyroid glands. Approaching the parathyroid glands and the posterior aspect of the thyroid lateral to the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles has facilitated surgical exploration of these structures and has increased the rate of success of these operations. This approach has been used with 100 per cent success in 67 of 117 operations performed for hyperparathyroidism since 1973.", "contents": "Lateral approach for exploration of the parathyroid gland. The common use of automated metabolic screening has led to the early discovery of many patients with hyperparathyroidism and an increase in the number of operations performed upon the parathyroid glands. Approaching the parathyroid glands and the posterior aspect of the thyroid lateral to the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles has facilitated surgical exploration of these structures and has increased the rate of success of these operations. This approach has been used with 100 per cent success in 67 of 117 operations performed for hyperparathyroidism since 1973.", "PMID": 419451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10054", "title": "Preliminary experience with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts.", "content": "This early clinical experience of members of the New England Society for Vascular Surgery with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts was evaluated. Questionnaires were distributed to 52 active members of the Society and 32 answers were received. A total of 186 graft insertions were evaluated, of which 112 were positioned in the lower limb; 106 grafts were inserted for libm salvage. Patency rates for femoral-popliteal bypass grafts were determined by life-table analysis. Our results show a 6 to 9 month cumulative patency rate of 91% for PTFE grafts with a popliteal anastomosis above the knee, and a 52% patency rate for below-knee anastomosis. Two complications, aneurysmal dilatation and graft sepsis, were noted in this series. The new graft material exhibits an early patency rate higher than bovine or Dacron grafts which warrants long-term use and evaluation.", "contents": "Preliminary experience with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. This early clinical experience of members of the New England Society for Vascular Surgery with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts was evaluated. Questionnaires were distributed to 52 active members of the Society and 32 answers were received. A total of 186 graft insertions were evaluated, of which 112 were positioned in the lower limb; 106 grafts were inserted for libm salvage. Patency rates for femoral-popliteal bypass grafts were determined by life-table analysis. Our results show a 6 to 9 month cumulative patency rate of 91% for PTFE grafts with a popliteal anastomosis above the knee, and a 52% patency rate for below-knee anastomosis. Two complications, aneurysmal dilatation and graft sepsis, were noted in this series. The new graft material exhibits an early patency rate higher than bovine or Dacron grafts which warrants long-term use and evaluation.", "PMID": 419453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10055", "title": "Crystalloid vs. colloid resuscitation: is one better? A randomized clinical study.", "content": "The effects of hemodynamic resuscitation with protein-containing or balanced salt solution were studied prospectively in 29 patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Blood loss was replaced with packed red cells and extracellular volume with either Ringer's Lactate (RL) or 5% albumin in Ringer's lactate (ALB). Fluids were given to maintain the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) equal to or within 5 torr above preoperative (PO) levels, the cardiac output (CO) equal to or greater than preoperative values, and the urine output at least 50 ml/hr. Serum colloid osmotic pressure (COP), CO, PCWP, the gradient between COP and PCWP (COP-PCWP), and intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) were measured PO, intraoperatively (IO), and daily for 3 days. The measured variables were similar PO in both groups. Operation time, estimated blood loss, and transfusions were similar. Total fluids received for resuscitation (day of operation) was 11.3 +/- 0.8 liters (RL) and 6.2 +/- 0.4 liters (ALB). Fluid balance at the end of resuscitation was 8.4 +/- 0.8 liters (RL) and 3.4 +/- 0.5 liters (ALB). Maximum decrease in COP was 40% (P less than 0.001) in the RL group and was insignificant in the ALB group. The COP-PCWP decreased from 11 +/- 1 to 2 +/- 1 in RL (P less than 0.001) and insignificantly in ALB. Qs/Qt increased slightly in both groups following operation but was not different between groups. Fluid balance, total fluid infused, sodium balance, total sodium infused, COP, or COP-PCWP did not significantly correlate with Qs/Qt. Two patients in the ALB group experienced pulmonary edema associated with normal COPs and elevated PCWPs. There were no cases of pulmonary edema associated with low COPs and normal PCWPs in the crystalloid group. These data seriously question the necessity to maintain COP by using protein-containing solutions during acute hemodynamic resuscitation. When titrated to physiological end points, even large volumes of balanced salt solutions are tolerated well.", "contents": "Crystalloid vs. colloid resuscitation: is one better? A randomized clinical study. The effects of hemodynamic resuscitation with protein-containing or balanced salt solution were studied prospectively in 29 patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Blood loss was replaced with packed red cells and extracellular volume with either Ringer's Lactate (RL) or 5% albumin in Ringer's lactate (ALB). Fluids were given to maintain the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) equal to or within 5 torr above preoperative (PO) levels, the cardiac output (CO) equal to or greater than preoperative values, and the urine output at least 50 ml/hr. Serum colloid osmotic pressure (COP), CO, PCWP, the gradient between COP and PCWP (COP-PCWP), and intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) were measured PO, intraoperatively (IO), and daily for 3 days. The measured variables were similar PO in both groups. Operation time, estimated blood loss, and transfusions were similar. Total fluids received for resuscitation (day of operation) was 11.3 +/- 0.8 liters (RL) and 6.2 +/- 0.4 liters (ALB). Fluid balance at the end of resuscitation was 8.4 +/- 0.8 liters (RL) and 3.4 +/- 0.5 liters (ALB). Maximum decrease in COP was 40% (P less than 0.001) in the RL group and was insignificant in the ALB group. The COP-PCWP decreased from 11 +/- 1 to 2 +/- 1 in RL (P less than 0.001) and insignificantly in ALB. Qs/Qt increased slightly in both groups following operation but was not different between groups. Fluid balance, total fluid infused, sodium balance, total sodium infused, COP, or COP-PCWP did not significantly correlate with Qs/Qt. Two patients in the ALB group experienced pulmonary edema associated with normal COPs and elevated PCWPs. There were no cases of pulmonary edema associated with low COPs and normal PCWPs in the crystalloid group. These data seriously question the necessity to maintain COP by using protein-containing solutions during acute hemodynamic resuscitation. When titrated to physiological end points, even large volumes of balanced salt solutions are tolerated well.", "PMID": 419454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10056", "title": "Cold sensitivity of the hand in arterial occlusive disease.", "content": "Digital blood pressure was measured using photoplethysmography in patients with cold sensitivity of the hand. In 19 patients with Buerger's disease, or arteriosclerosis obliterans (arterial occlusion group), 90 of 91 fingers with cold sensitivity showed significantly low pressures. In 17 patients with typical Raynaud's phenomena due either to primary Raynaud's disease or secondary to collagen disease (Raynaud's group), decreased digital pressure was noted in only five of 123 fingers with cold sensitivity. Blood pressure measurements in the fingers after local cooling of the hand showed a more severe response to cold in the Raynaud group than in the arterial occlusion group. These results indicate that the pathophysiologic mechanism for cold sensitivity in arterial occlusive disease is different from that in Raynaud's disease. In the arterial occlusion group impaired circulation due to occlusions in the digital arteries or more proximal arteries is a necessary precondition for cold sensitivity, and an increased sympathetic response to cold is of less importance as an etiologic factor. Thus a patient with cold sensitivity of the hand and normal digital blood pressure should not be considered to have arterial occlusive disease as the underlying cause of cold sensitivity.", "contents": "Cold sensitivity of the hand in arterial occlusive disease. Digital blood pressure was measured using photoplethysmography in patients with cold sensitivity of the hand. In 19 patients with Buerger's disease, or arteriosclerosis obliterans (arterial occlusion group), 90 of 91 fingers with cold sensitivity showed significantly low pressures. In 17 patients with typical Raynaud's phenomena due either to primary Raynaud's disease or secondary to collagen disease (Raynaud's group), decreased digital pressure was noted in only five of 123 fingers with cold sensitivity. Blood pressure measurements in the fingers after local cooling of the hand showed a more severe response to cold in the Raynaud group than in the arterial occlusion group. These results indicate that the pathophysiologic mechanism for cold sensitivity in arterial occlusive disease is different from that in Raynaud's disease. In the arterial occlusion group impaired circulation due to occlusions in the digital arteries or more proximal arteries is a necessary precondition for cold sensitivity, and an increased sympathetic response to cold is of less importance as an etiologic factor. Thus a patient with cold sensitivity of the hand and normal digital blood pressure should not be considered to have arterial occlusive disease as the underlying cause of cold sensitivity.", "PMID": 419455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10057", "title": "Early gastric cancer: report of twenty-five cases.", "content": "Among 267 surgical specimens of histologically proved cancer of the stomach during the last 20 years (1957 to 1976), 25 were classified as early gastric cancer. Of these early gastric cancers, 16 were found during the last 5 year period. The increasing number of early gastric cancers found in the recent years may be attributed to the more aggressive diagnostic approaches in patients who have symptoms suggestive of peptic ulcer disease. Another factor which may contribute to the increased incidence of early detection of gastric cancer is a more aggressive surgical treatment in patients with a gastric ulcer. Some patients with early gastric cancer will remain undetected if the surgical treatment was vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Lymph node metastases were present in six patients in this series. Of these 25 patients who had gastric resection for early cancer, follow-up was available in 20. Two patients were noted to have local recurrence at 3 and 8 years, respectively, after the initial operation. One of these two patients died after reoperation and the other still is living. One other patient died of cerebral hemorrhage 12 years following the initial operation of gastric resection. The remaining 17 patients all are living, with no evidence of recurrence. From these results it is concluded that (1) routine gastroscopy should be done in patients with radiological gastric abnormalities and in patients with symptoms suggestive of peptic ulcer disease, even though the upper gastrointestinal series is normal; (2) multiple biopsies should be taken from gastric lesions seen on gastroscopy; and (3) gastrectomy is the treatment of choice, since some of the early gastric cancers in this series would have remained undetected if vagotomy and pyloroplasty had been performed.", "contents": "Early gastric cancer: report of twenty-five cases. Among 267 surgical specimens of histologically proved cancer of the stomach during the last 20 years (1957 to 1976), 25 were classified as early gastric cancer. Of these early gastric cancers, 16 were found during the last 5 year period. The increasing number of early gastric cancers found in the recent years may be attributed to the more aggressive diagnostic approaches in patients who have symptoms suggestive of peptic ulcer disease. Another factor which may contribute to the increased incidence of early detection of gastric cancer is a more aggressive surgical treatment in patients with a gastric ulcer. Some patients with early gastric cancer will remain undetected if the surgical treatment was vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Lymph node metastases were present in six patients in this series. Of these 25 patients who had gastric resection for early cancer, follow-up was available in 20. Two patients were noted to have local recurrence at 3 and 8 years, respectively, after the initial operation. One of these two patients died after reoperation and the other still is living. One other patient died of cerebral hemorrhage 12 years following the initial operation of gastric resection. The remaining 17 patients all are living, with no evidence of recurrence. From these results it is concluded that (1) routine gastroscopy should be done in patients with radiological gastric abnormalities and in patients with symptoms suggestive of peptic ulcer disease, even though the upper gastrointestinal series is normal; (2) multiple biopsies should be taken from gastric lesions seen on gastroscopy; and (3) gastrectomy is the treatment of choice, since some of the early gastric cancers in this series would have remained undetected if vagotomy and pyloroplasty had been performed.", "PMID": 419456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10058", "title": "The application and interviewing process for surgical house officership.", "content": "The application and interviewing procedure for surgical house officership is an important process to both the medical student and the clinical department. Up-to-date, informative, and honest appraisals of the training programs under evaluation must be obtained. A survey was undertaken to compare and contrast students' and surgical department members' perceptions of nationwide surgical residency application procedures. It is concluded from this sampling that the majority of medical students applying to university-sponsored surgical training programs and the training institutions themselves generally are satisfied with the present application and interviewing experience. Certain areas in need of reform were elucidated, and the following recommendations are offered to aid in the development of a more effective process: (1) if possible, the descriptive information brochure should be updated on a yearly basis and must be comprehensive in scope; (2) when \"en masse\" interviewing is conducted, it should be held on a number of dates during the year, not just one, and a limited time for \"walk-in\" interviews should be allowed; (3) an opportunity should be available for the spouse or fiance'(e) to accompany the applicant; (4) an interviewer should prepare for an interview by having read the applicant's file beforehand; and (5) the interviewing schedule should be arranged so that the applicant is able to meet either the department chairperson and/or program director.", "contents": "The application and interviewing process for surgical house officership. The application and interviewing procedure for surgical house officership is an important process to both the medical student and the clinical department. Up-to-date, informative, and honest appraisals of the training programs under evaluation must be obtained. A survey was undertaken to compare and contrast students' and surgical department members' perceptions of nationwide surgical residency application procedures. It is concluded from this sampling that the majority of medical students applying to university-sponsored surgical training programs and the training institutions themselves generally are satisfied with the present application and interviewing experience. Certain areas in need of reform were elucidated, and the following recommendations are offered to aid in the development of a more effective process: (1) if possible, the descriptive information brochure should be updated on a yearly basis and must be comprehensive in scope; (2) when \"en masse\" interviewing is conducted, it should be held on a number of dates during the year, not just one, and a limited time for \"walk-in\" interviews should be allowed; (3) an opportunity should be available for the spouse or fiance'(e) to accompany the applicant; (4) an interviewer should prepare for an interview by having read the applicant's file beforehand; and (5) the interviewing schedule should be arranged so that the applicant is able to meet either the department chairperson and/or program director.", "PMID": 419457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10059", "title": "Effect of parenteral L-amino acids on gastric secretion and serum gastrin in normal dogs and dogs with portacaval transposition.", "content": "The effect of intravenous infusion of L-amino acids (FreAmine II) on gastric secretion and on circulating levels of gastrin was studied in five gastric fistula dogs and three dogs with portacaval transposition. Significant increases in gastric acid secretion were found after infusions which delivered 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 gm/hr of L-amino acids in five gastric fistula dogs. After portacaval transposition, administration of amino acid solutions via the hindleg (through the liver) resulted in a great fall in the acid secretory response. Gastrin levels were significantly elevated after 8.0 gm/hr of amino acids. After 2.0 and 4.0 gm/hr, there was a slight but insignificant increase in serum gastrin levels. Gastrin levels were unchanged after infusion of 8.0 gm/hr of L-amino acids through the liver. We conclude that L-amino acids given intravenously stimulate gastric acid secretion in a dose-dependent manner by a mechanism which does not involve gastrin. At the highest dosage of amino acids, some gastrin was released which might have stimulated acid output further.", "contents": "Effect of parenteral L-amino acids on gastric secretion and serum gastrin in normal dogs and dogs with portacaval transposition. The effect of intravenous infusion of L-amino acids (FreAmine II) on gastric secretion and on circulating levels of gastrin was studied in five gastric fistula dogs and three dogs with portacaval transposition. Significant increases in gastric acid secretion were found after infusions which delivered 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 gm/hr of L-amino acids in five gastric fistula dogs. After portacaval transposition, administration of amino acid solutions via the hindleg (through the liver) resulted in a great fall in the acid secretory response. Gastrin levels were significantly elevated after 8.0 gm/hr of amino acids. After 2.0 and 4.0 gm/hr, there was a slight but insignificant increase in serum gastrin levels. Gastrin levels were unchanged after infusion of 8.0 gm/hr of L-amino acids through the liver. We conclude that L-amino acids given intravenously stimulate gastric acid secretion in a dose-dependent manner by a mechanism which does not involve gastrin. At the highest dosage of amino acids, some gastrin was released which might have stimulated acid output further.", "PMID": 419458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10060", "title": "Chlorpropamide-induced changes in patients with hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Ten patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were placed on a constant 30 mEq of calcium and 120 meq of sodium diet, and alterations in their calcium balance in response to standard oral doses of chlorpropamide were studied over a 4 day control period and a 4 day treatment period. The 10 patients treated with chlorpropamide significantly increased the urinary excretion of calcium and sodium and decreased the excretion of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The serum calcium was lowered in six of the patients treated with chlorpropamide, and three of these patients, who had diabetes mellitus and either refused or were too ill for parathyroidectomy, continued to receive chlorpropamide for periods of 9 to 36 months. These three patients experienced prolonged lowering of the serum calcium level and became less confused, lethargic, and fatigued. The interrelationships between the chlorpropamide-induced changes in excretion of calcium, sodium, and cyclic AMP still must be clarified.", "contents": "Chlorpropamide-induced changes in patients with hyperparathyroidism. Ten patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were placed on a constant 30 mEq of calcium and 120 meq of sodium diet, and alterations in their calcium balance in response to standard oral doses of chlorpropamide were studied over a 4 day control period and a 4 day treatment period. The 10 patients treated with chlorpropamide significantly increased the urinary excretion of calcium and sodium and decreased the excretion of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The serum calcium was lowered in six of the patients treated with chlorpropamide, and three of these patients, who had diabetes mellitus and either refused or were too ill for parathyroidectomy, continued to receive chlorpropamide for periods of 9 to 36 months. These three patients experienced prolonged lowering of the serum calcium level and became less confused, lethargic, and fatigued. The interrelationships between the chlorpropamide-induced changes in excretion of calcium, sodium, and cyclic AMP still must be clarified.", "PMID": 419459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10061", "title": "A preliminary report of the efficacy of Debrisan (dextranomer) in the debridement of cutaneous ulcers.", "content": "A randomized trial involving 50 patients has demonstrated that a new type of debriding agent, cross-linked dextran beads with the trade name Debrisan (dextranomer, Pharmacia, Inc.), will produce rapid healing of cutaneous ulcers which have been resistant to conventional therapy over the long-term. Evaluation in terms of a number of therapeutic parameters, including rate of healing, dehydration, sterilization, loss of symptoms, and improvement in physiology, is included in this preliminary study.", "contents": "A preliminary report of the efficacy of Debrisan (dextranomer) in the debridement of cutaneous ulcers. A randomized trial involving 50 patients has demonstrated that a new type of debriding agent, cross-linked dextran beads with the trade name Debrisan (dextranomer, Pharmacia, Inc.), will produce rapid healing of cutaneous ulcers which have been resistant to conventional therapy over the long-term. Evaluation in terms of a number of therapeutic parameters, including rate of healing, dehydration, sterilization, loss of symptoms, and improvement in physiology, is included in this preliminary study.", "PMID": 419460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10062", "title": "Effect of sepsis on tissue adenine nucleotide levels.", "content": "Tissue adenine nucleotides were measured in rats to determine if there is depletion of energy stores associated with sepsis. Peritonitis was produced by cecal ligation and cecal puncture. At 16 to 24 hours after ligation, rats which were lethargic but still normotensive (late sepsis) and showed clinical and laboratory confirmation of peritonitis-sepsis were stunned by a blow on the head, and small pieces of tissue were removed and frozen. Adenine nucleotides were measured enzymatically. In late sepsis adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in liver and kidney decreased significantly; however, no significant decreases were observed in the diaphragm or gastrocnemius muscle. Hydrogen polarograph measurements of hepatic blood flow indicated that flow was decreased markedly at this stage of peritonitis. A second group of rats was prepared in the same manner, except they were studied 10 hours after ligation (early sepsis). Most rats at this stage of sepsis appeared to be only mildly ill; however, blood cultures obtained from six rats so prepared all were positive. These rats did not show any decrease in either hepatic blood flow or tissue adenine nucleotides. Thus the changes in adenine nucleotides observed in late sepsis (lpw-flow septic rats) are similar to those seen during early hemorrhagic shock and suggest inadequate perfusion associated with peritonitis as the cause.", "contents": "Effect of sepsis on tissue adenine nucleotide levels. Tissue adenine nucleotides were measured in rats to determine if there is depletion of energy stores associated with sepsis. Peritonitis was produced by cecal ligation and cecal puncture. At 16 to 24 hours after ligation, rats which were lethargic but still normotensive (late sepsis) and showed clinical and laboratory confirmation of peritonitis-sepsis were stunned by a blow on the head, and small pieces of tissue were removed and frozen. Adenine nucleotides were measured enzymatically. In late sepsis adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in liver and kidney decreased significantly; however, no significant decreases were observed in the diaphragm or gastrocnemius muscle. Hydrogen polarograph measurements of hepatic blood flow indicated that flow was decreased markedly at this stage of peritonitis. A second group of rats was prepared in the same manner, except they were studied 10 hours after ligation (early sepsis). Most rats at this stage of sepsis appeared to be only mildly ill; however, blood cultures obtained from six rats so prepared all were positive. These rats did not show any decrease in either hepatic blood flow or tissue adenine nucleotides. Thus the changes in adenine nucleotides observed in late sepsis (lpw-flow septic rats) are similar to those seen during early hemorrhagic shock and suggest inadequate perfusion associated with peritonitis as the cause.", "PMID": 419461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10063", "title": "Aortorenal bypass with a branched saphenous vein graft for renal artery disease extending into the branches.", "content": "Improved vascular reconstructive techniques now enable  renal revascularization in patients with extensive renovascular disease. Two patients are reported who underwent aortorenal bypass with a branched saphenous vein graft for disease involving the main renal artry and its major segmental branches. This technique represents an excellent means of achieving successful renal revascularization in some patients with branch renal artery disease.", "contents": "Aortorenal bypass with a branched saphenous vein graft for renal artery disease extending into the branches. Improved vascular reconstructive techniques now enable  renal revascularization in patients with extensive renovascular disease. Two patients are reported who underwent aortorenal bypass with a branched saphenous vein graft for disease involving the main renal artry and its major segmental branches. This technique represents an excellent means of achieving successful renal revascularization in some patients with branch renal artery disease.", "PMID": 419462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10064", "title": "Vertebral arteriovenous fistula associated with an anomalous arterial vessel.", "content": "The widespread use of angiography in patients sustaining vascular trauma has demonstrated an increased incidence in vertebral artery injuries. With the improvement in peripheral vascular techniques and the utilization of extended exposure of the vertebral artery, aggressive therapy now is generally advocated. While new concepts continue to evolve, it becomes important to report anatomical variants that are not commonly recognized. An anomalous vessel originating from the proximal subclavian artery is reported. Initial ligation of a semmingly normal vertebral artery failed to control the fistula which was fed by the anomalous vessel. The importance of complete arteriographic studies is stressed. In particular, it is important to visualize the vascular anatomy both proximally and distally to the injury in order that anomalous vessels are recognized. Arteriography will improve diagnosis, help plan operative or nonoperative therapy, and decrease the incidence of missed injuries and complications.", "contents": "Vertebral arteriovenous fistula associated with an anomalous arterial vessel. The widespread use of angiography in patients sustaining vascular trauma has demonstrated an increased incidence in vertebral artery injuries. With the improvement in peripheral vascular techniques and the utilization of extended exposure of the vertebral artery, aggressive therapy now is generally advocated. While new concepts continue to evolve, it becomes important to report anatomical variants that are not commonly recognized. An anomalous vessel originating from the proximal subclavian artery is reported. Initial ligation of a semmingly normal vertebral artery failed to control the fistula which was fed by the anomalous vessel. The importance of complete arteriographic studies is stressed. In particular, it is important to visualize the vascular anatomy both proximally and distally to the injury in order that anomalous vessels are recognized. Arteriography will improve diagnosis, help plan operative or nonoperative therapy, and decrease the incidence of missed injuries and complications.", "PMID": 419463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10065", "title": "[The veterinarian in research (author's transl)].", "content": "The veterinary research curriculum which is very similar to the medical curriculum in several respects, requires that the qualified veterinarian should be conversant with many subjects, including the extensive field of research. The title of the present paper is so comprehensive that deliberate qualification is required. The responsibility of the speaker invited implies that the first limitation he has to impose upon himself is that of approaching the subject on the basis of the present-day need for socially relevant research. To begin with, two main lines stand out clearly: (a) identifying, detecting, treating and preventing the causes of conditions which menace and impair the health of animals. (b) identifying, detecting, treating and preventing the causes of conditions which menace and impair the health of man. The present paper centres on the field of research which the two departments of science have in common and the management of which is highly relevant both to public health care and to protection of health from the point of view of hygiene. Reconnoitering this field leads to the conclusion that the preliminary training of the veterinarian predisposes him to the ability to develop into a research worker and specialist in one of the many departments making up this field of investigation.", "contents": "[The veterinarian in research (author's transl)]. The veterinary research curriculum which is very similar to the medical curriculum in several respects, requires that the qualified veterinarian should be conversant with many subjects, including the extensive field of research. The title of the present paper is so comprehensive that deliberate qualification is required. The responsibility of the speaker invited implies that the first limitation he has to impose upon himself is that of approaching the subject on the basis of the present-day need for socially relevant research. To begin with, two main lines stand out clearly: (a) identifying, detecting, treating and preventing the causes of conditions which menace and impair the health of animals. (b) identifying, detecting, treating and preventing the causes of conditions which menace and impair the health of man. The present paper centres on the field of research which the two departments of science have in common and the management of which is highly relevant both to public health care and to protection of health from the point of view of hygiene. Reconnoitering this field leads to the conclusion that the preliminary training of the veterinarian predisposes him to the ability to develop into a research worker and specialist in one of the many departments making up this field of investigation.", "PMID": 419508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10066", "title": "[The veterinarian in the agricultural and food-supplying industries (author's transl)].", "content": "The major importance of the livestock industry in the Netherlands is apparent from the following facts. Over 250,000 jobs, roughly 9,600 million guilders' worth of exports in 1977 and roughly 11,000 million guilders' worth of annual sales to home consumers. A healthy livestock population is essential. Approximately 2,000 veterinarians have considerably assisted in achieving these aims. This made possible economics of scale and strengthening the international competitive position. Curing animals has been robbed of much of its importance, whereas prevention of diseases has become essential. To maintain the quality of products, improvement of legislation concerning the supply of drugs, antibiotics, etc., is imperative. This includes a well-defined Veterinary Surgeons Act. The major importance of disease prevention requires more extensive knowledge of the veterinarian. Specialization has also become increasingly necessary. Especially in employment, the future offers many possibilities for veterinarians, national as well as international. In particular fields such as the Veterinary Service and the Meat Inspection Service, the monopolistic position of the veterinarian may be impaired. In the light of these facts, it should be considered whether adjustment and widening of the training in Utrecht is not desirable.", "contents": "[The veterinarian in the agricultural and food-supplying industries (author's transl)]. The major importance of the livestock industry in the Netherlands is apparent from the following facts. Over 250,000 jobs, roughly 9,600 million guilders' worth of exports in 1977 and roughly 11,000 million guilders' worth of annual sales to home consumers. A healthy livestock population is essential. Approximately 2,000 veterinarians have considerably assisted in achieving these aims. This made possible economics of scale and strengthening the international competitive position. Curing animals has been robbed of much of its importance, whereas prevention of diseases has become essential. To maintain the quality of products, improvement of legislation concerning the supply of drugs, antibiotics, etc., is imperative. This includes a well-defined Veterinary Surgeons Act. The major importance of disease prevention requires more extensive knowledge of the veterinarian. Specialization has also become increasingly necessary. Especially in employment, the future offers many possibilities for veterinarians, national as well as international. In particular fields such as the Veterinary Service and the Meat Inspection Service, the monopolistic position of the veterinarian may be impaired. In the light of these facts, it should be considered whether adjustment and widening of the training in Utrecht is not desirable.", "PMID": 419509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10067", "title": "[Collective responsibility of the veterinarian (author's transl)].", "content": "It is attempted to show that there are three characteristic turning-points in the history of veterinary medicine, which have directed attention from within outwards. The responsibility of veterinary medicine in regard to public health, the development of diagnosis and treatment and the welfare of animals make it clear that veterinary medicine is an independent science having its own views on the problems concerned, resulting from its origins and purpose. The fact that these views admittedly could not be developed without co-operating with other disciplines is evidence in itself that veterinary medicine has grown up.", "contents": "[Collective responsibility of the veterinarian (author's transl)]. It is attempted to show that there are three characteristic turning-points in the history of veterinary medicine, which have directed attention from within outwards. The responsibility of veterinary medicine in regard to public health, the development of diagnosis and treatment and the welfare of animals make it clear that veterinary medicine is an independent science having its own views on the problems concerned, resulting from its origins and purpose. The fact that these views admittedly could not be developed without co-operating with other disciplines is evidence in itself that veterinary medicine has grown up.", "PMID": 419510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10068", "title": "Blood parasites of sheep in the Netherlands. I. Anaplasma mesaeterum sp.n. (Rickettsiales, Anaplasmataceae).", "content": "On two occasions an anaplasm was isolated from sheep on the Dutch island of Ameland. The organism proved to be highly pathogenic for splenectomised sheep; a non-splenectomised animal recovered spontaneously after the packed cell volume had decreased by 40%. Treatment with oxytetracycline was effective. Its pathogenicity for goats appeared to be low, and the organism was apparently not infective to splenectomised cattle. This anaplasm differs from Anaplasma ovis in that less than 30% of the organisms are marginally situated in the red cell, as against over 70% in A. ovis; cross-immunity with A. ovis was incomplete and the latter appeared to be far more pathogenic to goats than the Dutch anaplasm, for which the name Anaplasma mesaeterum sp.n. is proposed. Its ultrastructure is similar to that of A. marginale and A. ovis. The vector is either Ixodes ricinus or Haemaphysalis punctata. Its practical importance remains to be ascertained.", "contents": "Blood parasites of sheep in the Netherlands. I. Anaplasma mesaeterum sp.n. (Rickettsiales, Anaplasmataceae). On two occasions an anaplasm was isolated from sheep on the Dutch island of Ameland. The organism proved to be highly pathogenic for splenectomised sheep; a non-splenectomised animal recovered spontaneously after the packed cell volume had decreased by 40%. Treatment with oxytetracycline was effective. Its pathogenicity for goats appeared to be low, and the organism was apparently not infective to splenectomised cattle. This anaplasm differs from Anaplasma ovis in that less than 30% of the organisms are marginally situated in the red cell, as against over 70% in A. ovis; cross-immunity with A. ovis was incomplete and the latter appeared to be far more pathogenic to goats than the Dutch anaplasm, for which the name Anaplasma mesaeterum sp.n. is proposed. Its ultrastructure is similar to that of A. marginale and A. ovis. The vector is either Ixodes ricinus or Haemaphysalis punctata. Its practical importance remains to be ascertained.", "PMID": 419513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10069", "title": "Influence of ante- and peri-mortem factors on biochemical and physical characteristics of turkey breast muscle.", "content": "The course of post-mortem breakdown of glycogen and ATP in turkey pectoralis major muscle was markedly influenced by several ante- and peri-mortem variables. Application of a proper stunning procedure was highly effective in preventing peri- and post-mortem muscle stress reactions. The physiological level of glycogen and ATP was not significantly affected by road transportation covering 260 km. Birds which rested for 24 hrs following transportation had lower glycogen and ATP levels at the moment of slaughter than non-rested birds. According to the changes in the rate and extent of post-mortem biochemical reactions, several meat characteristics such as water-holding capacity, colour, and tenderness were significantly changed. Furthermore, the results also indicate that turkey breast muscle is susceptible to a PSE-like condition as described in pork.", "contents": "Influence of ante- and peri-mortem factors on biochemical and physical characteristics of turkey breast muscle. The course of post-mortem breakdown of glycogen and ATP in turkey pectoralis major muscle was markedly influenced by several ante- and peri-mortem variables. Application of a proper stunning procedure was highly effective in preventing peri- and post-mortem muscle stress reactions. The physiological level of glycogen and ATP was not significantly affected by road transportation covering 260 km. Birds which rested for 24 hrs following transportation had lower glycogen and ATP levels at the moment of slaughter than non-rested birds. According to the changes in the rate and extent of post-mortem biochemical reactions, several meat characteristics such as water-holding capacity, colour, and tenderness were significantly changed. Furthermore, the results also indicate that turkey breast muscle is susceptible to a PSE-like condition as described in pork.", "PMID": 419514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10070", "title": "Differences in mastitis susceptibility between Holstein Friesian, Dutch Friesian and Dutch Red and White cows. Correlation between parameters for mastitis and for production.", "content": "On an experimental farm 3 dairy breeds were compared with regard to mastitis by various parameters. Higher cell counts and more udder infections were present in the Dutch Red and White (DRW) in comparison with the Holstein Friesian (HF) and the Dutch Friesian (DF). Within the HF breed a negative correlation between cell count and production was established and also in this breed, a negative correlation between maximum rate of milk flow and cell count. There is no evidence that higher production and easier milking are connected with more mastitis. On the contrary, within the breeds an opposite trend appeared. Selection against mastitis does not conflict with selection for production and ease of milking. An addition trial revealed that sampling after too quick preparation of the cows before milking resulted in much higher cell counts in quarter samples. Cows which were selected for drying off with antibiotics recovered from their infection but these more susceptible animals maintained a higher cell count to a certain extent.", "contents": "Differences in mastitis susceptibility between Holstein Friesian, Dutch Friesian and Dutch Red and White cows. Correlation between parameters for mastitis and for production. On an experimental farm 3 dairy breeds were compared with regard to mastitis by various parameters. Higher cell counts and more udder infections were present in the Dutch Red and White (DRW) in comparison with the Holstein Friesian (HF) and the Dutch Friesian (DF). Within the HF breed a negative correlation between cell count and production was established and also in this breed, a negative correlation between maximum rate of milk flow and cell count. There is no evidence that higher production and easier milking are connected with more mastitis. On the contrary, within the breeds an opposite trend appeared. Selection against mastitis does not conflict with selection for production and ease of milking. An addition trial revealed that sampling after too quick preparation of the cows before milking resulted in much higher cell counts in quarter samples. Cows which were selected for drying off with antibiotics recovered from their infection but these more susceptible animals maintained a higher cell count to a certain extent.", "PMID": 419515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10071", "title": "[Passive and active immunization against feline enteritis and rhinotracheitis in experimental cats (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of passive and active immunization against feline rhinotracheitis with regard to mortality and morbidity were studied in 335 cats. Passive immunization reduced mortality from pneumonia from 5 per cent to 1 per cent. Vaccination against rhinotracheitis also reduced mortality from pneumonia from 5.3 per cent to 0 per cent and markedly reduced morbidity of these conditions.", "contents": "[Passive and active immunization against feline enteritis and rhinotracheitis in experimental cats (author's transl)]. The results of passive and active immunization against feline rhinotracheitis with regard to mortality and morbidity were studied in 335 cats. Passive immunization reduced mortality from pneumonia from 5 per cent to 1 per cent. Vaccination against rhinotracheitis also reduced mortality from pneumonia from 5.3 per cent to 0 per cent and markedly reduced morbidity of these conditions.", "PMID": 419519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10072", "title": "[The use of drugs in animal breeding, viewed in the light of the quality of the finished animal product (author's transl)].", "content": "In view of the export of foods of animal origin by the Netherlands, it is essential: --to provide guarantees that these finished products shall be free from veterinary drug residues or that any residues shall not be in excess of fixed tolerance levels; --also to adjust legislation concerning the permissibility and use of veterinary drugs and feed additives to factors stimulating the transfer to finished animal products. Adequate methods of investigation will have to be developed; --to perform adequate tests for residues of groups of veterinary drugs on inspecting finished products of animal origin. When these residues are in excess of permissible levels, stock farmers should be prosecuted for possible improper use and the product in question should be condemned; --closely to follow developments in countries to which these products are being exported and to base policies on these developments; --to achieve a high degree of harmonization between legislation concerning veterinary drugs and criteria of investigation.", "contents": "[The use of drugs in animal breeding, viewed in the light of the quality of the finished animal product (author's transl)]. In view of the export of foods of animal origin by the Netherlands, it is essential: --to provide guarantees that these finished products shall be free from veterinary drug residues or that any residues shall not be in excess of fixed tolerance levels; --also to adjust legislation concerning the permissibility and use of veterinary drugs and feed additives to factors stimulating the transfer to finished animal products. Adequate methods of investigation will have to be developed; --to perform adequate tests for residues of groups of veterinary drugs on inspecting finished products of animal origin. When these residues are in excess of permissible levels, stock farmers should be prosecuted for possible improper use and the product in question should be condemned; --closely to follow developments in countries to which these products are being exported and to base policies on these developments; --to achieve a high degree of harmonization between legislation concerning veterinary drugs and criteria of investigation.", "PMID": 419520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10073", "title": "[Stability of a number of antibiotics, coccidiostats and growth-stimulating substances during manufacture and storage of (medicated) feed pellets (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of processing and storage on the stability of a number of antibiotics, coccidiostats and growth-stimulating substances, viz. lasalocid, monensin-Na, avoparcin, olaquindox, carbadox, sulfadimidine-Na and lincomycin in (medicated) feeds was studied. Mixtures containing the additives were conditioned by steam at a temperature of 80 degrees C, and pelleted. After each stage in processing and following storage of the pellets for a month, the concentrations of antibiotics, etc., were determined and compared with the concentrations as calculated in the original feed mixtures. The results suggested that none of these substances were very susceptible to the conditions of processing applied. All samples of stored pellets were found to contain at least 90 per cent of the concentrations present in the original feed mixtures, the combined negative effects of processing and storage hardly being beyond the margin of accuracy of the analyses.", "contents": "[Stability of a number of antibiotics, coccidiostats and growth-stimulating substances during manufacture and storage of (medicated) feed pellets (author's transl)]. The effect of processing and storage on the stability of a number of antibiotics, coccidiostats and growth-stimulating substances, viz. lasalocid, monensin-Na, avoparcin, olaquindox, carbadox, sulfadimidine-Na and lincomycin in (medicated) feeds was studied. Mixtures containing the additives were conditioned by steam at a temperature of 80 degrees C, and pelleted. After each stage in processing and following storage of the pellets for a month, the concentrations of antibiotics, etc., were determined and compared with the concentrations as calculated in the original feed mixtures. The results suggested that none of these substances were very susceptible to the conditions of processing applied. All samples of stored pellets were found to contain at least 90 per cent of the concentrations present in the original feed mixtures, the combined negative effects of processing and storage hardly being beyond the margin of accuracy of the analyses.", "PMID": 419521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10074", "title": "[Effect of various preparations of iron on the growth and haemoglobin levels of newborn piglets (author's transl)].", "content": "Four preparations of iron dextran, which differed markedly in price, were compared in an experimental study. 100 or 200 mg. of iron were injected intramuscularly on the first, second or third day of life of the piglets. Differences in weight or concentration of haemoglobin were not detectable during the first eight weeks of life, neither at a dosage of 100 mg. nor at a dosage of 200 mg. of iron.", "contents": "[Effect of various preparations of iron on the growth and haemoglobin levels of newborn piglets (author's transl)]. Four preparations of iron dextran, which differed markedly in price, were compared in an experimental study. 100 or 200 mg. of iron were injected intramuscularly on the first, second or third day of life of the piglets. Differences in weight or concentration of haemoglobin were not detectable during the first eight weeks of life, neither at a dosage of 100 mg. nor at a dosage of 200 mg. of iron.", "PMID": 419522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10075", "title": "[Veterinary supervision of pig farms (author's transl)].", "content": "The structure of pig-farming has undergone considerable alterations since organized pig health care started in 1958. Despite education and improvement in a variety of fields, results have been showing a slight decrease in recent years. Veterinary supervision of pig farms should therefore be adjusted. This process of adjustment which started in the Province of North Brabant in 1965, consists of four sections, each of which is discussed. These are the system of integration, examination in the slaughter-house, supervision by the practitioner and field studies.", "contents": "[Veterinary supervision of pig farms (author's transl)]. The structure of pig-farming has undergone considerable alterations since organized pig health care started in 1958. Despite education and improvement in a variety of fields, results have been showing a slight decrease in recent years. Veterinary supervision of pig farms should therefore be adjusted. This process of adjustment which started in the Province of North Brabant in 1965, consists of four sections, each of which is discussed. These are the system of integration, examination in the slaughter-house, supervision by the practitioner and field studies.", "PMID": 419523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10076", "title": "[Epidemiological studies on Salmonella in a particular area ('Walcheren Project'). IV. The incidence of Salmonella in the sewage system, in faeces of man and pets as well as in shops, kitchens and lavatories in the village of Aagtekerke (author's transl)].", "content": "As part of the epidemiological investigations on Salmonella on the island of Walcheren, the contamination of sewage water in the village of Aagtekerke was studied over a prolonged period. These studies showed that this sewage water was frequently contaminated by large numbers of Salmonella. In the present study, efforts were made to find an answer to the question of the origins of this contamination. For this purpose, the incidence of Salmonella in the sewage system, in faeces of man and pets as well as in shops, kitchens and lavatories in the village of Aagtekerke was studied for a period of three weeks in June 1977. In addition to the findings in the sewage system (including the inlet water and effluents of the sewage works) which were positive for Salmonella, this organism was only isolated from a few faecal samples of human and animal origin. Serotyping showed that the strains isolated from human faeces were similar to those found to be present in the sewage system. This fact, in conjunction with the results of the bacterial counts. suggests that the sewage system was only contaminated by the small number of carriers. The reduction of contamination observed in the sewage system during the period of investigation could be evidence of the fact that Salmonella organisms cannot survive by themselves in an environment of this type, at least not at the temperatures recorded on collecting samples from the sewage water. Growth of organisms under more favourable conditions cannot be ruled out. An inquiry on dietary habits and kitchen hygiene of the local population showed that contamination within households. Origination with the food, is a real possibility.", "contents": "[Epidemiological studies on Salmonella in a particular area ('Walcheren Project'). IV. The incidence of Salmonella in the sewage system, in faeces of man and pets as well as in shops, kitchens and lavatories in the village of Aagtekerke (author's transl)]. As part of the epidemiological investigations on Salmonella on the island of Walcheren, the contamination of sewage water in the village of Aagtekerke was studied over a prolonged period. These studies showed that this sewage water was frequently contaminated by large numbers of Salmonella. In the present study, efforts were made to find an answer to the question of the origins of this contamination. For this purpose, the incidence of Salmonella in the sewage system, in faeces of man and pets as well as in shops, kitchens and lavatories in the village of Aagtekerke was studied for a period of three weeks in June 1977. In addition to the findings in the sewage system (including the inlet water and effluents of the sewage works) which were positive for Salmonella, this organism was only isolated from a few faecal samples of human and animal origin. Serotyping showed that the strains isolated from human faeces were similar to those found to be present in the sewage system. This fact, in conjunction with the results of the bacterial counts. suggests that the sewage system was only contaminated by the small number of carriers. The reduction of contamination observed in the sewage system during the period of investigation could be evidence of the fact that Salmonella organisms cannot survive by themselves in an environment of this type, at least not at the temperatures recorded on collecting samples from the sewage water. Growth of organisms under more favourable conditions cannot be ruled out. An inquiry on dietary habits and kitchen hygiene of the local population showed that contamination within households. Origination with the food, is a real possibility.", "PMID": 419526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10077", "title": "[Rickets-like changes in broiler chickens (author's transl)].", "content": "A disease in broiler chickens associated with rickets-like symptoms observed on post-mortem examination is described. The disease is not caused by deficiencies in the feed. Treatment with vitamin D3, calcium and phosphorus has little if any effect. There is evidence to suggest a relationship with the origin of the broilers. It also is an established fact that the disease is related to the farm. Particularly those broilers will develop rickets-like symptoms, which were housed on litter previously used for chickens with the same disease. It probably is an infectious disease. Non-purulent inflammation of the glandular stomach is constantly observed in chickens showing rickets-like symptoms. This disease is transmissible to SPF chickens. It is not clear whether this is an accidental finding or typical of this clinical picture.", "contents": "[Rickets-like changes in broiler chickens (author's transl)]. A disease in broiler chickens associated with rickets-like symptoms observed on post-mortem examination is described. The disease is not caused by deficiencies in the feed. Treatment with vitamin D3, calcium and phosphorus has little if any effect. There is evidence to suggest a relationship with the origin of the broilers. It also is an established fact that the disease is related to the farm. Particularly those broilers will develop rickets-like symptoms, which were housed on litter previously used for chickens with the same disease. It probably is an infectious disease. Non-purulent inflammation of the glandular stomach is constantly observed in chickens showing rickets-like symptoms. This disease is transmissible to SPF chickens. It is not clear whether this is an accidental finding or typical of this clinical picture.", "PMID": 419529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10078", "title": "[A survey of mastitis control, based on the number of drug containers made commercially available in the Netherlands during the period from 1971 to 1977 (author's transl)].", "content": "The figures on the number of marketed short-acting and long-acting antibiotics for the control of mastitis reported by the industry convey an impression of the mastitis situation in the Netherlands. The numbers and proportions of quarters and animals treated with short-acting antibiotics as well as the number and proportions of dry cows are reviewed. The figures suggest that the number of animals treated for acute mastitis are gradually decreasing, whereas the number of cattle treated with long-acting antibiotics in the early part of the dry period continues to be fairly constant.", "contents": "[A survey of mastitis control, based on the number of drug containers made commercially available in the Netherlands during the period from 1971 to 1977 (author's transl)]. The figures on the number of marketed short-acting and long-acting antibiotics for the control of mastitis reported by the industry convey an impression of the mastitis situation in the Netherlands. The numbers and proportions of quarters and animals treated with short-acting antibiotics as well as the number and proportions of dry cows are reviewed. The figures suggest that the number of animals treated for acute mastitis are gradually decreasing, whereas the number of cattle treated with long-acting antibiotics in the early part of the dry period continues to be fairly constant.", "PMID": 419530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10079", "title": "[Chemistry as the guide (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present paper a comprehensive review of the duties of a food chemist is presented. Three subjects in the field of food chemistry, i.e., the role of unsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition, the presence of harmful elements in foods of animal origin, and the analysis of residues and other hazardous agents, are briefly discussed to convey an impression of the problems in modern food chemistry. The reasons are stated, for which university education in food chemistry is required, and why it is useful to have a chair of food chemistry within a faculty of veterinary medicine.", "contents": "[Chemistry as the guide (author's transl)]. In the present paper a comprehensive review of the duties of a food chemist is presented. Three subjects in the field of food chemistry, i.e., the role of unsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition, the presence of harmful elements in foods of animal origin, and the analysis of residues and other hazardous agents, are briefly discussed to convey an impression of the problems in modern food chemistry. The reasons are stated, for which university education in food chemistry is required, and why it is useful to have a chair of food chemistry within a faculty of veterinary medicine.", "PMID": 419531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10080", "title": "Reconstruction of a chromosome model from its projections.", "content": "As a pilot experiment towards the reconstruction of human chromosomes from their electron microscopic projections, a chromosome model was photographed and several cross-sectional planes successfully reconstructed. Some practical constraints and conditions for this type of work are defined.", "contents": "Reconstruction of a chromosome model from its projections. As a pilot experiment towards the reconstruction of human chromosomes from their electron microscopic projections, a chromosome model was photographed and several cross-sectional planes successfully reconstructed. Some practical constraints and conditions for this type of work are defined.", "PMID": 419614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10081", "title": "[Total body computer tomography or the urogenital system (author's transl)].", "content": "Computer tomography cannot only produce transversal sections of the body, but also evaluate the x-ray absorption values of various organs and tissues. It was first used in the investigation of the brain and has influenced the use of traditional neuroradiological techniques. Computer tomography can be used in special cases of diseases of the urogenital system. It is especially helpful in the diagnosis of primary or secondary retroperitoneal processes and also for tumors of the kidney. It allows effective frequent follow up of various therapies and has no side effects. Also in the follow up of various tumors, this noninvasive technique can demonstrate possible recurrences. It appears however that the total body computer tomography will not replace traditional radiological technique. During treatment and follow up of malignant tumors of the urogenital system however it appears very helpful.", "contents": "[Total body computer tomography or the urogenital system (author's transl)]. Computer tomography cannot only produce transversal sections of the body, but also evaluate the x-ray absorption values of various organs and tissues. It was first used in the investigation of the brain and has influenced the use of traditional neuroradiological techniques. Computer tomography can be used in special cases of diseases of the urogenital system. It is especially helpful in the diagnosis of primary or secondary retroperitoneal processes and also for tumors of the kidney. It allows effective frequent follow up of various therapies and has no side effects. Also in the follow up of various tumors, this noninvasive technique can demonstrate possible recurrences. It appears however that the total body computer tomography will not replace traditional radiological technique. During treatment and follow up of malignant tumors of the urogenital system however it appears very helpful.", "PMID": 419633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10082", "title": "[Indications for surgical treatment of urotuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of the finding of specific antibodies in urotuberculosis and its importance for surgical indications are emphasized. The various antibodies and their evaluation in the followup of urotuberculosis are described. Case reports are given to show the value of the immunology in tuberculosis for the surgical selection of patients.", "contents": "[Indications for surgical treatment of urotuberculosis (author's transl)]. The importance of the finding of specific antibodies in urotuberculosis and its importance for surgical indications are emphasized. The various antibodies and their evaluation in the followup of urotuberculosis are described. Case reports are given to show the value of the immunology in tuberculosis for the surgical selection of patients.", "PMID": 419634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10083", "title": "[Complications following ureteroneocystostomy without antireflux technique in the adult (author's transl)].", "content": "65 adult patients subjected to direct uretero-vesical implantation without the use of a recognized antirefluxing technique were followed up to 9 years. Good results could be achieved in 90.8%, whereas failures were mainly due to radiation damage and malignant tumors. A postoperative stenosis was observed five times. Reflux was demonstrable in 7 cases, of which, however, only one was of pathologic significance.", "contents": "[Complications following ureteroneocystostomy without antireflux technique in the adult (author's transl)]. 65 adult patients subjected to direct uretero-vesical implantation without the use of a recognized antirefluxing technique were followed up to 9 years. Good results could be achieved in 90.8%, whereas failures were mainly due to radiation damage and malignant tumors. A postoperative stenosis was observed five times. Reflux was demonstrable in 7 cases, of which, however, only one was of pathologic significance.", "PMID": 419635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10084", "title": "[Endometriosis of the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "Endometriosis of the left kidney complicated by urolithiasis is described. This represents the tenth case in the world literature of kidney endometriosis. The most common symptom is low back pain. Macroscopic hematuria was only present in half the cases. The preoperative radiological findings have been interpreted as tumor in four cases, contracted, pyelonephritic kidney in two cases and congenital abnormalities in two cases.", "contents": "[Endometriosis of the kidney (author's transl)]. Endometriosis of the left kidney complicated by urolithiasis is described. This represents the tenth case in the world literature of kidney endometriosis. The most common symptom is low back pain. Macroscopic hematuria was only present in half the cases. The preoperative radiological findings have been interpreted as tumor in four cases, contracted, pyelonephritic kidney in two cases and congenital abnormalities in two cases.", "PMID": 419636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10085", "title": "[Fistulas between bowel and urinary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1968 to 1977, 21 patients were observed who had fistulas between the bowel and the urinary tract. Except in five patients, fistulas were located vesicointestinally. The main etiologic factors were inflammatory lesions of the bowel, especially diverticulitis and appendicitis. All patients had symptoms relating to the urinary tract, mainly recurrent urinary infection with dysuria. On the average, nine months passed until the fistula was diagnosed. Urethrocystoscopy proved to be the most valuable aid in diagnosing intestinovesical fistulas, the fistulous opening was thus seen in 11 patients. Thirteen patients were treated by operation and eight by conservative treatment only. In the conservatively treated group, two fistulas healed spontaneously. Fistulas based on diverticulitis from the sigma were treated using a multiple stage procedure. No complications were observed.", "contents": "[Fistulas between bowel and urinary tract (author's transl)]. From 1968 to 1977, 21 patients were observed who had fistulas between the bowel and the urinary tract. Except in five patients, fistulas were located vesicointestinally. The main etiologic factors were inflammatory lesions of the bowel, especially diverticulitis and appendicitis. All patients had symptoms relating to the urinary tract, mainly recurrent urinary infection with dysuria. On the average, nine months passed until the fistula was diagnosed. Urethrocystoscopy proved to be the most valuable aid in diagnosing intestinovesical fistulas, the fistulous opening was thus seen in 11 patients. Thirteen patients were treated by operation and eight by conservative treatment only. In the conservatively treated group, two fistulas healed spontaneously. Fistulas based on diverticulitis from the sigma were treated using a multiple stage procedure. No complications were observed.", "PMID": 419637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10086", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of postoperative fistulas of the urinary tract (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is demonstrated in which an indwelling intravenous catheter was pushed by mistake via V. subclavia and the right heart into the V. cava inf. There the catheter perforated the wall of the V. cava. The continued infusion induced a cystic retroperitoneal tumor. The puncture of this tumor was followed by a fistula that was misinterpreted as a fistula of the urinary tract.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of postoperative fistulas of the urinary tract (author's transl)]. A case is demonstrated in which an indwelling intravenous catheter was pushed by mistake via V. subclavia and the right heart into the V. cava inf. There the catheter perforated the wall of the V. cava. The continued infusion induced a cystic retroperitoneal tumor. The puncture of this tumor was followed by a fistula that was misinterpreted as a fistula of the urinary tract.", "PMID": 419638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10087", "title": "[(Semi-)open renal biopsy: a new instrument (author's transl)].", "content": "A new instrument for (semi-)open renal biopsies is presented. The advantages of this instrument are proved in animal experiments. Histopathological studies in animal and human renal tissues have shown the efficiency of the biopsies.", "contents": "[(Semi-)open renal biopsy: a new instrument (author's transl)]. A new instrument for (semi-)open renal biopsies is presented. The advantages of this instrument are proved in animal experiments. Histopathological studies in animal and human renal tissues have shown the efficiency of the biopsies.", "PMID": 419639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10088", "title": "[Carbon polymer stomata in vesicostomy and other urinary diversion procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "Implants of pure carbon are ideal for prosteses because of their tissue acceptability and lack of incrustation. Animal experiments with biocarbon implants were tested as subfascial implantations, coeco-, ileo-, and vesicostomies, (n = 37). The results showed lack of reaction and good healing of the stomata, lack of incrustation, and water tight urinary diversion. Based on these animal experiments biocarbon vesicostomies were carried out successfully in six patients. The follow up period was 3--16 months.", "contents": "[Carbon polymer stomata in vesicostomy and other urinary diversion procedures (author's transl)]. Implants of pure carbon are ideal for prosteses because of their tissue acceptability and lack of incrustation. Animal experiments with biocarbon implants were tested as subfascial implantations, coeco-, ileo-, and vesicostomies, (n = 37). The results showed lack of reaction and good healing of the stomata, lack of incrustation, and water tight urinary diversion. Based on these animal experiments biocarbon vesicostomies were carried out successfully in six patients. The follow up period was 3--16 months.", "PMID": 419640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10089", "title": "[Renal hypothermia in situ. Comparison between surface and perfusion cooling concerning renal function in pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "There are 2 competing methods for cooling the kidney in situ during surgical ischemia: from without by applying ice to the renal surface and from within by perfusing the renal artery. The latter procedure is said to be superior in protecting renal function. Herein the protective effect on renal function of both methods are compared. Pigs of 15--25 kg weight underwent nephrectomy on one side. The remaining kidney was subjected to cold ischemia during 90 minutes while perfusion- or surface cooling was performed. For perfusion cooling the aorta was punctured and the catheter introduced into the renal artery. The perfusing liquid consisted of a physiologic electrolyt solution (Ringer-Lactate) with heparin kept at a temperature of 3--5 degrees C. The initial perfusion lasted 10 minutes and resulted in a median renal core temperature of 23 degrees C. Then the kidney was put on a cooling pad and every 15 minutes again perfused for one minute. For surface cooling sterile melting ice made of glucose solution 5% was applied directly to the kidney. The renal core temperature could be kept at 15--20 degrees C. The two methods of hypothermia were judged by comparing the serum creatinine levels and the I131-hippuran clearances one month after surgery. There was no difference whatever as analysed by the t-test. Hypothermia by applying ice to the renal surface therefore proved to be equivalent to hypothermia by perfusion. Moreover it is much simpler.", "contents": "[Renal hypothermia in situ. Comparison between surface and perfusion cooling concerning renal function in pigs (author's transl)]. There are 2 competing methods for cooling the kidney in situ during surgical ischemia: from without by applying ice to the renal surface and from within by perfusing the renal artery. The latter procedure is said to be superior in protecting renal function. Herein the protective effect on renal function of both methods are compared. Pigs of 15--25 kg weight underwent nephrectomy on one side. The remaining kidney was subjected to cold ischemia during 90 minutes while perfusion- or surface cooling was performed. For perfusion cooling the aorta was punctured and the catheter introduced into the renal artery. The perfusing liquid consisted of a physiologic electrolyt solution (Ringer-Lactate) with heparin kept at a temperature of 3--5 degrees C. The initial perfusion lasted 10 minutes and resulted in a median renal core temperature of 23 degrees C. Then the kidney was put on a cooling pad and every 15 minutes again perfused for one minute. For surface cooling sterile melting ice made of glucose solution 5% was applied directly to the kidney. The renal core temperature could be kept at 15--20 degrees C. The two methods of hypothermia were judged by comparing the serum creatinine levels and the I131-hippuran clearances one month after surgery. There was no difference whatever as analysed by the t-test. Hypothermia by applying ice to the renal surface therefore proved to be equivalent to hypothermia by perfusion. Moreover it is much simpler.", "PMID": 419641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10090", "title": "[Aspects of the biological activity of thiochrome].", "content": "The influence of thiochrome on the lipids metabolism in animals fed on a usual vivarium ration or synthetic thiamine-free diet carrying as a fat component 18 per cent of oleic acid was investigated. Under conditions of an ordinary vivarium ration thiochrome acted as a weak antivitamin and changed the lipids metabolism rates, like this is done by oxythiamine. When superimposed on an oleate-containing, thiochrome displayed a slightly pronounced vitaminic properties, while its influence on the individual study lipids metabolism rates was somewhat similar to that exerted by thiamine. It is suggested that the effect of thiochrome on the lipids metabolism is not related to the coenzymatic function of thiamine.", "contents": "[Aspects of the biological activity of thiochrome]. The influence of thiochrome on the lipids metabolism in animals fed on a usual vivarium ration or synthetic thiamine-free diet carrying as a fat component 18 per cent of oleic acid was investigated. Under conditions of an ordinary vivarium ration thiochrome acted as a weak antivitamin and changed the lipids metabolism rates, like this is done by oxythiamine. When superimposed on an oleate-containing, thiochrome displayed a slightly pronounced vitaminic properties, while its influence on the individual study lipids metabolism rates was somewhat similar to that exerted by thiamine. It is suggested that the effect of thiochrome on the lipids metabolism is not related to the coenzymatic function of thiamine.", "PMID": 419723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10091", "title": "[Effect of component 5 of the proteose-peptone fraction of milk on blood circulation indices].", "content": "Under study was the influence exerted by peroral administration of component 5 of the proteosoic-peptone milk fraction on the pulse rate, arterial pressure and cerebral circulation in dogs with the subcutaneously exteriorized carotid and under a functional load on the central nervous system (with photostimulation used as a load). The resulting data on the slowing down of the cardiac contractions rhythm and diminished reaction on the level of the minimum pressure and the stroke volume of the cerebral blood flow in response to the functional load testify to a certain regulating effect exerted by component 5 on the circulation, when the central nervous system is subjected to a functional load.", "contents": "[Effect of component 5 of the proteose-peptone fraction of milk on blood circulation indices]. Under study was the influence exerted by peroral administration of component 5 of the proteosoic-peptone milk fraction on the pulse rate, arterial pressure and cerebral circulation in dogs with the subcutaneously exteriorized carotid and under a functional load on the central nervous system (with photostimulation used as a load). The resulting data on the slowing down of the cardiac contractions rhythm and diminished reaction on the level of the minimum pressure and the stroke volume of the cerebral blood flow in response to the functional load testify to a certain regulating effect exerted by component 5 on the circulation, when the central nervous system is subjected to a functional load.", "PMID": 419722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10092", "title": "[Effect of rations with qualitatively varying carbohydrates on lipid metabolic indices in the liver, blood and bile].", "content": "In tests conducted on rats the process of eliminating the endogenous formed lipids with bile was studied and the discovered changes were contrasted against the lipids metabolism disorders in the liver and blood of the animals receiving rations with differing quantitative and qualitative content of carbohydrates. A balanced ration with saccharose led to a higher quantity and radioactivity of the total lipids and triglycerides in the liver and blood. In the bile a fall in the level of the cholic acid, cholesterol and the lipid complex and an increased radioactivity in the composition of the lipids complex, cholesterol and phospholipids were observed. A ration with an elevated level of starch did not upset the lipids metabolism in the liver and blood. In the bile the lipids complex decreased, the quantity of cholic acid increased, while the radioactivity in the lipids complex and phospholipids was rising. A carbohydrate-rich ration with saccharose raised the content of total lipids, triglycerides and of the ether-bound blood cholesterol and their radioactivity. The described diet resulted in an increased amount of the bile and in a drop therein of the level of the lipids complex, cholesterol and phospholipids and in an accrued radioactivity in them.", "contents": "[Effect of rations with qualitatively varying carbohydrates on lipid metabolic indices in the liver, blood and bile]. In tests conducted on rats the process of eliminating the endogenous formed lipids with bile was studied and the discovered changes were contrasted against the lipids metabolism disorders in the liver and blood of the animals receiving rations with differing quantitative and qualitative content of carbohydrates. A balanced ration with saccharose led to a higher quantity and radioactivity of the total lipids and triglycerides in the liver and blood. In the bile a fall in the level of the cholic acid, cholesterol and the lipid complex and an increased radioactivity in the composition of the lipids complex, cholesterol and phospholipids were observed. A ration with an elevated level of starch did not upset the lipids metabolism in the liver and blood. In the bile the lipids complex decreased, the quantity of cholic acid increased, while the radioactivity in the lipids complex and phospholipids was rising. A carbohydrate-rich ration with saccharose raised the content of total lipids, triglycerides and of the ether-bound blood cholesterol and their radioactivity. The described diet resulted in an increased amount of the bile and in a drop therein of the level of the lipids complex, cholesterol and phospholipids and in an accrued radioactivity in them.", "PMID": 419725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10093", "title": "[Effect on the body of rats of rations varying in protein content in acrylomitrile poisoning].", "content": "The effect of protein of isocaloric rations (10, 18 and 30 per cent of the total calorific value) differing in its proportion on the course of a subacute poisoning provoked by the acrylic acid nitrile (AAN) in a concentration of 9.7 +/- 2.8 mg/m3 was studied. A comparative study of the results obtained showed that a protein-rich ration produced a more pronounced protective effect. Against its background the AAN metabolites were eliminated from the organism more intensively. This effect could have been occasioned by an excessive supply to the organism together with the additional protein of free sulphur and of SH-group necessary for rendering the cyanides harmless. Considering the results obtained and with the view of a more effective prevention of the AAN poisoning it is advisable to recommend providing workers with a protein-rich medico-prophylactic ration containing an assortment of food products rich in sulphur-containing elements.", "contents": "[Effect on the body of rats of rations varying in protein content in acrylomitrile poisoning]. The effect of protein of isocaloric rations (10, 18 and 30 per cent of the total calorific value) differing in its proportion on the course of a subacute poisoning provoked by the acrylic acid nitrile (AAN) in a concentration of 9.7 +/- 2.8 mg/m3 was studied. A comparative study of the results obtained showed that a protein-rich ration produced a more pronounced protective effect. Against its background the AAN metabolites were eliminated from the organism more intensively. This effect could have been occasioned by an excessive supply to the organism together with the additional protein of free sulphur and of SH-group necessary for rendering the cyanides harmless. Considering the results obtained and with the view of a more effective prevention of the AAN poisoning it is advisable to recommend providing workers with a protein-rich medico-prophylactic ration containing an assortment of food products rich in sulphur-containing elements.", "PMID": 419726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10094", "title": "[Change in the exocrine function of the liver after cholecystectomy under the influence of diet therapy].", "content": "In patients with sustained cholecystectomy the content of the basic bile components (cholesterol, cholic acid, total phosphorus) was measured. The cholate-cholesterol coefficient, enabling it to a certain degree to evaluate the lithogeneity of the bile, was calculated. The cholesterol concentration in the serum and bile was contrasted. A total of 104 patients were examined at different post-operative periodss and it was found that in 70 per cent of them the bile was not oversaturated with cholesterol. Two variants of the No. 5 diet were used--the sparing and fatty, differing in the amount of fat and carbohydrates. Under the effect of the No. 5 sparing diet a reduced serum cholesterol concentration was noted along with a noticeable rise of the cholic acid content in the bile with a not too brusque rise of the cholesterol level therein, which led to an increase of the cholate-cholesterol coefficient. Against the background of the treatment with a No. 5 fat diet in evidence was a diminution of the serum cholesterol content, a clearcut fall in the cholesteroland cholic acid concentration in the bile with a continuing fairly high cholate-chole sterol coefficient.", "contents": "[Change in the exocrine function of the liver after cholecystectomy under the influence of diet therapy]. In patients with sustained cholecystectomy the content of the basic bile components (cholesterol, cholic acid, total phosphorus) was measured. The cholate-cholesterol coefficient, enabling it to a certain degree to evaluate the lithogeneity of the bile, was calculated. The cholesterol concentration in the serum and bile was contrasted. A total of 104 patients were examined at different post-operative periodss and it was found that in 70 per cent of them the bile was not oversaturated with cholesterol. Two variants of the No. 5 diet were used--the sparing and fatty, differing in the amount of fat and carbohydrates. Under the effect of the No. 5 sparing diet a reduced serum cholesterol concentration was noted along with a noticeable rise of the cholic acid content in the bile with a not too brusque rise of the cholesterol level therein, which led to an increase of the cholate-cholesterol coefficient. Against the background of the treatment with a No. 5 fat diet in evidence was a diminution of the serum cholesterol content, a clearcut fall in the cholesteroland cholic acid concentration in the bile with a continuing fairly high cholate-chole sterol coefficient.", "PMID": 419728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10095", "title": "[Determination of the vitamin E in fish and fish products].", "content": "To measure the tocopherols content in fish and fishery products conditions of analysis permitting the utilization of the Emmiry-Engel method were selected. Subsequent to a comparative investigation, a system of solvents was sorted out with which in column chromatography using aluminium oxide the most complete separation of tocopherols from compounds hindering colourimetric determination could be achieved. The procedures used in determinations and data on the tocopherols content in 27 species of fish, fishery products and others are given.", "contents": "[Determination of the vitamin E in fish and fish products]. To measure the tocopherols content in fish and fishery products conditions of analysis permitting the utilization of the Emmiry-Engel method were selected. Subsequent to a comparative investigation, a system of solvents was sorted out with which in column chromatography using aluminium oxide the most complete separation of tocopherols from compounds hindering colourimetric determination could be achieved. The procedures used in determinations and data on the tocopherols content in 27 species of fish, fishery products and others are given.", "PMID": 419730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10096", "title": "[Isolation of the core of Dane particles from donor blood].", "content": "Ultracentrifugation in a flow rotor was used for partial purification and concentration of Dane particles from the plasma of donors, carriers of HBsAg. Subsequent purification was achieved by centrifugation in sucrose and cesium chloride density gradients. The iodinized inner component of Dane particles formed a peak in the zone of density typical of HBsAg localization. The specificity of the antigen was confirmed by the radioimmunologic method.", "contents": "[Isolation of the core of Dane particles from donor blood]. Ultracentrifugation in a flow rotor was used for partial purification and concentration of Dane particles from the plasma of donors, carriers of HBsAg. Subsequent purification was achieved by centrifugation in sucrose and cesium chloride density gradients. The iodinized inner component of Dane particles formed a peak in the zone of density typical of HBsAg localization. The specificity of the antigen was confirmed by the radioimmunologic method.", "PMID": 419734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10097", "title": "[Action of biotin-pyridoxine complex on the development of experimental atherosclerosis].", "content": "Investigations were conducted in two series of tests on 40 rabbits. In the first series a selection of the optimal dose of the vitamins was made and in the II series the action of the optimal dose of the biotin-pyridoxine complex was studied. Each test series included 2 control groups of the animals. The biotin-pyridoxine complex (in doses of 80 gamma and 3.2 mg per 1 kg of the body mass) was shown to exert an inhibitory action on the development of experimental atherosclerosis.", "contents": "[Action of biotin-pyridoxine complex on the development of experimental atherosclerosis]. Investigations were conducted in two series of tests on 40 rabbits. In the first series a selection of the optimal dose of the vitamins was made and in the II series the action of the optimal dose of the biotin-pyridoxine complex was studied. Each test series included 2 control groups of the animals. The biotin-pyridoxine complex (in doses of 80 gamma and 3.2 mg per 1 kg of the body mass) was shown to exert an inhibitory action on the development of experimental atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 419724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10098", "title": "[Effect of the casein content in the feed on the growth and state of the nitrogen balance of white rats].", "content": "Investigations conducted on albino rats of the Wistar line established a marked relation between the growth rate, consumption of food and the nitrogen balance, on the one hand, and the proteins content in the feeding stuff, on the other. Then the maximum consumption and the gain of body mass was observed with 22--25 per cent of the casein protein content.", "contents": "[Effect of the casein content in the feed on the growth and state of the nitrogen balance of white rats]. Investigations conducted on albino rats of the Wistar line established a marked relation between the growth rate, consumption of food and the nitrogen balance, on the one hand, and the proteins content in the feeding stuff, on the other. Then the maximum consumption and the gain of body mass was observed with 22--25 per cent of the casein protein content.", "PMID": 419721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10099", "title": "[Change in the sterol and phospholipid makeup during the hydrothermal processing of buckwheat grain].", "content": "The effect of different modes of the hydrothermal treatment of buckwheat and of the grit cooking on a change in the composition of sterols and phospholipids was investigated. While not changing the qualitative composition of sterols and phospholipids, the hydrothermal and culinary treatment was found to produce some changes in the correlation of their individual fractions.", "contents": "[Change in the sterol and phospholipid makeup during the hydrothermal processing of buckwheat grain]. The effect of different modes of the hydrothermal treatment of buckwheat and of the grit cooking on a change in the composition of sterols and phospholipids was investigated. While not changing the qualitative composition of sterols and phospholipids, the hydrothermal and culinary treatment was found to produce some changes in the correlation of their individual fractions.", "PMID": 419731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10100", "title": "[Experience with computer utilization in organizing rational nutrition].", "content": "A number of algorhythms and programmes in the language \"Algol-60\" are proposed. On the ground of a balanced assortment of products and a \"library of courses\" corresponding to it is possible to formulate optimal nutrition rations for a definite designed period of time (1, 2, 3 weeks, etc). From the given rations one may compile a menu for any pre-set number of meals per day, to obtain information on the chemical composition of the ration, its cost, calorific value in weight units, as well as on the amount and kinds of products entering the ration.", "contents": "[Experience with computer utilization in organizing rational nutrition]. A number of algorhythms and programmes in the language \"Algol-60\" are proposed. On the ground of a balanced assortment of products and a \"library of courses\" corresponding to it is possible to formulate optimal nutrition rations for a definite designed period of time (1, 2, 3 weeks, etc). From the given rations one may compile a menu for any pre-set number of meals per day, to obtain information on the chemical composition of the ration, its cost, calorific value in weight units, as well as on the amount and kinds of products entering the ration.", "PMID": 419732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10101", "title": "[Experience in creating a card file of reference publications on foreign institutions working in the field of the science of nutrition].", "content": "Work on detecting reference publications on foreign scientific institutions active in the domain of nutritional science is summed up. Information on reference books and guides embracing scientific and research establishments of the whole world, individual countries and also on the guides containing information on international bodies and prominent figures in nutritional science is offered.", "contents": "[Experience in creating a card file of reference publications on foreign institutions working in the field of the science of nutrition]. Work on detecting reference publications on foreign scientific institutions active in the domain of nutritional science is summed up. Information on reference books and guides embracing scientific and research establishments of the whole world, individual countries and also on the guides containing information on international bodies and prominent figures in nutritional science is offered.", "PMID": 419733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10102", "title": "[HB antigen e in acute hepatitis B].", "content": "The presence of HBe-antigen and antibody to it was determined in 233 subjects, including patients with acute hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis, and asymptomatic carriers of HBs-antigen. Preliminary concentration of blood sera was shown to increase the frequency of the e antigen detection in patients with acute hepatitis B to 33.3%, and in carriers to 1.7%. In parallel studies, no antibody to the e antigen was found in the acute period of hepatitis B. A direct correlation was found to exist between e-antigenemia and the severity of hepatitis B, with the exception of fatal outcomes. No significant differences in the frequency of the e antigen detection by sex, age of the patients, and titers of HBs-antigen in acute hepatitis B were established.", "contents": "[HB antigen e in acute hepatitis B]. The presence of HBe-antigen and antibody to it was determined in 233 subjects, including patients with acute hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis, and asymptomatic carriers of HBs-antigen. Preliminary concentration of blood sera was shown to increase the frequency of the e antigen detection in patients with acute hepatitis B to 33.3%, and in carriers to 1.7%. In parallel studies, no antibody to the e antigen was found in the acute period of hepatitis B. A direct correlation was found to exist between e-antigenemia and the severity of hepatitis B, with the exception of fatal outcomes. No significant differences in the frequency of the e antigen detection by sex, age of the patients, and titers of HBs-antigen in acute hepatitis B were established.", "PMID": 419736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10103", "title": "[Method of isolating the surface antigen of hepatitis B].", "content": "Hepatitis B antigen was isolated from HBs-positive human blood. A method of precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used for concentration of HBs-antigen. The regularities of HBs-antigen precipitation were studied, and the degree of HBs-antigen precipitation increased with an increase of the molecular mass and concentration of PEG. Optimal precipitation conditions were selected, and the precipitation was found to go selectively and with large yields in an acid medium at pH 4.5. As a result of employment of a set of physico-chemical methods, highly purified HBs-antigen was isolated.", "contents": "[Method of isolating the surface antigen of hepatitis B]. Hepatitis B antigen was isolated from HBs-positive human blood. A method of precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used for concentration of HBs-antigen. The regularities of HBs-antigen precipitation were studied, and the degree of HBs-antigen precipitation increased with an increase of the molecular mass and concentration of PEG. Optimal precipitation conditions were selected, and the precipitation was found to go selectively and with large yields in an acid medium at pH 4.5. As a result of employment of a set of physico-chemical methods, highly purified HBs-antigen was isolated.", "PMID": 419737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10104", "title": "[Biological value of new canned baby foods stabilized with various types of starch].", "content": "The nature of influence produced by native and modified starches on the biological value of new baby food homogenized canned meat of the \"Kroshka\" type was studied. Experiments on animals have found the stabilization of the structure of approbated canned goods modified with phosphate starches, such as maze, amylopectin and potato (TY 18 RSFSR 279-73) ones, causes lowering of the biological value of the product by comparison with analogous native starches.", "contents": "[Biological value of new canned baby foods stabilized with various types of starch]. The nature of influence produced by native and modified starches on the biological value of new baby food homogenized canned meat of the \"Kroshka\" type was studied. Experiments on animals have found the stabilization of the structure of approbated canned goods modified with phosphate starches, such as maze, amylopectin and potato (TY 18 RSFSR 279-73) ones, causes lowering of the biological value of the product by comparison with analogous native starches.", "PMID": 419729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10105", "title": "[Physical characteristics of human adenovirus type 6].", "content": "The size, chemical composition and the buoyant density of the virion, sedimentation and diffusion constants of human adenovirus type 6 were determined. The molecular mass of the virion was calculated on the basis of the values of sedimentation and diffusion constants and electron microscopy data.", "contents": "[Physical characteristics of human adenovirus type 6]. The size, chemical composition and the buoyant density of the virion, sedimentation and diffusion constants of human adenovirus type 6 were determined. The molecular mass of the virion was calculated on the basis of the values of sedimentation and diffusion constants and electron microscopy data.", "PMID": 419739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10106", "title": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, a syndrome associated with asthma, manifests with transient pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia and can progress to severe proximal bronchiectasis, bronchocentric granulomatosis and pulmonary fibrosis. Early recognition and treatment should favorably influence these complications. Use of the precipitins test with Aspergillus antigens as a screening procedure has identified 99 possible cases in California over a 50-month period. At least 44 cases have been confirmed; and demographic analysis shows that a preponderance of them involved patients less than 35 years old, occurred in farming and rural communities and were discovered in the months of September through February.", "contents": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, a syndrome associated with asthma, manifests with transient pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia and can progress to severe proximal bronchiectasis, bronchocentric granulomatosis and pulmonary fibrosis. Early recognition and treatment should favorably influence these complications. Use of the precipitins test with Aspergillus antigens as a screening procedure has identified 99 possible cases in California over a 50-month period. At least 44 cases have been confirmed; and demographic analysis shows that a preponderance of them involved patients less than 35 years old, occurred in farming and rural communities and were discovered in the months of September through February.", "PMID": 419747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10107", "title": "[Effect of the tick-borne encephalitis virus on the chromosomes and cell division in different cell cultures].", "content": "The mutagenic effect of tick-borne encephalitis virus (the Pan strain) was studied in chick embryo cells, Syrian hamster kidney cells and pig embryo kidney (SPEV) cell cultures showing different sensitivities to this virus. The dynamics of formation and types of chromosome damages were shown to be different in latent, subacute and acute forms of infection. Virus-induced chromosome aberrations appeared in the period of termination of the virus reproduction cycle. Differences in the effect of tick-borne encephalitis virus on the synthesis of nuclear DNA in chick embryo and SPEV cells were demonstrated. The experimental results suggest that a temporary increase of the mitotic activity observed in the inoculated cultures was due both to a delay of cells in one of the stages of the mitotic cycle (chick embryo and SPEV cells) and to a temporary stimulation of DNA synthesis (SPEV cells).", "contents": "[Effect of the tick-borne encephalitis virus on the chromosomes and cell division in different cell cultures]. The mutagenic effect of tick-borne encephalitis virus (the Pan strain) was studied in chick embryo cells, Syrian hamster kidney cells and pig embryo kidney (SPEV) cell cultures showing different sensitivities to this virus. The dynamics of formation and types of chromosome damages were shown to be different in latent, subacute and acute forms of infection. Virus-induced chromosome aberrations appeared in the period of termination of the virus reproduction cycle. Differences in the effect of tick-borne encephalitis virus on the synthesis of nuclear DNA in chick embryo and SPEV cells were demonstrated. The experimental results suggest that a temporary increase of the mitotic activity observed in the inoculated cultures was due both to a delay of cells in one of the stages of the mitotic cycle (chick embryo and SPEV cells) and to a temporary stimulation of DNA synthesis (SPEV cells).", "PMID": 419740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10108", "title": "[One year experience in the public hospital in Linz/Austria (author's transl)].", "content": "222 coronary angiographies were performed in a new established laboratory in the medical division of the public hospital in Linz (Austria) from May 1977 to May 1978. Indications, method, complications and results are presented.", "contents": "[One year experience in the public hospital in Linz/Austria (author's transl)]. 222 coronary angiographies were performed in a new established laboratory in the medical division of the public hospital in Linz (Austria) from May 1977 to May 1978. Indications, method, complications and results are presented.", "PMID": 419762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10109", "title": "[The effect of hexestrol on the breast in climacteric women (author's transl)].", "content": "In 176 women hexestrol was substituted during 12 month or longer after ovarectomy and hysterectomy. Changes of the breast were watched by mammography and plate-thermography during hexestrol treatment. Also blood cagulation was examined. No differencies were found between these women and 179 women of a control group. In the authors opinion the substitution of hexestrol is justified further on in climacteric periods.", "contents": "[The effect of hexestrol on the breast in climacteric women (author's transl)]. In 176 women hexestrol was substituted during 12 month or longer after ovarectomy and hysterectomy. Changes of the breast were watched by mammography and plate-thermography during hexestrol treatment. Also blood cagulation was examined. No differencies were found between these women and 179 women of a control group. In the authors opinion the substitution of hexestrol is justified further on in climacteric periods.", "PMID": 419761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10110", "title": "[Age distribution of the incidence and immune structure of the pediatric population in epidemic parotitis].", "content": "An increase in the incidence of epidemic mumps among children is observed at 1 year, the highest incidence is found in the age group of 3--4 years which clearly correlates with the immunological status of the examined children. Antihemagglutinins to epidemic mumps virus have been found in 76.3% of infants at the age of 0 to 3 months, the minimal number of seropositives (36.2%) is observed at 7--9 months of age. Beginning at 10 months of age the percentage of seropositives increases reaching maximum (92.4--94.2%) in the age group of 6--7 years, after which the immune portion reaches stable 90.0%. The optimal age for vaccination is believed to be 1 year.", "contents": "[Age distribution of the incidence and immune structure of the pediatric population in epidemic parotitis]. An increase in the incidence of epidemic mumps among children is observed at 1 year, the highest incidence is found in the age group of 3--4 years which clearly correlates with the immunological status of the examined children. Antihemagglutinins to epidemic mumps virus have been found in 76.3% of infants at the age of 0 to 3 months, the minimal number of seropositives (36.2%) is observed at 7--9 months of age. Beginning at 10 months of age the percentage of seropositives increases reaching maximum (92.4--94.2%) in the age group of 6--7 years, after which the immune portion reaches stable 90.0%. The optimal age for vaccination is believed to be 1 year.", "PMID": 419741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10111", "title": "[Pathomorphological characteristics of the experimental infection in animals infected with viruses of the rabies antigenic group].", "content": "Comparison of pathomorphological lesions in the brains of white mice inoculated with viruses isolated in Africa from shrews, in America from bats, in Czechoslovakia from rodents (6 strains) and classified into the rabies group, with those observed in the same animal species infected with street rabies virus and virus of human acute encephalomyelitis (HAE) established the peculiar features of the reactive processes distinguishing these infections from each other. In contrast to the reactions after inoculation with street rabies virus and HAE, 24 hours after inoculation of white mice with Lagos bat, Ib An 27 377, 297 BF, 548 BF, 808 BF, 482 SG, 598 SG, and 638 SG strains hemorrhagic foci were observed; within 48 hours multiple perivascular cuffs were formed in the brain, and degeneration of the Ammon horn down to its disappearance and formation of multiple voids in the brain tissue were observed. Cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons of the cerebrum cortex and Ammon horn in the form of small paired formations with a pinpoint basophilic granule inside could be detected 24 hours postinfection. Later in the disease, the number of inclusions found diminished sharply.", "contents": "[Pathomorphological characteristics of the experimental infection in animals infected with viruses of the rabies antigenic group]. Comparison of pathomorphological lesions in the brains of white mice inoculated with viruses isolated in Africa from shrews, in America from bats, in Czechoslovakia from rodents (6 strains) and classified into the rabies group, with those observed in the same animal species infected with street rabies virus and virus of human acute encephalomyelitis (HAE) established the peculiar features of the reactive processes distinguishing these infections from each other. In contrast to the reactions after inoculation with street rabies virus and HAE, 24 hours after inoculation of white mice with Lagos bat, Ib An 27 377, 297 BF, 548 BF, 808 BF, 482 SG, 598 SG, and 638 SG strains hemorrhagic foci were observed; within 48 hours multiple perivascular cuffs were formed in the brain, and degeneration of the Ammon horn down to its disappearance and formation of multiple voids in the brain tissue were observed. Cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons of the cerebrum cortex and Ammon horn in the form of small paired formations with a pinpoint basophilic granule inside could be detected 24 hours postinfection. Later in the disease, the number of inclusions found diminished sharply.", "PMID": 419743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10112", "title": "[Laboratory studies of an epidemic outbreak caused by influenza A1 viruses].", "content": "Virological and serological studies of an epidemic influenza outbreak in December, 1977, carried out in the clinical department of D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of the USSR AMS established the disease to have been caused by influenza Al viruses. The marked incidence of the disease among younger age groups was due to a low humoral immunity level to the strains which had circulated before the young people's birth. The reduced effectiveness of protection by antibody against viruses which had caused influenza disease 20--30 years ago was conducive to the spread of influenza Al cases among middle-aged and senile population.", "contents": "[Laboratory studies of an epidemic outbreak caused by influenza A1 viruses]. Virological and serological studies of an epidemic influenza outbreak in December, 1977, carried out in the clinical department of D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of the USSR AMS established the disease to have been caused by influenza Al viruses. The marked incidence of the disease among younger age groups was due to a low humoral immunity level to the strains which had circulated before the young people's birth. The reduced effectiveness of protection by antibody against viruses which had caused influenza disease 20--30 years ago was conducive to the spread of influenza Al cases among middle-aged and senile population.", "PMID": 419738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10113", "title": "[Use of the immunoautoradiographic method for determining HBsAg in the blood of serum hepatitis patients].", "content": "The use of immunoautoradiography for HBsAg detection increased its primary detection rate in the blood of patients with acute serum hepatitis to 70% (by 12--15% more than in the gel precipitation test). Antigenemia in patients with acute serum hepatitis has been shown to last much longer than could be determined by gel precipitation. As a result of this, over 60% of the patients with HBs-antigenemia in the acute period are discharged from the hospital still containing the antigen. A correlation between the duration of antigenemia in the GP test and the speed of antigen disappearance from the blood according to the IAR test was established. The IAR method was found to be highly sensitive and specific; its application helps solving some theoretical and practical problems.", "contents": "[Use of the immunoautoradiographic method for determining HBsAg in the blood of serum hepatitis patients]. The use of immunoautoradiography for HBsAg detection increased its primary detection rate in the blood of patients with acute serum hepatitis to 70% (by 12--15% more than in the gel precipitation test). Antigenemia in patients with acute serum hepatitis has been shown to last much longer than could be determined by gel precipitation. As a result of this, over 60% of the patients with HBs-antigenemia in the acute period are discharged from the hospital still containing the antigen. A correlation between the duration of antigenemia in the GP test and the speed of antigen disappearance from the blood according to the IAR test was established. The IAR method was found to be highly sensitive and specific; its application helps solving some theoretical and practical problems.", "PMID": 419735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10114", "title": "[Characteristics of the vitamin status and of the individual indices of mineral metabolism and catecholamines in the students of sports colleges].", "content": "Materials derived from a study on the allowances of the organism of the physical culture institutes students of different sporting specialties (wrestling, cycling, light athletics, heavy athletics) of individual vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, PP, C) and also results of investigations of the diurnal excretion with urine in them of sodium, potassium, as well as the catecholamines metabolism rates (epinephrine, norepinephrine, DOPA and dopamine) are presented.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the vitamin status and of the individual indices of mineral metabolism and catecholamines in the students of sports colleges]. Materials derived from a study on the allowances of the organism of the physical culture institutes students of different sporting specialties (wrestling, cycling, light athletics, heavy athletics) of individual vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, PP, C) and also results of investigations of the diurnal excretion with urine in them of sodium, potassium, as well as the catecholamines metabolism rates (epinephrine, norepinephrine, DOPA and dopamine) are presented.", "PMID": 419727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10115", "title": "[Role of cellular organelles in the reproduction of the influenza virus].", "content": "Virus-cell interaction may result in changes of both cell population and the original properties of the persisting virus. The elucidation of infectious RNA localization is of undoubtful interest in the light of the investigation of the mechanism of chronic influenza infection. The studies were aimed at comparing chronic and acute infections on the model of influenza virus. Particularly important were the studies on comparative distribution of the virus infectious activity among cell organoids. The investigation of virus accumulation in subcellular fractions in chronic infection revealed infectivity in the lysosomal fraction. This fact led to an important hypothesis on possible lysosomal virus carrier state. It has also been shown that activation and redistribution of the acid phosphatase activity occurs in virus infection of cells. The activity of the enzyme in cell juice was absent in the chronic and present in the acute infection.", "contents": "[Role of cellular organelles in the reproduction of the influenza virus]. Virus-cell interaction may result in changes of both cell population and the original properties of the persisting virus. The elucidation of infectious RNA localization is of undoubtful interest in the light of the investigation of the mechanism of chronic influenza infection. The studies were aimed at comparing chronic and acute infections on the model of influenza virus. Particularly important were the studies on comparative distribution of the virus infectious activity among cell organoids. The investigation of virus accumulation in subcellular fractions in chronic infection revealed infectivity in the lysosomal fraction. This fact led to an important hypothesis on possible lysosomal virus carrier state. It has also been shown that activation and redistribution of the acid phosphatase activity occurs in virus infection of cells. The activity of the enzyme in cell juice was absent in the chronic and present in the acute infection.", "PMID": 419742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10116", "title": "[Immunological markers of hepatitis-A and -B in blood donors from Vienna].", "content": "In 1076 sera of healthy volunteer blood donors from Vienna and surroundings HBSAg was positive in 1,7%, HBSAb in 9,5%, HBCAb in 5,7% by radioimmunoassays. HA-Ab was more frequently positive in the rural than in the urban population, its incidence was higher than it was observed by others in Switzerland and in the USA, but lower than in Belgium, Israel, Yugoslavia and Taiwan. 4% of the blood units were positive for HBCAb but negative for HBSAg. The possibility to decrease the incidence of posttransfusion hepatitis by screening for HBCAb is discussed.", "contents": "[Immunological markers of hepatitis-A and -B in blood donors from Vienna]. In 1076 sera of healthy volunteer blood donors from Vienna and surroundings HBSAg was positive in 1,7%, HBSAb in 9,5%, HBCAb in 5,7% by radioimmunoassays. HA-Ab was more frequently positive in the rural than in the urban population, its incidence was higher than it was observed by others in Switzerland and in the USA, but lower than in Belgium, Israel, Yugoslavia and Taiwan. 4% of the blood units were positive for HBCAb but negative for HBSAg. The possibility to decrease the incidence of posttransfusion hepatitis by screening for HBCAb is discussed.", "PMID": 419794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10117", "title": "[Benign chronic conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia: rotor syndrome or hepatic storage impairment?].", "content": "In a 52-year-old female who was jaundiced since early childhood, marked conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia and a delay of bromsulfophthalein and indocyanine green plasma disappearance rates were observed. Liver histology, plasma bile acids and plasma clearance of 14-C-cholic acid were normal. There was a pronounced impairment of the relative storage capacity of bromsulfophthalein (S = 2,4 mg/mg%) and a moderate decrease of BSP-transport maximum.", "contents": "[Benign chronic conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia: rotor syndrome or hepatic storage impairment?]. In a 52-year-old female who was jaundiced since early childhood, marked conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia and a delay of bromsulfophthalein and indocyanine green plasma disappearance rates were observed. Liver histology, plasma bile acids and plasma clearance of 14-C-cholic acid were normal. There was a pronounced impairment of the relative storage capacity of bromsulfophthalein (S = 2,4 mg/mg%) and a moderate decrease of BSP-transport maximum.", "PMID": 419795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10118", "title": "[Chronic persistent hepatitis. Histological and clinical study of different forms of the course of CPH].", "content": "Among 4903 liver biopsies were found 96 cases (241 biopsies) of non-active hepatitis persisting for longer than one year (up to 12 years). Three forms of the course of chronic persistent hepatitis could be delimited in morphological terms taking into account clinical laparoscopic and clinical chemical data. The type Ia presents the picture of a largely subsided, lobular accentuated acute virus hepatitis. The type Ib corresponds to a chronic inflammation with emphasis on the portal system without destruction of the limiting plate, without fibrosis and with only slight intralobular involvement. The type Ic is characterized by a portal and slight septal fibrosis with round-cell infiltrates and a slight facultative periportally active inflammation as well as a moderate intralobular mesenchyme reaction. The typing permits a clear subdivision and a differentiated prognosis: 10% of the cases of type Ic pass into an active chronic hepatitis of the type IIa.", "contents": "[Chronic persistent hepatitis. Histological and clinical study of different forms of the course of CPH]. Among 4903 liver biopsies were found 96 cases (241 biopsies) of non-active hepatitis persisting for longer than one year (up to 12 years). Three forms of the course of chronic persistent hepatitis could be delimited in morphological terms taking into account clinical laparoscopic and clinical chemical data. The type Ia presents the picture of a largely subsided, lobular accentuated acute virus hepatitis. The type Ib corresponds to a chronic inflammation with emphasis on the portal system without destruction of the limiting plate, without fibrosis and with only slight intralobular involvement. The type Ic is characterized by a portal and slight septal fibrosis with round-cell infiltrates and a slight facultative periportally active inflammation as well as a moderate intralobular mesenchyme reaction. The typing permits a clear subdivision and a differentiated prognosis: 10% of the cases of type Ic pass into an active chronic hepatitis of the type IIa.", "PMID": 419796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10119", "title": "[Incidence of ventricular arrhythmias after aneurysmectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Incidence and type of premature ventricular contractions (PVC) were studied by ambulatory monitoring in 66 patients at the average 20 months after left ventricular aneurysmectomy. In 25 of these patients long-term-Ecg-monitoring was obtained before and after surgical intervention. After aneurysmectomy only 30% of all patients showed no PVCs; 35% had few PVCs and 35% demonstrated frequent PVCs. In 16 patients (24%) PVCs of Lown Classes III and IV were found. Only 7 out of 25 patients of the group analyzed before and after aneurysmectomy improved by one or more Lown Classes, 10 patients remained in the same Class, 8 patients worsened. In 11 patients ventricular arrhythmias refractory to medical treatment were the indication for aneurysmectomy. There were three in-hospital deaths. Of the remaining 8 patients only two became free from ventricular ectopic activity, 5 continued to have frequent multifocal PVCs, two of them required repeatedly DC-cardioversions. In two patients sudden cardiac death occurred two and three years after aneurysmectomy. It is concluded that only a small percentage of patients with left ventricular aneurysm gets free from ventricular ectopic activities after aneurysmectomy. Results of aneurysmectomy for intractable ventricular arrhythmias are disappointing and unpredictable. The application of new surgical techniques to localize and excise irritable foci seems advisable for the future.", "contents": "[Incidence of ventricular arrhythmias after aneurysmectomy (author's transl)]. Incidence and type of premature ventricular contractions (PVC) were studied by ambulatory monitoring in 66 patients at the average 20 months after left ventricular aneurysmectomy. In 25 of these patients long-term-Ecg-monitoring was obtained before and after surgical intervention. After aneurysmectomy only 30% of all patients showed no PVCs; 35% had few PVCs and 35% demonstrated frequent PVCs. In 16 patients (24%) PVCs of Lown Classes III and IV were found. Only 7 out of 25 patients of the group analyzed before and after aneurysmectomy improved by one or more Lown Classes, 10 patients remained in the same Class, 8 patients worsened. In 11 patients ventricular arrhythmias refractory to medical treatment were the indication for aneurysmectomy. There were three in-hospital deaths. Of the remaining 8 patients only two became free from ventricular ectopic activity, 5 continued to have frequent multifocal PVCs, two of them required repeatedly DC-cardioversions. In two patients sudden cardiac death occurred two and three years after aneurysmectomy. It is concluded that only a small percentage of patients with left ventricular aneurysm gets free from ventricular ectopic activities after aneurysmectomy. Results of aneurysmectomy for intractable ventricular arrhythmias are disappointing and unpredictable. The application of new surgical techniques to localize and excise irritable foci seems advisable for the future.", "PMID": 419803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10120", "title": "[Echocardiographic observations in malfunctioning heart valves due to thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The study includes two patients with obstruction of prosthetic heart valves by thrombosis. In the first patient, a thrombus attached to the ventricular side of the cage of a Smeloff-Cutter mitral prosthesis caused incomplete excursion of the ball in most cardiac cycles, which was detected by echocardiography. In the second patient a thrombosis of the atrial and ventricular side of a Lillehei-Kaster mitral prosthesis delayed opening of the disc. The initial part of the opening movement was \"rounded\", the excursion of the disk diminished. The cases presented indicate that in patients whose condition deteriorates after prosthetic valve replacement, echocardiography can help identify the cause. In particular, the technique makes it possible to differentiate between valvular dysfunction and muscular insufficiency of the left ventricle. Comparison with recordings obtained in the early postoperative period facilitate the detection of a malfunctioning prosthesis.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic observations in malfunctioning heart valves due to thrombosis (author's transl)]. The study includes two patients with obstruction of prosthetic heart valves by thrombosis. In the first patient, a thrombus attached to the ventricular side of the cage of a Smeloff-Cutter mitral prosthesis caused incomplete excursion of the ball in most cardiac cycles, which was detected by echocardiography. In the second patient a thrombosis of the atrial and ventricular side of a Lillehei-Kaster mitral prosthesis delayed opening of the disc. The initial part of the opening movement was \"rounded\", the excursion of the disk diminished. The cases presented indicate that in patients whose condition deteriorates after prosthetic valve replacement, echocardiography can help identify the cause. In particular, the technique makes it possible to differentiate between valvular dysfunction and muscular insufficiency of the left ventricle. Comparison with recordings obtained in the early postoperative period facilitate the detection of a malfunctioning prosthesis.", "PMID": 419804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10121", "title": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of malfunction of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthetic heart valve in the mitral position (author's transl)].", "content": "In patients with mitral valve replacement an acute cardiac decompensation most often signalizes malfunction of the prosthesis. Echocardiography proves to be of great value in the noninvasive diagnostic to detecting valve dysfunction. The echocardiogram of two patients few weeks after cardiac surgery was strongly suggestive of perivalve leak with severe regurgitation: enlarged left atrium and left ventricle, hyperactive septal motion and hyperkinetic motion of the left ventricular posterior wall, unique \"hump\" in early diastole with normal excursion, opening and closing velocity of the disc. The echocardiogram of one patient exhibited the pattern of mitral stenosis: large left atrium, decreased amplitude of excursion of the opening of the disc with a slowing and \"rounded\" opening upstroke as well as a slowed and \"rounded\" downstroke with prolonged opening and closing rates of the disc. One patient with aortic and mitral valve replacement showed no echocardiographic signs of abnormal disc motion. The reason for the cardiac decompensation was an acute malfunction of the left ventricle. The echocardiographic findings were confirmed by cardiac catheterization, left ventricular cineangiography or direct inspection during open heart surgery.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of malfunction of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthetic heart valve in the mitral position (author's transl)]. In patients with mitral valve replacement an acute cardiac decompensation most often signalizes malfunction of the prosthesis. Echocardiography proves to be of great value in the noninvasive diagnostic to detecting valve dysfunction. The echocardiogram of two patients few weeks after cardiac surgery was strongly suggestive of perivalve leak with severe regurgitation: enlarged left atrium and left ventricle, hyperactive septal motion and hyperkinetic motion of the left ventricular posterior wall, unique \"hump\" in early diastole with normal excursion, opening and closing velocity of the disc. The echocardiogram of one patient exhibited the pattern of mitral stenosis: large left atrium, decreased amplitude of excursion of the opening of the disc with a slowing and \"rounded\" opening upstroke as well as a slowed and \"rounded\" downstroke with prolonged opening and closing rates of the disc. One patient with aortic and mitral valve replacement showed no echocardiographic signs of abnormal disc motion. The reason for the cardiac decompensation was an acute malfunction of the left ventricle. The echocardiographic findings were confirmed by cardiac catheterization, left ventricular cineangiography or direct inspection during open heart surgery.", "PMID": 419805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10122", "title": "[Prevention of delayed cardiogenic shock in 850 patients with myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "In 850 patients with acute myocardial infarction, cardiac output has been checked daily with acid-base-balance determinations, respiratory alcalosis being a sign of decreased cardiac output. In 84 patients without spontaneous increase of low cardiac output, treatment with cardiac glycosides has been started with the aim to prevent delayed cardiogenic shock: only 1 patient died in delayed cardiogenic shock and 3 patients in delayed heart failure. In the remaining 766 patients, only 1 patient died in delayed heart failure. With this successful prevention, the overall hospital lethality has dropped to 11.06% as compared with 21.70% in 3272 comparable patients in the literature.", "contents": "[Prevention of delayed cardiogenic shock in 850 patients with myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. In 850 patients with acute myocardial infarction, cardiac output has been checked daily with acid-base-balance determinations, respiratory alcalosis being a sign of decreased cardiac output. In 84 patients without spontaneous increase of low cardiac output, treatment with cardiac glycosides has been started with the aim to prevent delayed cardiogenic shock: only 1 patient died in delayed cardiogenic shock and 3 patients in delayed heart failure. In the remaining 766 patients, only 1 patient died in delayed heart failure. With this successful prevention, the overall hospital lethality has dropped to 11.06% as compared with 21.70% in 3272 comparable patients in the literature.", "PMID": 419806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10123", "title": "[Exercise capacity and physical activity following prosthetic valve replacement in relation to cardiovascular function (author's transl)].", "content": "31 patients (Pt) with Mitral Valve Repacement (MVR), 22 Pt with Aortic VR (AVR) and 10 Pt with Double VR (DVR) are investigated hemodynamically and by ergometry. Normal working capacity (100% WC) has been achieved in 59% of Pt with AVR, in 34% with MVR and in 22% with DVR. Pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAMP) in this group was 19.5 mmHg, in a second group with a WC of 80% PAMP was 22.2 mmHG. 77% OF Pt with AVR are working regularly, in MVR 58% and in DVR 50%. In the average of these Pt, 7 months after VR professional occupation is started again. PAMP and pulmonary vascular resistance (APR) is significantly lower in the working vs. the non working group: PAMP 19.8/23.7 mmHg; APR 115/145 dynes sec cm-5, respectively. In MVR, the transprosthetic pressure gradient at rest was 4.1 (working PPT) and 7.5 mmHg (other); in AVR statistically no significant difference in the gradient could be found. In general, 68% of the working Pt are employed in a preferably sedentary job. The mean duration of daily work was estimated to 6.7 hours. It is concluded that AVR yields more favourable results in terms of regaining normal working activity than MVR. Cardiovascular function and physical capability in Pt with DVR are approximately comparable to MVR.", "contents": "[Exercise capacity and physical activity following prosthetic valve replacement in relation to cardiovascular function (author's transl)]. 31 patients (Pt) with Mitral Valve Repacement (MVR), 22 Pt with Aortic VR (AVR) and 10 Pt with Double VR (DVR) are investigated hemodynamically and by ergometry. Normal working capacity (100% WC) has been achieved in 59% of Pt with AVR, in 34% with MVR and in 22% with DVR. Pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAMP) in this group was 19.5 mmHg, in a second group with a WC of 80% PAMP was 22.2 mmHG. 77% OF Pt with AVR are working regularly, in MVR 58% and in DVR 50%. In the average of these Pt, 7 months after VR professional occupation is started again. PAMP and pulmonary vascular resistance (APR) is significantly lower in the working vs. the non working group: PAMP 19.8/23.7 mmHg; APR 115/145 dynes sec cm-5, respectively. In MVR, the transprosthetic pressure gradient at rest was 4.1 (working PPT) and 7.5 mmHg (other); in AVR statistically no significant difference in the gradient could be found. In general, 68% of the working Pt are employed in a preferably sedentary job. The mean duration of daily work was estimated to 6.7 hours. It is concluded that AVR yields more favourable results in terms of regaining normal working activity than MVR. Cardiovascular function and physical capability in Pt with DVR are approximately comparable to MVR.", "PMID": 419807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10124", "title": "[Estimation of myocardial damage after open-heart surgery by CK isoencymes (author's transl)].", "content": "After 12 cases of open-heart surgery serum activities of CK and CKMB have been registrated. To make a more exact statement about myocardial damage the portion of CKMB out of the CK-activity has been evaluated by the way of a mathematic programm. The results verify the statement that after aortic valve replacement the CKMB portion is higher than the average, and that after intraoperative complications the highest CKMB portions have been reached. No myocardial infarction occurred.", "contents": "[Estimation of myocardial damage after open-heart surgery by CK isoencymes (author's transl)]. After 12 cases of open-heart surgery serum activities of CK and CKMB have been registrated. To make a more exact statement about myocardial damage the portion of CKMB out of the CK-activity has been evaluated by the way of a mathematic programm. The results verify the statement that after aortic valve replacement the CKMB portion is higher than the average, and that after intraoperative complications the highest CKMB portions have been reached. No myocardial infarction occurred.", "PMID": 419809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10125", "title": "[Cardiac output and central-hemodynamic parameter under bencyclan (author's transl)].", "content": "In 17 patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease the influence of intra-veinously applicated Bencyclane (Fludilat) on cardiac output and central-hemodynamic parameter has been investigated. While 100 mg (n = 8) of Bencyclane almost do not influence cardiac output, 200 mg (n = 9) cause a significant decrease of minute-volume of the heart by-17.22% and of heartfrequency by-8.85%. With either dose there is also a significant increase of aortic pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vessel resistance to be seen. These results correlate with the animal-experimental proof of a negative inotropy under Bencyclane, and they have to be considered in therapeutical use.", "contents": "[Cardiac output and central-hemodynamic parameter under bencyclan (author's transl)]. In 17 patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease the influence of intra-veinously applicated Bencyclane (Fludilat) on cardiac output and central-hemodynamic parameter has been investigated. While 100 mg (n = 8) of Bencyclane almost do not influence cardiac output, 200 mg (n = 9) cause a significant decrease of minute-volume of the heart by-17.22% and of heartfrequency by-8.85%. With either dose there is also a significant increase of aortic pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vessel resistance to be seen. These results correlate with the animal-experimental proof of a negative inotropy under Bencyclane, and they have to be considered in therapeutical use.", "PMID": 419810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10126", "title": "Compliance revisited: further notes on the problem of nonadherence to medical regimens.", "content": "A study of outpatients at a community hospital reveals that 46% consistently defaulted on some aspects of their medical regimens. The more complex the regimen, the more likely the patient was to default, with particular neglect of directives regulating personal habits, work, and diet. The authors recommend an educational intervention program to inform patients of the risks in noncompliance.", "contents": "Compliance revisited: further notes on the problem of nonadherence to medical regimens. A study of outpatients at a community hospital reveals that 46% consistently defaulted on some aspects of their medical regimens. The more complex the regimen, the more likely the patient was to default, with particular neglect of directives regulating personal habits, work, and diet. The authors recommend an educational intervention program to inform patients of the risks in noncompliance.", "PMID": 419834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10127", "title": "Nephrotic syndrome in childhood: diagnosis and management.", "content": "The nephrotic syndrome is characterized by gross proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipemia, and edema. The authors review the diagnostic features and management protocol of this syndrome in children.", "contents": "Nephrotic syndrome in childhood: diagnosis and management. The nephrotic syndrome is characterized by gross proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipemia, and edema. The authors review the diagnostic features and management protocol of this syndrome in children.", "PMID": 419835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10128", "title": "Pre-hospital coronary care in the community setting.", "content": "Technological advances have made pre-hospital coronary care programs possible for communities of all sizes. The author describes and illustrates with case reports a successful Newport News program in which physicians, hospitals, paramedics, and local government services work together.", "contents": "Pre-hospital coronary care in the community setting. Technological advances have made pre-hospital coronary care programs possible for communities of all sizes. The author describes and illustrates with case reports a successful Newport News program in which physicians, hospitals, paramedics, and local government services work together.", "PMID": 419836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10129", "title": "Transsphenoidal microsurgery for tumors of the hypophysis.", "content": "The microsurgical transsphenoidal approach is the authors' procedure of choice in the operative management of pituitary tumors. The literature supports their recommendation.", "contents": "Transsphenoidal microsurgery for tumors of the hypophysis. The microsurgical transsphenoidal approach is the authors' procedure of choice in the operative management of pituitary tumors. The literature supports their recommendation.", "PMID": 419837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10130", "title": "[Chondrocalcinosis of the intervertebral disks].", "content": "Intervertebral discs removed in cases of disc herniation were investigated by polarized light microscopy. In about 4% of all cases crystalline deposits were detected. The crystals were characterized by different staining methods, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. From the results it is concluded that the crystalline deposits are usually composed of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate. With regard to the age of the patients it became obvious that there was an increased frequency of crystalline deposits with increasing age. Therefore it is assumed that calcium pyrophosphate deposits in intervertebral discs are an agerelated phenomenon as is known from chondrocalcinosis of other joints.", "contents": "[Chondrocalcinosis of the intervertebral disks]. Intervertebral discs removed in cases of disc herniation were investigated by polarized light microscopy. In about 4% of all cases crystalline deposits were detected. The crystals were characterized by different staining methods, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. From the results it is concluded that the crystalline deposits are usually composed of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate. With regard to the age of the patients it became obvious that there was an increased frequency of crystalline deposits with increasing age. Therefore it is assumed that calcium pyrophosphate deposits in intervertebral discs are an agerelated phenomenon as is known from chondrocalcinosis of other joints.", "PMID": 419884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10131", "title": "[Arthrosis of the sternoclavicular joint].", "content": "A comprehensive study of the sternoclavicular joints (SCG) of 120 autopsy cases comprising both sexes and all age groups has proved that this non-weight-bearing joint turns arthritic with increasing age. The degenerative lesions set on already from the 3rd decade; between 40 and 50 years of age, 84% of the joints are arthrotic, and over 70, all patients show an osteoarthrosis. Statistically significant relationships could further be demonstrated between SCG-arthrosis, aging, obesity, fatty degeneration of the liver, and severe arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "[Arthrosis of the sternoclavicular joint]. A comprehensive study of the sternoclavicular joints (SCG) of 120 autopsy cases comprising both sexes and all age groups has proved that this non-weight-bearing joint turns arthritic with increasing age. The degenerative lesions set on already from the 3rd decade; between 40 and 50 years of age, 84% of the joints are arthrotic, and over 70, all patients show an osteoarthrosis. Statistically significant relationships could further be demonstrated between SCG-arthrosis, aging, obesity, fatty degeneration of the liver, and severe arteriosclerosis.", "PMID": 419885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10132", "title": "[The detection of rheumatic factors by means of a new hemagglutination drop test (Cellognost-RF)].", "content": "A comparative evaluation was made in 510 sera to study the specificity and sensitivity of 5 different methods for the determination of rheumatoid factors. Special attention was given to the hemagglutination drop tests which are commercially available (Cellognost-RF and Rheumaton). Both hemagglutination slide tests, which are easy to perform and easy to read, were shown to be practically equivalent, and in comparison to the other methods, also showed a good agreement. This is as well applicable to rheumatoid arthritis as to non-inflammatory processes and internal diseases. In practice, Cellognost-RF and analogous hemagglutination slide tests are certainly good screening tests for the rheumatic factors. In combination with the also simple latex-slidetest, the detection of rheumatoid factors in rheumatoid arthritis is somewhat better, although not much. When both reactions are negative, it is not necessary to do any additional tests for the demonstration of rheumatoid factors. Should one or both, however, be positive, the titre determination using the hemagglutination reaction of Waaler-Rose or latex fixation test should be made if possible. In our investigations it was also in principle possible to do these titre determinations with Cellognost-RF.", "contents": "[The detection of rheumatic factors by means of a new hemagglutination drop test (Cellognost-RF)]. A comparative evaluation was made in 510 sera to study the specificity and sensitivity of 5 different methods for the determination of rheumatoid factors. Special attention was given to the hemagglutination drop tests which are commercially available (Cellognost-RF and Rheumaton). Both hemagglutination slide tests, which are easy to perform and easy to read, were shown to be practically equivalent, and in comparison to the other methods, also showed a good agreement. This is as well applicable to rheumatoid arthritis as to non-inflammatory processes and internal diseases. In practice, Cellognost-RF and analogous hemagglutination slide tests are certainly good screening tests for the rheumatic factors. In combination with the also simple latex-slidetest, the detection of rheumatoid factors in rheumatoid arthritis is somewhat better, although not much. When both reactions are negative, it is not necessary to do any additional tests for the demonstration of rheumatoid factors. Should one or both, however, be positive, the titre determination using the hemagglutination reaction of Waaler-Rose or latex fixation test should be made if possible. In our investigations it was also in principle possible to do these titre determinations with Cellognost-RF.", "PMID": 419886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10133", "title": "[Application of laser rays in surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Some years will have to pass, until there will be evidence, if the application of laser beam in surgery of breastcancer, melanomas or basaliomas will be justified and whether it will be possible or not to interrupt or reduce intraoperative tumor cellspread. As an increasing number of surgeons have started to use laser rays in these cases of illness, results of laser surgery and those of tradional methods could be compared in a couple of years. Possibly other indications for the use of laser than those we have worked out will be outlined in general surgery. Surgeons working with laser beam may discredit the method by putting the indication not rigorusly enough. Greatest care should be taken by everybody who starts working with laser rays. Collaboration with a technician is recommended.", "contents": "[Application of laser rays in surgery (author's transl)]. Some years will have to pass, until there will be evidence, if the application of laser beam in surgery of breastcancer, melanomas or basaliomas will be justified and whether it will be possible or not to interrupt or reduce intraoperative tumor cellspread. As an increasing number of surgeons have started to use laser rays in these cases of illness, results of laser surgery and those of tradional methods could be compared in a couple of years. Possibly other indications for the use of laser than those we have worked out will be outlined in general surgery. Surgeons working with laser beam may discredit the method by putting the indication not rigorusly enough. Greatest care should be taken by everybody who starts working with laser rays. Collaboration with a technician is recommended.", "PMID": 419896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10134", "title": "[Cutting results by using the laser beam as a cutting tool (author's transl)].", "content": "Partial liver resections were carried out in pigs with a high power Neodym-YAG-laser. By variation of beam parameters different cutting characteristics were obtained and discussed.", "contents": "[Cutting results by using the laser beam as a cutting tool (author's transl)]. Partial liver resections were carried out in pigs with a high power Neodym-YAG-laser. By variation of beam parameters different cutting characteristics were obtained and discussed.", "PMID": 419897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10135", "title": "[Chronic polyarthritis and erythema anulare centrifugum Darier].", "content": "A casuistic contribution considers possible aethiopathogenetic factors of an erythema anulare centrifugum Darrier in a 47 year-old female patient suffering from a seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. The course is traced until the erythema fades and disseminated leucoderma appears.", "contents": "[Chronic polyarthritis and erythema anulare centrifugum Darier]. A casuistic contribution considers possible aethiopathogenetic factors of an erythema anulare centrifugum Darrier in a 47 year-old female patient suffering from a seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. The course is traced until the erythema fades and disseminated leucoderma appears.", "PMID": 419887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10136", "title": "[Wound healing after surgery by laser, scalpel and thermocautery (author's transl)].", "content": "Laser-, thermocautery- and scalpelsurgery when compared in respect to their wound healing procedure have qualified as prepared for clinical application. On minipigs wound healing of skin scissions has been followed up morphologically in light microscopy and by testing the stress resistance of 16 days old scars. The fastest wound healing occurs after scalpel incision resulting in an almost perfect reconstruction of subepethelial tissue architecture at the 20th postoperative day. The initial tendency of laser incisions to dilate, which is still more pronounced in thermocautery wounds, causes a flat funnel shaped deformation of the scars, again more distinct after thermocautery. This is reflected in a still remaining slight disarrangement of the subepithelial collagenous fibres at the 20 postoperative day. Stress resistance is maximal in thermacautery scars, i. e. almost 30% higher than in scalpel and laser scars.", "contents": "[Wound healing after surgery by laser, scalpel and thermocautery (author's transl)]. Laser-, thermocautery- and scalpelsurgery when compared in respect to their wound healing procedure have qualified as prepared for clinical application. On minipigs wound healing of skin scissions has been followed up morphologically in light microscopy and by testing the stress resistance of 16 days old scars. The fastest wound healing occurs after scalpel incision resulting in an almost perfect reconstruction of subepethelial tissue architecture at the 20th postoperative day. The initial tendency of laser incisions to dilate, which is still more pronounced in thermocautery wounds, causes a flat funnel shaped deformation of the scars, again more distinct after thermocautery. This is reflected in a still remaining slight disarrangement of the subepithelial collagenous fibres at the 20 postoperative day. Stress resistance is maximal in thermacautery scars, i. e. almost 30% higher than in scalpel and laser scars.", "PMID": 419898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10137", "title": "[Clinical picture of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and its therapeutic consequences (author's transl)].", "content": "Mucocutaneous pigmentation, intestinal polyps and familiar heredity are the 3 most important symptoms of the Peutz-Jeghers-syndrome. 5 own cases are reported. The risk of carcinomatous degeneration of the polyps is slightly increased. Endoscopic and radiologic control of these patients is necessary.", "contents": "[Clinical picture of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and its therapeutic consequences (author's transl)]. Mucocutaneous pigmentation, intestinal polyps and familiar heredity are the 3 most important symptoms of the Peutz-Jeghers-syndrome. 5 own cases are reported. The risk of carcinomatous degeneration of the polyps is slightly increased. Endoscopic and radiologic control of these patients is necessary.", "PMID": 419899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10138", "title": "[Cryosurgical treatment of polypi of the rectum and colon (author's transl].", "content": "Single cases of genuine colon rectum polypi, histologically adenomatous, adeno-villous and villous tumours have been treated with cryosurgery. Relapses after polyectomy showing malignant degeneration; malignantly degenerated polypi, treatment of the basis of sessile lesions; sessile polypi up to 1 cm in diameter; extensive polyposis--polyposis of the rectum. After an initial regression of the polypous changes growth can be stated and quickly developing degenration leading to the formation of a carcinoma of the rectum and to stenoses of the lumen. It was only partially possible to clarify the cause of the growth in animal experiments. Primary application of low temperatures in polyposis recti and in primarily malignant degenerated polypi have to be avoided.", "contents": "[Cryosurgical treatment of polypi of the rectum and colon (author's transl]. Single cases of genuine colon rectum polypi, histologically adenomatous, adeno-villous and villous tumours have been treated with cryosurgery. Relapses after polyectomy showing malignant degeneration; malignantly degenerated polypi, treatment of the basis of sessile lesions; sessile polypi up to 1 cm in diameter; extensive polyposis--polyposis of the rectum. After an initial regression of the polypous changes growth can be stated and quickly developing degenration leading to the formation of a carcinoma of the rectum and to stenoses of the lumen. It was only partially possible to clarify the cause of the growth in animal experiments. Primary application of low temperatures in polyposis recti and in primarily malignant degenerated polypi have to be avoided.", "PMID": 419900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10139", "title": "[Injuries of the ureter (author's transl)].", "content": "Topographic particularities relative to the distal course of the ureter which are important for surgery of the rectum are described based on preparations of 53 human beings of both sexes aged from 42 to 95 years. Places of possible injuries above and below the linea terminalis are characterized. The level of the lesion is decisive for reconstructive procedures of the ureter.", "contents": "[Injuries of the ureter (author's transl)]. Topographic particularities relative to the distal course of the ureter which are important for surgery of the rectum are described based on preparations of 53 human beings of both sexes aged from 42 to 95 years. Places of possible injuries above and below the linea terminalis are characterized. The level of the lesion is decisive for reconstructive procedures of the ureter.", "PMID": 419901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10140", "title": "[Adjuvant properties of transfer factor preparations from human tonsillar lymphocytes].", "content": "Low molecular components (Mol. m below 10 000 dalton) of the extract prepared from the human tonsils lymphocytes produced an adjuvant effect on th formation of tuberculin sensitivity in guinea pigs immunized with BCG. This interspecies adjuvant effect was proportional to the dose  of the \"transfer-factor\" preparations administered, depended on the method of their preparation, was expressed in administration of the preparations simultaneously with the immunization, before it or after the tuberculin tests, and under definite conditions was replaced by the immunodepressive effect.", "contents": "[Adjuvant properties of transfer factor preparations from human tonsillar lymphocytes]. Low molecular components (Mol. m below 10 000 dalton) of the extract prepared from the human tonsils lymphocytes produced an adjuvant effect on th formation of tuberculin sensitivity in guinea pigs immunized with BCG. This interspecies adjuvant effect was proportional to the dose  of the \"transfer-factor\" preparations administered, depended on the method of their preparation, was expressed in administration of the preparations simultaneously with the immunization, before it or after the tuberculin tests, and under definite conditions was replaced by the immunodepressive effect.", "PMID": 419903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10141", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of experimental infection. 1. A study of the dynamics of staphylococcal infection].", "content": "The dynamics of staphylococcus infection was studied in experimental infection of chick embryo fibroblasts with electron microscopy. It was shown that the antibiotic-resistant forms of staphylococci (strain 79) were capable of invading the fibroblast cytoplasm inducing its gradual vacuolization up to complete destruction.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of experimental infection. 1. A study of the dynamics of staphylococcal infection]. The dynamics of staphylococcus infection was studied in experimental infection of chick embryo fibroblasts with electron microscopy. It was shown that the antibiotic-resistant forms of staphylococci (strain 79) were capable of invading the fibroblast cytoplasm inducing its gradual vacuolization up to complete destruction.", "PMID": 419908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10142", "title": "[Effectiveness of revaccination against measles].", "content": "The authors studied the efficacy of measles revaccination in children in whose serum no specific antihemagglutinins were revealed in titration with 1 GAE antigen (the first group) and having no specific antibodies in titration with 4 GAE antigen (the second group). Investigations demonstrated that children in whose blood serum no measles antibodies were revealed in the presence of 1 GAE antigen were subject of vaccination. Repeated vaccination used at present in persons who produced minimal antibody concentrations in response to vaccination is not recommended.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of revaccination against measles]. The authors studied the efficacy of measles revaccination in children in whose serum no specific antihemagglutinins were revealed in titration with 1 GAE antigen (the first group) and having no specific antibodies in titration with 4 GAE antigen (the second group). Investigations demonstrated that children in whose blood serum no measles antibodies were revealed in the presence of 1 GAE antigen were subject of vaccination. Repeated vaccination used at present in persons who produced minimal antibody concentrations in response to vaccination is not recommended.", "PMID": 419909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10143", "title": "[Anti-infective activity of anti-influenza antibodies from human colostrum].", "content": "Antibodies against influenza virus of A, B serological types and PC-virus were detected in the colostrum collected after an epidemic. These antibodies belonged to the secretory IgA form. The secretory antibodies preparation made of colostrum, and its IgA fraction instilled intransally to mice and rats prevented the development of infection caused by 100--10 ID50/0.1 ml of the influenza A virus. The protective action of the antibodies of IgA class was due to its capacity to become fixed on the surface of the cells of the mucosal epithelium of the respiratory tract.", "contents": "[Anti-infective activity of anti-influenza antibodies from human colostrum]. Antibodies against influenza virus of A, B serological types and PC-virus were detected in the colostrum collected after an epidemic. These antibodies belonged to the secretory IgA form. The secretory antibodies preparation made of colostrum, and its IgA fraction instilled intransally to mice and rats prevented the development of infection caused by 100--10 ID50/0.1 ml of the influenza A virus. The protective action of the antibodies of IgA class was due to its capacity to become fixed on the surface of the cells of the mucosal epithelium of the respiratory tract.", "PMID": 419910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10144", "title": "[Classification of Leptospira isolated in Peru].", "content": "Antigenic properties of 23 leptospira cultures isolated in Peru were studied by immunological absorption. Two new individual leptospira serovars were classified as huanuco with a reference strain M-4, representing a new Huanuco serological group, and san-martini with a reference strain CT-63 belonging to the Hebdomadis serological group. Besides for the first time in the American part of the world serovar budapest belonging to Icterohaemorrhagiae serological group was recorded; also the first finding of serovar pyrogenes of the pyrogenes serological group was certified.", "contents": "[Classification of Leptospira isolated in Peru]. Antigenic properties of 23 leptospira cultures isolated in Peru were studied by immunological absorption. Two new individual leptospira serovars were classified as huanuco with a reference strain M-4, representing a new Huanuco serological group, and san-martini with a reference strain CT-63 belonging to the Hebdomadis serological group. Besides for the first time in the American part of the world serovar budapest belonging to Icterohaemorrhagiae serological group was recorded; also the first finding of serovar pyrogenes of the pyrogenes serological group was certified.", "PMID": 419911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10145", "title": "[Serological method of detecting antirabies antibodies].", "content": "The possibility of the determination of rabies antibodies by the serological method has been demonstrated, involving the use of culture rabies virus, strain Vnukovo-32, concentrated and purified by high speed centrifugation, for the sensitization of anserine erythrocytes. The neutralization test in mice and the passive hemagglutination test showed a correlation in rabies antibody titers in the sera of animlas immunized with rabies vaccines. The advantages of the passive hemagglutination test consist in the rapidity of obtaining the results, in a simple and economic method of carrying out the test.", "contents": "[Serological method of detecting antirabies antibodies]. The possibility of the determination of rabies antibodies by the serological method has been demonstrated, involving the use of culture rabies virus, strain Vnukovo-32, concentrated and purified by high speed centrifugation, for the sensitization of anserine erythrocytes. The neutralization test in mice and the passive hemagglutination test showed a correlation in rabies antibody titers in the sera of animlas immunized with rabies vaccines. The advantages of the passive hemagglutination test consist in the rapidity of obtaining the results, in a simple and economic method of carrying out the test.", "PMID": 419912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10146", "title": "[Activation of student cognitive activities in the process of teaching medical microbiology].", "content": "The main trends of methodical work conducted at the chair of microbiology of Orenburng Medical Institute are presented. For the purpose of activation of cognition activity of students during medical microbiology teaching the following methods were applied: presentation of the teaching material, creation of visual teaching methods in a single methodical plan in accordance with the logic structure graphs of the subject as a whole, its individual sections and themes; introduction of problem teaching method, solution of practical tasks of the II and III learning level; introduction of scientific achievements of the chair into the teaching process. Result of evaluation of the efficacy of the teaching-methodical work of the chair carried out demonstrated that knowledge of the principal microbiology problems in the students and interns persisted for long periods of time.", "contents": "[Activation of student cognitive activities in the process of teaching medical microbiology]. The main trends of methodical work conducted at the chair of microbiology of Orenburng Medical Institute are presented. For the purpose of activation of cognition activity of students during medical microbiology teaching the following methods were applied: presentation of the teaching material, creation of visual teaching methods in a single methodical plan in accordance with the logic structure graphs of the subject as a whole, its individual sections and themes; introduction of problem teaching method, solution of practical tasks of the II and III learning level; introduction of scientific achievements of the chair into the teaching process. Result of evaluation of the efficacy of the teaching-methodical work of the chair carried out demonstrated that knowledge of the principal microbiology problems in the students and interns persisted for long periods of time.", "PMID": 419913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10147", "title": "Effect of bromocriptine (CB-154) on oestrogen-induced prolactin release.", "content": "In order to study the interaction between oestrogens and bromocriptine on PRL release, we evaluated the ability of bromocriptine (CB-154) to counteract the oestrogen-induced PRL release in four hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoeic women. Bromocriptine acutely administered induced a similar percentage of PRL decrease in the same patient before and after oestrogen administration. When bromocriptine was chronically administered, contemporary oestrogen injection did not affect PRL release. These results show that bromocriptine is able to block the release of PRL induced by oestrogens, suggesting an interaction between oestrogens and DA-mimetic compounds on PRL release.", "contents": "Effect of bromocriptine (CB-154) on oestrogen-induced prolactin release. In order to study the interaction between oestrogens and bromocriptine on PRL release, we evaluated the ability of bromocriptine (CB-154) to counteract the oestrogen-induced PRL release in four hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoeic women. Bromocriptine acutely administered induced a similar percentage of PRL decrease in the same patient before and after oestrogen administration. When bromocriptine was chronically administered, contemporary oestrogen injection did not affect PRL release. These results show that bromocriptine is able to block the release of PRL induced by oestrogens, suggesting an interaction between oestrogens and DA-mimetic compounds on PRL release.", "PMID": 419914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10148", "title": "Thyroid and adrenomedullary reactions during sleep deprivation.", "content": "The possible influence of a 48 h period of sleep deprivation on the serum concentrations of total and unbound 3,5,3',5'-thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), and of total 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) was studied in 12 young male volunteers. In addition, plasma concentrations of TSH and the urinary excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline were examined. Both total S-T4, S-T3 and S-rT3, and unbound S-T4 and S-T3 (unbound rT3 was not calculated) were significantly enhanced following sleep deprivation. P-TSH showed a numerical but statistically not significant increase, while the catecholamines remained unaltered. The results suggest that sleep deprivation provokes enhanced secretion of thyroid hormone(s), supposedly via increased secretion of TSH.", "contents": "Thyroid and adrenomedullary reactions during sleep deprivation. The possible influence of a 48 h period of sleep deprivation on the serum concentrations of total and unbound 3,5,3',5'-thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), and of total 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) was studied in 12 young male volunteers. In addition, plasma concentrations of TSH and the urinary excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline were examined. Both total S-T4, S-T3 and S-rT3, and unbound S-T4 and S-T3 (unbound rT3 was not calculated) were significantly enhanced following sleep deprivation. P-TSH showed a numerical but statistically not significant increase, while the catecholamines remained unaltered. The results suggest that sleep deprivation provokes enhanced secretion of thyroid hormone(s), supposedly via increased secretion of TSH.", "PMID": 419915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10149", "title": "Insulin receptors, insulin secretion, and glucose disappearance rate in patients with periodic hypokalaemic paralysis.", "content": "In a study of 6 male patients with periodic hypokalaemic paralysis (PHP), we found reduced insulin binding to monocytes as compared with a group of 25 normal subjects (P less than 0.1). The decreased insulin binding was caused by the decreased binding affinity. During induction of paralysis by a prolonged oral glucose load, one patient showed 24-h variations in the insulin binding to monocytes not differing from those observed in normals. After iv administration of glucose, these patients showed an elevated initial insulin response compared with the normals (P less than 0.1). However, the iv glucose tolerance tests revealed normal glucose disappearance rates. We conclude that changes in insulin receptor binding do not appear to be of pathophysiological significance for eliciting the parese attacks in PHP. However, the increased insulin response, following carbohydrate intake, might be of significance in the generation of paralytic attacks in patients with PHP.", "contents": "Insulin receptors, insulin secretion, and glucose disappearance rate in patients with periodic hypokalaemic paralysis. In a study of 6 male patients with periodic hypokalaemic paralysis (PHP), we found reduced insulin binding to monocytes as compared with a group of 25 normal subjects (P less than 0.1). The decreased insulin binding was caused by the decreased binding affinity. During induction of paralysis by a prolonged oral glucose load, one patient showed 24-h variations in the insulin binding to monocytes not differing from those observed in normals. After iv administration of glucose, these patients showed an elevated initial insulin response compared with the normals (P less than 0.1). However, the iv glucose tolerance tests revealed normal glucose disappearance rates. We conclude that changes in insulin receptor binding do not appear to be of pathophysiological significance for eliciting the parese attacks in PHP. However, the increased insulin response, following carbohydrate intake, might be of significance in the generation of paralytic attacks in patients with PHP.", "PMID": 419916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10150", "title": "Study of glucose tolerance and the dynamic property of insulin secretion. Analysis of intravenous glucose tolerance test with the aid of a control theory.", "content": "The dynamic property of insulin secretion in relation to glucose tolerance was investigated quantitatively during iv glucose tolerance tests in 237 cases. The following results were obtained; 1) Glucose clearance constant (k-value) was not constant but variable with time and should be expressed as a function of time, K(t). In normal glucose tolerance, K(t) became greater with time. 2) Glucose-induced insulin secretion was expressed as the function of a proportional plus derivative response to glucose concentration. A weighting function of derivative response, reflecting the insulin secretion per unit of rate of change in blood glucose concentration, was calculated from blood glucose concentration (input) and insulin concentration (output) by the deconvolution method. It was clearly shown that the gain in weighting function was small and the response was slow even in the individual whose glucose tolerance was slightly impaired. 3) The greater the weighting function, the larger the change in K(t).", "contents": "Study of glucose tolerance and the dynamic property of insulin secretion. Analysis of intravenous glucose tolerance test with the aid of a control theory. The dynamic property of insulin secretion in relation to glucose tolerance was investigated quantitatively during iv glucose tolerance tests in 237 cases. The following results were obtained; 1) Glucose clearance constant (k-value) was not constant but variable with time and should be expressed as a function of time, K(t). In normal glucose tolerance, K(t) became greater with time. 2) Glucose-induced insulin secretion was expressed as the function of a proportional plus derivative response to glucose concentration. A weighting function of derivative response, reflecting the insulin secretion per unit of rate of change in blood glucose concentration, was calculated from blood glucose concentration (input) and insulin concentration (output) by the deconvolution method. It was clearly shown that the gain in weighting function was small and the response was slow even in the individual whose glucose tolerance was slightly impaired. 3) The greater the weighting function, the larger the change in K(t).", "PMID": 419917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10151", "title": "Ontogeny and distribution of immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IR-GIP) in rat small intestine.", "content": "The ontogeny and distribution of immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IR-GIP) has been studied in the rat duodenum and jejunoileum between day 20 post-coitum and day 150 post-partum by radioimmunoassay following tissue extraction. In foetuses on day 20 of gestation, the content of IR-GIP was 2.0 +/- 0.2 ng/duodenum and 18 +/- 2.0 ng/jejuno-ileum. The IR-GIP content increased during the whole period investigated and a peak of concentration was observed in the first post-natal week in both the duodenum (860 +/- 150 ng/g) and jejunoileum (650 +/- 135 ng/g). In the duodenum, the main increase in IR-GIP content (ng per organ) occurred in the 3rd week of life and the same phenomenon was observed 2 weeks later in the jejuno-ileum. The highest GIP concentration was found in the duodenum and in the proximal jejunum, indicating that the upper small intestine is the major site of IR-GIP storage. It is concluded that the ontogeny of IR-GIP further supports the concept that this hormone is involved in the endocrine regulation of metabolism and suggests that this regulatory process takes place at an early stage of rat development.", "contents": "Ontogeny and distribution of immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IR-GIP) in rat small intestine. The ontogeny and distribution of immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IR-GIP) has been studied in the rat duodenum and jejunoileum between day 20 post-coitum and day 150 post-partum by radioimmunoassay following tissue extraction. In foetuses on day 20 of gestation, the content of IR-GIP was 2.0 +/- 0.2 ng/duodenum and 18 +/- 2.0 ng/jejuno-ileum. The IR-GIP content increased during the whole period investigated and a peak of concentration was observed in the first post-natal week in both the duodenum (860 +/- 150 ng/g) and jejunoileum (650 +/- 135 ng/g). In the duodenum, the main increase in IR-GIP content (ng per organ) occurred in the 3rd week of life and the same phenomenon was observed 2 weeks later in the jejuno-ileum. The highest GIP concentration was found in the duodenum and in the proximal jejunum, indicating that the upper small intestine is the major site of IR-GIP storage. It is concluded that the ontogeny of IR-GIP further supports the concept that this hormone is involved in the endocrine regulation of metabolism and suggests that this regulatory process takes place at an early stage of rat development.", "PMID": 419918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10152", "title": "Enhanced testosterone in female patients with anorexia nervosa: its normalization after weight gain.", "content": "In order to elucidate the mechanism of disturbances of gonadal hormones secretion in anorexia nervosa 14 female patients were investigated. A control group also consisted of 14 women of the same age. The serum LH, progesterone, oestrogens: oestrone + oestradiol (Oe1 + Oe2), oestriol (Oe3) and testosterone were determined by radioimmunological methods. In patients with anorexia nervosa the serum testosterone and Oe3 concentrations were dramatically elevated, whereas LH, progesterone and Oe1 + Oe2 were decreased as compared with the control group. Considerable weight gain induced by cyproheptadine treatment caused a normalization of the serum testosterone and Oe3 concentrations in all the patients. A negative correlation between the testosterone level and the deficit in body weight was observed. The mechanism causing the dramatically high serum testosterone concentration in the female patients with anorexia nervosa is discussed.", "contents": "Enhanced testosterone in female patients with anorexia nervosa: its normalization after weight gain. In order to elucidate the mechanism of disturbances of gonadal hormones secretion in anorexia nervosa 14 female patients were investigated. A control group also consisted of 14 women of the same age. The serum LH, progesterone, oestrogens: oestrone + oestradiol (Oe1 + Oe2), oestriol (Oe3) and testosterone were determined by radioimmunological methods. In patients with anorexia nervosa the serum testosterone and Oe3 concentrations were dramatically elevated, whereas LH, progesterone and Oe1 + Oe2 were decreased as compared with the control group. Considerable weight gain induced by cyproheptadine treatment caused a normalization of the serum testosterone and Oe3 concentrations in all the patients. A negative correlation between the testosterone level and the deficit in body weight was observed. The mechanism causing the dramatically high serum testosterone concentration in the female patients with anorexia nervosa is discussed.", "PMID": 419919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10153", "title": "The concentrations of urinary oestrone-3-glucuronide, LH and pregnanediol-3alpha-glucuronide as indices of ovarian function.", "content": "Methods based upon the principles of radioimmunoassay have been developed and evaluated for the measurement of oestrone-3-glucuronide, LH and pregnanediol-3alpha-glucuronide in samples of unextracted urine. The procedures have been applied to daily urine (early morning fraction and combined 24 hour collections) from 6 women throughout one complete menstrual cycle and to serial samples from an additional 14 women who only collected early morning specimens. The results showed that there were characteristic, well-defined changes in the concentration of all 3 metabolites in both samples of urine and from all subjects. In addition, there was a reasonable correlation between the concentration of all 3 compounds in samples of early morning urine and the corresponding rates of excretion per 24 hours. These findings suggest that the procedures may be of value for monitoring ovarian function over long periods of time, without the problems of stress and inconvenience to the patient. Furthermore, the ratio of values for oestrone-3-glucuronide to pregnanediol-3alpha-glucuronide may be used to indicate the start and finish of the fertile period.", "contents": "The concentrations of urinary oestrone-3-glucuronide, LH and pregnanediol-3alpha-glucuronide as indices of ovarian function. Methods based upon the principles of radioimmunoassay have been developed and evaluated for the measurement of oestrone-3-glucuronide, LH and pregnanediol-3alpha-glucuronide in samples of unextracted urine. The procedures have been applied to daily urine (early morning fraction and combined 24 hour collections) from 6 women throughout one complete menstrual cycle and to serial samples from an additional 14 women who only collected early morning specimens. The results showed that there were characteristic, well-defined changes in the concentration of all 3 metabolites in both samples of urine and from all subjects. In addition, there was a reasonable correlation between the concentration of all 3 compounds in samples of early morning urine and the corresponding rates of excretion per 24 hours. These findings suggest that the procedures may be of value for monitoring ovarian function over long periods of time, without the problems of stress and inconvenience to the patient. Furthermore, the ratio of values for oestrone-3-glucuronide to pregnanediol-3alpha-glucuronide may be used to indicate the start and finish of the fertile period.", "PMID": 419920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10154", "title": "Intra-amniotic thyroxine (T4) absorption by the premature human foetus.", "content": "We reported previously on the beneficial influence of intra-amniotic T4 injection in accelerating human foetal lung maturity. Twenty-four h after T4 (250 microgram) intra-amniotic injection, the mean cord serum T4 concentration in 13 premature newborns was 17 +/- 2.1 microgram/100 ml, while the T4 concentration in a matched group was only 11.6 +/- 0.9 microgram/100 ml: in 5 of the infants who received intra-amniotic thyroxine T4 was measured 12 h post-partum and rose from 16.1 +/- 1.8 to 24.3 +/- 2.6 microgram/100 ml. No change in maternal T4 concentration was observed. The mean cord serum T4 concentration in premature newborns delivered more than 3 days following T4 intra-amniotic injection, however, was not significantly different from that of the controls. These data suggest that T4 (250 microgram) injected intraamniotically is absorbed by the premature human foetus. Furthermore, the hyperthyroxinaemia is only transient, and does not prevent the post-natal T4 surge.", "contents": "Intra-amniotic thyroxine (T4) absorption by the premature human foetus. We reported previously on the beneficial influence of intra-amniotic T4 injection in accelerating human foetal lung maturity. Twenty-four h after T4 (250 microgram) intra-amniotic injection, the mean cord serum T4 concentration in 13 premature newborns was 17 +/- 2.1 microgram/100 ml, while the T4 concentration in a matched group was only 11.6 +/- 0.9 microgram/100 ml: in 5 of the infants who received intra-amniotic thyroxine T4 was measured 12 h post-partum and rose from 16.1 +/- 1.8 to 24.3 +/- 2.6 microgram/100 ml. No change in maternal T4 concentration was observed. The mean cord serum T4 concentration in premature newborns delivered more than 3 days following T4 intra-amniotic injection, however, was not significantly different from that of the controls. These data suggest that T4 (250 microgram) injected intraamniotically is absorbed by the premature human foetus. Furthermore, the hyperthyroxinaemia is only transient, and does not prevent the post-natal T4 surge.", "PMID": 419921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10155", "title": "Plasma testosterone in male puberty. II. hCG stimulation test in boys with hypospadia.", "content": "Plasma testosterone was determined by radioimmunoassay in 36 prepubertal boys with hypospadia prior to and 3 days after stimulation with 5000 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). As a control group, 30 boys of comparable age, predominantly with unilateral cryptorchidism, were studied. The increase in plasma testosterone levels after hCG was (median and range) 204 (83-393) ng/100 ml in the control group, whereas in the hypospadiac group a median increase of only 90 (33-272) ng/100 ml was found. The difference between the median testosterone levels after hCG stimulation in the two groups investigated is statistically highly significant (P less than 0.0001). After hCG stimulation, 13 out of the 36 boys with hypospadia did not reach the lowest stimulated testosterone level (87 ng/100 ml) found in the control group. It is concluded that a substantial portion of the aetiologically obscure cases of hypospadia are caused by an endocrine testicular insufficiency.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone in male puberty. II. hCG stimulation test in boys with hypospadia. Plasma testosterone was determined by radioimmunoassay in 36 prepubertal boys with hypospadia prior to and 3 days after stimulation with 5000 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). As a control group, 30 boys of comparable age, predominantly with unilateral cryptorchidism, were studied. The increase in plasma testosterone levels after hCG was (median and range) 204 (83-393) ng/100 ml in the control group, whereas in the hypospadiac group a median increase of only 90 (33-272) ng/100 ml was found. The difference between the median testosterone levels after hCG stimulation in the two groups investigated is statistically highly significant (P less than 0.0001). After hCG stimulation, 13 out of the 36 boys with hypospadia did not reach the lowest stimulated testosterone level (87 ng/100 ml) found in the control group. It is concluded that a substantial portion of the aetiologically obscure cases of hypospadia are caused by an endocrine testicular insufficiency.", "PMID": 419922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10156", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase in neurons of the rat cerebral cortex.", "content": "AChE-containing neurons have been demonstrated by electron-microscopical histochemistry in the neocortex of the rat. These cells are mainly located in layer VI. AChE activity is seen in the cisternae of the RER, in subsurface cisternae and in the dendritic membranes.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase in neurons of the rat cerebral cortex. AChE-containing neurons have been demonstrated by electron-microscopical histochemistry in the neocortex of the rat. These cells are mainly located in layer VI. AChE activity is seen in the cisternae of the RER, in subsurface cisternae and in the dendritic membranes.", "PMID": 419923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10157", "title": "The effect of digested sludge on the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.", "content": "The effects of sewage sludge on the survival of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, were investigated. It was noted that, when the concentrations of the sludge used for rearing carp exceeded 0.6%, the fish died within 42 days, whereas those reared in 0.2% sludge remained alive and healthy during the trial period. The body and the gills of the dead fish were covered by a veil-like film which looked like coagulated mucus and was formed by the heavy metal ions from the sludge reacting with some constituents of the mucus secreted by the gill. The histopathological symptoms of the various organs further demonstrated that internal injury in liver and kidney was also an important feature of the intoxicants as well as external damage, especially the particles observed around the gills. It was concluded that the optimum concentration of sludge to any species of fish should be determined by testing a series of concentrations before using it as a supplementary fish feed or fish pond fertilizer.", "contents": "The effect of digested sludge on the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. The effects of sewage sludge on the survival of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, were investigated. It was noted that, when the concentrations of the sludge used for rearing carp exceeded 0.6%, the fish died within 42 days, whereas those reared in 0.2% sludge remained alive and healthy during the trial period. The body and the gills of the dead fish were covered by a veil-like film which looked like coagulated mucus and was formed by the heavy metal ions from the sludge reacting with some constituents of the mucus secreted by the gill. The histopathological symptoms of the various organs further demonstrated that internal injury in liver and kidney was also an important feature of the intoxicants as well as external damage, especially the particles observed around the gills. It was concluded that the optimum concentration of sludge to any species of fish should be determined by testing a series of concentrations before using it as a supplementary fish feed or fish pond fertilizer.", "PMID": 419924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10158", "title": "Stress and wound healing.", "content": "An experiment was performed to compare the effects of stressors--cold, heat and noise--on primary wound activity (i.e., wound closure in the first 24 h after wound infliction) and on rate of healing in mice. A significant correlation was found between reduced primary wound activity and a faster rate of healing. Conversely, a correlation was found between relatively greater primary wound activity and a slower rate of healing. A possible explanation of this correlation is a compensatory mechanism inherent to the skin healing process. This mechanism is visualized as (1) stress exposure affecting the skin by (a) causing it to become thinner and tauter and (b) causing it to have less elastic recoil; therefore, (2) when a square wound is produced in stressed skin, (a) the wound does not recoil readily or gapes soon after cutting and (b) a longer wound perimeter results. Because there is evidence that rate of healing is governed by cells on the wound perimeter, the greater the perimeter, the greater the number of cells that will undergo rapid mitosis and the faster will be the rate of healing. Therefore, stressed skin will heal at a faster rate, compensating for the loss of elasticity and cellular depletion caused by stress. This study is of interest to anthropology because it deals with dynamic adaptation, trying to grasp the meaning of the elusive endocrine interface between environmental stimulation and a measurable physical entity like healing. This work may have revealed a functional complex that is common to the healing of all mammalian skin, whereby retarding effects of stress on the healing process are obviated.", "contents": "Stress and wound healing. An experiment was performed to compare the effects of stressors--cold, heat and noise--on primary wound activity (i.e., wound closure in the first 24 h after wound infliction) and on rate of healing in mice. A significant correlation was found between reduced primary wound activity and a faster rate of healing. Conversely, a correlation was found between relatively greater primary wound activity and a slower rate of healing. A possible explanation of this correlation is a compensatory mechanism inherent to the skin healing process. This mechanism is visualized as (1) stress exposure affecting the skin by (a) causing it to become thinner and tauter and (b) causing it to have less elastic recoil; therefore, (2) when a square wound is produced in stressed skin, (a) the wound does not recoil readily or gapes soon after cutting and (b) a longer wound perimeter results. Because there is evidence that rate of healing is governed by cells on the wound perimeter, the greater the perimeter, the greater the number of cells that will undergo rapid mitosis and the faster will be the rate of healing. Therefore, stressed skin will heal at a faster rate, compensating for the loss of elasticity and cellular depletion caused by stress. This study is of interest to anthropology because it deals with dynamic adaptation, trying to grasp the meaning of the elusive endocrine interface between environmental stimulation and a measurable physical entity like healing. This work may have revealed a functional complex that is common to the healing of all mammalian skin, whereby retarding effects of stress on the healing process are obviated.", "PMID": 419925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10159", "title": "Cytological changes in the testes of vitamin-A-deficient rats. II. Ultrastructural study of the seminiferous tubules.", "content": "Ultrastructural study confirmed that, in rats, vitamin A deficiency initially caused the sloughing of some spermatids and spermatocytes into the lumina of the seminiferous tubules around day 3 following the initial decrease of body weight. From days 5 to 10, a considerable number of spermatocytes and spermatids, which still remained in the epithelium, underwent necrosis. Several stages of dying spermatocytes and abnormal spermatids were observed. The latter were distinguished by the presence of chromatin aggregating along the nuclear envelopes and highly vacuolated mitochondria. These cells range from single to multinucleate forms. They were incapable of differentiating further into spermatozoa and ultimately degenerated. Within the same period, Sertoli cells exhibited numerous darkly stained lysosome-like inclusions, and the upper part of their cytoplasm appeared as irregular processes, some of which were broken off and resulted in the thinning of the epithelium. From days 10 to 20, the remaining germ cells comprised mainly spermatogonia and few abnormal spermatocytes. The latter appeared enlarged and were very lightly stained. Their nuclei exhibited unusual blocks of heavily condensed chromatin amidst very highly dispersed chromatin fibers. Though their number was reduced, most of the spermatogonia appeared unaltered. Processes of Sertoli cells became even more irregular and were interrupted at certain sites by large empty spaces. Darkly stained inclusions in their cytoplasm were fewer than observed earlier.", "contents": "Cytological changes in the testes of vitamin-A-deficient rats. II. Ultrastructural study of the seminiferous tubules. Ultrastructural study confirmed that, in rats, vitamin A deficiency initially caused the sloughing of some spermatids and spermatocytes into the lumina of the seminiferous tubules around day 3 following the initial decrease of body weight. From days 5 to 10, a considerable number of spermatocytes and spermatids, which still remained in the epithelium, underwent necrosis. Several stages of dying spermatocytes and abnormal spermatids were observed. The latter were distinguished by the presence of chromatin aggregating along the nuclear envelopes and highly vacuolated mitochondria. These cells range from single to multinucleate forms. They were incapable of differentiating further into spermatozoa and ultimately degenerated. Within the same period, Sertoli cells exhibited numerous darkly stained lysosome-like inclusions, and the upper part of their cytoplasm appeared as irregular processes, some of which were broken off and resulted in the thinning of the epithelium. From days 10 to 20, the remaining germ cells comprised mainly spermatogonia and few abnormal spermatocytes. The latter appeared enlarged and were very lightly stained. Their nuclei exhibited unusual blocks of heavily condensed chromatin amidst very highly dispersed chromatin fibers. Though their number was reduced, most of the spermatogonia appeared unaltered. Processes of Sertoli cells became even more irregular and were interrupted at certain sites by large empty spaces. Darkly stained inclusions in their cytoplasm were fewer than observed earlier.", "PMID": 419927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10160", "title": "Granule-containing cells in the human superior cervical ganglion.", "content": "The fine structure of granule-containing cells in the human superior cervical ganglion is described. These cells are larger than the typical SIF cells in mammals and exhibit green-yellow fluorescence. They are characterized by numerous granular vesicles (80-140 nm in diameter) in the cytoplasm, but have many features in common with ordinary ganglion cells. They emit several long processes which form bundles together with ordinary nerve fibers. No synapses are found where the cells are presynaptic, although a few synapses are observed there where nerves are prosynaptic on the perikarya and processes of the cells. No close topographical relations are seen between the cells and blood vessels. It is suggested that the granule-containing cells are a special type of postganglionic aminergic neurons.", "contents": "Granule-containing cells in the human superior cervical ganglion. The fine structure of granule-containing cells in the human superior cervical ganglion is described. These cells are larger than the typical SIF cells in mammals and exhibit green-yellow fluorescence. They are characterized by numerous granular vesicles (80-140 nm in diameter) in the cytoplasm, but have many features in common with ordinary ganglion cells. They emit several long processes which form bundles together with ordinary nerve fibers. No synapses are found where the cells are presynaptic, although a few synapses are observed there where nerves are prosynaptic on the perikarya and processes of the cells. No close topographical relations are seen between the cells and blood vessels. It is suggested that the granule-containing cells are a special type of postganglionic aminergic neurons.", "PMID": 419928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10161", "title": "[Ligation of the yolk sac circulation and its effect on the yolk sac ultrastructure and development of the rat fetus].", "content": "The effect of an interruption of the yolk sac circulation on the rat visceral yolk sac and the development of the fetoplacental unit was examined in the last third of pregnancy. The yolk sac ischaemia was induced by ligating the blood vessels of the yolk sac stalk which connect the vitelline circulation with that of the fetus. A 3-hour ligature caused an extensive swelling of most cell organelles in the epithelial cells and in the capillary endothelia of the yolk sac. Other structural changes were indicative of a cessation of pinocytosis. A 6-hour ligature resulted in a common increase of cell swelling and in a beginning disintegration of the endothelial cells lining the vitelline capillaries. A 15-hour ligature caused severe ultrastructural cell lesions and macroscopical alterations suggestive of a progressive necrolar finding of a nearly complete loss of the amniotic fluid and the death of the fetus, although the maternal blood flow appeared to be still intact in the placenta.", "contents": "[Ligation of the yolk sac circulation and its effect on the yolk sac ultrastructure and development of the rat fetus]. The effect of an interruption of the yolk sac circulation on the rat visceral yolk sac and the development of the fetoplacental unit was examined in the last third of pregnancy. The yolk sac ischaemia was induced by ligating the blood vessels of the yolk sac stalk which connect the vitelline circulation with that of the fetus. A 3-hour ligature caused an extensive swelling of most cell organelles in the epithelial cells and in the capillary endothelia of the yolk sac. Other structural changes were indicative of a cessation of pinocytosis. A 6-hour ligature resulted in a common increase of cell swelling and in a beginning disintegration of the endothelial cells lining the vitelline capillaries. A 15-hour ligature caused severe ultrastructural cell lesions and macroscopical alterations suggestive of a progressive necrolar finding of a nearly complete loss of the amniotic fluid and the death of the fetus, although the maternal blood flow appeared to be still intact in the placenta.", "PMID": 419929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10162", "title": "Development of the innervation in the chicken pineal gland (Gallus gallus).", "content": "The innervation of the pineal gland has been studied during the embryonic development and the first 10 days after hatching. On day 17 of embryonic development, the first nerve fibers are observed in the pineal capsule. They appear at the stalk level and rise to locate mostly on the anterior side of the capsule. Some nerve fibers leave these nerve bundles to penetrate the gland and they situate in the connective septa (18 days of development). From day 19 of development onwards, nerve fibers locate only in the parafollicular layer. Cells that may be identified as neurons are found in the pineal parenchyma.", "contents": "Development of the innervation in the chicken pineal gland (Gallus gallus). The innervation of the pineal gland has been studied during the embryonic development and the first 10 days after hatching. On day 17 of embryonic development, the first nerve fibers are observed in the pineal capsule. They appear at the stalk level and rise to locate mostly on the anterior side of the capsule. Some nerve fibers leave these nerve bundles to penetrate the gland and they situate in the connective septa (18 days of development). From day 19 of development onwards, nerve fibers locate only in the parafollicular layer. Cells that may be identified as neurons are found in the pineal parenchyma.", "PMID": 419930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10163", "title": "Helical structure of the human umbilical cord.", "content": "The helical structure of the human umbilical cord has been studied on 528 full-term cords from normal deliveries, 18 cords from aborted and developmentally normal fetuses with a CR length of 1.2-19.5 cm, 10 cords from monozygotic twins. In order to resolve the discrepancy in the nomenclature of the twist direction, a method has been suggested which takes into account the direction to which the fetus must have rotated to produce the twist. The incidence of the right helical pattern was 64.58%, of the left helical pattern 15.15%, and of the mixed patterns 17.43%; the twists were indeterminate in 1.89% and absent in 0.95% of the cords. Details of the mixed patterns are listed. The number of the uniform right twists ranged from 1 to 29 (7.5) and that of the left twists from 1 to 19 (6.7). There exists an exponential relation between the number of the twists and the ratio between length and thickness of the cords. The twists begin to appear during the early part of the 8th week, and their final number is possibly attained soon after the 9th week of development. In view of the absence of concordance in monozygotic twins, the helical nature of the cord is possibly controlled by factors which may be partly genetic and partly environmental.", "contents": "Helical structure of the human umbilical cord. The helical structure of the human umbilical cord has been studied on 528 full-term cords from normal deliveries, 18 cords from aborted and developmentally normal fetuses with a CR length of 1.2-19.5 cm, 10 cords from monozygotic twins. In order to resolve the discrepancy in the nomenclature of the twist direction, a method has been suggested which takes into account the direction to which the fetus must have rotated to produce the twist. The incidence of the right helical pattern was 64.58%, of the left helical pattern 15.15%, and of the mixed patterns 17.43%; the twists were indeterminate in 1.89% and absent in 0.95% of the cords. Details of the mixed patterns are listed. The number of the uniform right twists ranged from 1 to 29 (7.5) and that of the left twists from 1 to 19 (6.7). There exists an exponential relation between the number of the twists and the ratio between length and thickness of the cords. The twists begin to appear during the early part of the 8th week, and their final number is possibly attained soon after the 9th week of development. In view of the absence of concordance in monozygotic twins, the helical nature of the cord is possibly controlled by factors which may be partly genetic and partly environmental.", "PMID": 419931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10164", "title": "The primitive course of the internal carotid artery in mammals.", "content": "In all recent mammals the internal carotid artery at the level of the auditory capsule is derived from the embryonic dorsal aorta. In adults of various groups, the artery lies in positions which are classified as medial or promontory. It is shown that these character states arise by a process of differential growth affecting the relative positions of the dorsal aorta and the cochlear promontory. There is no evidence for separate vessels in the embryo which could give rise to non-homologous internal carotid arteries in the two positions. It follows that the concept of a primitive mammalian morphotype with both a medial and a promontory internal carotid artery in the same individual presents a formidable embryological problem. It is recommended that, in the absence of supporting evidence, the widespread current taxonomic and palaeontological use of this hypothetical morphotype should be regarded with suspicion.", "contents": "The primitive course of the internal carotid artery in mammals. In all recent mammals the internal carotid artery at the level of the auditory capsule is derived from the embryonic dorsal aorta. In adults of various groups, the artery lies in positions which are classified as medial or promontory. It is shown that these character states arise by a process of differential growth affecting the relative positions of the dorsal aorta and the cochlear promontory. There is no evidence for separate vessels in the embryo which could give rise to non-homologous internal carotid arteries in the two positions. It follows that the concept of a primitive mammalian morphotype with both a medial and a promontory internal carotid artery in the same individual presents a formidable embryological problem. It is recommended that, in the absence of supporting evidence, the widespread current taxonomic and palaeontological use of this hypothetical morphotype should be regarded with suspicion.", "PMID": 419932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10165", "title": "Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the cerebrum. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "A case of primary cerebral rhabdomyosarcoma in a 51-year-old female is reported. The histogenesis of this tumor is discussed. The clinicopathological features of 10 previously reported similar tumors of the CNS are briefly reviewed. Histologically the tumor was polymorphic, but composed of poorly differentiated cells interpreted as rhabdomyoblasts without definite cross-striation. Electron microscopy established that the poorly differentiated cells were of rhabdomyosarcomatous nature, compatible with presumptive myoblasts and analogous to developing fetal muscle.", "contents": "Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the cerebrum. An ultrastructural study. A case of primary cerebral rhabdomyosarcoma in a 51-year-old female is reported. The histogenesis of this tumor is discussed. The clinicopathological features of 10 previously reported similar tumors of the CNS are briefly reviewed. Histologically the tumor was polymorphic, but composed of poorly differentiated cells interpreted as rhabdomyoblasts without definite cross-striation. Electron microscopy established that the poorly differentiated cells were of rhabdomyosarcomatous nature, compatible with presumptive myoblasts and analogous to developing fetal muscle.", "PMID": 419933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10166", "title": "Jimpy mouse myelin revisited with freeze-fracture.", "content": "Corpus callosum, cerebellum, and spinal cord from Jimpy mice, and control littermates, 15 and 21 days old, were prepared for freeze-fracture in a \"cryofract\" apparatus. The few myelinated axons in the Jimpy exhibited a striking paucity of particles in myelin P faces, though tight junctions were present. In addition, small maculae of particles were found on these P faces. Peripheral myelin appeared normal, both for the quantity and disposition of particles on their P faces.", "contents": "Jimpy mouse myelin revisited with freeze-fracture. Corpus callosum, cerebellum, and spinal cord from Jimpy mice, and control littermates, 15 and 21 days old, were prepared for freeze-fracture in a \"cryofract\" apparatus. The few myelinated axons in the Jimpy exhibited a striking paucity of particles in myelin P faces, though tight junctions were present. In addition, small maculae of particles were found on these P faces. Peripheral myelin appeared normal, both for the quantity and disposition of particles on their P faces.", "PMID": 419935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10167", "title": "[Electron microscopic and neurochemical study of Alexander's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the results of a cerebral and of a neuromuscular biopsies and of the autopsy findings in another infantile case of Alexander's disease in a girl. They review the 17 previously reported cases of this disease and the various etiopathogenic hypotheses mentioned. The presence of numerous, sometimes abnormal enlarged mitochondria and of abundant membranous cytoplasmic bodies in the astrocytic cytoplasm seems to be unreported elsewhere. Peripheral nerve changes are mentioned for the first time.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic and neurochemical study of Alexander's disease (author's transl)]. The authors report the results of a cerebral and of a neuromuscular biopsies and of the autopsy findings in another infantile case of Alexander's disease in a girl. They review the 17 previously reported cases of this disease and the various etiopathogenic hypotheses mentioned. The presence of numerous, sometimes abnormal enlarged mitochondria and of abundant membranous cytoplasmic bodies in the astrocytic cytoplasm seems to be unreported elsewhere. Peripheral nerve changes are mentioned for the first time.", "PMID": 419936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10168", "title": "Effects of local extraneural application of diphtheria toxin on the sciatic nerves of normal and protein deprived rats.", "content": "Diphtheria toxin was locally administered around the sciatic nerves of normal and protein deprived rats aged 3, 6, 12, and 26 weeks in order to investigate the permeability of the barriers enveloping the nerves. At all ages the rats developed a reversible hind limb paralysis linked to a severe segmental demyelination, indicating passage of the toxin into the endoneurium. From 6 weeks of age the pattern of reaction differed between the protein deprived and control rats. The differences are interpreted as being partly dependent on less efficient protective barriers of the sciatic nerves of the protein deprived rats.", "contents": "Effects of local extraneural application of diphtheria toxin on the sciatic nerves of normal and protein deprived rats. Diphtheria toxin was locally administered around the sciatic nerves of normal and protein deprived rats aged 3, 6, 12, and 26 weeks in order to investigate the permeability of the barriers enveloping the nerves. At all ages the rats developed a reversible hind limb paralysis linked to a severe segmental demyelination, indicating passage of the toxin into the endoneurium. From 6 weeks of age the pattern of reaction differed between the protein deprived and control rats. The differences are interpreted as being partly dependent on less efficient protective barriers of the sciatic nerves of the protein deprived rats.", "PMID": 419937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10169", "title": "The fine structure of subcortical neurofibrillary tangles in progressive supranuclear palsy.", "content": "The fine structure of subcortical neurofibrillary tangles was investigated in pallidum, substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray, pontine reticular gray, and dentate nucleus of 5 autopsy cases of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. Only tangles due to straight 150 A wide filaments have been detected. These findings, obtained from a large series of cases and areas examined, confirm previous observations on the fine structure of neurofibrillary tangles in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and suggest that the association between tangles due to straight filaments and tangles due to twisted tubules, so far described in one case, is probably exceptional.", "contents": "The fine structure of subcortical neurofibrillary tangles in progressive supranuclear palsy. The fine structure of subcortical neurofibrillary tangles was investigated in pallidum, substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray, pontine reticular gray, and dentate nucleus of 5 autopsy cases of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. Only tangles due to straight 150 A wide filaments have been detected. These findings, obtained from a large series of cases and areas examined, confirm previous observations on the fine structure of neurofibrillary tangles in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and suggest that the association between tangles due to straight filaments and tangles due to twisted tubules, so far described in one case, is probably exceptional.", "PMID": 419938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10170", "title": "Tight junctions in choroid plexus papillomas.", "content": "Four cases of choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) obtained at the time of surgical excision were examined by electron microscopy and compared with normal choroid plexus (CP) of mouse and chick. In apical tight junctions fusion of the two outer leaflets of the adjacent cytoplasmic membrane was verified as in CP. This fact suggests that there is a blood-CSF barrier not only in CP but also in CPP.", "contents": "Tight junctions in choroid plexus papillomas. Four cases of choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) obtained at the time of surgical excision were examined by electron microscopy and compared with normal choroid plexus (CP) of mouse and chick. In apical tight junctions fusion of the two outer leaflets of the adjacent cytoplasmic membrane was verified as in CP. This fact suggests that there is a blood-CSF barrier not only in CP but also in CPP.", "PMID": 419939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10171", "title": "[The effect of blood-filled meshwork of arachnoid villi in connection with posttraumatic brain edema (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the Kellie-Munro doctrine according to which the intracranial compartments--blood, brain, and CSF--are in a state of pressure and volume equilibrium, we examined if traumatic lesions of the liquor absorption passages could change the intracranial pressure (ICP). Therefore, we reviewed the arachnoid villi and granulations of patients which died as a result of head injuries. In cases of traumatic subarachnoidal hemorrhages the meshwork of arachnoid villi are filled throughout with blood. By microscopical examination we observed findings in the network of spaces of the villi like they are known in prestatic and static conditions of capillary system (clothing of erythrocytes). The pathophysiological significance of the findings, especially with regard to the dynamic of posttraumatic brain edema, is discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of blood-filled meshwork of arachnoid villi in connection with posttraumatic brain edema (author's transl)]. Based on the Kellie-Munro doctrine according to which the intracranial compartments--blood, brain, and CSF--are in a state of pressure and volume equilibrium, we examined if traumatic lesions of the liquor absorption passages could change the intracranial pressure (ICP). Therefore, we reviewed the arachnoid villi and granulations of patients which died as a result of head injuries. In cases of traumatic subarachnoidal hemorrhages the meshwork of arachnoid villi are filled throughout with blood. By microscopical examination we observed findings in the network of spaces of the villi like they are known in prestatic and static conditions of capillary system (clothing of erythrocytes). The pathophysiological significance of the findings, especially with regard to the dynamic of posttraumatic brain edema, is discussed.", "PMID": 419940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10172", "title": "Unilateral megalencephaly, cerebral cortical dysplasia, neuronal hypertrophy, and heterotopia: cytomorphometric, fluorometric cytochemical, and biochemical analyses.", "content": "A 13-month-old boy with intractable seizures, left hemiparesis, and psychomotor retardation due to right unilateral megalencephaly, died in hypovolemic shock 1 day after hemispherectomy. The gyral pattern of the hypermegalic hemisphere was simplified and coarse. The cortical cytoarchitecture was disarrayed by a population of giant neurons. Hippocampus and calcarine cortex were cytoarchitectonically normal, as was the entire left cerebral hemisphere. Neuronal heterotopias were present in the right centrum semiovale and both cerebellar hemispheres. Cytomorphometric study of parietal cortex of each cerebral hemisphere revealed a 4-fold increase in neuronal nuclear, and 11-fold increase in neuronal nucleolar, volume in the hypermegalic hemisphere, whereas glial nuclear volume was only one-third as great, in part because of edema of the left hemisphere. Microfluorometric cytochemical analysis demonstrated a 16% increase in neuronal DNA, 40% increase in total neuronal RNA, 12% increase in glial DNA, and 15% increase in glial RNA on the right. Biochemical analysis of tissue extracts disclosed increases in the right hemisphere of 40%, 56%, and 66%, respectively, for DNA, RNA, and protein. The data suggest heteroploidy of chromosomal DNA and enhanced transcription and translation in the hypermegalic hemisphere. Thus, a defect in regulation of cell metabolism may account for the morphologic and clinical abnormalities.", "contents": "Unilateral megalencephaly, cerebral cortical dysplasia, neuronal hypertrophy, and heterotopia: cytomorphometric, fluorometric cytochemical, and biochemical analyses. A 13-month-old boy with intractable seizures, left hemiparesis, and psychomotor retardation due to right unilateral megalencephaly, died in hypovolemic shock 1 day after hemispherectomy. The gyral pattern of the hypermegalic hemisphere was simplified and coarse. The cortical cytoarchitecture was disarrayed by a population of giant neurons. Hippocampus and calcarine cortex were cytoarchitectonically normal, as was the entire left cerebral hemisphere. Neuronal heterotopias were present in the right centrum semiovale and both cerebellar hemispheres. Cytomorphometric study of parietal cortex of each cerebral hemisphere revealed a 4-fold increase in neuronal nuclear, and 11-fold increase in neuronal nucleolar, volume in the hypermegalic hemisphere, whereas glial nuclear volume was only one-third as great, in part because of edema of the left hemisphere. Microfluorometric cytochemical analysis demonstrated a 16% increase in neuronal DNA, 40% increase in total neuronal RNA, 12% increase in glial DNA, and 15% increase in glial RNA on the right. Biochemical analysis of tissue extracts disclosed increases in the right hemisphere of 40%, 56%, and 66%, respectively, for DNA, RNA, and protein. The data suggest heteroploidy of chromosomal DNA and enhanced transcription and translation in the hypermegalic hemisphere. Thus, a defect in regulation of cell metabolism may account for the morphologic and clinical abnormalities.", "PMID": 419942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10173", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma in situ from the uterine cervix to the distal end of the fallopian tube.", "content": "An unusual case of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix is described in which spread occurred intraepithelially along the endometrium and one of the fallopian tubes. This marked superficial extension is an example of abnormal spread of a malignant tumour whose prognostic significance is unknown.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma in situ from the uterine cervix to the distal end of the fallopian tube. An unusual case of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix is described in which spread occurred intraepithelially along the endometrium and one of the fallopian tubes. This marked superficial extension is an example of abnormal spread of a malignant tumour whose prognostic significance is unknown.", "PMID": 419943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10174", "title": "A card sort method for pain assessment in gynaecology: a multidimensional approach.", "content": "This paper considers the problem of measuring the subjective report of pain. In view of the limitations of existing approaches an alternative method of pain assessment is proposed. This approach derives from a multidimensional concept of pain. The test is in the form of pair comparisons and is designed to measure different pain dimensions. Sufficient consensus was found over the meaning and relevance of words describing intrauterine device related pain and primary dysmenorrhoea to allow a standard test to be developed. The reliability of the test was found to be high and its clinical advantages promising. It was not possible to provide an adequate evaluation of the test's validity. In view of these findings a longer-term treatment evaluation study is currently being undertaken in order to establish this.", "contents": "A card sort method for pain assessment in gynaecology: a multidimensional approach. This paper considers the problem of measuring the subjective report of pain. In view of the limitations of existing approaches an alternative method of pain assessment is proposed. This approach derives from a multidimensional concept of pain. The test is in the form of pair comparisons and is designed to measure different pain dimensions. Sufficient consensus was found over the meaning and relevance of words describing intrauterine device related pain and primary dysmenorrhoea to allow a standard test to be developed. The reliability of the test was found to be high and its clinical advantages promising. It was not possible to provide an adequate evaluation of the test's validity. In view of these findings a longer-term treatment evaluation study is currently being undertaken in order to establish this.", "PMID": 419944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10175", "title": "Multichannel intrauterine pressure recording by means of microtransducers.", "content": "Intrauterine pressures (IUP) were recorded simultaneously at the fundus, the isthmus, and cervix uteri by means of three micro-transducers (in 20 healthy, nonpregnant women, and in 5 patients with severe, primary dysmenorrhoea). Recordings were performed during the first 3 days of the menstrual cycle. Both incoordinate and coordinated myometrial activity was recognized. When coordination was present, the contraction wave as a rule started in fundus and was propagated towards the isthmus and cervix. Pinching and/or palpation of the cervix elicited retrograde contractions, i.e. the contraction wave started in the cervix and moved towards the fundus. It was frequently observed that during vigorous contractions of the fundus, the pressure increase in the isthmus was small; in some cases even a decrease in pressure occurred in this region. The pressure recording technique functioned perfectly during all recordings and seems to facilitate detailed studies of myometrial activity in the non-pregnant uterus.", "contents": "Multichannel intrauterine pressure recording by means of microtransducers. Intrauterine pressures (IUP) were recorded simultaneously at the fundus, the isthmus, and cervix uteri by means of three micro-transducers (in 20 healthy, nonpregnant women, and in 5 patients with severe, primary dysmenorrhoea). Recordings were performed during the first 3 days of the menstrual cycle. Both incoordinate and coordinated myometrial activity was recognized. When coordination was present, the contraction wave as a rule started in fundus and was propagated towards the isthmus and cervix. Pinching and/or palpation of the cervix elicited retrograde contractions, i.e. the contraction wave started in the cervix and moved towards the fundus. It was frequently observed that during vigorous contractions of the fundus, the pressure increase in the isthmus was small; in some cases even a decrease in pressure occurred in this region. The pressure recording technique functioned perfectly during all recordings and seems to facilitate detailed studies of myometrial activity in the non-pregnant uterus.", "PMID": 419945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10176", "title": "Maternal alcohol and tobacco consumption and their association with nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.", "content": "Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP) has been associated with favorable pregnancy outcome, though little is known about factors influencing its occurrence. In this study, information on NVP in 210 patients at a west coast health maintenance organization was obtained. Smoking and alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy were also estimated in two personal interviews during gestation. In all, 72% of the subjects had NVP in the first 4 months of pregnancy. Smokers had significantly less NVP than non-smokers (52% vs. 79%). Furthermore, NVP in smokers was negatively associated with alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy, with the stronger relation being for alcohol reported in the 6 months before pregnancy; only 46% of smokers drinking more than 1/2 fl. oz. of absolute alcohol daily in this period reported NVP, while 68% of smokers drinking less had NVP. For non-smokers, there was no relation between alcohol use in any period and NVP. The risk of NVP associated with pre-pregnancy drinking was not related to any change in alcohol consumption after conception. These results suggest an interaction between NVP, smoking, and reported alcohol consumption. The association of favorable pregnancy outcome with NVP may be in part a reflection of moderation in maternal alcohol and tobacco use.", "contents": "Maternal alcohol and tobacco consumption and their association with nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP) has been associated with favorable pregnancy outcome, though little is known about factors influencing its occurrence. In this study, information on NVP in 210 patients at a west coast health maintenance organization was obtained. Smoking and alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy were also estimated in two personal interviews during gestation. In all, 72% of the subjects had NVP in the first 4 months of pregnancy. Smokers had significantly less NVP than non-smokers (52% vs. 79%). Furthermore, NVP in smokers was negatively associated with alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy, with the stronger relation being for alcohol reported in the 6 months before pregnancy; only 46% of smokers drinking more than 1/2 fl. oz. of absolute alcohol daily in this period reported NVP, while 68% of smokers drinking less had NVP. For non-smokers, there was no relation between alcohol use in any period and NVP. The risk of NVP associated with pre-pregnancy drinking was not related to any change in alcohol consumption after conception. These results suggest an interaction between NVP, smoking, and reported alcohol consumption. The association of favorable pregnancy outcome with NVP may be in part a reflection of moderation in maternal alcohol and tobacco use.", "PMID": 419948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10177", "title": "Red cell 2.3-diphosphoglycerate in pregnancy.", "content": "In normal, primigravidae red cell 2.3-diphosphoglycerate (2.3-DPG) concentration was found to be increased significantly from the third month of pregnancy. The 2.3-DPG concentration remained elevated throughout pregnancy. Increase in the 2.3-DPG concentration leads to a decrease in the oxygen affinity of the maternal red cells. The combination of low pCO2 and low oxygen affinity of the maternal blood facilitates the transport of oxygen as well as that of carbon dioxide across the placenta. The weight of the delivered children was not significantly correlated to the 2.3-DPG changes, and no significant variation of the measured variables could be detected in 9 women with abnormal pregnancies.", "contents": "Red cell 2.3-diphosphoglycerate in pregnancy. In normal, primigravidae red cell 2.3-diphosphoglycerate (2.3-DPG) concentration was found to be increased significantly from the third month of pregnancy. The 2.3-DPG concentration remained elevated throughout pregnancy. Increase in the 2.3-DPG concentration leads to a decrease in the oxygen affinity of the maternal red cells. The combination of low pCO2 and low oxygen affinity of the maternal blood facilitates the transport of oxygen as well as that of carbon dioxide across the placenta. The weight of the delivered children was not significantly correlated to the 2.3-DPG changes, and no significant variation of the measured variables could be detected in 9 women with abnormal pregnancies.", "PMID": 419949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10178", "title": "The routine use of oral prostaglandin E2 tablets for induction or augmentation of labour.", "content": "The use of oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) tablets is an effective and safe adjunct to low amniotomy for the induction of labour at term. Routine use of this regimen and the use of oral PGE2 tablets for augmentation of spontaneous labour has shown that the method is very effective in multiparous patients, but much less so in primiparous patients. Success or failure could not be predicted by the pre-induction Bishop score. The incidence of gastro-intestinal side effect is dose dependent, but is low in multiparous patients.", "contents": "The routine use of oral prostaglandin E2 tablets for induction or augmentation of labour. The use of oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) tablets is an effective and safe adjunct to low amniotomy for the induction of labour at term. Routine use of this regimen and the use of oral PGE2 tablets for augmentation of spontaneous labour has shown that the method is very effective in multiparous patients, but much less so in primiparous patients. Success or failure could not be predicted by the pre-induction Bishop score. The incidence of gastro-intestinal side effect is dose dependent, but is low in multiparous patients.", "PMID": 419950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10179", "title": "Is there a physiological intravascular coagulation in obstetrical cases?", "content": "The concentrations of plasmatic fibrinogen and its degradation products (FDPs), and the paracoagulation test using serial dilution of protamine sulphate (SDPS) were determined during the third trimester of pregnancy, labor, and puerperium. Singificant increases in the concentrations of fibrinogen and FDPs were observed throughout the process of pregnancy and birth, combined with both positive and negative SDPS tests. We suggest that these findings do not indicate a process of physiological DIC.", "contents": "Is there a physiological intravascular coagulation in obstetrical cases? The concentrations of plasmatic fibrinogen and its degradation products (FDPs), and the paracoagulation test using serial dilution of protamine sulphate (SDPS) were determined during the third trimester of pregnancy, labor, and puerperium. Singificant increases in the concentrations of fibrinogen and FDPs were observed throughout the process of pregnancy and birth, combined with both positive and negative SDPS tests. We suggest that these findings do not indicate a process of physiological DIC.", "PMID": 419951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10180", "title": "The aetiology and outcome of abruptio placentae.", "content": "A series of 193 cases of abruptio placentae in a hospital population of 35,217 is described. This is an incidence of 0.55%. In the series both age and parity, but not pre-eclampsia or anaemia, are significant associated factors. The recurrence rate of abruptio placentae was 5.6%. There were no maternal deaths and the perinatal mortality was 35%. Epidural analgesia does not abolish the pain of the abruptio placentae in spite of abolishing the pain of labour.", "contents": "The aetiology and outcome of abruptio placentae. A series of 193 cases of abruptio placentae in a hospital population of 35,217 is described. This is an incidence of 0.55%. In the series both age and parity, but not pre-eclampsia or anaemia, are significant associated factors. The recurrence rate of abruptio placentae was 5.6%. There were no maternal deaths and the perinatal mortality was 35%. Epidural analgesia does not abolish the pain of the abruptio placentae in spite of abolishing the pain of labour.", "PMID": 419953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10181", "title": "On improved outcome of twin pregnancies.", "content": "During the past four years, an attempt has been made in Malm\u00f6 to reduce the frequency of preterm termination of twin pregnancies. For this purpose, the entire pregnant population of this medium-sized city was subjected to general ultrasonic screening in the second trimester. This detected 88 per cent of the twin pregnancies. The screening has a methodological error of 2 per cent. Eightysix of the women with twin pregnancy were subjected to bedrest in hospital for more than two weeks in the second half of gestation. The incidences of twins born with birth weight below 1 500 g and of twins light-for-gestational-age were reduced compared with those a decade earlier. Also the group of twins born before the 37th week decreased, and the perinatal mortality rate fell to the same level as in singleton pregnancies. Early detection of twin pregnancies followed by rest for the pregnant women seems to contribute to an improved outcome of these gestations.", "contents": "On improved outcome of twin pregnancies. During the past four years, an attempt has been made in Malm\u00f6 to reduce the frequency of preterm termination of twin pregnancies. For this purpose, the entire pregnant population of this medium-sized city was subjected to general ultrasonic screening in the second trimester. This detected 88 per cent of the twin pregnancies. The screening has a methodological error of 2 per cent. Eightysix of the women with twin pregnancy were subjected to bedrest in hospital for more than two weeks in the second half of gestation. The incidences of twins born with birth weight below 1 500 g and of twins light-for-gestational-age were reduced compared with those a decade earlier. Also the group of twins born before the 37th week decreased, and the perinatal mortality rate fell to the same level as in singleton pregnancies. Early detection of twin pregnancies followed by rest for the pregnant women seems to contribute to an improved outcome of these gestations.", "PMID": 419952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10182", "title": "Perinatal death due to abruptio placentae in an African city.", "content": "Abruptio placentae was a common cause of perinatal death in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 1974-1975 with a frequency of 5.5/1000 births. This disorder had its peak frequency at term. No abnormalities were found in the placentas to explain the placental abruptions but there were other clues to their genesis. There was a strong association of the fatal abruptions with severe poverty in the mothers. These poor mothers were both undernourished and malnourished during pregnancy. Their fetuses and neonates who died had multiple evidences of undernutrition including a relative undergrowth of adrenals, spleens and livers and a relative acceleration of lung maturation. These findings support observations in more prosperous nations that poor nutrition of the gravida may have an important role in the genesis of abruptio placentae.", "contents": "Perinatal death due to abruptio placentae in an African city. Abruptio placentae was a common cause of perinatal death in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 1974-1975 with a frequency of 5.5/1000 births. This disorder had its peak frequency at term. No abnormalities were found in the placentas to explain the placental abruptions but there were other clues to their genesis. There was a strong association of the fatal abruptions with severe poverty in the mothers. These poor mothers were both undernourished and malnourished during pregnancy. Their fetuses and neonates who died had multiple evidences of undernutrition including a relative undergrowth of adrenals, spleens and livers and a relative acceleration of lung maturation. These findings support observations in more prosperous nations that poor nutrition of the gravida may have an important role in the genesis of abruptio placentae.", "PMID": 419954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10183", "title": "Neurobehavioral response of infants after paracervical block during labour.", "content": "30 parturient women were randomized into a group receiving paracervical block (PCB) and a control group. The infants were tested by a neurobehavioral examination immediately after birth, after 3 hours and 3 days. The examiner was unaware of the obstetrical management of the patients. No clinically significant differences could be detected between the two groups. Arterial and venous pO2, pCO2 and pH from the umbilical cord showed no differences between the groups.", "contents": "Neurobehavioral response of infants after paracervical block during labour. 30 parturient women were randomized into a group receiving paracervical block (PCB) and a control group. The infants were tested by a neurobehavioral examination immediately after birth, after 3 hours and 3 days. The examiner was unaware of the obstetrical management of the patients. No clinically significant differences could be detected between the two groups. Arterial and venous pO2, pCO2 and pH from the umbilical cord showed no differences between the groups.", "PMID": 419955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10184", "title": "Body weight in parous women: is there any alteration between successive pregnancies?", "content": "In 50 women who had five successive pregnancies the difference was studied between the mean maternal weight at the 20th week of gestation and six weeks post partum. The difference changed from a weight loss to a weight gain in the fourth and fifth pregnancies. The maximum weight increment occurred between the end of the first pregnancy and the 20th week of the second, especially in obese multiparae.", "contents": "Body weight in parous women: is there any alteration between successive pregnancies? In 50 women who had five successive pregnancies the difference was studied between the mean maternal weight at the 20th week of gestation and six weeks post partum. The difference changed from a weight loss to a weight gain in the fourth and fifth pregnancies. The maximum weight increment occurred between the end of the first pregnancy and the 20th week of the second, especially in obese multiparae.", "PMID": 419956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10185", "title": "The peroxidase content and the antibacterial activity of the amniotic fluid.", "content": "A possible relationship between the antibacterial activity of amniotic fluid and its peroxidase content was examined. Antibacterial activity, assessed by counting colonies of S. aureus following 24 hour incubation, was present in 76% of the samples studied. It was not related to gestational age. Peroxidase activity, assessed by the O-dianisidine method, was not found in any of the amniotic fluid samples examined.", "contents": "The peroxidase content and the antibacterial activity of the amniotic fluid. A possible relationship between the antibacterial activity of amniotic fluid and its peroxidase content was examined. Antibacterial activity, assessed by counting colonies of S. aureus following 24 hour incubation, was present in 76% of the samples studied. It was not related to gestational age. Peroxidase activity, assessed by the O-dianisidine method, was not found in any of the amniotic fluid samples examined.", "PMID": 419957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10186", "title": "Early successful pregnancy following tuberculous endometritis.", "content": "Successful pregnancy following proven endometrial tuberculosis is rare. Such a case is reported where conception occurred within three months of finishing treatment. It is suggested that rifampin may offer a better prospect of subsequent fertility than other chemotherapuetic agents.", "contents": "Early successful pregnancy following tuberculous endometritis. Successful pregnancy following proven endometrial tuberculosis is rare. Such a case is reported where conception occurred within three months of finishing treatment. It is suggested that rifampin may offer a better prospect of subsequent fertility than other chemotherapuetic agents.", "PMID": 419958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10187", "title": "Emotional distress in morning-after pill patients.", "content": "The self-administered SCL-90 test was utilized to collect emotional distress data on 120 female patients requesting morning-after pill pregnancy interception. SCL prescores were significant in anxiety, guilt and depression factors. The 2-week post-treatment results showed a significant decrease in these factors. This test provides reliable measurement of emotional distress factors in gynecologic GYN patients. The results must be considered supportive for the use of DES interceptive therapy in spite of other clinical considerations relative to its safety.", "contents": "Emotional distress in morning-after pill patients. The self-administered SCL-90 test was utilized to collect emotional distress data on 120 female patients requesting morning-after pill pregnancy interception. SCL prescores were significant in anxiety, guilt and depression factors. The 2-week post-treatment results showed a significant decrease in these factors. This test provides reliable measurement of emotional distress factors in gynecologic GYN patients. The results must be considered supportive for the use of DES interceptive therapy in spite of other clinical considerations relative to its safety.", "PMID": 419959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10188", "title": "Plasma and urine levels produced by an oral dose of ampicillin 0.5 G administered to women taking oral contraceptives.", "content": "Earlier studies have shown that ampicillin produces 50% lower-and therefore very likely less adequate-plasma levels in pregnant than in nonpregnant women. The present investigation compares levels of ampicillin in plasma and urine produced by a single oral dose administered to 10 healthy women taking oral contraceptives on the 21st and on the 28th day of the menstruation cycle. Plasma levels of ampicillin were lower on the 21st day than on the 28th, i.e. a difference in the same direction as between pregnant and nonpregnant women although the difference was not significant. Contrary to what was found for pregnant women the dose of ampicillin to women taking oral contraceptives does not have to be doubled in order to compensate for lower plasma levels.", "contents": "Plasma and urine levels produced by an oral dose of ampicillin 0.5 G administered to women taking oral contraceptives. Earlier studies have shown that ampicillin produces 50% lower-and therefore very likely less adequate-plasma levels in pregnant than in nonpregnant women. The present investigation compares levels of ampicillin in plasma and urine produced by a single oral dose administered to 10 healthy women taking oral contraceptives on the 21st and on the 28th day of the menstruation cycle. Plasma levels of ampicillin were lower on the 21st day than on the 28th, i.e. a difference in the same direction as between pregnant and nonpregnant women although the difference was not significant. Contrary to what was found for pregnant women the dose of ampicillin to women taking oral contraceptives does not have to be doubled in order to compensate for lower plasma levels.", "PMID": 419960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10189", "title": "Hyperthecosis syndrome. Clinical, endocrinologic and histologic findings.", "content": "Five patients were found to have hyperthecosis ovarii as evidenced by the presence of large lipid containing thecal cells in the ovarian stroma. The clinical picture was similar in all of them, featuring mild virilization, obesity and oligomenorrhea, with refractoriness to clomid therapy. Plasma FSH levels were low normal, while LH levels were slightly elevated. Urinary 17-ketosteroids levels were elevated, and plasma testosterone concentrations were upper normal. The response to dexamethasone suppression and HCG stimulation is discussed. The effect of wedge resection on the clinical and endocrinologic pictures is evaluated.", "contents": "Hyperthecosis syndrome. Clinical, endocrinologic and histologic findings. Five patients were found to have hyperthecosis ovarii as evidenced by the presence of large lipid containing thecal cells in the ovarian stroma. The clinical picture was similar in all of them, featuring mild virilization, obesity and oligomenorrhea, with refractoriness to clomid therapy. Plasma FSH levels were low normal, while LH levels were slightly elevated. Urinary 17-ketosteroids levels were elevated, and plasma testosterone concentrations were upper normal. The response to dexamethasone suppression and HCG stimulation is discussed. The effect of wedge resection on the clinical and endocrinologic pictures is evaluated.", "PMID": 419961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10190", "title": "Some adverse effects of copper-IUD.", "content": "Perforations and extraction problems in some 30 700 women wearing a copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD), either a Cu-7 or Cu-T have been studied. Perforations were very rare. Judging from the literature and the present investigation, in cases of perforation the Cu-7-IUD has a tendency to penetrate the uterine wall and the Cu-T-IUD the cervical wall. Retracted and detached strings were observed somewhat more often in women wearing Cu-7-IUD's. The number of such cases was, however, not large enough to warrant a statistical comparison. The cause of retention, investigative procedures and recommendations in the removal of lodged Cu-IUD's are discussed.", "contents": "Some adverse effects of copper-IUD. Perforations and extraction problems in some 30 700 women wearing a copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD), either a Cu-7 or Cu-T have been studied. Perforations were very rare. Judging from the literature and the present investigation, in cases of perforation the Cu-7-IUD has a tendency to penetrate the uterine wall and the Cu-T-IUD the cervical wall. Retracted and detached strings were observed somewhat more often in women wearing Cu-7-IUD's. The number of such cases was, however, not large enough to warrant a statistical comparison. The cause of retention, investigative procedures and recommendations in the removal of lodged Cu-IUD's are discussed.", "PMID": 419962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10191", "title": "Mental factors influencing recurrence of stress incontinence.", "content": "At a recent follow-up of 51 women operated on for stress incontinence, there was an astonishingly high discrepancy between symptoms claimed by the patients and signs found by the physician. To examine the influence of certain mental factors on the recurrence of stress incontinence, the patients in the above-mentioned follow-up were tested with the Eysenck Personality Inventory test and the Sabbatsberg Depression Self-rating Scale test. The women with symptoms but no objective signs of stress incontinence showed a higher degree of both neuroticism and depression than the women of perfect health. Thus, in this group, it may be a question of aggravation of symptoms, which cannot be helped by a reoperation. Instead, these women might need psychiatric attention to relieve their psychosomatic symptoms.", "contents": "Mental factors influencing recurrence of stress incontinence. At a recent follow-up of 51 women operated on for stress incontinence, there was an astonishingly high discrepancy between symptoms claimed by the patients and signs found by the physician. To examine the influence of certain mental factors on the recurrence of stress incontinence, the patients in the above-mentioned follow-up were tested with the Eysenck Personality Inventory test and the Sabbatsberg Depression Self-rating Scale test. The women with symptoms but no objective signs of stress incontinence showed a higher degree of both neuroticism and depression than the women of perfect health. Thus, in this group, it may be a question of aggravation of symptoms, which cannot be helped by a reoperation. Instead, these women might need psychiatric attention to relieve their psychosomatic symptoms.", "PMID": 419964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10192", "title": "Fetal growth retardation associated with inadequate haemodilution in otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy.", "content": "The Hb level during pregnancy was followed in 113 non-anaemic women with uncomplicated pregnancy and birth weight of the baby above the 2.5th percentile. There was an inverse correlation close to statistical significance between the birth weight of the baby and the lowest Hb level reached during pregnancy as well as the Hb level in late pregnancy (38th week). A group of seven non-anaemic women with birth weight of the baby below the 2.5th percentile had a significantly higher (p less than 0.001) Hb level in late pregnancy than the normal group. Four of these cases had a statistically significant higher Hb level already in the second trimester. Trends in the reproductive history, complaints in the present pregnancy as well as results of hormone assays and the condition of the baby indicated that the seven cases represented a pathological group with fetal growth retardation. None of the women in the two groups were treated with diuretics. All had iron supplementation in high doses.", "contents": "Fetal growth retardation associated with inadequate haemodilution in otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy. The Hb level during pregnancy was followed in 113 non-anaemic women with uncomplicated pregnancy and birth weight of the baby above the 2.5th percentile. There was an inverse correlation close to statistical significance between the birth weight of the baby and the lowest Hb level reached during pregnancy as well as the Hb level in late pregnancy (38th week). A group of seven non-anaemic women with birth weight of the baby below the 2.5th percentile had a significantly higher (p less than 0.001) Hb level in late pregnancy than the normal group. Four of these cases had a statistically significant higher Hb level already in the second trimester. Trends in the reproductive history, complaints in the present pregnancy as well as results of hormone assays and the condition of the baby indicated that the seven cases represented a pathological group with fetal growth retardation. None of the women in the two groups were treated with diuretics. All had iron supplementation in high doses.", "PMID": 419963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10193", "title": "Plasma medroxyprogesterone acetate levels following intramuscular or oral administration in patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma.", "content": "The concentration of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in plasma samples taken 24 h after intramuscular or oral administration of 100 mg daily doses of the drug to patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma was measured by radioimmunoassay. In general, a plasma level of about 4 ng/ml was found 24 h after the dose, independent of the route of drug administration. However, in three of the patients to whom intramuscular MPA was given, considerably higher values were found. A maximal plasma level was achieved three hours after ingestion of 100 mg MPA. This was followed by a rapid decline to 20-25% of the peak value after about 12 h. A rather small day-to-day intraindividual variation was found in daily blood samples taken just before administration of the next dose. However, considerable differences were found between individuals and it is concluded that this variation in plasma levels may be reflected in the clinical efficacy of the treatment. Thus further studies in which plasma values and clinical effectiveness are correlated seem to be indicated.", "contents": "Plasma medroxyprogesterone acetate levels following intramuscular or oral administration in patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma. The concentration of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in plasma samples taken 24 h after intramuscular or oral administration of 100 mg daily doses of the drug to patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma was measured by radioimmunoassay. In general, a plasma level of about 4 ng/ml was found 24 h after the dose, independent of the route of drug administration. However, in three of the patients to whom intramuscular MPA was given, considerably higher values were found. A maximal plasma level was achieved three hours after ingestion of 100 mg MPA. This was followed by a rapid decline to 20-25% of the peak value after about 12 h. A rather small day-to-day intraindividual variation was found in daily blood samples taken just before administration of the next dose. However, considerable differences were found between individuals and it is concluded that this variation in plasma levels may be reflected in the clinical efficacy of the treatment. Thus further studies in which plasma values and clinical effectiveness are correlated seem to be indicated.", "PMID": 419965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10194", "title": "Variations of lens thickness in relation to biomicroscopic types of human senile cataract.", "content": "The results are reported of 38 ultrasonographic in vivo mensurations of intraindividual differences in axial thickness between a cataractous lens in one eye and a biomicroscopically clear or slightly cataractous lens (incipient deep cortical opacity) in the other. Obviously intumescent cataractous lenses were excluded. In general, the cataractous lens was thinner than the contralateral clear or slightly cataractous lens. Large decreases in lens thickness appeared in lenses with the capsule-near opacities of posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) + anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity (ACSCO). PSC was more closely correlated to lens thinning than was ACSCO. Nuclear cataract very often occurred in thin lenses, but did not appear to cause lens thinning per se. Deep cortical opacity was not associated with lens thinning. The present results contributed to our argumentation that the decrease in lens thickness is due to a leak of lens material through the \"lens membrane\" beside a possible cessation of growth of the lens fibres.", "contents": "Variations of lens thickness in relation to biomicroscopic types of human senile cataract. The results are reported of 38 ultrasonographic in vivo mensurations of intraindividual differences in axial thickness between a cataractous lens in one eye and a biomicroscopically clear or slightly cataractous lens (incipient deep cortical opacity) in the other. Obviously intumescent cataractous lenses were excluded. In general, the cataractous lens was thinner than the contralateral clear or slightly cataractous lens. Large decreases in lens thickness appeared in lenses with the capsule-near opacities of posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) + anterior capsular/subcapsular opacity (ACSCO). PSC was more closely correlated to lens thinning than was ACSCO. Nuclear cataract very often occurred in thin lenses, but did not appear to cause lens thinning per se. Deep cortical opacity was not associated with lens thinning. The present results contributed to our argumentation that the decrease in lens thickness is due to a leak of lens material through the \"lens membrane\" beside a possible cessation of growth of the lens fibres.", "PMID": 419966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10195", "title": "The ultrastructure of the normal conjunctival epithelium of the guinea pig. I. The basal and intermediate layers of the perilimbal zone.", "content": "The present paper on the perilimbal zone of the guinea pig conjunctival epithelium describes the ultrastructural organization of the basal cell layer, including basal epithelial cells, melanocytes and small lymphocytes, as well as the intermediate cell layers consisting of polyhedral cells and processes from the melanocytes and the small lymphocytes. Particular attention is paid to those cell features that might be associated with phagocytosis, autophagy, and transport mechanisms.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the normal conjunctival epithelium of the guinea pig. I. The basal and intermediate layers of the perilimbal zone. The present paper on the perilimbal zone of the guinea pig conjunctival epithelium describes the ultrastructural organization of the basal cell layer, including basal epithelial cells, melanocytes and small lymphocytes, as well as the intermediate cell layers consisting of polyhedral cells and processes from the melanocytes and the small lymphocytes. Particular attention is paid to those cell features that might be associated with phagocytosis, autophagy, and transport mechanisms.", "PMID": 419967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10196", "title": "The ultrastructure of the normal conjunctival epithelium of the guinea pig. II. The superficial layer of the perilimbal zone.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the superficial cell layer of the perilimbal zone of the guinea pig conjunctival epithelium as seen in transmission and scanning electron micrographs is described. The major interest is focused on the apparatus of vesicles, vacuoles and cysts and their possible significance in connexion with transport functions and autophagocytic processes. The importance of the cell surface components and the role of the microfilaments in phagocytosis are also discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the normal conjunctival epithelium of the guinea pig. II. The superficial layer of the perilimbal zone. The ultrastructure of the superficial cell layer of the perilimbal zone of the guinea pig conjunctival epithelium as seen in transmission and scanning electron micrographs is described. The major interest is focused on the apparatus of vesicles, vacuoles and cysts and their possible significance in connexion with transport functions and autophagocytic processes. The importance of the cell surface components and the role of the microfilaments in phagocytosis are also discussed.", "PMID": 419968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10197", "title": "Pulse-induced intraocular pressure variation and retrobulbar anaesthesia with and without adrenaline.", "content": "The intraocular pressure (IOP) and pulse-induced IOP variation (IOPV) were registered before and five min after retrobulbar anaesthesia (RBA) in 34 operations. The every second operation the anaesthetic (bupivacaine or lidocaine) was supplemented with adrenaline (epinephrine). Both IOP and IOPV were significantly lowered compared with the unanaesthetised fellow eye. The change in IOP was 16,8% with adrenaline and 15.1% without it. IOPV decreased 50.6% with adrenaline and 36.2% without adrenaline. It is concluded that RBA reduces the intraocular blood supply and this is probably one reason for the IOP lowering influence of RBA. Although to a smaller degree, this vascular effect is also achieved without adrenaline.", "contents": "Pulse-induced intraocular pressure variation and retrobulbar anaesthesia with and without adrenaline. The intraocular pressure (IOP) and pulse-induced IOP variation (IOPV) were registered before and five min after retrobulbar anaesthesia (RBA) in 34 operations. The every second operation the anaesthetic (bupivacaine or lidocaine) was supplemented with adrenaline (epinephrine). Both IOP and IOPV were significantly lowered compared with the unanaesthetised fellow eye. The change in IOP was 16,8% with adrenaline and 15.1% without it. IOPV decreased 50.6% with adrenaline and 36.2% without adrenaline. It is concluded that RBA reduces the intraocular blood supply and this is probably one reason for the IOP lowering influence of RBA. Although to a smaller degree, this vascular effect is also achieved without adrenaline.", "PMID": 419969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10198", "title": "Ant-egg cataract. A study of a family with dominantly inherited congenital (ant-egg) cataract, including a histological examination of the formed elements.", "content": "A family with \"ant-egg\" cataract in three generations is described. The cataract is congenital, probably of autosomal dominant inheritance. Light microscopy of the ant-eggs showed that they are made up of a peripheral zone of lens material and a large almost homogenous centre. Element analysis by X-ray spectrophotometry showed a high content of calcium and phosphorus in the centre. The cataract has been easy to operate on and the postoperative visual results have been good.", "contents": "Ant-egg cataract. A study of a family with dominantly inherited congenital (ant-egg) cataract, including a histological examination of the formed elements. A family with \"ant-egg\" cataract in three generations is described. The cataract is congenital, probably of autosomal dominant inheritance. Light microscopy of the ant-eggs showed that they are made up of a peripheral zone of lens material and a large almost homogenous centre. Element analysis by X-ray spectrophotometry showed a high content of calcium and phosphorus in the centre. The cataract has been easy to operate on and the postoperative visual results have been good.", "PMID": 419970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10199", "title": "The effect of oxazepam on ocular readaptation time.", "content": "The readaptation time (RAT) is the interval during which a person exposed to a bright intense light flash cannot perceive a given target. In this study the target used was an optokinetic pattern and the elicited nystagmus (OKN) was registered with electrooculography (EOG), thus giving an objective registration of RAT. Oxazepam in therapeutic doses was given to five healthy subjects and the RAT and serum concentrations of the drug were registered simultaneously at different time intervals. An almost parallel increase of RAT and serum concentration of oxazepam was recorded. This suggests that RAT reflects the depressant effect on the CNS of this drug and it may be used as an objective method of following the clinical effect of a depressant drug as a function of time after intake.", "contents": "The effect of oxazepam on ocular readaptation time. The readaptation time (RAT) is the interval during which a person exposed to a bright intense light flash cannot perceive a given target. In this study the target used was an optokinetic pattern and the elicited nystagmus (OKN) was registered with electrooculography (EOG), thus giving an objective registration of RAT. Oxazepam in therapeutic doses was given to five healthy subjects and the RAT and serum concentrations of the drug were registered simultaneously at different time intervals. An almost parallel increase of RAT and serum concentration of oxazepam was recorded. This suggests that RAT reflects the depressant effect on the CNS of this drug and it may be used as an objective method of following the clinical effect of a depressant drug as a function of time after intake.", "PMID": 419971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10200", "title": "A simple routine for optic disc photography through a natural pupil. Short communication.", "content": "A simple device is described which made it possible to obtain usable fundus pictures in ca. 95 per cent of 2000 eyes without dilatation of the pupil. The camera is set to the patient's refraction by means of a scale on the camera extension.", "contents": "A simple routine for optic disc photography through a natural pupil. Short communication. A simple device is described which made it possible to obtain usable fundus pictures in ca. 95 per cent of 2000 eyes without dilatation of the pupil. The camera is set to the patient's refraction by means of a scale on the camera extension.", "PMID": 419972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10201", "title": "Human traumatic cataract. A quantitative microradiographic and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Six cases representing different stages of cataract formation secondary to eye trauma were subjected to quantitative microradiographic or electron microscopic examination. Anterior and posterior subcapsular cataracts were found to contain extensively swollen lens fibers in the subcapsular cortex. Microradiographic measurements revealed a reduced concentration of dry mass in the subcapsular cortex around the whole circumference of the lens. The inner cortex and the nucleus appeared normal both microradiographically and electron-microscopically. Two of the examined cases had an opaque-cataract membrane and one had a Soemmerring's ring. The opaque membranes consisted of irregular masse of degenerated lens fiber material as well as regenerated lens epithelial cells. A wide range of dry mass concentration was found in the opaque membrane that was studied microradiographically. Alterations in morphology and dry mass concentration are more than sufficient to explain the development of opacification in traumatic cataract.", "contents": "Human traumatic cataract. A quantitative microradiographic and electron microscopic study. Six cases representing different stages of cataract formation secondary to eye trauma were subjected to quantitative microradiographic or electron microscopic examination. Anterior and posterior subcapsular cataracts were found to contain extensively swollen lens fibers in the subcapsular cortex. Microradiographic measurements revealed a reduced concentration of dry mass in the subcapsular cortex around the whole circumference of the lens. The inner cortex and the nucleus appeared normal both microradiographically and electron-microscopically. Two of the examined cases had an opaque-cataract membrane and one had a Soemmerring's ring. The opaque membranes consisted of irregular masse of degenerated lens fiber material as well as regenerated lens epithelial cells. A wide range of dry mass concentration was found in the opaque membrane that was studied microradiographically. Alterations in morphology and dry mass concentration are more than sufficient to explain the development of opacification in traumatic cataract.", "PMID": 419973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10202", "title": "Late complications of 7-0 polyglycolic (Dexon) sutures in cataract surgery.", "content": "The late complications of corneo-scleral wound healing after the 15th postoperative day were recorded in 108 routine adult cataract operations using 7-0 polyglycolic acid (Dexon) sutures and compared with 80 routine adult cataract operations using 9-0 monofilament nylon (9-10 Ethilon Nylon) sutures. In 37 eyes of the 7-0 Dexon group filtrating blebs, gaping of the corneoscleral wound, anterior chamber collapse, or decrease in the intraocular pressure were observed compared with one filtrating bleb in the 9-0 nylon group. The majority of late complications occurred 22 to 42 days after surgery. Ten filtrating blebs remained after a 5 months' follow-up period. The most probable cause of the late complications in corneo-scleral wound healing was discussed.", "contents": "Late complications of 7-0 polyglycolic (Dexon) sutures in cataract surgery. The late complications of corneo-scleral wound healing after the 15th postoperative day were recorded in 108 routine adult cataract operations using 7-0 polyglycolic acid (Dexon) sutures and compared with 80 routine adult cataract operations using 9-0 monofilament nylon (9-10 Ethilon Nylon) sutures. In 37 eyes of the 7-0 Dexon group filtrating blebs, gaping of the corneoscleral wound, anterior chamber collapse, or decrease in the intraocular pressure were observed compared with one filtrating bleb in the 9-0 nylon group. The majority of late complications occurred 22 to 42 days after surgery. Ten filtrating blebs remained after a 5 months' follow-up period. The most probable cause of the late complications in corneo-scleral wound healing was discussed.", "PMID": 419974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10203", "title": "Changes in pupillary dynamics in young men during prolonged severe exercise.", "content": "Infrared pupillography has been performed on 9 male cadets taking part in a combat course lasting for 5 days. The combat course involved lack of sleep, strong physical exercise and caloric deficit. During the course pupillary size was determined after rapid adaptation to darkness and the rate of concentration and the rate of dilatation after stimulation of the opposite eye with light was determined. Dilatation time increased by 50% towards the end of the course and pupillary size before light stimulation was reduced by 14%. On day 3 and 5, but not on day 1, small amplitude pupillary oscillations were observed. The speed of contraction was, however, unchanged.", "contents": "Changes in pupillary dynamics in young men during prolonged severe exercise. Infrared pupillography has been performed on 9 male cadets taking part in a combat course lasting for 5 days. The combat course involved lack of sleep, strong physical exercise and caloric deficit. During the course pupillary size was determined after rapid adaptation to darkness and the rate of concentration and the rate of dilatation after stimulation of the opposite eye with light was determined. Dilatation time increased by 50% towards the end of the course and pupillary size before light stimulation was reduced by 14%. On day 3 and 5, but not on day 1, small amplitude pupillary oscillations were observed. The speed of contraction was, however, unchanged.", "PMID": 419975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10204", "title": "Relationship between blood flow velocity in the choroid and intraocular pressure in rabbits.", "content": "By using thermistors for calorimetry to monitor blood flow velocity in the choroid of the anaesthetized rabbit, it was found that an elevation of intraocular pressure reduced the choroidal blood flow. The relationship between the ratio of perfusion pressure to intraocular tension (x) and the reciprocal value of the percentage of blood flow velocity (l/y) showed a curve convex towards the pressure axis. On a log-lin scale the graph was linear. A significant linear correlation with a coefficient of 0.965 was obtained. The regression equation was found to be log l/y = 0.48x-1.98 +/- 0.29. From the present experiments it is concluded that the vascular bed of the choroid in the rabbit is a passive one with no sign of autoregulation. The observations are discussed from the point of view of blood supply and possible damage to the optic disc.", "contents": "Relationship between blood flow velocity in the choroid and intraocular pressure in rabbits. By using thermistors for calorimetry to monitor blood flow velocity in the choroid of the anaesthetized rabbit, it was found that an elevation of intraocular pressure reduced the choroidal blood flow. The relationship between the ratio of perfusion pressure to intraocular tension (x) and the reciprocal value of the percentage of blood flow velocity (l/y) showed a curve convex towards the pressure axis. On a log-lin scale the graph was linear. A significant linear correlation with a coefficient of 0.965 was obtained. The regression equation was found to be log l/y = 0.48x-1.98 +/- 0.29. From the present experiments it is concluded that the vascular bed of the choroid in the rabbit is a passive one with no sign of autoregulation. The observations are discussed from the point of view of blood supply and possible damage to the optic disc.", "PMID": 419976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10205", "title": "Pilocarpine medication in open-angle glaucoma. A study using pilocarpine eyedrops and an ocular therapeutic system.", "content": "Two modes of topical pilocarpine therapy were applied to sixteen patients with open-angle glaucoma. A pilocarpine drop medication (2% solution four times daily) was compared to a constant and continuous supply of pilocarpine by a therapeutic delivery system (Ocusert P-40). The pressure reducing efficiency was studied in the morning and in the following four hour period of an ordinary drop medication regimen. The results indicate about equal pressure reducing properties in both high and low pre-treatment pressure values. However, compared to pilocarpine drops, we found a statistically significant lower pressure in the morning after the Ocusert unit, especially in glaucomatous eyes with high pre-treatment pressure.", "contents": "Pilocarpine medication in open-angle glaucoma. A study using pilocarpine eyedrops and an ocular therapeutic system. Two modes of topical pilocarpine therapy were applied to sixteen patients with open-angle glaucoma. A pilocarpine drop medication (2% solution four times daily) was compared to a constant and continuous supply of pilocarpine by a therapeutic delivery system (Ocusert P-40). The pressure reducing efficiency was studied in the morning and in the following four hour period of an ordinary drop medication regimen. The results indicate about equal pressure reducing properties in both high and low pre-treatment pressure values. However, compared to pilocarpine drops, we found a statistically significant lower pressure in the morning after the Ocusert unit, especially in glaucomatous eyes with high pre-treatment pressure.", "PMID": 419977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10206", "title": "Capillary haemangioma of the optic disc. A case report.", "content": "A case of capillary haemangioma of the optic disc is reported. The ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic characteristics of the different varieties of haemangioma of the optic nerve head are discussed and the problems of treatment of photocoagulation outlined.", "contents": "Capillary haemangioma of the optic disc. A case report. A case of capillary haemangioma of the optic disc is reported. The ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic characteristics of the different varieties of haemangioma of the optic nerve head are discussed and the problems of treatment of photocoagulation outlined.", "PMID": 419978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10207", "title": "Helicoidal peripapillary chorioretinal degeneration.", "content": "A family with helicoidal peripapillary chorioretinal degeneration is described. This is a rare bilateral fundus affection--only seven more or less typical cases have been reported in the literature. 21 patients from the same family in four generations were examined, 10 men and 11 women. Seven men and six women showed a helicoidal affection. Of this number, there were 11 children aged from 4-17 years, six were girls of whom three had helicoidal fundus and five were boys of whom two were affected. General examination revealed nothing of particular interest. We have here a congenital hereditary fundus anomaly or minor malformation in four generations--young people with normal visual acuity who develop with age a clear tendency to invasion of the macular region by a degenerative process. This is most dangerous for the visual acuity when the atropic helicoidal wings lie in or near the macula region.", "contents": "Helicoidal peripapillary chorioretinal degeneration. A family with helicoidal peripapillary chorioretinal degeneration is described. This is a rare bilateral fundus affection--only seven more or less typical cases have been reported in the literature. 21 patients from the same family in four generations were examined, 10 men and 11 women. Seven men and six women showed a helicoidal affection. Of this number, there were 11 children aged from 4-17 years, six were girls of whom three had helicoidal fundus and five were boys of whom two were affected. General examination revealed nothing of particular interest. We have here a congenital hereditary fundus anomaly or minor malformation in four generations--young people with normal visual acuity who develop with age a clear tendency to invasion of the macular region by a degenerative process. This is most dangerous for the visual acuity when the atropic helicoidal wings lie in or near the macula region.", "PMID": 419979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10208", "title": "Axial length of the emmetropic eye and its relation to the head size.", "content": "The results of the ultrasonographic measurements of the ocular components in 40 emmetropic eyes from men of nearly the same age are presented and the possible relation between the axial eye length and the head size is discussed. A significant correlation was found between the axial eye length and the head circumference (P less than 0.001), between the axial eye length and the head length (P less than 0.01) and between the axial eye length and the head breadth (P less than 0.02). A significant correlation was also found between the axial eye length and the height of the subjects (P less than 0.01). It is suggested that such a correlation can explain not only the wide individual range of axial eye lengths in emmetropic eyes, but also the existing difference in axial eye length between the sexes. The mean eye length was 23.82 mm in 40 men and 23.02 mm in 10 women; both sexes were of the same age (20-30 years).", "contents": "Axial length of the emmetropic eye and its relation to the head size. The results of the ultrasonographic measurements of the ocular components in 40 emmetropic eyes from men of nearly the same age are presented and the possible relation between the axial eye length and the head size is discussed. A significant correlation was found between the axial eye length and the head circumference (P less than 0.001), between the axial eye length and the head length (P less than 0.01) and between the axial eye length and the head breadth (P less than 0.02). A significant correlation was also found between the axial eye length and the height of the subjects (P less than 0.01). It is suggested that such a correlation can explain not only the wide individual range of axial eye lengths in emmetropic eyes, but also the existing difference in axial eye length between the sexes. The mean eye length was 23.82 mm in 40 men and 23.02 mm in 10 women; both sexes were of the same age (20-30 years).", "PMID": 419980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10209", "title": "Prevalence of pinguecula in Greenland and in Copenhagen, and its relation to pterygium and spheroid degeneration.", "content": "The prevalence of pinguecula has been studied by slit lamp examination of 659 Eskimos in South Greenland and 810 Caucasians in Copenhagen. The overall prevalence was found to be 56 per cent in Greenland against 41 per cent in Copenhagen (P less than 0.001) and to rise with increasing age, though with a fall after the age of 60 among Greenland women. Pingueculae (measured by their vertical height) are largest among Greenlanders, and larger in males than in females. They increase in size with increasing age. They are generally located nasally in Greenlanders and temporally in Copenhageners. The prevalence of pinguecula in almost 1 1/2 times higher among Greenlanders than among Copenhageners, while that of spheroid degeneration and that of pterygium are 3 times and slightly over 10 times higher respectively. The incidence of pinguecula and spheroid degeneration are correlated per site and per subject in the two geographically different series. Pterygium is not correlated with regard to site, this being always located nasally. Pterygium practically never harbours spheroid degeneration, neither in its body nor in its head (81 pterygia). Pinguecula and pterygium are therefore to be regarded as two different disorders, while spheroid degeneration is related to pinguecula.", "contents": "Prevalence of pinguecula in Greenland and in Copenhagen, and its relation to pterygium and spheroid degeneration. The prevalence of pinguecula has been studied by slit lamp examination of 659 Eskimos in South Greenland and 810 Caucasians in Copenhagen. The overall prevalence was found to be 56 per cent in Greenland against 41 per cent in Copenhagen (P less than 0.001) and to rise with increasing age, though with a fall after the age of 60 among Greenland women. Pingueculae (measured by their vertical height) are largest among Greenlanders, and larger in males than in females. They increase in size with increasing age. They are generally located nasally in Greenlanders and temporally in Copenhageners. The prevalence of pinguecula in almost 1 1/2 times higher among Greenlanders than among Copenhageners, while that of spheroid degeneration and that of pterygium are 3 times and slightly over 10 times higher respectively. The incidence of pinguecula and spheroid degeneration are correlated per site and per subject in the two geographically different series. Pterygium is not correlated with regard to site, this being always located nasally. Pterygium practically never harbours spheroid degeneration, neither in its body nor in its head (81 pterygia). Pinguecula and pterygium are therefore to be regarded as two different disorders, while spheroid degeneration is related to pinguecula.", "PMID": 419982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10210", "title": "A clinical and neurophysiological investigation of a Danish kindred with heterozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia.", "content": "A three-generation transmission of under five percentile values for serum low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein cholesterol typical of heterozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia was demonstrated in a Danish family. Slight clinical signs of CNS abnormality were found in 4 of the 8 subjects with heterozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, but did not resemble the neurological findings in abetalipoproteinemia nor in the previously described patients with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. There were no signs of myelin dysfunction in the central nervous system as judged from the normal latency of visual and somatosensory evoked potentials.", "contents": "A clinical and neurophysiological investigation of a Danish kindred with heterozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. A three-generation transmission of under five percentile values for serum low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein cholesterol typical of heterozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia was demonstrated in a Danish family. Slight clinical signs of CNS abnormality were found in 4 of the 8 subjects with heterozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, but did not resemble the neurological findings in abetalipoproteinemia nor in the previously described patients with familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. There were no signs of myelin dysfunction in the central nervous system as judged from the normal latency of visual and somatosensory evoked potentials.", "PMID": 419983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10211", "title": "Dietary habits and serum lipids during first 4 years of life. A study of 95 Danish children.", "content": "Early infant feeding habits, current dietary intake and serum lipids were investigated in 31 infants, age 6--10 months and 64 children, age 3--4 years. In the infants there was a correlation between serum lipid levels and the amount of saturated fat and the P/S ratio of the diet. No such correlation was found in the 3--4 year old children. Neither was there any correlation between the type and duration of early infant feeding and subsequent serum lipid levels. In both the infants and the 3--4 year old children serum cholesterol concentration correlated with the serum cholesterol concentration in each of the parents.", "contents": "Dietary habits and serum lipids during first 4 years of life. A study of 95 Danish children. Early infant feeding habits, current dietary intake and serum lipids were investigated in 31 infants, age 6--10 months and 64 children, age 3--4 years. In the infants there was a correlation between serum lipid levels and the amount of saturated fat and the P/S ratio of the diet. No such correlation was found in the 3--4 year old children. Neither was there any correlation between the type and duration of early infant feeding and subsequent serum lipid levels. In both the infants and the 3--4 year old children serum cholesterol concentration correlated with the serum cholesterol concentration in each of the parents.", "PMID": 419984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10212", "title": "H2 breath tests during diarrhea.", "content": "The peak rise in breath hydrogen and the volume of excess pulmonary excretion of hydrogen in response to a 10 g dose of the non-abosorbable disaccharide, lactulose, was significantly lower in children with active gastroenteritis and diarrhea than in nondiarrheal controls. Thus, despite the fact that the H2 breath test is a convenient, noninvasive technology for use in children, it cannot be recommended for measuring carbohydrate malabsorption in individuals with active, on-going episodes of diarrhea.", "contents": "H2 breath tests during diarrhea. The peak rise in breath hydrogen and the volume of excess pulmonary excretion of hydrogen in response to a 10 g dose of the non-abosorbable disaccharide, lactulose, was significantly lower in children with active gastroenteritis and diarrhea than in nondiarrheal controls. Thus, despite the fact that the H2 breath test is a convenient, noninvasive technology for use in children, it cannot be recommended for measuring carbohydrate malabsorption in individuals with active, on-going episodes of diarrhea.", "PMID": 419985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10213", "title": "Renal functional changes in acute glomerulonephritis in children. A one-year follow-up.", "content": "Renal function was studied in three patients with post-streptococcal, four patients with IgA and one patient with non-streptococcal proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) at the onset of the disease and two, six and 12 months later. Renal biopsies were performed at the onset of the disease and 12 months later. Standard clearance techniques were used for the functional studies. The latter were performed during hydropenia and continuous isotonic saline infusion. During hydropenia, the GFR was uniformly depressed shortly after the onset of the disease, but it normalized during the following two months. The filtration fraction was depressed in poststreptococcal GN at the onset and it normalized with the GFR. In IgA GN, the filtration fraction remained within normal limits during the entire course of the illness. The natriuretic response to isotonic saline volume expansion was low in all patients at the onset of the disease, but normalized in post-streptococcal and IgA GN during the one-year follow-up. In spite of normalized renal function, biopsy findings in IgA GN were unchanged 12 months later. An episode of macroscopic hematuria in one patient with IgA GN at the six-month investigation had no apparent effect on renal function.", "contents": "Renal functional changes in acute glomerulonephritis in children. A one-year follow-up. Renal function was studied in three patients with post-streptococcal, four patients with IgA and one patient with non-streptococcal proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) at the onset of the disease and two, six and 12 months later. Renal biopsies were performed at the onset of the disease and 12 months later. Standard clearance techniques were used for the functional studies. The latter were performed during hydropenia and continuous isotonic saline infusion. During hydropenia, the GFR was uniformly depressed shortly after the onset of the disease, but it normalized during the following two months. The filtration fraction was depressed in poststreptococcal GN at the onset and it normalized with the GFR. In IgA GN, the filtration fraction remained within normal limits during the entire course of the illness. The natriuretic response to isotonic saline volume expansion was low in all patients at the onset of the disease, but normalized in post-streptococcal and IgA GN during the one-year follow-up. In spite of normalized renal function, biopsy findings in IgA GN were unchanged 12 months later. An episode of macroscopic hematuria in one patient with IgA GN at the six-month investigation had no apparent effect on renal function.", "PMID": 419986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10214", "title": "A survey of 164 Finnish children and adolescents with hypertension.", "content": "A retrospective analysis was performed on 164 children and adolescents with persistent hypertension. Among the unselected 115 patients with hypertension seen within the last three years 47 (41%) exhibited renal disease, 37 (32%) coarctation of the aorta, 10 (9%) miscellaneous associated causes and 21 (18%) no associated cause (essential hypertension). A substantial number, 53/164, had a primary disease potentially curable by surgery, and in 37 patients the blood pressure was normalized postoperatively. The outcome depended mostly on the basic disease and the availability of chronic hemodialysis. 11/164 children have died, all because of terminal basic disease, and one with simultaneous hypertensive crisis. We thus recommend a thorough investigation in the case of a child with persistent hypertension.", "contents": "A survey of 164 Finnish children and adolescents with hypertension. A retrospective analysis was performed on 164 children and adolescents with persistent hypertension. Among the unselected 115 patients with hypertension seen within the last three years 47 (41%) exhibited renal disease, 37 (32%) coarctation of the aorta, 10 (9%) miscellaneous associated causes and 21 (18%) no associated cause (essential hypertension). A substantial number, 53/164, had a primary disease potentially curable by surgery, and in 37 patients the blood pressure was normalized postoperatively. The outcome depended mostly on the basic disease and the availability of chronic hemodialysis. 11/164 children have died, all because of terminal basic disease, and one with simultaneous hypertensive crisis. We thus recommend a thorough investigation in the case of a child with persistent hypertension.", "PMID": 419987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10215", "title": "Free and bound tryptophan in human plasma during the perinatal period.", "content": "The concentration of tryptophan and the degree of binding of the amino acid to protein were examined in human plasma during the perinatal period. Both total and unbound (free) tryptophan were higher in cord vein plasma than in the maternal circulation, the concentration gradient being approximately 1 : 2. The proportion of the total plasma tryptophan concentration that was not bound to protein was less in cord vein plasma than in the maternal circulation. After birth the proportion in infant plasma fell significantly. Both total and free tryptophan fell during the first 24 hours of postnatal life. Total tryptophan returned to the cord vein plasma level 6--8 days after birth whilst free tryptophan failed to increase during the period of the observations. In premature infants total and free tryptophan also declined in concentration 12--24 hours after birth, suggesting the phenomenon to be related to birth rather than to gestational age. Phenylalanine remained unchanged whilst tyrosine increased in concentration during the first 80 hours of postnatal life. Thus, the availability of tryptophan to the tissues appears to decline during the immediate postnatal period and the results suggest that the requirement for tryptophan during this time may exceed the supply from standard artifical milk preparations.", "contents": "Free and bound tryptophan in human plasma during the perinatal period. The concentration of tryptophan and the degree of binding of the amino acid to protein were examined in human plasma during the perinatal period. Both total and unbound (free) tryptophan were higher in cord vein plasma than in the maternal circulation, the concentration gradient being approximately 1 : 2. The proportion of the total plasma tryptophan concentration that was not bound to protein was less in cord vein plasma than in the maternal circulation. After birth the proportion in infant plasma fell significantly. Both total and free tryptophan fell during the first 24 hours of postnatal life. Total tryptophan returned to the cord vein plasma level 6--8 days after birth whilst free tryptophan failed to increase during the period of the observations. In premature infants total and free tryptophan also declined in concentration 12--24 hours after birth, suggesting the phenomenon to be related to birth rather than to gestational age. Phenylalanine remained unchanged whilst tyrosine increased in concentration during the first 80 hours of postnatal life. Thus, the availability of tryptophan to the tissues appears to decline during the immediate postnatal period and the results suggest that the requirement for tryptophan during this time may exceed the supply from standard artifical milk preparations.", "PMID": 419988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10216", "title": "Benign paroxysmal torticollis in infancy.", "content": "Benign paroxysmal torticollis is a condition characterized by attacks of head-tilting often accompanied by lateral curvature of the trunc. The first onset of these attacks usually occurs during the first months of life and they recur with a remarkable periodicity for 6--12 months after which time they gradually subside in intensity and frequency. As a rule the attacks have ceased completely before the age of 2 years but in some cases they continue in a modified form as attacks of ataxia. The aetiology is unknown and there is no evidence of bilateral peripheral vestibular disturbances as has been suggested in earlier reports. The ataxia seen in some cases rather suggests a dysfunction of the cerebellum or of the vestibulo-cerebellar connections. Four own patients with this syndrome are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Benign paroxysmal torticollis in infancy. Benign paroxysmal torticollis is a condition characterized by attacks of head-tilting often accompanied by lateral curvature of the trunc. The first onset of these attacks usually occurs during the first months of life and they recur with a remarkable periodicity for 6--12 months after which time they gradually subside in intensity and frequency. As a rule the attacks have ceased completely before the age of 2 years but in some cases they continue in a modified form as attacks of ataxia. The aetiology is unknown and there is no evidence of bilateral peripheral vestibular disturbances as has been suggested in earlier reports. The ataxia seen in some cases rather suggests a dysfunction of the cerebellum or of the vestibulo-cerebellar connections. Four own patients with this syndrome are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 419989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10217", "title": "Myotonia congenita (Thomsen's disease). Early diagnosis in infancy.", "content": "A family with myotonia congenita. (Thomsen's disease) is reported in which the father and his two offspring are affected. The course was characterized by the early onset of clinical manifestations in both the father and his two children. In one child, a clinical and electrical diagnosis of the disease was made as early as two weeks of age. Early manifestations were breathing difficulty and eye closure myotonia. The importance of early recognition of the disorder is emphasized.", "contents": "Myotonia congenita (Thomsen's disease). Early diagnosis in infancy. A family with myotonia congenita. (Thomsen's disease) is reported in which the father and his two offspring are affected. The course was characterized by the early onset of clinical manifestations in both the father and his two children. In one child, a clinical and electrical diagnosis of the disease was made as early as two weeks of age. Early manifestations were breathing difficulty and eye closure myotonia. The importance of early recognition of the disorder is emphasized.", "PMID": 419990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10218", "title": "Early detection of preschool health problems--role of perinatal risk factors.", "content": "To evaluate a perinatal risk-grouping system, 1 262 4-year-old children went through a comprehensive health examination. A total of 41.5% of the newborns were included in the wide criteria of risk, which were more common among boys and among children of the youngest and oldest mothers. Among the 4-year-old, the frequency of significant physical health problem was 15.8%, including 10.1% visual disturbances and 2% neurological disorders. In some combinations of risk groups and later health problems there were statistically significant correlations, e.g. regarding prematurity and cerebral irritation vs. cerebral palsy, but not sufficient to serve its purpose as a screening instrument. Even the accumulation of especially serious events in the perinatal period gave no clue to later neurological disorders. The addition of low socioeconomic status as a perinatal risk did not influence the outcome either. The reasons for the weak correlation between perinatal risk factors and later outcome of health disorders and handicaps are discussed, and it is concluded that to detect children with health problems, there seems to be no acceptable alternative to a comprehensive health surveillance as part of a general health service programme of all children, including clinical examinations and screening procedures by well trained personnel.", "contents": "Early detection of preschool health problems--role of perinatal risk factors. To evaluate a perinatal risk-grouping system, 1 262 4-year-old children went through a comprehensive health examination. A total of 41.5% of the newborns were included in the wide criteria of risk, which were more common among boys and among children of the youngest and oldest mothers. Among the 4-year-old, the frequency of significant physical health problem was 15.8%, including 10.1% visual disturbances and 2% neurological disorders. In some combinations of risk groups and later health problems there were statistically significant correlations, e.g. regarding prematurity and cerebral irritation vs. cerebral palsy, but not sufficient to serve its purpose as a screening instrument. Even the accumulation of especially serious events in the perinatal period gave no clue to later neurological disorders. The addition of low socioeconomic status as a perinatal risk did not influence the outcome either. The reasons for the weak correlation between perinatal risk factors and later outcome of health disorders and handicaps are discussed, and it is concluded that to detect children with health problems, there seems to be no acceptable alternative to a comprehensive health surveillance as part of a general health service programme of all children, including clinical examinations and screening procedures by well trained personnel.", "PMID": 419991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10219", "title": "Plasma and red blood cell folate in breastfed infants.", "content": "We have studied growth, red blood cell status and folate concentrations in plasma and red cells in a group of 35 breastfed infants during the first year of life. Folic acid supplementation was not given to the mothers during pregnancy or lactation, and none of them developed megaloblastic anaemia. The growth and red blood cell status of the infants were both normal. At birth, and throughout the period of observation, the folate concentrations in plasma and red cells were significantly higher than in the adult reference material. A positive correlation between plasma and red cell folate was demonstrated. During the latter part of pregnancy and lactation the foetuses and infants seem to be protected against folate deficiency. We regard the folate status of normal breastfed infants as optimal. The optimal supply of the vitamin in artificial nutrition should be the amount of folate necessary to maintain plasma and red cell folate concentrations similar to those found in breastfed infants.", "contents": "Plasma and red blood cell folate in breastfed infants. We have studied growth, red blood cell status and folate concentrations in plasma and red cells in a group of 35 breastfed infants during the first year of life. Folic acid supplementation was not given to the mothers during pregnancy or lactation, and none of them developed megaloblastic anaemia. The growth and red blood cell status of the infants were both normal. At birth, and throughout the period of observation, the folate concentrations in plasma and red cells were significantly higher than in the adult reference material. A positive correlation between plasma and red cell folate was demonstrated. During the latter part of pregnancy and lactation the foetuses and infants seem to be protected against folate deficiency. We regard the folate status of normal breastfed infants as optimal. The optimal supply of the vitamin in artificial nutrition should be the amount of folate necessary to maintain plasma and red cell folate concentrations similar to those found in breastfed infants.", "PMID": 419992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10220", "title": "The effect of feeds of differing composition on entero-insular hormone secretion in the first hours of life in human neonates.", "content": "Little is known on the enteral stimuli for gastro-intestinal hormone release in newborn infants. We have compared the effect of the first feed of human breast milk (5 ml/kg) or 10% dextrose (5 ml/kg) on blood glucose and plasma gastrin, enteroglucagon, Gastric Inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), pancreatic glucagon, and insulin in 21 full-term infants at 4--6 hours of age. The first feed of human milk caused a rise in blood glucose and plasma insulin, gastrin and enteroglucagon, but no change occurred in GIP or pancreatic glucagon. The 10% dextrose feed did not stimulate enteroglucagon release, although similar changes occurred in blood glucose and plasma insulin and gastrin. We conclude that the composition of the feed influences the pattern of gastro-intestinal hormone release during the first hours of life and that the entero-insular responses to feeding differ in the neonate and the adult.", "contents": "The effect of feeds of differing composition on entero-insular hormone secretion in the first hours of life in human neonates. Little is known on the enteral stimuli for gastro-intestinal hormone release in newborn infants. We have compared the effect of the first feed of human breast milk (5 ml/kg) or 10% dextrose (5 ml/kg) on blood glucose and plasma gastrin, enteroglucagon, Gastric Inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), pancreatic glucagon, and insulin in 21 full-term infants at 4--6 hours of age. The first feed of human milk caused a rise in blood glucose and plasma insulin, gastrin and enteroglucagon, but no change occurred in GIP or pancreatic glucagon. The 10% dextrose feed did not stimulate enteroglucagon release, although similar changes occurred in blood glucose and plasma insulin and gastrin. We conclude that the composition of the feed influences the pattern of gastro-intestinal hormone release during the first hours of life and that the entero-insular responses to feeding differ in the neonate and the adult.", "PMID": 419993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10221", "title": "Hyperbilirubinaemia and idiopathic hypopituitarism in the newborn period.", "content": "Two infants with idiopathic panhypopituitarism presented with severe neonatal hypoglycaemia, hepatomegaly and hyperbilirubinaemia (direct and indirect). Abnormal liver function tests returned to normal over a 5--8 month period. The growth rate in the absence of detectable growth hormone was 50% of normal during the first 6 months. The effect of growth hormone on somatomedin levels and growth rate during the first year of life in one of the infants is described.", "contents": "Hyperbilirubinaemia and idiopathic hypopituitarism in the newborn period. Two infants with idiopathic panhypopituitarism presented with severe neonatal hypoglycaemia, hepatomegaly and hyperbilirubinaemia (direct and indirect). Abnormal liver function tests returned to normal over a 5--8 month period. The growth rate in the absence of detectable growth hormone was 50% of normal during the first 6 months. The effect of growth hormone on somatomedin levels and growth rate during the first year of life in one of the infants is described.", "PMID": 419996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10222", "title": "Hypoglycaemia and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "We report the case history of a child with congenital adrenal hyperplasia which was complicated by recurrent hypoglycaemic episodes during common infections. There are few reports in literature on the association of hypoglycaemia and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In accordance with others, we believe that hypoglycaemic attacks in adrenal hyperplasia are perhaps more frequent than recorded in literature.", "contents": "Hypoglycaemia and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. We report the case history of a child with congenital adrenal hyperplasia which was complicated by recurrent hypoglycaemic episodes during common infections. There are few reports in literature on the association of hypoglycaemia and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In accordance with others, we believe that hypoglycaemic attacks in adrenal hyperplasia are perhaps more frequent than recorded in literature.", "PMID": 419997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10223", "title": "\"Stress\" polycythaemia and peripheral facial palsy complications of severe hypertension.", "content": "An 11-month-old boy had an episode of generalized convulsions followed by a right peripheral facial palsy, which resolved gradually within 3 weeks. Three months later he had another similar episode of convulsions followed by a left peripheral facial palsy. On both occasions it was found that he had polycythaemia. A careful physical examination discovered that the child had severe hypertension. Extensive laboratory investigations did not reveal a cause for his hypertension. Haematologic investigations showed that the polycythaemia was due to a contracted plasma volume as a result of the hypertension. The peripheral facial palsy most probably was due to a blood clot in the facial canal, below the origin of the nerve to m. stapedius, as audiograms were normal and lacrimation preserved. Control of the hypertension resulted in resolution of the facial palsy within 4 weeks and normal haematocrit readings within 6 weeks. It should be stressed that every patient with peripheral facial palsy should be examined for hypertension.", "contents": "\"Stress\" polycythaemia and peripheral facial palsy complications of severe hypertension. An 11-month-old boy had an episode of generalized convulsions followed by a right peripheral facial palsy, which resolved gradually within 3 weeks. Three months later he had another similar episode of convulsions followed by a left peripheral facial palsy. On both occasions it was found that he had polycythaemia. A careful physical examination discovered that the child had severe hypertension. Extensive laboratory investigations did not reveal a cause for his hypertension. Haematologic investigations showed that the polycythaemia was due to a contracted plasma volume as a result of the hypertension. The peripheral facial palsy most probably was due to a blood clot in the facial canal, below the origin of the nerve to m. stapedius, as audiograms were normal and lacrimation preserved. Control of the hypertension resulted in resolution of the facial palsy within 4 weeks and normal haematocrit readings within 6 weeks. It should be stressed that every patient with peripheral facial palsy should be examined for hypertension.", "PMID": 419998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10224", "title": "The acidification defect in the syndrome of renal tubular acidosis with nerve deafness.", "content": "An 8-year-old boy with renal tubular acidosis and nerve deafness, has been followed for seven years. Repeated studies of his renal acidification defect showed that until the age of six years the tubular defect was mixed, proximal and distal (type 1,2 hybrid). After that age the defect of proximal acidification disappeared and the patient only presented a distal renal tubular acidosis type 1. When this is associated with nerve deafness, it is considered a distinct nosological entity.", "contents": "The acidification defect in the syndrome of renal tubular acidosis with nerve deafness. An 8-year-old boy with renal tubular acidosis and nerve deafness, has been followed for seven years. Repeated studies of his renal acidification defect showed that until the age of six years the tubular defect was mixed, proximal and distal (type 1,2 hybrid). After that age the defect of proximal acidification disappeared and the patient only presented a distal renal tubular acidosis type 1. When this is associated with nerve deafness, it is considered a distinct nosological entity.", "PMID": 419999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10225", "title": "Sequential ultrastructural changes in vinblastine-induced cell death of secretory ameloblasts of rat incisors in vivo.", "content": "Secretory ameloblasts in the continuously growing incisors of the rat were used to study the sequential changes in a mature cell type degenerating after administration of vinblastine at a dosage of 2 mg per kg body weight. In less than half an hour nearly all microtubules vanished. This was succeeded by progressive displacement of the nuclei and disorganization of the cytoplasmic structure. After 1 to 3 hours attached and free polyribosomes were converted into monoribosomes. All these cytoplasmic changes were seen in viable as well as in necrotic cell. Between 5 and 61/2 hours after application of the drug degeneration of nuclei began; these changes from the outset indicated that a particular ameloblast had been drawn into a sequence of events which would ultimately lead to its death. The progressive alterations of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the degenerating cells and the concurrent fragmentation and elimination of the fragments are described.", "contents": "Sequential ultrastructural changes in vinblastine-induced cell death of secretory ameloblasts of rat incisors in vivo. Secretory ameloblasts in the continuously growing incisors of the rat were used to study the sequential changes in a mature cell type degenerating after administration of vinblastine at a dosage of 2 mg per kg body weight. In less than half an hour nearly all microtubules vanished. This was succeeded by progressive displacement of the nuclei and disorganization of the cytoplasmic structure. After 1 to 3 hours attached and free polyribosomes were converted into monoribosomes. All these cytoplasmic changes were seen in viable as well as in necrotic cell. Between 5 and 61/2 hours after application of the drug degeneration of nuclei began; these changes from the outset indicated that a particular ameloblast had been drawn into a sequence of events which would ultimately lead to its death. The progressive alterations of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the degenerating cells and the concurrent fragmentation and elimination of the fragments are described.", "PMID": 420000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10226", "title": "Nuclear segmentation in goitre aspirates.", "content": "Nuglear segmentation was studied in fine needle aspirate smears from toxic and atoxic goitres. The smear technique implies a flattening of the nuclei on a slide, which facilitates detection of nuclear segmentation. Such segmentation was found in 2.2% of the nuclei in toxic goitres and in 0.9% in atoxic goitres. The difference was highly significant p less than 0.001. The segmented cells were usually of uniform appearance with one large and one small segment. Only very rarely were more than two segments seen.", "contents": "Nuclear segmentation in goitre aspirates. Nuglear segmentation was studied in fine needle aspirate smears from toxic and atoxic goitres. The smear technique implies a flattening of the nuclei on a slide, which facilitates detection of nuclear segmentation. Such segmentation was found in 2.2% of the nuclei in toxic goitres and in 0.9% in atoxic goitres. The difference was highly significant p less than 0.001. The segmented cells were usually of uniform appearance with one large and one small segment. Only very rarely were more than two segments seen.", "PMID": 420001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10227", "title": "Ultrastructural features of cultured human glia and glioma cells.", "content": "The fine structure of three lines of human normal glial cells and eight established lines of malignant glioma cells are described. The glial cell lines were ultrastructurally very similar whereas the glioma cell lines differed greatly from one another. In sparse proliferating cultures there were no consistent findings which distinguished the glioma cell lines as a group from the normal glial cells. Only in post-confluent cultures could the consistently irregular cell surfaces and ruffling, both at the cell periphery and centrally on the upper cell surface, with associated pinocytosis, distinguish the glioma from the post-confluent glial cultures, which did not possess these properties. The common attributes of post-confluent glioma cells reflect the cells' continued proliferation. The glioma lines did display individual ultrastructural characteristics which appear to be stable, the glioma lines having retained these during a number of years of continual passage.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of cultured human glia and glioma cells. The fine structure of three lines of human normal glial cells and eight established lines of malignant glioma cells are described. The glial cell lines were ultrastructurally very similar whereas the glioma cell lines differed greatly from one another. In sparse proliferating cultures there were no consistent findings which distinguished the glioma cell lines as a group from the normal glial cells. Only in post-confluent cultures could the consistently irregular cell surfaces and ruffling, both at the cell periphery and centrally on the upper cell surface, with associated pinocytosis, distinguish the glioma from the post-confluent glial cultures, which did not possess these properties. The common attributes of post-confluent glioma cells reflect the cells' continued proliferation. The glioma lines did display individual ultrastructural characteristics which appear to be stable, the glioma lines having retained these during a number of years of continual passage.", "PMID": 420002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10228", "title": "The fine structure of growing human glia and glioma cells. Whole cell preparations.", "content": "Three lines of normal human glia cells and eight established lines of malignant glioma cells have been studied in the electron microscope (E.M.), using preparations of critical-point dried whole cells, sparsely grown on formvar-coated, E. M., gold grids. The malignant cell lines showed a very varied morphology, almost every line having its peculiarities as compared to the essentially identical normal glia lines. The major differences noted concerned the form of the leading lamellae, number of microspikes and the distribution of organelles such as secondary lysosomes and mitochondria. No single consistent finding made it possible to differentiate the glioma cells as a group from the glia cells in sparse cultures. The findings of this study show some of the individual glioma cell lines to have characteristic cell-surface structures. They were found to be identical with the findings in previous SEM studies, suggesting the peculiarities of the individual malignant glioma lines to be stable and retained, despite continual passage.", "contents": "The fine structure of growing human glia and glioma cells. Whole cell preparations. Three lines of normal human glia cells and eight established lines of malignant glioma cells have been studied in the electron microscope (E.M.), using preparations of critical-point dried whole cells, sparsely grown on formvar-coated, E. M., gold grids. The malignant cell lines showed a very varied morphology, almost every line having its peculiarities as compared to the essentially identical normal glia lines. The major differences noted concerned the form of the leading lamellae, number of microspikes and the distribution of organelles such as secondary lysosomes and mitochondria. No single consistent finding made it possible to differentiate the glioma cells as a group from the glia cells in sparse cultures. The findings of this study show some of the individual glioma cell lines to have characteristic cell-surface structures. They were found to be identical with the findings in previous SEM studies, suggesting the peculiarities of the individual malignant glioma lines to be stable and retained, despite continual passage.", "PMID": 420003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10229", "title": "Tumours in Iceland. I. Malignant tumours of skin--a histological classification.", "content": "Four hundred and eighty-five primary malignant skin tumours submitted for histological diagnosis in Iceland during the period 1955--1974 were typed according to the WHO histological classification. The incidence of these tumours, age-adjusted to the \"World\" population, was 12.6/100.000 in males and 11.0/100.000 in females. These are very low figures for a white population. The distribution by type among males was: basal cell carcinoma 66.8%, squamous cell carcinoma 22%, malignant melanoma 7.2% and others 4%. Among females: basal cell carcinoma 66.9%, malignant melanoma 20.8%, squamous cell carcinoma 10.2% and others 2.1%. The exposed areas of the body were affected much more frequently than other areas. The results support the theory that intensity of solar radiation is of major aetiological significance.", "contents": "Tumours in Iceland. I. Malignant tumours of skin--a histological classification. Four hundred and eighty-five primary malignant skin tumours submitted for histological diagnosis in Iceland during the period 1955--1974 were typed according to the WHO histological classification. The incidence of these tumours, age-adjusted to the \"World\" population, was 12.6/100.000 in males and 11.0/100.000 in females. These are very low figures for a white population. The distribution by type among males was: basal cell carcinoma 66.8%, squamous cell carcinoma 22%, malignant melanoma 7.2% and others 4%. Among females: basal cell carcinoma 66.9%, malignant melanoma 20.8%, squamous cell carcinoma 10.2% and others 2.1%. The exposed areas of the body were affected much more frequently than other areas. The results support the theory that intensity of solar radiation is of major aetiological significance.", "PMID": 420004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10230", "title": "Ultrastructure of lipogranulomas in human fatty liver.", "content": "Lipogranulomas from severe fatty livers due to alcoholism, diabetes or overweight were examined in the electron microscope. When a fat droplet protrudes through the cell membranes of a liver cell histiocytes and lymphyocytes settle around it, and a lipogranuloma is formed. Remnants of the liver cell may be seen between the fat droplet and the histiocytes. It is confirmed that the fat droplets are situated extracellularly in the fully developed lipogranulomas.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of lipogranulomas in human fatty liver. Lipogranulomas from severe fatty livers due to alcoholism, diabetes or overweight were examined in the electron microscope. When a fat droplet protrudes through the cell membranes of a liver cell histiocytes and lymphyocytes settle around it, and a lipogranuloma is formed. Remnants of the liver cell may be seen between the fat droplet and the histiocytes. It is confirmed that the fat droplets are situated extracellularly in the fully developed lipogranulomas.", "PMID": 420005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10231", "title": "The variation of pathological changes in the liver evaluated by double biopsies.", "content": "In two simultaneously-taken needle biopsies of the liver from 70 consecutive patients, a number of changes were evaluated semiquantitatively and compared in n x m tables. The lesions examined were steatosis, Mallory's hyalin, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis and cholestasis; furthermore the size, amount of inflammatory cells, connective tissue and bile-duct proliferation of the portal tracts and finally focal necroses and acidophilic bodies in the lobules were recorded. Cirrhosis, cholestasis and steatosis showed a high correlation, while the agreement between the two interdependent biopsies, especially concerning acidophilic bodies and bile-duct proliferation, was low. Possible reasons for the variation in the agreement of the lesions are discussed.", "contents": "The variation of pathological changes in the liver evaluated by double biopsies. In two simultaneously-taken needle biopsies of the liver from 70 consecutive patients, a number of changes were evaluated semiquantitatively and compared in n x m tables. The lesions examined were steatosis, Mallory's hyalin, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis and cholestasis; furthermore the size, amount of inflammatory cells, connective tissue and bile-duct proliferation of the portal tracts and finally focal necroses and acidophilic bodies in the lobules were recorded. Cirrhosis, cholestasis and steatosis showed a high correlation, while the agreement between the two interdependent biopsies, especially concerning acidophilic bodies and bile-duct proliferation, was low. Possible reasons for the variation in the agreement of the lesions are discussed.", "PMID": 420006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10232", "title": "Carcinoma-in-situ of testis in testicular feminization syndrome.", "content": "A light microscopical study of an excised testis from a 14 1/2-year-old girl with incomplete type of testicular feminization syndrome revealed a carcinoma-in-situ pattern in a part of the gonad. An identical histological pattern has repeatedly been demonstrated in infertile men who developed gross testicular germ cell tumours. It is suggested that germ cell carcinomas in patients with testicular feminization syndrome may be preceded by this characteristic intratubular germ cell abnormality.", "contents": "Carcinoma-in-situ of testis in testicular feminization syndrome. A light microscopical study of an excised testis from a 14 1/2-year-old girl with incomplete type of testicular feminization syndrome revealed a carcinoma-in-situ pattern in a part of the gonad. An identical histological pattern has repeatedly been demonstrated in infertile men who developed gross testicular germ cell tumours. It is suggested that germ cell carcinomas in patients with testicular feminization syndrome may be preceded by this characteristic intratubular germ cell abnormality.", "PMID": 420007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10233", "title": "Synthesis of 3H-acetylcholine in the rabbit lacrimal gland and its release by electrical field stimulation.", "content": "Electrical field stimulation was applied to the rabbit lacrimal gland during incubation in vitro with 3H-choline, after which the efflux of tritiated metabolites was studied. In the presence of physostigmine 3H-acetylcholine was released into the incubation medium when the gland was stimulated electrically. The identity of the 3H-acetylcholine synthesized by the preparation was established by its identical ion exchange chromatographic properties to native acetylcholine. The tissue contents of 3H-acetylcholine and 3H-choline were 14.4 and 3.6%, respectively, of the total activities found in the gland. This study demonstrates that the rabbit lacrimal gland is innervated cholinergically. It is suggested that the method developed might be of value for studying effects of drugs on cholinergic neurotransmission in this organ.", "contents": "Synthesis of 3H-acetylcholine in the rabbit lacrimal gland and its release by electrical field stimulation. Electrical field stimulation was applied to the rabbit lacrimal gland during incubation in vitro with 3H-choline, after which the efflux of tritiated metabolites was studied. In the presence of physostigmine 3H-acetylcholine was released into the incubation medium when the gland was stimulated electrically. The identity of the 3H-acetylcholine synthesized by the preparation was established by its identical ion exchange chromatographic properties to native acetylcholine. The tissue contents of 3H-acetylcholine and 3H-choline were 14.4 and 3.6%, respectively, of the total activities found in the gland. This study demonstrates that the rabbit lacrimal gland is innervated cholinergically. It is suggested that the method developed might be of value for studying effects of drugs on cholinergic neurotransmission in this organ.", "PMID": 420009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10234", "title": "Correlation between fluid reabsorption and proximal tubule ultrastructure during development of the rat kidney.", "content": "Parallel functional and ultrastructural studies were performed in maturing rats in order to elucidate factors determining the development of proximal tubular fluid reabsorption. Three groups of hydropenic animals, which were 22 to 24, 28 to 32 and 40 to 45 days old, were studied. Nephron function was evaluated at the single nephron level by micropuncture technique. The ultrastructure of the developing proximal tubules was analysed by morphometric techniques following fixation of single nephrons. Kidney weight, proximal convoluted tubule length and diameter increased during postnatal development. SNGFR increased from 2.98 to 8.57 and to 20.5 nl/min in respective group of rats whereas proximal tubular fluid reabsorption Jv (a) increased from 0.15 to 0.22 and 0.34 micron3.micron-2.s-1. Parallel to the functional development the relative area of lateral and basal cell membrane increased, resulting in a constant relationship between net fluid reabsorption and the lateral and basal cell membrane area during the fourth postnatal week and then only a slight increase in this relation during the further development. The results suggest that net fluid transport during hydropenia is determined by the amount of available lateral and basal cell membranes where the transporting enzyme for sodium is located.", "contents": "Correlation between fluid reabsorption and proximal tubule ultrastructure during development of the rat kidney. Parallel functional and ultrastructural studies were performed in maturing rats in order to elucidate factors determining the development of proximal tubular fluid reabsorption. Three groups of hydropenic animals, which were 22 to 24, 28 to 32 and 40 to 45 days old, were studied. Nephron function was evaluated at the single nephron level by micropuncture technique. The ultrastructure of the developing proximal tubules was analysed by morphometric techniques following fixation of single nephrons. Kidney weight, proximal convoluted tubule length and diameter increased during postnatal development. SNGFR increased from 2.98 to 8.57 and to 20.5 nl/min in respective group of rats whereas proximal tubular fluid reabsorption Jv (a) increased from 0.15 to 0.22 and 0.34 micron3.micron-2.s-1. Parallel to the functional development the relative area of lateral and basal cell membrane increased, resulting in a constant relationship between net fluid reabsorption and the lateral and basal cell membrane area during the fourth postnatal week and then only a slight increase in this relation during the further development. The results suggest that net fluid transport during hydropenia is determined by the amount of available lateral and basal cell membranes where the transporting enzyme for sodium is located.", "PMID": 420010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10235", "title": "Ventilatory and occlusion pressure response to CO2 and hypoxia with resistive loads.", "content": "Steady-state responses to hyperoxic hypercapnia and eucapnic hypoxia were measured both as minute ventilation (VE) and as inspiratory mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1) with and without 25 cm H2O/I/s added resistance (R). Reduction in slope of the ventilatory response to CO2 with R was highly significant in all 3 subjects whereas the response to hypoxia was barely significantly reduced in 1 subject and not significantly decreased in two. Although P0.1 was higher with than without R under all conditions, the slope of the P0.1 response to CO2 with R was not increased in two subjects and only slightly increased in the third. The slope of the P0.1 response to hypoxia was significantly greater in all subjects with R. Expiratory reserve volume was increased with R but the change was the same with hypoxia and hypercapnia. We conclude that ventilation is better maintained with resistive loading during hypoxia than during hypercapnia and that this results from a greater force output of inspiratory muscles as reflected by a higher P0.1. This suggests a greater neural output to these muscles.", "contents": "Ventilatory and occlusion pressure response to CO2 and hypoxia with resistive loads. Steady-state responses to hyperoxic hypercapnia and eucapnic hypoxia were measured both as minute ventilation (VE) and as inspiratory mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1) with and without 25 cm H2O/I/s added resistance (R). Reduction in slope of the ventilatory response to CO2 with R was highly significant in all 3 subjects whereas the response to hypoxia was barely significantly reduced in 1 subject and not significantly decreased in two. Although P0.1 was higher with than without R under all conditions, the slope of the P0.1 response to CO2 with R was not increased in two subjects and only slightly increased in the third. The slope of the P0.1 response to hypoxia was significantly greater in all subjects with R. Expiratory reserve volume was increased with R but the change was the same with hypoxia and hypercapnia. We conclude that ventilation is better maintained with resistive loading during hypoxia than during hypercapnia and that this results from a greater force output of inspiratory muscles as reflected by a higher P0.1. This suggests a greater neural output to these muscles.", "PMID": 420014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10236", "title": "Differences in renal and submaxillary renin release after stimulation with isoprenaline and noradrenaline.", "content": "It is confirmed that while noradrenaline stimulates release of submaxillary as well as renal renin, isoprenaline only stimulates renal renin release. The effects of these two adrenergic agonists differ in several other ways. The kidneys respond to isoprenaline with a dose dependant renin release. As a contrast the submaxillary glands respond to noradrenaline by no or by non-dose-dependant release. After single doses of the agonists the isoprenaline induced renin release is of short duration, contrasting with a prolonged renin release after injection of noradrenaline. The kidneys are able to respond to repeated doses of both agonists, while the submaxillary glands most often only respond to the first dose. While the effect of noradrenaline is blocked by pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine, this blocker is without effect when given after noradrenaline. The two agonists do not provoke any increase in plasma renin in mice which have been both sialoadenectomized and nephrectomized.", "contents": "Differences in renal and submaxillary renin release after stimulation with isoprenaline and noradrenaline. It is confirmed that while noradrenaline stimulates release of submaxillary as well as renal renin, isoprenaline only stimulates renal renin release. The effects of these two adrenergic agonists differ in several other ways. The kidneys respond to isoprenaline with a dose dependant renin release. As a contrast the submaxillary glands respond to noradrenaline by no or by non-dose-dependant release. After single doses of the agonists the isoprenaline induced renin release is of short duration, contrasting with a prolonged renin release after injection of noradrenaline. The kidneys are able to respond to repeated doses of both agonists, while the submaxillary glands most often only respond to the first dose. While the effect of noradrenaline is blocked by pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine, this blocker is without effect when given after noradrenaline. The two agonists do not provoke any increase in plasma renin in mice which have been both sialoadenectomized and nephrectomized.", "PMID": 420015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10237", "title": "Gastric acid secretion and water balance in the marine teleost Gadus morhua.", "content": "Gastric acid secretion was measured in unanaesthetized codfish surgically equipped with a catheter draining the stomach. The pylorus was ligated. Without perfusion of the intestine, or during perfusion with pure sea water (100% SW) or slightly diluted (67%) SW, gastric acid secretion was low ( less than 10 mumol H+/kg.h) and the fishes became dehydrated during the experiment. Perfusion of the intestine with 50% or 3% SW enabled the fishes to compensate for the water loss to the environment and greatly enhanced gastric acid secretion. Acid secretion was elevated also in fishes in which the dehydration was prevented by an intra-muscular infusion of saline. Perfusion of the intestine (8.5 ml/h) decreased the hourly effluent volume ('drinking rate') from the stomach to almost zero within 2 h. The effect was independent of the degree of dilution of the perfusing SW, but was less pronounced when the perfusion rate was lowered. Intra-muscular saline also depressed 'drinking rate'. The acid secretion prevailing during perfusion of the intestine with SW at a dilution preventing dehydration--suggested to represent the basal acid secretion of the codfish--was inhibited by atropine, hexamethonium, and metiamide.", "contents": "Gastric acid secretion and water balance in the marine teleost Gadus morhua. Gastric acid secretion was measured in unanaesthetized codfish surgically equipped with a catheter draining the stomach. The pylorus was ligated. Without perfusion of the intestine, or during perfusion with pure sea water (100% SW) or slightly diluted (67%) SW, gastric acid secretion was low ( less than 10 mumol H+/kg.h) and the fishes became dehydrated during the experiment. Perfusion of the intestine with 50% or 3% SW enabled the fishes to compensate for the water loss to the environment and greatly enhanced gastric acid secretion. Acid secretion was elevated also in fishes in which the dehydration was prevented by an intra-muscular infusion of saline. Perfusion of the intestine (8.5 ml/h) decreased the hourly effluent volume ('drinking rate') from the stomach to almost zero within 2 h. The effect was independent of the degree of dilution of the perfusing SW, but was less pronounced when the perfusion rate was lowered. Intra-muscular saline also depressed 'drinking rate'. The acid secretion prevailing during perfusion of the intestine with SW at a dilution preventing dehydration--suggested to represent the basal acid secretion of the codfish--was inhibited by atropine, hexamethonium, and metiamide.", "PMID": 420016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10238", "title": "Synaptosomal accumulation of intracerebrally injected amino acids.", "content": "The distribution of the labels of [35S]taurine, [3H]lysine, [14C]glutamate and [14C]norleucine in mouse brain subcellular fractions was followed after intracerebral injection in vivo. [35S]taurine, [3H]lysine and [14C]glutamate and its metabolites accumulated in the nerve terminals, lysine and glutamate also occurring in the synaptic vesicles, while remained mainly in soluble synaptoplasm [14C] nor leucine penetrated the brain cell membranes slowly, but was still bound to the synaptic vesicles to a greater extent than taurine.", "contents": "Synaptosomal accumulation of intracerebrally injected amino acids. The distribution of the labels of [35S]taurine, [3H]lysine, [14C]glutamate and [14C]norleucine in mouse brain subcellular fractions was followed after intracerebral injection in vivo. [35S]taurine, [3H]lysine and [14C]glutamate and its metabolites accumulated in the nerve terminals, lysine and glutamate also occurring in the synaptic vesicles, while remained mainly in soluble synaptoplasm [14C] nor leucine penetrated the brain cell membranes slowly, but was still bound to the synaptic vesicles to a greater extent than taurine.", "PMID": 420017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10239", "title": "Interrelationships between skeletal muscle adaptations and performance as studied by detraining and retraining.", "content": "The effects of 15 days of detraining and 15 days of retraining were studied in 6 well-trained runners. Detraining resulted in significant decreases in the mean activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of 24% and 13% respectively, but no significant increases in these enzymes activities occured with retraining. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) decreased by 4% with detraining (p less than 0.05), and increased by a similar amount with retraining. Performance time in an intense submaximal run decreased by 25% (p less than 0.05) with inactivity, but still averaged 9% below the initial level after retraining. Maximal heart rate and peak heart rate during the performance run were higher after detraining by 4 and 9 beats per min, respectively (p less than 0.05). With retraining, these heart rate values were decreased by 7 and 9 beats per min (p less than 0.05). Blood lactate concentrations after the VO2 max and performance run were approximately 20% lower after detraining and retraining (p less than 0.05). Muscle fibre areas for three subjects tended to be larger in biopsy samples taken after detraining and retraining. These data suggest that even short periods of detraining result in significant changes in indices of physiological capacity and function in subjects near their upper limit of adaptation, and that a longer period of retraining is necessary for muscle to re-adapt to its original trained state.", "contents": "Interrelationships between skeletal muscle adaptations and performance as studied by detraining and retraining. The effects of 15 days of detraining and 15 days of retraining were studied in 6 well-trained runners. Detraining resulted in significant decreases in the mean activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of 24% and 13% respectively, but no significant increases in these enzymes activities occured with retraining. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) decreased by 4% with detraining (p less than 0.05), and increased by a similar amount with retraining. Performance time in an intense submaximal run decreased by 25% (p less than 0.05) with inactivity, but still averaged 9% below the initial level after retraining. Maximal heart rate and peak heart rate during the performance run were higher after detraining by 4 and 9 beats per min, respectively (p less than 0.05). With retraining, these heart rate values were decreased by 7 and 9 beats per min (p less than 0.05). Blood lactate concentrations after the VO2 max and performance run were approximately 20% lower after detraining and retraining (p less than 0.05). Muscle fibre areas for three subjects tended to be larger in biopsy samples taken after detraining and retraining. These data suggest that even short periods of detraining result in significant changes in indices of physiological capacity and function in subjects near their upper limit of adaptation, and that a longer period of retraining is necessary for muscle to re-adapt to its original trained state.", "PMID": 420018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10240", "title": "Transcapillary passage of albumin, effects of tissue cooling and of increases in filtration and plasma colloid osmotic pressure.", "content": "'Initial' clearance of radiolabelled serum albumin was measured in the perfused, maximally vasodilated muscle vascular bed of rat hindquarters during tissue cooling, during increases in filtration and during changes in serum colloid osmotic pressure. Albumin clearance during ordinary serum perfusion at isogravimetry amounted to 0.03 ml/min times 100 g, increasing linearly with filtration rate to some 0.07 ml/min times 100 g at 0.5 ml/min times 100 g of filtration. During cooling from 36 degrees C to 14 degrees C both CFC and initial albumin clearance at isogravimetry decreased some 40%, in due proportion to the increased viscosity of the fluid. Increases of the colloid osmotic pressure of the perfusate correspondingly increased both the isogravimetric capillary pressure and 'initial' albumin clearance during isogravimetry.--It is concluded that even during isogravimetry the transmicrovascular albumin passage is to about 70 per cent due to filtration, and only some 30 per cent of transport at ordinary serum colloid osmotic pressure takes place by diffusion, both events presumably via 'large pores'. There was no evidence that transendothelial vesicular transport should to any significant extent contribute to the passage of albumin from vessels to tissue.", "contents": "Transcapillary passage of albumin, effects of tissue cooling and of increases in filtration and plasma colloid osmotic pressure. 'Initial' clearance of radiolabelled serum albumin was measured in the perfused, maximally vasodilated muscle vascular bed of rat hindquarters during tissue cooling, during increases in filtration and during changes in serum colloid osmotic pressure. Albumin clearance during ordinary serum perfusion at isogravimetry amounted to 0.03 ml/min times 100 g, increasing linearly with filtration rate to some 0.07 ml/min times 100 g at 0.5 ml/min times 100 g of filtration. During cooling from 36 degrees C to 14 degrees C both CFC and initial albumin clearance at isogravimetry decreased some 40%, in due proportion to the increased viscosity of the fluid. Increases of the colloid osmotic pressure of the perfusate correspondingly increased both the isogravimetric capillary pressure and 'initial' albumin clearance during isogravimetry.--It is concluded that even during isogravimetry the transmicrovascular albumin passage is to about 70 per cent due to filtration, and only some 30 per cent of transport at ordinary serum colloid osmotic pressure takes place by diffusion, both events presumably via 'large pores'. There was no evidence that transendothelial vesicular transport should to any significant extent contribute to the passage of albumin from vessels to tissue.", "PMID": 420019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10241", "title": "In vitro effects of growth hormone on protein synthesis and amino acid transport in the rat diaphragm after acute hypophysectomy.", "content": "The effects of growth hormone (GH) in vitro on phenylalanine-14C incorporation to assess protein synthesis and on alpha-aminoisobutyric-1-3H accumulation to measure amino acid transport in the diaphragm muscle of the rat were investigated 2, 6 and 24 h after hypophysectomy or sham-operation. In hypophysectomized animals protein synthesis was depressed. GH in vitro was without effect 2 h after hypophysectomy but stimulated protein synthesis 6 and 24 h after the operation. Six hours after hypophysectomy amino acid transport was enhanced and further stimulated by GH. After 24 h amino acid transport was depressed but was stimulated to normal levels by GH. Six hours after sham-operation protein synthesis was depressed, but was stimulated by GH. After 24 h protein synthesis was normalized and GH was without effect. GH did not influence amino acid transport after sham-operation. Plasma levels of GH were undetectable after hypophysectomy, markedly depressed 2 and 6 h after sham-operation, but normal after 24 h. It is concluded that tissue responsiveness to GH develops a few hours after hypophysectomy.", "contents": "In vitro effects of growth hormone on protein synthesis and amino acid transport in the rat diaphragm after acute hypophysectomy. The effects of growth hormone (GH) in vitro on phenylalanine-14C incorporation to assess protein synthesis and on alpha-aminoisobutyric-1-3H accumulation to measure amino acid transport in the diaphragm muscle of the rat were investigated 2, 6 and 24 h after hypophysectomy or sham-operation. In hypophysectomized animals protein synthesis was depressed. GH in vitro was without effect 2 h after hypophysectomy but stimulated protein synthesis 6 and 24 h after the operation. Six hours after hypophysectomy amino acid transport was enhanced and further stimulated by GH. After 24 h amino acid transport was depressed but was stimulated to normal levels by GH. Six hours after sham-operation protein synthesis was depressed, but was stimulated by GH. After 24 h protein synthesis was normalized and GH was without effect. GH did not influence amino acid transport after sham-operation. Plasma levels of GH were undetectable after hypophysectomy, markedly depressed 2 and 6 h after sham-operation, but normal after 24 h. It is concluded that tissue responsiveness to GH develops a few hours after hypophysectomy.", "PMID": 420020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10242", "title": "Metabolic effects of blood flow restriction in adipose tissue.", "content": "The metabolic effects of blood flow restriction were studied in isolated blood-perfused canine subcutaneous adipose tissue. Blood flow restriction (on the average to 20 per cent of control flow) was caused by either mechanical clamping of the arterial inflow or by i.a. injections of methoxamine or angiotensin. Glucose uptake in the adipose tissue was reduced during blood flow restriction. This was partially compensated for by a period of increased glucose uptake following restoration of flow. Blood flow restriction also caused an increase in the venous lactate/pyruvate ratio. The basal lipolytic rate was decreased during blood flow restriction. Lipolysis induced by brief (5 min) sympathetic nerve stimulation (4 Hz) was not inhibited by blood flow restriction as the total amount of glycerol released from the tissue was unaffected. The outflow rate was reduced during blood flow restriction, but glycerol trapped within the tissue was apparently not reutilized by the fat cells as it was released upon flow restroation. FFA outflow following nerve stimulation was, however, inhibited suggesting increased reutilization of FFA within the tissue. This increased reutilization may ultimately be caused by the observed change in red./ox.-balance and/or by the limited carrier capacity (albumin) available during blood flow restriction. Three main conclusions may be drawn from the present results. Firstly, plasma levels of glycerol and FFA do not necessarily reflect adipose tissue lipolysis at a given moment. Secondly, the decreased adipose tissue blood flow seems to be a major cause of the lowered FFA-levels during hemorrhage. Thirdly, in contrast to hemorrhage, even severe reduction of adipose tissue blood flow is insufficient to cause irreversible ischemic damage.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of blood flow restriction in adipose tissue. The metabolic effects of blood flow restriction were studied in isolated blood-perfused canine subcutaneous adipose tissue. Blood flow restriction (on the average to 20 per cent of control flow) was caused by either mechanical clamping of the arterial inflow or by i.a. injections of methoxamine or angiotensin. Glucose uptake in the adipose tissue was reduced during blood flow restriction. This was partially compensated for by a period of increased glucose uptake following restoration of flow. Blood flow restriction also caused an increase in the venous lactate/pyruvate ratio. The basal lipolytic rate was decreased during blood flow restriction. Lipolysis induced by brief (5 min) sympathetic nerve stimulation (4 Hz) was not inhibited by blood flow restriction as the total amount of glycerol released from the tissue was unaffected. The outflow rate was reduced during blood flow restriction, but glycerol trapped within the tissue was apparently not reutilized by the fat cells as it was released upon flow restroation. FFA outflow following nerve stimulation was, however, inhibited suggesting increased reutilization of FFA within the tissue. This increased reutilization may ultimately be caused by the observed change in red./ox.-balance and/or by the limited carrier capacity (albumin) available during blood flow restriction. Three main conclusions may be drawn from the present results. Firstly, plasma levels of glycerol and FFA do not necessarily reflect adipose tissue lipolysis at a given moment. Secondly, the decreased adipose tissue blood flow seems to be a major cause of the lowered FFA-levels during hemorrhage. Thirdly, in contrast to hemorrhage, even severe reduction of adipose tissue blood flow is insufficient to cause irreversible ischemic damage.", "PMID": 420021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10243", "title": "Predictive scales for parasuicide repetition. Further results.", "content": "A six-item predictive scale for parasuicide repetition was retested on a second sample of Italian parasuicides. All the patients firstever admitted after a deliberate self-harm to the psychiatric department of a general hospital during the period April 1973-March 1976 were interviewed and followed-up after an interval of 1 year. The scale showed the same predictive power found in the first sample (1970-73) and gave a range of probability of repetition within 1 year of 15% at a score of 0 up to 44.8% at the scores 3, 4, 5, and 6. Moreover it discriminated between repeaters and non-repeaters at a significant level. Only two items (diagnosis of sociopathy and change of domicile in the last year) of the five items which discriminated repeaters from non-repeaters in the first study were still significantly associated with repetition, while four additional items (previous in-patient psychiatric treatment; previous parasuicide resulting in hospital admission; unemployment; criminal record) appeared as new discriminating factors. In spite of these changes the rate of repetition remained constant over the years at around 26%.", "contents": "Predictive scales for parasuicide repetition. Further results. A six-item predictive scale for parasuicide repetition was retested on a second sample of Italian parasuicides. All the patients firstever admitted after a deliberate self-harm to the psychiatric department of a general hospital during the period April 1973-March 1976 were interviewed and followed-up after an interval of 1 year. The scale showed the same predictive power found in the first sample (1970-73) and gave a range of probability of repetition within 1 year of 15% at a score of 0 up to 44.8% at the scores 3, 4, 5, and 6. Moreover it discriminated between repeaters and non-repeaters at a significant level. Only two items (diagnosis of sociopathy and change of domicile in the last year) of the five items which discriminated repeaters from non-repeaters in the first study were still significantly associated with repetition, while four additional items (previous in-patient psychiatric treatment; previous parasuicide resulting in hospital admission; unemployment; criminal record) appeared as new discriminating factors. In spite of these changes the rate of repetition remained constant over the years at around 26%.", "PMID": 420025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10244", "title": "Attitudes towards criminal and other patients.", "content": "Staff attitudes towards mentally abnormal offenders were investigated on a forensic psychiatric assessment ward as reflected in a drug trial. The attitude towards drug trials was negative in 79% of the personnel, in contrast to 71% positive in three Swedish mental hospitals. Of the respondents 75% considered that drug treatment did not benefit the patients. Then the attitudes of 21 general physicians towards assessment and drug treatment of mentally abnormal offenders as well as towards 10 illnesses were measured by self-rating scales employing a 10-cm line technique. Both the assessment and drug treatment of mentally abnormal offenders were the least favoured as  compared with somatic illnesses. Other neuropsychiatric disorders ranked with them were also very significantly (P less than 0.001) less favoured than pneumonia. They considered that these attitudes were shared in general by medical and nursing staff", "contents": "Attitudes towards criminal and other patients. Staff attitudes towards mentally abnormal offenders were investigated on a forensic psychiatric assessment ward as reflected in a drug trial. The attitude towards drug trials was negative in 79% of the personnel, in contrast to 71% positive in three Swedish mental hospitals. Of the respondents 75% considered that drug treatment did not benefit the patients. Then the attitudes of 21 general physicians towards assessment and drug treatment of mentally abnormal offenders as well as towards 10 illnesses were measured by self-rating scales employing a 10-cm line technique. Both the assessment and drug treatment of mentally abnormal offenders were the least favoured as  compared with somatic illnesses. Other neuropsychiatric disorders ranked with them were also very significantly (P less than 0.001) less favoured than pneumonia. They considered that these attitudes were shared in general by medical and nursing staff", "PMID": 420026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10245", "title": "Types of attempted suicide (parasuicide).", "content": "The clinical usefulness of a typology of parasuicide, reported in a previous paper, has been improved. A finer grained classification, using six instead of only three clusters, has proved itself to be clinically highly realistic. By a new method of cluster analysis which examines 80 attributes in each of 350 patients, the following types of parasuicide emerge: (1) operant, not alienated; (2) repeaters; (3) depressed with high life endangerment; (4) operant and alienated; (5) wristcutters; (6) undifferentiated. This more detailed typology may offer some advantages for clinical management and research.", "contents": "Types of attempted suicide (parasuicide). The clinical usefulness of a typology of parasuicide, reported in a previous paper, has been improved. A finer grained classification, using six instead of only three clusters, has proved itself to be clinically highly realistic. By a new method of cluster analysis which examines 80 attributes in each of 350 patients, the following types of parasuicide emerge: (1) operant, not alienated; (2) repeaters; (3) depressed with high life endangerment; (4) operant and alienated; (5) wristcutters; (6) undifferentiated. This more detailed typology may offer some advantages for clinical management and research.", "PMID": 420027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10246", "title": "Female alcoholics. IV. Marital situation and husbands.", "content": "Little research on the husbands of alcoholic women has been reported. A few studies have shown that they often are alcoholics or are suffering from other psychiatric diseases. The present study describes 51 men, married to female alcoholics, as regards alcoholism, other psycho-social disturbances and mortality, and accounts for the marital situation after an observation period of 6-12 years. A comparison is made with a control group of married male alcoholics. About 50% of the husbands were shown to be alcoholics, 14% had been treated for psychiatric diseases and more than 10% were disabled due to somatic diseases. At the end of the observation period, one-third of both patient groups were still married, one half of the male and one-third of the female patients were divorced. Twenty per cent of the marriages among the male patients and 35% of those among the female patients had been terminated by death. Ten female alcoholics and 14 husbands died, which is a significant excess mortality for both sexes. Mortality among the husbands was higher than expected due to cirrhosis of the liver and diseases of the circulatory system.", "contents": "Female alcoholics. IV. Marital situation and husbands. Little research on the husbands of alcoholic women has been reported. A few studies have shown that they often are alcoholics or are suffering from other psychiatric diseases. The present study describes 51 men, married to female alcoholics, as regards alcoholism, other psycho-social disturbances and mortality, and accounts for the marital situation after an observation period of 6-12 years. A comparison is made with a control group of married male alcoholics. About 50% of the husbands were shown to be alcoholics, 14% had been treated for psychiatric diseases and more than 10% were disabled due to somatic diseases. At the end of the observation period, one-third of both patient groups were still married, one half of the male and one-third of the female patients were divorced. Twenty per cent of the marriages among the male patients and 35% of those among the female patients had been terminated by death. Ten female alcoholics and 14 husbands died, which is a significant excess mortality for both sexes. Mortality among the husbands was higher than expected due to cirrhosis of the liver and diseases of the circulatory system.", "PMID": 420028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10247", "title": "Evidence that depression rating scales primarily measure a social undesirability response set.", "content": "Many popular methods of measuring depression have not been adequately validated for discriminant validity from social desirability. In a study of 26 patients, 14 with secondary depression, and 12 nondepressives, it was shown that the commonly used Beck Depression Inventory and MMPI Depression scale and the Carroll self-administering version of the Hamilton scales correlate as highly with social undesirability as with each other. Social desirability ratings of item alternatives on the Beck and Hamilton scales by 12 normal students showed the depth of depression to be significantly related to social undesirability response scores. The difficulty of distinguishing depression and social undesirability response set was discussed and it was suggested that \"low self-esteem\" may be all that is measured by the rating scales used in this study.", "contents": "Evidence that depression rating scales primarily measure a social undesirability response set. Many popular methods of measuring depression have not been adequately validated for discriminant validity from social desirability. In a study of 26 patients, 14 with secondary depression, and 12 nondepressives, it was shown that the commonly used Beck Depression Inventory and MMPI Depression scale and the Carroll self-administering version of the Hamilton scales correlate as highly with social undesirability as with each other. Social desirability ratings of item alternatives on the Beck and Hamilton scales by 12 normal students showed the depth of depression to be significantly related to social undesirability response scores. The difficulty of distinguishing depression and social undesirability response set was discussed and it was suggested that \"low self-esteem\" may be all that is measured by the rating scales used in this study.", "PMID": 420029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10248", "title": "Verbal tests and transsexualism.", "content": "Gender discriminating vocabulary tests administered to a consecutive series of 53 male transsexuals show different results. The Slater Selective Vocabulary Test, Cohen's factors and the Terman-Miles Attitude Interest Analysis Test (M-F) show male transsexuals to have a higher degree of feminization than normal controls. The Wechsler-Bellevue Vocabulary Test and the Wechsler M-F Test are difficult to interpret, and do not show a clear trend of feminization in transsexual males. The investigation has shown that male transsexuals have a vocabulary which differs from that of normal males in the direction of greater feminization.", "contents": "Verbal tests and transsexualism. Gender discriminating vocabulary tests administered to a consecutive series of 53 male transsexuals show different results. The Slater Selective Vocabulary Test, Cohen's factors and the Terman-Miles Attitude Interest Analysis Test (M-F) show male transsexuals to have a higher degree of feminization than normal controls. The Wechsler-Bellevue Vocabulary Test and the Wechsler M-F Test are difficult to interpret, and do not show a clear trend of feminization in transsexual males. The investigation has shown that male transsexuals have a vocabulary which differs from that of normal males in the direction of greater feminization.", "PMID": 420030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10249", "title": "Experience of father and later relations to men. A systematic study of women's relations to their father, their partner and their son.", "content": "Using data from a longitudinal, prospective study of 69 women, their partners and first-born children, the woman's description of her parents was compared with her report about her relationships to her partner and child. Information was independently collected from partner and child. The woman's way of relating both to her partner and to her son was more strongly connected with her report about her early paternal than with her report about her early maternal contact. The woman's experience of her father was related to her way of interacting with her child in the case of a son but not in the case of a daughter. Thus, the specific importance of a woman's image of her father for her way of relating to other significant males was emphasized.", "contents": "Experience of father and later relations to men. A systematic study of women's relations to their father, their partner and their son. Using data from a longitudinal, prospective study of 69 women, their partners and first-born children, the woman's description of her parents was compared with her report about her relationships to her partner and child. Information was independently collected from partner and child. The woman's way of relating both to her partner and to her son was more strongly connected with her report about her early paternal than with her report about her early maternal contact. The woman's experience of her father was related to her way of interacting with her child in the case of a son but not in the case of a daughter. Thus, the specific importance of a woman's image of her father for her way of relating to other significant males was emphasized.", "PMID": 420031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10250", "title": "Influence of deaf-mute parents on the character of their offspring.", "content": "Hearing children raised by deaf-mute parents suffer severe communication problems with their environment from the very moment of their birth. Later on feelings of alienation may ensue. Such conditions may influence the personality of offspring of deaf-mute people. A detailed representative case report of a patient with borderline personality is reported. The patient was a daughter of a quite typical deaf-mute couple. An attempt to relate some of her main characteristics and mechanisms of adaptation to factors in her early childhood is described.", "contents": "Influence of deaf-mute parents on the character of their offspring. Hearing children raised by deaf-mute parents suffer severe communication problems with their environment from the very moment of their birth. Later on feelings of alienation may ensue. Such conditions may influence the personality of offspring of deaf-mute people. A detailed representative case report of a patient with borderline personality is reported. The patient was a daughter of a quite typical deaf-mute couple. An attempt to relate some of her main characteristics and mechanisms of adaptation to factors in her early childhood is described.", "PMID": 420032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10251", "title": "Increase in weight after treatment with depot neuroleptics.", "content": "A trial has been performed investigating changes in weight in 99 female patients who have been treated with clopenthixol decanoate or perpehnazine enanthate after prior treatment with different oral neuroleptics. We found a significantly higher mean weight after the oral treatment period and a slight, but not statistically significant, further weight increase after the following depot period. In addition the rate of increase in weight was significantly lower during the depot treatment period. These increases might be due to achievement of a steady-state in weight during the first treatment period with oral intake. We found no difference between clopenthixol decanoate and perphenazine enanthate as regards change in weight or rate of change in weight.", "contents": "Increase in weight after treatment with depot neuroleptics. A trial has been performed investigating changes in weight in 99 female patients who have been treated with clopenthixol decanoate or perpehnazine enanthate after prior treatment with different oral neuroleptics. We found a significantly higher mean weight after the oral treatment period and a slight, but not statistically significant, further weight increase after the following depot period. In addition the rate of increase in weight was significantly lower during the depot treatment period. These increases might be due to achievement of a steady-state in weight during the first treatment period with oral intake. We found no difference between clopenthixol decanoate and perphenazine enanthate as regards change in weight or rate of change in weight.", "PMID": 420033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10252", "title": "Vitamin B12 concentrations in psychiatric patients.", "content": "In an attempt to evaluate the possible relationship between vitamin B12 deficiency and mental disease, the blood content of vitamin B12 was investigated in 835 consecutive psychiatric patients. Low serum vitamin B12 values were found in approximately 10% of these patients, due to latent pernicious anaemia in one case, post-gastrectomy in seven cases and small intestinal resection in one case. In the remaining 72 cases vitamin B12 deficiency was probably caused by nutritional insufficiency. After correction of the dietary defect there was a spontaneous increase in serum vitamin B12 in 75% of these patients. No specific psychiatric syndrome was connected with hypovitaminosis B12, but a preponderance of arteriosclerotic dementia suggests that low serum vitamin B12 values are secondary to mental illness leading to apathy and loss of appetite. Most cases will recover without further vitamin B12 supplements. But some patients may need treatment because of severe mental and physical disabilities.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 concentrations in psychiatric patients. In an attempt to evaluate the possible relationship between vitamin B12 deficiency and mental disease, the blood content of vitamin B12 was investigated in 835 consecutive psychiatric patients. Low serum vitamin B12 values were found in approximately 10% of these patients, due to latent pernicious anaemia in one case, post-gastrectomy in seven cases and small intestinal resection in one case. In the remaining 72 cases vitamin B12 deficiency was probably caused by nutritional insufficiency. After correction of the dietary defect there was a spontaneous increase in serum vitamin B12 in 75% of these patients. No specific psychiatric syndrome was connected with hypovitaminosis B12, but a preponderance of arteriosclerotic dementia suggests that low serum vitamin B12 values are secondary to mental illness leading to apathy and loss of appetite. Most cases will recover without further vitamin B12 supplements. But some patients may need treatment because of severe mental and physical disabilities.", "PMID": 420034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10253", "title": "Psychiatric examination of all eight adult males with the karyotype 46,XX diagnosed in Denmark till 1976.", "content": "Psychiatric examination has been made in all eight adult males with the karyotype 46,XX diagnosed in Denmark til 1976. Apart from emotional immaturity in most probands, no psychopathological traits were found, except in one who had neurotic symptoms. They were all of normal intelligence and socially well adjusted. All had male psychosexual orientation, but weak sexual libido and potency were found in the oldest probands. In several respects males with 46,XX differ from Klinefelter males with the karyotype 47,XXY, and the reasons for this are discussed.", "contents": "Psychiatric examination of all eight adult males with the karyotype 46,XX diagnosed in Denmark till 1976. Psychiatric examination has been made in all eight adult males with the karyotype 46,XX diagnosed in Denmark til 1976. Apart from emotional immaturity in most probands, no psychopathological traits were found, except in one who had neurotic symptoms. They were all of normal intelligence and socially well adjusted. All had male psychosexual orientation, but weak sexual libido and potency were found in the oldest probands. In several respects males with 46,XX differ from Klinefelter males with the karyotype 47,XXY, and the reasons for this are discussed.", "PMID": 420035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10254", "title": "Seasonal births in schizophrenia. A southern hemisphere study using matched pairs.", "content": "Season of birth of schizophrenics was investigated by comparing 915 carefully selected schizophrenic patients with controls matched for age and sex. While the winter-spring excess of schizophrenic births was similar to Northern Hemisphere findings, further examination of data revealed a new feature: a striking excess of male schizophrenic births for the decade 1915--24. The hypothesis of differential resistance to infection is discussed as an explanation for these findings.", "contents": "Seasonal births in schizophrenia. A southern hemisphere study using matched pairs. Season of birth of schizophrenics was investigated by comparing 915 carefully selected schizophrenic patients with controls matched for age and sex. While the winter-spring excess of schizophrenic births was similar to Northern Hemisphere findings, further examination of data revealed a new feature: a striking excess of male schizophrenic births for the decade 1915--24. The hypothesis of differential resistance to infection is discussed as an explanation for these findings.", "PMID": 420036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10255", "title": "Effect of naloxone or levallorphan on serum prolactin concentrations and apomorphine-induced growth hormone secretion.", "content": "Naloxone HCl (0.8 mg intravenously; n=9) or levallorphan tartrate (0.25 mg subcutaneously; n=5) had no effect on basal prolactin or growth hormone secretion in normal men. Neither narcotic antagonist inhibited the growth hormone secretory response to apomorphine HCl (0.75 mg subcutaneously). These findings suggest that narcotic antagonists do not block dopamine receptors in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in man and that if these agents have antischizophrenic properties then these are not mediated by dopamine receptor blockade.", "contents": "Effect of naloxone or levallorphan on serum prolactin concentrations and apomorphine-induced growth hormone secretion. Naloxone HCl (0.8 mg intravenously; n=9) or levallorphan tartrate (0.25 mg subcutaneously; n=5) had no effect on basal prolactin or growth hormone secretion in normal men. Neither narcotic antagonist inhibited the growth hormone secretory response to apomorphine HCl (0.75 mg subcutaneously). These findings suggest that narcotic antagonists do not block dopamine receptors in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in man and that if these agents have antischizophrenic properties then these are not mediated by dopamine receptor blockade.", "PMID": 420037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10256", "title": "Psychiatric assessment of healthy children with various EEG patterns.", "content": "A sample of 222 health children, 112 girls and 110 boys, aged 5--16 years, with different types of EEG pattern, were investigated by current child-psychiatric methods. The children were recruited from a large material of children selected in accordance with strict criteria of normality from the paediatric and neurological points of view (Peters\u00e9n & Eeg-Olofsson (1970/71)). The aim of the child-psychiatric assessment was to find out whether any clinical correlation with the EEG patterns could be shown. First of all, 96 children with some form of EEG deviation were included. Besides these, 126 children with normal EEG were recruited at random from the material. In this selected material significant relations emerged between clinical variables and EEG patterns. Normal EEG showed negative correlations with child-psychiatric variables, while deviating EEG patterns were positively correlated. Many of the correlations disappeared in the oldest age group.", "contents": "Psychiatric assessment of healthy children with various EEG patterns. A sample of 222 health children, 112 girls and 110 boys, aged 5--16 years, with different types of EEG pattern, were investigated by current child-psychiatric methods. The children were recruited from a large material of children selected in accordance with strict criteria of normality from the paediatric and neurological points of view (Peters\u00e9n & Eeg-Olofsson (1970/71)). The aim of the child-psychiatric assessment was to find out whether any clinical correlation with the EEG patterns could be shown. First of all, 96 children with some form of EEG deviation were included. Besides these, 126 children with normal EEG were recruited at random from the material. In this selected material significant relations emerged between clinical variables and EEG patterns. Normal EEG showed negative correlations with child-psychiatric variables, while deviating EEG patterns were positively correlated. Many of the correlations disappeared in the oldest age group.", "PMID": 420038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10257", "title": "Depression and homicide. A psychiatric and forensic study of four cases.", "content": "Four examples of homicide followed by attempted suicide are presented based on the psychiatric examinations prepared for the use of the courts. Three cases were suffering from unbearable states of endogenous depression and the fourth showed a serious chronic neurotic depression following an acute grief reaction before and during homicide. The relationship between depression and homicide is discussed from the standpoint of clinical psychopathology. Criminal responsibility of these cases is also discussed.", "contents": "Depression and homicide. A psychiatric and forensic study of four cases. Four examples of homicide followed by attempted suicide are presented based on the psychiatric examinations prepared for the use of the courts. Three cases were suffering from unbearable states of endogenous depression and the fourth showed a serious chronic neurotic depression following an acute grief reaction before and during homicide. The relationship between depression and homicide is discussed from the standpoint of clinical psychopathology. Criminal responsibility of these cases is also discussed.", "PMID": 420039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10258", "title": "Elective mutism.", "content": "Eleven children who had received a diagnosis of elective mutism upon admission to the children's psychiatric clinic, were followed up 8--18 years later. The average age upon admission was 9 1/2 years, and at the time of follow-up, 23 years. Nine of the children came from homes with a strong familial shyness and reservation, and eight lived in social isolation. Six were particularly overprotected. Six came from discordant family constellations. All were diagnosed neurotic, eight specified as compulsion-neurosis. All were of normal intelligence. Six children received extensive individual psychotherapy (four upon admission to the clinic, two by way of out-patient treatment). We were unable to offer similar treatment to the remaining five. During the course of treatment three of the admitted patients improved, the fourth and the two ambulatory patients remained unchanged after up to 4 years of therapy. The follow-up study showed the three unchanged patients and the five who had received treatment, now were cured of the symptom; improvement took place in connection with a change of environment. The five who had not received treatment were better adjusted than those who had been separated from home for several years, at a vulnerable age. The importance of early prophylactic intervention is emphasized.", "contents": "Elective mutism. Eleven children who had received a diagnosis of elective mutism upon admission to the children's psychiatric clinic, were followed up 8--18 years later. The average age upon admission was 9 1/2 years, and at the time of follow-up, 23 years. Nine of the children came from homes with a strong familial shyness and reservation, and eight lived in social isolation. Six were particularly overprotected. Six came from discordant family constellations. All were diagnosed neurotic, eight specified as compulsion-neurosis. All were of normal intelligence. Six children received extensive individual psychotherapy (four upon admission to the clinic, two by way of out-patient treatment). We were unable to offer similar treatment to the remaining five. During the course of treatment three of the admitted patients improved, the fourth and the two ambulatory patients remained unchanged after up to 4 years of therapy. The follow-up study showed the three unchanged patients and the five who had received treatment, now were cured of the symptom; improvement took place in connection with a change of environment. The five who had not received treatment were better adjusted than those who had been separated from home for several years, at a vulnerable age. The importance of early prophylactic intervention is emphasized.", "PMID": 420040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10259", "title": "Propranolol and newer antihypertensive drugs in the management of hypertension.", "content": "Among the newer antihypertensive agents are the beta-blocking drugs, such as propranolol. These agents are useful as second-step drugs to be used if diuretic therapy alone is not effective. In mild to moderately severe hypertension, propranolol, in does of up to 480 mg/day in combination with a thiazide diuretic, has been found to be effective in over 80% of patients on long-term therapy. This degree of response is essentially similar to that noted with a combination of reserpine and a diuretic agent. Although some observers believe that propranolol produces many fewer side effects than the other step 2 drugs (reserpine and alpha-methyldopa), there are some patients who do experience restlessness, insomnia, and depression. Clonidine may be substituted for another step 2 drug, is of moderate potency, but may not be tolerated by a large number of patients because of the severe dry mouth and drowsiness that it produces. Prazosin appears to be a suitable substitute for hydralazine as an effective vasodialator if thiazides plus propranolol or thiazides plus reserpine or alpha-methyldopa are not effective. In some instances, it many be an acceptable second-step drug because of its alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking properties. The angiotensin II competitive inhibitors or converting enzyme inhibitors may in the future have some place in the management of hypertension.", "contents": "Propranolol and newer antihypertensive drugs in the management of hypertension. Among the newer antihypertensive agents are the beta-blocking drugs, such as propranolol. These agents are useful as second-step drugs to be used if diuretic therapy alone is not effective. In mild to moderately severe hypertension, propranolol, in does of up to 480 mg/day in combination with a thiazide diuretic, has been found to be effective in over 80% of patients on long-term therapy. This degree of response is essentially similar to that noted with a combination of reserpine and a diuretic agent. Although some observers believe that propranolol produces many fewer side effects than the other step 2 drugs (reserpine and alpha-methyldopa), there are some patients who do experience restlessness, insomnia, and depression. Clonidine may be substituted for another step 2 drug, is of moderate potency, but may not be tolerated by a large number of patients because of the severe dry mouth and drowsiness that it produces. Prazosin appears to be a suitable substitute for hydralazine as an effective vasodialator if thiazides plus propranolol or thiazides plus reserpine or alpha-methyldopa are not effective. In some instances, it many be an acceptable second-step drug because of its alpha-adrenoreceptor-blocking properties. The angiotensin II competitive inhibitors or converting enzyme inhibitors may in the future have some place in the management of hypertension.", "PMID": 420060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10260", "title": "The risk of diagnostic cardiovascular catheterization.", "content": "This report details a prospective study of the risk of diagnostic cardiac catheterization performed in a private, community hospital. Over the first 131 months of operation of our laboratory, 745 adult patients underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization consisting of 2,676 various catheterization procedures. Six patients experienced seven major complications; two of these complications left a permanent deficit. There were no deaths during catheterization and none later which were attributable to it. The risk to the patient of having a major complication associated with a cardiac catheterization in our series was 0.8 per cent. The risk to the patient of having a major complication when a catheterization procedure was performed was 0.3 per cent. The risk of having a complication resulting in a permanent sequela was 0.07 per cent. We conclude that diagnostic cardiac catheterization can be accomplished with little risk to the patient, either of death or of other major complication.", "contents": "The risk of diagnostic cardiovascular catheterization. This report details a prospective study of the risk of diagnostic cardiac catheterization performed in a private, community hospital. Over the first 131 months of operation of our laboratory, 745 adult patients underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization consisting of 2,676 various catheterization procedures. Six patients experienced seven major complications; two of these complications left a permanent deficit. There were no deaths during catheterization and none later which were attributable to it. The risk to the patient of having a major complication associated with a cardiac catheterization in our series was 0.8 per cent. The risk to the patient of having a major complication when a catheterization procedure was performed was 0.3 per cent. The risk of having a complication resulting in a permanent sequela was 0.07 per cent. We conclude that diagnostic cardiac catheterization can be accomplished with little risk to the patient, either of death or of other major complication.", "PMID": 420067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10261", "title": "Propranolol withdrawal in angina pectoris: a prospective study.", "content": "In a prospective study, 100 consecutive patients (mean age 51.3 years) with angina pectoris had propranolol abruptly discontinued 24 to 144 hours (mean 39.0 hours) prior to elective coronary arteriography. The mean duration of therapy was 8.2 months and the mean daily propranolol dose was 216.1 mg. New York Heart Association Class II, III and IV symptoms were present in 30, 41, and 29 patients and one, two, or three coronary arteries were more than 50 per cent narrowed in 37, 29, and 34 cases, respectively. Three patients experienced minor increases in chest pain and two suffered non-transmural myocardial infarctions prior to the time of scheduled cessation of therapy. The same number of minor and major complications occurred in the post-withdrawal period. All four patients who developed non-transmural myocardial infarction in this study had pre-existing Class IV symptoms. The course of the remaining 90 patients was uneventful. These findings do not support the concept of a rebound propranolol withdrawal reaction.", "contents": "Propranolol withdrawal in angina pectoris: a prospective study. In a prospective study, 100 consecutive patients (mean age 51.3 years) with angina pectoris had propranolol abruptly discontinued 24 to 144 hours (mean 39.0 hours) prior to elective coronary arteriography. The mean duration of therapy was 8.2 months and the mean daily propranolol dose was 216.1 mg. New York Heart Association Class II, III and IV symptoms were present in 30, 41, and 29 patients and one, two, or three coronary arteries were more than 50 per cent narrowed in 37, 29, and 34 cases, respectively. Three patients experienced minor increases in chest pain and two suffered non-transmural myocardial infarctions prior to the time of scheduled cessation of therapy. The same number of minor and major complications occurred in the post-withdrawal period. All four patients who developed non-transmural myocardial infarction in this study had pre-existing Class IV symptoms. The course of the remaining 90 patients was uneventful. These findings do not support the concept of a rebound propranolol withdrawal reaction.", "PMID": 420068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10262", "title": "Incidence of mitral valve prolapse in subjects with thoracic skeletal abnormalities--a prospective study.", "content": "The incidence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in 80 patients with various thoracic skeletal abnormalities (TSA) was examined prospectively using compete history and physical examination, chest x-rays, electrocardiography, phonocardiography, and echocardiography. There were 76 males and four females, ranging in age from 18 to 80 years. Thirty-four patients had narrow anteroposterior diameter of the chest (asthenic habitus) (Group 1), 13 had straight back (Group 2), and 33 had pectus excavatum (Group 3). Twenty-five of the 80 patients (31 per cent) had evidence of MVP, 22 by echocardiographic criteria and three by phonocardiographic criteria. The incidence of MVP in this predominantly male population was substantially higher than that reported in the general adult population. Thoracic skeletal abnormality is an important nonauscultatory feature of mitral valve prolapse syndrome. The association between TSA and MVP may be a manifestation of a single connective tissue defect during embryonic development of the bony thoracic cage and the atrioventricular valves. All patients with TSA, even when asymptomatic, should be screened for MVP by noninvasive investigations. The recognition of MVP in patients with TSA may be of potential value in prevention of life-threatening endocarditis and cardiac arrhythmia.", "contents": "Incidence of mitral valve prolapse in subjects with thoracic skeletal abnormalities--a prospective study. The incidence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in 80 patients with various thoracic skeletal abnormalities (TSA) was examined prospectively using compete history and physical examination, chest x-rays, electrocardiography, phonocardiography, and echocardiography. There were 76 males and four females, ranging in age from 18 to 80 years. Thirty-four patients had narrow anteroposterior diameter of the chest (asthenic habitus) (Group 1), 13 had straight back (Group 2), and 33 had pectus excavatum (Group 3). Twenty-five of the 80 patients (31 per cent) had evidence of MVP, 22 by echocardiographic criteria and three by phonocardiographic criteria. The incidence of MVP in this predominantly male population was substantially higher than that reported in the general adult population. Thoracic skeletal abnormality is an important nonauscultatory feature of mitral valve prolapse syndrome. The association between TSA and MVP may be a manifestation of a single connective tissue defect during embryonic development of the bony thoracic cage and the atrioventricular valves. All patients with TSA, even when asymptomatic, should be screened for MVP by noninvasive investigations. The recognition of MVP in patients with TSA may be of potential value in prevention of life-threatening endocarditis and cardiac arrhythmia.", "PMID": 420069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10263", "title": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic spectrum of papillary muscle dysfunction.", "content": "Cross-sectional echocardiography identified two abnormal patterns of mitral valve closure in 14 patients with mitral regurgitation due to papillary muscle dysfunction: (1) in three patients with an akinetic inferior-posterior wall but normal cavity size, papillary muscle fibrosis was associated with late systolic mitral valve prolapse, and (2) in nine patients with ventricular dilatation or ventricular aneurysm, the point of mitral valve coaptation was displaced towards the apex of the left ventricle. In two of these patients both abnormalities were observed. In contrast, abnormal patterns were identified in only four of a group of 40 patients without angiographic evidence of mitral regurgitation (10, normal; 27, coronary artery disease; three, congestive cardiomyopathy). Thus, cross-sectional echocardiography can be useful to identify mitral regurgitation secondary to papillary muscle dysfunction.", "contents": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic spectrum of papillary muscle dysfunction. Cross-sectional echocardiography identified two abnormal patterns of mitral valve closure in 14 patients with mitral regurgitation due to papillary muscle dysfunction: (1) in three patients with an akinetic inferior-posterior wall but normal cavity size, papillary muscle fibrosis was associated with late systolic mitral valve prolapse, and (2) in nine patients with ventricular dilatation or ventricular aneurysm, the point of mitral valve coaptation was displaced towards the apex of the left ventricle. In two of these patients both abnormalities were observed. In contrast, abnormal patterns were identified in only four of a group of 40 patients without angiographic evidence of mitral regurgitation (10, normal; 27, coronary artery disease; three, congestive cardiomyopathy). Thus, cross-sectional echocardiography can be useful to identify mitral regurgitation secondary to papillary muscle dysfunction.", "PMID": 420070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10264", "title": "Effect of isoproterenol on regional myocardial perfusion and tissue oxygenation in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The effect of isoproterenol infusion on regional myocardial perfusion and tissue oxygenation during acute myocardial infarction was investigated in anesthetized dogs. Measurements of regional flow with radioactive microspheres and myocardial lactate and adenosine triphosphate from analysis of myocardial biopsies were compared in normal, marginal, and infarcted tissue in dogs with a ligated coronary artery. After 10 minutes of isoproterenol 0.15 microgram/Kg./minute, flow was unchanged in the marginal and infarcted regions, and, although rises occurred in most dogs, changes were inconsistent in the normal regions. In the marginal regions, tissue lactate rose by 5.6 mumoles/g (97 per cent) and adenosine triphosphate fell by 2.4 mumoles/g (46 per cent) after isoproterenol. No consistent changes occurred in the normal or infarcted regions of the dogs given isoproternol or in any regions of control dogs given saline. It is concluded that beta-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol increases tissue ischemia in experimental acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Effect of isoproterenol on regional myocardial perfusion and tissue oxygenation in acute myocardial infarction. The effect of isoproterenol infusion on regional myocardial perfusion and tissue oxygenation during acute myocardial infarction was investigated in anesthetized dogs. Measurements of regional flow with radioactive microspheres and myocardial lactate and adenosine triphosphate from analysis of myocardial biopsies were compared in normal, marginal, and infarcted tissue in dogs with a ligated coronary artery. After 10 minutes of isoproterenol 0.15 microgram/Kg./minute, flow was unchanged in the marginal and infarcted regions, and, although rises occurred in most dogs, changes were inconsistent in the normal regions. In the marginal regions, tissue lactate rose by 5.6 mumoles/g (97 per cent) and adenosine triphosphate fell by 2.4 mumoles/g (46 per cent) after isoproterenol. No consistent changes occurred in the normal or infarcted regions of the dogs given isoproternol or in any regions of control dogs given saline. It is concluded that beta-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol increases tissue ischemia in experimental acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 420073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10265", "title": "Effect of isoproterenol on the \"early repolarization\" syndrome.", "content": "A study has been carried out on a group of subjects with RS-T segment elevation, a normal variant of early repolarization. Following isoproterenol administration, the RS-T segment became isoelectric. In most cases this was accompanied by shorter QT and longer QTc intervals. The same effects were observed after physical exertion but not after atropine or amyl-nitrite. Propranolol administration exaggerated RS-T elevation. Considering the mechanism with which isoproterenol acts and some analogies with the electrocardiographic picture experimentally obtained by means of the unilateral stimulation of the stellate ganglions, the hypothesis is advanced that the normal variant of early repolarization is related to an enhanced activity of the right sympathetic nerves.", "contents": "Effect of isoproterenol on the \"early repolarization\" syndrome. A study has been carried out on a group of subjects with RS-T segment elevation, a normal variant of early repolarization. Following isoproterenol administration, the RS-T segment became isoelectric. In most cases this was accompanied by shorter QT and longer QTc intervals. The same effects were observed after physical exertion but not after atropine or amyl-nitrite. Propranolol administration exaggerated RS-T elevation. Considering the mechanism with which isoproterenol acts and some analogies with the electrocardiographic picture experimentally obtained by means of the unilateral stimulation of the stellate ganglions, the hypothesis is advanced that the normal variant of early repolarization is related to an enhanced activity of the right sympathetic nerves.", "PMID": 420074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10266", "title": "The effect of exercise on left ventricular ejection time in patients with hypertension or angina pectoris.", "content": "Using the method and regression equation of Lewis and associates, the present study confirms their findings in normal men up to the age of 65 years. Despite the significantly higher myocardial oxygen consumption, as measured by the double product, the hypertensive patients responded in a similar fashion. The patients with angina pectoris, however, showed a significantly prolonged post-exercise ejection time.", "contents": "The effect of exercise on left ventricular ejection time in patients with hypertension or angina pectoris. Using the method and regression equation of Lewis and associates, the present study confirms their findings in normal men up to the age of 65 years. Despite the significantly higher myocardial oxygen consumption, as measured by the double product, the hypertensive patients responded in a similar fashion. The patients with angina pectoris, however, showed a significantly prolonged post-exercise ejection time.", "PMID": 420075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10267", "title": "The use of the diving reflex to terminate supraventricular tachycardia in a 2-week-old infant.", "content": "The use of the diving reflex to terminate a case of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PST) is described in a 2-week-old infant who presented in severe congestive heart failure with supraventricular tachycardia at a rate of 300. The infant's face was placed in a basin of ice water at 5 degrees C. for 5 seconds with manual occlusion of the infant's nostrils to prevent aspiration. The PST converted to a sinus rhythm of 120 within 3 seconds of facial immersion. The physiology of the diving reflex is reviewed and the uses and hazards of this reflex in terminating attacks of PST in infants is discussed.", "contents": "The use of the diving reflex to terminate supraventricular tachycardia in a 2-week-old infant. The use of the diving reflex to terminate a case of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PST) is described in a 2-week-old infant who presented in severe congestive heart failure with supraventricular tachycardia at a rate of 300. The infant's face was placed in a basin of ice water at 5 degrees C. for 5 seconds with manual occlusion of the infant's nostrils to prevent aspiration. The PST converted to a sinus rhythm of 120 within 3 seconds of facial immersion. The physiology of the diving reflex is reviewed and the uses and hazards of this reflex in terminating attacks of PST in infants is discussed.", "PMID": 420079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10268", "title": "Right ventricular infarction. Clinical diagnosis and differentiation from cardiac tamponade and pericardial constriction.", "content": "Twelve patients with a clinical diagnosis of right ventricular infarction are described. All had acute inferior wall myocardial infarction associated with the bedside findings of jugular venous distension, clear lungs on auscultation, and arterial hypotension. Hemodynamically, there was elevation of right-sided filling pressures not explained by normal or minimally elevated pulmonary wedge pressures. Four patients had an incorrect diagnosis of acute cardiac tamponade. However, a review of the data showed that the hemodynamic features of right ventricular infarction more closely resemble those of pericardial constriction, a point that may be helpful in distinguishing right ventricular infarction from cardiac tamponade. Invasive and noninvasive techniques that exclude the presence of pericardial fluid and suggest enlargement and abnormal contractility of the right ventricle were helpful in establishing the diagnosis of right ventricular infarction in several patients.", "contents": "Right ventricular infarction. Clinical diagnosis and differentiation from cardiac tamponade and pericardial constriction. Twelve patients with a clinical diagnosis of right ventricular infarction are described. All had acute inferior wall myocardial infarction associated with the bedside findings of jugular venous distension, clear lungs on auscultation, and arterial hypotension. Hemodynamically, there was elevation of right-sided filling pressures not explained by normal or minimally elevated pulmonary wedge pressures. Four patients had an incorrect diagnosis of acute cardiac tamponade. However, a review of the data showed that the hemodynamic features of right ventricular infarction more closely resemble those of pericardial constriction, a point that may be helpful in distinguishing right ventricular infarction from cardiac tamponade. Invasive and noninvasive techniques that exclude the presence of pericardial fluid and suggest enlargement and abnormal contractility of the right ventricle were helpful in establishing the diagnosis of right ventricular infarction in several patients.", "PMID": 420097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10269", "title": "Coronary hemodynamic and myocardial metabolic alterations accompanying coronary spasm.", "content": "Arterial pressure, coronary sinus blood flow with the thermodilution technique and calculated coronary vascular resistance were measured and coronary arteriography performed at rest and after the administration of ergonovine in 14 patients with atypical chest pain (group 1) and 6 patients with variant angina (group II). Mild diffuse narrowing of the left coronary bed in group I was not accompanied by S-T segment shifts, and coronary vascular resistance did not change significantly. In contrast, severe focal spasm (greater than 90 percent narrowing) of the left anterior descending coronary artery in group II patients was accompanied by S-T elevation and a marked overall increase in coronary vascular resistance (from 0.65 +/- 0.07 to 1.14 +/- 0.10 mm Hg/ml per min) (P less than 0.005). In addition, the myocardial arteriovenous oxygen difference increased and net lactate extraction changed to lactate production in the two patients in group II in whom these measurements were made. Thus, thermodilution coronary sinus blood flow measurement may be a sensitive method for detecting primary increases in coronary vascular resistance due to a high grade focal spasm in the left anterior descending coronary artery.", "contents": "Coronary hemodynamic and myocardial metabolic alterations accompanying coronary spasm. Arterial pressure, coronary sinus blood flow with the thermodilution technique and calculated coronary vascular resistance were measured and coronary arteriography performed at rest and after the administration of ergonovine in 14 patients with atypical chest pain (group 1) and 6 patients with variant angina (group II). Mild diffuse narrowing of the left coronary bed in group I was not accompanied by S-T segment shifts, and coronary vascular resistance did not change significantly. In contrast, severe focal spasm (greater than 90 percent narrowing) of the left anterior descending coronary artery in group II patients was accompanied by S-T elevation and a marked overall increase in coronary vascular resistance (from 0.65 +/- 0.07 to 1.14 +/- 0.10 mm Hg/ml per min) (P less than 0.005). In addition, the myocardial arteriovenous oxygen difference increased and net lactate extraction changed to lactate production in the two patients in group II in whom these measurements were made. Thus, thermodilution coronary sinus blood flow measurement may be a sensitive method for detecting primary increases in coronary vascular resistance due to a high grade focal spasm in the left anterior descending coronary artery.", "PMID": 420099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10270", "title": "M mode and two dimensional echocardiographic features of porcine valve dysfunction.", "content": "The echocardiographic features are presented of degeneration of nine glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft valves implanted in eight patients. These features occurred 11 to 68 months after implantation and were correlated with surgical and necropsy findings. Acute bacterial endocarditis was present in two patients, and had been successfully treated medically in three other patients 47 to 52 months before valve degeneration was recognized. The valve was severely thickened in four patients and in two of the four the thickening was associated with a significant hemodynamic transvalve gradient. M mode echocardiography demonstrated increased thickness and loss of the cusp detail. In five patients severe regurgitation due to a tear in one or more cusps developed in the the valve in the mitral position. M mode echocardiography in all five patients revealed on the valve systolic or diastolic fluttering echoes, or both. The two dimensional echocardiogram demonstrated thickened cusps with systolic protrusion of the leaflets into the left atrium. Both modes of echocardiography were of valve in identifying degeneration of the porcine xenograft valve.", "contents": "M mode and two dimensional echocardiographic features of porcine valve dysfunction. The echocardiographic features are presented of degeneration of nine glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine xenograft valves implanted in eight patients. These features occurred 11 to 68 months after implantation and were correlated with surgical and necropsy findings. Acute bacterial endocarditis was present in two patients, and had been successfully treated medically in three other patients 47 to 52 months before valve degeneration was recognized. The valve was severely thickened in four patients and in two of the four the thickening was associated with a significant hemodynamic transvalve gradient. M mode echocardiography demonstrated increased thickness and loss of the cusp detail. In five patients severe regurgitation due to a tear in one or more cusps developed in the the valve in the mitral position. M mode echocardiography in all five patients revealed on the valve systolic or diastolic fluttering echoes, or both. The two dimensional echocardiogram demonstrated thickened cusps with systolic protrusion of the leaflets into the left atrium. Both modes of echocardiography were of valve in identifying degeneration of the porcine xenograft valve.", "PMID": 420101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10271", "title": "Precordial electrocardiographic mapping after exercise in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.", "content": "A technique is described for recording the precordial electrocardiographic body surface map before and after exercise. The technique provides an extra dimension to the conventional exercise electrocardiogram because a measurement can be made of the area and severity of S-T segment changes that are projected onto the front of the chest. Sixteen lead isopotential surface maps were recorded before and after exercise in 109 patients with angina who subsequently underwent coronary arteriography. In addition, exercise electrocardiograms were obtained in 53 of these patients using three orthogonal leads and in all patients using a single chest unipolar chest lead. Precordial surface mapping after exercise was found to have a greater sensitivity (95 percent) than electrocardiography using either the orthogonal leads (68 percent) or a single chest lead (64 percent) (P less than 0.01). The specificity of the three techniques did not differ significantly (P greater than 0.05). The technique of precordial surface mapping after exercise improves the ability to diagnose coronary artery disease and can easily be applied to clinical practice.", "contents": "Precordial electrocardiographic mapping after exercise in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. A technique is described for recording the precordial electrocardiographic body surface map before and after exercise. The technique provides an extra dimension to the conventional exercise electrocardiogram because a measurement can be made of the area and severity of S-T segment changes that are projected onto the front of the chest. Sixteen lead isopotential surface maps were recorded before and after exercise in 109 patients with angina who subsequently underwent coronary arteriography. In addition, exercise electrocardiograms were obtained in 53 of these patients using three orthogonal leads and in all patients using a single chest unipolar chest lead. Precordial surface mapping after exercise was found to have a greater sensitivity (95 percent) than electrocardiography using either the orthogonal leads (68 percent) or a single chest lead (64 percent) (P less than 0.01). The specificity of the three techniques did not differ significantly (P greater than 0.05). The technique of precordial surface mapping after exercise improves the ability to diagnose coronary artery disease and can easily be applied to clinical practice.", "PMID": 420103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10272", "title": "Two dimensional echocardiographic assessment of patients with bioprosthetic valves.", "content": "The clinical utility of two dimensional echocardiography in assessing bioprosthetic and left ventricular function was studied in 40 consecutive patients 1 week to 60 months after valve replacement surgery. These patients were referred to obtain normal baseline studies as well as to evaluate complications:suspected endocarditis, embolic phenomena and congestive heart failure of unknown cause. Independent M mode echocardiograms were also obtained in each patient. Confirmation of ultrasonic studies was by cardiac catheterization with angiography, surgery and pathologic study in 10 patients; cardiac catheterization with angiography alone in 7 patients; surgery and pathologic study in 3 patients; autopsy in 3 patients; blood cultures to confirm or exclude endocarditis in 10 patients; and confirmation on clinical grounds in 7 patients. Technically adequate two dimensional studies were recorded in 39 of 40 subjects. Two dimensional echocardiography accurately assessed 15 of 16 patients with an abnormal bioprosthetic valve and a normal left ventricle (1 of 16 patients had a false positive two dimensional echocardiogram); 8 of 8 patients suspected to have prosthetic valve or left ventricular dysfunction but who were normal; 7 of 7 patients with a normal prosthesis and an abnormal left ventricle; the one patient with an abnormal valve and left ventricle; and 7 of 7 clinically normal patients who were referred for baseline studies. In summary, the two-dimensional echocardiogram demonstrated a 97 percent diagnostic accuracy rate which was significantly greater than the 67 percent (P less than 0.001) for M mode echocardiography in the same group of patients. It is concluded that two dimensional echocardiography has excellent diagnostic accuracy in assessing bioprosthetic and left ventricular function and is superior to M mode echocardiography in evaluating patients after such valve replacement.", "contents": "Two dimensional echocardiographic assessment of patients with bioprosthetic valves. The clinical utility of two dimensional echocardiography in assessing bioprosthetic and left ventricular function was studied in 40 consecutive patients 1 week to 60 months after valve replacement surgery. These patients were referred to obtain normal baseline studies as well as to evaluate complications:suspected endocarditis, embolic phenomena and congestive heart failure of unknown cause. Independent M mode echocardiograms were also obtained in each patient. Confirmation of ultrasonic studies was by cardiac catheterization with angiography, surgery and pathologic study in 10 patients; cardiac catheterization with angiography alone in 7 patients; surgery and pathologic study in 3 patients; autopsy in 3 patients; blood cultures to confirm or exclude endocarditis in 10 patients; and confirmation on clinical grounds in 7 patients. Technically adequate two dimensional studies were recorded in 39 of 40 subjects. Two dimensional echocardiography accurately assessed 15 of 16 patients with an abnormal bioprosthetic valve and a normal left ventricle (1 of 16 patients had a false positive two dimensional echocardiogram); 8 of 8 patients suspected to have prosthetic valve or left ventricular dysfunction but who were normal; 7 of 7 patients with a normal prosthesis and an abnormal left ventricle; the one patient with an abnormal valve and left ventricle; and 7 of 7 clinically normal patients who were referred for baseline studies. In summary, the two-dimensional echocardiogram demonstrated a 97 percent diagnostic accuracy rate which was significantly greater than the 67 percent (P less than 0.001) for M mode echocardiography in the same group of patients. It is concluded that two dimensional echocardiography has excellent diagnostic accuracy in assessing bioprosthetic and left ventricular function and is superior to M mode echocardiography in evaluating patients after such valve replacement.", "PMID": 420102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10273", "title": "Krypton-81m in the physiologic assessment of coronary arterial stenosis in man.", "content": "Fifteen patients with frequent anginal chest pain underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization. After coronary arteriography a specially designed cardiac catheter was seated in the aortic root, permitting the continuous infusion of krypton-81m into the right and left aortic sinuses. A gamma camera, areas of interest and a visual display unit were used to record images and the regional myocardial equilibrium of activity before, during and after a standarized atrial pacing test. The unique physical properties of krypton-81m allowed the continuous imaging and recording of moment to moment changes in regional myocardial perfusion. This investigation revealed that when the coronary arteriogram was normal or revealed lumonal stenosis of less than 50 percent, regional myocardial perfusion was uniform at rest and during stress. Two patients with a previous history of myocardial infarction had defects of regional perfusion at rest and during stress. Krypton scintigraphy demonstrated reversible regional defects in myocardial perfusion during stress in seven patients with greater than 70 percent stenosis of one or more coronary arteries. Alterations in regional myocardial perfusion occurred within 30 seconds of the start of atrial pacing in all the patients and preceded the onset of electrocardiographic signs of ischemia or chest pain.", "contents": "Krypton-81m in the physiologic assessment of coronary arterial stenosis in man. Fifteen patients with frequent anginal chest pain underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization. After coronary arteriography a specially designed cardiac catheter was seated in the aortic root, permitting the continuous infusion of krypton-81m into the right and left aortic sinuses. A gamma camera, areas of interest and a visual display unit were used to record images and the regional myocardial equilibrium of activity before, during and after a standarized atrial pacing test. The unique physical properties of krypton-81m allowed the continuous imaging and recording of moment to moment changes in regional myocardial perfusion. This investigation revealed that when the coronary arteriogram was normal or revealed lumonal stenosis of less than 50 percent, regional myocardial perfusion was uniform at rest and during stress. Two patients with a previous history of myocardial infarction had defects of regional perfusion at rest and during stress. Krypton scintigraphy demonstrated reversible regional defects in myocardial perfusion during stress in seven patients with greater than 70 percent stenosis of one or more coronary arteries. Alterations in regional myocardial perfusion occurred within 30 seconds of the start of atrial pacing in all the patients and preceded the onset of electrocardiographic signs of ischemia or chest pain.", "PMID": 420104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10274", "title": "Anatomy of coronary arteries in univentricular hearts and its surgical implications.", "content": "The coronary arterial anatomy in 26 univentricular hearts, its relation to the morphologic characteristics of the ventricles and rudimentary chambers, and its surgical implications were analyzed. All of the hearts except two had been operated on; 18 had septation with or without an extracardiac conduit and 6 had had palliative procedures. Twenty-one univentricular hearts with a left ventricular type main chamber had an anterior outlet chamber (17 left-sided subaortic, 3 right-sided subaortic and 1 right-sided subpulmonary). Right and left delimiting arteries outlined the outlet chamber in 16 hearts (76 percent). In 20 of the 21 hearts, large delimiting parallel branches of the right coronary artery course over the anterior wall of the heart; 13 of these vessels had been injured surgically with resultant ischemic myocardial necrosis. Five univentricular hearts did not have an outlet chamber; two had a left ventricular type main chamber and three had a morphologically right ventricular main chamber. Three of the five hearts had rudimentary pouches, located anteriorly in one and posteriorly in two. The two rudimentary pouches lying posteriorly were not outlined by delimiting arteries. Two of the five univentricular hearts without an outlet chamber also had injured coronary arteries. Thus, the identification of outlet chambers and rudimentary pouches in univentricular hearts is facilitated by the determination of coronary anatomy. The presence of major delimiting parallel branches over the usually favored ventriculotomy sites renders them vulnerable to surgical injury; such mishaps occurred in 15 of the 24 hearts that had either corrective or palliative operations.", "contents": "Anatomy of coronary arteries in univentricular hearts and its surgical implications. The coronary arterial anatomy in 26 univentricular hearts, its relation to the morphologic characteristics of the ventricles and rudimentary chambers, and its surgical implications were analyzed. All of the hearts except two had been operated on; 18 had septation with or without an extracardiac conduit and 6 had had palliative procedures. Twenty-one univentricular hearts with a left ventricular type main chamber had an anterior outlet chamber (17 left-sided subaortic, 3 right-sided subaortic and 1 right-sided subpulmonary). Right and left delimiting arteries outlined the outlet chamber in 16 hearts (76 percent). In 20 of the 21 hearts, large delimiting parallel branches of the right coronary artery course over the anterior wall of the heart; 13 of these vessels had been injured surgically with resultant ischemic myocardial necrosis. Five univentricular hearts did not have an outlet chamber; two had a left ventricular type main chamber and three had a morphologically right ventricular main chamber. Three of the five hearts had rudimentary pouches, located anteriorly in one and posteriorly in two. The two rudimentary pouches lying posteriorly were not outlined by delimiting arteries. Two of the five univentricular hearts without an outlet chamber also had injured coronary arteries. Thus, the identification of outlet chambers and rudimentary pouches in univentricular hearts is facilitated by the determination of coronary anatomy. The presence of major delimiting parallel branches over the usually favored ventriculotomy sites renders them vulnerable to surgical injury; such mishaps occurred in 15 of the 24 hearts that had either corrective or palliative operations.", "PMID": 420106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10275", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of dobutamine in children.", "content": "Dobutamine is useful for augmenting cardiovasuclar function in adults. However, no information is available on the action of dobutamine in children. To determine its hemodynamic effects in children, we infused dobutamine into 12 children with congenital heart disease during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. We administered dobutamine in two doses: first 2 and then 7.75 microgram/kg per min for 10 minutes each. We meaured heart rate, cardiac output, systemic and pulmonary arterial, right atrial and pulmonary capillary blood pressures before and during the infusion of dobutamine. Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, cardiac index and stroke index were calculated. Cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, stroke index and systemic arterial phasic and mean blood pressures increased sugnificantly (P less than 0.05) and pulmonary capillary mean blood pressure decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) during the infusion of each dose of dobutamine compared with control values. Heart rate, pulmonary and right atrial mean blood pressure and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance were unchanged with either dose of dobutamine. We noted no adverse effect from the drug.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of dobutamine in children. Dobutamine is useful for augmenting cardiovasuclar function in adults. However, no information is available on the action of dobutamine in children. To determine its hemodynamic effects in children, we infused dobutamine into 12 children with congenital heart disease during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. We administered dobutamine in two doses: first 2 and then 7.75 microgram/kg per min for 10 minutes each. We meaured heart rate, cardiac output, systemic and pulmonary arterial, right atrial and pulmonary capillary blood pressures before and during the infusion of dobutamine. Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, cardiac index and stroke index were calculated. Cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, stroke index and systemic arterial phasic and mean blood pressures increased sugnificantly (P less than 0.05) and pulmonary capillary mean blood pressure decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) during the infusion of each dose of dobutamine compared with control values. Heart rate, pulmonary and right atrial mean blood pressure and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance were unchanged with either dose of dobutamine. We noted no adverse effect from the drug.", "PMID": 420107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10276", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of the effect of an antihypertensive regimen on left ventricular performance.", "content": "A regimen consisting of chlorthalidone, hydralazine and propranolol would be useful in some hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease or aortic dissection if it could be shown that reflex cardiac stimulation induced by hydralazine is completely neutralized by propranolol. Nine hypertensive patients were treated with chlorthalidone during week 1, chlorthalidone and hydralazine during week 2 and a combination of chlorthalidone, hydralazine and propranolol during week 3. Blood pressure, heart rate, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) measured echocardiographically and plasma renin activity were measured weekly. This potent three drug regimen reduced mean blood pressure from 142 to 102 mm Hg, and with the third drug, propranolol, heart rate, VCF and plasma renin activity returned to control levels from the greater elevated levels produced by the diuretic drug and hydralazine. In six additional patients VCF (an index of left ventricular contractility) was found to be proportionate to the rate of rise of aortic pressure (dP/dt) or aortic shearing force. This regimen appears safe for use in patients with ischemic heart disease and aortic dissection.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of the effect of an antihypertensive regimen on left ventricular performance. A regimen consisting of chlorthalidone, hydralazine and propranolol would be useful in some hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease or aortic dissection if it could be shown that reflex cardiac stimulation induced by hydralazine is completely neutralized by propranolol. Nine hypertensive patients were treated with chlorthalidone during week 1, chlorthalidone and hydralazine during week 2 and a combination of chlorthalidone, hydralazine and propranolol during week 3. Blood pressure, heart rate, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) measured echocardiographically and plasma renin activity were measured weekly. This potent three drug regimen reduced mean blood pressure from 142 to 102 mm Hg, and with the third drug, propranolol, heart rate, VCF and plasma renin activity returned to control levels from the greater elevated levels produced by the diuretic drug and hydralazine. In six additional patients VCF (an index of left ventricular contractility) was found to be proportionate to the rate of rise of aortic pressure (dP/dt) or aortic shearing force. This regimen appears safe for use in patients with ischemic heart disease and aortic dissection.", "PMID": 420108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10277", "title": "Individual titration of diazoxide dosage in the treatment of severe hypertension.", "content": "Diazoxide, 300 mg as a single bolus injection, is widely used to treat severe hypertension. Although usually effective, this standard dosage may decrease the blood pressure too much, inducing hypotensive problems. In this study 32 patients with a diastolic blood pressure above 125 mm Hg were treated with smaller bolus injections, 105 or 150 mg, which were repeated every 5 minutes as needed to reduce the diastolic pressure to 110 mm Hg or less. Seven patients of the 32 patients needed only one injection of 150 mg; only one patient needed more than three injections. This individual titration with mini-bolus injections of diazoxide was effective and did not induce hypotension or other side effects.", "contents": "Individual titration of diazoxide dosage in the treatment of severe hypertension. Diazoxide, 300 mg as a single bolus injection, is widely used to treat severe hypertension. Although usually effective, this standard dosage may decrease the blood pressure too much, inducing hypotensive problems. In this study 32 patients with a diastolic blood pressure above 125 mm Hg were treated with smaller bolus injections, 105 or 150 mg, which were repeated every 5 minutes as needed to reduce the diastolic pressure to 110 mm Hg or less. Seven patients of the 32 patients needed only one injection of 150 mg; only one patient needed more than three injections. This individual titration with mini-bolus injections of diazoxide was effective and did not induce hypotension or other side effects.", "PMID": 420113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10278", "title": "His bundle electrocardiography in digitalis-induced \"atrioventricular junctional\" Wenckebach periods with irregular H-H intervals.", "content": "His bundle electrograms were recorded during catheter insertion for prophylactic demand pacing in two patients with accelerated or nonaccelerated \"atrioventricular (A-V) junctional\" rhythms associated with A-V junctional Wenckebach periods. This appears to be the first published report of so-called A-V junctional Wenckebach periods in which the characteristic irregularities of the H-H intervals were recorded. Patient 1 had an additional area of \"complete\" anterograde A-V nodal (A-H) block. In Patient 2 the rate of impulse formation was consistent with nonparoxysmal A-V junctional tachycardia. The His bundle recordings were obtained in patients with digitalis toxicity and should be interpreted in the context. The integration of clinical and intracardiac findings with extrapolations from microelectrode and pharmacolic studies and with deductions from the clinical electrocardiograms suggests that the conduction disturbances probably occurred within the A-V node itself (in its AN region). This hypothesis implies that automaticity also originated in the A-V node because the site of impulse formation must have been proximal to the site of the Wenckebach periods. However, conclusive proof of of these postulates will require further studies with refined techniques.", "contents": "His bundle electrocardiography in digitalis-induced \"atrioventricular junctional\" Wenckebach periods with irregular H-H intervals. His bundle electrograms were recorded during catheter insertion for prophylactic demand pacing in two patients with accelerated or nonaccelerated \"atrioventricular (A-V) junctional\" rhythms associated with A-V junctional Wenckebach periods. This appears to be the first published report of so-called A-V junctional Wenckebach periods in which the characteristic irregularities of the H-H intervals were recorded. Patient 1 had an additional area of \"complete\" anterograde A-V nodal (A-H) block. In Patient 2 the rate of impulse formation was consistent with nonparoxysmal A-V junctional tachycardia. The His bundle recordings were obtained in patients with digitalis toxicity and should be interpreted in the context. The integration of clinical and intracardiac findings with extrapolations from microelectrode and pharmacolic studies and with deductions from the clinical electrocardiograms suggests that the conduction disturbances probably occurred within the A-V node itself (in its AN region). This hypothesis implies that automaticity also originated in the A-V node because the site of impulse formation must have been proximal to the site of the Wenckebach periods. However, conclusive proof of of these postulates will require further studies with refined techniques.", "PMID": 420114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10279", "title": "Constrictive pericarditis: early and late complication of cardiac surgery.", "content": "Constrictive pericarditis is not considered a complication of cardiac surgery. However, three cases are presented in which equalization of diastolic pressures and the ventricular pressure pattern of early diastolic dip-late diastolic plateau, characteristic of restrictive disease, appeared after cardiac surgery. In one patients cardiac constriction developed less than 2 weeks after surgery, and loculated clotted and unclotted viscous blood was removed from the pericardial space. In the other two patients the pericardial space was obliterated by dense adhesions. Thus constrictive pericarditis should be considered in postoperative patients who either do not recuperate satisfactorily after surgery or whose condition deteriorates after initial recovery.", "contents": "Constrictive pericarditis: early and late complication of cardiac surgery. Constrictive pericarditis is not considered a complication of cardiac surgery. However, three cases are presented in which equalization of diastolic pressures and the ventricular pressure pattern of early diastolic dip-late diastolic plateau, characteristic of restrictive disease, appeared after cardiac surgery. In one patients cardiac constriction developed less than 2 weeks after surgery, and loculated clotted and unclotted viscous blood was removed from the pericardial space. In the other two patients the pericardial space was obliterated by dense adhesions. Thus constrictive pericarditis should be considered in postoperative patients who either do not recuperate satisfactorily after surgery or whose condition deteriorates after initial recovery.", "PMID": 420115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10280", "title": "Separation of conjoined thoracopagous twins joined at the right atrial.", "content": "A case of conjoined thoracopagous twins with a shared atrial myocardium who were successfully surgically separated is described. Twin B had hypoplastic right heart syndrome and was dependent on Twin A for oxygenation of her blood. The twins were surgically separated by dilating Twin B's ductus arteriosus with an infusion of prostaglandin E1 and creating an aortopulmonary shunt to increase her pulmonary blood flow; both twins survived the operation. However, 1 week after surgery Twin B had hepatic and renal failure and died.", "contents": "Separation of conjoined thoracopagous twins joined at the right atrial. A case of conjoined thoracopagous twins with a shared atrial myocardium who were successfully surgically separated is described. Twin B had hypoplastic right heart syndrome and was dependent on Twin A for oxygenation of her blood. The twins were surgically separated by dilating Twin B's ductus arteriosus with an infusion of prostaglandin E1 and creating an aortopulmonary shunt to increase her pulmonary blood flow; both twins survived the operation. However, 1 week after surgery Twin B had hepatic and renal failure and died.", "PMID": 420116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10281", "title": "On the clinical significance of the plasma alpha-amino-n-butyric acid:leucine ratio.", "content": "The ratio of plasma alpha-aminobutyric acid to plasma leucine that has been proposed as a specific biochemical marker of alcoholic liver injury, was measured in normal children an children with a variety of metablic disorders. The ratio was found to be lower in children that in adults. It was elevated in children with Reye's syndrome, tyrosinemia, homocystinuria, nonketotic hyperglycinemia, and ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. The results indicate that an elevated ratio is not specific for adults with alcoholic liver injury and that the ratio may be high even without the presence of clinically apparent hepatic disease. An altered ratio may reflect the presence of an inherent metabolic defect.", "contents": "On the clinical significance of the plasma alpha-amino-n-butyric acid:leucine ratio. The ratio of plasma alpha-aminobutyric acid to plasma leucine that has been proposed as a specific biochemical marker of alcoholic liver injury, was measured in normal children an children with a variety of metablic disorders. The ratio was found to be lower in children that in adults. It was elevated in children with Reye's syndrome, tyrosinemia, homocystinuria, nonketotic hyperglycinemia, and ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. The results indicate that an elevated ratio is not specific for adults with alcoholic liver injury and that the ratio may be high even without the presence of clinically apparent hepatic disease. An altered ratio may reflect the presence of an inherent metabolic defect.", "PMID": 420125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10282", "title": "The retention of calcium, iron, phosphorus, and magnesium during pregnancy: the adequacy of prenatal diets with and without supplementation.", "content": "Vitamin and mineral supplementation is often prescribed by physicians to meet the additional nutrient requirements of pregnancy. In order to partially ascertain the effectiveness of these prenatal supplements, the retention of calcium and iron was determined in pregnant women consuming supplemented or unsupplemented self-selected diets. The retention of phosphorus and magnesium, minerals not included in the prenatal supplements, was also determined. Seven-day metabolic balance experiments spaced periodically throughout the pregnancy were conducted on 10 healthy pregnant white women. The retention of calcium by the supplemented group was comparable to that of the unsupplemented group, while the retention of iron was more dependent on the magnitude of the iron intake than on its source. Although no supplement contained phosphate, the intake of phosphorus met the recommended allowances for this mineral. Significantly related to the intake of dietary calcium, the adequate phosphorus intakes reflected diets providing adequate calcium. The mean magnesium intake was only 60% of the recently established recommended dietary allowance. Although the calcium and iron salts provided by the prenatal supplements were well utilized, the intakes of phosphorus and magnesium indicate that the reliance on the effectiveness of mineral supplements should not lessen the emphasis by the physician on the importance of a good prenatal diet.", "contents": "The retention of calcium, iron, phosphorus, and magnesium during pregnancy: the adequacy of prenatal diets with and without supplementation. Vitamin and mineral supplementation is often prescribed by physicians to meet the additional nutrient requirements of pregnancy. In order to partially ascertain the effectiveness of these prenatal supplements, the retention of calcium and iron was determined in pregnant women consuming supplemented or unsupplemented self-selected diets. The retention of phosphorus and magnesium, minerals not included in the prenatal supplements, was also determined. Seven-day metabolic balance experiments spaced periodically throughout the pregnancy were conducted on 10 healthy pregnant white women. The retention of calcium by the supplemented group was comparable to that of the unsupplemented group, while the retention of iron was more dependent on the magnitude of the iron intake than on its source. Although no supplement contained phosphate, the intake of phosphorus met the recommended allowances for this mineral. Significantly related to the intake of dietary calcium, the adequate phosphorus intakes reflected diets providing adequate calcium. The mean magnesium intake was only 60% of the recently established recommended dietary allowance. Although the calcium and iron salts provided by the prenatal supplements were well utilized, the intakes of phosphorus and magnesium indicate that the reliance on the effectiveness of mineral supplements should not lessen the emphasis by the physician on the importance of a good prenatal diet.", "PMID": 420126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10283", "title": "Malabsorption of water miscible vitamin A in children with giardiasis and ascariasis.", "content": "Vitamin A absorption was studied using a water-miscible oral preparation of vitamin A in 19 children ages 1 1/2 to 9 years old with giardiasis and/or ascariasis, both before and after their eradication with appropriate therapy, and in three children without parasites. Marked impairment of vitamin A absorption was noted when administered in a water miscible form in children with 1) combined infection with Giardia lamblia and Ascaris lumbricoides, 2) giardiasis alone, and 3) in a proportion of children with ascariasis alone. In children with both giardiasis and ascarasis eradication of the infections promptly lead to a significant improvement in vitamin A absorption and restored it to normal. Children with giardiasis alone also showed improved vitamin A absorption after therapy. In children with ascariasis alone successful therpay did not lead to a statistically significant improvement.", "contents": "Malabsorption of water miscible vitamin A in children with giardiasis and ascariasis. Vitamin A absorption was studied using a water-miscible oral preparation of vitamin A in 19 children ages 1 1/2 to 9 years old with giardiasis and/or ascariasis, both before and after their eradication with appropriate therapy, and in three children without parasites. Marked impairment of vitamin A absorption was noted when administered in a water miscible form in children with 1) combined infection with Giardia lamblia and Ascaris lumbricoides, 2) giardiasis alone, and 3) in a proportion of children with ascariasis alone. In children with both giardiasis and ascarasis eradication of the infections promptly lead to a significant improvement in vitamin A absorption and restored it to normal. Children with giardiasis alone also showed improved vitamin A absorption after therapy. In children with ascariasis alone successful therpay did not lead to a statistically significant improvement.", "PMID": 420128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10284", "title": "Plant fiber. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.", "content": "Plant fibers are the portions of plant foods that are not digested in the human small intestine. During this century, remarkable advances have been made in defining the  characteristics and importance of most nutrients such as carbohydrate, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Plant fibers have largely been neglected because they considered to have no nutritive values. In the last decade, however, considerable attention has been focused on the various plant fibers because of their influence on gastrointestinal physiology. Evidence is emerging that plant fibers have profound influences on human nutrition because they alter the absorption and metabolism of many nutrients. We will review the evidence that plant fibers greatly influence the absorption and subsequent metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.", "contents": "Plant fiber. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Plant fibers are the portions of plant foods that are not digested in the human small intestine. During this century, remarkable advances have been made in defining the  characteristics and importance of most nutrients such as carbohydrate, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Plant fibers have largely been neglected because they considered to have no nutritive values. In the last decade, however, considerable attention has been focused on the various plant fibers because of their influence on gastrointestinal physiology. Evidence is emerging that plant fibers have profound influences on human nutrition because they alter the absorption and metabolism of many nutrients. We will review the evidence that plant fibers greatly influence the absorption and subsequent metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.", "PMID": 420130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10285", "title": "An hypothesis for the action of dietary fiber along the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Dietary fiber consists of a sponge matrix with specific physicochemical properties. These properties are dependent on the structure and composition of the fiber components and determine the physiological effects of different food fibers in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "An hypothesis for the action of dietary fiber along the gastrointestinal tract. Dietary fiber consists of a sponge matrix with specific physicochemical properties. These properties are dependent on the structure and composition of the fiber components and determine the physiological effects of different food fibers in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 420131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10286", "title": "Hospital malnutrition. A prospective evaluation of general medical patients during the course of hospitalization.", "content": "Nutrition status was evaluated in 134 consecutive admissions to a general medical service and throughout hospitalization among patients hospitalized 2 weeks or longer. Likelihood of malnutrition was determined using eight nutrition-related parameters: serum folate and vitamin C, triceps skinfold, weight/height, arm muscle circumference, lymphocyte count, serum albumin, and hematocrit. On admission 48% of patients had a high likelihood of malnutrition, which correlated with a longer hospital stay (20 versus 12 days for patients with a low likelihood of malnutrition) and an increased mortality rate (13 versus 4%). Likelihood of malnutrition increased with hospitalization in 69% of patients with paired determinations. Compared to admission, at final follow-up a greater proportion of patients fell into the depleted range of values for folate, triceps skinfold, weight/height, arm muscle circumference, lymphocyte count, and hematocrit. These parameters worsened in over 75% of patients admitted with normal values. Hematocrit fell in all patients with normal admission levels. These findings demonstrate and association between nutrition status and hospital course and a worsening trend during hospitalization.", "contents": "Hospital malnutrition. A prospective evaluation of general medical patients during the course of hospitalization. Nutrition status was evaluated in 134 consecutive admissions to a general medical service and throughout hospitalization among patients hospitalized 2 weeks or longer. Likelihood of malnutrition was determined using eight nutrition-related parameters: serum folate and vitamin C, triceps skinfold, weight/height, arm muscle circumference, lymphocyte count, serum albumin, and hematocrit. On admission 48% of patients had a high likelihood of malnutrition, which correlated with a longer hospital stay (20 versus 12 days for patients with a low likelihood of malnutrition) and an increased mortality rate (13 versus 4%). Likelihood of malnutrition increased with hospitalization in 69% of patients with paired determinations. Compared to admission, at final follow-up a greater proportion of patients fell into the depleted range of values for folate, triceps skinfold, weight/height, arm muscle circumference, lymphocyte count, and hematocrit. These parameters worsened in over 75% of patients admitted with normal values. Hematocrit fell in all patients with normal admission levels. These findings demonstrate and association between nutrition status and hospital course and a worsening trend during hospitalization.", "PMID": 420132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10287", "title": "Polyethylene glycol as a quantitative fecal marker in human nutrition experiments.", "content": "Data are summarized from five experiments in which polyethylene glycol (PEG) was fed to 51 subjects as a quantitative fecal marker. In three experiments PEG was fed continuously for 35 to 106 days. Preexperimental diet was assumed to have been completely excreted when the ratio of fecal PEG to fecal dry solids became constant. This took more than 7 days to occur in 50% of the subjects. Fecal recovery of PEG averaged only 93% of that consumed. PEG was a valid fecal marker for nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc, but was less valid for sodium. In one experiment where PEG and chromic oxide (Cr2O3) were fed simultaneously, PEG was excreted faster on average than Cr2O3. In most subjects, small amounts of Cr2O3 were excreted sporadically for 42 days after Cr2O3 feeding had ceased. Inclusion of quantitative fecal markers permitted identification of the time when preexperimental diet had been completely eliminated, subjects who showed marked pooling of intestinal contents, and changes in the amount of fecal dry solids. However, an average fecal recovery of only 93% of the PEG or Cr2O3 consumed suggests that further work is needed before the recovery of either of these markers can be used with confidence for the correction of nutrient balance data.", "contents": "Polyethylene glycol as a quantitative fecal marker in human nutrition experiments. Data are summarized from five experiments in which polyethylene glycol (PEG) was fed to 51 subjects as a quantitative fecal marker. In three experiments PEG was fed continuously for 35 to 106 days. Preexperimental diet was assumed to have been completely excreted when the ratio of fecal PEG to fecal dry solids became constant. This took more than 7 days to occur in 50% of the subjects. Fecal recovery of PEG averaged only 93% of that consumed. PEG was a valid fecal marker for nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc, but was less valid for sodium. In one experiment where PEG and chromic oxide (Cr2O3) were fed simultaneously, PEG was excreted faster on average than Cr2O3. In most subjects, small amounts of Cr2O3 were excreted sporadically for 42 days after Cr2O3 feeding had ceased. Inclusion of quantitative fecal markers permitted identification of the time when preexperimental diet had been completely eliminated, subjects who showed marked pooling of intestinal contents, and changes in the amount of fecal dry solids. However, an average fecal recovery of only 93% of the PEG or Cr2O3 consumed suggests that further work is needed before the recovery of either of these markers can be used with confidence for the correction of nutrient balance data.", "PMID": 420133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10288", "title": "Knowledge and belief in nutrition.", "content": "In a nutrition questionnaire, subjects have been given the options of answering questions with yes, no, or don't know. From these responses it has been possible to calculate the levels of their \"correct knowledge,\" their \"perceived knowledge\" (that is the knowledge that each subject believed he had) and the \"accuracy of knowledge\". Questions about common nutritional problems were given to physicians, medical students, nurses, and theology students. All groups had a high level of \"perceived knowledge,\" generally greater than 80% for the questions asked, but the accuracy of the knowledge was alarmingly low. The highest level was in physicians, in whom 79% of the perceived knowledge was accurate, but in theology students only 36% of the perceived knowledge was accurate. Two thirds of the \"knowledge\" of nutrition held by theology students was therefore false by current scientific standards. These findings have implications for future nutrition education.", "contents": "Knowledge and belief in nutrition. In a nutrition questionnaire, subjects have been given the options of answering questions with yes, no, or don't know. From these responses it has been possible to calculate the levels of their \"correct knowledge,\" their \"perceived knowledge\" (that is the knowledge that each subject believed he had) and the \"accuracy of knowledge\". Questions about common nutritional problems were given to physicians, medical students, nurses, and theology students. All groups had a high level of \"perceived knowledge,\" generally greater than 80% for the questions asked, but the accuracy of the knowledge was alarmingly low. The highest level was in physicians, in whom 79% of the perceived knowledge was accurate, but in theology students only 36% of the perceived knowledge was accurate. Two thirds of the \"knowledge\" of nutrition held by theology students was therefore false by current scientific standards. These findings have implications for future nutrition education.", "PMID": 420134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10289", "title": "Nutritional supplementation and the outcome of pregnancy. I. Birth weight.", "content": "Colombian women at risk of malnutrition were enrolled in a health care program and randomly assigned to supplementation and control groups at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy. The net dietary intake increments resulting from supplementation amounted to 155 cal and 20 g of protein per day. Supplementation had a significant effect on the mean birth weight of male infants, but not that of female infants; the mechanisms responsible for the sex differences remain to be elucidated. The randomized trial design of the experiment and the documented similarity between the experimental and control groups at the onset permit the conclusion that the observed differences were caused by the food supplementation program. The effect of supplementation on maternal weight gain and the association of the latter with birth weight strongly suggest that improved maternal nutrition mediated the effect on birth weight.", "contents": "Nutritional supplementation and the outcome of pregnancy. I. Birth weight. Colombian women at risk of malnutrition were enrolled in a health care program and randomly assigned to supplementation and control groups at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy. The net dietary intake increments resulting from supplementation amounted to 155 cal and 20 g of protein per day. Supplementation had a significant effect on the mean birth weight of male infants, but not that of female infants; the mechanisms responsible for the sex differences remain to be elucidated. The randomized trial design of the experiment and the documented similarity between the experimental and control groups at the onset permit the conclusion that the observed differences were caused by the food supplementation program. The effect of supplementation on maternal weight gain and the association of the latter with birth weight strongly suggest that improved maternal nutrition mediated the effect on birth weight.", "PMID": 420135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10290", "title": "Nutritional supplementation and the outcome of pregnancy. II. Visual habituation at 15 days.", "content": "Colombian women at risk of mild-to-moderate malnutrition were enrolled in a health care program and randomly assigned into nutritional supplementation and control groups at the beginning of the third trimester of preganancy. One hundred unsupplemented and 144 supplemented infants were tested at 15 days of age: a 2X2 checkerboard was presented eight times followed by a single presentation of a 6X6 checkerboard. Unsupplemented infants showed less initial attention followed by slower habituation and higher levels of movement than the supplemented infants. The observed effect of maternal nutritional supplementation during the last trimester of pregnancy on new-born attention was interpreted to be maturational in nature.", "contents": "Nutritional supplementation and the outcome of pregnancy. II. Visual habituation at 15 days. Colombian women at risk of mild-to-moderate malnutrition were enrolled in a health care program and randomly assigned into nutritional supplementation and control groups at the beginning of the third trimester of preganancy. One hundred unsupplemented and 144 supplemented infants were tested at 15 days of age: a 2X2 checkerboard was presented eight times followed by a single presentation of a 6X6 checkerboard. Unsupplemented infants showed less initial attention followed by slower habituation and higher levels of movement than the supplemented infants. The observed effect of maternal nutritional supplementation during the last trimester of pregnancy on new-born attention was interpreted to be maturational in nature.", "PMID": 420136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10291", "title": "Self-perceptions of the stigma of overweight in relationship to weight-losing patterns.", "content": "Preliminary, exploratory studies examine self-perceptions of the stigma of overweight in relatiopship to weight-losing patterns of female and male children of different ages. It is suggested that the concept of stigma may be a viable analytical tool in studying overweight as: an exclusive focus in interaction, related to a negative body image, overwhelming others with mixed emotions, clashing with other attributes of the person, an equivocal predictor of activities, and related to one's sense of responsibility for one's overweight. Female adolescents in the Slimnastics class in a high school and children and adolescents in an obesity clinic in a hospital were studied. Male children and female adolescents had more trouble losing weight than did female children and male adolescents. Youth who viewed overweight as both one's responsibility and as an illness that required the joint efforts of oneself and others, especially professional experts, were more successful in losing weight than those youth who believed that overweight was solely their responsibility or not at all their responsibility. Intensive focusing on one's overweight and one one's negative body image seemed to inhibit or deter weight losing for some youth.", "contents": "Self-perceptions of the stigma of overweight in relationship to weight-losing patterns. Preliminary, exploratory studies examine self-perceptions of the stigma of overweight in relatiopship to weight-losing patterns of female and male children of different ages. It is suggested that the concept of stigma may be a viable analytical tool in studying overweight as: an exclusive focus in interaction, related to a negative body image, overwhelming others with mixed emotions, clashing with other attributes of the person, an equivocal predictor of activities, and related to one's sense of responsibility for one's overweight. Female adolescents in the Slimnastics class in a high school and children and adolescents in an obesity clinic in a hospital were studied. Male children and female adolescents had more trouble losing weight than did female children and male adolescents. Youth who viewed overweight as both one's responsibility and as an illness that required the joint efforts of oneself and others, especially professional experts, were more successful in losing weight than those youth who believed that overweight was solely their responsibility or not at all their responsibility. Intensive focusing on one's overweight and one one's negative body image seemed to inhibit or deter weight losing for some youth.", "PMID": 420137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10292", "title": "Genetic and biological variability in human nutrient requirements.", "content": "Multiple factors, associated with the host and environment, as well as the chemical form of the nutrient, its availability, chemical and metabolic interactions among nutrients, result in a variability in nutrient requirements that is probably well beyond that observed in controlled laboratory studies of small groups of \"normal\" healthy subjects. Although many factors are recognized as contributing to the variation in human nutrient requirements, current knowledge is largely of qualitative significance: Garn (40) state that this level of knowledge and investigation \"has a long past but no foreseeable future.\" It is sad commentary that neither do we know adequately the quantitative extent of biological variation in requirements among individuals for any of the essential nutrients nor the quantitative importance of most of the factors which affect requirements in population groups. We believe that the potential contributions of nutrition toward solving problems of human disease and for maintaining health in populations depend as much on a better definition of the quantitative aspects of human nutrient requirements as on improved understanding of the utilization, function and metabolism of nutrients at the cellular, organ, and whole body level.", "contents": "Genetic and biological variability in human nutrient requirements. Multiple factors, associated with the host and environment, as well as the chemical form of the nutrient, its availability, chemical and metabolic interactions among nutrients, result in a variability in nutrient requirements that is probably well beyond that observed in controlled laboratory studies of small groups of \"normal\" healthy subjects. Although many factors are recognized as contributing to the variation in human nutrient requirements, current knowledge is largely of qualitative significance: Garn (40) state that this level of knowledge and investigation \"has a long past but no foreseeable future.\" It is sad commentary that neither do we know adequately the quantitative extent of biological variation in requirements among individuals for any of the essential nutrients nor the quantitative importance of most of the factors which affect requirements in population groups. We believe that the potential contributions of nutrition toward solving problems of human disease and for maintaining health in populations depend as much on a better definition of the quantitative aspects of human nutrient requirements as on improved understanding of the utilization, function and metabolism of nutrients at the cellular, organ, and whole body level.", "PMID": 420139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10293", "title": "Work-induced muscle hypertrophy in vitamin D-deficient rats.", "content": "To determine if vitamin D deficiency would retard the ability of muscle to hypertrophy in response to mechanical stress, we severed the gastrocnemius tendon on one leg of rats in each of three groups, the treatment of which differed only in the amount of vitamin D in the diet. After 1 week the increased size of the soleus and plantaris in the leg in which the gastrocnemius was severed relative to that of the sham operated leg, was determined for each rat. Despite differences in body weight and serum calcium among the groups, we found no difference in the percent of muscle hypertrophy. We conclude that muscle hypertrophy can occur in response to local mechanical forces despite a deficient hormonal environment that otherwise retards growth.", "contents": "Work-induced muscle hypertrophy in vitamin D-deficient rats. To determine if vitamin D deficiency would retard the ability of muscle to hypertrophy in response to mechanical stress, we severed the gastrocnemius tendon on one leg of rats in each of three groups, the treatment of which differed only in the amount of vitamin D in the diet. After 1 week the increased size of the soleus and plantaris in the leg in which the gastrocnemius was severed relative to that of the sham operated leg, was determined for each rat. Despite differences in body weight and serum calcium among the groups, we found no difference in the percent of muscle hypertrophy. We conclude that muscle hypertrophy can occur in response to local mechanical forces despite a deficient hormonal environment that otherwise retards growth.", "PMID": 420144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10294", "title": "Steady-state turnover and body pool of ascorbic acid in man.", "content": "The time course of radioactivity in plasma and urine after oral administration of a single dose of (1-14C)ascorbic acid has been followed in healthy nonsmoking male volunteers. The investigation was carried out under steady state conditions with regard to ascorbic acid intake (30 to 180 mg/day). Using pharmacokinetic principles, turnover, pool size, and rates of metabolism and excretion could be calculated. It was found that the half-life of ascorbic acid was inversely related to the dosage and that the pool could be increased to about 20 mg/kg bodyweight by increasing the dosage. It was concluded that on a daily intake of about 100 mg ascorbic acid this pool size would be reached in 95% of the population.", "contents": "Steady-state turnover and body pool of ascorbic acid in man. The time course of radioactivity in plasma and urine after oral administration of a single dose of (1-14C)ascorbic acid has been followed in healthy nonsmoking male volunteers. The investigation was carried out under steady state conditions with regard to ascorbic acid intake (30 to 180 mg/day). Using pharmacokinetic principles, turnover, pool size, and rates of metabolism and excretion could be calculated. It was found that the half-life of ascorbic acid was inversely related to the dosage and that the pool could be increased to about 20 mg/kg bodyweight by increasing the dosage. It was concluded that on a daily intake of about 100 mg ascorbic acid this pool size would be reached in 95% of the population.", "PMID": 420145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10295", "title": "The effect of iron and protein deficiency on the development of acquired resistance to reinfection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in rats.", "content": "Iron and protein deficiency delays the immunological rejection of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from the small intestine of rats undergoing a primary infection with the parasite. In the present study, iron and protein deficiency significantly reduced acquired resistance to reinfection with N. brasiliensis. Repletion of deficient animals with iron and protein restored their capacity to mount an effective immune response to a secondary infection with the parasite. These results suggest that chemotherapy of helminthiasis should be integrated with nutritional supplementation.", "contents": "The effect of iron and protein deficiency on the development of acquired resistance to reinfection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in rats. Iron and protein deficiency delays the immunological rejection of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from the small intestine of rats undergoing a primary infection with the parasite. In the present study, iron and protein deficiency significantly reduced acquired resistance to reinfection with N. brasiliensis. Repletion of deficient animals with iron and protein restored their capacity to mount an effective immune response to a secondary infection with the parasite. These results suggest that chemotherapy of helminthiasis should be integrated with nutritional supplementation.", "PMID": 420147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10296", "title": "Bone status and fracture rates in two regions of Yugoslavia.", "content": "Bone status and fracture rates were evaluated in two Yugoslav populations with very different dietary habits. In district A (Podravina) the daily calcium intake was about twice that in district B (Istra). There were similar but smaller differences in the intakes of other nutrients. In district B metacarpal cortical width was reduced in all age groups of both sexes but the difference tended to decrease with age. The proximal femur fracture rate was higher in district B than district A but there was no difference between the forearm fracture rates in the two districts. Our results confirm that bone mass at any age is clearly the result of age and sex and most probably other genetically determined factors but also show that this expression is nutrition related. The data suggest that nutrition (in particular the calcium intake) is an important determinant of bone mass in young adults but seems to have little effect on age-related bone loss in either males or females. The main determinant of cortical bone mass in the elderly seems to be the cortical bone mass in middle life. The proximal femur fractures of old people reflect declining cortical bone mass but the distal forearm fractures of middle-aged women are unrelated to cortical bone mass or nutritional status.", "contents": "Bone status and fracture rates in two regions of Yugoslavia. Bone status and fracture rates were evaluated in two Yugoslav populations with very different dietary habits. In district A (Podravina) the daily calcium intake was about twice that in district B (Istra). There were similar but smaller differences in the intakes of other nutrients. In district B metacarpal cortical width was reduced in all age groups of both sexes but the difference tended to decrease with age. The proximal femur fracture rate was higher in district B than district A but there was no difference between the forearm fracture rates in the two districts. Our results confirm that bone mass at any age is clearly the result of age and sex and most probably other genetically determined factors but also show that this expression is nutrition related. The data suggest that nutrition (in particular the calcium intake) is an important determinant of bone mass in young adults but seems to have little effect on age-related bone loss in either males or females. The main determinant of cortical bone mass in the elderly seems to be the cortical bone mass in middle life. The proximal femur fractures of old people reflect declining cortical bone mass but the distal forearm fractures of middle-aged women are unrelated to cortical bone mass or nutritional status.", "PMID": 420146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10297", "title": "Zinc metabolism in humans after oral and intravenous administration of Zn-69m.", "content": "Seventeen patients were studied after separate oral and intravenous administration of 50 muCi Zn-69m to determine if Zn-69m is suitable for studying zinc metabolism in humans and to determine if the route of administration affects kinetics. Patients stayed on a metabolic ward for each study. Activity was measured in the total body, urine, feces, blood, plasma, red blood cells, and by detectors over liver and thigh. Five day urine to fecal ratios were 0.44 (intravenous), 0.018 (oral). Most activity went rapidly to liver, then followed two component exponential loss patterns in both cases. Thigh area doubling time was 5.7 days whether the zinc was given orally or intravenously. Plasma activity decreased to less than 2% of that injected by 24 hr after intravenous administration and decreased from a maximum of 1.2% of that ingested, 3 hr after oral administration to 0.7% by 24 hr. Red blood cell activity increased through the 5-day study period to maximum values of 6.4% of that injected after intravenous administration and 2.4% of that ingested after oral administration. Similar metabolic patterns were observed regardless of whether Zn-69m was administered intravenously or orally, suggesting that these patterns were not affected by the mode of administration for the cases studied.", "contents": "Zinc metabolism in humans after oral and intravenous administration of Zn-69m. Seventeen patients were studied after separate oral and intravenous administration of 50 muCi Zn-69m to determine if Zn-69m is suitable for studying zinc metabolism in humans and to determine if the route of administration affects kinetics. Patients stayed on a metabolic ward for each study. Activity was measured in the total body, urine, feces, blood, plasma, red blood cells, and by detectors over liver and thigh. Five day urine to fecal ratios were 0.44 (intravenous), 0.018 (oral). Most activity went rapidly to liver, then followed two component exponential loss patterns in both cases. Thigh area doubling time was 5.7 days whether the zinc was given orally or intravenously. Plasma activity decreased to less than 2% of that injected by 24 hr after intravenous administration and decreased from a maximum of 1.2% of that ingested, 3 hr after oral administration to 0.7% by 24 hr. Red blood cell activity increased through the 5-day study period to maximum values of 6.4% of that injected after intravenous administration and 2.4% of that ingested after oral administration. Similar metabolic patterns were observed regardless of whether Zn-69m was administered intravenously or orally, suggesting that these patterns were not affected by the mode of administration for the cases studied.", "PMID": 420148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10298", "title": "Content of zinc in serum, urine, hair, and toenails of New Zealand adults.", "content": "The content of zinc in samples of serum, hair, and toenails and in a 24 hr urine from groups of the New Zealand population was investigated. The 110 normal healthy adults were mainly male and female students; the female students had a higher serum zinc and hair zinc concentration but a lower urinary zinc excretion than did the male students. The range in values within the normal groups was wide. No strong relationship was found with linear regression analysis or with multiple regression analysis of the data for the male or the female students. Other groups studied were oyster openers with a higher dietary intake of zinc from oysters, industrial workers exposed to zinc in their occupations, and hospital patients with leg ulcers or various dermatoses and with a potentially low zinc status. Only external exposure to zinc from an industrial source (galvanizing) or from the use of zinc-based creams increased the zinc concentration in the samples measured, and then only in hair and toenails. The hospital patients did not appear to have a lower zinc status comparable with adults from other countries. It was concluded that the measurement of zinc in serum, urine, hair, and toenails did not provide a sensitive indication of zinc status.", "contents": "Content of zinc in serum, urine, hair, and toenails of New Zealand adults. The content of zinc in samples of serum, hair, and toenails and in a 24 hr urine from groups of the New Zealand population was investigated. The 110 normal healthy adults were mainly male and female students; the female students had a higher serum zinc and hair zinc concentration but a lower urinary zinc excretion than did the male students. The range in values within the normal groups was wide. No strong relationship was found with linear regression analysis or with multiple regression analysis of the data for the male or the female students. Other groups studied were oyster openers with a higher dietary intake of zinc from oysters, industrial workers exposed to zinc in their occupations, and hospital patients with leg ulcers or various dermatoses and with a potentially low zinc status. Only external exposure to zinc from an industrial source (galvanizing) or from the use of zinc-based creams increased the zinc concentration in the samples measured, and then only in hair and toenails. The hospital patients did not appear to have a lower zinc status comparable with adults from other countries. It was concluded that the measurement of zinc in serum, urine, hair, and toenails did not provide a sensitive indication of zinc status.", "PMID": 420149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10299", "title": "Effects of some cereal brans and textured vegetable protein on plasma lipids.", "content": "The hypothesis that dietary fiber lowers serum cholesterol was tested in 10 healthy men, 19 to 54 years old, who ate a mixed diet similar to the diets of many American adult males, that contained 16% of calories as protein (70% from animal), 40% as fat (P/S = 0.3), 44% as carbohydrate (9% of calories as sucrose) and 3 g of crude fiber. The energy intake ranged from 2700 to 3500 kcal adjusted to their height and weight. Weight and fitness were held constant. After 30 days of equilibration on the basal diet, they ate 26 g of either soft white wheat bran, corn bran (CB), soybean hulls (SH), textured vegetable protein, or hard red spring wheat bran (HRS) for periods of 28 to 30 days each in no particular sequence. Each fiber was fed to four to six subjects. The dietary fiber contents of soft white wheat bran, CB, SH, and HRS were: 44, 92, 87, and 51%, respectively. Mean daily fecal weight increased (P less than or equal to 0.01) from 72.4 to 144, 68 to 128, and 81 to 151 g when CB, SH, and HRS were fed respectively. No effects were noted with soft white wheat bran or textured vegetable protein. Total plasma cholesterol decreased 12% with HRS (P less than or equal to 0.05) and 14.0% with SH (P less than or equal to 0.05). Low density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased 21% with HRS (P less than or equal to 0.05). High density lipoprotein cholesterol did not change with any of the dietary fiber sources nor did the ratio of high density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol. Some triglyceride lowering effect was seen with all sources of dietary fiber (P less than or equal to 0.01). There was a significant direct correlation between the area under the oral glucose tolerance curves and the levels of total cholesterol (r = 0.57, P less than or equal to 0.0001) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.49, P less than or equal to 0.0007), and between fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides (r = 0.32, P less than or equal to 0.03). Results were replicated when subjects were fed the same fiber source on two occasions at 2 to 4 month intervals.", "contents": "Effects of some cereal brans and textured vegetable protein on plasma lipids. The hypothesis that dietary fiber lowers serum cholesterol was tested in 10 healthy men, 19 to 54 years old, who ate a mixed diet similar to the diets of many American adult males, that contained 16% of calories as protein (70% from animal), 40% as fat (P/S = 0.3), 44% as carbohydrate (9% of calories as sucrose) and 3 g of crude fiber. The energy intake ranged from 2700 to 3500 kcal adjusted to their height and weight. Weight and fitness were held constant. After 30 days of equilibration on the basal diet, they ate 26 g of either soft white wheat bran, corn bran (CB), soybean hulls (SH), textured vegetable protein, or hard red spring wheat bran (HRS) for periods of 28 to 30 days each in no particular sequence. Each fiber was fed to four to six subjects. The dietary fiber contents of soft white wheat bran, CB, SH, and HRS were: 44, 92, 87, and 51%, respectively. Mean daily fecal weight increased (P less than or equal to 0.01) from 72.4 to 144, 68 to 128, and 81 to 151 g when CB, SH, and HRS were fed respectively. No effects were noted with soft white wheat bran or textured vegetable protein. Total plasma cholesterol decreased 12% with HRS (P less than or equal to 0.05) and 14.0% with SH (P less than or equal to 0.05). Low density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased 21% with HRS (P less than or equal to 0.05). High density lipoprotein cholesterol did not change with any of the dietary fiber sources nor did the ratio of high density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol. Some triglyceride lowering effect was seen with all sources of dietary fiber (P less than or equal to 0.01). There was a significant direct correlation between the area under the oral glucose tolerance curves and the levels of total cholesterol (r = 0.57, P less than or equal to 0.0001) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.49, P less than or equal to 0.0007), and between fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides (r = 0.32, P less than or equal to 0.03). Results were replicated when subjects were fed the same fiber source on two occasions at 2 to 4 month intervals.", "PMID": 420150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10300", "title": "Influence of whole or skim milk on cholesterol metabolism in rats.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were fed commercial ration and given whole milk, skim milk, or water to drink. After 3 weeks the control group showed the greatest weight gain. Rats given whole milk had the smallest livers. Serum cholesterol levels were significantly lower in rats fed either whole or skim milk, but other serum lipids were unaffected. Liver triglyceride levels were lowest in the rats on skim milk. Activities of hepatic fatty acid synthetase, hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase were similar in the two milk-fed groups and considerably lower than in the controls.", "contents": "Influence of whole or skim milk on cholesterol metabolism in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed commercial ration and given whole milk, skim milk, or water to drink. After 3 weeks the control group showed the greatest weight gain. Rats given whole milk had the smallest livers. Serum cholesterol levels were significantly lower in rats fed either whole or skim milk, but other serum lipids were unaffected. Liver triglyceride levels were lowest in the rats on skim milk. Activities of hepatic fatty acid synthetase, hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase were similar in the two milk-fed groups and considerably lower than in the controls.", "PMID": 420151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10301", "title": "Serum and liver concentrations of vitamin A in Thai fetuses as a function of gestational age.", "content": "Serum and liver vitamin A values were determined in 26 male and 20 female Thai fetuses varying in gestational age from 13 weeks to term. In general pregnancies were of healthy young women from the Bangkok area. The median, mean and range of fetal serum retinol values (+/- SE) were 25.8, 30.7 +/- 3.0, and 1.9 to 109.6 microgram/100 ml, and of liver values were 16.4, 19.4 +/- 2.2, and 1.1 to 51.6 microgram retinol per gram of liver. Median and mean serum and liver values were about 10% higher in males than in females, but not significantly so. Serum retinol concentrations neither correlated with liver concentrations, except below 5 microgram/g, nor served as a valid indicator of total liver stores of vitamin A. Serum retinol values declined slowly with gestational age to term, whereas liver vitamin A concentrations tended to increase until the 28th week and then to fall until term. Whereas the liver to body weight ratio remained essentially constant (0.0425 +/- 0.003, P less than 0.0001) during the gestational period, vitamin A concentrations in both serum and liver showed marked variability.", "contents": "Serum and liver concentrations of vitamin A in Thai fetuses as a function of gestational age. Serum and liver vitamin A values were determined in 26 male and 20 female Thai fetuses varying in gestational age from 13 weeks to term. In general pregnancies were of healthy young women from the Bangkok area. The median, mean and range of fetal serum retinol values (+/- SE) were 25.8, 30.7 +/- 3.0, and 1.9 to 109.6 microgram/100 ml, and of liver values were 16.4, 19.4 +/- 2.2, and 1.1 to 51.6 microgram retinol per gram of liver. Median and mean serum and liver values were about 10% higher in males than in females, but not significantly so. Serum retinol concentrations neither correlated with liver concentrations, except below 5 microgram/g, nor served as a valid indicator of total liver stores of vitamin A. Serum retinol values declined slowly with gestational age to term, whereas liver vitamin A concentrations tended to increase until the 28th week and then to fall until term. Whereas the liver to body weight ratio remained essentially constant (0.0425 +/- 0.003, P less than 0.0001) during the gestational period, vitamin A concentrations in both serum and liver showed marked variability.", "PMID": 420152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10302", "title": "Physical growth: National Center for Health Statistics percentiles.", "content": "Anthropometry is an effective and frequently performed child health and nutrition screening procedure. The value of physical growth data depends on their accuracy and reliability, how they are recorded and interpreted, and what follow-up efforts are made after identification of growth abnormality. The new National Center for Health Statistics percentiles can be used to improve identification of potential health and nutritional problems and to facilitate the epidemological comparison of one group of children with others.", "contents": "Physical growth: National Center for Health Statistics percentiles. Anthropometry is an effective and frequently performed child health and nutrition screening procedure. The value of physical growth data depends on their accuracy and reliability, how they are recorded and interpreted, and what follow-up efforts are made after identification of growth abnormality. The new National Center for Health Statistics percentiles can be used to improve identification of potential health and nutritional problems and to facilitate the epidemological comparison of one group of children with others.", "PMID": 420153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10303", "title": "A review of body composition studies with emphasis on total body water and fat.", "content": "Tritiated water meausres a volume 4 to 15% body weight larger than that by desiccation, and, at present, only 0.5 to 2.0% of the overestimation can be explained by the exchange of hydrogen of tritiated water with those of the proteins and carbohydrates of the body. The remainder of the error is unexplained. Water in the lumen of the gut is an appreciable percentage of total body water (TBW) in many mammalian species, with the pig and the human as possible exceptions, and it should be considered an integral part of TBW. Consequently, the exclusion or inclusion of this transcellular water as part of TBW significantly affects the final TBW volume. As tritiated water exchanges with water in the gut, a comparison of the data from the indirect method with the data from the direct method can only be made when water in the gut is included in the desiccation method. Conceptually, the amount of water in lean body mass is a reflection of the actively metabolizing cell mass of the body. However, water in the gut is outside this cell mass, and if included, it significantly overestimates the water associated with the lean body mass compartment. The percentage of water in fat-free wet weight for most mature animals is estimated at 73.2%, although the mean values in the literature range from 63% for the beagle to 80% for the mouse, with the mean for the majority of species between 70 and 76%. If the percentage of water in fat-free wet weight lies between 70 and 76% for most species, then the error in calculating fat using the figure 73.2% in the equation (% fat = 100 - % TBW/0.732) is significant. In the application of this equation, the largest potential error lies in the estimation of TBW with tritiated water.", "contents": "A review of body composition studies with emphasis on total body water and fat. Tritiated water meausres a volume 4 to 15% body weight larger than that by desiccation, and, at present, only 0.5 to 2.0% of the overestimation can be explained by the exchange of hydrogen of tritiated water with those of the proteins and carbohydrates of the body. The remainder of the error is unexplained. Water in the lumen of the gut is an appreciable percentage of total body water (TBW) in many mammalian species, with the pig and the human as possible exceptions, and it should be considered an integral part of TBW. Consequently, the exclusion or inclusion of this transcellular water as part of TBW significantly affects the final TBW volume. As tritiated water exchanges with water in the gut, a comparison of the data from the indirect method with the data from the direct method can only be made when water in the gut is included in the desiccation method. Conceptually, the amount of water in lean body mass is a reflection of the actively metabolizing cell mass of the body. However, water in the gut is outside this cell mass, and if included, it significantly overestimates the water associated with the lean body mass compartment. The percentage of water in fat-free wet weight for most mature animals is estimated at 73.2%, although the mean values in the literature range from 63% for the beagle to 80% for the mouse, with the mean for the majority of species between 70 and 76%. If the percentage of water in fat-free wet weight lies between 70 and 76% for most species, then the error in calculating fat using the figure 73.2% in the equation (% fat = 100 - % TBW/0.732) is significant. In the application of this equation, the largest potential error lies in the estimation of TBW with tritiated water.", "PMID": 420154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10304", "title": "The quantitative effect of infection on the use of food by young children in poor countries.", "content": "A framework based on consistent and explicit set of assumptions is developed for evaluating the effect of infection on the intake and efficiency of use of food by children under 5 years old in poor countries. A variety of data is used to obtain quantitative estimates of catabolic losses, clinical and subclinical absorbtive losses, changes in food intake patterns, and losses due to high infant and childhood mortality. Although additional data are required before these estimates can be considered reliable, it appears that about 9% of the food available to a cohort of children under 5 years old in Bangladesh is not used for maintenance, growth, or activity of those children who survive to their 5th birthday. The amount of food that is not used effectively may be reduced to about 3% in a (hypothetical) situation where all sources of infection are eliminated but other conditions remain unchanged. The estimates suggest that the most important factors contributing to this inefficiency are reduced intake through food withdrawal and anorexia, and high mortality in young childhood. The potential nutritional effects of various public health programs are tentatively assessed.", "contents": "The quantitative effect of infection on the use of food by young children in poor countries. A framework based on consistent and explicit set of assumptions is developed for evaluating the effect of infection on the intake and efficiency of use of food by children under 5 years old in poor countries. A variety of data is used to obtain quantitative estimates of catabolic losses, clinical and subclinical absorbtive losses, changes in food intake patterns, and losses due to high infant and childhood mortality. Although additional data are required before these estimates can be considered reliable, it appears that about 9% of the food available to a cohort of children under 5 years old in Bangladesh is not used for maintenance, growth, or activity of those children who survive to their 5th birthday. The amount of food that is not used effectively may be reduced to about 3% in a (hypothetical) situation where all sources of infection are eliminated but other conditions remain unchanged. The estimates suggest that the most important factors contributing to this inefficiency are reduced intake through food withdrawal and anorexia, and high mortality in young childhood. The potential nutritional effects of various public health programs are tentatively assessed.", "PMID": 420155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10305", "title": "Medical evaluation of the special supplemental food program for women, infants, and children.", "content": "The special supplemental food program for women, infants, and children administered by the United States Department of Agriculture, was evaluated nationally. Participating infants, children under 4 years old, and pregnant and nursing women were investigated initially, and after receiving food supplements. The supplements were iron-fortified infant formula, iron-fortified infant cereals, and fruit juices for the infants, and milk, cheese, iron-fortified cereals, eggs, and fruit juices for the children and women. Initially, the average birth weight was lower and the infant mortality rate was higher than expected in a well nourished population. There was also evidence of slight growth retardation, a high anemia rate, and a high percentage of participants having saturation of transferrin values  less 15%. The program had no effect on the prevalence of unsatisfactory values for saturation of transferrin. There was an increase in weight gain during pregnancy, and increase in birth weight, an acceleration of growth, and a reduction in the anemia rate in all participant categories except women in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.", "contents": "Medical evaluation of the special supplemental food program for women, infants, and children. The special supplemental food program for women, infants, and children administered by the United States Department of Agriculture, was evaluated nationally. Participating infants, children under 4 years old, and pregnant and nursing women were investigated initially, and after receiving food supplements. The supplements were iron-fortified infant formula, iron-fortified infant cereals, and fruit juices for the infants, and milk, cheese, iron-fortified cereals, eggs, and fruit juices for the children and women. Initially, the average birth weight was lower and the infant mortality rate was higher than expected in a well nourished population. There was also evidence of slight growth retardation, a high anemia rate, and a high percentage of participants having saturation of transferrin values  less 15%. The program had no effect on the prevalence of unsatisfactory values for saturation of transferrin. There was an increase in weight gain during pregnancy, and increase in birth weight, an acceleration of growth, and a reduction in the anemia rate in all participant categories except women in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.", "PMID": 420156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10306", "title": "Growth standards for poor urban children in nutrition studies.", "content": "In order to estimate the importance of a variety of environmental and dietary factors as determinants of growth in a group of 123 poor Peruvian urban children between 2 and 19 years old, we found it necessary to express anthropometric measurements in units that were not age- or sex-dependent. Height quotient and weight quotient for each child were calculated from height and weight ages derived from the 50th percentile of the Boston reference data for the appropriate sex. Only 5% of the children had heights above the Boston 50th percentile (height quotient greater than 100) and 18% had weights above the 50th percentile (weight quotient greater than 100), but 88% had weights that were appropriate or excessive for height (weight/height quotient greater than or equal to 1.00). Some CATch-up\" gains in relative height and weight were apparent in preschool children but more impressive gains in both linear and ponderal growth, relative to the Boston data, were evident between 8 and 13.5 years in girls and 10 and 17 years in boys. When the same quotients were calculated for a much larger sample from the same socioceonomic level it seemed likely that this last peak was due to earlier puberty and sexual maturation, and that quotients derived from the Boston data would have different meanings at different ages, making them inappropriate for further statistical analysis. New quotients for the study population, derived from the larger Peruvian group, did not have sex- or age-dependent trends. Racial and regional differences in patterns of growth must be taken into account in the interpretation of anthropometric and nutritional data.", "contents": "Growth standards for poor urban children in nutrition studies. In order to estimate the importance of a variety of environmental and dietary factors as determinants of growth in a group of 123 poor Peruvian urban children between 2 and 19 years old, we found it necessary to express anthropometric measurements in units that were not age- or sex-dependent. Height quotient and weight quotient for each child were calculated from height and weight ages derived from the 50th percentile of the Boston reference data for the appropriate sex. Only 5% of the children had heights above the Boston 50th percentile (height quotient greater than 100) and 18% had weights above the 50th percentile (weight quotient greater than 100), but 88% had weights that were appropriate or excessive for height (weight/height quotient greater than or equal to 1.00). Some CATch-up\" gains in relative height and weight were apparent in preschool children but more impressive gains in both linear and ponderal growth, relative to the Boston data, were evident between 8 and 13.5 years in girls and 10 and 17 years in boys. When the same quotients were calculated for a much larger sample from the same socioceonomic level it seemed likely that this last peak was due to earlier puberty and sexual maturation, and that quotients derived from the Boston data would have different meanings at different ages, making them inappropriate for further statistical analysis. New quotients for the study population, derived from the larger Peruvian group, did not have sex- or age-dependent trends. Racial and regional differences in patterns of growth must be taken into account in the interpretation of anthropometric and nutritional data.", "PMID": 420157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10307", "title": "Oriental diagnosis in stomach cancer patients.", "content": "A new method of performing Oriental diagnosis using Meridian Imbalance Diagram which, consisting of 23 different ratios, has a highly discriminatory significance. Using this method, Oriental and Western diagnosis in the same patients were compared. To do this we compared the Meridian Imbalance Diagrams of 22 patients entering our hospital for surgical operations with those 19 in a healthy control group. Four significantly different ratios became evident. The postoperative reports showed that 10 of the patients were suffering from stomach cancer. The Oriental diagnosis data of this new group were then compared to the data of the control group. This time, 10 ratios were found to be significantly different. This shows the existence of a pattern of Oriental diagnosis corresponding to a specific Western diagnosis.", "contents": "Oriental diagnosis in stomach cancer patients. A new method of performing Oriental diagnosis using Meridian Imbalance Diagram which, consisting of 23 different ratios, has a highly discriminatory significance. Using this method, Oriental and Western diagnosis in the same patients were compared. To do this we compared the Meridian Imbalance Diagrams of 22 patients entering our hospital for surgical operations with those 19 in a healthy control group. Four significantly different ratios became evident. The postoperative reports showed that 10 of the patients were suffering from stomach cancer. The Oriental diagnosis data of this new group were then compared to the data of the control group. This time, 10 ratios were found to be significantly different. This shows the existence of a pattern of Oriental diagnosis corresponding to a specific Western diagnosis.", "PMID": 420160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10308", "title": "Hemostatic abnormalities in malignancy, a prospective study of one hundred eight patients. Part I. Coagulation studies.", "content": "A prospective study of hemostatic abnormalities in 108 cancer patients was undertken at an oncology clinic in a university teaching hospital. Tests included Quick prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, platelet count, modified Ivy bleeding time, fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products (FDP), euglobulin lysis time, protamine sulfate test, and factor V, VII, VIII and X assays. Ninety-eight per cent of the patients had one or more abnormal coagulation tests. The commonest abnormalities were elevated fibrin degradation products and prolonged thrombin time. Thrombocytosis occurred in 57% of patients, hyperfibrinogenemia in 46%, thrombocytopenia in 11%, and non had hypofibrinogenmia. It is suggested that platelet count, fibrinogen concentration, and serum FDP assay are the most useful tests in assessing the hemostatic abnormalities in cancer patients, although thrombin time, factor V assay, and bleeding time may also be helpful. The peripheral blood smears of 53 patients were reviewed, and only one showed microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. The data illustrate that subclinical coagulopathy is relatively frequent in patients with malignancy.", "contents": "Hemostatic abnormalities in malignancy, a prospective study of one hundred eight patients. Part I. Coagulation studies. A prospective study of hemostatic abnormalities in 108 cancer patients was undertken at an oncology clinic in a university teaching hospital. Tests included Quick prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, platelet count, modified Ivy bleeding time, fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products (FDP), euglobulin lysis time, protamine sulfate test, and factor V, VII, VIII and X assays. Ninety-eight per cent of the patients had one or more abnormal coagulation tests. The commonest abnormalities were elevated fibrin degradation products and prolonged thrombin time. Thrombocytosis occurred in 57% of patients, hyperfibrinogenemia in 46%, thrombocytopenia in 11%, and non had hypofibrinogenmia. It is suggested that platelet count, fibrinogen concentration, and serum FDP assay are the most useful tests in assessing the hemostatic abnormalities in cancer patients, although thrombin time, factor V assay, and bleeding time may also be helpful. The peripheral blood smears of 53 patients were reviewed, and only one showed microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. The data illustrate that subclinical coagulopathy is relatively frequent in patients with malignancy.", "PMID": 420161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10309", "title": "Rapid detection of dengue viral antigens by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was applied to detect dengue viral antigen in an experimental system and in clinical situations. In the experimental system, all four types of dengue viruses (dengue 1 to 4) were detected when tested against rabbit hyperimmune sera. With homologous antibody, antigen could be detected when hemagglutinating titer was as low as 1:20. In clinical situations, 67% of the sera of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever collected on day 4 after onset of fever were positive by CIE. Antigens could be detected most frequently from day 4 to day 7. In 11% of the cases, antigens were found to persist as long as 38 days. Validity of this detection was confirmed in some cases by immunologic methods. Virtues of CIE are its technical simplicity, rapidity, and economy.", "contents": "Rapid detection of dengue viral antigens by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was applied to detect dengue viral antigen in an experimental system and in clinical situations. In the experimental system, all four types of dengue viruses (dengue 1 to 4) were detected when tested against rabbit hyperimmune sera. With homologous antibody, antigen could be detected when hemagglutinating titer was as low as 1:20. In clinical situations, 67% of the sera of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever collected on day 4 after onset of fever were positive by CIE. Antigens could be detected most frequently from day 4 to day 7. In 11% of the cases, antigens were found to persist as long as 38 days. Validity of this detection was confirmed in some cases by immunologic methods. Virtues of CIE are its technical simplicity, rapidity, and economy.", "PMID": 420162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10310", "title": "Bone marrow granulomas in Q fever.", "content": "This report describes the case of a patient who had a fever of unknown origin and granulomatous hepatitis. Numerous granulomas were present in sections from a bone-marrow biopsy and bone-marrow clot obtained as a part of the diagnostic evaluation. Subsequent serologic studies proved the patient had Q fever. The authors re-emphasize that a distinctive form of granuloma occurs in the bone marrow with Q fever and that Q fever should always be a consideration in the differential diagnosis of bone-marrow granulomas.", "contents": "Bone marrow granulomas in Q fever. This report describes the case of a patient who had a fever of unknown origin and granulomatous hepatitis. Numerous granulomas were present in sections from a bone-marrow biopsy and bone-marrow clot obtained as a part of the diagnostic evaluation. Subsequent serologic studies proved the patient had Q fever. The authors re-emphasize that a distinctive form of granuloma occurs in the bone marrow with Q fever and that Q fever should always be a consideration in the differential diagnosis of bone-marrow granulomas.", "PMID": 420163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10311", "title": "Whole-blood clotting time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and whole-blood recalcification time as heparin monitoring tests.", "content": "The authors performed whole-blood clotting time (WBCT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and whole-blood recalcification time (WBRCT) tests on normal blood or citrated plasma, each milliliter containing 0-0.5 unit heparin, and on samples from patients, of whom many were receiving heparin anticoagulation therapy. Six partial thromboplastin reagents were used. Linearity between clotting time and heparin concentration was observed with WBCT and APTT, determined with Hyland partial thromboplastin (kaolin-activated) and Dade (\"Improved\" Activated Cephaloplastin and Actin) reagents. With a General Diagnostics preparation (Platelin -plus, celite as the activator) and another Hyland partial thromboplastin reagent (silica-activated), the sensitivity to heparin decreased to beyond 0.3 unit/ml plasma. No correlation was observed with the old Dade Activated Cephaloplastin reagent, WBRCT was completely insensitive to heparin in concentrations as high as 0.24 unit/ml blood. With patient samples, correlations were observed between WBCT and Hyland (kaolin) APTT, and between Hyland and Dade Actin APTT. However, WBCT and WBRCT, and APTT and WBRCT, correlated poorly.", "contents": "Whole-blood clotting time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and whole-blood recalcification time as heparin monitoring tests. The authors performed whole-blood clotting time (WBCT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and whole-blood recalcification time (WBRCT) tests on normal blood or citrated plasma, each milliliter containing 0-0.5 unit heparin, and on samples from patients, of whom many were receiving heparin anticoagulation therapy. Six partial thromboplastin reagents were used. Linearity between clotting time and heparin concentration was observed with WBCT and APTT, determined with Hyland partial thromboplastin (kaolin-activated) and Dade (\"Improved\" Activated Cephaloplastin and Actin) reagents. With a General Diagnostics preparation (Platelin -plus, celite as the activator) and another Hyland partial thromboplastin reagent (silica-activated), the sensitivity to heparin decreased to beyond 0.3 unit/ml plasma. No correlation was observed with the old Dade Activated Cephaloplastin reagent, WBRCT was completely insensitive to heparin in concentrations as high as 0.24 unit/ml blood. With patient samples, correlations were observed between WBCT and Hyland (kaolin) APTT, and between Hyland and Dade Actin APTT. However, WBCT and WBRCT, and APTT and WBRCT, correlated poorly.", "PMID": 420167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10312", "title": "Activated partial thromboplastin time and minor coagulopathies.", "content": "Five commercially available activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test systems were compared with the kaolin partial thromboplastin time (KPTT) method to determine sensitivity in detecting minor coagulation defects. All reagent systems detected severe factor VIII-, IX-, and XI-deficient hemophilia. Homozygous states of factor XII deficiency, Fletcher factor deficiency, and high-molecular-weight kininogen deficiency (Fitzgerald trait) also showed abnormally long APTTs by all systems. Of 19 samples from patients with deficiencies of factors XII, VIII, IX, XI, and II ranging from 2.5 to 52%, eight had deficiencies that were not detected by reagent A (ellagic acid); two, by reagent B (ellagic acid); two, by reagent C (kaolin); one, by reagent D (silica); one, by the KPTT method. All deficiencies were detected by reagent E (celite). Heparin effect on plasma was less well detected by reagent A (ellagic acid) than with the other test systems. APTT test systems can vary greatly in their abilities to detect minor coagulation abnormalities.", "contents": "Activated partial thromboplastin time and minor coagulopathies. Five commercially available activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test systems were compared with the kaolin partial thromboplastin time (KPTT) method to determine sensitivity in detecting minor coagulation defects. All reagent systems detected severe factor VIII-, IX-, and XI-deficient hemophilia. Homozygous states of factor XII deficiency, Fletcher factor deficiency, and high-molecular-weight kininogen deficiency (Fitzgerald trait) also showed abnormally long APTTs by all systems. Of 19 samples from patients with deficiencies of factors XII, VIII, IX, XI, and II ranging from 2.5 to 52%, eight had deficiencies that were not detected by reagent A (ellagic acid); two, by reagent B (ellagic acid); two, by reagent C (kaolin); one, by reagent D (silica); one, by the KPTT method. All deficiencies were detected by reagent E (celite). Heparin effect on plasma was less well detected by reagent A (ellagic acid) than with the other test systems. APTT test systems can vary greatly in their abilities to detect minor coagulation abnormalities.", "PMID": 420168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10313", "title": "Hematologic findings in cases of mammary cancer metastatic to bone marrow.", "content": "The hematologic findings in 22 cases of mammary cancer metastatic to bone marrow are presented. Cancer of the breast was the most frequent neoplasm metastatic in bone marrow in this study of 2,878 bone-marrow examinations. All 22 patients who had carcinoma of the breast metastatic to bone marrow had clinical, radiographic, or hematologic evidence of widespread metastatic disease. Peripheral blood was abnormal in 58% of the cases, and in most of these cases two or more abnormalities were present. Bone-marrow biopsies were superior to particle sections and aspirates in identifying tumor, but correlations among all modalities were necessary for proper interpretation. Although the morphologic features of tumor cells in sections and smears were quite characteristic for carcinoma of the breast, pitfalls in interpretation were numerous and should be recognized. The mean survival time of these patients was only 6.9 months after identification of bone-marrow metastases. The significant response to chemotherapy obtained with some individuals, however, should encourage aggressive therapy of this disorder.", "contents": "Hematologic findings in cases of mammary cancer metastatic to bone marrow. The hematologic findings in 22 cases of mammary cancer metastatic to bone marrow are presented. Cancer of the breast was the most frequent neoplasm metastatic in bone marrow in this study of 2,878 bone-marrow examinations. All 22 patients who had carcinoma of the breast metastatic to bone marrow had clinical, radiographic, or hematologic evidence of widespread metastatic disease. Peripheral blood was abnormal in 58% of the cases, and in most of these cases two or more abnormalities were present. Bone-marrow biopsies were superior to particle sections and aspirates in identifying tumor, but correlations among all modalities were necessary for proper interpretation. Although the morphologic features of tumor cells in sections and smears were quite characteristic for carcinoma of the breast, pitfalls in interpretation were numerous and should be recognized. The mean survival time of these patients was only 6.9 months after identification of bone-marrow metastases. The significant response to chemotherapy obtained with some individuals, however, should encourage aggressive therapy of this disorder.", "PMID": 420169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10314", "title": "Ultrastructural examination of urinary sediment. Value in renal amyloidosis.", "content": "Examination of urinary sediment has been recommended as a useful diagnostic aid for renal amyloidosis. This procedure was evaluated in the cases of 57 patients, including 11 with proven renal amyloidosis and 13 considered very likely to have the disease. At least three types of urinary fibrillar material were observed: 10-12-nm-diameter fibrils similar to amyloid; 7-10-nm-diameter fibrils with characteristics of intracellular tonofibrils; and 15-30-nm-diameter fibrils suggestive of fibrin tendrils. Only four of 24 patients who had renal amyloidosis proven or suspected had amyloid-like fibrils in the urinary sediment, while four control patients, including three with diabetic nephropathy, had similar fibrils. Sixty-eight per cent of all urines contained material consistent with tonofibrils. Ultrastructural examination of urinary sediment as a diagnostic aid for renal amyloidosis lacks sensitivity and specificity and has very limited clinical value.", "contents": "Ultrastructural examination of urinary sediment. Value in renal amyloidosis. Examination of urinary sediment has been recommended as a useful diagnostic aid for renal amyloidosis. This procedure was evaluated in the cases of 57 patients, including 11 with proven renal amyloidosis and 13 considered very likely to have the disease. At least three types of urinary fibrillar material were observed: 10-12-nm-diameter fibrils similar to amyloid; 7-10-nm-diameter fibrils with characteristics of intracellular tonofibrils; and 15-30-nm-diameter fibrils suggestive of fibrin tendrils. Only four of 24 patients who had renal amyloidosis proven or suspected had amyloid-like fibrils in the urinary sediment, while four control patients, including three with diabetic nephropathy, had similar fibrils. Sixty-eight per cent of all urines contained material consistent with tonofibrils. Ultrastructural examination of urinary sediment as a diagnostic aid for renal amyloidosis lacks sensitivity and specificity and has very limited clinical value.", "PMID": 420170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10315", "title": "Unsuitability of electron microscopic examination of urinary sediment for the diagnosis of amyloidosis.", "content": "Several recent reports suggest that amyloidosis can be diagnosed by ultrastructural identification of fibrillar proteins in the urinary sediment. However, the authors routinely identified similar fibrils in the urinary sediments of all patients with a wide variety of renal diseases who were producing urinary casts, as well as in those of stressed healthy individuals. They therefore conclude that electron microscopic examination of the urinary sediment alone has little value in the diagnosis of amyloidosis when unaccompanied by chemical or immunologic tests.", "contents": "Unsuitability of electron microscopic examination of urinary sediment for the diagnosis of amyloidosis. Several recent reports suggest that amyloidosis can be diagnosed by ultrastructural identification of fibrillar proteins in the urinary sediment. However, the authors routinely identified similar fibrils in the urinary sediments of all patients with a wide variety of renal diseases who were producing urinary casts, as well as in those of stressed healthy individuals. They therefore conclude that electron microscopic examination of the urinary sediment alone has little value in the diagnosis of amyloidosis when unaccompanied by chemical or immunologic tests.", "PMID": 420171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10316", "title": "Ultrastructure of the agent of Legionnaires' disease in the human lung.", "content": "This report confirms the gram-negative ultrastructural characteristics of the Legionnaires' disease organism by direct examination of pulmonary tissue from six confirmed cases--two from the original Philadelphia epidemic of 1976 and four from more recent sporadic cases. All microorganisms seen in all six lungs were identical ultrastructurally and were predominantely within intra-alveolar macrophages, as previously observed by light microscopy. They appeared as short, blunt rods that were clearly prokaryotic; i.e., they had diffuse electron-lucent nucleoid areas interspersed among areas of well-defined ribosomes, a pinching nonseptic division, and enclosure within a double envelope consisting of two three-layer \"unit\" membranes, each approximately 75 A wide. This structure, together with a pinching division, is typical of gram-negative bacteria. The Legionnaires' disease organism multiples both intracellularly and extracellularly in tissue and has no unique ultrastructural features that would aid in its specific identification. These findings are compared with recent reports describing the ultrastructure of what was considered to be the Legionnaires' disease organism in yolk sac and culture medium, and in one human lung.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the agent of Legionnaires' disease in the human lung. This report confirms the gram-negative ultrastructural characteristics of the Legionnaires' disease organism by direct examination of pulmonary tissue from six confirmed cases--two from the original Philadelphia epidemic of 1976 and four from more recent sporadic cases. All microorganisms seen in all six lungs were identical ultrastructurally and were predominantely within intra-alveolar macrophages, as previously observed by light microscopy. They appeared as short, blunt rods that were clearly prokaryotic; i.e., they had diffuse electron-lucent nucleoid areas interspersed among areas of well-defined ribosomes, a pinching nonseptic division, and enclosure within a double envelope consisting of two three-layer \"unit\" membranes, each approximately 75 A wide. This structure, together with a pinching division, is typical of gram-negative bacteria. The Legionnaires' disease organism multiples both intracellularly and extracellularly in tissue and has no unique ultrastructural features that would aid in its specific identification. These findings are compared with recent reports describing the ultrastructure of what was considered to be the Legionnaires' disease organism in yolk sac and culture medium, and in one human lung.", "PMID": 420172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10317", "title": "Nephropathy in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "Two elderly men who had fulminating systemic illnesses typical of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy died in acute oliguric renal failure. In both, glomerular lesions were present. In one patient mild diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with necrotizing arteritis was seen, and in the other, minimal change was observed by light microscopy. In both, immunoglobulin-containing dense deposits within glomeruli were observed by fluorescence and electron microscopy, suggesting that the renal disease was mediated, at least partly, by deposition of immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Nephropathy in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Two elderly men who had fulminating systemic illnesses typical of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy died in acute oliguric renal failure. In both, glomerular lesions were present. In one patient mild diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with necrotizing arteritis was seen, and in the other, minimal change was observed by light microscopy. In both, immunoglobulin-containing dense deposits within glomeruli were observed by fluorescence and electron microscopy, suggesting that the renal disease was mediated, at least partly, by deposition of immunoglobulin.", "PMID": 420173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10318", "title": "Juxtanuclear lymphocytes in histocultures of mammary cancer.", "content": "Juxtanuclear lymphocytes in histocultures of mammary cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 71: 64-71, 1979. This is the first report of a special orientation of autochthonous lymphocytes at a juxtanuclear zone of human mammary cancer cells in primary histocultures. The phenomenon, juxtanuclear orientation of lymphocytes, was observed in 99 histocultures from 16 of 45 (35%) successfully explanted cancers. A total of 686 instances of juxtanuclear orientation of lymphocytes was counted, versus 354 instances of random lymphocytic activities; juxtanuclear/random ratios ranged from 0.2 to 5.2. Ratio determinations may be potentially useful for assistance in evaluating prognosis; the preliminary findings are inconclusive but suggest that a ratio of one or more may indicate a more favorable clinical course. The immediate importance of juxtanuclear orientation of lymphocytes is that it offers a new measurement of pathologic lymphocytic activity that should have applications in basic and clinical studies of host responses in general.", "contents": "Juxtanuclear lymphocytes in histocultures of mammary cancer. Juxtanuclear lymphocytes in histocultures of mammary cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 71: 64-71, 1979. This is the first report of a special orientation of autochthonous lymphocytes at a juxtanuclear zone of human mammary cancer cells in primary histocultures. The phenomenon, juxtanuclear orientation of lymphocytes, was observed in 99 histocultures from 16 of 45 (35%) successfully explanted cancers. A total of 686 instances of juxtanuclear orientation of lymphocytes was counted, versus 354 instances of random lymphocytic activities; juxtanuclear/random ratios ranged from 0.2 to 5.2. Ratio determinations may be potentially useful for assistance in evaluating prognosis; the preliminary findings are inconclusive but suggest that a ratio of one or more may indicate a more favorable clinical course. The immediate importance of juxtanuclear orientation of lymphocytes is that it offers a new measurement of pathologic lymphocytic activity that should have applications in basic and clinical studies of host responses in general.", "PMID": 420174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10319", "title": "A prospective evaluation of placental lactogen as a test for neonatal risk.", "content": "This study evaluates the usefulness of maternal serum concentrations of human placental lactogen in the management of high-risk pregnancies. The study was performed in a community hospital over a year's time and involved 250 gestations. The test detected only 11.4% of the pregnancies defined as high-risk by clinical criteria and none of the pregnancies in which the newborn was compromised. Serum human placental lactogen is an insensitive test in predicting the outcome of pregnancies in an obstetric population unless historical information regarding maternal disease is unavailable.", "contents": "A prospective evaluation of placental lactogen as a test for neonatal risk. This study evaluates the usefulness of maternal serum concentrations of human placental lactogen in the management of high-risk pregnancies. The study was performed in a community hospital over a year's time and involved 250 gestations. The test detected only 11.4% of the pregnancies defined as high-risk by clinical criteria and none of the pregnancies in which the newborn was compromised. Serum human placental lactogen is an insensitive test in predicting the outcome of pregnancies in an obstetric population unless historical information regarding maternal disease is unavailable.", "PMID": 420175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10320", "title": "Factors affecting stability of isozymes of creatine phosphokinase.", "content": "Human brain-type (BB) creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and skeletal muscle (MM) CPK were purified from autopsy tissues. The stability of each isozyme with and without the reducing agent mercaptoethanol in human plasma, saline solution, and saline solution with bovine serum albumin was studied. Human BB CPK, at 37 C, without added mercaptoethanol, lost 50% of its activity in 15 minutes during incubation in plasma. It was much more stable at both room temperature and 4 C. BB CPK was also unstable in saline solution plus bovine serum albumin in the absence of mercaptoethanol but was much more stable in the presence of mercaptoethanol. Plasma factors with molecular weights less than 1,000 were potent inhibitors of CPK activity. Electrophoresis following incubation of BB CPK in plasma without mercaptoethanol revealed a new band with CPK activity with the electrophoretic mobility close to that of cardiac muscle (MB) CPK, but no band with the electrophoretic mobility of MM CPK was noted. A new band whose electrophoretic mobility was intermediate between that of MM CPK and that of MB CPK appeared after 21 hours of incubation of MM CPK in human plasma. Modifications of methods for handling blood samples in order to increase the possibility of preserving CPK isozymes in human plasma are proposed. Immunologic methods for determining CPK isozymes may provide more definitive answers as to the nature of the isozyme species present in human sera in various diseases.", "contents": "Factors affecting stability of isozymes of creatine phosphokinase. Human brain-type (BB) creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and skeletal muscle (MM) CPK were purified from autopsy tissues. The stability of each isozyme with and without the reducing agent mercaptoethanol in human plasma, saline solution, and saline solution with bovine serum albumin was studied. Human BB CPK, at 37 C, without added mercaptoethanol, lost 50% of its activity in 15 minutes during incubation in plasma. It was much more stable at both room temperature and 4 C. BB CPK was also unstable in saline solution plus bovine serum albumin in the absence of mercaptoethanol but was much more stable in the presence of mercaptoethanol. Plasma factors with molecular weights less than 1,000 were potent inhibitors of CPK activity. Electrophoresis following incubation of BB CPK in plasma without mercaptoethanol revealed a new band with CPK activity with the electrophoretic mobility close to that of cardiac muscle (MB) CPK, but no band with the electrophoretic mobility of MM CPK was noted. A new band whose electrophoretic mobility was intermediate between that of MM CPK and that of MB CPK appeared after 21 hours of incubation of MM CPK in human plasma. Modifications of methods for handling blood samples in order to increase the possibility of preserving CPK isozymes in human plasma are proposed. Immunologic methods for determining CPK isozymes may provide more definitive answers as to the nature of the isozyme species present in human sera in various diseases.", "PMID": 420176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10321", "title": "The ratio of free to esterified cholesterol in serum. A new discriminant in correlating lipid metabolism with disease state.", "content": "A normal range has been established for the ratio of free to esterified cholesterol in serum. It has been observed that whereas this ratio remains constant in clinically healthy subjects and is not influenced by sex or age, it is markedly altered in certain disease states. The present study is concerned with the correlation of the normal free:esterified cholesterol ratio with ratios determined for 148 patients hospitalized for various reasons. This study has allowed correlations to be made with respect to various groups of diseases, such as cardiac disease and cancer. Changes in the free:esterified cholesterol ratios offer a new and incisive discriminant in correlating the relationships between cholesterol and various diseases. The methods used were gas-liquid chromatography for determination of \"free\" and \"total\" cholesterol and the new enzymatic methods for \"free\" and \"total\" cholesterol.", "contents": "The ratio of free to esterified cholesterol in serum. A new discriminant in correlating lipid metabolism with disease state. A normal range has been established for the ratio of free to esterified cholesterol in serum. It has been observed that whereas this ratio remains constant in clinically healthy subjects and is not influenced by sex or age, it is markedly altered in certain disease states. The present study is concerned with the correlation of the normal free:esterified cholesterol ratio with ratios determined for 148 patients hospitalized for various reasons. This study has allowed correlations to be made with respect to various groups of diseases, such as cardiac disease and cancer. Changes in the free:esterified cholesterol ratios offer a new and incisive discriminant in correlating the relationships between cholesterol and various diseases. The methods used were gas-liquid chromatography for determination of \"free\" and \"total\" cholesterol and the new enzymatic methods for \"free\" and \"total\" cholesterol.", "PMID": 420177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10322", "title": "Antibiotic-resistance transfer in Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "Most clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica have been reported to be inhibited by a wide variety of antimicrobial agents. This finding indicates that Y. enterocolitica infrequently acquires resistance by gene transfer from other bacteria in nature. In the present study the authors examined whether Y. enterocolitica has the potential for acquiring antibiotic resistance from another organism in vitro. Mixed cultures of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and a sensitive Y. enterocolitica yielded resistant Y. enterocolitica. Resistance to at least four drugs was transferred at a frequency of approximately 10(-7) transconjugants per donor. The newly resistant Y. enterocolitica transferred resistance to a sensitive E. coli at a slightly higher frequency. Resistance to at least one antibiotic was transferred to all five strains of Y. enterocolitica tested.", "contents": "Antibiotic-resistance transfer in Yersinia enterocolitica. Most clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica have been reported to be inhibited by a wide variety of antimicrobial agents. This finding indicates that Y. enterocolitica infrequently acquires resistance by gene transfer from other bacteria in nature. In the present study the authors examined whether Y. enterocolitica has the potential for acquiring antibiotic resistance from another organism in vitro. Mixed cultures of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and a sensitive Y. enterocolitica yielded resistant Y. enterocolitica. Resistance to at least four drugs was transferred at a frequency of approximately 10(-7) transconjugants per donor. The newly resistant Y. enterocolitica transferred resistance to a sensitive E. coli at a slightly higher frequency. Resistance to at least one antibiotic was transferred to all five strains of Y. enterocolitica tested.", "PMID": 420178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10323", "title": "Simplified method of feeding infants born with cleft palate with or without cleft lip.", "content": "Most infants born with a cleft palate with or without cleft lip are undergrown and have histories of difficult feeding. For the past two years, all of the infants born with isolated cleft palate with or without cleft lip, referred to the Boston Floating Cleft Palate Clinic, were fed using a simplified method. A standard nipple that was cross cut and a standard glass baby bottle were used. The infants were fed in the sitting position and burped frequently. Data indicating that nutrition in these infants is adequate as judged by weight gain was provided.", "contents": "Simplified method of feeding infants born with cleft palate with or without cleft lip. Most infants born with a cleft palate with or without cleft lip are undergrown and have histories of difficult feeding. For the past two years, all of the infants born with isolated cleft palate with or without cleft lip, referred to the Boston Floating Cleft Palate Clinic, were fed using a simplified method. A standard nipple that was cross cut and a standard glass baby bottle were used. The infants were fed in the sitting position and burped frequently. Data indicating that nutrition in these infants is adequate as judged by weight gain was provided.", "PMID": 420182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10324", "title": "Risk of nutritional rickets among vegetarian children.", "content": "Records of the dietary intake of 52 preschool vegetarian children seen from 1974 to 1976 revealed that macrobiotic vegetarian diets provided amounts of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus that were marginal as well as less than the amounts provided by other vegetarian diets. Vitamin D supplements were rarely given. Two subjects had roentgenographic evidence of rickets. The medical histories of 32 children on macrobiotic diets who were examined in 1977 more frequently included prior physical and roentgenographic findings indicative of rickets, whereas those of 17 other vegetarian children did not. Children in the former group were more likely to have elevated levels of serum alkaline phosphatase. Two additional cases of rickets in children consuming a macrobiotic diet confirmed by roentgenograms were brought to our attention during the study.", "contents": "Risk of nutritional rickets among vegetarian children. Records of the dietary intake of 52 preschool vegetarian children seen from 1974 to 1976 revealed that macrobiotic vegetarian diets provided amounts of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus that were marginal as well as less than the amounts provided by other vegetarian diets. Vitamin D supplements were rarely given. Two subjects had roentgenographic evidence of rickets. The medical histories of 32 children on macrobiotic diets who were examined in 1977 more frequently included prior physical and roentgenographic findings indicative of rickets, whereas those of 17 other vegetarian children did not. Children in the former group were more likely to have elevated levels of serum alkaline phosphatase. Two additional cases of rickets in children consuming a macrobiotic diet confirmed by roentgenograms were brought to our attention during the study.", "PMID": 420181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10325", "title": "The 'breech head' and its relevance.", "content": "Eight infants had scaphocephaly with prominent occipital shelving. This abnormal head shape is identified as a postural deformation associated with breech intrauterine position, and it is noted to resolve during infancy with no apparent residual impairment in most cases. At the same time, the \"breech head,\" as we have designated this unusual head form, may occur in the setting of a primary problem in fetal morphogenesis, and it may be itself a factor contributing to birth injury during vaginal delivery of the breech infant.", "contents": "The 'breech head' and its relevance. Eight infants had scaphocephaly with prominent occipital shelving. This abnormal head shape is identified as a postural deformation associated with breech intrauterine position, and it is noted to resolve during infancy with no apparent residual impairment in most cases. At the same time, the \"breech head,\" as we have designated this unusual head form, may occur in the setting of a primary problem in fetal morphogenesis, and it may be itself a factor contributing to birth injury during vaginal delivery of the breech infant.", "PMID": 420184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10326", "title": "Assessment of intellectual development after surgery for craniofacial dysostosis.", "content": "A 2-year-old girl with Crouzon's disease underwent three craniectomies. At age 4, she began a series of psychological tests to monitor her intellectual and academic functioning. Eight years after surgery, her intellectual functioning was comparable to that of her unaffected sister and far superior to that of her affected cousins, who were from similar home environments. Although the exact contributions of early identification and surgical intervention to the patient's intellectual and academic achievement could not be ascertained, these results suggest that some patients who receive early surgical treatment for Crouzon's disease may maintain a consistent rate of intellectual and academic development.", "contents": "Assessment of intellectual development after surgery for craniofacial dysostosis. A 2-year-old girl with Crouzon's disease underwent three craniectomies. At age 4, she began a series of psychological tests to monitor her intellectual and academic functioning. Eight years after surgery, her intellectual functioning was comparable to that of her unaffected sister and far superior to that of her affected cousins, who were from similar home environments. Although the exact contributions of early identification and surgical intervention to the patient's intellectual and academic achievement could not be ascertained, these results suggest that some patients who receive early surgical treatment for Crouzon's disease may maintain a consistent rate of intellectual and academic development.", "PMID": 420183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10327", "title": "US cancer incidence and mortality in the first year of life.", "content": "Based on the Third National Cancer Survey (1969 to 1971), the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the United States was 183.4 per million live births per year in infants younger than 1 year and 36.5 in newborns younger than 29 days. In both age groups, neuroblastoma was the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm. Overall, cancer incidence in infants younger than 1 year was almost 3.5 times greater than mortality determined from US death certificates from 1960 to 1969. For individual tumor types, the ratio between incidence and mortality varied between 159 for retinoblastoma and 1.5 for leukemia largely reflecting relative differences in survival due to treatment.", "contents": "US cancer incidence and mortality in the first year of life. Based on the Third National Cancer Survey (1969 to 1971), the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the United States was 183.4 per million live births per year in infants younger than 1 year and 36.5 in newborns younger than 29 days. In both age groups, neuroblastoma was the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm. Overall, cancer incidence in infants younger than 1 year was almost 3.5 times greater than mortality determined from US death certificates from 1960 to 1969. For individual tumor types, the ratio between incidence and mortality varied between 159 for retinoblastoma and 1.5 for leukemia largely reflecting relative differences in survival due to treatment.", "PMID": 420185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10328", "title": "The effectiveness of pediatric nurse associates as clinical instructors of medical students.", "content": "Pediatric nurse associates (PNAs) have provided health care services for children, taught physical diagnosis to first-year medical students, and acted as role models for students and residents. Their role as clinical instructors has not been measured objectively. This study evaluated the effect of PNA interaction with medical students in a pediatric clerkship. Students taught by PNAs had higher gains in factual knowledge and greater skills in physical examination as measured by a videotape of a patient encounter. The PNAs demonstrated that they can be effective instructors of medical students.", "contents": "The effectiveness of pediatric nurse associates as clinical instructors of medical students. Pediatric nurse associates (PNAs) have provided health care services for children, taught physical diagnosis to first-year medical students, and acted as role models for students and residents. Their role as clinical instructors has not been measured objectively. This study evaluated the effect of PNA interaction with medical students in a pediatric clerkship. Students taught by PNAs had higher gains in factual knowledge and greater skills in physical examination as measured by a videotape of a patient encounter. The PNAs demonstrated that they can be effective instructors of medical students.", "PMID": 420188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10329", "title": "Asymptomatic transient uveitis in children with inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Although acute anterior uveitis has been noted in children with inflammatory bowel disease, it has not been appreciated in the absence of ocular symptoms. To determine the presence of asymptomatic uveitis, slit-lamp examinations were performed in 19 children with granulomatous bowel disease and seven with ulcerative colitis. In the former group, six had uveitis, while no abnormalities were noted in those with ulcerative colitis. Abnormalities consisted of cells and flare in the anterior chamber. In the group with asymptomatic uveitis, all were male, three were black, and all had colonic involvement. No positive correlations were noted between the presence of uveitis and bowel symptoms, duration of illness, extraintestinal manifestations, or specific treatment regimens. None of the six children with uveitis had evidence of spondylitis, and five were HLA-B27-negative. Repeated eye examinations six to 12 months later disclosed no evidence of uveitis in four of five children and improvement in the remaining child. These data suggest that asymptomatic transient uveitis is common in children with granulomatous bowel disease, but progression to severe adult uveal disease remains unclear.", "contents": "Asymptomatic transient uveitis in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Although acute anterior uveitis has been noted in children with inflammatory bowel disease, it has not been appreciated in the absence of ocular symptoms. To determine the presence of asymptomatic uveitis, slit-lamp examinations were performed in 19 children with granulomatous bowel disease and seven with ulcerative colitis. In the former group, six had uveitis, while no abnormalities were noted in those with ulcerative colitis. Abnormalities consisted of cells and flare in the anterior chamber. In the group with asymptomatic uveitis, all were male, three were black, and all had colonic involvement. No positive correlations were noted between the presence of uveitis and bowel symptoms, duration of illness, extraintestinal manifestations, or specific treatment regimens. None of the six children with uveitis had evidence of spondylitis, and five were HLA-B27-negative. Repeated eye examinations six to 12 months later disclosed no evidence of uveitis in four of five children and improvement in the remaining child. These data suggest that asymptomatic transient uveitis is common in children with granulomatous bowel disease, but progression to severe adult uveal disease remains unclear.", "PMID": 420187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10330", "title": "Congenital hypopituitarism in female infants. Its association with hypoglycemia and hypothyroidism.", "content": "Congenital hypopituitarism was found in two female infants who had profound hypoglycemia and hypothyroidism. In both infants, death occurred despite recognition of the disorder and institution of appropriate therapy. Autopsy findings showed an absent pituitary gland and sella turcica, with hypoplastic adrenal and thyroid glands, and ovaries in one case, and pituitary gland aplasia with absent thyroid and right adrenal glands plus a hypoplastic left adrenal gland in the other case.", "contents": "Congenital hypopituitarism in female infants. Its association with hypoglycemia and hypothyroidism. Congenital hypopituitarism was found in two female infants who had profound hypoglycemia and hypothyroidism. In both infants, death occurred despite recognition of the disorder and institution of appropriate therapy. Autopsy findings showed an absent pituitary gland and sella turcica, with hypoplastic adrenal and thyroid glands, and ovaries in one case, and pituitary gland aplasia with absent thyroid and right adrenal glands plus a hypoplastic left adrenal gland in the other case.", "PMID": 420186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10331", "title": "Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma in a 9-month-old child.", "content": "Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma is a life-threatening emergency with a mortality much higher than that of other forms of hyperosmolarity such as hypernatremia or diabetic ketoacidosis. Despite the differences in the three conditions, present evidence suggests that correction of hyperosmolarity should proceed slowly to avoid the seizures that may occur in all three conditions. This report describes a 9-month-old diabetic child who initially had hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma and who is one of the youngest survivors of this syndrome in the American literature. This case report points out the limited understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome and the consequent problems of therapy.", "contents": "Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma in a 9-month-old child. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma is a life-threatening emergency with a mortality much higher than that of other forms of hyperosmolarity such as hypernatremia or diabetic ketoacidosis. Despite the differences in the three conditions, present evidence suggests that correction of hyperosmolarity should proceed slowly to avoid the seizures that may occur in all three conditions. This report describes a 9-month-old diabetic child who initially had hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma and who is one of the youngest survivors of this syndrome in the American literature. This case report points out the limited understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome and the consequent problems of therapy.", "PMID": 420189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10332", "title": "Staff evaluation.", "content": "The necessity for evaluating hospital pharmacy department personnel, and the recognized methods for performing such evaluations, including their advantages and deficiencies, are reviewed. Performance appraisal systems using ranking, person-to-person comparison, grading, graphic scales, checklists, forced-choice description, selection of critical incidents and management by objectives (MBO) are detailed, with emphasis upon their use in hospital pharmacy departments. All of these systems, with the exception of MBO, place inappropriate emphasis upon various subjective personality trails while failing to include objective results attained by personnel. Most of these methods (again excepting MBO) deny the evaluate-manager the opportunity to coach staff members in an attempt to improve results achievement. Staff evaluation, when carried out under an MBO system, is more likely to provide the hospital pharmacy department and its director with improved staff performance and development.", "contents": "Staff evaluation. The necessity for evaluating hospital pharmacy department personnel, and the recognized methods for performing such evaluations, including their advantages and deficiencies, are reviewed. Performance appraisal systems using ranking, person-to-person comparison, grading, graphic scales, checklists, forced-choice description, selection of critical incidents and management by objectives (MBO) are detailed, with emphasis upon their use in hospital pharmacy departments. All of these systems, with the exception of MBO, place inappropriate emphasis upon various subjective personality trails while failing to include objective results attained by personnel. Most of these methods (again excepting MBO) deny the evaluate-manager the opportunity to coach staff members in an attempt to improve results achievement. Staff evaluation, when carried out under an MBO system, is more likely to provide the hospital pharmacy department and its director with improved staff performance and development.", "PMID": 420206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10333", "title": "Screening and selecting candidates for a hospital pharmacy residency program.", "content": "An applicant screening and selection procedure for a hospital pharmacy residency program which (1) efficiently processes a large number of applicants while minimizing the subjective nature of the review process and (2) ranks candidates for submission to the ASHP Residency Matching Program is described. A screening and selection committee consisting of five staff members of the hospital pharmacy department was created. Goals of the residency program and qualities of the optimal resident were defined prior to development of the screening and selection program. Two forms were used by staff in the screening process: a screening worksheet for the preinterview screen, and an evaluation chart for the interview phase. Each form outlined the criteria which serve as indicators of academic, professional and personal development in a format that allows easy extraction of data. By carefully defining program goals and identifying specific human qualities most compatible with those goals, the likelihood of successful applicant selection through use of a systematic screening process is increased.", "contents": "Screening and selecting candidates for a hospital pharmacy residency program. An applicant screening and selection procedure for a hospital pharmacy residency program which (1) efficiently processes a large number of applicants while minimizing the subjective nature of the review process and (2) ranks candidates for submission to the ASHP Residency Matching Program is described. A screening and selection committee consisting of five staff members of the hospital pharmacy department was created. Goals of the residency program and qualities of the optimal resident were defined prior to development of the screening and selection program. Two forms were used by staff in the screening process: a screening worksheet for the preinterview screen, and an evaluation chart for the interview phase. Each form outlined the criteria which serve as indicators of academic, professional and personal development in a format that allows easy extraction of data. By carefully defining program goals and identifying specific human qualities most compatible with those goals, the likelihood of successful applicant selection through use of a systematic screening process is increased.", "PMID": 420207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10334", "title": "Computer-based system for adverse drug reaction detection and prevention.", "content": "An online computer-based system for monitoring patients for potential adverse drug reactions during their hospital stay is described. The adverse drug reaction monitoring system uses a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-11 computer which is programmed in MUMPS (Masschusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-programming System). Primary references from the medical and scientific literature are analyzed and evaluated before being included in the data base. The patient's adverse reaction history, obtained by nursing personnel during a patient interview, is entered into the computer by pharmacy staff. The computer screens new prescription orders for potential adverse reactions; any adverse reaction reports are sent to the patient's physician. Other special programs that are used in the patient monitoring system include medication profiles, drug-drug interaction screening and prescription discontinuation date entry. The computer system enable detection of potential adverse drug reaction and notification of the patient's physician prior to administration of the prescribed drug.", "contents": "Computer-based system for adverse drug reaction detection and prevention. An online computer-based system for monitoring patients for potential adverse drug reactions during their hospital stay is described. The adverse drug reaction monitoring system uses a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-11 computer which is programmed in MUMPS (Masschusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-programming System). Primary references from the medical and scientific literature are analyzed and evaluated before being included in the data base. The patient's adverse reaction history, obtained by nursing personnel during a patient interview, is entered into the computer by pharmacy staff. The computer screens new prescription orders for potential adverse reactions; any adverse reaction reports are sent to the patient's physician. Other special programs that are used in the patient monitoring system include medication profiles, drug-drug interaction screening and prescription discontinuation date entry. The computer system enable detection of potential adverse drug reaction and notification of the patient's physician prior to administration of the prescribed drug.", "PMID": 420208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10335", "title": "Audit of anticoagulant therapy of pulmonary embolus, deep vein thrombosis and thrombophlebitis.", "content": "The use of heparin sodium and warfarin sodium in the treatment of pulmonary embolus (PE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and thrombophlebitis (TP) was studied by a hospital pharmacy department. During a four-month period, the charts of 26 patients were audited for anticoagulant dosages used; laboratory test monitoring of anticoagulant dosage used; laboratory test minitoring of anticoagulant therapy; complications of, contraindications to, and patient compliance with anticoagulant therapy. These variables were evaluated on the basis of compliance with a written anticoagulant protocol. Initial doses of heparin sodium and warfarin sodium were acceptable in 43% of patients. Maintenance dosing with heparin sodium was acceptable in 89% of patients. Activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT) were ordered correctly for 65% of patients. APTTs were within therapeutic ranges in 31% of patients. The duration of heparin-warfarin overlap was possibly to definitely acceptable in 71% of patients. Prothrombin times were properly monitored in 50% of patients. Complications of anticoagulant therapy were evident in only one patient. There were a number of potentially serious diversions from the protocol. The pharmacy department planned to issue bulletins designed to correct the problems.", "contents": "Audit of anticoagulant therapy of pulmonary embolus, deep vein thrombosis and thrombophlebitis. The use of heparin sodium and warfarin sodium in the treatment of pulmonary embolus (PE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and thrombophlebitis (TP) was studied by a hospital pharmacy department. During a four-month period, the charts of 26 patients were audited for anticoagulant dosages used; laboratory test monitoring of anticoagulant dosage used; laboratory test minitoring of anticoagulant therapy; complications of, contraindications to, and patient compliance with anticoagulant therapy. These variables were evaluated on the basis of compliance with a written anticoagulant protocol. Initial doses of heparin sodium and warfarin sodium were acceptable in 43% of patients. Maintenance dosing with heparin sodium was acceptable in 89% of patients. Activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT) were ordered correctly for 65% of patients. APTTs were within therapeutic ranges in 31% of patients. The duration of heparin-warfarin overlap was possibly to definitely acceptable in 71% of patients. Prothrombin times were properly monitored in 50% of patients. Complications of anticoagulant therapy were evident in only one patient. There were a number of potentially serious diversions from the protocol. The pharmacy department planned to issue bulletins designed to correct the problems.", "PMID": 420210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10336", "title": "Interdisciplinary inpatient warfarin education program.", "content": "An educational program on warafarin counseling for inpatients of a 200--bed community hospital which uses both pharmacy and nursing personnel is described. Following a physician's request for the educational service, a registered nurse arranged for the patient to view a slide presentation of anticoagultants and provided a booklet designed to reinforce the learning objectives for the warfarin education program. After the patient viewed the film and read the booklet, a pharmacist or nurse made a follow-up visit to answer questions and reinforce the objectives. The checklist of learning objectives was completed by the pharmacist or nurse and remained in the patient's chart as a permanent record of medication counseling. Forty-five request for warfarin patient education were received during the program's first six months of operation. The pharmacist spent an average of 30 minutes with each patient; the nurse spent an average of 15 to 20 minutes with each patient. The average time required of nursing and pharmacy service to provide the program was one and two hours per week, respectively. The warfarin education program provides an important patient service with a reasonable expenditure of time by pharmacy and nursing personnel.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary inpatient warfarin education program. An educational program on warafarin counseling for inpatients of a 200--bed community hospital which uses both pharmacy and nursing personnel is described. Following a physician's request for the educational service, a registered nurse arranged for the patient to view a slide presentation of anticoagultants and provided a booklet designed to reinforce the learning objectives for the warfarin education program. After the patient viewed the film and read the booklet, a pharmacist or nurse made a follow-up visit to answer questions and reinforce the objectives. The checklist of learning objectives was completed by the pharmacist or nurse and remained in the patient's chart as a permanent record of medication counseling. Forty-five request for warfarin patient education were received during the program's first six months of operation. The pharmacist spent an average of 30 minutes with each patient; the nurse spent an average of 15 to 20 minutes with each patient. The average time required of nursing and pharmacy service to provide the program was one and two hours per week, respectively. The warfarin education program provides an important patient service with a reasonable expenditure of time by pharmacy and nursing personnel.", "PMID": 420211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10337", "title": "Patient package inserts and the pharmacist's responsibility.", "content": "Patient package insert regulations by the Food and Drug Administration are discussed, emphasizing the pharmacist's responsibility. The possible criminal and civil liability problems the pharmacist may face under the regulations are considered. Legal implications of alternatives to using PPIs provided by the manufacturer are presented. The prudent pharmacist will examine the alternatives, weighing the administrative, clinical and legal implications of the various approaches.", "contents": "Patient package inserts and the pharmacist's responsibility. Patient package insert regulations by the Food and Drug Administration are discussed, emphasizing the pharmacist's responsibility. The possible criminal and civil liability problems the pharmacist may face under the regulations are considered. Legal implications of alternatives to using PPIs provided by the manufacturer are presented. The prudent pharmacist will examine the alternatives, weighing the administrative, clinical and legal implications of the various approaches.", "PMID": 420215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10338", "title": "Charging for hospital pharmaceutical services: product cost, per diem fees and fees for special clinical services.", "content": "A method of charging for pharmaceutical services is described which includes the cost of drug products, dispensing fees for intravenous drug admixtures, per diem fees for basic dispensing and clinical services (according to patient type), and fees for special clinical services. The basic per diem charge covers drug purchasing and inventory control, department management, drug information services, dose preparation, drug order interpretation, drug therapy monitoring, and the availability of pharmacists to answer the questions of nurses and physicians. The clinical services for which special fees are charged are: hemogram drug report, drug liver function report, aminoglycoside dosing guidelines, heparin i.v. infusion, oral anticoagulation, patient drug history, operant conditioning, parenteral nutrition guidelines, and pharmacokinetic drug level interpretations and consultations. The reasons for changing to the system, the services provided and experiences with the system are discussed. Implementation of the system is discussed in relation to the calculation of fees; comparisons with alternate charging methods; approval of special clinical service charges; computer billing; information about pharmacy charges for patients; and third-party payers.", "contents": "Charging for hospital pharmaceutical services: product cost, per diem fees and fees for special clinical services. A method of charging for pharmaceutical services is described which includes the cost of drug products, dispensing fees for intravenous drug admixtures, per diem fees for basic dispensing and clinical services (according to patient type), and fees for special clinical services. The basic per diem charge covers drug purchasing and inventory control, department management, drug information services, dose preparation, drug order interpretation, drug therapy monitoring, and the availability of pharmacists to answer the questions of nurses and physicians. The clinical services for which special fees are charged are: hemogram drug report, drug liver function report, aminoglycoside dosing guidelines, heparin i.v. infusion, oral anticoagulation, patient drug history, operant conditioning, parenteral nutrition guidelines, and pharmacokinetic drug level interpretations and consultations. The reasons for changing to the system, the services provided and experiences with the system are discussed. Implementation of the system is discussed in relation to the calculation of fees; comparisons with alternate charging methods; approval of special clinical service charges; computer billing; information about pharmacy charges for patients; and third-party payers.", "PMID": 420228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10339", "title": "Charging for hospital pharmaceutical services: computerized system using a markup and a dose fee.", "content": "The methods used to determine pharmacy charges for a pricing program in a 940-bed hospital using a computerized on-line pharmacy pricing and inventory control system are described. The program requires input of only four pieces of information: (1) patient number; (2) drug identification number; (3) dose factor; and (4) total number of doses dispensed. In the pricing formula, the charge to the patient is calculated by adding the product of the total cost of medication and the markup factor to the product of the dose fee and the total number of doses received. Advantages of the system are: (1) the patient or third-party payer can be given an itemized bill for all pharmaceutical charges; (2) the system accounts for all medication costs, whether they are charged to the patient or not; (3) the revenue for the department can be projected and adjusted accurately; (4) the charges are fair and equitable; (5) the patient is charged for medication administered only; and (6) the system produces accurate statistical reports for both the pharmacy and the financial services department. The disadvantages is the number of man-hours needed for the pricing function.", "contents": "Charging for hospital pharmaceutical services: computerized system using a markup and a dose fee. The methods used to determine pharmacy charges for a pricing program in a 940-bed hospital using a computerized on-line pharmacy pricing and inventory control system are described. The program requires input of only four pieces of information: (1) patient number; (2) drug identification number; (3) dose factor; and (4) total number of doses dispensed. In the pricing formula, the charge to the patient is calculated by adding the product of the total cost of medication and the markup factor to the product of the dose fee and the total number of doses received. Advantages of the system are: (1) the patient or third-party payer can be given an itemized bill for all pharmaceutical charges; (2) the system accounts for all medication costs, whether they are charged to the patient or not; (3) the revenue for the department can be projected and adjusted accurately; (4) the charges are fair and equitable; (5) the patient is charged for medication administered only; and (6) the system produces accurate statistical reports for both the pharmacy and the financial services department. The disadvantages is the number of man-hours needed for the pricing function.", "PMID": 420229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10340", "title": "Charging for hospital pharmaceutical services: combined product-service per diem fees.", "content": "The development of a per diem hospital pharmacy charge is reviewed after five years of use. The itemized pharmacy charges for every tenth patient (total of 250 patients) admitted to the hospital during a three-month period were studied to determine the average daily charges for drugs and pharmaceutical services. Six categories of rates were designated, based on the type of hospital service. A comparison of the actual charges and the projected per diem rate indicated that the per diem rate would produce the same revenue as the itemized charging method. A procedure for periodically monitoring the per diem rate was also established. The per diem pharmacy charges range from $3.50 (for patients admitted to the psychiatric service) to $12 (surgical patients). Intravenous solutions, i.v. admixtures, normal human serum albumin, drugs administered in the intensive care and cardiac care units, and drug with an acquistion cost of more than $10 are not included in the per diem charging system. The per diem system enabled the hospital to reduce administrative and accounting costs while continuing to provide quality pharmaceutical services.", "contents": "Charging for hospital pharmaceutical services: combined product-service per diem fees. The development of a per diem hospital pharmacy charge is reviewed after five years of use. The itemized pharmacy charges for every tenth patient (total of 250 patients) admitted to the hospital during a three-month period were studied to determine the average daily charges for drugs and pharmaceutical services. Six categories of rates were designated, based on the type of hospital service. A comparison of the actual charges and the projected per diem rate indicated that the per diem rate would produce the same revenue as the itemized charging method. A procedure for periodically monitoring the per diem rate was also established. The per diem pharmacy charges range from $3.50 (for patients admitted to the psychiatric service) to $12 (surgical patients). Intravenous solutions, i.v. admixtures, normal human serum albumin, drugs administered in the intensive care and cardiac care units, and drug with an acquistion cost of more than $10 are not included in the per diem charging system. The per diem system enabled the hospital to reduce administrative and accounting costs while continuing to provide quality pharmaceutical services.", "PMID": 420230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10341", "title": "Charging for hospital pharmaceutical services: flat free based on the medication record.", "content": "A 200-bed hospital's change in pricing drug products from a cost-plus-fee system to a flat fee per dose based on the medication administration record (MAR) is described. With the flat-fee system, drug charges are not recorded when the drug is dispensed by the pharmacy; data for charging doses are obtained directly from the MAR forms generated by the nursing staff. Charges are 55 cents per oral or suppository dose and $3.00 per injection dose. Drugs administered intravenously, topical drugs, injections costing more than $10.00 per dose, and miscellaneous nondrug items are still charged on a cost-plus-fee basis. Man-hours are saved in the pharmacy department because of the elimination of the pricing function and maintenance of price lists. The need for nursing staff to charge for any doses administered from emergency or Schedule II floor-stock supplies is eliminated. The workload for business office personnel is reduced because the number of individual charges is less than with the cost-plus charging system. The system is accepted by patients and third-party payers and has made a complete unit dose drug distribution system possible at lower cost.", "contents": "Charging for hospital pharmaceutical services: flat free based on the medication record. A 200-bed hospital's change in pricing drug products from a cost-plus-fee system to a flat fee per dose based on the medication administration record (MAR) is described. With the flat-fee system, drug charges are not recorded when the drug is dispensed by the pharmacy; data for charging doses are obtained directly from the MAR forms generated by the nursing staff. Charges are 55 cents per oral or suppository dose and $3.00 per injection dose. Drugs administered intravenously, topical drugs, injections costing more than $10.00 per dose, and miscellaneous nondrug items are still charged on a cost-plus-fee basis. Man-hours are saved in the pharmacy department because of the elimination of the pricing function and maintenance of price lists. The need for nursing staff to charge for any doses administered from emergency or Schedule II floor-stock supplies is eliminated. The workload for business office personnel is reduced because the number of individual charges is less than with the cost-plus charging system. The system is accepted by patients and third-party payers and has made a complete unit dose drug distribution system possible at lower cost.", "PMID": 420231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10342", "title": "Cost of individualizing aminoglycoside dosage regimens.", "content": "The estimated annual costs associated with operating a clinical pharmacokinetics service within a 450-bed, metropolitan county hospital were studied. Using three aminoglycoside serum level determinations, a computer program estimates the patient's pharmacokinetic variables and calculates a dosage regimen which will maintain serum concentrations in the desired range. Pharmacists are involved in assessing the patient's initial clinical condition and in recommending doses and dosing intervals. Fixed costs included the costs of the physical facility and office equipment ($778/yr). Operating costs included salaries, equipment leasing fees, journal subscription fees and medical supplies ($73,915/yr). The estimated cost per blood sample analyzed for aminoglycoside content was $17.35/sample (4,305 samples/yr). The study provides a basis for comparing the cost of operating a pharmacokinetics service with the cost of other innovative pharmaceutical services.", "contents": "Cost of individualizing aminoglycoside dosage regimens. The estimated annual costs associated with operating a clinical pharmacokinetics service within a 450-bed, metropolitan county hospital were studied. Using three aminoglycoside serum level determinations, a computer program estimates the patient's pharmacokinetic variables and calculates a dosage regimen which will maintain serum concentrations in the desired range. Pharmacists are involved in assessing the patient's initial clinical condition and in recommending doses and dosing intervals. Fixed costs included the costs of the physical facility and office equipment ($778/yr). Operating costs included salaries, equipment leasing fees, journal subscription fees and medical supplies ($73,915/yr). The estimated cost per blood sample analyzed for aminoglycoside content was $17.35/sample (4,305 samples/yr). The study provides a basis for comparing the cost of operating a pharmacokinetics service with the cost of other innovative pharmaceutical services.", "PMID": 420232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10343", "title": "Modernizing an ambulatory care pharmacy in a large multi-clinic institution.", "content": "The steps involved in modernizing an outdated outpatient pharmacy, including the functional planning process, development of a work-flow pattern which makes the patient an integral part of the system, budget considerations and evaluation of the new pharmacy, are described. Objectives of the modernization were to: (1) provide a facility conductive to efficient and high quality services to the ambulatory patient; (2) provide an attractive and comfortable area for patients and staff; (3) provide a work flow which keeps the patient in the system and allows the pharmacist time for instruction and patient education; and (4) establish a patient medication record system. After one year of operation, average overall prescription volume increased by 50%, while average waiting time declined by 74%. Facility and procedural changes allowed the pharmacist to substantially increase patient counseling activity. The application of functional planning and facility design to the renovation and restructuring of an outpatient pharmacy allowed pharmacists to provide efficient, patient-oriented service.", "contents": "Modernizing an ambulatory care pharmacy in a large multi-clinic institution. The steps involved in modernizing an outdated outpatient pharmacy, including the functional planning process, development of a work-flow pattern which makes the patient an integral part of the system, budget considerations and evaluation of the new pharmacy, are described. Objectives of the modernization were to: (1) provide a facility conductive to efficient and high quality services to the ambulatory patient; (2) provide an attractive and comfortable area for patients and staff; (3) provide a work flow which keeps the patient in the system and allows the pharmacist time for instruction and patient education; and (4) establish a patient medication record system. After one year of operation, average overall prescription volume increased by 50%, while average waiting time declined by 74%. Facility and procedural changes allowed the pharmacist to substantially increase patient counseling activity. The application of functional planning and facility design to the renovation and restructuring of an outpatient pharmacy allowed pharmacists to provide efficient, patient-oriented service.", "PMID": 420233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10344", "title": "Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. Prospective study of 80 cases.", "content": "Over a two year period, we studied prospectively 80 cases of diffuse pneumonia at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. In 72 per cent of these, the patient had leukemia or lymphoma. Diagnostic procedures consisted of extensive serologic testing for antibody to known respiratory pathogens, including the agent of Legionnaire's disease, and culturing of biopsy specimens for bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas and fungi. Of 44 cases in which open lung biopsy was performed, a specific cause was found in 61.4 per cent: Pneumocystis carinii in 38.6 per cent, other infections in 9.1 per cent and tumor involvement in 13.7 per cent. There were nonspecific pulmonary changes in 38.6 per cent. Of the 56 cases in which biopsy, autopsy or both were performed, a specific diagnosis was made in 69.7 per cent: P. carinii infection in 37.5 per cent and other infections in 12.5 per cent. In cases in which neither biopsy nor autopsy was performed, a specific infection was diagnosed in 33 per cent; no specific diagnosis was made in the remainder. One patient in the entire group had a significant antibody titer for Legionnaire's disease. Although diagnostic in some cases, extensive serologic testing proved relatively unfruitful. Pneumocystosis was the most frequent diagnosis in this study. The cause of some cases remained obscure, even after lung biopsy.", "contents": "Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. Prospective study of 80 cases. Over a two year period, we studied prospectively 80 cases of diffuse pneumonia at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. In 72 per cent of these, the patient had leukemia or lymphoma. Diagnostic procedures consisted of extensive serologic testing for antibody to known respiratory pathogens, including the agent of Legionnaire's disease, and culturing of biopsy specimens for bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas and fungi. Of 44 cases in which open lung biopsy was performed, a specific cause was found in 61.4 per cent: Pneumocystis carinii in 38.6 per cent, other infections in 9.1 per cent and tumor involvement in 13.7 per cent. There were nonspecific pulmonary changes in 38.6 per cent. Of the 56 cases in which biopsy, autopsy or both were performed, a specific diagnosis was made in 69.7 per cent: P. carinii infection in 37.5 per cent and other infections in 12.5 per cent. In cases in which neither biopsy nor autopsy was performed, a specific infection was diagnosed in 33 per cent; no specific diagnosis was made in the remainder. One patient in the entire group had a significant antibody titer for Legionnaire's disease. Although diagnostic in some cases, extensive serologic testing proved relatively unfruitful. Pneumocystosis was the most frequent diagnosis in this study. The cause of some cases remained obscure, even after lung biopsy.", "PMID": 420237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10345", "title": "Rhizopus osteomyelitis. A case report and review.", "content": "Mucormycosis osteomyelitis has previously been described exclusively in association with contiguous infections of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. In a patient with corticosteroid-dependent neutropenia and anemia osteomyelitis of the femur developed caused by the Mucoraceae Rhizopus. Although a primary focus was not identified, we believe this infection was hematogenous in origin. Mitogen stimulation to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) of the patient's lymphocytes revealed depressed cellullar immunity; however, there was specific response to Rhizopus extract. Treatment with systemic amphotericin B prevented further progression of the infection. A review of mucormycosis osteomyelitis is presented.", "contents": "Rhizopus osteomyelitis. A case report and review. Mucormycosis osteomyelitis has previously been described exclusively in association with contiguous infections of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. In a patient with corticosteroid-dependent neutropenia and anemia osteomyelitis of the femur developed caused by the Mucoraceae Rhizopus. Although a primary focus was not identified, we believe this infection was hematogenous in origin. Mitogen stimulation to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) of the patient's lymphocytes revealed depressed cellullar immunity; however, there was specific response to Rhizopus extract. Treatment with systemic amphotericin B prevented further progression of the infection. A review of mucormycosis osteomyelitis is presented.", "PMID": 420241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10346", "title": "Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Report of a case associated with pericardial effusion and cryoglobulinemia treated with indomethacin.", "content": "A patient with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome manifested by optic atrophy, purulent conjunctivitis and orogenital ulcerations presented with a high fever and pericardial effusion. A mixed cryoglobulinemia (immunoglobulin A (IgA)-immunoglobulin G (IgG)) was observed. Treatment with indomethacin resulted in rapid defervescence, resolution of the pericardial effusion and the orogenital ulcerations, and disappearance of the cryoglobulinemia. Discontinuation of indomethacin therapy was followed by a recurrence of the oral and genital ulcerations that responded promptly to the reinstitution of indomethacin treatment.", "contents": "Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Report of a case associated with pericardial effusion and cryoglobulinemia treated with indomethacin. A patient with Beh\u00e7et's syndrome manifested by optic atrophy, purulent conjunctivitis and orogenital ulcerations presented with a high fever and pericardial effusion. A mixed cryoglobulinemia (immunoglobulin A (IgA)-immunoglobulin G (IgG)) was observed. Treatment with indomethacin resulted in rapid defervescence, resolution of the pericardial effusion and the orogenital ulcerations, and disappearance of the cryoglobulinemia. Discontinuation of indomethacin therapy was followed by a recurrence of the oral and genital ulcerations that responded promptly to the reinstitution of indomethacin treatment.", "PMID": 420242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10347", "title": "Massive lymphadenopathy mimicking lymphoma in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.", "content": "Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis is increasingly noted to have a spectrum of laboratory findings suggestive of both lymphocytes and monocytes. However, previous reports have not noted a clinical presentation which may be confused with lymphoma. This report documents a case of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis in a 29 year old man with clinical findings of diffuse lymphadenopathy, organomegaly and cutaneous involvement. As cytotoxic agents may be dysfunctional in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, the ability to distinguish between the disorder and a lymphomatous process may be critical to the patient's management. Both morphologic examination of the \"hairy-cell\" and cytochemistry may not give an unequivocal differentiation between these two diseases. However, functional studies of the neoplastic cell, such as cell-marker analysis, phagocytic function and ultrastructural morphology, can define by noninvasive methods the correct diagnosis in the atypical presentation of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.", "contents": "Massive lymphadenopathy mimicking lymphoma in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis is increasingly noted to have a spectrum of laboratory findings suggestive of both lymphocytes and monocytes. However, previous reports have not noted a clinical presentation which may be confused with lymphoma. This report documents a case of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis in a 29 year old man with clinical findings of diffuse lymphadenopathy, organomegaly and cutaneous involvement. As cytotoxic agents may be dysfunctional in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, the ability to distinguish between the disorder and a lymphomatous process may be critical to the patient's management. Both morphologic examination of the \"hairy-cell\" and cytochemistry may not give an unequivocal differentiation between these two diseases. However, functional studies of the neoplastic cell, such as cell-marker analysis, phagocytic function and ultrastructural morphology, can define by noninvasive methods the correct diagnosis in the atypical presentation of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.", "PMID": 420244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10348", "title": "Pseudolymphoma of the lung in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A 47 year old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus was found to have asymptomatic pulmonary nodules. Histologically they represented benign reactive lymphoreticular hyperplasia compatible with the diagnosis of pseudolymphoma. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy demonstrated immunoreactants and electron-dense deposits in the alveolar and vascular walls, suggesting that an immune complex mechanism may be involved in this case.", "contents": "Pseudolymphoma of the lung in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. A 47 year old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus was found to have asymptomatic pulmonary nodules. Histologically they represented benign reactive lymphoreticular hyperplasia compatible with the diagnosis of pseudolymphoma. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy demonstrated immunoreactants and electron-dense deposits in the alveolar and vascular walls, suggesting that an immune complex mechanism may be involved in this case.", "PMID": 420245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10349", "title": "Orthostatic hypertension.", "content": "A 40 year old man was found to have marked hypertension when he was in the upright position with normal pressures when he was supine. Investigations disclosed normal catecholamine and renin levels. The baroreceptor reflex was somewhat depressed. The mechanism of this orthostatic hypertension is not known. The condition has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Orthostatic hypertension. A 40 year old man was found to have marked hypertension when he was in the upright position with normal pressures when he was supine. Investigations disclosed normal catecholamine and renin levels. The baroreceptor reflex was somewhat depressed. The mechanism of this orthostatic hypertension is not known. The condition has not been reported previously.", "PMID": 420246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10350", "title": "Infective endocarditis with negative blood cultures. An analysis of 52 cases.", "content": "The clinical records of 52 patients who were diagnosed clinically as having had infective endocarditis despite negative blood cultures have been reviewed. They differed at presentation from patients with positive blood cultures in more frequent receipt of antibiotics prior to culture and more frequent signs of major systemic emboli and congestive heart failure. Response of culture-negative patients with fever to empiric antibiotic therapy was correlated with survival, in that 92 per cent of the patients who became afebrile within the first week of therapy liver, whereas only 50 per cent of those who did not become afebrile lived. Deaths resulted primarily from major systemic emboli and from uncontrollable congestive heart failure due to valvular insufficiency. In 25 cases, valvular tissue was examined histologically. In 15 cases, vegetations were seen and organisms identified; in six cases, only vegetations were seen; and in four cases (16 per cent), the clinical diagnosis of infective endocarditis was not substantiated in the pathologic report.", "contents": "Infective endocarditis with negative blood cultures. An analysis of 52 cases. The clinical records of 52 patients who were diagnosed clinically as having had infective endocarditis despite negative blood cultures have been reviewed. They differed at presentation from patients with positive blood cultures in more frequent receipt of antibiotics prior to culture and more frequent signs of major systemic emboli and congestive heart failure. Response of culture-negative patients with fever to empiric antibiotic therapy was correlated with survival, in that 92 per cent of the patients who became afebrile within the first week of therapy liver, whereas only 50 per cent of those who did not become afebrile lived. Deaths resulted primarily from major systemic emboli and from uncontrollable congestive heart failure due to valvular insufficiency. In 25 cases, valvular tissue was examined histologically. In 15 cases, vegetations were seen and organisms identified; in six cases, only vegetations were seen; and in four cases (16 per cent), the clinical diagnosis of infective endocarditis was not substantiated in the pathologic report.", "PMID": 420248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10351", "title": "Use of circulating immune complex levels in the serodifferentiation of endocarditic and nonendocarditic septicemias.", "content": "Distinguishing endocarditic from nonendocarditic septicemias is prognostically and therapeutically important. One hundred two patients with both valvular and nonvalvular sepsis were studied for the presence and quantitation of circulating immune complexes. Ninety per cent of the patients with infective endocarditis versus 50 per cent of septic patients without infective endocarditis had circulating immune complex levels (p less than 0.005). Mean circulating immune complex levels in patients with infective endocarditis were significantly higher than in those without infective endocarditis, 106 +/- 18.58 microgram/ml versus 31 +/- 7.4 microgram/ml (p less than 0.005). Only three of 52 patients without infective endocarditis had circulating immune complex levels greater than 100 microgram/ml, as opposed to 16 of 50 patients with infective endocarditis (p less than 0.005). Similarly, one of 52 patients without infective endocarditis has circulating immune complex levels greater than 200 microgram/ml, as opposed to eight of 50 patients with infective endocarditis (p less than 0.05). In 92 per cent of the patients without infective endocarditis and 76 per cent of those with infective endocarditis peak circulating immune complex levels developed within 14 days after their entry into the study, often on the initial sampling. In febrile, septicemic patients with clinical symdromes nonclassic for endocarditis, measurements of serial circulating immune complex levels may be of adjunctive diagnosis importance. If circulating immune complex levels are undetectable, endocarditis would appear less likely; alternatively, levels above 100 to 200 microgram/ml would suggest a valvular rather than nonvalvular septic focus.", "contents": "Use of circulating immune complex levels in the serodifferentiation of endocarditic and nonendocarditic septicemias. Distinguishing endocarditic from nonendocarditic septicemias is prognostically and therapeutically important. One hundred two patients with both valvular and nonvalvular sepsis were studied for the presence and quantitation of circulating immune complexes. Ninety per cent of the patients with infective endocarditis versus 50 per cent of septic patients without infective endocarditis had circulating immune complex levels (p less than 0.005). Mean circulating immune complex levels in patients with infective endocarditis were significantly higher than in those without infective endocarditis, 106 +/- 18.58 microgram/ml versus 31 +/- 7.4 microgram/ml (p less than 0.005). Only three of 52 patients without infective endocarditis had circulating immune complex levels greater than 100 microgram/ml, as opposed to 16 of 50 patients with infective endocarditis (p less than 0.005). Similarly, one of 52 patients without infective endocarditis has circulating immune complex levels greater than 200 microgram/ml, as opposed to eight of 50 patients with infective endocarditis (p less than 0.05). In 92 per cent of the patients without infective endocarditis and 76 per cent of those with infective endocarditis peak circulating immune complex levels developed within 14 days after their entry into the study, often on the initial sampling. In febrile, septicemic patients with clinical symdromes nonclassic for endocarditis, measurements of serial circulating immune complex levels may be of adjunctive diagnosis importance. If circulating immune complex levels are undetectable, endocarditis would appear less likely; alternatively, levels above 100 to 200 microgram/ml would suggest a valvular rather than nonvalvular septic focus.", "PMID": 420250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10352", "title": "Clostridium septicum bacteremia. Its clinical significance.", "content": "The medical records of 59 patients with Clostridium septicum bacteremia were reviewed; 42 (71 per cent) of these patients had malignancies. One half had hematologic malignancies, and one half had solid tumors. Of the 21 patients with solid tumors, 14 (67 per cent) had cancer of the colon. Among these patients, the cecum was the most frequent site of malignancy. The cecum and distal ileum were the most probable portals of entry for C. septicum bacteremia among the 28 patients examined at autopsy. Patients admitted to the hospital with C. septicum bacteremia usually have fulminating clinical courses and, unless the appropriate antibiotics are administered soon after admission, the outcome is fatal. The results of this study demonstrate the high association of C. septicum bacteremia and malignancy, and the need for early recognition and therapy.", "contents": "Clostridium septicum bacteremia. Its clinical significance. The medical records of 59 patients with Clostridium septicum bacteremia were reviewed; 42 (71 per cent) of these patients had malignancies. One half had hematologic malignancies, and one half had solid tumors. Of the 21 patients with solid tumors, 14 (67 per cent) had cancer of the colon. Among these patients, the cecum was the most frequent site of malignancy. The cecum and distal ileum were the most probable portals of entry for C. septicum bacteremia among the 28 patients examined at autopsy. Patients admitted to the hospital with C. septicum bacteremia usually have fulminating clinical courses and, unless the appropriate antibiotics are administered soon after admission, the outcome is fatal. The results of this study demonstrate the high association of C. septicum bacteremia and malignancy, and the need for early recognition and therapy.", "PMID": 420252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10353", "title": "Clinical evaluation of netilmicin therapy in serious infections.", "content": "Netilmicin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, was evaluated in the therapy of 33 episodes of infection in 30 patients. Eighteen patients had documented bacteremia. Infection sites included pulmonary, urinary tract and soft tissue areas. A complete bacteriologic and clinical cure rate of 85 per cent was achieved. No treatment failures occurred in the bacteremic group. Although netilmicin is less effective than gentamicin in vitro against Pseudomonas, it was clinically and bacteriologically effective. Netilmicin bacteriologic cures occurred in patients whose organisms were inhibited by 6.2 microgram/ml or less of netilmicin. Despite a uniform dosing protocol, a wide range of netilmicin serum levels was obtained. Adverse effects were limited to one case of transient nephrotoxicity and one Candida urinary suprainfection. Netilmicin appears to be an effective, safe agent for the therapy of serious infections.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of netilmicin therapy in serious infections. Netilmicin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, was evaluated in the therapy of 33 episodes of infection in 30 patients. Eighteen patients had documented bacteremia. Infection sites included pulmonary, urinary tract and soft tissue areas. A complete bacteriologic and clinical cure rate of 85 per cent was achieved. No treatment failures occurred in the bacteremic group. Although netilmicin is less effective than gentamicin in vitro against Pseudomonas, it was clinically and bacteriologically effective. Netilmicin bacteriologic cures occurred in patients whose organisms were inhibited by 6.2 microgram/ml or less of netilmicin. Despite a uniform dosing protocol, a wide range of netilmicin serum levels was obtained. Adverse effects were limited to one case of transient nephrotoxicity and one Candida urinary suprainfection. Netilmicin appears to be an effective, safe agent for the therapy of serious infections.", "PMID": 420253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10354", "title": "Resettling mentally retarded adults in the community--almost 4 years later.", "content": "A cohort of 63 mentally retarded adults from three state schools was studied longitudinally for almost 4 years from the time they were resettled at a community residence in a large city. The purpose of the study was to determine whether changes in self-image, interpersonal relationships, work experience, use of leisure time, personal decision-making, and social competency would occur as a result of living in a new environment. Results of three interviews at different points in time were compared and presented by Birenbaum and Seiffer (1976). In the present study we compared results obtained through third- and fourth-wave interviews of 42 residents who remained at the community residence for almost 4 years. Respondents were found to maintain steady involvement in sheltered workshops and have some personal relations with peers, but they were less active participants in leisure activities in the community and more restricted in personal decision-making at home.", "contents": "Resettling mentally retarded adults in the community--almost 4 years later. A cohort of 63 mentally retarded adults from three state schools was studied longitudinally for almost 4 years from the time they were resettled at a community residence in a large city. The purpose of the study was to determine whether changes in self-image, interpersonal relationships, work experience, use of leisure time, personal decision-making, and social competency would occur as a result of living in a new environment. Results of three interviews at different points in time were compared and presented by Birenbaum and Seiffer (1976). In the present study we compared results obtained through third- and fourth-wave interviews of 42 residents who remained at the community residence for almost 4 years. Respondents were found to maintain steady involvement in sheltered workshops and have some personal relations with peers, but they were less active participants in leisure activities in the community and more restricted in personal decision-making at home.", "PMID": 420257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10355", "title": "Relationship between community environments and resident changes in adaptive behavior: a path model.", "content": "The relationship between environmental ratings of community homes using factor scores derived from Wolfensberger and Glenn's Program Analysis of Service System (PASS) and changes in adaptive behavior of residents living in those facilities was investigated. A path analysis was used to relate resident characteristics, e.g. age, IQ, and initial score on adaptive behavior, with six PASS environmental ratings and both of these sets of variables with average annual change in adaptive behavior over a 3-year period. The results showed that a number of PASS scores were significantly associated with positive change in adaptive behavior for specified types of residents. The most general finding was that older, less retarded residents improved in all aspects of adaptive behavior in conjunction with positive ratings on items dealing with comfort and deployment of staff, access to the home, local proximity of services, and blending with the neighborhood.", "contents": "Relationship between community environments and resident changes in adaptive behavior: a path model. The relationship between environmental ratings of community homes using factor scores derived from Wolfensberger and Glenn's Program Analysis of Service System (PASS) and changes in adaptive behavior of residents living in those facilities was investigated. A path analysis was used to relate resident characteristics, e.g. age, IQ, and initial score on adaptive behavior, with six PASS environmental ratings and both of these sets of variables with average annual change in adaptive behavior over a 3-year period. The results showed that a number of PASS scores were significantly associated with positive change in adaptive behavior for specified types of residents. The most general finding was that older, less retarded residents improved in all aspects of adaptive behavior in conjunction with positive ratings on items dealing with comfort and deployment of staff, access to the home, local proximity of services, and blending with the neighborhood.", "PMID": 420258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10356", "title": "Language differences between institutionalized and noninstitutionalized retarded children.", "content": "The linguistic performances of 15 noninstitutionalized and 15 institutionalized retarded children were compared on usage of grammatical categories and structure of spoken language (Length--Complexity Index) and for underlying subskills (Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities). Differences were not found between the groups for usage of grammatical categories or structures but were found for subskills of Auditory Reception. Auditory Sequential Memory, Verbal Expression, and Auditory Closure. Further analysis by multiple stepwise regression indicated that noninstitutionalized and institutionalized retarded children may be differentiated by examining a number of linguistic variables. The grammatical structure of language appeared less  affected by environment than were the semantic and auditory elements.", "contents": "Language differences between institutionalized and noninstitutionalized retarded children. The linguistic performances of 15 noninstitutionalized and 15 institutionalized retarded children were compared on usage of grammatical categories and structure of spoken language (Length--Complexity Index) and for underlying subskills (Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities). Differences were not found between the groups for usage of grammatical categories or structures but were found for subskills of Auditory Reception. Auditory Sequential Memory, Verbal Expression, and Auditory Closure. Further analysis by multiple stepwise regression indicated that noninstitutionalized and institutionalized retarded children may be differentiated by examining a number of linguistic variables. The grammatical structure of language appeared less  affected by environment than were the semantic and auditory elements.", "PMID": 420259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10357", "title": "Imitation in EMR boys: model competency and age.", "content": "The effects of model age and competence on the imitation behavior of 80 EMR boys were investigated. Subjects viewed a videotape in which either an adult or a peer performed a motor task with either high or low competence. In addition, the models engaged in four different kinds of off-task social behavior. The results indicated that the boys imitated the off-task social behavior emitted by high-competent and peer models more than low-competent and adult models. In addition, high-competent models were imitated more than were low-competent models on the motor-skill task, but no significant age effect was found. The efficacy of modeling as an instructional strategy was discussed, and we concluded that EMR boys should be exposed to competent models, especially peers, who emit a repertoire of adaptive behavior.", "contents": "Imitation in EMR boys: model competency and age. The effects of model age and competence on the imitation behavior of 80 EMR boys were investigated. Subjects viewed a videotape in which either an adult or a peer performed a motor task with either high or low competence. In addition, the models engaged in four different kinds of off-task social behavior. The results indicated that the boys imitated the off-task social behavior emitted by high-competent and peer models more than low-competent and adult models. In addition, high-competent models were imitated more than were low-competent models on the motor-skill task, but no significant age effect was found. The efficacy of modeling as an instructional strategy was discussed, and we concluded that EMR boys should be exposed to competent models, especially peers, who emit a repertoire of adaptive behavior.", "PMID": 420260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10358", "title": "Effect of labeling and teacher behavior on children's attitudes.", "content": "Seventy-eight fourth-grade subjects from a rural school containing an integrated special-education program viewed one of two videotapes that depicted a child demonstrating various kinds of academic and social behavior. On one tape, the teacher reacted positively to the child's behavior; on the other, negatively. The subjects were told that the child on the tape was either a \"normal,\" mentally retarded, or learning-disabled fourth grader. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two teacher conditions (positive or negative) and one of three labeling conditions. After viewing the videotape, the subjects filled out a peer-acceptance questionnaire concerning the child on the videotape. Results indicated that across all labeling conditions the subjects rated the child higher on the questionnaire when the child was reacted to positively by the teacher and, further, that the \"mentally retarded\" label led to significantly higher peer-acceptance ratings than did the \"normal\" or \"learning-disabled\" label.", "contents": "Effect of labeling and teacher behavior on children's attitudes. Seventy-eight fourth-grade subjects from a rural school containing an integrated special-education program viewed one of two videotapes that depicted a child demonstrating various kinds of academic and social behavior. On one tape, the teacher reacted positively to the child's behavior; on the other, negatively. The subjects were told that the child on the tape was either a \"normal,\" mentally retarded, or learning-disabled fourth grader. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two teacher conditions (positive or negative) and one of three labeling conditions. After viewing the videotape, the subjects filled out a peer-acceptance questionnaire concerning the child on the videotape. Results indicated that across all labeling conditions the subjects rated the child higher on the questionnaire when the child was reacted to positively by the teacher and, further, that the \"mentally retarded\" label led to significantly higher peer-acceptance ratings than did the \"normal\" or \"learning-disabled\" label.", "PMID": 420261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10359", "title": "Stress inoculation and interinstitutional transfer of mentally retarded individuals.", "content": "Forty-four mentally retarded individuals were studied to determine if relocation syndrome can be averted in interinstitutional transfer. Twenty-two persons who were transferred on a voluntary basis to a small, new, highly staffed facility and given individualized attention in preparation for the move were compared to a group of nontransferred matched control persons on the Progress Assessment Chart and the Maladaptive section of the Adaptive Behavior Scale, Which were administered prior to transfer and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after. The transferred group displayed no lowered functioning in adaptive behavior and no increase in maladaptive behavior. No relocation syndrome was evidenced as prerelocation preparation appears to have averted the deleterious effects of transfer.", "contents": "Stress inoculation and interinstitutional transfer of mentally retarded individuals. Forty-four mentally retarded individuals were studied to determine if relocation syndrome can be averted in interinstitutional transfer. Twenty-two persons who were transferred on a voluntary basis to a small, new, highly staffed facility and given individualized attention in preparation for the move were compared to a group of nontransferred matched control persons on the Progress Assessment Chart and the Maladaptive section of the Adaptive Behavior Scale, Which were administered prior to transfer and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after. The transferred group displayed no lowered functioning in adaptive behavior and no increase in maladaptive behavior. No relocation syndrome was evidenced as prerelocation preparation appears to have averted the deleterious effects of transfer.", "PMID": 420262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10360", "title": "Some correlates of language deterioration in severely and profoundly retarded long-term institutionalized residents.", "content": "Progress or deterioration in language use was observed in two samples of retarded institutionalized residents. One sample was observed twice, and the other three times, at 5-year intervals. We coded change in language use as noncommunicating, regressed irregular, stable, or progressed. Change in language use was found to be related to two indicators of intellectual capacity. Central nervous system involvement may play a part in irregular or totally absent communication. Institutional policies regarding transfer of residents also affect the apparent language deficit in longer-term residents.", "contents": "Some correlates of language deterioration in severely and profoundly retarded long-term institutionalized residents. Progress or deterioration in language use was observed in two samples of retarded institutionalized residents. One sample was observed twice, and the other three times, at 5-year intervals. We coded change in language use as noncommunicating, regressed irregular, stable, or progressed. Change in language use was found to be related to two indicators of intellectual capacity. Central nervous system involvement may play a part in irregular or totally absent communication. Institutional policies regarding transfer of residents also affect the apparent language deficit in longer-term residents.", "PMID": 420264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10361", "title": "Age, intelligence, and inspection time.", "content": "Ten young males whose IQ scores ranged from 51 to 71 were compared on a simple discrimination task with 10 male university students of the same CA and 28 nonrelated male children. Estimates of inspection time (lambda) were obtained from the pattern of errors made by each subject; lambda is assumed to reflect the rate at which sensory input is accumulated and processed. Average estimates of lambda from four groups of children (7, 8, 9, and 10 years) were 147, 142, 137, and 139 msec, respectively. The mean for university students was 130 msec, whereas that for retarded adults was 256 msec. Mean reaction time (RT) of all nonretarded groups increased as stimulus-exposure duration decreased, children being slower than adults. Retarded subjects' RT was less influenced by stimulus-exposure duration and was faster than that of nonretarded groups at the shortest exposure. These results suggest that slower perceptual speed among retarded persons is a consequence of a permanent deficiency; differences in response strategy may explain the differences in RT.", "contents": "Age, intelligence, and inspection time. Ten young males whose IQ scores ranged from 51 to 71 were compared on a simple discrimination task with 10 male university students of the same CA and 28 nonrelated male children. Estimates of inspection time (lambda) were obtained from the pattern of errors made by each subject; lambda is assumed to reflect the rate at which sensory input is accumulated and processed. Average estimates of lambda from four groups of children (7, 8, 9, and 10 years) were 147, 142, 137, and 139 msec, respectively. The mean for university students was 130 msec, whereas that for retarded adults was 256 msec. Mean reaction time (RT) of all nonretarded groups increased as stimulus-exposure duration decreased, children being slower than adults. Retarded subjects' RT was less influenced by stimulus-exposure duration and was faster than that of nonretarded groups at the shortest exposure. These results suggest that slower perceptual speed among retarded persons is a consequence of a permanent deficiency; differences in response strategy may explain the differences in RT.", "PMID": 420263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10362", "title": "Informant scoring errors on the Adaptive Behavior Scale.", "content": "Adaptive Behavior Scale Booklets (N = 284) completed by institutional direct-care personnel were examined for scoring errors. An average of over 2 errors per booklet was calculated, with the most prevalent errors involving simple addition or failure to subtract when directed. It was suggested that the format of the Adaptive Behavior Scale fosters errors of underestimation. Possible solutions to this problem were discussed.", "contents": "Informant scoring errors on the Adaptive Behavior Scale. Adaptive Behavior Scale Booklets (N = 284) completed by institutional direct-care personnel were examined for scoring errors. An average of over 2 errors per booklet was calculated, with the most prevalent errors involving simple addition or failure to subtract when directed. It was suggested that the format of the Adaptive Behavior Scale fosters errors of underestimation. Possible solutions to this problem were discussed.", "PMID": 420266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10363", "title": "Categorizing behavior in terms of severity: considerations for part two of Adaptive Behavior Scale.", "content": "Forty-five respondents were asked to rate the items in the Violent and Destructive Behavior domain from Part Two of the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale on a 1 (not very severe) to 4 (extremely severe) scale. In addition, they were asked to assign the items to one of five categories based on the effects of the behavior on the environment. There was considerable agreement concerning both the severity and the appropriate category for each item. Suggestions for revision of Part Two, including the need for a weighting system and more precise definitions of the behavior items, were discussed.", "contents": "Categorizing behavior in terms of severity: considerations for part two of Adaptive Behavior Scale. Forty-five respondents were asked to rate the items in the Violent and Destructive Behavior domain from Part Two of the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale on a 1 (not very severe) to 4 (extremely severe) scale. In addition, they were asked to assign the items to one of five categories based on the effects of the behavior on the environment. There was considerable agreement concerning both the severity and the appropriate category for each item. Suggestions for revision of Part Two, including the need for a weighting system and more precise definitions of the behavior items, were discussed.", "PMID": 420265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10364", "title": "Inadequacy of brief IQ measures in the classification of mentally retarded prisoners.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate the use of the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) and a Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) short form in determining the intellectual capacity and educational/treatment needs of mentally retarded offenders. The subjects were 52 male prisoners with borderline or retarded intellectual functioning. Their WAIS full-scale IQs were found  to be significantly different from their WAIS short-form and SIT IQs. These results suggest that we must continue to use the full WAIS in evaluating mentally retarded offenders.", "contents": "Inadequacy of brief IQ measures in the classification of mentally retarded prisoners. This study was designed to evaluate the use of the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) and a Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) short form in determining the intellectual capacity and educational/treatment needs of mentally retarded offenders. The subjects were 52 male prisoners with borderline or retarded intellectual functioning. Their WAIS full-scale IQs were found  to be significantly different from their WAIS short-form and SIT IQs. These results suggest that we must continue to use the full WAIS in evaluating mentally retarded offenders.", "PMID": 420267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10365", "title": "Testosterone levels in female partners of infertile couples. Relationship between androgen levels in the woman, the male factor, and the incidence of pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma testosterone levels were measured in the female partners of 146 consecutive infertile couples. The incidence of hyperandrogenism in the woman was correlated with ovarian function, incidence of pregnancy, male factor, and response of plasma testosterone levels to prednisone treatment. Over 70 per cent of the patients had pretreatment testosterone levels above 40 ng. per 100 ml. while after a minimum of two months of therapy approximately 80 per cent had levels below 40 ng. per 100 ml. High levels of plasma testosterone were associated with significant prolongation of the follicular phase of the cycle and increased incidence of amenorrhea or anovulation. An over-all pregnancy rate of 50.4 per cent resulted from the treatment. A direct relationship between pregnancy rates and sperm density as well as between pregnancy rates and degree of suppression of plasma testosterone after therapy was observed. These results demonstrate a high incidence of hyperandrogenism in female partners of infertile couples. The effectiveness of glucocorticoid treatment appears to be related to suppression of excessive androgen levels. The data also suggest that infertility is a relative state related to the fertility potential of each member of the couple. Improvement of the fertility potential of either member may result in conception.", "contents": "Testosterone levels in female partners of infertile couples. Relationship between androgen levels in the woman, the male factor, and the incidence of pregnancy. Plasma testosterone levels were measured in the female partners of 146 consecutive infertile couples. The incidence of hyperandrogenism in the woman was correlated with ovarian function, incidence of pregnancy, male factor, and response of plasma testosterone levels to prednisone treatment. Over 70 per cent of the patients had pretreatment testosterone levels above 40 ng. per 100 ml. while after a minimum of two months of therapy approximately 80 per cent had levels below 40 ng. per 100 ml. High levels of plasma testosterone were associated with significant prolongation of the follicular phase of the cycle and increased incidence of amenorrhea or anovulation. An over-all pregnancy rate of 50.4 per cent resulted from the treatment. A direct relationship between pregnancy rates and sperm density as well as between pregnancy rates and degree of suppression of plasma testosterone after therapy was observed. These results demonstrate a high incidence of hyperandrogenism in female partners of infertile couples. The effectiveness of glucocorticoid treatment appears to be related to suppression of excessive androgen levels. The data also suggest that infertility is a relative state related to the fertility potential of each member of the couple. Improvement of the fertility potential of either member may result in conception.", "PMID": 420268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10366", "title": "Quantitative bacteriology of the vaginal flora in vaginitis.", "content": "Vaginal flora was studied quantitatively in 29 sexually active women, 16 to 33 years of age, to define the role of C. vaginale in vaginitis. Seventeen were asymptomatic and 12 complained of symptoms of vaginitis. Seven asymptomatic women had scant secretions: four of these seven had C. vaginale at log10 6 to 9 CFU per milliliter, none of whom had \"clue\" cells; none had trichomonas or candida; six had lactobacilli at log10 7 to 9.7 per milliliter; only one had Bacteroidaceae at greater than log10 5 per milliliter. Ten asymptomatic women had easily collectable secretions; eight of 10 had C. vaginale at log10 6.5 to 9.6 per milliliter, three of whom had \"clue\" cells; four had trichomonas and none candida; nine had Lactobacilli at log10 7 to 9.3 per milliliter; four had Bacteroidaceae at greater than log10 5 per milliliter. Twelve had vaginitis: five of 12 had C. vaginale at log10 7.9 to 11 per milliliter, one of whom had \"clue\" cells; nine had either trichomonas or candida or both and three had no pathogen, including C. vaginale; 10 had Lactobacilli at log10 7 to 10 per milliliter; six had Bacteriodaceae at greater than log10 5 per milliliter. Three had \"clue\" cells in absence of C. vaginale.", "contents": "Quantitative bacteriology of the vaginal flora in vaginitis. Vaginal flora was studied quantitatively in 29 sexually active women, 16 to 33 years of age, to define the role of C. vaginale in vaginitis. Seventeen were asymptomatic and 12 complained of symptoms of vaginitis. Seven asymptomatic women had scant secretions: four of these seven had C. vaginale at log10 6 to 9 CFU per milliliter, none of whom had \"clue\" cells; none had trichomonas or candida; six had lactobacilli at log10 7 to 9.7 per milliliter; only one had Bacteroidaceae at greater than log10 5 per milliliter. Ten asymptomatic women had easily collectable secretions; eight of 10 had C. vaginale at log10 6.5 to 9.6 per milliliter, three of whom had \"clue\" cells; four had trichomonas and none candida; nine had Lactobacilli at log10 7 to 9.3 per milliliter; four had Bacteroidaceae at greater than log10 5 per milliliter. Twelve had vaginitis: five of 12 had C. vaginale at log10 7.9 to 11 per milliliter, one of whom had \"clue\" cells; nine had either trichomonas or candida or both and three had no pathogen, including C. vaginale; 10 had Lactobacilli at log10 7 to 10 per milliliter; six had Bacteriodaceae at greater than log10 5 per milliliter. Three had \"clue\" cells in absence of C. vaginale.", "PMID": 420269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10367", "title": "Use of intramuscular 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha in failed abortions.", "content": "Forty-five of 49 patients were aborted successfully with 15(S)-15-Me-PGF2alpha after previous techniques to induce abortion had met with failure in 39. Nine patients had spontaneous premature rupture of membranes without onset of labor. The majority of patients aborted within 7 hours following initiation of this method of treatment.", "contents": "Use of intramuscular 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha in failed abortions. Forty-five of 49 patients were aborted successfully with 15(S)-15-Me-PGF2alpha after previous techniques to induce abortion had met with failure in 39. Nine patients had spontaneous premature rupture of membranes without onset of labor. The majority of patients aborted within 7 hours following initiation of this method of treatment.", "PMID": 420270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10368", "title": "Defects of the central nervous system in Finland. IV. Associations with diagnostic x-ray examinations.", "content": "Based on the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations a search was undertaken to find possible associations between defects of the CNS and diagnostic x-ray examinations of the mother during pregnancy as well as pelvic x-ray examinations prior to pregnancy. Time-area--matched pregnancies and polydactylic children were used as controls. The risk of having a microcephalic child was increased for mothers with pelvic x-ray prior to pregnancy, but the number of discordant pairs was small. Of the examinations performed during pregnancy, fetal x-ray was significantly more common among mothers who delivered a CNS-defective child. No associations were observed for other kinds of examinations.", "contents": "Defects of the central nervous system in Finland. IV. Associations with diagnostic x-ray examinations. Based on the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations a search was undertaken to find possible associations between defects of the CNS and diagnostic x-ray examinations of the mother during pregnancy as well as pelvic x-ray examinations prior to pregnancy. Time-area--matched pregnancies and polydactylic children were used as controls. The risk of having a microcephalic child was increased for mothers with pelvic x-ray prior to pregnancy, but the number of discordant pairs was small. Of the examinations performed during pregnancy, fetal x-ray was significantly more common among mothers who delivered a CNS-defective child. No associations were observed for other kinds of examinations.", "PMID": 420273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10369", "title": "Estimation of fetal weight from ultrasonic measurements.", "content": "Ultrasonic measurements were made on 65 fetuses within 48 hours of delivery. Multiple regression analysis of birth weight and the natural logarithm of birth weight against several measured variables were obtained. The formula giving the best correlation was a polynomial regression of the natural logarithm of birth weight vs. trunk circumference, circumference, and a long axis measurement. The correlation was improved by excluding the first 15 patients but was not improved further by excluding the next 15. The best correlation was 0.944, giving a predicted birth weight error of +/- 103 Gm. (1 S.D.).", "contents": "Estimation of fetal weight from ultrasonic measurements. Ultrasonic measurements were made on 65 fetuses within 48 hours of delivery. Multiple regression analysis of birth weight and the natural logarithm of birth weight against several measured variables were obtained. The formula giving the best correlation was a polynomial regression of the natural logarithm of birth weight vs. trunk circumference, circumference, and a long axis measurement. The correlation was improved by excluding the first 15 patients but was not improved further by excluding the next 15. The best correlation was 0.944, giving a predicted birth weight error of +/- 103 Gm. (1 S.D.).", "PMID": 420274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10370", "title": "Genital mycoplasmas and birth weight in offspring of primigravid women.", "content": "The relationship between colonization of pregnant women by Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma and the outcome of pregnancy in a study of 104 women is reported. There were eight abortions but no multiple births or stillbirths. Excluding abortions, the mean gestational length was 39.6 weeks and the corrected mean birth weight was 3.28 kilograms. There was no relationship between maternal colonization by genital mycoplasmas and reduction in birth weight of the offspring, but five of the eight women who aborted harbored Ureaplasma, suggesting an increased trend toward abortion in women harboring Ureaplasma.", "contents": "Genital mycoplasmas and birth weight in offspring of primigravid women. The relationship between colonization of pregnant women by Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma and the outcome of pregnancy in a study of 104 women is reported. There were eight abortions but no multiple births or stillbirths. Excluding abortions, the mean gestational length was 39.6 weeks and the corrected mean birth weight was 3.28 kilograms. There was no relationship between maternal colonization by genital mycoplasmas and reduction in birth weight of the offspring, but five of the eight women who aborted harbored Ureaplasma, suggesting an increased trend toward abortion in women harboring Ureaplasma.", "PMID": 420275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10371", "title": "Differences in localization of insulin receptors and adenylate cyclase in the human placenta.", "content": "The interactions of hormones with plasma membranes in the human placenta were characterized for specific fetal and maternal components. The microvillus brush border membrane, which is exposed to maternal blood in the intervillous space, was markedly enriched in specific insulin receptors but contained no hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase. On the other hand, a basal plasma membrane fraction, which is presumably exposed more directly to fetal hormones, contained adenylate cyclase which was sensitive to prostaglandins, epinephrine, and fluoride but was not enriched in insulin receptors or other brush border markers. This study demonstrates separate fetal and maternal aspects of placental-hormone interactions. This separation and the relative impermeability of the placenta to hormones may allow for independent maternal and fetal components of the interaction of hormones with the placenta.", "contents": "Differences in localization of insulin receptors and adenylate cyclase in the human placenta. The interactions of hormones with plasma membranes in the human placenta were characterized for specific fetal and maternal components. The microvillus brush border membrane, which is exposed to maternal blood in the intervillous space, was markedly enriched in specific insulin receptors but contained no hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase. On the other hand, a basal plasma membrane fraction, which is presumably exposed more directly to fetal hormones, contained adenylate cyclase which was sensitive to prostaglandins, epinephrine, and fluoride but was not enriched in insulin receptors or other brush border markers. This study demonstrates separate fetal and maternal aspects of placental-hormone interactions. This separation and the relative impermeability of the placenta to hormones may allow for independent maternal and fetal components of the interaction of hormones with the placenta.", "PMID": 420276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10372", "title": "Intrapartum fetal heart rate and sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "The intrapartum fetal heart rate (FHR) tracings of 20 infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and 20 matched control infants, both drawn from a population at increased obstetrical risk, were compared. This is a blind retrospective study aimed at quantifying (a) the incidence of FHR patterns, (b) the range of FHR and variability levels, and (c) the episodes of variable and late decelerations occurring in conjunction with abnormal FHR levels. Tracings of SIDS infants were similar to those of control infants. Although the three infants with bradycardic FHR levels were restricted to the SIDS group, infants in this group could not be reliably differentiated from control infants on the basis of intrapartum FHR tracings.", "contents": "Intrapartum fetal heart rate and sudden infant death syndrome. The intrapartum fetal heart rate (FHR) tracings of 20 infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and 20 matched control infants, both drawn from a population at increased obstetrical risk, were compared. This is a blind retrospective study aimed at quantifying (a) the incidence of FHR patterns, (b) the range of FHR and variability levels, and (c) the episodes of variable and late decelerations occurring in conjunction with abnormal FHR levels. Tracings of SIDS infants were similar to those of control infants. Although the three infants with bradycardic FHR levels were restricted to the SIDS group, infants in this group could not be reliably differentiated from control infants on the basis of intrapartum FHR tracings.", "PMID": 420277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10373", "title": "Physiological and behavioral responses to starvation in the golden hamster.", "content": "Physiological and behavioral responses of adult hamsters to starvation were studied by measuring food intake, weight recovery, serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate, and ketonuria in animals subjected to different weight losses, diets, and durations of fast. Hamsters were debilitated by fasts longer than 12 h or leading to greater than 20% weight loss. Hamsters' feeding patterns were unmodified by fasts ranging between 5 and 12 h and showed no circadian periodicity. Hamsters predominantly recovered from weight losses without increasing their food consumption (unless they were offered a diet of pellets and seeds) and without changing their meal patterns, at a rate of weight gain proportional to the magnitude of preceding weight loss if provided with uninterrupted access to food. By 8 h of fast, blood metabolites were indicative of mobilization of body fat. Hamsters are thus behaviorally unresponsive to duration of fast, but compensate physiologically for weight losses with proportional increases in the rate of weight gain.", "contents": "Physiological and behavioral responses to starvation in the golden hamster. Physiological and behavioral responses of adult hamsters to starvation were studied by measuring food intake, weight recovery, serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate, and ketonuria in animals subjected to different weight losses, diets, and durations of fast. Hamsters were debilitated by fasts longer than 12 h or leading to greater than 20% weight loss. Hamsters' feeding patterns were unmodified by fasts ranging between 5 and 12 h and showed no circadian periodicity. Hamsters predominantly recovered from weight losses without increasing their food consumption (unless they were offered a diet of pellets and seeds) and without changing their meal patterns, at a rate of weight gain proportional to the magnitude of preceding weight loss if provided with uninterrupted access to food. By 8 h of fast, blood metabolites were indicative of mobilization of body fat. Hamsters are thus behaviorally unresponsive to duration of fast, but compensate physiologically for weight losses with proportional increases in the rate of weight gain.", "PMID": 420282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10374", "title": "Influence of somatostatin on glucagon- and epinephrine-stimulated hepatic glucose output in the dog.", "content": "Glucose kinetics were measured using [3-3H]glucose in conscious dogs during the infusion of: 1) glucagon alone; 2) glucagon plus somatostatin with insulin replacement; 3) epinephrine alone; and 4) epinephrine plus somatostatin with insulin and glucagon replacement. Infusion of glucagon alone resulted in a 10-15 mg/dl rise in plasma glucose and a transient 45% rise in glucose production. When somatostatin and insulin were added, a four- to fivefold greater rise in plasma glucose and glucose production was observed. Glucagon levels were comparable to those achieved with infusion of glucagon alone, whereas peripheral insulin levels increased three- to fourfold above baseline, suggesting adequate replacement of preinfusion portal insulin levels. Infusion of epinephrine alone produced a 40% rise in plasma glucose and a 100% rise in glucose production. When somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon were added to epinephrine, the rise in glucose production was reduced in 65% despite replacement of glucagon levels and presumably mild portal insulin deficiency. These findings suggest that somatostatin: 1) potentiates the stimulatory effect of physiologic hyperglucagonemia on glucose production independent of insulin availability and 2) blunts the stimulatory effect of physiologic increments of epinephrine independent of glucagon availability.", "contents": "Influence of somatostatin on glucagon- and epinephrine-stimulated hepatic glucose output in the dog. Glucose kinetics were measured using [3-3H]glucose in conscious dogs during the infusion of: 1) glucagon alone; 2) glucagon plus somatostatin with insulin replacement; 3) epinephrine alone; and 4) epinephrine plus somatostatin with insulin and glucagon replacement. Infusion of glucagon alone resulted in a 10-15 mg/dl rise in plasma glucose and a transient 45% rise in glucose production. When somatostatin and insulin were added, a four- to fivefold greater rise in plasma glucose and glucose production was observed. Glucagon levels were comparable to those achieved with infusion of glucagon alone, whereas peripheral insulin levels increased three- to fourfold above baseline, suggesting adequate replacement of preinfusion portal insulin levels. Infusion of epinephrine alone produced a 40% rise in plasma glucose and a 100% rise in glucose production. When somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon were added to epinephrine, the rise in glucose production was reduced in 65% despite replacement of glucagon levels and presumably mild portal insulin deficiency. These findings suggest that somatostatin: 1) potentiates the stimulatory effect of physiologic hyperglucagonemia on glucose production independent of insulin availability and 2) blunts the stimulatory effect of physiologic increments of epinephrine independent of glucagon availability.", "PMID": 420283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10375", "title": "Calcium and phosphorus deficiency in rats: effects on PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "Weanling male Holtzman rats were fed calcium.deficient, phosphorus-deficient, or control diets for 8 wk. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) was measured by radioimmunoassay, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) by a competitive binding assay. Rats fed the calcium-deficient diet (0.01% calcium, 0.6% phosphorus) became mildly hypocalcemic after 6 days. Serum calcium levels reached 5.5 +/- 0.4 mg/dl (mean +/- SD) in 5 wk (control 10.3 +/- 0.4 mg/dl). PTH increased from 285 +/- 112 to 3658 +/- 428 pg/ml within 6 wk. Maximum serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 (111.8 +/- 17.3 vs. control 11.4 +/- 3.8 ng/dl) were reached at 3 wk and thereafter declined to 44.6 +/- 14.0 ng/dl. In rats fed the phosphorus-deficient diet (0.6% calcium, 0.04% phosphorus), serum phosphorus fell within 24 h from 9.1 +/- 0.6 to 3.2 +/- 0.1 mg/dl, recovered to 5.6 +/- 0.4 mg/dl for 2-3 days, and then declined again. Serum calcium reached a maximum of 14.4 +/- 0.4 mg/dl at day 2 (control 10.8 +/- 0.5 mg/dl) and then slowly declined. PTH decreased within 24 h from 243 +/- 59 to 36 +/- 0 pg/ml in phosphorus-depleted rats. Serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 increased within 24 h and remained elevated after 6 wk of phosphorus deprivation (61.2 +/- 11.7 ng/dl vs. control 18.3 +/- 0.4 ng/dl).", "contents": "Calcium and phosphorus deficiency in rats: effects on PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Weanling male Holtzman rats were fed calcium.deficient, phosphorus-deficient, or control diets for 8 wk. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) was measured by radioimmunoassay, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) by a competitive binding assay. Rats fed the calcium-deficient diet (0.01% calcium, 0.6% phosphorus) became mildly hypocalcemic after 6 days. Serum calcium levels reached 5.5 +/- 0.4 mg/dl (mean +/- SD) in 5 wk (control 10.3 +/- 0.4 mg/dl). PTH increased from 285 +/- 112 to 3658 +/- 428 pg/ml within 6 wk. Maximum serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 (111.8 +/- 17.3 vs. control 11.4 +/- 3.8 ng/dl) were reached at 3 wk and thereafter declined to 44.6 +/- 14.0 ng/dl. In rats fed the phosphorus-deficient diet (0.6% calcium, 0.04% phosphorus), serum phosphorus fell within 24 h from 9.1 +/- 0.6 to 3.2 +/- 0.1 mg/dl, recovered to 5.6 +/- 0.4 mg/dl for 2-3 days, and then declined again. Serum calcium reached a maximum of 14.4 +/- 0.4 mg/dl at day 2 (control 10.8 +/- 0.5 mg/dl) and then slowly declined. PTH decreased within 24 h from 243 +/- 59 to 36 +/- 0 pg/ml in phosphorus-depleted rats. Serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 increased within 24 h and remained elevated after 6 wk of phosphorus deprivation (61.2 +/- 11.7 ng/dl vs. control 18.3 +/- 0.4 ng/dl).", "PMID": 420284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10376", "title": "Prostaglandins and tetrodotoxin-insensitive relaxation of opossum lower esophageal sphincter.", "content": "Field stimulation with pulses of 0.5 or 5 ms relaxed isolated strips of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) of the opossum; only responses to 0.5-ms pulses were inhibited by tetrodotoxin. Black widow spider venom prevented relaxation to both stimuli; thus both stimuli may release nonadrenergic inhibitory mediator. Isoproterenol, but not PGEs or ATP, was a consistent relaxant of LES. PGF2alpha (approximately 1 microgram/ml) and stable endoperoxides (approximately 10 ng/ml) stimulated LES muscle. Doses of indomethacin (IDM) or 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETA), which inhibited contractions to arachidonic acid increased then abolished LES tone, inhibited relaxations to 5-ms pulses and less effectively to 0.5-ms pulses. Inhibition of relaxation preceded loss of tone. Tone could be restored by carbachol, PGEs, or PGF2alpha and relaxation after IDM but not ETA was also restored. Prostaglandins may participate in functioning of nonadrenergic inhibitory nerves and in maintaining sphincter tone. Cells that did not appear to be smooth muscle were in gap junction contact with smooth muscles and closely apposed to nerves with small agranular vesicles. A role for these structures, which are postulated to be interstitial cells, in tetrodotoxin-insensitive prostaglandin-related release of nonadrenergic inhibitory mediator was proposed.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and tetrodotoxin-insensitive relaxation of opossum lower esophageal sphincter. Field stimulation with pulses of 0.5 or 5 ms relaxed isolated strips of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) of the opossum; only responses to 0.5-ms pulses were inhibited by tetrodotoxin. Black widow spider venom prevented relaxation to both stimuli; thus both stimuli may release nonadrenergic inhibitory mediator. Isoproterenol, but not PGEs or ATP, was a consistent relaxant of LES. PGF2alpha (approximately 1 microgram/ml) and stable endoperoxides (approximately 10 ng/ml) stimulated LES muscle. Doses of indomethacin (IDM) or 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETA), which inhibited contractions to arachidonic acid increased then abolished LES tone, inhibited relaxations to 5-ms pulses and less effectively to 0.5-ms pulses. Inhibition of relaxation preceded loss of tone. Tone could be restored by carbachol, PGEs, or PGF2alpha and relaxation after IDM but not ETA was also restored. Prostaglandins may participate in functioning of nonadrenergic inhibitory nerves and in maintaining sphincter tone. Cells that did not appear to be smooth muscle were in gap junction contact with smooth muscles and closely apposed to nerves with small agranular vesicles. A role for these structures, which are postulated to be interstitial cells, in tetrodotoxin-insensitive prostaglandin-related release of nonadrenergic inhibitory mediator was proposed.", "PMID": 420286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10377", "title": "Mesenteric lymph proteins in zinc-deficient rats.", "content": "Because zinc apparently has a role in amino acid utilization, we have studied possible consequences of zinc deficiency on the metabolism of amino acids in the intestinal mucosa by examining proteins transported via the mesenteric lymph in zinc-deficient and zinc-supplemented rats. Mesenteric lymph ducts were cannulated under pentobarbital, and on recovery the animals were fed [14C]leucine as a pulse dose by duodenal infusion. Protein output via intestinal lymph was generally constant over the infusion range studied. Total lymph protein output was not affected by zinc deficiency or supplementation. The electrophoretic pattern of the lymph protein revealed a protein band that migrated with the alpha2-globulins coincidental to zinc deficiency; the band disappeared after zinc supplementation. There was an inverse zinc-copper relationship in mesenteric lymph; duodenal infusion of zinc to deficient rats was followed by a decrease in lymph copper. Deficiency of zinc seems to have little influence on the quantitative aspect of protein carried in mesenteric lymph but seems to be involved with the nature of the protein in this body fluid.", "contents": "Mesenteric lymph proteins in zinc-deficient rats. Because zinc apparently has a role in amino acid utilization, we have studied possible consequences of zinc deficiency on the metabolism of amino acids in the intestinal mucosa by examining proteins transported via the mesenteric lymph in zinc-deficient and zinc-supplemented rats. Mesenteric lymph ducts were cannulated under pentobarbital, and on recovery the animals were fed [14C]leucine as a pulse dose by duodenal infusion. Protein output via intestinal lymph was generally constant over the infusion range studied. Total lymph protein output was not affected by zinc deficiency or supplementation. The electrophoretic pattern of the lymph protein revealed a protein band that migrated with the alpha2-globulins coincidental to zinc deficiency; the band disappeared after zinc supplementation. There was an inverse zinc-copper relationship in mesenteric lymph; duodenal infusion of zinc to deficient rats was followed by a decrease in lymph copper. Deficiency of zinc seems to have little influence on the quantitative aspect of protein carried in mesenteric lymph but seems to be involved with the nature of the protein in this body fluid.", "PMID": 420288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10378", "title": "Augmented vagal release of antral gastrin by 2-deoxyglucose after fundic vagotomy in dogs.", "content": "To study the relation between gastrin released by vagal excitation and the secretion of H+ and pepsin under various conditions, central vagal excitation was induced by 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) in doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body wt given as a single intravenous injection in seven gastric fistula dogs, three with fundic vagotomy and four with intact vagi. Serum gastrin increased linearly with dose doubling in both groups but was twice as high in the vagotomized dogs. Total acid output for 3 h was related linearly to integrated gastrin output in both groups, but the slope, H+/gastrin, was 10 times steeper in the vagally intact dogs (330 vs. 34 mueq/pg gastrin-ml-30 min) and pepsin output almost 20 times greater [5,400 peptic units (PU) vs. 296 PU]. Acidification of the antrum to pH 1.2-1.4 eliminated the gastrin response to 2DG in both groups of dogs. Atropine (100 microgram/kg iv) reduced serum gastrin in the vagotomized and increased it in the intact dogs. Atropinization uncovers stimulation by 2DG by pathways that do not involve muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Stimulation by both pathways is suppressible by acid. We conclude that fundic vagotomy removes an inhibitor of vagal gastrin release.", "contents": "Augmented vagal release of antral gastrin by 2-deoxyglucose after fundic vagotomy in dogs. To study the relation between gastrin released by vagal excitation and the secretion of H+ and pepsin under various conditions, central vagal excitation was induced by 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) in doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body wt given as a single intravenous injection in seven gastric fistula dogs, three with fundic vagotomy and four with intact vagi. Serum gastrin increased linearly with dose doubling in both groups but was twice as high in the vagotomized dogs. Total acid output for 3 h was related linearly to integrated gastrin output in both groups, but the slope, H+/gastrin, was 10 times steeper in the vagally intact dogs (330 vs. 34 mueq/pg gastrin-ml-30 min) and pepsin output almost 20 times greater [5,400 peptic units (PU) vs. 296 PU]. Acidification of the antrum to pH 1.2-1.4 eliminated the gastrin response to 2DG in both groups of dogs. Atropine (100 microgram/kg iv) reduced serum gastrin in the vagotomized and increased it in the intact dogs. Atropinization uncovers stimulation by 2DG by pathways that do not involve muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Stimulation by both pathways is suppressible by acid. We conclude that fundic vagotomy removes an inhibitor of vagal gastrin release.", "PMID": 420287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10379", "title": "Hepatic extraction of bile salts in conscious dogs.", "content": "The enterohepatic circulation of cholic acid conjugates (CAC) was studied in three conscious dogs by comparing the relationship of the concentration of CAC in portal, hepatic, and peripheral venous plasma samples collected simultaneously. The pool of CAC in each dog was labeled with 14C. Catheters were surgically placed in the jugular, left hepatic, and portal veins. Each dog was studied on 2 consecutive days, and each study consisted of a series of samples withdrawn from each catheter at 15-min intervals before and after gallbladder contraction with cholecystokinin. The concentration of CAC in the portal vein ranged from 3 micron (fasting) to 235 micron (after gallbladder contraction). In individual studies, the concentration of CAC increased four to sixfold. A linear relationship exists between the concentration of CAC in the portal vein to that in the hepatic and jugular veins. Thus, the fractional hepatic extraction of CAC is constant over the physiological range of the concentration of CAC in portal venous plasma. Mean extraction varied among the six studies from 0.618 +/- 0.072 (+/- 1 SD) to 0.983 +/- 0.010.", "contents": "Hepatic extraction of bile salts in conscious dogs. The enterohepatic circulation of cholic acid conjugates (CAC) was studied in three conscious dogs by comparing the relationship of the concentration of CAC in portal, hepatic, and peripheral venous plasma samples collected simultaneously. The pool of CAC in each dog was labeled with 14C. Catheters were surgically placed in the jugular, left hepatic, and portal veins. Each dog was studied on 2 consecutive days, and each study consisted of a series of samples withdrawn from each catheter at 15-min intervals before and after gallbladder contraction with cholecystokinin. The concentration of CAC in the portal vein ranged from 3 micron (fasting) to 235 micron (after gallbladder contraction). In individual studies, the concentration of CAC increased four to sixfold. A linear relationship exists between the concentration of CAC in the portal vein to that in the hepatic and jugular veins. Thus, the fractional hepatic extraction of CAC is constant over the physiological range of the concentration of CAC in portal venous plasma. Mean extraction varied among the six studies from 0.618 +/- 0.072 (+/- 1 SD) to 0.983 +/- 0.010.", "PMID": 420289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10380", "title": "Effect of solute-coupled volume absorption on oxygen consumption in cat ileum.", "content": "The effects of solute-coupled volume absorption on blood flow, oxygen consumption, and vascular resistance were analyzed in autoperfused segments of cat ileum. Intestinal absorption was stimulated by placing either Tyrode solution, Tyrode + glucose, or Tyrode + taurocholate into the ileal lumen. Net volume absorption rates (Jv,m) were determined using a volume recovery method. Oxygen consumption (VO2) increased during the absorption of all solutions. The absorption of Tyrode solution plus glucose caused the greatest increase in VO2, whereas Tyrode plus taurocholate resulted in the smallest increase. For Tyrode solution and Tyrode plus glucose absorption, the increased VO2 was due predominantly to an increased blood flow, whereas the increased VO2 with taurocholate resulted from an increased oxygen extraction. A linear relationship between the change in VO2 during transport and Jv,m was aquired for Tyrode solution, and Tyrode + glucose. The results indicate that the oxygen requirements of the absorbing intestine are dependent on both the rate of transport and the solutes being transported.", "contents": "Effect of solute-coupled volume absorption on oxygen consumption in cat ileum. The effects of solute-coupled volume absorption on blood flow, oxygen consumption, and vascular resistance were analyzed in autoperfused segments of cat ileum. Intestinal absorption was stimulated by placing either Tyrode solution, Tyrode + glucose, or Tyrode + taurocholate into the ileal lumen. Net volume absorption rates (Jv,m) were determined using a volume recovery method. Oxygen consumption (VO2) increased during the absorption of all solutions. The absorption of Tyrode solution plus glucose caused the greatest increase in VO2, whereas Tyrode plus taurocholate resulted in the smallest increase. For Tyrode solution and Tyrode plus glucose absorption, the increased VO2 was due predominantly to an increased blood flow, whereas the increased VO2 with taurocholate resulted from an increased oxygen extraction. A linear relationship between the change in VO2 during transport and Jv,m was aquired for Tyrode solution, and Tyrode + glucose. The results indicate that the oxygen requirements of the absorbing intestine are dependent on both the rate of transport and the solutes being transported.", "PMID": 420290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10381", "title": "Local intrarenal vasoconstrictor-vasodilator interactions in mild partial ureteral obstruction.", "content": "Micropuncture studies were performed in Munich-Wistar rats with surgically created chronic partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Mean values for superficial single nephron (SN)GFR, total GFR, and initial glomerular plasma flow rate (QA) in obstructed kidneys were essentially identical to values in nonobstructed kidneys. Nevertheless, glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure (PGC) was significantly higher in obstructed than in nonobstructed kidneys. This increase in PGC served to offset the markedly reduced glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient that was also confined to the kidneys ipsilateral to the ureteral obstruction. During infusion of indomethacin or meclofenamate, SNGFR and QA decreased significantly, in association with elevations in arteriolar resistances in obstructed kidneys, whereas such changes were not observed in nonobstructed kidneys. The results suggest that local intrarenal factors, rather than circulating or systemic factor(s), bring about functional adaptations to partial ureteral obstruction. In particular, an indomethacin- and meclofenamate-sensitive vasodilator (presumably prostaglandin) plays a role in antagonizing the effects of a simultaneously acting vasoconstrictor which, although not identified, displayed the functional properties of angiotensin II.", "contents": "Local intrarenal vasoconstrictor-vasodilator interactions in mild partial ureteral obstruction. Micropuncture studies were performed in Munich-Wistar rats with surgically created chronic partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Mean values for superficial single nephron (SN)GFR, total GFR, and initial glomerular plasma flow rate (QA) in obstructed kidneys were essentially identical to values in nonobstructed kidneys. Nevertheless, glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure (PGC) was significantly higher in obstructed than in nonobstructed kidneys. This increase in PGC served to offset the markedly reduced glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient that was also confined to the kidneys ipsilateral to the ureteral obstruction. During infusion of indomethacin or meclofenamate, SNGFR and QA decreased significantly, in association with elevations in arteriolar resistances in obstructed kidneys, whereas such changes were not observed in nonobstructed kidneys. The results suggest that local intrarenal factors, rather than circulating or systemic factor(s), bring about functional adaptations to partial ureteral obstruction. In particular, an indomethacin- and meclofenamate-sensitive vasodilator (presumably prostaglandin) plays a role in antagonizing the effects of a simultaneously acting vasoconstrictor which, although not identified, displayed the functional properties of angiotensin II.", "PMID": 420294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10382", "title": "Fluoride tissue distribution: short-term kinetics.", "content": "The short-term distribution kinetics of 18F, with and without added carrier, were studied in 12 soft tissues and femur following intravenous administration in rats. The animals were killed in groups of four at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 60 min after the dose. A tissue was judged to be kinetically homogeneous with plasma if an early and constant tissue water-to-plasma (T/P) 18F concentration ratio was established. In the carrier-free study, liver, heart, skin, fat, and kidney met this criterion. In the presence of carrier, four other tissues were added to this group. Brain, resting skeletal muscle, spleen, and femur did not achieve constant T/P values. The addition of carrier resulted in significantly lower T/P ratios in nine tissues. This was especially marked in femur. It is concluded that 1) none of the soft tissues studied strongly binds 18F; 2) most of these tissues are kinetically homogeneous with plasma; and 3) the presence of carrier fluoride can significantly influence the kinetic behavior and distribution of 18F. Finally, based on the current and previously reported 18F T/P ratios, and on reported intracellular-extracellular pH gradients, it is hypothesized that fluoride distribution in several soft tissues is determined by the diffusion equilibrium of HF, that is, by the magnitude of the transmembrane pH gradient.", "contents": "Fluoride tissue distribution: short-term kinetics. The short-term distribution kinetics of 18F, with and without added carrier, were studied in 12 soft tissues and femur following intravenous administration in rats. The animals were killed in groups of four at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 60 min after the dose. A tissue was judged to be kinetically homogeneous with plasma if an early and constant tissue water-to-plasma (T/P) 18F concentration ratio was established. In the carrier-free study, liver, heart, skin, fat, and kidney met this criterion. In the presence of carrier, four other tissues were added to this group. Brain, resting skeletal muscle, spleen, and femur did not achieve constant T/P values. The addition of carrier resulted in significantly lower T/P ratios in nine tissues. This was especially marked in femur. It is concluded that 1) none of the soft tissues studied strongly binds 18F; 2) most of these tissues are kinetically homogeneous with plasma; and 3) the presence of carrier fluoride can significantly influence the kinetic behavior and distribution of 18F. Finally, based on the current and previously reported 18F T/P ratios, and on reported intracellular-extracellular pH gradients, it is hypothesized that fluoride distribution in several soft tissues is determined by the diffusion equilibrium of HF, that is, by the magnitude of the transmembrane pH gradient.", "PMID": 420295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10383", "title": "Active amino acid absorption by proximal convoluted and proximal straight tubules.", "content": "Transport of glycine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) was studied in proximal convoluted (PCT) and proximal straight (PST) tubules isolated from rabbit kidney. In both segments, unidirectional lumen-to-bath fluxes (J1 leads to b) (pmol min-1mm-1) of glycine and AIB exceeded corresponding bath-to-lumen fluxes (Jb leads to 1), which demonstrated that both were actively absorbed. During J1 leads to b measurements, intracellular concentrations of both amino acids were greater than the luminal concentration, indicating that the site of active transport was the luminal membrane. Replacement of Na+ by choline in both perfusate and bath (PCT) or perfusate alone (PST) reduced J1 leads to b for glycine to equal Jb leads to 1. Nonlinear fitting of the relationship between J1 leads to b and the mean luminal glycine concentration according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics gave Jmax values of 28.5 (PCT) and 2.5 (PST) pmol min-1 mm-1, and Km values of 11.8 (PCT) and 0.7 (PST) mM. There was a parallel, Na+-independent, nonsaturable component of J1 leads to b characterized by an apparent permeability coefficient of 0.19 micron/s in the PCT and 0.04 micron/s in the PST.", "contents": "Active amino acid absorption by proximal convoluted and proximal straight tubules. Transport of glycine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) was studied in proximal convoluted (PCT) and proximal straight (PST) tubules isolated from rabbit kidney. In both segments, unidirectional lumen-to-bath fluxes (J1 leads to b) (pmol min-1mm-1) of glycine and AIB exceeded corresponding bath-to-lumen fluxes (Jb leads to 1), which demonstrated that both were actively absorbed. During J1 leads to b measurements, intracellular concentrations of both amino acids were greater than the luminal concentration, indicating that the site of active transport was the luminal membrane. Replacement of Na+ by choline in both perfusate and bath (PCT) or perfusate alone (PST) reduced J1 leads to b for glycine to equal Jb leads to 1. Nonlinear fitting of the relationship between J1 leads to b and the mean luminal glycine concentration according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics gave Jmax values of 28.5 (PCT) and 2.5 (PST) pmol min-1 mm-1, and Km values of 11.8 (PCT) and 0.7 (PST) mM. There was a parallel, Na+-independent, nonsaturable component of J1 leads to b characterized by an apparent permeability coefficient of 0.19 micron/s in the PCT and 0.04 micron/s in the PST.", "PMID": 420296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10384", "title": "Flow dependence of nonelectrolyte absorption in the nephron.", "content": "The axial flow dependence of nonelectrolyte absorption was examined in terms of a model incorporating interactions between net volume absorption and both saturable and nonsaturable solute absorption. The model solutions demonstrated that changes in transepithelial solute transport are produced by changes in the average luminal solute concentration. Even passive non-saturable solute absorption was shown to exhibit dependence on the perfusion rate, and, therefore, on the solute delivery rate, which could be incorrectly interpreted as demonstrating the presence of a saturable absorptive mechanism. For a unidirectional lumen-to-bath solute flux mediated in part by a saturable mechanism, the observed flux is dependent on the permeability of any parallel nonsaturable permeation pathway. This permeability also sets a lower bound on the luminal solute concentration which may be achieved during active net solute absorption by determining the rate of passive solute backleak. Extension of the model to incorporate dependence of net volume absorption on the delivery of nonelectrolytes predicted a relationship between perfusion rate and net volume absorption equivalent to approximately one-third of complete glomerulotubular balance.", "contents": "Flow dependence of nonelectrolyte absorption in the nephron. The axial flow dependence of nonelectrolyte absorption was examined in terms of a model incorporating interactions between net volume absorption and both saturable and nonsaturable solute absorption. The model solutions demonstrated that changes in transepithelial solute transport are produced by changes in the average luminal solute concentration. Even passive non-saturable solute absorption was shown to exhibit dependence on the perfusion rate, and, therefore, on the solute delivery rate, which could be incorrectly interpreted as demonstrating the presence of a saturable absorptive mechanism. For a unidirectional lumen-to-bath solute flux mediated in part by a saturable mechanism, the observed flux is dependent on the permeability of any parallel nonsaturable permeation pathway. This permeability also sets a lower bound on the luminal solute concentration which may be achieved during active net solute absorption by determining the rate of passive solute backleak. Extension of the model to incorporate dependence of net volume absorption on the delivery of nonelectrolytes predicted a relationship between perfusion rate and net volume absorption equivalent to approximately one-third of complete glomerulotubular balance.", "PMID": 420297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10385", "title": "Luminal influences on potassium secretion: sodium concentration and fluid flow rate.", "content": "Two methods of in vivo continuous microperfusion were used to evaluate separately luminal sodium concentration and fluid flow rate as factors regulating potassium secretion by the renal distal tubule of the rat. Emphasis was placed on evaluating changes in sodium concentration (43-97 mM) and flow rate (4-27 nl/min) within the physiological range. Absolute rates of Na, K, Cl, and H2O transport were measured. Results showed that increasing early distal flow rate without increasing early distal Na concentration significantly increased the absolute rate of potassium secretion by the distal tubule. In contrast, increasing early distal Na concentration, distal Na delivery, and distal Na absorption did not affect potassium secretion if flow rate was not changed. Further studies showed that reducing early distal Na concentration below the physiological range (to 15 mM) caused the direction of net sodium transport to be reversed but did not significantly reduce potassium secretion. Increasing early distal K concentration (to 34 mM) caused the direction of net potassium transport to be reversed. The rate of potassium secretion appears to depend in part on the luminal potassium concentration. Increases in luminal flow rate may increase the rate of potassium secretion by lowering the luminal K concentration.", "contents": "Luminal influences on potassium secretion: sodium concentration and fluid flow rate. Two methods of in vivo continuous microperfusion were used to evaluate separately luminal sodium concentration and fluid flow rate as factors regulating potassium secretion by the renal distal tubule of the rat. Emphasis was placed on evaluating changes in sodium concentration (43-97 mM) and flow rate (4-27 nl/min) within the physiological range. Absolute rates of Na, K, Cl, and H2O transport were measured. Results showed that increasing early distal flow rate without increasing early distal Na concentration significantly increased the absolute rate of potassium secretion by the distal tubule. In contrast, increasing early distal Na concentration, distal Na delivery, and distal Na absorption did not affect potassium secretion if flow rate was not changed. Further studies showed that reducing early distal Na concentration below the physiological range (to 15 mM) caused the direction of net sodium transport to be reversed but did not significantly reduce potassium secretion. Increasing early distal K concentration (to 34 mM) caused the direction of net potassium transport to be reversed. The rate of potassium secretion appears to depend in part on the luminal potassium concentration. Increases in luminal flow rate may increase the rate of potassium secretion by lowering the luminal K concentration.", "PMID": 420299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10386", "title": "Measurement of oxygen consumption in voltage-clamped epithelia.", "content": "Standard apparatus for in vitro study of anuran epithelia was adapted for the incorporation of Clark oxygen electrodes, permitting the concurrent measurement of electrical current (active sodium transport) and oxygen consumption under voltage-clamp conditions, with independent manipulation of the two bathing solutions. Stability was enhanced by electrical isolation of the O2 electrodes, sensitive temperature control (+/- 0.03 degrees C), and constancy of stirring rate. Mean rate of drift was less than 3.7% of the average rate of basal (i.e., nontransport related) O2 consumption. In the present configuration the response time was less than 15 s. Visual fitting of slopes of O2 tension evaluated rates of O2 consumption with adequate accuracy in the physiological range (basal rates averaged about 20 pmol-s-1-cm-2 toad bladder, corresponding to about 10 pmol-s-1-mg-1 dry wt, or about 5 pmol-s-1-ml-1 chamber volume). Rpresentative slopes were read with a standard deviation of 3.5%.", "contents": "Measurement of oxygen consumption in voltage-clamped epithelia. Standard apparatus for in vitro study of anuran epithelia was adapted for the incorporation of Clark oxygen electrodes, permitting the concurrent measurement of electrical current (active sodium transport) and oxygen consumption under voltage-clamp conditions, with independent manipulation of the two bathing solutions. Stability was enhanced by electrical isolation of the O2 electrodes, sensitive temperature control (+/- 0.03 degrees C), and constancy of stirring rate. Mean rate of drift was less than 3.7% of the average rate of basal (i.e., nontransport related) O2 consumption. In the present configuration the response time was less than 15 s. Visual fitting of slopes of O2 tension evaluated rates of O2 consumption with adequate accuracy in the physiological range (basal rates averaged about 20 pmol-s-1-cm-2 toad bladder, corresponding to about 10 pmol-s-1-mg-1 dry wt, or about 5 pmol-s-1-ml-1 chamber volume). Rpresentative slopes were read with a standard deviation of 3.5%.", "PMID": 420300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10387", "title": "Hypophysectomy and saralasin on mesenteric vasoconstrictor response to vasopressin.", "content": "The dose-response relationship of the mesenteric resistance vessels to vasopressin was studied in anesthetized laparotomized cats before and after hypophysectomy and again during the plateau phase of the response to a prolonged infusion of [Sar1-Ala8] angiotensin II (saralasin), a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II. Hypophysectomy and saralasin each caused an increase in superior mesenteric arterial conductance. Before hypophysectomy infusion of 0.5 mU/(min.kg) of vasopressin caused mesenteric conductance to decrease from 0.168 to 0.156 ml/(min.kg.mmHg), a change of only 0.012 units. After hypophysectomy, the same dose reduced conductance from 0.227 to 0.179 mU/(min.kg.mmHg), a change of 0.048 units. During the plateau phase of the response to saralasin, 0.5 mU/(min.kg) of vasopressin reduced conductance from 0.281 to 0.201 ml/(min.kg.mmHg), a change of 0.079 units. Hypophysectomy and saralasin had little effect on the mesenteric vasoconstrictor response to high doses of vasopressin (2.0-10 mU/(min.kg). The ineffectiveness of low doses of vasopressin on the mesenteric resistance vessels of the intact anesthetized, surgically stressed animal may be due in part to the already constricted state of the bed caused by endogenous vasopressin and angiotensin and in part due to an opposing vasodilator influence, the reflex withdrawal of the vasoconstrictor effect of endogenous vasopressin.", "contents": "Hypophysectomy and saralasin on mesenteric vasoconstrictor response to vasopressin. The dose-response relationship of the mesenteric resistance vessels to vasopressin was studied in anesthetized laparotomized cats before and after hypophysectomy and again during the plateau phase of the response to a prolonged infusion of [Sar1-Ala8] angiotensin II (saralasin), a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II. Hypophysectomy and saralasin each caused an increase in superior mesenteric arterial conductance. Before hypophysectomy infusion of 0.5 mU/(min.kg) of vasopressin caused mesenteric conductance to decrease from 0.168 to 0.156 ml/(min.kg.mmHg), a change of only 0.012 units. After hypophysectomy, the same dose reduced conductance from 0.227 to 0.179 mU/(min.kg.mmHg), a change of 0.048 units. During the plateau phase of the response to saralasin, 0.5 mU/(min.kg) of vasopressin reduced conductance from 0.281 to 0.201 ml/(min.kg.mmHg), a change of 0.079 units. Hypophysectomy and saralasin had little effect on the mesenteric vasoconstrictor response to high doses of vasopressin (2.0-10 mU/(min.kg). The ineffectiveness of low doses of vasopressin on the mesenteric resistance vessels of the intact anesthetized, surgically stressed animal may be due in part to the already constricted state of the bed caused by endogenous vasopressin and angiotensin and in part due to an opposing vasodilator influence, the reflex withdrawal of the vasoconstrictor effect of endogenous vasopressin.", "PMID": 420302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10388", "title": "Whole body response of the peripheral circulation following hemorrhage in the rat.", "content": "Changes in mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) after hemorrhage reflect the whole-body response of the peripheral circulation to restore the driving force for venous return. In this study, changes in MCFP were measured for 15 min following a rapid 8 ml/kg hemorrhage. Three groups of rats were studied: 1) conscious, untreated; 2) conscious, ganglion blocked; and 3) pentobarbital anesthetized. In all three groups, hemorrhage decreased MCFP approximately 2.6 mmHg immediately after hemorrhage. In the conscious untreated rat, MCFP recovered 1.3 mmHg in 15 min; 83% of this recovery was complete within 2 min, and over 50% was complete by 30 s posthemorrhage. With ganglionic blockade, recovery was slowed to about 70% of that in the conscious, untreated animal during the first 5 min after hemorrhage. MCFP recovery was substantially depressed by pentobarbital, averaging only 42% of that in the untreated animal 5 min after hemorrhage. The results demonstrate that peripheral changes can quickly restore nearly 50% of the MCFP decrease occurring immediately after mild hemorrhage and that about one-third of this response is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Pentobarbital anesthesia greatly inhibits recovery, although its repressive mechanism is not known.", "contents": "Whole body response of the peripheral circulation following hemorrhage in the rat. Changes in mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) after hemorrhage reflect the whole-body response of the peripheral circulation to restore the driving force for venous return. In this study, changes in MCFP were measured for 15 min following a rapid 8 ml/kg hemorrhage. Three groups of rats were studied: 1) conscious, untreated; 2) conscious, ganglion blocked; and 3) pentobarbital anesthetized. In all three groups, hemorrhage decreased MCFP approximately 2.6 mmHg immediately after hemorrhage. In the conscious untreated rat, MCFP recovered 1.3 mmHg in 15 min; 83% of this recovery was complete within 2 min, and over 50% was complete by 30 s posthemorrhage. With ganglionic blockade, recovery was slowed to about 70% of that in the conscious, untreated animal during the first 5 min after hemorrhage. MCFP recovery was substantially depressed by pentobarbital, averaging only 42% of that in the untreated animal 5 min after hemorrhage. The results demonstrate that peripheral changes can quickly restore nearly 50% of the MCFP decrease occurring immediately after mild hemorrhage and that about one-third of this response is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Pentobarbital anesthesia greatly inhibits recovery, although its repressive mechanism is not known.", "PMID": 420303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10389", "title": "Distribution of cardiac output during induced isometric exercise in dogs.", "content": "Studies were designed to characterize the distribution of cardiac output during induced isometric exercise in anesthetized dogs. The response to isometric exercise involved significant increases in heart rate (+12 +/- 3%(SE)), mean arterial pressure (+13 +/- 2%), cardiac output (+26 +/- 8%), and respiratory minute volume (+75 +/- 26%); total peripheral resistance did not change significantly. Significant changes in blood flow were observed during isometric exercise in kidneys (-18 +/- 6%) and contracting limb muscles (+453 +/- 154%). Flow to liver (hepatic artery), spleen, brain, and myocardium remained near control values. Section of spinal dorsal roots L6-L7 abolished the responses to isometric exercise except for the increase in flow to exercising limb muscles. Alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade abolished the decrease in renal blood flow during isometric exercise; however, the increase in flow to exercising limb muscles was not affected by either alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade.", "contents": "Distribution of cardiac output during induced isometric exercise in dogs. Studies were designed to characterize the distribution of cardiac output during induced isometric exercise in anesthetized dogs. The response to isometric exercise involved significant increases in heart rate (+12 +/- 3%(SE)), mean arterial pressure (+13 +/- 2%), cardiac output (+26 +/- 8%), and respiratory minute volume (+75 +/- 26%); total peripheral resistance did not change significantly. Significant changes in blood flow were observed during isometric exercise in kidneys (-18 +/- 6%) and contracting limb muscles (+453 +/- 154%). Flow to liver (hepatic artery), spleen, brain, and myocardium remained near control values. Section of spinal dorsal roots L6-L7 abolished the responses to isometric exercise except for the increase in flow to exercising limb muscles. Alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade abolished the decrease in renal blood flow during isometric exercise; however, the increase in flow to exercising limb muscles was not affected by either alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade.", "PMID": 420304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10390", "title": "Hemodynamic and metabolic adjustments during exercise and shock avoidance in dogs.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine whether the hemodynamic and metabolic  consequences of a physical (treadmill excercise) and behavioral (signaled shock-avoidance) stressor could be differentiated. To do this, direct continuous recordings of cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and discrete determinations of the arterial-mixed venous oxygen ((a-v)O2) content difference were analyzed in six dogs during exposure to three grades of treadmill exercise and when working on a shock-avoidance task. The results indicated that in five animals the relationship between cardiac output and the (a-v)O2 difference during shock-avoidance conditioning was significantly different from the corresponding pattern observed during exercise. In four animals the data suggested that avoidance conditioning, relative to exercise stress, elicited overperfusion. Behavioral stress also produced reliable elevations in diastolic and systolic blood pressure. These results suggest that, when compared to physical stress, behavioral stress can produce a dissociation of cardiovascular and metabolic processes in the presence of acute pressor responses.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and metabolic adjustments during exercise and shock avoidance in dogs. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the hemodynamic and metabolic  consequences of a physical (treadmill excercise) and behavioral (signaled shock-avoidance) stressor could be differentiated. To do this, direct continuous recordings of cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and discrete determinations of the arterial-mixed venous oxygen ((a-v)O2) content difference were analyzed in six dogs during exposure to three grades of treadmill exercise and when working on a shock-avoidance task. The results indicated that in five animals the relationship between cardiac output and the (a-v)O2 difference during shock-avoidance conditioning was significantly different from the corresponding pattern observed during exercise. In four animals the data suggested that avoidance conditioning, relative to exercise stress, elicited overperfusion. Behavioral stress also produced reliable elevations in diastolic and systolic blood pressure. These results suggest that, when compared to physical stress, behavioral stress can produce a dissociation of cardiovascular and metabolic processes in the presence of acute pressor responses.", "PMID": 420305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10391", "title": "Regional oxygen consumption and supply in the dog heart: effect of atrial pacing.", "content": "The effects of atrial pacing on the relationship of O2 supply to demand were studied on a regional basis in the dog heart. Experiments were conducted on fourteen hearts, seven in control pentobarbital-anesthetized, open-chest dogs and seven in dogs paced at 225 beats/min. Regional O2 extraction was determined by a microspectrophotometric method, and coronary blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres. There was an 89% increase in coronary blood flow, a small but significant decrease in O2 extraction, and an increase in O2 consumption with atrial pacing. With pacing the increase in blood flow and the decrease in O2 extraction were uniform throughout the heart. In control hearts, right ventricular blood flow and O2 consumption were lower than the mean in the septal or left ventricular free wall. In the left ventricular free wall in control, the subepicardial region had a lower O2 consumption and O2 extraction than the subendocardial region. These differences were also preserved during pacing. Due to the large increase in coronary blood flow, the relationship of oxygen supply to demand was improved by atrial pacing.", "contents": "Regional oxygen consumption and supply in the dog heart: effect of atrial pacing. The effects of atrial pacing on the relationship of O2 supply to demand were studied on a regional basis in the dog heart. Experiments were conducted on fourteen hearts, seven in control pentobarbital-anesthetized, open-chest dogs and seven in dogs paced at 225 beats/min. Regional O2 extraction was determined by a microspectrophotometric method, and coronary blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres. There was an 89% increase in coronary blood flow, a small but significant decrease in O2 extraction, and an increase in O2 consumption with atrial pacing. With pacing the increase in blood flow and the decrease in O2 extraction were uniform throughout the heart. In control hearts, right ventricular blood flow and O2 consumption were lower than the mean in the septal or left ventricular free wall. In the left ventricular free wall in control, the subepicardial region had a lower O2 consumption and O2 extraction than the subendocardial region. These differences were also preserved during pacing. Due to the large increase in coronary blood flow, the relationship of oxygen supply to demand was improved by atrial pacing.", "PMID": 420306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10392", "title": "Myocardial energetics during isometric twitch contractions of cat papillary muscle.", "content": "During myocardial tetanus, when activation is maximum and constant, there is a linear relationship throughout contraction between oxygen consumption (MVo2) and the cumulative product of active tension and time (integral of AT). The goal of this study was to determine the relation of MVo2 to integral of AT during isometric myocardial twitch contractions. Ten right ventricular cat papillary muscles were studied in a flow respirometer. MVo2 was determined during contractions unloaded from Lmax to a slack length at successive 100-ms intervals after stimulation. In contrast to the linear relationship observed during tetanus, MVo2/integral of AT varied during twitch contractions: when the muscles were made slack 100 ms after stimulation MVo2/integral of AT was 389 +/- 51 (SE) (nl of O2/mg of dry muscle)/(N of active tension/mm2.s of active tension). This value was 94 +/- 7 at peak active tension and was constant thereafter. There was a continuous increase in cumulative MVo2 as integral of AT increased; before integral of AT began, MVo2 was 0.41 +/- 0.04 (nl of O2/mg)/contraction at Lmax and 0.22 +/- 0.04 at a slack length; at peak isometric tension MVo2 was 1.84 +/- 0.19; for a complete contraction MVo2 was 2.89 +/- 0.25. These data support two concepts 1) activation energy is small and dependent on initial length and tension; and 2) integral of AT is variably energy dependent throughout the entire isometric twitch contraction.", "contents": "Myocardial energetics during isometric twitch contractions of cat papillary muscle. During myocardial tetanus, when activation is maximum and constant, there is a linear relationship throughout contraction between oxygen consumption (MVo2) and the cumulative product of active tension and time (integral of AT). The goal of this study was to determine the relation of MVo2 to integral of AT during isometric myocardial twitch contractions. Ten right ventricular cat papillary muscles were studied in a flow respirometer. MVo2 was determined during contractions unloaded from Lmax to a slack length at successive 100-ms intervals after stimulation. In contrast to the linear relationship observed during tetanus, MVo2/integral of AT varied during twitch contractions: when the muscles were made slack 100 ms after stimulation MVo2/integral of AT was 389 +/- 51 (SE) (nl of O2/mg of dry muscle)/(N of active tension/mm2.s of active tension). This value was 94 +/- 7 at peak active tension and was constant thereafter. There was a continuous increase in cumulative MVo2 as integral of AT increased; before integral of AT began, MVo2 was 0.41 +/- 0.04 (nl of O2/mg)/contraction at Lmax and 0.22 +/- 0.04 at a slack length; at peak isometric tension MVo2 was 1.84 +/- 0.19; for a complete contraction MVo2 was 2.89 +/- 0.25. These data support two concepts 1) activation energy is small and dependent on initial length and tension; and 2) integral of AT is variably energy dependent throughout the entire isometric twitch contraction.", "PMID": 420308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10393", "title": "Effects of hemodynamic alterations on wall motion in the canine right ventricle.", "content": "Regional right ventricular (RV) wall motion was analyzed in six closed-chest, anesthetized, paced dogs by measuring distances between chronically implanted radiopaque markers on RV free wall and septum. Normally, contraction started in the sinus region 25 ms before conus region. Highest velocities of shortening occurred in the conus region (2.42 +/- 0.33 lengths/s) and in septum-to-free-wall direction (2.56 +/- 0.40 l/s). Percent shortening for all regions was between 12% and 17%. The data indicate that the RV ejects blood by a uniform reduction in its free wall surface area and septal-to-free-wall distance. Reduced venous return decreased end-diastolic length, percent shortening, maximum velocity of shortening, and time to end-systolic length. RV pressure overload increased end-diastolic length and decreased percent shortening and maximum velocity of shortening. LV pressure overload led to a nonhomogeneous contraction pattern. Percent shortening and maximum velocity of shortening increased in sinal and conal transverse directions and decreased in sinal and conal longitudinal directions; these changes indicate a mechanical interaction between RV and LV.", "contents": "Effects of hemodynamic alterations on wall motion in the canine right ventricle. Regional right ventricular (RV) wall motion was analyzed in six closed-chest, anesthetized, paced dogs by measuring distances between chronically implanted radiopaque markers on RV free wall and septum. Normally, contraction started in the sinus region 25 ms before conus region. Highest velocities of shortening occurred in the conus region (2.42 +/- 0.33 lengths/s) and in septum-to-free-wall direction (2.56 +/- 0.40 l/s). Percent shortening for all regions was between 12% and 17%. The data indicate that the RV ejects blood by a uniform reduction in its free wall surface area and septal-to-free-wall distance. Reduced venous return decreased end-diastolic length, percent shortening, maximum velocity of shortening, and time to end-systolic length. RV pressure overload increased end-diastolic length and decreased percent shortening and maximum velocity of shortening. LV pressure overload led to a nonhomogeneous contraction pattern. Percent shortening and maximum velocity of shortening increased in sinal and conal transverse directions and decreased in sinal and conal longitudinal directions; these changes indicate a mechanical interaction between RV and LV.", "PMID": 420309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10394", "title": "Measurement of endogenous norepinephrine overflow from canine saphenous veins.", "content": "A method for the measurement of norepinephrine (NE) overflow from isolated superfused canine saphenous veins is described. This method involves concentrating NE present in the superfusate, followed by measurement of its concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The limit of sensitivity of the method (defined as a signal-to-noise ratio of 5) was 25 pg. NE concentration measured by this method correlated well (r = 0.95) with that measured by standard fluorometric methods. Electrical stimulation caused an initial overflow of a mean of 115 X 10(-18) mol NE/mg of vein per pulse; this was associated with an increase in isometric tension. With continued stimulation, less NE overflowed into the superfusate, although tension was not reduced appreciably.", "contents": "Measurement of endogenous norepinephrine overflow from canine saphenous veins. A method for the measurement of norepinephrine (NE) overflow from isolated superfused canine saphenous veins is described. This method involves concentrating NE present in the superfusate, followed by measurement of its concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The limit of sensitivity of the method (defined as a signal-to-noise ratio of 5) was 25 pg. NE concentration measured by this method correlated well (r = 0.95) with that measured by standard fluorometric methods. Electrical stimulation caused an initial overflow of a mean of 115 X 10(-18) mol NE/mg of vein per pulse; this was associated with an increase in isometric tension. With continued stimulation, less NE overflowed into the superfusate, although tension was not reduced appreciably.", "PMID": 420310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10395", "title": "Inferior cardiac nerve activity in the cat during occlusion of the mesenteric artery.", "content": "A number of studies in this and other laboratories using hemodynamic and pharmacologic evidence have suggested that occlusion of the mesenteric artery evokes a pressor reflex initiated by mesenteric baroreceptors. To provide additional evidence in support of this hypothesis, neurophysiological recordings were made of inferior cardiac nerve activity during mesenteric artery occlusion (MAO). The results indicate that MAO enhances inferior cardiac nerve activity in the cat, providing that the carotid sinus nerves have been cut. Cutting of the mesenteric nerves further facilitates cardiac nerve activity and abolishes the response to mesenteric artery occlusion. The evidence suggests that MAO evokes a reflex sympathetic discharge which is subject to override by the carotid sinus depressor reflex. The afferent limb of the reflex is characterized by a tonic depressor outflow from the mesenteric pressure receptors.", "contents": "Inferior cardiac nerve activity in the cat during occlusion of the mesenteric artery. A number of studies in this and other laboratories using hemodynamic and pharmacologic evidence have suggested that occlusion of the mesenteric artery evokes a pressor reflex initiated by mesenteric baroreceptors. To provide additional evidence in support of this hypothesis, neurophysiological recordings were made of inferior cardiac nerve activity during mesenteric artery occlusion (MAO). The results indicate that MAO enhances inferior cardiac nerve activity in the cat, providing that the carotid sinus nerves have been cut. Cutting of the mesenteric nerves further facilitates cardiac nerve activity and abolishes the response to mesenteric artery occlusion. The evidence suggests that MAO evokes a reflex sympathetic discharge which is subject to override by the carotid sinus depressor reflex. The afferent limb of the reflex is characterized by a tonic depressor outflow from the mesenteric pressure receptors.", "PMID": 420311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10396", "title": "Diminished contractile response of aortas from diabetic rabbits.", "content": "We investigated the responsiveness of isolated diabetic and normal rabbit aortic strips to norepinephrine. Alloxan, 160 mg/kg, was administered intravenously 1 mo before experiments were performed. Helically cut thoracic aortic strips from diabetic and control animals were suspended side by side in the same muscle bath. The maximum contractile response to norepinephrine of diabetic strips was 68 +/- 5% of control in eight pairs of animals (P less than 0.001). This differential response was not changed by propranolol or cocaine, indicating that it is not explained by either enhanced beta receptor activity or more avid uptake of norepinephrine by nerve endings. Tyramine responses displayed the same differential, suggesting that endogenous release of norepinephrine also results in a lower response of diabetic aortic strips. Maximum responses to KCl were also markedly depressed in strips from nine diabetic rabbits (P less than 0.005). This indicates that the diabetes-induced changes occur at a stage in contraction beyond alpha-receptor activation.", "contents": "Diminished contractile response of aortas from diabetic rabbits. We investigated the responsiveness of isolated diabetic and normal rabbit aortic strips to norepinephrine. Alloxan, 160 mg/kg, was administered intravenously 1 mo before experiments were performed. Helically cut thoracic aortic strips from diabetic and control animals were suspended side by side in the same muscle bath. The maximum contractile response to norepinephrine of diabetic strips was 68 +/- 5% of control in eight pairs of animals (P less than 0.001). This differential response was not changed by propranolol or cocaine, indicating that it is not explained by either enhanced beta receptor activity or more avid uptake of norepinephrine by nerve endings. Tyramine responses displayed the same differential, suggesting that endogenous release of norepinephrine also results in a lower response of diabetic aortic strips. Maximum responses to KCl were also markedly depressed in strips from nine diabetic rabbits (P less than 0.005). This indicates that the diabetes-induced changes occur at a stage in contraction beyond alpha-receptor activation.", "PMID": 420312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10397", "title": "Hypertension in dogs during antidiuretic hormone and hypotonic saline infusion.", "content": "Experimental hypertension was produced in 7 dogs by continuously infusing suppressor amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and hypotonic saline after renal mass had been surgically reduced to 30% of normal. Data were collected during 9 days of control measurements, 14 days of ADH and saline infusion, and then 3 days of saline infusion to 1) determine the chronic effects of ADH on arterial pressure and 2) determine whether hypertension could be maintained during hyponatremia. During the period of ADH infusion, arterial pressure increased to hypertensive levels while plasma sodium concentration decreased almost 20 meq/1. Also, during the ADH infusion period, the dogs demonstrated decreases in heart rate, plasm potassium concentration, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone concentration. Fluid volume expansion was evidenced by sustained increases in blood volume and sodium space. We conclude that when renal function is compromised, subpressor amounts of ADH can contribute to the development of hypertension, probably due to its fluid-retaining properties and in spite of the attendant hyponatremia.", "contents": "Hypertension in dogs during antidiuretic hormone and hypotonic saline infusion. Experimental hypertension was produced in 7 dogs by continuously infusing suppressor amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and hypotonic saline after renal mass had been surgically reduced to 30% of normal. Data were collected during 9 days of control measurements, 14 days of ADH and saline infusion, and then 3 days of saline infusion to 1) determine the chronic effects of ADH on arterial pressure and 2) determine whether hypertension could be maintained during hyponatremia. During the period of ADH infusion, arterial pressure increased to hypertensive levels while plasma sodium concentration decreased almost 20 meq/1. Also, during the ADH infusion period, the dogs demonstrated decreases in heart rate, plasm potassium concentration, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone concentration. Fluid volume expansion was evidenced by sustained increases in blood volume and sodium space. We conclude that when renal function is compromised, subpressor amounts of ADH can contribute to the development of hypertension, probably due to its fluid-retaining properties and in spite of the attendant hyponatremia.", "PMID": 420314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10398", "title": "Regional diastolic mechanics of the left ventricle in the conscious dog.", "content": "In eight chronically instrumented conscious dogs, apical and middle left ventricular transverse diameters were measured with pulse-transit ultrasonic dimension transducers. Intracavitary apical and midventricular pressures and intrapleural pressure were measured with micromanometers. Both diameters were normalized as a percent extension from the dimension at zero transmural pressure, determined during a transient vena caval occlusion. During the rapid phase of diastolic filling, there was a 2--5 mmHg pressure gradient from the midventricle to the apex. During late rapid filling, the apical transmural pressure and diameter increased more rapidly and reached diastasis 17 +/- 4 ms earlier than the corresponding midventricular measurements (P less than 0.01). The static diastolic pressure-dimension characteristics at the apical and midventricular levels were not significantly different (P greater than 0.30). The dynamic diastolic pressure-dimension relationship was also similar at the two levels and could be represented by a model incorporating parallel viscous properties. Because of regional differences in pressures and dimensions, however, the dynamic relationship could not be modeled when pressure was compared to the dimension at a different level. Thus, diastolic pressures should be measured at the same level as dimensions when assessing left ventricular diastolic mechanics.", "contents": "Regional diastolic mechanics of the left ventricle in the conscious dog. In eight chronically instrumented conscious dogs, apical and middle left ventricular transverse diameters were measured with pulse-transit ultrasonic dimension transducers. Intracavitary apical and midventricular pressures and intrapleural pressure were measured with micromanometers. Both diameters were normalized as a percent extension from the dimension at zero transmural pressure, determined during a transient vena caval occlusion. During the rapid phase of diastolic filling, there was a 2--5 mmHg pressure gradient from the midventricle to the apex. During late rapid filling, the apical transmural pressure and diameter increased more rapidly and reached diastasis 17 +/- 4 ms earlier than the corresponding midventricular measurements (P less than 0.01). The static diastolic pressure-dimension characteristics at the apical and midventricular levels were not significantly different (P greater than 0.30). The dynamic diastolic pressure-dimension relationship was also similar at the two levels and could be represented by a model incorporating parallel viscous properties. Because of regional differences in pressures and dimensions, however, the dynamic relationship could not be modeled when pressure was compared to the dimension at a different level. Thus, diastolic pressures should be measured at the same level as dimensions when assessing left ventricular diastolic mechanics.", "PMID": 420315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10399", "title": "Indices of myocardial oxygen consumption for isotonic contraction.", "content": "To investigate the model-independent mechanical determinants of energy expenditure, a respirometer was constructed to study isolated feline papillary muscles. Mechanical parameters recorded were the distance of shortening (deltaL), peak velocity of shortening (Vp), mean velocity of shortening (V), tension-time index (TTI), afterload (P), and the integral of the contraction portion of the phase plane trajectory of velocity and length (integral of VdL). Oxygen consumption (Vo2) during 15-min isotonic contraction periods was monitored with a polarographic electrode. Vp, V, and delta L were inversely related to Vo2 in a curvilinear manner. P and TTI were directly related to Vo2 in a curvilinear fashion. Integral of VdL was inversely related to Vo2 in a linear manner. In several experiments the contractile state of the muscles was augmented by addition of norepinephrine (7 X 10(-8) M).  The relationship between integral of VdL and Vo2 was shifted above and parallel to that for the control muscles. These experiments indicate that the index integral of VdL is linearly related to the oxygen consumed in isotonic contraction of isolated mammalian ventricular myocardium at a given level of contractile state.", "contents": "Indices of myocardial oxygen consumption for isotonic contraction. To investigate the model-independent mechanical determinants of energy expenditure, a respirometer was constructed to study isolated feline papillary muscles. Mechanical parameters recorded were the distance of shortening (deltaL), peak velocity of shortening (Vp), mean velocity of shortening (V), tension-time index (TTI), afterload (P), and the integral of the contraction portion of the phase plane trajectory of velocity and length (integral of VdL). Oxygen consumption (Vo2) during 15-min isotonic contraction periods was monitored with a polarographic electrode. Vp, V, and delta L were inversely related to Vo2 in a curvilinear manner. P and TTI were directly related to Vo2 in a curvilinear fashion. Integral of VdL was inversely related to Vo2 in a linear manner. In several experiments the contractile state of the muscles was augmented by addition of norepinephrine (7 X 10(-8) M).  The relationship between integral of VdL and Vo2 was shifted above and parallel to that for the control muscles. These experiments indicate that the index integral of VdL is linearly related to the oxygen consumed in isotonic contraction of isolated mammalian ventricular myocardium at a given level of contractile state.", "PMID": 420316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10400", "title": "Changes in ultrasonic attenuation indicative of early myocardial ischemic injury.", "content": "This study was designed to determine whether quantitative alterations in ultrasonic attenuation are associated with myocardial changes occurring after acute ischemic injury. Five hundred seventeen regions of myocardium from 41 dogs were studied in vitro at five intervals after coronary occlusion: 15 min, 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 6 wk. Quantitative indices of ultrasonic attenuation were determined from the measured frequency dependence of the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient characterizing each myocardial region over the range 2-10 MHz. Independent definition of regions of ischemic injury was provided by either creatine kinase depletion or colloidal carbon dye distribution. Results of this study indicate that ischemic myocardial regions investigated 15 min to 24 h after coronary occlusion demonstrated ultrasonic attenuation significantly decreased from nonischemic regions (P less than 0.05). In contrast, ultrasonic attenuation was significantly increased in zones of ischemia or infarction investigated at 3 days and 6 wk after coronary occlusion (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively). These results indicate that altered attenuation of transmitted ultrasound by myocardium in vitro is an early manifestation of ischemia.", "contents": "Changes in ultrasonic attenuation indicative of early myocardial ischemic injury. This study was designed to determine whether quantitative alterations in ultrasonic attenuation are associated with myocardial changes occurring after acute ischemic injury. Five hundred seventeen regions of myocardium from 41 dogs were studied in vitro at five intervals after coronary occlusion: 15 min, 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 6 wk. Quantitative indices of ultrasonic attenuation were determined from the measured frequency dependence of the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient characterizing each myocardial region over the range 2-10 MHz. Independent definition of regions of ischemic injury was provided by either creatine kinase depletion or colloidal carbon dye distribution. Results of this study indicate that ischemic myocardial regions investigated 15 min to 24 h after coronary occlusion demonstrated ultrasonic attenuation significantly decreased from nonischemic regions (P less than 0.05). In contrast, ultrasonic attenuation was significantly increased in zones of ischemia or infarction investigated at 3 days and 6 wk after coronary occlusion (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively). These results indicate that altered attenuation of transmitted ultrasound by myocardium in vitro is an early manifestation of ischemia.", "PMID": 420317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10401", "title": "Thermal quantification of region myocardial perfusion and heat generation.", "content": "A technique for experimental determination of regional myocardial blood flow and heat generation has been developed, based on a heat-clearance method. This method allows repetitive and frequent measurements of regional blood flow without necessity for biopsy or microspheres. Testing was performed on a pedicle preparation, an intact segment of left ventricular myocardium dependent on a single diagonal coronary artery and situated in situ in the left ventricular free wall. Total blood flow to the pedicle was measured by an electromagnetic flow probe. A specially designed 3-thermistor microprobe was positioned in the pedicle to continuously sense temperature changes in the subepicardium, midmyocardium, and subendocardium. The theory underlying this method is based on a heat balance that includes local myocardial heating, conduction, and convection. Comparison of the predicted time- and position-dependent temperature with that measured experimentally allows extraction of the local myocardial blood flow and heating rates. This method allows resolution of differential flows in subendocardial, midmyocardial, and subepicardial myocardium and provides quantification of dynamic flow changes in each layer in response to various stimuli such as ischemia or pressor agents, without in itself causing damage to the myocardial microvasculature. Our data show total flow, based on summation of thermally calculated regional flows, to have correlation coefficients of 0.88 with both the flowmeter and microsphere results. Resting flow values for Nembutal-anaesthetized, open-chest dogs of 0.66 ml/(g . min) compare favorably with values obtained by microsphere studies. Infusion of norepinephrine increased total flow and all layer flows, but the increase in subendocardial flow with norepinephrine was less than the increase of the other layers, perhaps accounting for the vulnerability of this region during catecholamine stress. Local myocardial heating rates in subepicardial, midendocardial, and subendocardial layers are shown to follow the same dependence on local myocardial blood flow in response to anoxic stress or norepinephrine-induced vasodilation. Specifically, local heating rate increases to a factor of 10 at flow below resting level.", "contents": "Thermal quantification of region myocardial perfusion and heat generation. A technique for experimental determination of regional myocardial blood flow and heat generation has been developed, based on a heat-clearance method. This method allows repetitive and frequent measurements of regional blood flow without necessity for biopsy or microspheres. Testing was performed on a pedicle preparation, an intact segment of left ventricular myocardium dependent on a single diagonal coronary artery and situated in situ in the left ventricular free wall. Total blood flow to the pedicle was measured by an electromagnetic flow probe. A specially designed 3-thermistor microprobe was positioned in the pedicle to continuously sense temperature changes in the subepicardium, midmyocardium, and subendocardium. The theory underlying this method is based on a heat balance that includes local myocardial heating, conduction, and convection. Comparison of the predicted time- and position-dependent temperature with that measured experimentally allows extraction of the local myocardial blood flow and heating rates. This method allows resolution of differential flows in subendocardial, midmyocardial, and subepicardial myocardium and provides quantification of dynamic flow changes in each layer in response to various stimuli such as ischemia or pressor agents, without in itself causing damage to the myocardial microvasculature. Our data show total flow, based on summation of thermally calculated regional flows, to have correlation coefficients of 0.88 with both the flowmeter and microsphere results. Resting flow values for Nembutal-anaesthetized, open-chest dogs of 0.66 ml/(g . min) compare favorably with values obtained by microsphere studies. Infusion of norepinephrine increased total flow and all layer flows, but the increase in subendocardial flow with norepinephrine was less than the increase of the other layers, perhaps accounting for the vulnerability of this region during catecholamine stress. Local myocardial heating rates in subepicardial, midendocardial, and subendocardial layers are shown to follow the same dependence on local myocardial blood flow in response to anoxic stress or norepinephrine-induced vasodilation. Specifically, local heating rate increases to a factor of 10 at flow below resting level.", "PMID": 420318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10402", "title": "Time course of infarct growth toward the endocardium after coronary occlusion.", "content": "Transmembrane potentials and ultrastructure of subendocardial Purkinje and ventricular muscle fibers, isolated 1, 3, 5, 6, 14, and 24 h after coronary occlusion were investigated. Action potentials were recorded from progressively fewer layers of muscle cells as the age of the infarct increased. At 14 h little viable muscle remained. The decrease in the number of electrophysiologically viable muscle fibers correlated with structural evidence that the infarct moved with time toward the endocardial surface until only viable Purkinje fibers remained. Purkinje and surviving ventricular muscle fibers demonstrated a progressive decrease in resting potential, action potential amplitude, and Vmax and a progressive increase in action potential duration. Spontaneous diastolic depolarizations were found in Purkinje fibers only in 24-h infarcts and occasionally in cells deep to the endocardial surface, which may have been muscle cells. We hypothesize that during the first 24 h after coronary occlusion arrhythmias originate near the interface of infarcted and ischemic myocardium. As this interface moves toward the endocardium, this site of origin of arrhythmias moves with it until the Purkinje network is reached.", "contents": "Time course of infarct growth toward the endocardium after coronary occlusion. Transmembrane potentials and ultrastructure of subendocardial Purkinje and ventricular muscle fibers, isolated 1, 3, 5, 6, 14, and 24 h after coronary occlusion were investigated. Action potentials were recorded from progressively fewer layers of muscle cells as the age of the infarct increased. At 14 h little viable muscle remained. The decrease in the number of electrophysiologically viable muscle fibers correlated with structural evidence that the infarct moved with time toward the endocardial surface until only viable Purkinje fibers remained. Purkinje and surviving ventricular muscle fibers demonstrated a progressive decrease in resting potential, action potential amplitude, and Vmax and a progressive increase in action potential duration. Spontaneous diastolic depolarizations were found in Purkinje fibers only in 24-h infarcts and occasionally in cells deep to the endocardial surface, which may have been muscle cells. We hypothesize that during the first 24 h after coronary occlusion arrhythmias originate near the interface of infarcted and ischemic myocardium. As this interface moves toward the endocardium, this site of origin of arrhythmias moves with it until the Purkinje network is reached.", "PMID": 420319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10403", "title": "Biocompatibility of standard and silica-free silicone rubber membrane oxygenators.", "content": "Spiral coil membrane oxygenators made from either standard silicone rubber or silica-free silicone rubber were compared using three priming techniques. Standard priming, carbon dioxide priming, and denucleation priming were employed with each type of device. Four-hour venovenous membrane oxygenator perfusions were carried out on awake sheep anticoagulated with heparin. Virtually no differences were observed in any parameters measured between standard silicone rubber and filler-free silicone rubber membranes. Significantly greater platelet losses occurred during the first hour of perfusion with standard priming and with carbon dioxide priming than with denucleation priming, using either type of membrane. These experiments demonstrate that denucleation priming reduces platelet losses during extracorporeal membrane oxygenator perfusion, but that the use of filler-free silicone rubber does not improve the biocompatibility of the membrane.", "contents": "Biocompatibility of standard and silica-free silicone rubber membrane oxygenators. Spiral coil membrane oxygenators made from either standard silicone rubber or silica-free silicone rubber were compared using three priming techniques. Standard priming, carbon dioxide priming, and denucleation priming were employed with each type of device. Four-hour venovenous membrane oxygenator perfusions were carried out on awake sheep anticoagulated with heparin. Virtually no differences were observed in any parameters measured between standard silicone rubber and filler-free silicone rubber membranes. Significantly greater platelet losses occurred during the first hour of perfusion with standard priming and with carbon dioxide priming than with denucleation priming, using either type of membrane. These experiments demonstrate that denucleation priming reduces platelet losses during extracorporeal membrane oxygenator perfusion, but that the use of filler-free silicone rubber does not improve the biocompatibility of the membrane.", "PMID": 420320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10404", "title": "Determination of frequency response from step response: application to fluid-filled catheters.", "content": "The performance of a fluid-filled catheter can be described by reporting its undamped natural frequency and damping ratio. These parameters can be measured by subjecting the catheter to sinusoidally varying pressures at a wide variety of frequencies to obtain the frequency response. They can also be computed from the response to a step change in pressure, which is often easier to produce. This paper derives the required equations and includes a graph which permits one to look up the undamped natural frequency after measuring the period and decay rate of the oscillation following a step change in pressure.", "contents": "Determination of frequency response from step response: application to fluid-filled catheters. The performance of a fluid-filled catheter can be described by reporting its undamped natural frequency and damping ratio. These parameters can be measured by subjecting the catheter to sinusoidally varying pressures at a wide variety of frequencies to obtain the frequency response. They can also be computed from the response to a step change in pressure, which is often easier to produce. This paper derives the required equations and includes a graph which permits one to look up the undamped natural frequency after measuring the period and decay rate of the oscillation following a step change in pressure.", "PMID": 420321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10405", "title": "A perfused canine right bundle branch-septal model for electrophysiological studies.", "content": "As documented in the literature, isolated ventricular muscle preparations perfused with protein-free media become edematous and deteriorate. We hypothesized that the addition of colloid oncotic pressure to the perfusion medium might affect favorably the electrical characteristics and survival of an isolated right bundle branch-septal muscle preparation perfused via the anterior septal artery. Perfusion with protein-free Tyrode solution produced edema formation and a loss of transmembrane potential of Purkinje and muscle cells within 5.9 +/- 0.40 h. Addition of bovine albumin, 4 g/100 ml, to the Tyrode solution or perfusion with horse serum greatly reduced the formation of edema. Furthermore, intact electrical activity continued for more than 9 +/- 0.31 h (P less than 0.001). The preparations showed a greater diastolic potential and action potential amplitude during perfusion than during superfusion with Tyrode solution. 1) a viable, perfused septal muscle preparation was developed for electrophysiological studies, and 2) colloid oncotic pressure in the perfusion medium is essential to preserve the integrity of the capillary circulation and to eliminate edema formation and tissue death.", "contents": "A perfused canine right bundle branch-septal model for electrophysiological studies. As documented in the literature, isolated ventricular muscle preparations perfused with protein-free media become edematous and deteriorate. We hypothesized that the addition of colloid oncotic pressure to the perfusion medium might affect favorably the electrical characteristics and survival of an isolated right bundle branch-septal muscle preparation perfused via the anterior septal artery. Perfusion with protein-free Tyrode solution produced edema formation and a loss of transmembrane potential of Purkinje and muscle cells within 5.9 +/- 0.40 h. Addition of bovine albumin, 4 g/100 ml, to the Tyrode solution or perfusion with horse serum greatly reduced the formation of edema. Furthermore, intact electrical activity continued for more than 9 +/- 0.31 h (P less than 0.001). The preparations showed a greater diastolic potential and action potential amplitude during perfusion than during superfusion with Tyrode solution. 1) a viable, perfused septal muscle preparation was developed for electrophysiological studies, and 2) colloid oncotic pressure in the perfusion medium is essential to preserve the integrity of the capillary circulation and to eliminate edema formation and tissue death.", "PMID": 420322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10406", "title": "Coercive persuasion (brainwashing), religious cults, and deprogramming.", "content": "Psychiatric interviews and psychological testing were conducted with 50 members of former members of a variety of religious cults who contacted the authors about the issue of deprogramming. The subjects were divided into four groups: cult members who feared deprogramming, those who had returned to the cult after deprogramming, ex-cult members who had left after deprogramming, and those who had left without deprogramming. There were significant differences between these groups on length of time in the cult, perception of and resistance toward the deprogramming experience, status of parental marriage, and who became a deprogrammer. No evidence of insanity or mental illness in the legal sense was found.", "contents": "Coercive persuasion (brainwashing), religious cults, and deprogramming. Psychiatric interviews and psychological testing were conducted with 50 members of former members of a variety of religious cults who contacted the authors about the issue of deprogramming. The subjects were divided into four groups: cult members who feared deprogramming, those who had returned to the cult after deprogramming, ex-cult members who had left after deprogramming, and those who had left without deprogramming. There were significant differences between these groups on length of time in the cult, perception of and resistance toward the deprogramming experience, status of parental marriage, and who became a deprogrammer. No evidence of insanity or mental illness in the legal sense was found.", "PMID": 420323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10407", "title": "Parental criminality and medical histories of delinquent children.", "content": "In clinical practice the authors observed that many of the delinquent children of psychiatrically impaired and/or criminal parents had remarkably adverse health histories. To test their clinical impression they systematically compared the medical histories of 20 delinquent children with criminal parents and 85 delinquent children with less obviously maladapted parents. They found a strong association between paternal criminality and serious medical problems in these delinquent children. On the basis of this finding the authors suggest that the behavioral manifestations resulting from such physical illness or neglect, although they appear genetic in nature, may reflect the physical and psychological consequences of parental neglect and/or battering.", "contents": "Parental criminality and medical histories of delinquent children. In clinical practice the authors observed that many of the delinquent children of psychiatrically impaired and/or criminal parents had remarkably adverse health histories. To test their clinical impression they systematically compared the medical histories of 20 delinquent children with criminal parents and 85 delinquent children with less obviously maladapted parents. They found a strong association between paternal criminality and serious medical problems in these delinquent children. On the basis of this finding the authors suggest that the behavioral manifestations resulting from such physical illness or neglect, although they appear genetic in nature, may reflect the physical and psychological consequences of parental neglect and/or battering.", "PMID": 420324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10408", "title": "Schizophrenic thought disorders: bizarre associations and intermingling.", "content": "The authors assessed bizarre verbalizations elicited from 37 schizophrenic and 16 nonschizophrenic patients. Interviews with subjects indicated that much bizarre schizophrenic language results from patients intermingling material from past and current experiences into their verbalizations. This intermingled material comes from many different problem areas rather than one central emotional complex. It does not arise from emotional overresponsiveness, overinvolved thinking, or delusional ideation. Two factors hypothesized as responsible for bizarre schizophrenic language are the schizophrenic's monitoring problems and difficulty maintaining perspective about his own behavior.", "contents": "Schizophrenic thought disorders: bizarre associations and intermingling. The authors assessed bizarre verbalizations elicited from 37 schizophrenic and 16 nonschizophrenic patients. Interviews with subjects indicated that much bizarre schizophrenic language results from patients intermingling material from past and current experiences into their verbalizations. This intermingled material comes from many different problem areas rather than one central emotional complex. It does not arise from emotional overresponsiveness, overinvolved thinking, or delusional ideation. Two factors hypothesized as responsible for bizarre schizophrenic language are the schizophrenic's monitoring problems and difficulty maintaining perspective about his own behavior.", "PMID": 420325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10409", "title": "Acupuncture treatment of schizophrenia: report on three cases.", "content": "The authors conducted a 9-week blind controlled study of the effects of acupuncture on schizophrenic illness in three patients on an inpatient ward of a psychiatric hospital. This paitents were used as their own controls. The authors compared the effects of acupuncture, pseudo-acupuncture (random needling), and no treatment control periods. Two patients who had had florid schizophrenic symptoms responded positively to true acupuncture treatment and negatively to pseudo-acupuncture. The third patient, whose symptoms were primarily affective-depressive, showed no significant response to treatment. The authors explore the mechanisms thought to be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia, focusing on the cortical arousal hypothesis.", "contents": "Acupuncture treatment of schizophrenia: report on three cases. The authors conducted a 9-week blind controlled study of the effects of acupuncture on schizophrenic illness in three patients on an inpatient ward of a psychiatric hospital. This paitents were used as their own controls. The authors compared the effects of acupuncture, pseudo-acupuncture (random needling), and no treatment control periods. Two patients who had had florid schizophrenic symptoms responded positively to true acupuncture treatment and negatively to pseudo-acupuncture. The third patient, whose symptoms were primarily affective-depressive, showed no significant response to treatment. The authors explore the mechanisms thought to be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia, focusing on the cortical arousal hypothesis.", "PMID": 420326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10410", "title": "Standards affecting mental health care: a review and commentary.", "content": "The author describes the increasing focus on regulation and the standards applied to the field of mental health. He discusses four distinct but overlapping types of standards: 1) clinical, 2) practitioner, 3) program and facility, and 4) payment. He emphasizes the increasing influence of legislation and judicial decisions and points out several trends in standard setting affecting mental health care. Psychiatrists and other mental health practitioners are called on to take a larger role in shaping these standards to ensure that the quality of patient care is not compromised.", "contents": "Standards affecting mental health care: a review and commentary. The author describes the increasing focus on regulation and the standards applied to the field of mental health. He discusses four distinct but overlapping types of standards: 1) clinical, 2) practitioner, 3) program and facility, and 4) payment. He emphasizes the increasing influence of legislation and judicial decisions and points out several trends in standard setting affecting mental health care. Psychiatrists and other mental health practitioners are called on to take a larger role in shaping these standards to ensure that the quality of patient care is not compromised.", "PMID": 420327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10411", "title": "Paranoia and platelet MAO in normals and nonschizophrenic psychiatric groups.", "content": "The authors compared the correlation between platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and the Paranoia (Pa) scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in several groups. The data suggest that there is a positive association between high MAO activity and high scores on the Pa scale but only in samples with psychopathology.", "contents": "Paranoia and platelet MAO in normals and nonschizophrenic psychiatric groups. The authors compared the correlation between platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and the Paranoia (Pa) scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in several groups. The data suggest that there is a positive association between high MAO activity and high scores on the Pa scale but only in samples with psychopathology.", "PMID": 420328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10412", "title": "Complex partial and pseudoseizure disorders.", "content": "The differentiation of ictal and nonictal seizure disorders is difficult, particularly in patients suffering from partial seizures with complex symptomatology. The authors state that observation of a patient's habitual seizure during EEG recording is the ideal diagnostic tool and describe their method of seizure activation with sphenoidal electrodes and simultaneous audiovisual monitoring. They emphasize the necessity for early, aggressive treatment of both ictal and nonictal seizure disorders, point out risks to the patient if the incorrect diagnosis is made, and urge further cooperation between psychiatrists and neurologists in this borderland area.", "contents": "Complex partial and pseudoseizure disorders. The differentiation of ictal and nonictal seizure disorders is difficult, particularly in patients suffering from partial seizures with complex symptomatology. The authors state that observation of a patient's habitual seizure during EEG recording is the ideal diagnostic tool and describe their method of seizure activation with sphenoidal electrodes and simultaneous audiovisual monitoring. They emphasize the necessity for early, aggressive treatment of both ictal and nonictal seizure disorders, point out risks to the patient if the incorrect diagnosis is made, and urge further cooperation between psychiatrists and neurologists in this borderland area.", "PMID": 420329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10413", "title": "Schizophrenic patients and Schneiderian first-rank symptoms.", "content": "Differences between schizophrenic patients with Schneiderian first-rank symptoms (FRS) and those without FRS at the time of hospitalization indicated FRS were associated with behavior consistent with feelings of passivity and helplessness. The two groups responded equally well to treatment in a therapeutic community. Findings support the contention that FRS are not pathognomonic or prognostic in schizophrenia.", "contents": "Schizophrenic patients and Schneiderian first-rank symptoms. Differences between schizophrenic patients with Schneiderian first-rank symptoms (FRS) and those without FRS at the time of hospitalization indicated FRS were associated with behavior consistent with feelings of passivity and helplessness. The two groups responded equally well to treatment in a therapeutic community. Findings support the contention that FRS are not pathognomonic or prognostic in schizophrenia.", "PMID": 420330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10414", "title": "Patient access to medical records on a psychiatric inpatient unit.", "content": "The authors studied the effects of patient access to medical records during hospitalization in a psychiatric unit of a community general hospital. Questionnaires were completed by about 20 staff and 88 patients, and records were compared with those from an earlier period to note any changes in the written record. Patients reported feeling better informed and more involved in their treatment, and staff said that they became more thoughtful about their notes in the chart. The availability of staff seems crucial to this process and facilitates the working alliance.", "contents": "Patient access to medical records on a psychiatric inpatient unit. The authors studied the effects of patient access to medical records during hospitalization in a psychiatric unit of a community general hospital. Questionnaires were completed by about 20 staff and 88 patients, and records were compared with those from an earlier period to note any changes in the written record. Patients reported feeling better informed and more involved in their treatment, and staff said that they became more thoughtful about their notes in the chart. The availability of staff seems crucial to this process and facilitates the working alliance.", "PMID": 420331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10415", "title": "Response of patients to participation in psychiatry board examinations.", "content": "The patient who volunteers to be a subject for Part II of the certifying examination in psychiatry and neurology is an indispensable but surprisingly invisible participant in a highly controversial process. A survey of the attitudes of 78 patients toward this experience revealed that although they experienced a significant degree of stress, the overwhelming majority viewed their participation in strongly positive terms. The patient's loyalty to the host institution and the manner in which the patient is prepared for the experience appear to be the major factors in determining a positive outcome.", "contents": "Response of patients to participation in psychiatry board examinations. The patient who volunteers to be a subject for Part II of the certifying examination in psychiatry and neurology is an indispensable but surprisingly invisible participant in a highly controversial process. A survey of the attitudes of 78 patients toward this experience revealed that although they experienced a significant degree of stress, the overwhelming majority viewed their participation in strongly positive terms. The patient's loyalty to the host institution and the manner in which the patient is prepared for the experience appear to be the major factors in determining a positive outcome.", "PMID": 420332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10416", "title": "Educating staff to manage threatening paranoid patients.", "content": "The threatening paranoid patient is one of the most frightening and difficult patients to treat. The author points out the need for all levels of hospital staff to become more adept at recognizing their own feelings, which often keep them from appropriately managing these patients. He summarizes several crucial points in teaching staff to cope successfully, dividing the process into diagnosis, management of one's emotions, and practice of appropriate therapeutic techniques.", "contents": "Educating staff to manage threatening paranoid patients. The threatening paranoid patient is one of the most frightening and difficult patients to treat. The author points out the need for all levels of hospital staff to become more adept at recognizing their own feelings, which often keep them from appropriately managing these patients. He summarizes several crucial points in teaching staff to cope successfully, dividing the process into diagnosis, management of one's emotions, and practice of appropriate therapeutic techniques.", "PMID": 420333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10417", "title": "The role of ambulatory medical care in hypertension screening.", "content": "Data from the 1975-1976 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics were examined retrospectively to determine the extent to which blood pressure was measured during visits to office-based physicians in the conterminous United States. Blood pressure was more often measured for females (especially black) than for males although males (especially black) in certain age groups had a higher prevalence of hypertension and comprised the higher proportion of undiagnosed hypertensives. Blood pressure measurement increased with age, but was rarely measured for those under 15 years of age. Blood pressure was measured about 79 per cent of the time when hypertension was present but only 30 per cent of the time when hypertension was absent. When diseases shown to be frequently concomitant with hypertension were diagnosed in the absence of hypertension, blood pressure checks ranged from 24 per cent of visits diagnosed neuroses to 66 per cent diagnosed obesity. Blood pressure was measured during about 12 per cent of visits for diseases of the nervous system and sense organs as well as diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue; 24 per cent of visits for infective and parasitic diseases, diseases of the respiratory system, and mental disorders. Blood pressure was measured most often when diagnoses were in the categories of diseases of the circulatory system and endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases. Opportunities for blood pressure measurement during routine visits did not appear to be fully utilized, nor did some specialists take frequent blood pressure measurements. (Am. J. Public Health 69:19-24, 1979.)", "contents": "The role of ambulatory medical care in hypertension screening. Data from the 1975-1976 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics were examined retrospectively to determine the extent to which blood pressure was measured during visits to office-based physicians in the conterminous United States. Blood pressure was more often measured for females (especially black) than for males although males (especially black) in certain age groups had a higher prevalence of hypertension and comprised the higher proportion of undiagnosed hypertensives. Blood pressure measurement increased with age, but was rarely measured for those under 15 years of age. Blood pressure was measured about 79 per cent of the time when hypertension was present but only 30 per cent of the time when hypertension was absent. When diseases shown to be frequently concomitant with hypertension were diagnosed in the absence of hypertension, blood pressure checks ranged from 24 per cent of visits diagnosed neuroses to 66 per cent diagnosed obesity. Blood pressure was measured during about 12 per cent of visits for diseases of the nervous system and sense organs as well as diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue; 24 per cent of visits for infective and parasitic diseases, diseases of the respiratory system, and mental disorders. Blood pressure was measured most often when diagnoses were in the categories of diseases of the circulatory system and endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases. Opportunities for blood pressure measurement during routine visits did not appear to be fully utilized, nor did some specialists take frequent blood pressure measurements. (Am. J. Public Health 69:19-24, 1979.)", "PMID": 420351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10418", "title": "Blood pressure control in private practice: a case report.", "content": "High blood pressure is most commonly treated in the offices of private physicians. We have attempted to evaluate the efficacy of such care through review of all patient charts of a Board Certified, University Medical Center affiliated internist in New York City. Seventeen per cent had elevated (greater than or equal to 160/95) blood pressures or were taking antihypertensive medication at the time of their last visit. A selected group of 206 charts was examined to determine attendance and blood pressure outcome. Over one-half of these patients were lost to follow-up within a year of their initial visit. Of those who persisted in therapy, 55 per cent achieved good blood pressure control. Blood pressure outcomes among medicated patients were not different from those of patients who received no prescription. These results suggest that this conventional pattern of ambulatory medical care, characterized by a high attrition rate and a failure to adequately control blood pressure, may not be suitable to the long-term management of high blood pressure.", "contents": "Blood pressure control in private practice: a case report. High blood pressure is most commonly treated in the offices of private physicians. We have attempted to evaluate the efficacy of such care through review of all patient charts of a Board Certified, University Medical Center affiliated internist in New York City. Seventeen per cent had elevated (greater than or equal to 160/95) blood pressures or were taking antihypertensive medication at the time of their last visit. A selected group of 206 charts was examined to determine attendance and blood pressure outcome. Over one-half of these patients were lost to follow-up within a year of their initial visit. Of those who persisted in therapy, 55 per cent achieved good blood pressure control. Blood pressure outcomes among medicated patients were not different from those of patients who received no prescription. These results suggest that this conventional pattern of ambulatory medical care, characterized by a high attrition rate and a failure to adequately control blood pressure, may not be suitable to the long-term management of high blood pressure.", "PMID": 420352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10419", "title": "Paramedic programs and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: I. Factors associated with successful resuscitation.", "content": "As part of an evaluation of whether the addition of paramedic services can reduce mortality from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest compared to previously existing emergency medical technician (EMT) services, factors associated with successful resuscitation were studied. A surveillance system was established to identify cardiac arrest patients receiving emergency care and to collect pertinent information associated with the resuscitation. Outcomes (death, admission, and discharge) were compared in two areas with different types of prehospital emergency care (basic emergency medical technician services vs. paramedic services). During the period April 1976 through August 1977, 604 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest received emergency resuscitation. Eighty-one per cent of these episodes were attributed to primary heart disease. Considered separately, four factors were found to have a significant association with higher admission and discharge rates :1) paramedic service, 2) rapid time to initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 3) rapid time to definitive care, and 4) bystander-initiated CPR. Using multivariate analysis, rapid time to initiation of CPA and rapid time to definitive care were most predictive of admission and discharge. Age was also weakly predictive of discharge. These findings suggest that if reduction in mortality is to be maximized, cardiac arrest patients must have CPR initiated within four minutes and definitive care provided within ten minutes.", "contents": "Paramedic programs and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: I. Factors associated with successful resuscitation. As part of an evaluation of whether the addition of paramedic services can reduce mortality from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest compared to previously existing emergency medical technician (EMT) services, factors associated with successful resuscitation were studied. A surveillance system was established to identify cardiac arrest patients receiving emergency care and to collect pertinent information associated with the resuscitation. Outcomes (death, admission, and discharge) were compared in two areas with different types of prehospital emergency care (basic emergency medical technician services vs. paramedic services). During the period April 1976 through August 1977, 604 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest received emergency resuscitation. Eighty-one per cent of these episodes were attributed to primary heart disease. Considered separately, four factors were found to have a significant association with higher admission and discharge rates :1) paramedic service, 2) rapid time to initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 3) rapid time to definitive care, and 4) bystander-initiated CPR. Using multivariate analysis, rapid time to initiation of CPA and rapid time to definitive care were most predictive of admission and discharge. Age was also weakly predictive of discharge. These findings suggest that if reduction in mortality is to be maximized, cardiac arrest patients must have CPR initiated within four minutes and definitive care provided within ten minutes.", "PMID": 420353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10420", "title": "Paramedic programs and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: II. Impact on community mortality.", "content": "Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was studied in suburban King County, Washington in an attempt to determine the impact of paramedic services on community cardiac mortality. A portion of the study area received paramedic services and the remainder received basic emergency medical technician (EMT) services. A surveillance system identified all prehospital cardiac arrest incidents. The etiology and outcome were determined. Deaths due to primary heart disease (ICDA) codes 410-414) were compared to community cardiac mortality figures for the same period of time and in the paramedic and EMT areas. Between April 1, 1976 and August 31, 1977, 1,449 deaths due to primary heart disease occurred (annual rate of 19.2/10,000 in the EMT area and 13.4/10,000 in the paramedic area). For the same period, 487 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest received emergency resuscitation. The annual incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was similar in the EMT and paramedic areas (5.6 and 6.0/10,000 respectively). Proportionately more lives of persons with cardiac arrest were saved in the paramedic area than in the MET area. During this 17 month period, the reduction in community cardiac mortality was 8.4 per cent in the paramedic area and 1.3 per cent in the EMT area. These findings suggest that paramedic services have a small but measurable effect on community cardiac mortality.", "contents": "Paramedic programs and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: II. Impact on community mortality. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was studied in suburban King County, Washington in an attempt to determine the impact of paramedic services on community cardiac mortality. A portion of the study area received paramedic services and the remainder received basic emergency medical technician (EMT) services. A surveillance system identified all prehospital cardiac arrest incidents. The etiology and outcome were determined. Deaths due to primary heart disease (ICDA) codes 410-414) were compared to community cardiac mortality figures for the same period of time and in the paramedic and EMT areas. Between April 1, 1976 and August 31, 1977, 1,449 deaths due to primary heart disease occurred (annual rate of 19.2/10,000 in the EMT area and 13.4/10,000 in the paramedic area). For the same period, 487 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest received emergency resuscitation. The annual incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was similar in the EMT and paramedic areas (5.6 and 6.0/10,000 respectively). Proportionately more lives of persons with cardiac arrest were saved in the paramedic area than in the MET area. During this 17 month period, the reduction in community cardiac mortality was 8.4 per cent in the paramedic area and 1.3 per cent in the EMT area. These findings suggest that paramedic services have a small but measurable effect on community cardiac mortality.", "PMID": 420354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10421", "title": "Changing images of professionalism: the case of public health nurses.", "content": "A survey of 89 public health nurses in a California county explored factors that might account for the growing support of unions and subsequent militancy among nurses. As predicted, changes in the backgrounds of public health nurses have occurred over time: 1) older nurses are more likely to have graduated from a diploma program and to have parents of lower educational and occupational attainment than younger nurses; 2) older nurses are more likely to view nursing as a calling and less likely to desire representation in collective bargaining by the union or to believe striking professional; 3) older nurses and those from lower social class backgrounds were less likely to belong to the union and less likely to participate in a county-wide strike. Because age and parental background factors are independently related to our indicators of militancy--union membership and participation in a strike--the results are interpreted as a change in nurses' images of professionalism.", "contents": "Changing images of professionalism: the case of public health nurses. A survey of 89 public health nurses in a California county explored factors that might account for the growing support of unions and subsequent militancy among nurses. As predicted, changes in the backgrounds of public health nurses have occurred over time: 1) older nurses are more likely to have graduated from a diploma program and to have parents of lower educational and occupational attainment than younger nurses; 2) older nurses are more likely to view nursing as a calling and less likely to desire representation in collective bargaining by the union or to believe striking professional; 3) older nurses and those from lower social class backgrounds were less likely to belong to the union and less likely to participate in a county-wide strike. Because age and parental background factors are independently related to our indicators of militancy--union membership and participation in a strike--the results are interpreted as a change in nurses' images of professionalism.", "PMID": 420355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10422", "title": "Cut flowers: a potential pesticide hazard.", "content": "Following reports of ten cases of possible organophosphate pesticide poisoning in florists exposed to pesticide residues on cut flowers, we conducted a prospective random-sample survey to determine residual pesticide levels on flowers imported into the United States via Miami, Florida. A sample of all flowers imported into Miami on three days in January 1977 showed that 18 (17.7 per cent) of 105 lots contained pesticide residue levels greater than 5 ppm, and that three lots had levels greater than 400 ppm. Azodrin (monocrotophos) was the most important contaminant with levels of 7.7--4,750 ppm detected in nine lots. We examined 20 quarantine workers in Miami and 12 commercial florists exposed to contaminated flowers. Occasional nonspecific symptoms compatible with possible organophosphate exposure were noted, but we found no abnormalities in plasma or red blood cell cholinesterase levels. This study documents a previously unrecognized potential source of occupational pesticide exposure and suggests that safety standards should be set for residue levels on cut flowers.", "contents": "Cut flowers: a potential pesticide hazard. Following reports of ten cases of possible organophosphate pesticide poisoning in florists exposed to pesticide residues on cut flowers, we conducted a prospective random-sample survey to determine residual pesticide levels on flowers imported into the United States via Miami, Florida. A sample of all flowers imported into Miami on three days in January 1977 showed that 18 (17.7 per cent) of 105 lots contained pesticide residue levels greater than 5 ppm, and that three lots had levels greater than 400 ppm. Azodrin (monocrotophos) was the most important contaminant with levels of 7.7--4,750 ppm detected in nine lots. We examined 20 quarantine workers in Miami and 12 commercial florists exposed to contaminated flowers. Occasional nonspecific symptoms compatible with possible organophosphate exposure were noted, but we found no abnormalities in plasma or red blood cell cholinesterase levels. This study documents a previously unrecognized potential source of occupational pesticide exposure and suggests that safety standards should be set for residue levels on cut flowers.", "PMID": 420356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10423", "title": "A performance comparison: USMG-FMG attending physicians.", "content": "To determine whether patterns of differences in performance exist between United States Medical Graduate and Foreign Medical Graduate attending Physicians, two types of inpatient hospital audits (Payne Process Audit and the Joint Committee on Accreditation of Hospitals' Performance Evaluation Program-P.E.P. Audit) were conducted in 22 Maryland and Pennsylvania non-federal, short-term hospitals. A total of 6,980 medical records were abstracted from eight diagnostic categories for 1,321 attending physicians; 985 of which were USMGs and 331 were FMGs. The results from both audits indicate that while there is evidence of a strong hospital-type of physician interaction for many of the diagnoses, there was no significant overall difference in performance between USMG and FMG attending physicians. The largest and most consistent differences in physician performance were associated with hospital characteristics, not physician characteristics.", "contents": "A performance comparison: USMG-FMG attending physicians. To determine whether patterns of differences in performance exist between United States Medical Graduate and Foreign Medical Graduate attending Physicians, two types of inpatient hospital audits (Payne Process Audit and the Joint Committee on Accreditation of Hospitals' Performance Evaluation Program-P.E.P. Audit) were conducted in 22 Maryland and Pennsylvania non-federal, short-term hospitals. A total of 6,980 medical records were abstracted from eight diagnostic categories for 1,321 attending physicians; 985 of which were USMGs and 331 were FMGs. The results from both audits indicate that while there is evidence of a strong hospital-type of physician interaction for many of the diagnoses, there was no significant overall difference in performance between USMG and FMG attending physicians. The largest and most consistent differences in physician performance were associated with hospital characteristics, not physician characteristics.", "PMID": 420357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10424", "title": "The state mental hospital: a local health department's role.", "content": "The publicizing of the abysmal conditions in state mental institutions and the problems precipitated by their deinstitutionalization programs, have challenged local health authorities to develop effective roles in ameliorating these difficulties. Long-view State Hospital is a state mental hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Cincinnati Health Department acted as a change agent to deal with the hospital's many chronic problems and the new difficulties precipitated by moving patients into the community for care. The city conducted its own evaluation of the hospital and its deinstitutionalization program and strongly advocated needed improvements. Problems were encountered in implementing this advocacy role, particularly in relation to the local health department's authority regarding this state-funded and operated institution. However, the many city recommendations that were implemented, the increased funding given the hospital and the community mental health centers, the continuing communication between city and state officials, as well as a follow-up evaluation indicated that the Cincinnati Health Department had played a positive role in the change process. (Am. J. Public Health 69:64-67, 1979.)", "contents": "The state mental hospital: a local health department's role. The publicizing of the abysmal conditions in state mental institutions and the problems precipitated by their deinstitutionalization programs, have challenged local health authorities to develop effective roles in ameliorating these difficulties. Long-view State Hospital is a state mental hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Cincinnati Health Department acted as a change agent to deal with the hospital's many chronic problems and the new difficulties precipitated by moving patients into the community for care. The city conducted its own evaluation of the hospital and its deinstitutionalization program and strongly advocated needed improvements. Problems were encountered in implementing this advocacy role, particularly in relation to the local health department's authority regarding this state-funded and operated institution. However, the many city recommendations that were implemented, the increased funding given the hospital and the community mental health centers, the continuing communication between city and state officials, as well as a follow-up evaluation indicated that the Cincinnati Health Department had played a positive role in the change process. (Am. J. Public Health 69:64-67, 1979.)", "PMID": 420358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10425", "title": "Physicians' patient referrals to a nurse practitioner in a primary care medical clinic.", "content": "A survey of interns and residents in a Primary Care Medical Care Medical Clinic disclosed that these physicians have a very favorable impression of nurse practitioners' potential contributions to health care delivery, yet refer patients to the nurse practitioner to a much lesser degree than would have been expected on the basis of their attitudes.", "contents": "Physicians' patient referrals to a nurse practitioner in a primary care medical clinic. A survey of interns and residents in a Primary Care Medical Care Medical Clinic disclosed that these physicians have a very favorable impression of nurse practitioners' potential contributions to health care delivery, yet refer patients to the nurse practitioner to a much lesser degree than would have been expected on the basis of their attitudes.", "PMID": 420359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10426", "title": "A comparison of mail, telephone, and home interview strategies for household health surveys.", "content": "The method of data collection in household health surveys can be a major determinant of cost and data quality. A survey strategy can comprise mail, telephone, or home interview methods, individually or in combination to follow up non-respondents. The purpose of this study in Montreal was to compare cost and data quality of various strategies. Strategies which began with mail or telephone contact, followed by the two other methods, provided response rates as high as a home interview strategy (all between 80 and 90 per cent), for one-half the cost of home interviews when used as the sole method. The telephone response rate was higher than the mail response rate. Comparing different follow-up approaches to strategies beginning with mail or telephone, it proved less costly, and equally effective, to use home interviewing as a last resort for persistent non-respondents. Validity of response (comparing individual responses with records of a government health insurance data bank) and willingness to answer sensitive questions were greatest in mail strategy.", "contents": "A comparison of mail, telephone, and home interview strategies for household health surveys. The method of data collection in household health surveys can be a major determinant of cost and data quality. A survey strategy can comprise mail, telephone, or home interview methods, individually or in combination to follow up non-respondents. The purpose of this study in Montreal was to compare cost and data quality of various strategies. Strategies which began with mail or telephone contact, followed by the two other methods, provided response rates as high as a home interview strategy (all between 80 and 90 per cent), for one-half the cost of home interviews when used as the sole method. The telephone response rate was higher than the mail response rate. Comparing different follow-up approaches to strategies beginning with mail or telephone, it proved less costly, and equally effective, to use home interviewing as a last resort for persistent non-respondents. Validity of response (comparing individual responses with records of a government health insurance data bank) and willingness to answer sensitive questions were greatest in mail strategy.", "PMID": 420369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10427", "title": "Side effects of diphtheria-tetanus toxoid in adults.", "content": "During a mass diphtheria-tetanus immunization campaign in November 1975, more than 220,000 doses of diphtheria-tetanus toxoid, adult type were administered to adults throughout Alaska. In Anchorage, where more than 87,000 doses were given, a survey was conducted to determine the frequency of side effects. Postcard questionnaires were mailed to 2,000 randomly selected Anchorage residents; 467 questionnaires were returned by the post office as undeliverable, and 697 questionnaires were completed and returned. A follow-up survey was done of a random sample of the 836 non-responders. Of those responding, 57.8 per cent reported at least one reaction to the toxoids. The most frequent side effects were sore arm (42.7 per cent), swelling at the site of injection (34.8 per cent), and itching (24.2 per cent). Serious side effects occurred less frequently-swelling of the arm below the elbow (1.1 per cent) and abscess or infection (0.7 per cent). Of those vaccinated, 0.5 per cent saw a physician. There were no statistically significant differences in reaction rates by age group, except for sore arms. The jet injector produced more arm swelling at the site of injection, hives, and itching. More women than men reported adverse reactions, especially sore arm, swelling at the site of injection, and itching. Fear of adverse side effects should not preclude mass vaccination of adults. (Am. J. Public Health (69:246-249,1979.)", "contents": "Side effects of diphtheria-tetanus toxoid in adults. During a mass diphtheria-tetanus immunization campaign in November 1975, more than 220,000 doses of diphtheria-tetanus toxoid, adult type were administered to adults throughout Alaska. In Anchorage, where more than 87,000 doses were given, a survey was conducted to determine the frequency of side effects. Postcard questionnaires were mailed to 2,000 randomly selected Anchorage residents; 467 questionnaires were returned by the post office as undeliverable, and 697 questionnaires were completed and returned. A follow-up survey was done of a random sample of the 836 non-responders. Of those responding, 57.8 per cent reported at least one reaction to the toxoids. The most frequent side effects were sore arm (42.7 per cent), swelling at the site of injection (34.8 per cent), and itching (24.2 per cent). Serious side effects occurred less frequently-swelling of the arm below the elbow (1.1 per cent) and abscess or infection (0.7 per cent). Of those vaccinated, 0.5 per cent saw a physician. There were no statistically significant differences in reaction rates by age group, except for sore arms. The jet injector produced more arm swelling at the site of injection, hives, and itching. More women than men reported adverse reactions, especially sore arm, swelling at the site of injection, and itching. Fear of adverse side effects should not preclude mass vaccination of adults. (Am. J. Public Health (69:246-249,1979.)", "PMID": 420370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10428", "title": "Statistical models of the demand for emergency medical services in an urban area.", "content": "First- and second-order statistical regression models are presented for the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) demand in an urban area as it relates to various socioeconomic, demographic, and other characteristics of the area. Individual models are formulated for different types of medical emergencies with the city of Atlanta, GA, serving as the data base. These models are generally shown to provide excellent fits to the empirical data.", "contents": "Statistical models of the demand for emergency medical services in an urban area. First- and second-order statistical regression models are presented for the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) demand in an urban area as it relates to various socioeconomic, demographic, and other characteristics of the area. Individual models are formulated for different types of medical emergencies with the city of Atlanta, GA, serving as the data base. These models are generally shown to provide excellent fits to the empirical data.", "PMID": 420371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10429", "title": "Risk factors of lip cancer: a critical evaluation based on epidemiological comparisons.", "content": "A description is given of the occurrence of lip, skin, and intraoral cancers in Finland in the period 1953-1973 with the aim of testing certain etiologic hypotheses. In addition, data on lip cancer were correlated with those of some other types of cancer. Substantial differences with respect to various epidemiologic parameters were found between lip and skin cancers. However, there were similarities between lip cancer and cancers of the upper gastrointestinal canal and respiratory organs (especially lung cancer). Negative geographic correlation was found between the age-adjusted incidence rate of lip cancer and that of cancers of the colon and prostate. In addition, the correlation was highly negative for the median income per capita (p less than 0.001). It was concluded that, in terms of cancer etiology, lip cancer is more closely related to cancer of the oral cavity than to that of the skin. Moreover, some specific socioeconomic factors associated with a low standard of living must be considered as noteworthy risk factors of lip cancer.", "contents": "Risk factors of lip cancer: a critical evaluation based on epidemiological comparisons. A description is given of the occurrence of lip, skin, and intraoral cancers in Finland in the period 1953-1973 with the aim of testing certain etiologic hypotheses. In addition, data on lip cancer were correlated with those of some other types of cancer. Substantial differences with respect to various epidemiologic parameters were found between lip and skin cancers. However, there were similarities between lip cancer and cancers of the upper gastrointestinal canal and respiratory organs (especially lung cancer). Negative geographic correlation was found between the age-adjusted incidence rate of lip cancer and that of cancers of the colon and prostate. In addition, the correlation was highly negative for the median income per capita (p less than 0.001). It was concluded that, in terms of cancer etiology, lip cancer is more closely related to cancer of the oral cavity than to that of the skin. Moreover, some specific socioeconomic factors associated with a low standard of living must be considered as noteworthy risk factors of lip cancer.", "PMID": 420372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10430", "title": "Characteristics of individuals who identify a regular source of medical care.", "content": "Having a source where medical services are regularly received is an antecedent to securing high quality medical care; it facilitates access and indicates that the individual is not alienated from the health care delivery system. In this paper we develop models to characterize individuals, both children and adults, who claim a regular source of care. The models are estimated using a logit analysis (since the dependent variable is 0-1) applied to survey data on residents of East Palo Alto, California. These data indicate that in this low-income, predominately black population the most important factor influencing whether a child will have a regular source of medical care is whether the parents have a regular source. For adults, the anticipated need for care (as measured by health status), time in community, and sex were all found to be important. The type of individual least likely to have a regular source of care is a low-income, unmarried male who is in good health and is a recent arrival to the community. The individuals most likely to need easy access to medical care and continuity of care are most likely to have a regular source of care, and vice versa.", "contents": "Characteristics of individuals who identify a regular source of medical care. Having a source where medical services are regularly received is an antecedent to securing high quality medical care; it facilitates access and indicates that the individual is not alienated from the health care delivery system. In this paper we develop models to characterize individuals, both children and adults, who claim a regular source of care. The models are estimated using a logit analysis (since the dependent variable is 0-1) applied to survey data on residents of East Palo Alto, California. These data indicate that in this low-income, predominately black population the most important factor influencing whether a child will have a regular source of medical care is whether the parents have a regular source. For adults, the anticipated need for care (as measured by health status), time in community, and sex were all found to be important. The type of individual least likely to have a regular source of care is a low-income, unmarried male who is in good health and is a recent arrival to the community. The individuals most likely to need easy access to medical care and continuity of care are most likely to have a regular source of care, and vice versa.", "PMID": 420373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10431", "title": "Feasibility of the randomized response technique in rural Ethiopia.", "content": "A multiple answer model of Randomized Response Technique (known as Hopkins RRT Model II) was tried in a rural area (Nekempte) in Ethiopia to estimate the incidence of induced abortion among currently married women of childbearing age. In the RRT adopted here, the question on abortion--sensitive as it is--was preceded by two innocuous \"practice questions\". Despite the very low literacy level of the women, nearly all of them cooperated. The RRT estimates in regard to the two innocuous \"practice questions\" were fairly reasonable, while the RRT estimate of the rate of induced abortion (35 per cent) was far higher than that derived from direct reporting. The differentials in abortion rates by age and parity were consistent with expectation. A post RRT survey indicated that more than one-half (58 per cent) of the women found RRT \"easy\" or \"moderately easy\" to understand, while nearly 80 per cent of them thought that there was no \"trick\" involved in it.", "contents": "Feasibility of the randomized response technique in rural Ethiopia. A multiple answer model of Randomized Response Technique (known as Hopkins RRT Model II) was tried in a rural area (Nekempte) in Ethiopia to estimate the incidence of induced abortion among currently married women of childbearing age. In the RRT adopted here, the question on abortion--sensitive as it is--was preceded by two innocuous \"practice questions\". Despite the very low literacy level of the women, nearly all of them cooperated. The RRT estimates in regard to the two innocuous \"practice questions\" were fairly reasonable, while the RRT estimate of the rate of induced abortion (35 per cent) was far higher than that derived from direct reporting. The differentials in abortion rates by age and parity were consistent with expectation. A post RRT survey indicated that more than one-half (58 per cent) of the women found RRT \"easy\" or \"moderately easy\" to understand, while nearly 80 per cent of them thought that there was no \"trick\" involved in it.", "PMID": 420374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10432", "title": "Implications of rubella susceptibility in young adults.", "content": "Rubella history and antibody titre were determined for 457 medical, graduate, and physician assistant students. Eighteen per cent were estimated at risk for rubella. There were no male-female differences. Health-profession students did not differ in rubella immune status from the general population. History was not helpful in assessing immune status. Approximately one-half of persons with low antibody titres had considered themselves immune, while one-half with moderate to high antibody titres had considered themselves at risk. Less than one-half of students with low antibody titres available themselves of immunization which was recommended and offered. With a high percentage of adult females at risk for rubella even in a health-motivated population and with poor follow-up on recommended immunization, current immunization practices must be improved if congenital rubella syndrome is to be further reduced. Mass inoculation of school age males and prepubertal school age females without prior determination of rubella antibody titres is suggested as a cost-effective means of decreasing incidence of congenital rubella syndrome.", "contents": "Implications of rubella susceptibility in young adults. Rubella history and antibody titre were determined for 457 medical, graduate, and physician assistant students. Eighteen per cent were estimated at risk for rubella. There were no male-female differences. Health-profession students did not differ in rubella immune status from the general population. History was not helpful in assessing immune status. Approximately one-half of persons with low antibody titres had considered themselves immune, while one-half with moderate to high antibody titres had considered themselves at risk. Less than one-half of students with low antibody titres available themselves of immunization which was recommended and offered. With a high percentage of adult females at risk for rubella even in a health-motivated population and with poor follow-up on recommended immunization, current immunization practices must be improved if congenital rubella syndrome is to be further reduced. Mass inoculation of school age males and prepubertal school age females without prior determination of rubella antibody titres is suggested as a cost-effective means of decreasing incidence of congenital rubella syndrome.", "PMID": 420376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10433", "title": "The New York rubella incident: a case for changing hospital policy regarding rubella testing and immunization.", "content": "A case of rubella in a male obstetrics-gynecology house staff member exposed 170 staff members and 11 prenatal patients to the clinical disease. Of 163 staff members tested within one week of exposure, 132 (80 per cent) were not susceptibles. Repeat titres three weeks later on 28 susceptibles remained negative. Of the 11 patients exposed, three were susceptible and none seroconverted.", "contents": "The New York rubella incident: a case for changing hospital policy regarding rubella testing and immunization. A case of rubella in a male obstetrics-gynecology house staff member exposed 170 staff members and 11 prenatal patients to the clinical disease. Of 163 staff members tested within one week of exposure, 132 (80 per cent) were not susceptibles. Repeat titres three weeks later on 28 susceptibles remained negative. Of the 11 patients exposed, three were susceptible and none seroconverted.", "PMID": 420380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10434", "title": "Surgical treatment of partial Achilles tendon rupture.", "content": "Fifty-four patients with a total of 58 partial ruptures of the Achilles tendon were treated surgically. The postoperative observation time ranged from 8 months to 7 years. Forty-six patients indicated that they were pleased with the results, 8 were satisfied, and 3 were unsatisfied (one died during the interim). Thirty-seven of the 44 patients who had been engaged in competitive sports preoperatively were able to return successfully to the activity. We recommend surgical treatment if conservative treatment for presumed tendinitis is not successful. The operative procedure may encourage revascularization to the Achilles tendon and innervation after surgical excision of the pathologic and degenerated tissue.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of partial Achilles tendon rupture. Fifty-four patients with a total of 58 partial ruptures of the Achilles tendon were treated surgically. The postoperative observation time ranged from 8 months to 7 years. Forty-six patients indicated that they were pleased with the results, 8 were satisfied, and 3 were unsatisfied (one died during the interim). Thirty-seven of the 44 patients who had been engaged in competitive sports preoperatively were able to return successfully to the activity. We recommend surgical treatment if conservative treatment for presumed tendinitis is not successful. The operative procedure may encourage revascularization to the Achilles tendon and innervation after surgical excision of the pathologic and degenerated tissue.", "PMID": 420383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10435", "title": "Conditioning program for competitive figure skating.", "content": "To test the feasibility that traditional interval training methods could be adapted to the needs of competitive figure skaters, an interval skating program was conducted during a 3-month period for a group of skaters at diverse levels of proficiency. The program required only a small portion of the total ice time utilized by the skaters on a daily basis, i.e., 1/2 hr, three times a week. On alternate days, the skaters used the same amount of time in a strength training program. A flexibility-stretching facet was to be done by the skaters on a daily basis. Progress was evaluated by treadmill oxygen consumption determinations and ability to perform a 1/2-mile skate effort. Over the course of the 3-month period, the skaters in the program showed an average increase in oxygen consumption of 9% from 44.73 cc per kg per min to 55.51 cc per kg per min. This was accompanied by an average 10-sec reduction in the timed effort at the 1/2-mile skate. Subjectively, the skaters were less fatigued during their freestyle skating programs and were able to improve consistency at skilled maneuvers in the last minute of their performances. This initial effort to evaluate the efficacy of this type of a training program for competitive figure skating seems to have proven to be beneficial to the skaters. Currently, we are continuing our efforts to expand the program.", "contents": "Conditioning program for competitive figure skating. To test the feasibility that traditional interval training methods could be adapted to the needs of competitive figure skaters, an interval skating program was conducted during a 3-month period for a group of skaters at diverse levels of proficiency. The program required only a small portion of the total ice time utilized by the skaters on a daily basis, i.e., 1/2 hr, three times a week. On alternate days, the skaters used the same amount of time in a strength training program. A flexibility-stretching facet was to be done by the skaters on a daily basis. Progress was evaluated by treadmill oxygen consumption determinations and ability to perform a 1/2-mile skate effort. Over the course of the 3-month period, the skaters in the program showed an average increase in oxygen consumption of 9% from 44.73 cc per kg per min to 55.51 cc per kg per min. This was accompanied by an average 10-sec reduction in the timed effort at the 1/2-mile skate. Subjectively, the skaters were less fatigued during their freestyle skating programs and were able to improve consistency at skilled maneuvers in the last minute of their performances. This initial effort to evaluate the efficacy of this type of a training program for competitive figure skating seems to have proven to be beneficial to the skaters. Currently, we are continuing our efforts to expand the program.", "PMID": 420387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10436", "title": "Anterior cruciate ligament: functional anatomy of its bundles in rotatory instabilities.", "content": "The functional anatomy of tha anterior cruciate ligament was studied in 18 freshly amputated specimens. The cruciates were observed in the extremes of flexion and extension, and in midposition in simulated weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing conditions. Five femoral shafts were split longitudinally so that the femoral and tibial attachments of the ligament could be inspected. The findings indicated that (1) the anterior cruciate ligament is a secondary static stabilizer against rotatory instabilities of the knee; (2) the anteromedial bundle contributes to anterolateral stability; (3) the intermediate bundle adds to straight and anteromedial stability; and (4) the posterolateral bundle assists in posterolateral stability. Specific bundles and functions of bundles must be considered in reconstruction, substitution, or replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament.", "contents": "Anterior cruciate ligament: functional anatomy of its bundles in rotatory instabilities. The functional anatomy of tha anterior cruciate ligament was studied in 18 freshly amputated specimens. The cruciates were observed in the extremes of flexion and extension, and in midposition in simulated weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing conditions. Five femoral shafts were split longitudinally so that the femoral and tibial attachments of the ligament could be inspected. The findings indicated that (1) the anterior cruciate ligament is a secondary static stabilizer against rotatory instabilities of the knee; (2) the anteromedial bundle contributes to anterolateral stability; (3) the intermediate bundle adds to straight and anteromedial stability; and (4) the posterolateral bundle assists in posterolateral stability. Specific bundles and functions of bundles must be considered in reconstruction, substitution, or replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament.", "PMID": 420384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10437", "title": "Cylinder or mobile cast brace after knee ligament surgery. A clinical analysis and morphologic and enzymatic studies of changes in the quadriceps muscle.", "content": "Sixteen patients participated in a prospective randomized trial in which a standard cylinder cast was compared with a mobile cast brace. Both were worn for 4 weeks, beginning at 1 week after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. The athletes that had used a cast brace could return to sports activities in about one-half the time it took for the athletes with a standard cast. The patients with a standard cast showed a significant atrophy of Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers in the vastus lateralis. The cast brace patients did not show any significant changes in cross-sectional areas of Type I or Type II (fast twitch) muscle fibers. The standard cast patients had a significant reduction of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the vastus lateralis whereas the patients with the cast brace did not show any significant changes. No difference in surgical end result was found. A cast brace with a limited range of motion between 20 and 60 degrees of flexion is recommended as the standard postoperative treatment after knee ligament surgery.", "contents": "Cylinder or mobile cast brace after knee ligament surgery. A clinical analysis and morphologic and enzymatic studies of changes in the quadriceps muscle. Sixteen patients participated in a prospective randomized trial in which a standard cylinder cast was compared with a mobile cast brace. Both were worn for 4 weeks, beginning at 1 week after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. The athletes that had used a cast brace could return to sports activities in about one-half the time it took for the athletes with a standard cast. The patients with a standard cast showed a significant atrophy of Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers in the vastus lateralis. The cast brace patients did not show any significant changes in cross-sectional areas of Type I or Type II (fast twitch) muscle fibers. The standard cast patients had a significant reduction of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the vastus lateralis whereas the patients with the cast brace did not show any significant changes. No difference in surgical end result was found. A cast brace with a limited range of motion between 20 and 60 degrees of flexion is recommended as the standard postoperative treatment after knee ligament surgery.", "PMID": 420388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10438", "title": "Extra-articular reconstructive surgery for combined anterolateral-anteromedial rotatory instability.", "content": "The knees of 14 patients (12 male and 2 female) were treated surgically by extra-articular reconstruction for combined anterolateral-anteromedial rotatory instability. Healing and rehabilitation required approximately 8 months after the operations. Only after adequate rehabilitation, including return of full confidence, were the patients released to full activity (although contact sports are not recommended). Of the group, 12 patients returned for follow-up evaluations and one returned a questionnaire. One patient was lost to follow-up. One patient did not return to full activity because in the 3rd month postoperatively, he stepped in a hole while jogging, reinjured his knee, and refused further surgery. The functional improvement in this series by our extra-articular procedure (a combination of an anteromedial capsulorrhaphy and pes transfer medially with Ellison's modification of an iliotibial band rerouting and partial biceps advancement laterally) compares favorably with the reported anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Further comparisons with longer periods of time after surgical procedures are needed to determine whether extra-articular repair with interarticular reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament is significantly better than this technically easier extra-articular repair alone.", "contents": "Extra-articular reconstructive surgery for combined anterolateral-anteromedial rotatory instability. The knees of 14 patients (12 male and 2 female) were treated surgically by extra-articular reconstruction for combined anterolateral-anteromedial rotatory instability. Healing and rehabilitation required approximately 8 months after the operations. Only after adequate rehabilitation, including return of full confidence, were the patients released to full activity (although contact sports are not recommended). Of the group, 12 patients returned for follow-up evaluations and one returned a questionnaire. One patient was lost to follow-up. One patient did not return to full activity because in the 3rd month postoperatively, he stepped in a hole while jogging, reinjured his knee, and refused further surgery. The functional improvement in this series by our extra-articular procedure (a combination of an anteromedial capsulorrhaphy and pes transfer medially with Ellison's modification of an iliotibial band rerouting and partial biceps advancement laterally) compares favorably with the reported anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Further comparisons with longer periods of time after surgical procedures are needed to determine whether extra-articular repair with interarticular reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament is significantly better than this technically easier extra-articular repair alone.", "PMID": 420386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10439", "title": "Chondromalacia patellae in athletes. Clinical presentation and conservative management.", "content": "A comprehensive conservative management program for chondromalacia patella in athletes has been presented. The clinical manifestations and the efficacy of conservative treatment have been documented in the prospective study of 100 consecutive athletes. The over-all success rate was 82%, and 18% were considered to be failures of conservative treatment. Only 8 of these 100 athletes have required surgical treatment. It was concluded that this type of conservative management is effective in the majority of athletes with symptomatic patellofemoral syndromes, and that surgical treatment should be necessary for only the relative few who fail to respond to an adequate trial of conservative treatment.", "contents": "Chondromalacia patellae in athletes. Clinical presentation and conservative management. A comprehensive conservative management program for chondromalacia patella in athletes has been presented. The clinical manifestations and the efficacy of conservative treatment have been documented in the prospective study of 100 consecutive athletes. The over-all success rate was 82%, and 18% were considered to be failures of conservative treatment. Only 8 of these 100 athletes have required surgical treatment. It was concluded that this type of conservative management is effective in the majority of athletes with symptomatic patellofemoral syndromes, and that surgical treatment should be necessary for only the relative few who fail to respond to an adequate trial of conservative treatment.", "PMID": 420389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10440", "title": "Blockade by vitamin A of the occurrence of permanent vaginal changes in mice treated neonatally with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone.", "content": "Estrogen-independent, persistent proliferation and cornification of the vaginal epithelium occurred in ovariectomized adult mice which had received neonatal injections of 50 microgram 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The occurrence of the permanent vaginal changes was prevented by injections of 200 IU vitamin A acetate (VA) given simultaneously with DHT. In 45% of the DHT plus VA-treated, ovariectomized mice, clear cells with pale cytoplasm appeared in the basal layer of the degenerating epithelium, while they came out in the epithelium of 13% of the ovariectomized mice receiving neonatal injections of DHT alone. For suppressing the permanent vaginal changes, including high mitotic rate, more than 1 month was required after the combined treatment. However, the occurrence of the permanent changes was not blocked by VA given after the DHT treatment. Permanent proliferation and squamous metaplasia took place in the uterine epithelium of the DHT-treated mice. Neonatal injections of VA also prevented the occurrence of the permanent uterine changes when given simultaneously with DHT but not when given after the androgen treatment.", "contents": "Blockade by vitamin A of the occurrence of permanent vaginal changes in mice treated neonatally with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Estrogen-independent, persistent proliferation and cornification of the vaginal epithelium occurred in ovariectomized adult mice which had received neonatal injections of 50 microgram 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The occurrence of the permanent vaginal changes was prevented by injections of 200 IU vitamin A acetate (VA) given simultaneously with DHT. In 45% of the DHT plus VA-treated, ovariectomized mice, clear cells with pale cytoplasm appeared in the basal layer of the degenerating epithelium, while they came out in the epithelium of 13% of the ovariectomized mice receiving neonatal injections of DHT alone. For suppressing the permanent vaginal changes, including high mitotic rate, more than 1 month was required after the combined treatment. However, the occurrence of the permanent changes was not blocked by VA given after the DHT treatment. Permanent proliferation and squamous metaplasia took place in the uterine epithelium of the DHT-treated mice. Neonatal injections of VA also prevented the occurrence of the permanent uterine changes when given simultaneously with DHT but not when given after the androgen treatment.", "PMID": 420403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10441", "title": "Developmental interactions between the adjacent parts of combined heterologous skeletogenous territories.", "content": "The right limb buds of chick embryos (H.-H.stages 22 to 26) were transversely divided at approximately the presumptive zeugopod mid-length, and (1) the distal parts exchanged between wing and hind-limb bud in apdv-reversed orientation (operation A), or (2) the severed distal part of the leg bud was reoriented in situ (operation B). Both the proximal and distal segments of the zeugopodal bones developing from the recombined portions of presumptive heterologous territories showed characteristic differences of size and shape in comparison to the corresponding parts of the skeletal pieces of the zeugopod of the intact, control limbs. These developmental changes are interpreted as being the consequence of reciprocal influences exerted by the adjacent parts of mesenchymal territories (or blastemata) that, under normal developmental conditions, are destined to give rise to different bones. Such influences may enhance or depress the growth potential of the skeletogenous populations affected, and, within each cell population, modify the geometry of the growth processes by which the various parts of each skeletal piece attain their typical shape.", "contents": "Developmental interactions between the adjacent parts of combined heterologous skeletogenous territories. The right limb buds of chick embryos (H.-H.stages 22 to 26) were transversely divided at approximately the presumptive zeugopod mid-length, and (1) the distal parts exchanged between wing and hind-limb bud in apdv-reversed orientation (operation A), or (2) the severed distal part of the leg bud was reoriented in situ (operation B). Both the proximal and distal segments of the zeugopodal bones developing from the recombined portions of presumptive heterologous territories showed characteristic differences of size and shape in comparison to the corresponding parts of the skeletal pieces of the zeugopod of the intact, control limbs. These developmental changes are interpreted as being the consequence of reciprocal influences exerted by the adjacent parts of mesenchymal territories (or blastemata) that, under normal developmental conditions, are destined to give rise to different bones. Such influences may enhance or depress the growth potential of the skeletogenous populations affected, and, within each cell population, modify the geometry of the growth processes by which the various parts of each skeletal piece attain their typical shape.", "PMID": 420404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10442", "title": "Cortical desmoid-like lesion of the proximal humerus and its occurrence in gymnasts (ringman's shoulder lesion).", "content": "Eighteen gymnasts were interviewed and examined radiographically for a cortical irregularity of the proximal humerus simulating malignancy. Fifty percent of the gymnasts had the lesion which is considered to be a benign reactive lesion secondary to excessive forces at the pectoralis major insertion to the proximal humerus. All patients were asymptomatic. The lesion is probably unique to gymnasts, particularly those involved with strength moves.", "contents": "Cortical desmoid-like lesion of the proximal humerus and its occurrence in gymnasts (ringman's shoulder lesion). Eighteen gymnasts were interviewed and examined radiographically for a cortical irregularity of the proximal humerus simulating malignancy. Fifty percent of the gymnasts had the lesion which is considered to be a benign reactive lesion secondary to excessive forces at the pectoralis major insertion to the proximal humerus. All patients were asymptomatic. The lesion is probably unique to gymnasts, particularly those involved with strength moves.", "PMID": 420390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10443", "title": "Acute acromioclavicular separations. A 20-year study.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-two acromioclavicular separations treated surgically at the Campbell Clinic from 1956 to 1976 have been studied. On group of 44 patients who had primary excision of the distal clavicle with repair of ligaments was compared with another group of 78 patients who had primary repair of the ligaments only. Of the original 122 patients (average age, 27 years; range, 12 to 64 years), 112 were male and 10 were female. Eighty-six of the 122 patients were reevaluated (average follow-up, 4.4 years; range, 1 to 16 years). No difference in the two groups was apparent in range of motion or in muscle power/weakness, as tested by resistive examination. There was no correlation between presence or amount of degenerative changes in the acromioclavicular joint and the patient's symptomatology. Of the group who had excision of the distal end of the clavicle, only 4.5% had degenerative joint disease as compared with 24.3% of the other group. Repair of the coracoclavicular and acromioclavicular ligaments, with a beveled excision of the distal 1 cm of clavicle, has been a successful and reliable method for treating Type III (complete disruption of acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments and tears of deltoid and trapezius muscle attachments from the clavicle) and some Type II (complete disruption of capsule and acromioclavicular ligaments) injuries.", "contents": "Acute acromioclavicular separations. A 20-year study. One hundred and twenty-two acromioclavicular separations treated surgically at the Campbell Clinic from 1956 to 1976 have been studied. On group of 44 patients who had primary excision of the distal clavicle with repair of ligaments was compared with another group of 78 patients who had primary repair of the ligaments only. Of the original 122 patients (average age, 27 years; range, 12 to 64 years), 112 were male and 10 were female. Eighty-six of the 122 patients were reevaluated (average follow-up, 4.4 years; range, 1 to 16 years). No difference in the two groups was apparent in range of motion or in muscle power/weakness, as tested by resistive examination. There was no correlation between presence or amount of degenerative changes in the acromioclavicular joint and the patient's symptomatology. Of the group who had excision of the distal end of the clavicle, only 4.5% had degenerative joint disease as compared with 24.3% of the other group. Repair of the coracoclavicular and acromioclavicular ligaments, with a beveled excision of the distal 1 cm of clavicle, has been a successful and reliable method for treating Type III (complete disruption of acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments and tears of deltoid and trapezius muscle attachments from the clavicle) and some Type II (complete disruption of capsule and acromioclavicular ligaments) injuries.", "PMID": 420391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10444", "title": "Correctable elbow lesions in professional baseball players: a review of 25 cases.", "content": "In a retrospective study, 20 of 25 professional baseball pitchers (mean age, 24 years; range, 19 to 28 years) who had had a reconstructive surgical procedure on the dominant elbow had satisfactory results (able to return to competitive throwing for one full season or more after surgery). Gentle motion wasinitiated 1 week after the operation on each patient. Exercises for mobilization and muscle strengthening of grip, arm, and shoulder were increased until throwing was initiated 10 to 12 weeks postoperatively. Throwing was gradually increased over several weeks from 30 feet at no more than half speed for 15 min to 60 feet at three-quarter speed. Pitchers were instructed to warm up before throwing and warm down and to continue this practice after they began competitive throwing. The longest period of follow-up had been 4 years (mean, 2.8 years). Four of the 25 pitchers had unsatisfactory results (released from their team in less than one full season because of ineffective pitching and were not picked up by another team). The cause of the release of the other patient-player is controversial. This 25-patient group is too small and the follow-up period is too short for definite conclusions. Our evidence does suggest that surgical procedures directed at medial soft tissue and posterior intra-articular changes carry better prognosis for competitive throwers than other procedures. The radiohumeral articular condition should be evaluated at surgery.", "contents": "Correctable elbow lesions in professional baseball players: a review of 25 cases. In a retrospective study, 20 of 25 professional baseball pitchers (mean age, 24 years; range, 19 to 28 years) who had had a reconstructive surgical procedure on the dominant elbow had satisfactory results (able to return to competitive throwing for one full season or more after surgery). Gentle motion wasinitiated 1 week after the operation on each patient. Exercises for mobilization and muscle strengthening of grip, arm, and shoulder were increased until throwing was initiated 10 to 12 weeks postoperatively. Throwing was gradually increased over several weeks from 30 feet at no more than half speed for 15 min to 60 feet at three-quarter speed. Pitchers were instructed to warm up before throwing and warm down and to continue this practice after they began competitive throwing. The longest period of follow-up had been 4 years (mean, 2.8 years). Four of the 25 pitchers had unsatisfactory results (released from their team in less than one full season because of ineffective pitching and were not picked up by another team). The cause of the release of the other patient-player is controversial. This 25-patient group is too small and the follow-up period is too short for definite conclusions. Our evidence does suggest that surgical procedures directed at medial soft tissue and posterior intra-articular changes carry better prognosis for competitive throwers than other procedures. The radiohumeral articular condition should be evaluated at surgery.", "PMID": 420392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10445", "title": "The role of the epididymis in descensus testis and the topographical relationship between the testis and epididymis from the sixth month of pregnancy until immediately after birth.", "content": "The position of the testis, the relationship between the epididymis and the testis, as well as the development and regression of the gubernaculum were investigated in 18 testicles of children from the 26th week of pregnancy until a few weeks after birth. The most important role in descensus testiculorum is ascribed to the differentiation of the epididymis and the ductus deferens. It is androgen dependent. The testis descends in the processus vaginalis, being attached to its dorsal wall.", "contents": "The role of the epididymis in descensus testis and the topographical relationship between the testis and epididymis from the sixth month of pregnancy until immediately after birth. The position of the testis, the relationship between the epididymis and the testis, as well as the development and regression of the gubernaculum were investigated in 18 testicles of children from the 26th week of pregnancy until a few weeks after birth. The most important role in descensus testiculorum is ascribed to the differentiation of the epididymis and the ductus deferens. It is androgen dependent. The testis descends in the processus vaginalis, being attached to its dorsal wall.", "PMID": 420407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10446", "title": "Morphological and functional studies on the odontoid process of the human axis.", "content": "Studies on the morphology of the odontoid process by various methods strongly suggest a functional adaption of this bony element. With regard to the inclination of the dens axis and the varying position of its articular facets, a modified trabecular system can be observed. Photoelastic experiments confirm that these modifications are correlated with two specific kinds of mechanical stress. The straight odontoid process is only subjected to stress due to compression, but the dorsally inclined dens to bending stress. Based on the morphological and experimental findings, flexion and extension between the first and second vertebrae (in addition to rotation as the principle movement) are discussed.", "contents": "Morphological and functional studies on the odontoid process of the human axis. Studies on the morphology of the odontoid process by various methods strongly suggest a functional adaption of this bony element. With regard to the inclination of the dens axis and the varying position of its articular facets, a modified trabecular system can be observed. Photoelastic experiments confirm that these modifications are correlated with two specific kinds of mechanical stress. The straight odontoid process is only subjected to stress due to compression, but the dorsally inclined dens to bending stress. Based on the morphological and experimental findings, flexion and extension between the first and second vertebrae (in addition to rotation as the principle movement) are discussed.", "PMID": 420408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10447", "title": "Investigations on the influence of prolactin suppression on reproductive function in bulls.", "content": "In 3 mature bulls 2 injections (i.m.) of 150 mg 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154, Sandoz) within 48 hrs. decreased the plasma prolactin concentrations significantly for about 14 days (first experiment). In a second experiment, where treatment was repeated after 2 weeks, the period of maximal prolaction deficiency could be extended to a length of about 4 weeks. However, intensity of prolactin inhibition was less pronounced. This is attributed to seasonal factors. Neither during the shorter nor during the longer period of prolactin suppression were apparent changes of the LH and testosterone levels observed. Apart from a minor increase in the rate of morphologically abnormal sperm cells, reproductive function as libido, mating behaviour, semen quality, secretory activity of the accessory glands (concentration of fructose, GPC and chloride in seminal plasma and pre-sperm fraction resp.) were not significantly affected. It seems questionable, therefore, whether under physiological conditions prolactin is essential for the regulation of sexual functions in mature bulls.", "contents": "Investigations on the influence of prolactin suppression on reproductive function in bulls. In 3 mature bulls 2 injections (i.m.) of 150 mg 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154, Sandoz) within 48 hrs. decreased the plasma prolactin concentrations significantly for about 14 days (first experiment). In a second experiment, where treatment was repeated after 2 weeks, the period of maximal prolaction deficiency could be extended to a length of about 4 weeks. However, intensity of prolactin inhibition was less pronounced. This is attributed to seasonal factors. Neither during the shorter nor during the longer period of prolactin suppression were apparent changes of the LH and testosterone levels observed. Apart from a minor increase in the rate of morphologically abnormal sperm cells, reproductive function as libido, mating behaviour, semen quality, secretory activity of the accessory glands (concentration of fructose, GPC and chloride in seminal plasma and pre-sperm fraction resp.) were not significantly affected. It seems questionable, therefore, whether under physiological conditions prolactin is essential for the regulation of sexual functions in mature bulls.", "PMID": 420410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10448", "title": "Men with a distinct testicular hypoplasia: sexual development and activity.", "content": "In 101 married men examined for sterility a distinct testicular hypoplasia was found. The long axis of both sexual glands was shorter than 30 mm. Their heterosexual development and activity in sex life were studied by means of HTDM and SAM Questionnaires. A comparison with a group of 325 normozoospermic men of the same age has shown that the heterosexual development was in the pathological group only slightly retarded but that the activity in sex life was distinctly lower in a number of items.", "contents": "Men with a distinct testicular hypoplasia: sexual development and activity. In 101 married men examined for sterility a distinct testicular hypoplasia was found. The long axis of both sexual glands was shorter than 30 mm. Their heterosexual development and activity in sex life were studied by means of HTDM and SAM Questionnaires. A comparison with a group of 325 normozoospermic men of the same age has shown that the heterosexual development was in the pathological group only slightly retarded but that the activity in sex life was distinctly lower in a number of items.", "PMID": 420412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10449", "title": "Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, FSH and testosterone levels of normolipemic male patients with decreased fertility treated with mesterolone.", "content": "There were no changes in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, FSH and testosterone levels of 24 healthy men treated with mesterolone for infertility during period of 6 months. The patients were normolipemic and the daily doses were 75 mg. No side-effects were noticed. Mesterolone seems to have too selective or too low androgenic effect with the doses used in order to have an influence on the lipid metabolism of men.", "contents": "Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, FSH and testosterone levels of normolipemic male patients with decreased fertility treated with mesterolone. There were no changes in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, FSH and testosterone levels of 24 healthy men treated with mesterolone for infertility during period of 6 months. The patients were normolipemic and the daily doses were 75 mg. No side-effects were noticed. Mesterolone seems to have too selective or too low androgenic effect with the doses used in order to have an influence on the lipid metabolism of men.", "PMID": 420413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10450", "title": "[Importance of arginine content and arginase activity in fertility].", "content": "Experimental studies have shown that in men with pathospermia the arginine content of sperm plasma is lower than in normal men. In order to find out the reason of this divergency the authors analysed the content of arginine, urea, citrulline, GAA and arginase activity in serum and in sperm plasma of 40 patients with normo-, oligo- or azoospermia. For the first time our results show that the low arginine content in pathological sperm is not due to disorder of the precursor metabolism, but to the increased arginase activity and to the increased conversion of arginine to GAA. In order to find out the mechanism of action and to develop an adequate andrological therapy detailed studies on molecular level have to be done.", "contents": "[Importance of arginine content and arginase activity in fertility]. Experimental studies have shown that in men with pathospermia the arginine content of sperm plasma is lower than in normal men. In order to find out the reason of this divergency the authors analysed the content of arginine, urea, citrulline, GAA and arginase activity in serum and in sperm plasma of 40 patients with normo-, oligo- or azoospermia. For the first time our results show that the low arginine content in pathological sperm is not due to disorder of the precursor metabolism, but to the increased arginase activity and to the increased conversion of arginine to GAA. In order to find out the mechanism of action and to develop an adequate andrological therapy detailed studies on molecular level have to be done.", "PMID": 420414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10451", "title": "Biochemical changes of the human semen produced by chlorambucil, testosterone propionate and human chorionic gonadotropin administration.", "content": "Biochemical analysis and morphological studies were carried out in six patients with lymphomas during and after withdrawal treatment with chlorambucil, testosterone propionate (TP) and human chorionic gonadotropins (HCG). In the course of the treatment with chlorambucil patients developed severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia. The spermatogenesis recovered after a variable period of time following suspension of treatment. During the drug administration seminal fructose and citric acid concentrations increase but the recovery after withdrawal takes a longer period of time. Simultaneous treatment with HCG or TP normalized the biochemical parameters without restoring spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Biochemical changes of the human semen produced by chlorambucil, testosterone propionate and human chorionic gonadotropin administration. Biochemical analysis and morphological studies were carried out in six patients with lymphomas during and after withdrawal treatment with chlorambucil, testosterone propionate (TP) and human chorionic gonadotropins (HCG). In the course of the treatment with chlorambucil patients developed severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia. The spermatogenesis recovered after a variable period of time following suspension of treatment. During the drug administration seminal fructose and citric acid concentrations increase but the recovery after withdrawal takes a longer period of time. Simultaneous treatment with HCG or TP normalized the biochemical parameters without restoring spermatogenesis.", "PMID": 420415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10452", "title": "Histochemical studies of testicular delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase after chronic indomethacin administration in rats pretreated with clomiphene-citrate.", "content": "Histochemical studies of testicular delta5-3beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and 17beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in sexually immature rats treated chronically with simultaneous Indomethacin and Clomiphene revealed greater inhibition in the enzyme activities when compared to Clomiphene treated animals alone. This suggests prostaglandin-inhibitors may be directly inhibitory to NAD-requiring enzymes involved in testicular steroid biosynthesis.", "contents": "Histochemical studies of testicular delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase after chronic indomethacin administration in rats pretreated with clomiphene-citrate. Histochemical studies of testicular delta5-3beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and 17beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in sexually immature rats treated chronically with simultaneous Indomethacin and Clomiphene revealed greater inhibition in the enzyme activities when compared to Clomiphene treated animals alone. This suggests prostaglandin-inhibitors may be directly inhibitory to NAD-requiring enzymes involved in testicular steroid biosynthesis.", "PMID": 420416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10453", "title": "Morphologic evaluation of spermatozoa in different laboratories.", "content": "The principles of morphologic evaluation of human spermatozoa may vary from time to time and between different laboratories. These principles are reflected in the mean and standard deviation of the results obtained from analysis of samples delivered by all new patients. These figures and distribution diagrams based on the same data were collected from eight different scandinavian fertility laboratories. It is suggested that such data should be used to define the investigational profile of the laboratory in question and to check that inadvertent changes in the principles of evaluation do not develop. The data may also be used to calculate correction factors in order to facilitate the comparison of results when the patient has delivered samples to more than one laboratory.", "contents": "Morphologic evaluation of spermatozoa in different laboratories. The principles of morphologic evaluation of human spermatozoa may vary from time to time and between different laboratories. These principles are reflected in the mean and standard deviation of the results obtained from analysis of samples delivered by all new patients. These figures and distribution diagrams based on the same data were collected from eight different scandinavian fertility laboratories. It is suggested that such data should be used to define the investigational profile of the laboratory in question and to check that inadvertent changes in the principles of evaluation do not develop. The data may also be used to calculate correction factors in order to facilitate the comparison of results when the patient has delivered samples to more than one laboratory.", "PMID": 420417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10454", "title": "The spermiogram in urogenital tuberculosis.", "content": "In 50 patients, all under 40 years old, with a diagnosis of urinary tuberculosis, a spermiogram, in order to see if there was any cytomorphological or biochemical alteration, was performed. They were divided into two groups: the first one including patients showing clinical alteration of the genital tract, and the second one including patients without any clinical symptomatology, eg. at the external genitalia. The modification of the spermiogram in accordance with the evolution of the urinary tuberculous lesion and the specific treatment employed, have also been evaluated. All patients with clinical alterations in the genital tract, showed also alterations in the cytomorphological and/or in the biochemical studies. 75% of the patients without genital lesions showed oligoasthenozoospermia. In spite of the treatment established, no improvements were observed in the spermiogram.", "contents": "The spermiogram in urogenital tuberculosis. In 50 patients, all under 40 years old, with a diagnosis of urinary tuberculosis, a spermiogram, in order to see if there was any cytomorphological or biochemical alteration, was performed. They were divided into two groups: the first one including patients showing clinical alteration of the genital tract, and the second one including patients without any clinical symptomatology, eg. at the external genitalia. The modification of the spermiogram in accordance with the evolution of the urinary tuberculous lesion and the specific treatment employed, have also been evaluated. All patients with clinical alterations in the genital tract, showed also alterations in the cytomorphological and/or in the biochemical studies. 75% of the patients without genital lesions showed oligoasthenozoospermia. In spite of the treatment established, no improvements were observed in the spermiogram.", "PMID": 420418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10455", "title": "The effect of a combination of prostatic massage and antibiotic plus anticongestive drugs on human semen quality and fertility.", "content": "A total of 123 patients suffering from chronic prostatitis and infertility were included in this study. No significant improvement in sperm quality was found following prostatic massage with (90 patients) or without (33) antiobiotic plus anticongestive therapy. There was no apparent change in the relative contribution on the prostate and seminal vesicle of the ejaculate, as judged by the concentration of calcium and fructose. Nor was the pregnancy rate increased. It is concluded that prostatic massage is of little or no therapeutic value in treatment of infertility.", "contents": "The effect of a combination of prostatic massage and antibiotic plus anticongestive drugs on human semen quality and fertility. A total of 123 patients suffering from chronic prostatitis and infertility were included in this study. No significant improvement in sperm quality was found following prostatic massage with (90 patients) or without (33) antiobiotic plus anticongestive therapy. There was no apparent change in the relative contribution on the prostate and seminal vesicle of the ejaculate, as judged by the concentration of calcium and fructose. Nor was the pregnancy rate increased. It is concluded that prostatic massage is of little or no therapeutic value in treatment of infertility.", "PMID": 420419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10456", "title": "Flunisolide in chronic bronchial asthma.", "content": "Sixteen steroid dependent and 13 steroid independent patients with bronchial asthma were treated for three months with flunisolide by aerosol. Asthma improved in these patients, other medication usage decreased and adverse side effects were minimal. A significant increase in morning plasma cortisol levels occurred in steroid dependent patients, whereas cortisol levels in steroid independent patients remained normal. An unexpected decline in response to metyrapone occurred in both groups of patients and suggests that this test is affected by flunisolide usage.", "contents": "Flunisolide in chronic bronchial asthma. Sixteen steroid dependent and 13 steroid independent patients with bronchial asthma were treated for three months with flunisolide by aerosol. Asthma improved in these patients, other medication usage decreased and adverse side effects were minimal. A significant increase in morning plasma cortisol levels occurred in steroid dependent patients, whereas cortisol levels in steroid independent patients remained normal. An unexpected decline in response to metyrapone occurred in both groups of patients and suggests that this test is affected by flunisolide usage.", "PMID": 420422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10457", "title": "Urticaria and giardia lamblia infection.", "content": "A case of Giardia lamblia infestation with concomitent urticaria is presented. No mechanisms of association are suggested. With treatment of the Giardia, the urticaria cleared. The urticaria could also be suprressed with Atarax.", "contents": "Urticaria and giardia lamblia infection. A case of Giardia lamblia infestation with concomitent urticaria is presented. No mechanisms of association are suggested. With treatment of the Giardia, the urticaria cleared. The urticaria could also be suprressed with Atarax.", "PMID": 420425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10458", "title": "Asthma: some basic methods of prevention.", "content": "Present traditional measures employed in the prevention of asthma are reviewed. It is recommended that in view of the extensive and possibly increasing prevalence of the disease together with continuing high death rates more attention in our treatment programs should be devoted to basic prevention in possibly susceptible people. High risk groups such as among small children, in certain industries and in developing counties make this approach especially desirable. An outline of suggested measures is presented.", "contents": "Asthma: some basic methods of prevention. Present traditional measures employed in the prevention of asthma are reviewed. It is recommended that in view of the extensive and possibly increasing prevalence of the disease together with continuing high death rates more attention in our treatment programs should be devoted to basic prevention in possibly susceptible people. High risk groups such as among small children, in certain industries and in developing counties make this approach especially desirable. An outline of suggested measures is presented.", "PMID": 420426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10459", "title": "Basal pathomechanism of asthmatic attacks (a review).", "content": "Clinical examinations, including provocation, bronchography, electromyography of respiratory muscles, administration of anesthetics and autopsy reject the bronchospasm theory in the production of asthma attacks. Stimulation of sensory nerves, primarily in the upper airway, is the primary basal factor which promotes reflex respiratory activity.", "contents": "Basal pathomechanism of asthmatic attacks (a review). Clinical examinations, including provocation, bronchography, electromyography of respiratory muscles, administration of anesthetics and autopsy reject the bronchospasm theory in the production of asthma attacks. Stimulation of sensory nerves, primarily in the upper airway, is the primary basal factor which promotes reflex respiratory activity.", "PMID": 420427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10460", "title": "Development of tight junctions in rat tracheal epithelium during the early hours after mechanical injury.", "content": "Mild abrasion of rat tracheal epithelium results in the death of superficial cells and flattening of basal cells to cover the exposed areas of basal lamina. Six hours after injury, colloidal tracers were shown in previous studies to be excluded from the spaces between cells and from the underlying lamina propria. The structural basis for this restoration of barrier function was investigated in the present experiments using transmission electron microscopy of thin sections and freeze fracture replicas. For each of 4 elapsed times after injury, 12 healing lesions in the epithelium were studied extensively. In specimens obtaine 2 and 4 hours after wounding, apical junctions between epithelium cells could not be identified in either thin sections or freeze fracture replicas. Six hours after injury, point contact could be recognized between epithelial cells in thin sections, whereas freeze fracture replicas revealed rudimentary tight junctions consisting of fragmented strands and linearly organized particles. Twelve hours after injury, highly developed tight junctions similar in complexity to those in normal uninjured tracheal epithelium were observed between the relatively undifferentiated basal cells comprising the regenerating epithelium. The focal membrane modification that appears 6 hours after injury is thus an early step in the process of regeneration and restoration of cytologic specialization.", "contents": "Development of tight junctions in rat tracheal epithelium during the early hours after mechanical injury. Mild abrasion of rat tracheal epithelium results in the death of superficial cells and flattening of basal cells to cover the exposed areas of basal lamina. Six hours after injury, colloidal tracers were shown in previous studies to be excluded from the spaces between cells and from the underlying lamina propria. The structural basis for this restoration of barrier function was investigated in the present experiments using transmission electron microscopy of thin sections and freeze fracture replicas. For each of 4 elapsed times after injury, 12 healing lesions in the epithelium were studied extensively. In specimens obtaine 2 and 4 hours after wounding, apical junctions between epithelium cells could not be identified in either thin sections or freeze fracture replicas. Six hours after injury, point contact could be recognized between epithelial cells in thin sections, whereas freeze fracture replicas revealed rudimentary tight junctions consisting of fragmented strands and linearly organized particles. Twelve hours after injury, highly developed tight junctions similar in complexity to those in normal uninjured tracheal epithelium were observed between the relatively undifferentiated basal cells comprising the regenerating epithelium. The focal membrane modification that appears 6 hours after injury is thus an early step in the process of regeneration and restoration of cytologic specialization.", "PMID": 420428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10461", "title": "Tuberculosis in immigrants to Canada. A study of present-day patterns in relation to immigration trends and birthplace.", "content": "The influences of immigration on tuberculosis morbidity in Canada were examined. The pattern of immigration has changed markedly in recent years, increasing proportions of immigrants being from areas other than Europe. Morbidity rates varied widely according to country of birth and were highest among persons born in Asia and lowest among those born in northwestern Europe and the United States. These rates were generally parallel to those reported in the countries of birth, although somewhat lower. Differences in patterns of disease by birthplace were noted, particularly the preponderance of lymphadenitis in Asians and genitourinary tuberculosis in Italians. Although the frequency of drug-resistant bacilli was higher in Asians than in other groups, the vast majority of bacilli in all groups were drug-sensitive. For purposes of tuberculosis control, immigrants from high-incidence countries constitute a high-risk group, and physicians should be aware of this when dealing with patients from these countries.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in immigrants to Canada. A study of present-day patterns in relation to immigration trends and birthplace. The influences of immigration on tuberculosis morbidity in Canada were examined. The pattern of immigration has changed markedly in recent years, increasing proportions of immigrants being from areas other than Europe. Morbidity rates varied widely according to country of birth and were highest among persons born in Asia and lowest among those born in northwestern Europe and the United States. These rates were generally parallel to those reported in the countries of birth, although somewhat lower. Differences in patterns of disease by birthplace were noted, particularly the preponderance of lymphadenitis in Asians and genitourinary tuberculosis in Italians. Although the frequency of drug-resistant bacilli was higher in Asians than in other groups, the vast majority of bacilli in all groups were drug-sensitive. For purposes of tuberculosis control, immigrants from high-incidence countries constitute a high-risk group, and physicians should be aware of this when dealing with patients from these countries.", "PMID": 420429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10462", "title": "Tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis practices in metropolitan clinics.", "content": "A survey of tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis policies was conducted from September 1977 through January 1978 of all metropolitan programs in the United States that reported more than 100 cases of tuberculosis during 1976. Twenty-eight programs were surveyed, and all responded. Uniform practice was found with regard to the dosage of isoniazid administered, duration of treatment, and most other indications for preventive therapy recommended by the American Thoracic Society and the U.S. Public Health Service Center for Disease Control. One third of the programs surveyed administered chemoprophylaxis to pregnant women, and one third regularly dispensed more than a one-month supply of isoniazid to patients. Three programs (11%) routinely monitored hepatic function by serum laboratory tests during chemoprophylaxis. Four programs (14%) regularly or occasionally used bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine for prevention of tuberculosis. Although large metropolitan programs generally followed the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society and the Center for Disease Control for tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis, some major variances in practice were reported.", "contents": "Tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis practices in metropolitan clinics. A survey of tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis policies was conducted from September 1977 through January 1978 of all metropolitan programs in the United States that reported more than 100 cases of tuberculosis during 1976. Twenty-eight programs were surveyed, and all responded. Uniform practice was found with regard to the dosage of isoniazid administered, duration of treatment, and most other indications for preventive therapy recommended by the American Thoracic Society and the U.S. Public Health Service Center for Disease Control. One third of the programs surveyed administered chemoprophylaxis to pregnant women, and one third regularly dispensed more than a one-month supply of isoniazid to patients. Three programs (11%) routinely monitored hepatic function by serum laboratory tests during chemoprophylaxis. Four programs (14%) regularly or occasionally used bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine for prevention of tuberculosis. Although large metropolitan programs generally followed the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society and the Center for Disease Control for tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis, some major variances in practice were reported.", "PMID": 420430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10463", "title": "Anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis.", "content": "Clinical features of 46 patients with anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis were compared with those of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. The presenting features in these 2 groups were comparable in terms of fever, leukocyte count, and radiographic abnormalities. In only 2 patients with anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis was putrid sputum noted on initial evaluation. None of the patients with anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis had shaking chills, although this was reported by nearly one half of those with pneumococcal pneumonia. The response to treatment with antimicrobial drugs was comparable in the 2 groups, except that 20% of patients with anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis subsequently developed pulmonary abscesses, despite the use of antimicrobial agents presumed to be active against the infecting flora. There was also a high incidence of bronchogenic neoplasms among patients who had anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis in the absence of an associated condition that would predispose to aspiration. The findings of this review suggest that anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis may be difficult to distinguish from pneumococcal pneumonia on the basis of clinical presentation.", "contents": "Anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis. Clinical features of 46 patients with anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis were compared with those of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. The presenting features in these 2 groups were comparable in terms of fever, leukocyte count, and radiographic abnormalities. In only 2 patients with anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis was putrid sputum noted on initial evaluation. None of the patients with anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis had shaking chills, although this was reported by nearly one half of those with pneumococcal pneumonia. The response to treatment with antimicrobial drugs was comparable in the 2 groups, except that 20% of patients with anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis subsequently developed pulmonary abscesses, despite the use of antimicrobial agents presumed to be active against the infecting flora. There was also a high incidence of bronchogenic neoplasms among patients who had anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis in the absence of an associated condition that would predispose to aspiration. The findings of this review suggest that anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis may be difficult to distinguish from pneumococcal pneumonia on the basis of clinical presentation.", "PMID": 420433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10464", "title": "Ventilation-perfusion imbalance after head trauma.", "content": "To investigate the role of ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) imbalance in the hypoxemia observed after head injury, 5 male subjects (17 to 26 years of age) with isolated head trauma and subsequent hypoxemia were studied. Disturbances of ventilation and perfusion were assessed using the steady-state elimination of six inert gases of different solubilities. Paired studies were conducted during mechanical ventilation with a volume-cycled ventilator and during spontaneous ventilation. Distributions recovered from studies of spontaneous ventilation show a mode of ventilation and perfusion near a VA/Q of 1.0. In addition, 41% of the cardiac output was distributed to a second population of lung units with low VA/Q (less than 0.1) and shunt. During mechanical ventilation, perfusion to these regions of low VA/Q decreased to 21% of the cardiac output, whereas shunt fraction was unchanged. This was associated with a marked broadening of the VA/Q mode near 1.0, relative to the studies during spontaneous ventilation. Mean functional residual capacity during mechanical ventilation was not different from that during spontaneous ventilation. These results suggest that head injury can lead to hypoxemia through a failure of VA/Q regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "Ventilation-perfusion imbalance after head trauma. To investigate the role of ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) imbalance in the hypoxemia observed after head injury, 5 male subjects (17 to 26 years of age) with isolated head trauma and subsequent hypoxemia were studied. Disturbances of ventilation and perfusion were assessed using the steady-state elimination of six inert gases of different solubilities. Paired studies were conducted during mechanical ventilation with a volume-cycled ventilator and during spontaneous ventilation. Distributions recovered from studies of spontaneous ventilation show a mode of ventilation and perfusion near a VA/Q of 1.0. In addition, 41% of the cardiac output was distributed to a second population of lung units with low VA/Q (less than 0.1) and shunt. During mechanical ventilation, perfusion to these regions of low VA/Q decreased to 21% of the cardiac output, whereas shunt fraction was unchanged. This was associated with a marked broadening of the VA/Q mode near 1.0, relative to the studies during spontaneous ventilation. Mean functional residual capacity during mechanical ventilation was not different from that during spontaneous ventilation. These results suggest that head injury can lead to hypoxemia through a failure of VA/Q regulatory mechanisms.", "PMID": 420436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10465", "title": "Standardized respiratory questionnaires: comparison of the old with the new.", "content": "Two standardized respiratory questionnaires were administered to 946 white male participants in a long-term study of respiratory symptoms in Washington County, Md. One half of the men were given the 1960 respiratory questionnaire developed by the British Medical Research Council (MRC) at the start of the interview and a new questionnaire developed by the American Thoracic Society and the Division of Lung Diseases (ATS-DLD) at the end. The order was reversed for the other half of the subjects. No important differences were found in the responses. To obtain a minimal basic history for evaluation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, either the MRC questionnaire or the corresponding questions from the ATS-DLD questionnaire may be used. More detailed information on a wider variety of historical items may be obtained by using the ATS-DLD questionnaire.", "contents": "Standardized respiratory questionnaires: comparison of the old with the new. Two standardized respiratory questionnaires were administered to 946 white male participants in a long-term study of respiratory symptoms in Washington County, Md. One half of the men were given the 1960 respiratory questionnaire developed by the British Medical Research Council (MRC) at the start of the interview and a new questionnaire developed by the American Thoracic Society and the Division of Lung Diseases (ATS-DLD) at the end. The order was reversed for the other half of the subjects. No important differences were found in the responses. To obtain a minimal basic history for evaluation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, either the MRC questionnaire or the corresponding questions from the ATS-DLD questionnaire may be used. More detailed information on a wider variety of historical items may be obtained by using the ATS-DLD questionnaire.", "PMID": 420437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10466", "title": "A national self-assessment program in internal medicine.", "content": "The Medical Knowledge Self-Assessment Program of the American College of Physicians is one of the largest continuing medical education programs in the United States. The scope and educational rationale for each of the components of the program are described. More than 32,000 physicians used one or more components during 1977 and 1978. Performance on the self-assessment examinations showed that, on the average, participants who submitted answer sheets scored in the range of 65% to 75% correct responses. Participants performed better in areas reflecting their special interests and, in general, performance appeared to improve for groups that were closer to the completion of formal training in internal medicine. Specific suggestions have been made as to how the program might be improved in future years.", "contents": "A national self-assessment program in internal medicine. The Medical Knowledge Self-Assessment Program of the American College of Physicians is one of the largest continuing medical education programs in the United States. The scope and educational rationale for each of the components of the program are described. More than 32,000 physicians used one or more components during 1977 and 1978. Performance on the self-assessment examinations showed that, on the average, participants who submitted answer sheets scored in the range of 65% to 75% correct responses. Participants performed better in areas reflecting their special interests and, in general, performance appeared to improve for groups that were closer to the completion of formal training in internal medicine. Specific suggestions have been made as to how the program might be improved in future years.", "PMID": 420438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10467", "title": "Left ventricular thrombi identified by cross-sectional echocardiography.", "content": "We studied 25 patients with anterior myocardial infarction and two with congestive cardiomyopathy to evaluate two-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of left ventricular thrombi. Five coronary patients had systemic emboli. Four of these patients manifested apical filling defects on cineangiogram, while a levophase cine was equivocal for clot in the fifth patient. Neither echocardiography nor cineangiography visualized ventricular thrombi in the nonembolus coronary patients. Echoes from a distinct apical mass, however, were visualized in all five patients in the embolus group by two-dimensional echocardiography at the cardiac apex. Apical thrombi were confirmed in all four patients in the embolus group undergoing surgery. The irregular configuration of recent thrombi in the coronary patients differed from the circumscribed appearance of chronic thrombi in the cardiomyopathy patients on two-dimensional echocardiogram. Thus, two-dimensional echocardiography can be used to detect and characterize left ventricular thrombi.", "contents": "Left ventricular thrombi identified by cross-sectional echocardiography. We studied 25 patients with anterior myocardial infarction and two with congestive cardiomyopathy to evaluate two-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of left ventricular thrombi. Five coronary patients had systemic emboli. Four of these patients manifested apical filling defects on cineangiogram, while a levophase cine was equivocal for clot in the fifth patient. Neither echocardiography nor cineangiography visualized ventricular thrombi in the nonembolus coronary patients. Echoes from a distinct apical mass, however, were visualized in all five patients in the embolus group by two-dimensional echocardiography at the cardiac apex. Apical thrombi were confirmed in all four patients in the embolus group undergoing surgery. The irregular configuration of recent thrombi in the coronary patients differed from the circumscribed appearance of chronic thrombi in the cardiomyopathy patients on two-dimensional echocardiogram. Thus, two-dimensional echocardiography can be used to detect and characterize left ventricular thrombi.", "PMID": 420458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10468", "title": "Electrophysiologic evaluation of elderly patients with sinus bradycardia: a long-term follow-up study.", "content": "One hundred three patients with persistent sinus bradycardia were evaluated electrophysiologically and followed prospectively for a mean of 4.6 years. The 5-year survival rate was 74.8%, not significantly different from the 72% rate in the general population with similar age and sex distribution. Forty-one patients had abnormal corrected sinus-node recovery time. Overall accuracy of abnormal corrected sinus-node recovery time in predicting serious sinus node disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients was 90% (37 of 41 patients) and 100% in patients with syncope (18 of 18 patients). The sensitivity of the test was 66%. Abnormal corrected sinus-node recovery time in patients with sinus bradycardia appears to be a valuable specific, predictive index of serious sinus node disease and therefore a useful test in selecting patients for pacemaker therapy, especially if symptoms such as dizziness or syncope are present.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic evaluation of elderly patients with sinus bradycardia: a long-term follow-up study. One hundred three patients with persistent sinus bradycardia were evaluated electrophysiologically and followed prospectively for a mean of 4.6 years. The 5-year survival rate was 74.8%, not significantly different from the 72% rate in the general population with similar age and sex distribution. Forty-one patients had abnormal corrected sinus-node recovery time. Overall accuracy of abnormal corrected sinus-node recovery time in predicting serious sinus node disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients was 90% (37 of 41 patients) and 100% in patients with syncope (18 of 18 patients). The sensitivity of the test was 66%. Abnormal corrected sinus-node recovery time in patients with sinus bradycardia appears to be a valuable specific, predictive index of serious sinus node disease and therefore a useful test in selecting patients for pacemaker therapy, especially if symptoms such as dizziness or syncope are present.", "PMID": 420459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10469", "title": "Converting enzyme inhibition in hypertensive emergencies.", "content": "The diagnostic and therapeutic value of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor teprotide (SQ 20881) was assessed in 18 patients with hypertensive emergencies. Mean blood pressure fell 31 +/- 18 mm Hg in the 10 subjects who responded to 1 mg/kg body weight administered intravenously, whereas it fell 5 +/- 3 mm Hg in the eight nonresponders. In patients who had received no previous drug treatment, log baseline plasma renin activity and change in mean blood pressure after SQ 20881 correlated significantly (r = 0.651, P less than 0.05). After acute therapy with SQ 20881, the patients who had a satisfactory response to the drug were treated with propranolol and a relatively normal sodium intake (88 meq/day). Nonresponders were treated with diuretics and sodium restriction (10 meq/day), and intermediate responders were given combination therapy. Mean blood pressure responded favorably within 24 h to the chosen regimen for each group from 152 +/- 47 to 102 +/- 31 mm Hg. SQ 20881 allows prompt evaluation of the role of renin in hypertensive emergencies and permits early choice of appropriate therapy based on the prevailing mechanism.", "contents": "Converting enzyme inhibition in hypertensive emergencies. The diagnostic and therapeutic value of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor teprotide (SQ 20881) was assessed in 18 patients with hypertensive emergencies. Mean blood pressure fell 31 +/- 18 mm Hg in the 10 subjects who responded to 1 mg/kg body weight administered intravenously, whereas it fell 5 +/- 3 mm Hg in the eight nonresponders. In patients who had received no previous drug treatment, log baseline plasma renin activity and change in mean blood pressure after SQ 20881 correlated significantly (r = 0.651, P less than 0.05). After acute therapy with SQ 20881, the patients who had a satisfactory response to the drug were treated with propranolol and a relatively normal sodium intake (88 meq/day). Nonresponders were treated with diuretics and sodium restriction (10 meq/day), and intermediate responders were given combination therapy. Mean blood pressure responded favorably within 24 h to the chosen regimen for each group from 152 +/- 47 to 102 +/- 31 mm Hg. SQ 20881 allows prompt evaluation of the role of renin in hypertensive emergencies and permits early choice of appropriate therapy based on the prevailing mechanism.", "PMID": 420460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10470", "title": "Long-term treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion with phenytoin.", "content": "A 68-year-old patient with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion secondary to basilary skull fracture was treated successfully with demeclocycline and phenytoin. Phenytoin, which was considered in the past only as a useful diagnostic tool, was given to the patient on a long-term basis. The drug reversed the patient's symptoms and abnormal laboratory values to normal limits without adverse reactions during a treatment period of 8 months.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion with phenytoin. A 68-year-old patient with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion secondary to basilary skull fracture was treated successfully with demeclocycline and phenytoin. Phenytoin, which was considered in the past only as a useful diagnostic tool, was given to the patient on a long-term basis. The drug reversed the patient's symptoms and abnormal laboratory values to normal limits without adverse reactions during a treatment period of 8 months.", "PMID": 420461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10471", "title": "NIH conference. Primary biliary cirrhosis and the complement system.", "content": "Primary biliary cirrhosis is a disease characterized by slowly progressive intrahepatic cholestasis, destructive lesions of the septal and larger interlobular bile ducts, and granulomas. It is associated with defects of both humoral and cellular immune function. As part of the detailed evaluation of these defects, the status of the complement system has been evaluated. Striking abnormalities of serum complement levels are found but are difficult to interpret. However, the demonstration of marked hypercatabolism of C3, but not albumin, suggests that the complement system may be in a chronically activated state. Furthermore, an unequivocal defect in the clearance of sensitized erythrocytes by receptors for C3b on Kupffer cells has been found. One possible explanation for this finding would be that a large proportion of these receptors are occupied either by immune complexes containing C3b or excess free C3b that is generated by complement activation. Major defects of C3 catabolism and C3b-receptor-mediated clearance are not found in patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis. These findings suggest a role for the complement system in the pathophysiology of primary biliary cirrhosis.", "contents": "NIH conference. Primary biliary cirrhosis and the complement system. Primary biliary cirrhosis is a disease characterized by slowly progressive intrahepatic cholestasis, destructive lesions of the septal and larger interlobular bile ducts, and granulomas. It is associated with defects of both humoral and cellular immune function. As part of the detailed evaluation of these defects, the status of the complement system has been evaluated. Striking abnormalities of serum complement levels are found but are difficult to interpret. However, the demonstration of marked hypercatabolism of C3, but not albumin, suggests that the complement system may be in a chronically activated state. Furthermore, an unequivocal defect in the clearance of sensitized erythrocytes by receptors for C3b on Kupffer cells has been found. One possible explanation for this finding would be that a large proportion of these receptors are occupied either by immune complexes containing C3b or excess free C3b that is generated by complement activation. Major defects of C3 catabolism and C3b-receptor-mediated clearance are not found in patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis. These findings suggest a role for the complement system in the pathophysiology of primary biliary cirrhosis.", "PMID": 420467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10472", "title": "Anticoagulants and myocardial infarction. The problems of pooling, drowning, and floating.", "content": "The time and expense required for adequate-sized, randomized control trials may often tempt investigators to try to answer long-standing clinical questions by retrospective analysis of data combined from old studies. In a recent example of such \"pooling,\" the authors concluded not only that anticoagulation is beneficial in acute myocardial infarction but also that further experimental trials would be unethical. This conclusion can be disputed because of scientific, statistical, and clinical standards that were not fulfilled in the \"pooled\" analysis. Scientifically, the pooling of data from different sources can be valid only if the component studies contain patients who are sufficiently similar in diagnosis, clinical severity, principal treatment, and outcome events. Mathematically, exact numbers rather than percentages should be pooled. Clinically, even when the pooling process is appropriate, recent changes in ancillary therapy may negate the applicability of the old data to current medical practice.", "contents": "Anticoagulants and myocardial infarction. The problems of pooling, drowning, and floating. The time and expense required for adequate-sized, randomized control trials may often tempt investigators to try to answer long-standing clinical questions by retrospective analysis of data combined from old studies. In a recent example of such \"pooling,\" the authors concluded not only that anticoagulation is beneficial in acute myocardial infarction but also that further experimental trials would be unethical. This conclusion can be disputed because of scientific, statistical, and clinical standards that were not fulfilled in the \"pooled\" analysis. Scientifically, the pooling of data from different sources can be valid only if the component studies contain patients who are sufficiently similar in diagnosis, clinical severity, principal treatment, and outcome events. Mathematically, exact numbers rather than percentages should be pooled. Clinically, even when the pooling process is appropriate, recent changes in ancillary therapy may negate the applicability of the old data to current medical practice.", "PMID": 420468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10473", "title": "Choroidal hemangioma: Response to cryotherapy.", "content": "Choroidal hemangioma, a benign vascular tumor of the choroid, can frequently develop an effusive secondary retinal detachment. When such retinal detachment involves the macula, reduction in central vision occurs. Fluorescein angiography and radioactive prosphorus tests are helpful in accurately diagnosing choroidal hemangioma. Transscleral cryopexy, freeze-thaw-refreeze method, results in complete destruction and scarring of the choroidal hemangioma. Following treatment, subretinal fluid disappears, the macula becomes reattached, and central vision is restored.", "contents": "Choroidal hemangioma: Response to cryotherapy. Choroidal hemangioma, a benign vascular tumor of the choroid, can frequently develop an effusive secondary retinal detachment. When such retinal detachment involves the macula, reduction in central vision occurs. Fluorescein angiography and radioactive prosphorus tests are helpful in accurately diagnosing choroidal hemangioma. Transscleral cryopexy, freeze-thaw-refreeze method, results in complete destruction and scarring of the choroidal hemangioma. Following treatment, subretinal fluid disappears, the macula becomes reattached, and central vision is restored.", "PMID": 420470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10474", "title": "Optic atrophy after irrigation of the lacrimal ducts with chloramphenicol.", "content": "A case is presented of permanent visual loss and optic atrophy following irrigation of the lower canaliculus after probing, with a 20% solution of chloramphenicol. A false passage had apparently been created allowing the solution to gain access to the orbital tissues. The ensuing orbital edema probably caused a central retinal artery occlusion. This is a previously unreported complication of a common ophthalmologic procedure.", "contents": "Optic atrophy after irrigation of the lacrimal ducts with chloramphenicol. A case is presented of permanent visual loss and optic atrophy following irrigation of the lower canaliculus after probing, with a 20% solution of chloramphenicol. A false passage had apparently been created allowing the solution to gain access to the orbital tissues. The ensuing orbital edema probably caused a central retinal artery occlusion. This is a previously unreported complication of a common ophthalmologic procedure.", "PMID": 420471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10475", "title": "Intraocular gas tamponades used in retinal surgery.", "content": "Intraocular gas tamponades have proven useful in the treatment of selected retinal detachments. The critical parameter determining the effectiveness of a gas tamponade is its ability to cover an area of retina. A technique for estimating intraocular bubble size in terms of the area of bubble-retina contact is described.", "contents": "Intraocular gas tamponades used in retinal surgery. Intraocular gas tamponades have proven useful in the treatment of selected retinal detachments. The critical parameter determining the effectiveness of a gas tamponade is its ability to cover an area of retina. A technique for estimating intraocular bubble size in terms of the area of bubble-retina contact is described.", "PMID": 420472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10476", "title": "Expulsive choroidal effusion during cataract surgery (in a case with Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis).", "content": "A case of massive choroidal detachment during cataract extraction is described. Some thoughts about the pathophysiology of expulsive detachment in this case are discussed (Fuchs' heterochromy cyclitis and high blood pressure). The prognosis is good without need of posterior sclerotomy but with steroid treatment for a longer period.", "contents": "Expulsive choroidal effusion during cataract surgery (in a case with Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis). A case of massive choroidal detachment during cataract extraction is described. Some thoughts about the pathophysiology of expulsive detachment in this case are discussed (Fuchs' heterochromy cyclitis and high blood pressure). The prognosis is good without need of posterior sclerotomy but with steroid treatment for a longer period.", "PMID": 420473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10477", "title": "Dominantly inherited cystoid macular edema.", "content": "Four patients of Greek ancestry had dominantly inherited cystoid macular edema. Characteristics of this syndrome include the following: an early onset and prolonged course of cystoid changes in the macula, followed by atrophy of the macula in later stages. Some patients also show leakage of fluorescein from the optic disc capillaries, subnormal EOG Lp/Dt ratios, elevated rod dark adaptation thresholds, red-green and blue-yellow color deficiencies, normal ERG findings, hyperopia, peripheral pigmentary retinopathy, and vitreous opacities. Dominantly inherited cystoid macular edema is a distinct genetic trait among the dominantly inherited macular dystrophies.", "contents": "Dominantly inherited cystoid macular edema. Four patients of Greek ancestry had dominantly inherited cystoid macular edema. Characteristics of this syndrome include the following: an early onset and prolonged course of cystoid changes in the macula, followed by atrophy of the macula in later stages. Some patients also show leakage of fluorescein from the optic disc capillaries, subnormal EOG Lp/Dt ratios, elevated rod dark adaptation thresholds, red-green and blue-yellow color deficiencies, normal ERG findings, hyperopia, peripheral pigmentary retinopathy, and vitreous opacities. Dominantly inherited cystoid macular edema is a distinct genetic trait among the dominantly inherited macular dystrophies.", "PMID": 420475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10478", "title": "Myasthenic \"oculomotor\" palsy.", "content": "A patient is described who presented with an abrupt onset of diplopia in association with a drooping lid. The motility pattern was consistent with a pupil sparing oculomotor nerve palsy. In addition, the behavior of the palpebral fissure was characteristic of aberrant regeneration. Intravenous Tensilon resulted in a prompt elevation of the lid and improvement in eye movements. The differential diagnosis of a pupil sparing third nerve palsy should include myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Myasthenic \"oculomotor\" palsy. A patient is described who presented with an abrupt onset of diplopia in association with a drooping lid. The motility pattern was consistent with a pupil sparing oculomotor nerve palsy. In addition, the behavior of the palpebral fissure was characteristic of aberrant regeneration. Intravenous Tensilon resulted in a prompt elevation of the lid and improvement in eye movements. The differential diagnosis of a pupil sparing third nerve palsy should include myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 420476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10479", "title": "Demodex folliculorum in hair follicles of eyelid skin.", "content": "Although Demodex folliculorum is a common inhabitant of eyelid hair follicles, it has received scant attention by ophthalmologists in recent years. I examined 100 biopsies of eyelid skin for the presence of these mites. The incidence of infestation increased with age; 84% of all cases and 100% of cases over age 70 years were involved. No organisms were seen in sebaceous or meibomian glands. I found no pathologic changes except for follicular distention and hyperkeratosis and occasional mild chronic perifolliculitis. Circumstantial evidence for incriminating Demodex in human disease is good, although scientific proof is lacking.", "contents": "Demodex folliculorum in hair follicles of eyelid skin. Although Demodex folliculorum is a common inhabitant of eyelid hair follicles, it has received scant attention by ophthalmologists in recent years. I examined 100 biopsies of eyelid skin for the presence of these mites. The incidence of infestation increased with age; 84% of all cases and 100% of cases over age 70 years were involved. No organisms were seen in sebaceous or meibomian glands. I found no pathologic changes except for follicular distention and hyperkeratosis and occasional mild chronic perifolliculitis. Circumstantial evidence for incriminating Demodex in human disease is good, although scientific proof is lacking.", "PMID": 420477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10480", "title": "Impending central retinal vein occlusion associated with increased platelet aggregability.", "content": "A case is presented of an impending central retinal vein occlusion, venous stasis retinopathy, seen in an otherwise healthy 57-year-old woman. The patient demonstrated hyperactive platelets when tested for primary and secondary aggregation. Coagulation tests and platelet count were normal. It is proposed that such an abnormality in platelet function, when present, can be an important factor in the pathogenesis of impending central retinal venous occlusion. Antiplatelet therapy may be used in the management of this hemodynamic alteration.", "contents": "Impending central retinal vein occlusion associated with increased platelet aggregability. A case is presented of an impending central retinal vein occlusion, venous stasis retinopathy, seen in an otherwise healthy 57-year-old woman. The patient demonstrated hyperactive platelets when tested for primary and secondary aggregation. Coagulation tests and platelet count were normal. It is proposed that such an abnormality in platelet function, when present, can be an important factor in the pathogenesis of impending central retinal venous occlusion. Antiplatelet therapy may be used in the management of this hemodynamic alteration.", "PMID": 420479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10481", "title": "Bilateral spontaneous hyphema arising from iridic microhemangiomas.", "content": "Microhemangiomas of the iris are recently recognized lesions, the cause and pathogenesis of which are unknown. Almost all patients whose cases have been reported were more than 45 years old. Complications seem to be uncommon although some patients have developed spontaneous hyphema and transitory elevations of intraocular pressure. The patient whose case we are reporting is the first in whom bilateral spontaneous hyphema originating from microhemangiomas of the pupillary border is described.", "contents": "Bilateral spontaneous hyphema arising from iridic microhemangiomas. Microhemangiomas of the iris are recently recognized lesions, the cause and pathogenesis of which are unknown. Almost all patients whose cases have been reported were more than 45 years old. Complications seem to be uncommon although some patients have developed spontaneous hyphema and transitory elevations of intraocular pressure. The patient whose case we are reporting is the first in whom bilateral spontaneous hyphema originating from microhemangiomas of the pupillary border is described.", "PMID": 420480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10482", "title": "Ocular involvement in recurrent cyst of Rathke's cleft: Case report.", "content": "Cysts of Rathke's cleft are considered as benign lesions, a practically permanent cure of which can be achieved by aspiration of the fluid content and ample opening of the capsule. The case of a patient who suffered from a recurrence of the cyst, 13 years after a first operation carried out according to such surgical criteria, is reported in order to signal the actual possibility of recurrence of such lesions.", "contents": "Ocular involvement in recurrent cyst of Rathke's cleft: Case report. Cysts of Rathke's cleft are considered as benign lesions, a practically permanent cure of which can be achieved by aspiration of the fluid content and ample opening of the capsule. The case of a patient who suffered from a recurrence of the cyst, 13 years after a first operation carried out according to such surgical criteria, is reported in order to signal the actual possibility of recurrence of such lesions.", "PMID": 420481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10483", "title": "Microsurgical repair of peripheral nerve injuries in the upper extremity.", "content": "Microsurgical techniques have been used for peripheral nerve repair at the University of Colorado since 1975. The authors prefer a modified fascicular repair. The rationale is discussed, surgical technique described, and a preliminary review of functional results presented.", "contents": "Microsurgical repair of peripheral nerve injuries in the upper extremity. Microsurgical techniques have been used for peripheral nerve repair at the University of Colorado since 1975. The authors prefer a modified fascicular repair. The rationale is discussed, surgical technique described, and a preliminary review of functional results presented.", "PMID": 420482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10484", "title": "Forehead and brow lifts and their relationship to blepharoplasty.", "content": "The brows and forehead are important considerations in planning a blepharoplasty. Forehead wrinkles, ptotic brows, and frown lines can be corrected effectively and safely with minimal complications at the time of, and prior to, the blepharoplasty. Various approaches that we use are presented here. The surgical procedure selected should reflect the defect present and the surgeon's preference.", "contents": "Forehead and brow lifts and their relationship to blepharoplasty. The brows and forehead are important considerations in planning a blepharoplasty. Forehead wrinkles, ptotic brows, and frown lines can be corrected effectively and safely with minimal complications at the time of, and prior to, the blepharoplasty. Various approaches that we use are presented here. The surgical procedure selected should reflect the defect present and the surgeon's preference.", "PMID": 420484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10485", "title": "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the parotid gland: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment.", "content": "Malignant lymphoma of the parotid gland not infrequently presents as a solitary mass indistinguishable from other commonly occurring lesions. Two new cases are presented here with a comprehensive literature review. When encountered, the lesion should be excised with the superficial lobe of the gland. If it is within the deep lobe, the tumor should also be excised with preservation of the facial nerve. Recommendations for further evaluation and treatment are given.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the parotid gland: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Malignant lymphoma of the parotid gland not infrequently presents as a solitary mass indistinguishable from other commonly occurring lesions. Two new cases are presented here with a comprehensive literature review. When encountered, the lesion should be excised with the superficial lobe of the gland. If it is within the deep lobe, the tumor should also be excised with preservation of the facial nerve. Recommendations for further evaluation and treatment are given.", "PMID": 420485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10486", "title": "Capsular contraction around silicone mammary prostheses.", "content": "Contraction of fibrous capsules is the most common complication of augmentation mammaplasty using silicone implants. This contraction occurs unpredictably with all kinds of implants, and despite various surgical maneuvers to prevent it. Current clinical practices are reviewed. Wound healing around silicone breast implants is similar to that elsewhere in the body. Acute inflammation is followed by collagen synthesis. Breast capsules contain contractile fibroblasts like those found in other contracting scars. Silicones implanted into tissue undergo some detectable changes that at present cannot be related to capsular contraction. The possible roles of physical and chemical characteristics of the silicone implants are discussed. Steroids are widely used to prevent contraction, but much debate exists over whether or not they actually work. Other possible drug treatments are discussed, based on current research.", "contents": "Capsular contraction around silicone mammary prostheses. Contraction of fibrous capsules is the most common complication of augmentation mammaplasty using silicone implants. This contraction occurs unpredictably with all kinds of implants, and despite various surgical maneuvers to prevent it. Current clinical practices are reviewed. Wound healing around silicone breast implants is similar to that elsewhere in the body. Acute inflammation is followed by collagen synthesis. Breast capsules contain contractile fibroblasts like those found in other contracting scars. Silicones implanted into tissue undergo some detectable changes that at present cannot be related to capsular contraction. The possible roles of physical and chemical characteristics of the silicone implants are discussed. Steroids are widely used to prevent contraction, but much debate exists over whether or not they actually work. Other possible drug treatments are discussed, based on current research.", "PMID": 420488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10487", "title": "Total prosthetic replacement of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients have been operated on for total replacement of the temporomandibular joint because of ankylosis due to trauma, arthritis, neoplasm, infection, or pain. One prosthesis had to be taken out because of gross infection due to Staphylococcus albus, 2 more were removed for pain and dislocation of the prosthesis, and 1 was removed because of erosion through the skin. The remaining 23 had no complications.", "contents": "Total prosthetic replacement of the temporomandibular joint. Twenty-seven patients have been operated on for total replacement of the temporomandibular joint because of ankylosis due to trauma, arthritis, neoplasm, infection, or pain. One prosthesis had to be taken out because of gross infection due to Staphylococcus albus, 2 more were removed for pain and dislocation of the prosthesis, and 1 was removed because of erosion through the skin. The remaining 23 had no complications.", "PMID": 420487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10488", "title": "The surgical management of the arthritic hand.", "content": "The surgical management of the arthritic hand is very largely concerned with rheumatoid arthritis and Still's disease and less frequently with psoriatic and degenerative arthritis. In the rheumatoid hand the surgeon may be called upon to intervene at any point in the chain reaction leading to total deformity, performing synovectomies of joints or tendons to relieve pain or prevent further deformity, repairing ruptured tendons, restoring the mechanism of injured joints, and correcting deformities when they have been allowed to occur. The great variety of operations that may be necessary to achieve these ends, with varying degrees of success, are discussed with reference to a personal series of 970 cases and 2002 operations.", "contents": "The surgical management of the arthritic hand. The surgical management of the arthritic hand is very largely concerned with rheumatoid arthritis and Still's disease and less frequently with psoriatic and degenerative arthritis. In the rheumatoid hand the surgeon may be called upon to intervene at any point in the chain reaction leading to total deformity, performing synovectomies of joints or tendons to relieve pain or prevent further deformity, repairing ruptured tendons, restoring the mechanism of injured joints, and correcting deformities when they have been allowed to occur. The great variety of operations that may be necessary to achieve these ends, with varying degrees of success, are discussed with reference to a personal series of 970 cases and 2002 operations.", "PMID": 420491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10489", "title": "Non-invasive investigation of the upper gastrointestinal tract using technetium-99m.", "content": "The use of technetium-99m in the noninvasive investigation of the upper gastrointestinal tract is discussed with particular reference to the evolution of a method of assessing gastric function or gastric acid secretion non-invasively and to the applications of this method in the investigation of surgical patients with disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The assessment of maximal acid output and the insulin response is described and the use of the test in the diagnosis of pernicious anaemia, hypo- and hyperchlorhydric states, gastric cancer, hiatus hernia and Barrett's oesophagus, coeliac disease, Meckel's diverticulum, and abdominal aortic aneursym outlined. The use of chemicals labelled with this tracer in hepatobiliary scanning is briefly described.", "contents": "Non-invasive investigation of the upper gastrointestinal tract using technetium-99m. The use of technetium-99m in the noninvasive investigation of the upper gastrointestinal tract is discussed with particular reference to the evolution of a method of assessing gastric function or gastric acid secretion non-invasively and to the applications of this method in the investigation of surgical patients with disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The assessment of maximal acid output and the insulin response is described and the use of the test in the diagnosis of pernicious anaemia, hypo- and hyperchlorhydric states, gastric cancer, hiatus hernia and Barrett's oesophagus, coeliac disease, Meckel's diverticulum, and abdominal aortic aneursym outlined. The use of chemicals labelled with this tracer in hepatobiliary scanning is briefly described.", "PMID": 420492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10490", "title": "The plain abdominal radiograph in acute appendicitis.", "content": "Although the radiological features of acute appendicitis have been well documented, the value of the plain abdominal radiograph has not been fully appreciated. This article summarises the role of radiology in acute appendicitis, especially in atypical cases and extremes of age, where there is often delay in diagnosis.", "contents": "The plain abdominal radiograph in acute appendicitis. Although the radiological features of acute appendicitis have been well documented, the value of the plain abdominal radiograph has not been fully appreciated. This article summarises the role of radiology in acute appendicitis, especially in atypical cases and extremes of age, where there is often delay in diagnosis.", "PMID": 420493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10491", "title": "A new approach to the surgical treatment of reflux oesophagitis.", "content": "The rationale of combining proximal gastric vagotomy with Nissen fundoplication in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis due to hiatus hernia is discussed. The application of this procedure in 12 cases over a period of 4 years is described and the results, with a follow-up of 13--48 months, are reported. Ten of the 12 patients have been completely relieved of their symptoms and one has been significantly improved.", "contents": "A new approach to the surgical treatment of reflux oesophagitis. The rationale of combining proximal gastric vagotomy with Nissen fundoplication in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis due to hiatus hernia is discussed. The application of this procedure in 12 cases over a period of 4 years is described and the results, with a follow-up of 13--48 months, are reported. Ten of the 12 patients have been completely relieved of their symptoms and one has been significantly improved.", "PMID": 420494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10492", "title": "Haemorrhoidectomy without tears.", "content": "A study of 50 patients undergoing haemorrhoidectomy under general anaesthesia in Reading was undertaken. Half the patients received, in addition, a caudal anaesthetic given by the surgeon at the beginning of the operation with the patient in the lithotomy position. The rest of the patients had no form of local anaesthetic. The amount of analgesia needed, general comfort after the operation, and the number of days after surgery of the first bowel movement were recorded. The use of caudal anaesthesia resulted in a 79% reduction in the number of doses of papaveretum needed by the patients after the operation and a reduction by half in the period of postoperative constipation. Possible reasons for the latter finding are discussed. The possible risks of caudal anaesthesia are considered, but it is concluded that they are far outweighed by the benefits obtained.", "contents": "Haemorrhoidectomy without tears. A study of 50 patients undergoing haemorrhoidectomy under general anaesthesia in Reading was undertaken. Half the patients received, in addition, a caudal anaesthetic given by the surgeon at the beginning of the operation with the patient in the lithotomy position. The rest of the patients had no form of local anaesthetic. The amount of analgesia needed, general comfort after the operation, and the number of days after surgery of the first bowel movement were recorded. The use of caudal anaesthesia resulted in a 79% reduction in the number of doses of papaveretum needed by the patients after the operation and a reduction by half in the period of postoperative constipation. Possible reasons for the latter finding are discussed. The possible risks of caudal anaesthesia are considered, but it is concluded that they are far outweighed by the benefits obtained.", "PMID": 420495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10493", "title": "Surgery in children with homozygous sickle cell anaemia.", "content": "During the 25 years 1952--77 31 surgical procedures were performed on children aged up to 16 years with sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Six emergency operations were carried out, all for complications of SCA indistinguishable from the acute surgical conditions they mimicked. Seventeen minor operations were well tolerated and major surgery was undertaken 8 times, including 5 splenectomies for hypersplenism and increased transfusion requirements. The preparation for surgery by planned multiple transfusions and the indications for splenectomy are discussed. Recommendations are made for the preparation of patients for acute and routine surgery.", "contents": "Surgery in children with homozygous sickle cell anaemia. During the 25 years 1952--77 31 surgical procedures were performed on children aged up to 16 years with sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Six emergency operations were carried out, all for complications of SCA indistinguishable from the acute surgical conditions they mimicked. Seventeen minor operations were well tolerated and major surgery was undertaken 8 times, including 5 splenectomies for hypersplenism and increased transfusion requirements. The preparation for surgery by planned multiple transfusions and the indications for splenectomy are discussed. Recommendations are made for the preparation of patients for acute and routine surgery.", "PMID": 420496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10494", "title": "Prediction of postoperative respiratory complications by simple spirometry.", "content": "Spirometry was carried out before and after operation in groups of patients undergoing three preselected surgical procedures. The patterns of impairment of pulmonary function in each group are discussed. Only in patients undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy was spirometry of value in determining an 'at-risk' group for the development of respiratory complications. Discrimination was optimal on the 1st postoperative day, making it possible for 70% of patients to be discharged from hospital 48 h after this operation with little risk of subsequent respiratory complications.", "contents": "Prediction of postoperative respiratory complications by simple spirometry. Spirometry was carried out before and after operation in groups of patients undergoing three preselected surgical procedures. The patterns of impairment of pulmonary function in each group are discussed. Only in patients undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy was spirometry of value in determining an 'at-risk' group for the development of respiratory complications. Discrimination was optimal on the 1st postoperative day, making it possible for 70% of patients to be discharged from hospital 48 h after this operation with little risk of subsequent respiratory complications.", "PMID": 420497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10495", "title": "Development and validation of a specific radioimmunoassay for somatostatin in human plasma.", "content": "Little is known about the factors controlling somatostatin secretion in man, and data are not available on the changes in circulating levels in various human physiological or pathophysiological states. This is mainly a consequence of the technical difficulties involved in measuring somatostatin in plasma. In the presence of plasma, binding of somatostatin tracer to antibody was consistently decreased by about 20%, and this could not be abolished by the addition of EDTA and aprotinin or by the use of specially prepared somatostatin-free plasma. Furthermore, in the presence of plasma, endogenous somatostatin does not dilute in parallel with synthetic cyclic somatostatin standard. We have, therefore, developed and validated a radioimmunoassay for somatostatin using prior extraction of the peptide onto leached silica glass. Tyrosine-II somatostatin was iodinated using lactoperoxidase and purified on ODS silica. This method is superior to iodination using chloramine-T with CMC cellulose purification, and gives a highly purified preparation with a shelf-life of at least eight weeks. Using this tracer and a specific antiserum, the limit of sensitivity of the assay was 10 pg/ml, with an intra-assay coefficient of variation of 12% (n = 16) and inter-assay coefficient of variation of 15% (n - 10). Parallelism has been demonstrated between standard synthetic cyclic somatostatin and all extracted plasma samples. The mean recovery of exogenous somatostatin from plasma was 78%. The fasting level of immunoreactive somatostatin at 0,900 hours in 40 normal subjects ranged from 17 to 81 pg/ml. Care is needed, however, when comparing these values with those obtained from other laboratories since standard preparations of somatostatin vary considerably in their immunopotency.", "contents": "Development and validation of a specific radioimmunoassay for somatostatin in human plasma. Little is known about the factors controlling somatostatin secretion in man, and data are not available on the changes in circulating levels in various human physiological or pathophysiological states. This is mainly a consequence of the technical difficulties involved in measuring somatostatin in plasma. In the presence of plasma, binding of somatostatin tracer to antibody was consistently decreased by about 20%, and this could not be abolished by the addition of EDTA and aprotinin or by the use of specially prepared somatostatin-free plasma. Furthermore, in the presence of plasma, endogenous somatostatin does not dilute in parallel with synthetic cyclic somatostatin standard. We have, therefore, developed and validated a radioimmunoassay for somatostatin using prior extraction of the peptide onto leached silica glass. Tyrosine-II somatostatin was iodinated using lactoperoxidase and purified on ODS silica. This method is superior to iodination using chloramine-T with CMC cellulose purification, and gives a highly purified preparation with a shelf-life of at least eight weeks. Using this tracer and a specific antiserum, the limit of sensitivity of the assay was 10 pg/ml, with an intra-assay coefficient of variation of 12% (n = 16) and inter-assay coefficient of variation of 15% (n - 10). Parallelism has been demonstrated between standard synthetic cyclic somatostatin and all extracted plasma samples. The mean recovery of exogenous somatostatin from plasma was 78%. The fasting level of immunoreactive somatostatin at 0,900 hours in 40 normal subjects ranged from 17 to 81 pg/ml. Care is needed, however, when comparing these values with those obtained from other laboratories since standard preparations of somatostatin vary considerably in their immunopotency.", "PMID": 420498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10496", "title": "Validation of the self-displacement technique for estimation of specific radioactivity of radioimmunoassay tracers.", "content": "There has been controversy recently about the validity of the data-analysis of the self-displacement technique for estimation of specific radioactivity. This paper investigates the technique theoretically and provides practical corroboration of the results.", "contents": "Validation of the self-displacement technique for estimation of specific radioactivity of radioimmunoassay tracers. There has been controversy recently about the validity of the data-analysis of the self-displacement technique for estimation of specific radioactivity. This paper investigates the technique theoretically and provides practical corroboration of the results.", "PMID": 420499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10497", "title": "A data processing system for a group of three clinical chemistry laboratories. 1. Hardware and organisation.", "content": "A real time data processing system for a group of three clinical chemistry laboratories (one base and two satellite) has been developed as a successor to one used previously. This paper describes both the inadequacies of the previous worksheet-based system and the advantages of the new system, including flexibility, fast response and comprehensiveness, incorporating urgent routine and long delay (that is, endocrine) requests, and the use of a parallel flow work scheme.", "contents": "A data processing system for a group of three clinical chemistry laboratories. 1. Hardware and organisation. A real time data processing system for a group of three clinical chemistry laboratories (one base and two satellite) has been developed as a successor to one used previously. This paper describes both the inadequacies of the previous worksheet-based system and the advantages of the new system, including flexibility, fast response and comprehensiveness, incorporating urgent routine and long delay (that is, endocrine) requests, and the use of a parallel flow work scheme.", "PMID": 420500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10498", "title": "A data processing system for a group of three clinical chemistry laboratories. 2. File structure and operation.", "content": "In the preceding article the hardware and organisation of a new data processing system were described. This paper deals with the file structure and operation, the use of management information, the economical use of disc-file space and hardware, and the transferability of the system.", "contents": "A data processing system for a group of three clinical chemistry laboratories. 2. File structure and operation. In the preceding article the hardware and organisation of a new data processing system were described. This paper deals with the file structure and operation, the use of management information, the economical use of disc-file space and hardware, and the transferability of the system.", "PMID": 420501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10499", "title": "Routine laboratory investigation of urinary catecholamine metabolites in sick children.", "content": "Simple and rapid thin-layer chromatographic methods have been used to investigate the catecholamine metabolites present in the urine of sick children. A semi-quantitative method for 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-mandelic acid (HMMA) has been devised and compared with the quantitative spectrophotometric procedure. The methods have been performed on both normal subjects and children with catecholamine-secreting tumours, without dietary restriction, and have led to a 50% reduction in the number of samples requiring laborious quantitative determination of HMMA excretion.", "contents": "Routine laboratory investigation of urinary catecholamine metabolites in sick children. Simple and rapid thin-layer chromatographic methods have been used to investigate the catecholamine metabolites present in the urine of sick children. A semi-quantitative method for 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-mandelic acid (HMMA) has been devised and compared with the quantitative spectrophotometric procedure. The methods have been performed on both normal subjects and children with catecholamine-secreting tumours, without dietary restriction, and have led to a 50% reduction in the number of samples requiring laborious quantitative determination of HMMA excretion.", "PMID": 420502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10500", "title": "A rapid and simple method for the quantification in human plasma of tricyclic antidepressant drugs taken in overdose.", "content": "A rapid and simple extraction procedure followed by gas chromatography using a nitrogen detector is described for the analysis of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, and desipramine in 100 microliter plasma. No derivitisation of the drugs is required. Recoveries ranged from 93.7 to 104.6%. Within-batch precision and day-to-day variation showed coefficients of variation of less than 10% with the exception of desipramine, for which the day-to-day coefficient of variation was 15.2%. The method was developed to measure plasma concentrations in patients who had taken non-fatal and fatal overdoses of the drugs.", "contents": "A rapid and simple method for the quantification in human plasma of tricyclic antidepressant drugs taken in overdose. A rapid and simple extraction procedure followed by gas chromatography using a nitrogen detector is described for the analysis of amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, and desipramine in 100 microliter plasma. No derivitisation of the drugs is required. Recoveries ranged from 93.7 to 104.6%. Within-batch precision and day-to-day variation showed coefficients of variation of less than 10% with the exception of desipramine, for which the day-to-day coefficient of variation was 15.2%. The method was developed to measure plasma concentrations in patients who had taken non-fatal and fatal overdoses of the drugs.", "PMID": 420504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10501", "title": "An evaluation of a simple polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system for lipoproteins and its use for the characterisation of hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "content": "The use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a screening procedure for the characterisation of hyperlipoproteinaemia is described. Sixty-one samples were investigated and classified by four different methods: (1) chemical profile derived from visual appearance and estimation of total cholesterol and triglyceride; (2) 'SML' profile by nephelometry; (3) electrophoresis on agarose gel; and (4) electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the closest correlation with the chemical profile when compared with the other two methods. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was found to be a rapid, reliable, and satisfactory procedure for plasma lipoprotein phenotyping.", "contents": "An evaluation of a simple polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system for lipoproteins and its use for the characterisation of hyperlipoproteinaemia. The use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a screening procedure for the characterisation of hyperlipoproteinaemia is described. Sixty-one samples were investigated and classified by four different methods: (1) chemical profile derived from visual appearance and estimation of total cholesterol and triglyceride; (2) 'SML' profile by nephelometry; (3) electrophoresis on agarose gel; and (4) electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the closest correlation with the chemical profile when compared with the other two methods. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was found to be a rapid, reliable, and satisfactory procedure for plasma lipoprotein phenotyping.", "PMID": 420503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10502", "title": "Evaluation of 3,4-dinitrophenyl tetra-N-acetyl-beta-chitotetraoside as a substrate for the measurement of lysozyme in normal and pathological sera.", "content": "Lysozyme was measured using the synthetic substrate 3',4-dinitrophenyl tetra-N-acetyl-beta-chitotetraoside and the LKB Reaction Rate Analyser. This method has been evaluated by comparing levels obtained with serum samples from healthy individuals and patients with either cancer or inflammatory bowel disease with those obtained from the same specimens using a turbidimetric method. In terms of standard egg-white lysozyme, the colorimetric method gave much higher levels for all samples than the turbidimetric method; however, similar group differences were maintained. For individual serum specimens significant correlation between the two methods was found to occur only in the healthy group. Assay precision for the two methods was similar but the turbidimetric method could detect levels of lysozyme activity which were 10 times lower than those detected by the colorimetric method.", "contents": "Evaluation of 3,4-dinitrophenyl tetra-N-acetyl-beta-chitotetraoside as a substrate for the measurement of lysozyme in normal and pathological sera. Lysozyme was measured using the synthetic substrate 3',4-dinitrophenyl tetra-N-acetyl-beta-chitotetraoside and the LKB Reaction Rate Analyser. This method has been evaluated by comparing levels obtained with serum samples from healthy individuals and patients with either cancer or inflammatory bowel disease with those obtained from the same specimens using a turbidimetric method. In terms of standard egg-white lysozyme, the colorimetric method gave much higher levels for all samples than the turbidimetric method; however, similar group differences were maintained. For individual serum specimens significant correlation between the two methods was found to occur only in the healthy group. Assay precision for the two methods was similar but the turbidimetric method could detect levels of lysozyme activity which were 10 times lower than those detected by the colorimetric method.", "PMID": 420505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10503", "title": "The use of cytology to evaluate pericardial effusions.", "content": "Pericardial effusions from 27 patients were examined cytologically during the five-year period of 1973-1977. Malignant cells were found in eight cases (30 percent). In three of these patients malignancy was unsuspected clinically, and this was the first time the cancer was diagnosed. In addition, cytology often suggested the specific histological types and possible primary sites to be determined. Special stains were also found helpful. There were no false positive reports. Although the pericardial effusions from the remaining 19 patients were negative for tumor cells, metastatic carcinoma to the pericardium was discovered at autopsy in two of these cases. Thus, cytologic examination of pericardial fluid is an important tool in the diagnosis of malignancy, but false negative results may occur.", "contents": "The use of cytology to evaluate pericardial effusions. Pericardial effusions from 27 patients were examined cytologically during the five-year period of 1973-1977. Malignant cells were found in eight cases (30 percent). In three of these patients malignancy was unsuspected clinically, and this was the first time the cancer was diagnosed. In addition, cytology often suggested the specific histological types and possible primary sites to be determined. Special stains were also found helpful. There were no false positive reports. Although the pericardial effusions from the remaining 19 patients were negative for tumor cells, metastatic carcinoma to the pericardium was discovered at autopsy in two of these cases. Thus, cytologic examination of pericardial fluid is an important tool in the diagnosis of malignancy, but false negative results may occur.", "PMID": 420509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10504", "title": "Behavioural deviance in children with early treated phenylketonuria.", "content": "A sample of 99 early treated phenylketonuric children showed higher levels of behavioural deviance than 197 matched controls. For boys this excess of behavioural deviance persisted when IQ was taken into account. For phenylketonuric girls however it was restricted to those with IQs less than 70. The type of behavioural deviance shown by the boys over the whole IQ range was predominantly neurotic. The levels of behavioural deviance found in phenylketonuric children were among the highest that have been reported for children with various handicapping conditions.", "contents": "Behavioural deviance in children with early treated phenylketonuria. A sample of 99 early treated phenylketonuric children showed higher levels of behavioural deviance than 197 matched controls. For boys this excess of behavioural deviance persisted when IQ was taken into account. For phenylketonuric girls however it was restricted to those with IQs less than 70. The type of behavioural deviance shown by the boys over the whole IQ range was predominantly neurotic. The levels of behavioural deviance found in phenylketonuric children were among the highest that have been reported for children with various handicapping conditions.", "PMID": 420517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10505", "title": "Intellectual performance in children after circulatory arrest with profound hypothermia in infancy.", "content": "38 children were assessed 22 months to 6 years after open heart surgery using circulatory arrest with deep hypothermia. The mean IQ of the group was 99.2 (SD 19.5). No correlation was found between IQ and the age or weight at operation or the duration of circulatory arrest. The results suggest that the technique gives effective protection to the brain during periods of circulatory arrest for up to 60 minutes.", "contents": "Intellectual performance in children after circulatory arrest with profound hypothermia in infancy. 38 children were assessed 22 months to 6 years after open heart surgery using circulatory arrest with deep hypothermia. The mean IQ of the group was 99.2 (SD 19.5). No correlation was found between IQ and the age or weight at operation or the duration of circulatory arrest. The results suggest that the technique gives effective protection to the brain during periods of circulatory arrest for up to 60 minutes.", "PMID": 420516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10506", "title": "Peroperative pancreatic aspirations.", "content": "Peroperative fine needle pancreatic aspirations were performed on 16 patients with suspected pancreatic masses during 1976 and 1977. Seven of the 16 aspirates demonstrated benign cells. Nine of the 16 revealed malignant cells, eight of which could be classified as to tumor type. This procedure provided a definitive diagnosis resulting in the appropriate surgery. The aspiration technique is highly accurate, rapid, uncomplicated and eliminates the problems associated with biopsy of this organ.", "contents": "Peroperative pancreatic aspirations. Peroperative fine needle pancreatic aspirations were performed on 16 patients with suspected pancreatic masses during 1976 and 1977. Seven of the 16 aspirates demonstrated benign cells. Nine of the 16 revealed malignant cells, eight of which could be classified as to tumor type. This procedure provided a definitive diagnosis resulting in the appropriate surgery. The aspiration technique is highly accurate, rapid, uncomplicated and eliminates the problems associated with biopsy of this organ.", "PMID": 420507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10507", "title": "Intestinal bile salts in cystic fibrosis: studies in the patient and experimental animal.", "content": "The quantitative and qualitative distribution of bile salts in the duodenal juice of 13 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) was studied after a test meal. The effects of triolein (TO), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and ricinoleic acid (RA) on the absorption of taurocholate (TCA) in the distal ileum of the rat in vivo was also studied. The mean (and ranges) of total bile salt concentrations, glycine: taurine conjugate ratios, and percentage of dihydroxy bile salts in the patients with CF and pancreatic insufficiency were 3.5 (1.3--6.6) mmol/l, 8.6 (greater than 10-3.1), and 37 (10--60) compared with control values of 7.4 (3.0--16.0) mmol/l, 3.0 (1.3--4.5), and 61 (52--70) respectively. The differences between the control and CF values were statistically significant (P less than 0.01--P less than 0.001). Three of the 13 CF patients had total bile salt concentrations less than 2 mmol/l, 8 had much higher glycine: taurine ratios, and 8 had a reduced percentage of dihydroxy bile salts. In 2 patients with normal pancreatic enzyme activities, duodenal bile salts were both quantitatively and qualitatively normal. TO (10 and 30 mmol/l), BSA (3%), and RA (5 mmol/l) had no inhibitory effect on the ileal absorption of TCA. These results show pronounced abnormalities of duodenal juice bile salts in CF with pancreatic insufficiency consistent with a broken enterohepatic circulation (EHC); such abnormalities may contribute to defective lipid absorption in CF. The data in the experimental animal do not support the suggestion that unhydrolysed dietary substrates play a role in the pathophysiology of the broken EHC.", "contents": "Intestinal bile salts in cystic fibrosis: studies in the patient and experimental animal. The quantitative and qualitative distribution of bile salts in the duodenal juice of 13 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) was studied after a test meal. The effects of triolein (TO), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and ricinoleic acid (RA) on the absorption of taurocholate (TCA) in the distal ileum of the rat in vivo was also studied. The mean (and ranges) of total bile salt concentrations, glycine: taurine conjugate ratios, and percentage of dihydroxy bile salts in the patients with CF and pancreatic insufficiency were 3.5 (1.3--6.6) mmol/l, 8.6 (greater than 10-3.1), and 37 (10--60) compared with control values of 7.4 (3.0--16.0) mmol/l, 3.0 (1.3--4.5), and 61 (52--70) respectively. The differences between the control and CF values were statistically significant (P less than 0.01--P less than 0.001). Three of the 13 CF patients had total bile salt concentrations less than 2 mmol/l, 8 had much higher glycine: taurine ratios, and 8 had a reduced percentage of dihydroxy bile salts. In 2 patients with normal pancreatic enzyme activities, duodenal bile salts were both quantitatively and qualitatively normal. TO (10 and 30 mmol/l), BSA (3%), and RA (5 mmol/l) had no inhibitory effect on the ileal absorption of TCA. These results show pronounced abnormalities of duodenal juice bile salts in CF with pancreatic insufficiency consistent with a broken enterohepatic circulation (EHC); such abnormalities may contribute to defective lipid absorption in CF. The data in the experimental animal do not support the suggestion that unhydrolysed dietary substrates play a role in the pathophysiology of the broken EHC.", "PMID": 420518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10508", "title": "Complete deficiency of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase: a third case presenting as renal stones in a young child.", "content": "We report a third case of 2, 8-dihydroxyadenine stones in a child with a complete lack of the adenine salvage enzyme--adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT). The propositus, a 20-month-old girl of consanguineous Arab parents, presented with multiple urinary tract infections and supposed 'uric acid' stones in the right renal pelvis and left ureter. Both parents and one brother were heterzygotes for the defect, in keeping with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. In contrast with the other purine salvage enzyme disorder of childhood with true uric acid stones (the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome), uric acid excretion was normal in all family members. As in our previous case, treatment with allopurinol, without alkali, has eliminated the urinary excretion of 2, 8-dihydroxyadenine: the stones were removed surgically. 2, 8-Dihydroxyadenine should be considered in any child thought to have uric acid stones and tests made to distinguish the two compounds.", "contents": "Complete deficiency of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase: a third case presenting as renal stones in a young child. We report a third case of 2, 8-dihydroxyadenine stones in a child with a complete lack of the adenine salvage enzyme--adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT). The propositus, a 20-month-old girl of consanguineous Arab parents, presented with multiple urinary tract infections and supposed 'uric acid' stones in the right renal pelvis and left ureter. Both parents and one brother were heterzygotes for the defect, in keeping with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. In contrast with the other purine salvage enzyme disorder of childhood with true uric acid stones (the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome), uric acid excretion was normal in all family members. As in our previous case, treatment with allopurinol, without alkali, has eliminated the urinary excretion of 2, 8-dihydroxyadenine: the stones were removed surgically. 2, 8-Dihydroxyadenine should be considered in any child thought to have uric acid stones and tests made to distinguish the two compounds.", "PMID": 420519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10509", "title": "Prognostic factors in acute meningococcaemia.", "content": "During a meningococcal (group A) epidemic, 47 Nigerian children with acute meningococcaemia without meningitis were studied. Their mortality rate was 43% compared with 8% during the whole epidemic. Those presenting with coma and shock had a mortality of 93%, but without shock or coma mortality was only 6%. Coma or shock occurring alone carried an intermediate prognosis. The outcome correlated with initial serum antigen titre, but not with the serum levels of endotoxin, cortisol, or fibrin degradation products. Chloramphenicol was as effective as penicillin. A predictor of expected mortality, based on serum antigen titre and the presence of coma or shock, may allow new forms of treatment to be assessed.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in acute meningococcaemia. During a meningococcal (group A) epidemic, 47 Nigerian children with acute meningococcaemia without meningitis were studied. Their mortality rate was 43% compared with 8% during the whole epidemic. Those presenting with coma and shock had a mortality of 93%, but without shock or coma mortality was only 6%. Coma or shock occurring alone carried an intermediate prognosis. The outcome correlated with initial serum antigen titre, but not with the serum levels of endotoxin, cortisol, or fibrin degradation products. Chloramphenicol was as effective as penicillin. A predictor of expected mortality, based on serum antigen titre and the presence of coma or shock, may allow new forms of treatment to be assessed.", "PMID": 420520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10510", "title": "Electron microscopy studies of papillary interstitial granules in normal human kidneys.", "content": "The papillae of five kidneys from four heart-beating cadaver donors (one child and three young adults) were studied using electron microscopy (EM) technique. The kidneys were made available for EM study after they were found unsuitable for transplantation owing to low antigen match. All papillae had interstitial cells (IC), stellate processes, and intracellular and free granules. The three types of granules observed were (1) homogeneously dark, (2) gray and (3) layered; the free (outside the IC) granules were identical to the granules within the IC. The child kidney had more IC but fewer granules than the adult kidneys. The granules are ultrastructurally identical to those found in the rat renal papilla. Since rat renal papillary granules have been implicated as the source of renal vasodepressor substance(s), this ultrastructural resemblance suggests that human papillary interstitial granules likewise may be the source renal vasodepressor substance.", "contents": "Electron microscopy studies of papillary interstitial granules in normal human kidneys. The papillae of five kidneys from four heart-beating cadaver donors (one child and three young adults) were studied using electron microscopy (EM) technique. The kidneys were made available for EM study after they were found unsuitable for transplantation owing to low antigen match. All papillae had interstitial cells (IC), stellate processes, and intracellular and free granules. The three types of granules observed were (1) homogeneously dark, (2) gray and (3) layered; the free (outside the IC) granules were identical to the granules within the IC. The child kidney had more IC but fewer granules than the adult kidneys. The granules are ultrastructurally identical to those found in the rat renal papilla. Since rat renal papillary granules have been implicated as the source of renal vasodepressor substance(s), this ultrastructural resemblance suggests that human papillary interstitial granules likewise may be the source renal vasodepressor substance.", "PMID": 420511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10511", "title": "Aortic arch interruption presenting with absence of all limb pulses.", "content": "Three patients with aortic arch anomalies presented with severe heart failure, acidaemia, and poor or absent upper and lower limb pulses. Prominent carotid arterial pulsations were detected which distinguished the condition clinically from aortic atresia. In 2 patients with a left aortic arch, interruption was distal to the left common carotid artery and there was an aberrant right subclavian. In the 3rd patient with a right aortic arch, interruption was distal to the right common carotid and there was an aberrant left subclavian artery. By dilating the narrowed ductus, prostaglandin E2 infusion corrected the acidosis. Successful surgical correction was achieved in one patient by direct anastomosis of descending aorta to ascending aorta and the base of the left common carotid artery.", "contents": "Aortic arch interruption presenting with absence of all limb pulses. Three patients with aortic arch anomalies presented with severe heart failure, acidaemia, and poor or absent upper and lower limb pulses. Prominent carotid arterial pulsations were detected which distinguished the condition clinically from aortic atresia. In 2 patients with a left aortic arch, interruption was distal to the left common carotid artery and there was an aberrant right subclavian. In the 3rd patient with a right aortic arch, interruption was distal to the right common carotid and there was an aberrant left subclavian artery. By dilating the narrowed ductus, prostaglandin E2 infusion corrected the acidosis. Successful surgical correction was achieved in one patient by direct anastomosis of descending aorta to ascending aorta and the base of the left common carotid artery.", "PMID": 420521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10512", "title": "Housing and mothering: their effects upon the developmental levels of 3-year-old children.", "content": "The development of 200 3-year-old children was measured, using Gesell parameters of development. The levels of development were matched against the adequacy, or inadequacy, of maternal care and housing, the scales for which were derived from a questionnaire completed by the children's mothers. Housing was not found to affect the children's developmental levels, while the adequacy of maternal care was highly significantly related to satisfactory child development.", "contents": "Housing and mothering: their effects upon the developmental levels of 3-year-old children. The development of 200 3-year-old children was measured, using Gesell parameters of development. The levels of development were matched against the adequacy, or inadequacy, of maternal care and housing, the scales for which were derived from a questionnaire completed by the children's mothers. Housing was not found to affect the children's developmental levels, while the adequacy of maternal care was highly significantly related to satisfactory child development.", "PMID": 420522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10513", "title": "Serum ceruloplasmin concentrations in rats with primary and transplanted sarcomas induced by nickel subsulfide.", "content": "Ceruloplasmin (CPN) concentrations were measured by p-phenylenediamine oxidase assay in serums from (a) 30 control Fischer rats; (b) 5 rats with primary sarcomas induced by i.m. injection of nickel subsulfide (alpha Ni3S2), and (c) 12 rats at intervals up to six weeks after s.c. transplantation of four alpha Ni3S2-induced sarcomas. Serum CPN concentrations were not significantly increased in rats with primary sarcomas (mean = 0.38 g per liter) (S.D. +/- 0.05), versus 0.35 g per liter (S.D. +/- 0.04) in controls. In contrast, serum CPN concentrations were increased within 11 to 21 days in all rats with transplanted sarcomas. Maximum concentrations of serum CPN occurred at 31 to 34 days after tumor transplantation, (mean = 0.56 +/- 0.05 g per liter), equivalent to 1.6 +/- 0.2 times the initial CPN concentrations in serums obtained prior to treatment (P less than 0.001). The development of hyperceruloplasminemia in rats with transplanted sarcomas and not in rats with primary sarcomas is attributed to greatly enhanced growth-rates of the transplanted neoplasms.", "contents": "Serum ceruloplasmin concentrations in rats with primary and transplanted sarcomas induced by nickel subsulfide. Ceruloplasmin (CPN) concentrations were measured by p-phenylenediamine oxidase assay in serums from (a) 30 control Fischer rats; (b) 5 rats with primary sarcomas induced by i.m. injection of nickel subsulfide (alpha Ni3S2), and (c) 12 rats at intervals up to six weeks after s.c. transplantation of four alpha Ni3S2-induced sarcomas. Serum CPN concentrations were not significantly increased in rats with primary sarcomas (mean = 0.38 g per liter) (S.D. +/- 0.05), versus 0.35 g per liter (S.D. +/- 0.04) in controls. In contrast, serum CPN concentrations were increased within 11 to 21 days in all rats with transplanted sarcomas. Maximum concentrations of serum CPN occurred at 31 to 34 days after tumor transplantation, (mean = 0.56 +/- 0.05 g per liter), equivalent to 1.6 +/- 0.2 times the initial CPN concentrations in serums obtained prior to treatment (P less than 0.001). The development of hyperceruloplasminemia in rats with transplanted sarcomas and not in rats with primary sarcomas is attributed to greatly enhanced growth-rates of the transplanted neoplasms.", "PMID": 420513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10514", "title": "The detection of creatine kinase isoenzyme CK1 in serum.", "content": "The brain isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK) (EC 2.7.3.2) has been identified in the serum of 21 of 950 patients tested. Samples were received over a period of about 20 months. Analysis was performed by electrophoresis on agarose gel with isoenzyme bands visualized by fluorescence after enzyme coupled reactions producing NADH. Specialized substrate preparations were used to rule out the possibility that observed fluorescence was due to enzymatic activity other than that of CK isoenzymes. Patients who were hypothermic and/or had undergone cardiopulmonary resuscitation accounted for 19 of the 21 patients showing the brain isoenzyme. The inciting mechanism for the release of CK1, into the circulation is not clearly understood.", "contents": "The detection of creatine kinase isoenzyme CK1 in serum. The brain isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK) (EC 2.7.3.2) has been identified in the serum of 21 of 950 patients tested. Samples were received over a period of about 20 months. Analysis was performed by electrophoresis on agarose gel with isoenzyme bands visualized by fluorescence after enzyme coupled reactions producing NADH. Specialized substrate preparations were used to rule out the possibility that observed fluorescence was due to enzymatic activity other than that of CK isoenzymes. Patients who were hypothermic and/or had undergone cardiopulmonary resuscitation accounted for 19 of the 21 patients showing the brain isoenzyme. The inciting mechanism for the release of CK1, into the circulation is not clearly understood.", "PMID": 420515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10515", "title": "Measurement and diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid enzymes.", "content": "The diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enzyme activities in neurological disorders has been evaluated most extensively with the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and lysozyme. Methods use for performing the assays have been similar to those employed for serum analysis. Reference intervals for these enzymes in the CSF are given from several sources and demonstrate much lower activities than in serum. Studies of these CSF enzymes in cerebral infarction, brain tumors, central nervous system (CNS) infections and acute brain injury and reviewed.", "contents": "Measurement and diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid enzymes. The diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enzyme activities in neurological disorders has been evaluated most extensively with the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and lysozyme. Methods use for performing the assays have been similar to those employed for serum analysis. Reference intervals for these enzymes in the CSF are given from several sources and demonstrate much lower activities than in serum. Studies of these CSF enzymes in cerebral infarction, brain tumors, central nervous system (CNS) infections and acute brain injury and reviewed.", "PMID": 420514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10516", "title": "An autoradiographic study on the distribution of 63NiCl2 in mice.", "content": "The distribution of 63NiCl2 in mice was studied by autoradiography. A localization of radioactivity was found in the kidneys, the lungs, and the brain and spinal cord. The cartilages, the connective tissues, the skin and the epithelium of the forestomach also showed an uptake of radioactivity. In the kidney, 63Ni(II) was present at all the survival intervals (five minutes to three weeks) in areas of the cortex, probably corresponding to the distal convoluted tubuli. In the lung, radioactivity occurred in the parenchyma shortly after the administration of 63Ni(II) and was retained throughout the observational period three weeks. In the brain and spinal cord, a retention of radioactivity was obvious 10 days and three weeks after administration of 63NiCl2. In cartilage, a high level of 63Ni(II) was present up to 24 hours, while in connective tissues there was a high initial radioactivity, followed by a constant decrease during the seven hours after the administration of 63NiCl2. An uptake of 63Ni(II) in cartilage and skin was also seen when tissue sections of non-treated mice were incubated in solutions containing 63NiCl2. The chondroitin sulphate of cartilage and the keratin of skin have cation-binding properties which may explain the binding of 63Ni(II) in these tissues.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study on the distribution of 63NiCl2 in mice. The distribution of 63NiCl2 in mice was studied by autoradiography. A localization of radioactivity was found in the kidneys, the lungs, and the brain and spinal cord. The cartilages, the connective tissues, the skin and the epithelium of the forestomach also showed an uptake of radioactivity. In the kidney, 63Ni(II) was present at all the survival intervals (five minutes to three weeks) in areas of the cortex, probably corresponding to the distal convoluted tubuli. In the lung, radioactivity occurred in the parenchyma shortly after the administration of 63Ni(II) and was retained throughout the observational period three weeks. In the brain and spinal cord, a retention of radioactivity was obvious 10 days and three weeks after administration of 63NiCl2. In cartilage, a high level of 63Ni(II) was present up to 24 hours, while in connective tissues there was a high initial radioactivity, followed by a constant decrease during the seven hours after the administration of 63NiCl2. An uptake of 63Ni(II) in cartilage and skin was also seen when tissue sections of non-treated mice were incubated in solutions containing 63NiCl2. The chondroitin sulphate of cartilage and the keratin of skin have cation-binding properties which may explain the binding of 63Ni(II) in these tissues.", "PMID": 420512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10517", "title": "Isoniazid liver injury during chemoprophylaxis in children.", "content": "The incidence of INH-associated liver injury was evaluated in 239 children aged between 9 and 14 years, who were receiving 300 mg INH/day for tuberculosis prophylaxis. Serum SGOT and SGPT levels were determined before INH administration and at 4-weekly intervals thereafter. Levels of both enzymes were raised during the first 3 months of treatment in 18 (7.5%) children, while in 23 (9.6%) children either SGOT or SGPT exceeded normal levels (SGOT greater than 40 units, SGPT greater than 30 units). Only 2 (0.8%) children showed SGOT and SGPT values above 100 units and in them treatment with INH had to be discontinued. In all other children transaminases returned to normal during uninterrupted INH administration. It was noted also that transaminase values in children who did not exhibit a rise above normal, still had significantly higher levels during treatment compared with before. The findings of this study suggest that liver injury in children receiving INH for prophylaxis occurs more often than it had hitherto been believed but that it is usually mild and transient.", "contents": "Isoniazid liver injury during chemoprophylaxis in children. The incidence of INH-associated liver injury was evaluated in 239 children aged between 9 and 14 years, who were receiving 300 mg INH/day for tuberculosis prophylaxis. Serum SGOT and SGPT levels were determined before INH administration and at 4-weekly intervals thereafter. Levels of both enzymes were raised during the first 3 months of treatment in 18 (7.5%) children, while in 23 (9.6%) children either SGOT or SGPT exceeded normal levels (SGOT greater than 40 units, SGPT greater than 30 units). Only 2 (0.8%) children showed SGOT and SGPT values above 100 units and in them treatment with INH had to be discontinued. In all other children transaminases returned to normal during uninterrupted INH administration. It was noted also that transaminase values in children who did not exhibit a rise above normal, still had significantly higher levels during treatment compared with before. The findings of this study suggest that liver injury in children receiving INH for prophylaxis occurs more often than it had hitherto been believed but that it is usually mild and transient.", "PMID": 420524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10518", "title": "Light and electron microscopy of hepatocellular changes in griseofulvin fed mice. Particular reference to Mallory bodies.", "content": "Male Swiss Webster mice were fed a diet containing 2.5 percent griseofulvin (GF). Serially progressive light and electron microscopic hepatic altertions were present from one day on and grossly visible hepatomegaly from two weeks until termination at 22 weeks. GF induced liver changes included hepatocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic hypertrophy, increased incidence of necrosis and mitosis, Kupffer cell activation, bile duct proliferation and portal fibrosis. Protoporphyrin crystals were present in hepatocyte cytoplasm as early as one day after GF feeding. Hepatocellular hyalin was initially noted at seven weeks. Thereafter, the hyalin increased in prominence and frequency of occurrence. Ultrastructurally, three types of hyalin have been presently demonstrated to correspond to Mallory bodies (MB) reported in human liver disease. Forms intermediate in appearance between various MB types suggested transition from one to another. Areas of organelle free cytosol with abundant, loosely scattered filamentous elements as well as vesicular, smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes appeared preceding and closely associated with MB formation. Similarities of hepatocellular MB observed in GF fed mice and reported earlier in human alcoholic liver disease suggest a common pathway in its formation as a response to divergent noxious insults.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopy of hepatocellular changes in griseofulvin fed mice. Particular reference to Mallory bodies. Male Swiss Webster mice were fed a diet containing 2.5 percent griseofulvin (GF). Serially progressive light and electron microscopic hepatic altertions were present from one day on and grossly visible hepatomegaly from two weeks until termination at 22 weeks. GF induced liver changes included hepatocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic hypertrophy, increased incidence of necrosis and mitosis, Kupffer cell activation, bile duct proliferation and portal fibrosis. Protoporphyrin crystals were present in hepatocyte cytoplasm as early as one day after GF feeding. Hepatocellular hyalin was initially noted at seven weeks. Thereafter, the hyalin increased in prominence and frequency of occurrence. Ultrastructurally, three types of hyalin have been presently demonstrated to correspond to Mallory bodies (MB) reported in human liver disease. Forms intermediate in appearance between various MB types suggested transition from one to another. Areas of organelle free cytosol with abundant, loosely scattered filamentous elements as well as vesicular, smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes appeared preceding and closely associated with MB formation. Similarities of hepatocellular MB observed in GF fed mice and reported earlier in human alcoholic liver disease suggest a common pathway in its formation as a response to divergent noxious insults.", "PMID": 420510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10519", "title": "Congenital complete heart block in the newborn associated with maternal systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue disorders.", "content": "Four babies with complete heart block associated with maternal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are described, together with a 5th baby whose mother had serological abnormalities only. One baby had a rapidly fatal outcome, one has required digoxin for heart failure, and the remaining 3 are asymptomatic but remain in complete heart block. Additional manifestations were present in 2 of them. The spectrum of neonatal abnormalities that may occur in association with maternal SLE and related connective tissue disorders is discussed, together with the possible causes and the prognosis. We conclude that congenital heart block is more common than had previously been appreciated.", "contents": "Congenital complete heart block in the newborn associated with maternal systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue disorders. Four babies with complete heart block associated with maternal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are described, together with a 5th baby whose mother had serological abnormalities only. One baby had a rapidly fatal outcome, one has required digoxin for heart failure, and the remaining 3 are asymptomatic but remain in complete heart block. Additional manifestations were present in 2 of them. The spectrum of neonatal abnormalities that may occur in association with maternal SLE and related connective tissue disorders is discussed, together with the possible causes and the prognosis. We conclude that congenital heart block is more common than had previously been appreciated.", "PMID": 420526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10520", "title": "Reye's syndrome associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection.", "content": "An upper respiratory tract infection in a 22-month-old boy was followed by rapid loss of consciousness, hypoglycaemia, uraemia, and death. Necropsy examination showed fatty change of liver and kidneys, severe cerebral oedema, bronchiolitis, and endocardial fibroelastosis affecting the left ventricle. Immunofluorescence staining showed infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The clinical and pathological findings were those of Reye's syndrome, not previously reported accompanying RSV infection.", "contents": "Reye's syndrome associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection. An upper respiratory tract infection in a 22-month-old boy was followed by rapid loss of consciousness, hypoglycaemia, uraemia, and death. Necropsy examination showed fatty change of liver and kidneys, severe cerebral oedema, bronchiolitis, and endocardial fibroelastosis affecting the left ventricle. Immunofluorescence staining showed infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The clinical and pathological findings were those of Reye's syndrome, not previously reported accompanying RSV infection.", "PMID": 420528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10521", "title": "Phagocytic activity of rabbit pulmonary macrophages at different temperatures.", "content": "Phagocytic activity of pulmonary macrophages (PM) in contact with latex particles was studied in a group of twelve adult male rabbits, by means of in vitro phagocytosis tests at 35, 37, 39 and 41 degrees C. The phagocytic index at 35 degrees C was 14.70 (sigma = 4.5); at 37 degrees C, 19.61 (sigma = 4.7); at 39 degrees C, 22.45 (sigma = 5.1), and at 41 degrees C, 25.02 (sigma = 5.4). The value of the correlation coefficient between phagocytic index and temperature was r = 0.6022. The previous results allowed to conclude that there is lineal and direct relationship increase between phagocytic indexes and temperature.", "contents": "Phagocytic activity of rabbit pulmonary macrophages at different temperatures. Phagocytic activity of pulmonary macrophages (PM) in contact with latex particles was studied in a group of twelve adult male rabbits, by means of in vitro phagocytosis tests at 35, 37, 39 and 41 degrees C. The phagocytic index at 35 degrees C was 14.70 (sigma = 4.5); at 37 degrees C, 19.61 (sigma = 4.7); at 39 degrees C, 22.45 (sigma = 5.1), and at 41 degrees C, 25.02 (sigma = 5.4). The value of the correlation coefficient between phagocytic index and temperature was r = 0.6022. The previous results allowed to conclude that there is lineal and direct relationship increase between phagocytic indexes and temperature.", "PMID": 420533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10522", "title": "Detection of antibodies to Salmonella \"O\" antigens in typhoid fever by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. I. Description of technique.", "content": "In the serum of patients with typhoid fever counterimmunoelectrophoretic techniques were used for the detection of antibodies to Salmonella \"O\" antigen. Lipopolysacharides (LPS) obtained with phenol and water from Salmonella typhi (antigens 0, 9 and 12) were used. Positive results were obtained in those patients with typhoid fever (20). The lower and higher titration levels were 1:8 and 1:32 respectively; the geometric mean was 1:16. The variation coefficient during the intra assay tests was 0.19, and remained stable throughout the inter-assay tests. Reproducibility, as well as a rapid technique, make this test a valuable tool for the serologic diagnosis of typhoid fever.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies to Salmonella \"O\" antigens in typhoid fever by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. I. Description of technique. In the serum of patients with typhoid fever counterimmunoelectrophoretic techniques were used for the detection of antibodies to Salmonella \"O\" antigen. Lipopolysacharides (LPS) obtained with phenol and water from Salmonella typhi (antigens 0, 9 and 12) were used. Positive results were obtained in those patients with typhoid fever (20). The lower and higher titration levels were 1:8 and 1:32 respectively; the geometric mean was 1:16. The variation coefficient during the intra assay tests was 0.19, and remained stable throughout the inter-assay tests. Reproducibility, as well as a rapid technique, make this test a valuable tool for the serologic diagnosis of typhoid fever.", "PMID": 420534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10523", "title": "Detection of antibodies to Salmonella \"O\" antigens in typhoid fever by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. II. Assessment in patients with typhoid fever and in a healthy population.", "content": "Two different population groups were studied. In one, 50 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of typhoid fever. Serum determinations were made for the detection of antibodies to S. typhi somatic antigen using Widal technique, surface fixation test and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). In the other group, 350 healthy subjects were studied to determine the minimum diagnostic titer by means of CIE. It was possible to establish that a 1:16 titer was suggestive of typhoid fever when CIE techniques were used. Surface fixation test showed the highest sensitivity levels. CIE with sensitivity levels similar to those found in Widal's reaction exceeds the other test because of its standardization and greater reproducibility.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies to Salmonella \"O\" antigens in typhoid fever by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. II. Assessment in patients with typhoid fever and in a healthy population. Two different population groups were studied. In one, 50 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of typhoid fever. Serum determinations were made for the detection of antibodies to S. typhi somatic antigen using Widal technique, surface fixation test and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). In the other group, 350 healthy subjects were studied to determine the minimum diagnostic titer by means of CIE. It was possible to establish that a 1:16 titer was suggestive of typhoid fever when CIE techniques were used. Surface fixation test showed the highest sensitivity levels. CIE with sensitivity levels similar to those found in Widal's reaction exceeds the other test because of its standardization and greater reproducibility.", "PMID": 420535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10524", "title": "Influence of demographic characteristics on two measures of depressive symptoms: the relation of prevalence and persistence of symptoms with sex, age, education, and marital status.", "content": "Respondents from community and inpatient populations were asked to recall for the preceding week the prevalence (presence of symptom at any time) and persistence (presence of symptom for five to seven days) of 16 symptoms associated with depression. The rates were adjusted for four-variable combinations of sex, age, education, marital status, and clinical status. For the majority of symptoms, statistically significant associations were found between prevalence and sex, age, and marital status and between persistence and education. These results suggest that white women, young adults, and those not currently married have a higher prevalence of transient depressed affect than those in the other categories of each variable, while the less well-educated are at greater risk than those in other education categories of having the depressive syndrome requiring therapeutic intervention.", "contents": "Influence of demographic characteristics on two measures of depressive symptoms: the relation of prevalence and persistence of symptoms with sex, age, education, and marital status. Respondents from community and inpatient populations were asked to recall for the preceding week the prevalence (presence of symptom at any time) and persistence (presence of symptom for five to seven days) of 16 symptoms associated with depression. The rates were adjusted for four-variable combinations of sex, age, education, marital status, and clinical status. For the majority of symptoms, statistically significant associations were found between prevalence and sex, age, and marital status and between persistence and education. These results suggest that white women, young adults, and those not currently married have a higher prevalence of transient depressed affect than those in the other categories of each variable, while the less well-educated are at greater risk than those in other education categories of having the depressive syndrome requiring therapeutic intervention.", "PMID": 420536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10525", "title": "The psychotherapeutic impact of women's consciousness-raising groups.", "content": "The psychotherapeutic impact of women's consciousness-raising (CR) groups was assessed for 32 women entering groups formed in suburban, middle-class communities. Changes occurring over a six-month period were examined through pre-CR group and follow-up questionnaires and intensive interviews. Women increased in self-esteem and identification with the Women's Movement, but symptom distress was not alleviated, nor were marital relationships affected. While women expressed more positive self attitudes with greater feelings of autonomy and assertiveness, few participants manifested life-style or behavioral changes. The CR groups in this study thus served a limited psychotherapeutic function. In addition, CR and professional psychotherapy were seen as complementary and not as antagonistic help-giving systems.", "contents": "The psychotherapeutic impact of women's consciousness-raising groups. The psychotherapeutic impact of women's consciousness-raising (CR) groups was assessed for 32 women entering groups formed in suburban, middle-class communities. Changes occurring over a six-month period were examined through pre-CR group and follow-up questionnaires and intensive interviews. Women increased in self-esteem and identification with the Women's Movement, but symptom distress was not alleviated, nor were marital relationships affected. While women expressed more positive self attitudes with greater feelings of autonomy and assertiveness, few participants manifested life-style or behavioral changes. The CR groups in this study thus served a limited psychotherapeutic function. In addition, CR and professional psychotherapy were seen as complementary and not as antagonistic help-giving systems.", "PMID": 420537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10526", "title": "Psychiatric disorders among professional women.", "content": "A group of 111 women physicians and 103 women PhDs, selected from the general community, were studied for the presence of psychiatric illness. Fifty-one percent of the MDs and 32% of the PhDs were diagnosed as having primary affective disorder (P less than .01). Other psychiatric disorders were found in less than 10% of each group. Depression among the psychiatrists was significantly more common (73%) than among the other physicians (46%). More than 50% of all the women reported prejudice in training or employment, and depressed subjects reported prejudice more often than well subjects. The presence of children and depression were shown to disrupt a woman's professional career. The finding of a high prevalence of affective disorder among women physicians is consistent with the reported excessive suicide risk for this group.", "contents": "Psychiatric disorders among professional women. A group of 111 women physicians and 103 women PhDs, selected from the general community, were studied for the presence of psychiatric illness. Fifty-one percent of the MDs and 32% of the PhDs were diagnosed as having primary affective disorder (P less than .01). Other psychiatric disorders were found in less than 10% of each group. Depression among the psychiatrists was significantly more common (73%) than among the other physicians (46%). More than 50% of all the women reported prejudice in training or employment, and depressed subjects reported prejudice more often than well subjects. The presence of children and depression were shown to disrupt a woman's professional career. The finding of a high prevalence of affective disorder among women physicians is consistent with the reported excessive suicide risk for this group.", "PMID": 420538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10527", "title": "Which short-term therapy? Matching patient and method.", "content": "In recent years, numerous forms of short-term psychotherapy have been developed, without clear guidelines for choosing among them. There are three major approaches in terms of both their techniques and their criteria for patient selection. The \"interpretive\" method stresses the use of insight produced by a therapist's interpretations, the \"existential,\" the maturational effect of a brief empathic encounter with the therapist, and the \"corrective,\" the behavioral changes resulting from patient management by the therapist. The question facing a short-term therapist is how to choose a particular method for a particular patient. A framework is proposed based on developmental phases of adult life to help therapists match patient and method.", "contents": "Which short-term therapy? Matching patient and method. In recent years, numerous forms of short-term psychotherapy have been developed, without clear guidelines for choosing among them. There are three major approaches in terms of both their techniques and their criteria for patient selection. The \"interpretive\" method stresses the use of insight produced by a therapist's interpretations, the \"existential,\" the maturational effect of a brief empathic encounter with the therapist, and the \"corrective,\" the behavioral changes resulting from patient management by the therapist. The question facing a short-term therapist is how to choose a particular method for a particular patient. A framework is proposed based on developmental phases of adult life to help therapists match patient and method.", "PMID": 420539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10528", "title": "Psychotherapy in the goldfish bowl: the role of the indigenous therapist.", "content": "The therapeutic advantages and liabilities that accrue to the indigenous therapist (be he professional or paraprofessional) because of the indigenous state were explored, utilizing the five-year experience of ten indigenous therapists in Boston's North End. The current and historical proximity of therapists who live in the same neighborhood as their patients do provides both with increased access to, longitudinal knowledge about, and a blurred role concept of the other that may help or hinder the therapeutic process. Similarities in culture and values can foster alliance formation, differentiation of psychopathology, and therapeutic interventions, but also may interfere when therapy abuts culturally shared blind spots. These data are relevant to the private general psychiatrist as an indigenous therapist in non-metropolitan America.", "contents": "Psychotherapy in the goldfish bowl: the role of the indigenous therapist. The therapeutic advantages and liabilities that accrue to the indigenous therapist (be he professional or paraprofessional) because of the indigenous state were explored, utilizing the five-year experience of ten indigenous therapists in Boston's North End. The current and historical proximity of therapists who live in the same neighborhood as their patients do provides both with increased access to, longitudinal knowledge about, and a blurred role concept of the other that may help or hinder the therapeutic process. Similarities in culture and values can foster alliance formation, differentiation of psychopathology, and therapeutic interventions, but also may interfere when therapy abuts culturally shared blind spots. These data are relevant to the private general psychiatrist as an indigenous therapist in non-metropolitan America.", "PMID": 420540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10529", "title": "Egocentrism in children of parents with a history of psychotic disorders.", "content": "It is known that children of schizophrenic parents have an increased risk for becoming schizophrenic, but it has been extremely difficult to determine what features may exist in such children before they become manifestly ill that might provide a key for identifying vulnerability to subsequent disorder. This study was carried out to determine whether certain types of egocentric perception exist in the children of psychotic parents that might represent a clue to vulnerability. Sixty parent-child pairs were investigated as part of the University of Rochester (NY) Child and Family Study, using standardized diagnostic assessment procedures in the parents and several methods for evaluating egocentric perception in their offspring. Results showed that severity of psychotic symptoms in a parent related significantly to the degree of persistent age-inappropriate spatial egocentrism in his or her child. All of several diagnostic approaches used for parent classification were about equally valid in this regard, except for hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia, which did not correlate significantly with offspring egocentricity.", "contents": "Egocentrism in children of parents with a history of psychotic disorders. It is known that children of schizophrenic parents have an increased risk for becoming schizophrenic, but it has been extremely difficult to determine what features may exist in such children before they become manifestly ill that might provide a key for identifying vulnerability to subsequent disorder. This study was carried out to determine whether certain types of egocentric perception exist in the children of psychotic parents that might represent a clue to vulnerability. Sixty parent-child pairs were investigated as part of the University of Rochester (NY) Child and Family Study, using standardized diagnostic assessment procedures in the parents and several methods for evaluating egocentric perception in their offspring. Results showed that severity of psychotic symptoms in a parent related significantly to the degree of persistent age-inappropriate spatial egocentrism in his or her child. All of several diagnostic approaches used for parent classification were about equally valid in this regard, except for hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia, which did not correlate significantly with offspring egocentricity.", "PMID": 420541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10530", "title": "Growth of hyperactive children treated with methylphenidate.", "content": "This is a study of the growth of 72 hyperactive boys treated continuously with methylphenidate hydrochloride. Major findings were that methylphenidate produces an adverse effect on growth in height and in weight in the first year of treatment, but not in the second year; the first year height deficit is offset in the second year by a greater-than-expected growth rate. No clinical predictors of growth deficits were found; growth in height deficits are not related to total dosage or summer drug holidays, but weight deficits may be related to these factors. Side effects did not correlate with dosage. The temporary growth deficits of the first year are of such minor magnitude as to have little clinical significance.", "contents": "Growth of hyperactive children treated with methylphenidate. This is a study of the growth of 72 hyperactive boys treated continuously with methylphenidate hydrochloride. Major findings were that methylphenidate produces an adverse effect on growth in height and in weight in the first year of treatment, but not in the second year; the first year height deficit is offset in the second year by a greater-than-expected growth rate. No clinical predictors of growth deficits were found; growth in height deficits are not related to total dosage or summer drug holidays, but weight deficits may be related to these factors. Side effects did not correlate with dosage. The temporary growth deficits of the first year are of such minor magnitude as to have little clinical significance.", "PMID": 420542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10531", "title": "Vasodilators in senile dementias: a review of the literature.", "content": "The rationale for the use of vasodilators in the aged has changed from the attempt to increase cerebral blood flow to the attempt to improve cerebral metabolism. Review of 102 studies of eight vasodilators showed that significantly more controlled studies claimed practical clinical benefit from drugs supposed to improve neuronal intermediary metabolism with secondary vasodilatation than from drugs supposed to have only vasodilator action (P less than .005). Studies of both classes of drugs often suffered from poor study design, inappropriate and inconsistent application of outcome measurements, as well as negative bias due to selection of severely demented subjects. Future studies should be placebo-controlled investigations of drugs with primarily metabolic action, address questions of dose and time response, consistently use appropriate outcome measurement, and concentrate on the elderly in whom cognitive improvement is possible.", "contents": "Vasodilators in senile dementias: a review of the literature. The rationale for the use of vasodilators in the aged has changed from the attempt to increase cerebral blood flow to the attempt to improve cerebral metabolism. Review of 102 studies of eight vasodilators showed that significantly more controlled studies claimed practical clinical benefit from drugs supposed to improve neuronal intermediary metabolism with secondary vasodilatation than from drugs supposed to have only vasodilator action (P less than .005). Studies of both classes of drugs often suffered from poor study design, inappropriate and inconsistent application of outcome measurements, as well as negative bias due to selection of severely demented subjects. Future studies should be placebo-controlled investigations of drugs with primarily metabolic action, address questions of dose and time response, consistently use appropriate outcome measurement, and concentrate on the elderly in whom cognitive improvement is possible.", "PMID": 420543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10532", "title": "Alcohol and central serotonin metabolism in man.", "content": "Animal studies and some of thephenomena associated with alcoholism in humans suggest that some central effects of alcohol may involve serotonergic systems. The CSF metabolites of serotonin and dopamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), and homovanillic acid (HVA) were studied in hospitalized alcoholics. There were no significant differences in HVA levels between groups. The level of 5HIAA of alcoholics in the abstinence phase, 28 to 63 days after their last drink, was significantly lower (21.8 +/- 1.9 ng/mL) than both a nonalcoholic comparison group (31.7 +/- 2.0 ng/mL) and alcoholics in the immediate postintoxication phase, within one to two days after their last drink (32.3 +/- 2.9 ng/mL).", "contents": "Alcohol and central serotonin metabolism in man. Animal studies and some of thephenomena associated with alcoholism in humans suggest that some central effects of alcohol may involve serotonergic systems. The CSF metabolites of serotonin and dopamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), and homovanillic acid (HVA) were studied in hospitalized alcoholics. There were no significant differences in HVA levels between groups. The level of 5HIAA of alcoholics in the abstinence phase, 28 to 63 days after their last drink, was significantly lower (21.8 +/- 1.9 ng/mL) than both a nonalcoholic comparison group (31.7 +/- 2.0 ng/mL) and alcoholics in the immediate postintoxication phase, within one to two days after their last drink (32.3 +/- 2.9 ng/mL).", "PMID": 420544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10533", "title": "HLA antigens and schizophrenia.", "content": "We typed 45 schizophrenic patients for 35 HLA antigens and compared their frequencies with 1,263 population controls. No significant differences between schizophrenics and controls were found. When the schizophrenics were subtyped, a significant (P less than .05) excess of Aw26 was found among the hebephrenics, compared with the population controls. When the published literature on schizophrenia-HLA associations was surveyed, none of the reported associations were found to be consistent across studies. Some possible explanations for the heterogeneity among studies are discussed and it is concluded that an association between schizophrenia and any of the HLA antigens has not yet been demonstrated.", "contents": "HLA antigens and schizophrenia. We typed 45 schizophrenic patients for 35 HLA antigens and compared their frequencies with 1,263 population controls. No significant differences between schizophrenics and controls were found. When the schizophrenics were subtyped, a significant (P less than .05) excess of Aw26 was found among the hebephrenics, compared with the population controls. When the published literature on schizophrenia-HLA associations was surveyed, none of the reported associations were found to be consistent across studies. Some possible explanations for the heterogeneity among studies are discussed and it is concluded that an association between schizophrenia and any of the HLA antigens has not yet been demonstrated.", "PMID": 420545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10534", "title": "Cognitive concomitants of hemispheric dysfunction in schizophrenia.", "content": "Forty-eight schizophrenics (24 paranoids, 24 nonparanoids) and 24 matched controls (12 men and 12 women in each group) were asked to detect the differences between 30 pairs of altered pictures presented successively (15 pairs) and simultaneously (15 pairs) in a counterbalanced order. Overall performance, as measured by reaction time and response quality, was better for controls than for schizophrenics. However, schizophrenics, like right hemisphere brain-damaged patients who presumably rely on their left hemisphere, reacted faster in the successive presentation procedure while the controls reacted equally fast in both conditions. These results support the hypothesis that schizophrenics tend to overactivate their left dysfunctional hemisphere. Twenty-four depressed patients, tested in the same procedure, showed a pattern of results similar to that of controls, suggesting that the results obtained for schizophrenics are not a general characteristic of psychosis.", "contents": "Cognitive concomitants of hemispheric dysfunction in schizophrenia. Forty-eight schizophrenics (24 paranoids, 24 nonparanoids) and 24 matched controls (12 men and 12 women in each group) were asked to detect the differences between 30 pairs of altered pictures presented successively (15 pairs) and simultaneously (15 pairs) in a counterbalanced order. Overall performance, as measured by reaction time and response quality, was better for controls than for schizophrenics. However, schizophrenics, like right hemisphere brain-damaged patients who presumably rely on their left hemisphere, reacted faster in the successive presentation procedure while the controls reacted equally fast in both conditions. These results support the hypothesis that schizophrenics tend to overactivate their left dysfunctional hemisphere. Twenty-four depressed patients, tested in the same procedure, showed a pattern of results similar to that of controls, suggesting that the results obtained for schizophrenics are not a general characteristic of psychosis.", "PMID": 420546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10535", "title": "Intracranial self-stimulation thresholds: a model for the hedonic effects of drugs of abuse.", "content": "We present the thesis that many drugs of abuse are used for their hedonic effects and that a relevant animal model for the study of these effects is the action of these drugs on the pathways that support rewarding intracranial self-stimulation. A relationship between abuse potential of a drug and its ability to lower the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation in the rat was found. Of all the compounds we have studied, morphine and cocaine were the drugs that caused the maximum lowering of the rewarding threshold. Phencyclidine hydrochloride and the mixed agonist-antagonist pentazocine also lowered the threshold to a lesser degree, while the mixed agonist-antagonists cyclazocine and nalorphine hydrochloride had inconsistent effects. Naloxone hydrochloride, at the doses tested, had no effect on the threshold. Further, there is no evidence that tolerance develops to the threshold-lowering effect of morphine, suggesting that continued use of narcotics by the physically dependent individual is not simply due to an effort to avoid the pain of withdrawal.", "contents": "Intracranial self-stimulation thresholds: a model for the hedonic effects of drugs of abuse. We present the thesis that many drugs of abuse are used for their hedonic effects and that a relevant animal model for the study of these effects is the action of these drugs on the pathways that support rewarding intracranial self-stimulation. A relationship between abuse potential of a drug and its ability to lower the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation in the rat was found. Of all the compounds we have studied, morphine and cocaine were the drugs that caused the maximum lowering of the rewarding threshold. Phencyclidine hydrochloride and the mixed agonist-antagonist pentazocine also lowered the threshold to a lesser degree, while the mixed agonist-antagonists cyclazocine and nalorphine hydrochloride had inconsistent effects. Naloxone hydrochloride, at the doses tested, had no effect on the threshold. Further, there is no evidence that tolerance develops to the threshold-lowering effect of morphine, suggesting that continued use of narcotics by the physically dependent individual is not simply due to an effort to avoid the pain of withdrawal.", "PMID": 420547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10536", "title": "Methylation hypothesis.", "content": "L-Methionine had no behavioral effects in normal humans and failed to increase concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine (methyl donor) in human or rat blood, while increasing rat liver levels more than fivefold. Methionine or S-adenosylmethionine in very high doses had almost no effect on methylation of tritiated levodopa in rodent tissues; various \"methyl acceptor\" molecules, including nicotinamide, guanidineacetic acid, and estradiol similarly had little effect. In rabbit lung, methionine and S-adenosylmethionine not only failed to increase production of dimethyltryptamine, but actually decreased it, possibly due to end-product inhibition by S-adenosylhomocysteine, which also strongly inhibited methylation of dopa in rat. These results fail to support several predictions of the \"methylation hypothesis\" concerning the pathophysiology and potential treatment of idiopathic psychotic disorders and leave the consistent clinical worsening effects of methionine in schizophrenia unexplained.", "contents": "Methylation hypothesis. L-Methionine had no behavioral effects in normal humans and failed to increase concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine (methyl donor) in human or rat blood, while increasing rat liver levels more than fivefold. Methionine or S-adenosylmethionine in very high doses had almost no effect on methylation of tritiated levodopa in rodent tissues; various \"methyl acceptor\" molecules, including nicotinamide, guanidineacetic acid, and estradiol similarly had little effect. In rabbit lung, methionine and S-adenosylmethionine not only failed to increase production of dimethyltryptamine, but actually decreased it, possibly due to end-product inhibition by S-adenosylhomocysteine, which also strongly inhibited methylation of dopa in rat. These results fail to support several predictions of the \"methylation hypothesis\" concerning the pathophysiology and potential treatment of idiopathic psychotic disorders and leave the consistent clinical worsening effects of methionine in schizophrenia unexplained.", "PMID": 420548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10537", "title": "The management of patients with undiagnosed psychiatric illness.", "content": "The results of using formal diagnostic criteria on a series of newly admitted inpatients are presented. Several strategies were employed in the management of the undiagnosed patients. The percent of undiagnosed patients significantly decreased with time during the course of hospitalization.", "contents": "The management of patients with undiagnosed psychiatric illness. The results of using formal diagnostic criteria on a series of newly admitted inpatients are presented. Several strategies were employed in the management of the undiagnosed patients. The percent of undiagnosed patients significantly decreased with time during the course of hospitalization.", "PMID": 420549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10538", "title": "The therapeutic community as a research ward: myths and facts.", "content": "The clinical research ward run as a therapeutic community has been criticized as inefficient and scientifically unsound. This article discusses the therapeutic community as a research ward and identifies certain misconceptions which underlie many criticisms. The following myths are discussed and refuted: (1) There is an insurmountable community-research chasm. (2) The therapeutic community induces stress that interferes with research. (3) Patient passivity is engendered by research and this is destructive to the therapeutic community. (4) Symptoms are exacerbated by a research ward that is disruptive to the community. (5) Normal research subjects cannot live in a therapeutic community without pathologic psychic changes. These inaccurate myths are seen as a reflection of attempts to oversimplify very complex clinical and research issues. The use of mythology to simplify experiments, to artificially \"clarify\" complex issues, or to \"protect\" patients is seen as a disservice. The therapeutic community and research are syntonic when both receive appropriate support.", "contents": "The therapeutic community as a research ward: myths and facts. The clinical research ward run as a therapeutic community has been criticized as inefficient and scientifically unsound. This article discusses the therapeutic community as a research ward and identifies certain misconceptions which underlie many criticisms. The following myths are discussed and refuted: (1) There is an insurmountable community-research chasm. (2) The therapeutic community induces stress that interferes with research. (3) Patient passivity is engendered by research and this is destructive to the therapeutic community. (4) Symptoms are exacerbated by a research ward that is disruptive to the community. (5) Normal research subjects cannot live in a therapeutic community without pathologic psychic changes. These inaccurate myths are seen as a reflection of attempts to oversimplify very complex clinical and research issues. The use of mythology to simplify experiments, to artificially \"clarify\" complex issues, or to \"protect\" patients is seen as a disservice. The therapeutic community and research are syntonic when both receive appropriate support.", "PMID": 420551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10539", "title": "Lumbosacral fusion by standing h-graft technique.", "content": "Fusion of the lumbosacral spine was carried out on 44 patients. A modification of the standing H-graft technique was used in 41 of the patients. The operative diagnosis was degeneration of the lumbosacral spine in nearly two-thirds of the cases and spondylolisthesis in about one-third. Operations for low back or sciatic pain had previously been performed on 17 patients. The duration of postoperative bed rest ranged from one to six weeks; a lumbosacral corset was used at least for six weeks postoperatively. The average stay in hospital was 52 days. Complications occurred in five cases. The operative results of 40 patients were evaluated on the basis of a follow-up examination performed on average 3.6 years after operation. Nearly half the patients with radiologically successful fusions had a good subjective improvement and about one-fourth had returned to their previous or corresponding occupations. The operative result was at least fair in about half the patients, assessed by a measure of the patients' subjective improvement and working capacity. In the non-fusion group (six cases) the operative results were exclusively poor. Age over 40 years, long-standing preoperative disability and previous back operations proved prognostic factors for poor results. Assessed from functional radiographs, 63% of two-segment fusions and 95% of one-segment fusions were successful. The operative technique appeared simple and suitable for fusions of one spinal segment, but the value of the lumbosacral fusion in the treatment of low back pain seemed doubtful because of the great proportion of poor clinical results even following technically successful fusions.", "contents": "Lumbosacral fusion by standing h-graft technique. Fusion of the lumbosacral spine was carried out on 44 patients. A modification of the standing H-graft technique was used in 41 of the patients. The operative diagnosis was degeneration of the lumbosacral spine in nearly two-thirds of the cases and spondylolisthesis in about one-third. Operations for low back or sciatic pain had previously been performed on 17 patients. The duration of postoperative bed rest ranged from one to six weeks; a lumbosacral corset was used at least for six weeks postoperatively. The average stay in hospital was 52 days. Complications occurred in five cases. The operative results of 40 patients were evaluated on the basis of a follow-up examination performed on average 3.6 years after operation. Nearly half the patients with radiologically successful fusions had a good subjective improvement and about one-fourth had returned to their previous or corresponding occupations. The operative result was at least fair in about half the patients, assessed by a measure of the patients' subjective improvement and working capacity. In the non-fusion group (six cases) the operative results were exclusively poor. Age over 40 years, long-standing preoperative disability and previous back operations proved prognostic factors for poor results. Assessed from functional radiographs, 63% of two-segment fusions and 95% of one-segment fusions were successful. The operative technique appeared simple and suitable for fusions of one spinal segment, but the value of the lumbosacral fusion in the treatment of low back pain seemed doubtful because of the great proportion of poor clinical results even following technically successful fusions.", "PMID": 420553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10540", "title": "[Indication, technique, and results for high tibial osteotomies (author's transl)].", "content": "In degenerative and posttraumatic osteoarthritis of the knee joint pain is a major indication for correctional osteotomy. In additon, the degree of arthrosis, axis deviation, range of motion and derangement of ligaments must be considered. In the cases reviewed supracondylar femur osteotomy, extraligamentar and high interligamentar osteotomy of the tibial head were utilized for correction. High tibial osteotomies were performed without using stabilizing plates. Autologous as well as homologous bone implants were added as needed. From the results presented we conclude, that the different methods of correctional osteotomies are equivalent, as long as the axis deviation, which is present in most cases, is corrected into a physiological valgus position. About 3/4 of the patient operated upon were improved as far as pain, range of motion and weigthbearing are concerned. Regression of the arthrotic structural changes could be demonstrated in a few cases only.", "contents": "[Indication, technique, and results for high tibial osteotomies (author's transl)]. In degenerative and posttraumatic osteoarthritis of the knee joint pain is a major indication for correctional osteotomy. In additon, the degree of arthrosis, axis deviation, range of motion and derangement of ligaments must be considered. In the cases reviewed supracondylar femur osteotomy, extraligamentar and high interligamentar osteotomy of the tibial head were utilized for correction. High tibial osteotomies were performed without using stabilizing plates. Autologous as well as homologous bone implants were added as needed. From the results presented we conclude, that the different methods of correctional osteotomies are equivalent, as long as the axis deviation, which is present in most cases, is corrected into a physiological valgus position. About 3/4 of the patient operated upon were improved as far as pain, range of motion and weigthbearing are concerned. Regression of the arthrotic structural changes could be demonstrated in a few cases only.", "PMID": 420554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10541", "title": "[Benign solitary enchondroma (author's transl)].", "content": "Solitary enchondroma is a benign bone tumor with a doubtful prognosis changing by topical but not by clinical, roentgenological or histological characteristics. Therefore benign solitary enchondroma should be subdivided in such of peripheral and such of central localisation. Both forms of enchondroma normally show an asymptomatic development. Diagnostic problems occur in central enchondroma because of its radiological, angiographical and szintigraphical aspects. Peripheral enchondroma should be treated by local excision. Recurrences after local treatment are extremely rare. In treatment of central enchondroma bone resection should be performed following common principles of onkological radicality. Local excision is not sufficient; amputation should be reserved for treatment of chondroma close to the trunk or chondrosarcoma.", "contents": "[Benign solitary enchondroma (author's transl)]. Solitary enchondroma is a benign bone tumor with a doubtful prognosis changing by topical but not by clinical, roentgenological or histological characteristics. Therefore benign solitary enchondroma should be subdivided in such of peripheral and such of central localisation. Both forms of enchondroma normally show an asymptomatic development. Diagnostic problems occur in central enchondroma because of its radiological, angiographical and szintigraphical aspects. Peripheral enchondroma should be treated by local excision. Recurrences after local treatment are extremely rare. In treatment of central enchondroma bone resection should be performed following common principles of onkological radicality. Local excision is not sufficient; amputation should be reserved for treatment of chondroma close to the trunk or chondrosarcoma.", "PMID": 420556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10542", "title": "[Dyschondroplasia with glioma of the brain. Third histologically verified case (author's transl)].", "content": "Dyschondroplasia is a mesodermal dysplasia with typical skeletal malformations of varying extent and severity. The combination with other malformations has led to numerous disease entities (Maffucci's syndrome, M. Kast, M. Ollier) that should be regarded as different forms of the same syndrome. The importance of the rare disease lies in the high risk of sacomatous transformation of the skeletal lesions and furthermore in an increased risk of development of other tumours. Involvement of the central nervous system is possible through lesions of the bones of the skull or through primary intracranial tumours. The present report concerns a patient with dyschondroplasia complicated by the occurrence of a cerebral glioma and is the third reported case verifed by biopsy.", "contents": "[Dyschondroplasia with glioma of the brain. Third histologically verified case (author's transl)]. Dyschondroplasia is a mesodermal dysplasia with typical skeletal malformations of varying extent and severity. The combination with other malformations has led to numerous disease entities (Maffucci's syndrome, M. Kast, M. Ollier) that should be regarded as different forms of the same syndrome. The importance of the rare disease lies in the high risk of sacomatous transformation of the skeletal lesions and furthermore in an increased risk of development of other tumours. Involvement of the central nervous system is possible through lesions of the bones of the skull or through primary intracranial tumours. The present report concerns a patient with dyschondroplasia complicated by the occurrence of a cerebral glioma and is the third reported case verifed by biopsy.", "PMID": 420557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10543", "title": "[Fibrosarcoma of the cervical spine. Case report (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary malignant tumours of the cervical spine are very rare. Perhaps only 30 reports of sarcoma of the cervical spine have appeared until today. We are recording another case of fibrosarcoma, which was diagnosed initially as hysteric pain in gravidity by a 19-year-old girl. The fibrosarcoma lateron metastasized into the third lumbar vertebra by a direct hematogenic pathway.", "contents": "[Fibrosarcoma of the cervical spine. Case report (author's transl)]. Primary malignant tumours of the cervical spine are very rare. Perhaps only 30 reports of sarcoma of the cervical spine have appeared until today. We are recording another case of fibrosarcoma, which was diagnosed initially as hysteric pain in gravidity by a 19-year-old girl. The fibrosarcoma lateron metastasized into the third lumbar vertebra by a direct hematogenic pathway.", "PMID": 420558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10544", "title": "[The growth of the juvenile hip joint. A planimetric study of x-ray films (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 1.779 X-ray films of the pelvis done with the same technic in children and adolescents was divided into 8 different age groups between 5 and 20 years. Several planimetric parameters for the evaluation of pelvic growth were measured and statistically analysed. A growth quotient was found showing periods of limited intensive growth efforts of the human hip joint. Such growth periods were found in both sexes between 5 and 8 years, and again for girls between 9 and 12 years, for boys between 11 and 14 years. In pathologic hip joints the triradiate cartilage closes sooner. The development of the pelvic roof and the closure of the triradiate cartilage show a close relationship. By evaluating 802 normal hip joints, an acetabular form index useful for all age groups was found.", "contents": "[The growth of the juvenile hip joint. A planimetric study of x-ray films (author's transl)]. A total of 1.779 X-ray films of the pelvis done with the same technic in children and adolescents was divided into 8 different age groups between 5 and 20 years. Several planimetric parameters for the evaluation of pelvic growth were measured and statistically analysed. A growth quotient was found showing periods of limited intensive growth efforts of the human hip joint. Such growth periods were found in both sexes between 5 and 8 years, and again for girls between 9 and 12 years, for boys between 11 and 14 years. In pathologic hip joints the triradiate cartilage closes sooner. The development of the pelvic roof and the closure of the triradiate cartilage show a close relationship. By evaluating 802 normal hip joints, an acetabular form index useful for all age groups was found.", "PMID": 420559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10545", "title": "[Alternatives for the operative treatment of the pseudarthrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The stable osteosynthesis and bone grafting mostly cause the osseous healing of a false joint (pseudarthrosis). There are cases of pseudarthrosis in combination with other adverse failures. For them even an osseous healing would not achieve painlessness and usability of the limb, but the alternative operation might result in a satisfactory effect.", "contents": "[Alternatives for the operative treatment of the pseudarthrosis (author's transl)]. The stable osteosynthesis and bone grafting mostly cause the osseous healing of a false joint (pseudarthrosis). There are cases of pseudarthrosis in combination with other adverse failures. For them even an osseous healing would not achieve painlessness and usability of the limb, but the alternative operation might result in a satisfactory effect.", "PMID": 420560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10546", "title": "The epidemiology of primary osteoarthrosis of the knee in Greenland.", "content": "Two hundred ninety-five Greenlanders, 5% of the population of Greenland, aged 40 years or more, were investigated regarding primary osteoarthrosis of the knee. The pathological changes were categorized as mild, intermediate, or severe. Eighty-six (29%) of the patients were found to have osteoarthrosis and the mild form accounted for 72% of these, while only one individual was found to have severe osteoarthrosis. Significantly more individuals from the West coast of Greenland (a mixed Eskimo-European population) than individuals from the East coast (genuine Eskimos) were found to have osteoarthrosis of the knee (38% and 18%, respectively). An investigation of the sex distribution revealed more soteoarthrosi among West coast women than among East coast women (P less than 0.05), whereas no such differences were found among the men. It was speculated that the difference between the rates of osteoarthrosis of the knee in the two population groups might reflect differences in occupation and possibly also a genetic predisposition.", "contents": "The epidemiology of primary osteoarthrosis of the knee in Greenland. Two hundred ninety-five Greenlanders, 5% of the population of Greenland, aged 40 years or more, were investigated regarding primary osteoarthrosis of the knee. The pathological changes were categorized as mild, intermediate, or severe. Eighty-six (29%) of the patients were found to have osteoarthrosis and the mild form accounted for 72% of these, while only one individual was found to have severe osteoarthrosis. Significantly more individuals from the West coast of Greenland (a mixed Eskimo-European population) than individuals from the East coast (genuine Eskimos) were found to have osteoarthrosis of the knee (38% and 18%, respectively). An investigation of the sex distribution revealed more soteoarthrosi among West coast women than among East coast women (P less than 0.05), whereas no such differences were found among the men. It was speculated that the difference between the rates of osteoarthrosis of the knee in the two population groups might reflect differences in occupation and possibly also a genetic predisposition.", "PMID": 420561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10547", "title": "Effects and side effects of radiosynovectomy with Yttrium 90 on rheumatic joint cartilage.", "content": "8 and 12 weeks after Synovectomy with Yttrium 90, cartilage specimens from the femoral condyle of 8 patients with R.A. were examined. Cellular and matrix damage could be detected. Intracellular particles containing Circonium, an Yttrium decay-product could be found using microprobe X-ray analysis. This was verified in experimentally induced arthritis in the rat.", "contents": "Effects and side effects of radiosynovectomy with Yttrium 90 on rheumatic joint cartilage. 8 and 12 weeks after Synovectomy with Yttrium 90, cartilage specimens from the femoral condyle of 8 patients with R.A. were examined. Cellular and matrix damage could be detected. Intracellular particles containing Circonium, an Yttrium decay-product could be found using microprobe X-ray analysis. This was verified in experimentally induced arthritis in the rat.", "PMID": 420562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10548", "title": "Electrophysiologic analysis of the motor system after stroke: the \"suppressive\" effect of vibration.", "content": "The \"suppressive\" effect of vibration on the H-reflex was studied in 18 patients with motor system deficits due to cerebrovascular lesions of less than 3 weeks duration. No meaningful difference was found in the degree of H-reflex suppression between clinically involved and uninvolved sides in the patients, several of whom had increased deep tendon reflexes at the time of examination. It is concluded that hyperreflexia of \"spasticity\" cannot be explained purely on the basis of lack of presynaptic inhibition, even if it were one of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the suppression of the H-reflex by vibration, as previously claimed. Not only specific lesions themselves but also changes with the passage of time after CNS damage are important for understanding and treatment of motor system abnormalities.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic analysis of the motor system after stroke: the \"suppressive\" effect of vibration. The \"suppressive\" effect of vibration on the H-reflex was studied in 18 patients with motor system deficits due to cerebrovascular lesions of less than 3 weeks duration. No meaningful difference was found in the degree of H-reflex suppression between clinically involved and uninvolved sides in the patients, several of whom had increased deep tendon reflexes at the time of examination. It is concluded that hyperreflexia of \"spasticity\" cannot be explained purely on the basis of lack of presynaptic inhibition, even if it were one of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the suppression of the H-reflex by vibration, as previously claimed. Not only specific lesions themselves but also changes with the passage of time after CNS damage are important for understanding and treatment of motor system abnormalities.", "PMID": 420564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10549", "title": "Stroke rehabilitation: analysis of repeated Barthel index measures.", "content": "Functional abilities of stroke patients in a rehabilitation hospital are recorded every 2 weeks using the Barthel index. For purposes of this study, data were collected retrospectively and prospectively from consecutive records according to predetermined criteria on forms coded for computer analysis. Total scores of 110 patients were correlated with length of stay, placement at discharge and scores in individual functional abilities. Analysis of the data reveals that an initial score over 40 on the Barthel index defines a population with a greater proportion of discharges to home and that patients with initial scores over 60 have a shorter length of stay. Further analysis indicates a predictable progression in the development of functional skills in this population so that with a Barthel score below 40, no one was independent in the mobility skills and fewer than 50% were independent in the very basic skills, such as feeding, grooming and sphincter control. A score of 60 appears to be a pivotal score where patients move from dependency to assisted independence.", "contents": "Stroke rehabilitation: analysis of repeated Barthel index measures. Functional abilities of stroke patients in a rehabilitation hospital are recorded every 2 weeks using the Barthel index. For purposes of this study, data were collected retrospectively and prospectively from consecutive records according to predetermined criteria on forms coded for computer analysis. Total scores of 110 patients were correlated with length of stay, placement at discharge and scores in individual functional abilities. Analysis of the data reveals that an initial score over 40 on the Barthel index defines a population with a greater proportion of discharges to home and that patients with initial scores over 60 have a shorter length of stay. Further analysis indicates a predictable progression in the development of functional skills in this population so that with a Barthel score below 40, no one was independent in the mobility skills and fewer than 50% were independent in the very basic skills, such as feeding, grooming and sphincter control. A score of 60 appears to be a pivotal score where patients move from dependency to assisted independence.", "PMID": 420565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10550", "title": "Amputation: energy cost of ambulation.", "content": "A mobile instrument system was used to measure energy consumption by indirect calorimetry at rest and during ambulation in 25 unimpaired subjects, 6 unilateral below-knee (BK) amputee patients, 6 unilateral above-knee (AK) amputee patients and 4 bilateral AK amputee patients. To prevent the introduction of gait difficulties among the impaired subjects, each subject was permitted to walk at his own comfortable speed. Since speed thus varied among subjects, ambulation data were expressed in units of energy per foot traveled. Statistical analyses of the mean oxygen costs indicated several significant differences among the groups. In comparison to unimpaired subjects, the mean oxygen consumption was 9% higher in unilateral BK amputee patients, 49% higher in unilateral AK amputee patients and 280% higher in bilateral AK amputee patients.", "contents": "Amputation: energy cost of ambulation. A mobile instrument system was used to measure energy consumption by indirect calorimetry at rest and during ambulation in 25 unimpaired subjects, 6 unilateral below-knee (BK) amputee patients, 6 unilateral above-knee (AK) amputee patients and 4 bilateral AK amputee patients. To prevent the introduction of gait difficulties among the impaired subjects, each subject was permitted to walk at his own comfortable speed. Since speed thus varied among subjects, ambulation data were expressed in units of energy per foot traveled. Statistical analyses of the mean oxygen costs indicated several significant differences among the groups. In comparison to unimpaired subjects, the mean oxygen consumption was 9% higher in unilateral BK amputee patients, 49% higher in unilateral AK amputee patients and 280% higher in bilateral AK amputee patients.", "PMID": 420566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10551", "title": "Computerized discharge summaries.", "content": "A computerized, English text discharge summary system is described that is exclusively used for all patients discharged from a 150-bed rehabilitation hospital. The system covers all diagnostic categories. Cumulative statistics and other statistical routines are provided for clinical research, utilization review and administrative purposes.", "contents": "Computerized discharge summaries. A computerized, English text discharge summary system is described that is exclusively used for all patients discharged from a 150-bed rehabilitation hospital. The system covers all diagnostic categories. Cumulative statistics and other statistical routines are provided for clinical research, utilization review and administrative purposes.", "PMID": 420567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10552", "title": "Meralgia paresthetica: electrophysiologic study.", "content": "Conduction velocity of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was studied orthodromically. The mean value in 20 control subjects was 57.51 +/- 8.61 (SD) m/sec. In 9 patients with meralgia paresthetica, the sensory nerve condition in the symptomatic nerves was definitely abnormal: nerve potential was absent in 6 and condition velocity was slow in 3. In 1 patient, a possible asymptomatic entrapment neuropathy was suggested by this test. Conduction velocity of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve can be used as an objective diagnostic aid in meralgia paresthetica.", "contents": "Meralgia paresthetica: electrophysiologic study. Conduction velocity of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was studied orthodromically. The mean value in 20 control subjects was 57.51 +/- 8.61 (SD) m/sec. In 9 patients with meralgia paresthetica, the sensory nerve condition in the symptomatic nerves was definitely abnormal: nerve potential was absent in 6 and condition velocity was slow in 3. In 1 patient, a possible asymptomatic entrapment neuropathy was suggested by this test. Conduction velocity of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve can be used as an objective diagnostic aid in meralgia paresthetica.", "PMID": 420568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10553", "title": "Action myoclonus following acute cerebral anoxia.", "content": "Action myoclonus secondary to posthypoxic encephalopathy is being seen increasingly with improved resuscitation techniques. A case report describes 5 specific physical and occupational therapeutic techniques for achieving independence in ambulation, transfers and self-care: (1) analysis and segmentation of complex motions into small steps; (2) controlled progression of training; (3) voluntary cessation of abnormal activity (pacing); (4) progressive densensitization to external stimuli; and (5) quantification of progress. Literature review suggests that posthypoxic action myoclonus is secondary to a loss of inhibitory synapses in the brainstem reticular formation due to low serotonin levels. The proposed therapeutic effect of clonazepam, the drug used in this patient, is decreased serotinin degredation. L-5-hydroxytryptamine, an investigative drug, is also therapeutic, for it stimulates increased serotonin production.", "contents": "Action myoclonus following acute cerebral anoxia. Action myoclonus secondary to posthypoxic encephalopathy is being seen increasingly with improved resuscitation techniques. A case report describes 5 specific physical and occupational therapeutic techniques for achieving independence in ambulation, transfers and self-care: (1) analysis and segmentation of complex motions into small steps; (2) controlled progression of training; (3) voluntary cessation of abnormal activity (pacing); (4) progressive densensitization to external stimuli; and (5) quantification of progress. Literature review suggests that posthypoxic action myoclonus is secondary to a loss of inhibitory synapses in the brainstem reticular formation due to low serotonin levels. The proposed therapeutic effect of clonazepam, the drug used in this patient, is decreased serotinin degredation. L-5-hydroxytryptamine, an investigative drug, is also therapeutic, for it stimulates increased serotonin production.", "PMID": 420569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10554", "title": "Scaling sex attitudes and behavior in South Africa.", "content": "Sex attitudes and behavior were scaled according to Guttman scale criteria among 300 members of the public, students, and nurses in Johannesburg, South Africa, replicating the central features of earlier studies conducted in the United States. The study presents an initial attempt to establish norms of sex attitudes and behavior in South Africa. The scales are shown to provide reliable tools for sex research and clinical practice.", "contents": "Scaling sex attitudes and behavior in South Africa. Sex attitudes and behavior were scaled according to Guttman scale criteria among 300 members of the public, students, and nurses in Johannesburg, South Africa, replicating the central features of earlier studies conducted in the United States. The study presents an initial attempt to establish norms of sex attitudes and behavior in South Africa. The scales are shown to provide reliable tools for sex research and clinical practice.", "PMID": 420571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10555", "title": "Sexual behavior among university students in Nigera.", "content": "Sexual behavior patterns among Nigerian university students and factors influencing them were studied. While permarital cohabitation is common, a large percentage (48%) had their first coital experience between the ages of 22 and 27. Religion does not appear to have a strong inhibiting influence on premarital sex, although it does affect the frequency of changing partners. Contraceptives, although known to almost all the respondents, are not widely used. The use of contraceptives had little influence on premarital cohabitation. Oral-genital, male-male, and female-female sexual practices are very uncommon.", "contents": "Sexual behavior among university students in Nigera. Sexual behavior patterns among Nigerian university students and factors influencing them were studied. While permarital cohabitation is common, a large percentage (48%) had their first coital experience between the ages of 22 and 27. Religion does not appear to have a strong inhibiting influence on premarital sex, although it does affect the frequency of changing partners. Contraceptives, although known to almost all the respondents, are not widely used. The use of contraceptives had little influence on premarital cohabitation. Oral-genital, male-male, and female-female sexual practices are very uncommon.", "PMID": 420572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10556", "title": "An empirical investigation of experimentally induced masturbatory fantasies.", "content": "The nature and correlates of experimentally induced masturbatory fantasies were studied. Subjects were requested to construct a story using the film of either a male or a female masturbating to orgasm as the eliciting stimulus. Results indicated that there are many sex differences in masturbatory fantasies which are most likely a consequence of the differential ability of men and women to form a positive projective identification with the same-sex protagonist in a film of masturbation as well as a function of the variations in the process by which men and women assimilate masturbation into a larger set of social meanings. The findings also attest to the ability of sex guilt and negative attitudes toward masturbation to account for the variability in masturbatory fantasies in a theoretically consistent and reliable manner.", "contents": "An empirical investigation of experimentally induced masturbatory fantasies. The nature and correlates of experimentally induced masturbatory fantasies were studied. Subjects were requested to construct a story using the film of either a male or a female masturbating to orgasm as the eliciting stimulus. Results indicated that there are many sex differences in masturbatory fantasies which are most likely a consequence of the differential ability of men and women to form a positive projective identification with the same-sex protagonist in a film of masturbation as well as a function of the variations in the process by which men and women assimilate masturbation into a larger set of social meanings. The findings also attest to the ability of sex guilt and negative attitudes toward masturbation to account for the variability in masturbatory fantasies in a theoretically consistent and reliable manner.", "PMID": 420573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10557", "title": "Plasma testosterone, serum FSH, and serum LH levels in transvestism.", "content": "Plasma testosterone, serum FSH, and serum LH levels of 26 members of a club established for heterosexual transvestites were assayed. Mean plasma testosterone, serum FSH, and serum LH levels of the transvestite subjects were not significantly different from the normal range. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone, serum FSH, and serum LH levels in transvestism. Plasma testosterone, serum FSH, and serum LH levels of 26 members of a club established for heterosexual transvestites were assayed. Mean plasma testosterone, serum FSH, and serum LH levels of the transvestite subjects were not significantly different from the normal range. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 420574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10558", "title": "Superficial temporal to middle cerebral artery anastomosis. Clinical outcome in patients with ischemia of infarction in internal carotid artery distribution.", "content": "The clinical outcome of our first 40 patients (six with transient ischemic attacks, 22 with mild ischemic infarctions, and 12 with moderate ischemic infarctions) treated with a superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis was analyzed. All cerebral ischemias or infarctions occurred in the internal carotid artery distribution. An independent neurologist observer recorded the patients preoperative and postoperative medical and neurological histories and objective neurological findings. There was no operative mortality. During the period of observation (up to 36 months), four patients died of probable myocardial infarction. No patient suffered from recurrent cerebral infarction. Three patients experienced a single ischemic event postoperatively. Neurological deficits were either unchanged (21 patients) or improved (19 patients). Postoperative angiograms showed patency in 97% of the anastomoses.", "contents": "Superficial temporal to middle cerebral artery anastomosis. Clinical outcome in patients with ischemia of infarction in internal carotid artery distribution. The clinical outcome of our first 40 patients (six with transient ischemic attacks, 22 with mild ischemic infarctions, and 12 with moderate ischemic infarctions) treated with a superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis was analyzed. All cerebral ischemias or infarctions occurred in the internal carotid artery distribution. An independent neurologist observer recorded the patients preoperative and postoperative medical and neurological histories and objective neurological findings. There was no operative mortality. During the period of observation (up to 36 months), four patients died of probable myocardial infarction. No patient suffered from recurrent cerebral infarction. Three patients experienced a single ischemic event postoperatively. Neurological deficits were either unchanged (21 patients) or improved (19 patients). Postoperative angiograms showed patency in 97% of the anastomoses.", "PMID": 420594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10559", "title": "Oculosympathetic paresis. Analysis of 100 hospitalized patients.", "content": "Of 100 consecutive, adult, hospitalized inpatients with acquired unilateral oculosympathetic palsy, in 63 the central neuron was involved-usually due to strokes; in 21, tumor or trauma affected the preganglionic neuron; and in 13, postganglionic damage was sustained from a variety of causes. The preponderance of first neuron involvement by stroke is in part a reflection of patient sampling, but emphasizes the fact that central causes of Horner's syndrome are common.", "contents": "Oculosympathetic paresis. Analysis of 100 hospitalized patients. Of 100 consecutive, adult, hospitalized inpatients with acquired unilateral oculosympathetic palsy, in 63 the central neuron was involved-usually due to strokes; in 21, tumor or trauma affected the preganglionic neuron; and in 13, postganglionic damage was sustained from a variety of causes. The preponderance of first neuron involvement by stroke is in part a reflection of patient sampling, but emphasizes the fact that central causes of Horner's syndrome are common.", "PMID": 420595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10560", "title": "Electroencephalographic findings in children with moyamoya disease.", "content": "The EEG findings in 25 children with moyamoya disease were studied. Characteristic findings such as posterior slow, centrotemporal slow (CT slow), \"rebuildup\" after the end of hyperventilation, and sleep spindle depression were observed. Posterior slow activity was mainly observed in the EEGs examined within a short period (mean, 10 months) after onset, CI slow activity after a longer period (mean,, 28 months), and a diffuse low-voltage pattern after these periods (mean, 56 months). Buildup after the end of hyperventilation, which we refer to as \"rebuildup,\" was discovered in more than half of the cases.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic findings in children with moyamoya disease. The EEG findings in 25 children with moyamoya disease were studied. Characteristic findings such as posterior slow, centrotemporal slow (CT slow), \"rebuildup\" after the end of hyperventilation, and sleep spindle depression were observed. Posterior slow activity was mainly observed in the EEGs examined within a short period (mean, 10 months) after onset, CI slow activity after a longer period (mean,, 28 months), and a diffuse low-voltage pattern after these periods (mean, 56 months). Buildup after the end of hyperventilation, which we refer to as \"rebuildup,\" was discovered in more than half of the cases.", "PMID": 420596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10561", "title": "Body computerized tomography and the thymus.", "content": "Preoperative body computerized tomography (CT) should be of value in depicting the size, extent, and location(s) of the thymus in myasthenic patients undergoing thymectomy. To date, we have been unable to visualize the thymus in three patients with myasthenia gravis using body CT. However, in two nonmyasthenic patients, large thymomas were clearly delineated. Although application of this technique currently appears limited by the size, location, and density of the thymus and the resolution of the scanners, we feel that CT of the mediastinum is an indicated procedure in the evaluation of the patient before thymectomy, especially in those myasthenic patients with a high risk of thymoma.", "contents": "Body computerized tomography and the thymus. Preoperative body computerized tomography (CT) should be of value in depicting the size, extent, and location(s) of the thymus in myasthenic patients undergoing thymectomy. To date, we have been unable to visualize the thymus in three patients with myasthenia gravis using body CT. However, in two nonmyasthenic patients, large thymomas were clearly delineated. Although application of this technique currently appears limited by the size, location, and density of the thymus and the resolution of the scanners, we feel that CT of the mediastinum is an indicated procedure in the evaluation of the patient before thymectomy, especially in those myasthenic patients with a high risk of thymoma.", "PMID": 420597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10562", "title": "Use of computerized tomography in nonsurgical management of brain abscess.", "content": "Two patients with hematogenous brain abscesses demonstrated by computerized tomographic (CT) scans were successfully treated without surgical intervention. The first patient had congenital cyanotic heart disease and multiple brain abscesses complicated by presumed rupture into the ventricles. By the time these clinical diagnoses were established, she had shown substantial improvement after antibiotic therapy alone. The second patient with bronchiectasis had a single abscess in the dominant hemisphere. Medical management was successful. Subsequent CT scans in both patients provided reassurance that clinical improvement was accompanied by anatomical healing. The use of noninvasive diagnostic techniques should encourage the formulation of new criteria for the management of cerebral abscess in carefully evaluated and closely observed patients.", "contents": "Use of computerized tomography in nonsurgical management of brain abscess. Two patients with hematogenous brain abscesses demonstrated by computerized tomographic (CT) scans were successfully treated without surgical intervention. The first patient had congenital cyanotic heart disease and multiple brain abscesses complicated by presumed rupture into the ventricles. By the time these clinical diagnoses were established, she had shown substantial improvement after antibiotic therapy alone. The second patient with bronchiectasis had a single abscess in the dominant hemisphere. Medical management was successful. Subsequent CT scans in both patients provided reassurance that clinical improvement was accompanied by anatomical healing. The use of noninvasive diagnostic techniques should encourage the formulation of new criteria for the management of cerebral abscess in carefully evaluated and closely observed patients.", "PMID": 420598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10563", "title": "Cystic fibrosis with brain abscess.", "content": "A 21-year-old patient with cystic fibrosis developed bilateral brain abscesses due to anaerobic Streptococcus. This rare association presents an interesting etiologic study.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis with brain abscess. A 21-year-old patient with cystic fibrosis developed bilateral brain abscesses due to anaerobic Streptococcus. This rare association presents an interesting etiologic study.", "PMID": 420599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10564", "title": "Congenital ocular motor apraxia. A possible disconnection syndrome.", "content": "In 1952, Cogan introduced the term \"congenital ocular motor apraxia\" (COA) to describe an abnormality of eye movements characterized by absent or defective voluntary horizontal gaze. Since his original description, there have been few subsequent reports of this disorder. A ten-year review of clinical records from the University of Wisconsin Hospitals disclosed eight patients with COA. In two patients subjected to neuroradiologic testing, agenesis of the corpus callosum was detected. Voluntary horizontal gaze appears to be a learned phenomenon, and defective interhemispheric transfer of visual information may be important in the pathogenesis of COA.", "contents": "Congenital ocular motor apraxia. A possible disconnection syndrome. In 1952, Cogan introduced the term \"congenital ocular motor apraxia\" (COA) to describe an abnormality of eye movements characterized by absent or defective voluntary horizontal gaze. Since his original description, there have been few subsequent reports of this disorder. A ten-year review of clinical records from the University of Wisconsin Hospitals disclosed eight patients with COA. In two patients subjected to neuroradiologic testing, agenesis of the corpus callosum was detected. Voluntary horizontal gaze appears to be a learned phenomenon, and defective interhemispheric transfer of visual information may be important in the pathogenesis of COA.", "PMID": 420600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10565", "title": "Parkinsonism with 'on-off' phenomena. Intravenous treatment with levodopa after major abdominal surgery.", "content": "Continuous intravenous infusion of levodopa was used for eight days to manage a parkinsonian patient with \"on-off\" fluctuations who underwent abdominoperineal resection for carcinoma of the rectum. Reasonable control of parkinsonism was obtained initially with small doses of levodopa, but more than 4 g daily were eventually required. No adverse effects on cardiac rhythm, blood pressure, or gastrointestinal function occurred. Frequent adjustment of levodopa dosage was necessary in view of continuing \"on-off\" fluctuations. Severe akinesia, which can cause dysphagia, respiratory complications, and venous stasis in the legs, can benefit from this method of management after major abdominal surgery in a patient with advanced parkinsonism.", "contents": "Parkinsonism with 'on-off' phenomena. Intravenous treatment with levodopa after major abdominal surgery. Continuous intravenous infusion of levodopa was used for eight days to manage a parkinsonian patient with \"on-off\" fluctuations who underwent abdominoperineal resection for carcinoma of the rectum. Reasonable control of parkinsonism was obtained initially with small doses of levodopa, but more than 4 g daily were eventually required. No adverse effects on cardiac rhythm, blood pressure, or gastrointestinal function occurred. Frequent adjustment of levodopa dosage was necessary in view of continuing \"on-off\" fluctuations. Severe akinesia, which can cause dysphagia, respiratory complications, and venous stasis in the legs, can benefit from this method of management after major abdominal surgery in a patient with advanced parkinsonism.", "PMID": 420601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10566", "title": "Plexiform neurofibroma infiltrating the facial nerve.", "content": "A plexiform neurofibroma was unusual in that it extensively infiltrated the main trunk and branches of the left facial nerve without compromising function, rather than forming a circumscribed, compressive mass. Histologic sections showed diffuse involvement of even minute branches of the facial nerve. Electron microscopy disclosed Schwann cell and fibroblastic proliferation in a collagenous matrix. Collagen fibrogenesis by fibroblasts, but not by Schwann cells, was noted. Many of the Schwann cells were free of any association with nerve axons, which suggests that some release of the Schwann cell from its usually well-defined functions is involved in neurofibroma formation.", "contents": "Plexiform neurofibroma infiltrating the facial nerve. A plexiform neurofibroma was unusual in that it extensively infiltrated the main trunk and branches of the left facial nerve without compromising function, rather than forming a circumscribed, compressive mass. Histologic sections showed diffuse involvement of even minute branches of the facial nerve. Electron microscopy disclosed Schwann cell and fibroblastic proliferation in a collagenous matrix. Collagen fibrogenesis by fibroblasts, but not by Schwann cells, was noted. Many of the Schwann cells were free of any association with nerve axons, which suggests that some release of the Schwann cell from its usually well-defined functions is involved in neurofibroma formation.", "PMID": 420602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10567", "title": "Computerized tomographic correlate of carbon monoxide poisoning.", "content": "A 44-year-old man was brought unconscious to the emergency room; he was believed to have suffered anoxic brain damage probably due to carbon monoxide poisoning. Computerized tomography with contrast enhancement helped establish the diagnosis and was correlated with the subsequent clinical improvement of the patient.", "contents": "Computerized tomographic correlate of carbon monoxide poisoning. A 44-year-old man was brought unconscious to the emergency room; he was believed to have suffered anoxic brain damage probably due to carbon monoxide poisoning. Computerized tomography with contrast enhancement helped establish the diagnosis and was correlated with the subsequent clinical improvement of the patient.", "PMID": 420603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10568", "title": "Metastatic intracranial seminoma.", "content": "A metastatic seminoma of the right temporal fossa, with facial pain, extraocular paresis, otitis, and abdominal symptoms, was found in a 34-year-old man one year after orchidectomy for a primary testicular tumor that had been treated by surgery and radiotherapy. This is an unusual intracranial metastatic tumor that merits active treatment.", "contents": "Metastatic intracranial seminoma. A metastatic seminoma of the right temporal fossa, with facial pain, extraocular paresis, otitis, and abdominal symptoms, was found in a 34-year-old man one year after orchidectomy for a primary testicular tumor that had been treated by surgery and radiotherapy. This is an unusual intracranial metastatic tumor that merits active treatment.", "PMID": 420604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10569", "title": "The syndrome of painful ophthalmoplegia. A case with intraorbital mass and hypervascularity.", "content": "A patient diagnosed as having Tolosa-Hunt syndrome on clinical grounds was found by arteriography to have an intraorbital mass with hypervascularity. To our knowledge, this radiologic finding has not previously been reported in either Tolosa-Hunt syndrome or in the syndrome of orbital pseudotumor, and supports the proposition that these two conditions are anatomical variants of the same pathological process.", "contents": "The syndrome of painful ophthalmoplegia. A case with intraorbital mass and hypervascularity. A patient diagnosed as having Tolosa-Hunt syndrome on clinical grounds was found by arteriography to have an intraorbital mass with hypervascularity. To our knowledge, this radiologic finding has not previously been reported in either Tolosa-Hunt syndrome or in the syndrome of orbital pseudotumor, and supports the proposition that these two conditions are anatomical variants of the same pathological process.", "PMID": 420605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10570", "title": "Self-induced pattern-sensitive epilepsy.", "content": "A case of self-induced pattern-sensitive epilepsy was observed in a 13-year-old girl. This case resembles those of patients who induce seizures in themselves by light stimulation. The close relationship between photosensitive and pattern-sensitive epilepsy is emphasized.", "contents": "Self-induced pattern-sensitive epilepsy. A case of self-induced pattern-sensitive epilepsy was observed in a 13-year-old girl. This case resembles those of patients who induce seizures in themselves by light stimulation. The close relationship between photosensitive and pattern-sensitive epilepsy is emphasized.", "PMID": 420606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10571", "title": "Neoplastic angioendotheliosis. The case of the missed primary?", "content": "Two patients are described, of whom one suffered from progressive dementia, the other with a picture suggestive of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Both were found at necropsy to have small vessels throughout the body clogged with malignant cells with resultant cerebral infarcts. The source in one case was a 1-cm tumor in the thyroid, in the other a microscopic focus in the pancreas. It is suggested that most cases described as neoplastic angioendotheliosis involving the brain represent vascular dissemination of an unrecognized primary carcinoma rather than a miraculously widespread malignant endothelial transformation.", "contents": "Neoplastic angioendotheliosis. The case of the missed primary? Two patients are described, of whom one suffered from progressive dementia, the other with a picture suggestive of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Both were found at necropsy to have small vessels throughout the body clogged with malignant cells with resultant cerebral infarcts. The source in one case was a 1-cm tumor in the thyroid, in the other a microscopic focus in the pancreas. It is suggested that most cases described as neoplastic angioendotheliosis involving the brain represent vascular dissemination of an unrecognized primary carcinoma rather than a miraculously widespread malignant endothelial transformation.", "PMID": 420607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10572", "title": "Blinking to sudden illumination. A brain stem reflex present in neocortical death.", "content": "Further evidence that the blink reflex to light is a brain stem reflex was provided by a patient who continued to blink to sudden illumination despite anoxic neocortical death with electrocerebral silence and absent summated cortical visual evoked responses.", "contents": "Blinking to sudden illumination. A brain stem reflex present in neocortical death. Further evidence that the blink reflex to light is a brain stem reflex was provided by a patient who continued to blink to sudden illumination despite anoxic neocortical death with electrocerebral silence and absent summated cortical visual evoked responses.", "PMID": 420609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10573", "title": "Neuropathologic findings in a patient with neuroblastoma and myoclonic encephalopathy.", "content": "The neuropathological basis for myoclonic encephalopathy associated with neuroblastoma has never been demonstrated. In our 6-year-old patient, the brain changes were restricted to the cerebellum and consisted of demyelination, gliosis, and loss of Purkinje's cells.", "contents": "Neuropathologic findings in a patient with neuroblastoma and myoclonic encephalopathy. The neuropathological basis for myoclonic encephalopathy associated with neuroblastoma has never been demonstrated. In our 6-year-old patient, the brain changes were restricted to the cerebellum and consisted of demyelination, gliosis, and loss of Purkinje's cells.", "PMID": 420608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10574", "title": "Pure memory loss with hippocampal lesions: a pneumoencephalographic study.", "content": "A case of pure memory loss occurred suddenly following inhalation anesthesia. Examination seven years after the onset of amnesia disclosed a profound and selective impairment of recent memory without concomitant deterioration of other higher functions or evidence of other neurologic abnormalities. Pneumoencephalotomography focused on the temporal horns showed severe atrophic changes confined to both hippocampi. This finding provides a radiologic counterpart of previously reported surgical and pathological observations of bilateral hippocampal lesions in cases with relatively pure loss of memory.", "contents": "Pure memory loss with hippocampal lesions: a pneumoencephalographic study. A case of pure memory loss occurred suddenly following inhalation anesthesia. Examination seven years after the onset of amnesia disclosed a profound and selective impairment of recent memory without concomitant deterioration of other higher functions or evidence of other neurologic abnormalities. Pneumoencephalotomography focused on the temporal horns showed severe atrophic changes confined to both hippocampi. This finding provides a radiologic counterpart of previously reported surgical and pathological observations of bilateral hippocampal lesions in cases with relatively pure loss of memory.", "PMID": 420610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10575", "title": "Basilar artery occlusion in childhood: report of a case.", "content": "Basilar artery occlusion occurred in a 13-year-old boy. Eighteen cases in children reported in the literature were also analyzed. Basilar artery occlusion is more common in males. The main clinical manifestations are disturbance in consciousness, hemiplegia or quadriplegia, and pupillary abnormalitites. The prognosis is better in children than in adults.", "contents": "Basilar artery occlusion in childhood: report of a case. Basilar artery occlusion occurred in a 13-year-old boy. Eighteen cases in children reported in the literature were also analyzed. Basilar artery occlusion is more common in males. The main clinical manifestations are disturbance in consciousness, hemiplegia or quadriplegia, and pupillary abnormalitites. The prognosis is better in children than in adults.", "PMID": 420617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10576", "title": "Intractable sneezing: case report and literature review.", "content": "Intractable sneezing is rare; the 12th case is reported here. Various causative factors have been identified in the literature; these include psychologic problems, cervical lymphadenitis, epilepsy, and allergy. The sneeze reflex consists of two phases, nasal and respiratory, which are mediated by cranial nerves V and VII and by brain-stem respiratory centers. Hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the multiple causation of sneezing are the concept of the trigeminal system as a central neuronal pool, optic-trigeminal summation, and parasympathetic generalization.", "contents": "Intractable sneezing: case report and literature review. Intractable sneezing is rare; the 12th case is reported here. Various causative factors have been identified in the literature; these include psychologic problems, cervical lymphadenitis, epilepsy, and allergy. The sneeze reflex consists of two phases, nasal and respiratory, which are mediated by cranial nerves V and VII and by brain-stem respiratory centers. Hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the multiple causation of sneezing are the concept of the trigeminal system as a central neuronal pool, optic-trigeminal summation, and parasympathetic generalization.", "PMID": 420619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10577", "title": "Prednisone use in concurrent autoimmune diseases.", "content": "A 40-year-old woman with clinical and laboratory features of myasthenia gravis, hyperthyroidism, and polymyositis responded to treatment with prednisone alone. Symptoms of myasthenia gravis appeared first followed by hyperthyroid symptoms. Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyroid uptake were elevated as were serum levels of CPK, SGOT, SGPT, and LDH. Muscle biopsy specimen showed mild type II fiber atrophy and a small focus of inflammatory cells. Two weeks after initiation of prednisone, 100 mg every other day, the ESR declined from 44 to 12 mm/hr, serum enzyme values became normal, and the weakness improved. Over the ensuing four months, the thyroid function values returned to normal and the patient no longer needed any anticholinesterase drug. At present, she is functionally normal except for mild defects in eye movement and she takes no medication. Physicians should consider treating patients who have several concurrent autoimmune diseases with prednisone to see if all conditions can be brought under control with one simple therapy.", "contents": "Prednisone use in concurrent autoimmune diseases. A 40-year-old woman with clinical and laboratory features of myasthenia gravis, hyperthyroidism, and polymyositis responded to treatment with prednisone alone. Symptoms of myasthenia gravis appeared first followed by hyperthyroid symptoms. Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyroid uptake were elevated as were serum levels of CPK, SGOT, SGPT, and LDH. Muscle biopsy specimen showed mild type II fiber atrophy and a small focus of inflammatory cells. Two weeks after initiation of prednisone, 100 mg every other day, the ESR declined from 44 to 12 mm/hr, serum enzyme values became normal, and the weakness improved. Over the ensuing four months, the thyroid function values returned to normal and the patient no longer needed any anticholinesterase drug. At present, she is functionally normal except for mild defects in eye movement and she takes no medication. Physicians should consider treating patients who have several concurrent autoimmune diseases with prednisone to see if all conditions can be brought under control with one simple therapy.", "PMID": 420618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10578", "title": "Skin wrinkling on immersion of hands: a test of sympathetic function.", "content": "Skin wrinkling of the fingers following immersion in warm water depends on intact sympathetic innervation. It is abolished by lesions affecting both central and peripheral sympathetic pathways. It affords a simple and reliable clinical test of sympathetic function.", "contents": "Skin wrinkling on immersion of hands: a test of sympathetic function. Skin wrinkling of the fingers following immersion in warm water depends on intact sympathetic innervation. It is abolished by lesions affecting both central and peripheral sympathetic pathways. It affords a simple and reliable clinical test of sympathetic function.", "PMID": 420620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10579", "title": "Seasonal variation in the birth of left-handed schoolgirls.", "content": "The birth of left-handed girls in a school population displayed a seasonal trend, with a peak in November. No seasonal trend was seen in the birth of left-handed boys. The seasonal pattern of birth of left-handed girls is compatible with the hypothesis that nongenetic factors contribute to the occurrence of left-handedness.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in the birth of left-handed schoolgirls. The birth of left-handed girls in a school population displayed a seasonal trend, with a peak in November. No seasonal trend was seen in the birth of left-handed boys. The seasonal pattern of birth of left-handed girls is compatible with the hypothesis that nongenetic factors contribute to the occurrence of left-handedness.", "PMID": 420621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10580", "title": "Capsular infarcts: the underlying vascular lesions.", "content": "In ten patients, 11 infarcts involving mainly the internal capsule have been examined pathologically. Serial sections of the involved basal ganglia were studied in ten infarcts and only a gross dissection was made in the other. The implicated penetrating arteries were traced throughout their length and obstructive vascular lesions were found in nine instances. In two of the nine there was an atheromatous plaque with a superimposed thrombus, in four an atheromatous plaque had caused severe stenosis, in one a destructive arterial process lipohyalinosis had occurred, in one case the nature of the obstruction remained \"uncertained,\" and in one the penetrating arteries were obstructed at their orifices by an atheroma in the superior division of the middle cerebral artery. In two cases the vessels were patent, suggesting embolism. The atheromas consisted almost exclusively of a conglomerate of fat-filled macrophages. The clinical correlate was a pure motor hemiplegia or hemiparesis involving the face, arm, and leg without sensory deficit, homonymous hemianopia, receptive aphasia, or apractognosia. Confusion was prominent in one patient.", "contents": "Capsular infarcts: the underlying vascular lesions. In ten patients, 11 infarcts involving mainly the internal capsule have been examined pathologically. Serial sections of the involved basal ganglia were studied in ten infarcts and only a gross dissection was made in the other. The implicated penetrating arteries were traced throughout their length and obstructive vascular lesions were found in nine instances. In two of the nine there was an atheromatous plaque with a superimposed thrombus, in four an atheromatous plaque had caused severe stenosis, in one a destructive arterial process lipohyalinosis had occurred, in one case the nature of the obstruction remained \"uncertained,\" and in one the penetrating arteries were obstructed at their orifices by an atheroma in the superior division of the middle cerebral artery. In two cases the vessels were patent, suggesting embolism. The atheromas consisted almost exclusively of a conglomerate of fat-filled macrophages. The clinical correlate was a pure motor hemiplegia or hemiparesis involving the face, arm, and leg without sensory deficit, homonymous hemianopia, receptive aphasia, or apractognosia. Confusion was prominent in one patient.", "PMID": 420625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10581", "title": "Spirometry in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "Clinical evaluation and pulmonary function tests were performed in 218 patients with motor neuron disease, mainly amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Serial studies were obtained in 103 patients, in 31 until death from ALS. Most patients, regardless of the pattern of motor neuron involvement, had characteristic abnormalities in pulmonary function, including reduced forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV). Reductions in the FVC and MVV to as low as 50% were commonly missed by clinical evaluators. Spirometry is therefore of value in detecting early involvement of respiratory neurons. Progressively greater reductions in the FVC and MVV in all the fatal cases indicate that serial spirometry has prognostic value in ALS.", "contents": "Spirometry in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clinical evaluation and pulmonary function tests were performed in 218 patients with motor neuron disease, mainly amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Serial studies were obtained in 103 patients, in 31 until death from ALS. Most patients, regardless of the pattern of motor neuron involvement, had characteristic abnormalities in pulmonary function, including reduced forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV). Reductions in the FVC and MVV to as low as 50% were commonly missed by clinical evaluators. Spirometry is therefore of value in detecting early involvement of respiratory neurons. Progressively greater reductions in the FVC and MVV in all the fatal cases indicate that serial spirometry has prognostic value in ALS.", "PMID": 420626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10582", "title": "Brain stem auditory evoked responses: studies of waveform variations in 50 normal human subjects.", "content": "Brain stem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) were recorded in 50 normal adult subjects at various click rates. Attention was paid to absolute latencies, interwave latencies, interear interwave latencies, absolute amplitudes, and various amplitude ratios. The variability of waves VI and VII suggests that the clinical utility of these waves is restricted-their absence is not necessarily due to a CNS lesion. The wave IV-V complex appears with six different patterns. These variations must therefore be considered normal; none should be misconstrued as indicative of disease of the CNS. Repeated studies over a period of two to nine months showed no statistically significant changes in amplitude or latency measurements with the passage of time. Knowledge of these normal values and their variations, as a precondition for establishing criteria for abnormality, is essential to the interpretation of BAERs in clinical situations.", "contents": "Brain stem auditory evoked responses: studies of waveform variations in 50 normal human subjects. Brain stem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) were recorded in 50 normal adult subjects at various click rates. Attention was paid to absolute latencies, interwave latencies, interear interwave latencies, absolute amplitudes, and various amplitude ratios. The variability of waves VI and VII suggests that the clinical utility of these waves is restricted-their absence is not necessarily due to a CNS lesion. The wave IV-V complex appears with six different patterns. These variations must therefore be considered normal; none should be misconstrued as indicative of disease of the CNS. Repeated studies over a period of two to nine months showed no statistically significant changes in amplitude or latency measurements with the passage of time. Knowledge of these normal values and their variations, as a precondition for establishing criteria for abnormality, is essential to the interpretation of BAERs in clinical situations.", "PMID": 420627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10583", "title": "\"Salla disease\": a new lysosomal storage disorder.", "content": "Severe mental retardation, coarse facial features, clumsiness, and speech failure were common findings in three brothers and one female third-cousin of a family from northern Finland. All the patients had vacuolated lymphocytes in peripheral blood smears, and electron microscopy of fresh skin biopsy specimens showed abundant cytoplasmic inclusions in various types of cells of the skin. Eight lysosomal hydrolases were assayed in peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts, but no enzyme deficiency was detected. Urinary excretion of mucopolysaccharides, amino acids, glycoasparagines, and oligosaccharides was normal. Clinical findings, course of the disease, and the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions, indicating lysosomal storage phenomenon, suggest that the patients suffer from a genetic lysosomal storage disorder not described earlier. The eponym \"Salla disease\" was introduced, referring to the geographically restricted area where the family resides.", "contents": "\"Salla disease\": a new lysosomal storage disorder. Severe mental retardation, coarse facial features, clumsiness, and speech failure were common findings in three brothers and one female third-cousin of a family from northern Finland. All the patients had vacuolated lymphocytes in peripheral blood smears, and electron microscopy of fresh skin biopsy specimens showed abundant cytoplasmic inclusions in various types of cells of the skin. Eight lysosomal hydrolases were assayed in peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts, but no enzyme deficiency was detected. Urinary excretion of mucopolysaccharides, amino acids, glycoasparagines, and oligosaccharides was normal. Clinical findings, course of the disease, and the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions, indicating lysosomal storage phenomenon, suggest that the patients suffer from a genetic lysosomal storage disorder not described earlier. The eponym \"Salla disease\" was introduced, referring to the geographically restricted area where the family resides.", "PMID": 420628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10584", "title": "Familial psychosis and diverse neurologic abnormalities in adult-onset Gaucher's disease.", "content": "A family is described in which adult-onset Gaucher's disease developed, followed years later by atypical psychotic disorders with neurologic and electroencephalographic abnormalities. A biochemical investigation of primary and secondary enzyme alterations in the index case was performed in an attempt to identify a pattern that might be specific to this clinical profile. The literature pertaining to CNS involvement in adult patients with Gaucher's disease is also reviewed. An etiologic link may exist between the inherited metabolic disorder and associated neuropsychiatric impairment. The biochemical basis of this hypothesized association remains unclear, however, and further enzymatic and pathologic investigations are warranted.", "contents": "Familial psychosis and diverse neurologic abnormalities in adult-onset Gaucher's disease. A family is described in which adult-onset Gaucher's disease developed, followed years later by atypical psychotic disorders with neurologic and electroencephalographic abnormalities. A biochemical investigation of primary and secondary enzyme alterations in the index case was performed in an attempt to identify a pattern that might be specific to this clinical profile. The literature pertaining to CNS involvement in adult patients with Gaucher's disease is also reviewed. An etiologic link may exist between the inherited metabolic disorder and associated neuropsychiatric impairment. The biochemical basis of this hypothesized association remains unclear, however, and further enzymatic and pathologic investigations are warranted.", "PMID": 420629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10585", "title": "Ocular motility complications following intranasal surgery.", "content": "The ocular motility problem of two patients following intranasal surgery is examined. The patients were studied by eye movement records and ultrasonography. Surgery in both cases revealed a defect of the medial orbital wall with scar tissue incarcerated in the defect.", "contents": "Ocular motility complications following intranasal surgery. The ocular motility problem of two patients following intranasal surgery is examined. The patients were studied by eye movement records and ultrasonography. Surgery in both cases revealed a defect of the medial orbital wall with scar tissue incarcerated in the defect.", "PMID": 420631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10586", "title": "Medial rectus injury from intranasal surgery.", "content": "Severe medial rectus injury occurred in two cases following intranasal sinus surgery. In the first case a scarred medial rectus muscle was found at the time of corrective surgery. Reexamination of the surgical specimen in the second case confirmed our finding of medial rectus transection. Both patients had good cosmetic and functional improvement by means of vertical recti transposition to correct their large angle, fixed exotropias. A review of the literature indicates that this is, to our knowledge, a previously unreported complication of intranasal sinus surgery.", "contents": "Medial rectus injury from intranasal surgery. Severe medial rectus injury occurred in two cases following intranasal sinus surgery. In the first case a scarred medial rectus muscle was found at the time of corrective surgery. Reexamination of the surgical specimen in the second case confirmed our finding of medial rectus transection. Both patients had good cosmetic and functional improvement by means of vertical recti transposition to correct their large angle, fixed exotropias. A review of the literature indicates that this is, to our knowledge, a previously unreported complication of intranasal sinus surgery.", "PMID": 420632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10587", "title": "Congenital nystagmus surgery. A quantitative evaluation of the effects.", "content": "Nystagmus intensities at various gaze angles were studied both preoperatively and postoperatively, using accurate ocular motility recordings, in three cases of congenital nystagmus. In addition to shifting the nystagmus null, the surgery broadened the null region and resulted in an overall reduction in nystagmus intensity at all gaze angles. Surgical rotation also resulted in improved visual acuity in all cases. The postoperative acuity at 0 degrees was better than the preoperative acuity at both 0 degrees and the patient's preferred gaze angle (ie, the preoperative null angle). This was not only for the two patients who showed an improved preoperative acuity with their head turn but also for the patient whose preoperative acuity did not substantially improve with her preferred head turn. Eye movement recordings have made it possible to accurately determine the amount of surgery required and to predict acuity increases even when undetectable during the preoperative clinical examination.", "contents": "Congenital nystagmus surgery. A quantitative evaluation of the effects. Nystagmus intensities at various gaze angles were studied both preoperatively and postoperatively, using accurate ocular motility recordings, in three cases of congenital nystagmus. In addition to shifting the nystagmus null, the surgery broadened the null region and resulted in an overall reduction in nystagmus intensity at all gaze angles. Surgical rotation also resulted in improved visual acuity in all cases. The postoperative acuity at 0 degrees was better than the preoperative acuity at both 0 degrees and the patient's preferred gaze angle (ie, the preoperative null angle). This was not only for the two patients who showed an improved preoperative acuity with their head turn but also for the patient whose preoperative acuity did not substantially improve with her preferred head turn. Eye movement recordings have made it possible to accurately determine the amount of surgery required and to predict acuity increases even when undetectable during the preoperative clinical examination.", "PMID": 420633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10588", "title": "Evaluation of soft contact lens disinfection in the home environment.", "content": "Recent reports of bacterial corneal ulcers in cosmetic soft contact lens wearers prompted an evaluation of one possible source of contamination, inadequate home disinfection of the lenses. Twenty-nine patients were asked to come for an early morning examination. They were told not to wear their lenses so their usual home disinfection procedure could be observed. On arrival, extensive bacterial and fungal cultures were taken of the solution in the previously unopened cases. Ten of the 29 patients (34.5%) had contaminated cases. Some patients did not follow the manufacturer's disinfection guidelines. The current disinfection procedure has repeatedly proven adequate in the laboratory. However, the practical fact is that a substantial percentage (34.5% in this study) of soft lens wearers are inadequately disinfecting their lenses. This serves as a possible source of contamination leading to bacterial corneal ulcers.", "contents": "Evaluation of soft contact lens disinfection in the home environment. Recent reports of bacterial corneal ulcers in cosmetic soft contact lens wearers prompted an evaluation of one possible source of contamination, inadequate home disinfection of the lenses. Twenty-nine patients were asked to come for an early morning examination. They were told not to wear their lenses so their usual home disinfection procedure could be observed. On arrival, extensive bacterial and fungal cultures were taken of the solution in the previously unopened cases. Ten of the 29 patients (34.5%) had contaminated cases. Some patients did not follow the manufacturer's disinfection guidelines. The current disinfection procedure has repeatedly proven adequate in the laboratory. However, the practical fact is that a substantial percentage (34.5% in this study) of soft lens wearers are inadequately disinfecting their lenses. This serves as a possible source of contamination leading to bacterial corneal ulcers.", "PMID": 420634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10589", "title": "Changing concepts of failures after retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "One thousand eighty-eight consecutive operations for retinal detachment were analyzed to determine the influence of current methods of examination and treatment on failures following surgery. The majority of failures were produced by preretinal membranes formation (33%) and massive  preretinal retraction (27%). Other causes of failure included undetected retinal breaks (13%), inadequate scleral buckel (10%), new retinal breaks (8%), inadequate chorioretinal reaction (7%), and iatrogenic retinal breaks (2%). Primary operations yielded an initial cure rate of 76%. Successful reoperations raised the final cure rate to 89%. Reoperations were associated more frequently with preretinal membrane formation and chance of recognition and management of preretinal membrane formation. Except for new retinal tears and massive preretinal retraction, surgical failures can be avoided by improved utilization of current examination and operative techniques.", "contents": "Changing concepts of failures after retinal detachment surgery. One thousand eighty-eight consecutive operations for retinal detachment were analyzed to determine the influence of current methods of examination and treatment on failures following surgery. The majority of failures were produced by preretinal membranes formation (33%) and massive  preretinal retraction (27%). Other causes of failure included undetected retinal breaks (13%), inadequate scleral buckel (10%), new retinal breaks (8%), inadequate chorioretinal reaction (7%), and iatrogenic retinal breaks (2%). Primary operations yielded an initial cure rate of 76%. Successful reoperations raised the final cure rate to 89%. Reoperations were associated more frequently with preretinal membrane formation and chance of recognition and management of preretinal membrane formation. Except for new retinal tears and massive preretinal retraction, surgical failures can be avoided by improved utilization of current examination and operative techniques.", "PMID": 420635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10590", "title": "Orbitofacial angiomatosis.", "content": "Two patients with orbital vascular malformation ipsilateral facial nevus flammeus were studied. The literature contains one similar case that interestingly shares with our cases the lack of leptomeningeal angiomatosis. Orbitofacial angiomatosis seems to be a distinct entity from meningofacial angiomatosis because of its true vascular malformation of the orbit.", "contents": "Orbitofacial angiomatosis. Two patients with orbital vascular malformation ipsilateral facial nevus flammeus were studied. The literature contains one similar case that interestingly shares with our cases the lack of leptomeningeal angiomatosis. Orbitofacial angiomatosis seems to be a distinct entity from meningofacial angiomatosis because of its true vascular malformation of the orbit.", "PMID": 420636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10591", "title": "Ocular findings in thoracic-pelvic-phalangeal dystrophy.", "content": "Two unrelated patients with thoracic-pelvic-phalangeal dystrophy syndrome had retinal degeneration. A pathologic study of both eyes from one of the patients showed severe degeneration of the peripheral retina, with predominantly cone-type cells remaining.", "contents": "Ocular findings in thoracic-pelvic-phalangeal dystrophy. Two unrelated patients with thoracic-pelvic-phalangeal dystrophy syndrome had retinal degeneration. A pathologic study of both eyes from one of the patients showed severe degeneration of the peripheral retina, with predominantly cone-type cells remaining.", "PMID": 420637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10592", "title": "Choroidal effusion during glaucoma surgery in patients with prominent episcleral vessels.", "content": "Rapid intraoperative choroidal effusion and flattening of the anterior chamber occurred during glaucoma filtering surgery in four young patients with prominent episcleral vessels, elevated episcleral venous pressure, and advanced open-angle glaucoma. Two of these four patients had Sturge-Weber syndrome. Intraoperative release of suprachoroidal fluid (SCF) through a posterior sclerotomy facilitated reformation of the anterior chamber and repositioning of the iris and ciliary body. Posterior sclerostomy performed prior to opening the anterior chamber minimized the above-mentioned untoward series of events. Analysis of SCF and serum demonstrated considerable differences in total protein and individual immunoglobulin levels; this appears to be a manifestation of molecular sieving at the level of the choriocapillaris. Choroidal detachment and postoperative serous retinal detachment are manifestation of this phenomenon.", "contents": "Choroidal effusion during glaucoma surgery in patients with prominent episcleral vessels. Rapid intraoperative choroidal effusion and flattening of the anterior chamber occurred during glaucoma filtering surgery in four young patients with prominent episcleral vessels, elevated episcleral venous pressure, and advanced open-angle glaucoma. Two of these four patients had Sturge-Weber syndrome. Intraoperative release of suprachoroidal fluid (SCF) through a posterior sclerotomy facilitated reformation of the anterior chamber and repositioning of the iris and ciliary body. Posterior sclerostomy performed prior to opening the anterior chamber minimized the above-mentioned untoward series of events. Analysis of SCF and serum demonstrated considerable differences in total protein and individual immunoglobulin levels; this appears to be a manifestation of molecular sieving at the level of the choriocapillaris. Choroidal detachment and postoperative serous retinal detachment are manifestation of this phenomenon.", "PMID": 420638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10593", "title": "Medial ectropion. A new technique.", "content": "Medial ectropion of the lower lid responds poorly to standard ectropion procedures. This region contains the initial parts of the nasolacrimal excretory system, which must be functionally reestablished. A new surgical approach to medial ectropion consists of a Z-plasty transposition skin flap from the upper to the lower lid, a plication of the lower crus of the medial canthal tendon, and a punctoplasty. The posterior and superior contraction forces in the transposition flap enhance and maintain the result. Seven lids have been successfully operated on with this technique from the functional and cosmetic point of view.", "contents": "Medial ectropion. A new technique. Medial ectropion of the lower lid responds poorly to standard ectropion procedures. This region contains the initial parts of the nasolacrimal excretory system, which must be functionally reestablished. A new surgical approach to medial ectropion consists of a Z-plasty transposition skin flap from the upper to the lower lid, a plication of the lower crus of the medial canthal tendon, and a punctoplasty. The posterior and superior contraction forces in the transposition flap enhance and maintain the result. Seven lids have been successfully operated on with this technique from the functional and cosmetic point of view.", "PMID": 420640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10594", "title": "The basement membrane exfoliation syndrome.", "content": "Previous observations suggest that \"pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule\" may be a disease in which cells produce abnormal basement membrane material. Electron microscopic studies indicate that exfoliative material can be produced by cells throughout the anterior segment of the eye. This report describes abundant exfoliative material on the ciliary and iridic epithelia but not on the surface of the lens whose epithelial cells were completely necrotic. Exfoliative material also was observed in the anterior iridic stroma close to a newly formed abnormal endothelial basement membrane, suggesting that exfoliative material may be produced locally within the iris. Furthermore, typical exfoliative material, best considered a filamentous, banded basement membrane with 500-A periodicity, in the wall of a short posterior ciliary artery in the orbit indicates that the exfoliative process is not solely limited to ocular tissues. The term \"basement membrane exfoliation syndrome\" is proposed for this entity.", "contents": "The basement membrane exfoliation syndrome. Previous observations suggest that \"pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule\" may be a disease in which cells produce abnormal basement membrane material. Electron microscopic studies indicate that exfoliative material can be produced by cells throughout the anterior segment of the eye. This report describes abundant exfoliative material on the ciliary and iridic epithelia but not on the surface of the lens whose epithelial cells were completely necrotic. Exfoliative material also was observed in the anterior iridic stroma close to a newly formed abnormal endothelial basement membrane, suggesting that exfoliative material may be produced locally within the iris. Furthermore, typical exfoliative material, best considered a filamentous, banded basement membrane with 500-A periodicity, in the wall of a short posterior ciliary artery in the orbit indicates that the exfoliative process is not solely limited to ocular tissues. The term \"basement membrane exfoliation syndrome\" is proposed for this entity.", "PMID": 420639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10595", "title": "Clindamycin in chronic toxoplasmosis. Effect of periocular injections on recoverability of organisms from healed lesions in the rabbit eye.", "content": "Bilateral toxoplasmic retinochoroiditic scars were induced in 21 rabbits. Eleven rabbits were treated with clindamycin phosphate and ten rabbits received parallel injections of normal saline solution. All injections were made into Tenon's space. Toxoplasma organisms could be recovered from tissue suspensions of retina and choroid of four (18%) of the clindamycin-treated eyes, compared with recovery from 12(60%) of the 20 control eyes. There were significantly fewer Toxoplasma cysts in the hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections of the treated eyes than in similar sections of the untreated control eyes.", "contents": "Clindamycin in chronic toxoplasmosis. Effect of periocular injections on recoverability of organisms from healed lesions in the rabbit eye. Bilateral toxoplasmic retinochoroiditic scars were induced in 21 rabbits. Eleven rabbits were treated with clindamycin phosphate and ten rabbits received parallel injections of normal saline solution. All injections were made into Tenon's space. Toxoplasma organisms could be recovered from tissue suspensions of retina and choroid of four (18%) of the clindamycin-treated eyes, compared with recovery from 12(60%) of the 20 control eyes. There were significantly fewer Toxoplasma cysts in the hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections of the treated eyes than in similar sections of the untreated control eyes.", "PMID": 420641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10596", "title": "Tretinoin and corneal epithelial wound healing.", "content": "The entire corneal epithelium of each of 16 rabbits was removed bilaterally. Tretinoin (vitamin A acid) ointment was applied topically twice daily to the eyes of one half of the experimental animals, and the ointment base alone was applied to the eyes of the other half (the controls). On days 1, 2, and 3 after the removal of the epithelium, the healing of the denuded corneas of the animals receiving tretinoin was significantly (P = .01, .01, and .05, respectively) more advanced than the healing of the corneas of the control animals.", "contents": "Tretinoin and corneal epithelial wound healing. The entire corneal epithelium of each of 16 rabbits was removed bilaterally. Tretinoin (vitamin A acid) ointment was applied topically twice daily to the eyes of one half of the experimental animals, and the ointment base alone was applied to the eyes of the other half (the controls). On days 1, 2, and 3 after the removal of the epithelium, the healing of the denuded corneas of the animals receiving tretinoin was significantly (P = .01, .01, and .05, respectively) more advanced than the healing of the corneas of the control animals.", "PMID": 420642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10597", "title": "The pneumatonograph. A laboratory study.", "content": "The scale reading of the pneumatonograph (PTG) is dependent on the force of application to the cornea. Since this force is relatively greater at low intraocular pressure, the scale is compressed, yielding an overestimate of intraocular pressure in physiologic range. When the PTG is held vertically, the weight of the plunger is added to the gas propulsion force and the compression of the scale is accentuated. When a 10-g plunger load is added, as is advocated for tonography, the scale compression is further accentuated. We conclude that the PTG scale is compressed, the PTG is position-sensitive, and that the PTG is totally unsuited to tonography. The PTG is not an applanation tonometer and should not be confused with applanation tonometers.", "contents": "The pneumatonograph. A laboratory study. The scale reading of the pneumatonograph (PTG) is dependent on the force of application to the cornea. Since this force is relatively greater at low intraocular pressure, the scale is compressed, yielding an overestimate of intraocular pressure in physiologic range. When the PTG is held vertically, the weight of the plunger is added to the gas propulsion force and the compression of the scale is accentuated. When a 10-g plunger load is added, as is advocated for tonography, the scale compression is further accentuated. We conclude that the PTG scale is compressed, the PTG is position-sensitive, and that the PTG is totally unsuited to tonography. The PTG is not an applanation tonometer and should not be confused with applanation tonometers.", "PMID": 420643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10598", "title": "Variability of air calorics vs water. Statistical implications.", "content": "The increasing use of air as a medium for inducing caloric nystagmus has produced a wide variety of comment, much of which may be ignored by opponents or proponents of air. What cannot be ignored by the latter is the report of increased response variability with air irrigation. The effect of increased single-measure variability on the variability of the resultant measures of unilateral weakness (UW) was explored by (1) development of a theoretical equation for the variance of UW and (2) examination of results from normal and clinical subjects. The theoretical equation indicates that variability is a function of both mean responses and the correlation between responses from opposite sides, as well as the variability of single measures. Increases in single-measure variability are attenuated by the formula to a degree such that clinically important increases in the variability of measures of UW are unlikely. This conclusion was supported by results from 22 normal and 12 clinical subjects and reexamination of previous reports.", "contents": "Variability of air calorics vs water. Statistical implications. The increasing use of air as a medium for inducing caloric nystagmus has produced a wide variety of comment, much of which may be ignored by opponents or proponents of air. What cannot be ignored by the latter is the report of increased response variability with air irrigation. The effect of increased single-measure variability on the variability of the resultant measures of unilateral weakness (UW) was explored by (1) development of a theoretical equation for the variance of UW and (2) examination of results from normal and clinical subjects. The theoretical equation indicates that variability is a function of both mean responses and the correlation between responses from opposite sides, as well as the variability of single measures. Increases in single-measure variability are attenuated by the formula to a degree such that clinically important increases in the variability of measures of UW are unlikely. This conclusion was supported by results from 22 normal and 12 clinical subjects and reexamination of previous reports.", "PMID": 420646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10599", "title": "Maxillary chondrosarcoma.", "content": "Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor that arises from cartilage. In the maxillary area, the tumors spread locally but may also invade blood vessels and metastasize systemically. Initial surgical resection is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Maxillary chondrosarcoma. Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor that arises from cartilage. In the maxillary area, the tumors spread locally but may also invade blood vessels and metastasize systemically. Initial surgical resection is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 420647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10600", "title": "Function of the acoustic reflex in discrimination of intense speech.", "content": "It is known that the middle ear acoustic reflex (AR) alters the transmission characteristics of the auditory system; however, disagreement exists on how these changes may influence the ears; transfer of speech stimuli. In this study, speech with and without a competing message was delivered at supra-AR levels to cat ears that demonstrated an active and a pharmaceutically inactivated middle ear reflex mechanism. Resulting cochlear potentials were tape recorded and subsequently presented to 18 human subjects with normal hearing. Findings suggest word and sentence discrimination is enhanced in the presence of a functioning AR, with implications for hearing aid use and stapedectomy procedure.", "contents": "Function of the acoustic reflex in discrimination of intense speech. It is known that the middle ear acoustic reflex (AR) alters the transmission characteristics of the auditory system; however, disagreement exists on how these changes may influence the ears; transfer of speech stimuli. In this study, speech with and without a competing message was delivered at supra-AR levels to cat ears that demonstrated an active and a pharmaceutically inactivated middle ear reflex mechanism. Resulting cochlear potentials were tape recorded and subsequently presented to 18 human subjects with normal hearing. Findings suggest word and sentence discrimination is enhanced in the presence of a functioning AR, with implications for hearing aid use and stapedectomy procedure.", "PMID": 420648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10601", "title": "The brow-lift 1978.", "content": "The direct brow-lift for correction of brow ptosis can be one of the most beneficial surgical procedures in cosmetic surgery. Careful preoperative evaluation and proper symmetrical marking of the correction are key elements for successful results. We discuss the surgical technique in detail.", "contents": "The brow-lift 1978. The direct brow-lift for correction of brow ptosis can be one of the most beneficial surgical procedures in cosmetic surgery. Careful preoperative evaluation and proper symmetrical marking of the correction are key elements for successful results. We discuss the surgical technique in detail.", "PMID": 420649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10602", "title": "Pharyngeal hypoplasia in Treacher Collins syndrome.", "content": "Examination of 11 patients with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS), with the use of multiple-view videofluoroscopy and nasopharyngoscopy of the pharynx, disclosed marked narrowing of the airway. In several patients, the pharynx was less than 1 cm in width at its most narrow point. It is thought that reduced airway in TCS may help to explain the frequent reports of neonatal death associated with the syndrome. Pharyngeal narrowing was found throghout the entire vertical height of the pharynx in all 11 patients. Pharyngeal hypoplasia is probably responsible for reported difficulties in intubating patients with TCS for endotracheal anesthesia and for respiratory complications after palatoplasty and pharyngoplasty. Pharyngeal hypoplasia is considered to be a primary feature of the syndrome and may aid in its diagnosis.", "contents": "Pharyngeal hypoplasia in Treacher Collins syndrome. Examination of 11 patients with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS), with the use of multiple-view videofluoroscopy and nasopharyngoscopy of the pharynx, disclosed marked narrowing of the airway. In several patients, the pharynx was less than 1 cm in width at its most narrow point. It is thought that reduced airway in TCS may help to explain the frequent reports of neonatal death associated with the syndrome. Pharyngeal narrowing was found throghout the entire vertical height of the pharynx in all 11 patients. Pharyngeal hypoplasia is probably responsible for reported difficulties in intubating patients with TCS for endotracheal anesthesia and for respiratory complications after palatoplasty and pharyngoplasty. Pharyngeal hypoplasia is considered to be a primary feature of the syndrome and may aid in its diagnosis.", "PMID": 420650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10603", "title": "Experience with a polyethylene total ossicular replacement prosthesis.", "content": "Surgical reconstruction of ossicular defects in chronic middle ear disease is a difficult problem. We have reviewed our results with the use of the Plastipore total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP). Of 29 procedures that were analyzed, nine were considered successful. None of our patients had a stapes superstructure, and 13 had no malleus. Placement of the TORP under the malleus handle and use of extra tissue between the prosthesis and the tympanic membrane provided better hearing results, but extrusion of the prothesis still occurred. Positioning of the prosthesis and contraction of the middle ear space, which causes extrusion of the prosthesis, remain problems in this type of reconstruction.", "contents": "Experience with a polyethylene total ossicular replacement prosthesis. Surgical reconstruction of ossicular defects in chronic middle ear disease is a difficult problem. We have reviewed our results with the use of the Plastipore total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP). Of 29 procedures that were analyzed, nine were considered successful. None of our patients had a stapes superstructure, and 13 had no malleus. Placement of the TORP under the malleus handle and use of extra tissue between the prosthesis and the tympanic membrane provided better hearing results, but extrusion of the prothesis still occurred. Positioning of the prosthesis and contraction of the middle ear space, which causes extrusion of the prosthesis, remain problems in this type of reconstruction.", "PMID": 420651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10604", "title": "Effect of kanamycin sulfate on the endocochlear dc potential of guinea pigs.", "content": "The magnitudes of the endocochlear dc potential (EP) during adequate ventilation and during five minutes of anoxia were recorded in control guinea pigs and guinea pigs administered various dosages of kanamycin sulfate. The magnitudes of the EP after five minutes of anoxia were -44.6 +/- 5.9 mV in the controls and +26.6 +/- 9.9 mV in the guinea pigs that received kanamycin for seven or ten days. This change occurred after five or six days of administration of kanamycin. However, there was no significant change in the magnitude ot the EP with adequate ventilation with kanamycin intoxication. There is a significant correlation between the magnitude of the negative EP and the maximum output of the cochlear microphonics (r = -.770, P less than .001). These results suggest that the EP may not be the mathematical summation of the positive electrogenic potential and the negative diffusion potential. The mechanism for generating the negative EP during anoxia may have some relationship to hair cell integrity.", "contents": "Effect of kanamycin sulfate on the endocochlear dc potential of guinea pigs. The magnitudes of the endocochlear dc potential (EP) during adequate ventilation and during five minutes of anoxia were recorded in control guinea pigs and guinea pigs administered various dosages of kanamycin sulfate. The magnitudes of the EP after five minutes of anoxia were -44.6 +/- 5.9 mV in the controls and +26.6 +/- 9.9 mV in the guinea pigs that received kanamycin for seven or ten days. This change occurred after five or six days of administration of kanamycin. However, there was no significant change in the magnitude ot the EP with adequate ventilation with kanamycin intoxication. There is a significant correlation between the magnitude of the negative EP and the maximum output of the cochlear microphonics (r = -.770, P less than .001). These results suggest that the EP may not be the mathematical summation of the positive electrogenic potential and the negative diffusion potential. The mechanism for generating the negative EP during anoxia may have some relationship to hair cell integrity.", "PMID": 420653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10605", "title": "Surgical management of hypopharyngeal cancer. Particular reference to the gastric \"pull-up\" operation.", "content": "Between the years 1965 to 1977, 58 patients with advanced hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma were treated by pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy and total thyroidectomy. Operative mortality for potentially curable cases was 8.6%, with a crude three-year survival rate of 29% for all cases. Mortality was 37% for patients with postcricoid tumors. Long-term management was uncomplicated except for calcium metabolism; two patients died from nephrocalcinosis secondary to return of circulating parathyroid hormone. I discuss the role of this operation in the successful treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer.", "contents": "Surgical management of hypopharyngeal cancer. Particular reference to the gastric \"pull-up\" operation. Between the years 1965 to 1977, 58 patients with advanced hypopharyngeal squamous carcinoma were treated by pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy and total thyroidectomy. Operative mortality for potentially curable cases was 8.6%, with a crude three-year survival rate of 29% for all cases. Mortality was 37% for patients with postcricoid tumors. Long-term management was uncomplicated except for calcium metabolism; two patients died from nephrocalcinosis secondary to return of circulating parathyroid hormone. I discuss the role of this operation in the successful treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer.", "PMID": 420654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10606", "title": "Effects of age and sex on static compliance.", "content": "The effects of age and sex on static compliance values were analyzed in 336 patients. Static compliance of the normal middle ear varies as a function of age and sex. In men and women, static compliance values are maximum between 31 and 40 years of age, and then decrease relatively systematically with increasing age. Under 30 years of age, static compliance values are slightly greater in female subjects. From 30 to 60 years of age, men show substantially greater static compliance measurements. Above 60 years of age, static compliance is comparable for both sexes. Comparison of normal vs otosclerotic ears showed that the age effect considerably reduces the clinical usefulness of the static compliance measure. The overall findings of this study support the concept of decreased compliance of the middle ear system with increasing age.", "contents": "Effects of age and sex on static compliance. The effects of age and sex on static compliance values were analyzed in 336 patients. Static compliance of the normal middle ear varies as a function of age and sex. In men and women, static compliance values are maximum between 31 and 40 years of age, and then decrease relatively systematically with increasing age. Under 30 years of age, static compliance values are slightly greater in female subjects. From 30 to 60 years of age, men show substantially greater static compliance measurements. Above 60 years of age, static compliance is comparable for both sexes. Comparison of normal vs otosclerotic ears showed that the age effect considerably reduces the clinical usefulness of the static compliance measure. The overall findings of this study support the concept of decreased compliance of the middle ear system with increasing age.", "PMID": 420655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10607", "title": "Clinical vs histopathologic staging in laryngeal cancer.", "content": "One hundred fourteen serially sectioned, nonirradiated, laryngeal specimens that were removed for cancer have been examined to determine the accuracy of preoperative staging. Characteristics of the primary lesion, which indicate invasion of the laryngeal framework, have been demonstrated for each region in the larynx. Pathologic findings, such as submucosal extension, growth into the preepiglottic space, infraglottic extension, and involvement of the laryngeal ventricle, have been correlated with clinical staging. The relationship between tumor size and accuracy of clinical staging has been evaluated. For multiregional lesions, the location that yielded the highest probability of metastasis was designated as the primary site. Our findings indicate inaccurate staging for 37% of glottic tumors, 38% of supraglottic tumors, 50% of transglottic tumors, and 13% of subglottic lesions. In 89% of the cases that were staged inaccurately, the error was one of underestimation. Depth of tumor invasion was the most difficult measurement to determine.", "contents": "Clinical vs histopathologic staging in laryngeal cancer. One hundred fourteen serially sectioned, nonirradiated, laryngeal specimens that were removed for cancer have been examined to determine the accuracy of preoperative staging. Characteristics of the primary lesion, which indicate invasion of the laryngeal framework, have been demonstrated for each region in the larynx. Pathologic findings, such as submucosal extension, growth into the preepiglottic space, infraglottic extension, and involvement of the laryngeal ventricle, have been correlated with clinical staging. The relationship between tumor size and accuracy of clinical staging has been evaluated. For multiregional lesions, the location that yielded the highest probability of metastasis was designated as the primary site. Our findings indicate inaccurate staging for 37% of glottic tumors, 38% of supraglottic tumors, 50% of transglottic tumors, and 13% of subglottic lesions. In 89% of the cases that were staged inaccurately, the error was one of underestimation. Depth of tumor invasion was the most difficult measurement to determine.", "PMID": 420656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10608", "title": "Treatment costs for patients with head and neck cancer.", "content": "A national health program is inevitable if medical care costs continue to soar as they have in recent years. Those of us treating patients with cancer of the head and neck are aware that the costs are high, but many are not aware of the actual figures involved. In this study, five typical head and neck cancer patients were selected, and the costs incurred by these patients were calcualted. Both direct and indirect medical expenses were considered and are presented. In addition, we report the representative costs of various treatment modalities. An awareness of medical care costs plus appropriate consideration of them in the planning and administration of treatment may help to reduce health care expenses. If we do not control these costs, the government undoubtedly will.", "contents": "Treatment costs for patients with head and neck cancer. A national health program is inevitable if medical care costs continue to soar as they have in recent years. Those of us treating patients with cancer of the head and neck are aware that the costs are high, but many are not aware of the actual figures involved. In this study, five typical head and neck cancer patients were selected, and the costs incurred by these patients were calcualted. Both direct and indirect medical expenses were considered and are presented. In addition, we report the representative costs of various treatment modalities. An awareness of medical care costs plus appropriate consideration of them in the planning and administration of treatment may help to reduce health care expenses. If we do not control these costs, the government undoubtedly will.", "PMID": 420657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10609", "title": "Morbidity experience of air traffic control personnel--1967--77.", "content": "The morbidity experience of 28,086 air traffic controllers has been examined from 1967--77 with particular emphasis to the potential effects of job demands on ATC health. The morbidity experience of air traffic controllers does not appear excessive, except for psychoneurotic disorders, compared with the experience of other outside groups studied. Additionally, a lack of association between disease occurrence and occupation is observed in the data correlating disease occurrence with length of service and age. While some isolated trends found in these data are supportive of an occupation/disease relationship, they are neither--as would be expected if the association were a strong one--impressive nor consistent. Although anticipated empirically, one of the more interesting results of the study was quantification of the substantial differences found to exist in the incidence of disease before and after the second-career legislation.", "contents": "Morbidity experience of air traffic control personnel--1967--77. The morbidity experience of 28,086 air traffic controllers has been examined from 1967--77 with particular emphasis to the potential effects of job demands on ATC health. The morbidity experience of air traffic controllers does not appear excessive, except for psychoneurotic disorders, compared with the experience of other outside groups studied. Additionally, a lack of association between disease occurrence and occupation is observed in the data correlating disease occurrence with length of service and age. While some isolated trends found in these data are supportive of an occupation/disease relationship, they are neither--as would be expected if the association were a strong one--impressive nor consistent. Although anticipated empirically, one of the more interesting results of the study was quantification of the substantial differences found to exist in the incidence of disease before and after the second-career legislation.", "PMID": 420660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10610", "title": "Stereological ultrastructural analysis of the axonal endings in the neuromuscular junction of rats after a flight on Biosputnik 782.", "content": "The study was aimed at quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the axonal endings of the neuromuscular junction in the quadriceps femoris muscle and the diaphragma in animals after a space flight. Quantitative morphometric studies at the ultrastructural level demonstrated a statistically significant diminution of the mean number of mitochondria and synaptic vesicles on the cross section of the axonal endings. Qualitative analysis of electronogrames revealed morphological changes indicating degeneration and various degrees of injury in some of the axonal endings of the neuromuscular junction.", "contents": "Stereological ultrastructural analysis of the axonal endings in the neuromuscular junction of rats after a flight on Biosputnik 782. The study was aimed at quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the axonal endings of the neuromuscular junction in the quadriceps femoris muscle and the diaphragma in animals after a space flight. Quantitative morphometric studies at the ultrastructural level demonstrated a statistically significant diminution of the mean number of mitochondria and synaptic vesicles on the cross section of the axonal endings. Qualitative analysis of electronogrames revealed morphological changes indicating degeneration and various degrees of injury in some of the axonal endings of the neuromuscular junction.", "PMID": 420661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10611", "title": "Effect of alcohol and marijuana on eye movements.", "content": "The effects of alcohol and marijuana (tetrahydrocannabinol-THC) on saccades, smooth pursuit, and optokinetic nystagmus were quantitatively evaluated in 24 normal subjects using electro-oculographic recordings. Each subject was given an initial trial run and then tested three times (at weekly intervals) with either 0.0microgram THC or 100 microgram THC/kg bodyweight while at three different blood alcohol concentrations (0.0, 0.05 and 0.1%). A 2X3 factorial design was used. Saccades and smooth pursuit were induced by a dot of light moving in steps and ramps on a modified television set. Optokinetic nystagmus was induced by a cloth drum completely surrounding the subject and moving at a constant velocity of 30 degrees/s. Alcohol (0.05 and 0.1%) alone produced significant (p less than 0.05) impairment of saccade maximum velocity and reaction time, smooth pursuit velocity, and optokinetic slow-component velocity. The addition of THC caused performance to further deteriorate at each blood alcohol level but, in all but one instance, the added effect was not statistically significant ( greater than 0.05). At the THC and alcohol concentrations used in this study, the eye movement effects of alcohol over-shadowed those of marijuana.", "contents": "Effect of alcohol and marijuana on eye movements. The effects of alcohol and marijuana (tetrahydrocannabinol-THC) on saccades, smooth pursuit, and optokinetic nystagmus were quantitatively evaluated in 24 normal subjects using electro-oculographic recordings. Each subject was given an initial trial run and then tested three times (at weekly intervals) with either 0.0microgram THC or 100 microgram THC/kg bodyweight while at three different blood alcohol concentrations (0.0, 0.05 and 0.1%). A 2X3 factorial design was used. Saccades and smooth pursuit were induced by a dot of light moving in steps and ramps on a modified television set. Optokinetic nystagmus was induced by a cloth drum completely surrounding the subject and moving at a constant velocity of 30 degrees/s. Alcohol (0.05 and 0.1%) alone produced significant (p less than 0.05) impairment of saccade maximum velocity and reaction time, smooth pursuit velocity, and optokinetic slow-component velocity. The addition of THC caused performance to further deteriorate at each blood alcohol level but, in all but one instance, the added effect was not statistically significant ( greater than 0.05). At the THC and alcohol concentrations used in this study, the eye movement effects of alcohol over-shadowed those of marijuana.", "PMID": 420662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10612", "title": "Correlation of choice reaction time performance with biorhythmic criticality and cycle phase.", "content": "The biorhythm theory correlates behavior to physical, emotional, and intellectual cycles. It states that an individual's behavior is influenced by these three cycles which begin at the moment of birth and operate thereafter simultaneously. The theory is commonly tested when the occurrence of accidents is compared to the phase of the biorhythm cycles. If the theory is true, more accidents would occur on a critical day than would be expected by a random distribution. A second method to test the theory is used in this paper, where actual performance of a laboratory task is correlated with the phases of the cycle. Performance was measured in a choice reaction time (CRT) task with each task composed of 400 light flashes. The methods and results are presented and discussed. The conclusion reached from analyses of the data was that performance in the CRT task was no influenced by biorhythms.", "contents": "Correlation of choice reaction time performance with biorhythmic criticality and cycle phase. The biorhythm theory correlates behavior to physical, emotional, and intellectual cycles. It states that an individual's behavior is influenced by these three cycles which begin at the moment of birth and operate thereafter simultaneously. The theory is commonly tested when the occurrence of accidents is compared to the phase of the biorhythm cycles. If the theory is true, more accidents would occur on a critical day than would be expected by a random distribution. A second method to test the theory is used in this paper, where actual performance of a laboratory task is correlated with the phases of the cycle. Performance was measured in a choice reaction time (CRT) task with each task composed of 400 light flashes. The methods and results are presented and discussed. The conclusion reached from analyses of the data was that performance in the CRT task was no influenced by biorhythms.", "PMID": 420664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10613", "title": "Carbon monoxide and human time discrimination: failure to replicate Beard-Wertheim experiments.", "content": "Beard and Wertheium described a dose-related deficit in human time perception during low level CO exposure. Two other laboratories were unable to replicate this finding, although methodological differences could explain these failures. This study more precisely repeated the original experiment, but failed again to obtain any CO-related deficit. The bulk of evidence, therefore, does not indicate any adverse effect of low level CO exposure on time perception in healthy young adults.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide and human time discrimination: failure to replicate Beard-Wertheim experiments. Beard and Wertheium described a dose-related deficit in human time perception during low level CO exposure. Two other laboratories were unable to replicate this finding, although methodological differences could explain these failures. This study more precisely repeated the original experiment, but failed again to obtain any CO-related deficit. The bulk of evidence, therefore, does not indicate any adverse effect of low level CO exposure on time perception in healthy young adults.", "PMID": 420665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10614", "title": "Thermal sweat rate response to an acute short exposure at a simulated altitude of 4,600m.", "content": "An acute short exposure of human subjects to a simulated altitude of 4,600 m fails to induce any noticeable effect on the thermal evaporative response or on the central and cutaneous temperatures.", "contents": "Thermal sweat rate response to an acute short exposure at a simulated altitude of 4,600m. An acute short exposure of human subjects to a simulated altitude of 4,600 m fails to induce any noticeable effect on the thermal evaporative response or on the central and cutaneous temperatures.", "PMID": 420667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10615", "title": "Emergency problems involving sinusitis.", "content": "The problems which the primary physician or flight surgeon might expect to encounter with regard to acute sinusitis are presented. The need for exact diagnosis, the goals of treatment, and the management of the progress of the disease processes are reviewed.", "contents": "Emergency problems involving sinusitis. The problems which the primary physician or flight surgeon might expect to encounter with regard to acute sinusitis are presented. The need for exact diagnosis, the goals of treatment, and the management of the progress of the disease processes are reviewed.", "PMID": 420671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10616", "title": "The understanding and teaching of reaction to pain.", "content": "Pain is both the commonest and one of the most enigmatic symptoms in medicine. Its subjective nature renders management difficult and its conceptualization is complex. Reaction to pain cannot be easily generalized; group differences are postulated, based on sex, age, culture, psychiatric diagnosis and personality variables. Early developmental aspects of pain and discussed in animal studies and case reports but little systematic data exist. Experimental findings show the influence on pain response of cognitive and emotional factors. Clinically, the variables determining perception, reporting and reaction to pain are numerous and harder to study scientifically. Acute and chronic pain should be distinguished: the latter is more complicated, leading of ten to diagnostic problems and management stalemates. Discovering the relationship of pain to emotional phenomena, as cause or effect, is difficult, though essential to effective treatment. Various frames of reference apply: e.g., individual medical, familial, and \"workmen's compensation\" models. Reaction by family, lawyer, or work commission involves potential secondary gain and may reinforce or discourage pathological responses by the patient. The potential of pain for symbolic meaning and its acceptance as a \"legitimate\" medical symptom renders it ideal for both expression and masquerading of intrapsychic and interpersonal conflicts involving anger, punishment, control and dependency. Teaching about pain and its significance is best done in clinical settings such as obstetrical units and multidisciplinary pain clinics. Videotaped modular presentations with discussion provide a satisfactory though less desirable alternative.", "contents": "The understanding and teaching of reaction to pain. Pain is both the commonest and one of the most enigmatic symptoms in medicine. Its subjective nature renders management difficult and its conceptualization is complex. Reaction to pain cannot be easily generalized; group differences are postulated, based on sex, age, culture, psychiatric diagnosis and personality variables. Early developmental aspects of pain and discussed in animal studies and case reports but little systematic data exist. Experimental findings show the influence on pain response of cognitive and emotional factors. Clinically, the variables determining perception, reporting and reaction to pain are numerous and harder to study scientifically. Acute and chronic pain should be distinguished: the latter is more complicated, leading of ten to diagnostic problems and management stalemates. Discovering the relationship of pain to emotional phenomena, as cause or effect, is difficult, though essential to effective treatment. Various frames of reference apply: e.g., individual medical, familial, and \"workmen's compensation\" models. Reaction by family, lawyer, or work commission involves potential secondary gain and may reinforce or discourage pathological responses by the patient. The potential of pain for symbolic meaning and its acceptance as a \"legitimate\" medical symptom renders it ideal for both expression and masquerading of intrapsychic and interpersonal conflicts involving anger, punishment, control and dependency. Teaching about pain and its significance is best done in clinical settings such as obstetrical units and multidisciplinary pain clinics. Videotaped modular presentations with discussion provide a satisfactory though less desirable alternative.", "PMID": 420699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10617", "title": "The teaching of liaison psychiatry in the hemodialysis center.", "content": "The hemodialysis unit is usually a uniquely desirable place for liaison teaching because of the importance and variety of behavioral problems seen there. The trainee may be educated at these units about the syndrome of delirium because of the potential for his seeing in a given patient the presentation and resolution of the syndrome before and after each run. Because of the abject dependency of these patients, issues surrounding patient dependency \"needs\" and frustration of their independence are common with patient \"uncooperativeness\", an important area in which the professional staff need education and patients need intervention. Depression, common among these patients because of their many losses, is among the host of psychological problems to be potentially diagnosed and treated by the liaison trainee and/or teacher. The theme of life setting conductive to medical illness and the setting of realistic rehabiliation goals are also important areas of liaison training, particularly suitable for demonstration there. Therefore, hemodialysis centers offer usual wide variety and often untapped resources for liaison education.", "contents": "The teaching of liaison psychiatry in the hemodialysis center. The hemodialysis unit is usually a uniquely desirable place for liaison teaching because of the importance and variety of behavioral problems seen there. The trainee may be educated at these units about the syndrome of delirium because of the potential for his seeing in a given patient the presentation and resolution of the syndrome before and after each run. Because of the abject dependency of these patients, issues surrounding patient dependency \"needs\" and frustration of their independence are common with patient \"uncooperativeness\", an important area in which the professional staff need education and patients need intervention. Depression, common among these patients because of their many losses, is among the host of psychological problems to be potentially diagnosed and treated by the liaison trainee and/or teacher. The theme of life setting conductive to medical illness and the setting of realistic rehabiliation goals are also important areas of liaison training, particularly suitable for demonstration there. Therefore, hemodialysis centers offer usual wide variety and often untapped resources for liaison education.", "PMID": 420700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10618", "title": "Teaching and training of the psychosomatic approach.", "content": "In the United States, teaching and training of the psychosomatic approach relies upon (1) the application of psychosomatic concepts, such as reaction to stress, life change and illness, and neuroendocrine influences on disease process to the delivery of mental health services to the sick and dying through liaison programs, and (2) the focussing upon relevant methodology of psychological care in the context of American medicine with its growing knowledge of social implications of health care. Such methodology includes the teaching of data collection, substantive psychiatric disorders in the medically ill, supportive therapy and crisis intervention, psychopharmacology, emotional reaction to illness, and management of obstacles to a psychosocial approach. The resistance of nonpsychiatrist personnel to psychological factors and of psychiatric personnel to medical factors are obstacles which require particular emphasis in graduate and postgraduate training in this clinical area.", "contents": "Teaching and training of the psychosomatic approach. In the United States, teaching and training of the psychosomatic approach relies upon (1) the application of psychosomatic concepts, such as reaction to stress, life change and illness, and neuroendocrine influences on disease process to the delivery of mental health services to the sick and dying through liaison programs, and (2) the focussing upon relevant methodology of psychological care in the context of American medicine with its growing knowledge of social implications of health care. Such methodology includes the teaching of data collection, substantive psychiatric disorders in the medically ill, supportive therapy and crisis intervention, psychopharmacology, emotional reaction to illness, and management of obstacles to a psychosocial approach. The resistance of nonpsychiatrist personnel to psychological factors and of psychiatric personnel to medical factors are obstacles which require particular emphasis in graduate and postgraduate training in this clinical area.", "PMID": 420701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10619", "title": "Rehabilitation in the elderly.", "content": "The prerequisites for effective rehabilitation programmes in elderly patients are described, taking into account the specific social, physiological and psychological changes associated with senescence. The special problems facing elderly patients admitted to hospital are discussed and how their needs can be met. The importance of dementia as a factor influencing rehabilitation is considered and the various forms of residential and non-residential care described. Similarly, the paramount importance of accurate diagnosis of the causes of confusional states is emphasized and principles of management described. The fruitfulness of effective liaison between the psychiatrist and geriatrician is underlined and various ways by which this can be achieved, including the place of psychogeriatric assessment unit, and the role of the acute geriatric ward and geriatric rehabilitation unit. The principles of management of the elderly mentally ill in hospital are outlined. As specific examples of the principles and problems of rehabilitation programmes for disorders in the elderly, a detailed description is presented of the rehabilitation of the patient with myocardial infarction and the patient who has developed a hemiplegia following a cerebrovascular accident.", "contents": "Rehabilitation in the elderly. The prerequisites for effective rehabilitation programmes in elderly patients are described, taking into account the specific social, physiological and psychological changes associated with senescence. The special problems facing elderly patients admitted to hospital are discussed and how their needs can be met. The importance of dementia as a factor influencing rehabilitation is considered and the various forms of residential and non-residential care described. Similarly, the paramount importance of accurate diagnosis of the causes of confusional states is emphasized and principles of management described. The fruitfulness of effective liaison between the psychiatrist and geriatrician is underlined and various ways by which this can be achieved, including the place of psychogeriatric assessment unit, and the role of the acute geriatric ward and geriatric rehabilitation unit. The principles of management of the elderly mentally ill in hospital are outlined. As specific examples of the principles and problems of rehabilitation programmes for disorders in the elderly, a detailed description is presented of the rehabilitation of the patient with myocardial infarction and the patient who has developed a hemiplegia following a cerebrovascular accident.", "PMID": 420702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10620", "title": "Psychiatric consultation for the geriatric population in the general hospital.", "content": "The first part of this paper is based on a study by the author in 1975--1976. The conclusions were that liaison psychiatry with geriatric patients differs from that with other age groups in the following ways: (1) referrals occur primarily when behavior becomes disturbing; (2) organic causes are often overrated but psychological and social causes and functional disorders are underestimated; (3) psychopharmaceutical agents and vasodilators are overused, while psychotherapy and other forms of treatment are underutilized. Attitudes towards consultations among these patients, their families and consultees do not differ from those of younger groups. Liaison psychiatry with a situation-oriented approach is well suited to the needs of all concerned. Review of the psychosomatic parameters of aging is summarized as a basis of the proposed psychosomatic differential model for management.", "contents": "Psychiatric consultation for the geriatric population in the general hospital. The first part of this paper is based on a study by the author in 1975--1976. The conclusions were that liaison psychiatry with geriatric patients differs from that with other age groups in the following ways: (1) referrals occur primarily when behavior becomes disturbing; (2) organic causes are often overrated but psychological and social causes and functional disorders are underestimated; (3) psychopharmaceutical agents and vasodilators are overused, while psychotherapy and other forms of treatment are underutilized. Attitudes towards consultations among these patients, their families and consultees do not differ from those of younger groups. Liaison psychiatry with a situation-oriented approach is well suited to the needs of all concerned. Review of the psychosomatic parameters of aging is summarized as a basis of the proposed psychosomatic differential model for management.", "PMID": 420703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10621", "title": "Teaching liaison psychiatry and clinical practice of psychosomatic medicine in the general hospital.", "content": "One of the recent trends in the general hospital is the increase of psychiatric units and the number of psychiatrists working therein. Thus the psychiatrist has had greater opportunities to participate as a member of a clinical team in the care of patients of other units. Accordingly, daily cooperation with other specialties casts him into new roles which transcend those of the traditional psychiatric consultant. The role of liasion psychiatrist involves the complex relations of doctor--nurse--patient--family, interdepartmental relations, communications and so on. By improving these relationships he tries to bring about a more holistic approach in the general hospital.", "contents": "Teaching liaison psychiatry and clinical practice of psychosomatic medicine in the general hospital. One of the recent trends in the general hospital is the increase of psychiatric units and the number of psychiatrists working therein. Thus the psychiatrist has had greater opportunities to participate as a member of a clinical team in the care of patients of other units. Accordingly, daily cooperation with other specialties casts him into new roles which transcend those of the traditional psychiatric consultant. The role of liasion psychiatrist involves the complex relations of doctor--nurse--patient--family, interdepartmental relations, communications and so on. By improving these relationships he tries to bring about a more holistic approach in the general hospital.", "PMID": 420704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10622", "title": "Training in anger: how not to communicate with one's medical seniors.", "content": "Meyer and Mendelson (2) have identified four critical situations which influence the interaction of consultant and consultee, namely, (1) inappropriate setting; (2) threat through disease and death; (3) character disorders; (4) family and social pathology. Feeling states of hopelessness, pessimism and despair are induced in both consultant and consultee and may lead to a breakdown of their working alliance. It is postulated that the breakdown is programmed by the physicians' basic attitudes towards coping with dependency needs are ignored by the faculty of not being patient-oriented (5). Covert or open hostility towards the faculty is manifested (10). Basic professional needs are not discussed with one's medical seniors who are seen in anger. If liaison medicine is to become effective, its proponents have to direct their attention towards attitudinal learning during undergraduate study. This will require supervised exposure to patients needs, assuming increasing responsibility, individual and faculty feedback.", "contents": "Training in anger: how not to communicate with one's medical seniors. Meyer and Mendelson (2) have identified four critical situations which influence the interaction of consultant and consultee, namely, (1) inappropriate setting; (2) threat through disease and death; (3) character disorders; (4) family and social pathology. Feeling states of hopelessness, pessimism and despair are induced in both consultant and consultee and may lead to a breakdown of their working alliance. It is postulated that the breakdown is programmed by the physicians' basic attitudes towards coping with dependency needs are ignored by the faculty of not being patient-oriented (5). Covert or open hostility towards the faculty is manifested (10). Basic professional needs are not discussed with one's medical seniors who are seen in anger. If liaison medicine is to become effective, its proponents have to direct their attention towards attitudinal learning during undergraduate study. This will require supervised exposure to patients needs, assuming increasing responsibility, individual and faculty feedback.", "PMID": 420705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10623", "title": "Skin thickness and collagen content in progressive systemic sclerosis and localized scleroderma.", "content": "Skin biopsies of uniform location and surface area (7 mm diameter) were obtained from the extensor aspect of the forearm of 147 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) (107 with diffuse scleroderma, 40 with the CREST syndrome variant) and 58 individuals with normal skin. After careful removal of all subcutaneous fatty tissue, the skin cores were weighed and their water and hydroxyproline content determined. Despite recent claims to the contrary, it was found that there is a marked and highly significant increase in the thickness of the skin during the indurative phase of PSS, and that this is associated with a proportionate increase in total dermal collagen content. A similar degree of thickening was found in the skin of patients with eosinophilic fasciitis and acromegaly. A close correlation was observed between clinical estimation of the degree of skin thickening and the weight of the skin biopsy cores. Change in the weight of skin cores was observed during the course of illness of the patients with PSS and may serve as a useful measurement of alteration in the degree of skin thickening.", "contents": "Skin thickness and collagen content in progressive systemic sclerosis and localized scleroderma. Skin biopsies of uniform location and surface area (7 mm diameter) were obtained from the extensor aspect of the forearm of 147 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) (107 with diffuse scleroderma, 40 with the CREST syndrome variant) and 58 individuals with normal skin. After careful removal of all subcutaneous fatty tissue, the skin cores were weighed and their water and hydroxyproline content determined. Despite recent claims to the contrary, it was found that there is a marked and highly significant increase in the thickness of the skin during the indurative phase of PSS, and that this is associated with a proportionate increase in total dermal collagen content. A similar degree of thickening was found in the skin of patients with eosinophilic fasciitis and acromegaly. A close correlation was observed between clinical estimation of the degree of skin thickening and the weight of the skin biopsy cores. Change in the weight of skin cores was observed during the course of illness of the patients with PSS and may serve as a useful measurement of alteration in the degree of skin thickening.", "PMID": 420706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10624", "title": "Cartilage proteoglycan alterations in an experimentally induced model of rabbit osteoarthritis.", "content": "Size distribution of cartilage proteoglycans (PG) extracted from control and osteoarthritic rabbit knees after partial meniscectomy was analyzed. In normal control knees, about 30% of PG molecules were in aggregate form and average sedimentation constant was 60S. No aggregates were found in osteoarthritic cartilage, whether ulcer, rim about ulcer, or distant normal-appearing cartilage was examined. Weight average sedimentation constants for PG subunits were similar to controls, 15S. Up to 70% of guanidinium-extractable PG could be extracted from osteoarthritic cartilage by using 0.5M guanidine HC1 (GuHCl); sedimentation characteristics of extracted PG were similar to those using 4.0M GuHCl. Absence of aggregates is consistent with a disorder of link protein, hyaluronic acid, or PG subunit hyaluronic acid binding sites. Absence of subunit degradation was an enexpected finding. The demonstrated ability of 0.5 M GuHCl to extract large amounts of PG from osteoarthritic cartilage will allow study of cartilage proteoglycans in their native nondissociated state.", "contents": "Cartilage proteoglycan alterations in an experimentally induced model of rabbit osteoarthritis. Size distribution of cartilage proteoglycans (PG) extracted from control and osteoarthritic rabbit knees after partial meniscectomy was analyzed. In normal control knees, about 30% of PG molecules were in aggregate form and average sedimentation constant was 60S. No aggregates were found in osteoarthritic cartilage, whether ulcer, rim about ulcer, or distant normal-appearing cartilage was examined. Weight average sedimentation constants for PG subunits were similar to controls, 15S. Up to 70% of guanidinium-extractable PG could be extracted from osteoarthritic cartilage by using 0.5M guanidine HC1 (GuHCl); sedimentation characteristics of extracted PG were similar to those using 4.0M GuHCl. Absence of aggregates is consistent with a disorder of link protein, hyaluronic acid, or PG subunit hyaluronic acid binding sites. Absence of subunit degradation was an enexpected finding. The demonstrated ability of 0.5 M GuHCl to extract large amounts of PG from osteoarthritic cartilage will allow study of cartilage proteoglycans in their native nondissociated state.", "PMID": 420707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10625", "title": "Increased toxoplasma antibodies in idiopathic inflammatory muscle disease. A case-controlled study.", "content": "Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were measured in sera from 69 patients with polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and myositis associated with other connective tissue diseases and compared to 69 age-, race-, and sex-matched controls with unrelated diseases. Complement fixation toxoplasma antibodies were significantly more frequent in polymyositis and correlated with high IgM levels. Other distinguishing clinical or laboratory features of these patients were not found. The high toxoplasma antibodies were not associated with generally hyperactive humoral immunity. The serologic data suggested that inflammatory muscle disease was associated with recent active toxoplasma infection in certain patients. The pathogenetic role of the microorganism remains uncertain.", "contents": "Increased toxoplasma antibodies in idiopathic inflammatory muscle disease. A case-controlled study. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were measured in sera from 69 patients with polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and myositis associated with other connective tissue diseases and compared to 69 age-, race-, and sex-matched controls with unrelated diseases. Complement fixation toxoplasma antibodies were significantly more frequent in polymyositis and correlated with high IgM levels. Other distinguishing clinical or laboratory features of these patients were not found. The high toxoplasma antibodies were not associated with generally hyperactive humoral immunity. The serologic data suggested that inflammatory muscle disease was associated with recent active toxoplasma infection in certain patients. The pathogenetic role of the microorganism remains uncertain.", "PMID": 420715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10626", "title": "Connective tissue activation. XIV. Composition and actions of a human platelet autacoid mediator.", "content": "Connective tissue activating peptide-III (CTAP-III) isolated from human platelets is a potent mitogen for human connective tissue cells in culture in addition to stimulating glycosaminoglycan synthesis, glucose consumption, and lactate formation. The amino acid composition of apparently homogeneous CTAP-III was determined, confirming the presence of two disulfide links and providing a calculated molecular weight of 11,633 daltons. Comparison of the mitogenic activity of serum and plasma-serum suggests that CTAP-III is a major mitogenic component of human serum. Seventeen strains of human connective tissue cells (synovial, cartilage, dermal and thyroid) incorporated [3H]-thymidine at up to 30 times control at levels under the influence of microgram quantities of CTAP-III and caused detectable increases in thymidine incorporation at levels as low as 10-29 ng/ml. Prostaglandin E1 (0.01 microgram/ml) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (25 microgram/ml) potentiated the glycosaminoglycan stimulating effect of CTAP-III, but not its mitogenic effect. Cycloheximide and actinomycin D blocked the biologic actions of CTAP-III. Cortisol and penicillamine had little effect on the mitogenic activity of CTAP-III, whereas antirheumatic agents such as acetylsalicylic acid and phenylbutazone opposed the mitogenic activity when added to cultures at clinically relevant concentrations. A weak antiheparin factor secreted by platelets, low affinity platelet factor 4 (LA-PF4), was shown to be similar to CTAP-III in biologic actions, electrophoretic mobility, amino acid composition, and antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Connective tissue activation. XIV. Composition and actions of a human platelet autacoid mediator. Connective tissue activating peptide-III (CTAP-III) isolated from human platelets is a potent mitogen for human connective tissue cells in culture in addition to stimulating glycosaminoglycan synthesis, glucose consumption, and lactate formation. The amino acid composition of apparently homogeneous CTAP-III was determined, confirming the presence of two disulfide links and providing a calculated molecular weight of 11,633 daltons. Comparison of the mitogenic activity of serum and plasma-serum suggests that CTAP-III is a major mitogenic component of human serum. Seventeen strains of human connective tissue cells (synovial, cartilage, dermal and thyroid) incorporated [3H]-thymidine at up to 30 times control at levels under the influence of microgram quantities of CTAP-III and caused detectable increases in thymidine incorporation at levels as low as 10-29 ng/ml. Prostaglandin E1 (0.01 microgram/ml) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (25 microgram/ml) potentiated the glycosaminoglycan stimulating effect of CTAP-III, but not its mitogenic effect. Cycloheximide and actinomycin D blocked the biologic actions of CTAP-III. Cortisol and penicillamine had little effect on the mitogenic activity of CTAP-III, whereas antirheumatic agents such as acetylsalicylic acid and phenylbutazone opposed the mitogenic activity when added to cultures at clinically relevant concentrations. A weak antiheparin factor secreted by platelets, low affinity platelet factor 4 (LA-PF4), was shown to be similar to CTAP-III in biologic actions, electrophoretic mobility, amino acid composition, and antigenic determinants.", "PMID": 420716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10627", "title": "Unusual electromyographic findings in a patient with polymyalgia rheumatica.", "content": "A case of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis (GCA) is described in which there were marked abnormalities noted on electromyography (EMG). Spike potentials, positive waves, and fibrillation potentials were seen in the proximal musculature of the upper and lower extremities as well as in the erector spinae muscles. Investigation failed to reveal abnormalities in either creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), aldolase, or muscle obtained at biopsy. The presence of these EMG findings in the PMR-GCA syndrome is unusual. Response to therapy with systemic corticosteroids and normalization of the EMG are documented.", "contents": "Unusual electromyographic findings in a patient with polymyalgia rheumatica. A case of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis (GCA) is described in which there were marked abnormalities noted on electromyography (EMG). Spike potentials, positive waves, and fibrillation potentials were seen in the proximal musculature of the upper and lower extremities as well as in the erector spinae muscles. Investigation failed to reveal abnormalities in either creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), aldolase, or muscle obtained at biopsy. The presence of these EMG findings in the PMR-GCA syndrome is unusual. Response to therapy with systemic corticosteroids and normalization of the EMG are documented.", "PMID": 420718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10628", "title": "Apparent acute renal failure associated with therapeutic aspirin and ibuprofen administration.", "content": "Aspirin and ibuprofen may cause a decrease in renal function which, although statistically significant, is usually small. We report a patient with active systemic lupus erythematosus and apparent acute renal failure associated with the administration of these drugs. Renal biopsy revealed no light microscopic evidence of drug nephrotoxicity although patchy nonspecific ultrastructural changes in the tubular epithelium were seen. The renal failure reversed rapidly when the drugs were withdrawn.", "contents": "Apparent acute renal failure associated with therapeutic aspirin and ibuprofen administration. Aspirin and ibuprofen may cause a decrease in renal function which, although statistically significant, is usually small. We report a patient with active systemic lupus erythematosus and apparent acute renal failure associated with the administration of these drugs. Renal biopsy revealed no light microscopic evidence of drug nephrotoxicity although patchy nonspecific ultrastructural changes in the tubular epithelium were seen. The renal failure reversed rapidly when the drugs were withdrawn.", "PMID": 420719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10629", "title": "Acute monocytic arthritis.", "content": "Five patients with the triad of fever, skin rash, and acute polyarthritis were studied with regard to synovial fluid analysis. All cases revealed inflammatory effusions with a predominant monocytosis. Skin biopsies from two cases and synovial membrane biopsy from one case revealed a nonnecrotizing vasculitis. Although the etiology of this syndrome was not ascertained, it bears striking similarities to certain viral arthritides. It also deserves consideration as a form of acute hypersensitivity angiitis.", "contents": "Acute monocytic arthritis. Five patients with the triad of fever, skin rash, and acute polyarthritis were studied with regard to synovial fluid analysis. All cases revealed inflammatory effusions with a predominant monocytosis. Skin biopsies from two cases and synovial membrane biopsy from one case revealed a nonnecrotizing vasculitis. Although the etiology of this syndrome was not ascertained, it bears striking similarities to certain viral arthritides. It also deserves consideration as a form of acute hypersensitivity angiitis.", "PMID": 420721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10630", "title": "Hereditary stomatocytosis: association of low 2,3-diphosphoglycerate with increased cation pumping by the red cell.", "content": "The levels of glycolytic intermediates have been measured in red cells from patients with both overhydrated and dehydrated varieties of the hereditary stomatocytosis syndrome. Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was reduced by 33% below normal in all patients with either stomatocyte or target cell morphologies (i.e. over or under hydrated varieties respectively). The relative decrement in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was even greater when abnormal cells were compared with control cells with similar reticulocytosis. Red cell ADP concentrations in stomatocytosis were significantly increased above normal but ATP concentrations were not significantly changed. Whole blood oxygen affinity in stomatocytosis was increased in proportion to the lowered content of diphosphoglycerate. Some new parameters of membrane transport in hereditary stomatocytosis have been measured. Platelet K+ and Na+ concentrations and platelet K+ permeability were normal in stomatocytosis. The number of 3H-uridine transport sites in stomatocytes were increased by 9-39% above normal and this increment was the same as the increment in red cell lipids (0-38%). Hereditary stomatocytes contain 2-10-fold more cation pumps than normal and the increased active cation pumping may explain the high ADP, the low 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration and the increased oxygen affinity in this syndrome.", "contents": "Hereditary stomatocytosis: association of low 2,3-diphosphoglycerate with increased cation pumping by the red cell. The levels of glycolytic intermediates have been measured in red cells from patients with both overhydrated and dehydrated varieties of the hereditary stomatocytosis syndrome. Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was reduced by 33% below normal in all patients with either stomatocyte or target cell morphologies (i.e. over or under hydrated varieties respectively). The relative decrement in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was even greater when abnormal cells were compared with control cells with similar reticulocytosis. Red cell ADP concentrations in stomatocytosis were significantly increased above normal but ATP concentrations were not significantly changed. Whole blood oxygen affinity in stomatocytosis was increased in proportion to the lowered content of diphosphoglycerate. Some new parameters of membrane transport in hereditary stomatocytosis have been measured. Platelet K+ and Na+ concentrations and platelet K+ permeability were normal in stomatocytosis. The number of 3H-uridine transport sites in stomatocytes were increased by 9-39% above normal and this increment was the same as the increment in red cell lipids (0-38%). Hereditary stomatocytes contain 2-10-fold more cation pumps than normal and the increased active cation pumping may explain the high ADP, the low 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration and the increased oxygen affinity in this syndrome.", "PMID": 420735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10631", "title": "Association of IgA multiple myeloma with pre-existing disease.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 153 patients with multiple myeloma was performed for evaluation of the possible significance of pre-existing disease. 37% of the group had no significant antecedent disorder. The most common prior illnesses were peptic ulcer disease and gallbladder disease. Of 12 patients in the group who had prior biliary tract disease and for whom immunoelectrophoretic studies were available, eight (66.7%) had IgA paraproteins. This figure is statistically higher (P less than 0.01) than the 14.1% prevalence of IgA paraproteins in those myeloma patients without biliary disease. Of 20 individuals with IgA myeloma, only two had no significant antecedent disease. The rest had primarily chronic biliary, peptic ulcer, other gastrointestinal or respiratory tract inflammatory diseases. We conclude that prior inflammatory gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and, particularly, biliary disease may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the IgA subset of multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Association of IgA multiple myeloma with pre-existing disease. A retrospective analysis of 153 patients with multiple myeloma was performed for evaluation of the possible significance of pre-existing disease. 37% of the group had no significant antecedent disorder. The most common prior illnesses were peptic ulcer disease and gallbladder disease. Of 12 patients in the group who had prior biliary tract disease and for whom immunoelectrophoretic studies were available, eight (66.7%) had IgA paraproteins. This figure is statistically higher (P less than 0.01) than the 14.1% prevalence of IgA paraproteins in those myeloma patients without biliary disease. Of 20 individuals with IgA myeloma, only two had no significant antecedent disease. The rest had primarily chronic biliary, peptic ulcer, other gastrointestinal or respiratory tract inflammatory diseases. We conclude that prior inflammatory gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and, particularly, biliary disease may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the IgA subset of multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 420736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10632", "title": "The effect of desferrioxamine on fibroblasts and collagen formation in cell cultures.", "content": "Iron is essential for the activity of proline hydroxylase and is an important co-factor in collagen synthesis. Fibroblast cultures exposed to desferrioxamine show impairment of DNA synthesis and reduced collagen formation, as measured by hydroxyproline synthesis and the deposition of hydroxyproline in the cell mat. In patients with transfusional iron overload long-term treatment with desferrioxamine is said to result in the inhibition of hepatic fibrosis. It is suggested that this may be a direct effect on collagen synthesis rather than an effect of reduced iron stores.", "contents": "The effect of desferrioxamine on fibroblasts and collagen formation in cell cultures. Iron is essential for the activity of proline hydroxylase and is an important co-factor in collagen synthesis. Fibroblast cultures exposed to desferrioxamine show impairment of DNA synthesis and reduced collagen formation, as measured by hydroxyproline synthesis and the deposition of hydroxyproline in the cell mat. In patients with transfusional iron overload long-term treatment with desferrioxamine is said to result in the inhibition of hepatic fibrosis. It is suggested that this may be a direct effect on collagen synthesis rather than an effect of reduced iron stores.", "PMID": 420737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10633", "title": "Comparison of sickle cell-beta0 thalassaemia with homozygous sickle cell disease.", "content": "Clinical and haematological features in 41 patients with sickle cell-beta0 thalassaemia (Sbeta0 thalassemia) and in 123 age--sex matched controls with homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease were compared. Persistence of splenomegaly was more common and fetal loss less common in Sbeta0 thalassemia but other clinical features were similar in the two genotypes. Total haemoglobin, Hb A2, PCV, CCV, and red cell count were significantly higher and MCV, MCH, MCHC, and ISC counts significantly lower in Sbeta0 thalassaemia. Proportional reticulocyte counts were significantly lower in Sbeta0 thalassaemia but there was no difference in absolute reticulocyte counts. Persistence of splenomegaly and low ISC counts are compatible with decreased intravascular sickling which may result from the lower mean cell haemoglobin S concentration in Sbeta0 thalassaemia. If beneficial effects of a low MCHC can be confirmed then a carefully monitored trial of iron deficiency in SS disease may be a logical experimental procedure.", "contents": "Comparison of sickle cell-beta0 thalassaemia with homozygous sickle cell disease. Clinical and haematological features in 41 patients with sickle cell-beta0 thalassaemia (Sbeta0 thalassemia) and in 123 age--sex matched controls with homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease were compared. Persistence of splenomegaly was more common and fetal loss less common in Sbeta0 thalassemia but other clinical features were similar in the two genotypes. Total haemoglobin, Hb A2, PCV, CCV, and red cell count were significantly higher and MCV, MCH, MCHC, and ISC counts significantly lower in Sbeta0 thalassaemia. Proportional reticulocyte counts were significantly lower in Sbeta0 thalassaemia but there was no difference in absolute reticulocyte counts. Persistence of splenomegaly and low ISC counts are compatible with decreased intravascular sickling which may result from the lower mean cell haemoglobin S concentration in Sbeta0 thalassaemia. If beneficial effects of a low MCHC can be confirmed then a carefully monitored trial of iron deficiency in SS disease may be a logical experimental procedure.", "PMID": 420738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10634", "title": "'Prolymphocytoid' transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "We report clinical, morphological and surface marker studies on seven patients with the common type of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) whose disease underwent an insidious though progressive change in character with increasing refractoriness to treatment. This transformation was accompanied by the appearance of a population of immature-appearing cells in the peripheral blood which resembled prolymphocytes, both at light and electron microscopy. The characteristic morphological feature was the presence of two distinct populations of cells, the typical CLL lymphocytes and the 'prolymphocytoid' cells. These cells retained the surface characteristics of CLL, i.e. the information of mouse RBC rosettes and sparse surface-bound immunoglobulin. This transformation can be distinguished by morphological and surface marker criteria from acute leukaemia occurring in CCL, Richter's syndrome and prolymphocytic leukaemia. The recognition of this group of CLL patients may add a new prognostic index to CLL and may help plan subsequent trials for the treatment of the disease.", "contents": "'Prolymphocytoid' transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. We report clinical, morphological and surface marker studies on seven patients with the common type of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) whose disease underwent an insidious though progressive change in character with increasing refractoriness to treatment. This transformation was accompanied by the appearance of a population of immature-appearing cells in the peripheral blood which resembled prolymphocytes, both at light and electron microscopy. The characteristic morphological feature was the presence of two distinct populations of cells, the typical CLL lymphocytes and the 'prolymphocytoid' cells. These cells retained the surface characteristics of CLL, i.e. the information of mouse RBC rosettes and sparse surface-bound immunoglobulin. This transformation can be distinguished by morphological and surface marker criteria from acute leukaemia occurring in CCL, Richter's syndrome and prolymphocytic leukaemia. The recognition of this group of CLL patients may add a new prognostic index to CLL and may help plan subsequent trials for the treatment of the disease.", "PMID": 420739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10635", "title": "Serial changes in coagulation and viscosity during sickle-cell crisis.", "content": "Coagulation activity and whole-blood viscosity were measured in the steady state, and serially during painful crisis, in eight patients with sickle-cell anaemia. Platelet and coagulation activation occurred in the steady state and became more pronounced early in crisis. Whole-blood viscosity increased during crisis in parallel with plasma fibrinogen. Similar changes were found in a parallel study of 20 patients with localized bacterial or viral infection who did not have sickle-cell anaemia. Reports of platelet activation, hypercoagulability, and hyperviscosity during painful crisis therefore reflect secondary changes arising from vascular stasis, precipitating infection, and an acute-phase protein reaction. Although secondary, these changes may contribute to vascular occlusion by an additive effect in vessels already partially occluded by sickled cells.", "contents": "Serial changes in coagulation and viscosity during sickle-cell crisis. Coagulation activity and whole-blood viscosity were measured in the steady state, and serially during painful crisis, in eight patients with sickle-cell anaemia. Platelet and coagulation activation occurred in the steady state and became more pronounced early in crisis. Whole-blood viscosity increased during crisis in parallel with plasma fibrinogen. Similar changes were found in a parallel study of 20 patients with localized bacterial or viral infection who did not have sickle-cell anaemia. Reports of platelet activation, hypercoagulability, and hyperviscosity during painful crisis therefore reflect secondary changes arising from vascular stasis, precipitating infection, and an acute-phase protein reaction. Although secondary, these changes may contribute to vascular occlusion by an additive effect in vessels already partially occluded by sickled cells.", "PMID": 420740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10636", "title": "Dietary restriction and the development of atherosclerosis.", "content": "1. White Carneau pigeons develop genetic atherosclerosis. The aorta shows intimal cushions at birth, cholesterol accumulation at 9 months of age and definite atherosclerotic lesions by 3 years of age. To determine whether these age-related arterial changes can be prevented by dietary restriction started early in life, 3-month-old pigeons were subjected to dietary restriction (40% of ad lib. diet). 2. Plasma cholesterol levels, cholesterol excretion and aortic cholesterol concentrations were compared with those of pigeons on the ad lib. diet. The pigeons on dietary restriction showed a decrease of 30% in weight. The plasma cholesterol levels of these pigeons decreased 20% when compared with those of ad lib. group. In the dietary-restricted group, both the faecal excretion of bile acids (P less than 0.01) and the aortic cholesterol level (P less than 0.02) were significantly reduced, with changes in the free and in the esterified sterol fraction. 3. This study shows, for the first time, that age-related accumulation of aortic cholesterol can be prevented or at least delayed by dietary restriction started early in life.", "contents": "Dietary restriction and the development of atherosclerosis. 1. White Carneau pigeons develop genetic atherosclerosis. The aorta shows intimal cushions at birth, cholesterol accumulation at 9 months of age and definite atherosclerotic lesions by 3 years of age. To determine whether these age-related arterial changes can be prevented by dietary restriction started early in life, 3-month-old pigeons were subjected to dietary restriction (40% of ad lib. diet). 2. Plasma cholesterol levels, cholesterol excretion and aortic cholesterol concentrations were compared with those of pigeons on the ad lib. diet. The pigeons on dietary restriction showed a decrease of 30% in weight. The plasma cholesterol levels of these pigeons decreased 20% when compared with those of ad lib. group. In the dietary-restricted group, both the faecal excretion of bile acids (P less than 0.01) and the aortic cholesterol level (P less than 0.02) were significantly reduced, with changes in the free and in the esterified sterol fraction. 3. This study shows, for the first time, that age-related accumulation of aortic cholesterol can be prevented or at least delayed by dietary restriction started early in life.", "PMID": 420741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10637", "title": "The effect of varying the quality of dietary protein and energy on food intake and growth in the Zucker rat.", "content": "1. Food intake and rates of protein, lipid and energy deposition were measured for lean and obese (fatty) Zucker rats offered to appetite from 34 d of age to slaughter at 66 d of age, one of sixteen semi-synthetic diets. Measurements were also made of the digestibility of dietary protein and the metabolizability of dietary energy. Total carcasses were analysed for protein and lipid, and body energy was calculated thereby. Changes in body constituents were calculated by the comparative-slaughter technique. 2. In Expt 1, four rats of each phenotype and sex were offered one of four diets, each of which contained either 150 or 300 g casein (150 C and 300 C respectively)/kg and either 150 or 300 g cellulose (150 cell and either 150 or 300 g casein (150 C and 300 C respectively)/kg and either 150 or 300 g cellulose (150 CELL and 300 CELL respectively)/kg (diets 150 C/150 CELL, 150 C/300 CELL, 300 C/150 CELL and 300 C/300 CELL. As expected, males ate more and had higher rates of protein deposition than female animals of the same phenotype on all diets. These sex differences were greater for the lean phenotype. The results for animals in this experiment are presented with, and discussed in relation to, those obtained previously for animals of both sexes fed on cellulose-free diets having these two levels of casein. 3. In Expt 2, four female animals of each phenotype were fed one of twelve semi-synthetic diets, each of which contained casein, gluten or zein at one of the following levels (g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)/kg diet): 93, 132, 267 or 627. On all diets containing zein both fatty and lean rats had similar, low food intakes and failed to grow. Fatty rats fed on diets containing casein or gluten had higher rates of food intake, weight gain, lipid and energy deposition than lean rats, but similar rates of protein deposition. Rats fed on diets having the two lower levels of casein ate more and grew better than animals of the same phenotype fed on the two corresponding diets containing gluten but at higher protein levels differences in food intake and growth attributable to differences in protein quality disappeared and furthermore, the rate of protein deposition became similar and maximal for both phenotypes. 4. The results from both experiments are discussed in relation to previous work on appetite control in the Zucker rat. It appears that fatty and lean rats eat during growth to attain the maximal rate of protein deposition of which they are capable. The rate of lipid deposition would appear to be of no importance in the food intake regulation of animals depositing protein maximally. 5. Rats given diets that fail to support maximal rates of protein deposition appear to regulate their intake of digestible energy rather than that of digestible protein. They do not overeat protein-deficient diets in order to acquire sufficient protein for maximal growth although the factors that induce satiety in these animals are unknown.", "contents": "The effect of varying the quality of dietary protein and energy on food intake and growth in the Zucker rat. 1. Food intake and rates of protein, lipid and energy deposition were measured for lean and obese (fatty) Zucker rats offered to appetite from 34 d of age to slaughter at 66 d of age, one of sixteen semi-synthetic diets. Measurements were also made of the digestibility of dietary protein and the metabolizability of dietary energy. Total carcasses were analysed for protein and lipid, and body energy was calculated thereby. Changes in body constituents were calculated by the comparative-slaughter technique. 2. In Expt 1, four rats of each phenotype and sex were offered one of four diets, each of which contained either 150 or 300 g casein (150 C and 300 C respectively)/kg and either 150 or 300 g cellulose (150 cell and either 150 or 300 g casein (150 C and 300 C respectively)/kg and either 150 or 300 g cellulose (150 CELL and 300 CELL respectively)/kg (diets 150 C/150 CELL, 150 C/300 CELL, 300 C/150 CELL and 300 C/300 CELL. As expected, males ate more and had higher rates of protein deposition than female animals of the same phenotype on all diets. These sex differences were greater for the lean phenotype. The results for animals in this experiment are presented with, and discussed in relation to, those obtained previously for animals of both sexes fed on cellulose-free diets having these two levels of casein. 3. In Expt 2, four female animals of each phenotype were fed one of twelve semi-synthetic diets, each of which contained casein, gluten or zein at one of the following levels (g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)/kg diet): 93, 132, 267 or 627. On all diets containing zein both fatty and lean rats had similar, low food intakes and failed to grow. Fatty rats fed on diets containing casein or gluten had higher rates of food intake, weight gain, lipid and energy deposition than lean rats, but similar rates of protein deposition. Rats fed on diets having the two lower levels of casein ate more and grew better than animals of the same phenotype fed on the two corresponding diets containing gluten but at higher protein levels differences in food intake and growth attributable to differences in protein quality disappeared and furthermore, the rate of protein deposition became similar and maximal for both phenotypes. 4. The results from both experiments are discussed in relation to previous work on appetite control in the Zucker rat. It appears that fatty and lean rats eat during growth to attain the maximal rate of protein deposition of which they are capable. The rate of lipid deposition would appear to be of no importance in the food intake regulation of animals depositing protein maximally. 5. Rats given diets that fail to support maximal rates of protein deposition appear to regulate their intake of digestible energy rather than that of digestible protein. They do not overeat protein-deficient diets in order to acquire sufficient protein for maximal growth although the factors that induce satiety in these animals are unknown.", "PMID": 420743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10638", "title": "Some effects of sulphur intake on molybdenum metabolism in sheep.", "content": "1. To investigate the effects of sulphur intake on molybdenum metabolism in sheep, ewes were given intakes of 0.3 or 3.5 mg Mo and 0.98, 1.33, 1.73 or 3.23 g S/d in a 2x4 factorial experiment with two replicates lasting 35 d. 99Mo with 0.1 mg carrier Mo was infused intravenously for the last 14 d and, when 99Mo concentrations in urine and faeces had attained plateaux (days 11-14), stable Mo and 99Mo balance trails were conducted; samples of blood and rumen contents were taken principally for studies of Mo distribution. 2. Increases in S intake caused the following changes in Mo metabolism; absorption decreased, urinary and faecal endogenous excretion decreased and retention increased; Mo concentrations in rumen contents decreased but the predominant association with the solid phase was unaffected; Mo concentrations in plasma decreased, but a higher proportion was associated with the protein fraction; Mo in protein-free plasma became apparently less ultrafiltrable at the glomerulus. 3. The pattern of response to S for each factor was generally curvilinear, the first increment in S intake having by far the greatest effect. The effect of S was generally greatest at the higher Mo intake. 4. It is suggested that the manifold effects of S on Mo metabolism are related to a common interaction in the rumen leading to the formation of Mo-complexes, possibly thiomolybdates, which are poorly absorbed but even more poorly excreted.", "contents": "Some effects of sulphur intake on molybdenum metabolism in sheep. 1. To investigate the effects of sulphur intake on molybdenum metabolism in sheep, ewes were given intakes of 0.3 or 3.5 mg Mo and 0.98, 1.33, 1.73 or 3.23 g S/d in a 2x4 factorial experiment with two replicates lasting 35 d. 99Mo with 0.1 mg carrier Mo was infused intravenously for the last 14 d and, when 99Mo concentrations in urine and faeces had attained plateaux (days 11-14), stable Mo and 99Mo balance trails were conducted; samples of blood and rumen contents were taken principally for studies of Mo distribution. 2. Increases in S intake caused the following changes in Mo metabolism; absorption decreased, urinary and faecal endogenous excretion decreased and retention increased; Mo concentrations in rumen contents decreased but the predominant association with the solid phase was unaffected; Mo concentrations in plasma decreased, but a higher proportion was associated with the protein fraction; Mo in protein-free plasma became apparently less ultrafiltrable at the glomerulus. 3. The pattern of response to S for each factor was generally curvilinear, the first increment in S intake having by far the greatest effect. The effect of S was generally greatest at the higher Mo intake. 4. It is suggested that the manifold effects of S on Mo metabolism are related to a common interaction in the rumen leading to the formation of Mo-complexes, possibly thiomolybdates, which are poorly absorbed but even more poorly excreted.", "PMID": 420744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10639", "title": "Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs. 5. Measurements of the flow of nitrogen.", "content": "1. Digesta were collected from twenty-three pigs, initially of 30 kg live weight, and fitted with single Ash re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. A further twenty-four pigs were used in a conventional digestibility trial. 2. Three approximately isonitrogenous diets were used; they contained: barley, fine wheat ofal, white fish meal, minerals and vitamins (diet BWF), starch, sucrose, maize oil, cellulose, minerals, vitamins and either groundnut (diet SSG) or casein (diet SSC). 3. The flow-rates of nitrogen (N), liquid-fraction N (LN) and non-protein liquid-fraction N (NPLN) were measured hourly in the duodenum and every 6 h in the ileum during 24 h collection periods. Faeces were collected during 5 d periods. 4. Marked increases in flow of N, LN and NPLN were seen in the duodenum and jejunum after feeding each diet, but not in the ileum. 5. Values for, N output: intake from the duodenal, jejunal or ideal cannulas and in faeces in 24 h periods were respectively: 0.98, 0.88, 0.25 and 0.21 for diet BWF; 1.00, 0.97, 0.22 and 0.24 for diet SSG; 0.98, 0.73, 0.09 and 0.03 for diet SSC. The corresponding values for LN in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively were: 0.53, 0.53 and 0.12 for diet BWF; 0.46, 0.60 AND 0.13 FOR DIet SSG' 0.57, 0.50 and 0.06 for diet SSC. The corresponding values for NPLN in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively were: 0.41, 0.38 and 0.09 for diet BWF; 0.35, 0.36 AND 0.08 FOR DIET SSG; 0.46, 0.38 AND 0.04 for diet SSC. 6. The results are discussed in relation to similar studies, particularly in pigs with duodenal cannulas, in which widely different observations were made.", "contents": "Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs. 5. Measurements of the flow of nitrogen. 1. Digesta were collected from twenty-three pigs, initially of 30 kg live weight, and fitted with single Ash re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. A further twenty-four pigs were used in a conventional digestibility trial. 2. Three approximately isonitrogenous diets were used; they contained: barley, fine wheat ofal, white fish meal, minerals and vitamins (diet BWF), starch, sucrose, maize oil, cellulose, minerals, vitamins and either groundnut (diet SSG) or casein (diet SSC). 3. The flow-rates of nitrogen (N), liquid-fraction N (LN) and non-protein liquid-fraction N (NPLN) were measured hourly in the duodenum and every 6 h in the ileum during 24 h collection periods. Faeces were collected during 5 d periods. 4. Marked increases in flow of N, LN and NPLN were seen in the duodenum and jejunum after feeding each diet, but not in the ileum. 5. Values for, N output: intake from the duodenal, jejunal or ideal cannulas and in faeces in 24 h periods were respectively: 0.98, 0.88, 0.25 and 0.21 for diet BWF; 1.00, 0.97, 0.22 and 0.24 for diet SSG; 0.98, 0.73, 0.09 and 0.03 for diet SSC. The corresponding values for LN in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively were: 0.53, 0.53 and 0.12 for diet BWF; 0.46, 0.60 AND 0.13 FOR DIet SSG' 0.57, 0.50 and 0.06 for diet SSC. The corresponding values for NPLN in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively were: 0.41, 0.38 and 0.09 for diet BWF; 0.35, 0.36 AND 0.08 FOR DIET SSG; 0.46, 0.38 AND 0.04 for diet SSC. 6. The results are discussed in relation to similar studies, particularly in pigs with duodenal cannulas, in which widely different observations were made.", "PMID": 420745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10640", "title": "Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs. 6. Measurements of the flow of amino acids.", "content": "1. Digesta were collected from seventeen pigs initially of 30 kg live weight fitted with single re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. A further twenty-four pigs were used in a conventional digestibility trial. 2. The pigs received three types of diet containing: barley, fine wheat offal, white fish meal, minerals and vitamins (diet BWF); starch, sucrose, maize, oil, cellulose, minerals and vitamins and either groundnut (diet SSG) or casein (diet SSC). 3. Amino acids were measured in samples representative of the digesta flow in 24 h periods and in the faeces collected in 5 d periods. 4. For each diet the total flow in 24 h periods in the duodenum for aspartic acid, threonine, serine and glycine exceeded  or equalled intake, while the amounts of the other amino acids were usually rather less than intake. 5. For each diet in the jejunum, the amounts of glycine and cystine exceeded intake in 24 h periods, while methionine, arginine and tyrosine were the most rapidly absorbed amino acids anterior to the cannula site. On average 0.22, 0.25 and 0.31 of the dietary amino acids were absorbed anterior to the cannula site for diets BWF, SSG and SSC, respectively. 6. For each diet in the ileum, the least apparently absorbed dietary amino acids were glycine and cystine. On average 0.81, 0.83 and 0.95 of the dietary amino acids were absorbed anterior to the cannula site for diets BWF, SSG and SSC, respectively. 7. There was net disappearance of most amino acids in the large intestine, but some net accumulation occurred in this region. 8. The results are discussed in relation to the amino acid composition of endogenous secretions (particularly glycine in bile), protease and peptidase specificity, free amino acid absorption and the role of the microflora in the large intestine.", "contents": "Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs. 6. Measurements of the flow of amino acids. 1. Digesta were collected from seventeen pigs initially of 30 kg live weight fitted with single re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. A further twenty-four pigs were used in a conventional digestibility trial. 2. The pigs received three types of diet containing: barley, fine wheat offal, white fish meal, minerals and vitamins (diet BWF); starch, sucrose, maize, oil, cellulose, minerals and vitamins and either groundnut (diet SSG) or casein (diet SSC). 3. Amino acids were measured in samples representative of the digesta flow in 24 h periods and in the faeces collected in 5 d periods. 4. For each diet the total flow in 24 h periods in the duodenum for aspartic acid, threonine, serine and glycine exceeded  or equalled intake, while the amounts of the other amino acids were usually rather less than intake. 5. For each diet in the jejunum, the amounts of glycine and cystine exceeded intake in 24 h periods, while methionine, arginine and tyrosine were the most rapidly absorbed amino acids anterior to the cannula site. On average 0.22, 0.25 and 0.31 of the dietary amino acids were absorbed anterior to the cannula site for diets BWF, SSG and SSC, respectively. 6. For each diet in the ileum, the least apparently absorbed dietary amino acids were glycine and cystine. On average 0.81, 0.83 and 0.95 of the dietary amino acids were absorbed anterior to the cannula site for diets BWF, SSG and SSC, respectively. 7. There was net disappearance of most amino acids in the large intestine, but some net accumulation occurred in this region. 8. The results are discussed in relation to the amino acid composition of endogenous secretions (particularly glycine in bile), protease and peptidase specificity, free amino acid absorption and the role of the microflora in the large intestine.", "PMID": 420746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10641", "title": "Ntau-methylhistidine in human skeletal and smooth muscle proteins.", "content": "1. Fifteen pieces of rectus abdominus muscle and fifteen pieces of taenia muscle were removed from patients undergoing various surgical procedures. 2. The muscles were extracted, hydrolysed and the content of Ntau-methylhistidine was measured. 3. The rectus muscles contained 3.13 +/- 0.7 mumols Ntau-methylhistidine/g fat-free dry solid and the taenia muscles 2.4 +/- 0.6 mumols/g fat-free dry solid. There was a statistically significant difference (P less than 0.05) between these values using the Student's unpaired tau test, although this could have been due to contamination of the taenia muscles with connective tissue. 4. The muscle content of Ntau-methylhistidine was at least 40% higher than the only other reported value and therefore the method of calculating muscle protein breakdown based on Ntau-methylhistidine excretion requires revision.", "contents": "Ntau-methylhistidine in human skeletal and smooth muscle proteins. 1. Fifteen pieces of rectus abdominus muscle and fifteen pieces of taenia muscle were removed from patients undergoing various surgical procedures. 2. The muscles were extracted, hydrolysed and the content of Ntau-methylhistidine was measured. 3. The rectus muscles contained 3.13 +/- 0.7 mumols Ntau-methylhistidine/g fat-free dry solid and the taenia muscles 2.4 +/- 0.6 mumols/g fat-free dry solid. There was a statistically significant difference (P less than 0.05) between these values using the Student's unpaired tau test, although this could have been due to contamination of the taenia muscles with connective tissue. 4. The muscle content of Ntau-methylhistidine was at least 40% higher than the only other reported value and therefore the method of calculating muscle protein breakdown based on Ntau-methylhistidine excretion requires revision.", "PMID": 420747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10642", "title": "Carotid or jugular amino acid infusions and food intake in the cockerel.", "content": "1. Infusions of histidine into the carotid arteries of cockerels receiving a histidine-limiting, imbalanced diet caused an increase in food intake, whereas similar infusions into the jugular veins did not. 2. Infusions of lysine into the carotid arteries or jugular veins of young cockerels receiving a balanced, low-protein diet caused decreases in food intake. There was evidence of a more marked effect of carotid infusion. 3. The mechanisms of food intake regulation by amino acids in mammals are applicable to birds and excesses of single amino acids do seem to affect food intake directly.", "contents": "Carotid or jugular amino acid infusions and food intake in the cockerel. 1. Infusions of histidine into the carotid arteries of cockerels receiving a histidine-limiting, imbalanced diet caused an increase in food intake, whereas similar infusions into the jugular veins did not. 2. Infusions of lysine into the carotid arteries or jugular veins of young cockerels receiving a balanced, low-protein diet caused decreases in food intake. There was evidence of a more marked effect of carotid infusion. 3. The mechanisms of food intake regulation by amino acids in mammals are applicable to birds and excesses of single amino acids do seem to affect food intake directly.", "PMID": 420748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10643", "title": "The nutritional value and quality of squid (Illex illecebrosus) meal as source of dietary protein for broiler chicken.", "content": "1. Squid meal (SqM), produced by grinding and drying the whole squid (Illex illecebrosus) common to the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean, contained 645 g protein/kg and appeared limiting with respect to lysine, methionine and cystine. 2. Although a comparison of the essential amino acid profiles of SqM with other protein concentrates indicated that SqM was higher than fish meal and soya-bean meal but lower than casein or whole-egg protein, these teported for evaluating protein quality of SqM. It was based on the direct chromatographic determination, of its collagen content, from the amounts of 5-hydroxylysine or 5-hydroxyproline present, and elastin, from the amounts of desmosine or iso-desmosine present. This method can also be routinely used to assess the connective tissue content and protein quality of animal protein supplements such as fish, meat-and-bone meals. 4. A nutritional evaluation of SqM as a source of protein for poultry was carried out using 320 male and 320 female Cobb chicks fed from 1-d-old to 48 d, a control diet containing 50 g/kg fish meal or test diets containing 50 g, 100 g or 150 g SqM/kg. 5. Feeding of SqM at a rate of up to 100 g/kg diet resulted in optimum biological response and monetary returns.", "contents": "The nutritional value and quality of squid (Illex illecebrosus) meal as source of dietary protein for broiler chicken. 1. Squid meal (SqM), produced by grinding and drying the whole squid (Illex illecebrosus) common to the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean, contained 645 g protein/kg and appeared limiting with respect to lysine, methionine and cystine. 2. Although a comparison of the essential amino acid profiles of SqM with other protein concentrates indicated that SqM was higher than fish meal and soya-bean meal but lower than casein or whole-egg protein, these teported for evaluating protein quality of SqM. It was based on the direct chromatographic determination, of its collagen content, from the amounts of 5-hydroxylysine or 5-hydroxyproline present, and elastin, from the amounts of desmosine or iso-desmosine present. This method can also be routinely used to assess the connective tissue content and protein quality of animal protein supplements such as fish, meat-and-bone meals. 4. A nutritional evaluation of SqM as a source of protein for poultry was carried out using 320 male and 320 female Cobb chicks fed from 1-d-old to 48 d, a control diet containing 50 g/kg fish meal or test diets containing 50 g, 100 g or 150 g SqM/kg. 5. Feeding of SqM at a rate of up to 100 g/kg diet resulted in optimum biological response and monetary returns.", "PMID": 420749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10644", "title": "Seasonal variation in the effect of dietary RNA on criteria of energy homoeostasis in the rat.", "content": "1. RNA was administered to rats as part of a meal while standardizing food intake and minimizing the effects of psychological stress and diurnal metabolic rhythms. It was demonstrated that circulating levels of glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) in the animals, which were deprived of food for 48 h, were responsive to orally administered caffeine. 2. Inclusion of RNA in the diet slightly but consistently reduced the normal postprandial hyperglycaemia. Its effect on plasma FFA was variable although statistically significant in some experiments. The differences between RNA-and control-fed animals were not attributable to differences in the rate of passage of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract. 3. Evidence was obtained that the variability in the FFA response was related to a seasonally-dependent change in the state of animals. The synchronizer ('Zeitgeber') responsible for this change was not identified and no satisfactory way of suppressing its effect was found. 4. The present findings, taken in conjunction with those of previous workers, suggest that there is a seasonal influence on the sympathetic nervous system manifesting itself as a variable susceptibility to arousal or excitation.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in the effect of dietary RNA on criteria of energy homoeostasis in the rat. 1. RNA was administered to rats as part of a meal while standardizing food intake and minimizing the effects of psychological stress and diurnal metabolic rhythms. It was demonstrated that circulating levels of glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) in the animals, which were deprived of food for 48 h, were responsive to orally administered caffeine. 2. Inclusion of RNA in the diet slightly but consistently reduced the normal postprandial hyperglycaemia. Its effect on plasma FFA was variable although statistically significant in some experiments. The differences between RNA-and control-fed animals were not attributable to differences in the rate of passage of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract. 3. Evidence was obtained that the variability in the FFA response was related to a seasonally-dependent change in the state of animals. The synchronizer ('Zeitgeber') responsible for this change was not identified and no satisfactory way of suppressing its effect was found. 4. The present findings, taken in conjunction with those of previous workers, suggest that there is a seasonal influence on the sympathetic nervous system manifesting itself as a variable susceptibility to arousal or excitation.", "PMID": 420751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10645", "title": "Effect of varying energy and protein intake on nitrogen balance in adults engaged in heavy manual labour.", "content": "1. The effect of varying energy and protein intake on nitrogen balance in adult men engaged in heavy manual labour was investigated. 2. Low protein and energy levels resulted in negative N balance and urea index (Waterlow, 1963) was decreased. 3. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline was found to be sensitive to dietary protein level, but not to energy.", "contents": "Effect of varying energy and protein intake on nitrogen balance in adults engaged in heavy manual labour. 1. The effect of varying energy and protein intake on nitrogen balance in adult men engaged in heavy manual labour was investigated. 2. Low protein and energy levels resulted in negative N balance and urea index (Waterlow, 1963) was decreased. 3. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline was found to be sensitive to dietary protein level, but not to energy.", "PMID": 420752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10646", "title": "The origin of nitrogen incorporated into compounds in the rumen bacteria of steers given protein- and urea-containing diets.", "content": "1. Two young Friesian steers fitted with rumen cannulas were each given three different isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets for successive periods of 2-3 weeks. The diets consisted mainly of straw and tapioca, with the nitrogen supplied mainly as decorticated groundnut meal(DCGM; diet A), in approximately equal amounts of DCGM and urea (diet B), or entirely as urea (diet C). 2. At the end of each period on a given diet, part of the dietary urea of a morning feed was replaced by a solution of [15N]urea which was infused into the rumen. Samples of rumen contents were removed just before giving the 15N dose and at 1,3,5,7 and 24 h afterwards, concentrations of ammonia and its 15N enrichment were determined and samples of mixed bacteria were prepared. Amino acids, ammonia derived mainly from amide groups, and hexosamines were prepared by ion-exchange chromatography of acid-hydrolysates of the bacteria and analysed for 15N. 3. Approximate estimates of net bacterial N synthesis were made from turnover data for rumen fluid and 15N enrichments in rumen fractions. From the determined efficiency of incorporation of urea-N into bacteria recovered at the duodenum, it was calculated that on diets A, B and C respectively 82%, 37% and 0% of the bacterial N was derived from dietary protein or other non-urea sources. 4. [15N]urea was converted rapidly to ammonia and the 15N then incorporated into bacterial amide-N; it appeared at a slower rate in total bacterial non-amide-N. Rates of incorporation into non-amide-N were highest for glutamic acid, aspartic acid and alanine, and generally lowest for proline (pro), histidine (his), phenylalanine(phe), arginine(arg), methionine(met) and galactosamine. A similar ranking was also generally observed for relative 15N abundances (15N atoms % excess in N component divided by 15N atoms % excess in total bacterial N) achieved after several hours. Relative 15N abundances in his, arg and pro increased with decreasing protein (DCGM) in the diet but those in the other protein amino acids, including the poorly labelled met, phe (and its derivative tyrosine) did not. 5. It was concluded that different extents of labelling of the amino acids (at least those present mainly in protein) indicated that different amounts of preformed units (amino acids or peptides) were used. When an adequate supply of such units was available (particularly on diet A) pro, arg, his, met and phe were derived in this way to a greater extent than the other amino acids, but whereas synthesis of pro, arg and his increased on the low-protein diet C, that of met and phe did not. Thus met and phe may be limiting for bacterial growth on diets low in protein and high in non-protein-N. 6. Differences in the extent of labelling of other bacterial N components may be due to different turnover rates.", "contents": "The origin of nitrogen incorporated into compounds in the rumen bacteria of steers given protein- and urea-containing diets. 1. Two young Friesian steers fitted with rumen cannulas were each given three different isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets for successive periods of 2-3 weeks. The diets consisted mainly of straw and tapioca, with the nitrogen supplied mainly as decorticated groundnut meal(DCGM; diet A), in approximately equal amounts of DCGM and urea (diet B), or entirely as urea (diet C). 2. At the end of each period on a given diet, part of the dietary urea of a morning feed was replaced by a solution of [15N]urea which was infused into the rumen. Samples of rumen contents were removed just before giving the 15N dose and at 1,3,5,7 and 24 h afterwards, concentrations of ammonia and its 15N enrichment were determined and samples of mixed bacteria were prepared. Amino acids, ammonia derived mainly from amide groups, and hexosamines were prepared by ion-exchange chromatography of acid-hydrolysates of the bacteria and analysed for 15N. 3. Approximate estimates of net bacterial N synthesis were made from turnover data for rumen fluid and 15N enrichments in rumen fractions. From the determined efficiency of incorporation of urea-N into bacteria recovered at the duodenum, it was calculated that on diets A, B and C respectively 82%, 37% and 0% of the bacterial N was derived from dietary protein or other non-urea sources. 4. [15N]urea was converted rapidly to ammonia and the 15N then incorporated into bacterial amide-N; it appeared at a slower rate in total bacterial non-amide-N. Rates of incorporation into non-amide-N were highest for glutamic acid, aspartic acid and alanine, and generally lowest for proline (pro), histidine (his), phenylalanine(phe), arginine(arg), methionine(met) and galactosamine. A similar ranking was also generally observed for relative 15N abundances (15N atoms % excess in N component divided by 15N atoms % excess in total bacterial N) achieved after several hours. Relative 15N abundances in his, arg and pro increased with decreasing protein (DCGM) in the diet but those in the other protein amino acids, including the poorly labelled met, phe (and its derivative tyrosine) did not. 5. It was concluded that different extents of labelling of the amino acids (at least those present mainly in protein) indicated that different amounts of preformed units (amino acids or peptides) were used. When an adequate supply of such units was available (particularly on diet A) pro, arg, his, met and phe were derived in this way to a greater extent than the other amino acids, but whereas synthesis of pro, arg and his increased on the low-protein diet C, that of met and phe did not. Thus met and phe may be limiting for bacterial growth on diets low in protein and high in non-protein-N. 6. Differences in the extent of labelling of other bacterial N components may be due to different turnover rates.", "PMID": 420753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10647", "title": "Studies on the body composition, fat distribution and fat cell size and number of 'Ad', a new obese mutant mouse.", "content": "1. Studies have been performed on the body composition, the fat distribution, the fat cell size, and the 'observable' fat cell number of a new obese mutant, the Adipose (Ad) mouse. The serum glucose and insulin concentrations have also been investigated. All studies were undertaken with animals aged 6 months. 2. The obese animals weighed over 50% more than the lean, but there was no difference in the body or tail lengths. 3. The obese animals had an increase in the weight of the liver, but the increase was only proportional to the increase in the total body-weight. 4. The carcasses of the obese mice contained more water as well as more fat than those of the lean. In the males the fat content was 3.9 times greater, while in the females it was increased by 5.5 times. 5. The nitrogen content of the defatted dry carcass was the same in both lean and obese animals but the total body protein was higher in the obese. 6. Fat was dissected from four major depots, gonadal, abdominal, hind subcutaneous and interscapular subcutaneous (including brown adipose tissue), and each was substantially larger in the obese animals. This indicated that the additional fat of the Ad mouse was not localized to any particular site. 7. In Ad males there was no over-all increase in the observed number of adipocytes, all the extra fat being accommodated by an increase in fat cell size (3.8 times). However, in Ad females there was a 3.3 fold increase in the number of observable fat cells as well as a 2.2-fold increase in fat cell size. 8. Non-fasted obese animals were not hyperglycaemic, but there was a 5.3-fold increase in the concentration of serum insulin. Hyperinsulinemia in the presence of normoglycaemia suggested that the obese animals were insulin resistant.", "contents": "Studies on the body composition, fat distribution and fat cell size and number of 'Ad', a new obese mutant mouse. 1. Studies have been performed on the body composition, the fat distribution, the fat cell size, and the 'observable' fat cell number of a new obese mutant, the Adipose (Ad) mouse. The serum glucose and insulin concentrations have also been investigated. All studies were undertaken with animals aged 6 months. 2. The obese animals weighed over 50% more than the lean, but there was no difference in the body or tail lengths. 3. The obese animals had an increase in the weight of the liver, but the increase was only proportional to the increase in the total body-weight. 4. The carcasses of the obese mice contained more water as well as more fat than those of the lean. In the males the fat content was 3.9 times greater, while in the females it was increased by 5.5 times. 5. The nitrogen content of the defatted dry carcass was the same in both lean and obese animals but the total body protein was higher in the obese. 6. Fat was dissected from four major depots, gonadal, abdominal, hind subcutaneous and interscapular subcutaneous (including brown adipose tissue), and each was substantially larger in the obese animals. This indicated that the additional fat of the Ad mouse was not localized to any particular site. 7. In Ad males there was no over-all increase in the observed number of adipocytes, all the extra fat being accommodated by an increase in fat cell size (3.8 times). However, in Ad females there was a 3.3 fold increase in the number of observable fat cells as well as a 2.2-fold increase in fat cell size. 8. Non-fasted obese animals were not hyperglycaemic, but there was a 5.3-fold increase in the concentration of serum insulin. Hyperinsulinemia in the presence of normoglycaemia suggested that the obese animals were insulin resistant.", "PMID": 420754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10648", "title": "Estimates of maintenance requirement of growing lambs.", "content": "1. Total body energy retention (ER) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI) values from experiments with 231 lambs (Suffolk male x (Border Leicester male x Cheviot female) female) housed indoors and given thirteen forage diets were used to estimate the metabolizable energy (ME) required for maintenance. 2. ER was measured using the comparative slaughter technique, and the lambs were fed at several planes of nutrition above maintenance between 2 and 5 months of age. 3. The daily ER and MEI results were scaled to live weight (kg0.75) and linear regression lines fitted to the values for individual diets. Extrapolation of the fitted lines to zero ER gave estimates of maintenance requirement ranging from 141 to 466 kJ ME/kg0.75 per d and values for the efficiency of utilization of ME for growth and fattening (Kf) of 0.25-0.53 (mean 0.39). 4. An alternative analysis constrained the estimated maintenance requirement to be the same for all diets. An iterative search procedure indicated minimal residual variation at 339 kJ/kg0.75 per d. This common value of ME for maintenance gave Kf values ranging from 0.30 to 0.54 (mean 0.39). 5. The implications of the technique were considered together with some discussion of the variability of the estimate. Allowing the minimum RSD to vary by 10% gave a maintenance requirement of between 231 and 408 kJ/kg0.75 per d.", "contents": "Estimates of maintenance requirement of growing lambs. 1. Total body energy retention (ER) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI) values from experiments with 231 lambs (Suffolk male x (Border Leicester male x Cheviot female) female) housed indoors and given thirteen forage diets were used to estimate the metabolizable energy (ME) required for maintenance. 2. ER was measured using the comparative slaughter technique, and the lambs were fed at several planes of nutrition above maintenance between 2 and 5 months of age. 3. The daily ER and MEI results were scaled to live weight (kg0.75) and linear regression lines fitted to the values for individual diets. Extrapolation of the fitted lines to zero ER gave estimates of maintenance requirement ranging from 141 to 466 kJ ME/kg0.75 per d and values for the efficiency of utilization of ME for growth and fattening (Kf) of 0.25-0.53 (mean 0.39). 4. An alternative analysis constrained the estimated maintenance requirement to be the same for all diets. An iterative search procedure indicated minimal residual variation at 339 kJ/kg0.75 per d. This common value of ME for maintenance gave Kf values ranging from 0.30 to 0.54 (mean 0.39). 5. The implications of the technique were considered together with some discussion of the variability of the estimate. Allowing the minimum RSD to vary by 10% gave a maintenance requirement of between 231 and 408 kJ/kg0.75 per d.", "PMID": 420755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10649", "title": "Vitamin B-complex deficiency and visual acuity.", "content": "1. A study was carried out on 973 school children to find out any relationship between vitamin B-complex deficiency signs and defective vision, and the effect of supplementation of B-complex vitamins on visual acuity. 2. The results of the study showed a significant association between presence of clinical signs of vitamin B-complex deficiency and defective vision. 3. Supplementation with vitamin B-complex was found to have a beneficial effect in improving the visual-acuity status of defective children and in preventing visual defects from developing. 4. It is concluded, therefore, that from the present study it appears that the relationship between vitamin B-complex deficiency and visual defects could be one of 'cause and effect'.", "contents": "Vitamin B-complex deficiency and visual acuity. 1. A study was carried out on 973 school children to find out any relationship between vitamin B-complex deficiency signs and defective vision, and the effect of supplementation of B-complex vitamins on visual acuity. 2. The results of the study showed a significant association between presence of clinical signs of vitamin B-complex deficiency and defective vision. 3. Supplementation with vitamin B-complex was found to have a beneficial effect in improving the visual-acuity status of defective children and in preventing visual defects from developing. 4. It is concluded, therefore, that from the present study it appears that the relationship between vitamin B-complex deficiency and visual defects could be one of 'cause and effect'.", "PMID": 420756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10650", "title": "Nutritional effects of field bean (Vicia faba L.) proteinase inhibitors fed to rats.", "content": "1. Weanling rats were fed on purified-casein diets containing active and inactive (autoclaved) field bean (Vicia faba L.) proteinase inhibitors (PI) at levels of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 g/kg. Diets containing raw- and autoclaved-field-bean meal (FBM) were also given. The body-weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER); i.e. the ratio of the live weight gain in g/g of protein consumed and apparent nitrogen digestibility were determined 7, 14 and 21 d after the start of the trial. 2. Significant growth depression (P less than 0.001) was observed in rats given diets containing 2.5 g/kg PI (27--35%). In rats fed on raw FBM growth depression was severe after 7 d (57%). 3. Food intake was depressed at PI inclusion levels of 5 g/kg and higher between 14 and 21 d. 4. PER was depressed significanlty (33-44%) in rats given diets containing the active PI at all levels after 7 d. The protein utilization of all casein diets was higher than that of the FBM diets. 5. Apparent N digestibility was depressed in rats fed on diets containing 10 g/kg PI by 9 and 7% at 14 and 21 d respectively. The N digestibility of both raw and heated FBM was similar at approximately 84%. 6. It was concluded that the PI are not the main factors responsible for the growth depression observed when raw FBM is fed to rats.", "contents": "Nutritional effects of field bean (Vicia faba L.) proteinase inhibitors fed to rats. 1. Weanling rats were fed on purified-casein diets containing active and inactive (autoclaved) field bean (Vicia faba L.) proteinase inhibitors (PI) at levels of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 g/kg. Diets containing raw- and autoclaved-field-bean meal (FBM) were also given. The body-weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER); i.e. the ratio of the live weight gain in g/g of protein consumed and apparent nitrogen digestibility were determined 7, 14 and 21 d after the start of the trial. 2. Significant growth depression (P less than 0.001) was observed in rats given diets containing 2.5 g/kg PI (27--35%). In rats fed on raw FBM growth depression was severe after 7 d (57%). 3. Food intake was depressed at PI inclusion levels of 5 g/kg and higher between 14 and 21 d. 4. PER was depressed significanlty (33-44%) in rats given diets containing the active PI at all levels after 7 d. The protein utilization of all casein diets was higher than that of the FBM diets. 5. Apparent N digestibility was depressed in rats fed on diets containing 10 g/kg PI by 9 and 7% at 14 and 21 d respectively. The N digestibility of both raw and heated FBM was similar at approximately 84%. 6. It was concluded that the PI are not the main factors responsible for the growth depression observed when raw FBM is fed to rats.", "PMID": 420757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10651", "title": "Absorption of lactulose from mammalian gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "1. The disaccharide lactulose (galactosyl-beta-1,4-fructose) was poorly absorbed from rat small intestine in vitro and human mouth in vivo. 2. These results confirm indirect clinical evidence of poor absorption from the intestine. 3. The presence of calcium ions, or absence of sodium ions, had no effect on lactulose absorption from buccal cavity. 4. The presence of ouabain, or absence of Na+, did not increase the absorption of lactulose from small intestine. 5. It is thought that the mode of transport, in both instances, is by passive diffusion with the concentration gradient.", "contents": "Absorption of lactulose from mammalian gastrointestinal tract. 1. The disaccharide lactulose (galactosyl-beta-1,4-fructose) was poorly absorbed from rat small intestine in vitro and human mouth in vivo. 2. These results confirm indirect clinical evidence of poor absorption from the intestine. 3. The presence of calcium ions, or absence of sodium ions, had no effect on lactulose absorption from buccal cavity. 4. The presence of ouabain, or absence of Na+, did not increase the absorption of lactulose from small intestine. 5. It is thought that the mode of transport, in both instances, is by passive diffusion with the concentration gradient.", "PMID": 420759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10652", "title": "A method of presenting longitudinal growth data.", "content": "1. Longitudinal growth profiles contain much information but are difficult to incorporate into mathematical and statistical analyses. 2. A growth function, which is a weighted average of growth achievement at different ages, is proposed. 3. This function is a non-dimensional number with defined statistical properties, and emphasizes growth achievement in early life. It can be used to compare the growth of individuals and populations.", "contents": "A method of presenting longitudinal growth data. 1. Longitudinal growth profiles contain much information but are difficult to incorporate into mathematical and statistical analyses. 2. A growth function, which is a weighted average of growth achievement at different ages, is proposed. 3. This function is a non-dimensional number with defined statistical properties, and emphasizes growth achievement in early life. It can be used to compare the growth of individuals and populations.", "PMID": 420760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10653", "title": "Toxicity of shoti (Indian arrowroot: Curcuma zedoaria) for rats and chicks.", "content": "1. A flour was prepared from rhizomes of shoti(Curcuma zedoaria) in such a way that most of the protein was retained. The crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) content in this product was 155 g/kg, compared with approximately 10 g/kg in commercial shoti flour. 2. The high-protein flour proved highly toxic to 5-week-old rats and caused 100% mortality within 6 d when given at 320 g/kg diet. 3. Fresh rhizomes were minced and dried, and the resulting meal was given to weanling rats at 400 g/kg diet. All the animals lost weight rapidly, and two of the five rats died within 4 d. 4. This same shoti meal was given to 1-d-old chicks at 100 and 200 g/kg diet. All the chicks survived the test period (20 d), but body-weight, food intake and efficiency of food conversion decreased with increase in the level of shoti meal in the diet. 5. The traditional method of preparing shoti involves prolonged washing in changes of water, which removes most of the protein and other water-soluble nutrients and, presumably, a toxic constituent. Further investigation is needed to identify the toxic principle, and to discover a less wasteful procedure for removing it.", "contents": "Toxicity of shoti (Indian arrowroot: Curcuma zedoaria) for rats and chicks. 1. A flour was prepared from rhizomes of shoti(Curcuma zedoaria) in such a way that most of the protein was retained. The crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) content in this product was 155 g/kg, compared with approximately 10 g/kg in commercial shoti flour. 2. The high-protein flour proved highly toxic to 5-week-old rats and caused 100% mortality within 6 d when given at 320 g/kg diet. 3. Fresh rhizomes were minced and dried, and the resulting meal was given to weanling rats at 400 g/kg diet. All the animals lost weight rapidly, and two of the five rats died within 4 d. 4. This same shoti meal was given to 1-d-old chicks at 100 and 200 g/kg diet. All the chicks survived the test period (20 d), but body-weight, food intake and efficiency of food conversion decreased with increase in the level of shoti meal in the diet. 5. The traditional method of preparing shoti involves prolonged washing in changes of water, which removes most of the protein and other water-soluble nutrients and, presumably, a toxic constituent. Further investigation is needed to identify the toxic principle, and to discover a less wasteful procedure for removing it.", "PMID": 420761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10654", "title": "47Ca turnover in endemic fluorosis and endemic genu valgum.", "content": "1. Calcium turnover was determined after intravenous injection of radioactive 47Ca in patients with fluorosis and endemic genu valgum and in age-matched controls. Total Ca turnover in the body, loss of Ca from the body in urine, faeces and sweat (external turnover) and bone mineralization rate were calculated from whole-body retention of 47Ca and specific activity of 47Ca in serum. 2. Total Ca turnover was significantly higher in younger subjects than in older subjects. 3. Total Ca turnover was significantly higher in patients with fluorosis and in those with endemic genu valgum than in age-matched controls, but the external turnover of Ca was lower in both groups of patients than in controls. 4. Bone mineralization rate was significantly higher in patients with fluorosis and in those with genu valgum as compared to age-matched controls. 5. Total body Ca turnover and bone mineralization rates were significantly higher in patients with endemic genu valgum than in those with fluorosis. The differences persited even after adjusting for differences in age between patients with fluorosis and those with genu valgum.", "contents": "47Ca turnover in endemic fluorosis and endemic genu valgum. 1. Calcium turnover was determined after intravenous injection of radioactive 47Ca in patients with fluorosis and endemic genu valgum and in age-matched controls. Total Ca turnover in the body, loss of Ca from the body in urine, faeces and sweat (external turnover) and bone mineralization rate were calculated from whole-body retention of 47Ca and specific activity of 47Ca in serum. 2. Total Ca turnover was significantly higher in younger subjects than in older subjects. 3. Total Ca turnover was significantly higher in patients with fluorosis and in those with endemic genu valgum than in age-matched controls, but the external turnover of Ca was lower in both groups of patients than in controls. 4. Bone mineralization rate was significantly higher in patients with fluorosis and in those with genu valgum as compared to age-matched controls. 5. Total body Ca turnover and bone mineralization rates were significantly higher in patients with endemic genu valgum than in those with fluorosis. The differences persited even after adjusting for differences in age between patients with fluorosis and those with genu valgum.", "PMID": 420763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10655", "title": "The relationship between hormonal balance and growth in malnourished children and rats.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of insulin, cortisol and growth hormone, and growth velocities have been measured in a group of Gambian village children up to 3 years of age. All three hormones showed changes in concentration with age, as did rates of growth. 2. Plasma insulin concentrations in the children were directly correlated with velocity of growth in height and weight, whereas cortisol concentrations showed inverse relationships. The values for insulin:cortisol concentration correlated more closely with growth velocity than did either hormone individually. Growth hormone values in plasma exhibited only marginal correlations with growth in height or weight, and these were negative. 3. Similar relationships between these hormones and growth were obtained from an animal experiment in which the rates of growth of rats were altered by restricting dietary intake of protein or energy or both. 4. Possible mechanisms for these observations are discussed in the light of recent knowledge concerning the hormonal control of growth rates.", "contents": "The relationship between hormonal balance and growth in malnourished children and rats. Plasma concentrations of insulin, cortisol and growth hormone, and growth velocities have been measured in a group of Gambian village children up to 3 years of age. All three hormones showed changes in concentration with age, as did rates of growth. 2. Plasma insulin concentrations in the children were directly correlated with velocity of growth in height and weight, whereas cortisol concentrations showed inverse relationships. The values for insulin:cortisol concentration correlated more closely with growth velocity than did either hormone individually. Growth hormone values in plasma exhibited only marginal correlations with growth in height or weight, and these were negative. 3. Similar relationships between these hormones and growth were obtained from an animal experiment in which the rates of growth of rats were altered by restricting dietary intake of protein or energy or both. 4. Possible mechanisms for these observations are discussed in the light of recent knowledge concerning the hormonal control of growth rates.", "PMID": 420764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10656", "title": "Antithrombin reactions with alpha- and gamma-thrombins.", "content": "Human alpha-thrombin with high clotting activity and its proteolyzed derivative gamma-thrombin with virtually no clotting activity reacted in an essentially identical manner with antithrombin. The two enzyme forms bound proflavin with similar constants and showed identical behavior with small substrates. No significant differences were found for the antithrombin reactions (measured by proflavin displacement or active site titration) with respect to kinetics, extent of reaction, or effect of added heparin. The enzyme--antithrombin complexes could not be dissociated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4) but the NaDodSO4-denatured complexes were dissociated by hydroxylamine treatment. The gamma-thrombin-antithrombin complex has an approximate molecular weight of 75 000 by disc gel electrophoresis as compared with 100 000 for the alpha-complex, consistent with the polypeptide structures of the two proteins. The gamma-thrombin--antithrombin complex did not inhibit clotting catalyzed by alpha-thrombin. In addition, fibrinogen did not affect the reaction of gamma-thrombin with antithrombin or antithrombin--heparin. Thus, the antithrombin and antithrombin--heparin reactions do not involve the fibrinogen recognition sites which are destroyed by proteolytic conversion of alpha-thrombin to the noncoagulant gamma form.", "contents": "Antithrombin reactions with alpha- and gamma-thrombins. Human alpha-thrombin with high clotting activity and its proteolyzed derivative gamma-thrombin with virtually no clotting activity reacted in an essentially identical manner with antithrombin. The two enzyme forms bound proflavin with similar constants and showed identical behavior with small substrates. No significant differences were found for the antithrombin reactions (measured by proflavin displacement or active site titration) with respect to kinetics, extent of reaction, or effect of added heparin. The enzyme--antithrombin complexes could not be dissociated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4) but the NaDodSO4-denatured complexes were dissociated by hydroxylamine treatment. The gamma-thrombin-antithrombin complex has an approximate molecular weight of 75 000 by disc gel electrophoresis as compared with 100 000 for the alpha-complex, consistent with the polypeptide structures of the two proteins. The gamma-thrombin--antithrombin complex did not inhibit clotting catalyzed by alpha-thrombin. In addition, fibrinogen did not affect the reaction of gamma-thrombin with antithrombin or antithrombin--heparin. Thus, the antithrombin and antithrombin--heparin reactions do not involve the fibrinogen recognition sites which are destroyed by proteolytic conversion of alpha-thrombin to the noncoagulant gamma form.", "PMID": 420768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10657", "title": "Investigations on polysaccharide components of cells of Herpetomonas samuelpessoai grown on various media.", "content": "Herpetomonas samuelpessoai, when cultured in various media, forms a linear beta-D-(1 leads to 2)-mannopyranan and a branched-chain glucuronoxylan containing D-glucopyranosyluronic acid nonreducing end units connected with alpha- and beta-linked D-xylopyranose units, as depicted in fragmental structures I, II, and III. Traces of amylose and alpha-linked mannopyranose moieties are also present. Mannose-containing materials predominate over glucuronoxylan in cells grown with proline as the carbon source (medium C). In a medium with sucrose as the carbon source and complex supplements (medium A) the proportion of glucuronoxylan is greater, and when the supplements were all chemically defined (medium B), a galactose-containing component is also formed. Glucuronoxylan is liberated from cells with hot aqueous alkali and it could be freed from lower molecular weight mannan by fractional precipitation. Mannan was obtained as the only polymeric component, with lower molecular weight homologues, by extraction of cells with hot water. In terms of ratios of component xylose, mannose, and galactose, the flagella resemble whole cells. However, flagella contain polysaccharide with alpha-D-linked mannopyranose side chains rather than beta-linked linear forms. These data are considered from standpoints of immunochemistry and electron microscopy.", "contents": "Investigations on polysaccharide components of cells of Herpetomonas samuelpessoai grown on various media. Herpetomonas samuelpessoai, when cultured in various media, forms a linear beta-D-(1 leads to 2)-mannopyranan and a branched-chain glucuronoxylan containing D-glucopyranosyluronic acid nonreducing end units connected with alpha- and beta-linked D-xylopyranose units, as depicted in fragmental structures I, II, and III. Traces of amylose and alpha-linked mannopyranose moieties are also present. Mannose-containing materials predominate over glucuronoxylan in cells grown with proline as the carbon source (medium C). In a medium with sucrose as the carbon source and complex supplements (medium A) the proportion of glucuronoxylan is greater, and when the supplements were all chemically defined (medium B), a galactose-containing component is also formed. Glucuronoxylan is liberated from cells with hot aqueous alkali and it could be freed from lower molecular weight mannan by fractional precipitation. Mannan was obtained as the only polymeric component, with lower molecular weight homologues, by extraction of cells with hot water. In terms of ratios of component xylose, mannose, and galactose, the flagella resemble whole cells. However, flagella contain polysaccharide with alpha-D-linked mannopyranose side chains rather than beta-linked linear forms. These data are considered from standpoints of immunochemistry and electron microscopy.", "PMID": 420769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10658", "title": "Melting-profile analysis of thermal stability of thermolysin. A formulation of temperature-scanning kinetics.", "content": "The melting-profile method consists of a continuous observation of a structural parameter while the temperature of the sample is raised at a constant rate [Fugita, S. C., & Imahori, K. (1974) IN Peptides, Polypeptides and Proteins (Blout, E. R., Bovey, F. A., Goodman, M., & Lotan, N., Eds.) p 217, Wiley, New York, N.Y.]. An analytical solution to the melting profile was formulated for the two-state irreversible process and called temperature-scanning kinetics. The theory was tested with thermolysin with consistent results, and the thermodynamic parameters of thermal denaturation were calculated: deltaH identical to = 80.3 kcal/mol, deltaS identical to = 153 eu. These values agreed with the corresponding values obtained from the classical constant-temperature relaxation kinetics. The possibilities of temperature-scanning kinetics are discussed.", "contents": "Melting-profile analysis of thermal stability of thermolysin. A formulation of temperature-scanning kinetics. The melting-profile method consists of a continuous observation of a structural parameter while the temperature of the sample is raised at a constant rate [Fugita, S. C., & Imahori, K. (1974) IN Peptides, Polypeptides and Proteins (Blout, E. R., Bovey, F. A., Goodman, M., & Lotan, N., Eds.) p 217, Wiley, New York, N.Y.]. An analytical solution to the melting profile was formulated for the two-state irreversible process and called temperature-scanning kinetics. The theory was tested with thermolysin with consistent results, and the thermodynamic parameters of thermal denaturation were calculated: deltaH identical to = 80.3 kcal/mol, deltaS identical to = 153 eu. These values agreed with the corresponding values obtained from the classical constant-temperature relaxation kinetics. The possibilities of temperature-scanning kinetics are discussed.", "PMID": 420776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10659", "title": "Conformations of an ion-binding cyclic peptide analogue of valinomycin, cyclo(L-Val-Gly-Gly-L-Pro)3.", "content": "A 270-MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of an ion-binding cyclic peptide analogue of valinomycin, cyclo(L-Val-Gly-Gly-L-Pro)3, and its cation complexes is reported. In CD2Cl2 and CDCl3, the peptide is proposed to occur in a C3-symmetric conformer with the N--H's of all six glycine residues intramolecularly hydrogen bonded. This conformation is different from the familiar valinomycin bracelet structure and lacks any \"cavity\". Cations do not bind, or bind only weakly, to the peptide in these solvents. Uncomplexed cyclo(L-Val-Gly-Gly-L-Pro)3 in acetonitrile appears to be averaging among several conformations with no evidence found for any preferred intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The strong 1:1 complexes of cyclo(L-Val-Gly-Gly-L-Pro)3 with K+ ANd Ba2+ in acetonitrile are structurally analogous to the bracelet conformation of valinomycin and involve the N--H's of the Val residues and of the Gly's preceding Pro in intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Tl+ was also found to form strong 1:1 complexes with the dodecapeptide.", "contents": "Conformations of an ion-binding cyclic peptide analogue of valinomycin, cyclo(L-Val-Gly-Gly-L-Pro)3. A 270-MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of an ion-binding cyclic peptide analogue of valinomycin, cyclo(L-Val-Gly-Gly-L-Pro)3, and its cation complexes is reported. In CD2Cl2 and CDCl3, the peptide is proposed to occur in a C3-symmetric conformer with the N--H's of all six glycine residues intramolecularly hydrogen bonded. This conformation is different from the familiar valinomycin bracelet structure and lacks any \"cavity\". Cations do not bind, or bind only weakly, to the peptide in these solvents. Uncomplexed cyclo(L-Val-Gly-Gly-L-Pro)3 in acetonitrile appears to be averaging among several conformations with no evidence found for any preferred intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The strong 1:1 complexes of cyclo(L-Val-Gly-Gly-L-Pro)3 with K+ ANd Ba2+ in acetonitrile are structurally analogous to the bracelet conformation of valinomycin and involve the N--H's of the Val residues and of the Gly's preceding Pro in intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Tl+ was also found to form strong 1:1 complexes with the dodecapeptide.", "PMID": 420778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10660", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the beta chain of human fibrinogen.", "content": "The beta chain of human fibrinogen contains 461 amino acid residues, 15 of which are methionines. The calculated molecular weight, independent of a single carbohydrate cluster, is 52 230. In this regard, we have isolated and characterized all 16 cyanogen bromide fragments. In one case (CNI), we have concentrated on a disputed portion of a previously reported fragment. The arrangement of the cyanogen bromide peptides was deduced by the use of overlap fragments obtained from the tryptic digestion of modified and unmodified beta-chains and from digestions with staphylococcal protease, as well as by considerations involving the plasmic digestion products of fibrinogen. In one case two adjacent fragments were aligned by homology with the corresponding segments of the gamma chain. The homology of the beta chain with the gamma chain is especially strong over the course of the carboxy-terminal two-thirds of the sequence. Neither of these chains appears to be homologous with the alpha chain in these regions. With a few minor exceptions, the sequence reported in this article is in agreement with data reported by other groups in Stockholm and Munich.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the beta chain of human fibrinogen. The beta chain of human fibrinogen contains 461 amino acid residues, 15 of which are methionines. The calculated molecular weight, independent of a single carbohydrate cluster, is 52 230. In this regard, we have isolated and characterized all 16 cyanogen bromide fragments. In one case (CNI), we have concentrated on a disputed portion of a previously reported fragment. The arrangement of the cyanogen bromide peptides was deduced by the use of overlap fragments obtained from the tryptic digestion of modified and unmodified beta-chains and from digestions with staphylococcal protease, as well as by considerations involving the plasmic digestion products of fibrinogen. In one case two adjacent fragments were aligned by homology with the corresponding segments of the gamma chain. The homology of the beta chain with the gamma chain is especially strong over the course of the carboxy-terminal two-thirds of the sequence. Neither of these chains appears to be homologous with the alpha chain in these regions. With a few minor exceptions, the sequence reported in this article is in agreement with data reported by other groups in Stockholm and Munich.", "PMID": 420779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10661", "title": "Characterization of the genome of the free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae: absence of short period interspersion.", "content": "The complexity of the DNA of the free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae has been examined. Reassociation kinetics of pressure-sheared fragments (approximately 290 nucleotides) in 0.18 M Na+ at 60 degrees C showed the presence of foldback, repetitive, and unique DNA sequence elements. The three classes comprise 9.3%, 26.1%, and 61.3% of the total DNA, respectively. The mean length of the foldback duplex DNA after digestion with S1 nuclease is about 185 nucleotides. There are about 1.8 x10(4) inverted repeats per genome. Sequence arrangement was deduced from (1) renaturation kinetic profiles of long and short fragments on hydroxylapatite; (2) the pattern of renaturation of tracer DNA, labeled in vitro with 125I, of various sizes after incubation with excess short fragments; and (3) thermal denaturation behavior of DNA that had been reassociated to various C0t values. It was found that DNA fragments of the repetitive fraction that are, at least, 2000 nucleotides in length are virtually free of unique sequences. Moreover, it is estimated that the repeated segments in this species could extend for 10,000 nucleotide pairs. Thus, Panagrellus DNA lacks the pattern of extensive short period interspersion that is typified by the DNA of Xenopus.", "contents": "Characterization of the genome of the free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae: absence of short period interspersion. The complexity of the DNA of the free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae has been examined. Reassociation kinetics of pressure-sheared fragments (approximately 290 nucleotides) in 0.18 M Na+ at 60 degrees C showed the presence of foldback, repetitive, and unique DNA sequence elements. The three classes comprise 9.3%, 26.1%, and 61.3% of the total DNA, respectively. The mean length of the foldback duplex DNA after digestion with S1 nuclease is about 185 nucleotides. There are about 1.8 x10(4) inverted repeats per genome. Sequence arrangement was deduced from (1) renaturation kinetic profiles of long and short fragments on hydroxylapatite; (2) the pattern of renaturation of tracer DNA, labeled in vitro with 125I, of various sizes after incubation with excess short fragments; and (3) thermal denaturation behavior of DNA that had been reassociated to various C0t values. It was found that DNA fragments of the repetitive fraction that are, at least, 2000 nucleotides in length are virtually free of unique sequences. Moreover, it is estimated that the repeated segments in this species could extend for 10,000 nucleotide pairs. Thus, Panagrellus DNA lacks the pattern of extensive short period interspersion that is typified by the DNA of Xenopus.", "PMID": 420781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10662", "title": "Modulation of erythrocyte membrane proteins by membrane cholesterol and lipid fluidity.", "content": "Human erythrocyte membranes were enriched or depleted of cholesterol and effects on membrane proteins assessed with a membrane-impermeant sulfhydryl reagent, [35S]glutathione-maleimide. Reaction of the probe with intact cells quantifies exofacial sulfhydryl groups and reaction with leaky ghost membranes permits quantification of endofacial sulfhydryl groups. The mean endofacial sulfhydryl titer of cholesterol-enriched membranes exceeded that of cholesterol-depleted membrane by approximately 45 nmol/mg of protein or 64%. The corresponding exofacial titer of cholesterol-enriched cells was less than that of cholesterol-depleted cells by approximately 0.4 nmol/mg of protein, or 14%. Labeled membranes were examined by autoradiography of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electropherograms to determine the labeling patterns of individual protein bands. Cholesterol enrichment enhanced the surface labeling of Coomassie brilliant blue stained bands 1,2,3, and 5, decreased the labeling of band 6, and did not change significantly that of band 4. The results demonstrate that changes in membrane cholesterol which influence lipid fluidity can alter the surface labeling of both intrinsic and extrinsic membrane proteins.", "contents": "Modulation of erythrocyte membrane proteins by membrane cholesterol and lipid fluidity. Human erythrocyte membranes were enriched or depleted of cholesterol and effects on membrane proteins assessed with a membrane-impermeant sulfhydryl reagent, [35S]glutathione-maleimide. Reaction of the probe with intact cells quantifies exofacial sulfhydryl groups and reaction with leaky ghost membranes permits quantification of endofacial sulfhydryl groups. The mean endofacial sulfhydryl titer of cholesterol-enriched membranes exceeded that of cholesterol-depleted membrane by approximately 45 nmol/mg of protein or 64%. The corresponding exofacial titer of cholesterol-enriched cells was less than that of cholesterol-depleted cells by approximately 0.4 nmol/mg of protein, or 14%. Labeled membranes were examined by autoradiography of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electropherograms to determine the labeling patterns of individual protein bands. Cholesterol enrichment enhanced the surface labeling of Coomassie brilliant blue stained bands 1,2,3, and 5, decreased the labeling of band 6, and did not change significantly that of band 4. The results demonstrate that changes in membrane cholesterol which influence lipid fluidity can alter the surface labeling of both intrinsic and extrinsic membrane proteins.", "PMID": 420782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10663", "title": "Interaction of divalent antibody with cell surface antigens.", "content": "This paper presents a thermodynamic description of the interaction between divalent protein in solution and monovalent ligand attached to a cell membrane, but freely mobile therein. The intrinsic differences between this system and interaction which takes place in a uniform bulk solution are discussed. Specific problems which are addressed include the determination of the number of ligand sites on a specific cell system, comparison of several cell systems in terms of common antigenic components, comparison of different antibody preparations, and attempts to study solubilized cell-surface antigens using established serological methodology.", "contents": "Interaction of divalent antibody with cell surface antigens. This paper presents a thermodynamic description of the interaction between divalent protein in solution and monovalent ligand attached to a cell membrane, but freely mobile therein. The intrinsic differences between this system and interaction which takes place in a uniform bulk solution are discussed. Specific problems which are addressed include the determination of the number of ligand sites on a specific cell system, comparison of several cell systems in terms of common antigenic components, comparison of different antibody preparations, and attempts to study solubilized cell-surface antigens using established serological methodology.", "PMID": 420783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10664", "title": "Comparison of the subunits of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor by peptide mapping.", "content": "The acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica electroplax was purified approximately 100-fold by affinity chromatography on alpha-neurotoxin-Sepharose 6B. Four putative subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) of apparent molecular weights of 43,000, 52,000, 58,000, and 63,000 were found when the purified material was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4) gel electrophoresis. In some preparations, however, the amount of the gamma polypeptide was small. The presence of N-ethylmaleimide throughout the purification procedure greatly enhanced the amount of the gamma chain. To investigate the possibility that the putative subunits may be structurally related, they were isolated by preparative NaDodSO4 gel electrophoresis and subjected to peptide mapping analyses. The patterns of fragments generated by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, papain, or chymotrypsin were different for each of the polypeptides. Thus, it is unlikely that they are derivatives of each other.", "contents": "Comparison of the subunits of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor by peptide mapping. The acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica electroplax was purified approximately 100-fold by affinity chromatography on alpha-neurotoxin-Sepharose 6B. Four putative subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) of apparent molecular weights of 43,000, 52,000, 58,000, and 63,000 were found when the purified material was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4) gel electrophoresis. In some preparations, however, the amount of the gamma polypeptide was small. The presence of N-ethylmaleimide throughout the purification procedure greatly enhanced the amount of the gamma chain. To investigate the possibility that the putative subunits may be structurally related, they were isolated by preparative NaDodSO4 gel electrophoresis and subjected to peptide mapping analyses. The patterns of fragments generated by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, papain, or chymotrypsin were different for each of the polypeptides. Thus, it is unlikely that they are derivatives of each other.", "PMID": 420786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10665", "title": "Effect of concanavalin A on the kinetics of ecto-5'-adenosine monophosphatase (5'-adenosine monophosphate phosphohydrolase) in the outer surface of intact neural cells in culture.", "content": "Oncogenic cultured rat C6 astroblastoma cells display strikingly high ecto-5'-adenosine monophosphatase (ecto-5'-AMPase) activity, 4.23 +/- 20 mumol of Pi liberated by intact cells from 3 mM extracellular 5'-AMP (mg of protein-1 h-1, as compared with 0.15 +/- 0.01 for nononcogenic cultured hamster astroblasts. A further rise in C6 cell ecto-5'-AMPase activity occurs with increase in cell density during growth. Less than 2 pg of the lectin, concanavalin A (Con A), bound per cell reversibly inhibits most of the cellular ecto-5'-AMPase activity. Inhibition by Con A binding is independent of cellular temperature. Con A binding suppresses phosphohydrolase activity of a pK=7.4 functional group on the cell surface. A direct proportionality is observed between quantity of Con A bound to the cell surface and simultaneous relative decreases both in Michaelis constant and maximum velocity of ecto-5'-AMPase in the intact cell. The findings suggest that a major consequence of the specific high affinity binding of Con A to the C6 cell surface is the inactivation of the enzyme--substrate complex of ecto-5'-AMPase.", "contents": "Effect of concanavalin A on the kinetics of ecto-5'-adenosine monophosphatase (5'-adenosine monophosphate phosphohydrolase) in the outer surface of intact neural cells in culture. Oncogenic cultured rat C6 astroblastoma cells display strikingly high ecto-5'-adenosine monophosphatase (ecto-5'-AMPase) activity, 4.23 +/- 20 mumol of Pi liberated by intact cells from 3 mM extracellular 5'-AMP (mg of protein-1 h-1, as compared with 0.15 +/- 0.01 for nononcogenic cultured hamster astroblasts. A further rise in C6 cell ecto-5'-AMPase activity occurs with increase in cell density during growth. Less than 2 pg of the lectin, concanavalin A (Con A), bound per cell reversibly inhibits most of the cellular ecto-5'-AMPase activity. Inhibition by Con A binding is independent of cellular temperature. Con A binding suppresses phosphohydrolase activity of a pK=7.4 functional group on the cell surface. A direct proportionality is observed between quantity of Con A bound to the cell surface and simultaneous relative decreases both in Michaelis constant and maximum velocity of ecto-5'-AMPase in the intact cell. The findings suggest that a major consequence of the specific high affinity binding of Con A to the C6 cell surface is the inactivation of the enzyme--substrate complex of ecto-5'-AMPase.", "PMID": 420787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10666", "title": "Catalytic action of L-methionine gamma-lyase on selenomethionine and selenols.", "content": "We examined the catalytic action of L-methionine gamma-lyase (EC 4.4.1.11) on selenomethionine (2-amino-4-(methylseleno)butyric acid), methaneselenol, l-hexaneselenol, and benzeneselenol. The enzyme catalyzes alpha, gamma-elimination of selenomethionine to yield alpha-letobutyrate, ammonia, and methaneselenol, and also its gamma-replacement reaction with various thiols to produce S-substituted homocysteines. Selenomethionine is an even better substrate than methionine in alpha, gamma-elimination but is less effective in gamma-replacement. In addition, L-methionine gamma-lyase catalyzes gamma-replacement reaction of methionine and its derivatives with selenols to form the corresponding Se-substituted selenohomocysteines, although selenols are less efficient substituent donors than thiols. This is the first proven mechanism for the incorporation of selenium atom into amino acids.", "contents": "Catalytic action of L-methionine gamma-lyase on selenomethionine and selenols. We examined the catalytic action of L-methionine gamma-lyase (EC 4.4.1.11) on selenomethionine (2-amino-4-(methylseleno)butyric acid), methaneselenol, l-hexaneselenol, and benzeneselenol. The enzyme catalyzes alpha, gamma-elimination of selenomethionine to yield alpha-letobutyrate, ammonia, and methaneselenol, and also its gamma-replacement reaction with various thiols to produce S-substituted homocysteines. Selenomethionine is an even better substrate than methionine in alpha, gamma-elimination but is less effective in gamma-replacement. In addition, L-methionine gamma-lyase catalyzes gamma-replacement reaction of methionine and its derivatives with selenols to form the corresponding Se-substituted selenohomocysteines, although selenols are less efficient substituent donors than thiols. This is the first proven mechanism for the incorporation of selenium atom into amino acids.", "PMID": 420789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10667", "title": "Gross structural changes in isolated liver cell plasma membranes upon binding of insulin.", "content": "The addition of 10(-9) M insulin to a suspension of rat liver plasma membranes increases the overall lipid microviscosity, eta, by about 10--20%. The effect is confined to physiological concentrations of the hormone and is highly specific. The specificity was demonstrated in experiments where insulin analogues were added to liver plasma membranes and where insulin was added to human erythrocyte membranes. In both of these experiments practically no change in eta was detected. Upon in vitro enrichment of the membrane cholesterol, eta exceeded the level mediated by insulin binding, and the addition of 10(-9) M insulin to the cholesterol-enriched membranes did not further increase eta. Concomitant to the increase in eta upon insulin binding, the overall degree of exposure of the membrane protein, presumably to both sides of the membrane, is substantially increased. This effect is in line with the notion of vertical displacement of membrane proteins induced by changes in eta. The observed structural modulation can account for the effect of insulin on unrelated membrane responses, as well as for the negative cooperativity of insulin binding.", "contents": "Gross structural changes in isolated liver cell plasma membranes upon binding of insulin. The addition of 10(-9) M insulin to a suspension of rat liver plasma membranes increases the overall lipid microviscosity, eta, by about 10--20%. The effect is confined to physiological concentrations of the hormone and is highly specific. The specificity was demonstrated in experiments where insulin analogues were added to liver plasma membranes and where insulin was added to human erythrocyte membranes. In both of these experiments practically no change in eta was detected. Upon in vitro enrichment of the membrane cholesterol, eta exceeded the level mediated by insulin binding, and the addition of 10(-9) M insulin to the cholesterol-enriched membranes did not further increase eta. Concomitant to the increase in eta upon insulin binding, the overall degree of exposure of the membrane protein, presumably to both sides of the membrane, is substantially increased. This effect is in line with the notion of vertical displacement of membrane proteins induced by changes in eta. The observed structural modulation can account for the effect of insulin on unrelated membrane responses, as well as for the negative cooperativity of insulin binding.", "PMID": 420790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10668", "title": "Stereochemistry of internucleotide bond formation by polynucleotide phosphorylase from Micrococcus luteus.", "content": "Polynucleotide phosphorylase catalyzes the formation of polynucleotides from the Sp diastereomer of adenosine 5'-O-(l-thiodiphosphate) ADPalphaS), whereas the Rp diastereomer is a competitive inhibitor. The absolute configuration of the phosphorothioate diester bond in the polymer was determined by copolymerizing ADPalpha S, Sp isomer with UDP and degrading the resulting copolymer with R Nase A and spleen phosphodiesterase to give, inter alia, uridine 2',-3'-cyclic phosphorothioate. The latter product was shown to be the endo isomer by high-performance liquid chromatography. No evidence for the presence of the exo isomer was obtained. It can thus be concluded that the Sp diastereomer of ADPalphaS polymerizes with inversion of configuration at phosphorus without racemization to give a phosphorothioate diester bond with the Rp configuration.", "contents": "Stereochemistry of internucleotide bond formation by polynucleotide phosphorylase from Micrococcus luteus. Polynucleotide phosphorylase catalyzes the formation of polynucleotides from the Sp diastereomer of adenosine 5'-O-(l-thiodiphosphate) ADPalphaS), whereas the Rp diastereomer is a competitive inhibitor. The absolute configuration of the phosphorothioate diester bond in the polymer was determined by copolymerizing ADPalpha S, Sp isomer with UDP and degrading the resulting copolymer with R Nase A and spleen phosphodiesterase to give, inter alia, uridine 2',-3'-cyclic phosphorothioate. The latter product was shown to be the endo isomer by high-performance liquid chromatography. No evidence for the presence of the exo isomer was obtained. It can thus be concluded that the Sp diastereomer of ADPalphaS polymerizes with inversion of configuration at phosphorus without racemization to give a phosphorothioate diester bond with the Rp configuration.", "PMID": 420791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10669", "title": "Noninteger pitch and nuclease sensitivity of chromatin DNA.", "content": "Assuming that variation of nuclease sensitivity along nucleosomal DNA can basically be attributed to orientations of sugar--phosphate bonds relative to histone core, the pitch of chromatin DNA is estimated to be 10.33--10.40 base pairs. This is in accordance both with the known measured average distance between cleavage sites (10.3--10.4 base pairs) and with published data on variation of relative sensitivities of these sites to nuclease attack. The variation can be explained solely as a result of the systematic change of orientation of sugar--phosphate bonds of sensitive sites without additional suggestions about local steric hindrances by histone molecules. According to the analysis locations of sites least sensitive to nuclease attack should not depend on kind of endonuclease though the stagger could differ. We conclude that the nucleosome core particle is axially symmetrical. The results strongly support the suggestion that DNA is wrapped around the histone octamer smoothly, without interruption of base-stacking interactions.", "contents": "Noninteger pitch and nuclease sensitivity of chromatin DNA. Assuming that variation of nuclease sensitivity along nucleosomal DNA can basically be attributed to orientations of sugar--phosphate bonds relative to histone core, the pitch of chromatin DNA is estimated to be 10.33--10.40 base pairs. This is in accordance both with the known measured average distance between cleavage sites (10.3--10.4 base pairs) and with published data on variation of relative sensitivities of these sites to nuclease attack. The variation can be explained solely as a result of the systematic change of orientation of sugar--phosphate bonds of sensitive sites without additional suggestions about local steric hindrances by histone molecules. According to the analysis locations of sites least sensitive to nuclease attack should not depend on kind of endonuclease though the stagger could differ. We conclude that the nucleosome core particle is axially symmetrical. The results strongly support the suggestion that DNA is wrapped around the histone octamer smoothly, without interruption of base-stacking interactions.", "PMID": 420792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10670", "title": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance study of cobrotoxin.", "content": "Cobrotoxin (Mr 6949), which binds tightly to the acetylcholine receptors, contains no phenylalanines and only two histidines, two tyrosines, and one tryptophan that result in well-resolved aromatic proton resonances in D2O at 360 MHz. His-32, Tyr-25, and the Trp are essential for toxicity and may interact with the acetylcholine receptor. We assign two titratable resonances (pKa = 5.1) at delta = 9.0 and 7.5 ppm at pH 2.5 and at 7.7 and 7.1 ppm at pH 9.5 to the C-2 and C-4 ring protons, respectively, of His-4. Two other titratable resonances (pKa = 5.7) at delta = 8.8 and 6.9 ppm at pH 2.5 and at 7.8 and 6.7 ppm at pH 9.5 are assigned to the C-2 and C-4 ring protons of His-32, respectively. The differences in delta values of the two histidines reflect chemically different microenvironments while their low pKa values could arise from nearby positive charges. A methyl resonance gradually shifts upfield to delta approximately 0.4 ppm as His-4 is deprotonated and is tentatively assigned to the methyl group of Thr-14 or Thr-15 which, from published X-ray studies of neurotoxins, are located in the vicinity of His-4. Further, we have identified the aromatic resonances of the invariant tryptophan and individual tyrosines and the methyl resonance of one of the two isoleucines in the molecule. Several broad nontitrating resonances of labile protons which disappear at pH greater than 9 may arise from amide groups of the beta sheet in cobrotoxin.", "contents": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance study of cobrotoxin. Cobrotoxin (Mr 6949), which binds tightly to the acetylcholine receptors, contains no phenylalanines and only two histidines, two tyrosines, and one tryptophan that result in well-resolved aromatic proton resonances in D2O at 360 MHz. His-32, Tyr-25, and the Trp are essential for toxicity and may interact with the acetylcholine receptor. We assign two titratable resonances (pKa = 5.1) at delta = 9.0 and 7.5 ppm at pH 2.5 and at 7.7 and 7.1 ppm at pH 9.5 to the C-2 and C-4 ring protons, respectively, of His-4. Two other titratable resonances (pKa = 5.7) at delta = 8.8 and 6.9 ppm at pH 2.5 and at 7.8 and 6.7 ppm at pH 9.5 are assigned to the C-2 and C-4 ring protons of His-32, respectively. The differences in delta values of the two histidines reflect chemically different microenvironments while their low pKa values could arise from nearby positive charges. A methyl resonance gradually shifts upfield to delta approximately 0.4 ppm as His-4 is deprotonated and is tentatively assigned to the methyl group of Thr-14 or Thr-15 which, from published X-ray studies of neurotoxins, are located in the vicinity of His-4. Further, we have identified the aromatic resonances of the invariant tryptophan and individual tyrosines and the methyl resonance of one of the two isoleucines in the molecule. Several broad nontitrating resonances of labile protons which disappear at pH greater than 9 may arise from amide groups of the beta sheet in cobrotoxin.", "PMID": 420793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10671", "title": "Isolation of a minichromosome containing the ribosomal genes from Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "The ribosomal genes of Physarum polycephalum are located on linear DNA molecules (rDNA) of 38 x 10(6) daltons present in each nucleolus in 100--200 copies. The rDNA is not part of the large chromosomal DNA. These molecules have now been solubilized in the form of transcriptionally active deoxyribonucleoprotein complexes from nucleoli purified through  Percoll gradients. The ribosomal chromatin (rDNP) sediments in sucrose gradients as a homogeneous fraction with an approximate sedimentation coefficient of 100 S. It contains alpha-amanitin-resistant RNA polymerase I activity and rDNA as its major (or sole) DNA component. Buoyant density analysis indicates that ribosomal chromatin contains, besides RNA polymerase I, significant amounts of additional protein. RNA synthesized in vitro by the endogenous RNA polymerase is complementary to rDNA and is transcribed mainly from the sequences coding for 19S and 26S ribosomal RNA.", "contents": "Isolation of a minichromosome containing the ribosomal genes from Physarum polycephalum. The ribosomal genes of Physarum polycephalum are located on linear DNA molecules (rDNA) of 38 x 10(6) daltons present in each nucleolus in 100--200 copies. The rDNA is not part of the large chromosomal DNA. These molecules have now been solubilized in the form of transcriptionally active deoxyribonucleoprotein complexes from nucleoli purified through  Percoll gradients. The ribosomal chromatin (rDNP) sediments in sucrose gradients as a homogeneous fraction with an approximate sedimentation coefficient of 100 S. It contains alpha-amanitin-resistant RNA polymerase I activity and rDNA as its major (or sole) DNA component. Buoyant density analysis indicates that ribosomal chromatin contains, besides RNA polymerase I, significant amounts of additional protein. RNA synthesized in vitro by the endogenous RNA polymerase is complementary to rDNA and is transcribed mainly from the sequences coding for 19S and 26S ribosomal RNA.", "PMID": 420794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10672", "title": "Cell-free translation of mammalian myosin heavy-chain messenger ribonucleic acid from growing and fused-L6E9 myoblasts.", "content": "An mRNA-dependent reticulocyte cell-free protein synthesizing system very efficient in the translation of myosin heavy-chain mRNA from a rat myogenic cell line is described. This system exhibits a high degree of fidelity with regard to the spectrum and relative proportion of the different proteins synthesized from a sample of cytoplasmic RNA as compared to the proteins synthesized in vivo by the cells from which the RNA is prepared. The main feature of this system is the use of a K+ and Cl- concentration similar to those of the reticulocyte cytoplasm. Using this system, myosin heavy chain, identified by low-salt precipitation, electrophoretic mobility, and partial peptide analysis, represents 17% of the total protein synthesis when cytoplasmic RNA from well-fused L6E9 cells is used. Furthermore, when RNA preparations from growing myoblasts, that when analyzed in other cell-free translational systems seem not to contain any myosin heavy-chain mRNA, are tested in the system reported here, they are proven to contain high amounts of translatable myosin heavy-chain mRNA.", "contents": "Cell-free translation of mammalian myosin heavy-chain messenger ribonucleic acid from growing and fused-L6E9 myoblasts. An mRNA-dependent reticulocyte cell-free protein synthesizing system very efficient in the translation of myosin heavy-chain mRNA from a rat myogenic cell line is described. This system exhibits a high degree of fidelity with regard to the spectrum and relative proportion of the different proteins synthesized from a sample of cytoplasmic RNA as compared to the proteins synthesized in vivo by the cells from which the RNA is prepared. The main feature of this system is the use of a K+ and Cl- concentration similar to those of the reticulocyte cytoplasm. Using this system, myosin heavy chain, identified by low-salt precipitation, electrophoretic mobility, and partial peptide analysis, represents 17% of the total protein synthesis when cytoplasmic RNA from well-fused L6E9 cells is used. Furthermore, when RNA preparations from growing myoblasts, that when analyzed in other cell-free translational systems seem not to contain any myosin heavy-chain mRNA, are tested in the system reported here, they are proven to contain high amounts of translatable myosin heavy-chain mRNA.", "PMID": 420795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10673", "title": "alpha and beta-glycopyranosyl phosphates and 1.2-phosphates. Assignments of conformations in solution by 13C and 1H NMR.", "content": "The 1H and 13C NMR parameters of the anomeric pairs of aldopyranosyl phosphates and their rigid 1,2-phosphate derivatives are reported.The derivatives of D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-mannose exist in the 4C1 conformation while the L-fuco derivatives are in the C4 conformation. As judged by 31P--1H and 31P--13C coupling constants, all of the alpha anomers of the aldopyranosyl phosphates have the phosphate moiety predominantly trans to C(2) while in the beta anomers other rotamers make significant contributions. This relationship remains the same for the biologically important nucleoside diphosphate sugars (UDPGlc, UDPGal, GDPMan, and GDPFuc). From the pH dependence of 13C chemical shifts, observed in 0.5 M solutions, the pK'a2 of the alpha anomers is 6.1 while the pK'a2 of the beta anomers is 0.6--0.8 pH unit lower. In the 1.2-phosphates, the chair conformation of the parent aldose is retained while an envelope conformation is formed by the cyclic phosphate. In the alpha anomers, the plane is formed between C(2), C(1), O(1), and P while O(2) is above the plane. In the beta anomers, O(1) is out of the plane formed by the other atoms. The beta anomers have phosphorus coupled to C(3) with coupling constants of 10.8--11.7 Hz, approximately 2 Hz greater than the maximum reported for trans coupling (Lapper, R. D., & Smith, I. C. P. (1973) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 2880).", "contents": "alpha and beta-glycopyranosyl phosphates and 1.2-phosphates. Assignments of conformations in solution by 13C and 1H NMR. The 1H and 13C NMR parameters of the anomeric pairs of aldopyranosyl phosphates and their rigid 1,2-phosphate derivatives are reported.The derivatives of D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-mannose exist in the 4C1 conformation while the L-fuco derivatives are in the C4 conformation. As judged by 31P--1H and 31P--13C coupling constants, all of the alpha anomers of the aldopyranosyl phosphates have the phosphate moiety predominantly trans to C(2) while in the beta anomers other rotamers make significant contributions. This relationship remains the same for the biologically important nucleoside diphosphate sugars (UDPGlc, UDPGal, GDPMan, and GDPFuc). From the pH dependence of 13C chemical shifts, observed in 0.5 M solutions, the pK'a2 of the alpha anomers is 6.1 while the pK'a2 of the beta anomers is 0.6--0.8 pH unit lower. In the 1.2-phosphates, the chair conformation of the parent aldose is retained while an envelope conformation is formed by the cyclic phosphate. In the alpha anomers, the plane is formed between C(2), C(1), O(1), and P while O(2) is above the plane. In the beta anomers, O(1) is out of the plane formed by the other atoms. The beta anomers have phosphorus coupled to C(3) with coupling constants of 10.8--11.7 Hz, approximately 2 Hz greater than the maximum reported for trans coupling (Lapper, R. D., & Smith, I. C. P. (1973) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 2880).", "PMID": 420796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10674", "title": "Differential polarized phase fluorometric investigations of diphenylhexatriene in lipid bilayers. Quantitation of hindered depolarizing rotations.", "content": "Differential polarized phase fluorometry has been used to investigate the depolarizing rotations of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) in isotropic solvents and in lipid bilayers. For DPH dissolved in isotropic solvents, there is a precise agreement between the observed and predicted values for maximum differential tangents, indicating that in these media DPH is a free isotropic rotator. In lipid bilayers the tangent defects (i.e., the differences between the calculated and the observed maximum differential tangents) are too large to be explained by anisotropy in the depolarizing rotations but are accounted for by hindered isotropic torsional motions for the fluorophore [Weber, G (1978) Acta Phys. Pol A 54, 173]. This theory describes the depolarizing rotations of the fluorophore by its rotational rate R (in radians/second) and the limiting fluorescence anisotropy (r) at times long compared with the fluorescence lifetime. Through the combined use of both steady-state anisotropy measurements and differential phase measurements, we have demonstrated that one may obtain unique solutions for both R and r. For DPH embedded in vesicles prepared from dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl-, and distearoylphosphatidylcholines, the depolarizing motions are highly hindered at temperatures below the transition temperature (Tc) but are unhindered above Tc. The apparent rotational rates of the probe do not change significantly at Tc. These data suggest that the changes observed in the steady-state anisotropy near Tc derive primarily from changes in the degree to which the probe's rotations are hindered, and only to a small extent from changes in rotational rate. For DPH embedded in bilayers that contained 25 mol % cholesterol, no clear transition occurred and the rotations appeared to be hindered at all temperatures. The rotational motions of DPH embedded in dioleolyphosphatidylcholine were found to be far less hindered, but the rotational rates were similar to those obtained in the saturated phosphatidylcholines. Finally, the data show that in an anisotropic environment, such as that of a lipid bilayer, steady-state fluorescence anisotropy measurements alone cannot yield quantitatively meaningful rotational rates. Extrapolation of steady-state aniosotropy data to the quantitation of membrane viscosity is therefore difficult, if not invalid; however, qualitative comparisons can be useful.", "contents": "Differential polarized phase fluorometric investigations of diphenylhexatriene in lipid bilayers. Quantitation of hindered depolarizing rotations. Differential polarized phase fluorometry has been used to investigate the depolarizing rotations of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) in isotropic solvents and in lipid bilayers. For DPH dissolved in isotropic solvents, there is a precise agreement between the observed and predicted values for maximum differential tangents, indicating that in these media DPH is a free isotropic rotator. In lipid bilayers the tangent defects (i.e., the differences between the calculated and the observed maximum differential tangents) are too large to be explained by anisotropy in the depolarizing rotations but are accounted for by hindered isotropic torsional motions for the fluorophore [Weber, G (1978) Acta Phys. Pol A 54, 173]. This theory describes the depolarizing rotations of the fluorophore by its rotational rate R (in radians/second) and the limiting fluorescence anisotropy (r) at times long compared with the fluorescence lifetime. Through the combined use of both steady-state anisotropy measurements and differential phase measurements, we have demonstrated that one may obtain unique solutions for both R and r. For DPH embedded in vesicles prepared from dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl-, and distearoylphosphatidylcholines, the depolarizing motions are highly hindered at temperatures below the transition temperature (Tc) but are unhindered above Tc. The apparent rotational rates of the probe do not change significantly at Tc. These data suggest that the changes observed in the steady-state anisotropy near Tc derive primarily from changes in the degree to which the probe's rotations are hindered, and only to a small extent from changes in rotational rate. For DPH embedded in bilayers that contained 25 mol % cholesterol, no clear transition occurred and the rotations appeared to be hindered at all temperatures. The rotational motions of DPH embedded in dioleolyphosphatidylcholine were found to be far less hindered, but the rotational rates were similar to those obtained in the saturated phosphatidylcholines. Finally, the data show that in an anisotropic environment, such as that of a lipid bilayer, steady-state fluorescence anisotropy measurements alone cannot yield quantitatively meaningful rotational rates. Extrapolation of steady-state aniosotropy data to the quantitation of membrane viscosity is therefore difficult, if not invalid; however, qualitative comparisons can be useful.", "PMID": 420797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10675", "title": "Structure and thermodynamic properties of the complexes between phospholipase A2 and lipid micelles.", "content": "The interaction between porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 and a homogeneous population of micelles of the subtrate analogue n-hexadecylphosphorylcholine containing 155 lipid monomers was studied by light scattering, equilibrium gel filtration, and isothermal calorimetry. From the detergent/protein molar ratio and the equivalent \"molecular weight\" of the resulting complex it is concluded that insertion of the enzyme into the detergent micelle results in a protein--detergent complex containing two phospholipase A2 molecules and 80 lipid monomers at 25 degrees C. The affinity constants and complex composition have been determined at different temperatures, allowing calculation of the thermodynamic parameters of the binding process. It is concluded that the interaction of phospholipase A2 with micellar lipids is predominantly hydrophobic.", "contents": "Structure and thermodynamic properties of the complexes between phospholipase A2 and lipid micelles. The interaction between porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 and a homogeneous population of micelles of the subtrate analogue n-hexadecylphosphorylcholine containing 155 lipid monomers was studied by light scattering, equilibrium gel filtration, and isothermal calorimetry. From the detergent/protein molar ratio and the equivalent \"molecular weight\" of the resulting complex it is concluded that insertion of the enzyme into the detergent micelle results in a protein--detergent complex containing two phospholipase A2 molecules and 80 lipid monomers at 25 degrees C. The affinity constants and complex composition have been determined at different temperatures, allowing calculation of the thermodynamic parameters of the binding process. It is concluded that the interaction of phospholipase A2 with micellar lipids is predominantly hydrophobic.", "PMID": 420801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10676", "title": "Simple isolation of DNA hydrophobically complexed with presumed gene regulatory proteins (M3).", "content": "Chromatin from chicken reticulocytes and mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells has been extracted with 2 M NaCl, leaving a portion of the DNA still complexed with a fraction of nonhistones (designated M3, since it can be dissociated from DNA in solutions of 3 M NaCl containing 5 M urea). The DNA complexed with M3, separated from the bulk DNA by centrifugation, was found to contain sequences poorly represented in bulk DNA. Specifically we found that DNA--M3 complexes isolated from chicken reticulocyte chromatin were enriched in globin gene sequences by 20-fold relative to unfractionated DNA and by over 1000-fold relative to DNA rendered free of protein following the extraction of chromatin with 2 M NaCl. We have therefore isolated DNA fractions complexed with M3 which are enriched in specific sequences as may be determined by M3.", "contents": "Simple isolation of DNA hydrophobically complexed with presumed gene regulatory proteins (M3). Chromatin from chicken reticulocytes and mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells has been extracted with 2 M NaCl, leaving a portion of the DNA still complexed with a fraction of nonhistones (designated M3, since it can be dissociated from DNA in solutions of 3 M NaCl containing 5 M urea). The DNA complexed with M3, separated from the bulk DNA by centrifugation, was found to contain sequences poorly represented in bulk DNA. Specifically we found that DNA--M3 complexes isolated from chicken reticulocyte chromatin were enriched in globin gene sequences by 20-fold relative to unfractionated DNA and by over 1000-fold relative to DNA rendered free of protein following the extraction of chromatin with 2 M NaCl. We have therefore isolated DNA fractions complexed with M3 which are enriched in specific sequences as may be determined by M3.", "PMID": 420803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10677", "title": "Stimulation of protein synthesis and Met-tRNAf binding by phosphorylated sugars: studies on their mechanism of action.", "content": "It has been previously reported by J. R. Lenz et al. [(1978) Biochemistry 17, 80--87] that certain phosphorylated sugars stimulate protein synthesis in extracts of mammalian cells. This effect was found to be due to a stimulation of Met-tRNAf binding to 40S ribosomal subunits, both in whole extracts and with isolated ribosomes. However, formation of a ternary complex of Met-tRNAf, initiation factor eIF-2, and GTP was not stimulated. It was also shown that the stimulation is not due solely to metabolism of the sugars. The present communication further characterizes the stimulatory effect of the sugars. They were found to prevent the inactivation of ribosomes that occurs during protein synthesis incubations. The sugars were also found to inhibit cAMP-dependent protein kinases noncompetitively. However, they stimulate Met-tRNAf binding to 40S ribosomal subunits even under conditions in which an inhibition of protein kinase has no effect. Although it has bot been possible to demonstrate a direct association of the sugars with the 40S initiation complex, the evidence suggests that their effect is mediated by an interaction with one of the components involved in the formation of this complex.", "contents": "Stimulation of protein synthesis and Met-tRNAf binding by phosphorylated sugars: studies on their mechanism of action. It has been previously reported by J. R. Lenz et al. [(1978) Biochemistry 17, 80--87] that certain phosphorylated sugars stimulate protein synthesis in extracts of mammalian cells. This effect was found to be due to a stimulation of Met-tRNAf binding to 40S ribosomal subunits, both in whole extracts and with isolated ribosomes. However, formation of a ternary complex of Met-tRNAf, initiation factor eIF-2, and GTP was not stimulated. It was also shown that the stimulation is not due solely to metabolism of the sugars. The present communication further characterizes the stimulatory effect of the sugars. They were found to prevent the inactivation of ribosomes that occurs during protein synthesis incubations. The sugars were also found to inhibit cAMP-dependent protein kinases noncompetitively. However, they stimulate Met-tRNAf binding to 40S ribosomal subunits even under conditions in which an inhibition of protein kinase has no effect. Although it has bot been possible to demonstrate a direct association of the sugars with the 40S initiation complex, the evidence suggests that their effect is mediated by an interaction with one of the components involved in the formation of this complex.", "PMID": 420805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10678", "title": "Reaction of bisulfite with the 5-hydroxymethyl group in pyrimidines and in phage DNAs.", "content": "5-Hydroxymethylcytosine reacted with bisulfite and, instead of undergoing usual deamination process, gave cytosine 5-methylenesulfonate as the product. The conversion was rapid and quantitative, and the optimum pH was 4.5. The product was isolated as crystals and characterized. Cytosine 5-methylenesulfonate was only very slowly deaminated by treatment with bisulfite. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine 5'-phosphate reacted with bisulfite in the same way as 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Residues of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in native as well as denatured T2 DNA were convertible to those of cytosine 5-methylenesulfonate by treatment of the DNA with bisulfite. While it is known that the 5-hydroxy-methyl groups of T-even bacteriophage DNA can be enzymatically glucosylated, this observation offers chemical evidence that the 5-hydrozymethyl groups in DNA are situated in such a way that they can readily react with external agents. 5-Hydroxymethyluracil gave uracil 5-methylenesulfonate on treatment with bisulfite. This reaction was much slower than that of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, and the optimum pH was between 6 and 7.", "contents": "Reaction of bisulfite with the 5-hydroxymethyl group in pyrimidines and in phage DNAs. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine reacted with bisulfite and, instead of undergoing usual deamination process, gave cytosine 5-methylenesulfonate as the product. The conversion was rapid and quantitative, and the optimum pH was 4.5. The product was isolated as crystals and characterized. Cytosine 5-methylenesulfonate was only very slowly deaminated by treatment with bisulfite. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine 5'-phosphate reacted with bisulfite in the same way as 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Residues of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in native as well as denatured T2 DNA were convertible to those of cytosine 5-methylenesulfonate by treatment of the DNA with bisulfite. While it is known that the 5-hydroxy-methyl groups of T-even bacteriophage DNA can be enzymatically glucosylated, this observation offers chemical evidence that the 5-hydrozymethyl groups in DNA are situated in such a way that they can readily react with external agents. 5-Hydroxymethyluracil gave uracil 5-methylenesulfonate on treatment with bisulfite. This reaction was much slower than that of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, and the optimum pH was between 6 and 7.", "PMID": 420806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10679", "title": "Analysis of chromatin reconstitutiion.", "content": "The ability of high molecular weight chicken erythrocyte chromatin to spontaneously self-assemble into native-like material, after dissociation by high ionic strength and reassociation by salt gradient dialysis, was critically examined. The native conformational state of the reassembled nucleoprotein complex was regenerated to the extent reflected by circular dichroism spectra and thermally induced helix--coil transition of the nucleoprotein DNA. However, internucleosomal packing of approximately 205 base pairs of DNA per repeating unit, as probed by digestion with micrococcal nuclease, was not regenerated upon reassembly and was replaced by a packing of approximately 160 base pairs per repeating unit. Thus, high molecular weight chromatin containing only lysine-rich histones (H1 and H5) and core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) is not a true self-assembling system in vitro using the salt gradient dialysis system used herein. Circular dichroism and thermal denaturation studies on core chromatin (lysine-rich histones removed) showed that core histones alone are not capable of reassembling high molecular weight DNA into native-like core  particles at low temperature (4 degree C). Reassembly at 21 degree C restored the circular dichroism but not the thermal denaturation properties to those characteristic of undissociated core chromatin. Nonetheless, micrococcal nuclease digestions of both reassembled core chromatin products were identical with undissociated native core chromatin. Ressembly in the presence of the complete complement of histones, followed by removal of the lysine-rich histones, did regenerate the thermal denaturation properties of undissociated native core particles. These results indicated multiple functions of the lysine-rich histones in the in vitro assembly of high molecular weight chromatin.", "contents": "Analysis of chromatin reconstitutiion. The ability of high molecular weight chicken erythrocyte chromatin to spontaneously self-assemble into native-like material, after dissociation by high ionic strength and reassociation by salt gradient dialysis, was critically examined. The native conformational state of the reassembled nucleoprotein complex was regenerated to the extent reflected by circular dichroism spectra and thermally induced helix--coil transition of the nucleoprotein DNA. However, internucleosomal packing of approximately 205 base pairs of DNA per repeating unit, as probed by digestion with micrococcal nuclease, was not regenerated upon reassembly and was replaced by a packing of approximately 160 base pairs per repeating unit. Thus, high molecular weight chromatin containing only lysine-rich histones (H1 and H5) and core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) is not a true self-assembling system in vitro using the salt gradient dialysis system used herein. Circular dichroism and thermal denaturation studies on core chromatin (lysine-rich histones removed) showed that core histones alone are not capable of reassembling high molecular weight DNA into native-like core  particles at low temperature (4 degree C). Reassembly at 21 degree C restored the circular dichroism but not the thermal denaturation properties to those characteristic of undissociated core chromatin. Nonetheless, micrococcal nuclease digestions of both reassembled core chromatin products were identical with undissociated native core chromatin. Ressembly in the presence of the complete complement of histones, followed by removal of the lysine-rich histones, did regenerate the thermal denaturation properties of undissociated native core particles. These results indicated multiple functions of the lysine-rich histones in the in vitro assembly of high molecular weight chromatin.", "PMID": 420808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10680", "title": "Isolation of galactoprotein a from hamster embryo fibroblasts and characterization of the carbohydrate unit.", "content": "A major cell surface labeled glycoprotein of hamster embryo fibroblasts, with a subunit molecular weight of 230 000, which is deleted on viral transformation [Gahmberg, C. G., & Hakomori, S. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 3329--3333; Hynes, R. O. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 3170--3174], was quantitatively extracted and purified on an insolubilized Ricinus communis lectin--poly(acrylhydrazido)agarose column. A glycopeptide with a molecular weight of 2000 was isolated from the glycoprotein after exhaustive digestion with protease of Streptomyces griseus. The carbohydrate structure of the isolated glycopeptide was determined, as seen in Figure 7, by carbohydrate analysis, stepwise degradation by exoglycosidases followed by hydrolysis with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase of Diplococcus pneumoniae, methylation analysis with gas chromatography--mass spectrometry, and direct probe mass spectrometry of the methylated core oligosaccharide, released by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase.", "contents": "Isolation of galactoprotein a from hamster embryo fibroblasts and characterization of the carbohydrate unit. A major cell surface labeled glycoprotein of hamster embryo fibroblasts, with a subunit molecular weight of 230 000, which is deleted on viral transformation [Gahmberg, C. G., & Hakomori, S. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 3329--3333; Hynes, R. O. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 3170--3174], was quantitatively extracted and purified on an insolubilized Ricinus communis lectin--poly(acrylhydrazido)agarose column. A glycopeptide with a molecular weight of 2000 was isolated from the glycoprotein after exhaustive digestion with protease of Streptomyces griseus. The carbohydrate structure of the isolated glycopeptide was determined, as seen in Figure 7, by carbohydrate analysis, stepwise degradation by exoglycosidases followed by hydrolysis with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase of Diplococcus pneumoniae, methylation analysis with gas chromatography--mass spectrometry, and direct probe mass spectrometry of the methylated core oligosaccharide, released by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase.", "PMID": 420811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10681", "title": "Effect of polyene antibiotics on the lectin-induced agglutination of transformed and untransformed cell lines.", "content": "Treatment of transformed Py3T3, SV101-3T3, and L1210 cells, as well as mitotic and Pronase-treated untransformed 3T3 cells, with the polyene antibiotics filipin, nystatin, and amphotericin B inhibited agglutination by wheat germ agglutinin. The effect of polyene antibiotic treatment was lectin and cell specific. Concanavalin A induced agglutination was not inhibited, wheat germ agglutination induced agglutination of untransformed 3T3 interphase cells was not influenced, and other aggregation phenomena, including those of erythrocytes with blood group specific antibodies or divalent cations, were unaffected by polyene treatments. This suggests that the formation of polyene-cholesterol complexes in transformed and erythrocyte cell membranes may specifically affect wheat germ agglutinin receptors and/or secondary events necessary for wheat germ agglutinin induced agglutination. Fluorescence studies of membrane filipin-cholesterol complexes showed that pretreating the cells with wheat germ agglutinin, but not concanavalin A, perturbed the fluorescence properties of filipin. Electron spin resonance studies with spin-labeled fatty acids revealed at best only a slight decrease in fatty acyl chain flexibility following filipin treatment. These studies indicate that there are not only quantitative differences between the agglutinability of transformed and untransformed cells with wheat germ agglutinin but that qualitative differences exist as well.", "contents": "Effect of polyene antibiotics on the lectin-induced agglutination of transformed and untransformed cell lines. Treatment of transformed Py3T3, SV101-3T3, and L1210 cells, as well as mitotic and Pronase-treated untransformed 3T3 cells, with the polyene antibiotics filipin, nystatin, and amphotericin B inhibited agglutination by wheat germ agglutinin. The effect of polyene antibiotic treatment was lectin and cell specific. Concanavalin A induced agglutination was not inhibited, wheat germ agglutination induced agglutination of untransformed 3T3 interphase cells was not influenced, and other aggregation phenomena, including those of erythrocytes with blood group specific antibodies or divalent cations, were unaffected by polyene treatments. This suggests that the formation of polyene-cholesterol complexes in transformed and erythrocyte cell membranes may specifically affect wheat germ agglutinin receptors and/or secondary events necessary for wheat germ agglutinin induced agglutination. Fluorescence studies of membrane filipin-cholesterol complexes showed that pretreating the cells with wheat germ agglutinin, but not concanavalin A, perturbed the fluorescence properties of filipin. Electron spin resonance studies with spin-labeled fatty acids revealed at best only a slight decrease in fatty acyl chain flexibility following filipin treatment. These studies indicate that there are not only quantitative differences between the agglutinability of transformed and untransformed cells with wheat germ agglutinin but that qualitative differences exist as well.", "PMID": 420812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10682", "title": "An octamer of core histones in solution: central role of the H3-H4 tetramer in the self-assembly.", "content": "The association of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 in solution has been studied. In 2 M NaCl and at neutral pH they can assemble in a complex in which each histone is present in equimolar amounts. The complex has a weight average molecular weight of 98,000 (+/- 3700) and a sedimentation coefficient (so20,w) of 4.8. The value of the weight average molecular weight and the histone stoichiometry indicate that the complex is an octamer. The pairs of histones H2A,H2B and H3,H4 studied separately under identical conditions only associated as equimolar complexes consistent with dimeric and tetrameric structures, respectively. The stability of the core histone octamer is a function of the ionic strength, pH, and concentration of protein. The octamer dissociates by losing dimers of H2A,H2B until the main complexes existing in solution are the H3.H4 tetramer and the H2A.H2B dimer. This process is reversible upon reestablishing the original conditions.", "contents": "An octamer of core histones in solution: central role of the H3-H4 tetramer in the self-assembly. The association of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 in solution has been studied. In 2 M NaCl and at neutral pH they can assemble in a complex in which each histone is present in equimolar amounts. The complex has a weight average molecular weight of 98,000 (+/- 3700) and a sedimentation coefficient (so20,w) of 4.8. The value of the weight average molecular weight and the histone stoichiometry indicate that the complex is an octamer. The pairs of histones H2A,H2B and H3,H4 studied separately under identical conditions only associated as equimolar complexes consistent with dimeric and tetrameric structures, respectively. The stability of the core histone octamer is a function of the ionic strength, pH, and concentration of protein. The octamer dissociates by losing dimers of H2A,H2B until the main complexes existing in solution are the H3.H4 tetramer and the H2A.H2B dimer. This process is reversible upon reestablishing the original conditions.", "PMID": 420814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10683", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of membrane fusion: evidence for an intermembrane Ca2+-phospholipid complex, synergism with Mg2+, and inhibition by spectrin.", "content": "The interaction of Ca2+ and Mg2+ with phosphatidylserine (PS) vesicles in 0.1 M NaCl aqueous solution was studied by equilibrium dialysis binding, X-ray diffraction, batch microcalorimetry, kinetics of cation-induced vesicle aggregation, release of vesicle contents, and fusion. Addition of either cation causes aggregation of PS vesicles and produces complexes with similar stoichiometry (1:2 cation/PS) at saturating concentrations, although the details of the interactions and the resulting complexes are quite different. Addition of Ca2+ to PS vesicles at T greater than or equal to 25 degrees C induces the formation of an \"anhydrous\" complex of closely apposed membranes with highly ordered crystalline acyl chains and a very high transition temperature (Tc greater than 100 degrees C). The formation of this complex is accompanied by a release of heat (5.5 kcal/mol), rapid release of vesicle contents, and fusion of the vesicles into larger membranous structures. By contrast, addition of Mg2+ produces a complex with PS which is much more hydrated, has no crystallization of the acyl chains at T greater than or equal to 20 degrees C, and has comparatively little fusion. Studies with both Ca2+ and Mg2+ added simultaneously indicate that there is a synergistic effect between the two cations, which results in an enhancement of the ability of Ca2+ to form its specific complex with PS at lower concentrations. The presence of the erythrocyte protein \"spectrin\" inhibits this synergism and interferes with the formation of the specific PS/Ca complex. It also inhibits the fusion of PS vesicles. It is proposed that the unique PS/Ca complex, which involves close apposition of vesicle membranes, is an intermembrane \"trans\" complex. We further propose that such a complex is a key step for the resultant phase transition and fusion of PS vesicles. By contrast, the PS/Mg complex is proposed to be a \"cis\" complex with respect to each membrane. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of membrane fusion.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of membrane fusion: evidence for an intermembrane Ca2+-phospholipid complex, synergism with Mg2+, and inhibition by spectrin. The interaction of Ca2+ and Mg2+ with phosphatidylserine (PS) vesicles in 0.1 M NaCl aqueous solution was studied by equilibrium dialysis binding, X-ray diffraction, batch microcalorimetry, kinetics of cation-induced vesicle aggregation, release of vesicle contents, and fusion. Addition of either cation causes aggregation of PS vesicles and produces complexes with similar stoichiometry (1:2 cation/PS) at saturating concentrations, although the details of the interactions and the resulting complexes are quite different. Addition of Ca2+ to PS vesicles at T greater than or equal to 25 degrees C induces the formation of an \"anhydrous\" complex of closely apposed membranes with highly ordered crystalline acyl chains and a very high transition temperature (Tc greater than 100 degrees C). The formation of this complex is accompanied by a release of heat (5.5 kcal/mol), rapid release of vesicle contents, and fusion of the vesicles into larger membranous structures. By contrast, addition of Mg2+ produces a complex with PS which is much more hydrated, has no crystallization of the acyl chains at T greater than or equal to 20 degrees C, and has comparatively little fusion. Studies with both Ca2+ and Mg2+ added simultaneously indicate that there is a synergistic effect between the two cations, which results in an enhancement of the ability of Ca2+ to form its specific complex with PS at lower concentrations. The presence of the erythrocyte protein \"spectrin\" inhibits this synergism and interferes with the formation of the specific PS/Ca complex. It also inhibits the fusion of PS vesicles. It is proposed that the unique PS/Ca complex, which involves close apposition of vesicle membranes, is an intermembrane \"trans\" complex. We further propose that such a complex is a key step for the resultant phase transition and fusion of PS vesicles. By contrast, the PS/Mg complex is proposed to be a \"cis\" complex with respect to each membrane. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of membrane fusion.", "PMID": 420815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10684", "title": "Expression of multivalency in the affinity chromatography of antibodies. Appendix: Derivation and evaluation of equations for independent bivalent interacting systems in quantitative affinity chromatography.", "content": "The expression of multivalency in the interaction of antibody with immobilized antigen was evaluated by quantitative affinity chromatography. Zones of radioisotopically labeled bivalent immunoglobulin A monomer derived from the myeloma protein TEPC 15 were eluted from columns of phosphorylcholine-Sepharose both in the absence and presence of competing soluble phosphorylcholine. At sufficient immobilized phosphorylcholine concentration, the variation of elution volume of bivalent monomer with soluble ligand was found to deviate from that observed for the univalent binding of the corresponding Fab fragment. In addition, the apparent binding affinity of the bivalent monomer increased with immobilized antigen density. Use of equations relating the variation of elution volume with free ligand concentration for a bivalent binding protein allowed calculation of microscopic single-site binding parameters for the bivalent monomeric antibody to both immobilized and soluble phosphorylcholine. The chromatographic data not only demonstrate the effect of multivalency on apparent binding affinity but also offer a relatively simple means to measure microscopic dissociation constants for proteins participating in bivalent interactions with their ligands.", "contents": "Expression of multivalency in the affinity chromatography of antibodies. Appendix: Derivation and evaluation of equations for independent bivalent interacting systems in quantitative affinity chromatography. The expression of multivalency in the interaction of antibody with immobilized antigen was evaluated by quantitative affinity chromatography. Zones of radioisotopically labeled bivalent immunoglobulin A monomer derived from the myeloma protein TEPC 15 were eluted from columns of phosphorylcholine-Sepharose both in the absence and presence of competing soluble phosphorylcholine. At sufficient immobilized phosphorylcholine concentration, the variation of elution volume of bivalent monomer with soluble ligand was found to deviate from that observed for the univalent binding of the corresponding Fab fragment. In addition, the apparent binding affinity of the bivalent monomer increased with immobilized antigen density. Use of equations relating the variation of elution volume with free ligand concentration for a bivalent binding protein allowed calculation of microscopic single-site binding parameters for the bivalent monomeric antibody to both immobilized and soluble phosphorylcholine. The chromatographic data not only demonstrate the effect of multivalency on apparent binding affinity but also offer a relatively simple means to measure microscopic dissociation constants for proteins participating in bivalent interactions with their ligands.", "PMID": 420816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10685", "title": "Conformational changes accompanying the binding of antithrombin III to thrombin.", "content": "The conformational aspects of the binding of antithrombin III to thrombin were investigated by difference spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and optical rotatory dispersion. The CD and ORD studies indicate an increase of 6--8% in alpha-helix content at the expense of the beta structure, while the results from difference spectroscopy showed an increased exposure of approximately seven tyrosine residues. In the presence of heparin there is a slightly greater increase in helicity which is accompanied by exposure of an average of two tryptophan and one tyrosine residues. These spectral results indicate that the thrombin-antithrombin III complex formed in the presence of heparin differs in its conformation from that produced in its absence.", "contents": "Conformational changes accompanying the binding of antithrombin III to thrombin. The conformational aspects of the binding of antithrombin III to thrombin were investigated by difference spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and optical rotatory dispersion. The CD and ORD studies indicate an increase of 6--8% in alpha-helix content at the expense of the beta structure, while the results from difference spectroscopy showed an increased exposure of approximately seven tyrosine residues. In the presence of heparin there is a slightly greater increase in helicity which is accompanied by exposure of an average of two tryptophan and one tyrosine residues. These spectral results indicate that the thrombin-antithrombin III complex formed in the presence of heparin differs in its conformation from that produced in its absence.", "PMID": 420817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10686", "title": "Stopped-flow determination of the active form of acetaldehyde in the liver alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzed reaction.", "content": "A stopped-flow spectrophotometer was modified so that the volumes to be mixed were in a ratio of 1:50. Using this instrument, we have shown that the effective substrate in the reduction of acetaldehyde catalyzed by horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase was the carbonyl form of acetaldehyde and that the enzyme does not catalyze the dehydration of the hydrated form of acetaldehyde. Unlike trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrate, which is a competitive inhibitor with respect to ethanol, acetaldehyde hydrate did not inhibit the enzymatic reaction at concentrations as high as 60 mM.", "contents": "Stopped-flow determination of the active form of acetaldehyde in the liver alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzed reaction. A stopped-flow spectrophotometer was modified so that the volumes to be mixed were in a ratio of 1:50. Using this instrument, we have shown that the effective substrate in the reduction of acetaldehyde catalyzed by horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase was the carbonyl form of acetaldehyde and that the enzyme does not catalyze the dehydration of the hydrated form of acetaldehyde. Unlike trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrate, which is a competitive inhibitor with respect to ethanol, acetaldehyde hydrate did not inhibit the enzymatic reaction at concentrations as high as 60 mM.", "PMID": 420818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10687", "title": "Iodosylbenzene derivatives as oxygen donors in cytochrome P-450 catalyzed steroid hydroxylations.", "content": "The mechanism of cytochrome P-450 catalyzed steroid hydroxylations in rat liver microsomes has been investigated by employing derivatives of iodosylbenzene as oxygen donors. The model steroid substrate androstenedione which was hydroxylated in positions 7 alpha, 6 beta, and 16 alpha was used in reactions supported by NADPH, iodosylbenzene, and iodosylbenzene derivatives. Evidence for cytochrome P-450 involvement in iodosylbenzene-sustained androstenedione hydroxylation included inhibition by substrates and modifiers of cytochrome P-450. The most efficient oxygen donors were (diacetoxyiodo)-2-nitrobenzene greater than (diacetoxyiodo)-2-chlorobenzene greater than 2-nitroiodosylbenzene greater than (dinitratoiodo)-2-nitrobenzene greater than (diacetoxyiodo)benzene greater than (diacetoxyiodo)-2-methoxybenzene greater than 4-(diacetoxyiodo)toluene greater than iodosylbenzene. The capacity of the oxidation agents to serve as oxygen donors in cytochrome P-450 dependent steroid hydroxylation is probably dependent upon several factors such as the tendency of iodosyl compounds to associate, which decreases coordination with the heme iron, the presence of bulky substituents in the 2 position (decreases association), and the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents (tends to decrease coordination with the heme iron). The rates of 7 alpha, 6 beta, and i6 alpha hydroxylation of androstenedione catalyzed by (diacetoxyiodo)-2-nitrobenzene were 108-, 130-, and 167-fold higher, respectively, than the rates of the NADPH-supported reactions. These results strongly suggest that the rate-limiting step in NADPH-sustained cytochrome P-450 catalyzed reactions is the rate of reduction of cytochrome P-450.", "contents": "Iodosylbenzene derivatives as oxygen donors in cytochrome P-450 catalyzed steroid hydroxylations. The mechanism of cytochrome P-450 catalyzed steroid hydroxylations in rat liver microsomes has been investigated by employing derivatives of iodosylbenzene as oxygen donors. The model steroid substrate androstenedione which was hydroxylated in positions 7 alpha, 6 beta, and 16 alpha was used in reactions supported by NADPH, iodosylbenzene, and iodosylbenzene derivatives. Evidence for cytochrome P-450 involvement in iodosylbenzene-sustained androstenedione hydroxylation included inhibition by substrates and modifiers of cytochrome P-450. The most efficient oxygen donors were (diacetoxyiodo)-2-nitrobenzene greater than (diacetoxyiodo)-2-chlorobenzene greater than 2-nitroiodosylbenzene greater than (dinitratoiodo)-2-nitrobenzene greater than (diacetoxyiodo)benzene greater than (diacetoxyiodo)-2-methoxybenzene greater than 4-(diacetoxyiodo)toluene greater than iodosylbenzene. The capacity of the oxidation agents to serve as oxygen donors in cytochrome P-450 dependent steroid hydroxylation is probably dependent upon several factors such as the tendency of iodosyl compounds to associate, which decreases coordination with the heme iron, the presence of bulky substituents in the 2 position (decreases association), and the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents (tends to decrease coordination with the heme iron). The rates of 7 alpha, 6 beta, and i6 alpha hydroxylation of androstenedione catalyzed by (diacetoxyiodo)-2-nitrobenzene were 108-, 130-, and 167-fold higher, respectively, than the rates of the NADPH-supported reactions. These results strongly suggest that the rate-limiting step in NADPH-sustained cytochrome P-450 catalyzed reactions is the rate of reduction of cytochrome P-450.", "PMID": 420819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10688", "title": "Characterization of protein S, a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein from bovine and human plasma.", "content": "Protein S is a vitamin K dependent protein of unknown function, which is present in mammalian plasma. It was isolated from bovine plasma by barium citrate adsorption and elution, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, heparin-agarose, and polyhomoarginine-Sepharose. Bovine Protein S (Mr 64,200) is a single-chain glycoprotein with an amino-terminal sequence of Ala-Asn-Thr-Leu-Leu-. It contains 7.0% carbohydrate and 10 residues of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of protein. Human Protein S (Mr 69,000) is also a single-chain glycoprotein with an amino-terminal sequence of Ala-Asn-Ser-Leu-Leu-. It contains 7.8% carbohydrate and 10 residues of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of protein. These results indicate that Protein S from bovine or human plasma shows many similarities to the other vitamin K dependent proteins present in plasma.", "contents": "Characterization of protein S, a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid containing protein from bovine and human plasma. Protein S is a vitamin K dependent protein of unknown function, which is present in mammalian plasma. It was isolated from bovine plasma by barium citrate adsorption and elution, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and column chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, heparin-agarose, and polyhomoarginine-Sepharose. Bovine Protein S (Mr 64,200) is a single-chain glycoprotein with an amino-terminal sequence of Ala-Asn-Thr-Leu-Leu-. It contains 7.0% carbohydrate and 10 residues of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of protein. Human Protein S (Mr 69,000) is also a single-chain glycoprotein with an amino-terminal sequence of Ala-Asn-Ser-Leu-Leu-. It contains 7.8% carbohydrate and 10 residues of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid per mol of protein. These results indicate that Protein S from bovine or human plasma shows many similarities to the other vitamin K dependent proteins present in plasma.", "PMID": 420821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10689", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of a human 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase.", "content": "A DNA glycosylase was purified about 30-fold from cultured human lymphoblasts (CCRF-CEM line) and was found to cleave 3-methyladenine from DNA alkylated with methyl methanesulfonate. The enzyme did not promote the release of 1-methyladenine, 7-methyladenine, or 7-methylguanine from DNA nor did it act on denatured methylated DNA. It produced apurinic sites in DNA alkylated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and ethyl methane-sulfonate as well as methyl methanesulfonate but not in untreated DNA or in DNA alkylated with nitrogen mustard or irradiated with ultraviolet light or X-rays. The glycosylase was free of detectable endonuclease activity in experiments with untreated DNA or DNA exposed to ultraviolet light; low levels of endonuclease activity, obtained when X-irradiated, alkylated, or depurinated DNA was the substrate, were attributed to contaminant apurinic endonuclease activity. This 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase has an estimated molecular weight of 34,000, is not dependent on divalent metal ions, and shows optimal activity at pH 7.5--8.5.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of a human 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase. A DNA glycosylase was purified about 30-fold from cultured human lymphoblasts (CCRF-CEM line) and was found to cleave 3-methyladenine from DNA alkylated with methyl methanesulfonate. The enzyme did not promote the release of 1-methyladenine, 7-methyladenine, or 7-methylguanine from DNA nor did it act on denatured methylated DNA. It produced apurinic sites in DNA alkylated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and ethyl methane-sulfonate as well as methyl methanesulfonate but not in untreated DNA or in DNA alkylated with nitrogen mustard or irradiated with ultraviolet light or X-rays. The glycosylase was free of detectable endonuclease activity in experiments with untreated DNA or DNA exposed to ultraviolet light; low levels of endonuclease activity, obtained when X-irradiated, alkylated, or depurinated DNA was the substrate, were attributed to contaminant apurinic endonuclease activity. This 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase has an estimated molecular weight of 34,000, is not dependent on divalent metal ions, and shows optimal activity at pH 7.5--8.5.", "PMID": 420822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10690", "title": "Analysis of the message-sequence content of the pulse-labeled poly(A)+ heterogeneous nuclear RNA from HeLa cells by cDNA-excess hybridizations.", "content": "The message-sequence content of pulse-labeled poly(A)+ HeLa heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) has been examined by hybridizations to an excess of message cDNA. Control experiments show that the message cDNA accurately reflects the sequence distribution of the complex mixture of poly(A)+ messages present in the HeLa cytoplasm. Pulse-labeled poly(A)+ molecules in both the lamina-associated and shnRNA fractions contain message sequences, and approximately 65% of the poly(A)-adjacent hnRNA sequences are homologous to the 3' ends of mRNA. The majority of the pulse-labeled hnRNA molecules contain abundant message sequences. By use of these techniques it is also shown that some pulse-labeled polyadenylated message sequences are still synthesized in the presence of the adenosine analogue 5,6-dichloro-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole under conditions where little or no new cytoplasmic mRNA is produced.", "contents": "Analysis of the message-sequence content of the pulse-labeled poly(A)+ heterogeneous nuclear RNA from HeLa cells by cDNA-excess hybridizations. The message-sequence content of pulse-labeled poly(A)+ HeLa heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) has been examined by hybridizations to an excess of message cDNA. Control experiments show that the message cDNA accurately reflects the sequence distribution of the complex mixture of poly(A)+ messages present in the HeLa cytoplasm. Pulse-labeled poly(A)+ molecules in both the lamina-associated and shnRNA fractions contain message sequences, and approximately 65% of the poly(A)-adjacent hnRNA sequences are homologous to the 3' ends of mRNA. The majority of the pulse-labeled hnRNA molecules contain abundant message sequences. By use of these techniques it is also shown that some pulse-labeled polyadenylated message sequences are still synthesized in the presence of the adenosine analogue 5,6-dichloro-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole under conditions where little or no new cytoplasmic mRNA is produced.", "PMID": 420823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10691", "title": "Evidence for hemiacetal formation between N-acyl-L-phenylalaninals and alpha-chymotrypsin by cross-saturation nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "N-Acetyl-L-phenylalaninal exists predominantly in its hydrated form in aqueous solution, but the aldehyde and not the hydrate is shown by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to be the effective inhibitor of alpha-chymotrypsin. NMR spectroscopy also indicates that the initial alpha-chymotrypsin-N-acetyl-L-phenylalaninal complex is in equilibrium with a hemiacetal formed between the aldehyde and the active site serine residue. The rate of the latter equilibration is slow on the NMR time scale but the hemiacetal can be detected by cross-saturation NMR spectroscopy. N-Benzoyl-L-phenylalaninal is a more potent inhibitor of alpha-chymotrypsin than the N-acetyl derivative and both the formation of the enzyme-inhibitor complex and the hemiacetal are slow on the NMR time scale, but the hemiacetal in the enzyme can be detected by cross-saturation NMR spectroscopy. The N-acyl-L-phenylalaninals also bind to N-methylhistidinyl-57-alpha-chymotrypsin, but clear evidence for hemiacetal formation was not obtained by cross-saturation NMR spectroscopy either because the hemiacetal was not formed or more probably because the rate of dissociation was slow compared with the rate of relaxation of the hemiacetal proton. The dissociation constant of N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninal to dehydroalaninyl-195-alpha-chymotrypsin was found to be high relative to the dissociation constant to native alpha-chymotrypsin, supporting the NMR evidence that a hemiacetal with the Ser-195 is formed on association of N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninal with alpha-chymotrypsin.", "contents": "Evidence for hemiacetal formation between N-acyl-L-phenylalaninals and alpha-chymotrypsin by cross-saturation nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. N-Acetyl-L-phenylalaninal exists predominantly in its hydrated form in aqueous solution, but the aldehyde and not the hydrate is shown by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to be the effective inhibitor of alpha-chymotrypsin. NMR spectroscopy also indicates that the initial alpha-chymotrypsin-N-acetyl-L-phenylalaninal complex is in equilibrium with a hemiacetal formed between the aldehyde and the active site serine residue. The rate of the latter equilibration is slow on the NMR time scale but the hemiacetal can be detected by cross-saturation NMR spectroscopy. N-Benzoyl-L-phenylalaninal is a more potent inhibitor of alpha-chymotrypsin than the N-acetyl derivative and both the formation of the enzyme-inhibitor complex and the hemiacetal are slow on the NMR time scale, but the hemiacetal in the enzyme can be detected by cross-saturation NMR spectroscopy. The N-acyl-L-phenylalaninals also bind to N-methylhistidinyl-57-alpha-chymotrypsin, but clear evidence for hemiacetal formation was not obtained by cross-saturation NMR spectroscopy either because the hemiacetal was not formed or more probably because the rate of dissociation was slow compared with the rate of relaxation of the hemiacetal proton. The dissociation constant of N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninal to dehydroalaninyl-195-alpha-chymotrypsin was found to be high relative to the dissociation constant to native alpha-chymotrypsin, supporting the NMR evidence that a hemiacetal with the Ser-195 is formed on association of N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninal with alpha-chymotrypsin.", "PMID": 420824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10692", "title": "Interaction of insecticides with lipid membranes.", "content": "The permeability of liposome membranes is increased by organophosphorus and organochlorinated insecticides at concentrations of 10(-5)--10(-4) M. The order of effectiveness is similar to the toxicity of the compounds to mammals, and is the following for permeation of non-electrolytes and for valinomycin-induced permeation of K+: parathion greater than 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) approximately aldrin greater than malathion greater than lindane. The degree of effectiveness for X-537A-induced permeation of Ca2+ was the following: aldrin greater than or equal to DDT greater than parathion greater than malathion greater than lindane. The organophosphorus compound, ethyl azinphos (10(-4) M), dramatically increases the permeability of liposome membranes to all the tested substances, probably as a consequence of surfactant effects. Some organochlorinated insecticides appear to react with cation ionophores and modulate their motion across lipid membranes. It is suggested that the insecticides may exert some of their toxic actions by modifying certain mechanisms in the cell membrane.", "contents": "Interaction of insecticides with lipid membranes. The permeability of liposome membranes is increased by organophosphorus and organochlorinated insecticides at concentrations of 10(-5)--10(-4) M. The order of effectiveness is similar to the toxicity of the compounds to mammals, and is the following for permeation of non-electrolytes and for valinomycin-induced permeation of K+: parathion greater than 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) approximately aldrin greater than malathion greater than lindane. The degree of effectiveness for X-537A-induced permeation of Ca2+ was the following: aldrin greater than or equal to DDT greater than parathion greater than malathion greater than lindane. The organophosphorus compound, ethyl azinphos (10(-4) M), dramatically increases the permeability of liposome membranes to all the tested substances, probably as a consequence of surfactant effects. Some organochlorinated insecticides appear to react with cation ionophores and modulate their motion across lipid membranes. It is suggested that the insecticides may exert some of their toxic actions by modifying certain mechanisms in the cell membrane.", "PMID": 420825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10693", "title": "Permeability of human erythrocyte membrane vesicles to alkali cations.", "content": "The permeability of inside-out and right-side-out vesicles from erythrocyte membranes to inorganic cations was determined quantitatively. Using 86Rb as a K analog, we have measured the rate constant of 86Rb efflux from vesicles under equilibrium exchange conditions, using a dialysis procedure. The permeability coefficients of the vesicles to Rb are only about an order of magnitude greater than that of whole erythrocytes. Furthermore, we have measured many of the specialized transport systems known to exist in erythrocytes and have shown that glucose, sulfate, ATP-dependent Ca and ATP-dependent Na transport activities are retained by the vesicle membranes. These results suggest that inside-out and right-side-out vesicles can be used effectively to study transport properties of erythrocyte membranes.", "contents": "Permeability of human erythrocyte membrane vesicles to alkali cations. The permeability of inside-out and right-side-out vesicles from erythrocyte membranes to inorganic cations was determined quantitatively. Using 86Rb as a K analog, we have measured the rate constant of 86Rb efflux from vesicles under equilibrium exchange conditions, using a dialysis procedure. The permeability coefficients of the vesicles to Rb are only about an order of magnitude greater than that of whole erythrocytes. Furthermore, we have measured many of the specialized transport systems known to exist in erythrocytes and have shown that glucose, sulfate, ATP-dependent Ca and ATP-dependent Na transport activities are retained by the vesicle membranes. These results suggest that inside-out and right-side-out vesicles can be used effectively to study transport properties of erythrocyte membranes.", "PMID": 420826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10694", "title": "Phospholipase A2 from sheep erythrocyte membranes. Ca2+ dependence and localization.", "content": "The calcium dependence and the time course of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine degradation by sheep erythrocyte membrane suspensions in presence of Triton X-100 were investigated. One enzyme with phospholipase A2 specificity was found to be responsible for both phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine degradation. The localization of this enzyme in the membrane of the sheep erythrocyte was investigated by proteolytic treatment of sealed erythrocyte ghosts from the outside and of ghosts which had both sides of the membrane exposed to chymotrypsin. The inability of sealed ghosts to take up chymotrypsin was followed by flux measurements of [14C]dextran carboxyl previously trapped in the ghosts. No efflux of the marker was found during the proteolytic treatment. By comparing the residual phospholipase activities in the membranes from both ghost preparations, we concluded that the phospholipase is oriented to the exterior of the sheep erythrocyte.", "contents": "Phospholipase A2 from sheep erythrocyte membranes. Ca2+ dependence and localization. The calcium dependence and the time course of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine degradation by sheep erythrocyte membrane suspensions in presence of Triton X-100 were investigated. One enzyme with phospholipase A2 specificity was found to be responsible for both phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine degradation. The localization of this enzyme in the membrane of the sheep erythrocyte was investigated by proteolytic treatment of sealed erythrocyte ghosts from the outside and of ghosts which had both sides of the membrane exposed to chymotrypsin. The inability of sealed ghosts to take up chymotrypsin was followed by flux measurements of [14C]dextran carboxyl previously trapped in the ghosts. No efflux of the marker was found during the proteolytic treatment. By comparing the residual phospholipase activities in the membranes from both ghost preparations, we concluded that the phospholipase is oriented to the exterior of the sheep erythrocyte.", "PMID": 420827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10695", "title": "On the mode of liposome-cell interactions. Biotin-conjugated lipids as ultrastructural probes.", "content": "An efficient method for labeling and visualizing phospholipids at the ultrastructural level is described. Biotin was coupled to the amines of appropriate phospholipids via the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The biotinylated lipid could be specifically labeled by ferritin-avidin conjugates and detected by transmission electron microscopy. The lipid derivatives were analyzed and evaluated in terms of their resemblance to the original lipid. Although differing in some aspects from the parent lipid molecules, the biotinyl derivatives still retain the basic characteristics of lipids vis-a-vis their orientation and position in the membrane bilayer. The latter property renders the biotinylated lipid qualitatively suitable for tracing the fate of the lipid component(s) of liposomes during their interaction with biological membranes of various cell types. Using this system, we propose that the extent and pattern of the liposome-cell interaction depends, at least in part, on the cell type employed. This observation may be due to intrinsic variations in cell surface structure and properties relative to those of the liposome.", "contents": "On the mode of liposome-cell interactions. Biotin-conjugated lipids as ultrastructural probes. An efficient method for labeling and visualizing phospholipids at the ultrastructural level is described. Biotin was coupled to the amines of appropriate phospholipids via the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The biotinylated lipid could be specifically labeled by ferritin-avidin conjugates and detected by transmission electron microscopy. The lipid derivatives were analyzed and evaluated in terms of their resemblance to the original lipid. Although differing in some aspects from the parent lipid molecules, the biotinyl derivatives still retain the basic characteristics of lipids vis-a-vis their orientation and position in the membrane bilayer. The latter property renders the biotinylated lipid qualitatively suitable for tracing the fate of the lipid component(s) of liposomes during their interaction with biological membranes of various cell types. Using this system, we propose that the extent and pattern of the liposome-cell interaction depends, at least in part, on the cell type employed. This observation may be due to intrinsic variations in cell surface structure and properties relative to those of the liposome.", "PMID": 420828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10696", "title": "Evidence of multiple operational affinities for D-glucose inside the human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "1. The Michaelis-Menten parameters of labelled D-glucose exit from human erythrocytes at 2 degrees C into external solution containing 50 mM D-galactose were obtained. The Km is 3.4 +/0 0.4 mM, V 17.3 +/- 1.4 MMOL . 1(-1) cell water . min-1 for this infinite-trans exit procedure. 2. The kinetic parameters of equilibrium exchange of D-glucose at 2 degrees C are Km = 25 +/- 3.4 mM, V 30 +/- 4.1 mmol . 1(-1) cell water . min-1. 3. The Km for net exit of D-glucose into solutions containing zero sugar is 15.8 +/- 1.7 mM, V 9.3 +/- 3.3 mmol . 1(-1) cell water . min-1. 4. This experimental evidence corroborates the previous finding of Hankin, B.L., Lieb, W.R. and Stein, W.D. [(1972) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 255, 126--132] that there are sites with both high and low operational affinities for D-glucose at the inner surface of the human erythrocyte membrane. This result is inconsistent with current asymmetric carrier models of sugar transport.", "contents": "Evidence of multiple operational affinities for D-glucose inside the human erythrocyte membrane. 1. The Michaelis-Menten parameters of labelled D-glucose exit from human erythrocytes at 2 degrees C into external solution containing 50 mM D-galactose were obtained. The Km is 3.4 +/0 0.4 mM, V 17.3 +/- 1.4 MMOL . 1(-1) cell water . min-1 for this infinite-trans exit procedure. 2. The kinetic parameters of equilibrium exchange of D-glucose at 2 degrees C are Km = 25 +/- 3.4 mM, V 30 +/- 4.1 mmol . 1(-1) cell water . min-1. 3. The Km for net exit of D-glucose into solutions containing zero sugar is 15.8 +/- 1.7 mM, V 9.3 +/- 3.3 mmol . 1(-1) cell water . min-1. 4. This experimental evidence corroborates the previous finding of Hankin, B.L., Lieb, W.R. and Stein, W.D. [(1972) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 255, 126--132] that there are sites with both high and low operational affinities for D-glucose at the inner surface of the human erythrocyte membrane. This result is inconsistent with current asymmetric carrier models of sugar transport.", "PMID": 420829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10697", "title": "Increase in membrane fluidity in liposomes and plant protoplasts upon osmotic swelling.", "content": "Osmotic gradient across the membrane of nonsonicated liposomes and rose petal protoplasts are shown to induce swelling. Concomitantly, the lipid fluidity as measured by fluorescence depolarization is increased, probably due to increase in molar free volume. It is suggested that osmotic swelling can affect cell physiology via changes in membrane fluidity.", "contents": "Increase in membrane fluidity in liposomes and plant protoplasts upon osmotic swelling. Osmotic gradient across the membrane of nonsonicated liposomes and rose petal protoplasts are shown to induce swelling. Concomitantly, the lipid fluidity as measured by fluorescence depolarization is increased, probably due to increase in molar free volume. It is suggested that osmotic swelling can affect cell physiology via changes in membrane fluidity.", "PMID": 420831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10698", "title": "The relation of temperature and lipid composition to cell adhesion.", "content": "We have examined as a function of temperature the effect of changes in the composition of the fatty acid chains of membrane phospholipids on the rate of cell to cell adhesion in the neuronal cell line B103. The rate of cell to cell adhesion in this cell line is highly temperature dependent but is not influenced by changes in the fatty acid composition of the plasma membrane generated by growing the cells either in the presence of oleic acid or elaidic acid. In contrast the temperature dependence of the rate of cell to cell adhesion, measured in a monolayer adhesion assay, is highly dependent on the shear force used during the assay. A two-step model of cell to cell adhesion involving multiple adhesion ligands is presented which can be used to explain these observations.", "contents": "The relation of temperature and lipid composition to cell adhesion. We have examined as a function of temperature the effect of changes in the composition of the fatty acid chains of membrane phospholipids on the rate of cell to cell adhesion in the neuronal cell line B103. The rate of cell to cell adhesion in this cell line is highly temperature dependent but is not influenced by changes in the fatty acid composition of the plasma membrane generated by growing the cells either in the presence of oleic acid or elaidic acid. In contrast the temperature dependence of the rate of cell to cell adhesion, measured in a monolayer adhesion assay, is highly dependent on the shear force used during the assay. A two-step model of cell to cell adhesion involving multiple adhesion ligands is presented which can be used to explain these observations.", "PMID": 420830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10699", "title": "A 13C NMR method for determination of the transbilayer distribution of phosphatidylcholine in large, unilamellar, protein-free and protein-containing vesicles.", "content": "(1) Large unilamellar vesicles have been prepared from N-[Ne3-13C]-18 : 1c/18 : 1c-phosphatidylcholine, both with and without the major intrinsic proteins from the human erythrocyte membrane incorporated in the bilayer. (2) It is shown that the inside-outside distribution of the lipid molecules in these large unilamellar structures can be determined using 13C NMR. (3) Large vesicles of 18 : 1c/18 : 1c-phosphatidylcholine containing glycophorin show an enhanced permeability to Dy3+. It is shown that the permeability barrier of these vesicles can be restored by addition of 10 mol% 18 : 1c/18 : 1c-phosphatidylethanolamine or 1-18 : 1c-lysophosphatidylcholine.", "contents": "A 13C NMR method for determination of the transbilayer distribution of phosphatidylcholine in large, unilamellar, protein-free and protein-containing vesicles. (1) Large unilamellar vesicles have been prepared from N-[Ne3-13C]-18 : 1c/18 : 1c-phosphatidylcholine, both with and without the major intrinsic proteins from the human erythrocyte membrane incorporated in the bilayer. (2) It is shown that the inside-outside distribution of the lipid molecules in these large unilamellar structures can be determined using 13C NMR. (3) Large vesicles of 18 : 1c/18 : 1c-phosphatidylcholine containing glycophorin show an enhanced permeability to Dy3+. It is shown that the permeability barrier of these vesicles can be restored by addition of 10 mol% 18 : 1c/18 : 1c-phosphatidylethanolamine or 1-18 : 1c-lysophosphatidylcholine.", "PMID": 420832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10700", "title": "The rapid transmembrane movement of cholesterol in small unilamellar vesicles.", "content": "The exchange of cholesterol between two populations of small unilamellar vesicles has been investigated using a new system. Uniformly sized egg lecithin-cholesterol vesicles containing [3H]cholesterol and the glycolipid N-palmitoyl-DL-dihydrolactocerebroside were used as donors, whereas similar vesicles containing unlabelled cholesterol and no glycolipid were used as cholesterol acceptors. The two populations of vesicles were separated with the castor bean lectin Ricinus communis. It was found that greater than 90% of the cholesterol in the donor vesicle could be exchanged with a single time constant, the half-time for the completion of this exchange process being 1.5 h at 37 degrees C. Therefore, the rate of transmembrane movement or flip-flop of cholesterol in these vesicles must be at least as fast as the intermembrane exchange process. Similar results were obtained using hemoglobin-free human erythrocyte ghosts as the acceptor membrane. If the molecular-sieve chromatography step used to fractionate the vesicles was omitted, a non-exchangeable pool of cholesterol was detected which was shown not to be due to the presence of multilamellar vesicles.", "contents": "The rapid transmembrane movement of cholesterol in small unilamellar vesicles. The exchange of cholesterol between two populations of small unilamellar vesicles has been investigated using a new system. Uniformly sized egg lecithin-cholesterol vesicles containing [3H]cholesterol and the glycolipid N-palmitoyl-DL-dihydrolactocerebroside were used as donors, whereas similar vesicles containing unlabelled cholesterol and no glycolipid were used as cholesterol acceptors. The two populations of vesicles were separated with the castor bean lectin Ricinus communis. It was found that greater than 90% of the cholesterol in the donor vesicle could be exchanged with a single time constant, the half-time for the completion of this exchange process being 1.5 h at 37 degrees C. Therefore, the rate of transmembrane movement or flip-flop of cholesterol in these vesicles must be at least as fast as the intermembrane exchange process. Similar results were obtained using hemoglobin-free human erythrocyte ghosts as the acceptor membrane. If the molecular-sieve chromatography step used to fractionate the vesicles was omitted, a non-exchangeable pool of cholesterol was detected which was shown not to be due to the presence of multilamellar vesicles.", "PMID": 420833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10701", "title": "The interaction of spectrin-actin and synthetic phospholipids. II. The interaction with phosphatidylserine.", "content": "Sonicated vesicles of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine mixtures were recombined with spectrin-actin from human erythrocyte ghosts. Morphological properties and physicochemical characteristics of the recombinates were studied with freeze etch electron microscopy, 31P NMR and differential scanning calorimetry. Sonicated dimyristoyl phosphatidylserine vesicles show a decrease in enthalpy change of the lipid phase transition upon addition of spectrin-actin. These vesicles collapse and fuse, into multilamellar structures in the presence of spectrin-actin, as demonstrated by freeze fracturing and NMR. Spectrin-actin cannot prevent the salt formation between phosphatidylserine and Ca2+, all phosphatidylserine is withdrawn from the lipid phase transition. In contrast a protection against the action of Mg2+ could be observed. Mixed bilayers of dimyristoyl phosphatidylserine/dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine show phase separations at molar ratios above 1/1 (van Dijck, P.W.M., de Kruijff, B., Verkleij, A.J., van Deenen, L.L.M. and de Gier, J. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 512, 84--96). These phase spearations can be prevented by spectrin-actin. Ca2+-induced lateral phase separations in cocrystallizing phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine mixtures, can be reduced by spectrin-actin. Formation of the Ca2+-phosphatidylserine salt, occurring in addition to lateral phase separation when mixtures contain more than 30 mol % phosphatidylserine, cannot be prevented by spectrin-actin.", "contents": "The interaction of spectrin-actin and synthetic phospholipids. II. The interaction with phosphatidylserine. Sonicated vesicles of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine mixtures were recombined with spectrin-actin from human erythrocyte ghosts. Morphological properties and physicochemical characteristics of the recombinates were studied with freeze etch electron microscopy, 31P NMR and differential scanning calorimetry. Sonicated dimyristoyl phosphatidylserine vesicles show a decrease in enthalpy change of the lipid phase transition upon addition of spectrin-actin. These vesicles collapse and fuse, into multilamellar structures in the presence of spectrin-actin, as demonstrated by freeze fracturing and NMR. Spectrin-actin cannot prevent the salt formation between phosphatidylserine and Ca2+, all phosphatidylserine is withdrawn from the lipid phase transition. In contrast a protection against the action of Mg2+ could be observed. Mixed bilayers of dimyristoyl phosphatidylserine/dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine show phase separations at molar ratios above 1/1 (van Dijck, P.W.M., de Kruijff, B., Verkleij, A.J., van Deenen, L.L.M. and de Gier, J. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 512, 84--96). These phase spearations can be prevented by spectrin-actin. Ca2+-induced lateral phase separations in cocrystallizing phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine mixtures, can be reduced by spectrin-actin. Formation of the Ca2+-phosphatidylserine salt, occurring in addition to lateral phase separation when mixtures contain more than 30 mol % phosphatidylserine, cannot be prevented by spectrin-actin.", "PMID": 420834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10702", "title": "The use of aqueous space markers to determine the mechanism of interaction between phospholipid vesicles and cells.", "content": "A method has recently been introduced that quantitates the extent of phospholipid vesicle-cell interactions by following the amount of a vesicle-entrapped water-soluble fluorescent probe, carboxyfluorescein (CF) that becomes cell associated (Weinstein, J.N., Yoshikami, S., Henkart, P., Blumenthal, R. and Hagins, W.A. (1977) Science 195, 489--492). We have characterized some of the properties of this probe in sonicated phospholipid vesicles. The CF undergoes a pH-dependent quenching as previously reported and both a pH- and temperature-dependent efflux from vesicles. Decreasing the pH from 7.4 to 5.0 results in almost a 100-fold increase in CF efflux from the vesicles. The simultaneous measurement of cell-associated tritiated lipid and CF fluorescence reveals a discrepancy between the two markers with the tritiated phospholipid becoming associated to 5--10-fold greater extent than the CF. In the presence of cells the leakage of CF from vesicles increases from 1.5- to 10-fold depending on the vesicle composition. This data suggests that interpretations of cell-vesicle interactions followed by the CF technique or other aqueous space markers should be done with caution. However, in experiments where the leakage of CF from vesicles can be controlled, the technique can provide useful information.", "contents": "The use of aqueous space markers to determine the mechanism of interaction between phospholipid vesicles and cells. A method has recently been introduced that quantitates the extent of phospholipid vesicle-cell interactions by following the amount of a vesicle-entrapped water-soluble fluorescent probe, carboxyfluorescein (CF) that becomes cell associated (Weinstein, J.N., Yoshikami, S., Henkart, P., Blumenthal, R. and Hagins, W.A. (1977) Science 195, 489--492). We have characterized some of the properties of this probe in sonicated phospholipid vesicles. The CF undergoes a pH-dependent quenching as previously reported and both a pH- and temperature-dependent efflux from vesicles. Decreasing the pH from 7.4 to 5.0 results in almost a 100-fold increase in CF efflux from the vesicles. The simultaneous measurement of cell-associated tritiated lipid and CF fluorescence reveals a discrepancy between the two markers with the tritiated phospholipid becoming associated to 5--10-fold greater extent than the CF. In the presence of cells the leakage of CF from vesicles increases from 1.5- to 10-fold depending on the vesicle composition. This data suggests that interpretations of cell-vesicle interactions followed by the CF technique or other aqueous space markers should be done with caution. However, in experiments where the leakage of CF from vesicles can be controlled, the technique can provide useful information.", "PMID": 420835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10703", "title": "The lipid composition of plasma membrane and mitochondrial fractions from epididymal adipocytes of cold-acclimated rats.", "content": "1. The effects of cold acclimation (5 degrees C) on the lipid composition of plasma membrane and mitochondrial fractions from epididymal adipocytes of rats were studied. 2. The adipocyte plasma membrane fraction of the cold-acclimated rats had lower lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol to protein weight ratios, a lower cholesterol to sphingomyelin molar ratio, and a higher linoleic acid content in the phospholipids than controls. 3. The mitochondrial fraction of the cold-acclimated rat adipocyte had lower ratios of cholesterol to protein (weight), to phospholipid and to cardiolipin (molar), and less sphingomyelin content than did controls. 4. These data, discussed in terms of alterations in physical and biochemical properties, indicate cold-induced changes at the membrane level in rat epididymal adipocytes.", "contents": "The lipid composition of plasma membrane and mitochondrial fractions from epididymal adipocytes of cold-acclimated rats. 1. The effects of cold acclimation (5 degrees C) on the lipid composition of plasma membrane and mitochondrial fractions from epididymal adipocytes of rats were studied. 2. The adipocyte plasma membrane fraction of the cold-acclimated rats had lower lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol to protein weight ratios, a lower cholesterol to sphingomyelin molar ratio, and a higher linoleic acid content in the phospholipids than controls. 3. The mitochondrial fraction of the cold-acclimated rat adipocyte had lower ratios of cholesterol to protein (weight), to phospholipid and to cardiolipin (molar), and less sphingomyelin content than did controls. 4. These data, discussed in terms of alterations in physical and biochemical properties, indicate cold-induced changes at the membrane level in rat epididymal adipocytes.", "PMID": 420836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10704", "title": "The surface glycoproteins of the HeLa cell. Internalization of wheat germ agglutinin-receptors.", "content": "The sensitivity of 125I-labeled sialoglycoproteins to neuraminidase digestion was used to monitor the loss of specific membrane glycoproteins from the cell surface in to the cytoplasmic compartment during lectin-mediated endocytosis. These studies demonstrated that a major portion of the surface glycoproteins had undergone internalization concurrently with wheat germ agglutinin in a time- and temperature-dependent process. The internalized 125I-labeled glycoproteins were associated with the small vesicle fraction and were present in the same relative proportion as they existed in the plasma membrane isolated from control untreated cells. Many of the 125I-labeled membrane proteins were shown to be receptors and were isolated after affinity chromatography of the solubilized plasma membranes on wheat germ agglutinin-agarose columns.", "contents": "The surface glycoproteins of the HeLa cell. Internalization of wheat germ agglutinin-receptors. The sensitivity of 125I-labeled sialoglycoproteins to neuraminidase digestion was used to monitor the loss of specific membrane glycoproteins from the cell surface in to the cytoplasmic compartment during lectin-mediated endocytosis. These studies demonstrated that a major portion of the surface glycoproteins had undergone internalization concurrently with wheat germ agglutinin in a time- and temperature-dependent process. The internalized 125I-labeled glycoproteins were associated with the small vesicle fraction and were present in the same relative proportion as they existed in the plasma membrane isolated from control untreated cells. Many of the 125I-labeled membrane proteins were shown to be receptors and were isolated after affinity chromatography of the solubilized plasma membranes on wheat germ agglutinin-agarose columns.", "PMID": 420837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10705", "title": "An analysis of the protein, glycoprotein and monosaccharide composition of Dictyostelium discoideum plasma membranes during development.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative changes in the protein and glycoprotein components of the plasma membrane of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum have been detected by analysis of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns. The amounts of proteins of subunit molecular weight 220 000, 91 000, 63 000, 59 000, 56 000 increased during the acquisition of aggregation competence, while proteins of subunit molecular weight 82 000 and 22 000 decreased. The amounts of glycoproteins with apparent subunit molecular weights 285 000, 150 000, 137 000, 100 000, 53 000, 50 500 and 30 500 increased during differentiation while a 125 000 dalton component decreased dramatically in amount. The neutral and amino sugar composition of the plasma membrane was also analyzed and found to remain essentially unchanged during the first 12 h of differentiation. The major sugars were mannose, fucose, and glucosamine; galactose and galactosamine were also present, but in lower amounts.", "contents": "An analysis of the protein, glycoprotein and monosaccharide composition of Dictyostelium discoideum plasma membranes during development. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the protein and glycoprotein components of the plasma membrane of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum have been detected by analysis of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns. The amounts of proteins of subunit molecular weight 220 000, 91 000, 63 000, 59 000, 56 000 increased during the acquisition of aggregation competence, while proteins of subunit molecular weight 82 000 and 22 000 decreased. The amounts of glycoproteins with apparent subunit molecular weights 285 000, 150 000, 137 000, 100 000, 53 000, 50 500 and 30 500 increased during differentiation while a 125 000 dalton component decreased dramatically in amount. The neutral and amino sugar composition of the plasma membrane was also analyzed and found to remain essentially unchanged during the first 12 h of differentiation. The major sugars were mannose, fucose, and glucosamine; galactose and galactosamine were also present, but in lower amounts.", "PMID": 420838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10706", "title": "Aggregation of sponge cells. XX. Self-aggregation of the circular proteid particle.", "content": "In the extracellular space of the tissue of the sponge Geodia cydonium, circular proteid particles are found which carry as subunits the aggregation factor and a series of glycosyltransferases. Using the technique of velocity sucrose gradient centrifugation, the sedimentation coefficient (S020,w) of the particle-monosomes was determined to be 90. By means of the Svedberg equation a molecular weight of 1.3 . 10(8) daltons could be estimated. The monosomes aggregate in the presence of Ca2+ to higher complexes via disomes, trisomes, and pentasomes. The complexes can be redissociated by dodecyl sulfate but not by EDTA. During the Ca2+-mediated self-aggregation, the particles lose their biological activity with respect to their aggregation promoting function.", "contents": "Aggregation of sponge cells. XX. Self-aggregation of the circular proteid particle. In the extracellular space of the tissue of the sponge Geodia cydonium, circular proteid particles are found which carry as subunits the aggregation factor and a series of glycosyltransferases. Using the technique of velocity sucrose gradient centrifugation, the sedimentation coefficient (S020,w) of the particle-monosomes was determined to be 90. By means of the Svedberg equation a molecular weight of 1.3 . 10(8) daltons could be estimated. The monosomes aggregate in the presence of Ca2+ to higher complexes via disomes, trisomes, and pentasomes. The complexes can be redissociated by dodecyl sulfate but not by EDTA. During the Ca2+-mediated self-aggregation, the particles lose their biological activity with respect to their aggregation promoting function.", "PMID": 420839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10707", "title": "Spontaneous calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum. A re-examination.", "content": "A recent study by Blayney and co-workers (Blayney, L., Thomas, H., Muir, J. and Henderson, A. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 470, 128--133) purported to demonstrate that apparent spontaneous calcium release in sarcoplasmic reticulum is an artifact of the uptake of murexide dye. This report demonstrates that spontaneous calcium release (1) takes place despite equilibration of murexide sarcoplasmic reticulum to a stable baseline; (2) may be reversed by addition of ATP or oxalate after release has begun. The identical phenomenon can be demonstrated utilizing the indicator arsenazo III or Millipore filtration methods. The results suggest that equilibration of the murexide with sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles must occur prior to ATP addition in order to achieve a stable baseline but that spontaneous calcium release is not an artifact.", "contents": "Spontaneous calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum. A re-examination. A recent study by Blayney and co-workers (Blayney, L., Thomas, H., Muir, J. and Henderson, A. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 470, 128--133) purported to demonstrate that apparent spontaneous calcium release in sarcoplasmic reticulum is an artifact of the uptake of murexide dye. This report demonstrates that spontaneous calcium release (1) takes place despite equilibration of murexide sarcoplasmic reticulum to a stable baseline; (2) may be reversed by addition of ATP or oxalate after release has begun. The identical phenomenon can be demonstrated utilizing the indicator arsenazo III or Millipore filtration methods. The results suggest that equilibration of the murexide with sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles must occur prior to ATP addition in order to achieve a stable baseline but that spontaneous calcium release is not an artifact.", "PMID": 420841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10708", "title": "Effects of phospholipase A2 and filipin on the activation of adenylate cyclase.", "content": "Rat liver plasma membranes were incubated with phospholipase A2 (purified from snake venom) or with filipin, a polyene antibiotic, followed by analysis of the binding of glucagon to receptors, effects of GTP on the glucagon-receptor complex, and the activity and responses of adenylate cyclase to glucagon + GTP, GTP, Gpp(NH)p, and F-. Phospholipase A2 treatment resulted in concomitant lossess of glucagon binding and of activation of cyclase by glucagon + GTP. Greater than 85% of maximal hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids was required before significant effects of phospholipase A2 on receptor binding and activity response to glucagon were observed. The stimulatory effects of Gpp(NH)p or F- remained essentially unaffected even at maximal hydrolysis of phospholipids, whereas the stimulatory effect of GTP was reduced. Detailed analysis of receptor binding indicates that phospholipase A2 treatment affected the affinity but not the number of glucagon receptors. The receptors remain sensitive to the effects of GTP on hormone binding. Filipin also caused marked reduction in activation by glucagon + GTP. However, in contrast to phospholipase A2 treatment, the binding of glucagon to receptors was unaffected. The effect of GTP on the binding process was also not affected. The most sensitive parameter of activity altered by filipin was stimulation by GTP or Gpp(NH)p; basal and fluoride-stimulated activities were least affected. It is concluded from these findings that phospholipase A2 and filipin, as was previously shown with phospholipase C, are valuable tools for differentially affecting the components involved in hormone, guanyl nucleotide, and fluoride action on hepatic adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "Effects of phospholipase A2 and filipin on the activation of adenylate cyclase. Rat liver plasma membranes were incubated with phospholipase A2 (purified from snake venom) or with filipin, a polyene antibiotic, followed by analysis of the binding of glucagon to receptors, effects of GTP on the glucagon-receptor complex, and the activity and responses of adenylate cyclase to glucagon + GTP, GTP, Gpp(NH)p, and F-. Phospholipase A2 treatment resulted in concomitant lossess of glucagon binding and of activation of cyclase by glucagon + GTP. Greater than 85% of maximal hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids was required before significant effects of phospholipase A2 on receptor binding and activity response to glucagon were observed. The stimulatory effects of Gpp(NH)p or F- remained essentially unaffected even at maximal hydrolysis of phospholipids, whereas the stimulatory effect of GTP was reduced. Detailed analysis of receptor binding indicates that phospholipase A2 treatment affected the affinity but not the number of glucagon receptors. The receptors remain sensitive to the effects of GTP on hormone binding. Filipin also caused marked reduction in activation by glucagon + GTP. However, in contrast to phospholipase A2 treatment, the binding of glucagon to receptors was unaffected. The effect of GTP on the binding process was also not affected. The most sensitive parameter of activity altered by filipin was stimulation by GTP or Gpp(NH)p; basal and fluoride-stimulated activities were least affected. It is concluded from these findings that phospholipase A2 and filipin, as was previously shown with phospholipase C, are valuable tools for differentially affecting the components involved in hormone, guanyl nucleotide, and fluoride action on hepatic adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 420840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10709", "title": "Temperature effects on 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid fluorescence with sarcolemma vesicles.", "content": "Increased temperature produces a red shift and decreased fluorescence intensity of the emission peak of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) in suspensions of biomembrane vesicles. These changes have been attributed to a conjectured increase in polarity of the microenvironment of ANS. If the conjecture is correct, fluorescence lifetimes must be decreased with warming. We showed than ANS binds to both protein and lipid protein of sarcolemma, that there are two kinds of sarcolemma-lipid ANS-binding sites, and that there are three fluorescence lifetimes of excited sarcolemma-bound ANS. The three fluroescence lifetimes were unchanged on warming, or decreased too little to account for the observations. Fluorescence lifetime data were consistent with the notion that the effect of increasing temperature is to decrease the amount of ANS bound to sarcolemma. From studies of liposomes prepared from lipid extracts of sarcolemma, and of proteins from sarcolemma it was deduced that warming reducted the amount of ANS bound to both of these sarcolemma components, probably mainly by reducing binding capacity. There might also be a shift of affinities such that the ratio, KA sarcolemma lipid/KA sarcolemma protein, is larger at higher temperature. Except at very small concentration ratios of ANS/sarcolemma, more than twice as much ANS was bound to sarcolemma lipids as to proteins.", "contents": "Temperature effects on 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid fluorescence with sarcolemma vesicles. Increased temperature produces a red shift and decreased fluorescence intensity of the emission peak of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) in suspensions of biomembrane vesicles. These changes have been attributed to a conjectured increase in polarity of the microenvironment of ANS. If the conjecture is correct, fluorescence lifetimes must be decreased with warming. We showed than ANS binds to both protein and lipid protein of sarcolemma, that there are two kinds of sarcolemma-lipid ANS-binding sites, and that there are three fluorescence lifetimes of excited sarcolemma-bound ANS. The three fluroescence lifetimes were unchanged on warming, or decreased too little to account for the observations. Fluorescence lifetime data were consistent with the notion that the effect of increasing temperature is to decrease the amount of ANS bound to sarcolemma. From studies of liposomes prepared from lipid extracts of sarcolemma, and of proteins from sarcolemma it was deduced that warming reducted the amount of ANS bound to both of these sarcolemma components, probably mainly by reducing binding capacity. There might also be a shift of affinities such that the ratio, KA sarcolemma lipid/KA sarcolemma protein, is larger at higher temperature. Except at very small concentration ratios of ANS/sarcolemma, more than twice as much ANS was bound to sarcolemma lipids as to proteins.", "PMID": 420842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10710", "title": "A comparison of the intrinsic protein kinase activities of membrane preparations from various tissues.", "content": "The ability of membrane preparations from different tissues to catalyse the phosphorylation of their endogenous protein (intrinsic protein kinase activity) was determined. It was found that membrane fragments prepared from a large variety of tissues contain this activity although the actual level varies quite widely. Preparations from vas deferens and brain have nearly ten times more activity than preparations from heart, kidney, or erythrocytes. Plasma membranes from skeletal muscle have no detectable activity. The intrinsic protein kinase activity of membrane fragments from most tissues is stimulated by cyclic AMP although the phosphorylation of proteins in preparations of kidney microsomes or heart plasma membranes, is not affected. cyclic GMP (10 micronM) has no effect on the intrinsic protein kinase activity of any membrane preparation examined. A specific inhibitor of soluble, cyclic AMP-stimulated, protein kinase has no effect on the intrinsic protein kinase activity of any of the membrane preparations examined. This suggests that the intrinsic protein kinase activity of membrane preparations may be due to the presence of a specific protein kinase. It is suggested that an examination of the distribution of membrane-bound intrinsic protein kinase activity among different tissues may be helpful in determining the function of the reaction.", "contents": "A comparison of the intrinsic protein kinase activities of membrane preparations from various tissues. The ability of membrane preparations from different tissues to catalyse the phosphorylation of their endogenous protein (intrinsic protein kinase activity) was determined. It was found that membrane fragments prepared from a large variety of tissues contain this activity although the actual level varies quite widely. Preparations from vas deferens and brain have nearly ten times more activity than preparations from heart, kidney, or erythrocytes. Plasma membranes from skeletal muscle have no detectable activity. The intrinsic protein kinase activity of membrane fragments from most tissues is stimulated by cyclic AMP although the phosphorylation of proteins in preparations of kidney microsomes or heart plasma membranes, is not affected. cyclic GMP (10 micronM) has no effect on the intrinsic protein kinase activity of any membrane preparation examined. A specific inhibitor of soluble, cyclic AMP-stimulated, protein kinase has no effect on the intrinsic protein kinase activity of any of the membrane preparations examined. This suggests that the intrinsic protein kinase activity of membrane preparations may be due to the presence of a specific protein kinase. It is suggested that an examination of the distribution of membrane-bound intrinsic protein kinase activity among different tissues may be helpful in determining the function of the reaction.", "PMID": 420843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10711", "title": "Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane inhibits calcium uptake in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "This report demonstrates that the commonly used buffering agent Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) in concentrations of 5 and 30 mM inhibits calcium (Ca2+) uptake in both rat aortic and portal venous smooth muscle. The data indicates that total exchangeable Ca2+ in portal vein is reduced by about 35% in 5 or 30 mM Tris, while the intracellular exchangeable Ca2+ is not significantly altered. On the other hand, in aortic smooth muscle, while 30 mM Tris reduces total exchangeable Ca2+ by about 20%, intracellular Ca2+ is reduced by 44% in 5 mM Tris and by 55% in 30 mM Tris. The present studies, thus, reveal that Tris exerts significant inhibitory effects on exchangeability and transmembrane movement of Ca2+ in at least two different types of smooth muscle.", "contents": "Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane inhibits calcium uptake in vascular smooth muscle. This report demonstrates that the commonly used buffering agent Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) in concentrations of 5 and 30 mM inhibits calcium (Ca2+) uptake in both rat aortic and portal venous smooth muscle. The data indicates that total exchangeable Ca2+ in portal vein is reduced by about 35% in 5 or 30 mM Tris, while the intracellular exchangeable Ca2+ is not significantly altered. On the other hand, in aortic smooth muscle, while 30 mM Tris reduces total exchangeable Ca2+ by about 20%, intracellular Ca2+ is reduced by 44% in 5 mM Tris and by 55% in 30 mM Tris. The present studies, thus, reveal that Tris exerts significant inhibitory effects on exchangeability and transmembrane movement of Ca2+ in at least two different types of smooth muscle.", "PMID": 420844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10712", "title": "Kinetoplast DNA from normal and dyskinetoplastic strains of Trypanosoma equiperdum.", "content": "Isolated kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) from a normal kinetoplastic strain of Trypanosoma equiperdum exists as a high molecular weight, covalently closed network composed of catenated minicircles and maxicircles. Analytical cesium chloride ultracentrifugation shows the kDNA (rho = 1.692 g/cm3) to be retained in normal amounts and of normal base composition in two dyskinetoplastic strains of T. equiperdum. Kinetoplast DNA isolated from these mutant cells by CsCl-DAPI (4,6diamino-2-phenylindole) equilibrium ultracentrifugation lacks the complex networks found in the normal strain and no minicircles are detectable. Large circular molecules, approximately 5 micrometer in contour length, are present in isolated kDNA from both dyskinetoplastic strains. These molecules probably correspond to the maxicircles in the normal kDNA networks. We conclude that the presence of a complex kDNA network is not essential to the bloodstream trypanosome and that the kDNA network of the normal strain of T. equiperdum is structurally dependent on the presence of catenated minicircles.", "contents": "Kinetoplast DNA from normal and dyskinetoplastic strains of Trypanosoma equiperdum. Isolated kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) from a normal kinetoplastic strain of Trypanosoma equiperdum exists as a high molecular weight, covalently closed network composed of catenated minicircles and maxicircles. Analytical cesium chloride ultracentrifugation shows the kDNA (rho = 1.692 g/cm3) to be retained in normal amounts and of normal base composition in two dyskinetoplastic strains of T. equiperdum. Kinetoplast DNA isolated from these mutant cells by CsCl-DAPI (4,6diamino-2-phenylindole) equilibrium ultracentrifugation lacks the complex networks found in the normal strain and no minicircles are detectable. Large circular molecules, approximately 5 micrometer in contour length, are present in isolated kDNA from both dyskinetoplastic strains. These molecules probably correspond to the maxicircles in the normal kDNA networks. We conclude that the presence of a complex kDNA network is not essential to the bloodstream trypanosome and that the kDNA network of the normal strain of T. equiperdum is structurally dependent on the presence of catenated minicircles.", "PMID": 420845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10713", "title": "Detection and characterization of DNA polymerase from Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "The predominant DNA polymerase activity has been isolated from the parasitic flagellated protozoan, Trypanosoma brucei. Like mammalian DNA polymerase-alpha the trypanosome DNA polymerase is of large molecular weight (S, 6--8), is resistant to thermal denaturation, is sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide, and is inhibited by high ionic strength. However, specific antisera that cross-react with mammalian DNA polymerase-alpha from different species fail to cross-react with the trypanosome polymerase.", "contents": "Detection and characterization of DNA polymerase from Trypanosoma brucei. The predominant DNA polymerase activity has been isolated from the parasitic flagellated protozoan, Trypanosoma brucei. Like mammalian DNA polymerase-alpha the trypanosome DNA polymerase is of large molecular weight (S, 6--8), is resistant to thermal denaturation, is sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide, and is inhibited by high ionic strength. However, specific antisera that cross-react with mammalian DNA polymerase-alpha from different species fail to cross-react with the trypanosome polymerase.", "PMID": 420846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10714", "title": "Netropsin, a DNA-binding oligopeptide structural and binding studies.", "content": "The crystal structure of netropsin, an oligopeptide which binds to DNA, has been determined. The molecule is bowed with the amide groups on the concave side, and the carbonyl and methyl groups on the convex side. The amide groups participate in extensive hydrogen bonding with water molecules; the charged amino end groups interact with the sulfate anions. Binding of netropsin to poly(dA) . poly(dT) under conditions of different ionic strength was also studied. Utilizing the crystallographic as well as the binding data, it is possible to build a model which explains the specificity of this antibiotic.", "contents": "Netropsin, a DNA-binding oligopeptide structural and binding studies. The crystal structure of netropsin, an oligopeptide which binds to DNA, has been determined. The molecule is bowed with the amide groups on the concave side, and the carbonyl and methyl groups on the convex side. The amide groups participate in extensive hydrogen bonding with water molecules; the charged amino end groups interact with the sulfate anions. Binding of netropsin to poly(dA) . poly(dT) under conditions of different ionic strength was also studied. Utilizing the crystallographic as well as the binding data, it is possible to build a model which explains the specificity of this antibiotic.", "PMID": 420847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10715", "title": "Random fragmentation of replicative DNA structures of eucaryotes.", "content": "The expectation values of the sizes of the different types of fragments containing replication forks obtained by random fragmentation of the DNA of growing mammalian cells have been derived. Fragments containing a single fork are expected to have, on the average, three branches of the length of a mean linear fragment thus exceeding the molecular weight of the latter by a factor 3. This factor is about 2 for fragments containing two forks very recently started from a common initiation point, and about 4 for fragments containing two forks meeting each other at the end of adjacent replication units. Only forks very close to one another are expected in these latter fragment types. Therefore, they should represent the earliest or the latest stages of replicon action.", "contents": "Random fragmentation of replicative DNA structures of eucaryotes. The expectation values of the sizes of the different types of fragments containing replication forks obtained by random fragmentation of the DNA of growing mammalian cells have been derived. Fragments containing a single fork are expected to have, on the average, three branches of the length of a mean linear fragment thus exceeding the molecular weight of the latter by a factor 3. This factor is about 2 for fragments containing two forks very recently started from a common initiation point, and about 4 for fragments containing two forks meeting each other at the end of adjacent replication units. Only forks very close to one another are expected in these latter fragment types. Therefore, they should represent the earliest or the latest stages of replicon action.", "PMID": 420848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10716", "title": "Isolation of the transfer RNA genes of bacteriophage T4 and transfer RNA synthesis in vitro.", "content": "Non-glucosylated T4 DNA was restricted with the endonuclease EcoRI and the mixture of DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis and transcribed with purified Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Three purified fragments were shown to act as templates for tRNA synthesis. A smaller fragment, shown to be hybridizable to 32P-labeled T4 tRNA was not transcribable. It was concluded that the promoter for T4 tRNA synthesis had been separated from the structural genes in the smaller fragment by EcoRI and that the distal portion of the tRNA gene cluster lacks internal promoters which display in vitro activity. Preparations of non-glucosylated T4 DNA were never fully restricted with EcoRI and when the larger purified fragments carrying the tRNA were restricted with excess enzyme only a slight cleavage to yield the smaller fragments was obtained. The property of the DNA-limiting complete restriction is not know.", "contents": "Isolation of the transfer RNA genes of bacteriophage T4 and transfer RNA synthesis in vitro. Non-glucosylated T4 DNA was restricted with the endonuclease EcoRI and the mixture of DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis and transcribed with purified Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Three purified fragments were shown to act as templates for tRNA synthesis. A smaller fragment, shown to be hybridizable to 32P-labeled T4 tRNA was not transcribable. It was concluded that the promoter for T4 tRNA synthesis had been separated from the structural genes in the smaller fragment by EcoRI and that the distal portion of the tRNA gene cluster lacks internal promoters which display in vitro activity. Preparations of non-glucosylated T4 DNA were never fully restricted with EcoRI and when the larger purified fragments carrying the tRNA were restricted with excess enzyme only a slight cleavage to yield the smaller fragments was obtained. The property of the DNA-limiting complete restriction is not know.", "PMID": 420849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10717", "title": "Synthesis of high molecular weight thyroglobulin peptides by thyroid polysome in vitro.", "content": "Bovine thyroid polysomes were isolated under conditions which had yielded large polysomes in other systems. Between 25 and 40% of the protein synthesized by these polysomes could be precipitated by thyroglobulin antibody. When these immunoprecipitates were separated by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (4% running gel), over 50% of the radioactivity was located in the regions of polypeptides greater than 100,000 daltons. Between 11 and 13% of the total radioactivity was found as a single peak co-migrating with the main band of bovine thyroglobulin (Mr = 330,000). Peaks of radioactivity were also found in regions of molecular weights between 130,000 and 200,000. When the immunoprecipitates were separated in a 10% running gel, about 50% of the radioactivity was located in the top 8 mm of the gel. Most of the remaining radioactivity was distributed in regions corresponding to molecular weights greater than 68,000. No peak of radioactivity was seen corresponding to peptides of 15,000 daltons.", "contents": "Synthesis of high molecular weight thyroglobulin peptides by thyroid polysome in vitro. Bovine thyroid polysomes were isolated under conditions which had yielded large polysomes in other systems. Between 25 and 40% of the protein synthesized by these polysomes could be precipitated by thyroglobulin antibody. When these immunoprecipitates were separated by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (4% running gel), over 50% of the radioactivity was located in the regions of polypeptides greater than 100,000 daltons. Between 11 and 13% of the total radioactivity was found as a single peak co-migrating with the main band of bovine thyroglobulin (Mr = 330,000). Peaks of radioactivity were also found in regions of molecular weights between 130,000 and 200,000. When the immunoprecipitates were separated in a 10% running gel, about 50% of the radioactivity was located in the top 8 mm of the gel. Most of the remaining radioactivity was distributed in regions corresponding to molecular weights greater than 68,000. No peak of radioactivity was seen corresponding to peptides of 15,000 daltons.", "PMID": 420850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10718", "title": "The crystal and molecular structure of 8-methyladenosine 3'-monophosphate dihydrate.", "content": "8-Methyladenosine 3'-monophosphate dihydrate was synthesized and crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21 with the unit cell dimensions: a = 9.095(2) A, b = 16.750(3) A, c = 5.405(2) A and beta = 97.61(3) degrees. The structure was determined by the application of the heavy atom method and refined to give a final R factor of 0.047. The pertinent conformations are as follows: the syn conformation about the glycosyl bond (chiCN = 216.8 degrees), the C(2')-endo sugar puckering with the displacement of 0.55 A; and the gauche-gauche conformation about the C(4')-C(5') bond capable of forming an intramolecular hydrogen bonding between N(3) of adenine base and O(5') of the hydroxymethylene group on the ribose. The molecule exists in the zwitterionic form with the N(1) of the adenine base protonated by a phosphate proton and is stabilized by three-dimensional networks of hydrogen bonding through the crystalline water molecules or directly between the adjacent nucleotide molecules; no base stacking was observed.", "contents": "The crystal and molecular structure of 8-methyladenosine 3'-monophosphate dihydrate. 8-Methyladenosine 3'-monophosphate dihydrate was synthesized and crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21 with the unit cell dimensions: a = 9.095(2) A, b = 16.750(3) A, c = 5.405(2) A and beta = 97.61(3) degrees. The structure was determined by the application of the heavy atom method and refined to give a final R factor of 0.047. The pertinent conformations are as follows: the syn conformation about the glycosyl bond (chiCN = 216.8 degrees), the C(2')-endo sugar puckering with the displacement of 0.55 A; and the gauche-gauche conformation about the C(4')-C(5') bond capable of forming an intramolecular hydrogen bonding between N(3) of adenine base and O(5') of the hydroxymethylene group on the ribose. The molecule exists in the zwitterionic form with the N(1) of the adenine base protonated by a phosphate proton and is stabilized by three-dimensional networks of hydrogen bonding through the crystalline water molecules or directly between the adjacent nucleotide molecules; no base stacking was observed.", "PMID": 420851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10719", "title": "Chromatin organization in the oomycete Achlya ambisexualis.", "content": "Nuclei from the O\u00f6mycete Achlya ambisexualis and rabbit kidney nuclei were digested with micrococcal nuclease and the resultant DNA fragments analyzed on slab gels. The average DNA repeat size was found to be 159 +/- 1.2 base pairs for Achlya and 199.8 +/- 3.7 base pairs for rabbit kidney. The presence of a DNA repeat size of 159 base pairs for Achlya extends the characterization of eukaryotic chromatins to this most primitive and perhaps unique microbe.", "contents": "Chromatin organization in the oomycete Achlya ambisexualis. Nuclei from the O\u00f6mycete Achlya ambisexualis and rabbit kidney nuclei were digested with micrococcal nuclease and the resultant DNA fragments analyzed on slab gels. The average DNA repeat size was found to be 159 +/- 1.2 base pairs for Achlya and 199.8 +/- 3.7 base pairs for rabbit kidney. The presence of a DNA repeat size of 159 base pairs for Achlya extends the characterization of eukaryotic chromatins to this most primitive and perhaps unique microbe.", "PMID": 420852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10720", "title": "DNA polymerase-alpha from regenerating rat liver. Catalytic properties of the highly purified enzyme.", "content": "DNA polymerase-alpha from the cytosol of regenerating rat liver has been highly purified by a procedure which includes affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme sediments at 7.4 S in high ionic strength and at 9--10 S in low ionic strength, i.e. under in vitro polymerization conditions. This enzyme has all the properties of the other mammalian DNA polymerases-alpha: sensitivity to sulfhydryl-blocking agents, to heparin, and to the level of salt in the assay, neutral pH optimum, use of ribonucleotide-initiated DNA templates, and inability to copy the ribostrand of hybrids. After chromatography on denatured DNA-cellulose, the alpha-polymerase is completely devoid of exo- and endonuclease activities. Template competition experiments indicate that the binding of the enzyme to the template can be distinguished from the polymerization itself and that the in vitro synthesis catalyzed by this alpha-polymerase is not distributive in a classical sense. These facts are discussed.", "contents": "DNA polymerase-alpha from regenerating rat liver. Catalytic properties of the highly purified enzyme. DNA polymerase-alpha from the cytosol of regenerating rat liver has been highly purified by a procedure which includes affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme sediments at 7.4 S in high ionic strength and at 9--10 S in low ionic strength, i.e. under in vitro polymerization conditions. This enzyme has all the properties of the other mammalian DNA polymerases-alpha: sensitivity to sulfhydryl-blocking agents, to heparin, and to the level of salt in the assay, neutral pH optimum, use of ribonucleotide-initiated DNA templates, and inability to copy the ribostrand of hybrids. After chromatography on denatured DNA-cellulose, the alpha-polymerase is completely devoid of exo- and endonuclease activities. Template competition experiments indicate that the binding of the enzyme to the template can be distinguished from the polymerization itself and that the in vitro synthesis catalyzed by this alpha-polymerase is not distributive in a classical sense. These facts are discussed.", "PMID": 420853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10721", "title": "Deoxyribonucleotide synthesis and DNA polymerase activity in plant cells (Vicia faba and Glycine max).", "content": "Enzymes of deoxyribonucleotide and DNA biosynthesis, which are little known in plants, were studied in root tips of germinating broad beans (Vicia faba) and in fast-growing cultures of soybean cells (Glycine max). The plant cells contain a ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate reductase which is detected in vitro only during a limited period of growth, viz. 30--32 h after inhibition of Vicia seeds, and between the second and third day after inoculation of soybean cultures. In both species ribonucleotide reductase activity precedes maximum DNA synthesis. The reductases could be precipitated with ammonium sulfate but were not purified further due to the extremely low enzyme content of the plant extracts. Therefore the reductive pathway of deoxyribotide formation was also established in Vicia root tips by efficient labeling of the plant DNA with a ribonucleoside, [5-3H]cytidine, which reaches a maximum at the same time as the reductase activity measured in vitro. Cycloheximide inhibits this process, indicating the need for de novo enzyme induction. In contrast, DNA polymerase is present in the tissue throughout the entire development and rises only 2-fold in activity during the S phase. The soluble polymerases were partially characterized in both legume species and were found very similar to the DNA polymerase of pea seedlings. Ribonucleotide reductase is more likely a limiting component of DNA formation during the plant cell cycle than DNA polymerase.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleotide synthesis and DNA polymerase activity in plant cells (Vicia faba and Glycine max). Enzymes of deoxyribonucleotide and DNA biosynthesis, which are little known in plants, were studied in root tips of germinating broad beans (Vicia faba) and in fast-growing cultures of soybean cells (Glycine max). The plant cells contain a ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate reductase which is detected in vitro only during a limited period of growth, viz. 30--32 h after inhibition of Vicia seeds, and between the second and third day after inoculation of soybean cultures. In both species ribonucleotide reductase activity precedes maximum DNA synthesis. The reductases could be precipitated with ammonium sulfate but were not purified further due to the extremely low enzyme content of the plant extracts. Therefore the reductive pathway of deoxyribotide formation was also established in Vicia root tips by efficient labeling of the plant DNA with a ribonucleoside, [5-3H]cytidine, which reaches a maximum at the same time as the reductase activity measured in vitro. Cycloheximide inhibits this process, indicating the need for de novo enzyme induction. In contrast, DNA polymerase is present in the tissue throughout the entire development and rises only 2-fold in activity during the S phase. The soluble polymerases were partially characterized in both legume species and were found very similar to the DNA polymerase of pea seedlings. Ribonucleotide reductase is more likely a limiting component of DNA formation during the plant cell cycle than DNA polymerase.", "PMID": 420854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10722", "title": "Comparative viscometric analysis of the interaction of chloroquine and quinacrine with superhelical and sonicated DNA.", "content": "Unwinding angles for the structurally related antimalarial drugs chloroquine and quinacrine have been determined with superhelical Col E1 plasmid DNA by applying the quantitative method developed by Vinograd and co-workers (Revet, B.M., Schmir, M. and Vinograd, J. (1971) Nat. New Biol. 229, 10). The value for chloroquine, 8.6 degrees, calculated assuming an unwinding angle of 26 degrees for ethidium bromide, is significantly lower than the value for quinacrine, 22.5 degrees, calculated in the same manner. Viscometric titrations with sonicated calf thymus DNA were quantitated using available binding constants for the two drugs and indicated that chloroquine also causes significantly smaller DNA length increases on intercalation relative to quinacrine. The conclusion from these experiments is that chloroquine does not bind to DNA by the classical intercalation mechanism typical of quinacrine and ethidium.", "contents": "Comparative viscometric analysis of the interaction of chloroquine and quinacrine with superhelical and sonicated DNA. Unwinding angles for the structurally related antimalarial drugs chloroquine and quinacrine have been determined with superhelical Col E1 plasmid DNA by applying the quantitative method developed by Vinograd and co-workers (Revet, B.M., Schmir, M. and Vinograd, J. (1971) Nat. New Biol. 229, 10). The value for chloroquine, 8.6 degrees, calculated assuming an unwinding angle of 26 degrees for ethidium bromide, is significantly lower than the value for quinacrine, 22.5 degrees, calculated in the same manner. Viscometric titrations with sonicated calf thymus DNA were quantitated using available binding constants for the two drugs and indicated that chloroquine also causes significantly smaller DNA length increases on intercalation relative to quinacrine. The conclusion from these experiments is that chloroquine does not bind to DNA by the classical intercalation mechanism typical of quinacrine and ethidium.", "PMID": 420855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10723", "title": "DNA repair in lens cells during chick embryo development.", "content": "When chick lens epithelium is cultured in vitro, differentiation into lens fiber cells is accompanied by DNA degradation. This phenomenom of terminal differentiation was studied in the epithelium from embryos at the 6th and 11th days of development. DNA size and the ability of the cells to repair DNA damage induced by X-rays were analysed in alkaline sucrose gradients. In the 6-day epithelium a rapid degradation and complete lack of DNA repair were recorded. Similar observations have been made in previous studies on the 11-day sample, but here degradation is progressive and occurs after a lag of several days. In the younger epithelium, internal irradiation by [3H]thymidine also had a drastic effect resembling that caused by X-rays. In order to assess the process of differentiation in our experimental system the synthesis of delta- and alpha-crystallins was monitored. Stage-related modifications in the rates of synthesis were recorded. The results confirm that the DNA repair system is impaired during terminal differentiation. The differences observed between the two stages may reflect either a developmental modification in DNA repair mechanisms or a change in the relative proportions of differentiating cells. An hypothesis is proposed in support of the latter case.", "contents": "DNA repair in lens cells during chick embryo development. When chick lens epithelium is cultured in vitro, differentiation into lens fiber cells is accompanied by DNA degradation. This phenomenom of terminal differentiation was studied in the epithelium from embryos at the 6th and 11th days of development. DNA size and the ability of the cells to repair DNA damage induced by X-rays were analysed in alkaline sucrose gradients. In the 6-day epithelium a rapid degradation and complete lack of DNA repair were recorded. Similar observations have been made in previous studies on the 11-day sample, but here degradation is progressive and occurs after a lag of several days. In the younger epithelium, internal irradiation by [3H]thymidine also had a drastic effect resembling that caused by X-rays. In order to assess the process of differentiation in our experimental system the synthesis of delta- and alpha-crystallins was monitored. Stage-related modifications in the rates of synthesis were recorded. The results confirm that the DNA repair system is impaired during terminal differentiation. The differences observed between the two stages may reflect either a developmental modification in DNA repair mechanisms or a change in the relative proportions of differentiating cells. An hypothesis is proposed in support of the latter case.", "PMID": 420856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10724", "title": "DNA repair in a Fanconi's anemia fibroblast cell strain.", "content": "DNA repair and colony survival were measured in fibroblasts from a patient with Fanconi's anemia, HG 261, and from normal human donors after exposure of these cells to the cross-linking agent mitomycin C, X-rays or ultraviolet light. Survival was similar in HG 261 and normal cells after X-ray or ultraviolet radiation, but was reduced in the Fanconi's anemia cells after treatment with mitomycin C. The level of DNA cross-linking, as measured by the method of alkaline elution, was the same in both cell strains after exposure to various doses of mitomycin C. With incubation after drug treatment, a gradual decrease in the amount of cross-linking was observed; the rate of this apparent repair of cross-link damage was the same in both normal and HG 261 cells. The rejoining of DNA single strand breaks after X-irradiation and the production of excision breaks after ultraviolet radiation were also normal in HG 261 cells as determined by alkaline elution.", "contents": "DNA repair in a Fanconi's anemia fibroblast cell strain. DNA repair and colony survival were measured in fibroblasts from a patient with Fanconi's anemia, HG 261, and from normal human donors after exposure of these cells to the cross-linking agent mitomycin C, X-rays or ultraviolet light. Survival was similar in HG 261 and normal cells after X-ray or ultraviolet radiation, but was reduced in the Fanconi's anemia cells after treatment with mitomycin C. The level of DNA cross-linking, as measured by the method of alkaline elution, was the same in both cell strains after exposure to various doses of mitomycin C. With incubation after drug treatment, a gradual decrease in the amount of cross-linking was observed; the rate of this apparent repair of cross-link damage was the same in both normal and HG 261 cells. The rejoining of DNA single strand breaks after X-irradiation and the production of excision breaks after ultraviolet radiation were also normal in HG 261 cells as determined by alkaline elution.", "PMID": 420857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10725", "title": "The interrelationship of superoxide dismutase and peroxidatic enzymes in the red cell.", "content": "Activities of superoxide dismutase (superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) were determined during the course of incubation of red cell suspensions with 1,4-naphthoquinone-2-sulfonic acid. In the absence of glucose, incubation with napthoquinone sulfonate resulted in an inhibition of catalase and superoxide dismutase. The catalase inhibitor, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole enhanced inactivation of catalase in the presence of naphthoquinone sulfonate and this in turn led to augmented inhibition of superoxide dismutase. The presence of glucose in the incubation medium prevented napthoquinone sulfonate-induced enzyme inhibition in the absence of aminotriazole, but had little effect in the presence of aminotriazole. The relevance of these findings to the cellular interrelationship of peroxidatic enzymes and superoxide dismutase is discussed.", "contents": "The interrelationship of superoxide dismutase and peroxidatic enzymes in the red cell. Activities of superoxide dismutase (superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) were determined during the course of incubation of red cell suspensions with 1,4-naphthoquinone-2-sulfonic acid. In the absence of glucose, incubation with napthoquinone sulfonate resulted in an inhibition of catalase and superoxide dismutase. The catalase inhibitor, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole enhanced inactivation of catalase in the presence of naphthoquinone sulfonate and this in turn led to augmented inhibition of superoxide dismutase. The presence of glucose in the incubation medium prevented napthoquinone sulfonate-induced enzyme inhibition in the absence of aminotriazole, but had little effect in the presence of aminotriazole. The relevance of these findings to the cellular interrelationship of peroxidatic enzymes and superoxide dismutase is discussed.", "PMID": 420858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10726", "title": "Comparison of type I hexokinases from pig heart and kinetic evaluation of the effects of inhibitors.", "content": "Type I hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phospotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) of porcine heart exists in two chromatographically distinct forms. These do not differ significantly in size, electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6 or kinetic properties. Both forms obey a sequential mechanism and are potently inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate. In contrast to observations of type I hexokinase from brain, inhibition by glucose 6-phosphate is not relieved by inorganic phosphate. Under most conditions, low concentrations of phosphate (less than 10 mM) have little effect on the kinetic behaviour of the enzyme but at higher concentrations this ligand is an inhibitor. Mannose 6-phosphate inhibits in a manner analogous to glucose 6-phosphate but the Ki is much greater. In view of the similarity of the kinetic parameters governing phosphorylation of mannose and glucose, this difference in affinity for the inhibitor site is seen as consistent with the existence of a separate regulatory site on the enzyme. MgADP inhibits hexokinase but behaves as a normal product inhibitor and inhibition is competitive with respect to MgATP and non-competitive with respect to glucose.", "contents": "Comparison of type I hexokinases from pig heart and kinetic evaluation of the effects of inhibitors. Type I hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phospotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) of porcine heart exists in two chromatographically distinct forms. These do not differ significantly in size, electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6 or kinetic properties. Both forms obey a sequential mechanism and are potently inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate. In contrast to observations of type I hexokinase from brain, inhibition by glucose 6-phosphate is not relieved by inorganic phosphate. Under most conditions, low concentrations of phosphate (less than 10 mM) have little effect on the kinetic behaviour of the enzyme but at higher concentrations this ligand is an inhibitor. Mannose 6-phosphate inhibits in a manner analogous to glucose 6-phosphate but the Ki is much greater. In view of the similarity of the kinetic parameters governing phosphorylation of mannose and glucose, this difference in affinity for the inhibitor site is seen as consistent with the existence of a separate regulatory site on the enzyme. MgADP inhibits hexokinase but behaves as a normal product inhibitor and inhibition is competitive with respect to MgATP and non-competitive with respect to glucose.", "PMID": 420859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10727", "title": "Interaction of rat muscle AMP deaminase with myosin. II. Modification of the kinetic and regulatory properties of rat muscle AMP deaminase by myosin.", "content": "The problems of whether the kinetic and regulatory properties of AMP deaminase were modified by formation of a deaminase-myosin complex were investigated with an enzyme preparation from rat skeletal muscle. Results showed that AMP deaminase was activated by binding to myosin. Myosin-bound AMP deaminase showed a sigmoidal activity curve with respect to AMP concentration in the absence of ATP and ADP, but a hyperbolic curve in their presence. Addition of ATP and ADP doubled the V value, but did not affect the Km value. Myosin-bound AMP deaminase also gave a sigmoidal curve in the presence of alkali metal ions, whereas free AMP deaminase gave a hyperbolic curve. GTP abolished the activating effects of both myosin and ATP.", "contents": "Interaction of rat muscle AMP deaminase with myosin. II. Modification of the kinetic and regulatory properties of rat muscle AMP deaminase by myosin. The problems of whether the kinetic and regulatory properties of AMP deaminase were modified by formation of a deaminase-myosin complex were investigated with an enzyme preparation from rat skeletal muscle. Results showed that AMP deaminase was activated by binding to myosin. Myosin-bound AMP deaminase showed a sigmoidal activity curve with respect to AMP concentration in the absence of ATP and ADP, but a hyperbolic curve in their presence. Addition of ATP and ADP doubled the V value, but did not affect the Km value. Myosin-bound AMP deaminase also gave a sigmoidal curve in the presence of alkali metal ions, whereas free AMP deaminase gave a hyperbolic curve. GTP abolished the activating effects of both myosin and ATP.", "PMID": 420860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10728", "title": "Polyamine metabolism in the kidneys of castrated and testosterone-treated mice after administration of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone).", "content": "The effects of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) on S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50) activity were studied in the mouse kidney stimulated to growth by testosterone administration. The drug was found a potent inhibitor of the enzyme in vitrol Administration of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) in vivo resulted in a transient inhibition followed by a strong enhancement of the enzyme activity. Dialysis of the kidney extract, to remove remaining methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), revealed a great and rapid increase in the activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase. Injections of testosterone to castrated mice resulted in a marked increase in kidney weight and an accumulation of renal putrescine, spermidine and spermine. These effects of testosterone could not be blocked by simultaneous injections of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone). It appears that due to secondary effects by which the inhibition of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) on S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase activity is circumvented the inhibitor seems to be of uncertain value in attempts to decrease selectively the in vivo levels of polyamines.", "contents": "Polyamine metabolism in the kidneys of castrated and testosterone-treated mice after administration of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone). The effects of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) on S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50) activity were studied in the mouse kidney stimulated to growth by testosterone administration. The drug was found a potent inhibitor of the enzyme in vitrol Administration of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) in vivo resulted in a transient inhibition followed by a strong enhancement of the enzyme activity. Dialysis of the kidney extract, to remove remaining methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone), revealed a great and rapid increase in the activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase. Injections of testosterone to castrated mice resulted in a marked increase in kidney weight and an accumulation of renal putrescine, spermidine and spermine. These effects of testosterone could not be blocked by simultaneous injections of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone). It appears that due to secondary effects by which the inhibition of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) on S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase activity is circumvented the inhibitor seems to be of uncertain value in attempts to decrease selectively the in vivo levels of polyamines.", "PMID": 420862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10729", "title": "Inhibition of insulin receptor binding by dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "Little is known of the effects of the solvent on hormone-receptor interactions. In the present study the effect of the polar solvent dimethyl sulfoxide on the binding of insulin to its surface receptors on cultured human lymphocytes of the IM-9 line was investigated. At concentrations exceeding 0.1% (v/v), dimethyl sulfoxide produced a dose-related inhibition of 125-I-labeled insulin binding. Insulin binding was totally abolished in 20% dimethyl sulfoxide. This inhibition was immediately present and was totally reversible. Analysis of the data of binding at steady state indicated that the decrease in binding of 125I-labeled insulin was due to a reduced affinity of the insulin receptor without noticeable change in the concentration of receptor sites. Kinetic studies showed that the decreased affinity could largely be accounted for by a decreased association rate constant; effects on dissociation and negative cooperativity of the insulin receptor was affected to a much lesser extent.", "contents": "Inhibition of insulin receptor binding by dimethyl sulfoxide. Little is known of the effects of the solvent on hormone-receptor interactions. In the present study the effect of the polar solvent dimethyl sulfoxide on the binding of insulin to its surface receptors on cultured human lymphocytes of the IM-9 line was investigated. At concentrations exceeding 0.1% (v/v), dimethyl sulfoxide produced a dose-related inhibition of 125-I-labeled insulin binding. Insulin binding was totally abolished in 20% dimethyl sulfoxide. This inhibition was immediately present and was totally reversible. Analysis of the data of binding at steady state indicated that the decrease in binding of 125I-labeled insulin was due to a reduced affinity of the insulin receptor without noticeable change in the concentration of receptor sites. Kinetic studies showed that the decreased affinity could largely be accounted for by a decreased association rate constant; effects on dissociation and negative cooperativity of the insulin receptor was affected to a much lesser extent.", "PMID": 420863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10730", "title": "Solution of conformation and crystal structure of methyl 3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribohexopyranoside, an immunodominant sugar of O-antigens.", "content": "The crystal structure of methyl 3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribohexopyranoside monohydrate was determined by direct methods. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P2(1), with cell dimensions a=9.089(1), b=7.668(1), c=6.956(1) A, beta=101.12 degrees. The molecule adopts the 1C1 chair conformation. The same conformation was also found in both aqueous and chloroform solutions. The pyranose ring is only slightly distorted, and the consequences of this observation on antigen structure are discussed.", "contents": "Solution of conformation and crystal structure of methyl 3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribohexopyranoside, an immunodominant sugar of O-antigens. The crystal structure of methyl 3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribohexopyranoside monohydrate was determined by direct methods. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P2(1), with cell dimensions a=9.089(1), b=7.668(1), c=6.956(1) A, beta=101.12 degrees. The molecule adopts the 1C1 chair conformation. The same conformation was also found in both aqueous and chloroform solutions. The pyranose ring is only slightly distorted, and the consequences of this observation on antigen structure are discussed.", "PMID": 420864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10731", "title": "A simplified method for the preparation of pure UDP[14C] glucose.", "content": "A two-step enzymatic synthesis of UDP[14C] glucose was described which resulted in high yield. Separation of product from labelled intermediates and other contaminants was achieved by a simple ion exchange chromatography method.", "contents": "A simplified method for the preparation of pure UDP[14C] glucose. A two-step enzymatic synthesis of UDP[14C] glucose was described which resulted in high yield. Separation of product from labelled intermediates and other contaminants was achieved by a simple ion exchange chromatography method.", "PMID": 420866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10732", "title": "The effect of cancer on the spin-lattice relaxation time of mouse blood and tissue.", "content": "Spin-lattice relaxation time measurements were made on the muscle, heart, kidneys, spleen, liver, brain and blood of both normal mice and those injected with Sarcoma-180. As well as a marked increase in the relaxation time of the tumour itself, mice injected with Sarcoma-180 showed a rise in the kidney relaxation time, along with blood relaxation times which were often either above or below the range found in normal mice. Correlation coefficients for the relaxation times of the various organs were calculated and found to be very sensitive to the physiological state of the animal. For healthy mice, the correlations were reasonably high, but even mild stress decreased the correlations, whilst the presence of cancer almost completely destroyed the correlations. These findings are all consistent with the hypothesis that cancer affects the water regulatory system of the animal as a whole.", "contents": "The effect of cancer on the spin-lattice relaxation time of mouse blood and tissue. Spin-lattice relaxation time measurements were made on the muscle, heart, kidneys, spleen, liver, brain and blood of both normal mice and those injected with Sarcoma-180. As well as a marked increase in the relaxation time of the tumour itself, mice injected with Sarcoma-180 showed a rise in the kidney relaxation time, along with blood relaxation times which were often either above or below the range found in normal mice. Correlation coefficients for the relaxation times of the various organs were calculated and found to be very sensitive to the physiological state of the animal. For healthy mice, the correlations were reasonably high, but even mild stress decreased the correlations, whilst the presence of cancer almost completely destroyed the correlations. These findings are all consistent with the hypothesis that cancer affects the water regulatory system of the animal as a whole.", "PMID": 420868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10733", "title": "Effect of partial hepatectomy and hydrocortisone administration on liver and serum sialyltransferase activities.", "content": "Partial hepatectomy of rats was followed by a rise in liver sialyltransferase activity. The maximum (2.5-fold increase) was reached on the third day after the operation, after which the level started to decline, returning to normal by day 6. Determination of serum sialyltransferase in these animals showed a parallel pattern. Daily injection of 5 mg hydrocortisone to adrenalectomized rats led to a maximal 3-fold elevation in liver sialyltransferase within 3 days, but failed to elicit any change in the corresponding enzyme in the serum. Results from these two experiments suggest that the elevations of sialyltransferase in the tissue and in the circulation are independently regulated.", "contents": "Effect of partial hepatectomy and hydrocortisone administration on liver and serum sialyltransferase activities. Partial hepatectomy of rats was followed by a rise in liver sialyltransferase activity. The maximum (2.5-fold increase) was reached on the third day after the operation, after which the level started to decline, returning to normal by day 6. Determination of serum sialyltransferase in these animals showed a parallel pattern. Daily injection of 5 mg hydrocortisone to adrenalectomized rats led to a maximal 3-fold elevation in liver sialyltransferase within 3 days, but failed to elicit any change in the corresponding enzyme in the serum. Results from these two experiments suggest that the elevations of sialyltransferase in the tissue and in the circulation are independently regulated.", "PMID": 420869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10734", "title": "Cadmium accumulation and metabolism by rat liver parenchymal cells in primary monolayer culture.", "content": "Primary cultures of adult rat liver parenchymal cells, isolated by the collagenase perfusion technique and maintained as a monolayer, were used to investigate the characteristics of hepatic cadmium accumulation and metabolism. Cadmium accumulation was found to be a temperature- and concentration-dependent process that required sulfhydryl groups and was significantly stimulated by the addition of dexamethasone to the medium. Once taken up, cadmium was less available for exit-exchange processes than its biologically required congener, zinc. Moreover, cadmium influx enhanced zinc efflux. While most of the intracellular cadmium was located in the cytosol, its distribution within this fraction was altered with time. Initially the metal was bound to both high molecular weight species (less than 50 000) and metallothionein. As the incubation period increased, the cytosol concentration of cadmium and the percentage of this metal associated with metallothionein was likewise increased. [3H]Amino acid incorporation studies indicated that the accumulation of cadmium resulted in de novo synthesis of the 1 and 2 forms of metallothionein.", "contents": "Cadmium accumulation and metabolism by rat liver parenchymal cells in primary monolayer culture. Primary cultures of adult rat liver parenchymal cells, isolated by the collagenase perfusion technique and maintained as a monolayer, were used to investigate the characteristics of hepatic cadmium accumulation and metabolism. Cadmium accumulation was found to be a temperature- and concentration-dependent process that required sulfhydryl groups and was significantly stimulated by the addition of dexamethasone to the medium. Once taken up, cadmium was less available for exit-exchange processes than its biologically required congener, zinc. Moreover, cadmium influx enhanced zinc efflux. While most of the intracellular cadmium was located in the cytosol, its distribution within this fraction was altered with time. Initially the metal was bound to both high molecular weight species (less than 50 000) and metallothionein. As the incubation period increased, the cytosol concentration of cadmium and the percentage of this metal associated with metallothionein was likewise increased. [3H]Amino acid incorporation studies indicated that the accumulation of cadmium resulted in de novo synthesis of the 1 and 2 forms of metallothionein.", "PMID": 420870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10735", "title": "[Steady state kinetics of pyruvate kinase from muscle].", "content": "The dependence of the forward pyruvate kinase reaction on the concentrations of ADP and Mg2+ was studied. It was shown that high total ADP concentrations (2-15 mM) exceeding total Mg2+ concentration in the medium lead to the inhibition of the pyruvate kinase reaction, whereas relatively high Mg2+ concentrations (up to 15 mM) do not cause any inhibition. The kinetics of the reaction can be described in the best way by a scheme incorporating the active PEP . E . Mg2+ . Mg . ADP complex and dead-end complexes containing free ADP. An analysis of the experimental data allows to determine all coefficients of the rate equation and to calculate the values of all kinetic parameters. The values of the constants obtained were used for mathematical simulation of the reaction on the basis of the kinetic scheme given. The mathematical model obtained describes satisfactorily the experimentally determined dependences, which is indicative of the correctness of the model.", "contents": "[Steady state kinetics of pyruvate kinase from muscle]. The dependence of the forward pyruvate kinase reaction on the concentrations of ADP and Mg2+ was studied. It was shown that high total ADP concentrations (2-15 mM) exceeding total Mg2+ concentration in the medium lead to the inhibition of the pyruvate kinase reaction, whereas relatively high Mg2+ concentrations (up to 15 mM) do not cause any inhibition. The kinetics of the reaction can be described in the best way by a scheme incorporating the active PEP . E . Mg2+ . Mg . ADP complex and dead-end complexes containing free ADP. An analysis of the experimental data allows to determine all coefficients of the rate equation and to calculate the values of all kinetic parameters. The values of the constants obtained were used for mathematical simulation of the reaction on the basis of the kinetic scheme given. The mathematical model obtained describes satisfactorily the experimentally determined dependences, which is indicative of the correctness of the model.", "PMID": 420872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10736", "title": "[Characterization of human retroplacental blood plasma proteins isolated by biospecific chromatography on immobilized cortisol].", "content": "Human retroplacental blood plasma proteins with affinity for cortisol were isolated by biospecific chromatography and identified by electrophoretic and immunochemical methods as alpha1- and beta1-globulins and IgG. IgM and IgA immunoglobulins. A high specific affinity for cortisol (Kas = 1,5 . 10(8) M-1 at 23 degrees C) and progesterone (Kas = 2,0 . 10(8) M-1 at 23 degrees C) was observed only for alpha-globulin; other proteins had a low affinity for cortisol. The molecular weight of alpha1-globulin (transcortin) was found to be 50,000-55,000. The amino acid and monosaccharide compositions of this glycoprotein were studied. Its N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences are: Met-Asx-Pro-Asx-Ala- and (Val, Gln)-Leu, respectively. It was concluded that under normal physiological conditions and during pregnancy transcortin is the only specific corticosteroid-binding plasma protein. A complete removal of bound cortisol from the protein mixture and subsequent hydroxylapatite chromatography resulted in homogeneous transcortin retaining more than 90% of its binding capacity. The formation of the transcortin-steroid complex and its complete dissociation are accompanied by conformational changes of the protein globule. Significant changes of the spectral properties of the tryptophane residue of protein and the steroid delta4-3-keto group are indicative of the possibility of their direct interaction.", "contents": "[Characterization of human retroplacental blood plasma proteins isolated by biospecific chromatography on immobilized cortisol]. Human retroplacental blood plasma proteins with affinity for cortisol were isolated by biospecific chromatography and identified by electrophoretic and immunochemical methods as alpha1- and beta1-globulins and IgG. IgM and IgA immunoglobulins. A high specific affinity for cortisol (Kas = 1,5 . 10(8) M-1 at 23 degrees C) and progesterone (Kas = 2,0 . 10(8) M-1 at 23 degrees C) was observed only for alpha-globulin; other proteins had a low affinity for cortisol. The molecular weight of alpha1-globulin (transcortin) was found to be 50,000-55,000. The amino acid and monosaccharide compositions of this glycoprotein were studied. Its N-terminal and C-terminal amino acid sequences are: Met-Asx-Pro-Asx-Ala- and (Val, Gln)-Leu, respectively. It was concluded that under normal physiological conditions and during pregnancy transcortin is the only specific corticosteroid-binding plasma protein. A complete removal of bound cortisol from the protein mixture and subsequent hydroxylapatite chromatography resulted in homogeneous transcortin retaining more than 90% of its binding capacity. The formation of the transcortin-steroid complex and its complete dissociation are accompanied by conformational changes of the protein globule. Significant changes of the spectral properties of the tryptophane residue of protein and the steroid delta4-3-keto group are indicative of the possibility of their direct interaction.", "PMID": 420873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10737", "title": "[Effect of the respiratory chain redox state on mitochondrial membrane permeability for K+ ions].", "content": "Transport of Pi into mitochondrial matrix induces K+-permeability of the membranes, which results from the addition of DNP. This induction of K+ efflux is eliminated by some agents causing the respiratory chain reduction (e.g. succinate, rotenone, antimycin A). It was shown that the abolition of the membrane potential is not sufficient for K+ efflux induction. The latter process is necessary for the energy-linked formation of the K+-transporting system. The lipid fraction containing lecithin and monophosphoinositol was extracted from the mitochondria after preincubation with Pi. The artificial bilayer membranes formed from these lipids are permeable for K+.", "contents": "[Effect of the respiratory chain redox state on mitochondrial membrane permeability for K+ ions]. Transport of Pi into mitochondrial matrix induces K+-permeability of the membranes, which results from the addition of DNP. This induction of K+ efflux is eliminated by some agents causing the respiratory chain reduction (e.g. succinate, rotenone, antimycin A). It was shown that the abolition of the membrane potential is not sufficient for K+ efflux induction. The latter process is necessary for the energy-linked formation of the K+-transporting system. The lipid fraction containing lecithin and monophosphoinositol was extracted from the mitochondria after preincubation with Pi. The artificial bilayer membranes formed from these lipids are permeable for K+.", "PMID": 420874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10738", "title": "[Fragmentation of chromatin by endogenous nucleases, accumulation of the subnucleosomal fragments with high electrophoretic mobility].", "content": "Digestion of chromatin by endogenous nucleases to nucleosomes (140-160 base pairs of DNA) is accompanied by the accumulation of subnucleosomal DNP particles with high electrophoretic mobility (20-40 base pairs of DNA). All histones associate with the 140-160 base pairs fragment. The production of subnucleosomal DNP particles does not correlate with the degradation of histone H1 and the appearance of nucleosomes lacking histone H1. Degradation of the protein in this fragment is accompanied by the appearance of free DNA. The data obtained are in agreement with the hypothesis on the origin of subnucleosomes from the nucleosomal locus preferentially associated with the non-histone proteins and on the autonomy of these loci and of the loci associated with histone H1 in the nucleosome.", "contents": "[Fragmentation of chromatin by endogenous nucleases, accumulation of the subnucleosomal fragments with high electrophoretic mobility]. Digestion of chromatin by endogenous nucleases to nucleosomes (140-160 base pairs of DNA) is accompanied by the accumulation of subnucleosomal DNP particles with high electrophoretic mobility (20-40 base pairs of DNA). All histones associate with the 140-160 base pairs fragment. The production of subnucleosomal DNP particles does not correlate with the degradation of histone H1 and the appearance of nucleosomes lacking histone H1. Degradation of the protein in this fragment is accompanied by the appearance of free DNA. The data obtained are in agreement with the hypothesis on the origin of subnucleosomes from the nucleosomal locus preferentially associated with the non-histone proteins and on the autonomy of these loci and of the loci associated with histone H1 in the nucleosome.", "PMID": 420875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10739", "title": "[Effects of low molecular weight nuclear RNAs on the activity of RNA polymerase II in isolated rat liver nuclei].", "content": "An attempt was made to elucidate the possible participation of low molecular weight nuclear RNAs in the transcription process. The parameters of the RNA synthesis cell-free system in isolated rat liver nuclei were studied for this purpose. Tissue homogenization in isotonic sucrose during isolation of the nuclei resulted in a loss of 4S nuclear RNA. The dependence of RNA synthesis on the salt concentration in the incubation medium is indicative of possible initiation of the RNA synthesis in this system. At salt concentration of 0.08 M 50-75% of incorporation is due to the activity of RNA polymerase II. Under these conditions the electrophoretically homogenous individual fractions of low molecular weight nuclear RNAs do not affect specifically the activity of RNA polymerase II. No evidence for the participation of low molecular weight nuclear RNAs in the mechanisms of heterogeneous nuclear RNA synthesis were obtained.", "contents": "[Effects of low molecular weight nuclear RNAs on the activity of RNA polymerase II in isolated rat liver nuclei]. An attempt was made to elucidate the possible participation of low molecular weight nuclear RNAs in the transcription process. The parameters of the RNA synthesis cell-free system in isolated rat liver nuclei were studied for this purpose. Tissue homogenization in isotonic sucrose during isolation of the nuclei resulted in a loss of 4S nuclear RNA. The dependence of RNA synthesis on the salt concentration in the incubation medium is indicative of possible initiation of the RNA synthesis in this system. At salt concentration of 0.08 M 50-75% of incorporation is due to the activity of RNA polymerase II. Under these conditions the electrophoretically homogenous individual fractions of low molecular weight nuclear RNAs do not affect specifically the activity of RNA polymerase II. No evidence for the participation of low molecular weight nuclear RNAs in the mechanisms of heterogeneous nuclear RNA synthesis were obtained.", "PMID": 420876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10740", "title": "[Methods of determination of equilibrium and kinetic parameters for the interaction of protein inhibitors with proteinases].", "content": "The present-day concept of the mechanism of interaction of proteolytic enzymes with their natural protein inhibitors is discussed. An extended formal kinetic scheme of the interaction is presented. The applicability of a simplified quantitative characterization of the formation and dissociation of a stable enzyme-inhibitor complex is discussed. A critical consideration is given to the accepted approaches to determination of kinetic and equilibrium parameters of the interaction of model serine proteinases (trypsin and chymotrypsin) with common protein inhibitors of animal and plant origin. Equations are given describing the stationary rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of the respective substrate as a function of the concentrations of the re\u00e1gents (substrate, inhibitor, enzyme) and kinetic and equilibrium constants. The application of some of the methods is illustrated by the interaction of trypsin and chymotrypsin with the bovine basic pancreatic inhibitor and thermo- and acid-stable inhibitor from rabbit blood serum.", "contents": "[Methods of determination of equilibrium and kinetic parameters for the interaction of protein inhibitors with proteinases]. The present-day concept of the mechanism of interaction of proteolytic enzymes with their natural protein inhibitors is discussed. An extended formal kinetic scheme of the interaction is presented. The applicability of a simplified quantitative characterization of the formation and dissociation of a stable enzyme-inhibitor complex is discussed. A critical consideration is given to the accepted approaches to determination of kinetic and equilibrium parameters of the interaction of model serine proteinases (trypsin and chymotrypsin) with common protein inhibitors of animal and plant origin. Equations are given describing the stationary rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of the respective substrate as a function of the concentrations of the re\u00e1gents (substrate, inhibitor, enzyme) and kinetic and equilibrium constants. The application of some of the methods is illustrated by the interaction of trypsin and chymotrypsin with the bovine basic pancreatic inhibitor and thermo- and acid-stable inhibitor from rabbit blood serum.", "PMID": 420877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10741", "title": "[Effect of phospholipase D on micellar phospholipids and the role of calcium ions].", "content": "The rates of the reaction products formation under simultaneous phospholipase D effect on phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline were studied. The hydrolysis of cephalin, unlike the phospholipase D effect on lecithin, does not require Ca2+ ions. Ca2+ does not affect the enzymatic degradation of lecithin and inhibits the reaction with cephalin in \"inorganized\" phospholipid emulsions. The hydrolysis of micellar phospholipids by phospholipase D (in the presence of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate) is accelerated by Ca2+ ions for both substrates. The apparent Km value is equal to 1.5 mM and does not depend on the phospholipid type. In contrast, the value of kcat for lecithin is twice as high as that for cephalin. It was demonstrated that the phase state of the phospholipids and the chemical nature of the alcohol residue in the phospholipid molecule are essential for the substrate specificity of phospholipase D.", "contents": "[Effect of phospholipase D on micellar phospholipids and the role of calcium ions]. The rates of the reaction products formation under simultaneous phospholipase D effect on phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline were studied. The hydrolysis of cephalin, unlike the phospholipase D effect on lecithin, does not require Ca2+ ions. Ca2+ does not affect the enzymatic degradation of lecithin and inhibits the reaction with cephalin in \"inorganized\" phospholipid emulsions. The hydrolysis of micellar phospholipids by phospholipase D (in the presence of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate) is accelerated by Ca2+ ions for both substrates. The apparent Km value is equal to 1.5 mM and does not depend on the phospholipid type. In contrast, the value of kcat for lecithin is twice as high as that for cephalin. It was demonstrated that the phase state of the phospholipids and the chemical nature of the alcohol residue in the phospholipid molecule are essential for the substrate specificity of phospholipase D.", "PMID": 420878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10742", "title": "[Effect of cations on the quantum yield and the lifetime of the chloroplast fluorescence].", "content": "The interrelationship between the cation-induced fluorescence changes and the state of the photosystem 2 (PS-2) reaction centers for pea chloroplasts and their osmotic fragments was studied. The effects of K+ and Mg2+ on the fluorescence quantum yield (phi f1) under varying light intensities as well as on the fluorescence lifetime (tau f1) in the saturating light were demonstrated. K+ induces the decrease in tau f1; Mg2+ exerts an opposite effect. The effects were more pronounced when the reaction centers of PS-2 were converted into an inactive state by illuminating the sample with a saturating light or by adding DCMU. Under these conditions the cations' effect on tau f1 was accompanied by proportional changes in tau f1. It was concluded that in Mg-deficient chloroplasts an efficient channel of the excitation quenching appears in antenna chlorophyll of PS-2 with the rate constant of 7 . 10(8) s-1. The simultaneous measurements of tau f1 by phase and modulation type techniques allowed to reveal the emission heterogeneity within the nanosecond time interval and the DCMU-sensitive delayed fluorescence with the lifetime exceeding 10(-7) s and the overall quantum yield approximately equal to 2 . 10(-3).", "contents": "[Effect of cations on the quantum yield and the lifetime of the chloroplast fluorescence]. The interrelationship between the cation-induced fluorescence changes and the state of the photosystem 2 (PS-2) reaction centers for pea chloroplasts and their osmotic fragments was studied. The effects of K+ and Mg2+ on the fluorescence quantum yield (phi f1) under varying light intensities as well as on the fluorescence lifetime (tau f1) in the saturating light were demonstrated. K+ induces the decrease in tau f1; Mg2+ exerts an opposite effect. The effects were more pronounced when the reaction centers of PS-2 were converted into an inactive state by illuminating the sample with a saturating light or by adding DCMU. Under these conditions the cations' effect on tau f1 was accompanied by proportional changes in tau f1. It was concluded that in Mg-deficient chloroplasts an efficient channel of the excitation quenching appears in antenna chlorophyll of PS-2 with the rate constant of 7 . 10(8) s-1. The simultaneous measurements of tau f1 by phase and modulation type techniques allowed to reveal the emission heterogeneity within the nanosecond time interval and the DCMU-sensitive delayed fluorescence with the lifetime exceeding 10(-7) s and the overall quantum yield approximately equal to 2 . 10(-3).", "PMID": 420879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10743", "title": "[Role of planar cobalt chelate complexes as shunting agents in the electron transport chain of mitochondria].", "content": "It was shown that planar cobalt chelate complexes catalyze oxidation of NADH and hexahydroubiquinole Q4H2 by air oxygen. The most active agent--perchlorate of the cobalt complex 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19-decamethyloctadehydrocorrin--is capable of shunting the electron transfer chain of rat liver mitochondria and beef heart submitochondrial particles, catalyzing electron transfer from CoQ directly to the oxygen.", "contents": "[Role of planar cobalt chelate complexes as shunting agents in the electron transport chain of mitochondria]. It was shown that planar cobalt chelate complexes catalyze oxidation of NADH and hexahydroubiquinole Q4H2 by air oxygen. The most active agent--perchlorate of the cobalt complex 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19-decamethyloctadehydrocorrin--is capable of shunting the electron transfer chain of rat liver mitochondria and beef heart submitochondrial particles, catalyzing electron transfer from CoQ directly to the oxygen.", "PMID": 420881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10744", "title": "Quantitative analysis of morphological changes in skeletal muscle of the rat after hormone administration.", "content": "Thyroxine and cortisone acetate administration of rats of 4--7 days of age is not only accompanied by the induction of the muscle-specific enzyme, creatine kinase, but the hormones also induce morphological changes in the gastrocnemius during this period. Administration of thyroxine to these rats causes a splitting of myofibrils as shown by stereological measurements on electron micrographs. This splitting of myofibrils was not observed upon cortisone acetate administration and when both hormones were given simultaneously. It is suggested that cortisone acetate counteracts the effect of thyroxine. Both thyroxine and cortisone acetate increase the volume percentage taken by the mitochondria at 7 days of age. The effect of the simultaneous injection of both hormones is equal to the sum of the separate effects of these hormones. These changes in volume percentage of the mitochondria were compared with changes in a mitochondrial marker enzyme, i.e. citrate synthase. The difference between the morphological measurements and citrate synthase activity is due to a change in the specific activity of citrate synthase in the mitochondria.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of morphological changes in skeletal muscle of the rat after hormone administration. Thyroxine and cortisone acetate administration of rats of 4--7 days of age is not only accompanied by the induction of the muscle-specific enzyme, creatine kinase, but the hormones also induce morphological changes in the gastrocnemius during this period. Administration of thyroxine to these rats causes a splitting of myofibrils as shown by stereological measurements on electron micrographs. This splitting of myofibrils was not observed upon cortisone acetate administration and when both hormones were given simultaneously. It is suggested that cortisone acetate counteracts the effect of thyroxine. Both thyroxine and cortisone acetate increase the volume percentage taken by the mitochondria at 7 days of age. The effect of the simultaneous injection of both hormones is equal to the sum of the separate effects of these hormones. These changes in volume percentage of the mitochondria were compared with changes in a mitochondrial marker enzyme, i.e. citrate synthase. The difference between the morphological measurements and citrate synthase activity is due to a change in the specific activity of citrate synthase in the mitochondria.", "PMID": 420882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10745", "title": "Minimal tissue concentrations of glutamate required to produce necrosis of hypothalamic neurons in newborn mice.", "content": "Groups of 4-day-old Cox Swiss albino mice were injected once subcutaneously with monosodium glutamate at several doses between 0.2 and 0.5 mg/g body weight. Glutamate, at a dose of 0.35 mg/g, produced neuronal necrosis of a very limited nature in only 60% of the animals and was defined as the minimal effective neurotoxic dose in the 4-day-old mouse. Neuronal loss was not detected in any animals treated with less than 0.35% mg/g of the amino acid whereas lesions became more extensive as the dose was increased to 0.5 mg/g. Glutamate was measured in the arcuate nucleus and plasma 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90 min after injection. These data indicated that duration of glutamate accumulation in the arcuate nucleus may be as important a variable in producing neuronal degeneration in the hypothalamus as concentration of the amino acid in that nucleus.", "contents": "Minimal tissue concentrations of glutamate required to produce necrosis of hypothalamic neurons in newborn mice. Groups of 4-day-old Cox Swiss albino mice were injected once subcutaneously with monosodium glutamate at several doses between 0.2 and 0.5 mg/g body weight. Glutamate, at a dose of 0.35 mg/g, produced neuronal necrosis of a very limited nature in only 60% of the animals and was defined as the minimal effective neurotoxic dose in the 4-day-old mouse. Neuronal loss was not detected in any animals treated with less than 0.35% mg/g of the amino acid whereas lesions became more extensive as the dose was increased to 0.5 mg/g. Glutamate was measured in the arcuate nucleus and plasma 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90 min after injection. These data indicated that duration of glutamate accumulation in the arcuate nucleus may be as important a variable in producing neuronal degeneration in the hypothalamus as concentration of the amino acid in that nucleus.", "PMID": 420883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10746", "title": "The actions of vasoactive drugs on fetal and maternal plasma renin activity.", "content": "The association between fetal arterial pressure and fetal plasma renin activity (PRA) was studied in 30 fetal lambs prepared acutely, but studied in utero. There was a negative correlation between resting fetal arterial pressure and resting fetal PRA (p less than 0.05). Fetal hypotension caused by intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside was associated with increases in fetal PRA. Fetal hypertension caused by intravenous infusion of phenylephrine to the fetus was associated with a decrease in fetal PRA. Maternal hypotension caused by infusion of sodium nitroprusside to the mother, and maternal hypertension caused by maternal infusion of phenylephrine caused an increase in fetal blood pressure and a fall in fetal PRA. It is concluded that the hypertensive response of the fetus to these changes in maternal blood pressure was not initiated by the fetal renin-angiotensin system. Isoprenaline caused a rise in fetal PRA. In 11 of 28 infusions this increase in fetal PRA occurred even though diastolic pressure was increased. It is concluded that there is a beta-adrenergic receptor in the fetal kidney which can release renin. The increase in fetal PRA with intravenous isoprenaline was blocked by propanolol. Infusions of adrenaline were not associated with increases in fetal PRA.", "contents": "The actions of vasoactive drugs on fetal and maternal plasma renin activity. The association between fetal arterial pressure and fetal plasma renin activity (PRA) was studied in 30 fetal lambs prepared acutely, but studied in utero. There was a negative correlation between resting fetal arterial pressure and resting fetal PRA (p less than 0.05). Fetal hypotension caused by intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside was associated with increases in fetal PRA. Fetal hypertension caused by intravenous infusion of phenylephrine to the fetus was associated with a decrease in fetal PRA. Maternal hypotension caused by infusion of sodium nitroprusside to the mother, and maternal hypertension caused by maternal infusion of phenylephrine caused an increase in fetal blood pressure and a fall in fetal PRA. It is concluded that the hypertensive response of the fetus to these changes in maternal blood pressure was not initiated by the fetal renin-angiotensin system. Isoprenaline caused a rise in fetal PRA. In 11 of 28 infusions this increase in fetal PRA occurred even though diastolic pressure was increased. It is concluded that there is a beta-adrenergic receptor in the fetal kidney which can release renin. The increase in fetal PRA with intravenous isoprenaline was blocked by propanolol. Infusions of adrenaline were not associated with increases in fetal PRA.", "PMID": 420884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10747", "title": "Effects of neonatal bulbectomy on later discrimination learning in mice.", "content": "The olfactory bulbs of mice were lesioned at 24 h of age and their performance in learning a black-white discrimination task was compared with undernourished mice that grew from birth at the same rate as the bulbectomised animals. The mice were tested at 90 days of age and their behaviour in a Y-maze was compared with that of control operated and unoperated samples. The performance of the bulbectomised mice spent more time at the choicepoint and frequently failed to run the maze. The error rate reduction shown by the bulbectomised mice was similar to that of the controls and is accounted for in terms of a reduced frequency of entry and reversals into the maze arms. The results are discussed in relation to the size of the lesions and factors affecting the neurogenesis of the olfactory brain early in life.", "contents": "Effects of neonatal bulbectomy on later discrimination learning in mice. The olfactory bulbs of mice were lesioned at 24 h of age and their performance in learning a black-white discrimination task was compared with undernourished mice that grew from birth at the same rate as the bulbectomised animals. The mice were tested at 90 days of age and their behaviour in a Y-maze was compared with that of control operated and unoperated samples. The performance of the bulbectomised mice spent more time at the choicepoint and frequently failed to run the maze. The error rate reduction shown by the bulbectomised mice was similar to that of the controls and is accounted for in terms of a reduced frequency of entry and reversals into the maze arms. The results are discussed in relation to the size of the lesions and factors affecting the neurogenesis of the olfactory brain early in life.", "PMID": 420885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10748", "title": "Renal response to Ringer expansion in developing rats.", "content": "Male rats were studied between 20 and 60 days of age. Standard renal clearance techniques were used. The efficiency of the diuretic response, the sodium response, and the potassium response were calculated as defined previously. Results indicate that both diuretic and sodium efficiency is lower between the ages of 20 and 30 days as compared to 40 and 60 days of age, whereas potassium efficiency shows no age dependence. In morphological studies, it has been observed that the proximal tubule cells of 22-day-old rats show changes in lateral intercellular spaces with comparable features to those of mature animals. The spaces widened during volume expansion. The change is quantitatively the same as that found in mature rats. Both blood pressure and hematocrit show continuous increase with age. The response of Ringer infusion in both immature and mature animals may be a mixed response involving changes in physical factors and renal responses to volume expansion per se.", "contents": "Renal response to Ringer expansion in developing rats. Male rats were studied between 20 and 60 days of age. Standard renal clearance techniques were used. The efficiency of the diuretic response, the sodium response, and the potassium response were calculated as defined previously. Results indicate that both diuretic and sodium efficiency is lower between the ages of 20 and 30 days as compared to 40 and 60 days of age, whereas potassium efficiency shows no age dependence. In morphological studies, it has been observed that the proximal tubule cells of 22-day-old rats show changes in lateral intercellular spaces with comparable features to those of mature animals. The spaces widened during volume expansion. The change is quantitatively the same as that found in mature rats. Both blood pressure and hematocrit show continuous increase with age. The response of Ringer infusion in both immature and mature animals may be a mixed response involving changes in physical factors and renal responses to volume expansion per se.", "PMID": 420886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10749", "title": "Relationship between maturity, electrolyte balance and the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in newborn infants.", "content": "Simultaneous measurement of plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) and urinary aldosterone excretion (UAE) was made using the RIA method along with determination of Na and K balance in 1-week-old neonates with gestational age of 30-41 weeks (mean 35.9 weeks) and birth weight of 1,160-4,670 g (mean 2,680 g). It was demonstrated that PRA decreased from the value of 36.3 +/- 6.3 ng/ml/h (mean +/- SE) to a level of 10.2 +/- 2.1 ng/ml/h (p less than 0.001), PA did not change and UAE increased from 3.3 +/- 0.8 to 7.8 +/- 1.4 microgram/day (p less than 0.01) as the gestational age advanced from 30-32 to 39-41 weeks. There was no correlation between either PRA and PA and UAE. PRA showed a significant positive correlation with urinary Na excretion (p less than 0.001) and plasma K concentration (p less than 0.05), but it was negatively related to Na balance (p less than 0.001). Significant negative correlations were found between UAE and urinary Na excretion (p less than 0.05), urinary Na/K ratio (p less than 0.01 (and plasma K concentration (p less than 0.05); however, UAE positively correlated with Na balance (p less than 0.01). It is concluded that, in response to renal salt wasting and to the subsequent negative salt balance, premature infants can augment their PRA above values found for full-term infants. Their adrenals, however, failed to respond adequately to this stimulation.", "contents": "Relationship between maturity, electrolyte balance and the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in newborn infants. Simultaneous measurement of plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) and urinary aldosterone excretion (UAE) was made using the RIA method along with determination of Na and K balance in 1-week-old neonates with gestational age of 30-41 weeks (mean 35.9 weeks) and birth weight of 1,160-4,670 g (mean 2,680 g). It was demonstrated that PRA decreased from the value of 36.3 +/- 6.3 ng/ml/h (mean +/- SE) to a level of 10.2 +/- 2.1 ng/ml/h (p less than 0.001), PA did not change and UAE increased from 3.3 +/- 0.8 to 7.8 +/- 1.4 microgram/day (p less than 0.01) as the gestational age advanced from 30-32 to 39-41 weeks. There was no correlation between either PRA and PA and UAE. PRA showed a significant positive correlation with urinary Na excretion (p less than 0.001) and plasma K concentration (p less than 0.05), but it was negatively related to Na balance (p less than 0.001). Significant negative correlations were found between UAE and urinary Na excretion (p less than 0.05), urinary Na/K ratio (p less than 0.01 (and plasma K concentration (p less than 0.05); however, UAE positively correlated with Na balance (p less than 0.01). It is concluded that, in response to renal salt wasting and to the subsequent negative salt balance, premature infants can augment their PRA above values found for full-term infants. Their adrenals, however, failed to respond adequately to this stimulation.", "PMID": 420887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10750", "title": "Baroreceptor and chemoreceptor responses to umbilical cord occlusion in fetal lambs.", "content": "11 fetal lambs with gestational age of 116-135 days were studied while connected to a membrane-oxygenator replacing the ventilatory function of the placenta. Progressive increase in arterial oxygen tension from 20 to 220 mm Hg resulted in progressive decrease in baseline heart rate and baseline arterial blood pressure indicating presence of chemoreceptor activity over this wide range of arterial oxygen tension. The effect of 60 sec complete umbilical cord occlusion was studied at progressively higher arterial oxygen tension and it was concluded that the chemoreceptor activity at fetal normoxic condition is very brisk and is markedly attenuated at hyperoxic levels. Although it was not possible to completely separate baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes involved in cardiovascular response to umbilical cord occlusion, it is postulated that the chemoreceptor and baroreceptor reflexes are complimentary during cardiovascular responses to umbilical cord occlusion.", "contents": "Baroreceptor and chemoreceptor responses to umbilical cord occlusion in fetal lambs. 11 fetal lambs with gestational age of 116-135 days were studied while connected to a membrane-oxygenator replacing the ventilatory function of the placenta. Progressive increase in arterial oxygen tension from 20 to 220 mm Hg resulted in progressive decrease in baseline heart rate and baseline arterial blood pressure indicating presence of chemoreceptor activity over this wide range of arterial oxygen tension. The effect of 60 sec complete umbilical cord occlusion was studied at progressively higher arterial oxygen tension and it was concluded that the chemoreceptor activity at fetal normoxic condition is very brisk and is markedly attenuated at hyperoxic levels. Although it was not possible to completely separate baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes involved in cardiovascular response to umbilical cord occlusion, it is postulated that the chemoreceptor and baroreceptor reflexes are complimentary during cardiovascular responses to umbilical cord occlusion.", "PMID": 420888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10751", "title": "Thermic effects of glucose, amino acid and lipid in the term newborn.", "content": "The thermic effect in term infants of intragastric isocaloric amounts of glucose, lipid and amino acid have been compared with control infants given water on the third to fifth days of life. In contrast with adults, the thermic effect of glucose was found to be non-existent and for lipids weak and ill-sustained. These results suggest that these nutrients are mainly oxidised and that processes involving an elevated metabolic cost, such as lipid synthesis, play a minor role. The ingestion of an isocaloric load of amino acids induced a small thermic effect (4.4% of the energy content of the load in 2 h). This effect is probably related to a low rate of protein synthesis or amino acid catabolism and an absence of tissue deposition. The small thermic effect observed suggests that a significant part of the load is not metabolised or channeled into protein synthesis. In term infants the weak thermic effect after amino acid and the failure of glucose and lipid to stimulate metabolism may possibly be analogous to the lack of post-prandial thermic effect reported in non-growing children suffering from malnutrition. It can be hypothesised that in both cases the energy storage related to lipid and protein synthesis is absent or minimal. Therefore, there is no stimulation of energy expenditure to produce a thermic effect.", "contents": "Thermic effects of glucose, amino acid and lipid in the term newborn. The thermic effect in term infants of intragastric isocaloric amounts of glucose, lipid and amino acid have been compared with control infants given water on the third to fifth days of life. In contrast with adults, the thermic effect of glucose was found to be non-existent and for lipids weak and ill-sustained. These results suggest that these nutrients are mainly oxidised and that processes involving an elevated metabolic cost, such as lipid synthesis, play a minor role. The ingestion of an isocaloric load of amino acids induced a small thermic effect (4.4% of the energy content of the load in 2 h). This effect is probably related to a low rate of protein synthesis or amino acid catabolism and an absence of tissue deposition. The small thermic effect observed suggests that a significant part of the load is not metabolised or channeled into protein synthesis. In term infants the weak thermic effect after amino acid and the failure of glucose and lipid to stimulate metabolism may possibly be analogous to the lack of post-prandial thermic effect reported in non-growing children suffering from malnutrition. It can be hypothesised that in both cases the energy storage related to lipid and protein synthesis is absent or minimal. Therefore, there is no stimulation of energy expenditure to produce a thermic effect.", "PMID": 420889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10752", "title": "Effects of upper respiratory tract stimuli on neonatal respiration: reflex and single neuron analyses in the kitten.", "content": "Respiratory effects of electrical and chemical stimuli applied to nerves or sites associated with the respiratory tract were tested in kittens aged 6-70 days. Cessation of respiration occurred especially with superior laryngeal nerve stimulation and infusion of water and sodium bicarbonate into the larynx. The apneic reflex was more powerful and prolonged than that previously noted in adult cats and was sometimes irreversible. Brain stem respiratory neurons of the neonate also showed marked susceptibility to these stimuli: the respiratory-related rhythm of 80% could be powerfully suppressed, and only 25% received excitatory inputs. The susceptibility of the neonatal respiratory system to these stimuli may have physiopathological significance in conditions such as the sudden infant (crib) death syndrome.", "contents": "Effects of upper respiratory tract stimuli on neonatal respiration: reflex and single neuron analyses in the kitten. Respiratory effects of electrical and chemical stimuli applied to nerves or sites associated with the respiratory tract were tested in kittens aged 6-70 days. Cessation of respiration occurred especially with superior laryngeal nerve stimulation and infusion of water and sodium bicarbonate into the larynx. The apneic reflex was more powerful and prolonged than that previously noted in adult cats and was sometimes irreversible. Brain stem respiratory neurons of the neonate also showed marked susceptibility to these stimuli: the respiratory-related rhythm of 80% could be powerfully suppressed, and only 25% received excitatory inputs. The susceptibility of the neonatal respiratory system to these stimuli may have physiopathological significance in conditions such as the sudden infant (crib) death syndrome.", "PMID": 420890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10753", "title": "Cold stress influence on lung lecithin in the newborn rabbit.", "content": "Term, food-water deprived newborn rabbits exposed to a cold environment for 48 h demonstrated a significant decrease in total lung lipid (p less than 0.01), total triglyceride (p less than 0.001), total phospholipid (p less than 0.05), and total phosphatidylcholine (p less than 0.025). Disaturated phosphatidylcholine remained unchanged. Fatty acid methyl esters of total and disaturated phosphatidylcholine were not influenced by cold stress. Likewise, there was no alteration in pulmonary function as determined by deflation pressure-volume relationships.", "contents": "Cold stress influence on lung lecithin in the newborn rabbit. Term, food-water deprived newborn rabbits exposed to a cold environment for 48 h demonstrated a significant decrease in total lung lipid (p less than 0.01), total triglyceride (p less than 0.001), total phospholipid (p less than 0.05), and total phosphatidylcholine (p less than 0.025). Disaturated phosphatidylcholine remained unchanged. Fatty acid methyl esters of total and disaturated phosphatidylcholine were not influenced by cold stress. Likewise, there was no alteration in pulmonary function as determined by deflation pressure-volume relationships.", "PMID": 420891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10754", "title": "Skeletal changes in the condylar cartilage of the neonate mouse mandible.", "content": "Histological and histochemical qualitative and quantitative determinations are provided concerning the skeletal changes taking place in the growth center of the mandibular condyle in the neonatal ICR mouse. This study followed the changes in both the major matrical components (collagen, acidic glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids) as well as in the various cartilage cells throughout the maturational period of the neonatal condyle. It was found that the transformation of neonatal condylar cartilage to its mature form involved a significant decrease in its acid glycosaminoglycan content concomitant with a rapid increase in its collagen content. In addition, significant quantitative changes were found within the zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes. The period of highest growth activity along the mandibular posterior vertical dimension (ramus) was between birth and weanling 3rd postnatal week). At this time interval, the adaptive abilities of the growing condyle appeared maximal. A high degree of correlation was noted between the overall reduction in the height of the condylar cartilage and that of its hypertrophic zone. Further, the increase in the ramal height was highly correlated with the structural changes characteristic of the neonatal condyle.", "contents": "Skeletal changes in the condylar cartilage of the neonate mouse mandible. Histological and histochemical qualitative and quantitative determinations are provided concerning the skeletal changes taking place in the growth center of the mandibular condyle in the neonatal ICR mouse. This study followed the changes in both the major matrical components (collagen, acidic glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids) as well as in the various cartilage cells throughout the maturational period of the neonatal condyle. It was found that the transformation of neonatal condylar cartilage to its mature form involved a significant decrease in its acid glycosaminoglycan content concomitant with a rapid increase in its collagen content. In addition, significant quantitative changes were found within the zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes. The period of highest growth activity along the mandibular posterior vertical dimension (ramus) was between birth and weanling 3rd postnatal week). At this time interval, the adaptive abilities of the growing condyle appeared maximal. A high degree of correlation was noted between the overall reduction in the height of the condylar cartilage and that of its hypertrophic zone. Further, the increase in the ramal height was highly correlated with the structural changes characteristic of the neonatal condyle.", "PMID": 420892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10755", "title": "Catatonia and mania: patterns of cerebral dysfunction.", "content": "We performed a factor analysis on research data from 55 consecutive hospitalized psychiatric patients who showed one or more of eight catatonic motor features. Two factors were extracted, accounting for 32% of the variance. Factor 1 (mutism, negativism, stupor) corresponded to the clinical syndrome of negativistic stupor and was unrelated to diagnosis, sex, age at onset, family history, or treatment response. Factor 2 (mutism, stereotypy, catalepsy, automatic obedience) corresponded to the classical description of catatonia, was associated with a research diagnosis of mania, and tended (p less than 0.10) to predict a favorable treatment response. We suggest that the two factors may reflect different forms of cerebral dysfunction which, in the case of Factor 2, may provide clues as to the nature of the morbid process in mania. Republication is now in progress in a different sample.", "contents": "Catatonia and mania: patterns of cerebral dysfunction. We performed a factor analysis on research data from 55 consecutive hospitalized psychiatric patients who showed one or more of eight catatonic motor features. Two factors were extracted, accounting for 32% of the variance. Factor 1 (mutism, negativism, stupor) corresponded to the clinical syndrome of negativistic stupor and was unrelated to diagnosis, sex, age at onset, family history, or treatment response. Factor 2 (mutism, stereotypy, catalepsy, automatic obedience) corresponded to the classical description of catatonia, was associated with a research diagnosis of mania, and tended (p less than 0.10) to predict a favorable treatment response. We suggest that the two factors may reflect different forms of cerebral dysfunction which, in the case of Factor 2, may provide clues as to the nature of the morbid process in mania. Republication is now in progress in a different sample.", "PMID": 420894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10756", "title": "Neuropsychological and power spectral EEG investigations of the obsessive-compulsive syndrome.", "content": "Eleven consecutive patients with primary obsessive-compulsive syndrome were studied neuropsychologically and the power spectral EEG characteristic of ten of these patients unmedicated, at rest, and during cognitive tasks were analyzed. The finding of predominantly left frontal dysfunction in the obsessional syndrome is discussed in the light of neurophysiological and psychosurgical evidence which suggest that perturbation of the cingulate-orbital frontal connections modulates obsessive-compulsive symptomatology.", "contents": "Neuropsychological and power spectral EEG investigations of the obsessive-compulsive syndrome. Eleven consecutive patients with primary obsessive-compulsive syndrome were studied neuropsychologically and the power spectral EEG characteristic of ten of these patients unmedicated, at rest, and during cognitive tasks were analyzed. The finding of predominantly left frontal dysfunction in the obsessional syndrome is discussed in the light of neurophysiological and psychosurgical evidence which suggest that perturbation of the cingulate-orbital frontal connections modulates obsessive-compulsive symptomatology.", "PMID": 420895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10757", "title": "Eye movements in schizophrenia: a quantitative analysis.", "content": "A quantitative comparison of smooth pursuit eye movements of acute and chronic schizophrenics was made. Horizontal, vertical, diagonal, and pendulum tracking targets with constant or variable velocity were presented. The frequency of saccades as well as the magnitude of the spatial and temporal error during tracking was significantly greater among schizophrenics than among normals. Yet the differences between acutes and chronics were not generally significant. Performance differences were generally unaffected by the type of stimulus. The frequency of nontracked half-cycles and eye blinks was greater for chronics than for acutes or normals, and greater for acutes than normals, suggesting that sustained voluntary attention was more difficult for schizophrenics in general and chronic schizophrenics in particular. A distinctive pattern of saccade bursts was observed in the fixation and tracking records of schizophrenic subjects. These bursts were suggestive of an oculomotor deficit.", "contents": "Eye movements in schizophrenia: a quantitative analysis. A quantitative comparison of smooth pursuit eye movements of acute and chronic schizophrenics was made. Horizontal, vertical, diagonal, and pendulum tracking targets with constant or variable velocity were presented. The frequency of saccades as well as the magnitude of the spatial and temporal error during tracking was significantly greater among schizophrenics than among normals. Yet the differences between acutes and chronics were not generally significant. Performance differences were generally unaffected by the type of stimulus. The frequency of nontracked half-cycles and eye blinks was greater for chronics than for acutes or normals, and greater for acutes than normals, suggesting that sustained voluntary attention was more difficult for schizophrenics in general and chronic schizophrenics in particular. A distinctive pattern of saccade bursts was observed in the fixation and tracking records of schizophrenic subjects. These bursts were suggestive of an oculomotor deficit.", "PMID": 420896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10758", "title": "Plasma neutral amino acids in mania and depression: variation during acute and prolonged treatment with L-tryptophan.", "content": "The free tryptophan and plasma neutral amino acids including kynurenine have been determined before treatment, after a single load, and during prolonged treatment with L-tryptophan on a bipolar manic-depressive patient who has shown resistance to current treatments. The data of the patient were compared with the data of healthy control subjects in order to evaluate the availability of tryptophan to the brain. A relative deficiency of tryptophan in the plasma, as measured by the ratio of tryptophan to those amino acids which compete with tryptophan during transport processes, was found in the patient. Further, the patient showed an increased area under curve of plasma tryptophan after a load, and an increase in the competing amino acids during the load compared to a decrease in the control subjects. During the treatment with L-tryptophan the competing amino acids increased in the plasma. The results suggest that the patient suffered from a dysfunction of the processes which mediate active transport of tryptophan and other large neutral amino acids into tissues including the brain.", "contents": "Plasma neutral amino acids in mania and depression: variation during acute and prolonged treatment with L-tryptophan. The free tryptophan and plasma neutral amino acids including kynurenine have been determined before treatment, after a single load, and during prolonged treatment with L-tryptophan on a bipolar manic-depressive patient who has shown resistance to current treatments. The data of the patient were compared with the data of healthy control subjects in order to evaluate the availability of tryptophan to the brain. A relative deficiency of tryptophan in the plasma, as measured by the ratio of tryptophan to those amino acids which compete with tryptophan during transport processes, was found in the patient. Further, the patient showed an increased area under curve of plasma tryptophan after a load, and an increase in the competing amino acids during the load compared to a decrease in the control subjects. During the treatment with L-tryptophan the competing amino acids increased in the plasma. The results suggest that the patient suffered from a dysfunction of the processes which mediate active transport of tryptophan and other large neutral amino acids into tissues including the brain.", "PMID": 420897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10759", "title": "Visual evoked response modified recovery cycle and personality dimensions in healthy and schizophrenic subjects.", "content": "The aim of this study was to compare the results of the VER recovery cycle as modified by Shagass, in correlation with Eysenck's PEN personality questionnaire scores, in 41 schizophrenic inpatients and 41 healthy subjects. All the subjects were male. In the patient group, a lack of R2 response amplitude facilitation was found. In normals with a high score on the neuroticism scale, less facilitation was found in comparison with the group with low scores in the scale. In the schizophrenic group, the R2 latency did not change with increased S1 stimulus intensity, but in the group of normals the R2 latency increased. The schizophrenic group got higher scores on the scales of psychoticism and neuroticism and lower scores on the extroversion scale. Differences between groups on the psychoticism scale were not significant. A small but significant negative correlation was found between the psychoticism score and facilitation of R2 amplitude in the group of normals. This correlation was greater in the group with low neuroticism.", "contents": "Visual evoked response modified recovery cycle and personality dimensions in healthy and schizophrenic subjects. The aim of this study was to compare the results of the VER recovery cycle as modified by Shagass, in correlation with Eysenck's PEN personality questionnaire scores, in 41 schizophrenic inpatients and 41 healthy subjects. All the subjects were male. In the patient group, a lack of R2 response amplitude facilitation was found. In normals with a high score on the neuroticism scale, less facilitation was found in comparison with the group with low scores in the scale. In the schizophrenic group, the R2 latency did not change with increased S1 stimulus intensity, but in the group of normals the R2 latency increased. The schizophrenic group got higher scores on the scales of psychoticism and neuroticism and lower scores on the extroversion scale. Differences between groups on the psychoticism scale were not significant. A small but significant negative correlation was found between the psychoticism score and facilitation of R2 amplitude in the group of normals. This correlation was greater in the group with low neuroticism.", "PMID": 420898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10760", "title": "Genetic markers for schizotaxia.", "content": "Evidence is presented for the occurrence of a locus for schizotaxia on the short arm of chromosome 6. This derives from study of 63 informative members of seven pedigrees in which the proband and a parent (or a sib of parent) suffered with schizophrenia and other kin were either normal or fell within a spectrum of conditions related to schizophrenia. For linkage of HLA and schizotaxia a Lod score, 2.57, at recombination frequency 0.15 is reported, which gives p = 0.008. This is in contrast to data on 54 informative members of six pedigrees with atypical (schizo-affective or mixed) psychoses in two generations. Glyoxalase isoenzymes were of value in linkage analysis in two pedigrees. No evidence for linkage was found for any erythrocyte surface antigen nor for 15 other genetic markers. Details for each pedigree are provided.", "contents": "Genetic markers for schizotaxia. Evidence is presented for the occurrence of a locus for schizotaxia on the short arm of chromosome 6. This derives from study of 63 informative members of seven pedigrees in which the proband and a parent (or a sib of parent) suffered with schizophrenia and other kin were either normal or fell within a spectrum of conditions related to schizophrenia. For linkage of HLA and schizotaxia a Lod score, 2.57, at recombination frequency 0.15 is reported, which gives p = 0.008. This is in contrast to data on 54 informative members of six pedigrees with atypical (schizo-affective or mixed) psychoses in two generations. Glyoxalase isoenzymes were of value in linkage analysis in two pedigrees. No evidence for linkage was found for any erythrocyte surface antigen nor for 15 other genetic markers. Details for each pedigree are provided.", "PMID": 420900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10761", "title": "The relationship of the lithium erythrocyte: plasma ratio to plasma lithium level.", "content": "The relationship of the lithium erythrocyte:plasma ratio to plasma lithium concentration was reviewed in inpatients and outpatients with affective disorders. For some patients, there was a linear correlation between the erythrocyte lithium:plasma lithium ratio and the plasma lithium concentration. For these patients a graph of the slopes and intercepts of the lithium erythrocyte:plasma ratio vs. plasma lithium data formed a line that was not significantly different from the data of Lee et al. (1975). Significant correlations were found between the slopes and intercepts of the lithium erythrocyte:plasma ratio vs. plasma lithium data and the magnitude of active lithium efflux (Ko) from the erythrocyte. Our data confirm the finding of Lee et al. (1975) that the lithium erythrocyte:plasma ratio is dependent on the plasma lithium concentration. We relate this finding to lithium efflux from the erythrocyte.", "contents": "The relationship of the lithium erythrocyte: plasma ratio to plasma lithium level. The relationship of the lithium erythrocyte:plasma ratio to plasma lithium concentration was reviewed in inpatients and outpatients with affective disorders. For some patients, there was a linear correlation between the erythrocyte lithium:plasma lithium ratio and the plasma lithium concentration. For these patients a graph of the slopes and intercepts of the lithium erythrocyte:plasma ratio vs. plasma lithium data formed a line that was not significantly different from the data of Lee et al. (1975). Significant correlations were found between the slopes and intercepts of the lithium erythrocyte:plasma ratio vs. plasma lithium data and the magnitude of active lithium efflux (Ko) from the erythrocyte. Our data confirm the finding of Lee et al. (1975) that the lithium erythrocyte:plasma ratio is dependent on the plasma lithium concentration. We relate this finding to lithium efflux from the erythrocyte.", "PMID": 420901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10762", "title": "Implications of basal ganglionic dysfunction for schizophrenia.", "content": "This paper is addressed to presenting evidence that the basal ganglia are involved in mediating schizophrenia. Data from the experimental and clinical literature suggest a basal ganglionic role in higher cognitive processes, affect, and attention. Deficits of these same factors serve to characterize the major symptoms of schizophrenia. Moreover, psychiatric patients tend to have frank motor problems characteristic of basal ganglia lesions and pathological conditions of the basal ganglia manifest psychiatric difficulties as a major symptom. Taken together, these data are in accord with the hypothesis that some dysfunction involving the basal ganglia is a major factor in schizophrenia.", "contents": "Implications of basal ganglionic dysfunction for schizophrenia. This paper is addressed to presenting evidence that the basal ganglia are involved in mediating schizophrenia. Data from the experimental and clinical literature suggest a basal ganglionic role in higher cognitive processes, affect, and attention. Deficits of these same factors serve to characterize the major symptoms of schizophrenia. Moreover, psychiatric patients tend to have frank motor problems characteristic of basal ganglia lesions and pathological conditions of the basal ganglia manifest psychiatric difficulties as a major symptom. Taken together, these data are in accord with the hypothesis that some dysfunction involving the basal ganglia is a major factor in schizophrenia.", "PMID": 420906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10763", "title": "CSF calcium: clinical correlates in affective illness and schizophrenia.", "content": "In a study of electrolytes in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from psychiatric patients, the authors found a positive correlation between calcium concentration and symptom severity in hospitalized depressed patients. CSF calcium levels tended to decrease as patients improved. In four rapidly cycling patients, CSF calcium was higher during depression than during mania. Mean CSF calcium for the depressed patients as a group was not significantly different from neurological controls or other psychiatric patients. Symptom remission from acute psychosis in schizophrenic patients was accompanied by a significant increase in CSF calcium concentration. These findings are discussed in relationship to calcium-induced alterations in neuronal and physiological excitability.", "contents": "CSF calcium: clinical correlates in affective illness and schizophrenia. In a study of electrolytes in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from psychiatric patients, the authors found a positive correlation between calcium concentration and symptom severity in hospitalized depressed patients. CSF calcium levels tended to decrease as patients improved. In four rapidly cycling patients, CSF calcium was higher during depression than during mania. Mean CSF calcium for the depressed patients as a group was not significantly different from neurological controls or other psychiatric patients. Symptom remission from acute psychosis in schizophrenic patients was accompanied by a significant increase in CSF calcium concentration. These findings are discussed in relationship to calcium-induced alterations in neuronal and physiological excitability.", "PMID": 420907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10764", "title": "Energy and metastable characteristics in peptides. 1-Metastable/daughter ion ratios as an aid in peptide sequencing.", "content": "The metastable/daughter ion ratios, [m*]/[D+] values were measured in the first field free region. The [m*]/[D+] values were found to be influenced by the amino acid sequence in peptide molecules.", "contents": "Energy and metastable characteristics in peptides. 1-Metastable/daughter ion ratios as an aid in peptide sequencing. The metastable/daughter ion ratios, [m*]/[D+] values were measured in the first field free region. The [m*]/[D+] values were found to be influenced by the amino acid sequence in peptide molecules.", "PMID": 420909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10765", "title": "Screening of organic acids in urine by chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "A method has been developed for qualitative screening of carboxylic acids in human urine. The method uses direct chemical inoization mass spectrometry with isobutane as reagent gas. The carboxylic acids are separated from the urine samples by ion exchange. Normal carboxylic acid profiles have been determined and are compared with the profiles of patients suffering from certain metabolic disorders.", "contents": "Screening of organic acids in urine by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. A method has been developed for qualitative screening of carboxylic acids in human urine. The method uses direct chemical inoization mass spectrometry with isobutane as reagent gas. The carboxylic acids are separated from the urine samples by ion exchange. Normal carboxylic acid profiles have been determined and are compared with the profiles of patients suffering from certain metabolic disorders.", "PMID": 420910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10766", "title": "Studies on drug metabolism by use of isotopes. XXIV-Determination of 3-phenylpropyl carbamate metabolites using stable isotope labelling with deuterium or carbon-13.", "content": "Metabolism of 3-phenylproply carbamate was investigated by using a stable isotope tracer technique. 3-Phenylpropanol, 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanol, 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropyl carbamate, 2,3-dihydroxy-3-phenylproply carbamate, benzoic acid and hippuric acid were identified as the rat urinary metabolites. Using the dilution analysis, the amounts of metabolites in urine and faeces in rat and man were determined. In rats, 2,3-dihydroxy-3-phenylproply carbamate and 3-phenylpropanol glucuronide were excreted into the urine as the major metabolites of this drug. On the other hand, in man, the major metabolite was hippuric acid and about 30% of the administered dose was excreted as hippuric acid in the 24 h urine. The tracer technique using a singly labelled drug with carbon-13 employed in the present study provided a reliable methods for the analysis of drug metabolites and was comparable with the tracer technique using a multilabelled drug with deuterium.", "contents": "Studies on drug metabolism by use of isotopes. XXIV-Determination of 3-phenylpropyl carbamate metabolites using stable isotope labelling with deuterium or carbon-13. Metabolism of 3-phenylproply carbamate was investigated by using a stable isotope tracer technique. 3-Phenylpropanol, 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanol, 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropyl carbamate, 2,3-dihydroxy-3-phenylproply carbamate, benzoic acid and hippuric acid were identified as the rat urinary metabolites. Using the dilution analysis, the amounts of metabolites in urine and faeces in rat and man were determined. In rats, 2,3-dihydroxy-3-phenylproply carbamate and 3-phenylpropanol glucuronide were excreted into the urine as the major metabolites of this drug. On the other hand, in man, the major metabolite was hippuric acid and about 30% of the administered dose was excreted as hippuric acid in the 24 h urine. The tracer technique using a singly labelled drug with carbon-13 employed in the present study provided a reliable methods for the analysis of drug metabolites and was comparable with the tracer technique using a multilabelled drug with deuterium.", "PMID": 420911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10767", "title": "Mass spectrometric analysis of deuterium dual labeled blood lipids.", "content": "A gas chromatography selected ion monitoring mass spectrometer technique was developed to analyze deuterium dual labeled blood lipid samples from a human feeding experiment. In the metabolism experiment, described elsewhere. [2H2] labeled cis and [2H4] labeled trans fatty acids were fed to a human sujbect as a single pulse in order to determine whether the human body differentiates between cis and trans fatty acids in the diet. The analytical method described here was developed to accurately measure the ratio of [2H2]methyl oleate to [2H4]methyl elaidate in the presence of large amounts of [2H0] methyl oleate in samples derived from separated fractions of blood lipids. The technique is different from most selected ion monitoring methods in that the internal standard was fed to the subject along with the experimental material; the samples contained large amounts of unlabeled material chemically identical to the labeled material and the ratio of [2H2] to [2H4] fatty esters was of principal interest rather than the absolute value. Nine standards were analyzed eight or more times to form a basis for statistical evaluation of the method. Analysis of the plasma phosphatidyl ethanolamine fraction from the metabolic experiment is given as an example.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric analysis of deuterium dual labeled blood lipids. A gas chromatography selected ion monitoring mass spectrometer technique was developed to analyze deuterium dual labeled blood lipid samples from a human feeding experiment. In the metabolism experiment, described elsewhere. [2H2] labeled cis and [2H4] labeled trans fatty acids were fed to a human sujbect as a single pulse in order to determine whether the human body differentiates between cis and trans fatty acids in the diet. The analytical method described here was developed to accurately measure the ratio of [2H2]methyl oleate to [2H4]methyl elaidate in the presence of large amounts of [2H0] methyl oleate in samples derived from separated fractions of blood lipids. The technique is different from most selected ion monitoring methods in that the internal standard was fed to the subject along with the experimental material; the samples contained large amounts of unlabeled material chemically identical to the labeled material and the ratio of [2H2] to [2H4] fatty esters was of principal interest rather than the absolute value. Nine standards were analyzed eight or more times to form a basis for statistical evaluation of the method. Analysis of the plasma phosphatidyl ethanolamine fraction from the metabolic experiment is given as an example.", "PMID": 420912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10768", "title": "Quantitation of plasma warfarin levels by gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "A quantitative assay for plasma concentrations of warfarin has been developed using a deuterated warfarin analogue as internal standard. The method employs methylation (diazomethane) of warfarin to its 4'-methoxy derivative and gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Selected ion monitoring was used to relate the response of warfarin methyl ether and the internal standard. This technique can measure warfarin plasma concentrations five days after a single oral (25 mg) dose. Warfarin half-lives were determined in 12 healthy male volunteers. Each plasma analysis required six minutes of instrument time.", "contents": "Quantitation of plasma warfarin levels by gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry. A quantitative assay for plasma concentrations of warfarin has been developed using a deuterated warfarin analogue as internal standard. The method employs methylation (diazomethane) of warfarin to its 4'-methoxy derivative and gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Selected ion monitoring was used to relate the response of warfarin methyl ether and the internal standard. This technique can measure warfarin plasma concentrations five days after a single oral (25 mg) dose. Warfarin half-lives were determined in 12 healthy male volunteers. Each plasma analysis required six minutes of instrument time.", "PMID": 420913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10769", "title": "A selected ion monitoring assay for primaquine in plasma and urine.", "content": "The antimalarial drug primaquine was analysed in plasma and urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, using a deuterated internal standard. After freeze-drying and extraction with trichloroethylene the sample plus internal standard was reacted with Tri Sil TBT (a 3:3:2 by volume mixture of trimethylsilylimidazole, N,O,-bis-(trimethylsilylacetamide and trimethylchlorosilane) and an aliquot injected into the gas chromatograph mass spectrometer. The gas chromatographic effluent was monitored at m/z 403 and m/z 406, the molecular ions of the bis-TMS ethers of primaquine and 6-trideuteromethoxy primaquine. Calibration curves were prepared from standards made up in plasma and urine. Data from the analysis of plasma and urine samples from a volunteer who ingested the equivalent of 45 mg primaquine are presented.", "contents": "A selected ion monitoring assay for primaquine in plasma and urine. The antimalarial drug primaquine was analysed in plasma and urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, using a deuterated internal standard. After freeze-drying and extraction with trichloroethylene the sample plus internal standard was reacted with Tri Sil TBT (a 3:3:2 by volume mixture of trimethylsilylimidazole, N,O,-bis-(trimethylsilylacetamide and trimethylchlorosilane) and an aliquot injected into the gas chromatograph mass spectrometer. The gas chromatographic effluent was monitored at m/z 403 and m/z 406, the molecular ions of the bis-TMS ethers of primaquine and 6-trideuteromethoxy primaquine. Calibration curves were prepared from standards made up in plasma and urine. Data from the analysis of plasma and urine samples from a volunteer who ingested the equivalent of 45 mg primaquine are presented.", "PMID": 420914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10770", "title": "The determination of testosterone in hamster prostate by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected metastable peak monitoring.", "content": "Quantitative analyses of testosterone, as the methyl oxime t-butyldimethylsilyl ether, are performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected monitoring of the metastable peak corresponding to the fragmentation [M]+. leads to [M-C4H9]+ in the field free region preceding the electric sector of a double focusing mass spectrometer. A detection limit of c. 30 pg is observed during analyses of the standard compound. The method is applied to the quantitative determination of testosterone in extracts of prostatic tissue from the golden hamster, using epitestosterone as the internal standard. The analytical specificity is similar to that achieved during gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry with selected ion detection of [M]+. ions; gas chromatography low resolution mass spectrometry is of inadequate specificity.", "contents": "The determination of testosterone in hamster prostate by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected metastable peak monitoring. Quantitative analyses of testosterone, as the methyl oxime t-butyldimethylsilyl ether, are performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected monitoring of the metastable peak corresponding to the fragmentation [M]+. leads to [M-C4H9]+ in the field free region preceding the electric sector of a double focusing mass spectrometer. A detection limit of c. 30 pg is observed during analyses of the standard compound. The method is applied to the quantitative determination of testosterone in extracts of prostatic tissue from the golden hamster, using epitestosterone as the internal standard. The analytical specificity is similar to that achieved during gas chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry with selected ion detection of [M]+. ions; gas chromatography low resolution mass spectrometry is of inadequate specificity.", "PMID": 420915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10771", "title": "Mass spectrometry of some ultraviolet absorbing derivatives of sugars and related alditols: identification in biologic fluids after separation by high performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "The 70 eV electron impact mass spectra of the acyclic perbenzoyl 0-benzyloximes of several mono- and disaccharides of clinical interest and the perbenzoates of certain related alditols have been obtained and compared with those of other similar derivatives studied previously. In general, the spectra of the benzyloximes contain molecular ions and characteristic fragments due to [C6H5]+,[C7H7]+,[C6H5CO]+ and [C6H5CooH]+., losses of HCHO, C6H5COO. and C6H5COOH, and cleavages along the carbon chain. The most unique ions in these spectra arise from the combined loss of C7H7. and C6H5COO.from the molecular ion: m/z 191 (C3), m/z 339 (deoxy-C5), m/z 459 (C5), m/z 473 (deoxy-C6), and m/z 593 (C6). The alditol benzoates fragment similarly, but they do not yield molecular ions. These data are being used to help confirm the identities of carbohydrates in biologic fluids fractionation by high performance liquid chromatography, prior to the establishment of routine quantitative assays for several of these compounds.", "contents": "Mass spectrometry of some ultraviolet absorbing derivatives of sugars and related alditols: identification in biologic fluids after separation by high performance liquid chromatography. The 70 eV electron impact mass spectra of the acyclic perbenzoyl 0-benzyloximes of several mono- and disaccharides of clinical interest and the perbenzoates of certain related alditols have been obtained and compared with those of other similar derivatives studied previously. In general, the spectra of the benzyloximes contain molecular ions and characteristic fragments due to [C6H5]+,[C7H7]+,[C6H5CO]+ and [C6H5CooH]+., losses of HCHO, C6H5COO. and C6H5COOH, and cleavages along the carbon chain. The most unique ions in these spectra arise from the combined loss of C7H7. and C6H5COO.from the molecular ion: m/z 191 (C3), m/z 339 (deoxy-C5), m/z 459 (C5), m/z 473 (deoxy-C6), and m/z 593 (C6). The alditol benzoates fragment similarly, but they do not yield molecular ions. These data are being used to help confirm the identities of carbohydrates in biologic fluids fractionation by high performance liquid chromatography, prior to the establishment of routine quantitative assays for several of these compounds.", "PMID": 420916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10772", "title": "Mass spectrometry of valepotriates.", "content": "The mass spectrometry of eight valepotriates and their derivatives has been investigated. Mass spectral fragmentation schemes have been proposed as well as the use of this fragmentation for structural elucidation. Structures of two valepotriates, acevaltrate and homoacevaltrate, have been clarified.", "contents": "Mass spectrometry of valepotriates. The mass spectrometry of eight valepotriates and their derivatives has been investigated. Mass spectral fragmentation schemes have been proposed as well as the use of this fragmentation for structural elucidation. Structures of two valepotriates, acevaltrate and homoacevaltrate, have been clarified.", "PMID": 420917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10773", "title": "Mass spectrometric peptide sequencing: cyclochlorotine.", "content": "A potent toxin isolated from Penicillium islandicum Sopp was found to have the composition C24H31N5O7Cl2. Mass spectrometric investigation of a partial acid hydrolyzate showed that it has the structure of cyclochlorotine. The mass spectral characteristics of polyamino alcohol-related derivatives of peptides containing beta-phenylalanine, alpha-amino butyric acid and dichloroproline were determined in the course of this work.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric peptide sequencing: cyclochlorotine. A potent toxin isolated from Penicillium islandicum Sopp was found to have the composition C24H31N5O7Cl2. Mass spectrometric investigation of a partial acid hydrolyzate showed that it has the structure of cyclochlorotine. The mass spectral characteristics of polyamino alcohol-related derivatives of peptides containing beta-phenylalanine, alpha-amino butyric acid and dichloroproline were determined in the course of this work.", "PMID": 420918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10774", "title": "Electron impact induced fragmentation of some 1-substituted trans-2-phenylcyclopropane compounds.", "content": "The electron impact induced fragmentation of seven derivatives of trans-2-phenylcyclopropane substituted at position one with functional groups like amino (tranylcypromine), trifluoroacetamido, cyano, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid chloride, carboxamide and carboxylate methyl ester was investigated. Mechanisms are proposed for the formation of the major ions of each compound. The nature of the substituent determined the relative abundances of [M]+., [M-1]+, [M-R]+, UM-RH]+. [M-C6H5]+ and m/z 115 ions. A molecular ion was present in all spectra except that of carboxylic acid chloride substituted compound. In most cases, metastable peaks are involved in the decomposition of the most abundant ions. An interesting elimination mechanism involving the opening of the cyclopropane ring to yield a 4-membered cyclic ion at m/z 56 was obtained in the spectrum of trans-1-amino-2-phenylcyclopropane. All the above compounds gave mass spectra containing diagnostic fragment ions which are of great value for identification purposes.", "contents": "Electron impact induced fragmentation of some 1-substituted trans-2-phenylcyclopropane compounds. The electron impact induced fragmentation of seven derivatives of trans-2-phenylcyclopropane substituted at position one with functional groups like amino (tranylcypromine), trifluoroacetamido, cyano, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid chloride, carboxamide and carboxylate methyl ester was investigated. Mechanisms are proposed for the formation of the major ions of each compound. The nature of the substituent determined the relative abundances of [M]+., [M-1]+, [M-R]+, UM-RH]+. [M-C6H5]+ and m/z 115 ions. A molecular ion was present in all spectra except that of carboxylic acid chloride substituted compound. In most cases, metastable peaks are involved in the decomposition of the most abundant ions. An interesting elimination mechanism involving the opening of the cyclopropane ring to yield a 4-membered cyclic ion at m/z 56 was obtained in the spectrum of trans-1-amino-2-phenylcyclopropane. All the above compounds gave mass spectra containing diagnostic fragment ions which are of great value for identification purposes.", "PMID": 420919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10775", "title": "Immobilization of Streptomyces phaerochromogenes by radiation-induced polymerization of glass-forming monomers.", "content": "Immobilization of Streptomyces phaerochromogenes was studied by radiation-induced polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate at low temperatures. Radiation damage of the enzyme could be avoided by choosing irradiation at low temperatures. The enzymatic activity of immobilized cells increased remarkably with a decrease in the irradiation temperature of about -24 degrees C. In constrast to the case of cell-free enzyme immobilization, the most characteristic case was than in these immobilized cells, the enzymatic activity did not decrease with repeated use even in the composite obtained at much lower monomer concentrations. Another characteristic of immobilized cells was the increase in enzymatic activity in the initial stage of repeated use, which could be attributed to the swelling effect of the polymer matrix, thereby increasing the enzymatic activity of whole cells.", "contents": "Immobilization of Streptomyces phaerochromogenes by radiation-induced polymerization of glass-forming monomers. Immobilization of Streptomyces phaerochromogenes was studied by radiation-induced polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate at low temperatures. Radiation damage of the enzyme could be avoided by choosing irradiation at low temperatures. The enzymatic activity of immobilized cells increased remarkably with a decrease in the irradiation temperature of about -24 degrees C. In constrast to the case of cell-free enzyme immobilization, the most characteristic case was than in these immobilized cells, the enzymatic activity did not decrease with repeated use even in the composite obtained at much lower monomer concentrations. Another characteristic of immobilized cells was the increase in enzymatic activity in the initial stage of repeated use, which could be attributed to the swelling effect of the polymer matrix, thereby increasing the enzymatic activity of whole cells.", "PMID": 420920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10776", "title": "[Analysis of the functional heterogeneity of the small intestine by glucose transport parameters].", "content": "Functional heterogeneity of the small intestine is discussed with consideration to the heterogeneity of the enterocyte populations by the accumulating and autoregulating properties and the systems of the initial and final absorption stages (particularly by their time organization parameters).", "contents": "[Analysis of the functional heterogeneity of the small intestine by glucose transport parameters]. Functional heterogeneity of the small intestine is discussed with consideration to the heterogeneity of the enterocyte populations by the accumulating and autoregulating properties and the systems of the initial and final absorption stages (particularly by their time organization parameters).", "PMID": 420924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10777", "title": "[Use of a laser photometer to determine blood platelet shape and aggregation in a flowing system].", "content": "The paper treats of an original device for studies with the photometric method of the platelets shape and of their aggregation and disaggregation processes in the flow. Experiments on the stenosed vessel model showed that in the presence of ADP stenosis potentiated the platelets aggregation in the rabbit platelet-rich plasma.", "contents": "[Use of a laser photometer to determine blood platelet shape and aggregation in a flowing system]. The paper treats of an original device for studies with the photometric method of the platelets shape and of their aggregation and disaggregation processes in the flow. Experiments on the stenosed vessel model showed that in the presence of ADP stenosis potentiated the platelets aggregation in the rabbit platelet-rich plasma.", "PMID": 420923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10778", "title": "[Thyroid gland activity and motor activity during dog ontogenesis].", "content": "The locomotor activity (LA) and the level of the protein-bound iodine (PBI) in the blood serum were investigated in 62 puppies at the age of 1--12 months. A parallel elevation of PBI and the LA was observed the first 4 months after birth. The second peak of the LA at the age of 7--9 months was not accompanied by any PBI rise. Inhibition of the thyroid function with mercasolyl increased the LA at the age of 1--3 months and decreased it at the age of 7 months. An increase of the LA one month after thyroidectomy was found at the age of 1 and 3.5 months. The activity of puppies operated on at the age of one month showed a sharp fall after 2--4 months. The data on various effect of thyroid hormones on puppies of different age pointed to the complex relation between the LA and the thyroid gland function.", "contents": "[Thyroid gland activity and motor activity during dog ontogenesis]. The locomotor activity (LA) and the level of the protein-bound iodine (PBI) in the blood serum were investigated in 62 puppies at the age of 1--12 months. A parallel elevation of PBI and the LA was observed the first 4 months after birth. The second peak of the LA at the age of 7--9 months was not accompanied by any PBI rise. Inhibition of the thyroid function with mercasolyl increased the LA at the age of 1--3 months and decreased it at the age of 7 months. An increase of the LA one month after thyroidectomy was found at the age of 1 and 3.5 months. The activity of puppies operated on at the age of one month showed a sharp fall after 2--4 months. The data on various effect of thyroid hormones on puppies of different age pointed to the complex relation between the LA and the thyroid gland function.", "PMID": 420925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10779", "title": "[Spread of excitation through the heart upon electrical stimulation of the atrioventricular valves].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on the isolated hearts of rabbits and dogs. Synchronous recording of the electrical activity of the right auricle, the right ventricle, and tricuspid valve demonstrated the existence of definite functional associations between the auricular, ventricular and valvular depolarization. The spread of excitation in the heart in electrical stimulation of the atrio-ventricular valves was investigated. The impulses from the heterotopic excitation focus localized in these valves could be conducted to the other parts of the heart and thus lead to cardiac arrhythmias.", "contents": "[Spread of excitation through the heart upon electrical stimulation of the atrioventricular valves]. Experiments were conducted on the isolated hearts of rabbits and dogs. Synchronous recording of the electrical activity of the right auricle, the right ventricle, and tricuspid valve demonstrated the existence of definite functional associations between the auricular, ventricular and valvular depolarization. The spread of excitation in the heart in electrical stimulation of the atrio-ventricular valves was investigated. The impulses from the heterotopic excitation focus localized in these valves could be conducted to the other parts of the heart and thus lead to cardiac arrhythmias.", "PMID": 420926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10780", "title": "[Characteristics of the late A-response of vasoconstrictor neurons in cats decerebrated at different brain stem levels].", "content": "In cats decerebrated at the level of the rostral border of the midbrain (the mesencephalic animals) and in those decerebrated at different pontine levels, including the ponto-bulbar junction level, and the most rostral parts of the medulla oblongata (the \"pontine\" animals), or more caudal parts (the bulbar animals), single stimulus of the tibial nerve A-fibres elicited a late response in the renal nerve consisting of excitatory and inhibitory components. The excitatory component was relatively small or absent in 53% of the \"pontine\" animals, in 42% of the mesencephalic animals, and in 18% of the bulbar animals. The \"pontine\" animals had the most active and most excitable system of the inhibitory component generation. However, the signs of a comparatively more powerful inhibitory component of the A-afferent action of the vasoconstrictor neurones in the \"pontine\" animals were not as constant as to explain completely the transition of somatic A-afferent hypertensive reflexes into the hypotensive ones, occurring in separating the ponto-bulbar structure and the rostral parts of the medulla oblongata from the mesencephalon.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the late A-response of vasoconstrictor neurons in cats decerebrated at different brain stem levels]. In cats decerebrated at the level of the rostral border of the midbrain (the mesencephalic animals) and in those decerebrated at different pontine levels, including the ponto-bulbar junction level, and the most rostral parts of the medulla oblongata (the \"pontine\" animals), or more caudal parts (the bulbar animals), single stimulus of the tibial nerve A-fibres elicited a late response in the renal nerve consisting of excitatory and inhibitory components. The excitatory component was relatively small or absent in 53% of the \"pontine\" animals, in 42% of the mesencephalic animals, and in 18% of the bulbar animals. The \"pontine\" animals had the most active and most excitable system of the inhibitory component generation. However, the signs of a comparatively more powerful inhibitory component of the A-afferent action of the vasoconstrictor neurones in the \"pontine\" animals were not as constant as to explain completely the transition of somatic A-afferent hypertensive reflexes into the hypotensive ones, occurring in separating the ponto-bulbar structure and the rostral parts of the medulla oblongata from the mesencephalon.", "PMID": 420927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10781", "title": "[Formation of epileptic activity complexes in the cerebral cortex as a result of a determinant focus induced by acetylcholine].", "content": "Foci of increased excitability were created by means of weak strychnine and penicillin dilutions in experiments on cats. These foci worked at individual regimens. Creation with acetylcholine and proserine of a hyperactive focus led to increase of the amplitude and frequency of convulsive discharges at first in the nearest activity foci, and then in the ones remote from the hyperactive focus. The next stage was attended by qualitative changes in the activity pattern of strychnine and penicillin foci (the appearance of acetylcholine activity in them) and by the formation of a single functional focal complex working in the regimen of acetylcholine focus. Thus, the latter played the role of a determinant structure. Suppression of the determinant focus activity led to disappearance of the acetylcholine activity in all the other foci, restoration of the initial (penicillin and strychnine) activity, and to the epileptic complex decay.", "contents": "[Formation of epileptic activity complexes in the cerebral cortex as a result of a determinant focus induced by acetylcholine]. Foci of increased excitability were created by means of weak strychnine and penicillin dilutions in experiments on cats. These foci worked at individual regimens. Creation with acetylcholine and proserine of a hyperactive focus led to increase of the amplitude and frequency of convulsive discharges at first in the nearest activity foci, and then in the ones remote from the hyperactive focus. The next stage was attended by qualitative changes in the activity pattern of strychnine and penicillin foci (the appearance of acetylcholine activity in them) and by the formation of a single functional focal complex working in the regimen of acetylcholine focus. Thus, the latter played the role of a determinant structure. Suppression of the determinant focus activity led to disappearance of the acetylcholine activity in all the other foci, restoration of the initial (penicillin and strychnine) activity, and to the epileptic complex decay.", "PMID": 420928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10782", "title": "[Plasma erythropoiesis inhibitors in humans during hyperbaric hyperoxia].", "content": "Before exposure of man to hyperbaric hyperoxia the blood plasma possessed marked erythropoietic activity. Erythropoietins disappeared completely and erythropoiesis inhibitors appeared in the plasma of persons untrained to hyperbaric hyperoxia after a 24-hour exposure to hyperoxic conditions (25% of oxygen in the inhaled air) in the high pressure chamber corresponding to the depth of 63 metres. A reduction of the peripheral red blood indices was observed by that time.", "contents": "[Plasma erythropoiesis inhibitors in humans during hyperbaric hyperoxia]. Before exposure of man to hyperbaric hyperoxia the blood plasma possessed marked erythropoietic activity. Erythropoietins disappeared completely and erythropoiesis inhibitors appeared in the plasma of persons untrained to hyperbaric hyperoxia after a 24-hour exposure to hyperoxic conditions (25% of oxygen in the inhaled air) in the high pressure chamber corresponding to the depth of 63 metres. A reduction of the peripheral red blood indices was observed by that time.", "PMID": 420929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10783", "title": "[Neuropathologic effects developing after administration of tetanus toxin to several rat brain structures].", "content": "Neuropathological syndromes following local tetanus toxin (TT) injection into different rat brain structures were studied. As demonstrated, there arose specific neuropathological signs dissimilar to those developing with different TT localization, i.e. as a rule the action of TT in the given brain parts was local. Experiments carried out confirmed the theory of the generator mechanisms of the neuropathological syndromes according to which specific manifestations of the corresponding syndrome were due to the localization of a generator of pathologically-enhanced excitation in definite brain structures.", "contents": "[Neuropathologic effects developing after administration of tetanus toxin to several rat brain structures]. Neuropathological syndromes following local tetanus toxin (TT) injection into different rat brain structures were studied. As demonstrated, there arose specific neuropathological signs dissimilar to those developing with different TT localization, i.e. as a rule the action of TT in the given brain parts was local. Experiments carried out confirmed the theory of the generator mechanisms of the neuropathological syndromes according to which specific manifestations of the corresponding syndrome were due to the localization of a generator of pathologically-enhanced excitation in definite brain structures.", "PMID": 420930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10784", "title": "[Dynamics of renin production by the juxtaglomerular and mesangial cells of individual rat kidney glomeruli following adrenalectomy].", "content": "Adrenal incompetence developed in rats 6 weeks after adrenalectomy without any salt and hormonal compensation. In individual fragments of the isolated glomeruli containing juxtaglomerular cells (JGC) renin activity increased 1.2 times on the average, and there was revealed renin-like activity (RLA) in the fragments containing mesangial cells (MC). Signs of intensified renin secretion (expressed in reduction of granule count, marked development of granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and microtubules) were noted in the JGC. In MC such organoids were well developed, but no granules were revealed. The following occurred in 8 to 12 weeks with the restoration of the 11-OCS and sodium level in the plasma: renin JGC activity became normal, RLA activity in MC disappeared, and the initial ultrastructure of both of these cells was restored. The reserve role of MC as the source of renin-like substances was confirmed.", "contents": "[Dynamics of renin production by the juxtaglomerular and mesangial cells of individual rat kidney glomeruli following adrenalectomy]. Adrenal incompetence developed in rats 6 weeks after adrenalectomy without any salt and hormonal compensation. In individual fragments of the isolated glomeruli containing juxtaglomerular cells (JGC) renin activity increased 1.2 times on the average, and there was revealed renin-like activity (RLA) in the fragments containing mesangial cells (MC). Signs of intensified renin secretion (expressed in reduction of granule count, marked development of granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and microtubules) were noted in the JGC. In MC such organoids were well developed, but no granules were revealed. The following occurred in 8 to 12 weeks with the restoration of the 11-OCS and sodium level in the plasma: renin JGC activity became normal, RLA activity in MC disappeared, and the initial ultrastructure of both of these cells was restored. The reserve role of MC as the source of renin-like substances was confirmed.", "PMID": 420931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10785", "title": "[Changes in active 14C-noradrenaline uptake by cerebral synaptosomes during elaboration of a conditioned reflex].", "content": "It was shown that active noradrenaline-14C (NA) uptake by the rat brain synaptosomes is inhibited by ouabain (0.1 M) and K-depolarization. Acquisition of the defensive conditioned reflex leads to inhibition of active NA uptake by the synaptosomes. This effect may be connected both with changes in the presynaptic membrane state and possible enhancement of the postsynaptic adrenoreceptor function.", "contents": "[Changes in active 14C-noradrenaline uptake by cerebral synaptosomes during elaboration of a conditioned reflex]. It was shown that active noradrenaline-14C (NA) uptake by the rat brain synaptosomes is inhibited by ouabain (0.1 M) and K-depolarization. Acquisition of the defensive conditioned reflex leads to inhibition of active NA uptake by the synaptosomes. This effect may be connected both with changes in the presynaptic membrane state and possible enhancement of the postsynaptic adrenoreceptor function.", "PMID": 420932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10786", "title": "[Restoration of blood supply and the intensity of phospholipid metabolism in different rat brain regions during the postischemic period].", "content": "Fifteen min after resumption of the blood flow in the common carotid arteries the arrest of which was caused by ligation, a considerable intensification of the blood supply in the hemispheres, diencephalon and the midbrain and its simultaneous reduction in the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata occurred. Sixty min later the cerebral blood supply in all the parts of the brain under study recovered completely, except the hemispheres. The complete postischemic recovery of the phospholipid metabolism intensity occurred in the brain regions showing a considerable diminution of the phospholipid metabolism during the ischemic period.", "contents": "[Restoration of blood supply and the intensity of phospholipid metabolism in different rat brain regions during the postischemic period]. Fifteen min after resumption of the blood flow in the common carotid arteries the arrest of which was caused by ligation, a considerable intensification of the blood supply in the hemispheres, diencephalon and the midbrain and its simultaneous reduction in the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata occurred. Sixty min later the cerebral blood supply in all the parts of the brain under study recovered completely, except the hemispheres. The complete postischemic recovery of the phospholipid metabolism intensity occurred in the brain regions showing a considerable diminution of the phospholipid metabolism during the ischemic period.", "PMID": 420933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10787", "title": "[Tissue-specific uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from rat heart, kidney, thymus and lung].", "content": "The influence of nonmicrosomal cytoplasm fraction from the rat kidney, heart, thymus and lungs on the oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria (M) of the same tissues and from the ones of the liver and brain was studied. The existence of the tissue-specific uncouplers of the M oxidative phosphorylation was shown in the cross experiments; they were similar to that in the rat liver revealed earlier. A possibility of these regulators participation in the initiation of the M enzymatic degradation process through the activation of phospholipase A when calcium ions leave the M is discussed. The activation under these conditions of the DNA-ase 1, associated with the M membrane, is suggested.", "contents": "[Tissue-specific uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from rat heart, kidney, thymus and lung]. The influence of nonmicrosomal cytoplasm fraction from the rat kidney, heart, thymus and lungs on the oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria (M) of the same tissues and from the ones of the liver and brain was studied. The existence of the tissue-specific uncouplers of the M oxidative phosphorylation was shown in the cross experiments; they were similar to that in the rat liver revealed earlier. A possibility of these regulators participation in the initiation of the M enzymatic degradation process through the activation of phospholipase A when calcium ions leave the M is discussed. The activation under these conditions of the DNA-ase 1, associated with the M membrane, is suggested.", "PMID": 420934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10788", "title": "[Effect of sigetin on the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol in rat blood and liver].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on male rats that sygethin an analogue of synesterol devoid of estrogenic effect decreased cholesterol level in the intact animals and diminished hypercholesterolemia induced by dexamethasone. Sygethin inhibited the hypertriglyceridemia induced by diethylstilbestrol, as well as by ethanol and dexamethasone.", "contents": "[Effect of sigetin on the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol in rat blood and liver]. It was shown in experiments on male rats that sygethin an analogue of synesterol devoid of estrogenic effect decreased cholesterol level in the intact animals and diminished hypercholesterolemia induced by dexamethasone. Sygethin inhibited the hypertriglyceridemia induced by diethylstilbestrol, as well as by ethanol and dexamethasone.", "PMID": 420935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10789", "title": "[Effect of silicoorganic compounds on protein biosynthesis in granulation-fibrous tissue].", "content": "The authors studied the effect of propoxysilatran (POS) on the biosynthesis of the main connective tissue biopolymeres. The use of POS in the form of 0.5 and 2.0% ointments on lanolin-vaseline base caused stimulation of cellular proliferation in the granulation fibrous tissue developing in the open skin defects of albino rats. Stimulation of cellular proliferation in these animals was accompanied by increase of collagen biosynthesis and of noncollagen proteins. In concentrations of 10(-3)--10(-4) M POS caused intensification of collagen biosynthesis (formation of peptide-bound nondialyzed 14C-oxyproline) in vitro in the cartilage tissue of chick embryos. Thus, silatrans are biologically-active substances producing a regulating effect on the course of the reparative-proliferative processes in the connective tissue.", "contents": "[Effect of silicoorganic compounds on protein biosynthesis in granulation-fibrous tissue]. The authors studied the effect of propoxysilatran (POS) on the biosynthesis of the main connective tissue biopolymeres. The use of POS in the form of 0.5 and 2.0% ointments on lanolin-vaseline base caused stimulation of cellular proliferation in the granulation fibrous tissue developing in the open skin defects of albino rats. Stimulation of cellular proliferation in these animals was accompanied by increase of collagen biosynthesis and of noncollagen proteins. In concentrations of 10(-3)--10(-4) M POS caused intensification of collagen biosynthesis (formation of peptide-bound nondialyzed 14C-oxyproline) in vitro in the cartilage tissue of chick embryos. Thus, silatrans are biologically-active substances producing a regulating effect on the course of the reparative-proliferative processes in the connective tissue.", "PMID": 420936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10790", "title": "[Effect of diazepam on the epileptic activity of rats with experimental photogenic epilepsy].", "content": "Chronic experiments were conducted on rats. A study was made of the effect of diazepam (in a dose of 4 mg/kg of body weight) on the specific and nonspecific mechanisms of experimentally-induced photogenic epilepsy developing as a result of tetanus toxin injection into the lateral geniculate body (LGB) and formation in this nucleus of a pathologically enhanced excitation generator (PEEG). Diazepam in the mentioned dose had a relatively weak effect on the extent of pathological enhancement of the sensory visual signal in the LGB under conditions of PEEG formation aided detection of focal interictal discharges in this nucleus, and completely inhibited generalized epileptic activity in experimental animals in the course of one hour.", "contents": "[Effect of diazepam on the epileptic activity of rats with experimental photogenic epilepsy]. Chronic experiments were conducted on rats. A study was made of the effect of diazepam (in a dose of 4 mg/kg of body weight) on the specific and nonspecific mechanisms of experimentally-induced photogenic epilepsy developing as a result of tetanus toxin injection into the lateral geniculate body (LGB) and formation in this nucleus of a pathologically enhanced excitation generator (PEEG). Diazepam in the mentioned dose had a relatively weak effect on the extent of pathological enhancement of the sensory visual signal in the LGB under conditions of PEEG formation aided detection of focal interictal discharges in this nucleus, and completely inhibited generalized epileptic activity in experimental animals in the course of one hour.", "PMID": 420937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10791", "title": "[Quantitative histochemical study of the effect of benzodiazepine tranquilizers on cerebral GABA-transaminase activity].", "content": "The effect of diazepam and nitrazepam (0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg) on GABA-transaminase activity in the rat cerebellar cortex and hippocampus was investigated by quantitative histochemistry. Both the drugs suppressed the enzyme activity in the hippocampus; the maximal effect was produced by diazepam. It is suggested that the observed alterations are caused by the enzyme inhibition and also by a decrease of GABA turnover rate.", "contents": "[Quantitative histochemical study of the effect of benzodiazepine tranquilizers on cerebral GABA-transaminase activity]. The effect of diazepam and nitrazepam (0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg) on GABA-transaminase activity in the rat cerebellar cortex and hippocampus was investigated by quantitative histochemistry. Both the drugs suppressed the enzyme activity in the hippocampus; the maximal effect was produced by diazepam. It is suggested that the observed alterations are caused by the enzyme inhibition and also by a decrease of GABA turnover rate.", "PMID": 420938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10792", "title": "[Reduction of the hyperthermic effect of prostaglandin E2 by cholinomimetics, monoamines and calcium ions].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on unanesthetized rats with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) hyperthermia, not preventable by aspirin that intraventricular (into the lateral ventricle) injections of arecoline, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), histamine, and calcium ions and intraperitoneal eserine injection were capable of decreasing body temperature. PGE2 hyperthermia was not prevented by aspirin, but it was reduced by eserine. After the administration of arecoline and nicotine into the third ventricle of unanesthetized rabbits with PGE2 hyperthermia body temperature decreased as well. The effect of arecoline and 5-HT was reproducible in the same animals. The data are suggestive of the existence in the heat loss centre of mechanisms including cholinergic neurons whose activity was not completely suppressed by PGE2.", "contents": "[Reduction of the hyperthermic effect of prostaglandin E2 by cholinomimetics, monoamines and calcium ions]. It was shown in experiments on unanesthetized rats with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) hyperthermia, not preventable by aspirin that intraventricular (into the lateral ventricle) injections of arecoline, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), histamine, and calcium ions and intraperitoneal eserine injection were capable of decreasing body temperature. PGE2 hyperthermia was not prevented by aspirin, but it was reduced by eserine. After the administration of arecoline and nicotine into the third ventricle of unanesthetized rabbits with PGE2 hyperthermia body temperature decreased as well. The effect of arecoline and 5-HT was reproducible in the same animals. The data are suggestive of the existence in the heat loss centre of mechanisms including cholinergic neurons whose activity was not completely suppressed by PGE2.", "PMID": 420940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10793", "title": "[Termination of the presynaptic effect of carbacholine by tubocurarine].", "content": "The presynaptic action of carbacholine (Cch) was studied in experiments on the frog sartorius muscle neuromuscular preparation. Cch proved to decrease the quantum content of the end plate potential (EPP); this effect was induced by a direct Cch action on the motor nerve endings. d-tubocurarine decreased the sensitivity of the nerve endings to Cch significantly. Both d-tubocurarine and Cch had concurrent antagonistic interrelations in respect to their action on the quantum content of EPP. Atropine in low concentrations had no influence on the presynaptic effect of Cch. It was concluded that Cch decreased the quantum content of EPP through the N-cholinergic structures of the motor nerve endings.", "contents": "[Termination of the presynaptic effect of carbacholine by tubocurarine]. The presynaptic action of carbacholine (Cch) was studied in experiments on the frog sartorius muscle neuromuscular preparation. Cch proved to decrease the quantum content of the end plate potential (EPP); this effect was induced by a direct Cch action on the motor nerve endings. d-tubocurarine decreased the sensitivity of the nerve endings to Cch significantly. Both d-tubocurarine and Cch had concurrent antagonistic interrelations in respect to their action on the quantum content of EPP. Atropine in low concentrations had no influence on the presynaptic effect of Cch. It was concluded that Cch decreased the quantum content of EPP through the N-cholinergic structures of the motor nerve endings.", "PMID": 420941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10794", "title": "[Rat thrombocyte factor XIII and its role in platelet aggregation].", "content": "Factor XIII was isolated from rat platelets; it activity was 1430 units per 1 mg of protein. It was shown in experiments in vitro that addition of this factor (160--200 units/ml) to the suspension of washed platelets or those purified by passage through the column with sepharose 4B increased their aggregation capacity. Addition of inactive platelet factor XIII failed to influence the platelet aggregation induced by ADP.", "contents": "[Rat thrombocyte factor XIII and its role in platelet aggregation]. Factor XIII was isolated from rat platelets; it activity was 1430 units per 1 mg of protein. It was shown in experiments in vitro that addition of this factor (160--200 units/ml) to the suspension of washed platelets or those purified by passage through the column with sepharose 4B increased their aggregation capacity. Addition of inactive platelet factor XIII failed to influence the platelet aggregation induced by ADP.", "PMID": 420942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10795", "title": "[Extraneural metastasis of central nervous system tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Extraneural metastases of central nervous system tumours are very rare (248 of histologically proven examples in the literature). They are mainly in adult males and in the following descending order of frequency: gliomas (39.5%), meningeal tumours and sarcomas (28.2%), neuronal tumours (14.1%), lymphomas-microgliomas (12.5%), pineal tumours (4%) and melanomas (1.6%); 10 cases out of 248 developed through a shunt. 19 were observed without any surgical operation. There are still many uncertainties about their pathogenesis. It seems however that in some tumours the increased survival time and the repetition of the craniotomy favorises the metastasis.", "contents": "[Extraneural metastasis of central nervous system tumours (author's transl)]. Extraneural metastases of central nervous system tumours are very rare (248 of histologically proven examples in the literature). They are mainly in adult males and in the following descending order of frequency: gliomas (39.5%), meningeal tumours and sarcomas (28.2%), neuronal tumours (14.1%), lymphomas-microgliomas (12.5%), pineal tumours (4%) and melanomas (1.6%); 10 cases out of 248 developed through a shunt. 19 were observed without any surgical operation. There are still many uncertainties about their pathogenesis. It seems however that in some tumours the increased survival time and the repetition of the craniotomy favorises the metastasis.", "PMID": 420943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10796", "title": "[Cellular differentiation and malignant transformation (author's transl)].", "content": "The mechanisms and determination of differentiation of normal and cancer cells were compared by distinguishing them from the phenomena of regulation, retrodifferentiation and maturation. Reference is made to the laws of order in time and space which are superimposed on the common genetic code during the various types of differentiation. In conclusion, the particular mechanisms of malignant differentiation are discussed by taking melanoma and tumor formation by papova-viruses as examples.", "contents": "[Cellular differentiation and malignant transformation (author's transl)]. The mechanisms and determination of differentiation of normal and cancer cells were compared by distinguishing them from the phenomena of regulation, retrodifferentiation and maturation. Reference is made to the laws of order in time and space which are superimposed on the common genetic code during the various types of differentiation. In conclusion, the particular mechanisms of malignant differentiation are discussed by taking melanoma and tumor formation by papova-viruses as examples.", "PMID": 420944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10797", "title": "Studies on mechanisms of 5-fluorouracil resistance in murine and human tumors.", "content": "An in vitro cell free assay system to measure phosphorylated products of 5-Fluorouracil is described. Total phosphorylated products and mono-, di and triphosphates of 5-Fluorouracil are measured along with the rate of fluorodeoxyuridylate generation. This assay has been applied to ten murine tumors and eight biopsy specimens from human breast adenocarcinomas. Phosphorylation patterns have been examined in murine tumors demonstrating in vivo sensitivity or resistance to 5-Fluorouracil. There are distinct differences in the patterns of phosphorylation between sensitive and resistant tumors. In a 5-Fluorouracil sensitive murine tumor, mono-, di and triphosphates are produced. In a resistant tumor only monosphophates are produced. Cell free supernatants from human breast tumors produce less total phosphorylation than murine tumors and some specimens produce only monophosphates whereas others produce mono-, di and triphosphates. Human tumors are in general more efficient producers of fluorodeoxyuridylate than murine tumors. These data suggest that resistance to 5-Fluorouracil may correlate with decreased concentration of di and triphosphates of 5-Fluorouracil in some murine tumors. Further experiences is required to demonstrate the value of this easily performed assay system in predicting clinical response to 5-Fluorouracil in man.", "contents": "Studies on mechanisms of 5-fluorouracil resistance in murine and human tumors. An in vitro cell free assay system to measure phosphorylated products of 5-Fluorouracil is described. Total phosphorylated products and mono-, di and triphosphates of 5-Fluorouracil are measured along with the rate of fluorodeoxyuridylate generation. This assay has been applied to ten murine tumors and eight biopsy specimens from human breast adenocarcinomas. Phosphorylation patterns have been examined in murine tumors demonstrating in vivo sensitivity or resistance to 5-Fluorouracil. There are distinct differences in the patterns of phosphorylation between sensitive and resistant tumors. In a 5-Fluorouracil sensitive murine tumor, mono-, di and triphosphates are produced. In a resistant tumor only monosphophates are produced. Cell free supernatants from human breast tumors produce less total phosphorylation than murine tumors and some specimens produce only monophosphates whereas others produce mono-, di and triphosphates. Human tumors are in general more efficient producers of fluorodeoxyuridylate than murine tumors. These data suggest that resistance to 5-Fluorouracil may correlate with decreased concentration of di and triphosphates of 5-Fluorouracil in some murine tumors. Further experiences is required to demonstrate the value of this easily performed assay system in predicting clinical response to 5-Fluorouracil in man.", "PMID": 420947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10798", "title": "Nude mouse models as predictors of chemotherapy in man: thymidine and pyrimidines.", "content": "The National Cancer Institute cancer treatment screening program has been reorganized incorporating, as an important feature, a panel of human tumors growing as xenografts in congenitally athymic mice. The new screening program is a prospective experiment in the search for new and more effective agents for the treatment of clinical neoplasia. The new program is described and questions that are being asked prospectively are presented. Data are summarized on the activity against human tumor xenografts for a number of clinically established antitumor drugs and examples are presented in which there is interest in compounds for the clinic on the basis of activity in the new screen. Studies are outlined in which high dose thymidine inhibited the growth of human melanoma and teratocarcinoma transplanted in athymic mice. Studies are discussed employing murine tumors in which marked augmentation of the in vivo antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil was obtained by combination therapy with the pyrimidine nucleosides thymidine, uridine and cytidine. The desirability of investigating combination chemotherapy with pyrimidine nucleosides and 5-fluorouracil and other pyrimidine antagonists in the treatment of human tumor xenografts is stressed. There is a broad range of investigations that can be conducted in nude mouse models and it is important to conduct such programs in relation to the clinic.", "contents": "Nude mouse models as predictors of chemotherapy in man: thymidine and pyrimidines. The National Cancer Institute cancer treatment screening program has been reorganized incorporating, as an important feature, a panel of human tumors growing as xenografts in congenitally athymic mice. The new screening program is a prospective experiment in the search for new and more effective agents for the treatment of clinical neoplasia. The new program is described and questions that are being asked prospectively are presented. Data are summarized on the activity against human tumor xenografts for a number of clinically established antitumor drugs and examples are presented in which there is interest in compounds for the clinic on the basis of activity in the new screen. Studies are outlined in which high dose thymidine inhibited the growth of human melanoma and teratocarcinoma transplanted in athymic mice. Studies are discussed employing murine tumors in which marked augmentation of the in vivo antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil was obtained by combination therapy with the pyrimidine nucleosides thymidine, uridine and cytidine. The desirability of investigating combination chemotherapy with pyrimidine nucleosides and 5-fluorouracil and other pyrimidine antagonists in the treatment of human tumor xenografts is stressed. There is a broad range of investigations that can be conducted in nude mouse models and it is important to conduct such programs in relation to the clinic.", "PMID": 420948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10799", "title": "Determination of 5-fluorouracil in plasma by GC/MS using an internal standard. Applications to pharmacokinetics.", "content": "An analytic method, sensitive to 5 ng/ml and specific, has been set up for the determination of unchanged 5-fluorouracil in human plasma, using gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Its applications to the pharmacokinetic study of unchanged 5-Fluorouracil in man following an intravenous bolus, 8 hours infusion and oral administration confirmed the non-linearity of the kinetic model. (The clearances obtained with an infusion--from 5 to 60 1/min--are 10 to 60 times higher than the ones observed with a bolus--from 0.5 to 1.4 1/min.) The bioavailability of the oral form seems to be about 60 per cent and the absorption appears to be very fast. A attempt to search a mathematical non-linear model of the 5-Fluorouracil kinetics, using computer simulation, is presented.", "contents": "Determination of 5-fluorouracil in plasma by GC/MS using an internal standard. Applications to pharmacokinetics. An analytic method, sensitive to 5 ng/ml and specific, has been set up for the determination of unchanged 5-fluorouracil in human plasma, using gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Its applications to the pharmacokinetic study of unchanged 5-Fluorouracil in man following an intravenous bolus, 8 hours infusion and oral administration confirmed the non-linearity of the kinetic model. (The clearances obtained with an infusion--from 5 to 60 1/min--are 10 to 60 times higher than the ones observed with a bolus--from 0.5 to 1.4 1/min.) The bioavailability of the oral form seems to be about 60 per cent and the absorption appears to be very fast. A attempt to search a mathematical non-linear model of the 5-Fluorouracil kinetics, using computer simulation, is presented.", "PMID": 420949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10800", "title": "Determinants of 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in human tumors.", "content": "It is not apparent that advanced human carcinomas of the breast or the large bowel are conprised of at least two populations: those responding to treatment with 5-fluorouracil (approximately 20 per cent) and those unresponsive to this drug. This classification cannot be made before chemotherapy on the basis of any clinical parameter. Biochemical parameters to distinguish between responding and nonresponding tumors are being sought in this laboratory. Techniques have been developed to measure thymidylate synthetase, the target enzyme for 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate, the active form of the antimetabolite, and 2'-deoxyuridylate, the naturally occuring competing metabolite. These methods are sufficiently sensitive to permit analysis of these parameters in needle biopsy specimens, and do not require exposure of patients to radioisotopes.", "contents": "Determinants of 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in human tumors. It is not apparent that advanced human carcinomas of the breast or the large bowel are conprised of at least two populations: those responding to treatment with 5-fluorouracil (approximately 20 per cent) and those unresponsive to this drug. This classification cannot be made before chemotherapy on the basis of any clinical parameter. Biochemical parameters to distinguish between responding and nonresponding tumors are being sought in this laboratory. Techniques have been developed to measure thymidylate synthetase, the target enzyme for 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate, the active form of the antimetabolite, and 2'-deoxyuridylate, the naturally occuring competing metabolite. These methods are sufficiently sensitive to permit analysis of these parameters in needle biopsy specimens, and do not require exposure of patients to radioisotopes.", "PMID": 420950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10801", "title": "Pharmacokinetic parameters: potential for and problems with their use as predictors of response to cancer chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "The value of pharmacokinetic parameters of antitumor agents to predict for response to chemotherapy of patients with cancer is unknown. Factors which would lead to an expectuation that they would be of value in this regard are the requirement that cells be exposed to a minimum concentration of drug for a minimum period of time to produce cell kill and with certain agents the further requirement that this exposure be during a specific critical phase of the cell cycle. The potential limitations of these parameters for response prediction include the fact that they are whole body parameters which do not distinguish between targets for drug response and targets for dose limiting drug toxicity and that the way drugs are usually given clinically is such as to minimize the effect of patient variation in these parameters. Some practical limitations of their use are the need for very sensitive assays for their accurate definition, the need for computer analysis and the dependence of parameter estimates on the use of the correct model. It is concluded that by themselves pharmacokinetic parameters are unlikely to be of predictive value when drugs are used optimally in a clinical setting, but when considered with biochemical and other parameters may contribute to overall response prediction.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic parameters: potential for and problems with their use as predictors of response to cancer chemotherapeutic agents. The value of pharmacokinetic parameters of antitumor agents to predict for response to chemotherapy of patients with cancer is unknown. Factors which would lead to an expectuation that they would be of value in this regard are the requirement that cells be exposed to a minimum concentration of drug for a minimum period of time to produce cell kill and with certain agents the further requirement that this exposure be during a specific critical phase of the cell cycle. The potential limitations of these parameters for response prediction include the fact that they are whole body parameters which do not distinguish between targets for drug response and targets for dose limiting drug toxicity and that the way drugs are usually given clinically is such as to minimize the effect of patient variation in these parameters. Some practical limitations of their use are the need for very sensitive assays for their accurate definition, the need for computer analysis and the dependence of parameter estimates on the use of the correct model. It is concluded that by themselves pharmacokinetic parameters are unlikely to be of predictive value when drugs are used optimally in a clinical setting, but when considered with biochemical and other parameters may contribute to overall response prediction.", "PMID": 420951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10802", "title": "Ara-C metabolism: implications for drug resistance and drug interactions.", "content": "Clinical studies of resistance to cytosine arabinoside have not produced agreement as to the specific biochemical lesions responsible for altered sensitivity, although experimental and clinical work supports the concept that a decreased ability to generate ara-CTP must be the ultimate effect of this lesion. 3-deazauridine, an inhibitor of CTP synthetase, was found to enhance ara-CTP production in murine tumor cells, and in the present study, was shown to inhibit deamination of ara-C at both the nucleoside and nucleotide level. Enhanced ara-CTP formation was observed in cells lacking cytidine deaminase (L1 210 and HL60), indicating that 3-deazauridine inhibition of deoxycytidylate deaminase may be important in this drug interaction.", "contents": "Ara-C metabolism: implications for drug resistance and drug interactions. Clinical studies of resistance to cytosine arabinoside have not produced agreement as to the specific biochemical lesions responsible for altered sensitivity, although experimental and clinical work supports the concept that a decreased ability to generate ara-CTP must be the ultimate effect of this lesion. 3-deazauridine, an inhibitor of CTP synthetase, was found to enhance ara-CTP production in murine tumor cells, and in the present study, was shown to inhibit deamination of ara-C at both the nucleoside and nucleotide level. Enhanced ara-CTP formation was observed in cells lacking cytidine deaminase (L1 210 and HL60), indicating that 3-deazauridine inhibition of deoxycytidylate deaminase may be important in this drug interaction.", "PMID": 420952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10803", "title": "[Induction chemotherapy in high risk breast cancer. Results of a prospective therapeutic study (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of an induction chemotherapy was studied in 54 patients with extensive localized tumour. An association of doxorubicin (adriamycin), vincristine and methotrexate were used in five days courses every three weeks. Three to four courses were applied before radiotherapy (minimum of two months of treatment). This chemotherapy gave very good immediate objective responses (87% of the cases), especially for breast tumors which follow an acute course. No adverse effects on the later sequences of the treatment program were observed. The follow up period is too short to establish long term efficacy. Nevertheless, it now seems of value to apply the chemotherapy from the onset of the disease: on one hand it represents a preparatory factor which is probably useful in reinforcing the action of loco-regional treatment; on the other hand it represents the first treatment for these high risk breast cancers, whose prognosis is mainly determined by metastasis.", "contents": "[Induction chemotherapy in high risk breast cancer. Results of a prospective therapeutic study (author's transl)]. The action of an induction chemotherapy was studied in 54 patients with extensive localized tumour. An association of doxorubicin (adriamycin), vincristine and methotrexate were used in five days courses every three weeks. Three to four courses were applied before radiotherapy (minimum of two months of treatment). This chemotherapy gave very good immediate objective responses (87% of the cases), especially for breast tumors which follow an acute course. No adverse effects on the later sequences of the treatment program were observed. The follow up period is too short to establish long term efficacy. Nevertheless, it now seems of value to apply the chemotherapy from the onset of the disease: on one hand it represents a preparatory factor which is probably useful in reinforcing the action of loco-regional treatment; on the other hand it represents the first treatment for these high risk breast cancers, whose prognosis is mainly determined by metastasis.", "PMID": 420953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10804", "title": "Clinical pharmacological studies on 5-FU treatment for advanced gastro-intestinal carcinomas.", "content": "The authors summarize clinical studies on 5-FU treatment for advanced disseminated colonic, rectal and pancreas cancers. The advantage of pushing intravenous (I.V.) injections slowly to avoid pain and using peristalt pumps for I.V. infusion are pointed out. Since the renal toxicity of 5-FU is minimal, higher doses may be envisaged which could give better results. Studies are in progress to try to determine a model for 5-FU kinetics.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacological studies on 5-FU treatment for advanced gastro-intestinal carcinomas. The authors summarize clinical studies on 5-FU treatment for advanced disseminated colonic, rectal and pancreas cancers. The advantage of pushing intravenous (I.V.) injections slowly to avoid pain and using peristalt pumps for I.V. infusion are pointed out. Since the renal toxicity of 5-FU is minimal, higher doses may be envisaged which could give better results. Studies are in progress to try to determine a model for 5-FU kinetics.", "PMID": 420954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10805", "title": "A curious occipital polyp.", "content": "Muscles which lose their attachments are uncommon. During development this normally occurs in certain muscles, e.g. the muscles of the face and epicranius; these muscles lose their skeletal connections before migration. In the case presented here a muscle in the occipital region had lost its attachment and formed a peculiar swelling.", "contents": "A curious occipital polyp. Muscles which lose their attachments are uncommon. During development this normally occurs in certain muscles, e.g. the muscles of the face and epicranius; these muscles lose their skeletal connections before migration. In the case presented here a muscle in the occipital region had lost its attachment and formed a peculiar swelling.", "PMID": 420965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10806", "title": "Arteriovenous grafts for vascular access in haemodialysis.", "content": "The outcome of 68 arteriovenous grafts placed in 46 patients requiring haemodialysis was studied over a period of 3.5 years. The biological grafts included autogenous saphenous vein, modified bovine carotid artery and human umbilical cord vein allograft, whereas the synthetic grafts comprised Sparks Dacron mandril, expanded reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene and knitted Dacron velour. These subcutaneous grafts were arranged as looped or straight configurations in the forearm or thigh. Of 59 grafts evaluated in patients with end-stage renal failure, only 48 per cent of the forearm grafts performed well, compared with 85 per cent of the thigh grafts. Although only 38 per cent of the looped grafts were successful, 78 per cent of the straight grafts functioned satisfactorily. Synthetic grafts suffered less serious complications than the commercial biological grafts.", "contents": "Arteriovenous grafts for vascular access in haemodialysis. The outcome of 68 arteriovenous grafts placed in 46 patients requiring haemodialysis was studied over a period of 3.5 years. The biological grafts included autogenous saphenous vein, modified bovine carotid artery and human umbilical cord vein allograft, whereas the synthetic grafts comprised Sparks Dacron mandril, expanded reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene and knitted Dacron velour. These subcutaneous grafts were arranged as looped or straight configurations in the forearm or thigh. Of 59 grafts evaluated in patients with end-stage renal failure, only 48 per cent of the forearm grafts performed well, compared with 85 per cent of the thigh grafts. Although only 38 per cent of the looped grafts were successful, 78 per cent of the straight grafts functioned satisfactorily. Synthetic grafts suffered less serious complications than the commercial biological grafts.", "PMID": 420966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10807", "title": "Spinal epidural abscess presenting as acute abdomen in a child.", "content": "Spinal epidural abscess is seldom encountered in children and rarely occurs in the absence of spinal pain. A case is described in which a child with a thoracic epidural abscess presented with abdominal rather than spinal pain. Thoracolumbar radicular inflammation and visceroparietal reflexes initiated by a s'spinal ileus' probably produced the symptoms and signs of acute intra-abdominal disease. Consideration of intraspinal disease is advisable in all cases of acute abdomen which exhibit atypical features.", "contents": "Spinal epidural abscess presenting as acute abdomen in a child. Spinal epidural abscess is seldom encountered in children and rarely occurs in the absence of spinal pain. A case is described in which a child with a thoracic epidural abscess presented with abdominal rather than spinal pain. Thoracolumbar radicular inflammation and visceroparietal reflexes initiated by a s'spinal ileus' probably produced the symptoms and signs of acute intra-abdominal disease. Consideration of intraspinal disease is advisable in all cases of acute abdomen which exhibit atypical features.", "PMID": 420967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10808", "title": "Pyeloduodenal fistula: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of the rare condition of pyeloduodenal fistula is presented--the thirty-second case so far recorded in the literature. The authors consider that this instance shows some of the features typical of the cases so far reported. The literature is reviewed and the aetiology, presentation, diagnostic methods and treatment are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Pyeloduodenal fistula: a case report and review of the literature. A case of the rare condition of pyeloduodenal fistula is presented--the thirty-second case so far recorded in the literature. The authors consider that this instance shows some of the features typical of the cases so far reported. The literature is reviewed and the aetiology, presentation, diagnostic methods and treatment are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 420968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10809", "title": "Results of proximal gastric vagotomy over 1-5 years in a district general hospital.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-three underwent proximal gastric vagotomy for duodenal ulceration over a 6-year period. One hundred and fifteen of these have been followed up for 1-5 years. The operative mortality was nil and the result was satisfactory in 91 per cent. The incidence of side effects was small, notably that of dumping being 2.4 per cent and of diarrhoea, 3.6 per cent. Incidence of postoperative heartburn was reduced from 13 per cent to 4 per cent by the introduction of hepatic interposition. The incidence of recurrent ulceration was 5.1 per cent after an average interval of 2 years and that of new gastric ulceration 2.6 per cent after an average of 4 years. There were no recurrent ulcers in those who had peroperative Burge tests, although secretory studies showed no difference between those tested and those not tested. Most recurrences occurred in the earliest cases operated on before Burge testing was introduced and when only 2 cm of the lower oesophagus were exposed.", "contents": "Results of proximal gastric vagotomy over 1-5 years in a district general hospital. One hundred and seventy-three underwent proximal gastric vagotomy for duodenal ulceration over a 6-year period. One hundred and fifteen of these have been followed up for 1-5 years. The operative mortality was nil and the result was satisfactory in 91 per cent. The incidence of side effects was small, notably that of dumping being 2.4 per cent and of diarrhoea, 3.6 per cent. Incidence of postoperative heartburn was reduced from 13 per cent to 4 per cent by the introduction of hepatic interposition. The incidence of recurrent ulceration was 5.1 per cent after an average interval of 2 years and that of new gastric ulceration 2.6 per cent after an average of 4 years. There were no recurrent ulcers in those who had peroperative Burge tests, although secretory studies showed no difference between those tested and those not tested. Most recurrences occurred in the earliest cases operated on before Burge testing was introduced and when only 2 cm of the lower oesophagus were exposed.", "PMID": 420970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10810", "title": "Long term follow-up of patients with gastric ulcers treated by vagotomy, pyloroplasty and ulcerectomy.", "content": "Vagotomy and pyloroplasty with excision of the ulcer has been performed in a series of 90 patients with benign gastric ulcers. Long term follow-up has shown only 2 patients with recurrent, ulceration . Fifty-eight patients with more than 2 years' follow-up attended for personal interview, of whom 96 per cent had a satisfactory result.", "contents": "Long term follow-up of patients with gastric ulcers treated by vagotomy, pyloroplasty and ulcerectomy. Vagotomy and pyloroplasty with excision of the ulcer has been performed in a series of 90 patients with benign gastric ulcers. Long term follow-up has shown only 2 patients with recurrent, ulceration . Fifty-eight patients with more than 2 years' follow-up attended for personal interview, of whom 96 per cent had a satisfactory result.", "PMID": 420971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10811", "title": "Pylorectomy and prepyloric antrectomy for gastric ulcer.", "content": "From July 1970 to May 1977 79 patients with chronic gastric ulcer were submitted to a pylorectomy and prepyloric antrectomy (only 4--5 cm of the distal stomach being removed). In most, the excision extended in the form of a narrow tongue along the lesser curvature to include the ulcer. Vagotomy was added when signs of a healed or active duodenal ulcer were seen (19 cases). Associated lesions in the distal stomach were detected in 38 more patients. Up to the present no recurrence has been observed and functional results have been satisfactory in 90 per cent of patients. Preliminary results show that this operation produces a satisfactory cure for gastric ulcer, thus making more extensive resections unnecessary.", "contents": "Pylorectomy and prepyloric antrectomy for gastric ulcer. From July 1970 to May 1977 79 patients with chronic gastric ulcer were submitted to a pylorectomy and prepyloric antrectomy (only 4--5 cm of the distal stomach being removed). In most, the excision extended in the form of a narrow tongue along the lesser curvature to include the ulcer. Vagotomy was added when signs of a healed or active duodenal ulcer were seen (19 cases). Associated lesions in the distal stomach were detected in 38 more patients. Up to the present no recurrence has been observed and functional results have been satisfactory in 90 per cent of patients. Preliminary results show that this operation produces a satisfactory cure for gastric ulcer, thus making more extensive resections unnecessary.", "PMID": 420972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10812", "title": "Toxic dilatation of the colon in salmonella colitis and inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Toxic dilatation of the colon may be due to inflammatory bowel disease, either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease of the colon, but recent experience has shown that infective colitis due to salmonella can produce this complication. We present 13 cases with toxic dilatation (9 inflammatory bowel disease and 4 salmonellosis) and outline the diagnostic features and treatment in these patients. It is important to distinguish salmonellosis at an early stage because, whilst toxic dilatation in inflammatory bowel disease is an absolute indication for surgical treatment, cases with this complication due to salmonellosis may be treated conservatively in the majority of instances.", "contents": "Toxic dilatation of the colon in salmonella colitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Toxic dilatation of the colon may be due to inflammatory bowel disease, either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease of the colon, but recent experience has shown that infective colitis due to salmonella can produce this complication. We present 13 cases with toxic dilatation (9 inflammatory bowel disease and 4 salmonellosis) and outline the diagnostic features and treatment in these patients. It is important to distinguish salmonellosis at an early stage because, whilst toxic dilatation in inflammatory bowel disease is an absolute indication for surgical treatment, cases with this complication due to salmonellosis may be treated conservatively in the majority of instances.", "PMID": 420973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10813", "title": "Colour lymphography in clinical surgery.", "content": "In 38 patients undergoing femoral artery profundaplasty and in 18 having simple mastectomy with pectoral node biopsy, a 6.2 per cent solution of sodium sulphan blue was injected peripherally to outline the lymph nodes in the groin or axilla. Nodes and vessels were easily seen and the technique is now in routine use.", "contents": "Colour lymphography in clinical surgery. In 38 patients undergoing femoral artery profundaplasty and in 18 having simple mastectomy with pectoral node biopsy, a 6.2 per cent solution of sodium sulphan blue was injected peripherally to outline the lymph nodes in the groin or axilla. Nodes and vessels were easily seen and the technique is now in routine use.", "PMID": 420974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10814", "title": "Splenectomy for undiagnosed splenomegaly.", "content": "During the 9-year period 1968-76 116 splenectomies were performed at the General Hospital, Nottingham. Of these, 13 (11 per cent) were undertaken for unexplained splenomegaly. In 6 patients a diagnosis was established by the operative procedure (2 with sarcoidosis, 2 splenic cysts, 1 Gaucher's disease and 1 haemangiosarcoma). Histological examination of the excised spleens in the remaining 7 patients showed no specific features. Two of these patients benefited considerably from removal of very large spleens. Another patient died from lymphosarcoma which was diagnosed 21 months after splenectomy. In the remaining 4 patients with mild to moderate splenomegaly, there were no real diagnostic or therapeutic advantages. It is concluded that splenectomy should always be considered in patients with unexplained moderate or gross splenomegaly but it may not be helpful in the patient whose spleen is only midly enlarged.", "contents": "Splenectomy for undiagnosed splenomegaly. During the 9-year period 1968-76 116 splenectomies were performed at the General Hospital, Nottingham. Of these, 13 (11 per cent) were undertaken for unexplained splenomegaly. In 6 patients a diagnosis was established by the operative procedure (2 with sarcoidosis, 2 splenic cysts, 1 Gaucher's disease and 1 haemangiosarcoma). Histological examination of the excised spleens in the remaining 7 patients showed no specific features. Two of these patients benefited considerably from removal of very large spleens. Another patient died from lymphosarcoma which was diagnosed 21 months after splenectomy. In the remaining 4 patients with mild to moderate splenomegaly, there were no real diagnostic or therapeutic advantages. It is concluded that splenectomy should always be considered in patients with unexplained moderate or gross splenomegaly but it may not be helpful in the patient whose spleen is only midly enlarged.", "PMID": 420976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10815", "title": "Chylothorax following resection of the oesophagus.", "content": "Chylothorax complicating operations on the oesophagus has been reported infrequently; it carries a mortality rate of about 50 per cent. A search of the literature has yielded only 10 cases. This paper reports 4 further cases which occurred among 685 resections of the oesophagus, giving an incidence of 0.6 per cent. The diagnosis should be confirmed with lymphangiography. Treatment should be early exploration and ligation in patients in whom the thoracic duct has been divided at operation. If the duct has been injured during blind dissection a period of conservative treatment is advisable. Parenteral nutrition is a useful adjunctive treatment.", "contents": "Chylothorax following resection of the oesophagus. Chylothorax complicating operations on the oesophagus has been reported infrequently; it carries a mortality rate of about 50 per cent. A search of the literature has yielded only 10 cases. This paper reports 4 further cases which occurred among 685 resections of the oesophagus, giving an incidence of 0.6 per cent. The diagnosis should be confirmed with lymphangiography. Treatment should be early exploration and ligation in patients in whom the thoracic duct has been divided at operation. If the duct has been injured during blind dissection a period of conservative treatment is advisable. Parenteral nutrition is a useful adjunctive treatment.", "PMID": 420978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10816", "title": "Complications associated with the use of the Celestin tube for benign oesophageal obstruction.", "content": "Two cases are described in which disruption of a Celestin tube took place after being lodged in a benign oesophageal stricture for 14 months. One patient presented with apparent acute pancreatitis and the other with a minor gastrointestinal bleed.", "contents": "Complications associated with the use of the Celestin tube for benign oesophageal obstruction. Two cases are described in which disruption of a Celestin tube took place after being lodged in a benign oesophageal stricture for 14 months. One patient presented with apparent acute pancreatitis and the other with a minor gastrointestinal bleed.", "PMID": 420979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10817", "title": "Translocating the aberrant right subclavian artery in dysphagia lusoria.", "content": "A case of dysphagia lusoria with unusual associated symptoms in an adult is presented. The condition was treated by division of the aberrant right subclavian artery at its origin through a median sternotomy and translocating the distal subclavian artery to the aortic arch with an interposition Dacron graft. All the reported techniques of dividing and transposing the aberrant right subclavian artery in dysphagia lusoria are reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Translocating the aberrant right subclavian artery in dysphagia lusoria. A case of dysphagia lusoria with unusual associated symptoms in an adult is presented. The condition was treated by division of the aberrant right subclavian artery at its origin through a median sternotomy and translocating the distal subclavian artery to the aortic arch with an interposition Dacron graft. All the reported techniques of dividing and transposing the aberrant right subclavian artery in dysphagia lusoria are reviewed and discussed.", "PMID": 420980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10818", "title": "Gastric carcinoma and previous peptic ulceration.", "content": "The incidence of patients with gastric carcinoma having had a previously diagnosed or suspected peptic ulcer was noted in two studies. These studies were the West Midlands Gastric Chemotherapy Trial (1974--6) and a retrospective study of patients presenting to the United Birmingham Hospitals with gastric carcinoma during the years 1958--62 and 1968--72. The incidence of patients found to have had a previous operation for duodenal ulcer or to have post-mortem evidence of one was 6.5 per cent and 5.7 per cent respectively. A radiologically proved duodenal ulcer had been identified in 5.5 per cent and 2.1 per cent respectively and the incidence of previous symptoms suggestive of a duodenal ulcer was 4.0 per cent and 5.2 per cent. These figures indicate the total incidence could be 12.97--16.0 per cent, which is much higher than previously reported. The mean time interval between operation for duodenal ulcer and the development of gastric carcinoma was much longer in patients having had a partial gastrectomy than in patients having had a vagotomy and drainage procedure. The incidence of previous benign gastric ulcers was 2.5 per cent and 0.9 per cent. Fifty-three per cent of patients having had a previous operation for duodenal ulceration were found to have an unresectable carcinoma, compared with the overall unresectable rate of 35 per cent.", "contents": "Gastric carcinoma and previous peptic ulceration. The incidence of patients with gastric carcinoma having had a previously diagnosed or suspected peptic ulcer was noted in two studies. These studies were the West Midlands Gastric Chemotherapy Trial (1974--6) and a retrospective study of patients presenting to the United Birmingham Hospitals with gastric carcinoma during the years 1958--62 and 1968--72. The incidence of patients found to have had a previous operation for duodenal ulcer or to have post-mortem evidence of one was 6.5 per cent and 5.7 per cent respectively. A radiologically proved duodenal ulcer had been identified in 5.5 per cent and 2.1 per cent respectively and the incidence of previous symptoms suggestive of a duodenal ulcer was 4.0 per cent and 5.2 per cent. These figures indicate the total incidence could be 12.97--16.0 per cent, which is much higher than previously reported. The mean time interval between operation for duodenal ulcer and the development of gastric carcinoma was much longer in patients having had a partial gastrectomy than in patients having had a vagotomy and drainage procedure. The incidence of previous benign gastric ulcers was 2.5 per cent and 0.9 per cent. Fifty-three per cent of patients having had a previous operation for duodenal ulceration were found to have an unresectable carcinoma, compared with the overall unresectable rate of 35 per cent.", "PMID": 420981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10819", "title": "A reappraisal of the value of carcinoembryonic antigen in the management of patients with various neoplasms.", "content": "Eight hundred and eight patients with histologically proved malignant disease had carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) estimations performed at the time of tissue diagnosis. An elevated level was found in 384 of 518 patients with gastrointestinal neoplasms (74 per cent) and in 162 of 290 patients with other neoplasms (56 per cent). No correlation was found between CEA elevations and tumour differentiation. There was a good correlation between tumour staging and CEA levels for patients with colorectal cancer; the more advanced the tumour, the higher the CEA. Several illustrative cases are presented and the role of CEA assay in the diagnosis and management of neoplasia is discussed. CEA assay is a poor screening test for neoplastic disease, but serial CEA monitoring is valuable in the detection of residual or recurrent cancer.", "contents": "A reappraisal of the value of carcinoembryonic antigen in the management of patients with various neoplasms. Eight hundred and eight patients with histologically proved malignant disease had carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) estimations performed at the time of tissue diagnosis. An elevated level was found in 384 of 518 patients with gastrointestinal neoplasms (74 per cent) and in 162 of 290 patients with other neoplasms (56 per cent). No correlation was found between CEA elevations and tumour differentiation. There was a good correlation between tumour staging and CEA levels for patients with colorectal cancer; the more advanced the tumour, the higher the CEA. Several illustrative cases are presented and the role of CEA assay in the diagnosis and management of neoplasia is discussed. CEA assay is a poor screening test for neoplastic disease, but serial CEA monitoring is valuable in the detection of residual or recurrent cancer.", "PMID": 420982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10820", "title": "Arterial obstruction of the upper limb in Buerger's disease: its incidence and primary lesion.", "content": "In the present study, the incidence of upper extremity involvement and the primary lesion of the arm in Buerger's disease were investigated with special regard to arteriographic findings in the upper limb. Of 34 patients with Buerger's disease admitted to our hospital during the 12-month period from March 1977 to February 1978, in 31 cases (91 per cent) the existence of arterial obstruction of the upper limb was confirmed. From the results of arteriographic study in 78 arms, the primary lesion of Buerger's disease appears to develop most frequently in the digital arteries. However, it is possible for the disease to develop independently in the arteries of the hand, or in the radial or ulnar artery. Although the aetiology of Buerger's disease is not definitely known, it is suggested that repeated blunt injury to the hand or fingers is involved in the evolution of the disease as well as in the appearance of symptoms.", "contents": "Arterial obstruction of the upper limb in Buerger's disease: its incidence and primary lesion. In the present study, the incidence of upper extremity involvement and the primary lesion of the arm in Buerger's disease were investigated with special regard to arteriographic findings in the upper limb. Of 34 patients with Buerger's disease admitted to our hospital during the 12-month period from March 1977 to February 1978, in 31 cases (91 per cent) the existence of arterial obstruction of the upper limb was confirmed. From the results of arteriographic study in 78 arms, the primary lesion of Buerger's disease appears to develop most frequently in the digital arteries. However, it is possible for the disease to develop independently in the arteries of the hand, or in the radial or ulnar artery. Although the aetiology of Buerger's disease is not definitely known, it is suggested that repeated blunt injury to the hand or fingers is involved in the evolution of the disease as well as in the appearance of symptoms.", "PMID": 420983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10821", "title": "Late revascularization of the lower limb following acute arterial occlusion.", "content": "Thirty-four patients presenting with signs of grave ischaemia of the lower limb following acute arterial occlusion had revascularization procedures performed. Fifteen of the incidents followed embolism or thrombosis and 19 were due to a traumatic cause. Limb salvage was achieved in 67 per cent of the nontraumatic group and in 56 per cent of the traumatic group. Severe complications such as crush syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation occurred but there were no deaths. No significant adverse factors with regard to limb prognosis could be defined. We feel that late revascularization in the absence of major gangrene is worth while provided that facilities for critical postoperative care exist.", "contents": "Late revascularization of the lower limb following acute arterial occlusion. Thirty-four patients presenting with signs of grave ischaemia of the lower limb following acute arterial occlusion had revascularization procedures performed. Fifteen of the incidents followed embolism or thrombosis and 19 were due to a traumatic cause. Limb salvage was achieved in 67 per cent of the nontraumatic group and in 56 per cent of the traumatic group. Severe complications such as crush syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation occurred but there were no deaths. No significant adverse factors with regard to limb prognosis could be defined. We feel that late revascularization in the absence of major gangrene is worth while provided that facilities for critical postoperative care exist.", "PMID": 420984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10822", "title": "Ascaris lumbricoides and perforation of the ileum: a critical review.", "content": "Ileal perforation due to typhoid bacilli is the commonest cause of peritonitis in the Tropics. Perforation due to Ascaris lumbricoides is rare. Three cases of ileal perforation believed to be due to A. lumbricoides are presented and the evidence critically reviewed. It is suggested that signs of heavy infestation with A. lumbricoides make a diagnosis of intestinal perforation more likely in a patient with an acute abdomen.", "contents": "Ascaris lumbricoides and perforation of the ileum: a critical review. Ileal perforation due to typhoid bacilli is the commonest cause of peritonitis in the Tropics. Perforation due to Ascaris lumbricoides is rare. Three cases of ileal perforation believed to be due to A. lumbricoides are presented and the evidence critically reviewed. It is suggested that signs of heavy infestation with A. lumbricoides make a diagnosis of intestinal perforation more likely in a patient with an acute abdomen.", "PMID": 420985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10823", "title": "Surgical aspects of radiation injury to the intestine.", "content": "The clinical features are described of 37 patients requiring surgical management for radiation injury to the intestine sustained as a result of treatment of abdominal or pelvic malignancy. Twenty-nine of the patients underwent operation and only 4 remained symptom-free after the procedure. Thirteen patients died in the postoperative period, and of these, 5 were free of the original disease. Possible predisposing factors in the production of intestinal injury are discussed, as are various means of dealing with the established condition.", "contents": "Surgical aspects of radiation injury to the intestine. The clinical features are described of 37 patients requiring surgical management for radiation injury to the intestine sustained as a result of treatment of abdominal or pelvic malignancy. Twenty-nine of the patients underwent operation and only 4 remained symptom-free after the procedure. Thirteen patients died in the postoperative period, and of these, 5 were free of the original disease. Possible predisposing factors in the production of intestinal injury are discussed, as are various means of dealing with the established condition.", "PMID": 420986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10824", "title": "Thyroid cancer in Kuwait: review of 117 cases.", "content": "One hundred and seventeen patients with thyroid cancer were seen at the Radiotherapy and Isotope Centre, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait, between 1963 and 1974. Thyroid cancer constituted 4.7 per cent of all cancer cases among females and 2.4 per cent among males. Of these carcinomas, 58 per cent were papillary, 25 per cent follicular, 11 per cent anaplastic and 1.7 per cent medullary. Four cases (3.4 per cent) were of malignant lymphoma. The 10-year survival was 74, 96 and 21 per cent for papillary, follicular and anaplastic tumours respectively. The present series confirms the prognostic value of age, sex and histology and shows that node metastasis does not prejudice survival. The study does not show any correlation between the type of operation and survival.", "contents": "Thyroid cancer in Kuwait: review of 117 cases. One hundred and seventeen patients with thyroid cancer were seen at the Radiotherapy and Isotope Centre, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait, between 1963 and 1974. Thyroid cancer constituted 4.7 per cent of all cancer cases among females and 2.4 per cent among males. Of these carcinomas, 58 per cent were papillary, 25 per cent follicular, 11 per cent anaplastic and 1.7 per cent medullary. Four cases (3.4 per cent) were of malignant lymphoma. The 10-year survival was 74, 96 and 21 per cent for papillary, follicular and anaplastic tumours respectively. The present series confirms the prognostic value of age, sex and histology and shows that node metastasis does not prejudice survival. The study does not show any correlation between the type of operation and survival.", "PMID": 420987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10825", "title": "Volume infusion in experimental refractory shock.", "content": "The postulated contribution of primary myocardial failure to the pathogenesis of refractoriness of shock to conventional therapy is in direct contradiction to the widely advocated clinical practice of infusion of large volumes of fluid in shock resuscitation. A standard volumes of fluid in shock resuscitation. A standard canine haemorrhagic shock model, in which refractory shock is induced by maintaining an arterial blood pressure of 40 mmHg for 2 h, has been used to assess the effects of volume infusion to maintain a central venous pressure of 0--2 mmHg for a further 2 h and the tolerance of such an infusion by the heart in refractory shock. Fluid infusion ensured significantly better figures for oxygen balance than in those animals where additional fluid was not given, and the volumes required appeared to be well tolerated by the shocked myocardium. Primary myocardial failure does not appear to be a major aetiological factor in refractory shock, and provided that the usual monitoring parameters are recorded, volume infusion remains a major part of shock resuscitation.", "contents": "Volume infusion in experimental refractory shock. The postulated contribution of primary myocardial failure to the pathogenesis of refractoriness of shock to conventional therapy is in direct contradiction to the widely advocated clinical practice of infusion of large volumes of fluid in shock resuscitation. A standard volumes of fluid in shock resuscitation. A standard canine haemorrhagic shock model, in which refractory shock is induced by maintaining an arterial blood pressure of 40 mmHg for 2 h, has been used to assess the effects of volume infusion to maintain a central venous pressure of 0--2 mmHg for a further 2 h and the tolerance of such an infusion by the heart in refractory shock. Fluid infusion ensured significantly better figures for oxygen balance than in those animals where additional fluid was not given, and the volumes required appeared to be well tolerated by the shocked myocardium. Primary myocardial failure does not appear to be a major aetiological factor in refractory shock, and provided that the usual monitoring parameters are recorded, volume infusion remains a major part of shock resuscitation.", "PMID": 420990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10826", "title": "Sequential patterns of haemodynamic and metabolic changes in experimental hypovolaemic shock. II. Responses to reinfusion of shed blood.", "content": "The haemodynamic and metabolic effects which follow the infusion of blood in experimental hypovolaemia have not been studied in detail. The 10 dogs that survived 90 min of hypovolaemia in a study of bleeding (Pardy and Dudley, 1979) were investigated during and shortly after the reinfusion of shed blood using the same techniques. Data from 9 animals were suitable for analysis. As with bleeding, 6 sequential phases were identified; reinfusion of blood was completed in the fifth phase. Initial reinfusion was associated with a rapid improvement in haemodynamic and metabolic status, although mean arterial pH fell because carbon dioxide production increased. Maximum metabolically effective tissue perfusion was probably attained in phase II, but haemodynamic improvement continued until phase IV. Arterial pH did not rise above the pre-infusion value until phase V, and this rise was the result of a fall in PaCO2 secondary to a reduction in physiological dead space and an increase in buffering capacity. Pulmonary artery pressure was superior to systemic artery pressure as a predictor of cardiac output during blood volume restoration. A number of conclusions pertaining to clinical practice are drawn.", "contents": "Sequential patterns of haemodynamic and metabolic changes in experimental hypovolaemic shock. II. Responses to reinfusion of shed blood. The haemodynamic and metabolic effects which follow the infusion of blood in experimental hypovolaemia have not been studied in detail. The 10 dogs that survived 90 min of hypovolaemia in a study of bleeding (Pardy and Dudley, 1979) were investigated during and shortly after the reinfusion of shed blood using the same techniques. Data from 9 animals were suitable for analysis. As with bleeding, 6 sequential phases were identified; reinfusion of blood was completed in the fifth phase. Initial reinfusion was associated with a rapid improvement in haemodynamic and metabolic status, although mean arterial pH fell because carbon dioxide production increased. Maximum metabolically effective tissue perfusion was probably attained in phase II, but haemodynamic improvement continued until phase IV. Arterial pH did not rise above the pre-infusion value until phase V, and this rise was the result of a fall in PaCO2 secondary to a reduction in physiological dead space and an increase in buffering capacity. Pulmonary artery pressure was superior to systemic artery pressure as a predictor of cardiac output during blood volume restoration. A number of conclusions pertaining to clinical practice are drawn.", "PMID": 420991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10827", "title": "The reproducibility of the station pullthrough technique for measuring lower oesophageal sphincter pressure.", "content": "The results are presented of two studies of the station pullthrough technique for lower oesophageal manometry. The first part of the work is an assessment of the reproducibility of this technique using both an infused tube system and a system of subminiature, intraluminal strain gauge transducers. The second part of this report describes a study into the effect that the position of the recording hole on the probe may have in relation to the measured pressure for the lower oesophageal sphincter.", "contents": "The reproducibility of the station pullthrough technique for measuring lower oesophageal sphincter pressure. The results are presented of two studies of the station pullthrough technique for lower oesophageal manometry. The first part of the work is an assessment of the reproducibility of this technique using both an infused tube system and a system of subminiature, intraluminal strain gauge transducers. The second part of this report describes a study into the effect that the position of the recording hole on the probe may have in relation to the measured pressure for the lower oesophageal sphincter.", "PMID": 420992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10828", "title": "The surgical management of malignant tumours of the oesophagus and cardia: a review of the results in 292 patients treated over a 15-year period (1961--75).", "content": "Of 292 patients, excision of the tumour with replacement by stomach or jejunum was carried out in 216 in whom the lesion was considered operable on both technical and general grounds, intubation was performed in 45 and the remaining 31 were managed without operation. Of the 216 in whom resection was performed, only 20 per cent were free from local spread, lymph node involvement or secondary deposits at the time of operation. Hospital mortality was 18 per cent and did not significantly differ between one 5-year period and another. Survival at 1 year was 54 per cent, at 2 years 25 per cent and at 5 years 14 per cent. The average length of survival following intubation was 2.6 months and following non-operative management 2.8 months. The poor average survival of between 3.5 and 5 months obtained in those patients with secondary deposits at the time of resection suggests that resection is of questionable value in this group. There was a marked difference in survival following Roux loop procedures compared with upper partial gastrectomy for tumours of the lower third and cardia in patients without lymph node involvement or secondary deposits, strongly suggesting that upper partial gastrectomy, although a rather simpler and quicker operation, is not the operation of choice in these patients. On 31 December 1976, after a minimum follow-up of 1 year, there were only 22 patients still alive of the original 292 (7.5 per cent).", "contents": "The surgical management of malignant tumours of the oesophagus and cardia: a review of the results in 292 patients treated over a 15-year period (1961--75). Of 292 patients, excision of the tumour with replacement by stomach or jejunum was carried out in 216 in whom the lesion was considered operable on both technical and general grounds, intubation was performed in 45 and the remaining 31 were managed without operation. Of the 216 in whom resection was performed, only 20 per cent were free from local spread, lymph node involvement or secondary deposits at the time of operation. Hospital mortality was 18 per cent and did not significantly differ between one 5-year period and another. Survival at 1 year was 54 per cent, at 2 years 25 per cent and at 5 years 14 per cent. The average length of survival following intubation was 2.6 months and following non-operative management 2.8 months. The poor average survival of between 3.5 and 5 months obtained in those patients with secondary deposits at the time of resection suggests that resection is of questionable value in this group. There was a marked difference in survival following Roux loop procedures compared with upper partial gastrectomy for tumours of the lower third and cardia in patients without lymph node involvement or secondary deposits, strongly suggesting that upper partial gastrectomy, although a rather simpler and quicker operation, is not the operation of choice in these patients. On 31 December 1976, after a minimum follow-up of 1 year, there were only 22 patients still alive of the original 292 (7.5 per cent).", "PMID": 420993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10829", "title": "Influence of body fatness in childhood on fatness in adult life.", "content": "Comparison of skinfold thicknesses measured in childhood and again 15 years later in 318 male and 303 female subjects disclosed only a moderate relation between the two measurements. Where adult fatness could be predicted from combinations of skinfold thicknesses in childhood the accuracy in 95% of cases lay at the mean between +/- 8% and +/- 18% according to age and sex.", "contents": "Influence of body fatness in childhood on fatness in adult life. Comparison of skinfold thicknesses measured in childhood and again 15 years later in 318 male and 303 female subjects disclosed only a moderate relation between the two measurements. Where adult fatness could be predicted from combinations of skinfold thicknesses in childhood the accuracy in 95% of cases lay at the mean between +/- 8% and +/- 18% according to age and sex.", "PMID": 420997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10830", "title": "Characteristics affecting fibrinolytic activity and plasma fibrinogen concentrations.", "content": "As part of a study to determine the extent to which the haemostatic system is implicated in the onset of clinically manifest ischaemic heart disease, characteristics influencing fibrinolytic activity (FA) and plasma fibrinogen concentrations were examined in 1601 men aged 18-64 and 707 women aged 18-59 in several occupational groups in North-west London. In men FA noticeably decreased till the age of about 58, when there was a small rise. In women a small increase in FA between 18 and about 40 was followed by a slightly larger fall between 40 and 59. There was a pronounced negative association of FA with obesity. FA was significantly less in smokers than non-smokers, though the effect was not large. FA increased with alcohol consumption. FA in men appeared to be greatest in the lower social classes, and men on night shift had poorer FA than those on day work. FA was greater in women using oral contraceptives than in those not using these preparations. In both sexes FA increased with exercise, but there were no associations between any of the characteristics studied and the increase. Plasma fibrinogen concentrations increase with age and obesity, are higher in smokers than non-smokers, and fall with alcohol consumption. In women the concentrations are higher in those using oral contraceptives. The general epidemiology of FA and plasma fibrinogen concentrations suggests that they may well be implicated in the pathogenesis of ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Characteristics affecting fibrinolytic activity and plasma fibrinogen concentrations. As part of a study to determine the extent to which the haemostatic system is implicated in the onset of clinically manifest ischaemic heart disease, characteristics influencing fibrinolytic activity (FA) and plasma fibrinogen concentrations were examined in 1601 men aged 18-64 and 707 women aged 18-59 in several occupational groups in North-west London. In men FA noticeably decreased till the age of about 58, when there was a small rise. In women a small increase in FA between 18 and about 40 was followed by a slightly larger fall between 40 and 59. There was a pronounced negative association of FA with obesity. FA was significantly less in smokers than non-smokers, though the effect was not large. FA increased with alcohol consumption. FA in men appeared to be greatest in the lower social classes, and men on night shift had poorer FA than those on day work. FA was greater in women using oral contraceptives than in those not using these preparations. In both sexes FA increased with exercise, but there were no associations between any of the characteristics studied and the increase. Plasma fibrinogen concentrations increase with age and obesity, are higher in smokers than non-smokers, and fall with alcohol consumption. In women the concentrations are higher in those using oral contraceptives. The general epidemiology of FA and plasma fibrinogen concentrations suggests that they may well be implicated in the pathogenesis of ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 420998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10831", "title": "Prospective study of ultrasonography in chronic pancreatic disease.", "content": "Grey-scale ultrasonography was used in 212 unselected patients in whom the presence or absence of pancreatic disease was subsequently confirmed by other means. Ultrasonographic criteria were established in the first 92 patients and by reference to previous experience. The remaining 120 patients were studied prospectively. The accuracy and clinical impact of the ultrasonographic diagnosis were judged alongside a standard clinical assessment. Clinical diagnoses were tentative and inaccurate. Ultrasound failed in three cases; otherwise it detected all the 33 patients with chronic pancreatic disease and correctly distinguished cancer from chronic pancreatitis. The ultrasonographic diagnosis of a normal pancreas was always correct, but four false-positive diagnoses were made in patients subsequently judged to have no pancreatic disease. Ultrasonography gave more accurate or more confident and accurate information than the clinical assessment in 57 of the 98 patients studied as problems in diagnosis. With this degree of accuracy ultrasonography should be the first imaging investigation in patients suspected of suffering from pancreatic disease. In our gastrointestinal unit the combination of grey-scale ultrasonography with techniques designed to outline the duct systems (such as endoscopic pancreatography) provides precise diagnosis and documentation of pancreatic disease.", "contents": "Prospective study of ultrasonography in chronic pancreatic disease. Grey-scale ultrasonography was used in 212 unselected patients in whom the presence or absence of pancreatic disease was subsequently confirmed by other means. Ultrasonographic criteria were established in the first 92 patients and by reference to previous experience. The remaining 120 patients were studied prospectively. The accuracy and clinical impact of the ultrasonographic diagnosis were judged alongside a standard clinical assessment. Clinical diagnoses were tentative and inaccurate. Ultrasound failed in three cases; otherwise it detected all the 33 patients with chronic pancreatic disease and correctly distinguished cancer from chronic pancreatitis. The ultrasonographic diagnosis of a normal pancreas was always correct, but four false-positive diagnoses were made in patients subsequently judged to have no pancreatic disease. Ultrasonography gave more accurate or more confident and accurate information than the clinical assessment in 57 of the 98 patients studied as problems in diagnosis. With this degree of accuracy ultrasonography should be the first imaging investigation in patients suspected of suffering from pancreatic disease. In our gastrointestinal unit the combination of grey-scale ultrasonography with techniques designed to outline the duct systems (such as endoscopic pancreatography) provides precise diagnosis and documentation of pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 420999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10832", "title": "Abortion and the NHS: the first decade.", "content": "Analysis of statistics published since the Abortion Act showed that from 1972 about half the abortions carried out on residents of England and Wales had been performed within the National Health Service. Regional variations in the proportions of abortions performed within the NHS had persisted. In some health regions fewer abortions were being carried out than before. In 1975 about 40% of abortions on single women and women with no existing children were performed within the NHS. Trends in the concurrent sterilisation rate, gestational age at operation, duration of stay in hospital, and mortality and complication rates suggested a steady improvement in the effectiveness and efficiency of abortion services. Nevertheless, the NHS still compares poorly with the private sector and some other countries.", "contents": "Abortion and the NHS: the first decade. Analysis of statistics published since the Abortion Act showed that from 1972 about half the abortions carried out on residents of England and Wales had been performed within the National Health Service. Regional variations in the proportions of abortions performed within the NHS had persisted. In some health regions fewer abortions were being carried out than before. In 1975 about 40% of abortions on single women and women with no existing children were performed within the NHS. Trends in the concurrent sterilisation rate, gestational age at operation, duration of stay in hospital, and mortality and complication rates suggested a steady improvement in the effectiveness and efficiency of abortion services. Nevertheless, the NHS still compares poorly with the private sector and some other countries.", "PMID": 421040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10833", "title": "Comparison of intravenous and oral high-dose methotrexate in treatment of solid tumours.", "content": "An outpatient regimen of oral high-dose methotrexate was studied in 14 patients with solid tumours over 12 months. Detailed pharmacokinetic analysis in five patients showed high oral bioavailability (mean +/- SE of mean 87.6 +/- 1.5%), indicating that with this regimen oral methotrexate was well absorbed and the first-pass effect low. Oral administration resulted in peak plasma methotrexate concentrations of 8.4 +/- 0.5 mumol/l (382 +/- 23 microgram/100 ml) and was almost as effective as intravenous administration, which achieved peak concentrations of 9.9 +/- 0.4 mumol/l (450 +/- 18 microgram/100 ml). In all 14 patients the clinical response to oral treatment was comparable to that reported to intravenous administration of high-dose methotrexate used in combination with other cytotoxic drugs. The disease-free interval in cases of adult sarcoma was 7.4 +/- 1.3 months and the relapse rate 29%. Out of four patients with small-cell carcinoma, two showed an objective response to oral treatment. We suggest that oral high-dose methotrexate given in divided doses is a rational alternative to expensive intravenous high-dose methotrexate regimens, but further clinical evaluation is necessary.", "contents": "Comparison of intravenous and oral high-dose methotrexate in treatment of solid tumours. An outpatient regimen of oral high-dose methotrexate was studied in 14 patients with solid tumours over 12 months. Detailed pharmacokinetic analysis in five patients showed high oral bioavailability (mean +/- SE of mean 87.6 +/- 1.5%), indicating that with this regimen oral methotrexate was well absorbed and the first-pass effect low. Oral administration resulted in peak plasma methotrexate concentrations of 8.4 +/- 0.5 mumol/l (382 +/- 23 microgram/100 ml) and was almost as effective as intravenous administration, which achieved peak concentrations of 9.9 +/- 0.4 mumol/l (450 +/- 18 microgram/100 ml). In all 14 patients the clinical response to oral treatment was comparable to that reported to intravenous administration of high-dose methotrexate used in combination with other cytotoxic drugs. The disease-free interval in cases of adult sarcoma was 7.4 +/- 1.3 months and the relapse rate 29%. Out of four patients with small-cell carcinoma, two showed an objective response to oral treatment. We suggest that oral high-dose methotrexate given in divided doses is a rational alternative to expensive intravenous high-dose methotrexate regimens, but further clinical evaluation is necessary.", "PMID": 421088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10834", "title": "Assessment of renal concentrating ability.", "content": "Maximum urine osmolality was measured during a 24-hour control period in normal ambulant and working subjects and hospital inpatients and compared with that achieved after intramuscular injection of 4 microgram desamino-cys-1-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP). Most of the normal subjects passed maximally concentrated urine at some time during the control period. The results suggest that in less active subjects or hospital inpatients the DDAVP test is a suitable method of assessing renal concentrating ability.", "contents": "Assessment of renal concentrating ability. Maximum urine osmolality was measured during a 24-hour control period in normal ambulant and working subjects and hospital inpatients and compared with that achieved after intramuscular injection of 4 microgram desamino-cys-1-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP). Most of the normal subjects passed maximally concentrated urine at some time during the control period. The results suggest that in less active subjects or hospital inpatients the DDAVP test is a suitable method of assessing renal concentrating ability.", "PMID": 421089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10835", "title": "Effect of prolactin on dopamine synthesis in medial basal hypothalamus: evidence for a short loop feedback.", "content": "Several procedures were utilized to study the effects of prolactin on dopamine synthesis in the medial basal hypothalamus of the rat. Elevation of serum prolactin was produced by the administration of trifluoperazine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and resulted in a significant increase in the conversion of [3',5'-3H]tyrosine to dopamine when measured in slices of medial basal hypothalamus and striatum. Hypophysectomy abolished this effect of trifluoperazine in the medial basal hypothalamus but not in the striatum. In addition, the synthesis of dopamine was significantly elevated in slices of medial basal hypothalamus obtained from rats bearing pituitary tumor implants that secreted microgram quantities of prolactin. In contrast, the in vitro synthesis of dopamine in the striatum of such rats was increased by the secretory products in one tumor line but decreased in another compared to that observed in control animals. It is suggested that the ability of prolactin to accelerate the synthesis of dopamine in the medial basal hypothalamus might constitute a short loop feedback system that finely regulates prolactin secretion.", "contents": "Effect of prolactin on dopamine synthesis in medial basal hypothalamus: evidence for a short loop feedback. Several procedures were utilized to study the effects of prolactin on dopamine synthesis in the medial basal hypothalamus of the rat. Elevation of serum prolactin was produced by the administration of trifluoperazine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and resulted in a significant increase in the conversion of [3',5'-3H]tyrosine to dopamine when measured in slices of medial basal hypothalamus and striatum. Hypophysectomy abolished this effect of trifluoperazine in the medial basal hypothalamus but not in the striatum. In addition, the synthesis of dopamine was significantly elevated in slices of medial basal hypothalamus obtained from rats bearing pituitary tumor implants that secreted microgram quantities of prolactin. In contrast, the in vitro synthesis of dopamine in the striatum of such rats was increased by the secretory products in one tumor line but decreased in another compared to that observed in control animals. It is suggested that the ability of prolactin to accelerate the synthesis of dopamine in the medial basal hypothalamus might constitute a short loop feedback system that finely regulates prolactin secretion.", "PMID": 421124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10836", "title": "Corticotectal and other corticofugal projections in neonatal cat.", "content": "Adult physiological properties of cat superior colliculus cells develop gradually during the first two months of life. Since many of the neuronal properties in the adult cat appear to depend upon the integrity of visual cortex, it was postulated that the maturation of superior colliculus cells is, in large part, a reflection of corticotectal maturation. An attempt was made to study the development of the corticotectal pathway with the autoradiographic tracing technique. Injections of [3H]leucine were made in the visual cortex of kittens 6 h to 12 days of age and animals were sacrificed 20-24 h later. A dense projection from visual cortex to the superior colliculus and to the lateral geniculate nucleus was noted in all animals. Both projections appeared to be topographically organized. In addition, cortical projections to the lateral posterior-pulvinar region and sparse projections to the contralateral visual cortex were noted. Two, non-mutually exclusive, explanations for the presence of a corticotectal pathway in the absence of mature cell properties in the superior colliculus are most apparent: (a) corticotectal synapses are incompletely formed at birth and require many weeks to develop, and (b) corticotectal cells are immature during early postnatal life and cannot impress adult-like characteristics upon the superior colliculus cells until they, themselves, 'mature'.", "contents": "Corticotectal and other corticofugal projections in neonatal cat. Adult physiological properties of cat superior colliculus cells develop gradually during the first two months of life. Since many of the neuronal properties in the adult cat appear to depend upon the integrity of visual cortex, it was postulated that the maturation of superior colliculus cells is, in large part, a reflection of corticotectal maturation. An attempt was made to study the development of the corticotectal pathway with the autoradiographic tracing technique. Injections of [3H]leucine were made in the visual cortex of kittens 6 h to 12 days of age and animals were sacrificed 20-24 h later. A dense projection from visual cortex to the superior colliculus and to the lateral geniculate nucleus was noted in all animals. Both projections appeared to be topographically organized. In addition, cortical projections to the lateral posterior-pulvinar region and sparse projections to the contralateral visual cortex were noted. Two, non-mutually exclusive, explanations for the presence of a corticotectal pathway in the absence of mature cell properties in the superior colliculus are most apparent: (a) corticotectal synapses are incompletely formed at birth and require many weeks to develop, and (b) corticotectal cells are immature during early postnatal life and cannot impress adult-like characteristics upon the superior colliculus cells until they, themselves, 'mature'.", "PMID": 421127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10837", "title": "Interaction of neural systems which control nutritional balance.", "content": "The functional relationships of 5 nuclear masses of the cat brain were analyzed under conditions of general anesthesia by a combination of neurophysiological methods. The nuclear masses are known as (1) the area lateralis hypothalami (ALH), (2) the nucleus entopeduncularis (nEp), (3) the nucleus semilunaris accessorius (nSA), (4) the nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami (nVmH), and (5) the posterolateral portion of the zona incerta (ZI). Neurons of the ALH, nEp, and nVmH were tested for their responsiveness to electrical stimulation of the thalamic taste nucleus (nSA) and to intracarotid infusions of glucose and insulin. Following this, lesions were placed in some of the nuclei, and the responsiveness of the same neurons to glucose and insulin was re-evaluated. Additional experiments were performed to determine the influence of certain peripheral receptors on the 5 nuclear masses. Results indicated the following. (1) ALH-Ep neurons which are influenced by the nSA stimulation receive information about changes in plasma glucose from two sources: taste receptors and receptors located in the splanchnic area. The former are excited during the application of glucose to the tongue or with an increase in the plasma glucose concentration (intravascular taste); the latter, with a lowering of the plasma glucose level. (2) Destruction of the nSA leaves the ALH-Ep neurons unresponsive to glucose and insulin. (3) A negative feedback loop interrelates certain neurons of the ALH-Ep with the nVmH. (4) Interactions of the neurons of the 5 nuclear masses can account for the major events of the feeding cycle and for the specific hungers for some substances. Moreoever, the interactions can resolve several seemingly discordant experimental findings which have presented obstacles in previous attempts to link the control of nutrition with the availability of glucose to tissues.", "contents": "Interaction of neural systems which control nutritional balance. The functional relationships of 5 nuclear masses of the cat brain were analyzed under conditions of general anesthesia by a combination of neurophysiological methods. The nuclear masses are known as (1) the area lateralis hypothalami (ALH), (2) the nucleus entopeduncularis (nEp), (3) the nucleus semilunaris accessorius (nSA), (4) the nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami (nVmH), and (5) the posterolateral portion of the zona incerta (ZI). Neurons of the ALH, nEp, and nVmH were tested for their responsiveness to electrical stimulation of the thalamic taste nucleus (nSA) and to intracarotid infusions of glucose and insulin. Following this, lesions were placed in some of the nuclei, and the responsiveness of the same neurons to glucose and insulin was re-evaluated. Additional experiments were performed to determine the influence of certain peripheral receptors on the 5 nuclear masses. Results indicated the following. (1) ALH-Ep neurons which are influenced by the nSA stimulation receive information about changes in plasma glucose from two sources: taste receptors and receptors located in the splanchnic area. The former are excited during the application of glucose to the tongue or with an increase in the plasma glucose concentration (intravascular taste); the latter, with a lowering of the plasma glucose level. (2) Destruction of the nSA leaves the ALH-Ep neurons unresponsive to glucose and insulin. (3) A negative feedback loop interrelates certain neurons of the ALH-Ep with the nVmH. (4) Interactions of the neurons of the 5 nuclear masses can account for the major events of the feeding cycle and for the specific hungers for some substances. Moreoever, the interactions can resolve several seemingly discordant experimental findings which have presented obstacles in previous attempts to link the control of nutrition with the availability of glucose to tissues.", "PMID": 421128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10838", "title": "Innervation of hippocampal explants by central catecholaminergic neurons in co-cultured fetal mouse brain stem explants.", "content": "The ability of central catecholaminergic neurons to grow into and establish functional connections with the hippocampus in vitro was studied using organotypic tissue culture. Brain stem explanted from the region of the locus coeruleus and hippocampal explants, from 18-day fetal mice, were maintained as co-cultures and were also grown separately. After 1-4 weeks these tissues were analyzed by glyoxylic acid-induced histofluorescence, by light and electron microscopic radioautography after incubation with [3H]norepinephrine, and by electrophysiology. Brain stem explants exhibited specifically fluorescent catecholaminergic cell bodies and varicose fibers after 2-4 weeks in culture. In contrast, no fluorescent cells or neurites could be seen in isolated hippocampal cultures grown for 2-3 weeks in vitro. When hippocampal explants were grown near brain stem explants, catecholaminergic fibers grew out of the brain stem and entered the hippocampus. In additional experiments, co-cultures of brain stem and hippocampus were incubated with [3H]norepinephrine (0.5 micron) and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor nialamide (100 micron). Radioautographic analyses revealed that brain stem neurites which entered the hippocampus took up norepinephrine, whereas neurites in the isolated hippocampal explants did not. Electron microscopic studies of the hippocampus showed varicose axon terminals within the hippocampus to be preferentially labeled. Although close relationships could be seen between labeled axons and dendrites, junctions exhibiting the membranous modifications associated with synapses were never seen. Electrophysiological studies suggested that the catecholaminergic neurites within the hippocampus were functional. Complex synaptically mediated slow wave discharges could be evoked by electrical stimuli in isolated hippocampal explants. Introduction of the beta adrenergic antagonist propranolol (0.4-4.3 micron) did not alter, or slightly depressed, these hippocampal discharges. On the other hand, in hippocampus-brain stem co-cultures, these concentrations of propranolol enhanced the complex hippocampal responses to brain stem or hippocampal stimuli. Similar enhancement of hippocampal responses by propranolol also occurred in these cocultures after acute surgical extirpation of the brain stem explant. The data suggest, therefore, that the action of propranol was probably to block adrenergic inhibitory connections with hippocampal synaptic networks. These experiments provide morphological and electrophysiological evidence that catecholaminergic neurons from fetal mouse brain stem maintained in organotypic tissue culture can grow into and functionally innervate the hippocampus.", "contents": "Innervation of hippocampal explants by central catecholaminergic neurons in co-cultured fetal mouse brain stem explants. The ability of central catecholaminergic neurons to grow into and establish functional connections with the hippocampus in vitro was studied using organotypic tissue culture. Brain stem explanted from the region of the locus coeruleus and hippocampal explants, from 18-day fetal mice, were maintained as co-cultures and were also grown separately. After 1-4 weeks these tissues were analyzed by glyoxylic acid-induced histofluorescence, by light and electron microscopic radioautography after incubation with [3H]norepinephrine, and by electrophysiology. Brain stem explants exhibited specifically fluorescent catecholaminergic cell bodies and varicose fibers after 2-4 weeks in culture. In contrast, no fluorescent cells or neurites could be seen in isolated hippocampal cultures grown for 2-3 weeks in vitro. When hippocampal explants were grown near brain stem explants, catecholaminergic fibers grew out of the brain stem and entered the hippocampus. In additional experiments, co-cultures of brain stem and hippocampus were incubated with [3H]norepinephrine (0.5 micron) and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor nialamide (100 micron). Radioautographic analyses revealed that brain stem neurites which entered the hippocampus took up norepinephrine, whereas neurites in the isolated hippocampal explants did not. Electron microscopic studies of the hippocampus showed varicose axon terminals within the hippocampus to be preferentially labeled. Although close relationships could be seen between labeled axons and dendrites, junctions exhibiting the membranous modifications associated with synapses were never seen. Electrophysiological studies suggested that the catecholaminergic neurites within the hippocampus were functional. Complex synaptically mediated slow wave discharges could be evoked by electrical stimuli in isolated hippocampal explants. Introduction of the beta adrenergic antagonist propranolol (0.4-4.3 micron) did not alter, or slightly depressed, these hippocampal discharges. On the other hand, in hippocampus-brain stem co-cultures, these concentrations of propranolol enhanced the complex hippocampal responses to brain stem or hippocampal stimuli. Similar enhancement of hippocampal responses by propranolol also occurred in these cocultures after acute surgical extirpation of the brain stem explant. The data suggest, therefore, that the action of propranol was probably to block adrenergic inhibitory connections with hippocampal synaptic networks. These experiments provide morphological and electrophysiological evidence that catecholaminergic neurons from fetal mouse brain stem maintained in organotypic tissue culture can grow into and functionally innervate the hippocampus.", "PMID": 421129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10839", "title": "The lipid and protein content of cholinergic synaptic vesicles from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata purified to constant composition: implications for vesicle structure.", "content": "The lipid, protein, acetylcholine and ATP content of cholinergic synaptic vesicles isolated from the richly innervated electric organ of Torpedo marmorata and purified to constant composition has been determined. The number of vesicles present in the preparations has been estimated by quantitative electron microscopy and the mean composition of the vesicle deduced. The acetylcholine content of the purest preparations was considerably greater than that previously attained and reached a mean of 6.10 mmole/g of protein and 2.6 X 10(5) molecules/vesicle; the mean values, for all determinations, were 4.1 +/- S.E.M. 0.6 and 2.6 X 10(5) +/- S.E.M. 0.6 X 10(5) respectively. The lipid and protein content of the vesicle (about 140 and 80 ag/vesicle respectively) is relatively low, indicating a thin, lipid-rich membrane and a highly hydrated core of which not more than 1-2% can be occupied by protein. These findings are consistent with conclusions drawn from recent density determinations made at different osmotic pressures using penetrating and non-penetrating gradients.", "contents": "The lipid and protein content of cholinergic synaptic vesicles from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata purified to constant composition: implications for vesicle structure. The lipid, protein, acetylcholine and ATP content of cholinergic synaptic vesicles isolated from the richly innervated electric organ of Torpedo marmorata and purified to constant composition has been determined. The number of vesicles present in the preparations has been estimated by quantitative electron microscopy and the mean composition of the vesicle deduced. The acetylcholine content of the purest preparations was considerably greater than that previously attained and reached a mean of 6.10 mmole/g of protein and 2.6 X 10(5) molecules/vesicle; the mean values, for all determinations, were 4.1 +/- S.E.M. 0.6 and 2.6 X 10(5) +/- S.E.M. 0.6 X 10(5) respectively. The lipid and protein content of the vesicle (about 140 and 80 ag/vesicle respectively) is relatively low, indicating a thin, lipid-rich membrane and a highly hydrated core of which not more than 1-2% can be occupied by protein. These findings are consistent with conclusions drawn from recent density determinations made at different osmotic pressures using penetrating and non-penetrating gradients.", "PMID": 421130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10840", "title": "Changes in hormone activity of single neurosecretory cell bodies during a physiological secretion cycle.", "content": "Single neurosecretory cell bodies were dissected from the ventral ganglionic mass of Rhodnius prolixus, lysed in distilled water, and bioassayed for diuretic hormone (DH) activity on isolated malpighian tubules. DH was found in a least 10 somata within the ganglion; electron micrographs of isolated cells show a large population of elementary neurosecretory granules. Quantitative measures of hormone activity were made by bioassaying somata from unfed 5th instar larvae, and at the following times after feeding; 1 h, 4 h (near the end of DH-mediated diuresis), 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 17 days and 21 days (just after the moult to adult). DH activity in cell bodies drops significantly within 1 h after feeding, and remains low long after hormone secretion ceases. Restocking of the soma with active hormone occurs during the period 10-21 days after feeding.", "contents": "Changes in hormone activity of single neurosecretory cell bodies during a physiological secretion cycle. Single neurosecretory cell bodies were dissected from the ventral ganglionic mass of Rhodnius prolixus, lysed in distilled water, and bioassayed for diuretic hormone (DH) activity on isolated malpighian tubules. DH was found in a least 10 somata within the ganglion; electron micrographs of isolated cells show a large population of elementary neurosecretory granules. Quantitative measures of hormone activity were made by bioassaying somata from unfed 5th instar larvae, and at the following times after feeding; 1 h, 4 h (near the end of DH-mediated diuresis), 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 17 days and 21 days (just after the moult to adult). DH activity in cell bodies drops significantly within 1 h after feeding, and remains low long after hormone secretion ceases. Restocking of the soma with active hormone occurs during the period 10-21 days after feeding.", "PMID": 421131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10841", "title": "Sequential effects of thyroxine on the developing cerebellum of rats made hypothyroid by propylthiouracil.", "content": "Young rats made hypothyroid by propylthiouracil (PTU) received a daily physiological dose of thyroxine (T4) from day 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12 or 13 and their cerebella were studied on day 14. With the very low doses of T4 used and when the treatment was started at birth, cerebellar development was nearly normal in terms of the parameters studied (cell formation, migration, maturation and death). The effect of T4 on cell formation appeared after two days. With the same latency, T4 induced migration of the newly-formed granule cells. The effects on those processes requiring cell movements over long distances, e.g. the number of cells in the internal granular layer or the thickness of the molecular layer, were longer to appear. The most rapidly affected parameter was the pyknotic index in the internal granular layer. This index was half. The increased cell death in the cerebellum of hypothyroid rats is probably related to the decreased synaptogenetic competence of Purkinje cells. The rapidity of the effect of T4 on the pyknotic index may be related to an important effect of this hormone on the formation of synapses and, more generally, on the mechanisms of neuronal maturation.", "contents": "Sequential effects of thyroxine on the developing cerebellum of rats made hypothyroid by propylthiouracil. Young rats made hypothyroid by propylthiouracil (PTU) received a daily physiological dose of thyroxine (T4) from day 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12 or 13 and their cerebella were studied on day 14. With the very low doses of T4 used and when the treatment was started at birth, cerebellar development was nearly normal in terms of the parameters studied (cell formation, migration, maturation and death). The effect of T4 on cell formation appeared after two days. With the same latency, T4 induced migration of the newly-formed granule cells. The effects on those processes requiring cell movements over long distances, e.g. the number of cells in the internal granular layer or the thickness of the molecular layer, were longer to appear. The most rapidly affected parameter was the pyknotic index in the internal granular layer. This index was half. The increased cell death in the cerebellum of hypothyroid rats is probably related to the decreased synaptogenetic competence of Purkinje cells. The rapidity of the effect of T4 on the pyknotic index may be related to an important effect of this hormone on the formation of synapses and, more generally, on the mechanisms of neuronal maturation.", "PMID": 421132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10842", "title": "Protein synthesis in rat brain in hypoxia, anoxia and hypoglycemia.", "content": "The effect of cerebral hypoxia on protein synthesis was investigated by exposing rats to 5% O2, and examining polypeptide synthesis and size distribution profiles of ribosomes. The findings were compared with the results from cerebral anoxia (decapitation) and hypoglycemia. In cerebral hypoxia there was suppression of polypeptide synthesis, though to a lesser extent than in cerebral anoxia, while no effect was detected in hypoglycemia. Among 4 different ribosomal fractions used for polypeptide synthesis, the microsome was the most sensitive for hypoxia and anoxia, and the polyribosome after short centrifugation was the least sensitive. The size distribution profiles of 3 different ribosomes revealed an increase in the size of the monomere-dimer complex and a decrease of the polysome peak both in cerebral hypoxia and anoxia. Comparison of the energy state and the extent of lactic acidosis in cerebral hypoxia, anoxia and hypoglycemia available in the literature and the functional and structural state of polyribosomes in the present investigation suggests that intracellular acidosis may be the main cause of the suppression of polypeptide synthesis and disaggregation of polyribosomes in hypoxia, and the depletion of energy reserve may be the main cause in anoxia-ischemia.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in rat brain in hypoxia, anoxia and hypoglycemia. The effect of cerebral hypoxia on protein synthesis was investigated by exposing rats to 5% O2, and examining polypeptide synthesis and size distribution profiles of ribosomes. The findings were compared with the results from cerebral anoxia (decapitation) and hypoglycemia. In cerebral hypoxia there was suppression of polypeptide synthesis, though to a lesser extent than in cerebral anoxia, while no effect was detected in hypoglycemia. Among 4 different ribosomal fractions used for polypeptide synthesis, the microsome was the most sensitive for hypoxia and anoxia, and the polyribosome after short centrifugation was the least sensitive. The size distribution profiles of 3 different ribosomes revealed an increase in the size of the monomere-dimer complex and a decrease of the polysome peak both in cerebral hypoxia and anoxia. Comparison of the energy state and the extent of lactic acidosis in cerebral hypoxia, anoxia and hypoglycemia available in the literature and the functional and structural state of polyribosomes in the present investigation suggests that intracellular acidosis may be the main cause of the suppression of polypeptide synthesis and disaggregation of polyribosomes in hypoxia, and the depletion of energy reserve may be the main cause in anoxia-ischemia.", "PMID": 421133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10843", "title": "Preparation of viable astrocytes from the developing cerebellum.", "content": "A cell fraction enriched in viable astrocytes has been prepared from the developing rat cerebellum. The isolated astrocytes were identified by indirect immunofluorescence using antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In comparison with the low incidence (6%) of GFAP-positive cells in the unfractionated cell suspension from trypsinized cerebellar tissue, these accounted for half of the cells in the final preparation. This was achieved by treatment at 6 days of age with hydroxyurea (an inhibitor of DNA synthesis) which enriched the tissue in GFAP-positive astrocytes at day 8. At the same time, by selectively removing the heterogeneously sized replicating cells, hydroxyurea treatment allowed resolution of a fraction enriched in GFAP-positive cells using unit gravity sedimentation. The isolated astrocytes differentiated in culture producing, by 3 days in vitro, a dense network of fine GFAP-containing processes.", "contents": "Preparation of viable astrocytes from the developing cerebellum. A cell fraction enriched in viable astrocytes has been prepared from the developing rat cerebellum. The isolated astrocytes were identified by indirect immunofluorescence using antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In comparison with the low incidence (6%) of GFAP-positive cells in the unfractionated cell suspension from trypsinized cerebellar tissue, these accounted for half of the cells in the final preparation. This was achieved by treatment at 6 days of age with hydroxyurea (an inhibitor of DNA synthesis) which enriched the tissue in GFAP-positive astrocytes at day 8. At the same time, by selectively removing the heterogeneously sized replicating cells, hydroxyurea treatment allowed resolution of a fraction enriched in GFAP-positive cells using unit gravity sedimentation. The isolated astrocytes differentiated in culture producing, by 3 days in vitro, a dense network of fine GFAP-containing processes.", "PMID": 421134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10844", "title": "Projection from the vestibular nuclei to the inferior olive in the cat: an autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase study.", "content": "Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the inferior olive of 13 cats resulted in the labeling of neurons in the medial (MVN) and descending vestibular nuclei (DVN) as well as in subgroups g, p.h., s.v., x and z. The contribution of groups p.h. and z. could not be definitively established. Injections of triated leucine in the vestibular nuclei and adjacent reticular formation in 4 cats indicated that the previously identified vestibular nuclei and subgroups project bilaterally to the dorsomedial cell column and ipsilaterally to subnucleus beta of the inferior olive. In view of the known topography of olivocerebellar projections, the present results suggest that climbing fiber-mediated vestibular information may influence the uvula and the fastigial nucleus.", "contents": "Projection from the vestibular nuclei to the inferior olive in the cat: an autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase study. Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the inferior olive of 13 cats resulted in the labeling of neurons in the medial (MVN) and descending vestibular nuclei (DVN) as well as in subgroups g, p.h., s.v., x and z. The contribution of groups p.h. and z. could not be definitively established. Injections of triated leucine in the vestibular nuclei and adjacent reticular formation in 4 cats indicated that the previously identified vestibular nuclei and subgroups project bilaterally to the dorsomedial cell column and ipsilaterally to subnucleus beta of the inferior olive. In view of the known topography of olivocerebellar projections, the present results suggest that climbing fiber-mediated vestibular information may influence the uvula and the fastigial nucleus.", "PMID": 421137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10845", "title": "Responses in sympathetic nerves of the dog evoked by stimulation of somatic nerves.", "content": "Responses in thoracic and renal sympathetic nerves evoked by electrical stimulation of cutaneous and muscle nerves in anaesthetized mongrel dogs were observed. Supramaximal stimulation of cutaneous nerves evoked two responses in both thoracic and renal nerves with latencies in the ranges 58--184 msec and 349--733 msec which are referred to as the early and late responses. It was shown that the early and late responses were evoked by group III and group IV afferent fibres respectively. Stimulation of muscle nerves of the forelimb and the hypoglossal nerve evoked smaller early responses which were considered to be due to activation of group III fibres and which had latencies in the range 92--157 msec. Supramaximal stimulation of muscle nerves in the hind limb failed to evoke any responses in approximately two-thirds of preparations and in the remainder only low level inconsistent early responses were observed. No matter how intense the stimuli applied to muscle nerves there were never any responses which could be related to the activation of group IV fibres.", "contents": "Responses in sympathetic nerves of the dog evoked by stimulation of somatic nerves. Responses in thoracic and renal sympathetic nerves evoked by electrical stimulation of cutaneous and muscle nerves in anaesthetized mongrel dogs were observed. Supramaximal stimulation of cutaneous nerves evoked two responses in both thoracic and renal nerves with latencies in the ranges 58--184 msec and 349--733 msec which are referred to as the early and late responses. It was shown that the early and late responses were evoked by group III and group IV afferent fibres respectively. Stimulation of muscle nerves of the forelimb and the hypoglossal nerve evoked smaller early responses which were considered to be due to activation of group III fibres and which had latencies in the range 92--157 msec. Supramaximal stimulation of muscle nerves in the hind limb failed to evoke any responses in approximately two-thirds of preparations and in the remainder only low level inconsistent early responses were observed. No matter how intense the stimuli applied to muscle nerves there were never any responses which could be related to the activation of group IV fibres.", "PMID": 421138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10846", "title": "Altered neuroanatomical organization in the central nervous system of the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse.", "content": "Genetically obese (C57BL/6J ob/ob) mice have significantly reduced brain weights (-14.6%) and cortical brain volumes (-7.9%) compared to lean control mice (C57BL/6J +/+). Morphometric analyses of soma cross-sectional areas of individual neurons in select brain region also reveals significant alterations in the ob/ob mouse. Neurons from 8 out of 9 brain regions, including the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, show significantly decreased soma cross-sectional areas in ob/ob mice compared to controls. Only lateral hypothalamic area neurons have equivalent soma cross-sectional areas for these two mouse strains. The decreased brain weight and volume coupled with the observed morphometric changes in individual neuronal soma size suggest that the ob/ob mouse brain differs considerably from that of controls. These differences may underlie some of the endocrine abnormalities seen in this genetic obesity syndrome.", "contents": "Altered neuroanatomical organization in the central nervous system of the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse. Genetically obese (C57BL/6J ob/ob) mice have significantly reduced brain weights (-14.6%) and cortical brain volumes (-7.9%) compared to lean control mice (C57BL/6J +/+). Morphometric analyses of soma cross-sectional areas of individual neurons in select brain region also reveals significant alterations in the ob/ob mouse. Neurons from 8 out of 9 brain regions, including the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, show significantly decreased soma cross-sectional areas in ob/ob mice compared to controls. Only lateral hypothalamic area neurons have equivalent soma cross-sectional areas for these two mouse strains. The decreased brain weight and volume coupled with the observed morphometric changes in individual neuronal soma size suggest that the ob/ob mouse brain differs considerably from that of controls. These differences may underlie some of the endocrine abnormalities seen in this genetic obesity syndrome.", "PMID": 421139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10847", "title": "Bidirectional movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid in cerebral cortex slices incubated in small volumes of medium.", "content": "Rat cerebral cortex slices were incubated in small volumes of medium in order to study the bidirectional movements of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) between tissue and medium, and to measure the extent of release of endogenous amino acids of interest as potential neurotransmitters. The apparent uptake, real uptake, and net change of GABA were calculated from the changes in [14C]GABA and endogenous GABA in the medium. The extent of release of endogenous amino acids was dependent upon the amino acid the duration of incubation, and the volume of incubating medium. Substantial amounts of endogenous amino acids may accumulate in the medium under conditions commonly employed in amino acid uptake studies. The accumulation of endogenous GABA may affect the calculation of GABA uptake when this is based on the initial specific activity of exogenous [14C]GABA. The difference between apparent uptake and real uptake was particularly prominent in the presence of the depolarizing agents, potassium or veratridine, which caused a marked increase in GABA release. Exchange or net release of GABA was found when slices were incubated briefly in media containing 1.3 micrometer or 12.5 micrometer exogenous GABA; net uptake accounted for 50% of observed uptake when slices were incubated in media containing 25 micrometer GABA.", "contents": "Bidirectional movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid in cerebral cortex slices incubated in small volumes of medium. Rat cerebral cortex slices were incubated in small volumes of medium in order to study the bidirectional movements of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) between tissue and medium, and to measure the extent of release of endogenous amino acids of interest as potential neurotransmitters. The apparent uptake, real uptake, and net change of GABA were calculated from the changes in [14C]GABA and endogenous GABA in the medium. The extent of release of endogenous amino acids was dependent upon the amino acid the duration of incubation, and the volume of incubating medium. Substantial amounts of endogenous amino acids may accumulate in the medium under conditions commonly employed in amino acid uptake studies. The accumulation of endogenous GABA may affect the calculation of GABA uptake when this is based on the initial specific activity of exogenous [14C]GABA. The difference between apparent uptake and real uptake was particularly prominent in the presence of the depolarizing agents, potassium or veratridine, which caused a marked increase in GABA release. Exchange or net release of GABA was found when slices were incubated briefly in media containing 1.3 micrometer or 12.5 micrometer exogenous GABA; net uptake accounted for 50% of observed uptake when slices were incubated in media containing 25 micrometer GABA.", "PMID": 421140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10848", "title": "Pharmacological study of a cholinergic mechanism within the rat posterior hypothalamic nucleus which mediates a hypertensive response.", "content": "In unanesthetized freely moving rats, microinjection of a variety of cholinergic agonists into the posterior hypothalamic nucleus (PHN) consistently produced an elevation in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Experiments were undertaken to pharmacologically characterize this cholinergic mechanism. Microinjection of carbachol (0.1--100 nmol) into the PHN elicited reproducible and dose-related increase in MAP (17--47 mm Hg) and variable changes in heart rate. Similar responses, although longer in onset and duration, were produced by microinjection of the cholinesterase inhibitors, neostigmine, physostigmine and echothiophate. The pressor responses produced by neostigmine and physostigmine, but not by carbachol, were shown to be dependent upon intact stores of acetylcholine in the PHN. Blockade of postsynaptic muscarinic receptors by prior microinjection of atropine abolished the rise in MAP to subsequent injection of cholinergic agonists; however, similar pretreatment with the antinicotinic agent, mecamylamine, was without effect. The peripheral mechanism through which a rise in MAP was produced by cholinergic stimulation of PHN was the sympathetic nervous system since i.v. injection of an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine, attenuated the pressor response to intrahypothalamic injection of carbachol or neostigmine. Adrenal catecholamine release or vasopressin release were not important mechanisms in this regard. From this study we conclude that within the rat PHN there exists a muscarinic, cholinergic mechanism which, upon activation, mediates a rise in MAP through an increase in sympathetic tone.", "contents": "Pharmacological study of a cholinergic mechanism within the rat posterior hypothalamic nucleus which mediates a hypertensive response. In unanesthetized freely moving rats, microinjection of a variety of cholinergic agonists into the posterior hypothalamic nucleus (PHN) consistently produced an elevation in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Experiments were undertaken to pharmacologically characterize this cholinergic mechanism. Microinjection of carbachol (0.1--100 nmol) into the PHN elicited reproducible and dose-related increase in MAP (17--47 mm Hg) and variable changes in heart rate. Similar responses, although longer in onset and duration, were produced by microinjection of the cholinesterase inhibitors, neostigmine, physostigmine and echothiophate. The pressor responses produced by neostigmine and physostigmine, but not by carbachol, were shown to be dependent upon intact stores of acetylcholine in the PHN. Blockade of postsynaptic muscarinic receptors by prior microinjection of atropine abolished the rise in MAP to subsequent injection of cholinergic agonists; however, similar pretreatment with the antinicotinic agent, mecamylamine, was without effect. The peripheral mechanism through which a rise in MAP was produced by cholinergic stimulation of PHN was the sympathetic nervous system since i.v. injection of an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine, attenuated the pressor response to intrahypothalamic injection of carbachol or neostigmine. Adrenal catecholamine release or vasopressin release were not important mechanisms in this regard. From this study we conclude that within the rat PHN there exists a muscarinic, cholinergic mechanism which, upon activation, mediates a rise in MAP through an increase in sympathetic tone.", "PMID": 421141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10849", "title": "The efferent connections of the nucleus raphe centralis superior in the rat as revealed by radioautography.", "content": "By chronically implanting a glass micropipette filled with tritiated leucine in the raphe centralis superior of the rat, the projection of this nucleus was traced by radioautography. The majority of the ascending projections were located within the ventral tegmental area and, further rostrally, the median forebrain bundle. Along the course of this bundle numerous fibers branched successively into the mammillary peduncle, the fasciculus retroflexus, the stria medullaris, the fornix and the cingulum. The most significant projections included the ones to the interpeduncular nucleus, the mammillary bodies, the habenular nuclei and the hippocampus. No projections were detected in the striatum, the cortex piriformis or the amygdala. Descending projections diffused to the pontine reticular formation and central gray through the medial and the dorsal longitudinal bundles. In addition widespread projections were also seen in nuclei located near the raphe centralis superior: raphe nuclei, dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei.", "contents": "The efferent connections of the nucleus raphe centralis superior in the rat as revealed by radioautography. By chronically implanting a glass micropipette filled with tritiated leucine in the raphe centralis superior of the rat, the projection of this nucleus was traced by radioautography. The majority of the ascending projections were located within the ventral tegmental area and, further rostrally, the median forebrain bundle. Along the course of this bundle numerous fibers branched successively into the mammillary peduncle, the fasciculus retroflexus, the stria medullaris, the fornix and the cingulum. The most significant projections included the ones to the interpeduncular nucleus, the mammillary bodies, the habenular nuclei and the hippocampus. No projections were detected in the striatum, the cortex piriformis or the amygdala. Descending projections diffused to the pontine reticular formation and central gray through the medial and the dorsal longitudinal bundles. In addition widespread projections were also seen in nuclei located near the raphe centralis superior: raphe nuclei, dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei.", "PMID": 421148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10850", "title": "Cerebellar nuclear lesions in rats: subsequent avoidance behavior and ascending anatomical connections.", "content": "Bilateral lesions of the rat cerebellar dentate and lateral interposed nuclei produced transient deficits in movement and posture, and facilitated acquisition of two-way active avoidance. Bilateral lesions of the fastigial and medial interposed nuclei of the rat cerebellum also produced transient deficits in movement and posture, but impaired acquisition of the avoidance task. Analysis of degeneration patterns after unilateral lesions to either the lateral or medial nuclear region indicated that the lateral area has a denser rostral projection than the medial area, while the medial nuclear region has a heavier caudal projection. It is suggested that these differences in anatomic connections may be related to the observed differences in lesion effect on two-way active avoidance.", "contents": "Cerebellar nuclear lesions in rats: subsequent avoidance behavior and ascending anatomical connections. Bilateral lesions of the rat cerebellar dentate and lateral interposed nuclei produced transient deficits in movement and posture, and facilitated acquisition of two-way active avoidance. Bilateral lesions of the fastigial and medial interposed nuclei of the rat cerebellum also produced transient deficits in movement and posture, but impaired acquisition of the avoidance task. Analysis of degeneration patterns after unilateral lesions to either the lateral or medial nuclear region indicated that the lateral area has a denser rostral projection than the medial area, while the medial nuclear region has a heavier caudal projection. It is suggested that these differences in anatomic connections may be related to the observed differences in lesion effect on two-way active avoidance.", "PMID": 421154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10851", "title": "Recovery of tectal nicotinic-cholinergic receptor sites during optic nerve degeneration in goldfish.", "content": "The concentration of cholinergic nicotinic-like sites as measured by alphabungarotoxin (alphaBuTX) binding, decreased in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) optic tectum after optic nerve disconnection. Initially, the rate of loss of sites is greater than the rate of tissue or protein degradation in experiments where disconnection was achieved either by unilateral optic nerve crush or by enucleation of one eye. When the crushed optic nerve is allowed to regenerate and form behaviorally potent connections, the number and concentration of these sites appears restored. Pharmacological studies indicate that the alphaButTX binding site in the goldfish optic tectum has a drug binding profile similar to that seen at central or peripheral alphaBuTX sites in other species.", "contents": "Recovery of tectal nicotinic-cholinergic receptor sites during optic nerve degeneration in goldfish. The concentration of cholinergic nicotinic-like sites as measured by alphabungarotoxin (alphaBuTX) binding, decreased in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) optic tectum after optic nerve disconnection. Initially, the rate of loss of sites is greater than the rate of tissue or protein degradation in experiments where disconnection was achieved either by unilateral optic nerve crush or by enucleation of one eye. When the crushed optic nerve is allowed to regenerate and form behaviorally potent connections, the number and concentration of these sites appears restored. Pharmacological studies indicate that the alphaButTX binding site in the goldfish optic tectum has a drug binding profile similar to that seen at central or peripheral alphaBuTX sites in other species.", "PMID": 421155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10852", "title": "Pulvinar and lateral geniculate neuronal activity in the cat during operantly conditioned appetitive behavior.", "content": "Cats were trained to press a lever for 0.5--1.0 ml of milk reward both in the presence and absence of ambient light. 'Floating' microelectrodes were implanted in the pulvinar and lateral geniculate nuclei to allow chronic recording from single or multiple neurons over a period of 1--16 days. Thirty-one of 36 pulvinar neurons (86%) showed a consistent periodicity in the firing rate that was clearly related to certain phases of operant behavior. In the presence of ambient light, the firing rate was maximal shortly prior to or immediately after a rewarded bar press, particularly during the animal's initial contact with reward (the first lap). This burst of activity was followed by an abrupt and strong inhibition of firing which was, in most instances, associated with high voltage slow wave (6--9 c/sec) postreinforcement synchronization (PRS) of the electroencephalogram over the visual and association cortices as well as in the pulvinar. Postreinforcement inhibition of neuronal activity was also observed in the lateral geniculate. Neuronal firing in both nuclei dropped significantly below the respective mean rate observed for each nucleus during relaxed wakefulness. In the dark, however, the reward-induced inhibition was abolished in both nuclei. Moreover, some pulvinar neurons in the dark showed a conspicuous and significant increase in firing during the consummatory response (dark reversal pattern). These findings suggest that a transient but powerful inhibitory process triggered by positive reinforcement depends on visual input. Firing patterns of some pulvinar neurons were noted to be entrained not only by the rhythm of PRS oscillations (inhibitory phasing and postinhibitory discharges) but also by the much slower 3--4 c/sec rhythm of lapping and licking. Furthermore, the patterns of entrainment by initial lapping appear to be different from those observed during the later phase of the consummatory response, thus indicating that the pulvinar may receive information regarding the content of the delivery cup. No entrainment of neuronal activity was observed in the lateral geniculate. These findings reveal remarkable plasticity in the pulvinar neurons that is consistent with their role in polysensory integration.", "contents": "Pulvinar and lateral geniculate neuronal activity in the cat during operantly conditioned appetitive behavior. Cats were trained to press a lever for 0.5--1.0 ml of milk reward both in the presence and absence of ambient light. 'Floating' microelectrodes were implanted in the pulvinar and lateral geniculate nuclei to allow chronic recording from single or multiple neurons over a period of 1--16 days. Thirty-one of 36 pulvinar neurons (86%) showed a consistent periodicity in the firing rate that was clearly related to certain phases of operant behavior. In the presence of ambient light, the firing rate was maximal shortly prior to or immediately after a rewarded bar press, particularly during the animal's initial contact with reward (the first lap). This burst of activity was followed by an abrupt and strong inhibition of firing which was, in most instances, associated with high voltage slow wave (6--9 c/sec) postreinforcement synchronization (PRS) of the electroencephalogram over the visual and association cortices as well as in the pulvinar. Postreinforcement inhibition of neuronal activity was also observed in the lateral geniculate. Neuronal firing in both nuclei dropped significantly below the respective mean rate observed for each nucleus during relaxed wakefulness. In the dark, however, the reward-induced inhibition was abolished in both nuclei. Moreover, some pulvinar neurons in the dark showed a conspicuous and significant increase in firing during the consummatory response (dark reversal pattern). These findings suggest that a transient but powerful inhibitory process triggered by positive reinforcement depends on visual input. Firing patterns of some pulvinar neurons were noted to be entrained not only by the rhythm of PRS oscillations (inhibitory phasing and postinhibitory discharges) but also by the much slower 3--4 c/sec rhythm of lapping and licking. Furthermore, the patterns of entrainment by initial lapping appear to be different from those observed during the later phase of the consummatory response, thus indicating that the pulvinar may receive information regarding the content of the delivery cup. No entrainment of neuronal activity was observed in the lateral geniculate. These findings reveal remarkable plasticity in the pulvinar neurons that is consistent with their role in polysensory integration.", "PMID": 421156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10853", "title": "Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis associated with retinitis pigmentosa: a family study.", "content": "To determine the hereditary, clinical histopathological aspects of the association between Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis (FHC) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the family of a patient with FHC and bilateral RP was studied genealogically, ophthalmologically and immunogenetically. The oldest brother and the youngest sister of the proband had bilateral RP and glaucoma which in the brother lead to enucleation of an eye which was studied histologically. The proband, his brother with RP, and 2 of their healthy siblings were homozygous for the haplotype A3, B7, w6. The parents of the siblings were healthy, and the pedigree showed much parental consanguinity and indicated autosomal recessive inheritance of RP.", "contents": "Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis associated with retinitis pigmentosa: a family study. To determine the hereditary, clinical histopathological aspects of the association between Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis (FHC) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the family of a patient with FHC and bilateral RP was studied genealogically, ophthalmologically and immunogenetically. The oldest brother and the youngest sister of the proband had bilateral RP and glaucoma which in the brother lead to enucleation of an eye which was studied histologically. The proband, his brother with RP, and 2 of their healthy siblings were homozygous for the haplotype A3, B7, w6. The parents of the siblings were healthy, and the pedigree showed much parental consanguinity and indicated autosomal recessive inheritance of RP.", "PMID": 421158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10854", "title": "Lacrimal sac calculi.", "content": "Analysis of dacryoliths removed at operation showed that most consisted of calcium. One consisted of ammonium and could be directly related to the presence of bacteria. Tear samples obtained from 14 patients with dacryoliths were compared with seven normal patients with regard to calcium, phosphorus, and uric acid concentrations, tear to serum calcium ratios, and calcium-phosphate products. There was no significant difference between the two groups and thus no evidence that dacryoliths from because of abnormal tear electrolytes. We believe that dacryolith formation results from chronic obstruction and inflammation of the sac causing a build up of various electrolytes, particularly calcium. The preoperative dacryocystograms showed either a filling defect or apparent displacement of the lacrimal sac.", "contents": "Lacrimal sac calculi. Analysis of dacryoliths removed at operation showed that most consisted of calcium. One consisted of ammonium and could be directly related to the presence of bacteria. Tear samples obtained from 14 patients with dacryoliths were compared with seven normal patients with regard to calcium, phosphorus, and uric acid concentrations, tear to serum calcium ratios, and calcium-phosphate products. There was no significant difference between the two groups and thus no evidence that dacryoliths from because of abnormal tear electrolytes. We believe that dacryolith formation results from chronic obstruction and inflammation of the sac causing a build up of various electrolytes, particularly calcium. The preoperative dacryocystograms showed either a filling defect or apparent displacement of the lacrimal sac.", "PMID": 421159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10855", "title": "Rat retinal blood vessels.", "content": "The largest arteries in the rat retina are the arterioles in the nerve fiber layer adjacent to the optic papilla. They are 50 to 100 micrometer in diameter, have an incomplete internal elastic lamina and usually a single layer of smooth muscle. Smaller arterioles of 10 to 50 micrometer have no internal elastic lamina and the media is formed by one or two layers of slender smooth muscle cells. In these vessels, myoendothelial junctions and close contact areas between smooth muscle cells are numerous. Capillaries are present in all layers of the rat retina and from plexuses in the nerve fiber, outer plexiform and exterior part of the inner plexiform layers. In nearly all capillaries, pericytes and their processes from a single layer external to the endothelium with numerous contact points or zones between endothelium and pericytes without any intervening basal laminar material. Areas of close contact between adjacent pericyte processes are frequent. The possible functions of myoendothelial junctions and pericyte-endothelial contacts in relation to vessel tone, mechanical stabilization and metabolic exchange are discussed.", "contents": "Rat retinal blood vessels. The largest arteries in the rat retina are the arterioles in the nerve fiber layer adjacent to the optic papilla. They are 50 to 100 micrometer in diameter, have an incomplete internal elastic lamina and usually a single layer of smooth muscle. Smaller arterioles of 10 to 50 micrometer have no internal elastic lamina and the media is formed by one or two layers of slender smooth muscle cells. In these vessels, myoendothelial junctions and close contact areas between smooth muscle cells are numerous. Capillaries are present in all layers of the rat retina and from plexuses in the nerve fiber, outer plexiform and exterior part of the inner plexiform layers. In nearly all capillaries, pericytes and their processes from a single layer external to the endothelium with numerous contact points or zones between endothelium and pericytes without any intervening basal laminar material. Areas of close contact between adjacent pericyte processes are frequent. The possible functions of myoendothelial junctions and pericyte-endothelial contacts in relation to vessel tone, mechanical stabilization and metabolic exchange are discussed.", "PMID": 421160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10856", "title": "Congenital miosis.", "content": "The inheritance of congenital miosis in 2 pedigrees is described. The inheritance was autosomal dominant in one and autosomal recessive in the other. The pupils were 0.5-2.5 mm diameter, reacted normally to light and accommodation but dilated poorly with mydriatics. In both pedigrees, the affected members had enlarged corneas. The five members in the autosomal dominant family were myopic and had translucent peripheral irides. Iridodonesis was presented in both members of the autosomal recessive pedigree. The embryology and innervation of the iris muscles together with the ocular abnormalities and syndromes associated with congenital miosis are reviewed.", "contents": "Congenital miosis. The inheritance of congenital miosis in 2 pedigrees is described. The inheritance was autosomal dominant in one and autosomal recessive in the other. The pupils were 0.5-2.5 mm diameter, reacted normally to light and accommodation but dilated poorly with mydriatics. In both pedigrees, the affected members had enlarged corneas. The five members in the autosomal dominant family were myopic and had translucent peripheral irides. Iridodonesis was presented in both members of the autosomal recessive pedigree. The embryology and innervation of the iris muscles together with the ocular abnormalities and syndromes associated with congenital miosis are reviewed.", "PMID": 421161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10857", "title": "Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome.", "content": "A 16 year old girl presenting the visual disturbances was found to have a right retinal arteriovenous communication. The provisional diagnosis of Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome was confirmed by angiographic demonstration of ipsilateral orbital and intracranital arteriovenous malformations.", "contents": "Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome. A 16 year old girl presenting the visual disturbances was found to have a right retinal arteriovenous communication. The provisional diagnosis of Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome was confirmed by angiographic demonstration of ipsilateral orbital and intracranital arteriovenous malformations.", "PMID": 421162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10858", "title": "A spectacle device to treat facial nerve paralysis.", "content": "We describe a new method to prevent ocular complications in facial nerve palsy. A device mounted on a spectacle frame senses the blink of the normal eye and closes the lids of the paretic eye by levers which rest on the upper and lower lids. It provides a physiologic replacement of function and prevents corneal exposure.", "contents": "A spectacle device to treat facial nerve paralysis. We describe a new method to prevent ocular complications in facial nerve palsy. A device mounted on a spectacle frame senses the blink of the normal eye and closes the lids of the paretic eye by levers which rest on the upper and lower lids. It provides a physiologic replacement of function and prevents corneal exposure.", "PMID": 421163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10859", "title": "The Panisset-Pop syndrome.", "content": "The authors describe a syndrome occurring in people learning fundus photography. This entity comprises the following: decrease of vision due to accomodative spasm, signs of anxiety and the finding of an improperly set ocular on the instrument used by the trainee.", "contents": "The Panisset-Pop syndrome. The authors describe a syndrome occurring in people learning fundus photography. This entity comprises the following: decrease of vision due to accomodative spasm, signs of anxiety and the finding of an improperly set ocular on the instrument used by the trainee.", "PMID": 421164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10860", "title": "Antihormone treatment of stage IV breast cancer.", "content": "The antiestrogen Tamoxifen (T), given orally to 113 patients with stage IV breast cancer, induced objective remission in 50%. Duration of remission in the first 39 patients, with minimum 27 months follow up, is 18 + months; these results are equal to those of surgical hypophysectomy. T prolonged survival in responders. Older age, previous response to endocrine therapy and positive estrogen receptors predicted response to T. T was effective in hypophysectomized patients in whom serum growth hormone and prolactin were undetectable, but serum ostrogens were present in low amount, suggesting a direct stimulatory effect of estrogens at the tumor level. Hypophysectomy induced further palliation after treatment with T, indicating that pituitary hormones may also play a role in the growth of some human breast cancers. Side effects from T were minimal. T is the initial treatment of choice for postmenopausal women with hormone responsive stage IV breast cancer.", "contents": "Antihormone treatment of stage IV breast cancer. The antiestrogen Tamoxifen (T), given orally to 113 patients with stage IV breast cancer, induced objective remission in 50%. Duration of remission in the first 39 patients, with minimum 27 months follow up, is 18 + months; these results are equal to those of surgical hypophysectomy. T prolonged survival in responders. Older age, previous response to endocrine therapy and positive estrogen receptors predicted response to T. T was effective in hypophysectomized patients in whom serum growth hormone and prolactin were undetectable, but serum ostrogens were present in low amount, suggesting a direct stimulatory effect of estrogens at the tumor level. Hypophysectomy induced further palliation after treatment with T, indicating that pituitary hormones may also play a role in the growth of some human breast cancers. Side effects from T were minimal. T is the initial treatment of choice for postmenopausal women with hormone responsive stage IV breast cancer.", "PMID": 421171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10861", "title": "Further observations on the inhibition of tumor growth by C. parvum with cyclophosphamide. VII. Effect of treatment prior to primary tumor removal on the growth of distant tumor.", "content": "The present investigations were directed toward determining whether primary tumor manipulation prior to its removal is advantageous for the control of metastases and survival. Studies were carried out to ascertain whether 1) there is justification for delaying surgical removal of a primary tumor to permit preoperative administration of cyclophosphamide (CY) and/or C. parvum (CP) and 2) there is an advantage to administering the immunotherapy directly into a primary tumor. After operation, in all investigations, systemic CP and CY was used. Despite the putative similarity of animals, tumors and treatment regimens there was marked variation in response of tumors to therapy. No benefit was derived from administering preoperative immunotherapy alone. When operation was delayed to employ systemic immuno-chemotherapy, a slight improvement in the control of distant tumor was noted. The employment of preoperative intratumor immunotherapy led to a greater prolongation of survival and more inhibition of distant tumor growth than did immediate primary tumor removal or the use of preoperative systemic immunotherapy. The results suggest that there may be an advantage to delaying removal of a primary tumor so that it may be employed in therapeutic strategies directed toward control of metastatic disease.", "contents": "Further observations on the inhibition of tumor growth by C. parvum with cyclophosphamide. VII. Effect of treatment prior to primary tumor removal on the growth of distant tumor. The present investigations were directed toward determining whether primary tumor manipulation prior to its removal is advantageous for the control of metastases and survival. Studies were carried out to ascertain whether 1) there is justification for delaying surgical removal of a primary tumor to permit preoperative administration of cyclophosphamide (CY) and/or C. parvum (CP) and 2) there is an advantage to administering the immunotherapy directly into a primary tumor. After operation, in all investigations, systemic CP and CY was used. Despite the putative similarity of animals, tumors and treatment regimens there was marked variation in response of tumors to therapy. No benefit was derived from administering preoperative immunotherapy alone. When operation was delayed to employ systemic immuno-chemotherapy, a slight improvement in the control of distant tumor was noted. The employment of preoperative intratumor immunotherapy led to a greater prolongation of survival and more inhibition of distant tumor growth than did immediate primary tumor removal or the use of preoperative systemic immunotherapy. The results suggest that there may be an advantage to delaying removal of a primary tumor so that it may be employed in therapeutic strategies directed toward control of metastatic disease.", "PMID": 421172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10862", "title": "Cervix cancer: treatment with combination vincristine and high doses of methotrexate.", "content": "Patients with carcinoma of the cervix (31) and of the vulva (2) were treated with high doses of Methotrexate. The objective response rate was 17% with a median duration of 3 months. Three toxic deaths occurred. The response rate of high dose methotrexate in advanced and prior treated cervix cancer does not differ from that reported in prior studies with conventional doses of intravenous methotrexate.", "contents": "Cervix cancer: treatment with combination vincristine and high doses of methotrexate. Patients with carcinoma of the cervix (31) and of the vulva (2) were treated with high doses of Methotrexate. The objective response rate was 17% with a median duration of 3 months. Three toxic deaths occurred. The response rate of high dose methotrexate in advanced and prior treated cervix cancer does not differ from that reported in prior studies with conventional doses of intravenous methotrexate.", "PMID": 421173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10863", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes after adriamycin chemotherapy.", "content": "The electrocardiograms of 146 patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast were reviewed before, during, and after the patients received Adriamycin (Doxorubicin) chemotherapy (AD). The most significant electrocardiographic change occurred in the amplitude of the QRS voltage. Seven patients developed cardiomyopathy after AD and showed a significant decrease in QRS voltage. This decrease, however, was more severe at the onset of congestive heart failure that at conclusion of Adriamycin. In 35 patients with pleural effusion, there was an inverse relation between the extent of the effusion and the amplitude of QRS voltage in the absence of congestive heart failure. These results indicate that 1) the sudden and relatively severe decrease in QRS voltage with the onset of CHF limits the value of this ECG criterion for predicting early Adriamycin toxicity, and 2) caution should be exercised in the interpretation of QRS voltage changes in patients with significant pleural effusion.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes after adriamycin chemotherapy. The electrocardiograms of 146 patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast were reviewed before, during, and after the patients received Adriamycin (Doxorubicin) chemotherapy (AD). The most significant electrocardiographic change occurred in the amplitude of the QRS voltage. Seven patients developed cardiomyopathy after AD and showed a significant decrease in QRS voltage. This decrease, however, was more severe at the onset of congestive heart failure that at conclusion of Adriamycin. In 35 patients with pleural effusion, there was an inverse relation between the extent of the effusion and the amplitude of QRS voltage in the absence of congestive heart failure. These results indicate that 1) the sudden and relatively severe decrease in QRS voltage with the onset of CHF limits the value of this ECG criterion for predicting early Adriamycin toxicity, and 2) caution should be exercised in the interpretation of QRS voltage changes in patients with significant pleural effusion.", "PMID": 421174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10864", "title": "Safety and efficacy of living BCG or BCG cell walls (CW) in the treatment of guinea pig hepatoma.", "content": "Guinea pigs with established intradermal tumors and microscopic lymph node metastases were treated by intralesional injection of graded doses of living BCG or BCG CW. The lowest dose of living BCG used produced a significant cure rate and no grossly evident toxicity. An intermediate and the highest dose of living BCG used cured some animals but others lost weight and a significant number died as a result of the treatment. Histologic examination of animals with significant weight loss showed fatty degeneration of the liver, granulomatous hepatitis and histiocytic infiltration of the spleen. None of the doses of BCG CW used was toxic and they were at least as effective as living BCG in intralesional treatment. In some experiments in which treatment was delayed it was found that the extent of disease required to render treatment ineffective was about the same for living BCG and for BCG CW.", "contents": "Safety and efficacy of living BCG or BCG cell walls (CW) in the treatment of guinea pig hepatoma. Guinea pigs with established intradermal tumors and microscopic lymph node metastases were treated by intralesional injection of graded doses of living BCG or BCG CW. The lowest dose of living BCG used produced a significant cure rate and no grossly evident toxicity. An intermediate and the highest dose of living BCG used cured some animals but others lost weight and a significant number died as a result of the treatment. Histologic examination of animals with significant weight loss showed fatty degeneration of the liver, granulomatous hepatitis and histiocytic infiltration of the spleen. None of the doses of BCG CW used was toxic and they were at least as effective as living BCG in intralesional treatment. In some experiments in which treatment was delayed it was found that the extent of disease required to render treatment ineffective was about the same for living BCG and for BCG CW.", "PMID": 421175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10865", "title": "Cellular immunity in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Defective cell-mediated immunity (CMI) occurs early in the course of Hodgkin's disease (HD) and may persist even two years after successful treatment. This has been confirmed by in vivo and in vitro tests performed on 51 untreated and 52 treated patients of HD. The grading of skin reponse in vivo to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) correlated very well with the in vitro leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) response against phytohemagglutinin (PHA). An inhibitory influence of HD patients' sera was demonstrated by LMI tests in vitro. The response of peripheral leukocytes from HD patients in the LMI tests could be augmented in vitro by addition of levamisole (an immuno-potentiator) to the culture medium, thus pointing to an intrinsic defect in Lymphocytes. The data indicate that defect at multiple sites in the immune system is responsible for persistent anergy in HD.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in Hodgkin's disease. Defective cell-mediated immunity (CMI) occurs early in the course of Hodgkin's disease (HD) and may persist even two years after successful treatment. This has been confirmed by in vivo and in vitro tests performed on 51 untreated and 52 treated patients of HD. The grading of skin reponse in vivo to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) correlated very well with the in vitro leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) response against phytohemagglutinin (PHA). An inhibitory influence of HD patients' sera was demonstrated by LMI tests in vitro. The response of peripheral leukocytes from HD patients in the LMI tests could be augmented in vitro by addition of levamisole (an immuno-potentiator) to the culture medium, thus pointing to an intrinsic defect in Lymphocytes. The data indicate that defect at multiple sites in the immune system is responsible for persistent anergy in HD.", "PMID": 421176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10866", "title": "Systemic complications of MER immunotherapy of cancer: pulmonary granulomatosis and rash.", "content": "BCG immunotherapy often has severe complications in cancer patients despite lack of toxicity in the immunocompetent individual. MER, a cell wall fraction of BCG, has been reported to cause immunopotentiation similar to that of BCG without equivalent toxicity. Recently, animal models have been reported to develop MER complications, especially disseminated granuloma formation, like those of BCG. For the past several years, MER has been used as adjuvant immunotherapy for treatment of malignant tumors with minimal systemic toxicity reported. A patient with malignant melanoma was treated with intralesional MER at the site of local metastases. He developed military pulmonary granulomatosis and a severe cutaneous eruption in association with MER therapy. The toxicities of BCG and MER therapy were compared with the pathogenesis of granuloma formation reviewed. This patient's complications were consistent with a hypersensitivity reaction to MER. Pulmonary granulomatosis and rash must be added to the list of known MER toxicities.", "contents": "Systemic complications of MER immunotherapy of cancer: pulmonary granulomatosis and rash. BCG immunotherapy often has severe complications in cancer patients despite lack of toxicity in the immunocompetent individual. MER, a cell wall fraction of BCG, has been reported to cause immunopotentiation similar to that of BCG without equivalent toxicity. Recently, animal models have been reported to develop MER complications, especially disseminated granuloma formation, like those of BCG. For the past several years, MER has been used as adjuvant immunotherapy for treatment of malignant tumors with minimal systemic toxicity reported. A patient with malignant melanoma was treated with intralesional MER at the site of local metastases. He developed military pulmonary granulomatosis and a severe cutaneous eruption in association with MER therapy. The toxicities of BCG and MER therapy were compared with the pathogenesis of granuloma formation reviewed. This patient's complications were consistent with a hypersensitivity reaction to MER. Pulmonary granulomatosis and rash must be added to the list of known MER toxicities.", "PMID": 421177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10867", "title": "Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor: ultrastructural demonstration of two cell types and amyloid.", "content": "A typical adenomatoid odontogenic tumor removed from a 13-year-old female was studied by light and electron microscopy. The tumor was composed of two types of epithelial cells: Type I cells were cuboidal and occurred in nests or formed ductlike structures and Type II cells were smaller and spindle shaped. The formation of extracellular masses of amyloid was found in association with Type I epithelial cells, and amyloid formation was not observed in association with Type II cells. Results suggest that the lesion is of enamel organ origin, derived from cells of the inner enamel epithelium at the pre-ameloblastic stage, stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium. The origin of this amyloid material is unknown; however, it may be of enamel protein origin which, like amyloid, may have a beta-protein conformation.", "contents": "Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor: ultrastructural demonstration of two cell types and amyloid. A typical adenomatoid odontogenic tumor removed from a 13-year-old female was studied by light and electron microscopy. The tumor was composed of two types of epithelial cells: Type I cells were cuboidal and occurred in nests or formed ductlike structures and Type II cells were smaller and spindle shaped. The formation of extracellular masses of amyloid was found in association with Type I epithelial cells, and amyloid formation was not observed in association with Type II cells. Results suggest that the lesion is of enamel organ origin, derived from cells of the inner enamel epithelium at the pre-ameloblastic stage, stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium. The origin of this amyloid material is unknown; however, it may be of enamel protein origin which, like amyloid, may have a beta-protein conformation.", "PMID": 421178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10868", "title": "A comparative study including ultrastructure of intramuscular myxoma and myxoid liposarcoma.", "content": "The clinicopathological data of ten intramuscular myxomas (IMM) and three myxoid liposarcomas (MLS) are presented with emphasis on their ultrastructure. Electron microscopy of three of the IMM demonstrated the principal cell of the IMM to be similar to a fibroblast with prominent R.E.R., well-developed Golgi apparatus and cytoplasmic filaments. Intracytoplasmic lipid droplets were very rare. The matrix was composed of finely granular material, collagen fibers, fibrils and few capillaries. In contrast with the IMM, the cytoplasm of the MLS contained extensive lipid droplets. Capillaries were very abundant and in close proximity to the lipoblasts. The distinction between an IMM and MLS is usually clear-cut by light microscopy. Dissimilar ultrastructural features provide additional data to separate these two tumors. Ultrastructure confirmed Enzinger's impression that the cell of origin of the IMM is similar to a fibroblast with features that support the hypothesis that these cells are the source of production of the excessive amount of mucopolysaccharides in the matrix.", "contents": "A comparative study including ultrastructure of intramuscular myxoma and myxoid liposarcoma. The clinicopathological data of ten intramuscular myxomas (IMM) and three myxoid liposarcomas (MLS) are presented with emphasis on their ultrastructure. Electron microscopy of three of the IMM demonstrated the principal cell of the IMM to be similar to a fibroblast with prominent R.E.R., well-developed Golgi apparatus and cytoplasmic filaments. Intracytoplasmic lipid droplets were very rare. The matrix was composed of finely granular material, collagen fibers, fibrils and few capillaries. In contrast with the IMM, the cytoplasm of the MLS contained extensive lipid droplets. Capillaries were very abundant and in close proximity to the lipoblasts. The distinction between an IMM and MLS is usually clear-cut by light microscopy. Dissimilar ultrastructural features provide additional data to separate these two tumors. Ultrastructure confirmed Enzinger's impression that the cell of origin of the IMM is similar to a fibroblast with features that support the hypothesis that these cells are the source of production of the excessive amount of mucopolysaccharides in the matrix.", "PMID": 421179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10869", "title": "Mixed Brenner and adenomatoid tumor of the testis: an ultrastructural study and histogenetic considerations.", "content": "A previously unreported association of Brenner and adenomatoid tumor found in the tunica vaginalis testis is presented. Many ultrastructural features found in mesothelial cells such as intercellular spaces, deeply indented nuclei, tonofilaments and tight desmosomes, were also shared by cells present in both neoplastic patterns. The previous histogenetic origins ascribed to testicular Brenner tumors are discussed and the evidence for their origin in the mesothelium considered.", "contents": "Mixed Brenner and adenomatoid tumor of the testis: an ultrastructural study and histogenetic considerations. A previously unreported association of Brenner and adenomatoid tumor found in the tunica vaginalis testis is presented. Many ultrastructural features found in mesothelial cells such as intercellular spaces, deeply indented nuclei, tonofilaments and tight desmosomes, were also shared by cells present in both neoplastic patterns. The previous histogenetic origins ascribed to testicular Brenner tumors are discussed and the evidence for their origin in the mesothelium considered.", "PMID": 421180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10870", "title": "Numbers of mast cells in the axillary lymph nodes of breast cancer patients.", "content": "This retrospective study of surgical specimens from forty-three consecutive patients treated by modified radical mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast shows that those patients surviving for at least sixty months after operation have a significantly greater number of mast cells in their axillary lymph nodes than the nonsurvivors (p less than .001). When expressed as cells/mm2 the survivors are associated with nodal concentrations greater than eleven mast cells per square millimeter while the nonsurvivors haver fewer than eleven mast cells/mm2. The results suggest that the number of nodal mast cells may be a readily quantitated host response of prognostic value in carcinoma of the breast.", "contents": "Numbers of mast cells in the axillary lymph nodes of breast cancer patients. This retrospective study of surgical specimens from forty-three consecutive patients treated by modified radical mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast shows that those patients surviving for at least sixty months after operation have a significantly greater number of mast cells in their axillary lymph nodes than the nonsurvivors (p less than .001). When expressed as cells/mm2 the survivors are associated with nodal concentrations greater than eleven mast cells per square millimeter while the nonsurvivors haver fewer than eleven mast cells/mm2. The results suggest that the number of nodal mast cells may be a readily quantitated host response of prognostic value in carcinoma of the breast.", "PMID": 421181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10871", "title": "Atypical lipoma, atypical intramuscular lipoma, and well differentiated retroperitoneal liposarcoma: a reappraisal of 30 cases formerly classified as well differentiated liposarcoma.", "content": "Thirty cases formerly diagnosed as Grade I lipogenic liposarcoma (well differentiated liposarcoma) were reviewed. The basic histologic pattern in all was that of adult fat modified by the presence of cells with enlarged, hyperchromatic nuclei; in most cases there was also a component of myxoid and/or fibrous tissue. The length of follow-up ranged from two to 30 years. Nine of the tumors were located in the subcutaneous layer. None of these recurred after excision, not even those which were simply \"shelled out,\" and none metastasized. The term \"atypical lipoma\" is proposed for this group. Thirteen were located within or between muscles of the limbs, limb girdles, and head and neck. Nine of these recurred at least one, but there were no metastases and no deaths due to tumor. These were designated \"atypical intramuscular lipoma.\" The remaining eight originated in the retroperitoneum. Although none of these patients developed metastases, five suffered inoperable recurrence and three died as a result of the neoplasm. It is suggested that the term \"well differentiated retroperitoneal liposarcoma\" be retained for cases of this type.", "contents": "Atypical lipoma, atypical intramuscular lipoma, and well differentiated retroperitoneal liposarcoma: a reappraisal of 30 cases formerly classified as well differentiated liposarcoma. Thirty cases formerly diagnosed as Grade I lipogenic liposarcoma (well differentiated liposarcoma) were reviewed. The basic histologic pattern in all was that of adult fat modified by the presence of cells with enlarged, hyperchromatic nuclei; in most cases there was also a component of myxoid and/or fibrous tissue. The length of follow-up ranged from two to 30 years. Nine of the tumors were located in the subcutaneous layer. None of these recurred after excision, not even those which were simply \"shelled out,\" and none metastasized. The term \"atypical lipoma\" is proposed for this group. Thirteen were located within or between muscles of the limbs, limb girdles, and head and neck. Nine of these recurred at least one, but there were no metastases and no deaths due to tumor. These were designated \"atypical intramuscular lipoma.\" The remaining eight originated in the retroperitoneum. Although none of these patients developed metastases, five suffered inoperable recurrence and three died as a result of the neoplasm. It is suggested that the term \"well differentiated retroperitoneal liposarcoma\" be retained for cases of this type.", "PMID": 421182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10872", "title": "Tumor antigen of human cervical squamous cell carcinoma: correlation of circulating levels with disease progress.", "content": "A double-antibody radioimmunoassay method was used for serial determinations of a tumor-antigen (TA-4) of cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and the correlation of serum antigen levels with the disease progess was investigated in 23 patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Ten cases with widespread metastases received radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Nine of these cases who showed progression of the disease had a corresponding increase in serum antigen levels, while one case who had regression of the disease showed a corresponding decrease in serum antigen levels. Thirteen patients received radical surgery, and in all of these, high pretreatment antigen levels declined to undetectable levels 1 or 2 weeks after surgery. A panel of coded sera from the NCI-Mayo Clinic Serum Bank was also studied for evaluating the specificity of the assay. Thirteen of 25 patients (52%) with cervical squamous cell carcinoma showed positive serum antigen levels, while only one of 58 control cases (1.7%) showed false-positive result. These results suggest that serial TA-4 determinations may provide a useful method for evaluating regression or progression of the disease.", "contents": "Tumor antigen of human cervical squamous cell carcinoma: correlation of circulating levels with disease progress. A double-antibody radioimmunoassay method was used for serial determinations of a tumor-antigen (TA-4) of cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and the correlation of serum antigen levels with the disease progess was investigated in 23 patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Ten cases with widespread metastases received radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Nine of these cases who showed progression of the disease had a corresponding increase in serum antigen levels, while one case who had regression of the disease showed a corresponding decrease in serum antigen levels. Thirteen patients received radical surgery, and in all of these, high pretreatment antigen levels declined to undetectable levels 1 or 2 weeks after surgery. A panel of coded sera from the NCI-Mayo Clinic Serum Bank was also studied for evaluating the specificity of the assay. Thirteen of 25 patients (52%) with cervical squamous cell carcinoma showed positive serum antigen levels, while only one of 58 control cases (1.7%) showed false-positive result. These results suggest that serial TA-4 determinations may provide a useful method for evaluating regression or progression of the disease.", "PMID": 421183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10873", "title": "Localized fibrous \"mesothelioma\" of pleura (submesothelial fibroma): a clinicopathologic study of 18 cases.", "content": "Eighteen cases of solid fibrous tumors of the visceral pleura are studied. The series includes neoplasms of various sizes removed during the last 17 years at The Mount Sinai Hospital. Most tumors showed consistent gross and light microscopic features, such as encapsulation, preservation of pedicle, origin from visceral pleura, predominance of spindle cells with more or less hyalinized stroma, little or no pleomorphism or mitotic activity and no infiltration of the underlying lung. No sex predominance or relation to environmental pollutants was noted. Peak incidence was in the 6th decade of life. Total excision proved curative in all cases with no recurrences or complications. The cell of origin of this tumor appears to be a noncommitted mesenchymal cell present in the areolar tissue subjacent to the mesothelial lining.", "contents": "Localized fibrous \"mesothelioma\" of pleura (submesothelial fibroma): a clinicopathologic study of 18 cases. Eighteen cases of solid fibrous tumors of the visceral pleura are studied. The series includes neoplasms of various sizes removed during the last 17 years at The Mount Sinai Hospital. Most tumors showed consistent gross and light microscopic features, such as encapsulation, preservation of pedicle, origin from visceral pleura, predominance of spindle cells with more or less hyalinized stroma, little or no pleomorphism or mitotic activity and no infiltration of the underlying lung. No sex predominance or relation to environmental pollutants was noted. Peak incidence was in the 6th decade of life. Total excision proved curative in all cases with no recurrences or complications. The cell of origin of this tumor appears to be a noncommitted mesenchymal cell present in the areolar tissue subjacent to the mesothelial lining.", "PMID": 421185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10874", "title": "Stomal polypoid hypertrophic gastritis: a polypoid gastric lesion at gastroenterostomy site.", "content": "Four cases of stomal polyps (the so-called gastritis cystica polyposa--GCP) at the gastroenterostomy site were studied with detailed description of their macroscopic and histologic features. Thirty-eight cases with reresection of the stomach including the site of previous gastroenterostomy were used for a comparative study. In 25 (66%) of the 38 cases localized mucosal hypertrophy of varying degrees was recognized near the site of anastomosis, the morphology corresponding well, though of the smaller scale, to that of the GCP both macroscopically and histologically. Macroscopic and histologic continuity was traced between the minimal protrusion of the stomal gastric mucosa and the stomal polyps. It is suggested that the GCP is an extreme occasion of stomal gastritis characterized by atrophy and pseudopyloric gland metaplasia of the fundic glands often with their submucosal invasion and hyperplasia of the surface and foveolar epithelia, these being probably caused by reflux of duodenal contents. It must be borne in mind that such lesions do exist at the site of gastrojejunostomy to be strictly differentiated from malignancies at the gastric stump.", "contents": "Stomal polypoid hypertrophic gastritis: a polypoid gastric lesion at gastroenterostomy site. Four cases of stomal polyps (the so-called gastritis cystica polyposa--GCP) at the gastroenterostomy site were studied with detailed description of their macroscopic and histologic features. Thirty-eight cases with reresection of the stomach including the site of previous gastroenterostomy were used for a comparative study. In 25 (66%) of the 38 cases localized mucosal hypertrophy of varying degrees was recognized near the site of anastomosis, the morphology corresponding well, though of the smaller scale, to that of the GCP both macroscopically and histologically. Macroscopic and histologic continuity was traced between the minimal protrusion of the stomal gastric mucosa and the stomal polyps. It is suggested that the GCP is an extreme occasion of stomal gastritis characterized by atrophy and pseudopyloric gland metaplasia of the fundic glands often with their submucosal invasion and hyperplasia of the surface and foveolar epithelia, these being probably caused by reflux of duodenal contents. It must be borne in mind that such lesions do exist at the site of gastrojejunostomy to be strictly differentiated from malignancies at the gastric stump.", "PMID": 421186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10875", "title": "Germ cell neoplasms arising in gonadoblastomas.", "content": "Gonadoblastomas have a propensity to give rise to germ cell neoplasms. This study analyzes the clinicopathologic findings in six phenotypic females with features of 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis who developed germinomas and other germ cell tumors in gonadoblastomas. All stages in the evolution of germinoma from the germ cells of gonadoblastoma were observed, including in situ, incipient, microinvasive, and metastatic varieties. Admixtures with teratoma and endodermal sinus tumor occurred in two patients. Germ cell tumors which originate in gonadoblastomas appear to have the same clinical behavior and response to therapy as those that arise de novo in the ovary, testis or extragonadal sites. Although it is debatable whether gonadoblastomas are true neoplasms or blastomatoid dysgenetic malformations, their potential for giving rise to fully malignant germ cell neoplasms must be recognized.", "contents": "Germ cell neoplasms arising in gonadoblastomas. Gonadoblastomas have a propensity to give rise to germ cell neoplasms. This study analyzes the clinicopathologic findings in six phenotypic females with features of 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis who developed germinomas and other germ cell tumors in gonadoblastomas. All stages in the evolution of germinoma from the germ cells of gonadoblastoma were observed, including in situ, incipient, microinvasive, and metastatic varieties. Admixtures with teratoma and endodermal sinus tumor occurred in two patients. Germ cell tumors which originate in gonadoblastomas appear to have the same clinical behavior and response to therapy as those that arise de novo in the ovary, testis or extragonadal sites. Although it is debatable whether gonadoblastomas are true neoplasms or blastomatoid dysgenetic malformations, their potential for giving rise to fully malignant germ cell neoplasms must be recognized.", "PMID": 421188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10876", "title": "Blood group isoantigen deletion in carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder.", "content": "Blood group isoantigens A and H (O) were measured by the Secific Red Cell Adherence (SRCA) Test in nine radical cystectomy specimens removed from patients with extensive carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. All bladders had areas of histologically normal epithelium and areas of epithelial atypia in addition to the carcinoma in situ. In eight cases, tissue-associated blood group isoantigens were deleted in areas showing either atypia or carcinoma in situ. Isoantigens were present in these areas in the ninth case. Blood group isoantigens were absent in approximately half of the sections of histologically normal epithelium. We propose that areas of epithelium which appear benign according to conventional histological criteria but in which the blood group isoantigens are absent may represent areas of low grade carcinoma in situ.", "contents": "Blood group isoantigen deletion in carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Blood group isoantigens A and H (O) were measured by the Secific Red Cell Adherence (SRCA) Test in nine radical cystectomy specimens removed from patients with extensive carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. All bladders had areas of histologically normal epithelium and areas of epithelial atypia in addition to the carcinoma in situ. In eight cases, tissue-associated blood group isoantigens were deleted in areas showing either atypia or carcinoma in situ. Isoantigens were present in these areas in the ninth case. Blood group isoantigens were absent in approximately half of the sections of histologically normal epithelium. We propose that areas of epithelium which appear benign according to conventional histological criteria but in which the blood group isoantigens are absent may represent areas of low grade carcinoma in situ.", "PMID": 421187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10877", "title": "Retroperitoneal paraganglioma and systemic amyloidosis: a case report.", "content": "The case of a 50-year-old woman with a retroperitoneal paraganglioma and nephrotic syndrome is presented. After the tumor was removed deposits of amyloid material were observed in the paraganglioma, kidneys, and liver. There was no thrombosis of the renal vein. The clinical picture (fever and nephrotic syndrome) was similar to that of patients with amyloidosis associated with neoplasms. The nephrotic syndrome disappeared 8 months after the operation. The patient has not had fever or nephrotic manifestations over the past 4 years and is asymptomatic at the present time. We believe this to be the first reported case of paraganglioma associated with amyloidosis. Nor have we found any references to clinical and biological remission of the nephrotic syndrome following surgical removal of the concomitant neoplasm.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal paraganglioma and systemic amyloidosis: a case report. The case of a 50-year-old woman with a retroperitoneal paraganglioma and nephrotic syndrome is presented. After the tumor was removed deposits of amyloid material were observed in the paraganglioma, kidneys, and liver. There was no thrombosis of the renal vein. The clinical picture (fever and nephrotic syndrome) was similar to that of patients with amyloidosis associated with neoplasms. The nephrotic syndrome disappeared 8 months after the operation. The patient has not had fever or nephrotic manifestations over the past 4 years and is asymptomatic at the present time. We believe this to be the first reported case of paraganglioma associated with amyloidosis. Nor have we found any references to clinical and biological remission of the nephrotic syndrome following surgical removal of the concomitant neoplasm.", "PMID": 421189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10878", "title": "Ovarian cancer: incidence and case-control study.", "content": "The incidence of ovarian cancer in Rochester, Minnesota over the 40-year period 1935 through 1974 was determined; and risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer occurring in Rochester from 1945 to 1974 were examined in 116 patients and 464 controls. Among the characteristics studied, only nulliparity was found to be a significant risk factor--relative risk 1.8. Other suspected risk factors--including hypertension, obesity, age at menopause, prior therapeutic pelvic radiation, and prior exposure to exogenous estrogen--were found not to differ significantly between patients and controls. The ovarian cancer patients were found to have a significantly lower frequency of prior hysterectomy and of unilateral oophorectomy than the control group. Thus out data show that hysterectomy, even when one or both ovaries are preserved, is associated with a lower risk of subsequent ovarian cancer.", "contents": "Ovarian cancer: incidence and case-control study. The incidence of ovarian cancer in Rochester, Minnesota over the 40-year period 1935 through 1974 was determined; and risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer occurring in Rochester from 1945 to 1974 were examined in 116 patients and 464 controls. Among the characteristics studied, only nulliparity was found to be a significant risk factor--relative risk 1.8. Other suspected risk factors--including hypertension, obesity, age at menopause, prior therapeutic pelvic radiation, and prior exposure to exogenous estrogen--were found not to differ significantly between patients and controls. The ovarian cancer patients were found to have a significantly lower frequency of prior hysterectomy and of unilateral oophorectomy than the control group. Thus out data show that hysterectomy, even when one or both ovaries are preserved, is associated with a lower risk of subsequent ovarian cancer.", "PMID": 421190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10879", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma in chronic hydradenitis suppurativa: a case report.", "content": "A case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in hydradenitis suppurativa of over 20 years duration is described. Only 6 other cases are reported in the literature. Multiple sites of origin of malignancy is suspected in this case. Wide-spread bone metastases resulted in severe hypercalcemia. Palliation was obtained for a short period following chemotherapy and Adriamycin and Bleomycin. Autopsy studies showed metastatic tumor in almost all the organs of the body.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma in chronic hydradenitis suppurativa: a case report. A case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in hydradenitis suppurativa of over 20 years duration is described. Only 6 other cases are reported in the literature. Multiple sites of origin of malignancy is suspected in this case. Wide-spread bone metastases resulted in severe hypercalcemia. Palliation was obtained for a short period following chemotherapy and Adriamycin and Bleomycin. Autopsy studies showed metastatic tumor in almost all the organs of the body.", "PMID": 421191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10880", "title": "Group counseling in adult patients with advanced cancer.", "content": "The effect of a structured, interdisciplinary group counseling program was studied in 30 newly diagnosed adult patients with advanced cancer. These were compared to 30 patients who did not undergo group counseling. Group counseling resulted in a significant improvement in patient perception and self-concept. This structured educational and psychological support program provided a mutal support experience for newly diagnosed patients with advanced cancer.", "contents": "Group counseling in adult patients with advanced cancer. The effect of a structured, interdisciplinary group counseling program was studied in 30 newly diagnosed adult patients with advanced cancer. These were compared to 30 patients who did not undergo group counseling. Group counseling resulted in a significant improvement in patient perception and self-concept. This structured educational and psychological support program provided a mutal support experience for newly diagnosed patients with advanced cancer.", "PMID": 421192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10881", "title": "A histopathologic study on the effects of radiofrequency thermotherapy on malignant tumors of the lung.", "content": "Malignant cells are thermosensitive but this does not fully explain the wide-spread pathologic changes observed in solid cancers following local therapy with radiofrequency heating. The histopathology of human malignant tumors after radiofrequency thermotherapy reveals not only the expected degeneration of tumor cells, but significant changes in the tumor's stroma as well. Stromal blood capillary walls are massively infiltrated with round cells and undergo degenerative changes leading to necrosis and obliteration of the tumor's vascular supply. Extensive infiltration of the stroma with the host's round cells occurs. Following focal necrosis and rupture of the stroma, pools of lymphocytes establish direct contact with heat damaged malignant cells leading to further destruction of persisting tumor. The histologic signs of the generalized breakdown of lung tumors consequent to radiofrequency heat-therapy bear close resemblance to lesions in acutely rejecting organ allografts.", "contents": "A histopathologic study on the effects of radiofrequency thermotherapy on malignant tumors of the lung. Malignant cells are thermosensitive but this does not fully explain the wide-spread pathologic changes observed in solid cancers following local therapy with radiofrequency heating. The histopathology of human malignant tumors after radiofrequency thermotherapy reveals not only the expected degeneration of tumor cells, but significant changes in the tumor's stroma as well. Stromal blood capillary walls are massively infiltrated with round cells and undergo degenerative changes leading to necrosis and obliteration of the tumor's vascular supply. Extensive infiltration of the stroma with the host's round cells occurs. Following focal necrosis and rupture of the stroma, pools of lymphocytes establish direct contact with heat damaged malignant cells leading to further destruction of persisting tumor. The histologic signs of the generalized breakdown of lung tumors consequent to radiofrequency heat-therapy bear close resemblance to lesions in acutely rejecting organ allografts.", "PMID": 421193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10882", "title": "Patterns of urinary excretion of modified nucleosides.", "content": "A recently developed high-performance liquid chromatography method permits quantitative measurement of low levels of modified nucleosides in urine. We report on the patterns of excretion of seven modified nucleosides by normal subjects and cancer patients. It was found that the excretion of these nucleosides expressed as a function of creatinine concentration was constant, not episodic nor related to diet. Thus, randomly collected samples of urine are satisfactory sources for measurement of nucleosides, and the level of nucleosides is of significance when related to creatinine excretion. The constancy of the excretion of the modified nucleosides in normal subjects is quite remarkable. It implies strict metabolic control of transfer RNA turnover. The values for the individual nucleoside/creatinine ratios were found to be significantly elevated in the urine of colon cancer patients.", "contents": "Patterns of urinary excretion of modified nucleosides. A recently developed high-performance liquid chromatography method permits quantitative measurement of low levels of modified nucleosides in urine. We report on the patterns of excretion of seven modified nucleosides by normal subjects and cancer patients. It was found that the excretion of these nucleosides expressed as a function of creatinine concentration was constant, not episodic nor related to diet. Thus, randomly collected samples of urine are satisfactory sources for measurement of nucleosides, and the level of nucleosides is of significance when related to creatinine excretion. The constancy of the excretion of the modified nucleosides in normal subjects is quite remarkable. It implies strict metabolic control of transfer RNA turnover. The values for the individual nucleoside/creatinine ratios were found to be significantly elevated in the urine of colon cancer patients.", "PMID": 421198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10883", "title": "Purification and mechanism of action of macromomycin.", "content": "Macromomycin (MCR), a polypeptide antibiotic previously shown to have antitumor activity in experimental tumors, has been purified into an electrophoretically homogeneous component with an approximate molecular weight of 12,500. MCR has alanine as an NH2-terminal amino acid, 4 cysteine residues, and no arginine or methionine residues. With a fluorescence assay and agarose gel electrophoresis, MCR was shown to induce strand breaks in PM2 DNA in vitro. 2-Mercaptoethanol inhibited the DNA cleavage activity of MCR. When incubated with Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells in tissue culture, MCR caused Novikoff hepatoma ascites cell DNA degradation as observed by the slower sedimentation of DNA on alkaline sucrose density gradient centrifugation when compared to untreated cell DNA. DNA synthesis in Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells was inhibited by 80% after a two-hr treatment with MCR (0.03 microgram/ml). RNA and protein syntheses were inhibited by 25 and less than 10%, respectively, at this concentration of drug. At a concentration of MCR (1.0 microgram/ml), syntheses of DNA and RNA in Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells were totally inhibited. The results of this study suggest that MCR may inhibit tumor cell growth by causing DNA breakage with subsequent inhibition of DNA and other macromolecule syntheses.", "contents": "Purification and mechanism of action of macromomycin. Macromomycin (MCR), a polypeptide antibiotic previously shown to have antitumor activity in experimental tumors, has been purified into an electrophoretically homogeneous component with an approximate molecular weight of 12,500. MCR has alanine as an NH2-terminal amino acid, 4 cysteine residues, and no arginine or methionine residues. With a fluorescence assay and agarose gel electrophoresis, MCR was shown to induce strand breaks in PM2 DNA in vitro. 2-Mercaptoethanol inhibited the DNA cleavage activity of MCR. When incubated with Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells in tissue culture, MCR caused Novikoff hepatoma ascites cell DNA degradation as observed by the slower sedimentation of DNA on alkaline sucrose density gradient centrifugation when compared to untreated cell DNA. DNA synthesis in Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells was inhibited by 80% after a two-hr treatment with MCR (0.03 microgram/ml). RNA and protein syntheses were inhibited by 25 and less than 10%, respectively, at this concentration of drug. At a concentration of MCR (1.0 microgram/ml), syntheses of DNA and RNA in Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells were totally inhibited. The results of this study suggest that MCR may inhibit tumor cell growth by causing DNA breakage with subsequent inhibition of DNA and other macromolecule syntheses.", "PMID": 421201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10884", "title": "Expression of cell-mediated immunity and blocking factor using a new line of ovarian cancer cells in vitro.", "content": "A cell-mediated cytotoxicity test, quantitated by postlabeling with tritiated thymidine, was used to asses immune reactivity of cancer patients to the HeW cell line derived from serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. Lymphocytes from 71.4% of serous and mucinous cystadenocarcinoma patients demonstrated a cytotoxic response towards the HeW cells, whereas no reactivity was observed towards target cells derived from nonovarian cancer. These observations indicated that the HeW cells express tumor-associated antigen. In some patients bearing similar tumors, cytotoxicity was blocked by ascitic fluid from other patients with cystadenocarcinoma. In addition, antigen obtained from the spent culture fluid of HeW cells exhibited blocking activity in a typical dose-response fashion, suggesting that blocking factor may be free tumor-associated antigen or an antigen-specific suppressor molecule. Thus, blocking of the lymphocytotoxic response of cystadenocarcinoma patients towards HeW cells may be utilized to monitor the isolation of ovarian carcinoma-associated antigen.", "contents": "Expression of cell-mediated immunity and blocking factor using a new line of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. A cell-mediated cytotoxicity test, quantitated by postlabeling with tritiated thymidine, was used to asses immune reactivity of cancer patients to the HeW cell line derived from serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. Lymphocytes from 71.4% of serous and mucinous cystadenocarcinoma patients demonstrated a cytotoxic response towards the HeW cells, whereas no reactivity was observed towards target cells derived from nonovarian cancer. These observations indicated that the HeW cells express tumor-associated antigen. In some patients bearing similar tumors, cytotoxicity was blocked by ascitic fluid from other patients with cystadenocarcinoma. In addition, antigen obtained from the spent culture fluid of HeW cells exhibited blocking activity in a typical dose-response fashion, suggesting that blocking factor may be free tumor-associated antigen or an antigen-specific suppressor molecule. Thus, blocking of the lymphocytotoxic response of cystadenocarcinoma patients towards HeW cells may be utilized to monitor the isolation of ovarian carcinoma-associated antigen.", "PMID": 421202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10885", "title": "Promoting effect of saccharin and DL-tryptophan in urinary bladder carcinogenesis.", "content": "The existence of at least two stages in bladder carcinogenesis was evaluated in male Fischer rats using N-[14-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) fed for six weeks at a level of 0.2% of the diet as the initiator. Sodium saccharin and DL-tryptophan were fed at levels of 5 and 2% of the diet, respectively, as possible promoting chemicals, and they were fed either immediately after FANFT administration or after six weeks of FANFT plus six weeks of control diet. All surviving rats were killed at the end of two years. Both chemicals significantly increased the incidence of bladder tumors following FANFT feeding compared to six  weeks of FANFT feeding followed by control diet, and the results were similar whether saccharin or tryptophan feeding was started immediately after FANFT feeding was concluded or after a six-week delay. Saccharin was considerably more potent as a promoting agent than was tryptophan, inducing higher incidences of bladder tumors and having a shorter latent period. Long-term administration of FANFT induced a 100% incidence of bladder cancer. Sequential epithelial changes were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as by light microscopy. Pleomorphic microvilli were present on the superficial cells of all tumors examined and on the surface cells of hyperplastic bladder epithelium after six weeks of FANFT plus six weeks of saccharin, but not after six weeks of FANFT and six weeks of control diet. Rats fed only saccharin tryptophan, or control diet did not have bladder tumors or pleomorphic microvilli on bladder epithelium. These data suggest that saccharin and tryptophan might act as tumor-promoting agents during bladder carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Promoting effect of saccharin and DL-tryptophan in urinary bladder carcinogenesis. The existence of at least two stages in bladder carcinogenesis was evaluated in male Fischer rats using N-[14-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) fed for six weeks at a level of 0.2% of the diet as the initiator. Sodium saccharin and DL-tryptophan were fed at levels of 5 and 2% of the diet, respectively, as possible promoting chemicals, and they were fed either immediately after FANFT administration or after six weeks of FANFT plus six weeks of control diet. All surviving rats were killed at the end of two years. Both chemicals significantly increased the incidence of bladder tumors following FANFT feeding compared to six  weeks of FANFT feeding followed by control diet, and the results were similar whether saccharin or tryptophan feeding was started immediately after FANFT feeding was concluded or after a six-week delay. Saccharin was considerably more potent as a promoting agent than was tryptophan, inducing higher incidences of bladder tumors and having a shorter latent period. Long-term administration of FANFT induced a 100% incidence of bladder cancer. Sequential epithelial changes were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as by light microscopy. Pleomorphic microvilli were present on the superficial cells of all tumors examined and on the surface cells of hyperplastic bladder epithelium after six weeks of FANFT plus six weeks of saccharin, but not after six weeks of FANFT and six weeks of control diet. Rats fed only saccharin tryptophan, or control diet did not have bladder tumors or pleomorphic microvilli on bladder epithelium. These data suggest that saccharin and tryptophan might act as tumor-promoting agents during bladder carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 421204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10886", "title": "Cell growth recovery after treatments at various supraoptimal temperatures.", "content": "The growth recovery kinetics of HeLa cells was investigated after treatments at intermediate (43-45 degrees) or high (49-55 degrees) supraoptimal temperatures for various periods of time (2 to 300 min) or after irradiations with nanosecond infrared CO2-laser pulses at energy densities equivalent to very high temperatures rises. After treatments at intermediate temperatures, single cells developed into colonies smaller than those obtained from nonheated control cells. Daily incorporations of pulsed [3H]thymidine in whole populations and microscopic observations of individual cell proliferation revealed a complex growth recovery for both survivors and dying cells. In contrast, colonies arising from cells treated at temperatures above 49 degrees do not differ in size from those developed from controls, and growth evaluations by [3H]thymidine and microscopy demonstrated that survivors resume normal proliferation immediately after treatments. The results which are supported by other studies on the effects of dose fractionation and metabolism status on cell survival are further discussed in relation to the \"multistep\" kinetic model for the cell response to hyperthermia.", "contents": "Cell growth recovery after treatments at various supraoptimal temperatures. The growth recovery kinetics of HeLa cells was investigated after treatments at intermediate (43-45 degrees) or high (49-55 degrees) supraoptimal temperatures for various periods of time (2 to 300 min) or after irradiations with nanosecond infrared CO2-laser pulses at energy densities equivalent to very high temperatures rises. After treatments at intermediate temperatures, single cells developed into colonies smaller than those obtained from nonheated control cells. Daily incorporations of pulsed [3H]thymidine in whole populations and microscopic observations of individual cell proliferation revealed a complex growth recovery for both survivors and dying cells. In contrast, colonies arising from cells treated at temperatures above 49 degrees do not differ in size from those developed from controls, and growth evaluations by [3H]thymidine and microscopy demonstrated that survivors resume normal proliferation immediately after treatments. The results which are supported by other studies on the effects of dose fractionation and metabolism status on cell survival are further discussed in relation to the \"multistep\" kinetic model for the cell response to hyperthermia.", "PMID": 421205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10887", "title": "Acute ultrastructural effects of the antitumor antibiotic carminomycin on nucleoli of rat tissues.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with carminomycin i.v. in doses ranging from 1 to 40 mg/kg. Within 1 hr after the administration of carminomycin, 20 mg/kg, nucleoli of cardiac and skeletal muscle cells were segregated, while nucleoli of liver parenchyma cells were unaffected. Three and one-half hr after drug administration, cardiac muscle nucleoli reverted to normal ultrastructure. However, some skeletal muscle cell nucleoli were still segregated. Following treatment with carminomycin, 10 mg/kg, no significant ultrastructural changes were observed. These results demonstrate that at sufficiently high doses carminomycin induces ultrastructural lesions in nucleoli of both cardiac and muscle cells. The dose of carminomycin required to produce nucleolar segregation in cardiac and skeletal muscle is 6 times greater than the dose of Adriamycin (3.5 mg/kg) required to induce equivalent alterations.", "contents": "Acute ultrastructural effects of the antitumor antibiotic carminomycin on nucleoli of rat tissues. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with carminomycin i.v. in doses ranging from 1 to 40 mg/kg. Within 1 hr after the administration of carminomycin, 20 mg/kg, nucleoli of cardiac and skeletal muscle cells were segregated, while nucleoli of liver parenchyma cells were unaffected. Three and one-half hr after drug administration, cardiac muscle nucleoli reverted to normal ultrastructure. However, some skeletal muscle cell nucleoli were still segregated. Following treatment with carminomycin, 10 mg/kg, no significant ultrastructural changes were observed. These results demonstrate that at sufficiently high doses carminomycin induces ultrastructural lesions in nucleoli of both cardiac and muscle cells. The dose of carminomycin required to produce nucleolar segregation in cardiac and skeletal muscle is 6 times greater than the dose of Adriamycin (3.5 mg/kg) required to induce equivalent alterations.", "PMID": 421207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10888", "title": "Fluctuations in nucleoside uptake and binding of the inhibitor of nucleoside transport, nitrobenzylthioinosine, during the replication cycle of HeLa cells.", "content": "Binding of the potent nucleoside transport inhibitor 6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)thio]-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine (NBMPR) and rates of uptake of several nucleosides were examined at 4-hr intervals during the replication cycle of HeLa S3 cells. Monolayer cultures of synchronous cells, obtained by mitotic detachment, were assayed for high-affinity binding of NBMPR and for rates of uptake of thymidine, uridine, cytidine, adenosine, inosine, and guanosine. The number of NBMPR binding sites per cell doubled between 4 and 16 hr after detachment (late G1 and S phase); during this interval, V max 'S for uptake of cytidine and adenosine doubled, and for uridine and thymidine uptake increased about 4- and 8-fold, respectively. Rates of inosine and guanosine uptake at extracellular concentrations below saturation increased 2-fold between G1 and S phase of the cell cycle. Km 'S for cellular uptake of thymidine, uridine, cytidine, and adenosine did not change with progress through the cycle. The results presented suggest that changes in nucleoside uptake during the HeLa cell cycle were due, in part, to changes in the activity of NBMPR-sensitive transport elements in the membrane.", "contents": "Fluctuations in nucleoside uptake and binding of the inhibitor of nucleoside transport, nitrobenzylthioinosine, during the replication cycle of HeLa cells. Binding of the potent nucleoside transport inhibitor 6-[(4-nitrobenzyl)thio]-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine (NBMPR) and rates of uptake of several nucleosides were examined at 4-hr intervals during the replication cycle of HeLa S3 cells. Monolayer cultures of synchronous cells, obtained by mitotic detachment, were assayed for high-affinity binding of NBMPR and for rates of uptake of thymidine, uridine, cytidine, adenosine, inosine, and guanosine. The number of NBMPR binding sites per cell doubled between 4 and 16 hr after detachment (late G1 and S phase); during this interval, V max 'S for uptake of cytidine and adenosine doubled, and for uridine and thymidine uptake increased about 4- and 8-fold, respectively. Rates of inosine and guanosine uptake at extracellular concentrations below saturation increased 2-fold between G1 and S phase of the cell cycle. Km 'S for cellular uptake of thymidine, uridine, cytidine, and adenosine did not change with progress through the cycle. The results presented suggest that changes in nucleoside uptake during the HeLa cell cycle were due, in part, to changes in the activity of NBMPR-sensitive transport elements in the membrane.", "PMID": 421208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10889", "title": "Tumor angiogenesis activity in clonal cells transformed by bovine adenovirus type 3.", "content": "Four different sets of clonal cells transformed by bovine adenovirus type 3 and its oncogenic DNA fragments, and their clonal normal counterparts, were tested for tumor angiogenesis activity. The activity was assayed by measuring the host-mediated vascular response of a chorioallantoic membrane to the cell suspension separated from the vascular bed by a Millipore filter. Angiogenesis activity due to inflammation reaction was prevented by using corticosteroids. All of the transformed cells tested induced strong vascular responses as compared with their corresponding clonal normal cells. Cell dose and time dependency for the expression of the activity were also shown.", "contents": "Tumor angiogenesis activity in clonal cells transformed by bovine adenovirus type 3. Four different sets of clonal cells transformed by bovine adenovirus type 3 and its oncogenic DNA fragments, and their clonal normal counterparts, were tested for tumor angiogenesis activity. The activity was assayed by measuring the host-mediated vascular response of a chorioallantoic membrane to the cell suspension separated from the vascular bed by a Millipore filter. Angiogenesis activity due to inflammation reaction was prevented by using corticosteroids. All of the transformed cells tested induced strong vascular responses as compared with their corresponding clonal normal cells. Cell dose and time dependency for the expression of the activity were also shown.", "PMID": 421213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10890", "title": "Differential effect of adriamycin on DNA replicative and repair synthesis in cultured neonatal rat cardiac cells.", "content": "The effect of the potent antitumor antiobiotic Adriamycin (ADM) on DNA replication and unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured rat cardiac cells was investigated. Autoradiography and [3H]thymidine incorporation studies were carried out on parallel cultures. DNA replication was depressed for up to 6 days following a 3-hr pulse of ADM administration. An ADM concentration of 1 microgram/ml which was effective in reducing replicative DNA synthesis by as much as 75% did not reduce the ability of cardiac cells to repair UV-damaged DNA. However, cells exposed to higher ADM concentrations failed to undergo significant UV-induced repair. In the absence of UV treatment, ADM did not stimulate unscheduled DNA synthesis. To account for the differential response of the cardiac cell cultures to replicate and repair DNA, we propose that ADM exerts a localized effect on DNA synthesis covering a region proximal to its primary intercalation site.", "contents": "Differential effect of adriamycin on DNA replicative and repair synthesis in cultured neonatal rat cardiac cells. The effect of the potent antitumor antiobiotic Adriamycin (ADM) on DNA replication and unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured rat cardiac cells was investigated. Autoradiography and [3H]thymidine incorporation studies were carried out on parallel cultures. DNA replication was depressed for up to 6 days following a 3-hr pulse of ADM administration. An ADM concentration of 1 microgram/ml which was effective in reducing replicative DNA synthesis by as much as 75% did not reduce the ability of cardiac cells to repair UV-damaged DNA. However, cells exposed to higher ADM concentrations failed to undergo significant UV-induced repair. In the absence of UV treatment, ADM did not stimulate unscheduled DNA synthesis. To account for the differential response of the cardiac cell cultures to replicate and repair DNA, we propose that ADM exerts a localized effect on DNA synthesis covering a region proximal to its primary intercalation site.", "PMID": 421215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10891", "title": "Comparison of mutagenicity, antitumor activity, and chemical properties of selected nitrosoureas and nitrosoamides.", "content": "A number of nitrosoureas and nitrosoamides have been compared with respect to mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium, in vitro cytotoxicity, in vivo toxicity and antitumor activity against murine L1210 leukemia, and chemical properties. Despite chemical similarities between the nitrosoureas and nitrosoamides, they show important differences in biological activity. Some of the nitrosoureas are very active antitumor agents, and they are less mutagenic than are the corresponding nitrosoamides, which lack antitumor activity.", "contents": "Comparison of mutagenicity, antitumor activity, and chemical properties of selected nitrosoureas and nitrosoamides. A number of nitrosoureas and nitrosoamides have been compared with respect to mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium, in vitro cytotoxicity, in vivo toxicity and antitumor activity against murine L1210 leukemia, and chemical properties. Despite chemical similarities between the nitrosoureas and nitrosoamides, they show important differences in biological activity. Some of the nitrosoureas are very active antitumor agents, and they are less mutagenic than are the corresponding nitrosoamides, which lack antitumor activity.", "PMID": 421216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10892", "title": "Effects of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) on human colon carcinoma cells in vitro.", "content": "The lethal effects of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) were investigated on an established human colon carcinoma cell line. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was one of the most efficient antineoplastic agents tested thus far on this human colon carcinoma cell line. Survival of exponentially growing cells exposed to increasing concentrations of the drug (both in medium or in Hanks' balanced salt solution) was of the threshold exponential type (Dq = 1.2 microgram/ml, 1 hr; Do = 3.5 microgram/ml, 1 hr). Stationary-phase cells were extremely sensitive to the drug, and the survival curve demonstrated a simple exponential pattern (Do = 3.9 microgram/ml, 1 hr). Long-term exposure to low concentrations of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum induced a high degree of killing, with only 0.5% of the cells surviving after incubation for 24 hr with 2 microgram/ml. Cells were unable to recover from potentially lethal or sublethal damages induced by the drug.", "contents": "Effects of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) on human colon carcinoma cells in vitro. The lethal effects of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) were investigated on an established human colon carcinoma cell line. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was one of the most efficient antineoplastic agents tested thus far on this human colon carcinoma cell line. Survival of exponentially growing cells exposed to increasing concentrations of the drug (both in medium or in Hanks' balanced salt solution) was of the threshold exponential type (Dq = 1.2 microgram/ml, 1 hr; Do = 3.5 microgram/ml, 1 hr). Stationary-phase cells were extremely sensitive to the drug, and the survival curve demonstrated a simple exponential pattern (Do = 3.9 microgram/ml, 1 hr). Long-term exposure to low concentrations of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum induced a high degree of killing, with only 0.5% of the cells surviving after incubation for 24 hr with 2 microgram/ml. Cells were unable to recover from potentially lethal or sublethal damages induced by the drug.", "PMID": 421217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10893", "title": "N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide, a new retinoid for prevention of breast cancer in the rat.", "content": "The synethesis of a new retinoid, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-all-trans-retinamide, which has useful biological properties, is described. This retinoid was more potent than retinyl acetate in reversing keratinization caused by retinoid deficiency in tracheal organ culture. It was markedly less toxic than retinyl acetate when fed p.o. to rats over 2-week or 6-month periods. It was an effective agent for inhibition of the development of breast cancer induced in rats by N-nitroso-N-methylurea, although it was not as potent as retinyl acetate in this regard. However, the lesser toxicity of 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide makes it a superior agent for prevention of breast cancer. High-pressure liquid chromatographic analyses of liver and breast extracts from rats treated for 6 months with retinoids show the pharmacokinetic basis for the superiority of 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide; this retinoid and its metabolites were found in high concentrations in breast tissue, without any measurable accumulation in the liver or evident liver toxicity. In contrast, chronic feeding of retinyl acetate caused marked deposition of retinyl esters in the liver and severe hepatotoxicity. Whole mounts of rat mammary glands, made after chronic feeding of 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide, showed that it had a marked antiproliferative effect on mammary epithelium.", "contents": "N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide, a new retinoid for prevention of breast cancer in the rat. The synethesis of a new retinoid, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-all-trans-retinamide, which has useful biological properties, is described. This retinoid was more potent than retinyl acetate in reversing keratinization caused by retinoid deficiency in tracheal organ culture. It was markedly less toxic than retinyl acetate when fed p.o. to rats over 2-week or 6-month periods. It was an effective agent for inhibition of the development of breast cancer induced in rats by N-nitroso-N-methylurea, although it was not as potent as retinyl acetate in this regard. However, the lesser toxicity of 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide makes it a superior agent for prevention of breast cancer. High-pressure liquid chromatographic analyses of liver and breast extracts from rats treated for 6 months with retinoids show the pharmacokinetic basis for the superiority of 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide; this retinoid and its metabolites were found in high concentrations in breast tissue, without any measurable accumulation in the liver or evident liver toxicity. In contrast, chronic feeding of retinyl acetate caused marked deposition of retinyl esters in the liver and severe hepatotoxicity. Whole mounts of rat mammary glands, made after chronic feeding of 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide, showed that it had a marked antiproliferative effect on mammary epithelium.", "PMID": 421218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10894", "title": "Physical and chemical composition of subcellular fractions from tumor cells treated with metabolic inhibitors or hormones.", "content": "Line 10 guinea pig hepatoma cells are resistant to killing by antibody plus guinea pig complement but not by antibody plus human complement. Agents that increase (metabolic inhibitors) or decrease (hormones) the sensitivity of the cells to killing by antibody plus complement were examined for their effects on the chemical, physical, and enzymic composition of the cells. The effects of these agents on the chemical and enzymic characteristics of isolated plasma membrane and intracellular fractions of these cells were also measured. Adriamycin treatment resulted in a decrease in the amount of ribonucleoprotein and smooth endoplasmic reticulum isolated from the cells as compared to untreated cells. Hormone (insulin or hydrocortisone)-treated cells were enhanced in their yield of this fraction but were decreased in their yield of mitochondria as compared to controls. Generally, the drug-treated cells were decreased, whereas hormone-treated cells were enhanced, in protein, lipid phosphate, and total phosphate content, as compared to untreated controls. This pattern was also noted in the plasma membrane fraction of the cells and, in several cases, in intracellular membrane fractions. These data suggest that the protein, lipid phosphate, and total phosphate content of the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes of these cells may correlate with their ability to resist humoral immune attack.", "contents": "Physical and chemical composition of subcellular fractions from tumor cells treated with metabolic inhibitors or hormones. Line 10 guinea pig hepatoma cells are resistant to killing by antibody plus guinea pig complement but not by antibody plus human complement. Agents that increase (metabolic inhibitors) or decrease (hormones) the sensitivity of the cells to killing by antibody plus complement were examined for their effects on the chemical, physical, and enzymic composition of the cells. The effects of these agents on the chemical and enzymic characteristics of isolated plasma membrane and intracellular fractions of these cells were also measured. Adriamycin treatment resulted in a decrease in the amount of ribonucleoprotein and smooth endoplasmic reticulum isolated from the cells as compared to untreated cells. Hormone (insulin or hydrocortisone)-treated cells were enhanced in their yield of this fraction but were decreased in their yield of mitochondria as compared to controls. Generally, the drug-treated cells were decreased, whereas hormone-treated cells were enhanced, in protein, lipid phosphate, and total phosphate content, as compared to untreated controls. This pattern was also noted in the plasma membrane fraction of the cells and, in several cases, in intracellular membrane fractions. These data suggest that the protein, lipid phosphate, and total phosphate content of the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes of these cells may correlate with their ability to resist humoral immune attack.", "PMID": 421220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10895", "title": "Formation and removal of specific acetylaminofluorene-DNA adducts in mouse and human cells measured by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Rabbit antiserum prepared against N-(guanosin-8-yl)-acetylaminofluorene was utilized in radioimmunoassay to detect formation and removal of C-8 adducts from the DNA of cultured cells exposed to N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminoflorene. The assay was able to quantitate both acetylated and deacetylated C-8 adducts between 0.5 and 5 pmol while the N2 adduct, 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)acetylaminofluorene, was not detected below 160 pmol. By varying the proportions of acetylated and deacetylated C-8 adducts in the radioimmunoassay, a series of standard curves were developed from which the relative proportion of each adduct could be determined in unknown mixtures. DNA from mouse epidermal cells and human skin fibroblasts exposed to N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in culture contained only 3 and 5% respectively, of the C-8 adduct in the acetylated form. Quantitation by radioimmunoassay of total C-8 adducts bound to DNA yielded values approximately 25% lower than total carcinogen binding determined by radiolabeling. When removal of C-8 adducts was followed over a 23-hr, carcinogen-free culture period, mouse and human cells removed 40 and 50%, respectively, of bound acetylated and deacetylated C-8 adducts. These studies demonstrate the versatility of radioimmunoassay as a molecular probe for studies of chemical carcinogens.", "contents": "Formation and removal of specific acetylaminofluorene-DNA adducts in mouse and human cells measured by radioimmunoassay. Rabbit antiserum prepared against N-(guanosin-8-yl)-acetylaminofluorene was utilized in radioimmunoassay to detect formation and removal of C-8 adducts from the DNA of cultured cells exposed to N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminoflorene. The assay was able to quantitate both acetylated and deacetylated C-8 adducts between 0.5 and 5 pmol while the N2 adduct, 3-(deoxyguanosin-N2-yl)acetylaminofluorene, was not detected below 160 pmol. By varying the proportions of acetylated and deacetylated C-8 adducts in the radioimmunoassay, a series of standard curves were developed from which the relative proportion of each adduct could be determined in unknown mixtures. DNA from mouse epidermal cells and human skin fibroblasts exposed to N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene in culture contained only 3 and 5% respectively, of the C-8 adduct in the acetylated form. Quantitation by radioimmunoassay of total C-8 adducts bound to DNA yielded values approximately 25% lower than total carcinogen binding determined by radiolabeling. When removal of C-8 adducts was followed over a 23-hr, carcinogen-free culture period, mouse and human cells removed 40 and 50%, respectively, of bound acetylated and deacetylated C-8 adducts. These studies demonstrate the versatility of radioimmunoassay as a molecular probe for studies of chemical carcinogens.", "PMID": 421221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10896", "title": "Spermine-induced variations in the adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribosylation patterns of nuclear proteins from rat liver and hepatoma.", "content": "Rat liver and hepatoma nuclei were incubated in vitro with [3H]nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to allow synthesis of a polymer of adenosine diphosphoribose subunits joined in an 1',2' ribose-ribose linkage. The addition of 1 mM spermine altered the adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation patterns of nuclear proteins in hepatoma, host liver, and regenerating liver. Spermine-treated nuclei showed a greater incorporation of ADP-ribose into H1 histones and nonhistone nuclear proteins with isoelectric points between pH 3.0 and 6.0 when separated on polyacrylamide gels. Conversely, a large reduction in ADP ribosylation was seen in core histones (H2A, H2B, and H3) from the same nuclei. The proportion of ADP-ribose incorporated into histones was reduced in the nuclei from proliferating cells relative to their respective control livers. These results imply that polyamines, which are higher in concentration in rapidly dividing cells, may elicit a regulatory function by causing the preferential ADP ribosylation of H1 histones, as well as the more acidic of the nuclear proteins.", "contents": "Spermine-induced variations in the adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribosylation patterns of nuclear proteins from rat liver and hepatoma. Rat liver and hepatoma nuclei were incubated in vitro with [3H]nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to allow synthesis of a polymer of adenosine diphosphoribose subunits joined in an 1',2' ribose-ribose linkage. The addition of 1 mM spermine altered the adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation patterns of nuclear proteins in hepatoma, host liver, and regenerating liver. Spermine-treated nuclei showed a greater incorporation of ADP-ribose into H1 histones and nonhistone nuclear proteins with isoelectric points between pH 3.0 and 6.0 when separated on polyacrylamide gels. Conversely, a large reduction in ADP ribosylation was seen in core histones (H2A, H2B, and H3) from the same nuclei. The proportion of ADP-ribose incorporated into histones was reduced in the nuclei from proliferating cells relative to their respective control livers. These results imply that polyamines, which are higher in concentration in rapidly dividing cells, may elicit a regulatory function by causing the preferential ADP ribosylation of H1 histones, as well as the more acidic of the nuclear proteins.", "PMID": 421222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10897", "title": "Evidence for a new mechanism of cytotoxicity of 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine.", "content": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis by a pulse of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) results in reinitiation of DNA replication in DNA segments replicated earlier in that S phase and hence double replication of some DNA segments. Experiments were with tissue culture cell lines of human origin. DNA replicated early in S phase was labeled with a pulse of [3H]deoxycytidine with the cells pulsed later in S phase with ara-C. The DNA replicated after the time of the ara-C pulse was density labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Reinitiation of DNA replication in the already replicated [3H]DNA segments was demonstrated using CsCl density gradient analysis by an increase in the 3H label present in the light-heavy peak of semiconservatively replicated DNA. Also, in DNA of control cells, all of the 3H was in the same strand of the light-heavy DNA duplex as was the 5-bromodeoxyuridine, as shown by alkaline CsCl density gradient analysis of purified light-heavy DNA. However, after a pulse of ara-C, utilization of [3H]DNA strands as template strands was demonstrated by the presence of 3H label at the density of unsubstituted DNA chains in alkaline CsCl gradients of the purified light-heavy DNA. This double replication phenomenon can explain certain chromosomal abnormalities induced by ara-C.", "contents": "Evidence for a new mechanism of cytotoxicity of 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by a pulse of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) results in reinitiation of DNA replication in DNA segments replicated earlier in that S phase and hence double replication of some DNA segments. Experiments were with tissue culture cell lines of human origin. DNA replicated early in S phase was labeled with a pulse of [3H]deoxycytidine with the cells pulsed later in S phase with ara-C. The DNA replicated after the time of the ara-C pulse was density labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Reinitiation of DNA replication in the already replicated [3H]DNA segments was demonstrated using CsCl density gradient analysis by an increase in the 3H label present in the light-heavy peak of semiconservatively replicated DNA. Also, in DNA of control cells, all of the 3H was in the same strand of the light-heavy DNA duplex as was the 5-bromodeoxyuridine, as shown by alkaline CsCl density gradient analysis of purified light-heavy DNA. However, after a pulse of ara-C, utilization of [3H]DNA strands as template strands was demonstrated by the presence of 3H label at the density of unsubstituted DNA chains in alkaline CsCl gradients of the purified light-heavy DNA. This double replication phenomenon can explain certain chromosomal abnormalities induced by ara-C.", "PMID": 421225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10898", "title": "Recovery of 2'-deoxycoformycin-inhibited adenosine deaminase of mouse erythrocytes and leukemia L1210 in vivo.", "content": "The antibiotic 2'-deoxycoformycin, a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, has potential as a chemotherapeutic agent. Injection of 2'-deoxycoformycin i.v. (0.2 mg/kg) to mice bearing ascites L1210 leukemia cells completely inhibits adenosine deaminase in both erythrocytes and L1210 cells. The recovery of the enzymic activity is markedly different in the two tissues. The recovery is very slow in erythrocytes (13% in 48 hr), whereas 80% recovery occurs during the same time interval in L1210 cells. This marked difference in the recovery of the enzyme in different tissues may play a role in the pharmacological and chemotherapeutic behavior of this drug.", "contents": "Recovery of 2'-deoxycoformycin-inhibited adenosine deaminase of mouse erythrocytes and leukemia L1210 in vivo. The antibiotic 2'-deoxycoformycin, a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, has potential as a chemotherapeutic agent. Injection of 2'-deoxycoformycin i.v. (0.2 mg/kg) to mice bearing ascites L1210 leukemia cells completely inhibits adenosine deaminase in both erythrocytes and L1210 cells. The recovery of the enzymic activity is markedly different in the two tissues. The recovery is very slow in erythrocytes (13% in 48 hr), whereas 80% recovery occurs during the same time interval in L1210 cells. This marked difference in the recovery of the enzyme in different tissues may play a role in the pharmacological and chemotherapeutic behavior of this drug.", "PMID": 421226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10899", "title": "Renal excretion kinetics of high-dose cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) administered with hydration and mannitol diuresis.", "content": "The effect of hydration and mannitol diuresis on the nephrotoxicity and renal excretion kinetics of high-dose cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was examined in seven men undergoing treatment for testicular or bladder carcinoma. The elimination half-life averaged 26.8 hours, shorter than values previously reported from studies not employing hydration and diuresis. In addition, no signs of nephrotoxicity were observed. The results suggest that hydration and mannitol diuresis decrease the nephrotoxicity of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) by increasing its rate of elimination.", "contents": "Renal excretion kinetics of high-dose cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) administered with hydration and mannitol diuresis. The effect of hydration and mannitol diuresis on the nephrotoxicity and renal excretion kinetics of high-dose cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) was examined in seven men undergoing treatment for testicular or bladder carcinoma. The elimination half-life averaged 26.8 hours, shorter than values previously reported from studies not employing hydration and diuresis. In addition, no signs of nephrotoxicity were observed. The results suggest that hydration and mannitol diuresis decrease the nephrotoxicity of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) by increasing its rate of elimination.", "PMID": 421230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10900", "title": "Pharmacology and toxicology of alpha-2'-deoxythioguanosine in cancer patients.", "content": "alpha-2'-Deoxythioguanosine (alpha-TGdR) was administered as a single dose to 13 cancer patients in 18 experiments at dose levels of 150--1500 mg/m2 and as a daily dose to 22 patients in 42 experiments at dose levels of 100--4000 mg/m2/day X 5 days. No significant toxicity was observed. Blood levels and rates of excretion were determined with radiosulfur-labeled alpha-TGdR. Approximately 80% of the dose was excreted in the urine in 24 hours, initially as unchanged alpha-TGdR and increasingly as metabolites. Metabolites appear to be nucleosides and do not include 6-thioguanine, 6-thioxanthine, or 6-thiouric acid to any measurable extent. Small amounts of the alpha-TGdR in blood samples were bound to albumin and to erythrocyte membranes. Blood plasma levels of alpha-TGdR at the highest doses were in the range of 200--300 micrometer, declining in 24 hours to 67--124 micrometer.", "contents": "Pharmacology and toxicology of alpha-2'-deoxythioguanosine in cancer patients. alpha-2'-Deoxythioguanosine (alpha-TGdR) was administered as a single dose to 13 cancer patients in 18 experiments at dose levels of 150--1500 mg/m2 and as a daily dose to 22 patients in 42 experiments at dose levels of 100--4000 mg/m2/day X 5 days. No significant toxicity was observed. Blood levels and rates of excretion were determined with radiosulfur-labeled alpha-TGdR. Approximately 80% of the dose was excreted in the urine in 24 hours, initially as unchanged alpha-TGdR and increasingly as metabolites. Metabolites appear to be nucleosides and do not include 6-thioguanine, 6-thioxanthine, or 6-thiouric acid to any measurable extent. Small amounts of the alpha-TGdR in blood samples were bound to albumin and to erythrocyte membranes. Blood plasma levels of alpha-TGdR at the highest doses were in the range of 200--300 micrometer, declining in 24 hours to 67--124 micrometer.", "PMID": 421233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10901", "title": "Enzymatic assay for the antitumor agent-N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid (PALA).", "content": "A method is described for the assay of N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid in plasma or urine, based on inhibition of partially purified aspartate carbamoyltransferase from rat liver. Concentrations of N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid as low as 0.1 microgram/ml can be detected. Plasma disappearance and urinary excretion curves from one patient are shown as examples of the application of the method.", "contents": "Enzymatic assay for the antitumor agent-N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid (PALA). A method is described for the assay of N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid in plasma or urine, based on inhibition of partially purified aspartate carbamoyltransferase from rat liver. Concentrations of N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid as low as 0.1 microgram/ml can be detected. Plasma disappearance and urinary excretion curves from one patient are shown as examples of the application of the method.", "PMID": 421235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10902", "title": "BISACK analysis of the phytohaemagglutinin-induced proliferation of human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "The rate of stimulation as well as subsequent cell cycle duration was examined in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes grown in vitro in the presence of non-inhibotory concentrations of bromodeoxyuridine. After incorporation of this heavy atom analogue of thymidine into replicating cellular DNA, it was possible to identify unequivocally metaphase cells which had replicated for one, two and three or more cells cycles. Utlizing this technique, distribution curves were obtained for the appearance of metaphase cells in successive generations, were analysed by a computer simulation model, and the rate of stimulation (4.5% per hr of the reminaing unstimulated population) and cell cycle duration (12.3 hr) were determined. The results were compared with those obtained by autoradiography and the possible relationship to the 'transition probability' model for cellular proliferation is discussed.", "contents": "BISACK analysis of the phytohaemagglutinin-induced proliferation of human peripheral lymphocytes. The rate of stimulation as well as subsequent cell cycle duration was examined in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes grown in vitro in the presence of non-inhibotory concentrations of bromodeoxyuridine. After incorporation of this heavy atom analogue of thymidine into replicating cellular DNA, it was possible to identify unequivocally metaphase cells which had replicated for one, two and three or more cells cycles. Utlizing this technique, distribution curves were obtained for the appearance of metaphase cells in successive generations, were analysed by a computer simulation model, and the rate of stimulation (4.5% per hr of the reminaing unstimulated population) and cell cycle duration (12.3 hr) were determined. The results were compared with those obtained by autoradiography and the possible relationship to the 'transition probability' model for cellular proliferation is discussed.", "PMID": 421239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10903", "title": "Tumour cell proliferation in relation to the vasculature.", "content": "The proliferation pattern of a transplantable mouse mammary carcinoma has been studied in relation to its macroscopic and microscopic structure. No significant differences were seen in the labelling or mitotic indices or in the percentage labelled mitoses curves for the peripheral 2.0 mm rim or for the central tumour core. When these parameters were scored for cells classified according to their position in relation to capillaries or to necrotic regions, marked differences were observed in all the parameters. Higher labelling and mitotic indices and higher grain counts were seen adjacent to the capillaries. These appear to result from a shorter cell cycle duration and a higher growth fraction. The variation in cell cycle is mainly due to a change in the duration of G1.", "contents": "Tumour cell proliferation in relation to the vasculature. The proliferation pattern of a transplantable mouse mammary carcinoma has been studied in relation to its macroscopic and microscopic structure. No significant differences were seen in the labelling or mitotic indices or in the percentage labelled mitoses curves for the peripheral 2.0 mm rim or for the central tumour core. When these parameters were scored for cells classified according to their position in relation to capillaries or to necrotic regions, marked differences were observed in all the parameters. Higher labelling and mitotic indices and higher grain counts were seen adjacent to the capillaries. These appear to result from a shorter cell cycle duration and a higher growth fraction. The variation in cell cycle is mainly due to a change in the duration of G1.", "PMID": 421240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10904", "title": "Growth of mouse and human bone marrow in diffusion chambers in mice. Development of myeloid and erythroid colonies and proliferation of myeloid stem cells in cyclophosphamide- and erythropoietin-treated mice.", "content": "Both murine and human bone marrow cells were cultured in plasma clots which were formed inside diffusion chambers implanted into cyclophosphamide- and saline-treated mice. After an initial fall, the number of mouse bone marrow cells and numbers of mouse myeloid stem cells (CFU-C) and agar cluster-forming units rose faster in the cyclophosphamide-treated animals. These hosts also favored formation of myeloid (CFU-D-G) and erythroid (CFR-D-E) colonies and myeloid higher than those of CFU-C from the same marrow population. These observations suggest the existence of humoral factors stimulating granulocyte progenitor cell replication and differentiation. At its best the increment of CFU-D-E number was equivalent to that caused by a single 0.1 unit erythropoietin dose. Culture of normal human marrow cells resulted in colonies in the plasma clot containing only granulocytes and macrophages. Cyclophosphamide-treated host animals were essential for human CFU-D-G development. Plating efficiency for human marrow myeloid colonies was better in the conventional in vitro agar cultures than in diffusion chambers.", "contents": "Growth of mouse and human bone marrow in diffusion chambers in mice. Development of myeloid and erythroid colonies and proliferation of myeloid stem cells in cyclophosphamide- and erythropoietin-treated mice. Both murine and human bone marrow cells were cultured in plasma clots which were formed inside diffusion chambers implanted into cyclophosphamide- and saline-treated mice. After an initial fall, the number of mouse bone marrow cells and numbers of mouse myeloid stem cells (CFU-C) and agar cluster-forming units rose faster in the cyclophosphamide-treated animals. These hosts also favored formation of myeloid (CFU-D-G) and erythroid (CFR-D-E) colonies and myeloid higher than those of CFU-C from the same marrow population. These observations suggest the existence of humoral factors stimulating granulocyte progenitor cell replication and differentiation. At its best the increment of CFU-D-E number was equivalent to that caused by a single 0.1 unit erythropoietin dose. Culture of normal human marrow cells resulted in colonies in the plasma clot containing only granulocytes and macrophages. Cyclophosphamide-treated host animals were essential for human CFU-D-G development. Plating efficiency for human marrow myeloid colonies was better in the conventional in vitro agar cultures than in diffusion chambers.", "PMID": 421241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10905", "title": "Morphological, histochemical and biochemical studies on germ cell mitochondria of normal rats.", "content": "Morphological changes in rat germ cell mitochondria are described. In diplotene and secondary spermatocytes and in the spermatids of the Golgi, cap and acrosomal phases, the mitochondria take on a rounded appearance with the inner space containing the matrix flattened against the outer membrane and the intracristal spaces considerably swollen (\"condensed\" mitochondria). Functional studies on \"condensed\" mitochondria isolated from the germ cells of normal rats have been performed. The following parameters have been evaluated: ADP/O ratio, respiratory control ratio (RCR) and ADP affinity. The ADP/O values found in the presence of various substrates are in agreement with the theoretical figures. The RCR is remarkably high. Moreover, the ADP affinity of these mitochondria is very high, as demonstrated by the low values of the \"apparent Km\". These biochemical findings, which demonstrate a high oxidative capacity coupled with a marked phosphorylation, suggest that the \"condensed\" appearance of germ cell mitochondria is the expression of an active functional state.", "contents": "Morphological, histochemical and biochemical studies on germ cell mitochondria of normal rats. Morphological changes in rat germ cell mitochondria are described. In diplotene and secondary spermatocytes and in the spermatids of the Golgi, cap and acrosomal phases, the mitochondria take on a rounded appearance with the inner space containing the matrix flattened against the outer membrane and the intracristal spaces considerably swollen (\"condensed\" mitochondria). Functional studies on \"condensed\" mitochondria isolated from the germ cells of normal rats have been performed. The following parameters have been evaluated: ADP/O ratio, respiratory control ratio (RCR) and ADP affinity. The ADP/O values found in the presence of various substrates are in agreement with the theoretical figures. The RCR is remarkably high. Moreover, the ADP affinity of these mitochondria is very high, as demonstrated by the low values of the \"apparent Km\". These biochemical findings, which demonstrate a high oxidative capacity coupled with a marked phosphorylation, suggest that the \"condensed\" appearance of germ cell mitochondria is the expression of an active functional state.", "PMID": 421242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10906", "title": "Immunocytochemical identification of vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons in the hypothalamus of the cat.", "content": "Our immunocytochemical investigation of the magnocellular neuroendocrine cells in the cat hypothalamus reveals a mixture of vasopressin (VP)- and oxytocin (OT)-containing neurons in the supraoptic (NSO), the paraventricular (NPV) and in five accessory nuclei (NAC). We describe the lateral hypothalamic nucleus (NLH), a new accessory nucleus, lying at the junction of the internal capsule and pallidum, and possibly involved in drinking behavior. Previously characterized incompletely in mammals, the four other accessory nuclei consist of the circularis (NC), anterior fornical (NAF), posterior fornical (NPF) and retrochiasmatic (NRC). The two peptidergic cell types, VP and OT, are equally mixed in the NPV and the NAC, but in the NSO VP neurons predominate. The perikarya of these VP and OT neurons do not show distinct morphological differences at the level of light microscopy. The organization of magnocellular neuroscretory neurons in the cat hypothalamus closely resembles that described in other mammals with the exception of the unique presence of the lateral hypothalamic accessory nucleus.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical identification of vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons in the hypothalamus of the cat. Our immunocytochemical investigation of the magnocellular neuroendocrine cells in the cat hypothalamus reveals a mixture of vasopressin (VP)- and oxytocin (OT)-containing neurons in the supraoptic (NSO), the paraventricular (NPV) and in five accessory nuclei (NAC). We describe the lateral hypothalamic nucleus (NLH), a new accessory nucleus, lying at the junction of the internal capsule and pallidum, and possibly involved in drinking behavior. Previously characterized incompletely in mammals, the four other accessory nuclei consist of the circularis (NC), anterior fornical (NAF), posterior fornical (NPF) and retrochiasmatic (NRC). The two peptidergic cell types, VP and OT, are equally mixed in the NPV and the NAC, but in the NSO VP neurons predominate. The perikarya of these VP and OT neurons do not show distinct morphological differences at the level of light microscopy. The organization of magnocellular neuroscretory neurons in the cat hypothalamus closely resembles that described in other mammals with the exception of the unique presence of the lateral hypothalamic accessory nucleus.", "PMID": 421243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10907", "title": "Metals and phosphate in the chloragosomes of Lumbricus terrestris and their possible physiological significance.", "content": "The chloragog cells of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris contain numerous granules, chloragogomes, which were analyzed for metals and phosphate by histochemistry, by use of an electron microscope X-ray microprobe (EMMA) and by chemical analysis of chloragosome preparations. Inorganic and organic phosphate each accounts for about 3% of the chloragosome dry mass, Ca for 2--3%, Zn for 1--3% and Mg for 0.2--0.4%. Carbonate is not present in chloragosomes. The average molar ratios Ca:Mg:Zn:total PO4 are 1:0.1:0.3:1. The Ca:PO4 ratio is fairly constant (correlation coefficient 0.99), while the Zn:PO4 ratio varies considerably. It is concluded that Ca is bound in the form of inorganic CaHPO4 and organic R-OPO3Ca (or possibly Ca-polyphosphate complexes). Mg may also be phosphate-bound, while Zn probably is not. Chemical analysis of the calciferous glands revealed a high concentration of Ca, small amounts of Mg and phosphate, but no Zn. It is concluded that Zn is not excreted through the calciferous gland. Storage of Ca in the chloragocytes and excretion of CaCO3 by the calciferous gland may be physiologically linked. Regulation of the concentrations of Ca and HCO3- ions in the blood and coelomic fluid may assist in equalization of osmotic pressures during dehydration and rehydration. This regulation may be a major function of the chloragosomes. The chloragosomes were discussed in relation to the \"spherites\" of various arthropods and molluscs and to the \"cytosomes\" of anoxia-tolerating molluscs.", "contents": "Metals and phosphate in the chloragosomes of Lumbricus terrestris and their possible physiological significance. The chloragog cells of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris contain numerous granules, chloragogomes, which were analyzed for metals and phosphate by histochemistry, by use of an electron microscope X-ray microprobe (EMMA) and by chemical analysis of chloragosome preparations. Inorganic and organic phosphate each accounts for about 3% of the chloragosome dry mass, Ca for 2--3%, Zn for 1--3% and Mg for 0.2--0.4%. Carbonate is not present in chloragosomes. The average molar ratios Ca:Mg:Zn:total PO4 are 1:0.1:0.3:1. The Ca:PO4 ratio is fairly constant (correlation coefficient 0.99), while the Zn:PO4 ratio varies considerably. It is concluded that Ca is bound in the form of inorganic CaHPO4 and organic R-OPO3Ca (or possibly Ca-polyphosphate complexes). Mg may also be phosphate-bound, while Zn probably is not. Chemical analysis of the calciferous glands revealed a high concentration of Ca, small amounts of Mg and phosphate, but no Zn. It is concluded that Zn is not excreted through the calciferous gland. Storage of Ca in the chloragocytes and excretion of CaCO3 by the calciferous gland may be physiologically linked. Regulation of the concentrations of Ca and HCO3- ions in the blood and coelomic fluid may assist in equalization of osmotic pressures during dehydration and rehydration. This regulation may be a major function of the chloragosomes. The chloragosomes were discussed in relation to the \"spherites\" of various arthropods and molluscs and to the \"cytosomes\" of anoxia-tolerating molluscs.", "PMID": 421244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10908", "title": "Metabolism of glycoconjugates in hypothalamic neurons and glial cells: comparison of incorporation of [3H]fucose and [3H]N-acetylmannosamine by electron microscopic autoradiography.", "content": "Incorporation of two glycoconjugate precursors, [3H]fucose and [3H]N-acetylmannosamine, in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus is compared 30 min after intraventricular administration. Electron microscopic autoradiographs were analyzed by a sampling technique which provides information about (i) the distribution of radioactivity in the tissue, (ii) the relative volumes, and (iii) the amount of radioactivity per unit volume of the various tissue compartments. With both precursors, the highest incorporation was found in glial cell bodies, being about five to six times that of neurons. This holds true for all three types of glia. The concentration of radioactivity in the neuropil consisting of neuronal and glial processes was exceedingly low, although, due to its large volume, it contained the highest fraction of total tissue radioactivity. The limitations imposed on the interpretation of the data in terms of synthesis of fucosyl- and sialoglycoconjugates are discussed. It is proposed that the observations support the concept that high rates of synthesis for glycoproteins (and possibly gangliosides) are a characteristic metabolic property of glial cells.", "contents": "Metabolism of glycoconjugates in hypothalamic neurons and glial cells: comparison of incorporation of [3H]fucose and [3H]N-acetylmannosamine by electron microscopic autoradiography. Incorporation of two glycoconjugate precursors, [3H]fucose and [3H]N-acetylmannosamine, in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus is compared 30 min after intraventricular administration. Electron microscopic autoradiographs were analyzed by a sampling technique which provides information about (i) the distribution of radioactivity in the tissue, (ii) the relative volumes, and (iii) the amount of radioactivity per unit volume of the various tissue compartments. With both precursors, the highest incorporation was found in glial cell bodies, being about five to six times that of neurons. This holds true for all three types of glia. The concentration of radioactivity in the neuropil consisting of neuronal and glial processes was exceedingly low, although, due to its large volume, it contained the highest fraction of total tissue radioactivity. The limitations imposed on the interpretation of the data in terms of synthesis of fucosyl- and sialoglycoconjugates are discussed. It is proposed that the observations support the concept that high rates of synthesis for glycoproteins (and possibly gangliosides) are a characteristic metabolic property of glial cells.", "PMID": 421245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10909", "title": "Effects of heat acclimation on the secretory products of the submaxillary gland of the rat. An ultrastructural and biochemical study.", "content": "Secretory granule area and glycoprotein concentration of the saliva in the submaxillary gland of rats were measured during various stages of acclimation to heat at 34 +/- 1 degrees C. Granule size decreased by 18% during the first five days of heat acclimation (0.025 less than p less than 0.05) after which period it increased to reach 118% of the control levels after 28 days (p less than 0.05). Glycoprotein concentration in the saliva of stimulated glands rose above control levels, reaching a maximum between the 2nd and 5th day of acclimation (p less than 0.05). It was concluded that the initial decrease in granule size reflects a decrease in glycoprotein content following an increase in salivary flow known to occur at high ambient temperatures. The subsequent increase in granule size is considered an adaptation of the gland to continuous stimulation. The rise in salivary glycoprotein concentration suggests increased efficiency of the secretory mechanism.", "contents": "Effects of heat acclimation on the secretory products of the submaxillary gland of the rat. An ultrastructural and biochemical study. Secretory granule area and glycoprotein concentration of the saliva in the submaxillary gland of rats were measured during various stages of acclimation to heat at 34 +/- 1 degrees C. Granule size decreased by 18% during the first five days of heat acclimation (0.025 less than p less than 0.05) after which period it increased to reach 118% of the control levels after 28 days (p less than 0.05). Glycoprotein concentration in the saliva of stimulated glands rose above control levels, reaching a maximum between the 2nd and 5th day of acclimation (p less than 0.05). It was concluded that the initial decrease in granule size reflects a decrease in glycoprotein content following an increase in salivary flow known to occur at high ambient temperatures. The subsequent increase in granule size is considered an adaptation of the gland to continuous stimulation. The rise in salivary glycoprotein concentration suggests increased efficiency of the secretory mechanism.", "PMID": 421246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10910", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts of the vascular bed in the skin of the spotted salamander, Salamandra salamandra L.", "content": "Microcorrosion casts of blood vessels in the skin of the spotted salamander, Salamandra salamandra L., were studied using scanning eletron microscopy. The investigated vessels include a subepidermal network of respiratory capillaries and the vessels of poison glands. A hypothesis is proposed, according to which both types of vascular beds possess a common origin. Probable factors involved in the differentiation of the primary netword of the subepidermal vessels in larvae are indicated and speculation concerning the supposed mosaic type of circulation in the capillaries of the subepidermal respiratory bed is presented.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts of the vascular bed in the skin of the spotted salamander, Salamandra salamandra L. Microcorrosion casts of blood vessels in the skin of the spotted salamander, Salamandra salamandra L., were studied using scanning eletron microscopy. The investigated vessels include a subepidermal network of respiratory capillaries and the vessels of poison glands. A hypothesis is proposed, according to which both types of vascular beds possess a common origin. Probable factors involved in the differentiation of the primary netword of the subepidermal vessels in larvae are indicated and speculation concerning the supposed mosaic type of circulation in the capillaries of the subepidermal respiratory bed is presented.", "PMID": 421247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10911", "title": "A system of intraependymal cisternae along the margins of the median eminence in the rat: structure, three-dimensional arrangement and ontogeny.", "content": "Structure, three-dimensional arrangement and ontogeny of large intracellular cisternae located in the median eminence region of the rat hypothalamus were studied using toluidin-blue stained semithin sections and electron microscopy. The cisternae occur along the projections of ependymal cells lining the ventral portion of the third ventricle (infundibular recess). Small cisternae can be seen close to the ventricle, whereas larger ones, divided into smaller compartments by thin septa, cluster near the surface of the hypothalamus. The cisternae are encompassed by a thin layer of cytoplasm to which axon terminals containing synaptic and dense core vesicles are closely related. Cisternae are arranged around the median eminence in a characteristic pattern. They occupy the midline in the retrochiasmatic area, flank both margins of the median eminence and extend caudally behind the origin of the pituitary stalk. The cisternae appear first between the 15th and 17th postnatal days. At about the 30th day their size and distribution resemble the situation observed in adult animals. The ependymal cisternae are suggested to be closely related to the luteinizing-hormone releasing-hormone (lH-RH)-containing fibers.", "contents": "A system of intraependymal cisternae along the margins of the median eminence in the rat: structure, three-dimensional arrangement and ontogeny. Structure, three-dimensional arrangement and ontogeny of large intracellular cisternae located in the median eminence region of the rat hypothalamus were studied using toluidin-blue stained semithin sections and electron microscopy. The cisternae occur along the projections of ependymal cells lining the ventral portion of the third ventricle (infundibular recess). Small cisternae can be seen close to the ventricle, whereas larger ones, divided into smaller compartments by thin septa, cluster near the surface of the hypothalamus. The cisternae are encompassed by a thin layer of cytoplasm to which axon terminals containing synaptic and dense core vesicles are closely related. Cisternae are arranged around the median eminence in a characteristic pattern. They occupy the midline in the retrochiasmatic area, flank both margins of the median eminence and extend caudally behind the origin of the pituitary stalk. The cisternae appear first between the 15th and 17th postnatal days. At about the 30th day their size and distribution resemble the situation observed in adult animals. The ependymal cisternae are suggested to be closely related to the luteinizing-hormone releasing-hormone (lH-RH)-containing fibers.", "PMID": 421248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10912", "title": "The midgut of Tomocerus minor Lubbock (insecta, collembola): ultrastructure, cytochemistry, ageing and renewal during a moulting cycle.", "content": "The midgut cells of Tomocerus minor (Insecta, Collembola) were examined with the electron microscope and cytochemically. The midgut epithelium consists of a series of cells characterised by numerous mineral concretions scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are abundant; microvilli are well developed at the apical surface of the cell. A zonula continua (continuous junction) characterises the apical contact region of these cells. Polysaccharides, glycoproteins and carbohydrate components have been demonstrated on the surface of microvilli. Peritrophic membranes surround the food bolus and preserve midgut cells from mechanical abrasion. Lysosomes are present during the alimentary period and show strong acid phosphatase activity. During an intermoulting cycle, two stages can be observed: (1) the postexuvial feeding period during which cytoplasmic extrusions appear at the apical part of the cell: lysosomes increase in number and autophagic vacuoles appear. (2) The preexuvial fasting period; a new epithelium grows beneath the old one and pushes it into the lumen. Degeneration processes can be observed in the old epithelium. This excretory reactivity of the midgut epithelium has been compared to the cycle of the cuticle.", "contents": "The midgut of Tomocerus minor Lubbock (insecta, collembola): ultrastructure, cytochemistry, ageing and renewal during a moulting cycle. The midgut cells of Tomocerus minor (Insecta, Collembola) were examined with the electron microscope and cytochemically. The midgut epithelium consists of a series of cells characterised by numerous mineral concretions scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are abundant; microvilli are well developed at the apical surface of the cell. A zonula continua (continuous junction) characterises the apical contact region of these cells. Polysaccharides, glycoproteins and carbohydrate components have been demonstrated on the surface of microvilli. Peritrophic membranes surround the food bolus and preserve midgut cells from mechanical abrasion. Lysosomes are present during the alimentary period and show strong acid phosphatase activity. During an intermoulting cycle, two stages can be observed: (1) the postexuvial feeding period during which cytoplasmic extrusions appear at the apical part of the cell: lysosomes increase in number and autophagic vacuoles appear. (2) The preexuvial fasting period; a new epithelium grows beneath the old one and pushes it into the lumen. Degeneration processes can be observed in the old epithelium. This excretory reactivity of the midgut epithelium has been compared to the cycle of the cuticle.", "PMID": 421250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10913", "title": "Three dimensional organization of mammalian adrenal cortex. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The adrenal cortex of different mammals was studied by SEM in order to demonstrate its actual three-dimensional organization. In the rat, as well as in the cat and pig, the adrenal cortex appeared as a \"tunnelled continuum\" of polyhedral cells arranged in plate-like structures (laminae). This laminar arrangement was more evident in the inner fasciculate and reticular zones where the cortex revealed a striking similarity to liver tissue. The polyhedral cells of all cortical zones possessed regular facets populated by small pits, larger invaginations and numerous microvilli with the exception of very short and smooth areas probably corresponding to attachment zones and/or gap junctions. This cellular architecture produced a labyrinthic system of intercellular channels or lacunae in which the capillaries were suspended. The pericapillary areas of this labyrinth contained microvilli, amorphous material, a delicate net of fibrils and occasional cells. The intercellular compartment of this lacunar system was mainly bordered by numerous microvilli arising from endocrine cells. The luminal surface of the capillary wall showed not only irregularly protruding margins (interpretable as endothelial junctions) but also clearly overlapping and flattened endothelial extensions. In all the animals and areas of the adrenal cortex examined, the endothelial wall was provided with abundant clusters of small fenestrations (about 50 nm in diameter) generally arranged in sieve plates. Larger fenestrations were noted mainly in the fasciculate and reticular zones of the cat and pig and occasionally in the rat. A final point related to the nature and significance of sinusoidal fenestrations was the occurrence of irregularly shaped and intracapillary located cells mainly noted in the deeper zones of the fasciculate and reticular zones of the gland. These elements--possessing the surface characteristics of macrophages--were observed, with their irregular and slender evaginations, in close proximity to the large fenestrations in a manner reminiscent of Kupffer cells within the lumen of liver sinusoids.", "contents": "Three dimensional organization of mammalian adrenal cortex. A scanning electron microscopic study. The adrenal cortex of different mammals was studied by SEM in order to demonstrate its actual three-dimensional organization. In the rat, as well as in the cat and pig, the adrenal cortex appeared as a \"tunnelled continuum\" of polyhedral cells arranged in plate-like structures (laminae). This laminar arrangement was more evident in the inner fasciculate and reticular zones where the cortex revealed a striking similarity to liver tissue. The polyhedral cells of all cortical zones possessed regular facets populated by small pits, larger invaginations and numerous microvilli with the exception of very short and smooth areas probably corresponding to attachment zones and/or gap junctions. This cellular architecture produced a labyrinthic system of intercellular channels or lacunae in which the capillaries were suspended. The pericapillary areas of this labyrinth contained microvilli, amorphous material, a delicate net of fibrils and occasional cells. The intercellular compartment of this lacunar system was mainly bordered by numerous microvilli arising from endocrine cells. The luminal surface of the capillary wall showed not only irregularly protruding margins (interpretable as endothelial junctions) but also clearly overlapping and flattened endothelial extensions. In all the animals and areas of the adrenal cortex examined, the endothelial wall was provided with abundant clusters of small fenestrations (about 50 nm in diameter) generally arranged in sieve plates. Larger fenestrations were noted mainly in the fasciculate and reticular zones of the cat and pig and occasionally in the rat. A final point related to the nature and significance of sinusoidal fenestrations was the occurrence of irregularly shaped and intracapillary located cells mainly noted in the deeper zones of the fasciculate and reticular zones of the gland. These elements--possessing the surface characteristics of macrophages--were observed, with their irregular and slender evaginations, in close proximity to the large fenestrations in a manner reminiscent of Kupffer cells within the lumen of liver sinusoids.", "PMID": 421249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10914", "title": "Electron microscopic investigation of the formation of spermatophores of Armadillidium vulgare.", "content": "An ultrastructural investigation of the formation and morphology of spermatophores of the isopod, Armadillidium vulgare, has been conducted. Armadillidium spermatozoa are organized into bundles ensheathed by a specialized structure that functions as a spermatophore. The spermatophore is an extracellular investment consisting of two components: (1) a cone-shaped assembly of longitudinally aligned, 400 to 450 A diameter extracellular tubules, extending from the area rostral to sperm acrosomes to the region of sperm nuclei; and (2) matrix material, which surrounds spermatozoa for the entire length of the bundle. Morphological evidence suggests the participation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of testicular follicle cells in the production of tubular and matrix components of the spermatophore. Although the organization of spermatophores is similar throughout the male reproductive tract, the morphology of the matrix material appears to change at lower regions of the tract.", "contents": "Electron microscopic investigation of the formation of spermatophores of Armadillidium vulgare. An ultrastructural investigation of the formation and morphology of spermatophores of the isopod, Armadillidium vulgare, has been conducted. Armadillidium spermatozoa are organized into bundles ensheathed by a specialized structure that functions as a spermatophore. The spermatophore is an extracellular investment consisting of two components: (1) a cone-shaped assembly of longitudinally aligned, 400 to 450 A diameter extracellular tubules, extending from the area rostral to sperm acrosomes to the region of sperm nuclei; and (2) matrix material, which surrounds spermatozoa for the entire length of the bundle. Morphological evidence suggests the participation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of testicular follicle cells in the production of tubular and matrix components of the spermatophore. Although the organization of spermatophores is similar throughout the male reproductive tract, the morphology of the matrix material appears to change at lower regions of the tract.", "PMID": 421251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10915", "title": "Ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics of Leydig cells from newborn androgen-insensitive rats.", "content": "Leydig cells of testis of newborn pseudohermaphrodite (tfm) rats have an ultrastructure similar to that of the normal, containing well developed organelles and inclusions. The cytoplasm is filled with smooth endoplasmic reticulum forming a network of interconnected tubules. Lipid droplets are surrounded by cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and are in close association with pleomorphic mitochondria. Many of the latter are cup-shaped and have tubular cristae and intramitochondrial dense bodies. Essentially, these are characteristics of normal Leydig cells. Accordingly, the production of testosterone by testes from newborn tfm rats is the same as that by testes from normal newborns and adults. However, it is significantly higher than that by testes of tfm adults. Also, the plasma testosterone levels of newborn tfm rats are the same as in the normal newborn, but lower than in normal adults and much lower than in adult tfm animals. Thus, since in the tfm rat the morphology of Leydig cells, androgen production, and maintenance of plasma levels of testosterone are normal in the newborn, but become abnormal with advancing age, it appears that defective androgen action rather than insufficient androgen production is the cause of male pseudohermaphroditism.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics of Leydig cells from newborn androgen-insensitive rats. Leydig cells of testis of newborn pseudohermaphrodite (tfm) rats have an ultrastructure similar to that of the normal, containing well developed organelles and inclusions. The cytoplasm is filled with smooth endoplasmic reticulum forming a network of interconnected tubules. Lipid droplets are surrounded by cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and are in close association with pleomorphic mitochondria. Many of the latter are cup-shaped and have tubular cristae and intramitochondrial dense bodies. Essentially, these are characteristics of normal Leydig cells. Accordingly, the production of testosterone by testes from newborn tfm rats is the same as that by testes from normal newborns and adults. However, it is significantly higher than that by testes of tfm adults. Also, the plasma testosterone levels of newborn tfm rats are the same as in the normal newborn, but lower than in normal adults and much lower than in adult tfm animals. Thus, since in the tfm rat the morphology of Leydig cells, androgen production, and maintenance of plasma levels of testosterone are normal in the newborn, but become abnormal with advancing age, it appears that defective androgen action rather than insufficient androgen production is the cause of male pseudohermaphroditism.", "PMID": 421253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10916", "title": "Resorption of uncalcified cartilage in the diaphysis of the chick embryo tibia.", "content": "The resorption of the uncalcified cartilage matrix of the middle third of the diaphysis in the chick embryo tibia has been studied using histological, histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. The first stage in the resorption process affects the periosteal bone, which is breached by osteoclasts at one or several points. Capillary vessels and clear, apparently undifferentiated cells penetrate through the holes so formed and reach the cartilage. The loss of acid proteoglycans to a depth of 10--20 micrometer into the matrix is the first sign of cartilage resorption; it is followed by the digestion of collagen fibrils, the opening of cell lacunae, chondrocyte degeneration and fragmentation and, lastly, the complete dissolution of the cartilage. This process is mediated by cells which probably derive from  perivascular elements. Most of these cells have an undifferentiated appearance, but they have macrophagic properties, as is shown by phagocytotic activity along their plasma membrane, by the presence of lysosome-like bodies in their cytoplasm, and by their intense acid phosphatase activity. Resorption by giant cells of chondroclastic type only occurs at a late stage.", "contents": "Resorption of uncalcified cartilage in the diaphysis of the chick embryo tibia. The resorption of the uncalcified cartilage matrix of the middle third of the diaphysis in the chick embryo tibia has been studied using histological, histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. The first stage in the resorption process affects the periosteal bone, which is breached by osteoclasts at one or several points. Capillary vessels and clear, apparently undifferentiated cells penetrate through the holes so formed and reach the cartilage. The loss of acid proteoglycans to a depth of 10--20 micrometer into the matrix is the first sign of cartilage resorption; it is followed by the digestion of collagen fibrils, the opening of cell lacunae, chondrocyte degeneration and fragmentation and, lastly, the complete dissolution of the cartilage. This process is mediated by cells which probably derive from  perivascular elements. Most of these cells have an undifferentiated appearance, but they have macrophagic properties, as is shown by phagocytotic activity along their plasma membrane, by the presence of lysosome-like bodies in their cytoplasm, and by their intense acid phosphatase activity. Resorption by giant cells of chondroclastic type only occurs at a late stage.", "PMID": 421254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10917", "title": "Identification of G6PDH-active sinusoidal cells as Kupffer cells in the rat liver.", "content": "The aim of this study was to identify the G6PDH-active sinusoidal cells in the rat liver described by Rieder et al. (1978). Because of their number and distribution in the liver parenchyma, endothelial cells and pit cells could be excluded. Fat-storing cells were specifically marked by vital staining with vitamin A and identified by fluorescence microscopy. Kupffer cells could be detected after vital staining with carmine. Both staining methods allowed a subsequent incubation for the demonstration of G6PDH activity in the same unfixed cryostat section. Whereas more than 80% of the fluorescent particles were found outside the enzyme-positive cells, all G6PDH-active cells contained carmine particles. After counting the G6PDH-active cells, an estimation of 0.217 x 10(8) cells/g liver tissue was obtained. The results indicate that high G6PDH activity is common to all Kupffer cells, and is therefore a highly specific marker enzyme for this class of sinusoidal liver cells.", "contents": "Identification of G6PDH-active sinusoidal cells as Kupffer cells in the rat liver. The aim of this study was to identify the G6PDH-active sinusoidal cells in the rat liver described by Rieder et al. (1978). Because of their number and distribution in the liver parenchyma, endothelial cells and pit cells could be excluded. Fat-storing cells were specifically marked by vital staining with vitamin A and identified by fluorescence microscopy. Kupffer cells could be detected after vital staining with carmine. Both staining methods allowed a subsequent incubation for the demonstration of G6PDH activity in the same unfixed cryostat section. Whereas more than 80% of the fluorescent particles were found outside the enzyme-positive cells, all G6PDH-active cells contained carmine particles. After counting the G6PDH-active cells, an estimation of 0.217 x 10(8) cells/g liver tissue was obtained. The results indicate that high G6PDH activity is common to all Kupffer cells, and is therefore a highly specific marker enzyme for this class of sinusoidal liver cells.", "PMID": 421255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10918", "title": "New observations on the fine structure of the liver in goldfish (Carassius auratus).", "content": "A re-examination of goldfish liver was made through the use of SEM of fractured samples and TEM of ultrathin-sections and freeze-etch replicas. Several new hepatic fine structures described in the present study are morphologically similar to those reported previously in many higher vertebrates including mammals. Hepatic sinusoids of goldfish contain fenestrations which are arranged into sieve plates. Although the hepatic plates are made up of two layers of hepatocytes, the parenchymal cells of gold fish liver are morphologically similar to mammalian hepatocytes, particularly with respect to the sinusoidal surfaces which are studded with numerous microvilli. The intercellular surfaces of hepatocytes have both nexus and demosomal junctions, similar to those found in various epithelial cells of higher vertebrates, between the openings of the intracellular bile canaliculi and the intralobular bile ductules which are situated in the center of the bicellular hepatic plate.", "contents": "New observations on the fine structure of the liver in goldfish (Carassius auratus). A re-examination of goldfish liver was made through the use of SEM of fractured samples and TEM of ultrathin-sections and freeze-etch replicas. Several new hepatic fine structures described in the present study are morphologically similar to those reported previously in many higher vertebrates including mammals. Hepatic sinusoids of goldfish contain fenestrations which are arranged into sieve plates. Although the hepatic plates are made up of two layers of hepatocytes, the parenchymal cells of gold fish liver are morphologically similar to mammalian hepatocytes, particularly with respect to the sinusoidal surfaces which are studded with numerous microvilli. The intercellular surfaces of hepatocytes have both nexus and demosomal junctions, similar to those found in various epithelial cells of higher vertebrates, between the openings of the intracellular bile canaliculi and the intralobular bile ductules which are situated in the center of the bicellular hepatic plate.", "PMID": 421256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10919", "title": "Ultrastructural and histochemical investigation of the terminal capillaries in the spleen of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).", "content": "In the spleen of the carp arterial capillaries of a highly differentiated structure have been studied by light and electron microscopy. These capillaries share various structural characteristics with the sheathed capillaries (ellipsoids of Schweigger-Seidel) of higher vertebrates. The long arterial capillaries of the carp spleen are provided with cuboidal endothelial cells containing filaments approximately 7 nm in diameter. There is no basal lamina. The endothelial cells form various types of cell junctions, but there are also extensive areas without any junctions. Here, a free passage is possible between the capillary lumen and the subendothelial space. The capillaries possess a single-layered sheath of macrophages. Characteristically, the sheath macrophages posses long and slender cell processes forming a loose framework, the meshes of which are filled with lymphocytes and spindle cells. The sheath macrophages show a zone of ectoplasm rich in filaments. The also contain numerous phagolysosomes rich in hydrolytic enzymes, as identified histochemically. The sheath is sharply limited against the pulp by a thick layer of collagen fibers.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and histochemical investigation of the terminal capillaries in the spleen of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). In the spleen of the carp arterial capillaries of a highly differentiated structure have been studied by light and electron microscopy. These capillaries share various structural characteristics with the sheathed capillaries (ellipsoids of Schweigger-Seidel) of higher vertebrates. The long arterial capillaries of the carp spleen are provided with cuboidal endothelial cells containing filaments approximately 7 nm in diameter. There is no basal lamina. The endothelial cells form various types of cell junctions, but there are also extensive areas without any junctions. Here, a free passage is possible between the capillary lumen and the subendothelial space. The capillaries possess a single-layered sheath of macrophages. Characteristically, the sheath macrophages posses long and slender cell processes forming a loose framework, the meshes of which are filled with lymphocytes and spindle cells. The sheath macrophages show a zone of ectoplasm rich in filaments. The also contain numerous phagolysosomes rich in hydrolytic enzymes, as identified histochemically. The sheath is sharply limited against the pulp by a thick layer of collagen fibers.", "PMID": 421258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10920", "title": "A comparative study on the innervation and the vascularization of the bulbus arteriosus in teleost fish.", "content": "The structure of the bulbus arteriosus of a wide range of teleost fish is described with particular reference to the vascularization and innervation. The adventitia of the organ consists of blood vessels and large nerve bundles in a collagen matrix. The nerve bundles contain monoamines, and fluorescence studies show small terminal bundles penetrating the muscular media; this is confirmed by electron microscopy. The media consists of an extensive elastic tissue matrix with a spiral arrangement of smooth muscle cells joined end to end by desmosomes and presumed electronic junctions. The muscles cells are innervated only at the adventitia/media boundary and the significance of this innervation is discussed. It is proposed that there is a correlation between the degree of vascularization and innervation and the activity of a particular species of fish.", "contents": "A comparative study on the innervation and the vascularization of the bulbus arteriosus in teleost fish. The structure of the bulbus arteriosus of a wide range of teleost fish is described with particular reference to the vascularization and innervation. The adventitia of the organ consists of blood vessels and large nerve bundles in a collagen matrix. The nerve bundles contain monoamines, and fluorescence studies show small terminal bundles penetrating the muscular media; this is confirmed by electron microscopy. The media consists of an extensive elastic tissue matrix with a spiral arrangement of smooth muscle cells joined end to end by desmosomes and presumed electronic junctions. The muscles cells are innervated only at the adventitia/media boundary and the significance of this innervation is discussed. It is proposed that there is a correlation between the degree of vascularization and innervation and the activity of a particular species of fish.", "PMID": 421260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10921", "title": "Stereologic studies on mitochondrial configuration in different organs of the rat.", "content": "Mitochondria from different organs of the rat with configurations ultrastructurally resembling those of isolated mitochondria of known respiratory states have been subjected to stereologic analysis. Mitochondria were examined from mossy fibers of the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex (condensed state), of the pericentral hepatocytes (orthodox state), and of heart muscle and parietal cells of the gastric fundus (transitional state). In order to study the relationship between mitochondrial compartments and the internal membrane a \"partition coefficient\" was introduced, which expresses the volume of the matrix (E mm) and external compartment (E ocm) respectively per unit surface area of internal mitochondrial membrane. The sterologic parameters investigated, i.e. surface density of the mitochondrial membranes, volume density of the mitochondrial compartments and membranes, and partition coefficients generally agreed with the visual evaluation of mitochondrial ultrastructure. However, analysis of the coefficient of variation delta/x x 100% for E ocm and E mm has shown significantly greater variability in the mitochondria of the myocardium than in the gastric mitochondria, despite similar ultrastructure. It is suggested that stereologic methods, like time-lapse cinematography, give a compound picture of configurational variation and of its plasticity.", "contents": "Stereologic studies on mitochondrial configuration in different organs of the rat. Mitochondria from different organs of the rat with configurations ultrastructurally resembling those of isolated mitochondria of known respiratory states have been subjected to stereologic analysis. Mitochondria were examined from mossy fibers of the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex (condensed state), of the pericentral hepatocytes (orthodox state), and of heart muscle and parietal cells of the gastric fundus (transitional state). In order to study the relationship between mitochondrial compartments and the internal membrane a \"partition coefficient\" was introduced, which expresses the volume of the matrix (E mm) and external compartment (E ocm) respectively per unit surface area of internal mitochondrial membrane. The sterologic parameters investigated, i.e. surface density of the mitochondrial membranes, volume density of the mitochondrial compartments and membranes, and partition coefficients generally agreed with the visual evaluation of mitochondrial ultrastructure. However, analysis of the coefficient of variation delta/x x 100% for E ocm and E mm has shown significantly greater variability in the mitochondria of the myocardium than in the gastric mitochondria, despite similar ultrastructure. It is suggested that stereologic methods, like time-lapse cinematography, give a compound picture of configurational variation and of its plasticity.", "PMID": 421261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10922", "title": "Molecular changes in the membranes of mouse erythroid cells accompanying differentiation.", "content": "The development of the mouse erythroblast to a mature erythrocyte is accompanied by changes in the composition and properties of the plasma membranes of these cells. Using double fluorescence techniques, we have simultaneously determined the distribution of lectin receptors and spectrin on the membranes of these cells. The lateral mobility of the lectin receptors in the membranes decreases as differentiation proceeds, and this is accompanied by an increasing concentration of spectrin associated with the membranes. The most significant concentration of spectrin occurs, however, during the enucleation of the late erythroblast, where we observe a complete segregation of the spectrin to the incipient reticulocyte, as well as a previously observed enrichment of receptors for concanavalin A into the plasma membrane surrounding the extruding nucleus. On the basis of these and other observations, we explore the possible molecular mechanisms involved in erythroblast enucleation and the role of spectrin in the regulation of protein mobility in erythroid cell membranes.", "contents": "Molecular changes in the membranes of mouse erythroid cells accompanying differentiation. The development of the mouse erythroblast to a mature erythrocyte is accompanied by changes in the composition and properties of the plasma membranes of these cells. Using double fluorescence techniques, we have simultaneously determined the distribution of lectin receptors and spectrin on the membranes of these cells. The lateral mobility of the lectin receptors in the membranes decreases as differentiation proceeds, and this is accompanied by an increasing concentration of spectrin associated with the membranes. The most significant concentration of spectrin occurs, however, during the enucleation of the late erythroblast, where we observe a complete segregation of the spectrin to the incipient reticulocyte, as well as a previously observed enrichment of receptors for concanavalin A into the plasma membrane surrounding the extruding nucleus. On the basis of these and other observations, we explore the possible molecular mechanisms involved in erythroblast enucleation and the role of spectrin in the regulation of protein mobility in erythroid cell membranes.", "PMID": 421269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10923", "title": "The ovalbumin gene: alleles created by mutations in the intervening sequences of the natural gene.", "content": "Two allelic forms of the natural chicken ovalbumin gene have been independently cloned. These alleles differ from each other by an Eco RI restriction cleavage site in one of the seven intervening sequences within the natural ovalbumin gene. Restriction endonuclease mapping and sequence analyses of these cloned genotypic alleles have shown identical sequence organization and molecular structures of the interspersed structural and intervening sequences except for the particular Eco RI cleavage site. Sequencing data of the cloned DNA suggest that this Eco RI site may be created or eliminated by a single base mutation in the intervening sequence of the ovalbumin gene. The occurrence of apparent homozygous and heterozygous allelic forms of the ovalbumin gene in individual hens and roosters within the same breed has been observed. 10 and 40% of the chickens examined are homozygous for the ovalbumin gene with and without the extra Eco RI site, respectively, while 50% of them are heterozygous. Further analysis of individual chicken DNA cleaved by restriction endonuclease Hae III has revealed that there may be a series of such mutational variations within the ovalbumin gene. We have identified two Hae III cleavage sites that do not occur in all of the chickens, thus giving rise to several additional allelic variations of the ovalbumin gene. At least one of these Hae III sites is situated in the intervening sequence of the ovalbumin gene, and its lcoation has been mapped. Such allelic variations must be taken into consideration when determining eucaryotic gene structure by restriction mapping of the genomic DNA. Furthermore, this type of mutation within the intervening sequences of an eucaryotic gene has no known phenotypic manifestation. It represents an extrastructural silent mutation that must be taken account of in studies to estimate the rates of eucaryotic gene sequence divergence during evolution.", "contents": "The ovalbumin gene: alleles created by mutations in the intervening sequences of the natural gene. Two allelic forms of the natural chicken ovalbumin gene have been independently cloned. These alleles differ from each other by an Eco RI restriction cleavage site in one of the seven intervening sequences within the natural ovalbumin gene. Restriction endonuclease mapping and sequence analyses of these cloned genotypic alleles have shown identical sequence organization and molecular structures of the interspersed structural and intervening sequences except for the particular Eco RI cleavage site. Sequencing data of the cloned DNA suggest that this Eco RI site may be created or eliminated by a single base mutation in the intervening sequence of the ovalbumin gene. The occurrence of apparent homozygous and heterozygous allelic forms of the ovalbumin gene in individual hens and roosters within the same breed has been observed. 10 and 40% of the chickens examined are homozygous for the ovalbumin gene with and without the extra Eco RI site, respectively, while 50% of them are heterozygous. Further analysis of individual chicken DNA cleaved by restriction endonuclease Hae III has revealed that there may be a series of such mutational variations within the ovalbumin gene. We have identified two Hae III cleavage sites that do not occur in all of the chickens, thus giving rise to several additional allelic variations of the ovalbumin gene. At least one of these Hae III sites is situated in the intervening sequence of the ovalbumin gene, and its lcoation has been mapped. Such allelic variations must be taken into consideration when determining eucaryotic gene structure by restriction mapping of the genomic DNA. Furthermore, this type of mutation within the intervening sequences of an eucaryotic gene has no known phenotypic manifestation. It represents an extrastructural silent mutation that must be taken account of in studies to estimate the rates of eucaryotic gene sequence divergence during evolution.", "PMID": 421270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10924", "title": "A murine leukemia virus mutant with a temperature-sensitive defect in membrane glycoprotein synthesis.", "content": "Cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant (ts-26) of Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) or with wild-type virus were labeled with 35S-methionine, and cell extracts were examined for radioactive polypeptides which could be precipitated by monospecific antisera to viral proteins. When shifted from permissive (31 degrees C) to nonpermissive (39 degrees C) temperature, cells infected with ts-26 rapidly begin to accumulate gPr90enr, the glycoprotein precursor to the membrane envelope glycoprotein gp70 and to the membrane-associated protein p15E. Simultaneously, formation of these mature virion proteins ceases. In addition, lactoperoxidase-catalyzed surface labeling with 125I--iodine indicates that the plasma membrane of cells infected with ts-26 becomes depleted of gp70 antigens at 39 degrees C. Nevertheless, at 39 degrees C these cells release defective MuLVs which lack gp70 and p15E but contain an outer membrane. The released particles also contain an aberrantly processed form of the major virion core protein p30, and many of these virion cores have an unusual immature crescent shape. It has previously been reported that cells infected with the ts-26 mutant of R-MuLV process a 65,000 dalton precursor (Pr65gag) of the virion core proteins more slowly at 39 degrees C than do cells infected with wild-type virus (Stephenson, Tronick and Aaronson, 1975). Although we have confirmed these results, this effect is relatively small and it is known that various alterations of MuLV assembly can lead secondarily to inhibited processing of Pr65gag. We propose that the ts-26 mutant has a primary temperature-sensitive defect in membrane glycoprotein synthesis and that this change causes pleiotropic effects on core morphogenesis.", "contents": "A murine leukemia virus mutant with a temperature-sensitive defect in membrane glycoprotein synthesis. Cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant (ts-26) of Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) or with wild-type virus were labeled with 35S-methionine, and cell extracts were examined for radioactive polypeptides which could be precipitated by monospecific antisera to viral proteins. When shifted from permissive (31 degrees C) to nonpermissive (39 degrees C) temperature, cells infected with ts-26 rapidly begin to accumulate gPr90enr, the glycoprotein precursor to the membrane envelope glycoprotein gp70 and to the membrane-associated protein p15E. Simultaneously, formation of these mature virion proteins ceases. In addition, lactoperoxidase-catalyzed surface labeling with 125I--iodine indicates that the plasma membrane of cells infected with ts-26 becomes depleted of gp70 antigens at 39 degrees C. Nevertheless, at 39 degrees C these cells release defective MuLVs which lack gp70 and p15E but contain an outer membrane. The released particles also contain an aberrantly processed form of the major virion core protein p30, and many of these virion cores have an unusual immature crescent shape. It has previously been reported that cells infected with the ts-26 mutant of R-MuLV process a 65,000 dalton precursor (Pr65gag) of the virion core proteins more slowly at 39 degrees C than do cells infected with wild-type virus (Stephenson, Tronick and Aaronson, 1975). Although we have confirmed these results, this effect is relatively small and it is known that various alterations of MuLV assembly can lead secondarily to inhibited processing of Pr65gag. We propose that the ts-26 mutant has a primary temperature-sensitive defect in membrane glycoprotein synthesis and that this change causes pleiotropic effects on core morphogenesis.", "PMID": 421271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10925", "title": "Utilization of promoter and terminator sites on bacteriophage T7 DNA by RNA polymerases from a variety of bacterial orders.", "content": "The transcriptional properties of bacterial RNA polymerases purified from seven different species and representing a variety of bacterial orders have been studied using the well characterized DNA from phage T7 as template. The subunit composition of the different preparations suggests that each RNA polymerase holoenzyme has a promoter structure (betabeta'alpha2sigma) similar to that of the well studied E. coli and B. subtilis enzymes. Each enzyme utilizes DNA from bacteriophage T7 as an effective template for RNA synthesis, although all preparations contain a substantial fraction of inactive enzyme. Electrophoretic analysis of the RNA products made with the different RNA polymerases in vitro using T7 DNA (deletion mutant deltaD111) as template reveals that with minor exceptions, all of the heterologous RNA polymerases utilize the same collection of promoter sites on T7 used by the E. coli host enzyme, and only those promoter sites. The T7 early terminator is also efficiently utilized by each enzyme. Since the different bacterial species from which the RNA polymerases were derived are genetically quite distant, it appears that there is a structural element in the promoter which governs its recognition and which is universally recognized among RNA polymerases of different bacterial species. While the different bacterial RNA polymerases generally utilize the same set of T7 promoter sites, the efficiency of utilization of the different promoters varies considerably for different RNA polymerases and for different reaction conditions with the same RNA polymerase. Hence although the several T7 promoter sites share the ability to be recognized by bacterial RNA polymerases, each shows a unique pattern of utilization and therefore must possess a unique element of promoter structure as well. It has previously been shown (Stahl and Chamberlin, 1977) that T7 promoters A1, C, D and E interact differently with E. coli RNA polymerase as judged by the properties of complexes formed between each promoter and the latter enzyme. Since competition takes place among different promoter sites on a template and since these sites can differ functionally, small changes in reaction conditions or in the structure of the RNA polymerase can lead to significant changes in the rate of utilization of different promoter sites even when these promoter sites share common elements. Because the T7 promoters and terminator are utilized efficiently by such a wide range of RNA polymerases and because each of the several T7 promoters possesses unique properties which govern its utilization by RNA polymerase, analysis of the transcripts formed on a T7 DNA template provides a simple and rapid procedure for detecting and analyzing alterations in bacterial RNA polymerases which affect promoter or terminator recognition or utilization.", "contents": "Utilization of promoter and terminator sites on bacteriophage T7 DNA by RNA polymerases from a variety of bacterial orders. The transcriptional properties of bacterial RNA polymerases purified from seven different species and representing a variety of bacterial orders have been studied using the well characterized DNA from phage T7 as template. The subunit composition of the different preparations suggests that each RNA polymerase holoenzyme has a promoter structure (betabeta'alpha2sigma) similar to that of the well studied E. coli and B. subtilis enzymes. Each enzyme utilizes DNA from bacteriophage T7 as an effective template for RNA synthesis, although all preparations contain a substantial fraction of inactive enzyme. Electrophoretic analysis of the RNA products made with the different RNA polymerases in vitro using T7 DNA (deletion mutant deltaD111) as template reveals that with minor exceptions, all of the heterologous RNA polymerases utilize the same collection of promoter sites on T7 used by the E. coli host enzyme, and only those promoter sites. The T7 early terminator is also efficiently utilized by each enzyme. Since the different bacterial species from which the RNA polymerases were derived are genetically quite distant, it appears that there is a structural element in the promoter which governs its recognition and which is universally recognized among RNA polymerases of different bacterial species. While the different bacterial RNA polymerases generally utilize the same set of T7 promoter sites, the efficiency of utilization of the different promoters varies considerably for different RNA polymerases and for different reaction conditions with the same RNA polymerase. Hence although the several T7 promoter sites share the ability to be recognized by bacterial RNA polymerases, each shows a unique pattern of utilization and therefore must possess a unique element of promoter structure as well. It has previously been shown (Stahl and Chamberlin, 1977) that T7 promoters A1, C, D and E interact differently with E. coli RNA polymerase as judged by the properties of complexes formed between each promoter and the latter enzyme. Since competition takes place among different promoter sites on a template and since these sites can differ functionally, small changes in reaction conditions or in the structure of the RNA polymerase can lead to significant changes in the rate of utilization of different promoter sites even when these promoter sites share common elements. Because the T7 promoters and terminator are utilized efficiently by such a wide range of RNA polymerases and because each of the several T7 promoters possesses unique properties which govern its utilization by RNA polymerase, analysis of the transcripts formed on a T7 DNA template provides a simple and rapid procedure for detecting and analyzing alterations in bacterial RNA polymerases which affect promoter or terminator recognition or utilization.", "PMID": 421272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10926", "title": "Prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in presumably healthy young men.", "content": "We determined the prevalence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in presumably healthy young men by studying 107 male house officers and medical students with cardiac auscultation in the supine, sitting and standing positions. Echocardiograms were performed at rest in the supine position before and after amyl nitrite inhalation and were obtainable in 101 subjects. Eleven of the 101 subjects had abnormal findings on auscultation: four had an isolated click and seven had a click and late systolic murmur. Correlation of the independent auscultatory and echocardiographic data in the 101 subjects showed that all seven of the subjects with a click and a murmur had echocardiographic evidence of prolapse. None of the 90 subjects with normal auscultation or the four with an isolated click had an abnormal echocardiogram. All seven subjects with MVP had thoracic skeletal abnormalities, but only one was symptomatic. These data suggest that the prevalence of MVP in healthy young males is similar to the reported 6-10% prevalence in healthy young females.", "contents": "Prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in presumably healthy young men. We determined the prevalence of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in presumably healthy young men by studying 107 male house officers and medical students with cardiac auscultation in the supine, sitting and standing positions. Echocardiograms were performed at rest in the supine position before and after amyl nitrite inhalation and were obtainable in 101 subjects. Eleven of the 101 subjects had abnormal findings on auscultation: four had an isolated click and seven had a click and late systolic murmur. Correlation of the independent auscultatory and echocardiographic data in the 101 subjects showed that all seven of the subjects with a click and a murmur had echocardiographic evidence of prolapse. None of the 90 subjects with normal auscultation or the four with an isolated click had an abnormal echocardiogram. All seven subjects with MVP had thoracic skeletal abnormalities, but only one was symptomatic. These data suggest that the prevalence of MVP in healthy young males is similar to the reported 6-10% prevalence in healthy young females.", "PMID": 421301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10927", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac anatomy and function in hypertensive subjects.", "content": "Cardiovascular complications are a major source of morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients. To assess the prevalence of anatomic and functional abnormalities of the heart in such patients, we studied 234 asymptomatic subjects with mild-to-moderate systemic hypertension by echocardiography. After adjusting the echocardiographic values for age and body surface area, we found abnormally increased ventricular septal and/or posterobasal free-wall thickness in 61% of the hypertensive subjects. We found increased left atrial, aortic root, and left ventricular internal dimension (at end-diastole) in 5-7%, and decreased mitral valve closing velocity (E-F slope) and left ventricular ejection fraction were noted in six and 15% of the subjects, respectively. Four percent of the patients had disproportionate septal thickening (i.e., ventricular septal-to-left ventricular free-wall thickness ratio greater than or equal to 1.3). In contrast to the high prevalence of cardiac abnormalities detected by echocardiography, less than 10% of the hypertensive subjects had abnormal 12-lead ECGs or abnormal chest x-rays. These findings demonstrate a high prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in a population of asymptomatic hypertensive subjects. These abnormalities can be detected by echocardiography before they are otherwise apparent.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac anatomy and function in hypertensive subjects. Cardiovascular complications are a major source of morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients. To assess the prevalence of anatomic and functional abnormalities of the heart in such patients, we studied 234 asymptomatic subjects with mild-to-moderate systemic hypertension by echocardiography. After adjusting the echocardiographic values for age and body surface area, we found abnormally increased ventricular septal and/or posterobasal free-wall thickness in 61% of the hypertensive subjects. We found increased left atrial, aortic root, and left ventricular internal dimension (at end-diastole) in 5-7%, and decreased mitral valve closing velocity (E-F slope) and left ventricular ejection fraction were noted in six and 15% of the subjects, respectively. Four percent of the patients had disproportionate septal thickening (i.e., ventricular septal-to-left ventricular free-wall thickness ratio greater than or equal to 1.3). In contrast to the high prevalence of cardiac abnormalities detected by echocardiography, less than 10% of the hypertensive subjects had abnormal 12-lead ECGs or abnormal chest x-rays. These findings demonstrate a high prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in a population of asymptomatic hypertensive subjects. These abnormalities can be detected by echocardiography before they are otherwise apparent.", "PMID": 421302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10928", "title": "Carotid baroreflex function in young men with borderline blood pressure elevation.", "content": "Carotid baroreflex function was assessed in 10 normotensive young men and 20 age-matched subjects with borderline hypertension (successive blood pressures above and below 140/90 mm Hg) by measuring sinus node responses to brief neck suction. Subjects with borderline hypertension were divided into two equal groups according to their average systolic arterial pressures. Baroreflex responses were reset to function at higher pressure levels than normal in subjects with mild borderline hypertension, but reflex sensitivity was normal. Responses were also reset in subjects with more severe borderline hypertension, but reflex was subnormal. The results suggest that a gradation of baroreflex responsiveness exists among patients classified as having borderline hypertension: Subnormal responsiveness was found in those subjects whose resting average systolic arterial pressure was greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg.", "contents": "Carotid baroreflex function in young men with borderline blood pressure elevation. Carotid baroreflex function was assessed in 10 normotensive young men and 20 age-matched subjects with borderline hypertension (successive blood pressures above and below 140/90 mm Hg) by measuring sinus node responses to brief neck suction. Subjects with borderline hypertension were divided into two equal groups according to their average systolic arterial pressures. Baroreflex responses were reset to function at higher pressure levels than normal in subjects with mild borderline hypertension, but reflex sensitivity was normal. Responses were also reset in subjects with more severe borderline hypertension, but reflex was subnormal. The results suggest that a gradation of baroreflex responsiveness exists among patients classified as having borderline hypertension: Subnormal responsiveness was found in those subjects whose resting average systolic arterial pressure was greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg.", "PMID": 421303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10929", "title": "Comparative assessment of stimuli that release neuronal and adrenomedullary catecholamines in man.", "content": "We assessed the release of neuronal and adrenomedullary catecholamines in response to various stimuli of the sympathetic nervous system in normal subjects. Plasma catecholamines and their urinary metabolites, normetanephrine and metanephrine, were measured. Sodium restriction increased supine plasma norepinephrine by 37% and ambulatory plasma norepinephrine by 22%, with urinary normetanephrine excretion increased 29%. The sodium restriction did not elevate plasma epinephrine or urinary metanephrine. The most potent stimuli of norepinephrine were treadmill exercise, orthostasis, caffeine, the cold pressor test, sodium restriction and handgrip exercise, in descending order. Plasma epinephrine was increased by caffeine, treadmill exercise, the cold pressor test, handgrip exercise and the Valsalva maneuver, in that order. Syncope resulted in profound changes in plasma epinephrine but only modest changes in plasma norepinephrine. We conclude that in man, there is frequent dissociation between the effects of different stimuli on neuronal and adrenomedullary catecholamine release.", "contents": "Comparative assessment of stimuli that release neuronal and adrenomedullary catecholamines in man. We assessed the release of neuronal and adrenomedullary catecholamines in response to various stimuli of the sympathetic nervous system in normal subjects. Plasma catecholamines and their urinary metabolites, normetanephrine and metanephrine, were measured. Sodium restriction increased supine plasma norepinephrine by 37% and ambulatory plasma norepinephrine by 22%, with urinary normetanephrine excretion increased 29%. The sodium restriction did not elevate plasma epinephrine or urinary metanephrine. The most potent stimuli of norepinephrine were treadmill exercise, orthostasis, caffeine, the cold pressor test, sodium restriction and handgrip exercise, in descending order. Plasma epinephrine was increased by caffeine, treadmill exercise, the cold pressor test, handgrip exercise and the Valsalva maneuver, in that order. Syncope resulted in profound changes in plasma epinephrine but only modest changes in plasma norepinephrine. We conclude that in man, there is frequent dissociation between the effects of different stimuli on neuronal and adrenomedullary catecholamine release.", "PMID": 421304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10930", "title": "Effects of volume expansion and contraction in normotensive whites, blacks, and subjects of different ages.", "content": "We studied the blood pressure, natriuretic, kaliuretic and humoral responses of 347 normal subjects after volume expansion and volume contraction to examine possible differences among whites, blacks and subjects of different ages. According to outpatient 24-hour urine collections, blacks excreted less sodium and potassium than whites. After similar states of sodium intake were achieved among all subjects, 2 liters normal saline were given i.v. Blacks and subjects greater than or equal to 40 years excreted less sodium than whites or subjects less than 40 years, over a 24-hour period. In addition, blacks excreted less potassium. The delay in sodium excretion occurred during the first 12 hours after the salt load. Blacks had a greater suppression of plasma renin activity than whites 24 hours after saline. Blacks also had higher blood pressures than whites after saline administration; their pressure remained elevated until furosemide was given. Furosemide, 120 mg over 24 hours, evoked greater natriuresis, but less kaliuresis in blacks than in whites. The greater prevalence of hypertension in both blacks and older subjects may be related to relatively blunted natriuretic responses when these groups engage in the high sodium-low potassium intake characteristic of our society.", "contents": "Effects of volume expansion and contraction in normotensive whites, blacks, and subjects of different ages. We studied the blood pressure, natriuretic, kaliuretic and humoral responses of 347 normal subjects after volume expansion and volume contraction to examine possible differences among whites, blacks and subjects of different ages. According to outpatient 24-hour urine collections, blacks excreted less sodium and potassium than whites. After similar states of sodium intake were achieved among all subjects, 2 liters normal saline were given i.v. Blacks and subjects greater than or equal to 40 years excreted less sodium than whites or subjects less than 40 years, over a 24-hour period. In addition, blacks excreted less potassium. The delay in sodium excretion occurred during the first 12 hours after the salt load. Blacks had a greater suppression of plasma renin activity than whites 24 hours after saline. Blacks also had higher blood pressures than whites after saline administration; their pressure remained elevated until furosemide was given. Furosemide, 120 mg over 24 hours, evoked greater natriuresis, but less kaliuresis in blacks than in whites. The greater prevalence of hypertension in both blacks and older subjects may be related to relatively blunted natriuretic responses when these groups engage in the high sodium-low potassium intake characteristic of our society.", "PMID": 421305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10931", "title": "Cardiovascular response to isometric exercise in normal adolescents.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to document the cardiovascular response to submaximal isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise in 32 normal adolescents. Left ventricular (LV) dimensions and systolic time intervals were recorded using echocardiography; blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometry both at rest and during IHG exercise at 25% maximum contraction. This level of isometric exercise produced significant (p less than 0.001) increases in mean heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures. Despite this response LV diastolic and systolic dimensions remained unchanged during exercise; hence, stroke volume remained constant. Cardiac index increased by 22% (p less than 0.001) due to the increase in heart rate. Systemic vascular resistance did not change significantly. LV ejection indices, including shortening fraction, mean Vcf and systolic time intervals also remained unchanged, except for an increase in LV ejection time index (p less than 0.025). These data indicate that the cardiovascular response to submaximal isometric exercise in normal adolescents is similar to that reported in adults. This study demonstrates that sustained isometric stress testing in adolescents is safe and provides normal hemodynamic values.", "contents": "Cardiovascular response to isometric exercise in normal adolescents. The purpose of this study was to document the cardiovascular response to submaximal isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise in 32 normal adolescents. Left ventricular (LV) dimensions and systolic time intervals were recorded using echocardiography; blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometry both at rest and during IHG exercise at 25% maximum contraction. This level of isometric exercise produced significant (p less than 0.001) increases in mean heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures. Despite this response LV diastolic and systolic dimensions remained unchanged during exercise; hence, stroke volume remained constant. Cardiac index increased by 22% (p less than 0.001) due to the increase in heart rate. Systemic vascular resistance did not change significantly. LV ejection indices, including shortening fraction, mean Vcf and systolic time intervals also remained unchanged, except for an increase in LV ejection time index (p less than 0.025). These data indicate that the cardiovascular response to submaximal isometric exercise in normal adolescents is similar to that reported in adults. This study demonstrates that sustained isometric stress testing in adolescents is safe and provides normal hemodynamic values.", "PMID": 421306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10932", "title": "The characteristic sequence for the onset of contraction in the normal human left ventricle.", "content": "The sequence for the onset of segmental contraction of the left ventricle was studied in 25 normal patients by analyzing sequential frames obtained at 16.7-msec intervals of right anterior oblique (RAO) ventriculograms by two independent methods. In the first method, we compared the times of onset of contraction of the hemidiameters associated with each of 54 segments with time of onset of contraction of the average of all the hemidiameters for the ventricular contour. In the second method we used a radial coordinate system and determined relative phase relationships by plotting the motion of each of 54 segments against the average motion of all segments. The resulting pattern showed that, on the average, the midregion of the inferior wall began to contract 25 msec before the apex and the midregion of the anterior wall began contraction 18 msec before the apex. In 12 of 25 patients the interior and anterior walls both began to contrast before the apex. In only one of 25 patients did the apex begin to contract first. This sequences of contraction corresponds to the reported sequence of electrical activation for normal human left ventricles.", "contents": "The characteristic sequence for the onset of contraction in the normal human left ventricle. The sequence for the onset of segmental contraction of the left ventricle was studied in 25 normal patients by analyzing sequential frames obtained at 16.7-msec intervals of right anterior oblique (RAO) ventriculograms by two independent methods. In the first method, we compared the times of onset of contraction of the hemidiameters associated with each of 54 segments with time of onset of contraction of the average of all the hemidiameters for the ventricular contour. In the second method we used a radial coordinate system and determined relative phase relationships by plotting the motion of each of 54 segments against the average motion of all segments. The resulting pattern showed that, on the average, the midregion of the inferior wall began to contract 25 msec before the apex and the midregion of the anterior wall began contraction 18 msec before the apex. In 12 of 25 patients the interior and anterior walls both began to contrast before the apex. In only one of 25 patients did the apex begin to contract first. This sequences of contraction corresponds to the reported sequence of electrical activation for normal human left ventricles.", "PMID": 421308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10933", "title": "Thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy in patients with triple-vessel disease and ischemic exercise stress tests.", "content": "Thirty patients with triple-vessel coronary artery disease proven by angiography, symptomatic angina and a positive ECG stress test were evaluated with thallium-201 (201TI) scintigraphy. Twenty patients also had aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass surgery; 15 of them had repeat noninvasive evaluation. Seventy percent of these patients showed ischemia by 201TI scintigraphy, of which one-half returned to normal after surgery. Postoperative reversion of the ECG stress test together with 201TI stress/reperfusion imaging correlated well with the completeness of surgical revascularization. We could not explain the prevalence (80%) of infarcts detected by 201TI in this group, of which 76% could be anatomically correlated to epicardial scars. The positivity of infarcts by 201TI exceeded that predicted by previous history of infarction, Q waves on resting ECG or ventriculographic akinesis. These observations suggest that 201TI scintigraphy is a useful noninvasive tool in the follow-up and understanding of patients with coronary heart disease. These conclusions also support the concept that 201TI stress imaging need not have the identical connotation as the ECG stress test.", "contents": "Thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy in patients with triple-vessel disease and ischemic exercise stress tests. Thirty patients with triple-vessel coronary artery disease proven by angiography, symptomatic angina and a positive ECG stress test were evaluated with thallium-201 (201TI) scintigraphy. Twenty patients also had aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass surgery; 15 of them had repeat noninvasive evaluation. Seventy percent of these patients showed ischemia by 201TI scintigraphy, of which one-half returned to normal after surgery. Postoperative reversion of the ECG stress test together with 201TI stress/reperfusion imaging correlated well with the completeness of surgical revascularization. We could not explain the prevalence (80%) of infarcts detected by 201TI in this group, of which 76% could be anatomically correlated to epicardial scars. The positivity of infarcts by 201TI exceeded that predicted by previous history of infarction, Q waves on resting ECG or ventriculographic akinesis. These observations suggest that 201TI scintigraphy is a useful noninvasive tool in the follow-up and understanding of patients with coronary heart disease. These conclusions also support the concept that 201TI stress imaging need not have the identical connotation as the ECG stress test.", "PMID": 421310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10934", "title": "Aspirin-induced increase in collateral flow after acute coronary occlusion in dogs.", "content": "Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has inhibitory effects on platelet function and prostaglandin synthesis. Since alterations in either platelet function or prostaglandin-mediated vascular responses could influence blood flow to ischemic myocardium, we tested the effects of aspirin on coronary collateral flow after acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in dogs. Aspirin dose (600 mg i.v.) consistently inhibited in vitro ADP-induced platelet aggregation. In 13 open-chest dogs, regional myocardial blood flows (radioactive microsphere technique) were determined at 5 minutes and 4 hours after occlusion). In seven of these dogs, aspirin (600 mg i.v.) was administered 1 hour before occlusion. In the aspirin-treated dogs, collateral flow increased significantly (p less than 0.05), from 0.09 +/- 0.02 ml/min/g at 5 minutes to 0.15 and 0.02 ml/min/g 4 hours after occlusion. Collateral flow was not significantly altered over 4 hours in control dogs. The aspirin-induced increase in collateral flow was confined to epicardium (12 +/- 4% of normal zone flow at 5 minutes to 23 +/- 4% at 4 hours after occlusion).", "contents": "Aspirin-induced increase in collateral flow after acute coronary occlusion in dogs. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has inhibitory effects on platelet function and prostaglandin synthesis. Since alterations in either platelet function or prostaglandin-mediated vascular responses could influence blood flow to ischemic myocardium, we tested the effects of aspirin on coronary collateral flow after acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in dogs. Aspirin dose (600 mg i.v.) consistently inhibited in vitro ADP-induced platelet aggregation. In 13 open-chest dogs, regional myocardial blood flows (radioactive microsphere technique) were determined at 5 minutes and 4 hours after occlusion). In seven of these dogs, aspirin (600 mg i.v.) was administered 1 hour before occlusion. In the aspirin-treated dogs, collateral flow increased significantly (p less than 0.05), from 0.09 +/- 0.02 ml/min/g at 5 minutes to 0.15 and 0.02 ml/min/g 4 hours after occlusion. Collateral flow was not significantly altered over 4 hours in control dogs. The aspirin-induced increase in collateral flow was confined to epicardium (12 +/- 4% of normal zone flow at 5 minutes to 23 +/- 4% at 4 hours after occlusion).", "PMID": 421314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10935", "title": "Aberrant coronary artery origin from the aorta. Report of 18 patients, review of literature and delineation of natural history and management.", "content": "To clarify the natural history and management of patients with aberrant origin of a coronary artery from the aorta, we reviewed 18 patients whose right (RCA) or left (LCA) coronary artery arose aberrantly and passed between the aorta and right ventricular infundibulum. Nine patients had aberrant LCA. Three young males died suddenly after exertion, each with proximal focal LCA stenosis. None of the six adults with angina (ages 36-70 years) studied angiographically had proximal LCA stenosis. Unlike the young, \"sudden death-prone\" patients in whom coronary bypass of proximal stenosis may have prophylactic value, our older patients with aberrant LCA did not have proximal stenosis or sudden death, and therefore LCA bypass for sudden death prophylaxis is not warranted. Nine patients (ages 18-60 years) had aberrant origin and course of the RCA. Seven patients studied angiographically because of angina had no focal proximal RCA stenosis, but two patients had hypoplastic RCA ostia. Although a potential concern in these latter patients, sudden death has not been reported with aberrant RCA, therefore in the absence of syncope, RCA bypass for sudden death prophylaxis is not indicated.", "contents": "Aberrant coronary artery origin from the aorta. Report of 18 patients, review of literature and delineation of natural history and management. To clarify the natural history and management of patients with aberrant origin of a coronary artery from the aorta, we reviewed 18 patients whose right (RCA) or left (LCA) coronary artery arose aberrantly and passed between the aorta and right ventricular infundibulum. Nine patients had aberrant LCA. Three young males died suddenly after exertion, each with proximal focal LCA stenosis. None of the six adults with angina (ages 36-70 years) studied angiographically had proximal LCA stenosis. Unlike the young, \"sudden death-prone\" patients in whom coronary bypass of proximal stenosis may have prophylactic value, our older patients with aberrant LCA did not have proximal stenosis or sudden death, and therefore LCA bypass for sudden death prophylaxis is not warranted. Nine patients (ages 18-60 years) had aberrant origin and course of the RCA. Seven patients studied angiographically because of angina had no focal proximal RCA stenosis, but two patients had hypoplastic RCA ostia. Although a potential concern in these latter patients, sudden death has not been reported with aberrant RCA, therefore in the absence of syncope, RCA bypass for sudden death prophylaxis is not indicated.", "PMID": 421315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10936", "title": "Ventricular premature contractions: a randomized non-drug intervention trial in normal men.", "content": "The influence of a 6-week intervention on factors thought to be related to ectopic cardiac rhythms was tested in normal men with frequent ventricular premature contractions (VPCs), using a randomized, controlled and partial crossover design. The VPC intervention trial experimental regimen included total abstinence from caffeine and smoking, reduction of alcohol intake, and a physical conditioning program. Effects were studied in detail among 81 healthy men with persistent VPCs. VPCs were measured during standard states of rest, dynamic and isometric exercise and other stresses, and 24-hour ambulatory monitoring. Adherence to the treatment was excellent. The experimental group achieved more than 80% of activities asked of them, and little \"contamination\" occurred in the control group. VPCs were analyzed according to VPC/min, VPC/man and VPC/total number of heart beats. Moderate changes in VPC rates occurred in both experimental and control groups but no significant group differences were found at rest or during any induction test. This 6-week, multiple-factor \"hygienic\" intervention program had no significant influence on the frequency or occurrence of VPCs in apparently normal men with persistent and frequent VPCs. Because the mechanisms and the significance of VPCs are different in patients with ischemic heart disease, our approach and methods may be useful for similar trials among cardiac patients of adjunct or non-drug therapy for ectopic rhythms.", "contents": "Ventricular premature contractions: a randomized non-drug intervention trial in normal men. The influence of a 6-week intervention on factors thought to be related to ectopic cardiac rhythms was tested in normal men with frequent ventricular premature contractions (VPCs), using a randomized, controlled and partial crossover design. The VPC intervention trial experimental regimen included total abstinence from caffeine and smoking, reduction of alcohol intake, and a physical conditioning program. Effects were studied in detail among 81 healthy men with persistent VPCs. VPCs were measured during standard states of rest, dynamic and isometric exercise and other stresses, and 24-hour ambulatory monitoring. Adherence to the treatment was excellent. The experimental group achieved more than 80% of activities asked of them, and little \"contamination\" occurred in the control group. VPCs were analyzed according to VPC/min, VPC/man and VPC/total number of heart beats. Moderate changes in VPC rates occurred in both experimental and control groups but no significant group differences were found at rest or during any induction test. This 6-week, multiple-factor \"hygienic\" intervention program had no significant influence on the frequency or occurrence of VPCs in apparently normal men with persistent and frequent VPCs. Because the mechanisms and the significance of VPCs are different in patients with ischemic heart disease, our approach and methods may be useful for similar trials among cardiac patients of adjunct or non-drug therapy for ectopic rhythms.", "PMID": 421317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10937", "title": "Preeminence of the left stellate ganglion in the long Q-T syndrome.", "content": "In seven patients with Romano-Ward syndrome, stellate ganglion block or stimulation and pharmacologic interventions were made to assess their influence on duration of the O-T interval, electrical alteration of the T wave and ventricular tachydysrhythmias. Left stellate ganglion block and right stellate ganglion stimulation shortened Q-T interval, abolished alternans phenomena and suppressed tachydysrhythmias. Propranolol and phenytoin had a similar effect. In contrast, right stellate ganglion block, left stellate ganglion stimulation and prior administration of quinidine and procainamide had an opposite effect. These responses resemble observations in animal models which suggest that excessive or unopposed activity of the left, or subnormal activity of the right stellate ganglion, or both, account for the pathophysiologic manifestations of the long Q-T syndrome. They are also consistent with clinically correlated, cardiac neuropathologic findings in these patients. An analogous but acquired dysautonomia involving the left stellate ganglion and ischemic left ventricle may precipitate sudden coronary death.", "contents": "Preeminence of the left stellate ganglion in the long Q-T syndrome. In seven patients with Romano-Ward syndrome, stellate ganglion block or stimulation and pharmacologic interventions were made to assess their influence on duration of the O-T interval, electrical alteration of the T wave and ventricular tachydysrhythmias. Left stellate ganglion block and right stellate ganglion stimulation shortened Q-T interval, abolished alternans phenomena and suppressed tachydysrhythmias. Propranolol and phenytoin had a similar effect. In contrast, right stellate ganglion block, left stellate ganglion stimulation and prior administration of quinidine and procainamide had an opposite effect. These responses resemble observations in animal models which suggest that excessive or unopposed activity of the left, or subnormal activity of the right stellate ganglion, or both, account for the pathophysiologic manifestations of the long Q-T syndrome. They are also consistent with clinically correlated, cardiac neuropathologic findings in these patients. An analogous but acquired dysautonomia involving the left stellate ganglion and ischemic left ventricle may precipitate sudden coronary death.", "PMID": 421318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10938", "title": "Effects of atropine on induction and maintenance of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia.", "content": "The electrophysiologic effects of atropine were studied in 14 patients with dual atrioventricular (AV) nodal pathways and recurrent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). During PSVT, all patients used a slow pathway (SP) for antegrade and fast pathway (FP) for retrograde conduction. Atropine enhanced both SP antegrade and FP retrograde conduction, shown by a decrease in paced cycle lengths (atrial and ventricular) producing AV and ventriculoatrial block. Five patients had induction of sustained PSVT before and after atropine. Seven patients failed to induce or sustain PSVT before atropine, because of retrograde FP refractoriness. All seven had induction of sustained PSVT after atropine due to facilitation of FP retrograde conduction. Two patients had only single atrial echoes before atropine, reflecting SP antegrade refractoriness. After atropine, sustained PSVT was inducible in one, and nonsustained in the other, PSVT cycle length could be compared in seven patients before and after atropine and decreased from 383 +/- 25 to 336 +/- 17 (p less than 0.05). Thus, in patients with dual AV nodal pathways, atropine facilitated SP antegrade and FP retrograde conduction, shortened cycle length of PSVT and potentiated ability to sustain PSVT.", "contents": "Effects of atropine on induction and maintenance of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. The electrophysiologic effects of atropine were studied in 14 patients with dual atrioventricular (AV) nodal pathways and recurrent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). During PSVT, all patients used a slow pathway (SP) for antegrade and fast pathway (FP) for retrograde conduction. Atropine enhanced both SP antegrade and FP retrograde conduction, shown by a decrease in paced cycle lengths (atrial and ventricular) producing AV and ventriculoatrial block. Five patients had induction of sustained PSVT before and after atropine. Seven patients failed to induce or sustain PSVT before atropine, because of retrograde FP refractoriness. All seven had induction of sustained PSVT after atropine due to facilitation of FP retrograde conduction. Two patients had only single atrial echoes before atropine, reflecting SP antegrade refractoriness. After atropine, sustained PSVT was inducible in one, and nonsustained in the other, PSVT cycle length could be compared in seven patients before and after atropine and decreased from 383 +/- 25 to 336 +/- 17 (p less than 0.05). Thus, in patients with dual AV nodal pathways, atropine facilitated SP antegrade and FP retrograde conduction, shortened cycle length of PSVT and potentiated ability to sustain PSVT.", "PMID": 421319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10939", "title": "An anomalous effect of allergen concentration on weal size elicited by skin testing for immediate hypersensitivity.", "content": "We report the finding of anomalous responses in the skin of atopic individuals when prick tested with serial dilutions of cocksfoot grass pollen extracts. Each pollen extract was standardized using RAST inhibition activity related to the WHO standard for IgE. 75% of the patients gave a larger weal area with an allergen concentration of 1:10(5) than with the next higher concentration, i.e. 1:10(4). Possible mechanisms whereby a larger skin weal is elicited with a lower concentration of allergen are discussed. This is not a rare finding and can be observed in patients undergoing routine skin testing in the clinic, even where extracts are diluted over a relatively narrow concentration range.", "contents": "An anomalous effect of allergen concentration on weal size elicited by skin testing for immediate hypersensitivity. We report the finding of anomalous responses in the skin of atopic individuals when prick tested with serial dilutions of cocksfoot grass pollen extracts. Each pollen extract was standardized using RAST inhibition activity related to the WHO standard for IgE. 75% of the patients gave a larger weal area with an allergen concentration of 1:10(5) than with the next higher concentration, i.e. 1:10(4). Possible mechanisms whereby a larger skin weal is elicited with a lower concentration of allergen are discussed. This is not a rare finding and can be observed in patients undergoing routine skin testing in the clinic, even where extracts are diluted over a relatively narrow concentration range.", "PMID": 421334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10940", "title": "Microbiological and serological studies of farmers' lung in Finland.", "content": "Sera from few Finnish patients with clinical farmers' lung react in precipitin tests with extracts of the thermophilic actinomycetes that commonly cause the disease elsewhere. Hays associated with the disease in Finland showed less evidence of spontaneous heating and contained fewer actinomycete spores than British hays. Only Thermoactinomyces vulgaris was sometimes abundant. Some species of mesophilic fungi were more abundant than in Britain and one, Aspergillus umbrosus, reacted with most sera from farmers' lung patients in precipitin tests. A panel of antigens, including thermophilic actinomycetes, A. umbrosus and other species of the Aspergillus glaucus group, is recommended for screening farmers' lung sera.", "contents": "Microbiological and serological studies of farmers' lung in Finland. Sera from few Finnish patients with clinical farmers' lung react in precipitin tests with extracts of the thermophilic actinomycetes that commonly cause the disease elsewhere. Hays associated with the disease in Finland showed less evidence of spontaneous heating and contained fewer actinomycete spores than British hays. Only Thermoactinomyces vulgaris was sometimes abundant. Some species of mesophilic fungi were more abundant than in Britain and one, Aspergillus umbrosus, reacted with most sera from farmers' lung patients in precipitin tests. A panel of antigens, including thermophilic actinomycetes, A. umbrosus and other species of the Aspergillus glaucus group, is recommended for screening farmers' lung sera.", "PMID": 421335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10941", "title": "Papain-induced asthma: diagnosis by skin test, RAST and bronchial provocation test.", "content": "Seven out of eleven workers occupationally exposed to airborne papain developed immediate hypersensitive reactions, predominantly asthma and rhinitis. Skin tests and RAST with papain were positive in all symptomatic workers, but not in the four asymptomatic workers. Furthermore, out of forty non-exposed asthmatics, thirty-eight had negative RAST results and all had negative skin test results. Bronchial provocation tests with 0.15-0.5 mg papain performed in five patients with a positive case history showed in each case an immediate asthmatic reaction; in addition to that, one patient developed signs of a dual asthmatic reaction. Our results suggest that airborne papain is a highly immunogenic agent in humans, which induces type I allergic reactions in a large percentage of the exposed subjects.", "contents": "Papain-induced asthma: diagnosis by skin test, RAST and bronchial provocation test. Seven out of eleven workers occupationally exposed to airborne papain developed immediate hypersensitive reactions, predominantly asthma and rhinitis. Skin tests and RAST with papain were positive in all symptomatic workers, but not in the four asymptomatic workers. Furthermore, out of forty non-exposed asthmatics, thirty-eight had negative RAST results and all had negative skin test results. Bronchial provocation tests with 0.15-0.5 mg papain performed in five patients with a positive case history showed in each case an immediate asthmatic reaction; in addition to that, one patient developed signs of a dual asthmatic reaction. Our results suggest that airborne papain is a highly immunogenic agent in humans, which induces type I allergic reactions in a large percentage of the exposed subjects.", "PMID": 421337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10942", "title": "Oral acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) challenge in asthmatic children.", "content": "Thirty-two asthmatic children, mean age 9.6 years (range: 6-14 years), were studied by oral challenge with acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin), and their PEFR was recorded at 30 min intervals for 3 hr. They had been asthmatic for a mean of 7.1 years. Other allergic symptoms (urticaria, rhinitis or atopic dermatitis), were present in 81% of the patients, and a family history of atopy in 94%; the mean blood eosinophilia was 590 cells per mm3. In three children aspirin induced a fall in PEFR values less than 8% which was non-significant. In the group as a whole there was an increase in the PEFR values of 13.9%, 150 min after aspirin challenge. These values where subjected to statistical analysis (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student's and Wilcoxon tests), which showed this increase to be significant at a level of P = 0.001. Possible mechanisms involving prostaglandin synthetase inhibition by aspirin are discussed as an explanation for this increase.", "contents": "Oral acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) challenge in asthmatic children. Thirty-two asthmatic children, mean age 9.6 years (range: 6-14 years), were studied by oral challenge with acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin), and their PEFR was recorded at 30 min intervals for 3 hr. They had been asthmatic for a mean of 7.1 years. Other allergic symptoms (urticaria, rhinitis or atopic dermatitis), were present in 81% of the patients, and a family history of atopy in 94%; the mean blood eosinophilia was 590 cells per mm3. In three children aspirin induced a fall in PEFR values less than 8% which was non-significant. In the group as a whole there was an increase in the PEFR values of 13.9%, 150 min after aspirin challenge. These values where subjected to statistical analysis (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student's and Wilcoxon tests), which showed this increase to be significant at a level of P = 0.001. Possible mechanisms involving prostaglandin synthetase inhibition by aspirin are discussed as an explanation for this increase.", "PMID": 421338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10943", "title": "Anaphylactoid reactions to infusions of plasma protein and human serum albumin. Role of aggregated proteins and of stabilizers added during production.", "content": "Six patients suffering from anaphylactoid reactions after infusion of pasteurized plasma (PP) or human serum albumin (HSA) were investigated. Clinical symptoms ranged from urticaria and hypotension to cardiac arrest. Immunoglobulin levels, especially of IgA, were normal, as were concentrations of complement factors C3, C4 and factor B. In skin and lymphocyte transformation tests patients, with the exception of one severely allergic to protein, did not react to the monomeric pure HSA. Five out of six patients reacted against HSA aggregates and three patients to the HSA modified by caprylate added as stabilizer during commercial HSA production. It is concluded that the anaphylactoid reactions developing after PP or HSA infusion result from a non-specific reaction to protein aggregates and in some cases possibly from a specific immune response to the caprylate-modified HSA.", "contents": "Anaphylactoid reactions to infusions of plasma protein and human serum albumin. Role of aggregated proteins and of stabilizers added during production. Six patients suffering from anaphylactoid reactions after infusion of pasteurized plasma (PP) or human serum albumin (HSA) were investigated. Clinical symptoms ranged from urticaria and hypotension to cardiac arrest. Immunoglobulin levels, especially of IgA, were normal, as were concentrations of complement factors C3, C4 and factor B. In skin and lymphocyte transformation tests patients, with the exception of one severely allergic to protein, did not react to the monomeric pure HSA. Five out of six patients reacted against HSA aggregates and three patients to the HSA modified by caprylate added as stabilizer during commercial HSA production. It is concluded that the anaphylactoid reactions developing after PP or HSA infusion result from a non-specific reaction to protein aggregates and in some cases possibly from a specific immune response to the caprylate-modified HSA.", "PMID": 421339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10944", "title": "Enzymatic determination of estradiol and estrone in plasma and urine.", "content": "Plasma and urine estradiol and estrone can be determined using the transhydrogenase function of the estradiol dehydrogenase of human placenta: in the conditions described the transhydrogenase activity which is directly related to the estrogen concentration is measured by spectrophotometry. Estrone and estradiol can be determined together or separately if estrone is previously reacted with hydrazine with a limit of sensitivity of 10 picograms in the sample. On urine samples the assay is performed directly without extraction, a simplification which makes the method highly suitable for numerous routine determinations.", "contents": "Enzymatic determination of estradiol and estrone in plasma and urine. Plasma and urine estradiol and estrone can be determined using the transhydrogenase function of the estradiol dehydrogenase of human placenta: in the conditions described the transhydrogenase activity which is directly related to the estrogen concentration is measured by spectrophotometry. Estrone and estradiol can be determined together or separately if estrone is previously reacted with hydrazine with a limit of sensitivity of 10 picograms in the sample. On urine samples the assay is performed directly without extraction, a simplification which makes the method highly suitable for numerous routine determinations.", "PMID": 421340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10945", "title": "Plasma estrogens and hepatic lipase in postheparin plasma with special reference to liver disease.", "content": "Hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase activity in postheparin plasma, plasma total estrogens (estradiol and estrone) and triglycerides were studied in patients with various liver disorders and in a reference group. The activity of hepatic lipase was not correlated to the estrogen level either in patients or in healthy controls. Peroral administration of estradiol valeriate to healthy females resulted, however, in a selective decline in hepatic lipase activity. A slight and not significant reduction was also observed in three infertile women after administration of follitropin (FSH) for a short period. The plasma concentration of estrogens did not correlate with the levels of plasma triglycerides and the relative content of triglycerides in low density lipoproteins either in patients or the controls. Lipase inhibition mediated by increase in estrogens therefore does not seem to exaplin the hypertriglyceridemia observed in patients with liver disease.", "contents": "Plasma estrogens and hepatic lipase in postheparin plasma with special reference to liver disease. Hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase activity in postheparin plasma, plasma total estrogens (estradiol and estrone) and triglycerides were studied in patients with various liver disorders and in a reference group. The activity of hepatic lipase was not correlated to the estrogen level either in patients or in healthy controls. Peroral administration of estradiol valeriate to healthy females resulted, however, in a selective decline in hepatic lipase activity. A slight and not significant reduction was also observed in three infertile women after administration of follitropin (FSH) for a short period. The plasma concentration of estrogens did not correlate with the levels of plasma triglycerides and the relative content of triglycerides in low density lipoproteins either in patients or the controls. Lipase inhibition mediated by increase in estrogens therefore does not seem to exaplin the hypertriglyceridemia observed in patients with liver disease.", "PMID": 421341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10946", "title": "Rapid quantitative analysis of phospholipid erythrocytes by densitometric thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A copper acetate spray reagent, a Silgur-25 plate composed of a layer combined Kieselguhr/Silica gel, and a \"flying-spot\" densitometer Vitration TLD 100 have been used for the quantitative densitometric thin-layer chromatography of principal phospholipids from human red cells. This procedure can give information quickly about the red cell abnormalities associated with modification of phospholipid metabolism.", "contents": "Rapid quantitative analysis of phospholipid erythrocytes by densitometric thin-layer chromatography. A copper acetate spray reagent, a Silgur-25 plate composed of a layer combined Kieselguhr/Silica gel, and a \"flying-spot\" densitometer Vitration TLD 100 have been used for the quantitative densitometric thin-layer chromatography of principal phospholipids from human red cells. This procedure can give information quickly about the red cell abnormalities associated with modification of phospholipid metabolism.", "PMID": 421342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10947", "title": "Determination of bile acids in serum by capillary gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A glass capillary column and an appropriate relatively simple procedure for sample preparation have been developed for determination of serum bile acids. Sample preparation involved extraction with Amberlite XAD-2, solvolysis of sulfates, enzymatic hydrolysis with cholylglycine hydrolase, methylation and silylation. Because of complete chromatographic separation of bile acid trimethylsilylether derivatives from cholesterol on the capillary column, an additional step for elimination of cholesterol could be omitted. Trimethylsilylether derivatives were separated on a 20 meter x 0.3 mm i.d. glass capillary column covered with a crystal layer of barium carbonate and coated with polyethyleneglycol 20,000 as liquid phase according to Grob, K. and Grob, G. (1976) J. Chromatogr.125, 471--485, and Grob, K., Grob, G. and Grob, Jr., K., (1977) Chromatographia 10, 181--187. Overall recovery of the major human conjugated bile acids ranged from 86 to 89%. Reproducibility of bile acid determination was satisfactory in both normal and pathological serum with elevated bile acid concentrations (coefficient of variation 7.6 to 10.0%). The mean concentrations of cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acid in the serum of healthy subjects were 0.9, 1.0, 1.7 and 0.2 mumol/l in males, and 1.0, 0.8, 1.4 and 0.2 mumol/l in females.", "contents": "Determination of bile acids in serum by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. A glass capillary column and an appropriate relatively simple procedure for sample preparation have been developed for determination of serum bile acids. Sample preparation involved extraction with Amberlite XAD-2, solvolysis of sulfates, enzymatic hydrolysis with cholylglycine hydrolase, methylation and silylation. Because of complete chromatographic separation of bile acid trimethylsilylether derivatives from cholesterol on the capillary column, an additional step for elimination of cholesterol could be omitted. Trimethylsilylether derivatives were separated on a 20 meter x 0.3 mm i.d. glass capillary column covered with a crystal layer of barium carbonate and coated with polyethyleneglycol 20,000 as liquid phase according to Grob, K. and Grob, G. (1976) J. Chromatogr.125, 471--485, and Grob, K., Grob, G. and Grob, Jr., K., (1977) Chromatographia 10, 181--187. Overall recovery of the major human conjugated bile acids ranged from 86 to 89%. Reproducibility of bile acid determination was satisfactory in both normal and pathological serum with elevated bile acid concentrations (coefficient of variation 7.6 to 10.0%). The mean concentrations of cholic, deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acid in the serum of healthy subjects were 0.9, 1.0, 1.7 and 0.2 mumol/l in males, and 1.0, 0.8, 1.4 and 0.2 mumol/l in females.", "PMID": 421343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10948", "title": "A gas chromatographic method for determination of acetate levels in body fluids.", "content": "A simple, sensitive and accurate gas chromatographic method for the determination of acetate in plasma and urine is described. Following precipitation of proteins by perchloric acid and removal of potassium perchlorate by precipitation with KOH, acetic acid is quantitated by injection of the acidified sample on a highly polar column. A flame ionization detector is used. Propionic acid is added to the sample initially as internal standard. The sample volume required for the analysis is 0.5 ml. The standard curve is linear in the range from 0.01 to 10 mmol/l. Recovery of added acetate is complete, and the coefficient of variation is less than 4% even at low concentrations. The concentration of free acetate in plasma from 10, and urine from 4, healthy humans ranged from 0.04 to 0.07 and 0.09 to 0.24 mmol/l, respectively.", "contents": "A gas chromatographic method for determination of acetate levels in body fluids. A simple, sensitive and accurate gas chromatographic method for the determination of acetate in plasma and urine is described. Following precipitation of proteins by perchloric acid and removal of potassium perchlorate by precipitation with KOH, acetic acid is quantitated by injection of the acidified sample on a highly polar column. A flame ionization detector is used. Propionic acid is added to the sample initially as internal standard. The sample volume required for the analysis is 0.5 ml. The standard curve is linear in the range from 0.01 to 10 mmol/l. Recovery of added acetate is complete, and the coefficient of variation is less than 4% even at low concentrations. The concentration of free acetate in plasma from 10, and urine from 4, healthy humans ranged from 0.04 to 0.07 and 0.09 to 0.24 mmol/l, respectively.", "PMID": 421344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10949", "title": "Quantitation of hemoglobin A1c: a rapid, automated precision-chromatography technique.", "content": "Hemoglobin A1c is increased in patients with diabetes mellitus and its level reflects the status of blood glucose equilibrium over a period of several weeks. The practical use of its estimation was hampered by technical difficulties in investigating large series of samples. In order to apply this examination for routine purposes we describe in this paper acceleration and full automatization of the original chromatographic method allowing quantitation of hemoglobin A1c in 45 min.", "contents": "Quantitation of hemoglobin A1c: a rapid, automated precision-chromatography technique. Hemoglobin A1c is increased in patients with diabetes mellitus and its level reflects the status of blood glucose equilibrium over a period of several weeks. The practical use of its estimation was hampered by technical difficulties in investigating large series of samples. In order to apply this examination for routine purposes we describe in this paper acceleration and full automatization of the original chromatographic method allowing quantitation of hemoglobin A1c in 45 min.", "PMID": 421345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10950", "title": "Partial characterization of cytosol and membrane-bound protein kinases in hereditary spherocytosis erythrocytes.", "content": "The protein kinase activity located in the cytosol of hereditary spherocytosis erythrocytes is due to multiple forms which can be resolved by Sepharose 6B filtration at high ionic strength into two fractions phosphorylating the whole casein on different sites. The membrane-bound protein kinases, solubilized by 0.7 M NaCl, display an elution volume from Sepharose column and a phosphorylation behaviour towards casein quite similar to those of the more retarded fraction of hemolysate. When compared with the multiple protein kinase forms from normal human erythrocytes, no significant difference has been found.", "contents": "Partial characterization of cytosol and membrane-bound protein kinases in hereditary spherocytosis erythrocytes. The protein kinase activity located in the cytosol of hereditary spherocytosis erythrocytes is due to multiple forms which can be resolved by Sepharose 6B filtration at high ionic strength into two fractions phosphorylating the whole casein on different sites. The membrane-bound protein kinases, solubilized by 0.7 M NaCl, display an elution volume from Sepharose column and a phosphorylation behaviour towards casein quite similar to those of the more retarded fraction of hemolysate. When compared with the multiple protein kinase forms from normal human erythrocytes, no significant difference has been found.", "PMID": 421346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10951", "title": "Creatine kinase forms in human skeletal and cardiac muscle.", "content": "The creatine kinase (CK) activity in human skeletal and cardiac muscle submitted to QAE-Sephadex chromatography was found to distribute into three peaks (m and h I, II, III fractions). Characterization according to electrophoretic behaviour, approximate molecular weight, thermal stability and immunological properties unambiguously demonstrated the coincidence of fractions I and III with reference MM-CK and MB-CK isoenzymes, while both cardiac and muscular forms II proved to escape any assignment within the dimeric (M, B) model. A higher molecular weight than for reference CK and the absence of interaction with BB-antiserum resulted for both forms II, which on the contrary were found to diverge as for reactivity to MM-antiserum and stability characteristics. Quantitation of the CK forms, attempted on a limited number of samples, confirmed the expected relative levels of MM-CK and BB-CK and gave evidence for the presence of hII- or mII-CK amounting up to 30% of the total activity in cardiac and skeletal muscle, respectively. The results of the study both confirm a complexity greater than supposed for the CK system and point to the inadequacy of several of the commonly used analytical approaches to derive correct information.", "contents": "Creatine kinase forms in human skeletal and cardiac muscle. The creatine kinase (CK) activity in human skeletal and cardiac muscle submitted to QAE-Sephadex chromatography was found to distribute into three peaks (m and h I, II, III fractions). Characterization according to electrophoretic behaviour, approximate molecular weight, thermal stability and immunological properties unambiguously demonstrated the coincidence of fractions I and III with reference MM-CK and MB-CK isoenzymes, while both cardiac and muscular forms II proved to escape any assignment within the dimeric (M, B) model. A higher molecular weight than for reference CK and the absence of interaction with BB-antiserum resulted for both forms II, which on the contrary were found to diverge as for reactivity to MM-antiserum and stability characteristics. Quantitation of the CK forms, attempted on a limited number of samples, confirmed the expected relative levels of MM-CK and BB-CK and gave evidence for the presence of hII- or mII-CK amounting up to 30% of the total activity in cardiac and skeletal muscle, respectively. The results of the study both confirm a complexity greater than supposed for the CK system and point to the inadequacy of several of the commonly used analytical approaches to derive correct information.", "PMID": 421347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10952", "title": "The assay of sphingolipid hydrolases in white blood cells with labelled natural substrates.", "content": "Methods were elaborated for the assay on leukocytes of sphingolipid hydrolases with native and artificial substrates. The optimal conditions for the isolation of leukocytes and the preparation of labelled sphingolipids were investigated. The KM and Vmax values for all substrates are given as the specific activities of the sphingolipidhydrolases in normal males and females. It is concluded that leukocytes are the enzyme source of choice for the enzymic diagnosis of neurolipidoses.", "contents": "The assay of sphingolipid hydrolases in white blood cells with labelled natural substrates. Methods were elaborated for the assay on leukocytes of sphingolipid hydrolases with native and artificial substrates. The optimal conditions for the isolation of leukocytes and the preparation of labelled sphingolipids were investigated. The KM and Vmax values for all substrates are given as the specific activities of the sphingolipidhydrolases in normal males and females. It is concluded that leukocytes are the enzyme source of choice for the enzymic diagnosis of neurolipidoses.", "PMID": 421348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10953", "title": "Studies of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma amino acids in patients with steady-state chronic renal failure.", "content": "The concentration of free amino acids in the plasma and lumbar CSF of 11 patients with steady-state chronic renal failure has been measured and the CSF: plasma concentration ratios calculated. The results have been compared with the corresponding data from 37 control subjects. In renal failure, elevation of the mean plasma concentration of total amino acids and a reduction in the ratio of essential to total amino acids have been found. Whereas some individual plasma amino acid concentrations in renal failure were higher than normal, others were lower. Striking abnormalities of the CSF amino acid concentration have been observed. Some amino acids have shown similar patterns of abnormality in both CSF and plasma, whereas in the case of others, the changes have been restricted to either CSF or plasma. Significant variations from normal of the CSF: plasma concentration ratios were observed for four amino acids.", "contents": "Studies of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma amino acids in patients with steady-state chronic renal failure. The concentration of free amino acids in the plasma and lumbar CSF of 11 patients with steady-state chronic renal failure has been measured and the CSF: plasma concentration ratios calculated. The results have been compared with the corresponding data from 37 control subjects. In renal failure, elevation of the mean plasma concentration of total amino acids and a reduction in the ratio of essential to total amino acids have been found. Whereas some individual plasma amino acid concentrations in renal failure were higher than normal, others were lower. Striking abnormalities of the CSF amino acid concentration have been observed. Some amino acids have shown similar patterns of abnormality in both CSF and plasma, whereas in the case of others, the changes have been restricted to either CSF or plasma. Significant variations from normal of the CSF: plasma concentration ratios were observed for four amino acids.", "PMID": 421349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10954", "title": "The effect of haemodialysis on cerebrospinal fluid and plasma amino acids.", "content": "The concentration of free amino acids in CSF and plasma has been measured in 19 patients with renal disease undergoing haemodialysis therapy. The values obtained have been compared with those measured in non-haemodialysed patients. At the end of a 10-h dialysis period, the total CSF amino acid concentration had fallen by only 23.3% compared with a 57.7% fall in plasma. Examination of the results for individual amino acid concentrations showed 3 different patterns of inter-relationship between plasma and CSF.", "contents": "The effect of haemodialysis on cerebrospinal fluid and plasma amino acids. The concentration of free amino acids in CSF and plasma has been measured in 19 patients with renal disease undergoing haemodialysis therapy. The values obtained have been compared with those measured in non-haemodialysed patients. At the end of a 10-h dialysis period, the total CSF amino acid concentration had fallen by only 23.3% compared with a 57.7% fall in plasma. Examination of the results for individual amino acid concentrations showed 3 different patterns of inter-relationship between plasma and CSF.", "PMID": 421350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10955", "title": "A column chromatographic method for the determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "A method is described for measurement of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in cerebrospinal fluid. 5-HT and 5-HIAA are isolated from columns of Biorex BR-70 and Sephadex G-10 with recoveries of 85 and 89% respectively. The indoles are quantitated by fluorometric measurement of the ortho-phthaldialdehyde derivatives in acidic solution. Correction for interfering 5-methoxytryptamine and 5-methoxyindole acetic acid is accomplished by a second measurement at alkaline pH. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of column eluates has revealed no other interfering indoles in the 5-HT and 5-HIAA fractions. Preliminary results in normal cerebrospinal fluid samples have been in the ranges 10--60 ng/ml 5-HIAA and 0--13 ng/ml 5-HT.", "contents": "A column chromatographic method for the determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid. A method is described for measurement of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in cerebrospinal fluid. 5-HT and 5-HIAA are isolated from columns of Biorex BR-70 and Sephadex G-10 with recoveries of 85 and 89% respectively. The indoles are quantitated by fluorometric measurement of the ortho-phthaldialdehyde derivatives in acidic solution. Correction for interfering 5-methoxytryptamine and 5-methoxyindole acetic acid is accomplished by a second measurement at alkaline pH. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of column eluates has revealed no other interfering indoles in the 5-HT and 5-HIAA fractions. Preliminary results in normal cerebrospinal fluid samples have been in the ranges 10--60 ng/ml 5-HIAA and 0--13 ng/ml 5-HT.", "PMID": 421351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10956", "title": "Unconjugated bilirubin kinetics in Dubin-Johnson syndrome.", "content": "Plasma unconjugated bilirubin kinetics were studied by a two-compartment analysis in 10 patients with Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS) and 7 normal controls. The clearance of unconjugated bilirubin from plasma was significantly reduced in the patients with DJS as compared to the controls (p less than 0.01). Kinetic analysis of plasma disappearance data showed an increase in reflux and decrease in conjugation. These results indicate that defects in both conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin metabolism exist in DJS.", "contents": "Unconjugated bilirubin kinetics in Dubin-Johnson syndrome. Plasma unconjugated bilirubin kinetics were studied by a two-compartment analysis in 10 patients with Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS) and 7 normal controls. The clearance of unconjugated bilirubin from plasma was significantly reduced in the patients with DJS as compared to the controls (p less than 0.01). Kinetic analysis of plasma disappearance data showed an increase in reflux and decrease in conjugation. These results indicate that defects in both conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin metabolism exist in DJS.", "PMID": 421352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10957", "title": "Action of purine nucleosides on the release of intracellular enzymes from rat lymphocytes.", "content": "Rat lymphocytes incubated under hypoxic conditions in vitro show a time-dependent release of intracellular enzymes. As reported previously, enzyme release (lactate dehydrogenase) is decreased by metabolite, notably ATP and glucose, that contribute towards lymphocyte energy metabolism. The action of purine nucleosides in relation to enzyme release was investigated. Inosine was shown to decrease significantly lactate dehydrogenase release, whereas adenosine exerted a supportive action only at concentrations less than 0.5 mmol/l. Inosine decreased enzyme efflux maximally at concentrations of at least 2--3 mmol/l. The mechanism of inosine action was deduced to be primarily ribose 5-phosphate formation and its subsequent metabolism by energy-yielding pathways. Inosine was presumed also to enter the purine 'salvage pathway' and thereby maintain intracellular adenine nucleotide pools.", "contents": "Action of purine nucleosides on the release of intracellular enzymes from rat lymphocytes. Rat lymphocytes incubated under hypoxic conditions in vitro show a time-dependent release of intracellular enzymes. As reported previously, enzyme release (lactate dehydrogenase) is decreased by metabolite, notably ATP and glucose, that contribute towards lymphocyte energy metabolism. The action of purine nucleosides in relation to enzyme release was investigated. Inosine was shown to decrease significantly lactate dehydrogenase release, whereas adenosine exerted a supportive action only at concentrations less than 0.5 mmol/l. Inosine decreased enzyme efflux maximally at concentrations of at least 2--3 mmol/l. The mechanism of inosine action was deduced to be primarily ribose 5-phosphate formation and its subsequent metabolism by energy-yielding pathways. Inosine was presumed also to enter the purine 'salvage pathway' and thereby maintain intracellular adenine nucleotide pools.", "PMID": 421353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10958", "title": "Radiation dewlap.", "content": "A dewlap is a hanging fold of skin under the throat of oxen and dogs. A similar swelling sometimes occurs in man after radiation therapy. The incidence and natural history of this 'radiation dewlap' has been assessed in patients receiving radiotherapy to malignant growths in the head and neck region. The appearance of this complication has been correlated with the age of the patient, the site and stage of the tumour and the type of radiation employed. The aetiology and significance of the complication are discussed with reference to the anatomy and physiology of the affected tissues and the physical characteristics of the radiotherapy administered. Possible methods of prevention are suggested.", "contents": "Radiation dewlap. A dewlap is a hanging fold of skin under the throat of oxen and dogs. A similar swelling sometimes occurs in man after radiation therapy. The incidence and natural history of this 'radiation dewlap' has been assessed in patients receiving radiotherapy to malignant growths in the head and neck region. The appearance of this complication has been correlated with the age of the patient, the site and stage of the tumour and the type of radiation employed. The aetiology and significance of the complication are discussed with reference to the anatomy and physiology of the affected tissues and the physical characteristics of the radiotherapy administered. Possible methods of prevention are suggested.", "PMID": 421355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10959", "title": "Lymphoepitheliomas of the larynx (undifferentiated carcinomas of nasopharyngeal type).", "content": "Three cases of lymphoepitheliomas of the larynx are reported. This type of carcinoma--which occurs almost exclusively in nasopharynx--is very unfrequent in the larynx (0.2%). In the 3 cases, the tumors arose in a ventricular diverticulum which presented the same lymphoepithelial structure as the tonsils. Under such conditions, these lymphoepitheliomas, which have to be called 'undifferentiated carcinomas of nasopharyngeal type' are believed to develop from the lymphoepithelial tissue of the laryngocele.", "contents": "Lymphoepitheliomas of the larynx (undifferentiated carcinomas of nasopharyngeal type). Three cases of lymphoepitheliomas of the larynx are reported. This type of carcinoma--which occurs almost exclusively in nasopharynx--is very unfrequent in the larynx (0.2%). In the 3 cases, the tumors arose in a ventricular diverticulum which presented the same lymphoepithelial structure as the tonsils. Under such conditions, these lymphoepitheliomas, which have to be called 'undifferentiated carcinomas of nasopharyngeal type' are believed to develop from the lymphoepithelial tissue of the laryngocele.", "PMID": 421357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10960", "title": "Temporary threshold shift, loudness, and auditory evoked potentials.", "content": "TTS2 of 20dB was produced in a group of subjects using a 1000 Hz pure tone. All TTS and related measurements were made at 1500 Hz. The recovery of TTS, and of TLS or 'temporary loudness shift' (measured against a reference tone at 20db, 40dB and 60dB SL in the opposite ear), as well as N1-P2 amplitude of the Vertex potential, were plotted. There was an orderly recovery of both TLS and TTS although the rate of recovery of the latter was noticeably more rapid. Recovery of N1-P2 amplitude was much less orderly, although it did recover in much the same way. When the amplitudes were measured at 40dB SL the recovery was more orderly and followed the course of TTS more closely. It was concluded that any relation between N1-P2 amplitude and growth of loudness was indirect.", "contents": "Temporary threshold shift, loudness, and auditory evoked potentials. TTS2 of 20dB was produced in a group of subjects using a 1000 Hz pure tone. All TTS and related measurements were made at 1500 Hz. The recovery of TTS, and of TLS or 'temporary loudness shift' (measured against a reference tone at 20db, 40dB and 60dB SL in the opposite ear), as well as N1-P2 amplitude of the Vertex potential, were plotted. There was an orderly recovery of both TLS and TTS although the rate of recovery of the latter was noticeably more rapid. Recovery of N1-P2 amplitude was much less orderly, although it did recover in much the same way. When the amplitudes were measured at 40dB SL the recovery was more orderly and followed the course of TTS more closely. It was concluded that any relation between N1-P2 amplitude and growth of loudness was indirect.", "PMID": 421358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10961", "title": "Amniotic fluid cell culture II. Evaluation of a red blood cell lysis procedure for culture of cells from blood-contaminated amniotic fluid.", "content": "Second trimester amniotic fluid samples obtained transabdominally for genetic analysis not infrequently are contaminated with blood. There has been disagreement as to whether blood contamination interferes with the efficiency of culture of amniotic fluid cells for genetic diagnosis. A procedure using ammonium chloride to lyse contaminating red blood cells has been recommended to increase culture success. In this report we document that cultures derived from blood-contaminated amniotic fluids form fewer cell colonies than cultures from clear amniotic fluids. We also show that a recommended procedure using ammonium chloride to lyse red blood cells is ineffectual in improving the efficiency of cell culture, and may be detrimental to successful culturing of cells from bloody amniotic fluids. A hypothesis concerning the mechanism of interference with culture of amniotic fluid cells by contaminating blood is presented and a means of preventing this complication is suggested.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid cell culture II. Evaluation of a red blood cell lysis procedure for culture of cells from blood-contaminated amniotic fluid. Second trimester amniotic fluid samples obtained transabdominally for genetic analysis not infrequently are contaminated with blood. There has been disagreement as to whether blood contamination interferes with the efficiency of culture of amniotic fluid cells for genetic diagnosis. A procedure using ammonium chloride to lyse contaminating red blood cells has been recommended to increase culture success. In this report we document that cultures derived from blood-contaminated amniotic fluids form fewer cell colonies than cultures from clear amniotic fluids. We also show that a recommended procedure using ammonium chloride to lyse red blood cells is ineffectual in improving the efficiency of cell culture, and may be detrimental to successful culturing of cells from bloody amniotic fluids. A hypothesis concerning the mechanism of interference with culture of amniotic fluid cells by contaminating blood is presented and a means of preventing this complication is suggested.", "PMID": 421360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10962", "title": "Epidermolysis bullosa simplex and mottled pigmentation: a new dominant syndrome. I. Clinical and histological features.", "content": "A family is reported in which 11 members presented epidermolysis bullosa simplex with some unusual features, and 10 of whom had congenital mottled hyper- and hypopigmentation of the skin. Both anomalies are inherited together in an autosomal dominant fashion, although dominant X-linkage cannot be excluded. The epidermolysis without dyspigmentation in the 11th individual suggests that the syndrome in the other 10 members is due to genetic linkage of two independent genes and not to pleiotropism of a single mutant gene. The mottled pigmentation seems distinct from previously known dyspigmentations and is also suggestive of autosomal inactivation in man. (See addendum).", "contents": "Epidermolysis bullosa simplex and mottled pigmentation: a new dominant syndrome. I. Clinical and histological features. A family is reported in which 11 members presented epidermolysis bullosa simplex with some unusual features, and 10 of whom had congenital mottled hyper- and hypopigmentation of the skin. Both anomalies are inherited together in an autosomal dominant fashion, although dominant X-linkage cannot be excluded. The epidermolysis without dyspigmentation in the 11th individual suggests that the syndrome in the other 10 members is due to genetic linkage of two independent genes and not to pleiotropism of a single mutant gene. The mottled pigmentation seems distinct from previously known dyspigmentations and is also suggestive of autosomal inactivation in man. (See addendum).", "PMID": 421361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10963", "title": "Familial occurrence of syngnathia congenita syndrome.", "content": "A case of familial occurrence of syngnathia congenita in mother and child is described; this syndrome has been seen only sporadically until now. Due to the distinct appearance of the intraoral chords--they were situated on both sides between the ridges of the jaw and also between the left half of the bifid uvula and the retrolingual region--a relationship to the autosomal-dominantly transmitted Cleft Palate Lateral Synechiae Syndrome (CPLS-Syndrome) is suspected. Complete penetrance with different expressivity may explain the different clinical manifestations of the cases seen up to now and the absence of bifid uvula in the mother of our patient. The probable pathogenesis during embryological development is discussed.", "contents": "Familial occurrence of syngnathia congenita syndrome. A case of familial occurrence of syngnathia congenita in mother and child is described; this syndrome has been seen only sporadically until now. Due to the distinct appearance of the intraoral chords--they were situated on both sides between the ridges of the jaw and also between the left half of the bifid uvula and the retrolingual region--a relationship to the autosomal-dominantly transmitted Cleft Palate Lateral Synechiae Syndrome (CPLS-Syndrome) is suspected. Complete penetrance with different expressivity may explain the different clinical manifestations of the cases seen up to now and the absence of bifid uvula in the mother of our patient. The probable pathogenesis during embryological development is discussed.", "PMID": 421363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10964", "title": "Craniometaphyseal dysplasia--variability of expression within a large family.", "content": "Fifteen individuals in five generations of a kindred with branches in South Africa and England had the autosomal dominant form of craniometaphyseal dysplasia. The majority of affected adults had mild to moderate mandibular distortion, while paranasal bossing was a transient manifestation in childhood. Facial palsy with onset in childhood was present either unilaterally or bilaterally in about 30% of the patients, while 50% had auditory dysfunction which varied from mild impairment of hearing to total deafness. Stature and intellect were normal, and bone fragility, osteomyelitis and dyshaemopoesis were not features of the condition. Five other potentially affected family members had deafness or facial palsy of uncertain aetiology in the absence of other stigmata of CMD. It is uncertain whether these complications represent minor degrees of phenotypic expression of the abnormal gene.", "contents": "Craniometaphyseal dysplasia--variability of expression within a large family. Fifteen individuals in five generations of a kindred with branches in South Africa and England had the autosomal dominant form of craniometaphyseal dysplasia. The majority of affected adults had mild to moderate mandibular distortion, while paranasal bossing was a transient manifestation in childhood. Facial palsy with onset in childhood was present either unilaterally or bilaterally in about 30% of the patients, while 50% had auditory dysfunction which varied from mild impairment of hearing to total deafness. Stature and intellect were normal, and bone fragility, osteomyelitis and dyshaemopoesis were not features of the condition. Five other potentially affected family members had deafness or facial palsy of uncertain aetiology in the absence of other stigmata of CMD. It is uncertain whether these complications represent minor degrees of phenotypic expression of the abnormal gene.", "PMID": 421364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10965", "title": "Turner's syndrome with a duplication-deficiency X chromosome derived from a maternal pericentric inversion X chromosome.", "content": "A 31-year-old woman of short stature with severe oligomenorrhea was found to carry a duplication-deficiency X chromosome, 46,X,rec(X)dup q,inv(X)(p22q11), inherited from her mother who carried a pericentric inversion X chromosome, 46,X,inv(X)(p22q11). By a combination of autoradiography and BUdR incorporation, the duplication-deficiency X chromosome was always found to be the inactive and late replicating one. In the cultured fibroblasts with the recombinant X chromosome, some of the cells were seen to have bipartite X chromatin bodies. In the mother with inv(X), the normal and the inverted X chromosome were inactivated at random.", "contents": "Turner's syndrome with a duplication-deficiency X chromosome derived from a maternal pericentric inversion X chromosome. A 31-year-old woman of short stature with severe oligomenorrhea was found to carry a duplication-deficiency X chromosome, 46,X,rec(X)dup q,inv(X)(p22q11), inherited from her mother who carried a pericentric inversion X chromosome, 46,X,inv(X)(p22q11). By a combination of autoradiography and BUdR incorporation, the duplication-deficiency X chromosome was always found to be the inactive and late replicating one. In the cultured fibroblasts with the recombinant X chromosome, some of the cells were seen to have bipartite X chromatin bodies. In the mother with inv(X), the normal and the inverted X chromosome were inactivated at random.", "PMID": 421365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10966", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 20 mosaicism.", "content": "Three cases of trisomy 20 mosaicism in amniotic fluid cell cultures are described. Two of the pregnancies resulted in normal full-term infants. The third pregnancy was terminated and revealed a phenotypically normal fetus. A review of five previously reported cases is presented. Explanations of these findings include in vitro nondisjunction, culture of extraembryonic tissue, and true fetal mosaicism. The diagnostic dilemma this presents is discussed.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 20 mosaicism. Three cases of trisomy 20 mosaicism in amniotic fluid cell cultures are described. Two of the pregnancies resulted in normal full-term infants. The third pregnancy was terminated and revealed a phenotypically normal fetus. A review of five previously reported cases is presented. Explanations of these findings include in vitro nondisjunction, culture of extraembryonic tissue, and true fetal mosaicism. The diagnostic dilemma this presents is discussed.", "PMID": 421366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10967", "title": "The effects of intraperitoneal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine on the turnover and the levels of the brain catecholamines and the levels of plasma corticosterone in rats.", "content": "1. The effects of intraperitoneal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the levels and the turnover of brain catecholamines and the levels of plasma corticosterone were studied in rats. 2. Two weeks after intraperitoneal injection of 6-OHDA (150 mg/kg) a virtually complete disappearance of cardiac noradrenaline was observed. 3. An increment and an accelerated turnover of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus was observed 2 weeks after peripheral administration of 6-OHDA (150 mg/kg). 4. There was no change in the levels and the turnover of noradrenaline in the cortex of the rats so treated. 5. There was not change in the levels and the turnover of dopamine in either the hypothalamus or the cortex of the 6-OHDA-treated rats. 6. An increment and an accelerated turnover of hypothalamic noradrenaline were not associated with any change in plasma corticosterone.", "contents": "The effects of intraperitoneal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine on the turnover and the levels of the brain catecholamines and the levels of plasma corticosterone in rats. 1. The effects of intraperitoneal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the levels and the turnover of brain catecholamines and the levels of plasma corticosterone were studied in rats. 2. Two weeks after intraperitoneal injection of 6-OHDA (150 mg/kg) a virtually complete disappearance of cardiac noradrenaline was observed. 3. An increment and an accelerated turnover of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus was observed 2 weeks after peripheral administration of 6-OHDA (150 mg/kg). 4. There was no change in the levels and the turnover of noradrenaline in the cortex of the rats so treated. 5. There was not change in the levels and the turnover of dopamine in either the hypothalamus or the cortex of the 6-OHDA-treated rats. 6. An increment and an accelerated turnover of hypothalamic noradrenaline were not associated with any change in plasma corticosterone.", "PMID": 421367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10968", "title": "Effect of dithiothreitol on histamine receptors in rabbit colon and guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "1. Dithiothreitol, an agent which reduces disulphide linkages to sulphydryl groups, potentiated the contractile responses of the rabbit colon and guinea-pig ileum to histamine, but had no effect on the resting tone or on the responses of these preparations to acetylcholine. 2. The potentiation was greater than that produced by antagonism of histamine's weak inhibitory action by metiamide, and still occurred after blockade of H2-receptors with metiamide; it is concluded that DTT potentiates responses to stimulation of H1-receptors in both preparations. 3. In this respect, these H1-receptors resemble those in vascular smooth muscle in the rabbit but not in the guinea-pig; it is concluded that there is a tissue variation rather than a species variation in the response of H1-receptors in the rabbit and guinea-pig to DTT.", "contents": "Effect of dithiothreitol on histamine receptors in rabbit colon and guinea-pig ileum. 1. Dithiothreitol, an agent which reduces disulphide linkages to sulphydryl groups, potentiated the contractile responses of the rabbit colon and guinea-pig ileum to histamine, but had no effect on the resting tone or on the responses of these preparations to acetylcholine. 2. The potentiation was greater than that produced by antagonism of histamine's weak inhibitory action by metiamide, and still occurred after blockade of H2-receptors with metiamide; it is concluded that DTT potentiates responses to stimulation of H1-receptors in both preparations. 3. In this respect, these H1-receptors resemble those in vascular smooth muscle in the rabbit but not in the guinea-pig; it is concluded that there is a tissue variation rather than a species variation in the response of H1-receptors in the rabbit and guinea-pig to DTT.", "PMID": 421369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10969", "title": "Blood clearance rates of angiotensin II and its metabolites in sheep: presence of immunoreactive fragments in arterial blood.", "content": "1. The blood clearance rates of exogenous (des-1-Asp)-angiotensin II and (des-1-Asp-2-Arg)-angiotensin II calculated from the arterial blood level during steady state infusion in conscious sodium-replete sheep were found to be 125 litre/h (s.d. = 27, n = 18) and 188 litre/h (s.d. = 23, n = 18), respectively. These blood clearance rates were in the same order as values for angiotensin II previously reported. 2. Using descending paper chromatography, immunoreactive fragments of angiotensin II in arterial blood extracts were adequately separated from angiotensin II. Quantitative determination of angiotensin II by direct immunoassay on whole blood extract using recovery tracer to correct for losses during extraction were on the average 31% (n = 9) higher than those obtained after the same blood extract had been subjected to chromatographic separation. 3. The blood clearance rates of exogenous 1-Asp-5-Ile-angiotensin II calculated from infusion rate/blood angiotensin II concentration before and after chromatographic separation were significantly different, being 103 litre/h (s.d. = 16, n = 18) and 134 litre/h (s.d. = 25, n = 9), respectively (P less than 0.001;t-test, 16 d.f.). 4. Our data demonstrate the presence of immunoreactive fragments of angiotensin II in arterial blood of sheep during steady-state infusion and indicate that direct immunoassay on arterial blood extracts without adequate separation may result in artificially higher values of angiotensin II in blood and consequently false value for its clearance rate.", "contents": "Blood clearance rates of angiotensin II and its metabolites in sheep: presence of immunoreactive fragments in arterial blood. 1. The blood clearance rates of exogenous (des-1-Asp)-angiotensin II and (des-1-Asp-2-Arg)-angiotensin II calculated from the arterial blood level during steady state infusion in conscious sodium-replete sheep were found to be 125 litre/h (s.d. = 27, n = 18) and 188 litre/h (s.d. = 23, n = 18), respectively. These blood clearance rates were in the same order as values for angiotensin II previously reported. 2. Using descending paper chromatography, immunoreactive fragments of angiotensin II in arterial blood extracts were adequately separated from angiotensin II. Quantitative determination of angiotensin II by direct immunoassay on whole blood extract using recovery tracer to correct for losses during extraction were on the average 31% (n = 9) higher than those obtained after the same blood extract had been subjected to chromatographic separation. 3. The blood clearance rates of exogenous 1-Asp-5-Ile-angiotensin II calculated from infusion rate/blood angiotensin II concentration before and after chromatographic separation were significantly different, being 103 litre/h (s.d. = 16, n = 18) and 134 litre/h (s.d. = 25, n = 9), respectively (P less than 0.001;t-test, 16 d.f.). 4. Our data demonstrate the presence of immunoreactive fragments of angiotensin II in arterial blood of sheep during steady-state infusion and indicate that direct immunoassay on arterial blood extracts without adequate separation may result in artificially higher values of angiotensin II in blood and consequently false value for its clearance rate.", "PMID": 421368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10970", "title": "99mTc-methylene diphosphonate imaging in neural crest tumors.", "content": "Thirteen patients with neural crest tumors were each studied with a radionuclide skeletal survey, a radiographic skeletal survey, and an iliac crest bone marrow aspiration. The RN skeletal survey proved to be more accurate that the radiographic skeletal survey in: 1) detecting the primary tumor; 2) demonstrating bony metastatic disease; and 3) evaluating response to therapy. The overall accuracy of the RN skeletal survey in detecting metastatic disease correlated with the results of bone marrow aspiration both in the initial detection of metastatic disease and the evaluation of response during therapy.", "contents": "99mTc-methylene diphosphonate imaging in neural crest tumors. Thirteen patients with neural crest tumors were each studied with a radionuclide skeletal survey, a radiographic skeletal survey, and an iliac crest bone marrow aspiration. The RN skeletal survey proved to be more accurate that the radiographic skeletal survey in: 1) detecting the primary tumor; 2) demonstrating bony metastatic disease; and 3) evaluating response to therapy. The overall accuracy of the RN skeletal survey in detecting metastatic disease correlated with the results of bone marrow aspiration both in the initial detection of metastatic disease and the evaluation of response during therapy.", "PMID": 421393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10971", "title": "Scintiscans and computer assisted tomographic findings of herpesencephalitis.", "content": "The radionuclide, CAT and angiographic features of a case of herpes simplex encephalitis are present. A dramatic change in the abnormal perfusion and static concentration of tracer activity resulted following chemotherapy with Adenine arabinoside. The improvement seen on the dynamic and static scintiscans correlates closely with the patient's clinical course and CAT findings. The radionuclide perfusion study is of particular importance in documenting the diminished activity of the inflammatory process following therapy.", "contents": "Scintiscans and computer assisted tomographic findings of herpesencephalitis. The radionuclide, CAT and angiographic features of a case of herpes simplex encephalitis are present. A dramatic change in the abnormal perfusion and static concentration of tracer activity resulted following chemotherapy with Adenine arabinoside. The improvement seen on the dynamic and static scintiscans correlates closely with the patient's clinical course and CAT findings. The radionuclide perfusion study is of particular importance in documenting the diminished activity of the inflammatory process following therapy.", "PMID": 421395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10972", "title": "Increased localization of 201 Tl-chloride in subacute thyroiditis.", "content": "We present two cases of subacute thyroiditis in which increased radionuclide activity in the affected areas was observed on 201 Tl thyroid scintigrams. These were taken to evaluate cold areas on the 99m Tc-pertechnetate thyroid scintigrams. This finding suggests that 201 Tl may be a potentially useful radionuclide in visualizing inflammatory lesions.", "contents": "Increased localization of 201 Tl-chloride in subacute thyroiditis. We present two cases of subacute thyroiditis in which increased radionuclide activity in the affected areas was observed on 201 Tl thyroid scintigrams. These were taken to evaluate cold areas on the 99m Tc-pertechnetate thyroid scintigrams. This finding suggests that 201 Tl may be a potentially useful radionuclide in visualizing inflammatory lesions.", "PMID": 421396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10973", "title": "Brain scan abnormalities in intracerebral sarcoidosis.", "content": "We present a case in which dramatic anterior midline uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate simulated a suprasellar tumor in a patient with sarcoid. The brain scan abnormalities proved to represent extensive hypothalamic and basal ganglia involvement by sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Brain scan abnormalities in intracerebral sarcoidosis. We present a case in which dramatic anterior midline uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate simulated a suprasellar tumor in a patient with sarcoid. The brain scan abnormalities proved to represent extensive hypothalamic and basal ganglia involvement by sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 421397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10974", "title": "Lateral-view ventilation images with 133Xe.", "content": "For better delineation of regional ventilation abnormalities, a lateral-view imaging has been employed when one or more areas of abnormal retention were visible in posterior views of 133Xe washout images. It is technically simple to obtain lateral views during the 133Xe washout phase. The resulting images were found to be very useful in detecting regions of ventilation-perfusion mismatch and in evaluating regional obstructive lung disease.", "contents": "Lateral-view ventilation images with 133Xe. For better delineation of regional ventilation abnormalities, a lateral-view imaging has been employed when one or more areas of abnormal retention were visible in posterior views of 133Xe washout images. It is technically simple to obtain lateral views during the 133Xe washout phase. The resulting images were found to be very useful in detecting regions of ventilation-perfusion mismatch and in evaluating regional obstructive lung disease.", "PMID": 421400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10975", "title": "The multiscan appearance of eosinophilic granuloma.", "content": "A case of multifocal eosinophilic granuloma is presented in which a 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate bone scan revealed areas of increased, normal, and decreased uptake of the radionuclide. A radiographic bone survey demonstrated some but not all of the lesions seen on the bone scan; additionally, certain lesions were demonstrated only by the radiographs. A radionuclide bone scan is therefore unreliable as the sole diagnostic procedure for evaluating the distribution of eosinophilic granuloma and should always be complemented with a radiographic bone survey.", "contents": "The multiscan appearance of eosinophilic granuloma. A case of multifocal eosinophilic granuloma is presented in which a 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate bone scan revealed areas of increased, normal, and decreased uptake of the radionuclide. A radiographic bone survey demonstrated some but not all of the lesions seen on the bone scan; additionally, certain lesions were demonstrated only by the radiographs. A radionuclide bone scan is therefore unreliable as the sole diagnostic procedure for evaluating the distribution of eosinophilic granuloma and should always be complemented with a radiographic bone survey.", "PMID": 421402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10976", "title": "False-positive studies in early 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy.", "content": "Two cases of false-positive early 67Ga-citrate scintigraphs are presented. In both cases, the initial accumulation of the radiotracer in the region of the right iliac fossa could not be substantiated on the delayed study. It is suggested that the results of an early gallium scan be interpretated cautiously, especially when any apparent abnormality is within the region of the normal colonic anatomy. A delayed study should be performed whenever possible.", "contents": "False-positive studies in early 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy. Two cases of false-positive early 67Ga-citrate scintigraphs are presented. In both cases, the initial accumulation of the radiotracer in the region of the right iliac fossa could not be substantiated on the delayed study. It is suggested that the results of an early gallium scan be interpretated cautiously, especially when any apparent abnormality is within the region of the normal colonic anatomy. A delayed study should be performed whenever possible.", "PMID": 421403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10977", "title": "A visual index of thyroid function.", "content": "A visual index of thyroid uptake (VITU) is introduced as a qualitative measure of thyroid trapping. This index is determined from the 20-minute 99mTc-pertechnetate scan by visually comparing the relative tracer uptake between the thyroid and salivary glands. Three categories are defined: low, normal and elevated. The VITU correctly identified the functional status of the thyroid in 94% of 123 patients studied and agreed with the 24-hour radioiodine uptake (RAIU) in 89%. The VITU is a very simple but highly accurate, reliable and reproducible test. It was primarily designed to complement other tests of thyroid function by contributing qualitative information about the thyroidal trapping mechanism, but it can also be useful in confirming blood tests of thyroid function in cases in which one would prefer to avoid 131I administration for RAIU studies.", "contents": "A visual index of thyroid function. A visual index of thyroid uptake (VITU) is introduced as a qualitative measure of thyroid trapping. This index is determined from the 20-minute 99mTc-pertechnetate scan by visually comparing the relative tracer uptake between the thyroid and salivary glands. Three categories are defined: low, normal and elevated. The VITU correctly identified the functional status of the thyroid in 94% of 123 patients studied and agreed with the 24-hour radioiodine uptake (RAIU) in 89%. The VITU is a very simple but highly accurate, reliable and reproducible test. It was primarily designed to complement other tests of thyroid function by contributing qualitative information about the thyroidal trapping mechanism, but it can also be useful in confirming blood tests of thyroid function in cases in which one would prefer to avoid 131I administration for RAIU studies.", "PMID": 421404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10978", "title": "32P-sodium phosphate treatment of metastatic malignant disease.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with cancer of the breast and 12 with cancer of the prostate were treated with testosterone and 32P-sodium phosphate for relief of pain from bony metastases. Thirty were treated with chemotherapy as well, and 34 were treated with external radiation to single ports for localized pain. Of the 46 patients treated, good results were achieved in 34, fair results in six, and no improvement in six. Subsequent marrow depression necessitated transfusion in 10 patients; no other side effect was observed.", "contents": "32P-sodium phosphate treatment of metastatic malignant disease. Thirty-four patients with cancer of the breast and 12 with cancer of the prostate were treated with testosterone and 32P-sodium phosphate for relief of pain from bony metastases. Thirty were treated with chemotherapy as well, and 34 were treated with external radiation to single ports for localized pain. Of the 46 patients treated, good results were achieved in 34, fair results in six, and no improvement in six. Subsequent marrow depression necessitated transfusion in 10 patients; no other side effect was observed.", "PMID": 421405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10979", "title": "Value of routine abdominal nuclide angiography as part of liver scan.", "content": "Routine performance of a dynamic study as part of the liver scan results in a significant rate of discovery (19%) of intraabdominal abnormalities such as aortic aneurysms, cystic masses, ischemic intestinal diseases and collateral circulation. The procedure aids in the demonstration of space-occupying hepatic lesions and is often decisive in the diagnosis of chronic liver disease. Alterations in the perfusion of the liver as reflected in the dynamic scan may have a predictive value in the course of alcoholic hepatic disease as to the ultimate development of cirrhosis. Therefore, the dynamic study assumes an important role in the management of the alcoholic patient.", "contents": "Value of routine abdominal nuclide angiography as part of liver scan. Routine performance of a dynamic study as part of the liver scan results in a significant rate of discovery (19%) of intraabdominal abnormalities such as aortic aneurysms, cystic masses, ischemic intestinal diseases and collateral circulation. The procedure aids in the demonstration of space-occupying hepatic lesions and is often decisive in the diagnosis of chronic liver disease. Alterations in the perfusion of the liver as reflected in the dynamic scan may have a predictive value in the course of alcoholic hepatic disease as to the ultimate development of cirrhosis. Therefore, the dynamic study assumes an important role in the management of the alcoholic patient.", "PMID": 421406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10980", "title": "Single fraction half body radiation therapy.", "content": "High-dose radiation therapy given as a single fraction to upper and lower halves of the body provides extremely effective palliation of widespread malignant disease. The side effects are tolerable to patients and the problem of numerous hospital attendances for palliative therapy is avoided. In view of its good tolerance and the theoretical tumour cell kill that may be achieved by this treatment its use in radical treatment should be considered.", "contents": "Single fraction half body radiation therapy. High-dose radiation therapy given as a single fraction to upper and lower halves of the body provides extremely effective palliation of widespread malignant disease. The side effects are tolerable to patients and the problem of numerous hospital attendances for palliative therapy is avoided. In view of its good tolerance and the theoretical tumour cell kill that may be achieved by this treatment its use in radical treatment should be considered.", "PMID": 421413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10981", "title": "Factors influencing plasma concentrations of ethosuximide.", "content": "The relation between steady-state plasma ethosuximide level and drug dose was studied in 46 patients. In this population, plasma drug levels were proportional to drug dose, expressed on a body weight basis. Age did not alter this relationship, but plasma levels increased more rapidly, relative to dose, in females than in males. Intake of methylphenobarbitone, but not intake of certain other anticonvulsants (phenytoin, phenobarbitone, primidone and carbamazepine) altered the relationship between plasma ethosuximide level and ethosuximide dose. In individual patients, successive dose increments of equal size produced progressively greater increases in steady-state plasma ethosuximide levels. This phenomenon has obvious therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Factors influencing plasma concentrations of ethosuximide. The relation between steady-state plasma ethosuximide level and drug dose was studied in 46 patients. In this population, plasma drug levels were proportional to drug dose, expressed on a body weight basis. Age did not alter this relationship, but plasma levels increased more rapidly, relative to dose, in females than in males. Intake of methylphenobarbitone, but not intake of certain other anticonvulsants (phenytoin, phenobarbitone, primidone and carbamazepine) altered the relationship between plasma ethosuximide level and ethosuximide dose. In individual patients, successive dose increments of equal size produced progressively greater increases in steady-state plasma ethosuximide levels. This phenomenon has obvious therapeutic implications.", "PMID": 421410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10982", "title": "The value of bone scanning in the staging of breast cancer.", "content": "Bone scans using technetium phosphate complexes were performed on 874 patients with breast cancer referred to the South Wales Radiotherapy Centre between January 1973 and December 1976. Most of the patients also had radiological skeletal surveys performed within one month of the scan. Scans proved to be more reliable and sensitive than X-rays for detection of bone metastases. 20% of all patients with clinically localised disease had positive scans, bone metastases were confirmed within two years in four-fifths of the patients with positive scans and negative X-rays. It is suggested that a patient with an abnormal scan should not receive radical local treatment.", "contents": "The value of bone scanning in the staging of breast cancer. Bone scans using technetium phosphate complexes were performed on 874 patients with breast cancer referred to the South Wales Radiotherapy Centre between January 1973 and December 1976. Most of the patients also had radiological skeletal surveys performed within one month of the scan. Scans proved to be more reliable and sensitive than X-rays for detection of bone metastases. 20% of all patients with clinically localised disease had positive scans, bone metastases were confirmed within two years in four-fifths of the patients with positive scans and negative X-rays. It is suggested that a patient with an abnormal scan should not receive radical local treatment.", "PMID": 421415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10983", "title": "Embolisation of the external carotid artery in the treatment of carotid cavernous sinus fistulae.", "content": "A review of treatment methods used to control carotid cavernous sinus fistulae is presented. Three cases are described in which embolisation of the external carotid artery was done along with intracranial vascular procedures in the management of carotid cavernous fistulae.", "contents": "Embolisation of the external carotid artery in the treatment of carotid cavernous sinus fistulae. A review of treatment methods used to control carotid cavernous sinus fistulae is presented. Three cases are described in which embolisation of the external carotid artery was done along with intracranial vascular procedures in the management of carotid cavernous fistulae.", "PMID": 421416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10984", "title": "Diffuse cord enlargement in radiation myelopathy.", "content": "Radiation myelopathy is a well-documented complication of the irradiation of neoplasms adjacent to the spinal cord. Myelography has been used to distinguish intraspinal metastases with the diagnosis of radiation myelopathy being made if the study is normal. Four cases of radiation myelopathy are here described which were associated with swelling of the spinal cord and, in three cases, this was demonstrated at myelography. The fusiform expansion of the cord, which is indistinguishable from an intrinsic tumour or hydromyelia, is maximal in the irradiated zone, but may extend beyond it. The demonstration of swelling was associated with an abrupt clinical deterioration and, in two patients, followed a recent normal examination. The severe degree of damage underlying the cord enlargement was reflected in the poor prognosis.", "contents": "Diffuse cord enlargement in radiation myelopathy. Radiation myelopathy is a well-documented complication of the irradiation of neoplasms adjacent to the spinal cord. Myelography has been used to distinguish intraspinal metastases with the diagnosis of radiation myelopathy being made if the study is normal. Four cases of radiation myelopathy are here described which were associated with swelling of the spinal cord and, in three cases, this was demonstrated at myelography. The fusiform expansion of the cord, which is indistinguishable from an intrinsic tumour or hydromyelia, is maximal in the irradiated zone, but may extend beyond it. The demonstration of swelling was associated with an abrupt clinical deterioration and, in two patients, followed a recent normal examination. The severe degree of damage underlying the cord enlargement was reflected in the poor prognosis.", "PMID": 421417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10985", "title": "Malabsorption of hydrochlorothiazide following intestinal shunt surgery.", "content": "Hydrochlorothiazide 775mg was administered orally to 5 patients who had undergone intestinal shunt operations for obesity 1.5 to 6 years previously. Postoperative weight loss averaged 53.4kg. The concentrations of hydrochlorothiazide in plasma and urine were determined with gas/liquid chromatography. The mean area under the plasma concentration time curve during 9h in 4 of the patients was 889ng/ml.h. Mean total urinary recovery of hydrochlorothiazide amounted to 23.0mg in the 5 patients, which corresponds to approximately half that seen in healthy volunteers. The gastrointestinal hydrochlorothiazide appears to be substantially reduced after intestinal shunt surgery.", "contents": "Malabsorption of hydrochlorothiazide following intestinal shunt surgery. Hydrochlorothiazide 775mg was administered orally to 5 patients who had undergone intestinal shunt operations for obesity 1.5 to 6 years previously. Postoperative weight loss averaged 53.4kg. The concentrations of hydrochlorothiazide in plasma and urine were determined with gas/liquid chromatography. The mean area under the plasma concentration time curve during 9h in 4 of the patients was 889ng/ml.h. Mean total urinary recovery of hydrochlorothiazide amounted to 23.0mg in the 5 patients, which corresponds to approximately half that seen in healthy volunteers. The gastrointestinal hydrochlorothiazide appears to be substantially reduced after intestinal shunt surgery.", "PMID": 421412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10986", "title": "Antiepileptic drugs: metabolism in pregnancy.", "content": "In an open prospective clinical study, plasma clearance of phenytoin, phenobarbitone and carbamazepine was assessed in 14 epileptic patients during and after pregnancy. Plasma clearance showed a marked increase during pregnancy, reached a maximum just before or after delivery, and then decreased to early pregnancy values. The relative plasma concentration of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide to that of carbamazepine increased similarly during pregnancy. The protein binding of carbamazepine and the epoxide was not influenced by pregnancy. A higher rate of hepatic drug metabolism, due to alteration of the physiological state in pregnancy is suggested as the most reasonable explanation. No change in seizure frequency was seen, probably because of frequent dose adjustments in order to keep plasma levels within the optimum range.", "contents": "Antiepileptic drugs: metabolism in pregnancy. In an open prospective clinical study, plasma clearance of phenytoin, phenobarbitone and carbamazepine was assessed in 14 epileptic patients during and after pregnancy. Plasma clearance showed a marked increase during pregnancy, reached a maximum just before or after delivery, and then decreased to early pregnancy values. The relative plasma concentration of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide to that of carbamazepine increased similarly during pregnancy. The protein binding of carbamazepine and the epoxide was not influenced by pregnancy. A higher rate of hepatic drug metabolism, due to alteration of the physiological state in pregnancy is suggested as the most reasonable explanation. No change in seizure frequency was seen, probably because of frequent dose adjustments in order to keep plasma levels within the optimum range.", "PMID": 421411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10987", "title": "Bowel wall thickness as a differentiating feature between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease of the colon.", "content": "The colonic wall thickness was assessed from the plain abdominal radiograph and double contrast barium enema in 33 patients with ulcerative colitis, 28 with Crohn's colitis and 20 with neoplasia. The maximum wall thickness in the control group with neoplasia measured in non-diseased colon, was 2 mm. Accurate measurement was possible from only 34% of the plain films, owing to inadequate gas in the lumen. Measurement was possible in 84% of barium enemas, mainly in the descending colon. The maximum wall thickness associated with ulcerative colitis was 5 mm. In 50% of Crohn's colitis the wall thickness was above 5 mm. Estimation of the wall thickness was a slightly less sensitive index of the presence of colitis than the mucosal changes on double contrast enema. Distinction between the types of colitis was usually possible from the mucosal lesions. Where these could be similar, such as with confluent shallow ulceration, the tendency of Crohn's disease to be associated with a wall thickness in excess of 5 mm was valuable diagnostically.", "contents": "Bowel wall thickness as a differentiating feature between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease of the colon. The colonic wall thickness was assessed from the plain abdominal radiograph and double contrast barium enema in 33 patients with ulcerative colitis, 28 with Crohn's colitis and 20 with neoplasia. The maximum wall thickness in the control group with neoplasia measured in non-diseased colon, was 2 mm. Accurate measurement was possible from only 34% of the plain films, owing to inadequate gas in the lumen. Measurement was possible in 84% of barium enemas, mainly in the descending colon. The maximum wall thickness associated with ulcerative colitis was 5 mm. In 50% of Crohn's colitis the wall thickness was above 5 mm. Estimation of the wall thickness was a slightly less sensitive index of the presence of colitis than the mucosal changes on double contrast enema. Distinction between the types of colitis was usually possible from the mucosal lesions. Where these could be similar, such as with confluent shallow ulceration, the tendency of Crohn's disease to be associated with a wall thickness in excess of 5 mm was valuable diagnostically.", "PMID": 421418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10988", "title": "Radiological evaluation of anal fistulae: a prospective study of fistulograms.", "content": "A review of 33 fistulograms in a four-year study is presented. Four types of communicating tracts have emerged: single (58%), branched (18%), fistulous abscess (15%) and compound (9%). This classification has formed the basis of selection of operative treatment in all the cases. Diminished lumbo-sacral angle was also found in most of the anal fistula cases and this establishes a possible association between the pathology of anal fistula and the low back syndrome.", "contents": "Radiological evaluation of anal fistulae: a prospective study of fistulograms. A review of 33 fistulograms in a four-year study is presented. Four types of communicating tracts have emerged: single (58%), branched (18%), fistulous abscess (15%) and compound (9%). This classification has formed the basis of selection of operative treatment in all the cases. Diminished lumbo-sacral angle was also found in most of the anal fistula cases and this establishes a possible association between the pathology of anal fistula and the low back syndrome.", "PMID": 421419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10989", "title": "Strictures and other late complications of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.", "content": "Eighty infants have been treated for neonatal necrotising enterocolitis within a period of five years. Twenty-five per cent developed strictures of the small or large intestine. Four cases of atresia including two with multiple cyst formation were seen. Four patients developed severe malabsorption requiring hyperalimentation with slow recovery of small bowel function in two survivors. The radiological features of these complications is illustrated and the role of radiology in the management of these patients is discussed.", "contents": "Strictures and other late complications of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Eighty infants have been treated for neonatal necrotising enterocolitis within a period of five years. Twenty-five per cent developed strictures of the small or large intestine. Four cases of atresia including two with multiple cyst formation were seen. Four patients developed severe malabsorption requiring hyperalimentation with slow recovery of small bowel function in two survivors. The radiological features of these complications is illustrated and the role of radiology in the management of these patients is discussed.", "PMID": 421420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10990", "title": "Right-angled narrowing of the distal oesophagus secondary to carcinoma of the tail of the pancreas.", "content": "Dysphagia due to secondary involvement of the oesophagus by pancreatic carcinoma is relatively rare. Occasionally, the oesophagus may be involved by direct extension of a carcinoma of the body and/or tail of the pancreas or metastatic lymphadenopathy in the posterior mediastinum. Although the literature contains a few case reports in which barium studies revealed displacement or obstruction of the distal oesophagus, a benign-appearing, smooth, tapered narrowing of the distal oesophagus with a fixed, right-angled configuration is a radiological finding which has not been previously emphasised. In the author's experience, this abnormality may be a helpful radiological clue to the diagnosis of carcinoma of the tail of the pancreas. The clinical, radiological and pathological findings in four patients with dysphagia and a right-angled narrowing of the distal oesophagus secondary to carcinoma of the tail of the pancreas are described and illustrated; the radiological differential diagnosis is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Right-angled narrowing of the distal oesophagus secondary to carcinoma of the tail of the pancreas. Dysphagia due to secondary involvement of the oesophagus by pancreatic carcinoma is relatively rare. Occasionally, the oesophagus may be involved by direct extension of a carcinoma of the body and/or tail of the pancreas or metastatic lymphadenopathy in the posterior mediastinum. Although the literature contains a few case reports in which barium studies revealed displacement or obstruction of the distal oesophagus, a benign-appearing, smooth, tapered narrowing of the distal oesophagus with a fixed, right-angled configuration is a radiological finding which has not been previously emphasised. In the author's experience, this abnormality may be a helpful radiological clue to the diagnosis of carcinoma of the tail of the pancreas. The clinical, radiological and pathological findings in four patients with dysphagia and a right-angled narrowing of the distal oesophagus secondary to carcinoma of the tail of the pancreas are described and illustrated; the radiological differential diagnosis is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 421421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10991", "title": "Diverticulum formation in Crohn's disease of the colon.", "content": "Three patients are described with ulceration of the colon in whom the disease was complicated by the formation of diverticula. In one patient this took the form of pseudo-diverticulum formation, which is well recognised, but in the others diverticula were wide-necked, and in one patient followed deep ulceration, a finding which does not appear to have been described before. In the latter it is suggested the diverticula are projections of mucosa through the fibrous scar of the healed ulcers.", "contents": "Diverticulum formation in Crohn's disease of the colon. Three patients are described with ulceration of the colon in whom the disease was complicated by the formation of diverticula. In one patient this took the form of pseudo-diverticulum formation, which is well recognised, but in the others diverticula were wide-necked, and in one patient followed deep ulceration, a finding which does not appear to have been described before. In the latter it is suggested the diverticula are projections of mucosa through the fibrous scar of the healed ulcers.", "PMID": 421422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10992", "title": "Glucagon as a hypotonic agent in cholangiography.", "content": "The effects of Glucagon on 35 cholangiographic studies was examined. Relief of spasm at the choledochoduodenal sphincter resulted in consistently improved demonstration of this area. Diminished spasm-induced pain was also recorded. The use of intravenous Glucagon is recommended for cholangiographic studies where there is total biliary obstruction, or where there is unsatisfactory demonstration of the choledocho-duodenal area.", "contents": "Glucagon as a hypotonic agent in cholangiography. The effects of Glucagon on 35 cholangiographic studies was examined. Relief of spasm at the choledochoduodenal sphincter resulted in consistently improved demonstration of this area. Diminished spasm-induced pain was also recorded. The use of intravenous Glucagon is recommended for cholangiographic studies where there is total biliary obstruction, or where there is unsatisfactory demonstration of the choledocho-duodenal area.", "PMID": 421423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10993", "title": "Renal papillary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Papillary adenocarcinoma of the kidney is an uncommon variant of renal tubular carcinoma, which on radiographic and ultrasonographic evaluation presents characteristically as a predominantly solid hypovascular or avascular mass. Surgery is required to distinguish this lesion from other solid renal lesions, which differs from the more common form of renal tubular carcinoma in several important respects.", "contents": "Renal papillary adenocarcinoma. Papillary adenocarcinoma of the kidney is an uncommon variant of renal tubular carcinoma, which on radiographic and ultrasonographic evaluation presents characteristically as a predominantly solid hypovascular or avascular mass. Surgery is required to distinguish this lesion from other solid renal lesions, which differs from the more common form of renal tubular carcinoma in several important respects.", "PMID": 421424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10994", "title": "Urographic and angiographic changes in acute unilateral pyelonephritis.", "content": "The pyelographic and angiographic changes in acute unilateral bacterial pyelonephritis are illustrated in our series of 12 patients. The radiographic abnormalities were completely reversible within a few weeks after clinical recovery. Complications (abscess) occurred in only one patient. Unilateral renal enlargement, diffuse or focal, impaired or absent excretory function, and attenuated calyces were the predominant findings; non-obstructive pelvicalyceal and/or ureteral dilatation were infrequent. Angiographic studies (fivepatients), performed to rule out vascular occlusion, tumour or carbuncle, showed attenuated and somewhat stretched intrarenal vessels associated with the diffuse or focal cortical swelling. Occasionally, a characteristic striated nephrogram is seen.", "contents": "Urographic and angiographic changes in acute unilateral pyelonephritis. The pyelographic and angiographic changes in acute unilateral bacterial pyelonephritis are illustrated in our series of 12 patients. The radiographic abnormalities were completely reversible within a few weeks after clinical recovery. Complications (abscess) occurred in only one patient. Unilateral renal enlargement, diffuse or focal, impaired or absent excretory function, and attenuated calyces were the predominant findings; non-obstructive pelvicalyceal and/or ureteral dilatation were infrequent. Angiographic studies (fivepatients), performed to rule out vascular occlusion, tumour or carbuncle, showed attenuated and somewhat stretched intrarenal vessels associated with the diffuse or focal cortical swelling. Occasionally, a characteristic striated nephrogram is seen.", "PMID": 421425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10995", "title": "Prediction of vesico-ureteral reflux in children from intravenous urography films.", "content": "Intravenous urography and voiding urethrocystography were performed on 255 children with urinary tract infection. Eighty-six (34%) of these children had some kind of abnormality of the urinary tract. Vesico-ureteral reflux was observed to 96 ureters (19%) in 69 children (27%). The prediction of vesico-ureteral reflux by two radiologists from urography films only gave 46 (48%) and 51 (53%) false negative results respectively. In cases of clinically important reflux (III--V degrees), however, the rate of false negative predictions was 0/18 and 1/18 (6%) respectively. The rate for false positive predictions were 45/413 (11%) for both radiologists. In view of the number of pathological findings in this series i.v. urography is recommended as a routine in children undergoing urological work-up after their first urinary tract infection. As the clinically important vesico-ureteral reflux seems to be predictable from urography films alone, voiding urethrocystography seems not to be justified in children with negative i.v. urography, and can be postponed and carried out later if the urinary tract infection recurs.", "contents": "Prediction of vesico-ureteral reflux in children from intravenous urography films. Intravenous urography and voiding urethrocystography were performed on 255 children with urinary tract infection. Eighty-six (34%) of these children had some kind of abnormality of the urinary tract. Vesico-ureteral reflux was observed to 96 ureters (19%) in 69 children (27%). The prediction of vesico-ureteral reflux by two radiologists from urography films only gave 46 (48%) and 51 (53%) false negative results respectively. In cases of clinically important reflux (III--V degrees), however, the rate of false negative predictions was 0/18 and 1/18 (6%) respectively. The rate for false positive predictions were 45/413 (11%) for both radiologists. In view of the number of pathological findings in this series i.v. urography is recommended as a routine in children undergoing urological work-up after their first urinary tract infection. As the clinically important vesico-ureteral reflux seems to be predictable from urography films alone, voiding urethrocystography seems not to be justified in children with negative i.v. urography, and can be postponed and carried out later if the urinary tract infection recurs.", "PMID": 421426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10996", "title": "The urinary tract image obtained during 99mTc bone scanning.", "content": "During the course of a technetium (99mTc) bone scan, it is usual to obtain an image of both kidneys and the bladder. A review of 96 bone scans performed over a two-year period was undertaken in an attempt to assess the accuracy of this image. Ten examinations showed abnormalities of the urinary image suitable for inclusion in the paper, and were subsequently further investigated. Three cases showed that relatively small lesions may be detected within a kidney if localised caliectasis produced a 'hot-spot'. However, greater diffuse concentration of the imaging agent within one renal image does not necessarily represent an abnormality. Space-occupying lesions can be detected as areas of diminished activity within the renal image, if the tumour is extensive. 'Defects' in the bladder image reflect extrinsic impression rather than intrinsic lesions. A further six cases are included to demonstrate how unusual accumulation of the imaging agent within the abdomen may mimic renal tract pathology.", "contents": "The urinary tract image obtained during 99mTc bone scanning. During the course of a technetium (99mTc) bone scan, it is usual to obtain an image of both kidneys and the bladder. A review of 96 bone scans performed over a two-year period was undertaken in an attempt to assess the accuracy of this image. Ten examinations showed abnormalities of the urinary image suitable for inclusion in the paper, and were subsequently further investigated. Three cases showed that relatively small lesions may be detected within a kidney if localised caliectasis produced a 'hot-spot'. However, greater diffuse concentration of the imaging agent within one renal image does not necessarily represent an abnormality. Space-occupying lesions can be detected as areas of diminished activity within the renal image, if the tumour is extensive. 'Defects' in the bladder image reflect extrinsic impression rather than intrinsic lesions. A further six cases are included to demonstrate how unusual accumulation of the imaging agent within the abdomen may mimic renal tract pathology.", "PMID": 421427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10997", "title": "The radiographic manifestations of hypochondroplasia.", "content": "Hypochrondroplasia is an inherited skeletal dysplasia that resembles achondroplasia in mild degree. Radiographic manifestations encountered in 12 affected individuals in South Africa include slight shortening of all segments of the tubular bones, moderate caudal diminution of the lumbar interpedicular distances, increased lumbar lordosis with sacral tilt and distal prolongation of the fibula. Hypochondroplasia can be distinguished from other osteochondrodystrophies such as achondroplasia, pseudoachondroplasia and metaphyseal chondroplasia by the recognition of its clinical and radiographic manifestations.20", "contents": "The radiographic manifestations of hypochondroplasia. Hypochrondroplasia is an inherited skeletal dysplasia that resembles achondroplasia in mild degree. Radiographic manifestations encountered in 12 affected individuals in South Africa include slight shortening of all segments of the tubular bones, moderate caudal diminution of the lumbar interpedicular distances, increased lumbar lordosis with sacral tilt and distal prolongation of the fibula. Hypochondroplasia can be distinguished from other osteochondrodystrophies such as achondroplasia, pseudoachondroplasia and metaphyseal chondroplasia by the recognition of its clinical and radiographic manifestations.20", "PMID": 421428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10998", "title": "Hyperostosis generalisata with striations of the bones, a further report in two related families.", "content": "Hyperostosis generalisata with striations of the bones falls within the large group of sclerotic bone dysplasias and is characterised by a marked widening of cortical bone, sclerosis of the base of the skull, and dense striations in the cancellous bone. All the bones of the skeleton, with the possible exception of the vault of the skull, may be involved to some extent. A milder form exists in which thickening of cotrical bone occurs, mainly in the long bones of the limbs and striations are absent. The disorder has never been described in the female. Apart from a slight elevation of the serum alkaline phosphatase in some patients, no significant biochemical changes and no impairment of intelligence, growth, or life expectancy have been found. The diagnosis is made entirely on its radiological features. Its occurrence in four members, covering two generations, and three members, covering three generations, of two related families is described. A possible relationship to progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (Camurati--Englemann disease) is discussed.", "contents": "Hyperostosis generalisata with striations of the bones, a further report in two related families. Hyperostosis generalisata with striations of the bones falls within the large group of sclerotic bone dysplasias and is characterised by a marked widening of cortical bone, sclerosis of the base of the skull, and dense striations in the cancellous bone. All the bones of the skeleton, with the possible exception of the vault of the skull, may be involved to some extent. A milder form exists in which thickening of cotrical bone occurs, mainly in the long bones of the limbs and striations are absent. The disorder has never been described in the female. Apart from a slight elevation of the serum alkaline phosphatase in some patients, no significant biochemical changes and no impairment of intelligence, growth, or life expectancy have been found. The diagnosis is made entirely on its radiological features. Its occurrence in four members, covering two generations, and three members, covering three generations, of two related families is described. A possible relationship to progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (Camurati--Englemann disease) is discussed.", "PMID": 421429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_10999", "title": "The radiological evaluation of atrial situs.", "content": "Visceral situs, as evidenced by the position of the stomach and liver on the plain film, does not predict atrial situs as accurately as does bronchial situs. In particular situs ambiguus of the atria is not reliably indicated by visceral situs, and its subdivision into either right and left isomerism, where both atria show either right or left morphology respectively, cannot be made. As a result serious abnormalities of venous connections, which are common in the isomerisms, can be missed. Bronchial situs indicates atrial situs much more reliably and can be determined from penetrated chest radiographs or tomograms since the right and left main bronchi normally show different lengths. A ratio of lengths of 2 : 1 or more diagnoses bronchial situs solitus if the longer bronchus is on the left or situs inversus if the longer bronchus is on the right. A ratio of 1.5 : 1 or less indicates an isomerism. Data are presented from which the type of isomerism can be deduced and ratios between 2 and 1.5 : 1 clarified as isomerism or no isomerism.", "contents": "The radiological evaluation of atrial situs. Visceral situs, as evidenced by the position of the stomach and liver on the plain film, does not predict atrial situs as accurately as does bronchial situs. In particular situs ambiguus of the atria is not reliably indicated by visceral situs, and its subdivision into either right and left isomerism, where both atria show either right or left morphology respectively, cannot be made. As a result serious abnormalities of venous connections, which are common in the isomerisms, can be missed. Bronchial situs indicates atrial situs much more reliably and can be determined from penetrated chest radiographs or tomograms since the right and left main bronchi normally show different lengths. A ratio of lengths of 2 : 1 or more diagnoses bronchial situs solitus if the longer bronchus is on the left or situs inversus if the longer bronchus is on the right. A ratio of 1.5 : 1 or less indicates an isomerism. Data are presented from which the type of isomerism can be deduced and ratios between 2 and 1.5 : 1 clarified as isomerism or no isomerism.", "PMID": 421430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11000", "title": "CT and acute head trauma.", "content": "The value of CT in the management of 500 patients with head trauma is described. In these cases CT defined the effect of edema, contusion, subdural or epidural hematoma, or hydrocephalus.", "contents": "CT and acute head trauma. The value of CT in the management of 500 patients with head trauma is described. In these cases CT defined the effect of edema, contusion, subdural or epidural hematoma, or hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 421438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11001", "title": "Computed tomography of isodense subdural hematomas.", "content": "Eight cases of isodense subdural hematomas were evaluated by computed tomography (CT). CT demonstrated varying degrees of compression of a lateral ventricle, shift of the midline structures and, in some cases, obliteration of the subarachnoid sulci on the side of the lesion. Contrast enhancement was helpful in one case and demonstrated medial displacement of enhanced cortical margins away from the inner table of the skull. Two of the eight patients had no clear history of trauma.", "contents": "Computed tomography of isodense subdural hematomas. Eight cases of isodense subdural hematomas were evaluated by computed tomography (CT). CT demonstrated varying degrees of compression of a lateral ventricle, shift of the midline structures and, in some cases, obliteration of the subarachnoid sulci on the side of the lesion. Contrast enhancement was helpful in one case and demonstrated medial displacement of enhanced cortical margins away from the inner table of the skull. Two of the eight patients had no clear history of trauma.", "PMID": 421439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11002", "title": "Pitfall in the CT diagnosis of abdominal abscess--the full stomach.", "content": "A case is presented to illustrate that the CT appearance of the unenhanced full stomach may be misinterpreted as an abdominal abscess in the appropriate clinical setting. The need for administering oral contrast material prior to the study is emphasized.", "contents": "Pitfall in the CT diagnosis of abdominal abscess--the full stomach. A case is presented to illustrate that the CT appearance of the unenhanced full stomach may be misinterpreted as an abdominal abscess in the appropriate clinical setting. The need for administering oral contrast material prior to the study is emphasized.", "PMID": 421440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11003", "title": "Imaging of the pancreas with computed tomography.", "content": "In this paper we present our experience with computerized tomographic imaging of the pancreas, both in normal and abnormal conditions. Eighty patients were studied for evaluation of pancreatic disease. A further 50 patients, all with a normal pancreas, were studied for abnormalities of other abdominal organs and served as the control group. Helpful signs in establishing the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas were mass effect within the pancreas, alteration of organ contour and obliteration of retroperitoneal fat planes. We found that differentiation from pancreatitis or retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy may at times be difficult. Our results showed that in 22 out of 23 patients with proven normal pancreas, the pancreas size on the CT display was within the adopted normal range. In 30 patients with proven carcinoma of the pancreas, a pancreatic mass was seen in 24 (83%). Computerized tomography is clearly a valuable method for viewing both normal pancreatic anatomy and anatomical variations and pathologies.", "contents": "Imaging of the pancreas with computed tomography. In this paper we present our experience with computerized tomographic imaging of the pancreas, both in normal and abnormal conditions. Eighty patients were studied for evaluation of pancreatic disease. A further 50 patients, all with a normal pancreas, were studied for abnormalities of other abdominal organs and served as the control group. Helpful signs in establishing the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas were mass effect within the pancreas, alteration of organ contour and obliteration of retroperitoneal fat planes. We found that differentiation from pancreatitis or retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy may at times be difficult. Our results showed that in 22 out of 23 patients with proven normal pancreas, the pancreas size on the CT display was within the adopted normal range. In 30 patients with proven carcinoma of the pancreas, a pancreatic mass was seen in 24 (83%). Computerized tomography is clearly a valuable method for viewing both normal pancreatic anatomy and anatomical variations and pathologies.", "PMID": 421441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11004", "title": "Computer tomography, radionuclide imaging and ultrasonography in hepatic mass lesions.", "content": "The livers of 86 patients comprising this report were examined by both transmission computerized tomography (CT) and radionuclide scans (LS). Fifty-nine of them were also examined by gray-scale ultrasound (US). In a comparative study, the strengths and weaknesses of each modality were evaluated. CT demonstrated 85%. US 82%, and LS 73% of masses involving the liver. Because of better resolution and sectioning capabilities, together with stop-motion imaging, CT and US detected smaller and deeper mass lesions than did LS. However, LS was more informative in hepatocellular disorders than was US or CT. Our experience indicated that information obtained on the liver and surrounding structures by each imaging modality used here tends to be somewhat unique, and thus these procedures complement one another rather than being competitive.", "contents": "Computer tomography, radionuclide imaging and ultrasonography in hepatic mass lesions. The livers of 86 patients comprising this report were examined by both transmission computerized tomography (CT) and radionuclide scans (LS). Fifty-nine of them were also examined by gray-scale ultrasound (US). In a comparative study, the strengths and weaknesses of each modality were evaluated. CT demonstrated 85%. US 82%, and LS 73% of masses involving the liver. Because of better resolution and sectioning capabilities, together with stop-motion imaging, CT and US detected smaller and deeper mass lesions than did LS. However, LS was more informative in hepatocellular disorders than was US or CT. Our experience indicated that information obtained on the liver and surrounding structures by each imaging modality used here tends to be somewhat unique, and thus these procedures complement one another rather than being competitive.", "PMID": 421442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11005", "title": "Application of the ACTA-scanner to visualization of the spine.", "content": "The development of a new computer program called VISUAL, designed to be applied to a series of cross-sectional ACTA scans of the body, makes possible the three-dimensional visulaization of spinal structure without the necessity of surgical exploration. With VISUAL, a molded three-dimensional image of the spine can be displayed on a CT scanner monitor from any of several angles, or from several angles successively, with the direction of illumination determined by the operator.", "contents": "Application of the ACTA-scanner to visualization of the spine. The development of a new computer program called VISUAL, designed to be applied to a series of cross-sectional ACTA scans of the body, makes possible the three-dimensional visulaization of spinal structure without the necessity of surgical exploration. With VISUAL, a molded three-dimensional image of the spine can be displayed on a CT scanner monitor from any of several angles, or from several angles successively, with the direction of illumination determined by the operator.", "PMID": 421443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11006", "title": "Computer assisted tomography in rapidly growing brain tumor.", "content": "A case of undifferentiated astrocytoma with rapid increase in size of the tumor as documented by sequential computer assisted tomography (CAT) of the head is reported. The case also demonstrates the sensitivity of computer assisted tomography in the detection of intracranial pathology, in the presence of fals localizing neurological findings.", "contents": "Computer assisted tomography in rapidly growing brain tumor. A case of undifferentiated astrocytoma with rapid increase in size of the tumor as documented by sequential computer assisted tomography (CAT) of the head is reported. The case also demonstrates the sensitivity of computer assisted tomography in the detection of intracranial pathology, in the presence of fals localizing neurological findings.", "PMID": 421444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11007", "title": "Predictive evaluation in animals of the contact allergenic potential of medically important substances. II. Comparison of different methods of cutaneous sensitization with \"weak\" allergens.", "content": "Results of the optimization method and of other methods used to assess contact allergy in laboratory animals were compared with known epidemiological data on the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions in man. Tests were performed with preservatives (formalin, ethylenediamine and sorbic acid), drugs (penicillin G, Benzocaine and sulphathiazole) and other contactants belonging to widely different chemical classes (p-phenylenediamine, triclosan, pyrazole derivatives, nickel and chrome salts, eugenol, isoeugenol and mercaptobenzothiazole). The degree of sensitization achieved in guinea pigs by the optimized procedure (intradermal test with adjuvant combination) and the maximization procedure was invariably superior to that produced by the epidermal method using prior irritation of the site of application. Both the optimized procedure and the maximization test seem to be capable of identifying contact allergens that cause hypersensitivity reactions in as few as 1 in 10,000 of the human population as a whole. The optimization test merits consideration as a standardized and efficiently predictive procedure.", "contents": "Predictive evaluation in animals of the contact allergenic potential of medically important substances. II. Comparison of different methods of cutaneous sensitization with \"weak\" allergens. Results of the optimization method and of other methods used to assess contact allergy in laboratory animals were compared with known epidemiological data on the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions in man. Tests were performed with preservatives (formalin, ethylenediamine and sorbic acid), drugs (penicillin G, Benzocaine and sulphathiazole) and other contactants belonging to widely different chemical classes (p-phenylenediamine, triclosan, pyrazole derivatives, nickel and chrome salts, eugenol, isoeugenol and mercaptobenzothiazole). The degree of sensitization achieved in guinea pigs by the optimized procedure (intradermal test with adjuvant combination) and the maximization procedure was invariably superior to that produced by the epidermal method using prior irritation of the site of application. Both the optimized procedure and the maximization test seem to be capable of identifying contact allergens that cause hypersensitivity reactions in as few as 1 in 10,000 of the human population as a whole. The optimization test merits consideration as a standardized and efficiently predictive procedure.", "PMID": 421455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11008", "title": "Nickel sensitivity in the general population.", "content": "The incidence of nickel sensitivity in a population above the age of 10 was examined through epicutaneous tests with 5% nickel sulphate performed on certain school and occupational test subjects and on subjects at a home for elderly people. Nickel sensitivity was observed in 4.5% (in 44 cases of 980 tested subjects), in 8% of the females and in 0.8% of the males. In 42 of the 44 nickel-sensitive subjects there was a history of dermatitis from metal contact. At the time of testing, 16 (34%) of the nickel-sensitive subjects revealed eczema. A manifest nickel sensitivity was thus found in 1.6% of all tested subjects, in 2.8% of females and in 0.4% of males. Nickel sensitivity and a simultaneous hand eczema was noted in 0.9% of the tested population, in 1.6% of females and in 0.2% of males. Hand eczemas were rarer (20.5%) in the nickel-sensitive subjects in the population study than in the nickel-sensitive patients tested at the same time in the clinic (56.6%). No case of nickel sensitivity was occupationally related.", "contents": "Nickel sensitivity in the general population. The incidence of nickel sensitivity in a population above the age of 10 was examined through epicutaneous tests with 5% nickel sulphate performed on certain school and occupational test subjects and on subjects at a home for elderly people. Nickel sensitivity was observed in 4.5% (in 44 cases of 980 tested subjects), in 8% of the females and in 0.8% of the males. In 42 of the 44 nickel-sensitive subjects there was a history of dermatitis from metal contact. At the time of testing, 16 (34%) of the nickel-sensitive subjects revealed eczema. A manifest nickel sensitivity was thus found in 1.6% of all tested subjects, in 2.8% of females and in 0.4% of males. Nickel sensitivity and a simultaneous hand eczema was noted in 0.9% of the tested population, in 1.6% of females and in 0.2% of males. Hand eczemas were rarer (20.5%) in the nickel-sensitive subjects in the population study than in the nickel-sensitive patients tested at the same time in the clinic (56.6%). No case of nickel sensitivity was occupationally related.", "PMID": 421456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11009", "title": "Nickel in food: the role of stainless-steel utensils.", "content": "Nickel may be found in prepared foods (tinned foods) at markedly higher concentrations than the safe threshold laid down for hypersensitive patients. Some foodstuffs cooked in stainless-steel utensils attack the metal and thus contain much more nickel than when enamel or aluminum saucepans are used. Among the natural organic acids which may be responsible for dissolving stainless-steel, oxalic acid is the most active at equivalent concentrations.", "contents": "Nickel in food: the role of stainless-steel utensils. Nickel may be found in prepared foods (tinned foods) at markedly higher concentrations than the safe threshold laid down for hypersensitive patients. Some foodstuffs cooked in stainless-steel utensils attack the metal and thus contain much more nickel than when enamel or aluminum saucepans are used. Among the natural organic acids which may be responsible for dissolving stainless-steel, oxalic acid is the most active at equivalent concentrations.", "PMID": 421457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11010", "title": "Successful treatment of reactive perforating collagenosis with tretinoin.", "content": "The clinical and histologic features of lifelong reactive perforating collagenosis in a twenty-five year old woman are presented. Experimentally induced lesions showed the expected evolution and regression, although total time for the experimental lesion to develop and regress was shorter than the time necessary for those occurring spontaneously. Therapeutic trials with a wide variety of topical and systemic medications were without benefit, with the exception of tretinoin cream (0.1 percent), which was regularly effective in reducing the total number of lesions present.", "contents": "Successful treatment of reactive perforating collagenosis with tretinoin. The clinical and histologic features of lifelong reactive perforating collagenosis in a twenty-five year old woman are presented. Experimentally induced lesions showed the expected evolution and regression, although total time for the experimental lesion to develop and regress was shorter than the time necessary for those occurring spontaneously. Therapeutic trials with a wide variety of topical and systemic medications were without benefit, with the exception of tretinoin cream (0.1 percent), which was regularly effective in reducing the total number of lesions present.", "PMID": 421489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11011", "title": "A familial epidemic of cutaneous sporotrichosis occurring in north Texas.", "content": "A small familial epidemic of cutaneous sporotrichosis occurring in North Texas is reported. The disease occurred in four out of six children in two separate families of paternal cousins. The presumed source of infection was old prairie hay used for mulching. Trauma at the time of exposure seemed minimal or absent. Response to oral potassium iodide therapy was prompt and satisfactory.", "contents": "A familial epidemic of cutaneous sporotrichosis occurring in north Texas. A small familial epidemic of cutaneous sporotrichosis occurring in North Texas is reported. The disease occurred in four out of six children in two separate families of paternal cousins. The presumed source of infection was old prairie hay used for mulching. Trauma at the time of exposure seemed minimal or absent. Response to oral potassium iodide therapy was prompt and satisfactory.", "PMID": 421491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11012", "title": "The challenge of biophysics to dynamic dermatology.", "content": "Dermatologic biophysics has much to offer both clinical and investigative dermatology. For the clinician, the radiation biophysicist can provide accurate measurements of ionizing and nonionizing outputs, including those for PUVA, and critical evaluation of radiation safety measures. In optics, there is a need for accurate measurements of skin color and examination of the skin at moderate magnification. The biophysicist, with the biomedical engineer, can improve all the physical modality instrumentation used in practice. In investigative dermatology, there is the cellular biophysics of radiation. Doppler techniques for skin circulation, spectroscopy of living cells, and many other applications are suggested for current and future studies.", "contents": "The challenge of biophysics to dynamic dermatology. Dermatologic biophysics has much to offer both clinical and investigative dermatology. For the clinician, the radiation biophysicist can provide accurate measurements of ionizing and nonionizing outputs, including those for PUVA, and critical evaluation of radiation safety measures. In optics, there is a need for accurate measurements of skin color and examination of the skin at moderate magnification. The biophysicist, with the biomedical engineer, can improve all the physical modality instrumentation used in practice. In investigative dermatology, there is the cellular biophysics of radiation. Doppler techniques for skin circulation, spectroscopy of living cells, and many other applications are suggested for current and future studies.", "PMID": 421492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11013", "title": "Topical tretinoin, hydroquinone, and betamethasone valerate in the therapy of melasma.", "content": "Twenty adult female patients with melasma were followed over a ten week clinical trial in which a combination of depigmenting agents was used daily. Past clinical experience and objective assessment point to enhanced efficacy of this simple depigmenting combination. Certainly, most of depigmenting agents at our command to date have been relatively ineffective. Even this new combination is not the final answer. The purpose of this study is to provide the clinician with a simple yet effective and readily accessible combination of commercially-formulated and available depigmentary agents. A stable combination in a single vehicle with greater efficacy remains to be perfected.", "contents": "Topical tretinoin, hydroquinone, and betamethasone valerate in the therapy of melasma. Twenty adult female patients with melasma were followed over a ten week clinical trial in which a combination of depigmenting agents was used daily. Past clinical experience and objective assessment point to enhanced efficacy of this simple depigmenting combination. Certainly, most of depigmenting agents at our command to date have been relatively ineffective. Even this new combination is not the final answer. The purpose of this study is to provide the clinician with a simple yet effective and readily accessible combination of commercially-formulated and available depigmentary agents. A stable combination in a single vehicle with greater efficacy remains to be perfected.", "PMID": 421493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11014", "title": "Epithelioma cuniculatum: verrucous carcinoma of the foot.", "content": "A patient with epithelioma cuniculatum, an unusual, highly keratinizing squamous cell neoplasm of the foot with locally aggressive behavior, is presented herein.  Review of the literature reveals several similar cases that are reported under the names of epithelioma cuniculatum, papillomatosis cutis carcinoides, and verrucous carcinoma of the skin. The relationship of this neoplasm to other forms of verrucous carcinoma is noted. Lack of metastatic involvement indicates that a conservative surgical approach should be used, when possible, in the therapeutic management of this lesion.", "contents": "Epithelioma cuniculatum: verrucous carcinoma of the foot. A patient with epithelioma cuniculatum, an unusual, highly keratinizing squamous cell neoplasm of the foot with locally aggressive behavior, is presented herein.  Review of the literature reveals several similar cases that are reported under the names of epithelioma cuniculatum, papillomatosis cutis carcinoides, and verrucous carcinoma of the skin. The relationship of this neoplasm to other forms of verrucous carcinoma is noted. Lack of metastatic involvement indicates that a conservative surgical approach should be used, when possible, in the therapeutic management of this lesion.", "PMID": 421497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11015", "title": "Acquired digital fibrokeratoma.", "content": "Three patients with acquired digital fibrokeratoma are presented herein. This tumor may be confused clinically with other lesions including supernumerary digits, fibromas, neuromas, and neurofibromas. As a result, the histologic picture is most helpful in making a correct diagnosis. Since this lesion has been noted to occur in areas other than the digits, a more appropriate designation may be \"acquired fibrokeratoma\".", "contents": "Acquired digital fibrokeratoma. Three patients with acquired digital fibrokeratoma are presented herein. This tumor may be confused clinically with other lesions including supernumerary digits, fibromas, neuromas, and neurofibromas. As a result, the histologic picture is most helpful in making a correct diagnosis. Since this lesion has been noted to occur in areas other than the digits, a more appropriate designation may be \"acquired fibrokeratoma\".", "PMID": 421498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11016", "title": "Multiple tumors arising in nevus sebaceus.", "content": "A forty-three year old woman with nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn involving the scalp is described. The unusual features of this case include the presence of adenoidal basal cell epithelioma, pigmented basal cell epithelioma, syringocystadenoma papilliferum, and nevocytic nevus. This case suggests the importance of prophylactic removal and close follow-up of nevus sebaceus.", "contents": "Multiple tumors arising in nevus sebaceus. A forty-three year old woman with nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn involving the scalp is described. The unusual features of this case include the presence of adenoidal basal cell epithelioma, pigmented basal cell epithelioma, syringocystadenoma papilliferum, and nevocytic nevus. This case suggests the importance of prophylactic removal and close follow-up of nevus sebaceus.", "PMID": 421499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11017", "title": "Apocrine cystadenoma of the skin of the chest.", "content": "A black patient with an enlarging apocrine cystadenoma on the chest is presented herein. This location is very infrequent for this benign lesion. This is the second report of an apocrine cystadenoma in a black person.", "contents": "Apocrine cystadenoma of the skin of the chest. A black patient with an enlarging apocrine cystadenoma on the chest is presented herein. This location is very infrequent for this benign lesion. This is the second report of an apocrine cystadenoma in a black person.", "PMID": 421500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11018", "title": "Basal cell carcinoma in a hair transplant recipient site.", "content": "A basal cell carcinoma developed in the central scalp of a forty-one year old man at the recipient site of a hair transplant plug that was placed five years previously. The patient was never noted to have premalignant or other malignant skin lesions. Although the relationship is probably coincidental, medico-legal factors dictate consideration of a cause and effect relationship.", "contents": "Basal cell carcinoma in a hair transplant recipient site. A basal cell carcinoma developed in the central scalp of a forty-one year old man at the recipient site of a hair transplant plug that was placed five years previously. The patient was never noted to have premalignant or other malignant skin lesions. Although the relationship is probably coincidental, medico-legal factors dictate consideration of a cause and effect relationship.", "PMID": 421501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11019", "title": "The diagonal earlobe crease: a cutaneous manifestation of coronary artery disease.", "content": "Skin signs of systemic disease are of great interest to dermatologists. Reports based on coronary angiographic studies and postmortem examinations have shown that there is a higher prevalence of earlobe creases in patients with coronary heart disease. In this report seven patients with documented coronary heart disease are presented. Five of the seven patients had bilateral diagonal ear creases. The evidence to date indicates that this ear crease may be a cutaneous sign of coronary heart disease, and can therefore be used to identify patients at an increased risk for coronary heart disease.", "contents": "The diagonal earlobe crease: a cutaneous manifestation of coronary artery disease. Skin signs of systemic disease are of great interest to dermatologists. Reports based on coronary angiographic studies and postmortem examinations have shown that there is a higher prevalence of earlobe creases in patients with coronary heart disease. In this report seven patients with documented coronary heart disease are presented. Five of the seven patients had bilateral diagonal ear creases. The evidence to date indicates that this ear crease may be a cutaneous sign of coronary heart disease, and can therefore be used to identify patients at an increased risk for coronary heart disease.", "PMID": 421502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11020", "title": "Halo congenital nevus.", "content": "A case of halo congenital nevus is reported in a fifteen year old Mexican-American girl with pre-existing vitiligo.", "contents": "Halo congenital nevus. A case of halo congenital nevus is reported in a fifteen year old Mexican-American girl with pre-existing vitiligo.", "PMID": 421503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11021", "title": "Injectable sodium chloride as a local anesthetic for skin surgery.", "content": "Sodium chloride injected intracutaneously has proved to be an effective local anesthetic for superficial skin surgery. Among the advantages of sodium chloride over the \"caines\" are: absence of burning or stinging on injection, lack of sensitization, and lower cost. Lesions can be removed by the parallel scalpel technique, razor technique, or curettage. Saline also provides adequate anesthesia for punch biopsies and electrocautery techniques. Lesions removed to date have been numerous--nevi, papillomas, and verrucas. Biopsies of benign and malignant lesions have also been performed with this technique.", "contents": "Injectable sodium chloride as a local anesthetic for skin surgery. Sodium chloride injected intracutaneously has proved to be an effective local anesthetic for superficial skin surgery. Among the advantages of sodium chloride over the \"caines\" are: absence of burning or stinging on injection, lack of sensitization, and lower cost. Lesions can be removed by the parallel scalpel technique, razor technique, or curettage. Saline also provides adequate anesthesia for punch biopsies and electrocautery techniques. Lesions removed to date have been numerous--nevi, papillomas, and verrucas. Biopsies of benign and malignant lesions have also been performed with this technique.", "PMID": 421504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11022", "title": "Dystrophia unguis mediana canaliformis.", "content": "Three cases of dystrophia unguis mediana canaliformis are presented herein. The presence of verruca vulgaris at the base of the dystrophic canal could be the cause of such dystrophy. The course of dystrophia unguis mediana canaliformis varied. The effect of treatment in such dystrophy remains questionable.", "contents": "Dystrophia unguis mediana canaliformis. Three cases of dystrophia unguis mediana canaliformis are presented herein. The presence of verruca vulgaris at the base of the dystrophic canal could be the cause of such dystrophy. The course of dystrophia unguis mediana canaliformis varied. The effect of treatment in such dystrophy remains questionable.", "PMID": 421505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11023", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma. Case report of an unusually aggressive skin cancer.", "content": "A squamous cell carcinoma developed on the chin of a seventy-five year old woman of Irish extraction. This tumor had recurred following standard means of therapy and resisted treatment by chemosurgery. The patient had used a cream containing 5-fluorouracil for several years prior to the appearance of this tumor. The increased incidence of skin cancer and its possible cause is briefly discussed and the role of immunobiologic factors in the development of squamous cell carcinomas is mentioned.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma. Case report of an unusually aggressive skin cancer. A squamous cell carcinoma developed on the chin of a seventy-five year old woman of Irish extraction. This tumor had recurred following standard means of therapy and resisted treatment by chemosurgery. The patient had used a cream containing 5-fluorouracil for several years prior to the appearance of this tumor. The increased incidence of skin cancer and its possible cause is briefly discussed and the role of immunobiologic factors in the development of squamous cell carcinomas is mentioned.", "PMID": 421506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11024", "title": "Perifollicular fibroma.", "content": "Perifollicular fibroma is a very unusual lesion and infrequently seen. The present report describes a thirty-two year old white man with unusual manifestations of this condition which usually presents as a small number of lesions on the head and neck, most often in adults. It has a characteristic pathologic picture of perifollicular fibrosis. The origin of this lesion is uncertain, but most probably represents a tumor of the connective tissue sheath of the follicle.", "contents": "Perifollicular fibroma. Perifollicular fibroma is a very unusual lesion and infrequently seen. The present report describes a thirty-two year old white man with unusual manifestations of this condition which usually presents as a small number of lesions on the head and neck, most often in adults. It has a characteristic pathologic picture of perifollicular fibrosis. The origin of this lesion is uncertain, but most probably represents a tumor of the connective tissue sheath of the follicle.", "PMID": 421507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11025", "title": "Recurring digital fibrous tumor of childhood.", "content": "Two cases of recurring digital fibrous tumor of childhood are reported. Both patients were infants who had lesions on the toes or fingers. In one case the lesions recurred after surgical excision and in the other the lesions started to resolve without therapy. The histologic sections of tissue showed the intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies typical of this condition.", "contents": "Recurring digital fibrous tumor of childhood. Two cases of recurring digital fibrous tumor of childhood are reported. Both patients were infants who had lesions on the toes or fingers. In one case the lesions recurred after surgical excision and in the other the lesions started to resolve without therapy. The histologic sections of tissue showed the intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies typical of this condition.", "PMID": 421508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11026", "title": "Soaps in the management of xerosis.", "content": "Fifty men and women, aged twenty to sixty-one, with dry skin of the legs, were treated over a four week period, comparing the effects of \"hard-milled\" versus \"dry-skin\" (triethanolamine) soaps on the condition of the stratum corneum commonly known as dry skin. Subjective preferences of the subjects heavily favored the dry skin soap. Objective grading of skin changes showed a trend in favor of the dry skin soap.", "contents": "Soaps in the management of xerosis. Fifty men and women, aged twenty to sixty-one, with dry skin of the legs, were treated over a four week period, comparing the effects of \"hard-milled\" versus \"dry-skin\" (triethanolamine) soaps on the condition of the stratum corneum commonly known as dry skin. Subjective preferences of the subjects heavily favored the dry skin soap. Objective grading of skin changes showed a trend in favor of the dry skin soap.", "PMID": 421509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11027", "title": "Effects of breathing warm humidified air on bronchoconstriction induced by body cooling and by inhalation of methacholine.", "content": "The effect of breathing warm humidified air upon bronchoconstriction induced with body cooling or inhalation of methacholine was studied in two groups of eight asthmatic subjects. One group had the body cooled using one-minute exposures, first to a cold shower at 15 degrees C and then to a current of wind. The other group received methacholine by inhalation until a decrease of 20 percent or more occurred in the forced expiratory volume in one second. Both groups of asthmatic subjects were tested when breathing room air and warm humidified air. Pulmonary functions were assessed before and after cooling of the body and during inhalation of methacholine. Breathing warm humidified air substantially reduced bronchoconstriction induced by body cooling, but not that induced by inhalation of methacholine. Thus, bronchoconstriction induced by cooling of the body appears to be related to cooling of the airways, which may be compensated by breathing warm humidified air.", "contents": "Effects of breathing warm humidified air on bronchoconstriction induced by body cooling and by inhalation of methacholine. The effect of breathing warm humidified air upon bronchoconstriction induced with body cooling or inhalation of methacholine was studied in two groups of eight asthmatic subjects. One group had the body cooled using one-minute exposures, first to a cold shower at 15 degrees C and then to a current of wind. The other group received methacholine by inhalation until a decrease of 20 percent or more occurred in the forced expiratory volume in one second. Both groups of asthmatic subjects were tested when breathing room air and warm humidified air. Pulmonary functions were assessed before and after cooling of the body and during inhalation of methacholine. Breathing warm humidified air substantially reduced bronchoconstriction induced by body cooling, but not that induced by inhalation of methacholine. Thus, bronchoconstriction induced by cooling of the body appears to be related to cooling of the airways, which may be compensated by breathing warm humidified air.", "PMID": 421517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11028", "title": "Physiologic effects of chest percussion and postural drainage in patients with stable chronic bronchitis.", "content": "The effects of a 30-minute period of chest percussion and postural drainage were compared to a sham treatment (infrared lamp) in 35 patients with stable chronic bronchitis and to a period of directed coughing in 11 of these same patients. There were no differences in subjective responses or arterial blood gas levels following therapy. Spirometric studies showed small improvements over baseline values following either treatment but no difference between active and sham treatments. The volume of sputum expectorated during percussion and drainage was significantly greater than during the infrared warming (5.5 vs 1.4 ml) or during the directed coughing (9.0 vs 3.5 ml). Although chest percussion and postural drainage are effective in augmenting the volume of expectorated sputum, no significant alternations in air flow or gas exchange after two hours were demonstrated.", "contents": "Physiologic effects of chest percussion and postural drainage in patients with stable chronic bronchitis. The effects of a 30-minute period of chest percussion and postural drainage were compared to a sham treatment (infrared lamp) in 35 patients with stable chronic bronchitis and to a period of directed coughing in 11 of these same patients. There were no differences in subjective responses or arterial blood gas levels following therapy. Spirometric studies showed small improvements over baseline values following either treatment but no difference between active and sham treatments. The volume of sputum expectorated during percussion and drainage was significantly greater than during the infrared warming (5.5 vs 1.4 ml) or during the directed coughing (9.0 vs 3.5 ml). Although chest percussion and postural drainage are effective in augmenting the volume of expectorated sputum, no significant alternations in air flow or gas exchange after two hours were demonstrated.", "PMID": 421518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11029", "title": "The relationship between acute mountain sickness and pulmonary ventilation at 2,835 meters (9,300 ft).", "content": "We have demonstrated a small but statistically significant decrease in forced vital capacity and in pulmonary flow rates among 126 persons studied daily for the first three days after arrival at an altitude of 2,835 meters (9,300 ft). Nearly half of these individuals had symptoms attributable to altitude sickness, and those with the most dyspnea and worst headache also showed the greatest changes in pulmonary function studied. We suggest that there is a relationship between the symptoms of altitude sickness and pulmonary function consistent with the appearance of early interstitial or alveolar edema.", "contents": "The relationship between acute mountain sickness and pulmonary ventilation at 2,835 meters (9,300 ft). We have demonstrated a small but statistically significant decrease in forced vital capacity and in pulmonary flow rates among 126 persons studied daily for the first three days after arrival at an altitude of 2,835 meters (9,300 ft). Nearly half of these individuals had symptoms attributable to altitude sickness, and those with the most dyspnea and worst headache also showed the greatest changes in pulmonary function studied. We suggest that there is a relationship between the symptoms of altitude sickness and pulmonary function consistent with the appearance of early interstitial or alveolar edema.", "PMID": 421519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11030", "title": "Effects of aortic balloon pumping during cardiopulmonary bypass on myocardial perfusion, metabolism, and contractility.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine if the production of pulsatile flow by the intra-aortic balloon pump during cardiopulmonary bypass has any beneficial effect on coronary flow, regional myocardial flow, myocardial metabolism, and left ventricular function. Thirty-six conditioned dogs were subjected to one hour of total normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. They were divided into the following five groups: (1) controls, beating heart and femoral inflow; (2) balloon, beating heart, and femoral inflow; (3) balloon, beating heart, and aortic inflow; (4) control, fibrillating heart and femoral inflow; and (5) balloon, fibrillating heart, and femoral inflow. Total coronary flow, left ventricular flow, coronary sinus flow, and the endocardial-to-epicardial flow ratio increased in group 3. This increase in flow may have been in part due to increased resistance to flow in the descending aorta by the balloon. No differences in flow were noted in the other groups, all of which were perfused via the femoral artery. No significant differences in myocardial metabolism or left ventricular contractility could be demonstrated between balloon-treated and control groups in these normal hearts.", "contents": "Effects of aortic balloon pumping during cardiopulmonary bypass on myocardial perfusion, metabolism, and contractility. This study was undertaken to determine if the production of pulsatile flow by the intra-aortic balloon pump during cardiopulmonary bypass has any beneficial effect on coronary flow, regional myocardial flow, myocardial metabolism, and left ventricular function. Thirty-six conditioned dogs were subjected to one hour of total normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. They were divided into the following five groups: (1) controls, beating heart and femoral inflow; (2) balloon, beating heart, and femoral inflow; (3) balloon, beating heart, and aortic inflow; (4) control, fibrillating heart and femoral inflow; and (5) balloon, fibrillating heart, and femoral inflow. Total coronary flow, left ventricular flow, coronary sinus flow, and the endocardial-to-epicardial flow ratio increased in group 3. This increase in flow may have been in part due to increased resistance to flow in the descending aorta by the balloon. No differences in flow were noted in the other groups, all of which were perfused via the femoral artery. No significant differences in myocardial metabolism or left ventricular contractility could be demonstrated between balloon-treated and control groups in these normal hearts.", "PMID": 421520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11031", "title": "Thoracoscopy. A safe, accurate diagnostic procedure using the rigid thoracoscope and local anesthesia.", "content": "A thoracoscopic examination was performed in 41 patients under local anesthesia in the lateral decubitus position. Prior thoracocentesis (38 patients) and blind biopsy with an Abrams' needle (32 patients) had been nondiagnostic. The initial nine patients were examined with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, yielding a diagnostic accuracy of 56 percent (five cases). This technique was discontinued when two patients had normal findings on biopsies, despite the visual observation of later diagnosed carcinoma. Subsequent thoracoscopic procedures were performed with a rigid 11-mm single-puncture thoracoscope (Storz), which was diagnostic in 28 (88 percent) of the remaining 32 patients. A hemothorax (400 ml) was the only potentially serious complication. Twelve patients were prospectively monitored during the thoracoscopic procedure for changes in cardiac rhythm and oxygen saturation. Sinus tachycardia was the only arrhythmia observed. The mean fall in oxygen saturation was 1.4 percent. We conclude that thoracoscopic examination with the rigid thoracoscope is diagnostically superior to the fiberoptic bronchoscope and is a safe procedure which can be performed under local anesthesia.", "contents": "Thoracoscopy. A safe, accurate diagnostic procedure using the rigid thoracoscope and local anesthesia. A thoracoscopic examination was performed in 41 patients under local anesthesia in the lateral decubitus position. Prior thoracocentesis (38 patients) and blind biopsy with an Abrams' needle (32 patients) had been nondiagnostic. The initial nine patients were examined with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, yielding a diagnostic accuracy of 56 percent (five cases). This technique was discontinued when two patients had normal findings on biopsies, despite the visual observation of later diagnosed carcinoma. Subsequent thoracoscopic procedures were performed with a rigid 11-mm single-puncture thoracoscope (Storz), which was diagnostic in 28 (88 percent) of the remaining 32 patients. A hemothorax (400 ml) was the only potentially serious complication. Twelve patients were prospectively monitored during the thoracoscopic procedure for changes in cardiac rhythm and oxygen saturation. Sinus tachycardia was the only arrhythmia observed. The mean fall in oxygen saturation was 1.4 percent. We conclude that thoracoscopic examination with the rigid thoracoscope is diagnostically superior to the fiberoptic bronchoscope and is a safe procedure which can be performed under local anesthesia.", "PMID": 421522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11032", "title": "Management of pleural effusions in breast cancer.", "content": "Ninety-seven patients with breast cancer developed pleural effusions between January, 1971 and December, 1976. A retrospective analysis of 170 treatment procedures showed that 75 involved thoracocentesis alone, 23 involved thoracocentesis plus therapy with an alkylating agent, 22 involved drainage via a chest tube plus instillation of an alkylating agent, and 50 involved drainage via a chest tube plus instillation of tetracycline. The results are presented as censored survival curves. When management by chest tube plus instillation of an alkylating agent or tetracycline was compared with management by thoracocentesis plus therapy with an alkylating agent, analysis at six months after treatment showed that 42 percent (30/72) of the procedures left patients free of effusion using the former method, compared with 22 percent (5/23) of the procedures using the latter method. This is not quite significant at the 5 percent level using a summary chi2 procedure. The reasons for preferring tetracycline as a sclerosing agent are discussed.", "contents": "Management of pleural effusions in breast cancer. Ninety-seven patients with breast cancer developed pleural effusions between January, 1971 and December, 1976. A retrospective analysis of 170 treatment procedures showed that 75 involved thoracocentesis alone, 23 involved thoracocentesis plus therapy with an alkylating agent, 22 involved drainage via a chest tube plus instillation of an alkylating agent, and 50 involved drainage via a chest tube plus instillation of tetracycline. The results are presented as censored survival curves. When management by chest tube plus instillation of an alkylating agent or tetracycline was compared with management by thoracocentesis plus therapy with an alkylating agent, analysis at six months after treatment showed that 42 percent (30/72) of the procedures left patients free of effusion using the former method, compared with 22 percent (5/23) of the procedures using the latter method. This is not quite significant at the 5 percent level using a summary chi2 procedure. The reasons for preferring tetracycline as a sclerosing agent are discussed.", "PMID": 421524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11033", "title": "Electrocardiographic axis deviation in Navajo and Apache indians.", "content": "It has been our clinical impression that the range of the mean frontal-plane electrocardiographic QRS axis was greater than might have been anticipated in healthy Navajo and Apache Indians. To determine whether this clinical impression was correct, electrocardiograms were obtained from 146 Navajo, 144 Apache, and 159 non-Navajo non-Apache schoolchildren with normal findings on cardiovascular examinations. A mean frontal-plane QRS axis between -1 degrees and -90 degrees was present in 19 percent of the Navajo, 12 percent of the Apache, and 2 percent of the control schoolchildren. A mean frontal-plane QRS axis between +91 degrees and +180 degrees was present in 18 percent of the Navajo, 19 percent of the Apache, and 5 percent of the control schoolchildren. There is a high incidence of electrocardiographic mean frontal-plane QRS axis deviation in healthy Navajo and Apache schoolchildren.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic axis deviation in Navajo and Apache indians. It has been our clinical impression that the range of the mean frontal-plane electrocardiographic QRS axis was greater than might have been anticipated in healthy Navajo and Apache Indians. To determine whether this clinical impression was correct, electrocardiograms were obtained from 146 Navajo, 144 Apache, and 159 non-Navajo non-Apache schoolchildren with normal findings on cardiovascular examinations. A mean frontal-plane QRS axis between -1 degrees and -90 degrees was present in 19 percent of the Navajo, 12 percent of the Apache, and 2 percent of the control schoolchildren. A mean frontal-plane QRS axis between +91 degrees and +180 degrees was present in 18 percent of the Navajo, 19 percent of the Apache, and 5 percent of the control schoolchildren. There is a high incidence of electrocardiographic mean frontal-plane QRS axis deviation in healthy Navajo and Apache schoolchildren.", "PMID": 421525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11034", "title": "Prolonged respiratory paralysis in wound botulism.", "content": "Two patients had wound botulism with longer duration of respiratory paralysis than previously described. Each sustained extensive trauma to soft tissues and grossly contaminated wounds when thrown from a vehicle in a rural area. Progressive muscular weakness and respiratory distress occurred 8 and 13 days after injury, in the presence of infected wounds and clinical and laboratory findings characteristic of botulism. Spontaneous vital capacity and inspiratory effort served as bedside indicators of ventilatory function throughout 11 weeks of ventilatory support in each case and paralleled other clinical assessments of progress and recovery. Wound botulism may result in neuromuscular paralysis for a prolonged period. These cases illustrate the primary role of scrupulous nursing and respiratory care throughout such a period of ventilatory insufficiency.", "contents": "Prolonged respiratory paralysis in wound botulism. Two patients had wound botulism with longer duration of respiratory paralysis than previously described. Each sustained extensive trauma to soft tissues and grossly contaminated wounds when thrown from a vehicle in a rural area. Progressive muscular weakness and respiratory distress occurred 8 and 13 days after injury, in the presence of infected wounds and clinical and laboratory findings characteristic of botulism. Spontaneous vital capacity and inspiratory effort served as bedside indicators of ventilatory function throughout 11 weeks of ventilatory support in each case and paralleled other clinical assessments of progress and recovery. Wound botulism may result in neuromuscular paralysis for a prolonged period. These cases illustrate the primary role of scrupulous nursing and respiratory care throughout such a period of ventilatory insufficiency.", "PMID": 421526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11035", "title": "Post-pneumonectomy syndrome. Surgical correction using Silastic implants.", "content": "A post-right pneumonectomy syndrome is described which manifests symptoms of exertional dyspnea and inspiratory stridor on rapid inspiration. These symptoms were associated with marked rightward and posterior deviation of the trachea, over-distention of the left lung with its herniation into the right side of the chest and kinking of the left lower lobe bronchus. At the time of surgery, the tracheal deviation, lung herniation and the kink in the left lower lobe bronchus were immediately corrected by releasing the adhesions between the malpositioned structures and the right chest wall. To maintain the corrected positions, Silastic implants totalling a volume of 990 ml were placed into the space created in the right chest. Following surgery, exertional dyspnea was present with only extraordinary activity, and inspiratory stridor was eliminated. The patient remains asymptomatic three years following surgical correction, and is able to carry on a normal and productive life. We conclude that a syndrome associated with marked exertional dyspnea and inspiratory stridor might develop in situations of marked tracheal shift and overdistention of the remaining lung following right pneumonectomy.", "contents": "Post-pneumonectomy syndrome. Surgical correction using Silastic implants. A post-right pneumonectomy syndrome is described which manifests symptoms of exertional dyspnea and inspiratory stridor on rapid inspiration. These symptoms were associated with marked rightward and posterior deviation of the trachea, over-distention of the left lung with its herniation into the right side of the chest and kinking of the left lower lobe bronchus. At the time of surgery, the tracheal deviation, lung herniation and the kink in the left lower lobe bronchus were immediately corrected by releasing the adhesions between the malpositioned structures and the right chest wall. To maintain the corrected positions, Silastic implants totalling a volume of 990 ml were placed into the space created in the right chest. Following surgery, exertional dyspnea was present with only extraordinary activity, and inspiratory stridor was eliminated. The patient remains asymptomatic three years following surgical correction, and is able to carry on a normal and productive life. We conclude that a syndrome associated with marked exertional dyspnea and inspiratory stridor might develop in situations of marked tracheal shift and overdistention of the remaining lung following right pneumonectomy.", "PMID": 421530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11036", "title": "Nocturnal vs diurnal cardiac arrhythmias in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Continuous electrocardiograms were recorded from ten patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. During 24 hours of recording, the patients breathed air; and for 24 hours, they breathed oxygen at 2 L/min by nasal cannula. Oxygenation, as monitored by ear oximetric studies and by periodic analysis of arterial blood, showed frequent nocturnal desaturation. Nine patients demonstrated arrhythmias during the monitoring period, and the frequency of premature ventricular contractions was significantly greater at night. Therapy with supplemental oxygen dramatically reduced the frequency of premature ventricular contractions in four patients, but the reduction in frequency of arrhythmias in the total group did not reach statistical significance. These results show that cardiac arrhythmias occur commonly at night during sleep in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The data suggest that arterial desaturation may be responsible for some of these arrhythmias.", "contents": "Nocturnal vs diurnal cardiac arrhythmias in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Continuous electrocardiograms were recorded from ten patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. During 24 hours of recording, the patients breathed air; and for 24 hours, they breathed oxygen at 2 L/min by nasal cannula. Oxygenation, as monitored by ear oximetric studies and by periodic analysis of arterial blood, showed frequent nocturnal desaturation. Nine patients demonstrated arrhythmias during the monitoring period, and the frequency of premature ventricular contractions was significantly greater at night. Therapy with supplemental oxygen dramatically reduced the frequency of premature ventricular contractions in four patients, but the reduction in frequency of arrhythmias in the total group did not reach statistical significance. These results show that cardiac arrhythmias occur commonly at night during sleep in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The data suggest that arterial desaturation may be responsible for some of these arrhythmias.", "PMID": 421531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11037", "title": "Sleep apnea syndrome. Practical diagnostic method.", "content": "We report a method of evaluating sleep apnea by equipment available and easily assembled in the majority of community hospitals. Two cases fully studied by this method are presented.", "contents": "Sleep apnea syndrome. Practical diagnostic method. We report a method of evaluating sleep apnea by equipment available and easily assembled in the majority of community hospitals. Two cases fully studied by this method are presented.", "PMID": 421532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11038", "title": "Yellow nail syndrome with reduced glucose level in pleural fluid.", "content": "The yellow nail syndrome, consisting of deformed yellow nails, lymphedema, and pleural effusions, is a rare disorder of unknown etiology. The underlying mechanism in this disease is believed to be hypoplasia of the lymphatic system. To date, only 47 cases of the yellow nail syndrome have been reported. We report an additional case, with a defect in cell-mediated immunity and development of an empyema. The patient also had a very low glucose level in the pleural fluid (10 mg/100 ml or less), which did not increase after loading with oral or intravenously administered glucose. The mechanisms for low levels of glucose in the pleural fluid are discussed.", "contents": "Yellow nail syndrome with reduced glucose level in pleural fluid. The yellow nail syndrome, consisting of deformed yellow nails, lymphedema, and pleural effusions, is a rare disorder of unknown etiology. The underlying mechanism in this disease is believed to be hypoplasia of the lymphatic system. To date, only 47 cases of the yellow nail syndrome have been reported. We report an additional case, with a defect in cell-mediated immunity and development of an empyema. The patient also had a very low glucose level in the pleural fluid (10 mg/100 ml or less), which did not increase after loading with oral or intravenously administered glucose. The mechanisms for low levels of glucose in the pleural fluid are discussed.", "PMID": 421533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11039", "title": "Respiratory distress and hypoxemia in systemic mastocytosis.", "content": "A 25-year-old woman with documented mastocytosis developed hypoxemia with pruritus, diarrhea, headache, and hypotension on two separate occasions. The hypoxemia appeared to be related to a massive release of histamine. Resolution of the patient's symptoms was accompanied by the return of her arterial oxygen tension to normal levels.", "contents": "Respiratory distress and hypoxemia in systemic mastocytosis. A 25-year-old woman with documented mastocytosis developed hypoxemia with pruritus, diarrhea, headache, and hypotension on two separate occasions. The hypoxemia appeared to be related to a massive release of histamine. Resolution of the patient's symptoms was accompanied by the return of her arterial oxygen tension to normal levels.", "PMID": 421534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11040", "title": "MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase. Indicator of ischemia in coronary arterial disease.", "content": "After undergoing a stress test that showed abnormal findings, a patient with severe coronary arterial disease had an elevated concentration of the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase, in the presence of normal levels of creatine phosphokinase and myoglobin in the serum.", "contents": "MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase. Indicator of ischemia in coronary arterial disease. After undergoing a stress test that showed abnormal findings, a patient with severe coronary arterial disease had an elevated concentration of the MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase, in the presence of normal levels of creatine phosphokinase and myoglobin in the serum.", "PMID": 421535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11041", "title": "Atrial myxoma mimicking a collagen disorder.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy had a protracted illness characterized by bilateral tenderness and weakness of the extremities; the illness was considered to be a connective tissue disease similar to polymyositis. Not until nine months later, when the patient had new cardiac murmurs, pulmonary edema, and then a cerebrovascular accident, was the true nature of his illness suspected. The diagnosis of left atrial myxoma with the triad of constitutional, obstructive, and embolic effects was confirmed by echocardiographic studies and cardiac catheterization. The tumor was successfully removed.", "contents": "Atrial myxoma mimicking a collagen disorder. A 14-year-old boy had a protracted illness characterized by bilateral tenderness and weakness of the extremities; the illness was considered to be a connective tissue disease similar to polymyositis. Not until nine months later, when the patient had new cardiac murmurs, pulmonary edema, and then a cerebrovascular accident, was the true nature of his illness suspected. The diagnosis of left atrial myxoma with the triad of constitutional, obstructive, and embolic effects was confirmed by echocardiographic studies and cardiac catheterization. The tumor was successfully removed.", "PMID": 421537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11042", "title": "Unique massive pulmonary hamartoma. Case report with review of hamartomata treated at Brompton Hospital in 27 years.", "content": "A 30-cm tumor was removed from a 32-year-old man. It consisted of a collection of multiple small tumors, each histologically typical of a chondromatous hamartoma. Sixteen years earlier, identical histologic findings were noted in \"cysts\" in the right lower lobe. A review of other cases of cartilaginous hamartoma treated at Brompton Hospital since 1950 and a study of the literature suggest that this tumor is unique.", "contents": "Unique massive pulmonary hamartoma. Case report with review of hamartomata treated at Brompton Hospital in 27 years. A 30-cm tumor was removed from a 32-year-old man. It consisted of a collection of multiple small tumors, each histologically typical of a chondromatous hamartoma. Sixteen years earlier, identical histologic findings were noted in \"cysts\" in the right lower lobe. A review of other cases of cartilaginous hamartoma treated at Brompton Hospital since 1950 and a study of the literature suggest that this tumor is unique.", "PMID": 421538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11043", "title": "Endobronchial lipoma.", "content": "An endobronchial lipoma has been studied with light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopes, and the literature has been reviewed. Endobronchial lipoma is a type of hamartoma unique only in terms of its specific adult-type fat cell and its location. Of 49 endobronchial lipomas, eight have been reported in obese persons. The neoplasm appears to propagate at its peripheral zone through continuous incorporation and fusion of globules of fat in the spindle-shaped precursor cells. Although benign pulmonary tumors make up about 3 percent and endobronchial lipomas only about 0.1 percent of all pulmonary tumors, benign endobronchial tumors may cause unnecessary morbidity and mortality if not properly managed.", "contents": "Endobronchial lipoma. An endobronchial lipoma has been studied with light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopes, and the literature has been reviewed. Endobronchial lipoma is a type of hamartoma unique only in terms of its specific adult-type fat cell and its location. Of 49 endobronchial lipomas, eight have been reported in obese persons. The neoplasm appears to propagate at its peripheral zone through continuous incorporation and fusion of globules of fat in the spindle-shaped precursor cells. Although benign pulmonary tumors make up about 3 percent and endobronchial lipomas only about 0.1 percent of all pulmonary tumors, benign endobronchial tumors may cause unnecessary morbidity and mortality if not properly managed.", "PMID": 421539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11044", "title": "Pulmonary mycobacterial infections due to Mycobacterium intracellulare-avium complex. Clinical features and course in 100 consecutive cases.", "content": "One hundred consecutive cases of pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium intracellulare-avium seen during a 3 1/2-year period qualified for review on the basis of a compatible chest x-ray film, repeated isolations from cultures of sputum, and follow-up of three to eight years. Infections with M intracellulare-avium represented 27 percent of all mycobacterial infections seen during this period, including those due to M tuberculosis. The cases of disease due to M intracellulare-avium were predominantly in men with preexisting pulmonary disease, with a peak incidence in the sixth decade, but nearly one-third of the cases were in younger persons free of coexisting disease. The disease was chronic and indolent in most cases, and only a few showed a progressive course. A stable course was frequently observed despite prolonged persistently positive cultures of sputum. A favorable prognosis was most often found in those with previously treated tuberculosis. Poor prognosis was often due to a serious associated disease, such as cancer, rather than to advancing mycobacterial infection itself. Age, sex, or race was unrelated to prognosis. Conversion to negative status on culture was attained in one-half of the cases. Those with extensive radiographic involvement or cavitation were more likely to have treatment fail bacteriologically. No combination of chemotherapy appeared to be particularly effective, including the use of five or more drugs in eight cases demonstrating progressive disease. Surgery, too, was ultimately disappointing in that recurrence appeared in six of 18 carefully selected cases.", "contents": "Pulmonary mycobacterial infections due to Mycobacterium intracellulare-avium complex. Clinical features and course in 100 consecutive cases. One hundred consecutive cases of pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium intracellulare-avium seen during a 3 1/2-year period qualified for review on the basis of a compatible chest x-ray film, repeated isolations from cultures of sputum, and follow-up of three to eight years. Infections with M intracellulare-avium represented 27 percent of all mycobacterial infections seen during this period, including those due to M tuberculosis. The cases of disease due to M intracellulare-avium were predominantly in men with preexisting pulmonary disease, with a peak incidence in the sixth decade, but nearly one-third of the cases were in younger persons free of coexisting disease. The disease was chronic and indolent in most cases, and only a few showed a progressive course. A stable course was frequently observed despite prolonged persistently positive cultures of sputum. A favorable prognosis was most often found in those with previously treated tuberculosis. Poor prognosis was often due to a serious associated disease, such as cancer, rather than to advancing mycobacterial infection itself. Age, sex, or race was unrelated to prognosis. Conversion to negative status on culture was attained in one-half of the cases. Those with extensive radiographic involvement or cavitation were more likely to have treatment fail bacteriologically. No combination of chemotherapy appeared to be particularly effective, including the use of five or more drugs in eight cases demonstrating progressive disease. Surgery, too, was ultimately disappointing in that recurrence appeared in six of 18 carefully selected cases.", "PMID": 421545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11045", "title": "A demographic study of disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii or M intracellulare-avium in Texas.", "content": "The number of patients reported th have disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii or M intracellulare-avium has increased in Texas from January 1967 to December 1976, in contrast to a decrease in tuberculosis. Presented is an analysis of 1,409 patients infected with M kansasii and 706 patients infected with M intracellulare-avium. The former group clustered in urban areas with more than twice the incidence compared to nonurban areas (P less than 0.001). The latter group was more diffusely distributed with approximately twice the incidence in nonurban areas compared to urban areas (P less than 0.001). The average age of the group infected with M kansasii was 50 years and of the group infected with M intracellulare-avium 58 years. In patients infected with M kansasii only, the average age was significantly higher for men than women. There was a male predominance in both groups, ie, 3:1 in M kansasii and 2:1 in M intracellulare-avium. Persons with Spanish surnames had a low incidence of disease due to M kansasii. No other racial or ethnic association was noted. The various factors involved in determining the atypical mycobacterial diseases are discussed.", "contents": "A demographic study of disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii or M intracellulare-avium in Texas. The number of patients reported th have disease due to Mycobacterium kansasii or M intracellulare-avium has increased in Texas from January 1967 to December 1976, in contrast to a decrease in tuberculosis. Presented is an analysis of 1,409 patients infected with M kansasii and 706 patients infected with M intracellulare-avium. The former group clustered in urban areas with more than twice the incidence compared to nonurban areas (P less than 0.001). The latter group was more diffusely distributed with approximately twice the incidence in nonurban areas compared to urban areas (P less than 0.001). The average age of the group infected with M kansasii was 50 years and of the group infected with M intracellulare-avium 58 years. In patients infected with M kansasii only, the average age was significantly higher for men than women. There was a male predominance in both groups, ie, 3:1 in M kansasii and 2:1 in M intracellulare-avium. Persons with Spanish surnames had a low incidence of disease due to M kansasii. No other racial or ethnic association was noted. The various factors involved in determining the atypical mycobacterial diseases are discussed.", "PMID": 421546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11046", "title": "The advantages of open mitral commissurotomy for mitral stenosis.", "content": "Mitral commissurotomy is the treatment of choice for mitral stenosis. If this is not feasible, replacement of the valve becomes necessary. Open commissurotomy has been performed at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill, in 105 patients since 1970. The mean age was 45 years. The indication for surgery was heart failure in 92 of the cases. Sixty of the patients were in class 3 of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. Eighty-five underwent open mitral commissurotomy alone. This was not feasible in 42 patients scheduled for it who required valvular replacement. Twenty-five patients had a left atrial thrombus. Two patients died, one from aortic dissection and the other from acute infarction in the perioperative period. Ninety-eight patients are NYHA class 1 or 2 at present. Two patients required valvular replacement following the commissurotomy. The low mobidity and mortality with excellent long-term results support our contention that open mitral commissurotomy is the treatment of choice for mitral stenosis.", "contents": "The advantages of open mitral commissurotomy for mitral stenosis. Mitral commissurotomy is the treatment of choice for mitral stenosis. If this is not feasible, replacement of the valve becomes necessary. Open commissurotomy has been performed at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill, in 105 patients since 1970. The mean age was 45 years. The indication for surgery was heart failure in 92 of the cases. Sixty of the patients were in class 3 of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. Eighty-five underwent open mitral commissurotomy alone. This was not feasible in 42 patients scheduled for it who required valvular replacement. Twenty-five patients had a left atrial thrombus. Two patients died, one from aortic dissection and the other from acute infarction in the perioperative period. Ninety-eight patients are NYHA class 1 or 2 at present. Two patients required valvular replacement following the commissurotomy. The low mobidity and mortality with excellent long-term results support our contention that open mitral commissurotomy is the treatment of choice for mitral stenosis.", "PMID": 421547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11047", "title": "Effects of smoking and inhalation of carbon monoxide on systolic time intervals and blood pressure. Differences between two types of cigarettes and a cigar.", "content": "The effects of smoking and inhalation of carbon monoxide on the systolic time intervals and blood pressure were examined in ten healthy smokers with a mean age of 24.3 years. Each subject smoked a low-nicotine cigarette with a ventilated filter (0.1 mg nicotine, 1.1 vol percent CO), and a high-nicotine plain cigarette (2.6 mg nicotine, 4.5 vol percent CO), as well as a cigar in random sequence and in a standardized way. Cigar smoke was not inhaled. The product heart rate x blood pressure was increased and the left ventricular ejection time index (LVETc) prolonged following smoking the high-nicotine cigarette, whereas changes after smoking the low-nicotine cigarette and the cigar were not as pronounced. These changes are presumably caused by nicotine-induced catecholamine release. Inhalation of CO did not affect cardiac performance acutely as shown by unchanged systolic time intervals. When a high-nicotine cigarette was smoked after the subject received a beta blocker, a significant prolongation of the pre-ejection period index (PEPc) occurred as a result of the increased afterload. Thus, the effects of catecholamines on parameters of myocardial contractility (PEPc, PEP/LVET) were presumably offset by the increased afterload. We conclude that the acute hemodynamic changes of smoking in healthy subjects depend upon the amount of nicotine absorbed.", "contents": "Effects of smoking and inhalation of carbon monoxide on systolic time intervals and blood pressure. Differences between two types of cigarettes and a cigar. The effects of smoking and inhalation of carbon monoxide on the systolic time intervals and blood pressure were examined in ten healthy smokers with a mean age of 24.3 years. Each subject smoked a low-nicotine cigarette with a ventilated filter (0.1 mg nicotine, 1.1 vol percent CO), and a high-nicotine plain cigarette (2.6 mg nicotine, 4.5 vol percent CO), as well as a cigar in random sequence and in a standardized way. Cigar smoke was not inhaled. The product heart rate x blood pressure was increased and the left ventricular ejection time index (LVETc) prolonged following smoking the high-nicotine cigarette, whereas changes after smoking the low-nicotine cigarette and the cigar were not as pronounced. These changes are presumably caused by nicotine-induced catecholamine release. Inhalation of CO did not affect cardiac performance acutely as shown by unchanged systolic time intervals. When a high-nicotine cigarette was smoked after the subject received a beta blocker, a significant prolongation of the pre-ejection period index (PEPc) occurred as a result of the increased afterload. Thus, the effects of catecholamines on parameters of myocardial contractility (PEPc, PEP/LVET) were presumably offset by the increased afterload. We conclude that the acute hemodynamic changes of smoking in healthy subjects depend upon the amount of nicotine absorbed.", "PMID": 421548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11048", "title": "Biopsy and brushing of peripheral lung cancer with fluoroscopic guidance.", "content": "Forty-eight patients underwent flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination under fluoroscopic guidance, with biopsy and brushing of an endoscopically invisible primary cancer of the lung. A diagnostic (abnormal) specimen was obtained by biopsy of brushing (or both) in 29 patients (60 percent), by biopsy alone in 22 (46 percent), and by brushing alone in 19 (40 percent). Success in obtaining diagnostic tissue was related to cellular type, location by bronchopulmonary segment, size of the tumor, and distance of the tumor from the hilum.", "contents": "Biopsy and brushing of peripheral lung cancer with fluoroscopic guidance. Forty-eight patients underwent flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination under fluoroscopic guidance, with biopsy and brushing of an endoscopically invisible primary cancer of the lung. A diagnostic (abnormal) specimen was obtained by biopsy of brushing (or both) in 29 patients (60 percent), by biopsy alone in 22 (46 percent), and by brushing alone in 19 (40 percent). Success in obtaining diagnostic tissue was related to cellular type, location by bronchopulmonary segment, size of the tumor, and distance of the tumor from the hilum.", "PMID": 421549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11049", "title": "Improvement in pulmonary function with diuretic therapy in the hypervolemic and polycythemic patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Central hemodynamics and gas exchange were studied in six patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (mean age, 60 years). Patients were selected for the study if the volume of blood was 1 L larger than the predicted normal value, if there was no history of infection, and if no drug assumed to influence pulmonary circulation had been given during the last four weeks. Measurements were first performed in the hypervolemic state. This was followed by a venesection of 0.5 L, and the measurements were repeated 15 minutes later (immediate effects of dehydration). After two weeks to two months of intensive diuretic therapy, new measurements were performed (long-term effects of dehydration). With hypervolemia, there was pulmonary hypertension, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, and normal cardiac output. The arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was markedly reduced. The arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) was increased in two patients, and dead-space ventilation (VD/VT) increased in all. The sole immediate effect of venesection was a small increase in heart rate and a reduction in PaCO2. The long-term effects were a maintained low blood volume (on the average, 0.7 L less than before bloodletting) and lowered hematocrit reading (8 percent less than before bloodletting), a reduced and in some patients normalized pulmonary arterial pressure, a reduced pulmonary vascular resistance, and an unchanged cardiac output. The PaO2 improved, while PaCO2 did not change; neither did VD/VT. The changes correlated partly with the diminution in blood volume and partly with the reduction in hematocrit reading.", "contents": "Improvement in pulmonary function with diuretic therapy in the hypervolemic and polycythemic patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Central hemodynamics and gas exchange were studied in six patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (mean age, 60 years). Patients were selected for the study if the volume of blood was 1 L larger than the predicted normal value, if there was no history of infection, and if no drug assumed to influence pulmonary circulation had been given during the last four weeks. Measurements were first performed in the hypervolemic state. This was followed by a venesection of 0.5 L, and the measurements were repeated 15 minutes later (immediate effects of dehydration). After two weeks to two months of intensive diuretic therapy, new measurements were performed (long-term effects of dehydration). With hypervolemia, there was pulmonary hypertension, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, and normal cardiac output. The arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was markedly reduced. The arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) was increased in two patients, and dead-space ventilation (VD/VT) increased in all. The sole immediate effect of venesection was a small increase in heart rate and a reduction in PaCO2. The long-term effects were a maintained low blood volume (on the average, 0.7 L less than before bloodletting) and lowered hematocrit reading (8 percent less than before bloodletting), a reduced and in some patients normalized pulmonary arterial pressure, a reduced pulmonary vascular resistance, and an unchanged cardiac output. The PaO2 improved, while PaCO2 did not change; neither did VD/VT. The changes correlated partly with the diminution in blood volume and partly with the reduction in hematocrit reading.", "PMID": 421550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11050", "title": "Electrocardiographic voltage in pericardial effusion.", "content": "The usefulness of the electrocardiographic sign of \"low voltage\" in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion was investigated in 122 patients comprising three study groups. Sixty-four patients (group 1) had a pericardial effusion detected and measured by echocardiographic studies. The volume of the effusion showed no correlation with electrocardiographic voltage. A second group of 36 patients was identified as having low voltage on routine electrocardiograms. Only 13 (36 percent) had echocardiographically demonstrable pericardial effusion. Group 3 consisted of 22 patients who required pericardiocentesis. The ECGs obtained immediately after pericardiocentesis showed an increase in average voltage of 0.48 mm in the limb leads and 0.83 mm in the precordial leads for each 100 ml of fluid removed. This study demonstrates that a single ECG with \"low voltage\" is not useful in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion but that a reduction in the voltage of serial ECGs may suggest the development of pericardial effusion.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic voltage in pericardial effusion. The usefulness of the electrocardiographic sign of \"low voltage\" in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion was investigated in 122 patients comprising three study groups. Sixty-four patients (group 1) had a pericardial effusion detected and measured by echocardiographic studies. The volume of the effusion showed no correlation with electrocardiographic voltage. A second group of 36 patients was identified as having low voltage on routine electrocardiograms. Only 13 (36 percent) had echocardiographically demonstrable pericardial effusion. Group 3 consisted of 22 patients who required pericardiocentesis. The ECGs obtained immediately after pericardiocentesis showed an increase in average voltage of 0.48 mm in the limb leads and 0.83 mm in the precordial leads for each 100 ml of fluid removed. This study demonstrates that a single ECG with \"low voltage\" is not useful in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion but that a reduction in the voltage of serial ECGs may suggest the development of pericardial effusion.", "PMID": 421551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11051", "title": "Bronchogenic carcinoma in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Fourteen cases of bronchogenic carcinoma were found in 191 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia seen at the Rosewell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, NY, from 1951 to 1976. Four of these were not diagnosed until the time of autopsy. There was an average lag of nine months between the onset of symptoms and signs suggestive of bronchogenic carcinoma and its diagnosis. In patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a high index of suspicion for bronchogenic carcinoma is necessary fo its early detection.", "contents": "Bronchogenic carcinoma in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Fourteen cases of bronchogenic carcinoma were found in 191 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia seen at the Rosewell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, NY, from 1951 to 1976. Four of these were not diagnosed until the time of autopsy. There was an average lag of nine months between the onset of symptoms and signs suggestive of bronchogenic carcinoma and its diagnosis. In patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a high index of suspicion for bronchogenic carcinoma is necessary fo its early detection.", "PMID": 421552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11052", "title": "Delayed appearance of left-to-right shunt following aortic valvular replacement. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases are presented in which a left-to-right shunt occurred late following aortic valvular replacement. In one patient a fistula was found between the aortic root and the right atrium and ventricle. In the second patient a defect developed in the membranous septum, allowing shunting from the left ventricle to both the right atrium and right ventricle.", "contents": "Delayed appearance of left-to-right shunt following aortic valvular replacement. Report of two cases. Two cases are presented in which a left-to-right shunt occurred late following aortic valvular replacement. In one patient a fistula was found between the aortic root and the right atrium and ventricle. In the second patient a defect developed in the membranous septum, allowing shunting from the left ventricle to both the right atrium and right ventricle.", "PMID": 421554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11053", "title": "Cardiac dysfunction in a patient with familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis.", "content": "A 19-year-old white man with familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis developed evidence of cardiac dysfunction during a episode of flaccid paralysis. This consisted of elevated total creatine phosphokinase (CPK), an increased myocardial fraction of CPK (myocardial band), alteration in the lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern, severe bradycardia, and evidence of left ventricular dysfunction. These findings, in conjunction with selected cases from the literature, suggest the possibility that cardiomyopathy may be a heretofore unrecognized complication of this disorder.", "contents": "Cardiac dysfunction in a patient with familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis. A 19-year-old white man with familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis developed evidence of cardiac dysfunction during a episode of flaccid paralysis. This consisted of elevated total creatine phosphokinase (CPK), an increased myocardial fraction of CPK (myocardial band), alteration in the lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern, severe bradycardia, and evidence of left ventricular dysfunction. These findings, in conjunction with selected cases from the literature, suggest the possibility that cardiomyopathy may be a heretofore unrecognized complication of this disorder.", "PMID": 421555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11054", "title": "Reexpansion pulmonary edema.", "content": "A case of pulmonary edema following reexpansion of a collapsed lung due to pneumothorax is described and illustrated. The importance of recognizing this relatively uncommon phenomenon is stressed. The development of such edema can be prevented by avoiding application of sudden and excessive negative pleural pressures during the evacuation of a pneumothorax or a pleural effusion. The edema generally occurs in a lung that has been collapsed for more than three days. The importance of the duration of pulmonary collapse in the causation of edema is demonstrated in this patient.", "contents": "Reexpansion pulmonary edema. A case of pulmonary edema following reexpansion of a collapsed lung due to pneumothorax is described and illustrated. The importance of recognizing this relatively uncommon phenomenon is stressed. The development of such edema can be prevented by avoiding application of sudden and excessive negative pleural pressures during the evacuation of a pneumothorax or a pleural effusion. The edema generally occurs in a lung that has been collapsed for more than three days. The importance of the duration of pulmonary collapse in the causation of edema is demonstrated in this patient.", "PMID": 421556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11055", "title": "Isoniazid-induced fever.", "content": "A 56-year-old man was started on therapy with isoniazid after exhibiting a positive reaction to an intradermal injection of intermediate-strength purified protein derivative of tuberculin. After the first dose and each of the following three doses, nausea, vomiting, chills, and an elevated body temperature ranging from 38 degrees C (100.4 degrees F) to 40 degrees C (104. degrees F) occurred. There was no evidence of a hypersensitivity reaction to isoniazid, such as cutaneous rash, eosinophilia, elevated concentration of IgE, and abnormal results on tests of hepatic function. Following discontinuance of therapy with isoniazid, the temperature returned to normal. This experience illustrates the potential of isoniazid to cause febrile reactions, a situation that could be misdiagnosed as an infectious process.", "contents": "Isoniazid-induced fever. A 56-year-old man was started on therapy with isoniazid after exhibiting a positive reaction to an intradermal injection of intermediate-strength purified protein derivative of tuberculin. After the first dose and each of the following three doses, nausea, vomiting, chills, and an elevated body temperature ranging from 38 degrees C (100.4 degrees F) to 40 degrees C (104. degrees F) occurred. There was no evidence of a hypersensitivity reaction to isoniazid, such as cutaneous rash, eosinophilia, elevated concentration of IgE, and abnormal results on tests of hepatic function. Following discontinuance of therapy with isoniazid, the temperature returned to normal. This experience illustrates the potential of isoniazid to cause febrile reactions, a situation that could be misdiagnosed as an infectious process.", "PMID": 421557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11056", "title": "Alternating Wenckebach periods with acute myocardial infarction. Report of two cases.", "content": "This report describes two patients with the spontaneous occurrence of alternating Wenckebach periods during the course of acute myocardial infarction. Both patients demonstrated alternating Wenckebach periods which terminated in a sequence of two blocked P waves. In one patient, His bundle electrocardiographic study documented the site of block to be proximal to the His bundle. Alternating Wenckebach periods with the block proximal to the His bundle may be compatible with a benign prognosis.", "contents": "Alternating Wenckebach periods with acute myocardial infarction. Report of two cases. This report describes two patients with the spontaneous occurrence of alternating Wenckebach periods during the course of acute myocardial infarction. Both patients demonstrated alternating Wenckebach periods which terminated in a sequence of two blocked P waves. In one patient, His bundle electrocardiographic study documented the site of block to be proximal to the His bundle. Alternating Wenckebach periods with the block proximal to the His bundle may be compatible with a benign prognosis.", "PMID": 421558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11057", "title": "Acute intoxication with verapamil.", "content": "A healthy 18-year-old man was admitted to our unit two hours after a suicidal ingestion of 2 gm of verapamil. There was mild hypotension, depression of the sinus node, atrioventricular dissociation, changes of repolarization, and first-degree intranodal atrioventricular block (the His bundle electrogram revealed an atrio-His [A-H] interval of 155 msec). Twenty-four hours after ingestion, the patient was well, and the electrocardiogram was completely normal. This case gave us a good opporturnity to study the electrocardiologic effects of a huge oral dose of verapamil on a healthy young heart.", "contents": "Acute intoxication with verapamil. A healthy 18-year-old man was admitted to our unit two hours after a suicidal ingestion of 2 gm of verapamil. There was mild hypotension, depression of the sinus node, atrioventricular dissociation, changes of repolarization, and first-degree intranodal atrioventricular block (the His bundle electrogram revealed an atrio-His [A-H] interval of 155 msec). Twenty-four hours after ingestion, the patient was well, and the electrocardiogram was completely normal. This case gave us a good opporturnity to study the electrocardiologic effects of a huge oral dose of verapamil on a healthy young heart.", "PMID": 421559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11058", "title": "Silicosis and tuberculosis.", "content": "Two subjects had silicosis complicated by tuberculosis. In both patients, there was a relapse of the tuberculosis after chemotherapy was discontinued, in one case after 13 years of therapy with isoniazid and p-aminosalicylic acid. It would appear that the risk of tuberculosis in subjects with silicosis persists for life, and the suggestion is made that chemotherapy should be continued indefinitely.", "contents": "Silicosis and tuberculosis. Two subjects had silicosis complicated by tuberculosis. In both patients, there was a relapse of the tuberculosis after chemotherapy was discontinued, in one case after 13 years of therapy with isoniazid and p-aminosalicylic acid. It would appear that the risk of tuberculosis in subjects with silicosis persists for life, and the suggestion is made that chemotherapy should be continued indefinitely.", "PMID": 421560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11059", "title": "Percutaneous use of fiberoptic bronchoscope to investigate bronchopleurocutaneous fistula.", "content": "The fiberoptic bronchoscope was used percutaneously to visualize the track of a bronchopleurocutaneous fistula and to obtain tissue and microbiologic specimens for examination. The bronchoscopy turned out to be a very simple procedure and patient discomfort was minimal. The findings aided in the successful management of this patient.", "contents": "Percutaneous use of fiberoptic bronchoscope to investigate bronchopleurocutaneous fistula. The fiberoptic bronchoscope was used percutaneously to visualize the track of a bronchopleurocutaneous fistula and to obtain tissue and microbiologic specimens for examination. The bronchoscopy turned out to be a very simple procedure and patient discomfort was minimal. The findings aided in the successful management of this patient.", "PMID": 421561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11060", "title": "Traumatic injuries of the diaphragm.", "content": "Traumatic injury of the diaphragm is not an infrequent occurrence. With the rise in violence and increasing use of automobiles, more diaphragmetic injuries may be seen, especially in inner-city hospitals. Sixty-six cases from our institution within the last five years were reviewed. Of these there were 41 penetrating injuries and 23 secondary to blunt trauma. Two cases were surgically induced following a difficult decortication for pleuropulmonary tuberculosis. There were ten deaths (15 percent mortality). All deaths were related to the severity of associated injuries. In addition, we analyzed 307 patients with multiple injuries who were dead on arrival and were autopsied by the county medical examiners in a 24-month period. Of the 307 autopsied cases, 16 (5.2 percent) had ruptured diaphragms. Interestingly, all but one of these cases were associated with thoracic aortic injuries. Diagnoses of penetrating diaphragmatic injuries were made during exploration of other injuries. In blunt diaphragmatic rupture, a high index of suspicion in most important in the diagnosis. In 10 of 23 blunt injuries, visceral herniation was noted on initial x-ray films. In four, follow-up films several hours to a day later showed loops of bowel in the chest. In nine cases, there were no apparent visceral herniations on initial films, and in these, the diagnosis was made during surgery for other indications. The surgical approach to diaphragmatic injuries is individualized. Acute left-sided injuries are best approached through the abdomen. Acute right-sided injuries and all chronic injuries should be approached through the chest.", "contents": "Traumatic injuries of the diaphragm. Traumatic injury of the diaphragm is not an infrequent occurrence. With the rise in violence and increasing use of automobiles, more diaphragmetic injuries may be seen, especially in inner-city hospitals. Sixty-six cases from our institution within the last five years were reviewed. Of these there were 41 penetrating injuries and 23 secondary to blunt trauma. Two cases were surgically induced following a difficult decortication for pleuropulmonary tuberculosis. There were ten deaths (15 percent mortality). All deaths were related to the severity of associated injuries. In addition, we analyzed 307 patients with multiple injuries who were dead on arrival and were autopsied by the county medical examiners in a 24-month period. Of the 307 autopsied cases, 16 (5.2 percent) had ruptured diaphragms. Interestingly, all but one of these cases were associated with thoracic aortic injuries. Diagnoses of penetrating diaphragmatic injuries were made during exploration of other injuries. In blunt diaphragmatic rupture, a high index of suspicion in most important in the diagnosis. In 10 of 23 blunt injuries, visceral herniation was noted on initial x-ray films. In four, follow-up films several hours to a day later showed loops of bowel in the chest. In nine cases, there were no apparent visceral herniations on initial films, and in these, the diagnosis was made during surgery for other indications. The surgical approach to diaphragmatic injuries is individualized. Acute left-sided injuries are best approached through the abdomen. Acute right-sided injuries and all chronic injuries should be approached through the chest.", "PMID": 421571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11061", "title": "Surgery for mitral valve endocarditis.", "content": "The records of 20 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement for complications of bacterial endocarditis were reviewed. Although the indications for surgery were the same as those for patients with aortic endocarditis, major emboli (cerebral, coronary or retinal) prompted surgery in 8 of 20 patients, a much higher incidence than reported for surgery in aortic valve endocarditis. Eighteen of the patients had mitral regurgitation; 14 of these had severe congestive heart failure, but the development of congestive failure tended to be more insidious than in patients with aortic endocarditis. Continued septicemia despite appropriate antibiotics was the least common indication for surgery. Sixteen of the 20 patients were salvaged by surgery, although some had major residual deficits, related mainly to preoperative emboli. These results are a marked improvement in the expected 90-100 percent mortality rate for patients with these complications of endocarditis. The main reason for a poor result following surgery was temporization leading to continued deterioration of vital functions preoperatively. Reinfection of the prosthesis did not occur, and we do not consider duration of preoperative antibiotic therapy an important factor in the decision to perform surgery.", "contents": "Surgery for mitral valve endocarditis. The records of 20 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement for complications of bacterial endocarditis were reviewed. Although the indications for surgery were the same as those for patients with aortic endocarditis, major emboli (cerebral, coronary or retinal) prompted surgery in 8 of 20 patients, a much higher incidence than reported for surgery in aortic valve endocarditis. Eighteen of the patients had mitral regurgitation; 14 of these had severe congestive heart failure, but the development of congestive failure tended to be more insidious than in patients with aortic endocarditis. Continued septicemia despite appropriate antibiotics was the least common indication for surgery. Sixteen of the 20 patients were salvaged by surgery, although some had major residual deficits, related mainly to preoperative emboli. These results are a marked improvement in the expected 90-100 percent mortality rate for patients with these complications of endocarditis. The main reason for a poor result following surgery was temporization leading to continued deterioration of vital functions preoperatively. Reinfection of the prosthesis did not occur, and we do not consider duration of preoperative antibiotic therapy an important factor in the decision to perform surgery.", "PMID": 421572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11062", "title": "Mediastinal granuloma and fibrosing mediastinitis.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with mediastinal granuloma and fibrosing mediastinitis were seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1975 through 1977. Review of this series reveals that surgery is necessary to establish a diagnosis if the lesions are noncalcified and indeterminate. Fibrosing mediastinitis most likely develops after rupture of the fibrocaseous material from mediastinal lymph nodes into the mediastinum. Thoracotomy, with evacuation of the granulomas, is recommended, especially when the lesions are large, in order to prevent subsequent fibrosing mediastinitis with involvement of the contiguous structures, such as the superior vena cava, azygos vein, trachea, esophagus, and left atrium. In most patients, obstruction of the superior vena cava develops slowly, and efficient collateral venous circulation occurs, allowing long-term survival and minimal disability.", "contents": "Mediastinal granuloma and fibrosing mediastinitis. Thirty-one patients with mediastinal granuloma and fibrosing mediastinitis were seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1975 through 1977. Review of this series reveals that surgery is necessary to establish a diagnosis if the lesions are noncalcified and indeterminate. Fibrosing mediastinitis most likely develops after rupture of the fibrocaseous material from mediastinal lymph nodes into the mediastinum. Thoracotomy, with evacuation of the granulomas, is recommended, especially when the lesions are large, in order to prevent subsequent fibrosing mediastinitis with involvement of the contiguous structures, such as the superior vena cava, azygos vein, trachea, esophagus, and left atrium. In most patients, obstruction of the superior vena cava develops slowly, and efficient collateral venous circulation occurs, allowing long-term survival and minimal disability.", "PMID": 421573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11063", "title": "M-mode ultrasonic localization and identification of fluid-containing pulmonary cysts.", "content": "Successful ultrasonic localization of pleural fluid has been well documented in recent reports. The ability of ultrasound to detect and identify fluid within a parenchymal lesion has not been defined. We examined nine patients with cystic lesions and air-fluid levels noted on the chest roentgenogram. In all nine patients, an echo-free space that corresponded anatomically to the level of fluid noted on the x-ray film could be recorded in the M-mode presentation. The combined thickness of the wall of the chest and the overlying lung as judged by ultrasound ranged from 2 to 8 cm, with a mean of 4 cm. The following two characteristics appeared to distinguish parenchymal from pleural fluid: (1) similar characteristics of motion of the proximal and distal interfaces of the sonolucent space; or (2) the ultrasonographic pattern of overlying lung proximal to the loculation of fluid. Ultrasonograms in eight (89 percent) of nine patients demonstrated one or both of these characteristics. These findings indicate that ultrasound can detect fluid within a parenchymal structure and may be used to differentiate intraparenchymal loculations from those in the pleural space.", "contents": "M-mode ultrasonic localization and identification of fluid-containing pulmonary cysts. Successful ultrasonic localization of pleural fluid has been well documented in recent reports. The ability of ultrasound to detect and identify fluid within a parenchymal lesion has not been defined. We examined nine patients with cystic lesions and air-fluid levels noted on the chest roentgenogram. In all nine patients, an echo-free space that corresponded anatomically to the level of fluid noted on the x-ray film could be recorded in the M-mode presentation. The combined thickness of the wall of the chest and the overlying lung as judged by ultrasound ranged from 2 to 8 cm, with a mean of 4 cm. The following two characteristics appeared to distinguish parenchymal from pleural fluid: (1) similar characteristics of motion of the proximal and distal interfaces of the sonolucent space; or (2) the ultrasonographic pattern of overlying lung proximal to the loculation of fluid. Ultrasonograms in eight (89 percent) of nine patients demonstrated one or both of these characteristics. These findings indicate that ultrasound can detect fluid within a parenchymal structure and may be used to differentiate intraparenchymal loculations from those in the pleural space.", "PMID": 421574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11064", "title": "Incidence of ruptured chordae tendineae in the mitral valvular prolapse syndrome: an echocardiographic study.", "content": "Echocardiographic studies were performed in 190 consecutive patients with mitral valvular prolapse. All patients had either midsystolic posterior motion of the mitral valve or holosystolic hammock-like movement of the valve in systole. Thirteen patients (7 percent) were noted to have ruptured chordae tendineae. In four patients, a combination of abnormalities was observed. Five patients had clinical and bacteriologic evidence of infective endocarditis, two of whom had severe intractable pulmonary edema consequent to acute mitral regurgitation which required mitral valvular replacement. At surgery, one of these patients had ruptured chordae tendineae to both leaflets, and the other had chordal rupture of the posterior leaflet. The other patients probably had spontaneous rupture of the chordae tendineae. A spectrum of clinical findings was noted. Six patients had marked mitral regurgitation, while two had isolated systolic clicks. Thus, chordal rupture does not always result in severe hemodynamic deterioration. Serial echocardiographic studies will be of value in studying the natural history and progression of disease in patients with chordal rupture.", "contents": "Incidence of ruptured chordae tendineae in the mitral valvular prolapse syndrome: an echocardiographic study. Echocardiographic studies were performed in 190 consecutive patients with mitral valvular prolapse. All patients had either midsystolic posterior motion of the mitral valve or holosystolic hammock-like movement of the valve in systole. Thirteen patients (7 percent) were noted to have ruptured chordae tendineae. In four patients, a combination of abnormalities was observed. Five patients had clinical and bacteriologic evidence of infective endocarditis, two of whom had severe intractable pulmonary edema consequent to acute mitral regurgitation which required mitral valvular replacement. At surgery, one of these patients had ruptured chordae tendineae to both leaflets, and the other had chordal rupture of the posterior leaflet. The other patients probably had spontaneous rupture of the chordae tendineae. A spectrum of clinical findings was noted. Six patients had marked mitral regurgitation, while two had isolated systolic clicks. Thus, chordal rupture does not always result in severe hemodynamic deterioration. Serial echocardiographic studies will be of value in studying the natural history and progression of disease in patients with chordal rupture.", "PMID": 421575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11065", "title": "Aggressive therapy in acute respiratory failure from leukemic pulmonary infiltrates.", "content": "Three young adults with respiratory failure as a first or early manifestation of acute leukemia were hospitalized. Aggressive support with mechanical ventilation, high fractions of inspired oxygen, and positive end-expiratory pressure provided time for appropriate chemotherapy to be used. One patient was alive, with the disease controlled, 18 months after these events. The other two patients responded to therapy but died subsequently from other aspects of their disease. With the advent of effective specific chemotherapy, the onset of acute respiratory failure in the presence of certain malignancies in young adults should not be considered a terminal event when no other organ is involved.", "contents": "Aggressive therapy in acute respiratory failure from leukemic pulmonary infiltrates. Three young adults with respiratory failure as a first or early manifestation of acute leukemia were hospitalized. Aggressive support with mechanical ventilation, high fractions of inspired oxygen, and positive end-expiratory pressure provided time for appropriate chemotherapy to be used. One patient was alive, with the disease controlled, 18 months after these events. The other two patients responded to therapy but died subsequently from other aspects of their disease. With the advent of effective specific chemotherapy, the onset of acute respiratory failure in the presence of certain malignancies in young adults should not be considered a terminal event when no other organ is involved.", "PMID": 421576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11066", "title": "Echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "An echographic study was undertaken to evaluate left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function in 30 patients with cystic fibrosis. Echographic recording of the pulmonary and aortic valve echogram permitted measurement of the phases of right and left ventricular systole. The ratio of the LV preejection period/LV ejection time (LPEP/LVET) and shortening of the LV internal dimension %SID was employed to reflect LV function, while RV preejection period/RV ejection time (RPEP/RVET) has excellent correlation with pulmonary artery diastolic pressure. RPEP/RVET and two other echographic measurements, right ventricular wall (RVW) and internal dimension (RVD) were compared with pulmonary function tests and clinical scores. RPEP/RVET correlated well with percent vital capacity(%VC), r = -0.73, percent residual volume (%RVol) r = +0.72, and clinical score, r = -0.77. Multilinear regression of RPEP/RVET, RVD, and RVW improved correlation for %VC (r = -0.80), %RVol, r = +0.82, and clinical score, r = -0.84. Patients in overt right heart failure exhibited elevated RPEP/RVET (mean = 0.48) when compared to patients not in right heart failure (mean = .33). Marked diminution of LV function was present in two patients. A variety of cardiovascular abnormalities were demonstrated echographically and were valuable in assessing the degree of cardiac involvement in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with cystic fibrosis. An echographic study was undertaken to evaluate left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function in 30 patients with cystic fibrosis. Echographic recording of the pulmonary and aortic valve echogram permitted measurement of the phases of right and left ventricular systole. The ratio of the LV preejection period/LV ejection time (LPEP/LVET) and shortening of the LV internal dimension %SID was employed to reflect LV function, while RV preejection period/RV ejection time (RPEP/RVET) has excellent correlation with pulmonary artery diastolic pressure. RPEP/RVET and two other echographic measurements, right ventricular wall (RVW) and internal dimension (RVD) were compared with pulmonary function tests and clinical scores. RPEP/RVET correlated well with percent vital capacity(%VC), r = -0.73, percent residual volume (%RVol) r = +0.72, and clinical score, r = -0.77. Multilinear regression of RPEP/RVET, RVD, and RVW improved correlation for %VC (r = -0.80), %RVol, r = +0.82, and clinical score, r = -0.84. Patients in overt right heart failure exhibited elevated RPEP/RVET (mean = 0.48) when compared to patients not in right heart failure (mean = .33). Marked diminution of LV function was present in two patients. A variety of cardiovascular abnormalities were demonstrated echographically and were valuable in assessing the degree of cardiac involvement in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 421577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11067", "title": "Clinical importance of the interaction of phenytoin and isoniazid: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.", "content": "Six (27 percent) of 22 hospitalized medical patients who received phenytoin and isoniazid concurrently for at least five days experienced toxic effects on the central nervous system (CNS). In contrast, only 30 (3 percent) of 1,093 patients who received phenytoin without isoniazid had toxic effects on the CNS. Thus, the risk of toxic effects from therapy with phenytoin is greatly increased among patients concurrently receiving isoniazid, probably because of isoniazid-induced impairment of the clearance of phenytoin. Schedules of dosage for phenytoin whould be appropriately adjusted to compensate for this clinically important interaction of drugs.", "contents": "Clinical importance of the interaction of phenytoin and isoniazid: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Six (27 percent) of 22 hospitalized medical patients who received phenytoin and isoniazid concurrently for at least five days experienced toxic effects on the central nervous system (CNS). In contrast, only 30 (3 percent) of 1,093 patients who received phenytoin without isoniazid had toxic effects on the CNS. Thus, the risk of toxic effects from therapy with phenytoin is greatly increased among patients concurrently receiving isoniazid, probably because of isoniazid-induced impairment of the clearance of phenytoin. Schedules of dosage for phenytoin whould be appropriately adjusted to compensate for this clinically important interaction of drugs.", "PMID": 421578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11068", "title": "Systolic time intervals before and after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.", "content": "The effect of cardioversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm on systolic time intervals was evaluated in 18 patients. Variable results in the left ventricular ejection time index, the external isovolumic contraction time (EICT), and the ratio of the left ventricular ejection time over the EICT (LVET/EICT) and shortening of the preejection period (PEP) (P less than 0.01), the PEP index (PEPI) (P less than 0.005), and the ratio of PEP/LVET (P less than 0.001) occurred at five hours after cardioversion. Six (33 percent) of the 18 patients developed recurrent atrial fibrillation within one month after cardioversion, and the hearts of 12 (67 percent) of the 18 patients remained in sinus rhythm for one to ten months after cardioversion. Four of five patients in whom the EICT became worse at five hours after cardioversion and two of two patients in whom the PEPI became worse at five hours after cardioversion developed recurrent atrial fibrillation. The EICT and PEPI at five hours after cardioversion may be helpful in predicting subsequent recurrence of atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals before and after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. The effect of cardioversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm on systolic time intervals was evaluated in 18 patients. Variable results in the left ventricular ejection time index, the external isovolumic contraction time (EICT), and the ratio of the left ventricular ejection time over the EICT (LVET/EICT) and shortening of the preejection period (PEP) (P less than 0.01), the PEP index (PEPI) (P less than 0.005), and the ratio of PEP/LVET (P less than 0.001) occurred at five hours after cardioversion. Six (33 percent) of the 18 patients developed recurrent atrial fibrillation within one month after cardioversion, and the hearts of 12 (67 percent) of the 18 patients remained in sinus rhythm for one to ten months after cardioversion. Four of five patients in whom the EICT became worse at five hours after cardioversion and two of two patients in whom the PEPI became worse at five hours after cardioversion developed recurrent atrial fibrillation. The EICT and PEPI at five hours after cardioversion may be helpful in predicting subsequent recurrence of atrial fibrillation.", "PMID": 421579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11069", "title": "Hemodynamic alterations of heat stroke in the elderly.", "content": "Serial hemodynamic alterations were investigated in seven elderly patients with heat stroke. Their mean age was 72 +/- 6 years. The circulatory response to heat stroke was either hyperdynamic of hypodynamic. Two patients had increased cardiac index (4.3 and 4.4 L/min/m2), increased right atrial pressure (10 and 12 mm Hg), normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (10 and 12 mm Hg), and decreased systemic vascular resistance (542 and 738 dyne.sec.cm-5). Five patients had decreased cardiac index (mean 2.3 +/- 0.2 L/min/m2), decreased right atrial pressure (mean 2 +/- 1 mm Hg), normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (mean 6 +/- 3 mm Hg), and increased systemic vascular resistance (mean 2020 +/- 204 dyne.sec.cm-5). Circulatory failure appears to be secondary to peripheral pooling of blood or hypovolemia. The inability to compensate hemodynamically when stressed by heat may predispose certain elderly individuals to develop heat stroke.", "contents": "Hemodynamic alterations of heat stroke in the elderly. Serial hemodynamic alterations were investigated in seven elderly patients with heat stroke. Their mean age was 72 +/- 6 years. The circulatory response to heat stroke was either hyperdynamic of hypodynamic. Two patients had increased cardiac index (4.3 and 4.4 L/min/m2), increased right atrial pressure (10 and 12 mm Hg), normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (10 and 12 mm Hg), and decreased systemic vascular resistance (542 and 738 dyne.sec.cm-5). Five patients had decreased cardiac index (mean 2.3 +/- 0.2 L/min/m2), decreased right atrial pressure (mean 2 +/- 1 mm Hg), normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (mean 6 +/- 3 mm Hg), and increased systemic vascular resistance (mean 2020 +/- 204 dyne.sec.cm-5). Circulatory failure appears to be secondary to peripheral pooling of blood or hypovolemia. The inability to compensate hemodynamically when stressed by heat may predispose certain elderly individuals to develop heat stroke.", "PMID": 421580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11070", "title": "Improved oxygenation of ischemic myocardium by hemodilution with stroma-free hemoglobin solution.", "content": "Experiments were conducted in anesthetized open-chest dogs subjected to occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for three hours. The oxygenation of myocardial tissue was monitored by a polarographic technique capable of recording simultaneously the oxygen tension (Po2) of myocardial tissue and electrograms. Ischemic injury was monitored by means of ST-segment elevations on myocardial and epicardial electrograms. The volume of the myocardial infarct was measured at the end of each experiment by incubation of transverse slices of left ventricle in a solution of nitroblue tetrazolium and by separation of the unstained (ischemic) from the stained (normal) portions. In one group of dogs, hemodilution was performed after 15 minutes of ischemia by exchanging blood with a stroma-free hemoglobin solution (from a hematocrit reading of 45 +/- 3 percent to 23 +/- 2 percent). Changes occurring in this group were compared with those occurring in dogs that did not undergo hemodilution, underwent hemodilution with dextran 75, or were transfused with whole blood. Hemodilution with hemoglobin reduced aortic and left ventricular filling pressures while increasing coronary blood flow, increased myocardial Po2 from 2 +/- 2 mm Hg to 8 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.005), lowered the ST-segment elevation of both myocardial and epicardial electrograms, and reduced the volume of the myocardial infarct. These effects were unmatched by hemodilution with dextran or infusion of whole blood.", "contents": "Improved oxygenation of ischemic myocardium by hemodilution with stroma-free hemoglobin solution. Experiments were conducted in anesthetized open-chest dogs subjected to occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for three hours. The oxygenation of myocardial tissue was monitored by a polarographic technique capable of recording simultaneously the oxygen tension (Po2) of myocardial tissue and electrograms. Ischemic injury was monitored by means of ST-segment elevations on myocardial and epicardial electrograms. The volume of the myocardial infarct was measured at the end of each experiment by incubation of transverse slices of left ventricle in a solution of nitroblue tetrazolium and by separation of the unstained (ischemic) from the stained (normal) portions. In one group of dogs, hemodilution was performed after 15 minutes of ischemia by exchanging blood with a stroma-free hemoglobin solution (from a hematocrit reading of 45 +/- 3 percent to 23 +/- 2 percent). Changes occurring in this group were compared with those occurring in dogs that did not undergo hemodilution, underwent hemodilution with dextran 75, or were transfused with whole blood. Hemodilution with hemoglobin reduced aortic and left ventricular filling pressures while increasing coronary blood flow, increased myocardial Po2 from 2 +/- 2 mm Hg to 8 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.005), lowered the ST-segment elevation of both myocardial and epicardial electrograms, and reduced the volume of the myocardial infarct. These effects were unmatched by hemodilution with dextran or infusion of whole blood.", "PMID": 421581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11071", "title": "Mediastinal herniation of the pleural sac: occurrence in massive pleural effusion.", "content": "In a review of 50 patients with massive pleural effusion, mediastinal herniation of the pleural sac occurred in 16 patients (32 percent). Right-to-left herniation (ten patients) was more common than left-to-right (six patients). Herniation occurred only in the posteroinferior mediastinum (D5-D11). Fourteen patients had displacement of the mediastinum away from the side of pleural effusion. Disappearance of herniated sac in every patient following thoracocentesis confirmed the diagnosis.", "contents": "Mediastinal herniation of the pleural sac: occurrence in massive pleural effusion. In a review of 50 patients with massive pleural effusion, mediastinal herniation of the pleural sac occurred in 16 patients (32 percent). Right-to-left herniation (ten patients) was more common than left-to-right (six patients). Herniation occurred only in the posteroinferior mediastinum (D5-D11). Fourteen patients had displacement of the mediastinum away from the side of pleural effusion. Disappearance of herniated sac in every patient following thoracocentesis confirmed the diagnosis.", "PMID": 421584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11072", "title": "Congenital ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint: resultant upper airway obstruction and cor pulmonale.", "content": "Cor pulmonale and severe congestive heart failure secondary to chronic upper airway obstruction developed in a three-year-old girl with congenital ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint complicated by frequent respiratory infections. Nearly absent mouth opening, micrognathia, and mandibular retroposition with resultant glossoptosia obstructed the airway. Medical treatment followed by a tracheostomy and bilateral condylectomy relieved the obstruction allowing normal function of the temporomandibular joint. The clinical, electrocardiographic, radiologic, and hemodynamic findings returned to normal. Congenital ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint has not been previously reported as a cause of cor pulmonale secondary to upper airway obstruction.", "contents": "Congenital ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint: resultant upper airway obstruction and cor pulmonale. Cor pulmonale and severe congestive heart failure secondary to chronic upper airway obstruction developed in a three-year-old girl with congenital ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint complicated by frequent respiratory infections. Nearly absent mouth opening, micrognathia, and mandibular retroposition with resultant glossoptosia obstructed the airway. Medical treatment followed by a tracheostomy and bilateral condylectomy relieved the obstruction allowing normal function of the temporomandibular joint. The clinical, electrocardiographic, radiologic, and hemodynamic findings returned to normal. Congenital ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint has not been previously reported as a cause of cor pulmonale secondary to upper airway obstruction.", "PMID": 421585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11073", "title": "Tuberculous aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta: report of a case with fatal rupture.", "content": "Tuberculous aortic aneurysm is a rare disease entity. The majority of affected patients succumb to perforation and exsanguination. The only chance for survival and cure is by resection and prolonged antituberculosis chemotherapy. Our case illustrates the high risk of rupture of tuberculous aortic aneurysms. Post-mortem examination revealed that the mechanism of aneurysm formation was by direct caseous involvement of the descending thoracic aorta from a juxtaposed left upper lobe parenchymal tuberculous process. Our findings also favor the concept that miliary dissemination (in the presence of tuberculous aortic aneurysm) is the result rather than the cause of the tuberculous aortic process.", "contents": "Tuberculous aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta: report of a case with fatal rupture. Tuberculous aortic aneurysm is a rare disease entity. The majority of affected patients succumb to perforation and exsanguination. The only chance for survival and cure is by resection and prolonged antituberculosis chemotherapy. Our case illustrates the high risk of rupture of tuberculous aortic aneurysms. Post-mortem examination revealed that the mechanism of aneurysm formation was by direct caseous involvement of the descending thoracic aorta from a juxtaposed left upper lobe parenchymal tuberculous process. Our findings also favor the concept that miliary dissemination (in the presence of tuberculous aortic aneurysm) is the result rather than the cause of the tuberculous aortic process.", "PMID": 421586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11074", "title": "Surgical removal of a left atrial myxoma during pregnancy.", "content": "Successful removal of a left atrial myxoma in a pregnant woman has not been previously reported. The patient postoperatively had an uncomplicated pregnancy, delivering at term a normal, healthy baby.", "contents": "Surgical removal of a left atrial myxoma during pregnancy. Successful removal of a left atrial myxoma in a pregnant woman has not been previously reported. The patient postoperatively had an uncomplicated pregnancy, delivering at term a normal, healthy baby.", "PMID": 421587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11075", "title": "Bloody pleural effusion associated with an intralobar pulmonary sequestration.", "content": "A 50-year-old male cigarette smoker with a posterior parenchymal lung mass developed a bloody, exudative pleural effusion. Pathologic examination of the resected lung confirmed the preoperative diagnosis of an intralobar pulmonary sequestration.", "contents": "Bloody pleural effusion associated with an intralobar pulmonary sequestration. A 50-year-old male cigarette smoker with a posterior parenchymal lung mass developed a bloody, exudative pleural effusion. Pathologic examination of the resected lung confirmed the preoperative diagnosis of an intralobar pulmonary sequestration.", "PMID": 421588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11076", "title": "Spontaneous closure of atrial septal defect with cardiac failure in infancy.", "content": "Two serial cardiac catheterizations before the age of four months and another at six years confirmed spontaneous closure of a large atrial septal defect which caused congestive heart failure in infancy.", "contents": "Spontaneous closure of atrial septal defect with cardiac failure in infancy. Two serial cardiac catheterizations before the age of four months and another at six years confirmed spontaneous closure of a large atrial septal defect which caused congestive heart failure in infancy.", "PMID": 421589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11077", "title": "Aortopulmonary window or aortopulmonary communication?", "content": "Two patients had a vessel-like aortopulmonary \"window\" which could be ligated without the institution of cardiopulmonary bypass. While embryologically and functionally these communications are identical to the classic aortopulmonary \"window,\" it is suggested that the term \"aortopulmonary communication\" is more appropriate.", "contents": "Aortopulmonary window or aortopulmonary communication? Two patients had a vessel-like aortopulmonary \"window\" which could be ligated without the institution of cardiopulmonary bypass. While embryologically and functionally these communications are identical to the classic aortopulmonary \"window,\" it is suggested that the term \"aortopulmonary communication\" is more appropriate.", "PMID": 421590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11078", "title": "Congenital pulmonary artery branch stenosis: association with renal artery stenosis.", "content": "A patient had multiple bilateral stenoses of the pulmonary artery and its branches with systemic hypertension associated with mild stenoses of the renal arteries. Cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography are important in the evaluation of the degree of stenoses and pulmonary hypertension. This case suggests that in a child or young person with hypertension and a loud precordial murmur, lesions other than coarctation of the aorta may be present. Unexplained systemic hypertension requires further investigative workup which is essential for proper treatment and long-term management of these patients.", "contents": "Congenital pulmonary artery branch stenosis: association with renal artery stenosis. A patient had multiple bilateral stenoses of the pulmonary artery and its branches with systemic hypertension associated with mild stenoses of the renal arteries. Cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography are important in the evaluation of the degree of stenoses and pulmonary hypertension. This case suggests that in a child or young person with hypertension and a loud precordial murmur, lesions other than coarctation of the aorta may be present. Unexplained systemic hypertension requires further investigative workup which is essential for proper treatment and long-term management of these patients.", "PMID": 421591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11079", "title": "Legionnaires' disease presenting with empyema.", "content": "Legionnaire's disease presenting as empyema has not been previously described, although pleural effusions are not uncommon. A 56-year-old woman had a ten-day history of pleuritic chest pain and a large loculated empyema. Legionnaires' disease was documented by serum indirect fluorescent antibody studies.", "contents": "Legionnaires' disease presenting with empyema. Legionnaire's disease presenting as empyema has not been previously described, although pleural effusions are not uncommon. A 56-year-old woman had a ten-day history of pleuritic chest pain and a large loculated empyema. Legionnaires' disease was documented by serum indirect fluorescent antibody studies.", "PMID": 421592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11080", "title": "The immunosuppressive effects of 5-fluorocytosine and 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "5-Fluorocytosine (5-FC) is weakly immunosuppressive when given in lethal doses to mice, and inhibits the responses of mouse and human lymphoid cells to plant lectins at concentrations of 1 mg/ml or more. 5-FC has about 1% of the immunosuppressive activity of 5-fluorouracil in vivo and 0.1% in vitro. Deamination of small amounts of 5-FC to 5-FU or conversion to other toxic metabolities may account for its immunosuppressive effects. The in vitro effects of 5-FC could also be accounted for by the presence of traces (0.1%) of 5-FU as a contaminant.", "contents": "The immunosuppressive effects of 5-fluorocytosine and 5-fluorouracil. 5-Fluorocytosine (5-FC) is weakly immunosuppressive when given in lethal doses to mice, and inhibits the responses of mouse and human lymphoid cells to plant lectins at concentrations of 1 mg/ml or more. 5-FC has about 1% of the immunosuppressive activity of 5-fluorouracil in vivo and 0.1% in vitro. Deamination of small amounts of 5-FC to 5-FU or conversion to other toxic metabolities may account for its immunosuppressive effects. The in vitro effects of 5-FC could also be accounted for by the presence of traces (0.1%) of 5-FU as a contaminant.", "PMID": 421598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11081", "title": "Comprehension skill levels and prevalence of maladaptive behaviors in autistic and mentally retarded children. A statistical study.", "content": "A statistical study on the comparison of the comprehension skill levels between the group with and the group without each maladaptive behavior of nine items was done for autistic and mentally retarded children. Results indicated that the group of the autistic children with hyperactivity or withdrawal had slightly, not significantly, lower comprehension skill levels than the group of those without each of these maladaptive behaviors. On the other hand, the correlation between the prevalence of hyperactivity or withdrawal and lower comprehension skill levels was seen more clearly, with statistically significant differences, rather among the mentally retarded children.", "contents": "Comprehension skill levels and prevalence of maladaptive behaviors in autistic and mentally retarded children. A statistical study. A statistical study on the comparison of the comprehension skill levels between the group with and the group without each maladaptive behavior of nine items was done for autistic and mentally retarded children. Results indicated that the group of the autistic children with hyperactivity or withdrawal had slightly, not significantly, lower comprehension skill levels than the group of those without each of these maladaptive behaviors. On the other hand, the correlation between the prevalence of hyperactivity or withdrawal and lower comprehension skill levels was seen more clearly, with statistically significant differences, rather among the mentally retarded children.", "PMID": 421599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11082", "title": "Chronic encopresis: a system based psychodynamic approach.", "content": "A successful method used in treating a series of five cases of chronic encopresis is reported. The method is a system based approach, taking into account the typically underlying hostile mother-child psychodynamics accompanying encopresis.", "contents": "Chronic encopresis: a system based psychodynamic approach. A successful method used in treating a series of five cases of chronic encopresis is reported. The method is a system based approach, taking into account the typically underlying hostile mother-child psychodynamics accompanying encopresis.", "PMID": 421600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11083", "title": "Prediction of preschool social behavior from social-emotional development at one year.", "content": "In an attempt to directly investigate later consequences of the early mother-infant relationship, several measures of social-emotional and cognitive-motivational development at 12 months of age were correlated with two measures of preschool adjustment for 26 children. Results indicated that both of our measures of early social functioning were related to more optimal adjustment in a peer-setting at three-and-a-half years of age. Taken together, the results of the study provide empirical support for the widely held, but seldom tested, hypothesis that the quality of the early mother-infant tie has important consequences for the child's subsequent development in most areas.", "contents": "Prediction of preschool social behavior from social-emotional development at one year. In an attempt to directly investigate later consequences of the early mother-infant relationship, several measures of social-emotional and cognitive-motivational development at 12 months of age were correlated with two measures of preschool adjustment for 26 children. Results indicated that both of our measures of early social functioning were related to more optimal adjustment in a peer-setting at three-and-a-half years of age. Taken together, the results of the study provide empirical support for the widely held, but seldom tested, hypothesis that the quality of the early mother-infant tie has important consequences for the child's subsequent development in most areas.", "PMID": 421601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11084", "title": "A four-fold model for subgrouping the hyperkinetic/MBD syndrome.", "content": "The major finding of this study is that the presence or absence of aggressive symptomatology differentiates a group of 84 six to twelve year-old Hyperkinetic/MBD boys on a number of important measures at initial referral, during treatment with methylphenidate, and at subsequent five-year-follow-up. When the sample is sorted into high and low aggression groups, several findings emerge which would otherwise have been obscured. Furthermore, there are no significant interactions between aggression (control deficits, negative affect, aggressive interpersonal behavior) and hypertactivity (judgment deficits, hyperactivity, inattention). The value of differentiating between exclusive hyperactivity with aggression) is indicated by the present study.", "contents": "A four-fold model for subgrouping the hyperkinetic/MBD syndrome. The major finding of this study is that the presence or absence of aggressive symptomatology differentiates a group of 84 six to twelve year-old Hyperkinetic/MBD boys on a number of important measures at initial referral, during treatment with methylphenidate, and at subsequent five-year-follow-up. When the sample is sorted into high and low aggression groups, several findings emerge which would otherwise have been obscured. Furthermore, there are no significant interactions between aggression (control deficits, negative affect, aggressive interpersonal behavior) and hypertactivity (judgment deficits, hyperactivity, inattention). The value of differentiating between exclusive hyperactivity with aggression) is indicated by the present study.", "PMID": 421602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11085", "title": "Emotional disorders of asthmatic children.", "content": "Depression, anxiety, defiance and hostility in sixty asthmatic and non-asthmatic children of school age, all with the same familial and constitutional allergic background, were measured with the Mother-Child Questionnaire. In the sample as a whole it was found that boys were more disturbed than girls and high-dependent children were more disturbed than low-dependent children. However, asthmatic low-dependent children were significantly more disturbed than non-asthmatic low-dependent children, whereas asthmatic high-dependent children tend to be less disturbed than non-asthmatic high-dependent children. The findings show that emotional disorders in the asthmatic children are associated with pathogenic maternal family relationship patterns.", "contents": "Emotional disorders of asthmatic children. Depression, anxiety, defiance and hostility in sixty asthmatic and non-asthmatic children of school age, all with the same familial and constitutional allergic background, were measured with the Mother-Child Questionnaire. In the sample as a whole it was found that boys were more disturbed than girls and high-dependent children were more disturbed than low-dependent children. However, asthmatic low-dependent children were significantly more disturbed than non-asthmatic low-dependent children, whereas asthmatic high-dependent children tend to be less disturbed than non-asthmatic high-dependent children. The findings show that emotional disorders in the asthmatic children are associated with pathogenic maternal family relationship patterns.", "PMID": 421603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11086", "title": "Child custody consultation in abuse and neglect: a practical guide.", "content": "Mental health professionals are being asked with increasing frequency to consult to the courts regarding custody in cases of suspected abuse and neglect. This paper provides practical guidelines for evaluation of these families in order to maximize the effectiveness of consultation and minimize common pitfalls usually encountered with such evaluations. The authors offer suggestions for structuring the evaluation, dealing with family reisitances, writing the report and testifying in court. It is the hope that with such practical guidelines, other mental health professionals will be willing to attempt such consultations and will be able to structure them in such a way that they can be carried out efficiently and effectively, benefiting not only the courts, but the children and their families as well.", "contents": "Child custody consultation in abuse and neglect: a practical guide. Mental health professionals are being asked with increasing frequency to consult to the courts regarding custody in cases of suspected abuse and neglect. This paper provides practical guidelines for evaluation of these families in order to maximize the effectiveness of consultation and minimize common pitfalls usually encountered with such evaluations. The authors offer suggestions for structuring the evaluation, dealing with family reisitances, writing the report and testifying in court. It is the hope that with such practical guidelines, other mental health professionals will be willing to attempt such consultations and will be able to structure them in such a way that they can be carried out efficiently and effectively, benefiting not only the courts, but the children and their families as well.", "PMID": 421604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11087", "title": "Psychotherapy in the residential treatment of the borderline child.", "content": "The concept of borderline diagnosis is defined and the goals of residential treatment are delineated. The specific aims and techniques of psychotherapy are then outlined. Concomitant work with parents is utilized. The importance of working through during termination is noted.", "contents": "Psychotherapy in the residential treatment of the borderline child. The concept of borderline diagnosis is defined and the goals of residential treatment are delineated. The specific aims and techniques of psychotherapy are then outlined. Concomitant work with parents is utilized. The importance of working through during termination is noted.", "PMID": 421605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11088", "title": "[The value of Adams and de Weese's technic of cava clipping].", "content": "Indications and methods of inferior vena cava interruption in the management of recurrent pulmonary embolism are discussed. The results of a collected series are analyzed with special regard to the partial interruption technique using the Adams and de Weese clip. Five of our own cases, followed up 1 year postoperatively, are presented.", "contents": "[The value of Adams and de Weese's technic of cava clipping]. Indications and methods of inferior vena cava interruption in the management of recurrent pulmonary embolism are discussed. The results of a collected series are analyzed with special regard to the partial interruption technique using the Adams and de Weese clip. Five of our own cases, followed up 1 year postoperatively, are presented.", "PMID": 421628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11089", "title": "[Clinical testing of an image memory in peroperative roentgen diagnosis].", "content": "The relatively high radiation exposure when applying mobile X-ray image intensifiers to surgical radiology can be distinctly reduced by the ultilzation of an electronic image memory, which makes visible as long as you like the last fluoroscopic image of a fluoroscopic scene on the viewing monitor without switching on the X-ray tube. As an average over various surgical examinations, the dose reduction compared with facilities lacking these image memories amounts to about 30%.", "contents": "[Clinical testing of an image memory in peroperative roentgen diagnosis]. The relatively high radiation exposure when applying mobile X-ray image intensifiers to surgical radiology can be distinctly reduced by the ultilzation of an electronic image memory, which makes visible as long as you like the last fluoroscopic image of a fluoroscopic scene on the viewing monitor without switching on the X-ray tube. As an average over various surgical examinations, the dose reduction compared with facilities lacking these image memories amounts to about 30%.", "PMID": 421630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11090", "title": "[Bypass enteritis. The significance of end-to-end and end-to-side anastomosis in jejunoileostomy].", "content": "Jejunoileostomy is an effective procedure in the treatment of morbid obesity. The end-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses are competitive techniques. The end-to-end anastomosis prevents a reflux of food into the shunted intestine loops, but stool reflux to the colon very often occurs over the drainage anastomosis. The patients develop an immunological disease with fever and arthritis. Resection of the infected intestinal loop is the standard therapy. The immunologic manifestation after jejunoileostomy does not occur after end-to-side anastomosis; end-to-end anastomosis should therefore no longer be used.", "contents": "[Bypass enteritis. The significance of end-to-end and end-to-side anastomosis in jejunoileostomy]. Jejunoileostomy is an effective procedure in the treatment of morbid obesity. The end-to-end and end-to-side anastomoses are competitive techniques. The end-to-end anastomosis prevents a reflux of food into the shunted intestine loops, but stool reflux to the colon very often occurs over the drainage anastomosis. The patients develop an immunological disease with fever and arthritis. Resection of the infected intestinal loop is the standard therapy. The immunologic manifestation after jejunoileostomy does not occur after end-to-side anastomosis; end-to-end anastomosis should therefore no longer be used.", "PMID": 421637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11091", "title": "Operative hemorrhoidectomy versus cryodestruction.", "content": "Twenty-six patients were treated for hemorrhoids by a combination of cryodestruction and closed operative hemorrhoidectomy. Patients were able to draw their own conclusions about the efficacies of these treatments. They had no difficulty in distinguishing exactly which area was causing pain. The operative site was a source of greater pain until the second day after the procedure, when the pain resulting from cryodestruction equalled surgical pain; then cryodestruction associated pain continued longer. Cryodestruction was associated with production of a foul discharge. Residual hemorrhoids were present in 50 per cent of patients' cryodestruction sites. Given the choice at the one year follow-up examination, 65 per cent preferred surgical treatment and 35 per cent preferred cryodestruction.", "contents": "Operative hemorrhoidectomy versus cryodestruction. Twenty-six patients were treated for hemorrhoids by a combination of cryodestruction and closed operative hemorrhoidectomy. Patients were able to draw their own conclusions about the efficacies of these treatments. They had no difficulty in distinguishing exactly which area was causing pain. The operative site was a source of greater pain until the second day after the procedure, when the pain resulting from cryodestruction equalled surgical pain; then cryodestruction associated pain continued longer. Cryodestruction was associated with production of a foul discharge. Residual hemorrhoids were present in 50 per cent of patients' cryodestruction sites. Given the choice at the one year follow-up examination, 65 per cent preferred surgical treatment and 35 per cent preferred cryodestruction.", "PMID": 421639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11092", "title": "Irrigation vs. natural evacuation of left colostomy: a comparative study of 340 patients.", "content": "A comparative study of two methods of managing left colostomy (irrigation and natural evacuation) was carried out on 340 patients who were examined and interviewed at the Stoma Rehabilitation Clinic of the Institute of Surgical Pathology of the University of Padua. Ninety-two per cent of patients who irrigated their colostomies gained fecal continence. No patient who irrigated his colostomy had any cutaneous problem, and this group had significantly better results in preventing leakage of gas and odors compared with those patients using natural evacuation. For most patients who irrigated, the ability to predict or control bowel movements overcame fears of \"being dirty\" and related psychological problems. These patients also had more normal social and working lives than did those patients not irrigating their colostomies. Only one patient in our series had a colonic perforation, and any chance of a repeat incident will probably disappear with the cone-shaped catheters now available. The authors conclude that in properly selected patients, irrigation is the method of choice for management of left colostomy.", "contents": "Irrigation vs. natural evacuation of left colostomy: a comparative study of 340 patients. A comparative study of two methods of managing left colostomy (irrigation and natural evacuation) was carried out on 340 patients who were examined and interviewed at the Stoma Rehabilitation Clinic of the Institute of Surgical Pathology of the University of Padua. Ninety-two per cent of patients who irrigated their colostomies gained fecal continence. No patient who irrigated his colostomy had any cutaneous problem, and this group had significantly better results in preventing leakage of gas and odors compared with those patients using natural evacuation. For most patients who irrigated, the ability to predict or control bowel movements overcame fears of \"being dirty\" and related psychological problems. These patients also had more normal social and working lives than did those patients not irrigating their colostomies. Only one patient in our series had a colonic perforation, and any chance of a repeat incident will probably disappear with the cone-shaped catheters now available. The authors conclude that in properly selected patients, irrigation is the method of choice for management of left colostomy.", "PMID": 421643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11093", "title": "Sigmoidal ulcer as a cause of acute colonic obstruction.", "content": "A case of primary nonspecific ulceration of the sigmoid colon initially manifesting as acute colonic obstruction is presented. Other possible etiologies of acute sigmoidal obstruction are discussed.", "contents": "Sigmoidal ulcer as a cause of acute colonic obstruction. A case of primary nonspecific ulceration of the sigmoid colon initially manifesting as acute colonic obstruction is presented. Other possible etiologies of acute sigmoidal obstruction are discussed.", "PMID": 421646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11094", "title": "Viscous lidocaine as a posthemorrhoidectomy analgesic.", "content": "During hemorrhoidectomy, a standard 16-gauge plastic catheter was sutured to the operative site so that analgesic doses of viscous lidocaine solution could be delivered to the site for the first 36 hours postoperatively. Although 14 patients had urinary retention that necessitated catheterization, no complication was attributed to the analgesic method. Of 227  patients, 92 per cent were treated with this method plus orally administered nonnarcotic analgesics. Viscous lidocaine injected into the anus is concluded to provide safe, convenient analgesia following hemorrhoidectomy. Toxic reactions to lidocaine were not a problem because the doses were small, and the drug was used only intermittently over a period of 36 hours.", "contents": "Viscous lidocaine as a posthemorrhoidectomy analgesic. During hemorrhoidectomy, a standard 16-gauge plastic catheter was sutured to the operative site so that analgesic doses of viscous lidocaine solution could be delivered to the site for the first 36 hours postoperatively. Although 14 patients had urinary retention that necessitated catheterization, no complication was attributed to the analgesic method. Of 227  patients, 92 per cent were treated with this method plus orally administered nonnarcotic analgesics. Viscous lidocaine injected into the anus is concluded to provide safe, convenient analgesia following hemorrhoidectomy. Toxic reactions to lidocaine were not a problem because the doses were small, and the drug was used only intermittently over a period of 36 hours.", "PMID": 421645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11095", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum: a review of surgical treatment in 302 patients.", "content": "A retrospective study of 302 patients who underwent surgical treatment for colorectal carcinoma from 1952 to 1971 is presented. Resectability rate was 93.7 per cent. Operative mortality rate was 5 per cent. Complications were recorded in 12 per cent of cases. Recurrence at the anastomotic line occurred in 3.31 per cent. The actuarial five-year survival rate was 44.2 per cent for all types of cancer. The \"no-touch\" technique utilized after 1968 resulted in increased survival of patients who had Dukes' B and C cancers.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum: a review of surgical treatment in 302 patients. A retrospective study of 302 patients who underwent surgical treatment for colorectal carcinoma from 1952 to 1971 is presented. Resectability rate was 93.7 per cent. Operative mortality rate was 5 per cent. Complications were recorded in 12 per cent of cases. Recurrence at the anastomotic line occurred in 3.31 per cent. The actuarial five-year survival rate was 44.2 per cent for all types of cancer. The \"no-touch\" technique utilized after 1968 resulted in increased survival of patients who had Dukes' B and C cancers.", "PMID": 421644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11096", "title": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis involving the ileocecal area.", "content": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, an idiopathic inflammation of the alimentary canal, is characterized by infiltration of the intestinal wall by eosinophils, massive submucosal edema, and peripheral eosinophilia. It is generally confined to the gastric antrum and proximal small intestine. A young woman had an eosinophilic infiltrate that involved the distal ileum and right colon only. Barium studies showed severe narrowing and shortening of the cecum and ascending colon. Symptoms of intestinal obstruction did not respond satisfactorily to conservative measures. Adhesions over the ileocecal area as well as thickening and induration of the terminal ileum and proximal right colon were found on hemicolectomy. The remaining intestine and the peritoneal cavity were felt to be normal. Histologic examination showed a cellular infiltrate with prominent eosinophils in the mucosa, submucosal edema and fibrosis. During a 40-month follow-up period after the hemicolectomy, the patient has not shown clear evidence of recurrence or extension of the disease to the stomach or proximal small intestine. It is concluded that idiopathic eosinophilic gastroenteritis may primarily involve the ileocecal area. In that location it must be specifically differentiated from intestinal tuberculosis, amebiasis, and Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis involving the ileocecal area. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, an idiopathic inflammation of the alimentary canal, is characterized by infiltration of the intestinal wall by eosinophils, massive submucosal edema, and peripheral eosinophilia. It is generally confined to the gastric antrum and proximal small intestine. A young woman had an eosinophilic infiltrate that involved the distal ileum and right colon only. Barium studies showed severe narrowing and shortening of the cecum and ascending colon. Symptoms of intestinal obstruction did not respond satisfactorily to conservative measures. Adhesions over the ileocecal area as well as thickening and induration of the terminal ileum and proximal right colon were found on hemicolectomy. The remaining intestine and the peritoneal cavity were felt to be normal. Histologic examination showed a cellular infiltrate with prominent eosinophils in the mucosa, submucosal edema and fibrosis. During a 40-month follow-up period after the hemicolectomy, the patient has not shown clear evidence of recurrence or extension of the disease to the stomach or proximal small intestine. It is concluded that idiopathic eosinophilic gastroenteritis may primarily involve the ileocecal area. In that location it must be specifically differentiated from intestinal tuberculosis, amebiasis, and Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 421648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11097", "title": "Pneumatosis intestinalis: a clinical classification.", "content": "Review of our experience with pneumatosis intestinalis has allowed identification of three major clinical groups of patients. In each of these groups, the etiology of pneumatosis intestinalis usually can be identified, and it frequently has an ominous prognosis. Treatment should be directed to the underlying condition when possible, and hence must be individualized. Those patients who would be categorized as Group I can simply be kept under observation. Patients in Group II might obtain relief from breathing increased concentrations of oxygen. For patients in Group III vigorous therapeutic measures generally are necessary to ensure survival. The increasing use of mechanically controlled ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure may be contributing to the incidence of pneumatosis intestinalis. The ileus sometimes observed in these patients may accompany or precede the development of intramural air, a condition identifiable on roentgenographic examination. Awareness of the possible presence of intramural air may help in identifying patients who may not need operation. But even when roentgenographic examination has confirmed the presence of intramural air, abdominal exploration still may be necessary to rule out a diagnosis of perforated viscus. We hope that these concepts and our emphasis upon individualization of treatment may improve the prognosis for patients who have pneumatosis intestinalis.", "contents": "Pneumatosis intestinalis: a clinical classification. Review of our experience with pneumatosis intestinalis has allowed identification of three major clinical groups of patients. In each of these groups, the etiology of pneumatosis intestinalis usually can be identified, and it frequently has an ominous prognosis. Treatment should be directed to the underlying condition when possible, and hence must be individualized. Those patients who would be categorized as Group I can simply be kept under observation. Patients in Group II might obtain relief from breathing increased concentrations of oxygen. For patients in Group III vigorous therapeutic measures generally are necessary to ensure survival. The increasing use of mechanically controlled ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure may be contributing to the incidence of pneumatosis intestinalis. The ileus sometimes observed in these patients may accompany or precede the development of intramural air, a condition identifiable on roentgenographic examination. Awareness of the possible presence of intramural air may help in identifying patients who may not need operation. But even when roentgenographic examination has confirmed the presence of intramural air, abdominal exploration still may be necessary to rule out a diagnosis of perforated viscus. We hope that these concepts and our emphasis upon individualization of treatment may improve the prognosis for patients who have pneumatosis intestinalis.", "PMID": 421649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11098", "title": "Fournier's syndrome following anorectal examination and mucosal biopsy.", "content": "We have presented a rare instance of Fournier's synergistic gangrene following anorectal examination and biopsy. Early diagnosis and extensive debridement were necessary. Extensive debridement necessitated a significant reconstruction task. This technique of genital reconstruction should be familiar to surgeons dealing with colonic and rectal disease.", "contents": "Fournier's syndrome following anorectal examination and mucosal biopsy. We have presented a rare instance of Fournier's synergistic gangrene following anorectal examination and biopsy. Early diagnosis and extensive debridement were necessary. Extensive debridement necessitated a significant reconstruction task. This technique of genital reconstruction should be familiar to surgeons dealing with colonic and rectal disease.", "PMID": 421650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11099", "title": "Juvenile colonic polyposis with villous adenoma and retroperitoneal fibrosis: Report of a case.", "content": "A 25-year-old Nigerian black woman was found to have polyps involving the rectum, rectosigmoid, and sigmoid colon on air-contrast barium-enema examination. Resection of a segment of sigmoid colon revealed numerous polyps that were predominantly of the juvenile type, in keeping with the diagnosis of juvenile polyposis of the colon. This case is unusual because of the coexistence of retroperitoneal fibrosis with juvenile polyposis of the colon. In addition, one of the colonic polyps was a villous adenoma. The implications these findings are discussed in relation to polyposis syndromes reported previously.", "contents": "Juvenile colonic polyposis with villous adenoma and retroperitoneal fibrosis: Report of a case. A 25-year-old Nigerian black woman was found to have polyps involving the rectum, rectosigmoid, and sigmoid colon on air-contrast barium-enema examination. Resection of a segment of sigmoid colon revealed numerous polyps that were predominantly of the juvenile type, in keeping with the diagnosis of juvenile polyposis of the colon. This case is unusual because of the coexistence of retroperitoneal fibrosis with juvenile polyposis of the colon. In addition, one of the colonic polyps was a villous adenoma. The implications these findings are discussed in relation to polyposis syndromes reported previously.", "PMID": 421653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11100", "title": "[On the infectiousness of HBs-antigen-positive medical personnel (author's transl)].", "content": "Electronmicroscopic study of 29 HBs-antigen-positive personnel of a large hospital demonstrated virus material in the blood in all instances. In nine cases Dane particles, which are the infectious principle of the hepatitis B virus, were also seen. Dane-particle-positive personnel in a hospital could well be a risk to the patients if the carrier status or infectiousness of the person is not known.", "contents": "[On the infectiousness of HBs-antigen-positive medical personnel (author's transl)]. Electronmicroscopic study of 29 HBs-antigen-positive personnel of a large hospital demonstrated virus material in the blood in all instances. In nine cases Dane particles, which are the infectious principle of the hepatitis B virus, were also seen. Dane-particle-positive personnel in a hospital could well be a risk to the patients if the carrier status or infectiousness of the person is not known.", "PMID": 421666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11101", "title": "[Characterisation of activity of a biphasic monocomponent insulin (author's transl)].", "content": "13 automated continuous measurements of blood glucose over a period of 24 hours were registered in 10 diabetics with two daily doses of highly purified biphasic monocomponent insulin Rapitard (Novo) using an automated analysis system based on the autoanalyser II (Technicon). It was shown that the action of MC Rapitard insulin starts within 30 minutes after subcutaneous injection. There is a pronounced initial activity which is clearly superior to that of MC Monotard insulin. The maximum of activity is after 2-4 hours and lasts at least for 8 and sometimes 11 hours after application. Not counting two men with brittle diabetes MC Rapitard insulin was able to keep postprandial blood glucose changes within narrow limits. Thus there is a good effectiveness against hyperglycaemic peaks. Despite the b.i.d. application of this relatively long acting intermediary insulin there were no undesirable effects of an overlap. As expected the effectiveness of MC Rapitard insulin does not differ from the earlier non-chromatographically purified Rapitard insulin preparation.", "contents": "[Characterisation of activity of a biphasic monocomponent insulin (author's transl)]. 13 automated continuous measurements of blood glucose over a period of 24 hours were registered in 10 diabetics with two daily doses of highly purified biphasic monocomponent insulin Rapitard (Novo) using an automated analysis system based on the autoanalyser II (Technicon). It was shown that the action of MC Rapitard insulin starts within 30 minutes after subcutaneous injection. There is a pronounced initial activity which is clearly superior to that of MC Monotard insulin. The maximum of activity is after 2-4 hours and lasts at least for 8 and sometimes 11 hours after application. Not counting two men with brittle diabetes MC Rapitard insulin was able to keep postprandial blood glucose changes within narrow limits. Thus there is a good effectiveness against hyperglycaemic peaks. Despite the b.i.d. application of this relatively long acting intermediary insulin there were no undesirable effects of an overlap. As expected the effectiveness of MC Rapitard insulin does not differ from the earlier non-chromatographically purified Rapitard insulin preparation.", "PMID": 421667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11102", "title": "[The diagnosis of hydatid disease of the liver by ultrasound (author's transl)].", "content": "Demonstration and localisation of hydatid disease in the liver by ultrasound was successful in 41 patients (35 with cystic and 6 with alveolar disease). In cystic hydatid disease the demonstration of a cyst which contains a daughter cyst (5 of 35 cases), as well as a cystic conglomerate enclosed in a smooth capsule (17 of 35 cases), is typical for the disease. In 22 patients ultrasound alone provided the correct diagnosis. In the alveolar form the ultrasound findings were not typical for the parasite and could not be differentiated from solid or necrotising malignant tumour of the liver. The ultrasound method is thus of great value in the diagnosis of cystic hydatid disease, but if the findings are unclear--especially if the alveolar type of disease is suspected--further studies of the disease, in particular angiography, must be undertaken.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of hydatid disease of the liver by ultrasound (author's transl)]. Demonstration and localisation of hydatid disease in the liver by ultrasound was successful in 41 patients (35 with cystic and 6 with alveolar disease). In cystic hydatid disease the demonstration of a cyst which contains a daughter cyst (5 of 35 cases), as well as a cystic conglomerate enclosed in a smooth capsule (17 of 35 cases), is typical for the disease. In 22 patients ultrasound alone provided the correct diagnosis. In the alveolar form the ultrasound findings were not typical for the parasite and could not be differentiated from solid or necrotising malignant tumour of the liver. The ultrasound method is thus of great value in the diagnosis of cystic hydatid disease, but if the findings are unclear--especially if the alveolar type of disease is suspected--further studies of the disease, in particular angiography, must be undertaken.", "PMID": 421668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11103", "title": "[Benign surgical icterus (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 3192 operations on the gall bladder and biliary ducts clinically and chemically a benign icterus was found in 318 patients (9.9%) (maximal serum bilirubin values 21 mumol/l). 140 patients (44%) had a typical biliary history over many years, 173 patients (54%) had only cholelithiasis, 98 patients (30.9%) had concrements in the gall bladder and biliary ducts and 9 patients (2.8%) had concrements in the biliary ducts only. In 141 patients (44.3%) additional complications were found. The post-operative mortality was 5% among which were 9 patients dying of the final stages of their basic disease or its complications; 7 patients died of cardiopulmonary complications. An improvement of the prognosis can only be reached by early operation of patients with gallstones.", "contents": "[Benign surgical icterus (author's transl)]. Among 3192 operations on the gall bladder and biliary ducts clinically and chemically a benign icterus was found in 318 patients (9.9%) (maximal serum bilirubin values 21 mumol/l). 140 patients (44%) had a typical biliary history over many years, 173 patients (54%) had only cholelithiasis, 98 patients (30.9%) had concrements in the gall bladder and biliary ducts and 9 patients (2.8%) had concrements in the biliary ducts only. In 141 patients (44.3%) additional complications were found. The post-operative mortality was 5% among which were 9 patients dying of the final stages of their basic disease or its complications; 7 patients died of cardiopulmonary complications. An improvement of the prognosis can only be reached by early operation of patients with gallstones.", "PMID": 421670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11104", "title": "[Rheology of the blood during treatment of hypertension with xipamide (author's transl)].", "content": "The possible effect of xipamide on flow properties of blood were studied in groups of eight patients each with essential hypertension. It was demonstrated that 10 mg xipamide (a long-acting diuretic) given daily had no deleterious effect on flow property, while 20 mg daily produced a haemoconcentration which negatively affected it, apparently in relation to the urine volume excreted per unit time. At higher dosages the effect on blood flow properties was shifted in time, which indicates that the increased diuresis in the first day leads to a cumulative effect on the flow properties of the blood. Erythrocyte deformability was not affected. It is possible that combined preparations which contain a diuretic should be specially examined with respect to any undesirable effect on flow properties of the blood.", "contents": "[Rheology of the blood during treatment of hypertension with xipamide (author's transl)]. The possible effect of xipamide on flow properties of blood were studied in groups of eight patients each with essential hypertension. It was demonstrated that 10 mg xipamide (a long-acting diuretic) given daily had no deleterious effect on flow property, while 20 mg daily produced a haemoconcentration which negatively affected it, apparently in relation to the urine volume excreted per unit time. At higher dosages the effect on blood flow properties was shifted in time, which indicates that the increased diuresis in the first day leads to a cumulative effect on the flow properties of the blood. Erythrocyte deformability was not affected. It is possible that combined preparations which contain a diuretic should be specially examined with respect to any undesirable effect on flow properties of the blood.", "PMID": 421671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11105", "title": "Salivary and plasma IgA of seizure subjects receiving phenytoin.", "content": "Immunoglobulin A, phenytoin, and protein were determined in plasma, unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva and stimulated and unstimulated parotid saliva from seizure subjects, aged 18 or more, who had ingested phenytoin for 1 year or more from controls. Patient subgroups with low plasma IgA and with gingival overgrowth were evaluated separately. Plasma and salivary phenytoin and ratios of salivary to plasma phenytoin concentrations corresponded to published reports. Plasma IgA was significantly decreased in the total patient group. However, salivary IgA expressed as the concentration or as the proportion of salivary protein, with one exception, was not significantly decreased in any type of saliva from the total patient group or subgroups. Significant phenytoin induced increases in salivary IgA were noted. IgA secretion rate by the parotid gland was significantly increased in the total patient group. This investigation does not indicate a deficiency of oral IgA from chronic phenytoin ingestion. Thus, it appears unlikely that decreased oral IgA with a consequent enhanced susceptibility to inflammation contributes to phenytoin associated gingival overgrowth.", "contents": "Salivary and plasma IgA of seizure subjects receiving phenytoin. Immunoglobulin A, phenytoin, and protein were determined in plasma, unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva and stimulated and unstimulated parotid saliva from seizure subjects, aged 18 or more, who had ingested phenytoin for 1 year or more from controls. Patient subgroups with low plasma IgA and with gingival overgrowth were evaluated separately. Plasma and salivary phenytoin and ratios of salivary to plasma phenytoin concentrations corresponded to published reports. Plasma IgA was significantly decreased in the total patient group. However, salivary IgA expressed as the concentration or as the proportion of salivary protein, with one exception, was not significantly decreased in any type of saliva from the total patient group or subgroups. Significant phenytoin induced increases in salivary IgA were noted. IgA secretion rate by the parotid gland was significantly increased in the total patient group. This investigation does not indicate a deficiency of oral IgA from chronic phenytoin ingestion. Thus, it appears unlikely that decreased oral IgA with a consequent enhanced susceptibility to inflammation contributes to phenytoin associated gingival overgrowth.", "PMID": 421674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11106", "title": "Treatment of bacterial infections in pregnancy.", "content": "Treatment of bacterial infections in pregnancy requires an understanding of the unique problems related to the administration of antibacterial agents to pregnant women. The clinician must be aware not only of the antibiotic-associated untoward effects which may develop in the mother, but also of the possibility that adverse reactions may occur in the fetus. Precise knowledge of the microbial aetiology of those infections which occur during pregnancy and an understanding of the intricacies of antibiotic administration to pregnant women will assure the greatest likelihood that bacterial infections in pregnancy will be effectively, and safely, treated.", "contents": "Treatment of bacterial infections in pregnancy. Treatment of bacterial infections in pregnancy requires an understanding of the unique problems related to the administration of antibacterial agents to pregnant women. The clinician must be aware not only of the antibiotic-associated untoward effects which may develop in the mother, but also of the possibility that adverse reactions may occur in the fetus. Precise knowledge of the microbial aetiology of those infections which occur during pregnancy and an understanding of the intricacies of antibiotic administration to pregnant women will assure the greatest likelihood that bacterial infections in pregnancy will be effectively, and safely, treated.", "PMID": 421673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11107", "title": "Estimation of plasma unbound phenobarbital concentration by using mixed saliva.", "content": "Relationships among plasma total (Ct), plasma protein unbound (Cf) and mixed salivary (Cs) concentrations of phenobarbital (PB) were studied in 29 epileptic patients. A highly significant correlation was observed between Ct and Cf. Although a significant correlation was observed between Cf and Cs, Cs/Cf ratio was only 0.63. When Cs was corrected by using pKa (7.41) and pH of saliva to estimate free PB concentration (Cest f), a highly significant correlation was obtained between Cf and Cest f, and Cest f/Cr ratio was 0.96. The temporal course of Cest f obtained from Cs after an oral single dose of 50 mg PB in a healthy adult male volunteer was approximated as a triexponential equation. The peak time was 2 hr after ingestion and apparent half life was 66 hr. The prediction of minimum concentrations at steady state on the basis of these parameters corresponded well with actually obtained Cest f following repetitive administration of PB.", "contents": "Estimation of plasma unbound phenobarbital concentration by using mixed saliva. Relationships among plasma total (Ct), plasma protein unbound (Cf) and mixed salivary (Cs) concentrations of phenobarbital (PB) were studied in 29 epileptic patients. A highly significant correlation was observed between Ct and Cf. Although a significant correlation was observed between Cf and Cs, Cs/Cf ratio was only 0.63. When Cs was corrected by using pKa (7.41) and pH of saliva to estimate free PB concentration (Cest f), a highly significant correlation was obtained between Cf and Cest f, and Cest f/Cr ratio was 0.96. The temporal course of Cest f obtained from Cs after an oral single dose of 50 mg PB in a healthy adult male volunteer was approximated as a triexponential equation. The peak time was 2 hr after ingestion and apparent half life was 66 hr. The prediction of minimum concentrations at steady state on the basis of these parameters corresponded well with actually obtained Cest f following repetitive administration of PB.", "PMID": 421675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11108", "title": "Physical exercise modifies the effect of high cholesterol-sucrose feeding in the rat.", "content": "1. Adult male rats were fed a basic chow (less than 0.01% cholesterol) and the same diet modified to contain 0.2% cholesterol and 20% sucrose. 2. Cholesterol-sucrose diet increased the erythrocyte cholesterol and the liver cholesterol. This diet decreased the epididymal fat weight and the biliary cholesterol and it improved the micellar solubility of cholesterol in the bile. 3. Swimming daily for 1 h for 94 days modified the effect of cholesterol-sucrose feeding: it induced plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), it decreased erythrocyte cholesterol, plasma total and unesterified cholesterol, and adipose tissue phospholipids to a level even beyond that of the animals on the basic chow. These changes in lipid levels induced by exercise suggest an important role of LCAT in cholesterol transport. 4. Exercise did not effect micellar solubility of cholesterol in the bile probably because cholesterol biosynthesis was already suppressed by dietary cholesterol. 5. Exercise promotes cholesterol esterification and transport from the peripheral tissues to the liver not only on a low cholesterol diet (our previous reports) but also when feeding a diet high in cholesterol and sucrose.", "contents": "Physical exercise modifies the effect of high cholesterol-sucrose feeding in the rat. 1. Adult male rats were fed a basic chow (less than 0.01% cholesterol) and the same diet modified to contain 0.2% cholesterol and 20% sucrose. 2. Cholesterol-sucrose diet increased the erythrocyte cholesterol and the liver cholesterol. This diet decreased the epididymal fat weight and the biliary cholesterol and it improved the micellar solubility of cholesterol in the bile. 3. Swimming daily for 1 h for 94 days modified the effect of cholesterol-sucrose feeding: it induced plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), it decreased erythrocyte cholesterol, plasma total and unesterified cholesterol, and adipose tissue phospholipids to a level even beyond that of the animals on the basic chow. These changes in lipid levels induced by exercise suggest an important role of LCAT in cholesterol transport. 4. Exercise did not effect micellar solubility of cholesterol in the bile probably because cholesterol biosynthesis was already suppressed by dietary cholesterol. 5. Exercise promotes cholesterol esterification and transport from the peripheral tissues to the liver not only on a low cholesterol diet (our previous reports) but also when feeding a diet high in cholesterol and sucrose.", "PMID": 421678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11109", "title": "Theoretical analysis of surface EMG in voluntary isometric contraction.", "content": "A new stochastic model of the surface EMG is suggested and the spectral density of the surface EMG is studied theoretically and experimentally to confirm the validity of this model. Theoretical results show that while the contraction level is not so high, the shape of the spectral density (distribution) does not change and its amplitude is directly proportional to the motor unit firing frequency and recruitment. To illustrate the theoretical results, experiments were carried out for rectus femoris and biceps brachii. The surface EMG was lead off by bipolar surface electrodes. And the spectral density of the surface EMG was calculated using FFT algorithm. From these experimental results, it was confirmed that our theoretical results were almost valid.", "contents": "Theoretical analysis of surface EMG in voluntary isometric contraction. A new stochastic model of the surface EMG is suggested and the spectral density of the surface EMG is studied theoretically and experimentally to confirm the validity of this model. Theoretical results show that while the contraction level is not so high, the shape of the spectral density (distribution) does not change and its amplitude is directly proportional to the motor unit firing frequency and recruitment. To illustrate the theoretical results, experiments were carried out for rectus femoris and biceps brachii. The surface EMG was lead off by bipolar surface electrodes. And the spectral density of the surface EMG was calculated using FFT algorithm. From these experimental results, it was confirmed that our theoretical results were almost valid.", "PMID": 421679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11110", "title": "[Modification of the Hoffmann reflex in function of athletic training (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study measures the values of the Hoffmann reflex and principally the relationship between the maximum reflex response and the maximum direct motor response (H max/M max) and their evolution. The subjects were athletes, performing aerobic and anaerobic type activities, divided into six groups (swimmers; soccer players; tennis players; sprinters; middle and long distance runners; and nonspecific athletes). The results show the average values of the H max/M max (53%) to be not different from those of nonathletes. When separated into aerobic and anaerobic groups, significant differences were found: the values are significantly inferior for subjects participating in anaerobic sports (37%) whereas we found an increase (from 55-75%) in the relationship for swimmers performing aerobic activities after 3 years of regular training. The results suggest, in accordance with previous authors, the possibility of a correlation between the modifications of the H max/M max and the type of activities (aerobic or anaerobic).", "contents": "[Modification of the Hoffmann reflex in function of athletic training (author's transl)]. The present study measures the values of the Hoffmann reflex and principally the relationship between the maximum reflex response and the maximum direct motor response (H max/M max) and their evolution. The subjects were athletes, performing aerobic and anaerobic type activities, divided into six groups (swimmers; soccer players; tennis players; sprinters; middle and long distance runners; and nonspecific athletes). The results show the average values of the H max/M max (53%) to be not different from those of nonathletes. When separated into aerobic and anaerobic groups, significant differences were found: the values are significantly inferior for subjects participating in anaerobic sports (37%) whereas we found an increase (from 55-75%) in the relationship for swimmers performing aerobic activities after 3 years of regular training. The results suggest, in accordance with previous authors, the possibility of a correlation between the modifications of the H max/M max and the type of activities (aerobic or anaerobic).", "PMID": 421680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11111", "title": "The effects of different levels of heat production induced by diathermy and eccentric work on thermoregulation during exercise at a given skin temperature.", "content": "The thermal responses of two healthy male subjects have been studied at the same mean skin temperature (Tsk) during negative work, positive work and positive work in which additional heating was induced by diathermy. The results showed that for a given metabolic heat production (M) rectal (Tre) and oesophageal (Toes) temperatures were higher in negative work and positive work with diathermy than normal control experiments. In resting experiments with diathermy, Toes rose to the same level as when an equal amount of heat was produced metabolically by exercise. In negative work and positive work with diathermy sweat loss (Msw) was higher for a given M and Tsk than found for normal exercise, but in all three forms of work the relationship of Msw to total heat production (H) was identical. During positive work with and without diathermy the differences in Msw could be accounted for by using a previously developed model of relative sweating rate: %Msw = -constant + alphaTre (or Toes) + betaTsk. In negative work, removal of the difference between predicted and observed %Msw required the inclusion of a further factor into the equation based on muscle temperature. The results suggest that the core temperature in exercise rises to meet the requirements of heat dissipation mainly by stimulating Msw and establishing a heat transfer gradient from core to periphery and is not necessarily or uniquely related to M or to the rate of working. The study underlines the usefulness of negative work and diathermy as physiological tools for the further understanding of thermoregulation during exercise.", "contents": "The effects of different levels of heat production induced by diathermy and eccentric work on thermoregulation during exercise at a given skin temperature. The thermal responses of two healthy male subjects have been studied at the same mean skin temperature (Tsk) during negative work, positive work and positive work in which additional heating was induced by diathermy. The results showed that for a given metabolic heat production (M) rectal (Tre) and oesophageal (Toes) temperatures were higher in negative work and positive work with diathermy than normal control experiments. In resting experiments with diathermy, Toes rose to the same level as when an equal amount of heat was produced metabolically by exercise. In negative work and positive work with diathermy sweat loss (Msw) was higher for a given M and Tsk than found for normal exercise, but in all three forms of work the relationship of Msw to total heat production (H) was identical. During positive work with and without diathermy the differences in Msw could be accounted for by using a previously developed model of relative sweating rate: %Msw = -constant + alphaTre (or Toes) + betaTsk. In negative work, removal of the difference between predicted and observed %Msw required the inclusion of a further factor into the equation based on muscle temperature. The results suggest that the core temperature in exercise rises to meet the requirements of heat dissipation mainly by stimulating Msw and establishing a heat transfer gradient from core to periphery and is not necessarily or uniquely related to M or to the rate of working. The study underlines the usefulness of negative work and diathermy as physiological tools for the further understanding of thermoregulation during exercise.", "PMID": 421681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11112", "title": "[The local and time-dependent temperature field in the body of a homeothermic organism in case of sudden changes of quantity and local distribution of internal heat production (author's transl)].", "content": "For the local and time-dependent temperature field in a homeothermic organism the symmetry of constant mean surface curvature is a geometrical adequate descriptive form. The according form of the partial differential equation of heat conduction with a suitable source function has been solved for sudden changes of the internal heat production. The thermodynamical difference between decrease and increase of the body heat content is discussed. The solution formula is also valid in case of sudden change of heat loss, caused for example by changes of the climatic conditions of the environment, clothing, or wetness of the skin surface. The results of the calculations are in good agreement with experimental data of other authors.", "contents": "[The local and time-dependent temperature field in the body of a homeothermic organism in case of sudden changes of quantity and local distribution of internal heat production (author's transl)]. For the local and time-dependent temperature field in a homeothermic organism the symmetry of constant mean surface curvature is a geometrical adequate descriptive form. The according form of the partial differential equation of heat conduction with a suitable source function has been solved for sudden changes of the internal heat production. The thermodynamical difference between decrease and increase of the body heat content is discussed. The solution formula is also valid in case of sudden change of heat loss, caused for example by changes of the climatic conditions of the environment, clothing, or wetness of the skin surface. The results of the calculations are in good agreement with experimental data of other authors.", "PMID": 421682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11113", "title": "Capillary supply and mitochondrial content of different skeletal muscle fiber types in untrained and endurance-trained men. A histochemical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "The number of capillaries per fiber, per mm2, around each fiber type and relative to fiber area was determined in six untrained subjects (UT) and six elite cross-country skiers (ET). Average values for maximal oxygen uptake were 49.8 ml . kg-1 . min-1 (UT) and 77.9 ml . kg-1 . min-1 (ET). Type I fibers constituted 39.2% (UT) and 68.6% (ET), type II A fibers 39.6% (UT) and 19.2% (ET), while 12.8% (UT) and 6.6% (ET) of the fibers were type II B. The mean fiber area for the type II A fibers was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) than the areas for type I and II B in the untrained group. The average numbers of capillaries around each fiber type (CA) were 4.76-4.84-2.94 (UT) and 7.79-6.63-4.5 (ET) for type I, II A, and II B, respectively. There was a significant difference (p less than 0.01) in the CA values relative to fiber area for all fiber types in both groups, being highest for type I and lowest for type II B. The CA increased linearly with increasing size of the fibers for all fiber types in both groups. The mitochondrial content was determined semiquantitatively for each fiber type. The differences in capillary supply between the fiber types are accompanied by similar differences in mitochondrial content. The results indicate that endurance training increases the capillary supply of all fiber types in the human quadriceps muscle. The fact that light microscopical studies have given lower capillarization values than those obtained with the electron microscope is discussed.", "contents": "Capillary supply and mitochondrial content of different skeletal muscle fiber types in untrained and endurance-trained men. A histochemical and ultrastructural study. The number of capillaries per fiber, per mm2, around each fiber type and relative to fiber area was determined in six untrained subjects (UT) and six elite cross-country skiers (ET). Average values for maximal oxygen uptake were 49.8 ml . kg-1 . min-1 (UT) and 77.9 ml . kg-1 . min-1 (ET). Type I fibers constituted 39.2% (UT) and 68.6% (ET), type II A fibers 39.6% (UT) and 19.2% (ET), while 12.8% (UT) and 6.6% (ET) of the fibers were type II B. The mean fiber area for the type II A fibers was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) than the areas for type I and II B in the untrained group. The average numbers of capillaries around each fiber type (CA) were 4.76-4.84-2.94 (UT) and 7.79-6.63-4.5 (ET) for type I, II A, and II B, respectively. There was a significant difference (p less than 0.01) in the CA values relative to fiber area for all fiber types in both groups, being highest for type I and lowest for type II B. The CA increased linearly with increasing size of the fibers for all fiber types in both groups. The mitochondrial content was determined semiquantitatively for each fiber type. The differences in capillary supply between the fiber types are accompanied by similar differences in mitochondrial content. The results indicate that endurance training increases the capillary supply of all fiber types in the human quadriceps muscle. The fact that light microscopical studies have given lower capillarization values than those obtained with the electron microscope is discussed.", "PMID": 421683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11114", "title": "Pulmonary blood volume and interventricular circulation time in physically trained and untrained subjects.", "content": "Resting pulmonary plasma and blood volumes (PPV and PBV), interventricular circulation time (IVCT), cardiac and stroke index (CI and SI), heart rate (HR), total plasma and blood volumes (PV and BV) were determined in athletes (two male groups representing different types of sport activities, and one female group) and compared with those of non-athletes (one male and one female group). In addition to high maximal aerobic power, the athletes were characterized by greater SI, BV and PV and lower resting HR than non-athletes, PPV and PBV were significantly larger and IVCT significantly longer in the trained than in the untrained groups, probably reflecting an improved capacity of the pulmonary circulation. PPV as per cent of PV was almost equal in all the groups, indicating the same distribution of plasma between the pulmonary and systemic circulation. The data also indicate that total blood volume is an important determinant of the magnitude of the pulmonary vascular bed. The increased volume of flowing blood and increased stroke volume in athletes probably allows for a reduction in flow velocity and thereby a reduction in kinetic energy.", "contents": "Pulmonary blood volume and interventricular circulation time in physically trained and untrained subjects. Resting pulmonary plasma and blood volumes (PPV and PBV), interventricular circulation time (IVCT), cardiac and stroke index (CI and SI), heart rate (HR), total plasma and blood volumes (PV and BV) were determined in athletes (two male groups representing different types of sport activities, and one female group) and compared with those of non-athletes (one male and one female group). In addition to high maximal aerobic power, the athletes were characterized by greater SI, BV and PV and lower resting HR than non-athletes, PPV and PBV were significantly larger and IVCT significantly longer in the trained than in the untrained groups, probably reflecting an improved capacity of the pulmonary circulation. PPV as per cent of PV was almost equal in all the groups, indicating the same distribution of plasma between the pulmonary and systemic circulation. The data also indicate that total blood volume is an important determinant of the magnitude of the pulmonary vascular bed. The increased volume of flowing blood and increased stroke volume in athletes probably allows for a reduction in flow velocity and thereby a reduction in kinetic energy.", "PMID": 421684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11115", "title": "Determination of Leb-active oligosaccharides in urine of pregnant and lactating women by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Antiserum obtained by immunizing a goat with lacto-N-difucohexaose I, a Leb blood-group hapten, coupled to poly-L-lysine was used in a radioimmunoassay to detect Leb-active oligosaccharides (chiefly lacto-N-difucohexaose I) in urine of 138 pregnant and lactating women of different ABO and Lewis blood groups. Specificity of the method was determined by comparing inhibitory activities of 18 oligosaccharides. Only women who belonged to the Leb blood group excreted Leb-active oligosaccharides in urine. Leb-active oligosaccharides increase during pregnancy, reaching levels up to approximately 70 mumol lacto-N-difucohexaose I equivalents per pmol creatinine in the third trimester and early post-partum period. Excretion varies considerably but tends to be highest in those individuals who strongly express the Leb antigen on their red blood cells or who belong to blood group O. Leb-active oligosaccharides were detected in plasma of a few individuals but at concentrations 1000-fold lower than in urine.", "contents": "Determination of Leb-active oligosaccharides in urine of pregnant and lactating women by radioimmunoassay. Antiserum obtained by immunizing a goat with lacto-N-difucohexaose I, a Leb blood-group hapten, coupled to poly-L-lysine was used in a radioimmunoassay to detect Leb-active oligosaccharides (chiefly lacto-N-difucohexaose I) in urine of 138 pregnant and lactating women of different ABO and Lewis blood groups. Specificity of the method was determined by comparing inhibitory activities of 18 oligosaccharides. Only women who belonged to the Leb blood group excreted Leb-active oligosaccharides in urine. Leb-active oligosaccharides increase during pregnancy, reaching levels up to approximately 70 mumol lacto-N-difucohexaose I equivalents per pmol creatinine in the third trimester and early post-partum period. Excretion varies considerably but tends to be highest in those individuals who strongly express the Leb antigen on their red blood cells or who belong to blood group O. Leb-active oligosaccharides were detected in plasma of a few individuals but at concentrations 1000-fold lower than in urine.", "PMID": 421686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11116", "title": "The role of the reactive disulfide bond in the interaction of cholera-toxin functional regions.", "content": "The chemical reactivity of disulfide bonds towards reducing agents, in the absence of denaturing conditions, in cholera toxin has been studied. Treatment of the toxin with dithiothreitol or other mercaptans gave selective reduction of one of the six disulfide bonds of the protein. This reactive disulfide links two distinct functional regions of the toxin, fragment alpha, which activates adenylate cyclase, and fragment gammabeta5, which recognizes the cell surface receptors. Upon reduction, the two fragments remain bound together and the secondary structure of the protein is retained. The two functional regions have been separated and purified only by methods based on charge differences. When mixed together, purified alpha and purified gammabeta5 fragments spontaneously and rapidly re-form the disulfide bond. However, reduction of the disulfide bond is an absolute requirement for freeing the catalytic site of the alpha functional region. Thus, while other non-covalent binding regions are involved in maintaining cholera toxin molecular structure, the reactive disulfide bond may play a role in the mechanism of cell intoxication.", "contents": "The role of the reactive disulfide bond in the interaction of cholera-toxin functional regions. The chemical reactivity of disulfide bonds towards reducing agents, in the absence of denaturing conditions, in cholera toxin has been studied. Treatment of the toxin with dithiothreitol or other mercaptans gave selective reduction of one of the six disulfide bonds of the protein. This reactive disulfide links two distinct functional regions of the toxin, fragment alpha, which activates adenylate cyclase, and fragment gammabeta5, which recognizes the cell surface receptors. Upon reduction, the two fragments remain bound together and the secondary structure of the protein is retained. The two functional regions have been separated and purified only by methods based on charge differences. When mixed together, purified alpha and purified gammabeta5 fragments spontaneously and rapidly re-form the disulfide bond. However, reduction of the disulfide bond is an absolute requirement for freeing the catalytic site of the alpha functional region. Thus, while other non-covalent binding regions are involved in maintaining cholera toxin molecular structure, the reactive disulfide bond may play a role in the mechanism of cell intoxication.", "PMID": 421689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11117", "title": "A new method for screening for hyperammonemia.", "content": "A new method for the detection of hyperammonemia, using a kit based on the principle of microdiffusion of ammonia, is described. The method requires only one drop of blood and takes only 15 min to complete. Experiments for recovery and reproducibility were satisfactory, and good correlation was obtained when compared with an enzymatic method for blood ammonia determination. The new method is considered to be useful for routine, low-cost mass-screening of newborn infants for hyperammonemia. It will also be useful for monitoring blood ammonia levels at the bedside in cases with hepatic disease or receiving parenteral nutrition.", "contents": "A new method for screening for hyperammonemia. A new method for the detection of hyperammonemia, using a kit based on the principle of microdiffusion of ammonia, is described. The method requires only one drop of blood and takes only 15 min to complete. Experiments for recovery and reproducibility were satisfactory, and good correlation was obtained when compared with an enzymatic method for blood ammonia determination. The new method is considered to be useful for routine, low-cost mass-screening of newborn infants for hyperammonemia. It will also be useful for monitoring blood ammonia levels at the bedside in cases with hepatic disease or receiving parenteral nutrition.", "PMID": 421690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11118", "title": "New chromosomal dysmorphic syndromes. 3. Partial trisomy 3q.", "content": "Chromosome analysis in a newborn, the daughter of diabetic parents, who showed multiple dysmorphic signs and malformations revealed direct duplication of a long arm segment of chromosome 3(3q2100 leads to 3q2700). Both parents have normal karyotypes. Compilation of the phenotype stigmata with those of 7 other patients and 1 fetus with partial trisomy 3q confirmed that clinical recognition of this syndrome is possible. It is characterized by hypertrichosis, typical craniofacial dysmorphia, frequent organ malformations and skeletal anomalies, as well as a peculiar dermatoglyphic pattern. It is a severe genetic disturbance, leading to death in the first months of life in many cases and only symptomatic care is advised.", "contents": "New chromosomal dysmorphic syndromes. 3. Partial trisomy 3q. Chromosome analysis in a newborn, the daughter of diabetic parents, who showed multiple dysmorphic signs and malformations revealed direct duplication of a long arm segment of chromosome 3(3q2100 leads to 3q2700). Both parents have normal karyotypes. Compilation of the phenotype stigmata with those of 7 other patients and 1 fetus with partial trisomy 3q confirmed that clinical recognition of this syndrome is possible. It is characterized by hypertrichosis, typical craniofacial dysmorphia, frequent organ malformations and skeletal anomalies, as well as a peculiar dermatoglyphic pattern. It is a severe genetic disturbance, leading to death in the first months of life in many cases and only symptomatic care is advised.", "PMID": 421691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11119", "title": "Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "content": "Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) protect aerobic organisms against the toxic superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, which are generated during phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs). PMNs of children with bacterial infections and with infectious hepatitis contained significantly elevated SOD activity, whereas GPX activity remained in the normal range. In contrast, PMNs of children with viral infections and rheumatoid arthritis exhibited a decreased SOD activity, while GPX activity was again unchanged. The children's age, sex or treatment did not effect the enzyme activities in PMNs. Since SOD generates bactericidal hydrogen peroxide and regulates the release of the toxic superoxide radical into the surrounding tissues, this study may add new understanding to the pathophysiological aspects of acute and chronic inflammatory processes.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) protect aerobic organisms against the toxic superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, which are generated during phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs). PMNs of children with bacterial infections and with infectious hepatitis contained significantly elevated SOD activity, whereas GPX activity remained in the normal range. In contrast, PMNs of children with viral infections and rheumatoid arthritis exhibited a decreased SOD activity, while GPX activity was again unchanged. The children's age, sex or treatment did not effect the enzyme activities in PMNs. Since SOD generates bactericidal hydrogen peroxide and regulates the release of the toxic superoxide radical into the surrounding tissues, this study may add new understanding to the pathophysiological aspects of acute and chronic inflammatory processes.", "PMID": 421692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11120", "title": "Epidemiological and preventive aspects of cerebral palsy and severe mental retardation in Sweden.", "content": "The epidemiology and changing panorama of cerebral palsy and severe mental retardation in Sweden are briefly surveyed. Based upon the Swedish experience, present and future preventive measures are discussed. The main differences in the preventive approach when tackling cerebral palsy in comparison with severe mental retardation are outlined and summarized in Table 3.", "contents": "Epidemiological and preventive aspects of cerebral palsy and severe mental retardation in Sweden. The epidemiology and changing panorama of cerebral palsy and severe mental retardation in Sweden are briefly surveyed. Based upon the Swedish experience, present and future preventive measures are discussed. The main differences in the preventive approach when tackling cerebral palsy in comparison with severe mental retardation are outlined and summarized in Table 3.", "PMID": 421693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11121", "title": "Metabolic substrates, muscle fibre composition and fibre size in late walking and normal children.", "content": "In 10 children with delayed walking, muscle specimens were obtained by needle biopsy from the vastus lateralis muscle for determination of ATP, creatine phosphate (CP), glycogen and lactate concentration, as well as fibre composition and fibre size. The values obtained are compared with corresponding results for a control group of 25 children aged 2 months--11 years. Details of the control series are given and its validity as a reference group is discussed. Six children (group I) who showed minor gross motor delay but otherwise normal development at follow-up were found to have lowered ATP, CP and glycogen concentrations, compared to 4 children (group II) who had general developmental delay, and to the control group. The children in group I were shown to have smaller fibre size and a greater difference between type 1 and 2 fibres than the children in group II and in the control group. No differences in the concentrations of metabolic substrates or the morphometric values could be detected between group II and the control group.", "contents": "Metabolic substrates, muscle fibre composition and fibre size in late walking and normal children. In 10 children with delayed walking, muscle specimens were obtained by needle biopsy from the vastus lateralis muscle for determination of ATP, creatine phosphate (CP), glycogen and lactate concentration, as well as fibre composition and fibre size. The values obtained are compared with corresponding results for a control group of 25 children aged 2 months--11 years. Details of the control series are given and its validity as a reference group is discussed. Six children (group I) who showed minor gross motor delay but otherwise normal development at follow-up were found to have lowered ATP, CP and glycogen concentrations, compared to 4 children (group II) who had general developmental delay, and to the control group. The children in group I were shown to have smaller fibre size and a greater difference between type 1 and 2 fibres than the children in group II and in the control group. No differences in the concentrations of metabolic substrates or the morphometric values could be detected between group II and the control group.", "PMID": 421694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11122", "title": "Muscle abnormalities in coeliac disease: studies on gross motor development and muscle fibre composition, size and metabolic substrates.", "content": "In 11 children with coeliac disease gross motor development was assessed before and during diet treatment using the gross motor subscale of the Denver developmental screening test. ATP, creatine phosphate (CP), glycogen and lactate concentrations, muscle fibre size and fibre composition were measured in specimens obtained by needle biopsy from the vastus lateralis muscle. Before treatment, gross motor development was delayed. ATP, and to a lesser extent, CP and glycogen concentrations were lowered compared to a control group. After treatment, gross motor development was normal and no differences in ATP, CP or glycogen concentrations were found compared to the control group. Fibre size seemed unaffected by the disease. The percentage of type 1 fibres was significantly lower before treatment, compared to values obtained during treatment and from the control group. Whether these metabolic changes were due to the coeliac disease per se or the inactivity which it causes was not possible to establish. In humans, only altered neurogenic influence on the muscles has been previously shown to give changes in fibre composition.", "contents": "Muscle abnormalities in coeliac disease: studies on gross motor development and muscle fibre composition, size and metabolic substrates. In 11 children with coeliac disease gross motor development was assessed before and during diet treatment using the gross motor subscale of the Denver developmental screening test. ATP, creatine phosphate (CP), glycogen and lactate concentrations, muscle fibre size and fibre composition were measured in specimens obtained by needle biopsy from the vastus lateralis muscle. Before treatment, gross motor development was delayed. ATP, and to a lesser extent, CP and glycogen concentrations were lowered compared to a control group. After treatment, gross motor development was normal and no differences in ATP, CP or glycogen concentrations were found compared to the control group. Fibre size seemed unaffected by the disease. The percentage of type 1 fibres was significantly lower before treatment, compared to values obtained during treatment and from the control group. Whether these metabolic changes were due to the coeliac disease per se or the inactivity which it causes was not possible to establish. In humans, only altered neurogenic influence on the muscles has been previously shown to give changes in fibre composition.", "PMID": 421695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11123", "title": "Intranasal DDAVP-test in the study of renal concentrating capacity in children with recurrent urinary tract infections.", "content": "Intranasal administration of DDAVP (1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin), a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, followed by measurement of urine osmolaity 6 h afterwards, represents a convenient, reliable and simple method for the estimation of renal concentrating capacity in children. The DDAVP-test is as accurate and reproducible as the water deprivation test, irrespective of the degree of concentrating capacity. Mean urine osmolality after DDAVP in children without renal disease was found to be 984 +/- 218 mosmol/kg water (m +/- 2 SD). In children with recurrent pyelonephritis, urine osmolality after DDAVP was decreased. The values were significantly lower with bilateral changes than with unilateral changes of chronic pyelonephritis in the i.v. urograms. In chronic pyelonephritis the concentrating capacity appears to be earlier impaired than other parameters of renal function.", "contents": "Intranasal DDAVP-test in the study of renal concentrating capacity in children with recurrent urinary tract infections. Intranasal administration of DDAVP (1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin), a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, followed by measurement of urine osmolaity 6 h afterwards, represents a convenient, reliable and simple method for the estimation of renal concentrating capacity in children. The DDAVP-test is as accurate and reproducible as the water deprivation test, irrespective of the degree of concentrating capacity. Mean urine osmolality after DDAVP in children without renal disease was found to be 984 +/- 218 mosmol/kg water (m +/- 2 SD). In children with recurrent pyelonephritis, urine osmolality after DDAVP was decreased. The values were significantly lower with bilateral changes than with unilateral changes of chronic pyelonephritis in the i.v. urograms. In chronic pyelonephritis the concentrating capacity appears to be earlier impaired than other parameters of renal function.", "PMID": 421696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11124", "title": "18q- syndrome in mother and daughter.", "content": "The 18q- syndrome is described in a mother and her daughter. In both of them an identical, apparently balanced 18q-/14p+ translocation was found (Karyotype: 46,XX,t(14;18)(p11;q21), suggesting that chromosomal material was lost in the process of translocation. The segment deleted and responsible for the 18q- phenotype must be located in or near band 18q21, in which the break is assumed to have occurred.", "contents": "18q- syndrome in mother and daughter. The 18q- syndrome is described in a mother and her daughter. In both of them an identical, apparently balanced 18q-/14p+ translocation was found (Karyotype: 46,XX,t(14;18)(p11;q21), suggesting that chromosomal material was lost in the process of translocation. The segment deleted and responsible for the 18q- phenotype must be located in or near band 18q21, in which the break is assumed to have occurred.", "PMID": 421697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11125", "title": "Rectal bladder. Indications, contraindications and advantages.", "content": "Experience is reported on more than 700 patients submitted to rectal bladder over the last 20 years. The main indications were total cystectomy due to bladder neoplasias and palliative surgery in patients in whom cystectomy was impossible. The rectal bladder, even of the Mauclaire type, is the most useful and best accepted urinary diversion. Separation of urime from faeces avoids serious ascending infections and involvement of renal function. These observations are supported by the long survival of patients submitted to derivative surgery in the absence of neoplastic disease.", "contents": "Rectal bladder. Indications, contraindications and advantages. Experience is reported on more than 700 patients submitted to rectal bladder over the last 20 years. The main indications were total cystectomy due to bladder neoplasias and palliative surgery in patients in whom cystectomy was impossible. The rectal bladder, even of the Mauclaire type, is the most useful and best accepted urinary diversion. Separation of urime from faeces avoids serious ascending infections and involvement of renal function. These observations are supported by the long survival of patients submitted to derivative surgery in the absence of neoplastic disease.", "PMID": 421698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11126", "title": "Effect of flavoxate on hyperactive detrusor muscle.", "content": "The effect of Flavoxate on hyperactive detrusor contraction was studied in 37 patients, including 11 patients in whom the drug was administered intravenously during the urodynamic study. Beside the evaluation of frequency, nocturia and enuresis, the amplitude and the onset of uninhibited detrusor contraction (in correlation to bladder volume) was registered. The results showed subjective improvement in 61.3%. The complaints mentioned above improved in approximately 50%. The urodynamic data showed diminishing of the mean pressure during uninhibited detrusor contraction by almost 50% and the delay of the onset by 80% of bladder capacity. However, average bladder capacity increase was only 19%. It finally became obvious that the effect of Flavoxate was markedly worse in the neurogenic bladder group in comparison to the motoric urge patients.", "contents": "Effect of flavoxate on hyperactive detrusor muscle. The effect of Flavoxate on hyperactive detrusor contraction was studied in 37 patients, including 11 patients in whom the drug was administered intravenously during the urodynamic study. Beside the evaluation of frequency, nocturia and enuresis, the amplitude and the onset of uninhibited detrusor contraction (in correlation to bladder volume) was registered. The results showed subjective improvement in 61.3%. The complaints mentioned above improved in approximately 50%. The urodynamic data showed diminishing of the mean pressure during uninhibited detrusor contraction by almost 50% and the delay of the onset by 80% of bladder capacity. However, average bladder capacity increase was only 19%. It finally became obvious that the effect of Flavoxate was markedly worse in the neurogenic bladder group in comparison to the motoric urge patients.", "PMID": 421699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11127", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of the retroperitoneal space.", "content": "A precondition for ultrasonic diagnosis of the retroperitoneum is an optimal preparation of the patient to eliminate flatulence in the intestines. If the large vessels of the retroperitoneum are well demarcated, the optimal examination conditions are present. Tumorous and cystic changes of 2 cm or more, can be visualized. Difficulties, however, in the coordination and the differentiation of retroperitoneal tumors from organic tumors (pancreatic tail, splenic and gynecological tumors) can arise. Tumor changes in the lymphatic nodes, the adrenal gland and the sympathetic trunk, tumors in the retroperitoneum from other causes, and aortic aneurysms are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of the retroperitoneal space. A precondition for ultrasonic diagnosis of the retroperitoneum is an optimal preparation of the patient to eliminate flatulence in the intestines. If the large vessels of the retroperitoneum are well demarcated, the optimal examination conditions are present. Tumorous and cystic changes of 2 cm or more, can be visualized. Difficulties, however, in the coordination and the differentiation of retroperitoneal tumors from organic tumors (pancreatic tail, splenic and gynecological tumors) can arise. Tumor changes in the lymphatic nodes, the adrenal gland and the sympathetic trunk, tumors in the retroperitoneum from other causes, and aortic aneurysms are discussed.", "PMID": 421700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11128", "title": "Interferometric laser holography for determination of the localization and extent of bladder tumor.", "content": "In male giant rabbits (n = 10) with and without bladder carcinomas, holographic interferometric investigations with a double impulse rubin laser were made for testing the sensitivity of this method in detection of elasticity changes of the bladder wall caused by tumors. It could be shown that the holographic interferometry enables a distinction to be made between healthy and tumorous regions of the bladder wall by the various interference patterns.", "contents": "Interferometric laser holography for determination of the localization and extent of bladder tumor. In male giant rabbits (n = 10) with and without bladder carcinomas, holographic interferometric investigations with a double impulse rubin laser were made for testing the sensitivity of this method in detection of elasticity changes of the bladder wall caused by tumors. It could be shown that the holographic interferometry enables a distinction to be made between healthy and tumorous regions of the bladder wall by the various interference patterns.", "PMID": 421701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11129", "title": "Submicroscopic investigations on calcium oxalate stone genesis.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of calcium oxalate stones indicates a zonary structure of the Weddellite crystals of urine concrements which is due to concentration-dependent growth oscillations representing the precipitation of various calcium oxalate hydrates. In addition to the phenomenological demonstration of Weddellite crystal shapes, incubation experiments with different solutions give rise to the postulation of a dehydration process of primary Weddellite crystals via dissolution and recrystallization to Whewellite. The solvent attack starts at energetically preferred corners, edges and lattice disorders of the Weddellite crystals. The Weddellite-stabilizing role of urinary Mg ions is emphasized.", "contents": "Submicroscopic investigations on calcium oxalate stone genesis. Scanning electron microscopy of calcium oxalate stones indicates a zonary structure of the Weddellite crystals of urine concrements which is due to concentration-dependent growth oscillations representing the precipitation of various calcium oxalate hydrates. In addition to the phenomenological demonstration of Weddellite crystal shapes, incubation experiments with different solutions give rise to the postulation of a dehydration process of primary Weddellite crystals via dissolution and recrystallization to Whewellite. The solvent attack starts at energetically preferred corners, edges and lattice disorders of the Weddellite crystals. The Weddellite-stabilizing role of urinary Mg ions is emphasized.", "PMID": 421702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11130", "title": "Leiomyoma of the urethra.", "content": "A case of a large leiomyoma of the female urethra causing acute obstruction excised by the vaginal route. The urethra had to cut across but complete continence was achieved following repair.", "contents": "Leiomyoma of the urethra. A case of a large leiomyoma of the female urethra causing acute obstruction excised by the vaginal route. The urethra had to cut across but complete continence was achieved following repair.", "PMID": 421703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11131", "title": "Enterocystoplasty and two-stage urethroplasty in urogenital tuberculosis. A case report.", "content": "A case of extensive urogenitary tuberculosis treated by enterocystoplasty and two-stage urethroplasty is reported. 10 years after the last surgical procedure, the evacuation of the bladder enlarged by the sigmoid colon through the reconstructed urethra is satisfactory. The low micturating pressure and the mucus secretion do not cause disturbances in micturation.", "contents": "Enterocystoplasty and two-stage urethroplasty in urogenital tuberculosis. A case report. A case of extensive urogenitary tuberculosis treated by enterocystoplasty and two-stage urethroplasty is reported. 10 years after the last surgical procedure, the evacuation of the bladder enlarged by the sigmoid colon through the reconstructed urethra is satisfactory. The low micturating pressure and the mucus secretion do not cause disturbances in micturation.", "PMID": 421704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11132", "title": "Recurrent urinary incontinence treated with quite another type of prolapse operation.", "content": "A case of neurosurgical treatment of recurrent urinary incontinence caused by detrusor hyperreflexia is reported. The importance of cystometry in the diagnosis of recurrent urinary incontinence is stressed.", "contents": "Recurrent urinary incontinence treated with quite another type of prolapse operation. A case of neurosurgical treatment of recurrent urinary incontinence caused by detrusor hyperreflexia is reported. The importance of cystometry in the diagnosis of recurrent urinary incontinence is stressed.", "PMID": 421705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11133", "title": "The trigonointestinal implantations.", "content": "The author reports the indications, operative technique and long-term results of trigonosigmoidostomy in 26 cases of bladder exstrophy. The long-term results were considered as excellent in 20 cases, satisfactory in 4 and bad in 2. Even after a long period of up to 20 years, the function of the ureterotrigonal junction remains intact and ascending pyelonephritis does not occur. Social life is normal and sexual function is possible. In cases when internal diversion is counterindicated, the trigone can be successfully implanted into an isolated loop of the ileum or colon.", "contents": "The trigonointestinal implantations. The author reports the indications, operative technique and long-term results of trigonosigmoidostomy in 26 cases of bladder exstrophy. The long-term results were considered as excellent in 20 cases, satisfactory in 4 and bad in 2. Even after a long period of up to 20 years, the function of the ureterotrigonal junction remains intact and ascending pyelonephritis does not occur. Social life is normal and sexual function is possible. In cases when internal diversion is counterindicated, the trigone can be successfully implanted into an isolated loop of the ileum or colon.", "PMID": 421706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11134", "title": "Renal cancer steroid receptors: biochemical basis for endocrine therapy.", "content": "The hypothesis of hormone dependence of human renal cancer, based on experimental and clinical data, has recently been supported by estradiol-receptor (ER) and progesterone-receptor (PR) studies. ER and PR, found in experimental renal cancer as well as in normal human kidney and in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC), have been measured in 27 RCCs from patients submitted to surgery and endocrine therapy, in an attempt to predict the response to progestational therapy . Of these 27 tumors, 59% were positive for ER and 59% for PR; 37% were positive and 19% were negative for both ER and PR. The follow-up of 23 patients so far investigated showed that progestational therapy, commenced in 18 patients, has given favorable results in 14 patients and negative results in 3 patients with ER-PR- renal cancer. Antiestrogenic therapy, started after nephrectomy in 1 patient with ER+PR- renal cancer and lung metastases, failed since the patient died 8 months after surgery.", "contents": "Renal cancer steroid receptors: biochemical basis for endocrine therapy. The hypothesis of hormone dependence of human renal cancer, based on experimental and clinical data, has recently been supported by estradiol-receptor (ER) and progesterone-receptor (PR) studies. ER and PR, found in experimental renal cancer as well as in normal human kidney and in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC), have been measured in 27 RCCs from patients submitted to surgery and endocrine therapy, in an attempt to predict the response to progestational therapy . Of these 27 tumors, 59% were positive for ER and 59% for PR; 37% were positive and 19% were negative for both ER and PR. The follow-up of 23 patients so far investigated showed that progestational therapy, commenced in 18 patients, has given favorable results in 14 patients and negative results in 3 patients with ER-PR- renal cancer. Antiestrogenic therapy, started after nephrectomy in 1 patient with ER+PR- renal cancer and lung metastases, failed since the patient died 8 months after surgery.", "PMID": 421708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11135", "title": "Paranephric abscess: a changing concept.", "content": "The aetiology of the paranephric abscess has been greatly modified since the introductiion of antibiotics. Its frequency has decreased but its prognosis has not been improved. 20 cases of paranephric abscess have been studied retrospectively. Its main cause is no longer the haematogenic staphylococcus infection but primary kidney infection. The disease is difficult to diagnose as the evolution is slow and the symptoms unspecific. The main symptoms are: abdominal pain, feeling of physical prostation, subfebrility, acute pain in the flank and significant increase in blood sedimentation rate. The infection is due in most cases to a silent kidney or a kidney stone with pyonephrosis. Accompaying diabetes mellitus was often observed.", "contents": "Paranephric abscess: a changing concept. The aetiology of the paranephric abscess has been greatly modified since the introductiion of antibiotics. Its frequency has decreased but its prognosis has not been improved. 20 cases of paranephric abscess have been studied retrospectively. Its main cause is no longer the haematogenic staphylococcus infection but primary kidney infection. The disease is difficult to diagnose as the evolution is slow and the symptoms unspecific. The main symptoms are: abdominal pain, feeling of physical prostation, subfebrility, acute pain in the flank and significant increase in blood sedimentation rate. The infection is due in most cases to a silent kidney or a kidney stone with pyonephrosis. Accompaying diabetes mellitus was often observed.", "PMID": 421707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11136", "title": "Progestogens in renal cell carcinoma. A retrospective study.", "content": "A retrospective study of 88 cases of renal cell carcinoma is presented with emphasis on the follow-up and progestogens administration. Between the statistically homogeneous groups of patients treated with progesterone capronate and with other therapeutic regimens, no statistical difference in actuarial survival rate could be detected.", "contents": "Progestogens in renal cell carcinoma. A retrospective study. A retrospective study of 88 cases of renal cell carcinoma is presented with emphasis on the follow-up and progestogens administration. Between the statistically homogeneous groups of patients treated with progesterone capronate and with other therapeutic regimens, no statistical difference in actuarial survival rate could be detected.", "PMID": 421709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11137", "title": "High fluid-low calcium intake: not all renal stone formers adhere to this simple treatment.", "content": "FActors predisposing to renal stone formation have been studied in 309 patients. Dehydration before diagnosis of urolithiasis was due in 12% of the cases to frequent diarrhea and in 36% to bad working conditions. Daily fluid intake was less than 1 liter in 25% of the patients before stone formation and was persistently low in 11% after stone discovery. 41% of the patients drank irregularly over the day, before stone formation, and 11% continued to do so after its detection. Immobilization was present in the patient's history in over 20% of the cases. Normocalcemic hypercalciuria was found in 26% of the patients. 24% of the patients drank water with a calcium concentration of 100--500 mg/l before the lithiasis was diagnosed; 21% continued to do so after stone discovery or paradoxically even drank harder water than before stone detection.", "contents": "High fluid-low calcium intake: not all renal stone formers adhere to this simple treatment. FActors predisposing to renal stone formation have been studied in 309 patients. Dehydration before diagnosis of urolithiasis was due in 12% of the cases to frequent diarrhea and in 36% to bad working conditions. Daily fluid intake was less than 1 liter in 25% of the patients before stone formation and was persistently low in 11% after stone discovery. 41% of the patients drank irregularly over the day, before stone formation, and 11% continued to do so after its detection. Immobilization was present in the patient's history in over 20% of the cases. Normocalcemic hypercalciuria was found in 26% of the patients. 24% of the patients drank water with a calcium concentration of 100--500 mg/l before the lithiasis was diagnosed; 21% continued to do so after stone discovery or paradoxically even drank harder water than before stone detection.", "PMID": 421710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11138", "title": "Correlation between angiographic and ECG signs location in unstable angina.", "content": "The authors examine if the modifications of the ventricular repolarisation in patients with unstable angina have a value in localizing the site of the coronary stenoses. The relationship between ECG changes and angiographic abnormalities, as yet unrecognized, is studied in 200 patients. The subendocardial signs have little value in predicting the place of the narrowings, they often involve the lateral leads and join with diffused coronary lesions. Subepicardial ECG changes, however, have a good value for prediction: the involvement of inferior leads implies a right coronary stenosis, and that of septal leads a left anterior descending stenosis. The importance of a systematic recording of these ECG changes in unstable angina before performing coronary angiography is discussed. They should be able to specify the ischemic area of the myocardium and then help clinicians to decide when coronarography (and bypass surgery) is indicated.", "contents": "Correlation between angiographic and ECG signs location in unstable angina. The authors examine if the modifications of the ventricular repolarisation in patients with unstable angina have a value in localizing the site of the coronary stenoses. The relationship between ECG changes and angiographic abnormalities, as yet unrecognized, is studied in 200 patients. The subendocardial signs have little value in predicting the place of the narrowings, they often involve the lateral leads and join with diffused coronary lesions. Subepicardial ECG changes, however, have a good value for prediction: the involvement of inferior leads implies a right coronary stenosis, and that of septal leads a left anterior descending stenosis. The importance of a systematic recording of these ECG changes in unstable angina before performing coronary angiography is discussed. They should be able to specify the ischemic area of the myocardium and then help clinicians to decide when coronarography (and bypass surgery) is indicated.", "PMID": 421721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11139", "title": "Complete atrioventricular canal associated with conotruncal malformations: anatomical observations in 13 specimens.", "content": "Conotruncal anomalies associated with atrioventricular (AV) canal defects are more common than is generally appreciated on clinical grounds. Among 39 specimens of AV canal malformations, 13 (33%) presented with conotruncal abnormalities: a complete form of AV canal has been observed in all. 5 cases exhibited visceral situs solitus, 5 situs ambiguus with asplenia and 3 situs ambiguus with polysplenia. In the first group, conotruncal anomalies were tetralogy of Fallot in 3 cases, bilateral conus with double outlet right ventricle (DORV) in 2, one with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect (VSD) and the other with doubly commited VSD. Survival in these patients was relatively longer (average 20 mth) and the clinical course was mainly determined by the degree of the pulmonary outflow obstruction: surgical correction should have been feasible in these cases. Patients with situs ambiguus, both with asplenia and polysplenia, had further severe cardiovascular malformations associated with AV canal which led to early death (average survival 12 days): anomalous pulmonary and systemic venous return and univentricular hearts. In the latter patients, tetralogy of Fallot, bilateral conus with DORV and pulmonary atresia were the conotruncal malformation. Retrospectively, in no case of the last category a complete repair had been accomplished. All but one specimen presented the complete form of AV canal with 'free floating anterior leaflet' and hypoplastic anterior tricuspid component. This hypoplasia could be interpreted as missing conal tissue in the development of the anterior tricuspid cusp. For this leaflet a dual embryological origin, both from the dextro-dorsal conal ridge and the right lateral AV cushion, is suggested.", "contents": "Complete atrioventricular canal associated with conotruncal malformations: anatomical observations in 13 specimens. Conotruncal anomalies associated with atrioventricular (AV) canal defects are more common than is generally appreciated on clinical grounds. Among 39 specimens of AV canal malformations, 13 (33%) presented with conotruncal abnormalities: a complete form of AV canal has been observed in all. 5 cases exhibited visceral situs solitus, 5 situs ambiguus with asplenia and 3 situs ambiguus with polysplenia. In the first group, conotruncal anomalies were tetralogy of Fallot in 3 cases, bilateral conus with double outlet right ventricle (DORV) in 2, one with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect (VSD) and the other with doubly commited VSD. Survival in these patients was relatively longer (average 20 mth) and the clinical course was mainly determined by the degree of the pulmonary outflow obstruction: surgical correction should have been feasible in these cases. Patients with situs ambiguus, both with asplenia and polysplenia, had further severe cardiovascular malformations associated with AV canal which led to early death (average survival 12 days): anomalous pulmonary and systemic venous return and univentricular hearts. In the latter patients, tetralogy of Fallot, bilateral conus with DORV and pulmonary atresia were the conotruncal malformation. Retrospectively, in no case of the last category a complete repair had been accomplished. All but one specimen presented the complete form of AV canal with 'free floating anterior leaflet' and hypoplastic anterior tricuspid component. This hypoplasia could be interpreted as missing conal tissue in the development of the anterior tricuspid cusp. For this leaflet a dual embryological origin, both from the dextro-dorsal conal ridge and the right lateral AV cushion, is suggested.", "PMID": 421722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11140", "title": "Myocardial release of inosine, hypoxanthine and lactate during pacing-induced angina in humans with coronary artery disease.", "content": "The applicability of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) catabolites, inosine and hypoxanthine as markers of myocardial ischemia in humans with coronary artery disease has been investigated. Inosine and hypoxanthine were assayed enzymatically after separation by a new column chromatographic method. The myocardial lactate extraction at rest (17 +/- 13%) changed to production values (-23 +/- 28%) during pacing-induced angina (P less than 0.0005). Coronary venous inosine values increased from 535 +/- 185 nmol/l at rest to 1030 +/- 740 nmol/l during angina (P less than 0.005), the arterial values amounted to 770 +/- 325 nmol/l and 805 +/- 515 nmol/l respectively (P, NS). The calculated myocardial uptake of inosine at rest (27 +/- 16%) changed to production values (-25 +/- 29%) during angina (P less than 0.0005). Coronary venous hypoxanthine increased from 1000 +/- 760 nmol/l at rest to 1235 +/- 800 nmol/l during angina (P, NS), the arterial values amounted to 1300 +/- 1040 nmol/l and 1235 +/- 800 nmol/l respectively (P, NS). The myocardial extraction changed from 20 +/- 18% at rest to -5.4 +/- 29% during angina (P less than 0.0025). The significant positive correlation (r = 0.61, P less than 0.0025) between myocardial release and uptake of inosine and lactate during severe angina demonstrates that anaerobic glycolysis is accompanied by ATP breakdown. During a second pacing period at less increased pressure--rate product after nitroglycerin, lactate production (-1.7 +/- 22%) already occurred whereas extraction of inosine (19 +/- 19%) and hypoxanthine (24 +/- 15%) did not change. In conclusion, lactate functions as a sensitive marker of myocardial ischemia and inosine is useful in detecting ischemic myocardial energy deficiency by the indication of insufficient glycolytic ATP supply.", "contents": "Myocardial release of inosine, hypoxanthine and lactate during pacing-induced angina in humans with coronary artery disease. The applicability of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) catabolites, inosine and hypoxanthine as markers of myocardial ischemia in humans with coronary artery disease has been investigated. Inosine and hypoxanthine were assayed enzymatically after separation by a new column chromatographic method. The myocardial lactate extraction at rest (17 +/- 13%) changed to production values (-23 +/- 28%) during pacing-induced angina (P less than 0.0005). Coronary venous inosine values increased from 535 +/- 185 nmol/l at rest to 1030 +/- 740 nmol/l during angina (P less than 0.005), the arterial values amounted to 770 +/- 325 nmol/l and 805 +/- 515 nmol/l respectively (P, NS). The calculated myocardial uptake of inosine at rest (27 +/- 16%) changed to production values (-25 +/- 29%) during angina (P less than 0.0005). Coronary venous hypoxanthine increased from 1000 +/- 760 nmol/l at rest to 1235 +/- 800 nmol/l during angina (P, NS), the arterial values amounted to 1300 +/- 1040 nmol/l and 1235 +/- 800 nmol/l respectively (P, NS). The myocardial extraction changed from 20 +/- 18% at rest to -5.4 +/- 29% during angina (P less than 0.0025). The significant positive correlation (r = 0.61, P less than 0.0025) between myocardial release and uptake of inosine and lactate during severe angina demonstrates that anaerobic glycolysis is accompanied by ATP breakdown. During a second pacing period at less increased pressure--rate product after nitroglycerin, lactate production (-1.7 +/- 22%) already occurred whereas extraction of inosine (19 +/- 19%) and hypoxanthine (24 +/- 15%) did not change. In conclusion, lactate functions as a sensitive marker of myocardial ischemia and inosine is useful in detecting ischemic myocardial energy deficiency by the indication of insufficient glycolytic ATP supply.", "PMID": 421723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11141", "title": "Electrophysiological effects soon after intravenous beta-methyldigoxin.", "content": "The digitalis derivative beta-methyldigoxin has been shown to be quickly and well absorbed from the gut and, in hemodynamic studies, to start acting rapidly after intravenous administration. However, when tested on 6 patients suffering from paroxysmal reciprocating atrioventricular tachycardia, or having an accessory pathway who might develop this disorder, there was no effect on induced tachycardias or on AV conduction during rapid atrial pacing or the extrastimulus test. One of the 6 patients showed some increase in refractoriness of conduction through the AV node within 25 min after the injection. Beta-methyldigoxin does not appear to be a satisfactory alternative to other effective agents available for the prompt correction of paroxysmal reciprocating atrioventricular tachycardia.", "contents": "Electrophysiological effects soon after intravenous beta-methyldigoxin. The digitalis derivative beta-methyldigoxin has been shown to be quickly and well absorbed from the gut and, in hemodynamic studies, to start acting rapidly after intravenous administration. However, when tested on 6 patients suffering from paroxysmal reciprocating atrioventricular tachycardia, or having an accessory pathway who might develop this disorder, there was no effect on induced tachycardias or on AV conduction during rapid atrial pacing or the extrastimulus test. One of the 6 patients showed some increase in refractoriness of conduction through the AV node within 25 min after the injection. Beta-methyldigoxin does not appear to be a satisfactory alternative to other effective agents available for the prompt correction of paroxysmal reciprocating atrioventricular tachycardia.", "PMID": 421724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11142", "title": "Effect of calculation stress on hemodynamics and plasma catecholamines before and after beta-blockade with propranolol (Inderal) and mepindolol sulfate (Corindolan).", "content": "The effect of calculation stress on hemodynamic parameters and plasma adrenalin and noradrenalin was studied in two groups of 6 male subjects, before and during beta-Blockade. One group received propranolol 15 mg i.v. and the other received mepindolol sulphate 0,5 mg i.v. There was an increase in heart rate, cardiac output and blood pressure during mental stress. A significant increase in plasma adrenalin but not in noradrenalin occurred at the same time. The stress-induced rise in HR but not that in blood pressure could be prevented by beta-receptor blockage with propranolol and mepindolol sulfate. The peripheral resistance (PR) and diastolic blood pressure in stress were even higher after propranolol than in the control study. Propranolol had no effect on the increased adrenalin concentration during stress, but it was prevented by mepindolol sulfate. There was no correlation between the increase in HR and that in adrenalin during stress, but the HR in stress and the HR reaction to infused isoproterenol were highly correlated.", "contents": "Effect of calculation stress on hemodynamics and plasma catecholamines before and after beta-blockade with propranolol (Inderal) and mepindolol sulfate (Corindolan). The effect of calculation stress on hemodynamic parameters and plasma adrenalin and noradrenalin was studied in two groups of 6 male subjects, before and during beta-Blockade. One group received propranolol 15 mg i.v. and the other received mepindolol sulphate 0,5 mg i.v. There was an increase in heart rate, cardiac output and blood pressure during mental stress. A significant increase in plasma adrenalin but not in noradrenalin occurred at the same time. The stress-induced rise in HR but not that in blood pressure could be prevented by beta-receptor blockage with propranolol and mepindolol sulfate. The peripheral resistance (PR) and diastolic blood pressure in stress were even higher after propranolol than in the control study. Propranolol had no effect on the increased adrenalin concentration during stress, but it was prevented by mepindolol sulfate. There was no correlation between the increase in HR and that in adrenalin during stress, but the HR in stress and the HR reaction to infused isoproterenol were highly correlated.", "PMID": 421725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11143", "title": "Changes in the human light reflex as a measure of the anticholinergic effects of drugs. A comparison with other measures.", "content": "Single oral doses of atropine, nortriptyline, procyclidine and lactose dummy were administered double-blind to eight healthy young subjects in a balanced, crossover study. Television pupillometry was used to measure the anticholinergic effects of these drugs on the pupil diameter in darkness and the reflex response to light flashes. The sensitivity of this method was compared with conventional autonomic function tests, viz. salivary secretion, radial pulse, forearm sweat gland activity and distance to visual near point. Visual analogue scales were used to obtain subjective measures of sedative drug effects. The expected inhibition of parasympathetic activity was found in most instances with two exceptions: firstly, that nortriptyline failed to affect the pupil despite causing a tachycardia and secondly, that procyclidine gave a bradycardia. The results are discussed with reference to the possible advantages of television pupillometry over conventional pupil measurement in the detection of anticholinergic drug effects.", "contents": "Changes in the human light reflex as a measure of the anticholinergic effects of drugs. A comparison with other measures. Single oral doses of atropine, nortriptyline, procyclidine and lactose dummy were administered double-blind to eight healthy young subjects in a balanced, crossover study. Television pupillometry was used to measure the anticholinergic effects of these drugs on the pupil diameter in darkness and the reflex response to light flashes. The sensitivity of this method was compared with conventional autonomic function tests, viz. salivary secretion, radial pulse, forearm sweat gland activity and distance to visual near point. Visual analogue scales were used to obtain subjective measures of sedative drug effects. The expected inhibition of parasympathetic activity was found in most instances with two exceptions: firstly, that nortriptyline failed to affect the pupil despite causing a tachycardia and secondly, that procyclidine gave a bradycardia. The results are discussed with reference to the possible advantages of television pupillometry over conventional pupil measurement in the detection of anticholinergic drug effects.", "PMID": 421726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11144", "title": "Absolute bioavailability of chlorthalidone in man: a cross-over study after intravenous and oral administration.", "content": "Seven normal human volunteers each received a constant-rate infusion of chlorthalidone for 2 h, and the same (commonly 50 mg) single oral dose on separate occasions. The concentration of unchanged chlorthalidone was analyzed over a 100 to 220 h period in plasma, red blood cells, urine and faeces after both dosage forms. A three compartment model was required to describe the intravenous plasma concentrations in five of the subjects. A two compartment model sufficed to account for the decay of the oral plasma concentrations in all seven subjects. The mean plasma t1/2 after i.v. dosing was 36.5 h (+/- 10.5 SD), and the mean plasma t1/2 after oral doses was 44.1 h (+/- 9.6 SD). The mean red blood cell concentration t1/2 after i.v. doses was 46.4 h (+/- 9.9 SD), and the mean red blood cell t1/2 after the oral doses was 52.7 h (+/- 9.0 SD). The shorter i.v. half-live was not equally manifest in all subjects, being mainly apparent in three of them. In all cases the urinary excretion rate plots were parallel to the plasma concentration curves. As the faster decay after i.v. administration was not accompanied by increased renal clearance, the difference must have been due to non-renal mechanism. The mean total of 65.4 (+/- 8.6 SD) % of the intranvenous dose was excreted in urine over infinite time, whereas the mean total excretion after the oral dose was 43.8 (+/- 8.5 SD) %. Faecal excretion ranged from 1.3--8.5% of dose in the i.v. study to 17.5--31.2% of dose in the oral study. The sum of the amounts present in urine plus faeces pointed strongly to an important metabolic route of elimination of chlorthalidone. Bioavailability estimates (F) from three sets of data were--a mean F of 0.61 from plasma concentrations, 0.67 from urinary excretion measurements and 0.72 from the erythrocyte concentrations. Simulations with a non-linear model indicated lesser validity of the estimate from erythrocyte concentrations. It was concluded that the average of plasma and urine data, F = 0.64, yielded the best estimate of the oral availability of chlorthalidone 50 mg in man.", "contents": "Absolute bioavailability of chlorthalidone in man: a cross-over study after intravenous and oral administration. Seven normal human volunteers each received a constant-rate infusion of chlorthalidone for 2 h, and the same (commonly 50 mg) single oral dose on separate occasions. The concentration of unchanged chlorthalidone was analyzed over a 100 to 220 h period in plasma, red blood cells, urine and faeces after both dosage forms. A three compartment model was required to describe the intravenous plasma concentrations in five of the subjects. A two compartment model sufficed to account for the decay of the oral plasma concentrations in all seven subjects. The mean plasma t1/2 after i.v. dosing was 36.5 h (+/- 10.5 SD), and the mean plasma t1/2 after oral doses was 44.1 h (+/- 9.6 SD). The mean red blood cell concentration t1/2 after i.v. doses was 46.4 h (+/- 9.9 SD), and the mean red blood cell t1/2 after the oral doses was 52.7 h (+/- 9.0 SD). The shorter i.v. half-live was not equally manifest in all subjects, being mainly apparent in three of them. In all cases the urinary excretion rate plots were parallel to the plasma concentration curves. As the faster decay after i.v. administration was not accompanied by increased renal clearance, the difference must have been due to non-renal mechanism. The mean total of 65.4 (+/- 8.6 SD) % of the intranvenous dose was excreted in urine over infinite time, whereas the mean total excretion after the oral dose was 43.8 (+/- 8.5 SD) %. Faecal excretion ranged from 1.3--8.5% of dose in the i.v. study to 17.5--31.2% of dose in the oral study. The sum of the amounts present in urine plus faeces pointed strongly to an important metabolic route of elimination of chlorthalidone. Bioavailability estimates (F) from three sets of data were--a mean F of 0.61 from plasma concentrations, 0.67 from urinary excretion measurements and 0.72 from the erythrocyte concentrations. Simulations with a non-linear model indicated lesser validity of the estimate from erythrocyte concentrations. It was concluded that the average of plasma and urine data, F = 0.64, yielded the best estimate of the oral availability of chlorthalidone 50 mg in man.", "PMID": 421727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11145", "title": "Systemic availability of ergotamine tartrate after oral, rectal and intramuscular administration.", "content": "Plasma ergotamine levels were measured in 33 volunteers (subgroups 11, 12 and 10) after a single dose of ergotamine administered by various routes. Ergotamine tartrate was given in doses normally used in the treatment of acute migraine--2.0 mg orally, 2.0 mg combined with 100 mg caffeine rectally and 0.5 mg i.m. Plasma ergotamine concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The highest and longest lasting levels were found after i.m. administration, the peak concentration being 1.94 +/- 0.34 (SEM) ng/ml at 1/2 h. The corresponding maximum concentrations after oral and rectal administration were 0.36 +/- 0.08 ng/ml at 2 h and 0.42 +/- 0.09 ng/ml at 1 h. In most of the subjects the plasma ergotamine level began to rise again at 24 to 48 h. The cause of the elevation is not known but it might favour possible accumulation of the drug. Absorption from suppositories was at least as good as after oral administration and the former route may therefore be advantageous for migraine patients in whom nausea and vomiting during an attack may prevent efficient oral medication.", "contents": "Systemic availability of ergotamine tartrate after oral, rectal and intramuscular administration. Plasma ergotamine levels were measured in 33 volunteers (subgroups 11, 12 and 10) after a single dose of ergotamine administered by various routes. Ergotamine tartrate was given in doses normally used in the treatment of acute migraine--2.0 mg orally, 2.0 mg combined with 100 mg caffeine rectally and 0.5 mg i.m. Plasma ergotamine concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The highest and longest lasting levels were found after i.m. administration, the peak concentration being 1.94 +/- 0.34 (SEM) ng/ml at 1/2 h. The corresponding maximum concentrations after oral and rectal administration were 0.36 +/- 0.08 ng/ml at 2 h and 0.42 +/- 0.09 ng/ml at 1 h. In most of the subjects the plasma ergotamine level began to rise again at 24 to 48 h. The cause of the elevation is not known but it might favour possible accumulation of the drug. Absorption from suppositories was at least as good as after oral administration and the former route may therefore be advantageous for migraine patients in whom nausea and vomiting during an attack may prevent efficient oral medication.", "PMID": 421728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11146", "title": "The metabolism of methaqualone in patients with biliary cirrhosis or secondary carcinoma of the liver.", "content": "The metabolism of methaqualone has been studied in three patients with secondary carcinoma of the liver and two with biliary cirrhosis. The urinary excretion of five C-monohydroxy metabolites and the N-oxide was studies in the 24 h period immediately after oral dosing with 250 mg methaqualone (Melsed). In both patients with biliary cirrhosis and one with primary carcinoma of the bile duct or pancreas with secondaries in the liver the pattern of metabolites was normal. In a patient with oat cell carcinoma with secondaries in the liver some metabolite patterns were disturbed and increased metabolite excretion occurred. A patient with primary carcinoma of the breast with secondaries in the liver gave a completely abnormal metabolite pattern.", "contents": "The metabolism of methaqualone in patients with biliary cirrhosis or secondary carcinoma of the liver. The metabolism of methaqualone has been studied in three patients with secondary carcinoma of the liver and two with biliary cirrhosis. The urinary excretion of five C-monohydroxy metabolites and the N-oxide was studies in the 24 h period immediately after oral dosing with 250 mg methaqualone (Melsed). In both patients with biliary cirrhosis and one with primary carcinoma of the bile duct or pancreas with secondaries in the liver the pattern of metabolites was normal. In a patient with oat cell carcinoma with secondaries in the liver some metabolite patterns were disturbed and increased metabolite excretion occurred. A patient with primary carcinoma of the breast with secondaries in the liver gave a completely abnormal metabolite pattern.", "PMID": 421729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11147", "title": "Alterations of phenytoin protein binding with in vivo haemodialysis in dialysis encephalopathy.", "content": "Protein binding of phenytoin was assesed in one patient with dialysis encephalopathy before and after haemodialysis. Phenytoin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and continuous ultrafiltration was used to assess phenytoin binding. At a serum concentration of 60 micromol.1-1 the percentage of phenytoin bound to serum albumin was considerably lower in the patient serum (79.95% predialysis; 92.09% postdialysis) than that in three normal sera (97.90 +/- 0.17%). Analysis of Scatchard plots indicated two classes of binding sites. In class I both the affinity and capacity for binding phenytoin were reduced in the pre and post-dialysis serum, whereas in class II the capacity of the uraemic serum was increased although the intrinsic association constant was greatly reduced. It was concluded that in vivo haemodialysis is associated with large fluctuations in the protein binding of phenytoin, in which the concentration of endogenous dialysible metabolites are strongly implicated.", "contents": "Alterations of phenytoin protein binding with in vivo haemodialysis in dialysis encephalopathy. Protein binding of phenytoin was assesed in one patient with dialysis encephalopathy before and after haemodialysis. Phenytoin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and continuous ultrafiltration was used to assess phenytoin binding. At a serum concentration of 60 micromol.1-1 the percentage of phenytoin bound to serum albumin was considerably lower in the patient serum (79.95% predialysis; 92.09% postdialysis) than that in three normal sera (97.90 +/- 0.17%). Analysis of Scatchard plots indicated two classes of binding sites. In class I both the affinity and capacity for binding phenytoin were reduced in the pre and post-dialysis serum, whereas in class II the capacity of the uraemic serum was increased although the intrinsic association constant was greatly reduced. It was concluded that in vivo haemodialysis is associated with large fluctuations in the protein binding of phenytoin, in which the concentration of endogenous dialysible metabolites are strongly implicated.", "PMID": 421730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11148", "title": "The effect of dantrolene sodium on rat skeletal muscle in relation to the plasma concentration.", "content": "Dantrolene sodium is a muscle relaxant used in the treatment of spasticity. It has been shown to interfere with calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and thus to inhibit excitation--contraction coupling. The effect of dantrolene sodium on the twitch tension of the tibialis anterior muscle of the rat was measured after 2 mg/kg i.v. or 25 mg/kg orally. Plasma concentrations were estimated at maximum twitch depression and during recovery from the block. In a separate series of experiments the half-life of labelled dantrolene sodium was measured in blood plasma, skeletal muscle and heart muscle of rats. Dantrolene sodium 2 mg/kg i.v. gave a maximal block of approximately 47%, the mean dantrolene sodium concentration was then 5.8 microgram/ml. A half-life for distribution of 1.1 min and an elimination half-life of 31 min after intravenous administration were observed, elimination rate constants in skeletal and heart muscle were comparable. Recovery from the block went much slower, the half-time of the process being approximately 80 min. Dantrolene sodium 25 mg/kg orally gave a maximal block of approximately 38% at a mean plasma concentration of 3.6 microgram/ml after 14 min. The recovery was again very slow. These experiments demonstrated that dantrolene sodium acts according to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model.  There was a discrepancy between duration of effect and plasma concentration of dantrolene sodium in the rat.  This suggests that the receptor for dantrolene sodium is not located in the central compartment.", "contents": "The effect of dantrolene sodium on rat skeletal muscle in relation to the plasma concentration. Dantrolene sodium is a muscle relaxant used in the treatment of spasticity. It has been shown to interfere with calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and thus to inhibit excitation--contraction coupling. The effect of dantrolene sodium on the twitch tension of the tibialis anterior muscle of the rat was measured after 2 mg/kg i.v. or 25 mg/kg orally. Plasma concentrations were estimated at maximum twitch depression and during recovery from the block. In a separate series of experiments the half-life of labelled dantrolene sodium was measured in blood plasma, skeletal muscle and heart muscle of rats. Dantrolene sodium 2 mg/kg i.v. gave a maximal block of approximately 47%, the mean dantrolene sodium concentration was then 5.8 microgram/ml. A half-life for distribution of 1.1 min and an elimination half-life of 31 min after intravenous administration were observed, elimination rate constants in skeletal and heart muscle were comparable. Recovery from the block went much slower, the half-time of the process being approximately 80 min. Dantrolene sodium 25 mg/kg orally gave a maximal block of approximately 38% at a mean plasma concentration of 3.6 microgram/ml after 14 min. The recovery was again very slow. These experiments demonstrated that dantrolene sodium acts according to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model.  There was a discrepancy between duration of effect and plasma concentration of dantrolene sodium in the rat.  This suggests that the receptor for dantrolene sodium is not located in the central compartment.", "PMID": 421731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11149", "title": "The effect of morphine pretreatment on hypothermia induced by morphine in mice.", "content": "Morphine caused an apparently dose-dependent hypothermia in mice. Co-administration of naloxone antagonised this effect. Pretreatment with a single dose of morphine induced detectable tolerance to the hypothermic effect of a second dose of morphine given 3 h later and naloxone was more effective in antagonising the hypothermic effect of morphine in morphine-pretreated mice than in saline-pretreated animals. The present study has shown that morphine pretreatment can augment the antagonistic effect of naloxone towards the hypothermic action of morphine.", "contents": "The effect of morphine pretreatment on hypothermia induced by morphine in mice. Morphine caused an apparently dose-dependent hypothermia in mice. Co-administration of naloxone antagonised this effect. Pretreatment with a single dose of morphine induced detectable tolerance to the hypothermic effect of a second dose of morphine given 3 h later and naloxone was more effective in antagonising the hypothermic effect of morphine in morphine-pretreated mice than in saline-pretreated animals. The present study has shown that morphine pretreatment can augment the antagonistic effect of naloxone towards the hypothermic action of morphine.", "PMID": 421732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11150", "title": "The role of cardiac receptors in clonidine-induced vagal bradycardia.", "content": "In chloralosed, spinalized and beta-blocked cats, clonidine, 10 microgram/kg i.v. caused a vagally mediated bradycardia which was further analysed with particular attention to cardiopulmonary receptors. Cardiovascular deafferentiation, with preservation of vagal cardiac efferents, abolished the bradycardia. However, in animals with arterial baroreceptors denervated but with vagal cardiopulmonary pathways intact, clonidine decreased heart rate simultaneously with an increase in left atrial pressure to an extent known to activate cardiac receptors with unmyelinated vagal efferents. Clonidine somewhat enhanced the bradycardia to efferent vagal stimulation and also had a slight positive chronotropic effect on the non-innervated heart. The reflex bradycardia from electrical stimulation of unmyelinated cardiac afferents was augmented by the drug but not more than could be accounted for by the changed neuroeffector sensitivity. The data suggest that clonidine can reflexly augment vagal tone on the heart by an increased activity in vagal cardiac afferents, secondary to the drug's peripheral vasoconstrictor action, whereas no evidence for any central facilitation of these reflexes has been found.", "contents": "The role of cardiac receptors in clonidine-induced vagal bradycardia. In chloralosed, spinalized and beta-blocked cats, clonidine, 10 microgram/kg i.v. caused a vagally mediated bradycardia which was further analysed with particular attention to cardiopulmonary receptors. Cardiovascular deafferentiation, with preservation of vagal cardiac efferents, abolished the bradycardia. However, in animals with arterial baroreceptors denervated but with vagal cardiopulmonary pathways intact, clonidine decreased heart rate simultaneously with an increase in left atrial pressure to an extent known to activate cardiac receptors with unmyelinated vagal efferents. Clonidine somewhat enhanced the bradycardia to efferent vagal stimulation and also had a slight positive chronotropic effect on the non-innervated heart. The reflex bradycardia from electrical stimulation of unmyelinated cardiac afferents was augmented by the drug but not more than could be accounted for by the changed neuroeffector sensitivity. The data suggest that clonidine can reflexly augment vagal tone on the heart by an increased activity in vagal cardiac afferents, secondary to the drug's peripheral vasoconstrictor action, whereas no evidence for any central facilitation of these reflexes has been found.", "PMID": 421734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11151", "title": "Actions of piperidine and dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) on afferent discharges of the cat's carotid body.", "content": "Chemoreceptor discharges were recorded in vivo from fine filaments of carotid sinus nerve; their frequency was used as index of receptor activity. Effects of piperidine on chemoreceptors were studied and compared with those of dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) on chemoreceptors in adult cats. Intracarotid-arterial injections of piperidine produced a transient increase in chemoreceptor discharges, the threshold dose ranging from 10 to 50 microgram i.a. The excitatory effect of piperidine was not affected by atropine, hexamethonium or GABA. DMPP (0.2-0.5 microgram i.a.) induced a marked increase in chemoreceptor discharges, which was abolished by hexamethonium, but not by atropine. DMPP ((2--5 microgram i.a.) induced sinus baroreceptor excitation, but piperidine did not. The results indicate that piperidine exerted excitatory effects on carotid body chemoreceptors, possibly acting on nerve endings of chemoreceptor afferent fibers.", "contents": "Actions of piperidine and dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) on afferent discharges of the cat's carotid body. Chemoreceptor discharges were recorded in vivo from fine filaments of carotid sinus nerve; their frequency was used as index of receptor activity. Effects of piperidine on chemoreceptors were studied and compared with those of dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) on chemoreceptors in adult cats. Intracarotid-arterial injections of piperidine produced a transient increase in chemoreceptor discharges, the threshold dose ranging from 10 to 50 microgram i.a. The excitatory effect of piperidine was not affected by atropine, hexamethonium or GABA. DMPP (0.2-0.5 microgram i.a.) induced a marked increase in chemoreceptor discharges, which was abolished by hexamethonium, but not by atropine. DMPP ((2--5 microgram i.a.) induced sinus baroreceptor excitation, but piperidine did not. The results indicate that piperidine exerted excitatory effects on carotid body chemoreceptors, possibly acting on nerve endings of chemoreceptor afferent fibers.", "PMID": 421736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11152", "title": "Denervation supersensitivity to noradrenaline in the guinea-pig vas deferens in vivo: absence of the postjunctional component.", "content": "The effects of denervation and cocaine on the responsiveness of the guinea-pig vas deferens to noradrenaline (NA) were studied. The magnitude of the denervation supersensitivity differed in vivo and in vitro. Cocaine-induced supersensitivity to NA was similar in vivo and in vitro. Only denervation increased the maximum response in experiments in vitro. It is suggested that in the guinea-pig vas deferens the postjunctional component of denervation supersensitivity to NA could result from the experimental conditions involving the isolation procedure.", "contents": "Denervation supersensitivity to noradrenaline in the guinea-pig vas deferens in vivo: absence of the postjunctional component. The effects of denervation and cocaine on the responsiveness of the guinea-pig vas deferens to noradrenaline (NA) were studied. The magnitude of the denervation supersensitivity differed in vivo and in vitro. Cocaine-induced supersensitivity to NA was similar in vivo and in vitro. Only denervation increased the maximum response in experiments in vitro. It is suggested that in the guinea-pig vas deferens the postjunctional component of denervation supersensitivity to NA could result from the experimental conditions involving the isolation procedure.", "PMID": 421738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11153", "title": "Clearance and micropuncture studies of the diuretic xipamide in dogs.", "content": "Effects of the diuretic xipamide were examined by clearance and micropuncture techniques, and compared to clorothiazide. Xipamide decreased GFR and phosphate excretion. Reabsorption by superficial proximal tubules was unchanged. Since xipamide reduced single nephron filtration rate and GFR, a small effect on the proximal tubule may have been masked. Chlorothiazide decreased GFR but additionally decreased reabsorption by the proximal tubule. Xipamide was more chloruretic than natiuretic and probably inhibits reabsorption in the distal tubule.", "contents": "Clearance and micropuncture studies of the diuretic xipamide in dogs. Effects of the diuretic xipamide were examined by clearance and micropuncture techniques, and compared to clorothiazide. Xipamide decreased GFR and phosphate excretion. Reabsorption by superficial proximal tubules was unchanged. Since xipamide reduced single nephron filtration rate and GFR, a small effect on the proximal tubule may have been masked. Chlorothiazide decreased GFR but additionally decreased reabsorption by the proximal tubule. Xipamide was more chloruretic than natiuretic and probably inhibits reabsorption in the distal tubule.", "PMID": 421739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11154", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacology of a prohormone angiotensin antagonist.", "content": "A prohormone angiotensin antagonist, Sarcosyl1-Alanyl8-angiotensin I (Sar1-Ala8-A-I) was synthesized and its pharmacological properties were evaluated in three biological systems. It was found to be a good inhibitor in vivo in the rat blood pressure assay, somewhat less active in guinea pig ileum and a relatively weak antagonist in rat uterus. In vivo the inhibitory effect was greatly attenuated by the presence of the converting enzyme inhibitor BPP5alpha.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacology of a prohormone angiotensin antagonist. A prohormone angiotensin antagonist, Sarcosyl1-Alanyl8-angiotensin I (Sar1-Ala8-A-I) was synthesized and its pharmacological properties were evaluated in three biological systems. It was found to be a good inhibitor in vivo in the rat blood pressure assay, somewhat less active in guinea pig ileum and a relatively weak antagonist in rat uterus. In vivo the inhibitory effect was greatly attenuated by the presence of the converting enzyme inhibitor BPP5alpha.", "PMID": 421740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11155", "title": "Activation of rat sympathetic ganglia SIF cell dopamine metabolism by muscarinic agonists.", "content": "The biochemical responsiveness of the dopamine-containing small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells to cholinoceptive drugs was evaluated in rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG), middle-inferior cervical ganglion and celiac ganglion. Amines and metabolites were analyzed by mass fragmentography. The major metabolite of dopamine (DA) in all ganglia was 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). Stimulation of muscarinic receptors with carbachol induced a 3-10 fold increase of DOPAC concentration in the ganglia, the celiac ganglion being the most responsive and the SCG being the least. Pretreatment with atropine blocked the rise of DOPAC. The rise of DOPAC after activation of muscarinic receptors was not the consequence of blocking the removal of this acid from the ganglion. We concluded that DA metabolism in SIF cells is enhanced by stimulation of muscarinic receptors and that the magnitude of the DOPAC increase in a ganglion may reflect the importance of DA in ganglionic transmission.", "contents": "Activation of rat sympathetic ganglia SIF cell dopamine metabolism by muscarinic agonists. The biochemical responsiveness of the dopamine-containing small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells to cholinoceptive drugs was evaluated in rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG), middle-inferior cervical ganglion and celiac ganglion. Amines and metabolites were analyzed by mass fragmentography. The major metabolite of dopamine (DA) in all ganglia was 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). Stimulation of muscarinic receptors with carbachol induced a 3-10 fold increase of DOPAC concentration in the ganglia, the celiac ganglion being the most responsive and the SCG being the least. Pretreatment with atropine blocked the rise of DOPAC. The rise of DOPAC after activation of muscarinic receptors was not the consequence of blocking the removal of this acid from the ganglion. We concluded that DA metabolism in SIF cells is enhanced by stimulation of muscarinic receptors and that the magnitude of the DOPAC increase in a ganglion may reflect the importance of DA in ganglionic transmission.", "PMID": 421741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11156", "title": "Anaphylaxis in guinea-pig peripheral airways in vitro.", "content": "The contributions made by histamine, prostaglandins (PG) and slow reacting substance (SRS-A) to anaphylactic contractions in isolated guinea-pig lung were investigated. Histamine, PGF2alpha and SRS-A induced isometric contractions in lung parenchymal strips and in tracheal smooth muscle. The effective concentrations of the autacoids were the same in lung strips and tracheas. Anaphylactic contractions in lung strips from bovine serum albumin sensitised animals were not affected by mepyramine (5 X 10(-6)M), or indomethacin (3 X 10(-5)M) but were markedly reduced by FPL 55712 (5 X 10(-5)M) suggesting that SRS-A plays a major role in the anaphylactic response. The effect of isoprenaline on anaphylactic histamine release and contractions was also examined. Anaphylactic contractions in lung strips were inhibited by isoprenaline (10(-10)--10(-7)M). Isoprenaline also inhibited anaphylactic histamine release from lung parenchyma. 10(-7)M isoprenaline inhibited contractions by 85.6% and reduced histamine release by 27.9%. The results suggest that histamine release does not contribute markedly to anaphylaxis in peripheral airways.", "contents": "Anaphylaxis in guinea-pig peripheral airways in vitro. The contributions made by histamine, prostaglandins (PG) and slow reacting substance (SRS-A) to anaphylactic contractions in isolated guinea-pig lung were investigated. Histamine, PGF2alpha and SRS-A induced isometric contractions in lung parenchymal strips and in tracheal smooth muscle. The effective concentrations of the autacoids were the same in lung strips and tracheas. Anaphylactic contractions in lung strips from bovine serum albumin sensitised animals were not affected by mepyramine (5 X 10(-6)M), or indomethacin (3 X 10(-5)M) but were markedly reduced by FPL 55712 (5 X 10(-5)M) suggesting that SRS-A plays a major role in the anaphylactic response. The effect of isoprenaline on anaphylactic histamine release and contractions was also examined. Anaphylactic contractions in lung strips were inhibited by isoprenaline (10(-10)--10(-7)M). Isoprenaline also inhibited anaphylactic histamine release from lung parenchyma. 10(-7)M isoprenaline inhibited contractions by 85.6% and reduced histamine release by 27.9%. The results suggest that histamine release does not contribute markedly to anaphylaxis in peripheral airways.", "PMID": 421743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11157", "title": "Effects of some vasodilators on calcium translocation in intact and fractionated vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "The \"lanthanum method\" was used to measure the effects of vasodilators on the 45Ca influx induced in isolated strips of rabbit main pulmonary artery after replacement of NaCl by KCl in the bathing solution. Two Ca antagonists, verapamil and Ro 11-1781, produced dose-dependent inhibitions of 45Ca influx with IC50 values of 3 X 10(-7) and 4 X 10(-6)M, respectively. Papaverine was virtually equipotent with Ro 11-1781 (IC50 = 2 X 10(-6)M). High concentrations of diazoxide (10(-4) to 10(-3)M) and nitroglycerin (10(-3)M) were required to cause inhibitions which did not exceed 40%. While prazosin 3 X 10(-4)M stimulated 45Ca influx, sodium nitrite and sodium nitroprusside had no effect. A comparison of the effects of vasodilators on contraction and 45Ca influx indicated that, of the drugs studied, only Ca antagonists and papaverine may cause relaxation by interfering with Ca influx. While high concentrations (greater than 10(-4)M) of verapamil, papaverine and nitroglycerin produced an inhibition of 45Ca uptake by membrane fractions from rabbit aorta, the other vasodilators tested were inactive.", "contents": "Effects of some vasodilators on calcium translocation in intact and fractionated vascular smooth muscle. The \"lanthanum method\" was used to measure the effects of vasodilators on the 45Ca influx induced in isolated strips of rabbit main pulmonary artery after replacement of NaCl by KCl in the bathing solution. Two Ca antagonists, verapamil and Ro 11-1781, produced dose-dependent inhibitions of 45Ca influx with IC50 values of 3 X 10(-7) and 4 X 10(-6)M, respectively. Papaverine was virtually equipotent with Ro 11-1781 (IC50 = 2 X 10(-6)M). High concentrations of diazoxide (10(-4) to 10(-3)M) and nitroglycerin (10(-3)M) were required to cause inhibitions which did not exceed 40%. While prazosin 3 X 10(-4)M stimulated 45Ca influx, sodium nitrite and sodium nitroprusside had no effect. A comparison of the effects of vasodilators on contraction and 45Ca influx indicated that, of the drugs studied, only Ca antagonists and papaverine may cause relaxation by interfering with Ca influx. While high concentrations (greater than 10(-4)M) of verapamil, papaverine and nitroglycerin produced an inhibition of 45Ca uptake by membrane fractions from rabbit aorta, the other vasodilators tested were inactive.", "PMID": 421744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11158", "title": "Inhibition of aminopyridine-induced contractile activity in skeletal muscle by tetrodotoxin and by magnesium.", "content": "The effects of tetrodotoxin and magnesium have been studied on aminopyridine-induced contractile activity seen in the absence of nerve stimulation. In the chick biventer cervicis muscle both tetrodotoxin and magnesium pretreatment prevented the development of fasciculations and contractures in the presence of 4-aminopyridine and 3,4-diaminopyridine. Both tetrodotoxin and magnesium abolished aminopyridine induced fasciculations and contractures. Tetrodotoxin did not reduce postjunctional sensitivity to the agonists acetylcholine and carbachol whereas magnesium produced some reduction of postjunctional sensitivity. It is concluded that conducted action potentials must be involved in the aminopyridine-induced contractile activity. In the frog sartorius muscle aminopyridines occasionally induced repetitive endplate potentials suggesting that the compounds induce repetitive nerve activity. In both tetrodotoxin and magnesium treated preparations 4-aminopyridine produced only a moderate increase in miniature endplate potential frequency. It is concluded that aminopyridines increase nerve membrane excitability resulting in the generation of repetitive action potentials in the absence of nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Inhibition of aminopyridine-induced contractile activity in skeletal muscle by tetrodotoxin and by magnesium. The effects of tetrodotoxin and magnesium have been studied on aminopyridine-induced contractile activity seen in the absence of nerve stimulation. In the chick biventer cervicis muscle both tetrodotoxin and magnesium pretreatment prevented the development of fasciculations and contractures in the presence of 4-aminopyridine and 3,4-diaminopyridine. Both tetrodotoxin and magnesium abolished aminopyridine induced fasciculations and contractures. Tetrodotoxin did not reduce postjunctional sensitivity to the agonists acetylcholine and carbachol whereas magnesium produced some reduction of postjunctional sensitivity. It is concluded that conducted action potentials must be involved in the aminopyridine-induced contractile activity. In the frog sartorius muscle aminopyridines occasionally induced repetitive endplate potentials suggesting that the compounds induce repetitive nerve activity. In both tetrodotoxin and magnesium treated preparations 4-aminopyridine produced only a moderate increase in miniature endplate potential frequency. It is concluded that aminopyridines increase nerve membrane excitability resulting in the generation of repetitive action potentials in the absence of nerve stimulation.", "PMID": 421745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11159", "title": "Specific stimulating effect of glycine on 3H-dopamine efflux from substantia nigra slices of the rat.", "content": "The effect of glycine was studied on the efflux of tritium-labelled dopamine, 5-HT and GABA from small slices of rat substantia nigra in vitro. A depolarising stimulus (50 mM KCl) stimulated the efflux of 3H-5HT, 3H-dopamine and 3H-GABA in a calcium-dependent fashion. Glycine (50 and 100 micromoles) stimulated the spontaneous efflux of 3H-dopamine but not that of 3H-5HT or 3H-GABA. Taurine, GABA and beta-alanine, all at 100 micromoles, had no effect on release of radioactivity after prelabelling nigral slices with 3H-dopamine. In keeping with a transmitter role for glycine at this site, 3H-glycine was taken up by small slices of rat substantia nigra by both high affinity (Km = 2.4 micromoles) and low affinity systems (Km = 5.96 mM). However 50 mM KCl was without effect on the efflux of radioactivity from nigral slices prelabelled with 3H-glycine.", "contents": "Specific stimulating effect of glycine on 3H-dopamine efflux from substantia nigra slices of the rat. The effect of glycine was studied on the efflux of tritium-labelled dopamine, 5-HT and GABA from small slices of rat substantia nigra in vitro. A depolarising stimulus (50 mM KCl) stimulated the efflux of 3H-5HT, 3H-dopamine and 3H-GABA in a calcium-dependent fashion. Glycine (50 and 100 micromoles) stimulated the spontaneous efflux of 3H-dopamine but not that of 3H-5HT or 3H-GABA. Taurine, GABA and beta-alanine, all at 100 micromoles, had no effect on release of radioactivity after prelabelling nigral slices with 3H-dopamine. In keeping with a transmitter role for glycine at this site, 3H-glycine was taken up by small slices of rat substantia nigra by both high affinity (Km = 2.4 micromoles) and low affinity systems (Km = 5.96 mM). However 50 mM KCl was without effect on the efflux of radioactivity from nigral slices prelabelled with 3H-glycine.", "PMID": 421746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11160", "title": "Pain and the bulbospinal noradrenergic system: pain-induced increase in normetanephrine content in the spinal cord and its modification by morphine.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to determine whether noxious stimulation produced biochemical changes in noradrenergic neurons in the spinal cord of rats and whether morphine induced different biochemical effects in the presence and the absence of noxious stimuli. Noxious stimuli, but not stress, significantly increased the normetanephrine (NM) concentration only in the dorsal half of the spinal cord without affecting the noradrenaline concentration. The NM increase induced by noxious stimuli remained after transection at the inter-collicular level. The NM increase induced by noxious stimuli remained after transection at the inter-collicular level. When the noxious stimulation was blocked by lidocaine at the peripheral level, the NM increase disappeared. THe NM concentration elevated by pain, was further increased by morphine. The data suggest that the bulbospinal noradrenergic system works as a pain control system: pain itself slightly activates this system, but not to the extent of producing analgesia and the addition of morphine further activates this system to a level sufficient to produce analgesia.", "contents": "Pain and the bulbospinal noradrenergic system: pain-induced increase in normetanephrine content in the spinal cord and its modification by morphine. Experiments were carried out to determine whether noxious stimulation produced biochemical changes in noradrenergic neurons in the spinal cord of rats and whether morphine induced different biochemical effects in the presence and the absence of noxious stimuli. Noxious stimuli, but not stress, significantly increased the normetanephrine (NM) concentration only in the dorsal half of the spinal cord without affecting the noradrenaline concentration. The NM increase induced by noxious stimuli remained after transection at the inter-collicular level. The NM increase induced by noxious stimuli remained after transection at the inter-collicular level. When the noxious stimulation was blocked by lidocaine at the peripheral level, the NM increase disappeared. THe NM concentration elevated by pain, was further increased by morphine. The data suggest that the bulbospinal noradrenergic system works as a pain control system: pain itself slightly activates this system, but not to the extent of producing analgesia and the addition of morphine further activates this system to a level sufficient to produce analgesia.", "PMID": 421747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11161", "title": "The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus).", "content": "Stereotaxic injections of small quantities of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) are made in the vestibular complex in the hen and the labelled cells due to retrograde transport of the tracer enzyme are studied, especially in the vestibular complex but also in other parts of the brain stem. The superior vestibular nucleus sends commissural fibres to the superior, medial, and descending nuclei and to Deiters' complex. The cell group A projects to the contralateral superior nucleus and to the Deiter's complex. The medial nucleus projects to the contralateral superior and descending nuclei, Deiters' complex, as well as strongly to the medial nucleus. The descending nucleus projects commissurally to the superior nucleus, the medial nucleus and the Deiters' complex, as well as heavily to the descending nucleus. The nucleus Deiters ventralis, the nucleus Deiters dorsalis, the cell group B and the trangential nucleus do not project to any other vestibular nuclei. Furthermore, the medial nucleus projects to the superior and descending nuclei and the Deiters' complex on the same side. The descending nucleus projects to the superior and medial nuclei on the same side. Finally, the superior nucleus, the medial nucleus, the descending nucleus, and the Deiters' compelx receive fibres from the ipsilateral nucleus of Darkschewitsch and the nucleus ectomammillaris, as well as bilaterally from the pontine but mainly from the bulbar reticular formation.", "contents": "The vestibular nuclei in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). Stereotaxic injections of small quantities of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) are made in the vestibular complex in the hen and the labelled cells due to retrograde transport of the tracer enzyme are studied, especially in the vestibular complex but also in other parts of the brain stem. The superior vestibular nucleus sends commissural fibres to the superior, medial, and descending nuclei and to Deiters' complex. The cell group A projects to the contralateral superior nucleus and to the Deiter's complex. The medial nucleus projects to the contralateral superior and descending nuclei, Deiters' complex, as well as strongly to the medial nucleus. The descending nucleus projects commissurally to the superior nucleus, the medial nucleus and the Deiters' complex, as well as heavily to the descending nucleus. The nucleus Deiters ventralis, the nucleus Deiters dorsalis, the cell group B and the trangential nucleus do not project to any other vestibular nuclei. Furthermore, the medial nucleus projects to the superior and descending nuclei and the Deiters' complex on the same side. The descending nucleus projects to the superior and medial nuclei on the same side. Finally, the superior nucleus, the medial nucleus, the descending nucleus, and the Deiters' compelx receive fibres from the ipsilateral nucleus of Darkschewitsch and the nucleus ectomammillaris, as well as bilaterally from the pontine but mainly from the bulbar reticular formation.", "PMID": 421748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11162", "title": "The pontine projection onto longitudinal zones of the paramedian lobule in the cat.", "content": "The distribution of labeled cells in the pontine nuclei was studied following microinjections of horseradish peroxidase into three longitudinal zones in the paramedian lobule in the cat. Labeled cells were only found when the staining of the cerebellar cortex included the granular layer. The labeled cells were present contralateral to the injection site in the cases with the smallest injections, in the others there was a bilateral distribution with a contralateral preponderance. The labeled cells lie concentrated in three groups medially, ventrally, and laterally to the peduncle. No indication of a different projection from these three groups to the three longitudinal paramedian zones was found, although in the same material a zonal projection exists for the climbing fibers from various parts of the inferior olive to the same cerebellar lobule (Brodal and Walberg, 1977).", "contents": "The pontine projection onto longitudinal zones of the paramedian lobule in the cat. The distribution of labeled cells in the pontine nuclei was studied following microinjections of horseradish peroxidase into three longitudinal zones in the paramedian lobule in the cat. Labeled cells were only found when the staining of the cerebellar cortex included the granular layer. The labeled cells were present contralateral to the injection site in the cases with the smallest injections, in the others there was a bilateral distribution with a contralateral preponderance. The labeled cells lie concentrated in three groups medially, ventrally, and laterally to the peduncle. No indication of a different projection from these three groups to the three longitudinal paramedian zones was found, although in the same material a zonal projection exists for the climbing fibers from various parts of the inferior olive to the same cerebellar lobule (Brodal and Walberg, 1977).", "PMID": 421749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11163", "title": "On the central generation of locomotion in the low spinal cat.", "content": "A central network of neurones in the spinal cord has been shown to produce a rhythmic motor output similar to locomotion after suppression of all afferent inflow. The experiments were performed mainly in acute spinal cats (th. 12), which had received DOPA i.v. and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor Nialamide. In some preparations all dorsal roots supplying the spinal cord were transected, in others phasic afferent activity was suppressed by curarization. The activity was recorded as neurograms from nerve filaments or as electromyograms. It is concluded that: 1. alternating activity between flexors and extensors of foot, ankel, knee, and hip of one limb can still occur 2. the duration of the flexor discharges vary less with the cycle duration than the extensor discharges 3. different flexor muscles may retain individual patterns 4. the activity at different joints can be dissociated 5. there is at least one network for each limb. 6. the coordination between the two hindlimbs can be alternating as in walking or be more closely spaced as in galloping 7. alternating activity in the ankle remains even when only segments L6, L7 and S1 are intact.", "contents": "On the central generation of locomotion in the low spinal cat. A central network of neurones in the spinal cord has been shown to produce a rhythmic motor output similar to locomotion after suppression of all afferent inflow. The experiments were performed mainly in acute spinal cats (th. 12), which had received DOPA i.v. and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor Nialamide. In some preparations all dorsal roots supplying the spinal cord were transected, in others phasic afferent activity was suppressed by curarization. The activity was recorded as neurograms from nerve filaments or as electromyograms. It is concluded that: 1. alternating activity between flexors and extensors of foot, ankel, knee, and hip of one limb can still occur 2. the duration of the flexor discharges vary less with the cycle duration than the extensor discharges 3. different flexor muscles may retain individual patterns 4. the activity at different joints can be dissociated 5. there is at least one network for each limb. 6. the coordination between the two hindlimbs can be alternating as in walking or be more closely spaced as in galloping 7. alternating activity in the ankle remains even when only segments L6, L7 and S1 are intact.", "PMID": 421750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11164", "title": "Responses of single cells in cat's lateral geniculate nucleus and area 17 to the velocity of moving visual stimuli.", "content": "Neuronal responses to moving visual stimuli were recorded in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and area 17 of cats. Response duration (DE), number of spikes (NT), and mean frequency (FM) were estimated from the response histograms and analysed for their dependence on stimulus velocity. In the LGN, for about 2/3 of cells these response parameters changed monotonically with velocity up to about 100 degrees/s. In 1/3 of the cells, the response frequency was tuned to velocity. The speed at which individual cells reached a peak or plateau firing rate was correlated with their receptive field size. In area 17, most neurones were tuned to velocity. Nine out of 59 cells were insensitive to stimulus speed in that they responded equally well at stimulus velocities up to about 10 degrees/s. The results suggest that at higher levels in the nervous system information about velocity is represented in discrete groups of neurones. It is pointed out that different response parameters may be relevant for different perceptual phenomena associated with movement. The significance of integrational properties and lateral inhibition of nerve cells for the development of complex response properties is discussed.", "contents": "Responses of single cells in cat's lateral geniculate nucleus and area 17 to the velocity of moving visual stimuli. Neuronal responses to moving visual stimuli were recorded in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and area 17 of cats. Response duration (DE), number of spikes (NT), and mean frequency (FM) were estimated from the response histograms and analysed for their dependence on stimulus velocity. In the LGN, for about 2/3 of cells these response parameters changed monotonically with velocity up to about 100 degrees/s. In 1/3 of the cells, the response frequency was tuned to velocity. The speed at which individual cells reached a peak or plateau firing rate was correlated with their receptive field size. In area 17, most neurones were tuned to velocity. Nine out of 59 cells were insensitive to stimulus speed in that they responded equally well at stimulus velocities up to about 10 degrees/s. The results suggest that at higher levels in the nervous system information about velocity is represented in discrete groups of neurones. It is pointed out that different response parameters may be relevant for different perceptual phenomena associated with movement. The significance of integrational properties and lateral inhibition of nerve cells for the development of complex response properties is discussed.", "PMID": 421751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11165", "title": "Modification of orientation sensitivity of cat visual cortex neurons by removal of GABA-mediated inhibition.", "content": "The effects of an inhibitor of GABA synthesis, 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MP), and of the GABA antagonist bicuculline (BIC), on the direction and orientation sensitivity of visual cortical neurons were investigated using a computer-controlled stimulus presentation system. Intravenous administration of MP, which was usually more effective than if administered microelectrophoretically, induced a slight, but significant reduction in these properties of about half of the neurons tested. The effect of electrophoretic BIC was in the same direction but clearer than that of MP. In 71% of the simple cells, direction sensitivity was virtually lost during administration of BIC while orientation sensitivity was never completely eliminated in any neuron tested. Simultaneous administration of both drugs (MP systemically, BIC electrophoretically) caused more complete modification of the sensitivities than single administration of each. In four out of thirteen neurons tested, orientation sensitivity was completely abolished. The excitatory receptive fields slightly increased in size and became virtually round. The response magnitude to the optimal stimulus was increased by each drug along and by both. The present results further support the hypothesis that intracortical inhibition plays a major if not an exclusive role for the orientation and direction sensitivity of cortical cells.", "contents": "Modification of orientation sensitivity of cat visual cortex neurons by removal of GABA-mediated inhibition. The effects of an inhibitor of GABA synthesis, 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MP), and of the GABA antagonist bicuculline (BIC), on the direction and orientation sensitivity of visual cortical neurons were investigated using a computer-controlled stimulus presentation system. Intravenous administration of MP, which was usually more effective than if administered microelectrophoretically, induced a slight, but significant reduction in these properties of about half of the neurons tested. The effect of electrophoretic BIC was in the same direction but clearer than that of MP. In 71% of the simple cells, direction sensitivity was virtually lost during administration of BIC while orientation sensitivity was never completely eliminated in any neuron tested. Simultaneous administration of both drugs (MP systemically, BIC electrophoretically) caused more complete modification of the sensitivities than single administration of each. In four out of thirteen neurons tested, orientation sensitivity was completely abolished. The excitatory receptive fields slightly increased in size and became virtually round. The response magnitude to the optimal stimulus was increased by each drug along and by both. The present results further support the hypothesis that intracortical inhibition plays a major if not an exclusive role for the orientation and direction sensitivity of cortical cells.", "PMID": 421752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11166", "title": "Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on cell-free protein synthesizing systems from mouse brain.", "content": "GABA stimulates the amino acid incorporating activity of cell-free protein synthesizing systems from mouse brain within a concentration range between 1 muM and 1 mM. This stimulating effect can be measured in systems with free and membrane-bound polysomes as well as in systems with mitochondria or synaptosomes. There is, however, no GABA effect on cell-free systems with polysomes or mitochondria from mouse liver. In the presence of 100 muM GABA aminoacylation of brain tRNA distinctly exceeds the in vitro loading of tRNA in control systems without GABA. Saturating the polysomal systems with precharged [14C]Phe-tRNA results in a loss of GABA stimulation, which is also observed if brain tRNA is charged by pH 5 enzymes from mouse liver. According to these data, GABA seems to have an organ-specific stimulating effect on cell-free systems from mouse brain. In the polysomal systems the site of this GABA effect within the step sequence in protein biosynthesis is the aminoacylation of tRNA and the target of its action seems to be the tRNA itself.", "contents": "Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on cell-free protein synthesizing systems from mouse brain. GABA stimulates the amino acid incorporating activity of cell-free protein synthesizing systems from mouse brain within a concentration range between 1 muM and 1 mM. This stimulating effect can be measured in systems with free and membrane-bound polysomes as well as in systems with mitochondria or synaptosomes. There is, however, no GABA effect on cell-free systems with polysomes or mitochondria from mouse liver. In the presence of 100 muM GABA aminoacylation of brain tRNA distinctly exceeds the in vitro loading of tRNA in control systems without GABA. Saturating the polysomal systems with precharged [14C]Phe-tRNA results in a loss of GABA stimulation, which is also observed if brain tRNA is charged by pH 5 enzymes from mouse liver. According to these data, GABA seems to have an organ-specific stimulating effect on cell-free systems from mouse brain. In the polysomal systems the site of this GABA effect within the step sequence in protein biosynthesis is the aminoacylation of tRNA and the target of its action seems to be the tRNA itself.", "PMID": 421753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11167", "title": "Typical albino retinofugal projections despite severe congenital optic nerve malformations in adult albino rats.", "content": "Albino rats with severe congenital malformations of the optic nerves consisting of kinks, folds, or loops were examined for possible abnormal central visual projections using the Fink-Heimer method. No abnormal projections were seen in any of the visual areas studied.", "contents": "Typical albino retinofugal projections despite severe congenital optic nerve malformations in adult albino rats. Albino rats with severe congenital malformations of the optic nerves consisting of kinks, folds, or loops were examined for possible abnormal central visual projections using the Fink-Heimer method. No abnormal projections were seen in any of the visual areas studied.", "PMID": 421754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11168", "title": "Ultracytochemical observations of choline acetyltransferase neurons in the rat neostriatum.", "content": "The fine structural localization of ChAc activity was studied in the rat neostriatum by a ultracytochemical method. The reaction products of ChAc activity were seen in the cisternal structures and plasma membrane of some medium-sized neurons. Some boutons with ChAc-positive vesicles were observed to make an axo-dendritic or axo-somatic symmetrical synapse.", "contents": "Ultracytochemical observations of choline acetyltransferase neurons in the rat neostriatum. The fine structural localization of ChAc activity was studied in the rat neostriatum by a ultracytochemical method. The reaction products of ChAc activity were seen in the cisternal structures and plasma membrane of some medium-sized neurons. Some boutons with ChAc-positive vesicles were observed to make an axo-dendritic or axo-somatic symmetrical synapse.", "PMID": 421755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11169", "title": "Pattern discrimination and visuomotor behavior following rotation of one or both eyes in kittens and in adult cats.", "content": "Sixteen cats, each of which had one or both eyes rotated at the time of natural eye opening (group K), were tested for visuomotor behavior and for learning and interocular transfer of two-choice visual discriminations. Their behavior was compared to that of two cats given monocular rotations in adulthood (group A) and to two normal controls (group N). These animals were all reared in the same colony. All cats, including those with monocular rotations up to 180 degrees and those with binocular rotations up to 80 degrees in each eye, showed good visuomotor behavior when using the rotated eye (i.e., with the normal eye covered). Both the group K and group A animals showed comparable visuomotor adaptation. All animals except those with monocular rotations of 180 degrees were able to learn several oriented pattern discriminations and showed considerable though incomplete interocular transfer of such information. The three animals with 180 degrees rotations were able to learn brightness, but not pattern discriminations. Seven further animals with large rotations were used for histological studies of the retina and primary visual pathways. Areas of reduced ganglion cell density were not observed in whole mounts of the retinae, nor were regions of reduced transport of 3H-proline from the retina to the lateral geniculate nuclei or superior colliculi detectable from autoradiographs.", "contents": "Pattern discrimination and visuomotor behavior following rotation of one or both eyes in kittens and in adult cats. Sixteen cats, each of which had one or both eyes rotated at the time of natural eye opening (group K), were tested for visuomotor behavior and for learning and interocular transfer of two-choice visual discriminations. Their behavior was compared to that of two cats given monocular rotations in adulthood (group A) and to two normal controls (group N). These animals were all reared in the same colony. All cats, including those with monocular rotations up to 180 degrees and those with binocular rotations up to 80 degrees in each eye, showed good visuomotor behavior when using the rotated eye (i.e., with the normal eye covered). Both the group K and group A animals showed comparable visuomotor adaptation. All animals except those with monocular rotations of 180 degrees were able to learn several oriented pattern discriminations and showed considerable though incomplete interocular transfer of such information. The three animals with 180 degrees rotations were able to learn brightness, but not pattern discriminations. Seven further animals with large rotations were used for histological studies of the retina and primary visual pathways. Areas of reduced ganglion cell density were not observed in whole mounts of the retinae, nor were regions of reduced transport of 3H-proline from the retina to the lateral geniculate nuclei or superior colliculi detectable from autoradiographs.", "PMID": 421756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11170", "title": "[Vagal thermoreceptors in the gastro-intestinal area. Their role in the regulation of the digestive motility (author's transl)].", "content": "In anaesthetized cats, sensory vagal units were recorded in the nodose ganglion by means of extracellular glass microelectrodes. In the antrum and the duodenum we have found receptors tonically activated by warm (38-51 degrees C with an optimum at 46-49 degrees C) or cold (36-10 degrees C with an optimum at 12-10 degrees C) solutions. These receptors did not respond to mechanical stimuli (compression and distension of the viscera) and to chemical ones (perfusion with glucose and acid solutions). Thus they did not belong to polymodal type, but they must be considered as true thermoreceptors, specifically sensitive to warm or cold stimulations. The gastro-duodenal thermoreceptors were connected to non-medullated vagal fibres (conduction velocity: 0.8-1.4 m/s). On the other hand, the role of the gastro-duodenal vagal thermoreceptors in the regulation of the digestive motility was studied. By using several electromyographic recordings, it was possible to show that the cold and warm stimulations of the duodenum which elicited thermoreceptor responses, induced an inhibition of the electrical activity of the antrum. The changes persisted after bisplanchnectomy, but disappeared completely after bivagotomy. From these facts it was concluded that the vagal thermoreceptors were involved in the nervous regulations of the gastro-duodenal motility.", "contents": "[Vagal thermoreceptors in the gastro-intestinal area. Their role in the regulation of the digestive motility (author's transl)]. In anaesthetized cats, sensory vagal units were recorded in the nodose ganglion by means of extracellular glass microelectrodes. In the antrum and the duodenum we have found receptors tonically activated by warm (38-51 degrees C with an optimum at 46-49 degrees C) or cold (36-10 degrees C with an optimum at 12-10 degrees C) solutions. These receptors did not respond to mechanical stimuli (compression and distension of the viscera) and to chemical ones (perfusion with glucose and acid solutions). Thus they did not belong to polymodal type, but they must be considered as true thermoreceptors, specifically sensitive to warm or cold stimulations. The gastro-duodenal thermoreceptors were connected to non-medullated vagal fibres (conduction velocity: 0.8-1.4 m/s). On the other hand, the role of the gastro-duodenal vagal thermoreceptors in the regulation of the digestive motility was studied. By using several electromyographic recordings, it was possible to show that the cold and warm stimulations of the duodenum which elicited thermoreceptor responses, induced an inhibition of the electrical activity of the antrum. The changes persisted after bisplanchnectomy, but disappeared completely after bivagotomy. From these facts it was concluded that the vagal thermoreceptors were involved in the nervous regulations of the gastro-duodenal motility.", "PMID": 421757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11171", "title": "Effects of ventrolateral thalamic nucleus cooling on initiation of forelimb ballistic flexion movements by conditioned cats.", "content": "Five cats were trained to perform a forelimb ballistic flexion on a reaction time paradigm including an upper limit of about 400 ms for reinforcement (food pellets). They were implanted with a cyrogenic probe thermically insulated, except at the tip, by a vacuum jacket (outer diameter, 1.1 mm). Four cats had the probe inserted into the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VL), contralateral to the moving limb. During cooling they showed increased reaction times, which remained constant throughout daily sessions performed during many weeks, independent of the foreperiod but varying from 25 to 100 ms according to the subject. The temperatures used to upset the reaction times varied from +10 decrees C to -8 degrees C, depending on the localisation of the probe and on the insulation of the silver tip used to prevent nervous tissue reaction, but for each subject the reaction times always increased when the temperature was lowered. The fifth cat, with a probe inserted between VL and the Centre Median, showed a decrease of reaction times on cooling to 0 degrees C and an increase of the reaction times for a cooling at -10 degrees C. For one of the four cats with a probe properly inserted into the VL, strain-gauges were stuck on the lever to measure the latency of the decrease of the pressure exerted by the subject when the subject initiated the forelimb flexion in response to the CS. Reaction times and latencies of pressure changes were closely correlated with the movement onset, and they were equally delayed during cooling. This result demonstrates that it is not by slowing down movement velocity that reaction times are upset during VL cooling but by delaying the movement onset.", "contents": "Effects of ventrolateral thalamic nucleus cooling on initiation of forelimb ballistic flexion movements by conditioned cats. Five cats were trained to perform a forelimb ballistic flexion on a reaction time paradigm including an upper limit of about 400 ms for reinforcement (food pellets). They were implanted with a cyrogenic probe thermically insulated, except at the tip, by a vacuum jacket (outer diameter, 1.1 mm). Four cats had the probe inserted into the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VL), contralateral to the moving limb. During cooling they showed increased reaction times, which remained constant throughout daily sessions performed during many weeks, independent of the foreperiod but varying from 25 to 100 ms according to the subject. The temperatures used to upset the reaction times varied from +10 decrees C to -8 degrees C, depending on the localisation of the probe and on the insulation of the silver tip used to prevent nervous tissue reaction, but for each subject the reaction times always increased when the temperature was lowered. The fifth cat, with a probe inserted between VL and the Centre Median, showed a decrease of reaction times on cooling to 0 degrees C and an increase of the reaction times for a cooling at -10 degrees C. For one of the four cats with a probe properly inserted into the VL, strain-gauges were stuck on the lever to measure the latency of the decrease of the pressure exerted by the subject when the subject initiated the forelimb flexion in response to the CS. Reaction times and latencies of pressure changes were closely correlated with the movement onset, and they were equally delayed during cooling. This result demonstrates that it is not by slowing down movement velocity that reaction times are upset during VL cooling but by delaying the movement onset.", "PMID": 421758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11172", "title": "Apparent movements induced by stroboscopic illumination of stabilized images.", "content": "Stroboscopic illumination of stabilized images causes habituation effects and illusory phenomena which, at low stimulation frequencies, show up as brighter patches. When a line is used as a stimulus, these patches are observed as brighter spots in the line surrounded by dimmer patches in the background. These locally brighter parts function as sources from which brightness spreads in the direction of the line at light-on and as sinks to which the brightness retracts again after light-off. This spread and retraction of the brightness induces the perception of movements. Higher stimulation frequencies or a diminished stimulus-background contrast enables the brightness to spread also in the direction perpendicular to the line contour, i.e., into the background. Again a perception of movement is induced, local displacements of a part of the field are observed as a result of the brightness spread. Tiny pinpoints of light, the smallest foveal perceptive elements, visible in lines narrower than 10 min arc (Gerrits, 1978), are also observed when these lines are illuminated with stroboscopic light. These tiny elements do not spread their brightnesses and so also no movement is induced. The results are discussed in relation to the properties of the perceptive elements and the cells activating them (habituation, barriers, filling-in).", "contents": "Apparent movements induced by stroboscopic illumination of stabilized images. Stroboscopic illumination of stabilized images causes habituation effects and illusory phenomena which, at low stimulation frequencies, show up as brighter patches. When a line is used as a stimulus, these patches are observed as brighter spots in the line surrounded by dimmer patches in the background. These locally brighter parts function as sources from which brightness spreads in the direction of the line at light-on and as sinks to which the brightness retracts again after light-off. This spread and retraction of the brightness induces the perception of movements. Higher stimulation frequencies or a diminished stimulus-background contrast enables the brightness to spread also in the direction perpendicular to the line contour, i.e., into the background. Again a perception of movement is induced, local displacements of a part of the field are observed as a result of the brightness spread. Tiny pinpoints of light, the smallest foveal perceptive elements, visible in lines narrower than 10 min arc (Gerrits, 1978), are also observed when these lines are illuminated with stroboscopic light. These tiny elements do not spread their brightnesses and so also no movement is induced. The results are discussed in relation to the properties of the perceptive elements and the cells activating them (habituation, barriers, filling-in).", "PMID": 421759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11173", "title": "Anatomical and electrophysiological identification of motoneurones supplying the cat retractor bulbi muscle.", "content": "Motoneurones innervating the retractor bulbi muscle in the cat have been identified by retrograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase, by intracellular recording and by intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase. Their somata are found in an accessory abducens nucleus, analogous to that described in some other species, which consists of a narrow column of cells situated in the lateral tegmental reticular field, above the superior olive and medial to the facial nerve. The column of cells extends over approximately 1.5 mm from P 5.5 to P 7. The retractor bulbi motoneurones number from 80 to 120 and have large, elongated somata which give rise to five or six major dendrites. Their axons cross the reticular formation in a dorso-medial direction to pass through the principal abducens nucleus before turning to leave the brain stem in the 6th nerve. Antidromic latencies ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 ms. Some retractor bulbi motoneurones could also be activated antidromically by stimulation of the lateral rectus muscle nerve.", "contents": "Anatomical and electrophysiological identification of motoneurones supplying the cat retractor bulbi muscle. Motoneurones innervating the retractor bulbi muscle in the cat have been identified by retrograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase, by intracellular recording and by intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase. Their somata are found in an accessory abducens nucleus, analogous to that described in some other species, which consists of a narrow column of cells situated in the lateral tegmental reticular field, above the superior olive and medial to the facial nerve. The column of cells extends over approximately 1.5 mm from P 5.5 to P 7. The retractor bulbi motoneurones number from 80 to 120 and have large, elongated somata which give rise to five or six major dendrites. Their axons cross the reticular formation in a dorso-medial direction to pass through the principal abducens nucleus before turning to leave the brain stem in the 6th nerve. Antidromic latencies ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 ms. Some retractor bulbi motoneurones could also be activated antidromically by stimulation of the lateral rectus muscle nerve.", "PMID": 421760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11174", "title": "Learning and interhemispheric transfer of visual pattern discriminations following unilateral suprasylvian lesions in split-chiasm cats.", "content": "A suprasylvian lesion removing cortical areas 7 and 21 and portions of area 19 and of the lateral suprasylvian area was placed in one hemisphere of split-chiasm cats. By comparison with the normal side and with cortically intact split-chiasm and split-brain cats, form discrimination learning with the eye on the injured side was severely retarded. This deficit could not be attributed to an unintentional undercutting of areas 17 and 18, since in three cases the laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus showed little retrograde atrophy; marked degeneration was found in the medial interlaminar nucleus and the pulvinar complex. In addition, interocular transfer of form discriminations to the eye on the injured side was absent or poor, while transfer in the opposite direction was normal. A cat with a suprasylvian lesion undercutting areas 17 and 18 was unable to learn pattern discriminations with the eye on the injured side, in spite of prolonged training with that eye and normal learning with the other eye. Another cat with a suprasylvian lesion selectively removing the anteromedial and posteromedial portions of the lateral suprasylvian area showed no learning deficit on the injured side, but poor transfer to that side. A learning deficit on the side of the lesion emerged in this cat after forebrain commissurotomy. The results support the hypothesis of a major involvement of cortical areas outside of 17 and 18 in the processes of abstraction and generalization of visual information necessary for learning and interhemispheric transfer of form discrimination in the cat.", "contents": "Learning and interhemispheric transfer of visual pattern discriminations following unilateral suprasylvian lesions in split-chiasm cats. A suprasylvian lesion removing cortical areas 7 and 21 and portions of area 19 and of the lateral suprasylvian area was placed in one hemisphere of split-chiasm cats. By comparison with the normal side and with cortically intact split-chiasm and split-brain cats, form discrimination learning with the eye on the injured side was severely retarded. This deficit could not be attributed to an unintentional undercutting of areas 17 and 18, since in three cases the laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus showed little retrograde atrophy; marked degeneration was found in the medial interlaminar nucleus and the pulvinar complex. In addition, interocular transfer of form discriminations to the eye on the injured side was absent or poor, while transfer in the opposite direction was normal. A cat with a suprasylvian lesion undercutting areas 17 and 18 was unable to learn pattern discriminations with the eye on the injured side, in spite of prolonged training with that eye and normal learning with the other eye. Another cat with a suprasylvian lesion selectively removing the anteromedial and posteromedial portions of the lateral suprasylvian area showed no learning deficit on the injured side, but poor transfer to that side. A learning deficit on the side of the lesion emerged in this cat after forebrain commissurotomy. The results support the hypothesis of a major involvement of cortical areas outside of 17 and 18 in the processes of abstraction and generalization of visual information necessary for learning and interhemispheric transfer of form discrimination in the cat.", "PMID": 421761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11175", "title": "The smooth endoplasmic reticulum as a possible storage site for dendritic dopamine in substantia nigra neurones.", "content": "In dendrites of the substantia nigra neurones the monoamine marker 5-hydroxydopamine injected intracerebrally was localized inside of smooth endoplasmic reticulum cisterns. This observation opens the possibility of the existence of an alternative site for dopamine storage in dendrites as opposed to the well-known vesicular storage.", "contents": "The smooth endoplasmic reticulum as a possible storage site for dendritic dopamine in substantia nigra neurones. In dendrites of the substantia nigra neurones the monoamine marker 5-hydroxydopamine injected intracerebrally was localized inside of smooth endoplasmic reticulum cisterns. This observation opens the possibility of the existence of an alternative site for dopamine storage in dendrites as opposed to the well-known vesicular storage.", "PMID": 421770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11176", "title": "Triple cones found in retinas of 3 fish species.", "content": "Triple cones were found in the retinas of 3 species of fishes indigenous to the Woods Hole area. The function of these triple cones can not be deduced from the behavior patterns of these fishes.", "contents": "Triple cones found in retinas of 3 fish species. Triple cones were found in the retinas of 3 species of fishes indigenous to the Woods Hole area. The function of these triple cones can not be deduced from the behavior patterns of these fishes.", "PMID": 421772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11177", "title": "The effect of x-irradiation on the amount of dopamine in corpus striatum of the rat.", "content": "The effect of ionizing radiation on the amount of dopamine in corpus striatum was investigated in rats exposed to 650 or 850 R of X-rays. The amount of dopamine in the corpus striatum was measured fluorimetrically in various periods of time after irradiation. It was found that, irrespective of the dose applied, the ionizing radiation caused a significant depletion of dopamine in the striatum.", "contents": "The effect of x-irradiation on the amount of dopamine in corpus striatum of the rat. The effect of ionizing radiation on the amount of dopamine in corpus striatum was investigated in rats exposed to 650 or 850 R of X-rays. The amount of dopamine in the corpus striatum was measured fluorimetrically in various periods of time after irradiation. It was found that, irrespective of the dose applied, the ionizing radiation caused a significant depletion of dopamine in the striatum.", "PMID": 421774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11178", "title": "Immunochemical studies on rabbit calcitonin.", "content": "Cross  reaction studies using radioimmunoassays specific for human and porcine calcitonin showed that rabbit calcitonin is structurally more closely related to human than to porcine calcitonin.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on rabbit calcitonin. Cross  reaction studies using radioimmunoassays specific for human and porcine calcitonin showed that rabbit calcitonin is structurally more closely related to human than to porcine calcitonin.", "PMID": 421775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11179", "title": "Do Schwann cells produce collagen type III?", "content": "The fact that collagen from both normal nerve endoneurium and Schwann cell tumours present characteristics of collagen type III, suggests that Schwann cells produce this type of collagen.", "contents": "Do Schwann cells produce collagen type III? The fact that collagen from both normal nerve endoneurium and Schwann cell tumours present characteristics of collagen type III, suggests that Schwann cells produce this type of collagen.", "PMID": 421776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11180", "title": "The influence of homologous plasma and fetal calf serum on human lymphocytic cortisol metabolism.", "content": "The influence of a) tissue culture medium (RPMI), b) homologous plasma (HP), and c) fetal calf serum (FCS) on lymphocytic cortisol metabolism was compared to that of phosphate buffered saline alone. RPMI was found to enhance the conversion rate 1.71 times, whereas HP and FCS enhanced it about 3.2 times. Raising the temperature of the HP and FCS to 100 degrees C before incubation reduced the enhancing effect to the level of that obtained with RPMI.", "contents": "The influence of homologous plasma and fetal calf serum on human lymphocytic cortisol metabolism. The influence of a) tissue culture medium (RPMI), b) homologous plasma (HP), and c) fetal calf serum (FCS) on lymphocytic cortisol metabolism was compared to that of phosphate buffered saline alone. RPMI was found to enhance the conversion rate 1.71 times, whereas HP and FCS enhanced it about 3.2 times. Raising the temperature of the HP and FCS to 100 degrees C before incubation reduced the enhancing effect to the level of that obtained with RPMI.", "PMID": 421777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11181", "title": "Effect of insulin on immunological phagocytosis by macrophages.", "content": "It was shown that, in physiological concentrations, insulin enhances, in vitro, the immunological phagocytosis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes by cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. Insulin seems to stimulate macrophage phagocytosis as a cholinomimetic agonist by increasing the intracellular levels of cyclic GMP.", "contents": "Effect of insulin on immunological phagocytosis by macrophages. It was shown that, in physiological concentrations, insulin enhances, in vitro, the immunological phagocytosis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes by cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. Insulin seems to stimulate macrophage phagocytosis as a cholinomimetic agonist by increasing the intracellular levels of cyclic GMP.", "PMID": 421778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11182", "title": "Effects of castration, estradiol and testosterone on tubulin levels of the medial basal hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis of the rat.", "content": "Tubulin levels of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) were greater in male than in female rats. Orchidectomy brought about a decrease of MBH tubulin concentration, whereas testosterone injection augmented it in the MBH and adenohypophysis. Estradiol administration augmented MBH tubulin and protein concentration.", "contents": "Effects of castration, estradiol and testosterone on tubulin levels of the medial basal hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis of the rat. Tubulin levels of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) were greater in male than in female rats. Orchidectomy brought about a decrease of MBH tubulin concentration, whereas testosterone injection augmented it in the MBH and adenohypophysis. Estradiol administration augmented MBH tubulin and protein concentration.", "PMID": 421779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11183", "title": "Corpus luteum function in ageing inbred mice.", "content": "Impaired breeding performance of aged female mice was associated with reduced numbers of ovulations and increased mortality of embryos. The amounts of progesterone in the sera, corpora lutea and uterine flushings of these animals were similar to those of young animals when measured by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Corpus luteum function in ageing inbred mice. Impaired breeding performance of aged female mice was associated with reduced numbers of ovulations and increased mortality of embryos. The amounts of progesterone in the sera, corpora lutea and uterine flushings of these animals were similar to those of young animals when measured by radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 421780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11184", "title": "The effect of gonadotrophins on the steroidogenesis, in the ovary and testis of gonadotrophin-deprived fresh water teleost, Cyprinus carpio.", "content": "Studies have been made on the effect of LH, FSH, and LH+FSH on the gonadal steroidogenesis in gonadotrophin-deprived common carp. LH alone and in combination with FSH was more effective than FSH in stimulation of steroidogenesis.", "contents": "The effect of gonadotrophins on the steroidogenesis, in the ovary and testis of gonadotrophin-deprived fresh water teleost, Cyprinus carpio. Studies have been made on the effect of LH, FSH, and LH+FSH on the gonadal steroidogenesis in gonadotrophin-deprived common carp. LH alone and in combination with FSH was more effective than FSH in stimulation of steroidogenesis.", "PMID": 421781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11185", "title": "Immunological tests for LH and FSH in urine.", "content": "The addition of 100 g/l NaCl and 200 mg/l nitrofurantoin to 24-h urine samples destined for determination of LH and FSH with haemagglutination tests, proved to be an adequate preservative in comparison to chilling.", "contents": "Immunological tests for LH and FSH in urine. The addition of 100 g/l NaCl and 200 mg/l nitrofurantoin to 24-h urine samples destined for determination of LH and FSH with haemagglutination tests, proved to be an adequate preservative in comparison to chilling.", "PMID": 421782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11186", "title": "Determinant of efficiency of a monomeric enzyme: acceleration by site-specific molecules for trypsin.", "content": "The interaction of a specific ligand at substrate binding site was shown to be responsible for the catalytic efficiency of trypsin. The reasoning of 'induced fit' theory was refined by kinetic analysis of characteristic properties of 'inverse' substrates.", "contents": "Determinant of efficiency of a monomeric enzyme: acceleration by site-specific molecules for trypsin. The interaction of a specific ligand at substrate binding site was shown to be responsible for the catalytic efficiency of trypsin. The reasoning of 'induced fit' theory was refined by kinetic analysis of characteristic properties of 'inverse' substrates.", "PMID": 421784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11187", "title": "Determination of trace elements in peripheral lymphocytes from tumor-bearing rats.", "content": "Neutron activation analysis of peripheral lymphocytes from healthy and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma-bearing rats resulted in the quantitative determination of Co, Cu, K, Mn, Rb, Se and Zn, and a qualitative determination of Au and Sb. From corresponding plasma samples, Co, Zn, Rb, Se and Cs were analyzed. Differences in trace element concentrations could only be detected in plasma of tumor-bearing animals which showed a decreased Zn and Co content of 50% and 30%, respectively, and a rise of Rb when compared to plasma of control animals.", "contents": "Determination of trace elements in peripheral lymphocytes from tumor-bearing rats. Neutron activation analysis of peripheral lymphocytes from healthy and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma-bearing rats resulted in the quantitative determination of Co, Cu, K, Mn, Rb, Se and Zn, and a qualitative determination of Au and Sb. From corresponding plasma samples, Co, Zn, Rb, Se and Cs were analyzed. Differences in trace element concentrations could only be detected in plasma of tumor-bearing animals which showed a decreased Zn and Co content of 50% and 30%, respectively, and a rise of Rb when compared to plasma of control animals.", "PMID": 421785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11188", "title": "Comparison of X-prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase activity in human cerebrospinal fluid with that in serum.", "content": "X-Prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase activities in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from the same patients without neurological diseases, undergoing surgery under lumbar anesthesia, were assayed fluorometrically with a newly synthesized fluorogenic substrate, 7-glycylproline-4-methylcoumarinamide; the values were 129.1 +/- 19.5 nmoles/min/l and 54.17 +/- 3.11 mumoles/min/l (mean +/- SEM, n = 23), respectively, and there was no correlation between both activities (r = 0.0894).", "contents": "Comparison of X-prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase activity in human cerebrospinal fluid with that in serum. X-Prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase activities in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from the same patients without neurological diseases, undergoing surgery under lumbar anesthesia, were assayed fluorometrically with a newly synthesized fluorogenic substrate, 7-glycylproline-4-methylcoumarinamide; the values were 129.1 +/- 19.5 nmoles/min/l and 54.17 +/- 3.11 mumoles/min/l (mean +/- SEM, n = 23), respectively, and there was no correlation between both activities (r = 0.0894).", "PMID": 421786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11189", "title": "Tryptophan in Kinixys crosa hemoglobins.", "content": "The hemoglobins, THI and THII, isolated from the red cells of the testudinid Kinixys crosa each have 3 tryptophan residues/18,000 daltons. Total number of amino acid residues for the proteins are therefore 156 and 155/18,000 daltons respectively.", "contents": "Tryptophan in Kinixys crosa hemoglobins. The hemoglobins, THI and THII, isolated from the red cells of the testudinid Kinixys crosa each have 3 tryptophan residues/18,000 daltons. Total number of amino acid residues for the proteins are therefore 156 and 155/18,000 daltons respectively.", "PMID": 421787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11190", "title": "A pathogenic hypothesis of malformation caused by amniocentesis.", "content": "The role of amniocentesis in producing fetal malformations has been investigated in the rat. Relevant uterine contractions were observed after amniocentesis. The pathogenetic mechanism of fetal malformations is discussed on the basis of the present results.", "contents": "A pathogenic hypothesis of malformation caused by amniocentesis. The role of amniocentesis in producing fetal malformations has been investigated in the rat. Relevant uterine contractions were observed after amniocentesis. The pathogenetic mechanism of fetal malformations is discussed on the basis of the present results.", "PMID": 421789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11191", "title": "Sex chromosome aberrations involving loss and translocation of tumor-inducing loci in Xiphophorus.", "content": "Karyotypic changes involving a deletion and a translocation of certain sex-linked tumor-inducing loci of the platyfish, Platypoecilus (Xiphophorus) maculatus, have been investigated. The effects of these chromosome aberrations on tumor formation and viability of the fish are discussed.", "contents": "Sex chromosome aberrations involving loss and translocation of tumor-inducing loci in Xiphophorus. Karyotypic changes involving a deletion and a translocation of certain sex-linked tumor-inducing loci of the platyfish, Platypoecilus (Xiphophorus) maculatus, have been investigated. The effects of these chromosome aberrations on tumor formation and viability of the fish are discussed.", "PMID": 421790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11192", "title": "Some observations on bipolar filaments formed by non-muscle myosins.", "content": "Adrenal medullary and retinal myosins formed bipolar filaments in vitro. These filaments showed features suggesting flexibility in the rod region of the myosin molecules composing such filaments; in certain cases the myosin heads spread away from the filament backbone, in others the backbone itself was twisted. In addition the bare central backbone showed transverse striations.", "contents": "Some observations on bipolar filaments formed by non-muscle myosins. Adrenal medullary and retinal myosins formed bipolar filaments in vitro. These filaments showed features suggesting flexibility in the rod region of the myosin molecules composing such filaments; in certain cases the myosin heads spread away from the filament backbone, in others the backbone itself was twisted. In addition the bare central backbone showed transverse striations.", "PMID": 421791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11193", "title": "Association of intermediate filaments with other cell organelles in carcinoid tumor of the colon.", "content": "Carcinoid tumor of the colon was studied in electron microscope. In cytoplasm, prominent intermediate-sized filaments were seen frequently  attaching to nucleus and mitochondria. Direct contacts of intermediate filaments with secretory granules were not observed.", "contents": "Association of intermediate filaments with other cell organelles in carcinoid tumor of the colon. Carcinoid tumor of the colon was studied in electron microscope. In cytoplasm, prominent intermediate-sized filaments were seen frequently  attaching to nucleus and mitochondria. Direct contacts of intermediate filaments with secretory granules were not observed.", "PMID": 421792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11194", "title": "Biochemical and autoradiographical distribution of hyaluronic acid in calf rib cartilage.", "content": "In calf rib cartilage, about one half of total hyaluronate is soluble with guanidinium hydrochloride, the other half only after collagenase treatment. Evidence is presented for its pericellular and intracellular distribution.", "contents": "Biochemical and autoradiographical distribution of hyaluronic acid in calf rib cartilage. In calf rib cartilage, about one half of total hyaluronate is soluble with guanidinium hydrochloride, the other half only after collagenase treatment. Evidence is presented for its pericellular and intracellular distribution.", "PMID": 421794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11195", "title": "Galactose induced Balbiani-ring-like structures in chromosomes I and II of Chironomus thummi.", "content": "In one strain of Chironomus thummi, galactose feeding of the larvae induced the appearance of 2 Balbiani-ring-like structures on salivary gland chromosomes I and II. This phenomenon may be related to the galactose induction of BR6 in C. pallidivittatus.", "contents": "Galactose induced Balbiani-ring-like structures in chromosomes I and II of Chironomus thummi. In one strain of Chironomus thummi, galactose feeding of the larvae induced the appearance of 2 Balbiani-ring-like structures on salivary gland chromosomes I and II. This phenomenon may be related to the galactose induction of BR6 in C. pallidivittatus.", "PMID": 421795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11196", "title": "Template specificity of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from calf liver nuclei.", "content": "The efficiency of transcription of both mammalian and bacterial templates by 3 distinct multiple forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from calf liver nuclei has been determined. The homologous template and salmon sperm DNA were more efficiently transcribed than bacterial templates. The native DNA/denatured DNA activity ratio of the 2 alpha-amanitin-insensitive forms was found consistent with that described for enzymes exhibiting nucleolar localization.", "contents": "Template specificity of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from calf liver nuclei. The efficiency of transcription of both mammalian and bacterial templates by 3 distinct multiple forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from calf liver nuclei has been determined. The homologous template and salmon sperm DNA were more efficiently transcribed than bacterial templates. The native DNA/denatured DNA activity ratio of the 2 alpha-amanitin-insensitive forms was found consistent with that described for enzymes exhibiting nucleolar localization.", "PMID": 421796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11197", "title": "Effect of stimulation of vagus nerves on gastric tissue histamine concentration in albino rats.", "content": "2 different time schedules were applied in order to stimulate vagus nerves around the oesophagus at the region of the cardio-oesophageal junction. The result shows a significant reduction in gastric tissue histamine concentration following vagal stimulation, the reduction being more when the duration of stimulation was longer.", "contents": "Effect of stimulation of vagus nerves on gastric tissue histamine concentration in albino rats. 2 different time schedules were applied in order to stimulate vagus nerves around the oesophagus at the region of the cardio-oesophageal junction. The result shows a significant reduction in gastric tissue histamine concentration following vagal stimulation, the reduction being more when the duration of stimulation was longer.", "PMID": 421797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11198", "title": "Areas in the amygdala necessary to the operation of the vagosympathetic pressor reflex.", "content": "Lesions of portions of the basal and cortical amygdaloid nuclei and the stria terminalis reversed or abolished arterial pressor responses to ipsilateral centripetal vagal stimulation (CVS). Destruction of these particular limbic structures in the rat did not affect cardiopulmonary responses to CVS.", "contents": "Areas in the amygdala necessary to the operation of the vagosympathetic pressor reflex. Lesions of portions of the basal and cortical amygdaloid nuclei and the stria terminalis reversed or abolished arterial pressor responses to ipsilateral centripetal vagal stimulation (CVS). Destruction of these particular limbic structures in the rat did not affect cardiopulmonary responses to CVS.", "PMID": 421798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11199", "title": "Opposing temperature responses to intrahypothalamic injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the pigeon exposed to cold.", "content": "5-Hydroxytryptamine injected into posterior and anterior parts of the pigeon hypothalamus evoked a short lasting hyperthermia or hypothermia, respectively. Variable responses obtained within the same brain region suggest the existence of different 5-HT systems, even in rather limited hypothalamic areas.", "contents": "Opposing temperature responses to intrahypothalamic injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the pigeon exposed to cold. 5-Hydroxytryptamine injected into posterior and anterior parts of the pigeon hypothalamus evoked a short lasting hyperthermia or hypothermia, respectively. Variable responses obtained within the same brain region suggest the existence of different 5-HT systems, even in rather limited hypothalamic areas.", "PMID": 421799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11200", "title": "Pathways for excitatory and inhibitory innervation to the guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle.", "content": "The trachea receives excitatory cholinergic innervation from the vagus nerve and the stellate ganglion. Inhibitory adrenergic fibres have the same sources. Those in the vagus nerve probably derive from high vagosympathetic anastomoses. Nonadrenergic inhibitory fibres have a preganglionic vagal supply.", "contents": "Pathways for excitatory and inhibitory innervation to the guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. The trachea receives excitatory cholinergic innervation from the vagus nerve and the stellate ganglion. Inhibitory adrenergic fibres have the same sources. Those in the vagus nerve probably derive from high vagosympathetic anastomoses. Nonadrenergic inhibitory fibres have a preganglionic vagal supply.", "PMID": 421800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11201", "title": "Brain catecholamines and organ weight of mice genetically selected for high and low blood pressure.", "content": "Statistically significant differences were found between the high and low genetically selected blood pressure lines for systolic blood pressure, norepinephrine content of whole brain, absolute heart weight, heart to b. wt ratio, kidney weight, kidney to b. wt ratio, and adrenal to b. wt ratio.", "contents": "Brain catecholamines and organ weight of mice genetically selected for high and low blood pressure. Statistically significant differences were found between the high and low genetically selected blood pressure lines for systolic blood pressure, norepinephrine content of whole brain, absolute heart weight, heart to b. wt ratio, kidney weight, kidney to b. wt ratio, and adrenal to b. wt ratio.", "PMID": 421801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11202", "title": "RNA-synthesis in rat kidneys after fluorinated anesthetics or inorganic fluoride administration.", "content": "RNA-synthesis in rat kidneys is affected by the administration of 0.5% methoxyflurane and 1% enflurane; also fluoride, a product of fluorinated anesthetics metabolism, hinders renal RNA-synthesis in rats.", "contents": "RNA-synthesis in rat kidneys after fluorinated anesthetics or inorganic fluoride administration. RNA-synthesis in rat kidneys is affected by the administration of 0.5% methoxyflurane and 1% enflurane; also fluoride, a product of fluorinated anesthetics metabolism, hinders renal RNA-synthesis in rats.", "PMID": 421802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11203", "title": "Mechanical responses of the isolated cervix of the day-22 pregnant rat to field stimulation.", "content": "Field stimulation of isolated, spirally-cut cervix from day-22 pregnant rats produced contractions which could be inhibited by tetrodotoxin or hyoscine and potentiated by propranolol. The rat cervix would appear to receive both cholinergic and noradrenergic innervations whose transmitters activate muscarinic cholinoceptors and beta-adrenoceptors respectively.", "contents": "Mechanical responses of the isolated cervix of the day-22 pregnant rat to field stimulation. Field stimulation of isolated, spirally-cut cervix from day-22 pregnant rats produced contractions which could be inhibited by tetrodotoxin or hyoscine and potentiated by propranolol. The rat cervix would appear to receive both cholinergic and noradrenergic innervations whose transmitters activate muscarinic cholinoceptors and beta-adrenoceptors respectively.", "PMID": 421803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11204", "title": "The rate of action of cyclic ammonium and sulfonium analogues of acetylcholine.", "content": "The rate of action of cyclic acetylcholine analogues in the 4-acetoxypiperidine and 4-acetoxythiacyclohexane series has been determined by using the isolated left guinea-pig atrium. The kinetic data obtained has been correlated with the experimental ED50-value on the muscarinic receptor.", "contents": "The rate of action of cyclic ammonium and sulfonium analogues of acetylcholine. The rate of action of cyclic acetylcholine analogues in the 4-acetoxypiperidine and 4-acetoxythiacyclohexane series has been determined by using the isolated left guinea-pig atrium. The kinetic data obtained has been correlated with the experimental ED50-value on the muscarinic receptor.", "PMID": 421804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11205", "title": "Influences of temperature change on the relaxation and amplitude inhibition by noradrenaline in the rabbit jejunum.", "content": "In the rabbit jejunum, the elevation of temperature within the range of 25-37 degrees C diminished the sensitivity to noradrenaline (NA) for both the relaxation and amplitude inhibition. The relaxation by NA was mainly mediated via adrenergic beta-receptors at 25, 30 or 37 degrees C. The amplitude inhibition was mediated via alpha-receptors at 37 degrees C, and both alpha- and beta-receptors at 30 or 25 degrees C.", "contents": "Influences of temperature change on the relaxation and amplitude inhibition by noradrenaline in the rabbit jejunum. In the rabbit jejunum, the elevation of temperature within the range of 25-37 degrees C diminished the sensitivity to noradrenaline (NA) for both the relaxation and amplitude inhibition. The relaxation by NA was mainly mediated via adrenergic beta-receptors at 25, 30 or 37 degrees C. The amplitude inhibition was mediated via alpha-receptors at 37 degrees C, and both alpha- and beta-receptors at 30 or 25 degrees C.", "PMID": 421805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11206", "title": "The effect of age on cardiac output and its distribution in the rat.", "content": "Cardiac output distribution in the rat was found to be affected by age. Cardiac index and blood flow to the liver, kidneys, skin and skeletal muscle were lower in 11-12 month compared to 3-4 month old rats.", "contents": "The effect of age on cardiac output and its distribution in the rat. Cardiac output distribution in the rat was found to be affected by age. Cardiac index and blood flow to the liver, kidneys, skin and skeletal muscle were lower in 11-12 month compared to 3-4 month old rats.", "PMID": 421806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11207", "title": "Studies of the mechanism of action of the carotenoid crocetin.", "content": "The carotenoid crocetin was found to be taken up by normal rat muscle cells grown in vitro, and was found in the ribosomal-microsomal fraction, supporting the hypothesis that crocetin affects cell division enzymatic processes.", "contents": "Studies of the mechanism of action of the carotenoid crocetin. The carotenoid crocetin was found to be taken up by normal rat muscle cells grown in vitro, and was found in the ribosomal-microsomal fraction, supporting the hypothesis that crocetin affects cell division enzymatic processes.", "PMID": 421807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11208", "title": "Inhibition of protein synthesis in ischaemic liver from phenobarbitone-treated rat.", "content": "Both ribosomal factors and cytosolic inhibitors are involved in the reduction of the rate of protein synthesis which occurs in the ischaemic hepatocyte from control and phenobarbitone-treated livers. Of these 2 factors it is the latter which seems to play a major role in determining the irreversible impairment of protein synthesis. Phenobarbitone administration has no effect on the rate of protein synthesis of ischaemic and post-ischaemic hepatocyte.", "contents": "Inhibition of protein synthesis in ischaemic liver from phenobarbitone-treated rat. Both ribosomal factors and cytosolic inhibitors are involved in the reduction of the rate of protein synthesis which occurs in the ischaemic hepatocyte from control and phenobarbitone-treated livers. Of these 2 factors it is the latter which seems to play a major role in determining the irreversible impairment of protein synthesis. Phenobarbitone administration has no effect on the rate of protein synthesis of ischaemic and post-ischaemic hepatocyte.", "PMID": 421808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11209", "title": "Acetylsalicylic acid-induced morphological changes in the ductus arteriosus of the chick embryo.", "content": "The effect of acetylsalicyclic acid upon the ducti arteriosi of the embryonic chick was studied. A spectrum of gross malformations and histological findings associated with premature closure of the right ductus arteriosus is presented.", "contents": "Acetylsalicylic acid-induced morphological changes in the ductus arteriosus of the chick embryo. The effect of acetylsalicyclic acid upon the ducti arteriosi of the embryonic chick was studied. A spectrum of gross malformations and histological findings associated with premature closure of the right ductus arteriosus is presented.", "PMID": 421810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11210", "title": "Interaction of digoxin with activated dimethicone and other antacid constituents.", "content": "A study was made of the effect of activated dimethicone on the absorption of digoxin in relation to other commonly used antacid constituents using an in vitro experimental model. Dimethicone was found not to affect the absorption of digoxin in relation to aluminium hydroxide, bismuth carbonate, light magnesium carbonate and magnesium trisilicate whose effects on the absorption of digoxin were in agreement with values reported in the literature.", "contents": "Interaction of digoxin with activated dimethicone and other antacid constituents. A study was made of the effect of activated dimethicone on the absorption of digoxin in relation to other commonly used antacid constituents using an in vitro experimental model. Dimethicone was found not to affect the absorption of digoxin in relation to aluminium hydroxide, bismuth carbonate, light magnesium carbonate and magnesium trisilicate whose effects on the absorption of digoxin were in agreement with values reported in the literature.", "PMID": 421811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11211", "title": "Permeability of Ehrlich ascites cells and spectrophotometric assay of the sub-cellular enzymes.", "content": "A permeabilization method which allows the assay of intracellular enzymes of the Ehrlich ascites cells is described. The developmental changes in the activity of lactic dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of toluene-treated Ehrlich ascites cells were studied.", "contents": "Permeability of Ehrlich ascites cells and spectrophotometric assay of the sub-cellular enzymes. A permeabilization method which allows the assay of intracellular enzymes of the Ehrlich ascites cells is described. The developmental changes in the activity of lactic dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of toluene-treated Ehrlich ascites cells were studied.", "PMID": 421812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11212", "title": "Multinucleated cells in the retinal pigment epithelium: a scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Multinucleated cells in the retinal pigment epithelium of the albino rat are shown with the scanning electron microscope beside normal mononucleated cells. We suggest that such elements are formed during foetal life, owing to the absence of any mitotic activity in adult rats.", "contents": "Multinucleated cells in the retinal pigment epithelium: a scanning electron microscopic study. Multinucleated cells in the retinal pigment epithelium of the albino rat are shown with the scanning electron microscope beside normal mononucleated cells. We suggest that such elements are formed during foetal life, owing to the absence of any mitotic activity in adult rats.", "PMID": 421813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11213", "title": "Transplantation of neural tissues in the brains of laboratory mammals: technical details and comments.", "content": "Various technical details on the transplantation of the embryonic neural tissues in the brains of the neonatal and adult rats are presented. Conditions determining successful or leading to unsuccessful survival, growth and differentiation of these transplants are critically examined.", "contents": "Transplantation of neural tissues in the brains of laboratory mammals: technical details and comments. Various technical details on the transplantation of the embryonic neural tissues in the brains of the neonatal and adult rats are presented. Conditions determining successful or leading to unsuccessful survival, growth and differentiation of these transplants are critically examined.", "PMID": 421814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11214", "title": "Aldolase and dehydrogenase activities in Spirillum bengal.", "content": "Spirillum bengal is unable to grow on sugars, but can utilize different organic acids as carbon sources. Dehydrogenase activities were tested with different substrates and were found highest with lactate, glutamate, acetate, succinate and malate. A low aldolase activity was also detectable.", "contents": "Aldolase and dehydrogenase activities in Spirillum bengal. Spirillum bengal is unable to grow on sugars, but can utilize different organic acids as carbon sources. Dehydrogenase activities were tested with different substrates and were found highest with lactate, glutamate, acetate, succinate and malate. A low aldolase activity was also detectable.", "PMID": 421815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11215", "title": "Affinity chromatography of human serum proteins using matrix bound lectin from Viscum album L.", "content": "The D-galactose specific lectin from Viscum album L. reacts with serum proteins that contain the corresponding D-galactopyranosyl residues. By affinity chromatography of human serum on lectin-sepharose IgM, alpha 2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin and beta-lipoprotein were quantitatively retained. Only parts of IgA, IgG and transferrin were retarded. The other serum proteins are unbounded as albumin, beta 1 A- and beta 1 C-globulin.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of human serum proteins using matrix bound lectin from Viscum album L. The D-galactose specific lectin from Viscum album L. reacts with serum proteins that contain the corresponding D-galactopyranosyl residues. By affinity chromatography of human serum on lectin-sepharose IgM, alpha 2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin and beta-lipoprotein were quantitatively retained. Only parts of IgA, IgG and transferrin were retarded. The other serum proteins are unbounded as albumin, beta 1 A- and beta 1 C-globulin.", "PMID": 421816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11216", "title": "Sex-dependence in triglyceride metabolism in response to dietary carbohydrates.", "content": "In humans, as well as in mice, fed on high carbohydrate diets, there was a significant sex difference in the plasma tirglycerides in that males had higher levels than females. This was mainly due to the difference in their removal rate of circulating triglycerides in the animals of both sexes. In mice, males had higher levels of liver triglycerides as well as higher rate of incorporation of U- 14C-glucose into liver triglycerides when compared to females.", "contents": "Sex-dependence in triglyceride metabolism in response to dietary carbohydrates. In humans, as well as in mice, fed on high carbohydrate diets, there was a significant sex difference in the plasma tirglycerides in that males had higher levels than females. This was mainly due to the difference in their removal rate of circulating triglycerides in the animals of both sexes. In mice, males had higher levels of liver triglycerides as well as higher rate of incorporation of U- 14C-glucose into liver triglycerides when compared to females.", "PMID": 421817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11217", "title": "Effect of exercise on ribonuclease activity in rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "Distribution of ribonuclease activity (measured at pH 7.6) in subcellular fractions of homogenates of rat skeletal muscle was investigated in sedentary animals and after 8 weeks running program. Training increased ribonuclease activity (expressed as units of enzyme per g of muscle protein). There was no increase in nuclear fraction, but in both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial fractions the RNA-ase activity increased 42% and 45% respectively.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on ribonuclease activity in rat skeletal muscle. Distribution of ribonuclease activity (measured at pH 7.6) in subcellular fractions of homogenates of rat skeletal muscle was investigated in sedentary animals and after 8 weeks running program. Training increased ribonuclease activity (expressed as units of enzyme per g of muscle protein). There was no increase in nuclear fraction, but in both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial fractions the RNA-ase activity increased 42% and 45% respectively.", "PMID": 421818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11218", "title": "Permeability of cellophane membranes to parotid during dialysis.", "content": "Pooled paratoid saliva was dialyzed in cellophane membranes against water for periods of up to 1 week and loss of proteins was monitored by acrylamide gel-electrophoresis. A gradual loss of cationic proteins was observed whereas anionic proteins were not appreciably affected. Loss of the cationic proteins could be greatly reduced by performing dialyses against dilute electrolyte solutions rather than water. These effects were attributed primarily to electrostatic changes associated with the dialysis membranes.", "contents": "Permeability of cellophane membranes to parotid during dialysis. Pooled paratoid saliva was dialyzed in cellophane membranes against water for periods of up to 1 week and loss of proteins was monitored by acrylamide gel-electrophoresis. A gradual loss of cationic proteins was observed whereas anionic proteins were not appreciably affected. Loss of the cationic proteins could be greatly reduced by performing dialyses against dilute electrolyte solutions rather than water. These effects were attributed primarily to electrostatic changes associated with the dialysis membranes.", "PMID": 421819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11219", "title": "Multiplicity of monoamine oxidase in chick brain.", "content": "The substrate- and inhibitor-related characteristics of monoamine oxidase (MAO) were studied on chick brain mitochondria. It was found that neither 5-hydroxytryptamine nor beta-phenylethylamine is the specific substrate for type A and type B MAO in chick brain.", "contents": "Multiplicity of monoamine oxidase in chick brain. The substrate- and inhibitor-related characteristics of monoamine oxidase (MAO) were studied on chick brain mitochondria. It was found that neither 5-hydroxytryptamine nor beta-phenylethylamine is the specific substrate for type A and type B MAO in chick brain.", "PMID": 421820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11220", "title": "Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis from 4,5-dioxovaleric acid in rhodopseudomonas spheroides.", "content": "Prophyrin biosynthesis from 4,5-dioxovaleric acid was studied in cell suspensions of R. spheroides. The experiments show that 4,5-dioxovaleric acid is a far precursor of porphyrins through delta amino laevulinic acid formation in a transmination reaction involving also l-alanine. It differs radically from the classical delta aminolaevulinic acid synthesis using glycine and succinyl CoA as substrates.", "contents": "Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis from 4,5-dioxovaleric acid in rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Prophyrin biosynthesis from 4,5-dioxovaleric acid was studied in cell suspensions of R. spheroides. The experiments show that 4,5-dioxovaleric acid is a far precursor of porphyrins through delta amino laevulinic acid formation in a transmination reaction involving also l-alanine. It differs radically from the classical delta aminolaevulinic acid synthesis using glycine and succinyl CoA as substrates.", "PMID": 421821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11221", "title": "Chromosome aberrations in in vitro irradiated lymphocytes from human cord blood.", "content": "An in vitro dose effect curve of dicentric chromosome aberrations in human cord blood lymphocytes has been obtained for 250-kV X-rays. This is compared with a curve prepared in an identical manner using blood from adults. The comparison shows a marginally higher dicentric yield in blood of newborns at doses above about 250 rads.", "contents": "Chromosome aberrations in in vitro irradiated lymphocytes from human cord blood. An in vitro dose effect curve of dicentric chromosome aberrations in human cord blood lymphocytes has been obtained for 250-kV X-rays. This is compared with a curve prepared in an identical manner using blood from adults. The comparison shows a marginally higher dicentric yield in blood of newborns at doses above about 250 rads.", "PMID": 421822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11222", "title": "Induction of uncoiled chromosomes by vibration.", "content": "Chromatin condensation during metaphase can be removed by simple vibration of metaphase cells prior to fixation. Uncoiled chromosome arms consist of long threads with dense regions at irregular distances each from the other.", "contents": "Induction of uncoiled chromosomes by vibration. Chromatin condensation during metaphase can be removed by simple vibration of metaphase cells prior to fixation. Uncoiled chromosome arms consist of long threads with dense regions at irregular distances each from the other.", "PMID": 421823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11223", "title": "Primary tissue cultures from organ fragments: a simplified method.", "content": "Organ fragments washed in Ca++ and Mg++--free saline, treated with trypsin and placed directly into culture flasks adhered within seconds to the vessel surface. If the fragments were suspended in culture medium before they were added to the flasks, they did not adhere. This technique permits the rapid attachment and subsequent growth of the primary tissue cultures.", "contents": "Primary tissue cultures from organ fragments: a simplified method. Organ fragments washed in Ca++ and Mg++--free saline, treated with trypsin and placed directly into culture flasks adhered within seconds to the vessel surface. If the fragments were suspended in culture medium before they were added to the flasks, they did not adhere. This technique permits the rapid attachment and subsequent growth of the primary tissue cultures.", "PMID": 421824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11224", "title": "GABA stimulates the rabbit corneal endothelial fluid pump.", "content": "GABA and its analogues were shown to activate the rabbit corneal endothelial fluid pump in the micromolar range. The stimulation was abolished by bicuculline and chlorpromazine, but not by picrotoxin.", "contents": "GABA stimulates the rabbit corneal endothelial fluid pump. GABA and its analogues were shown to activate the rabbit corneal endothelial fluid pump in the micromolar range. The stimulation was abolished by bicuculline and chlorpromazine, but not by picrotoxin.", "PMID": 421825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11225", "title": "DNA-repair in mammary tumor cell lines with different X-ray sensitivities.", "content": "2 murine mammary tumor cell lines with different radiosensitivities (D0 = 65 and 92 rad) showed no significant differences in levels of unscheduled DNA-synthesis following X-ray or UV-exposure.", "contents": "DNA-repair in mammary tumor cell lines with different X-ray sensitivities. 2 murine mammary tumor cell lines with different radiosensitivities (D0 = 65 and 92 rad) showed no significant differences in levels of unscheduled DNA-synthesis following X-ray or UV-exposure.", "PMID": 421826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11226", "title": "The formation of disulfide bonds in human protamines during sperm maturation.", "content": "The disulfide contents of human sperm heads, as measured by reduction to the sulfhydryls and subsequent alkylation with 14C-iodoacetamide, increase about 2-fold during the sperm passage from the caput to caudal epididymides. Majority of the increased disulfides resides in the human protamine fractions.", "contents": "The formation of disulfide bonds in human protamines during sperm maturation. The disulfide contents of human sperm heads, as measured by reduction to the sulfhydryls and subsequent alkylation with 14C-iodoacetamide, increase about 2-fold during the sperm passage from the caput to caudal epididymides. Majority of the increased disulfides resides in the human protamine fractions.", "PMID": 421827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11227", "title": "Binding of Lens culinaris lectin to sea urchin embryo chromatin.", "content": "Lentin binds specifically to sea urchin embryo chromatin. This binding is saturable and inhibited by alpha-methyl-mannose. Scatchard plot analysis of the binding reaction suggests a single binding site.", "contents": "Binding of Lens culinaris lectin to sea urchin embryo chromatin. Lentin binds specifically to sea urchin embryo chromatin. This binding is saturable and inhibited by alpha-methyl-mannose. Scatchard plot analysis of the binding reaction suggests a single binding site.", "PMID": 421828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11228", "title": "Frequency of spontaneous impulsation in rat cervical symphetic nerve preganglionic fibres after chemical sympathectomy.", "content": "The frequency of spontaneous activity of single preganglionic fibres in the cervical sympathetic nerve of sympathectomized and intact animals was compared, and was found to be higher in the sympathectomized group, averaging 5.9 +/- 1.4 pulses per sec, compared with 2.3 +/- 0.5 in the control group.", "contents": "Frequency of spontaneous impulsation in rat cervical symphetic nerve preganglionic fibres after chemical sympathectomy. The frequency of spontaneous activity of single preganglionic fibres in the cervical sympathetic nerve of sympathectomized and intact animals was compared, and was found to be higher in the sympathectomized group, averaging 5.9 +/- 1.4 pulses per sec, compared with 2.3 +/- 0.5 in the control group.", "PMID": 421829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11229", "title": "A rat model of neurobehavioral development.", "content": "The neurobehavioral evolution of the normally growing rat has been investigated by means of a series of reflex, motor and sensory tests from birth up to weaning. A sequential development of behavioral responses has been assessed over this 21-days period, and 2nd week following birth representing an important step in the neurobehavioral maturation of the rat. This rat model may be considered as an useful reference to evaluate changes that may be induced by pharmacological and toxicological agents in the developing exposed rat.", "contents": "A rat model of neurobehavioral development. The neurobehavioral evolution of the normally growing rat has been investigated by means of a series of reflex, motor and sensory tests from birth up to weaning. A sequential development of behavioral responses has been assessed over this 21-days period, and 2nd week following birth representing an important step in the neurobehavioral maturation of the rat. This rat model may be considered as an useful reference to evaluate changes that may be induced by pharmacological and toxicological agents in the developing exposed rat.", "PMID": 421830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11230", "title": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine in the venous blood of adrenal gland of man: a comparison with levels in the periphery of the circulation.", "content": "In 10 human subjects plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was found in the adrenal vein blood to be as high as in the periphery of the circulation. Adrenaline concentration in the adrenal vein blood was in the mean 170 times, noradrenaline concentration 11 times and dopamine concentration little higher than levels in the periphery.", "contents": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine in the venous blood of adrenal gland of man: a comparison with levels in the periphery of the circulation. In 10 human subjects plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was found in the adrenal vein blood to be as high as in the periphery of the circulation. Adrenaline concentration in the adrenal vein blood was in the mean 170 times, noradrenaline concentration 11 times and dopamine concentration little higher than levels in the periphery.", "PMID": 421831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11231", "title": "The origin of the series elastic component in single crayfish muscle fibres.", "content": "High-speed cinematographic studies on the length changes of single tetanized crayfish muscle fibres during a step decrease in length revealed a farily uniform distribution of a highly compliant series elastic component along the fibre length, suggesting that it mainly originates from some structures in each sarcomere other than the cross-bridges.", "contents": "The origin of the series elastic component in single crayfish muscle fibres. High-speed cinematographic studies on the length changes of single tetanized crayfish muscle fibres during a step decrease in length revealed a farily uniform distribution of a highly compliant series elastic component along the fibre length, suggesting that it mainly originates from some structures in each sarcomere other than the cross-bridges.", "PMID": 421833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11232", "title": "The fate of choline in the circulating plasma of the rat.", "content": "Labelled free choline injected into the peritoneum failed to enter the brain but preferentially entered the liver. Subsequently labelled phospholipid was found in the plasma with a concurrent increase in the brain. This labelled plasma injected by cardiac puncture caused a rapid incorporation of the choline labelled phospholipid into the brain.", "contents": "The fate of choline in the circulating plasma of the rat. Labelled free choline injected into the peritoneum failed to enter the brain but preferentially entered the liver. Subsequently labelled phospholipid was found in the plasma with a concurrent increase in the brain. This labelled plasma injected by cardiac puncture caused a rapid incorporation of the choline labelled phospholipid into the brain.", "PMID": 421834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11233", "title": "A simple interspike interval analyzer for study of neuronal spike trains.", "content": "A simple, low cost interspike interval analyzer for the analysis of trains of nerve impulses is described. The analyzer is built with readily available integrated circuits and has been used to analyze spike trains in the lateral vestibular nucleus of cats.", "contents": "A simple interspike interval analyzer for study of neuronal spike trains. A simple, low cost interspike interval analyzer for the analysis of trains of nerve impulses is described. The analyzer is built with readily available integrated circuits and has been used to analyze spike trains in the lateral vestibular nucleus of cats.", "PMID": 421835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11234", "title": "Do peripheral nerves contain a factor inducing acetylcholine sensitivity in skeletal muscle?", "content": "A crude extract of the sciatic nerve, eluate of dialyzed nerve extract or 2 folin-positive sephadex fractions induced acetylcholine sensitivity of extrajunctional regions in extensor digitorum longus muscle fibres of the rat, when released from silastic plates implanted for 3--4 days onto the muscle surface.", "contents": "Do peripheral nerves contain a factor inducing acetylcholine sensitivity in skeletal muscle? A crude extract of the sciatic nerve, eluate of dialyzed nerve extract or 2 folin-positive sephadex fractions induced acetylcholine sensitivity of extrajunctional regions in extensor digitorum longus muscle fibres of the rat, when released from silastic plates implanted for 3--4 days onto the muscle surface.", "PMID": 421836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11235", "title": "Free amino acids in motor cortex of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "Free amino acids were estimated quantitatively in the motor cortex from 3 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 11 control subjects. Among 7 amino acids which showed statistically significant changes, taurine was the only one which was increased constantly and most markedly in the motor cortex of all the 3 ALS cases. It was suggested that the metabolism of sulfur amino acids might be affected in comparatively early stages of ALS.", "contents": "Free amino acids in motor cortex of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Free amino acids were estimated quantitatively in the motor cortex from 3 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 11 control subjects. Among 7 amino acids which showed statistically significant changes, taurine was the only one which was increased constantly and most markedly in the motor cortex of all the 3 ALS cases. It was suggested that the metabolism of sulfur amino acids might be affected in comparatively early stages of ALS.", "PMID": 421837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11236", "title": "Effects of aresenite and oxamate on the in vitro functional activity of estrogen-dominated rate uterine horns.", "content": "Arsenite but not oxamate produce in vitro a distinct depression of estrogen-dominated uterine motility, both in the absence of substrate as well as in the presence of exogenous glucose or lactate. The addition of oxamate to preparations suspended in a medium with lactate as the sole external substrate ameliorates the depression of uterine motility elicited by arsenic.", "contents": "Effects of aresenite and oxamate on the in vitro functional activity of estrogen-dominated rate uterine horns. Arsenite but not oxamate produce in vitro a distinct depression of estrogen-dominated uterine motility, both in the absence of substrate as well as in the presence of exogenous glucose or lactate. The addition of oxamate to preparations suspended in a medium with lactate as the sole external substrate ameliorates the depression of uterine motility elicited by arsenic.", "PMID": 421838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11237", "title": "Presence of sodium transport inhibiting factor in dog plasma during volume expansion.", "content": "Plasma dialysates from volume-expanded dogs (E) were compared directly to dialysates from the same dogs when hydropenic. In a double-blind study, E caused relative inhibition of short-circuit current in toad urinary bladder. We therefore confirm the presence of a sodium transport inhibiting factor in plasma of volume-expanded dogs.", "contents": "Presence of sodium transport inhibiting factor in dog plasma during volume expansion. Plasma dialysates from volume-expanded dogs (E) were compared directly to dialysates from the same dogs when hydropenic. In a double-blind study, E caused relative inhibition of short-circuit current in toad urinary bladder. We therefore confirm the presence of a sodium transport inhibiting factor in plasma of volume-expanded dogs.", "PMID": 421839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11238", "title": "The origin of the instantaneous elasticity in single frog muscle fibres.", "content": "High-speed cinematographic recordings of single tetanized muscle fibres during a quick decrease in length revealed that the shortening was mostly localized at the fibre segment nearest the released end of the fibre, indicating that the instantaneous elasticity may not originate from the elasticity of the cross-bridges.", "contents": "The origin of the instantaneous elasticity in single frog muscle fibres. High-speed cinematographic recordings of single tetanized muscle fibres during a quick decrease in length revealed that the shortening was mostly localized at the fibre segment nearest the released end of the fibre, indicating that the instantaneous elasticity may not originate from the elasticity of the cross-bridges.", "PMID": 421840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11239", "title": "Effects of octylguanidine on the electrical activity of Xenopus heart.", "content": "The effects of laboratory synthesized octylguanidine are described. There is an early decease of the maximum rate of rise of the action potential with negligible reduction of the overshoot although the membrane resting potential is unchanged. Subsequently, there is a remarkable reduction of both membrane potential and overshoot, while the plateau is shortened. The former effects resemble those seen with tetrodotoxin, the latter ones, with metabolic poisons.", "contents": "Effects of octylguanidine on the electrical activity of Xenopus heart. The effects of laboratory synthesized octylguanidine are described. There is an early decease of the maximum rate of rise of the action potential with negligible reduction of the overshoot although the membrane resting potential is unchanged. Subsequently, there is a remarkable reduction of both membrane potential and overshoot, while the plateau is shortened. The former effects resemble those seen with tetrodotoxin, the latter ones, with metabolic poisons.", "PMID": 421843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11240", "title": "The effect of an ethanol extract of catnip (Nepeta cataria) on the behavior of the young chick.", "content": "The alcohol extract of catnip has a biphasic effect on the behavior of young chicks. Low and moderate dose levels (25--1800 mg/kg) cause increasing numbers of chicks to sleep, while high dose levels (i.e. above 2 g/kg) cause a decreasing number of chicks to sleep.", "contents": "The effect of an ethanol extract of catnip (Nepeta cataria) on the behavior of the young chick. The alcohol extract of catnip has a biphasic effect on the behavior of young chicks. Low and moderate dose levels (25--1800 mg/kg) cause increasing numbers of chicks to sleep, while high dose levels (i.e. above 2 g/kg) cause a decreasing number of chicks to sleep.", "PMID": 421844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11241", "title": "Effect of vitamin A deficiency on rat hepatic and colon epoxide hydrase.", "content": "Rat liver microsomes and homogenized mucosal linings prepared from vitamin A-supplemented and deficient male rats were used in metabolic studies of 7-3H-styrene oxide. The colon tissue in deficient animals exhibits a significantly higher value of Vmax than the same tissue from vitamin-supplemented animals. The implications of this finding in addition to our earlier observation 10 is discussed in relation to colon carcinoma.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin A deficiency on rat hepatic and colon epoxide hydrase. Rat liver microsomes and homogenized mucosal linings prepared from vitamin A-supplemented and deficient male rats were used in metabolic studies of 7-3H-styrene oxide. The colon tissue in deficient animals exhibits a significantly higher value of Vmax than the same tissue from vitamin-supplemented animals. The implications of this finding in addition to our earlier observation 10 is discussed in relation to colon carcinoma.", "PMID": 421845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11242", "title": "Chemotherapeutic effects of 4-isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine (C9333-Go/CGP 4540) on infections with Nematospiroides dubius, Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis nana and Spirometra mansonoides.", "content": "4-Isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine possessed anthelmintic activity against Nippostrongylus dubius and Hymenolepis nana in mice and H. diminuta in rats as determined by both egg counts and recovery of parasites at autopsy. No activity was detected against the cestode. Spirometra mansonoides, in cats.", "contents": "Chemotherapeutic effects of 4-isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine (C9333-Go/CGP 4540) on infections with Nematospiroides dubius, Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis nana and Spirometra mansonoides. 4-Isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine possessed anthelmintic activity against Nippostrongylus dubius and Hymenolepis nana in mice and H. diminuta in rats as determined by both egg counts and recovery of parasites at autopsy. No activity was detected against the cestode. Spirometra mansonoides, in cats.", "PMID": 421846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11243", "title": "Effect of aspirin and vitamins C and E on synovial rheumatoid arthritic and other cells.", "content": "Normal and rheumatoid arthritic human synovial cells, normal rat muscle and bone cells, were cultured with combinations of aspirin (acetylsalicytic acid), vitamins C and E. Aspirin reduced percent growth of all cells by about 1/5 relative to controls. High vitamin C eradicated arthritic cells. In combinations, vitamin C was most important in eradicating arthritic cells. A low-vitamin C combination was most effective in reducing arthritic cell populations, while having little effect on normal cells. Vitamin E retarded but did not prevent the action of vitamin C.", "contents": "Effect of aspirin and vitamins C and E on synovial rheumatoid arthritic and other cells. Normal and rheumatoid arthritic human synovial cells, normal rat muscle and bone cells, were cultured with combinations of aspirin (acetylsalicytic acid), vitamins C and E. Aspirin reduced percent growth of all cells by about 1/5 relative to controls. High vitamin C eradicated arthritic cells. In combinations, vitamin C was most important in eradicating arthritic cells. A low-vitamin C combination was most effective in reducing arthritic cell populations, while having little effect on normal cells. Vitamin E retarded but did not prevent the action of vitamin C.", "PMID": 421847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11244", "title": "Dose-effects of 8-methoxypsoralen and long wave UV-light in 3T3 cells: evaluation of phototoxic index.", "content": "3T3 cells were cultured until confluency and treated with various doses of 8-methoxypsoralen followed by long wave UV light irradiation. The inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation was dose-dependent for both, psoralen and light. A phototoxic index (PTI) was established demonstrating that a constant correlation between psoralen and UVA light exists for the photoinactivation in living cells.", "contents": "Dose-effects of 8-methoxypsoralen and long wave UV-light in 3T3 cells: evaluation of phototoxic index. 3T3 cells were cultured until confluency and treated with various doses of 8-methoxypsoralen followed by long wave UV light irradiation. The inhibition of 3H-thymidine incorporation was dose-dependent for both, psoralen and light. A phototoxic index (PTI) was established demonstrating that a constant correlation between psoralen and UVA light exists for the photoinactivation in living cells.", "PMID": 421848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11245", "title": "Effect of thiamine hydrochloride on the blood level of 2-formyl 1-methyl pyridinium oxime chloride (2-PAM.C1) in rats.", "content": "The biological half-life of 2-PAM.C1 was found to increase in female rats pretreated with thiamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg i.m.). No such effect was observed in the male rats.", "contents": "Effect of thiamine hydrochloride on the blood level of 2-formyl 1-methyl pyridinium oxime chloride (2-PAM.C1) in rats. The biological half-life of 2-PAM.C1 was found to increase in female rats pretreated with thiamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg i.m.). No such effect was observed in the male rats.", "PMID": 421849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11246", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of pindolol in Africans.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of pindolol were determined in 12 hypertensive African subjects after a single oral dose of the drug. The estimated pharmacokinetic parameters do not differ significantly in Africans from the values which have been obtained in other races.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of pindolol in Africans. The pharmacokinetics of pindolol were determined in 12 hypertensive African subjects after a single oral dose of the drug. The estimated pharmacokinetic parameters do not differ significantly in Africans from the values which have been obtained in other races.", "PMID": 421850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11247", "title": "Penetration barrier to sodium fluorescein and fluorescein-labelled dextrans of various molecular sizes in brain capillaries.", "content": "The permeability of the blood-brain barrier to sodium fluorescein, or fluorescein-labelled dextrans of various molecular weights, was investigated. Unlike the capillaries in both the area postrema and the eminentia mediana, the capillaries of the cerebral cortex were impermeable to all the intravenous tracer substances used.", "contents": "Penetration barrier to sodium fluorescein and fluorescein-labelled dextrans of various molecular sizes in brain capillaries. The permeability of the blood-brain barrier to sodium fluorescein, or fluorescein-labelled dextrans of various molecular weights, was investigated. Unlike the capillaries in both the area postrema and the eminentia mediana, the capillaries of the cerebral cortex were impermeable to all the intravenous tracer substances used.", "PMID": 421851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11248", "title": "Hepatocellular iron-containing deposits in relatives of patients with latent idiopathic hemochromatosis: a qualitative and quantitative approach.", "content": "The quantitative and qualitative study in electron microscopy of hepatic fragments taken in apparently healthy collaterals of idiopathic hemochromatosis, shows the presence of siderosis, undetectable by Perls reaction comparatively with normal liver samples.", "contents": "Hepatocellular iron-containing deposits in relatives of patients with latent idiopathic hemochromatosis: a qualitative and quantitative approach. The quantitative and qualitative study in electron microscopy of hepatic fragments taken in apparently healthy collaterals of idiopathic hemochromatosis, shows the presence of siderosis, undetectable by Perls reaction comparatively with normal liver samples.", "PMID": 421852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11249", "title": "Lack of effect of butylated hydroxytoluene on dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats.", "content": "Rats were given 6600 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the diet along with 10 weekly oral doses of dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 30 MG/KG). The incidence and mean number of colonic tumors produced were similar to that of rats given DMH alone. Thus, BHT did not provide any protective effect against colon carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Lack of effect of butylated hydroxytoluene on dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Rats were given 6600 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the diet along with 10 weekly oral doses of dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 30 MG/KG). The incidence and mean number of colonic tumors produced were similar to that of rats given DMH alone. Thus, BHT did not provide any protective effect against colon carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 421853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11250", "title": "Course of development of isolated rat embryonic ectoderm as renal homograft.", "content": "When the isolated head-fold stage rat embryonic ectoderm is grafted under the kidney capsule, it gives rise to a new mesenchyme with the capacity to differentiate into mesodermal tissues.", "contents": "Course of development of isolated rat embryonic ectoderm as renal homograft. When the isolated head-fold stage rat embryonic ectoderm is grafted under the kidney capsule, it gives rise to a new mesenchyme with the capacity to differentiate into mesodermal tissues.", "PMID": 421854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11251", "title": "Lymphopenia and lymphocyte transformation in alcoholics.", "content": "The basis of peripheral blood lymphopenia observed in patients with chronic alcoholism and liver disease was investigated by examining the effect of sera of these patients on in vitro transformation of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. A positive correlation was demonstrated between the serum inhibition of phytohaemagglutinin- and pokeweed mitogen-induced transformation and the degree of lymphopenia. Thus serum factors may contribute to the observed lymphopenia by inhibiting lymphocyte production in vivo.", "contents": "Lymphopenia and lymphocyte transformation in alcoholics. The basis of peripheral blood lymphopenia observed in patients with chronic alcoholism and liver disease was investigated by examining the effect of sera of these patients on in vitro transformation of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. A positive correlation was demonstrated between the serum inhibition of phytohaemagglutinin- and pokeweed mitogen-induced transformation and the degree of lymphopenia. Thus serum factors may contribute to the observed lymphopenia by inhibiting lymphocyte production in vivo.", "PMID": 421856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11252", "title": "Thyroid activity in response to some gonadal steroids in methallibure-treated Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).", "content": "Methallibure treatment is as effective as hypophysectomy in reducing thyroid activity in H. fossilis. Sex steroids (TP and EB) administration restored thyroid activity in methallibure-treated females to normal level, but failed to elicit any response in males. This drug seems to block TSH secretion and thyroid hormone synthesis in H. fossilis.", "contents": "Thyroid activity in response to some gonadal steroids in methallibure-treated Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Methallibure treatment is as effective as hypophysectomy in reducing thyroid activity in H. fossilis. Sex steroids (TP and EB) administration restored thyroid activity in methallibure-treated females to normal level, but failed to elicit any response in males. This drug seems to block TSH secretion and thyroid hormone synthesis in H. fossilis.", "PMID": 421857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11253", "title": "Relevance of specific activity in experimental erythrocytocide by 55Fe.", "content": "Iron loads between 0.20 microgram and 26 microgram, added to 5 mu Ci 59Fe, were followed for up to 150 days in mice. Relative organ uptake increased as a function of iron load in liver and kidneys while it decreased in bone marrow and blood. Several weeks after injection, all load-related differences disappeared.", "contents": "Relevance of specific activity in experimental erythrocytocide by 55Fe. Iron loads between 0.20 microgram and 26 microgram, added to 5 mu Ci 59Fe, were followed for up to 150 days in mice. Relative organ uptake increased as a function of iron load in liver and kidneys while it decreased in bone marrow and blood. Several weeks after injection, all load-related differences disappeared.", "PMID": 421858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11254", "title": "A new method for measuring radioactivity in select areas of intact tissue sections.", "content": "A new technique is described for measuring radioactivity in select areas of intact tissue sections. The method, which makes use of a liquid scintillation counter, also makes possible identification of the studied zones by prestaining.", "contents": "A new method for measuring radioactivity in select areas of intact tissue sections. A new technique is described for measuring radioactivity in select areas of intact tissue sections. The method, which makes use of a liquid scintillation counter, also makes possible identification of the studied zones by prestaining.", "PMID": 421859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11255", "title": "Marriage, remarriage, marital disruption and age at first birth.", "content": "Out-of-wedlock pregnancy, especially for a teenager, and even more for a black teenager, hastens early marriage. The younger the age at first birth, the likelier that the first marriage will dissolve. White women are more likely than black women to remarry. Women under 20 at first birth are more likely to have their second marriage dissolve.", "contents": "Marriage, remarriage, marital disruption and age at first birth. Out-of-wedlock pregnancy, especially for a teenager, and even more for a black teenager, hastens early marriage. The younger the age at first birth, the likelier that the first marriage will dissolve. White women are more likely than black women to remarry. Women under 20 at first birth are more likely to have their second marriage dissolve.", "PMID": 421874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11256", "title": "Women who obtain repeat abortions: a study based on record linkage.", "content": "The proportion of induced abortions in a year that are repeat procedures rises over time, but this rate is as low as can be expected given the shortcomings of currently available contraceptives. There is no evidence that women substitute abortion for contraception. Teenagers and poor women have greater difficulty avoiding unwanted pregnancies.", "contents": "Women who obtain repeat abortions: a study based on record linkage. The proportion of induced abortions in a year that are repeat procedures rises over time, but this rate is as low as can be expected given the shortcomings of currently available contraceptives. There is no evidence that women substitute abortion for contraception. Teenagers and poor women have greater difficulty avoiding unwanted pregnancies.", "PMID": 421875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11257", "title": "The long-term impact of pregnancy at marriage on the family's economic circumstances.", "content": "In the long run, premaritally pregnant white couples seem able to overcome the problems stemming from early marriage and parenthood. They earn middle-class incomes, own their homes, have some savings. But they do have 22 percent less in total assets and they have more unplanned children than couples who married and deferred childbearing.", "contents": "The long-term impact of pregnancy at marriage on the family's economic circumstances. In the long run, premaritally pregnant white couples seem able to overcome the problems stemming from early marriage and parenthood. They earn middle-class incomes, own their homes, have some savings. But they do have 22 percent less in total assets and they have more unplanned children than couples who married and deferred childbearing.", "PMID": 421883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11258", "title": "[Effect of tranquilizers on cerebral cortex excitability in cats].", "content": "Chronic tests on cats showed that diazepam and nitrazepam lower the amplitude of primary responses (PR) of the second somatosensory zone of the brain cortex both to a single and paired stimulation of the thalamo-cortical radiation of fibers. Meprotan, while potentiating the PR to a single stimulation, does not influence the course of the PR restitution cycles. Benacryzine, while enhancing the PR to a single stimulation, produces the appearance of a lengthy phase of depression throughout the PR restitution cycle. In acute tests with unanesthetized, flaxedil immobilized cats, with an isolated cortical band underneath a stimulating electrode, analogous changes in PR both to a single and paired stimulation of the thalamo-cortical radiation of fibers were noted.", "contents": "[Effect of tranquilizers on cerebral cortex excitability in cats]. Chronic tests on cats showed that diazepam and nitrazepam lower the amplitude of primary responses (PR) of the second somatosensory zone of the brain cortex both to a single and paired stimulation of the thalamo-cortical radiation of fibers. Meprotan, while potentiating the PR to a single stimulation, does not influence the course of the PR restitution cycles. Benacryzine, while enhancing the PR to a single stimulation, produces the appearance of a lengthy phase of depression throughout the PR restitution cycle. In acute tests with unanesthetized, flaxedil immobilized cats, with an isolated cortical band underneath a stimulating electrode, analogous changes in PR both to a single and paired stimulation of the thalamo-cortical radiation of fibers were noted.", "PMID": 421884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11259", "title": "[Study of skeletal muscle cholinoreceptors using alkylating agents].", "content": "The ability of decamethonium containing beta-clorethylamino groups to alkylate the nicotinic cholinoreceptors of the frog tonic muscles was studied. D-tubocurarine prevented the action of the alkylating decamethonium (AD). The latter equally inhibited the effects of carbacholine and tetramethylammonium. The degree of alkylation did not change with pH varying from 6 to 11. AD did not produce any parallel shifts, but inhibited at once the maximal response to carbacholine both of the frog intact muscle and of a single tonic fibre. It is suggested that decamethonium blocks the cholinoreceptors anionic sites, which are represented by the carboxylate, or phosphate anions. The frog tonic muscle probably fails to posses any spare receptors.", "contents": "[Study of skeletal muscle cholinoreceptors using alkylating agents]. The ability of decamethonium containing beta-clorethylamino groups to alkylate the nicotinic cholinoreceptors of the frog tonic muscles was studied. D-tubocurarine prevented the action of the alkylating decamethonium (AD). The latter equally inhibited the effects of carbacholine and tetramethylammonium. The degree of alkylation did not change with pH varying from 6 to 11. AD did not produce any parallel shifts, but inhibited at once the maximal response to carbacholine both of the frog intact muscle and of a single tonic fibre. It is suggested that decamethonium blocks the cholinoreceptors anionic sites, which are represented by the carboxylate, or phosphate anions. The frog tonic muscle probably fails to posses any spare receptors.", "PMID": 421885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11260", "title": "Family planning availability and contraceptive practice.", "content": "Analysis of World Fertility Survey data from five countries--Colombia, Costa Rica, Korea, Malaysia and Nepal--shows that the availability of contraceptive services and supplies is a major determinant of use. In Nepal, where few women know where to obtain supplies, only two percent are contracepting. In Costa Rica, where almost all married women know an outlet nearby, 53 percent use effective methods.", "contents": "Family planning availability and contraceptive practice. Analysis of World Fertility Survey data from five countries--Colombia, Costa Rica, Korea, Malaysia and Nepal--shows that the availability of contraceptive services and supplies is a major determinant of use. In Nepal, where few women know where to obtain supplies, only two percent are contracepting. In Costa Rica, where almost all married women know an outlet nearby, 53 percent use effective methods.", "PMID": 421882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11261", "title": "[Distribution of lithium in the plasma and erythrocytes of frogs following a single injection of different doses of lithium carbonate].", "content": "On administration of lithium carbonate to grass frogs (Rana temporaria) in doses of 50-100 mg/kg its concentration in the plasma after 1 hour (2.9 +/- 0.48-8.7 +/- 0.43 mekv/l) far exceeded the therapeutic concentration in man and also in other animal species after administration of the comparable doses of lithium concentration ratio in the erythrocytes and plasma comprising 0.1-0.2. On administration of lithium in doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg its concentration in the plasma corresponded after a lapse of 1,4 and 24 hours to 0.38 +/- 0.03--0.98 +/- 0.03; 0.33 +/- 0.02--0.69 +/- 0.03 and 0.37 +/- 0.01-0.70 +/- 0.02 mekv/l, respectively, while the ratio of concentration in the erythrocytes and plasma was 0.5-0.3. and approximately accorded with the therapeutic values in man. To make a comparison between clinical and experimental findings, obtained in other animal species, it is advisable the lithium carbonate doses not exceeding 25 mg/kg be used.", "contents": "[Distribution of lithium in the plasma and erythrocytes of frogs following a single injection of different doses of lithium carbonate]. On administration of lithium carbonate to grass frogs (Rana temporaria) in doses of 50-100 mg/kg its concentration in the plasma after 1 hour (2.9 +/- 0.48-8.7 +/- 0.43 mekv/l) far exceeded the therapeutic concentration in man and also in other animal species after administration of the comparable doses of lithium concentration ratio in the erythrocytes and plasma comprising 0.1-0.2. On administration of lithium in doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg its concentration in the plasma corresponded after a lapse of 1,4 and 24 hours to 0.38 +/- 0.03--0.98 +/- 0.03; 0.33 +/- 0.02--0.69 +/- 0.03 and 0.37 +/- 0.01-0.70 +/- 0.02 mekv/l, respectively, while the ratio of concentration in the erythrocytes and plasma was 0.5-0.3. and approximately accorded with the therapeutic values in man. To make a comparison between clinical and experimental findings, obtained in other animal species, it is advisable the lithium carbonate doses not exceeding 25 mg/kg be used.", "PMID": 421887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11262", "title": "[Age and the effect of proserine on the contractile response of the rectum and inhibition of its cholinesterase in rats].", "content": "The motor reaction of the rectum strips in rats of 4 age groups and inhibition of its cholinesterase with proserine were studied. To low proserine concentrations (1.10(-8)-1.10(-6) M) the intestine of 1-week old rattlings was found to react only by relaxation, contractions appearing only with a concentration of 1.10(-5) M. The maximal contractile reaction of the intestine to proserine was found to occur in 4-week old rattlings. The cholinesterase activity in the rectum of 1-week old rattlings is lower, and in the 4-week old ones higher than in adult animals. The inhibition of cholinesterase occurs in all the age groups from a minimal tested proserine concentration (1.10(10) M), gaining in strength parallel with increasing concentration. The maximum inhibition of the enzyme was found to occur in the 4-week old rattlings.", "contents": "[Age and the effect of proserine on the contractile response of the rectum and inhibition of its cholinesterase in rats]. The motor reaction of the rectum strips in rats of 4 age groups and inhibition of its cholinesterase with proserine were studied. To low proserine concentrations (1.10(-8)-1.10(-6) M) the intestine of 1-week old rattlings was found to react only by relaxation, contractions appearing only with a concentration of 1.10(-5) M. The maximal contractile reaction of the intestine to proserine was found to occur in 4-week old rattlings. The cholinesterase activity in the rectum of 1-week old rattlings is lower, and in the 4-week old ones higher than in adult animals. The inhibition of cholinesterase occurs in all the age groups from a minimal tested proserine concentration (1.10(10) M), gaining in strength parallel with increasing concentration. The maximum inhibition of the enzyme was found to occur in the 4-week old rattlings.", "PMID": 421888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11263", "title": "[Effect of lithium hydroxybutyrate on several heart function indices].", "content": "DL50 of intraperitoneal lithium oxybutyrate administered to cats was found to amount to 724 mg/kg, while in doses of 13.5--360 mg/kg it increases the coronary blood flow volume in cats by 20.3--122.2 per cent, directly proportional to the dose. Lithium oxybutyrate prevents the chlorocalcium arrhythmia in rats and eliminates strophanthine-induced anemia in cats, surpassing an analogous effect of lithium chloride, potassium chloride, quinidine, novocainamide and isoptin. It raises the activity of the succinate dehydrogenase in the myocardium and weakens the ability of calcium chloride to reduce the glycogen content in the conduction system of the heart in rats.", "contents": "[Effect of lithium hydroxybutyrate on several heart function indices]. DL50 of intraperitoneal lithium oxybutyrate administered to cats was found to amount to 724 mg/kg, while in doses of 13.5--360 mg/kg it increases the coronary blood flow volume in cats by 20.3--122.2 per cent, directly proportional to the dose. Lithium oxybutyrate prevents the chlorocalcium arrhythmia in rats and eliminates strophanthine-induced anemia in cats, surpassing an analogous effect of lithium chloride, potassium chloride, quinidine, novocainamide and isoptin. It raises the activity of the succinate dehydrogenase in the myocardium and weakens the ability of calcium chloride to reduce the glycogen content in the conduction system of the heart in rats.", "PMID": 421889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11264", "title": "[Effect of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory substances on mediators of inflammation].", "content": "The action of nonsteroid antiinflammatory substances on the content in the inflammation focus of the inflammation reaction mediators, histamine, serotonin and kinines, and some aspects of their metabolism were studied. Sodium mephenaminate and butadion are shown to bring down the histamine content in the exudate of rats with experimental pleurisy. Sodium mephenaminate depresses the histamine synthesis (by inhibiting histidine decarboxylase in the pulmonary tissue), while butadion activates decomposition of this amine (by raising histaminase activity). All the study compounds (except sodium mephenaminate) force down the serotonin level in the exudate and inhibit 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase. The content of kininogen in the exudate decreases only under the influence of butadion. Sodium mephenaminate and butadion mitigate the reaction of the dermal vessels to exogenous histamine and serotonin and chingamine does so only in response to histamine.", "contents": "[Effect of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory substances on mediators of inflammation]. The action of nonsteroid antiinflammatory substances on the content in the inflammation focus of the inflammation reaction mediators, histamine, serotonin and kinines, and some aspects of their metabolism were studied. Sodium mephenaminate and butadion are shown to bring down the histamine content in the exudate of rats with experimental pleurisy. Sodium mephenaminate depresses the histamine synthesis (by inhibiting histidine decarboxylase in the pulmonary tissue), while butadion activates decomposition of this amine (by raising histaminase activity). All the study compounds (except sodium mephenaminate) force down the serotonin level in the exudate and inhibit 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase. The content of kininogen in the exudate decreases only under the influence of butadion. Sodium mephenaminate and butadion mitigate the reaction of the dermal vessels to exogenous histamine and serotonin and chingamine does so only in response to histamine.", "PMID": 421890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11265", "title": "[Mechanism of the therapeutic effect of furosemide and mannitol in hemorrhagic shock and developing acute renal insufficiency].", "content": "Acute hypotension leads to the development of anuria, almost complete stoppage of the cortical nephron filtration with blood retransfusion failing to restore the upset functions. But against background of preliminary administered diuretics the blood retransfusion renews filtration and restores diuresis. Preliminary administration of diuretics prevents collapse of the proximal tubules, their administration after blood losses increases the tubular pressure and prevents obstruction of the nephron. Under the effect of diuretics the oxygenation of deep-seated segments of the kidney substantially gains in strength due to an increasing renal blood circulation and diminished vasoconstriction. Diuretics increase the oxidative phosphorylation in the cells of the renal epithelium, help augment accumulation of calcium by renal mitochondria and prevent the development of irreversible hypoxic shifts. Combined administration of furosemide and mannitol represents an effective means of prevention and early treatment of acute renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the therapeutic effect of furosemide and mannitol in hemorrhagic shock and developing acute renal insufficiency]. Acute hypotension leads to the development of anuria, almost complete stoppage of the cortical nephron filtration with blood retransfusion failing to restore the upset functions. But against background of preliminary administered diuretics the blood retransfusion renews filtration and restores diuresis. Preliminary administration of diuretics prevents collapse of the proximal tubules, their administration after blood losses increases the tubular pressure and prevents obstruction of the nephron. Under the effect of diuretics the oxygenation of deep-seated segments of the kidney substantially gains in strength due to an increasing renal blood circulation and diminished vasoconstriction. Diuretics increase the oxidative phosphorylation in the cells of the renal epithelium, help augment accumulation of calcium by renal mitochondria and prevent the development of irreversible hypoxic shifts. Combined administration of furosemide and mannitol represents an effective means of prevention and early treatment of acute renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 421891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11266", "title": "[Effect of thiamine on the activity of liver endoplasmic reticulum enzymes metabolizing drugs].", "content": "Experiments on mongrel albino male rats have shown that a single subcutaneous administration of thiamine in a dose of 200 mg/kg raises in the liver microsomes the level of cytochromes P-450 and B5 and increases the activity of aniline-n-hydroxylase ethylmorphine and aminopyrine-N-demethylase. Administration of the vitamin in a dose of 30 mg/kg for 64 days forces down the cytochrome P-450 and the aniline-n-hydroxylase and ethylmorphine-N-demethylase levels. In vitro tests the P-450 and B5 cytocrome levels and the activity of ethylmorphine-N-demethylase in the liver microsomes start to decrease at the thiamine concentration of 1 mM and of aminopyrine-N-demethylase of 4 mM.", "contents": "[Effect of thiamine on the activity of liver endoplasmic reticulum enzymes metabolizing drugs]. Experiments on mongrel albino male rats have shown that a single subcutaneous administration of thiamine in a dose of 200 mg/kg raises in the liver microsomes the level of cytochromes P-450 and B5 and increases the activity of aniline-n-hydroxylase ethylmorphine and aminopyrine-N-demethylase. Administration of the vitamin in a dose of 30 mg/kg for 64 days forces down the cytochrome P-450 and the aniline-n-hydroxylase and ethylmorphine-N-demethylase levels. In vitro tests the P-450 and B5 cytocrome levels and the activity of ethylmorphine-N-demethylase in the liver microsomes start to decrease at the thiamine concentration of 1 mM and of aminopyrine-N-demethylase of 4 mM.", "PMID": 421893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11267", "title": "[Effect of folic acid on metabolic processes in wounds].", "content": "In experiments on rats the effect of folic acid on the redox and energy-producing processes as well as upon the synthesis of collagen and protein fractions of the muscular tissue in the area of the wound was investigated. Low doses of folic acid are shown to intensify in the muscles of intact animals anaerobic, and in the wound muscles--aerobic processes. High doses of folic acid produce an opposite effect on the wound muscles, by intensifying anaerobic processes. Folic acid manifests itself as an activator of anabolic processes by intensifying the gluconeogenesis in the wound tissues, the biosynthesis of collagen in the muscles of intact animals, and to a lesser degree in the muscles of surgically treated animals.", "contents": "[Effect of folic acid on metabolic processes in wounds]. In experiments on rats the effect of folic acid on the redox and energy-producing processes as well as upon the synthesis of collagen and protein fractions of the muscular tissue in the area of the wound was investigated. Low doses of folic acid are shown to intensify in the muscles of intact animals anaerobic, and in the wound muscles--aerobic processes. High doses of folic acid produce an opposite effect on the wound muscles, by intensifying anaerobic processes. Folic acid manifests itself as an activator of anabolic processes by intensifying the gluconeogenesis in the wound tissues, the biosynthesis of collagen in the muscles of intact animals, and to a lesser degree in the muscles of surgically treated animals.", "PMID": 421894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11268", "title": "[Effect of inhalations of polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide on the development of experimental silicosis].", "content": "Experiments on albino rats showed that polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide (PVNO) inhalations (mol. mass 2000; 9.8 +/- 1.2 and 99 +/- 4 mg/m3 for 7 months) slowed down the course of silicosis developing with a gradual entrance and uniform distribution of dust in the lungs, but proved little effective with a one-time introduction of a large amount of \"aggressive\" dust because of the difficulty for the drug to reach and penetrate the sclerosed sections of the tissue. Considering low toxicity and an insignificant cumulative effect of PVNO, the electivity of its accumulation in the lungs during inhalation and marked protective action of low doses the authors hold it expedient to employ the inhalation method of administering the polymer for prevention of silicosis, while its use for curative purpose is not recommended.", "contents": "[Effect of inhalations of polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide on the development of experimental silicosis]. Experiments on albino rats showed that polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide (PVNO) inhalations (mol. mass 2000; 9.8 +/- 1.2 and 99 +/- 4 mg/m3 for 7 months) slowed down the course of silicosis developing with a gradual entrance and uniform distribution of dust in the lungs, but proved little effective with a one-time introduction of a large amount of \"aggressive\" dust because of the difficulty for the drug to reach and penetrate the sclerosed sections of the tissue. Considering low toxicity and an insignificant cumulative effect of PVNO, the electivity of its accumulation in the lungs during inhalation and marked protective action of low doses the authors hold it expedient to employ the inhalation method of administering the polymer for prevention of silicosis, while its use for curative purpose is not recommended.", "PMID": 421895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11269", "title": "[Experimental study of the myelotoxic effect of tomizine].", "content": "In tests conducted on 220 rats with transplantable sarcoma M-1 and intact animals acute toxicity, antineoplastic effect and the action on the blood system of tomizine, a new neoplastic drug of the group of the folic acid antagonists, were studied. Investigation involved a single intraperitoneal injection of the drug in DL50/30 and MTD. The compound is shown to exert an inhibiting action on the development of sarcoma M-1 and lengthens the survival of the tumour-stricken animals, without producing any pronounced myelotoxic effect. The disclosed shifts on the level of the periphedal blood and marrow were short-lived and concerned mainly the erythroid germ cells.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the myelotoxic effect of tomizine]. In tests conducted on 220 rats with transplantable sarcoma M-1 and intact animals acute toxicity, antineoplastic effect and the action on the blood system of tomizine, a new neoplastic drug of the group of the folic acid antagonists, were studied. Investigation involved a single intraperitoneal injection of the drug in DL50/30 and MTD. The compound is shown to exert an inhibiting action on the development of sarcoma M-1 and lengthens the survival of the tumour-stricken animals, without producing any pronounced myelotoxic effect. The disclosed shifts on the level of the periphedal blood and marrow were short-lived and concerned mainly the erythroid germ cells.", "PMID": 421896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11270", "title": "Acceptability of reversible versus permanent tubal sterilization: an analysis of preliminary data.", "content": "Data regarding the acceptability of reversible versus permanent tubal ligation were randomly collected from 147 ever-married, obstetrics-gynecology patients of reproductive age during a pilot study in 1977. Subjects were potential candidates for sterilization in that none was medically or contraceptively sterile, nor married to a vasectomized male. The research questionnaire designed for this study elicited basic sociodemographic data and attitudinal information with respect to both permanent and hypothetically reversible tubal ligation. Responses toward both procedures were compared and analyzed for statistically significant differences. Results indicate that approval of, serious interest in, intention eventually to undergo, and immediate demand for tubal ligation would be increased by 30%, 85%, 171%, and 92%, respectively, if reversible procedures were available. All increases were statistically significant at P less than 0.001. It is concluded that if results from the larger ongoing study confirm those of the pilot study, they will provide support for biomedical research in this area.", "contents": "Acceptability of reversible versus permanent tubal sterilization: an analysis of preliminary data. Data regarding the acceptability of reversible versus permanent tubal ligation were randomly collected from 147 ever-married, obstetrics-gynecology patients of reproductive age during a pilot study in 1977. Subjects were potential candidates for sterilization in that none was medically or contraceptively sterile, nor married to a vasectomized male. The research questionnaire designed for this study elicited basic sociodemographic data and attitudinal information with respect to both permanent and hypothetically reversible tubal ligation. Responses toward both procedures were compared and analyzed for statistically significant differences. Results indicate that approval of, serious interest in, intention eventually to undergo, and immediate demand for tubal ligation would be increased by 30%, 85%, 171%, and 92%, respectively, if reversible procedures were available. All increases were statistically significant at P less than 0.001. It is concluded that if results from the larger ongoing study confirm those of the pilot study, they will provide support for biomedical research in this area.", "PMID": 421914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11271", "title": "Is there an embryo-fetal exogenous sex steroid exposure syndrome (EFESSES)?", "content": "A survey of all outpatient cases referred for genetic counseling during a 10-month period has revealed a history of preconceptional and early gestational exposure to maternally administerd sex hormones in 16 of 91 instances. Particular interest was aroused by 9 of these 16 cases, all of whom were children with dysmorphic features, no cytogenetic anomalies by Giemsa banding studies, and no recognizable clinical diagnosis. Similarities among them were striking and consisted of varying combinations of the following features: moderate growth retardation; mild to severe mental retardation; facial elongation with frontal bossing; primary telecanthus and downward-slanting palpebral fissures; broad, flat, nose bridge and pug nose; pouting lower lip and blunt, square chin; umbilical eversion; deep sacral pit; and, in males, moderate to severe external genital anomalies ranging from mild hypospadias to genital ambiguity. This may suggest the existence of an embryo-fetal exogenous sex steroid exposure syndrome.", "contents": "Is there an embryo-fetal exogenous sex steroid exposure syndrome (EFESSES)? A survey of all outpatient cases referred for genetic counseling during a 10-month period has revealed a history of preconceptional and early gestational exposure to maternally administerd sex hormones in 16 of 91 instances. Particular interest was aroused by 9 of these 16 cases, all of whom were children with dysmorphic features, no cytogenetic anomalies by Giemsa banding studies, and no recognizable clinical diagnosis. Similarities among them were striking and consisted of varying combinations of the following features: moderate growth retardation; mild to severe mental retardation; facial elongation with frontal bossing; primary telecanthus and downward-slanting palpebral fissures; broad, flat, nose bridge and pug nose; pouting lower lip and blunt, square chin; umbilical eversion; deep sacral pit; and, in males, moderate to severe external genital anomalies ranging from mild hypospadias to genital ambiguity. This may suggest the existence of an embryo-fetal exogenous sex steroid exposure syndrome.", "PMID": 421915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11272", "title": "Evidence for a nonpituitary source of amniotic fluid prolactin.", "content": "Prolactin levels were determined during a gonadotropin-induced pregnancy following hypophysectomy for a chromophobe adenoma. Maternal plasma prolactin concentrations did not vary significantly from prepregnancy values throughout gestation, remaining between 25 and 35 ng/ml. Fetal prolactin levels were 55 ng/ml and maternal levels were 29 ng/ml at delivery. Amniotic fluid prolactin concentration was approximately 100 ng/ml. Decidual tissue isolated from the maternal surface of the chorion released significant amounts of prolactin into the medium during a 24-hour incubation. Final concentrations of prolactin in the incubation medium were as high as 196 ng/ml. It is concluded that after hypophysectomy (1) prolactin is present in the maternal circulation during pregnancy, and the concentration does not change significantly throughout gestation; (2) fetal and amniotic fluid prolactin concentrations near term do not differ significantly from those reported for normal pregnancy; and (3) the capacity of the decidua to release prolactin in vitro is not diminished compared with normal term decidua, suggesting a nonpituitary source of amniotic fluid prolactin.", "contents": "Evidence for a nonpituitary source of amniotic fluid prolactin. Prolactin levels were determined during a gonadotropin-induced pregnancy following hypophysectomy for a chromophobe adenoma. Maternal plasma prolactin concentrations did not vary significantly from prepregnancy values throughout gestation, remaining between 25 and 35 ng/ml. Fetal prolactin levels were 55 ng/ml and maternal levels were 29 ng/ml at delivery. Amniotic fluid prolactin concentration was approximately 100 ng/ml. Decidual tissue isolated from the maternal surface of the chorion released significant amounts of prolactin into the medium during a 24-hour incubation. Final concentrations of prolactin in the incubation medium were as high as 196 ng/ml. It is concluded that after hypophysectomy (1) prolactin is present in the maternal circulation during pregnancy, and the concentration does not change significantly throughout gestation; (2) fetal and amniotic fluid prolactin concentrations near term do not differ significantly from those reported for normal pregnancy; and (3) the capacity of the decidua to release prolactin in vitro is not diminished compared with normal term decidua, suggesting a nonpituitary source of amniotic fluid prolactin.", "PMID": 421916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11273", "title": "Treatment and follow-up of patients with infertility due to spermagglutinins.", "content": "A therapeutic trial based on pharmacologically induced azoospermia followed by the administration of corticosteroids was carried out in 48 patients with infertility due to spermagglutinins. Three types of responses were observed: type A, no modifications in the blood and spermagglutinating (SA) titer (19 cases); type B, disappearance or significant decrease in SA titer during treatment, with return to normal values upon resumption of spermatogenesis (7 cases); and type C, disappearance or significant decrease in SA titer for at least 1 year after stopping treatment (22 cases). Within the 1st year after stopping therapy only men who responded in type C fashion were able to impregnate partners, three pregnancies ended in abortion and nine in normal births.", "contents": "Treatment and follow-up of patients with infertility due to spermagglutinins. A therapeutic trial based on pharmacologically induced azoospermia followed by the administration of corticosteroids was carried out in 48 patients with infertility due to spermagglutinins. Three types of responses were observed: type A, no modifications in the blood and spermagglutinating (SA) titer (19 cases); type B, disappearance or significant decrease in SA titer during treatment, with return to normal values upon resumption of spermatogenesis (7 cases); and type C, disappearance or significant decrease in SA titer for at least 1 year after stopping treatment (22 cases). Within the 1st year after stopping therapy only men who responded in type C fashion were able to impregnate partners, three pregnancies ended in abortion and nine in normal births.", "PMID": 421917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11274", "title": "Artificial insemination homologous with oligospermic semen separated on albumin columns.", "content": "Semen samples obtained from 27 infertile men were separated on human serum albumin (HSA) columns prior to artificial homologous insemination (AIH). The columns contained either a single 7.5% HSA layer or two 17.5% and 7.5% HSA layers. Separated specimens were free of seminal debris, had significantly improved motility and progressive drive, and had a decreased percentage of abnormal forms. The total sperm count was also significantly decreased after separation, especially with the two-layer technique. No conceptions occurred in 21 couples when two-layer separation was used, but four pregnancies in 12 couples resulted from AIH with semen separated on the single-layer column. The mean total count of motile sperm obtained for AIH was 5 million with the two-layer and 31 million with the one-layer technique.", "contents": "Artificial insemination homologous with oligospermic semen separated on albumin columns. Semen samples obtained from 27 infertile men were separated on human serum albumin (HSA) columns prior to artificial homologous insemination (AIH). The columns contained either a single 7.5% HSA layer or two 17.5% and 7.5% HSA layers. Separated specimens were free of seminal debris, had significantly improved motility and progressive drive, and had a decreased percentage of abnormal forms. The total sperm count was also significantly decreased after separation, especially with the two-layer technique. No conceptions occurred in 21 couples when two-layer separation was used, but four pregnancies in 12 couples resulted from AIH with semen separated on the single-layer column. The mean total count of motile sperm obtained for AIH was 5 million with the two-layer and 31 million with the one-layer technique.", "PMID": 421918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11275", "title": "Testicular testosterone concentration following testicular vein ligation.", "content": "A rat model to study the local effects of testicular vein ligation is described. One hour after unilateral testicular vein ligation, the testicular concentration of testosterone was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) on the side that was ligated than in the contralateral testis (177.1 +/- 19.7 [SEM] ng/gm of tissue as compared with 108.8 +/- 11.8 ng/gm of tissue, respectively). This effect was not seen 1 week after the testicular vein ligation. The testosterone concentration in the ligated testis was also higher than that in sham-operated animals. These differences in testicular testosterone concentration were not associated with changes in peripheral serum testosterone levels. ligation of the testicular vein causes an acute rise in the testicular concentration of testosterone and may thus mediate changes in testicular function.", "contents": "Testicular testosterone concentration following testicular vein ligation. A rat model to study the local effects of testicular vein ligation is described. One hour after unilateral testicular vein ligation, the testicular concentration of testosterone was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) on the side that was ligated than in the contralateral testis (177.1 +/- 19.7 [SEM] ng/gm of tissue as compared with 108.8 +/- 11.8 ng/gm of tissue, respectively). This effect was not seen 1 week after the testicular vein ligation. The testosterone concentration in the ligated testis was also higher than that in sham-operated animals. These differences in testicular testosterone concentration were not associated with changes in peripheral serum testosterone levels. ligation of the testicular vein causes an acute rise in the testicular concentration of testosterone and may thus mediate changes in testicular function.", "PMID": 421919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11276", "title": "Role of dextran 70 in microtubal surgery.", "content": "Pelvic adhesion formation represents a major problem following fallopian tube surgery for infertility. Intraperitoneal dextran may prevent pelvic adhesions. Extensive personal clinical experience (W. H. U.) with intraperitoneal dextran organ-flotation on completion of tubal and ovarian surgery has appeared to limit adhesions. A specific study was designed to test the validity of this theory. Four randomized groups of rabbits were subjected to bilateral tubocornual division and microsurgical reanastomosis with total hemostasis and pelvic lavage. Routine peritoneal closure was performed on one group, but followed instillation of 30 to 50 ml of normal saline into the peritoneal cavities of the second group, and 30 to 50 ml of 6% dextran 70 into those of the third. Study of fourth group, which received 32% dextran 70 in the peritoneal cavity, was discontinued because of complications. A second laparotomy was performed 4 weeks later for precise assessment and photography of adhesion formation. Each animal was mated 4 weeks after the second operation in order to determine fertility rates. Reduced adhesion formation and increased fertility rates following the instillation of dextran are reported. A role for dextran 70 in infertility surgery is recommended.", "contents": "Role of dextran 70 in microtubal surgery. Pelvic adhesion formation represents a major problem following fallopian tube surgery for infertility. Intraperitoneal dextran may prevent pelvic adhesions. Extensive personal clinical experience (W. H. U.) with intraperitoneal dextran organ-flotation on completion of tubal and ovarian surgery has appeared to limit adhesions. A specific study was designed to test the validity of this theory. Four randomized groups of rabbits were subjected to bilateral tubocornual division and microsurgical reanastomosis with total hemostasis and pelvic lavage. Routine peritoneal closure was performed on one group, but followed instillation of 30 to 50 ml of normal saline into the peritoneal cavities of the second group, and 30 to 50 ml of 6% dextran 70 into those of the third. Study of fourth group, which received 32% dextran 70 in the peritoneal cavity, was discontinued because of complications. A second laparotomy was performed 4 weeks later for precise assessment and photography of adhesion formation. Each animal was mated 4 weeks after the second operation in order to determine fertility rates. Reduced adhesion formation and increased fertility rates following the instillation of dextran are reported. A role for dextran 70 in infertility surgery is recommended.", "PMID": 421920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11277", "title": "The choice of sterilizing procedure according to its potential reversibility with microsurgery.", "content": "Twenty-seven women were evaluated for reversal of previous tubal sterilization in the 2-year span beginning January 1, 1976. Of the thirteen who came to surgery, only seven were able to undergo reanastomosis. Five of these seven had had Pomeroy type ligations and two had ahd \"one-burn\" electrocoagulation. Six patients who had had \"two- or three burn\" electrocoagulation did not have sufficient length of fallopian tube remaining. Tubal patency was achieved in 87.5% of those who underwent reanastomosis. The pregnancy rate was 37.5%, with no ectopic pregnancies. Electrocoagulation is not recommended in healthy young women.", "contents": "The choice of sterilizing procedure according to its potential reversibility with microsurgery. Twenty-seven women were evaluated for reversal of previous tubal sterilization in the 2-year span beginning January 1, 1976. Of the thirteen who came to surgery, only seven were able to undergo reanastomosis. Five of these seven had had Pomeroy type ligations and two had ahd \"one-burn\" electrocoagulation. Six patients who had had \"two- or three burn\" electrocoagulation did not have sufficient length of fallopian tube remaining. Tubal patency was achieved in 87.5% of those who underwent reanastomosis. The pregnancy rate was 37.5%, with no ectopic pregnancies. Electrocoagulation is not recommended in healthy young women.", "PMID": 421923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11278", "title": "Combination therapy of extrapyramidal disease with trihexyphenidyl and L-dopa: an electromyographic study with specific reference to tremor.", "content": "An electromyographic method was used to study the effect of combination therapy with L-dopa and trihexyphenidyl on tremor in thirty patients suffering from extrapyramidal motor system disease. In this method tremor activity was measured and documented so that the course of the disease could be followed objectively. L-dopa alone was slightly more effective against tremor than was trihexyphenidyl alone. The combination of the two drugs was more effective than either drug used alone, and its side-effects were mild and definitely fewer than had been reported with L-dopa combined with a decarboxylase inhibitor. Good control of tremor with L-dopa and trihexyphenidyl was obtained clinically and verified electromyographically.", "contents": "Combination therapy of extrapyramidal disease with trihexyphenidyl and L-dopa: an electromyographic study with specific reference to tremor. An electromyographic method was used to study the effect of combination therapy with L-dopa and trihexyphenidyl on tremor in thirty patients suffering from extrapyramidal motor system disease. In this method tremor activity was measured and documented so that the course of the disease could be followed objectively. L-dopa alone was slightly more effective against tremor than was trihexyphenidyl alone. The combination of the two drugs was more effective than either drug used alone, and its side-effects were mild and definitely fewer than had been reported with L-dopa combined with a decarboxylase inhibitor. Good control of tremor with L-dopa and trihexyphenidyl was obtained clinically and verified electromyographically.", "PMID": 421963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11279", "title": "Amikacin concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with acute bacterial meningitis.", "content": "Penetration of the aminoglycoside, amikacin, into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of twenty children with acute bacterial meningitis was studied at various times after intramuscular administration and at various stages of therapy. Six of the patients were evaluated during therapy with amikacin at 7.5 mg/kg (intramuscularly) every 12 hours plus ampicillin every 6 hours at 300 mg/kg/day (intravenously); thirteen of the remaining fourteen patients were treated with ampicillin alone, but were given a single intramuscular dose of 7.5 mg/kg of amikacin for evaluation of CSF concentration. Amikacin concentration in CSF with respect to time after administration followed essentially the same pattern as in serum. A minimum concentration of 2 microgram/ml was found in 76% of the CSF samples obtained between 0.5 and 7 hours after administration. A mean amikacin serum/CSF ratio of 3:1 was demonstrated up to 7 hours after dose in all patients who underwent clinical improvement. Patient response was predictable by a correlation of in vitro MIC values with in vivo CSF concentration in three of the six patients who received amikacin therapy.", "contents": "Amikacin concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with acute bacterial meningitis. Penetration of the aminoglycoside, amikacin, into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of twenty children with acute bacterial meningitis was studied at various times after intramuscular administration and at various stages of therapy. Six of the patients were evaluated during therapy with amikacin at 7.5 mg/kg (intramuscularly) every 12 hours plus ampicillin every 6 hours at 300 mg/kg/day (intravenously); thirteen of the remaining fourteen patients were treated with ampicillin alone, but were given a single intramuscular dose of 7.5 mg/kg of amikacin for evaluation of CSF concentration. Amikacin concentration in CSF with respect to time after administration followed essentially the same pattern as in serum. A minimum concentration of 2 microgram/ml was found in 76% of the CSF samples obtained between 0.5 and 7 hours after administration. A mean amikacin serum/CSF ratio of 3:1 was demonstrated up to 7 hours after dose in all patients who underwent clinical improvement. Patient response was predictable by a correlation of in vitro MIC values with in vivo CSF concentration in three of the six patients who received amikacin therapy.", "PMID": 421964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11280", "title": "Magnapen treatment of infections in the elderly.", "content": "Magnapen is a combination of two well-proven semi-snythetic penicillins which together offer the theoretical advantages of a broad spectrum of activity, good bioavailability and a low incidence of side-effects. It is of particular value in treating infections in the elderly. In this study the theory is borne out in practice in a population presenting special problems for which this combination seems particularly appropriate. Ninety-six patients have been treated with a course of Magnapen syrup. Of the total entered into the study, 73% of patients were clinically cured following therapy, with a further 19% improved. Clinical failure occurred in 8% of patients. Fifty-two patients were bacteriologically assessable, forty-seven of whom (90%) had infecting organisms cleared by therapy. Side-effects occurred in four patients (4%), one of whom had to discontinue therapy.", "contents": "Magnapen treatment of infections in the elderly. Magnapen is a combination of two well-proven semi-snythetic penicillins which together offer the theoretical advantages of a broad spectrum of activity, good bioavailability and a low incidence of side-effects. It is of particular value in treating infections in the elderly. In this study the theory is borne out in practice in a population presenting special problems for which this combination seems particularly appropriate. Ninety-six patients have been treated with a course of Magnapen syrup. Of the total entered into the study, 73% of patients were clinically cured following therapy, with a further 19% improved. Clinical failure occurred in 8% of patients. Fifty-two patients were bacteriologically assessable, forty-seven of whom (90%) had infecting organisms cleared by therapy. Side-effects occurred in four patients (4%), one of whom had to discontinue therapy.", "PMID": 421965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11281", "title": "Successful use of a moderate analgesic (Fortagesic) in the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis.", "content": "In a between-patient single blind controlled trial, two groups of patients with osteoarthritis were treated for two weeks with either Fortagesic or naproxen tablets. Onset of analgesia was significantly more rapid with Fortagesic than with naproxen. Other assessments favoured Fortagesic but the differences were not statistically significant. It is concluded that Fortagesic can be successfully used to fill the gap between mild analgesics and the anti-inflammatory agents in the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis.", "contents": "Successful use of a moderate analgesic (Fortagesic) in the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis. In a between-patient single blind controlled trial, two groups of patients with osteoarthritis were treated for two weeks with either Fortagesic or naproxen tablets. Onset of analgesia was significantly more rapid with Fortagesic than with naproxen. Other assessments favoured Fortagesic but the differences were not statistically significant. It is concluded that Fortagesic can be successfully used to fill the gap between mild analgesics and the anti-inflammatory agents in the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis.", "PMID": 421966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11282", "title": "Salicylsalicylic acid revisited: a multicentre study.", "content": "Twenty-eight medical specialists (internists, rheumatologists) selected 102 primarily arthritic patients for a two-week efficacy and safety field study of salicylsalicylic acid. Data were gathered on pain, morning stiffness, range of motion, serum salicylate concentration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and gastro-intestinal bleeding before and after a 15-day drug trial. Results showed a 67% favourable clinical response in the physician's global evaluation and a 60% improvement in pain; the drug itself was well tolerated by 96% of patients. Response correlations with morning stiffness and range of motion were equivocal. Of fifty-four patients examined before and after treatment for intestinal bleeding, only two (3.7%) had detectable faecal blood loss. Good clinical response had a statistically significant association with serum drug concentrations of 13.6 to 13.8 mg%; unsatisfactory response was noted in those patients with mean serum salicylate levels of 8.6 mg%. ESR decreased or was unchanged in thirty-five patients with satisfactory clinical response and in fourteen patients with unsatisfactory response.", "contents": "Salicylsalicylic acid revisited: a multicentre study. Twenty-eight medical specialists (internists, rheumatologists) selected 102 primarily arthritic patients for a two-week efficacy and safety field study of salicylsalicylic acid. Data were gathered on pain, morning stiffness, range of motion, serum salicylate concentration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and gastro-intestinal bleeding before and after a 15-day drug trial. Results showed a 67% favourable clinical response in the physician's global evaluation and a 60% improvement in pain; the drug itself was well tolerated by 96% of patients. Response correlations with morning stiffness and range of motion were equivocal. Of fifty-four patients examined before and after treatment for intestinal bleeding, only two (3.7%) had detectable faecal blood loss. Good clinical response had a statistically significant association with serum drug concentrations of 13.6 to 13.8 mg%; unsatisfactory response was noted in those patients with mean serum salicylate levels of 8.6 mg%. ESR decreased or was unchanged in thirty-five patients with satisfactory clinical response and in fourteen patients with unsatisfactory response.", "PMID": 421967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11283", "title": "Renin-angiotensin system in phlorhizin compared with alloxan diabetes in the rat.", "content": "In alloxan-treated diabetic rats, plasma renin activity (PRA) is decreased. One possible mechanism that may explain the decreased PRA is an increased delivery of sodium to the macula densa produced by the glucose osmotic diuresis, resulting in decreased renin release. To evaluate this possible mechanism, rats with phlorhizin diabetes, which produces a glucose osmotic diuresis without hyperglycemia, were studied and compared with rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. Whereas phlorhizin-treated rats had low blood glucose and alloxan-treated rats had elevated glucose, the glucose osmotic diuresis was similar in the two groups. PRA and plasma renin concentration (PRC) were significantly increased in the phlorhizin group. In the alloxan group, PRA was decreased and angiotensin II sensitivity increased, both significantly. Plasma renin substrate (PRS) remained adequate in each group. These results suggest that the decreased PRA in alloxan-induced diabetes is due neither to factors associated with the glucose osmotic diuresis including changes in renal tubular sodium not to decreased PRS.", "contents": "Renin-angiotensin system in phlorhizin compared with alloxan diabetes in the rat. In alloxan-treated diabetic rats, plasma renin activity (PRA) is decreased. One possible mechanism that may explain the decreased PRA is an increased delivery of sodium to the macula densa produced by the glucose osmotic diuresis, resulting in decreased renin release. To evaluate this possible mechanism, rats with phlorhizin diabetes, which produces a glucose osmotic diuresis without hyperglycemia, were studied and compared with rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. Whereas phlorhizin-treated rats had low blood glucose and alloxan-treated rats had elevated glucose, the glucose osmotic diuresis was similar in the two groups. PRA and plasma renin concentration (PRC) were significantly increased in the phlorhizin group. In the alloxan group, PRA was decreased and angiotensin II sensitivity increased, both significantly. Plasma renin substrate (PRS) remained adequate in each group. These results suggest that the decreased PRA in alloxan-induced diabetes is due neither to factors associated with the glucose osmotic diuresis including changes in renal tubular sodium not to decreased PRS.", "PMID": 421968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11284", "title": "Glomerular basement membrane metabolism in the diabetic rat. In vivo studies.", "content": "The effect of diabetes on the metabolism of the renal glomerular basement membrane has been studied in the rat with the aid of injected tracer doses of tritiated proline. At various times after administration of the labeled amino acid, the specific radioactivities of the proline and hydroxyproline of the basement membranes from alloxan diabetic rats were determined and compared with those of age-matched normal rats. In both normal and diabetic animals the incorporation of radioactivity into the basement membrane was slow and, after a maximum was reached, an extended period of almost constant specific activity of proline and hydroxyproline was observed. The diabetic basement membrane, however, differed from the normal by attaining specific activities of the amino acids which were about twice as high as normal (P less than 0.001 at 42 h after injection of radioisotope). Although the proline concentration of serum and renal cortical fluid was the same in normal and diabetic rats, there were substantial differences in the specific activity of this precursor amino acid in these pools that had to be taken into account to compare the two types of animals. The results of the present study are consistent with an accelerated rate of glomerular basement membrane polypeptide synthesis and proline hydroxylation in diabetes.", "contents": "Glomerular basement membrane metabolism in the diabetic rat. In vivo studies. The effect of diabetes on the metabolism of the renal glomerular basement membrane has been studied in the rat with the aid of injected tracer doses of tritiated proline. At various times after administration of the labeled amino acid, the specific radioactivities of the proline and hydroxyproline of the basement membranes from alloxan diabetic rats were determined and compared with those of age-matched normal rats. In both normal and diabetic animals the incorporation of radioactivity into the basement membrane was slow and, after a maximum was reached, an extended period of almost constant specific activity of proline and hydroxyproline was observed. The diabetic basement membrane, however, differed from the normal by attaining specific activities of the amino acids which were about twice as high as normal (P less than 0.001 at 42 h after injection of radioisotope). Although the proline concentration of serum and renal cortical fluid was the same in normal and diabetic rats, there were substantial differences in the specific activity of this precursor amino acid in these pools that had to be taken into account to compare the two types of animals. The results of the present study are consistent with an accelerated rate of glomerular basement membrane polypeptide synthesis and proline hydroxylation in diabetes.", "PMID": 421969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11285", "title": "Influence of arginine on splanchnic glucose metabolism in man.", "content": "To examine the mechanism of the arginine-induced rise in blood glucose concentration, splanchnic glucose output (SGO) and precursor uptake were studied during i.v. infusion of arginine (30 g/30 min) with and without somatostatin infusion (500 microgram/h, 90 min) in postabsorptive and in 60-h fasted healthy subjects. The hepatic venous catheter technique was employed. In the postabsorptive state, arginine infusion was accompanied by an eightfold and a fivefold increment, respectively, in the hepatic venous concentration of insulin and glucagon; SGO doubled and blood glucose increased by 30%. After cessation of arginine infusion, SGO and blood glucose returned to basal levels within 30 min. When both arginine and somatostatin were administered, glucagon rose threefold, whereas the insulin response was abolished. And while the rise in SGO during arginine infusion and its subsequent decline were uninfluenced by the simultaneous infusion of somatostatin, the rise in blood glucose was more pronounced and the glucose concentration remained elevated longer than in control studies without somatostatin. Splanchnic uptake of glucogenic precursors was uninfluenced by arginine infusion, with or without simultaneous somatostatin administration. In the 60-h fasted group, arginine infusion was accompanied by a minimal increase in insulin but a fivefold elevation of the glucagon level. Combined arginine and somatostatin infusion did not boost insulin significantly but the glucagon level rose threefold above the basal value. Basal SGO was 55% lower than in the postabsorptive state, and it rose in response to arginine administration (+50%) as well as during combined arginine and somatostatin infusion (+80%). No significant change in splanchnic uptake of glucogenic precursors was observed during arginine infusion with or without somatostatin administration. We conclude that (1) arginine infusion is accompanied by a rise in SGO and blood glucose due to arginine-induced stimulation of glucagon secretion, (2) the rise in SGO is caused primarily by glucagon-stimulated hepatic glycogenolysis, and (3) combined somatostatin and arginine administration is accompanied by a more marked rise in blood glucose due to hypoinsulinemia and reduced peripheral glucose utilization.", "contents": "Influence of arginine on splanchnic glucose metabolism in man. To examine the mechanism of the arginine-induced rise in blood glucose concentration, splanchnic glucose output (SGO) and precursor uptake were studied during i.v. infusion of arginine (30 g/30 min) with and without somatostatin infusion (500 microgram/h, 90 min) in postabsorptive and in 60-h fasted healthy subjects. The hepatic venous catheter technique was employed. In the postabsorptive state, arginine infusion was accompanied by an eightfold and a fivefold increment, respectively, in the hepatic venous concentration of insulin and glucagon; SGO doubled and blood glucose increased by 30%. After cessation of arginine infusion, SGO and blood glucose returned to basal levels within 30 min. When both arginine and somatostatin were administered, glucagon rose threefold, whereas the insulin response was abolished. And while the rise in SGO during arginine infusion and its subsequent decline were uninfluenced by the simultaneous infusion of somatostatin, the rise in blood glucose was more pronounced and the glucose concentration remained elevated longer than in control studies without somatostatin. Splanchnic uptake of glucogenic precursors was uninfluenced by arginine infusion, with or without simultaneous somatostatin administration. In the 60-h fasted group, arginine infusion was accompanied by a minimal increase in insulin but a fivefold elevation of the glucagon level. Combined arginine and somatostatin infusion did not boost insulin significantly but the glucagon level rose threefold above the basal value. Basal SGO was 55% lower than in the postabsorptive state, and it rose in response to arginine administration (+50%) as well as during combined arginine and somatostatin infusion (+80%). No significant change in splanchnic uptake of glucogenic precursors was observed during arginine infusion with or without somatostatin administration. We conclude that (1) arginine infusion is accompanied by a rise in SGO and blood glucose due to arginine-induced stimulation of glucagon secretion, (2) the rise in SGO is caused primarily by glucagon-stimulated hepatic glycogenolysis, and (3) combined somatostatin and arginine administration is accompanied by a more marked rise in blood glucose due to hypoinsulinemia and reduced peripheral glucose utilization.", "PMID": 421970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11286", "title": "Acute non-A, non-B hepatitis. Prolonged presence of the infectious agent in blood.", "content": "Non-A, non-B hepatitis, previously transmitted to chimpanzees by inoculation of human serum, was serially transmitted through a second and third passage to additional chimpanzees using serum drawn during acute non-A, non-B hepatitis. Sera obtained at weeks 4 and 5 after inoculation from two different chimpanzees, and from one chimpanzee at week 13 after inoculation, were shown to cause elevation of serum aminotransferase levels and abnormal liver biopsies in recipient chimpanzees, with no serologic evidence of hepatitis A or B, cytomegalovirus, or Epstein-Barr virus infection. Serum obtained 3 wk after inoculation did not cause elevation of aminotransferase levels in the recipient chimpanzee, although a single abnormal biopsy was obtained. Thus, the non-A, non-B hepatitis agent was present in serum during acute disease near the time of the first aminotransferase elevation (week 4; perhaps also week 3), and persisted at least until 1 week after the peak aminotransferase level (week 13).", "contents": "Acute non-A, non-B hepatitis. Prolonged presence of the infectious agent in blood. Non-A, non-B hepatitis, previously transmitted to chimpanzees by inoculation of human serum, was serially transmitted through a second and third passage to additional chimpanzees using serum drawn during acute non-A, non-B hepatitis. Sera obtained at weeks 4 and 5 after inoculation from two different chimpanzees, and from one chimpanzee at week 13 after inoculation, were shown to cause elevation of serum aminotransferase levels and abnormal liver biopsies in recipient chimpanzees, with no serologic evidence of hepatitis A or B, cytomegalovirus, or Epstein-Barr virus infection. Serum obtained 3 wk after inoculation did not cause elevation of aminotransferase levels in the recipient chimpanzee, although a single abnormal biopsy was obtained. Thus, the non-A, non-B hepatitis agent was present in serum during acute disease near the time of the first aminotransferase elevation (week 4; perhaps also week 3), and persisted at least until 1 week after the peak aminotransferase level (week 13).", "PMID": 421994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11287", "title": "Effects of spontaneous portal-systemic shunting on insulin metabolism.", "content": "Insulin degradation was measured by the C-peptide/insulin ratio in 19 patients with portal vein block with extensive spontaneous portal-systemic shunting but minimal liver cell damage: 13 patients with biopsy-proved cirrhosis and 12 controls. Blood obtained fasting and for 3 hr after oral glucose was assayed for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide. Fasting C-peptide and insulin levels in patients with portal vein block and those in controls did not differ. Eight of 13 cirrhotic patients had fasting hyperinsulinemia with a significantly reduced C-peptide/insulin ratio. After glucose administration, the C-peptide/insulin ratio in portal vein block patients with normal aspartate transaminase levels did not differ from control values. In portal vein block patients with elevated asparatate transaminase levels, the C-peptide/insulin ratio was significantly reduced only from 60 min onwards. All the cirrhotic patients showed a significantly reduced C-peptide/insulin ratio after glucose administration. It is suggested that portal-systemic shunting of blood in the presence of a normal liver does not influence hepatic insulin metabolism and that the hyperinsulinemia of cirrhosis is a feature of parenchymal liver damage. In addition, insulin degradation was abnormal in all cirrhotic patients at high insulin secretion rates, even when fasting insulin levels were normal.", "contents": "Effects of spontaneous portal-systemic shunting on insulin metabolism. Insulin degradation was measured by the C-peptide/insulin ratio in 19 patients with portal vein block with extensive spontaneous portal-systemic shunting but minimal liver cell damage: 13 patients with biopsy-proved cirrhosis and 12 controls. Blood obtained fasting and for 3 hr after oral glucose was assayed for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide. Fasting C-peptide and insulin levels in patients with portal vein block and those in controls did not differ. Eight of 13 cirrhotic patients had fasting hyperinsulinemia with a significantly reduced C-peptide/insulin ratio. After glucose administration, the C-peptide/insulin ratio in portal vein block patients with normal aspartate transaminase levels did not differ from control values. In portal vein block patients with elevated asparatate transaminase levels, the C-peptide/insulin ratio was significantly reduced only from 60 min onwards. All the cirrhotic patients showed a significantly reduced C-peptide/insulin ratio after glucose administration. It is suggested that portal-systemic shunting of blood in the presence of a normal liver does not influence hepatic insulin metabolism and that the hyperinsulinemia of cirrhosis is a feature of parenchymal liver damage. In addition, insulin degradation was abnormal in all cirrhotic patients at high insulin secretion rates, even when fasting insulin levels were normal.", "PMID": 421995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11288", "title": "Significance of blood ketone body ratio as an indicator of hepatic cellular energy status in jaundiced rabbits.", "content": "Changes in the free NAD+/NADH ratio and the energy charge (ATP + 1/2 ADP/ATP + ADP + AMP) of the liver were compared with the ratio of acetoacetate to beta-hydroxybutyrate of arterial blood in rabbits subjected to ligation of the common bile duct. Both the acetoacetate/beta-hydroxybutyrate ratio of the liver, which reflects mitochondrial free NAD+/NADH ratio, and the heptic energy charge decreased in accordance with the decrease of mitochondrial phosphorylative activity after the ligation. The decrease in the acetoacetate/beta-hydroxybutyrate ratio of the liver was attributed to a restricted mitochondrial reoxidation of NADH due to an inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, changes in the ratio of acetoacetate to beta-hydroxybutyrate in arterial blood were positively correlated with those of the liver (r = 0.695, P less than 0.01) and the hepatic energy charge (r = 0.844, P less than 0.01). It is suggested that the ratio of acetoacetate to beta-hydroxybutyrate in blood can reflect the energy charge of the liver in jaundiced rabbits.", "contents": "Significance of blood ketone body ratio as an indicator of hepatic cellular energy status in jaundiced rabbits. Changes in the free NAD+/NADH ratio and the energy charge (ATP + 1/2 ADP/ATP + ADP + AMP) of the liver were compared with the ratio of acetoacetate to beta-hydroxybutyrate of arterial blood in rabbits subjected to ligation of the common bile duct. Both the acetoacetate/beta-hydroxybutyrate ratio of the liver, which reflects mitochondrial free NAD+/NADH ratio, and the heptic energy charge decreased in accordance with the decrease of mitochondrial phosphorylative activity after the ligation. The decrease in the acetoacetate/beta-hydroxybutyrate ratio of the liver was attributed to a restricted mitochondrial reoxidation of NADH due to an inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, changes in the ratio of acetoacetate to beta-hydroxybutyrate in arterial blood were positively correlated with those of the liver (r = 0.695, P less than 0.01) and the hepatic energy charge (r = 0.844, P less than 0.01). It is suggested that the ratio of acetoacetate to beta-hydroxybutyrate in blood can reflect the energy charge of the liver in jaundiced rabbits.", "PMID": 421996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11289", "title": "Contractile fibroblasts in chronic alcoholic cirrhosis.", "content": "Contractile fibroblasts were sought via electron microscopy in liver tissue from 12 patients with chronic alcoholic cirrhosis, and from 3 noncirrhotic patients. In 9 of the 12 cirrhotic livers, contractile fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) were seen containing the classic features of 60-80 A microfilament bundles with electron-dense bodies along with prominent microtubules. The remaining three cirrhotic liver specimens had fibroblasts containing microfilament bundles but without electron-dense bodies. Myofibroblasts were not found in any of the noncirrhotic livers. Just as in other types of scars, myofibroblasts are probably the active contractile force in the scarring and fibrosis which characterize chronic alcoholic cirrhosis.", "contents": "Contractile fibroblasts in chronic alcoholic cirrhosis. Contractile fibroblasts were sought via electron microscopy in liver tissue from 12 patients with chronic alcoholic cirrhosis, and from 3 noncirrhotic patients. In 9 of the 12 cirrhotic livers, contractile fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) were seen containing the classic features of 60-80 A microfilament bundles with electron-dense bodies along with prominent microtubules. The remaining three cirrhotic liver specimens had fibroblasts containing microfilament bundles but without electron-dense bodies. Myofibroblasts were not found in any of the noncirrhotic livers. Just as in other types of scars, myofibroblasts are probably the active contractile force in the scarring and fibrosis which characterize chronic alcoholic cirrhosis.", "PMID": 421998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11290", "title": "Simultaneous gastric and plasma immunoreactive plasma carcinoembryonic antigen in 108 patients undergoing gastroscopy.", "content": "Simultaneous measurement of plasma and gastric immunoreactive carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was performed in 108 patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastric immunoreactive CEA was more sensitive than plasma CEA (92% vs. 65% positive) in patients with gastric cancer. In cancer patients gastric CEA was significantly higher than in all other patient groups. The extent of disease, the histologic type of adenocarcinoma, and the macroscopic appearance of the tumor had no influence on gastric CEA results. Gastric CEA was elevated in 44% of patients with gastritis and 26% of patients with benign gastric ulcers, but was never elevated in patients with no gastric pathology. In patients with benign disorders, elevated gastric CEA was significantly correlated with atrophic gastritis especially of moderate or severe degrees. Elevated levels persisted in patients with pernicious anemia and severe atrophic gastritis but returned to normal with healing of benign gastric ulcers. Simultaneous measurement of gastric total protein or potassium content was necessary to correct for variations in sample collection. We conclude that gastric CEA was not useful for distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions but should be studied further for screening high risk patients, for identifying and following patients with \"premalignant\" conditions, and for following cancer patients before and after surgery and/or chemotherapy.", "contents": "Simultaneous gastric and plasma immunoreactive plasma carcinoembryonic antigen in 108 patients undergoing gastroscopy. Simultaneous measurement of plasma and gastric immunoreactive carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was performed in 108 patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastric immunoreactive CEA was more sensitive than plasma CEA (92% vs. 65% positive) in patients with gastric cancer. In cancer patients gastric CEA was significantly higher than in all other patient groups. The extent of disease, the histologic type of adenocarcinoma, and the macroscopic appearance of the tumor had no influence on gastric CEA results. Gastric CEA was elevated in 44% of patients with gastritis and 26% of patients with benign gastric ulcers, but was never elevated in patients with no gastric pathology. In patients with benign disorders, elevated gastric CEA was significantly correlated with atrophic gastritis especially of moderate or severe degrees. Elevated levels persisted in patients with pernicious anemia and severe atrophic gastritis but returned to normal with healing of benign gastric ulcers. Simultaneous measurement of gastric total protein or potassium content was necessary to correct for variations in sample collection. We conclude that gastric CEA was not useful for distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions but should be studied further for screening high risk patients, for identifying and following patients with \"premalignant\" conditions, and for following cancer patients before and after surgery and/or chemotherapy.", "PMID": 422001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11291", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on giardiasis in a murine model. I. Intestinal distribution, attachment, and relationship to the immune system of Giardia muris.", "content": "Infected immunocompetent mice were studied prospectively in a well-described murine model system with the use of ultrastructural techniques to establish normal distribution of Giardia muris trophozoites, their relationships to intestinal mucosa, particularly Peyer's patches, and structural indications of the normal reaction of intestine and intestinal immune organs. Trophozoites colonized the proximal 25% of the intestine, adhered to microvilli of columnar cells near the bases of villi, wedged into furrows in the epithelial surface, or lodged in mucus within the unstirred layer. Density of trophozoite colonization of the jejunal epithelium correlated with stool cyst excretion. Over Peyer's patches, Giardia adhered to columnar cells and not to M-cells, which transport soluble antigens and particulate material from the lumen into the lymphoid system. Giardia entered intestinal lymphoid structures by incursions through defects in the lymphoid follicle epithelial barrier. During clearance of parasites, lymphocytes crossed the epithelium and attached to Giardia in the lumen. Giardia produced no apparent ultrastructural damage in normal mice but elicited a previously undescribed intraluminal cellular immune response during clearance by the host.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on giardiasis in a murine model. I. Intestinal distribution, attachment, and relationship to the immune system of Giardia muris. Infected immunocompetent mice were studied prospectively in a well-described murine model system with the use of ultrastructural techniques to establish normal distribution of Giardia muris trophozoites, their relationships to intestinal mucosa, particularly Peyer's patches, and structural indications of the normal reaction of intestine and intestinal immune organs. Trophozoites colonized the proximal 25% of the intestine, adhered to microvilli of columnar cells near the bases of villi, wedged into furrows in the epithelial surface, or lodged in mucus within the unstirred layer. Density of trophozoite colonization of the jejunal epithelium correlated with stool cyst excretion. Over Peyer's patches, Giardia adhered to columnar cells and not to M-cells, which transport soluble antigens and particulate material from the lumen into the lymphoid system. Giardia entered intestinal lymphoid structures by incursions through defects in the lymphoid follicle epithelial barrier. During clearance of parasites, lymphocytes crossed the epithelium and attached to Giardia in the lumen. Giardia produced no apparent ultrastructural damage in normal mice but elicited a previously undescribed intraluminal cellular immune response during clearance by the host.", "PMID": 422004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11292", "title": "Effect of taurine conjugated bile salts with and without lecithin on water and electrolyte transport in the canine gallbladder in vivo.", "content": "Because dihydroxy bile salts alter water and electrolyte transport in the intestine, we tested the effects of taurine conjugated bile salts on water and electrolyte transport in the canine gallbladder in vivo. 16.7 mM taurodeoxycholate or taurochenodeoxycholate completely abolished net absorption of water (P less than 0.01). 40 mM taurocholate significantly reduced net water absorption (P less than 0.05), whereas 16.7 mM taurocholate had no significant effect. Net movement of electrolytes was closely related to net water movement. Water and electrolyte absorption continued undisturbed when the gallbladders were exposed to 16.7 mM taurodeoxycholate together with 5.6 mM lecithin. Biliary lecithin, therefore, is important for the protection of the mucosa of the gallbladder from the potentially damaging effects of bile salts.", "contents": "Effect of taurine conjugated bile salts with and without lecithin on water and electrolyte transport in the canine gallbladder in vivo. Because dihydroxy bile salts alter water and electrolyte transport in the intestine, we tested the effects of taurine conjugated bile salts on water and electrolyte transport in the canine gallbladder in vivo. 16.7 mM taurodeoxycholate or taurochenodeoxycholate completely abolished net absorption of water (P less than 0.01). 40 mM taurocholate significantly reduced net water absorption (P less than 0.05), whereas 16.7 mM taurocholate had no significant effect. Net movement of electrolytes was closely related to net water movement. Water and electrolyte absorption continued undisturbed when the gallbladders were exposed to 16.7 mM taurodeoxycholate together with 5.6 mM lecithin. Biliary lecithin, therefore, is important for the protection of the mucosa of the gallbladder from the potentially damaging effects of bile salts.", "PMID": 422005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11293", "title": "Depressant effect of sodium nitroprusside on the lower esophageal sphincter of the opossum.", "content": "In this study, we evaluated the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a vascular smooth-muscle relaxant, on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure in the opossum. Resting LES pressure was monitored with a perfused sleeve sensor which allows accurate recording of LES pressure irrespective of axial LES motion. Intravenous pulse doses and infusion doses of SNP both caused significant decreases in both blood pressure and LES pressure. Les tone, however, was more sensitive to SNP than blood pressure. For example, an SNP pulse dose of 20 microgram/kg which lowered blood pressure only about 30% virtually abolished LES tone. A similar result was obtained for an SNP infusion dose of 10 microgram/kg/min. Tachyphylaxis to SNP did not occur for repeated pulse doses to 10 microgram/kg, but did develop during a 20-min infusion of 10 microgram/kg/min. The effect of SNP on LES pressure was not antagonized by propranolol, metiamide, haloperidol, atropine, phentolamine, or tetrodotoxin. We conclude that the potent depressant effect of SNP on LES tone is due to a direct action of the drug on sphincter smooth muscle.", "contents": "Depressant effect of sodium nitroprusside on the lower esophageal sphincter of the opossum. In this study, we evaluated the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a vascular smooth-muscle relaxant, on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure in the opossum. Resting LES pressure was monitored with a perfused sleeve sensor which allows accurate recording of LES pressure irrespective of axial LES motion. Intravenous pulse doses and infusion doses of SNP both caused significant decreases in both blood pressure and LES pressure. Les tone, however, was more sensitive to SNP than blood pressure. For example, an SNP pulse dose of 20 microgram/kg which lowered blood pressure only about 30% virtually abolished LES tone. A similar result was obtained for an SNP infusion dose of 10 microgram/kg/min. Tachyphylaxis to SNP did not occur for repeated pulse doses to 10 microgram/kg, but did develop during a 20-min infusion of 10 microgram/kg/min. The effect of SNP on LES pressure was not antagonized by propranolol, metiamide, haloperidol, atropine, phentolamine, or tetrodotoxin. We conclude that the potent depressant effect of SNP on LES tone is due to a direct action of the drug on sphincter smooth muscle.", "PMID": 422006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11294", "title": "Pancreatic secretion in rats after chronic treatment with secretin plus caerulein.", "content": "Rats were given subcutaneous injections of secretin (12.5 microgram kg-1) plus caerulein (0.5 microgram kg-1) in a depot carrier or depot carrier alone every 8 hr for 10 days. Basal pancreatic secretion and responses to secretin and cholecystokinin were then studied while the rats were under urethane anesthesia. In the treated animals, basal secretion of fluid was more than six times greater, basal bicarbonate output more than three times greater, and and basal protein output more than two times greater than in the control rats (P less than 0.01 for each). After subtracting basal values and normalizing for body weight, the treated group means were statistically significantly greater than those of the control for: maximal bicarbonate output (1.81 times control) to secretin; and maximal outputs to cholecystokinin of volume (2.46 times control), bicarbonate (2.69 times control), and protein (2.28 times control). The mean pancreatic weight per kilogram of body weight in the treated group was 1.65 times (P less than 0.01) that of the control group. When normalized for pancreatic weight (basal values subtracted), the increse in maximal protein output (1.37 times control) to cholecystokinin was still statistically significant (P less than 0.05). We conclude that chronic treatment with secretin plus caerulein exerts a trophic effect on the pancreas associated with increased maximal protein output to cholecystokinin and increased maximal bicarbonate output to secretin.", "contents": "Pancreatic secretion in rats after chronic treatment with secretin plus caerulein. Rats were given subcutaneous injections of secretin (12.5 microgram kg-1) plus caerulein (0.5 microgram kg-1) in a depot carrier or depot carrier alone every 8 hr for 10 days. Basal pancreatic secretion and responses to secretin and cholecystokinin were then studied while the rats were under urethane anesthesia. In the treated animals, basal secretion of fluid was more than six times greater, basal bicarbonate output more than three times greater, and and basal protein output more than two times greater than in the control rats (P less than 0.01 for each). After subtracting basal values and normalizing for body weight, the treated group means were statistically significantly greater than those of the control for: maximal bicarbonate output (1.81 times control) to secretin; and maximal outputs to cholecystokinin of volume (2.46 times control), bicarbonate (2.69 times control), and protein (2.28 times control). The mean pancreatic weight per kilogram of body weight in the treated group was 1.65 times (P less than 0.01) that of the control group. When normalized for pancreatic weight (basal values subtracted), the increse in maximal protein output (1.37 times control) to cholecystokinin was still statistically significant (P less than 0.05). We conclude that chronic treatment with secretin plus caerulein exerts a trophic effect on the pancreas associated with increased maximal protein output to cholecystokinin and increased maximal bicarbonate output to secretin.", "PMID": 422007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11295", "title": "Sieving of solid food by the canine stomach and sieving after gastric surgery.", "content": "Present concepts on the gastric emptying of solid materials derive from experiments with plastic spheres now known to be emptied differently than food. Accordingly, experiments were undertaken with radiolabeled chicken liver to assess (a) the size of meat particles passed by the normal canine stomach and (b) the effects of ulcer surgery on the rate of emptying and the size of emptied meat particles. Control or ulcer-operated dogs were prepared with chronic duodenal fistulas from which chyme was collected after a standard meal of beefsteak + radioliver + water. Collected chyme was sieved over a stack of sieves of decreasing pore size, and the percent of radioactivity recovered on each sieve was determined each postcibal hour for 5 hr. Control dogs emptied the meal slowly, and virtually all recovered meat was emptied in particles equal to or less than 2.0 mm. Dogs with vagotomy (V), pyloroplasty (P), vagotomy + pyloroplasty (V + P), or antrectomy with end-to-end (A-BI) or end-to-side (A-BII) gastroduodenostomy did not empty the meal faster than the control dogs. In all ulcer-operated dogs except those with P, there were significant upward shifts in the size of meat particles emptied from the stomach; but changes were marked only dogs with V + P or A-BII. Although the experiments verify the antral sieving mechanism noted in earlier work with plastic spheres, the trituration of solid food is probably more complex than previously envisioned.", "contents": "Sieving of solid food by the canine stomach and sieving after gastric surgery. Present concepts on the gastric emptying of solid materials derive from experiments with plastic spheres now known to be emptied differently than food. Accordingly, experiments were undertaken with radiolabeled chicken liver to assess (a) the size of meat particles passed by the normal canine stomach and (b) the effects of ulcer surgery on the rate of emptying and the size of emptied meat particles. Control or ulcer-operated dogs were prepared with chronic duodenal fistulas from which chyme was collected after a standard meal of beefsteak + radioliver + water. Collected chyme was sieved over a stack of sieves of decreasing pore size, and the percent of radioactivity recovered on each sieve was determined each postcibal hour for 5 hr. Control dogs emptied the meal slowly, and virtually all recovered meat was emptied in particles equal to or less than 2.0 mm. Dogs with vagotomy (V), pyloroplasty (P), vagotomy + pyloroplasty (V + P), or antrectomy with end-to-end (A-BI) or end-to-side (A-BII) gastroduodenostomy did not empty the meal faster than the control dogs. In all ulcer-operated dogs except those with P, there were significant upward shifts in the size of meat particles emptied from the stomach; but changes were marked only dogs with V + P or A-BII. Although the experiments verify the antral sieving mechanism noted in earlier work with plastic spheres, the trituration of solid food is probably more complex than previously envisioned.", "PMID": 422008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11296", "title": "Protein precipitation by acetone for the analysis of polyethylene glycol in intestinal perfusion fluid.", "content": "Canine ileal segments were luminally perfused with known amounts of polyethylene glycol (PEG), and samples obtained were freed of protein by a cold acetone (CA) method and assayed for PEG by trichloroacetic acid in the presence of calcium cations. This procedure was compared to the Barium salt (BaS) protein precipitation method of Hyden (Ann R Agric Coll Sweden 22:411-424, 1955). The CA method saved specimen volume and time in handling, whereas its stability, linearity, and reproducibility were equivalent to the more complex BaS method. In vitro studies disclosed no appreciable differences when PEG specimens were bile stained or dissolved in various solvents. A small modification of the CA method improved accuracy in measurement of small PEG concentrations.", "contents": "Protein precipitation by acetone for the analysis of polyethylene glycol in intestinal perfusion fluid. Canine ileal segments were luminally perfused with known amounts of polyethylene glycol (PEG), and samples obtained were freed of protein by a cold acetone (CA) method and assayed for PEG by trichloroacetic acid in the presence of calcium cations. This procedure was compared to the Barium salt (BaS) protein precipitation method of Hyden (Ann R Agric Coll Sweden 22:411-424, 1955). The CA method saved specimen volume and time in handling, whereas its stability, linearity, and reproducibility were equivalent to the more complex BaS method. In vitro studies disclosed no appreciable differences when PEG specimens were bile stained or dissolved in various solvents. A small modification of the CA method improved accuracy in measurement of small PEG concentrations.", "PMID": 422010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11297", "title": "Ileal chloride secretion as a cause of secretory diarrhea in a patient with primary intestinal tuberculosis.", "content": "Severe secretory diarrhea resulting in dehydration and hypokalemia was observed in a patient in whom primary cecal tuberculosis was diagnosed by colonoscopy. Although the ileum appeared normal at colonoscopy and by biopsy, intestinal perfusion studies showed that the ileum was secreting water and electrolytes. Chloride secretion against a high electrical gradient suggested active anion secretion. Absorption in the colon was unimpaired. The diarrhea resolved after 4 wk of antituberculous therapy. Repeat perfusion studies after 3 mo showed normal absorption in the ileum. This case report suggests that intestinal tuberculosis can cause secretory diarrhea. The mechanism by which secretion occurs is not clear, but probably involves active anion secretion.", "contents": "Ileal chloride secretion as a cause of secretory diarrhea in a patient with primary intestinal tuberculosis. Severe secretory diarrhea resulting in dehydration and hypokalemia was observed in a patient in whom primary cecal tuberculosis was diagnosed by colonoscopy. Although the ileum appeared normal at colonoscopy and by biopsy, intestinal perfusion studies showed that the ileum was secreting water and electrolytes. Chloride secretion against a high electrical gradient suggested active anion secretion. Absorption in the colon was unimpaired. The diarrhea resolved after 4 wk of antituberculous therapy. Repeat perfusion studies after 3 mo showed normal absorption in the ileum. This case report suggests that intestinal tuberculosis can cause secretory diarrhea. The mechanism by which secretion occurs is not clear, but probably involves active anion secretion.", "PMID": 422011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11298", "title": "[Medical procedure in cases of rape (author's transl)].", "content": "Directions are given concerning the medical procedure in cases of rape. Besides emergency treatment for serious injury the patient should have her legal rights explained as well as the procedure for the forthcoming examination. A case history with special attention to the present case of rape is obtained. During the examination special attention is paid to the obtaining of evidence which wll stand up in a court of law. The taking of suitable samples is explained. The available methods for tracing sperm sources are described. Finally the treatment of after effects of rape is discussed.", "contents": "[Medical procedure in cases of rape (author's transl)]. Directions are given concerning the medical procedure in cases of rape. Besides emergency treatment for serious injury the patient should have her legal rights explained as well as the procedure for the forthcoming examination. A case history with special attention to the present case of rape is obtained. During the examination special attention is paid to the obtaining of evidence which wll stand up in a court of law. The taking of suitable samples is explained. The available methods for tracing sperm sources are described. Finally the treatment of after effects of rape is discussed.", "PMID": 422021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11299", "title": "[Possible effects of infusion pumps on the registration of cardiotocograms (author's transl)].", "content": "Artifacts in cardiotachographic tracings caused by infusion pumps have been recorded and are presented. Registration of the artifacts occurs in ultrasonic or abdominal EKG-tracings when the fetal signals are weak or absent. The cause of these misregistrations which can lead to faulty interpretations are an interference of the infusion pump through the general circuit. Interference from the infusion pump is registered when grounding is insufficient or when the infusion pump is in close proximity to the abdominal electrode. In the abdominal EKG technique the instruments have to be in closer proximity than in the ultrasonic technique.", "contents": "[Possible effects of infusion pumps on the registration of cardiotocograms (author's transl)]. Artifacts in cardiotachographic tracings caused by infusion pumps have been recorded and are presented. Registration of the artifacts occurs in ultrasonic or abdominal EKG-tracings when the fetal signals are weak or absent. The cause of these misregistrations which can lead to faulty interpretations are an interference of the infusion pump through the general circuit. Interference from the infusion pump is registered when grounding is insufficient or when the infusion pump is in close proximity to the abdominal electrode. In the abdominal EKG technique the instruments have to be in closer proximity than in the ultrasonic technique.", "PMID": 422022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11300", "title": "[Case report on a myocardial ischemia due to medical tocolysis with ritodrin (pre-par) (author's transl)].", "content": "In the 24 year old former competitive athelete tocolysis with ritodrin (pre-par) was started at 28 weeks gestation in her second pregnancy for premature labor. Diffuse cardiac ischemia occurred during the intravenous infusion of ritodrin. The betamimetic drug was the factor which started the myocardial ischemia as evidenced by the serial electrocardiograms. The importance of serial electrocardiograms during treatment with ritodrin is emphasized.", "contents": "[Case report on a myocardial ischemia due to medical tocolysis with ritodrin (pre-par) (author's transl)]. In the 24 year old former competitive athelete tocolysis with ritodrin (pre-par) was started at 28 weeks gestation in her second pregnancy for premature labor. Diffuse cardiac ischemia occurred during the intravenous infusion of ritodrin. The betamimetic drug was the factor which started the myocardial ischemia as evidenced by the serial electrocardiograms. The importance of serial electrocardiograms during treatment with ritodrin is emphasized.", "PMID": 422024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11301", "title": "[The women in society--a breakthrough? (author's transl)].", "content": "The recent changes in the marriage rates and birth rates as evidenced by demographic data demonstrate that these changes are closely related to the capitalistic economic order. The international competition forces the national economies continually to rationalize and to introduce automation. The striving for a secure place of employment leads in the market economy to lay offs and the reduction in new employment, women are confronted with the problems of profession and employment in a way which leads them to exercise more determining influence of the reproductive behaviour than before.", "contents": "[The women in society--a breakthrough? (author's transl)]. The recent changes in the marriage rates and birth rates as evidenced by demographic data demonstrate that these changes are closely related to the capitalistic economic order. The international competition forces the national economies continually to rationalize and to introduce automation. The striving for a secure place of employment leads in the market economy to lay offs and the reduction in new employment, women are confronted with the problems of profession and employment in a way which leads them to exercise more determining influence of the reproductive behaviour than before.", "PMID": 422026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11302", "title": "[Papillary polypoid adenofibroma of the uterine body (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report on a 80 year old patient with recurrent bleeding from a papillary adenofibroma of the uterus. The clinical and morphological findings of this case were compared with previous cases. A polypoid papillary adenofibroma of the endometrium is a benign mixed muellerian tumour.", "contents": "[Papillary polypoid adenofibroma of the uterine body (author's transl)]. Case report on a 80 year old patient with recurrent bleeding from a papillary adenofibroma of the uterus. The clinical and morphological findings of this case were compared with previous cases. A polypoid papillary adenofibroma of the endometrium is a benign mixed muellerian tumour.", "PMID": 422027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11303", "title": "[Unusual formation of squamous epithelium in a case of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium (author's transl)].", "content": "Report is given on a case of a highly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with an extensive formation of squamous epithelium. The findings are discussed with regard to the occurrence of squamous epithelium in carcinomas of the corpus uteri.", "contents": "[Unusual formation of squamous epithelium in a case of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium (author's transl)]. Report is given on a case of a highly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with an extensive formation of squamous epithelium. The findings are discussed with regard to the occurrence of squamous epithelium in carcinomas of the corpus uteri.", "PMID": 422028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11304", "title": "[Comparison of the sebaceous secretions of the skin of the forehead under the treatment with three oral contraceptives. Diane, Neogynon and Lyndiol (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten women who took oral contraceptives for six months or longer were investigated. The women took in a randomized sequence cyproteronazetate 2 mg. ethinyloestradiol 50 mcg. (Diane), D-Norgestrel 0.25 mg., ethinyloestradiol 50 mcg. (Neogynon), and Lynestrenol 2.5 mg. with ethinyloestradiol 50 mcg. (Lyndiol). During each treatment cycle at four defined pounts the sebaceous secretions from the skin of the forehead was measured. Since each patient received one cycle of each of the oral contraceptives each patient served as her own control. With Diane and Neogynon the sebaceous secretions were the same. With ingestion of Lyndiol there was a significantly higher sebaceous secretion than with the other two oral contraceptives (p less than 0.05, t-test for paired observations).", "contents": "[Comparison of the sebaceous secretions of the skin of the forehead under the treatment with three oral contraceptives. Diane, Neogynon and Lyndiol (author's transl)]. Ten women who took oral contraceptives for six months or longer were investigated. The women took in a randomized sequence cyproteronazetate 2 mg. ethinyloestradiol 50 mcg. (Diane), D-Norgestrel 0.25 mg., ethinyloestradiol 50 mcg. (Neogynon), and Lynestrenol 2.5 mg. with ethinyloestradiol 50 mcg. (Lyndiol). During each treatment cycle at four defined pounts the sebaceous secretions from the skin of the forehead was measured. Since each patient received one cycle of each of the oral contraceptives each patient served as her own control. With Diane and Neogynon the sebaceous secretions were the same. With ingestion of Lyndiol there was a significantly higher sebaceous secretion than with the other two oral contraceptives (p less than 0.05, t-test for paired observations).", "PMID": 422029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11305", "title": "[The balloon vaginoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The regular Huffman vaginoscope is fitted with an endotracheal sleeve to obtain a balloon vaginoscope. The balloon vaginoscope makes inspection of the cervix in children much easier, and facilitates the removal of foreign bodies from the vagina of children. Vaginoscopy can be learned easier with the balloon vaginoscope.", "contents": "[The balloon vaginoscopy (author's transl)]. The regular Huffman vaginoscope is fitted with an endotracheal sleeve to obtain a balloon vaginoscope. The balloon vaginoscope makes inspection of the cervix in children much easier, and facilitates the removal of foreign bodies from the vagina of children. Vaginoscopy can be learned easier with the balloon vaginoscope.", "PMID": 422030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11306", "title": "[Delivery of a pregnant woman with a rare phenotype in the Colton-blood group system (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare case of a minus phenotype in the colton-blood group system in a Para 3 Anti Coa, Cob is reported. In two deliveries the newborns had a positive coombs test. The hemolytic disease was mild. The possibility to obtain compatible blood from other children is mentioned.", "contents": "[Delivery of a pregnant woman with a rare phenotype in the Colton-blood group system (author's transl)]. The rare case of a minus phenotype in the colton-blood group system in a Para 3 Anti Coa, Cob is reported. In two deliveries the newborns had a positive coombs test. The hemolytic disease was mild. The possibility to obtain compatible blood from other children is mentioned.", "PMID": 422031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11307", "title": "The growth of memory during infancy.", "content": "Eight middle class infants were administered a series of tasks over a nine month period from 5 to 14 months of age. Major procedures included object permanence, vacillation, memory for locations and pictures, and reaction to unfamiliar adults and to separation. The results suggested that during the last half of the first year there is a major enhancement in the ability to retrieve a representation of a past event, to compare that representation with present experience, and to tolerate both longer delays between an original and transformed event and greater interference during those delays. It was suggested that many of the diverse phenomena that appear during the last half of the first year are mediated, in part, by an amplification of memorial capacity.", "contents": "The growth of memory during infancy. Eight middle class infants were administered a series of tasks over a nine month period from 5 to 14 months of age. Major procedures included object permanence, vacillation, memory for locations and pictures, and reaction to unfamiliar adults and to separation. The results suggested that during the last half of the first year there is a major enhancement in the ability to retrieve a representation of a past event, to compare that representation with present experience, and to tolerate both longer delays between an original and transformed event and greater interference during those delays. It was suggested that many of the diverse phenomena that appear during the last half of the first year are mediated, in part, by an amplification of memorial capacity.", "PMID": 422032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11308", "title": "[Primary splenic cysts. Clinical study of a rare from of splenomegaly].", "content": "Two cases of a dysontogenetic splenic pseudocysts with seldom symptomatology are described. A splenomegaly can easily be cleared up by angiography of the truncus coeliacus. The risk of operation is minor to that in other forms of splenomegaly. Prognosis is good.", "contents": "[Primary splenic cysts. Clinical study of a rare from of splenomegaly]. Two cases of a dysontogenetic splenic pseudocysts with seldom symptomatology are described. A splenomegaly can easily be cleared up by angiography of the truncus coeliacus. The risk of operation is minor to that in other forms of splenomegaly. Prognosis is good.", "PMID": 422081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11309", "title": "[The Apert syndrome (acrocephalosyndactylia). A case study].", "content": "In a patient of our hospital, who underwent surgery twice, a typical case of Apert-syndrome was diagnosed. Esophageal dilatation and diverticulum was found, which led to regurgitation during the induction of anesthesia. The association of the esophageal deformity with the Apert-syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "[The Apert syndrome (acrocephalosyndactylia). A case study]. In a patient of our hospital, who underwent surgery twice, a typical case of Apert-syndrome was diagnosed. Esophageal dilatation and diverticulum was found, which led to regurgitation during the induction of anesthesia. The association of the esophageal deformity with the Apert-syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 422084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11310", "title": "[The significance of primary radiotherapy in cervical carcinoma in older women].", "content": "In spite of the increasing interest in geriatric-operative therapy primary irradiation therapy still has its important place in the treatment of cervical cancer in cases of higher age. About every third patient with cervical cancer belongs to the age group over 60 years, which is more or less excluded from operative therapy. The advantage of irradiation therapy is to be seen in the low post-therapeutic mortality and the remarkable survival and healing rates.", "contents": "[The significance of primary radiotherapy in cervical carcinoma in older women]. In spite of the increasing interest in geriatric-operative therapy primary irradiation therapy still has its important place in the treatment of cervical cancer in cases of higher age. About every third patient with cervical cancer belongs to the age group over 60 years, which is more or less excluded from operative therapy. The advantage of irradiation therapy is to be seen in the low post-therapeutic mortality and the remarkable survival and healing rates.", "PMID": 422085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11311", "title": "[Parametrial aspiration cytology].", "content": "Cytologic findings of fine needle aspiration from the parametrial region are compared with the clinical course of 54 patients with and without recurrence after therapy of gynecologic cancer. Parametrial aspiration cytolovy is as reliable as histology done by van Silverman biopsy. The frequency of complications and insufficient material is low. Anesthesia is not necessary. The procedure is simple. Aspiration cytology seems to be a progress in detecting recurrence of cancer in the parametrial soft tissue region.", "contents": "[Parametrial aspiration cytology]. Cytologic findings of fine needle aspiration from the parametrial region are compared with the clinical course of 54 patients with and without recurrence after therapy of gynecologic cancer. Parametrial aspiration cytolovy is as reliable as histology done by van Silverman biopsy. The frequency of complications and insufficient material is low. Anesthesia is not necessary. The procedure is simple. Aspiration cytology seems to be a progress in detecting recurrence of cancer in the parametrial soft tissue region.", "PMID": 422087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11312", "title": "[Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein (SP-1) during the second half of pregnancy].", "content": "In this paper are defined new data about distribution, controlling factors, metabolism and aspects of physiological function of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein during the second half of pregnancy. In high-risk pregnancies with diabetes, Rh-incompatibility and intrauterine death SP-1 concentrations in amniotic fluid were significantly increased. By evaluation of maternal serum concentrations of SP-1 in cases of high-risk pregnancies with EPH-gestosis and fetal retardation relevant results could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein (SP-1) during the second half of pregnancy]. In this paper are defined new data about distribution, controlling factors, metabolism and aspects of physiological function of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein during the second half of pregnancy. In high-risk pregnancies with diabetes, Rh-incompatibility and intrauterine death SP-1 concentrations in amniotic fluid were significantly increased. By evaluation of maternal serum concentrations of SP-1 in cases of high-risk pregnancies with EPH-gestosis and fetal retardation relevant results could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 422088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11313", "title": "[Prevention of premature delivery with acetylsalicylic acid].", "content": "In 52 cases acetylsalicylic acid was used to prevent labor when symptomatic tocolysis with beta-adrenergic substances showed insufficient results. By applying this method, 48 children were carried to full viability. Upon admission, all pregnancies were below 36 weeks of gestation. Upon delivery, 15 were between the 34th und 36th week, and 31 beyond the 36th week of gestation. We succeeded fully in 32 cases, 15 incomplete cases were observed and 5 failures. In addition to tocolysis, therapy with acetylsalicylic acid appears promising in preventing premature delivery.", "contents": "[Prevention of premature delivery with acetylsalicylic acid]. In 52 cases acetylsalicylic acid was used to prevent labor when symptomatic tocolysis with beta-adrenergic substances showed insufficient results. By applying this method, 48 children were carried to full viability. Upon admission, all pregnancies were below 36 weeks of gestation. Upon delivery, 15 were between the 34th und 36th week, and 31 beyond the 36th week of gestation. We succeeded fully in 32 cases, 15 incomplete cases were observed and 5 failures. In addition to tocolysis, therapy with acetylsalicylic acid appears promising in preventing premature delivery.", "PMID": 422089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11314", "title": "[Side effects of drug for thromboembolism prophylaxis. Results from the University Women's Clinic Freiburg/Br].", "content": "It is reported on the side-effects of the antithrombotic prophylaxis in 10611 gynecological operations and caesarean sections at the University Hospital Freiburg/Br. Because of multiple side-effects a risk-free method of antithrombotic prophylaxis does not exist. The main problem in using heparin and oral anticoagulants are the complications caused by bleeding. Two cumarine necroses were observed. Two severe anaphylactoid reactions were seen under dextran prophylaxis resulting in the death of one newborn. Wound healing is delayed under low-dose heparin due to an increase in hematomas. Additionally two fatal pulmonary embolisms were caused by the so-called \"rebound effect\" after use of low-dose heparin.", "contents": "[Side effects of drug for thromboembolism prophylaxis. Results from the University Women's Clinic Freiburg/Br]. It is reported on the side-effects of the antithrombotic prophylaxis in 10611 gynecological operations and caesarean sections at the University Hospital Freiburg/Br. Because of multiple side-effects a risk-free method of antithrombotic prophylaxis does not exist. The main problem in using heparin and oral anticoagulants are the complications caused by bleeding. Two cumarine necroses were observed. Two severe anaphylactoid reactions were seen under dextran prophylaxis resulting in the death of one newborn. Wound healing is delayed under low-dose heparin due to an increase in hematomas. Additionally two fatal pulmonary embolisms were caused by the so-called \"rebound effect\" after use of low-dose heparin.", "PMID": 422091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11315", "title": "[Does cancer preventive care on the cervix need to be reformed? Gynecological preventive care and early diagnosis--current knowledge on cervix neoplasms].", "content": "A comparative study shows high incidence of preclinical cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix in women under thirty years of age. The rate of positive cytology in this age group was the same as in the group of women over thirty (0.3 per cent each). The histological findings revealed intraepithelial lesions like dysplasia and carcinoma in situ in the younger group compared to more advanced lesions like microinvasive cancer in the higher-aged group. The use of colposcopy rendered optical evidence--predominantly in the younger group--of lesions which under long-term observation preceded positive cytology for years as well as the consequent histological proof of dysplasia and preclinical carcinoma. As a result of the given and discussed clinical data in both compared age groups the value of colposcopy is stressed in improving the quality of detection of preclinical neoplasia in the uterine cervix and the necessity of cancer-screening in younger-aged women is emphasized.", "contents": "[Does cancer preventive care on the cervix need to be reformed? Gynecological preventive care and early diagnosis--current knowledge on cervix neoplasms]. A comparative study shows high incidence of preclinical cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix in women under thirty years of age. The rate of positive cytology in this age group was the same as in the group of women over thirty (0.3 per cent each). The histological findings revealed intraepithelial lesions like dysplasia and carcinoma in situ in the younger group compared to more advanced lesions like microinvasive cancer in the higher-aged group. The use of colposcopy rendered optical evidence--predominantly in the younger group--of lesions which under long-term observation preceded positive cytology for years as well as the consequent histological proof of dysplasia and preclinical carcinoma. As a result of the given and discussed clinical data in both compared age groups the value of colposcopy is stressed in improving the quality of detection of preclinical neoplasia in the uterine cervix and the necessity of cancer-screening in younger-aged women is emphasized.", "PMID": 422093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11316", "title": "[Compression bandages in the so-called leg disease].", "content": "The compressive bandaging of limbs as a supportive therapy in venous insufficiency and lymphedema is neither difficult, nor a mystery. The compressive therapy is to be applied exclusively to walking patients. The principles of some types of compressive bandages are explained.", "contents": "[Compression bandages in the so-called leg disease]. The compressive bandaging of limbs as a supportive therapy in venous insufficiency and lymphedema is neither difficult, nor a mystery. The compressive therapy is to be applied exclusively to walking patients. The principles of some types of compressive bandages are explained.", "PMID": 422094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11317", "title": "[Efficiency of cancer-preventive examinations. Problems in early detection for the physician and laboratory].", "content": "The efficiency of gynecological cancer detection and verification depends on optimal team work of different medical specialties, such as General Medicine, Gynecology, Cytopathology, Histopathology, Surgery, Radiology. Each number of the team, working incompetently in its field, lowers the efficiency of the whole group. The most important factors leading to inefficiency in gynecological cancer detection and verification are discussed. The comparison of two different sized cancer detection programs (1962-1964; 38 119 patients vs. 1968--1976: 331 355 patients) revealed that the efficiency of verification of cancer cases does not improve with the size of the program: The cancer verification rates were higher in the small program with less routine work-up material (verification rate: 80%) compared withe the big program containing mostly follow-up cases (verification rate:75%). Much more attention should be paid to the control of optimal cooperation of the medical specialties participating in a cancer detection program, since not only the size of a program but the quality of the work-up can improve the results in cancer detection.", "contents": "[Efficiency of cancer-preventive examinations. Problems in early detection for the physician and laboratory]. The efficiency of gynecological cancer detection and verification depends on optimal team work of different medical specialties, such as General Medicine, Gynecology, Cytopathology, Histopathology, Surgery, Radiology. Each number of the team, working incompetently in its field, lowers the efficiency of the whole group. The most important factors leading to inefficiency in gynecological cancer detection and verification are discussed. The comparison of two different sized cancer detection programs (1962-1964; 38 119 patients vs. 1968--1976: 331 355 patients) revealed that the efficiency of verification of cancer cases does not improve with the size of the program: The cancer verification rates were higher in the small program with less routine work-up material (verification rate: 80%) compared withe the big program containing mostly follow-up cases (verification rate:75%). Much more attention should be paid to the control of optimal cooperation of the medical specialties participating in a cancer detection program, since not only the size of a program but the quality of the work-up can improve the results in cancer detection.", "PMID": 422096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11318", "title": "[Pathophysiology of kidney lesions after temporary ischemia and measures for their prevention].", "content": "The efficacy of the so-called \"hyperosmolar kidney preservation\" is pointed out with respect to protecting the kidney from the otherwise lethal effect of protracted periods of normothermic ischemia. Furthermore the protective effect of various pharmacologic agents against 2 and 3 hours of normothermic ischemia is investigated and the morphology and pathophysiology of renal ischemic damage is pointed out. In further experiments extracorporeal renal operations were performed in 12 dogs to determine the efficacy of a new renal preservation method.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology of kidney lesions after temporary ischemia and measures for their prevention]. The efficacy of the so-called \"hyperosmolar kidney preservation\" is pointed out with respect to protecting the kidney from the otherwise lethal effect of protracted periods of normothermic ischemia. Furthermore the protective effect of various pharmacologic agents against 2 and 3 hours of normothermic ischemia is investigated and the morphology and pathophysiology of renal ischemic damage is pointed out. In further experiments extracorporeal renal operations were performed in 12 dogs to determine the efficacy of a new renal preservation method.", "PMID": 422099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11319", "title": "[Behavior of serum and urine sodium and potassium during treatment with benzbromarone].", "content": "16 adults received Benzbromarone at a dosis from 50 mg to 100 mg/day. No alteration of sodium and potassium concentration in serum could be found. During Benzbromarone application the elimination of sodium, potassium and water was not influenced.", "contents": "[Behavior of serum and urine sodium and potassium during treatment with benzbromarone]. 16 adults received Benzbromarone at a dosis from 50 mg to 100 mg/day. No alteration of sodium and potassium concentration in serum could be found. During Benzbromarone application the elimination of sodium, potassium and water was not influenced.", "PMID": 422100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11320", "title": "[Functional disorders of the esophagus. Diagnosis and therapy].", "content": "Functional disorders of the esophagus may be divided into alterations of the pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter motor function, malfunction of the tubular esophagus and disorders of the lower esophageal sphincter. Radiology, endoscopy and manometry are essential in the evaluation of the individual patient, in lower esophageal sphincter insufficiency with reflux disease acid clearance, reflux provocation test, acid perfusion and pH metry should be added. Conservative vs. operative therapy has to be critically evaluated. The diagnostic criteria of the most common functional disturbances like idiopathic diffuse esophageal spasm, achalasia and scleroderma are presented and therapeutic efforts discussed.", "contents": "[Functional disorders of the esophagus. Diagnosis and therapy]. Functional disorders of the esophagus may be divided into alterations of the pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter motor function, malfunction of the tubular esophagus and disorders of the lower esophageal sphincter. Radiology, endoscopy and manometry are essential in the evaluation of the individual patient, in lower esophageal sphincter insufficiency with reflux disease acid clearance, reflux provocation test, acid perfusion and pH metry should be added. Conservative vs. operative therapy has to be critically evaluated. The diagnostic criteria of the most common functional disturbances like idiopathic diffuse esophageal spasm, achalasia and scleroderma are presented and therapeutic efforts discussed.", "PMID": 422103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11321", "title": "[Pregnancy hypotension and fetal outcome].", "content": "A prospective study on 28 hypotensive pregnant women was carried out at the I. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vienna. Besides periodical controls of HCS and E3, placental perfusion measurings with isotopes were undertaken. The placental perfusions of hypotensive patients were, in comparison to normal cases, significantly reduced. Most of the neonates were evidently smaller than normals and showed dystrophic signs. It is suggested that in the light of our study a maternal blood pressure below 115/70 mmHg must be considered alarming.", "contents": "[Pregnancy hypotension and fetal outcome]. A prospective study on 28 hypotensive pregnant women was carried out at the I. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vienna. Besides periodical controls of HCS and E3, placental perfusion measurings with isotopes were undertaken. The placental perfusions of hypotensive patients were, in comparison to normal cases, significantly reduced. Most of the neonates were evidently smaller than normals and showed dystrophic signs. It is suggested that in the light of our study a maternal blood pressure below 115/70 mmHg must be considered alarming.", "PMID": 422105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11322", "title": "[The syndrome of acute fatty liver in pregnancy].", "content": "It is reported on the syndrome of the acute fatty liver of pregnancy and pointed out that early diagnosis, subsequent early termination of pregnancy and intensive treatment of complications, especially of hepatic and renal failure and disturbed blood clotting could reduce the mortality from almost 90 to 45 per cent within the recent years.", "contents": "[The syndrome of acute fatty liver in pregnancy]. It is reported on the syndrome of the acute fatty liver of pregnancy and pointed out that early diagnosis, subsequent early termination of pregnancy and intensive treatment of complications, especially of hepatic and renal failure and disturbed blood clotting could reduce the mortality from almost 90 to 45 per cent within the recent years.", "PMID": 422106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11323", "title": "[Psychocomatic aspects in colectomized patients].", "content": "Patients who have undergone colectomy can be divided into two groups: 1. patients with mainly psychosomatic diseases (ulcerative colitis, ileitis terminalis Crohn) and 2. patients with mainly neoplastic diseases of the colon or rectum. The patients of the first group suffer from their symptoms for a longer time and often want to undergo an operation. Although they have considerable personality changes in a neurotic sense they tolerate the operation better than the patients of the second group. These are suddenly confronted with the fact that an operation is necessary. The physician is confronted with depressive reactions of the patients. A satisfying relationship between the patient and his doctor has to be regarded as the basis of the treatment. Additional psychopharmacotherapy, special psychotherapeutic training or/and self-help-groups, e.g. the International Ostomy Association (IOA), can then be considered.", "contents": "[Psychocomatic aspects in colectomized patients]. Patients who have undergone colectomy can be divided into two groups: 1. patients with mainly psychosomatic diseases (ulcerative colitis, ileitis terminalis Crohn) and 2. patients with mainly neoplastic diseases of the colon or rectum. The patients of the first group suffer from their symptoms for a longer time and often want to undergo an operation. Although they have considerable personality changes in a neurotic sense they tolerate the operation better than the patients of the second group. These are suddenly confronted with the fact that an operation is necessary. The physician is confronted with depressive reactions of the patients. A satisfying relationship between the patient and his doctor has to be regarded as the basis of the treatment. Additional psychopharmacotherapy, special psychotherapeutic training or/and self-help-groups, e.g. the International Ostomy Association (IOA), can then be considered.", "PMID": 422111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11324", "title": "[Autogenic training: quo vadis?].", "content": "The authors point out that a very successful psychotherapeutic treatment method, autogenic training, shows some trends in its development which require some thought. Basing on the technique theoretically and experimentally developed by J. H. Schultz the authors examine different questions in connection with autogenic training: The \"autogenic\" question, the commercialization and the application of biofeedback techniques in autogenic training therapy. Further the relationship between autogenic training and analytical methods are studied: autogenic neutralisation, daydream techniques (katathymes Bilderleben), doubletrack psychotherapy etc. are being discussed. The authors show that optimal results can be obtained from autogenic training only if combined with an analytical method.", "contents": "[Autogenic training: quo vadis?]. The authors point out that a very successful psychotherapeutic treatment method, autogenic training, shows some trends in its development which require some thought. Basing on the technique theoretically and experimentally developed by J. H. Schultz the authors examine different questions in connection with autogenic training: The \"autogenic\" question, the commercialization and the application of biofeedback techniques in autogenic training therapy. Further the relationship between autogenic training and analytical methods are studied: autogenic neutralisation, daydream techniques (katathymes Bilderleben), doubletrack psychotherapy etc. are being discussed. The authors show that optimal results can be obtained from autogenic training only if combined with an analytical method.", "PMID": 422112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11325", "title": "[Electroretinography and electrooculography in ischemic retinopathy].", "content": "Ischemic retinopathy caused by central retinal artery occlusion destroys the inner retina including the inner nuclear layer. The b-wave and the oscillatory potentials in the ERG on-response and the d-wave and the oscillatory potentials in the ERG off-response are impaired. In EOG the amplitude of the slow oscillations and the standing potential are reduced. These findings can help to localize the generators of the different ERG- and EOG-components.", "contents": "[Electroretinography and electrooculography in ischemic retinopathy]. Ischemic retinopathy caused by central retinal artery occlusion destroys the inner retina including the inner nuclear layer. The b-wave and the oscillatory potentials in the ERG on-response and the d-wave and the oscillatory potentials in the ERG off-response are impaired. In EOG the amplitude of the slow oscillations and the standing potential are reduced. These findings can help to localize the generators of the different ERG- and EOG-components.", "PMID": 422115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11326", "title": "[Clinical and electroophthalmologic findings in x-chromosomal juvenile retinoschisis].", "content": "The wide range of clinical manifestations in x-linked retinoschisis can cause misinterpretations. Careful electroophthalmologic evaluation is a valuable acid, especially in patients without peripheral retinoschisis. The b-wave amplitudes of the electroretinogram are reduced and the oscillatory potentials are non-recordable. In the electro-oculogram the amplitudes of the slow oscillations are impaired.", "contents": "[Clinical and electroophthalmologic findings in x-chromosomal juvenile retinoschisis]. The wide range of clinical manifestations in x-linked retinoschisis can cause misinterpretations. Careful electroophthalmologic evaluation is a valuable acid, especially in patients without peripheral retinoschisis. The b-wave amplitudes of the electroretinogram are reduced and the oscillatory potentials are non-recordable. In the electro-oculogram the amplitudes of the slow oscillations are impaired.", "PMID": 422116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11327", "title": "[Formula diets in gastroenterology].", "content": "Elemental diets are in use for therapy of intestinal fistulas, diarrhoe of unknown etiology, short-bowel-syndrom and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.", "contents": "[Formula diets in gastroenterology]. Elemental diets are in use for therapy of intestinal fistulas, diarrhoe of unknown etiology, short-bowel-syndrom and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.", "PMID": 422117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11328", "title": "[The value of breast feeding in infant nutrition].", "content": "Breast-feeding is not only a question of dietary, but in addition to this an arrangement to forward a harmonic communication between mother and child. Breast-fed children are more satisfied, have less overweight and show little behavior disorders.", "contents": "[The value of breast feeding in infant nutrition]. Breast-feeding is not only a question of dietary, but in addition to this an arrangement to forward a harmonic communication between mother and child. Breast-fed children are more satisfied, have less overweight and show little behavior disorders.", "PMID": 422118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11329", "title": "[Hemoglobins. XXVI. Analysis of the primary structure of the dimeric insect haemoglobin CTT VIIB (Erythrocruorin) from Chironomus thummi thummi, Diptera].", "content": "The dimeric haemoglobin CTT VIIB (Erythrocruorin) of Chironomus thummi thummi, Diptera, has been sequenced. Either globin or globin with maleic acid blocked lysines were cleaved with trypsin. The separation of peptides and the sequence analysis are given in detail.", "contents": "[Hemoglobins. XXVI. Analysis of the primary structure of the dimeric insect haemoglobin CTT VIIB (Erythrocruorin) from Chironomus thummi thummi, Diptera]. The dimeric haemoglobin CTT VIIB (Erythrocruorin) of Chironomus thummi thummi, Diptera, has been sequenced. Either globin or globin with maleic acid blocked lysines were cleaved with trypsin. The separation of peptides and the sequence analysis are given in detail.", "PMID": 422121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11330", "title": "[Hemoglobins. XXVII. The amino acid sequence of hemoglobin III from Myxine glutinosa L. A new hemecomplex: E7 glutamine, E11 isoleucine].", "content": "The sequence analysis of the main component, \"HbIII\", of the hemoglobins from the hagfish (Myxine glutinosa L.) is described. The hagfish belongs to the Cyclostomata, the most primitive class of the vertebrates. The hagfish hemoglobin displays a great heterogeneity, as described earlier. It consists of several monomeric hemoglobins. The globin of HbIII was isolated and used for the sequence analysis. The tryptic peptides as well as the cyanogen bromide and the BNPS-skatol fragments were separated. The sequences of the peptides were determined automatically by the help of a sequenator. Compared with other hitherto analyzed vertebral hemoglobins, also including other Cyclostomata, the primary structure of \"HbIII\" differs by more than 50%. The differences are so many that one can refer the Myxine hemoglobin neither as an alpha- nor as a beta-chain (of the tetrameric hemoglobins). The hagfish hemoglobin like other Cyclostomata has an additional segment of 9 residues at the amino terminus end compared with the mammalian hemoglobins. In the F-helix there is an insertion of 3 amino acid residues and in the interhelical gap, GH, there is a deletion of 9 residues. The substitutions of the residues forming the heme complex are of special interest. The distal histidine, E7, is substituted for glutamine. The proximal histidine, F8, is invariable. The valine E11 is substituted by isoleucine and the leucine FG3 by phenylalanine. These positions are involved in the contact with the heme group. This complex has never been described before.", "contents": "[Hemoglobins. XXVII. The amino acid sequence of hemoglobin III from Myxine glutinosa L. A new hemecomplex: E7 glutamine, E11 isoleucine]. The sequence analysis of the main component, \"HbIII\", of the hemoglobins from the hagfish (Myxine glutinosa L.) is described. The hagfish belongs to the Cyclostomata, the most primitive class of the vertebrates. The hagfish hemoglobin displays a great heterogeneity, as described earlier. It consists of several monomeric hemoglobins. The globin of HbIII was isolated and used for the sequence analysis. The tryptic peptides as well as the cyanogen bromide and the BNPS-skatol fragments were separated. The sequences of the peptides were determined automatically by the help of a sequenator. Compared with other hitherto analyzed vertebral hemoglobins, also including other Cyclostomata, the primary structure of \"HbIII\" differs by more than 50%. The differences are so many that one can refer the Myxine hemoglobin neither as an alpha- nor as a beta-chain (of the tetrameric hemoglobins). The hagfish hemoglobin like other Cyclostomata has an additional segment of 9 residues at the amino terminus end compared with the mammalian hemoglobins. In the F-helix there is an insertion of 3 amino acid residues and in the interhelical gap, GH, there is a deletion of 9 residues. The substitutions of the residues forming the heme complex are of special interest. The distal histidine, E7, is substituted for glutamine. The proximal histidine, F8, is invariable. The valine E11 is substituted by isoleucine and the leucine FG3 by phenylalanine. These positions are involved in the contact with the heme group. This complex has never been described before.", "PMID": 422122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11331", "title": "Partition of trypsin and Kazal inhibitor in reaction mixtures with human serum.", "content": "The partition of trypsin and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) in reaction mixtures with human serum was studied by electroimmunoassay and also by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The same pattern of trypsin complexes with alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin was observed in the presence or absence of PSTI. When sufficient trypsin was added to saturate the alpha2-macroglobulin, more complex with alpha1-antitrypsin was formed. A small amount of PSTI-trypsin complex was formed only when large amounts of trypsin and PSTI were present. The majority of PSTI was found in the fractions containing alpha2-macroglobulin, indicating the formation of a PSTI-trypsin-alpha2-macroglobulin complex. The remaining PSTI was eluted as free inhibitor. Increasing the added PSTI increased the fraction eluted as free inhibitor. alpha1-Antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin appear to be much stronger than PSTI in their competition for trypsin in reaction mixtures of human serum, trypsin and PSTI.", "contents": "Partition of trypsin and Kazal inhibitor in reaction mixtures with human serum. The partition of trypsin and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) in reaction mixtures with human serum was studied by electroimmunoassay and also by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The same pattern of trypsin complexes with alpha2-macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin was observed in the presence or absence of PSTI. When sufficient trypsin was added to saturate the alpha2-macroglobulin, more complex with alpha1-antitrypsin was formed. A small amount of PSTI-trypsin complex was formed only when large amounts of trypsin and PSTI were present. The majority of PSTI was found in the fractions containing alpha2-macroglobulin, indicating the formation of a PSTI-trypsin-alpha2-macroglobulin complex. The remaining PSTI was eluted as free inhibitor. Increasing the added PSTI increased the fraction eluted as free inhibitor. alpha1-Antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin appear to be much stronger than PSTI in their competition for trypsin in reaction mixtures of human serum, trypsin and PSTI.", "PMID": 422124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11332", "title": "Improved synthesis of CMP-sialates using enzymes from frog liver and equine submandibular gland.", "content": "An efficient method for the preparation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid using crude or partially purified CTP:N-acylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase from equine submandibular gland or frog liver is described. The yield of the sugar nucleotide after purification by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration was 95%. The compound was studied by 360 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy in addition to the usual chemical and physical analyses. The preparation of radioactive or unlabelled CMP 4-O-methyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid, which is not known to occur in nature, was achieved in 17% yield with the aid of the equine enzyme.", "contents": "Improved synthesis of CMP-sialates using enzymes from frog liver and equine submandibular gland. An efficient method for the preparation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid using crude or partially purified CTP:N-acylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase from equine submandibular gland or frog liver is described. The yield of the sugar nucleotide after purification by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration was 95%. The compound was studied by 360 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy in addition to the usual chemical and physical analyses. The preparation of radioactive or unlabelled CMP 4-O-methyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid, which is not known to occur in nature, was achieved in 17% yield with the aid of the equine enzyme.", "PMID": 422125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11333", "title": "Albumins, glyoxysomal enzymes and globulins in dry seeds of cucumis sativus: qualitative and quantitative analysis.", "content": "1) Albumins and globulins were prepared from dry seeds of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) by differential extraction. The globulin fraction was analyzed by gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions in the presence and absence of mercaptoethanol. The subunit (Mr = 54000) of the tetramer (Mr = 240000) was shown to be composed of two different peptides. Microheterogeneity rendered the exact interpretation of the analysis difficult. 2) Glyoxysomal proteins were already present in dry seeds: malate synthase, isocitrate lyase, citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase, catalase and crotonase could be detected unequivocally. It was demonstrated that the enzymatic and immunological properties of malate synthase and isocitrate lyase were not distinguishable from that of enzymes assigned to glyoxysomes of fully developed cotyledons. 3) Homogenates prepared from seeds by cautious cell disintegration were subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation and yielded microbody and protein body fractions, among other things.", "contents": "Albumins, glyoxysomal enzymes and globulins in dry seeds of cucumis sativus: qualitative and quantitative analysis. 1) Albumins and globulins were prepared from dry seeds of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) by differential extraction. The globulin fraction was analyzed by gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions in the presence and absence of mercaptoethanol. The subunit (Mr = 54000) of the tetramer (Mr = 240000) was shown to be composed of two different peptides. Microheterogeneity rendered the exact interpretation of the analysis difficult. 2) Glyoxysomal proteins were already present in dry seeds: malate synthase, isocitrate lyase, citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase, catalase and crotonase could be detected unequivocally. It was demonstrated that the enzymatic and immunological properties of malate synthase and isocitrate lyase were not distinguishable from that of enzymes assigned to glyoxysomes of fully developed cotyledons. 3) Homogenates prepared from seeds by cautious cell disintegration were subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation and yielded microbody and protein body fractions, among other things.", "PMID": 422126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11334", "title": "A surfeit of surveys: escalating data demands on community mental health centers.", "content": "In a recent six-month period, a state-operated community mental health center was required to gather data for nine major surveys, reviews, and budget requests. Such surveys cover much the same ground, yet without any attempt to standardize formats so that the data a center compiles for one survey can be used in the next. The surveys frequently are not designed for the programs required to complete them; they are a drain on increasingly scarce staff time and deplete staff morale. A two-part solution to the problem would involve coordiantion and control of the demands for data, perhaps through the development of a model mental health data set and format by the National Institute of Mental Health, and the development of locally based, smaller-scale information systems. The latter step would generate more complete and reliable data for local clinicians and administrators and yield a limited amount of basic information to be used by outside agencies.", "contents": "A surfeit of surveys: escalating data demands on community mental health centers. In a recent six-month period, a state-operated community mental health center was required to gather data for nine major surveys, reviews, and budget requests. Such surveys cover much the same ground, yet without any attempt to standardize formats so that the data a center compiles for one survey can be used in the next. The surveys frequently are not designed for the programs required to complete them; they are a drain on increasingly scarce staff time and deplete staff morale. A two-part solution to the problem would involve coordiantion and control of the demands for data, perhaps through the development of a model mental health data set and format by the National Institute of Mental Health, and the development of locally based, smaller-scale information systems. The latter step would generate more complete and reliable data for local clinicians and administrators and yield a limited amount of basic information to be used by outside agencies.", "PMID": 422131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11335", "title": "Developing a community board for a mental health center.", "content": "Federally funded community mental health centers are required to have governing boards made up of community residents to ensure that services are meeting the community's needs. Sound View-Throgs Neck Community Mental Health Center in Bronx, New York, met that requirement by developing three local advisory boards, one for each subcatchment area served by an outpatient clinic. Later a central community board with 12 members, four from each of the local advisory boards, was formed. The central board has several standing committees that parallel the organization of the center, including community, hospital, and rehabilitation services; research and development; and administration. Board members and center staff meet regularly. They have found that they must act as partners and learn to share power, privileges, and knowledge.", "contents": "Developing a community board for a mental health center. Federally funded community mental health centers are required to have governing boards made up of community residents to ensure that services are meeting the community's needs. Sound View-Throgs Neck Community Mental Health Center in Bronx, New York, met that requirement by developing three local advisory boards, one for each subcatchment area served by an outpatient clinic. Later a central community board with 12 members, four from each of the local advisory boards, was formed. The central board has several standing committees that parallel the organization of the center, including community, hospital, and rehabilitation services; research and development; and administration. Board members and center staff meet regularly. They have found that they must act as partners and learn to share power, privileges, and knowledge.", "PMID": 422132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11336", "title": "Staff reactions to the closing of a community mental health center.", "content": "Many community mental health centers face seriuos financial problems as they near the end of the federal funding period. The author describes the developments surrounding an extended financial crisis at an inner-city mental health center that eventually was forced to close. Using a crisis theory framework, she examines staff reactions to the crisis and proposes an intervention model in which a consultant is employed to help staff identify and avoid maladaptive coping behavior.", "contents": "Staff reactions to the closing of a community mental health center. Many community mental health centers face seriuos financial problems as they near the end of the federal funding period. The author describes the developments surrounding an extended financial crisis at an inner-city mental health center that eventually was forced to close. Using a crisis theory framework, she examines staff reactions to the crisis and proposes an intervention model in which a consultant is employed to help staff identify and avoid maladaptive coping behavior.", "PMID": 422133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11337", "title": "The use of seclusion on an inpatient crisis intervention unit.", "content": "Because of the use of seclusion is controversial, a retrospective study of 50 patients was designed to examine how seclusion is actually being used on a short-term inpatient crisis intervention unit. It was found that 44 per cent of the patients were secluded during their stay. Neither sex nor race seemed to be a factor in whether a patient was secluded, but elderly patients and depressed patients were less likely to be secluded. Most of the seclusions occurred on the first day of hospitalization, with the four most common reasons being agitation, uncooperativeness, anger, and history of violence. The author speculates that the use of seclusion on the crisis unit is related to the characteristics of the patient population as well as to the short duration of patient stay.", "contents": "The use of seclusion on an inpatient crisis intervention unit. Because of the use of seclusion is controversial, a retrospective study of 50 patients was designed to examine how seclusion is actually being used on a short-term inpatient crisis intervention unit. It was found that 44 per cent of the patients were secluded during their stay. Neither sex nor race seemed to be a factor in whether a patient was secluded, but elderly patients and depressed patients were less likely to be secluded. Most of the seclusions occurred on the first day of hospitalization, with the four most common reasons being agitation, uncooperativeness, anger, and history of violence. The author speculates that the use of seclusion on the crisis unit is related to the characteristics of the patient population as well as to the short duration of patient stay.", "PMID": 422134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11338", "title": "Utilization review and resident education.", "content": "The reasons for psychiatric hospitalization are not always taught clearly and formally to psychiatric residents; screening criteria employed in utilization review can be a tool for helping residents gather data and make decisions about the admission or continued stay of patients. On the admitting and inpatient units of the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic, residents use sets of criteria for admission and for continued stay, with accompanying guidelines and clinical examples, as part of their training. The authros outline principles used in developing the criteria, including the belief that they should be applicable independent of diagnosis. They suggest that in a teaching hospital screening criteria should be taken as standards, and that they should be developed as part of the educational program and only then introduced into utilization review.", "contents": "Utilization review and resident education. The reasons for psychiatric hospitalization are not always taught clearly and formally to psychiatric residents; screening criteria employed in utilization review can be a tool for helping residents gather data and make decisions about the admission or continued stay of patients. On the admitting and inpatient units of the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic, residents use sets of criteria for admission and for continued stay, with accompanying guidelines and clinical examples, as part of their training. The authros outline principles used in developing the criteria, including the belief that they should be applicable independent of diagnosis. They suggest that in a teaching hospital screening criteria should be taken as standards, and that they should be developed as part of the educational program and only then introduced into utilization review.", "PMID": 422135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11339", "title": "Hospitals should finance medical office buildings.", "content": "After the decision to build a medical office building on the hospital campus has been made, a new set of considerations must come to the fore. Although the best decision may be for the hospital to undertake financing of the building, this decision must be made in light of a number of important financial and legal considerations.", "contents": "Hospitals should finance medical office buildings. After the decision to build a medical office building on the hospital campus has been made, a new set of considerations must come to the fore. Although the best decision may be for the hospital to undertake financing of the building, this decision must be made in light of a number of important financial and legal considerations.", "PMID": 422141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11340", "title": "Hospital energy conservation grants program now under way.", "content": "A three-year, $900 million grant program, a part of the recently passed National Energy Act, will make grant funds available to not-for-profit hospitals and schools to help identify, implement, and install energy conservation measures. The following article describes the basic mechanisms and procedures for gaining access to the grant funds, according to the proposed regulations.", "contents": "Hospital energy conservation grants program now under way. A three-year, $900 million grant program, a part of the recently passed National Energy Act, will make grant funds available to not-for-profit hospitals and schools to help identify, implement, and install energy conservation measures. The following article describes the basic mechanisms and procedures for gaining access to the grant funds, according to the proposed regulations.", "PMID": 422142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11341", "title": "Six steps ease town-gown battle for educators and practitioners.", "content": "During the past 30 years, a \"town-gown\" conflict between health administration practice and education has evolved that parallels the situation between medical education and practice. The conflict has come  about as a result of the change from practitioner-dominated education to education that is controlled by full-time university faculty. Six steps are proposed to bring the practitioners and the educators into harmony, using the medical education model as a base for professional preparation of master's degree graduates in health services administration.", "contents": "Six steps ease town-gown battle for educators and practitioners. During the past 30 years, a \"town-gown\" conflict between health administration practice and education has evolved that parallels the situation between medical education and practice. The conflict has come  about as a result of the change from practitioner-dominated education to education that is controlled by full-time university faculty. Six steps are proposed to bring the practitioners and the educators into harmony, using the medical education model as a base for professional preparation of master's degree graduates in health services administration.", "PMID": 422143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11342", "title": "Center provides emergency care without unneeded inpatient units.", "content": "When a study showed that a hospital had enough beds for its service area but that one growing segment of this area needed faster access to emergency care, the Ambulatory Care Center/Emergency Services System (ACCESS) was established. Through its program and facility, ACCESS provides immediate ambulatory and emergency care in its community and, through referrals to the hospital's ED, ensures the provision of more extensive emergency or inpatient care, as needed. Telecommunications, coordination with the county rescue services and the hospital's ED, and cooperation with local private practitioners are vital elements of the program.", "contents": "Center provides emergency care without unneeded inpatient units. When a study showed that a hospital had enough beds for its service area but that one growing segment of this area needed faster access to emergency care, the Ambulatory Care Center/Emergency Services System (ACCESS) was established. Through its program and facility, ACCESS provides immediate ambulatory and emergency care in its community and, through referrals to the hospital's ED, ensures the provision of more extensive emergency or inpatient care, as needed. Telecommunications, coordination with the county rescue services and the hospital's ED, and cooperation with local private practitioners are vital elements of the program.", "PMID": 422144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11343", "title": "Auditing dietetic services: first of a series.", "content": "Dietetic audits may be used to assess quality of care or to evaluate the efficiency of a food service. Problems can be clearly identified through an audit, and solutions can be found to improve service and nutritional care. An audit also provides a basis for dietitian accountability. In this first of a series of four articles on dietetic audits, the authors describe the basic auditing process.", "contents": "Auditing dietetic services: first of a series. Dietetic audits may be used to assess quality of care or to evaluate the efficiency of a food service. Problems can be clearly identified through an audit, and solutions can be found to improve service and nutritional care. An audit also provides a basis for dietitian accountability. In this first of a series of four articles on dietetic audits, the authors describe the basic auditing process.", "PMID": 422146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11344", "title": "Custodians climb career ladder through intensive training program.", "content": "The training program for custodial staff at the University of Houston provides continuing education and opportunities for advancement for minority women, who make up approximately 90 percent of the staff. The training and opportunities offered may be responsible for the low turnover and absenteeism in the custodial services department.", "contents": "Custodians climb career ladder through intensive training program. The training program for custodial staff at the University of Houston provides continuing education and opportunities for advancement for minority women, who make up approximately 90 percent of the staff. The training and opportunities offered may be responsible for the low turnover and absenteeism in the custodial services department.", "PMID": 422147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11345", "title": "Planning law deadlines threaten state programs.", "content": "By the end of June 1979, many states must have certification-of-need programs in compliance with federal regulations or lose federal funding for them. By the end of September 1980, states must be in compliance or lose federal funding for all state health resource development programs. Because these steps appear to be too politically severe for HEW to implement, Congress will have to take steps in the 96th Congress to modify the impact of these deadlines.", "contents": "Planning law deadlines threaten state programs. By the end of June 1979, many states must have certification-of-need programs in compliance with federal regulations or lose federal funding for them. By the end of September 1980, states must be in compliance or lose federal funding for all state health resource development programs. Because these steps appear to be too politically severe for HEW to implement, Congress will have to take steps in the 96th Congress to modify the impact of these deadlines.", "PMID": 422155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11346", "title": "Voluntary effort has goal in sight.", "content": "The success of the Voluntary Effort can be credited to the movement's broad-based coalition and the commitment shown at the grass roots level. But much remains to be done, and the VE is gearing up to meet the challenge. In 1979, emphasis will be placed on: a greater role and involvement for hospital trustees, increased efforts by hospitals to develop better ways to inform physicians about the costs of tests and services, and the need to create an even greater awareness and commitment to the VE at the grass roots level.", "contents": "Voluntary effort has goal in sight. The success of the Voluntary Effort can be credited to the movement's broad-based coalition and the commitment shown at the grass roots level. But much remains to be done, and the VE is gearing up to meet the challenge. In 1979, emphasis will be placed on: a greater role and involvement for hospital trustees, increased efforts by hospitals to develop better ways to inform physicians about the costs of tests and services, and the need to create an even greater awareness and commitment to the VE at the grass roots level.", "PMID": 422156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11347", "title": "Operational audit can help ensure long-term cost containment.", "content": "Any health care institution can use operational auditing, or operational review, to regularly evaluate the performance of specific units or of the entire institution, to identify conditions that need the most improvement, and, thereby, to select the best cost containment and revenue-enhancing approaches. This article discusses certain features and advantages of operational auditing, such as its use of industry and other substantive standards and the auditors' independence from the institution's internal politics. It also explains some important differences between operational auditing and internal auditing and the details of the operational auditing process.", "contents": "Operational audit can help ensure long-term cost containment. Any health care institution can use operational auditing, or operational review, to regularly evaluate the performance of specific units or of the entire institution, to identify conditions that need the most improvement, and, thereby, to select the best cost containment and revenue-enhancing approaches. This article discusses certain features and advantages of operational auditing, such as its use of industry and other substantive standards and the auditors' independence from the institution's internal politics. It also explains some important differences between operational auditing and internal auditing and the details of the operational auditing process.", "PMID": 422157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11348", "title": "Affirmative action: what's really fair?", "content": "The concept of affirmative action has been the subject of much controversy in the past. Opponents of the concept believe that it provides preferential treatment for minorities and females based upon factors of race and sex that are both unconstitutional and illegal. Proponents believe the concept is needed to make up for past abuses. In this article, the author attempts to illustrate how an objective affirmative action program can enhance a hospital's personnel development system.", "contents": "Affirmative action: what's really fair? The concept of affirmative action has been the subject of much controversy in the past. Opponents of the concept believe that it provides preferential treatment for minorities and females based upon factors of race and sex that are both unconstitutional and illegal. Proponents believe the concept is needed to make up for past abuses. In this article, the author attempts to illustrate how an objective affirmative action program can enhance a hospital's personnel development system.", "PMID": 422158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11349", "title": "The President's NHI proposal: solution or problem?", "content": "Are the Carter administration's NHI principles appropriate for resolving health problems in the United States? An examination of the applicability of these principles to the problems--categorized in terms of health status indicators, health care resources, and consumer satisfaction--concludes that evidence in these areas does not indicate a need for NHI. Recommendations for establishing appropriate health care proposals follow.", "contents": "The President's NHI proposal: solution or problem? Are the Carter administration's NHI principles appropriate for resolving health problems in the United States? An examination of the applicability of these principles to the problems--categorized in terms of health status indicators, health care resources, and consumer satisfaction--concludes that evidence in these areas does not indicate a need for NHI. Recommendations for establishing appropriate health care proposals follow.", "PMID": 422169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11350", "title": "The energy audit: back to the basics.", "content": "Gathering information about the cost of energy and patterns of usage within the hospital is the first step in mounting a program for conserving resources. A survey of the plant or a full-scale audit by an energy team can help administrators plan an energy-saving program.", "contents": "The energy audit: back to the basics. Gathering information about the cost of energy and patterns of usage within the hospital is the first step in mounting a program for conserving resources. A survey of the plant or a full-scale audit by an energy team can help administrators plan an energy-saving program.", "PMID": 422171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11351", "title": "Samaritan Health Center: an ecumenical merger.", "content": "The consolidation of a Protestant and a Catholic hospital has resulted in the first interfaith health care facility in the United States. While the obstacles to merger for hospitals with separate boards of directors and staff are many, the possibilities for success are enhanced by the Christian viewpoints the hospitals espouse.", "contents": "Samaritan Health Center: an ecumenical merger. The consolidation of a Protestant and a Catholic hospital has resulted in the first interfaith health care facility in the United States. While the obstacles to merger for hospitals with separate boards of directors and staff are many, the possibilities for success are enhanced by the Christian viewpoints the hospitals espouse.", "PMID": 422172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11352", "title": "Hospital-sponsored positive health programs.", "content": "Several kinds of positive health programs, ranging from efforts to identify cases of hypertension to the establishment of prenatal and well baby clinics, can be advantageous to the community hospital and to those it serves. Catholic hospitals, with their commitment to social justice, can use their unique positions as community centers of health care to pioneer the development of such programs.", "contents": "Hospital-sponsored positive health programs. Several kinds of positive health programs, ranging from efforts to identify cases of hypertension to the establishment of prenatal and well baby clinics, can be advantageous to the community hospital and to those it serves. Catholic hospitals, with their commitment to social justice, can use their unique positions as community centers of health care to pioneer the development of such programs.", "PMID": 422173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11353", "title": "The pathology of adrenocortical neoplasia: a correlated structural and functional approach to the diagnosis of malignant disease.", "content": "The structural and functional characteristics of nine functioning adrenocortical tumors (four adenomas and five carcinomas) causing Cushing's syndrome or virilization were studied. All tumors that we considered to show histologic evidence of malignant disease and that subsequently metastasized or recurred also showed in cell culture at least one significant functional or behavioral difference from benign tumors. No single defect was common to all carcinomas, but predominant changes included secretion of precursor steroids, such as 11-deoxycortisol (S) and a blunted or absent response to ACTH. All adenomase examined were normal in these respects in comparison with nondiseased cortical cells in culture. In carcinomas whose functions deviated only minimally from normal the presence of highly differentiated ultrastructural characteristics did not, however, confer a better prognosis.", "contents": "The pathology of adrenocortical neoplasia: a correlated structural and functional approach to the diagnosis of malignant disease. The structural and functional characteristics of nine functioning adrenocortical tumors (four adenomas and five carcinomas) causing Cushing's syndrome or virilization were studied. All tumors that we considered to show histologic evidence of malignant disease and that subsequently metastasized or recurred also showed in cell culture at least one significant functional or behavioral difference from benign tumors. No single defect was common to all carcinomas, but predominant changes included secretion of precursor steroids, such as 11-deoxycortisol (S) and a blunted or absent response to ACTH. All adenomase examined were normal in these respects in comparison with nondiseased cortical cells in culture. In carcinomas whose functions deviated only minimally from normal the presence of highly differentiated ultrastructural characteristics did not, however, confer a better prognosis.", "PMID": 422187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11354", "title": "The ultrastructure of bronchial macrophages and lymphocytes in sarcoidosis.", "content": "A physical interaction between macrophages and lymphocytes was observed more frequently in bronchial lavage fluid obtained from patients with sarcoidosis than from normal volunteers, irrespective of their history of smoking. In this spontaneous interaction more than two lymphocytes were commonly seen adhering to a macrophage without evidence of cytoplasmic bridging or membrane fusion. To a greater extent than in normal volunteers, macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis were characterized by the appearance of a more highly irregular cell surface, more membrane bound inclusions, however, was positively correlated with the smoking history of the individual, and the number of surface projections (microvilli) of macrophages from smokers appeared to be reduced. Significant differences were not apparent in the nuclear or cellular diameters of macrophages from sarcoid and normal individuals.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of bronchial macrophages and lymphocytes in sarcoidosis. A physical interaction between macrophages and lymphocytes was observed more frequently in bronchial lavage fluid obtained from patients with sarcoidosis than from normal volunteers, irrespective of their history of smoking. In this spontaneous interaction more than two lymphocytes were commonly seen adhering to a macrophage without evidence of cytoplasmic bridging or membrane fusion. To a greater extent than in normal volunteers, macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis were characterized by the appearance of a more highly irregular cell surface, more membrane bound inclusions, however, was positively correlated with the smoking history of the individual, and the number of surface projections (microvilli) of macrophages from smokers appeared to be reduced. Significant differences were not apparent in the nuclear or cellular diameters of macrophages from sarcoid and normal individuals.", "PMID": 422188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11355", "title": "Crohn's disease: a scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "A scanning electron microscopic study of Crohn's disease was done using surgically resected specimens. Grossly normal resection margins as well as nonulcerated portions from diseased areas were selected for study. Scanning electron microscopic findings in Crohn's disease included changes in villous size and shape, villous fusion and epithelial bridge formation, goblet cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and increased secretion of mucus. These changes were marked in involved areas, and many were also present in six of seven margins of resection available for study in the ileal group. The abnormalities found in grossly normal margins of resection suggest a more widespread involvement than can be appreciated by gross and light microscopic examination of the specimen. Formation of the increased coat of mucus observed may be stimulated by a number of agents and could contribute to an enhanced barrier function in areas of early involvement in Crohn's disease, thereby decreasing the uptake of toxic or antigenic macromolecules. A decrease in bacterial superinfections would also be facilitated. Later lesions, with severe villous changes and hypersecretion of mucus, may favor the uptake of toxic and antigenic macromolecules as well as aid in the establishment of bacterial superinfections.", "contents": "Crohn's disease: a scanning electron microscopic study. A scanning electron microscopic study of Crohn's disease was done using surgically resected specimens. Grossly normal resection margins as well as nonulcerated portions from diseased areas were selected for study. Scanning electron microscopic findings in Crohn's disease included changes in villous size and shape, villous fusion and epithelial bridge formation, goblet cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and increased secretion of mucus. These changes were marked in involved areas, and many were also present in six of seven margins of resection available for study in the ileal group. The abnormalities found in grossly normal margins of resection suggest a more widespread involvement than can be appreciated by gross and light microscopic examination of the specimen. Formation of the increased coat of mucus observed may be stimulated by a number of agents and could contribute to an enhanced barrier function in areas of early involvement in Crohn's disease, thereby decreasing the uptake of toxic or antigenic macromolecules. A decrease in bacterial superinfections would also be facilitated. Later lesions, with severe villous changes and hypersecretion of mucus, may favor the uptake of toxic and antigenic macromolecules as well as aid in the establishment of bacterial superinfections.", "PMID": 422189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11356", "title": "Paragangliomas of the head and neck region. A pathologic study of tumors from 71 patients.", "content": "The histopathology of 72 paragangliomas originating in the head and neck region of 71 patients is presented. There were 45 carotid body, 13 vagal body, eight jugulotympanic, and three nasal paragangliomas. In addition, two arose in the larynx and one in the area of the aortic arch. Tumors occurred in four unrelated families. The two most important histologic features leading to a diagnosis of paraganglioma were zellballen and the presence of cytoplasmic argyrophil granules in all cases in which staining with the Grimelius technique was carried out. Ultrastructural study of three carotid body and two vagal body paragangliomas revealed both light and dark chief cells. Tumor cells contained membrane bound, electron dense neurosecretory types of granules, which usually ranged in diameter from 120 to 200 nm. Follow-up information was available for 67 patients (94 per cent). Two of the three nasal paragangliomas, 50 per cent of the jugulotympanic paragangliomas, 17 per cent of the vagal body paragangliomas, and 10 per cent of those of the carotid body recurred locally following attempted surgical resection. All patients treated with radiation had persistent tumor. Four (9 per cent) of the carotid body paragangliomas were malignant, all four patients dying with widespread metastases. One vagal body paragangliomas metastasized to regional lymph nodes (the patient was alive and well at five years), and another caused death by direct intracranial extension. In contrast to the benign tumors, malignant paragangliomas tended to show foci of necrosis and vascular invasion. Mitotic figures, which usually were not identified in the benign cases, were seen in all malignant tumors.", "contents": "Paragangliomas of the head and neck region. A pathologic study of tumors from 71 patients. The histopathology of 72 paragangliomas originating in the head and neck region of 71 patients is presented. There were 45 carotid body, 13 vagal body, eight jugulotympanic, and three nasal paragangliomas. In addition, two arose in the larynx and one in the area of the aortic arch. Tumors occurred in four unrelated families. The two most important histologic features leading to a diagnosis of paraganglioma were zellballen and the presence of cytoplasmic argyrophil granules in all cases in which staining with the Grimelius technique was carried out. Ultrastructural study of three carotid body and two vagal body paragangliomas revealed both light and dark chief cells. Tumor cells contained membrane bound, electron dense neurosecretory types of granules, which usually ranged in diameter from 120 to 200 nm. Follow-up information was available for 67 patients (94 per cent). Two of the three nasal paragangliomas, 50 per cent of the jugulotympanic paragangliomas, 17 per cent of the vagal body paragangliomas, and 10 per cent of those of the carotid body recurred locally following attempted surgical resection. All patients treated with radiation had persistent tumor. Four (9 per cent) of the carotid body paragangliomas were malignant, all four patients dying with widespread metastases. One vagal body paragangliomas metastasized to regional lymph nodes (the patient was alive and well at five years), and another caused death by direct intracranial extension. In contrast to the benign tumors, malignant paragangliomas tended to show foci of necrosis and vascular invasion. Mitotic figures, which usually were not identified in the benign cases, were seen in all malignant tumors.", "PMID": 422190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11357", "title": "Sarcoidosis of the uterus.", "content": "Sarcoidosis rarely involves the female genital tract. This report describes a case of sarcoidosis of the uterus that was found by endometrial curettage for menometrorrhagia. Reports of the few previously documented examples of sarcoidosis of the uterus are reviewed with a brief discussion of the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis of the uterus. Sarcoidosis rarely involves the female genital tract. This report describes a case of sarcoidosis of the uterus that was found by endometrial curettage for menometrorrhagia. Reports of the few previously documented examples of sarcoidosis of the uterus are reviewed with a brief discussion of the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 422191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11358", "title": "Dysplasia of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas: report of a variant of Ivemark's syndrome.", "content": "A newborn girl with respiratory distress due to bilateral pneumothorax was found to be anuric, and died at 18 hours of age. Autopsy revealed a large pancreatic cyst, multiple large hepatic cysts, congenital hepatic fibrosis, bilateral dysplastic kidneys, and dysplasia of the pancreas. These findings constitute a variant of Ivemark's syndrome of dysplasia of the pancreas, liver, and kidneys.", "contents": "Dysplasia of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas: report of a variant of Ivemark's syndrome. A newborn girl with respiratory distress due to bilateral pneumothorax was found to be anuric, and died at 18 hours of age. Autopsy revealed a large pancreatic cyst, multiple large hepatic cysts, congenital hepatic fibrosis, bilateral dysplastic kidneys, and dysplasia of the pancreas. These findings constitute a variant of Ivemark's syndrome of dysplasia of the pancreas, liver, and kidneys.", "PMID": 422192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11359", "title": "Trisomy 10p due to a de novo t(10p;13p).", "content": "A new case of trisomy 10p has been identified by means of the GTG-banding technique. The patient is a female child carrying a sporadic translocation, t(10;13)(p11;p11), and affected by microsomatia and microcephaly with facial dysmorphia, retarded growth, weight gain, and psychomotor development, and bilateral talipes.", "contents": "Trisomy 10p due to a de novo t(10p;13p). A new case of trisomy 10p has been identified by means of the GTG-banding technique. The patient is a female child carrying a sporadic translocation, t(10;13)(p11;p11), and affected by microsomatia and microcephaly with facial dysmorphia, retarded growth, weight gain, and psychomotor development, and bilateral talipes.", "PMID": 422195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11360", "title": "Trisomy 12p syndrome: de novo occurrence of mosaic trisomy 12p in a mentally retarded boy.", "content": "The first case of trisomy of probable 12p mosaicism originated de novo is presented. Comparison of the clinical findings of this patient with those of previously described cases of 12p trisomy derived from translocated chromosomes indicates that the symptoms of 12p trisomy are: (1) normal birth weight and physical development, (2) severe psychomotor retardation and generalized hypotonia, (3) peculiarly round face with prominent cheeks, hypertelorism, epicanthus, broad, flat nasal bridge, short nose with anteverted nostrils, large philtrum, broad, prominent lower lip, and (4) poly(syn)dactyly of feet.", "contents": "Trisomy 12p syndrome: de novo occurrence of mosaic trisomy 12p in a mentally retarded boy. The first case of trisomy of probable 12p mosaicism originated de novo is presented. Comparison of the clinical findings of this patient with those of previously described cases of 12p trisomy derived from translocated chromosomes indicates that the symptoms of 12p trisomy are: (1) normal birth weight and physical development, (2) severe psychomotor retardation and generalized hypotonia, (3) peculiarly round face with prominent cheeks, hypertelorism, epicanthus, broad, flat nasal bridge, short nose with anteverted nostrils, large philtrum, broad, prominent lower lip, and (4) poly(syn)dactyly of feet.", "PMID": 422196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11361", "title": "A case of trisomy 3q21 leads to qter syndrome.", "content": "An infant with karyotype 46,XY,der(8),t(3;8)(q21;p23) is presented. The presence of trisomy 3q21 leads to qter syndrome is suspected on the basis of comparison of the clinical and laboratory findings of this patient with those of cases that have been reported as partial 3q trisomy. The common phenotypic features of this syndrome include growth failure and mental or developmental retardation, hypotonia, persistent lanugo, distorted head, congenital glaucoma, short and upturned nose, prominent maxilla, micrognathia, short, webbed neck, short limbs, retroflexed third and fourth toes, cutaneous syndactyly of the second, third and fourth toes, and elevated galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase activity in the red blood cells.", "contents": "A case of trisomy 3q21 leads to qter syndrome. An infant with karyotype 46,XY,der(8),t(3;8)(q21;p23) is presented. The presence of trisomy 3q21 leads to qter syndrome is suspected on the basis of comparison of the clinical and laboratory findings of this patient with those of cases that have been reported as partial 3q trisomy. The common phenotypic features of this syndrome include growth failure and mental or developmental retardation, hypotonia, persistent lanugo, distorted head, congenital glaucoma, short and upturned nose, prominent maxilla, micrognathia, short, webbed neck, short limbs, retroflexed third and fourth toes, cutaneous syndactyly of the second, third and fourth toes, and elevated galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase activity in the red blood cells.", "PMID": 422197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11362", "title": "Translocation C:D involving chromosomes 11 and 14.", "content": "A translocation of material from chromosome 11 to chromosome 14 was identified in a 7-month-old male with microcephaly and developmental delay. The break-points appear to be on the long arm of chromosome 11, close to the centromere, and on the short arm of the 14.", "contents": "Translocation C:D involving chromosomes 11 and 14. A translocation of material from chromosome 11 to chromosome 14 was identified in a 7-month-old male with microcephaly and developmental delay. The break-points appear to be on the long arm of chromosome 11, close to the centromere, and on the short arm of the 14.", "PMID": 422198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11363", "title": "An azoospermic male with a Y/autosome translocation.", "content": "This report describes an azoospermic male carrying a Y/autosome translocation. The patient had a 46,X,t(Y;10)(q12;p13) chromosome complement in a lymphocyte culture. The cytogenetic study of this patient is described, together with testicular histology, spermiogram, hormone levels, and clinical history.", "contents": "An azoospermic male with a Y/autosome translocation. This report describes an azoospermic male carrying a Y/autosome translocation. The patient had a 46,X,t(Y;10)(q12;p13) chromosome complement in a lymphocyte culture. The cytogenetic study of this patient is described, together with testicular histology, spermiogram, hormone levels, and clinical history.", "PMID": 422199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11364", "title": "A woman carrier of two apparently unrelated reciprocal translocations: prenatal diagnosis of normal karyotype in the foetus.", "content": "Two reciprocal balanced translocations involving chromosomes 2, 9, 12, and 18 were found in the karyotype of a woman with a child showing several congenital malformations at birth. Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis, performed when a second pregnancy occurred, showed a normal chromosome constitution in the foetus.", "contents": "A woman carrier of two apparently unrelated reciprocal translocations: prenatal diagnosis of normal karyotype in the foetus. Two reciprocal balanced translocations involving chromosomes 2, 9, 12, and 18 were found in the karyotype of a woman with a child showing several congenital malformations at birth. Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis, performed when a second pregnancy occurred, showed a normal chromosome constitution in the foetus.", "PMID": 422200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11365", "title": "Genetic linkage relations of the sixth component of complement (C6).", "content": "Linkage relations between the C6 and 33 other genetic marker loci have been analyzed in Norwegian pedigrees, including 114 matings with 388 informative children, by use of the MOSM computer program. No suggestion of linkage was found. Very close or close linkage (theta less than 0.06) has been ruled out for males between C6 and the following 19 marker loci: GPT, HLA + Bf, Rh, C3, Hp, PGM3, Km, Gm, Fy, Gc, ABO Jk, GLO1, K, MNSs, PTC, ACP1, PGM1, and Pi. For several of the relations even loose-linkage is unlikely.", "contents": "Genetic linkage relations of the sixth component of complement (C6). Linkage relations between the C6 and 33 other genetic marker loci have been analyzed in Norwegian pedigrees, including 114 matings with 388 informative children, by use of the MOSM computer program. No suggestion of linkage was found. Very close or close linkage (theta less than 0.06) has been ruled out for males between C6 and the following 19 marker loci: GPT, HLA + Bf, Rh, C3, Hp, PGM3, Km, Gm, Fy, Gc, ABO Jk, GLO1, K, MNSs, PTC, ACP1, PGM1, and Pi. For several of the relations even loose-linkage is unlikely.", "PMID": 422202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11366", "title": "Clinical and biochemical investigations on patients with partial deficiency of placental steroid sulfatase.", "content": "We report on three independent cases with a partial deficiency of placental steroid sulfatase (E.C.3.1.6.2). Upon routine pregnancy monitoring these patients were detected on the basis of low estriol excretion and failing induction of labor. In all three cases a male was delivered and subsequently the diagnosis of partial deficiency of placental steroid sulfatase was confirmed enzymatically in placenta homogenates. In one case, fibroblast cultures were established from skin explants of mother and son. In fibroblasts of the child, as in placental tissue, the activity of steroid sulfatase was only 34% of normal. Similar values were obtained for arylsulfatase C, though this enzyme is clearly separable from steroid sulfatase by electrophoresis. In cells of the mother, enzyme activities were unremarkable.", "contents": "Clinical and biochemical investigations on patients with partial deficiency of placental steroid sulfatase. We report on three independent cases with a partial deficiency of placental steroid sulfatase (E.C.3.1.6.2). Upon routine pregnancy monitoring these patients were detected on the basis of low estriol excretion and failing induction of labor. In all three cases a male was delivered and subsequently the diagnosis of partial deficiency of placental steroid sulfatase was confirmed enzymatically in placenta homogenates. In one case, fibroblast cultures were established from skin explants of mother and son. In fibroblasts of the child, as in placental tissue, the activity of steroid sulfatase was only 34% of normal. Similar values were obtained for arylsulfatase C, though this enzyme is clearly separable from steroid sulfatase by electrophoresis. In cells of the mother, enzyme activities were unremarkable.", "PMID": 422203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11367", "title": "'GPI Roma', a new glucose phosphate isomerase deficient variant: in vivo occurrence of postsynthetic modifications of the mutant enzyme.", "content": "In a 5-year-old Italian girl with severe congenital hemolytic anemia, red cell GPI deficiency was proven, and found to be due to a new variant, 'GPI Roma.' The parents are first cousins and have been proven to be heterozygous for this variant. GPI Roma was slightly unstable to heat and exhibited a slightly increased Michaelis constant for fructose-6-phosphate. A single predominant fast-migrating GPI form existed in the patient's white blood cells, while the electrophoretic pattern in the red cells was composed, in addition to this 'fast band,' of a major band migrating as normal GPI and of an additional slow band. It is shown that this phenomenon may be ascribed to postsynthetic events modifying the charge of the mutant enzyme.", "contents": "'GPI Roma', a new glucose phosphate isomerase deficient variant: in vivo occurrence of postsynthetic modifications of the mutant enzyme. In a 5-year-old Italian girl with severe congenital hemolytic anemia, red cell GPI deficiency was proven, and found to be due to a new variant, 'GPI Roma.' The parents are first cousins and have been proven to be heterozygous for this variant. GPI Roma was slightly unstable to heat and exhibited a slightly increased Michaelis constant for fructose-6-phosphate. A single predominant fast-migrating GPI form existed in the patient's white blood cells, while the electrophoretic pattern in the red cells was composed, in addition to this 'fast band,' of a major band migrating as normal GPI and of an additional slow band. It is shown that this phenomenon may be ascribed to postsynthetic events modifying the charge of the mutant enzyme.", "PMID": 422204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11368", "title": "Occurrence of the ACP01 allele in Czechoslovakia.", "content": "During a paternity test an unexpected type of red cell acid phosphatase isozyme (ACP1) was found in one family. The mother was of type A and type B was diagnosed in the son. The whole family was then subjected to ACP1 phenotyping and to the enzyme assay. Five members of the family were found to have unexpected types of ACP1 isozymes. The average activity was approx. 50% of normal values. It is presumed that a silent ACP01 allele was found in the family investigated and that the grandfather was its first carrier.", "contents": "Occurrence of the ACP01 allele in Czechoslovakia. During a paternity test an unexpected type of red cell acid phosphatase isozyme (ACP1) was found in one family. The mother was of type A and type B was diagnosed in the son. The whole family was then subjected to ACP1 phenotyping and to the enzyme assay. Five members of the family were found to have unexpected types of ACP1 isozymes. The average activity was approx. 50% of normal values. It is presumed that a silent ACP01 allele was found in the family investigated and that the grandfather was its first carrier.", "PMID": 422205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11369", "title": "Partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 9 (p13 leads to p22) in a child with typical 9p trisomy phenotype.", "content": "A 3-year-old girl with duplication 9 (p22 leads to p13) is reported. The presence of a classical 9p trisomy phenotype in this patient suggests that this region (or part of it) is responsible for the major, typical clinical stigmata of this partial autosomal trisomy syndrome.", "contents": "Partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 9 (p13 leads to p22) in a child with typical 9p trisomy phenotype. A 3-year-old girl with duplication 9 (p22 leads to p13) is reported. The presence of a classical 9p trisomy phenotype in this patient suggests that this region (or part of it) is responsible for the major, typical clinical stigmata of this partial autosomal trisomy syndrome.", "PMID": 422206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11370", "title": "Mosaic 13 trisomy due to de novo 13/13 translocation with subsequent fission. Karyotype: 46,XX, - 13, + t(13;13)(p11;q11)/46,XX,del(13)(p11).", "content": "A severely retarded child with multiple malformations was found to present a mosaic karyotype 46,XX, - 13,+t(13;13)(p11;q11)/46,XX,del(13)(p11), which probably originated as the result of a de novo 13/13 translocation in a parental gamete, followed by postzygotic fission of the translocation chromosome.", "contents": "Mosaic 13 trisomy due to de novo 13/13 translocation with subsequent fission. Karyotype: 46,XX, - 13, + t(13;13)(p11;q11)/46,XX,del(13)(p11). A severely retarded child with multiple malformations was found to present a mosaic karyotype 46,XX, - 13,+t(13;13)(p11;q11)/46,XX,del(13)(p11), which probably originated as the result of a de novo 13/13 translocation in a parental gamete, followed by postzygotic fission of the translocation chromosome.", "PMID": 422207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11371", "title": "Partial trisomy 14q.", "content": "A dysmorphic female born with partial trisomy of the proximal segment of the long arm of chromosome 14 had 47 chromosomes. The extra one was acrocentric, smaller than the D group, and bigger than the G-chromosome group. By GTG banding it was identified as a deleted chromosome 14, the karyotype being 47,XX,+del 14(q24). Chromosome analysis of the parents was normal.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 14q. A dysmorphic female born with partial trisomy of the proximal segment of the long arm of chromosome 14 had 47 chromosomes. The extra one was acrocentric, smaller than the D group, and bigger than the G-chromosome group. By GTG banding it was identified as a deleted chromosome 14, the karyotype being 47,XX,+del 14(q24). Chromosome analysis of the parents was normal.", "PMID": 422208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11372", "title": "IgE antibody response to mite antigens in mite infested mice.", "content": "Mice infested at birth with the mouse mite Myocoptes musculinus developed positive skin tests to mite antigens at the age of 5 weeks. Serum IgE antibodies directed against mite antigens were first detected at 6 weeks of age and high levels of IgE were present as long as 1 year later. Similar kinetics of IgE formation were observed in mice infected as adults. Mast cell degranulation by mite extract was demonstrated in connective tissue obtained from the skin of mite infested mice.", "contents": "IgE antibody response to mite antigens in mite infested mice. Mice infested at birth with the mouse mite Myocoptes musculinus developed positive skin tests to mite antigens at the age of 5 weeks. Serum IgE antibodies directed against mite antigens were first detected at 6 weeks of age and high levels of IgE were present as long as 1 year later. Similar kinetics of IgE formation were observed in mice infected as adults. Mast cell degranulation by mite extract was demonstrated in connective tissue obtained from the skin of mite infested mice.", "PMID": 422220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11373", "title": "Production of xenoantiserum to a chemically induced murine tumor: analysis of tumor specificity in different immune tests.", "content": "The method of in vivo absorption of xenoantisera raised against murine chemically-induced tumors has been used to obtain specific anti-tumor sera. To assess if the tumor specificity was maintained under different experimental conditions, the sera were employed in in vitro tests based on different immunologic reactions. In vivo absorption results in the production of xenoantisera which are highly specific for the immunizing tumor and that lack antibody activity toward histocompatibility and organ specific antigens and endogenous virus antigens. Thus, in vivo absorbed antisera appear to be valuable reagents for the immunochemical characterization of chemically-induced tumors.", "contents": "Production of xenoantiserum to a chemically induced murine tumor: analysis of tumor specificity in different immune tests. The method of in vivo absorption of xenoantisera raised against murine chemically-induced tumors has been used to obtain specific anti-tumor sera. To assess if the tumor specificity was maintained under different experimental conditions, the sera were employed in in vitro tests based on different immunologic reactions. In vivo absorption results in the production of xenoantisera which are highly specific for the immunizing tumor and that lack antibody activity toward histocompatibility and organ specific antigens and endogenous virus antigens. Thus, in vivo absorbed antisera appear to be valuable reagents for the immunochemical characterization of chemically-induced tumors.", "PMID": 422221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11374", "title": "Correlation of tartrazine hypersensitivity with specific serum IgD levels.", "content": "The clinical diagnosis of hypersensitivity to the food dye tartrazine in 16 subjects correlated with levels of tartrazine-specific IgD antibodies determined by a solid phase radioimmunoassay inhibition test. This is the first study associating hypersensitivity to a low molecular weight chemical with an antibody response of the IgD class. There was little or no correlation between clinical sensitivity and IgE antibodies.", "contents": "Correlation of tartrazine hypersensitivity with specific serum IgD levels. The clinical diagnosis of hypersensitivity to the food dye tartrazine in 16 subjects correlated with levels of tartrazine-specific IgD antibodies determined by a solid phase radioimmunoassay inhibition test. This is the first study associating hypersensitivity to a low molecular weight chemical with an antibody response of the IgD class. There was little or no correlation between clinical sensitivity and IgE antibodies.", "PMID": 422222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11375", "title": "Attachment to erythrocytes of uniform salt forms of lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella abortus-equi and its inhibition by various animal sera.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) readily attach to erythrocyte membranes in vitro, resulting in hemagglutination in the presence of the homologous bacterial antibodies. The attachment of LPS to red blood cells can be prevented by certain, but not all, animal sera. In this study, the attachment of uniform salt forms of LPS from Salmonella abortus-equi to erythrocytes from various animal species was investigated. The uniform salt preparations were significantly more active than the starting material. Similar findings were obtained with erythrocytes from man, sheep, rabbit, and guinea pig. These results were not due to differences in antibody neutralizing capacity, since all preparations showed essentially identical activity. When sera from various animal species were used as inhibitors of LPS attachment, inhibition of erythrocyte modification by equivalent, but not by identical, amounts of LPS was essentially the same.", "contents": "Attachment to erythrocytes of uniform salt forms of lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella abortus-equi and its inhibition by various animal sera. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) readily attach to erythrocyte membranes in vitro, resulting in hemagglutination in the presence of the homologous bacterial antibodies. The attachment of LPS to red blood cells can be prevented by certain, but not all, animal sera. In this study, the attachment of uniform salt forms of LPS from Salmonella abortus-equi to erythrocytes from various animal species was investigated. The uniform salt preparations were significantly more active than the starting material. Similar findings were obtained with erythrocytes from man, sheep, rabbit, and guinea pig. These results were not due to differences in antibody neutralizing capacity, since all preparations showed essentially identical activity. When sera from various animal species were used as inhibitors of LPS attachment, inhibition of erythrocyte modification by equivalent, but not by identical, amounts of LPS was essentially the same.", "PMID": 422223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11376", "title": "Multiple effects of a diamidine (propamidine) on complement activation.", "content": "Propamidine, one of the diamidines used against infections with babesiae has inhibitory and enhancing effects on complement activation as assessed by immune haemolysis of sensitized sheep red cells. Utilization of C1 is powerfully, that of C3 weakly improved by propamidine while activation and/or fixation of C4, C5 and to a lesser degree of C8 and C9 are inhibited. At low concentrations of propamidine (less than 2 mM) the enhancing effects, at higher concentrations the inhibitory effects predominate. Inhibition is produced, in some cases certainly, in others likely, by interference of propamidine with binding properties of complement components. None of the complement enzymes, C1s, C42 or C3bBb was inhibited in its hydrolytic activity. The possible significance of propamidine actions is discussed.", "contents": "Multiple effects of a diamidine (propamidine) on complement activation. Propamidine, one of the diamidines used against infections with babesiae has inhibitory and enhancing effects on complement activation as assessed by immune haemolysis of sensitized sheep red cells. Utilization of C1 is powerfully, that of C3 weakly improved by propamidine while activation and/or fixation of C4, C5 and to a lesser degree of C8 and C9 are inhibited. At low concentrations of propamidine (less than 2 mM) the enhancing effects, at higher concentrations the inhibitory effects predominate. Inhibition is produced, in some cases certainly, in others likely, by interference of propamidine with binding properties of complement components. None of the complement enzymes, C1s, C42 or C3bBb was inhibited in its hydrolytic activity. The possible significance of propamidine actions is discussed.", "PMID": 422224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11377", "title": "Interference of propamidine with binding of the fifth component of complement to surface-fixed C3b, and with C5 activation.", "content": "The effects of propamidine and their dose dependency, on utilization of the third and fifth complement components in immune haemolysis have been compared. While C3 utilization is not disturbed that of C5 is markedly inhibited by propamidine in concentrations as low as 0.5 mM. Both, binding of C5 to surface-fixed C3b and cleavage of C5 by convertases C42 and C3bBb, are also inhibited in the presence of propamidine. Since neither C3 cleavage by these enzymes nor even C5 cleavage by the cobra venom factor-supported convertase CFVBb is significantly reduced a general convertase-inhibiting effect of propamidine is ruled out. Rather the effect on utilization of C5 is the result of interference with binding of C5 is the result of interference with binding of C5 to C3b and hence impairment of its accessibility to the convertases. These findings thus further support the role of surface fixed C3b in C5 activation proposed earlier.", "contents": "Interference of propamidine with binding of the fifth component of complement to surface-fixed C3b, and with C5 activation. The effects of propamidine and their dose dependency, on utilization of the third and fifth complement components in immune haemolysis have been compared. While C3 utilization is not disturbed that of C5 is markedly inhibited by propamidine in concentrations as low as 0.5 mM. Both, binding of C5 to surface-fixed C3b and cleavage of C5 by convertases C42 and C3bBb, are also inhibited in the presence of propamidine. Since neither C3 cleavage by these enzymes nor even C5 cleavage by the cobra venom factor-supported convertase CFVBb is significantly reduced a general convertase-inhibiting effect of propamidine is ruled out. Rather the effect on utilization of C5 is the result of interference with binding of C5 is the result of interference with binding of C5 to C3b and hence impairment of its accessibility to the convertases. These findings thus further support the role of surface fixed C3b in C5 activation proposed earlier.", "PMID": 422225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11378", "title": "The effect of age on IgE production in rats.", "content": "Inbred BN-rats were immunized at different ages with a standardized amount of ovalbumin and a1(OH)3. The specific IgE antibody response and total serum IgE levels were significantly influenced by age. The IgE antibody response increased to a maximum in 2-month-old rats and decreased progressively at a more advanced age. Total serum IgE levels increased progressively from the age of 1 month to the age of 5 months and decreased again at the age of one year.", "contents": "The effect of age on IgE production in rats. Inbred BN-rats were immunized at different ages with a standardized amount of ovalbumin and a1(OH)3. The specific IgE antibody response and total serum IgE levels were significantly influenced by age. The IgE antibody response increased to a maximum in 2-month-old rats and decreased progressively at a more advanced age. Total serum IgE levels increased progressively from the age of 1 month to the age of 5 months and decreased again at the age of one year.", "PMID": 422226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11379", "title": "The effect of heat inactivation of serum on aggregation of immunoglobulins.", "content": "Heating serum at 56 degrees is used to inactivate complement in several immunological assays. During heating, both heat-labile and heat-stable anticomplementary activity (ACA) develop. While heat-labile ACA can be completely inactivated, heat-stable ACA increases progressively with continued heating. Heat-stable ACA develops in deaggregated IgG and in normal, but not in hypogammaglobulinaemic, human and porcine serum heated at 56 degrees suggesting that this ACA is due to formation of immunoglobulin aggregates. These aggregates would produce false-positive tests for immune complexes and could inhibit a variety of cell-mediated reactions in assays which incorporate heat-inactivated serum. Other temperatures were tested to determine whether endogenous haemolytic activity could be destroyed without forming immunoglobulin aggregates. At 53 degrees both endogenous haemolytic activity and heat-labile ACA were inactivated and formation of heat-stable ACA in normal serum was minimal. ACA, however, could be induced in deaggregated IgG at 53 degrees. Moreover, the degree of heat-induced aggregation of IgG in vitro at either temperature was directly proportional to IgG concentrations and inversely related to albumin concentrations. Thus, pathological sera with these protein alterations might form more aggregates during heating than normal sera. These data suggest the following: (1) heat inactivation of complement at 53 degrees for 90 min is preferable to the traditional 56 degrees; (2) in any assay where immunoglobulin aggregates might interfere, normal serum may be an inadequate control and correlations will need to be made between serum IgG and albumin concentrations and the results obtained in these assays.", "contents": "The effect of heat inactivation of serum on aggregation of immunoglobulins. Heating serum at 56 degrees is used to inactivate complement in several immunological assays. During heating, both heat-labile and heat-stable anticomplementary activity (ACA) develop. While heat-labile ACA can be completely inactivated, heat-stable ACA increases progressively with continued heating. Heat-stable ACA develops in deaggregated IgG and in normal, but not in hypogammaglobulinaemic, human and porcine serum heated at 56 degrees suggesting that this ACA is due to formation of immunoglobulin aggregates. These aggregates would produce false-positive tests for immune complexes and could inhibit a variety of cell-mediated reactions in assays which incorporate heat-inactivated serum. Other temperatures were tested to determine whether endogenous haemolytic activity could be destroyed without forming immunoglobulin aggregates. At 53 degrees both endogenous haemolytic activity and heat-labile ACA were inactivated and formation of heat-stable ACA in normal serum was minimal. ACA, however, could be induced in deaggregated IgG at 53 degrees. Moreover, the degree of heat-induced aggregation of IgG in vitro at either temperature was directly proportional to IgG concentrations and inversely related to albumin concentrations. Thus, pathological sera with these protein alterations might form more aggregates during heating than normal sera. These data suggest the following: (1) heat inactivation of complement at 53 degrees for 90 min is preferable to the traditional 56 degrees; (2) in any assay where immunoglobulin aggregates might interfere, normal serum may be an inadequate control and correlations will need to be made between serum IgG and albumin concentrations and the results obtained in these assays.", "PMID": 422227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11380", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the third component of rat complement.", "content": "The third component of complement from rat plasma was isolated by precipitation with polyethyleneglycol in the presence of benzamidine, followed by chromatography of the precipitate on CM-cellulose, hydroxyapatite, and QAE A50-Sephadex, and gel-filtration on Sephadex G-200 superfine. C3 was isolated in its native form, as assessed by its specific functional activity and its immunoelectrophoretic mobility. The recovery of C3 was between 18 and 26%, and the final material was homogenous on SDS-PAGE analysis. Rat C3 has an apparent molecular weight of 187,000 and it is composed of two non-identical disulphide linked polypeptide chains of 123,000 and 76,000. A monospecific antiserum against rat C3 was produced by immunization of rabbits with purified C3. Zymosan treatment of rat serum resulted in cleavage of C3 and in the appearance of component with a greater mobility during immunoelectrophoresis. The plasma concentration of rat C3 in Wistar rats was 581 +/- 49 microgram/ml (mean +/- 1 S.D.). Interaction of highly purified rat C3 with purified human components B, D, and P resulted in the formation of a C3 convertase suggesting compatibility between human and rat C3.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the third component of rat complement. The third component of complement from rat plasma was isolated by precipitation with polyethyleneglycol in the presence of benzamidine, followed by chromatography of the precipitate on CM-cellulose, hydroxyapatite, and QAE A50-Sephadex, and gel-filtration on Sephadex G-200 superfine. C3 was isolated in its native form, as assessed by its specific functional activity and its immunoelectrophoretic mobility. The recovery of C3 was between 18 and 26%, and the final material was homogenous on SDS-PAGE analysis. Rat C3 has an apparent molecular weight of 187,000 and it is composed of two non-identical disulphide linked polypeptide chains of 123,000 and 76,000. A monospecific antiserum against rat C3 was produced by immunization of rabbits with purified C3. Zymosan treatment of rat serum resulted in cleavage of C3 and in the appearance of component with a greater mobility during immunoelectrophoresis. The plasma concentration of rat C3 in Wistar rats was 581 +/- 49 microgram/ml (mean +/- 1 S.D.). Interaction of highly purified rat C3 with purified human components B, D, and P resulted in the formation of a C3 convertase suggesting compatibility between human and rat C3.", "PMID": 422228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11381", "title": "Immunological unresponsiveness during induction of experimental autoimmune orchitis in guinea-pigs: studies in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Groups of male and female guinea-pigs were immunized with homologous sperm derived from testis (TS) or epididyimis (ES) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). In vivo investigations included skin tests at 2 weeks and development of aspermatogenesis (testis weight) at 4 weeks; in vitro assays were inhibition of migration of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and culture of blood leucocytes (lymphocyte transformation) at weekly intervals after immunization. Antigens used were heat-treated extracts of sperm used for immunization (BTS, BES); cells were also cultured simultaneously with PPD. Skin tests revealed anergy in males as compared with females: a larger quantity of antigen which caused partial unresponsiveness in females, caused profound unresponsiveness in males although the aspermatogenesis was less severe. In vitro tests also showed anergy during the active stages of the orchitis. This was non-specific for PEC (specific unresponsiveness was not excluded), but blood leucocytes showed only specific unresponsiveness (to BES). These and previous studies suggest that the unresponsiveness results from a desensitisation by sperm antigens released during the development of aspermatogenesis.", "contents": "Immunological unresponsiveness during induction of experimental autoimmune orchitis in guinea-pigs: studies in vivo and in vitro. Groups of male and female guinea-pigs were immunized with homologous sperm derived from testis (TS) or epididyimis (ES) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). In vivo investigations included skin tests at 2 weeks and development of aspermatogenesis (testis weight) at 4 weeks; in vitro assays were inhibition of migration of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and culture of blood leucocytes (lymphocyte transformation) at weekly intervals after immunization. Antigens used were heat-treated extracts of sperm used for immunization (BTS, BES); cells were also cultured simultaneously with PPD. Skin tests revealed anergy in males as compared with females: a larger quantity of antigen which caused partial unresponsiveness in females, caused profound unresponsiveness in males although the aspermatogenesis was less severe. In vitro tests also showed anergy during the active stages of the orchitis. This was non-specific for PEC (specific unresponsiveness was not excluded), but blood leucocytes showed only specific unresponsiveness (to BES). These and previous studies suggest that the unresponsiveness results from a desensitisation by sperm antigens released during the development of aspermatogenesis.", "PMID": 422229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11382", "title": "Effects of acquired resistance on infection with Eimeria falciformis var. Pragensis in mice.", "content": "Mice immunized with infections of 500, 5,000, or 20,000 oocysts of E. falciformis var. pragensis were reinfected with 20,000 and 100,000 oocysts at 20 and 38 days, respectively, after the initial infection. After the first challenge infection, none of the immunized mice showed clinical signs of coccidiosis; a few mice passed very low numbers of oocysts, and oocyst discharge seemed to correlate negatively with immunizing dose. None of the mice immunized twice passed oocysts after challenge. Mice immunized with three infections were completely immune to challenge for 4 months. The effect of the immune response on the life cycle of the coccidium was determined by histological examination of the intestines of immune and nonimmune mice infected with the parasite. In both the immune and nonimmune groups, sporozoites penetrated absorptive epithelial cells and migrated to crypt epithelial cells during the first 6 to 24 h postinfection. At 48 to 72 h postinfection, the sporozoites developed into mature first-generation schizonts in the nonimmune mice, whereas the developing first-generation schizonts degenerated within the crypt epithelial cells of the immune mice. In nonimmune mice, third-generation merozoites, inoculated intracecally, developed into mature fourth-generation schizonts, whereas in immune mice the developing fourth-generation schizonts degenerated before maturing. The possibility that a cellmediated immune mechanism is responsible for the arrest in schizogony is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of acquired resistance on infection with Eimeria falciformis var. Pragensis in mice. Mice immunized with infections of 500, 5,000, or 20,000 oocysts of E. falciformis var. pragensis were reinfected with 20,000 and 100,000 oocysts at 20 and 38 days, respectively, after the initial infection. After the first challenge infection, none of the immunized mice showed clinical signs of coccidiosis; a few mice passed very low numbers of oocysts, and oocyst discharge seemed to correlate negatively with immunizing dose. None of the mice immunized twice passed oocysts after challenge. Mice immunized with three infections were completely immune to challenge for 4 months. The effect of the immune response on the life cycle of the coccidium was determined by histological examination of the intestines of immune and nonimmune mice infected with the parasite. In both the immune and nonimmune groups, sporozoites penetrated absorptive epithelial cells and migrated to crypt epithelial cells during the first 6 to 24 h postinfection. At 48 to 72 h postinfection, the sporozoites developed into mature first-generation schizonts in the nonimmune mice, whereas the developing first-generation schizonts degenerated within the crypt epithelial cells of the immune mice. In nonimmune mice, third-generation merozoites, inoculated intracecally, developed into mature fourth-generation schizonts, whereas in immune mice the developing fourth-generation schizonts degenerated before maturing. The possibility that a cellmediated immune mechanism is responsible for the arrest in schizogony is discussed.", "PMID": 422230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11383", "title": "Viral etiology of age-dependent polioencephalomyelitis in C58 mice.", "content": "The etiology of immune polioencephalomyelitis (IPE) and the mechanisms of resistance to IPE induction were investigated in C58 mice. IPE was found to be induced by a lipid-solvent-sensitive, filterable replicating agent present in line Ib leukemic cell suspensions. IPE was serially transmitted in immunosuppressed mice with filtered extracts of spleens from diseased animals. The IPE-inducing activity of Ib cell extracts was abolished by chloroform or deoxycholate. Gel filtration of Ib cell extracts showed that the IPE agent has a molecular weight of at least 10(7). Electron microscopy of the active fractions from columns and of spinal cord extracts from mice with IPE revealed a virus-like particle, 40 nm in diameter, which is probably the IPE revealed a virus-like particle, 40 nm in diameter, which is probably the IPE agent. Administration of cyclophosphamide at various times after challenge increased the incidence of IPE in mice, suggesting that IPE is not autoimmune mediated. Immunosuppression resulted in maintenance of high levels of IPE agent in the central nervous system tissue, while immunization resulted in low levels. Moreover, immunized mice produced neutralizing antibodies. These data suggest that antibodies help restrict the amount of IPE agent in the nervous tissue, and that this restriction is required for resistance to IPE induction in C58 mice.", "contents": "Viral etiology of age-dependent polioencephalomyelitis in C58 mice. The etiology of immune polioencephalomyelitis (IPE) and the mechanisms of resistance to IPE induction were investigated in C58 mice. IPE was found to be induced by a lipid-solvent-sensitive, filterable replicating agent present in line Ib leukemic cell suspensions. IPE was serially transmitted in immunosuppressed mice with filtered extracts of spleens from diseased animals. The IPE-inducing activity of Ib cell extracts was abolished by chloroform or deoxycholate. Gel filtration of Ib cell extracts showed that the IPE agent has a molecular weight of at least 10(7). Electron microscopy of the active fractions from columns and of spinal cord extracts from mice with IPE revealed a virus-like particle, 40 nm in diameter, which is probably the IPE revealed a virus-like particle, 40 nm in diameter, which is probably the IPE agent. Administration of cyclophosphamide at various times after challenge increased the incidence of IPE in mice, suggesting that IPE is not autoimmune mediated. Immunosuppression resulted in maintenance of high levels of IPE agent in the central nervous system tissue, while immunization resulted in low levels. Moreover, immunized mice produced neutralizing antibodies. These data suggest that antibodies help restrict the amount of IPE agent in the nervous tissue, and that this restriction is required for resistance to IPE induction in C58 mice.", "PMID": 422231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11384", "title": "Depression of cell-mediated immunity in cholera.", "content": "Cholera toxin may depress cell-mediated immunity by stimulation of adenyl cyclase and production of cyclic AMP in cellular systems or when given parenterally to experimental animals. Whether or not similar effects might be found during clinical infection with Vibrio cholerae was the subject of this study. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to skin test antigens were found to be markedly depressed in Bengali patients with cholera 24 h after fluid repletion. Skin test response rates were lower in children and in adults with the disease than in both normal adults and children or in adults with an equivalent degree of malnutrition. Patients with equal degrees of dehydration due to noncholera diarrhea were significantly less immunosuppressed. Concurrent depression of other manifestations of cell-mediated immunity was not found.", "contents": "Depression of cell-mediated immunity in cholera. Cholera toxin may depress cell-mediated immunity by stimulation of adenyl cyclase and production of cyclic AMP in cellular systems or when given parenterally to experimental animals. Whether or not similar effects might be found during clinical infection with Vibrio cholerae was the subject of this study. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to skin test antigens were found to be markedly depressed in Bengali patients with cholera 24 h after fluid repletion. Skin test response rates were lower in children and in adults with the disease than in both normal adults and children or in adults with an equivalent degree of malnutrition. Patients with equal degrees of dehydration due to noncholera diarrhea were significantly less immunosuppressed. Concurrent depression of other manifestations of cell-mediated immunity was not found.", "PMID": 422232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11385", "title": "Clindamycin-associated enterocolitis in guinea pigs: evidence for a bacterial toxin.", "content": "Experimental enterocolitis was induced in guinea pigs by intraperitoneal injection of clindamycin. Specimens of feces were collected daily in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.0) and pooled every second day. The pooled samples were centrifuged to remove solids, and the supernatant was sterilized by membrane filtration. The sterile fecal supernatants were then dialyzed for 48 h against two 15-liter changes of phosphate-buffered saline and subsequently tested for toxicity in cultured monolayers of mouse adrenal cells. A filterable toxin(s) was found in the fecal supernatants on days 2, 4, and 6 postchallenge and not in pretreatment samples. The toxin(s) caused enterocolitis when administered orogastrically to healthy animals and altered the morphology of cultured mouse adrenal cells. The alteration of adrenal cell morphology was neutralized by specific antitoxin to Clostridium histolyticum.", "contents": "Clindamycin-associated enterocolitis in guinea pigs: evidence for a bacterial toxin. Experimental enterocolitis was induced in guinea pigs by intraperitoneal injection of clindamycin. Specimens of feces were collected daily in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.0) and pooled every second day. The pooled samples were centrifuged to remove solids, and the supernatant was sterilized by membrane filtration. The sterile fecal supernatants were then dialyzed for 48 h against two 15-liter changes of phosphate-buffered saline and subsequently tested for toxicity in cultured monolayers of mouse adrenal cells. A filterable toxin(s) was found in the fecal supernatants on days 2, 4, and 6 postchallenge and not in pretreatment samples. The toxin(s) caused enterocolitis when administered orogastrically to healthy animals and altered the morphology of cultured mouse adrenal cells. The alteration of adrenal cell morphology was neutralized by specific antitoxin to Clostridium histolyticum.", "PMID": 422233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11386", "title": "Interactions between human granulocytes and Blastomyces dermatitidis.", "content": "We studied interactions in vitro between human granulocytes and the yeast-like form of Blastomyces dermatitidis, because granulocytes are prominent in the host response to systemic blastomycosis. In Boyden chamber assays, broth culture filtrates of B. dermatitidis contained levels of granulocyte chemotactic activity that were significantly higher than those present in similar culture filtrates of Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans, two fungi that characteristically do not elicit granulocytes in infected tissues. Microscopic study, including electron microscopy, demonstrated that granulocytes phagocytosed B. dermatitidis promptly and efficiently. Moreover, granulocytes emitted light (chemiluminescence) at a brisk rate during phagocytosis of B. dermatitidis, indicating activation of intracellular metabolic pathways. However, fungicidal assay showed that granulocytes (1:1 cell-yeast ratio, 10% serum) killed only 29% of the B. dermatitidis inoculum during 3 h of incubation. Taken together, these findings suggest that there is disparity between phagocytosis and intracellular killing of B. dermatitidis by human granulocytes, perhaps because of resistance of this fungus to granulocyte microbicidal mechanisms.", "contents": "Interactions between human granulocytes and Blastomyces dermatitidis. We studied interactions in vitro between human granulocytes and the yeast-like form of Blastomyces dermatitidis, because granulocytes are prominent in the host response to systemic blastomycosis. In Boyden chamber assays, broth culture filtrates of B. dermatitidis contained levels of granulocyte chemotactic activity that were significantly higher than those present in similar culture filtrates of Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans, two fungi that characteristically do not elicit granulocytes in infected tissues. Microscopic study, including electron microscopy, demonstrated that granulocytes phagocytosed B. dermatitidis promptly and efficiently. Moreover, granulocytes emitted light (chemiluminescence) at a brisk rate during phagocytosis of B. dermatitidis, indicating activation of intracellular metabolic pathways. However, fungicidal assay showed that granulocytes (1:1 cell-yeast ratio, 10% serum) killed only 29% of the B. dermatitidis inoculum during 3 h of incubation. Taken together, these findings suggest that there is disparity between phagocytosis and intracellular killing of B. dermatitidis by human granulocytes, perhaps because of resistance of this fungus to granulocyte microbicidal mechanisms.", "PMID": 422234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11387", "title": "Histocompatibility-linked genetic control of susceptibility to age-dependent polioencephalomyelitis in mice.", "content": "Susceptibility to induction of immune polioencephalomyelitis (IPE) was found to be controlled by a gene that is closely linked to the H-2 complex. Whereas mice of the AKR (H-2k) strain were susceptible to IPE induction, H-2-congenic mice, AKR.H-2b (H-2b from C57BL/6) and AKR.M (H-2m), were resistant. However, susceptibility to IPE may be under additional control by a gene(s) outside of the H-2 region, since both C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice and congenic B6.H-2k mice (H-2k from AKR) were resistant to IPE induction. F1 hybrid mice derived from AKR (susceptible) and DBA/2 (resistant) mice were susceptible to IPE induction, indicating that susceptibility is dominant in at least one gene, but susceptibility developed at a later age in the hybrid mice than in AKR mice. B6.PL-Ly-2a Ly-3a/Cy, C57BR, C57L, PL, and RF strain mice were resistant to ipe induction. Thus, of the 12 inbred strains tested so far, only two (C58 and AKR) are susceptible to IPE.", "contents": "Histocompatibility-linked genetic control of susceptibility to age-dependent polioencephalomyelitis in mice. Susceptibility to induction of immune polioencephalomyelitis (IPE) was found to be controlled by a gene that is closely linked to the H-2 complex. Whereas mice of the AKR (H-2k) strain were susceptible to IPE induction, H-2-congenic mice, AKR.H-2b (H-2b from C57BL/6) and AKR.M (H-2m), were resistant. However, susceptibility to IPE may be under additional control by a gene(s) outside of the H-2 region, since both C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice and congenic B6.H-2k mice (H-2k from AKR) were resistant to IPE induction. F1 hybrid mice derived from AKR (susceptible) and DBA/2 (resistant) mice were susceptible to IPE induction, indicating that susceptibility is dominant in at least one gene, but susceptibility developed at a later age in the hybrid mice than in AKR mice. B6.PL-Ly-2a Ly-3a/Cy, C57BR, C57L, PL, and RF strain mice were resistant to ipe induction. Thus, of the 12 inbred strains tested so far, only two (C58 and AKR) are susceptible to IPE.", "PMID": 422235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11388", "title": "Defective prostaglandin synthesis by C3H/HeJ mouse macrophages stimulated with endotoxin preparations.", "content": "Macrophages obtained from C3H/HeN mice produced significant amounts of prostaglandin E when exposed to phenol-extracted lipopolysaccharides (LPS), whereas macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice were unresponsive. The lipid A fraction from phenol-extracted LPS was an effective inducer or prostaglandin synthesis by macrophages from C3H/HeN mice. The polysaccharide portion of the LPS molecule had no effect. In contrast, the C3H/HeJ macrophages did not produce prostaglandin E in response to the lipid A moiety of phenol-extracted LPS. LPS prepared by butanol extraction stimulated the production of prostaglandin E by macrophages from both C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice. The component of butanol-extracted LPS that stimulated the C3H/HeJ macrophages was shown to be a lipid A-associated protein. Further studies demonstrated a correlation between prostaglandin production by the macrophages of these two strains of mice in response to butanol- and phenol-extracted LPS and the lethal effects of the endotoxin preparations.", "contents": "Defective prostaglandin synthesis by C3H/HeJ mouse macrophages stimulated with endotoxin preparations. Macrophages obtained from C3H/HeN mice produced significant amounts of prostaglandin E when exposed to phenol-extracted lipopolysaccharides (LPS), whereas macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice were unresponsive. The lipid A fraction from phenol-extracted LPS was an effective inducer or prostaglandin synthesis by macrophages from C3H/HeN mice. The polysaccharide portion of the LPS molecule had no effect. In contrast, the C3H/HeJ macrophages did not produce prostaglandin E in response to the lipid A moiety of phenol-extracted LPS. LPS prepared by butanol extraction stimulated the production of prostaglandin E by macrophages from both C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice. The component of butanol-extracted LPS that stimulated the C3H/HeJ macrophages was shown to be a lipid A-associated protein. Further studies demonstrated a correlation between prostaglandin production by the macrophages of these two strains of mice in response to butanol- and phenol-extracted LPS and the lethal effects of the endotoxin preparations.", "PMID": 422236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11389", "title": "Large-scale production and partial purification of mouse immune interferon.", "content": "Large-scale production of high-titered (10(2.2) to 10(4) U/ml) immune interferon (type II) was carried out in roller cultures of mouse spleen cells by using the T-cell mitogen staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Precipitation of 90% of this interferon by 55 to 80% saturated ammonium sulfate resulted in a 20-fold concentration and a two- to sixfold purification. After application of this interferon to either bovine serum albumin (BSA)-Affi-Gel 10 or hydroxylapatite columns, 100% of the interferon activity was recovered. By BSA-Affi-Gel 10 chromatography, 7% of the recovered activity was not bound, 45% was eluted with pH gradient 5 to 7, and 48% was eluted with 1 M NaCl. The pH- and salt-eluted interferons from the BSA-Affi-Gel 10 column were purified 62- and 390-fold, respectively, when compared with the starting materials. Rechromatography of the pH- and salt-eluted interferon peaks from the BSA-Affi-Gel 10 column did not alter their elution patterns. Stepwise elution of interferon from the BSA-Affi-Gel 10 columns with buffers of various pH and salt contents also resulted in greater than 300-fold purification. Specific activities of up to 2 x 10(5) U of interferon per mg of protein were attained with either elution procedure from BSA-Affi-Gel 10 columns. By hydroxylapatite chromatography, 5% of the recovered activity was not bound, 20% was eluted with a salt gradient, and 75% was eluted with 30% glycerin. Purification was 107- and 16-fold, respectively, for the two fractions. Ultrogel AcA 34 chromatography of the interferon resulted in two peaks of activity, a major one with a molecular weight of approximately 40,000 and a minor peak of molecular weight 70,000 to 90,000. Thus, by different types of chromatography, immune interferon was found to be heterogeneous.", "contents": "Large-scale production and partial purification of mouse immune interferon. Large-scale production of high-titered (10(2.2) to 10(4) U/ml) immune interferon (type II) was carried out in roller cultures of mouse spleen cells by using the T-cell mitogen staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Precipitation of 90% of this interferon by 55 to 80% saturated ammonium sulfate resulted in a 20-fold concentration and a two- to sixfold purification. After application of this interferon to either bovine serum albumin (BSA)-Affi-Gel 10 or hydroxylapatite columns, 100% of the interferon activity was recovered. By BSA-Affi-Gel 10 chromatography, 7% of the recovered activity was not bound, 45% was eluted with pH gradient 5 to 7, and 48% was eluted with 1 M NaCl. The pH- and salt-eluted interferons from the BSA-Affi-Gel 10 column were purified 62- and 390-fold, respectively, when compared with the starting materials. Rechromatography of the pH- and salt-eluted interferon peaks from the BSA-Affi-Gel 10 column did not alter their elution patterns. Stepwise elution of interferon from the BSA-Affi-Gel 10 columns with buffers of various pH and salt contents also resulted in greater than 300-fold purification. Specific activities of up to 2 x 10(5) U of interferon per mg of protein were attained with either elution procedure from BSA-Affi-Gel 10 columns. By hydroxylapatite chromatography, 5% of the recovered activity was not bound, 20% was eluted with a salt gradient, and 75% was eluted with 30% glycerin. Purification was 107- and 16-fold, respectively, for the two fractions. Ultrogel AcA 34 chromatography of the interferon resulted in two peaks of activity, a major one with a molecular weight of approximately 40,000 and a minor peak of molecular weight 70,000 to 90,000. Thus, by different types of chromatography, immune interferon was found to be heterogeneous.", "PMID": 422237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11390", "title": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity against Semliki Forest virus in mice.", "content": "After intracutaneous immunization with purified inactivated Semliki Forest virus, a delayed-type hypersensitivity without detectable antibodies in serum was obtained in BALB/c mice. Low doses of antigen given intraperitoneally induced antibodies. Intracutaneous immunization with much higher doses induced no specific antibodies, but a footpad swelling was observed after challenge with homolgous antigen. Pretreatment with cyclophosphamide before immunization enhanced footpad swelling. Microscopic examination of footpads from sensitized mice at 24 h after challenge showed a mononuclear infiltrate. The delayed-type reaction could be transferred to syngenic mice with lymph node cells, but not with spleen cells or serum. The biphasic character of the delayed-type hypersensitivity is discussed.", "contents": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity against Semliki Forest virus in mice. After intracutaneous immunization with purified inactivated Semliki Forest virus, a delayed-type hypersensitivity without detectable antibodies in serum was obtained in BALB/c mice. Low doses of antigen given intraperitoneally induced antibodies. Intracutaneous immunization with much higher doses induced no specific antibodies, but a footpad swelling was observed after challenge with homolgous antigen. Pretreatment with cyclophosphamide before immunization enhanced footpad swelling. Microscopic examination of footpads from sensitized mice at 24 h after challenge showed a mononuclear infiltrate. The delayed-type reaction could be transferred to syngenic mice with lymph node cells, but not with spleen cells or serum. The biphasic character of the delayed-type hypersensitivity is discussed.", "PMID": 422238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11391", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza A virus: evaluation of the A/Victoria/75-ts-1A2 temperature-sensitive recombinant virus in seronegative adult volunteers.", "content": "An influenza A virus recombinant bearing the surface antigens of the A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) strain and the two ts genes of the A/Udorn/72-ts-1A2 virus was evaluated for attenuation, antigenicity, and protective effect in 42 doubly seronegative adult volunteers (i.e., individuals who lacked detectable serum antibodies for the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens). This recombinant, which had a 37 degrees C shutoff temperature for plaque formation and ts mutations on the genes thought to code for the P1 and P3 polymerase proteins, infected 90% of the volunteers. Of the volunteers, 5% developed mild coryza or rhinitis but other signs or symptoms were not observed, indicating that the A/Victoria/75-ts-1A2 recombinant was more attenuated than the A/Victoria/75-ts-1[E] recombinant. Vaccinees shed virus for a shorter interval and at a lower titer than did the A/Victoria/75-ts-1[E] vaccinees. Each ts-1A2 isolate retained the ts phenotype indicating that the recombinant was stable genetically in doubly seronegative adults. Finally, the ts-1A2 recombinant induced significant resistance to subsequent challenge with A/Victoria/75 wild-type virus.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza A virus: evaluation of the A/Victoria/75-ts-1A2 temperature-sensitive recombinant virus in seronegative adult volunteers. An influenza A virus recombinant bearing the surface antigens of the A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) strain and the two ts genes of the A/Udorn/72-ts-1A2 virus was evaluated for attenuation, antigenicity, and protective effect in 42 doubly seronegative adult volunteers (i.e., individuals who lacked detectable serum antibodies for the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens). This recombinant, which had a 37 degrees C shutoff temperature for plaque formation and ts mutations on the genes thought to code for the P1 and P3 polymerase proteins, infected 90% of the volunteers. Of the volunteers, 5% developed mild coryza or rhinitis but other signs or symptoms were not observed, indicating that the A/Victoria/75-ts-1A2 recombinant was more attenuated than the A/Victoria/75-ts-1[E] recombinant. Vaccinees shed virus for a shorter interval and at a lower titer than did the A/Victoria/75-ts-1[E] vaccinees. Each ts-1A2 isolate retained the ts phenotype indicating that the recombinant was stable genetically in doubly seronegative adults. Finally, the ts-1A2 recombinant induced significant resistance to subsequent challenge with A/Victoria/75 wild-type virus.", "PMID": 422239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11392", "title": "Cold-adapted variants of influenza A virus: evaluation in adult seronegative volunteers of A/Scotland/840/74 and A/Victoria/3/75 cold-adapted recombinants derived from the cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60 strain.", "content": "Influenza A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) and A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) cold-adapted (ca) recombinant viruses, prepared by mating the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) ca donor virus and influenza A wild-type virus, were evaluated in adult seronegative volunteers (serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer, </=1:8) for level of attenuation, antigenicity, and genetic stability of the temperature-sensitive and ca phenotypes. At 10(7.0) to 10(7.5) 50% tissue culture infective doses the A/Scotland/74 and A/Victoria/75 ca recombinant viruses were clearly attenuated and antigenic. However, one of eight vaccinees infected with 10(7.5) 50% tissue culture infective doses of the A/Scotland/74 ca recombinant had a febrile reaction (39 degrees C). At a 10-fold higher dose (10(8.5) 50% tissue culture infective doses), 4 of 12 A/Scotland/74 vaccinees had a febrile and/or systemic reaction. Febrile reactions were not observed in volunteers who received the A/Victoria/75 ca recombinant virus, whereas 3 of the 12 vaccinees had mild upper respiratory tract symptoms, in one instance associated with mild systemic manifestations. Significantly, the serum hemagglutination- and neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody responses were comparable to those induced by wild-type virus. Both ca recombinant viruses were shed in low titer for a short period of time. Each isolate retained the temperature-sensitive phenotype. However, there was evidence of genetic instability of the ca marker in that 7 of 24 isolates exhibited some loss of the ca property, and one isolate completely lost the capacity to produce plaques at 25 degrees C. The retention of a low level of residual reactogenicity in the A/Scotland/74 ca recombinant suggests that acquisition of the ca and temperature-sensitive phenotypes by a ca recombinant virus may not always bring about a satisfactory level of attenuation for individuals lacking hemagglutinin immunity.", "contents": "Cold-adapted variants of influenza A virus: evaluation in adult seronegative volunteers of A/Scotland/840/74 and A/Victoria/3/75 cold-adapted recombinants derived from the cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60 strain. Influenza A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) and A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) cold-adapted (ca) recombinant viruses, prepared by mating the A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) ca donor virus and influenza A wild-type virus, were evaluated in adult seronegative volunteers (serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer, </=1:8) for level of attenuation, antigenicity, and genetic stability of the temperature-sensitive and ca phenotypes. At 10(7.0) to 10(7.5) 50% tissue culture infective doses the A/Scotland/74 and A/Victoria/75 ca recombinant viruses were clearly attenuated and antigenic. However, one of eight vaccinees infected with 10(7.5) 50% tissue culture infective doses of the A/Scotland/74 ca recombinant had a febrile reaction (39 degrees C). At a 10-fold higher dose (10(8.5) 50% tissue culture infective doses), 4 of 12 A/Scotland/74 vaccinees had a febrile and/or systemic reaction. Febrile reactions were not observed in volunteers who received the A/Victoria/75 ca recombinant virus, whereas 3 of the 12 vaccinees had mild upper respiratory tract symptoms, in one instance associated with mild systemic manifestations. Significantly, the serum hemagglutination- and neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody responses were comparable to those induced by wild-type virus. Both ca recombinant viruses were shed in low titer for a short period of time. Each isolate retained the temperature-sensitive phenotype. However, there was evidence of genetic instability of the ca marker in that 7 of 24 isolates exhibited some loss of the ca property, and one isolate completely lost the capacity to produce plaques at 25 degrees C. The retention of a low level of residual reactogenicity in the A/Scotland/74 ca recombinant suggests that acquisition of the ca and temperature-sensitive phenotypes by a ca recombinant virus may not always bring about a satisfactory level of attenuation for individuals lacking hemagglutinin immunity.", "PMID": 422240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11393", "title": "Cell-free and cell-bound antibody in nasal secretions from infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection.", "content": "Twenty-two infants under 9 months of age hospitalized with bronchiolitis or pneumonia due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were serially sampled to determine the pattern of secretory antibody response. Using double labeling techniques, we found several types of immunoglobulin in secretions: cell-free antibody to RSV of the immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) classes; and immunoglobulins of all three classes bound to RSV-infected cells shed from the nasal epithelium (presumably cell-bound antibody to RSV). IgA attached to RSV-infected epithelial cells was almost always detected in the first available nasal sample (day 1 or 2 of hospitalization). In contrast, cell-free anti-RSV IgA first appeared an average of 3.5 days later at a time when virus antigen was disappearing from the secretion. IgG and IgM attached to RSV-infected cells appeared more irregularly. The titer of cell-free anti-RSV IgM was often higher than that of IgA early in the illness and declined as the infection resolved. Cell-free anti-RSV IgG was usually present earlier than IgA and rose during convalescence.", "contents": "Cell-free and cell-bound antibody in nasal secretions from infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Twenty-two infants under 9 months of age hospitalized with bronchiolitis or pneumonia due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were serially sampled to determine the pattern of secretory antibody response. Using double labeling techniques, we found several types of immunoglobulin in secretions: cell-free antibody to RSV of the immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) classes; and immunoglobulins of all three classes bound to RSV-infected cells shed from the nasal epithelium (presumably cell-bound antibody to RSV). IgA attached to RSV-infected epithelial cells was almost always detected in the first available nasal sample (day 1 or 2 of hospitalization). In contrast, cell-free anti-RSV IgA first appeared an average of 3.5 days later at a time when virus antigen was disappearing from the secretion. IgG and IgM attached to RSV-infected cells appeared more irregularly. The titer of cell-free anti-RSV IgM was often higher than that of IgA early in the illness and declined as the infection resolved. Cell-free anti-RSV IgG was usually present earlier than IgA and rose during convalescence.", "PMID": 422241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11394", "title": "Chemotactic deactivation of human neutrophils: possible relationship to stimulation of oxidative metabolism.", "content": "Neutrophils preexposed to high concentrations of activated complement or synthetic N-formyl methionyl peptides are inhibited in their subsequent spontaneous and chemotactic migratory responses. We have considered the possibility that a part of this nonspecific loss of migratory function may be attributable to the interaction of the leukocytes with reactive forms of oxygen deriving from the cytotaxin-induced burst of oxidative metabolic activity. For these studies we have assessed the effect of preexposure of neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease to cytotaxins on their subsequent migratory responses. We find that these responses are not altered by preexposure to either cytotaxin. Thus, there appears to be a functional relationship between deactivation and the ability of the normal neutrophil to undergo a cytotaxin-induced respiratory burst.", "contents": "Chemotactic deactivation of human neutrophils: possible relationship to stimulation of oxidative metabolism. Neutrophils preexposed to high concentrations of activated complement or synthetic N-formyl methionyl peptides are inhibited in their subsequent spontaneous and chemotactic migratory responses. We have considered the possibility that a part of this nonspecific loss of migratory function may be attributable to the interaction of the leukocytes with reactive forms of oxygen deriving from the cytotaxin-induced burst of oxidative metabolic activity. For these studies we have assessed the effect of preexposure of neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease to cytotaxins on their subsequent migratory responses. We find that these responses are not altered by preexposure to either cytotaxin. Thus, there appears to be a functional relationship between deactivation and the ability of the normal neutrophil to undergo a cytotaxin-induced respiratory burst.", "PMID": 422242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11395", "title": "Tumor induction by Agrobacterium tumefaciens prevented in Vigna sinensis seedlings systemically infected by ribonucleic acid viruses.", "content": "Cowpea (Vigna sinensis) seedlings failed to develop tumors after being inoculated with crown gall bacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) if, at times earlier than 1 day later, they were inoculated on the primary leaves with a cowpea mosaic virus that systemically infects them. Inoculation with buffer or with a virus that is restricted to a localized infection, or to which the cowpea is immune, did not interfere with the subsequent development of tumors. The virus infection did not appear to affect directly the titer of A. tumefaciens in the inoculation sites. Nor did mixing of virus particles with A. tumefaciens prevent subsequent appearance of tumors. The influence of virus infection extended across grafts (into tissue that is not susceptible to the virus) and there prevented tumor formation. The sap from infected plants, but not purified virus, decreased tumor formation on carrot disks. Systemic virus infection may induce in cowpeas a translocated substance that prevents tumor induction by A. tumefaciens.", "contents": "Tumor induction by Agrobacterium tumefaciens prevented in Vigna sinensis seedlings systemically infected by ribonucleic acid viruses. Cowpea (Vigna sinensis) seedlings failed to develop tumors after being inoculated with crown gall bacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) if, at times earlier than 1 day later, they were inoculated on the primary leaves with a cowpea mosaic virus that systemically infects them. Inoculation with buffer or with a virus that is restricted to a localized infection, or to which the cowpea is immune, did not interfere with the subsequent development of tumors. The virus infection did not appear to affect directly the titer of A. tumefaciens in the inoculation sites. Nor did mixing of virus particles with A. tumefaciens prevent subsequent appearance of tumors. The influence of virus infection extended across grafts (into tissue that is not susceptible to the virus) and there prevented tumor formation. The sap from infected plants, but not purified virus, decreased tumor formation on carrot disks. Systemic virus infection may induce in cowpeas a translocated substance that prevents tumor induction by A. tumefaciens.", "PMID": 422243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11396", "title": "Experimental sporotrichosis in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Syrian hamsters were infected with Sporothrix schenckii by subcutaneous footpad inoculation. Two types of infection could be uniformly induced: a self-limited, lymphatic infection resembling the classical disease in humans, and a generalized nonfatal infection. An infecting dose of approximately 5,300 yeast cells produced the localized subcutaneous-lymphatic disease which was limited to a single limb. In contrast, a 1,000-fold increase in the inoculum temporarily overwhelmed the animals' defense mechanisms, producing a systemic infection involving the liver and spleen. These models were used to demonstrate the development of increased resistance to subsequent infection following either infection or active immunization with ribosomal fractions or trypsinized cell wall antigens of S. schenckii incorporated in Freund complete adjuvant. Agglutination titers were detectable in all animals that were either infected or immunized. In one group of infected animals, the titers persisted for at least 1 year after three booster doses of Formalin-killed S. schenckii. The ability to produce an infection in hamsters which closely resembles the disease seen in humans makes the animal a good model with which to study experimental sporotrichosis.", "contents": "Experimental sporotrichosis in Syrian hamsters. Syrian hamsters were infected with Sporothrix schenckii by subcutaneous footpad inoculation. Two types of infection could be uniformly induced: a self-limited, lymphatic infection resembling the classical disease in humans, and a generalized nonfatal infection. An infecting dose of approximately 5,300 yeast cells produced the localized subcutaneous-lymphatic disease which was limited to a single limb. In contrast, a 1,000-fold increase in the inoculum temporarily overwhelmed the animals' defense mechanisms, producing a systemic infection involving the liver and spleen. These models were used to demonstrate the development of increased resistance to subsequent infection following either infection or active immunization with ribosomal fractions or trypsinized cell wall antigens of S. schenckii incorporated in Freund complete adjuvant. Agglutination titers were detectable in all animals that were either infected or immunized. In one group of infected animals, the titers persisted for at least 1 year after three booster doses of Formalin-killed S. schenckii. The ability to produce an infection in hamsters which closely resembles the disease seen in humans makes the animal a good model with which to study experimental sporotrichosis.", "PMID": 422244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11397", "title": "Route of infection, systemic host resistance, and integrity of ganglionic axons influence acute and latent herpes simplex virus infection of the superior cervical ganglion.", "content": "The character of acute and latent herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) in mice depended on the route by which the virus reached the ganglion, the level of systemic host resistance, and the integrity of postganglionic nerves. Prevention of ganglionic infection by postganglionic neurectomy carried out before intraocular (i.o.) virus challenge established the importance of the neural route in the development of SCG infection. However, hematogenous virus dissemination also led to SCG infection although with reduced frequency compared to that with i.o. inoculation. Enhanced host systemic antiviral resistance had two divergent effects on ganglionic infection depending on the dose and timing of virus inoculation. Thus, both acute and latent ganglionic infections were concomitantly reduced when resistant C57B1/6 mice were challenged with low doses of virus or when less resistant BALB/c mice were actively immunized 1 week before virus challenge. On the other hand, when resistant mice were challenged with high doses of virus or when either active or passive (antibody) immunization was delayed long enough to assure viral access to the ganglion, intraganglionic viral replication during the acute phase of infection was reduced, but the prevalence of subsequent latent infection was either unaffected or actually enhanced. Postganglionic neurectomy, performed after virus had reached the ganglion, altered the course of SCG infection in a direction opposite that of immunization, augmenting the acute phase of viral replication while reducing latency. In athymic nude mice and mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide, intraganglionic viral replication was prolonged. These results emphasize that host factors both extrinsic and intrinsic to the SCG modify the course of ganglionic infection.", "contents": "Route of infection, systemic host resistance, and integrity of ganglionic axons influence acute and latent herpes simplex virus infection of the superior cervical ganglion. The character of acute and latent herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) in mice depended on the route by which the virus reached the ganglion, the level of systemic host resistance, and the integrity of postganglionic nerves. Prevention of ganglionic infection by postganglionic neurectomy carried out before intraocular (i.o.) virus challenge established the importance of the neural route in the development of SCG infection. However, hematogenous virus dissemination also led to SCG infection although with reduced frequency compared to that with i.o. inoculation. Enhanced host systemic antiviral resistance had two divergent effects on ganglionic infection depending on the dose and timing of virus inoculation. Thus, both acute and latent ganglionic infections were concomitantly reduced when resistant C57B1/6 mice were challenged with low doses of virus or when less resistant BALB/c mice were actively immunized 1 week before virus challenge. On the other hand, when resistant mice were challenged with high doses of virus or when either active or passive (antibody) immunization was delayed long enough to assure viral access to the ganglion, intraganglionic viral replication during the acute phase of infection was reduced, but the prevalence of subsequent latent infection was either unaffected or actually enhanced. Postganglionic neurectomy, performed after virus had reached the ganglion, altered the course of SCG infection in a direction opposite that of immunization, augmenting the acute phase of viral replication while reducing latency. In athymic nude mice and mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide, intraganglionic viral replication was prolonged. These results emphasize that host factors both extrinsic and intrinsic to the SCG modify the course of ganglionic infection.", "PMID": 422245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11398", "title": "Host defenses in murine malaria: evaluation of the mechanisms of immunity to Plasmodium yoelii infection.", "content": "The immune response of random-bred mice to infection with a relatively avirulent strain of Plasmodium yoelii was measured in terms of parasitemia, splenomegaly, immediate and delayed hypersensitivity to a P. yoelii antigen preparation, resistance to challenge with a virulent variant of P. yoelii, and nonspecific resistance to L. monocytogenes. Avirulent P. yoelii produced a self limiting infection which resolved in 21 days. Peak parasitemia and splenomegaly were observed at 14 days, and infected mice were resistant to challenge with virulent P. yoelii from 7 days through at least 126 days. Mice infected with avirulent P. yoelii developed humoral immunity as judged by immediate hypersensitivity reactions and the capacity of their serum to passively protect normal mice against virulent P. yoelii. At no time did mice infected with the avirulent P. yoelii display evidence of cell-mediated immunity, as expressed by delayed-type hypersensitivity and increased resistance to L. monocytogenes. In fact, at the height of avirulent P. yoelii infection there was decreased resistance to L. monocytogenes in both liver and spleen, and the macrophages of the undisturbed peritoneal cavity were similarly defective. It was concluded that the defense mechanism of mice against P. yoelii is mediated by humoral factors in the absence of demonstrable cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Host defenses in murine malaria: evaluation of the mechanisms of immunity to Plasmodium yoelii infection. The immune response of random-bred mice to infection with a relatively avirulent strain of Plasmodium yoelii was measured in terms of parasitemia, splenomegaly, immediate and delayed hypersensitivity to a P. yoelii antigen preparation, resistance to challenge with a virulent variant of P. yoelii, and nonspecific resistance to L. monocytogenes. Avirulent P. yoelii produced a self limiting infection which resolved in 21 days. Peak parasitemia and splenomegaly were observed at 14 days, and infected mice were resistant to challenge with virulent P. yoelii from 7 days through at least 126 days. Mice infected with avirulent P. yoelii developed humoral immunity as judged by immediate hypersensitivity reactions and the capacity of their serum to passively protect normal mice against virulent P. yoelii. At no time did mice infected with the avirulent P. yoelii display evidence of cell-mediated immunity, as expressed by delayed-type hypersensitivity and increased resistance to L. monocytogenes. In fact, at the height of avirulent P. yoelii infection there was decreased resistance to L. monocytogenes in both liver and spleen, and the macrophages of the undisturbed peritoneal cavity were similarly defective. It was concluded that the defense mechanism of mice against P. yoelii is mediated by humoral factors in the absence of demonstrable cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 422246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11399", "title": "Human cell-mediated immune responses to chlamydial antigens.", "content": "A reproducible method was developed to determine the ability of chlamydial antigens to stimulate lymphocytes from volunteers. In tests repeated 4 to 14 times, the cells from a given volunteer gave a relatively narrow range of responses, but there were great differences in the mean response of different volunteers. In the entire group of 52 volunteers, lymphocyte stimulation was significantly associated with the presence of antibody, but in a given individual results of one test did not aid in predicting the results of the other. A majority of persons with either antichlamydial antibody or elevated lymphocyte stimulation, or both, did not have a history of signs or symptoms within a spectrum of chlamydial diseases. This may reflect the great frequency of asymptomatic infection with these organisms. The lymphocytes of some individuals were stimulated to a significantly greater degree by antigens of one chlamydial species (Chlamydia trachomatis or C. psittaci) than by the other. These and other cell-mediated reactions in human chlamydial infections, and their possible medical significance, are under continued study.", "contents": "Human cell-mediated immune responses to chlamydial antigens. A reproducible method was developed to determine the ability of chlamydial antigens to stimulate lymphocytes from volunteers. In tests repeated 4 to 14 times, the cells from a given volunteer gave a relatively narrow range of responses, but there were great differences in the mean response of different volunteers. In the entire group of 52 volunteers, lymphocyte stimulation was significantly associated with the presence of antibody, but in a given individual results of one test did not aid in predicting the results of the other. A majority of persons with either antichlamydial antibody or elevated lymphocyte stimulation, or both, did not have a history of signs or symptoms within a spectrum of chlamydial diseases. This may reflect the great frequency of asymptomatic infection with these organisms. The lymphocytes of some individuals were stimulated to a significantly greater degree by antigens of one chlamydial species (Chlamydia trachomatis or C. psittaci) than by the other. These and other cell-mediated reactions in human chlamydial infections, and their possible medical significance, are under continued study.", "PMID": 422247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11400", "title": "Preparation of glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans by elution from water-insoluble polysaccharide with a dissociating solvent.", "content": "Glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.5) was obtained by dissociation from water-insoluble polysaccharide in the presence of 6 M guanidine-hydrochloride. Water-insoluble polysaccharide was synthesized by cell-free culture supernatants from Streptococcus mutans strain 6715. Gel filtration of the glucosyltransferase on a column of 8% agarose in phosphate buffer, followed by filtration on a column of 4% cross-linked agarose in 6 M guanidine-hydrochloride, gave a 23-fold enrichment of the enzyme. The enriched glucosyltransferase preparation contained 22% carbohydrate and eluted at a position corresponding to a molecular weight of 422,000. Polyacrylamide gel (5%) electrophoresis of this preparation revealed two regions which stained for protein, formed water-insoluble polysaccharide in the presence of sucrose, and precipitated with antisera directed to crude glucosyltransferase preparations. The guanidine-eluted enzyme could be primed by 5 X 10(-5) M dextran T10 (molecular weight, 10,000). High-molecular-weight glucan and a possible glucan-binding protein were also obtained after the final gel filtration step (4% cross-linked agarose) in addition to glucosyltransferase.", "contents": "Preparation of glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans by elution from water-insoluble polysaccharide with a dissociating solvent. Glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.5) was obtained by dissociation from water-insoluble polysaccharide in the presence of 6 M guanidine-hydrochloride. Water-insoluble polysaccharide was synthesized by cell-free culture supernatants from Streptococcus mutans strain 6715. Gel filtration of the glucosyltransferase on a column of 8% agarose in phosphate buffer, followed by filtration on a column of 4% cross-linked agarose in 6 M guanidine-hydrochloride, gave a 23-fold enrichment of the enzyme. The enriched glucosyltransferase preparation contained 22% carbohydrate and eluted at a position corresponding to a molecular weight of 422,000. Polyacrylamide gel (5%) electrophoresis of this preparation revealed two regions which stained for protein, formed water-insoluble polysaccharide in the presence of sucrose, and precipitated with antisera directed to crude glucosyltransferase preparations. The guanidine-eluted enzyme could be primed by 5 X 10(-5) M dextran T10 (molecular weight, 10,000). High-molecular-weight glucan and a possible glucan-binding protein were also obtained after the final gel filtration step (4% cross-linked agarose) in addition to glucosyltransferase.", "PMID": 422248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11401", "title": "Common antigens among systemic disease fungi analyzed by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "The interpretation of immunological results in systemic mycoses has been complicated by cross-reactions among specimens from patients with blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis. The fungal preparations used in these tests evidently contained one or more antigens in common. Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis techniques were used to determine the number of antigens contained in several soluble extracts from Blastomyces dermatitidis and Histoplasma capsulatum that were common with those demonstrable in a coccidiodin-anticoccidioidin reference system. A total of 12 and 10 common antigens were found in preparations from B. dermatitidis and H. capsulatum, respectively. In addition, the crude preparations from each species of fungus exhibited some qualitative and quantitative differences in composition of antigens. Use of two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis for standardization of fungus extracts, for monitoring separation of species-specific antigens, and for testing humoral antibody response should add further refinement to correlations with clinical disease.", "contents": "Common antigens among systemic disease fungi analyzed by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. The interpretation of immunological results in systemic mycoses has been complicated by cross-reactions among specimens from patients with blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis. The fungal preparations used in these tests evidently contained one or more antigens in common. Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis techniques were used to determine the number of antigens contained in several soluble extracts from Blastomyces dermatitidis and Histoplasma capsulatum that were common with those demonstrable in a coccidiodin-anticoccidioidin reference system. A total of 12 and 10 common antigens were found in preparations from B. dermatitidis and H. capsulatum, respectively. In addition, the crude preparations from each species of fungus exhibited some qualitative and quantitative differences in composition of antigens. Use of two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis for standardization of fungus extracts, for monitoring separation of species-specific antigens, and for testing humoral antibody response should add further refinement to correlations with clinical disease.", "PMID": 422249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11402", "title": "Cryptic peptidoglycan and the antiphagocytic effect of the Staphylococcus aureus capsule: model for the antiphagocytic effect of bacterial cell surface polymers.", "content": "The antiphagocytic effect of the Staphylococcus aureus capsule is known to be related to its ability to interfere with opsonization by normal human serum. In this study, evidence is presented with isolated cell surface components which indicates that the capsule hinders opsonization by masking cell wall peptidoglycan. In contrast to intact, encapsulated S. aureus M cells, peptidoglycan particles isolated from the organism were efficiently opsonized by normal human serum and phagocytized by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Cell wall particles retaining capsular material were opsonized less efficiently than peptidoglycan. Studies comparing the opsonic capacities of normal, C2-deficient, and heat-inactivated sera led to the conclusion that both the classical and the alternative complement pathways contribute to the opsonization of peptidoglycan in normal human serum. It appears that the capsule interferes with opsonization via both of these complement pathways. Serum from rabbits immunized with S. aureus M had significant heat-stable opsonic activity for the intact organism and cell walls retaining capsular material, but not for peptidoglycan. A general model is proposed to explain how antiphagocytic cell surface polymers may inhibit bacterial opsonization and thereby impede natural immunity.", "contents": "Cryptic peptidoglycan and the antiphagocytic effect of the Staphylococcus aureus capsule: model for the antiphagocytic effect of bacterial cell surface polymers. The antiphagocytic effect of the Staphylococcus aureus capsule is known to be related to its ability to interfere with opsonization by normal human serum. In this study, evidence is presented with isolated cell surface components which indicates that the capsule hinders opsonization by masking cell wall peptidoglycan. In contrast to intact, encapsulated S. aureus M cells, peptidoglycan particles isolated from the organism were efficiently opsonized by normal human serum and phagocytized by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Cell wall particles retaining capsular material were opsonized less efficiently than peptidoglycan. Studies comparing the opsonic capacities of normal, C2-deficient, and heat-inactivated sera led to the conclusion that both the classical and the alternative complement pathways contribute to the opsonization of peptidoglycan in normal human serum. It appears that the capsule interferes with opsonization via both of these complement pathways. Serum from rabbits immunized with S. aureus M had significant heat-stable opsonic activity for the intact organism and cell walls retaining capsular material, but not for peptidoglycan. A general model is proposed to explain how antiphagocytic cell surface polymers may inhibit bacterial opsonization and thereby impede natural immunity.", "PMID": 422250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11403", "title": "The nitroblue-tetrazolium test in granulocytes of the cerebrospinal fluid--methodological problems.", "content": "It was originally our intention to study the suitability of the nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT) test for differentiating the causes of granulocytic pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, several methodological problems were encountered and required extensive preliminary studies. The test was initially performed on 51 CSF samples from 37 patients using the method described by Park et al. in 1968. Although bacterial meningitis was demonstrated in 19 patients, the NBT test resulted in more than 11% NBT positive granulocytes in only four cases. No NBT positive cells were found in 24 of the samples tested. These rather poor results are not surprising if one considers that NBT is only taken up by granulocytes as macrocomplex containing heparin or fibrinogen. CSF does not contain measurable quantities of fibrinogen--either under normal conditions or in cases of viral or bacterial meningitis. A comparative study of the NBT test with and without the addition of heparin was performed using CSF samples from six patients with proven bacterial meningitis. Without heparin there were less than 11% NBT positive granulocytes in five cases, while all samples demonstrated more than 11% positive cells after addition of heparin. Best results were achieved with 70 IU of heparin in each sample. Preparation and evaluation were facilitated by use of 0.1% NBT solution and concentration of the CSF cells in a sedimentation chamber.", "contents": "The nitroblue-tetrazolium test in granulocytes of the cerebrospinal fluid--methodological problems. It was originally our intention to study the suitability of the nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT) test for differentiating the causes of granulocytic pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, several methodological problems were encountered and required extensive preliminary studies. The test was initially performed on 51 CSF samples from 37 patients using the method described by Park et al. in 1968. Although bacterial meningitis was demonstrated in 19 patients, the NBT test resulted in more than 11% NBT positive granulocytes in only four cases. No NBT positive cells were found in 24 of the samples tested. These rather poor results are not surprising if one considers that NBT is only taken up by granulocytes as macrocomplex containing heparin or fibrinogen. CSF does not contain measurable quantities of fibrinogen--either under normal conditions or in cases of viral or bacterial meningitis. A comparative study of the NBT test with and without the addition of heparin was performed using CSF samples from six patients with proven bacterial meningitis. Without heparin there were less than 11% NBT positive granulocytes in five cases, while all samples demonstrated more than 11% positive cells after addition of heparin. Best results were achieved with 70 IU of heparin in each sample. Preparation and evaluation were facilitated by use of 0.1% NBT solution and concentration of the CSF cells in a sedimentation chamber.", "PMID": 422251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11404", "title": "[Current chemotherapy of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)].", "content": "In addition to carbenicillin, the newer beta-lactam antibiotics such as ticarcillin and azlocillin are now available for the chemotherapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. We investigated the in vitro effect of these antibiotics on 233 isolates from clinical material. We were particularly careful, when choosing the experimental material, to exclude copies of the same individual strain, and we achieved this by combining various epidemiological typing procedures. A comparison of carbenicillin, ticarcillin and azlocillin according to the concentrations at which half of the 233 strains were inhibited showed the ticarcillin values to be higher than those of azlocillin by a factor of 2.1, and carbenicillin values to be higher than those of azlocillin by a factor of 4.9. Individual strains also occurred in which the inhibitory concentration for azlocillin was higher than that of carbenicillin (5 strains) or ticarcillin (11 strains). In 17 out of the 233 isolates no therapeutic success would have been within reach even with the newer beta-lactam antibiotics. The use of ticarcillin and azlocillin permits an extension of the indications for therapy with beta-lactam antibiotics in P. aeruginosa infections, from hitherto 76%, to 90% of the cases. If one includes the aminoglycosides gentamycin, tobramycin, sisomycin and amikacin in the therapeutic armoury, then the proportion of in vitro sensitive strains of P. aeruginosa in the material submitted for examination rises to 98%.", "contents": "[Current chemotherapy of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)]. In addition to carbenicillin, the newer beta-lactam antibiotics such as ticarcillin and azlocillin are now available for the chemotherapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. We investigated the in vitro effect of these antibiotics on 233 isolates from clinical material. We were particularly careful, when choosing the experimental material, to exclude copies of the same individual strain, and we achieved this by combining various epidemiological typing procedures. A comparison of carbenicillin, ticarcillin and azlocillin according to the concentrations at which half of the 233 strains were inhibited showed the ticarcillin values to be higher than those of azlocillin by a factor of 2.1, and carbenicillin values to be higher than those of azlocillin by a factor of 4.9. Individual strains also occurred in which the inhibitory concentration for azlocillin was higher than that of carbenicillin (5 strains) or ticarcillin (11 strains). In 17 out of the 233 isolates no therapeutic success would have been within reach even with the newer beta-lactam antibiotics. The use of ticarcillin and azlocillin permits an extension of the indications for therapy with beta-lactam antibiotics in P. aeruginosa infections, from hitherto 76%, to 90% of the cases. If one includes the aminoglycosides gentamycin, tobramycin, sisomycin and amikacin in the therapeutic armoury, then the proportion of in vitro sensitive strains of P. aeruginosa in the material submitted for examination rises to 98%.", "PMID": 422252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11405", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular carbenicillin.", "content": "A 500 mg intramuscular dose of carbenicillin produced peak levels averaging 147 microgram/ml after three hours in the first day full-term newborn infants, and 172 microgram/ml after one to two hours in infants five days of age. The fall of blood levels thereafter was delayed and serum half-life averaged 4.2 and 2.2 hours in both groups, almost four times and twice as long, respectively, as that reported in adults. Absorption from the injected site was also delayed in young newborns, as was shown by the delayed serum peak and small estimated absorption rate constant. This must be taken into consideration if the intramuscular route is chosen in young newborn infants. On the basis of serum half-life, an administration interval of 12 hours was recommended for newborns younger than four days, and eight hours for those five days of age or more.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular carbenicillin. A 500 mg intramuscular dose of carbenicillin produced peak levels averaging 147 microgram/ml after three hours in the first day full-term newborn infants, and 172 microgram/ml after one to two hours in infants five days of age. The fall of blood levels thereafter was delayed and serum half-life averaged 4.2 and 2.2 hours in both groups, almost four times and twice as long, respectively, as that reported in adults. Absorption from the injected site was also delayed in young newborns, as was shown by the delayed serum peak and small estimated absorption rate constant. This must be taken into consideration if the intramuscular route is chosen in young newborn infants. On the basis of serum half-life, an administration interval of 12 hours was recommended for newborns younger than four days, and eight hours for those five days of age or more.", "PMID": 422253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11406", "title": "Lack of penetration of cephacetril into the cerebro-spinal fluid of patients without meningitis.", "content": "Six neurosurgical patients were given 2-4 g cephacetril intravenously at six hourly intervals. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations were determined. Cephacetril activity was not detectable in the CSF when the blood-CSF barrier was intact. In two patients with increased CSF cell counts cephacetril was found in the CSF in low concentrations (0.1-0.8 mcg/ml). Our investigations show that cephacetril does not penetrate into the CSF unless there is an inflammation or other impairment of the blood-CSF barrier. Thus we could not confirm the results of some authors who found cephacetril in therapeutically effective concentrations in the CSF of healthy persons.", "contents": "Lack of penetration of cephacetril into the cerebro-spinal fluid of patients without meningitis. Six neurosurgical patients were given 2-4 g cephacetril intravenously at six hourly intervals. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations were determined. Cephacetril activity was not detectable in the CSF when the blood-CSF barrier was intact. In two patients with increased CSF cell counts cephacetril was found in the CSF in low concentrations (0.1-0.8 mcg/ml). Our investigations show that cephacetril does not penetrate into the CSF unless there is an inflammation or other impairment of the blood-CSF barrier. Thus we could not confirm the results of some authors who found cephacetril in therapeutically effective concentrations in the CSF of healthy persons.", "PMID": 422254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11407", "title": "A defect in neutrophil motility in two siblings with recurrent infections and a remarkable family history.", "content": "Two siblings with recurrent infections were found to have impaired neutrophil motility. The same association of infections (otitis media, bronchitis, chronic diarrhoea) has caused seven fatalities in the paternal side of the family, suggesting genetic implications.", "contents": "A defect in neutrophil motility in two siblings with recurrent infections and a remarkable family history. Two siblings with recurrent infections were found to have impaired neutrophil motility. The same association of infections (otitis media, bronchitis, chronic diarrhoea) has caused seven fatalities in the paternal side of the family, suggesting genetic implications.", "PMID": 422255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11408", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity to soluble antigens in mice. II. Analysis in vitro.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity to a soluble protein has been analyzed in vitro with lymph node cells from mice. Antigen-dependent cytotoxicity against innocent bystander cells, and incorporation of tritiated thymidine have been used to monitor the response to a subcutaneous tail injection of egg albumin (OVA) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Sensitized lymph node cells from mice with positive 24 h ear tests killed A9 cells in the presence of antigen. This antigen-specific, T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was observed within 4 days of sensitization and still apparent at 7 months. Reactivity to OVA, assessed as an increase in DNA synthesis in the presence of antigen, was also T cell dependent and exhibited similar sensitization kinetics and dose requirements. Both microtechniques require as few as 10(5) lymphocytes and are readily adaptable to the study of delayed hypersensitivity to any soluble protein in mice.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity to soluble antigens in mice. II. Analysis in vitro. Delayed hypersensitivity to a soluble protein has been analyzed in vitro with lymph node cells from mice. Antigen-dependent cytotoxicity against innocent bystander cells, and incorporation of tritiated thymidine have been used to monitor the response to a subcutaneous tail injection of egg albumin (OVA) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Sensitized lymph node cells from mice with positive 24 h ear tests killed A9 cells in the presence of antigen. This antigen-specific, T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was observed within 4 days of sensitization and still apparent at 7 months. Reactivity to OVA, assessed as an increase in DNA synthesis in the presence of antigen, was also T cell dependent and exhibited similar sensitization kinetics and dose requirements. Both microtechniques require as few as 10(5) lymphocytes and are readily adaptable to the study of delayed hypersensitivity to any soluble protein in mice.", "PMID": 422279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11409", "title": "Pregnancy-associated a2-glycoprotein in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (PAG) was found to be increased in sera and synovial fluids of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis tested in the single radial immunodiffusion. The PAG levels in rheumatoid sera correlated well with the activity of arthritis in the patients. The purified PAG inhibited clearly the 3H-thymidine uptake of normal lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and also the spontaneous attachment of sheep erythrocytes to normal lymphocytes. 17 of 19 rheumatoid plasmas inhibited the 3H-thymidine uptake of normal lymphocytes and intensity of their inhibitory effects correlated with serum PAG levels.", "contents": "Pregnancy-associated a2-glycoprotein in rheumatoid arthritis. Pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (PAG) was found to be increased in sera and synovial fluids of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis tested in the single radial immunodiffusion. The PAG levels in rheumatoid sera correlated well with the activity of arthritis in the patients. The purified PAG inhibited clearly the 3H-thymidine uptake of normal lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and also the spontaneous attachment of sheep erythrocytes to normal lymphocytes. 17 of 19 rheumatoid plasmas inhibited the 3H-thymidine uptake of normal lymphocytes and intensity of their inhibitory effects correlated with serum PAG levels.", "PMID": 422280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11410", "title": "Humoral immunoreactivity in chronic active hepatitis: relation to HLA antigens.", "content": "43 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) exhibited significantly higher levels of antibodies against measles and polio type 2 und 3 when compared to 43 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. No significant differences were found for antibodies against polio type 1, rubella, herpes simplex, mumps virus, and tetanus. There was no correlation between antibody levels and the presence of HLA-B8 and/or HLA-B12. The antibody response to vaccination with polio vaccine (killed) and tetanus toxoid was not higher in CAH patients carrying HLA-B8 and/or HLA-B12 than in patients without these antigens. The results indicate that CAH is associated with an increased immunoreactivity, which is, however, not linked to HLA-B8 and/or HLA-B12.", "contents": "Humoral immunoreactivity in chronic active hepatitis: relation to HLA antigens. 43 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) exhibited significantly higher levels of antibodies against measles and polio type 2 und 3 when compared to 43 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. No significant differences were found for antibodies against polio type 1, rubella, herpes simplex, mumps virus, and tetanus. There was no correlation between antibody levels and the presence of HLA-B8 and/or HLA-B12. The antibody response to vaccination with polio vaccine (killed) and tetanus toxoid was not higher in CAH patients carrying HLA-B8 and/or HLA-B12 than in patients without these antigens. The results indicate that CAH is associated with an increased immunoreactivity, which is, however, not linked to HLA-B8 and/or HLA-B12.", "PMID": 422281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11411", "title": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay to detect anti-tuberculin antibodies in the guinea pig.", "content": "Despite the importance of the guinea pig as a model test animal for studying the humoral immune response in comparison to the development of cellular immunity after BCG or tuberculosis infection, no precise and sensitive method for the determination of such antibodies is available. We developed an indirect solid-phase radioimmunoassay on microtiter plates for this purpose. All assay conditions have been optimized such as selection of suitable plastic material, use of carrier substances, concentrations and amount of the antigen as well as the serum and second antibody, buffer, incubation times and all steps of the procedures for coating, washing, and measuring. The assay gives a linear relationship between antibody concentration in the serum to be tested and binding of the radiolabelled second antibody. A comparison with four conventional antibody titration methods reveals a 128- to 512-fold higher sensitivity of the RIA. Favorable aspects of this RIA as opposed to the methods hitherto used are discussed.", "contents": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay to detect anti-tuberculin antibodies in the guinea pig. Despite the importance of the guinea pig as a model test animal for studying the humoral immune response in comparison to the development of cellular immunity after BCG or tuberculosis infection, no precise and sensitive method for the determination of such antibodies is available. We developed an indirect solid-phase radioimmunoassay on microtiter plates for this purpose. All assay conditions have been optimized such as selection of suitable plastic material, use of carrier substances, concentrations and amount of the antigen as well as the serum and second antibody, buffer, incubation times and all steps of the procedures for coating, washing, and measuring. The assay gives a linear relationship between antibody concentration in the serum to be tested and binding of the radiolabelled second antibody. A comparison with four conventional antibody titration methods reveals a 128- to 512-fold higher sensitivity of the RIA. Favorable aspects of this RIA as opposed to the methods hitherto used are discussed.", "PMID": 422282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11412", "title": "Lentil-lectin affinity chromatography of surface glycoproteins and the receptor for IgE from rat basophilic leukemia cells.", "content": "Surface proteins and glycoproteins of RBL cells were labelled enzymatically with 125I and then solubilized with Nonidet P-40. Analysis by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in SDS on 10% gel revealed 10 distinctive peaks ranging in molecular weights from 17,000 to 200,000 daltons. Mainly components of higher molecular weights were bound by lentil-lectin Sepharose and could be eluted with alpha-methyl mannoside. The receptor for IgE was clearly shown to bind to the lentil-lectin. A second cell surface component which previously had been shown to bind to IgE-Sepharose as well, was found to bind only slightly to lentil-lectin. Thus, it can be concluded that the receptor for IgE is a glycoprotein with mannose and/or N-acetylglucosamine in the carbohydrate moiety(s).", "contents": "Lentil-lectin affinity chromatography of surface glycoproteins and the receptor for IgE from rat basophilic leukemia cells. Surface proteins and glycoproteins of RBL cells were labelled enzymatically with 125I and then solubilized with Nonidet P-40. Analysis by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in SDS on 10% gel revealed 10 distinctive peaks ranging in molecular weights from 17,000 to 200,000 daltons. Mainly components of higher molecular weights were bound by lentil-lectin Sepharose and could be eluted with alpha-methyl mannoside. The receptor for IgE was clearly shown to bind to the lentil-lectin. A second cell surface component which previously had been shown to bind to IgE-Sepharose as well, was found to bind only slightly to lentil-lectin. Thus, it can be concluded that the receptor for IgE is a glycoprotein with mannose and/or N-acetylglucosamine in the carbohydrate moiety(s).", "PMID": 422283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11413", "title": "Comparison of the atopic background between allergic and non-allergic beekeepers.", "content": "A study was carried out on beekeepers and their families. 34 subjects with a history of bee sting allergy and also a positive radioallergosorbent test (RAST) to honey bee venom were compared with 47 subjects with neither. 16 subjects in the bee allergy group (47%) had a history of atopic diseases as compared to 6 (13%) in the control group (p less than 0.01). 15 in the bee allergy group (44%) had at least one positive RAST to three common inhalant allergens as compared to 5 (11%) in the control group (p less than 0.01). These results suggest that, although bee sting allergy frequently affects non-atopic subjects, sensitization among beekeepers and their families occurs more readily in atopics. It is notable that a large proportion of patients injected with foreign proteins (the control group) either never develop venom-specific IgE antibodies or have suppressed their production.", "contents": "Comparison of the atopic background between allergic and non-allergic beekeepers. A study was carried out on beekeepers and their families. 34 subjects with a history of bee sting allergy and also a positive radioallergosorbent test (RAST) to honey bee venom were compared with 47 subjects with neither. 16 subjects in the bee allergy group (47%) had a history of atopic diseases as compared to 6 (13%) in the control group (p less than 0.01). 15 in the bee allergy group (44%) had at least one positive RAST to three common inhalant allergens as compared to 5 (11%) in the control group (p less than 0.01). These results suggest that, although bee sting allergy frequently affects non-atopic subjects, sensitization among beekeepers and their families occurs more readily in atopics. It is notable that a large proportion of patients injected with foreign proteins (the control group) either never develop venom-specific IgE antibodies or have suppressed their production.", "PMID": 422284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11414", "title": "On the latency period of sensitization: inhibition of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis by a factor in normal rat serum.", "content": "Addition of normal rat serum to mouse or rat IgE antibody blocks the passive cutaneous sensitization of rats with either IgE. The inhibition can be obtained with isologous and autologous rat serum. The blocking factor was purified and characterized as a molecule with a MW of 69,000 daltons, a sedimentation rate of 4.5 s and an isoelectric point of pH 4.7. The factor blocks the PCA reaction also at previously sensitized skin sites and seems to act on the secretory phase of mediator release.", "contents": "On the latency period of sensitization: inhibition of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis by a factor in normal rat serum. Addition of normal rat serum to mouse or rat IgE antibody blocks the passive cutaneous sensitization of rats with either IgE. The inhibition can be obtained with isologous and autologous rat serum. The blocking factor was purified and characterized as a molecule with a MW of 69,000 daltons, a sedimentation rate of 4.5 s and an isoelectric point of pH 4.7. The factor blocks the PCA reaction also at previously sensitized skin sites and seems to act on the secretory phase of mediator release.", "PMID": 422285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11415", "title": "Standardization of radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and allergen extracts in terms of the WHO standard for IgE.", "content": "An 131I-labelled IgE myeloma, standardized against the WHO reference serum for IgE was bound in varying concentrations to discs bearing anti-human light chain. These were used to construct a calibration curve for the subsequent binding of 125I-labelled anti-IgE, thus relating 125I counts to WHO IgE units. The calibrated anti-IgE could then be used to measure the actual amount of specific IgE bound to an allergen disc in the radioallergosorbent test. Using this standardized system, soluble allergen extracts could then be assayed by their ability to inhibit the binding of a defined amount of specific IgE, thereby enabling their activity to be expressed in WHO IgE units.", "contents": "Standardization of radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and allergen extracts in terms of the WHO standard for IgE. An 131I-labelled IgE myeloma, standardized against the WHO reference serum for IgE was bound in varying concentrations to discs bearing anti-human light chain. These were used to construct a calibration curve for the subsequent binding of 125I-labelled anti-IgE, thus relating 125I counts to WHO IgE units. The calibrated anti-IgE could then be used to measure the actual amount of specific IgE bound to an allergen disc in the radioallergosorbent test. Using this standardized system, soluble allergen extracts could then be assayed by their ability to inhibit the binding of a defined amount of specific IgE, thereby enabling their activity to be expressed in WHO IgE units.", "PMID": 422286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11416", "title": "Effect of cobra venom factor on the response of Wistar-Furth rats to the Gross-virus-induced (C58NT)D lymphoma.", "content": "Wistar-Furth rats were injected with the anticomplementary cobra venom factor at the time of challenge with the Gross-virus-induced (C58NT)D lymphoma. Complement depletion and/or activation of the complement system in these animals led to the following findings: Multiplication of the tumor cells in vivo was accelerated and mortality rates were enhanced. In addition, serum levels of the immunoglobulins which mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity were depressed.", "contents": "Effect of cobra venom factor on the response of Wistar-Furth rats to the Gross-virus-induced (C58NT)D lymphoma. Wistar-Furth rats were injected with the anticomplementary cobra venom factor at the time of challenge with the Gross-virus-induced (C58NT)D lymphoma. Complement depletion and/or activation of the complement system in these animals led to the following findings: Multiplication of the tumor cells in vivo was accelerated and mortality rates were enhanced. In addition, serum levels of the immunoglobulins which mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity were depressed.", "PMID": 422287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11417", "title": "Relation between total serum IgE levels and IgE antibody production in rats.", "content": "Five different rat strains were immunized with 100 microgram ovalbumin and 1 mg Al (OH)3. A good correlation was found between the total serum IgE level of a rat strain before immunization and the IgE antibody production. Good IgE antibody-producing strains had high total serum IgE levels and vice versa. A discordance between the evolution of the total serum IgE level after immunization and the changes in IgE antibody level was found in all strains.", "contents": "Relation between total serum IgE levels and IgE antibody production in rats. Five different rat strains were immunized with 100 microgram ovalbumin and 1 mg Al (OH)3. A good correlation was found between the total serum IgE level of a rat strain before immunization and the IgE antibody production. Good IgE antibody-producing strains had high total serum IgE levels and vice versa. A discordance between the evolution of the total serum IgE level after immunization and the changes in IgE antibody level was found in all strains.", "PMID": 422288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11418", "title": "Half-body x-ray suppresses the acquisition of delayed-type hypersensitivity in the mouse.", "content": "800 R half-body x-ray suppressed the acquisition of allergic contact dermatitis in mice (1) if the x-ray field included the lymph nodes regional to the sensitization site, and (2) when x-ray was given during, but not immediately before, induction of the sensitivity.", "contents": "Half-body x-ray suppresses the acquisition of delayed-type hypersensitivity in the mouse. 800 R half-body x-ray suppressed the acquisition of allergic contact dermatitis in mice (1) if the x-ray field included the lymph nodes regional to the sensitization site, and (2) when x-ray was given during, but not immediately before, induction of the sensitivity.", "PMID": 422289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11419", "title": "Skin manifestations and serum IgE levels in levamisole-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients.", "content": "Skin manifestations may occur as adverse effects of immunostimulant therapy with Levamisole. They are generally regarded as drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions. Our observations revealed that, in Levamisole-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients, urticaria was accompanied by an elevation of serum IgE, but other types of skin reactions were not. Moreover, elevation of IgE occurred without any skin reactions in some cases. It is suggested that Levamisole - stimulating T lymphocytes - may also stimulate IgE-mediated atopic responses.", "contents": "Skin manifestations and serum IgE levels in levamisole-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients. Skin manifestations may occur as adverse effects of immunostimulant therapy with Levamisole. They are generally regarded as drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions. Our observations revealed that, in Levamisole-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients, urticaria was accompanied by an elevation of serum IgE, but other types of skin reactions were not. Moreover, elevation of IgE occurred without any skin reactions in some cases. It is suggested that Levamisole - stimulating T lymphocytes - may also stimulate IgE-mediated atopic responses.", "PMID": 422290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11420", "title": "Pricing, demanders, and the supply of health care.", "content": "This paper is divided into three substantive sections. In the first section the conventional neoclassical paradigm is augmented by consideration of the agency relationship in which the physician is considered not only as the agent who controls the supply of health care, but also as the decision maker who articulates demand because patients forego this role and rely on \"expert\" advice. The next section is concerned with the effects of pricing on consumer demand and draws on the available empirical evidence to present estimates of price elasticity, cross elasticity, and other characteristics of the choice process. This analysis is completed by integrating the agency relationship into the discussion and arguing that if the policy objectives are expenditure containment and greater efficiency in resource utilization, the price mechanism should be used to affect the behavior of the primary demander and the supplier: the physician. In the final section the implications of this analysis are discussed in the contexts of two competing perspectives: the liberal market perspective and the collective \"needology\" perspective, and an attempt is made to distinguish some of the characteristics of the two views of the world.", "contents": "Pricing, demanders, and the supply of health care. This paper is divided into three substantive sections. In the first section the conventional neoclassical paradigm is augmented by consideration of the agency relationship in which the physician is considered not only as the agent who controls the supply of health care, but also as the decision maker who articulates demand because patients forego this role and rely on \"expert\" advice. The next section is concerned with the effects of pricing on consumer demand and draws on the available empirical evidence to present estimates of price elasticity, cross elasticity, and other characteristics of the choice process. This analysis is completed by integrating the agency relationship into the discussion and arguing that if the policy objectives are expenditure containment and greater efficiency in resource utilization, the price mechanism should be used to affect the behavior of the primary demander and the supplier: the physician. In the final section the implications of this analysis are discussed in the contexts of two competing perspectives: the liberal market perspective and the collective \"needology\" perspective, and an attempt is made to distinguish some of the characteristics of the two views of the world.", "PMID": 422291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11421", "title": "Third World experiences in health planning.", "content": "In response to an invitation by the American Public Health Association, the author discusses his experiences in health work with particular reference to the Third World. These cover a period of four decades of activities in many countries, the discussion being primarily directed toward the North American audience attending the panel organized by the International Health Committee at the 104th Annual Meeting of the Association in Miami Beach in October 1976. First the paper deals with the legacy of broad social teaching resulting from the years of international collaboration from the time of Franklin D. Roosevelt to that of Richard Nixon. Public health problems, whether new or old, are essentially social in character and can only be solved in terms of social policy. Attention is directed to the current mistake of placing the emphasis on individual behavior, divorced from its social base, in the work of health professionals servings in Third World countries. The weakness of national average values and the consequent need of measuring the differentials between social groups and classes are widely illustrated. Finally, positive and negative lessons learned by experimenting with health technology consistent with the expected development of countries are examined as a basis for a genuinely emancipatory approach to the health problems in the Third World.", "contents": "Third World experiences in health planning. In response to an invitation by the American Public Health Association, the author discusses his experiences in health work with particular reference to the Third World. These cover a period of four decades of activities in many countries, the discussion being primarily directed toward the North American audience attending the panel organized by the International Health Committee at the 104th Annual Meeting of the Association in Miami Beach in October 1976. First the paper deals with the legacy of broad social teaching resulting from the years of international collaboration from the time of Franklin D. Roosevelt to that of Richard Nixon. Public health problems, whether new or old, are essentially social in character and can only be solved in terms of social policy. Attention is directed to the current mistake of placing the emphasis on individual behavior, divorced from its social base, in the work of health professionals servings in Third World countries. The weakness of national average values and the consequent need of measuring the differentials between social groups and classes are widely illustrated. Finally, positive and negative lessons learned by experimenting with health technology consistent with the expected development of countries are examined as a basis for a genuinely emancipatory approach to the health problems in the Third World.", "PMID": 422292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11422", "title": "Prevention: rhetoric and reality.", "content": "No single strategy is capable of preventing untimely deaths and disabilities. In the United States in particular, the contribution of medical care is limited by inadequate provision of services (particularly to the poor), inappropriate training of physicians, and unnecessary costs. Lack of knowledge about disease universally limits medicine's effectiveness. Among nonmedical strategies, campaigns for life-style change are most likely to succeed in those with the lightest burden of illness. Efforts to increase individual responsibility might well reduce health expenditures, but at the same time the disparity in health between rich and poor will increase. Restrictions on the use of harmful substances and on the manufacture of toxic or hazardous products, along with humanization of the work process itself, would reduce deaths from cancer, heart disease, and violence; however, resistance to these changes is, and will remain, great. The socioeconomic and environmental changes that are necessary to afford each citizen an equal opportunity for optimal health will be adopted slowly, if at all. Considering the limited acceptability of these nonmedical strategies, the prospects for prevention are less than what has been promised. Despite its perfections, medical care can contribute to the prevention of early death and disability. Attempts to disparage it could delay the adoption of the changes needed to improve its effectiveness.", "contents": "Prevention: rhetoric and reality. No single strategy is capable of preventing untimely deaths and disabilities. In the United States in particular, the contribution of medical care is limited by inadequate provision of services (particularly to the poor), inappropriate training of physicians, and unnecessary costs. Lack of knowledge about disease universally limits medicine's effectiveness. Among nonmedical strategies, campaigns for life-style change are most likely to succeed in those with the lightest burden of illness. Efforts to increase individual responsibility might well reduce health expenditures, but at the same time the disparity in health between rich and poor will increase. Restrictions on the use of harmful substances and on the manufacture of toxic or hazardous products, along with humanization of the work process itself, would reduce deaths from cancer, heart disease, and violence; however, resistance to these changes is, and will remain, great. The socioeconomic and environmental changes that are necessary to afford each citizen an equal opportunity for optimal health will be adopted slowly, if at all. Considering the limited acceptability of these nonmedical strategies, the prospects for prevention are less than what has been promised. Despite its perfections, medical care can contribute to the prevention of early death and disability. Attempts to disparage it could delay the adoption of the changes needed to improve its effectiveness.", "PMID": 422296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11423", "title": "Job alienation and well-being.", "content": "This paper analyzes the relationships between alienation conceived as monotonous, repetitive work and alienation as job-worker incongruence to a variety of measures of worker as well-being among a population of workers from Victoria, British Columbia. The data show weak relationships between work perceived as monotonous and general psychological and physical well-being and between alienation as job-worker incongruence and health. While weak in variance-explained terms, the relationships show the predicted patterns are robust and are independent of a large number of control variables. Percentage differences in well-being between the alienated and nonalienated workers are fairly substantial. Some societal implications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "Job alienation and well-being. This paper analyzes the relationships between alienation conceived as monotonous, repetitive work and alienation as job-worker incongruence to a variety of measures of worker as well-being among a population of workers from Victoria, British Columbia. The data show weak relationships between work perceived as monotonous and general psychological and physical well-being and between alienation as job-worker incongruence and health. While weak in variance-explained terms, the relationships show the predicted patterns are robust and are independent of a large number of control variables. Percentage differences in well-being between the alienated and nonalienated workers are fairly substantial. Some societal implications of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 422297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11424", "title": "Human rights, health, and capital accumulation in the Third World.", "content": "This article examines the relationship between human rights and the pattern of capital accumulation in the Third World. The repressive authoritarian State increasingly constitutes the means for enforcing the intensive exploitation of labor in Third World industrial enclaves and commercial agriculture. While the development of center capitalism has evolved toward \"the Welfare State\" and a framework of liberal sociodemocracy, the \"peripheral State\" is generally characterized by nondemocratic forms of government. This bipolarity in the state structure between center and periphery is functionally related to the international division of labor and the unity of production and circulation on a world level. The programs and policies of the center Welfare State (health, education, social security, etc.) constitute an input of \"human capital\" into the high-technology center labor process. Moreover, welfare programs in center countries activate the process of circulation by sustaining high levels of consumer demand. In underdeveloped countries, the underlying  vacuum in the social sectors and the important allocations to military expenditure support the requirements of the peripheral labor process. Programs in health in the center and periphery are related to the bipolarity (qualification/dequalification) in the international division of labor. The social and economic functions of health programs are intimately related to the organic structure of the State and the mechanics whereby the State allocates its financial surplus in support of both capitalist production and circulation.", "contents": "Human rights, health, and capital accumulation in the Third World. This article examines the relationship between human rights and the pattern of capital accumulation in the Third World. The repressive authoritarian State increasingly constitutes the means for enforcing the intensive exploitation of labor in Third World industrial enclaves and commercial agriculture. While the development of center capitalism has evolved toward \"the Welfare State\" and a framework of liberal sociodemocracy, the \"peripheral State\" is generally characterized by nondemocratic forms of government. This bipolarity in the state structure between center and periphery is functionally related to the international division of labor and the unity of production and circulation on a world level. The programs and policies of the center Welfare State (health, education, social security, etc.) constitute an input of \"human capital\" into the high-technology center labor process. Moreover, welfare programs in center countries activate the process of circulation by sustaining high levels of consumer demand. In underdeveloped countries, the underlying  vacuum in the social sectors and the important allocations to military expenditure support the requirements of the peripheral labor process. Programs in health in the center and periphery are related to the bipolarity (qualification/dequalification) in the international division of labor. The social and economic functions of health programs are intimately related to the organic structure of the State and the mechanics whereby the State allocates its financial surplus in support of both capitalist production and circulation.", "PMID": 422298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11425", "title": "Demographic growth and health needs in Latin America.", "content": "The net effect of the rapid population growth in Latin American countries is an increase in the needs for health services. Nevertheless, the demographic factor is not the only nor the most important consideration in determining how to satisfy these demands in the region. The main contradiction lies between the magnitude of needs for services generated by the adverse living conditions prevalling among the majority of the population, together with a restricted supply of health services, the availability of which varies according to social class. The problem of the increasing demand for medical care, generated by the rapid population growth, should be recognized as originating in the socioeconomic structural conditions prevailing in Latin American countries today which determine, simultaneously, low health levels, deficiencies in the provision of health services, and rapid population growth.", "contents": "Demographic growth and health needs in Latin America. The net effect of the rapid population growth in Latin American countries is an increase in the needs for health services. Nevertheless, the demographic factor is not the only nor the most important consideration in determining how to satisfy these demands in the region. The main contradiction lies between the magnitude of needs for services generated by the adverse living conditions prevalling among the majority of the population, together with a restricted supply of health services, the availability of which varies according to social class. The problem of the increasing demand for medical care, generated by the rapid population growth, should be recognized as originating in the socioeconomic structural conditions prevailing in Latin American countries today which determine, simultaneously, low health levels, deficiencies in the provision of health services, and rapid population growth.", "PMID": 422299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11426", "title": "Professional ideology and the health care system in Chile.", "content": "Doctors' ideology and the role the medical profession plays in the organization and development of health services of a particular country are subjects of scientific interest. This article examines the case of Chile, where doctors centralized administrative and professional power over the type of health services provided to the population. Changes in this ideology throughout the century have been reflected in changes in the system of medical care. A shift can be traced from a professional ideology emphasizing socialized medical services during the first half of the century toward the current position favoring the abolition of free medical care and a return of \"fee per service\" medicine. The possible explanation for these changes is that medical ideology has altered through the combined influence of the class position of physicians and the development of the profession itself. Increasing polarization of the political forces in Chile led doctors to act according to their class affiliation, regardless of their original professional positions. Some historical facts are provided at each stage of analysis as a way of clarifying the conflicting influences upon the doctors' position.", "contents": "Professional ideology and the health care system in Chile. Doctors' ideology and the role the medical profession plays in the organization and development of health services of a particular country are subjects of scientific interest. This article examines the case of Chile, where doctors centralized administrative and professional power over the type of health services provided to the population. Changes in this ideology throughout the century have been reflected in changes in the system of medical care. A shift can be traced from a professional ideology emphasizing socialized medical services during the first half of the century toward the current position favoring the abolition of free medical care and a return of \"fee per service\" medicine. The possible explanation for these changes is that medical ideology has altered through the combined influence of the class position of physicians and the development of the profession itself. Increasing polarization of the political forces in Chile led doctors to act according to their class affiliation, regardless of their original professional positions. Some historical facts are provided at each stage of analysis as a way of clarifying the conflicting influences upon the doctors' position.", "PMID": 422300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11427", "title": "Lidocaine plasma concentrations during and after endoscopic procedures.", "content": "Plasma lidocaine concentrations were intermittently measured in 8 upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and 12 bronchoscopy patients. The highest individual concentration was 0.98 microgram/ml in the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy patients and 3.79 microgram/ml in the bronchoscopy patients. Highest concentrations were reached at 15 minutes in the gastrointestinal endoscopy patients and at 30 or 60 minutes in the bronchoscopy patients. Thus, since lidocaine does not produce toxic effects at concentrations inferior to 6 microgram/ml, doses of this topical anaesthetic up to 16 mg/kg can be safely given during endoscopic procedures to patients with normal hepatic and cardiovascular functions. However, patients with liver metastases should be considered at high risk even if their liver function tests are normal. Patients at high risk of developing lidocaine toxicity should receive lower doses and be closely watched for at least 60 minutes after the end of the procedure.", "contents": "Lidocaine plasma concentrations during and after endoscopic procedures. Plasma lidocaine concentrations were intermittently measured in 8 upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and 12 bronchoscopy patients. The highest individual concentration was 0.98 microgram/ml in the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy patients and 3.79 microgram/ml in the bronchoscopy patients. Highest concentrations were reached at 15 minutes in the gastrointestinal endoscopy patients and at 30 or 60 minutes in the bronchoscopy patients. Thus, since lidocaine does not produce toxic effects at concentrations inferior to 6 microgram/ml, doses of this topical anaesthetic up to 16 mg/kg can be safely given during endoscopic procedures to patients with normal hepatic and cardiovascular functions. However, patients with liver metastases should be considered at high risk even if their liver function tests are normal. Patients at high risk of developing lidocaine toxicity should receive lower doses and be closely watched for at least 60 minutes after the end of the procedure.", "PMID": 422301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11428", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of l-carnitine in man following intravenous infusion of dl-carnitine.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of l-carnitine were studied in adult male patients following intravenous infusion of dl-carnitine hydrochloride-L-Carnitine appears to distribute into a rapidly perfused and then a more slowly perfused body space following administration. The overall apparent distribution volume Vd (ss) is consistent with extracellular body water. Serum levels of l-carnitine, from two different dose levels were adequately described by a two-compartment model. 80% of the administered dose was recovered in 24 hour post dose urine.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of l-carnitine in man following intravenous infusion of dl-carnitine. The pharmacokinetics of l-carnitine were studied in adult male patients following intravenous infusion of dl-carnitine hydrochloride-L-Carnitine appears to distribute into a rapidly perfused and then a more slowly perfused body space following administration. The overall apparent distribution volume Vd (ss) is consistent with extracellular body water. Serum levels of l-carnitine, from two different dose levels were adequately described by a two-compartment model. 80% of the administered dose was recovered in 24 hour post dose urine.", "PMID": 422302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11429", "title": "Effect of adrenergic receptor blockade on cortisol and GH response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man.", "content": "The effect of several drugs presumably influencing central catecholaminergic receptors on plasma cortisol and GH response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was studied in healthy adult males. The intravenous infusion of alpha-adrenergic blocking agents tolazoline or phentolamine supressed plasma cortisol and GH response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. After an infusion of beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol both hypoglycemia and rise in plasma cortisol and GH were prolonged. Finally, the administration of dopaminergic blocker pimozide failed to affect the plasma cortisol response, but slightly suppressed the enhancement of GH release during hypoglycemia. Caution is recommended before making suggestions about neuroendocrine regulations from the data obtained after systemic administration of drugs. Nevertheless, it may be concluded that the hypothesis on the inhibitory role of the central alpha-adrenergic system on ACTH secretion suggested in rats and dogs was not confirmed by our results obtained in man.", "contents": "Effect of adrenergic receptor blockade on cortisol and GH response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man. The effect of several drugs presumably influencing central catecholaminergic receptors on plasma cortisol and GH response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was studied in healthy adult males. The intravenous infusion of alpha-adrenergic blocking agents tolazoline or phentolamine supressed plasma cortisol and GH response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. After an infusion of beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol both hypoglycemia and rise in plasma cortisol and GH were prolonged. Finally, the administration of dopaminergic blocker pimozide failed to affect the plasma cortisol response, but slightly suppressed the enhancement of GH release during hypoglycemia. Caution is recommended before making suggestions about neuroendocrine regulations from the data obtained after systemic administration of drugs. Nevertheless, it may be concluded that the hypothesis on the inhibitory role of the central alpha-adrenergic system on ACTH secretion suggested in rats and dogs was not confirmed by our results obtained in man.", "PMID": 422303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11430", "title": "Antihypertensive effect and plasma levels of labetalol. A comparison with propranolol and dihydrallazine.", "content": "Seventeen outpatients suffering from essential hypertension were treated in a double-blind cross-over study with labetalol or with a combination of propranolol and dihydrallazine. The doses were increased depending on the response during the six week treatment periods. Both treatments reduced the blood pressure significantly as compared to the placebo, and the combination more than labetalol with the doses used, apparently because of a higher degree of the beta-blockade. Positive linear correlations were found between the dose of labetalol and the concentration in plasma as well as the concentration of labetalol in plasma and the decrease of standing blood pressures.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effect and plasma levels of labetalol. A comparison with propranolol and dihydrallazine. Seventeen outpatients suffering from essential hypertension were treated in a double-blind cross-over study with labetalol or with a combination of propranolol and dihydrallazine. The doses were increased depending on the response during the six week treatment periods. Both treatments reduced the blood pressure significantly as compared to the placebo, and the combination more than labetalol with the doses used, apparently because of a higher degree of the beta-blockade. Positive linear correlations were found between the dose of labetalol and the concentration in plasma as well as the concentration of labetalol in plasma and the decrease of standing blood pressures.", "PMID": 422304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11431", "title": "Placental transfer of digoxin (beta-methyl-digoxin) in man.", "content": "The dynamics of placental transfer of digoxin (beta-methyl-digoxin) has been studied in 20 pregnant women. The drug was administered in a single dose, intravenously, during labor. The samples drawn within the first hour after administration showed significantly lower fetal serum digoxin concentrations (SDC) than in the mother. No significant difference appeared in specimens collected after the first hour.", "contents": "Placental transfer of digoxin (beta-methyl-digoxin) in man. The dynamics of placental transfer of digoxin (beta-methyl-digoxin) has been studied in 20 pregnant women. The drug was administered in a single dose, intravenously, during labor. The samples drawn within the first hour after administration showed significantly lower fetal serum digoxin concentrations (SDC) than in the mother. No significant difference appeared in specimens collected after the first hour.", "PMID": 422306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11432", "title": "Cephapirin concentrations in prostatic and seminal vesicle tissues.", "content": "A 15 min i.v. infusion supplying either 1 or 2 g of sodium cephapirin was administered preoperatively to patients about to undergo either retropubic or transvesical prostatectomy. Tissue samples were obtained 30 min after the end of the infusion. Blood samples were obtained immediately before the start of the infusion and 30 min after the end of it. Cephapirin levels in the blood averaged 25.9 +/- 4.0 microgram/ml after the 1 g dose and 47.5 +/- 5.6 microgram/ml after the 2 g dose. Drug levels in prostatic tissue averaged 24.5 +/- 7.1 and 25.8 +/- 4.4 microgram/g for the 1 and 2 g doses, respectively. Levels in tissue taken from the seminal vesicle, often the focus of infection in bacterial prostatitis, averaged 12.5 +/- 2.3 and 44.8 +/- 14.9 microgram/g for the 1 and 2 g doses, respectively. These results suggest that bactericidal levels of cephapirin against sensitive organisms can readily be achieved in the prostate and seminal vesicles.", "contents": "Cephapirin concentrations in prostatic and seminal vesicle tissues. A 15 min i.v. infusion supplying either 1 or 2 g of sodium cephapirin was administered preoperatively to patients about to undergo either retropubic or transvesical prostatectomy. Tissue samples were obtained 30 min after the end of the infusion. Blood samples were obtained immediately before the start of the infusion and 30 min after the end of it. Cephapirin levels in the blood averaged 25.9 +/- 4.0 microgram/ml after the 1 g dose and 47.5 +/- 5.6 microgram/ml after the 2 g dose. Drug levels in prostatic tissue averaged 24.5 +/- 7.1 and 25.8 +/- 4.4 microgram/g for the 1 and 2 g doses, respectively. Levels in tissue taken from the seminal vesicle, often the focus of infection in bacterial prostatitis, averaged 12.5 +/- 2.3 and 44.8 +/- 14.9 microgram/g for the 1 and 2 g doses, respectively. These results suggest that bactericidal levels of cephapirin against sensitive organisms can readily be achieved in the prostate and seminal vesicles.", "PMID": 422307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11433", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in the neonate and in the child.", "content": "1. Pharmacokinetic of carbamazepine were made in 7 new-borns and in 5 children. They were hospitalized for epilepsy and were receiving drugs such as phenobarbital alone or in association with other antiepileptic drugs, but not with carbamazepine. 2. The drug was given by oral route with a mean dose of 17.2 mg.kg-1. 3. The determination of carbamazepine concentration in serum was made by gas liquid chromatography on a 50 microliter sample. 4. A one compartment body model was used to determine the pharmacokinetic constants with first order rate constants for absorption and elimination. 5. Absorption was generally delayed by about half an hour, the maximum concentrations ranging from 3.14 to 10 microgram.ml-1 at 2 and 9 hr after administration. The mean half-life for absorption was 1.42 +/- 0.34 hr. The mean half-life for elimination was 8.76 +/- 0.85 hr. The half-life for elimination was much shorter than those already described even in multiple dosing epileptic adult patients. The pharmacokinetic parameters were used to predict blood levels in chronic treatment in 3 children. The predicted steady state concentrations disagreed with the concentrations measured.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in the neonate and in the child. 1. Pharmacokinetic of carbamazepine were made in 7 new-borns and in 5 children. They were hospitalized for epilepsy and were receiving drugs such as phenobarbital alone or in association with other antiepileptic drugs, but not with carbamazepine. 2. The drug was given by oral route with a mean dose of 17.2 mg.kg-1. 3. The determination of carbamazepine concentration in serum was made by gas liquid chromatography on a 50 microliter sample. 4. A one compartment body model was used to determine the pharmacokinetic constants with first order rate constants for absorption and elimination. 5. Absorption was generally delayed by about half an hour, the maximum concentrations ranging from 3.14 to 10 microgram.ml-1 at 2 and 9 hr after administration. The mean half-life for absorption was 1.42 +/- 0.34 hr. The mean half-life for elimination was 8.76 +/- 0.85 hr. The half-life for elimination was much shorter than those already described even in multiple dosing epileptic adult patients. The pharmacokinetic parameters were used to predict blood levels in chronic treatment in 3 children. The predicted steady state concentrations disagreed with the concentrations measured.", "PMID": 422308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11434", "title": "Nummular eczema of statis origin. The backbone of a morphologic pattern of diverse etiology.", "content": "A total of 113 patients with nummular eruptions of unknown origin were collected over a period of 8 years. This number was reduced to 82 patients by exclusion of known clinical entities which became unmasked during the study. All 82 patients were found to have varicose veins and/or edema of the lower extremities. Autoeczematization may be the common denominator.", "contents": "Nummular eczema of statis origin. The backbone of a morphologic pattern of diverse etiology. A total of 113 patients with nummular eruptions of unknown origin were collected over a period of 8 years. This number was reduced to 82 patients by exclusion of known clinical entities which became unmasked during the study. All 82 patients were found to have varicose veins and/or edema of the lower extremities. Autoeczematization may be the common denominator.", "PMID": 422311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11435", "title": "Immunologic and gastrointestinal abnormalities in dermatitis herpetiformis.", "content": "Eighty patients with untreated dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) were studied. The final diagnosis was made after completion of immunofluorescence (IF) studies of the skin, iodine provocation tests and gastrointestinal investigations. IgA deposits in the skin and the HLA-DRw3 B-cell alloantigen can be demonstrated in nearly all cases of DH. Positive iodine provocation test and gastrointestinal abnormalities are present in about 78% of the cases. For diagnostic purposes tissue typing and intestinal biopsy is of value in addition to IF studies of the skin.", "contents": "Immunologic and gastrointestinal abnormalities in dermatitis herpetiformis. Eighty patients with untreated dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) were studied. The final diagnosis was made after completion of immunofluorescence (IF) studies of the skin, iodine provocation tests and gastrointestinal investigations. IgA deposits in the skin and the HLA-DRw3 B-cell alloantigen can be demonstrated in nearly all cases of DH. Positive iodine provocation test and gastrointestinal abnormalities are present in about 78% of the cases. For diagnostic purposes tissue typing and intestinal biopsy is of value in addition to IF studies of the skin.", "PMID": 422312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11436", "title": "Zosteriform inflammatory metastatic carcinoma.", "content": "A 57-year-old man presented with chest wall lesions and swelling of his left arm. The rapid onset of vesicular lesions in a dermatomal distribution resulted in an initial diagnosis of herpes zoster. Cutaneous biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma and further evaluation revealed a primary source of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Lymphatic spread of tumor cells is the most likely source of the zosteriform skin lesions, but other possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "Zosteriform inflammatory metastatic carcinoma. A 57-year-old man presented with chest wall lesions and swelling of his left arm. The rapid onset of vesicular lesions in a dermatomal distribution resulted in an initial diagnosis of herpes zoster. Cutaneous biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma and further evaluation revealed a primary source of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Lymphatic spread of tumor cells is the most likely source of the zosteriform skin lesions, but other possibilities are discussed.", "PMID": 422313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11437", "title": "Subcutaneous chromomycotic abscesses caused by Phialophora gougerotii.", "content": "Subcutaneous chromomycotic absesses due to phialophora gougerotii in a 50-year-old woman were characterized by subcutaneous abscesses adhering together through fistulous tracts, rupturing and leaving black crusts over multiple sinuses mimicking mycetoma. Reinfection occurred in contaminated excised lesions. Intradermal inoculation in different anemic patients caused abscesses in 14 days and healed without therapy in eight weeks. No spreading to other organs was found after intraperitoneal inoculation of mice for eight weeks.", "contents": "Subcutaneous chromomycotic abscesses caused by Phialophora gougerotii. Subcutaneous chromomycotic absesses due to phialophora gougerotii in a 50-year-old woman were characterized by subcutaneous abscesses adhering together through fistulous tracts, rupturing and leaving black crusts over multiple sinuses mimicking mycetoma. Reinfection occurred in contaminated excised lesions. Intradermal inoculation in different anemic patients caused abscesses in 14 days and healed without therapy in eight weeks. No spreading to other organs was found after intraperitoneal inoculation of mice for eight weeks.", "PMID": 422314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11438", "title": "Enzymatic dtermination of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with gamma-cyanoaminobutyric acid aposynthase.", "content": "A rapid alternative method is presented for the determination of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P). The method involves the colorimetric analysis of thiocyanate liberated from S-cyanohomocysteine (Hcy (CN)) in the presence of cyanide when catalyzed by the pyridoxal-P dependent enzyme, gamma-cyano-alpha-aminobutyric acid (gamma-CNabu)-synthase (Hcy (CN) thiocyano-lyase [adding CN]). The rate of formation of thiocyanate is determined by the increase in absorbance at 470 nm on treatment of the enzymatic reaction mixture with FeCl3.", "contents": "Enzymatic dtermination of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with gamma-cyanoaminobutyric acid aposynthase. A rapid alternative method is presented for the determination of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P). The method involves the colorimetric analysis of thiocyanate liberated from S-cyanohomocysteine (Hcy (CN)) in the presence of cyanide when catalyzed by the pyridoxal-P dependent enzyme, gamma-cyano-alpha-aminobutyric acid (gamma-CNabu)-synthase (Hcy (CN) thiocyano-lyase [adding CN]). The rate of formation of thiocyanate is determined by the increase in absorbance at 470 nm on treatment of the enzymatic reaction mixture with FeCl3.", "PMID": 422320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11439", "title": "Side reactions in peptide synthesis. X. Prevention of O-acylation during coupling with active esters.", "content": "Acylation of the hydroxyl groups in the side chains of serine, threonine or tyrosine occurs in coupling with active esters. This side reaction, which is quite pronounced in histidine-containing peptides, can be prevented with additives. From a series of compounds tested, 2,4-dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol were the most effective.", "contents": "Side reactions in peptide synthesis. X. Prevention of O-acylation during coupling with active esters. Acylation of the hydroxyl groups in the side chains of serine, threonine or tyrosine occurs in coupling with active esters. This side reaction, which is quite pronounced in histidine-containing peptides, can be prevented with additives. From a series of compounds tested, 2,4-dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol were the most effective.", "PMID": 422321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11440", "title": "Solid phase synthesis without repetitive acidolysis. Preparation of leucyl-alanyl-glycyl-valine using 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonylamino acids.", "content": "The utility of repetitive nonhydrolytic base cleavage of alpha-amino protective groups in solid phase peptide synthesis is shown by a preparation of the model tetrapeptide leucyl-alanyl-glycyl-valine on a p-benzyloxybenzyl ester polystyrene--1% divinylbenzene resin support. Nalpha-9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc: Carpino & Han, 1970, 1972) amino acids were coupled by the symmetrical anhydride procedure, followed by Fmoc group cleavage using 50% piperidine in methylene chloride. Quantitative removal of the Fmoc-tetrapeptide from the solid support was effected by treatment with 55% trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride. Homogeneous free tetrapeptide was obtained in 87% overall yield. The procedure is proposed to offer advantages over present solid phase methods which use acidolysis for repetitive alpha-amino group deblocking.", "contents": "Solid phase synthesis without repetitive acidolysis. Preparation of leucyl-alanyl-glycyl-valine using 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonylamino acids. The utility of repetitive nonhydrolytic base cleavage of alpha-amino protective groups in solid phase peptide synthesis is shown by a preparation of the model tetrapeptide leucyl-alanyl-glycyl-valine on a p-benzyloxybenzyl ester polystyrene--1% divinylbenzene resin support. Nalpha-9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc: Carpino & Han, 1970, 1972) amino acids were coupled by the symmetrical anhydride procedure, followed by Fmoc group cleavage using 50% piperidine in methylene chloride. Quantitative removal of the Fmoc-tetrapeptide from the solid support was effected by treatment with 55% trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride. Homogeneous free tetrapeptide was obtained in 87% overall yield. The procedure is proposed to offer advantages over present solid phase methods which use acidolysis for repetitive alpha-amino group deblocking.", "PMID": 422322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11441", "title": "[21-arginine-A] insulin: a biologically active analog.", "content": "An analog of sheep insulin which differs from the parent molecule in that the C-terminal amino acid residue of the A chain, asparagine, is replaced by arginine, has been synthesized and isolated in highly purified form. The [Arg21] A chain of sheep insulin was synthesized by the fragment condensation approach and isolated as the  S-sulfonated derivative. Conversion of the latter into the sulfhydryl form and interaction with the S-sulfonated B chain of bovine (sheep) insulin yielded [Arg21-A] sheep insulin, which was purified by chromatography on a carboxymethylcellulose column with an exponential sodium chloride gradient. The [Arg21-A] sheep insulin shows potencies of 10.5--12.5 IU/mg when assayed by the mouse convulsion method and 8.6 IU/mg by the radioimmunoassay method (cf. 23--25 IU/mg for the natural hormone). It has been suggested that in the insulin molecule the A21 asparagine participates in salt bridge- and hydrogen bond-forming interactions which are critical in the biological activity of the hormone. Although the [Arg21-A] analog still retains these interactions, it is only ca. 50% as active as the natural hormone. It is speculated that other factors than the above mentioned interactions come into play, which involve the side chain of the A21 amino acid residue and affect the biological activity of the hormone.", "contents": "[21-arginine-A] insulin: a biologically active analog. An analog of sheep insulin which differs from the parent molecule in that the C-terminal amino acid residue of the A chain, asparagine, is replaced by arginine, has been synthesized and isolated in highly purified form. The [Arg21] A chain of sheep insulin was synthesized by the fragment condensation approach and isolated as the  S-sulfonated derivative. Conversion of the latter into the sulfhydryl form and interaction with the S-sulfonated B chain of bovine (sheep) insulin yielded [Arg21-A] sheep insulin, which was purified by chromatography on a carboxymethylcellulose column with an exponential sodium chloride gradient. The [Arg21-A] sheep insulin shows potencies of 10.5--12.5 IU/mg when assayed by the mouse convulsion method and 8.6 IU/mg by the radioimmunoassay method (cf. 23--25 IU/mg for the natural hormone). It has been suggested that in the insulin molecule the A21 asparagine participates in salt bridge- and hydrogen bond-forming interactions which are critical in the biological activity of the hormone. Although the [Arg21-A] analog still retains these interactions, it is only ca. 50% as active as the natural hormone. It is speculated that other factors than the above mentioned interactions come into play, which involve the side chain of the A21 amino acid residue and affect the biological activity of the hormone.", "PMID": 422323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11442", "title": "The purification of peptides by partition chromatography based on a hydrophobicity scale.", "content": "A study of the efficiency of partition chromatography for the purification of peptides as a function of structure has been undertaken. A series of 19 omission analogs of camel beta-endorphin and of some of its partial sequences have been synthesized with each analog missing only a single amino acid. Their chromatographic properties have been examined with use of the Martin hypothesis and the RM concept, and a hydrophobicity scale for the amino acid side chains was obtained. To a first approximation a correlation with the Tanford hydrophobicity scale for amino acids was found. A decrease in hydrophobicity has been observed with increasing chain length and is discussed in terms of column efficiencies required for the purification of synthetic peptides.", "contents": "The purification of peptides by partition chromatography based on a hydrophobicity scale. A study of the efficiency of partition chromatography for the purification of peptides as a function of structure has been undertaken. A series of 19 omission analogs of camel beta-endorphin and of some of its partial sequences have been synthesized with each analog missing only a single amino acid. Their chromatographic properties have been examined with use of the Martin hypothesis and the RM concept, and a hydrophobicity scale for the amino acid side chains was obtained. To a first approximation a correlation with the Tanford hydrophobicity scale for amino acids was found. A decrease in hydrophobicity has been observed with increasing chain length and is discussed in terms of column efficiencies required for the purification of synthetic peptides.", "PMID": 422324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11443", "title": "Rabbit lutropin: preparation, characterization of the hormone, its subunits and radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The purification of rabbit lutropin is described. A product with a potency of 1.53 X NIH-LH-Sl was obtained as assayed by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay. In a homologous radioimmunoassay, which is described, rabbit lutropin has a potency 4.83 X NIH-LH-Sl. In a radioligand assay, utilizing labeled ovine lutropin as the trace, the relative potency was 0.47 X NIH-LH-Sl measured by 50% inhibition comparison since rabbit lutropin response in this system did not parallel ovine lutropin. A counter-current distribution procedure for separation of rabbit lutropin subunits is described. Amino acid composition of the isolated subunits and intact rabbit lutropin was determined. The carbohydrate composition of the latter is presented; only amino sugar determinations are available for the subunits. The NH2-terminal amino acids are phenylalanine (alpha subunit) and alanine (beta subunit). Preliminary data on COOH-terminal amino acids are provided.", "contents": "Rabbit lutropin: preparation, characterization of the hormone, its subunits and radioimmunoassay. The purification of rabbit lutropin is described. A product with a potency of 1.53 X NIH-LH-Sl was obtained as assayed by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay. In a homologous radioimmunoassay, which is described, rabbit lutropin has a potency 4.83 X NIH-LH-Sl. In a radioligand assay, utilizing labeled ovine lutropin as the trace, the relative potency was 0.47 X NIH-LH-Sl measured by 50% inhibition comparison since rabbit lutropin response in this system did not parallel ovine lutropin. A counter-current distribution procedure for separation of rabbit lutropin subunits is described. Amino acid composition of the isolated subunits and intact rabbit lutropin was determined. The carbohydrate composition of the latter is presented; only amino sugar determinations are available for the subunits. The NH2-terminal amino acids are phenylalanine (alpha subunit) and alanine (beta subunit). Preliminary data on COOH-terminal amino acids are provided.", "PMID": 422325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11444", "title": "Solid-phase active site inhibitors of proteinases.", "content": "Phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone covalently attached to porous glass beads was synthesized to serve as a solid-phase active site directed inhibitor of chymotrypsin-like proteolytic enzymes. The solid-phase reagent inhibited 20 nmol of bovine chymotrypsin per gram of glass and covalently bound 30 nmol of protein per gram of glass. Sepharose-bound lysine chloromethyl ketones were synthesized to serve as inhibitors of trypsin-like enzymes. Sepharose-MethionylLysyl chloromethyl ketone inactivated and bound about 6.8 nmol of enzyme per ml of settled gel. In a preliminary experiment, a cyanogen bromide cleavage of the methionine residues showed that it should be possible to release all peptides but the peptide containing the active-site histidine. The immobilized trypsin was also reduced, carboxymethylated and digested with chymotrypsin. The potential of the solid-phase approach is in the isolation of a specific serine proteinase and in the sequence determination of residues surrounding the active-site histidine.", "contents": "Solid-phase active site inhibitors of proteinases. Phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone covalently attached to porous glass beads was synthesized to serve as a solid-phase active site directed inhibitor of chymotrypsin-like proteolytic enzymes. The solid-phase reagent inhibited 20 nmol of bovine chymotrypsin per gram of glass and covalently bound 30 nmol of protein per gram of glass. Sepharose-bound lysine chloromethyl ketones were synthesized to serve as inhibitors of trypsin-like enzymes. Sepharose-MethionylLysyl chloromethyl ketone inactivated and bound about 6.8 nmol of enzyme per ml of settled gel. In a preliminary experiment, a cyanogen bromide cleavage of the methionine residues showed that it should be possible to release all peptides but the peptide containing the active-site histidine. The immobilized trypsin was also reduced, carboxymethylated and digested with chymotrypsin. The potential of the solid-phase approach is in the isolation of a specific serine proteinase and in the sequence determination of residues surrounding the active-site histidine.", "PMID": 422326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11445", "title": "Synthesis, characterization and fluorescence studies on N-alpha-dansylalanyllysyl trypsino (HIS-46)-methane.", "content": "The 1-dimethylamino-5-naphthalene sulfonyl (dansyl) derivative of alanyllsyl chloromethane was synthesized and employed to introduce the fluorescent dansyl moiety specifically into the active site of trypsin via affinity labelling. The potential of dansylalanyllysyl chloromethane lies in its high degree of selectivity and markedly faster rate of enzyme inactivation when compared to previously synthesized, single residue affinity label chromophores. This permits the practical utilization of stoichiometric amounts of the inhibitor to achieve 100% inactivation of trypsin, even at high dilutions. The transfer of energy between the four tryptophan residues of trypsin and the bound dansyl group has been investigated in the fluorescent inhibitor-enzyme conjugate. From transfer efficiency measurements mean distances of 19.0 A and 19.3 A between the point of attachment of the dansyl group and the four tryptophan residues of trypsin have been calculated. These compare well with the mean value of 18.8 A derived from calculations based on crystallographic model studies.", "contents": "Synthesis, characterization and fluorescence studies on N-alpha-dansylalanyllysyl trypsino (HIS-46)-methane. The 1-dimethylamino-5-naphthalene sulfonyl (dansyl) derivative of alanyllsyl chloromethane was synthesized and employed to introduce the fluorescent dansyl moiety specifically into the active site of trypsin via affinity labelling. The potential of dansylalanyllysyl chloromethane lies in its high degree of selectivity and markedly faster rate of enzyme inactivation when compared to previously synthesized, single residue affinity label chromophores. This permits the practical utilization of stoichiometric amounts of the inhibitor to achieve 100% inactivation of trypsin, even at high dilutions. The transfer of energy between the four tryptophan residues of trypsin and the bound dansyl group has been investigated in the fluorescent inhibitor-enzyme conjugate. From transfer efficiency measurements mean distances of 19.0 A and 19.3 A between the point of attachment of the dansyl group and the four tryptophan residues of trypsin have been calculated. These compare well with the mean value of 18.8 A derived from calculations based on crystallographic model studies.", "PMID": 422327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11446", "title": "The canine eye: the vessels of aqueous drainage.", "content": "Lumenal castings of canine vessels of aqueous drainage, prepared by microvascular injection of room-temperature vulcanizing silicone or Batson's methacrylate corrosion compound No. 17, were viewed with a stereo dissecting microscope and by scanning electron microscopy. The pathways for aqueous drainage in the dog appear to extend radially from the interstices of the filtering meshwork, through the deep intrascleral venous plexus, to the midscleral venous circle of Hovius, which also serves choroidal venous drainage. Venous blood mixed with aqueous humor may egress the globe from the venous plexus of Hovius via the anterior ciliary vein or posterior vortex veins. The canine pathways of aqueous drainage are distinguished from those in the primate by the absence of Schlemm's canal and the intrascleral mergence of drainage routes for aqueous humor and uveal venous blood.", "contents": "The canine eye: the vessels of aqueous drainage. Lumenal castings of canine vessels of aqueous drainage, prepared by microvascular injection of room-temperature vulcanizing silicone or Batson's methacrylate corrosion compound No. 17, were viewed with a stereo dissecting microscope and by scanning electron microscopy. The pathways for aqueous drainage in the dog appear to extend radially from the interstices of the filtering meshwork, through the deep intrascleral venous plexus, to the midscleral venous circle of Hovius, which also serves choroidal venous drainage. Venous blood mixed with aqueous humor may egress the globe from the venous plexus of Hovius via the anterior ciliary vein or posterior vortex veins. The canine pathways of aqueous drainage are distinguished from those in the primate by the absence of Schlemm's canal and the intrascleral mergence of drainage routes for aqueous humor and uveal venous blood.", "PMID": 422328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11447", "title": "Elemental analysis of melanins from bovine hair, iris, choroid, and retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "According to recent theory on the structure of melanin, the sulfur content of melanin is a reflection of the amount of cysteine used in its manufacture. We compared the sulfur contents of melanins from hair, choroid, iris, and retinal pigment epithelium from black-haired cattle and separately from red-haired cattle. In black-haired cattle, sulfur contents of hair and ocular melanins were all between 0.60% and 0.94%, however, in red-haired cattle, hair melanin had a sulfur content (8.66%) different from those of choroid (0.94%) or RPE (1.72%) MELANIN. One may conclude that in an individual animal, ocular melanins can have different chemical structures from hair melanins. The clinical importance of this finding is discussed with regard to sympathetic ophthalmia.", "contents": "Elemental analysis of melanins from bovine hair, iris, choroid, and retinal pigment epithelium. According to recent theory on the structure of melanin, the sulfur content of melanin is a reflection of the amount of cysteine used in its manufacture. We compared the sulfur contents of melanins from hair, choroid, iris, and retinal pigment epithelium from black-haired cattle and separately from red-haired cattle. In black-haired cattle, sulfur contents of hair and ocular melanins were all between 0.60% and 0.94%, however, in red-haired cattle, hair melanin had a sulfur content (8.66%) different from those of choroid (0.94%) or RPE (1.72%) MELANIN. One may conclude that in an individual animal, ocular melanins can have different chemical structures from hair melanins. The clinical importance of this finding is discussed with regard to sympathetic ophthalmia.", "PMID": 422329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11448", "title": "Effect of phenylephrine on normal and regenerated endothelial cells in cat cornea.", "content": "Topical commercial phenylephrine HCl (Neo-Synephrine 10%) has been shown to cause an increase in corneal thickness and reversible vacuolization of corneal endothelial cells in rabbits. Using an in vivo model of regenerated corneal endothelial cells in the cat, we compared the cytotoxicity of phenylephrine-HCl 10% to regenerated and to normal, nonregenerated cells. Following removal of the epithelium, topical application of the drug causes the appearance of anterior and posterior bands of stromal edema and reversible vacuolization in both normal and regenerated endothelial cells. Phenylephrine was not more damaging to the regenerated cells. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes infiltrated between the regenerating cells 24 hr after treatment but did not appear to destroy them. Phenylephrine may therefore be implicated as a causative factor of corneal edema and postoperative inflammation.", "contents": "Effect of phenylephrine on normal and regenerated endothelial cells in cat cornea. Topical commercial phenylephrine HCl (Neo-Synephrine 10%) has been shown to cause an increase in corneal thickness and reversible vacuolization of corneal endothelial cells in rabbits. Using an in vivo model of regenerated corneal endothelial cells in the cat, we compared the cytotoxicity of phenylephrine-HCl 10% to regenerated and to normal, nonregenerated cells. Following removal of the epithelium, topical application of the drug causes the appearance of anterior and posterior bands of stromal edema and reversible vacuolization in both normal and regenerated endothelial cells. Phenylephrine was not more damaging to the regenerated cells. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes infiltrated between the regenerating cells 24 hr after treatment but did not appear to destroy them. Phenylephrine may therefore be implicated as a causative factor of corneal edema and postoperative inflammation.", "PMID": 422330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11449", "title": "ATP is released into the rabbit eye by antidromic stimulation of the trigeminal nerve.", "content": "Antidromic stimulation of the trigeminal nerve produces an irritative response in the rabbit eye characterized by ipsilateral miosis, hyperemia, elevated intraocular pressure, and a disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier. The latter is a bilateral effect. The mediator or mediators involved in this response of the eye are unknown. Increased ATP levels in aqueous humor could be found after trigeminal stimulation. Treatment of rabbits with dipyridamole further increased ATP levels in aqueous humor after stimulation, confirming the findings of Holton that stimulation of sensory nerves causes a release of ATP. Intravitreal injections of ATP could not reproduce the ocular irritative response; however, an iridial hyperemia of long latency and an increase in aqueous humor protein levels were produced. The mechanism of this part of the reaction requires further study.", "contents": "ATP is released into the rabbit eye by antidromic stimulation of the trigeminal nerve. Antidromic stimulation of the trigeminal nerve produces an irritative response in the rabbit eye characterized by ipsilateral miosis, hyperemia, elevated intraocular pressure, and a disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier. The latter is a bilateral effect. The mediator or mediators involved in this response of the eye are unknown. Increased ATP levels in aqueous humor could be found after trigeminal stimulation. Treatment of rabbits with dipyridamole further increased ATP levels in aqueous humor after stimulation, confirming the findings of Holton that stimulation of sensory nerves causes a release of ATP. Intravitreal injections of ATP could not reproduce the ocular irritative response; however, an iridial hyperemia of long latency and an increase in aqueous humor protein levels were produced. The mechanism of this part of the reaction requires further study.", "PMID": 422331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11450", "title": "Rod sensitivity relative to cone sensitivity in retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "The present study evaluates rod sensitivity relative to cone sensitivity in retinitis pigmentosa patients. From perimetric measures of absolute thresholds to long- and short-wavelength stimuli, we find the results can be characterized in three different ways. For one group of patients it appears that only cone function is present in all parts of the visual field. For another group of patients, despite large losses in absolute sensitivity, rod sensitivity still exceeds cone sensitivity by at least the normal factor, suggesting concomitant rod and cone sensitivity losses. For a third group of patients it appears that central retinal thresholds are determined primarily by cones, midperipheral retinal thresholds determined by a composite of rod and cone function, and far- peripheral thresholds determined predominately by rods. The argument is put forward that the different groups of threshold results represent different disease mechanisms rather than different stages in the progression of a single disease process.", "contents": "Rod sensitivity relative to cone sensitivity in retinitis pigmentosa. The present study evaluates rod sensitivity relative to cone sensitivity in retinitis pigmentosa patients. From perimetric measures of absolute thresholds to long- and short-wavelength stimuli, we find the results can be characterized in three different ways. For one group of patients it appears that only cone function is present in all parts of the visual field. For another group of patients, despite large losses in absolute sensitivity, rod sensitivity still exceeds cone sensitivity by at least the normal factor, suggesting concomitant rod and cone sensitivity losses. For a third group of patients it appears that central retinal thresholds are determined primarily by cones, midperipheral retinal thresholds determined by a composite of rod and cone function, and far- peripheral thresholds determined predominately by rods. The argument is put forward that the different groups of threshold results represent different disease mechanisms rather than different stages in the progression of a single disease process.", "PMID": 422332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11451", "title": "Cat optic nerve imaging with metrizamide.", "content": "Metrizamide is a water-soluble, nonionic radiocontrast medium that penetrates better into narrow subarachnoid spaces than do oily contrast media or gas. We performed metrizamide optic nerve thecography on five cats with iatrogenic orbital lesions. Optic thecograms successfully demonstrated displacement of the optic nerve, obstruction of the optic nerve sheath subarachnoid space, and extravasation of the contrast medium from a punctured optic nerve sheath. Metrizamide-induced seizures could be prevented by intramuscular preadministration of diazepam.", "contents": "Cat optic nerve imaging with metrizamide. Metrizamide is a water-soluble, nonionic radiocontrast medium that penetrates better into narrow subarachnoid spaces than do oily contrast media or gas. We performed metrizamide optic nerve thecography on five cats with iatrogenic orbital lesions. Optic thecograms successfully demonstrated displacement of the optic nerve, obstruction of the optic nerve sheath subarachnoid space, and extravasation of the contrast medium from a punctured optic nerve sheath. Metrizamide-induced seizures could be prevented by intramuscular preadministration of diazepam.", "PMID": 422333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11452", "title": "Method of measuring aqueous humor flow and corneal endothelial permeability using a fluorophotometry nomogram.", "content": "A new method of measuring aqueous humor flow and corneal endothelial permeability to fluorescein using a fluorophotometry nomogram is described. This method is compared to four other methods, two of which have been described previously. All five methods were carried out simultaneously in a group of 20 normal human subjects. All methods give closely comparable results in most of the eyes tested. A tabular comparison of the results of the nomographic method and the published results of other investigators, which are in good agreement, is given. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the nomographic technique are discussed.", "contents": "Method of measuring aqueous humor flow and corneal endothelial permeability using a fluorophotometry nomogram. A new method of measuring aqueous humor flow and corneal endothelial permeability to fluorescein using a fluorophotometry nomogram is described. This method is compared to four other methods, two of which have been described previously. All five methods were carried out simultaneously in a group of 20 normal human subjects. All methods give closely comparable results in most of the eyes tested. A tabular comparison of the results of the nomographic method and the published results of other investigators, which are in good agreement, is given. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the nomographic technique are discussed.", "PMID": 422334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11453", "title": "Effect of intraocular irrigating solutions on intracellular membrane potentials and swelling rate of isolated human and rabbit cornea.", "content": "Isolated human and rabbit corneas were incubated in glutathione bicarbonate Ringer solution (GBR), balanced salt solution (BSS), or 0.9% NaCl solution. The swelling rate of human corneas was 25.5 micron/hr in GBR and significantly increased to 32.7 in BSS and 66.1 in NaCl. The epithelial intracellular potential of human cornea was constant at about 60 mV up to 5 hr of incubation in GBR and decreased continuously to 40 mV in BSS and NaCl. Endothelial cell potentials were stable for up to 3 hr of incubation in GBR or BSS and decreased from a control value of about 18 mV to 10 mV 2 hr after bathing in NaCl. Qualitatively similar data were obtained in the isolated rabbit cornea. The results demonstrate the advantage of GBR as an intraocular irrigating solution.", "contents": "Effect of intraocular irrigating solutions on intracellular membrane potentials and swelling rate of isolated human and rabbit cornea. Isolated human and rabbit corneas were incubated in glutathione bicarbonate Ringer solution (GBR), balanced salt solution (BSS), or 0.9% NaCl solution. The swelling rate of human corneas was 25.5 micron/hr in GBR and significantly increased to 32.7 in BSS and 66.1 in NaCl. The epithelial intracellular potential of human cornea was constant at about 60 mV up to 5 hr of incubation in GBR and decreased continuously to 40 mV in BSS and NaCl. Endothelial cell potentials were stable for up to 3 hr of incubation in GBR or BSS and decreased from a control value of about 18 mV to 10 mV 2 hr after bathing in NaCl. Qualitatively similar data were obtained in the isolated rabbit cornea. The results demonstrate the advantage of GBR as an intraocular irrigating solution.", "PMID": 422335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11454", "title": "Human platelet monoamine oxidase activity in glaucoma.", "content": "Monoamine oxidase (MAO, E.C. 1.4.3.4) activity was determined by spectrophotofluorimetric assay of the reaction product of the artificial substrate kynuramine in platelets from venous blood samples from 50 outpatients with glaucomas and 47 sex- and age-matched controls. No significant differences were found between MAO activity in control subjects and that in subjects with glaucomas grouped according to diagnostic subcategories. Irrespective of ocular disease, women had significantly higher enzyme activity than men. Age-related changes in platelet MAO were inconsistent.", "contents": "Human platelet monoamine oxidase activity in glaucoma. Monoamine oxidase (MAO, E.C. 1.4.3.4) activity was determined by spectrophotofluorimetric assay of the reaction product of the artificial substrate kynuramine in platelets from venous blood samples from 50 outpatients with glaucomas and 47 sex- and age-matched controls. No significant differences were found between MAO activity in control subjects and that in subjects with glaucomas grouped according to diagnostic subcategories. Irrespective of ocular disease, women had significantly higher enzyme activity than men. Age-related changes in platelet MAO were inconsistent.", "PMID": 422336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11455", "title": "Saccades in extremes of lateral gaze.", "content": "Saccades (between targets at 30 degrees and 40 degrees) were recorded with DC electro-oculography in 10 normal subjects. Velocity-amplitude relationships were examined on the basis of abduction vs. adduction and centering vs. eccentric movement. In these small peripheral saccades the former pairing showed no consistent differences in peak velocity, whereas centering saccades were consistently faster than both eccentric movements and those made around primary position.", "contents": "Saccades in extremes of lateral gaze. Saccades (between targets at 30 degrees and 40 degrees) were recorded with DC electro-oculography in 10 normal subjects. Velocity-amplitude relationships were examined on the basis of abduction vs. adduction and centering vs. eccentric movement. In these small peripheral saccades the former pairing showed no consistent differences in peak velocity, whereas centering saccades were consistently faster than both eccentric movements and those made around primary position.", "PMID": 422337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11456", "title": "Study of the HLA antigen in Arab children with paralytic poliomyelitis.", "content": "In 1974 and 1976, two outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred in a vaccine-protected infant population in the Gaza Strip. To test the possibility of an increased susceptibility to the disease, the frequency of HLA antigens was studied in 58 of the affected children and compared with 113 control subjects. HLA-AW19 and -B7 were found more frequently in the affected children. These differences were not statistically significant but are consistent with the possibility that patients with the paralytic disease may have an HLA genetic makeup different from that of the rest of the population.", "contents": "Study of the HLA antigen in Arab children with paralytic poliomyelitis. In 1974 and 1976, two outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred in a vaccine-protected infant population in the Gaza Strip. To test the possibility of an increased susceptibility to the disease, the frequency of HLA antigens was studied in 58 of the affected children and compared with 113 control subjects. HLA-AW19 and -B7 were found more frequently in the affected children. These differences were not statistically significant but are consistent with the possibility that patients with the paralytic disease may have an HLA genetic makeup different from that of the rest of the population.", "PMID": 422339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11457", "title": "HLA antigens in the Arab population of the Gaza Strip.", "content": "The HLA antigen system was studied in the Arab population of the Gaza Strip. The lymphocytes of 113 individuals were typed for 13 and 16 antigens at loci A and B, respectively. The distribution of the HLA antigens was found to be similar to that of an average Caucasoid Middle Eastern population. This was more marked when the tested population was compared with Arab populations living in northern Israel or originating from Lebanon, suggesting that they probably all share a common gene pool. The only noteworthy variation in the Gaza population was the high frequency of BW21, previously found only in Eritreans and Turks.", "contents": "HLA antigens in the Arab population of the Gaza Strip. The HLA antigen system was studied in the Arab population of the Gaza Strip. The lymphocytes of 113 individuals were typed for 13 and 16 antigens at loci A and B, respectively. The distribution of the HLA antigens was found to be similar to that of an average Caucasoid Middle Eastern population. This was more marked when the tested population was compared with Arab populations living in northern Israel or originating from Lebanon, suggesting that they probably all share a common gene pool. The only noteworthy variation in the Gaza population was the high frequency of BW21, previously found only in Eritreans and Turks.", "PMID": 422340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11458", "title": "Rubella in Jerusalem. 2. Clinical and serologic findings in children with congenital rubella.", "content": "Forty-eight children born with clinical and serologic manifestations of congenital rubella were followed for a three-year period. Expanded rubella syndrome, multiple anomalies and single defects were found, mostly in the child's first year of life. Some new organic problems were found at a later age in children who had initially been healthy but who had been followed up because of their high antibody levels to rubella. Of the 48 children, 15 (31%) were born to mothers who had had clinically and serologically diagnosed rubella during pregnancy. In 33 children (69%) the mother had had asymptomatic rubella. These findings emphasize the need to identify and immunize seronegative women before pregnancy.", "contents": "Rubella in Jerusalem. 2. Clinical and serologic findings in children with congenital rubella. Forty-eight children born with clinical and serologic manifestations of congenital rubella were followed for a three-year period. Expanded rubella syndrome, multiple anomalies and single defects were found, mostly in the child's first year of life. Some new organic problems were found at a later age in children who had initially been healthy but who had been followed up because of their high antibody levels to rubella. Of the 48 children, 15 (31%) were born to mothers who had had clinically and serologically diagnosed rubella during pregnancy. In 33 children (69%) the mother had had asymptomatic rubella. These findings emphasize the need to identify and immunize seronegative women before pregnancy.", "PMID": 422341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11459", "title": "Torsion of the spleen in a five-and-a-half-month-old infant.", "content": "In this report, we describe torsion of the spleen in a five-and-a-half-month-old infant, thus far the youngest reported patient in the literature. Celiac angiography and tuftsin determination confirmed the clinical impression that the pathology was confined to the spleen. The infant underwent a splenectomy and made an uneventful recovery.", "contents": "Torsion of the spleen in a five-and-a-half-month-old infant. In this report, we describe torsion of the spleen in a five-and-a-half-month-old infant, thus far the youngest reported patient in the literature. Celiac angiography and tuftsin determination confirmed the clinical impression that the pathology was confined to the spleen. The infant underwent a splenectomy and made an uneventful recovery.", "PMID": 422342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11460", "title": "Osteogenesis by periosteal transplant. Experimental study of spinal fusion in rats.", "content": "Autogenous transplantation of periosteum was performed in 60 rats. Periosteum was transferred from the femur to the spinal column in the region of thoracic vertebra 8 to lumbar vertebra 2. Follow-up included histological examination and microradiography. New bone formation occurred late and the bones were of a heterotopic nature; a solid arthrodesis was not achieved. Free periosteal grafts do not exhibit the relatively predictable behavior of periosteal flaps. Greater understanding at the biomolecular level may be required before free periosteal grafts can be introduced into routine clinical practice.", "contents": "Osteogenesis by periosteal transplant. Experimental study of spinal fusion in rats. Autogenous transplantation of periosteum was performed in 60 rats. Periosteum was transferred from the femur to the spinal column in the region of thoracic vertebra 8 to lumbar vertebra 2. Follow-up included histological examination and microradiography. New bone formation occurred late and the bones were of a heterotopic nature; a solid arthrodesis was not achieved. Free periosteal grafts do not exhibit the relatively predictable behavior of periosteal flaps. Greater understanding at the biomolecular level may be required before free periosteal grafts can be introduced into routine clinical practice.", "PMID": 422343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11461", "title": "Nonoliguric acute renal failure.", "content": "The course of nonoliguric acute renal failure (ARF) in 11 patients was analyzed. The possible etiology of the renal failure was multiple in all cases and did not differ from that seen in oliguric acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Other than the urine volume, which ranged from 510 to 2,325 ml/day, there was no major clinical or biochemical difference between these cases of nonliguric ARF and those described for oliguric ATN. Creatinine clearance, however, was higher than anticipated in oliguric ATN and ranged from 2.8 to 15.0 ml/min. There was a direct relationship between creatinine clearance and daily urine volume. The essential difference between oliguric and nonoliguric renal failure appears to be the lesser degree of renal damage in the nonoliguric form.", "contents": "Nonoliguric acute renal failure. The course of nonoliguric acute renal failure (ARF) in 11 patients was analyzed. The possible etiology of the renal failure was multiple in all cases and did not differ from that seen in oliguric acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Other than the urine volume, which ranged from 510 to 2,325 ml/day, there was no major clinical or biochemical difference between these cases of nonliguric ARF and those described for oliguric ATN. Creatinine clearance, however, was higher than anticipated in oliguric ATN and ranged from 2.8 to 15.0 ml/min. There was a direct relationship between creatinine clearance and daily urine volume. The essential difference between oliguric and nonoliguric renal failure appears to be the lesser degree of renal damage in the nonoliguric form.", "PMID": 422344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11462", "title": "Further evaluation of the effect of estrogen on tumor-associated immunity in prostatic cancer.", "content": "Reactivity of leukocytes to allogeneic extracts of malignant prostate from patients with prostatic cancer, as evaluated by antigen-induced leukocyte-adherence inhibtion, was significantly suppressed in the presence of diethylstilbestrol diphosphate. The observed suppression of tumor-associated immunity in the presence of exogenous estrogen provides further evidence supporting earlier studies that demonstrated estrogenic suppression of nonspecific cellular responsiveness, as evaluated by phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocytic blastogenesis, and for the initally suggested concern over the efficacy of estrogenic therapy and its adverse effect on host cell-mediated immunologic responsiveness.", "contents": "Further evaluation of the effect of estrogen on tumor-associated immunity in prostatic cancer. Reactivity of leukocytes to allogeneic extracts of malignant prostate from patients with prostatic cancer, as evaluated by antigen-induced leukocyte-adherence inhibtion, was significantly suppressed in the presence of diethylstilbestrol diphosphate. The observed suppression of tumor-associated immunity in the presence of exogenous estrogen provides further evidence supporting earlier studies that demonstrated estrogenic suppression of nonspecific cellular responsiveness, as evaluated by phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocytic blastogenesis, and for the initally suggested concern over the efficacy of estrogenic therapy and its adverse effect on host cell-mediated immunologic responsiveness.", "PMID": 422345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11463", "title": "[Panniculitis nodularis febrilis non suppurative in metastasizing soft-tissue sarcoma].", "content": "Report of a 28-year-old female patient with a metastasizing soft tissue sarcoma confined to the oral mucosa and subcutis. The basic disease attracted clinical attention as a nodular febrile nonsuppurative panniculitis (Pfeifer-Weber-Christian disease). Perivascular tumor cells in the subcutis obviously induced localized fat necroses. Ultrastructurally, the pathological cells showed no indicative cytological characteristics other than a close association with reticulin fibers. Apparently, a metastasizing tumor disease can be concealed under the clinical picture of a nodular febrile non suppurative panniculitis--as a paraneoplastic syndrome.", "contents": "[Panniculitis nodularis febrilis non suppurative in metastasizing soft-tissue sarcoma]. Report of a 28-year-old female patient with a metastasizing soft tissue sarcoma confined to the oral mucosa and subcutis. The basic disease attracted clinical attention as a nodular febrile nonsuppurative panniculitis (Pfeifer-Weber-Christian disease). Perivascular tumor cells in the subcutis obviously induced localized fat necroses. Ultrastructurally, the pathological cells showed no indicative cytological characteristics other than a close association with reticulin fibers. Apparently, a metastasizing tumor disease can be concealed under the clinical picture of a nodular febrile non suppurative panniculitis--as a paraneoplastic syndrome.", "PMID": 422355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11464", "title": "[Management of recurrent herpes simplex using levamisole].", "content": "The therapeutic effect of levamisole was tested in a double blind and open clinical study in 30 patients with recurrent labial and genital herpes simplex. The frequency, the duration and the painfulness of the herpes eruptions were improved significantly under levamisole treatment. Agranulocytosis is an important adverse reaction which restricts the practical use of the substance. The increase of phagocytosis of granulocytes and macrophages and the normalization of defective cell mediated immune reactions are the supposed mechanisms of levamisole action.", "contents": "[Management of recurrent herpes simplex using levamisole]. The therapeutic effect of levamisole was tested in a double blind and open clinical study in 30 patients with recurrent labial and genital herpes simplex. The frequency, the duration and the painfulness of the herpes eruptions were improved significantly under levamisole treatment. Agranulocytosis is an important adverse reaction which restricts the practical use of the substance. The increase of phagocytosis of granulocytes and macrophages and the normalization of defective cell mediated immune reactions are the supposed mechanisms of levamisole action.", "PMID": 422356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11465", "title": "[White nevus of the oral mucosa].", "content": "A white sponge nevus of the oral mucosa is described in a 12-year-old girl and her 36-year-old mother. This anomaly, which is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, deserves no treatment. Because of the bilateral involvement, which is found in the majority of cases, the white sponge nevus is often misdiagnosed as therapy-resistant thrush.", "contents": "[White nevus of the oral mucosa]. A white sponge nevus of the oral mucosa is described in a 12-year-old girl and her 36-year-old mother. This anomaly, which is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, deserves no treatment. Because of the bilateral involvement, which is found in the majority of cases, the white sponge nevus is often misdiagnosed as therapy-resistant thrush.", "PMID": 422357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11466", "title": "[Pilar tumor of the scalp. Case report and study of 59 cases].", "content": "The pilar tumor occurs mainly in elderly women. It is a solitary lesion, localized on the scalp in most cases. In spite of the usually long course of the disease, pilar tumors very rarely metastasize. Small tumors look like \"sebaceous cysts\", large and very large tumors are diagnosed as squamous cell carcinomas. In these cases one could directly come to the right diagnosis if sex, age and localization do correspond. Microscopic examination reveals interlacing lobules of squamous eqithelium that undergo in their center abrupt keratinization of pilar or trichilemmal cysts. The pilar tumor, therefore, keratinizes like the middle portion of the outer root sheath. Our own case shows the typical above-mentioned clinical and histological signs of the pilar tumor.", "contents": "[Pilar tumor of the scalp. Case report and study of 59 cases]. The pilar tumor occurs mainly in elderly women. It is a solitary lesion, localized on the scalp in most cases. In spite of the usually long course of the disease, pilar tumors very rarely metastasize. Small tumors look like \"sebaceous cysts\", large and very large tumors are diagnosed as squamous cell carcinomas. In these cases one could directly come to the right diagnosis if sex, age and localization do correspond. Microscopic examination reveals interlacing lobules of squamous eqithelium that undergo in their center abrupt keratinization of pilar or trichilemmal cysts. The pilar tumor, therefore, keratinizes like the middle portion of the outer root sheath. Our own case shows the typical above-mentioned clinical and histological signs of the pilar tumor.", "PMID": 422363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11467", "title": "[Multiple keratoacanthomas].", "content": "Report of a 59 year old man who suffered from spontaneously healing multiple keratoakanthomas of the face and neck for five years. Multiple keratoakanthomas, multiple primary squamous-cell carcinomas with spontaneous healing and tumor-like keratoses probably are variants of the same disease. The etiology of multiple keratoakanthomas is unknown. Clinically as well as histologically they are similar to solitary keratoakanthomas and show spontaneous healing. Thorough clinical control of the patients is necessary because of the possible transformation into squamous cell carcinomas.", "contents": "[Multiple keratoacanthomas]. Report of a 59 year old man who suffered from spontaneously healing multiple keratoakanthomas of the face and neck for five years. Multiple keratoakanthomas, multiple primary squamous-cell carcinomas with spontaneous healing and tumor-like keratoses probably are variants of the same disease. The etiology of multiple keratoakanthomas is unknown. Clinically as well as histologically they are similar to solitary keratoakanthomas and show spontaneous healing. Thorough clinical control of the patients is necessary because of the possible transformation into squamous cell carcinomas.", "PMID": 422364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11468", "title": "[Chordoma - a review and report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Chordomas can be categorized into those of clival, cervical and sacrococcygeal origin. The clival chordomas are primarily discussed in this report. In defining pathological anatomy or histology, a differentiation of benign from malignant chordomas by histological means alone is impossible. A preoperative diagnosis is only possible if tumor grows into the nasopharynx and allows a tissue biopsy to be taken. These tumors are clinically malignant though strict anatomic criteria for malignancy such as nuclear polymorphia or atypia, mitoses and metastases are rarely observed. The therapeutic results of operation and radiation are compared. Each alone fails because of the high recurrence rate of the tumor so that their combination is preferred. Although the prognosis of this disease is poor, one of our patients who was treated with radiation and surgery had a survival time of 14 years.", "contents": "[Chordoma - a review and report of two cases (author's transl)]. Chordomas can be categorized into those of clival, cervical and sacrococcygeal origin. The clival chordomas are primarily discussed in this report. In defining pathological anatomy or histology, a differentiation of benign from malignant chordomas by histological means alone is impossible. A preoperative diagnosis is only possible if tumor grows into the nasopharynx and allows a tissue biopsy to be taken. These tumors are clinically malignant though strict anatomic criteria for malignancy such as nuclear polymorphia or atypia, mitoses and metastases are rarely observed. The therapeutic results of operation and radiation are compared. Each alone fails because of the high recurrence rate of the tumor so that their combination is preferred. Although the prognosis of this disease is poor, one of our patients who was treated with radiation and surgery had a survival time of 14 years.", "PMID": 422397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11469", "title": "[Long-term results of surgical therapy of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1965 and 1976, 95 patients with hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm have been operated according to the method developed by Fisch at the ENT-Clinic of the University of Zurich. 69 of the patients were followed over an interval of 1 to 12 years. 80% of the patients with hemifacial spasm and 65% of the patients with blepharospasm were free of symptoms or significantly improved. These results remained unvaried over an observation period of 6 to 12 years. The motility of the face was preserved to a very high degree in spite of extensive resection of peripheral facial nerve branches.", "contents": "[Long-term results of surgical therapy of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm (author's transl)]. Between 1965 and 1976, 95 patients with hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm have been operated according to the method developed by Fisch at the ENT-Clinic of the University of Zurich. 69 of the patients were followed over an interval of 1 to 12 years. 80% of the patients with hemifacial spasm and 65% of the patients with blepharospasm were free of symptoms or significantly improved. These results remained unvaried over an observation period of 6 to 12 years. The motility of the face was preserved to a very high degree in spite of extensive resection of peripheral facial nerve branches.", "PMID": 422399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11470", "title": "[The width of the internal auditory meatus in Bell's palsy. A radiological-tomographical study (author's transl)].", "content": "44 patients with ischemic facial paralysis were studied and tomograms made of both petrous bones. An attempt was made to establish the normal averages of various portions of the internal auditory meatus (fundus, middle, porus) from frontal projections. In addition, a comparison of each portion of the internal auditory meatus was made between diseased and healthy sides. Of patients studied, one third showed a narrowing of the internal auditory meatus on the involved side. A correlation between narrowing of the bony internal auditory meatus and the occurrence of an ischemic facial paralysis could not be established. However, such cannot be totally excluded as a contributing factor in the origin of a Bell's palsy.", "contents": "[The width of the internal auditory meatus in Bell's palsy. A radiological-tomographical study (author's transl)]. 44 patients with ischemic facial paralysis were studied and tomograms made of both petrous bones. An attempt was made to establish the normal averages of various portions of the internal auditory meatus (fundus, middle, porus) from frontal projections. In addition, a comparison of each portion of the internal auditory meatus was made between diseased and healthy sides. Of patients studied, one third showed a narrowing of the internal auditory meatus on the involved side. A correlation between narrowing of the bony internal auditory meatus and the occurrence of an ischemic facial paralysis could not be established. However, such cannot be totally excluded as a contributing factor in the origin of a Bell's palsy.", "PMID": 422400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11471", "title": "[Cranial mucormycosis with thrombosis of the sinus cavernosus (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of mucormycosis in a 45 year-old woman with uncontrolled diabetes is reported. Following dental extractions, the patient presented with total ophthalmoplegia, chemosis and complete sensory loss of the right fifth cranial nerve. Exophthalmus was not present. Although a fungal infection was suspected, administration of Amphotericin B was avoided because of renal insufficiency. After temporary clinical improvement with high doses of antibiotics, signs of right seventh and eighth cranial nerve paralysis and of thrombosis of the right ophthalmic artery developed. The patient expired after six days. Autopsy disclosed extensive mucormycosis with involvement of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, soft tissues and bones of face and orbit, cranial nerves, meninges and base of the brain, as well as mycotic thrombosis of the right cavernous sinus and the internal carotid, ophthalmic and maxillary arteries. The spread of infection is detailed, and the importance of an early diagnosis is stressed.", "contents": "[Cranial mucormycosis with thrombosis of the sinus cavernosus (author's transl)]. A case of mucormycosis in a 45 year-old woman with uncontrolled diabetes is reported. Following dental extractions, the patient presented with total ophthalmoplegia, chemosis and complete sensory loss of the right fifth cranial nerve. Exophthalmus was not present. Although a fungal infection was suspected, administration of Amphotericin B was avoided because of renal insufficiency. After temporary clinical improvement with high doses of antibiotics, signs of right seventh and eighth cranial nerve paralysis and of thrombosis of the right ophthalmic artery developed. The patient expired after six days. Autopsy disclosed extensive mucormycosis with involvement of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, soft tissues and bones of face and orbit, cranial nerves, meninges and base of the brain, as well as mycotic thrombosis of the right cavernous sinus and the internal carotid, ophthalmic and maxillary arteries. The spread of infection is detailed, and the importance of an early diagnosis is stressed.", "PMID": 422401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11472", "title": "[Multichannel monopolar ERA (author's transl)].", "content": "Six channel monopolar recordings are superior to single channel bipolar recordings when considering equal phased potentials, partially missed or only partially occurring potentials. It is hoped that additional information concerning defects of speech or behaviour in disorders of communication and coordination can be gained by mapping topographically excitation of the neural population.", "contents": "[Multichannel monopolar ERA (author's transl)]. Six channel monopolar recordings are superior to single channel bipolar recordings when considering equal phased potentials, partially missed or only partially occurring potentials. It is hoped that additional information concerning defects of speech or behaviour in disorders of communication and coordination can be gained by mapping topographically excitation of the neural population.", "PMID": 422402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11473", "title": "The controversial relationship between loudness discomfort levels and acoustic reflex thresholds.", "content": "Controversy presently exists concerning the relationship between loudness discomfort levels (LDL's) and acoustic reflex thresholds (ART's). In this study, LDL's and ART's were obtained for two groups of ten normal-hearing adult subjects and one group of ten adult subjects with bilateral sensorineural hearing losses. The procedure involved obtaining LDL's and ART's under earphones and under sound field conditions for four different acoustic stimuli: pure tones, warble tones, spondaic words, and speech spectrum noise. One group of normal-hearing subjects and the hard-of-hearing group of subjects were given \"too loud, uncomfortably loud, or annoyingly loud\" LDL instructions while a second group of normal hearing subjects were instructed to respond when a sound \"first starts to become uncomfortable.\" Results indicated that LDL's, irregardless of instructional pattern, were reported at consistently higher sound pressure levels than the ART's, for all groups of subjects. The magnitude of the differences between the LDL's and ART's varied according to LDL instrucitons, type of test stimulus, hearing sensitivity of the subjects (normal hearing or hard-of-hearing) and transducer used for stimulus presentation. The results of this study demonstrate that ART's correlate too poorly with the LDL to permit ART's to be used as an objective measure of loudness discomfort.", "contents": "The controversial relationship between loudness discomfort levels and acoustic reflex thresholds. Controversy presently exists concerning the relationship between loudness discomfort levels (LDL's) and acoustic reflex thresholds (ART's). In this study, LDL's and ART's were obtained for two groups of ten normal-hearing adult subjects and one group of ten adult subjects with bilateral sensorineural hearing losses. The procedure involved obtaining LDL's and ART's under earphones and under sound field conditions for four different acoustic stimuli: pure tones, warble tones, spondaic words, and speech spectrum noise. One group of normal-hearing subjects and the hard-of-hearing group of subjects were given \"too loud, uncomfortably loud, or annoyingly loud\" LDL instructions while a second group of normal hearing subjects were instructed to respond when a sound \"first starts to become uncomfortable.\" Results indicated that LDL's, irregardless of instructional pattern, were reported at consistently higher sound pressure levels than the ART's, for all groups of subjects. The magnitude of the differences between the LDL's and ART's varied according to LDL instrucitons, type of test stimulus, hearing sensitivity of the subjects (normal hearing or hard-of-hearing) and transducer used for stimulus presentation. The results of this study demonstrate that ART's correlate too poorly with the LDL to permit ART's to be used as an objective measure of loudness discomfort.", "PMID": 422423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11474", "title": "The influence of hearing aid nonlinear distortion on two auditory tasks.", "content": "A study is reported which examines the influence of hearing aid nonlinear distortion on multitone pitch perception. Normal-hearing subjects produced results indicating that hearing aid-generated harmonic and intermodulation components did significantly affect pitch judgments. Substantial differences in the amount of distortion between the two test aids was not, however, a critical factor. A follow-up study using closed-set intelligibility materials in noise further confirmed that relatively large measurable differences in nonlinear distortion between hearing aids do not seem to have the clinical significance which is often presumed.", "contents": "The influence of hearing aid nonlinear distortion on two auditory tasks. A study is reported which examines the influence of hearing aid nonlinear distortion on multitone pitch perception. Normal-hearing subjects produced results indicating that hearing aid-generated harmonic and intermodulation components did significantly affect pitch judgments. Substantial differences in the amount of distortion between the two test aids was not, however, a critical factor. A follow-up study using closed-set intelligibility materials in noise further confirmed that relatively large measurable differences in nonlinear distortion between hearing aids do not seem to have the clinical significance which is often presumed.", "PMID": 422424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11475", "title": "Central masking effects on spondee threshold as a function of masker sensation level and masker sound pressure level.", "content": "Thirteen subjects with normal hearing and thirteen with sensorineural hearing loss were tested with spondaic words to determine their spondee thresholds in the presence of several levels of contralateral noise. Results indicate that the threshold shift ascribed to central masking is a function of the sensation level of the noise. Recommendations for clinical application are made.", "contents": "Central masking effects on spondee threshold as a function of masker sensation level and masker sound pressure level. Thirteen subjects with normal hearing and thirteen with sensorineural hearing loss were tested with spondaic words to determine their spondee thresholds in the presence of several levels of contralateral noise. Results indicate that the threshold shift ascribed to central masking is a function of the sensation level of the noise. Recommendations for clinical application are made.", "PMID": 422425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11476", "title": "Loudness and the acoustic reflex: normal-hearing listeners.", "content": "The relationships among most comfortable listening level (MCL), loudness discomfort level, and the acoustic reflex to speech were studied on normal-hearing listeners using earphones and sound field test conditions. Recorded sentence materials were presented monaurally in quiet and, in the sound field, in the presence of 55 dB SPL cafeteria noise. The results indicate the MCL in the quiet sound field at approximately 70 dB SPL with the acoustic reflex occurring at 16 dB higher intensity. The earphone MCL was 7 dB lower than in the sound field, a finding that may reflect a real reverse in usual earphone/sound field results or simply calibration factors particular to the speakers and test room used in this study. The AR to speech seems to occur at approximately equal intensities between the MCL and LDL tested in quiet. The MCL is elevated by noise whereas the acoustic reflex remains at a constant level, indicating that no absolute relationship exists between loudness and the AR.", "contents": "Loudness and the acoustic reflex: normal-hearing listeners. The relationships among most comfortable listening level (MCL), loudness discomfort level, and the acoustic reflex to speech were studied on normal-hearing listeners using earphones and sound field test conditions. Recorded sentence materials were presented monaurally in quiet and, in the sound field, in the presence of 55 dB SPL cafeteria noise. The results indicate the MCL in the quiet sound field at approximately 70 dB SPL with the acoustic reflex occurring at 16 dB higher intensity. The earphone MCL was 7 dB lower than in the sound field, a finding that may reflect a real reverse in usual earphone/sound field results or simply calibration factors particular to the speakers and test room used in this study. The AR to speech seems to occur at approximately equal intensities between the MCL and LDL tested in quiet. The MCL is elevated by noise whereas the acoustic reflex remains at a constant level, indicating that no absolute relationship exists between loudness and the AR.", "PMID": 422427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11477", "title": "Hearing impaired clinic--a one-year survey.", "content": "The Hearing Impaired Clinic was established at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati for the purpose of integrating a multifaceted effort of habilitation of the child with a hearing impairment. This article discusses the rationale for such a clinic and presents the data obtained from the first year that the clinic was functioning. Details of audiological and otological evaluations indicate that there is still a significant delay in the habilitation of these children that could be countered by a greater awareness of the significance of hearing loss in the young child.", "contents": "Hearing impaired clinic--a one-year survey. The Hearing Impaired Clinic was established at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati for the purpose of integrating a multifaceted effort of habilitation of the child with a hearing impairment. This article discusses the rationale for such a clinic and presents the data obtained from the first year that the clinic was functioning. Details of audiological and otological evaluations indicate that there is still a significant delay in the habilitation of these children that could be countered by a greater awareness of the significance of hearing loss in the young child.", "PMID": 422426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11478", "title": "Stapedius reflex decay in normal hearing subjects.", "content": "The fatigue of the stapedius reflex was studied in 100 normal ears. Stimulus frequencies 500 and 1000 Hz were used,and the decrement of the stapedius reflex at 5, 10, and 15 dB above the reflex threshold was estimated. No decrement at all (less than 10% decay 10 sec after the onset of a stimulus 10 dB above the reflex threshold) was present in a majority of the ears. Between 27 and 58% of the ears showed reflex decay depending on variations of different factors such as stimulus frequency, intensity of the stimulus, and the method to register the reflex. Reflex decay was more often seen at 1000 Hz than at 500 Hz stimulus frequency. Reflex decay was also more often seen 5 dB above the reflex threshold than at higher intensity levels. The reflex decay thus observed in normal ears was generally small and did only very occasionally reach values which can be regarded as pathological.", "contents": "Stapedius reflex decay in normal hearing subjects. The fatigue of the stapedius reflex was studied in 100 normal ears. Stimulus frequencies 500 and 1000 Hz were used,and the decrement of the stapedius reflex at 5, 10, and 15 dB above the reflex threshold was estimated. No decrement at all (less than 10% decay 10 sec after the onset of a stimulus 10 dB above the reflex threshold) was present in a majority of the ears. Between 27 and 58% of the ears showed reflex decay depending on variations of different factors such as stimulus frequency, intensity of the stimulus, and the method to register the reflex. Reflex decay was more often seen at 1000 Hz than at 500 Hz stimulus frequency. Reflex decay was also more often seen 5 dB above the reflex threshold than at higher intensity levels. The reflex decay thus observed in normal ears was generally small and did only very occasionally reach values which can be regarded as pathological.", "PMID": 422428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11479", "title": "Effects of temperature, relative humidity, and mode of breathing on canine airway secretions.", "content": "Airway secretions were collected from the upper trachea of eight healthy nosebreathing mongrel dogs under general anesthesia, and the electrolytes and osmolality of these secretions were determined. Compared to plasma, secretions contained 15% higher Na+ and 33% higher Cl-, were 18% higher in osmolality, but had a lower Na+/Cl- throughout the 6-h experiments. When six nose-breathing dogs were exposed to air at 28.5 degrees C and 95% relative humidity, secretion osmolality became lower, but Na+/Cl- remained unchanged. In four other dogs, secretions approached the osmolality of plasma when inspired air was at 36.4 degrees C and 100% relative humidity. These secretions contained 22% higher Cl- and a lower Na+/Cl- than plasma. The differences between airway secretions and interstitial fluid suggest that secretions are formed by active Cl- transport. In another four dogs, secretion osmolality was higher with mouth breathing than breathing through the nose. Inasmuch as humidified and warmed air lowered and mouth breathing raised the osmolality of airway secretions, we postulate that the hyperosmolality of secretions results from water loss from the airway surface during conditioning of inspired air.", "contents": "Effects of temperature, relative humidity, and mode of breathing on canine airway secretions. Airway secretions were collected from the upper trachea of eight healthy nosebreathing mongrel dogs under general anesthesia, and the electrolytes and osmolality of these secretions were determined. Compared to plasma, secretions contained 15% higher Na+ and 33% higher Cl-, were 18% higher in osmolality, but had a lower Na+/Cl- throughout the 6-h experiments. When six nose-breathing dogs were exposed to air at 28.5 degrees C and 95% relative humidity, secretion osmolality became lower, but Na+/Cl- remained unchanged. In four other dogs, secretions approached the osmolality of plasma when inspired air was at 36.4 degrees C and 100% relative humidity. These secretions contained 22% higher Cl- and a lower Na+/Cl- than plasma. The differences between airway secretions and interstitial fluid suggest that secretions are formed by active Cl- transport. In another four dogs, secretion osmolality was higher with mouth breathing than breathing through the nose. Inasmuch as humidified and warmed air lowered and mouth breathing raised the osmolality of airway secretions, we postulate that the hyperosmolality of secretions results from water loss from the airway surface during conditioning of inspired air.", "PMID": 422436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11480", "title": "PGA1 and PGF2 alpha metabolism by pig pulmonary endothelium, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts.", "content": "To determine the cellular site for uptake and degradation of circulating prostaglandins (PGs) by the lung, the metabolism of PGA1 and PGF2 alpha was studied in pig lung slices, smooth muscle preparations, and pulmonary valves, as well as in isolated and cultured endothelial cells and cultured fibroblasts. Formation of 15-keto metabolites of both PGA1 and PGF2 alpha by lung slices was confirmed. No evidence of PGF2 alpha degradation could be found in any of the remaining preparations. For PGA1, however, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity was detected in the three smooth muscle preparations studied (trachea, aorta, pulmonary artery) and found to be similar to that measured in lung slices. But the inhibitory effect of diphloretin phosphate and bromcresol green was much more marked in smooth muscle tissues than in lung slices, which suggested that PGA1 metabolism by the lung was not due to smooth muscle cells. Endothelial cells, freshly isolated and cultured, originating from the pulmonary artery and from the aorta, formed a PGA1-glutathione adduct, poorly extractable in ethyl acetate. This reaction, also present in cultured fibroblasts, was inhibited by ethacrynic acid. The cellular site responsible for the pulmonary degradation of circulating PGs remains undetermined.", "contents": "PGA1 and PGF2 alpha metabolism by pig pulmonary endothelium, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts. To determine the cellular site for uptake and degradation of circulating prostaglandins (PGs) by the lung, the metabolism of PGA1 and PGF2 alpha was studied in pig lung slices, smooth muscle preparations, and pulmonary valves, as well as in isolated and cultured endothelial cells and cultured fibroblasts. Formation of 15-keto metabolites of both PGA1 and PGF2 alpha by lung slices was confirmed. No evidence of PGF2 alpha degradation could be found in any of the remaining preparations. For PGA1, however, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity was detected in the three smooth muscle preparations studied (trachea, aorta, pulmonary artery) and found to be similar to that measured in lung slices. But the inhibitory effect of diphloretin phosphate and bromcresol green was much more marked in smooth muscle tissues than in lung slices, which suggested that PGA1 metabolism by the lung was not due to smooth muscle cells. Endothelial cells, freshly isolated and cultured, originating from the pulmonary artery and from the aorta, formed a PGA1-glutathione adduct, poorly extractable in ethyl acetate. This reaction, also present in cultured fibroblasts, was inhibited by ethacrynic acid. The cellular site responsible for the pulmonary degradation of circulating PGs remains undetermined.", "PMID": 422437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11481", "title": "Effects of physical training and adiposity on glucose metabolism and 125I-insulin binding.", "content": "Eighteen young male subjects, aged 18-30 yr, with maximal oxygen intake (VO2max) varying between 36 and 80 ml.kg-1.min-1, were studied. Between 20 and 120 min after injection, tolerance to iv glucose (20 g/m2) was not affected by VO2max but the insulin response was very significantly reduced in the better trained subjects. 125I-insulin binding to monocytes was found to be greater in the best trained subjects. Simple correlation analysis indicates that both VO2max and adiposity are related to plasma glucose and plasma insulin levels as well as to 125I-insulin binding. Because VO2max is negatively correlated to percent of body fat, a partial correlation analysis was made. Results indicate that the differences observed in athletes with regard to glucose and insulin levels and 125I-insulin binding are related to reduced adiposity rather than to enhanced VO2max.", "contents": "Effects of physical training and adiposity on glucose metabolism and 125I-insulin binding. Eighteen young male subjects, aged 18-30 yr, with maximal oxygen intake (VO2max) varying between 36 and 80 ml.kg-1.min-1, were studied. Between 20 and 120 min after injection, tolerance to iv glucose (20 g/m2) was not affected by VO2max but the insulin response was very significantly reduced in the better trained subjects. 125I-insulin binding to monocytes was found to be greater in the best trained subjects. Simple correlation analysis indicates that both VO2max and adiposity are related to plasma glucose and plasma insulin levels as well as to 125I-insulin binding. Because VO2max is negatively correlated to percent of body fat, a partial correlation analysis was made. Results indicate that the differences observed in athletes with regard to glucose and insulin levels and 125I-insulin binding are related to reduced adiposity rather than to enhanced VO2max.", "PMID": 422439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11482", "title": "Transit-time analysis of the forced spirogram in healthy children and adults.", "content": "Mean transit time (MTT), coefficient of variation (COV), and index of skewness (IOS) of transit times were measured, with the more conventional derivatives of the forced expiratory spirogram, in 178 healthy people aged 6-71 yr breathing air, and in 18 healthy adults breathing 20% oxygen in helium (O2He) in addition. Breathing O2He very significantly altered MTT and all derivatives with dimensions of flow or time, but altered COV and IOS very little. Between 6 and 30 yr mean MTT, after adjustment for expired volume, remained constant and then increased to 71 yr. Mean COV and IOS increased from 6 to 71 yr, though with an apparent change in rate during the early teens. The results suggest that whereas the resistance of large airways falls in proportion to growth of the lungs, small-airway resistance becomes less uniform during both childhood and adult life.", "contents": "Transit-time analysis of the forced spirogram in healthy children and adults. Mean transit time (MTT), coefficient of variation (COV), and index of skewness (IOS) of transit times were measured, with the more conventional derivatives of the forced expiratory spirogram, in 178 healthy people aged 6-71 yr breathing air, and in 18 healthy adults breathing 20% oxygen in helium (O2He) in addition. Breathing O2He very significantly altered MTT and all derivatives with dimensions of flow or time, but altered COV and IOS very little. Between 6 and 30 yr mean MTT, after adjustment for expired volume, remained constant and then increased to 71 yr. Mean COV and IOS increased from 6 to 71 yr, though with an apparent change in rate during the early teens. The results suggest that whereas the resistance of large airways falls in proportion to growth of the lungs, small-airway resistance becomes less uniform during both childhood and adult life.", "PMID": 422441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11483", "title": "Forearm and finger blood flow responses to passive body tilts.", "content": "Ten to fifteen healthy subjects, ages 18--30 yr, were used to assess the correlation of forearm blood flow with graded passive body tilts and vascular resistance and also to discern the relative effects of body tilts on finger blood flow. In the head-up tilts forearm blood flow and arterial blood pressure fell progressively, whereas forearm vascular resistance and pulse rate increased. In the head-down tilts the forearm blood flow and the arterial blood pressure increased, whereas the forearm vascular resistance and pulse rate decreased. These changes were found to be significantly correlated with the different tilt angles and with one another. In a preliminary study it was found that infrared heating of the carpometacarpal region produced finger vasodilatation similar to the forearm vasodilatation observed by Crockford and Hellon (6). However, unlike forearm blood flow, finger blood flow showed no appreciable response to either the head-up or head-down tilts. This indicates that the sympathetic tone and the volume of blood in the finger are not appreciably altered by this test procedure at least 1 min after the body tilt is assumed.", "contents": "Forearm and finger blood flow responses to passive body tilts. Ten to fifteen healthy subjects, ages 18--30 yr, were used to assess the correlation of forearm blood flow with graded passive body tilts and vascular resistance and also to discern the relative effects of body tilts on finger blood flow. In the head-up tilts forearm blood flow and arterial blood pressure fell progressively, whereas forearm vascular resistance and pulse rate increased. In the head-down tilts the forearm blood flow and the arterial blood pressure increased, whereas the forearm vascular resistance and pulse rate decreased. These changes were found to be significantly correlated with the different tilt angles and with one another. In a preliminary study it was found that infrared heating of the carpometacarpal region produced finger vasodilatation similar to the forearm vasodilatation observed by Crockford and Hellon (6). However, unlike forearm blood flow, finger blood flow showed no appreciable response to either the head-up or head-down tilts. This indicates that the sympathetic tone and the volume of blood in the finger are not appreciably altered by this test procedure at least 1 min after the body tilt is assumed.", "PMID": 422442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11484", "title": "Hemodynamics in teenagers and asthmatic children during exercise.", "content": "Seventeen normal teenagers and eight asthmatic children were studied during submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. A modification of a noninvasive multiple gas rebreathing method was utilized for the estimation of pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc), diffusing capacity (DL), oxygen consumption (VO2), functional residual capacity (FRC), and pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume (VTPC). Significant increases in Qc, DL, VO2, and heart rate occurred in both groups of subjects. Regression equation of Qc equaled 6.0 + 0.0078 VO2 (ml/min) in the teenagers and 3.39 + 0.0082 X VO2 (ml/min) in the asthmatic children. The values of DL as a function of VO2 in both groups were similar to previously reported data. No significant changes in FRC or VTPC occurred in either group during exercise. This method appears to be an acceptable noninvasive way of studying exercise physiology in healthy or sick children.", "contents": "Hemodynamics in teenagers and asthmatic children during exercise. Seventeen normal teenagers and eight asthmatic children were studied during submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. A modification of a noninvasive multiple gas rebreathing method was utilized for the estimation of pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc), diffusing capacity (DL), oxygen consumption (VO2), functional residual capacity (FRC), and pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume (VTPC). Significant increases in Qc, DL, VO2, and heart rate occurred in both groups of subjects. Regression equation of Qc equaled 6.0 + 0.0078 VO2 (ml/min) in the teenagers and 3.39 + 0.0082 X VO2 (ml/min) in the asthmatic children. The values of DL as a function of VO2 in both groups were similar to previously reported data. No significant changes in FRC or VTPC occurred in either group during exercise. This method appears to be an acceptable noninvasive way of studying exercise physiology in healthy or sick children.", "PMID": 422443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11485", "title": "Oxygen consumption by chick embryos exposed to mechanical (shaking) stress.", "content": "Stage 34 (8-day) and 41 (15-day) chick embryos (Gallus gallus; in ovo) were exposed (3 min) to two separate amounts of mechanical (shaking) stress. Oxygen consumption determinations, following a temperature equilibration period (60 min), were made on entire, intact eggs using a Warburg apparatus equipped with 130-ml flasks modified to hold the egg. Shaking at 300 excursions per minute (epm) resulted in depressed O2 consumption by stages 34 and 41. Only stage 34 embryos had markedly depressed O2 consumption values when shaken at 100 epm. When exposed to 300 epm and reincubated for either 1, 2, or 4 hr prior to O2 consumption determinations stage 34 embryos, following an early return to control levels exhibited a marked fall in O2 consumption by 4 h reincubation. The stage 41 embryos, on the other hand, demonstrated a gradual rise to control O2 consumption levels by 4 h reincubation. Oxygen consumption has now been shown for the first time in an embryonic system (at two distinct developmental stages) to be functionally impaired by mechanically induced stress.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption by chick embryos exposed to mechanical (shaking) stress. Stage 34 (8-day) and 41 (15-day) chick embryos (Gallus gallus; in ovo) were exposed (3 min) to two separate amounts of mechanical (shaking) stress. Oxygen consumption determinations, following a temperature equilibration period (60 min), were made on entire, intact eggs using a Warburg apparatus equipped with 130-ml flasks modified to hold the egg. Shaking at 300 excursions per minute (epm) resulted in depressed O2 consumption by stages 34 and 41. Only stage 34 embryos had markedly depressed O2 consumption values when shaken at 100 epm. When exposed to 300 epm and reincubated for either 1, 2, or 4 hr prior to O2 consumption determinations stage 34 embryos, following an early return to control levels exhibited a marked fall in O2 consumption by 4 h reincubation. The stage 41 embryos, on the other hand, demonstrated a gradual rise to control O2 consumption levels by 4 h reincubation. Oxygen consumption has now been shown for the first time in an embryonic system (at two distinct developmental stages) to be functionally impaired by mechanically induced stress.", "PMID": 422444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11486", "title": "Cardiovascular response to acute aquatic and treadmill exercise in the untrained rat.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of acute aquatic (AE) and treadmill (TE) exercise were determined in untrained adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were exercised to exhaustion or for a maximum of 5 min with either exercise mode and data collected during the last minute of exercise were compared to preexercise rest data. Heart rate and cardiac output increased only with TE; arterial pressure remained stable during both protocols. Regional blood flow was determined by the radioactive microsphere technique. Coronary flow increased only with TE. Skeletal muscle flow, determined in six muscle groups, increased more with TE (97 to 587%) than with AE (-44 to 260%) (flow in the quadriceps group decreased during AE). Flow to the skin and splanchnic regions decreased; cerebral flow increased in both groups. Blood gas data suggest lactic acidosis and hyperventilation only with TE. These data indicate that 1) the cardiovascular effects of acute, exhaustive bouts of AE and TE in the rat are not comparable, and 2) the hemodynamic changes occurring with exhaustive TE in rat, as in man, involve a shunting of blood to the regions of demand and away from the nonessential circulations.", "contents": "Cardiovascular response to acute aquatic and treadmill exercise in the untrained rat. The cardiovascular effects of acute aquatic (AE) and treadmill (TE) exercise were determined in untrained adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were exercised to exhaustion or for a maximum of 5 min with either exercise mode and data collected during the last minute of exercise were compared to preexercise rest data. Heart rate and cardiac output increased only with TE; arterial pressure remained stable during both protocols. Regional blood flow was determined by the radioactive microsphere technique. Coronary flow increased only with TE. Skeletal muscle flow, determined in six muscle groups, increased more with TE (97 to 587%) than with AE (-44 to 260%) (flow in the quadriceps group decreased during AE). Flow to the skin and splanchnic regions decreased; cerebral flow increased in both groups. Blood gas data suggest lactic acidosis and hyperventilation only with TE. These data indicate that 1) the cardiovascular effects of acute, exhaustive bouts of AE and TE in the rat are not comparable, and 2) the hemodynamic changes occurring with exhaustive TE in rat, as in man, involve a shunting of blood to the regions of demand and away from the nonessential circulations.", "PMID": 422445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11487", "title": "Effects of oxone inhalation on work performance and VO2 max.", "content": "Ozone (O3) at near ambient smog alert levels has previously been shown to cause alterations in pulmonary function and exercise response in humans. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of O3 administered during graded bicycle exercise to volitional fatigue on work performance and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Nine subjects performed three tests each while breathing either 0.00, 0.15, or 0.30 ppm O3. Forced vital capacity, residual volume, maximal midexpiratory flow rate, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s were assessed before, immediately after, and 4 h after exercise. O3 exposure resulted in no significant effect on maximal work rate, anaerobic threshold, or any pulmonary function parameter. However, maximal expired minute ventilation was decreased (P less than 0.05) in a dose dependent fashion. Thus, exercise ventilation during maximal work was a more sensitive indicator of the effects of O2 exposure than were standard pulmonary function tests. Although subjective symptoms of discomfort were reported more frequently with increased O2 level, it was concluded that exposure of healthy young men to as much as 0.30 ppm O2 for no more than 30 min of progressively incremented exercise to volitional fatigue, is insufficient to cause a significant decrease in work capacity or V02 max.", "contents": "Effects of oxone inhalation on work performance and VO2 max. Ozone (O3) at near ambient smog alert levels has previously been shown to cause alterations in pulmonary function and exercise response in humans. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of O3 administered during graded bicycle exercise to volitional fatigue on work performance and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Nine subjects performed three tests each while breathing either 0.00, 0.15, or 0.30 ppm O3. Forced vital capacity, residual volume, maximal midexpiratory flow rate, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s were assessed before, immediately after, and 4 h after exercise. O3 exposure resulted in no significant effect on maximal work rate, anaerobic threshold, or any pulmonary function parameter. However, maximal expired minute ventilation was decreased (P less than 0.05) in a dose dependent fashion. Thus, exercise ventilation during maximal work was a more sensitive indicator of the effects of O2 exposure than were standard pulmonary function tests. Although subjective symptoms of discomfort were reported more frequently with increased O2 level, it was concluded that exposure of healthy young men to as much as 0.30 ppm O2 for no more than 30 min of progressively incremented exercise to volitional fatigue, is insufficient to cause a significant decrease in work capacity or V02 max.", "PMID": 422446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11488", "title": "Influence of cardiac output on intrapulmonary shunt.", "content": "The effect of changing cardiac output on intrapulmonary shunt was studied in the setting of hemorrhagic pulmonary edema induced by intravenous oleic acid in 17 alpha-chloralose-anesthetized dogs. The dogs were mechanically ventilated and cardiac output was alternately depressed and augmented using either pharmacologic means or mechanical alteration of venous return. Following oleic acid, the measured ventilation-perfusion distributions, as measured by the multiple inert gas elimination technique, demonstrated a two-compartment blood flow distribution consisting of shunt and normal units. Changes in cardiac output were not associated with change in the shape of the distributions but there was a significant linear correlation between the level of cardiac output and the shunt fraction. The shunt fraction also varied directly with the mixed venous partial oxygen pressure and inversely with the pulmonary vascular resistance. These data suggest that shunt and nonshunt vessels behave differently in response to alterations of blood flow and emphasize that any interpretation of changes in shunt in the setting of diffuse lung injury must be interpreted in light of changes in cardiac output.", "contents": "Influence of cardiac output on intrapulmonary shunt. The effect of changing cardiac output on intrapulmonary shunt was studied in the setting of hemorrhagic pulmonary edema induced by intravenous oleic acid in 17 alpha-chloralose-anesthetized dogs. The dogs were mechanically ventilated and cardiac output was alternately depressed and augmented using either pharmacologic means or mechanical alteration of venous return. Following oleic acid, the measured ventilation-perfusion distributions, as measured by the multiple inert gas elimination technique, demonstrated a two-compartment blood flow distribution consisting of shunt and normal units. Changes in cardiac output were not associated with change in the shape of the distributions but there was a significant linear correlation between the level of cardiac output and the shunt fraction. The shunt fraction also varied directly with the mixed venous partial oxygen pressure and inversely with the pulmonary vascular resistance. These data suggest that shunt and nonshunt vessels behave differently in response to alterations of blood flow and emphasize that any interpretation of changes in shunt in the setting of diffuse lung injury must be interpreted in light of changes in cardiac output.", "PMID": 422447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11489", "title": "CO2 and exercise tidal volume.", "content": "In progressive exercise increased tidal volume (VT) accompanies increased ventilation (VE) until a VT plateau is reached. We observed in 13 subjects a correspondence between the arrival of the VT plateau and the anaerobic threshold (AT). To examine this association between a mechanical event (the VT plateau) and a metabolic event (the AT), we changed those variables that change at the AT and looked for changes in VT. We found in 13 subjects that CO2 addition to prevent alveolar hypocapnia during cycle ergometer exercise progressing to exhaustion in 12-15 min significantly elevated the VT plateau (mean increase 4.4%; P less than 0.01) as compared with a spontaneous test that induced a mean end-tidal carbon dioxide tension fall of 5.5 Torr. This VT increase was mediated by a significant increase in inspiratory time (TI; P less than 0.02); both the ratio of TI to the total breath duration (TI/Ttot) and the mean rate of inspired airflow (VT/TI) were unchanged at matched VE. Changing other variables known to change at the AT--blood lactate ion concentration and alveolar oxygen tension--left ventilatory pattern unchanged. These results suggest that hypocapnia in severe exercise measurably lowers the VT plateau in normal man.", "contents": "CO2 and exercise tidal volume. In progressive exercise increased tidal volume (VT) accompanies increased ventilation (VE) until a VT plateau is reached. We observed in 13 subjects a correspondence between the arrival of the VT plateau and the anaerobic threshold (AT). To examine this association between a mechanical event (the VT plateau) and a metabolic event (the AT), we changed those variables that change at the AT and looked for changes in VT. We found in 13 subjects that CO2 addition to prevent alveolar hypocapnia during cycle ergometer exercise progressing to exhaustion in 12-15 min significantly elevated the VT plateau (mean increase 4.4%; P less than 0.01) as compared with a spontaneous test that induced a mean end-tidal carbon dioxide tension fall of 5.5 Torr. This VT increase was mediated by a significant increase in inspiratory time (TI; P less than 0.02); both the ratio of TI to the total breath duration (TI/Ttot) and the mean rate of inspired airflow (VT/TI) were unchanged at matched VE. Changing other variables known to change at the AT--blood lactate ion concentration and alveolar oxygen tension--left ventilatory pattern unchanged. These results suggest that hypocapnia in severe exercise measurably lowers the VT plateau in normal man.", "PMID": 422448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11490", "title": "Rapidity of compensatory lung growth following pneumonectomy in adult rats.", "content": "The rapidity with which lung growth was initiated following pneumonectomy was investigated using rats (330 g) in which lung weight-to-body weight ratio and lung cell size had stabilized. Following removal of the left lung, right lung weight increased from 823 to 1.161 mg within 7 days. Right lung weight in sham-operated animals did not change significantly. At day 7, right lung weight-to-body weight ratio in pneumonectomized rats was equal to that of both lungs in sham-operated animals; these values remained equal through day 14. Growth of individual lobes of the right lung was generally in proportion to their initial weights. Dry-to-wet weight ratio in either lung of sham-operated or pneumonectomized animals was unchanged, as compared to unoperated controls. Total right lung RNA and protein increased significantly by day 2 and reached levels equal to those in both lungs of sham-operated animals by day 7. Synthesis of lung proteins, estimated during 120 min of perfusion in situ, was elevated 25% on day 3. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA increased somewhat on day 2 and was elevated fourfold on day 3, corresponding with the initial accumulation of total DNA within the lung. These observations suggested that increased cell size may accompany early compensatory growth following pneumonectomy, but that the major portion of the response involved cellular hyperplasia.", "contents": "Rapidity of compensatory lung growth following pneumonectomy in adult rats. The rapidity with which lung growth was initiated following pneumonectomy was investigated using rats (330 g) in which lung weight-to-body weight ratio and lung cell size had stabilized. Following removal of the left lung, right lung weight increased from 823 to 1.161 mg within 7 days. Right lung weight in sham-operated animals did not change significantly. At day 7, right lung weight-to-body weight ratio in pneumonectomized rats was equal to that of both lungs in sham-operated animals; these values remained equal through day 14. Growth of individual lobes of the right lung was generally in proportion to their initial weights. Dry-to-wet weight ratio in either lung of sham-operated or pneumonectomized animals was unchanged, as compared to unoperated controls. Total right lung RNA and protein increased significantly by day 2 and reached levels equal to those in both lungs of sham-operated animals by day 7. Synthesis of lung proteins, estimated during 120 min of perfusion in situ, was elevated 25% on day 3. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA increased somewhat on day 2 and was elevated fourfold on day 3, corresponding with the initial accumulation of total DNA within the lung. These observations suggested that increased cell size may accompany early compensatory growth following pneumonectomy, but that the major portion of the response involved cellular hyperplasia.", "PMID": 422449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11491", "title": "Diagnostic significance of selected serum enzymes in a rat heatstroke model.", "content": "A total of 171 untrained, unacclimatized, and unanesthetized rats were either exercised to exhaustion at one of four ambient temperatures (5, 20, 26, or 30 degrees C), or were restrained and heated at an ambient temperature of 41.5 degrees C until their core temperatures reached a preselected end point between 41.0 and 43.3 degrees C. The serum levels of creatine phosphokinase (CRK) and two transaminases (SGOT and SGPT) were determined at 30 min, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h posttreatment. Peak enzyme activity for CPK was noted primarily at the 30-min sampling period and at 24 h for the transaminases. The data indicated that under these conditions a) the transaminase SGOT was elevated in the serum as a consequence of the extent and duration of prior hyperthermia, b) the transaminase SGOT was released in moderate amounts after exhaustive exercise but reached its greatest activity levels following hyperthermia, and c) the activity of CPK was increased by the duration of exhaustive exercise and was less sensitive than either transaminase to prior hyperthermia. As a result, each of the three experimental conditions: a) exercise without hyperthermia, b) exercise with hyperthermia, and c) sedentary hyperthermia, produced a unique pattern of serum enzyme activity that would appear useful in diagnosing a variety of heat- and/or work-induced disorders.", "contents": "Diagnostic significance of selected serum enzymes in a rat heatstroke model. A total of 171 untrained, unacclimatized, and unanesthetized rats were either exercised to exhaustion at one of four ambient temperatures (5, 20, 26, or 30 degrees C), or were restrained and heated at an ambient temperature of 41.5 degrees C until their core temperatures reached a preselected end point between 41.0 and 43.3 degrees C. The serum levels of creatine phosphokinase (CRK) and two transaminases (SGOT and SGPT) were determined at 30 min, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h posttreatment. Peak enzyme activity for CPK was noted primarily at the 30-min sampling period and at 24 h for the transaminases. The data indicated that under these conditions a) the transaminase SGOT was elevated in the serum as a consequence of the extent and duration of prior hyperthermia, b) the transaminase SGOT was released in moderate amounts after exhaustive exercise but reached its greatest activity levels following hyperthermia, and c) the activity of CPK was increased by the duration of exhaustive exercise and was less sensitive than either transaminase to prior hyperthermia. As a result, each of the three experimental conditions: a) exercise without hyperthermia, b) exercise with hyperthermia, and c) sedentary hyperthermia, produced a unique pattern of serum enzyme activity that would appear useful in diagnosing a variety of heat- and/or work-induced disorders.", "PMID": 422450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11492", "title": "Wind speed limits to work under hot environments for clothed men.", "content": "Four heat-acclimated clothed young adult men exercised (treadmill) at metabolic rate of 191 W.m-2 (27% VO2 max), under five air temperatures (Ta) between 36 and 53 degrees C and three wind velocities (v), 1, 2, and 4 m.s-1, for 2 h. The 2nd h of each experiment involved progressive increases in the ambient vapor pressure (Pa) to force an upward inflection of the rectal temperature (Tre). The Tre point of inflection identified the critical Pa (Pcrit) for each Ta. The average mean skin temperature (Tsk = 36 degrees C for all Pcrit. Straight-line isotherms for Tsk = 36 degrees C, which agreed with the negative regressions of the Pcrit on Ta, represented the limits of exposure for Ta less than or equal to 44 degrees C. The slope characteristics of the isotherms corresponded with skin wettedness (w) of 0.94, 0.71, and 0.58, respectively, for v of 1, 2, and 4 m.s-1. For Ta greater than 44 degrees C the limit line corresponded with steeper negative regressions indicating a lower w than for Ta less than or equal to 44 degrees C. Despite the increase in the ambient evaporative capacity due to the higher v the limit lines describing exposure limits were not significantly different either at Ta less than or equal to 44 degrees C for v of 2 and 4 m.s-1 or at Ta greater than 44 degrees C for all three v.", "contents": "Wind speed limits to work under hot environments for clothed men. Four heat-acclimated clothed young adult men exercised (treadmill) at metabolic rate of 191 W.m-2 (27% VO2 max), under five air temperatures (Ta) between 36 and 53 degrees C and three wind velocities (v), 1, 2, and 4 m.s-1, for 2 h. The 2nd h of each experiment involved progressive increases in the ambient vapor pressure (Pa) to force an upward inflection of the rectal temperature (Tre). The Tre point of inflection identified the critical Pa (Pcrit) for each Ta. The average mean skin temperature (Tsk = 36 degrees C for all Pcrit. Straight-line isotherms for Tsk = 36 degrees C, which agreed with the negative regressions of the Pcrit on Ta, represented the limits of exposure for Ta less than or equal to 44 degrees C. The slope characteristics of the isotherms corresponded with skin wettedness (w) of 0.94, 0.71, and 0.58, respectively, for v of 1, 2, and 4 m.s-1. For Ta greater than 44 degrees C the limit line corresponded with steeper negative regressions indicating a lower w than for Ta less than or equal to 44 degrees C. Despite the increase in the ambient evaporative capacity due to the higher v the limit lines describing exposure limits were not significantly different either at Ta less than or equal to 44 degrees C for v of 2 and 4 m.s-1 or at Ta greater than 44 degrees C for all three v.", "PMID": 422451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11493", "title": "Pulmonary effects of acute and chronic antigen exposure of immunized guinea pigs.", "content": "Subdivisions of lung volume and pressure-volume (PV) curves of the lung and chest wall were measured in guinea pigs immunized to ovalbumin before and after acute (group 1) and chronic (group 2) antigen exposure. The histopathology produced in chronically exposed animals was also assessed. Animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and studied in a pressure-sensitive body plethysmograph, using a fluid-filled esophageal catheter to measure transpulmonary pressure (PL). Functional residual capacity (FRC) was determined by the Boyle's law technique; total lung capacity (TLC) was defined as the lung volume at a PL of 30 cmH20, and residual volume (RV) was defined as the lung volume at a transrespiratory pressure of -50 cmH2O. Acute antigen challenge of group 1 animals resulted in a decrease in TLC (22%), and increases in FRC (20%) and RV (110%), suggesting combined bronchoconstriction and alveolar duct constriction. Chronic antigen exposure of group 2 animals resulted in minimal changes in subdivisions of lung volume and PV curves, and produced a histological lesion resembling allergic alveolitis rather than asthma.", "contents": "Pulmonary effects of acute and chronic antigen exposure of immunized guinea pigs. Subdivisions of lung volume and pressure-volume (PV) curves of the lung and chest wall were measured in guinea pigs immunized to ovalbumin before and after acute (group 1) and chronic (group 2) antigen exposure. The histopathology produced in chronically exposed animals was also assessed. Animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and studied in a pressure-sensitive body plethysmograph, using a fluid-filled esophageal catheter to measure transpulmonary pressure (PL). Functional residual capacity (FRC) was determined by the Boyle's law technique; total lung capacity (TLC) was defined as the lung volume at a PL of 30 cmH20, and residual volume (RV) was defined as the lung volume at a transrespiratory pressure of -50 cmH2O. Acute antigen challenge of group 1 animals resulted in a decrease in TLC (22%), and increases in FRC (20%) and RV (110%), suggesting combined bronchoconstriction and alveolar duct constriction. Chronic antigen exposure of group 2 animals resulted in minimal changes in subdivisions of lung volume and PV curves, and produced a histological lesion resembling allergic alveolitis rather than asthma.", "PMID": 422452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11494", "title": "Demonstration of regional phase differences in ventilation by breath sounds.", "content": "We measured phase and amplitude of compensated breath sounds (Ib/Tn), which are indexes of regional ventilation, with two microphones placed near the apex and base 10 cm apart on the chest wall, lateral to the right anterior axillary line in four seated normal subjects. We compared phase and amplitude of Ib/Tn with phase and amplitude of esophageal pressure changes (Pes) measured by two balloons positioned 10 cm apart and at approximately the same horizontal levels as the microphones. When breathing tidally below closing volume (CV), apical Ib/Tn was louder and earlier than basal Ib/Tn, whereas basal Pes was greater and earlier than apical Pes. Above CV basal Ib/Tn was louder than apical and the phase differences either disappeared or followed phase differences in PES. The results suggest that below CV, ventilation of lower zones lags behind upper ones probably due to airway closure. Pes measurements indicate that this may lead to an amplification of pleural pressure swings at the base. Above CV, all airways are open, the ventilation of lower zones is greater than that of upper zones, and the sequence of ventilation follows the sequence of pleural pressure changes.", "contents": "Demonstration of regional phase differences in ventilation by breath sounds. We measured phase and amplitude of compensated breath sounds (Ib/Tn), which are indexes of regional ventilation, with two microphones placed near the apex and base 10 cm apart on the chest wall, lateral to the right anterior axillary line in four seated normal subjects. We compared phase and amplitude of Ib/Tn with phase and amplitude of esophageal pressure changes (Pes) measured by two balloons positioned 10 cm apart and at approximately the same horizontal levels as the microphones. When breathing tidally below closing volume (CV), apical Ib/Tn was louder and earlier than basal Ib/Tn, whereas basal Pes was greater and earlier than apical Pes. Above CV basal Ib/Tn was louder than apical and the phase differences either disappeared or followed phase differences in PES. The results suggest that below CV, ventilation of lower zones lags behind upper ones probably due to airway closure. Pes measurements indicate that this may lead to an amplification of pleural pressure swings at the base. Above CV, all airways are open, the ventilation of lower zones is greater than that of upper zones, and the sequence of ventilation follows the sequence of pleural pressure changes.", "PMID": 422453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11495", "title": "Effect of exercise on nasal mucous velocity and nasal airflow resistance in normal subjects.", "content": "Nasal mucous velocity and nasal airflow resistance were measured in nine healthy subjects before, during 5 min, and 1 h after submaximal exercise of 20 min with a cycle ergometer set in such a way that heart rate ranged from 125 to 135 beats/min. Nasal mucous velocity rose from a base line of 7.6-12.7 mm/min during exercise and returned to the base-line value 5 and 60 min after exercise. The mean expiratory nasal airflow resistance at a flow of 0.4 l/s decreased from a base line of 1.6-0.6 cmH2O . (l/s)-1 during exercise and returned to the baseline value 5 and 60 min after exercise.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on nasal mucous velocity and nasal airflow resistance in normal subjects. Nasal mucous velocity and nasal airflow resistance were measured in nine healthy subjects before, during 5 min, and 1 h after submaximal exercise of 20 min with a cycle ergometer set in such a way that heart rate ranged from 125 to 135 beats/min. Nasal mucous velocity rose from a base line of 7.6-12.7 mm/min during exercise and returned to the base-line value 5 and 60 min after exercise. The mean expiratory nasal airflow resistance at a flow of 0.4 l/s decreased from a base line of 1.6-0.6 cmH2O . (l/s)-1 during exercise and returned to the baseline value 5 and 60 min after exercise.", "PMID": 422454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11496", "title": "Use of an exponential function for elastic recoil.", "content": "To improve the quantitative representation of elastic recoil, an exponential function (V = A - B exp (-KP), where V is the lung volume, P is the recoil pressure, and A, B, and K are constants), has been fitted to static pressure-volume (PV) data by a least-squares technique using a digital computer. The PV points below about 50% total lung capacity (TLC) usually deviate from an exponential expression. Increasing the lower volume limit to which the exponential was fitted from 40 to 75% of TLC in 20 subjects, increased K and B/A significantly. Residual variance was lowest (approx 1.0 +/- 0.5%) when the lower volume limit was between 50 and 60% TLC. The PV points in the lower volume range deviated significantly less from exponential in a group of older subjects than for young subjects. The coefficient of variation of K and B/A for duplicate studies in 10 subjects was 9 and 14%, respectively. For inflation PV data, K was significantly lower and A significantly higher than for deflation. For PV data obtained after a submaximal inspiration, K did not change significantly. From this exponential function, the PV curve above 50% TLC can be satisfactorily described by K, B/A, and recoil pressure at TLC; other conventional parameters may be derived.", "contents": "Use of an exponential function for elastic recoil. To improve the quantitative representation of elastic recoil, an exponential function (V = A - B exp (-KP), where V is the lung volume, P is the recoil pressure, and A, B, and K are constants), has been fitted to static pressure-volume (PV) data by a least-squares technique using a digital computer. The PV points below about 50% total lung capacity (TLC) usually deviate from an exponential expression. Increasing the lower volume limit to which the exponential was fitted from 40 to 75% of TLC in 20 subjects, increased K and B/A significantly. Residual variance was lowest (approx 1.0 +/- 0.5%) when the lower volume limit was between 50 and 60% TLC. The PV points in the lower volume range deviated significantly less from exponential in a group of older subjects than for young subjects. The coefficient of variation of K and B/A for duplicate studies in 10 subjects was 9 and 14%, respectively. For inflation PV data, K was significantly lower and A significantly higher than for deflation. For PV data obtained after a submaximal inspiration, K did not change significantly. From this exponential function, the PV curve above 50% TLC can be satisfactorily described by K, B/A, and recoil pressure at TLC; other conventional parameters may be derived.", "PMID": 422455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11497", "title": "A system for rapid measurement of lung function in small animals.", "content": "A semiautomated system has been developed to facilitate the rapid measurement of a variety of pulmonary functional parameters in small animals. They include lung volumes, mechanics, flow-volume curves, nitrogen washout curves, and diffusing capacity. The animals are anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated mechanically. The construction of the system is described in detail and the results obtained on rats are compared with those published by other investigators.", "contents": "A system for rapid measurement of lung function in small animals. A semiautomated system has been developed to facilitate the rapid measurement of a variety of pulmonary functional parameters in small animals. They include lung volumes, mechanics, flow-volume curves, nitrogen washout curves, and diffusing capacity. The animals are anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated mechanically. The construction of the system is described in detail and the results obtained on rats are compared with those published by other investigators.", "PMID": 422456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11498", "title": "A noninvasive technique for measurement of changes in specific airway resistance.", "content": "A simple noninvasive technique for measuring specific airway resistance (airway resistance X thoracic gas volume) in unanesthetized guinea pigs is described. Specific airway resistances measured by this technique correlated well (r = 0.81) with the resistances obtained using a pleural catheter pressure measurement over a wide range of airway resistances. This range of resistances was generated by exposing the pigs to an aerosolized histamine bronchial challenge. The average specific airways resistance in unchallenged pigs was 1.24 +/- 3.47 cmH2O/s, somewhat lower than found by others, probably reflecting in part our larger pigs and in part some uncertainty in the absolute value of resistance inherent in our measurement technique. This technique is particularly useful in bronchial challenge experiments because of its sensitivity to acute changes in airway resistance.", "contents": "A noninvasive technique for measurement of changes in specific airway resistance. A simple noninvasive technique for measuring specific airway resistance (airway resistance X thoracic gas volume) in unanesthetized guinea pigs is described. Specific airway resistances measured by this technique correlated well (r = 0.81) with the resistances obtained using a pleural catheter pressure measurement over a wide range of airway resistances. This range of resistances was generated by exposing the pigs to an aerosolized histamine bronchial challenge. The average specific airways resistance in unchallenged pigs was 1.24 +/- 3.47 cmH2O/s, somewhat lower than found by others, probably reflecting in part our larger pigs and in part some uncertainty in the absolute value of resistance inherent in our measurement technique. This technique is particularly useful in bronchial challenge experiments because of its sensitivity to acute changes in airway resistance.", "PMID": 422457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11499", "title": "Calculation of ventilation needs for confined cattle.", "content": "Fundamental to maintaining a healthy environment in a mechanically ventilated livestock building is a continuous flow of air, with at least 4 exchanges per hour to remove moisture and aerosol contaminants. A correctly designed fresh air intake system is mandatory for uniform air distribution. Proper insulation is essential. Supplemental heat may be required to permit continuous ventilation while maintaining an ambient temperature suitable for preserving animal health.", "contents": "Calculation of ventilation needs for confined cattle. Fundamental to maintaining a healthy environment in a mechanically ventilated livestock building is a continuous flow of air, with at least 4 exchanges per hour to remove moisture and aerosol contaminants. A correctly designed fresh air intake system is mandatory for uniform air distribution. Proper insulation is essential. Supplemental heat may be required to permit continuous ventilation while maintaining an ambient temperature suitable for preserving animal health.", "PMID": 422460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11500", "title": "Poor growth performance associated with hypocupremia in Hawaiian feedlot cattle.", "content": "Poor feedlot performance in native Hawaiian feedlot cattle was investigated. Cattle were first noticed to be affected 40 to 60 days after arrival at the feedlot, as judged by their retarded growth, when compared with penmates. Marked hypocupremia was detected in all 10 cattle examined, irrespective of time in the feedlot. Clinical signs and upper digestive tract lesions in 8 of the 10 cattle suggested secondary involvement of bovine papular stomatitis. The poor performance was attributed primarily to the hypocupremia, as a result of molybdenum-accentuated copper deficiency in forage on the ranch of origin.", "contents": "Poor growth performance associated with hypocupremia in Hawaiian feedlot cattle. Poor feedlot performance in native Hawaiian feedlot cattle was investigated. Cattle were first noticed to be affected 40 to 60 days after arrival at the feedlot, as judged by their retarded growth, when compared with penmates. Marked hypocupremia was detected in all 10 cattle examined, irrespective of time in the feedlot. Clinical signs and upper digestive tract lesions in 8 of the 10 cattle suggested secondary involvement of bovine papular stomatitis. The poor performance was attributed primarily to the hypocupremia, as a result of molybdenum-accentuated copper deficiency in forage on the ranch of origin.", "PMID": 422461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11501", "title": "Effect of carbadox on growth, feed utilization, and development of nasal turbinate lesions in swine infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica.", "content": "Carbadox in combination with sulfamethazine did not interfere with the activity of sulfamethazine in clearing experimentally induced Bordetella bronchiseptica nasal infection. Evaluations in three field cases of infectious atrophic rhinitis indicated that carbadox in the feed was as effective as chlortetracycline + sulfamethazine + penicillin for improving growth rate and feed efficiency, as compared with nonmedicated controls, and in reducing the prevalence of lesions of infectious atrophic rhinitis.", "contents": "Effect of carbadox on growth, feed utilization, and development of nasal turbinate lesions in swine infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica. Carbadox in combination with sulfamethazine did not interfere with the activity of sulfamethazine in clearing experimentally induced Bordetella bronchiseptica nasal infection. Evaluations in three field cases of infectious atrophic rhinitis indicated that carbadox in the feed was as effective as chlortetracycline + sulfamethazine + penicillin for improving growth rate and feed efficiency, as compared with nonmedicated controls, and in reducing the prevalence of lesions of infectious atrophic rhinitis.", "PMID": 422462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11502", "title": "Clinical observations on eperythrozoonosis.", "content": "Eperythrozoonosis was diagnosed in 23 herds of swine. Icterus and anemia were the major diagnostic criteria, with low packed cell volumes confirming the clinical impression of anemia. Indirect hemagglutination titers provided an indirect measure of infection rates and appeared to correlate positively with severity of signs. Treatment with oxytetracycline and arsanilic acid controlled the disease, but only when combined with efforts to limit transmission of the causative organism through control of lice.", "contents": "Clinical observations on eperythrozoonosis. Eperythrozoonosis was diagnosed in 23 herds of swine. Icterus and anemia were the major diagnostic criteria, with low packed cell volumes confirming the clinical impression of anemia. Indirect hemagglutination titers provided an indirect measure of infection rates and appeared to correlate positively with severity of signs. Treatment with oxytetracycline and arsanilic acid controlled the disease, but only when combined with efforts to limit transmission of the causative organism through control of lice.", "PMID": 422463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11503", "title": "Porcine toxoplasmosis in Indiana.", "content": "Toxoplasmosis was diagnosed at necropsy in a 4-week-old pig from a litter of 16 born to a clinically normal sow. Multifocal acute necrosis of blood vessels and parenchyma was found in the small intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain. Numerous tachyzoites, ultrastructurally indistinguishable from Toxoplasma gondii, were found in lesions. The affected pig and seven other littermates died after diarrhea had developed within 1 to 2 weeks of birth. The most likely source of infection was oocysts from cats on the farm.", "contents": "Porcine toxoplasmosis in Indiana. Toxoplasmosis was diagnosed at necropsy in a 4-week-old pig from a litter of 16 born to a clinically normal sow. Multifocal acute necrosis of blood vessels and parenchyma was found in the small intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain. Numerous tachyzoites, ultrastructurally indistinguishable from Toxoplasma gondii, were found in lesions. The affected pig and seven other littermates died after diarrhea had developed within 1 to 2 weeks of birth. The most likely source of infection was oocysts from cats on the farm.", "PMID": 422464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11504", "title": "Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in California swine.", "content": "In a serologic survey for Toxoplasma gondii in 891 swine from 20 California counties, 478 (54%) were seronegative, 153 (17%) were nonspecific reactors, and 260 (29%) were seropositive. Most of the titers (81%) were low, ie, from 1:64 to 1:128, but a few (2%) were high, ie, 1:1024 or greater.", "contents": "Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in California swine. In a serologic survey for Toxoplasma gondii in 891 swine from 20 California counties, 478 (54%) were seronegative, 153 (17%) were nonspecific reactors, and 260 (29%) were seropositive. Most of the titers (81%) were low, ie, from 1:64 to 1:128, but a few (2%) were high, ie, 1:1024 or greater.", "PMID": 422465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11505", "title": "A generalized mechanics of articular swings. II. From kinematics to cadavera.", "content": "The kinematics of swings at joints can be described fully by means of two simple ratios and the angle at which the total operative force vector pulls upon a bone. The ratios can be applied to individual muscles, thus linking structural and functional myology in an exact way. The 'spurt' and 'shunt' types of muscle are sharply distinguished, both kinematically and anatomically.", "contents": "A generalized mechanics of articular swings. II. From kinematics to cadavera. The kinematics of swings at joints can be described fully by means of two simple ratios and the angle at which the total operative force vector pulls upon a bone. The ratios can be applied to individual muscles, thus linking structural and functional myology in an exact way. The 'spurt' and 'shunt' types of muscle are sharply distinguished, both kinematically and anatomically.", "PMID": 422470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11506", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the testis and epididymis of the rat after treatment with prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha).", "content": "Intratesticular injections of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha caused damage to germ cells and exfoliation of part of the damaged germinal epithelium into the epididymis. Membrane-bound granular bodies and localized swellings were also seen in some of the myoid cells in experimental animals. However, the Sertoli cells and Leydig cells remained unaffected.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the testis and epididymis of the rat after treatment with prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha). Intratesticular injections of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha caused damage to germ cells and exfoliation of part of the damaged germinal epithelium into the epididymis. Membrane-bound granular bodies and localized swellings were also seen in some of the myoid cells in experimental animals. However, the Sertoli cells and Leydig cells remained unaffected.", "PMID": 422471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11507", "title": "Cytology of the arcuate nucleus in newborn male and female rats.", "content": "Five coronal levels of the arcuate nuclei in newborn male and female rats were examined with the transmission electron microscope. The nuclei from male and female neonates appear similar in all respects. All levels exhibit a significant population of round to oval cell profiles with large centrally located nuclei and scant cytoplasm which contains predominantly ribosomes, sparse mitochondria, and a few short cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. These organelle-poor cell profiles resemble neuroblasts in other parts of the developing CNS. The arcuate nuclei of neonates also exhibit some cell profiles with the variety and quantity of organelles characteristic of mature neurons in the arcuate nuclei of adult rats. In addition, the neonatal arcuate nuclei show a paucity of synapses with apparent immaturity of those present, and numerous structures identified as growth cones. Definitive macroglia are not present in the arcuate nuclei of newborn rats.", "contents": "Cytology of the arcuate nucleus in newborn male and female rats. Five coronal levels of the arcuate nuclei in newborn male and female rats were examined with the transmission electron microscope. The nuclei from male and female neonates appear similar in all respects. All levels exhibit a significant population of round to oval cell profiles with large centrally located nuclei and scant cytoplasm which contains predominantly ribosomes, sparse mitochondria, and a few short cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. These organelle-poor cell profiles resemble neuroblasts in other parts of the developing CNS. The arcuate nuclei of neonates also exhibit some cell profiles with the variety and quantity of organelles characteristic of mature neurons in the arcuate nuclei of adult rats. In addition, the neonatal arcuate nuclei show a paucity of synapses with apparent immaturity of those present, and numerous structures identified as growth cones. Definitive macroglia are not present in the arcuate nuclei of newborn rats.", "PMID": 422472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11508", "title": "The structure of the roof of the fourth ventricle in pigeon and chick brains by light and electron microscopy.", "content": "The hindbrains and meninges of the pigeon and chick have been examined by light and electron microscopy. Serial section histology of the skull with the brain and meninges intact has shown that the caudal end of the roof of the fourth ventricle consists of an extensive membranous pouch which projects caudally and dorsally into the subarachnoid space. Electron microscopy of selected areas of the membranous pouch in pigeon has shown it to consist of two components: ependymal cells and pial tissue. The membrane ependymal cells are squamous, adjacent cells being linked by intermediate junctions. At the junction with the surface of the medulla the ependymal cells are continuous with the ventricular ependyma, and at the choroid plexus they are continuous with the choroid plexus epithelium. These results are discussed in relation to the fluid spaces in and around the hindbrain.", "contents": "The structure of the roof of the fourth ventricle in pigeon and chick brains by light and electron microscopy. The hindbrains and meninges of the pigeon and chick have been examined by light and electron microscopy. Serial section histology of the skull with the brain and meninges intact has shown that the caudal end of the roof of the fourth ventricle consists of an extensive membranous pouch which projects caudally and dorsally into the subarachnoid space. Electron microscopy of selected areas of the membranous pouch in pigeon has shown it to consist of two components: ependymal cells and pial tissue. The membrane ependymal cells are squamous, adjacent cells being linked by intermediate junctions. At the junction with the surface of the medulla the ependymal cells are continuous with the ventricular ependyma, and at the choroid plexus they are continuous with the choroid plexus epithelium. These results are discussed in relation to the fluid spaces in and around the hindbrain.", "PMID": 422473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11509", "title": "The afferent and efferent myelinated fibres of the avian cervical vagus.", "content": "The numbers and diamters of the myelinated fibres in the cervical vagus have been studied in normal birds and after midcervical and intracranial vagotomy. The mean total number of myelinated fibres was about 9066 in the right cervical vagus and 8535 in the left. In the right nerve about 4223 of these fibres were afferent and 4843 were efferent; of the afferent fibres about 520 had their cell bodies in the proximal vagal ganglion (or distal glossopharyngeal ganglion) and 3703 in the distal vagal ganglion. In the left cervical vagus, about 4132 afferent fibres had their cell bodies in the distal ganglion, and there were probably about 3883 efferent fibres. The largest fibres in the cervical vagus were usually about 7 micrometer in diameter, fibres of 3 micrometer or less comprising from 72% to 89% of the total.", "contents": "The afferent and efferent myelinated fibres of the avian cervical vagus. The numbers and diamters of the myelinated fibres in the cervical vagus have been studied in normal birds and after midcervical and intracranial vagotomy. The mean total number of myelinated fibres was about 9066 in the right cervical vagus and 8535 in the left. In the right nerve about 4223 of these fibres were afferent and 4843 were efferent; of the afferent fibres about 520 had their cell bodies in the proximal vagal ganglion (or distal glossopharyngeal ganglion) and 3703 in the distal vagal ganglion. In the left cervical vagus, about 4132 afferent fibres had their cell bodies in the distal ganglion, and there were probably about 3883 efferent fibres. The largest fibres in the cervical vagus were usually about 7 micrometer in diameter, fibres of 3 micrometer or less comprising from 72% to 89% of the total.", "PMID": 422474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11510", "title": "Evidence for a haematogenous origin of some of the macrophages appearing in the spinal cord of the rat after dorsal rhizotomy.", "content": "A single dose of colloidal carbon was given intravascularly to young adult rats in order to label circulating monocytes. Two days after injection dorsal rhizotomies were performed on the fifth to eighth cervical nerves on the right side. The rats were killed 1, 3, 4 and 8 days later. Electron microscopic examination of the spinal cord showed wide-spread tissue degeneration on the operated side in the dorsolateral fasciculus, the dorsal horn and the dorsal neuronal white column, the changes in the last named being the most severe. A variety of non-neuronal elements was found in the dorsolateral fasciculus and dorsal horn. These included astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia-like cells, plasma cells, mast cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, monocytes and macrophages. Monocytes and macrophages were most common 3 and 4 days after operation. Some of these cells carried intracytoplasmic carbon particles. Carbon-labelled monocytes were observed in blood vessel lumina, perivascularly and in the neuropil. Monocytes crossing blood vessel walls were also encountered, indicating that the neuropil monocytes were derived from circulating cells. Macrophages were characterized by pleomorphic phagosomes which seemed to be composed largely of myelin remnants. The presence of carbon particles in their cytoplasm, and also their general similarity to monocytes, suggested that they originated from the latter. Local microglial cells were considered to be another source of macrophages. Indeed, there were present some microglia-like cells which were regarded as 'activated microglia' as they showed morphological resemblances to microglia on the one hand and to macrophages on the other. In particular their cytoplasm always included phagosomes. It is concluded that the macrophages which appear in the altered spinal cord following rhizotomy are derived both from circulating monocytes and from indigenous microglia.", "contents": "Evidence for a haematogenous origin of some of the macrophages appearing in the spinal cord of the rat after dorsal rhizotomy. A single dose of colloidal carbon was given intravascularly to young adult rats in order to label circulating monocytes. Two days after injection dorsal rhizotomies were performed on the fifth to eighth cervical nerves on the right side. The rats were killed 1, 3, 4 and 8 days later. Electron microscopic examination of the spinal cord showed wide-spread tissue degeneration on the operated side in the dorsolateral fasciculus, the dorsal horn and the dorsal neuronal white column, the changes in the last named being the most severe. A variety of non-neuronal elements was found in the dorsolateral fasciculus and dorsal horn. These included astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia-like cells, plasma cells, mast cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, monocytes and macrophages. Monocytes and macrophages were most common 3 and 4 days after operation. Some of these cells carried intracytoplasmic carbon particles. Carbon-labelled monocytes were observed in blood vessel lumina, perivascularly and in the neuropil. Monocytes crossing blood vessel walls were also encountered, indicating that the neuropil monocytes were derived from circulating cells. Macrophages were characterized by pleomorphic phagosomes which seemed to be composed largely of myelin remnants. The presence of carbon particles in their cytoplasm, and also their general similarity to monocytes, suggested that they originated from the latter. Local microglial cells were considered to be another source of macrophages. Indeed, there were present some microglia-like cells which were regarded as 'activated microglia' as they showed morphological resemblances to microglia on the one hand and to macrophages on the other. In particular their cytoplasm always included phagosomes. It is concluded that the macrophages which appear in the altered spinal cord following rhizotomy are derived both from circulating monocytes and from indigenous microglia.", "PMID": 422475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11511", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the pericytes of the developing capillaries in human fetal brain and muscle.", "content": "Capillaries of the developing cerebral cortex were examined by electron microscopy and compared with those developing in the superior rectus oculi muscle. The pericytes of cerebral vessels were found to be of very elaborate form and involved in complex 'peg and socket' relationships with endothelial cells. They were numerous and formed an almost complete investment of the endothelium. In the muscle, by contrast, pericytes were rare, although often of complex form. Cerebral capillaries were always completely and closely invested by neuropil, in marked contrast to the very loose connective tissues in the vicinity of muscle capillaries. The significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the pericytes of the developing capillaries in human fetal brain and muscle. Capillaries of the developing cerebral cortex were examined by electron microscopy and compared with those developing in the superior rectus oculi muscle. The pericytes of cerebral vessels were found to be of very elaborate form and involved in complex 'peg and socket' relationships with endothelial cells. They were numerous and formed an almost complete investment of the endothelium. In the muscle, by contrast, pericytes were rare, although often of complex form. Cerebral capillaries were always completely and closely invested by neuropil, in marked contrast to the very loose connective tissues in the vicinity of muscle capillaries. The significance of the findings is discussed.", "PMID": 422476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11512", "title": "The permeability of rat palatal mucosa maintained in organ culture.", "content": "The intercellular permeability barrier of neonatal rat palatal mucosa maintained in organ culture for periods up to 24 days was studied ultrastructurally using the tracers horseradish peroxidase and lanthanum nitrate. At all time intervals examined the limit of penetration of the tracers corresponded to the level at which the membrane-coating granules were being discharged. However, in the cultured mucosa, extrusion of granules occurred closer to the granular cell-keratin junction after 6 and 12 days in vitro than at other time intervals. This probably is a reflexion of the higher rate of tissue turnover at these times. It is concluded that a permeability barrier comparable with that described in vivo is produced by the epithelium during maintenance inorgan culture and is further evidence of the functional integrity of the tissue in vitro.", "contents": "The permeability of rat palatal mucosa maintained in organ culture. The intercellular permeability barrier of neonatal rat palatal mucosa maintained in organ culture for periods up to 24 days was studied ultrastructurally using the tracers horseradish peroxidase and lanthanum nitrate. At all time intervals examined the limit of penetration of the tracers corresponded to the level at which the membrane-coating granules were being discharged. However, in the cultured mucosa, extrusion of granules occurred closer to the granular cell-keratin junction after 6 and 12 days in vitro than at other time intervals. This probably is a reflexion of the higher rate of tissue turnover at these times. It is concluded that a permeability barrier comparable with that described in vivo is produced by the epithelium during maintenance inorgan culture and is further evidence of the functional integrity of the tissue in vitro.", "PMID": 422477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11513", "title": "The role of periosteal tension in the growth of long bones.", "content": "Vertical or circumferential periosteal incisions were made over one tibia of anaesthetized rats, supplemented by localized periosteal stripping in two of the experimental groups. The rats were killed 5 weeks later and tibial lengths measured. Circumferential periosteal division plus periosteal elevation produced the greatest ipsilateral increase in tibial length. In this group of rats the alignment of cortical blood vessels provided evidence that sliding of the periosteum and a release of periosteal tension are associated with the gain in length. However, anisomelia, though not seen following vertical periosteal division alone, did occur after vertical division and periosteal stripping. This supports suggestions that both growth plate decompression and vascular phenomena influence skeltal growth rates after trauma.", "contents": "The role of periosteal tension in the growth of long bones. Vertical or circumferential periosteal incisions were made over one tibia of anaesthetized rats, supplemented by localized periosteal stripping in two of the experimental groups. The rats were killed 5 weeks later and tibial lengths measured. Circumferential periosteal division plus periosteal elevation produced the greatest ipsilateral increase in tibial length. In this group of rats the alignment of cortical blood vessels provided evidence that sliding of the periosteum and a release of periosteal tension are associated with the gain in length. However, anisomelia, though not seen following vertical periosteal division alone, did occur after vertical division and periosteal stripping. This supports suggestions that both growth plate decompression and vascular phenomena influence skeltal growth rates after trauma.", "PMID": 422478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11514", "title": "The effects on the rat uterus and placenta of ovariectomy at day 10 of pregnancy.", "content": "A study was made of the changes in morphology and in nuclear incorporation of tritiated thymidine in the rat uterus and placenta after ovariectomy at day 10 of gestation. There was some individual variation between different animals in the results of the ovariectomy, but in general the effects on both maternal and fetal tissues were more severe than those reported to follow ovariectomy at later stages of pregnancy. Even in the animals where there was extensive placental survival 2 or 3 days after the ovariectomy, normal differentiation of the placental labyrinth did not occur and the fetuses failed to survive. Ovariectomy had a pronounced effect on the proliferative activity of uterine epithelial cells. The high labelling index in the control animals up to day 12 was markedly reduced in the ovariectomized animals; after day 13, however, the labelling index of the controls was reduced to a level lower than that of the ovariectomized animals. Nuclear labelling occurred in the glandular epithelium from two days after ovariectomy, but was never present in the controls. There was a marked reduction in the percentage of labelled nuclei in the uterine muscle and in the metrial gland after ovariectomy. In the metrial gland this was associated with a reduction in the number of typical granulated cells and with the appearance of numerous small round cells. It is suggested that the latter represented metrial gland cell precursors which had undergone impairment of their normal differentiation process.", "contents": "The effects on the rat uterus and placenta of ovariectomy at day 10 of pregnancy. A study was made of the changes in morphology and in nuclear incorporation of tritiated thymidine in the rat uterus and placenta after ovariectomy at day 10 of gestation. There was some individual variation between different animals in the results of the ovariectomy, but in general the effects on both maternal and fetal tissues were more severe than those reported to follow ovariectomy at later stages of pregnancy. Even in the animals where there was extensive placental survival 2 or 3 days after the ovariectomy, normal differentiation of the placental labyrinth did not occur and the fetuses failed to survive. Ovariectomy had a pronounced effect on the proliferative activity of uterine epithelial cells. The high labelling index in the control animals up to day 12 was markedly reduced in the ovariectomized animals; after day 13, however, the labelling index of the controls was reduced to a level lower than that of the ovariectomized animals. Nuclear labelling occurred in the glandular epithelium from two days after ovariectomy, but was never present in the controls. There was a marked reduction in the percentage of labelled nuclei in the uterine muscle and in the metrial gland after ovariectomy. In the metrial gland this was associated with a reduction in the number of typical granulated cells and with the appearance of numerous small round cells. It is suggested that the latter represented metrial gland cell precursors which had undergone impairment of their normal differentiation process.", "PMID": 422479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11515", "title": "Ovulation in the guinea-pig. I. The ruptured follicle.", "content": "Guinea-pig ovarian follicles were studied by light and electron microscopy. All freshly ruptured follicles showed small blood vessels within the stratum granulosum as well as amongst the cells of the theca interna. The evidence suggests that the marked increase in the size of the preovulatory follicle stretches the basement membrane between theca interna and stratum granulosum to breaking point at several places and the resultant passage of blood from the theca interna into the stratum granulosum flushes out the oocyte.", "contents": "Ovulation in the guinea-pig. I. The ruptured follicle. Guinea-pig ovarian follicles were studied by light and electron microscopy. All freshly ruptured follicles showed small blood vessels within the stratum granulosum as well as amongst the cells of the theca interna. The evidence suggests that the marked increase in the size of the preovulatory follicle stretches the basement membrane between theca interna and stratum granulosum to breaking point at several places and the resultant passage of blood from the theca interna into the stratum granulosum flushes out the oocyte.", "PMID": 422480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11516", "title": "The growth of elastic cartilage.", "content": "Level lines of the specific growth rate and field lines of the gradient of the specific growth rate of developing ear cartilage have been computed. A single centre of maximum specific growth rate occurs in the midline and moves with time from the tip towards the base. Its movement is consistent with the progressive increase in area of the ear cartilage and with its consequent changes in form. The relationships of the centre for maximum specific growth rate to other maxima for the rates of production of cellular material, intercellular material, cell surface area and for material derivatives of intercellular volume fraction, cell volume fraction and cell surface density are discussed.", "contents": "The growth of elastic cartilage. Level lines of the specific growth rate and field lines of the gradient of the specific growth rate of developing ear cartilage have been computed. A single centre of maximum specific growth rate occurs in the midline and moves with time from the tip towards the base. Its movement is consistent with the progressive increase in area of the ear cartilage and with its consequent changes in form. The relationships of the centre for maximum specific growth rate to other maxima for the rates of production of cellular material, intercellular material, cell surface area and for material derivatives of intercellular volume fraction, cell volume fraction and cell surface density are discussed.", "PMID": 422481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11517", "title": "An electron microscope study of the respiratory epithelium in the lungs of the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra).", "content": "The respiratory epithelium in the lungs of the common fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) has been studied by electron microscopy. The entire pulmonary gas-exchange area is covered by a continuous epithelium, the cells of which are all of the same type and are termed 'pneumonocytes'. Typically, each pneumonocyte is squamous and has attenuated sheets of cytoplasm which extend over the pulmonary capillaries. Its free surface bears squat microvilli, and osmiophilic inclusion bodies and other organelles are prominent in the cytoplasm. The lateral cell walls have numerous desmosomes and interdigitating cytoplasmic processes. Many cells send cytoplasmic processes deep into the substance of the lung septa. The morphological evidence suggests that the pneumonocytes are responsible for the secretion of pulmonary surface-active agents and for maintaining the integrity of the gaseous diffusion membrane.", "contents": "An electron microscope study of the respiratory epithelium in the lungs of the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra). The respiratory epithelium in the lungs of the common fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) has been studied by electron microscopy. The entire pulmonary gas-exchange area is covered by a continuous epithelium, the cells of which are all of the same type and are termed 'pneumonocytes'. Typically, each pneumonocyte is squamous and has attenuated sheets of cytoplasm which extend over the pulmonary capillaries. Its free surface bears squat microvilli, and osmiophilic inclusion bodies and other organelles are prominent in the cytoplasm. The lateral cell walls have numerous desmosomes and interdigitating cytoplasmic processes. Many cells send cytoplasmic processes deep into the substance of the lung septa. The morphological evidence suggests that the pneumonocytes are responsible for the secretion of pulmonary surface-active agents and for maintaining the integrity of the gaseous diffusion membrane.", "PMID": 422482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11518", "title": "Differentiation in normal human buccal mucosa epithelium.", "content": "The epithelium of normal human buccal mucosa was studied by light and electron microscopy and stereological procedures in twenty punch biopsies of 10-15 years old females. Morphometric point counting techniques were employed in order to estimate the density of cell membranes in the superficial third of this epithelium. Observations and data suggested that (1) there is a dense and regular papillary body of slender connective tissue papillae which bifurcate within and penetrate the basal two thirds of the epithelium; (2) the epithelium comprises two major cell compartments, namely (a) the formative and proliferating basal and suprabasal cells, and (b) the differentiated but maturing spinous, and the subsurface and surface cells; (3) the major step in differentiation occurs at the boundary between suprabasal and lower spinous cells; (4) cytoplasmic composition is a reliable indicator of differentiation, which occurs prior to cell flattening; and the relative density of filamentous networks is an indicator of maturation; while cell flattening may be the sign of adaptation to functional needs, i.e. distensibility.", "contents": "Differentiation in normal human buccal mucosa epithelium. The epithelium of normal human buccal mucosa was studied by light and electron microscopy and stereological procedures in twenty punch biopsies of 10-15 years old females. Morphometric point counting techniques were employed in order to estimate the density of cell membranes in the superficial third of this epithelium. Observations and data suggested that (1) there is a dense and regular papillary body of slender connective tissue papillae which bifurcate within and penetrate the basal two thirds of the epithelium; (2) the epithelium comprises two major cell compartments, namely (a) the formative and proliferating basal and suprabasal cells, and (b) the differentiated but maturing spinous, and the subsurface and surface cells; (3) the major step in differentiation occurs at the boundary between suprabasal and lower spinous cells; (4) cytoplasmic composition is a reliable indicator of differentiation, which occurs prior to cell flattening; and the relative density of filamentous networks is an indicator of maturation; while cell flattening may be the sign of adaptation to functional needs, i.e. distensibility.", "PMID": 422483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11519", "title": "The ultrastructure of eosinophil granules of the black-necked crowned crane.", "content": "The fine structure of the granules of circulating eosinophil leucocytes was studied in five adult black-necked crowned cranes. The interna within these granules showed various crystalline arrangements. Optical diffraction patterns of the crystals revealed linear arrangements measuring 6.2 and 3.8 nm and often, when these arrangements were superimposed, a hexagonal pattern was observed. Bundles of microfilaments measuring 5-7 nm in diameter were found frequently in crystal-containing granules. Staining with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and various other cytochemical procedures gave results similar to those obtained previously in the shag and the duck. The PTA stain and peroxidase reaction product were found only in the externum of the granules whereas the acid hydrolases, acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase were located within the crystalline matrix and in or between the microfilaments. As with shag eosinophil granules, those of the crane did not appear to contain histone arginine and in this respect they differed from those of the duck and the fowl.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of eosinophil granules of the black-necked crowned crane. The fine structure of the granules of circulating eosinophil leucocytes was studied in five adult black-necked crowned cranes. The interna within these granules showed various crystalline arrangements. Optical diffraction patterns of the crystals revealed linear arrangements measuring 6.2 and 3.8 nm and often, when these arrangements were superimposed, a hexagonal pattern was observed. Bundles of microfilaments measuring 5-7 nm in diameter were found frequently in crystal-containing granules. Staining with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and various other cytochemical procedures gave results similar to those obtained previously in the shag and the duck. The PTA stain and peroxidase reaction product were found only in the externum of the granules whereas the acid hydrolases, acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase were located within the crystalline matrix and in or between the microfilaments. As with shag eosinophil granules, those of the crane did not appear to contain histone arginine and in this respect they differed from those of the duck and the fowl.", "PMID": 422484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11520", "title": "The teratogenic effect of acetaldehyde: implications for the study of the fetal alcohol syndrome.", "content": "Pregnant mice were injected intravenously with either saline alone (controls) or 1% or 2% acetaldehyde in saline, on days 7, 8 and 9 of gestation. The uterine contents were examined either on day 10 or on day 19. Acetaldehyde-treated females had more resorptions both at mid-gestation and at term, though no significant difference in maternal weight gain was observed. Experimental embryos examined on day 10 were smaller, and had a higher incidence of developmental delay, as compared to controls. Anomalies of closure of the cranial and caudal regions of the neural tube were the most commonly noted defects. When examined on day 19, acetaldehyde-treated fetuses were significantly smaller and weighed less than controls. These results suggest a role for acetaldehyde in the production of some of the teratogenic effects of ethanol manifested in the fetal alcohol syndrome.", "contents": "The teratogenic effect of acetaldehyde: implications for the study of the fetal alcohol syndrome. Pregnant mice were injected intravenously with either saline alone (controls) or 1% or 2% acetaldehyde in saline, on days 7, 8 and 9 of gestation. The uterine contents were examined either on day 10 or on day 19. Acetaldehyde-treated females had more resorptions both at mid-gestation and at term, though no significant difference in maternal weight gain was observed. Experimental embryos examined on day 10 were smaller, and had a higher incidence of developmental delay, as compared to controls. Anomalies of closure of the cranial and caudal regions of the neural tube were the most commonly noted defects. When examined on day 19, acetaldehyde-treated fetuses were significantly smaller and weighed less than controls. These results suggest a role for acetaldehyde in the production of some of the teratogenic effects of ethanol manifested in the fetal alcohol syndrome.", "PMID": 422485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11521", "title": "An electron microscopic study of human olfactory mucosa.", "content": "Two intranasal biopsies of human olfactory mucosa were studied with the electron microscope, after confirming with the light microscope that they were in fact from the olfactory region. It was noted that the end of the dendrite of the human olfactory cell is flat or dome-shaped, and is not a bulb-like projection (olfactory vesicle). Moreover, the cilia are in the long axis of the olfactory cell, perpendicular to the epithelial surface, and do not lie parallel to it as described in some species. The supporting cells had multiple long microvilli, and definite points of contact with the olfactory cells; they appeared to spread their secretion over the microvilli in a novel manner, producing a layer of regularly spaced, spike-like granules.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of human olfactory mucosa. Two intranasal biopsies of human olfactory mucosa were studied with the electron microscope, after confirming with the light microscope that they were in fact from the olfactory region. It was noted that the end of the dendrite of the human olfactory cell is flat or dome-shaped, and is not a bulb-like projection (olfactory vesicle). Moreover, the cilia are in the long axis of the olfactory cell, perpendicular to the epithelial surface, and do not lie parallel to it as described in some species. The supporting cells had multiple long microvilli, and definite points of contact with the olfactory cells; they appeared to spread their secretion over the microvilli in a novel manner, producing a layer of regularly spaced, spike-like granules.", "PMID": 422486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11522", "title": "Observations on some ultrastructural features of normal pulmonary blood vessels in collapsed and distended lungs.", "content": "In this paper we describe certain special features of the pulmonary vasculature of rats from both distended and collapsed lungs. Evaginations of medial smooth muscle cells are a generalised response to contraction and are absent from distended lungs. They form at surfaces of low tissue pressure, such as the intima of veins and the adventitia of arteries. Contacts between endothelium and smooth muscle are common, particularly in veins, and often terminate in tight junctions. We also describe a variety of cystic spaces. Those between the endothelium and elastic lamina of pulmonary arteries are probably a fixation artefact. Those within the endothelium, except discoid bodies, are all extracellular spaces, and are not vacuoles as they may seem to be at first sight.", "contents": "Observations on some ultrastructural features of normal pulmonary blood vessels in collapsed and distended lungs. In this paper we describe certain special features of the pulmonary vasculature of rats from both distended and collapsed lungs. Evaginations of medial smooth muscle cells are a generalised response to contraction and are absent from distended lungs. They form at surfaces of low tissue pressure, such as the intima of veins and the adventitia of arteries. Contacts between endothelium and smooth muscle are common, particularly in veins, and often terminate in tight junctions. We also describe a variety of cystic spaces. Those between the endothelium and elastic lamina of pulmonary arteries are probably a fixation artefact. Those within the endothelium, except discoid bodies, are all extracellular spaces, and are not vacuoles as they may seem to be at first sight.", "PMID": 422487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11523", "title": "Postnatal development of rat soft palate.", "content": "The stratified squamous epithelium lining the oral surface of the soft palate is keratinized and serves as a masticatory organ. Taste buds develop from the cells of the stratified squamous epithelium lining the oral surface during the first 3 weeks of life, and after this no new buds are formed. They are present in the median and paramedian regions of the soft palate: 30% are in the epithelium of fungiform papillae, the remainder being in the surface epithelium. Only 6% of the taste buds are in the vicinity of glandular pits. Glands begin to develop from the deeper portion of tubular invaginations of the stratified squamous epithelium lining the soft palate and grow  by pouching, resulting in the development of glands with large irregular pouches. The glands are lined by tall columnar cells and secrete mucus; they are absent from the lateral regions of the posterior third of the soft palate.", "contents": "Postnatal development of rat soft palate. The stratified squamous epithelium lining the oral surface of the soft palate is keratinized and serves as a masticatory organ. Taste buds develop from the cells of the stratified squamous epithelium lining the oral surface during the first 3 weeks of life, and after this no new buds are formed. They are present in the median and paramedian regions of the soft palate: 30% are in the epithelium of fungiform papillae, the remainder being in the surface epithelium. Only 6% of the taste buds are in the vicinity of glandular pits. Glands begin to develop from the deeper portion of tubular invaginations of the stratified squamous epithelium lining the soft palate and grow  by pouching, resulting in the development of glands with large irregular pouches. The glands are lined by tall columnar cells and secrete mucus; they are absent from the lateral regions of the posterior third of the soft palate.", "PMID": 422488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11524", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of arprinocid in feed.", "content": "Arprinocid [9 - (2 - chloro - 6 - fluorophenylmethyl)-9H-purin-6-amine] is determined in feed by high pressure liquid chromatography with a silica column and ultraviolet detection. The drug is extracted from the feed into chloroform in the presence of pH 7 phosphate buffer, transferred to 0.1N HCl, and separated from interfering substances by partitioning with hexane. The acidic solution is neutralized, and the analyte is extracted into chloroform for injection into the chromatograph. This procedure has been applied to feeds containing 0.0030--0.0090% arprinocid with a precision of less than 5% relative standard deviation at the 0.0060% formulated concentration level. The results of this chromatographic procedure also correlate with those from a colorimetric analysis.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of arprinocid in feed. Arprinocid [9 - (2 - chloro - 6 - fluorophenylmethyl)-9H-purin-6-amine] is determined in feed by high pressure liquid chromatography with a silica column and ultraviolet detection. The drug is extracted from the feed into chloroform in the presence of pH 7 phosphate buffer, transferred to 0.1N HCl, and separated from interfering substances by partitioning with hexane. The acidic solution is neutralized, and the analyte is extracted into chloroform for injection into the chromatograph. This procedure has been applied to feeds containing 0.0030--0.0090% arprinocid with a precision of less than 5% relative standard deviation at the 0.0060% formulated concentration level. The results of this chromatographic procedure also correlate with those from a colorimetric analysis.", "PMID": 422491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11525", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of naphthaleneacetic acid residues in apples.", "content": "An ion-suppression reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for determining naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) residues in apples. Samples are extracted with acidic chloroform, filtered through pre-acidified Hy-Flo Supercel, and cleaned up by acid-base partitioning. The extract can be successfully chromatographed on either a muLiChrosorb NH2 or muBondapak C18 column and quantitated by using a variable wavelength ultraviolet detector set at 220 nm. The mobile phase is acetonitrile-water (20 + 80) buffered to pH 3.5 (MULiChrosorb column) or pH 5.2 (MUBondapak column) and flowing at 1.0--2.0 ml/min. Recoveries ranged from 86 to 98%. The minimum detectable amount was 0.5 ng, which easily permitted the quantitation of 0.01 ppm NAA in 50 g sample. A fluorometric detector was 4 times as sensitive, using an excitation wavelength of 220 mm and monitoring the emission at 340 nm. For this detector, the minimum detectable amount was 0.12 ng NAA.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of naphthaleneacetic acid residues in apples. An ion-suppression reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for determining naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) residues in apples. Samples are extracted with acidic chloroform, filtered through pre-acidified Hy-Flo Supercel, and cleaned up by acid-base partitioning. The extract can be successfully chromatographed on either a muLiChrosorb NH2 or muBondapak C18 column and quantitated by using a variable wavelength ultraviolet detector set at 220 nm. The mobile phase is acetonitrile-water (20 + 80) buffered to pH 3.5 (MULiChrosorb column) or pH 5.2 (MUBondapak column) and flowing at 1.0--2.0 ml/min. Recoveries ranged from 86 to 98%. The minimum detectable amount was 0.5 ng, which easily permitted the quantitation of 0.01 ppm NAA in 50 g sample. A fluorometric detector was 4 times as sensitive, using an excitation wavelength of 220 mm and monitoring the emission at 340 nm. For this detector, the minimum detectable amount was 0.12 ng NAA.", "PMID": 422492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11526", "title": "Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of benzoic acid in soy sauce.", "content": "Proteins and other interfering substances are precipitated from soy sauce, using sodium tungstate under acidic conditions. After centrifugation, the supernate is successively extracted with ethyl ether to isolate the benzoic acid in the organic solvent. The ethyl ether extract is washed with dilute HCl. Benzoic acid is then quantitatively determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Recovery of sodium benzoate added to soy sauce ranged from 94 to 104%.", "contents": "Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of benzoic acid in soy sauce. Proteins and other interfering substances are precipitated from soy sauce, using sodium tungstate under acidic conditions. After centrifugation, the supernate is successively extracted with ethyl ether to isolate the benzoic acid in the organic solvent. The ethyl ether extract is washed with dilute HCl. Benzoic acid is then quantitatively determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Recovery of sodium benzoate added to soy sauce ranged from 94 to 104%.", "PMID": 422493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11527", "title": "Sample homogenization procedure for determination of lead in canned foods.", "content": "To improve the homogeneity of canned foods before Pb determination, composited samples or single can contents (150--500 g) are treated with an equal weight of dilute nitric acid, and then thoroughly blended in a high efficiency, probe-type Polytron homogenizer; subsamples are then either dry-ashed or wet-ashed in preparation for analysis. Within-can variability is reduced from the 20--50% coefficient of variation range obtained with conventional blending procedures to a coefficient of variation of less than 5% by using the proceudre described. Precision data for Pb, using both the probe-type and conventional blade-type homogenizers, are compared. The procedure described for Pb determination was used to analyze a number of canned products. Data indicate that the Polytron plus dilute acid procedure improves overall Pb homogeneity for subtle as well as severe initial Pb heterogeneity.", "contents": "Sample homogenization procedure for determination of lead in canned foods. To improve the homogeneity of canned foods before Pb determination, composited samples or single can contents (150--500 g) are treated with an equal weight of dilute nitric acid, and then thoroughly blended in a high efficiency, probe-type Polytron homogenizer; subsamples are then either dry-ashed or wet-ashed in preparation for analysis. Within-can variability is reduced from the 20--50% coefficient of variation range obtained with conventional blending procedures to a coefficient of variation of less than 5% by using the proceudre described. Precision data for Pb, using both the probe-type and conventional blade-type homogenizers, are compared. The procedure described for Pb determination was used to analyze a number of canned products. Data indicate that the Polytron plus dilute acid procedure improves overall Pb homogeneity for subtle as well as severe initial Pb heterogeneity.", "PMID": 422494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11528", "title": "Minicolumn detection method applied to almonds: collaborative study.", "content": "The minicolumn screening method for aflatoxins was collaboratively tested on naturally contaminated almonds. The nuts were extracted, and the extract was cleaned up and applied to a Velasco-type minicolumn. This permits the detection of total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) as a fluorescent band on the Florisil layer of the column. The results of 20 collaborators are presented. Samples containing 0, 2, 5, 10, and 25 ng aflatoxin/g were analyzed. Ninety-six per cent of the samples containing 5--25 ng total aflatoxins/g and 83% of the negative samples were correctly identified. The method has been adopted as official first action for detection of total aflatoxin levels of greater than or equal to 5 ng/g.", "contents": "Minicolumn detection method applied to almonds: collaborative study. The minicolumn screening method for aflatoxins was collaboratively tested on naturally contaminated almonds. The nuts were extracted, and the extract was cleaned up and applied to a Velasco-type minicolumn. This permits the detection of total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) as a fluorescent band on the Florisil layer of the column. The results of 20 collaborators are presented. Samples containing 0, 2, 5, 10, and 25 ng aflatoxin/g were analyzed. Ninety-six per cent of the samples containing 5--25 ng total aflatoxins/g and 83% of the negative samples were correctly identified. The method has been adopted as official first action for detection of total aflatoxin levels of greater than or equal to 5 ng/g.", "PMID": 422495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11529", "title": "Instability of PR toxin in blue cheese.", "content": "PR toxin was unstable in solvent extracts of blue cheese and in strongly acidic solutions. However, it was appreciably stable over a 2.5 hr period in moderately acidic methanol-water extracts (pH 2--3) of blue cheese. Using this extraction mixture, it was determined that PR toxin was not stable in blue cheese itself. PR toxin reacted with model neutral and basic amino acids and the formation of PR imine from PR toxin in the presence of blue cheese was demonstrated. While PR imine added to blue cheese could be recovered on analysis after 5 min, over a 2--5 day period it too was unstable in the cheese.", "contents": "Instability of PR toxin in blue cheese. PR toxin was unstable in solvent extracts of blue cheese and in strongly acidic solutions. However, it was appreciably stable over a 2.5 hr period in moderately acidic methanol-water extracts (pH 2--3) of blue cheese. Using this extraction mixture, it was determined that PR toxin was not stable in blue cheese itself. PR toxin reacted with model neutral and basic amino acids and the formation of PR imine from PR toxin in the presence of blue cheese was demonstrated. While PR imine added to blue cheese could be recovered on analysis after 5 min, over a 2--5 day period it too was unstable in the cheese.", "PMID": 422496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11530", "title": "Rapid automated turbidimetric assay for chlortetracycline hydrochloride, using Leuconostoc mesenteroides as the test organism.", "content": "A rapid turbidimetric assay has been developed for chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC-HCl) in finished animal feeds and feed supplements, using Leuconostoc mesenteroides as the test organism. Two modifications are presented: The incubation period of modification 1 is 2.5 hr and the sensitivity of the assay is 0.03 microgram CTC-HCl/assay tube. Modification 2 has a sensitivty of 0.01 microgram CTC-HCl/assay tube and requires an incubation period of 3.5 hr. For 21 feed formulations, the turbidimetric method recovered 95.7% of label claim. Recoveries of CTC-HCl standards from the same feeds ranged from 93.4 to 134% with a mean of 103%. The relative standard deviation among day-to-day duplicates is 3.50% for the faster modification and 1.63% for the more sensitive modification.", "contents": "Rapid automated turbidimetric assay for chlortetracycline hydrochloride, using Leuconostoc mesenteroides as the test organism. A rapid turbidimetric assay has been developed for chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC-HCl) in finished animal feeds and feed supplements, using Leuconostoc mesenteroides as the test organism. Two modifications are presented: The incubation period of modification 1 is 2.5 hr and the sensitivity of the assay is 0.03 microgram CTC-HCl/assay tube. Modification 2 has a sensitivty of 0.01 microgram CTC-HCl/assay tube and requires an incubation period of 3.5 hr. For 21 feed formulations, the turbidimetric method recovered 95.7% of label claim. Recoveries of CTC-HCl standards from the same feeds ranged from 93.4 to 134% with a mean of 103%. The relative standard deviation among day-to-day duplicates is 3.50% for the faster modification and 1.63% for the more sensitive modification.", "PMID": 422497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11531", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic detection and estimation of furazolidone and nitrofurazone in animal feeds.", "content": "The feed sample is extracted with acetone or dimethylformamide-acetone (1 + 1) and the filtered extracts are evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in chloroform and transferred to a silica gel column. The nitrofurans are eluted with methanol-chloroform (50 + 50). A portion of the eluate is evaporated to dryness and the residue is redissolved in a small volume of methanol. Aliquots of the methanolic solution are injected into a liquid chromatograph with a muBondapak C18 column, using 30% acetonitrile as the eluting solvent and ultraviolet detection at 365 nm. Several samples spiked with 0.5--50 ppm furazolidone or nitrofurazone and 2 commercial samples were analyzed by the proposed method.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic detection and estimation of furazolidone and nitrofurazone in animal feeds. The feed sample is extracted with acetone or dimethylformamide-acetone (1 + 1) and the filtered extracts are evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in chloroform and transferred to a silica gel column. The nitrofurans are eluted with methanol-chloroform (50 + 50). A portion of the eluate is evaporated to dryness and the residue is redissolved in a small volume of methanol. Aliquots of the methanolic solution are injected into a liquid chromatograph with a muBondapak C18 column, using 30% acetonitrile as the eluting solvent and ultraviolet detection at 365 nm. Several samples spiked with 0.5--50 ppm furazolidone or nitrofurazone and 2 commercial samples were analyzed by the proposed method.", "PMID": 422498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11532", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sugars in various food products.", "content": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed which is fast, simple, specific, and reliable over a wide range of sugar concentrations in a variety of food matrices. With few exceptions, sample preparation is simple, requiring only a water-ethanol extraction, followed by a rapid mini-column cleanup before injection into the HPLC system. The majority of samples can be prepared for analysis within 1--1 1/2 hr, and the following sugars are separated in less than 45 min: fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, melibioals, chocolate products, chocolate sirups, cookies, health food products, molasses, preserves, processed fruits, and soy protein products.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sugars in various food products. A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed which is fast, simple, specific, and reliable over a wide range of sugar concentrations in a variety of food matrices. With few exceptions, sample preparation is simple, requiring only a water-ethanol extraction, followed by a rapid mini-column cleanup before injection into the HPLC system. The majority of samples can be prepared for analysis within 1--1 1/2 hr, and the following sugars are separated in less than 45 min: fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, melibioals, chocolate products, chocolate sirups, cookies, health food products, molasses, preserves, processed fruits, and soy protein products.", "PMID": 422499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11533", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic test for honey adulteration by high fructose corn sirup.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method has been developed to detect the addition to honey of high fructose corn sirup (HFCS). Samples are derivatized directly with trimethylsilane, cholestane is added as an internal standard, and the levels of maltose (includes other minor disaccharides) and isomaltose are determined after chromatography on OV-17. Domestic and imported honey samples (115) contained 2.00% maltose and 0.71% isomaltose. HFCS samples (21) contained 1.50% maltose, and 2.09% isomaltose. A discriminatory equation was developed (D = 2.73 - 5. 35 (Isomaltose/maltose)) and, when applied to the data for these samples and 37 adulterated samples, 81.4% of authentic honey samples and 78.4% of samples known to be adulterated with HFCS were correctly classified.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic test for honey adulteration by high fructose corn sirup. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method has been developed to detect the addition to honey of high fructose corn sirup (HFCS). Samples are derivatized directly with trimethylsilane, cholestane is added as an internal standard, and the levels of maltose (includes other minor disaccharides) and isomaltose are determined after chromatography on OV-17. Domestic and imported honey samples (115) contained 2.00% maltose and 0.71% isomaltose. HFCS samples (21) contained 1.50% maltose, and 2.09% isomaltose. A discriminatory equation was developed (D = 2.73 - 5. 35 (Isomaltose/maltose)) and, when applied to the data for these samples and 37 adulterated samples, 81.4% of authentic honey samples and 78.4% of samples known to be adulterated with HFCS were correctly classified.", "PMID": 422500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11534", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of nitrofurazone in milk.", "content": "A rapid high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) screening method for the quantitative determination of nitrofurazone in milk has been developed. The drug is extracted with ethyl acetate from a 2.0 ml milk serum sample, the organic layer is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in the mobile phase and injected into the liquid chromatogarph. A reverse phase muBondapak C18 column is used with monitoring at 365 nm. The detection limit is 5 ppb and recoveries are 57--67%. Mass spectroscopic confirmation of the HPLC nitrofuran peak is described.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of nitrofurazone in milk. A rapid high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) screening method for the quantitative determination of nitrofurazone in milk has been developed. The drug is extracted with ethyl acetate from a 2.0 ml milk serum sample, the organic layer is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in the mobile phase and injected into the liquid chromatogarph. A reverse phase muBondapak C18 column is used with monitoring at 365 nm. The detection limit is 5 ppb and recoveries are 57--67%. Mass spectroscopic confirmation of the HPLC nitrofuran peak is described.", "PMID": 422501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11535", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters.", "content": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure is described for determining 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PNA) compounds in oysters at the 2 ppb level. These compounds are extracted from shellfish with acetonitrile and partitioned into petroleum ether; the petroleum ether is removed and the residue is saponified. The aromatic compounds are isolated by passing the saponifeid residue through silica gel and further purified and fractionated by muStyragel gel permeation chromatography. The in-ividual PNAs are then quantitatively determined by using a reverse phase HPLC column coupled to fluorescence, spectrophotometric, and 254 nm absorbance detectors in series. Recoveries from spiked samples generally were greater than 80%.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters. A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure is described for determining 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PNA) compounds in oysters at the 2 ppb level. These compounds are extracted from shellfish with acetonitrile and partitioned into petroleum ether; the petroleum ether is removed and the residue is saponified. The aromatic compounds are isolated by passing the saponifeid residue through silica gel and further purified and fractionated by muStyragel gel permeation chromatography. The in-ividual PNAs are then quantitatively determined by using a reverse phase HPLC column coupled to fluorescence, spectrophotometric, and 254 nm absorbance detectors in series. Recoveries from spiked samples generally were greater than 80%.", "PMID": 422502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11536", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric indentification of chlorinated trifluorotoluene residues in Niagara River fish.", "content": "Several unknown halogenated compounds were detected in Niagara River fish using a method similar to the AOAC multiresidue method for chlorinated pesticides in high-moisture foods. From gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GLC/MS) data and GLC retention times on 3 columns, 7 of the compounds were identified as 4-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene (0.17--2.0 ppm), 2-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene (0.002--0.1 ppm), 3,4-dichloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene (0.02--0.28 ppm), 2,4-dichloro-alpha,alpha-alpha-trifluorotoluene (0.02--0.17) ppm), 2,3-dichloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene (trace-0.005 ppm), 2,6-dichlorotoluene (not quantitated), and 2,4,5-trichlorotoluene (0.31 ppm was found in the only sample quantitated). Other isomers of tri- and tetrachloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene and di-,tri-, and tetrachlorotoluene were also present in these samples. Recoveries of the specific chlorinated trifluorotoluenes identified in these samples ranged from 86 to 108%.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric indentification of chlorinated trifluorotoluene residues in Niagara River fish. Several unknown halogenated compounds were detected in Niagara River fish using a method similar to the AOAC multiresidue method for chlorinated pesticides in high-moisture foods. From gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GLC/MS) data and GLC retention times on 3 columns, 7 of the compounds were identified as 4-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene (0.17--2.0 ppm), 2-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene (0.002--0.1 ppm), 3,4-dichloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene (0.02--0.28 ppm), 2,4-dichloro-alpha,alpha-alpha-trifluorotoluene (0.02--0.17) ppm), 2,3-dichloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene (trace-0.005 ppm), 2,6-dichlorotoluene (not quantitated), and 2,4,5-trichlorotoluene (0.31 ppm was found in the only sample quantitated). Other isomers of tri- and tetrachloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene and di-,tri-, and tetrachlorotoluene were also present in these samples. Recoveries of the specific chlorinated trifluorotoluenes identified in these samples ranged from 86 to 108%.", "PMID": 422503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11537", "title": "Identification and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of aryl phosphate residues in environmental samples.", "content": "Aryl phosphates are widely used as flame retardant plasticizers and hydraulic fluids. Laboratory exposures of rainbow trout to a commercial phosphate hydraulic fluid in a flow-through system resulted in substantial biomagnification. Aryl phosphate residues in fish are extracted and cleaned up by the AOAC method for pesticides in fatty foods, and are detected by phosphorus-selective gas-liquid chromatography. Residues of several aryl phosphate mixtures were detected in fish near industrial sites at concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 1 ppm (edible portion basis).", "contents": "Identification and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of aryl phosphate residues in environmental samples. Aryl phosphates are widely used as flame retardant plasticizers and hydraulic fluids. Laboratory exposures of rainbow trout to a commercial phosphate hydraulic fluid in a flow-through system resulted in substantial biomagnification. Aryl phosphate residues in fish are extracted and cleaned up by the AOAC method for pesticides in fatty foods, and are detected by phosphorus-selective gas-liquid chromatography. Residues of several aryl phosphate mixtures were detected in fish near industrial sites at concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 1 ppm (edible portion basis).", "PMID": 422504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11538", "title": "Colorimetric determination of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) in contact lens solutions.", "content": "A rapid colorimetric method is presented for the quantitative determination of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) in contact lens solutions. The method is simple, requires no sample pretreatment, and uses only a small volume of sample. The procedure is based on the measurement of the net absorbance of a poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)- Congo red complex at 545 nm. An accuracy of greater than +/- 4% was obtained for the concetnration ranges usually found in contact lens solutions with a minimum detection level of 10 ppm. The method is useful as a screening procedure for solutions of unknown composition and as a quality assurance procedure for routine determinations.", "contents": "Colorimetric determination of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) in contact lens solutions. A rapid colorimetric method is presented for the quantitative determination of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) in contact lens solutions. The method is simple, requires no sample pretreatment, and uses only a small volume of sample. The procedure is based on the measurement of the net absorbance of a poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)- Congo red complex at 545 nm. An accuracy of greater than +/- 4% was obtained for the concetnration ranges usually found in contact lens solutions with a minimum detection level of 10 ppm. The method is useful as a screening procedure for solutions of unknown composition and as a quality assurance procedure for routine determinations.", "PMID": 422505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11539", "title": "Spectrophotometric analysis of binary mixtures of sulfonamides.", "content": "Different methods for analyzing binary mixtures by using 2 wavelengths are reviewed. The absorbance ratio calculated at 2 wavelengths, not including the isoabsorptive point, was a quadratic function of relative concentration. The curve-fitting process using orthogonal polynomials was applied to obtain the quadratic equation. An absorbance ratio can be used as a rapid purity index for sulfacetamide sodium in the presence of sulfanilamide. Sulfacetamide sodium has been determined in eye drop preparations.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric analysis of binary mixtures of sulfonamides. Different methods for analyzing binary mixtures by using 2 wavelengths are reviewed. The absorbance ratio calculated at 2 wavelengths, not including the isoabsorptive point, was a quadratic function of relative concentration. The curve-fitting process using orthogonal polynomials was applied to obtain the quadratic equation. An absorbance ratio can be used as a rapid purity index for sulfacetamide sodium in the presence of sulfanilamide. Sulfacetamide sodium has been determined in eye drop preparations.", "PMID": 422506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11540", "title": "Gas-solid chromatographic determination of moisture in lyophilized pharmaceutical products.", "content": "A gas-solid chromatographic procedure is described for the analysis of low levels of moisture in individual lyophilized vials of pharmaceutical products. Dry ethanol, which contains methanol as the internal standard, is injected through the septum of the vial to dissolve the lyophilized contents.  An aliquot of this solution is then withdrawn and injected onto a Porapak QS column at 110 degrees C where the components are separated and detected using thermal conductivity detection. A solvent blank correction allows quantitation of the water in the individual vial. The method is conveniently applied to samples containing as little as 50 microgram water/vial, and as many as 25 vials can be assayed/day. A simple technique is also described for removing water from the ethanol solvent to less than 100 ppm, using a molecular sieve.", "contents": "Gas-solid chromatographic determination of moisture in lyophilized pharmaceutical products. A gas-solid chromatographic procedure is described for the analysis of low levels of moisture in individual lyophilized vials of pharmaceutical products. Dry ethanol, which contains methanol as the internal standard, is injected through the septum of the vial to dissolve the lyophilized contents.  An aliquot of this solution is then withdrawn and injected onto a Porapak QS column at 110 degrees C where the components are separated and detected using thermal conductivity detection. A solvent blank correction allows quantitation of the water in the individual vial. The method is conveniently applied to samples containing as little as 50 microgram water/vial, and as many as 25 vials can be assayed/day. A simple technique is also described for removing water from the ethanol solvent to less than 100 ppm, using a molecular sieve.", "PMID": 422507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11541", "title": "Crown gall teratoma formation is plasmid and plant controlled.", "content": "Experiments using different species of the plant Nicotiana and strains of the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens showed that teratoma formation from crown galls was dependent on the combination of bacterial Ti plasmid and host plant used.", "contents": "Crown gall teratoma formation is plasmid and plant controlled. Experiments using different species of the plant Nicotiana and strains of the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens showed that teratoma formation from crown galls was dependent on the combination of bacterial Ti plasmid and host plant used.", "PMID": 422509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11542", "title": "Comparison of the membrane composition of Spiroplasma citri and the corn stunt Spiroplasma.", "content": "Components of membranes isolated from Spiroplasma citri and corn stunt spiroplasma grown at 28 degrees C were analyzed. On a protein basis, lipid phosphorus was lower and cholesterol was higher in S. citri. Only minor differences between the two species were found in fatty acid composition, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase, and adenosine triphosphatase.", "contents": "Comparison of the membrane composition of Spiroplasma citri and the corn stunt Spiroplasma. Components of membranes isolated from Spiroplasma citri and corn stunt spiroplasma grown at 28 degrees C were analyzed. On a protein basis, lipid phosphorus was lower and cholesterol was higher in S. citri. Only minor differences between the two species were found in fatty acid composition, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase, and adenosine triphosphatase.", "PMID": 422510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11543", "title": "Variation in the structure and bacteriophage-inactivating capacity of Salmonella anatum lipopolysaccharide as a function of growth temperature.", "content": "Growth temperature affects both the structure and the phage-inactivating capacity of Salmonella anatum A1 lipopolysaccharide. Whereas S. anatum cells normally synthesize smooth lipopolysaccharide when grown at physiological temperature (37 degrees C), a partial smooth-rough transition occurs when cells are grown at low temperature (20 to 25 degrees C). The synthesis at low growth temperature of lipopolysaccharide molecules lacking O-antigen was detected both by increased sensitivity of cells to the rough-specific bacteriophage Felix O-1 and by fractionation of oligosaccharides derived from lipopolysaccharide by mild acid hydrolysis. Growth temperature-induced changes in the structure of S. anatum A1 lipopolysaccharide also affected its ability to inactivate epsilon15, a bacteriophage that binds initially to the O-antigen portion of the molecule. Purified lipopolysaccharide prepared from cells grown at low growth temperature exhibited a higher in vitro phage-inactivating capacity than did lipopolysaccharide prepared from cells grown at physiological temperature (37 degrees C).", "contents": "Variation in the structure and bacteriophage-inactivating capacity of Salmonella anatum lipopolysaccharide as a function of growth temperature. Growth temperature affects both the structure and the phage-inactivating capacity of Salmonella anatum A1 lipopolysaccharide. Whereas S. anatum cells normally synthesize smooth lipopolysaccharide when grown at physiological temperature (37 degrees C), a partial smooth-rough transition occurs when cells are grown at low temperature (20 to 25 degrees C). The synthesis at low growth temperature of lipopolysaccharide molecules lacking O-antigen was detected both by increased sensitivity of cells to the rough-specific bacteriophage Felix O-1 and by fractionation of oligosaccharides derived from lipopolysaccharide by mild acid hydrolysis. Growth temperature-induced changes in the structure of S. anatum A1 lipopolysaccharide also affected its ability to inactivate epsilon15, a bacteriophage that binds initially to the O-antigen portion of the molecule. Purified lipopolysaccharide prepared from cells grown at low growth temperature exhibited a higher in vitro phage-inactivating capacity than did lipopolysaccharide prepared from cells grown at physiological temperature (37 degrees C).", "PMID": 422511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11544", "title": "Analysis of corynomycolic acids and other fatty acids produced by Corynebacterium lepus grown on kerosene.", "content": "The saponifiable carboxylic acids of the extracellular product of Corynebacterium lepus grown on kerosene have been isolated and characterized. About 25% of these acids were a mixture of simple, saturated fatty acids ranging from C13 to C24 and including both even and odd homologues. The distribution of these acids was bimodal, with maxima at C15 and C21. The other 75% of the acids was a mixture of corynomycolic acids [R1--CH(OH)--CH(R2)--COOH] ranging from C28 to C43. The R1 alkyl fragments varied from C16 to C25, and R2 fragments varied from C6 to C14. Both even and odd corynomycolic acid homologues were observed, and the distribution had a single pronounced maximum at C32 and C33. Bacterial utilization of the carboxylic oxidation products of the kerosene substrate is suggested to account for the wide distribution in chain length of these saturated fatty acids and for the observation of both even and odd homologues.", "contents": "Analysis of corynomycolic acids and other fatty acids produced by Corynebacterium lepus grown on kerosene. The saponifiable carboxylic acids of the extracellular product of Corynebacterium lepus grown on kerosene have been isolated and characterized. About 25% of these acids were a mixture of simple, saturated fatty acids ranging from C13 to C24 and including both even and odd homologues. The distribution of these acids was bimodal, with maxima at C15 and C21. The other 75% of the acids was a mixture of corynomycolic acids [R1--CH(OH)--CH(R2)--COOH] ranging from C28 to C43. The R1 alkyl fragments varied from C16 to C25, and R2 fragments varied from C6 to C14. Both even and odd corynomycolic acid homologues were observed, and the distribution had a single pronounced maximum at C32 and C33. Bacterial utilization of the carboxylic oxidation products of the kerosene substrate is suggested to account for the wide distribution in chain length of these saturated fatty acids and for the observation of both even and odd homologues.", "PMID": 422512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11545", "title": "Regulation of hydrogenase in Rhizobium japonicum.", "content": "Factors that regulate the expression of an H2 uptake system in free-living cultures of Rhizobium japonicum have been investigated. Rapid rates of H2 uptake by R. japonicum were obtained by incubation of cell suspensions in a Mg-phosphate buffer under a gas phase of 86.7% N2, 8.3% H2, 4.2% CO2, and 0.8% O2. Cultures incubated under conditions comparable with those above, with the exception that Ar replaced H2, showed no hydrogenase activity. When H2 was removed after initiation of hydrogenase derepression, further increase in hydrogenase activity ceased. Nitrogenase activity was not essential for expression of hydrogenase activity. All usable carbon substrates tested repressed hydrogenase formation, but none of them inhibited hydrogenase activity. No effect on hydrogenase formation was observed from the addition of KNO3 or NH4Cl at 10 mM. Oxygen repressed hydrogenase formation, but did not inhibit activity of the enzyme in whole cells. The addition of rifampin or chloramphenicol to derepressed cultures resulted in inhibition of enzyme formation similar to that observed by O2 repression. The removal of CO2 during derepression caused a decrease in the rate of hydrogenase formation. No direct effect of CO2 on hydrogenase activity was observed.", "contents": "Regulation of hydrogenase in Rhizobium japonicum. Factors that regulate the expression of an H2 uptake system in free-living cultures of Rhizobium japonicum have been investigated. Rapid rates of H2 uptake by R. japonicum were obtained by incubation of cell suspensions in a Mg-phosphate buffer under a gas phase of 86.7% N2, 8.3% H2, 4.2% CO2, and 0.8% O2. Cultures incubated under conditions comparable with those above, with the exception that Ar replaced H2, showed no hydrogenase activity. When H2 was removed after initiation of hydrogenase derepression, further increase in hydrogenase activity ceased. Nitrogenase activity was not essential for expression of hydrogenase activity. All usable carbon substrates tested repressed hydrogenase formation, but none of them inhibited hydrogenase activity. No effect on hydrogenase formation was observed from the addition of KNO3 or NH4Cl at 10 mM. Oxygen repressed hydrogenase formation, but did not inhibit activity of the enzyme in whole cells. The addition of rifampin or chloramphenicol to derepressed cultures resulted in inhibition of enzyme formation similar to that observed by O2 repression. The removal of CO2 during derepression caused a decrease in the rate of hydrogenase formation. No direct effect of CO2 on hydrogenase activity was observed.", "PMID": 422513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11546", "title": "Simultaneous loss of multiple differentiated functions in aerial mycelium-negative isolates of streptomycetes.", "content": "Germination and outgrowth of spores of Streptomyces alboniger, Streptomyces scabies, and Streptomyces violaceus-ruber in the presence of intercalating dyes resulted in a high frequency (2 to 20%) of occurrence of aerial mycelium-negative (Amy-) isolates. Coincident with the appearance of the Amy- trait was the loss of several differentiated functions, including the characteristic pigments and earthy odor of the wild types. All S. alboniger, 27% of S. scabies, and 39% of the S. violaceus-ruber Amy- isolates were arginine auxotrophs. The missing enzyme step was identified as argininosuccinate synthetase by using a sensitive microassay for estimation of enzyme activity. The remainder of the S. scabies and S. violaceus-ruber isolates were prototrophs. In addition, S. alboniger Amy- isolates failed to produce or respond to the stimulator of aerial mycelium formation isolated from the wild type. The Amy- isolates did not revert to either Amy+ of Arg+. The lack of any detectable reversion, coupled with the high frequency of curing, supports the idea that a deletion of genetic material, possibly a plasmid, has occurred.", "contents": "Simultaneous loss of multiple differentiated functions in aerial mycelium-negative isolates of streptomycetes. Germination and outgrowth of spores of Streptomyces alboniger, Streptomyces scabies, and Streptomyces violaceus-ruber in the presence of intercalating dyes resulted in a high frequency (2 to 20%) of occurrence of aerial mycelium-negative (Amy-) isolates. Coincident with the appearance of the Amy- trait was the loss of several differentiated functions, including the characteristic pigments and earthy odor of the wild types. All S. alboniger, 27% of S. scabies, and 39% of the S. violaceus-ruber Amy- isolates were arginine auxotrophs. The missing enzyme step was identified as argininosuccinate synthetase by using a sensitive microassay for estimation of enzyme activity. The remainder of the S. scabies and S. violaceus-ruber isolates were prototrophs. In addition, S. alboniger Amy- isolates failed to produce or respond to the stimulator of aerial mycelium formation isolated from the wild type. The Amy- isolates did not revert to either Amy+ of Arg+. The lack of any detectable reversion, coupled with the high frequency of curing, supports the idea that a deletion of genetic material, possibly a plasmid, has occurred.", "PMID": 422514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11547", "title": "Nitrite reduction in Veillonella alcalescens.", "content": "Nitrite reduction was examined in Veillonella alcalescens C-1, and obligate anaerobe with an ATP-yielding nitrate-reducing system. Hydrogen donors for nitrite reduction included hydrosulfite, hydrogen gas, and pyruvate, but not pyridine nucleotides, in the presnece or absence of flavins. Pyruvate-linked nitrite reduction was not inhibited by 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl) 1,3-butanedione, dicoumarol, or 2-heptyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline-N-oxide. The noninvolvement of membrane-bound factors was supported by the fact that 100% of pyruvate-linked activity remained in the soluble fraction after fractionation of crude extracts by ultracentrifugation. Using DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, however, the participation of ferredoxin in nitrite reduction was demonstrated. The product of nitrite reduction appeared to be ammonia, as determined from H2-to-NO2- ratios. Nitrite reductase was induced by nitrate or nitrite and was repressed by increased levels of reduced nitrogenous compounds.", "contents": "Nitrite reduction in Veillonella alcalescens. Nitrite reduction was examined in Veillonella alcalescens C-1, and obligate anaerobe with an ATP-yielding nitrate-reducing system. Hydrogen donors for nitrite reduction included hydrosulfite, hydrogen gas, and pyruvate, but not pyridine nucleotides, in the presnece or absence of flavins. Pyruvate-linked nitrite reduction was not inhibited by 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl) 1,3-butanedione, dicoumarol, or 2-heptyl-4-hydroxy-quinoline-N-oxide. The noninvolvement of membrane-bound factors was supported by the fact that 100% of pyruvate-linked activity remained in the soluble fraction after fractionation of crude extracts by ultracentrifugation. Using DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, however, the participation of ferredoxin in nitrite reduction was demonstrated. The product of nitrite reduction appeared to be ammonia, as determined from H2-to-NO2- ratios. Nitrite reductase was induced by nitrate or nitrite and was repressed by increased levels of reduced nitrogenous compounds.", "PMID": 422515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11548", "title": "Physiological responses of bacteria to cytochalasin A: effects on growth, transport, and enzyme induction.", "content": "Cytochalasin A at 5 to 25 microgram/ml (1.0 x 10(-5) to 5.2 x 10(-5) M) inhibited the growth of three gram-positive bacteria, Arthrobacter sialophilus, Staphyloccus aureus, and Bacillus amyloliquifaciens, but had little or no effect on the growth of three gram-negative bacteria, Excherichia coli, Pseudomonas maltophilia, and Aeromonas proteolytica. A. sialophilus and S. aureus recovered spontaneously from cytochalasin A-mediated growth inhibition after a considerable lag period, which was dependent on the drug dose. It was demonstrated that this long-term recovery did not involve selection of resistant variants. Cytochalasin A had no detrimental effect on cell viability in A. sialophilus or S. aureus, but caused lysis of B. amyloliquifaciens. The drug prevented enzyme inductions and inhibited transport of valine, uridine, and glucose in the gram-positive organisms. It had little or no effect on these processes in the gram-negative organisms. In studies with A. sialophilus, the drug inhbitied respiration of exogenous substrates, but did not depress endogenous respiration. These results constitute the first unequivocal evidence for the bacteriostatic properties of this class of compounds and indicate that cytochalasin A halts various physiological processes in gram-positive bacteria primarily by inhibiting solute transport.", "contents": "Physiological responses of bacteria to cytochalasin A: effects on growth, transport, and enzyme induction. Cytochalasin A at 5 to 25 microgram/ml (1.0 x 10(-5) to 5.2 x 10(-5) M) inhibited the growth of three gram-positive bacteria, Arthrobacter sialophilus, Staphyloccus aureus, and Bacillus amyloliquifaciens, but had little or no effect on the growth of three gram-negative bacteria, Excherichia coli, Pseudomonas maltophilia, and Aeromonas proteolytica. A. sialophilus and S. aureus recovered spontaneously from cytochalasin A-mediated growth inhibition after a considerable lag period, which was dependent on the drug dose. It was demonstrated that this long-term recovery did not involve selection of resistant variants. Cytochalasin A had no detrimental effect on cell viability in A. sialophilus or S. aureus, but caused lysis of B. amyloliquifaciens. The drug prevented enzyme inductions and inhibited transport of valine, uridine, and glucose in the gram-positive organisms. It had little or no effect on these processes in the gram-negative organisms. In studies with A. sialophilus, the drug inhbitied respiration of exogenous substrates, but did not depress endogenous respiration. These results constitute the first unequivocal evidence for the bacteriostatic properties of this class of compounds and indicate that cytochalasin A halts various physiological processes in gram-positive bacteria primarily by inhibiting solute transport.", "PMID": 422516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11549", "title": "Synthesis of guanosine tetra- and pentaphosphates by the obligately anaerobic bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in response to molecular oxygen.", "content": "Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) were detected in formic acid extracts of air-exposed culutres of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The identification of ppGpp and pppGpp in B. thetaiotaomicron was based on the following results: (i) cochromatography of 32P-labeled hyperphosphorylated nucleotides in two different two-dimensional solvent systems with authentic ppGpp and pppGpp; (ii) incorporation of [3H]guanosine into the putative ppGpp and pppGpp; (iii) alkaline lability; and (iv) resistance, to periodate oxidation. There was a marked increase in the concentration of ppGpp and pppGpp after shift from anaerobic to aerobic conditions, and accumulation of both ppGpp and pppGpp was blocked under these conditions by pretreatment of the culture with rifampin or tetracycline. Growth and incorporation of [3H]guanosine, [3H]tymidine, [14C]succinate, and L-[35S]methionine into macromolecules were inhibited immediately upon exposure to air. The accumulation of ppGpp and pppGpp in B. thetaiotaomicron upon exposure to air may represent a novel signal for synthesis of these compounds.", "contents": "Synthesis of guanosine tetra- and pentaphosphates by the obligately anaerobic bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in response to molecular oxygen. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate (pppGpp) were detected in formic acid extracts of air-exposed culutres of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The identification of ppGpp and pppGpp in B. thetaiotaomicron was based on the following results: (i) cochromatography of 32P-labeled hyperphosphorylated nucleotides in two different two-dimensional solvent systems with authentic ppGpp and pppGpp; (ii) incorporation of [3H]guanosine into the putative ppGpp and pppGpp; (iii) alkaline lability; and (iv) resistance, to periodate oxidation. There was a marked increase in the concentration of ppGpp and pppGpp after shift from anaerobic to aerobic conditions, and accumulation of both ppGpp and pppGpp was blocked under these conditions by pretreatment of the culture with rifampin or tetracycline. Growth and incorporation of [3H]guanosine, [3H]tymidine, [14C]succinate, and L-[35S]methionine into macromolecules were inhibited immediately upon exposure to air. The accumulation of ppGpp and pppGpp in B. thetaiotaomicron upon exposure to air may represent a novel signal for synthesis of these compounds.", "PMID": 422517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11550", "title": "650 private psychiatric patients.", "content": "650 psychiatric patients seen for the first time in San Diego on a private basis received a research interview that allowed a study of demographic and clinical characteristics. They were compared with 100 psychiatric patients seen in similar circumstances in Wisconsin. The 2 populations were remarkably similar in several respects.", "contents": "650 private psychiatric patients. 650 psychiatric patients seen for the first time in San Diego on a private basis received a research interview that allowed a study of demographic and clinical characteristics. They were compared with 100 psychiatric patients seen in similar circumstances in Wisconsin. The 2 populations were remarkably similar in several respects.", "PMID": 422519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11551", "title": "Acute brain syndromes.", "content": "Four hundred and nine cases of acute brain syndrome, encountered in psychiatric consultations among 54,942 general hospital patients over a 5 year period, fell into 4 groups according to symptom picture: lethargic, bewildered, agitated and psychotic. Treatment included reality orientation, protection and pharamacologic measures.", "contents": "Acute brain syndromes. Four hundred and nine cases of acute brain syndrome, encountered in psychiatric consultations among 54,942 general hospital patients over a 5 year period, fell into 4 groups according to symptom picture: lethargic, bewildered, agitated and psychotic. Treatment included reality orientation, protection and pharamacologic measures.", "PMID": 422520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11552", "title": "The wish to be held and hold in couples.", "content": "Information pertaining to the wish to be held and to hold was gathered from 56 couples to answer the following questions: 1) What sex difference is there in the preference for being held or holding? 2) Which of the 2 meanings for the wish to be held is usually described? 3) Are men able to separate the wish for body contact as an end in itself from it as prelude to sexual intercourse? 4) Is disparity in body contact desires a cause of marital disharmony?", "contents": "The wish to be held and hold in couples. Information pertaining to the wish to be held and to hold was gathered from 56 couples to answer the following questions: 1) What sex difference is there in the preference for being held or holding? 2) Which of the 2 meanings for the wish to be held is usually described? 3) Are men able to separate the wish for body contact as an end in itself from it as prelude to sexual intercourse? 4) Is disparity in body contact desires a cause of marital disharmony?", "PMID": 422521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11553", "title": "Physician marriages.", "content": "A questionnaire study of physicians' ratings of various aspects of their marriage, was sent to 100 randomly selected physicians in Ramsey County (St. Paul, Minnesota). Eighty per cent of the sample responded. All 80 had been married at least once. There were fewer divorces reported compared with the general population. The group of 80 rated their marriages above average. Spouses who were considered extroverted correlated very significantly with a good marriage rating. The educational level of the spouse did not correlate with the marriage rating. Working long hours was not associated with poor marriage ratings or divorce. No significant relationship was revealed in examining the study variables for grouped medical specialties.", "contents": "Physician marriages. A questionnaire study of physicians' ratings of various aspects of their marriage, was sent to 100 randomly selected physicians in Ramsey County (St. Paul, Minnesota). Eighty per cent of the sample responded. All 80 had been married at least once. There were fewer divorces reported compared with the general population. The group of 80 rated their marriages above average. Spouses who were considered extroverted correlated very significantly with a good marriage rating. The educational level of the spouse did not correlate with the marriage rating. Working long hours was not associated with poor marriage ratings or divorce. No significant relationship was revealed in examining the study variables for grouped medical specialties.", "PMID": 422522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11554", "title": "Parental involvement as a requisite for successful adolescent therapy.", "content": "The effect of parental involvement in the treatment program of 66 consecutive adolescent patients is analyzed. Adolescents whose parents participated regularly in a parents' group or in individual parental consultation and therapy achieved a 64% success rate, using narrow success criteria. For those adolescents whose parents were not involved in the treatment process, the failure rate was virtually 100% (chi2=21.07, p less than 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in treatment outcome between the cohorts of parental involvement. However, a parents' group is recommended where feasible in lieu of individual parent consultation alone for reasons of catharsis, universality, mutual support, and collective experience.", "contents": "Parental involvement as a requisite for successful adolescent therapy. The effect of parental involvement in the treatment program of 66 consecutive adolescent patients is analyzed. Adolescents whose parents participated regularly in a parents' group or in individual parental consultation and therapy achieved a 64% success rate, using narrow success criteria. For those adolescents whose parents were not involved in the treatment process, the failure rate was virtually 100% (chi2=21.07, p less than 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in treatment outcome between the cohorts of parental involvement. However, a parents' group is recommended where feasible in lieu of individual parent consultation alone for reasons of catharsis, universality, mutual support, and collective experience.", "PMID": 422523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11555", "title": "Visceral larva migrans and eosinophilia in an emotionally disturbed child.", "content": "Visceral larva migrans, Entamoeba coli, evidence of latent toxoplasmosis and a history of plumbism were found in an emotionally disturbed, retarded child. Patients with pica should be screened for parasitism and other diseases transmitted orally.", "contents": "Visceral larva migrans and eosinophilia in an emotionally disturbed child. Visceral larva migrans, Entamoeba coli, evidence of latent toxoplasmosis and a history of plumbism were found in an emotionally disturbed, retarded child. Patients with pica should be screened for parasitism and other diseases transmitted orally.", "PMID": 422524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11556", "title": "Fantasy and reality in patients reports of incest.", "content": "This paper explores some of the complex difficulties facing clinicians trying to assess whether a patient's report of incest is fantasy or reality. The role of sexualized family interactions, the age of the child, the nature of the act, and the quality of the reports are discussed as relevant variables. Cases are used to illustrate various points. In conclusion, we provide 8 questions the clinician should review before making any judgments about a report of incest being reality, especially when legal procedures are involved.", "contents": "Fantasy and reality in patients reports of incest. This paper explores some of the complex difficulties facing clinicians trying to assess whether a patient's report of incest is fantasy or reality. The role of sexualized family interactions, the age of the child, the nature of the act, and the quality of the reports are discussed as relevant variables. Cases are used to illustrate various points. In conclusion, we provide 8 questions the clinician should review before making any judgments about a report of incest being reality, especially when legal procedures are involved.", "PMID": 422527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11557", "title": "Motion sickness--key to neurobiologic variation.", "content": "Individual variation in motion sickness susceptibility correlates with a wide variety of perceptual, cognitive, and personality variables suggesting that it may be a unique index of individual difference in fundamental mechanisms of the orientation process. Data from a large ongoing clinical study involving over 1,500 psychiatric inpatients indicate a clear-cut association between a number of the MMPI scales (including Social Isolation, Ego Strength and Schizophrenia) and motion sickness susceptibility. Marked difference across the motion sickness susceptibility spectrum in the condition on discharge of lithium and antidepressant treated patients was also found, when compared to other drug therapies, suggesting specific drug responses by the motion sick group.", "contents": "Motion sickness--key to neurobiologic variation. Individual variation in motion sickness susceptibility correlates with a wide variety of perceptual, cognitive, and personality variables suggesting that it may be a unique index of individual difference in fundamental mechanisms of the orientation process. Data from a large ongoing clinical study involving over 1,500 psychiatric inpatients indicate a clear-cut association between a number of the MMPI scales (including Social Isolation, Ego Strength and Schizophrenia) and motion sickness susceptibility. Marked difference across the motion sickness susceptibility spectrum in the condition on discharge of lithium and antidepressant treated patients was also found, when compared to other drug therapies, suggesting specific drug responses by the motion sick group.", "PMID": 422528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11558", "title": "The clinical characteristics of personality disorder subtypes in Naval service.", "content": "The clinical importance of personality disorder subtypes was evaluated through an analysis of the demographic characteristics and outcomes for 11,549 navy enlisted men who received a primary diagnosis of a character and behavior disorder. Men with similar demographic characteristics serving in similar environments and demonstrating grossly similar clinical pictures received different diagnoses and dispositions in the various hospitals studied. Within any 1 hospital over the 4 study years, while demography of character and behavior disorder patients remained stable, diagnostic breakdowns and administrative and outcome characteristics varied markedly. The data are thus consistent with the hypothesis that diagnostic subtypes for personality disorders have limited clinical and prognostic meanings. The label may reflect the idiosyncratic preference of a particular physician at 1 point in time as much as the clinical picture or prognosis of the patient.", "contents": "The clinical characteristics of personality disorder subtypes in Naval service. The clinical importance of personality disorder subtypes was evaluated through an analysis of the demographic characteristics and outcomes for 11,549 navy enlisted men who received a primary diagnosis of a character and behavior disorder. Men with similar demographic characteristics serving in similar environments and demonstrating grossly similar clinical pictures received different diagnoses and dispositions in the various hospitals studied. Within any 1 hospital over the 4 study years, while demography of character and behavior disorder patients remained stable, diagnostic breakdowns and administrative and outcome characteristics varied markedly. The data are thus consistent with the hypothesis that diagnostic subtypes for personality disorders have limited clinical and prognostic meanings. The label may reflect the idiosyncratic preference of a particular physician at 1 point in time as much as the clinical picture or prognosis of the patient.", "PMID": 422529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11559", "title": "Life events associated with adolescent pregnancies.", "content": "A retrospective study of the life events reported by 121 pregnant adolescents and 261 controls has disproved the null hypothesis that those 2 groups are 2 random samples from the same population. The pregnant girls differ markedly in terms of the events that occurred within their families. Most striking among these events was the greater number of deaths of family members reported by the pregnant girls. Clearly, a prospective study is needed to confirm the findings.", "contents": "Life events associated with adolescent pregnancies. A retrospective study of the life events reported by 121 pregnant adolescents and 261 controls has disproved the null hypothesis that those 2 groups are 2 random samples from the same population. The pregnant girls differ markedly in terms of the events that occurred within their families. Most striking among these events was the greater number of deaths of family members reported by the pregnant girls. Clearly, a prospective study is needed to confirm the findings.", "PMID": 422530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11560", "title": "Narcolepsy and automatic behavior: a case report.", "content": "Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, which may be accompanied by hypnogogic or hypnopompic hallucinations and sleep paralysis. Automatic behavior is a relatively newly recognized symptom of the narcolepsy syndrome. This case report describes a particularly troublesome sort of automatic behavior--shoplifting--in a narcoleptic patient. It illustrates how a sleep-laboratory evaluation was used to confirm the diagnosis of narcolepsy and considers aspects of the treatment of the problem.", "contents": "Narcolepsy and automatic behavior: a case report. Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, which may be accompanied by hypnogogic or hypnopompic hallucinations and sleep paralysis. Automatic behavior is a relatively newly recognized symptom of the narcolepsy syndrome. This case report describes a particularly troublesome sort of automatic behavior--shoplifting--in a narcoleptic patient. It illustrates how a sleep-laboratory evaluation was used to confirm the diagnosis of narcolepsy and considers aspects of the treatment of the problem.", "PMID": 422531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11561", "title": "Adapted melodic intonation therapy: a case study of an experimental language program for an autistic child.", "content": "In order to develop a useful communication system, a 3-year-old, non-verbal autistic boy was treated for 1 year with a Simultaneous Communication method involving signed and verbal language. As this procedure proved not useful in this case, an adaptation of Melodic Intonation Therapy (signing plus an intoned rather than spoken verbal stimulus) was tried. With this experimental language treatment, the patient produced trained, imitative and, finally, spontaneous intoned verbalizations which generalized to a variety of situations.", "contents": "Adapted melodic intonation therapy: a case study of an experimental language program for an autistic child. In order to develop a useful communication system, a 3-year-old, non-verbal autistic boy was treated for 1 year with a Simultaneous Communication method involving signed and verbal language. As this procedure proved not useful in this case, an adaptation of Melodic Intonation Therapy (signing plus an intoned rather than spoken verbal stimulus) was tried. With this experimental language treatment, the patient produced trained, imitative and, finally, spontaneous intoned verbalizations which generalized to a variety of situations.", "PMID": 422532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11562", "title": "Glucose dehydrogenase (hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and the microsomal electron transport system. Evidence supporting their possible functional relationship.", "content": "The ability of a microsomal enzyme, glucose dehydrogenase (hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenease) to supply NADPH to the microsomal electron transport system, was investigated. Microsomes could perform oxidative demethylation of aminopyrine using microsomal glucose dehydrogenase in situ as an NADPH generator. This demethylation reaction had apparent Km values of 2.61 X 10(-5) M for NADP+, 4.93 X 10(-5) m for glucose 6-phosphate, and 2.14 X 10(-4) m for 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate, a synthetic substrate for glucose dehydrogenase. Phenobarbital treatment enhanced this demethylation activity more markedly than glucose dehydrogenase activity itself. Latent activity of glucose dehydrogenase in intact microsomes could be detected by using inhibitors of microsomal electron transport, i.e. carbon monoxide and p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), and under anaerobic conditions. These observations indicate that in microsomes the NADPH generated by glucose dehydrogenase is immediately oxidized by NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and that glucose dehydrogenase may be functioning to supply NADPH.", "contents": "Glucose dehydrogenase (hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and the microsomal electron transport system. Evidence supporting their possible functional relationship. The ability of a microsomal enzyme, glucose dehydrogenase (hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenease) to supply NADPH to the microsomal electron transport system, was investigated. Microsomes could perform oxidative demethylation of aminopyrine using microsomal glucose dehydrogenase in situ as an NADPH generator. This demethylation reaction had apparent Km values of 2.61 X 10(-5) M for NADP+, 4.93 X 10(-5) m for glucose 6-phosphate, and 2.14 X 10(-4) m for 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate, a synthetic substrate for glucose dehydrogenase. Phenobarbital treatment enhanced this demethylation activity more markedly than glucose dehydrogenase activity itself. Latent activity of glucose dehydrogenase in intact microsomes could be detected by using inhibitors of microsomal electron transport, i.e. carbon monoxide and p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), and under anaerobic conditions. These observations indicate that in microsomes the NADPH generated by glucose dehydrogenase is immediately oxidized by NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and that glucose dehydrogenase may be functioning to supply NADPH.", "PMID": 422533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11563", "title": "Characterization of Ustilago Ribonuclease U2. Effects of chemical modification at glutamic acid-61 and cystine-1 and of organic solvents on the enzymatic activity.", "content": "RNase U2 was purified and crystallized from the enriched culture medium (ammonium sulfate-urea-corn meal) of Ustilago sphaerogena and its characteristics were investigated. Chemical modification of RNase U2 was conducted with monoiodoacetic acid to carboxymethylate Glu-61 and with 2-methoxy-5-nitrotropone to nitrotroponylate the amino terminal residue. The amino terminal residue was modified reversibly by this reagent. Comparison of the 2'-AMP binding in the modified enzyme and the native one showed that Glu-61 is essential for the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex, while the amino terminal residue plays no important role in the enzymatic activity. The enzymatic activity and the structure of RNase U2 in aqueous organic solution were also investigated. The affinity of the enzyme for 2'-AMP, the inactivation by monoiodoacetic acid and the fluorescence intensity were examined. The profiles of the changes in the properties of the enzyme protein were consistent with those in the enzymatic activity. Fluorescence studies of the enzyme suggest that the tryptophan residue is closely related to the activity.", "contents": "Characterization of Ustilago Ribonuclease U2. Effects of chemical modification at glutamic acid-61 and cystine-1 and of organic solvents on the enzymatic activity. RNase U2 was purified and crystallized from the enriched culture medium (ammonium sulfate-urea-corn meal) of Ustilago sphaerogena and its characteristics were investigated. Chemical modification of RNase U2 was conducted with monoiodoacetic acid to carboxymethylate Glu-61 and with 2-methoxy-5-nitrotropone to nitrotroponylate the amino terminal residue. The amino terminal residue was modified reversibly by this reagent. Comparison of the 2'-AMP binding in the modified enzyme and the native one showed that Glu-61 is essential for the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex, while the amino terminal residue plays no important role in the enzymatic activity. The enzymatic activity and the structure of RNase U2 in aqueous organic solution were also investigated. The affinity of the enzyme for 2'-AMP, the inactivation by monoiodoacetic acid and the fluorescence intensity were examined. The profiles of the changes in the properties of the enzyme protein were consistent with those in the enzymatic activity. Fluorescence studies of the enzyme suggest that the tryptophan residue is closely related to the activity.", "PMID": 422534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11564", "title": "Biochemical studies on the muscle microsomes of Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum. I. Biochemical characterization and electron transport of Ascaris microsomes.", "content": "Two subcellular fraction, P-1 and P-2, were isolated by differential centrifugation from 0.25 M sucrose muscle homogenates of the parasitic roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides suum. Morphological studies indicated that P-1 fraction consisted of intact mitochondria, whereas P-2 fraction consisted almost exclusively of vesicular components. The difference spectrum of Ascaris microsomes showed a characteristic b-type cytochrome spectrum with three distinct absorption peaks at 560, 525, and 424 nm. However, the alpha-peak at 560 nm was asymmetric with a shoulder at 555 nm. This microsomal b-type cytochrome was reduced by NADH, which was inhibited by rotenone and HgCl2. The reduced b-type cytochrome was easily reoxidized by shaking. NADH-oxidase activity observed in Ascaris microsomes was inhibited by rotenone, but not by KCN, NaN3, and antimycin A. On the other hand, NADH-cytochrome c and NADH-neotetrazolium (NT) reductase activities in Ascaris microsomes were not inhibited by antimycin A and rotenone, but were inhibited by HgCl2. Further observations indicated that neither HgCl2 nor rotenone inhibited Ascaris microsomal NADH-ferricyanide (FC) reductase activity, but rabbit antibody prepared against the purified NADH-FC reductase inhibited the NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity, the reduction of b-type cytochrome and the NADH-oxidase activity, as well as microsomal NADH-FC reductase activity.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on the muscle microsomes of Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum. I. Biochemical characterization and electron transport of Ascaris microsomes. Two subcellular fraction, P-1 and P-2, were isolated by differential centrifugation from 0.25 M sucrose muscle homogenates of the parasitic roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides suum. Morphological studies indicated that P-1 fraction consisted of intact mitochondria, whereas P-2 fraction consisted almost exclusively of vesicular components. The difference spectrum of Ascaris microsomes showed a characteristic b-type cytochrome spectrum with three distinct absorption peaks at 560, 525, and 424 nm. However, the alpha-peak at 560 nm was asymmetric with a shoulder at 555 nm. This microsomal b-type cytochrome was reduced by NADH, which was inhibited by rotenone and HgCl2. The reduced b-type cytochrome was easily reoxidized by shaking. NADH-oxidase activity observed in Ascaris microsomes was inhibited by rotenone, but not by KCN, NaN3, and antimycin A. On the other hand, NADH-cytochrome c and NADH-neotetrazolium (NT) reductase activities in Ascaris microsomes were not inhibited by antimycin A and rotenone, but were inhibited by HgCl2. Further observations indicated that neither HgCl2 nor rotenone inhibited Ascaris microsomal NADH-ferricyanide (FC) reductase activity, but rabbit antibody prepared against the purified NADH-FC reductase inhibited the NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity, the reduction of b-type cytochrome and the NADH-oxidase activity, as well as microsomal NADH-FC reductase activity.", "PMID": 422535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11565", "title": "Absorption, fluorescence, and linear dichroism spectra of fluorescein mercuric acetate (FMA) bound to F-actin. Two kinds of effects of divalent cations.", "content": "Two kinds of F-actin were prepared; one binds magnesium at the unique divalent cation binding site of actin protomer and the other binds calcium at this site. They were designated as F(Mg)-actin and F(Ca)-actin, respectively. The binding of fluorescein mercuric acetate (FMA) to F(Mg)-actin and F(Ca)-actin was studied spectroscopically. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of bound FMA differed slightly but distinctly between F(Mg)-actin and F(Ca)-actin. Moreover, FMA bound to F(Mg)-actin showed linear dichroism in the presence of 2 mM MgCl2 (or 2mM CaCl2) in the solvent, while the dichroism was abolished by the removal of divalent cations from the solvent. In contrast, FMA bound to F(Ca)-actin did not show any appreciable linear dichroism irrespective of the presence (or absence) of divalent cations in the solvent. These results suggest that the structure of F-actin is characteristically regulated by divalent cations in a dual mode.", "contents": "Absorption, fluorescence, and linear dichroism spectra of fluorescein mercuric acetate (FMA) bound to F-actin. Two kinds of effects of divalent cations. Two kinds of F-actin were prepared; one binds magnesium at the unique divalent cation binding site of actin protomer and the other binds calcium at this site. They were designated as F(Mg)-actin and F(Ca)-actin, respectively. The binding of fluorescein mercuric acetate (FMA) to F(Mg)-actin and F(Ca)-actin was studied spectroscopically. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of bound FMA differed slightly but distinctly between F(Mg)-actin and F(Ca)-actin. Moreover, FMA bound to F(Mg)-actin showed linear dichroism in the presence of 2 mM MgCl2 (or 2mM CaCl2) in the solvent, while the dichroism was abolished by the removal of divalent cations from the solvent. In contrast, FMA bound to F(Ca)-actin did not show any appreciable linear dichroism irrespective of the presence (or absence) of divalent cations in the solvent. These results suggest that the structure of F-actin is characteristically regulated by divalent cations in a dual mode.", "PMID": 422536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11566", "title": "Phospholipase A of sea snake Laticauda semifasciata venom. Isolation and properties of novel forms lacking tryptophan.", "content": "The venom gland extracts of the sea snake Laticauda semifasciata contained at least four forms of phospholipase A separable on a CM-cellulose column. They were designated as phospholipases A I-IV in the order of elution from the column. Phospholipases A I, III, and IV were isolated in a homogeneous state. They were similar to one another in amino acid composition and molecular weight (14,000) as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Phospholipase A I contained one tryptophan residue. whereas III and IV did not. Although all these forms had the same A2-type positional specificity, they were classified into two groups (I, and III and IV) on the basis of enzymic properties. Phospholipase A I had a higher specific activity and showed normal kinetics, whereas III and IV had approximately one-tenth of the specific activity of I and showed biphasic kinetics due to their activation by the reaction products. Phospholipase A I, the major form, seems to be identical with phospholipase A reported previously (Tu, A.T., Passey, R.B., & Toom, P.M. (1970) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 140, 96-106), whereas the other two, III and IV, are new. Phospholipase A I became more like III and IV in enzymic properties on modification with N-bromosuccinimide.", "contents": "Phospholipase A of sea snake Laticauda semifasciata venom. Isolation and properties of novel forms lacking tryptophan. The venom gland extracts of the sea snake Laticauda semifasciata contained at least four forms of phospholipase A separable on a CM-cellulose column. They were designated as phospholipases A I-IV in the order of elution from the column. Phospholipases A I, III, and IV were isolated in a homogeneous state. They were similar to one another in amino acid composition and molecular weight (14,000) as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Phospholipase A I contained one tryptophan residue. whereas III and IV did not. Although all these forms had the same A2-type positional specificity, they were classified into two groups (I, and III and IV) on the basis of enzymic properties. Phospholipase A I had a higher specific activity and showed normal kinetics, whereas III and IV had approximately one-tenth of the specific activity of I and showed biphasic kinetics due to their activation by the reaction products. Phospholipase A I, the major form, seems to be identical with phospholipase A reported previously (Tu, A.T., Passey, R.B., & Toom, P.M. (1970) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 140, 96-106), whereas the other two, III and IV, are new. Phospholipase A I became more like III and IV in enzymic properties on modification with N-bromosuccinimide.", "PMID": 422537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11567", "title": "Studies on rat liver catalase. X. Effect of hemin and an inhibitor on the translation of catalase messenger RNA1.", "content": "Rat liver catalase mRNA was translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysates and wheat germ cell-free system in the presence or absence of hemin and/or a translational inhibitor prepared from reticulocytes, liver cells, and wheat germs. Failure to add hemin to the lysates, or the addition of a hemin-regulated translational inhibitor (HRI) to the hemin-supplemented lysates caused a repressed translation. A preparation of inhibitor from rat liver showed activity similar to that of HRI for this translating system. The translation repression by rat liver inhibitor was reversed by eIF-2 (initiation factor) or GTP, but ATP enhanced the repression. The translation of catalase mRNA in the wheat germ system was not affected by the addition of hemin. An inhibitor prepared from wheat germ extracts, as well as the rat liver inhibitor, markedly decreased the rate of translation. eIF-2, GTP, and ATP behaved in the manner described above. Catalase synthesis in a cell-free system derived from rat liver (using endogenous mRNA) was not influenced by either hemin or the inhibitor. The possibilities are discussed that the synthesis of catalase in liver cells is controlled by a translational inhibitor at the level of chain initiation, and that the formation of the inhibitor from its inactive proinhibitor is regulated by the amount of heme.", "contents": "Studies on rat liver catalase. X. Effect of hemin and an inhibitor on the translation of catalase messenger RNA1. Rat liver catalase mRNA was translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysates and wheat germ cell-free system in the presence or absence of hemin and/or a translational inhibitor prepared from reticulocytes, liver cells, and wheat germs. Failure to add hemin to the lysates, or the addition of a hemin-regulated translational inhibitor (HRI) to the hemin-supplemented lysates caused a repressed translation. A preparation of inhibitor from rat liver showed activity similar to that of HRI for this translating system. The translation repression by rat liver inhibitor was reversed by eIF-2 (initiation factor) or GTP, but ATP enhanced the repression. The translation of catalase mRNA in the wheat germ system was not affected by the addition of hemin. An inhibitor prepared from wheat germ extracts, as well as the rat liver inhibitor, markedly decreased the rate of translation. eIF-2, GTP, and ATP behaved in the manner described above. Catalase synthesis in a cell-free system derived from rat liver (using endogenous mRNA) was not influenced by either hemin or the inhibitor. The possibilities are discussed that the synthesis of catalase in liver cells is controlled by a translational inhibitor at the level of chain initiation, and that the formation of the inhibitor from its inactive proinhibitor is regulated by the amount of heme.", "PMID": 422538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11568", "title": "Effect of treatment with hemin on rat liver catalase.", "content": "Rats were injected with a single or repeated doses of hemin intraperitoneally, and the effect on liver catalase [EC 1.11.1.6] was studied. A single administration of hemin caused a reduction in the concentration of liver catalase, both in enzymatic activity and in catalase protein determined immunochemically. The reduction occurred a few hours after the hemin injection, and is probably due to stimulated degradation. Disappearance of radioactivity from liver catalase prelabelled with [14C]leucine was enhanced following the administration of hemin. No evidence for a repression in vivo incorporation of [14C]leucine and [3H]sigma-aminolevulinic acid into liver catalase was obtained with hemin-treated rats. When the hemin was given repeatedly at 12-h intervals, the level of liver catalase decreased considerably. However, the impairment in catalase-synthesizing activity of liver cells of rats thus treated was rather slight, when examined in a cell-free system. Some differences were noted between the results in the present study and those in previous investigations with Sedormid-treated rats.", "contents": "Effect of treatment with hemin on rat liver catalase. Rats were injected with a single or repeated doses of hemin intraperitoneally, and the effect on liver catalase [EC 1.11.1.6] was studied. A single administration of hemin caused a reduction in the concentration of liver catalase, both in enzymatic activity and in catalase protein determined immunochemically. The reduction occurred a few hours after the hemin injection, and is probably due to stimulated degradation. Disappearance of radioactivity from liver catalase prelabelled with [14C]leucine was enhanced following the administration of hemin. No evidence for a repression in vivo incorporation of [14C]leucine and [3H]sigma-aminolevulinic acid into liver catalase was obtained with hemin-treated rats. When the hemin was given repeatedly at 12-h intervals, the level of liver catalase decreased considerably. However, the impairment in catalase-synthesizing activity of liver cells of rats thus treated was rather slight, when examined in a cell-free system. Some differences were noted between the results in the present study and those in previous investigations with Sedormid-treated rats.", "PMID": 422539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11569", "title": "The identification of aminoalkylphosphonyl cerebrosides in the marine gastropod, Monodonta labio.", "content": "From Monodonta labio a mixture of aminoalkylphosphonyl cerebrosides was isolated in a yield of 1.0% of the total complex lipids. The aminoalkylphosphonyl cerebrosides were found to be composed of a major portion of 1-O-[6'-O-(N-methylaminoethylphosphonyl)galactopyranosyl]ceramide and a minor portion of 1-O-[6'-O-(aminoethylphosphonyl)galactopyranosyl]ceramide. Palmitic (49.7%) and 2-hydroxy palmitic (12.2%) acids were the main fatty acid constituents and a small amount of oleic acid was also detected. The long chain bases had a characteristic pattern with 16-22 carbon chain lengths, and were classified into four groups: normal dihydroxy monounsaturated bases (40.6%), branched dihydroxy monounsaturated bases (34.0%), dihydroxy diunsaturated bases (22.0%), and trihydroxy bases (2.2%). Among them dihydroxy 18 : 1 and 18 : 2 and branched 19 : 1 bases were predominant.", "contents": "The identification of aminoalkylphosphonyl cerebrosides in the marine gastropod, Monodonta labio. From Monodonta labio a mixture of aminoalkylphosphonyl cerebrosides was isolated in a yield of 1.0% of the total complex lipids. The aminoalkylphosphonyl cerebrosides were found to be composed of a major portion of 1-O-[6'-O-(N-methylaminoethylphosphonyl)galactopyranosyl]ceramide and a minor portion of 1-O-[6'-O-(aminoethylphosphonyl)galactopyranosyl]ceramide. Palmitic (49.7%) and 2-hydroxy palmitic (12.2%) acids were the main fatty acid constituents and a small amount of oleic acid was also detected. The long chain bases had a characteristic pattern with 16-22 carbon chain lengths, and were classified into four groups: normal dihydroxy monounsaturated bases (40.6%), branched dihydroxy monounsaturated bases (34.0%), dihydroxy diunsaturated bases (22.0%), and trihydroxy bases (2.2%). Among them dihydroxy 18 : 1 and 18 : 2 and branched 19 : 1 bases were predominant.", "PMID": 422541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11570", "title": "Microtubule assembly in the presence of adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "Microtubule (MT) assembly was investigated in the presence of ATP and Ca ions using both crude extract (CE) and purified microtubular proteins (PMP) prepared from porcine brains. ATP inhibited MT assembly from CE prepared with the reassembly buffer containing 1 mM GTP. Half-maximal inhibition occurred at an ATP concentration of 0.4-0.5 mM. Calcium ions, on the contrary, cancelled the ATP-induced inhibition, 1-2 microM calcium ions supporting maximal MT assembly. The ATP-induced inhibition in PMP was not so prominent as in CE, but occurred significantly in the presence of RNA. In PMP dissolved in the reassembly buffer containing ATP and yeast tRNA, the content of the ring fraction decreased significantly as compared with PMP containing only RNA. Furthermore, microtubule-associated proteins were found to be capable of binding ATP. The significance of the ATP-induced inhibition of MT assembly and the release of the inhibition by Ca2+ was discussed.", "contents": "Microtubule assembly in the presence of adenosine triphosphate. Microtubule (MT) assembly was investigated in the presence of ATP and Ca ions using both crude extract (CE) and purified microtubular proteins (PMP) prepared from porcine brains. ATP inhibited MT assembly from CE prepared with the reassembly buffer containing 1 mM GTP. Half-maximal inhibition occurred at an ATP concentration of 0.4-0.5 mM. Calcium ions, on the contrary, cancelled the ATP-induced inhibition, 1-2 microM calcium ions supporting maximal MT assembly. The ATP-induced inhibition in PMP was not so prominent as in CE, but occurred significantly in the presence of RNA. In PMP dissolved in the reassembly buffer containing ATP and yeast tRNA, the content of the ring fraction decreased significantly as compared with PMP containing only RNA. Furthermore, microtubule-associated proteins were found to be capable of binding ATP. The significance of the ATP-induced inhibition of MT assembly and the release of the inhibition by Ca2+ was discussed.", "PMID": 422542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11571", "title": "Formation of lysosulfatide, 3',6'-anhydropsychosine, ceramide, and sphingosine by saponification of cerebroside sulfate. Effect of the sulfate group on the hydrolysis.", "content": "Saponification of cerebroside sulfate (sulfatide) by refluxing with 1 N KOH in 90% n-butanol for 1 h yielded ceramide, sphingosine, lysosulfatide (psychosine-3'-sulfate ester) and a hitherto unknown compound. The latter compound was identified as 3,6-anhydrogalactosyl sphingosine (3',6'-anhydropsychosine) from its mass spectrum. The structure of lysosulfatide was confirmed by reacylating it to sulfatide by condensing it with lignoceroyl chloride. The resulting sulfatide, which was chromatographically identical to control sulfatides, was not oxidized by periodate. The sulfatide was also permethylated and methanolyzed. The sugar moiety obtained was identified as methyl 2,4,6-tri-O-methylgalactoside by gas-liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. The presence of the sulfate group in lysosulfatide was further confirmed by IR spectroscopy and the presence of radioactivity when it was prepared from [35S]sulfatide. The effect of the sulfate group on cleavage of the galactoside linkage and on the formation of the 3,6-anhydro derivative is discussed.", "contents": "Formation of lysosulfatide, 3',6'-anhydropsychosine, ceramide, and sphingosine by saponification of cerebroside sulfate. Effect of the sulfate group on the hydrolysis. Saponification of cerebroside sulfate (sulfatide) by refluxing with 1 N KOH in 90% n-butanol for 1 h yielded ceramide, sphingosine, lysosulfatide (psychosine-3'-sulfate ester) and a hitherto unknown compound. The latter compound was identified as 3,6-anhydrogalactosyl sphingosine (3',6'-anhydropsychosine) from its mass spectrum. The structure of lysosulfatide was confirmed by reacylating it to sulfatide by condensing it with lignoceroyl chloride. The resulting sulfatide, which was chromatographically identical to control sulfatides, was not oxidized by periodate. The sulfatide was also permethylated and methanolyzed. The sugar moiety obtained was identified as methyl 2,4,6-tri-O-methylgalactoside by gas-liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. The presence of the sulfate group in lysosulfatide was further confirmed by IR spectroscopy and the presence of radioactivity when it was prepared from [35S]sulfatide. The effect of the sulfate group on cleavage of the galactoside linkage and on the formation of the 3,6-anhydro derivative is discussed.", "PMID": 422543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11572", "title": "The effect of aging on the synthesis of hexosamine-containing substances from rat costal cartilage. A decrease in sulfation of chondroitin sulfate with aging.", "content": "The amount of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in dry costal cartilage tissue of rats decreased with aging, while the GAG content in mg DNA (unit cartilage cell) remained the same with aging. These results can be explained by the finding that the total number of cartilage cells decreased with aging. Electrophoretic analysis showed that chondroitin 4-sulfate was the major GAG in rat costal cartilage of various ages. Rat costal cartilage of different ages was incubated with radioactive precursors, and newly synthesized GAG was prepared and the radioactivity analyzed to determine the biosynthetic activity. As to changes in the radioactivity uptake with aging per mg dry cartilage tissue, aging influenced [35S]sulfate incorporation into GAG more significantly than [3H]glucosamine incorporation into GAG. There was a significant decrease in the specific radioactivity of [35S]sulfate per mg DNA (unit cartilage cell), whereas the specific radioactivity of [3H]glucosamine per mg DNA did not change significantly with aging. Both the total sulfotransferase activity and the specific activity per mg DNA decreased significantly with aging. Analysis of disaccharide units formed after chondroitinase ABC digestion of labeled GAG isolated from young and old cartilage showed that the percentage of incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into deltaDi-OS increased significantly with aging. These results suggested that the appearance of nonsulfated positions in the structure of the chondroitin sulfate chain increased with aging. On the basis of gel chromatography on Bio-Gel A-1.5 m no significant difference in the approximate molecular size of chondroitin sulfate was observed between the young and old GAG samples. The present study indicated that the sulfation of chondroitin sulfate chains from rat costal cartilage decreased with the process of aging.", "contents": "The effect of aging on the synthesis of hexosamine-containing substances from rat costal cartilage. A decrease in sulfation of chondroitin sulfate with aging. The amount of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in dry costal cartilage tissue of rats decreased with aging, while the GAG content in mg DNA (unit cartilage cell) remained the same with aging. These results can be explained by the finding that the total number of cartilage cells decreased with aging. Electrophoretic analysis showed that chondroitin 4-sulfate was the major GAG in rat costal cartilage of various ages. Rat costal cartilage of different ages was incubated with radioactive precursors, and newly synthesized GAG was prepared and the radioactivity analyzed to determine the biosynthetic activity. As to changes in the radioactivity uptake with aging per mg dry cartilage tissue, aging influenced [35S]sulfate incorporation into GAG more significantly than [3H]glucosamine incorporation into GAG. There was a significant decrease in the specific radioactivity of [35S]sulfate per mg DNA (unit cartilage cell), whereas the specific radioactivity of [3H]glucosamine per mg DNA did not change significantly with aging. Both the total sulfotransferase activity and the specific activity per mg DNA decreased significantly with aging. Analysis of disaccharide units formed after chondroitinase ABC digestion of labeled GAG isolated from young and old cartilage showed that the percentage of incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into deltaDi-OS increased significantly with aging. These results suggested that the appearance of nonsulfated positions in the structure of the chondroitin sulfate chain increased with aging. On the basis of gel chromatography on Bio-Gel A-1.5 m no significant difference in the approximate molecular size of chondroitin sulfate was observed between the young and old GAG samples. The present study indicated that the sulfation of chondroitin sulfate chains from rat costal cartilage decreased with the process of aging.", "PMID": 422544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11573", "title": "Extraction and functional reformation of thick filaments in chemically skinned molluscan catch muscle fibers.", "content": "A method for the almost complete extraction of myosin from smooth muscle fibers of the anterior byssal retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis was developed, and functional reformation of thick filaments in the fibers was achieved. Complete removal of myosin from the glycerol-extracted ABRM fibers with a solution containing 600 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, and 5 mM ATP was difficult. However, successive treatments of the ABRM fibers with glycerol and saponin made the plasma membrane permeable to Mg-ATP and myosin. The extraction of myosin completely eliminated the tension induced by the addition of Mg-ATP. Partial recovery of tension development was observed by irrigation of myosin into fibers from which myosin had been extracted. Similar results were obtained using rabbit myosin instead of ABRM myosin. Addition of heavy meromyosin, on the other hand, had a suppressive effect on the tension development, as is the case in glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle fibers.", "contents": "Extraction and functional reformation of thick filaments in chemically skinned molluscan catch muscle fibers. A method for the almost complete extraction of myosin from smooth muscle fibers of the anterior byssal retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis was developed, and functional reformation of thick filaments in the fibers was achieved. Complete removal of myosin from the glycerol-extracted ABRM fibers with a solution containing 600 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, and 5 mM ATP was difficult. However, successive treatments of the ABRM fibers with glycerol and saponin made the plasma membrane permeable to Mg-ATP and myosin. The extraction of myosin completely eliminated the tension induced by the addition of Mg-ATP. Partial recovery of tension development was observed by irrigation of myosin into fibers from which myosin had been extracted. Similar results were obtained using rabbit myosin instead of ABRM myosin. Addition of heavy meromyosin, on the other hand, had a suppressive effect on the tension development, as is the case in glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle fibers.", "PMID": 422545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11574", "title": "Purification of cat submaxillary kallikrein.", "content": "The cat submaxillary gland contains 1,000--2,400 kallikrein units (KU)/g of tissue. The submaxillary kallikrein was purified to homogeneity by acetone fractionation, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, and Ampholine isoelectric focusing. The kallikrein was separated by isoelectric focusing into 6--7 forms with pI's between 4.2 and 5.1. One mg of the purified kallikrein contained 930--1,260 KU in the dog vasodilator assay, and hydrolyzed 15--25 and 9--12 mumol of N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) and N-alpha-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME), respectively, in 1 min at 25 degrees C and pH 8.0. The Km's of the purified kallikrein with BAEE and TAME were 0.67 and 0.34 mM, respectively. Hydrolysis of N-alpha-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (BTEE), N-alpha-benzoylarginine-p-nitroanilide (BApNA), and casein was small or negligible. The apparent molecular weight of the kallikrein was estimated to be 5 X 10(4) by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and 4.7 X 10(4) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The kallikrein was found to contain 18.5% carbohydrate by weight. Trasylol and soybean trypsin inhibitor were not specific inhibitors of this kallikrein.", "contents": "Purification of cat submaxillary kallikrein. The cat submaxillary gland contains 1,000--2,400 kallikrein units (KU)/g of tissue. The submaxillary kallikrein was purified to homogeneity by acetone fractionation, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, and Ampholine isoelectric focusing. The kallikrein was separated by isoelectric focusing into 6--7 forms with pI's between 4.2 and 5.1. One mg of the purified kallikrein contained 930--1,260 KU in the dog vasodilator assay, and hydrolyzed 15--25 and 9--12 mumol of N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) and N-alpha-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME), respectively, in 1 min at 25 degrees C and pH 8.0. The Km's of the purified kallikrein with BAEE and TAME were 0.67 and 0.34 mM, respectively. Hydrolysis of N-alpha-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (BTEE), N-alpha-benzoylarginine-p-nitroanilide (BApNA), and casein was small or negligible. The apparent molecular weight of the kallikrein was estimated to be 5 X 10(4) by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and 4.7 X 10(4) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The kallikrein was found to contain 18.5% carbohydrate by weight. Trasylol and soybean trypsin inhibitor were not specific inhibitors of this kallikrein.", "PMID": 422546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11575", "title": "Fluorometric studies on conformational changes in tropomyosin associated with depolymerization.", "content": "Spectrofluorometric studies on the conformational changes in tropomyosin associated with depolymerization of the molecules were carried out using 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS). When ANS-probed tropomyosin was depolymerized to its monomer, the fluorescence intensity markedly increased, with a decrease in fluorescence polarization. On the other hand, the emission maxima of the ANS-tropomyosin complexes of both forms were the same. The temperature dependence of the polarization of the complexes at various KCl concentrations suggested that the segmental motion of a moiety containing the fluorophore was considerably activated by depolymerization of tropomyosin. In the polymerized and oligomeric forms, a thermal transition in the polarization was observed with a transition temperature of 30 degrees C. Titration curves of tropomyosin with ANS showed simple saturation kinetics with both monomer and polymer, and the apparent dissociation constants were estimated to be 9.93 X 10(-5) M (monomer) and 7.43 X 10(-5) M (polymer). On the other hand, the number of the ANS-binding sites increased from 0.5 to 2.0 per tropomyosin monomer on depolymerization of the molecules. Based on these results, the conformational state of tropomyosin in the polymerized form is discussed.", "contents": "Fluorometric studies on conformational changes in tropomyosin associated with depolymerization. Spectrofluorometric studies on the conformational changes in tropomyosin associated with depolymerization of the molecules were carried out using 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS). When ANS-probed tropomyosin was depolymerized to its monomer, the fluorescence intensity markedly increased, with a decrease in fluorescence polarization. On the other hand, the emission maxima of the ANS-tropomyosin complexes of both forms were the same. The temperature dependence of the polarization of the complexes at various KCl concentrations suggested that the segmental motion of a moiety containing the fluorophore was considerably activated by depolymerization of tropomyosin. In the polymerized and oligomeric forms, a thermal transition in the polarization was observed with a transition temperature of 30 degrees C. Titration curves of tropomyosin with ANS showed simple saturation kinetics with both monomer and polymer, and the apparent dissociation constants were estimated to be 9.93 X 10(-5) M (monomer) and 7.43 X 10(-5) M (polymer). On the other hand, the number of the ANS-binding sites increased from 0.5 to 2.0 per tropomyosin monomer on depolymerization of the molecules. Based on these results, the conformational state of tropomyosin in the polymerized form is discussed.", "PMID": 422547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11576", "title": "Polypeptides synthesized in vitro by poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNAs of rat ascites hepatoma AH 7974 cells.", "content": "Polysomal RNA of rat ascites hepatoma AH 7974 cells was fractionated into poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNAs and these RNAs were translated into polypeptides in a protein-synthesizing system derived from wheat germ. The analysis of polypeptides synthesized in vitro by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that there are three classes of polypeptides. The first group can be synthesized equally by both poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNAs; the second and third groups are synthesized predominantly by poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNAs, respectively. These results suggest that the three classes of polypeptides can be characterized by the presence or absence of poly(A) tails of the corresponding mRNAs.", "contents": "Polypeptides synthesized in vitro by poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNAs of rat ascites hepatoma AH 7974 cells. Polysomal RNA of rat ascites hepatoma AH 7974 cells was fractionated into poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNAs and these RNAs were translated into polypeptides in a protein-synthesizing system derived from wheat germ. The analysis of polypeptides synthesized in vitro by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that there are three classes of polypeptides. The first group can be synthesized equally by both poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNAs; the second and third groups are synthesized predominantly by poly(A)+ and poly(A)- mRNAs, respectively. These results suggest that the three classes of polypeptides can be characterized by the presence or absence of poly(A) tails of the corresponding mRNAs.", "PMID": 422549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11577", "title": "Human spleen histone H2B. Isolation and amino acid sequence.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of human histones have been investigated for studies of histone evolution. The whole histone was prepared from human spleen and was separated into 3 fractions, H4+H3+H2A, H2B, and H1, by our technique of CM-cellulose chromatography. The H2B fraction was further purified by Bio-Gel P-60 chromatography. For sequence determination, the H2B molecule was first split into 4 major fragments I to IV, by limited chymotryptic digestion at pH 5.0 and 15 degrees C, followed by Sephadex G-50 chromatography. Fragments I and III were then digested with trypsin, yielding 18 and 16 peptides, respectively, on column and paper chromatographies. Sequence analyses of these tryptic peptides, as well as chymotryptic fragments II and IV, showed no differences from the corresponding parts of calf thymus H2B sequence, making it possible to locate fragments I to IV at residues 1--40, 41--42, 43--121 and 122--125 of the total sequence. The only new findings were microheterogeneities at residues 39 (75% valine and 25% isoleucine) and 124 (70% serine and 30% alanine). The sequence of the most basic cluster at residues 27--24, -Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-Arg-Ser-Arg-Lys-, was confirmed with a peptide obtained from fragment I by staphylococcal protease digestion. Thus, it is concluded that the H2B sequence of lower mammals was conserved during the evolutionary process leading to man.", "contents": "Human spleen histone H2B. Isolation and amino acid sequence. The amino acid sequences of human histones have been investigated for studies of histone evolution. The whole histone was prepared from human spleen and was separated into 3 fractions, H4+H3+H2A, H2B, and H1, by our technique of CM-cellulose chromatography. The H2B fraction was further purified by Bio-Gel P-60 chromatography. For sequence determination, the H2B molecule was first split into 4 major fragments I to IV, by limited chymotryptic digestion at pH 5.0 and 15 degrees C, followed by Sephadex G-50 chromatography. Fragments I and III were then digested with trypsin, yielding 18 and 16 peptides, respectively, on column and paper chromatographies. Sequence analyses of these tryptic peptides, as well as chymotryptic fragments II and IV, showed no differences from the corresponding parts of calf thymus H2B sequence, making it possible to locate fragments I to IV at residues 1--40, 41--42, 43--121 and 122--125 of the total sequence. The only new findings were microheterogeneities at residues 39 (75% valine and 25% isoleucine) and 124 (70% serine and 30% alanine). The sequence of the most basic cluster at residues 27--24, -Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-Arg-Ser-Arg-Lys-, was confirmed with a peptide obtained from fragment I by staphylococcal protease digestion. Thus, it is concluded that the H2B sequence of lower mammals was conserved during the evolutionary process leading to man.", "PMID": 422550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11578", "title": "Nuclear magnetic relaxation of 19F as a novel assay method of superoxide dismutase.", "content": "The 19F longitudinal nuclear magnetic relaxation rate (T-1(1p)) of F- solutions is greatly enhanced by copper, zinc or manganese superoxide dismutase. The measured T-1(1p) values are at least an order of magnitude, and in most cases 2 orders of magnitude, higher than those of other metal-containing proteins and low molecular weight complexes. This property is suitable for a direct, specific, and sensitive assay of superoxide dismutase, free of interference by other molecules. For mixtures of the copper, zinc and manganese enzymes, addition of CN- permits quantification of the relative amounts of each enzyme. In the case of copper, zinc enzyme, the method proved exquisitely sensitive to the native state of the active site. Results are reported to show that the 19F relaxation method can be used to assay biological fluids and crude homogenates for copper, zinc and manganese superoxide dismutases, under conditions that offer considerable advantages in comparison to other assay methods.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic relaxation of 19F as a novel assay method of superoxide dismutase. The 19F longitudinal nuclear magnetic relaxation rate (T-1(1p)) of F- solutions is greatly enhanced by copper, zinc or manganese superoxide dismutase. The measured T-1(1p) values are at least an order of magnitude, and in most cases 2 orders of magnitude, higher than those of other metal-containing proteins and low molecular weight complexes. This property is suitable for a direct, specific, and sensitive assay of superoxide dismutase, free of interference by other molecules. For mixtures of the copper, zinc and manganese enzymes, addition of CN- permits quantification of the relative amounts of each enzyme. In the case of copper, zinc enzyme, the method proved exquisitely sensitive to the native state of the active site. Results are reported to show that the 19F relaxation method can be used to assay biological fluids and crude homogenates for copper, zinc and manganese superoxide dismutases, under conditions that offer considerable advantages in comparison to other assay methods.", "PMID": 422551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11579", "title": "The physical state of membrane lipids modulates the activation of the first component of complement.", "content": "Activation of the first component of human complement (C1) by bilayer-embedded nitroxide spin label lipid haptens and specific rabbit antinitroxide antibody has been measured. The nitroxide spin label hapten was contained in host bilayers of either dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in the form of both liposomes and vesicles. At a temperature of 32 degrees C, which is intermediate between the hydrocarbon chain-melting temperatures of the two phospholipids, activation of C1 in such vesicles and liposomes is more efficient in the fluid membrane. Studies of C1 activation in binary mixtures of cholesterol and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine indicate that the activation of C1 is not limited by the lateral diffusion of the lipid haptens in these membranes.", "contents": "The physical state of membrane lipids modulates the activation of the first component of complement. Activation of the first component of human complement (C1) by bilayer-embedded nitroxide spin label lipid haptens and specific rabbit antinitroxide antibody has been measured. The nitroxide spin label hapten was contained in host bilayers of either dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in the form of both liposomes and vesicles. At a temperature of 32 degrees C, which is intermediate between the hydrocarbon chain-melting temperatures of the two phospholipids, activation of C1 in such vesicles and liposomes is more efficient in the fluid membrane. Studies of C1 activation in binary mixtures of cholesterol and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine indicate that the activation of C1 is not limited by the lateral diffusion of the lipid haptens in these membranes.", "PMID": 422552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11580", "title": "The binding of ribosomal protein S4 does not change the gross conformation of the 16 S RNA.", "content": "The binding of ribosomal protein S4 to the 16 S RNA does not result in a large shape or conformational change in the 16 S RNA under the conditions of reconstitution. The sedimentation coefficient, frictional coefficient ratio, and effective hydrodynamic radius of the 16 S RNA.protein S4 complex are very similar to those obtained for the 16 S RNA free in solution. Only subtle conformational differences were obtained in the comparison of the complex and free 16 S RNA by circular dichroism. Thus, extensive organization of the 16 S RNA by ribosomal protein S4 is not a step in the process of self-assembly of the 30 S subunit.", "contents": "The binding of ribosomal protein S4 does not change the gross conformation of the 16 S RNA. The binding of ribosomal protein S4 to the 16 S RNA does not result in a large shape or conformational change in the 16 S RNA under the conditions of reconstitution. The sedimentation coefficient, frictional coefficient ratio, and effective hydrodynamic radius of the 16 S RNA.protein S4 complex are very similar to those obtained for the 16 S RNA free in solution. Only subtle conformational differences were obtained in the comparison of the complex and free 16 S RNA by circular dichroism. Thus, extensive organization of the 16 S RNA by ribosomal protein S4 is not a step in the process of self-assembly of the 30 S subunit.", "PMID": 422554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11581", "title": "Photoactivation of the nematicidal compound alpha-terthienyl from roots of marigolds (Tagetes species). A possible singlet oxygen role.", "content": "The nematicidal compound alpha-terthienyl from roots of Tagetes species generates upon irradiation with near ultraviolet light reactive oxygen species on which the in vitro nematicidal activity depends. This system was studied by following the inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by photoactivated alpha-terthienyl and protection of the enzyme activity in the absence of oxygen and by various additions. Addition of mannitol, benzoate, superoxide dismutase or catalase did not have any effect nor did H2O2. This suggests that OH., O-.2, and H2O2 are not the reactive oxygen species involved. The enzyme was protected against photoactivated alpha-terthienyl in air-saturated solutions by singlet oxygen quenchers such as histidine, methionine, tryptophan, bovine serum albumin, and NaN3. Furthermore, inactivation of the enzyme was about 3.5 times faster in D2O than in H2O. When alpha-terthienyl in CH2Cl2 was irradiated in the presence of the olefin adamantylideneadamantane, a stable dioxetane was formed which decomposed to adamantanone when heated above its melting point. These results indicate a singlet oxygen-mediated process.", "contents": "Photoactivation of the nematicidal compound alpha-terthienyl from roots of marigolds (Tagetes species). A possible singlet oxygen role. The nematicidal compound alpha-terthienyl from roots of Tagetes species generates upon irradiation with near ultraviolet light reactive oxygen species on which the in vitro nematicidal activity depends. This system was studied by following the inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by photoactivated alpha-terthienyl and protection of the enzyme activity in the absence of oxygen and by various additions. Addition of mannitol, benzoate, superoxide dismutase or catalase did not have any effect nor did H2O2. This suggests that OH., O-.2, and H2O2 are not the reactive oxygen species involved. The enzyme was protected against photoactivated alpha-terthienyl in air-saturated solutions by singlet oxygen quenchers such as histidine, methionine, tryptophan, bovine serum albumin, and NaN3. Furthermore, inactivation of the enzyme was about 3.5 times faster in D2O than in H2O. When alpha-terthienyl in CH2Cl2 was irradiated in the presence of the olefin adamantylideneadamantane, a stable dioxetane was formed which decomposed to adamantanone when heated above its melting point. These results indicate a singlet oxygen-mediated process.", "PMID": 422557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11582", "title": "Rate-limiting steps in metabolic pathways.", "content": "A method is proposed to detect whether a given enzyme catalyzes a rate-limiting step in a metabolic pathway. With the use of a range of concentrations of specific inhibitors of an enzyme, the finding of a biphasic response with an initial null effect indicates the non-rate-limiting nature of the enzyme. With this method, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is indicated to catalyze a rate-limiting step in lactate gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes from fasted rats.", "contents": "Rate-limiting steps in metabolic pathways. A method is proposed to detect whether a given enzyme catalyzes a rate-limiting step in a metabolic pathway. With the use of a range of concentrations of specific inhibitors of an enzyme, the finding of a biphasic response with an initial null effect indicates the non-rate-limiting nature of the enzyme. With this method, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is indicated to catalyze a rate-limiting step in lactate gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes from fasted rats.", "PMID": 422559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11583", "title": "Error induction and correction by mutant and wild type T4 DNA polymerases. Kinetic error discrimination mechanisms.", "content": "The fidelity of DNA synthesis as determined by the misincorporation of the base analogue 2-aminopurine in competition with adenine has been measured as a function of deoxynucleoside triphosphate substrate concentrations using purified mutator (L56), antimutator (L141), and wild type (T4D) T4 DNA polymerases. Although the rates of both incorporation and turnover of aminopurine and adenine decrease as substrate concentrations are decreased, the ratio of turnover/polymerase activity is increased. Thus, the nuclease/polymerase ratio of each of these three DNA polymerases can be controlled. The misincorporation of aminopurine decreases with decreasing substrate concentrations such that all three enzymes approach nearly identical misincorporation frequencies at the lowest substrate concentration. The increased accuracy of DNA synthesis corresponds to conditions producing a high nuclease/polymerase ratio. The misinsertion frequency for aminopurine is independent of substrate concentrations and enzyme phenotype; therefore, the increased accuracy of DNA synthesis with decreasing substrate concentrations is shown to be a result of increased nuclease activity and not increased polymerase or nuclease specificity. The data are analyzed in terms of a kinetic model of DNA polymerase accuracy which proposes that discrimination in nucleotide insertion and removal is based on the free energy difference between matched and mismatched base pairs. A value of 1.1 kcal/mol free energy difference, delta G, between adenine: thymine and aminopurine:thymine base pairs is predicted by model analysis of the cocentration dependence of aminopurine misincorporation and removal frequencies. An independent estimate of this free energy difference based on the 6-fold higher apparent Km of T4 DNA polymerase for aminopurine compared to adenine also gives a value of 1.1 kcal/mol. It is shown that the aminopurine misinsertion frequency for an enzyme having either extremely low 3'-exonuclease activity, Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, or no measurable exonuclease activity, calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha, is 12 to 15%, which is similar to that for the T4 polymerases and consistent with delta G approximately 1.1 kcal/mol.", "contents": "Error induction and correction by mutant and wild type T4 DNA polymerases. Kinetic error discrimination mechanisms. The fidelity of DNA synthesis as determined by the misincorporation of the base analogue 2-aminopurine in competition with adenine has been measured as a function of deoxynucleoside triphosphate substrate concentrations using purified mutator (L56), antimutator (L141), and wild type (T4D) T4 DNA polymerases. Although the rates of both incorporation and turnover of aminopurine and adenine decrease as substrate concentrations are decreased, the ratio of turnover/polymerase activity is increased. Thus, the nuclease/polymerase ratio of each of these three DNA polymerases can be controlled. The misincorporation of aminopurine decreases with decreasing substrate concentrations such that all three enzymes approach nearly identical misincorporation frequencies at the lowest substrate concentration. The increased accuracy of DNA synthesis corresponds to conditions producing a high nuclease/polymerase ratio. The misinsertion frequency for aminopurine is independent of substrate concentrations and enzyme phenotype; therefore, the increased accuracy of DNA synthesis with decreasing substrate concentrations is shown to be a result of increased nuclease activity and not increased polymerase or nuclease specificity. The data are analyzed in terms of a kinetic model of DNA polymerase accuracy which proposes that discrimination in nucleotide insertion and removal is based on the free energy difference between matched and mismatched base pairs. A value of 1.1 kcal/mol free energy difference, delta G, between adenine: thymine and aminopurine:thymine base pairs is predicted by model analysis of the cocentration dependence of aminopurine misincorporation and removal frequencies. An independent estimate of this free energy difference based on the 6-fold higher apparent Km of T4 DNA polymerase for aminopurine compared to adenine also gives a value of 1.1 kcal/mol. It is shown that the aminopurine misinsertion frequency for an enzyme having either extremely low 3'-exonuclease activity, Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, or no measurable exonuclease activity, calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha, is 12 to 15%, which is similar to that for the T4 polymerases and consistent with delta G approximately 1.1 kcal/mol.", "PMID": 422561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11584", "title": "Protein degradation in the mouse blastocyst.", "content": "The degradation characteristics of 56 individual newly synthesized proteins of the Day 4 mouse blastocyst have been examined employing double isotope labeling of proteins for half-life measurement and two-dimensional electrophoresis for separation of proteins. The half-lives ranged from 1 to approximately 30 h with a mean of 12.4 h. Several proteins appeared to have half-lives greater than 30 h but decay times were insufficient to provide precise information for these proteins. The results suggest there is a tendency for proteins with acidic isoelectric points to be degraded more rapidly than basic proteins, and for high molecular weight proteins to be degraded more rapidly than low molecular weight proteins. Although the regressions of these two parameters on half-life were not significant, the direction and magnitude of the trends were similar to those previously described for liver proteins. Two specific proteins, tubulin and actin, were tentatively identified, and their half-lives determined. Tubulin had a half-life of 9.0 h. The half-lives of the provisionally identified gamma, beta, and alpha forms of actin were 2.2, 8.7, and 5.4 h respectively.", "contents": "Protein degradation in the mouse blastocyst. The degradation characteristics of 56 individual newly synthesized proteins of the Day 4 mouse blastocyst have been examined employing double isotope labeling of proteins for half-life measurement and two-dimensional electrophoresis for separation of proteins. The half-lives ranged from 1 to approximately 30 h with a mean of 12.4 h. Several proteins appeared to have half-lives greater than 30 h but decay times were insufficient to provide precise information for these proteins. The results suggest there is a tendency for proteins with acidic isoelectric points to be degraded more rapidly than basic proteins, and for high molecular weight proteins to be degraded more rapidly than low molecular weight proteins. Although the regressions of these two parameters on half-life were not significant, the direction and magnitude of the trends were similar to those previously described for liver proteins. Two specific proteins, tubulin and actin, were tentatively identified, and their half-lives determined. Tubulin had a half-life of 9.0 h. The half-lives of the provisionally identified gamma, beta, and alpha forms of actin were 2.2, 8.7, and 5.4 h respectively.", "PMID": 422562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11585", "title": "Regulation of hydroxydocosanoic acid sophoroside production in Candida bogoriensis by the levels of glucose and yeast extract in the growth medium.", "content": "Cells of Candida bogoriensis produce as a major extracellular lipid 13-[(2'-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]docosanoic acid 6',6''-diacetate (Ac2Glc2HDA), the diacetylated sophoroside of 13-hydroxydocosanoic acid (HDA), along with mono- and unacetylated derivatives. The HDA glycolipid production is greater than 2 g/liter when cells are grown on a \"standard\" medium of 3% glucose and 0.15% yeast extract. Either lowering the glucose concentration (0.5 to 2.0% glucose, at 0.2% yeast extract) or raising the yeast extract concentration (2 to 4% yeast extract at 3% glucose) greatly decreased the yield of this glycolipid, as well as its rate of synthesis measured by [14C]acetate incorporation. Total HDA production was also depressed on the low glucose medium, as was the activity of UDP-glucose:HDA glucosyltransferase, the first enzyme involved in the synthesis of Ac2Glc2HDA from HDA. Levels of acetyl-CoA:Glc2HDA acetyltransferase were not decreased by growth on a low glucose medium, however, even under conditions in which glycolipid production was less than 4% of that found in the standard medium. Low levels of the HDA glycolipids were monitored by high pressure liquid chromatography of their p-bromophenacyl esters, formed by the action of alpha,beta-dibromoacetophenone on the sodium salt of the lipid in the presence of a crown reagent catalyst. This regulation of extracellular Ac2Glc2HDA production by the nutrient composition of the growth medium may represent an important property in the adaptation of C. bogoriensis to its natural environment, the phyllosphere.", "contents": "Regulation of hydroxydocosanoic acid sophoroside production in Candida bogoriensis by the levels of glucose and yeast extract in the growth medium. Cells of Candida bogoriensis produce as a major extracellular lipid 13-[(2'-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]docosanoic acid 6',6''-diacetate (Ac2Glc2HDA), the diacetylated sophoroside of 13-hydroxydocosanoic acid (HDA), along with mono- and unacetylated derivatives. The HDA glycolipid production is greater than 2 g/liter when cells are grown on a \"standard\" medium of 3% glucose and 0.15% yeast extract. Either lowering the glucose concentration (0.5 to 2.0% glucose, at 0.2% yeast extract) or raising the yeast extract concentration (2 to 4% yeast extract at 3% glucose) greatly decreased the yield of this glycolipid, as well as its rate of synthesis measured by [14C]acetate incorporation. Total HDA production was also depressed on the low glucose medium, as was the activity of UDP-glucose:HDA glucosyltransferase, the first enzyme involved in the synthesis of Ac2Glc2HDA from HDA. Levels of acetyl-CoA:Glc2HDA acetyltransferase were not decreased by growth on a low glucose medium, however, even under conditions in which glycolipid production was less than 4% of that found in the standard medium. Low levels of the HDA glycolipids were monitored by high pressure liquid chromatography of their p-bromophenacyl esters, formed by the action of alpha,beta-dibromoacetophenone on the sodium salt of the lipid in the presence of a crown reagent catalyst. This regulation of extracellular Ac2Glc2HDA production by the nutrient composition of the growth medium may represent an important property in the adaptation of C. bogoriensis to its natural environment, the phyllosphere.", "PMID": 422563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11586", "title": "Optical probe responses on sarcoplasmic reticulum. Merocyanine and oxonol dyes.", "content": "The fluorescence and absorbance of merocyanine 540 in suspensions of skeletal muscle microsomes is altered by the binding of Ca2+ and other cations to the membrane. The order of effectiveness of various cations in causing this effect is La greater than Ca congruent to Mg greater than K. Competition between Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ suggests the involvement of low affinity, relatively nonspecific cation binding sites in the process. Changes in the fluorescence and absorbance of merocyanine were also observed during ATP-dependent accumulation of calcium into sarcoplasmic reticulum. These changes are satisfactorily explained by the binding of accumulated calcium to binding sites on the interior of sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. The small absorbance response of the oxonol dye bis[1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid-(5)]trimethinoxonol to Ca2+ and ATP is qualitatively similar to that of merocyanine 540 and can be readily explained by the same mechanism. We have found no clear evidence that any of the observed dye responses are due to changes in the diffusion potential across the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane generated by an electrogenic transport mechanism. The possibility is considered that merocyanine and oxonol dyes respond to changes in electrostatic surface potential caused by the binding of cations.", "contents": "Optical probe responses on sarcoplasmic reticulum. Merocyanine and oxonol dyes. The fluorescence and absorbance of merocyanine 540 in suspensions of skeletal muscle microsomes is altered by the binding of Ca2+ and other cations to the membrane. The order of effectiveness of various cations in causing this effect is La greater than Ca congruent to Mg greater than K. Competition between Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ suggests the involvement of low affinity, relatively nonspecific cation binding sites in the process. Changes in the fluorescence and absorbance of merocyanine were also observed during ATP-dependent accumulation of calcium into sarcoplasmic reticulum. These changes are satisfactorily explained by the binding of accumulated calcium to binding sites on the interior of sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. The small absorbance response of the oxonol dye bis[1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid-(5)]trimethinoxonol to Ca2+ and ATP is qualitatively similar to that of merocyanine 540 and can be readily explained by the same mechanism. We have found no clear evidence that any of the observed dye responses are due to changes in the diffusion potential across the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane generated by an electrogenic transport mechanism. The possibility is considered that merocyanine and oxonol dyes respond to changes in electrostatic surface potential caused by the binding of cations.", "PMID": 422566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11587", "title": "The co-purification and common identity of cholyl CoA:glycine- and cholyl CoA:taurine-N-acyltransferase activities from bovine liver.", "content": "A procedure for the purification of cholyl CoA:glycine and taurine N-acyltransferase activities from the soluble cell fraction of bovine liver is described. The procedure results is an 900-fold enrichment relative to the soluble cell fraction. The final preparation gives a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Mr = 50,900, and runs as a single peak, Mr = 47,000, on gel filtration. The preparation is approximately 80% pure as judged by isoelectric focusing and focuses at a pH of 6.6. The glycine and taurine conjugating activities co-purified and did not separate to any extent in any of the chromatographic steps employed, including a gradient elution from an affinity column and an isoelectric focusing column. Also, kinetic analysis revealed that glycine and taurine appear to compete for a common active site. The two activities had identical temperature-denaturation curves and were equivalently stabilized against temperature denaturation by taurocholate. This data provides strong evidence for a common enzyme for both glycine and taurine conjugation in bovine liver. A preliminary kinetic characterization of the enzyme revealed non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics.", "contents": "The co-purification and common identity of cholyl CoA:glycine- and cholyl CoA:taurine-N-acyltransferase activities from bovine liver. A procedure for the purification of cholyl CoA:glycine and taurine N-acyltransferase activities from the soluble cell fraction of bovine liver is described. The procedure results is an 900-fold enrichment relative to the soluble cell fraction. The final preparation gives a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Mr = 50,900, and runs as a single peak, Mr = 47,000, on gel filtration. The preparation is approximately 80% pure as judged by isoelectric focusing and focuses at a pH of 6.6. The glycine and taurine conjugating activities co-purified and did not separate to any extent in any of the chromatographic steps employed, including a gradient elution from an affinity column and an isoelectric focusing column. Also, kinetic analysis revealed that glycine and taurine appear to compete for a common active site. The two activities had identical temperature-denaturation curves and were equivalently stabilized against temperature denaturation by taurocholate. This data provides strong evidence for a common enzyme for both glycine and taurine conjugation in bovine liver. A preliminary kinetic characterization of the enzyme revealed non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics.", "PMID": 422567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11588", "title": "Further studies on a human lung tumor-associated antigen. Comparison of antigens from different tumors.", "content": "A human lung tumor-associated antigen was purified to homogeneity from a crude cell-free extract of a human lung adenocarcinoma using standard biochemical procedures. In order to facilitate monitoring the recovery of antigen, trace amounts of previously purified and radioiodinated antigen from another lung tumor were added to the crude extract. The purified antigen was a glycoprotein and contained sialic acid. The antigen had a molecular weight of 76,000 and appeared to contain three subunits, each with a molecular weight of 25,000. The antigen had the following physical properties: Stokes radius, 39.4 A; S20,w, 4.24 S; D20,w, 5.15 x 10(-7) cm2 S-1; and a frictional ratio of 1.40. In addition, the purified, radioiodinated antigen retained complete immune reactivity since it could be quantitatively precipitated with specific immune serum. All of these properties were in close agreement with the properties of another antigen which was purified from a separate human lung tumor. Thus, it appeared from the biochemical and immunochemical criteria presented in this report that a common and identical antigen was isolated from two distinct human lung tumor extracts.", "contents": "Further studies on a human lung tumor-associated antigen. Comparison of antigens from different tumors. A human lung tumor-associated antigen was purified to homogeneity from a crude cell-free extract of a human lung adenocarcinoma using standard biochemical procedures. In order to facilitate monitoring the recovery of antigen, trace amounts of previously purified and radioiodinated antigen from another lung tumor were added to the crude extract. The purified antigen was a glycoprotein and contained sialic acid. The antigen had a molecular weight of 76,000 and appeared to contain three subunits, each with a molecular weight of 25,000. The antigen had the following physical properties: Stokes radius, 39.4 A; S20,w, 4.24 S; D20,w, 5.15 x 10(-7) cm2 S-1; and a frictional ratio of 1.40. In addition, the purified, radioiodinated antigen retained complete immune reactivity since it could be quantitatively precipitated with specific immune serum. All of these properties were in close agreement with the properties of another antigen which was purified from a separate human lung tumor. Thus, it appeared from the biochemical and immunochemical criteria presented in this report that a common and identical antigen was isolated from two distinct human lung tumor extracts.", "PMID": 422569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11589", "title": "Drug-mediated induction of cytochrome(s) P-450 and drug metabolism in cultured hepatocytes maintained in chemically defined medium.", "content": "Cytochrome P-450 was induced in monolayer cultures of chick embryo hepatocytes incubated in a chemically defined medium. Phenobarbital induced the de novo synthesis of a microsomal protein of Mr = 51,000, whereas beta-naphthoflavone induced the de novo synthesis of a microsomal protein of Mr = 55,000. The increases in these proteins were associated with differential increases in aminopyrine-N-demethylation and benzo-(a)pyrene hydroxylation.", "contents": "Drug-mediated induction of cytochrome(s) P-450 and drug metabolism in cultured hepatocytes maintained in chemically defined medium. Cytochrome P-450 was induced in monolayer cultures of chick embryo hepatocytes incubated in a chemically defined medium. Phenobarbital induced the de novo synthesis of a microsomal protein of Mr = 51,000, whereas beta-naphthoflavone induced the de novo synthesis of a microsomal protein of Mr = 55,000. The increases in these proteins were associated with differential increases in aminopyrine-N-demethylation and benzo-(a)pyrene hydroxylation.", "PMID": 422574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11590", "title": "Relief of patellofemoral contact stress by anterior displacement of the tibial tubercle.", "content": "Elevation of the patellar tendon by means of displacement of the tibial tubercle has been advocated by Maquet, Ficat and Hungerford, and Murray as an alternative to patellectomy for the treatment of patellofemoral arthralgias. Although tubercle elevation certainly reduces the over-all patellofemoral contact force, its effects on the complex local patterns of contact stress are of more direct significance. In a laboratory series using fresh amputation material, arrays of six miniature contact stress sensors were embedded in the retropatellar cartilage of knees subjected to isometric quadriceps-extension forces. The experimental data revealed that elevation of the patellar tendon generally afforded relief of local contact stress regardless of the joint configuration (zero degrees, 45 degrees, or 90 degrees of flexion), but that its effects were most pronounced at 90 degrees of flexion. Progressive increase in the tendon elevation caused progressive reduction in the contact stress. Most of the contact stress relief was achieved, however, with the first one-half inch of tendon elevation; further elevations to one and one and one-half inches were only marginally useful. In view of the increased superior patellar pole contact associated with distal pole flotation, the results indicate that under most circumstances the optimum amount of elevation of the tibial tubercle is about one-half inch.", "contents": "Relief of patellofemoral contact stress by anterior displacement of the tibial tubercle. Elevation of the patellar tendon by means of displacement of the tibial tubercle has been advocated by Maquet, Ficat and Hungerford, and Murray as an alternative to patellectomy for the treatment of patellofemoral arthralgias. Although tubercle elevation certainly reduces the over-all patellofemoral contact force, its effects on the complex local patterns of contact stress are of more direct significance. In a laboratory series using fresh amputation material, arrays of six miniature contact stress sensors were embedded in the retropatellar cartilage of knees subjected to isometric quadriceps-extension forces. The experimental data revealed that elevation of the patellar tendon generally afforded relief of local contact stress regardless of the joint configuration (zero degrees, 45 degrees, or 90 degrees of flexion), but that its effects were most pronounced at 90 degrees of flexion. Progressive increase in the tendon elevation caused progressive reduction in the contact stress. Most of the contact stress relief was achieved, however, with the first one-half inch of tendon elevation; further elevations to one and one and one-half inches were only marginally useful. In view of the increased superior patellar pole contact associated with distal pole flotation, the results indicate that under most circumstances the optimum amount of elevation of the tibial tubercle is about one-half inch.", "PMID": 422601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11591", "title": "The total condylar knee prosthesis. A report of two hundred and twenty cases.", "content": "The total condylar knee prosthesis is a non-hinged surface replacement which can be used for almost all knee deformities. This report discusses the first consecutive 220 arthroplasties in 183 patients. Follow-up time was three to five years. Before operation eighty-six knees had more than 10 degrees of fixed varus deformity and thirty-one knees had more than 10 degrees of fixed valgus deformity. All patients were assessed using The Hospital for Special Surgery scoring system. Of the total of 220 knees, 137 (62%) were rated excellent; sixty-one (28%), good; ten (4.5%), fair; and twelve (5.5%), poor. Of 139 osteoarthritic knees, 93% were rated excellent or good. Complications included three deep infections and four cases of posterior subluxation. The over-all reoperation rate was 3.6%.", "contents": "The total condylar knee prosthesis. A report of two hundred and twenty cases. The total condylar knee prosthesis is a non-hinged surface replacement which can be used for almost all knee deformities. This report discusses the first consecutive 220 arthroplasties in 183 patients. Follow-up time was three to five years. Before operation eighty-six knees had more than 10 degrees of fixed varus deformity and thirty-one knees had more than 10 degrees of fixed valgus deformity. All patients were assessed using The Hospital for Special Surgery scoring system. Of the total of 220 knees, 137 (62%) were rated excellent; sixty-one (28%), good; ten (4.5%), fair; and twelve (5.5%), poor. Of 139 osteoarthritic knees, 93% were rated excellent or good. Complications included three deep infections and four cases of posterior subluxation. The over-all reoperation rate was 3.6%.", "PMID": 422602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11592", "title": "Arthrodesis of the knee following failed total knee arthroplasty.", "content": "In forty-five patients, who had an arthrodesis because of failed total knee arthroplasty, the cause was infection in forty, instability in two, failure of the prosthesis in two, and loosening in one. The arthrodesis succeeded in twenty-nine (81%) of thirty-six patients who had had a minimally or partially constrained arthroplasty and in five (56%) of nine who had had a hinge-type prosthesis inserted. The reasons for failure were severe bone loss, persistent sepsis, and loss of bone apposition after manipulation. The technique of arthrodesis did not seem to influence the final result. External fixation most commonly had to be used because of the infections and the device was kept in place for an average of ten weeks, after which immobilization in a cast was used until the arthrodesis healed.", "contents": "Arthrodesis of the knee following failed total knee arthroplasty. In forty-five patients, who had an arthrodesis because of failed total knee arthroplasty, the cause was infection in forty, instability in two, failure of the prosthesis in two, and loosening in one. The arthrodesis succeeded in twenty-nine (81%) of thirty-six patients who had had a minimally or partially constrained arthroplasty and in five (56%) of nine who had had a hinge-type prosthesis inserted. The reasons for failure were severe bone loss, persistent sepsis, and loss of bone apposition after manipulation. The technique of arthrodesis did not seem to influence the final result. External fixation most commonly had to be used because of the infections and the device was kept in place for an average of ten weeks, after which immobilization in a cast was used until the arthrodesis healed.", "PMID": 422603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11593", "title": "Failed lumbar disc surgery and repeat surgery following industrial injuries.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-nine of the compensation patients in this study who had one low-back operation had to have repeat back surgery. One hundred and three Workmen's Compensation Board patients who were reoperated on by a number of surgeons in the Toronto area were independently reviewed with one to two years of follow-up. Many had residual back pain, limited lumbar movement, presisting nerve-root deficits, and psychological disturbances. Forty per cent of the second operations were successful. Subsequent operations yielded progressively poorer results and made more patients worse than better. Operations were frequently undertaken without clear indications or evidence of correctable organic lesions. The results of repeat operations were better when the preceding operation had given more than six months' relief, when sciatica overshadowed back pain, and when a definite recurrent disc herniation was found. Scarring and neurolysis, previous infection, repair of a pseudarthrosis, and adverse psychological factors precluded a good result. Careful patient selection based on total evaluation of the disability including psychological assessment, accurate localization of the lesion by detailed investigation, and, most important, a logical sequence of decisions based on clear, objective criteria are prerequisites for this complex and demanding surgery. Caution and restraint are required when contemplating repeat back surgery.", "contents": "Failed lumbar disc surgery and repeat surgery following industrial injuries. One hundred and seventy-nine of the compensation patients in this study who had one low-back operation had to have repeat back surgery. One hundred and three Workmen's Compensation Board patients who were reoperated on by a number of surgeons in the Toronto area were independently reviewed with one to two years of follow-up. Many had residual back pain, limited lumbar movement, presisting nerve-root deficits, and psychological disturbances. Forty per cent of the second operations were successful. Subsequent operations yielded progressively poorer results and made more patients worse than better. Operations were frequently undertaken without clear indications or evidence of correctable organic lesions. The results of repeat operations were better when the preceding operation had given more than six months' relief, when sciatica overshadowed back pain, and when a definite recurrent disc herniation was found. Scarring and neurolysis, previous infection, repair of a pseudarthrosis, and adverse psychological factors precluded a good result. Careful patient selection based on total evaluation of the disability including psychological assessment, accurate localization of the lesion by detailed investigation, and, most important, a logical sequence of decisions based on clear, objective criteria are prerequisites for this complex and demanding surgery. Caution and restraint are required when contemplating repeat back surgery.", "PMID": 422604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11594", "title": "Analysis of six hundred and twenty-two intertrochanteric hip fractures.", "content": "Of 622 intertrochanteric fractures, 57% were stable (Types I and II). Twenty-eight per cent were Type III, and 15% were Type IV (the unstable types). The 150-degree telescoping Massie nail proved superior to the fixed 135-degree Jewett nail (particularly for unstable fractures) because it allowed a controlled impaction of the fracture fragments to a stable position. In about one-third of the fractures, some medial displacement occurred. With anatomical reduction and the use of the Massie or ASIF nails, we achieved a decrease in the morbidity and mortality and 96% satisfactory results. Our prospective study was compared with a retrospective study in which other devices were used. Early ambulation and weight-bearing also was a major contributing factor to the improved results in the prospective study. Intertrochanteric hip fractures that are unstable can be fixed with a collapsible nail, and that treatment appears to give as good or better results than the displacement method of Dimon and Hughston or Sarmiento.", "contents": "Analysis of six hundred and twenty-two intertrochanteric hip fractures. Of 622 intertrochanteric fractures, 57% were stable (Types I and II). Twenty-eight per cent were Type III, and 15% were Type IV (the unstable types). The 150-degree telescoping Massie nail proved superior to the fixed 135-degree Jewett nail (particularly for unstable fractures) because it allowed a controlled impaction of the fracture fragments to a stable position. In about one-third of the fractures, some medial displacement occurred. With anatomical reduction and the use of the Massie or ASIF nails, we achieved a decrease in the morbidity and mortality and 96% satisfactory results. Our prospective study was compared with a retrospective study in which other devices were used. Early ambulation and weight-bearing also was a major contributing factor to the improved results in the prospective study. Intertrochanteric hip fractures that are unstable can be fixed with a collapsible nail, and that treatment appears to give as good or better results than the displacement method of Dimon and Hughston or Sarmiento.", "PMID": 422605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11595", "title": "Closed Ender nailing of femoral-shaft fractures.", "content": "Closed Ender nailing was used in sixty fractures of the femoral shaft. Follow-up examination in fifty-two cases is reported. There were only two failures of the method, both in fractures with supracondylar extension. Simple transverse and short oblique fractures and those with unicortical comminution were shown to be stable after nailing, while long oblique fractures and lesions with bicortical comminution had a tendency to shorten and often required cerclage wiring, cast-bracing, or traction. The average hospital stay was 23.7 days. The operations were simple and quick. There was one case of osteomyelitis, one of clinically apparent thrombophlebitis, and one of fat-embolism syndrome in a patient with multiple fractures and multisystem injuries. There were no cases of breakage of the nail, delayed union, or non-union. In most cases knee motion returned to the preinjury level, although in five knees removal of the nails was necessary. The two failures of nailing which required plate fixation occurred in fractures extending into the supracondylar region. Therefore, these fractures are not suitable for Ender nailing.", "contents": "Closed Ender nailing of femoral-shaft fractures. Closed Ender nailing was used in sixty fractures of the femoral shaft. Follow-up examination in fifty-two cases is reported. There were only two failures of the method, both in fractures with supracondylar extension. Simple transverse and short oblique fractures and those with unicortical comminution were shown to be stable after nailing, while long oblique fractures and lesions with bicortical comminution had a tendency to shorten and often required cerclage wiring, cast-bracing, or traction. The average hospital stay was 23.7 days. The operations were simple and quick. There was one case of osteomyelitis, one of clinically apparent thrombophlebitis, and one of fat-embolism syndrome in a patient with multiple fractures and multisystem injuries. There were no cases of breakage of the nail, delayed union, or non-union. In most cases knee motion returned to the preinjury level, although in five knees removal of the nails was necessary. The two failures of nailing which required plate fixation occurred in fractures extending into the supracondylar region. Therefore, these fractures are not suitable for Ender nailing.", "PMID": 422606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11596", "title": "The initiation of gait.", "content": "The initiation of gait was studied utilizing electromyography, force-plate data, measurements of walking velocities, and ranges of motion of joints, all of which demonstrated that gait is initiated by the body becoming unbalanced in such a way as to permit a subject to pick one foot the ground in order to take the first step. The subsequent transition of the body to the steady gait pattern occurs rapidly over a period of appproximately three steps. This transition involves rapid changes in the measured forces and activities of the muscles of the lower extremity and the motion of the joints reflects these changes.", "contents": "The initiation of gait. The initiation of gait was studied utilizing electromyography, force-plate data, measurements of walking velocities, and ranges of motion of joints, all of which demonstrated that gait is initiated by the body becoming unbalanced in such a way as to permit a subject to pick one foot the ground in order to take the first step. The subsequent transition of the body to the steady gait pattern occurs rapidly over a period of appproximately three steps. This transition involves rapid changes in the measured forces and activities of the muscles of the lower extremity and the motion of the joints reflects these changes.", "PMID": 422607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11597", "title": "Some vagaries of the capitellum.", "content": "The capitellum is the first epiphyseal center of the elbow to ossify. Its normal position is easily subject to misinterpretation as a separation fracture because: (1) the ossification center for the capitellum is situated anteriorly, (2) it is often tilted downward during development, and (3) its epiphysis tends to be wider posteriorly than anteriorly. The capitellum frequently fuses with the trochlea and lateral epicondyle before uniting with the humerus. We reviewed the normal anatomical configuration of the elbow. Some useful methods for evaluating the position of the normally situated and minimally displaced capitellum and distal end of the humerus are presented.", "contents": "Some vagaries of the capitellum. The capitellum is the first epiphyseal center of the elbow to ossify. Its normal position is easily subject to misinterpretation as a separation fracture because: (1) the ossification center for the capitellum is situated anteriorly, (2) it is often tilted downward during development, and (3) its epiphysis tends to be wider posteriorly than anteriorly. The capitellum frequently fuses with the trochlea and lateral epicondyle before uniting with the humerus. We reviewed the normal anatomical configuration of the elbow. Some useful methods for evaluating the position of the normally situated and minimally displaced capitellum and distal end of the humerus are presented.", "PMID": 422608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11598", "title": "The pathological anatomy of fatal atlanto-occipital dislocations.", "content": "Nine atlanto-occipital dislocations were found in postmortem examinations of 112 victims of multiple trauma. Axial traction facilitated roentgenographic identification of the injury. A hyperextension mechanism of injury was suggested by the associated injuries, including submental lacerations and mandibular fractures. Atlanto-occipital dislocations were more frequent in children than in adults. A pure dislocation injury without fracture was identified.", "contents": "The pathological anatomy of fatal atlanto-occipital dislocations. Nine atlanto-occipital dislocations were found in postmortem examinations of 112 victims of multiple trauma. Axial traction facilitated roentgenographic identification of the injury. A hyperextension mechanism of injury was suggested by the associated injuries, including submental lacerations and mandibular fractures. Atlanto-occipital dislocations were more frequent in children than in adults. A pure dislocation injury without fracture was identified.", "PMID": 422609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11599", "title": "The mechanical bonding of methylmethacrylate to cancellous bone. Effect of a hemostatic agent.", "content": "The bonding of methylmethacrylate to cancellous bone was tested in shear both in control specimens and in those in which microfibrillar collagen had been previously used as a hemostatic agent. The breaking load and energy to failure were significantly lowered by the microfibrillar collagen.", "contents": "The mechanical bonding of methylmethacrylate to cancellous bone. Effect of a hemostatic agent. The bonding of methylmethacrylate to cancellous bone was tested in shear both in control specimens and in those in which microfibrillar collagen had been previously used as a hemostatic agent. The breaking load and energy to failure were significantly lowered by the microfibrillar collagen.", "PMID": 422610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11600", "title": "Subungual exostoses.", "content": "From 1910 through 1975, forty-four patients with subungual exostoses were seen at the Mayo Clinic. Thirty-four of them had the exostosis on the great toe. Forty-three of the patients were treated by local excision and one was treated by amputation of the hallux. Five patients had local recurrence. None of the tumors underwent malignant change. Histologically, the tumors consisted of a proliferating fibrocartilaginous gap that merged into mature trabecular bone at its base. The growth in the cap was so active that is sometimes mimicked sarcoma, but no true anaplasia was seen. The subungual exostoses were uniformly benign, and local excision was the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Subungual exostoses. From 1910 through 1975, forty-four patients with subungual exostoses were seen at the Mayo Clinic. Thirty-four of them had the exostosis on the great toe. Forty-three of the patients were treated by local excision and one was treated by amputation of the hallux. Five patients had local recurrence. None of the tumors underwent malignant change. Histologically, the tumors consisted of a proliferating fibrocartilaginous gap that merged into mature trabecular bone at its base. The growth in the cap was so active that is sometimes mimicked sarcoma, but no true anaplasia was seen. The subungual exostoses were uniformly benign, and local excision was the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 422611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11601", "title": "Fractures at the base of the thumb: treatment with oblique traction.", "content": "Oblique traction on the thumb metacarpal, originally described for the treatment of Bennett's fracture, has been applied to comminuted intra-articular fractures of the thumb metacarpal to counter the forces that cause shortening and varus angulation. It also has been applied to fractures of the trapezium to restore congruity of the trapeziometacarpal joint. It was successful in achieving and maintaining a satisfactory reduction in eight patients with these three types of fractures.", "contents": "Fractures at the base of the thumb: treatment with oblique traction. Oblique traction on the thumb metacarpal, originally described for the treatment of Bennett's fracture, has been applied to comminuted intra-articular fractures of the thumb metacarpal to counter the forces that cause shortening and varus angulation. It also has been applied to fractures of the trapezium to restore congruity of the trapeziometacarpal joint. It was successful in achieving and maintaining a satisfactory reduction in eight patients with these three types of fractures.", "PMID": 422612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11602", "title": "Recurrent dislocation of the peroneal tendon.", "content": "Recurrent dislocation of the peroneal tendons is an important, although infrequent, cause of disability of the ankle. We used a simple procedure that corrects the basic deformity of a shallow peroneal groove, without the use of metallic fixation or transfer of a tendon or ligament. The groove for the tendons is deepened by removal of some inner fibular substance, while the smooth tenosynovial channel is maintained as an intact periosteal flap on the fibula. The technique was used successfully in ten cases.", "contents": "Recurrent dislocation of the peroneal tendon. Recurrent dislocation of the peroneal tendons is an important, although infrequent, cause of disability of the ankle. We used a simple procedure that corrects the basic deformity of a shallow peroneal groove, without the use of metallic fixation or transfer of a tendon or ligament. The groove for the tendons is deepened by removal of some inner fibular substance, while the smooth tenosynovial channel is maintained as an intact periosteal flap on the fibula. The technique was used successfully in ten cases.", "PMID": 422618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11603", "title": "Reduction of neglected congenital dislocation of the hip in children over the age of six years.", "content": "Thirty-two neglected congenital dislocations of the hip in twenty-two children over the age of six years were treated by traction, open reduction and Chiari osteotomy. In five hips, where prolonged traction failed to bring the femoral heads into the vicinity of the acetabulum, a shortening subtrochanteric osteotomy of the femur was performed. The overall results were good and this regime of treatment is recommended.", "contents": "Reduction of neglected congenital dislocation of the hip in children over the age of six years. Thirty-two neglected congenital dislocations of the hip in twenty-two children over the age of six years were treated by traction, open reduction and Chiari osteotomy. In five hips, where prolonged traction failed to bring the femoral heads into the vicinity of the acetabulum, a shortening subtrochanteric osteotomy of the femur was performed. The overall results were good and this regime of treatment is recommended.", "PMID": 422627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11604", "title": "Biochemical disturbances associated with total hip replacement.", "content": "A prospective study on 227 patients undergoing arthroplasty of the hip was carried out with reference to the effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Investigations revealed that the placing of acrylic bone cement and the prosthesis in the femoral shaft produced clinical and biochemical disturbances which were consistent with pulmonary microembolism. A fall in arterial oxygen tension during the procedure and hypoxaemia extending into the postoperative period with elevation of serum lipase and a fall in triglycerides supported the idea that embolisation with marrow fat occurred. The method of venting (by catheter or proximal hole) did not influence the biochemical disturbances. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical disturbances associated with total hip replacement. A prospective study on 227 patients undergoing arthroplasty of the hip was carried out with reference to the effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Investigations revealed that the placing of acrylic bone cement and the prosthesis in the femoral shaft produced clinical and biochemical disturbances which were consistent with pulmonary microembolism. A fall in arterial oxygen tension during the procedure and hypoxaemia extending into the postoperative period with elevation of serum lipase and a fall in triglycerides supported the idea that embolisation with marrow fat occurred. The method of venting (by catheter or proximal hole) did not influence the biochemical disturbances. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 422628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11605", "title": "Juxta-articular bone cysts (intra-osseous ganglia): a clinicopathological study of eighty-eight cases.", "content": "The clinical, radiographic and pathological features of eighty-eight cases of histologically verified intra-osseous ganglia in eighty-three patients are described. All were located in the subchondral bone adjacent to a joint and most frequently involved the hip, the ankle (medial malleolus), the knee and the carpal bones. Forty-seven of the eighty-three patients were male and all the patients were between fourteen and seventy-three years of age, with an average age of forty-one years. There are two fundamental types of intra-osseous ganglia, one apparently arising by penetration of juxta-osseous ganglion into the underlying bone, a mechanism proved in fourteen of our eighty-eight cases (16 per cent); in the remaining seventy-four cases, the ganglion cyst was primarily intra-osseous (\"idiopathic\"). The initial cause of the intramedullary mucoid degeneration is discussed. We believe that mechanical stress and repeated minor trauma near the surface of the bone may lead to intramedullary vascular disturbance with consequent foci of aseptic bone necrosis. The revitalisation of these areas causes fibroblastic proliferation, followed by mucoid degeneration of the connective tissue, possibly due to some unknown local factor. Curettage or excision is usually effective, and recurrence (only four cases) is exceptional.", "contents": "Juxta-articular bone cysts (intra-osseous ganglia): a clinicopathological study of eighty-eight cases. The clinical, radiographic and pathological features of eighty-eight cases of histologically verified intra-osseous ganglia in eighty-three patients are described. All were located in the subchondral bone adjacent to a joint and most frequently involved the hip, the ankle (medial malleolus), the knee and the carpal bones. Forty-seven of the eighty-three patients were male and all the patients were between fourteen and seventy-three years of age, with an average age of forty-one years. There are two fundamental types of intra-osseous ganglia, one apparently arising by penetration of juxta-osseous ganglion into the underlying bone, a mechanism proved in fourteen of our eighty-eight cases (16 per cent); in the remaining seventy-four cases, the ganglion cyst was primarily intra-osseous (\"idiopathic\"). The initial cause of the intramedullary mucoid degeneration is discussed. We believe that mechanical stress and repeated minor trauma near the surface of the bone may lead to intramedullary vascular disturbance with consequent foci of aseptic bone necrosis. The revitalisation of these areas causes fibroblastic proliferation, followed by mucoid degeneration of the connective tissue, possibly due to some unknown local factor. Curettage or excision is usually effective, and recurrence (only four cases) is exceptional.", "PMID": 422629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11606", "title": "Hip dysplasia without dislocation in one-year-old boys.", "content": "Six boys were examined during the second year of life, each with symptoms in one hip. The affected femoral capital epiphysis was smaller or more irregular (or both) than that of the unaffected hip but was neither subluxed nor dislocated. The subsequent radiographs revealed changes similar to those in severe Perthes' disease. Nevertheless, we give reasons for believing that this disorder in boys under two years of age should be distinguished from Perthes' disease.", "contents": "Hip dysplasia without dislocation in one-year-old boys. Six boys were examined during the second year of life, each with symptoms in one hip. The affected femoral capital epiphysis was smaller or more irregular (or both) than that of the unaffected hip but was neither subluxed nor dislocated. The subsequent radiographs revealed changes similar to those in severe Perthes' disease. Nevertheless, we give reasons for believing that this disorder in boys under two years of age should be distinguished from Perthes' disease.", "PMID": 422631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11607", "title": "Rib resection in infantile idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "Analysis was made of the results of two methods of treatment of progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis: a group of forty-eight children treated by rib resection, localiser jackets and Milwaukee brace were compared with a 'control' group of nineteen children treated by localiser jackets and Milwaukee brace alone. This failed to show any significant difference between the two groups. Carefully controlled splintage was effective in slowing the rate of progression of most curves which was not significantly affected by the addition of rib resection.", "contents": "Rib resection in infantile idiopathic scoliosis. Analysis was made of the results of two methods of treatment of progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis: a group of forty-eight children treated by rib resection, localiser jackets and Milwaukee brace were compared with a 'control' group of nineteen children treated by localiser jackets and Milwaukee brace alone. This failed to show any significant difference between the two groups. Carefully controlled splintage was effective in slowing the rate of progression of most curves which was not significantly affected by the addition of rib resection.", "PMID": 422632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11608", "title": "The management of progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis.", "content": "Twenty-seven children with progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis have been reviewed after long-term management. Twenty-two children had single thoracic curves which were diagnosed at an early age and treated in a modified Milwaukee brace until the age of ten years when the spine was corrected and fused. The mean correction after operation was 40 per cent of the initial degree of curvature seen in early childhood before treatment. Solid spinal fusion led to a further moderate loss in correction due to bending of the fusion mass before the spine became stable several years later. Five children had double structural curves and were treated only in a brace. This provided less satisfactory control of these curves but because of the minimal cosmetic deformity, extensive spinal fusion was avoided.", "contents": "The management of progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis. Twenty-seven children with progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis have been reviewed after long-term management. Twenty-two children had single thoracic curves which were diagnosed at an early age and treated in a modified Milwaukee brace until the age of ten years when the spine was corrected and fused. The mean correction after operation was 40 per cent of the initial degree of curvature seen in early childhood before treatment. Solid spinal fusion led to a further moderate loss in correction due to bending of the fusion mass before the spine became stable several years later. Five children had double structural curves and were treated only in a brace. This provided less satisfactory control of these curves but because of the minimal cosmetic deformity, extensive spinal fusion was avoided.", "PMID": 422633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11609", "title": "The association between congenital elevation of the scapula and diastematomyelia: a preliminary report.", "content": "Of forty-six patients with congenital elevation of the scapula, diastematomyelia was confirmed in four and was probably present in five others. Possible reasons for the previously unsuspected association are presented.", "contents": "The association between congenital elevation of the scapula and diastematomyelia: a preliminary report. Of forty-six patients with congenital elevation of the scapula, diastematomyelia was confirmed in four and was probably present in five others. Possible reasons for the previously unsuspected association are presented.", "PMID": 422634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11610", "title": "Decompression of the extensor tendons at the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Simple decompression of the extensor tendons at the wrist was carried out on fifty-four wrists in a total of forty-one patients with rheumatoid disease. This procedure was combined with excision of the ulnar head in forty-five wrists. Complete resolution of the synovitis occurred in 81.5 per cent of the wrists. In two patients the tendons ruptured soon after operation and in both cases this was due to prolapse of the ulnar stump after an associated Darrach procedure. The clinical results of decompression compare favourably with those of the widely accepted operation of dorsal tenosynovectomy.", "contents": "Decompression of the extensor tendons at the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis. Simple decompression of the extensor tendons at the wrist was carried out on fifty-four wrists in a total of forty-one patients with rheumatoid disease. This procedure was combined with excision of the ulnar head in forty-five wrists. Complete resolution of the synovitis occurred in 81.5 per cent of the wrists. In two patients the tendons ruptured soon after operation and in both cases this was due to prolapse of the ulnar stump after an associated Darrach procedure. The clinical results of decompression compare favourably with those of the widely accepted operation of dorsal tenosynovectomy.", "PMID": 422635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11611", "title": "Synovectomy of the elbow in rheumatoid arthritis: the place of excision of the head of the radius.", "content": "The results of thirty synovectomies of the elbow for rheumatoid arthritis are reported. Satisfactory relief of pain was obtained in twenty-seven elbows and the range of movement was improved in twenty-one. The classical operation includes excision of the radial head but in this series approximately half the radial heads were conserved with comparable results. The results of synovectomy do not significantly deteriorate with time up to ten years and the operation can be done with good results, especially in respect of relief of pain, even in elbows with relatively advanced rheumatoid disease. Radiographic assessment is not of much help in evaluating the results of the operation, but is essential in selection of elbows for synovectomy.", "contents": "Synovectomy of the elbow in rheumatoid arthritis: the place of excision of the head of the radius. The results of thirty synovectomies of the elbow for rheumatoid arthritis are reported. Satisfactory relief of pain was obtained in twenty-seven elbows and the range of movement was improved in twenty-one. The classical operation includes excision of the radial head but in this series approximately half the radial heads were conserved with comparable results. The results of synovectomy do not significantly deteriorate with time up to ten years and the operation can be done with good results, especially in respect of relief of pain, even in elbows with relatively advanced rheumatoid disease. Radiographic assessment is not of much help in evaluating the results of the operation, but is essential in selection of elbows for synovectomy.", "PMID": 422636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11612", "title": "The management of late diagnosed congenital dislocation and subluxation of the hip-with special reference to femoral shortening.", "content": "Thirty hips affected by congenital dislocation or subluxation underwent surgical treatment between the ages of five and fifteen years, and the results are presented. Reduction was aided by concurrent femoral shortening in seventeen. An aggressive approach in older children not only relieves the presenting symptoms in most, but also, by improving the anatomical relationships, increases the prospect of success should total replacement become indicated in the future.", "contents": "The management of late diagnosed congenital dislocation and subluxation of the hip-with special reference to femoral shortening. Thirty hips affected by congenital dislocation or subluxation underwent surgical treatment between the ages of five and fifteen years, and the results are presented. Reduction was aided by concurrent femoral shortening in seventeen. An aggressive approach in older children not only relieves the presenting symptoms in most, but also, by improving the anatomical relationships, increases the prospect of success should total replacement become indicated in the future.", "PMID": 422637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11613", "title": "Anomalous insertion of the tibialis posterior tendon in congenital metatarsus varus.", "content": "Congenital metatarsus varus is a common deformity that usually responds to conservative treatment. In fifteen feet operated on for resistant deformity, an anomalous insertion of the tibialis posterior tendon was found in fourteen. Six cadaveric infant feet were dissected to confirm the normal insertion. The dynamic component of the deformity is stressed.", "contents": "Anomalous insertion of the tibialis posterior tendon in congenital metatarsus varus. Congenital metatarsus varus is a common deformity that usually responds to conservative treatment. In fifteen feet operated on for resistant deformity, an anomalous insertion of the tibialis posterior tendon was found in fourteen. Six cadaveric infant feet were dissected to confirm the normal insertion. The dynamic component of the deformity is stressed.", "PMID": 422638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11614", "title": "Tibial defect due to acute haematogenous osteomyelitis: treatment and results in twenty-one children.", "content": "The management of twenty-one children with a defect of the tibial shaft due to acute haematogenous osteomyelitis is described. Half the defects were due to removal of the sequestrum before the involucrum had formed. Only four patients, all under ten years of age, had spontaneous regeneration of the shaft. Eleven children had a posterior tibiofibular graft and six had a transfer of the ipsilateral fibular diaphysis. The results of operation were superior to those of spontaneous regeneration. All the grafts united and the children returned home to lead normal lives. Shortening was only a problem when growth plates or adjacent joints had been damaged. We now leave the sequestrum for up to one year after the onset of infection. If the involucrum fails to form we reconstruct the tibia as soon as possible after sequestrectomy.", "contents": "Tibial defect due to acute haematogenous osteomyelitis: treatment and results in twenty-one children. The management of twenty-one children with a defect of the tibial shaft due to acute haematogenous osteomyelitis is described. Half the defects were due to removal of the sequestrum before the involucrum had formed. Only four patients, all under ten years of age, had spontaneous regeneration of the shaft. Eleven children had a posterior tibiofibular graft and six had a transfer of the ipsilateral fibular diaphysis. The results of operation were superior to those of spontaneous regeneration. All the grafts united and the children returned home to lead normal lives. Shortening was only a problem when growth plates or adjacent joints had been damaged. We now leave the sequestrum for up to one year after the onset of infection. If the involucrum fails to form we reconstruct the tibia as soon as possible after sequestrectomy.", "PMID": 422639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11615", "title": "Orthopaedic problems in adult hypophosphatasia: a report of two cases.", "content": "Hypophosphatasia in adults is rare. Two elderly sisters presenting with pathological fractures of the femur are reported to illustrate the difficulties in orthopaedic management of this disease. All patients with a history of repeated fractures, especially from minor trauma and with generalised radiological bony abnormality, should be screened for this rare disease. A consistently low level of serum alkaline phosphatase with the presence of phosphoethanolamine in the urine is diagnostic.", "contents": "Orthopaedic problems in adult hypophosphatasia: a report of two cases. Hypophosphatasia in adults is rare. Two elderly sisters presenting with pathological fractures of the femur are reported to illustrate the difficulties in orthopaedic management of this disease. All patients with a history of repeated fractures, especially from minor trauma and with generalised radiological bony abnormality, should be screened for this rare disease. A consistently low level of serum alkaline phosphatase with the presence of phosphoethanolamine in the urine is diagnostic.", "PMID": 422640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11616", "title": "The ball and socket ankle joint.", "content": "This paper reports fifteen cases of ball and socket articulation at the ankle followed up for an average of twelve years. All patients showed inequality of leg length. Ten patients showed coalitions of the bones of the hindfoot and nine patients had a reduction in the number of bony elements of the forefoot. Other associated anomalies are described. The abnormality seems to be part of a congenital short-limb malformation, perhaps modified by adaptive change associated with rigidity of the hindfoot. Surgical intervention was not required in any patient in the series.", "contents": "The ball and socket ankle joint. This paper reports fifteen cases of ball and socket articulation at the ankle followed up for an average of twelve years. All patients showed inequality of leg length. Ten patients showed coalitions of the bones of the hindfoot and nine patients had a reduction in the number of bony elements of the forefoot. Other associated anomalies are described. The abnormality seems to be part of a congenital short-limb malformation, perhaps modified by adaptive change associated with rigidity of the hindfoot. Surgical intervention was not required in any patient in the series.", "PMID": 422641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11617", "title": "Early posterior subtalar fusion in the treatment of fractures of the os calcis.", "content": "Displaced fractures of the os calcis involving the subtalar joint frequently cause chronic disability due to subsequent osteoarthritis. Early posterior subtalar fusion may prevent this outcome. We have reviewed forty-seven fractures in forty-three patients at an average of seven years after operation. Over 90 per cent of patients had an excellent, good or satisfactory result.", "contents": "Early posterior subtalar fusion in the treatment of fractures of the os calcis. Displaced fractures of the os calcis involving the subtalar joint frequently cause chronic disability due to subsequent osteoarthritis. Early posterior subtalar fusion may prevent this outcome. We have reviewed forty-seven fractures in forty-three patients at an average of seven years after operation. Over 90 per cent of patients had an excellent, good or satisfactory result.", "PMID": 422642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11618", "title": "Intracortical haemangioma simulating osteoid osteoma.", "content": "A case of intracortical haemangioma in the tibial diaphysis is reported. The radiological and macroscopic features were identical with osteoid osteoma. In view of this similarity, haemangiomata, despite their rarity at this site, must be considered in the differential diagnosis of osteoid osteoma.", "contents": "Intracortical haemangioma simulating osteoid osteoma. A case of intracortical haemangioma in the tibial diaphysis is reported. The radiological and macroscopic features were identical with osteoid osteoma. In view of this similarity, haemangiomata, despite their rarity at this site, must be considered in the differential diagnosis of osteoid osteoma.", "PMID": 422643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11619", "title": "Fibronectin expression is determined by the genotype of the transformed parental cells in heterokaryons between normal and transformed fibroblasts.", "content": "The expression of fibronectin, a cell surface-associated transformation-sensitive glycoprotein, was studied in hetero- and homokaryons of normal and SV40-transformed human fibroblasts. In immunofluorescence, fibroblast homokaryons had an intense surface-associated and intracelluar fibronectin fluorescence similar to that of normal fibroblasts. Transformed cells and their homokaryons had a minimal surface-associated and a weak intracellular fibronectin fluorescence. In heterokaryons formed between transformed and normal fibroblasts, the expression of fibronectin fell within 24 h to the level of the transformed cell homokaryons. The change was detectable already at 3 h after fusion and was gene-dose dependent. These results show that the transformed genotype determines fibronectin expression in the heterokaryons.", "contents": "Fibronectin expression is determined by the genotype of the transformed parental cells in heterokaryons between normal and transformed fibroblasts. The expression of fibronectin, a cell surface-associated transformation-sensitive glycoprotein, was studied in hetero- and homokaryons of normal and SV40-transformed human fibroblasts. In immunofluorescence, fibroblast homokaryons had an intense surface-associated and intracelluar fibronectin fluorescence similar to that of normal fibroblasts. Transformed cells and their homokaryons had a minimal surface-associated and a weak intracellular fibronectin fluorescence. In heterokaryons formed between transformed and normal fibroblasts, the expression of fibronectin fell within 24 h to the level of the transformed cell homokaryons. The change was detectable already at 3 h after fusion and was gene-dose dependent. These results show that the transformed genotype determines fibronectin expression in the heterokaryons.", "PMID": 422645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11620", "title": "Inhibition of intercellular adhesion by concanavalin A is associated with concanavalin A-mediated redistribution of surface receptors.", "content": "The inhibition of adhesion between aggregates and layers of embryonic retinal cells by concanavalin A (Con A) and Con A-mediated rearrangements of Con A receptors on retinal cells were studied. A short incubation of aggregates and layers with 10 micrograms/ml Con A substantially reduced aggregate-to-layer adhesion in a subsequent assay without soluble lectin present. This effect of Con A was dose-dependent, temperature-sensitive, involved events subsequent to Con A binding, and was reduced by cytochalasin B. The inhibition produced by succinylated Con A was substantially increased by incubation with antibody to Con A. Visualization of ConA- receptor complexes by fluorescence microscopy revealed that binding of Con A induced clearing of Con A receptors from filopodia, flattened regions of growth cones, and the edges of axons. This clearing reaction was prevented by the same agents that reduced Con A's inhibition of cell adhesion: low temperature, succinylation of Con A, or cytochalasin B. Aggregate-layer adhesion was restored by releasing Con A at 37 degrees C. Inhibitors of protein and ATP synthesis did not prevent recovery of ability to make adhesions. However, release of Con A at lowered temperatures did not prevent recovery. The results suggest that intercellular adhesion is inhibited by events associated with redistribution of Con A-receptor complexes on retinal cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of intercellular adhesion by concanavalin A is associated with concanavalin A-mediated redistribution of surface receptors. The inhibition of adhesion between aggregates and layers of embryonic retinal cells by concanavalin A (Con A) and Con A-mediated rearrangements of Con A receptors on retinal cells were studied. A short incubation of aggregates and layers with 10 micrograms/ml Con A substantially reduced aggregate-to-layer adhesion in a subsequent assay without soluble lectin present. This effect of Con A was dose-dependent, temperature-sensitive, involved events subsequent to Con A binding, and was reduced by cytochalasin B. The inhibition produced by succinylated Con A was substantially increased by incubation with antibody to Con A. Visualization of ConA- receptor complexes by fluorescence microscopy revealed that binding of Con A induced clearing of Con A receptors from filopodia, flattened regions of growth cones, and the edges of axons. This clearing reaction was prevented by the same agents that reduced Con A's inhibition of cell adhesion: low temperature, succinylation of Con A, or cytochalasin B. Aggregate-layer adhesion was restored by releasing Con A at 37 degrees C. Inhibitors of protein and ATP synthesis did not prevent recovery of ability to make adhesions. However, release of Con A at lowered temperatures did not prevent recovery. The results suggest that intercellular adhesion is inhibited by events associated with redistribution of Con A-receptor complexes on retinal cells.", "PMID": 422646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11621", "title": "Membrane movements and fluidity during rotational motility of a termite flagellate. A freeze-fracture study.", "content": "Freeze-fracture electron microscopy was used to examine the structure of a region of plasma membrane that undergoes continual, unidirectional shear. Membrane shear arises from the continual clockwise rotation of one part (head) of a termite flagellate relative to the rest of the cell. Freeze-fracture replicas show that the lipid bilayer is continuous across the shear zone. Thus, the relative movements of adjacent membrane regions are visible evidence of membrane fluidity. The distribution and density of intramembrane particles within the membrane of the shear zone is not different from that in other regions of the cell membrane. Also, an additional membrane shear zone arises when body membrane becomes closely applied to the rotating axostyle as cells change shape in vitro. This suggests that the entire membrane is potentially as fluid as the membrane between head and body but that this fluidity is only expressed at certain locations for geometrical and/or mechanical reasons. Membrane movements may be explained solely by cell shape and proximity to rotating structures, although specific membrane-cytoskeletal connections cannot be ruled out. The membrane of this cell may thus be viewed as a fluid which adheres to the underlying cytoplasm/cytoskeleton and passively follows its movements.", "contents": "Membrane movements and fluidity during rotational motility of a termite flagellate. A freeze-fracture study. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy was used to examine the structure of a region of plasma membrane that undergoes continual, unidirectional shear. Membrane shear arises from the continual clockwise rotation of one part (head) of a termite flagellate relative to the rest of the cell. Freeze-fracture replicas show that the lipid bilayer is continuous across the shear zone. Thus, the relative movements of adjacent membrane regions are visible evidence of membrane fluidity. The distribution and density of intramembrane particles within the membrane of the shear zone is not different from that in other regions of the cell membrane. Also, an additional membrane shear zone arises when body membrane becomes closely applied to the rotating axostyle as cells change shape in vitro. This suggests that the entire membrane is potentially as fluid as the membrane between head and body but that this fluidity is only expressed at certain locations for geometrical and/or mechanical reasons. Membrane movements may be explained solely by cell shape and proximity to rotating structures, although specific membrane-cytoskeletal connections cannot be ruled out. The membrane of this cell may thus be viewed as a fluid which adheres to the underlying cytoplasm/cytoskeleton and passively follows its movements.", "PMID": 422647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11622", "title": "Transfer of potassium. A new measure of cell-cell coupling.", "content": "Mammalian cells of different species differ in sensitivity to ouabain. This sensitivity is expressed as reduced intracellular K+ content, reduced rates of protein synthesis, and cessation of cell multiplication. Using 86Rb+ as a measure of intracellular K+, we found higher levels of radioactivity in mixtures of ouabain-sensitive and -resistant cells cultured in the presence of ouabain than predicted from pure cultures of the two component cell types. The simplest explanation is that K+ and 86Rb+ are being transferred from ouabain-resistant to ouabain-sensitive cells, enhancing the total intracellular 86Rb+ in the culture. A function, \"index of cooperation,\" expresses this enhancement as a number ranging from 0 to 1, and permits comparisons to be made under various culture conditions and using various cell types. An index of cooperation greater than 0 requires cell contact, since no enhancement occurs when contact between two cell types in the same culture is prevented. The index of cooperation for a number of different cell combinations agrees with other measures of cell-cell interaction associated with gap junctions, such as electrical coupling and metabolic cooperation. Coculture of ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-resistant cells in the presence of ouabain also leads to restoration of the capacity for protein synthesis. Autoradiography shows that this restoration occurs in the sensitive cell type and is dependent upon contact with ouabain-resistant cells. Furthermore, sensitive cells are able to multiply in the presence of ouabain when cocultured with resistant cells. Thus K+, presumably transferred to sensitive cells through gap junctions, is able to counteract the toxic effects of ouabain on intracellular K+ levels and protein synthesis, and to restore growth.", "contents": "Transfer of potassium. A new measure of cell-cell coupling. Mammalian cells of different species differ in sensitivity to ouabain. This sensitivity is expressed as reduced intracellular K+ content, reduced rates of protein synthesis, and cessation of cell multiplication. Using 86Rb+ as a measure of intracellular K+, we found higher levels of radioactivity in mixtures of ouabain-sensitive and -resistant cells cultured in the presence of ouabain than predicted from pure cultures of the two component cell types. The simplest explanation is that K+ and 86Rb+ are being transferred from ouabain-resistant to ouabain-sensitive cells, enhancing the total intracellular 86Rb+ in the culture. A function, \"index of cooperation,\" expresses this enhancement as a number ranging from 0 to 1, and permits comparisons to be made under various culture conditions and using various cell types. An index of cooperation greater than 0 requires cell contact, since no enhancement occurs when contact between two cell types in the same culture is prevented. The index of cooperation for a number of different cell combinations agrees with other measures of cell-cell interaction associated with gap junctions, such as electrical coupling and metabolic cooperation. Coculture of ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-resistant cells in the presence of ouabain also leads to restoration of the capacity for protein synthesis. Autoradiography shows that this restoration occurs in the sensitive cell type and is dependent upon contact with ouabain-resistant cells. Furthermore, sensitive cells are able to multiply in the presence of ouabain when cocultured with resistant cells. Thus K+, presumably transferred to sensitive cells through gap junctions, is able to counteract the toxic effects of ouabain on intracellular K+ levels and protein synthesis, and to restore growth.", "PMID": 422648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11623", "title": "Microtubules in mammalian heart muscle.", "content": "Sections of adult mammalian cardiac muscles fixed at room temperature reveal numerous microtubules (24--28 nm in diameter) both near the nucleus and in the extra-myofibrillar space. Microtubules encircle the nucleus, are associated with the myofibrils in a helical arrangement, and form a network that runs transversely at the level of the I band and axially between the myofibrils. Microtubules are more numerous in muscle cells than previously recognized and may perform more than cytoskeletal function.", "contents": "Microtubules in mammalian heart muscle. Sections of adult mammalian cardiac muscles fixed at room temperature reveal numerous microtubules (24--28 nm in diameter) both near the nucleus and in the extra-myofibrillar space. Microtubules encircle the nucleus, are associated with the myofibrils in a helical arrangement, and form a network that runs transversely at the level of the I band and axially between the myofibrils. Microtubules are more numerous in muscle cells than previously recognized and may perform more than cytoskeletal function.", "PMID": 422649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11624", "title": "Epidermal cells adhere preferentially to type IV (basement membrane) collagen.", "content": "Epidermal cells from adult guinea pig skin attach and differentiate preferentially on substrates of type IV (basement membrane) collagen, compared to those of types I--III collagen. In contrast, guinea pig dermal fibroblasts attach equally well to all four collagen substrates. Fibronectin mediates the attachment of fibroblasts but not of epidermal cells to collagen.", "contents": "Epidermal cells adhere preferentially to type IV (basement membrane) collagen. Epidermal cells from adult guinea pig skin attach and differentiate preferentially on substrates of type IV (basement membrane) collagen, compared to those of types I--III collagen. In contrast, guinea pig dermal fibroblasts attach equally well to all four collagen substrates. Fibronectin mediates the attachment of fibroblasts but not of epidermal cells to collagen.", "PMID": 422650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11625", "title": "Membrane biogenesis. In vitro cleavage, core glycosylation, and integration into microsomal membranes of sindbis virus glycoproteins.", "content": "Sindbis virus 26S RNA has been translated in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from rabbit reticulocytes. When the system was supplemented with EDTA-stripped dog pancreas microsomal membranes, the following results were obtained: (a) Complete translation of 26S RNA, resulting in the production, by endoproteolytic cleavage, of three polypeptides that are apparently identical to those forms of C, PE2, and E1 that are synthesized in vivo by infected host cells during a 3-min pulse with [35S]methionine. (b) Correct topological deposition of the three viral polypeptides--in vitro-synthesized PE2 and E1 forms are inserted into dog pancreas microsomal membranes in a orientation which, by the criterion of their limited (or total) inaccessibility to proteolytic probes, is indistinguishable from that of their counterparts in the rough endoplasmic recticulum of infected host cells; in vitro-synthesized C is not inserted into membranes and therefore is accessible to proteolytic enzymes, like its in vivo-synthesized counterpart. (c) Core glycosylation of in vitro-synthesized PE2 and E1 forms, as indicated by binding to concanavalin A Sepharose and subsequent elution by alpha-methylmannoside.", "contents": "Membrane biogenesis. In vitro cleavage, core glycosylation, and integration into microsomal membranes of sindbis virus glycoproteins. Sindbis virus 26S RNA has been translated in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from rabbit reticulocytes. When the system was supplemented with EDTA-stripped dog pancreas microsomal membranes, the following results were obtained: (a) Complete translation of 26S RNA, resulting in the production, by endoproteolytic cleavage, of three polypeptides that are apparently identical to those forms of C, PE2, and E1 that are synthesized in vivo by infected host cells during a 3-min pulse with [35S]methionine. (b) Correct topological deposition of the three viral polypeptides--in vitro-synthesized PE2 and E1 forms are inserted into dog pancreas microsomal membranes in a orientation which, by the criterion of their limited (or total) inaccessibility to proteolytic probes, is indistinguishable from that of their counterparts in the rough endoplasmic recticulum of infected host cells; in vitro-synthesized C is not inserted into membranes and therefore is accessible to proteolytic enzymes, like its in vivo-synthesized counterpart. (c) Core glycosylation of in vitro-synthesized PE2 and E1 forms, as indicated by binding to concanavalin A Sepharose and subsequent elution by alpha-methylmannoside.", "PMID": 422651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11626", "title": "The angular distribution of directional changes of guided 3T3 cells.", "content": "This paper reports that the angular distribution of directional change of 3T3 cells which followed guiding lines on a substrate and left the guidance at various angles shows a peculiar preference for angles between 30 degrees and 60 degrees. Regarding the phenomenon of cellular guidance itself, 3T3 cells faced with a choice between guiding lines toward different directions seem to explore various options before following one. This observation suggests that the outcome of a probing action and not substrate properties alone can explain the guidance behavior of 3T3 cells.", "contents": "The angular distribution of directional changes of guided 3T3 cells. This paper reports that the angular distribution of directional change of 3T3 cells which followed guiding lines on a substrate and left the guidance at various angles shows a peculiar preference for angles between 30 degrees and 60 degrees. Regarding the phenomenon of cellular guidance itself, 3T3 cells faced with a choice between guiding lines toward different directions seem to explore various options before following one. This observation suggests that the outcome of a probing action and not substrate properties alone can explain the guidance behavior of 3T3 cells.", "PMID": 422652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11627", "title": "Distribution of cell surface saccharides on pancreatic cells. I. General method for preparation and purification of lectins and lectin-ferritin conjugates.", "content": "We describe here a simple, general procedure for the purification of a variety of lectins, and for the preparation of lectin-ferritin conjugates of defined molar composition and binding properties to be used as probes for cell surface saccharides. The technique uses a \"universal\" affinity column for lectins and their conjugates, which consists of hog sulfated gastric mucin glycopeptides covalently coupled to agarose. The procedure involes: (a) purification of lectins by chromatography of aqueous extracts of seeds or other lectin-containing fluids over the affinity column, followed by desorption of the desired lectin with its hapten suge; (b) iodination of the lectin to serve as a marker during subsequent steps; (c) conjugation of lectin to ferritin with glutaraldehyde; (d) collection of active lectin-ferritin conjugates by affinity chromatography; and (e) separation of monomeric lectin-ferritin conjugates from larger aggregates and unconjugated lectin by gel chromatography. Based on radioactivity and absorbancy at 310 nm for lectin and ferritin, respectively, the conjugates consist of one to two molecules of lectin per ferrritin molecule. Binding studies of native lectins and their ferritin conjugates to dispersed pancreatic acinar cells showed that the conjugation procedure does not significantly alter either the affinity constant of the lectin for its receptor on the cell surface or the number of sites detected.", "contents": "Distribution of cell surface saccharides on pancreatic cells. I. General method for preparation and purification of lectins and lectin-ferritin conjugates. We describe here a simple, general procedure for the purification of a variety of lectins, and for the preparation of lectin-ferritin conjugates of defined molar composition and binding properties to be used as probes for cell surface saccharides. The technique uses a \"universal\" affinity column for lectins and their conjugates, which consists of hog sulfated gastric mucin glycopeptides covalently coupled to agarose. The procedure involes: (a) purification of lectins by chromatography of aqueous extracts of seeds or other lectin-containing fluids over the affinity column, followed by desorption of the desired lectin with its hapten suge; (b) iodination of the lectin to serve as a marker during subsequent steps; (c) conjugation of lectin to ferritin with glutaraldehyde; (d) collection of active lectin-ferritin conjugates by affinity chromatography; and (e) separation of monomeric lectin-ferritin conjugates from larger aggregates and unconjugated lectin by gel chromatography. Based on radioactivity and absorbancy at 310 nm for lectin and ferritin, respectively, the conjugates consist of one to two molecules of lectin per ferrritin molecule. Binding studies of native lectins and their ferritin conjugates to dispersed pancreatic acinar cells showed that the conjugation procedure does not significantly alter either the affinity constant of the lectin for its receptor on the cell surface or the number of sites detected.", "PMID": 422653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11628", "title": "Distribution of cell surface saccharides on pancreatic cells. II. Lectin-labeling patterns on mature guinea pig and rat pancreatic cells.", "content": "The surface saccharide composition of collagenase-dispersed pancreatic cells from adult guinea pig and rat glands was examined by using eight lectins and their ferritin conjugates: Concanavalin A (ConA); Lens culinaris (LCL); Lotus tetragonolobus (LTL); Ricinus communis agglutinins I and II (RCA I, RCA II); Soybean agglutinin (SBA); Ulex europeus lectin (UEL); and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Binding studies of iodinated lectins and lectin-ferritin conjugates both revealed one population of saturable, high-affinity receptor sites on the total cell population (approximately 95% acinar cells). Electron microscopy, however, revealed differences in lectin-ferritin binding to the plasmalemma of acinar, centroacinar, and endocrine cells. Whereas acinar cells bound heavily all lectin conjugates, endocrine and centroacinar cells were densely labeled only by ConA, LCL, WGA, and RCA I, and possessed few receptors for LTL, UEL, and SBA. Endocrine and centroacinar cells could be differentiated from each other by using RCA II, which binds to centroacinar cells but not to endocrine cells. Some RCA II receptors appeared to be glycolipids because they were extracted by ethanol and chloroform-methanol in contrast to WGA receptors which resisted solvent treatment but were partly removed by papain digestion. RCA I receptors were affected by neither treatment. The apparent absence of receptors for SBA on endocrine and centroacinar cells, and for RCA II on endocrine cells, was reversed by neuraminidase digestion, which suggested masking of lectin receptors by sialic acid. The absence of LTL and UEL receptors on endocrine and centroacinar cells was not reversed by neuraminidase. We suggest that the differential lectin-binding patterns observed on acinar, centroacinar, and endocrine cells from the adult pancreas surface-carbohydrate-developmental programs expressed during morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of the gland.", "contents": "Distribution of cell surface saccharides on pancreatic cells. II. Lectin-labeling patterns on mature guinea pig and rat pancreatic cells. The surface saccharide composition of collagenase-dispersed pancreatic cells from adult guinea pig and rat glands was examined by using eight lectins and their ferritin conjugates: Concanavalin A (ConA); Lens culinaris (LCL); Lotus tetragonolobus (LTL); Ricinus communis agglutinins I and II (RCA I, RCA II); Soybean agglutinin (SBA); Ulex europeus lectin (UEL); and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Binding studies of iodinated lectins and lectin-ferritin conjugates both revealed one population of saturable, high-affinity receptor sites on the total cell population (approximately 95% acinar cells). Electron microscopy, however, revealed differences in lectin-ferritin binding to the plasmalemma of acinar, centroacinar, and endocrine cells. Whereas acinar cells bound heavily all lectin conjugates, endocrine and centroacinar cells were densely labeled only by ConA, LCL, WGA, and RCA I, and possessed few receptors for LTL, UEL, and SBA. Endocrine and centroacinar cells could be differentiated from each other by using RCA II, which binds to centroacinar cells but not to endocrine cells. Some RCA II receptors appeared to be glycolipids because they were extracted by ethanol and chloroform-methanol in contrast to WGA receptors which resisted solvent treatment but were partly removed by papain digestion. RCA I receptors were affected by neither treatment. The apparent absence of receptors for SBA on endocrine and centroacinar cells, and for RCA II on endocrine cells, was reversed by neuraminidase digestion, which suggested masking of lectin receptors by sialic acid. The absence of LTL and UEL receptors on endocrine and centroacinar cells was not reversed by neuraminidase. We suggest that the differential lectin-binding patterns observed on acinar, centroacinar, and endocrine cells from the adult pancreas surface-carbohydrate-developmental programs expressed during morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of the gland.", "PMID": 422654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11629", "title": "The surface epithelium of teleostean fish gills. Cellular and junctional adaptations of the chloride cell in relation to salt adaptation.", "content": "Various species of teleostean fishes were adapted to fresh or salt water and their gill surface epithelium was examined using several techniques of electron microscopy. In both fresh and salt water the branchial epithelium is mostly covered by flat respiratory cells. They are characterized by unusual outer membrane fracture faces containing intramembranous particles and pits in various stages of ordered aggregation. Freeze fracture studies showed that the tight junctions between respiratory cells are made of several interconnecting strands, probably representing high resistance junctions. The organization of intramembranous elements and the morphological characteristics of the junctions do not vary in relation to the external salinity. Towards the base of the secondary gill lamellae, the layer of respiratory cells is interrupted by mitochondria-rich cells (\"chloride cells\"), also linked to respiratory cells by multistranded junctions. There is a fundamental reorganization of the chloride cells associated with salt water adaptation. In salt water young adjacent chloride cells send interdigitations into preexisting chloride cells. The apex of the seawater chloride cell is therefore part of a mosaic of sister cells linked to surrounding respiratory cells by multistranded junctions. The chloride cells are linked to each other by shallow junctions made of only one strand and permeable to lanthanum. It is therefore suggested that salt water adaptation triggers a cellular reorganization of the epithelium in such a way that leaky junctions (a low resistance pathway) appear at the apex of the chloride cells. Chloride cells are characterized by an extensive tubular reticulum which is an extension of the basolateral plasma membrane. It is made of repeating units and is the site of numerous ion pumps. The presence of shallow junctions in sea water-adapted fish makes it possible for the reticulum to contact the external milieu. In contrast in the freshwater-adapted fish the chloride cell's tubular reticulum is separated by deep apical junctions from the external environment. Based on these observations we discuss how solutes could transfer across the epithelium.", "contents": "The surface epithelium of teleostean fish gills. Cellular and junctional adaptations of the chloride cell in relation to salt adaptation. Various species of teleostean fishes were adapted to fresh or salt water and their gill surface epithelium was examined using several techniques of electron microscopy. In both fresh and salt water the branchial epithelium is mostly covered by flat respiratory cells. They are characterized by unusual outer membrane fracture faces containing intramembranous particles and pits in various stages of ordered aggregation. Freeze fracture studies showed that the tight junctions between respiratory cells are made of several interconnecting strands, probably representing high resistance junctions. The organization of intramembranous elements and the morphological characteristics of the junctions do not vary in relation to the external salinity. Towards the base of the secondary gill lamellae, the layer of respiratory cells is interrupted by mitochondria-rich cells (\"chloride cells\"), also linked to respiratory cells by multistranded junctions. There is a fundamental reorganization of the chloride cells associated with salt water adaptation. In salt water young adjacent chloride cells send interdigitations into preexisting chloride cells. The apex of the seawater chloride cell is therefore part of a mosaic of sister cells linked to surrounding respiratory cells by multistranded junctions. The chloride cells are linked to each other by shallow junctions made of only one strand and permeable to lanthanum. It is therefore suggested that salt water adaptation triggers a cellular reorganization of the epithelium in such a way that leaky junctions (a low resistance pathway) appear at the apex of the chloride cells. Chloride cells are characterized by an extensive tubular reticulum which is an extension of the basolateral plasma membrane. It is made of repeating units and is the site of numerous ion pumps. The presence of shallow junctions in sea water-adapted fish makes it possible for the reticulum to contact the external milieu. In contrast in the freshwater-adapted fish the chloride cell's tubular reticulum is separated by deep apical junctions from the external environment. Based on these observations we discuss how solutes could transfer across the epithelium.", "PMID": 422655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11630", "title": "Dexamethasone induces irreversible G1 arrest and death of a human lymphoid cell line.", "content": "Growth of a human leukemic T-cell line (CEM C7) in 10(-6) M dexamethasone results in inhibition of growth and rapid loss of cell viability after a delay of approximately 18 to 24 hours. Analysis of dexamethasone-treated cells by flow-microfluorometry showed that they were arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Loss of cell viability began at the same time as G1 accumulation was first detectable, and 20% of all cells were found to be blocked in G1 at this time suggesting that loss of viability and G1 arrest were coincident events. Half-maximal and maximal effects on both viability and G1 arrest after 48 hours in steroid were nearly identical with respect to steroid concentration and corresponded to half-maximal and full occupancy of glucocorticoid specific receptor by hormone, consistent with a glucocorticoid receptor mediated mechanism for both phenomena. Most non-viable cells were arrested in G1, and accumulation of cells in G1 was irreversible; removal of steroid in the presence of colcemid did not result in a decreased fraction of G1 cells. Furthermore, dexamethasone treatment did not protect cells against the effects of 33258 Hoechst-amplified killing of bromodeoxyuridine substituted cells exposed to light. These results show that dexamethasone arrests these leukemic cells in G1 and strongly suggest that dexamethasone-treated cells are killed upon entry into G1.", "contents": "Dexamethasone induces irreversible G1 arrest and death of a human lymphoid cell line. Growth of a human leukemic T-cell line (CEM C7) in 10(-6) M dexamethasone results in inhibition of growth and rapid loss of cell viability after a delay of approximately 18 to 24 hours. Analysis of dexamethasone-treated cells by flow-microfluorometry showed that they were arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Loss of cell viability began at the same time as G1 accumulation was first detectable, and 20% of all cells were found to be blocked in G1 at this time suggesting that loss of viability and G1 arrest were coincident events. Half-maximal and maximal effects on both viability and G1 arrest after 48 hours in steroid were nearly identical with respect to steroid concentration and corresponded to half-maximal and full occupancy of glucocorticoid specific receptor by hormone, consistent with a glucocorticoid receptor mediated mechanism for both phenomena. Most non-viable cells were arrested in G1, and accumulation of cells in G1 was irreversible; removal of steroid in the presence of colcemid did not result in a decreased fraction of G1 cells. Furthermore, dexamethasone treatment did not protect cells against the effects of 33258 Hoechst-amplified killing of bromodeoxyuridine substituted cells exposed to light. These results show that dexamethasone arrests these leukemic cells in G1 and strongly suggest that dexamethasone-treated cells are killed upon entry into G1.", "PMID": 422656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11631", "title": "A transient increase in amino acid transport modulated by insulin in differentiating muscle cells.", "content": "During synchronous differentiation of embryonic chick muscle cells in cultures, the Na-dependent uptake of an amino acid analog, alpha-amino isobutyric acid (AIB) undergoes in abrupt, transient increase. The increase in AIB uptake is concomitant with the rapid fusion of mononucleated myoblasts, and precedes the accumulation of muscle-specific proteins. Subsequently, Na-dependent AIB transport diminishes markedly during postfusional differentiation of myotubes. The rate of AIB uptake is increased by insulin both before and after myoblast fusion. This stimulation by insulin is restricted to the Na-dependent component of total AIB uptake but is apparently not the result of insulin-mediated increase in the trans-membrane Na gradient.", "contents": "A transient increase in amino acid transport modulated by insulin in differentiating muscle cells. During synchronous differentiation of embryonic chick muscle cells in cultures, the Na-dependent uptake of an amino acid analog, alpha-amino isobutyric acid (AIB) undergoes in abrupt, transient increase. The increase in AIB uptake is concomitant with the rapid fusion of mononucleated myoblasts, and precedes the accumulation of muscle-specific proteins. Subsequently, Na-dependent AIB transport diminishes markedly during postfusional differentiation of myotubes. The rate of AIB uptake is increased by insulin both before and after myoblast fusion. This stimulation by insulin is restricted to the Na-dependent component of total AIB uptake but is apparently not the result of insulin-mediated increase in the trans-membrane Na gradient.", "PMID": 422657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11632", "title": "Frequency difference between nuclear and polysomal sequences of poly(A)-containing RNA from cultured AKR mouse embryo cells.", "content": "The involvement of post-transcriptional mechanisms in the determination of the frequency distribution of messenger RNA sequences has been studied in cloned mouse embryo cells in culture. Hybridization kinetic experiments between poly(A)-containing RNA and complementary DNA have been used to study the alterations in frequencies which occur in those nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA sequences which are conserved in cytoplasmic poly-ribosomes. Sequences adjacent to nuclear poly(A) tracts are present in a much narrower frequency distribution in the nucleus than in polysomes, with a large proportion of the nuclear sequences present in an average frequency of about one molecule per cell. Few nuclear sequences appear to be present in more than ten copies per cell. A minimum of 70% of these sequences are also found in poly-ribosomal RNA but in greatly altered frequencies. Abundant sequences which comprise a major fraction of the poly(A)-containing polyribosomal RNA are derived from a small fraction of the nuclear poly(A)-adjacent RNA sequences. Very few nuclear poly(A)-adjacent sequences are present in a frequency characteristic of high abundance polysomal sequences. Conversely, poly(A)-containing polyribosomal RNA appears to contain few sequences which are present in as low a frequency as the majority of nuclear poly(A)-adjacent sequences. These observations suggest that post-transcriptional mechanisms play a major role in determining the steady-state frequency of polyribosome-associated messenger RNAs.", "contents": "Frequency difference between nuclear and polysomal sequences of poly(A)-containing RNA from cultured AKR mouse embryo cells. The involvement of post-transcriptional mechanisms in the determination of the frequency distribution of messenger RNA sequences has been studied in cloned mouse embryo cells in culture. Hybridization kinetic experiments between poly(A)-containing RNA and complementary DNA have been used to study the alterations in frequencies which occur in those nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA sequences which are conserved in cytoplasmic poly-ribosomes. Sequences adjacent to nuclear poly(A) tracts are present in a much narrower frequency distribution in the nucleus than in polysomes, with a large proportion of the nuclear sequences present in an average frequency of about one molecule per cell. Few nuclear sequences appear to be present in more than ten copies per cell. A minimum of 70% of these sequences are also found in poly-ribosomal RNA but in greatly altered frequencies. Abundant sequences which comprise a major fraction of the poly(A)-containing polyribosomal RNA are derived from a small fraction of the nuclear poly(A)-adjacent RNA sequences. Very few nuclear poly(A)-adjacent sequences are present in a frequency characteristic of high abundance polysomal sequences. Conversely, poly(A)-containing polyribosomal RNA appears to contain few sequences which are present in as low a frequency as the majority of nuclear poly(A)-adjacent sequences. These observations suggest that post-transcriptional mechanisms play a major role in determining the steady-state frequency of polyribosome-associated messenger RNAs.", "PMID": 422658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11633", "title": "The effect of amino acids on the temperature sensitive phenotype of the mammalian leucyl-tRNA synthetase mutant tsHl and its revertants.", "content": "The temperature sensitive leucyl-tRNA synthetase mutant tsHl and two revertants have been compared to the parental Chinese hamster ovary cells with respect to the effects of amino acid concentrations in the medium on growth. Elevating the leucine concentration 30- or 100-fold allowed tsHl to grow exponentially at 38.5 degrees C, normally the nonpermissive temperature. Partial revertants that had recovered some enzyme activity required smaller supplements for growth. Measurements of the leucine pools indicated that they respond directly to the extracellular leucine concentration and may mediate the effect. Use of combinations of amino acids confirmed that isoleucine has a similar though weaker effect on tsHl and identified an even weaker protection by valine. The triple combination of leucine, isoleucine and valine was a much more efficient medium supplement and three times normal concentrations of these amino acids supported growth of tsHl at 38.5 degrees C. It is postulated that they are acting at their respective aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to help stabilize a complex which also contains the mutant leucyl-tRNA synthetase. The pool size measurements also showed that the leucine pools of tsHl and a revertant increased 2-fold more in a response to increased temperature than those of WT. It is suggested that this is a regulatory response to low leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity and is important in determining growth phenotypes.", "contents": "The effect of amino acids on the temperature sensitive phenotype of the mammalian leucyl-tRNA synthetase mutant tsHl and its revertants. The temperature sensitive leucyl-tRNA synthetase mutant tsHl and two revertants have been compared to the parental Chinese hamster ovary cells with respect to the effects of amino acid concentrations in the medium on growth. Elevating the leucine concentration 30- or 100-fold allowed tsHl to grow exponentially at 38.5 degrees C, normally the nonpermissive temperature. Partial revertants that had recovered some enzyme activity required smaller supplements for growth. Measurements of the leucine pools indicated that they respond directly to the extracellular leucine concentration and may mediate the effect. Use of combinations of amino acids confirmed that isoleucine has a similar though weaker effect on tsHl and identified an even weaker protection by valine. The triple combination of leucine, isoleucine and valine was a much more efficient medium supplement and three times normal concentrations of these amino acids supported growth of tsHl at 38.5 degrees C. It is postulated that they are acting at their respective aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to help stabilize a complex which also contains the mutant leucyl-tRNA synthetase. The pool size measurements also showed that the leucine pools of tsHl and a revertant increased 2-fold more in a response to increased temperature than those of WT. It is suggested that this is a regulatory response to low leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity and is important in determining growth phenotypes.", "PMID": 422660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11634", "title": "Isolation and characterization of revertants of the mammalian temperature sensitive leucyl-tRNA synthetase mutant tsHl.", "content": "Nine spontaneous and seven ethyl methanesulfonate induced revertants of the Chinese hamster ovary cell line mutant (tsHl), which possesses a temperature sensitive leucyl-tRNA synthetase, were isolated and characterized with respect to growth rate, leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity and thermolability, intracellular leucine pool size, and rRNA content. Although most revertants had increased leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity, and of those tested, all but one had increased thermostability, each appears to be unique. One revertant may be an intergenic suppressor since it appears to contain an elevated level of tsHl-like synthetase. There was no evidence for any of the revertants having increased rRNA and tRNA contents, however, many showed leucine pools two to three times larger than wild type cells. Since similar increases have been observed in tsHl cells they are believed to result from regulation of leucine pool size by the leucyl-tRNA synthetase and are of a magnitude sufficient to affect significantly the growth of revertants at 38.5 degrees C.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of revertants of the mammalian temperature sensitive leucyl-tRNA synthetase mutant tsHl. Nine spontaneous and seven ethyl methanesulfonate induced revertants of the Chinese hamster ovary cell line mutant (tsHl), which possesses a temperature sensitive leucyl-tRNA synthetase, were isolated and characterized with respect to growth rate, leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity and thermolability, intracellular leucine pool size, and rRNA content. Although most revertants had increased leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity, and of those tested, all but one had increased thermostability, each appears to be unique. One revertant may be an intergenic suppressor since it appears to contain an elevated level of tsHl-like synthetase. There was no evidence for any of the revertants having increased rRNA and tRNA contents, however, many showed leucine pools two to three times larger than wild type cells. Since similar increases have been observed in tsHl cells they are believed to result from regulation of leucine pool size by the leucyl-tRNA synthetase and are of a magnitude sufficient to affect significantly the growth of revertants at 38.5 degrees C.", "PMID": 422661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11635", "title": "Growth kinetics and collagen synthesis of normal skin, normal scar and keloid fibroblasts in vitro.", "content": "Fibroblasts were isolated from keloid, normal skin, and normal scar and maintained in tissue culture for four passages. Growth kinetics were the same for all groups on days 2 through 12. However, the rate of collagen synthesis per fibroblast was greater in keloid derived cells than any controls at all growth phases. Keloid fibroblasts have an autonomous capacity to synthesize collagen at a significantly increased level in vitro, which may explain in part why these lesions are characterized by increased collagen deposition.", "contents": "Growth kinetics and collagen synthesis of normal skin, normal scar and keloid fibroblasts in vitro. Fibroblasts were isolated from keloid, normal skin, and normal scar and maintained in tissue culture for four passages. Growth kinetics were the same for all groups on days 2 through 12. However, the rate of collagen synthesis per fibroblast was greater in keloid derived cells than any controls at all growth phases. Keloid fibroblasts have an autonomous capacity to synthesize collagen at a significantly increased level in vitro, which may explain in part why these lesions are characterized by increased collagen deposition.", "PMID": 422662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11636", "title": "The nature of cells generating human myeloma colonies in vitro.", "content": "Freshly explanted human myeloma cells formed colonies of monoclonal plasma cells in soft agar in the presence of medium conditioned by the adherent spleen cells of mineral oil-primed BALB/c mice. The medium showed peak activity at a dilution of 1:4. 2-mercaptoethanol or monothioglycerol was necessary for colony formation. Other thiols tested were ineffective in promoting colony growth. Colony-forming cells adhered to nylon wool, but not glass beads or plastic dishes. The presence of E-rosetting cells was not required for myeloma colony formation. Antibody prepared against a human myeloma cell line, RPMI 8226, reduced colony formation. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of this bioassay for determining functional properties of the myeloma colony-forming cell.", "contents": "The nature of cells generating human myeloma colonies in vitro. Freshly explanted human myeloma cells formed colonies of monoclonal plasma cells in soft agar in the presence of medium conditioned by the adherent spleen cells of mineral oil-primed BALB/c mice. The medium showed peak activity at a dilution of 1:4. 2-mercaptoethanol or monothioglycerol was necessary for colony formation. Other thiols tested were ineffective in promoting colony growth. Colony-forming cells adhered to nylon wool, but not glass beads or plastic dishes. The presence of E-rosetting cells was not required for myeloma colony formation. Antibody prepared against a human myeloma cell line, RPMI 8226, reduced colony formation. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of this bioassay for determining functional properties of the myeloma colony-forming cell.", "PMID": 422663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11637", "title": "Electrophysiological properties of human oviduct smooth muscle cells in dissociated cell culture.", "content": "Intracellular recordings were made from human oviduct smooth muscle maintained in cell culture. Solitary cells isolated from one another and cells in contact with one another retained electrical properties of smooth muscle in vivo. Membrane potential of solitary cells and connected cells was -35 mV. Connected cells formed electrotonic junctions which transmitted current from one cell to another. This current spread was responsible for differences in input resistance and time constant in solitary cells, 66 Momega and 96 msec, compared to connected cells, 26 Momega and 56 msec. All cells expressed delayed rectification to depolarizing current pulses. Some cells generated action potentials spontaneously or in response to intracellular current pulses. Action potentials were abolished by cobalt or by EGTA. Slow wave potentials, 5 . 20 mV in amplitude, occurred continuously once every 15 to 45 seconds in connected cells.", "contents": "Electrophysiological properties of human oviduct smooth muscle cells in dissociated cell culture. Intracellular recordings were made from human oviduct smooth muscle maintained in cell culture. Solitary cells isolated from one another and cells in contact with one another retained electrical properties of smooth muscle in vivo. Membrane potential of solitary cells and connected cells was -35 mV. Connected cells formed electrotonic junctions which transmitted current from one cell to another. This current spread was responsible for differences in input resistance and time constant in solitary cells, 66 Momega and 96 msec, compared to connected cells, 26 Momega and 56 msec. All cells expressed delayed rectification to depolarizing current pulses. Some cells generated action potentials spontaneously or in response to intracellular current pulses. Action potentials were abolished by cobalt or by EGTA. Slow wave potentials, 5 . 20 mV in amplitude, occurred continuously once every 15 to 45 seconds in connected cells.", "PMID": 422664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11638", "title": "Selective changes in tRNA methyltransferase activity in confluent monolayers of WI-38 cells stimulated to proliferate.", "content": "In quiescent confluent monolayers of WI-38 cells, the specific activity of the tRNA methyltransferases falls to 20% of the level found in log phase cells. When the resting cells are stimulated to proliferate by a change to fresh medium, the enzyme show a rapid rise in specific activity which correlates with early increases in the rate of tRNA synthesis. The specific activity of the enzymes continues to rise throughout the period of DNA synthesis, at the end of which it is somewhat higher than that of log phase cells. The increases in enzyme activity could be blocked by exposure of the stimulated cells to Actinomycin D (2 microgram/ml). The increases in activity were not equivalent for the different base-specific enzymes. The contribution of the N2-methylguanine specific enzyme remained relatively constant, while that of the N2,N2-dimethyl-guanine specific and 1-methyladenine specific enzymes doubled and tripled, respectively, by late S phase. The contributions of the 1-methylguanine and the 7-methylguanine specific enzymes fell to a few percent of the total by late S phase. This indicates non-coordinate variations in the expression of the different base-specific enzymes after stimulation of resting cells and may be related to altered isoaccepting tRNA profiles observed in resting and growing cells.", "contents": "Selective changes in tRNA methyltransferase activity in confluent monolayers of WI-38 cells stimulated to proliferate. In quiescent confluent monolayers of WI-38 cells, the specific activity of the tRNA methyltransferases falls to 20% of the level found in log phase cells. When the resting cells are stimulated to proliferate by a change to fresh medium, the enzyme show a rapid rise in specific activity which correlates with early increases in the rate of tRNA synthesis. The specific activity of the enzymes continues to rise throughout the period of DNA synthesis, at the end of which it is somewhat higher than that of log phase cells. The increases in enzyme activity could be blocked by exposure of the stimulated cells to Actinomycin D (2 microgram/ml). The increases in activity were not equivalent for the different base-specific enzymes. The contribution of the N2-methylguanine specific enzyme remained relatively constant, while that of the N2,N2-dimethyl-guanine specific and 1-methyladenine specific enzymes doubled and tripled, respectively, by late S phase. The contributions of the 1-methylguanine and the 7-methylguanine specific enzymes fell to a few percent of the total by late S phase. This indicates non-coordinate variations in the expression of the different base-specific enzymes after stimulation of resting cells and may be related to altered isoaccepting tRNA profiles observed in resting and growing cells.", "PMID": 422665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11639", "title": "Colony formation in agar by multipotential hemopoietic cells.", "content": "Agar cultures of CBA fetal liver, peripheral blood, yolk sac and adult marrow cells were stimulated by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen conditioned medium. Two to ten percent of the colonies developing were mixed colonies, documented by light or electron microscopy to contain erythroid, neutrophil, macrophage, eosinophil and megakaryocytic cells. No lymphoid cells were detected. Mean size for 7-day mixed colonies was 1,800-7,300 cells. When 7-day mixed colonies were recloned in agar, low levels of colony-forming cells were detected in 10% of the colonies but most daughter colonies formed were small neutrophil and/or macrophage colonies. Injection of pooled 7-day mixed colony cells to irradiated CBA mice produced low numbers of spleen colonies, mainly erythroid in composition. Karyotypic analysis using the T6T6 marker chromosome showed that some of these colonies were of donor origin. With an assumed f factor of 0.2, the mean content of spleen colony-forming cells per 7-day mixed colony was calculated to vary from 0.09 to 0.76 according to the type of mixed colony assayed. The fetal and adult multipotential hemopoietic cells forming mixed colonies in agar may be hemopoietic stem cells perhaps of a special or fetal type.", "contents": "Colony formation in agar by multipotential hemopoietic cells. Agar cultures of CBA fetal liver, peripheral blood, yolk sac and adult marrow cells were stimulated by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen conditioned medium. Two to ten percent of the colonies developing were mixed colonies, documented by light or electron microscopy to contain erythroid, neutrophil, macrophage, eosinophil and megakaryocytic cells. No lymphoid cells were detected. Mean size for 7-day mixed colonies was 1,800-7,300 cells. When 7-day mixed colonies were recloned in agar, low levels of colony-forming cells were detected in 10% of the colonies but most daughter colonies formed were small neutrophil and/or macrophage colonies. Injection of pooled 7-day mixed colony cells to irradiated CBA mice produced low numbers of spleen colonies, mainly erythroid in composition. Karyotypic analysis using the T6T6 marker chromosome showed that some of these colonies were of donor origin. With an assumed f factor of 0.2, the mean content of spleen colony-forming cells per 7-day mixed colony was calculated to vary from 0.09 to 0.76 according to the type of mixed colony assayed. The fetal and adult multipotential hemopoietic cells forming mixed colonies in agar may be hemopoietic stem cells perhaps of a special or fetal type.", "PMID": 422666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11640", "title": "The requirement of DNA synthesis for the induction of alkaline phosphatase by bromodeoxyuridine in a derivative of the HeLa cell line.", "content": "Non-lethal concentrations of bromodeoxyuridine induce a 2- to 5-fold increase in the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase in a HeLa subclone, S3G. Experiments employing 10-hour pulses of BRdU showed that 48 hours were required before induction commenced, and that maximal induction was attained by 96 hours. Under conditions in which DNA synthesis was prevented with hydroxyurea induction did not occur. Upon removal of hydroxyurea both DNA synthesis and induction were rapidly reestablished. Furthermore, experiments employing radiolabelled BRdU demonstrated that the kinetics of the induction process paralleled the incorporation of the analogue into cellular DNA. These results indicate that DNA synthesis, or some process intimately linked to DNA synthesis, is required for the induction of alkaline phosphatase, and suggest that the mode of the induction may be through the incorporation of the analogue into cellular DNA.", "contents": "The requirement of DNA synthesis for the induction of alkaline phosphatase by bromodeoxyuridine in a derivative of the HeLa cell line. Non-lethal concentrations of bromodeoxyuridine induce a 2- to 5-fold increase in the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase in a HeLa subclone, S3G. Experiments employing 10-hour pulses of BRdU showed that 48 hours were required before induction commenced, and that maximal induction was attained by 96 hours. Under conditions in which DNA synthesis was prevented with hydroxyurea induction did not occur. Upon removal of hydroxyurea both DNA synthesis and induction were rapidly reestablished. Furthermore, experiments employing radiolabelled BRdU demonstrated that the kinetics of the induction process paralleled the incorporation of the analogue into cellular DNA. These results indicate that DNA synthesis, or some process intimately linked to DNA synthesis, is required for the induction of alkaline phosphatase, and suggest that the mode of the induction may be through the incorporation of the analogue into cellular DNA.", "PMID": 422667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11641", "title": "Superoxide dismutase specific activities in cultured human diploid cells of various donor ages.", "content": "It has been postulated that superoxide dismutase (SOD) protects cells from free radical-induced damage. In these experiments SOD specific activity was measured as established human diploid cell lines from various donor ages progressed through their in vitro lifespan. Significant elevations in activity occurred during the in vitro lifespans of cells from fetal and newborn donors, but no change in activity was detected during the lifespan of cells from an adult donor. In addition, a direct relationship between enzyme activity and donor age was detected with the following relative activities: adult greater than newborn greater than fetal. The possible relationship between these findings and the free radical theory of aging is discussed.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase specific activities in cultured human diploid cells of various donor ages. It has been postulated that superoxide dismutase (SOD) protects cells from free radical-induced damage. In these experiments SOD specific activity was measured as established human diploid cell lines from various donor ages progressed through their in vitro lifespan. Significant elevations in activity occurred during the in vitro lifespans of cells from fetal and newborn donors, but no change in activity was detected during the lifespan of cells from an adult donor. In addition, a direct relationship between enzyme activity and donor age was detected with the following relative activities: adult greater than newborn greater than fetal. The possible relationship between these findings and the free radical theory of aging is discussed.", "PMID": 422668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11642", "title": "Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in hydra. VI. Cellular composition of chimera hydra.", "content": "The homeostatic mechanisms that maintain constant cellular ratios in hydra tissue were studied using mutant and chimeric hydra strains. Mutants having abnormal cellular compositions are isolated through sexual inbreeding of wild hydra, as described in previous papers of this series. Chimeric hydra are produced by making use of a strain (nf-I) which lacks interstitial cells, nerve cells and nematocytes in its tissue. Reintroduction of interstitial cells from other strains (both normal and mutant) into nf-I leads to creation of chimeric strains having epithelial cell lineages from one strain (nf-I) and interstitial cell lineages from others. Analyses and comparisons of the cellular compositions of all these strains revealed that the numbers of nerve or interstitial cells in the chimeras were very similar to (statistically significantly correlated with) those in their interstitial cell donors. Since chimeras and their interstitial cell donors share the same interstitial cell lineages, this suggests that interstitial cells or their derivatives (nerves and nematocytes) play major roles in determining the nerve and interstitial cell levels in the hydra tissue. It is suggested that some form of homeostatic feedback mechanisms are probably involved in regulating the levels of these cell types.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in hydra. VI. Cellular composition of chimera hydra. The homeostatic mechanisms that maintain constant cellular ratios in hydra tissue were studied using mutant and chimeric hydra strains. Mutants having abnormal cellular compositions are isolated through sexual inbreeding of wild hydra, as described in previous papers of this series. Chimeric hydra are produced by making use of a strain (nf-I) which lacks interstitial cells, nerve cells and nematocytes in its tissue. Reintroduction of interstitial cells from other strains (both normal and mutant) into nf-I leads to creation of chimeric strains having epithelial cell lineages from one strain (nf-I) and interstitial cell lineages from others. Analyses and comparisons of the cellular compositions of all these strains revealed that the numbers of nerve or interstitial cells in the chimeras were very similar to (statistically significantly correlated with) those in their interstitial cell donors. Since chimeras and their interstitial cell donors share the same interstitial cell lineages, this suggests that interstitial cells or their derivatives (nerves and nematocytes) play major roles in determining the nerve and interstitial cell levels in the hydra tissue. It is suggested that some form of homeostatic feedback mechanisms are probably involved in regulating the levels of these cell types.", "PMID": 422669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11643", "title": "Electrical control of flagellar activity in impaled bull spermatozoa.", "content": "The control of bull spermatozoon flagellar activity has been investigated using direct current injection into the cells through an impaling glass microelectrode. Negative current injection results in a decrease in the flagellar frequency. Flagellar frequencies can be decreased to zero with high negative currents. This current injection response is dependent on the magnesium concentration available to the spermatozoon interior. The current injection response is nearly independent of ATP concentrations. Resistance measurements indicate that the current injection pathway has a resistance of about 200 +/- 300 k omega, and that the current flowing through the cell membrane is not exceedingly large. Measurements of the induced potentials indicate transmembrane potentials during current injection of about -35 +/- 30 mV per microA of injected current. The results are compatible with an active transport process in bull spermatozoa that controls the flagellar activity in response to current injection by decreasing the internal Mg2+ concentrations during the injection of current.", "contents": "Electrical control of flagellar activity in impaled bull spermatozoa. The control of bull spermatozoon flagellar activity has been investigated using direct current injection into the cells through an impaling glass microelectrode. Negative current injection results in a decrease in the flagellar frequency. Flagellar frequencies can be decreased to zero with high negative currents. This current injection response is dependent on the magnesium concentration available to the spermatozoon interior. The current injection response is nearly independent of ATP concentrations. Resistance measurements indicate that the current injection pathway has a resistance of about 200 +/- 300 k omega, and that the current flowing through the cell membrane is not exceedingly large. Measurements of the induced potentials indicate transmembrane potentials during current injection of about -35 +/- 30 mV per microA of injected current. The results are compatible with an active transport process in bull spermatozoa that controls the flagellar activity in response to current injection by decreasing the internal Mg2+ concentrations during the injection of current.", "PMID": 422670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11644", "title": "Induction of autogamy by treatment with trypsin in Paramecium caudatum.", "content": "Firmly united conjugant pairs of P. caudatum were easily separated by treatment with trypsin, 0.025--1.0 mg/ml in 2 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.2. Cytological observations showed that pairs separated by this means undergo normal meiosis and subsequent prezygotic divisions. Microspectrophotometric comparisons of G1 micronuclei in the parent with those in clones derived from prematurely separated conjugants indicate usually the same DNA content in both. The stock dm -13, heterozygous for mating type gene loci, showed the definite ratio of segregation to 2 mating types in clones derived from prematurely separated conjugants. Those results suggest that the prematurely separated cells usually undergo autogamy.", "contents": "Induction of autogamy by treatment with trypsin in Paramecium caudatum. Firmly united conjugant pairs of P. caudatum were easily separated by treatment with trypsin, 0.025--1.0 mg/ml in 2 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.2. Cytological observations showed that pairs separated by this means undergo normal meiosis and subsequent prezygotic divisions. Microspectrophotometric comparisons of G1 micronuclei in the parent with those in clones derived from prematurely separated conjugants indicate usually the same DNA content in both. The stock dm -13, heterozygous for mating type gene loci, showed the definite ratio of segregation to 2 mating types in clones derived from prematurely separated conjugants. Those results suggest that the prematurely separated cells usually undergo autogamy.", "PMID": 422671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11645", "title": "Dyskinetoplasty in two species of trypanosomatids.", "content": "Dyskinetoplastic cells from both Crithidia fasciculata and Trypanosoma equiperdum lack detectable kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) by conventional staining techniques. Two dyskinetoplastic strains of T. equiperdum, either acriflavine-induced or spontaneously occurring, show normal amounts of kDNA (p = 1.692 g/cm3) in analytical caesium chloride, ultracentrifugation. Electron and fluorescence microscopy of the dyskinetoplastic strains of T. equiperdum suggest that the kDNA network is fragmented and dispersed throughout the mitochondrion. The fragmentation and dispersion of the kDNA, rather than a reduction in the amount of kDNA, is the cause of the lack of kinetoplast staining in the dyskinetoplastic strains of T. equiperdum. Acriflavine-treated cultures of C. fasciculata show a decrease in the amount of kDNA (p = 1.703 g/cm3) corresponding to the percentage of dyskinetoplastic cells in the cultures. Electron and fluorescence microscopy of acriflavine-treated cultures of C. fasciculata show the loss of the kDNA network in cells which lack Giemsa and Feulgen staining, confirming the hypothesis that the kDNA is lost in dyskinetoplastic trypanosomatids from insects. Possible modes of acriflavine action are considered and a proposed mechanism for acriflavine action in trypanosomes from mammals is presented.", "contents": "Dyskinetoplasty in two species of trypanosomatids. Dyskinetoplastic cells from both Crithidia fasciculata and Trypanosoma equiperdum lack detectable kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) by conventional staining techniques. Two dyskinetoplastic strains of T. equiperdum, either acriflavine-induced or spontaneously occurring, show normal amounts of kDNA (p = 1.692 g/cm3) in analytical caesium chloride, ultracentrifugation. Electron and fluorescence microscopy of the dyskinetoplastic strains of T. equiperdum suggest that the kDNA network is fragmented and dispersed throughout the mitochondrion. The fragmentation and dispersion of the kDNA, rather than a reduction in the amount of kDNA, is the cause of the lack of kinetoplast staining in the dyskinetoplastic strains of T. equiperdum. Acriflavine-treated cultures of C. fasciculata show a decrease in the amount of kDNA (p = 1.703 g/cm3) corresponding to the percentage of dyskinetoplastic cells in the cultures. Electron and fluorescence microscopy of acriflavine-treated cultures of C. fasciculata show the loss of the kDNA network in cells which lack Giemsa and Feulgen staining, confirming the hypothesis that the kDNA is lost in dyskinetoplastic trypanosomatids from insects. Possible modes of acriflavine action are considered and a proposed mechanism for acriflavine action in trypanosomes from mammals is presented.", "PMID": 422672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11646", "title": "Plasma membrane vesiculation in 3T3 and SV3T3 cells. II. Factors affecting the process of vesiculation.", "content": "Plasma membrane vesicles are shed from monolayer cell cultures during incubation in low concentrations of formaldehyde and other sulphydryl blocking reagents. In both 3T3 and SV3T3 cells disulphide reducing agents, including dithiothreitol and mercaptoethanol, potentiate formaldehyde-induced vesiculation. Plasma membrane vesiculation is shown to be a temperature-dependent phenomenon which occurs optimally between 22 and 37 degrees C and at pH 7.0 to 7.5. Membrane shedding is an energy-dependent phenomenon, requiring monovalent and divalent cations and slightly hypertonic medium. Plasma membrane vesiculation is not affected by pretreatment of cells with inhibitors of protein synthesis, i.e. cycloheximide, nor by agents which disrupt the cytoskeleton.", "contents": "Plasma membrane vesiculation in 3T3 and SV3T3 cells. II. Factors affecting the process of vesiculation. Plasma membrane vesicles are shed from monolayer cell cultures during incubation in low concentrations of formaldehyde and other sulphydryl blocking reagents. In both 3T3 and SV3T3 cells disulphide reducing agents, including dithiothreitol and mercaptoethanol, potentiate formaldehyde-induced vesiculation. Plasma membrane vesiculation is shown to be a temperature-dependent phenomenon which occurs optimally between 22 and 37 degrees C and at pH 7.0 to 7.5. Membrane shedding is an energy-dependent phenomenon, requiring monovalent and divalent cations and slightly hypertonic medium. Plasma membrane vesiculation is not affected by pretreatment of cells with inhibitors of protein synthesis, i.e. cycloheximide, nor by agents which disrupt the cytoskeleton.", "PMID": 422673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11647", "title": "The route of entry of cytoplasmically synthesized proteins into chloroplasts of algae possessing chloroplast ER.", "content": "In 8 classes of algae, namely the Cryptophyceae, Raphidophyceae, Haptophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae and Phaeophyceae, the chloroplasts, in addition to being surrounded by a double-membraned chloroplast envelope, are also enclosed by a cisterna of endoplasmic reticulum called the chloroplast ER. Often this ER cisterna is continuous with the outher membrane of the nuclear envelope in such a manner that the nuclear envelope forms a part of the ER sac enclosing the chloroplast. In all these classes of algae except the Cryptophyceae, a regular network of tubules and vesicles, named the periplastidal reticulum, is present at a specific location between the chloroplast envelope and the chloroplast ER. In the Cryptophyceae, scattered vesicles are found between the chloroplast envelope and the chloroplast ER. Ribosomes which have been shown to be arranged to polysomes are found on the outer membrane of the chloroplast ER. It is proposed that nuclear-coded proteins which are destined for the chloroplast are synthesized on these polysomes, passing during synthesis into the lumen of the ER cisterna. Vesicles containing these proteins then pinch off the chloroplast ER and form the periplastidal reticulum. Vesicles containing these proteins then pinch off the chloroplast ER and form the periplastidal reticulum. Vesicles then fuse with the outer membrane of the chloroplast envelope thereby delivering their contents to the lumen of the chloroplast envelope. Proteins then cross the inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope in an as yet unknown manner. Experimental evidence for this hypothesis comes from studies on Ochromonas danica using chloramphenicol and spectinomycin, which inhibit protein synthesis on plastid ribosomes, and cycloheximide, which inhibits protein synthesis on cytoplasmic ribosomes. In cells of Ochromonas exposed to chloramphenicol or spectinomycin, the periplastidal reticulum proliferates markedly becoming several layers thick. Presumably this build up of periplastidal reticulum occurs because the transport of cytoplasmically synthesized plastid proteins is slowed down when protein synthesis in the chloroplast is inhibited. Conversely, when cells of Ochromonas are treated with cycloheximide, there is a reduction in the amount of periplastidal reticulum presumably because there are no cytoplasmically synthesized proteins to be transported into the chloroplast.", "contents": "The route of entry of cytoplasmically synthesized proteins into chloroplasts of algae possessing chloroplast ER. In 8 classes of algae, namely the Cryptophyceae, Raphidophyceae, Haptophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae and Phaeophyceae, the chloroplasts, in addition to being surrounded by a double-membraned chloroplast envelope, are also enclosed by a cisterna of endoplasmic reticulum called the chloroplast ER. Often this ER cisterna is continuous with the outher membrane of the nuclear envelope in such a manner that the nuclear envelope forms a part of the ER sac enclosing the chloroplast. In all these classes of algae except the Cryptophyceae, a regular network of tubules and vesicles, named the periplastidal reticulum, is present at a specific location between the chloroplast envelope and the chloroplast ER. In the Cryptophyceae, scattered vesicles are found between the chloroplast envelope and the chloroplast ER. Ribosomes which have been shown to be arranged to polysomes are found on the outer membrane of the chloroplast ER. It is proposed that nuclear-coded proteins which are destined for the chloroplast are synthesized on these polysomes, passing during synthesis into the lumen of the ER cisterna. Vesicles containing these proteins then pinch off the chloroplast ER and form the periplastidal reticulum. Vesicles containing these proteins then pinch off the chloroplast ER and form the periplastidal reticulum. Vesicles then fuse with the outer membrane of the chloroplast envelope thereby delivering their contents to the lumen of the chloroplast envelope. Proteins then cross the inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope in an as yet unknown manner. Experimental evidence for this hypothesis comes from studies on Ochromonas danica using chloramphenicol and spectinomycin, which inhibit protein synthesis on plastid ribosomes, and cycloheximide, which inhibits protein synthesis on cytoplasmic ribosomes. In cells of Ochromonas exposed to chloramphenicol or spectinomycin, the periplastidal reticulum proliferates markedly becoming several layers thick. Presumably this build up of periplastidal reticulum occurs because the transport of cytoplasmically synthesized plastid proteins is slowed down when protein synthesis in the chloroplast is inhibited. Conversely, when cells of Ochromonas are treated with cycloheximide, there is a reduction in the amount of periplastidal reticulum presumably because there are no cytoplasmically synthesized proteins to be transported into the chloroplast.", "PMID": 422674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11648", "title": "Post-fusion somatic incompatibility in plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "High-resolution autoradiography has been used to establish that during the incompatibility reaction that follows fusion between plasmodia of a 'killer' and a 'sensitive' strain of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum, the nuclei of the sensitive strain are selectively damaged, enclosed in vacuoles and eliminated from the cytoplasm. This damage is visible as increased chromatin condensation and nucleolar segregation. Nuclear envelopes of both strains show blebbing, and there is an increase in the size and frequency of cytoplasmic vesicles of endoplasmic reticulum. Multiple nuclear fusions are seen between all combinations of genetically like and unlike types of nuclei throughout the course of the incompatibility reaction. After the reaction, mean nuclear diameters increase over 2-3 days to give nuclei an order of magnitude greater in volume than the controls; the population size range returns to normal in 4-5 days. Fusions between incompatible plasmodia carried out when the killer strain is at or very near to mitosis do not produce an immediate incompatibility reaction, but give plasmodia that are neutral and act as neither killers nor sensitives; these heterokaryons convert to killer phenotypes after a few days.", "contents": "Post-fusion somatic incompatibility in plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum. High-resolution autoradiography has been used to establish that during the incompatibility reaction that follows fusion between plasmodia of a 'killer' and a 'sensitive' strain of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum, the nuclei of the sensitive strain are selectively damaged, enclosed in vacuoles and eliminated from the cytoplasm. This damage is visible as increased chromatin condensation and nucleolar segregation. Nuclear envelopes of both strains show blebbing, and there is an increase in the size and frequency of cytoplasmic vesicles of endoplasmic reticulum. Multiple nuclear fusions are seen between all combinations of genetically like and unlike types of nuclei throughout the course of the incompatibility reaction. After the reaction, mean nuclear diameters increase over 2-3 days to give nuclei an order of magnitude greater in volume than the controls; the population size range returns to normal in 4-5 days. Fusions between incompatible plasmodia carried out when the killer strain is at or very near to mitosis do not produce an immediate incompatibility reaction, but give plasmodia that are neutral and act as neither killers nor sensitives; these heterokaryons convert to killer phenotypes after a few days.", "PMID": 422675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11649", "title": "Growth of human diploid cells (strain MRC-5) in defined medium; replacement of serum by a fraction of serum ultrafiltrate.", "content": "A calf serum ultrafiltrate fraction permitted growth for at least 3.5 generations, including one subculture, of MRC-5 cells in defined medium in the absence of whole serum. The active material has a molecular weight of 10 000 Daltons or less. This suggests that there may be no requirement for a large macromolecular component of serum. The ultrafiltrate was assayed by maximum cell yield from a serum-limited inoculum in a defined medium containing non-limiting amounts of vitamins, amino acids, glucose, a 68-component supplement, iron and methylcellulose. The levels of vitamins, amino acids and glucose were based on quantitative measurements of uptake and the levels of the other components by minimum amount required for maximum yield in defined medium without ultrafiltrate or serum. With excess ultrafiltrate maximum cell yield was limited by the defined part of the medium, probably the supplement. The cell doubling time in defined medium with ultrafiltrate fractions was 70 h compared with 27 h in the medium with serum. Excess ultrafiltrate did not inhibit growth. The lowered growth rate is attributed to a nutritional deficiency in the supplement.", "contents": "Growth of human diploid cells (strain MRC-5) in defined medium; replacement of serum by a fraction of serum ultrafiltrate. A calf serum ultrafiltrate fraction permitted growth for at least 3.5 generations, including one subculture, of MRC-5 cells in defined medium in the absence of whole serum. The active material has a molecular weight of 10 000 Daltons or less. This suggests that there may be no requirement for a large macromolecular component of serum. The ultrafiltrate was assayed by maximum cell yield from a serum-limited inoculum in a defined medium containing non-limiting amounts of vitamins, amino acids, glucose, a 68-component supplement, iron and methylcellulose. The levels of vitamins, amino acids and glucose were based on quantitative measurements of uptake and the levels of the other components by minimum amount required for maximum yield in defined medium without ultrafiltrate or serum. With excess ultrafiltrate maximum cell yield was limited by the defined part of the medium, probably the supplement. The cell doubling time in defined medium with ultrafiltrate fractions was 70 h compared with 27 h in the medium with serum. Excess ultrafiltrate did not inhibit growth. The lowered growth rate is attributed to a nutritional deficiency in the supplement.", "PMID": 422676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11650", "title": "Degradation of tight junctions in HT29, a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line.", "content": "The process of tight junction degradation was followed in a cell line of human colon adenocarcinoma. Tight junctions are degraded by 2 mechanisms: (1) breakdown of junctional elements to intramembrane particles; (2) bleb formation by which tight-junctional elements are internalized into the cytoplasm or excluded into the medium. It is suggested that the first mechanism allows preservation of membrane particles for re-use, whereas the second is a mechanism by which the cells eliminate unneeded junctional elements.", "contents": "Degradation of tight junctions in HT29, a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. The process of tight junction degradation was followed in a cell line of human colon adenocarcinoma. Tight junctions are degraded by 2 mechanisms: (1) breakdown of junctional elements to intramembrane particles; (2) bleb formation by which tight-junctional elements are internalized into the cytoplasm or excluded into the medium. It is suggested that the first mechanism allows preservation of membrane particles for re-use, whereas the second is a mechanism by which the cells eliminate unneeded junctional elements.", "PMID": 422677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11651", "title": "Production and fate of erythroid cells in anaemic Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Adult Xenopus laevis, rendered anaemic by phenylhydrazine injection, have been studied during the recovery from such anaemia. Electron microscopy of liver and spleen sections indicates that both of these organs are active in the phagocytosis and destruction of the old damaged red blood cells. May-Grunwald and Giemsa staining of liver and spleen cells following anaemia has been used to show that erythropoiesis also occurs in both liver and spleen, and this has been confirmed by electron-microscope studies of these organs. Cell counting and radiolabelling of the new population of circulating erythroid cells in the period following phenylhydrazine injection suggests that a sudden release of basophilic erythroblasts from liver and spleen is followed by mitosis of this new cell population in circulation, and that no further release of erythroid cells from these organs is likely until complete recovery has occurred.", "contents": "Production and fate of erythroid cells in anaemic Xenopus laevis. Adult Xenopus laevis, rendered anaemic by phenylhydrazine injection, have been studied during the recovery from such anaemia. Electron microscopy of liver and spleen sections indicates that both of these organs are active in the phagocytosis and destruction of the old damaged red blood cells. May-Grunwald and Giemsa staining of liver and spleen cells following anaemia has been used to show that erythropoiesis also occurs in both liver and spleen, and this has been confirmed by electron-microscope studies of these organs. Cell counting and radiolabelling of the new population of circulating erythroid cells in the period following phenylhydrazine injection suggests that a sudden release of basophilic erythroblasts from liver and spleen is followed by mitosis of this new cell population in circulation, and that no further release of erythroid cells from these organs is likely until complete recovery has occurred.", "PMID": 422678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11652", "title": "Analysis of the significance of a periodic, cell size-controlled doubling in rates of macromolecular synthesis for the control of balanced exponential growth of fission yeast cells.", "content": "Mutant strains of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe are available which divide at smaller mean sizes than wild type. Earlier work by the present authors has shown that all these strains double their rates of polyadenylated messenger RNA synthesis as a step once in each cell cycle. The smaller the cell, the later in the cycle is the doubling in rate of synthesis. Strains of all sizes, however, double their synthetic rate when at the same threshold size. We show here that the differences in cell cycle stage of doubling in rate of polyadenylated messenger RNA synthesis are enough to explain the reduced mean steady state polyadenylated messenger RNA contents of the smaller strains. The cell size-related control over doubling in rate of synthesis is also shown to maintain the mean polyadenylated messenger RNA content as a constant proportion of cell mass, irrespective of cell size. This control thus allows cells to maintain balanced exponential growth, even when absolute growth rate per cell is altered by mutation. It is also shown that the concentration of polyadenylated messenger RNA itself could act as a monitor of the threshold size triggering the doubling in rate of synthesis in each cell cycle.", "contents": "Analysis of the significance of a periodic, cell size-controlled doubling in rates of macromolecular synthesis for the control of balanced exponential growth of fission yeast cells. Mutant strains of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe are available which divide at smaller mean sizes than wild type. Earlier work by the present authors has shown that all these strains double their rates of polyadenylated messenger RNA synthesis as a step once in each cell cycle. The smaller the cell, the later in the cycle is the doubling in rate of synthesis. Strains of all sizes, however, double their synthetic rate when at the same threshold size. We show here that the differences in cell cycle stage of doubling in rate of polyadenylated messenger RNA synthesis are enough to explain the reduced mean steady state polyadenylated messenger RNA contents of the smaller strains. The cell size-related control over doubling in rate of synthesis is also shown to maintain the mean polyadenylated messenger RNA content as a constant proportion of cell mass, irrespective of cell size. This control thus allows cells to maintain balanced exponential growth, even when absolute growth rate per cell is altered by mutation. It is also shown that the concentration of polyadenylated messenger RNA itself could act as a monitor of the threshold size triggering the doubling in rate of synthesis in each cell cycle.", "PMID": 422679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11653", "title": "Fractionation of human liver mitochondria: enzymic and morphological characterization of the inner and outer membranes as compared to rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The fractionation of human liver mitochondria into inner membrane, outer membrane and matrix material is reported. Compared with rat, human liver mitochondria are more fragile. Fractionation can be achieved in only 2 steps, a digitonin treatment for removal of the outer membrane and centrifugation of the inner membrane plus matrix particles through a linear sucrose gradient resulting in purified inner membranes and matrix.", "contents": "Fractionation of human liver mitochondria: enzymic and morphological characterization of the inner and outer membranes as compared to rat liver mitochondria. The fractionation of human liver mitochondria into inner membrane, outer membrane and matrix material is reported. Compared with rat, human liver mitochondria are more fragile. Fractionation can be achieved in only 2 steps, a digitonin treatment for removal of the outer membrane and centrifugation of the inner membrane plus matrix particles through a linear sucrose gradient resulting in purified inner membranes and matrix.", "PMID": 422680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11654", "title": "Controlled cell disruption: a comparison of the forces required to disrupt different micro-organisms.", "content": "A cell disrupter has been developed which can measure the forces required to disrupt both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It operates a continuous process and will disrupt both large and small volumes. Shear forces are set up when a suspension under laminar flow conditions is released under high pressure through a short orifice. If the applied pressure is altered, the shear forces are simultaneously changed so that the amount of cell disruption can be compared under different known and repeatable conditions. The disrupter is now manufactured and supplied by Stansted Fluid Power Limited, Stansted, England. Phase-contrast microscopy has shown that the disrupter will break a variety of organisms including Chlorella, Aspergillus fumigatis, Fusarium sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus zooepidermicus and Staphylococcus aureus. The cells are not all broken at one pressure but a certain pressure must be applied before disruption starts which will then increase rapidly as the applied pressure is increased. The applied pressure required to disrupt half the population in a culture is different from one species to another, rods being disrupted more easily than spheres. The case of disruption seems to be related to the shape and chemical composition of the cell wall. Furthermore, the disrupting process, in an unsynchronized culture is not random and may be related to the statistical size distribution of the cells.", "contents": "Controlled cell disruption: a comparison of the forces required to disrupt different micro-organisms. A cell disrupter has been developed which can measure the forces required to disrupt both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It operates a continuous process and will disrupt both large and small volumes. Shear forces are set up when a suspension under laminar flow conditions is released under high pressure through a short orifice. If the applied pressure is altered, the shear forces are simultaneously changed so that the amount of cell disruption can be compared under different known and repeatable conditions. The disrupter is now manufactured and supplied by Stansted Fluid Power Limited, Stansted, England. Phase-contrast microscopy has shown that the disrupter will break a variety of organisms including Chlorella, Aspergillus fumigatis, Fusarium sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus zooepidermicus and Staphylococcus aureus. The cells are not all broken at one pressure but a certain pressure must be applied before disruption starts which will then increase rapidly as the applied pressure is increased. The applied pressure required to disrupt half the population in a culture is different from one species to another, rods being disrupted more easily than spheres. The case of disruption seems to be related to the shape and chemical composition of the cell wall. Furthermore, the disrupting process, in an unsynchronized culture is not random and may be related to the statistical size distribution of the cells.", "PMID": 422681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11655", "title": "Complementation of G1-phase variants of a mammalian cell cycle.", "content": "Complementation between temperature-sensitive (ts) variants of Balb/c-3T3 defective in the G1 phase of its cell cycle was measured in the [3H]thymidine-labeling indices of the multinucleated cells during incubation at the restricted temperature (38 degrees C) following cell fusion. One ts variant from each group along the length of the G1 phase was tested for complementation. Varying degrees of complementation were observed between the 4 ts variants tested, judging by the time of entry into S-phase and the degree of synchrony attained. At least 3 complementation groups were discernible.", "contents": "Complementation of G1-phase variants of a mammalian cell cycle. Complementation between temperature-sensitive (ts) variants of Balb/c-3T3 defective in the G1 phase of its cell cycle was measured in the [3H]thymidine-labeling indices of the multinucleated cells during incubation at the restricted temperature (38 degrees C) following cell fusion. One ts variant from each group along the length of the G1 phase was tested for complementation. Varying degrees of complementation were observed between the 4 ts variants tested, judging by the time of entry into S-phase and the degree of synchrony attained. At least 3 complementation groups were discernible.", "PMID": 422682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11656", "title": "Three-dimensional reconstruction of the chromatin bodies in the nuclei of mature erythrocytes from the newt Triturus cristatus: the number of nuclear envelope-attachment sites.", "content": "The arrangement of the chromatin bodies in the interphase nuclei of 6 erythrocytes has been investigated by means of 3-dimensional reconstruction from electron micrographs of serial sections. When the borders of chromatin bodies are marked on the surface of each model, discrete areas of chromatin in contact with the nuclear envelope are revealed. The number of these areas in approximately equal to the number of chromosomes in the diploid set. The data suggest that each chromatin body corresponds to a condensed interphase chromosome and that each chromosome is attached to one discrete site on the nuclear envelope. The data are insufficient to show whether or not the condensed chromosomes are arranged in any orderly pattern in these nuclei.", "contents": "Three-dimensional reconstruction of the chromatin bodies in the nuclei of mature erythrocytes from the newt Triturus cristatus: the number of nuclear envelope-attachment sites. The arrangement of the chromatin bodies in the interphase nuclei of 6 erythrocytes has been investigated by means of 3-dimensional reconstruction from electron micrographs of serial sections. When the borders of chromatin bodies are marked on the surface of each model, discrete areas of chromatin in contact with the nuclear envelope are revealed. The number of these areas in approximately equal to the number of chromosomes in the diploid set. The data suggest that each chromatin body corresponds to a condensed interphase chromosome and that each chromosome is attached to one discrete site on the nuclear envelope. The data are insufficient to show whether or not the condensed chromosomes are arranged in any orderly pattern in these nuclei.", "PMID": 422683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11657", "title": "The quantitative measurement of electrolyte elements in nuclei of maturing erythrocytes of chick embryo using electron-probe X-ray microanalysis.", "content": "Na, K and Cl measurements have been made on frozen sections of chick red blood cells throughout embryonic development, using electron-probe microanalysis. There is an apparent fluctuation in the levels of these elements during maturation, although the Na/K ratio remains fairly constant. The nuclear Na concentration resembles that of the cytoplasm, rather than that of the medium, at all stages. Inhibitor studies indicate that when cytoplasmic Na, K and Cl levels are altered, their corresponding nuclear levels are similarly affected. Additionally, the measurements in nuclei isolated in anhydrous media from lyophilized cells have shown artefactual accumulation of high Na, K, Ca and Mg.", "contents": "The quantitative measurement of electrolyte elements in nuclei of maturing erythrocytes of chick embryo using electron-probe X-ray microanalysis. Na, K and Cl measurements have been made on frozen sections of chick red blood cells throughout embryonic development, using electron-probe microanalysis. There is an apparent fluctuation in the levels of these elements during maturation, although the Na/K ratio remains fairly constant. The nuclear Na concentration resembles that of the cytoplasm, rather than that of the medium, at all stages. Inhibitor studies indicate that when cytoplasmic Na, K and Cl levels are altered, their corresponding nuclear levels are similarly affected. Additionally, the measurements in nuclei isolated in anhydrous media from lyophilized cells have shown artefactual accumulation of high Na, K, Ca and Mg.", "PMID": 422684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11658", "title": "Serum myoglobin level in altered thyroid states.", "content": "Serum myoglobin (Mb) levels were measured in normal, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid subjects by RIA. Serum Mb levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in untreated hypothyroid patients and significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in untreated hyperthyroid patients than in normal subjects. There was a significant inverse correlation (P less than 0.01) between serum T4 or T3 levels and Mb levels in these subjects. Serum Mb levels were normalized after correction of the abnormal thyroid states.", "contents": "Serum myoglobin level in altered thyroid states. Serum myoglobin (Mb) levels were measured in normal, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid subjects by RIA. Serum Mb levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in untreated hypothyroid patients and significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in untreated hyperthyroid patients than in normal subjects. There was a significant inverse correlation (P less than 0.01) between serum T4 or T3 levels and Mb levels in these subjects. Serum Mb levels were normalized after correction of the abnormal thyroid states.", "PMID": 422690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11659", "title": "Circulating melatonin in man: episodic secretion throughout the light-dark cycle.", "content": "A sensitive and specific RIA for melatonin has been validated for human plasma. Five young adult men had plasma samples obtained every 20 min during two 24-h periods. One was a normal active period and the other a basal period with complete bed rest. Melatonin was found to be secreted episodically throughout the 24 h in each condition, with secretory episodes clearly present during the waking day in the presence of bright light.", "contents": "Circulating melatonin in man: episodic secretion throughout the light-dark cycle. A sensitive and specific RIA for melatonin has been validated for human plasma. Five young adult men had plasma samples obtained every 20 min during two 24-h periods. One was a normal active period and the other a basal period with complete bed rest. Melatonin was found to be secreted episodically throughout the 24 h in each condition, with secretory episodes clearly present during the waking day in the presence of bright light.", "PMID": 422692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11660", "title": "Danazol administration to females with menses-associated exacerbations of acute intermittent porphyria.", "content": "Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a disorder of porphyrin metabolism in which the basic defect is a partial deficiency of uroporphyrinogen I synthase. The clinical disorder is more common in women, and some experience acute attacks before menstrual periods. Oral contraceptives have prevented menstrual-associated attacks in some cases, but exogenous estrogens and progestins are otherwise contraindicated in this disease. Danazol, a new synthetic steroid with weak androgenic activity, was thought to be of potential therapeutic benefit in AIP because of its effect of decreasing gonadotropin secretion without exposure to estrogen or progesterone. The drug was administered at a dosage of 200 mg t.i.d. to two adult females with AIP who were experiencing frequent exacerbations of their disease in association with their menstrual periods. Symptomatic and chemical evidence for exacerbation of porphyria occurred within 10 days of commencing danazol treatment in both patients.", "contents": "Danazol administration to females with menses-associated exacerbations of acute intermittent porphyria. Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a disorder of porphyrin metabolism in which the basic defect is a partial deficiency of uroporphyrinogen I synthase. The clinical disorder is more common in women, and some experience acute attacks before menstrual periods. Oral contraceptives have prevented menstrual-associated attacks in some cases, but exogenous estrogens and progestins are otherwise contraindicated in this disease. Danazol, a new synthetic steroid with weak androgenic activity, was thought to be of potential therapeutic benefit in AIP because of its effect of decreasing gonadotropin secretion without exposure to estrogen or progesterone. The drug was administered at a dosage of 200 mg t.i.d. to two adult females with AIP who were experiencing frequent exacerbations of their disease in association with their menstrual periods. Symptomatic and chemical evidence for exacerbation of porphyria occurred within 10 days of commencing danazol treatment in both patients.", "PMID": 422693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11661", "title": "Hyperglycemia and glucagon suppression: possible importance of the vagus and enteric humoral factors.", "content": "Augmentation of insulin release after oral glucose by a gastrointestinal humoral mechanism is well accepted. The suggestion of a similar mechanism for suppression of glucagon release after oral glucose has not been previously tested. In this study, plasma glucagon levels have been estimated in five normal subjects after both oral and iv administration of glucose. A variable iv glucose infusion rate with frequent monitoring of blood glucose was used to match the hyperglycemia produced by the 50 g oral glucose and the iv glucose loads. Virtually complete suppression of plasma glucagon levels was seen in both cases (nadir of glucagon levels 16 +/- 6 pg/ml for oral glucose; 11.4 +/- 3 pg/ml for iv glucose). Thus, enteric humoral factors did not facilitate glucagon suppression after oral glucose ingestion in man. The vagus nerve is also involved in mediating the alpha-cell response to hypoglycemia and, thus, to examine whether hyperglycemia suppresses glucagon release through a vagal mechanism, iv atropine (15 microgram/kg) was given 20 min before administration of oral or iv glucose. Atropinization delayed the glucagon suppression after oral glucose, but this delay was probably related to delayed glucose absorption from the gut. With iv glucose, atropinization did not affect the degree of suppression of glucagon levels. It is concluded that alpha-cell suppression in response to hyperglycemia is not mediated via the vagus.", "contents": "Hyperglycemia and glucagon suppression: possible importance of the vagus and enteric humoral factors. Augmentation of insulin release after oral glucose by a gastrointestinal humoral mechanism is well accepted. The suggestion of a similar mechanism for suppression of glucagon release after oral glucose has not been previously tested. In this study, plasma glucagon levels have been estimated in five normal subjects after both oral and iv administration of glucose. A variable iv glucose infusion rate with frequent monitoring of blood glucose was used to match the hyperglycemia produced by the 50 g oral glucose and the iv glucose loads. Virtually complete suppression of plasma glucagon levels was seen in both cases (nadir of glucagon levels 16 +/- 6 pg/ml for oral glucose; 11.4 +/- 3 pg/ml for iv glucose). Thus, enteric humoral factors did not facilitate glucagon suppression after oral glucose ingestion in man. The vagus nerve is also involved in mediating the alpha-cell response to hypoglycemia and, thus, to examine whether hyperglycemia suppresses glucagon release through a vagal mechanism, iv atropine (15 microgram/kg) was given 20 min before administration of oral or iv glucose. Atropinization delayed the glucagon suppression after oral glucose, but this delay was probably related to delayed glucose absorption from the gut. With iv glucose, atropinization did not affect the degree of suppression of glucagon levels. It is concluded that alpha-cell suppression in response to hyperglycemia is not mediated via the vagus.", "PMID": 422694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11662", "title": "Blood pressure response to an angiotensin II antagonist in patients with acromegaly.", "content": "The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with acromegaly was evaluated by infusing [sarcosine1, isoleucine8]angiotensin II, a competitive angiotensin II antagonist, into five acromegalic patients with hypertension and three normotensive acromegalics. The drug was infused at a rate of 600 ng/kg . min for 30 min, 1 h after iv injection of 40 mg furosemide. In addition, before the infusion, plasma samples were obtained for determination of PRA and plasma aldosterone concentration. A significant pressor response to [sarcosine1, isoleucine8]angiotensin II was observed in all eight patients. Preinfusion PRA and plasma aldosterone concentration were significantly lower than in normal controls. It is concluded that in acromegaly, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is suppressed and that this system is probably not involved in maintenance of the high blood pressure observed in some acromegalic patients.", "contents": "Blood pressure response to an angiotensin II antagonist in patients with acromegaly. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with acromegaly was evaluated by infusing [sarcosine1, isoleucine8]angiotensin II, a competitive angiotensin II antagonist, into five acromegalic patients with hypertension and three normotensive acromegalics. The drug was infused at a rate of 600 ng/kg . min for 30 min, 1 h after iv injection of 40 mg furosemide. In addition, before the infusion, plasma samples were obtained for determination of PRA and plasma aldosterone concentration. A significant pressor response to [sarcosine1, isoleucine8]angiotensin II was observed in all eight patients. Preinfusion PRA and plasma aldosterone concentration were significantly lower than in normal controls. It is concluded that in acromegaly, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is suppressed and that this system is probably not involved in maintenance of the high blood pressure observed in some acromegalic patients.", "PMID": 422697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11663", "title": "Hyperglycemia per se (insulin and glucagon withdrawn) can inhibit hepatic glucose production in man.", "content": "We examined the effect of hyperglycemia per se on net splanchnic glucose balance. In 2 groups of normal postabsorptive men who had undergone hepatic vein catheterization, somatostatin was administered to block endogenous insulin and glucagon secretion. Exogenous glucose was infused in both groups to maintain euglycemia for 2 h in one group (n = 7) and to induce hyperglycemia of 220-240 mg/dl after 30 minutes of euglycemia in the second group (n = 4). In both groups the induction of insulinopenia and glucagonopenia with euglycemia maintained resulted in an initial 75% fall in net splanchnic glucose production (NSGP). In the group in which euglycemia was maintained NSGP returned to basal rates (157 +/- 31 mg/min) within 2 h. However, in the group in which hyperglycemia was induced, NSGP did not return to basal rates but remained suppressed (28 +/- 4 mg/min) for the duration of the study. These data in normal man indicate that hyperglycemia per se with insulin and glucagon acutely withdrawn can suppress splanchnic glucose production but does not induce net splanchnic glucose storage.", "contents": "Hyperglycemia per se (insulin and glucagon withdrawn) can inhibit hepatic glucose production in man. We examined the effect of hyperglycemia per se on net splanchnic glucose balance. In 2 groups of normal postabsorptive men who had undergone hepatic vein catheterization, somatostatin was administered to block endogenous insulin and glucagon secretion. Exogenous glucose was infused in both groups to maintain euglycemia for 2 h in one group (n = 7) and to induce hyperglycemia of 220-240 mg/dl after 30 minutes of euglycemia in the second group (n = 4). In both groups the induction of insulinopenia and glucagonopenia with euglycemia maintained resulted in an initial 75% fall in net splanchnic glucose production (NSGP). In the group in which euglycemia was maintained NSGP returned to basal rates (157 +/- 31 mg/min) within 2 h. However, in the group in which hyperglycemia was induced, NSGP did not return to basal rates but remained suppressed (28 +/- 4 mg/min) for the duration of the study. These data in normal man indicate that hyperglycemia per se with insulin and glucagon acutely withdrawn can suppress splanchnic glucose production but does not induce net splanchnic glucose storage.", "PMID": 422700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11664", "title": "Ectopic human growth hormone in ovaries and breast cancer.", "content": "Immunoreactive human GH (hGH) has been found in 8 of 118 surgically removed ovaries, with concentrations ranging from 50-51,000 ng/g tissue. The highest concentration was in an ovarian metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the breast; a skin metastasis from this same carcinoma had an hGH concentration of 350,000 ng/g. All specimens were positive for hGH by radioreceptor assay as well as by RIA. Examination of four specimens at multiple dilutions by lactogenic and somatotropic receptor assays as well as by RIA did not reveal significant differences in slope between these specimens and that of the hGH standard. Sephadex gel chromatography of two specimens showed the major peak of immunoactivity eluting coincident with monomeric hGH. Ectopic hGH has not previously been reported in ovary or breast.", "contents": "Ectopic human growth hormone in ovaries and breast cancer. Immunoreactive human GH (hGH) has been found in 8 of 118 surgically removed ovaries, with concentrations ranging from 50-51,000 ng/g tissue. The highest concentration was in an ovarian metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the breast; a skin metastasis from this same carcinoma had an hGH concentration of 350,000 ng/g. All specimens were positive for hGH by radioreceptor assay as well as by RIA. Examination of four specimens at multiple dilutions by lactogenic and somatotropic receptor assays as well as by RIA did not reveal significant differences in slope between these specimens and that of the hGH standard. Sephadex gel chromatography of two specimens showed the major peak of immunoactivity eluting coincident with monomeric hGH. Ectopic hGH has not previously been reported in ovary or breast.", "PMID": 422705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11665", "title": "Metabolic clearance and plasma half-disappearance time of exogenous somatostatin in man.", "content": "The MCR and half-disappearance time of exogenously administered somatostatin have been measured during and after cessation of a constant infusion. Studies were performed on normal volunteers and patients with chronic liver disease and failure. Immunoreactive somatostatin was measured by a sensitive and specific RIA using an antiserum directed against the core of the molecule. Normal subjects had a mean MCR of 1949 +/- 250 ml/min (28.4 +/- 4.2 ml/min . kg BW) (mean +/- SEM), similar to values found in five patients with chronic liver disease. However, patients with chronic renal failure showed a highly significant (P less than 0.001) lowering of the MCR (501 +/- 32.7 ml/min or 7.8 +/- 0.6 ml/min . kg). The rate of disappearance of somatostatin after infusion was linear for 7-10 min, after which a much slower component was observed. In normal subjects, the t 1/2 of the first component varied from 1.1-3.0 min, in patients with liver disease it varied from 1.2-4.8 min, and in patients with chronic renal failure it varied from 2.6-4.9 min. Exogenously administered somatostatin is rapidly cleared in normal subjects and patients with chronic liver disease, but the MCR in end stage chronic renal failure is markedly lowered. The kidney may have a role in the metabolic clearance of exogenously administered somatostatin, or uremia may impair catabolism nonspecifically.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance and plasma half-disappearance time of exogenous somatostatin in man. The MCR and half-disappearance time of exogenously administered somatostatin have been measured during and after cessation of a constant infusion. Studies were performed on normal volunteers and patients with chronic liver disease and failure. Immunoreactive somatostatin was measured by a sensitive and specific RIA using an antiserum directed against the core of the molecule. Normal subjects had a mean MCR of 1949 +/- 250 ml/min (28.4 +/- 4.2 ml/min . kg BW) (mean +/- SEM), similar to values found in five patients with chronic liver disease. However, patients with chronic renal failure showed a highly significant (P less than 0.001) lowering of the MCR (501 +/- 32.7 ml/min or 7.8 +/- 0.6 ml/min . kg). The rate of disappearance of somatostatin after infusion was linear for 7-10 min, after which a much slower component was observed. In normal subjects, the t 1/2 of the first component varied from 1.1-3.0 min, in patients with liver disease it varied from 1.2-4.8 min, and in patients with chronic renal failure it varied from 2.6-4.9 min. Exogenously administered somatostatin is rapidly cleared in normal subjects and patients with chronic liver disease, but the MCR in end stage chronic renal failure is markedly lowered. The kidney may have a role in the metabolic clearance of exogenously administered somatostatin, or uremia may impair catabolism nonspecifically.", "PMID": 422706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11666", "title": "Acromegaly associated with a bronchial carcinoid tumor: evidence for ectopic production of growth hormone-releasing activity.", "content": "A patient with acromegaly, pituitary enlargement, and elevated plasma GH levels also had a bronchial carcinoid tumor. Signs and symptoms of active acromegaly along with elevated GH levels persisted for 11 yr after hypophysectomy and pituitary stalk section. Resection of the bronchial carcinoid reduced plasma GH to barely detectable levels. Extracts of the frozen carcinoid tumor were devoid of significant GH, but when added to isolated pituitary cells of estrogen-primed male rats in 4-day primary culture exhibited specific GH-releasing activity in vitro. These findings strongly suggest that the patient's acromegaly resulted from continual stimulation of pituitary somatotrophs by a GH-releasing factor secreted by the bronchial carcinoid.", "contents": "Acromegaly associated with a bronchial carcinoid tumor: evidence for ectopic production of growth hormone-releasing activity. A patient with acromegaly, pituitary enlargement, and elevated plasma GH levels also had a bronchial carcinoid tumor. Signs and symptoms of active acromegaly along with elevated GH levels persisted for 11 yr after hypophysectomy and pituitary stalk section. Resection of the bronchial carcinoid reduced plasma GH to barely detectable levels. Extracts of the frozen carcinoid tumor were devoid of significant GH, but when added to isolated pituitary cells of estrogen-primed male rats in 4-day primary culture exhibited specific GH-releasing activity in vitro. These findings strongly suggest that the patient's acromegaly resulted from continual stimulation of pituitary somatotrophs by a GH-releasing factor secreted by the bronchial carcinoid.", "PMID": 422708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11667", "title": "A pregnancy in an acromegalic woman during bromocriptine treatment: effects on growth hormone and prolactin in the maternal, fetal, and amniotic compartments.", "content": "An unexpected 20-week-old pregnancy was found  in a young acromegalic who had been treated with 10 mg bromocriptine/day for 10 months. The drug was continued throughout the period of gestation. No growth of the pituitary adenoma was noticed. The intrauterine development of the fetus was normal. Bromocriptine therapy had no discernible effect on the expected patterns of secretion of placental hormones, but inhibited completely the increase of PRL in the serum of the mother. Maternal plasma GH concentrations were very high in spite of the treatment and progressively declined after delivery. The plasma GH level was normal in the child, but PRL was very low at birth and increased in the following days. The expected high PRL concentration was found in the amniotic fluid. This case study suggests that bromocriptine crosses the human placenta and affects the fetal pituitary, maternal GH does not influence fetal or amniotic GH, and amniotic fluid PRL correlates poorly with either maternal or fetal blood levels and is not affected by bromocriptine.", "contents": "A pregnancy in an acromegalic woman during bromocriptine treatment: effects on growth hormone and prolactin in the maternal, fetal, and amniotic compartments. An unexpected 20-week-old pregnancy was found  in a young acromegalic who had been treated with 10 mg bromocriptine/day for 10 months. The drug was continued throughout the period of gestation. No growth of the pituitary adenoma was noticed. The intrauterine development of the fetus was normal. Bromocriptine therapy had no discernible effect on the expected patterns of secretion of placental hormones, but inhibited completely the increase of PRL in the serum of the mother. Maternal plasma GH concentrations were very high in spite of the treatment and progressively declined after delivery. The plasma GH level was normal in the child, but PRL was very low at birth and increased in the following days. The expected high PRL concentration was found in the amniotic fluid. This case study suggests that bromocriptine crosses the human placenta and affects the fetal pituitary, maternal GH does not influence fetal or amniotic GH, and amniotic fluid PRL correlates poorly with either maternal or fetal blood levels and is not affected by bromocriptine.", "PMID": 422709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11668", "title": "In vitro inhibition of renin by human des-angiotensin I renin substrate.", "content": "Human des-angiotensin I renin substrate, a cleavage product of the renin reaction, was generated in plasma and from semipurified renin substrate by exhaustive incubation with renin and was quantitated by a direct RIA. An increase in the Michaelis-Menten constant of the renin-substrate reaction, from 2000 to 5000 ng angiotensin I equivalents of renin substrate/ml, with no change in maximal velocity was observed upon addition of this semipurified protein to plasma. It is suggested that this phenomenon of competitive inhibition of the renin reaction by des-angiotensin I renin substrate accounts for discrepancies in the determination of renin substrate concentration and possibly has physiological significance for feedback inhibition of angiotensin I generation.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of renin by human des-angiotensin I renin substrate. Human des-angiotensin I renin substrate, a cleavage product of the renin reaction, was generated in plasma and from semipurified renin substrate by exhaustive incubation with renin and was quantitated by a direct RIA. An increase in the Michaelis-Menten constant of the renin-substrate reaction, from 2000 to 5000 ng angiotensin I equivalents of renin substrate/ml, with no change in maximal velocity was observed upon addition of this semipurified protein to plasma. It is suggested that this phenomenon of competitive inhibition of the renin reaction by des-angiotensin I renin substrate accounts for discrepancies in the determination of renin substrate concentration and possibly has physiological significance for feedback inhibition of angiotensin I generation.", "PMID": 422710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11669", "title": "Longitudinal post-validation of the MMPI Escape (EC) and Prison Adjustment (AP) scales.", "content": "Conducted a longitudinal 3-year post-validation study of the MMPI Escape (Ec) and Prison Adjustment (Ap) scale score of 301 male felon inmates convicted of major type crimes and serving sentences of 5 years or more within the North Carolina Correctional System. Examination of the escape and infraction records of these inmates in relationship to their Ec and Ap scale scores demonstrated that the two scales were still effective classification instruments in predicting escape from within prison units that provided inner and perimeter security and in predicting the committing of major rule infractions irrespective of the degree of custodial control. Caution was expressed concerning the use of the Ec and Ap scale scores without supportive date from their classification procedures.", "contents": "Longitudinal post-validation of the MMPI Escape (EC) and Prison Adjustment (AP) scales. Conducted a longitudinal 3-year post-validation study of the MMPI Escape (Ec) and Prison Adjustment (Ap) scale score of 301 male felon inmates convicted of major type crimes and serving sentences of 5 years or more within the North Carolina Correctional System. Examination of the escape and infraction records of these inmates in relationship to their Ec and Ap scale scores demonstrated that the two scales were still effective classification instruments in predicting escape from within prison units that provided inner and perimeter security and in predicting the committing of major rule infractions irrespective of the degree of custodial control. Caution was expressed concerning the use of the Ec and Ap scale scores without supportive date from their classification procedures.", "PMID": 422711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11670", "title": "Comparison of the utility of two abbreviated forms of the MMPI for psychiatric screening of the elderly.", "content": "Assessed the utility of the Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI (FAM) and MMPI-168 for use with the elderly. FAM and MMPI-168 items were extracted from the MMPIs of 24 older male veteran medical or alcoholic patients. The results indicate that both abbreviated forms are highly correlated with and yield similar diagnostic inferences to the standard MMPI. For this sample population, the FAM was significantly (p less than .001) more in accordance with the standard MMPI than the MMPI-168.", "contents": "Comparison of the utility of two abbreviated forms of the MMPI for psychiatric screening of the elderly. Assessed the utility of the Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI (FAM) and MMPI-168 for use with the elderly. FAM and MMPI-168 items were extracted from the MMPIs of 24 older male veteran medical or alcoholic patients. The results indicate that both abbreviated forms are highly correlated with and yield similar diagnostic inferences to the standard MMPI. For this sample population, the FAM was significantly (p less than .001) more in accordance with the standard MMPI than the MMPI-168.", "PMID": 422712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11671", "title": "Note on the relationship between trait anxiety and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.", "content": "Administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory A-Trait scale and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire to 97 females and 105 males under neutral conditions. The interrelationships gave limited support to Eysenck's hypothesis that anxiety is a dimension oblique to extraversion and neuroticism such that high anxiety is associated with high introversion and neuroticism. Trait anxiety was independent of the psychoticism and lie dimensions.", "contents": "Note on the relationship between trait anxiety and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory A-Trait scale and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire to 97 females and 105 males under neutral conditions. The interrelationships gave limited support to Eysenck's hypothesis that anxiety is a dimension oblique to extraversion and neuroticism such that high anxiety is associated with high introversion and neuroticism. Trait anxiety was independent of the psychoticism and lie dimensions.", "PMID": 422713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11672", "title": "Utility of the WAIS in predicting vocational success of psychiatric patients.", "content": "Examined the utility of the WAIS OA, BD, PIQ and FSIQ scores in combination with age, apparent degree of emotional severity and psychiatric disability in predicting the vocational success of 180 psychiatric outpatients. Although no significant statistical differences were obtained in a cros-validation procedure indicating that psychiatric disability affected the efficacy of the derived regression equations, substantial differences in predictable variance accounted for were found to be related to the nature of the psychiatric disability. This must be attended to in attempts to predict the vocational success of psychiatric outpatients.", "contents": "Utility of the WAIS in predicting vocational success of psychiatric patients. Examined the utility of the WAIS OA, BD, PIQ and FSIQ scores in combination with age, apparent degree of emotional severity and psychiatric disability in predicting the vocational success of 180 psychiatric outpatients. Although no significant statistical differences were obtained in a cros-validation procedure indicating that psychiatric disability affected the efficacy of the derived regression equations, substantial differences in predictable variance accounted for were found to be related to the nature of the psychiatric disability. This must be attended to in attempts to predict the vocational success of psychiatric outpatients.", "PMID": 422714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11673", "title": "Haptic visual discrimination and intelligence.", "content": "Investigated the relationship between tactual-visual discrimination and intelligence from a neuropsychological perspective. Parieto-occipital areas were conceptualized as mediating centers for the integration of tactile and visual information, as well as for the processing of higher cortical functions. A recently designed test of tactual-visual information processing, the Haptic Visual Discrimination Test (HVDT), was administered to a group of 39 first-grade school children. Standard tests of intelligence (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, WISC-R), academic potential (Metropolitan Readiness Test, MRT), and spatial integration (Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test, BVMGT) also were given. The obtained correlation coefficients revealed consistently significant associations between the importance of parieto-occipital areas of the cortex for organizing sensory data as well as for the processing of intellectual information.", "contents": "Haptic visual discrimination and intelligence. Investigated the relationship between tactual-visual discrimination and intelligence from a neuropsychological perspective. Parieto-occipital areas were conceptualized as mediating centers for the integration of tactile and visual information, as well as for the processing of higher cortical functions. A recently designed test of tactual-visual information processing, the Haptic Visual Discrimination Test (HVDT), was administered to a group of 39 first-grade school children. Standard tests of intelligence (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, WISC-R), academic potential (Metropolitan Readiness Test, MRT), and spatial integration (Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test, BVMGT) also were given. The obtained correlation coefficients revealed consistently significant associations between the importance of parieto-occipital areas of the cortex for organizing sensory data as well as for the processing of intellectual information.", "PMID": 422715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11674", "title": "The use of contingent reinforcement for improving the personal appearance and hygiene of chronic psychiatric inpatients.", "content": "Chronic psychiatric patients were Ss in a study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of contingent reinforcement to improve personal appearance and hygiene. Ss were divided into four groups matched on age and years of hospitalization. Group 1 was rated on personal appearance and received contingent material reinforcement and verbal reinforcement. Group 2 was rated and received only contingent verbal reinforcement. Group 3 was rated, but received no contingent reinforcement, and Group 4 was control. It was concluded that (1) both contingent verbal reinforcement and contingent material plus verbal reinforcement can be used to improve personal appearance; (2) contingent material plus verbal reinforcement is more effective for improving personal appearance than using only contingent verbal reinforcement; (3) rating patients without using contingent reinforcement does not result in significant improvement; and (4) simply presented video-taped information for improving personal appearance does not cause significant improvement.", "contents": "The use of contingent reinforcement for improving the personal appearance and hygiene of chronic psychiatric inpatients. Chronic psychiatric patients were Ss in a study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of contingent reinforcement to improve personal appearance and hygiene. Ss were divided into four groups matched on age and years of hospitalization. Group 1 was rated on personal appearance and received contingent material reinforcement and verbal reinforcement. Group 2 was rated and received only contingent verbal reinforcement. Group 3 was rated, but received no contingent reinforcement, and Group 4 was control. It was concluded that (1) both contingent verbal reinforcement and contingent material plus verbal reinforcement can be used to improve personal appearance; (2) contingent material plus verbal reinforcement is more effective for improving personal appearance than using only contingent verbal reinforcement; (3) rating patients without using contingent reinforcement does not result in significant improvement; and (4) simply presented video-taped information for improving personal appearance does not cause significant improvement.", "PMID": 422716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11675", "title": "Locus of control and therapists' occupational role as determinants of clinical prognoses.", "content": "Clinical studies that used the internal-external locus of control model developed by Rotter (1967) have shown a marked preference among clinicians for clients with an internal locus of control. In the belief that occupational roles can affect such preferences, this study examined clinicians' (sychiatrists, psychologists, social workers) prognoses for clients who had described their problems in terms of either an internal, external, or no locus of control. As hypothesized, a 5 X 3 X 3 replicated Latin Square design found that while clients who attributed their problems to an internal locus of control were given better prognoses, clinicians differed along occupational role dimensions in their prognoses for the same client. The implications of those occupational differences for professional practice were discussed.", "contents": "Locus of control and therapists' occupational role as determinants of clinical prognoses. Clinical studies that used the internal-external locus of control model developed by Rotter (1967) have shown a marked preference among clinicians for clients with an internal locus of control. In the belief that occupational roles can affect such preferences, this study examined clinicians' (sychiatrists, psychologists, social workers) prognoses for clients who had described their problems in terms of either an internal, external, or no locus of control. As hypothesized, a 5 X 3 X 3 replicated Latin Square design found that while clients who attributed their problems to an internal locus of control were given better prognoses, clinicians differed along occupational role dimensions in their prognoses for the same client. The implications of those occupational differences for professional practice were discussed.", "PMID": 422717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11676", "title": "Clinical follow-up: treatment and outcome of functional headache patients treated with biofeedback.", "content": "Sixteen diagnosed functional headache patients treated with biofeedback techniques of frontalis EMG feedback and/or peripheral temperature feedback, with an average headache history of 18.2 years, were evaluated at an average interval of 37 weeks posttreatment. On the average, patients showed further improvement in their headache status as measured by average daily headache pain scores in contrast with termination values. Data were obtained via structured interviews conducted by an individual not involved in patient's treatment. Patients on the average showed declines in frontalis EMG during the follow-up sessions, but not increases in temperature as had been expected. The unclear role played by increasing peripheral temperature in follow-up of migraine patients is discussed.", "contents": "Clinical follow-up: treatment and outcome of functional headache patients treated with biofeedback. Sixteen diagnosed functional headache patients treated with biofeedback techniques of frontalis EMG feedback and/or peripheral temperature feedback, with an average headache history of 18.2 years, were evaluated at an average interval of 37 weeks posttreatment. On the average, patients showed further improvement in their headache status as measured by average daily headache pain scores in contrast with termination values. Data were obtained via structured interviews conducted by an individual not involved in patient's treatment. Patients on the average showed declines in frontalis EMG during the follow-up sessions, but not increases in temperature as had been expected. The unclear role played by increasing peripheral temperature in follow-up of migraine patients is discussed.", "PMID": 422718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11677", "title": "Death anxiety: \"state\" or \"trait\"?", "content": "Investigated relative effects of hypnosis, alpha biofeedback, prestige suggestion, and silence in attenuating experimentally induced increases in death anxiety. Forty female undergraduate Ss at Louisiana State University were tested on four measures of death anxiety: \"Emotional\" associations to \"death\" words, association response latencies to \"death\" vs. \"neutral\" words, Death Anxiety Scale, and Death Concern Scale. Ss then were assigned to four treatments: (1) Hypnosis, with anxiolytic post-hypnotic relaxation suggestions; (2) Nonhypnotic anxiolytic prestige suggestions; (3) EEG alphacontingent biofeedback; and (4) a 15-minute waiting period. After treatments, Ss viewed a tape-slide presentation that emphasized personal death and overestimated its probability from various causes. Ss then were retested on death anxiety measures, forms of which were counterbalanced within groups. Analysis of variance (at .05 and .01 confidence levels) failed to differentiate groups on either increases or decreases of death anxiety. It was concluded that death anxiety may be a \"trait\" as opposed to a \"state\" phenomenon.", "contents": "Death anxiety: \"state\" or \"trait\"? Investigated relative effects of hypnosis, alpha biofeedback, prestige suggestion, and silence in attenuating experimentally induced increases in death anxiety. Forty female undergraduate Ss at Louisiana State University were tested on four measures of death anxiety: \"Emotional\" associations to \"death\" words, association response latencies to \"death\" vs. \"neutral\" words, Death Anxiety Scale, and Death Concern Scale. Ss then were assigned to four treatments: (1) Hypnosis, with anxiolytic post-hypnotic relaxation suggestions; (2) Nonhypnotic anxiolytic prestige suggestions; (3) EEG alphacontingent biofeedback; and (4) a 15-minute waiting period. After treatments, Ss viewed a tape-slide presentation that emphasized personal death and overestimated its probability from various causes. Ss then were retested on death anxiety measures, forms of which were counterbalanced within groups. Analysis of variance (at .05 and .01 confidence levels) failed to differentiate groups on either increases or decreases of death anxiety. It was concluded that death anxiety may be a \"trait\" as opposed to a \"state\" phenomenon.", "PMID": 422719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11678", "title": "Behavioral treatment for depression: an evaluation of therapeutic components.", "content": "Designed study to determine the \"active ingredients\" in Lewinsohn's behavioral treatment for depression. Fifty-six men and women were screened for significant depression and were assigned to four experimental treatment groups: (1) an activities-increase group instructed to increment participation in reinforcing activities; (2) an expectancy-control group that participated in a fitness program; (3) a self-monitoring control that simply recorded activities and mood daily; and (4) an attention-control group. Consistent with an operant model of depression, the resulted indicated that increases in activities that Ss had rated as pleasureable alleviated depressed mood over a 30--day time period. While all Ss evidenced some improvement in mood, the activities-increase group showed significantly greater improvement than Ss in groups that did not increase their activity levels. Correlational analyses of daily activity and Depression Adjective Check List Scores proved additional support for the behavioral model of depression. The outcome for the four experimental groups was not different on a measure of belief in internal vs. external control of reinforcement.", "contents": "Behavioral treatment for depression: an evaluation of therapeutic components. Designed study to determine the \"active ingredients\" in Lewinsohn's behavioral treatment for depression. Fifty-six men and women were screened for significant depression and were assigned to four experimental treatment groups: (1) an activities-increase group instructed to increment participation in reinforcing activities; (2) an expectancy-control group that participated in a fitness program; (3) a self-monitoring control that simply recorded activities and mood daily; and (4) an attention-control group. Consistent with an operant model of depression, the resulted indicated that increases in activities that Ss had rated as pleasureable alleviated depressed mood over a 30--day time period. While all Ss evidenced some improvement in mood, the activities-increase group showed significantly greater improvement than Ss in groups that did not increase their activity levels. Correlational analyses of daily activity and Depression Adjective Check List Scores proved additional support for the behavioral model of depression. The outcome for the four experimental groups was not different on a measure of belief in internal vs. external control of reinforcement.", "PMID": 422720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11679", "title": "The pupillometric response as a parameter of self-esteem.", "content": "Investigated the relationship between self-esteem and the pupillometric response. Because a positive correlation has been established between pupillary dilation and positive interest in an observed stimulus, it was hypothesized that self-esteem would be correlated positively with the pupillometric response when Ss (N = 82) viewed photographs of themselves. Results indicated that self-esteem was related to the pupillometric response only for females. The relationship, however, was opposite to that predicted. The greater the pupillometric index, the poorer the self-esteem. It is suggested that in a situation in which implicit anxiety states are involved, sympathetic nervous system activity predominates over the interest value of the stimulus. It may be that females more than males are constitutionally prone to exhibit this sympathetic reaction and/or are more responsive to the body image properties inherent in the stimulus photographs.", "contents": "The pupillometric response as a parameter of self-esteem. Investigated the relationship between self-esteem and the pupillometric response. Because a positive correlation has been established between pupillary dilation and positive interest in an observed stimulus, it was hypothesized that self-esteem would be correlated positively with the pupillometric response when Ss (N = 82) viewed photographs of themselves. Results indicated that self-esteem was related to the pupillometric response only for females. The relationship, however, was opposite to that predicted. The greater the pupillometric index, the poorer the self-esteem. It is suggested that in a situation in which implicit anxiety states are involved, sympathetic nervous system activity predominates over the interest value of the stimulus. It may be that females more than males are constitutionally prone to exhibit this sympathetic reaction and/or are more responsive to the body image properties inherent in the stimulus photographs.", "PMID": 422721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11680", "title": "The bias in psychotherapy research evaluation.", "content": "Using a 3 X 3 X 3 factorial design, clinical psychologists' (N = 204) evaluations were obtained of the methodology of a bogus psychotherapy outcome experiment that varied on the outpatient population treated and the results. Three types of neurotic outpatients were treated in the bogus study, and the experiment's results indicated that psychoanalytically oriented therapy was more effective than behavior therapy, behavior therapy was more effective than psychoanalytically oriented therapy, or psychoanalytically oriented therapy and behavior therapy were equally effective. The third independent variable was psychologists' theoretical orientation (psychodynamic, behavioral, or eclectic). A significant Orientation X Results interaction was obtained, and the results suggest that psychodynamic clinicians are biased against outcome research that demonstrates the superiority of behavior therapy.", "contents": "The bias in psychotherapy research evaluation. Using a 3 X 3 X 3 factorial design, clinical psychologists' (N = 204) evaluations were obtained of the methodology of a bogus psychotherapy outcome experiment that varied on the outpatient population treated and the results. Three types of neurotic outpatients were treated in the bogus study, and the experiment's results indicated that psychoanalytically oriented therapy was more effective than behavior therapy, behavior therapy was more effective than psychoanalytically oriented therapy, or psychoanalytically oriented therapy and behavior therapy were equally effective. The third independent variable was psychologists' theoretical orientation (psychodynamic, behavioral, or eclectic). A significant Orientation X Results interaction was obtained, and the results suggest that psychodynamic clinicians are biased against outcome research that demonstrates the superiority of behavior therapy.", "PMID": 422722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11681", "title": "Dependence, relapse and extinction: a theoretical critique and a behavioral examination.", "content": "Re-examines the \"decay of extinction\" notion proposed by Hunt and Matarazzo (1970) to account for relapse in the treatment of alcoholism and dependence disorders. The attempt to reduce complex relapse behaviors to a simple curve is criticized both from the point of view of using group data to describe an individual process and the nature of cumulative data itself. Because individual differences are marked, a simple group curve cannot describe the process of relapse. A behavioral examination then is presented, based on records of the drinking behavior of 79 alcoholics over a 12-month period after treatment. The main finding is that there are marked individual differences in the process of relapse. Furthermore, the frequency of heavy drinking seems to be most related to a pattern of drinking characterized by marked month-to-month variation in the frequency of heavy drinking rather than a more stable pattern.", "contents": "Dependence, relapse and extinction: a theoretical critique and a behavioral examination. Re-examines the \"decay of extinction\" notion proposed by Hunt and Matarazzo (1970) to account for relapse in the treatment of alcoholism and dependence disorders. The attempt to reduce complex relapse behaviors to a simple curve is criticized both from the point of view of using group data to describe an individual process and the nature of cumulative data itself. Because individual differences are marked, a simple group curve cannot describe the process of relapse. A behavioral examination then is presented, based on records of the drinking behavior of 79 alcoholics over a 12-month period after treatment. The main finding is that there are marked individual differences in the process of relapse. Furthermore, the frequency of heavy drinking seems to be most related to a pattern of drinking characterized by marked month-to-month variation in the frequency of heavy drinking rather than a more stable pattern.", "PMID": 422723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11682", "title": "Application of discriminant analysis to level of performance of alcoholics and nonalcoholics on Wechsler-Bellevue and Halstead-Reitan subtests.", "content": "Investigated the utility of subtests from the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale and the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery to differentiate between alcoholics and nonalcoholics (N = 76). Analyses of variance indicated that the alcoholics were more impaired than nonalcoholics. It was found that the Wechsler-Bellevue Performance subtests were more discriminative than were Verbal subtests, with performance on the Halstead-Reitan variables being intermediate. The nine measures that differentiated most significantly between groups were subjected to a stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis. The resulting function correctly classified Ss with an overall accuracy of 74.7%. It was found that the Block Design subtest was the best single discriminator. The findings were discussed in relationship to previous findings and with respect to general issues of clinical neuropsychological assessment.", "contents": "Application of discriminant analysis to level of performance of alcoholics and nonalcoholics on Wechsler-Bellevue and Halstead-Reitan subtests. Investigated the utility of subtests from the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale and the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery to differentiate between alcoholics and nonalcoholics (N = 76). Analyses of variance indicated that the alcoholics were more impaired than nonalcoholics. It was found that the Wechsler-Bellevue Performance subtests were more discriminative than were Verbal subtests, with performance on the Halstead-Reitan variables being intermediate. The nine measures that differentiated most significantly between groups were subjected to a stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis. The resulting function correctly classified Ss with an overall accuracy of 74.7%. It was found that the Block Design subtest was the best single discriminator. The findings were discussed in relationship to previous findings and with respect to general issues of clinical neuropsychological assessment.", "PMID": 422724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11683", "title": "Alcoholism, sex-role orientation and psychological distress.", "content": "Distribution of scores on the Bem Sex Role Inventory obtained from 69 randomly selected alcoholics was found not to differ significantly from that reported in normative data (Bem, 1974). Sexually androgynous alcoholics (N = 21), those able to affirm about themselves characteristics ordinarily attributed to both males and females, scored significantly lower on MMPI scales D, PD, PT, and SI and and higher on MA than a nonandrogynous group (N = 21) of alcoholics. The results were discussed in terms of alcoholics varying along psychopathological and nonpsychopathological scales in a manner similar to \"normal\" Ss.", "contents": "Alcoholism, sex-role orientation and psychological distress. Distribution of scores on the Bem Sex Role Inventory obtained from 69 randomly selected alcoholics was found not to differ significantly from that reported in normative data (Bem, 1974). Sexually androgynous alcoholics (N = 21), those able to affirm about themselves characteristics ordinarily attributed to both males and females, scored significantly lower on MMPI scales D, PD, PT, and SI and and higher on MA than a nonandrogynous group (N = 21) of alcoholics. The results were discussed in terms of alcoholics varying along psychopathological and nonpsychopathological scales in a manner similar to \"normal\" Ss.", "PMID": 422725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11684", "title": "An attitude survey of the effects of marijuana on sexual enjoyment.", "content": "Determined attitudes on the effects of marijuana on sexual enjoyment by self-report for a group of 84 graduate students of health sciences. The students were grouped in three categories: those who had sexual experience while under the influence of marijuana (experienced smokers), those who have smoked marijuana but who have not had such experience (non-experienced smokers), and non-smokers. Results are again inconclusive despite the fact that a majority in each category responded in a positive manner to the initial question concerning the effect of marijuana on the enjoyment of sexual intercourse. There is sufficient support to indicate that at least some experienced smokers have derived an enhancement of sexual pleasure while they were using marijuana. The implication is that there may be value in researching the use of marijuana in treatment of sexual disorders.", "contents": "An attitude survey of the effects of marijuana on sexual enjoyment. Determined attitudes on the effects of marijuana on sexual enjoyment by self-report for a group of 84 graduate students of health sciences. The students were grouped in three categories: those who had sexual experience while under the influence of marijuana (experienced smokers), those who have smoked marijuana but who have not had such experience (non-experienced smokers), and non-smokers. Results are again inconclusive despite the fact that a majority in each category responded in a positive manner to the initial question concerning the effect of marijuana on the enjoyment of sexual intercourse. There is sufficient support to indicate that at least some experienced smokers have derived an enhancement of sexual pleasure while they were using marijuana. The implication is that there may be value in researching the use of marijuana in treatment of sexual disorders.", "PMID": 422726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11685", "title": "Training, role models, and research activity among clinical psychologists.", "content": "Compared clinical psychologists (N = 270) with high and low publication rates through questionnaire responses. Highs report dissertation experiences more positively influenced their research motivation. Although the most influential professor in both groups was typically clinical, more highs found the professor emphasized another orientation, particularly empirical research, over clinical expertise. Highs report more time available, collaboration opportunities, and organizational acceptance for their research. Both groups favor empirical methods, although highs and lows agree that a small proportion of psychological research makes a significant contribution. Individual preferences probably interact with situational characteristics, both in training and work settings, to determine research activity.", "contents": "Training, role models, and research activity among clinical psychologists. Compared clinical psychologists (N = 270) with high and low publication rates through questionnaire responses. Highs report dissertation experiences more positively influenced their research motivation. Although the most influential professor in both groups was typically clinical, more highs found the professor emphasized another orientation, particularly empirical research, over clinical expertise. Highs report more time available, collaboration opportunities, and organizational acceptance for their research. Both groups favor empirical methods, although highs and lows agree that a small proportion of psychological research makes a significant contribution. Individual preferences probably interact with situational characteristics, both in training and work settings, to determine research activity.", "PMID": 422727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11686", "title": "Follow-up research in primary prevention: a model of adjustment in acute grief.", "content": "Investigated the effects of preventive intervention that followed the life crisis of sudden death in the family. Two bereaved groups of families (one of which received preventive intervention service) and one non-bereaved group were compared in an outcome design and were assessed for indices of illness, psycho-social disturbance, and general quality of life. The results revealed that sudden death has a two-stage impact upon family survivors and that subsequent adjustment can be predicted from a knowledge of facts at the time of death. A preventive intervention service had little or no impact and may have been harmful. Discussion centered on possible intervention strategies with a focus upon the complex determinants of environmental stresses and family/individual variables.", "contents": "Follow-up research in primary prevention: a model of adjustment in acute grief. Investigated the effects of preventive intervention that followed the life crisis of sudden death in the family. Two bereaved groups of families (one of which received preventive intervention service) and one non-bereaved group were compared in an outcome design and were assessed for indices of illness, psycho-social disturbance, and general quality of life. The results revealed that sudden death has a two-stage impact upon family survivors and that subsequent adjustment can be predicted from a knowledge of facts at the time of death. A preventive intervention service had little or no impact and may have been harmful. Discussion centered on possible intervention strategies with a focus upon the complex determinants of environmental stresses and family/individual variables.", "PMID": 422729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11687", "title": "Neuropsychological impairment with schizophrenia vs. acute and chronic cerebral lesions.", "content": "Performed detailed neuropsychological evaluations with 25 recently hospitalized schizophrenics in whom systematic neurologic workups had failed to reveal CNS disease. Efforts were made to minimize possible effects of drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms on test performance. Although the schizophrenics showed some neuropsychological impairment relative to 25 normals, their deficits were not as severe as those of patients known to have either acute or chronic brain disorders (N = 25). The diagnostic accuracy achieved by the tests supports their use in short-term treatment facilities when the differential diagnosis includes schizophrenia and brain disorder, especially acute brain disorder. Schizophrenics' neuropsychological impairment was more correlated with degree of EEG abnormality than with degree of psychosis, which suggests a possible organic basis for the deficits that they showed on testing.", "contents": "Neuropsychological impairment with schizophrenia vs. acute and chronic cerebral lesions. Performed detailed neuropsychological evaluations with 25 recently hospitalized schizophrenics in whom systematic neurologic workups had failed to reveal CNS disease. Efforts were made to minimize possible effects of drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms on test performance. Although the schizophrenics showed some neuropsychological impairment relative to 25 normals, their deficits were not as severe as those of patients known to have either acute or chronic brain disorders (N = 25). The diagnostic accuracy achieved by the tests supports their use in short-term treatment facilities when the differential diagnosis includes schizophrenia and brain disorder, especially acute brain disorder. Schizophrenics' neuropsychological impairment was more correlated with degree of EEG abnormality than with degree of psychosis, which suggests a possible organic basis for the deficits that they showed on testing.", "PMID": 422730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11688", "title": "Neuropsychological test performances of paranoid schizophrenic and brain-damaged patients.", "content": "Predicted that simple tests that require attention and motor speed would be able to differentiate paranoid schizophrenics from brain-damaged patients better than more complex, problem-solving neuropsychological tests. The strategy was to improve discrimination between schizophrenic and brain-damaged patients by selecting a schizophrenic subgroup with a recognized cognitive strong point. Fourteen organic, 14 paranoid schizophrenic, and 14 nonpsychotic psychiatric patients matched for sex, education, and IQ were tested. As predicted, the attention and speed measures differentiated the brain-damaged and paranoid groups, while the four more complex measures from the Halstead-Reitan Battery did not separate the groups. There were no significant differences between the two psychiatric groups.", "contents": "Neuropsychological test performances of paranoid schizophrenic and brain-damaged patients. Predicted that simple tests that require attention and motor speed would be able to differentiate paranoid schizophrenics from brain-damaged patients better than more complex, problem-solving neuropsychological tests. The strategy was to improve discrimination between schizophrenic and brain-damaged patients by selecting a schizophrenic subgroup with a recognized cognitive strong point. Fourteen organic, 14 paranoid schizophrenic, and 14 nonpsychotic psychiatric patients matched for sex, education, and IQ were tested. As predicted, the attention and speed measures differentiated the brain-damaged and paranoid groups, while the four more complex measures from the Halstead-Reitan Battery did not separate the groups. There were no significant differences between the two psychiatric groups.", "PMID": 422731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11689", "title": "Autonomic components of vicarious conditioning and psychopathy.", "content": "Examined vicariously instigated electrodermal activity within a classical conditioning paradigm using electric shock to a model as the unconditioned stimulus. Thirty-nine male Ss were selected for the study and divided into three groups: primary psychopaths (PP), secondary psychopaths (SP), and nonpsychopathic normals (NP). The selection procedures were based on scores obtained from the MMPI and the Activity Preference Questionnaire. The conditioning paradigm was composed of three GSR recording periods, which were identified as resensitization, conditioned anticipation, and vicarious instigation, respectively. Results indicated that the PP and the SP groups produced significantly less conditioned anticipatory GSRs than the NP group. The PP group also produced significantly less vicariously instigated GSRs than the SP and NP groups.", "contents": "Autonomic components of vicarious conditioning and psychopathy. Examined vicariously instigated electrodermal activity within a classical conditioning paradigm using electric shock to a model as the unconditioned stimulus. Thirty-nine male Ss were selected for the study and divided into three groups: primary psychopaths (PP), secondary psychopaths (SP), and nonpsychopathic normals (NP). The selection procedures were based on scores obtained from the MMPI and the Activity Preference Questionnaire. The conditioning paradigm was composed of three GSR recording periods, which were identified as resensitization, conditioned anticipation, and vicarious instigation, respectively. Results indicated that the PP and the SP groups produced significantly less conditioned anticipatory GSRs than the NP group. The PP group also produced significantly less vicariously instigated GSRs than the SP and NP groups.", "PMID": 422732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11690", "title": "The early identification of anxiety-laden material with the aid of skin conductance measurements.", "content": "Measured electrodermal responses (EDR), in the form of changes in skin conductivity, during administration of a calibration questionnaire (CQ) and a personal history questionnaire (PHQ) to each of 25 Ss. \"Strong\" changes were defined statistically for each S from the amplitudes of EDR evoked by the CQ. The free-floating anxiety of each S also was measured. As predicted on the grounds that questions of the PHQ were more likely than the non-personal questions of the CQ to intersect unresolved, anxiety-laden material, it was found that strong EDR evoked by the PHQ were significantly more likely to perseverate than those evoked by the CQ. Hence, the technique has potential clinical use in identifying anxiety-laden material. Free-floating anxiety did not correlate significantly with EDR data.", "contents": "The early identification of anxiety-laden material with the aid of skin conductance measurements. Measured electrodermal responses (EDR), in the form of changes in skin conductivity, during administration of a calibration questionnaire (CQ) and a personal history questionnaire (PHQ) to each of 25 Ss. \"Strong\" changes were defined statistically for each S from the amplitudes of EDR evoked by the CQ. The free-floating anxiety of each S also was measured. As predicted on the grounds that questions of the PHQ were more likely than the non-personal questions of the CQ to intersect unresolved, anxiety-laden material, it was found that strong EDR evoked by the PHQ were significantly more likely to perseverate than those evoked by the CQ. Hence, the technique has potential clinical use in identifying anxiety-laden material. Free-floating anxiety did not correlate significantly with EDR data.", "PMID": 422733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11691", "title": "Stepwise regression of psychosocial problems on global impairment ratings.", "content": "Calculated the correlations between the severity ratings for 27 psychosocial problems and global impairment ratings of daily functioning for 109 men and 206 women admitted to the outpatient services of a community mental health center. Controlling for sex and total number of problems rated, a stepwise regression analysis indicated that global impairment estimates were related to problems that represented thought processes, affect, and role functioning. The severity ratings for the thought process problems contributed the most variance (14%) toward the explanation of the global impairment ratings.", "contents": "Stepwise regression of psychosocial problems on global impairment ratings. Calculated the correlations between the severity ratings for 27 psychosocial problems and global impairment ratings of daily functioning for 109 men and 206 women admitted to the outpatient services of a community mental health center. Controlling for sex and total number of problems rated, a stepwise regression analysis indicated that global impairment estimates were related to problems that represented thought processes, affect, and role functioning. The severity ratings for the thought process problems contributed the most variance (14%) toward the explanation of the global impairment ratings.", "PMID": 422734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11692", "title": "Dimensionality of the repression sensitization scale.", "content": "Study of the internal structure of the R-S Scale failed to support a finding of unidimensionality or bipolarity, as theory suggests. A factor analysis of the item matrix revealed a poorly defined multifactor structure that contained five relatively weak unipolar factors (N = 200). Guttman's Reproducibility and the Kuder-Richardson Coefficient adjusted for test length similarly failed to support the presence of a unifactor structure. The relatively high Coefficient of Dimensionality was rejected as evidence of unidimensionality given the uncertainty over what psychometric properties this index reflects. The high proportion of S-item interaction variance showed considerable equivocal item content, which suggested marked error factors due to Ss' idiosyncratic interpretation of items.", "contents": "Dimensionality of the repression sensitization scale. Study of the internal structure of the R-S Scale failed to support a finding of unidimensionality or bipolarity, as theory suggests. A factor analysis of the item matrix revealed a poorly defined multifactor structure that contained five relatively weak unipolar factors (N = 200). Guttman's Reproducibility and the Kuder-Richardson Coefficient adjusted for test length similarly failed to support the presence of a unifactor structure. The relatively high Coefficient of Dimensionality was rejected as evidence of unidimensionality given the uncertainty over what psychometric properties this index reflects. The high proportion of S-item interaction variance showed considerable equivocal item content, which suggested marked error factors due to Ss' idiosyncratic interpretation of items.", "PMID": 422735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11693", "title": "MMPI correlates of looking left or right during mental tasks.", "content": "Correlated directionality of eye movements during mental tasks with MMPI profiles of 22 women and 16 men evaluated for mild neurotic disorder. Directionality of eye movements was correlated with MMPI scales at above chance levels, which suggests that the phenomenon of eye movement directionality relates to objective measures of personality.", "contents": "MMPI correlates of looking left or right during mental tasks. Correlated directionality of eye movements during mental tasks with MMPI profiles of 22 women and 16 men evaluated for mild neurotic disorder. Directionality of eye movements was correlated with MMPI scales at above chance levels, which suggests that the phenomenon of eye movement directionality relates to objective measures of personality.", "PMID": 422736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11694", "title": "An inventory for the identification of child abusers.", "content": "Conducted a literature review to identify personality traits that are characteristic of individuals who abuse and neglect children. On the basis of reported traits, a Child Abuse Potential Inventory that consisted of 334 items was constructed. The Inventory was administered to 19 abusing and 19 matched nonabusing parents. An item analysis was conducted to identify those items that discriminated between abusers and nonabusers. While the best 7 items accounted for slightly over 90% of the variance, the top 25 discriminators accounted for 99% of the variance. A principal axis factoring with oblique promax rotations was performed. Four factors, or dimensions, were identified. They were: loneliness, rigidity, problems and control. Additional analysis indicated that rigidity and problems dimensions were the best predictors of abuse.", "contents": "An inventory for the identification of child abusers. Conducted a literature review to identify personality traits that are characteristic of individuals who abuse and neglect children. On the basis of reported traits, a Child Abuse Potential Inventory that consisted of 334 items was constructed. The Inventory was administered to 19 abusing and 19 matched nonabusing parents. An item analysis was conducted to identify those items that discriminated between abusers and nonabusers. While the best 7 items accounted for slightly over 90% of the variance, the top 25 discriminators accounted for 99% of the variance. A principal axis factoring with oblique promax rotations was performed. Four factors, or dimensions, were identified. They were: loneliness, rigidity, problems and control. Additional analysis indicated that rigidity and problems dimensions were the best predictors of abuse.", "PMID": 422737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11695", "title": "Rapid establishment of therapeutic serum concentrations of salicylates.", "content": "A minimum serum salicylate concentration of 150 microgram/ml is required to control certain inflammatory disease processes. A loading regimen designed to rapidly achieve this minimal level was evaluated in six normal volunteers (age 22 to 27 years, weight 70.5 to 84.1 kg) using a randomized crossover design. The control group received 650 mg aspirin (ASA) every 4 hours for 48 hours. The loading regimen was 2600 mg ASA divided into two equal doses 4 hours apart. Maintenance dosing of 650 mg ASA every 4 hours was then started 4 hours after the completion of the loading regimen and continued for 40 hours. Serum samples were drawn at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after initiation of the study and were assayed for salicylate concentration by UV spectrophotometry. Loading with aspirin produced serum concentrations which were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) for the first 24 hours and reduced the time to reach 150 microgram/ml (15.3 +/- 5.9 hours versus 30.4 +/- 8.65 hours, P less than 0.001) for five of six subjects when compared to a conventional regimen. One subject did not achieve 150 microgram/ml at 48 hours with either regimen. Considerable intersubject variation in serum concentration was noted at 48 hours for both regimens. We suggest that a loading regimen for aspirin may have utility for patients in whom rapid attainment of a therapeutic antiinflammatory serum concentration is desirable.", "contents": "Rapid establishment of therapeutic serum concentrations of salicylates. A minimum serum salicylate concentration of 150 microgram/ml is required to control certain inflammatory disease processes. A loading regimen designed to rapidly achieve this minimal level was evaluated in six normal volunteers (age 22 to 27 years, weight 70.5 to 84.1 kg) using a randomized crossover design. The control group received 650 mg aspirin (ASA) every 4 hours for 48 hours. The loading regimen was 2600 mg ASA divided into two equal doses 4 hours apart. Maintenance dosing of 650 mg ASA every 4 hours was then started 4 hours after the completion of the loading regimen and continued for 40 hours. Serum samples were drawn at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after initiation of the study and were assayed for salicylate concentration by UV spectrophotometry. Loading with aspirin produced serum concentrations which were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) for the first 24 hours and reduced the time to reach 150 microgram/ml (15.3 +/- 5.9 hours versus 30.4 +/- 8.65 hours, P less than 0.001) for five of six subjects when compared to a conventional regimen. One subject did not achieve 150 microgram/ml at 48 hours with either regimen. Considerable intersubject variation in serum concentration was noted at 48 hours for both regimens. We suggest that a loading regimen for aspirin may have utility for patients in whom rapid attainment of a therapeutic antiinflammatory serum concentration is desirable.", "PMID": 422738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11696", "title": "Withdrawal syndrome following cessation of guanabenz therapy.", "content": "A withdrawal syndrome consisting of nervousness, palpitations, diaphoresis, and insomnia appeared in three patients within 16--48 hours following discontinuation of guanabenz, a new centrally acting antihypertensive agent. A similar syndrome of sympathetic overactivity has been described with abrupt withdrawal of clonidine. Three of four patients treated with 48 mg/day but none of 20 other patients treated with 32 mg/day or less guanabenz developed this syndrome. None of the three patients developed hypertensive crisis, though one had a modest rise in the blood pressure above baseline levels. It is concluded that guanabenz therapy should not be discontinued abruptly and that, when possible, the dosage should be limited to less than 48 mg/day.", "contents": "Withdrawal syndrome following cessation of guanabenz therapy. A withdrawal syndrome consisting of nervousness, palpitations, diaphoresis, and insomnia appeared in three patients within 16--48 hours following discontinuation of guanabenz, a new centrally acting antihypertensive agent. A similar syndrome of sympathetic overactivity has been described with abrupt withdrawal of clonidine. Three of four patients treated with 48 mg/day but none of 20 other patients treated with 32 mg/day or less guanabenz developed this syndrome. None of the three patients developed hypertensive crisis, though one had a modest rise in the blood pressure above baseline levels. It is concluded that guanabenz therapy should not be discontinued abruptly and that, when possible, the dosage should be limited to less than 48 mg/day.", "PMID": 422739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11697", "title": "The overdosage and/or poisoning information gap.", "content": "The availability of poisoning information from the pharmaceutical industry was evaluated. Manufacturers of the top 50 drugs were surveyed. Information that was received was classified by established criteria for evaluation. Compendia on poisoning information was evaluated based on 11 components ranging from toxicity information to information available in the PDR. Additional information on emergency telephone numbers for after-hours service was accumulated. The results showed that much of the information available is incomplete and/or outdated. A concerted effort to establish a central source for manufacturers' poison information needs to be begun.", "contents": "The overdosage and/or poisoning information gap. The availability of poisoning information from the pharmaceutical industry was evaluated. Manufacturers of the top 50 drugs were surveyed. Information that was received was classified by established criteria for evaluation. Compendia on poisoning information was evaluated based on 11 components ranging from toxicity information to information available in the PDR. Additional information on emergency telephone numbers for after-hours service was accumulated. The results showed that much of the information available is incomplete and/or outdated. A concerted effort to establish a central source for manufacturers' poison information needs to be begun.", "PMID": 422740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11698", "title": "Communication therapy for the young adult.", "content": "Speech clinicians are often frustrated in their assessment and therapeutic management of a young adult with speech and language problems. Procedures for children with language disorders and aphasic adults are often inadequate for the adult who has communication impairments that cannot be attributed to aphasia. This case study presents an account of a 29-year-old woman who had cognitive, linguistic, and pragmatic difficulties. Both diagnosis and therapy were based on recent innovations in the areas of cognition, linguistics, and interpersonal relations. Results indicated that therapy was successful when the client was responsible for therapy activities, when therapy combined tutorial as well as experimential sessions, and when each session focused on the development of cognitive, linguistic, and interpersonal domains. Specific examples of diagnostic and therapeutic activities are presented as well as the rationale underlying the approach to therapy.", "contents": "Communication therapy for the young adult. Speech clinicians are often frustrated in their assessment and therapeutic management of a young adult with speech and language problems. Procedures for children with language disorders and aphasic adults are often inadequate for the adult who has communication impairments that cannot be attributed to aphasia. This case study presents an account of a 29-year-old woman who had cognitive, linguistic, and pragmatic difficulties. Both diagnosis and therapy were based on recent innovations in the areas of cognition, linguistics, and interpersonal relations. Results indicated that therapy was successful when the client was responsible for therapy activities, when therapy combined tutorial as well as experimential sessions, and when each session focused on the development of cognitive, linguistic, and interpersonal domains. Specific examples of diagnostic and therapeutic activities are presented as well as the rationale underlying the approach to therapy.", "PMID": 422744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11699", "title": "The operant training and generalization of pronouns and a verb form in a language delayed child.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to train the correct use of three pronouns and the verb from \"are\" in a language delayed child and to assess the generalization of these trained responses to untrained stimuli. Within a multiple base-line design the four selected behaviors were sequentially trained using the techniques of positive reinforcement, modeling, and punishment for inappropriate responses. At succeding stages of training, probe trials were conducted to assess the extent of generalization of trained responses to untrained stimuli. A 100% generalization of trained responses to untrained stimuli was obtained for each of the four linguistic behaviors.", "contents": "The operant training and generalization of pronouns and a verb form in a language delayed child. The purpose of the present investigation was to train the correct use of three pronouns and the verb from \"are\" in a language delayed child and to assess the generalization of these trained responses to untrained stimuli. Within a multiple base-line design the four selected behaviors were sequentially trained using the techniques of positive reinforcement, modeling, and punishment for inappropriate responses. At succeding stages of training, probe trials were conducted to assess the extent of generalization of trained responses to untrained stimuli. A 100% generalization of trained responses to untrained stimuli was obtained for each of the four linguistic behaviors.", "PMID": 422745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11700", "title": "Use of mean morphological units to assess language development.", "content": "The intent of this study was to determine what size language sample was needed in order to obtain a reliable index of mean morphological units. Shriner (1967) suggested that 50 sentences were necessary for obtaining a mean length of response and a length complexity index. Brown (1973) recommended using 100 sentences when determining mean morphological units. However, other investigators (Schneiderman, 1955; Griffith and Miner, 1969) said that as few as 15 sentences could serve to provide enough data for reliable estimates of mean length of response and a length complexity index. For a practitioner, knowing that the first 15 sentences produced would be a reliable estimate of overall language ability would be of substantial benefit. Obtaining, transcribing, and analyzing 15 sentences takes about 20 min. The results of this study show that as few as 15 sentences are adequate for determining a reliable index of mean morphological units.", "contents": "Use of mean morphological units to assess language development. The intent of this study was to determine what size language sample was needed in order to obtain a reliable index of mean morphological units. Shriner (1967) suggested that 50 sentences were necessary for obtaining a mean length of response and a length complexity index. Brown (1973) recommended using 100 sentences when determining mean morphological units. However, other investigators (Schneiderman, 1955; Griffith and Miner, 1969) said that as few as 15 sentences could serve to provide enough data for reliable estimates of mean length of response and a length complexity index. For a practitioner, knowing that the first 15 sentences produced would be a reliable estimate of overall language ability would be of substantial benefit. Obtaining, transcribing, and analyzing 15 sentences takes about 20 min. The results of this study show that as few as 15 sentences are adequate for determining a reliable index of mean morphological units.", "PMID": 422746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11701", "title": "The perceptual identity and characteristics of aging in normal male adult speakers.", "content": "Twenty untrained male and 20 untrained female listeners were requested to judge the age of 46 male speakers from samples of conversational speech.  Thirty-seven samples were judged similarly by the two groups and were therefore provided as listening stimuli for ten male and ten female speech pathologists. Through an a posteriori schema, speech pathologists were required to specify the salient features of speech judged as being characteristic of each speaker's perceived age. The results of the study indicated that untrained listeners used similar perceptual sets to judge age until after the fiftieh year of life. Regardless of sex, listeners tended to underestimate the age of the speakers. Male and female speech pathologists viewed low pitch and hoarseness as being the most salient features of speech for the speakers. Qualitative analysis revealed that the most prominent features indicated by speech pathologists could be classified according to pitch, quality, articulation, and rate of speech.", "contents": "The perceptual identity and characteristics of aging in normal male adult speakers. Twenty untrained male and 20 untrained female listeners were requested to judge the age of 46 male speakers from samples of conversational speech.  Thirty-seven samples were judged similarly by the two groups and were therefore provided as listening stimuli for ten male and ten female speech pathologists. Through an a posteriori schema, speech pathologists were required to specify the salient features of speech judged as being characteristic of each speaker's perceived age. The results of the study indicated that untrained listeners used similar perceptual sets to judge age until after the fiftieh year of life. Regardless of sex, listeners tended to underestimate the age of the speakers. Male and female speech pathologists viewed low pitch and hoarseness as being the most salient features of speech for the speakers. Qualitative analysis revealed that the most prominent features indicated by speech pathologists could be classified according to pitch, quality, articulation, and rate of speech.", "PMID": 422747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11702", "title": "Judging personality and appearance from voice disorders.", "content": "This study examined the effect of voice disorders on judgments of personality and appearance. One-hundred-and-five college students evaluated the personality and appearance characteristics of 12 speakers, four with normal voice quality, four with harsh-breathy voice quality, and four with hypernasal voice quality. A semantic differential procedure was employed to obtain ratings on 12 bipolar adjectives. Results indicate a significant difference between the normal and disordered voices. Voice disorders elicit more negative responses on judgments of personality and appearance of the speaker. These findings indicate that voice disorders warrant correction.", "contents": "Judging personality and appearance from voice disorders. This study examined the effect of voice disorders on judgments of personality and appearance. One-hundred-and-five college students evaluated the personality and appearance characteristics of 12 speakers, four with normal voice quality, four with harsh-breathy voice quality, and four with hypernasal voice quality. A semantic differential procedure was employed to obtain ratings on 12 bipolar adjectives. Results indicate a significant difference between the normal and disordered voices. Voice disorders elicit more negative responses on judgments of personality and appearance of the speaker. These findings indicate that voice disorders warrant correction.", "PMID": 422748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11703", "title": "Time couse of the blockade effect of propranolol on sinus node and atrioventricular node.", "content": "The time course of the blockade effect of propranolol on the sinus node (SN) and the atrioventricular node (AVN) was studied in six normal volunteers. Serial isoproterenol infusions were done before and after oral propranolol administration, 160 mg daily for two days. The inhibition by propranolol of the heart rate increases due to isoproterenol was used to assess the blockade of the sinus node, and the diminution by propranolol of the shortening in the PR interval due to isoproterenol was used to assess the blockade of the atrioventricular node. The blockade effects on the sinus node and the atrioventricular node were identical and persisted more than 24 hours. There was no good relationship between plasma propranolol and blockade effect on sinus node and/or atrioventricular node as propranolol was no longer detectable in the plasma 24 hours after the last dose. A transient hypersensitivity to isoproterenol was present 36 to 48 hours after propranolol withdrawal. The explanation of these phenomena most likely lies in the peculiar nature of beta-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "Time couse of the blockade effect of propranolol on sinus node and atrioventricular node. The time course of the blockade effect of propranolol on the sinus node (SN) and the atrioventricular node (AVN) was studied in six normal volunteers. Serial isoproterenol infusions were done before and after oral propranolol administration, 160 mg daily for two days. The inhibition by propranolol of the heart rate increases due to isoproterenol was used to assess the blockade of the sinus node, and the diminution by propranolol of the shortening in the PR interval due to isoproterenol was used to assess the blockade of the atrioventricular node. The blockade effects on the sinus node and the atrioventricular node were identical and persisted more than 24 hours. There was no good relationship between plasma propranolol and blockade effect on sinus node and/or atrioventricular node as propranolol was no longer detectable in the plasma 24 hours after the last dose. A transient hypersensitivity to isoproterenol was present 36 to 48 hours after propranolol withdrawal. The explanation of these phenomena most likely lies in the peculiar nature of beta-adrenergic receptors.", "PMID": 422743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11704", "title": "Spectrographic and perceptual features of vocal tension/harshness in hearing-impaired adults.", "content": "Twenty hearing-impaired adult males exhibiting a range of severity of vocal tension/harshness sustained the vowels /a/ and /u/, at a constant intensity level and read the first two sentences of the Rainbow Passage. Recordings of the vowels and sentences were rated for degree of severity of vocal tension/harshness on a 5-point, equal-appearing-interval scale by three speech pathologists. Each vowel production was analyzed to produce a narrow-hand (10 Hz) frequency-by-amplitude acoustic spectrum in which the levels of inharmonic energy, i.e., noise components, were measured in dB SPL over the frequency range 100--3000 Hz. Significant correlations were obtained between: mean ratings of vocal tension for sentences and for vowels; mean ratings of vocal tension for vowels and average spectral noise levels for vowels; and mean ratings of vocal tension for sentences and average spectral noise levels for vowels.", "contents": "Spectrographic and perceptual features of vocal tension/harshness in hearing-impaired adults. Twenty hearing-impaired adult males exhibiting a range of severity of vocal tension/harshness sustained the vowels /a/ and /u/, at a constant intensity level and read the first two sentences of the Rainbow Passage. Recordings of the vowels and sentences were rated for degree of severity of vocal tension/harshness on a 5-point, equal-appearing-interval scale by three speech pathologists. Each vowel production was analyzed to produce a narrow-hand (10 Hz) frequency-by-amplitude acoustic spectrum in which the levels of inharmonic energy, i.e., noise components, were measured in dB SPL over the frequency range 100--3000 Hz. Significant correlations were obtained between: mean ratings of vocal tension for sentences and for vowels; mean ratings of vocal tension for vowels and average spectral noise levels for vowels; and mean ratings of vocal tension for sentences and average spectral noise levels for vowels.", "PMID": 422749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11705", "title": "Intelligibility in acquired dysarthria--a neuro-phonetic approach: three case studies.", "content": "A descriptive framework of phonetic parameters for the assessment of dysarthric speech is presented. The phonetic parameters examined are based on a linguistic analysis of aspects of continuous speech. The assessment thus evaluates the functional efficiency of the speech producing mechanisms in encoding the spoken medium of language. The interaction of the deviant parameters is related to the breakdown of intelligibility. Possible underlying neurological correlates are discussed. The implications for therapy using the combined phonetic and neurological information are considered. This assessment procedure is illustrated with case studies of three types of acquired dysarthria.", "contents": "Intelligibility in acquired dysarthria--a neuro-phonetic approach: three case studies. A descriptive framework of phonetic parameters for the assessment of dysarthric speech is presented. The phonetic parameters examined are based on a linguistic analysis of aspects of continuous speech. The assessment thus evaluates the functional efficiency of the speech producing mechanisms in encoding the spoken medium of language. The interaction of the deviant parameters is related to the breakdown of intelligibility. Possible underlying neurological correlates are discussed. The implications for therapy using the combined phonetic and neurological information are considered. This assessment procedure is illustrated with case studies of three types of acquired dysarthria.", "PMID": 422750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11706", "title": "Tectal projections in the goldfish (Carassius auratus): a degeneration study.", "content": "Efferents revealed by degeneration staining following tectal lesions in goldfish are presented. Four major projections were found. Ascending ipsilateral projections to pretectal-diencephalic areas exit the tectum rostrally and laterally and terminate in the area pretectalis (AP), lateral geniculate (LGN), nucleus pretectalis (NP), and nucleus rotundus (NR). Ascending contralateral projections exit rostrally and possibly laterally, enter the posterior and postoptic commissures and terminate in the contralateral AP, LGN, NP, NR, and rostral tectum. A medially directed projection enters the intertectal commissure, and some of these fibers may terminate sparsely in an area of the contralateral tectum homotopic to the lesion. A descending projection exits the tectum laterally and projects ipsilaterally to a dorsolateral tegmental nucleus (DLT) and the lateral reticular formation of the tegmentum and pons, and contralaterally to the medial reticular formation of the tegmentum and pons.", "contents": "Tectal projections in the goldfish (Carassius auratus): a degeneration study. Efferents revealed by degeneration staining following tectal lesions in goldfish are presented. Four major projections were found. Ascending ipsilateral projections to pretectal-diencephalic areas exit the tectum rostrally and laterally and terminate in the area pretectalis (AP), lateral geniculate (LGN), nucleus pretectalis (NP), and nucleus rotundus (NR). Ascending contralateral projections exit rostrally and possibly laterally, enter the posterior and postoptic commissures and terminate in the contralateral AP, LGN, NP, NR, and rostral tectum. A medially directed projection enters the intertectal commissure, and some of these fibers may terminate sparsely in an area of the contralateral tectum homotopic to the lesion. A descending projection exits the tectum laterally and projects ipsilaterally to a dorsolateral tegmental nucleus (DLT) and the lateral reticular formation of the tegmentum and pons, and contralaterally to the medial reticular formation of the tegmentum and pons.", "PMID": 422751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11707", "title": "The organization of the second somatosensory area (SmII) of the grey squirrel.", "content": "Microelectrode mapping methods were used to determine the organization of the second somatosensory representation, SmII, in grey squirrels. A systematic representation of the contralateral body surface was found in lateral parietal cortex adjoining the first somatosensory representation, SmI (Sur et al., '78a). The representation of the body in SmII was found to be much less distorted than in SmI. Under our recording conditions, almost all recording sites were activated from strictly contralateral body locations. The most important finding was that the basic orientation of the body representation in SmII is \"erect\" rather than \"inverted.\" This orientation allows SmII and SmI to be adjoined along a common border representing the top of the head and face. This type of border has been called congruent (Allman and Kaas, '75; Kaas, '77), and it may have significance in the development of sensory representations.", "contents": "The organization of the second somatosensory area (SmII) of the grey squirrel. Microelectrode mapping methods were used to determine the organization of the second somatosensory representation, SmII, in grey squirrels. A systematic representation of the contralateral body surface was found in lateral parietal cortex adjoining the first somatosensory representation, SmI (Sur et al., '78a). The representation of the body in SmII was found to be much less distorted than in SmI. Under our recording conditions, almost all recording sites were activated from strictly contralateral body locations. The most important finding was that the basic orientation of the body representation in SmII is \"erect\" rather than \"inverted.\" This orientation allows SmII and SmI to be adjoined along a common border representing the top of the head and face. This type of border has been called congruent (Allman and Kaas, '75; Kaas, '77), and it may have significance in the development of sensory representations.", "PMID": 422752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11708", "title": "Synaptogenesis in the cervical cord of the human embryo: sequence of synapse formation in a spinal reflex pathway.", "content": "Synaptogenesis in the cervical cord was studied by light and electron microscopy in human embryos ranging from four to seven weeks of ovulation age. The stage of embryonic development was estimated on the basis of external morphology of embryos and histology of the eye ball with reference to Streeter's horizon. No synapses were found in the cervical cord of the embryo at Streeter's horizon XIV (8 mm; estimated ovulation age, 28-30 days). A small number of axodendritic synapses appear in the motor neuropil of the cervical cord at Streeter's horizon XVII (14 mm; estimated ovulation age, 34-36 days). Since no primary afferents are demonstrated to reach the motor neuropil at this stage (the premotile period), these synapses are considered to be formed between interneurons and motor neurons. On the other hand, the formation of synapses outside the motor neuropil of the cervical cord was recognized at Streeter's horizon XX (22 mm; estimated ovulation age, 40-42 days), which corresponded to the period of onset of the precocious reflex, but not by horizon XIX (18 mm; estimated ovulation age, 38-40 days). The first axosomatic synapses were found in the motor neuropil at Streeter's horizon XVII (estimated ovulation age, 34-36 days). The present study suggests that the formation of synapses between interneurons and dendrites of spinal motor neurons precedes that of synapses between interneurons and collaterals of primary afferents. This sequence of synaptogenesis is in agreement with that reported in earlier studies with silver stain methods.", "contents": "Synaptogenesis in the cervical cord of the human embryo: sequence of synapse formation in a spinal reflex pathway. Synaptogenesis in the cervical cord was studied by light and electron microscopy in human embryos ranging from four to seven weeks of ovulation age. The stage of embryonic development was estimated on the basis of external morphology of embryos and histology of the eye ball with reference to Streeter's horizon. No synapses were found in the cervical cord of the embryo at Streeter's horizon XIV (8 mm; estimated ovulation age, 28-30 days). A small number of axodendritic synapses appear in the motor neuropil of the cervical cord at Streeter's horizon XVII (14 mm; estimated ovulation age, 34-36 days). Since no primary afferents are demonstrated to reach the motor neuropil at this stage (the premotile period), these synapses are considered to be formed between interneurons and motor neurons. On the other hand, the formation of synapses outside the motor neuropil of the cervical cord was recognized at Streeter's horizon XX (22 mm; estimated ovulation age, 40-42 days), which corresponded to the period of onset of the precocious reflex, but not by horizon XIX (18 mm; estimated ovulation age, 38-40 days). The first axosomatic synapses were found in the motor neuropil at Streeter's horizon XVII (estimated ovulation age, 34-36 days). The present study suggests that the formation of synapses between interneurons and dendrites of spinal motor neurons precedes that of synapses between interneurons and collaterals of primary afferents. This sequence of synaptogenesis is in agreement with that reported in earlier studies with silver stain methods.", "PMID": 422753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11709", "title": "The environment of axonal migration in the developing chick retina: a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study.", "content": "We have made a SEM study of the basal intercellular spaces of the retina in chick embryos of different developmental stages. Since this is the environment where optic axons grow, the structural characteristics of this region might play some role in the orientation of axonal migration towards the choroid fissure. The basal region of undifferentiated retinas is formed by the vitreal expansions of neuroepithelial cells. In pre-axonal stages, the intercellular spaces between these expansions do not show any preferential orientation towards the fissure. The growth cones of ganglion cell axons appear in an apicobasal direction and turn towards the fissure immediately beneath the vitreal surface. Fasciculation is an early event during development and, in the more advanced stages, the vitreal expansions from retinal cells are placed in rows following the same orientation as the axon bundles. These observations are discussed in relationship to current hypotheses on axonal migration and orientation.", "contents": "The environment of axonal migration in the developing chick retina: a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study. We have made a SEM study of the basal intercellular spaces of the retina in chick embryos of different developmental stages. Since this is the environment where optic axons grow, the structural characteristics of this region might play some role in the orientation of axonal migration towards the choroid fissure. The basal region of undifferentiated retinas is formed by the vitreal expansions of neuroepithelial cells. In pre-axonal stages, the intercellular spaces between these expansions do not show any preferential orientation towards the fissure. The growth cones of ganglion cell axons appear in an apicobasal direction and turn towards the fissure immediately beneath the vitreal surface. Fasciculation is an early event during development and, in the more advanced stages, the vitreal expansions from retinal cells are placed in rows following the same orientation as the axon bundles. These observations are discussed in relationship to current hypotheses on axonal migration and orientation.", "PMID": 422754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11710", "title": "The sensory component of the facial nerve of a reptile (Lacerta viridis).", "content": "The sensory fibers of the facial nerve in Lacerta viridis have been studied with a silver impregnation method to follow the course of axonal degeneration. Destruction of the geniculate ganglion demonstrated the degenerated sensory component of the facial nerve adjacent to the anterior vestibular root. Within the lateral vestibular area the facial sensory fibers consist of numerous rootlets separated by vestibular fibers and cells. These rootlets may join to form a main or paired sensory tract that passes through the vestibular nuclei to enter the tractus solitarius and divide into a small ascending prefacial component and a major descending prevagal division. A few fibers continue into the postvagal part of tractus solitarius and extend caudally to terminate in the nucleus commissura infima. Prefacial fibers terminate along the periventricular gray while prevagal fibers terminate within the tractus solitarius on the dendrites of cells of nucleus tractus solitarius and near the periphery of the dorsal motor nucleus of X. There was no noticeable degeneration in the descendens tractus trigemini. Terminal degeneration to descendens nucleus trigemini and motor nucleus of VII followed the tractus solitarius course. Most facial sensory fibers are probably related to taste and other visceral information.", "contents": "The sensory component of the facial nerve of a reptile (Lacerta viridis). The sensory fibers of the facial nerve in Lacerta viridis have been studied with a silver impregnation method to follow the course of axonal degeneration. Destruction of the geniculate ganglion demonstrated the degenerated sensory component of the facial nerve adjacent to the anterior vestibular root. Within the lateral vestibular area the facial sensory fibers consist of numerous rootlets separated by vestibular fibers and cells. These rootlets may join to form a main or paired sensory tract that passes through the vestibular nuclei to enter the tractus solitarius and divide into a small ascending prefacial component and a major descending prevagal division. A few fibers continue into the postvagal part of tractus solitarius and extend caudally to terminate in the nucleus commissura infima. Prefacial fibers terminate along the periventricular gray while prevagal fibers terminate within the tractus solitarius on the dendrites of cells of nucleus tractus solitarius and near the periphery of the dorsal motor nucleus of X. There was no noticeable degeneration in the descendens tractus trigemini. Terminal degeneration to descendens nucleus trigemini and motor nucleus of VII followed the tractus solitarius course. Most facial sensory fibers are probably related to taste and other visceral information.", "PMID": 422755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11711", "title": "Somatic neurons in the brainstem and neocortex projecting to the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus: an anatomical study in the opossum.", "content": "Some brainstem and neocortical neurons projecting to the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus were identified by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Large pressure injections of HRP were used to define the population of cells in the dorsal column and trigeminal nuclei projecting to the entire inferior colliculus. Subsequently, tiny injections of HRP were delivered electrophoretically to various parts of the external nucleus using micropipettes. In each case the electrophoretic placements were made in sites identified as somatic by their response to foot shock or manual stimulation of the body. Receptive fields were found to be large and almost always bilaterally symmetric. Areas excitable by stimulation of the upper body were often found adjacent to areas excitable by stimulation of the lower body, tail, or, rarely, the face and head. In general, sites in the external nucleus which were identified by their responsiveness to stimulation of the body were not responsive to click stimuli. No topographic representation of the body was evident. After small electrophoretic injections of HRP absolutely restricted to the external nucleus, HRP-filled neurons were found bilaterally in the nucleus gracilis, nucleus Bischoff, (the midline and tail representation of the dorsal column nuclei), nucleus cuneatus, and nucleus trigeminalis, subnucleus caudalis. Ipsilateral neocortical cellular filling was found primarily in a continuous strip along the caudal and inferior margin of the parietotemporal cortex, in the area corresponding to SMII (Pubols, '77). Rarely, filled cells were found in the parietal area corresponding to SMI and in the temporal pole. In sum, small somatic-activated loci of the external nucleus receive bilateral, topographically convergent projections from hindbrain somatosensory structures and from the SMII cortex.", "contents": "Somatic neurons in the brainstem and neocortex projecting to the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus: an anatomical study in the opossum. Some brainstem and neocortical neurons projecting to the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus were identified by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Large pressure injections of HRP were used to define the population of cells in the dorsal column and trigeminal nuclei projecting to the entire inferior colliculus. Subsequently, tiny injections of HRP were delivered electrophoretically to various parts of the external nucleus using micropipettes. In each case the electrophoretic placements were made in sites identified as somatic by their response to foot shock or manual stimulation of the body. Receptive fields were found to be large and almost always bilaterally symmetric. Areas excitable by stimulation of the upper body were often found adjacent to areas excitable by stimulation of the lower body, tail, or, rarely, the face and head. In general, sites in the external nucleus which were identified by their responsiveness to stimulation of the body were not responsive to click stimuli. No topographic representation of the body was evident. After small electrophoretic injections of HRP absolutely restricted to the external nucleus, HRP-filled neurons were found bilaterally in the nucleus gracilis, nucleus Bischoff, (the midline and tail representation of the dorsal column nuclei), nucleus cuneatus, and nucleus trigeminalis, subnucleus caudalis. Ipsilateral neocortical cellular filling was found primarily in a continuous strip along the caudal and inferior margin of the parietotemporal cortex, in the area corresponding to SMII (Pubols, '77). Rarely, filled cells were found in the parietal area corresponding to SMI and in the temporal pole. In sum, small somatic-activated loci of the external nucleus receive bilateral, topographically convergent projections from hindbrain somatosensory structures and from the SMII cortex.", "PMID": 422756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11712", "title": "Projections from the spinal and the principal sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve to the cerebellar cortex in the cat, as studied by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Projections from the spinal (Vsp) and the principle sensory (Vp) nuclei of the trigeminal nerve to the cerebellar cortex were studied by means of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in the cat. Neurons projecting to the simple lobule and the dorsal part of the paramedian lobule (PMD) were located mainly in the dorsal part of the nucleus interpolaris (Vi) and of the caudal one third of the nucleus oralis (Vo) and in the rostralmost part of the Vo. Neurons projecting to the medial part of the posterior folia of crus II (crus IIp) were located in the dorsal to ventral parts of the Vi and of the caudal one third of the Vo and in the rostralmost part of the Vo, while those projecting to the lateral part of crus IIp were confined to the ventral part of the Vi and of the caudal one third of the Vo. Neurons of the Vp also projected to all of these cortical areas. They were relatively confined to the ventral part of this nucleus. Thest trigeminocerebellar projections were exclusively ipsilateral to the cell origin. There were sparse projections from the Vi and Vo to lobules V to VIIIa. In addition, a small group of neurons in the subnucleus magnocellularis of the nucleus caudalis of the Vsp also projected to the above cortical areas. No projections were, however, observed to the anterior portion of the anterior lobe, crus I, the anterior folia of crus II, paraflocculus, flocculus and the ventral part of the PMD. The majority of these cerebellar projection neurons were medium-sized and triangular, fusiform or ovoid in shape. There were small neurons of similar types and large multipolar neurons as well.", "contents": "Projections from the spinal and the principal sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve to the cerebellar cortex in the cat, as studied by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Projections from the spinal (Vsp) and the principle sensory (Vp) nuclei of the trigeminal nerve to the cerebellar cortex were studied by means of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in the cat. Neurons projecting to the simple lobule and the dorsal part of the paramedian lobule (PMD) were located mainly in the dorsal part of the nucleus interpolaris (Vi) and of the caudal one third of the nucleus oralis (Vo) and in the rostralmost part of the Vo. Neurons projecting to the medial part of the posterior folia of crus II (crus IIp) were located in the dorsal to ventral parts of the Vi and of the caudal one third of the Vo and in the rostralmost part of the Vo, while those projecting to the lateral part of crus IIp were confined to the ventral part of the Vi and of the caudal one third of the Vo. Neurons of the Vp also projected to all of these cortical areas. They were relatively confined to the ventral part of this nucleus. Thest trigeminocerebellar projections were exclusively ipsilateral to the cell origin. There were sparse projections from the Vi and Vo to lobules V to VIIIa. In addition, a small group of neurons in the subnucleus magnocellularis of the nucleus caudalis of the Vsp also projected to the above cortical areas. No projections were, however, observed to the anterior portion of the anterior lobe, crus I, the anterior folia of crus II, paraflocculus, flocculus and the ventral part of the PMD. The majority of these cerebellar projection neurons were medium-sized and triangular, fusiform or ovoid in shape. There were small neurons of similar types and large multipolar neurons as well.", "PMID": 422757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11713", "title": "Primary afferent fibers in the tract of Lissauer in the rat.", "content": "More than two-thirds of the axons in the tract of Lissauer at mid-thoracic and lumbosacral levels of the rat spinal cord are primary afferent fibers. The proportions of primary afferents in the tract are approximately the same at the two spinal levels. A slightly higher percentage of the unmyelinated, as opposed to the myelinated, fibers are primary afferents. There is a somewhat greater percentage of primary afferent axons in medial parts of the mid-thoracic levels, but all areas of the tract that were examined contain a majority of primary afferent fibers. The primary afferent axons appear to travel less than a segment in the tract at mid-thoracic levels but for several segments in the tract at lumbo-sacral levels. These data indicate that the tract of Lissauer is predominately a primary afferent fiber system in these segments of the rat.", "contents": "Primary afferent fibers in the tract of Lissauer in the rat. More than two-thirds of the axons in the tract of Lissauer at mid-thoracic and lumbosacral levels of the rat spinal cord are primary afferent fibers. The proportions of primary afferents in the tract are approximately the same at the two spinal levels. A slightly higher percentage of the unmyelinated, as opposed to the myelinated, fibers are primary afferents. There is a somewhat greater percentage of primary afferent axons in medial parts of the mid-thoracic levels, but all areas of the tract that were examined contain a majority of primary afferent fibers. The primary afferent axons appear to travel less than a segment in the tract at mid-thoracic levels but for several segments in the tract at lumbo-sacral levels. These data indicate that the tract of Lissauer is predominately a primary afferent fiber system in these segments of the rat.", "PMID": 422758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11714", "title": "Commissural and intrinsic connections of the rat hippocampus.", "content": "The commissural and intrinsic connections of the hippocampus were studied using the Fink-Heimer method and the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) uptake technique. A conspicuous septo-termporal gradient was found of the density of the commissural projection that passes through the psalterium ventrale to the Ammon's horn. The degeneration resulting from transection of the psalterium ventrale was most dense in the septal tip and decreased towards the temporal tip. The commissural and ipsilateral connections from the hilus fasciae dentatae (CA4) and regio inferior (CA3/CA2) were found to terminate in different parts of the hippocampus. The hilus fasciae dentatae gave rise to ipsilateral and commissural projections to the dentate area only. The regio inferior has ipsilateral and commissural projections to the Ammon's horn. A specific termination pattern was found of the projection from regio inferior to stratum radiatum of both the ipsilateral and contralateral regio superior (CA1) and regio inferior (CA2/CA3). At levels temporal to the lesion, the projection is primarily to the superficial part of stratum radiatum, while at levels septal to the lesion the terminal zone occupies the deep part of the layer. This pattern was not related to the position of the cells of origin, along the septo-temporal or subiculo-dentate axes. In general, the commissural projections showed the same degree of septo-temporal divergence as the ipsilateral projections. The only major difference in the terminal fields of the two sets projections to the Ammon's horn was that the terminal zone of the commissural projection to stratum oriens was always more dense than that of the ipsilateral projection to this layer, while an inverse gradient was seen in stratum radiatum. The projections from the septal and middle dorso-ventral parts of regio inferior differed. The temporal spread of the projections from the septal part was large while that from the projections arising at middle dorso-ventral levels was more restricted. Moreover, a longitudinal association path interconnecting different parts of the regio inferior along the septo-temporal axis was seen to arise only from the cells in the septal parts of the regio inferior. Each part of the regio inferior projected to all parts of stratum radiatum and oriens of the contralateral Ammon's horn. However, the projection to the contralateral regio inferior was most dense at the site homotopic to that lesioned. The ventricular part of regio inferior projected primarily to the contralateral stratum oriens of the Ammon's horn, while the part adjacent to the dentate area mostly supplied stratum radiatum.", "contents": "Commissural and intrinsic connections of the rat hippocampus. The commissural and intrinsic connections of the hippocampus were studied using the Fink-Heimer method and the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) uptake technique. A conspicuous septo-termporal gradient was found of the density of the commissural projection that passes through the psalterium ventrale to the Ammon's horn. The degeneration resulting from transection of the psalterium ventrale was most dense in the septal tip and decreased towards the temporal tip. The commissural and ipsilateral connections from the hilus fasciae dentatae (CA4) and regio inferior (CA3/CA2) were found to terminate in different parts of the hippocampus. The hilus fasciae dentatae gave rise to ipsilateral and commissural projections to the dentate area only. The regio inferior has ipsilateral and commissural projections to the Ammon's horn. A specific termination pattern was found of the projection from regio inferior to stratum radiatum of both the ipsilateral and contralateral regio superior (CA1) and regio inferior (CA2/CA3). At levels temporal to the lesion, the projection is primarily to the superficial part of stratum radiatum, while at levels septal to the lesion the terminal zone occupies the deep part of the layer. This pattern was not related to the position of the cells of origin, along the septo-temporal or subiculo-dentate axes. In general, the commissural projections showed the same degree of septo-temporal divergence as the ipsilateral projections. The only major difference in the terminal fields of the two sets projections to the Ammon's horn was that the terminal zone of the commissural projection to stratum oriens was always more dense than that of the ipsilateral projection to this layer, while an inverse gradient was seen in stratum radiatum. The projections from the septal and middle dorso-ventral parts of regio inferior differed. The temporal spread of the projections from the septal part was large while that from the projections arising at middle dorso-ventral levels was more restricted. Moreover, a longitudinal association path interconnecting different parts of the regio inferior along the septo-temporal axis was seen to arise only from the cells in the septal parts of the regio inferior. Each part of the regio inferior projected to all parts of stratum radiatum and oriens of the contralateral Ammon's horn. However, the projection to the contralateral regio inferior was most dense at the site homotopic to that lesioned. The ventricular part of regio inferior projected primarily to the contralateral stratum oriens of the Ammon's horn, while the part adjacent to the dentate area mostly supplied stratum radiatum.", "PMID": 422759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11715", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of serially sectioned cat spinal alpha-motoneurons. II. A method for the description of architecture and synaptology of the cell body and proximal dendritic segments.", "content": "The paper presents a method for ultrastructural analysis and description of neuronal architecture and synaptology of cat spinal alpha-motoneurons from complete series of consecutive ultrathin sections through the cell body and proximal parts of the dendrites. The method implies that sections are selected for analysis only at certain constant intervals in the series. The occurrence of boutons of different morphological types on the neuronal surface was expressed by their percentage covering of the neuronal membrane. The neuronal surface was divided into a number of compartments and the synaptic covering was calculated separately for each compartment. An interval of 6 micrometer between the sections was used for these calculations, and the obtained values for synaptic covering were found not to differ significantly from those obtained in controls at 3 micrometer intervals. The number and location of individual large boutons (C- and M-types) were studied at 3 micrometer section intervals, and the escape of boutons connected to this procedure was estimated from control observations at 1 micrometer intervals. It is concluded that detailed information on neuronal synaptology can be obtained with this method, which will be used in three subsequent studies on functionally identified and intracellularly stained cat alpha-motoneurons.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of serially sectioned cat spinal alpha-motoneurons. II. A method for the description of architecture and synaptology of the cell body and proximal dendritic segments. The paper presents a method for ultrastructural analysis and description of neuronal architecture and synaptology of cat spinal alpha-motoneurons from complete series of consecutive ultrathin sections through the cell body and proximal parts of the dendrites. The method implies that sections are selected for analysis only at certain constant intervals in the series. The occurrence of boutons of different morphological types on the neuronal surface was expressed by their percentage covering of the neuronal membrane. The neuronal surface was divided into a number of compartments and the synaptic covering was calculated separately for each compartment. An interval of 6 micrometer between the sections was used for these calculations, and the obtained values for synaptic covering were found not to differ significantly from those obtained in controls at 3 micrometer intervals. The number and location of individual large boutons (C- and M-types) were studied at 3 micrometer section intervals, and the escape of boutons connected to this procedure was estimated from control observations at 1 micrometer intervals. It is concluded that detailed information on neuronal synaptology can be obtained with this method, which will be used in three subsequent studies on functionally identified and intracellularly stained cat alpha-motoneurons.", "PMID": 422760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11716", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of serially sectioned cat spinal alpha-motoneurons. IV. Motoneurons innervating slow-twitch (type S) units of the soleus muscle.", "content": "Two intracellularly stained cat alpha-motoneurons of the soleus-S type (Burke et al., '74) were studied ultrastructurally. The architecture and synaptology of the cell body and proximal parts of the dendrites were analyzed from a long series of consecutive sections (Conradi et al., '79). Only few of the dendrites had a base diameter exceeding 10 micrometer. The proportion of the membrane surface of the cell body and dendrites covered by boutons was 40-45% and 50-80%, respectively. Out of this, 15-20% was constituted by S-boutons and 70-75% by F-boutons in both regions. In contrast to the situation in the gastrocnemius FR-neurons (Kellerth et al., '79) the large boutons of the C-type showed no clustering around the dendritic roots and were absent on the axon hillock. In addition, the M-boutons of dorsal root origin were more sparse on the proximal parts on the dendrites of the soleus-S neurons.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of serially sectioned cat spinal alpha-motoneurons. IV. Motoneurons innervating slow-twitch (type S) units of the soleus muscle. Two intracellularly stained cat alpha-motoneurons of the soleus-S type (Burke et al., '74) were studied ultrastructurally. The architecture and synaptology of the cell body and proximal parts of the dendrites were analyzed from a long series of consecutive sections (Conradi et al., '79). Only few of the dendrites had a base diameter exceeding 10 micrometer. The proportion of the membrane surface of the cell body and dendrites covered by boutons was 40-45% and 50-80%, respectively. Out of this, 15-20% was constituted by S-boutons and 70-75% by F-boutons in both regions. In contrast to the situation in the gastrocnemius FR-neurons (Kellerth et al., '79) the large boutons of the C-type showed no clustering around the dendritic roots and were absent on the axon hillock. In addition, the M-boutons of dorsal root origin were more sparse on the proximal parts on the dendrites of the soleus-S neurons.", "PMID": 422761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11717", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the subcortical projections of the rabbit striate cortex in the adult and during postnatal development.", "content": "The subcortical projections of the rabbit striate cortex were studied by autoradiography. Small injections of 3H-leucine were placed into the striate cortex of 15 rabbit pups aged between one day and one month and six adult rabbits (strain Chbb:Ch). Terminal fields of projection occurred only ipsilateral to the injection, and these were found in the caudate nucleus (CN), the claustrum (Cla), the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), the dorsal (LGNd) and the ventral (LGNv) lateral geniculate nuclei, the pulvinar (Pul), the ventrolateral (Vl) the posterior (Po) thalamic nuclei, the anterior (APN) and posterior (PPN) pretectal nuclei, the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), the superior colliculus (SC) and the basal pontine nuclei (PN). Cla was innervated via the superficial corticocortical and CN via the corticocaudate pathways. The remaining projections were innervated via the subcortical pathway which comprised three bundles: The deep bundle (to TRN, LGNd, Pul and Po), the superficial bundle (to LGNv, APN, PPN, NOT, and SC), and the peduncular bundle (to PN). The projection to SC showed remarkable changes of its terminal pattern during the first and second postnatal weeks. These changes were characterized by a strong reduction of the horizontal extension of the terminal labelling and an increasing concentration on the stratum griseum superficiale. Similar changes were not observed in the other projections.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the subcortical projections of the rabbit striate cortex in the adult and during postnatal development. The subcortical projections of the rabbit striate cortex were studied by autoradiography. Small injections of 3H-leucine were placed into the striate cortex of 15 rabbit pups aged between one day and one month and six adult rabbits (strain Chbb:Ch). Terminal fields of projection occurred only ipsilateral to the injection, and these were found in the caudate nucleus (CN), the claustrum (Cla), the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), the dorsal (LGNd) and the ventral (LGNv) lateral geniculate nuclei, the pulvinar (Pul), the ventrolateral (Vl) the posterior (Po) thalamic nuclei, the anterior (APN) and posterior (PPN) pretectal nuclei, the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), the superior colliculus (SC) and the basal pontine nuclei (PN). Cla was innervated via the superficial corticocortical and CN via the corticocaudate pathways. The remaining projections were innervated via the subcortical pathway which comprised three bundles: The deep bundle (to TRN, LGNd, Pul and Po), the superficial bundle (to LGNv, APN, PPN, NOT, and SC), and the peduncular bundle (to PN). The projection to SC showed remarkable changes of its terminal pattern during the first and second postnatal weeks. These changes were characterized by a strong reduction of the horizontal extension of the terminal labelling and an increasing concentration on the stratum griseum superficiale. Similar changes were not observed in the other projections.", "PMID": 422762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11718", "title": "The effect of hemidecortication on the inhibitory interactions in the superior colliculus of the cat.", "content": "Single neurons were recorded extracellularly from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SC) in 21 curarized cats. Four animals were normal unoperated cats, 17 were animals in which all cortical visual areas were ablated on one side from 7 to 69 days before the electrophysiological experiments. After cortical ablation all animals were blind in the visual field contralateral to the ablated side. In both normal and hemianopsic cats the effect of a visual stimulus located very far from the excitatory part of the unit receptive field, on the neuron responses to visual stimuli was studied. The remote stimulus (extra-field stimulus) was a hand moved black spot 10 degrees in diameter. In normal animals the introduction of the extra-field stimulus in the hemifield contralateral or ipsilateral to the recorded SC produced a marked reduction of unit responses to visual stimuli presented in their receptive field. This effect was particularly strong when the extra-field stimuli were introduced in the hemifield contralateral to the recorded side. In the hemianopsic animals the neurons of the SC ipsilateral to the lesion (receptive fields in the behaviorally blind hemifield) responded well to visual stimuli, but were only weakly inhibited by the extra-field stimuli presented in the blind hemifield. The neurons of this colliculus with the exception of those in the upper part of stratum griseum superficiale were normally inhibited by stimuli presented in the normal hemifield. The neurons of the SC contralateral to the lesion responded well to visual stimuli and were normally inhibited by stimuli presented in the normal hemifield; they were virtually not affected by stimuli presented in the blind hemifield. Mechanisms responsible for the abnormal inhibitory interactions between and within colliculi after cortical lesions and the possible behavioral implications of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of hemidecortication on the inhibitory interactions in the superior colliculus of the cat. Single neurons were recorded extracellularly from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SC) in 21 curarized cats. Four animals were normal unoperated cats, 17 were animals in which all cortical visual areas were ablated on one side from 7 to 69 days before the electrophysiological experiments. After cortical ablation all animals were blind in the visual field contralateral to the ablated side. In both normal and hemianopsic cats the effect of a visual stimulus located very far from the excitatory part of the unit receptive field, on the neuron responses to visual stimuli was studied. The remote stimulus (extra-field stimulus) was a hand moved black spot 10 degrees in diameter. In normal animals the introduction of the extra-field stimulus in the hemifield contralateral or ipsilateral to the recorded SC produced a marked reduction of unit responses to visual stimuli presented in their receptive field. This effect was particularly strong when the extra-field stimuli were introduced in the hemifield contralateral to the recorded side. In the hemianopsic animals the neurons of the SC ipsilateral to the lesion (receptive fields in the behaviorally blind hemifield) responded well to visual stimuli, but were only weakly inhibited by the extra-field stimuli presented in the blind hemifield. The neurons of this colliculus with the exception of those in the upper part of stratum griseum superficiale were normally inhibited by stimuli presented in the normal hemifield. The neurons of the SC contralateral to the lesion responded well to visual stimuli and were normally inhibited by stimuli presented in the normal hemifield; they were virtually not affected by stimuli presented in the blind hemifield. Mechanisms responsible for the abnormal inhibitory interactions between and within colliculi after cortical lesions and the possible behavioral implications of the findings are discussed.", "PMID": 422763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11719", "title": "Aging in the rat olfactory bulb: quantitative changes in mitral cell organelles and somato-dendritic synapses.", "content": "Quantitative measurements of the major organelles in the mitral cell perikaryon as well as numbers of mitral somato-dendritic synapses, have been made on electron micrographs from rats aged 3 to 30 months. The volume fraction of the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is constant throughout the period studied. Hence the amount of RER per cell reflects changes in perikaryal size. Thus there is a 3-fold increase of volume of cisternae of RER per mitral cell from 3 to 27 months and a halving from 27 to 30 months. A similar pattern is seen for the volume of mitochondria per cell. The volumes of dense bodies and cisternae of the Golgi complex per cell show a different pattern, that of a linear increase throughout the period, with no suggestion of a decrease from 27 to 30 months. An interesting finding is that the volume fraction of ground substance (perikaryal cytoplasm exclusive of the measured organelles) shows a remarkably constant value from 3 to 27 months and then a highly significant decrease from 27 to 30 months. This decrease, restricted to the period from 27 to 30 months, suggests a fundamental breakdown in cellular homeostasis in the oldest animals. Numbers of somato-dendritic, mitral-to-granule synaptic junctions per mitral cell and per olfactory bulb show a significant increase from 3 to 24 and 27 months, respectively, and then a suggestive decrease from 24 and 27 to 30 months. This finding indicates that new synapse formation is possible in normal adult rats, perhaps even in quite old rats.", "contents": "Aging in the rat olfactory bulb: quantitative changes in mitral cell organelles and somato-dendritic synapses. Quantitative measurements of the major organelles in the mitral cell perikaryon as well as numbers of mitral somato-dendritic synapses, have been made on electron micrographs from rats aged 3 to 30 months. The volume fraction of the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is constant throughout the period studied. Hence the amount of RER per cell reflects changes in perikaryal size. Thus there is a 3-fold increase of volume of cisternae of RER per mitral cell from 3 to 27 months and a halving from 27 to 30 months. A similar pattern is seen for the volume of mitochondria per cell. The volumes of dense bodies and cisternae of the Golgi complex per cell show a different pattern, that of a linear increase throughout the period, with no suggestion of a decrease from 27 to 30 months. An interesting finding is that the volume fraction of ground substance (perikaryal cytoplasm exclusive of the measured organelles) shows a remarkably constant value from 3 to 27 months and then a highly significant decrease from 27 to 30 months. This decrease, restricted to the period from 27 to 30 months, suggests a fundamental breakdown in cellular homeostasis in the oldest animals. Numbers of somato-dendritic, mitral-to-granule synaptic junctions per mitral cell and per olfactory bulb show a significant increase from 3 to 24 and 27 months, respectively, and then a suggestive decrease from 24 and 27 to 30 months. This finding indicates that new synapse formation is possible in normal adult rats, perhaps even in quite old rats.", "PMID": 422764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11720", "title": "Posttraumatic intracranial meningiomas: recognition by computed tomography in three cases.", "content": "Intracranial meningiomas were detected by computed tomography (CT) in three patients who had suffered previous head trauma 40, 10, and 3 years before. In two of the patients, the meningioma was located at the site of the traumatic impact and lesion. Meningiomas should be considered one of the late posttraumatic sequelae that can be recognized by CT.", "contents": "Posttraumatic intracranial meningiomas: recognition by computed tomography in three cases. Intracranial meningiomas were detected by computed tomography (CT) in three patients who had suffered previous head trauma 40, 10, and 3 years before. In two of the patients, the meningioma was located at the site of the traumatic impact and lesion. Meningiomas should be considered one of the late posttraumatic sequelae that can be recognized by CT.", "PMID": 422778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11721", "title": "Case report. The iron rim sign.", "content": "A chronic cystic cerebral hematoma occurred in the frontal lobe and mimicked both clinically and radiographically a frontal sinus mucocele. A rim seen on multidirectional tomography and unenhanced computed tomography was presumed to be composed to calcium. However, electron microscopic analysis revealed the rim to be composed almost entirely of iron from hemosiderin breakdown products. This is the first such report of an \"iron rim\" that we could find in the literature.", "contents": "Case report. The iron rim sign. A chronic cystic cerebral hematoma occurred in the frontal lobe and mimicked both clinically and radiographically a frontal sinus mucocele. A rim seen on multidirectional tomography and unenhanced computed tomography was presumed to be composed to calcium. However, electron microscopic analysis revealed the rim to be composed almost entirely of iron from hemosiderin breakdown products. This is the first such report of an \"iron rim\" that we could find in the literature.", "PMID": 422779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11722", "title": "Case report. Diagnosis of Pick's disease by computed tomography.", "content": "Pick's disease is a rare cause of dementia. It often shows a characteristic pattern of atrophy affecting primarily the anterior portions of the frontal and temporal lobes. This pattern, as shown by computed tomography, may suggest the diagnosis.", "contents": "Case report. Diagnosis of Pick's disease by computed tomography. Pick's disease is a rare cause of dementia. It often shows a characteristic pattern of atrophy affecting primarily the anterior portions of the frontal and temporal lobes. This pattern, as shown by computed tomography, may suggest the diagnosis.", "PMID": 422780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11723", "title": "Case report. Preoperative localization of a parathyroid adenoma using computed tomography and thyroid scanning.", "content": "We report a case of parathyroid adenoma correctly localized prior to operation by computed tomography (CT) and thyroid scanning. The use of CT and other noninvasive diagnostic modalities to aid the surgeon prior to initial operation for parathyroid adenoma is discussed.", "contents": "Case report. Preoperative localization of a parathyroid adenoma using computed tomography and thyroid scanning. We report a case of parathyroid adenoma correctly localized prior to operation by computed tomography (CT) and thyroid scanning. The use of CT and other noninvasive diagnostic modalities to aid the surgeon prior to initial operation for parathyroid adenoma is discussed.", "PMID": 422781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11724", "title": "Case report. Computer assisted tomographic evaluation of a ganglioneuroblastoma in an adult.", "content": "A case of ganglioneuroblastoma in an adult is presented. The precise localization of the tumor mass with computer assisted tomography aided the planning of radiation therapy. In addition, follow-up scans allowed evaluation of tumor response to both radiation and chemotherapy. The clinical and radiologic characteristics of this unusual tumor are discussed.", "contents": "Case report. Computer assisted tomographic evaluation of a ganglioneuroblastoma in an adult. A case of ganglioneuroblastoma in an adult is presented. The precise localization of the tumor mass with computer assisted tomography aided the planning of radiation therapy. In addition, follow-up scans allowed evaluation of tumor response to both radiation and chemotherapy. The clinical and radiologic characteristics of this unusual tumor are discussed.", "PMID": 422782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11725", "title": "Case report. Renal oncocytoma.", "content": "In a case of renal oncocytic adenoma, a \"spoke-wheel\" pattern of pathological vessels was observed at arteriography of the highly vascular tumor. Computed tomograpy revealed a solid mass with attenuation value significantly higher than that of the normal renal tissue.", "contents": "Case report. Renal oncocytoma. In a case of renal oncocytic adenoma, a \"spoke-wheel\" pattern of pathological vessels was observed at arteriography of the highly vascular tumor. Computed tomograpy revealed a solid mass with attenuation value significantly higher than that of the normal renal tissue.", "PMID": 422783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11726", "title": "Technical note. Recognition of head motion during cranial computed tomography.", "content": "A television monitoring technique was developed to analyze patient head motion during cranial computed tomography (CT). The graphs recorded with this system, craniokymograms, are compared with simultaneous CT images. Two other applications of this system are shown with examples of experimental data.", "contents": "Technical note. Recognition of head motion during cranial computed tomography. A television monitoring technique was developed to analyze patient head motion during cranial computed tomography (CT). The graphs recorded with this system, craniokymograms, are compared with simultaneous CT images. Two other applications of this system are shown with examples of experimental data.", "PMID": 422785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11727", "title": "Technical note. Optimal computed tomography technique for bone evaluation.", "content": "Various combinations of window settings and displays were evaluated to determine the optimal photographic reproduction of images obtained from the Ohio-Nuclear Delta scanner to best demonstrate bony structure by computed tomography. A combination of wide window and negative images will produce better bony structure detail than various other settings. The physical basis of this technique will be described along with several cases to illustrate the conclusion. Although no one combination was universally adequate, the best in our experience was a wide window with negative images.", "contents": "Technical note. Optimal computed tomography technique for bone evaluation. Various combinations of window settings and displays were evaluated to determine the optimal photographic reproduction of images obtained from the Ohio-Nuclear Delta scanner to best demonstrate bony structure by computed tomography. A combination of wide window and negative images will produce better bony structure detail than various other settings. The physical basis of this technique will be described along with several cases to illustrate the conclusion. Although no one combination was universally adequate, the best in our experience was a wide window with negative images.", "PMID": 422787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11728", "title": "Computed tomography of calcified liver metastases.", "content": "The computed tomography findings of six patients with calcified liver metastases are presented. The significance of this finding in patients with unknown primary malignancies or after multiple courses of chemotherapy is stressed.", "contents": "Computed tomography of calcified liver metastases. The computed tomography findings of six patients with calcified liver metastases are presented. The significance of this finding in patients with unknown primary malignancies or after multiple courses of chemotherapy is stressed.", "PMID": 422788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11729", "title": "An analysis of the spatial distribution of attenuation values in computed tomographic scans of liver and spleen.", "content": "An autocorrelation analysis of the attenuation values in computed tomographic scans has been performed for a total of 35 normal and eighteen cirrhotic patients. The results confirm preliminary observations on a smaller sample which suggested that this technique may be used to separate normal and cirrhotic livers. The noise structure in a region within the spleen was also examined and found to change in the presence of cirrhosis.", "contents": "An analysis of the spatial distribution of attenuation values in computed tomographic scans of liver and spleen. An autocorrelation analysis of the attenuation values in computed tomographic scans has been performed for a total of 35 normal and eighteen cirrhotic patients. The results confirm preliminary observations on a smaller sample which suggested that this technique may be used to separate normal and cirrhotic livers. The noise structure in a region within the spleen was also examined and found to change in the presence of cirrhosis.", "PMID": 422789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11730", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of abdominal trauma.", "content": "Four patients with blunt abdominal trauma underwent computed tomography (CT) as part of their diagnostic evaluation. In each case CT accurately demonstrated the pathology and the extent of injury. The results suggest that routine use of CT scanning may be an effective screening modality in the traumatized patient. It is perhaps more specific than radioisotope scanning and may eventually reduce the need for invasive techniques such as angiography.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of abdominal trauma. Four patients with blunt abdominal trauma underwent computed tomography (CT) as part of their diagnostic evaluation. In each case CT accurately demonstrated the pathology and the extent of injury. The results suggest that routine use of CT scanning may be an effective screening modality in the traumatized patient. It is perhaps more specific than radioisotope scanning and may eventually reduce the need for invasive techniques such as angiography.", "PMID": 422790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11731", "title": "Computed tomography of the prostate.", "content": "The conventional anatomy of the prostate is reviewed and the computed tomography (CT) anatomy described and illustrated. The results of 55 \"normal\" cases were analyzed for size and relationship to the symphysis pubis, retropubic space, and bladder, as shown on CT sections correlating the features with age and possible urinary symptoms. Attention is also drawn to the differences between phleboliths and prostatic calcification. Computed tomography is an effective method of demonstrating the prostate and surrounding structures and of assessing prostatic enlargement.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the prostate. The conventional anatomy of the prostate is reviewed and the computed tomography (CT) anatomy described and illustrated. The results of 55 \"normal\" cases were analyzed for size and relationship to the symphysis pubis, retropubic space, and bladder, as shown on CT sections correlating the features with age and possible urinary symptoms. Attention is also drawn to the differences between phleboliths and prostatic calcification. Computed tomography is an effective method of demonstrating the prostate and surrounding structures and of assessing prostatic enlargement.", "PMID": 422791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11732", "title": "Computed tomography reconstruction from hollow projections: an application to in vivo evaluation of artificial hip joints.", "content": "The long-term mechanical stability of total hip arthroplasties limits the application of this widely used surgical procedure in cases of severe coxarthroses. A noninvasive method of assessing the tissue distribution in the vicinity of the implant--bone interface is needed to identify early signs of implant loosening and to evaluate new prosthetic solutions. In order to develop such a method, a modified computed tomography technique has been devised that yields cross-sectional images without the usual artifacts caused by metallic implants. This technique provides information on bone mineral and bone cement distributions as well as on the precise position and orientation of the implant within the femur shaft. Results obtained from excised human femurs and preliminary data from measurements on patients made 3 months postoperatively reveal that the bone cement distribution is much less favorable than is indicated by radiographs.", "contents": "Computed tomography reconstruction from hollow projections: an application to in vivo evaluation of artificial hip joints. The long-term mechanical stability of total hip arthroplasties limits the application of this widely used surgical procedure in cases of severe coxarthroses. A noninvasive method of assessing the tissue distribution in the vicinity of the implant--bone interface is needed to identify early signs of implant loosening and to evaluate new prosthetic solutions. In order to develop such a method, a modified computed tomography technique has been devised that yields cross-sectional images without the usual artifacts caused by metallic implants. This technique provides information on bone mineral and bone cement distributions as well as on the precise position and orientation of the implant within the femur shaft. Results obtained from excised human femurs and preliminary data from measurements on patients made 3 months postoperatively reveal that the bone cement distribution is much less favorable than is indicated by radiographs.", "PMID": 422792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11733", "title": "Computed tomography in bone and soft tissue pathology of the extremities.", "content": "Forty patients suffering from various pathological conditions of the extremities were examined by computed tomography (CT) and the results were correlated with conventional imaging techniques: plain radiography, conventional tomograms, angiograms, and radionuclide scanning. The patients' ages ranged from 4 to 80 years. The study included cases of osteomyelitis, benign and malignant bone and soft tissue tumors, metabolic disorders, and a case of pulmonary osteoarthropathy. We were able to follow progression and/or regression of osteomyelitis by recording the changes in the attenuation coefficient of the medullary cavity and also were able to determine the extent of the malignant infiltration of the marrow cavity. Contrast enhancement was valuable in demonstrating the vascularity of soft tissue tumors and in determining the extension of primary bone lesions.", "contents": "Computed tomography in bone and soft tissue pathology of the extremities. Forty patients suffering from various pathological conditions of the extremities were examined by computed tomography (CT) and the results were correlated with conventional imaging techniques: plain radiography, conventional tomograms, angiograms, and radionuclide scanning. The patients' ages ranged from 4 to 80 years. The study included cases of osteomyelitis, benign and malignant bone and soft tissue tumors, metabolic disorders, and a case of pulmonary osteoarthropathy. We were able to follow progression and/or regression of osteomyelitis by recording the changes in the attenuation coefficient of the medullary cavity and also were able to determine the extent of the malignant infiltration of the marrow cavity. Contrast enhancement was valuable in demonstrating the vascularity of soft tissue tumors and in determining the extension of primary bone lesions.", "PMID": 422793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11734", "title": "Computed tomography in unilateral extremity swelling of unusual cause.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) were used in the evaluation of unilateral soft tissue swelling of unusual cause. Three patients with unilateral myositis are described and the diagnostic information provided by the CT scan is discussed. A fourth patient with lymphedema praecox and unilateral extremity swelling is presented.", "contents": "Computed tomography in unilateral extremity swelling of unusual cause. Computed tomography (CT) were used in the evaluation of unilateral soft tissue swelling of unusual cause. Three patients with unilateral myositis are described and the diagnostic information provided by the CT scan is discussed. A fourth patient with lymphedema praecox and unilateral extremity swelling is presented.", "PMID": 422794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11735", "title": "Two methods for calculating regional cerebral blood flow from emission computed tomography of inert gas concentrations.", "content": "Two methods are described for calculation of regional cerebral blood flow from completed tomographic data of radioactive inert gas distribution in a slice of brain tissue. It is assumed that the tomographic picture gives the average inert gas concentration in each pixel over data collection periods of 30 to 60 sec. In the early picture method a single picture taken during maximum inert gas concentration (by intaarterial injection or by inhalation) is analyzed. In the sequence of pictures method the alterations in local inert gas concentration are followed over time. The proposed methods are implemented using synthetic data of xenon-133 emission computed tomography and some of the difficulties likely to be encountered in practice are stressed.", "contents": "Two methods for calculating regional cerebral blood flow from emission computed tomography of inert gas concentrations. Two methods are described for calculation of regional cerebral blood flow from completed tomographic data of radioactive inert gas distribution in a slice of brain tissue. It is assumed that the tomographic picture gives the average inert gas concentration in each pixel over data collection periods of 30 to 60 sec. In the early picture method a single picture taken during maximum inert gas concentration (by intaarterial injection or by inhalation) is analyzed. In the sequence of pictures method the alterations in local inert gas concentration are followed over time. The proposed methods are implemented using synthetic data of xenon-133 emission computed tomography and some of the difficulties likely to be encountered in practice are stressed.", "PMID": 422795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11736", "title": "Optimal processing of computed tomography images using experimentally measured noise properties.", "content": "The spatial resolution and noise properties of a computed tomography (CT) image may be altered by two-dimensional linear filtering of the initial image. In this paper, we derive filters that minimize the noise variance subject to a constraint on the spatial resolution. The resulting filter functions can reduce the noise variance by 17% in comparison with conventional filters. The method for obtaining these filters requires knowledge of the noise and imaging properties of the system. We derive theoretical expressions for these properties and introduce experimental techniques for their measurement. The statistical characteristics are shown to be anisotropic, spatially variant, and object dependent. We discuss the implications of this result both for optimal filtering and for the general problem of CT image noise property measurement.", "contents": "Optimal processing of computed tomography images using experimentally measured noise properties. The spatial resolution and noise properties of a computed tomography (CT) image may be altered by two-dimensional linear filtering of the initial image. In this paper, we derive filters that minimize the noise variance subject to a constraint on the spatial resolution. The resulting filter functions can reduce the noise variance by 17% in comparison with conventional filters. The method for obtaining these filters requires knowledge of the noise and imaging properties of the system. We derive theoretical expressions for these properties and introduce experimental techniques for their measurement. The statistical characteristics are shown to be anisotropic, spatially variant, and object dependent. We discuss the implications of this result both for optimal filtering and for the general problem of CT image noise property measurement.", "PMID": 422796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11737", "title": "Theoretical resolution of computed tomography systems.", "content": "A simple analytic model is presented which is used to calculate the impulse response of a computed tomography system for parametric variations of the geometry. The model is useful for fan beam as well as parallel beam geometries. Results show that wide-aperture detector systems have intrinsic resolution limitations that are not mitigated by oversampling. Furthermore, the optimum focal spot size of the X-ray source is found to be dependent on the detector geometry.", "contents": "Theoretical resolution of computed tomography systems. A simple analytic model is presented which is used to calculate the impulse response of a computed tomography system for parametric variations of the geometry. The model is useful for fan beam as well as parallel beam geometries. Results show that wide-aperture detector systems have intrinsic resolution limitations that are not mitigated by oversampling. Furthermore, the optimum focal spot size of the X-ray source is found to be dependent on the detector geometry.", "PMID": 422797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11738", "title": "Lissencephaly (agyria) on computed tomography.", "content": "Unusual computed tomographic findings were observed in two infants with similar clinical pictures including delay in developmental milestones, seizures, decerebrated posture, and microcephaly. Computed tomography revealed small brain with widened subarachnoid space, smooth surface of the brain, uniformly enlarged ventricles, wide sylvian cisterns, and lack of insular opercularization. These findings coincide with pathologic features of lissencephaly (agyria), a rare congenital anomaly of the brain due to interruption of neuronal migration.", "contents": "Lissencephaly (agyria) on computed tomography. Unusual computed tomographic findings were observed in two infants with similar clinical pictures including delay in developmental milestones, seizures, decerebrated posture, and microcephaly. Computed tomography revealed small brain with widened subarachnoid space, smooth surface of the brain, uniformly enlarged ventricles, wide sylvian cisterns, and lack of insular opercularization. These findings coincide with pathologic features of lissencephaly (agyria), a rare congenital anomaly of the brain due to interruption of neuronal migration.", "PMID": 422798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11739", "title": "Multiple cystic encephalomalacia of infancy: computed tomographic findings in two cases with associated intracerebral calcification.", "content": "Two initially healthy infants developed acute encephalopathic illnesses characterized by stupor, seizures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) erythrocytic and monocytic pleocytosis, increased CSF protein, and decreased CSF glucose and progression to chronic decerebration. In one case, herpes simplex virus was recovered from cutaneous lesions. The initial computed tomography (CT) scan revealed widespread subcortical increased attenuation with further increase after contrast medium injection and patchy areas of decreased attenuation in the deep cerebral white matter. Subsequent CT scans demonstrated progressive cortical calcifications and persistence of low attenuation areas. Autopsy revealed multiple cystic encephalomalacia. The second infant had similar clinical, CSF, and CT findings but remains in a chronic decerebrate state at 14 months of age. The CT abnormalities seen in these patients have not been encountered in any of 13 other infants with the clinical diagnosis of meningitis or encephalitis. Multiple cystic encephalomalacia of infancy is a  rare condition with a uniformly bleak prognosis. Computed tomography may prove useful in the early diagnosis, thereby aiding clinicians in counseling and in the acute and long-term management of patients with this lesion.", "contents": "Multiple cystic encephalomalacia of infancy: computed tomographic findings in two cases with associated intracerebral calcification. Two initially healthy infants developed acute encephalopathic illnesses characterized by stupor, seizures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) erythrocytic and monocytic pleocytosis, increased CSF protein, and decreased CSF glucose and progression to chronic decerebration. In one case, herpes simplex virus was recovered from cutaneous lesions. The initial computed tomography (CT) scan revealed widespread subcortical increased attenuation with further increase after contrast medium injection and patchy areas of decreased attenuation in the deep cerebral white matter. Subsequent CT scans demonstrated progressive cortical calcifications and persistence of low attenuation areas. Autopsy revealed multiple cystic encephalomalacia. The second infant had similar clinical, CSF, and CT findings but remains in a chronic decerebrate state at 14 months of age. The CT abnormalities seen in these patients have not been encountered in any of 13 other infants with the clinical diagnosis of meningitis or encephalitis. Multiple cystic encephalomalacia of infancy is a  rare condition with a uniformly bleak prognosis. Computed tomography may prove useful in the early diagnosis, thereby aiding clinicians in counseling and in the acute and long-term management of patients with this lesion.", "PMID": 422799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11740", "title": "Exploratory laboratory studies of the relative aversiveness of traffic sounds.", "content": "Two experiments examined the acoustical correlates of traffic sound aversiveness. In experimnet I all pairs of 13 45-s traffic sound recordings were presented; subjects chose the sound of each pair to which they would rather be exposed and judged the relative similarity of the sounds. The energy equivalent sound level, Leq, accounted for choice and similarity judgments better than any other noise index, and there was no substantial improvement in ability to account for subjective judgments when other indices were used in conjunction with Leq. In experiment II subjects judged the same sounds which had been made equal in Leq level. Responses were nonrandom, showing that Leq is not the only subjectively important information in traffic sounds, but no acoustical measure employed in the study captured that information. Instead, two subjective measures of information content accounted best for the data of experiment II. Response data for the equal Leq sounds were less structured than for the sounds differing in Leq. The data of the two experiments were statistically related; it is argued that the data sets were related via the measure of information content. Experiment I replicated a previously reported study, while experiment II failed to replicate the results of a second study.", "contents": "Exploratory laboratory studies of the relative aversiveness of traffic sounds. Two experiments examined the acoustical correlates of traffic sound aversiveness. In experimnet I all pairs of 13 45-s traffic sound recordings were presented; subjects chose the sound of each pair to which they would rather be exposed and judged the relative similarity of the sounds. The energy equivalent sound level, Leq, accounted for choice and similarity judgments better than any other noise index, and there was no substantial improvement in ability to account for subjective judgments when other indices were used in conjunction with Leq. In experiment II subjects judged the same sounds which had been made equal in Leq level. Responses were nonrandom, showing that Leq is not the only subjectively important information in traffic sounds, but no acoustical measure employed in the study captured that information. Instead, two subjective measures of information content accounted best for the data of experiment II. Response data for the equal Leq sounds were less structured than for the sounds differing in Leq. The data of the two experiments were statistically related; it is argued that the data sets were related via the measure of information content. Experiment I replicated a previously reported study, while experiment II failed to replicate the results of a second study.", "PMID": 422809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11741", "title": "Development of noise and vibration ride comfort criteria.", "content": "A laboratory investigation was directed at the development of criteria for the prediction of ride quality in a noise-vibration environment. The stimuli for the study consisted of octave bands of noise centered at 500 and 2000 Hz and vertical floor vibrations composed of either 5 Hz sinusoidal vibration, or random vibrations centered at 5 Hz and with a 5 Hz bandwidth. The noise stimuli were presented at A-weighted sound pressure levels ranging from ambient to 95 dB and the vibration and acceleration levels ranging from 0.02--0.13 grms. Results indicated that the total subjective discomfort response could be divided into two subjective components. One component consisted of subjective discomfort to vibration and was found to be a linear function of vibration acceleration level. The other component consisted of discomfort due to noise which varied logarithmically with noise level (power relationship). However, the magnitude of the noise discomfort component was dependent upon the level of vibration present in the combined environment. Based on the experimental results, a model of subjective discomfort that accounted for the interdependence of noise and vibration was developed. The model was then used to develop a set of criteria (constant discomfort) curves that illustrate the basic design tradeoffs available between noise and vibration.", "contents": "Development of noise and vibration ride comfort criteria. A laboratory investigation was directed at the development of criteria for the prediction of ride quality in a noise-vibration environment. The stimuli for the study consisted of octave bands of noise centered at 500 and 2000 Hz and vertical floor vibrations composed of either 5 Hz sinusoidal vibration, or random vibrations centered at 5 Hz and with a 5 Hz bandwidth. The noise stimuli were presented at A-weighted sound pressure levels ranging from ambient to 95 dB and the vibration and acceleration levels ranging from 0.02--0.13 grms. Results indicated that the total subjective discomfort response could be divided into two subjective components. One component consisted of subjective discomfort to vibration and was found to be a linear function of vibration acceleration level. The other component consisted of discomfort due to noise which varied logarithmically with noise level (power relationship). However, the magnitude of the noise discomfort component was dependent upon the level of vibration present in the combined environment. Based on the experimental results, a model of subjective discomfort that accounted for the interdependence of noise and vibration was developed. The model was then used to develop a set of criteria (constant discomfort) curves that illustrate the basic design tradeoffs available between noise and vibration.", "PMID": 422810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11742", "title": "Effects of stimulus frequency on adaptation in auditory-nerve fibers.", "content": "Several experimental methods of depressing the response of auditory-nerve fibers to tonal stimuli have been shown to reduce the response to signal frequencies at or near fiber CF (characteristic frequency) more than to frequencies greater or less than CF. In this study we have used a short adapting tone presented before each test-tone burst to reduce the fiber's response to the test tone. We observed the effects of changing test frequency when the adapting frequency was held constant at fiber CF. The depression in discharge rate was found to be approximately constant across test frequency.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus frequency on adaptation in auditory-nerve fibers. Several experimental methods of depressing the response of auditory-nerve fibers to tonal stimuli have been shown to reduce the response to signal frequencies at or near fiber CF (characteristic frequency) more than to frequencies greater or less than CF. In this study we have used a short adapting tone presented before each test-tone burst to reduce the fiber's response to the test tone. We observed the effects of changing test frequency when the adapting frequency was held constant at fiber CF. The depression in discharge rate was found to be approximately constant across test frequency.", "PMID": 422811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11743", "title": "Adaptation, saturation, and physiological masking in single auditory-nerve fibers.", "content": "Results are reviewed concerning some effects, at a units's characteristic frequency, of a short-term conditioning stimulus on the responses to perstimulatory and poststimulatory test tones. A phenomenological equation is developed from the poststimulatory results and shown to be consistent with the perstimulatory results. According to the results and equation, the response to a test tone equals the unconditioned or unadapted response minus the decrement produced by adaptation to the conditioning tone. Furthermore, the decrement is proportional to the driven response to the conditioning tone and does not depend on sound intensity per se. The equation has a simple interpretation in terms of two processes in cascade--a static saturating nonlinearity followed by additive adaptation. Results are presented to show that this functional model is sufficient to account for the \"physiological masking\" produced by wide-band backgrounds. According to this interpretation, a sufficiently intense background produces saturation. Consequently, a superimposed test tone cause no change in response. In addition, when the onset of the background precedes the onset of the test tone, the total firing rate is reduced by adaptation. Evidence is reviewed concerning the possible correspondence between the variables in the model and intracellular events in the auditory periphery.", "contents": "Adaptation, saturation, and physiological masking in single auditory-nerve fibers. Results are reviewed concerning some effects, at a units's characteristic frequency, of a short-term conditioning stimulus on the responses to perstimulatory and poststimulatory test tones. A phenomenological equation is developed from the poststimulatory results and shown to be consistent with the perstimulatory results. According to the results and equation, the response to a test tone equals the unconditioned or unadapted response minus the decrement produced by adaptation to the conditioning tone. Furthermore, the decrement is proportional to the driven response to the conditioning tone and does not depend on sound intensity per se. The equation has a simple interpretation in terms of two processes in cascade--a static saturating nonlinearity followed by additive adaptation. Results are presented to show that this functional model is sufficient to account for the \"physiological masking\" produced by wide-band backgrounds. According to this interpretation, a sufficiently intense background produces saturation. Consequently, a superimposed test tone cause no change in response. In addition, when the onset of the background precedes the onset of the test tone, the total firing rate is reduced by adaptation. Evidence is reviewed concerning the possible correspondence between the variables in the model and intracellular events in the auditory periphery.", "PMID": 422812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11744", "title": "Sexual characteristics of preadolescent childrens' voices.", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to enlarge current understanding of the acoustic properties which influence the perception of maleness and femaleness in the voices of prepubertal children. Perceptual judgments of sexual identity were obtained in response to tape recordings of whispered and normally phonated vowels, normally spoken sentences, and sentences spoken in a monotonous fashion. Seventy-three children provided recordings. The four utterance types were chosen to experimentally manipulate selected physical properties of speech thought to exert an influence on listener judgments of sexual identity. The results of this work suggest that cues stemming from differences in vocal tract dimensions and/or articulatory behaviors provided the primary cues about the sexual identity of these preadolescent children. Although laryngeal source cues could have provided relevant information about the sex of a few children, this variable was felt to play a relatively minor role in the sex recognition process. New information was uncovered about the role certain suprasegmental factors play in the identification of child sex.", "contents": "Sexual characteristics of preadolescent childrens' voices. This investigation was undertaken to enlarge current understanding of the acoustic properties which influence the perception of maleness and femaleness in the voices of prepubertal children. Perceptual judgments of sexual identity were obtained in response to tape recordings of whispered and normally phonated vowels, normally spoken sentences, and sentences spoken in a monotonous fashion. Seventy-three children provided recordings. The four utterance types were chosen to experimentally manipulate selected physical properties of speech thought to exert an influence on listener judgments of sexual identity. The results of this work suggest that cues stemming from differences in vocal tract dimensions and/or articulatory behaviors provided the primary cues about the sexual identity of these preadolescent children. Although laryngeal source cues could have provided relevant information about the sex of a few children, this variable was felt to play a relatively minor role in the sex recognition process. New information was uncovered about the role certain suprasegmental factors play in the identification of child sex.", "PMID": 422813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11745", "title": "Perceptual origins of the phoneme boundary effect and selective adaptation to speech: a signal detection theory analysis.", "content": "Differences in discriminability of stimuli near phoneme boundaries and findings from selective adaptation have been used to argue for the existence of neurophysiological mechanisms--feature detectors--which mediate the perception of speech and speechlike sounds. A detection theory model was used in order to discover whether or not the phoneme boundary effect and the shift in phoneme boundary after adaptation might rather be attributable to changes in response bias. This model was applied in the analysis of phoneme identifications of three sets of stimuli before and after adaptation. While the origins for the phoneme boundary effect appear to lie below the level of response bias, findings suggest that identification changes after adaptation may be due solely to shifts in criterion, rather than changes at the sensory level.", "contents": "Perceptual origins of the phoneme boundary effect and selective adaptation to speech: a signal detection theory analysis. Differences in discriminability of stimuli near phoneme boundaries and findings from selective adaptation have been used to argue for the existence of neurophysiological mechanisms--feature detectors--which mediate the perception of speech and speechlike sounds. A detection theory model was used in order to discover whether or not the phoneme boundary effect and the shift in phoneme boundary after adaptation might rather be attributable to changes in response bias. This model was applied in the analysis of phoneme identifications of three sets of stimuli before and after adaptation. While the origins for the phoneme boundary effect appear to lie below the level of response bias, findings suggest that identification changes after adaptation may be due solely to shifts in criterion, rather than changes at the sensory level.", "PMID": 422814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11746", "title": "Developmental study of vowel formant frequencies in an imitation task.", "content": "Imitations of ten synthesized vowels were recorded from 33 speakers including men, women, and children. The first three formant frequencies of the imitations were estimated from spectrograms and considered with respect to developmental patterns in vowel formant structure, uniform scale factors for vowel normalization, and formant variability. Strong linear effects were observed in the group data for imitations of most of the English vowels studied, and straight lines passing through the origin provided a satisfactory fit to linear F1--F2 plots of the English vowel data. Logarithmic transformations of the formant frequencies helped substantially to equalize the dispersion of the group data for different vowels, but formant scale factors were observed to vary somewhat with both formant number and vowel identity. Variability of formant frequency was least for F1 (s.d. of 60 Hz or less for English vowels of adult males) and about equal for F2 and F3 (s.d. of 100 Hz or less for English vowels of adult males).", "contents": "Developmental study of vowel formant frequencies in an imitation task. Imitations of ten synthesized vowels were recorded from 33 speakers including men, women, and children. The first three formant frequencies of the imitations were estimated from spectrograms and considered with respect to developmental patterns in vowel formant structure, uniform scale factors for vowel normalization, and formant variability. Strong linear effects were observed in the group data for imitations of most of the English vowels studied, and straight lines passing through the origin provided a satisfactory fit to linear F1--F2 plots of the English vowel data. Logarithmic transformations of the formant frequencies helped substantially to equalize the dispersion of the group data for different vowels, but formant scale factors were observed to vary somewhat with both formant number and vowel identity. Variability of formant frequency was least for F1 (s.d. of 60 Hz or less for English vowels of adult males) and about equal for F2 and F3 (s.d. of 100 Hz or less for English vowels of adult males).", "PMID": 422815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11747", "title": "Cochlear action potential threshold and single unit thresholds.", "content": "There is a close correlation between the sound pressure of tone burst required to affect a primary auditory neuron at its characteristic frequency and that which will produce a detectable N1 response at the same frequency. Units with thresholds from 80--0 db SPL (recorded from damaged and undamaged cochleas) were 0--20 dB , respectively, more sensitive than the action potential response.", "contents": "Cochlear action potential threshold and single unit thresholds. There is a close correlation between the sound pressure of tone burst required to affect a primary auditory neuron at its characteristic frequency and that which will produce a detectable N1 response at the same frequency. Units with thresholds from 80--0 db SPL (recorded from damaged and undamaged cochleas) were 0--20 dB , respectively, more sensitive than the action potential response.", "PMID": 422817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11748", "title": "Influence of earphone-cushion center-hole diameter on the acoustic output of audiometric earphones.", "content": "Although the dimensions of the MX-41/AR earphone cushion are specified in ANSI S3.6--1969, nonstandard MX--41/AR cushions are still found on some audiometers. Variations in the diameter of the cushion's center hole are shown to affect the coupler calibration of the earphone and also hearing threshold measurements at high audiometric frequencies.", "contents": "Influence of earphone-cushion center-hole diameter on the acoustic output of audiometric earphones. Although the dimensions of the MX-41/AR earphone cushion are specified in ANSI S3.6--1969, nonstandard MX--41/AR cushions are still found on some audiometers. Variations in the diameter of the cushion's center hole are shown to affect the coupler calibration of the earphone and also hearing threshold measurements at high audiometric frequencies.", "PMID": 422818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11749", "title": "The effect of bone conduction on the intensity independence of dichotic chords.", "content": "The relative salience of the pitch components of a two-tone dichotic chord is invariant with respect to the relative intensity of the two tones over a wide range of interaural intensity differences [R. Efron and E. W. Yund, J. Acoust, Soc. Am. 889--898 (1976)]. According to a recently developed model, the range of intensity independence is limited by the bone-conducted energy from the more intense tone [E. W. Yund and R. Efron, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 607--617 (1977)]. The model predicts that a decrease in bone conduction such as the one achieved by using insertion earphones, must increase the range of intensity independence. This prediction is confirmed.", "contents": "The effect of bone conduction on the intensity independence of dichotic chords. The relative salience of the pitch components of a two-tone dichotic chord is invariant with respect to the relative intensity of the two tones over a wide range of interaural intensity differences [R. Efron and E. W. Yund, J. Acoust, Soc. Am. 889--898 (1976)]. According to a recently developed model, the range of intensity independence is limited by the bone-conducted energy from the more intense tone [E. W. Yund and R. Efron, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 607--617 (1977)]. The model predicts that a decrease in bone conduction such as the one achieved by using insertion earphones, must increase the range of intensity independence. This prediction is confirmed.", "PMID": 422819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11750", "title": "Control of vasospasm following trauma and microvascular surgery.", "content": "Vasospasm may result in marked reduction of blood flow through injured or revascularized tissues. Neurogenic vasoconstriction is mediated through sympathetic pathways which may be blocked by long-acting local anesthetics resulting in optimal intravascular pressures and elevated flow. An experimental study performed on normal human volunteers has shown that distal sympathetic blockade using Bupivacaine protects the digital circulation against vasospasm elicited by a strong stimulus for a minimum of 7 to 8 hours. A catheter, placed adjacent to the median or ulnar nerve at the wrist level after digital microvascular reconstruction, facilitates continuous Bupivacaine sympathetic blockade. This technique has been used clinically and appears to improve the circulation of replanted or revascularized tissues and protects against vasospasm caused by a variety of stimuli.", "contents": "Control of vasospasm following trauma and microvascular surgery. Vasospasm may result in marked reduction of blood flow through injured or revascularized tissues. Neurogenic vasoconstriction is mediated through sympathetic pathways which may be blocked by long-acting local anesthetics resulting in optimal intravascular pressures and elevated flow. An experimental study performed on normal human volunteers has shown that distal sympathetic blockade using Bupivacaine protects the digital circulation against vasospasm elicited by a strong stimulus for a minimum of 7 to 8 hours. A catheter, placed adjacent to the median or ulnar nerve at the wrist level after digital microvascular reconstruction, facilitates continuous Bupivacaine sympathetic blockade. This technique has been used clinically and appears to improve the circulation of replanted or revascularized tissues and protects against vasospasm caused by a variety of stimuli.", "PMID": 422821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11751", "title": "Prevention of femoral vein occlusion by local injection of Thrombolysin in the rat.", "content": "An experimental model was developed that will produce femoral vein occlusion greater than 90% of the time in rats weighing less than 500 grams. This standard venous clot, produced by combining intimal trauma with local venous stasis, can simulate clinical crush and replantation problems. Using this standard clot model, Thrombolysin was injected in the femoral artery after trauma to the vein but before venous stasis. Femoral vein patency was determined at the end of the 30 minute period of venous stasis. With the appropriate dosage, ipsilateral venous occlusion was prevented (P less than 0.00001) without preventing contralateral venous occlusion (P less than 0.02). Except for decreased fibrinogen levels, there was no significant change in the factors studied between the control and experimental groups. It is possible, therefore, to prevent thrombosis in a vein with intimal damage, even in the presence of a low-flow state by the local injection of Thrombolysin, without producing systemic anticoagulation.", "contents": "Prevention of femoral vein occlusion by local injection of Thrombolysin in the rat. An experimental model was developed that will produce femoral vein occlusion greater than 90% of the time in rats weighing less than 500 grams. This standard venous clot, produced by combining intimal trauma with local venous stasis, can simulate clinical crush and replantation problems. Using this standard clot model, Thrombolysin was injected in the femoral artery after trauma to the vein but before venous stasis. Femoral vein patency was determined at the end of the 30 minute period of venous stasis. With the appropriate dosage, ipsilateral venous occlusion was prevented (P less than 0.00001) without preventing contralateral venous occlusion (P less than 0.02). Except for decreased fibrinogen levels, there was no significant change in the factors studied between the control and experimental groups. It is possible, therefore, to prevent thrombosis in a vein with intimal damage, even in the presence of a low-flow state by the local injection of Thrombolysin, without producing systemic anticoagulation.", "PMID": 422823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11752", "title": "A complex reimplantation of digits: a case report.", "content": "In multiple finger amputations, microsurgical reconstruction should concentrate on the thumb, index, and middle fingers. The patient in the case report presented in this paper initially sustained an amputation of all of the digits on the left hand and an amputation of the right thumb. Both thumbs were amputated at the metacarpophalangeal joint. Initial replantation of the left thumb, index, and middle fingers and of the right thumb was carried out. The right thumb replantation failed and, after healing, the right great toe was transferred to the right hand. Subsequent to this, the patient developed useful function of all reconstructed digits. Twenty-one months after the first injury, both thumbs sustained new traumatic amputations 1.0 cm distal to the previous amputations. Both thumbs were replanted again successfully.", "contents": "A complex reimplantation of digits: a case report. In multiple finger amputations, microsurgical reconstruction should concentrate on the thumb, index, and middle fingers. The patient in the case report presented in this paper initially sustained an amputation of all of the digits on the left hand and an amputation of the right thumb. Both thumbs were amputated at the metacarpophalangeal joint. Initial replantation of the left thumb, index, and middle fingers and of the right thumb was carried out. The right thumb replantation failed and, after healing, the right great toe was transferred to the right hand. Subsequent to this, the patient developed useful function of all reconstructed digits. Twenty-one months after the first injury, both thumbs sustained new traumatic amputations 1.0 cm distal to the previous amputations. Both thumbs were replanted again successfully.", "PMID": 422824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11753", "title": "Lipofibroma of the median nerve.", "content": "Tumors arising within the median nerve in the region of the distal forearm, wrist, and palm are rare and their exact pathological nature has not been well clarified. One case is reported in a 47-year-old woman, in whom a mass of 3 years' duration was located in the thenar eminence of the right hand without causing any sensory or motor deficit. The tumor was surgically excised, and the continuity of the nerve branches was preserved. The diagnosis of lipofibroma of the median nerve is recommended for this entity. Other pathological lesions of the median nerve are mentioned.", "contents": "Lipofibroma of the median nerve. Tumors arising within the median nerve in the region of the distal forearm, wrist, and palm are rare and their exact pathological nature has not been well clarified. One case is reported in a 47-year-old woman, in whom a mass of 3 years' duration was located in the thenar eminence of the right hand without causing any sensory or motor deficit. The tumor was surgically excised, and the continuity of the nerve branches was preserved. The diagnosis of lipofibroma of the median nerve is recommended for this entity. Other pathological lesions of the median nerve are mentioned.", "PMID": 422826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11754", "title": "Prevention of extensor lag after indicis proprius tendon transfer.", "content": "An experiment on fresh cadaver hands showed that a longitudinal incision of the hood did not affect index extension when traction was made on the common extensor tendon, but that excision of a portion of the hood containing the indicis proprius caused an extensor lag. The lag was eliminated by repair of the hood, providing that the closure was not too tight to prevent normal excursion of the hood. These findings were correlated with findings in patients who had undergone indicis proprius tendon transfer. Extensor lag after indicis proprius transfer is not caused by removal of the force of the tendon per se, but by factors which cause either disruption of normal hood function or tethering of its normal excursion.", "contents": "Prevention of extensor lag after indicis proprius tendon transfer. An experiment on fresh cadaver hands showed that a longitudinal incision of the hood did not affect index extension when traction was made on the common extensor tendon, but that excision of a portion of the hood containing the indicis proprius caused an extensor lag. The lag was eliminated by repair of the hood, providing that the closure was not too tight to prevent normal excursion of the hood. These findings were correlated with findings in patients who had undergone indicis proprius tendon transfer. Extensor lag after indicis proprius transfer is not caused by removal of the force of the tendon per se, but by factors which cause either disruption of normal hood function or tethering of its normal excursion.", "PMID": 422828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11755", "title": "Locking of the metacarpophalangeal joint: a case report.", "content": "A case of an unusual cause of locking of the finger is described. This was brought about by the presence of an exostosis arising from the metacarpal bone, causing rupture of the capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint with entrapment of the interosseus tendon.", "contents": "Locking of the metacarpophalangeal joint: a case report. A case of an unusual cause of locking of the finger is described. This was brought about by the presence of an exostosis arising from the metacarpal bone, causing rupture of the capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint with entrapment of the interosseus tendon.", "PMID": 422829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11756", "title": "Entrapment neuropathy due to bilateral epitrochleoanconeus muscles: a case report.", "content": "A case of bilateral entrapment of the ulnar nerves due to accessory epitrochleoanconeus muscles was observed in a young athlete. Hypertrophy of this muscle may be one of the causes of cubital tunnel syndrome.", "contents": "Entrapment neuropathy due to bilateral epitrochleoanconeus muscles: a case report. A case of bilateral entrapment of the ulnar nerves due to accessory epitrochleoanconeus muscles was observed in a young athlete. Hypertrophy of this muscle may be one of the causes of cubital tunnel syndrome.", "PMID": 422832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11757", "title": "Another cause of median nerve compression by a lumbrical muscle in the carpal tunnel.", "content": "A case is described in which division of a flexor digitorum profundus tendon allowed the proximal end of the tendon to retract, drawing its lumbrical muscle into the carpal tunnel where it caused compression of the median nerve.", "contents": "Another cause of median nerve compression by a lumbrical muscle in the carpal tunnel. A case is described in which division of a flexor digitorum profundus tendon allowed the proximal end of the tendon to retract, drawing its lumbrical muscle into the carpal tunnel where it caused compression of the median nerve.", "PMID": 422833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11758", "title": "Life changes and menstrual discomfort.", "content": "The present study addressed the relationship between the accumulation of life changes and problems with menstruation. Female college students completed a Life Experiences Survey, which assesses desirable and undesirable life changes, and a menstruation questionnaire, which contains items relevant to menstrual discomfort and irregularity. Correlational analyses showed that undersirable life changes were correlated with reports of number of symptoms of menstrual discomfort, but not irregularity. Separate analyses among oral contraceptive users and nonusers showed that the relationship between life changes and menstrual discomfort occurred only among nonusers. A regression of contraceptive use, desirable life changes, and undersirable life changes on factors derived from the menstruation questionnaire indicated that undesirable life changes was the strongest predictor of menstrual problems.", "contents": "Life changes and menstrual discomfort. The present study addressed the relationship between the accumulation of life changes and problems with menstruation. Female college students completed a Life Experiences Survey, which assesses desirable and undesirable life changes, and a menstruation questionnaire, which contains items relevant to menstrual discomfort and irregularity. Correlational analyses showed that undersirable life changes were correlated with reports of number of symptoms of menstrual discomfort, but not irregularity. Separate analyses among oral contraceptive users and nonusers showed that the relationship between life changes and menstrual discomfort occurred only among nonusers. A regression of contraceptive use, desirable life changes, and undersirable life changes on factors derived from the menstruation questionnaire indicated that undesirable life changes was the strongest predictor of menstrual problems.", "PMID": 422838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11759", "title": "Nutrition and breast cancer.", "content": "Present evidence suggests that a high fat intake may be one of the factors in the aetiology of breast cancer. Patients with breast cancer may show an increased requirement for thiamin particularly when treated with 5-fluorouracil, and a number of metabolic disturbances in which ascorbic acid may play a central role.", "contents": "Nutrition and breast cancer. Present evidence suggests that a high fat intake may be one of the factors in the aetiology of breast cancer. Patients with breast cancer may show an increased requirement for thiamin particularly when treated with 5-fluorouracil, and a number of metabolic disturbances in which ascorbic acid may play a central role.", "PMID": 422841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11760", "title": "Vitamin A and cancer of epithelial origin.", "content": "Animal studies have shown. a) an association between vitamin A and cancers of epithelial origin, and b) that vitamin A and its analogues delay tumour appearance, retard tumour growth and regress tumours induced by carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Human epidemiological and biochemical studies suggest that cancers of epithelial origin may be associated with vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A and its analogues may have a prophylactic and a therapeutic role in cancers of epithelial origin.", "contents": "Vitamin A and cancer of epithelial origin. Animal studies have shown. a) an association between vitamin A and cancers of epithelial origin, and b) that vitamin A and its analogues delay tumour appearance, retard tumour growth and regress tumours induced by carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Human epidemiological and biochemical studies suggest that cancers of epithelial origin may be associated with vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A and its analogues may have a prophylactic and a therapeutic role in cancers of epithelial origin.", "PMID": 422842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11761", "title": "The nutritional status of poor children in London.", "content": "Concern for the growth and development of poor inner-city children prompted an investigation of the relationship of growth to diet, health and sociological background. Between 1973 and 1976, 1000 households in poor areas of London were screened for at-risk children between the ages of one and 12 years. Two hundred and thirty-one children from 112 families qualified for the survey. Of the white children, 21 per cent fell below the 10th percentile for height. The mean energy intake of the shortest children was 72 per cent of the RDI. Half the families spent 4.80 pounds or less per person per week on food, and 33 per cent of the children fell below the 10th percentile for height. A remedial feeding programme may be of benefit to these and similar children.", "contents": "The nutritional status of poor children in London. Concern for the growth and development of poor inner-city children prompted an investigation of the relationship of growth to diet, health and sociological background. Between 1973 and 1976, 1000 households in poor areas of London were screened for at-risk children between the ages of one and 12 years. Two hundred and thirty-one children from 112 families qualified for the survey. Of the white children, 21 per cent fell below the 10th percentile for height. The mean energy intake of the shortest children was 72 per cent of the RDI. Half the families spent 4.80 pounds or less per person per week on food, and 33 per cent of the children fell below the 10th percentile for height. A remedial feeding programme may be of benefit to these and similar children.", "PMID": 422843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11762", "title": "The resilience of British household diets during the 1970s.", "content": "The 1979s saw rapid increases in prices, including food prices, but incomes also increased rapidly. Many other factors, such as the growth in home-freezer ownership, could also have affected dietary habits. Yet the National Food Survey shows that although less food is now bought for use in the home (9.5 MJ/person/day compared with 10.7 MJ in 1970), the overall distribution of the diet between meat, fish, dairy products, cereals, sugar, fats, fruit and vegetables remained comparatively steady. Greater changes in consumption of foods within the same broad groups had little effect on overall nutrient intakes, so that the nutritional quality of the diet (measured as nutrients/MJ) actually increased.", "contents": "The resilience of British household diets during the 1970s. The 1979s saw rapid increases in prices, including food prices, but incomes also increased rapidly. Many other factors, such as the growth in home-freezer ownership, could also have affected dietary habits. Yet the National Food Survey shows that although less food is now bought for use in the home (9.5 MJ/person/day compared with 10.7 MJ in 1970), the overall distribution of the diet between meat, fish, dairy products, cereals, sugar, fats, fruit and vegetables remained comparatively steady. Greater changes in consumption of foods within the same broad groups had little effect on overall nutrient intakes, so that the nutritional quality of the diet (measured as nutrients/MJ) actually increased.", "PMID": 422844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11763", "title": "A prudent diet for the nation.", "content": "Nutritional factors in the aetiology of coronary heart disease, maturity-onset diabetes, diverticular disease and dental caries are discussed. Four principles for a prudent diet are suggested, namely: avoid excess intake of energy, increase dietary fibre intake, reduce total fat intake to approximately 30 per cent of energy intake, take a high proportion of fat as the polyunsaturated form.", "contents": "A prudent diet for the nation. Nutritional factors in the aetiology of coronary heart disease, maturity-onset diabetes, diverticular disease and dental caries are discussed. Four principles for a prudent diet are suggested, namely: avoid excess intake of energy, increase dietary fibre intake, reduce total fat intake to approximately 30 per cent of energy intake, take a high proportion of fat as the polyunsaturated form.", "PMID": 422845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11764", "title": "Nutrition education for changes.", "content": "Nutrition education aims to change behaviour. Educators must consider the circumstances of those they seek to educate. Methods need constant evaluation. Salient points from 16 recent reports of evaluation are set out.", "contents": "Nutrition education for changes. Nutrition education aims to change behaviour. Educators must consider the circumstances of those they seek to educate. Methods need constant evaluation. Salient points from 16 recent reports of evaluation are set out.", "PMID": 422846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11765", "title": "Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity microassay by cytofluorography.", "content": "A cytofluorometric method for measuring lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity is described which employs acridine orange and ethidium bromide stains. These stains permits the rapid (approximately 45 sec per sample) differential enumeration of viable cells and are therefore valuable in the preparation and performance of a cytotoxicity assay. Reproducibility of viable target cell counts is good and, statistically, the same mean result is obtained when the cytofluorometric and an accepted radioisotopic method are compared. It is found that the method employing radioisotopic label ([125I]iododeoxyuridine) non-specifically killed 80% of the target cells, whereas the cytofluorographic method does not result in non-specific kill. Therefore, the cytofluorometric method reflects in vivo conditions more accurately. The cytofluorometric method also provides a more rapid and less technically demanding assay than those previously described.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity microassay by cytofluorography. A cytofluorometric method for measuring lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity is described which employs acridine orange and ethidium bromide stains. These stains permits the rapid (approximately 45 sec per sample) differential enumeration of viable cells and are therefore valuable in the preparation and performance of a cytotoxicity assay. Reproducibility of viable target cell counts is good and, statistically, the same mean result is obtained when the cytofluorometric and an accepted radioisotopic method are compared. It is found that the method employing radioisotopic label ([125I]iododeoxyuridine) non-specifically killed 80% of the target cells, whereas the cytofluorographic method does not result in non-specific kill. Therefore, the cytofluorometric method reflects in vivo conditions more accurately. The cytofluorometric method also provides a more rapid and less technically demanding assay than those previously described.", "PMID": 422848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11766", "title": "HLA-D typing of human lymphocytes using frozen and thawed spermatozoa.", "content": "A method is described for the preservation of haploid populations of human spermatozoa in liquid nitrogen for their subsequent use as stimulators in HLA-D (SL) lymphocyte typing. The typing results obtained using thawed spermatozoa correlated well with those obtained when using fresh sperm and also with other cellular typing methods.", "contents": "HLA-D typing of human lymphocytes using frozen and thawed spermatozoa. A method is described for the preservation of haploid populations of human spermatozoa in liquid nitrogen for their subsequent use as stimulators in HLA-D (SL) lymphocyte typing. The typing results obtained using thawed spermatozoa correlated well with those obtained when using fresh sperm and also with other cellular typing methods.", "PMID": 422849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11767", "title": "The identification of the subclasses of human IgG by analytical isotachophoresis.", "content": "A new method is described for demonstrating the individual subclasses of human IgG immunoglobulins by means of analytical isotachophoresis. Individual subclasses of IgG purified from sera of multiple myeloma patients have distinct mobility patterns. When a mixture with purified IgG for each of the 4 subclasses is analyzed, a characteristic mobility pattern with 4 unique peaks is obtained. An IgG of unknown subclass can be identified by the superimposition of the peak for the unknown upon one of the 4 well characterized peaks. The method using microgram quantities protein in a 1.0 microliter volume can be performed easily in 15 min.", "contents": "The identification of the subclasses of human IgG by analytical isotachophoresis. A new method is described for demonstrating the individual subclasses of human IgG immunoglobulins by means of analytical isotachophoresis. Individual subclasses of IgG purified from sera of multiple myeloma patients have distinct mobility patterns. When a mixture with purified IgG for each of the 4 subclasses is analyzed, a characteristic mobility pattern with 4 unique peaks is obtained. An IgG of unknown subclass can be identified by the superimposition of the peak for the unknown upon one of the 4 well characterized peaks. The method using microgram quantities protein in a 1.0 microliter volume can be performed easily in 15 min.", "PMID": 422850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11768", "title": "The use of [125I]C1q subcomponent for the measurement of complement binding antibodies on cell surfaces.", "content": "An assay using 125I-labelled human C1q has been developed for the measurement of complement fixing antibodies bound to cell monolayers or cell suspensions. The method has been adapted for use either during or after sensitisation of the cells with antiserum, is simple to perform and does not require require prelabelling of the target cells.", "contents": "The use of [125I]C1q subcomponent for the measurement of complement binding antibodies on cell surfaces. An assay using 125I-labelled human C1q has been developed for the measurement of complement fixing antibodies bound to cell monolayers or cell suspensions. The method has been adapted for use either during or after sensitisation of the cells with antiserum, is simple to perform and does not require require prelabelling of the target cells.", "PMID": 422851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11769", "title": "Induction, isolation and surface marker studies on bovine eosinophils.", "content": "A crude extract from Ascaris suum was infused into the teat canal of heifers to serve as an irritant or an antigens. The cells present in the mammary gland following such stimulation were assessed over a period of 2 weeks. Prior to stimulation there were few cells, predominantly macrophages, however, by 12 h post-stimulation a larger number of eosinophils and neutrophils were present. The eosinophils, which represented approximately 50% of the total population, could be purified by Ficoll-Hypaque flotation and nylon or glass wool column filtration to yield a population consisting of over 90% eosinophils. Surface marker studies on the purified eosinophils revealed that they contained both Fc and complement receptors.", "contents": "Induction, isolation and surface marker studies on bovine eosinophils. A crude extract from Ascaris suum was infused into the teat canal of heifers to serve as an irritant or an antigens. The cells present in the mammary gland following such stimulation were assessed over a period of 2 weeks. Prior to stimulation there were few cells, predominantly macrophages, however, by 12 h post-stimulation a larger number of eosinophils and neutrophils were present. The eosinophils, which represented approximately 50% of the total population, could be purified by Ficoll-Hypaque flotation and nylon or glass wool column filtration to yield a population consisting of over 90% eosinophils. Surface marker studies on the purified eosinophils revealed that they contained both Fc and complement receptors.", "PMID": 422852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11770", "title": "Avian antigen binding cells: enrichment methods.", "content": "Data are presented comparing different methods for the fractionation and enrichment, respectively, of specific antigen binding lymphoid cells from immunized chickens. The bovine serum albumin (BSA) anti-BSA system was chosen as a model. To enrich avian antigen binding cells (ABC) from a mixture of chicken peripheral blood and spleen lymphocytes 3 different methods were used: (1) separation of cells forming rosettes with antigen-coated sheep red blood cells (SRBC) from non-rosetting cells by density centrifugation; (2) isolation of ABC by their specific adherence to antigen bound to immunoadsorptive surfaces (gelatin, plastics); (3) column affinity chromatography with antigen-coated agarose, cross-linked dextran for plastic beads. The most efficient method was column affinity chromatography with antigen-coated polyacrylamide beads which affords up to 12-fold enrichment of ABC. Both the other methods are also suitable for separation and enrichment of specific ABC but can only with difficulty be adapted for processing the large numbers of cells which would be necessary, e.g., for in vivo transfer studies.", "contents": "Avian antigen binding cells: enrichment methods. Data are presented comparing different methods for the fractionation and enrichment, respectively, of specific antigen binding lymphoid cells from immunized chickens. The bovine serum albumin (BSA) anti-BSA system was chosen as a model. To enrich avian antigen binding cells (ABC) from a mixture of chicken peripheral blood and spleen lymphocytes 3 different methods were used: (1) separation of cells forming rosettes with antigen-coated sheep red blood cells (SRBC) from non-rosetting cells by density centrifugation; (2) isolation of ABC by their specific adherence to antigen bound to immunoadsorptive surfaces (gelatin, plastics); (3) column affinity chromatography with antigen-coated agarose, cross-linked dextran for plastic beads. The most efficient method was column affinity chromatography with antigen-coated polyacrylamide beads which affords up to 12-fold enrichment of ABC. Both the other methods are also suitable for separation and enrichment of specific ABC but can only with difficulty be adapted for processing the large numbers of cells which would be necessary, e.g., for in vivo transfer studies.", "PMID": 422853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11771", "title": "A simple radiolabelled rheumatoid factor binding assay for the measurement of circulating immune complexes.", "content": "A simple assay for circulating immune complexes has been developed and the optimal conditions for reaction defined. Partially purified radiolabelled polyclonal or monoclonal rheumatoid factor was incubated with aggregated IgG or soluble immune complexes and the resultant macromolecule precipitated with 3% polyethylene glycol. Monoclonal rheumatoid factor was much the better reagent, allowing the detection of approx. 0.35microgram/ml or more of aggregated IgG. Soluble immune complexes formed in vitro at between x2--x20 antigen excess were detectable over a wide range of molecular size. Clinical studies indicated that the assay is a useful addition to the currently available techniques for measuring circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "A simple radiolabelled rheumatoid factor binding assay for the measurement of circulating immune complexes. A simple assay for circulating immune complexes has been developed and the optimal conditions for reaction defined. Partially purified radiolabelled polyclonal or monoclonal rheumatoid factor was incubated with aggregated IgG or soluble immune complexes and the resultant macromolecule precipitated with 3% polyethylene glycol. Monoclonal rheumatoid factor was much the better reagent, allowing the detection of approx. 0.35microgram/ml or more of aggregated IgG. Soluble immune complexes formed in vitro at between x2--x20 antigen excess were detectable over a wide range of molecular size. Clinical studies indicated that the assay is a useful addition to the currently available techniques for measuring circulating immune complexes.", "PMID": 422854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11772", "title": "A new method of testing for mitogen-induced lymphocyte stimulation: measurement of the percentage of growing cells and of some aspects of their cell kinetics with an electronic particle counter.", "content": "Human lymphocytes were cultured with or without added PHA for periods not exceeding one day so that none of the cells had entered the first mitotic division. The size distribution of the cells was measured with an electronic particle counter and the results were collected in a multichannel analyser. An iterative stochastic model was developed to estimate the proportion of responding cells and their growth characteristics. This mathematical model was based on a few simple assumptions about the pattern of cell growth and was considered to fulfill basic requirements of plausibility and parsimony. The technique described in this paper makes measurement of the absolute percentage of responding cells and their average growth rate in mitogen-induced lymphocyte stimulation tests possible in routine diagnostic laboratories for the first time.", "contents": "A new method of testing for mitogen-induced lymphocyte stimulation: measurement of the percentage of growing cells and of some aspects of their cell kinetics with an electronic particle counter. Human lymphocytes were cultured with or without added PHA for periods not exceeding one day so that none of the cells had entered the first mitotic division. The size distribution of the cells was measured with an electronic particle counter and the results were collected in a multichannel analyser. An iterative stochastic model was developed to estimate the proportion of responding cells and their growth characteristics. This mathematical model was based on a few simple assumptions about the pattern of cell growth and was considered to fulfill basic requirements of plausibility and parsimony. The technique described in this paper makes measurement of the absolute percentage of responding cells and their average growth rate in mitogen-induced lymphocyte stimulation tests possible in routine diagnostic laboratories for the first time.", "PMID": 422855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11773", "title": "Inhibition of murine natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity by pretreatment with ammonium chloride.", "content": "In the present study the effect of ammonium chloride on murine natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity to T cell lymphoma, YAC-1 was studied. It was found that ammonium chloride treatment significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of splenic NK cells without any detectable change in cell viability. It is, therefore, suggested to avoid ammonium chloride treatment in order to obtain the realistic reflection of murine NK cell activities.", "contents": "Inhibition of murine natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity by pretreatment with ammonium chloride. In the present study the effect of ammonium chloride on murine natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity to T cell lymphoma, YAC-1 was studied. It was found that ammonium chloride treatment significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of splenic NK cells without any detectable change in cell viability. It is, therefore, suggested to avoid ammonium chloride treatment in order to obtain the realistic reflection of murine NK cell activities.", "PMID": 422856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11774", "title": "Chemotaxis in Boyden's chamber: a comparison of the double and single filter techniques.", "content": "In the Boyden's chamber method to assess chemotaxis, when used to detect drug induced impairment of chemotaxis, the double filter counting method shows no advantage over the single filter technique.", "contents": "Chemotaxis in Boyden's chamber: a comparison of the double and single filter techniques. In the Boyden's chamber method to assess chemotaxis, when used to detect drug induced impairment of chemotaxis, the double filter counting method shows no advantage over the single filter technique.", "PMID": 422857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11775", "title": "The aerobic growth of Propionibacterium acnes in primary cultures from skin.", "content": "Although Propionibacterium acnes ordinarily grows as an anaerobe, this organism was commonly seen on aerobic primary cultures (directly from skin) of the forehead, axilla, deltoid area, and antecubital fossa. On subculture, strains from aerobic primary cultures showed their normal anaerobic state. On repeated tests of the foreheads of 7 subjects over periods of 1 to 4 yr, 24% of all cultures were positive for propionibacteria (P. acnes) on aerobic culture. This phenomenon was equally common in cultures from those with relatively sparse or dense populations of P. acnes on the skin surface. Several different patterns of aerobic growth were observed: satellitism, profuse growth at one dilution and none on the next higher dilution, and proportionate growth in successive dilutions. These different growth patterns indicate that more than one mechanism is operative in stimulating the aerobic growth of propionibacteria. Whether one or more of these mechanisms is operative in vivo, we do not know, but it appears that they do not account for the great individual differences in population density of P. acnes on such sites as the forehead.", "contents": "The aerobic growth of Propionibacterium acnes in primary cultures from skin. Although Propionibacterium acnes ordinarily grows as an anaerobe, this organism was commonly seen on aerobic primary cultures (directly from skin) of the forehead, axilla, deltoid area, and antecubital fossa. On subculture, strains from aerobic primary cultures showed their normal anaerobic state. On repeated tests of the foreheads of 7 subjects over periods of 1 to 4 yr, 24% of all cultures were positive for propionibacteria (P. acnes) on aerobic culture. This phenomenon was equally common in cultures from those with relatively sparse or dense populations of P. acnes on the skin surface. Several different patterns of aerobic growth were observed: satellitism, profuse growth at one dilution and none on the next higher dilution, and proportionate growth in successive dilutions. These different growth patterns indicate that more than one mechanism is operative in stimulating the aerobic growth of propionibacteria. Whether one or more of these mechanisms is operative in vivo, we do not know, but it appears that they do not account for the great individual differences in population density of P. acnes on such sites as the forehead.", "PMID": 422866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11776", "title": "Significance of levels of specific immunoglobulins to DNA in SLE patients' sera detected by solid phase radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A solid phase radioimmunoassay was developed for detecting the quantity of double-stranded and single-stranded DNA antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases. The assay system employs a solid support 96-well, flex-vinyl microtiter plate to which bovine methyl albumin is layered, followed by denatured or native calf thymus DNA. A 1:80 dilution of patients' sera was added to respective wells followed by tritiated high affinity anti-IgG, -IgA, or IgM. Denatured DNA (single-stranded DNA) bound to methylated bovine serum albumin had less than 5% reannealment to the double-stranded form and provided a better substrate for Ab binding than double-stranded DNA, producing a linear binding curve. Of 58 patients diagnosed as having systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), only 11 having active SLE had IgG antibody levels of greater than 5.0 microgram/ml to single-strand DNA. Renal involvement of some degree was found in all 11 with the high concentrations of IgG antibodies to DNA correlating with severe involvement. Patients with IgM antibodies to DNA alone had more benign types of SLE with little renal involvement. No abnormal levels of IgA Ab to either single-strand DNA or double-strand DNA were found in SLE patients' sera. Corticosteroid and/or immunosuppressant treatment caused a marked drop in the IgM Ab level to DNA within 10 days while IgG Ab to DNA remained high for up to 30 days. Quantitation of IgG and IgM Ab to single-strand DNA provides a useful method for diagnosing severe SLE with possible renal involvement and monitoring the course of the disease during therapy.", "contents": "Significance of levels of specific immunoglobulins to DNA in SLE patients' sera detected by solid phase radioimmunoassay. A solid phase radioimmunoassay was developed for detecting the quantity of double-stranded and single-stranded DNA antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases. The assay system employs a solid support 96-well, flex-vinyl microtiter plate to which bovine methyl albumin is layered, followed by denatured or native calf thymus DNA. A 1:80 dilution of patients' sera was added to respective wells followed by tritiated high affinity anti-IgG, -IgA, or IgM. Denatured DNA (single-stranded DNA) bound to methylated bovine serum albumin had less than 5% reannealment to the double-stranded form and provided a better substrate for Ab binding than double-stranded DNA, producing a linear binding curve. Of 58 patients diagnosed as having systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), only 11 having active SLE had IgG antibody levels of greater than 5.0 microgram/ml to single-strand DNA. Renal involvement of some degree was found in all 11 with the high concentrations of IgG antibodies to DNA correlating with severe involvement. Patients with IgM antibodies to DNA alone had more benign types of SLE with little renal involvement. No abnormal levels of IgA Ab to either single-strand DNA or double-strand DNA were found in SLE patients' sera. Corticosteroid and/or immunosuppressant treatment caused a marked drop in the IgM Ab level to DNA within 10 days while IgG Ab to DNA remained high for up to 30 days. Quantitation of IgG and IgM Ab to single-strand DNA provides a useful method for diagnosing severe SLE with possible renal involvement and monitoring the course of the disease during therapy.", "PMID": 422867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11777", "title": "Ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation and leukocytes.", "content": "To evaluate the role of leukocytes in inflammation induced by ultraviolet radiation, the response of guinea pigs make leukopenic with cyclophosphamide was compared with the response of nonleukopenic animals. The response of leukopenic animals to UVB (295 nm) was significantly altered. Leukopenic animals and saline-treated (i.e., nonleukopenic) animals responded similarly to (1) UVC (250 nm), (2) UVA (340 nm) given after 8-methoxypsoralen pretreatment (PUVA), (3) intradermal histamine and (4) a topically applied prostaglandin analogue. These results suggest that leukocytes are important in UVB-induced inflammation but not in the inflammation induced by UVC or PUVA.", "contents": "Ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation and leukocytes. To evaluate the role of leukocytes in inflammation induced by ultraviolet radiation, the response of guinea pigs make leukopenic with cyclophosphamide was compared with the response of nonleukopenic animals. The response of leukopenic animals to UVB (295 nm) was significantly altered. Leukopenic animals and saline-treated (i.e., nonleukopenic) animals responded similarly to (1) UVC (250 nm), (2) UVA (340 nm) given after 8-methoxypsoralen pretreatment (PUVA), (3) intradermal histamine and (4) a topically applied prostaglandin analogue. These results suggest that leukocytes are important in UVB-induced inflammation but not in the inflammation induced by UVC or PUVA.", "PMID": 422868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11778", "title": "Effect of 8-methoxypsoralen plus UVA on psoriasis leukotactic factor.", "content": "The effect of psoralen phototherapy on the chemotactic activity of psoriasis leukotactic factor (PLF) was studied. The chemotactic activity of PLF extracted from psoriasis scales was evaluated using modified Boyden chambers. Treatment of (1) psoriasis lesions, (2) psoriasis scale and (3) extracted PLF with 8-methoxypsoralen plus UVA irradiation reduced the chemotactic activity of PLF. These results may help define the mechanism of psoralen phototherapy in psoriasis.", "contents": "Effect of 8-methoxypsoralen plus UVA on psoriasis leukotactic factor. The effect of psoralen phototherapy on the chemotactic activity of psoriasis leukotactic factor (PLF) was studied. The chemotactic activity of PLF extracted from psoriasis scales was evaluated using modified Boyden chambers. Treatment of (1) psoriasis lesions, (2) psoriasis scale and (3) extracted PLF with 8-methoxypsoralen plus UVA irradiation reduced the chemotactic activity of PLF. These results may help define the mechanism of psoralen phototherapy in psoriasis.", "PMID": 422869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11779", "title": "Selective toxicity of 6-hydroxydopa for melanoma cells.", "content": "The growth inhibitory effect of 6-hydroxydopa, a cytotoxic analog of L-dopa, was studied in melanotic and amelanotic Cloudman melanoma, mouse fibroblast L929 and Chinese hamster ovary cells. A marked sensitivity of pigmented cells to 6-hydroxydopa was observed with a 10-fold increase in sensitivity of pigmented cells. Sensitivity correlated with the capacity of cells to incorporate radiolabeled exogenous L-dopa. The drug affected primarily DNA and RNA synthesis with greater inhibition observed in pigmented cells than the nonpigmented control cells. The mechanism of action may involve interaction with the melanocyte specific enzyme, tyrosinase, as a false substrate.", "contents": "Selective toxicity of 6-hydroxydopa for melanoma cells. The growth inhibitory effect of 6-hydroxydopa, a cytotoxic analog of L-dopa, was studied in melanotic and amelanotic Cloudman melanoma, mouse fibroblast L929 and Chinese hamster ovary cells. A marked sensitivity of pigmented cells to 6-hydroxydopa was observed with a 10-fold increase in sensitivity of pigmented cells. Sensitivity correlated with the capacity of cells to incorporate radiolabeled exogenous L-dopa. The drug affected primarily DNA and RNA synthesis with greater inhibition observed in pigmented cells than the nonpigmented control cells. The mechanism of action may involve interaction with the melanocyte specific enzyme, tyrosinase, as a false substrate.", "PMID": 422870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11780", "title": "Colloid-amyloid bodies in PUVA-treated human psoriatic patients.", "content": "In 4 cases of PUVA-treated psoriatic patients a number of colloid bodies and amyloid-like deposits were seen at the dermo-epidermal junction, in a very similar fashion the colloid bodies and the amyloid substances are deposited in lichen planus and in primary cutaneous anyloidoses respectively. In some instances such a deposition was found within the epidermis and contained remnants of cellular debris. Serial sections revealed that a part of the intraepidermal deposit is located in the dermis. Some deposition is partially composed of typical amyloid filaments and partially of nonamyloidal filaments. The latter were identical to those found in colloid or Civatte bodies of lichen planus and other conditions. Follow-up biopsies done in 1 patient several months after the cessation of the treatment still showed these substances. It was suggested that the amyloid-like substances are the product of special degeneration (apoptosis) of epidermal cells as colloid substances: Initally these cells undergo filamentous or colloid degeneration and they drop off into the dermis; where some of the characteristics of filaments are modified and connective tissue elements are added to produce such filamentous and amorphous components as seen in the amyloid island, whereas others remain as colloid bodies. Absorption or elimination of these substances seem to be extremely slow.", "contents": "Colloid-amyloid bodies in PUVA-treated human psoriatic patients. In 4 cases of PUVA-treated psoriatic patients a number of colloid bodies and amyloid-like deposits were seen at the dermo-epidermal junction, in a very similar fashion the colloid bodies and the amyloid substances are deposited in lichen planus and in primary cutaneous anyloidoses respectively. In some instances such a deposition was found within the epidermis and contained remnants of cellular debris. Serial sections revealed that a part of the intraepidermal deposit is located in the dermis. Some deposition is partially composed of typical amyloid filaments and partially of nonamyloidal filaments. The latter were identical to those found in colloid or Civatte bodies of lichen planus and other conditions. Follow-up biopsies done in 1 patient several months after the cessation of the treatment still showed these substances. It was suggested that the amyloid-like substances are the product of special degeneration (apoptosis) of epidermal cells as colloid substances: Initally these cells undergo filamentous or colloid degeneration and they drop off into the dermis; where some of the characteristics of filaments are modified and connective tissue elements are added to produce such filamentous and amorphous components as seen in the amyloid island, whereas others remain as colloid bodies. Absorption or elimination of these substances seem to be extremely slow.", "PMID": 422871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11781", "title": "Culture of normal human epidermal cells with 3T3 feeders on millipore filters.", "content": "Human epidermal cells were cultured with lethally irradiated 3T3 cells and grew as large colonies both on plastic and millipore filters. Subcultures were possible. The grown colonies were studied morphologically and histologically. The whole intact crossview of epidermal colonies in paraffin sections was obtained from the cell culture on millipore filters. The epidermal cells derived from younger persons had higher efficiency of colony formation than those from older ones. The membrane filter was shown to be good substratum for epidermal cell growth as well as plastic.", "contents": "Culture of normal human epidermal cells with 3T3 feeders on millipore filters. Human epidermal cells were cultured with lethally irradiated 3T3 cells and grew as large colonies both on plastic and millipore filters. Subcultures were possible. The grown colonies were studied morphologically and histologically. The whole intact crossview of epidermal colonies in paraffin sections was obtained from the cell culture on millipore filters. The epidermal cells derived from younger persons had higher efficiency of colony formation than those from older ones. The membrane filter was shown to be good substratum for epidermal cell growth as well as plastic.", "PMID": 422872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11782", "title": "Growth and differentiation of postembryonic mouse epidermal cells in explant cultures.", "content": "Until now the only successful growth of postembryonic skin in explant cultures has been with human skin. We describe the successful cultivation of postembryonic mouse skin explant culture in this report. We believe that any adult skin can be grown in explant culture.", "contents": "Growth and differentiation of postembryonic mouse epidermal cells in explant cultures. Until now the only successful growth of postembryonic skin in explant cultures has been with human skin. We describe the successful cultivation of postembryonic mouse skin explant culture in this report. We believe that any adult skin can be grown in explant culture.", "PMID": 422873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11783", "title": "Skin responses to ultraviolet radiation in contact photodermatitis due to fentichlor.", "content": "There are several groups of chemicals that may produce contact photodermatitis and the action spectra for photopatch tests with these chemicals have been established. Controversy exists about UVR sensitivity in patients with contact photodermatitis when tests are performed on normal appearing skin without the addition of the chemical. Four patients became \"persistent light reactors\" after developing contact photodermatitis from fentichlor, 3 after using a hair cream containing the chemical, the 4th after industrial exposure. Normal appearing skin on the back of the trunk was tested to narrow waveband UVR and visible light, fentichlor was not added to the skin during these tests. Abnormal reactions to UVB occurred in all 4 patients and all showed sensitivity to UVA, to 340 nm in 1, to 360 nm in 1 and to 400 nm in 2. At pH 4 fentichlor absorbed between 310 nm and 325 nm, but at pH 9.2 absorption was between 275 nm and 350 nm, there was no absorption above 350 nm. The results of tests with narrow waveband UVR show that true sensitivity to UVB does exist in the normal appearing skin of \"persistent light reactors,\" the sensitivity is not spurious. The normal skin of these patients is also sensitive to UVA. Possible reasons for the URV sensitivity are discussed.", "contents": "Skin responses to ultraviolet radiation in contact photodermatitis due to fentichlor. There are several groups of chemicals that may produce contact photodermatitis and the action spectra for photopatch tests with these chemicals have been established. Controversy exists about UVR sensitivity in patients with contact photodermatitis when tests are performed on normal appearing skin without the addition of the chemical. Four patients became \"persistent light reactors\" after developing contact photodermatitis from fentichlor, 3 after using a hair cream containing the chemical, the 4th after industrial exposure. Normal appearing skin on the back of the trunk was tested to narrow waveband UVR and visible light, fentichlor was not added to the skin during these tests. Abnormal reactions to UVB occurred in all 4 patients and all showed sensitivity to UVA, to 340 nm in 1, to 360 nm in 1 and to 400 nm in 2. At pH 4 fentichlor absorbed between 310 nm and 325 nm, but at pH 9.2 absorption was between 275 nm and 350 nm, there was no absorption above 350 nm. The results of tests with narrow waveband UVR show that true sensitivity to UVB does exist in the normal appearing skin of \"persistent light reactors,\" the sensitivity is not spurious. The normal skin of these patients is also sensitive to UVA. Possible reasons for the URV sensitivity are discussed.", "PMID": 422874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11784", "title": "Sebaceous gland differentiation. I. Separation, morphology and lipogenesis of isolated cells from the mouse preputial gland tumor.", "content": "Single cell suspensions have been prepared, by enzyme digestion, from the mouse preputial gland tumor and separated by flotation centrifugation into populations of different buoyant densities. These populations of cells have been shown by morphological, chemical and biochemical criteria to be in different stages of maturation. Some properties of the separated cells are described.", "contents": "Sebaceous gland differentiation. I. Separation, morphology and lipogenesis of isolated cells from the mouse preputial gland tumor. Single cell suspensions have been prepared, by enzyme digestion, from the mouse preputial gland tumor and separated by flotation centrifugation into populations of different buoyant densities. These populations of cells have been shown by morphological, chemical and biochemical criteria to be in different stages of maturation. Some properties of the separated cells are described.", "PMID": 422875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11785", "title": "Interactions of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and micrococci on skin culture.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy was used to search for local or limited synthesis of antibiotics by a strain of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Micrococcus luteus, which was susceptible to penicillin and to the dermatophyte when both were cultured on agar media, displayed morphological alterations of flattened walls, invagination, enlargement, and collapse in skin cultures with the fungus. Penicillinase did not neutralize these effects. A control strain of Staphylococcus spp with poor sensitivity to penicillin was resistant to the dermatophyte in all test systems. T. mentagrophytes showed positive tropism to the bacteria. Regional variation in fungal germination and antibiotic production, the limited yield of antibiotics, and the pattern of dermatophyte growth and alteration of bacterial morphology demonstrated the significant influence of microenvironment on antibiosis.", "contents": "Interactions of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and micrococci on skin culture. Scanning electron microscopy was used to search for local or limited synthesis of antibiotics by a strain of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Micrococcus luteus, which was susceptible to penicillin and to the dermatophyte when both were cultured on agar media, displayed morphological alterations of flattened walls, invagination, enlargement, and collapse in skin cultures with the fungus. Penicillinase did not neutralize these effects. A control strain of Staphylococcus spp with poor sensitivity to penicillin was resistant to the dermatophyte in all test systems. T. mentagrophytes showed positive tropism to the bacteria. Regional variation in fungal germination and antibiotic production, the limited yield of antibiotics, and the pattern of dermatophyte growth and alteration of bacterial morphology demonstrated the significant influence of microenvironment on antibiosis.", "PMID": 422876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11786", "title": "Crosslink of collagen in hypertrophic scar.", "content": "It is conceivable that intramolecular and intermolecular crosslinks of collagen may be involved in the formation of hypertrophic scar, but little is known about the relationship between hypertrophic scar and crosslinks of collagen. We have isolated a new crosslinking amino acid from collagen and have named it pyridinoline. In this investigation, we examined the content of pyridinoline in human normal skin, mature scar and hypertrophic scar. An appreciable amount of pyridinoline was found in collagen of hypertrophic scar, but pyridinoline is virtually absent in collagen of normal skin.", "contents": "Crosslink of collagen in hypertrophic scar. It is conceivable that intramolecular and intermolecular crosslinks of collagen may be involved in the formation of hypertrophic scar, but little is known about the relationship between hypertrophic scar and crosslinks of collagen. We have isolated a new crosslinking amino acid from collagen and have named it pyridinoline. In this investigation, we examined the content of pyridinoline in human normal skin, mature scar and hypertrophic scar. An appreciable amount of pyridinoline was found in collagen of hypertrophic scar, but pyridinoline is virtually absent in collagen of normal skin.", "PMID": 422877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11787", "title": "Interactions between centrally and peripherally generated neuromuscular oscillations.", "content": "An experimentally based model of the mammalian neuromuscular system has been extended to include the interaction of sinusoidal inputs generated within the central nervous system and those produced peripherally by reflex pathways, together with muscle properties and external loads. Multiple reflex pathways and pathways having acceleration as well as velocity and length sensitivity and considered. The responses are analyzed for brief inputs (Dirac delta-functions), sinusoidal driving functions and mixtures of the two over ranges in which the model behaves either linearly or non-linearly. Approximate solutions are derived for the non-linear range, and exact numerical solutions are computed for a few examples within the linear range. The extent to which brief inputs can reset ongoing oscillations and the extent to which sinusoidal inputs can entrain these oscillations are of particular interest.", "contents": "Interactions between centrally and peripherally generated neuromuscular oscillations. An experimentally based model of the mammalian neuromuscular system has been extended to include the interaction of sinusoidal inputs generated within the central nervous system and those produced peripherally by reflex pathways, together with muscle properties and external loads. Multiple reflex pathways and pathways having acceleration as well as velocity and length sensitivity and considered. The responses are analyzed for brief inputs (Dirac delta-functions), sinusoidal driving functions and mixtures of the two over ranges in which the model behaves either linearly or non-linearly. Approximate solutions are derived for the non-linear range, and exact numerical solutions are computed for a few examples within the linear range. The extent to which brief inputs can reset ongoing oscillations and the extent to which sinusoidal inputs can entrain these oscillations are of particular interest.", "PMID": 422905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11788", "title": "Hysteresis, oscillations, and pattern formation in realistic immobilized enzyme systems.", "content": "Hysteresis, oscillations, and pattern formation in realistic biochemical systems governed by P.D.E.s are considered from both numerical and mathematical points of view. Analysis of multiple steady states in the case of hysteresis, and bifurcation theory in the cases of oscillations and pattern formation, account for the observed numerical results. The possibility to realize these systems experimentally is their main interest, thus bringing further arguments in favor of theories explaining basic biological phenomena by diffusion and reaction.", "contents": "Hysteresis, oscillations, and pattern formation in realistic immobilized enzyme systems. Hysteresis, oscillations, and pattern formation in realistic biochemical systems governed by P.D.E.s are considered from both numerical and mathematical points of view. Analysis of multiple steady states in the case of hysteresis, and bifurcation theory in the cases of oscillations and pattern formation, account for the observed numerical results. The possibility to realize these systems experimentally is their main interest, thus bringing further arguments in favor of theories explaining basic biological phenomena by diffusion and reaction.", "PMID": 422906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11789", "title": "A functional model of the rat kidney.", "content": "A mathematical model of the nephron was developed by writing a set of material balance equations for the flow of urea, salt and water along the foregoing study and are taken here as a basis, in particular the model configuration of the collecting duct system. The stimulation of the model equatentration profiles which at the ends of the several tubular sections were consistent with the values observed in experimental investigations.e medullary interstitial solute concentration profiles are taken to increase linearly in outer and inner zone. The several transeptithelial fluxes are driven by diffusion, osmosis, solvent drag and active transport. The development of osmotic gradient in the inner medulla is taken here to be caused by active secretion of salt into the descending LImb of Henle's loop. The parameters in the flux equations for all parts of the nephron and the concentration values at the end of each tubular section are determined by collecting and averaging the values given in literature and by extrapolating the measurement data. The simulation of the model equations with these averaged parameters resulted in concentration profiles which at the ends of the several tubular sections were consistent with the values observed in experimental investigations.", "contents": "A functional model of the rat kidney. A mathematical model of the nephron was developed by writing a set of material balance equations for the flow of urea, salt and water along the foregoing study and are taken here as a basis, in particular the model configuration of the collecting duct system. The stimulation of the model equatentration profiles which at the ends of the several tubular sections were consistent with the values observed in experimental investigations.e medullary interstitial solute concentration profiles are taken to increase linearly in outer and inner zone. The several transeptithelial fluxes are driven by diffusion, osmosis, solvent drag and active transport. The development of osmotic gradient in the inner medulla is taken here to be caused by active secretion of salt into the descending LImb of Henle's loop. The parameters in the flux equations for all parts of the nephron and the concentration values at the end of each tubular section are determined by collecting and averaging the values given in literature and by extrapolating the measurement data. The simulation of the model equations with these averaged parameters resulted in concentration profiles which at the ends of the several tubular sections were consistent with the values observed in experimental investigations.", "PMID": 422907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11790", "title": "Superiority of 24-hour outpatient monitoring over multi-stage exercise testing for the evaluation of syncope.", "content": "Twenty-four hour outpatient monitoring was compared with maximum multi-stage Treadmill exercise testing for the detection of dysrhythmias producing syncope or near syncope in 119 patients. All patients had cardiovascular disorders; only 21% had coronary artery disease. Patients with obvious cause of syncope and/or significant dysrhythmias by resting electrocardiograms (ECGs) were excluded. A significant dysrhythmia was found which was considered the probable cause of syncope or pre-syncope in 76 patients (64%). A non-cardiac cause was found in tachycardia, exercise testing identified only patients with complex ventricular dysrhythmias and missed 64% of these. Overall, dysrhythmias were found by ambulatory monitoring alone in 63 patients, by exercise testing alone in only three, and by both in 10. It is concluded that: 1) in the majority of patients with syncope or pre-syncope suspected to be of a cardiac origin, a dysrhythmia can be found; 2) ambulatory monitoring is far superior to exercise testing for detection of dysrhythmias; 3) exercise testing increases the yield for complex ventricular dysrhythmias.", "contents": "Superiority of 24-hour outpatient monitoring over multi-stage exercise testing for the evaluation of syncope. Twenty-four hour outpatient monitoring was compared with maximum multi-stage Treadmill exercise testing for the detection of dysrhythmias producing syncope or near syncope in 119 patients. All patients had cardiovascular disorders; only 21% had coronary artery disease. Patients with obvious cause of syncope and/or significant dysrhythmias by resting electrocardiograms (ECGs) were excluded. A significant dysrhythmia was found which was considered the probable cause of syncope or pre-syncope in 76 patients (64%). A non-cardiac cause was found in tachycardia, exercise testing identified only patients with complex ventricular dysrhythmias and missed 64% of these. Overall, dysrhythmias were found by ambulatory monitoring alone in 63 patients, by exercise testing alone in only three, and by both in 10. It is concluded that: 1) in the majority of patients with syncope or pre-syncope suspected to be of a cardiac origin, a dysrhythmia can be found; 2) ambulatory monitoring is far superior to exercise testing for detection of dysrhythmias; 3) exercise testing increases the yield for complex ventricular dysrhythmias.", "PMID": 422911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11791", "title": "Electrocardiographic poor R wave progression. II: correlation with angiography.", "content": "Forty patients with \"poor R wave progression\" (PRWP) or \"reversed R wave progression\" (RRWP) on the electrocardiogram (ECG) who underwent coronary arteriography and left ventriculography within one month of electrocardiographic recording were analyzed. Patients were randomly selected from a population of catheterization proven predominant mitral stenosis with elevated right ventricular pressures (presumed right ventricular hypertrophy), predominant aortic stenosis with increased left ventricular mass (left ventricular hypertrophy) and anterior myocardial infarction (AMI). Application of criteria previously derived from vectorcardiographic (VCG) correlative data, as well as inclusion of right precordial lead repolarization abnormalities, correctly diagnosed 85% (11/13) of angiographic AMIs. It is clinically useful to note that 56% (15/27) of patients with either PRWP or RRWP who did not exhibit angiographic AMI could be identified by 12 lead ECG with only 12% (2/17) false negative AMIs. In comparison with Q wave anterior myocardial infarctions, those with only PRWP or RRWP exhibited a trend toward a less severe degree of contraction abnormality on contrast ventriculography.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic poor R wave progression. II: correlation with angiography. Forty patients with \"poor R wave progression\" (PRWP) or \"reversed R wave progression\" (RRWP) on the electrocardiogram (ECG) who underwent coronary arteriography and left ventriculography within one month of electrocardiographic recording were analyzed. Patients were randomly selected from a population of catheterization proven predominant mitral stenosis with elevated right ventricular pressures (presumed right ventricular hypertrophy), predominant aortic stenosis with increased left ventricular mass (left ventricular hypertrophy) and anterior myocardial infarction (AMI). Application of criteria previously derived from vectorcardiographic (VCG) correlative data, as well as inclusion of right precordial lead repolarization abnormalities, correctly diagnosed 85% (11/13) of angiographic AMIs. It is clinically useful to note that 56% (15/27) of patients with either PRWP or RRWP who did not exhibit angiographic AMI could be identified by 12 lead ECG with only 12% (2/17) false negative AMIs. In comparison with Q wave anterior myocardial infarctions, those with only PRWP or RRWP exhibited a trend toward a less severe degree of contraction abnormality on contrast ventriculography.", "PMID": 422912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11792", "title": "Prolongation of the Q-T interval in lithium toxicity.", "content": "A patient with lithium intoxication and Q-T prolongation is described. As serum lithium levels fell with therapy, serial electrocardiograms (ECGs) demonstrated T wave changes more commonly associated with lithium. All changes were ultimately reversible.", "contents": "Prolongation of the Q-T interval in lithium toxicity. A patient with lithium intoxication and Q-T prolongation is described. As serum lithium levels fell with therapy, serial electrocardiograms (ECGs) demonstrated T wave changes more commonly associated with lithium. All changes were ultimately reversible.", "PMID": 422913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11793", "title": "Alternation of partial and total atrial standstill.", "content": "A forty-five year old man with longstanding rheumatic heart disease whose surface electrocardiogram (ECG) showed absent P waves and two alternating QRS complex rhythms, one regular and the other irregular, was submitted to electrophysiological studies. For regular QRS complex rhythm these studies revealed (1) presence of total and bilateral atrial standstill and (2) regular ventricular rhythm originating in the A-V junction; while for irregular QRS complex rhythm the studies showed (1) presence of atrial standstill in the area of the upper right atrium, and (2) a +/- 150/min atrial activity rate in the intracavitary and esophageal electrogram and a +/- 300/min rate in the epicardial mapping. The spread of conduction of this atrial activity indicates that it originated within an atrial area near the tricuspid valve. The presence of an alternating partial and total atrial standstill is a unique feature which to data has not been reported in the literature.", "contents": "Alternation of partial and total atrial standstill. A forty-five year old man with longstanding rheumatic heart disease whose surface electrocardiogram (ECG) showed absent P waves and two alternating QRS complex rhythms, one regular and the other irregular, was submitted to electrophysiological studies. For regular QRS complex rhythm these studies revealed (1) presence of total and bilateral atrial standstill and (2) regular ventricular rhythm originating in the A-V junction; while for irregular QRS complex rhythm the studies showed (1) presence of atrial standstill in the area of the upper right atrium, and (2) a +/- 150/min atrial activity rate in the intracavitary and esophageal electrogram and a +/- 300/min rate in the epicardial mapping. The spread of conduction of this atrial activity indicates that it originated within an atrial area near the tricuspid valve. The presence of an alternating partial and total atrial standstill is a unique feature which to data has not been reported in the literature.", "PMID": 422914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11794", "title": "Computer simulation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias during coronary artery ligation and release.", "content": "A computer (PDP-10) simulation model was constructed using rapid, simultaneous measurements of effective refractory period (ERP), ERP dispersion (RPD), premature ventricular beat (PVB) thresholds, and multi-directional conduction times during coronary artery ligations and release in the anesthetized dog. In addition, estimates of currents of injury between ischemic and non-ischemic electrodes were included based on published data from electromagnetic recordings in dogs. Propagated PVB's were inscribed by the model when criteria for excitation, dispersion, and conduction were met based on known electrophysiological characteristics of heart muscle. The model correctly predicts high vulnerability to arrhythmias at three to seven minutes of ligation, stabilization at 10 to 15 minutes of ligation, and decreased vulnerability by lidocaine during ischemia. There was no arrhythmia when ischemic thresholds were increased by the drug before significant RPD and conduction prolongation developed. Vulnerability to arrhythmias was also predicted by the model after release of short (five minute) and long (15 minute) ligation. Since (experimentally) arrhythmias occurred much more frequently after long ligations, additional yet unknown factors other than those considered in the model must be operative in the genesis of reperfusion arrhythmias. This conclusion is supported by the observations that high ischemic thresholds induced by lidocaine returned to normal slowly after ligation release, and despite this protective effect, experimentally, lidocaine failed to abolish reperfusion arrhythmias.", "contents": "Computer simulation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias during coronary artery ligation and release. A computer (PDP-10) simulation model was constructed using rapid, simultaneous measurements of effective refractory period (ERP), ERP dispersion (RPD), premature ventricular beat (PVB) thresholds, and multi-directional conduction times during coronary artery ligations and release in the anesthetized dog. In addition, estimates of currents of injury between ischemic and non-ischemic electrodes were included based on published data from electromagnetic recordings in dogs. Propagated PVB's were inscribed by the model when criteria for excitation, dispersion, and conduction were met based on known electrophysiological characteristics of heart muscle. The model correctly predicts high vulnerability to arrhythmias at three to seven minutes of ligation, stabilization at 10 to 15 minutes of ligation, and decreased vulnerability by lidocaine during ischemia. There was no arrhythmia when ischemic thresholds were increased by the drug before significant RPD and conduction prolongation developed. Vulnerability to arrhythmias was also predicted by the model after release of short (five minute) and long (15 minute) ligation. Since (experimentally) arrhythmias occurred much more frequently after long ligations, additional yet unknown factors other than those considered in the model must be operative in the genesis of reperfusion arrhythmias. This conclusion is supported by the observations that high ischemic thresholds induced by lidocaine returned to normal slowly after ligation release, and despite this protective effect, experimentally, lidocaine failed to abolish reperfusion arrhythmias.", "PMID": 422915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11795", "title": "Further development of a model for electrical transmission between myocardial cells not connected by low-resistance pathways.", "content": "We previously described a model for the electrical transfer of excitation from one cell to the next which utilized the electric field generated in the cleft between the cells. This model was analyzed only for the steady-state condition. In the present paper, we calculate the effects of membrane capacitance on the transmission of an action potential between two adjacent cardiac cells; the junction between cells was composed of two high-resistance excitable membranes separated by a narrow cleft. The parameters varied for this study included the threshold potential and capacitance of the junctional membranes. The calculations indicate that it is somewhat easier to achieve transmission when capacitive effects are included. Thus, the electric field model provides an alternative means of cell-to-cell propagation between myocardial cells which is electrical in nature but does not require the presence of low-resistance connections between cells.", "contents": "Further development of a model for electrical transmission between myocardial cells not connected by low-resistance pathways. We previously described a model for the electrical transfer of excitation from one cell to the next which utilized the electric field generated in the cleft between the cells. This model was analyzed only for the steady-state condition. In the present paper, we calculate the effects of membrane capacitance on the transmission of an action potential between two adjacent cardiac cells; the junction between cells was composed of two high-resistance excitable membranes separated by a narrow cleft. The parameters varied for this study included the threshold potential and capacitance of the junctional membranes. The calculations indicate that it is somewhat easier to achieve transmission when capacitive effects are included. Thus, the electric field model provides an alternative means of cell-to-cell propagation between myocardial cells which is electrical in nature but does not require the presence of low-resistance connections between cells.", "PMID": 422916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11796", "title": "ST isopotential precordial surface maps in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "ST amplitude distributions were studied in 41 patients with acute myocardial infarction by deriving isopotential maps from a 5 x 7 electrode precordial matrix. Independent data on infarct size and localization were obtained utilizing the technetium 99m stannous pyrophosphate scintigraphic method. The locus of maximal ST elevation was stable for at least two days in 86% of 27 patients with anterior infarction. A single maximum or maximum-minimum was found in 88% but 22% of the patients had multiple maxima and/or minima in at least two maps. Areas of significant ST elevation were often excluded from the precordial matrix. The site of maximal ST elevation correlated with scintigraphic infarct site but was displaced medially in lateral infarction. The relation between infarct size and sigmaST elevation was significant and curvilinear. sigmaST underestimated size in large anterior infarction. The correlation of the size and the number of sites with ST elevation greater than or equal to 1.5 mm was weak (r = 0.56). The degree of ST abnormality in 14 patients with inferior infarction decreased significantly during the initial 24 hours. The isopotential maps were similar to those obtained in anterior infarction but the polarity was reversed. The results provide limited support for the continued exploration of ST analysis as a clinical method but suggest that sizing methods should be based on total body surface mapping, taking into account the geometry and electrical properties of the torso.", "contents": "ST isopotential precordial surface maps in patients with acute myocardial infarction. ST amplitude distributions were studied in 41 patients with acute myocardial infarction by deriving isopotential maps from a 5 x 7 electrode precordial matrix. Independent data on infarct size and localization were obtained utilizing the technetium 99m stannous pyrophosphate scintigraphic method. The locus of maximal ST elevation was stable for at least two days in 86% of 27 patients with anterior infarction. A single maximum or maximum-minimum was found in 88% but 22% of the patients had multiple maxima and/or minima in at least two maps. Areas of significant ST elevation were often excluded from the precordial matrix. The site of maximal ST elevation correlated with scintigraphic infarct site but was displaced medially in lateral infarction. The relation between infarct size and sigmaST elevation was significant and curvilinear. sigmaST underestimated size in large anterior infarction. The correlation of the size and the number of sites with ST elevation greater than or equal to 1.5 mm was weak (r = 0.56). The degree of ST abnormality in 14 patients with inferior infarction decreased significantly during the initial 24 hours. The isopotential maps were similar to those obtained in anterior infarction but the polarity was reversed. The results provide limited support for the continued exploration of ST analysis as a clinical method but suggest that sizing methods should be based on total body surface mapping, taking into account the geometry and electrical properties of the torso.", "PMID": 422919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11797", "title": "Transfer of coupling of premature ventricular contractions to an ectopic ventricular tachycardia: a mechanism for atypical bidirectional tachycardia.", "content": "Bidirectional tachycardia was observed on Holter tracings recorded from a dog three days after the production of a small freeze lesion on the wall of the left ventricle. A bigeminal rhythm with fixed coupling of ventricular premature contractions was interrupted by a burst of ventricular tachycardia of different morphology. The ventricular premature contractions, originally coupled to the sinus beats, became coupled to the new ventricular tachycardia with an identical coupling interval. This resulted in a dibirectional tachycardia, created by the \"transfer\" of coupling of premature ventricular contractions to a separate ectopic ventricular tachycardia.", "contents": "Transfer of coupling of premature ventricular contractions to an ectopic ventricular tachycardia: a mechanism for atypical bidirectional tachycardia. Bidirectional tachycardia was observed on Holter tracings recorded from a dog three days after the production of a small freeze lesion on the wall of the left ventricle. A bigeminal rhythm with fixed coupling of ventricular premature contractions was interrupted by a burst of ventricular tachycardia of different morphology. The ventricular premature contractions, originally coupled to the sinus beats, became coupled to the new ventricular tachycardia with an identical coupling interval. This resulted in a dibirectional tachycardia, created by the \"transfer\" of coupling of premature ventricular contractions to a separate ectopic ventricular tachycardia.", "PMID": 422920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11798", "title": "Quantification of the Frank and McFee-Parungao orthogonal electrocardiogram in valvular pulmonic stenosis. Correlations with hemodynamic measurement.", "content": "In 66 patients with congenital valvular pulmonic stenosis and intact ventricular septum, correlations were obtined among various multiple hemodynamic and orthogonal vectorcardiographic parameters. The Frank and McFee-parungao lead systems were used. The most important hemodynamic parameter evaluated was right ventricular pressure (RVP). RVP correlated best with X terminal to the right (XTR) in both Frank (R = 0.68) and McFee (R = 0.61) systems. The correlation between RVP and Z anterior was poor. The direction of the initial QRS vector on the X axis was helpful in predicting severity. With X initial to the right, especially in McFee, the RVP is most likely to be systemic or less, while with X initial to the left, the RVP is frequently but not necessarily suprasystemic. T vector spatial orientation is not helpful in the assessment of severity.", "contents": "Quantification of the Frank and McFee-Parungao orthogonal electrocardiogram in valvular pulmonic stenosis. Correlations with hemodynamic measurement. In 66 patients with congenital valvular pulmonic stenosis and intact ventricular septum, correlations were obtined among various multiple hemodynamic and orthogonal vectorcardiographic parameters. The Frank and McFee-parungao lead systems were used. The most important hemodynamic parameter evaluated was right ventricular pressure (RVP). RVP correlated best with X terminal to the right (XTR) in both Frank (R = 0.68) and McFee (R = 0.61) systems. The correlation between RVP and Z anterior was poor. The direction of the initial QRS vector on the X axis was helpful in predicting severity. With X initial to the right, especially in McFee, the RVP is most likely to be systemic or less, while with X initial to the left, the RVP is frequently but not necessarily suprasystemic. T vector spatial orientation is not helpful in the assessment of severity.", "PMID": 422921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11799", "title": "Effect of the autonomic blockade on the automaticity of the A-V junctional pacemaker in awake dogs.", "content": "The effect of the autonomic blockade on the automaticity of the A-V junctional pacemaker was evaluated in 15 awake dogs with experimentally induced A-V junctional rhythm. The duration of asystole after overdrive (D.A.O.) in these dogs was prolonged significantly in accordance with increase in the drive rate, and the mean +/- SD of the D.A.O. reached 4.7 +/- 1.1 seconds (N = 15) after overdrive at 2.5 times the spontaneous heart rate. After administration of atropine (0.4 mg/kg; i.v.) to eight dogs, the mean +/- SD of the D.A.O. at the same rate decreased from 4.5 +/- 0.9 to 3.4 +/- 1.2 seconds. After administration of practolol (0.5 mg/kg; i.v.) to the seven other dogs, the mean +/- SD of the D.A.O. at the same rate increased remarkably from 4.9 +/- 1.3 to 9.4 +/- 3.0 seconds. Intravenous injection of practolol (0.5 mg/kg) had no effect upon the D.A.O. in the five dogs with sinus rhythm. Thus, it is suggested that (1) the sympathetic nerve might play a more important role in regulating the automaticity of the A-V junctional pacemaker than the vagus and (2) it physiologically might take over 5.0 seconds for the A-V junctional pacemaker to initiate an escape beat during longstanding sinus arrest, if a marked dysfunction of the A-V junctional pacemaker occurs due to a decrease in tension of the sympathetic nerve.", "contents": "Effect of the autonomic blockade on the automaticity of the A-V junctional pacemaker in awake dogs. The effect of the autonomic blockade on the automaticity of the A-V junctional pacemaker was evaluated in 15 awake dogs with experimentally induced A-V junctional rhythm. The duration of asystole after overdrive (D.A.O.) in these dogs was prolonged significantly in accordance with increase in the drive rate, and the mean +/- SD of the D.A.O. reached 4.7 +/- 1.1 seconds (N = 15) after overdrive at 2.5 times the spontaneous heart rate. After administration of atropine (0.4 mg/kg; i.v.) to eight dogs, the mean +/- SD of the D.A.O. at the same rate decreased from 4.5 +/- 0.9 to 3.4 +/- 1.2 seconds. After administration of practolol (0.5 mg/kg; i.v.) to the seven other dogs, the mean +/- SD of the D.A.O. at the same rate increased remarkably from 4.9 +/- 1.3 to 9.4 +/- 3.0 seconds. Intravenous injection of practolol (0.5 mg/kg) had no effect upon the D.A.O. in the five dogs with sinus rhythm. Thus, it is suggested that (1) the sympathetic nerve might play a more important role in regulating the automaticity of the A-V junctional pacemaker than the vagus and (2) it physiologically might take over 5.0 seconds for the A-V junctional pacemaker to initiate an escape beat during longstanding sinus arrest, if a marked dysfunction of the A-V junctional pacemaker occurs due to a decrease in tension of the sympathetic nerve.", "PMID": 422922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11800", "title": "Clinical importance of directional statistics for electrocardiographic differentiation of smoking habits.", "content": "Statistical methods for the analysis of directional data are of relatively recent origin and have not been generally applied in clinical investigations where they are appropriate. This study compares spherical means and standard deviations for directional polarcardiographic variables with the linear means and standard deviations of the same variables for a typical industrial cohort of male white collar workers. Normal subjects were classified by smoking status and by independent clinical evidence of the presence of CHD, and both directional and linear statistics are applied to compare the PCG variables in these groups. Directional statistics more accurately define the spherical means and variances of heart vectors and thereby permit more reliable differentiation of directions, or angles to aid diagnosis.", "contents": "Clinical importance of directional statistics for electrocardiographic differentiation of smoking habits. Statistical methods for the analysis of directional data are of relatively recent origin and have not been generally applied in clinical investigations where they are appropriate. This study compares spherical means and standard deviations for directional polarcardiographic variables with the linear means and standard deviations of the same variables for a typical industrial cohort of male white collar workers. Normal subjects were classified by smoking status and by independent clinical evidence of the presence of CHD, and both directional and linear statistics are applied to compare the PCG variables in these groups. Directional statistics more accurately define the spherical means and variances of heart vectors and thereby permit more reliable differentiation of directions, or angles to aid diagnosis.", "PMID": 422924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11801", "title": "The mitochondrial activation of sulfate and arsenate and their role in carcinogenesis.", "content": "Sulfate substitutes for phosphate in the transitory uncoupling of rat liver mitochondria induced by hydrazine when beta-hydroxybutyrate is the substrate. A high level of sulfate in the absence of added phosphate induces a pseudo state three of the mitochondria. Uncoupling is inhibited by rutamycin. Thus sulfate is activated by the mechanism usually utilized by phosphate, and the target for hydrazine is the bond holding electrophilic sulfate. ATP, ADP, PPi, and Mg++ protect against hydrazine, presumably by causing a conformational change of the phosphorylating enzymes which participate in oxidative phosphorylation. Arsenate also could substitute for phosphate in the transitory uncoupling induced by hydrazine. Uncoupling is again inhibited by rutamycin; thus arsenate is also activated by the enzymic mechanism usually utilized by phosphate. Since sulfate is known to enhance the carcinogenicity of certain carcinogens, these results expand the experimental confluence between oxidative phosphorylation and chemical carcinogenesis and also serve to explain at least in part the \"toxic\" effects of sulfate. Because of the analogous results with arsenate and sulfate, it is suggested that arsenate, like sulfate, may enhance the carcinogenicity of other carcinogens. The data are compatible with epidemiological studies which implicate some role in carcinogenesis for sulfate (often measured as a sulfur dioxide equivalent) and arsenate.", "contents": "The mitochondrial activation of sulfate and arsenate and their role in carcinogenesis. Sulfate substitutes for phosphate in the transitory uncoupling of rat liver mitochondria induced by hydrazine when beta-hydroxybutyrate is the substrate. A high level of sulfate in the absence of added phosphate induces a pseudo state three of the mitochondria. Uncoupling is inhibited by rutamycin. Thus sulfate is activated by the mechanism usually utilized by phosphate, and the target for hydrazine is the bond holding electrophilic sulfate. ATP, ADP, PPi, and Mg++ protect against hydrazine, presumably by causing a conformational change of the phosphorylating enzymes which participate in oxidative phosphorylation. Arsenate also could substitute for phosphate in the transitory uncoupling induced by hydrazine. Uncoupling is again inhibited by rutamycin; thus arsenate is also activated by the enzymic mechanism usually utilized by phosphate. Since sulfate is known to enhance the carcinogenicity of certain carcinogens, these results expand the experimental confluence between oxidative phosphorylation and chemical carcinogenesis and also serve to explain at least in part the \"toxic\" effects of sulfate. Because of the analogous results with arsenate and sulfate, it is suggested that arsenate, like sulfate, may enhance the carcinogenicity of other carcinogens. The data are compatible with epidemiological studies which implicate some role in carcinogenesis for sulfate (often measured as a sulfur dioxide equivalent) and arsenate.", "PMID": 422926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11802", "title": "Effects of phenobarbital and methylcholanthrene on hepatic mixed-function-oxidase activities in hamsters.", "content": "The effects of the inducers phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) on hamster liver mixed-function-oxidase activities were studied. Both inducers increased to content of cytochrome P-450 in the microsomes, aminopyrine demethylase activity, and biphenyl 4-hydroxylase activity when given for 8 days. The ability of liver homogenates from treated animals to activate compounds to mutagens was tested using the Salmonella/microsome test. Neither inducer appreciably altered mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene, benzidine, benzo(a)pyrene, aflatoxin B1, or sterigmatocystin. Mutagenicity of MC was increased when homogenates from MC-treated hamsters were used as a source of activating enzymes, and this mutagenicity could be correlated with increased biphenyl 2-hydroxylase activity.", "contents": "Effects of phenobarbital and methylcholanthrene on hepatic mixed-function-oxidase activities in hamsters. The effects of the inducers phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) on hamster liver mixed-function-oxidase activities were studied. Both inducers increased to content of cytochrome P-450 in the microsomes, aminopyrine demethylase activity, and biphenyl 4-hydroxylase activity when given for 8 days. The ability of liver homogenates from treated animals to activate compounds to mutagens was tested using the Salmonella/microsome test. Neither inducer appreciably altered mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene, benzidine, benzo(a)pyrene, aflatoxin B1, or sterigmatocystin. Mutagenicity of MC was increased when homogenates from MC-treated hamsters were used as a source of activating enzymes, and this mutagenicity could be correlated with increased biphenyl 2-hydroxylase activity.", "PMID": 422927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11803", "title": "Chromosome lateral asymmetry: a sensitive assay for screening teratogenic agents.", "content": "Pregnant albino mice were administered (ip) embryotoxic doses of three individual teratogens: bromodeoxyuridine, hydroxyurea and mitomycin C on day 10 of gestation. Embryos were removed 4 hr later, a cell suspension was prepared and cultured in the presence of colcemid. Metaphase chromosome spreads were subjected to standard G-banding procedures, and the occurrence and frequency of lateral asymmetry (unequal banding of sister chromatids) was monitored. Embryotoxic levels of all three teratogens produced an increase in the number of asymmetries/karotype. For one of these (mitomycin C), the observed increase was dose-dependent.", "contents": "Chromosome lateral asymmetry: a sensitive assay for screening teratogenic agents. Pregnant albino mice were administered (ip) embryotoxic doses of three individual teratogens: bromodeoxyuridine, hydroxyurea and mitomycin C on day 10 of gestation. Embryos were removed 4 hr later, a cell suspension was prepared and cultured in the presence of colcemid. Metaphase chromosome spreads were subjected to standard G-banding procedures, and the occurrence and frequency of lateral asymmetry (unequal banding of sister chromatids) was monitored. Embryotoxic levels of all three teratogens produced an increase in the number of asymmetries/karotype. For one of these (mitomycin C), the observed increase was dose-dependent.", "PMID": 422928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11804", "title": "Mutagenic activities of 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane in Chinese hamster lung cells.", "content": "The mutagenicity of 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (DEO) was investigated using Chinese hamster lung cells. 6-thioguanine resistance and chromosome aberrations were used as markers for mutagenicity testing. DEO was found to be genetically active and to readily from adducts with radiolabeled nucleotides, as demonstrated through thin-layer chromatography in DEO/nucleotide mixtures. Continuous disappearance of cells carrying chromosome aberrations from the cell populations was observed. Based on the expected frequency, cell death can be interpreted as a result of chromosome abberations. The mutagenic specificity of diepoxyoctane is apparently related to the compound's ability to blind with DNA.", "contents": "Mutagenic activities of 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane in Chinese hamster lung cells. The mutagenicity of 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (DEO) was investigated using Chinese hamster lung cells. 6-thioguanine resistance and chromosome aberrations were used as markers for mutagenicity testing. DEO was found to be genetically active and to readily from adducts with radiolabeled nucleotides, as demonstrated through thin-layer chromatography in DEO/nucleotide mixtures. Continuous disappearance of cells carrying chromosome aberrations from the cell populations was observed. Based on the expected frequency, cell death can be interpreted as a result of chromosome abberations. The mutagenic specificity of diepoxyoctane is apparently related to the compound's ability to blind with DNA.", "PMID": 422925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11805", "title": "Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine I. Induction of chromosome aberrations and mitotic anomalies in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Cultured chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to different concentrations of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) for either 24 hr or 6 days. For cytological consequences of MNNG exposure, CHO cells were treated for 24 hr and allowed a 24 hr recovery period prior to analysis; for the estimation of cytotoxicity  of MNNG, cells were treated for 6 days followed by a 6 day recovery period. The cytotoxic effect of MNNG based on the colony-forming ability of treated cells showed a semi-logarithmic decrease in the number of colonies formed with an increase in MNNG concentration. The data on the cytological effect of MNNG on CHO cells demonstrate that the chemical causes both structural and numerical chromosomal anomalies and that the incidence of each aberration type is influenced by MNNG concentration. Karyomorphological analysis of CHO cells treated for 24 hr and fixed after four cell cycles showed a varied chromosome constitution ranging from 18 to 54. Chromosomal structural changes arising from breaks and/or exchanges were of chromatid types. Distribution of breaks along the length of the chromosomes and among chromosomes showed that no chromosome segment or chromosome was preferentially susceptible to the clastogenic effect of MNNG. MNNG-induced chromosomal rearrangements, such as ring configurations, exchanges, and dicentrics, exceeded such cytological errors as fragments and pulverizations. In a descending order of magnitude the induced structural rearrangements were ring chromosomes, triradials, quadriradials, and dicentrics.", "contents": "Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine I. Induction of chromosome aberrations and mitotic anomalies in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cultured chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to different concentrations of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) for either 24 hr or 6 days. For cytological consequences of MNNG exposure, CHO cells were treated for 24 hr and allowed a 24 hr recovery period prior to analysis; for the estimation of cytotoxicity  of MNNG, cells were treated for 6 days followed by a 6 day recovery period. The cytotoxic effect of MNNG based on the colony-forming ability of treated cells showed a semi-logarithmic decrease in the number of colonies formed with an increase in MNNG concentration. The data on the cytological effect of MNNG on CHO cells demonstrate that the chemical causes both structural and numerical chromosomal anomalies and that the incidence of each aberration type is influenced by MNNG concentration. Karyomorphological analysis of CHO cells treated for 24 hr and fixed after four cell cycles showed a varied chromosome constitution ranging from 18 to 54. Chromosomal structural changes arising from breaks and/or exchanges were of chromatid types. Distribution of breaks along the length of the chromosomes and among chromosomes showed that no chromosome segment or chromosome was preferentially susceptible to the clastogenic effect of MNNG. MNNG-induced chromosomal rearrangements, such as ring configurations, exchanges, and dicentrics, exceeded such cytological errors as fragments and pulverizations. In a descending order of magnitude the induced structural rearrangements were ring chromosomes, triradials, quadriradials, and dicentrics.", "PMID": 422929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11806", "title": "Testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis in rats fed high levels of the methylxanthines caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline.", "content": "Experiments were designed to determine the effects of feeding the methylxanthines caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline to 4- to 6-week-old males rats at a dietary level of 0.5 percent for periods ranging from 14 to 75 weeks. In the first two experiments, Osborne-Mendel rats were fed the test substances alone or in combination with sodium nitrite to test the hypothesis that these amines might nitrosate in vivo to produce toxic nitrosamine compounds. The compounds failed to produce neoplastic or preneoplastic lesions, but a significant positive finding was the occurrence of severe bilateral testicular atrophy with aspermatogenesis or oligospermatogenesis in 85-100 percent of the rats fed caffeine or theobromine. In a third experiment the methylxanthines were fed to Holtzman rats for 19 weeks to determine whether testicular atrophy would be induced in a second strain of rat. The testicular effects were similar to those in Experiments I and II but were more pronounced. Caffeine and theobromine induced testicular injury in nearly all rats. Theophylline induced severe testicular atrophy in 14 percent of the rats, mild to moderate atrophy in 71 percent, and had no effect in 15 percent. The relative testicular toxicity of the methylxanthines was caffeine, most potent; theobromine, slightly less potent; and theophylline, considerably less potent. Somewhat variable atrophic changes of the accessory sexual organs (epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicles) accompanied the testicular changes. Cytogenetic analysis of testes from caffeine- or theophylline-treated rats revealed a significantly reduced number of mitotic cells in the caffeine-treated group. Plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly elevated in the theobromine group and somewhat elevated in the caffeine-treated group; this correlated morphologically with an apparent hyperplasia of interstitial cells in severely atrophied testes in these groups. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased in the caffeine and theobromine groups. Possible sites and mechanisms of action of the methylxanthines in the induction of testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis in rats fed high levels of the methylxanthines caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline. Experiments were designed to determine the effects of feeding the methylxanthines caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline to 4- to 6-week-old males rats at a dietary level of 0.5 percent for periods ranging from 14 to 75 weeks. In the first two experiments, Osborne-Mendel rats were fed the test substances alone or in combination with sodium nitrite to test the hypothesis that these amines might nitrosate in vivo to produce toxic nitrosamine compounds. The compounds failed to produce neoplastic or preneoplastic lesions, but a significant positive finding was the occurrence of severe bilateral testicular atrophy with aspermatogenesis or oligospermatogenesis in 85-100 percent of the rats fed caffeine or theobromine. In a third experiment the methylxanthines were fed to Holtzman rats for 19 weeks to determine whether testicular atrophy would be induced in a second strain of rat. The testicular effects were similar to those in Experiments I and II but were more pronounced. Caffeine and theobromine induced testicular injury in nearly all rats. Theophylline induced severe testicular atrophy in 14 percent of the rats, mild to moderate atrophy in 71 percent, and had no effect in 15 percent. The relative testicular toxicity of the methylxanthines was caffeine, most potent; theobromine, slightly less potent; and theophylline, considerably less potent. Somewhat variable atrophic changes of the accessory sexual organs (epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicles) accompanied the testicular changes. Cytogenetic analysis of testes from caffeine- or theophylline-treated rats revealed a significantly reduced number of mitotic cells in the caffeine-treated group. Plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly elevated in the theobromine group and somewhat elevated in the caffeine-treated group; this correlated morphologically with an apparent hyperplasia of interstitial cells in severely atrophied testes in these groups. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased in the caffeine and theobromine groups. Possible sites and mechanisms of action of the methylxanthines in the induction of testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 422930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11807", "title": "Aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxicol metabolism in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and the effects of dietary cyclopropene.", "content": "Aflatoxin M1 was identified as a minor metabolite formed by the in vitro incubation of aflatoxin B1 with the postmitochondrial fraction or microsomes from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) liver. Fresh, whole trout liver converted perfused aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxicol and aflatoxin M1, and converted perfused aflatoxicol to aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1. AFB1 reductive activity was found in the 105,000 xg supernatant, while activity converting AFL to AFB1 was distributed about equally in the 105,000 xg supernatant and in the microsomal pellet. Transformation of AFL to AFB1 was not inhibited by CO, but formation of AFM1 was completely blocked. Cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA)-fed fish produced only one-half to one-third as much AFL from AFB1 as controls, and they produced no detectable AFM1. Most of the unreacted AFB1 was recovered by extraction of the incubation medium by organic solvent whereas, in controls, much of it remained bound to the protein. There was no difference in conversion of AFL to AFB1 when results were expressed in terms of postmitochondrial protein levels. CPFA-fed fish had lower microsomal protein and cytochrome P-450 levels and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and aldrin epoxidation activities than did controls.", "contents": "Aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxicol metabolism in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and the effects of dietary cyclopropene. Aflatoxin M1 was identified as a minor metabolite formed by the in vitro incubation of aflatoxin B1 with the postmitochondrial fraction or microsomes from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) liver. Fresh, whole trout liver converted perfused aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxicol and aflatoxin M1, and converted perfused aflatoxicol to aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1. AFB1 reductive activity was found in the 105,000 xg supernatant, while activity converting AFL to AFB1 was distributed about equally in the 105,000 xg supernatant and in the microsomal pellet. Transformation of AFL to AFB1 was not inhibited by CO, but formation of AFM1 was completely blocked. Cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA)-fed fish produced only one-half to one-third as much AFL from AFB1 as controls, and they produced no detectable AFM1. Most of the unreacted AFB1 was recovered by extraction of the incubation medium by organic solvent whereas, in controls, much of it remained bound to the protein. There was no difference in conversion of AFL to AFB1 when results were expressed in terms of postmitochondrial protein levels. CPFA-fed fish had lower microsomal protein and cytochrome P-450 levels and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and aldrin epoxidation activities than did controls.", "PMID": 422931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11808", "title": "Stimulation of DNA synthesis in lungs of hamsters tolerant to nitrogen dioxide.", "content": "Nitrogen idoxide (NO2) is both edematogenic and cytotoxic to the lung. Preexposure to NO2 protects against mortality from formation of excessive pulmonary edema (tolerance) and, depending on the preexposure schedule, may or may not protect against the cytotoxic effects of NO2 in the lung. Measurement of DNA synthesis in hamster lung was used to study the question of whether the more subtle cytological injury induced by NO2 is mediated by a system which also exhibits tolerance. It was found that when hamsters are preexposured daily to 10 ppm NO2, they develop tolerance against normally lethal concentrations of NO2; are protected against further cytological injury from 10 ppmNO2; but are not protected from the cytotoxic effects of NO2 greater than 10 ppm. Animals exposed weekly to 10 ppm NO2 are not protected from further cytotological injury induced byweekly exposures to 10 ppm NO2, but do develop tolerance against lethal concentrations of NO2. Thus the data indicate that induction of tolerance to NO2 does not necessarily protect the cell populations of the lung from the cytotoxic effects of NO2.", "contents": "Stimulation of DNA synthesis in lungs of hamsters tolerant to nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen idoxide (NO2) is both edematogenic and cytotoxic to the lung. Preexposure to NO2 protects against mortality from formation of excessive pulmonary edema (tolerance) and, depending on the preexposure schedule, may or may not protect against the cytotoxic effects of NO2 in the lung. Measurement of DNA synthesis in hamster lung was used to study the question of whether the more subtle cytological injury induced by NO2 is mediated by a system which also exhibits tolerance. It was found that when hamsters are preexposured daily to 10 ppm NO2, they develop tolerance against normally lethal concentrations of NO2; are protected against further cytological injury from 10 ppmNO2; but are not protected from the cytotoxic effects of NO2 greater than 10 ppm. Animals exposed weekly to 10 ppm NO2 are not protected from further cytotological injury induced byweekly exposures to 10 ppm NO2, but do develop tolerance against lethal concentrations of NO2. Thus the data indicate that induction of tolerance to NO2 does not necessarily protect the cell populations of the lung from the cytotoxic effects of NO2.", "PMID": 422933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11809", "title": "A rapid bioassay system for lead using young Japanese quail.", "content": "A rapid bioassay of lead was established in young japanese quail. Each group of 10 day-old birds received deionized water and a purified diet ad libitum for 2 wk. The diet contained 0.2 microgram lead/g. Lead acetate was added to give 14.8, 34.4, 51.2, 74.4, 234, 563, or 1223 microgram total lead/g by analysis. The duodenum, kidneys, liver and tibias were assayed for lead. Consumption of a diet containing either 563 or 1223 ppm lead caused a decrease (P less than or equal to 0.05) in body weight after 1 wk and an increase in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin after 2wk. Inhibition of red blood cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (RBC-ALAD) activity occurred in birds consuming as little as 14.8 ppm lead. Packed cell volumes and hemoglobin concentrations were not affected by the dietary treatments. Lead concentrations in tissues from birds fed the lowest level of added lead were greater than those found in the corresponding tissues of control birds. The concentration of lead in the tibia showed the most distinguishable group means and the most nearly linear response; the highest slope was between 14.8 and 110 ppm dietary lead, using log-log transformations. The rapid bioassay is suitable for investigating high lead foods.", "contents": "A rapid bioassay system for lead using young Japanese quail. A rapid bioassay of lead was established in young japanese quail. Each group of 10 day-old birds received deionized water and a purified diet ad libitum for 2 wk. The diet contained 0.2 microgram lead/g. Lead acetate was added to give 14.8, 34.4, 51.2, 74.4, 234, 563, or 1223 microgram total lead/g by analysis. The duodenum, kidneys, liver and tibias were assayed for lead. Consumption of a diet containing either 563 or 1223 ppm lead caused a decrease (P less than or equal to 0.05) in body weight after 1 wk and an increase in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin after 2wk. Inhibition of red blood cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (RBC-ALAD) activity occurred in birds consuming as little as 14.8 ppm lead. Packed cell volumes and hemoglobin concentrations were not affected by the dietary treatments. Lead concentrations in tissues from birds fed the lowest level of added lead were greater than those found in the corresponding tissues of control birds. The concentration of lead in the tibia showed the most distinguishable group means and the most nearly linear response; the highest slope was between 14.8 and 110 ppm dietary lead, using log-log transformations. The rapid bioassay is suitable for investigating high lead foods.", "PMID": 422934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11810", "title": "Effect of cadmium on salt hypertension in rats.", "content": "The suggestion that cadmium-induced hypertension in rats might be due to renal sodium retention, known to result from Cd treatment, was examined. Young female rats were given a regimen of intraperitoneal cadmium treatments reported to cause hypertension reliably within a month. They were sensitized to the development of salt hypertension by removal of one kidney and then given 1 percent saline solution to drink. Over a five-week period, experimental animals consistently drank more saline than controls, despite which fewer of them became hypertensive, with the result that the average systolic pressure of controls finally reached the hypertensive range, whereas the experimental group remained normotensive. Cadmium treatment had no detectable effect on growth, the hemogram, serum Na and K, or the weight of liver, kidney, heart, spleen, thymus, or adrenal glands. There was thus no evidence that cadmium caused any adverse constitutional or hemodynamic effects, but it appeared to retard the development of salt hypertension. The results do not support the suggestion that the hypertensive effects of cadmium are modulated by sodium-retaining influences on the kidney.", "contents": "Effect of cadmium on salt hypertension in rats. The suggestion that cadmium-induced hypertension in rats might be due to renal sodium retention, known to result from Cd treatment, was examined. Young female rats were given a regimen of intraperitoneal cadmium treatments reported to cause hypertension reliably within a month. They were sensitized to the development of salt hypertension by removal of one kidney and then given 1 percent saline solution to drink. Over a five-week period, experimental animals consistently drank more saline than controls, despite which fewer of them became hypertensive, with the result that the average systolic pressure of controls finally reached the hypertensive range, whereas the experimental group remained normotensive. Cadmium treatment had no detectable effect on growth, the hemogram, serum Na and K, or the weight of liver, kidney, heart, spleen, thymus, or adrenal glands. There was thus no evidence that cadmium caused any adverse constitutional or hemodynamic effects, but it appeared to retard the development of salt hypertension. The results do not support the suggestion that the hypertensive effects of cadmium are modulated by sodium-retaining influences on the kidney.", "PMID": 422935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11811", "title": "Safety evaluation of toothpaste containing chloroform. I. Long-term studies in mice.", "content": "In three experiments, chloroform was administered to mice by gavage in a toothpaste base or in arachis oil, in doses up to 60 mg/kg/d on 6 days/wk for 8 wks. Control groups were left untreated or given vehicle only. In general, there were more survivors in chloroform-treated groups than in the controls. In the case of the males of three strains (C57BL, CBA and CF/1), treatment was associated with no adverse affect on the incidence of any type of neoplasm or any other parameter. In the males but not the females of a fourth strain (ICI) and in doses of 60 mg/kg/d but not of 17 mg/kg/d, exposure to chloroform in toothpaste base as a vehicle was associated with increased incidence of epithelial tumours of the kidney. A more pronounced effect of the same kind was seen in mice given 60 mg CHCl3/kg/d in an archis oil vehicle. This treatment was also associated with a higher incidence and severity of non-neoplastic renal disease. The mechanisms underlying the peculiar strain- and sex-specific susceptibility of ICI male mice to develop renal tumours when exposed to chloroform remain obcure; spontaneous renal tumours were also seen in vehicle control mice and possible ways in which this tendency may be enhanced by chloroform treatment are discussed. At the dose levels tested, namely 113 and 400 times average human exposure levels from the use of toothpaste (with 3.5 percent chloroform content), no adverse affect was seen in the liver and there was no increased incidence of liver tumours even in the higher liver tumour susceptible CBA strain. At the 17 mg CHCl3/kg/d level, equivalent to 113 times average human exposure from toothpaste use, no excess of renal tumours was seen even in males of the peculiarly susceptible ICI strain.", "contents": "Safety evaluation of toothpaste containing chloroform. I. Long-term studies in mice. In three experiments, chloroform was administered to mice by gavage in a toothpaste base or in arachis oil, in doses up to 60 mg/kg/d on 6 days/wk for 8 wks. Control groups were left untreated or given vehicle only. In general, there were more survivors in chloroform-treated groups than in the controls. In the case of the males of three strains (C57BL, CBA and CF/1), treatment was associated with no adverse affect on the incidence of any type of neoplasm or any other parameter. In the males but not the females of a fourth strain (ICI) and in doses of 60 mg/kg/d but not of 17 mg/kg/d, exposure to chloroform in toothpaste base as a vehicle was associated with increased incidence of epithelial tumours of the kidney. A more pronounced effect of the same kind was seen in mice given 60 mg CHCl3/kg/d in an archis oil vehicle. This treatment was also associated with a higher incidence and severity of non-neoplastic renal disease. The mechanisms underlying the peculiar strain- and sex-specific susceptibility of ICI male mice to develop renal tumours when exposed to chloroform remain obcure; spontaneous renal tumours were also seen in vehicle control mice and possible ways in which this tendency may be enhanced by chloroform treatment are discussed. At the dose levels tested, namely 113 and 400 times average human exposure levels from the use of toothpaste (with 3.5 percent chloroform content), no adverse affect was seen in the liver and there was no increased incidence of liver tumours even in the higher liver tumour susceptible CBA strain. At the 17 mg CHCl3/kg/d level, equivalent to 113 times average human exposure from toothpaste use, no excess of renal tumours was seen even in males of the peculiarly susceptible ICI strain.", "PMID": 422936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11812", "title": "Safety evaluation of toothpaste containing chloroform. II. Long term studies in rats.", "content": "The results of a preliminary rangefinding 13-wk oral toxicity study and of two longer term studies on chloroform in toothpaste base are reported. Significant changes in serum enzymes and certain haemotological parameters were seen at the higher dose-levels in the rangefinding study. Intercurrent disease made it necessary to terminate the first long-term experiment prematurely after 1 yr. No evidence of serious toxicity was recorded. In the second long-term experiment, groups of 50 caesarian-derived SPF Sprague-Dawley rats of each sex received either the equivalent of 60 mg CHCl3/kg/d in toothpaste base or the vehicle only, by gavage on 6 d/wk for 80 wk and were then observed for up to a further 15 wk. Chloroform-treated rats of both sexes survived better than the controls, though both groups had a high incidence of non-neoplastic respiratory and renal disease. Female rats gave a consistent finding of decrease in plasma cholinesterase, shown to be related to activity against butyrylcholine but not acetyl-beta-methylcholine. Tumours of various sites were seen in 39 percent of chloroform-treated rats of both sexes examined histologically, compared with 38 percent of vehicle controls. There were no treatment-related effects on the incidence of liver or kidney tumours. Histologically-malignant mammary tumours were reported in more treated than control rats, but the difference in incidence was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Safety evaluation of toothpaste containing chloroform. II. Long term studies in rats. The results of a preliminary rangefinding 13-wk oral toxicity study and of two longer term studies on chloroform in toothpaste base are reported. Significant changes in serum enzymes and certain haemotological parameters were seen at the higher dose-levels in the rangefinding study. Intercurrent disease made it necessary to terminate the first long-term experiment prematurely after 1 yr. No evidence of serious toxicity was recorded. In the second long-term experiment, groups of 50 caesarian-derived SPF Sprague-Dawley rats of each sex received either the equivalent of 60 mg CHCl3/kg/d in toothpaste base or the vehicle only, by gavage on 6 d/wk for 80 wk and were then observed for up to a further 15 wk. Chloroform-treated rats of both sexes survived better than the controls, though both groups had a high incidence of non-neoplastic respiratory and renal disease. Female rats gave a consistent finding of decrease in plasma cholinesterase, shown to be related to activity against butyrylcholine but not acetyl-beta-methylcholine. Tumours of various sites were seen in 39 percent of chloroform-treated rats of both sexes examined histologically, compared with 38 percent of vehicle controls. There were no treatment-related effects on the incidence of liver or kidney tumours. Histologically-malignant mammary tumours were reported in more treated than control rats, but the difference in incidence was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 422937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11813", "title": "Safety evaluation of toothpaste containing chloroform. III. Long-term study in beagle dogs.", "content": "Beagle dogs were given chloroform in a toothpaste base orally in gelatin capsules on 6 d/wk for 7 1/2 yr, followed by a 20-24 wk recovery period. Groups of 16 males and females received 0.5 ml/kg/d of the vehicle (toothpaste without chloroform) and 8 dogs of each sex remained untreated. Treated groups comprised 8  dogs of each sex remained untreated. Treated groups comprised 8 dogs of each sex, receiving doses equivalent to 15 and 30 mg CHCl3/kg/d in the toothpaste vehicle; another group of the same size received an alternative non-chloroform toothpaste (0.5 ml/kg/d). Eleven of the 96 dogs died during the study, only two of these being in the CHCl3-treated groups. The only significant toxic response during treatment was a moderate rise in serum enzyme levels (e.g. SGPT), reaching a peak in the sixth year of the study and probably corresponding to minimal liver damage. Few Palpable growths were noted while the dogs were alive. \"Fatty cysts\" were seen in the liver of several dogs at post mortem possibly associated with the chloroform treatment but the distribution of a nodular change in the liver was not obviously dose related. A small number of macroscopic and microscopic neoplasms were seen; one dog in each chloroform-treated group had a malignant tumour but there were no tumours in the liver or kidney of any dog. Overall, exposure to chloroform in a toothpaste base was not associated with any effect on the incidence of any kind of neoplasm. From this and related studies in mice and rats, it is concluded that repeated exposure to chloroform (3.5 percent) in toothpaste is unlikely to result in any hazard to human health.", "contents": "Safety evaluation of toothpaste containing chloroform. III. Long-term study in beagle dogs. Beagle dogs were given chloroform in a toothpaste base orally in gelatin capsules on 6 d/wk for 7 1/2 yr, followed by a 20-24 wk recovery period. Groups of 16 males and females received 0.5 ml/kg/d of the vehicle (toothpaste without chloroform) and 8 dogs of each sex remained untreated. Treated groups comprised 8  dogs of each sex remained untreated. Treated groups comprised 8 dogs of each sex, receiving doses equivalent to 15 and 30 mg CHCl3/kg/d in the toothpaste vehicle; another group of the same size received an alternative non-chloroform toothpaste (0.5 ml/kg/d). Eleven of the 96 dogs died during the study, only two of these being in the CHCl3-treated groups. The only significant toxic response during treatment was a moderate rise in serum enzyme levels (e.g. SGPT), reaching a peak in the sixth year of the study and probably corresponding to minimal liver damage. Few Palpable growths were noted while the dogs were alive. \"Fatty cysts\" were seen in the liver of several dogs at post mortem possibly associated with the chloroform treatment but the distribution of a nodular change in the liver was not obviously dose related. A small number of macroscopic and microscopic neoplasms were seen; one dog in each chloroform-treated group had a malignant tumour but there were no tumours in the liver or kidney of any dog. Overall, exposure to chloroform in a toothpaste base was not associated with any effect on the incidence of any kind of neoplasm. From this and related studies in mice and rats, it is concluded that repeated exposure to chloroform (3.5 percent) in toothpaste is unlikely to result in any hazard to human health.", "PMID": 422938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11814", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of triclosan in rat after intravenous and intravaginal administration.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of triclosan was studied in sexually mature virgin Wistar rats. 14C-triclosan was injected either via the femoral vein, (iv, 5 mg/kg in polyethylene glycol-400) or into the vaginal orifice (ivg, 5 mg/kg in corn oil). Radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation spectrophotometry. After iv administration, the dissapearance of 14C from the blood followed the kinetics of a two-compartment open-system model. The apparent volume of distribution was 42 percent of the body weight, which is more than the extracellular water, suggesting a rapid transfer of this antimicrobial agent from plasma to tissues. The blood half-life of 14C during the beta-phase was 8.8 +/- 0.6 hr and the blood clearance rate was 77.5 +/- 11.3 ml/kg/hr. After ivg administration of 14C-triclosan, the radioactivity was detected in tail blood at 15 min, peaked between 2 to 4 hr, and declined rapidly to 6 hr more slowly thereafter. About 26 percent of the administered dose remained in the vagina after 4 hr and 12 percent after 24 hr. Tissue concentrations of 14C were highest in the plasma, kidney, and liver after ivg application, but extremely low in the brain, fat, and skeletal muscle. The percentages of the dose excreted in 24 hr in the feces and urine were 18 and 9 after iv administration, compared to 26 and 14 after the ivg route, respectively. The results show that triclosan is rapidly absorbed through the vaginal mucosa of the rat.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of triclosan in rat after intravenous and intravaginal administration. The pharmacokinetics of triclosan was studied in sexually mature virgin Wistar rats. 14C-triclosan was injected either via the femoral vein, (iv, 5 mg/kg in polyethylene glycol-400) or into the vaginal orifice (ivg, 5 mg/kg in corn oil). Radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation spectrophotometry. After iv administration, the dissapearance of 14C from the blood followed the kinetics of a two-compartment open-system model. The apparent volume of distribution was 42 percent of the body weight, which is more than the extracellular water, suggesting a rapid transfer of this antimicrobial agent from plasma to tissues. The blood half-life of 14C during the beta-phase was 8.8 +/- 0.6 hr and the blood clearance rate was 77.5 +/- 11.3 ml/kg/hr. After ivg administration of 14C-triclosan, the radioactivity was detected in tail blood at 15 min, peaked between 2 to 4 hr, and declined rapidly to 6 hr more slowly thereafter. About 26 percent of the administered dose remained in the vagina after 4 hr and 12 percent after 24 hr. Tissue concentrations of 14C were highest in the plasma, kidney, and liver after ivg application, but extremely low in the brain, fat, and skeletal muscle. The percentages of the dose excreted in 24 hr in the feces and urine were 18 and 9 after iv administration, compared to 26 and 14 after the ivg route, respectively. The results show that triclosan is rapidly absorbed through the vaginal mucosa of the rat.", "PMID": 422939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11815", "title": "Association between chloroform levels in finished drinking water supplies and various site-specific cancer mortality rates.", "content": "This paper discusses some of the statistical and biological problems that are likely to be encountered when an indirect or ecological approach is used to assess the possible public health impact of general population exposures to environmental agents. For purposes of illustration, the potential association between various site-specific cancer mortality rates and chloroform levels in public drinking water supplies was considered. The analyses that were performed demonstrated that, for the data sets under consideration, there were some definite associations between chloroform levels and cancer mortality for specific sites such as the rectum-intestine and bladder. However, the marked extent to which these results were dependent on (1) the weighting scheme adopted in the analysis, (2) the presumed appropriateness of the data, and (3) the characteristics of the statistical model was also clearly illustrated. Because of these dependencies the quantitative, causal interpretation of results generated from an indirect study would appear to be a very tenuous and questionable practice in most instances.", "contents": "Association between chloroform levels in finished drinking water supplies and various site-specific cancer mortality rates. This paper discusses some of the statistical and biological problems that are likely to be encountered when an indirect or ecological approach is used to assess the possible public health impact of general population exposures to environmental agents. For purposes of illustration, the potential association between various site-specific cancer mortality rates and chloroform levels in public drinking water supplies was considered. The analyses that were performed demonstrated that, for the data sets under consideration, there were some definite associations between chloroform levels and cancer mortality for specific sites such as the rectum-intestine and bladder. However, the marked extent to which these results were dependent on (1) the weighting scheme adopted in the analysis, (2) the presumed appropriateness of the data, and (3) the characteristics of the statistical model was also clearly illustrated. Because of these dependencies the quantitative, causal interpretation of results generated from an indirect study would appear to be a very tenuous and questionable practice in most instances.", "PMID": 422940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11816", "title": "Problems of identification in the clinical laboratory, state of the art and other considerations.", "content": "In recent years, there have been no new commercial developments in identification methods for the clinical chemical laboratory. We are still faced, however, with the problem of ensuring accurate identification. By using a model, the importance of reliable identification can be shown mathematically. The complete identification of a sample is based on a five point identification statement. As a rule, appropriate measures are taken to abridge this identification process, depending on the local situation. The terminology of identification processes is defined and the presently available techniques are discussed.", "contents": "Problems of identification in the clinical laboratory, state of the art and other considerations. In recent years, there have been no new commercial developments in identification methods for the clinical chemical laboratory. We are still faced, however, with the problem of ensuring accurate identification. By using a model, the importance of reliable identification can be shown mathematically. The complete identification of a sample is based on a five point identification statement. As a rule, appropriate measures are taken to abridge this identification process, depending on the local situation. The terminology of identification processes is defined and the presently available techniques are discussed.", "PMID": 422944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11817", "title": "Thyroid tumors in rats from tetramethylthiourea.", "content": "Tetramethylthiourea (TMTU) was added to the diet of male and female ChR-CD rats for up to 2 years at levels of 0, 30 and 300 ppm. Fifty rats of each sex were used at each dietary level. High-level males and females and low-level males had a lower body weight and consumed less diet than did the controls. A slight anemia was found in the high-level males and females. Polyuria of a low osmolality was found in high level males and females. Serum thyroxine was lower in high-level males and females than in controls. TMTU-related gross and histologic changes were detected only in the thyroids of high-level males and females. After 3 months on test, the thyroids were enlarged and dark on gross examination. Histologically, there was an increase in follicle lumen size, loss of colloid staining, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of follicular cells, together with hyperemia. These early lesions were diffuse in distribution. Eight (28 percent) of 29 female high level rats, 18 to 24 months on test, developed follicular cell carcinomas with no such tumors in 26 comparable controls (p less than 0.005, Fisher's Exact Test, one tail). Although no metastases were found, capsular and vascular invasion by tumor cells was seen. TMTU was considered to be carcinogenic for the female rat under the conditions of this test.", "contents": "Thyroid tumors in rats from tetramethylthiourea. Tetramethylthiourea (TMTU) was added to the diet of male and female ChR-CD rats for up to 2 years at levels of 0, 30 and 300 ppm. Fifty rats of each sex were used at each dietary level. High-level males and females and low-level males had a lower body weight and consumed less diet than did the controls. A slight anemia was found in the high-level males and females. Polyuria of a low osmolality was found in high level males and females. Serum thyroxine was lower in high-level males and females than in controls. TMTU-related gross and histologic changes were detected only in the thyroids of high-level males and females. After 3 months on test, the thyroids were enlarged and dark on gross examination. Histologically, there was an increase in follicle lumen size, loss of colloid staining, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of follicular cells, together with hyperemia. These early lesions were diffuse in distribution. Eight (28 percent) of 29 female high level rats, 18 to 24 months on test, developed follicular cell carcinomas with no such tumors in 26 comparable controls (p less than 0.005, Fisher's Exact Test, one tail). Although no metastases were found, capsular and vascular invasion by tumor cells was seen. TMTU was considered to be carcinogenic for the female rat under the conditions of this test.", "PMID": 422941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11818", "title": "[Determination of Li, Na, K, Mg and Ca with a mechanised flame photometric micro-method. Mechanised micro-method (\"injection method\") of flame photometry (atomic absorption--atomic emission) for the determination of serum electrolytes and trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn); Part I. (author's transl)].", "content": "By introduction of the analysis solution in measured quantities in atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry, the quantity sensitivity of these methods can be increased by an order of magnitude, while the concentration sensitivity remains unchanged. The required volume of sample (serum) is thereby considerably reduced. Using this method, the serum electrolytes and certain trace elements can be determined simply and quickly in only a few microlitres of serum. The automation of this micro-sample application (\"injection method\") largely abolishes individual errors, and markedly shortens the time for the analysis of large series of samples. The first part of this paper describes the determination of serum electrolytes and lithium, using only 5--20 microliters of serum.", "contents": "[Determination of Li, Na, K, Mg and Ca with a mechanised flame photometric micro-method. Mechanised micro-method (\"injection method\") of flame photometry (atomic absorption--atomic emission) for the determination of serum electrolytes and trace elements (Fe, Cu, Zn); Part I. (author's transl)]. By introduction of the analysis solution in measured quantities in atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry, the quantity sensitivity of these methods can be increased by an order of magnitude, while the concentration sensitivity remains unchanged. The required volume of sample (serum) is thereby considerably reduced. Using this method, the serum electrolytes and certain trace elements can be determined simply and quickly in only a few microlitres of serum. The automation of this micro-sample application (\"injection method\") largely abolishes individual errors, and markedly shortens the time for the analysis of large series of samples. The first part of this paper describes the determination of serum electrolytes and lithium, using only 5--20 microliters of serum.", "PMID": 422946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11819", "title": "A critical appraisal of a further three new commercial digoxin radioimmunoassay kits with reference to cross-reacting substances.", "content": "A further 3 digoxin radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits have been evaluated for performance and cross-reaction with digitoxin, spironolactone, canrenone and furosemide (Lasix-Hoechst). Effects of serum protein concentrations have also been tested. The kits tested were from the following manufacturers: A) Diagnostic Products Corporation Digoxin RIA Kit. B) Byk-Mallinckrodt SPAC Digoxin Kit. C) Boehringer-Mannheim Digoxin RIA Kit. All kits used a 125I-labelled tracer. Kit A used a conventional liquid phase system using double-antibody separation for bound and free drug, Kits B and C used a solid-phase antibody coated tube method. All kits showed a lower cross-reaction to digitoxin than quoted by the manufacturer. Cross-reaction to spironolactone (Aldactone--Boehringer-Mannheim) was less than 1.50 nmol/l at a serum concentration of 125 mg/l Aldactone in all 3 kits. The cross-reaction to canrenone was somewhat higher, 5.2 nmol/l \"digoxin\" being measured in one kit at a serum canrenone concentration of 125 mg/l. There was no cross-reaction with furosemide in any kit, even at a serum concentration of 5 g/l. The coated-tube assays were affected by serum albumin and globulin concentration changes, one kit showing a difference of over 50% binding in the range 1--20% albumin. The double-antibody kit did not show dependence on the concentration of these proteins. All kits measured digoxin with good reproducibility in the range 0.40--10.0 nmol/l.", "contents": "A critical appraisal of a further three new commercial digoxin radioimmunoassay kits with reference to cross-reacting substances. A further 3 digoxin radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits have been evaluated for performance and cross-reaction with digitoxin, spironolactone, canrenone and furosemide (Lasix-Hoechst). Effects of serum protein concentrations have also been tested. The kits tested were from the following manufacturers: A) Diagnostic Products Corporation Digoxin RIA Kit. B) Byk-Mallinckrodt SPAC Digoxin Kit. C) Boehringer-Mannheim Digoxin RIA Kit. All kits used a 125I-labelled tracer. Kit A used a conventional liquid phase system using double-antibody separation for bound and free drug, Kits B and C used a solid-phase antibody coated tube method. All kits showed a lower cross-reaction to digitoxin than quoted by the manufacturer. Cross-reaction to spironolactone (Aldactone--Boehringer-Mannheim) was less than 1.50 nmol/l at a serum concentration of 125 mg/l Aldactone in all 3 kits. The cross-reaction to canrenone was somewhat higher, 5.2 nmol/l \"digoxin\" being measured in one kit at a serum canrenone concentration of 125 mg/l. There was no cross-reaction with furosemide in any kit, even at a serum concentration of 5 g/l. The coated-tube assays were affected by serum albumin and globulin concentration changes, one kit showing a difference of over 50% binding in the range 1--20% albumin. The double-antibody kit did not show dependence on the concentration of these proteins. All kits measured digoxin with good reproducibility in the range 0.40--10.0 nmol/l.", "PMID": 422947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11820", "title": "Inhibition of creatine kinase activity and alterations in electrophoretic mobility by palladium ions.", "content": "The toxicological consequences of increased levels of palladium in the environment have not yet been assessed. In this paper, the effect of palladium ions (Pd) on purified rabbit  muscle creatine kinase (CPK-MM) and on human serum CPK-MM was examined. When rabbit muscle CPK-MM was treated with Pd, a concentration-dependent inhibition of enzyme activity with a calculated Ki of 0.16 mumol, associated with a marked increase in a electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme toward the anode, was observed. Pd exerted the same effect of human serum CPK-MM, but to a lesser extent. Analysis of binding of Pd to CPK-MM by a colorimetric competitive-binding technique, using chlorpromazine-chromophore, as well as by a dialyzing technique, indicated that the cation may form an extremely strong complex with essential SH groups of the enzyme.", "contents": "Inhibition of creatine kinase activity and alterations in electrophoretic mobility by palladium ions. The toxicological consequences of increased levels of palladium in the environment have not yet been assessed. In this paper, the effect of palladium ions (Pd) on purified rabbit  muscle creatine kinase (CPK-MM) and on human serum CPK-MM was examined. When rabbit muscle CPK-MM was treated with Pd, a concentration-dependent inhibition of enzyme activity with a calculated Ki of 0.16 mumol, associated with a marked increase in a electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme toward the anode, was observed. Pd exerted the same effect of human serum CPK-MM, but to a lesser extent. Analysis of binding of Pd to CPK-MM by a colorimetric competitive-binding technique, using chlorpromazine-chromophore, as well as by a dialyzing technique, indicated that the cation may form an extremely strong complex with essential SH groups of the enzyme.", "PMID": 422942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11821", "title": "[Detection of the new analgetic Tramadol (Tramal) (author's transl)].", "content": "Analytical data (TLC, GLC, UV, IR, MS) of the new analgetic, Tramadol are described. Extraction of the material from biological samples and preliminary results on its biotransformation are also reported.", "contents": "[Detection of the new analgetic Tramadol (Tramal) (author's transl)]. Analytical data (TLC, GLC, UV, IR, MS) of the new analgetic, Tramadol are described. Extraction of the material from biological samples and preliminary results on its biotransformation are also reported.", "PMID": 422948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11822", "title": "Water pollution and diseases in fish (an epizootiologic survey).", "content": "Three watersheds, varying from highly polluted or moderately polluted to essentially pollution-free, were surveyed to determine the frequency of fish disease. Over a five year period, it was found that a relationship existed between the level of pollution and frequency of disease. The occurrence rates of microbial and oncogenic diseases increased similarly in relation to increases in pollution in the waters. Since the water systems studied provide recreational opportunities for man, it is suggested that catching and subsequent ingesting of diseased fish from these waters present a health hazard.", "contents": "Water pollution and diseases in fish (an epizootiologic survey). Three watersheds, varying from highly polluted or moderately polluted to essentially pollution-free, were surveyed to determine the frequency of fish disease. Over a five year period, it was found that a relationship existed between the level of pollution and frequency of disease. The occurrence rates of microbial and oncogenic diseases increased similarly in relation to increases in pollution in the waters. Since the water systems studied provide recreational opportunities for man, it is suggested that catching and subsequent ingesting of diseased fish from these waters present a health hazard.", "PMID": 422943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11823", "title": "[A simple gas chromatographic method for the determination of barbiturates in serum (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple gas chromatographic method for the determination of commercially available barbiturates used as hypnotics is presented. Saturated ammonium sulfate is added to the serum sample. The mixture is extracted three times with chloroform. The organic layer is dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate/acetic acid (100 ml + 1 ml) and an aliquot is injected into the gas chromatograph. The precision in the series is between 3.0 and 7.2%; the recovery--with the exception of propallylonal--between 91 and 108%; the detection limit from 1.7 to 6.9 mumol/l. The specificity of the method was checked by comparing 1) the results obtained before and after additional purification of the extract by thin-layer chromatography, and 2) the retention times of about 100 drugs in the gas chromatographic systems that are used.", "contents": "[A simple gas chromatographic method for the determination of barbiturates in serum (author's transl)]. A simple gas chromatographic method for the determination of commercially available barbiturates used as hypnotics is presented. Saturated ammonium sulfate is added to the serum sample. The mixture is extracted three times with chloroform. The organic layer is dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate/acetic acid (100 ml + 1 ml) and an aliquot is injected into the gas chromatograph. The precision in the series is between 3.0 and 7.2%; the recovery--with the exception of propallylonal--between 91 and 108%; the detection limit from 1.7 to 6.9 mumol/l. The specificity of the method was checked by comparing 1) the results obtained before and after additional purification of the extract by thin-layer chromatography, and 2) the retention times of about 100 drugs in the gas chromatographic systems that are used.", "PMID": 422949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11824", "title": "2,3-Dihydroxybutane: an unusual compound found in the gaschromatographic analysis of volatile compounds of urine.", "content": "2,3-Dihydroxybutane, a compound not observed in normal urines, was identified in the urine of two patients by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It is suggested, that this 2,3-dihydroxybutane is derived from pyruvate by bacterial metabolism.", "contents": "2,3-Dihydroxybutane: an unusual compound found in the gaschromatographic analysis of volatile compounds of urine. 2,3-Dihydroxybutane, a compound not observed in normal urines, was identified in the urine of two patients by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It is suggested, that this 2,3-dihydroxybutane is derived from pyruvate by bacterial metabolism.", "PMID": 422950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11825", "title": "Rift Valley fever virus: some ultrastructural observations on material from the outbreak in Egypt 1977.", "content": "Rift Valley fever virus isolates from the 1977 outbreak in Egypt were studied at an ultrastructural level. The particles measured 90 to 110 nm in diam. using negative staining and sectioning techniques, with a core component of 80 to 85 nm. The surface of the virions was calculated to be covered by approx. 160 sub-units. The particles were found in smooth endoplasmic reticular systems, which were made up of either multi-tubular complexes, or of a single large vacuole. The majority of these membrane systems were found to be unassociated with Golgi apparatus. Inclusion bodies were found within the host cell nuclei (made up of rods and fine granules) and in the cytoplasm (aggregates of fine or coarse granules). The possible relationship of these structures to virus replication is discussed.", "contents": "Rift Valley fever virus: some ultrastructural observations on material from the outbreak in Egypt 1977. Rift Valley fever virus isolates from the 1977 outbreak in Egypt were studied at an ultrastructural level. The particles measured 90 to 110 nm in diam. using negative staining and sectioning techniques, with a core component of 80 to 85 nm. The surface of the virions was calculated to be covered by approx. 160 sub-units. The particles were found in smooth endoplasmic reticular systems, which were made up of either multi-tubular complexes, or of a single large vacuole. The majority of these membrane systems were found to be unassociated with Golgi apparatus. Inclusion bodies were found within the host cell nuclei (made up of rods and fine granules) and in the cytoplasm (aggregates of fine or coarse granules). The possible relationship of these structures to virus replication is discussed.", "PMID": 422955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11826", "title": "Chemical characterization of Rauscher leukaemia virus proteins.", "content": "The proteins of Rauscher murine leukaemia virus (R-MuLV) were characterized by amino acid analyses and by determination of their mol. wt. by gel filtration on cross-linked Sepharose 6B in 6M-guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). Molecular weights of 56,000, 29,000, 15,000, 10,500 and 7,600 were found for gp70, p30, p15, p12 and p10 respectively. The amino acid compositions of these proteins and of p12E have been determined. The amino acid compositions of the p10 polypeptides of Rauscher-MuLV and Moloney-MuLV are very similar as are those of the p30 polypeptides, whereas the amino acid compositions of the p12 polypeptides differ considerably. P12E contains the highest percentage of hydrophobic amino acid residues. Among the gag-gene coded proteins, p15 contains the highest percentage of hydrophobic amino acid residues while p12 and p10 contain the lowest.", "contents": "Chemical characterization of Rauscher leukaemia virus proteins. The proteins of Rauscher murine leukaemia virus (R-MuLV) were characterized by amino acid analyses and by determination of their mol. wt. by gel filtration on cross-linked Sepharose 6B in 6M-guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). Molecular weights of 56,000, 29,000, 15,000, 10,500 and 7,600 were found for gp70, p30, p15, p12 and p10 respectively. The amino acid compositions of these proteins and of p12E have been determined. The amino acid compositions of the p10 polypeptides of Rauscher-MuLV and Moloney-MuLV are very similar as are those of the p30 polypeptides, whereas the amino acid compositions of the p12 polypeptides differ considerably. P12E contains the highest percentage of hydrophobic amino acid residues. Among the gag-gene coded proteins, p15 contains the highest percentage of hydrophobic amino acid residues while p12 and p10 contain the lowest.", "PMID": 422956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11827", "title": "Sex differences in the perception of autokinetic movement of an afterimage.", "content": "The effects of stimulus color and gender upon the perception of an afterimage were examined. The Ss were 32 male and 32 female college undergraduate volunteers. Eight Ss of each gender viewed a pinpoint flash of light through one of four filters: blue-green (Wratten 44A), red (Wratten 92), yellow (Wratten 9), or a neutral (Wratten 96) filter. Each S was given three trials, and on each trial, the duration of the afterimage was recorded, along with changes of direction, and changes in perceived color. Males reported significantly (p less than .05) more autokinetic movement of the afterimage. The color of the stimulus affected afterimage duration differentially for the two genders (p less than .05), and there was also a significant interaction (p less than .02) of gender with filter color for the total number of color changes reported. Thus, it is likely that both outflow monitoring and error signal variables in the autokinetic effect may be affected by gender, and the two sexes may also have different retinal and/or central processing of visual information.", "contents": "Sex differences in the perception of autokinetic movement of an afterimage. The effects of stimulus color and gender upon the perception of an afterimage were examined. The Ss were 32 male and 32 female college undergraduate volunteers. Eight Ss of each gender viewed a pinpoint flash of light through one of four filters: blue-green (Wratten 44A), red (Wratten 92), yellow (Wratten 9), or a neutral (Wratten 96) filter. Each S was given three trials, and on each trial, the duration of the afterimage was recorded, along with changes of direction, and changes in perceived color. Males reported significantly (p less than .05) more autokinetic movement of the afterimage. The color of the stimulus affected afterimage duration differentially for the two genders (p less than .05), and there was also a significant interaction (p less than .02) of gender with filter color for the total number of color changes reported. Thus, it is likely that both outflow monitoring and error signal variables in the autokinetic effect may be affected by gender, and the two sexes may also have different retinal and/or central processing of visual information.", "PMID": 422957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11828", "title": "Investigation of brachial plexus traction lesions by peripheral and spinal somatosensory evoked potentials.", "content": "Peripheral, spinal and cortical somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded in 26 patients with unilateral traction injuries of the brachial plexus ganglia. Of 10 cases explored surgically the recordings correctly anticipated the major site of the lesion in eight.", "contents": "Investigation of brachial plexus traction lesions by peripheral and spinal somatosensory evoked potentials. Peripheral, spinal and cortical somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded in 26 patients with unilateral traction injuries of the brachial plexus ganglia. Of 10 cases explored surgically the recordings correctly anticipated the major site of the lesion in eight.", "PMID": 422958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11829", "title": "Late sequelae of paralytic poliomyelitis: a clinical and electromyographic study.", "content": "A prospective study was carried out on 24 volunteers who had suffered from paralytic poliomyelitis up to 51 years earlier. A quantitative EMG was carried out in each subject. Grossly raised mean amplitudes of the interference patterns were found in many strong muscles as well as in weak muscles. Such muscles frequently showed \"contraction fasciculation\", a manifestation of loss of normal small motor units. In many subjects the clinical and EMG evidence of chronic partial denervation were more widespread than the subjects had realised. It is suggested that if, with advancing age, minor damage occurs to the peripheral nervous system and the complement of motor neurones is already depleted by poliomyelitis, there will be an exaggerated response with increase in the lower motor neurone signs.", "contents": "Late sequelae of paralytic poliomyelitis: a clinical and electromyographic study. A prospective study was carried out on 24 volunteers who had suffered from paralytic poliomyelitis up to 51 years earlier. A quantitative EMG was carried out in each subject. Grossly raised mean amplitudes of the interference patterns were found in many strong muscles as well as in weak muscles. Such muscles frequently showed \"contraction fasciculation\", a manifestation of loss of normal small motor units. In many subjects the clinical and EMG evidence of chronic partial denervation were more widespread than the subjects had realised. It is suggested that if, with advancing age, minor damage occurs to the peripheral nervous system and the complement of motor neurones is already depleted by poliomyelitis, there will be an exaggerated response with increase in the lower motor neurone signs.", "PMID": 422959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11830", "title": "Functional consequences of the transcallosal removal of intraventricular tumours.", "content": "Colloid cysts and other benign tumours of the third and lateral ventricles may be exposed through a small incision in the body of the corpus callosum. This approach is practicable even when ventricular dilatation is slight, and is theoretically less likely to cause epilepsy than the more usual transcortical approach. Disturbances of memory have been noted soon after such operations, but do not cause serious long-term disability. Three patients who underwent transcallosal removal of cysts or tumours some years earlier have been tested by procedures designed to demonstrate interhemispheric transfer of information: they were all found to have defects in transfer of tactile data, but not of information obtained visually. They were not aware of this inability, and do not appear to be inconvenienced by it. The transcallosal route is convenient. The operation sacrifices a functionally significant part of the corpus callosum, but the neurological sequelae have seemed acceptable. However, especially in the elderly, stereoventriculoscopic aspiration may be considered as the initial method of treatment.", "contents": "Functional consequences of the transcallosal removal of intraventricular tumours. Colloid cysts and other benign tumours of the third and lateral ventricles may be exposed through a small incision in the body of the corpus callosum. This approach is practicable even when ventricular dilatation is slight, and is theoretically less likely to cause epilepsy than the more usual transcortical approach. Disturbances of memory have been noted soon after such operations, but do not cause serious long-term disability. Three patients who underwent transcallosal removal of cysts or tumours some years earlier have been tested by procedures designed to demonstrate interhemispheric transfer of information: they were all found to have defects in transfer of tactile data, but not of information obtained visually. They were not aware of this inability, and do not appear to be inconvenienced by it. The transcallosal route is convenient. The operation sacrifices a functionally significant part of the corpus callosum, but the neurological sequelae have seemed acceptable. However, especially in the elderly, stereoventriculoscopic aspiration may be considered as the initial method of treatment.", "PMID": 422960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11831", "title": "Long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease with bromocriptine.", "content": "BRomocriptine (15-75 mg per day) alone or with L-dopa was studied during five to 29 months on 44 patients with Parkinson's disease. Used as sole therapeutic agent, it was found excellent in 12 patients who had never received regular L-dopa treatment either because it was never attempted or because of intolerance from the outset. Its anti-Parkinsonism activity was comparable with L-dopa. The gain was stable in the long term until this report. The side effects of L-dopa were not seen after bromocriptine. In cases where L-dopa had ceased to be active, bromocriptine produced a further improvement if mental deterioration was not associated. In very advanced forms of Parkinson's disease with associated dementia, bromocriptine did not produce durable results. Bromocriptine did not improve the \"on-off\" effects but reduced a number of the side effects of L-dopa, in particular cardiac, painful contractions, and dyskinesia without \"on-off\" effects.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease with bromocriptine. BRomocriptine (15-75 mg per day) alone or with L-dopa was studied during five to 29 months on 44 patients with Parkinson's disease. Used as sole therapeutic agent, it was found excellent in 12 patients who had never received regular L-dopa treatment either because it was never attempted or because of intolerance from the outset. Its anti-Parkinsonism activity was comparable with L-dopa. The gain was stable in the long term until this report. The side effects of L-dopa were not seen after bromocriptine. In cases where L-dopa had ceased to be active, bromocriptine produced a further improvement if mental deterioration was not associated. In very advanced forms of Parkinson's disease with associated dementia, bromocriptine did not produce durable results. Bromocriptine did not improve the \"on-off\" effects but reduced a number of the side effects of L-dopa, in particular cardiac, painful contractions, and dyskinesia without \"on-off\" effects.", "PMID": 422961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11832", "title": "Vocal cord paralysis in the Shy-Drager syndrome.", "content": "Eight out of 12 unselected patients with Shy-Drager syndrome were found to have severe bilateral paresis of vocal cord abduction by fibre-optic laryngoscopy. This commonly presented as increased snoring followed by episodes of inspiratory and expiratory stridor and sometimes by sleep apnoea. Respiratory failure eventually developed in four cases and was reversed by tracheostomy. In another patient tracheostomy relieved severe attacks of sleep apnoea. This complication was not necessarily associated with advanced disease, and it should be considered in all patients with Shy-Drager syndrome as appropriate treatment can lead to a useful extension of life.", "contents": "Vocal cord paralysis in the Shy-Drager syndrome. Eight out of 12 unselected patients with Shy-Drager syndrome were found to have severe bilateral paresis of vocal cord abduction by fibre-optic laryngoscopy. This commonly presented as increased snoring followed by episodes of inspiratory and expiratory stridor and sometimes by sleep apnoea. Respiratory failure eventually developed in four cases and was reversed by tracheostomy. In another patient tracheostomy relieved severe attacks of sleep apnoea. This complication was not necessarily associated with advanced disease, and it should be considered in all patients with Shy-Drager syndrome as appropriate treatment can lead to a useful extension of life.", "PMID": 422962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11833", "title": "Neonatal polycystic encephalomalacia: four new cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Four patients with pathologically documented polycystic cavitation of the brain had an acute illness characterised by stupor, seizures, CSF erythrocytic and monocytic pleocytosis, increased CSF protein, and diminished CSF glucose. The acute phase was followed by chronic decerebation, disappearance of the CSF abnormalities, and radiological evidence of polycystic cavitation of the brain. In one patient Herpes simplex was isolated from a cutaneous vesicle. The CSF abnormalities in the disorder have received scant attention, and have not previously been correlated with the acute and chronic stages. Clearly some cases are associated with Herpes simplex virus. The clinical profile should now be sufficiently distinctive to permit future identification of the aetiology in more neonates.", "contents": "Neonatal polycystic encephalomalacia: four new cases and review of the literature. Four patients with pathologically documented polycystic cavitation of the brain had an acute illness characterised by stupor, seizures, CSF erythrocytic and monocytic pleocytosis, increased CSF protein, and diminished CSF glucose. The acute phase was followed by chronic decerebation, disappearance of the CSF abnormalities, and radiological evidence of polycystic cavitation of the brain. In one patient Herpes simplex was isolated from a cutaneous vesicle. The CSF abnormalities in the disorder have received scant attention, and have not previously been correlated with the acute and chronic stages. Clearly some cases are associated with Herpes simplex virus. The clinical profile should now be sufficiently distinctive to permit future identification of the aetiology in more neonates.", "PMID": 422963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11834", "title": "Characteristics of the F response: a single motor unit study.", "content": "Trains of 100 to 200 stimuli result in F discharges from less than one half of motor units of hand muscles. The maximum observed F discharge frequency was 10%. There was no relation between the surface voltage of motor unit potentials and the frequency of F discharge. The motor unit potentials of larger surface voltage were recruited at higher stimulus intensity levels, usually supramaximal for the antidromic sensory nerve action potential. No correlation was observed between F latency and the surface voltage of the motor unit potentials. In only one pathological example was a clear interaction observed between the frequency of F discharge in motor unit potentials and the recruitment of other single motor unit potentials by increments in the stimulus intensity. The observations suggested that caution should be exercised before the F discharge is accepted as a method for measuring proximal conduction times in human motor nerves.", "contents": "Characteristics of the F response: a single motor unit study. Trains of 100 to 200 stimuli result in F discharges from less than one half of motor units of hand muscles. The maximum observed F discharge frequency was 10%. There was no relation between the surface voltage of motor unit potentials and the frequency of F discharge. The motor unit potentials of larger surface voltage were recruited at higher stimulus intensity levels, usually supramaximal for the antidromic sensory nerve action potential. No correlation was observed between F latency and the surface voltage of the motor unit potentials. In only one pathological example was a clear interaction observed between the frequency of F discharge in motor unit potentials and the recruitment of other single motor unit potentials by increments in the stimulus intensity. The observations suggested that caution should be exercised before the F discharge is accepted as a method for measuring proximal conduction times in human motor nerves.", "PMID": 422964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11835", "title": "Effects of 4-aminopyridine in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "A new drug, 4-aminopyridine, was prepared for use in humans and tested by repeated injections in six patients with myasthenia gravis. The drug caused improvement of muscle strength and neuromuscular transmission as demonstrated by clinical observations and repetitive electrical nerve stimulation. The drug was effective in cases without any other treatment as well as in cases undergoing treatment with anticholinesterases. It is concluded that 4-aminopyridine may be of value as a supplementary drug in the treatment of myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Effects of 4-aminopyridine in myasthenia gravis. A new drug, 4-aminopyridine, was prepared for use in humans and tested by repeated injections in six patients with myasthenia gravis. The drug caused improvement of muscle strength and neuromuscular transmission as demonstrated by clinical observations and repetitive electrical nerve stimulation. The drug was effective in cases without any other treatment as well as in cases undergoing treatment with anticholinesterases. It is concluded that 4-aminopyridine may be of value as a supplementary drug in the treatment of myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 422965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11836", "title": "Myelopathy in Marfan's syndrome.", "content": "A patient with Marfan's syndrome and a myelopathy is reported, and the association of multiple spinal arachnoid cysts noted. It is proposed that the basic connective tissue defect in Marfan's syndrome may predispose to the formation of arachnoid diverticuli and that in this case spinal cord damage was the sequel.", "contents": "Myelopathy in Marfan's syndrome. A patient with Marfan's syndrome and a myelopathy is reported, and the association of multiple spinal arachnoid cysts noted. It is proposed that the basic connective tissue defect in Marfan's syndrome may predispose to the formation of arachnoid diverticuli and that in this case spinal cord damage was the sequel.", "PMID": 422966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11837", "title": "HLA antigens in chronic relapsing idiopathic inflammatory polyneuropathy.", "content": "Observations are reported on 14 patients with a clinical diagnosis of recurrent or chronic relapsing idiopathic inflammatory polyneuropathy of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 type. The results suggest the possibility of a disease susceptibility gene for this disorder associated with the HLA-A1, -B8, -DRw3, and -Dw3 haplotype.", "contents": "HLA antigens in chronic relapsing idiopathic inflammatory polyneuropathy. Observations are reported on 14 patients with a clinical diagnosis of recurrent or chronic relapsing idiopathic inflammatory polyneuropathy of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 type. The results suggest the possibility of a disease susceptibility gene for this disorder associated with the HLA-A1, -B8, -DRw3, and -Dw3 haplotype.", "PMID": 422967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11838", "title": "Pseudoclaudication syndrome caused by a tumour of the cauda equina.", "content": "A typical case of pseudoclaudication syndrome (neurogenic intermittent claudication), where the cause of the lumbar spinal canal narrowing was an intraspinal neoplasm, is reported. A neoplasm as the cause of this syndrome seems to be very rare, possibly because of the progressive nature of the space-occupying lesion and hence the rapid development of other predominant symptoms.", "contents": "Pseudoclaudication syndrome caused by a tumour of the cauda equina. A typical case of pseudoclaudication syndrome (neurogenic intermittent claudication), where the cause of the lumbar spinal canal narrowing was an intraspinal neoplasm, is reported. A neoplasm as the cause of this syndrome seems to be very rare, possibly because of the progressive nature of the space-occupying lesion and hence the rapid development of other predominant symptoms.", "PMID": 422968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11839", "title": "Regeneration of sutured human peripheral nerves: an electrophysiological study.", "content": "Electrophysiological and clinical assessment of recovery of function was undertaken on 34 median and 33 ulnar nerve which had been resutured after complete section three and a half months to 24 years previously. An evaluation of different methods of repair was attempted. Our results suggested that re-exploration of the site of suture is indicated in the absence of voluntary activity on needle EMG by seven months (12 months for grafts), of an electrically evoked muscle action potential, measurable distal motor latency, or motor nerve conduction velocity by 10 months (14 months for grafts), or of clinically detectable voluntary muscle movement by 10 months after suture. By present techniques of repair useful prognostic information cannot be obtained by a consideration of sensory parameters either clinical or electrophysiological.", "contents": "Regeneration of sutured human peripheral nerves: an electrophysiological study. Electrophysiological and clinical assessment of recovery of function was undertaken on 34 median and 33 ulnar nerve which had been resutured after complete section three and a half months to 24 years previously. An evaluation of different methods of repair was attempted. Our results suggested that re-exploration of the site of suture is indicated in the absence of voluntary activity on needle EMG by seven months (12 months for grafts), of an electrically evoked muscle action potential, measurable distal motor latency, or motor nerve conduction velocity by 10 months (14 months for grafts), or of clinically detectable voluntary muscle movement by 10 months after suture. By present techniques of repair useful prognostic information cannot be obtained by a consideration of sensory parameters either clinical or electrophysiological.", "PMID": 422969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11840", "title": "Proprioceptive fields of crayfish claw motor neurons.", "content": "1. Action potentials of crayfish claw motor neurons were recorded during both imposed constant-velocity displacements and imposed alternating sequences of opening and closing step movements of the dactyl. 2. Peristimulus time (PST) histograms show that the firing probabilities of two neurons, the opener inhibitor (OI) and the slow closer excitor (CE) consistently increased during opening ramp movements and declined during closing ramp movements. Hyperpolarizing synaptic potentials were observed in both cells during closing movements. 3. The proprioceptive field organizations of OI and CE were analyzed with response planes and contour planes. Each PST histogram in a plane displays the firing probability of the neuron as a function of time following step displacements at a given position. A relatively uniform early primary response followed each successive opening step. The probability of occurrence of later activity, when present, usually became more pronounced as the joint angle increased. Often both cells were silent during closing steps; when the cells were active, their firing probabilities were highest at the more open joint angles. 4. When both OI and CE were active, their spike trains were usually temporally correlated. 5. The other claw efferents did not respond to imposed movements in a consistent manner. When CE was active it was most likely to respond to closing movements near the closed position. 6. It is concluded that OI and CE are strongly and similarly influenced by proprioceptive reflexes. The responses of the two cells to imposed dactyl movements change as a function of joint angle, time after movement, and direction of movement.", "contents": "Proprioceptive fields of crayfish claw motor neurons. 1. Action potentials of crayfish claw motor neurons were recorded during both imposed constant-velocity displacements and imposed alternating sequences of opening and closing step movements of the dactyl. 2. Peristimulus time (PST) histograms show that the firing probabilities of two neurons, the opener inhibitor (OI) and the slow closer excitor (CE) consistently increased during opening ramp movements and declined during closing ramp movements. Hyperpolarizing synaptic potentials were observed in both cells during closing movements. 3. The proprioceptive field organizations of OI and CE were analyzed with response planes and contour planes. Each PST histogram in a plane displays the firing probability of the neuron as a function of time following step displacements at a given position. A relatively uniform early primary response followed each successive opening step. The probability of occurrence of later activity, when present, usually became more pronounced as the joint angle increased. Often both cells were silent during closing steps; when the cells were active, their firing probabilities were highest at the more open joint angles. 4. When both OI and CE were active, their spike trains were usually temporally correlated. 5. The other claw efferents did not respond to imposed movements in a consistent manner. When CE was active it was most likely to respond to closing movements near the closed position. 6. It is concluded that OI and CE are strongly and similarly influenced by proprioceptive reflexes. The responses of the two cells to imposed dactyl movements change as a function of joint angle, time after movement, and direction of movement.", "PMID": 422970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11841", "title": "Interactions among an ensemble of chordotonal organ receptors and motor neurons of the crayfish claw.", "content": "1. Action potentials of crayfish propodite-dactyl (PD) chordotonal organ receptors and two claw motor neurons, the opener inhibitor (OI) and slow closer excitor CE) were simultaneously monitored during imposed step and ramp movements of the dactyl or while the dactyl was held at various positions. 2. The activities of the cells during imposed displacements were analyzed using peristimulus time histograms and response and contour planes. The proprioceptive fields (PFs) of individual receptors resemble components of the more complex motor neuron PFs. Some receptors are briefly active after each successive opening step, while others do not respond to steps near the closed position but respond as the joint angle increases, becoming active when the claw is held open. Another type of receptor responds to closing movements. 3. Interactions among the various types of receptors and the two motor neurons were detected and analyzed by various statistical methods and intracellular recording techniques. The results indicate that receptors activated during opening movements and when the dactyl is held at open positions excite OI and CE via divergent functional connections. The efficacies of the connections made by a receptor may differ. Receptors activated by closing movements produce hyperpolarizing synaptic potentials in both efferents, possible directly or via interneurons. 4. It is concluded that several types of chordotonal organ receptors form an ensemble of parallel input channels, which modulates the activities of OI and CE and contributes to the generation of the spatial-temporal nonuniformities of their proprioceptive reflex responses.", "contents": "Interactions among an ensemble of chordotonal organ receptors and motor neurons of the crayfish claw. 1. Action potentials of crayfish propodite-dactyl (PD) chordotonal organ receptors and two claw motor neurons, the opener inhibitor (OI) and slow closer excitor CE) were simultaneously monitored during imposed step and ramp movements of the dactyl or while the dactyl was held at various positions. 2. The activities of the cells during imposed displacements were analyzed using peristimulus time histograms and response and contour planes. The proprioceptive fields (PFs) of individual receptors resemble components of the more complex motor neuron PFs. Some receptors are briefly active after each successive opening step, while others do not respond to steps near the closed position but respond as the joint angle increases, becoming active when the claw is held open. Another type of receptor responds to closing movements. 3. Interactions among the various types of receptors and the two motor neurons were detected and analyzed by various statistical methods and intracellular recording techniques. The results indicate that receptors activated during opening movements and when the dactyl is held at open positions excite OI and CE via divergent functional connections. The efficacies of the connections made by a receptor may differ. Receptors activated by closing movements produce hyperpolarizing synaptic potentials in both efferents, possible directly or via interneurons. 4. It is concluded that several types of chordotonal organ receptors form an ensemble of parallel input channels, which modulates the activities of OI and CE and contributes to the generation of the spatial-temporal nonuniformities of their proprioceptive reflex responses.", "PMID": 422971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11842", "title": "Adaptation in catfish retina.", "content": "1. We define absolute sensitivity as (voltage/illuminance) and incremental sensitivity as the peak-to-peak amplitude of the first-order (Wiener) kernels. 2. Incremental sensitivity of the horizontal cells is the local slopes of the Michaelis-Menten equation and that of more proximal neurons is the Fechner slope. In a log-log plot, the former has a slope of -2, whereas the latter a slope of -1, as predicted by Williams and Gale (39). 3. During a moderate to strong steady illumination, absolute sensitivity decreases but incremental sensitivity increases. The reverse occurs during dark adaptation. 4. The presence of a steady illumination did not prevent signal transmission from horizontal to ganglion cells. 5. From these results we conclude that: adaptation in the catfish retina includes two components: a) a lateral shift of the voltage-intensity curve along the intensity axis, and b) changes in the time course of light-evoked response. We argue that the latter phenomenon is related to the presumed horizontal cell-to-receptor cell negative feedback.", "contents": "Adaptation in catfish retina. 1. We define absolute sensitivity as (voltage/illuminance) and incremental sensitivity as the peak-to-peak amplitude of the first-order (Wiener) kernels. 2. Incremental sensitivity of the horizontal cells is the local slopes of the Michaelis-Menten equation and that of more proximal neurons is the Fechner slope. In a log-log plot, the former has a slope of -2, whereas the latter a slope of -1, as predicted by Williams and Gale (39). 3. During a moderate to strong steady illumination, absolute sensitivity decreases but incremental sensitivity increases. The reverse occurs during dark adaptation. 4. The presence of a steady illumination did not prevent signal transmission from horizontal to ganglion cells. 5. From these results we conclude that: adaptation in the catfish retina includes two components: a) a lateral shift of the voltage-intensity curve along the intensity axis, and b) changes in the time course of light-evoked response. We argue that the latter phenomenon is related to the presumed horizontal cell-to-receptor cell negative feedback.", "PMID": 422972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11843", "title": "Identifiable neurons controlling penile eversion in the leech.", "content": "1. This paper describes the neuroanatomy and electrophysiology of motor neurons causing penile eversion in the leech. 2. The male organ is innervated by ganglia 5 and 6 of the 34 ganglia in the leech brain through special sex nerves deriving from anterior roots. These sex ganglia have at least 200 more neurons than the other midbody ganglia. Many of the extra neurons are involved in reproductive behavior. 3. Two pairs of motor neurons on the ventral side of ganglion 6, named rostral and lateral neurons, are the only ones that elicit full penile eversion. Evidence that the lateral and rostral neurons are, in fact, motor neurons comes from HRP and electrophysiological studies. HRP injections reveal that each neuron's single primary axon grows into the sex nerve. Electrophysiological evidence is twofold: a) action potentials of lateral and rostral cells can still contract the genitalia after the neurons are deafferented from chemical synaptic input in the ganglion by high Mg2+, b) their action potentials are followed by junction potentials in male organ muscle fibers.", "contents": "Identifiable neurons controlling penile eversion in the leech. 1. This paper describes the neuroanatomy and electrophysiology of motor neurons causing penile eversion in the leech. 2. The male organ is innervated by ganglia 5 and 6 of the 34 ganglia in the leech brain through special sex nerves deriving from anterior roots. These sex ganglia have at least 200 more neurons than the other midbody ganglia. Many of the extra neurons are involved in reproductive behavior. 3. Two pairs of motor neurons on the ventral side of ganglion 6, named rostral and lateral neurons, are the only ones that elicit full penile eversion. Evidence that the lateral and rostral neurons are, in fact, motor neurons comes from HRP and electrophysiological studies. HRP injections reveal that each neuron's single primary axon grows into the sex nerve. Electrophysiological evidence is twofold: a) action potentials of lateral and rostral cells can still contract the genitalia after the neurons are deafferented from chemical synaptic input in the ganglion by high Mg2+, b) their action potentials are followed by junction potentials in male organ muscle fibers.", "PMID": 422973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11844", "title": "Hippocampal pyramidal cells: significance of dendritic ionic conductances for neuronal function and epileptogenesis.", "content": "1. Starting with published data derived mainly from hippocampal slice preparations, we have used computer-modeling techniques to study hippocampal pyramidal cells (HPCs). 2. The dendrites of the HPC apparently have a short electrotonic length. Calcium spikes are apparently generated by a voltage-dependent mechanism whose kinetics are slow in comparison with those generating sodium spikes of the soma. Inward calcium currents are assumed to trigger a long-lasting potassium conductance. This slow calcium-potassium system, which in our model is located predominantly on the dendrites, provides a heuristic model to describe the mechanism for a) the after-depolarization following an HPC soma (sodium) spike, b) the long afterhyperpolarization following repetitive firing, c) bursts of spikes that sometimes occur after orthodromic or antidromic stimulation, and d) the buildup of the \"depolarizing shift\" during the strong synaptic input presumed to occur during seizures. 3. Fast prepotentials or d-spikes are shown to arise most probably from dendritic \"hot spots\" of sodium-regenerative membrane. The limited amplitude and short duration of these prepotentials imply that the hot spots are located on small dendrites. 4. Dendritic electroresponsiveness, first postulated for the HPC by Spencer and Kandel (52), is analyzed quantitatively here and is shown to provide rich integrative possibilities for this cell. Our model suggests that, for these nerve cells, alterations in specific membrane properties, particularly calcium electroresponsiveness, can lead to bursting behavior that resembles epileptogenic neuronal responses.", "contents": "Hippocampal pyramidal cells: significance of dendritic ionic conductances for neuronal function and epileptogenesis. 1. Starting with published data derived mainly from hippocampal slice preparations, we have used computer-modeling techniques to study hippocampal pyramidal cells (HPCs). 2. The dendrites of the HPC apparently have a short electrotonic length. Calcium spikes are apparently generated by a voltage-dependent mechanism whose kinetics are slow in comparison with those generating sodium spikes of the soma. Inward calcium currents are assumed to trigger a long-lasting potassium conductance. This slow calcium-potassium system, which in our model is located predominantly on the dendrites, provides a heuristic model to describe the mechanism for a) the after-depolarization following an HPC soma (sodium) spike, b) the long afterhyperpolarization following repetitive firing, c) bursts of spikes that sometimes occur after orthodromic or antidromic stimulation, and d) the buildup of the \"depolarizing shift\" during the strong synaptic input presumed to occur during seizures. 3. Fast prepotentials or d-spikes are shown to arise most probably from dendritic \"hot spots\" of sodium-regenerative membrane. The limited amplitude and short duration of these prepotentials imply that the hot spots are located on small dendrites. 4. Dendritic electroresponsiveness, first postulated for the HPC by Spencer and Kandel (52), is analyzed quantitatively here and is shown to provide rich integrative possibilities for this cell. Our model suggests that, for these nerve cells, alterations in specific membrane properties, particularly calcium electroresponsiveness, can lead to bursting behavior that resembles epileptogenic neuronal responses.", "PMID": 422974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11845", "title": "Quantitative analysis of relative contribution of central and peripheral neurons to gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia californica.", "content": "1. There is general agreement that the gill-withdrawal reflex elicited by weak tactile stimuli (less than 2 g to the siphon skin) is mediated almost entirely by the central nervous system (CNS) (13, 15, 18, 23). However, there was disagreement concerning the effects of moderate intensity (2--4 g) stimuli. Kupfermann et al. (18) found that the CNS mediates approximately 94% of the reflex elicited by moderate-intensity stimuli, whereas Peretz et al. (23) found that in this stimulus range, the amplitude of the reflex was, on average, unaltered when the CNS was removed. 2. To resolve this difference we first carried out pilot experiments in collaboration with B. Peretz, J. W. Jacklet, and K. Lukowiak using isolated mantle preparations, and then performed a systematic study using both the isolated mantle and intact animals. The main difference that seemed to account for the discrepancy in the results was the magnitude of the reflex response that was selected for study. Previous studies from this laboratory used a minimum-response criterion whereby only brisk and clearly observable responses of at least 35% maximum were examined. By contrast, Peretz et al. (23) examined all responses, even those that were extremely small. In addition, the two groups used different methods of stimulation so that stimulus intensities could not really be compared. 3. By comparing the effects of moderate-intensity stimuli in experiments with and without a response criterion in isolated mantle preparations, we found that when a minimal response-amplitude criterion is imposed the CNS mediates 90--95% of the gill-withdrawal reflex, whether it is elicited by the \"tapper\" stimulus used by Peretz et al. (23) or by the servo-controlled probe previously used in this laboratory. On the other hand, when no minimal response criterion is used and small responses are also examined, the response to the probe is still significantly reduced by 85% when the CNS is removed, whereas the reflex response to the tapper is more variable, sometimes increasing and other times decreasing with deganglionation. 4. We have also tested, in intact animals, the role of the CNS in mediating gill withdrawal. Water-jet stimuli were delivered to the siphon to elicit the reflex, as in previous behavioral studies. As was the case with probe stimulation in the isolated mantle preparation, in intact animals the CNS mediates 90% of the reflex evoked by moderate-intensity stimuli when a minimal response-amplitude criterion is imposed. 5. Our experiments indicate that, using response criteria and methods of stimulation, one can reliably study the reflex as predominantly mediated by the CNS.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of relative contribution of central and peripheral neurons to gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia californica. 1. There is general agreement that the gill-withdrawal reflex elicited by weak tactile stimuli (less than 2 g to the siphon skin) is mediated almost entirely by the central nervous system (CNS) (13, 15, 18, 23). However, there was disagreement concerning the effects of moderate intensity (2--4 g) stimuli. Kupfermann et al. (18) found that the CNS mediates approximately 94% of the reflex elicited by moderate-intensity stimuli, whereas Peretz et al. (23) found that in this stimulus range, the amplitude of the reflex was, on average, unaltered when the CNS was removed. 2. To resolve this difference we first carried out pilot experiments in collaboration with B. Peretz, J. W. Jacklet, and K. Lukowiak using isolated mantle preparations, and then performed a systematic study using both the isolated mantle and intact animals. The main difference that seemed to account for the discrepancy in the results was the magnitude of the reflex response that was selected for study. Previous studies from this laboratory used a minimum-response criterion whereby only brisk and clearly observable responses of at least 35% maximum were examined. By contrast, Peretz et al. (23) examined all responses, even those that were extremely small. In addition, the two groups used different methods of stimulation so that stimulus intensities could not really be compared. 3. By comparing the effects of moderate-intensity stimuli in experiments with and without a response criterion in isolated mantle preparations, we found that when a minimal response-amplitude criterion is imposed the CNS mediates 90--95% of the gill-withdrawal reflex, whether it is elicited by the \"tapper\" stimulus used by Peretz et al. (23) or by the servo-controlled probe previously used in this laboratory. On the other hand, when no minimal response criterion is used and small responses are also examined, the response to the probe is still significantly reduced by 85% when the CNS is removed, whereas the reflex response to the tapper is more variable, sometimes increasing and other times decreasing with deganglionation. 4. We have also tested, in intact animals, the role of the CNS in mediating gill withdrawal. Water-jet stimuli were delivered to the siphon to elicit the reflex, as in previous behavioral studies. As was the case with probe stimulation in the isolated mantle preparation, in intact animals the CNS mediates 90% of the reflex evoked by moderate-intensity stimuli when a minimal response-amplitude criterion is imposed. 5. Our experiments indicate that, using response criteria and methods of stimulation, one can reliably study the reflex as predominantly mediated by the CNS.", "PMID": 422975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11846", "title": "Cellular studies of peripheral neurons in siphon skin of Aplysia californica.", "content": "1. To account for the similarity in the kinetics of habituation between the central and peripheral components of siphon withdrawal, we have tested the idea (52) that each centrally located mechanoreceptor sensory neuron sends two branches to siphon motor neurons; one to centrally located siphon motor neurons and a collateral branch that remains in the periphery and innervates the peripheral siphon motor neurons. 2. We have found a group of peripheral siphon motor neurons and tested the connection onto these cells by central mechanoreceptors. In addition, we have defined by various electrophysiological and morphological criteria two general classes of peripheral neurons that lie along the course of the siphon nerve. 3. One class (type I) consists of only a single cell in each animal. This peripheral neuron typically has the largest cell body found lying along the siphon nerve and is the only peripheral nerve cell that appears white when viewed under epi-illumination. The type I neuron often has a highly regular firing pattern, which occurs in the absence of spontaneous synaptic input. The three-dimensional morphology of this neuron suggests a paucity of fine processes, most of which do not arborize and may terminate in the connective tissue sheath. Fine structural observations of the peripheral white cell have revealed the presence of large densecore granules. The peripheral type I neuron is similar in most of its electrophysiological and morphological properties to central neurons postulated to be neurosecretory. The peripheral white cell is, at present, the only peripheral neuron we can identify with certainty as a unique individual. 4. The second class (type II) of peripheral neurons are siphon motor neurons for the peripheral component of the siphon-withdrawal reflex. In contrast to the type I neurons, members of the second class of peripheral neurons possess smaller, more spherical cell bodies that have varying amounts of orange pigmentation and which give rise to a relatively well-developed and arborized dendritic tree. Type II neurons feature an irregular spontaneous firing pattern that is occasionally modulated by a rich spontaneous synaptic input. Peripheral siphon motor neurons have restricted motor fields that produce contraction of the mantle floor and the base of the siphon. Most of the type II neurons were found to be electrically coupled to one another. 5. The peripheral siphon motor neurons resemble the central siphon motor neurons in that they receive a collateral synapse from centrally located mechanoreceptor sensory neurons. This peripheral sensory-to-motor synapse exhibits the same kinetics of decrement as its central counterpart, both of which parallel behavioral habituation. 6. The rich mechanoreceptor input onto the relatively isolated dendritic trees of the peripheral siphon motor neurons provide a uniquely restricted neuropil to study the sensory-to-motor synapse. The peripheral motor neurons may, therefore, be a useful simple preparation for the cellular study of behavioral plasticity.", "contents": "Cellular studies of peripheral neurons in siphon skin of Aplysia californica. 1. To account for the similarity in the kinetics of habituation between the central and peripheral components of siphon withdrawal, we have tested the idea (52) that each centrally located mechanoreceptor sensory neuron sends two branches to siphon motor neurons; one to centrally located siphon motor neurons and a collateral branch that remains in the periphery and innervates the peripheral siphon motor neurons. 2. We have found a group of peripheral siphon motor neurons and tested the connection onto these cells by central mechanoreceptors. In addition, we have defined by various electrophysiological and morphological criteria two general classes of peripheral neurons that lie along the course of the siphon nerve. 3. One class (type I) consists of only a single cell in each animal. This peripheral neuron typically has the largest cell body found lying along the siphon nerve and is the only peripheral nerve cell that appears white when viewed under epi-illumination. The type I neuron often has a highly regular firing pattern, which occurs in the absence of spontaneous synaptic input. The three-dimensional morphology of this neuron suggests a paucity of fine processes, most of which do not arborize and may terminate in the connective tissue sheath. Fine structural observations of the peripheral white cell have revealed the presence of large densecore granules. The peripheral type I neuron is similar in most of its electrophysiological and morphological properties to central neurons postulated to be neurosecretory. The peripheral white cell is, at present, the only peripheral neuron we can identify with certainty as a unique individual. 4. The second class (type II) of peripheral neurons are siphon motor neurons for the peripheral component of the siphon-withdrawal reflex. In contrast to the type I neurons, members of the second class of peripheral neurons possess smaller, more spherical cell bodies that have varying amounts of orange pigmentation and which give rise to a relatively well-developed and arborized dendritic tree. Type II neurons feature an irregular spontaneous firing pattern that is occasionally modulated by a rich spontaneous synaptic input. Peripheral siphon motor neurons have restricted motor fields that produce contraction of the mantle floor and the base of the siphon. Most of the type II neurons were found to be electrically coupled to one another. 5. The peripheral siphon motor neurons resemble the central siphon motor neurons in that they receive a collateral synapse from centrally located mechanoreceptor sensory neurons. This peripheral sensory-to-motor synapse exhibits the same kinetics of decrement as its central counterpart, both of which parallel behavioral habituation. 6. The rich mechanoreceptor input onto the relatively isolated dendritic trees of the peripheral siphon motor neurons provide a uniquely restricted neuropil to study the sensory-to-motor synapse. The peripheral motor neurons may, therefore, be a useful simple preparation for the cellular study of behavioral plasticity.", "PMID": 422976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11847", "title": "Inhibition of spinal neuronal responses to noxious skin heating by stimulation of mesencephalic periaqueductal gray in the cat.", "content": "1. Discharges of lumbar dorsal horn neurons were evoked by noxious radiant skin heating, and inhibition of the heat-evoked responses by stimulation of the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray was investigated in N2O-anesthetized cats. 2. Thirty-seven units selected on the basis of receiving afferent C-fiber input from the posterior tibial and/or superficial peroneal nerves responded vigorously to 50 degrees C heating of the plantar surface of the ipsilateral hindpaw. All discharges were inhibited by periaqueductal gray stimulation (PAGS) at current strengths of 300--900 microA; the mean threshold for inhibition was 167 microamperemeter. The mean frequency of the inhibited discharge was 39% of the control response. 3. Effective PAGS sites were distributed throughout the ventral PAG bilaterally. Stimulus current-distance estimates indicate that small (0.5--1.2 mm diameter) volumes of tissue within the PAG were stimulated. 4. A monotonic relationship between temperature and unitary discharge was found for skin heating from threshold to about 50 degrees C. PAGS resulted in a decrease in the slope of the curve plotting discharge against temperature, without altering the threshold. 5. Inhibition of the heat-evoked discharges rarely outlasted the PAGS. 6. Possible neural substrates for descending inhibition and correlates with neural mechanisms of analgesia are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of spinal neuronal responses to noxious skin heating by stimulation of mesencephalic periaqueductal gray in the cat. 1. Discharges of lumbar dorsal horn neurons were evoked by noxious radiant skin heating, and inhibition of the heat-evoked responses by stimulation of the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray was investigated in N2O-anesthetized cats. 2. Thirty-seven units selected on the basis of receiving afferent C-fiber input from the posterior tibial and/or superficial peroneal nerves responded vigorously to 50 degrees C heating of the plantar surface of the ipsilateral hindpaw. All discharges were inhibited by periaqueductal gray stimulation (PAGS) at current strengths of 300--900 microA; the mean threshold for inhibition was 167 microamperemeter. The mean frequency of the inhibited discharge was 39% of the control response. 3. Effective PAGS sites were distributed throughout the ventral PAG bilaterally. Stimulus current-distance estimates indicate that small (0.5--1.2 mm diameter) volumes of tissue within the PAG were stimulated. 4. A monotonic relationship between temperature and unitary discharge was found for skin heating from threshold to about 50 degrees C. PAGS resulted in a decrease in the slope of the curve plotting discharge against temperature, without altering the threshold. 5. Inhibition of the heat-evoked discharges rarely outlasted the PAGS. 6. Possible neural substrates for descending inhibition and correlates with neural mechanisms of analgesia are discussed.", "PMID": 422977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11848", "title": "Adrenergic inhibition of serotonin release from neurons in guinea pig Auerback's plexus.", "content": "1. Norepinephrine reversibly blocked both the fast and slow stimulus-evoked EPSPs in myenteric ganglion cells. This action of norepinephrine was offset by the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine. 2. The putative neurotransmitter for the fast EPSP is acetylcholine, and serotonin (5-HT) is the suspected transmitter for the slow EPSP. 3. Norepinephrine did not block the excitatory effect of microiontophoresis of 5-HT onto the ganglion cells. 4. Norepinephrine decreased the input resistance and suppressed neuronal excitability. This effect was reversed by addition of 5-HT to the perfusion solution and was attributed to presynaptic blockade by norepinephrine of ongoing release of 5-HT. 5. Addition of norepinephrine after the slow EPSP had been evoked did not shorten the duration of the slow EPSP. 6. The results suggested that the mechanism of the blocking action of norepinephrine was inhibition of release of the excitatory neurotransmitters form presynaptic nerve terminals. This is probably one of the mechanisms that is involved in suppression of gastrointestinal motor function during activation of the sympathetic innervation of the bowel.", "contents": "Adrenergic inhibition of serotonin release from neurons in guinea pig Auerback's plexus. 1. Norepinephrine reversibly blocked both the fast and slow stimulus-evoked EPSPs in myenteric ganglion cells. This action of norepinephrine was offset by the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine. 2. The putative neurotransmitter for the fast EPSP is acetylcholine, and serotonin (5-HT) is the suspected transmitter for the slow EPSP. 3. Norepinephrine did not block the excitatory effect of microiontophoresis of 5-HT onto the ganglion cells. 4. Norepinephrine decreased the input resistance and suppressed neuronal excitability. This effect was reversed by addition of 5-HT to the perfusion solution and was attributed to presynaptic blockade by norepinephrine of ongoing release of 5-HT. 5. Addition of norepinephrine after the slow EPSP had been evoked did not shorten the duration of the slow EPSP. 6. The results suggested that the mechanism of the blocking action of norepinephrine was inhibition of release of the excitatory neurotransmitters form presynaptic nerve terminals. This is probably one of the mechanisms that is involved in suppression of gastrointestinal motor function during activation of the sympathetic innervation of the bowel.", "PMID": 422978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11849", "title": "Chronic paw denervation causes an age-dependent appearance of novel responses from forearm in \"paw cortex\" of kittens and adult cats.", "content": "1. In normal kittens and cats, cells in a region of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) responded exclusively to input from the contralateral front paw; we called this area paw cortex (PC). A neighboring region of SI responded to input from the contralateral forearm above the wrist; we called this area forearm cortex (FC). The centers of PC and FC were about 4 mm apart. 2. In kittens several weeks after transection of the nerves to the front paw, the following changes were observed in PC: a) 52% of PC cells had receptive fields on the forearm; normally, PC cells responded to natural stimulation only of the front paw; b) many cells in PC (58%) responded to electrical stimulation of the medial cutaneous nerve from the forearm; normally, very few PC cells (9%) responded to this nerve; c) there was a 370% increase in the median amplitude of medial cutaneous-evoked potentials in PC; d) in contrast to these enhanced inputs, PC responses to ulnar nerve stimulation decreased significantly. 3. In adult cats, paw denervation initiated a similar process as in kittens, but with less marked somatotopic changes. 4. In both kittens and adults, FC was unaffected by the nerve injuries. 5. We conclude that a chronic peripheral nerve injury can produce extensive changes in SI cortex somatotopic organization; the nature of the effect is age dependent.", "contents": "Chronic paw denervation causes an age-dependent appearance of novel responses from forearm in \"paw cortex\" of kittens and adult cats. 1. In normal kittens and cats, cells in a region of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) responded exclusively to input from the contralateral front paw; we called this area paw cortex (PC). A neighboring region of SI responded to input from the contralateral forearm above the wrist; we called this area forearm cortex (FC). The centers of PC and FC were about 4 mm apart. 2. In kittens several weeks after transection of the nerves to the front paw, the following changes were observed in PC: a) 52% of PC cells had receptive fields on the forearm; normally, PC cells responded to natural stimulation only of the front paw; b) many cells in PC (58%) responded to electrical stimulation of the medial cutaneous nerve from the forearm; normally, very few PC cells (9%) responded to this nerve; c) there was a 370% increase in the median amplitude of medial cutaneous-evoked potentials in PC; d) in contrast to these enhanced inputs, PC responses to ulnar nerve stimulation decreased significantly. 3. In adult cats, paw denervation initiated a similar process as in kittens, but with less marked somatotopic changes. 4. In both kittens and adults, FC was unaffected by the nerve injuries. 5. We conclude that a chronic peripheral nerve injury can produce extensive changes in SI cortex somatotopic organization; the nature of the effect is age dependent.", "PMID": 422979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11850", "title": "Prospective study of 100 lumbosacral discectomies.", "content": "A prospective study of 100 patients undergoing discectomy was carried out. The neurological findings were documented preoperatively and at 1 month and 1 year postoperatively. The clinical and radiological data were analyzed with respect to significant associations. There were no complications. At a minimum of 1 year postoperatively, 63% of patients had complete relief of back pain and 73% had complete relief of leg pain. A discriminant analysis equation was derived which assessed the relative significance of factors as determinants of outcome. A method is given for estimating whether a patient will have a good or a poor outcome following the discectomy. Factors shown to be of significance should be recorded in prospective series to allow for comparison as to the efficacy of different methods of treatment. The results are better than those described for chemonucleolysis.", "contents": "Prospective study of 100 lumbosacral discectomies. A prospective study of 100 patients undergoing discectomy was carried out. The neurological findings were documented preoperatively and at 1 month and 1 year postoperatively. The clinical and radiological data were analyzed with respect to significant associations. There were no complications. At a minimum of 1 year postoperatively, 63% of patients had complete relief of back pain and 73% had complete relief of leg pain. A discriminant analysis equation was derived which assessed the relative significance of factors as determinants of outcome. A method is given for estimating whether a patient will have a good or a poor outcome following the discectomy. Factors shown to be of significance should be recorded in prospective series to allow for comparison as to the efficacy of different methods of treatment. The results are better than those described for chemonucleolysis.", "PMID": 422980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11851", "title": "Macrophages in experimental and human brain tumors. Part 2: studies of the macrophage content of human brain tumors.", "content": "The authors have analyzed 47 tumors of the central nervous system (11 glioblastomas, nine meningiomas, three medulloblastomas, 12 assorted primary neural tumors, and 12 brain metastases) for their content of macrophages. Cell suspensions were prepared by enzymatic digestion and macrophages were quantitated by IgGEAC rosette formation. Adsorption of sensitized indicator cells (EA) to sections of tumor was used as a measure to determine the distribution of IgGFc receptor-positive cells within the tumors and to serve as a control for selective release of IgGFc receptor-positive cells by enzyme digestion. The 11 glioblastomas had a mean macrophage content of 45% (range: 8% to 78%), the nine meningiomas had a mean of 44% (range: 5% to 81%), the three medulloblastomas a mean of 6% (range 2% to 15%), and the metastatic tumors a mean of 24% (range: 4% to 70%). Adsorption of EA demonstrated that IgGFc receptor-positive cells were distributed throughout the tumor mass, although different types of patterns were observed. There was an excellent correlation between the percent of IgGEAC positive cells in suspensions and the extent of EA adsorption to the tumor sections. Compared to systemic neoplasms, most nervous system tumors have a high macrophage content. It is possible that the high macrophage content of brain tumors is related to their immunogenicity, and may be a partial explanation for tha rarity of brain-tumor metastases.", "contents": "Macrophages in experimental and human brain tumors. Part 2: studies of the macrophage content of human brain tumors. The authors have analyzed 47 tumors of the central nervous system (11 glioblastomas, nine meningiomas, three medulloblastomas, 12 assorted primary neural tumors, and 12 brain metastases) for their content of macrophages. Cell suspensions were prepared by enzymatic digestion and macrophages were quantitated by IgGEAC rosette formation. Adsorption of sensitized indicator cells (EA) to sections of tumor was used as a measure to determine the distribution of IgGFc receptor-positive cells within the tumors and to serve as a control for selective release of IgGFc receptor-positive cells by enzyme digestion. The 11 glioblastomas had a mean macrophage content of 45% (range: 8% to 78%), the nine meningiomas had a mean of 44% (range: 5% to 81%), the three medulloblastomas a mean of 6% (range 2% to 15%), and the metastatic tumors a mean of 24% (range: 4% to 70%). Adsorption of EA demonstrated that IgGFc receptor-positive cells were distributed throughout the tumor mass, although different types of patterns were observed. There was an excellent correlation between the percent of IgGEAC positive cells in suspensions and the extent of EA adsorption to the tumor sections. Compared to systemic neoplasms, most nervous system tumors have a high macrophage content. It is possible that the high macrophage content of brain tumors is related to their immunogenicity, and may be a partial explanation for tha rarity of brain-tumor metastases.", "PMID": 422981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11852", "title": "Spinal chordomas.", "content": "A series of 54 patients with spinal chordomas were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 1949 and 1976. Thirty-six lesions were located in the sacrococcygeal region and 18 involved the vertebral column at a higher level. The male to female ratio was 35:19. Vertebral chordomas generally occurred in a younger age group. Our radiological findings suggest that there is marked soft-tissue extension anterior to the vertebral column at the time of initial diagnosis. Eleven of 18 vertebral chordomas and 10 of 36 sacral chordomas were found to have disseminated metastases during their course. Analysis of the various modes of therapy reveals that the median survival for both groups is approximately 6 years. However, the 5-year survival for the sacrococcygeal group was 66% as opposed to 50% for the vertebral group. Radiation therapy produced significant palliation but objective evidence of tumor regression was difficult to assess. Chemotherapy in a small number of patients did not have any effect on the tumor. With the advent of computerized tomography scanning, further studies should be done to document the response of this tumor to radiation therapy.", "contents": "Spinal chordomas. A series of 54 patients with spinal chordomas were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 1949 and 1976. Thirty-six lesions were located in the sacrococcygeal region and 18 involved the vertebral column at a higher level. The male to female ratio was 35:19. Vertebral chordomas generally occurred in a younger age group. Our radiological findings suggest that there is marked soft-tissue extension anterior to the vertebral column at the time of initial diagnosis. Eleven of 18 vertebral chordomas and 10 of 36 sacral chordomas were found to have disseminated metastases during their course. Analysis of the various modes of therapy reveals that the median survival for both groups is approximately 6 years. However, the 5-year survival for the sacrococcygeal group was 66% as opposed to 50% for the vertebral group. Radiation therapy produced significant palliation but objective evidence of tumor regression was difficult to assess. Chemotherapy in a small number of patients did not have any effect on the tumor. With the advent of computerized tomography scanning, further studies should be done to document the response of this tumor to radiation therapy.", "PMID": 422982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11853", "title": "The evaluation of seizure disorders by computerized tomography.", "content": "A series of 150 patients with seizure disorders was analyzed in detail. Older individuals (over the age of 65 years) with a short duration of seizure activity at the time of computerized tomography (CT) examination (less than 6 months), associated with specific neurological findings and focal seizures secondarily generalized, produced the highest number of intracranial CT abnormalities. Relationships between CT, electroencephalography (EEG), and other diagnostic procedures and pertinent historical and neurological findings are discussed.", "contents": "The evaluation of seizure disorders by computerized tomography. A series of 150 patients with seizure disorders was analyzed in detail. Older individuals (over the age of 65 years) with a short duration of seizure activity at the time of computerized tomography (CT) examination (less than 6 months), associated with specific neurological findings and focal seizures secondarily generalized, produced the highest number of intracranial CT abnormalities. Relationships between CT, electroencephalography (EEG), and other diagnostic procedures and pertinent historical and neurological findings are discussed.", "PMID": 422983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11854", "title": "Use of computerized tomography scanning in supratentorial arachnoid cysts. A report on 20 children and four adults.", "content": "Congenital supratentorial arachnoid cysts are large lesions that tend to cause severe distortion and compression of the brain, particularly in infants and children. Diagnosis of such cysts has often been delayed and uncertain in the past, but development of computerized tomography (CT) has greatly improved the ease and accuracy of their identification, helping to provide for earlier surgical treatment and better care of patients. The authors report 24 cases of congenital supratentorial arachnoid cysts, 18 of which were studied with CT scanning; this method proved very valuable in pre- and postoperative assessment in all cases, and far superior to other diagnostic methods.", "contents": "Use of computerized tomography scanning in supratentorial arachnoid cysts. A report on 20 children and four adults. Congenital supratentorial arachnoid cysts are large lesions that tend to cause severe distortion and compression of the brain, particularly in infants and children. Diagnosis of such cysts has often been delayed and uncertain in the past, but development of computerized tomography (CT) has greatly improved the ease and accuracy of their identification, helping to provide for earlier surgical treatment and better care of patients. The authors report 24 cases of congenital supratentorial arachnoid cysts, 18 of which were studied with CT scanning; this method proved very valuable in pre- and postoperative assessment in all cases, and far superior to other diagnostic methods.", "PMID": 422984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11855", "title": "The use of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of cerebral hydatid cysts.", "content": "Eleven cases of cerebral hydatid cyst, diagnosed by computerized tomography (CT), are presented. The importance of CT in minimizing the possibility of accidentally tapping or tearing the cyst membrane is stressed. Repeat CT scanning after removal of the cyst revealed atrophy in the affected hemisphere.", "contents": "The use of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of cerebral hydatid cysts. Eleven cases of cerebral hydatid cyst, diagnosed by computerized tomography (CT), are presented. The importance of CT in minimizing the possibility of accidentally tapping or tearing the cyst membrane is stressed. Repeat CT scanning after removal of the cyst revealed atrophy in the affected hemisphere.", "PMID": 422985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11856", "title": "Clearance of macromolecular and particulate substances from the cerebrospinal fluid system of the rat.", "content": "Arachnoid villi in the intracranial dural sinuses constitute the principal sites for absorption of proteins and particulates from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system. Although arachnoid villi in the rat are morphologically less complex than those found in other mammals, their resistance to CSF outflow, as assessed by a graded series of contstant flow manometric infusions, is similar to that found in other species. Moreover, inulin and polystyrene beads, when infused into the spinal subarachnoid space of rats, are rapidly cleared from the CSF system into intracranial dural sinuses. Inulin appeared in sinus blood 3 minutes after onset of infusion and reached concentrations 26 times greater than those found in the systemic circulation; particulate matter in the form of 0.5 micrometer polystyrene beads showed similar efflux characteristics. Hence, the CSF system of the rat is functionally similar to that found in other mammalian species, with arachnoid villi constituting a major efflux route for clearance of macromolecular and particulate substances.", "contents": "Clearance of macromolecular and particulate substances from the cerebrospinal fluid system of the rat. Arachnoid villi in the intracranial dural sinuses constitute the principal sites for absorption of proteins and particulates from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system. Although arachnoid villi in the rat are morphologically less complex than those found in other mammals, their resistance to CSF outflow, as assessed by a graded series of contstant flow manometric infusions, is similar to that found in other species. Moreover, inulin and polystyrene beads, when infused into the spinal subarachnoid space of rats, are rapidly cleared from the CSF system into intracranial dural sinuses. Inulin appeared in sinus blood 3 minutes after onset of infusion and reached concentrations 26 times greater than those found in the systemic circulation; particulate matter in the form of 0.5 micrometer polystyrene beads showed similar efflux characteristics. Hence, the CSF system of the rat is functionally similar to that found in other mammalian species, with arachnoid villi constituting a major efflux route for clearance of macromolecular and particulate substances.", "PMID": 422986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11857", "title": "Effect of vasodilators and myelotomy on recovery after acute spinal cord injury in rats.", "content": "The effect of papaverine, nitroprusside, or myelotomy on the recovery of spinal cord function was studied in rats after acute cord-compression injury. Spinal cord recovery was measured by a quantitative method of clinical assessment previously developed in our laboratory. Neither papaverine nor nitroprusside improved recovery of cord function. Dorsal midline myelotomy extending anteriorly as far as the central canal did not produce significant improvement (p greater than 0.05). However, when the myelotomy extended completely through the cord in the anteroposterior plane significant improvement (p less than 0.01) was obtained.", "contents": "Effect of vasodilators and myelotomy on recovery after acute spinal cord injury in rats. The effect of papaverine, nitroprusside, or myelotomy on the recovery of spinal cord function was studied in rats after acute cord-compression injury. Spinal cord recovery was measured by a quantitative method of clinical assessment previously developed in our laboratory. Neither papaverine nor nitroprusside improved recovery of cord function. Dorsal midline myelotomy extending anteriorly as far as the central canal did not produce significant improvement (p greater than 0.05). However, when the myelotomy extended completely through the cord in the anteroposterior plane significant improvement (p less than 0.01) was obtained.", "PMID": 422987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11858", "title": "Spinal cord blood flow and conduction during experimental cord compression in normotensive and hypotensive dogs.", "content": "Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) and dorsal column conduction, as assessed by the dorsal column evoked potential (DCEP), were measured during subacute cord compression in dogs. Ventral, midline balloons were used to produce compression and a dorsally situated strain gauge transducer measured the cord pressure. In normotensive animals there was autoregulation of SCBF to perfusion pressures (PP) of 65 to 70 mm Hg, and up to cord pressures of 55 to 60 mm Hg. The DCEP amplitude  was significantly decreased even during this autoregulatory period. Conduction failure occurred at PP of 20 to 30 mm Hg. Chemically produced hypotension (74 mm Hg) did not affect either SCBF or DCEP. Minimal compression superimposed on hypotension decreased both flow and DCEP amplitude. The results indicate that ischemia is probably not the cause of the impaired conduction although, as the degree of compression increases, the cord will become ischemic once the autoregulatory limit is passed.", "contents": "Spinal cord blood flow and conduction during experimental cord compression in normotensive and hypotensive dogs. Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) and dorsal column conduction, as assessed by the dorsal column evoked potential (DCEP), were measured during subacute cord compression in dogs. Ventral, midline balloons were used to produce compression and a dorsally situated strain gauge transducer measured the cord pressure. In normotensive animals there was autoregulation of SCBF to perfusion pressures (PP) of 65 to 70 mm Hg, and up to cord pressures of 55 to 60 mm Hg. The DCEP amplitude  was significantly decreased even during this autoregulatory period. Conduction failure occurred at PP of 20 to 30 mm Hg. Chemically produced hypotension (74 mm Hg) did not affect either SCBF or DCEP. Minimal compression superimposed on hypotension decreased both flow and DCEP amplitude. The results indicate that ischemia is probably not the cause of the impaired conduction although, as the degree of compression increases, the cord will become ischemic once the autoregulatory limit is passed.", "PMID": 422988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11859", "title": "Acute hydrocephalus and death one month after non-surgical treatment for acute cerebellar hemorrhage. Case report.", "content": "Acute cerebellar hemorrhages, treated medically with subsequent complete recovery, have been designated \"benign cerebellar hemorrhages.\" Ordinarily, acute cerebellar hemorrhage does require early surgical intervention and reported surgical mortality is relatively low (17%) in awake patients with this lesion. Clinical studies have shown that, after a period of approximately 2 weeks, the predicted mortality for this disorder becomes less than the operative mortality, and patients are then expected to recover. The author reports a case, with serial computerized tomography scanning, in which deterioration and death occurred 4 weeks after acute cerebellar hemorrhage. It is concluded that surgical intervention should be considered early in the clinical course of all cases of acute cerebellar hemorrhage.", "contents": "Acute hydrocephalus and death one month after non-surgical treatment for acute cerebellar hemorrhage. Case report. Acute cerebellar hemorrhages, treated medically with subsequent complete recovery, have been designated \"benign cerebellar hemorrhages.\" Ordinarily, acute cerebellar hemorrhage does require early surgical intervention and reported surgical mortality is relatively low (17%) in awake patients with this lesion. Clinical studies have shown that, after a period of approximately 2 weeks, the predicted mortality for this disorder becomes less than the operative mortality, and patients are then expected to recover. The author reports a case, with serial computerized tomography scanning, in which deterioration and death occurred 4 weeks after acute cerebellar hemorrhage. It is concluded that surgical intervention should be considered early in the clinical course of all cases of acute cerebellar hemorrhage.", "PMID": 422990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11860", "title": "Superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis. Pathological study of two cases.", "content": "Superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomoses were examined at autopsy in two patients who survived 2 years and 5 1/2 years, respectively, after the cerebral revascularization procedure. Identification of the actual anastomotic sites at autopsy was rendered impossible because of marked fibrosis in the region of the surgery. However, in both patients intimal fibrosis and medial damage were noted in the STA immediately adjacent to the anastomosis. In the patient who survived 2 years, the lumen of the STA was only slightly compromised by these changes, but in the patient who survived 5 1/2 years, the artery was almost totally occluded. The MCA's adjacent to the anastomosis were widely patent and showed focal areas of intimal hyperplasia with no abnormalities of the media.", "contents": "Superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis. Pathological study of two cases. Superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomoses were examined at autopsy in two patients who survived 2 years and 5 1/2 years, respectively, after the cerebral revascularization procedure. Identification of the actual anastomotic sites at autopsy was rendered impossible because of marked fibrosis in the region of the surgery. However, in both patients intimal fibrosis and medial damage were noted in the STA immediately adjacent to the anastomosis. In the patient who survived 2 years, the lumen of the STA was only slightly compromised by these changes, but in the patient who survived 5 1/2 years, the artery was almost totally occluded. The MCA's adjacent to the anastomosis were widely patent and showed focal areas of intimal hyperplasia with no abnormalities of the media.", "PMID": 422991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11861", "title": "Swan-neck deformity secondary to osteomyelitis of the posterior elements of the cervical spine. Case report.", "content": "A case of osteomyelitis is described, involving the posterior elements of the cervical vertebrae in a 7-year-old girl and resulting in swan-neck deformity. Treatment was initiated with antibiotics, and the patient was placed in halo traction. Eventually posterior cervical fusion was performed, which provided excellent stability and correction of the deformity.", "contents": "Swan-neck deformity secondary to osteomyelitis of the posterior elements of the cervical spine. Case report. A case of osteomyelitis is described, involving the posterior elements of the cervical vertebrae in a 7-year-old girl and resulting in swan-neck deformity. Treatment was initiated with antibiotics, and the patient was placed in halo traction. Eventually posterior cervical fusion was performed, which provided excellent stability and correction of the deformity.", "PMID": 422993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11862", "title": "Percutaneous restoration of a kinked shunt. Case report.", "content": "A thin-walled atrial catheter used in shunting for hydrocephalus may become curled or kinked in the neck after it has been in normal position and functioning for years. The usual cause is a bout of severe coughing. Such a case is described together with a percutaneous method of restoration of the shunt by transfemoral catheterization utilizing a wire loop.", "contents": "Percutaneous restoration of a kinked shunt. Case report. A thin-walled atrial catheter used in shunting for hydrocephalus may become curled or kinked in the neck after it has been in normal position and functioning for years. The usual cause is a bout of severe coughing. Such a case is described together with a percutaneous method of restoration of the shunt by transfemoral catheterization utilizing a wire loop.", "PMID": 422994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11863", "title": "Early and late results of intracranial direct surgery of anterior communicating artery aneurysms.", "content": "During the 14-year period up to September, 1975, 346 patients with a single anterior communicating artery aneurysm, including eight with unruptured aneurysms, were operated on by direct intracranial procedures. There was an early operative mortality of 5.5%. Follow-up studies, an average of 3 years 11 months after surgery, revealed that about 85% of the survivors, excluding those who could not be followed, had regained their working capacity, and that the late mortality and morbidity rates were 9.6% and 2.0%, respectively. The rationale for performing the intracranial operation and factors influencing postoperative results are discussed, with particular emphasis on the techniques for accurate treatment of aneurysms that help to prevent postoperative rebleeding and therefore give better overall surgical results.", "contents": "Early and late results of intracranial direct surgery of anterior communicating artery aneurysms. During the 14-year period up to September, 1975, 346 patients with a single anterior communicating artery aneurysm, including eight with unruptured aneurysms, were operated on by direct intracranial procedures. There was an early operative mortality of 5.5%. Follow-up studies, an average of 3 years 11 months after surgery, revealed that about 85% of the survivors, excluding those who could not be followed, had regained their working capacity, and that the late mortality and morbidity rates were 9.6% and 2.0%, respectively. The rationale for performing the intracranial operation and factors influencing postoperative results are discussed, with particular emphasis on the techniques for accurate treatment of aneurysms that help to prevent postoperative rebleeding and therefore give better overall surgical results.", "PMID": 422998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11864", "title": "Transient ischemic attacks due to increased platelet aggregation and adhesiveness. Ultrastructural and functional correlation.", "content": "The authors report 22 cases of transient ischemic attacks (TIA's) manifested by amaurosis fugax or hemiparesis or paresthesia of less than 24 hours' duration. None of the patients demonstrated 1) evidence of atherosclerotic cerebral vascular disease on angiography, 2) evidence of intracranial lesion on brain scan, 3) cardiac source of emboli, 4) arteritis or collagen disease, or 5) history of migraine. The only abnormalities found to explain the TIA's were abnormally increased platelet adhesiveness and/or aggregation. All of these patients were followed from 1 to 5 years, and had repeated coagulation studies. Treatment with antiplatelet drugs showed an excellent clinical response with associated decrease in platelet adhesiveness and aggregation. Discontinuance of the antiplatelet drug resulted in a recurrence of the TIA's which coincided with an increase in aggregation and adhesiveness. In two cases the platelet morphology was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It appears that there is a specific group of patients with TIA's in whom the sole cause of the attack is an abnormality of platelet function. For these people there is a specific therapy and a method monitoring the treatment.", "contents": "Transient ischemic attacks due to increased platelet aggregation and adhesiveness. Ultrastructural and functional correlation. The authors report 22 cases of transient ischemic attacks (TIA's) manifested by amaurosis fugax or hemiparesis or paresthesia of less than 24 hours' duration. None of the patients demonstrated 1) evidence of atherosclerotic cerebral vascular disease on angiography, 2) evidence of intracranial lesion on brain scan, 3) cardiac source of emboli, 4) arteritis or collagen disease, or 5) history of migraine. The only abnormalities found to explain the TIA's were abnormally increased platelet adhesiveness and/or aggregation. All of these patients were followed from 1 to 5 years, and had repeated coagulation studies. Treatment with antiplatelet drugs showed an excellent clinical response with associated decrease in platelet adhesiveness and aggregation. Discontinuance of the antiplatelet drug resulted in a recurrence of the TIA's which coincided with an increase in aggregation and adhesiveness. In two cases the platelet morphology was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It appears that there is a specific group of patients with TIA's in whom the sole cause of the attack is an abnormality of platelet function. For these people there is a specific therapy and a method monitoring the treatment.", "PMID": 422999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11865", "title": "Neurosurgical management of acromegaly. Results in 82 patients treated between 1972 and 1977.", "content": "A consecutive series of 82 acromegalic patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery during a 5-year period is presented. Preoperative and postoperative values for human growth hormone (HGH) were available in 80 cases. Microadenomas were present in 18 patients with a mean preoperative HGH value of 25.2 ng/ml, diffuse adenomas in 39 patients with mean of 53.8 ng/ml, and invasive adenomas in 25 with mean of 68.0 ng/ml. There was no operative mortality. The results reflected the classification of the tumors, with apparent cures accomplished in 87.5% of previously untreated patients with microadenoma, all of whom had anterior pituitary function preserved. The percentages of apparent cures in cases of diffuse adenoma (68%) and invasive adenoma (54%) were much less satisfactory. Transsphenoidal microsurgery is capable of achieving good results, particularly in patients with microadenoma.", "contents": "Neurosurgical management of acromegaly. Results in 82 patients treated between 1972 and 1977. A consecutive series of 82 acromegalic patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery during a 5-year period is presented. Preoperative and postoperative values for human growth hormone (HGH) were available in 80 cases. Microadenomas were present in 18 patients with a mean preoperative HGH value of 25.2 ng/ml, diffuse adenomas in 39 patients with mean of 53.8 ng/ml, and invasive adenomas in 25 with mean of 68.0 ng/ml. There was no operative mortality. The results reflected the classification of the tumors, with apparent cures accomplished in 87.5% of previously untreated patients with microadenoma, all of whom had anterior pituitary function preserved. The percentages of apparent cures in cases of diffuse adenoma (68%) and invasive adenoma (54%) were much less satisfactory. Transsphenoidal microsurgery is capable of achieving good results, particularly in patients with microadenoma.", "PMID": 423000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11866", "title": "Prolactin suppression of leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro.", "content": "Leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro was studied for cells from patients with pituitary adenomas. Leukocytes obtained preoperatively from two of three patients with elevated serum prolactin levels demonstrated chemotaxic alterations described in other malignant disease. Statistically significant suppression of chemotaxis occurred in the leukocytes of four of 12 specimens from normal donors at concentrations of 1000 ng/ml, and in four of eight specimens at 2000 ng/ml of prolactin in preincubation media. Thus prolactin concentration may influence the motility of leukocytes. The variable neoplastic behavior of morphologically similar pituitary adenomas may, in part, reflect a neurohormonally altered host response to the presence of these lesions.", "contents": "Prolactin suppression of leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro. Leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro was studied for cells from patients with pituitary adenomas. Leukocytes obtained preoperatively from two of three patients with elevated serum prolactin levels demonstrated chemotaxic alterations described in other malignant disease. Statistically significant suppression of chemotaxis occurred in the leukocytes of four of 12 specimens from normal donors at concentrations of 1000 ng/ml, and in four of eight specimens at 2000 ng/ml of prolactin in preincubation media. Thus prolactin concentration may influence the motility of leukocytes. The variable neoplastic behavior of morphologically similar pituitary adenomas may, in part, reflect a neurohormonally altered host response to the presence of these lesions.", "PMID": 423001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11867", "title": "Empty sella and rhinorrhea. A report of eight treated cases.", "content": "The association of an empty sella with rhinorrhea is an unusual finding. Of 29 cases of empty sella observed by the authors, eight underwent surgery for rhinorrhea. None of the patients showed clinical evidence of increased intracranial pressure or hydrocephalus. Seven were cases of primary empty sella, the eighth was an acromegalic patient, who had received radiotherapy 4 years before. Except for this patient, the others showed no clinical signs of a previous tumor. In the surgical treatment of these patients, the authors used both the transfrontal and transsphenoidal approaches. In spite of generally accepted good results following surgical closure of this type of fistula, four patients needed more than one operation. The fistula closed in only three of them; in the last patient rhinorrhea persisted after three operations.", "contents": "Empty sella and rhinorrhea. A report of eight treated cases. The association of an empty sella with rhinorrhea is an unusual finding. Of 29 cases of empty sella observed by the authors, eight underwent surgery for rhinorrhea. None of the patients showed clinical evidence of increased intracranial pressure or hydrocephalus. Seven were cases of primary empty sella, the eighth was an acromegalic patient, who had received radiotherapy 4 years before. Except for this patient, the others showed no clinical signs of a previous tumor. In the surgical treatment of these patients, the authors used both the transfrontal and transsphenoidal approaches. In spite of generally accepted good results following surgical closure of this type of fistula, four patients needed more than one operation. The fistula closed in only three of them; in the last patient rhinorrhea persisted after three operations.", "PMID": 423002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11868", "title": "Cerebral hemodynamic changes during plateau waves in brain-tumor patients.", "content": "The plateau wave, one of the wave forms observed in patients with increased intracranial pressure, has previously been extensively investigated, but its pathophysiological aspect is as yet unclear. The authors undertook a study of cerebral hemodynamic changes while the plateau waves were observed in five brain-tumor patients. Although the number of cases studied was small, a remarkable decrease in cerebrovascular resistance was seen in all patients during the plateau waves. It is suggested that the plateau waves are caused by a marked cerebral vasodilatation. The present results support the thesis that cerebral blood volume is increased during the plateau waves. The plateau waves are closely related to the intrinsic vasomotor control of cerebral circulation, and can occur as long as cerebral vasodilating ability is maintained, irrespective of the existence of cerebral autoregulation.", "contents": "Cerebral hemodynamic changes during plateau waves in brain-tumor patients. The plateau wave, one of the wave forms observed in patients with increased intracranial pressure, has previously been extensively investigated, but its pathophysiological aspect is as yet unclear. The authors undertook a study of cerebral hemodynamic changes while the plateau waves were observed in five brain-tumor patients. Although the number of cases studied was small, a remarkable decrease in cerebrovascular resistance was seen in all patients during the plateau waves. It is suggested that the plateau waves are caused by a marked cerebral vasodilatation. The present results support the thesis that cerebral blood volume is increased during the plateau waves. The plateau waves are closely related to the intrinsic vasomotor control of cerebral circulation, and can occur as long as cerebral vasodilating ability is maintained, irrespective of the existence of cerebral autoregulation.", "PMID": 423003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11869", "title": "Intracranial pressure and conductance to outflow of cerebrospinal fluid in normal-pressure hydrocephalus.", "content": "Forty patients with clinical evidence of normal-pressure hydrocephalus were studied by monitoring intraventricular pressure during a 24-hour period, and by a lumboventricular perfusion test for measurement of the conductance to outflow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The purpose of the study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between intraventricular pressure and conductance to outflow of CSF, and whether it is possible to use the results from pressure monitoring in the selection of patients who may be expected to benefit from shunting therapy. The conductance to outflow was used as an evaluation factor in the selection of patients to be treated by a shunt. The conductance to CSF outflow differed by twelvefold between the lowest and highest values. The level of resting intraventricular pressure was within normal limits in all patients. Accordingly, there was no evidence of a relationship between conductance to outflow and intraventricular pressure. So-called B-waves were seen more frequently in patients with decreased conductance to outflow, but were also present in patients with high conductance to outflow. Therefore, the presence of B-waves does not imply a low conductance to outflow of CSF.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure and conductance to outflow of cerebrospinal fluid in normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Forty patients with clinical evidence of normal-pressure hydrocephalus were studied by monitoring intraventricular pressure during a 24-hour period, and by a lumboventricular perfusion test for measurement of the conductance to outflow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The purpose of the study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between intraventricular pressure and conductance to outflow of CSF, and whether it is possible to use the results from pressure monitoring in the selection of patients who may be expected to benefit from shunting therapy. The conductance to outflow was used as an evaluation factor in the selection of patients to be treated by a shunt. The conductance to CSF outflow differed by twelvefold between the lowest and highest values. The level of resting intraventricular pressure was within normal limits in all patients. Accordingly, there was no evidence of a relationship between conductance to outflow and intraventricular pressure. So-called B-waves were seen more frequently in patients with decreased conductance to outflow, but were also present in patients with high conductance to outflow. Therefore, the presence of B-waves does not imply a low conductance to outflow of CSF.", "PMID": 423004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11870", "title": "Motion of bones and volume changes in the neurocranium after craniectomy in Crouzon's disease. A roentgen stereometric study.", "content": "Craniectomy was performed on a boy with Crouzon's disease at 22 months of age. Metallic implants (tantalum balls, 0.5 mm in diameter) were inserted in the calvaria during surgery, and the child was examined postoperatively by roentgen stereometry at intervals of about 100 days (total observation time, 309 days). The thyroid radiation dose was 250 muGy for one examination. The effect of craniectomy was recorded with a high degree of accuracy in terms of motion of bones and volume changes in the calvaria. Expansion occurred almost entirely through motion of free bone flaps in the frontal region, while a linear craniectomy in the region of the sagittal suture caused small changes. The rate of expansion decreased rapidly and stabilization was recorded about 250 days after surgery.", "contents": "Motion of bones and volume changes in the neurocranium after craniectomy in Crouzon's disease. A roentgen stereometric study. Craniectomy was performed on a boy with Crouzon's disease at 22 months of age. Metallic implants (tantalum balls, 0.5 mm in diameter) were inserted in the calvaria during surgery, and the child was examined postoperatively by roentgen stereometry at intervals of about 100 days (total observation time, 309 days). The thyroid radiation dose was 250 muGy for one examination. The effect of craniectomy was recorded with a high degree of accuracy in terms of motion of bones and volume changes in the calvaria. Expansion occurred almost entirely through motion of free bone flaps in the frontal region, while a linear craniectomy in the region of the sagittal suture caused small changes. The rate of expansion decreased rapidly and stabilization was recorded about 250 days after surgery.", "PMID": 423005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11871", "title": "Estrogen-receptor protein in intracranial meningiomas.", "content": "The increased frequency of meningiomas in women compared with men, and the rapidly progressive course of these tumors in pregnant patients suggest that hormones may be involved in this disease. Tumor tissue from six patients with meningiomas was analyzed for estrogen-receptor protein. Two patients had tumors with very high concentrations of this protein, approaching that found in hormonally sensitive breast carcinoma. The biochemical and possible clinical significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Estrogen-receptor protein in intracranial meningiomas. The increased frequency of meningiomas in women compared with men, and the rapidly progressive course of these tumors in pregnant patients suggest that hormones may be involved in this disease. Tumor tissue from six patients with meningiomas was analyzed for estrogen-receptor protein. Two patients had tumors with very high concentrations of this protein, approaching that found in hormonally sensitive breast carcinoma. The biochemical and possible clinical significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 423006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11872", "title": "Depressed skull fracture in the neonate. Report of three cases.", "content": "The authors describe three cases of neonatal depressed skull fracture that were elevated by means of an obstetrical vacuum extractor. In one case, a transparent breast pump shield replaced the metal vacuum extractor cup, permitting direct observation as the depression was elevated. Neonatal depressed skull fractures not associated with neurological signs may be safely elevated without surgery using the obstetrical vacuum extractor.", "contents": "Depressed skull fracture in the neonate. Report of three cases. The authors describe three cases of neonatal depressed skull fracture that were elevated by means of an obstetrical vacuum extractor. In one case, a transparent breast pump shield replaced the metal vacuum extractor cup, permitting direct observation as the depression was elevated. Neonatal depressed skull fractures not associated with neurological signs may be safely elevated without surgery using the obstetrical vacuum extractor.", "PMID": 423007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11873", "title": "Dural-cortical anastomosis in pial arteriovenous malformation. Case report.", "content": "A patient is reported with a purely pial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) supplied from the posterior parietal artery. The prominent middle meningeal artery contributed to opacification of the angular branches distal to the AVM, but did not contribute to the AVM. After total removal of the AVM, the angular branches became opacified from the middle cerebral artery. Review of the literature suggests that hypertrophied dural arteries which do not contribute to the AVM's but which do opacify the cortical branches distal to the AVM's are rare.", "contents": "Dural-cortical anastomosis in pial arteriovenous malformation. Case report. A patient is reported with a purely pial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) supplied from the posterior parietal artery. The prominent middle meningeal artery contributed to opacification of the angular branches distal to the AVM, but did not contribute to the AVM. After total removal of the AVM, the angular branches became opacified from the middle cerebral artery. Review of the literature suggests that hypertrophied dural arteries which do not contribute to the AVM's but which do opacify the cortical branches distal to the AVM's are rare.", "PMID": 423010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11874", "title": "Subdural tension pneumocephalus. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients developed subdural tension pneumocephalus after undergoing posterior fossa surgery performed in the sitting position. The mechanism for entry of air into the intracranial compartment is analogous to the entry of air into an inverted soda-pop bottle. As the fluid pours out, air bubbles to the top of the container. We have thus referred to this as the \"inverted pop-bottle syndrome.\" Computerized tomography provided prompt diagnosis and confirmed brain displacement. Twist-drill aspiration of the air resulted in improvement in both patients, although one patient subsequently died from an intracerebellar hemorrhage. Tension pneumocephalus appears to be another potential complication of posterior fossa surgery in the sitting position. This condition is easily diagnosed and treated, and should be considered whenever a patient fails to recover as expected following posterior fossa surgery.", "contents": "Subdural tension pneumocephalus. Report of two cases. Two patients developed subdural tension pneumocephalus after undergoing posterior fossa surgery performed in the sitting position. The mechanism for entry of air into the intracranial compartment is analogous to the entry of air into an inverted soda-pop bottle. As the fluid pours out, air bubbles to the top of the container. We have thus referred to this as the \"inverted pop-bottle syndrome.\" Computerized tomography provided prompt diagnosis and confirmed brain displacement. Twist-drill aspiration of the air resulted in improvement in both patients, although one patient subsequently died from an intracerebellar hemorrhage. Tension pneumocephalus appears to be another potential complication of posterior fossa surgery in the sitting position. This condition is easily diagnosed and treated, and should be considered whenever a patient fails to recover as expected following posterior fossa surgery.", "PMID": 423011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11875", "title": "A new self-drilling skull traction device with flexion-extension modification. Technical note.", "content": "A new tong has been designed that can be attached to the skull using the three-prong principle. It may act as a rigid integral part of the skull, or may simply swivel in the same manner as all contemporary tongs. This ability to function as a rigid attachment allows for flexion or extension of the patient's neck if indicated. The need for incisions or extra drills has been eliminated.", "contents": "A new self-drilling skull traction device with flexion-extension modification. Technical note. A new tong has been designed that can be attached to the skull using the three-prong principle. It may act as a rigid integral part of the skull, or may simply swivel in the same manner as all contemporary tongs. This ability to function as a rigid attachment allows for flexion or extension of the patient's neck if indicated. The need for incisions or extra drills has been eliminated.", "PMID": 423012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11876", "title": "Pulmonary function in children with a history of laryngotracheobronchitis.", "content": "Baseline, postexercise, and postisoproterenol lung function was studied in 27 children, 8 to 18 years of age, with a past history of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) and in ten children without such a history. The LTB subjects were divided into two groups, based on the presence or absence of allergies. Baseline flow tests were similar in all groups but small airway function was mildly abnormal in several members of each group. There was no consistent response to isoproterenol inhalation among those who had had croup and normal subjects. Following exercise, however, a significant (P less than 0.05) number of subjects (14 of 27) in both LTB groups demonstrated bronchoconstriction with a greater than 10% drop in peak expiratory flows. From these studies, it appears that children with a past history of croup have a higher prevalence of increased bronchial reactivity, which occurs irrespective of allergy and baseline lung function abnormalities.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in children with a history of laryngotracheobronchitis. Baseline, postexercise, and postisoproterenol lung function was studied in 27 children, 8 to 18 years of age, with a past history of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) and in ten children without such a history. The LTB subjects were divided into two groups, based on the presence or absence of allergies. Baseline flow tests were similar in all groups but small airway function was mildly abnormal in several members of each group. There was no consistent response to isoproterenol inhalation among those who had had croup and normal subjects. Following exercise, however, a significant (P less than 0.05) number of subjects (14 of 27) in both LTB groups demonstrated bronchoconstriction with a greater than 10% drop in peak expiratory flows. From these studies, it appears that children with a past history of croup have a higher prevalence of increased bronchial reactivity, which occurs irrespective of allergy and baseline lung function abnormalities.", "PMID": 423015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11877", "title": "Cell-mediated immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection: relationship to the development of reactive airway disease.", "content": "The possibility that cell-mediated immunity might play a role in the pathogenesis of infection with respiratory syncytial virus was evaluated in a study of 39 infants. Infection with RSV was confirmed by identification of virus in nasopharyngeal secretions using immunofluorescence, and by tissue culture infectivity. CMI, as determined by a whole blood lymphocyte transformation technique, was evaluated in samples taken 0 to 10 and 20 to 60 days after the onset of illness. Patients diagnosed as having RSV-induced bronchiolitis or recurrence of asthma had evidence of significantly (P less than 0.01) higher degree of CMI in the 0 to 10-day period than patients with RSV pneumonia or upper respiratory illness. Higher CMI activity in the 20 to 60-day period was also seen in patients with more severe illness, with moderate-to-severe degree of hypoxia. A positive correlation was observed between the degree of LTF activity in samples taken 20 to 60 days after the onset of illness ard subsequent episodes of wheezing. Eleven patients had one or more episodes of wheezing in the first six months after RSV infection. LTF activity in samples taken during the 20 to 60-day period from these patients was significantly higher (P less than 0.02) than LTF activity in corresponding samples from six patients who were free of wheezing in the six months after RSV infection. The results suggest that alterations of RSV-specific cell-mediated immune mechanisms may result in an increased tendency toward airway reactivity on primary and subsequent exposure to RSV and possibly to other agents.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection: relationship to the development of reactive airway disease. The possibility that cell-mediated immunity might play a role in the pathogenesis of infection with respiratory syncytial virus was evaluated in a study of 39 infants. Infection with RSV was confirmed by identification of virus in nasopharyngeal secretions using immunofluorescence, and by tissue culture infectivity. CMI, as determined by a whole blood lymphocyte transformation technique, was evaluated in samples taken 0 to 10 and 20 to 60 days after the onset of illness. Patients diagnosed as having RSV-induced bronchiolitis or recurrence of asthma had evidence of significantly (P less than 0.01) higher degree of CMI in the 0 to 10-day period than patients with RSV pneumonia or upper respiratory illness. Higher CMI activity in the 20 to 60-day period was also seen in patients with more severe illness, with moderate-to-severe degree of hypoxia. A positive correlation was observed between the degree of LTF activity in samples taken 20 to 60 days after the onset of illness ard subsequent episodes of wheezing. Eleven patients had one or more episodes of wheezing in the first six months after RSV infection. LTF activity in samples taken during the 20 to 60-day period from these patients was significantly higher (P less than 0.02) than LTF activity in corresponding samples from six patients who were free of wheezing in the six months after RSV infection. The results suggest that alterations of RSV-specific cell-mediated immune mechanisms may result in an increased tendency toward airway reactivity on primary and subsequent exposure to RSV and possibly to other agents.", "PMID": 423016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11878", "title": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in pediatric practice.", "content": "Twelve cases of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in the pediatric age group are reported. The average age of diagnosis was 14.5 years with a range from 6 to 18 years. All patients had a history of pulmonary infiltrations or atelectasis or both documented by chest radiographs. Eight patients had bronchograms or tomograms, and seven of them showed proximal bronchiectasis. Total serum IgE concentrations were elevated in all patients. Preciptitating antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus were positive in all patients at the time of diagnosis, and became negative in some after therapy. The specific IgE or IgG antibody activity agaist Af was elevated in all 12 patients. After prednisone was started the total serum IgE sharply declined to a plateau and remained at this level until a flare of allergic aspergillosis occurred. A flare of allergic aspergillosis is characterized by an increasing total serum IgE concentration followed by pulmonary infiltration. Clinical and roentgenologic improvements were observed after steroid therapy. The importance and methods of early diagnosis in the pediatric population are discussed.", "contents": "Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in pediatric practice. Twelve cases of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in the pediatric age group are reported. The average age of diagnosis was 14.5 years with a range from 6 to 18 years. All patients had a history of pulmonary infiltrations or atelectasis or both documented by chest radiographs. Eight patients had bronchograms or tomograms, and seven of them showed proximal bronchiectasis. Total serum IgE concentrations were elevated in all patients. Preciptitating antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus were positive in all patients at the time of diagnosis, and became negative in some after therapy. The specific IgE or IgG antibody activity agaist Af was elevated in all 12 patients. After prednisone was started the total serum IgE sharply declined to a plateau and remained at this level until a flare of allergic aspergillosis occurred. A flare of allergic aspergillosis is characterized by an increasing total serum IgE concentration followed by pulmonary infiltration. Clinical and roentgenologic improvements were observed after steroid therapy. The importance and methods of early diagnosis in the pediatric population are discussed.", "PMID": 423017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11879", "title": "Benign subdural collections of infancy.", "content": "During the past two years we studied six infants with subdural collections of fluid. All patients had macrocrania and excessive transillumination of the head. Rapid head growth was common but five patients were otherwise asymptomatic. Subdural taps performed on five children confirmed the presence of abnormal fluid over the cerebral convexities. Subdural fluid in four patients was compatible with effusion and in another with a hematoma. Computerized tomographic evaluation of all infants showed ventricular enlargement, wide cerebral sulci, decreased density in the anterior temporal regions, large sylvian cisterns, prominent interhemispheric fissures, and decreased density over the cerebral convexities. The CT findings resembled cerebral atrophy but psychomotor development and neurologic examinations have been norma.", "contents": "Benign subdural collections of infancy. During the past two years we studied six infants with subdural collections of fluid. All patients had macrocrania and excessive transillumination of the head. Rapid head growth was common but five patients were otherwise asymptomatic. Subdural taps performed on five children confirmed the presence of abnormal fluid over the cerebral convexities. Subdural fluid in four patients was compatible with effusion and in another with a hematoma. Computerized tomographic evaluation of all infants showed ventricular enlargement, wide cerebral sulci, decreased density in the anterior temporal regions, large sylvian cisterns, prominent interhemispheric fissures, and decreased density over the cerebral convexities. The CT findings resembled cerebral atrophy but psychomotor development and neurologic examinations have been norma.", "PMID": 423018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11880", "title": "Uterine malformation and fetal deformation.", "content": "Beyond the enhanced miscarriage and prematurity associated with the structurally abnormal uterus, we have found 14 examples of fetal deformation secondary to uterine malformation with its consequent uterine constraint. In several instances the constellation of deformations had been misinterpreted as a multiple malformation disorder. One patient died of pulmonary hypoplasia, but all the survivors showed restoration toward normal form postnatally. Recognition of the basic problem allows for surgical reconstruction of the uterus, which is generally accompanied by an improved outlook for subsequent pregnancies.", "contents": "Uterine malformation and fetal deformation. Beyond the enhanced miscarriage and prematurity associated with the structurally abnormal uterus, we have found 14 examples of fetal deformation secondary to uterine malformation with its consequent uterine constraint. In several instances the constellation of deformations had been misinterpreted as a multiple malformation disorder. One patient died of pulmonary hypoplasia, but all the survivors showed restoration toward normal form postnatally. Recognition of the basic problem allows for surgical reconstruction of the uterus, which is generally accompanied by an improved outlook for subsequent pregnancies.", "PMID": 423019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11881", "title": "An inherited defect of neutrophil mobility in Shwachman syndrome.", "content": "Selected immunologic functions were assessed in 14 patients with the Shwachman syndrome. Nine patients were neutropenic and four had low levels of IgA or of IgM. Neutrophil mobility was significantly defective in the group of patients as a whole (in 12 it was below the lower limit of normal) and in their parents. No other consistent abnormality in immunity was found. These results suggest that the defective neutrophil mobility is a feature of Shwachman syndrome which may contribute to the vulnerability of these patients to frequent infections. The defect appears to be a primary genetic one, inherited as an autosomal recessive characteristic consistent with the assumed inheritance of Shwachman syndrome.", "contents": "An inherited defect of neutrophil mobility in Shwachman syndrome. Selected immunologic functions were assessed in 14 patients with the Shwachman syndrome. Nine patients were neutropenic and four had low levels of IgA or of IgM. Neutrophil mobility was significantly defective in the group of patients as a whole (in 12 it was below the lower limit of normal) and in their parents. No other consistent abnormality in immunity was found. These results suggest that the defective neutrophil mobility is a feature of Shwachman syndrome which may contribute to the vulnerability of these patients to frequent infections. The defect appears to be a primary genetic one, inherited as an autosomal recessive characteristic consistent with the assumed inheritance of Shwachman syndrome.", "PMID": 423020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11882", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of surgical systemic to pulmonary artery shunts by range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiography.", "content": "Suprasternal range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiography was used to evaluate surgical shunt patency in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease and right ventricular outflow obstruction following systemic artery to pulmonary artery anastomoses. Normal patients had laminar Doppler auditory signals and time interval histogram flow patterns because right pulmonary artery turbulence was not present during systole or diastole. Patients with pulmonary valvar stenosis had turbulence during systole only. In all nine postoperative patients with surgical shunts, turbulent systolic and diastolic time interval histograms and abnormal auditory signals were present. A typical shunt murmur was not audible to auscultation in six of the postsurgical patients at the time of the study. Suprasternal range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiography affords an accurate, safe and simple noninvasive bedside means for confirming shunt patency in patients who have undergone surgical systemic artery to pulmonary artery anastomoses.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of surgical systemic to pulmonary artery shunts by range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Suprasternal range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiography was used to evaluate surgical shunt patency in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease and right ventricular outflow obstruction following systemic artery to pulmonary artery anastomoses. Normal patients had laminar Doppler auditory signals and time interval histogram flow patterns because right pulmonary artery turbulence was not present during systole or diastole. Patients with pulmonary valvar stenosis had turbulence during systole only. In all nine postoperative patients with surgical shunts, turbulent systolic and diastolic time interval histograms and abnormal auditory signals were present. A typical shunt murmur was not audible to auscultation in six of the postsurgical patients at the time of the study. Suprasternal range-gated pulsed Doppler echocardiography affords an accurate, safe and simple noninvasive bedside means for confirming shunt patency in patients who have undergone surgical systemic artery to pulmonary artery anastomoses.", "PMID": 423021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11883", "title": "Muscle relaxation in mechanically ventilated infants.", "content": "We evaluated the effect of muscle paralysis on gas exchange and incidence of pneumothorax in 35 severely ill infants on mechanical ventilation. Pancuronium (0.1 mg/kg) was given repeatedly until spontaneous respirations ceased in infants with inadequate gas exchange with FIO2 greater than 0.60, or peak inspiratory pressure greater than 30 cm H2O, or who were breathing out of phase with the respirator. Of 27 infants who had an alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient greater than 300 torr before paralysis, AaDO2 improved by greater than 100 torr within one hour of paralysis in only two infants; it worsened in two infants within the same period. By six hours postparalysis, 12 of 27 infants had improved, five of whom had had a worsening AaDO2 before administration of pancuronium. Changes in oxygenation were unrelated to changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension in most infants. Peak transpulmonary pressures after paralysis were lower than during spontaneous breathing, and may explain the low incidence of pneumothorax (3 of 35) during paralysis. Since those who improved could not be distinguished by birth weight, gestational age, or diagnosis, pancuronium might be worthy of trial in a mechanically ventilated infant with severe lung disease who is at risk for pneumothorax.", "contents": "Muscle relaxation in mechanically ventilated infants. We evaluated the effect of muscle paralysis on gas exchange and incidence of pneumothorax in 35 severely ill infants on mechanical ventilation. Pancuronium (0.1 mg/kg) was given repeatedly until spontaneous respirations ceased in infants with inadequate gas exchange with FIO2 greater than 0.60, or peak inspiratory pressure greater than 30 cm H2O, or who were breathing out of phase with the respirator. Of 27 infants who had an alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient greater than 300 torr before paralysis, AaDO2 improved by greater than 100 torr within one hour of paralysis in only two infants; it worsened in two infants within the same period. By six hours postparalysis, 12 of 27 infants had improved, five of whom had had a worsening AaDO2 before administration of pancuronium. Changes in oxygenation were unrelated to changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension in most infants. Peak transpulmonary pressures after paralysis were lower than during spontaneous breathing, and may explain the low incidence of pneumothorax (3 of 35) during paralysis. Since those who improved could not be distinguished by birth weight, gestational age, or diagnosis, pancuronium might be worthy of trial in a mechanically ventilated infant with severe lung disease who is at risk for pneumothorax.", "PMID": 423033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11884", "title": "Effects of maternal isoxsuprine administration on preterm infants.", "content": "A retrospective study of all inborn infants at 26 to 35 weeks' gestational age delivered from August, 1976, through July, 1977, was undertaken to determine the effects on the neonate of maternal isoxsuprine therapy for premature labor. Mothers of 43 infants received ISX within 48 hours of delivery and mothers of 107 received no ISX. Hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, evidence of ileus, hypotension, and neonatal death were all significantly more common in infants whose mothers received ISX. Hypotension and death occurred predominantly in infants of 26 to 31 weeks' gestation and in infants whose mothers developed hypotension or tachycardia during ISX infusion. The frequency of hypotension and death decreased as the time interval from the loading dose of ISX to delivery increased.", "contents": "Effects of maternal isoxsuprine administration on preterm infants. A retrospective study of all inborn infants at 26 to 35 weeks' gestational age delivered from August, 1976, through July, 1977, was undertaken to determine the effects on the neonate of maternal isoxsuprine therapy for premature labor. Mothers of 43 infants received ISX within 48 hours of delivery and mothers of 107 received no ISX. Hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, evidence of ileus, hypotension, and neonatal death were all significantly more common in infants whose mothers received ISX. Hypotension and death occurred predominantly in infants of 26 to 31 weeks' gestation and in infants whose mothers developed hypotension or tachycardia during ISX infusion. The frequency of hypotension and death decreased as the time interval from the loading dose of ISX to delivery increased.", "PMID": 423034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11885", "title": "Neonatal hypoglycemia after beta-sympathomimetic tocolytic therapy.", "content": "The effect of oral beta-sympathomimetic tocolytic therapy on neonatal serum glucose concentrations in the first several hours after delivery was examined in 12 babies. Hypoglycemia was noted in eight babies, and was sustained over at least a 30-minute period in five. The group with sustained hypoglycemia had a higher cord serum insulin concentration, a lower serum glucose nadir, and a more rapid initial rate of serum glucose disappearance than those babies with normoglycemia or transient hypoglycemia. Sustained hypoglycemia was observed in five of six babies delivered within two days of the termination of tocolytic therapy, but was not present in any of six babies delivered five or more days after the end of tocolytic therapy. Speculations as to the interaction between beta-sympathomimetic tocolytic drugs administered to the mother and fetal and neonatal glucose metabolism are made.", "contents": "Neonatal hypoglycemia after beta-sympathomimetic tocolytic therapy. The effect of oral beta-sympathomimetic tocolytic therapy on neonatal serum glucose concentrations in the first several hours after delivery was examined in 12 babies. Hypoglycemia was noted in eight babies, and was sustained over at least a 30-minute period in five. The group with sustained hypoglycemia had a higher cord serum insulin concentration, a lower serum glucose nadir, and a more rapid initial rate of serum glucose disappearance than those babies with normoglycemia or transient hypoglycemia. Sustained hypoglycemia was observed in five of six babies delivered within two days of the termination of tocolytic therapy, but was not present in any of six babies delivered five or more days after the end of tocolytic therapy. Speculations as to the interaction between beta-sympathomimetic tocolytic drugs administered to the mother and fetal and neonatal glucose metabolism are made.", "PMID": 423035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11886", "title": "Hyperglycemia in stressed small premature neonates.", "content": "The metabolic responses to a constant glucose infusion were measured in 30 premature infants, 700 to 1,550 gm. The study included 18 stressed premature infants who needed assisted ventilation, and 12 control premature infants. Metabolic measurements were similar in both groups in the cord and preinfusion samples. In the first postinfusion sample, glucose, cortisol, and glycerol values were higher in stressed than in control premature infants. Hyperglycemia was seen in 13 of stressed and in only one of control premature infants. Stressed infants who became hyperglycemic in the first postinfusion sample were then compared to stressed euglycemic infants. Insulin levels were higher, glycerol levels similar, but cortisol levels lower in stressed hyperglycemic than in stressed euglycemic premature infants. The etiology of hyperglycemia in stressed premature infants cannot be attributed to hypoinsulinemia or to hypercortisolemia, and is not associated with increased glycerol levels. There was no difference in mortality between stressed hyperglycemia and stressed euglycemic infants; stress, rather than hyperglycemia, was related to mortality.", "contents": "Hyperglycemia in stressed small premature neonates. The metabolic responses to a constant glucose infusion were measured in 30 premature infants, 700 to 1,550 gm. The study included 18 stressed premature infants who needed assisted ventilation, and 12 control premature infants. Metabolic measurements were similar in both groups in the cord and preinfusion samples. In the first postinfusion sample, glucose, cortisol, and glycerol values were higher in stressed than in control premature infants. Hyperglycemia was seen in 13 of stressed and in only one of control premature infants. Stressed infants who became hyperglycemic in the first postinfusion sample were then compared to stressed euglycemic infants. Insulin levels were higher, glycerol levels similar, but cortisol levels lower in stressed hyperglycemic than in stressed euglycemic premature infants. The etiology of hyperglycemia in stressed premature infants cannot be attributed to hypoinsulinemia or to hypercortisolemia, and is not associated with increased glycerol levels. There was no difference in mortality between stressed hyperglycemia and stressed euglycemic infants; stress, rather than hyperglycemia, was related to mortality.", "PMID": 423036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11887", "title": "Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in rickets of extremely premature infants.", "content": "Nine premature infants developed radiographic and biochemical rickets at a mean +/- SD of 12.6 +/- 2.8 weeks of age. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were all low, with a mean of less than 3.6 +/- 2.1 ng/ml. The mean average daily intake of vitamin D since birth had been 300 +/- 181 IU, and the mean average daily intake during the week of diagnosis was 587 +/- 313 IU. All of the infants were extremely premature (mean weight 948 +/- 153 gm, mean gestation 27.7 +/- 1.1 weeks), and were being fed either a low-calcium \"human milk-like\" formula or a soy formula. It is postulated that low-calcium intake may have increased 25-OHD utilization in the face of a decreased ability of the extremely premature infant to produce 25-OHD. Because of multiple factors leading to both decreased production and possible increased utilization of 25-OHD, such infants have an increased requirement for vitamin D to maintain normal serum 25-OHD concentrations, and daily intakes of at least 400 IU vitamin D orally must be assured. Serum 25-OHD measurements and radiographs may be important in following infants at risk.", "contents": "Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in rickets of extremely premature infants. Nine premature infants developed radiographic and biochemical rickets at a mean +/- SD of 12.6 +/- 2.8 weeks of age. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were all low, with a mean of less than 3.6 +/- 2.1 ng/ml. The mean average daily intake of vitamin D since birth had been 300 +/- 181 IU, and the mean average daily intake during the week of diagnosis was 587 +/- 313 IU. All of the infants were extremely premature (mean weight 948 +/- 153 gm, mean gestation 27.7 +/- 1.1 weeks), and were being fed either a low-calcium \"human milk-like\" formula or a soy formula. It is postulated that low-calcium intake may have increased 25-OHD utilization in the face of a decreased ability of the extremely premature infant to produce 25-OHD. Because of multiple factors leading to both decreased production and possible increased utilization of 25-OHD, such infants have an increased requirement for vitamin D to maintain normal serum 25-OHD concentrations, and daily intakes of at least 400 IU vitamin D orally must be assured. Serum 25-OHD measurements and radiographs may be important in following infants at risk.", "PMID": 423037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11888", "title": "Intestinal absorption of bile salts: immature development in the neonate.", "content": "The intestinal absorption of sodium taurocholate was studied in fetuses, neonates, infants, children, and adults. Absorption rates were measured in vitro in everted rings of jejunum and ileum. Mucosal accumulation of 3H-taurocholate against a concentration gradient was consistently demonstrated in rings of ileum from adults, children, and infants older than 8 months, whereas fetal and neonatal ileal mucosal concentrations were not significantly above those in the incubation medium after exposure of the mucosa to 0.003, 0.03, and 0.3 mM taurocholate. There were no significant differences in mucosal uptake of taurocholate by perinatal jejunal and ileal rings. Incubations of mucosa from older infants, children, and adults in 0.3 mM taurocholate exhibited saturation phenomena. It is concluded that the ileal mechanism for active transport of taurocholate is undeveloped in the fetus and newborn infant. It is probable that the enterohepatic circulation of bile salt during the perinatal period is limited to that fraction of bile salt absorbed passively. The results suggest that losses of bile salt from the immature intestine may contribute to the steatorrhea and so-called diarrhea of newborn infants.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption of bile salts: immature development in the neonate. The intestinal absorption of sodium taurocholate was studied in fetuses, neonates, infants, children, and adults. Absorption rates were measured in vitro in everted rings of jejunum and ileum. Mucosal accumulation of 3H-taurocholate against a concentration gradient was consistently demonstrated in rings of ileum from adults, children, and infants older than 8 months, whereas fetal and neonatal ileal mucosal concentrations were not significantly above those in the incubation medium after exposure of the mucosa to 0.003, 0.03, and 0.3 mM taurocholate. There were no significant differences in mucosal uptake of taurocholate by perinatal jejunal and ileal rings. Incubations of mucosa from older infants, children, and adults in 0.3 mM taurocholate exhibited saturation phenomena. It is concluded that the ileal mechanism for active transport of taurocholate is undeveloped in the fetus and newborn infant. It is probable that the enterohepatic circulation of bile salt during the perinatal period is limited to that fraction of bile salt absorbed passively. The results suggest that losses of bile salt from the immature intestine may contribute to the steatorrhea and so-called diarrhea of newborn infants.", "PMID": 423038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11889", "title": "Reverse tri-iodothyronine to tri-iodothyronine ratio and gestational age.", "content": "The biologic significance of reverse tri-iodothyronine is not yet identified. Cord blood values reflect the fetal thyroid state, with rT3 excess and tri-iodothyronine deficiency. In an attempt to correlate thyroid function and gestational age, T3 and rT3 concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay on 64 cord blood samples. Infant gestational ages ranged from 29 to 42 weeks; birth weights from 650 to 3,870 gm. The results show a significant positive correlation between gestational age and T3 and a significant negative correlation between gestational age and rT3. The rT3/T3 offers the best correlation.", "contents": "Reverse tri-iodothyronine to tri-iodothyronine ratio and gestational age. The biologic significance of reverse tri-iodothyronine is not yet identified. Cord blood values reflect the fetal thyroid state, with rT3 excess and tri-iodothyronine deficiency. In an attempt to correlate thyroid function and gestational age, T3 and rT3 concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay on 64 cord blood samples. Infant gestational ages ranged from 29 to 42 weeks; birth weights from 650 to 3,870 gm. The results show a significant positive correlation between gestational age and T3 and a significant negative correlation between gestational age and rT3. The rT3/T3 offers the best correlation.", "PMID": 423039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11890", "title": "Pharmacology and use of muscle relaxants in infants and children.", "content": "Succinylcholine is a short-acting depolarizing neuromuscular blocker used to facilitate intubation; pancuronium is a longer-acting, nondepolarizing agent commonly employed to control ventilation in pediatric patients. The neuromuscular block produced by both drugs may be modified by patient age, acid-base and electrolyte status, body temperature, and drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics; adjustment in dose or in technique of administration may be required. Cardiovascular side-effects, primarily arrhythmias, are occasionally associated with the use of either agent. In contrast to that of succinylcholine, the paralysis from pancuronium is pharmacologically reversible with the combination of atropine and neostigmine.", "contents": "Pharmacology and use of muscle relaxants in infants and children. Succinylcholine is a short-acting depolarizing neuromuscular blocker used to facilitate intubation; pancuronium is a longer-acting, nondepolarizing agent commonly employed to control ventilation in pediatric patients. The neuromuscular block produced by both drugs may be modified by patient age, acid-base and electrolyte status, body temperature, and drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics; adjustment in dose or in technique of administration may be required. Cardiovascular side-effects, primarily arrhythmias, are occasionally associated with the use of either agent. In contrast to that of succinylcholine, the paralysis from pancuronium is pharmacologically reversible with the combination of atropine and neostigmine.", "PMID": 423041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11891", "title": "The effect of cimetidine on maldigestion in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Ten patients (6 to 27 years of age) who had severe pancreatic exocrine insufficiency due to cystic fibrosis were studied to determine whether cimetidine would improve dietary fat and nitrogen absorption. When a constant diet was consumed and oral pancreatic enzymes were administered, the addition of cimetidine (150 or 200 mg taken orally one-half hour before meals) signficantly reduced fecal fat excretion from 25.3 +/- 2.9 to 17.3 +/- 2.1 gm/24 hours and fecal nitrogen excretion from 4.5 +/- 0.6 to 3.4 +/- 0.5 gm/24 hours (P less than 0.05). Lower doses of cimetidine resulted in less significant reductions of steatorrhea and azotorrhea. Cimetidine may be a useful adjunct to oral pancreatic enzyme therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis who continue to have steatorrhea and azotorrhea with enzyme therapy alone.", "contents": "The effect of cimetidine on maldigestion in cystic fibrosis. Ten patients (6 to 27 years of age) who had severe pancreatic exocrine insufficiency due to cystic fibrosis were studied to determine whether cimetidine would improve dietary fat and nitrogen absorption. When a constant diet was consumed and oral pancreatic enzymes were administered, the addition of cimetidine (150 or 200 mg taken orally one-half hour before meals) signficantly reduced fecal fat excretion from 25.3 +/- 2.9 to 17.3 +/- 2.1 gm/24 hours and fecal nitrogen excretion from 4.5 +/- 0.6 to 3.4 +/- 0.5 gm/24 hours (P less than 0.05). Lower doses of cimetidine resulted in less significant reductions of steatorrhea and azotorrhea. Cimetidine may be a useful adjunct to oral pancreatic enzyme therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis who continue to have steatorrhea and azotorrhea with enzyme therapy alone.", "PMID": 423042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11892", "title": "Abnormal choledocho-pancreatico ductal junction related to the etiology of infantile obstructive jaundice diseases.", "content": "According to our current radiologic, histopathologic, and experimental studies, the congenital stenosis associated with anomalous choledocho-pancreatico ductal junction is considered to be the most important etiologic factor in congenital biliary dilatation. Furthermore, the possibility of pancreatic juice reflux into the biliary tract due to the abnormal choledocho-pancreatico ductal junction, which could lead to obstructive cholangiopathy, was suggested in relation to the pathogenesis of congenital biliary atresia.", "contents": "Abnormal choledocho-pancreatico ductal junction related to the etiology of infantile obstructive jaundice diseases. According to our current radiologic, histopathologic, and experimental studies, the congenital stenosis associated with anomalous choledocho-pancreatico ductal junction is considered to be the most important etiologic factor in congenital biliary dilatation. Furthermore, the possibility of pancreatic juice reflux into the biliary tract due to the abnormal choledocho-pancreatico ductal junction, which could lead to obstructive cholangiopathy, was suggested in relation to the pathogenesis of congenital biliary atresia.", "PMID": 423059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11893", "title": "Distal spleno-renal shunt for portal decompression in childhood.", "content": "Successful portal decompression presents a unique challenge in children. The meso-caval shunt, utilizing the large caliber iliac vein in constructing the anastomosis, has been accepted as the standard operative procedure for treating these patients. Technical and anatomic difficulties, however, often prevent the successful performance of this shunt. The proximal spleno-renal shunt, advocated by many as an alternative in children, incurs the penalty of splenectomy. Furthermore, in both techniques, portal venous blood is preferentially shunted from the liver, posing a potential for subsequent development of hepatic encephalopathy as the patients mature. The distal spleno-renal shunt avoids these problems by selectively decompressing the esophageal venous plexus through the spleen. With this procedure, the majority of portal venous blood flow is maintained and the spleen is preserved. The present report describes three children in whom the distal spleno-renal shunt has been successfully employed for portal decompression. The youngest of these patients was 2 1/2 yr of age at the time of operation and has a patent portal-systemic shunt 18 mo postoperatively. This experience confirms the effectiveness of the distal spleno-renal shunt as an alternative to the meso-caval shunt, especially in children with inflammatory involvement of the superior mesenteric vein.", "contents": "Distal spleno-renal shunt for portal decompression in childhood. Successful portal decompression presents a unique challenge in children. The meso-caval shunt, utilizing the large caliber iliac vein in constructing the anastomosis, has been accepted as the standard operative procedure for treating these patients. Technical and anatomic difficulties, however, often prevent the successful performance of this shunt. The proximal spleno-renal shunt, advocated by many as an alternative in children, incurs the penalty of splenectomy. Furthermore, in both techniques, portal venous blood is preferentially shunted from the liver, posing a potential for subsequent development of hepatic encephalopathy as the patients mature. The distal spleno-renal shunt avoids these problems by selectively decompressing the esophageal venous plexus through the spleen. With this procedure, the majority of portal venous blood flow is maintained and the spleen is preserved. The present report describes three children in whom the distal spleno-renal shunt has been successfully employed for portal decompression. The youngest of these patients was 2 1/2 yr of age at the time of operation and has a patent portal-systemic shunt 18 mo postoperatively. This experience confirms the effectiveness of the distal spleno-renal shunt as an alternative to the meso-caval shunt, especially in children with inflammatory involvement of the superior mesenteric vein.", "PMID": 423060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11894", "title": "Recent experience in the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with rhabdomyosarcoma have presented in the years 1970--1977. Of 8 patients who had inadequate postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy, or none at all, only 2 patients with small completely resectable tumors are alive and well at 6 and 4 yr after surgery. Fourteen patients had intensive combination chemotherapy in addition to appropriate surgery and radiotherapy. Five have died and the remaining nine are well and free of disease at follow up ranging from 9 mo to over 5 yr. A continued place in the treatment regime is advocated for early surgery aimed at total excision of the primary tumor where this is feasible.", "contents": "Recent experience in the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma. Twenty-two patients with rhabdomyosarcoma have presented in the years 1970--1977. Of 8 patients who had inadequate postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy, or none at all, only 2 patients with small completely resectable tumors are alive and well at 6 and 4 yr after surgery. Fourteen patients had intensive combination chemotherapy in addition to appropriate surgery and radiotherapy. Five have died and the remaining nine are well and free of disease at follow up ranging from 9 mo to over 5 yr. A continued place in the treatment regime is advocated for early surgery aimed at total excision of the primary tumor where this is feasible.", "PMID": 423061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11895", "title": "Chest trauma in children.", "content": "A series of 94 children with chest trauma is reviewed. Mortality is related to age and the number of major systems involved. Closed chest injuries were preponderent and were most often caused by road traffic accidents that accounted for all fatalities. The most frequent injury was pulmonary contusion. Fractures of ribs in children are more common than is generally supposed.", "contents": "Chest trauma in children. A series of 94 children with chest trauma is reviewed. Mortality is related to age and the number of major systems involved. Closed chest injuries were preponderent and were most often caused by road traffic accidents that accounted for all fatalities. The most frequent injury was pulmonary contusion. Fractures of ribs in children are more common than is generally supposed.", "PMID": 423062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11896", "title": "Pulmonary burns in children.", "content": "Basic concepts have evolved from a 15-yr experience in the management of 101 children with inhalation injuries. Progression through three distinct clinical stages--bronchospasm (1--12 hr post-burn), pulmonary edema (6--72 hr), and bronchopneumonia (after 60 hr)--was often noted. Success in outcome appeared to depend upon treatment that conformed to the pathophysiologic state present, a pulmonary toilet being both thorough and aseptic, tracheotomy being reserved for true glottic or supraglottic airway obstructions, the sharp division of strangulating or suffocating constrictions caused by cervical or thoracic eschars, use of ventilators primarily to maintain arterial pO2 above 60 mm Hg and to reverse otherwise intractable pulmonary edema, corticosteroids being administered as a single intravenous bolus and only for overt bronchospasm, and parenteral antibiotic therapy being based upon sputum smears and cultures for established pneumonia alone, never as prophylaxis.", "contents": "Pulmonary burns in children. Basic concepts have evolved from a 15-yr experience in the management of 101 children with inhalation injuries. Progression through three distinct clinical stages--bronchospasm (1--12 hr post-burn), pulmonary edema (6--72 hr), and bronchopneumonia (after 60 hr)--was often noted. Success in outcome appeared to depend upon treatment that conformed to the pathophysiologic state present, a pulmonary toilet being both thorough and aseptic, tracheotomy being reserved for true glottic or supraglottic airway obstructions, the sharp division of strangulating or suffocating constrictions caused by cervical or thoracic eschars, use of ventilators primarily to maintain arterial pO2 above 60 mm Hg and to reverse otherwise intractable pulmonary edema, corticosteroids being administered as a single intravenous bolus and only for overt bronchospasm, and parenteral antibiotic therapy being based upon sputum smears and cultures for established pneumonia alone, never as prophylaxis.", "PMID": 423063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11897", "title": "Incidence and significance of gastroesophageal reflux following repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula and the need for anti-reflux procedures.", "content": "Patients with esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula are known to have disordered esophageal motility, but the incidence of significant gastroesophageal reflux requiring anti-reflux surgery remains undocumented. We have studied a series of patients from 2 wk to 13 yr post-repair, utilizing manometric motility and acid reflux techniques. All demonstrated abnormalities of esophageal motility, including aperistalsis, low amplitude contraction, and simultaneous contractions. Lower esophageal sphincter pressures ranged from 7 to 50 mm Hg. Fourteen patients demonstrated signifcant reflux and six patients required anti-reflux surgery for recurrent pneumonia or recurrent stricture. The incidence of significant gastroesophageal reflux requiring antireflux surgery appears significant following repair of esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula.", "contents": "Incidence and significance of gastroesophageal reflux following repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula and the need for anti-reflux procedures. Patients with esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula are known to have disordered esophageal motility, but the incidence of significant gastroesophageal reflux requiring anti-reflux surgery remains undocumented. We have studied a series of patients from 2 wk to 13 yr post-repair, utilizing manometric motility and acid reflux techniques. All demonstrated abnormalities of esophageal motility, including aperistalsis, low amplitude contraction, and simultaneous contractions. Lower esophageal sphincter pressures ranged from 7 to 50 mm Hg. Fourteen patients demonstrated signifcant reflux and six patients required anti-reflux surgery for recurrent pneumonia or recurrent stricture. The incidence of significant gastroesophageal reflux requiring antireflux surgery appears significant following repair of esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula.", "PMID": 423064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11898", "title": "Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in children.", "content": "Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are a life-threatening, but curable, cause of persistent cyanosis in children. Abnormal communications may be single or multiple and are usually in the lower lobes. Three patients with pulmonary arteriovenous malformations have recently been managed at this hospital. Ranging in age from 2 to 4 yr, all were female, all were from families with Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, and all underwent pulmonary angiography with confirmation of diagnosis. All have had uneventful resection, one of the left lower lobe, one the right upper lobe, and the other the right middle and lower lobes.", "contents": "Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in children. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are a life-threatening, but curable, cause of persistent cyanosis in children. Abnormal communications may be single or multiple and are usually in the lower lobes. Three patients with pulmonary arteriovenous malformations have recently been managed at this hospital. Ranging in age from 2 to 4 yr, all were female, all were from families with Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, and all underwent pulmonary angiography with confirmation of diagnosis. All have had uneventful resection, one of the left lower lobe, one the right upper lobe, and the other the right middle and lower lobes.", "PMID": 423065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11899", "title": "Anterior resection combined with anorectal myectomy in the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "During the period October 1974 to November 1977, six children with Hirschsprung's disease have undergone anorectal myectomy followed by anterior resection. The procedure was carried out in a group of older children who presented late, where the aganglionic segment was thought to be confined to the rectum alone. In these cases, when the initial myectomy specimen revealed total aganglionosis and serial biopsies revealed that the aganglionic segment extended beyond the reach of myectomy, it was decided to carry out anterior resection. The rationale, methods, and results are discussed. It is suggested that this type of procedure is most suitable to those older patients who are diagnosed late, with disease located in the rectum.", "contents": "Anterior resection combined with anorectal myectomy in the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease. During the period October 1974 to November 1977, six children with Hirschsprung's disease have undergone anorectal myectomy followed by anterior resection. The procedure was carried out in a group of older children who presented late, where the aganglionic segment was thought to be confined to the rectum alone. In these cases, when the initial myectomy specimen revealed total aganglionosis and serial biopsies revealed that the aganglionic segment extended beyond the reach of myectomy, it was decided to carry out anterior resection. The rationale, methods, and results are discussed. It is suggested that this type of procedure is most suitable to those older patients who are diagnosed late, with disease located in the rectum.", "PMID": 423066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11900", "title": "The injection treatment of rectal prolapse.", "content": "The injection of 5% phenol in oil into the rectal submucosa cured persistent rectal prolapse in 91 of 100 young children. This result supports the view that the common form of rectal prolapse in otherwise-healthy children primarily involves the mucosa and the muscular wall is only secondarily involved.", "contents": "The injection treatment of rectal prolapse. The injection of 5% phenol in oil into the rectal submucosa cured persistent rectal prolapse in 91 of 100 young children. This result supports the view that the common form of rectal prolapse in otherwise-healthy children primarily involves the mucosa and the muscular wall is only secondarily involved.", "PMID": 423067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11901", "title": "The management of a fistula between the rectum and the lower urinary tract.", "content": "Ten boys with a fistula between the rectum and the urinary tract are presented. Six resulted from complications of imperforate anus surgery, three were various congenital abnormalities, and one was associated with an inflammatory pelvic mass. The management of these patients is described and the problems are discussed.", "contents": "The management of a fistula between the rectum and the lower urinary tract. Ten boys with a fistula between the rectum and the urinary tract are presented. Six resulted from complications of imperforate anus surgery, three were various congenital abnormalities, and one was associated with an inflammatory pelvic mass. The management of these patients is described and the problems are discussed.", "PMID": 423068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11902", "title": "Ureterosigmoidostomy in childhood: the quality of life.", "content": "Thirty-one patients in whom ureterosigmoidostomy had been performed between 1952 and 1974 for a variety of conditions are presented. Twelve patients, or 39%, were subsequently rediverted, mainly for upper tract deterioration. Nineteen patients retaining their ureterosigmoidostomy were evaluated after 3 to 22 yr. Growth was normal in all. Twelve patients required regular alkali and three intermittant antibiotics. In 14 patients, the I.V.U. remained perfect. Each patient was interviewed. Voiding was on average three hourly. Some urgency was common, but soiling was rare. Sleep was disturbed in nearly half the patients but this was usually around dawn. Lessons were rarely interrupted and nearly all took part in sports. The large majority felt no different from their peers. In spite of close initial supervision and significant rediversion rate, ureterosigmoidostomy can provide a very acceptable form of urinary diversion in children.", "contents": "Ureterosigmoidostomy in childhood: the quality of life. Thirty-one patients in whom ureterosigmoidostomy had been performed between 1952 and 1974 for a variety of conditions are presented. Twelve patients, or 39%, were subsequently rediverted, mainly for upper tract deterioration. Nineteen patients retaining their ureterosigmoidostomy were evaluated after 3 to 22 yr. Growth was normal in all. Twelve patients required regular alkali and three intermittant antibiotics. In 14 patients, the I.V.U. remained perfect. Each patient was interviewed. Voiding was on average three hourly. Some urgency was common, but soiling was rare. Sleep was disturbed in nearly half the patients but this was usually around dawn. Lessons were rarely interrupted and nearly all took part in sports. The large majority felt no different from their peers. In spite of close initial supervision and significant rediversion rate, ureterosigmoidostomy can provide a very acceptable form of urinary diversion in children.", "PMID": 423069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11903", "title": "A case of fibrous hamartoma of infancy.", "content": "An instance of fibrous hamartoma of infancy (FHI) in the perianal region of an 8-mo-old infant, a hitherto unreported location, is described. The majority of the reported cases occur in the torso and upper extremities. The differential diagnostic features which aid differentiating FHI from other conditions is discussed. Although the tumor may recur after excision, a conservative surgical management appears adequate since all reported cases ultimately have proven to have an excellent prognosis.", "contents": "A case of fibrous hamartoma of infancy. An instance of fibrous hamartoma of infancy (FHI) in the perianal region of an 8-mo-old infant, a hitherto unreported location, is described. The majority of the reported cases occur in the torso and upper extremities. The differential diagnostic features which aid differentiating FHI from other conditions is discussed. Although the tumor may recur after excision, a conservative surgical management appears adequate since all reported cases ultimately have proven to have an excellent prognosis.", "PMID": 423070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11904", "title": "Gastric duplication.", "content": "Vomiting and failure to thrive were the presenting complaints of a patient with gastric duplication. The case is presented and features of gastric duplication are summarized with other cases reported in the literature.", "contents": "Gastric duplication. Vomiting and failure to thrive were the presenting complaints of a patient with gastric duplication. The case is presented and features of gastric duplication are summarized with other cases reported in the literature.", "PMID": 423071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11905", "title": "Retroperitoneal lipoma in children.", "content": "A case of retroperitoneal lipoma in a 23-mo old girl is reported together with a brief review of the 11 previously documented cases. It has been encountered through age 8 yr and twice as frequently in girls. The majority had an enlarged abdomen of long duration. The others were asymptomatic and found incidentally or at the time of examination for abdominal pain. Most lipomata were large. The possibility of their being congenital cannot be excluded. None have recurred.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal lipoma in children. A case of retroperitoneal lipoma in a 23-mo old girl is reported together with a brief review of the 11 previously documented cases. It has been encountered through age 8 yr and twice as frequently in girls. The majority had an enlarged abdomen of long duration. The others were asymptomatic and found incidentally or at the time of examination for abdominal pain. Most lipomata were large. The possibility of their being congenital cannot be excluded. None have recurred.", "PMID": 423073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11906", "title": "Congenital biliary tract dilatation and anomalous junction of the pancreatico-biliary ductal system.", "content": "Anomalous junction of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system (AJPBDS) was found not only in 6 of 28 children with congenital dilatation of the bile duct, but in 3 of 57 children with congenital biliary atresia, in 2 of 17 children with infantile hepatitis and in one child with chronic pancreatitis during the past 17 yr at the Kagoshima University Hospital. A new technique of selective choledochopancreatography has been developed in which the mid-choledochus is clamped and dye is selectively injected into the distal choledochus to demonstrate the pathology of the bile duct. This technique has been successful even in small children when other cholangiographic techniques have failed to show AJPBDS. AJPBDS can be divided into two main types: (1) with biliary tract dilatation and (2) without biliary tract dilatation. The preferred treatment for type 1 is considered to be Roux-en-Y limb hepaticojejunostomy with primary excision of the choledochal cyst in order to prevent reflux of pancreatic juice flow into the choledochus, postoperative gall stone formation, or cancer from arising in the remaining choledochal cyst. Hepatic portocholecystostomy for biliary atresia with patency between gall bladder and papilla duodeni associated with AJPBDS can not be recommended since it may cause dilatation or obstruction of the bile duct postoperatively. Further studies concerning the etiology or therapy for AJPBDS are necessary.", "contents": "Congenital biliary tract dilatation and anomalous junction of the pancreatico-biliary ductal system. Anomalous junction of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system (AJPBDS) was found not only in 6 of 28 children with congenital dilatation of the bile duct, but in 3 of 57 children with congenital biliary atresia, in 2 of 17 children with infantile hepatitis and in one child with chronic pancreatitis during the past 17 yr at the Kagoshima University Hospital. A new technique of selective choledochopancreatography has been developed in which the mid-choledochus is clamped and dye is selectively injected into the distal choledochus to demonstrate the pathology of the bile duct. This technique has been successful even in small children when other cholangiographic techniques have failed to show AJPBDS. AJPBDS can be divided into two main types: (1) with biliary tract dilatation and (2) without biliary tract dilatation. The preferred treatment for type 1 is considered to be Roux-en-Y limb hepaticojejunostomy with primary excision of the choledochal cyst in order to prevent reflux of pancreatic juice flow into the choledochus, postoperative gall stone formation, or cancer from arising in the remaining choledochal cyst. Hepatic portocholecystostomy for biliary atresia with patency between gall bladder and papilla duodeni associated with AJPBDS can not be recommended since it may cause dilatation or obstruction of the bile duct postoperatively. Further studies concerning the etiology or therapy for AJPBDS are necessary.", "PMID": 423074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11907", "title": "Lingual rhabdomyoma (adult variant) in a child.", "content": "A case of rhabdomyoma of the adult variant arising in the tongue of an 11-yr-old male is presented. Fifteen previously reported cases were reviewed and compared to our case. This patient is believed to be the only child with this lesion.", "contents": "Lingual rhabdomyoma (adult variant) in a child. A case of rhabdomyoma of the adult variant arising in the tongue of an 11-yr-old male is presented. Fifteen previously reported cases were reviewed and compared to our case. This patient is believed to be the only child with this lesion.", "PMID": 423075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11908", "title": "Intensive care for sick neonates, the earlier the better: improved survival rate of IRDS children, referred by means of a mobile neonatal intensive care unit.", "content": "A mobile intensive care unit has been used since september 1976 in the region referring sick neonates to the two University Hospital NICU's of Amsterdam. The present study compares two groups of neonates (suffering from the I.R.D.S.) i.e. a group that had been referred by non specialized transport teams (N S T-group) and a group admitted after institution of the neonatal-transport service (S. T.-group). Significant difference is found in the temperature on admission (S T group greater than N S T group). In the N S T-and the S T-group the need for ventilatory assistance was not significantly different but in the S T-group it was started significantly earlier. Survival after institution of ventilatory assistance and overall-survival are significantly better in the S T-group. These conclusions point to the fact that administering intensive care to sick neonates as early as possible and transportation of this group by means of special \"neonatal\"-transport services increases their survival rates.", "contents": "Intensive care for sick neonates, the earlier the better: improved survival rate of IRDS children, referred by means of a mobile neonatal intensive care unit. A mobile intensive care unit has been used since september 1976 in the region referring sick neonates to the two University Hospital NICU's of Amsterdam. The present study compares two groups of neonates (suffering from the I.R.D.S.) i.e. a group that had been referred by non specialized transport teams (N S T-group) and a group admitted after institution of the neonatal-transport service (S. T.-group). Significant difference is found in the temperature on admission (S T group greater than N S T group). In the N S T-and the S T-group the need for ventilatory assistance was not significantly different but in the S T-group it was started significantly earlier. Survival after institution of ventilatory assistance and overall-survival are significantly better in the S T-group. These conclusions point to the fact that administering intensive care to sick neonates as early as possible and transportation of this group by means of special \"neonatal\"-transport services increases their survival rates.", "PMID": 423076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11909", "title": "Kinetics of absorption and elimination of pralidoxime chloride in dogs.", "content": "The kinetics of the absorption and elimination of pralidoxime chloride were investigated in the dog. Similar apparent elimination rate constants were obtained after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration. Although oral absorption occurred slowly, intramuscular absorption proceeded rapidly. With in situ techniques, it was found that no absorption occurred from the isolated stomach and duodenum but that absorption did take place from the jejunum and ileum.", "contents": "Kinetics of absorption and elimination of pralidoxime chloride in dogs. The kinetics of the absorption and elimination of pralidoxime chloride were investigated in the dog. Similar apparent elimination rate constants were obtained after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration. Although oral absorption occurred slowly, intramuscular absorption proceeded rapidly. With in situ techniques, it was found that no absorption occurred from the isolated stomach and duodenum but that absorption did take place from the jejunum and ileum.", "PMID": 423079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11910", "title": "Metabolism, plasma or serum levels, and elimination of phenformin in guinea pigs, rats, and dogs.", "content": "14C-Phenformin hydrochloride was used for investigating the metabolism, plasma or serum levels, and elimination of the drug following 1.5-mg/kg po or iv doses to guinea pigs, rats, and dogs. The amounts of individual metabolites and unchanged drug were assessed in urine as well as in plasma or serum. The glucuronide of 1-(p-hydroxyphenethyl)biguanide was a major metabolite in the blood and urine of all three species. Guinea pig serum and urine contained a sizable quantity of unchanged drug. Dog plasma and urine had significant amounts of nonconjugated 1-(p-hydroxyphenethyl)biguanide and of an unidentified major metabolite. In all three species following intravenous drug administration, unchanged drug contributed significantly to the radioactivity found in blood and urine. The apparent half-lives of phenformin eliminateion were 0.3-0.8 day for guinea pigs and rats and 1-1.5 days for dogs. Urinary excretion data indicate apparent half-lives of approximately 1.3-1.5 days for the elimination of each of the three major metabolites in dogs.", "contents": "Metabolism, plasma or serum levels, and elimination of phenformin in guinea pigs, rats, and dogs. 14C-Phenformin hydrochloride was used for investigating the metabolism, plasma or serum levels, and elimination of the drug following 1.5-mg/kg po or iv doses to guinea pigs, rats, and dogs. The amounts of individual metabolites and unchanged drug were assessed in urine as well as in plasma or serum. The glucuronide of 1-(p-hydroxyphenethyl)biguanide was a major metabolite in the blood and urine of all three species. Guinea pig serum and urine contained a sizable quantity of unchanged drug. Dog plasma and urine had significant amounts of nonconjugated 1-(p-hydroxyphenethyl)biguanide and of an unidentified major metabolite. In all three species following intravenous drug administration, unchanged drug contributed significantly to the radioactivity found in blood and urine. The apparent half-lives of phenformin eliminateion were 0.3-0.8 day for guinea pigs and rats and 1-1.5 days for dogs. Urinary excretion data indicate apparent half-lives of approximately 1.3-1.5 days for the elimination of each of the three major metabolites in dogs.", "PMID": 423081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11911", "title": "Plasma levels following single and repeated doses of erythromycin estolate and erythromycin stearate.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of erythromycin and erythromycin 2'-propanoate were studied in healthy male volunteers following single and repeated doses of erythromycin stearate tablets, erythromycin estolate capsules, and a suspension. Estolate dosages gave rise to higher plasma levels of total drug than the stearate. However, the stearate yielded higher plasma levels of erythromycin base. Absorption of all dosage forms, except the suspension, was delayed, and pharmacokinetic interpretation of both single- and multiple-dose data required incorporation of an absorption lag time. The absorption of erythromycin stearate was inhibited by food and also by low fluid volumes in fasted subjects. Absorption of erythromycin estolate was increased in the presence of food and was not greatly affected by fluid volume. Although single-dose data poorly predicted circulating levels of erythromycin following repeated doses, trends observed after single doses were maintained during chronic treatment.", "contents": "Plasma levels following single and repeated doses of erythromycin estolate and erythromycin stearate. The pharmacokinetics of erythromycin and erythromycin 2'-propanoate were studied in healthy male volunteers following single and repeated doses of erythromycin stearate tablets, erythromycin estolate capsules, and a suspension. Estolate dosages gave rise to higher plasma levels of total drug than the stearate. However, the stearate yielded higher plasma levels of erythromycin base. Absorption of all dosage forms, except the suspension, was delayed, and pharmacokinetic interpretation of both single- and multiple-dose data required incorporation of an absorption lag time. The absorption of erythromycin stearate was inhibited by food and also by low fluid volumes in fasted subjects. Absorption of erythromycin estolate was increased in the presence of food and was not greatly affected by fluid volume. Although single-dose data poorly predicted circulating levels of erythromycin following repeated doses, trends observed after single doses were maintained during chronic treatment.", "PMID": 423080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11912", "title": "Fluorocarbon aerosol propellants XII: Correlation of blood level of trichloromonofluoromethane to cardiovascular and respiratory responses in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Anesthetized mongrel dogs were exposed to various concentrations of trichloromonofluoromethane. Before, during, and after the inhalation, arterial and venous blood samples were obtained for fluorocarbon analysis. After the cessation of fluorocarbon inhalation, a multiexponential decline for the blood was observed. This finding was similar to that of previous study in which the fluorocarbon was administered intravenously to unanesthetized dogs. The half-life calculated from the terminal phase was about 280 min, and the pseudodistribution equilibrium was reached about 100 min after dosing. Study of the relationship between blood fluorocarbon levels and effects on the respiration rate and arterial blood pressure indicates that the sites of these pharmacological activities are located in the blood or central compartment rather than in the peripheral compartment. The effect on the heart rate appears to be quite instantaneous after inhalation. These results might shed some light on the fast effect of the fluorocarbon propellants, which caused sudden deaths after inhalation of a large quantity.", "contents": "Fluorocarbon aerosol propellants XII: Correlation of blood level of trichloromonofluoromethane to cardiovascular and respiratory responses in anesthetized dogs. Anesthetized mongrel dogs were exposed to various concentrations of trichloromonofluoromethane. Before, during, and after the inhalation, arterial and venous blood samples were obtained for fluorocarbon analysis. After the cessation of fluorocarbon inhalation, a multiexponential decline for the blood was observed. This finding was similar to that of previous study in which the fluorocarbon was administered intravenously to unanesthetized dogs. The half-life calculated from the terminal phase was about 280 min, and the pseudodistribution equilibrium was reached about 100 min after dosing. Study of the relationship between blood fluorocarbon levels and effects on the respiration rate and arterial blood pressure indicates that the sites of these pharmacological activities are located in the blood or central compartment rather than in the peripheral compartment. The effect on the heart rate appears to be quite instantaneous after inhalation. These results might shed some light on the fast effect of the fluorocarbon propellants, which caused sudden deaths after inhalation of a large quantity.", "PMID": 423082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11913", "title": "Solution rate of crystals at fluid-fluid interface.", "content": "A model system was developed in which the dissolution behavior of a single crystal of potassium ferricyanide was studied at a liquid paraffin-water interface. Since the equilibrium position of a crystal at the interface is independent of its size, the lifetime of a crystal dissolving at the interface is determined entirely by its initial size and its dissolution rate in the water phase. The dimensions of every crystal were measured microscopically before dissolution. A continuous-flow recording dissolution apparatus was used to measure spectrophotometrically the mass flow of dissolved potassium ferricyanide. The dissolution cell in this system was mounted in an optical bench, making it possible to follow dissolving crystals visually by projecting them on a screen. The results show that the lifetime of a crystal is proportional to the shortest length of the crystal face in contact with the liquid paraffin and is rather independent of its form. Furthermore, crystal shape changes during dissolution, which is explained partly by the nonisometric dissolution of potassium ferricyanide crystal faces and partly by the nonconstancy of film thickness.", "contents": "Solution rate of crystals at fluid-fluid interface. A model system was developed in which the dissolution behavior of a single crystal of potassium ferricyanide was studied at a liquid paraffin-water interface. Since the equilibrium position of a crystal at the interface is independent of its size, the lifetime of a crystal dissolving at the interface is determined entirely by its initial size and its dissolution rate in the water phase. The dimensions of every crystal were measured microscopically before dissolution. A continuous-flow recording dissolution apparatus was used to measure spectrophotometrically the mass flow of dissolved potassium ferricyanide. The dissolution cell in this system was mounted in an optical bench, making it possible to follow dissolving crystals visually by projecting them on a screen. The results show that the lifetime of a crystal is proportional to the shortest length of the crystal face in contact with the liquid paraffin and is rather independent of its form. Furthermore, crystal shape changes during dissolution, which is explained partly by the nonisometric dissolution of potassium ferricyanide crystal faces and partly by the nonconstancy of film thickness.", "PMID": 423083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11914", "title": "Flupenthixol dihydrochloride decomposition in aqueous solution.", "content": "Flupenthixol dihydrochloride in aqueous solution oxidized to trifluoromethylthioxanthone, ethanol, and piperazine via aldehydic and epoxidic intermediates in the presence of air. The formation rate of trifluoromethylthioxanthone increased with increases in pH and oxygen concentration. Buffer ions also affected the decomposition rate. Micelle formation by the drug markedly influenced its oxidation rate.", "contents": "Flupenthixol dihydrochloride decomposition in aqueous solution. Flupenthixol dihydrochloride in aqueous solution oxidized to trifluoromethylthioxanthone, ethanol, and piperazine via aldehydic and epoxidic intermediates in the presence of air. The formation rate of trifluoromethylthioxanthone increased with increases in pH and oxygen concentration. Buffer ions also affected the decomposition rate. Micelle formation by the drug markedly influenced its oxidation rate.", "PMID": 423084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11915", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cyclophosphamide.", "content": "A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic technique is described for the analysis of cyclophosphamide in the presence of its hydrolysis products. The drug was quantified using a UV detector at a low wavelength. A single band was observed for the intact drug, which was well separated from tis hydrolysis product(s). Quantificaiton was obtained with adequate precision by the use of an injector loop or a suitable internal standard (hydrocortisone). The technique requires no extraction of the drug from aqueous solution or derivatization for analysis. The method was applied to partially hydrolyzed and to known solutions of cyclophosphamide. With suitable modification, the method may be useful for analysis of dosage forms but probably lacks the sensitivity necessary for analysis of the drug in biological samples.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cyclophosphamide. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic technique is described for the analysis of cyclophosphamide in the presence of its hydrolysis products. The drug was quantified using a UV detector at a low wavelength. A single band was observed for the intact drug, which was well separated from tis hydrolysis product(s). Quantificaiton was obtained with adequate precision by the use of an injector loop or a suitable internal standard (hydrocortisone). The technique requires no extraction of the drug from aqueous solution or derivatization for analysis. The method was applied to partially hydrolyzed and to known solutions of cyclophosphamide. With suitable modification, the method may be useful for analysis of dosage forms but probably lacks the sensitivity necessary for analysis of the drug in biological samples.", "PMID": 423085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11916", "title": "Thermodynamic relationship between alpha- and beta-forms of crystalline progesterone.", "content": "Thermodynamic properties such as the latent heat of fusion, aqueous solubility, heat of solution, and interchange energy with water were determined for single crystals of progesterone in alpha- and beta-forms. The differences in the properties between the polymorphic crystals arise from a dissimilar mode of molecular packing, rather than of molecular conformation, in the unit cells, as reflected in the IR spectral and X-ray crystallographic results..", "contents": "Thermodynamic relationship between alpha- and beta-forms of crystalline progesterone. Thermodynamic properties such as the latent heat of fusion, aqueous solubility, heat of solution, and interchange energy with water were determined for single crystals of progesterone in alpha- and beta-forms. The differences in the properties between the polymorphic crystals arise from a dissimilar mode of molecular packing, rather than of molecular conformation, in the unit cells, as reflected in the IR spectral and X-ray crystallographic results..", "PMID": 423086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11917", "title": "New in vitro dissolution test apparatus.", "content": "A new in vitro dissolution test apparatus was designed and evaluated. Compressed tablets of drugs representing different solubility characteristics were tested at various air pressures and compared to dissolution patterns of similar tablets by the Levy beaker and USP methods. Air pressure of 46 mm generally was suitable for determining the dissolution rates of tablets. This new dissolution tester possibly can be useful in determining drug release from solid dosage forms and correlating it with in vivo bioavailability because dissolution rate can be controlled easily with the adjustment of air pressure without complicated changes in the apparatus, there is no excessive settling of particles, and complete drug dissolution can be achieved with no clogging of the screen.", "contents": "New in vitro dissolution test apparatus. A new in vitro dissolution test apparatus was designed and evaluated. Compressed tablets of drugs representing different solubility characteristics were tested at various air pressures and compared to dissolution patterns of similar tablets by the Levy beaker and USP methods. Air pressure of 46 mm generally was suitable for determining the dissolution rates of tablets. This new dissolution tester possibly can be useful in determining drug release from solid dosage forms and correlating it with in vivo bioavailability because dissolution rate can be controlled easily with the adjustment of air pressure without complicated changes in the apparatus, there is no excessive settling of particles, and complete drug dissolution can be achieved with no clogging of the screen.", "PMID": 423087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11918", "title": "Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 3H-1,2,4-thiadiazolo fused heterocycles.", "content": "Various fused 3H-1,2,4-thiadiazoles were prepared. Significant in vitro Gram-positive antibacterial and antifungal activities were observed fro certain members of the series.", "contents": "Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 3H-1,2,4-thiadiazolo fused heterocycles. Various fused 3H-1,2,4-thiadiazoles were prepared. Significant in vitro Gram-positive antibacterial and antifungal activities were observed fro certain members of the series.", "PMID": 423088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11919", "title": "Potential CNS antitumor agents VI: aziridinylbenzoquinones III.", "content": "Thirty-one aziridinylbenzoquinones were compared against five murine tumor models in vivo. Two intracerebral (ependymoblastoma and L-1210 leukemia) and three intraperitoneal (P-388 and L-1210 leukemia and B16 melanoma) systems were utilized. Excellent activity was observed for many compounds. Multiple long-term survivors were produced in the ependymoblastoma, P-388, and intraperitoneal L-1210 systems. Diethyl 2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-dioxo-1,4-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dicarbamate demonstrated superior activity in all five test systems. This compound also was reproducibly active against two colon tumors, a mammary tumor, and the intracerebrally implanted P-388 leukemia model.", "contents": "Potential CNS antitumor agents VI: aziridinylbenzoquinones III. Thirty-one aziridinylbenzoquinones were compared against five murine tumor models in vivo. Two intracerebral (ependymoblastoma and L-1210 leukemia) and three intraperitoneal (P-388 and L-1210 leukemia and B16 melanoma) systems were utilized. Excellent activity was observed for many compounds. Multiple long-term survivors were produced in the ependymoblastoma, P-388, and intraperitoneal L-1210 systems. Diethyl 2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-dioxo-1,4-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dicarbamate demonstrated superior activity in all five test systems. This compound also was reproducibly active against two colon tumors, a mammary tumor, and the intracerebrally implanted P-388 leukemia model.", "PMID": 423089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11920", "title": "Synthesis and therapeutic testing of mono- and dialkyl esters of pentetic (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic) acid for decorporation of polymeric plutonium.", "content": "The synthesis, characterization, and therapeutic evaluation of a series of partially esterified derivatives of pentetic (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic) acid are reported. These compounds were prepared in an attempt to promote increased decorporation of insoluble colloidal forms of plutonium, which are removed by pentetic acid alone. The dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, dioctyl, monoethyl esters were synthesized by reaction of the appropriate alcohol with the dianhydride of pentetic acid. These esters were injected intravenously into mice as their calcium chelates in saline. None of the esters was effective in removing plutonium from the liver. All esters removed approximately 20% of the plutonium in the skeleton. However, when the esters were given together with pentetic acid, only the dioctyl ester showed enhanced removal of plutonium compared to pentetic acid alone. The small increase in effectiveness and the increased acute toxicity make these esters of limited practical interest in plutonium decorporation therapy.", "contents": "Synthesis and therapeutic testing of mono- and dialkyl esters of pentetic (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic) acid for decorporation of polymeric plutonium. The synthesis, characterization, and therapeutic evaluation of a series of partially esterified derivatives of pentetic (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic) acid are reported. These compounds were prepared in an attempt to promote increased decorporation of insoluble colloidal forms of plutonium, which are removed by pentetic acid alone. The dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, dioctyl, monoethyl esters were synthesized by reaction of the appropriate alcohol with the dianhydride of pentetic acid. These esters were injected intravenously into mice as their calcium chelates in saline. None of the esters was effective in removing plutonium from the liver. All esters removed approximately 20% of the plutonium in the skeleton. However, when the esters were given together with pentetic acid, only the dioctyl ester showed enhanced removal of plutonium compared to pentetic acid alone. The small increase in effectiveness and the increased acute toxicity make these esters of limited practical interest in plutonium decorporation therapy.", "PMID": 423090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11921", "title": "Metal-binding abilities of radioprotective aminoalkyl disulfides and thiosulfates.", "content": "Mental-binding stability constants for several heterocyclic aminoalkyl disulfides and thiosulfates with Ni(II) and Al(III) were determined. The data obtained indicated that both classes of compounds were acting as bidentate chelating agents and that the heterocyclic rings apparently prevented tridentate behavior of the disulfides because of steric hindrance. The magnitude of the constants indicated that metal complexes of these compounds could exist in a cellular environment, but no correlation with radiation-protective activity was apparent.", "contents": "Metal-binding abilities of radioprotective aminoalkyl disulfides and thiosulfates. Mental-binding stability constants for several heterocyclic aminoalkyl disulfides and thiosulfates with Ni(II) and Al(III) were determined. The data obtained indicated that both classes of compounds were acting as bidentate chelating agents and that the heterocyclic rings apparently prevented tridentate behavior of the disulfides because of steric hindrance. The magnitude of the constants indicated that metal complexes of these compounds could exist in a cellular environment, but no correlation with radiation-protective activity was apparent.", "PMID": 423091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11922", "title": "Effect of microcrystalline cellulose on liquid penetration in and disintegration of directly compressed tablets.", "content": "The penetration of isooctane and water into tablets of microcrystalline cellulose, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, spray-crystallized maltose-dextrose, and blends of microcrystalline cellulose with one of the other excipients were studied. The isooctane penetrations occurred according to the Washburn equation and were not affected by the presence of 0.5 or 1.0% magnesium stearate. The inhibition of aqueous penetration into tablets resulting from hydrophobic magnesium stearate was less pronounced for vehicles like dibasic calcium phosphate, which exhibited extensive brittle fracture under compression. Microcrystalline cellulose tablets, both with and without magnesium stearate, exhibited extremely fast aqueous penetration even at low porosities, caused by breaking of the hydrogen bonds and subsequent widening of the pores. Ratios between water uptake and original pore volume up to 20 were obtained for microcrystalline cellulose tablets. This unique property was, however, suppressed by the presence of fast dissolving and highly soluble excipients like dextrose, resulting in an antagonistic disintegration behavior of tablets compressed at pressures over 10,000 N/cm2. Improved disintegration properties were obtained by blending microcrystalline cellulose with an insoluble vehicle such as dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate.", "contents": "Effect of microcrystalline cellulose on liquid penetration in and disintegration of directly compressed tablets. The penetration of isooctane and water into tablets of microcrystalline cellulose, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, spray-crystallized maltose-dextrose, and blends of microcrystalline cellulose with one of the other excipients were studied. The isooctane penetrations occurred according to the Washburn equation and were not affected by the presence of 0.5 or 1.0% magnesium stearate. The inhibition of aqueous penetration into tablets resulting from hydrophobic magnesium stearate was less pronounced for vehicles like dibasic calcium phosphate, which exhibited extensive brittle fracture under compression. Microcrystalline cellulose tablets, both with and without magnesium stearate, exhibited extremely fast aqueous penetration even at low porosities, caused by breaking of the hydrogen bonds and subsequent widening of the pores. Ratios between water uptake and original pore volume up to 20 were obtained for microcrystalline cellulose tablets. This unique property was, however, suppressed by the presence of fast dissolving and highly soluble excipients like dextrose, resulting in an antagonistic disintegration behavior of tablets compressed at pressures over 10,000 N/cm2. Improved disintegration properties were obtained by blending microcrystalline cellulose with an insoluble vehicle such as dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate.", "PMID": 423092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11923", "title": "Preparation and evaluation of microencapsulated ion-exchange resin beads.", "content": "Ion-exchange resin beads in the benzoate form were coated by several microencapsulation techniques to alter and improve characteristics, especially the control of drug release, of this type of drug delivery system. The most successful techniques included polymer-polymer interaction, temperature change, and nonsolvent addition. The microencapsulated beads then were studied with respect to the release rate of the organic anion to determine the effects of microencapsulation. The release rate of the organic anion could be controlled over a wide range, depending on the encapsulating material characteristics. Factors affecting the extent and rate of release as result of microencapsulation are discussed.", "contents": "Preparation and evaluation of microencapsulated ion-exchange resin beads. Ion-exchange resin beads in the benzoate form were coated by several microencapsulation techniques to alter and improve characteristics, especially the control of drug release, of this type of drug delivery system. The most successful techniques included polymer-polymer interaction, temperature change, and nonsolvent addition. The microencapsulated beads then were studied with respect to the release rate of the organic anion to determine the effects of microencapsulation. The release rate of the organic anion could be controlled over a wide range, depending on the encapsulating material characteristics. Factors affecting the extent and rate of release as result of microencapsulation are discussed.", "PMID": 423093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11924", "title": "GLC analysis of loxapine, amoxapine, and their metabolites in serum and urine.", "content": "A GLC analysis is presented for loxapine, amoxapine, and their major metabolites in serum and urine. Electron-capture detection is employed for serum analysis, and flame ionization is used for urine analysis. The procedure includes trifluoroacetylation of secondary amine functions, followed by trimethylsilylation of phenolic groups after ethyl acetate extraction of the sample. Urine requires prior enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugates. Data indicating the utility of the procedure in hospitalized patients and normal volunteers are presented.", "contents": "GLC analysis of loxapine, amoxapine, and their metabolites in serum and urine. A GLC analysis is presented for loxapine, amoxapine, and their major metabolites in serum and urine. Electron-capture detection is employed for serum analysis, and flame ionization is used for urine analysis. The procedure includes trifluoroacetylation of secondary amine functions, followed by trimethylsilylation of phenolic groups after ethyl acetate extraction of the sample. Urine requires prior enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugates. Data indicating the utility of the procedure in hospitalized patients and normal volunteers are presented.", "PMID": 423094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11925", "title": "Determination of guanfacine in biological fluids by electron-capture GLC.", "content": "A quantitative electron-capture GLC method with good sensitivity is described for the determination of guanfacine in human plasma and urine. By condensing its amidino group with hexafluoroacetylacetone, guanfacine is converted to a pyrimidino derivative with better GLC properties than the parent drug. This method allows the determination of guanfacine in plasma and urine at concentrations as low as 0.5 ng/ml and was applied successfully to measurement of plasma levels in humans after therapeutic dosing.", "contents": "Determination of guanfacine in biological fluids by electron-capture GLC. A quantitative electron-capture GLC method with good sensitivity is described for the determination of guanfacine in human plasma and urine. By condensing its amidino group with hexafluoroacetylacetone, guanfacine is converted to a pyrimidino derivative with better GLC properties than the parent drug. This method allows the determination of guanfacine in plasma and urine at concentrations as low as 0.5 ng/ml and was applied successfully to measurement of plasma levels in humans after therapeutic dosing.", "PMID": 423095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11926", "title": "Electrical conductance of directly compressible materials under pressure.", "content": "An electrometer that allowed direct recording of resistance changes during compression was used to measure the conductances of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, and sodium citrate. The effects of initial particle size, lubricant level, moisture content, and compaction pressure were determined. Direct compression tableting diluents also studied were dextrose, sucrose, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, and dibasic calcium phosphate. Distinctive conductance patterns were observed and are rationalized in terms of previously proposed bondign machanisms.", "contents": "Electrical conductance of directly compressible materials under pressure. An electrometer that allowed direct recording of resistance changes during compression was used to measure the conductances of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, and sodium citrate. The effects of initial particle size, lubricant level, moisture content, and compaction pressure were determined. Direct compression tableting diluents also studied were dextrose, sucrose, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, and dibasic calcium phosphate. Distinctive conductance patterns were observed and are rationalized in terms of previously proposed bondign machanisms.", "PMID": 423096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11927", "title": "Effect of hydroxyl group substituents on pyran ring on hydrolysis rate of benzoates: 2-tetrahydropyranyl benzoate.", "content": "The hydrolysis of 2-tetrahydropyranyl benzoate was followed spectrophotometrically at 240 nm and was first order with respect to the compound, independent of pH, and very sensitivie to solvent polarity and had an isotope effect (kD2O/kH2O) near unity. The pH-independent hydrolysis rate was about 1 X 10(6) times faster than that of the corresponding glucosly benzoate. The results suggest that the presence of hydroxyl groups on the pyran ring has tremendous effect on the hydrolysis rate of these compounds.", "contents": "Effect of hydroxyl group substituents on pyran ring on hydrolysis rate of benzoates: 2-tetrahydropyranyl benzoate. The hydrolysis of 2-tetrahydropyranyl benzoate was followed spectrophotometrically at 240 nm and was first order with respect to the compound, independent of pH, and very sensitivie to solvent polarity and had an isotope effect (kD2O/kH2O) near unity. The pH-independent hydrolysis rate was about 1 X 10(6) times faster than that of the corresponding glucosly benzoate. The results suggest that the presence of hydroxyl groups on the pyran ring has tremendous effect on the hydrolysis rate of these compounds.", "PMID": 423097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11928", "title": "Quantitation of sodium in human albumin solutions.", "content": "An osmolatity method is described for quantitating sodium in isotonic solutions of diafiltered albumin and diafiltered plasma protein fractions. The proposed method shows comparable results with a reference procedure bases on atomic absorption spectrometry.", "contents": "Quantitation of sodium in human albumin solutions. An osmolatity method is described for quantitating sodium in isotonic solutions of diafiltered albumin and diafiltered plasma protein fractions. The proposed method shows comparable results with a reference procedure bases on atomic absorption spectrometry.", "PMID": 423098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11929", "title": "Quantitative determination of hexylresorcinol in commercial antiseptic solution by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "High-pressure liquid chromatography was used with a 5-micron silica gel column to quantitate hexylresorcinol in a commercial antiseptic solution following extraction with methylene chloride. This method shows linearity to at least 0.025% hexylresorcinol. A mobile phase consisting of 63% heptane, 34% chloroform, and 5% methanol was used with a UV detector (254 nm) and a flow of 3 ml/min. No interfering substances were observed.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of hexylresorcinol in commercial antiseptic solution by high-pressure liquid chromatography. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used with a 5-micron silica gel column to quantitate hexylresorcinol in a commercial antiseptic solution following extraction with methylene chloride. This method shows linearity to at least 0.025% hexylresorcinol. A mobile phase consisting of 63% heptane, 34% chloroform, and 5% methanol was used with a UV detector (254 nm) and a flow of 3 ml/min. No interfering substances were observed.", "PMID": 423099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11930", "title": "Potential antineoplastics I: substituted 3,5-dioxo-and 3-thioxo-5-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazines.", "content": "The synthesis of some 6-substituted 3,5-dioxo- and 3-thioxo-5-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazines for possible antineoplastic activity is reported. The assigned structures were substantiated by IR, NMR, and mass spectral studies of representative members of the series. Four compounds were tested against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia and were inactive.", "contents": "Potential antineoplastics I: substituted 3,5-dioxo-and 3-thioxo-5-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazines. The synthesis of some 6-substituted 3,5-dioxo- and 3-thioxo-5-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazines for possible antineoplastic activity is reported. The assigned structures were substantiated by IR, NMR, and mass spectral studies of representative members of the series. Four compounds were tested against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia and were inactive.", "PMID": 423100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11931", "title": "Antihypercholesterolemic studies with sterols: beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol.", "content": "Stigmasterol, which differs from beta-sitosterol by unsaturation at C22, was tested for antihypercholesterolemic activity under an experimental protocol that gave the results expected with beta-sitosterol and cholestyramine. In terms of serum cholesterol, stigmasterol had a barely significant antihypercholesterolemic effect while exhibiting no obvious effect on the heart or liver. It was concluded that saturation of the side chain, at least at C22, is important in conferring antihypercholesterolemic activity on a sterol.", "contents": "Antihypercholesterolemic studies with sterols: beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Stigmasterol, which differs from beta-sitosterol by unsaturation at C22, was tested for antihypercholesterolemic activity under an experimental protocol that gave the results expected with beta-sitosterol and cholestyramine. In terms of serum cholesterol, stigmasterol had a barely significant antihypercholesterolemic effect while exhibiting no obvious effect on the heart or liver. It was concluded that saturation of the side chain, at least at C22, is important in conferring antihypercholesterolemic activity on a sterol.", "PMID": 423101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11932", "title": "Chemical constituents of Echites hirsuta (Apocynaceae).", "content": "A phytochemical investigation of an ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Echites hirsuta (Apocynaceae) resulted in the isolation and identification of the flavonoids naringenin, aromadendrin (dihydrokaempferol), and kaempferol; the coumarin fraxetin; the triterpene ursolic acid; and the sterol glycoside sitosteryl glucoside.", "contents": "Chemical constituents of Echites hirsuta (Apocynaceae). A phytochemical investigation of an ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Echites hirsuta (Apocynaceae) resulted in the isolation and identification of the flavonoids naringenin, aromadendrin (dihydrokaempferol), and kaempferol; the coumarin fraxetin; the triterpene ursolic acid; and the sterol glycoside sitosteryl glucoside.", "PMID": 423102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11933", "title": "Fluorescamine use in high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of aminocaproic acid in serum.", "content": "A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of aminocaproic acid in serum is described. omega-Aminocaprylic acid is used as an internal standard. To 10 microliter of serum, 10 microliter of the internal standard solution and 50 microliter of ethanol are added. After centrifugation, a portion of the supernate is evaporated. The residue is dissolved in 750 microliter of 50 mM dibasic sodium phosphate, and then 250 microliter of fluorescamine in acetonitrile (35 mg/100 ml) is added. The reaction mixture is chromatographed using a column of octadecylsilane bonded to silica and 44% acetonitrile in 0.5 mM phosphoric acid as the eluent. Quantitation is achieved by monitoring either the absorbance of the effluent at 405 nm or the fluorescence of the compounds with a fluorometer equipped with a flowcell. The method is reproducible, simple, and fast and has a precision of 4.4%.", "contents": "Fluorescamine use in high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of aminocaproic acid in serum. A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of aminocaproic acid in serum is described. omega-Aminocaprylic acid is used as an internal standard. To 10 microliter of serum, 10 microliter of the internal standard solution and 50 microliter of ethanol are added. After centrifugation, a portion of the supernate is evaporated. The residue is dissolved in 750 microliter of 50 mM dibasic sodium phosphate, and then 250 microliter of fluorescamine in acetonitrile (35 mg/100 ml) is added. The reaction mixture is chromatographed using a column of octadecylsilane bonded to silica and 44% acetonitrile in 0.5 mM phosphoric acid as the eluent. Quantitation is achieved by monitoring either the absorbance of the effluent at 405 nm or the fluorescence of the compounds with a fluorometer equipped with a flowcell. The method is reproducible, simple, and fast and has a precision of 4.4%.", "PMID": 423103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11934", "title": "Theophylline protein binding in humans.", "content": "Theophylline protein binding was 58-82% in serum from six normal adults and 42 asthmatic patients, 1-25 years old, who were given 5 mg of theophylline/kg. The binding range was greatest in young patients, but the proportion of protein-bound drug did not correlate with age. Theophylline protein binding was higher than previously reported. The effect of binding should be considered in patients who do not have optimal bronchodilation from theophylline despite total serum theophylline concentrations of 10-20 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Theophylline protein binding in humans. Theophylline protein binding was 58-82% in serum from six normal adults and 42 asthmatic patients, 1-25 years old, who were given 5 mg of theophylline/kg. The binding range was greatest in young patients, but the proportion of protein-bound drug did not correlate with age. Theophylline protein binding was higher than previously reported. The effect of binding should be considered in patients who do not have optimal bronchodilation from theophylline despite total serum theophylline concentrations of 10-20 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 423104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11935", "title": "Liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis X: Determination of chlorzoxazone and hydroxy metabolite in plasma.", "content": "A method for the high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of chlorzoxazone and its hydroxy metabolite in human plasma samples is presented. The separation of the compounds is achieved on an octadecylsilane column with a mobile phase of absolute methanol-distilled water (40:60) at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min (3100 psig). The chromatographic separation is achieved within 10 min. The overall analysis time is about 45 min, which includes extraction of the drug and metabolite from plasma followed by high-pressure liquid chromatographic separation and quantification. The accuracy of the procedure is in the 1-5% range.", "contents": "Liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis X: Determination of chlorzoxazone and hydroxy metabolite in plasma. A method for the high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of chlorzoxazone and its hydroxy metabolite in human plasma samples is presented. The separation of the compounds is achieved on an octadecylsilane column with a mobile phase of absolute methanol-distilled water (40:60) at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min (3100 psig). The chromatographic separation is achieved within 10 min. The overall analysis time is about 45 min, which includes extraction of the drug and metabolite from plasma followed by high-pressure liquid chromatographic separation and quantification. The accuracy of the procedure is in the 1-5% range.", "PMID": 423105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11936", "title": "Antimicrobial activity of chlormerodrin.", "content": "A radiochemical study for antimicrobial activity of chlormerodrin was performed using some commonly occurring nonpathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms. Chlormerodrin concentrations of 15-35 and 20-45 microgram/ml of the culture medium were microbiostatic and microbicidal, respectively. The microbiostatic effect was reversible in the presence of cysteine, an amino acid containing a sulfhydryl group.", "contents": "Antimicrobial activity of chlormerodrin. A radiochemical study for antimicrobial activity of chlormerodrin was performed using some commonly occurring nonpathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms. Chlormerodrin concentrations of 15-35 and 20-45 microgram/ml of the culture medium were microbiostatic and microbicidal, respectively. The microbiostatic effect was reversible in the presence of cysteine, an amino acid containing a sulfhydryl group.", "PMID": 423106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11937", "title": "Effect of obtrusive measures on antibiotic compliance.", "content": "The influence of compliance measurement activities on patient behavior was studied. The project measured the relationship among physical capsule counts, patient interviews, and the amounts of excreted ampicillin. The capsule counts and patient interviews were conducted in a manner that disguised their intent. Sixty college-age patients were assigned to one of three experimental groups: a telephone interview, a personal interview and capsule count, or a control group. Stimulation (interviews) occurred on the 2nd day of the prescribed regimen, and urine was collected on random days thereafter. Results indicated that both stimulation types were associated with more positive compliance rates. The influence diminished rapidly. The reactive influence of experimentor intervention associated with personal and phone communication was demonstrated.", "contents": "Effect of obtrusive measures on antibiotic compliance. The influence of compliance measurement activities on patient behavior was studied. The project measured the relationship among physical capsule counts, patient interviews, and the amounts of excreted ampicillin. The capsule counts and patient interviews were conducted in a manner that disguised their intent. Sixty college-age patients were assigned to one of three experimental groups: a telephone interview, a personal interview and capsule count, or a control group. Stimulation (interviews) occurred on the 2nd day of the prescribed regimen, and urine was collected on random days thereafter. Results indicated that both stimulation types were associated with more positive compliance rates. The influence diminished rapidly. The reactive influence of experimentor intervention associated with personal and phone communication was demonstrated.", "PMID": 423112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11938", "title": "Effects of polyoxypropylene 15 stearyl ether and propylene glycol on percutaneous penetration rate of diflorasone diacetate.", "content": "Theoretical models for percutaneous penetration are described, and a diffusion apparatus useful in the evaluation of transport kinetics of drugs applied to skin is discussed. Experimental data are presented for: (a) the flux of diflorasone diacetate through hairless mouse skin, (b) the percutaneous penetration profile of propylene glycol, (c) the effects of vehicle concentrations of polyoxypropylene 15 stearyl ether and propylene glycol on the percutaneous flux of diflorasone diacetate, (d) skin--vehicle partition coefficients of diflorasone diacetate, (e) the solubility profile of diflorasone diacetate as a function of solvent concentration, and (f) the alteration of the skin's resistance to the penetration of diflorasone diacetate due to propylene glycol. Excess solvent in a vehicle caused a decrease in the percutaneous flux of diflorasone diacetate. Formulations containing 0.05 and 0.1% diflorasone diacetate had similar penetration rates when the solvent concentration was optimized for each percentage of diflorasone diacetate.", "contents": "Effects of polyoxypropylene 15 stearyl ether and propylene glycol on percutaneous penetration rate of diflorasone diacetate. Theoretical models for percutaneous penetration are described, and a diffusion apparatus useful in the evaluation of transport kinetics of drugs applied to skin is discussed. Experimental data are presented for: (a) the flux of diflorasone diacetate through hairless mouse skin, (b) the percutaneous penetration profile of propylene glycol, (c) the effects of vehicle concentrations of polyoxypropylene 15 stearyl ether and propylene glycol on the percutaneous flux of diflorasone diacetate, (d) skin--vehicle partition coefficients of diflorasone diacetate, (e) the solubility profile of diflorasone diacetate as a function of solvent concentration, and (f) the alteration of the skin's resistance to the penetration of diflorasone diacetate due to propylene glycol. Excess solvent in a vehicle caused a decrease in the percutaneous flux of diflorasone diacetate. Formulations containing 0.05 and 0.1% diflorasone diacetate had similar penetration rates when the solvent concentration was optimized for each percentage of diflorasone diacetate.", "PMID": 423113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11939", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic assay of benzoyl peroxide in dermatological gels and lotions.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the assay of benzoyl peroxide in dermatological preparations is described. Degradation products such as benzoic acid and perbenzoic acid do not interfere. The method is simple, precise, accurate, and stability indicating.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic assay of benzoyl peroxide in dermatological gels and lotions. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the assay of benzoyl peroxide in dermatological preparations is described. Degradation products such as benzoic acid and perbenzoic acid do not interfere. The method is simple, precise, accurate, and stability indicating.", "PMID": 423114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11940", "title": "Identification and synthesis of a methylated catechol metabolite of glutethimide isolated from biological fluids of overdose victims.", "content": "Urine samples from victims severely intoxicated by glutethimide were hydrolyzed enzymatically. TLC, GLC, and mass spectral analyses revealed a methylated catechol metabolite of the parent drug. Two synthetic pathways are described for the preparation of 2-ethyl-2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)glutarimide and 2-ethyl-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)glutarimde. Comparisons of GLC and mass spectral data to a compound isolated from the body fluids of glutethimide overdose victims conclusively identified a new 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl metabolite of glutethimide in humans.", "contents": "Identification and synthesis of a methylated catechol metabolite of glutethimide isolated from biological fluids of overdose victims. Urine samples from victims severely intoxicated by glutethimide were hydrolyzed enzymatically. TLC, GLC, and mass spectral analyses revealed a methylated catechol metabolite of the parent drug. Two synthetic pathways are described for the preparation of 2-ethyl-2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)glutarimide and 2-ethyl-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)glutarimde. Comparisons of GLC and mass spectral data to a compound isolated from the body fluids of glutethimide overdose victims conclusively identified a new 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl metabolite of glutethimide in humans.", "PMID": 423115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11941", "title": "Beneficial effects of methionine and histidine in aspirin solutions on gastric mucosal damage in rats.", "content": "Amino acids methionine and histidine, which are soluble in propylene glycol, were investigated for their purported beneficial effects on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage in the rat. The pathognomonic changes observed microscopically in the fundic region of the stomach of animals administered daily doses (100 mg/kg), for up to 15 days, of aspirin solutions (0.36 M) in propylene glycol incorporated with the amino acids were compared with those of animals given equivalent quantities of aspirin in an aqueous suspension combined with an aluminum hydroxide antacid. A \"delayed\" onset of aspirin-induced cellular damage due to the presence of amino acids, analogous to that associated with the use of antacids, was found as determined partly by differences in the staining ability of injured cells with hematoxylin and eosin.", "contents": "Beneficial effects of methionine and histidine in aspirin solutions on gastric mucosal damage in rats. Amino acids methionine and histidine, which are soluble in propylene glycol, were investigated for their purported beneficial effects on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage in the rat. The pathognomonic changes observed microscopically in the fundic region of the stomach of animals administered daily doses (100 mg/kg), for up to 15 days, of aspirin solutions (0.36 M) in propylene glycol incorporated with the amino acids were compared with those of animals given equivalent quantities of aspirin in an aqueous suspension combined with an aluminum hydroxide antacid. A \"delayed\" onset of aspirin-induced cellular damage due to the presence of amino acids, analogous to that associated with the use of antacids, was found as determined partly by differences in the staining ability of injured cells with hematoxylin and eosin.", "PMID": 423116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11942", "title": "Kinetics and mechanism of reaction of m-nitrobenzhydrazide and other hydrazines with acetic acid.", "content": "A comprehensive kinetic study was conducted of the reactions of m-nitrobenzhydrazide and some other hydrazines with acetic acid. The overall reaction rate for all of the compounds studied followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The temperature dependence of the m-nitrobenzhydrazide degradation reaction was determined. The reaction rate dependence on the acetic acid concentration was found to be close to first order. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used extensively in identifying and measuring the appearance or disappearance rates of m-nitrobenzhydrazide degradation products in acetous solution. With m-nitrobenzhydrazide, the major degradation products were N,N'-bis(m-nitrobenzoyl)hydrazine, N-acetyl-N'-m-nitrobenzoylhydrazine, diacetylhydrazine, and hydrazine. The concentration profiles of these products in solution suggested a complex mechanism by which hydrazides react with acetic acid. All eight rate constants at 61 degrees in the suggested mechanism were calculated by an approximation method based on experimental data. The findings in the present study indicate that acetic acid is to be avoided as a solvent for hydrazine derivatives.", "contents": "Kinetics and mechanism of reaction of m-nitrobenzhydrazide and other hydrazines with acetic acid. A comprehensive kinetic study was conducted of the reactions of m-nitrobenzhydrazide and some other hydrazines with acetic acid. The overall reaction rate for all of the compounds studied followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The temperature dependence of the m-nitrobenzhydrazide degradation reaction was determined. The reaction rate dependence on the acetic acid concentration was found to be close to first order. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used extensively in identifying and measuring the appearance or disappearance rates of m-nitrobenzhydrazide degradation products in acetous solution. With m-nitrobenzhydrazide, the major degradation products were N,N'-bis(m-nitrobenzoyl)hydrazine, N-acetyl-N'-m-nitrobenzoylhydrazine, diacetylhydrazine, and hydrazine. The concentration profiles of these products in solution suggested a complex mechanism by which hydrazides react with acetic acid. All eight rate constants at 61 degrees in the suggested mechanism were calculated by an approximation method based on experimental data. The findings in the present study indicate that acetic acid is to be avoided as a solvent for hydrazine derivatives.", "PMID": 423117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11943", "title": "Separation and quantitation of esterified estrogens in bulk mixtures and combination drug preparations using high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for esterified estrogens is described. By using a facile acid hydrolysis extraction procedure for the sample preparation, the compounds are chromatographed as their free phenolic forms. The separation of structurally similar compounds, such as equilenin, equilin, estrone, and estradiol, was achieved with a reversed-phase column and a methanol--water mobile phase. Several samples of bulk mixtures and tablets were assayed; the results compared favorably with those obtained using the USP XIX method. The method was rapid, and the detector response was linear over a wide concentration range. A relative standard deviation of +/- 5% indicates the reliability and accuracy of the proposed method.", "contents": "Separation and quantitation of esterified estrogens in bulk mixtures and combination drug preparations using high-performance liquid chromatography. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for esterified estrogens is described. By using a facile acid hydrolysis extraction procedure for the sample preparation, the compounds are chromatographed as their free phenolic forms. The separation of structurally similar compounds, such as equilenin, equilin, estrone, and estradiol, was achieved with a reversed-phase column and a methanol--water mobile phase. Several samples of bulk mixtures and tablets were assayed; the results compared favorably with those obtained using the USP XIX method. The method was rapid, and the detector response was linear over a wide concentration range. A relative standard deviation of +/- 5% indicates the reliability and accuracy of the proposed method.", "PMID": 423118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11944", "title": "Synthesis of substituted 2-aminopyrrole analogs of lidocaine I.", "content": "The synthesis, local anesthetic, and antiarrhythmic properties of nine 2-diethylaminoacetamido-3-cyano-4-methyl-5-substituted pyrroles are described. All compounds showed local anesthetic activity by the guinea pig wheal test and antiarrhythmic activity for chloroform-induced ventricular arrhythmias in mice.", "contents": "Synthesis of substituted 2-aminopyrrole analogs of lidocaine I. The synthesis, local anesthetic, and antiarrhythmic properties of nine 2-diethylaminoacetamido-3-cyano-4-methyl-5-substituted pyrroles are described. All compounds showed local anesthetic activity by the guinea pig wheal test and antiarrhythmic activity for chloroform-induced ventricular arrhythmias in mice.", "PMID": 423119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11945", "title": "Indolizine derivatives with biological activity IV: 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-2-methylindolizine, 3-(2-aminoethyl)-2-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroindolizine, and their N-alkyl derivatives.", "content": "In a continuing search for new biologically active agents derived from indolizine, 3-(2-aminoethyl)-2-methylindolizine, 3-(2-aminoethyl)-2-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroindolizine, and some mono- and di-N-substituted derivatives were prepared. Initial pharmacological screening showed that these compounds possess anti-5-hydroxytryptamine, antihistamine, antiacetylcholine, and CNS-depressant activities.", "contents": "Indolizine derivatives with biological activity IV: 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-2-methylindolizine, 3-(2-aminoethyl)-2-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroindolizine, and their N-alkyl derivatives. In a continuing search for new biologically active agents derived from indolizine, 3-(2-aminoethyl)-2-methylindolizine, 3-(2-aminoethyl)-2-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroindolizine, and some mono- and di-N-substituted derivatives were prepared. Initial pharmacological screening showed that these compounds possess anti-5-hydroxytryptamine, antihistamine, antiacetylcholine, and CNS-depressant activities.", "PMID": 423120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11946", "title": "Structure--activity studies on tetrahydro- and hexahydrocannabinol derivatives.", "content": "A series of tetrahydro- and hexahydrocannabinol derivatives was prepared in which the substituents at position 9 were varied. These compounds were evaluated in mice for their effects on locomotor acitivty, body temperature, muscle tone, and analgesia. Depression of body temperature and locomotor function was demonstrated by several compounds, but all were devoid of any significant analgesic activity.", "contents": "Structure--activity studies on tetrahydro- and hexahydrocannabinol derivatives. A series of tetrahydro- and hexahydrocannabinol derivatives was prepared in which the substituents at position 9 were varied. These compounds were evaluated in mice for their effects on locomotor acitivty, body temperature, muscle tone, and analgesia. Depression of body temperature and locomotor function was demonstrated by several compounds, but all were devoid of any significant analgesic activity.", "PMID": 423121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11947", "title": "Synthesis of 4-substituted aminobenzoate quaternary salts as potent antispasmodic agents.", "content": "N-(Diethylaminoethyl)-4-substituted aminobenzoate quaternary salts, N-(diethylaminoethyl)-4-substituted aminobenzamide quaternary salts, 4-substituted acylaminobenzamide quaternary salts, and 4-substituted acylaminosalicylamide derivatives were prepared and tested for antispasmodic activity. Preliminary pharmacological tests on isolated guinea pig ileum revealed that the new compounds possess nonspecific inhibitory action on smooth muscles.", "contents": "Synthesis of 4-substituted aminobenzoate quaternary salts as potent antispasmodic agents. N-(Diethylaminoethyl)-4-substituted aminobenzoate quaternary salts, N-(diethylaminoethyl)-4-substituted aminobenzamide quaternary salts, 4-substituted acylaminobenzamide quaternary salts, and 4-substituted acylaminosalicylamide derivatives were prepared and tested for antispasmodic activity. Preliminary pharmacological tests on isolated guinea pig ileum revealed that the new compounds possess nonspecific inhibitory action on smooth muscles.", "PMID": 423122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11948", "title": "6-substituted 1-methylquinolinium-2-dithioacetic acid zwitterions: antileukemia activity.", "content": "Condensation of the anhydro bases derived from 6-substituted 1-methylquinaldinium iodides with carbon disulfide provided the 2-dithioacetic acid zwitterions. Since 1.6-dimethylquinolinium-2-dithioacetic acid zwitterion previously showed appreciable activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice, a series of analogs with other 6-substituents was synthesized to assess the importance of substitution in this position. Both electron-donating and electron-attracting 6-substituents gave compounds with antileukemia activity. The 6-unsubstituted analog had only marginal activity.", "contents": "6-substituted 1-methylquinolinium-2-dithioacetic acid zwitterions: antileukemia activity. Condensation of the anhydro bases derived from 6-substituted 1-methylquinaldinium iodides with carbon disulfide provided the 2-dithioacetic acid zwitterions. Since 1.6-dimethylquinolinium-2-dithioacetic acid zwitterion previously showed appreciable activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice, a series of analogs with other 6-substituents was synthesized to assess the importance of substitution in this position. Both electron-donating and electron-attracting 6-substituents gave compounds with antileukemia activity. The 6-unsubstituted analog had only marginal activity.", "PMID": 423123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11949", "title": "Differential pulse polarographic analysis of thyroid hormone: determination of iodine, thyroxine, and liothyronine.", "content": "A differential pulse polarographic method for the analysis of thyroid and thyroid tablets for total iodine, thyroxine, and liothyronine is described. The procedure for iodine, which is also applicable to individual tablet assay, consists of ashing the sample, coverting iodide to iodate, and analyzing by differential pulse polarography. The procedure for thyroxine and liothyronine involves hydrolysis of the sample with barium hydroxide and isolation and separation of the iodoamino acids using ion exchangers, followed by differential pulse polarographic determination in a supporting electrolyte composed of 0.5 N Na2CO3 in 20% 2-propanol containing 1% tetrabutylammonium bromide. The differential pulse polarographic results for iodine agree with values obtained using the USP XIX procedure, and the quantities of thyroxine and liothyronine found agree with literature values.", "contents": "Differential pulse polarographic analysis of thyroid hormone: determination of iodine, thyroxine, and liothyronine. A differential pulse polarographic method for the analysis of thyroid and thyroid tablets for total iodine, thyroxine, and liothyronine is described. The procedure for iodine, which is also applicable to individual tablet assay, consists of ashing the sample, coverting iodide to iodate, and analyzing by differential pulse polarography. The procedure for thyroxine and liothyronine involves hydrolysis of the sample with barium hydroxide and isolation and separation of the iodoamino acids using ion exchangers, followed by differential pulse polarographic determination in a supporting electrolyte composed of 0.5 N Na2CO3 in 20% 2-propanol containing 1% tetrabutylammonium bromide. The differential pulse polarographic results for iodine agree with values obtained using the USP XIX procedure, and the quantities of thyroxine and liothyronine found agree with literature values.", "PMID": 423124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11950", "title": "Nonlinear model for acetazolamide.", "content": "Intravenous bolus injections of 14C-labeled acetazolamide were made in rabbits. Plasma, urine, and washed red blood cell concentrations were measured, the latter indicating bound drug. AUTOAN and NONLIN were used to fit the plasma data to a linear two-compartment model. However, utilization of the urine and red blood cell data suggested that a nonlinear model was more appropriate. The developed nonlinear system uses a one-compartment model with two tissue-binding parameters. The system simultaneously fits three equations describing drug in the plasma, in the body, and bound to red blood cells, Six parameters were estimated. The initial plasma concentration and the maximum amount bound to tissue protein (minus red blood cell protein) correlated with dose. The dissociation constant from this protein fraction suggested that it is composed mainly of the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase. The dissociation constant for the red blood cell fraction suggested that the drug binds to other protein in addition to carbonic anhydrase. The elimination constants were quite similar, indicating little variation from one animal to another. Utilization of the concepts of site and mechanism of action in this model should be of considerable help in relating drug concentration to pharmacological resonse.", "contents": "Nonlinear model for acetazolamide. Intravenous bolus injections of 14C-labeled acetazolamide were made in rabbits. Plasma, urine, and washed red blood cell concentrations were measured, the latter indicating bound drug. AUTOAN and NONLIN were used to fit the plasma data to a linear two-compartment model. However, utilization of the urine and red blood cell data suggested that a nonlinear model was more appropriate. The developed nonlinear system uses a one-compartment model with two tissue-binding parameters. The system simultaneously fits three equations describing drug in the plasma, in the body, and bound to red blood cells, Six parameters were estimated. The initial plasma concentration and the maximum amount bound to tissue protein (minus red blood cell protein) correlated with dose. The dissociation constant from this protein fraction suggested that it is composed mainly of the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase. The dissociation constant for the red blood cell fraction suggested that the drug binds to other protein in addition to carbonic anhydrase. The elimination constants were quite similar, indicating little variation from one animal to another. Utilization of the concepts of site and mechanism of action in this model should be of considerable help in relating drug concentration to pharmacological resonse.", "PMID": 423125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11951", "title": "Relationship of pharmacokinetics to pharmacological response for acetazolamide.", "content": "Acetazolamide concentration values derived from a nonlinear model system were related to two pharmacological responses in the rabbit. Kidney response was measured by monitoring urine flow and sodium elimination. Ocular response was followed using an applanation tonometer. Maximum urine flow and sodium elimination occurring immediately after injection correlated with log dose. Urine flow dropped below control values along with a rise in osmolality, suggesting the involvement of antidiuretic hormone. Sodium elimination was correlated with plasma levels. Urine pH is thought to be involved in reducing accessibility of drug to carbonic anhydrase in the kidney. Maximum ocular response also was correlated with log dose. Ocular response was related to a protein fraction, which is believed to be mainly carbonic anhydrase. However, the duration of ocular response was related to the red blood cell protein fraction. Thus, drug activity could conceivably be regulated by monitoring a tissue that is not the site of action and can be sampled readily.", "contents": "Relationship of pharmacokinetics to pharmacological response for acetazolamide. Acetazolamide concentration values derived from a nonlinear model system were related to two pharmacological responses in the rabbit. Kidney response was measured by monitoring urine flow and sodium elimination. Ocular response was followed using an applanation tonometer. Maximum urine flow and sodium elimination occurring immediately after injection correlated with log dose. Urine flow dropped below control values along with a rise in osmolality, suggesting the involvement of antidiuretic hormone. Sodium elimination was correlated with plasma levels. Urine pH is thought to be involved in reducing accessibility of drug to carbonic anhydrase in the kidney. Maximum ocular response also was correlated with log dose. Ocular response was related to a protein fraction, which is believed to be mainly carbonic anhydrase. However, the duration of ocular response was related to the red blood cell protein fraction. Thus, drug activity could conceivably be regulated by monitoring a tissue that is not the site of action and can be sampled readily.", "PMID": 423126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11952", "title": "Synthesis of alpha-methylenebeutyrolactams as potential antitumor agents.", "content": "A series of 1-aryl-3-methylene-2-pyrrolidinones was synthesized via a three-step reaction sequence. 1,4-Bis-[N-(3-methylene-2-oxopyrrolidino)]benzene, which can undergo alkylation at two sites, was also prepared. These compounds are related to the known antitumor agents alpha-methylenebutyrolactones. Attempts to prepare bis-alpha-methylenelactams, in which the heterocyclic rings are joined through their nitrogen atoms by an alkylene bridge, were unsuccessful. All of the alpha-methylenelactams were screened in B16 melanocarcinoma and P-388 lymphocytic leukemia tumor systems but failed to show significant activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of alpha-methylenebeutyrolactams as potential antitumor agents. A series of 1-aryl-3-methylene-2-pyrrolidinones was synthesized via a three-step reaction sequence. 1,4-Bis-[N-(3-methylene-2-oxopyrrolidino)]benzene, which can undergo alkylation at two sites, was also prepared. These compounds are related to the known antitumor agents alpha-methylenebutyrolactones. Attempts to prepare bis-alpha-methylenelactams, in which the heterocyclic rings are joined through their nitrogen atoms by an alkylene bridge, were unsuccessful. All of the alpha-methylenelactams were screened in B16 melanocarcinoma and P-388 lymphocytic leukemia tumor systems but failed to show significant activity.", "PMID": 423127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11953", "title": "Crystal structure of 1:1 complex of barbital with 1-methylimidazole.", "content": "The prediction of a strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between barbital and 1-methylimidazole was confirmed. Two crystal complexes were obtained, 1:1 and 2:1, and the X-ray structure was determined for the 1:1 complex, which is monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 12.236(3) A, b = 11.332(4) A, c = 12.495(4) A, and beta = 120.67(1) degrees. The structure contains disk-shaped hydrogen-bonded tetramers with two molecules of each kind. There is a short NH...N hydrogen bond (2.82 A) in which barbiturate provides the NH donor.", "contents": "Crystal structure of 1:1 complex of barbital with 1-methylimidazole. The prediction of a strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between barbital and 1-methylimidazole was confirmed. Two crystal complexes were obtained, 1:1 and 2:1, and the X-ray structure was determined for the 1:1 complex, which is monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 12.236(3) A, b = 11.332(4) A, c = 12.495(4) A, and beta = 120.67(1) degrees. The structure contains disk-shaped hydrogen-bonded tetramers with two molecules of each kind. There is a short NH...N hydrogen bond (2.82 A) in which barbiturate provides the NH donor.", "PMID": 423128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11954", "title": "TLC determination of biotin in a lyophilized multivitamin preparation.", "content": "A TLC method for the determination of biotin was developed. The method is selective and sensitive and permits the determination of biotin in the presence of all water-soluble vitamins as well as glycine, edetate sodium, and methylparaben. The main steps are: dissolution of the lyophilized multivitamin preparation in water, addition of the internal standard, application on a thin-layer plate, separation from interfering components, visualization by spraying with 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, and in situ determination by reflectance measurements. Spraying the plate with paraffin after the coloring procedure increases the sensitivity of the method. The coefficient of variation is 2.3% with 0.15 microgram of biotin/spot. Quantities as low as 10 ng/spot can be determined.", "contents": "TLC determination of biotin in a lyophilized multivitamin preparation. A TLC method for the determination of biotin was developed. The method is selective and sensitive and permits the determination of biotin in the presence of all water-soluble vitamins as well as glycine, edetate sodium, and methylparaben. The main steps are: dissolution of the lyophilized multivitamin preparation in water, addition of the internal standard, application on a thin-layer plate, separation from interfering components, visualization by spraying with 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, and in situ determination by reflectance measurements. Spraying the plate with paraffin after the coloring procedure increases the sensitivity of the method. The coefficient of variation is 2.3% with 0.15 microgram of biotin/spot. Quantities as low as 10 ng/spot can be determined.", "PMID": 423129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11955", "title": "Determination of ketoprofen by direct injection of deproteinized body fluids into a high-pressure liquid chromatographic system.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive, and specific determination of ketoprofen in human and animal deproteinized body fluids by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography is presented. The acid is detectable in amounts as low as 0.1 microgram/ml. Limits of error are in the range of +/- 5.1% of the sample mean.", "contents": "Determination of ketoprofen by direct injection of deproteinized body fluids into a high-pressure liquid chromatographic system. A rapid, sensitive, and specific determination of ketoprofen in human and animal deproteinized body fluids by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography is presented. The acid is detectable in amounts as low as 0.1 microgram/ml. Limits of error are in the range of +/- 5.1% of the sample mean.", "PMID": 423130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11956", "title": "Light stability of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol formulation with FD&C colorants.", "content": "In general, light-sensitive tablets exhibit discoloration in the surface layer(s) only. A case is discussed where a quantitative interaction between a drug, ethinyl estradiol (in a combination tablet containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol), and a dye (FD&C Red No. 3) occurs, and discoloration exists throughout the tablet. The data suggest that accelerated light studies should be carried further than those dictated by predictive periods so that equilibrium levels can be deduced.", "contents": "Light stability of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol formulation with FD&C colorants. In general, light-sensitive tablets exhibit discoloration in the surface layer(s) only. A case is discussed where a quantitative interaction between a drug, ethinyl estradiol (in a combination tablet containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol), and a dye (FD&C Red No. 3) occurs, and discoloration exists throughout the tablet. The data suggest that accelerated light studies should be carried further than those dictated by predictive periods so that equilibrium levels can be deduced.", "PMID": 423131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11957", "title": "Quantitative structure--activity relationships and carminative activity II: steric considerations.", "content": "The unexplained variation in the relationships between carminative activities and octanol--water distribution coefficients of various classes of compounds was explained. The steric substituent constant (Es) value, van der Waals volume, and molecular connectivity were introduced into a previously derived correlation. Each parameter brought about an improvement, and molecular connectivity was the most successful. Correlations containing molecular connectivity was the most successful. Correlations containing molecular connectivity terms explained the excess variation. The results were in agreement with a mechanism in which carminative activity depended on the availability of the oxygen atom in the functional group of the molecule and was reduced when the substituent attached to the oxygen hindered the interaction between the oxygen atom and the receptor.", "contents": "Quantitative structure--activity relationships and carminative activity II: steric considerations. The unexplained variation in the relationships between carminative activities and octanol--water distribution coefficients of various classes of compounds was explained. The steric substituent constant (Es) value, van der Waals volume, and molecular connectivity were introduced into a previously derived correlation. Each parameter brought about an improvement, and molecular connectivity was the most successful. Correlations containing molecular connectivity was the most successful. Correlations containing molecular connectivity terms explained the excess variation. The results were in agreement with a mechanism in which carminative activity depended on the availability of the oxygen atom in the functional group of the molecule and was reduced when the substituent attached to the oxygen hindered the interaction between the oxygen atom and the receptor.", "PMID": 423132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11958", "title": "Metabolic studies with nonnutritive sweeteners cyclooctylsulfamate and 4-methylcyclohexylsulfamate.", "content": "The nonnutritive sweeteners cyclooctylsulfamate and 4-methylcyclohexylsulfamate were fed separately to female Wistar albino rats, and the urine was examined for the possible metabolites cyclooctylamine, cyclooctanone, cyclooctanol, 4-methylcyclohexylamine, 4-methylcyclohexanone, and cis- and trans-4-methylcyclohexanols. The average percent conversions to cyclooctylamine, cyclooctanone, and cyclooctanol were 0.127, 0.08, and 0.092, respectively. The average percent conversions to 4-methylcyclohexylamine and 4-methylcyclohexanone were 0.007 and 0.0013, respectively. No cis- or trans-4-methylcyclohexanol metabolites were found. With cyclooctylsulfamate, 42% was recovered unchanged from the urine. Cyclooctyl- and cycloheptylsulfamates were metabolized to a greater extent than cyclopentylsulfamate, which, in turn, was metabolized to a greater extent than cyclohexylsulfamate (cyclamate) and 4-methylcyclohexylsulfamate.", "contents": "Metabolic studies with nonnutritive sweeteners cyclooctylsulfamate and 4-methylcyclohexylsulfamate. The nonnutritive sweeteners cyclooctylsulfamate and 4-methylcyclohexylsulfamate were fed separately to female Wistar albino rats, and the urine was examined for the possible metabolites cyclooctylamine, cyclooctanone, cyclooctanol, 4-methylcyclohexylamine, 4-methylcyclohexanone, and cis- and trans-4-methylcyclohexanols. The average percent conversions to cyclooctylamine, cyclooctanone, and cyclooctanol were 0.127, 0.08, and 0.092, respectively. The average percent conversions to 4-methylcyclohexylamine and 4-methylcyclohexanone were 0.007 and 0.0013, respectively. No cis- or trans-4-methylcyclohexanol metabolites were found. With cyclooctylsulfamate, 42% was recovered unchanged from the urine. Cyclooctyl- and cycloheptylsulfamates were metabolized to a greater extent than cyclopentylsulfamate, which, in turn, was metabolized to a greater extent than cyclohexylsulfamate (cyclamate) and 4-methylcyclohexylsulfamate.", "PMID": 423133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11959", "title": "GLC determination of purity of Schiff bases bakrine and saddamine.", "content": "GLC methods were developed for the investigation of impurities in bakrine and saddamine. The method used for bakrine was unsuitable for saddamine since two possible saddamine impurities, benzylamine and salicylaldehyde, reacted very readily in solution to form saddamine, thus giving a false low value for the original concentration of these impurities. The method devised for saddamine involved silylation, which greatly reduced the possibility of saddamine formation from its precursors and also enabled the detection of another possible impurity, salicylic acid. The method described has an obvious application to the determination of other Schiff bases.", "contents": "GLC determination of purity of Schiff bases bakrine and saddamine. GLC methods were developed for the investigation of impurities in bakrine and saddamine. The method used for bakrine was unsuitable for saddamine since two possible saddamine impurities, benzylamine and salicylaldehyde, reacted very readily in solution to form saddamine, thus giving a false low value for the original concentration of these impurities. The method devised for saddamine involved silylation, which greatly reduced the possibility of saddamine formation from its precursors and also enabled the detection of another possible impurity, salicylic acid. The method described has an obvious application to the determination of other Schiff bases.", "PMID": 423134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11960", "title": "Synthesis of 1-phenyl-2-(phenylcarbamoyl)pyrazolidines as potential anticonvulsant agents.", "content": "Twelve 1-phenyl-2-(phenylcarbamoyl)pyrazolidines were synthesized from 1-arylpyrazolidines and aryl isocyanates. These adducts showed little anticonvulsant activity in the maximal electroshock seizure and pentylenetetrazol seizure assays.", "contents": "Synthesis of 1-phenyl-2-(phenylcarbamoyl)pyrazolidines as potential anticonvulsant agents. Twelve 1-phenyl-2-(phenylcarbamoyl)pyrazolidines were synthesized from 1-arylpyrazolidines and aryl isocyanates. These adducts showed little anticonvulsant activity in the maximal electroshock seizure and pentylenetetrazol seizure assays.", "PMID": 423135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11961", "title": "Sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of propranolol in plasma.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method is presented for the determination of propranolol in human plasma. A reversed-phase cyanopropylsilane column was utilized with a liquid phase consisting of 70% acetonitrile and 30% 0.02 M acetate buffer, pH 7.0. A spectrofluorometric detector with an excitation wavelength of 276 nm and an emission filter with a 340-nm cutoff provided a detectable peak for 0.8 ng of propranolol/injection with this system. The reproducibility and precision of the method are shown from the analyses of samples containing 10--150 ng/ml of plasma.", "contents": "Sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of propranolol in plasma. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method is presented for the determination of propranolol in human plasma. A reversed-phase cyanopropylsilane column was utilized with a liquid phase consisting of 70% acetonitrile and 30% 0.02 M acetate buffer, pH 7.0. A spectrofluorometric detector with an excitation wavelength of 276 nm and an emission filter with a 340-nm cutoff provided a detectable peak for 0.8 ng of propranolol/injection with this system. The reproducibility and precision of the method are shown from the analyses of samples containing 10--150 ng/ml of plasma.", "PMID": 423136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11962", "title": "Electron-capture GLC assay of dichlorphenamide.", "content": "GLC with electron-caputre detection was applied to the assay of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor dichlorphenamide and demonstrated a sensitivity of 10 ng in 0.5 ml of rabbit serum or whole aqueous humor (congruent to 0.25 ml) from one rabbit eye. After extraction of the drug and internal standard (monochlorphenamide) from the biological fluid, these compounds were converted to their tetramethyl derivatives by a nucleophilic alkylation method. Dichlorphenamide contents of aqueous humor and serum of rabbits treated with this drug are reported.", "contents": "Electron-capture GLC assay of dichlorphenamide. GLC with electron-caputre detection was applied to the assay of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor dichlorphenamide and demonstrated a sensitivity of 10 ng in 0.5 ml of rabbit serum or whole aqueous humor (congruent to 0.25 ml) from one rabbit eye. After extraction of the drug and internal standard (monochlorphenamide) from the biological fluid, these compounds were converted to their tetramethyl derivatives by a nucleophilic alkylation method. Dichlorphenamide contents of aqueous humor and serum of rabbits treated with this drug are reported.", "PMID": 423137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11963", "title": "Comparison of in vitro activity of undecylenic acid and tolnaftate against athlete's foot fungi.", "content": "Undecylenic acid and tolnaftate were tested in an in vitro test system to evaluate their relative \"killing time\" efficacy against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, and Epidermophyton floccosum. Commercial products containing these active agents were tested similarly. The pure active agents were equivalent in activity. The commercial product containing undecylenic acid appeared to be more effective against the test organisms than did the product containing tolnaftate.", "contents": "Comparison of in vitro activity of undecylenic acid and tolnaftate against athlete's foot fungi. Undecylenic acid and tolnaftate were tested in an in vitro test system to evaluate their relative \"killing time\" efficacy against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, and Epidermophyton floccosum. Commercial products containing these active agents were tested similarly. The pure active agents were equivalent in activity. The commercial product containing undecylenic acid appeared to be more effective against the test organisms than did the product containing tolnaftate.", "PMID": 423138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11964", "title": "Rapid, sensitive GLC determination of pentobarbital and other barbiturates in serum using nitrogen-specific detector.", "content": "A GLC method for the analysis of pentobarbital in serum was developed. After extraction from serum, a methyl derivative was prepared and quantitated by nitrogen-specific detection. The method has a senstivity of 0.08 microgram/ml for pentobarbital with only 0.1 ml of serum. Secobarbital was the internal standard. Derivatives of other barbiturates also were prepared.", "contents": "Rapid, sensitive GLC determination of pentobarbital and other barbiturates in serum using nitrogen-specific detector. A GLC method for the analysis of pentobarbital in serum was developed. After extraction from serum, a methyl derivative was prepared and quantitated by nitrogen-specific detection. The method has a senstivity of 0.08 microgram/ml for pentobarbital with only 0.1 ml of serum. Secobarbital was the internal standard. Derivatives of other barbiturates also were prepared.", "PMID": 423139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11965", "title": "Separation, identification, and quantitation of anthralin and its decomposition products.", "content": "Anthralin and its decomposition products were separated by both column chromatographic and TLC techniques. Two decomposition products were characterized by TLC, melting-point data, and UV and IR spectroscopy. Pure anthralin and its decomposition products also were determined quantitatively.", "contents": "Separation, identification, and quantitation of anthralin and its decomposition products. Anthralin and its decomposition products were separated by both column chromatographic and TLC techniques. Two decomposition products were characterized by TLC, melting-point data, and UV and IR spectroscopy. Pure anthralin and its decomposition products also were determined quantitatively.", "PMID": 423140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11966", "title": "Semantic disorders of auditory language comprehension in right brain-damaged patients.", "content": "A test of auditory language comprehension was given to 110 right brain-damaged patients and to 94 normal controls in order to check if patients with lesions of the right (nondominant) hemisphere make a significantly higher number of semantic errors than normals. Confirmation of the hypothesis was obtained, but the relationship between semantic errors and lesion of the right hemisphere did not seem a simple and direct one. In fact, most of the lexical-semantic errors were due to associated variables (such as unilateral spatial agnosia and general mental deterioration) and not to the lesion of the right hemisphere per se. These data do not suggest a specific semantic capacity of the nondominant hemisphere but rather stress the fragility of the lexical-semantic organization at the cortical level.", "contents": "Semantic disorders of auditory language comprehension in right brain-damaged patients. A test of auditory language comprehension was given to 110 right brain-damaged patients and to 94 normal controls in order to check if patients with lesions of the right (nondominant) hemisphere make a significantly higher number of semantic errors than normals. Confirmation of the hypothesis was obtained, but the relationship between semantic errors and lesion of the right hemisphere did not seem a simple and direct one. In fact, most of the lexical-semantic errors were due to associated variables (such as unilateral spatial agnosia and general mental deterioration) and not to the lesion of the right hemisphere per se. These data do not suggest a specific semantic capacity of the nondominant hemisphere but rather stress the fragility of the lexical-semantic organization at the cortical level.", "PMID": 423145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11967", "title": "Fertilizing capacity and ultrastructure of fowl and turkey spermatozoa before and after freezing.", "content": "The fertilizing capacity, motility and ultrastructure of fowl and turkey spermatozoa were examined at various stages of the freezing process. For both species, fertility and motility were depressed after equilibration with dimethyl-sulphoxide at 5 degrees C. After freezing, motility was maintained at 55% for fowl spermatozoa and 40% for turkey spermatozoa; however, fertility was 55% for the fowl and 0% for the turkey. Qualitatively, the damage to the spermatozoa of both species was nearly identical, as revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The plasmalemma was the primary site of damage. 'Bent' spermatozoa, coiled tails and swollen mitochondria were also present. Damage to the acrosome was only observed in spermatozoa which had been frozen to -180 degrees or -196 degrees C. These changes were attributed to adverse osmotic conditions. Binding of cationic ferritin to the plasmalemma of spermatozoa from both species remained unaltered.", "contents": "Fertilizing capacity and ultrastructure of fowl and turkey spermatozoa before and after freezing. The fertilizing capacity, motility and ultrastructure of fowl and turkey spermatozoa were examined at various stages of the freezing process. For both species, fertility and motility were depressed after equilibration with dimethyl-sulphoxide at 5 degrees C. After freezing, motility was maintained at 55% for fowl spermatozoa and 40% for turkey spermatozoa; however, fertility was 55% for the fowl and 0% for the turkey. Qualitatively, the damage to the spermatozoa of both species was nearly identical, as revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The plasmalemma was the primary site of damage. 'Bent' spermatozoa, coiled tails and swollen mitochondria were also present. Damage to the acrosome was only observed in spermatozoa which had been frozen to -180 degrees or -196 degrees C. These changes were attributed to adverse osmotic conditions. Binding of cationic ferritin to the plasmalemma of spermatozoa from both species remained unaltered.", "PMID": 423146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11968", "title": "Substrate specificity of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme C4 from human spermatozoa and a possible selective assay.", "content": "The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) in normal human sperm lysates and in human heart and liver homogenates was determined by using a variety of 2-oxoacids as substrates. Sperm preparations were active with pyruvate, 2-oxobutanoate, 2-oxopentanoate and 2-oxohexanoate, while heart and liver extracts utilized only pyruvate and 2-oxobutanoate. Selective staining after gel electrophoresis indicated that the fraction corresponding to lactate dehydrogenase C4, the sperm-specific isoenzyme, was responsible for the utilization of substrates with a linear chain of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. The use of 5 mM 2-oxohexanoate allowed the selective determination of isoenzyme C4 in preparations containing different lactate dehydrogenase molecular forms.", "contents": "Substrate specificity of the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme C4 from human spermatozoa and a possible selective assay. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) in normal human sperm lysates and in human heart and liver homogenates was determined by using a variety of 2-oxoacids as substrates. Sperm preparations were active with pyruvate, 2-oxobutanoate, 2-oxopentanoate and 2-oxohexanoate, while heart and liver extracts utilized only pyruvate and 2-oxobutanoate. Selective staining after gel electrophoresis indicated that the fraction corresponding to lactate dehydrogenase C4, the sperm-specific isoenzyme, was responsible for the utilization of substrates with a linear chain of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. The use of 5 mM 2-oxohexanoate allowed the selective determination of isoenzyme C4 in preparations containing different lactate dehydrogenase molecular forms.", "PMID": 423147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11969", "title": "Correlation of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme C4 activity with the count and motility of human spermatozoa.", "content": "The activity of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme C4 was determined on 90 human semen samples. The correlation between the isoenzyme activity and sperm count and motility was good (r = 0.74 for values of U/ml semen against sperm count).", "contents": "Correlation of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme C4 activity with the count and motility of human spermatozoa. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme C4 was determined on 90 human semen samples. The correlation between the isoenzyme activity and sperm count and motility was good (r = 0.74 for values of U/ml semen against sperm count).", "PMID": 423148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11970", "title": "Varying effects of an IUD on decidualization in mice.", "content": "Chronically implanted IUDs consisting of silk suture threads induced decidualization in regions of the uterus remote from the suture site in ovariectomized mice treated with a regimen of progesterone and oestrogen which sensitizes the uterus to a decidual stimulus. In these conditions the IUDs did not inhibit decidualization induced by instilled oil, although they did so in pregnant animals of the same strain. Varying the dose of progesterone and oestrogen did not produce conditions in which IUD's inhibited oil-induced decidualization in ovariectomized mice and progesterone treatment did not prevent IUDs inhibiting decidualization in pregnant animals. However, when ovariectomized mice, sensitized as before, were primed repeatedly with oestrogen to simulate continuing oestrous cycles after IUD insertion, the IUD's inhibited oil-induced decidualization. This involved the premature loss of instilled oil from the uterine lumen and was associated with heavy infiltration of leucocytes into the luminal epithelium. Numbers of leucocytes free in the uterine lumen did not appear to be critical. It appears that contact between the oil and the luminal epithelial surface must be sustained for some length of time to induce a decidual reaction; brief contact is not sufficient to trigger the response.", "contents": "Varying effects of an IUD on decidualization in mice. Chronically implanted IUDs consisting of silk suture threads induced decidualization in regions of the uterus remote from the suture site in ovariectomized mice treated with a regimen of progesterone and oestrogen which sensitizes the uterus to a decidual stimulus. In these conditions the IUDs did not inhibit decidualization induced by instilled oil, although they did so in pregnant animals of the same strain. Varying the dose of progesterone and oestrogen did not produce conditions in which IUD's inhibited oil-induced decidualization in ovariectomized mice and progesterone treatment did not prevent IUDs inhibiting decidualization in pregnant animals. However, when ovariectomized mice, sensitized as before, were primed repeatedly with oestrogen to simulate continuing oestrous cycles after IUD insertion, the IUD's inhibited oil-induced decidualization. This involved the premature loss of instilled oil from the uterine lumen and was associated with heavy infiltration of leucocytes into the luminal epithelium. Numbers of leucocytes free in the uterine lumen did not appear to be critical. It appears that contact between the oil and the luminal epithelial surface must be sustained for some length of time to induce a decidual reaction; brief contact is not sufficient to trigger the response.", "PMID": 423149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11971", "title": "Early cellular changes and circular muscle contraction associated with the induction of decidualization by intrauterine oil in mice.", "content": "Intrauterine instillations of oil or saline distended the uterus in ovariectomized mice treated with progesterone + oestrogen to sensitize the uterus to a decidualizing stimulus. Saline does not induce decidualization, and therefore uterine distension per se is not the trigger to decidual induction. Oil induces decidualization, but does not involve gross damage to the epithelium, penetration of oil into the stroma or release of epithelial lipid into the stroma. Instillation (oil, saline or sham) induced a contraction of the circular muscles along the length of the uterus which closed the uterine lumen, expelled most of the oil and located the remainder primarily in the antimesometrial cleft of the lumen. Progesterone inhibited longitudinal muscle contraction and facilitated circular muscle contraction. These effects are discussed in relation to the spacing and implantation of blastocysts.", "contents": "Early cellular changes and circular muscle contraction associated with the induction of decidualization by intrauterine oil in mice. Intrauterine instillations of oil or saline distended the uterus in ovariectomized mice treated with progesterone + oestrogen to sensitize the uterus to a decidualizing stimulus. Saline does not induce decidualization, and therefore uterine distension per se is not the trigger to decidual induction. Oil induces decidualization, but does not involve gross damage to the epithelium, penetration of oil into the stroma or release of epithelial lipid into the stroma. Instillation (oil, saline or sham) induced a contraction of the circular muscles along the length of the uterus which closed the uterine lumen, expelled most of the oil and located the remainder primarily in the antimesometrial cleft of the lumen. Progesterone inhibited longitudinal muscle contraction and facilitated circular muscle contraction. These effects are discussed in relation to the spacing and implantation of blastocysts.", "PMID": 423150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11972", "title": "Symplasma formation and decidualization in the pseudopregnant rabbit after intraluminal instillation of tricaprylin.", "content": "A pure neutral triglyceride, tricaprylin, was injected (Day 0) into isolated segments of the uterus of rabbits in which pseudopregnancy had been induced by i.v. injection of hCG 6 days before. The animals were killed in groups of 3 on Days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. Saline, simple ligation of the uterus or uterine trauma were used as control treatments in other uterine segments in the same animals. Extensive symplasma formation in the uterine epithelium of the tricaprylin-treated segments was observed on Days 2 and 3; this had degenerated by Day 4 and was absent by Day 6. Decidualization of the stroma began on Days 3 and 4 and was absent by Day 6. The symplasma formed earlier on the antimesometrial side than it did laterally or mesometrially. Decidualization was maximal mesometrially, intermediate laterally, and absent antimesometrially. Ligation with saline and trauma, but not ligation alone, produced symplasma formation. Decidualization occurred after trauma but not after saline injection or ligation alone.", "contents": "Symplasma formation and decidualization in the pseudopregnant rabbit after intraluminal instillation of tricaprylin. A pure neutral triglyceride, tricaprylin, was injected (Day 0) into isolated segments of the uterus of rabbits in which pseudopregnancy had been induced by i.v. injection of hCG 6 days before. The animals were killed in groups of 3 on Days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. Saline, simple ligation of the uterus or uterine trauma were used as control treatments in other uterine segments in the same animals. Extensive symplasma formation in the uterine epithelium of the tricaprylin-treated segments was observed on Days 2 and 3; this had degenerated by Day 4 and was absent by Day 6. Decidualization of the stroma began on Days 3 and 4 and was absent by Day 6. The symplasma formed earlier on the antimesometrial side than it did laterally or mesometrially. Decidualization was maximal mesometrially, intermediate laterally, and absent antimesometrially. Ligation with saline and trauma, but not ligation alone, produced symplasma formation. Decidualization occurred after trauma but not after saline injection or ligation alone.", "PMID": 423151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11973", "title": "Thromboxane B-2 in the plasma and amniotic fluid of late pregnant and periparturient sheep.", "content": "The concentration of thromboxane (TX) B-2 was similar in plasma from all sources but was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) in amniotic fluid. Fetal hypophysectomy was without effect on maternal or fetal levels of TXB-2 (P greater than 0.1). Neither normal parturition at term nor prematurely induced delivery was associated with any significant trend in TXB-2 levels. During late pregnancy (105--145 days of gestation) the concentrations of TXB-2 and 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F (PGFM) in maternal and fetal plasma were significantly correlated (P less than 0.001). There was, however, no correlation between TXB-2 and PGFM levels in samples taken during the 36 h before delivery. These data suggest that thromboxanes play little part in the mechanism of parturition in sheep.", "contents": "Thromboxane B-2 in the plasma and amniotic fluid of late pregnant and periparturient sheep. The concentration of thromboxane (TX) B-2 was similar in plasma from all sources but was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) in amniotic fluid. Fetal hypophysectomy was without effect on maternal or fetal levels of TXB-2 (P greater than 0.1). Neither normal parturition at term nor prematurely induced delivery was associated with any significant trend in TXB-2 levels. During late pregnancy (105--145 days of gestation) the concentrations of TXB-2 and 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F (PGFM) in maternal and fetal plasma were significantly correlated (P less than 0.001). There was, however, no correlation between TXB-2 and PGFM levels in samples taken during the 36 h before delivery. These data suggest that thromboxanes play little part in the mechanism of parturition in sheep.", "PMID": 423152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11974", "title": "The estimation of sperm motility in semen, on a membrane slide, by measuring the area change frequency with an image analysing computer.", "content": "A simple slide is described in which the base is a permeable membrane so that a suspension of spermatozoa (or other cells) may be examined under controlled conditions with a microscope. An objective method of assessing the motility of spermatozoa in undiluted or diluted semen from a wide variety of species including cattle, horse, pig, rabbit, rat and sheep is described. It is shown to be well correlated with other methods of assessing motility and also with the non-return rate obtained with frozen cattle semen.", "contents": "The estimation of sperm motility in semen, on a membrane slide, by measuring the area change frequency with an image analysing computer. A simple slide is described in which the base is a permeable membrane so that a suspension of spermatozoa (or other cells) may be examined under controlled conditions with a microscope. An objective method of assessing the motility of spermatozoa in undiluted or diluted semen from a wide variety of species including cattle, horse, pig, rabbit, rat and sheep is described. It is shown to be well correlated with other methods of assessing motility and also with the non-return rate obtained with frozen cattle semen.", "PMID": 423153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11975", "title": "Measurement of the motility of rat spermatozoa collected by micropuncture from the testis and from different regions along the epididymis.", "content": "Spermatozoa from the testis and various regions along the epididymis of the rat were collected by micropuncture and their motility after dilution was estimated over a 15-min period by using a Quantimet image analyser. The motility of sermatozoa from the rete testis and seminiferous tubules was too low to be measured. The estimate of motility of spermatozoa from the proximal caput epididymidis was much lower than that of spermatozoa from the other regions. Spermatozoa from the distal part of the caput showed sustained motility for 15 min, whereas those from the caudal region and ductus deferens, although active initially, became less active during this period.", "contents": "Measurement of the motility of rat spermatozoa collected by micropuncture from the testis and from different regions along the epididymis. Spermatozoa from the testis and various regions along the epididymis of the rat were collected by micropuncture and their motility after dilution was estimated over a 15-min period by using a Quantimet image analyser. The motility of sermatozoa from the rete testis and seminiferous tubules was too low to be measured. The estimate of motility of spermatozoa from the proximal caput epididymidis was much lower than that of spermatozoa from the other regions. Spermatozoa from the distal part of the caput showed sustained motility for 15 min, whereas those from the caudal region and ductus deferens, although active initially, became less active during this period.", "PMID": 423154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11976", "title": "Hormonal and physical changes associated with bovine conceptus development.", "content": "Conceptus (placental membranes, fetal fluids and fetus) development was characterized between Days 27 and 111 of gestation. Progestagens, oestrone, oestradiol, oestrone sulphate and prostaglandins (PG) F were measured in maternal plasma and allantoic and amniotic fluids. Protein concentrations are described for fetal fluids. The early increase in placental membrane weight from 1.12 g (27 days) to 58.45 g (50 days) was associated with oestrogen production presumably of conceptus origin. Oestrogens increased significantly in allantoic and amniotic fluids throughout the period studied with oestrone being the primary free oestrogen, rising from 2 pg/ml (Day 33) to 144 ng/ml by 111 days in allantoic fluid. Changes in plasma oestrogens of the maternal circulation were not detected until after Day 70 at which time oestrone concentration was greater than that of oestradiol. Fetal fluid concentrations of progestagens, oestrone sulphate and PGF were not related to maternal plasma levels and a sequestration of these hormones by the allantois is postulated.", "contents": "Hormonal and physical changes associated with bovine conceptus development. Conceptus (placental membranes, fetal fluids and fetus) development was characterized between Days 27 and 111 of gestation. Progestagens, oestrone, oestradiol, oestrone sulphate and prostaglandins (PG) F were measured in maternal plasma and allantoic and amniotic fluids. Protein concentrations are described for fetal fluids. The early increase in placental membrane weight from 1.12 g (27 days) to 58.45 g (50 days) was associated with oestrogen production presumably of conceptus origin. Oestrogens increased significantly in allantoic and amniotic fluids throughout the period studied with oestrone being the primary free oestrogen, rising from 2 pg/ml (Day 33) to 144 ng/ml by 111 days in allantoic fluid. Changes in plasma oestrogens of the maternal circulation were not detected until after Day 70 at which time oestrone concentration was greater than that of oestradiol. Fetal fluid concentrations of progestagens, oestrone sulphate and PGF were not related to maternal plasma levels and a sequestration of these hormones by the allantois is postulated.", "PMID": 423156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11977", "title": "Regeneration of atretic sheep ovarian follicles in vitro.", "content": "Large (4--6 mm diam.) and small (2--3 mm) atretic follicles were removed from sheep ovaries during the luteal phase of the cycle and maintained in organ culture without hormonal supplementation for up to 5 days. The structure, cell dynamics and steroid-producing capacity of the follicles were compared with those of non-atretic follicles of similar size. The granulosa layer of the atretic follicles invariably regenerated in culture, increasing in thickness more than 2- and 4-fold in large and small follicles respectively. This could not be accounted for by cell division which remained low throughout the culture period. In contrast, non-atretic follicles showed high mitotic activity during the first 24 h in culture: this was not associated with an increase in granulosa thickness in large follicles although there was a 4-fold increase in small ones. An increase in internuclear spacing, a measure of cell size plus intercellular space, partly accounted for the increase in granulosa thickness in atretic follicles. Even when granulosa cells remained in close apposition there was an almost total absence of gap junctions, a prominent feature in the granulosa of non-atretic follicles both in vivo and in vitro. Pyknotic nuclei and atretic bodies rapidly disappeared from the regenerating granulosa layer. The theca interna was restored in culture to a state ultrastructurally closely resembling that of non-atretic follicles in vivo. Total steroid secretion (oestradiol-17beta, testosterone plus progesterone) into the culture medium (pmol.mg tissue-1.24 h-1) was the same for atretic and non-atretic follicles of comparable size. There was, however, a marked difference in the type of steroid produced, largely related to a loss of aromatizing capacity in atretic follicles. The predominant steroid secreted by large non-atretic follicles was oestrogen, with slightly smaller amounts of testosterone, whereas the principal steroid secreted by large atretic follicles was progesterone. In small non-atretic and atretic follicles, the predominant steroid was testosterone, but the non-atretic follicles also secreted appreciable amounts of oestrogen. Addition of FSH to the culture medium did not restore aromatizing capacity to the atretic follicles.", "contents": "Regeneration of atretic sheep ovarian follicles in vitro. Large (4--6 mm diam.) and small (2--3 mm) atretic follicles were removed from sheep ovaries during the luteal phase of the cycle and maintained in organ culture without hormonal supplementation for up to 5 days. The structure, cell dynamics and steroid-producing capacity of the follicles were compared with those of non-atretic follicles of similar size. The granulosa layer of the atretic follicles invariably regenerated in culture, increasing in thickness more than 2- and 4-fold in large and small follicles respectively. This could not be accounted for by cell division which remained low throughout the culture period. In contrast, non-atretic follicles showed high mitotic activity during the first 24 h in culture: this was not associated with an increase in granulosa thickness in large follicles although there was a 4-fold increase in small ones. An increase in internuclear spacing, a measure of cell size plus intercellular space, partly accounted for the increase in granulosa thickness in atretic follicles. Even when granulosa cells remained in close apposition there was an almost total absence of gap junctions, a prominent feature in the granulosa of non-atretic follicles both in vivo and in vitro. Pyknotic nuclei and atretic bodies rapidly disappeared from the regenerating granulosa layer. The theca interna was restored in culture to a state ultrastructurally closely resembling that of non-atretic follicles in vivo. Total steroid secretion (oestradiol-17beta, testosterone plus progesterone) into the culture medium (pmol.mg tissue-1.24 h-1) was the same for atretic and non-atretic follicles of comparable size. There was, however, a marked difference in the type of steroid produced, largely related to a loss of aromatizing capacity in atretic follicles. The predominant steroid secreted by large non-atretic follicles was oestrogen, with slightly smaller amounts of testosterone, whereas the principal steroid secreted by large atretic follicles was progesterone. In small non-atretic and atretic follicles, the predominant steroid was testosterone, but the non-atretic follicles also secreted appreciable amounts of oestrogen. Addition of FSH to the culture medium did not restore aromatizing capacity to the atretic follicles.", "PMID": 423157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11978", "title": "Total follicular populations in ewes of high and low ovulation rates.", "content": "The total ovarian follicular populations were studied in two breeds of ewes which differed greatly in their ovulation rates. Thus 8 Romanov (mean ovulation rate 3.1) and 12 Ile-de-France ewes (mean ovulation rate 1.4) were ovariectomized at oestrus during the breeding season. Each right ovary and 3 left ovaries were sectioned at 7 micron and examined microscopically. The number of small follicles, i.e. with 2 or less layers of granulosa cells, was estimated by a tested sampling procedure whilst all larger follicles were measured and arranged into classes. There were half as many small follicles but 1.5--2 times more large follicles in the ovaries of the Romanov ewes compared to those of the Ile-de-France ewes. The number of atretic follicles was approximately the same in both breeds and does not explain the difference observed in ovulation rate. It is concluded that the higher ovulation rate in the Romanov ewe is due to the greater number of large follicles available to be stimulated for ovulation.", "contents": "Total follicular populations in ewes of high and low ovulation rates. The total ovarian follicular populations were studied in two breeds of ewes which differed greatly in their ovulation rates. Thus 8 Romanov (mean ovulation rate 3.1) and 12 Ile-de-France ewes (mean ovulation rate 1.4) were ovariectomized at oestrus during the breeding season. Each right ovary and 3 left ovaries were sectioned at 7 micron and examined microscopically. The number of small follicles, i.e. with 2 or less layers of granulosa cells, was estimated by a tested sampling procedure whilst all larger follicles were measured and arranged into classes. There were half as many small follicles but 1.5--2 times more large follicles in the ovaries of the Romanov ewes compared to those of the Ile-de-France ewes. The number of atretic follicles was approximately the same in both breeds and does not explain the difference observed in ovulation rate. It is concluded that the higher ovulation rate in the Romanov ewe is due to the greater number of large follicles available to be stimulated for ovulation.", "PMID": 423159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11979", "title": "A study of endometrial RNA polymerase activity in infertile women.", "content": "Endometrial RNA polymerase activity, which is sensitive to oestrogens and progesterone, has been measured in normal and infertile patients. One-third of the infertile patients studied had abnormal values. An analysis of the relationship of abnormal RNA polymerase activity to clinical abnormalities and to pregnancies occurring without treatment suggests that this assay may detect a biochemical fault in the endometrium which is related to the failure to conceive.", "contents": "A study of endometrial RNA polymerase activity in infertile women. Endometrial RNA polymerase activity, which is sensitive to oestrogens and progesterone, has been measured in normal and infertile patients. One-third of the infertile patients studied had abnormal values. An analysis of the relationship of abnormal RNA polymerase activity to clinical abnormalities and to pregnancies occurring without treatment suggests that this assay may detect a biochemical fault in the endometrium which is related to the failure to conceive.", "PMID": 423160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11980", "title": "Effect of ovulation and sperm motility on the migration of rabbit spermatozoa to the site of fertilization.", "content": "Few spermatozoa were present in the ampullae of females 12 h after intravaginal artificial insemination (AI) when there was no ovulation-inducing stimulus. When ovulation was induced, sperm distributions in the female tract 12 h after AI did not differ from those observed 12 h after natural mating. The number of spermatozoa in the oviductal isthmus was similar in all 3 groups as was the percentage of isthmic spermatozoa exhibiting 'activated' motility. When fertile mating was delayed for 8 or 12 h after coitus with a vasectomized male (i.e. 2 h before or after ovulation), spermatozoa were not present in the ampulla 4 h later. The numbers of spermatozoa recovered from the cranial isthmus after delayed matings and 12 h after natural matings did not differ, but after delayed matings the motility of isthmic spermatozoa was non-progressive or poorly progressive and none exhibited 'activated' motility. Flagellar activity of isthmic spermatozoa recovered 4 h after delayed matings and after natural matings was similarly depressed. These observations indicate that sperm ascent to the tubal ampulla in the sustained phase of transport, though enhanced by ovulation, must also depend on changes in flagellar activity and a specific pattern of motility, both of which appear only after spermatozoa have resided for more than 4 h in the female tract.", "contents": "Effect of ovulation and sperm motility on the migration of rabbit spermatozoa to the site of fertilization. Few spermatozoa were present in the ampullae of females 12 h after intravaginal artificial insemination (AI) when there was no ovulation-inducing stimulus. When ovulation was induced, sperm distributions in the female tract 12 h after AI did not differ from those observed 12 h after natural mating. The number of spermatozoa in the oviductal isthmus was similar in all 3 groups as was the percentage of isthmic spermatozoa exhibiting 'activated' motility. When fertile mating was delayed for 8 or 12 h after coitus with a vasectomized male (i.e. 2 h before or after ovulation), spermatozoa were not present in the ampulla 4 h later. The numbers of spermatozoa recovered from the cranial isthmus after delayed matings and 12 h after natural matings did not differ, but after delayed matings the motility of isthmic spermatozoa was non-progressive or poorly progressive and none exhibited 'activated' motility. Flagellar activity of isthmic spermatozoa recovered 4 h after delayed matings and after natural matings was similarly depressed. These observations indicate that sperm ascent to the tubal ampulla in the sustained phase of transport, though enhanced by ovulation, must also depend on changes in flagellar activity and a specific pattern of motility, both of which appear only after spermatozoa have resided for more than 4 h in the female tract.", "PMID": 423161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11981", "title": "Oviposition of fertile eggs and postponement of subsequent egg laying in ring doves (Streptopelia risoria).", "content": "Within the 45 days after an oviposition, fewer female doves which had laid fertile eggs laid a subsequent clutch than did females which had laid infertile eggs. During incubation the fertile eggs were replaced by infertile ones; therefore, this difference was not a result of raising squabs.", "contents": "Oviposition of fertile eggs and postponement of subsequent egg laying in ring doves (Streptopelia risoria). Within the 45 days after an oviposition, fewer female doves which had laid fertile eggs laid a subsequent clutch than did females which had laid infertile eggs. During incubation the fertile eggs were replaced by infertile ones; therefore, this difference was not a result of raising squabs.", "PMID": 423162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11982", "title": "Testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone production in vitro by rat testicular tissue treated with oestradiol-17beta.", "content": "Decapsulated adult rat testes were assessed for their capacity to produce testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone when incubated in the presence of oestradiol-17beta for 3 h. Concentrations of 10(-6) and 10(-8) M-oestradiol-17beta had no significant effect on the production of these hormones and did not alter the capacity of the testes to respond to 100 i.u. hCG in vitro. It is suggested that oestradiol-17beta does not directly affect acute regulation of testicular steroidogenesis in the adult rat.", "contents": "Testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone production in vitro by rat testicular tissue treated with oestradiol-17beta. Decapsulated adult rat testes were assessed for their capacity to produce testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone when incubated in the presence of oestradiol-17beta for 3 h. Concentrations of 10(-6) and 10(-8) M-oestradiol-17beta had no significant effect on the production of these hormones and did not alter the capacity of the testes to respond to 100 i.u. hCG in vitro. It is suggested that oestradiol-17beta does not directly affect acute regulation of testicular steroidogenesis in the adult rat.", "PMID": 423163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11983", "title": "Effects of phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride on activities of cholesteryl ester synthesis and hydrolysis in testes of rats, and on serum testosterone and LH levels.", "content": "PMSF was injected subcutaneously to male rats once a day for 10 days at a dose of 10 mg/day. There was an increase in the concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol in the testes, a decrease in activities of cholesteryl ester synthesis and hydrolysis but no change in activity of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. Serum testosterone and LH levels were significantly decreased. The only effect of PMSF on the lipids of the testes was a marked elevation of docosapentaenoic (22:5) acid and the cholesteryl esters.", "contents": "Effects of phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride on activities of cholesteryl ester synthesis and hydrolysis in testes of rats, and on serum testosterone and LH levels. PMSF was injected subcutaneously to male rats once a day for 10 days at a dose of 10 mg/day. There was an increase in the concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol in the testes, a decrease in activities of cholesteryl ester synthesis and hydrolysis but no change in activity of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. Serum testosterone and LH levels were significantly decreased. The only effect of PMSF on the lipids of the testes was a marked elevation of docosapentaenoic (22:5) acid and the cholesteryl esters.", "PMID": 423164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11984", "title": "Effects of season on the secretion of LH and testosterone in intact and castrated red deer stags (Cervus elaphus).", "content": "At 2--4 monthly intervals during the year blood samples were collected every 15 min for 6 h from 2 intact and 3 castrated red deer stags to study the relationship between season and the secretion of LH and testosterone. In the intact stags plasma LH and testosterone concentrations changed during the year; the LH levels were maximal in August during the phase of testicular redevelopment, while the testosterone levels were maximal from September to November coinciding with the time of peak testicular activity and the mating season. The castrated stags had higher plasma levels of LH than the intact stags at all times of the year, and there was no clear seasonal cycle in LH levels in these animals.", "contents": "Effects of season on the secretion of LH and testosterone in intact and castrated red deer stags (Cervus elaphus). At 2--4 monthly intervals during the year blood samples were collected every 15 min for 6 h from 2 intact and 3 castrated red deer stags to study the relationship between season and the secretion of LH and testosterone. In the intact stags plasma LH and testosterone concentrations changed during the year; the LH levels were maximal in August during the phase of testicular redevelopment, while the testosterone levels were maximal from September to November coinciding with the time of peak testicular activity and the mating season. The castrated stags had higher plasma levels of LH than the intact stags at all times of the year, and there was no clear seasonal cycle in LH levels in these animals.", "PMID": 423165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11985", "title": "Short-term variations in plasma LH and testosterone in bull calves from birth to 1 year of age.", "content": "LH and testosterone levels in bull calves were studied in the plasma samples collected sequentially at 15-min intervals every month during the first year of life. An episodic pattern of LH release occurred after birth and the frequency and magnitude of the LH peaks increased up to 4 months of age and decreased thereafter. A testicular response was not observed before this age. It is suggested that this episodic LH activity is responsible for the testicular development which then initiates puberty.", "contents": "Short-term variations in plasma LH and testosterone in bull calves from birth to 1 year of age. LH and testosterone levels in bull calves were studied in the plasma samples collected sequentially at 15-min intervals every month during the first year of life. An episodic pattern of LH release occurred after birth and the frequency and magnitude of the LH peaks increased up to 4 months of age and decreased thereafter. A testicular response was not observed before this age. It is suggested that this episodic LH activity is responsible for the testicular development which then initiates puberty.", "PMID": 423166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11986", "title": "Ovulation rate and oocyte numbers in ewes after prolonged exposure to oestrogenic pasture.", "content": "Ewes which had been exposed to oestrogenic clover for 3 years showed an elevated ovulation rate but no difference in numbers of primordial follicles compared with normal ewes.", "contents": "Ovulation rate and oocyte numbers in ewes after prolonged exposure to oestrogenic pasture. Ewes which had been exposed to oestrogenic clover for 3 years showed an elevated ovulation rate but no difference in numbers of primordial follicles compared with normal ewes.", "PMID": 423167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11987", "title": "Analysis of mouse uterine proteins at pro-oestrus, during early pregnancy and after administration of exogenous steroids.", "content": "Uterine secretions were analysed after labelling with L-14,5-3H]leucine. During pro-oestrus major protein peaks were seen with approximate mol. wt 2.0 X 10(4), 2.7 X 10(4), 4.0 X 10(4), 5.7 X 10(4), 7.8 X 10(4) and 13.0 X 10(4). Qualitative changes were observed during the first 4 days of pregnancy. On day 4 p.c. secretions revealed two prominent peaks with mol. wt 6.7 X 10(4) and 12.5 X 10(4), four peaks between 2.0 and 4.7 X 10(4) and one at 8.5 X 10(4) and one at 20.0 X 10(4). Profiles similar to those on mimic Day 4 p.c., and implantation, were induced in ovariectomized females by administration of exogenous progesterone and oestradiol, whereas the proteins detected after administration of exogenous oestradiol alone were essentially similar to those found at pro-oestrus. Ovariectomized mice treated with the steroid sequence to mimic Day 4 p.c. profiles but not given the final injection of oestradiol showed no detectable labelled proteins. Injection of progesterone or oestradiol alone, in the final sequence of injections given to ovariectomized pregnant females treated with progesterone, did not induce blastocyst implantation. These studies indicate a synergistic relationship between progesterone and oestrogen in the secretion of uterine macromolecules.", "contents": "Analysis of mouse uterine proteins at pro-oestrus, during early pregnancy and after administration of exogenous steroids. Uterine secretions were analysed after labelling with L-14,5-3H]leucine. During pro-oestrus major protein peaks were seen with approximate mol. wt 2.0 X 10(4), 2.7 X 10(4), 4.0 X 10(4), 5.7 X 10(4), 7.8 X 10(4) and 13.0 X 10(4). Qualitative changes were observed during the first 4 days of pregnancy. On day 4 p.c. secretions revealed two prominent peaks with mol. wt 6.7 X 10(4) and 12.5 X 10(4), four peaks between 2.0 and 4.7 X 10(4) and one at 8.5 X 10(4) and one at 20.0 X 10(4). Profiles similar to those on mimic Day 4 p.c., and implantation, were induced in ovariectomized females by administration of exogenous progesterone and oestradiol, whereas the proteins detected after administration of exogenous oestradiol alone were essentially similar to those found at pro-oestrus. Ovariectomized mice treated with the steroid sequence to mimic Day 4 p.c. profiles but not given the final injection of oestradiol showed no detectable labelled proteins. Injection of progesterone or oestradiol alone, in the final sequence of injections given to ovariectomized pregnant females treated with progesterone, did not induce blastocyst implantation. These studies indicate a synergistic relationship between progesterone and oestrogen in the secretion of uterine macromolecules.", "PMID": 423168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11988", "title": "Fitz-Hugh and Curtis syndrome.", "content": "A review of 124 patients treated for pelvic inflammatory disease revealed 15 cases of presumptive Fitz-Hugh and Curtis syndrome. During the same 12-month period three patients mistakenly thought to have gall bladder disease came to laparotomy, only to be found to have Fitz-Hugh and Curtis syndrome. The subtle presentation of the syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Fitz-Hugh and Curtis syndrome. A review of 124 patients treated for pelvic inflammatory disease revealed 15 cases of presumptive Fitz-Hugh and Curtis syndrome. During the same 12-month period three patients mistakenly thought to have gall bladder disease came to laparotomy, only to be found to have Fitz-Hugh and Curtis syndrome. The subtle presentation of the syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 423170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11989", "title": "Synthesis and evaluation for diuretic activity of 1-substituted 6-chloro-5-sulfamylindolines.", "content": "The synthesis of a series of 1-substituted 6-chloro-5-sulfamylindolines is described. In the Lipschitz test for diuretic activity, two of the compounds showed significant excretion of urine and sodium and were approximately equivalent in potency to chlorothiazide but with a later onset of activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and evaluation for diuretic activity of 1-substituted 6-chloro-5-sulfamylindolines. The synthesis of a series of 1-substituted 6-chloro-5-sulfamylindolines is described. In the Lipschitz test for diuretic activity, two of the compounds showed significant excretion of urine and sodium and were approximately equivalent in potency to chlorothiazide but with a later onset of activity.", "PMID": 423171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11990", "title": "Phosphonate analogue of 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridylic acid.", "content": "The phosphonate analogue (6) of 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridylic acid has been prepared via a Pfitzner--Moffatt oxidation and Witting reaction. This compound was found to inhibit thymidylate synthetase from three sources and to be cytotoxic to H.Ep.-2 cells in culture.", "contents": "Phosphonate analogue of 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridylic acid. The phosphonate analogue (6) of 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridylic acid has been prepared via a Pfitzner--Moffatt oxidation and Witting reaction. This compound was found to inhibit thymidylate synthetase from three sources and to be cytotoxic to H.Ep.-2 cells in culture.", "PMID": 423172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11991", "title": "Correlation of carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activities of benzenesulfonamides with the data obtained by use of nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance.", "content": "Nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectra of several benzenesulfonamides in their solid state are reported and analyzed in the framework of the Townes and Dailey theory. Satisfactory correlations between the (sigma NH--sigma NS) electron densities at the sulfamyl nitrogen and the in vitro carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activities of the sulfonamides have been found. The correlations are in accord with the results of other studies that show the carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activities to be largely influenced by the electronic property of the sulfamyl group.", "contents": "Correlation of carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activities of benzenesulfonamides with the data obtained by use of nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance. Nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectra of several benzenesulfonamides in their solid state are reported and analyzed in the framework of the Townes and Dailey theory. Satisfactory correlations between the (sigma NH--sigma NS) electron densities at the sulfamyl nitrogen and the in vitro carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activities of the sulfonamides have been found. The correlations are in accord with the results of other studies that show the carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activities to be largely influenced by the electronic property of the sulfamyl group.", "PMID": 423173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11992", "title": "11-Oxo-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazoline-8-carboxylic acid, an orally active antiallergy agent.", "content": "A new series of 11-oxo-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolinecarboxylic acids and related analogues has been synthesized and evaluated as potential antiallergy agents. In the rat PCA test, 11-oxo-11H-pyrido[2,1--b]quinazoline-8-carboxylic acid is orally active and more potent than cromolyn sodium or doxantrazole intravenously.", "contents": "11-Oxo-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazoline-8-carboxylic acid, an orally active antiallergy agent. A new series of 11-oxo-11H-pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolinecarboxylic acids and related analogues has been synthesized and evaluated as potential antiallergy agents. In the rat PCA test, 11-oxo-11H-pyrido[2,1--b]quinazoline-8-carboxylic acid is orally active and more potent than cromolyn sodium or doxantrazole intravenously.", "PMID": 423174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11993", "title": "Actions of two dopamine derivatives at adreno- and cholinoceptors.", "content": "Salsolinol (1)and 6,7-dihydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrobromide (2) were synthesized and their effects at adreno- and cholinoceptors investigated both in vivo and in vitro. Both 1 and 2 produced agonist effects at cholinoceptors and alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. Neuromuscular blocking actions were evident in vitro. Compound 2 exhibited anticholinesterase properties both in vivo and in vitro. These results indicate that dopamine derivatives of this type exhibit not only sympathomimetic activity but also complex actions at cholinoceptors.", "contents": "Actions of two dopamine derivatives at adreno- and cholinoceptors. Salsolinol (1)and 6,7-dihydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrobromide (2) were synthesized and their effects at adreno- and cholinoceptors investigated both in vivo and in vitro. Both 1 and 2 produced agonist effects at cholinoceptors and alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. Neuromuscular blocking actions were evident in vitro. Compound 2 exhibited anticholinesterase properties both in vivo and in vitro. These results indicate that dopamine derivatives of this type exhibit not only sympathomimetic activity but also complex actions at cholinoceptors.", "PMID": 423175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11994", "title": "Apparent bioisosteric replacement of--S--by NCN: synthesis of N--cyano-2-aza-A-nor-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol acetate, an aza steroid androgen.", "content": "The synthesis of N-cyano-2-aza-A-nor-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol acetate is described. Cyclization of 1,4-dibromo-1,4-seco-2,3bisnor-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol acetate with benzylamine in the presence of potassium iodide gives the N-benzyl-2-aza-A-nor steroid. Debenzylation with cyanogen bromide (Von Braun reaction) affords the N-cyano-2-aza-A-nor steroid, which has androgenic activity slightly weaker than that of the corresponding thia compound. The results indicate that NCN may be substituted for--S--as well as for =S. This compound is the first hormonally active steroid containing nitrogen as a heteroatom in the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus.", "contents": "Apparent bioisosteric replacement of--S--by NCN: synthesis of N--cyano-2-aza-A-nor-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol acetate, an aza steroid androgen. The synthesis of N-cyano-2-aza-A-nor-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol acetate is described. Cyclization of 1,4-dibromo-1,4-seco-2,3bisnor-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol acetate with benzylamine in the presence of potassium iodide gives the N-benzyl-2-aza-A-nor steroid. Debenzylation with cyanogen bromide (Von Braun reaction) affords the N-cyano-2-aza-A-nor steroid, which has androgenic activity slightly weaker than that of the corresponding thia compound. The results indicate that NCN may be substituted for--S--as well as for =S. This compound is the first hormonally active steroid containing nitrogen as a heteroatom in the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus.", "PMID": 423176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11995", "title": "Molecular orbital study on the reaction mechanism of irreversible enzyme inhibitors.", "content": "By means of the molecular orbital method, the reaction mechanism of the specific and irreversible enzyme inhibitors, such as cycloserine, L-2-amino-4-methoxy-trans-3-butenoic acid (AMB), and vinylglycine (2-amino-3-butenoic acid), was studied. Firstly, it was attempted to know which pathway is probable between the transamination process and the isomerization one. By comparing the energy increments for these two reactions, the transamination reaction was predicted to be energetically favorable, supporting the proposition of Rando. Upon complexing with the coenzyme-pyridoxal moiety of alanine racemase or aminotransferase, the reactivity of the inhibitors toward the nucleophile was found to be considerably increased due to the lowering of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), and this was considered to be the reason why the inhibitors become bound with the enzyme irreversibly. The LUMO of aspartate, substrate of aspartate aminotransferase, is higher than those of the inhibitors in the free state, as well as in the pyridoxal-linked state. This difference in the energy of the molecular orbital between substrate and inhibitors was considered to be correlated with the difference in the complex-forming properties of these compounds toward the nucleophile in the enzyme.", "contents": "Molecular orbital study on the reaction mechanism of irreversible enzyme inhibitors. By means of the molecular orbital method, the reaction mechanism of the specific and irreversible enzyme inhibitors, such as cycloserine, L-2-amino-4-methoxy-trans-3-butenoic acid (AMB), and vinylglycine (2-amino-3-butenoic acid), was studied. Firstly, it was attempted to know which pathway is probable between the transamination process and the isomerization one. By comparing the energy increments for these two reactions, the transamination reaction was predicted to be energetically favorable, supporting the proposition of Rando. Upon complexing with the coenzyme-pyridoxal moiety of alanine racemase or aminotransferase, the reactivity of the inhibitors toward the nucleophile was found to be considerably increased due to the lowering of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), and this was considered to be the reason why the inhibitors become bound with the enzyme irreversibly. The LUMO of aspartate, substrate of aspartate aminotransferase, is higher than those of the inhibitors in the free state, as well as in the pyridoxal-linked state. This difference in the energy of the molecular orbital between substrate and inhibitors was considered to be correlated with the difference in the complex-forming properties of these compounds toward the nucleophile in the enzyme.", "PMID": 423177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11996", "title": "Structure-activity relationship in a new series of atropine analogues. 1. N,N'-Disubstituted 6,7-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane derivatives.", "content": "The synthesis of a new series of N,N'-disubstituted 6,7-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane derivatives is described. The antimuscarinic potency of these drugs was evaluated in the guinea pig ileum and compared to that of atropine sulfate. All the drugs tested competitively inhibited the acetylcholine-induced contractions. Kd values were calculated and, in several cases, compared to those obtained by direct binding to the muscarinic receptor from mouse brain. The order of potencies followed that which is known for various tropine and pseudotropine esters; that is, the 3alpha configuration is more potent than the 3beta configuration, and the quaternary analogues are more potent than the tertiary ones. The antimuscarinic activity of the drugs is dicussed in terms of their acetylcholine-like molecular arrangement that gives rise to a characteristic interaction pharmacophore.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationship in a new series of atropine analogues. 1. N,N'-Disubstituted 6,7-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane derivatives. The synthesis of a new series of N,N'-disubstituted 6,7-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane derivatives is described. The antimuscarinic potency of these drugs was evaluated in the guinea pig ileum and compared to that of atropine sulfate. All the drugs tested competitively inhibited the acetylcholine-induced contractions. Kd values were calculated and, in several cases, compared to those obtained by direct binding to the muscarinic receptor from mouse brain. The order of potencies followed that which is known for various tropine and pseudotropine esters; that is, the 3alpha configuration is more potent than the 3beta configuration, and the quaternary analogues are more potent than the tertiary ones. The antimuscarinic activity of the drugs is dicussed in terms of their acetylcholine-like molecular arrangement that gives rise to a characteristic interaction pharmacophore.", "PMID": 423178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11997", "title": "Antileukemic activity of substituted ureidothiazoles, ureidothiadiazoles, and related compounds.", "content": "A number of ureidothiazole and ureidothiadiazole derivatives related to ethyl 4-[[(2-thiazolylamino)carbonyl]-amino]benzoate were prepared and evaluated against the leukemia P-388 tumor system in mice. Preliminary structure-activity relationship study revealed that, among other considerations, active compounds of this series contain either an \"isothioureido\" [N-C(S-)=N-] or an \"isothiosemicarbazono\" [N-C(S-)=N-N=] structural unit.", "contents": "Antileukemic activity of substituted ureidothiazoles, ureidothiadiazoles, and related compounds. A number of ureidothiazole and ureidothiadiazole derivatives related to ethyl 4-[[(2-thiazolylamino)carbonyl]-amino]benzoate were prepared and evaluated against the leukemia P-388 tumor system in mice. Preliminary structure-activity relationship study revealed that, among other considerations, active compounds of this series contain either an \"isothioureido\" [N-C(S-)=N-] or an \"isothiosemicarbazono\" [N-C(S-)=N-N=] structural unit.", "PMID": 423179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11998", "title": "Ergot alkaloids. Synthesis of nitrosourea derivatives of ergolines as potential anticancer agents.", "content": "Nitrosourea derivatives of ergolines have been synthesized for the purpose of obtaining agents with both prolactin-and tumor-inhibitory activity. Two derivatives of 8-amino-6-methylergoline (3), 8-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-1-nitroso-6-methylergoline (5c) and 8-[3-2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-6-methylergoline (5a), have been prepared. In addition, nitroso (7) and chloroethylcarbamyl (8) derivatives of elymoclavine (6) are reported. Compounds 5a and 5c have activity against L1210 leukemia in mice but only moderate prolactin-inhibiting activity. The chloroethylcarbamyl derivative 8 of elymoclavine is a potent prolacting inhibitor.", "contents": "Ergot alkaloids. Synthesis of nitrosourea derivatives of ergolines as potential anticancer agents. Nitrosourea derivatives of ergolines have been synthesized for the purpose of obtaining agents with both prolactin-and tumor-inhibitory activity. Two derivatives of 8-amino-6-methylergoline (3), 8-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-1-nitroso-6-methylergoline (5c) and 8-[3-2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-6-methylergoline (5a), have been prepared. In addition, nitroso (7) and chloroethylcarbamyl (8) derivatives of elymoclavine (6) are reported. Compounds 5a and 5c have activity against L1210 leukemia in mice but only moderate prolactin-inhibiting activity. The chloroethylcarbamyl derivative 8 of elymoclavine is a potent prolacting inhibitor.", "PMID": 423180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_11999", "title": "5-Iminodaunorubicin. Reduced cardiotoxic properties in an antitumor anthracycline.", "content": "Treatment of daunorubicin with methanolic ammonia affords 5-iminodaunorubicin, the first quinone-modified analogue of either daunorubicin or adriamycin. This product retains antileukemic activity in mice, is less cardiotoxic by electrocardiographic measurements in rats, and is nonmutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test).", "contents": "5-Iminodaunorubicin. Reduced cardiotoxic properties in an antitumor anthracycline. Treatment of daunorubicin with methanolic ammonia affords 5-iminodaunorubicin, the first quinone-modified analogue of either daunorubicin or adriamycin. This product retains antileukemic activity in mice, is less cardiotoxic by electrocardiographic measurements in rats, and is nonmutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test).", "PMID": 423181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12000", "title": "Synthesis of daunorubicin analogues with novel 9-acyl substituents.", "content": "Synthetic approaches to anthracyclines bearing novel 9-acyl substituents were investigated. Reaction of the lithium enolate of N-(trifluoroacetyl)daunorubicin (9) with methyl iodide in tetrahydrofuran afforded only the 9-propionyl derivative 10 in high yield. Reaction of 10 under identical conditions cleanly afforded the 9-isobutyryl derivative 11. Extension of this procedure to other alkylating agents (ethyl iodide, benzyl bromide, and heptyl iodide) required hexamethylphosphoramide as cosolvent and afforded mixtures of mono- and dialkylated products as well as recovered 9. The amino group was deblocked with NaOH in aqueous tetrahydrofuran, except in the case of the dibenzyl derivative 13 which was inert under these conditions. The 9-formyl analogue 23 was prepared via NaIO4 cleavage of 13-dihydroadriamycin (21). Antitumor evaluation against P388 leukemia in mice showed 23 to have activity comparable to the parent compounds, while the C-alkylated analogues were less active.", "contents": "Synthesis of daunorubicin analogues with novel 9-acyl substituents. Synthetic approaches to anthracyclines bearing novel 9-acyl substituents were investigated. Reaction of the lithium enolate of N-(trifluoroacetyl)daunorubicin (9) with methyl iodide in tetrahydrofuran afforded only the 9-propionyl derivative 10 in high yield. Reaction of 10 under identical conditions cleanly afforded the 9-isobutyryl derivative 11. Extension of this procedure to other alkylating agents (ethyl iodide, benzyl bromide, and heptyl iodide) required hexamethylphosphoramide as cosolvent and afforded mixtures of mono- and dialkylated products as well as recovered 9. The amino group was deblocked with NaOH in aqueous tetrahydrofuran, except in the case of the dibenzyl derivative 13 which was inert under these conditions. The 9-formyl analogue 23 was prepared via NaIO4 cleavage of 13-dihydroadriamycin (21). Antitumor evaluation against P388 leukemia in mice showed 23 to have activity comparable to the parent compounds, while the C-alkylated analogues were less active.", "PMID": 423182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12001", "title": "Syntheses and antiinflammatory actions of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazole-5-carboxylic acids.", "content": "A novel series of 1-aryl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acids and 2-aryl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazole-5-carboxylic acids were synthesized via condensation between a phenylhydrazine and a 2-(hydroxymethylene)cyclohexanone-4-carboxylate, and the antiinflammatory activity was determined. In the carrageenan edema test, 1-aryl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acids exhibited fairly high antiinflammatory activity. However, the 2-aryl isomers were far less active than the former. The most active compound of the series was 1-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid, which had an ED50 value of 3.5 mg/kg.", "contents": "Syntheses and antiinflammatory actions of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazole-5-carboxylic acids. A novel series of 1-aryl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acids and 2-aryl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazole-5-carboxylic acids were synthesized via condensation between a phenylhydrazine and a 2-(hydroxymethylene)cyclohexanone-4-carboxylate, and the antiinflammatory activity was determined. In the carrageenan edema test, 1-aryl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acids exhibited fairly high antiinflammatory activity. However, the 2-aryl isomers were far less active than the former. The most active compound of the series was 1-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid, which had an ED50 value of 3.5 mg/kg.", "PMID": 423183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12002", "title": "Synthesis and evaluation of the antiovulatory activity of a variety of melatonin analogues.", "content": "A series of melatonin analogues was synthesized and examined for ovulation-blocking activity. Deviation from the 5-methoxy group or substitution of the 1 position prevented activity. Activity was not particularly sensitive to minor variations in the N-acyl group nor was it significantly altered by methylation of position 2 or the alpha-methylene; however, a pronounced enhancement resulted from halogenation of the 6 position.", "contents": "Synthesis and evaluation of the antiovulatory activity of a variety of melatonin analogues. A series of melatonin analogues was synthesized and examined for ovulation-blocking activity. Deviation from the 5-methoxy group or substitution of the 1 position prevented activity. Activity was not particularly sensitive to minor variations in the N-acyl group nor was it significantly altered by methylation of position 2 or the alpha-methylene; however, a pronounced enhancement resulted from halogenation of the 6 position.", "PMID": 423184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12003", "title": "[1-Penicillamine,2-leucine]oxytocin. Synthesis and pharmacological and conformational studies of a potent peptide hormone inhibitor.", "content": "[1-Penicillamine,2-leucine]oxytocin was synthesized by the solid-phase method of peptide synthesis and purified by partition chromatography on Sephadex G-25, followed by gel filtration. The peptide was found to be a very potent competitive inhibitor of oxytocin in the oxytocic assay with a pA2 of 7.14 and an inhibitor of oxytocin in the milk-ejecting assay. The compound showed no agonist activity in either of these assays, and its inhibitory activity at the uterus was of prolonged duration. The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectral properties and the 13C T1 (spin-lattice) relaxation times of [Pen1,Leu2]oxytocin were determined, and the results were compared with previous studies of [Pen1]oxytocin, a related competitive inhibitor, and oxytocin, the native hormone agonist. These studies indicated that the hormone inhibitors [Pen1,Leu2]oxytocin and [Pen1]oxytocin have similar conformational and dynamic properties which are different than those of the agonist, oxytocin.", "contents": "[1-Penicillamine,2-leucine]oxytocin. Synthesis and pharmacological and conformational studies of a potent peptide hormone inhibitor. [1-Penicillamine,2-leucine]oxytocin was synthesized by the solid-phase method of peptide synthesis and purified by partition chromatography on Sephadex G-25, followed by gel filtration. The peptide was found to be a very potent competitive inhibitor of oxytocin in the oxytocic assay with a pA2 of 7.14 and an inhibitor of oxytocin in the milk-ejecting assay. The compound showed no agonist activity in either of these assays, and its inhibitory activity at the uterus was of prolonged duration. The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectral properties and the 13C T1 (spin-lattice) relaxation times of [Pen1,Leu2]oxytocin were determined, and the results were compared with previous studies of [Pen1]oxytocin, a related competitive inhibitor, and oxytocin, the native hormone agonist. These studies indicated that the hormone inhibitors [Pen1,Leu2]oxytocin and [Pen1]oxytocin have similar conformational and dynamic properties which are different than those of the agonist, oxytocin.", "PMID": 423185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12004", "title": "2-Indanpropionic acids: structural leads for prostaglandin F2alpha antagonist development.", "content": "A rationale is presented for the development of prostaglandin F2alpha receptor antagonists. The target analogue, 5,6-(dibenzyloxy)-1-oxo-2-propyl-2-indanpropionic acid (3), was shown to have selective activity for antagonism of PGF2alpha when compared to the antagonism of acetylcholine and KCl on the mouse ileum, whereas other 2-indanpropionic acids (1, 2, 4), not substituted with benzyl functions, were considerably less active and nonselective. The results suggest that 3 may serve as a lead compound for further drug development.", "contents": "2-Indanpropionic acids: structural leads for prostaglandin F2alpha antagonist development. A rationale is presented for the development of prostaglandin F2alpha receptor antagonists. The target analogue, 5,6-(dibenzyloxy)-1-oxo-2-propyl-2-indanpropionic acid (3), was shown to have selective activity for antagonism of PGF2alpha when compared to the antagonism of acetylcholine and KCl on the mouse ileum, whereas other 2-indanpropionic acids (1, 2, 4), not substituted with benzyl functions, were considerably less active and nonselective. The results suggest that 3 may serve as a lead compound for further drug development.", "PMID": 423186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12005", "title": "Relationship of nonspecific antiarrhythmic and negative inotropic activity with physicochemical parameters of propranolol analogues.", "content": "In an attempt to separate the nonspecific antiarrhythmic activity of propranolol from its negative inotropic effects, analogues containing hydrophilic and lipophilic substituents on the nitrogen and on the naphthyl ring were prepared and tested in an isolated tissue preparation. Though it had been predicted that analogues containing a very hydrophilic group on the nitrogen would have the highest antiarrhythmic/negative inotropic effect ratio, it was found that both effects increased identically when the lipophilicity of either the nitrogen or ring substituent was increased.", "contents": "Relationship of nonspecific antiarrhythmic and negative inotropic activity with physicochemical parameters of propranolol analogues. In an attempt to separate the nonspecific antiarrhythmic activity of propranolol from its negative inotropic effects, analogues containing hydrophilic and lipophilic substituents on the nitrogen and on the naphthyl ring were prepared and tested in an isolated tissue preparation. Though it had been predicted that analogues containing a very hydrophilic group on the nitrogen would have the highest antiarrhythmic/negative inotropic effect ratio, it was found that both effects increased identically when the lipophilicity of either the nitrogen or ring substituent was increased.", "PMID": 423187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12006", "title": "Discriminant--analytical investigation on the structural dependence of hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic activity in a series of substituted o-toluenesulfonylthioureas and o-toluenesulfonylureas.", "content": "The influence of a series of substituted o-toluenesulfonylthioureas and o-toluenesulfonylureas on the level of blood sugar was investigated in rats. According to the observed response the compounds were divided into three classes corresponding to hypoglycemic, hyperglycemic, and no activity. The distribution of the compounds over these classes can be described by discriminant functions using substituent constants, RM values, and indicator variables. Most important for the separation of classes are hydrophobic and/or steric properties as well as the presence or absence of the thiomide group. The results indicate that two different mechanisms of action with opposite effect overlap in the case of the series studied.", "contents": "Discriminant--analytical investigation on the structural dependence of hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic activity in a series of substituted o-toluenesulfonylthioureas and o-toluenesulfonylureas. The influence of a series of substituted o-toluenesulfonylthioureas and o-toluenesulfonylureas on the level of blood sugar was investigated in rats. According to the observed response the compounds were divided into three classes corresponding to hypoglycemic, hyperglycemic, and no activity. The distribution of the compounds over these classes can be described by discriminant functions using substituent constants, RM values, and indicator variables. Most important for the separation of classes are hydrophobic and/or steric properties as well as the presence or absence of the thiomide group. The results indicate that two different mechanisms of action with opposite effect overlap in the case of the series studied.", "PMID": 423188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12007", "title": "Studies on biologically active halogenated compounds. 1. Synthesis and central nervous system depressant activity of 2-(fluoromethyl)-3-aryl-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives.", "content": "Some 2-(fluoromethyl) analogues of 2-methyl-3-aryl-4-(3H)-quinazolinones have been synthesized and screened for CNS activities. It was shown that the 2-(fluoromethyl) analogues possess in general more potent CNS depressant activities and less toxicities than their parent compounds. Of particular interest were the 2-(fluoromethyl) analogues (22, 24, and 31) of methaqualone and 6-aminomethaqualone. Compound 24 was more potent in CNS depressant activity and less toxic than methaqualone. Compound 31 exhbited potent central muscle relaxing activity and markedly reduced toxicity as compared with 6-aminomethaqualone.", "contents": "Studies on biologically active halogenated compounds. 1. Synthesis and central nervous system depressant activity of 2-(fluoromethyl)-3-aryl-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives. Some 2-(fluoromethyl) analogues of 2-methyl-3-aryl-4-(3H)-quinazolinones have been synthesized and screened for CNS activities. It was shown that the 2-(fluoromethyl) analogues possess in general more potent CNS depressant activities and less toxicities than their parent compounds. Of particular interest were the 2-(fluoromethyl) analogues (22, 24, and 31) of methaqualone and 6-aminomethaqualone. Compound 24 was more potent in CNS depressant activity and less toxic than methaqualone. Compound 31 exhbited potent central muscle relaxing activity and markedly reduced toxicity as compared with 6-aminomethaqualone.", "PMID": 423189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12008", "title": "Kojic amine--a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid analogue.", "content": "A series of compounds containing the 3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one nucleus has been synthesized and tested as potential skeletal muscle relaxants. Reduction of 2-(azidomethyl)-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one (4) with HBr in HOAc--phenol yielded 2-(aminomethyl)-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one (kojic amine, 3) in 81% yield. Reaction of 2-[(tosyloxy)-methyl]-5-(benzyloxy)-4H-pyran-4-one (5) with NH3 gave a 40% yield of the O-benzyl ether of kojic amine, which was N-acylated with a series of carbobenzyloxy-protected amino acids. Complete deprotection with HBr--HOAc gave the following amino acid amides of kojic amine: glycyl (23), alpha-alanyl (24), beta-alanyl (25), gamma-aminobutyryl (26), and glycylglycyl (27). Among the analogues of kojic amine prepared was a series of one-carbon homologues: 2-[(methylamino)methyl]-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one (7a), 2-(1-aminoethyl)-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one (8), 6-(aminomethyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (12), and 2-(2-aminoethyl)-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one (16). Kojic amine (3) has been found to possess certain of the properties to be expected in a gamma-aminobutyric acid mimetic agent, notably skeletal muscle relaxant activity. In the chronic spinal cat preparation, ED70 values for reduction of flexor spasms of 2.2 and 4.0 mg/kg by iv and po routes of administration, respectively, were observed for kojic amine, which was the most potent of the various hydroxypyrone derivatives investigated.", "contents": "Kojic amine--a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid analogue. A series of compounds containing the 3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one nucleus has been synthesized and tested as potential skeletal muscle relaxants. Reduction of 2-(azidomethyl)-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one (4) with HBr in HOAc--phenol yielded 2-(aminomethyl)-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one (kojic amine, 3) in 81% yield. Reaction of 2-[(tosyloxy)-methyl]-5-(benzyloxy)-4H-pyran-4-one (5) with NH3 gave a 40% yield of the O-benzyl ether of kojic amine, which was N-acylated with a series of carbobenzyloxy-protected amino acids. Complete deprotection with HBr--HOAc gave the following amino acid amides of kojic amine: glycyl (23), alpha-alanyl (24), beta-alanyl (25), gamma-aminobutyryl (26), and glycylglycyl (27). Among the analogues of kojic amine prepared was a series of one-carbon homologues: 2-[(methylamino)methyl]-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one (7a), 2-(1-aminoethyl)-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one (8), 6-(aminomethyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (12), and 2-(2-aminoethyl)-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one (16). Kojic amine (3) has been found to possess certain of the properties to be expected in a gamma-aminobutyric acid mimetic agent, notably skeletal muscle relaxant activity. In the chronic spinal cat preparation, ED70 values for reduction of flexor spasms of 2.2 and 4.0 mg/kg by iv and po routes of administration, respectively, were observed for kojic amine, which was the most potent of the various hydroxypyrone derivatives investigated.", "PMID": 423190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12009", "title": "Structural requirements for progestational activity. Synthesis and properties of rac-8alpha,9beta,10alpha,14beta-progesterone.", "content": "rac-8alpha,9beta,10alpha,14beta-Progesterone, 1, has been synthesized and subjected to X-ray crystallographic analysis which established that the ring conformations are A, 1beta-sofa; B, chair; C, chair; and D, intermediate between an envelope and a half-chair. This compound is 10% as active as progesterone in the Clauberg assay and has an affinity for the uterine cytosol (rabbit) receptor for progesterone 2% as great as that of progesterone.", "contents": "Structural requirements for progestational activity. Synthesis and properties of rac-8alpha,9beta,10alpha,14beta-progesterone. rac-8alpha,9beta,10alpha,14beta-Progesterone, 1, has been synthesized and subjected to X-ray crystallographic analysis which established that the ring conformations are A, 1beta-sofa; B, chair; C, chair; and D, intermediate between an envelope and a half-chair. This compound is 10% as active as progesterone in the Clauberg assay and has an affinity for the uterine cytosol (rabbit) receptor for progesterone 2% as great as that of progesterone.", "PMID": 423192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12010", "title": "Potential antitumor agents. 29. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for the antileukemic bisquaternary ammonium heterocycles.", "content": "Quantitative relationships between physicochemical drug properties and antileukemic (L1210) efficacy have been examined for a series of bisquaternary ammonium heterocycles employing multiple variable regression analysis. Three measures of biologic response were examined: ILSmax, the percentage increase in mean life span of leukemic animals at the LD10 dose; D40, the drug dose necessary to provide 40% increase in life span; and CI (=LD 10/D40), the chemotherapeutic index. A cross correlation matrix between these three measures and the LD10 values demonstrates ILSmax and CI to be independent of toxicity. D40 is highly inversely correlated with LD10 and positively correlated with ILSmax, suggesting that this parameter measures a composite of both drug selectivity and toxicity. Superior regression equations resulted at all stages employing ILSmax as a measure of antitumor selectivity. Acceptable equations modeling LD10 could not be obtained. There was a parabolic relationship between agent lipophilic-hydrophilic balance, measured as chromatographic Rm values, and ILSmax. To reduce residual variance in the L1210 screening data, not accepted by this parabolic equation, measures of agent-DNA interaction were investigated as possible indices of site fit. Relative levels of drug-DNA interaction were obtained by spectrofluorimetric quantitation of drug displacement of DNA-bound ethidium. Addition to regression equations of agent C50 values for calf thymus DNA, those micromolar drug concentrations necessary to displace 50% of the ethidium bound to that DNA, provided a significant reduction in the screening data variance. C50 values for drug interactions with poly[d(A-T)] and poly[d(G-C)] were also investigated as possible indicators of drug selectivity towards different DNA sites. Marked differences were observed in the C50 values for the two synthetic nucleic acids, with those for calf thymus DNA and poly[d(G-C)] proving highly covariant. A regression equation containing a positive term in C50[poly[d(G-C)]] and a negative term in C50-[poly[d(A-T)]] provided the greatest acceptance of the variation in the biologic data. The term in C50[poly[d(A-T)]] is the single most important equation term, alone accounting for 35% of the variance in the data. This best equation provides both an adequate summary of the L1210 screening data for the 174 active compounds considered and a physical explanation for the antitumor selectivity for these agents. The major factor influencing antitumor selectivity in these drugs is their ability to distinguish alternating adenine-thymine sequences in DNA.", "contents": "Potential antitumor agents. 29. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for the antileukemic bisquaternary ammonium heterocycles. Quantitative relationships between physicochemical drug properties and antileukemic (L1210) efficacy have been examined for a series of bisquaternary ammonium heterocycles employing multiple variable regression analysis. Three measures of biologic response were examined: ILSmax, the percentage increase in mean life span of leukemic animals at the LD10 dose; D40, the drug dose necessary to provide 40% increase in life span; and CI (=LD 10/D40), the chemotherapeutic index. A cross correlation matrix between these three measures and the LD10 values demonstrates ILSmax and CI to be independent of toxicity. D40 is highly inversely correlated with LD10 and positively correlated with ILSmax, suggesting that this parameter measures a composite of both drug selectivity and toxicity. Superior regression equations resulted at all stages employing ILSmax as a measure of antitumor selectivity. Acceptable equations modeling LD10 could not be obtained. There was a parabolic relationship between agent lipophilic-hydrophilic balance, measured as chromatographic Rm values, and ILSmax. To reduce residual variance in the L1210 screening data, not accepted by this parabolic equation, measures of agent-DNA interaction were investigated as possible indices of site fit. Relative levels of drug-DNA interaction were obtained by spectrofluorimetric quantitation of drug displacement of DNA-bound ethidium. Addition to regression equations of agent C50 values for calf thymus DNA, those micromolar drug concentrations necessary to displace 50% of the ethidium bound to that DNA, provided a significant reduction in the screening data variance. C50 values for drug interactions with poly[d(A-T)] and poly[d(G-C)] were also investigated as possible indicators of drug selectivity towards different DNA sites. Marked differences were observed in the C50 values for the two synthetic nucleic acids, with those for calf thymus DNA and poly[d(G-C)] proving highly covariant. A regression equation containing a positive term in C50[poly[d(G-C)]] and a negative term in C50-[poly[d(A-T)]] provided the greatest acceptance of the variation in the biologic data. The term in C50[poly[d(A-T)]] is the single most important equation term, alone accounting for 35% of the variance in the data. This best equation provides both an adequate summary of the L1210 screening data for the 174 active compounds considered and a physical explanation for the antitumor selectivity for these agents. The major factor influencing antitumor selectivity in these drugs is their ability to distinguish alternating adenine-thymine sequences in DNA.", "PMID": 423193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12011", "title": "Optically pure (+)-nicotine from (+/-)-nicotine and biological comparisons with (-)-nicotine.", "content": "Optically pure (+)-nicotine has been obtained from (+/-)-nicotine using a combination of d-tartaric acid and di-p-toluoyl-l-tartaric acid. As the di-d-tartrate salt, (+)-nicotine is less potent than (-)-nicotine di-l-tartrate in producing lethality in mice, on blood pressure in anesthetized rats, and in the isolated guinea-pig ileum, indicating substantial stereospecificity for nicotine receptors. Potency ratios are 0.14, 0.06, and 0.019, respectively.", "contents": "Optically pure (+)-nicotine from (+/-)-nicotine and biological comparisons with (-)-nicotine. Optically pure (+)-nicotine has been obtained from (+/-)-nicotine using a combination of d-tartaric acid and di-p-toluoyl-l-tartaric acid. As the di-d-tartrate salt, (+)-nicotine is less potent than (-)-nicotine di-l-tartrate in producing lethality in mice, on blood pressure in anesthetized rats, and in the isolated guinea-pig ileum, indicating substantial stereospecificity for nicotine receptors. Potency ratios are 0.14, 0.06, and 0.019, respectively.", "PMID": 423195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12012", "title": "Synthesis of pyridinium analogues of acetylcholine and their interactions with intestinal muscarinic receptors.", "content": "N-(beta-Acetoxyethyl)pyridinium salts were synthesized and tested for muscarinic receptor interactions by the guinea pig ileum assay. Agonist activity indicates that receptor binding is substantially retained when the ammonium group of acetylcholine is formally replaced by a pyridinium ring. Introduction of alkyl groups into the ring yields antagonists. The 4-tert-butylpyridinium derivative is proved to have an activity superior to that of the 4-methylpyridinium salt. Competitive antagonism is favored by the more hydrophobic property of the tert-butyl group. A nonpolar area is suggested to be situated in the direct vicinity of the anionic binding sites of muscarinic receptors. The interaction of hydrophobic substituents with this area determines the antimuscarinic properties of pyridinium salts.", "contents": "Synthesis of pyridinium analogues of acetylcholine and their interactions with intestinal muscarinic receptors. N-(beta-Acetoxyethyl)pyridinium salts were synthesized and tested for muscarinic receptor interactions by the guinea pig ileum assay. Agonist activity indicates that receptor binding is substantially retained when the ammonium group of acetylcholine is formally replaced by a pyridinium ring. Introduction of alkyl groups into the ring yields antagonists. The 4-tert-butylpyridinium derivative is proved to have an activity superior to that of the 4-methylpyridinium salt. Competitive antagonism is favored by the more hydrophobic property of the tert-butyl group. A nonpolar area is suggested to be situated in the direct vicinity of the anionic binding sites of muscarinic receptors. The interaction of hydrophobic substituents with this area determines the antimuscarinic properties of pyridinium salts.", "PMID": 423196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12013", "title": "Studies on 3-substituted 1,2-benzisoxazole derivatives. 6. Syntheses of 3-(sulfamoylmethyl)-1,2-benzisoxazole derivatives and their anticonvulsant activities.", "content": "Several 3-(sulfamoylmethyl)-1,2-benzisoxazole derivatives were synthesized from 3-(bromomethyl)-1,2-benzisoxazole by the reaction with sodium bisulfite followed by chlorination and amination. Some of them displayed marked anticonvulsant activity in mice. The introduction of a halogen atom to the 5 position of the benzisoxazole ring caused increased activity and neurotoxicity; the substitution of a sulfamoyl group caused decreased activity. The activity of monoalkylated compounds might be the result of biotransformation. Among these compounds, 3-(sulfamoylmethyl)-1,2-benzisoxazole (1a) was thought to be the most promising as an anticonvulsant from the ratio of NTD50 and ED50.", "contents": "Studies on 3-substituted 1,2-benzisoxazole derivatives. 6. Syntheses of 3-(sulfamoylmethyl)-1,2-benzisoxazole derivatives and their anticonvulsant activities. Several 3-(sulfamoylmethyl)-1,2-benzisoxazole derivatives were synthesized from 3-(bromomethyl)-1,2-benzisoxazole by the reaction with sodium bisulfite followed by chlorination and amination. Some of them displayed marked anticonvulsant activity in mice. The introduction of a halogen atom to the 5 position of the benzisoxazole ring caused increased activity and neurotoxicity; the substitution of a sulfamoyl group caused decreased activity. The activity of monoalkylated compounds might be the result of biotransformation. Among these compounds, 3-(sulfamoylmethyl)-1,2-benzisoxazole (1a) was thought to be the most promising as an anticonvulsant from the ratio of NTD50 and ED50.", "PMID": 423197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12014", "title": "Azetidine derivatives of tricyclic antidepressant agents.", "content": "Tricyclic derivatives of azetidine were synthesized and screened for their potential antidepressant activity. The active series had the tricyclic ring attached to position 1 and a basic group in position 3 of the azetidine. The most interesting compounds were comparable to the reference standards for reserpine antagonism in mice, the most active being the dextrorotatory methylamino derivative 84. The pharmacological profile classifies it as a CNS stimulant devoid of peripheral anticholinergic activity.", "contents": "Azetidine derivatives of tricyclic antidepressant agents. Tricyclic derivatives of azetidine were synthesized and screened for their potential antidepressant activity. The active series had the tricyclic ring attached to position 1 and a basic group in position 3 of the azetidine. The most interesting compounds were comparable to the reference standards for reserpine antagonism in mice, the most active being the dextrorotatory methylamino derivative 84. The pharmacological profile classifies it as a CNS stimulant devoid of peripheral anticholinergic activity.", "PMID": 423198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12015", "title": "Electrochemical oxidation of hydroxylated phenothiazine and imipramine derivatives.", "content": "The electrochemical oxidations of several hydroxylated derivatives of promazine, chlorpromazine, imipramine, and 3-chloroimipramine are examined and compared. Oxidation of the monohydroxyphenothiazine derivatives leads to both dihydroxy species and substituted benzoquinones, while oxidation of hydroxylated imipramines leads to only the corresponding benzoquinones. The oxidation potentials of 17 tricyclic psychoactive drugs and metabolites are tabulated and compared. The potential importance of these results to drug activity and side effects is discussed.", "contents": "Electrochemical oxidation of hydroxylated phenothiazine and imipramine derivatives. The electrochemical oxidations of several hydroxylated derivatives of promazine, chlorpromazine, imipramine, and 3-chloroimipramine are examined and compared. Oxidation of the monohydroxyphenothiazine derivatives leads to both dihydroxy species and substituted benzoquinones, while oxidation of hydroxylated imipramines leads to only the corresponding benzoquinones. The oxidation potentials of 17 tricyclic psychoactive drugs and metabolites are tabulated and compared. The potential importance of these results to drug activity and side effects is discussed.", "PMID": 423199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12016", "title": "Phototoxicity of chlorpromazine.", "content": "The constitution of chlorpromazine has been studied in the context of its phototoxicity. Electron transfer from the side chain to the aromatic nucleus of the drug contributes to its instability to light. Even without the side chain, however, chlorophenothiazines appear to be very photolabile, so that it is unlikely that nonphototoxic analogues of chlorpromazine can be prepared merely by altering the constitution of the side chain.", "contents": "Phototoxicity of chlorpromazine. The constitution of chlorpromazine has been studied in the context of its phototoxicity. Electron transfer from the side chain to the aromatic nucleus of the drug contributes to its instability to light. Even without the side chain, however, chlorophenothiazines appear to be very photolabile, so that it is unlikely that nonphototoxic analogues of chlorpromazine can be prepared merely by altering the constitution of the side chain.", "PMID": 423200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12017", "title": "Aminotetralins as narcotic antagonists. Synthesis and opiate-related activity of 1-phenyl-2-aminotetralin derivatives.", "content": "The synthesis and the opiate agonist and antagonist activities of three derivatives of cis-2-[methyl(cyclopropanemethyl)amino]-1-phenyltetralin are reported. The compounds were obtained by synthetic modification from 2-amino-1-tetralone. The 1-propionoxy derivative 4c shows analgetic activity (ED50 = 17.8 mg/kg) one-half that of codeine, and the 1-methoxy derivative 4b has weak antagonist activity (AD50 = 33.5 mg/kg). The compounds showed no other significant opiate-related activity.", "contents": "Aminotetralins as narcotic antagonists. Synthesis and opiate-related activity of 1-phenyl-2-aminotetralin derivatives. The synthesis and the opiate agonist and antagonist activities of three derivatives of cis-2-[methyl(cyclopropanemethyl)amino]-1-phenyltetralin are reported. The compounds were obtained by synthetic modification from 2-amino-1-tetralone. The 1-propionoxy derivative 4c shows analgetic activity (ED50 = 17.8 mg/kg) one-half that of codeine, and the 1-methoxy derivative 4b has weak antagonist activity (AD50 = 33.5 mg/kg). The compounds showed no other significant opiate-related activity.", "PMID": 423201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12018", "title": "Bicyclic pyrazolines, potential central nervous system depressants and antiinflammatory agents.", "content": "The synthesis and CNS activity of a series of 34 substituted bicyclic pyrazolines are described. Ten of these compounds were also screened for antiinflammatory activity. One of the compounds (15) exhibited significant antiinflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced edema test.", "contents": "Bicyclic pyrazolines, potential central nervous system depressants and antiinflammatory agents. The synthesis and CNS activity of a series of 34 substituted bicyclic pyrazolines are described. Ten of these compounds were also screened for antiinflammatory activity. One of the compounds (15) exhibited significant antiinflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced edema test.", "PMID": 423202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12019", "title": "Coenzyme--substrate adducts as inhibitors of mouse liver 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase.", "content": "N-(5'-Phosphopyridoxyl) derivatives of several aromatic amino acids have been prepared by conventional methods and tested as inhibitors of mouse liver L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa) decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.26; L-aromatic-amino-acid decarboxylase). The L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, and DL-2-hydroxyphenylalanine derivatives were effective inhibitors at concentrations of 10(-5) M. Because of the spontaneous formation of a tetrahydroisoquinoline cyclic condensation product with pyridoxal phosphate (Pictet--Spengler reaction), the Dopa derivative could not be prepared by the usual procedures. The synthesis of the desired N-(5'-phosphopyridoxyl)-Dopa was accomplished using selective blocking--deblocking methods; its properties are described. This proved to be the most effective inhibitor of those tested. Neither the tetrahydroisoquinoline of L-Dopa and pyridoxal phosphate nor the N-(5'-deoxypyridoxyl)-Dopa was an effective inhibitor of Dopa decarboxylase. These coenzyme amino acid adducts are suggested to act as stage inhibitors of the enzyme.", "contents": "Coenzyme--substrate adducts as inhibitors of mouse liver 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase. N-(5'-Phosphopyridoxyl) derivatives of several aromatic amino acids have been prepared by conventional methods and tested as inhibitors of mouse liver L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa) decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.26; L-aromatic-amino-acid decarboxylase). The L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, and DL-2-hydroxyphenylalanine derivatives were effective inhibitors at concentrations of 10(-5) M. Because of the spontaneous formation of a tetrahydroisoquinoline cyclic condensation product with pyridoxal phosphate (Pictet--Spengler reaction), the Dopa derivative could not be prepared by the usual procedures. The synthesis of the desired N-(5'-phosphopyridoxyl)-Dopa was accomplished using selective blocking--deblocking methods; its properties are described. This proved to be the most effective inhibitor of those tested. Neither the tetrahydroisoquinoline of L-Dopa and pyridoxal phosphate nor the N-(5'-deoxypyridoxyl)-Dopa was an effective inhibitor of Dopa decarboxylase. These coenzyme amino acid adducts are suggested to act as stage inhibitors of the enzyme.", "PMID": 423204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12020", "title": "Cyclic amidine inhibitors of indolamine N-methyltransferase.", "content": "Syntheses of a large number of mono- and bicyclic, as well as a few tricyclic, amidine derivatives related to 2,3,4,6,7,8,-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine (DBN) are reported. In vitro potencies for inhibition of the enzyme indolamine N-methyltransferase (INMT) from rabbit and human lung are presented. Four bicyclic amidine derivatives and 11 monocyclic derivatives were found to be equal or superior to DBN in in vitro potencies. With the bicyclic amidines, increasing ring size or introduction of substituents reduced activity. Among the monocyclic analogues, the most potent representatives were five- or six-membered systems with an exocyclic imino group, combined with methyl of ethyl substituents on the endocyclic nitrogen. Introduction of additonal substituents decreased inhibitory potency. 2,3,5,6-Tetrahydro-8H-imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]thiazine and 3-methyl-2-iminothiazolidine have been shown to cause inhibition of lung INMT when administered orally to rabbits.", "contents": "Cyclic amidine inhibitors of indolamine N-methyltransferase. Syntheses of a large number of mono- and bicyclic, as well as a few tricyclic, amidine derivatives related to 2,3,4,6,7,8,-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine (DBN) are reported. In vitro potencies for inhibition of the enzyme indolamine N-methyltransferase (INMT) from rabbit and human lung are presented. Four bicyclic amidine derivatives and 11 monocyclic derivatives were found to be equal or superior to DBN in in vitro potencies. With the bicyclic amidines, increasing ring size or introduction of substituents reduced activity. Among the monocyclic analogues, the most potent representatives were five- or six-membered systems with an exocyclic imino group, combined with methyl of ethyl substituents on the endocyclic nitrogen. Introduction of additonal substituents decreased inhibitory potency. 2,3,5,6-Tetrahydro-8H-imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]thiazine and 3-methyl-2-iminothiazolidine have been shown to cause inhibition of lung INMT when administered orally to rabbits.", "PMID": 423205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12021", "title": "Synthesis and activities of antitumor agents.", "content": "N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamoyl derivatives of glycosylamines have been prepared. Six N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosoureas, including three disaccharide derivatives, were submitted to a determination of antitumor activity. All the compounds tested exhibited strong antitumor activity against leukemia L1210 in mice.", "contents": "Synthesis and activities of antitumor agents. N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamoyl derivatives of glycosylamines have been prepared. Six N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosoureas, including three disaccharide derivatives, were submitted to a determination of antitumor activity. All the compounds tested exhibited strong antitumor activity against leukemia L1210 in mice.", "PMID": 423206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12022", "title": "Metabolic oxidation of nicotine to chemically reactive intermediates.", "content": "Studies on the metabolism of nicotine by rabbit liver microsomal fractions in the presence of 0.01 M sodium cyanide have led to the characterization of two isomeric cyanonicotine compounds. The locations of the cyano groups were established by GC--EIMS analyses of the deuterium-labeled products obtained from the specifically deuterium-labeled substrates (S)-nicotine-5',5'-d2, (R,S)-nicotine-2',5',5'-d3, and (R,S)-nicotine-N-methyl-d3. One cyano adduct was shown to be 5'-cyanonicotine, a product previously isolated from similar microsomal preparations. The second cyano adduct was shown to be N-cyanomethyl)nornicotine; this structure assignment was confirmed by synthesis. Formation of N-cyanomethyl)nornicotine appears to occur, at least in part, without prior nitrogen--carbon bond cleavage, implicating the in situ generation of the N-methyleniminium species during the course of metabolic oxidative N-demethylation of nicotine.", "contents": "Metabolic oxidation of nicotine to chemically reactive intermediates. Studies on the metabolism of nicotine by rabbit liver microsomal fractions in the presence of 0.01 M sodium cyanide have led to the characterization of two isomeric cyanonicotine compounds. The locations of the cyano groups were established by GC--EIMS analyses of the deuterium-labeled products obtained from the specifically deuterium-labeled substrates (S)-nicotine-5',5'-d2, (R,S)-nicotine-2',5',5'-d3, and (R,S)-nicotine-N-methyl-d3. One cyano adduct was shown to be 5'-cyanonicotine, a product previously isolated from similar microsomal preparations. The second cyano adduct was shown to be N-cyanomethyl)nornicotine; this structure assignment was confirmed by synthesis. Formation of N-cyanomethyl)nornicotine appears to occur, at least in part, without prior nitrogen--carbon bond cleavage, implicating the in situ generation of the N-methyleniminium species during the course of metabolic oxidative N-demethylation of nicotine.", "PMID": 423207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12023", "title": "Antiallergy agents. 1. 1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-2-phenylpyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids and esters.", "content": "The synthesis of some 1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-2-phenylpyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids and esters with potent oral and intravenous antiallergic activity against passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat is described. Requirements for high activity include a free NH group in the pyrimidinone nucleus and a small to medium size ortho alkoxy or alkenyloxy group on the phenyl ring. It is suggested that in the case of the highly active compounds hydrogen bonding occurs between a nitrogen of the pyrimidine ring and the ethereal oxygen. The nature of this bonding and its possible contribution to an optimum configuration for the molecules is discussed.", "contents": "Antiallergy agents. 1. 1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-2-phenylpyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids and esters. The synthesis of some 1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-2-phenylpyrimidine-5-carboxylic acids and esters with potent oral and intravenous antiallergic activity against passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat is described. Requirements for high activity include a free NH group in the pyrimidinone nucleus and a small to medium size ortho alkoxy or alkenyloxy group on the phenyl ring. It is suggested that in the case of the highly active compounds hydrogen bonding occurs between a nitrogen of the pyrimidine ring and the ethereal oxygen. The nature of this bonding and its possible contribution to an optimum configuration for the molecules is discussed.", "PMID": 423208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12024", "title": "New bronchodilators. Synthesis and bronchodilating activity of some 3-(alkoxymethyl)-alpha-(N-substituted aminomethyl)-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohols.", "content": "A series of 3-(alkoxymethyl)-alpha-(N-substituted aminomethyl)-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohols was synthesized as potential bronchodilators. The ability to prevent effects against histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs was studied to determine their bronchodilating activity. Introduction of a methoxymethyl group in place of the m-hydroxyl group of beta-adrenergic catecholamines afforded compounds especially effective in delaying histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. Appropriate N-substitution also enhanced the potency of these catecholamine analogues. 4-Hydroxy-3-(methoxymethyl)-alpha-[N-[4-(methoxymethyl)-alpha-methylphenyl]aminoethyl]benzyl alcohol hemifumarate (3r) was the most potent compound in this series.", "contents": "New bronchodilators. Synthesis and bronchodilating activity of some 3-(alkoxymethyl)-alpha-(N-substituted aminomethyl)-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohols. A series of 3-(alkoxymethyl)-alpha-(N-substituted aminomethyl)-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohols was synthesized as potential bronchodilators. The ability to prevent effects against histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs was studied to determine their bronchodilating activity. Introduction of a methoxymethyl group in place of the m-hydroxyl group of beta-adrenergic catecholamines afforded compounds especially effective in delaying histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. Appropriate N-substitution also enhanced the potency of these catecholamine analogues. 4-Hydroxy-3-(methoxymethyl)-alpha-[N-[4-(methoxymethyl)-alpha-methylphenyl]aminoethyl]benzyl alcohol hemifumarate (3r) was the most potent compound in this series.", "PMID": 423210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12025", "title": "Studies on antianaphylactic agents. 6. Synthesis of some metabolites of 6-ethyl-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)chromone and their analogues.", "content": "The metabolites of 6-ethyl-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)chromone (AA-344) (1), an orally effective antiallergic agent, and their analogues were synthesized to confirm the proposed structures and to determine their activity in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test. A glucuronic acid metabolite (6) was assigned the structure 24b, 1-deoxy-1-[5-(6-ethylchromon-3-yl)tetrazol-1-yl]-beta-D-glucopyranuronate, by the comparison of 13C NMR, mass spectra, and TLC of isomeric compounds. In 13C NMR spectra, the shift difference of the tetrazole ring carbons between a pair of isomers was more remarkable than that of the glycosidic carbons. Therefore, the former is a useful criterion for distinguishing between such isomers. Some of the metabolities and analogues were active when administered intravenously, and two metabolites (2 and 3) were also effective upon oral administration.", "contents": "Studies on antianaphylactic agents. 6. Synthesis of some metabolites of 6-ethyl-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)chromone and their analogues. The metabolites of 6-ethyl-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)chromone (AA-344) (1), an orally effective antiallergic agent, and their analogues were synthesized to confirm the proposed structures and to determine their activity in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test. A glucuronic acid metabolite (6) was assigned the structure 24b, 1-deoxy-1-[5-(6-ethylchromon-3-yl)tetrazol-1-yl]-beta-D-glucopyranuronate, by the comparison of 13C NMR, mass spectra, and TLC of isomeric compounds. In 13C NMR spectra, the shift difference of the tetrazole ring carbons between a pair of isomers was more remarkable than that of the glycosidic carbons. Therefore, the former is a useful criterion for distinguishing between such isomers. Some of the metabolities and analogues were active when administered intravenously, and two metabolites (2 and 3) were also effective upon oral administration.", "PMID": 423211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12026", "title": "2-Mercaptoacetamidines as gastric antisecretory agents.", "content": "A series of N-substituted 2-mercaptoacetamidines was synthesized and evaluated for gastric antisecretory activity in dogs stimulated with gastrin tetrapeptide. The most potent analogues showed 80--95% inhibition of acid secretion after an oral dose of 8 mg/kg. Thus, these compounds represent a new structural type having significant antisecretory activity. Disulfides had essentially the same antisecretory potency as the corresponding mercaptoacetamidines, indicating a metabolic interconversion. Alkylation of the mercapto group decreased potency. Higher carboxamidine homologues such as 2- and 3-mercaptopropionamidines had very low activity. Hydroxyacetamidines and mercaptoacetamides also had low potency. Side effects observed with this series of compounds included emesis, tachycardia, and gastric bleeding.", "contents": "2-Mercaptoacetamidines as gastric antisecretory agents. A series of N-substituted 2-mercaptoacetamidines was synthesized and evaluated for gastric antisecretory activity in dogs stimulated with gastrin tetrapeptide. The most potent analogues showed 80--95% inhibition of acid secretion after an oral dose of 8 mg/kg. Thus, these compounds represent a new structural type having significant antisecretory activity. Disulfides had essentially the same antisecretory potency as the corresponding mercaptoacetamidines, indicating a metabolic interconversion. Alkylation of the mercapto group decreased potency. Higher carboxamidine homologues such as 2- and 3-mercaptopropionamidines had very low activity. Hydroxyacetamidines and mercaptoacetamides also had low potency. Side effects observed with this series of compounds included emesis, tachycardia, and gastric bleeding.", "PMID": 423212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12027", "title": "Preparation and antidiabetic activity of some sulfonylurea derivatives of 3,5-disubstituted pyrazoles.", "content": "Four series of p-[3,5-dimethyl- (and 5-methyl-3-carboxy-) pyrazole-1]benzenesulfonylureas, thioureas, 2-thiohydantions, and 5,6-dihydro-4(3H)-oxo-2(1H)-pyrimidinethiones were prepared for evaluation as hypoglycemic agents. Biological testing of these compounds showed that some possessed antidiabetic activity.", "contents": "Preparation and antidiabetic activity of some sulfonylurea derivatives of 3,5-disubstituted pyrazoles. Four series of p-[3,5-dimethyl- (and 5-methyl-3-carboxy-) pyrazole-1]benzenesulfonylureas, thioureas, 2-thiohydantions, and 5,6-dihydro-4(3H)-oxo-2(1H)-pyrimidinethiones were prepared for evaluation as hypoglycemic agents. Biological testing of these compounds showed that some possessed antidiabetic activity.", "PMID": 423216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12028", "title": "Differential solubilities in subregions of the membrane: a nonsteric mechanism of drug specificity.", "content": "We studied the effect of four volatile anesthetics and convulsants on the GABA- and glutamate-induced conductance change in crab muscle. The intensity of drug action correlated with the solubility parameter (delta) values of the four drugs. Thus, the higher that value was for a given drug, the stronger was its effect on the glutamate response but the weaker was it on the response to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). We suggest that different gating molecules are housed in specific subregions of the membrane, each characterized by a particular value of the solubility parameter. The differential distribution of drugs in these subregions may be a nonsteric mechanism for drug specificity.", "contents": "Differential solubilities in subregions of the membrane: a nonsteric mechanism of drug specificity. We studied the effect of four volatile anesthetics and convulsants on the GABA- and glutamate-induced conductance change in crab muscle. The intensity of drug action correlated with the solubility parameter (delta) values of the four drugs. Thus, the higher that value was for a given drug, the stronger was its effect on the glutamate response but the weaker was it on the response to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). We suggest that different gating molecules are housed in specific subregions of the membrane, each characterized by a particular value of the solubility parameter. The differential distribution of drugs in these subregions may be a nonsteric mechanism for drug specificity.", "PMID": 423217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12029", "title": "Conformations, DNA binding parameters, and antileukemic activity of certain cytotoxic protoberberine alkaloids.", "content": "The tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids 5 and 7 possessing a trans-quinolizidine conformation display in vitro KB cytotoxicities in contrast to their corresponding diastereomers 4 and 6 which exist in the cis-quinolizidine conformation and are much less toxic. The DNA-binding parameters of these compounds as well as the protoberberine salts 1, 8, and 9 have been examined by equilibrium dialysis. Only the quaternary salts bind to DNA. The alcohol 5 showed low in vivo activity against leukemia P388 systems, while the quaternary salts 8 and 9 proved to be toxic to the host.", "contents": "Conformations, DNA binding parameters, and antileukemic activity of certain cytotoxic protoberberine alkaloids. The tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids 5 and 7 possessing a trans-quinolizidine conformation display in vitro KB cytotoxicities in contrast to their corresponding diastereomers 4 and 6 which exist in the cis-quinolizidine conformation and are much less toxic. The DNA-binding parameters of these compounds as well as the protoberberine salts 1, 8, and 9 have been examined by equilibrium dialysis. Only the quaternary salts bind to DNA. The alcohol 5 showed low in vivo activity against leukemia P388 systems, while the quaternary salts 8 and 9 proved to be toxic to the host.", "PMID": 423218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12030", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of [5-isoleucine]-, [8-isoleucine]-, and [5,8-diisoleucine]bradykinin.", "content": "Three bradykinin analogues have been synthesized in which the phenylalanine residue(s) at positions 5 and/or 8 have been substituted by isoleucine. All these analogues have weak bradykinin-like activity in isolated rat uterine smooth muscle or in rat blood pressure assay. No antagonistic activity was observed with any of these analogues. The importance of phenylalanine at positions 5 and 8 is discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of [5-isoleucine]-, [8-isoleucine]-, and [5,8-diisoleucine]bradykinin. Three bradykinin analogues have been synthesized in which the phenylalanine residue(s) at positions 5 and/or 8 have been substituted by isoleucine. All these analogues have weak bradykinin-like activity in isolated rat uterine smooth muscle or in rat blood pressure assay. No antagonistic activity was observed with any of these analogues. The importance of phenylalanine at positions 5 and 8 is discussed.", "PMID": 423219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12031", "title": "A study of faculty attitudes toward Ohio State's three-year medical program.", "content": "Three-year curricula, once a proliferating innovation in medical education, are now rapidly waning with the fading of capitation support and the easing of physician manpower shortages. In this article the authors examine faculty opinion of a three-year medical program at the Ohio State University. Using a Likert attitude-scaling technique, the authors developed a questionnaire and administered it to full-time faculty members. Five issues upon which faculty opinion was found to be most diverse include: adequacy of content in a three-year program, time available for faculty to do research, work demands on faculty, basic medical knowledge of three-year students, and quality of post-M.D. positions obtained by three-year graduates. Overall, three general deficiencies in the three-year curriculum, as perceived by faculty, emerged: students have limited instruction in basic medical knowledge and skills; unnecessary emotional, physical, and economic demands are imposed; and neither student learning nor quality of teaching is enhanced.", "contents": "A study of faculty attitudes toward Ohio State's three-year medical program. Three-year curricula, once a proliferating innovation in medical education, are now rapidly waning with the fading of capitation support and the easing of physician manpower shortages. In this article the authors examine faculty opinion of a three-year medical program at the Ohio State University. Using a Likert attitude-scaling technique, the authors developed a questionnaire and administered it to full-time faculty members. Five issues upon which faculty opinion was found to be most diverse include: adequacy of content in a three-year program, time available for faculty to do research, work demands on faculty, basic medical knowledge of three-year students, and quality of post-M.D. positions obtained by three-year graduates. Overall, three general deficiencies in the three-year curriculum, as perceived by faculty, emerged: students have limited instruction in basic medical knowledge and skills; unnecessary emotional, physical, and economic demands are imposed; and neither student learning nor quality of teaching is enhanced.", "PMID": 423220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12032", "title": "Arizona's three-year medical curriculum: a postmortem.", "content": "The College of Medicine at the University of Arizona was among many medical schools instituting a course of study leading to graduation in three years. Students and faculty found the three-year program to be an unsatisfactory educational experience. Among the major problems were excessive intensity of classroom work, insufficient vacation time, and inadequate time to teach important basic science material. Objective measures of student performance demonstrated no differences between graduates of the new program and students graduating from a traditional four-year curriculum. A process of curriculum review involving students, faculty, and administrators ultimately resulted in several curricular improvements and establishment of a new four-year program.", "contents": "Arizona's three-year medical curriculum: a postmortem. The College of Medicine at the University of Arizona was among many medical schools instituting a course of study leading to graduation in three years. Students and faculty found the three-year program to be an unsatisfactory educational experience. Among the major problems were excessive intensity of classroom work, insufficient vacation time, and inadequate time to teach important basic science material. Objective measures of student performance demonstrated no differences between graduates of the new program and students graduating from a traditional four-year curriculum. A process of curriculum review involving students, faculty, and administrators ultimately resulted in several curricular improvements and establishment of a new four-year program.", "PMID": 423221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12033", "title": "Medical schools and public health departments: a new alliance for progress.", "content": "For some time there has been concern regarding the future and relevance of both public health departments and departments of community medicine. Problems have developed as to how these agencies can be in the main stream of the health delivery system and maintain quality in service, research, and teaching. In this paper the authors describe an experimental health care delivery and teaching model, the health-department/medical-school affiliation. They analyze the conceptual basis for the affiliation and discuss the critical items in the affiliation agreement in the belief that such an arrangement could have an impact comparable with that which the medical-school/teaching-hospital affiliation had 40 years ago. The options opened by the new affiliation should serve to release the full potential of community medicine and public health in the United States.", "contents": "Medical schools and public health departments: a new alliance for progress. For some time there has been concern regarding the future and relevance of both public health departments and departments of community medicine. Problems have developed as to how these agencies can be in the main stream of the health delivery system and maintain quality in service, research, and teaching. In this paper the authors describe an experimental health care delivery and teaching model, the health-department/medical-school affiliation. They analyze the conceptual basis for the affiliation and discuss the critical items in the affiliation agreement in the belief that such an arrangement could have an impact comparable with that which the medical-school/teaching-hospital affiliation had 40 years ago. The options opened by the new affiliation should serve to release the full potential of community medicine and public health in the United States.", "PMID": 423222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12034", "title": "A comparison of two approaches to producing competent primary care physicians.", "content": "The current shortage of primary care physicians demands that medical schools implement procedures to ameliorate this deficiency. Two general approaches to the problem were evaluated in regard to their utility as possible solutions. It was concluded that only an approach that advocates medical curriculum manipulation offers a viable direction for medical educators. Conversely, a technique that focuses primarily on the selection of medical school applicants possessing certain biographical characteristics was found to have a number of inherent shortcomings that negate its effectiveness.", "contents": "A comparison of two approaches to producing competent primary care physicians. The current shortage of primary care physicians demands that medical schools implement procedures to ameliorate this deficiency. Two general approaches to the problem were evaluated in regard to their utility as possible solutions. It was concluded that only an approach that advocates medical curriculum manipulation offers a viable direction for medical educators. Conversely, a technique that focuses primarily on the selection of medical school applicants possessing certain biographical characteristics was found to have a number of inherent shortcomings that negate its effectiveness.", "PMID": 423223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12035", "title": "Cardiopulmonary disease in newborns: a study in continuing medical education.", "content": "A film emphasizing the importance of tachypnea as an early manifestation of congenital heart disease was shown to physicians and nurses at 27 hospitals as part of their regular continuing medical education activities. To evaluate the effects of the program, investigators developed a pretest-posttest design which included a nonequivalent control group. Pretest and posttest data were obtained through chart audit of referrals from subjects in experimental and control groups. Dependent variables used to test the hypothesis included the age at which infants were referred and the age at which tachypnea was noted. Analysis of the data yielded significant gain scores for the experimental group, while changes in the control group were not significant. The findings indicate that a need-oriented educational program can have a measurable impact on improving the quality of patient care.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary disease in newborns: a study in continuing medical education. A film emphasizing the importance of tachypnea as an early manifestation of congenital heart disease was shown to physicians and nurses at 27 hospitals as part of their regular continuing medical education activities. To evaluate the effects of the program, investigators developed a pretest-posttest design which included a nonequivalent control group. Pretest and posttest data were obtained through chart audit of referrals from subjects in experimental and control groups. Dependent variables used to test the hypothesis included the age at which infants were referred and the age at which tachypnea was noted. Analysis of the data yielded significant gain scores for the experimental group, while changes in the control group were not significant. The findings indicate that a need-oriented educational program can have a measurable impact on improving the quality of patient care.", "PMID": 423224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12036", "title": "Application of cluster analysis for characterization of spatial distribution of particles by stereological methods.", "content": "A method for the detection and characterization of clusters of particles observed in section with the electron microscope is presented. Cluster analysis is performed by the division method described by Berthet et al. (1976). Starting from a single cluster, profiles from each electron micrograph are successively classified in sets containing an increasing number of clusters. The decrease in the mean free distance, lambda, between profiles in the clusters, is used for terminating the subdivision procedure. The function relating the mean free distance with the number of clusters is evaluated in each subdivision set. The actual number of clusters is selected on the basis of the slope of that function, at a point where lambda has a value close to the average profile diameter. The method assumes a convex shape for the clusters; the salient feature is that it provides a physical delineation of clusters in the section. Hence, an evaluation of some characteristics of clusters in the three-dimensional sample may be obtained by using standard stereological procedures. Characterization of the volume to which the individual particles of a population are eventually restricted can as a result be performed. Practical problems in the acquisition of the data needed for cluster analysis are discussed and a system using for that purpose a Quantimet 720 image analyser in a basic configuration, connected on line with a PDP 11/10 minicomputer, is presented. Application of the method is illustrated by the analysis of lysosomes in cultured hepatoma (HTC) cells, at the end of mitosis and during the S phase. Cluster analysis shows that in cells actively synthesizing DNA they are grouped in clusters representing 5.7% of the cellular volume. Moreover, the average number of particles per cluster falls from a minimum of thirteen at mitosis to only six at the S phase.", "contents": "Application of cluster analysis for characterization of spatial distribution of particles by stereological methods. A method for the detection and characterization of clusters of particles observed in section with the electron microscope is presented. Cluster analysis is performed by the division method described by Berthet et al. (1976). Starting from a single cluster, profiles from each electron micrograph are successively classified in sets containing an increasing number of clusters. The decrease in the mean free distance, lambda, between profiles in the clusters, is used for terminating the subdivision procedure. The function relating the mean free distance with the number of clusters is evaluated in each subdivision set. The actual number of clusters is selected on the basis of the slope of that function, at a point where lambda has a value close to the average profile diameter. The method assumes a convex shape for the clusters; the salient feature is that it provides a physical delineation of clusters in the section. Hence, an evaluation of some characteristics of clusters in the three-dimensional sample may be obtained by using standard stereological procedures. Characterization of the volume to which the individual particles of a population are eventually restricted can as a result be performed. Practical problems in the acquisition of the data needed for cluster analysis are discussed and a system using for that purpose a Quantimet 720 image analyser in a basic configuration, connected on line with a PDP 11/10 minicomputer, is presented. Application of the method is illustrated by the analysis of lysosomes in cultured hepatoma (HTC) cells, at the end of mitosis and during the S phase. Cluster analysis shows that in cells actively synthesizing DNA they are grouped in clusters representing 5.7% of the cellular volume. Moreover, the average number of particles per cluster falls from a minimum of thirteen at mitosis to only six at the S phase.", "PMID": 423234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12037", "title": "The construction of a membrane slide support for the observation of living cells.", "content": "The construction of a slide for examining living cells under the microscope under controlled conditions is described.", "contents": "The construction of a membrane slide support for the observation of living cells. The construction of a slide for examining living cells under the microscope under controlled conditions is described.", "PMID": 423235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12038", "title": "A new inexpensive specimen carrier for freeze-fracturing.", "content": "This paper describes the production and use of a new specimen carrier for the Balzers freeze-fracturing unit. The carriers are inexpensive, easily produced and have excellent mechanical and thermal properties. The rectangular form of the carriers provides easy handling and unequivocal orientation of anisotropic specimens.", "contents": "A new inexpensive specimen carrier for freeze-fracturing. This paper describes the production and use of a new specimen carrier for the Balzers freeze-fracturing unit. The carriers are inexpensive, easily produced and have excellent mechanical and thermal properties. The rectangular form of the carriers provides easy handling and unequivocal orientation of anisotropic specimens.", "PMID": 423236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12039", "title": "Determination of membrane thickness distribution from orthogonal intercepts.", "content": "This report deals with the reconstruction of the distribution of membrane thickness T from that of orthogonal length Lo, measured in random section planes. In such planes the membrane appears as a band and the linear distance from one of its boundaries perpendicular to the opposite one is the length of the orthogonal intercept. Using a membrane model, an integral equation relating the probability density functions of orthogonal intercept length f(lo) and membrane thickness g(tau) is derived. Relations between moments are derived and the analytic solution to the problem of reconstructing g(tau) from f(lo) is given. The parametric approach by which it assumed that g(tau) has some known analytic form with unknown parameters is considered, and the use of a suggested analytic form for describing the thickness distribution of the human glomerular basement membrane is discussed.", "contents": "Determination of membrane thickness distribution from orthogonal intercepts. This report deals with the reconstruction of the distribution of membrane thickness T from that of orthogonal length Lo, measured in random section planes. In such planes the membrane appears as a band and the linear distance from one of its boundaries perpendicular to the opposite one is the length of the orthogonal intercept. Using a membrane model, an integral equation relating the probability density functions of orthogonal intercept length f(lo) and membrane thickness g(tau) is derived. Relations between moments are derived and the analytic solution to the problem of reconstructing g(tau) from f(lo) is given. The parametric approach by which it assumed that g(tau) has some known analytic form with unknown parameters is considered, and the use of a suggested analytic form for describing the thickness distribution of the human glomerular basement membrane is discussed.", "PMID": 423237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12040", "title": "Scanning electron and light microscope correlation of individual human bone marrow cells before and after culture in nutrient agar.", "content": "This study was undertaken with the aim of identifying the different cell types found in human bone marrow by examining their surface morphology. In an attempt to obtain a homogeneous cell population, cells were both fractionated by discontinuous albumin density gradient centrifugation (DADGC) and selectively grown in nutrient agar. Both cell preparations underwent the critical point drying technique before examination under both the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and subsequently the light microscope (LM). When the SEM image of individual cells was compared with the corresponding LM image, it was not easy to identify the different cell types, because of the shrinkage and distortion that occurred during their preparation. The shrinkage observed under the SEM amounted to a 45% reduction in mean cell diameter. This shrinkage was confirmed by comparing the SEM and LM images of the same cell. Although shrinkage occurred throughout the dehydration sequence, critical point drying was responsible for a 25% reduction in mean cell diameter. Furthermore, direct observation under LM of fixed cells drying in air from ethanol, revealed visible contraction of the cell and distortion of the cell membrane. We assume that a similar morphological change occurred during critical point drying. We conclude that the shrinkage and distortion, caused by the dehydration process involved in SEM preparation, severely limit the value of a study of surface morphology by SEM in the identification of the different cell types found in human bone marrow.", "contents": "Scanning electron and light microscope correlation of individual human bone marrow cells before and after culture in nutrient agar. This study was undertaken with the aim of identifying the different cell types found in human bone marrow by examining their surface morphology. In an attempt to obtain a homogeneous cell population, cells were both fractionated by discontinuous albumin density gradient centrifugation (DADGC) and selectively grown in nutrient agar. Both cell preparations underwent the critical point drying technique before examination under both the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and subsequently the light microscope (LM). When the SEM image of individual cells was compared with the corresponding LM image, it was not easy to identify the different cell types, because of the shrinkage and distortion that occurred during their preparation. The shrinkage observed under the SEM amounted to a 45% reduction in mean cell diameter. This shrinkage was confirmed by comparing the SEM and LM images of the same cell. Although shrinkage occurred throughout the dehydration sequence, critical point drying was responsible for a 25% reduction in mean cell diameter. Furthermore, direct observation under LM of fixed cells drying in air from ethanol, revealed visible contraction of the cell and distortion of the cell membrane. We assume that a similar morphological change occurred during critical point drying. We conclude that the shrinkage and distortion, caused by the dehydration process involved in SEM preparation, severely limit the value of a study of surface morphology by SEM in the identification of the different cell types found in human bone marrow.", "PMID": 423238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12041", "title": "Freeze substitution for preservation of ciliated surfaces for scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "A technique is described for arresting rapid movement of living cells and preserving their fine surface structures for scanning electron microscopy. Rapid freezing is recommended as the method of immobilization and freeze substitution has been employed to fix and dehydrate the specimens; this technique is more reliable than osmium fixation, both in terms of obtaining a much higher proportion of good results and in the improved preservation of detail. Various techniques of substitution have been investigated for best preservation, and the roles of the constituents of the substitution mixture have been discussed.", "contents": "Freeze substitution for preservation of ciliated surfaces for scanning electron microscopy. A technique is described for arresting rapid movement of living cells and preserving their fine surface structures for scanning electron microscopy. Rapid freezing is recommended as the method of immobilization and freeze substitution has been employed to fix and dehydrate the specimens; this technique is more reliable than osmium fixation, both in terms of obtaining a much higher proportion of good results and in the improved preservation of detail. Various techniques of substitution have been investigated for best preservation, and the roles of the constituents of the substitution mixture have been discussed.", "PMID": 423239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12042", "title": "Functional significance of the mandibular symphysis.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to relate the morphology of connective tissues in the mandibular symphysis to the behavioral and experimental evidence for mobility and mechanical stress at the symphysis. The anatomy of the symphysis was examined histologically in 6 mammalian orders encompassing 22 species. Behavioral and experimental evidence of stress during the power stroke of the chewing cycle correspond with stresses at the symphysis implied by the location and orientation of symphyseal connective tissues. These stresses are: (1) dorsoventral shear of the symphysis due to the transfer of force from balancing to chewing sides, (2) bending of the symphysis causing tension along the inferior and compression along superior borders due to torsion on the dentaries from the jaw closing muscles, and (3) antero-posterior shear of the symphysis due to an anteriorly directed stress on the chewing side. Interspecific comparisons suggest that leaf eaters can resist greater dorsoventral shear than fruit or insect eaters, but no correlations exist between diet and bending or antero-posterior shear. This suggests that chewing leaves requires larger biting forces.", "contents": "Functional significance of the mandibular symphysis. The purpose of this investigation was to relate the morphology of connective tissues in the mandibular symphysis to the behavioral and experimental evidence for mobility and mechanical stress at the symphysis. The anatomy of the symphysis was examined histologically in 6 mammalian orders encompassing 22 species. Behavioral and experimental evidence of stress during the power stroke of the chewing cycle correspond with stresses at the symphysis implied by the location and orientation of symphyseal connective tissues. These stresses are: (1) dorsoventral shear of the symphysis due to the transfer of force from balancing to chewing sides, (2) bending of the symphysis causing tension along the inferior and compression along superior borders due to torsion on the dentaries from the jaw closing muscles, and (3) antero-posterior shear of the symphysis due to an anteriorly directed stress on the chewing side. Interspecific comparisons suggest that leaf eaters can resist greater dorsoventral shear than fruit or insect eaters, but no correlations exist between diet and bending or antero-posterior shear. This suggests that chewing leaves requires larger biting forces.", "PMID": 423251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12043", "title": "Morphology and distribution of type II supraependymal cells in the third ventricle of the guinea pig.", "content": "The distribution and morphology of phagocytic (Type II) supraependymal cells residing within the third ventricle of the guinea pig were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Type II supraependymal cells were restricted to nonciliated regions of the ventricle. They were most numerous on the choroid plexus, abundant within the infundibular recess and were present on the ventricular floor in the region of the median eminence. Morphologically, they were characterized by a soma from which pseudopodia-like processes extended to the subjacent ependyma. Type II cells varied in configuration according to their location. Those residing on the choroid plexus typically had irregular somas and possessed processes that generally terminated in finger-like extensions. In contrast, cells on the ventricular floor and within the infundibular recess were stellate and possessed processes that terminated in fan-like cytoplasmic expansion. There were no differences noted in the frequency, distribution or morphology of Type II supraependymal cells in male and female animals. Furthermore, cell frequency did not appear to vary in relation to the estrous cycle. The data suggest that the pleomorphism exhibited by Type II supraependymal cells may reflect adaptations to diverse environmental conditions present within different regions of the third ventricle.", "contents": "Morphology and distribution of type II supraependymal cells in the third ventricle of the guinea pig. The distribution and morphology of phagocytic (Type II) supraependymal cells residing within the third ventricle of the guinea pig were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Type II supraependymal cells were restricted to nonciliated regions of the ventricle. They were most numerous on the choroid plexus, abundant within the infundibular recess and were present on the ventricular floor in the region of the median eminence. Morphologically, they were characterized by a soma from which pseudopodia-like processes extended to the subjacent ependyma. Type II cells varied in configuration according to their location. Those residing on the choroid plexus typically had irregular somas and possessed processes that generally terminated in finger-like extensions. In contrast, cells on the ventricular floor and within the infundibular recess were stellate and possessed processes that terminated in fan-like cytoplasmic expansion. There were no differences noted in the frequency, distribution or morphology of Type II supraependymal cells in male and female animals. Furthermore, cell frequency did not appear to vary in relation to the estrous cycle. The data suggest that the pleomorphism exhibited by Type II supraependymal cells may reflect adaptations to diverse environmental conditions present within different regions of the third ventricle.", "PMID": 423252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12044", "title": "The interface between premedicine and medicine: expectations of premedical advisors.", "content": "Premedical advisors can carry out many varied activities, but all require commitment, resources, and personal interest. Premedical and health career advising appear to be most successful when the task is not assigned to one individual, but is assumed as a university responsibility. Also, premedical advisors seem to be valued more and to have fewer conflicts when they are known by health professional schools and work together with them. Medical schools have a responsibility to assist and support premedical advisors more than is done at present. This need will become increasingly important if the high quality of applicants to medical school is to be maintained in an apparently shrinking applicant pool.(1)", "contents": "The interface between premedicine and medicine: expectations of premedical advisors. Premedical advisors can carry out many varied activities, but all require commitment, resources, and personal interest. Premedical and health career advising appear to be most successful when the task is not assigned to one individual, but is assumed as a university responsibility. Also, premedical advisors seem to be valued more and to have fewer conflicts when they are known by health professional schools and work together with them. Medical schools have a responsibility to assist and support premedical advisors more than is done at present. This need will become increasingly important if the high quality of applicants to medical school is to be maintained in an apparently shrinking applicant pool.(1)", "PMID": 423271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12045", "title": "Shigellosis: analysis of 176 isolations.", "content": "Shigellosis, a worldwide epidemiological problem, is caused usually by six serotypes of Shigella. Man is the principal host, often infected by person-to-person contact. The number of reported cases of shigellosis has progressively increased during the past decade. Because of the observation, the authors reviewed all isolations of Shigella species in patients at Howard University Hospital. There were 176 isolations from 53 patients during the 4\u00bd year period of the study. The study emphasizes the scope and distribution of the disease and the effectiveness of isolation and identification procedures.", "contents": "Shigellosis: analysis of 176 isolations. Shigellosis, a worldwide epidemiological problem, is caused usually by six serotypes of Shigella. Man is the principal host, often infected by person-to-person contact. The number of reported cases of shigellosis has progressively increased during the past decade. Because of the observation, the authors reviewed all isolations of Shigella species in patients at Howard University Hospital. There were 176 isolations from 53 patients during the 4\u00bd year period of the study. The study emphasizes the scope and distribution of the disease and the effectiveness of isolation and identification procedures.", "PMID": 423272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12046", "title": "Laryngeal tuberculosis: a case report.", "content": "A case of laryngeal tuberculosis, in a 21-year-old female, is presented. The pathophysiology and natural course of the disease are discussed. The incidence of apical tuberculosis and associated laryngeal spread is noted.", "contents": "Laryngeal tuberculosis: a case report. A case of laryngeal tuberculosis, in a 21-year-old female, is presented. The pathophysiology and natural course of the disease are discussed. The incidence of apical tuberculosis and associated laryngeal spread is noted.", "PMID": 423273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12047", "title": "Lung abscess: a review of three-years' experience at the University College Hospital, Ibadan.", "content": "The experience with 45 patients with lung abscess over a three-year period at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, is presented. This study confirms the rarity of this disease among Nigerian children and its prevalence in young adults in the third and fourth decades of life. The most common presenting symptoms were purulent cough, chest pain, fever, and life-threatening hemoptysis which was the sole indication for emergency operation in 14 out of 16 patients who were treated surgically. The predominance of these abscesses in the right lung, especially in the superior segment of the lower lobe, supports the fact that aspiration of infected material, following depressed level of consciousness, esophageal obstruction, foreign bodies, and oral sepsis form the major causative factors in patients with lung abscess. The frequent association of sickle cell disease, bronchiectasis, hypertension, and pulmonary aspergilloma contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality attendant to this disease in our environment. Twenty-nine patients were treated medically with five deaths and 16 patients were treated surgically with six deaths. The high operative mortality (37.5 percent) in this series was due to the extreme emergency conditions under which these patients were operated.", "contents": "Lung abscess: a review of three-years' experience at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. The experience with 45 patients with lung abscess over a three-year period at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, is presented. This study confirms the rarity of this disease among Nigerian children and its prevalence in young adults in the third and fourth decades of life. The most common presenting symptoms were purulent cough, chest pain, fever, and life-threatening hemoptysis which was the sole indication for emergency operation in 14 out of 16 patients who were treated surgically. The predominance of these abscesses in the right lung, especially in the superior segment of the lower lobe, supports the fact that aspiration of infected material, following depressed level of consciousness, esophageal obstruction, foreign bodies, and oral sepsis form the major causative factors in patients with lung abscess. The frequent association of sickle cell disease, bronchiectasis, hypertension, and pulmonary aspergilloma contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality attendant to this disease in our environment. Twenty-nine patients were treated medically with five deaths and 16 patients were treated surgically with six deaths. The high operative mortality (37.5 percent) in this series was due to the extreme emergency conditions under which these patients were operated.", "PMID": 423274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12048", "title": "Aseptic necrosis of the hip in sickle cell disease.", "content": "Aseptic necrosis of the hip occurs in people with sickle cell disease. No one physician has had a great deal of experience treating this lesion. Because sickle cell patients are felt to have decreased longevity, traditional treatment is frequently not offered or considered. The purpose of this paper is to report the results in patients using a more conservative approach.", "contents": "Aseptic necrosis of the hip in sickle cell disease. Aseptic necrosis of the hip occurs in people with sickle cell disease. No one physician has had a great deal of experience treating this lesion. Because sickle cell patients are felt to have decreased longevity, traditional treatment is frequently not offered or considered. The purpose of this paper is to report the results in patients using a more conservative approach.", "PMID": 423275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12049", "title": "Spontaneously disappearing gallstones.", "content": "A case of spontaneously disappearing gallstones, in a patient who had no evidence of a biliary fistula or gallbladder surgery, is presented.", "contents": "Spontaneously disappearing gallstones. A case of spontaneously disappearing gallstones, in a patient who had no evidence of a biliary fistula or gallbladder surgery, is presented.", "PMID": 423277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12050", "title": "Renal hamartoma (angiomyolipoma) and the tuberous sclerosis complex.", "content": "Renal hamartoma is found in 40 to 80 percent of patients with tuberous sclerosis. Microscopic demonstration of fat in the tissues of the mass is felt to be the most reliable diagnostic criterion of hamartoma.Characteristically, the angiographic appearance demonstrates a large, dilated feeding vessel passing through the mass with multiple, multisacculated aneurysmal dilatations appearing like bunches of grapes. There is a delicate neovascularity without A-V shunting and an onion-peel or whorl-like appearance in the venous phase.This case is presented to point out the close association of renal hamartoma and tuberous sclerosis and the need to search for renal hamartoma when the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis is made.", "contents": "Renal hamartoma (angiomyolipoma) and the tuberous sclerosis complex. Renal hamartoma is found in 40 to 80 percent of patients with tuberous sclerosis. Microscopic demonstration of fat in the tissues of the mass is felt to be the most reliable diagnostic criterion of hamartoma.Characteristically, the angiographic appearance demonstrates a large, dilated feeding vessel passing through the mass with multiple, multisacculated aneurysmal dilatations appearing like bunches of grapes. There is a delicate neovascularity without A-V shunting and an onion-peel or whorl-like appearance in the venous phase.This case is presented to point out the close association of renal hamartoma and tuberous sclerosis and the need to search for renal hamartoma when the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis is made.", "PMID": 423276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12051", "title": "Topical versus systemic antibiotics in the treatment of acute superficial skin infections.", "content": "Use of antibiotics in some superficial skin infections is examined. The choice of a route of administration is dependent on a number of factors, including the site and extent of skin lesions, frequency of recurrence, and clinical and immunological state of the host. However, the consensus of various studies on the subject seem to indicate a preference for the systemic route in acute infectious dermatoses.", "contents": "Topical versus systemic antibiotics in the treatment of acute superficial skin infections. Use of antibiotics in some superficial skin infections is examined. The choice of a route of administration is dependent on a number of factors, including the site and extent of skin lesions, frequency of recurrence, and clinical and immunological state of the host. However, the consensus of various studies on the subject seem to indicate a preference for the systemic route in acute infectious dermatoses.", "PMID": 423278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12052", "title": "Non-infantile intussusception.", "content": "In Europe and North America, most cases of non-infantile intussusception are associated with intestinal neoplasm. At the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, the majority of cases of intussusception seen are ileocecocolic and cecocolic types. These are usually not associated with intestinal neoplasm and simple reduction is all that is required.Intussusception occurring in other segments of the intestinal tract is found to be associated with intestinal neoplasm, mesenteric lymphadenopathy, and ascaris worms. The very mobile cecum and ascending colon found in this population may be related to the high incidence of ileocecocolic and cecocolic intussusception.Indications for resection of intussusception include presence of intestinal neoplasm, irreducibility, gangrenous bowel, and chronicity.", "contents": "Non-infantile intussusception. In Europe and North America, most cases of non-infantile intussusception are associated with intestinal neoplasm. At the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, the majority of cases of intussusception seen are ileocecocolic and cecocolic types. These are usually not associated with intestinal neoplasm and simple reduction is all that is required.Intussusception occurring in other segments of the intestinal tract is found to be associated with intestinal neoplasm, mesenteric lymphadenopathy, and ascaris worms. The very mobile cecum and ascending colon found in this population may be related to the high incidence of ileocecocolic and cecocolic intussusception.Indications for resection of intussusception include presence of intestinal neoplasm, irreducibility, gangrenous bowel, and chronicity.", "PMID": 423279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12053", "title": "Long vs short-course antibiotic prophylaxis in cesarean section: a comparative clinical study.", "content": "A comparative clinical trial of short-course and long-course ampicillin prophylaxis in cesarean section was completed at Ife University Teaching Hospitals Complex. The results demonstrate a decided advantage in using the short-course regimen in the various parameters measured. The study constitutes a significant advance in efforts to cut medical costs.", "contents": "Long vs short-course antibiotic prophylaxis in cesarean section: a comparative clinical study. A comparative clinical trial of short-course and long-course ampicillin prophylaxis in cesarean section was completed at Ife University Teaching Hospitals Complex. The results demonstrate a decided advantage in using the short-course regimen in the various parameters measured. The study constitutes a significant advance in efforts to cut medical costs.", "PMID": 423280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12054", "title": "Management of obesity in black females in a community model clinic: A preliminary study.", "content": "During a three-month period, March-May 1978, 23 black females were accepted as patients in the obesity program at the model office of the Department of Community Health and Family Practice, College of Medicine, Howard University.An aggregate of 55 visits made by these patients was recorded for the same period.The mean age of the patients was 38.3 years (SD:13.67), and half of the patients were below 40. Nearly 70 percent had a history of obesity in either one or both parents. More than one half had had high blood pressure and 70 percent of the patients had attempted dieting previously. Common snacks taken by the patients were carbohydrate-rich foods.Based on previous medical and dietary history and behavior patterns related to food intake, the patients were prescribed low-calorie or modified high-protein diets. Each patient at the clinic had a program devised individually for her. A team consisting of a physician, nutritionist, and health educator looked for patterns of behavior causing patients to overeat.The mean initial weight of all patients was 218 lb at registration and the weight after seven weeks of follow-up was 213.8 lb.", "contents": "Management of obesity in black females in a community model clinic: A preliminary study. During a three-month period, March-May 1978, 23 black females were accepted as patients in the obesity program at the model office of the Department of Community Health and Family Practice, College of Medicine, Howard University.An aggregate of 55 visits made by these patients was recorded for the same period.The mean age of the patients was 38.3 years (SD:13.67), and half of the patients were below 40. Nearly 70 percent had a history of obesity in either one or both parents. More than one half had had high blood pressure and 70 percent of the patients had attempted dieting previously. Common snacks taken by the patients were carbohydrate-rich foods.Based on previous medical and dietary history and behavior patterns related to food intake, the patients were prescribed low-calorie or modified high-protein diets. Each patient at the clinic had a program devised individually for her. A team consisting of a physician, nutritionist, and health educator looked for patterns of behavior causing patients to overeat.The mean initial weight of all patients was 218 lb at registration and the weight after seven weeks of follow-up was 213.8 lb.", "PMID": 423281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12055", "title": "Decelerating the aging process.", "content": "Diseases whose incidence and prevalence are increased in the elderly and whose cytopathology, hormones, and immunogenesis differ, generally are included in the field of geriatrics. These conditions may be precipitated or accelerated in quantity or type by a wide variety of genetic and environmental factors. Chronological and progressive deterioration of selected cells, organs, and tissues, and their functions may occur without major specific pathology. These processes are referred to as senescence and its study, is gerontology.Geriatrics includes senility and diseases of the elderly. Terms associated with gerontology include benign agism or senescence, as a normal consequence of the aging processes common to all biological forms of life.The age period, 65 to 85 years, does not necessarily imply senility, but the normal chronological aging of an individual in an industrialized, urbanized society. This paper emphasizes recommendations for deceleration of the normal aging process.", "contents": "Decelerating the aging process. Diseases whose incidence and prevalence are increased in the elderly and whose cytopathology, hormones, and immunogenesis differ, generally are included in the field of geriatrics. These conditions may be precipitated or accelerated in quantity or type by a wide variety of genetic and environmental factors. Chronological and progressive deterioration of selected cells, organs, and tissues, and their functions may occur without major specific pathology. These processes are referred to as senescence and its study, is gerontology.Geriatrics includes senility and diseases of the elderly. Terms associated with gerontology include benign agism or senescence, as a normal consequence of the aging processes common to all biological forms of life.The age period, 65 to 85 years, does not necessarily imply senility, but the normal chronological aging of an individual in an industrialized, urbanized society. This paper emphasizes recommendations for deceleration of the normal aging process.", "PMID": 423284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12056", "title": "Evaluation of compression spot films in duodenal cap ulcers: study of 63 cases.", "content": "Eight hundred and twenty patients were examined in an effort to test the abilities of compression studies, erect spot film studies, and air contrast examinations to detect duodenal cap ulcers. The 63 ulcers found are reviewed.", "contents": "Evaluation of compression spot films in duodenal cap ulcers: study of 63 cases. Eight hundred and twenty patients were examined in an effort to test the abilities of compression studies, erect spot film studies, and air contrast examinations to detect duodenal cap ulcers. The 63 ulcers found are reviewed.", "PMID": 423286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12057", "title": "Thyroid gland disorders in African children.", "content": "Although endocrine disorders are uncommon in black African children, thyroid gland disorders made up 37 percent of all types of 27 endocrine disorders seen at University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria over a five-year period. The age range of the children was four months to 14 years. Diagnoses largely depended on clinical acumen and a few simple laboratory tests. Even the patients with congenital thyroid gland disorders tended to present late with florid classical clinical features, including disturbances of physical and mental development.", "contents": "Thyroid gland disorders in African children. Although endocrine disorders are uncommon in black African children, thyroid gland disorders made up 37 percent of all types of 27 endocrine disorders seen at University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria over a five-year period. The age range of the children was four months to 14 years. Diagnoses largely depended on clinical acumen and a few simple laboratory tests. Even the patients with congenital thyroid gland disorders tended to present late with florid classical clinical features, including disturbances of physical and mental development.", "PMID": 423287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12058", "title": "Rationale for a program in community ophthalmology.", "content": "The high incidence of eye abnormalities among blacks, coupled with the relative unavailability of ophthalmic services, has resulted in excessive rates of blindness otherwise preventable or curable. As a consequence, incidence rates for blindness are higher for the black population than the white population.Statistics show that black children requiring eyeglasses are less likely to receive eyeglasses than similar age-matched white children. In virtually every state surveyed, blacks were more frequently and severely afflicted with eye diseases and were less likely to receive treatment than whites. Yet, no programs exist in any state specifically targeted to promote eye care among blacks and reverse the ever-worsening trend. Additional data characterizing the scope of the problem shall be presented.An initial strategy for approaching the problem, namely, community ophthalmology, has been developed. Community ophthalmology represents a new discipline promoting eye health and blindness prevention through programs utilizing methodologies of public health, community medicine, and ophthalmology. Basically, the use of community ophthalmology strategies is critical to positive out-come, when given a population composed of blacks and other minorities who are chronically underserved with regard to all sectors of health.The evolution and rationale for these concepts are discussed from national, as well as international, perspectives.", "contents": "Rationale for a program in community ophthalmology. The high incidence of eye abnormalities among blacks, coupled with the relative unavailability of ophthalmic services, has resulted in excessive rates of blindness otherwise preventable or curable. As a consequence, incidence rates for blindness are higher for the black population than the white population.Statistics show that black children requiring eyeglasses are less likely to receive eyeglasses than similar age-matched white children. In virtually every state surveyed, blacks were more frequently and severely afflicted with eye diseases and were less likely to receive treatment than whites. Yet, no programs exist in any state specifically targeted to promote eye care among blacks and reverse the ever-worsening trend. Additional data characterizing the scope of the problem shall be presented.An initial strategy for approaching the problem, namely, community ophthalmology, has been developed. Community ophthalmology represents a new discipline promoting eye health and blindness prevention through programs utilizing methodologies of public health, community medicine, and ophthalmology. Basically, the use of community ophthalmology strategies is critical to positive out-come, when given a population composed of blacks and other minorities who are chronically underserved with regard to all sectors of health.The evolution and rationale for these concepts are discussed from national, as well as international, perspectives.", "PMID": 423288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12059", "title": "Particle radiation therapy: requiem or reveille.", "content": "The 1960s and 1970s witnessed a surge of many institutions devoted to electron therapy. Currently, many facilities are adding or have added particle types of radiation to their armamentarium against cancer. The authors review the concepts, problems, and potentials of this form of therapy.", "contents": "Particle radiation therapy: requiem or reveille. The 1960s and 1970s witnessed a surge of many institutions devoted to electron therapy. Currently, many facilities are adding or have added particle types of radiation to their armamentarium against cancer. The authors review the concepts, problems, and potentials of this form of therapy.", "PMID": 423289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12060", "title": "The child with precocious puberty.", "content": "Precocious puberty can be very confusing and frightening to an affected child and his or her family. The following presentation includes the pertinent physiology, psychology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of precocious pubertal development. Radioimmunoassays for gonadotropins and several key hormones are now available which enable the clinician to evaluate and follow the patient's condition with confidence and expertise. Three drugs have been proven effective and the most recent one, cyproterone acetate, has produced exciting clinical remissions with virtually no known side effects.", "contents": "The child with precocious puberty. Precocious puberty can be very confusing and frightening to an affected child and his or her family. The following presentation includes the pertinent physiology, psychology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of precocious pubertal development. Radioimmunoassays for gonadotropins and several key hormones are now available which enable the clinician to evaluate and follow the patient's condition with confidence and expertise. Three drugs have been proven effective and the most recent one, cyproterone acetate, has produced exciting clinical remissions with virtually no known side effects.", "PMID": 423290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12061", "title": "Herpes simplex in gynecology and obstetrics.", "content": "The problems of herpes simplex in gynecology and obstetrics are reviewed. There were 40 patients showing the characteristic cellular changes of herpetic infection among the 79,357 Papanicolaou smears taken. Four patients, with cytologic evidence of herpes virus, also had cervical dysplasia. The relationship between herpes virus and dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma is discussed. The use of a properly timed Papanicolaou smear to alert the physician to the danger of an infected birth canal is described. Three cases of neonatal herpes are cited.", "contents": "Herpes simplex in gynecology and obstetrics. The problems of herpes simplex in gynecology and obstetrics are reviewed. There were 40 patients showing the characteristic cellular changes of herpetic infection among the 79,357 Papanicolaou smears taken. Four patients, with cytologic evidence of herpes virus, also had cervical dysplasia. The relationship between herpes virus and dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma is discussed. The use of a properly timed Papanicolaou smear to alert the physician to the danger of an infected birth canal is described. Three cases of neonatal herpes are cited.", "PMID": 423291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12062", "title": "Administration of cyclophosphamide during late pregnancy and early lactation: a case report.", "content": "Burkitt lymphoma was diagnosed in a patient during the third trimester of pregnancy. Treatment with a low-dose, seven-day course of intravenous cyclophosphamide gave a good response which permitted the pregnancy to be carried to term, with delivery of a normal infant. When the mother received cyclophosphamide during lactation while the baby was breast-fed, the infant's leukocyte and platelet counts were rapidly depressed. Results in this patient and a survey of reported cases in which cyclophosphamide was administered during pregnancy and lactation lead to the conclusions that (1) low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy is not hazardous to the fetus during late pregnancy; (2) mammary concentration of the drug is too toxic to the infant's bone marrow; and (3) breast-feeding the baby should be suspended during the period the mother is receiving cyclophosphamide treatment.", "contents": "Administration of cyclophosphamide during late pregnancy and early lactation: a case report. Burkitt lymphoma was diagnosed in a patient during the third trimester of pregnancy. Treatment with a low-dose, seven-day course of intravenous cyclophosphamide gave a good response which permitted the pregnancy to be carried to term, with delivery of a normal infant. When the mother received cyclophosphamide during lactation while the baby was breast-fed, the infant's leukocyte and platelet counts were rapidly depressed. Results in this patient and a survey of reported cases in which cyclophosphamide was administered during pregnancy and lactation lead to the conclusions that (1) low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy is not hazardous to the fetus during late pregnancy; (2) mammary concentration of the drug is too toxic to the infant's bone marrow; and (3) breast-feeding the baby should be suspended during the period the mother is receiving cyclophosphamide treatment.", "PMID": 423292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12063", "title": "Hand-foot roentgen findings in sickle cell anemia.", "content": "X-ray findings in the hands and feet of 420 sickle cell anemia patients were studied during the six-year period, 1972-1978. A correlation between roentgen findings and clinical presentations is emphasized.", "contents": "Hand-foot roentgen findings in sickle cell anemia. X-ray findings in the hands and feet of 420 sickle cell anemia patients were studied during the six-year period, 1972-1978. A correlation between roentgen findings and clinical presentations is emphasized.", "PMID": 423293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12064", "title": "Evaluation of an academic reinforcement program for health science students.", "content": "An Academic Reinforcement Program has been used for three years at the University of Texas Medical Branch to assist health science students with test taking, note taking, memorization, labeling, charting, and time-scheduling techniques. An evaluation indicated that the majority of students who have learned the techniques improved their academic grades with less expenditure of study time, learned to deal with some problems which affected their studies, and gained self-confidence through the encouragement and support of the staff who taught the techniques.", "contents": "Evaluation of an academic reinforcement program for health science students. An Academic Reinforcement Program has been used for three years at the University of Texas Medical Branch to assist health science students with test taking, note taking, memorization, labeling, charting, and time-scheduling techniques. An evaluation indicated that the majority of students who have learned the techniques improved their academic grades with less expenditure of study time, learned to deal with some problems which affected their studies, and gained self-confidence through the encouragement and support of the staff who taught the techniques.", "PMID": 423294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12065", "title": "Dental health problems of the geriatric population.", "content": "A topic seldom considered and even more rarely discussed among the dental components of the health professions is presented. The dentist's preoccupation with hosts of dental treatment problems has left little time for considering the perplexities of aging, critical illness, or dying or dead patient's relatives. Community dentistry has now forced upon our consciousness the fact that perhaps the subject is one which must not be avoided, if we are to fulfill completely our professional obligations to the public.", "contents": "Dental health problems of the geriatric population. A topic seldom considered and even more rarely discussed among the dental components of the health professions is presented. The dentist's preoccupation with hosts of dental treatment problems has left little time for considering the perplexities of aging, critical illness, or dying or dead patient's relatives. Community dentistry has now forced upon our consciousness the fact that perhaps the subject is one which must not be avoided, if we are to fulfill completely our professional obligations to the public.", "PMID": 423295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12066", "title": "Black contributions to the early history of Western medicine: lack of recognition as a cause of black under-representation in US medical schools.", "content": "During several millenia, blacks in ancient Egypt made numerous contributions to medicine and were acknowledged as the inventors of the art of medicine. They produced the earliest physicians, medical knowledge, and medical literature. They contributed to the development of medicine in ancient Greece. Ancient writers, including Herodotus, Isocrates, and Diodorus, affirm this. Modern presentations of ancient medicine, however, deprive blacks of the knowledge of their early contributions to medicine by ignoring or subtly misrepresenting the black identity of the ancient Egyptians. Blacks are currently under-represented in US medical schools. It is proposed that the recognition of the contributions of blacks to the early history of Western medicine would inspire black students to study medicine.", "contents": "Black contributions to the early history of Western medicine: lack of recognition as a cause of black under-representation in US medical schools. During several millenia, blacks in ancient Egypt made numerous contributions to medicine and were acknowledged as the inventors of the art of medicine. They produced the earliest physicians, medical knowledge, and medical literature. They contributed to the development of medicine in ancient Greece. Ancient writers, including Herodotus, Isocrates, and Diodorus, affirm this. Modern presentations of ancient medicine, however, deprive blacks of the knowledge of their early contributions to medicine by ignoring or subtly misrepresenting the black identity of the ancient Egyptians. Blacks are currently under-represented in US medical schools. It is proposed that the recognition of the contributions of blacks to the early history of Western medicine would inspire black students to study medicine.", "PMID": 423296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12067", "title": "NCTR/NCI symposium on the use of inbred and outbred animals in toxicological testing: objectives of the conference.", "content": "The purpose of this conference of toxicologists, geneticists, and statisticians is to increase understanding of the role of animal genetics in toxicology by discussion of one aspect of this relationship, namely the genetic structures of the laboratory animal populations used in toxicological assays. It is hoped that discussion and comparison of various attributes of inbred, F1 hybrid, and outbred laboratory animal populations will result in recommendations concerning the most appropriate genetic population structures to be used to supply test animals for toxicological studies having different objectives and end points.", "contents": "NCTR/NCI symposium on the use of inbred and outbred animals in toxicological testing: objectives of the conference. The purpose of this conference of toxicologists, geneticists, and statisticians is to increase understanding of the role of animal genetics in toxicology by discussion of one aspect of this relationship, namely the genetic structures of the laboratory animal populations used in toxicological assays. It is hoped that discussion and comparison of various attributes of inbred, F1 hybrid, and outbred laboratory animal populations will result in recommendations concerning the most appropriate genetic population structures to be used to supply test animals for toxicological studies having different objectives and end points.", "PMID": 423298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12068", "title": "Influence of genetic population structure on the results of chronic toxicity studies.", "content": "The importance of the genetic makeup of animals used for toxicological testing has been recognized, although there are few data regarding this. In the study discussed here offspring from a BALB/cStCrlfC3Hf/Nctr male and C57BL/6jfC3Hf/Nctr female cross were used to produce a homogeneous (F1) strain, and brother-sister mating of the F1 population was used to produce a heterogeneous (F2) strain of mice, both having essentially the same gene pool but with different distributions. The end points of mortality and body weights were used to demonstrate relative variability about a mean resulting from genetic constitution when the mice were exposed to benzidine dihydrochloride. This life-span study demonstrated that genetic constitution in research animals should be an important consideration in toxicological research. There were significant differences in body weight and mortality between the two populations, with the F2 mice exhibiting wider body weight ranges and greater susceptibility to the test chemical.", "contents": "Influence of genetic population structure on the results of chronic toxicity studies. The importance of the genetic makeup of animals used for toxicological testing has been recognized, although there are few data regarding this. In the study discussed here offspring from a BALB/cStCrlfC3Hf/Nctr male and C57BL/6jfC3Hf/Nctr female cross were used to produce a homogeneous (F1) strain, and brother-sister mating of the F1 population was used to produce a heterogeneous (F2) strain of mice, both having essentially the same gene pool but with different distributions. The end points of mortality and body weights were used to demonstrate relative variability about a mean resulting from genetic constitution when the mice were exposed to benzidine dihydrochloride. This life-span study demonstrated that genetic constitution in research animals should be an important consideration in toxicological research. There were significant differences in body weight and mortality between the two populations, with the F2 mice exhibiting wider body weight ranges and greater susceptibility to the test chemical.", "PMID": 423299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12069", "title": "Influence of genetic variables on means, variances, and covariances in behavioral responses to toxicological and pharmacological substances.", "content": "Inbred strains and F1 generations provide strong experimental control in toxicological studies by virtue of the relative stability of their means. Their variances do not always conform to simple expectations, with respect either to each other or to segregating populations. For the evaluation of covariances or correlations, populations of choice are genetically segregating ones. A genetic approach of demonstrated power but as yet limited application to toxicological problems is that of selective breeding, a procedure by which lines of animals can be developed to precise specifications.", "contents": "Influence of genetic variables on means, variances, and covariances in behavioral responses to toxicological and pharmacological substances. Inbred strains and F1 generations provide strong experimental control in toxicological studies by virtue of the relative stability of their means. Their variances do not always conform to simple expectations, with respect either to each other or to segregating populations. For the evaluation of covariances or correlations, populations of choice are genetically segregating ones. A genetic approach of demonstrated power but as yet limited application to toxicological problems is that of selective breeding, a procedure by which lines of animals can be developed to precise specifications.", "PMID": 423301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12070", "title": "Genetic and phenotypic consequences of inbreeding.", "content": "The effects of inbreeding on heterozygosity, mean performance, variation within and between lines, and fixation or loss of genes are discussed. Theoretical predictions for degree of pedigree inbreeding and consequences for genes neutral with respect to fitness are outlined first, and then the likely modifications necessary to account for natural selection during inbred line development are considered. For illustration, some results from experiments with laboratory animals are reviewed. Inbred lines or F1 crosses between them are special genotypes, not representative of the population from which they were derived. Similarly, outbred stocks of laboratory animals that have a long history in the laboratory, or narrow base, or are maintained in small numbers, will lack variation and become like inbred lines. The efficacy of using either inbreds or such outbred stocks in toxicological screening is questioned on the ground that the range of genotypes is inadequate.", "contents": "Genetic and phenotypic consequences of inbreeding. The effects of inbreeding on heterozygosity, mean performance, variation within and between lines, and fixation or loss of genes are discussed. Theoretical predictions for degree of pedigree inbreeding and consequences for genes neutral with respect to fitness are outlined first, and then the likely modifications necessary to account for natural selection during inbred line development are considered. For illustration, some results from experiments with laboratory animals are reviewed. Inbred lines or F1 crosses between them are special genotypes, not representative of the population from which they were derived. Similarly, outbred stocks of laboratory animals that have a long history in the laboratory, or narrow base, or are maintained in small numbers, will lack variation and become like inbred lines. The efficacy of using either inbreds or such outbred stocks in toxicological screening is questioned on the ground that the range of genotypes is inadequate.", "PMID": 423303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12071", "title": "Genetic constitution and response to toxic chemicals--an overview.", "content": "There is no scientific justification for the use of random-bred or outbred rodents in toxicological and carcinogenesis testing. The frequent desire for heterozygosity in a test population can best be met by using F1 hybrids of inbred progenitor strains. Extrapolation of animal data to humans will ultimately come through an understanding of cellular responses to carcinogenic and toxicological agents. Isogenic animal populations such as inbred strains, F1 hybrids, and the recently developed recombinant inbred lines are currently our best approach to resolving these mechanisms.", "contents": "Genetic constitution and response to toxic chemicals--an overview. There is no scientific justification for the use of random-bred or outbred rodents in toxicological and carcinogenesis testing. The frequent desire for heterozygosity in a test population can best be met by using F1 hybrids of inbred progenitor strains. Extrapolation of animal data to humans will ultimately come through an understanding of cellular responses to carcinogenic and toxicological agents. Isogenic animal populations such as inbred strains, F1 hybrids, and the recently developed recombinant inbred lines are currently our best approach to resolving these mechanisms.", "PMID": 423304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12072", "title": "Properties of inbred strains and outbred stocks, with special reference to toxicity testing.", "content": "Genetically uniform or isogenic strains (inbred strains and F1 hybrids) have a number of properties that make them valuable in toxicity testing, provided the experimental design can be modified to include more than one such strain. Isogenicity and homozygosity lead to great phenotypic uniformity, high long-term genetic stability, high identifiability, large differences between strains (individuality), and the possibility of setting up daughter colonies genetically identical to the parents. This in turn means that many isogenic strains are internationally distributed, and that considerable background data exist on the characteristics of the common strains. Toxicity testing usually involves the calculation of dose-response curves. Use of phenotypically variable nonisogenic stocks reduces the precision with which such curves can be estimated, without many other benefits. A single isogenic strain may not be satisfactory as it may be resistant to the drug being tested. However, the use of several isogenic strains with a factorial experimental design would overcome this problem, would give high statistical precision, and would provide a better basis for extrapolation to humans than the use of a single stock. Such a design would make it possible to choose a range of strains on the basis of known drug sensitivities, it would be highly repeatable, it would allow comparison of different drugs, and it would show whether the response was genetically determined. The benefits of such an experimental design far outweigh the disadvantages, which are mostly of a practical nature.", "contents": "Properties of inbred strains and outbred stocks, with special reference to toxicity testing. Genetically uniform or isogenic strains (inbred strains and F1 hybrids) have a number of properties that make them valuable in toxicity testing, provided the experimental design can be modified to include more than one such strain. Isogenicity and homozygosity lead to great phenotypic uniformity, high long-term genetic stability, high identifiability, large differences between strains (individuality), and the possibility of setting up daughter colonies genetically identical to the parents. This in turn means that many isogenic strains are internationally distributed, and that considerable background data exist on the characteristics of the common strains. Toxicity testing usually involves the calculation of dose-response curves. Use of phenotypically variable nonisogenic stocks reduces the precision with which such curves can be estimated, without many other benefits. A single isogenic strain may not be satisfactory as it may be resistant to the drug being tested. However, the use of several isogenic strains with a factorial experimental design would overcome this problem, would give high statistical precision, and would provide a better basis for extrapolation to humans than the use of a single stock. Such a design would make it possible to choose a range of strains on the basis of known drug sensitivities, it would be highly repeatable, it would allow comparison of different drugs, and it would show whether the response was genetically determined. The benefits of such an experimental design far outweigh the disadvantages, which are mostly of a practical nature.", "PMID": 423306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12073", "title": "Genetic aspects of metabolic processing of chemical substances.", "content": "The Ah locus in the mouse controls the induction of cytochrome P1-450 and at least 10 associated monooxygenase activities. These enzyme systems metabolically potentiate and detoxify chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants, drugs, and other chemicals, as well as numerous endogenous substrates. With certain substrates cytochrome P1-450 is known to produce a predominance of reactive intermediates and products that differ from those formed by other cytochrome P-450 species. Numerous conditions in the mouse, including cancer, drug toxicity, and birth defects, are directly associated with the Ah locus, which is considered to be a single gene or a small number of genes.", "contents": "Genetic aspects of metabolic processing of chemical substances. The Ah locus in the mouse controls the induction of cytochrome P1-450 and at least 10 associated monooxygenase activities. These enzyme systems metabolically potentiate and detoxify chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants, drugs, and other chemicals, as well as numerous endogenous substrates. With certain substrates cytochrome P1-450 is known to produce a predominance of reactive intermediates and products that differ from those formed by other cytochrome P-450 species. Numerous conditions in the mouse, including cancer, drug toxicity, and birth defects, are directly associated with the Ah locus, which is considered to be a single gene or a small number of genes.", "PMID": 423308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12074", "title": "Statistical design of toxicity assays: role of genetic structure of test animal population.", "content": "This paper concerns certain statistical aspects of the problem of among-strain differences in cancer susceptibility and how these differences may affect the design of toxicity assays. First, the data of Innes et al. (1969) were examined to investigate the magnitude of within-study, between-strain differences in tumor induction. Although there was a very high overall association between mouse strains with respect to the induction of hepatomas, evidence of strain-to-strain variability was found for several compounds. Next, a number of long-term carcinogenicity studies with DDT were considered, and among-strain differences in cancer susceptibility for this compound were noted. Finally, it was shown that if susceptible subgroups do exist, and certain simplifying assumptions are made, then in many cases tumor increases can be detected more readily by studying several inbred mouse strains rather than a single outbred stock.", "contents": "Statistical design of toxicity assays: role of genetic structure of test animal population. This paper concerns certain statistical aspects of the problem of among-strain differences in cancer susceptibility and how these differences may affect the design of toxicity assays. First, the data of Innes et al. (1969) were examined to investigate the magnitude of within-study, between-strain differences in tumor induction. Although there was a very high overall association between mouse strains with respect to the induction of hepatomas, evidence of strain-to-strain variability was found for several compounds. Next, a number of long-term carcinogenicity studies with DDT were considered, and among-strain differences in cancer susceptibility for this compound were noted. Finally, it was shown that if susceptible subgroups do exist, and certain simplifying assumptions are made, then in many cases tumor increases can be detected more readily by studying several inbred mouse strains rather than a single outbred stock.", "PMID": 423309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12075", "title": "Current problems in the choice of animals for toxicity testing.", "content": "Animal models for the study of toxicity are chosen more for pragmatic reasons such as life-span, ease of handling, and economics than because of a comprehensive process of validation. There is also a tendency to seek the answers to nonspecific questions and then to use those answers in situations where they cannot lead to proper judgments. In some cases, such as in carcinogenicity testing, an uneasy compromise exists between the sensitivity of the model and the background noise. There is scope, by increased attention to both the control of environmental factors and the genetics of the animal models, to increase the sensitivity and validity of the systems that are used in toxicology.", "contents": "Current problems in the choice of animals for toxicity testing. Animal models for the study of toxicity are chosen more for pragmatic reasons such as life-span, ease of handling, and economics than because of a comprehensive process of validation. There is also a tendency to seek the answers to nonspecific questions and then to use those answers in situations where they cannot lead to proper judgments. In some cases, such as in carcinogenicity testing, an uneasy compromise exists between the sensitivity of the model and the background noise. There is scope, by increased attention to both the control of environmental factors and the genetics of the animal models, to increase the sensitivity and validity of the systems that are used in toxicology.", "PMID": 423310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12076", "title": "Coding of increments and decrements in stimulus intensity in single units in the cochlear nucleus of the rat.", "content": "The response of single units in the cochlear nucleus when confronted with step increments and step decrements in stimulus intensity was studied in the rat using tones that were amplitude modulated with square waves or with pseudorandom noise. Cycle histograms of the responses to tones modulated with square waves revealed that the probability of firing increased as a result of step increments in stimulus intensity for tones at characteristic frequency (CF) and that the probability of firing decreased as a result of step decrements. When two tones were presented simultaneously, one at CF and one at the unit's best inhibitory frequency (BIF), and one or the other of the tones was modulated, the modulation of the cycle histogram of the responses was greater than when only one tone was presented. Modulation of the inhibitory tone gave rise to histograms that were mirror images of the histograms of the responses to modulation of the excitatory tone. An increase in probability of firing always occurred at a faster rate than a decrease, independent of whether the increase was brought about by increase in the intensity of the excitatory tone or by a decrease in the intensity of the inhibitory tone. The cycle histograms of the responses to square wave-modulated tones and the step response estimated from the responses to tones amplitude-modulated with pseudorandom noise showed a greater similarity when the cycle histograms depicted the case of an increase in the probability of firing than when they concerned a decrease in the probability of firing.", "contents": "Coding of increments and decrements in stimulus intensity in single units in the cochlear nucleus of the rat. The response of single units in the cochlear nucleus when confronted with step increments and step decrements in stimulus intensity was studied in the rat using tones that were amplitude modulated with square waves or with pseudorandom noise. Cycle histograms of the responses to tones modulated with square waves revealed that the probability of firing increased as a result of step increments in stimulus intensity for tones at characteristic frequency (CF) and that the probability of firing decreased as a result of step decrements. When two tones were presented simultaneously, one at CF and one at the unit's best inhibitory frequency (BIF), and one or the other of the tones was modulated, the modulation of the cycle histogram of the responses was greater than when only one tone was presented. Modulation of the inhibitory tone gave rise to histograms that were mirror images of the histograms of the responses to modulation of the excitatory tone. An increase in probability of firing always occurred at a faster rate than a decrease, independent of whether the increase was brought about by increase in the intensity of the excitatory tone or by a decrease in the intensity of the inhibitory tone. The cycle histograms of the responses to square wave-modulated tones and the step response estimated from the responses to tones amplitude-modulated with pseudorandom noise showed a greater similarity when the cycle histograms depicted the case of an increase in the probability of firing than when they concerned a decrease in the probability of firing.", "PMID": 423311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12077", "title": "Molecular forms of cholinesterases in cerebrospinal fluid, blood plasma, and brain tissue of the beagle dog.", "content": "In the present study we have investigated the activity of AChE and BuChE in the cisternal CSF of the Beagle dog and have outlined the characteristics of the molecular forms of both enzymes. The same enzymes were also investigated in samples from blood plasma and brain tissue. It is concluded that AChE in CSF originates from the spinal cord and brain tissues as a result of some secretory process. A combined origin from both blood plasma and brain tissue appears to be probable for the BuChE of the CSF.", "contents": "Molecular forms of cholinesterases in cerebrospinal fluid, blood plasma, and brain tissue of the beagle dog. In the present study we have investigated the activity of AChE and BuChE in the cisternal CSF of the Beagle dog and have outlined the characteristics of the molecular forms of both enzymes. The same enzymes were also investigated in samples from blood plasma and brain tissue. It is concluded that AChE in CSF originates from the spinal cord and brain tissues as a result of some secretory process. A combined origin from both blood plasma and brain tissue appears to be probable for the BuChE of the CSF.", "PMID": 423312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12078", "title": "A regional study of electrophoretically separated proteins from the crude synaptosomal fractions of the developing rat brain.", "content": "Albino rats of 1, 5, 9, 16, and 25 days of age were sacrificed, and six brain regions were dissected free. Crude synaptosomal preparations from each brain region and age were obtained by differential centrifugation. Protein content in these fractions from the six brain regions increased almost threefold between 1 and 25 days of age. The preparations were delipidated, solubilized, and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The densitometric patterns of five samples from each age and brain region were analyzed for changes in the relative amount of stained protein bands. Of the polyacrylamide gel-separated protein bands, 16 regional differences at specific ages and 20 developmental changes in specific brain regions were found to be statistically significant. The hippocampal region showed the greatest number of statistical changes in the protein pattern as a function of age, whereas the cerebellum showed none. The results suggest the importance of considering regional differences in studies of biochemical developmental changes.", "contents": "A regional study of electrophoretically separated proteins from the crude synaptosomal fractions of the developing rat brain. Albino rats of 1, 5, 9, 16, and 25 days of age were sacrificed, and six brain regions were dissected free. Crude synaptosomal preparations from each brain region and age were obtained by differential centrifugation. Protein content in these fractions from the six brain regions increased almost threefold between 1 and 25 days of age. The preparations were delipidated, solubilized, and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The densitometric patterns of five samples from each age and brain region were analyzed for changes in the relative amount of stained protein bands. Of the polyacrylamide gel-separated protein bands, 16 regional differences at specific ages and 20 developmental changes in specific brain regions were found to be statistically significant. The hippocampal region showed the greatest number of statistical changes in the protein pattern as a function of age, whereas the cerebellum showed none. The results suggest the importance of considering regional differences in studies of biochemical developmental changes.", "PMID": 423313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12079", "title": "Topographical distribution of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the cerebral hemisphere of the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor.", "content": "Differential patterns of distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are observed in the cerebral nuclei and fiber tracts of Calotes versicolor. The majority of the nuclei reveal a positive reaction for AChE varying from moderate to intense. In contrast, almost all the nuclei are found negative to BChE, except for the area of the nucleus commissurae anterioris and of the paleostriatum where the positive activity is due to BChE positive fibers. The medial forebrain bundle demonstrates intense activity for AChE, while the lateral forebrain bundle and commissures present a negative picture. Interestingly, all the fiber bundles and commissures show an intense reaction for BChE. The nature of nuclei and fiber tracts in relation to the differential patterns of AChE and BChE is discussed.", "contents": "Topographical distribution of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the cerebral hemisphere of the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor. Differential patterns of distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are observed in the cerebral nuclei and fiber tracts of Calotes versicolor. The majority of the nuclei reveal a positive reaction for AChE varying from moderate to intense. In contrast, almost all the nuclei are found negative to BChE, except for the area of the nucleus commissurae anterioris and of the paleostriatum where the positive activity is due to BChE positive fibers. The medial forebrain bundle demonstrates intense activity for AChE, while the lateral forebrain bundle and commissures present a negative picture. Interestingly, all the fiber bundles and commissures show an intense reaction for BChE. The nature of nuclei and fiber tracts in relation to the differential patterns of AChE and BChE is discussed.", "PMID": 423314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12080", "title": "Intracellular studies of GABA and taurine action on the neurons of the cat sensorimotor cortex.", "content": "The action of taurine and GABA on the cat cerebral cortex neurons was studied. Electrophoretically administered taurine and GABA hyperpolarized the neuron membrane. GABA, in contrast to taurine, sharply increased the somatic membrane conductance. Taurine action was weaker than that of GABA and its effects were not always observed. However, in a number of instances it exerted inhibitory influence similar to GABA action. Some facts make it possible to suppose that taurine acts mainly on the neuron dendrites. The data obtained are in accordance with the supposition that taurine might be an inhibitory transmitter in the cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Intracellular studies of GABA and taurine action on the neurons of the cat sensorimotor cortex. The action of taurine and GABA on the cat cerebral cortex neurons was studied. Electrophoretically administered taurine and GABA hyperpolarized the neuron membrane. GABA, in contrast to taurine, sharply increased the somatic membrane conductance. Taurine action was weaker than that of GABA and its effects were not always observed. However, in a number of instances it exerted inhibitory influence similar to GABA action. Some facts make it possible to suppose that taurine acts mainly on the neuron dendrites. The data obtained are in accordance with the supposition that taurine might be an inhibitory transmitter in the cerebral cortex.", "PMID": 423315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12081", "title": "Choline and phospholipid metabolism and the synthesis of acetylcholine in rat brain.", "content": "The metabolism of choline by rat brain, plasma, and liver was investigated using combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry following microwave irradiation and treatment with deuterium-labeled choline. Methods were established to measure simultaneously the concentrations of six choline-containing compounds and the incorporation of labeled choline into each of them. Intravenous injection of [2H4]-choline led to initial labeling of choline, acetylcholine, and phosphocholine in rat brain, with all of the label eventually entering the phosphocholine pool. When labeled choline was administered in the diet its rate of incorporation into choline, phosphatidylcholine, and combined choline plasmalogen and lysophosphatidylcholine in the plasma and liver and into choline, acetylcholine, phosphocholine, glycerophosphorylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, and combined choline plasmalogen and lysophosphatidylcholine in the brain were determined. Choline, phosphatidylcholine, and combined choline plasmalogen and lysophosphatidylcholine in the plasma had similar specific activities. In the cortex and the striatum, choline and combined choline plasmalogen and lysophosphatidylcholine fraction generally had the highest specific activities. The time course of the post-mortem release of choline by the brain was measured, and the sources of this choline were, sequentially, acetylcholine, glycerophosphoryl-choline, and phospholipids.", "contents": "Choline and phospholipid metabolism and the synthesis of acetylcholine in rat brain. The metabolism of choline by rat brain, plasma, and liver was investigated using combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry following microwave irradiation and treatment with deuterium-labeled choline. Methods were established to measure simultaneously the concentrations of six choline-containing compounds and the incorporation of labeled choline into each of them. Intravenous injection of [2H4]-choline led to initial labeling of choline, acetylcholine, and phosphocholine in rat brain, with all of the label eventually entering the phosphocholine pool. When labeled choline was administered in the diet its rate of incorporation into choline, phosphatidylcholine, and combined choline plasmalogen and lysophosphatidylcholine in the plasma and liver and into choline, acetylcholine, phosphocholine, glycerophosphorylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, and combined choline plasmalogen and lysophosphatidylcholine in the brain were determined. Choline, phosphatidylcholine, and combined choline plasmalogen and lysophosphatidylcholine in the plasma had similar specific activities. In the cortex and the striatum, choline and combined choline plasmalogen and lysophosphatidylcholine fraction generally had the highest specific activities. The time course of the post-mortem release of choline by the brain was measured, and the sources of this choline were, sequentially, acetylcholine, glycerophosphoryl-choline, and phospholipids.", "PMID": 423317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12082", "title": "Dynamic renal scan in the non-visualizing kidney.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with 35 non-visualizing kidneys on excretory urography were studied with 99mtechnetium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid scintiscanning. In 11 cases good renal blood flow and concentration were demonstrated on nucleide scanning. All patients had significant parenchyma and recoverable renal function after appropriate surgical management. In 20 cases there was little or no blood flow on the scan. These patients either had a congenitally absent kidney or severely destroyed parenchyma. The 99mtechnetium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid dynamic renal scan is a sensitive method for predicting renal salvageability of a kidney that fails to visualize on excretory urography.", "contents": "Dynamic renal scan in the non-visualizing kidney. Thirty-one patients with 35 non-visualizing kidneys on excretory urography were studied with 99mtechnetium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid scintiscanning. In 11 cases good renal blood flow and concentration were demonstrated on nucleide scanning. All patients had significant parenchyma and recoverable renal function after appropriate surgical management. In 20 cases there was little or no blood flow on the scan. These patients either had a congenitally absent kidney or severely destroyed parenchyma. The 99mtechnetium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid dynamic renal scan is a sensitive method for predicting renal salvageability of a kidney that fails to visualize on excretory urography.", "PMID": 423325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12083", "title": "Idiopathic hydronephrosis--the diuresis renogram: a new non-invasive method of assessing equivocal pelvioureteral junction obstruction.", "content": "A new method to evaluate patients with equivocal obstruction of the pelvioureteral junction is described. It involves the performance of a standard 131iodine-hippuran renogram followed by a second renogram 3 minutes after an intravenous injection of the diuretic, frusemide. When the 2 results are inspected together it is found that the patients can be separated into 4 groups: 1) normal, 2) obstructed, 3) atonic and 4) partially obstructed. The results in 23 children and 27 adults with suspected obstruction of the pelvioureteral junction are presented. Obstruction was confirmed in 18 patients and excluded in 32. The correlation between the renogram results and clinical, radiological and operative findings is discussed. The technique is simple, accurate and non-invasive, and it is recommended after excretory urography before proceeding to more invasive tests.", "contents": "Idiopathic hydronephrosis--the diuresis renogram: a new non-invasive method of assessing equivocal pelvioureteral junction obstruction. A new method to evaluate patients with equivocal obstruction of the pelvioureteral junction is described. It involves the performance of a standard 131iodine-hippuran renogram followed by a second renogram 3 minutes after an intravenous injection of the diuretic, frusemide. When the 2 results are inspected together it is found that the patients can be separated into 4 groups: 1) normal, 2) obstructed, 3) atonic and 4) partially obstructed. The results in 23 children and 27 adults with suspected obstruction of the pelvioureteral junction are presented. Obstruction was confirmed in 18 patients and excluded in 32. The correlation between the renogram results and clinical, radiological and operative findings is discussed. The technique is simple, accurate and non-invasive, and it is recommended after excretory urography before proceeding to more invasive tests.", "PMID": 423326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12084", "title": "Heterotransplantation of human transitional cell carcinoma in athymic mice.", "content": "Human bladder tumors were obtained and transplanted into nude mice or other control animals. Tumor measurements, growth rate and selected histological studies were completed. No correlation between the growth of the tumor in the nude mouse and the clinical course of histologic tumor appearance in the host was detected. Metastases were not found. This feature has been noted generally to be uncommon in the nude mice model with some other human tumors. Despite careful technique tumor growth was achieved in only 40% of the appropriate experiments. The factors responsible for this variability and different growth rate in the nude mouse require further assessment before the results of other experimental treatments can be evaluated.", "contents": "Heterotransplantation of human transitional cell carcinoma in athymic mice. Human bladder tumors were obtained and transplanted into nude mice or other control animals. Tumor measurements, growth rate and selected histological studies were completed. No correlation between the growth of the tumor in the nude mouse and the clinical course of histologic tumor appearance in the host was detected. Metastases were not found. This feature has been noted generally to be uncommon in the nude mice model with some other human tumors. Despite careful technique tumor growth was achieved in only 40% of the appropriate experiments. The factors responsible for this variability and different growth rate in the nude mouse require further assessment before the results of other experimental treatments can be evaluated.", "PMID": 423327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12085", "title": "Pubectomy for repair of membranous urethral strictures.", "content": "We treated 7 patients with membranous urethral strictures secondary to fractures of the pelvis with pubectomy and termino-terminal anastomosis of the urethra. All patients are free of catheters and urinary tract infection. The surgical technique provided good exposure of the membranous urethra because the incision of the pubis was wide. None of the patients has had orthopedic problems secondary to the operation. Postoperative sexual function has been good.", "contents": "Pubectomy for repair of membranous urethral strictures. We treated 7 patients with membranous urethral strictures secondary to fractures of the pelvis with pubectomy and termino-terminal anastomosis of the urethra. All patients are free of catheters and urinary tract infection. The surgical technique provided good exposure of the membranous urethra because the incision of the pubis was wide. None of the patients has had orthopedic problems secondary to the operation. Postoperative sexual function has been good.", "PMID": 423329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12086", "title": "Pre-estrogen breast irradiation for patients with carcinoma of the prostate: a critical review.", "content": "We studied 38 patients with prostatic cancer who received breast irradiation before oral estrogen administration. Our data are combined with those from other institutions to determine the effectiveness of pre-estrogen breast irradiation in minimizing gynecomastia and/or pain. Based on our review the incidence of estrogen-induced breast changes is 70%. Irradiation given before estrogen administration can prevent or minimize these changes in 89.3% of the treated patients. Histologic changes of gynecomastia are reviewed and recommendations for optimum radiation therapy technique are included.", "contents": "Pre-estrogen breast irradiation for patients with carcinoma of the prostate: a critical review. We studied 38 patients with prostatic cancer who received breast irradiation before oral estrogen administration. Our data are combined with those from other institutions to determine the effectiveness of pre-estrogen breast irradiation in minimizing gynecomastia and/or pain. Based on our review the incidence of estrogen-induced breast changes is 70%. Irradiation given before estrogen administration can prevent or minimize these changes in 89.3% of the treated patients. Histologic changes of gynecomastia are reviewed and recommendations for optimum radiation therapy technique are included.", "PMID": 423330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12087", "title": "Studies on pituitary-gonadal endocrine function in XYY men.", "content": "Serum luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones and testosterone levels were studied in 11 patients with 47-XYY chromosomes and a comparison was made to normal men and patients with other testicular diseases, including Klinefelter's syndrome. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels in patients with XYY chromosomes were elevated significantly in comparison to those in normal men but lower than those in men with Sertoli cell only syndrome and Klinefelter's syndromes. Serum luteinizing hormone levels were somewhat elevated and serum testosterone levels were somewhat low in comparison to normal men, although the difference was not significant. Results of the short-term human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation test suggested almost normal Leydig cell reserve capacity in patients with XYY chromosomes.", "contents": "Studies on pituitary-gonadal endocrine function in XYY men. Serum luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones and testosterone levels were studied in 11 patients with 47-XYY chromosomes and a comparison was made to normal men and patients with other testicular diseases, including Klinefelter's syndrome. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels in patients with XYY chromosomes were elevated significantly in comparison to those in normal men but lower than those in men with Sertoli cell only syndrome and Klinefelter's syndromes. Serum luteinizing hormone levels were somewhat elevated and serum testosterone levels were somewhat low in comparison to normal men, although the difference was not significant. Results of the short-term human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation test suggested almost normal Leydig cell reserve capacity in patients with XYY chromosomes.", "PMID": 423331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12088", "title": "Familial urinary tract anomalies: association with the major histocompatibility complex in man.", "content": "Histocompatibility typing of a family with 15 members and a history of ureteropelvic junction stenosis and 4 families with 23 members and a history of vesicoureteral reflux revealed that these anomalies of the urinary tract may be hereditary and segregate with histocompatibility haplotype within a family. Thus, a close linkage of childhood reflux and ureteral stenosis with that of the major histocompatibility complex of man is suggested. If confirmed by further family studies it will place the gene(s) for vesicoureteral reflux and ureteral stenosis on the 6th pair of human chromosome and open the possibility of using histocompatibility typing as a marker for these anomalies within a family.", "contents": "Familial urinary tract anomalies: association with the major histocompatibility complex in man. Histocompatibility typing of a family with 15 members and a history of ureteropelvic junction stenosis and 4 families with 23 members and a history of vesicoureteral reflux revealed that these anomalies of the urinary tract may be hereditary and segregate with histocompatibility haplotype within a family. Thus, a close linkage of childhood reflux and ureteral stenosis with that of the major histocompatibility complex of man is suggested. If confirmed by further family studies it will place the gene(s) for vesicoureteral reflux and ureteral stenosis on the 6th pair of human chromosome and open the possibility of using histocompatibility typing as a marker for these anomalies within a family.", "PMID": 423332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12089", "title": "A new male incontinence clamp.", "content": "The incontinence clamp described requires only half the pressure of other competitive clamps and, therefore, involves only half the risk of damage to the urethra by over compression. Advantages of the clamp include the 2-point ventral urethral compression and the production of an S curve to the urethra. The clamp can be applied without vision.", "contents": "A new male incontinence clamp. The incontinence clamp described requires only half the pressure of other competitive clamps and, therefore, involves only half the risk of damage to the urethra by over compression. Advantages of the clamp include the 2-point ventral urethral compression and the production of an S curve to the urethra. The clamp can be applied without vision.", "PMID": 423334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12090", "title": "The cystometric nuclear cystogram.", "content": "Vesicoureteral reflux is a common clinical problem that we monitor by interval nuclear cystography. Of the children having nuclear cystograms 40% also have voiding abnormalities, including incontinence (damp pants), urgency and infrequent micturition. We have evaluated these symptoms by recording the intravesical pressure during the nuclear cystogram. This combined examination, the cystometric nuclear cystogram, has been done on 46 children. An abnormal cystometrogram was found in 61% of the children with a voiding abnormality and helped to establish a basis for successful therapy. The cystometric nuclear cystogram aids in the diagnosis and rational therapy of childhood voiding abnormalities. It is a practical method to obtain a cystometrogram in children with voiding abnormalities who are being evaluated for ureteral reflux and it has facilitated the management of childhood ureteral reflux.", "contents": "The cystometric nuclear cystogram. Vesicoureteral reflux is a common clinical problem that we monitor by interval nuclear cystography. Of the children having nuclear cystograms 40% also have voiding abnormalities, including incontinence (damp pants), urgency and infrequent micturition. We have evaluated these symptoms by recording the intravesical pressure during the nuclear cystogram. This combined examination, the cystometric nuclear cystogram, has been done on 46 children. An abnormal cystometrogram was found in 61% of the children with a voiding abnormality and helped to establish a basis for successful therapy. The cystometric nuclear cystogram aids in the diagnosis and rational therapy of childhood voiding abnormalities. It is a practical method to obtain a cystometrogram in children with voiding abnormalities who are being evaluated for ureteral reflux and it has facilitated the management of childhood ureteral reflux.", "PMID": 423335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12091", "title": "Does the conventional cystogram exaggerate reflux?", "content": "We studied 35 patients with anterograde and retrograde cystography. Many patients who had reflux on retrograde cystography either did not have reflux or the reflux was reduced significantly on anterograde cystography. Furthermore, when reflux was seen on anterograde cystography it appeared to have more prognostic value than when seen on retrograde cystography. The question is raised of whether much reflex seen on retrograde cystography is not actually an artifact of the examination and does not exist beyond circumstances of the test.", "contents": "Does the conventional cystogram exaggerate reflux? We studied 35 patients with anterograde and retrograde cystography. Many patients who had reflux on retrograde cystography either did not have reflux or the reflux was reduced significantly on anterograde cystography. Furthermore, when reflux was seen on anterograde cystography it appeared to have more prognostic value than when seen on retrograde cystography. The question is raised of whether much reflex seen on retrograde cystography is not actually an artifact of the examination and does not exist beyond circumstances of the test.", "PMID": 423336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12092", "title": "Urethral strictures in boys.", "content": "Our experience with urethral strictures in boys during a 15-year period confirms the findings of others that the most common etiology is iatrogenic. Traumatic and inflammatory strictures are rare. The congenital stricture differs fundamentally from acquired types of urethral strictures and would be termed more appropriately congenital urethral membrane. Urethral dilation and/or urethrotomy was unsuccessful in 47% of our patients, leading to secondary formation of a new stricture in 2 instances. However, urethroplasty was successful in 83% of our cases and seems to be indicated when 2 or more dilations are required.", "contents": "Urethral strictures in boys. Our experience with urethral strictures in boys during a 15-year period confirms the findings of others that the most common etiology is iatrogenic. Traumatic and inflammatory strictures are rare. The congenital stricture differs fundamentally from acquired types of urethral strictures and would be termed more appropriately congenital urethral membrane. Urethral dilation and/or urethrotomy was unsuccessful in 47% of our patients, leading to secondary formation of a new stricture in 2 instances. However, urethroplasty was successful in 83% of our cases and seems to be indicated when 2 or more dilations are required.", "PMID": 423338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12093", "title": "Renal capsular tumors: the angiographic features.", "content": "Five masses of the renal capsule, which were studied angiographically, demonstrated a typical inward displacement of the renal parenchyma, and prominence and variable displacement of the renal capsular arteries. Benign lesions typically lacked malignant neovascularity and had a sharp interface with the renal parenchyma. The angiographic characterization of renal capsular lesions may help in identification of benign lesions and prevent unnecessary nephrectomy.", "contents": "Renal capsular tumors: the angiographic features. Five masses of the renal capsule, which were studied angiographically, demonstrated a typical inward displacement of the renal parenchyma, and prominence and variable displacement of the renal capsular arteries. Benign lesions typically lacked malignant neovascularity and had a sharp interface with the renal parenchyma. The angiographic characterization of renal capsular lesions may help in identification of benign lesions and prevent unnecessary nephrectomy.", "PMID": 423342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12094", "title": "Non-operative management of a pelvic hydatid cyst communicating with the bladder.", "content": "Two cases are reported of spontaneous rupture of pelvic hydatid cysts into the bladder, which were managed conservatively. The resulting communication between the bladder and the cyst was used advantageously for intravesical instillation of 20% saline to destroy the germinal layer of the hydatid cyst and daughter cysts. Sequential cystographic studies showed disappearance of the extrinsic pressure effect on the bladder as the daughter cysts were evacuated repeatedly per urethram after instillations. Spontaneous sealing off of the communication was documented and confirmed by cytoscopy in 1 case. A plea is made to adopt a non-operative approach in such cases, which permits intravesical and, hence, intracystic scolecidal agent instillation and achieves spontaneous evacuation of daughter cysts. Other factors encouraging conservative management whenever possible are the reportedly high recurrence rate of hydatid cysts postoperatively, the morbidity described with complete excision of pelvic and other hydatid cysts, and the inherent slow process of recurrence (between 5 and 20 years) after complete evacuation of daughter cysts.", "contents": "Non-operative management of a pelvic hydatid cyst communicating with the bladder. Two cases are reported of spontaneous rupture of pelvic hydatid cysts into the bladder, which were managed conservatively. The resulting communication between the bladder and the cyst was used advantageously for intravesical instillation of 20% saline to destroy the germinal layer of the hydatid cyst and daughter cysts. Sequential cystographic studies showed disappearance of the extrinsic pressure effect on the bladder as the daughter cysts were evacuated repeatedly per urethram after instillations. Spontaneous sealing off of the communication was documented and confirmed by cytoscopy in 1 case. A plea is made to adopt a non-operative approach in such cases, which permits intravesical and, hence, intracystic scolecidal agent instillation and achieves spontaneous evacuation of daughter cysts. Other factors encouraging conservative management whenever possible are the reportedly high recurrence rate of hydatid cysts postoperatively, the morbidity described with complete excision of pelvic and other hydatid cysts, and the inherent slow process of recurrence (between 5 and 20 years) after complete evacuation of daughter cysts.", "PMID": 423344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12095", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics and results of clinical administration of CS-1170. I. Pharmacokinetics of CS-1170 (author's transl)].", "content": "(1) When 20.8 approximately 34.7 mg/kg body weight of CS-1170 were instilled intravenously for 30 minutes to one hour, peak levels were obtained on completion of the intravenous drip in the range 85.7 approximately 1,117.3 microgram/ml. (2) The half life was 22 approximately 49 minutes which is very rapid. (3) The kidney clearance was 6.8 approximately 104.8 ml/min. (4) The total clearance was 5.9 approximately 111.5 ml/min, showing correlation with the kidney clearance. (5) The apparent distributional capacity was 0.3 approximately 4.3 liters, showing a strong correlation with body weight.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics and results of clinical administration of CS-1170. I. Pharmacokinetics of CS-1170 (author's transl)]. (1) When 20.8 approximately 34.7 mg/kg body weight of CS-1170 were instilled intravenously for 30 minutes to one hour, peak levels were obtained on completion of the intravenous drip in the range 85.7 approximately 1,117.3 microgram/ml. (2) The half life was 22 approximately 49 minutes which is very rapid. (3) The kidney clearance was 6.8 approximately 104.8 ml/min. (4) The total clearance was 5.9 approximately 111.5 ml/min, showing correlation with the kidney clearance. (5) The apparent distributional capacity was 0.3 approximately 4.3 liters, showing a strong correlation with body weight.", "PMID": 423362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12096", "title": "[Clinical experience with CS-1170 (author's transl)].", "content": "CS-1170 was administered in 6 cases of infections in the pediatric field and the clinical response was excellent in 3, fair in 1, poor in 1 and unknown in one. Cases of acute purulent osteomyelitis which was cured by the present drug were described in detail. Each case is summarized Table 1.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with CS-1170 (author's transl)]. CS-1170 was administered in 6 cases of infections in the pediatric field and the clinical response was excellent in 3, fair in 1, poor in 1 and unknown in one. Cases of acute purulent osteomyelitis which was cured by the present drug were described in detail. Each case is summarized Table 1.", "PMID": 423363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12097", "title": "[Clinical experience with CS-1170 in children (author's transl)].", "content": "CS-1170 was tried in children with various infections, and the following results were obtained. Some studies on the drug's pharmacokinetics were also made, and the results were as shown below: 1. The time course of serum concentration following one-shot intravenous injections of 30 mg/kg in 8 patients aged between 3 and 13 was studied. The results were: 53.4 microgram/ml, 23.4 microgram/ml, 6.6 microgram/ml, 1.8 microgram/ml and 0.5 microgram/ml at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours after the drug administration, respectively. Urinary recovery rate was 36% to 69.8% by 2 hours after, 10.9% to 70% by 2 to 4 hours after, 0.6% to 5.4% by 4 to 6 hours after the administration, and by 8 hours after the injection 91.3% of the drug was excreted in the urine. 2. Of 13 cases including 8 cases of bronchopneumonia, 2 cases of urinary tract infections, a case each of suppuration in the neck, lymphadenitis and pyothorax, CS-1170 was found to be effective in 10 cases (83.3%), while effectiveness of the drug was undeterminable in one case. 3. No remarkable side effect including allergic symptom such as eruption was observed, though transient elevation of GOT and GPT was noted in one case.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with CS-1170 in children (author's transl)]. CS-1170 was tried in children with various infections, and the following results were obtained. Some studies on the drug's pharmacokinetics were also made, and the results were as shown below: 1. The time course of serum concentration following one-shot intravenous injections of 30 mg/kg in 8 patients aged between 3 and 13 was studied. The results were: 53.4 microgram/ml, 23.4 microgram/ml, 6.6 microgram/ml, 1.8 microgram/ml and 0.5 microgram/ml at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours after the drug administration, respectively. Urinary recovery rate was 36% to 69.8% by 2 hours after, 10.9% to 70% by 2 to 4 hours after, 0.6% to 5.4% by 4 to 6 hours after the administration, and by 8 hours after the injection 91.3% of the drug was excreted in the urine. 2. Of 13 cases including 8 cases of bronchopneumonia, 2 cases of urinary tract infections, a case each of suppuration in the neck, lymphadenitis and pyothorax, CS-1170 was found to be effective in 10 cases (83.3%), while effectiveness of the drug was undeterminable in one case. 3. No remarkable side effect including allergic symptom such as eruption was observed, though transient elevation of GOT and GPT was noted in one case.", "PMID": 423364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12098", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics and results of clinical administration of CS-1170. II. Results of clinical administration of CS-1170 (author's transl)].", "content": "The intravenous preparation of CS-1170 was administered in 9 cases of pediatric disease and was excellent or good in 5 cases (55.6%). It was poor in 3 of 4 cases of Mycoplasma pneumonia. We think that the dose of 50 mg/kg/day can exert an effect regardless of the intensity of symptoms. Through our present experiences with the excellent or good cases, an intravenous drip or intratracheal injection for 3 approximately 5 days is effective. Although there was no abnormality in the biochemistry or electrolyte findings before or after administration, eruption developed in one of the cases in which the drug was administered for 6 days.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics and results of clinical administration of CS-1170. II. Results of clinical administration of CS-1170 (author's transl)]. The intravenous preparation of CS-1170 was administered in 9 cases of pediatric disease and was excellent or good in 5 cases (55.6%). It was poor in 3 of 4 cases of Mycoplasma pneumonia. We think that the dose of 50 mg/kg/day can exert an effect regardless of the intensity of symptoms. Through our present experiences with the excellent or good cases, an intravenous drip or intratracheal injection for 3 approximately 5 days is effective. Although there was no abnormality in the biochemistry or electrolyte findings before or after administration, eruption developed in one of the cases in which the drug was administered for 6 days.", "PMID": 423367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12099", "title": "[Toxicological studies on fosfomycin-Na salt. I. Acute toxicity in mice and rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The acute toxicity of sodium fosfomycin (FOM-Na), a new antibiotic in ICR mice and Wistar rats has been investigated. The LD50 values in mice were: 1,230 (male), 1,225 (female) mg/kg by i.v.; 2,175 (m), 2,467 (f) mg/kg by i.p.; 2,625 (m), 2,662 (f) mg/kg by i.m.; 5,100 (m), 6,150 (f) mg/kg by s.c. and 8,020 (m), 7,300 (f) mg/kg by p.o. The LD50 values in rats were: 1,650 (m), 1,560 (f) mg/kg by i.v.; 2,060 (m), 2,000 (f) mg/kg by i.p.; 2,630 (m), 2,460 (f) mg/kg by i.m.; 5,100 (m), 4,320 (f) mg/kg by s.c. and 4,700 (m), 4,550 (f) mg/kg by p.o. Animals dosed only i.v. died within 2 minutes. Signs of toxicity in mice or rats given FOM-Na were similar and included motor activity depression, reduced respiration and occasionally tremors. Surviving mice or rats given FOM-Na developed no pathological changes of the drug specificity.", "contents": "[Toxicological studies on fosfomycin-Na salt. I. Acute toxicity in mice and rats (author's transl)]. The acute toxicity of sodium fosfomycin (FOM-Na), a new antibiotic in ICR mice and Wistar rats has been investigated. The LD50 values in mice were: 1,230 (male), 1,225 (female) mg/kg by i.v.; 2,175 (m), 2,467 (f) mg/kg by i.p.; 2,625 (m), 2,662 (f) mg/kg by i.m.; 5,100 (m), 6,150 (f) mg/kg by s.c. and 8,020 (m), 7,300 (f) mg/kg by p.o. The LD50 values in rats were: 1,650 (m), 1,560 (f) mg/kg by i.v.; 2,060 (m), 2,000 (f) mg/kg by i.p.; 2,630 (m), 2,460 (f) mg/kg by i.m.; 5,100 (m), 4,320 (f) mg/kg by s.c. and 4,700 (m), 4,550 (f) mg/kg by p.o. Animals dosed only i.v. died within 2 minutes. Signs of toxicity in mice or rats given FOM-Na were similar and included motor activity depression, reduced respiration and occasionally tremors. Surviving mice or rats given FOM-Na developed no pathological changes of the drug specificity.", "PMID": 423368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12100", "title": "[Toxicological studies on fosfomycin-Na salt. II. Subacute toxicity in rats and rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "FOM-Na solution in distilled water for injection, J.P., with its pH adjusted to 7.0 +/- 0.2 with diluted hydrochloric acid, was administered to rats and rabbits for subacute toxicity test. The results revealed the following: 1. It was intraperitoneally administered to Wistar rats each weighing 100 +/- 10 g at their age of 5 weeks, and intravenously into auricular veins of male albino rabbits each weighing about 3 kg, for 35 successive days except Sundays through one administration per day. There was no death in rats of both sexes with the doses less than 1,000 mg/kg, while 3/10 males and 5/10 females died with the dose of 2,000 mg/kg. In terms of general conditions, both stretched physical position and vocalization were noted, which were presumed to be attributable to the stimuli of the administration. In the postmortem examination mutual adhesion of organs in the peritoneum was noted, while in the lightmicroscopic examinations histological proliferation and adhesion were found out in the hepatic capsules or serous membrane of the intestine etc., but no abnormalities were detected in the other organs. In the mean body weights, there were no significant differences between the control group and the groups of males with doses less than 500 mg/kg and females with doses less than 1,000 mg/kg whereas in the groups of males with doses more than 1,000 mg/kg and the females with a dose of 2,000 mg/kg, a trend of reduced weight gain was noted in comparison with the control group. The feed intake also was reduced as the dose was elevated. In terms of the male group hematology, the In. P increased with doses higher than 250 mg/kg, while BUN was reduced in the groups with a dose of 250 mg/kg and doses higher than 1,000 mg/kg, and Na was reduced in the groups with doses from 125 up to 500 mg/kg. In the female groups, the loss of Hgb and rise in the Cl were noted in the doses higher than 500 mg/kg while the loss of WBC was noted in almost all the treated groups. However, none of these changes was suggestive of specific abnormalities when compared with the photomicroscopic findings and our hematological background data. 2. There were no significant changes in the general conditions of any group of rabbits. Their mean body weights and their mean feed intakes proceeded almost similarly with those of the control group. In the hematological and histopathological tests also, no specific abnormal finding was experienced, which were deemed to be attributable to the administration of FOM-Na.", "contents": "[Toxicological studies on fosfomycin-Na salt. II. Subacute toxicity in rats and rabbits (author's transl)]. FOM-Na solution in distilled water for injection, J.P., with its pH adjusted to 7.0 +/- 0.2 with diluted hydrochloric acid, was administered to rats and rabbits for subacute toxicity test. The results revealed the following: 1. It was intraperitoneally administered to Wistar rats each weighing 100 +/- 10 g at their age of 5 weeks, and intravenously into auricular veins of male albino rabbits each weighing about 3 kg, for 35 successive days except Sundays through one administration per day. There was no death in rats of both sexes with the doses less than 1,000 mg/kg, while 3/10 males and 5/10 females died with the dose of 2,000 mg/kg. In terms of general conditions, both stretched physical position and vocalization were noted, which were presumed to be attributable to the stimuli of the administration. In the postmortem examination mutual adhesion of organs in the peritoneum was noted, while in the lightmicroscopic examinations histological proliferation and adhesion were found out in the hepatic capsules or serous membrane of the intestine etc., but no abnormalities were detected in the other organs. In the mean body weights, there were no significant differences between the control group and the groups of males with doses less than 500 mg/kg and females with doses less than 1,000 mg/kg whereas in the groups of males with doses more than 1,000 mg/kg and the females with a dose of 2,000 mg/kg, a trend of reduced weight gain was noted in comparison with the control group. The feed intake also was reduced as the dose was elevated. In terms of the male group hematology, the In. P increased with doses higher than 250 mg/kg, while BUN was reduced in the groups with a dose of 250 mg/kg and doses higher than 1,000 mg/kg, and Na was reduced in the groups with doses from 125 up to 500 mg/kg. In the female groups, the loss of Hgb and rise in the Cl were noted in the doses higher than 500 mg/kg while the loss of WBC was noted in almost all the treated groups. However, none of these changes was suggestive of specific abnormalities when compared with the photomicroscopic findings and our hematological background data. 2. There were no significant changes in the general conditions of any group of rabbits. Their mean body weights and their mean feed intakes proceeded almost similarly with those of the control group. In the hematological and histopathological tests also, no specific abnormal finding was experienced, which were deemed to be attributable to the administration of FOM-Na.", "PMID": 423369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12101", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the microcirculatory pathways of the lungs in chronic penumonia].", "content": "Study of the ultrastructure of the microcirculation tract in patients suffering from chronic pneumonia with bronchiectasis and abscess formation revealed involvement of all parts of the pulmonary and pleural microcirculation system, including intra-and extravascular disorders and changes in the vascular wall. Combination of rheological disorders and dyscoagulation in the microvessels with stable increase in vascular permeability and changes in the components of the aerohematic barrier leads to disturbances of metabolic and hemodynamic homeostasis in the lungs, advancement of the suppurative process, and increase of pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the microcirculatory pathways of the lungs in chronic penumonia]. Study of the ultrastructure of the microcirculation tract in patients suffering from chronic pneumonia with bronchiectasis and abscess formation revealed involvement of all parts of the pulmonary and pleural microcirculation system, including intra-and extravascular disorders and changes in the vascular wall. Combination of rheological disorders and dyscoagulation in the microvessels with stable increase in vascular permeability and changes in the components of the aerohematic barrier leads to disturbances of metabolic and hemodynamic homeostasis in the lungs, advancement of the suppurative process, and increase of pulmonary hypertension.", "PMID": 423425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12102", "title": "[Problem of pulmonary hypertension in determining the indications for an operation in congenital heart defects].", "content": "The authors studied the indications for surgical treatment of patients with congenital heart diseases and increased pulmonary blood flow, depending on the degree of pulmonary hypertension. Particular attention is focused on the indications for operation in ventricular septal defect. The work is based on the experience of the workers of the institute, embracing 3,521 operations performed on this category of patients among whom there were 863 children under 3 years of age. The indications for surgery are determined in conformity with clinico-hemodynamic groups according to a classification elaborated at the institute. The late results studied in 213 patients in follow-up periods of up to 12 years show that the main evidence of the efficacy of surgical treatment are the hemodynamic data, which determine the prognosis and the subsequent working capacity of the patients.", "contents": "[Problem of pulmonary hypertension in determining the indications for an operation in congenital heart defects]. The authors studied the indications for surgical treatment of patients with congenital heart diseases and increased pulmonary blood flow, depending on the degree of pulmonary hypertension. Particular attention is focused on the indications for operation in ventricular septal defect. The work is based on the experience of the workers of the institute, embracing 3,521 operations performed on this category of patients among whom there were 863 children under 3 years of age. The indications for surgery are determined in conformity with clinico-hemodynamic groups according to a classification elaborated at the institute. The late results studied in 213 patients in follow-up periods of up to 12 years show that the main evidence of the efficacy of surgical treatment are the hemodynamic data, which determine the prognosis and the subsequent working capacity of the patients.", "PMID": 423431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12103", "title": "[Evolution of lesser circulation hypertension in patients with congenital heart defects based on the example of an interventricular septal defect].", "content": "The results of direct pressure measurement in pulmonary circulation in 452 patients with ventricular septal defect (216 males and 236 females), whose age ranged from 12 months to 37 years, were analysed. The findings of diagnostic catheterization of the heart in 150 practically healthy persons 12 months to 40 years of age were used to elaborate the normal values of pressure in pulmonary circulation. The results of pressure measurement in pulmonary circulation repeated at intervals of 1 to 6 years in 46 patients with ventricular septal defect, 18 months to 23 years of age, were analysed. Reverse evolution of pressure in pulmonary circulation after surgical rehabilitation was followed up in 85 patients in 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 years after the operation. At the age of 12 months to 7 years, systolic pressure in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery comes down to a possible minimum due to expenditure of the adaptational reserve. In large ventricular septal defects, however, the organism proves incapable of reducing the pressure in the early and first periods of childhood as a rule, and so the pressure increases throughout life.", "contents": "[Evolution of lesser circulation hypertension in patients with congenital heart defects based on the example of an interventricular septal defect]. The results of direct pressure measurement in pulmonary circulation in 452 patients with ventricular septal defect (216 males and 236 females), whose age ranged from 12 months to 37 years, were analysed. The findings of diagnostic catheterization of the heart in 150 practically healthy persons 12 months to 40 years of age were used to elaborate the normal values of pressure in pulmonary circulation. The results of pressure measurement in pulmonary circulation repeated at intervals of 1 to 6 years in 46 patients with ventricular septal defect, 18 months to 23 years of age, were analysed. Reverse evolution of pressure in pulmonary circulation after surgical rehabilitation was followed up in 85 patients in 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 years after the operation. At the age of 12 months to 7 years, systolic pressure in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery comes down to a possible minimum due to expenditure of the adaptational reserve. In large ventricular septal defects, however, the organism proves incapable of reducing the pressure in the early and first periods of childhood as a rule, and so the pressure increases throughout life.", "PMID": 423432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12104", "title": "[Characteristics of the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and the formation of cor pulmonale in the basic forms of chronic nonspecific lung diseases].", "content": "A group of 206 patients with the main forms of chronic nonspecific diseases of the lungs (chronic bronchitis, chronic pneumonia, and bronchiectasis--local and diffuse) was studied. The condition of pulmonary ventilation, bronchial patency, and hemodynamics of pulmonary circulation were analysed. Comparison of the data obtained in different groups of patients made it possible to determine the main peculiarities of the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and formation of cor pulmonale.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and the formation of cor pulmonale in the basic forms of chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. A group of 206 patients with the main forms of chronic nonspecific diseases of the lungs (chronic bronchitis, chronic pneumonia, and bronchiectasis--local and diffuse) was studied. The condition of pulmonary ventilation, bronchial patency, and hemodynamics of pulmonary circulation were analysed. Comparison of the data obtained in different groups of patients made it possible to determine the main peculiarities of the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and formation of cor pulmonale.", "PMID": 423433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12105", "title": "[Myocardial contractile capacity of the right ventricle in lesser circulation hypertension and in right ventricular insufficiency].", "content": "The informative value of some indices of myocardial contractility, calculated from curves of pressure in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, was determined in 119 patients suffering from mitral heart disease with various grades of pulmonary hypertension in 25 patients who did not have a heart disease. The dependence of these indices on the grade of pulmonary hypertension and severity of the clinical symptoms of right-ventricular insufficiency was also studied. The Siegel-Sonnenblick contractility index proved to be the most informative index of myocardial contractile function. It was reduced in patients with right-ventricular insufficiency. With an increase in pulmonary hypertension, the average rate of increase in intraventricular pressure in the phase of isovolumic contraction grows sharply, which indicates to considerable hyperfunction of the right ventricle.", "contents": "[Myocardial contractile capacity of the right ventricle in lesser circulation hypertension and in right ventricular insufficiency]. The informative value of some indices of myocardial contractility, calculated from curves of pressure in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, was determined in 119 patients suffering from mitral heart disease with various grades of pulmonary hypertension in 25 patients who did not have a heart disease. The dependence of these indices on the grade of pulmonary hypertension and severity of the clinical symptoms of right-ventricular insufficiency was also studied. The Siegel-Sonnenblick contractility index proved to be the most informative index of myocardial contractile function. It was reduced in patients with right-ventricular insufficiency. With an increase in pulmonary hypertension, the average rate of increase in intraventricular pressure in the phase of isovolumic contraction grows sharply, which indicates to considerable hyperfunction of the right ventricle.", "PMID": 423435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12106", "title": "[State of the indices of external respiration and hemodynamics in the greater and lesser circulations in hypertension].", "content": "Six hundred and ninety patients with hypertensive disease and 37 with hypertensive disease and concomitant chronic pneumonia were examined. It was found that, besides disorders of hemodynamics in systemic circulation, circulatory disorders in pulmonary circulation and disturbances in external respiration develop due to increased tonus of the vessels of the pulmonary artery system and pulmonary arterial hypertension. These disorders appear before the development of left-ventricular insufficiency and increase with the progress of the disease, and their degree correlates with the degree of arterial hypertension of systemic circulation. Concomitant cardiovascular insufficiency aggravates these disorders.", "contents": "[State of the indices of external respiration and hemodynamics in the greater and lesser circulations in hypertension]. Six hundred and ninety patients with hypertensive disease and 37 with hypertensive disease and concomitant chronic pneumonia were examined. It was found that, besides disorders of hemodynamics in systemic circulation, circulatory disorders in pulmonary circulation and disturbances in external respiration develop due to increased tonus of the vessels of the pulmonary artery system and pulmonary arterial hypertension. These disorders appear before the development of left-ventricular insufficiency and increase with the progress of the disease, and their degree correlates with the degree of arterial hypertension of systemic circulation. Concomitant cardiovascular insufficiency aggravates these disorders.", "PMID": 423436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12107", "title": "[State of the myocardial contractile function of the right sections of the heart and of the pulmonary hemodynamics in liver cirrhosis (based on clinical instrumental and morphological study data)].", "content": "The state of pulmonary hemodynamics and the contractile function of the right parts of the heart were studied clinically and instrumentally in 35 patients with diffuse chronic pathological conditions of the liver. The lungs and heart were examined morphologically in 24 persons who had died from cirrhosis of the liver in the edematous-ascitic stage. Pulmonary hypertension was found to be directly dependent on the degree of the diffuse affection of the liver. Secondary-compensatory changes in the contractile function of the myocardium of the right parts of the heart in response to increase of pressure in the pulmonary artery in patients with cirrhosis of the liver were proved to occur.", "contents": "[State of the myocardial contractile function of the right sections of the heart and of the pulmonary hemodynamics in liver cirrhosis (based on clinical instrumental and morphological study data)]. The state of pulmonary hemodynamics and the contractile function of the right parts of the heart were studied clinically and instrumentally in 35 patients with diffuse chronic pathological conditions of the liver. The lungs and heart were examined morphologically in 24 persons who had died from cirrhosis of the liver in the edematous-ascitic stage. Pulmonary hypertension was found to be directly dependent on the degree of the diffuse affection of the liver. Secondary-compensatory changes in the contractile function of the myocardium of the right parts of the heart in response to increase of pressure in the pulmonary artery in patients with cirrhosis of the liver were proved to occur.", "PMID": 423437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12108", "title": "[Sanatorium stage in the rehabilitation of patients with rheumatic defects after heart valve prosthesis].", "content": "In 93.2% of 104 patients treated at a cardiological sanatorium after heart valve prosthetics the condition had improved by the time of discharge and only in 2.9% (3 patients) it had grown worse. The measures of rehabilitation comprised curative, physical, and psychologic aspects. The improvement in the condition of patients who had been operated on was attested by the results of ECG, polycardiography, and external respiration tests. The increased tolerance to physical load and the improved ability for coping with the tasks of every-day life are also objective indicators of the effectiveness of the stage of sanatorium treatment in the general complex of rehabilitation of patients who had been subjected to heart valve prosthetics.", "contents": "[Sanatorium stage in the rehabilitation of patients with rheumatic defects after heart valve prosthesis]. In 93.2% of 104 patients treated at a cardiological sanatorium after heart valve prosthetics the condition had improved by the time of discharge and only in 2.9% (3 patients) it had grown worse. The measures of rehabilitation comprised curative, physical, and psychologic aspects. The improvement in the condition of patients who had been operated on was attested by the results of ECG, polycardiography, and external respiration tests. The increased tolerance to physical load and the improved ability for coping with the tasks of every-day life are also objective indicators of the effectiveness of the stage of sanatorium treatment in the general complex of rehabilitation of patients who had been subjected to heart valve prosthetics.", "PMID": 423438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12109", "title": "[Changes in the cholesterol metabolism during electric stimulation of the skeletal muscles].", "content": "The effect of electric stimulation of the skeletal muscles on the content of cholesterol and atherogenic lipoproteins in blood serum, tissues, and bile was studied in experiments on rats subjected to long-term fixation and kept on an atherogenic diet. It is shown that electric stimulation of the muscles leads to a decrease in the content of cholesterol and atherogenic lipoproteins in blood serum and an increase in the tissue cholesterol content.", "contents": "[Changes in the cholesterol metabolism during electric stimulation of the skeletal muscles]. The effect of electric stimulation of the skeletal muscles on the content of cholesterol and atherogenic lipoproteins in blood serum, tissues, and bile was studied in experiments on rats subjected to long-term fixation and kept on an atherogenic diet. It is shown that electric stimulation of the muscles leads to a decrease in the content of cholesterol and atherogenic lipoproteins in blood serum and an increase in the tissue cholesterol content.", "PMID": 423439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12110", "title": "[Effect of hypokinesia on the contractile function of the myocardium].", "content": "Rats were subjected to hypokinesia for two months and the contractile function of isolated papillary muscles was studied. Hypokinesia reduced significantly the isotonic contraction velocity which depended on the ATPase activity of the myofibrils; it also reduced the velocity and index of relaxation which depended on the functional capacity of the Ca++-pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The maximum force of isometric contraction determined by the quantity of actomyosine bridges in the myofibrils did not change after hypokinesia. This complex of changes is contrary to that observed in adaptation to exercise, when the velocity of isotonic contraction and relaxation increases while the force of isometric contraction does not change. The possible mechanism of this stability of the contractile force during adaptation and readaptation of the heart is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of hypokinesia on the contractile function of the myocardium]. Rats were subjected to hypokinesia for two months and the contractile function of isolated papillary muscles was studied. Hypokinesia reduced significantly the isotonic contraction velocity which depended on the ATPase activity of the myofibrils; it also reduced the velocity and index of relaxation which depended on the functional capacity of the Ca++-pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The maximum force of isometric contraction determined by the quantity of actomyosine bridges in the myofibrils did not change after hypokinesia. This complex of changes is contrary to that observed in adaptation to exercise, when the velocity of isotonic contraction and relaxation increases while the force of isometric contraction does not change. The possible mechanism of this stability of the contractile force during adaptation and readaptation of the heart is discussed.", "PMID": 423440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12111", "title": "[Internal organs as a blood depot during different extreme exposures].", "content": "The results of an experimental study of fluctuations in the relative content of blood in 15 internal organs on exposure of the intact organism to the effect of various factors are discussed. A total of 25 experimental series was conducted, with 14 animals used in each series. Four types of regional blood redistribution reactions were distinguished according to the changes in blood filling (in the brain, heart, liver, and other organs of the abdomen and true pelvis). In most cases these reactions are accepted as a sign of mobilization of the dynamic intravascular blood reserve from the large-capacity vessels, mainly of the abdominal organs and organs of the true pelvis, with or without the participation of the liver, and also as a sign of utilization of the \"reserve\" blood in organs and tissues experiencing functional stress. The results of correlative analysis bear evidence of the reciprocal character of fluctuations in the amount of blood during stress, in the brain, lungs, and heart on the one hand and in the organs of the abdomen and true pelvis on the other, and also testify to the autonomous character of changes in the amount of blood in the liver. The internal organs of the abdomen and true pelvis are not a functionally single vascular region.", "contents": "[Internal organs as a blood depot during different extreme exposures]. The results of an experimental study of fluctuations in the relative content of blood in 15 internal organs on exposure of the intact organism to the effect of various factors are discussed. A total of 25 experimental series was conducted, with 14 animals used in each series. Four types of regional blood redistribution reactions were distinguished according to the changes in blood filling (in the brain, heart, liver, and other organs of the abdomen and true pelvis). In most cases these reactions are accepted as a sign of mobilization of the dynamic intravascular blood reserve from the large-capacity vessels, mainly of the abdominal organs and organs of the true pelvis, with or without the participation of the liver, and also as a sign of utilization of the \"reserve\" blood in organs and tissues experiencing functional stress. The results of correlative analysis bear evidence of the reciprocal character of fluctuations in the amount of blood during stress, in the brain, lungs, and heart on the one hand and in the organs of the abdomen and true pelvis on the other, and also testify to the autonomous character of changes in the amount of blood in the liver. The internal organs of the abdomen and true pelvis are not a functionally single vascular region.", "PMID": 423442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12112", "title": "[Effect of adaptation to physical load on the efficiency of oxygen utilization by the heart].", "content": "The mechanical performance, oxygen consumption, and external efficiency of isolated working hearts taken from control and trained rats were studied. Elevation of calcium concentration in perfusate from 1.25 to 2.5 mm and increase in external work were noted in the hearts of both the groups. This increase in the trained hearts was two-and-a-half times of that in the control rat hearts, while oxygen consumption was equally elevated in both the groups. As a result the efficiency of oxygen utilization by the heart for external work was higher in the trained hearts than in the controls. The results obtained may be explained by the greater functional power of the calcium transport system in the myocardial cells of trained animals.", "contents": "[Effect of adaptation to physical load on the efficiency of oxygen utilization by the heart]. The mechanical performance, oxygen consumption, and external efficiency of isolated working hearts taken from control and trained rats were studied. Elevation of calcium concentration in perfusate from 1.25 to 2.5 mm and increase in external work were noted in the hearts of both the groups. This increase in the trained hearts was two-and-a-half times of that in the control rat hearts, while oxygen consumption was equally elevated in both the groups. As a result the efficiency of oxygen utilization by the heart for external work was higher in the trained hearts than in the controls. The results obtained may be explained by the greater functional power of the calcium transport system in the myocardial cells of trained animals.", "PMID": 423441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12113", "title": "[Glycoproteins: their biological and clinical significance. I (author's transl)].", "content": "Increasing knowledge on structure, biosynthesis and catabolism of glycoproteins have given new insights on the patho-biochemical and clinical significance of these macromolecules. The most important results and conclusions are summarized in this review. 1. The terminal sugars of glycoproteins--N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) and L-fucose--as well as the penultimate galactose molecule have important functions in cell interaction, adhesion and recognition. Moreover, these carbohydrates mediate the migration and distribution of cells and it is believed that they are essential part of the feto-maternal \"immunological barrier\". 2. Evidence indicating that the composition and pattern of plasma membrane glycoproteins is associated with tumour growth and metastatic formation is accumulating. Moreover, the determination of serum glycosyltransferase activity is gaining increasing interest, because the level of these enzymes is substantially elevated in patients with neoplastic disease. 3. Diseases of the autoimmunosystem are likely linked to a disturbed glycoprotein metabolism. The clinical importance is underlined by studies on immunotherapy of tumours.", "contents": "[Glycoproteins: their biological and clinical significance. I (author's transl)]. Increasing knowledge on structure, biosynthesis and catabolism of glycoproteins have given new insights on the patho-biochemical and clinical significance of these macromolecules. The most important results and conclusions are summarized in this review. 1. The terminal sugars of glycoproteins--N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) and L-fucose--as well as the penultimate galactose molecule have important functions in cell interaction, adhesion and recognition. Moreover, these carbohydrates mediate the migration and distribution of cells and it is believed that they are essential part of the feto-maternal \"immunological barrier\". 2. Evidence indicating that the composition and pattern of plasma membrane glycoproteins is associated with tumour growth and metastatic formation is accumulating. Moreover, the determination of serum glycosyltransferase activity is gaining increasing interest, because the level of these enzymes is substantially elevated in patients with neoplastic disease. 3. Diseases of the autoimmunosystem are likely linked to a disturbed glycoprotein metabolism. The clinical importance is underlined by studies on immunotherapy of tumours.", "PMID": 423481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12114", "title": "[Digoxin induced changes in the exercise ECG and its relation to plasma concentrations (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of a single intravenous dose (1.5 mg) of diogoxin on the resting and exercise ECG were studied over several days in twelve normal subjects. Maximal ST-segment and T-wave changes were observed 24 h after drug administration. A significant ST-segment depression and decrease in T-wave amplicude were still observed on the 7th and 11th day after the glycoside dose, in spite of undetectable digoxin plasma concentrations. There was no correlation between digoxin plasma concentration and ECG-changes. In order to avoid false positive ischaemic ST-segment responses to exercise, a therapy with digoxin should be discontinued for at least 2 weeks before the exercise test.", "contents": "[Digoxin induced changes in the exercise ECG and its relation to plasma concentrations (author's transl)]. The effects of a single intravenous dose (1.5 mg) of diogoxin on the resting and exercise ECG were studied over several days in twelve normal subjects. Maximal ST-segment and T-wave changes were observed 24 h after drug administration. A significant ST-segment depression and decrease in T-wave amplicude were still observed on the 7th and 11th day after the glycoside dose, in spite of undetectable digoxin plasma concentrations. There was no correlation between digoxin plasma concentration and ECG-changes. In order to avoid false positive ischaemic ST-segment responses to exercise, a therapy with digoxin should be discontinued for at least 2 weeks before the exercise test.", "PMID": 423482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12115", "title": "Disassembly of microtubules in the Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome? (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and microtubules).", "content": "The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is an unusual disease. It combines neurological disorders, behavioural disturbances, metabolic changes and haematological symptoms. The syndrome is caused by an X-chromosomal transmitted enzyme deficiency of the 'salvage pathway' in purine metabolism. The hitherto unexplained pathogenesis was the reason for investigations into metabolism and morphology of the blood cells of a patient suffering from the syndrome. Along with the defect in guanine nucleotide resynthesis there was a defect of microtubules in platelets and a sphaerocytosis in red cells, which could be the result of a disassembly of structural proteins. The development and maintenance of the highly heteromorphic structure of nerve cells and the neuronal function including axonal transport of cell organelles and transmitters is dependent on microtubules. Thus a disassembly of microtubules could be the mechanism in the pathogenesis of this complex syndrome.", "contents": "Disassembly of microtubules in the Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome? (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and microtubules). The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is an unusual disease. It combines neurological disorders, behavioural disturbances, metabolic changes and haematological symptoms. The syndrome is caused by an X-chromosomal transmitted enzyme deficiency of the 'salvage pathway' in purine metabolism. The hitherto unexplained pathogenesis was the reason for investigations into metabolism and morphology of the blood cells of a patient suffering from the syndrome. Along with the defect in guanine nucleotide resynthesis there was a defect of microtubules in platelets and a sphaerocytosis in red cells, which could be the result of a disassembly of structural proteins. The development and maintenance of the highly heteromorphic structure of nerve cells and the neuronal function including axonal transport of cell organelles and transmitters is dependent on microtubules. Thus a disassembly of microtubules could be the mechanism in the pathogenesis of this complex syndrome.", "PMID": 423484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12116", "title": "Elimination of ampicillin and gentamicin by hemofiltration.", "content": "Elimination of ampicillin and gentamicin by hemofiltration was measured in 5 and 4 patients, respectively, being treated for end stage renal failure. Serum half-life time of ampicillin after a single I.V. dose of 2 g, was found to be 2.97 +/- 0.73 h, and the filtrate concentrations declined parallel to the serum ampicillin levels, as was to be expected. The serum half-life time after a single I.V. dose of 1 mg/kg body weight gentamicin was 3.26 +/- 0.42 h, and considerably shorter than T/2 of gentamicin in conventional hemodialysis, while the filtrate concentrations increased paradoxically with declining serum levels. This could be explained by binding of this aminoglycoside to the polyacrylnitril membrane of the RP 6 dialyser used for hemofiltration.", "contents": "Elimination of ampicillin and gentamicin by hemofiltration. Elimination of ampicillin and gentamicin by hemofiltration was measured in 5 and 4 patients, respectively, being treated for end stage renal failure. Serum half-life time of ampicillin after a single I.V. dose of 2 g, was found to be 2.97 +/- 0.73 h, and the filtrate concentrations declined parallel to the serum ampicillin levels, as was to be expected. The serum half-life time after a single I.V. dose of 1 mg/kg body weight gentamicin was 3.26 +/- 0.42 h, and considerably shorter than T/2 of gentamicin in conventional hemodialysis, while the filtrate concentrations increased paradoxically with declining serum levels. This could be explained by binding of this aminoglycoside to the polyacrylnitril membrane of the RP 6 dialyser used for hemofiltration.", "PMID": 423486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12117", "title": "[Changes in the soleus muscle tissue metabolism of rats after a flight on the Kosmos-690 biosatellite].", "content": "The soleus muscle of flown rats did not show any effect of gamma-irradiation on the composition and enzymic activity of protein fractions. On the Ist postflight day a significant decrease in the content of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmatic proteins in the soleus muscle was found. Besides, a drastic increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase of sarcoplasmatic proteins and an atrophic type change in the LDH pattern were demonstrated. Those changes were similar to the weighttlessness-induced processes of atrophy and dystrophy and proved reversible.", "contents": "[Changes in the soleus muscle tissue metabolism of rats after a flight on the Kosmos-690 biosatellite]. The soleus muscle of flown rats did not show any effect of gamma-irradiation on the composition and enzymic activity of protein fractions. On the Ist postflight day a significant decrease in the content of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmatic proteins in the soleus muscle was found. Besides, a drastic increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase of sarcoplasmatic proteins and an atrophic type change in the LDH pattern were demonstrated. Those changes were similar to the weighttlessness-induced processes of atrophy and dystrophy and proved reversible.", "PMID": 423507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12118", "title": "[Morphological study of the adrenals of rats exposed on the Kosmos-690 satellite].", "content": "Adrenals of 12 rats flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 and 30 rats used in the ground-based experiments Control-1 and Control-2 were studied morphologically. The animals were sacrificed on the 2nd and 27th days after completion of the experiments (i. e., on the 12 and 37th days after irradiation at a total dose of 800 rad). A comparative study of morphological changes in the adrenals of flight and control rats did not show any distinct differences. It is therefore concluded that space flight factors did not produce a significant effect on the adrenal response to irradiation at a dose of 800 rad.", "contents": "[Morphological study of the adrenals of rats exposed on the Kosmos-690 satellite]. Adrenals of 12 rats flown aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 and 30 rats used in the ground-based experiments Control-1 and Control-2 were studied morphologically. The animals were sacrificed on the 2nd and 27th days after completion of the experiments (i. e., on the 12 and 37th days after irradiation at a total dose of 800 rad). A comparative study of morphological changes in the adrenals of flight and control rats did not show any distinct differences. It is therefore concluded that space flight factors did not produce a significant effect on the adrenal response to irradiation at a dose of 800 rad.", "PMID": 423508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12119", "title": "[Antiorthostatic hypokinesia as an approximate model of weightlessness].", "content": "Eight test subjects were exposed to a five-day bed rest experiment in the recumbent and head-down position (at an angle of 0 degrees,--4 degrees,--8 degrees, and--12 degrees) to study the physiological effects of the exposure. The head-down tilting at--4 degrees and--12 degrees was shown to simulate physiological effects of real space flight better than bed rest at 0 degrees. The results made it possible to model an acute stage of weightlessness adaptation and to assay the contribution of gravity-induced blood redistribution to the physiological reactions.", "contents": "[Antiorthostatic hypokinesia as an approximate model of weightlessness]. Eight test subjects were exposed to a five-day bed rest experiment in the recumbent and head-down position (at an angle of 0 degrees,--4 degrees,--8 degrees, and--12 degrees) to study the physiological effects of the exposure. The head-down tilting at--4 degrees and--12 degrees was shown to simulate physiological effects of real space flight better than bed rest at 0 degrees. The results made it possible to model an acute stage of weightlessness adaptation and to assay the contribution of gravity-induced blood redistribution to the physiological reactions.", "PMID": 423510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12120", "title": "[Bioelectrical activity of the brain during 49-day antiorthostatic hypokinesia in persons with the early signs of autonomic vascular dysfunction].", "content": "Cerebral bioelectric activity of 18 male test subjects (9 test subjects with early manifestations of autonomic-vascular dysfunctions of the hypertensive, hypotensive or cardiac type, and 9 healthy test subjects), aged 25 to 42, was studied during their 49-day head-down tilting (-4 degrees) and during recovery. On the 5th experimental day their EEG showed signs of CNS irritation and increased excitation in response to photostimulation. That was very marked in the test subjects with autonomic-vascular dysfunctions. On the 15, 30 and particularly 45th experimental day their EEG showed both diffusion and paroxysmal slow activity; CNS excitability decreased significantly during rhythmic photostimulation. By the 20th--22nd day of recovery EEG parameters returned to normal. This indicates that the changes were reversible and that the therapeutic measures applied were effective.", "contents": "[Bioelectrical activity of the brain during 49-day antiorthostatic hypokinesia in persons with the early signs of autonomic vascular dysfunction]. Cerebral bioelectric activity of 18 male test subjects (9 test subjects with early manifestations of autonomic-vascular dysfunctions of the hypertensive, hypotensive or cardiac type, and 9 healthy test subjects), aged 25 to 42, was studied during their 49-day head-down tilting (-4 degrees) and during recovery. On the 5th experimental day their EEG showed signs of CNS irritation and increased excitation in response to photostimulation. That was very marked in the test subjects with autonomic-vascular dysfunctions. On the 15, 30 and particularly 45th experimental day their EEG showed both diffusion and paroxysmal slow activity; CNS excitability decreased significantly during rhythmic photostimulation. By the 20th--22nd day of recovery EEG parameters returned to normal. This indicates that the changes were reversible and that the therapeutic measures applied were effective.", "PMID": 423511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12121", "title": "[Effect of a 49-day space flight on immunological reactivity indices and on the blood protein makeup in the crew of Saliut-5].", "content": "The prolonged 49-day space flight resulted in a significant inhibition of immunological reactivity of the Salyut-5 crewmembers which involved a decline in bactericidal activity of the serum and lysozyme activity of the saliva, and a decrease in the content of immunoglobulins in the saliva and tonsillary lacunae. After the flight recovery of reduced immunoreactivity took a longer time than after shorter-term flights. The prolonged space mission led to an increase of most globulin fractions and a decrease of albumin in blood. With respect to globulin fractions, a predominant increase in the content of C3c and C4-factors of the complement and immunoglobulins G, A, M was noted. Blood proteins returned to normal within a long period of time.", "contents": "[Effect of a 49-day space flight on immunological reactivity indices and on the blood protein makeup in the crew of Saliut-5]. The prolonged 49-day space flight resulted in a significant inhibition of immunological reactivity of the Salyut-5 crewmembers which involved a decline in bactericidal activity of the serum and lysozyme activity of the saliva, and a decrease in the content of immunoglobulins in the saliva and tonsillary lacunae. After the flight recovery of reduced immunoreactivity took a longer time than after shorter-term flights. The prolonged space mission led to an increase of most globulin fractions and a decrease of albumin in blood. With respect to globulin fractions, a predominant increase in the content of C3c and C4-factors of the complement and immunoglobulins G, A, M was noted. Blood proteins returned to normal within a long period of time.", "PMID": 423512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12122", "title": "[Blood coagulation factors of the vascular wall and myocardium in hypokinesia in rabbits].", "content": "The effect of hypokinesia on the hemocoagulatory and fibrinolytic properties of aorta, myocardium and venae cavae was studied. Hypokinesia decreased thromboplastic activity of the intima and increased that of the mid- and outer layers of the aorta. Anticoagulatory properties of aortal and myocardial tissues increased whereas their antithrombin properties decreased. Rabbit immobilization increased the content of fibrinolytic stimulants in the aorta and myocardium.", "contents": "[Blood coagulation factors of the vascular wall and myocardium in hypokinesia in rabbits]. The effect of hypokinesia on the hemocoagulatory and fibrinolytic properties of aorta, myocardium and venae cavae was studied. Hypokinesia decreased thromboplastic activity of the intima and increased that of the mid- and outer layers of the aorta. Anticoagulatory properties of aortal and myocardial tissues increased whereas their antithrombin properties decreased. Rabbit immobilization increased the content of fibrinolytic stimulants in the aorta and myocardium.", "PMID": 423514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12123", "title": "[Effect of hypokinesia on the resistance of animals to the action of chemical substances].", "content": "Resistance of rats exposed to 20-day hypokinesia to high concentrations of vapors of ethylacetate, dioxan, and liquid fluorochlorocarbon was studied. As compared with controls, lethality of the hypokinetic animals increased upon ethylacetate and dioxan breathing and decreased upon intoxication with liquid fluorochlorocarbon. The hypokinetic animals showed decreased resistance to chronic effects of ethylacetate and perfluorated ester vapors (at a concentration of 10 and 100 mg/m3 for 90 and 30 days, respectively). This was suggested by functional and pathomorphological studies.", "contents": "[Effect of hypokinesia on the resistance of animals to the action of chemical substances]. Resistance of rats exposed to 20-day hypokinesia to high concentrations of vapors of ethylacetate, dioxan, and liquid fluorochlorocarbon was studied. As compared with controls, lethality of the hypokinetic animals increased upon ethylacetate and dioxan breathing and decreased upon intoxication with liquid fluorochlorocarbon. The hypokinetic animals showed decreased resistance to chronic effects of ethylacetate and perfluorated ester vapors (at a concentration of 10 and 100 mg/m3 for 90 and 30 days, respectively). This was suggested by functional and pathomorphological studies.", "PMID": 423515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12124", "title": "[Change in the properties of the femoral bones of rats due to exarticulation of the crus and hypokinesia].", "content": "Rat experiments demonstrated that unilateral calf exarticulation leading to the loss of the leg weight-bearing function resulted in a decrease of the density, ash content and mineral content in the femoral diaphysis. This manipulation reduced the mechanical strength and did not change the elastic properties of the bone. Histological examinations showed osteoporosis in the cortical plate. Partial maintenance of the weight-bearing function in the animals with bilateral exarticulation of the calf prevented these changes. The results suggest that special steps taken to provide static load on leg may be effective countermeasures against atropic changes in bones devoid of their weight-bearing function.", "contents": "[Change in the properties of the femoral bones of rats due to exarticulation of the crus and hypokinesia]. Rat experiments demonstrated that unilateral calf exarticulation leading to the loss of the leg weight-bearing function resulted in a decrease of the density, ash content and mineral content in the femoral diaphysis. This manipulation reduced the mechanical strength and did not change the elastic properties of the bone. Histological examinations showed osteoporosis in the cortical plate. Partial maintenance of the weight-bearing function in the animals with bilateral exarticulation of the calf prevented these changes. The results suggest that special steps taken to provide static load on leg may be effective countermeasures against atropic changes in bones devoid of their weight-bearing function.", "PMID": 423513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12125", "title": "[Change in the content and makeup of the phospholipids in the microsomal fraction of rat skeletal muscles under the influence of a flight on the Kosmos-690 biosatellite].", "content": "The content and composition of phospholipids in the microsomes isolated from the back femoral muscles of rats flown for 20.5 days aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 were studied. Gamma-irradiation applied in the ground-based control experiments did not change the amount of total phospholipids in microsomes of skeletal muscles and altered insignificantly the content of their individual fractions. On the 2nd postflight day a substantial increase in the content of total and fractional phospholipids in microsomes was found. The decrease seems to be induced by weightlessness. On the 26th postflight day the content of total phospholipids returned to the normal whereas their fractional composition still remained changed.", "contents": "[Change in the content and makeup of the phospholipids in the microsomal fraction of rat skeletal muscles under the influence of a flight on the Kosmos-690 biosatellite]. The content and composition of phospholipids in the microsomes isolated from the back femoral muscles of rats flown for 20.5 days aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 were studied. Gamma-irradiation applied in the ground-based control experiments did not change the amount of total phospholipids in microsomes of skeletal muscles and altered insignificantly the content of their individual fractions. On the 2nd postflight day a substantial increase in the content of total and fractional phospholipids in microsomes was found. The decrease seems to be induced by weightlessness. On the 26th postflight day the content of total phospholipids returned to the normal whereas their fractional composition still remained changed.", "PMID": 423509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12126", "title": "[Effect of prolonged unidirectional migration of the sleep--wakefulness rhythm phase on human physiological functions, mental productivity and sleep].", "content": "The paper gives the results of three 30-day experiments carried out to study the effect of migration of the sleep--alertness cycle on physiological functions, psychic productivity and sleep of man. The migration was agravated by the initial change of the cycle which varied from +/- 7 to +/- 11 hours. All test subjects showed a counter-clockwise migration which amounted to a 1.5 hour shift every 4-5 days. All test subjects demonstrated functional cerebral changes, decline of psychic productivity and sleep disorders. The level of those disturbances depended on the value of the initial shift of the sleep--alertness cycle and on the cumulation of the migration effect. Those disorders were noted even when the prechanged sleep--alertness cycle approximated the normal pattern as a result of migration. The results indicate that the migrating day--night pattern, particularly in combination with the initial shift of the sleep--alertness cycle, cannot be recommended for manned space missions. Good health condition and high work capacity of cosmonauts can be maintained, only if a 24-hour sleep--alertness cycle with a normal sleep pattern is provided.", "contents": "[Effect of prolonged unidirectional migration of the sleep--wakefulness rhythm phase on human physiological functions, mental productivity and sleep]. The paper gives the results of three 30-day experiments carried out to study the effect of migration of the sleep--alertness cycle on physiological functions, psychic productivity and sleep of man. The migration was agravated by the initial change of the cycle which varied from +/- 7 to +/- 11 hours. All test subjects showed a counter-clockwise migration which amounted to a 1.5 hour shift every 4-5 days. All test subjects demonstrated functional cerebral changes, decline of psychic productivity and sleep disorders. The level of those disturbances depended on the value of the initial shift of the sleep--alertness cycle and on the cumulation of the migration effect. Those disorders were noted even when the prechanged sleep--alertness cycle approximated the normal pattern as a result of migration. The results indicate that the migrating day--night pattern, particularly in combination with the initial shift of the sleep--alertness cycle, cannot be recommended for manned space missions. Good health condition and high work capacity of cosmonauts can be maintained, only if a 24-hour sleep--alertness cycle with a normal sleep pattern is provided.", "PMID": 423517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12127", "title": "[Cerebral hemodynamics and the functioning of the visual analyzer after intensive light exposures].", "content": "Non-anesthetized rabbits were exposed to short-term intensive photostimulation. The experiments showed that the resultant increase in cerebral circulation occurred independently from systemic circulation, cardiac and respiratory function. Simultaneously, substantial adaptive changes in the optic system measured by electroretinography and optokinetic nystagmus developed.", "contents": "[Cerebral hemodynamics and the functioning of the visual analyzer after intensive light exposures]. Non-anesthetized rabbits were exposed to short-term intensive photostimulation. The experiments showed that the resultant increase in cerebral circulation occurred independently from systemic circulation, cardiac and respiratory function. Simultaneously, substantial adaptive changes in the optic system measured by electroretinography and optokinetic nystagmus developed.", "PMID": 423516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12128", "title": "Interference of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane with structure and function of Golgi membranes.", "content": "Short term perfusion of isolated rat liver with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane or other nonamphoteric amines (glycine amide, diethylamine) in moderate concentrations (10 to 20 micron) causes blistering of Golgi stacks on the concave side as well as swelling of lysosomes and of secretory vesicles in otherwise unaltered hepatocytes. Similar vacuolization is observed in Kupffer cells, pancreatic beta-cells, intestinal epithelial cells, and renal proximal tubule cells, but not in alpha-cells of the pancreas or in kidney glomerular podocytes. Fusion of the vesicles occurs frequently and involves denudation of intramembranous particles from contact areas. Since protein synthesis is not affected, inhibition by tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane of protein secretion into the perfusate indicates a block in protein processing at a postribosomal level. This finding together with morphologic evidence unravels the Golgi and post-Golgi membranes as specific site of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane interaction with intracellular structures.", "contents": "Interference of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane with structure and function of Golgi membranes. Short term perfusion of isolated rat liver with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane or other nonamphoteric amines (glycine amide, diethylamine) in moderate concentrations (10 to 20 micron) causes blistering of Golgi stacks on the concave side as well as swelling of lysosomes and of secretory vesicles in otherwise unaltered hepatocytes. Similar vacuolization is observed in Kupffer cells, pancreatic beta-cells, intestinal epithelial cells, and renal proximal tubule cells, but not in alpha-cells of the pancreas or in kidney glomerular podocytes. Fusion of the vesicles occurs frequently and involves denudation of intramembranous particles from contact areas. Since protein synthesis is not affected, inhibition by tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane of protein secretion into the perfusate indicates a block in protein processing at a postribosomal level. This finding together with morphologic evidence unravels the Golgi and post-Golgi membranes as specific site of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane interaction with intracellular structures.", "PMID": 423526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12129", "title": "[Ergometric studies in the practice of medical aviation expertise].", "content": "In order to assess standard and relative indices of ergometry, exercise tolerance and physical work capacity, 64 members of flight crews with compensated atherosclerotic coronary cardiosclerosis (aged 28 to 56) were examined. The studies were carried out using the Siemens cardiopulmonary complex at rest, at work load of 100 Wt/min for 5 min and during recovery for 10 min. At the initiation of the experiment and during recovery ECG in 12 standard leads was recorded every other minute. With respect to the age and clinical data, the test subjects were subdivided into two groups. Electrocardiographic study revealed insufficiency of coronary circulation in 63.7% of the first group and in 80,6% of the second group test subjects. Ergometric measurements showed a distinct decrease of the chronotropic, inotropic and aerobic cardiac reserves, especially of the second group test subjects. Ergometric parameters correlated well with the clinical and electrocardiographic data. The results can be used in the diagnostics, evaluation of cardiopulmonary functional and reserve capabilities, and support of expertise recommendations.", "contents": "[Ergometric studies in the practice of medical aviation expertise]. In order to assess standard and relative indices of ergometry, exercise tolerance and physical work capacity, 64 members of flight crews with compensated atherosclerotic coronary cardiosclerosis (aged 28 to 56) were examined. The studies were carried out using the Siemens cardiopulmonary complex at rest, at work load of 100 Wt/min for 5 min and during recovery for 10 min. At the initiation of the experiment and during recovery ECG in 12 standard leads was recorded every other minute. With respect to the age and clinical data, the test subjects were subdivided into two groups. Electrocardiographic study revealed insufficiency of coronary circulation in 63.7% of the first group and in 80,6% of the second group test subjects. Ergometric measurements showed a distinct decrease of the chronotropic, inotropic and aerobic cardiac reserves, especially of the second group test subjects. Ergometric parameters correlated well with the clinical and electrocardiographic data. The results can be used in the diagnostics, evaluation of cardiopulmonary functional and reserve capabilities, and support of expertise recommendations.", "PMID": 423518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12130", "title": "Neuronal and oligodendroglial infection by the WW strain of Theiler's virus.", "content": "Newborn ICR mice were infected by intracerebral inoculation of 10(5.3) LD50 of the WW strain of Theiler's virus and examined serially by virologic and ultrastructural methods. Maximal titers of 10(6) LD50 developed in the brain by day 8 when 90 per cent of the animals were dead or moribund. The virus first appeared and was most prominent in the thalamus, basal ganglia, and midbrain. It spread from these areas throughout the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord but spared the cerebellar cortex. Both neurons and oligodendroglia were infected. Infected cells first showed dispersion of polyribosomes, accumulation of vesicles, and widening of perinuclear cisternae. Normal cytoplasmic organelles and the nucleus were displaced by an accumulation of viral crystals, membranous profiles, and fibrillar material. Within degenerating cells the nuclear chromatin became clumped and marginated and the cytoplasm was filled either with vesicles or masses of paracrystalline viral arrays. These changes were accompanied by a vigorous inflammatory response of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils. Lysis of oligodendroglia during acute infection with the WW strain of Theiler's virus may provide a stimulus for the late autoimmune demyelination that has been described in animals that survive the acute encephalitis.", "contents": "Neuronal and oligodendroglial infection by the WW strain of Theiler's virus. Newborn ICR mice were infected by intracerebral inoculation of 10(5.3) LD50 of the WW strain of Theiler's virus and examined serially by virologic and ultrastructural methods. Maximal titers of 10(6) LD50 developed in the brain by day 8 when 90 per cent of the animals were dead or moribund. The virus first appeared and was most prominent in the thalamus, basal ganglia, and midbrain. It spread from these areas throughout the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord but spared the cerebellar cortex. Both neurons and oligodendroglia were infected. Infected cells first showed dispersion of polyribosomes, accumulation of vesicles, and widening of perinuclear cisternae. Normal cytoplasmic organelles and the nucleus were displaced by an accumulation of viral crystals, membranous profiles, and fibrillar material. Within degenerating cells the nuclear chromatin became clumped and marginated and the cytoplasm was filled either with vesicles or masses of paracrystalline viral arrays. These changes were accompanied by a vigorous inflammatory response of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils. Lysis of oligodendroglia during acute infection with the WW strain of Theiler's virus may provide a stimulus for the late autoimmune demyelination that has been described in animals that survive the acute encephalitis.", "PMID": 423527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12131", "title": "[Effect of space flight on the course of radiation lesions in the lymphoid organs of rats].", "content": "The spleen, thymus and inguinal lymph nodes of rats exposed to a prolonged (24 hours) irradiation at a dose of 800 rad on the 10th day of the 20-day space flight aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 were examined histologically and cytologically. The lymph organs showed the changes typical of radiation-induced lesions. They did not display an aggravating or modifying effect of space flight factors on the development of radiation-induced lesions in lymph organs. It is emphasized that radiation-induced lesions at the above irradiation dose may mask weightlessness-induced effects in lymph organs.", "contents": "[Effect of space flight on the course of radiation lesions in the lymphoid organs of rats]. The spleen, thymus and inguinal lymph nodes of rats exposed to a prolonged (24 hours) irradiation at a dose of 800 rad on the 10th day of the 20-day space flight aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690 were examined histologically and cytologically. The lymph organs showed the changes typical of radiation-induced lesions. They did not display an aggravating or modifying effect of space flight factors on the development of radiation-induced lesions in lymph organs. It is emphasized that radiation-induced lesions at the above irradiation dose may mask weightlessness-induced effects in lymph organs.", "PMID": 423525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12132", "title": "The collagen network of the heart.", "content": "An extensive collagen skeleton in the myocardium is clearly demonstrable by scanning electron microscopy. This system mechanically connects myocytes to contiguous myocytes, connects myocytes to contiguous capillaries, and is responsible for orienting myocytes into anatomical units. The extent and location of the system involves it in a variety of physical parameters of the heart under both normal and abnormal conditions. The myocyte to myocyte collagen struts may provide for sarcomere alignment from cell to cell, ensure equal stretch of contiguous cells, and prevent slippage of adjacent cells. The numerous myocyte to web network connections would ensure that the entire group of cells function in a consistent fashion. The origin and course of the myocyte to capillary collagen struts could account for capillary patency during systole in the presence of high ventricular wall pressures. The complex web network surrounds groups of myocytes and is mechanically coupled to the contained myocytes. The loose collagen connections between groups easily permits slippage and rearrangement of groups of cells as expected in acute dilation. The web network itself could be the site of some of the viscoelastic properties of the heart.", "contents": "The collagen network of the heart. An extensive collagen skeleton in the myocardium is clearly demonstrable by scanning electron microscopy. This system mechanically connects myocytes to contiguous myocytes, connects myocytes to contiguous capillaries, and is responsible for orienting myocytes into anatomical units. The extent and location of the system involves it in a variety of physical parameters of the heart under both normal and abnormal conditions. The myocyte to myocyte collagen struts may provide for sarcomere alignment from cell to cell, ensure equal stretch of contiguous cells, and prevent slippage of adjacent cells. The numerous myocyte to web network connections would ensure that the entire group of cells function in a consistent fashion. The origin and course of the myocyte to capillary collagen struts could account for capillary patency during systole in the presence of high ventricular wall pressures. The complex web network surrounds groups of myocytes and is mechanically coupled to the contained myocytes. The loose collagen connections between groups easily permits slippage and rearrangement of groups of cells as expected in acute dilation. The web network itself could be the site of some of the viscoelastic properties of the heart.", "PMID": 423529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12133", "title": "In vivo responses to inhaled proteins. II. Induction of interstitial pneumonitis and enhancement of immune complex-mediated alveolitis by inhaled concanavalin A.", "content": "An animal model of environmental lung disease is described in which phytomitogen, antigen, or both, are administered in aerosol form to previously immunized or immunologically naive rabbits. Inhalation of concanavalin A alone induced an interstitial pneumonitis in nonimmunized rabbits. Inhalation of concanavalin A alone induced an interstitial pneumonitis in nonimmunized rabbits. Inhalation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) alone typically produced only focal eosinophilic granulomas in BSA-immunized animals, and no injury whatever in nonimmune animals. However, simultaneous administration of BSA-concanavalin A aerosol mixtures to BSA-immunized rabbits induced a severe interstitial pneumonitis and granulomatous vasculitis, together with areas of frank parenchymal necrosis. When repeated on a chronic basis over a 4- or 8-week interval, challenge with BSA-concanavalin A aerosols resulted in both acute necrotic lesions as well as areas of frank interstitial fibrosis. Necrotic foci in acutely injured lungs were associated with interstitial deposits of BSA, rabbit anti-BSA antibody, and complement. Electron microscopy revealed numerous neutrophils within the pulmonary interstitial spaces of these animals, often in association with collagen and elastin fibers. The pattern of injury in immune rabbits induced by antigen-concanavalin A aerosols, in its nonnecrotizing form, is consistent with that of an extrinsic allergic alveolitis. However, the severe, necrotizing form of acute injury closely resembles changes seen in Wegener's granulomatosis. Possible mechanisms of injury produced by antigen and phytomitogen inhalation are discussed.", "contents": "In vivo responses to inhaled proteins. II. Induction of interstitial pneumonitis and enhancement of immune complex-mediated alveolitis by inhaled concanavalin A. An animal model of environmental lung disease is described in which phytomitogen, antigen, or both, are administered in aerosol form to previously immunized or immunologically naive rabbits. Inhalation of concanavalin A alone induced an interstitial pneumonitis in nonimmunized rabbits. Inhalation of concanavalin A alone induced an interstitial pneumonitis in nonimmunized rabbits. Inhalation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) alone typically produced only focal eosinophilic granulomas in BSA-immunized animals, and no injury whatever in nonimmune animals. However, simultaneous administration of BSA-concanavalin A aerosol mixtures to BSA-immunized rabbits induced a severe interstitial pneumonitis and granulomatous vasculitis, together with areas of frank parenchymal necrosis. When repeated on a chronic basis over a 4- or 8-week interval, challenge with BSA-concanavalin A aerosols resulted in both acute necrotic lesions as well as areas of frank interstitial fibrosis. Necrotic foci in acutely injured lungs were associated with interstitial deposits of BSA, rabbit anti-BSA antibody, and complement. Electron microscopy revealed numerous neutrophils within the pulmonary interstitial spaces of these animals, often in association with collagen and elastin fibers. The pattern of injury in immune rabbits induced by antigen-concanavalin A aerosols, in its nonnecrotizing form, is consistent with that of an extrinsic allergic alveolitis. However, the severe, necrotizing form of acute injury closely resembles changes seen in Wegener's granulomatosis. Possible mechanisms of injury produced by antigen and phytomitogen inhalation are discussed.", "PMID": 423530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12134", "title": "The cardiac component of the orienting response: effects of signal intensity, clinical interpretation, and procedural limitations.", "content": "The effects of stimulus intensity on the cardiac component of the orienting response were explored in male and female subjects. The acoustic stimuli were 10 recorded repetitions of an identical consonant vowel cluster spoken by an adult male. Heart rate data were obtained for both subject groups at three sensation levels across the baseline heart rate and at 10 stimulus presentation trials. A significant main effect was noted for trials. Significant linear and quadratic trend components were observed, reflecting habituation of the orienting response as a function of trials, and indicating the nonmonotonicity of heart rate change over trials. A lower mean heart rate was observed for Condition Two (20 dB SL) than for either of the other conditions, 10 dB and 30 dB SL respectively. Analysis of group variability and individual subjects' heart rate data suggested limitations in generalizing from group to individual data, as well as a need for further investigation if proper interpretation of single subject heart rate data are to be useful in the clinical situation.", "contents": "The cardiac component of the orienting response: effects of signal intensity, clinical interpretation, and procedural limitations. The effects of stimulus intensity on the cardiac component of the orienting response were explored in male and female subjects. The acoustic stimuli were 10 recorded repetitions of an identical consonant vowel cluster spoken by an adult male. Heart rate data were obtained for both subject groups at three sensation levels across the baseline heart rate and at 10 stimulus presentation trials. A significant main effect was noted for trials. Significant linear and quadratic trend components were observed, reflecting habituation of the orienting response as a function of trials, and indicating the nonmonotonicity of heart rate change over trials. A lower mean heart rate was observed for Condition Two (20 dB SL) than for either of the other conditions, 10 dB and 30 dB SL respectively. Analysis of group variability and individual subjects' heart rate data suggested limitations in generalizing from group to individual data, as well as a need for further investigation if proper interpretation of single subject heart rate data are to be useful in the clinical situation.", "PMID": 423550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12135", "title": "Utilization of a central auditory processing test battery in evaluating residual effects of decompression sickness.", "content": "Six professional divers were examined as patients who presented peripheral auditory, vestibular, or central symptoms attributed to incidents which occurred while diving. Each diver received a central auditory processing (CAP) test battery consisting of: (1) a dichotic sentence listening task, (2) a monotic filtered word task, (3) a binaural fusion task, and (4) an alternating speech task. The CAP test results, in all cases substantiated other neurological/vestibular test battery results which we have reported in detail previously.", "contents": "Utilization of a central auditory processing test battery in evaluating residual effects of decompression sickness. Six professional divers were examined as patients who presented peripheral auditory, vestibular, or central symptoms attributed to incidents which occurred while diving. Each diver received a central auditory processing (CAP) test battery consisting of: (1) a dichotic sentence listening task, (2) a monotic filtered word task, (3) a binaural fusion task, and (4) an alternating speech task. The CAP test results, in all cases substantiated other neurological/vestibular test battery results which we have reported in detail previously.", "PMID": 423551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12136", "title": "Evaluation of relationship between hearing threshold and loudness discomfort level in sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "The relationship between hearing level and loudness discomfort level (LDL) for narrow-band noise was evaluated in two groups of patients with sensorineural hearing loss. Group I had thresholds ranging from 25-60 dB SPL and Group II's thresholds ranged from 65-100 dB SPL. LDLs were determined for narrow bands of noise centered at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. The LDLs for Group II were greater than those for Group I and the differences were statistically significant. It is speculated that one reason for others not finding differences as a function of hearing level may be the absence of severe to profound hearing loss in the test populations.", "contents": "Evaluation of relationship between hearing threshold and loudness discomfort level in sensorineural hearing loss. The relationship between hearing level and loudness discomfort level (LDL) for narrow-band noise was evaluated in two groups of patients with sensorineural hearing loss. Group I had thresholds ranging from 25-60 dB SPL and Group II's thresholds ranged from 65-100 dB SPL. LDLs were determined for narrow bands of noise centered at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. The LDLs for Group II were greater than those for Group I and the differences were statistically significant. It is speculated that one reason for others not finding differences as a function of hearing level may be the absence of severe to profound hearing loss in the test populations.", "PMID": 423553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12137", "title": "Suggested threshold sound pressure levels for frequency-modulated (warble) tones in the sound field.", "content": "The problems inherent in using frequency-specific stimuli in the sound field to determine threshold sensitivity are reviewed, including a discussion of some of the specific problems encountered when introducing pure tones, narrow bands of noise, and frequency-modulated (FM) tones. The results of two experiments are reported. In Experiment I, the relationship between pure tones and frequency-modulated tones is developed under earphones in an anechoic chamber, and in two sound-isolated auditory test rooms (not anechoic). Experiment I resulted in the development of a reference threshold sound pressure level for frequency-modulated signals in the sound field. In Experiment II the reference level was applied to a clinical test facility and evaluated with a group of hearing-impaired individuals. The results suggest that the sound-field reference levels accurately reflect monaural threshold under earphones, when the earphone is calibrated to the ANSI, 1969 standard, and the sound field is calibrated to the suggested standard.", "contents": "Suggested threshold sound pressure levels for frequency-modulated (warble) tones in the sound field. The problems inherent in using frequency-specific stimuli in the sound field to determine threshold sensitivity are reviewed, including a discussion of some of the specific problems encountered when introducing pure tones, narrow bands of noise, and frequency-modulated (FM) tones. The results of two experiments are reported. In Experiment I, the relationship between pure tones and frequency-modulated tones is developed under earphones in an anechoic chamber, and in two sound-isolated auditory test rooms (not anechoic). Experiment I resulted in the development of a reference threshold sound pressure level for frequency-modulated signals in the sound field. In Experiment II the reference level was applied to a clinical test facility and evaluated with a group of hearing-impaired individuals. The results suggest that the sound-field reference levels accurately reflect monaural threshold under earphones, when the earphone is calibrated to the ANSI, 1969 standard, and the sound field is calibrated to the suggested standard.", "PMID": 423554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12138", "title": "The dysarthrias of Shy-Drager syndrome.", "content": "Shy-Drager syndrome is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system that may include among its signs some form of dysarthria. Of 80 patients with Shy-Drager syndrome, 35 presented some form of dysarthria. Of these, 15 presented dysarthria indicative of cerebellar dysfunction, 11 with dysarthria indicating involvement of the striatum, and nine with various mixed dysarthrias indicative of multiple motor system involvement. The results of this study reaffirm the value of assessing motor speech in the differential diagnosis of neuromotor impairments and emphasize the importance of maintaining effective modes of communication for patients having progressive disorders.", "contents": "The dysarthrias of Shy-Drager syndrome. Shy-Drager syndrome is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system that may include among its signs some form of dysarthria. Of 80 patients with Shy-Drager syndrome, 35 presented some form of dysarthria. Of these, 15 presented dysarthria indicative of cerebellar dysfunction, 11 with dysarthria indicating involvement of the striatum, and nine with various mixed dysarthrias indicative of multiple motor system involvement. The results of this study reaffirm the value of assessing motor speech in the differential diagnosis of neuromotor impairments and emphasize the importance of maintaining effective modes of communication for patients having progressive disorders.", "PMID": 423555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12139", "title": "Three experiments on the California Consonant Test.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted using the California Consonant Test (CCT). Initially, performance-intensity functions were obtained for both normal hearers, and those with high frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Results demonstrated almost a linear function for both subject groups (approaching asymptote at 50 dB SL) as compared to the typical sigmoidal function obtained with conventional word recognition tests. Experiment II compared results of the CCT to those of the N.U. No. 6 lists in 60 subjects with high frequency hearing loss. Consistent with previous findings, relatively high word recognition scores were obtained for the NU-6 materials whereas the range of scores on the CCT approximated a normal distribution. Experiment III examined the internal consistency and split-half reliability of the CCT. Despite significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) correlation coefficients, the wide variability between half-list scores among individual listeners doses not support the use of half-list testing.", "contents": "Three experiments on the California Consonant Test. Three experiments were conducted using the California Consonant Test (CCT). Initially, performance-intensity functions were obtained for both normal hearers, and those with high frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Results demonstrated almost a linear function for both subject groups (approaching asymptote at 50 dB SL) as compared to the typical sigmoidal function obtained with conventional word recognition tests. Experiment II compared results of the CCT to those of the N.U. No. 6 lists in 60 subjects with high frequency hearing loss. Consistent with previous findings, relatively high word recognition scores were obtained for the NU-6 materials whereas the range of scores on the CCT approximated a normal distribution. Experiment III examined the internal consistency and split-half reliability of the CCT. Despite significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) correlation coefficients, the wide variability between half-list scores among individual listeners doses not support the use of half-list testing.", "PMID": 423556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12140", "title": "Psychometric characteristics of the WISC-R Performance Scale with deaf children.", "content": "The WISC-R Performance Scale was administered to 59 prelingually deaf children. The internal consistency reliability to four of subtests and the Performance IQ were assessed anf found to be similar to the reliability reported by Wechsler (1974) with the standardization sample. Two aspects of criterion-related validity were computed. Concurrent validity as demonstrated by the correlation with the Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude was found to be adequate. Predictive validity as defined by the correlation with achievement test results was also computed. Statistically significant correlations were found for six of the eight achievement areas. Implications for use are discussed.", "contents": "Psychometric characteristics of the WISC-R Performance Scale with deaf children. The WISC-R Performance Scale was administered to 59 prelingually deaf children. The internal consistency reliability to four of subtests and the Performance IQ were assessed anf found to be similar to the reliability reported by Wechsler (1974) with the standardization sample. Two aspects of criterion-related validity were computed. Concurrent validity as demonstrated by the correlation with the Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude was found to be adequate. Predictive validity as defined by the correlation with achievement test results was also computed. Statistically significant correlations were found for six of the eight achievement areas. Implications for use are discussed.", "PMID": 423557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12141", "title": "Application of visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) to low-functioning children.", "content": "Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) was studied on a group of low-functioning children in an ongoing clinical program. After establishing the specific reinforcing value of the visual stimulus, threshold assessments were made. VRA was an effective test procedure for most of the children tested, providing their developmental ages reached approximately the 10-month level or higher. On the basis of VRA thresholds and tympanometry, 52% of the children seen were referred for medical evaluation. A variation of VRA was used to assess syllable-discrimination performance on a pilot basis. Results are discussed in terms of the potential use of VRA to assess infant spedch-sound discrimination in addition to its current use as an indicator of hearing sensitivity.", "contents": "Application of visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) to low-functioning children. Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) was studied on a group of low-functioning children in an ongoing clinical program. After establishing the specific reinforcing value of the visual stimulus, threshold assessments were made. VRA was an effective test procedure for most of the children tested, providing their developmental ages reached approximately the 10-month level or higher. On the basis of VRA thresholds and tympanometry, 52% of the children seen were referred for medical evaluation. A variation of VRA was used to assess syllable-discrimination performance on a pilot basis. Results are discussed in terms of the potential use of VRA to assess infant spedch-sound discrimination in addition to its current use as an indicator of hearing sensitivity.", "PMID": 423558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12142", "title": "The Hearing Handicap Scale as a measure of hearing aid benefit.", "content": "Use of the Hearing Handicap Scale as a measure of hearing aid benefit was investigated. New hearing aid users with bilateral, sensorineural hearing losses ranging from 5 dB HL to 55 dB HL served as subjects. Changes in speech reception threshold, word identification, and Hearing Handicap Scale were derived by comparing data obtained prior to hearing aid use with that obtained following four weeks of hearing aid use. Results showed a significant improvement for all three measurements and indicated that improvement in word identification presented at conversational level was more related to self-reported hearing aid benefit than was improvement in speech reception threshold. Also, word identification ratings obtained with the stimuli presented at conversation speech level produced a significant correlation with Hearing Handicap Scale scores.", "contents": "The Hearing Handicap Scale as a measure of hearing aid benefit. Use of the Hearing Handicap Scale as a measure of hearing aid benefit was investigated. New hearing aid users with bilateral, sensorineural hearing losses ranging from 5 dB HL to 55 dB HL served as subjects. Changes in speech reception threshold, word identification, and Hearing Handicap Scale were derived by comparing data obtained prior to hearing aid use with that obtained following four weeks of hearing aid use. Results showed a significant improvement for all three measurements and indicated that improvement in word identification presented at conversational level was more related to self-reported hearing aid benefit than was improvement in speech reception threshold. Also, word identification ratings obtained with the stimuli presented at conversation speech level produced a significant correlation with Hearing Handicap Scale scores.", "PMID": 423559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12143", "title": "Rheumatoid pericarditis. Clinical significance and operative management.", "content": "The incidence of subclinical pericarditis associated with rheumatoid pericarditis may be as high as 50 percent, but significant impairment of cardiac performance owing to this type of pericarditis rarely occurs. In the past 7 years, we have encountered eight men with congestive heart failure owing to rheumatoid pericarditis. Cardiac catheterization and echocardiography were useful in establishing the diagnosis of pericardial constriction. Pericardiocentesis was unsuccessful in relieving symptoms in the three patients in whom the procedure was performed. Seven patients underwent pericardiectomy; six had constrictive pericarditis and one patient had an acute pericarditis with the sudden onset of cardiac tamponade. The other patient died of cardiac tamponade prior to operation. All patients improved after operation and have remained free of cardiac symptoms 3 months to 4 1/2 years later. The frequent occurrence of adhesive and obliterative pericarditis with loculated effusions suggests the need for pericardiectomy rather than pericardiocentesis in the patient with rheumatoid arthritis and symptomatic pericardial involvement. Immediate and lasting relief of this unusual nonarticular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis can be expected after pericardiectomy.", "contents": "Rheumatoid pericarditis. Clinical significance and operative management. The incidence of subclinical pericarditis associated with rheumatoid pericarditis may be as high as 50 percent, but significant impairment of cardiac performance owing to this type of pericarditis rarely occurs. In the past 7 years, we have encountered eight men with congestive heart failure owing to rheumatoid pericarditis. Cardiac catheterization and echocardiography were useful in establishing the diagnosis of pericardial constriction. Pericardiocentesis was unsuccessful in relieving symptoms in the three patients in whom the procedure was performed. Seven patients underwent pericardiectomy; six had constrictive pericarditis and one patient had an acute pericarditis with the sudden onset of cardiac tamponade. The other patient died of cardiac tamponade prior to operation. All patients improved after operation and have remained free of cardiac symptoms 3 months to 4 1/2 years later. The frequent occurrence of adhesive and obliterative pericarditis with loculated effusions suggests the need for pericardiectomy rather than pericardiocentesis in the patient with rheumatoid arthritis and symptomatic pericardial involvement. Immediate and lasting relief of this unusual nonarticular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis can be expected after pericardiectomy.", "PMID": 423583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12144", "title": "Use of biological glue in acute aortic dissection. Preliminary clinical results with a new surgical technique.", "content": "Use of a biological glue (GRF) is common in certain fields such as hepatic or renal surgery, but its use in vascular surgery, especially in acute aortic dissection, has not yet been reported. Our experience has demonstrated many advantages: The glue is very simple and safe to use. The aortic tissues are firmly reinforced and the sutures tighten immediately. The proximal aortic stump is anatomically reconstructed, and generally the aortic valve can be preserved and coronary reimplantation avoided. The preoperative and postoperative bleeding rates are low and the postoperative course generally is simple. The risk of maintenance or recurrence of the dissection process is reduced. Consequently, the hospital mortality rate can be reduced to about 10 percent and the long-term survival rate greatly improved.", "contents": "Use of biological glue in acute aortic dissection. Preliminary clinical results with a new surgical technique. Use of a biological glue (GRF) is common in certain fields such as hepatic or renal surgery, but its use in vascular surgery, especially in acute aortic dissection, has not yet been reported. Our experience has demonstrated many advantages: The glue is very simple and safe to use. The aortic tissues are firmly reinforced and the sutures tighten immediately. The proximal aortic stump is anatomically reconstructed, and generally the aortic valve can be preserved and coronary reimplantation avoided. The preoperative and postoperative bleeding rates are low and the postoperative course generally is simple. The risk of maintenance or recurrence of the dissection process is reduced. Consequently, the hospital mortality rate can be reduced to about 10 percent and the long-term survival rate greatly improved.", "PMID": 423584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12145", "title": "Detection, localization, and treatment of occult bronchogenic carcinoma in nickel workers.", "content": "Asymptomatic men exposed to nickel sulfide prior to 1963 were studied prospectively to investigate cytologic abnormalities in the sputum. We discovered a considerably greater incidence of squamous cell tumors that would have been expected from subjects exposed only to cigarette smoke.", "contents": "Detection, localization, and treatment of occult bronchogenic carcinoma in nickel workers. Asymptomatic men exposed to nickel sulfide prior to 1963 were studied prospectively to investigate cytologic abnormalities in the sputum. We discovered a considerably greater incidence of squamous cell tumors that would have been expected from subjects exposed only to cigarette smoke.", "PMID": 423585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12146", "title": "Decision-making in repair of tetralogy of Fallot based on intraoperative measurements of pulmonary arterial outflow tract.", "content": "The equation that we proposed in this JOURNAL (1977), relating the postrepair ratio between peak right ventricular pressure and peak left ventricular pressure (PRV/LV) to the intraoperatively measured internal diameter of the narrowest point in the pulmonary arterial outflow tract (formerly called pulmonary \"anulus\"), performed well when prospectively tested in 25 patients undergoing repair of the tetralogy of Fallot. The observed PRV/LV in all 21 patients in whom no transannular patch was used fell within the 70 percent confidence limits (1 standard deviation) of that predicted from the measured diameter. A trivial difference (-0.03 +/- 0.069 PRV/LV units, P = 0.08) was found between predicted PRV/LV and that observed after repair, with body surface area (BSA) used for normalization. When the four additional patients who had secondary transannular patching are included, or where the normalization was with weight, the differences were not significant (p greater than 0.2). A slightly revised equation has been devised using the combined data from our original group and the patients used for prospective testing. This equation predicts with reasonable accuracy (r = -0.69, p less than 0.0001) postrepair PRV/LV without transannular patching from the intraoperatively measured diameter of the pulmonary arterial outflow tract. We believe it is therefore helpful in the operating room in making the important decision for or against using transannular patching.", "contents": "Decision-making in repair of tetralogy of Fallot based on intraoperative measurements of pulmonary arterial outflow tract. The equation that we proposed in this JOURNAL (1977), relating the postrepair ratio between peak right ventricular pressure and peak left ventricular pressure (PRV/LV) to the intraoperatively measured internal diameter of the narrowest point in the pulmonary arterial outflow tract (formerly called pulmonary \"anulus\"), performed well when prospectively tested in 25 patients undergoing repair of the tetralogy of Fallot. The observed PRV/LV in all 21 patients in whom no transannular patch was used fell within the 70 percent confidence limits (1 standard deviation) of that predicted from the measured diameter. A trivial difference (-0.03 +/- 0.069 PRV/LV units, P = 0.08) was found between predicted PRV/LV and that observed after repair, with body surface area (BSA) used for normalization. When the four additional patients who had secondary transannular patching are included, or where the normalization was with weight, the differences were not significant (p greater than 0.2). A slightly revised equation has been devised using the combined data from our original group and the patients used for prospective testing. This equation predicts with reasonable accuracy (r = -0.69, p less than 0.0001) postrepair PRV/LV without transannular patching from the intraoperatively measured diameter of the pulmonary arterial outflow tract. We believe it is therefore helpful in the operating room in making the important decision for or against using transannular patching.", "PMID": 423586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12147", "title": "Morphologic and functional effects of esophageal cryotherapy.", "content": "With advances in equipment design, cryotherapy has been applied increasingly in the management of various integumentary disorders. Recently, endobronchial cryotherapy has been utilized in the treatment of acquired tracheal strictures. To evaluate the effects of cryotherapy upon the esophagus, we cooled the distal esophagus of 12 cats to -70 degrees to -80 degrees C. for 2 minutes with a specially constructed cryoprobe. The animals were put to death in pairs 90 minutes, 4 days, 10 days, 14 days, 28 days, and 42 days following cryotherapy. Immediately prior to sacrifice, all animals were studied with esophageal cinefluoroscopy and esophageal manometrics. All animals tolerated this degree of cryotherapy and gained weight on an ad libitum diet. Manometric studies demonstrated diminished amplitude of peristalsis immediately following cryotherapy, but prompt return to a normal manometric pattern. There was no evidence of esophageal dysfunction on esophageal cinefluoroscopy. Morphologic examination demonstrated superficial ulceration between 4 and 10 days following cryotherapy, with subsequent healing. The esophagus in animals put to death 28 and 42 days following cryotherapy appeared histologically normal. These studies demonstrate the safety of cryotherapy to -70 to -80 degrees C. upon the esophageal wall and suggest investigation of the usefulness of this modality in the treatment of local esophageal webs and strictures.", "contents": "Morphologic and functional effects of esophageal cryotherapy. With advances in equipment design, cryotherapy has been applied increasingly in the management of various integumentary disorders. Recently, endobronchial cryotherapy has been utilized in the treatment of acquired tracheal strictures. To evaluate the effects of cryotherapy upon the esophagus, we cooled the distal esophagus of 12 cats to -70 degrees to -80 degrees C. for 2 minutes with a specially constructed cryoprobe. The animals were put to death in pairs 90 minutes, 4 days, 10 days, 14 days, 28 days, and 42 days following cryotherapy. Immediately prior to sacrifice, all animals were studied with esophageal cinefluoroscopy and esophageal manometrics. All animals tolerated this degree of cryotherapy and gained weight on an ad libitum diet. Manometric studies demonstrated diminished amplitude of peristalsis immediately following cryotherapy, but prompt return to a normal manometric pattern. There was no evidence of esophageal dysfunction on esophageal cinefluoroscopy. Morphologic examination demonstrated superficial ulceration between 4 and 10 days following cryotherapy, with subsequent healing. The esophagus in animals put to death 28 and 42 days following cryotherapy appeared histologically normal. These studies demonstrate the safety of cryotherapy to -70 to -80 degrees C. upon the esophageal wall and suggest investigation of the usefulness of this modality in the treatment of local esophageal webs and strictures.", "PMID": 423587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12148", "title": "Intrathoracic lipomas. Report of three cases and review of the literature with emphasis on endobronchial lipoma.", "content": "Intrathoracic lipomas are rare, benign neoplasms of unknown origin, with symptoms depending primarily on their location and size. They frequently represent on incidental roentgenographic finding and are clinically significant in that they may simulate malignant tumors and, when located endobronchially, may cause irreparable lung damage. Three cases of intrathoracic neoplasms are reported herein, and the English literature on the subject reviewed. In some cases, bronchoscopic examination may yield the diagnosis of endobronchial lipoma but, in general, thoracotomy is required for diagnosis. A more complete classification is suggested and the preferred mode of treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Intrathoracic lipomas. Report of three cases and review of the literature with emphasis on endobronchial lipoma. Intrathoracic lipomas are rare, benign neoplasms of unknown origin, with symptoms depending primarily on their location and size. They frequently represent on incidental roentgenographic finding and are clinically significant in that they may simulate malignant tumors and, when located endobronchially, may cause irreparable lung damage. Three cases of intrathoracic neoplasms are reported herein, and the English literature on the subject reviewed. In some cases, bronchoscopic examination may yield the diagnosis of endobronchial lipoma but, in general, thoracotomy is required for diagnosis. A more complete classification is suggested and the preferred mode of treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 423588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12149", "title": "Cardiac rhythm disturbances during fiberoptic bronchoscopy: a prospective study.", "content": "Twenty-six patients undergoing transnasal fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) were electrocardiographically monitored for 12 hours before, during, and 12 hours after bronchoscopy. We measured arterial lidocaine concentrations during the procedure as well as arterial blood gases before and after the procedure. The incidence of total arrhythmias, including sinus tachycardia, during the control period was 69 percent; minor arrhythmias, 69 percent; and major arrhythmias, 8 percent. During FOB, the incidence of total and minor arrhythmias increased to 77 and 73 percent, respectively; however, the incidence of major arrhythmias decreased to 4 percent. Arterial lidocaine concentrations ranged widely, from 0.1 to 8.7 microgram per milliliter with a mean peak level of 5.0 +/- 0.6 microgram per milliliter, which was reached between 5 and 30 minutes after the insertion of the bronchoscope. We conclude that the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias, excluding sinus tachycardia, during FOB is low and that lidocaine anesthesia probably exerts a protective effect against the development of major arrhythmias during the procedure.", "contents": "Cardiac rhythm disturbances during fiberoptic bronchoscopy: a prospective study. Twenty-six patients undergoing transnasal fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) were electrocardiographically monitored for 12 hours before, during, and 12 hours after bronchoscopy. We measured arterial lidocaine concentrations during the procedure as well as arterial blood gases before and after the procedure. The incidence of total arrhythmias, including sinus tachycardia, during the control period was 69 percent; minor arrhythmias, 69 percent; and major arrhythmias, 8 percent. During FOB, the incidence of total and minor arrhythmias increased to 77 and 73 percent, respectively; however, the incidence of major arrhythmias decreased to 4 percent. Arterial lidocaine concentrations ranged widely, from 0.1 to 8.7 microgram per milliliter with a mean peak level of 5.0 +/- 0.6 microgram per milliliter, which was reached between 5 and 30 minutes after the insertion of the bronchoscope. We conclude that the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias, excluding sinus tachycardia, during FOB is low and that lidocaine anesthesia probably exerts a protective effect against the development of major arrhythmias during the procedure.", "PMID": 423589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12150", "title": "Earlier operation for left-sided Pseudomonas endocarditis in drug addicts.", "content": "Three consecutive patients with Pseudomonas endocarditis were treated by early operation with no deaths. The indications for operation were severe failure, systemic embolization, and infection refractory to antibiotics. The organism is aggressive, characterized by early invasion of the myocardium. Wide d\u00e9bridement of the anulus is necessary to remove any vegetations or intramyocardial abscessed wall. Because multiple valve infection is common, it is important to evaluate all four cardiac valves at the time of operation. Removing a second rim of the mitral anulus for separate culture at the time of mitral valve replacement may demonstrate the degree to which the valve resection has removed all infection. Early operation is necessary for reinfection of the prosthetic valve; however, metastatic abscess should also be considered in the face of continued signs of infection postoperatively. Patients should receive a 6 week postoperative course of antibiotics which have been shown by in vitro testing to be serum bactericidal in at least a 1:8 dilution. The operative findings of invasion of the myocardium by the organism and the surgical success in this small series have resulted in our recommending earlier operation in patients with these indications.", "contents": "Earlier operation for left-sided Pseudomonas endocarditis in drug addicts. Three consecutive patients with Pseudomonas endocarditis were treated by early operation with no deaths. The indications for operation were severe failure, systemic embolization, and infection refractory to antibiotics. The organism is aggressive, characterized by early invasion of the myocardium. Wide d\u00e9bridement of the anulus is necessary to remove any vegetations or intramyocardial abscessed wall. Because multiple valve infection is common, it is important to evaluate all four cardiac valves at the time of operation. Removing a second rim of the mitral anulus for separate culture at the time of mitral valve replacement may demonstrate the degree to which the valve resection has removed all infection. Early operation is necessary for reinfection of the prosthetic valve; however, metastatic abscess should also be considered in the face of continued signs of infection postoperatively. Patients should receive a 6 week postoperative course of antibiotics which have been shown by in vitro testing to be serum bactericidal in at least a 1:8 dilution. The operative findings of invasion of the myocardium by the organism and the surgical success in this small series have resulted in our recommending earlier operation in patients with these indications.", "PMID": 423591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12151", "title": "Arteriovenous ECMO for neonatal respiratory support. A study in perigestational lambs.", "content": "A study was undertaken to investigate the applicability of the arteriovenous mode of perfusion for partial support of neonatal respiration. Perigestational lambs, delivered by cesarean section, served as the animal model of respiratory distress. Arteriovenous flow was accomplished between a single umbilical artery and vein. A microchannel membrane oxygenator was used to provide partial respiratory support to the newborn lambs. Total systemic flow, pulmonary blood flow, and pulmonary vascular resistance were assessed at various rates of arteriovenous perfusion and correlated with systemic oxygenation. A reduction in right-to-left shunting of blood and pulmonary vascular resistance occurred as arterial oxygenation rose from conditions of hypoxemia to PaO2 values higher than 50 torr. Myocardial performance was not impaired at rates of arteriovenous perfusion below 30 percent of the total systemic flow, as evidenced by normal electrocardiographic tracings, pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, and central venous pressures. Arteriovenous extracorporeal membrane oxgenation (ECMO) may be particularly suitable for use in infants with hypoxia and high pulmonary vascular resistance.", "contents": "Arteriovenous ECMO for neonatal respiratory support. A study in perigestational lambs. A study was undertaken to investigate the applicability of the arteriovenous mode of perfusion for partial support of neonatal respiration. Perigestational lambs, delivered by cesarean section, served as the animal model of respiratory distress. Arteriovenous flow was accomplished between a single umbilical artery and vein. A microchannel membrane oxygenator was used to provide partial respiratory support to the newborn lambs. Total systemic flow, pulmonary blood flow, and pulmonary vascular resistance were assessed at various rates of arteriovenous perfusion and correlated with systemic oxygenation. A reduction in right-to-left shunting of blood and pulmonary vascular resistance occurred as arterial oxygenation rose from conditions of hypoxemia to PaO2 values higher than 50 torr. Myocardial performance was not impaired at rates of arteriovenous perfusion below 30 percent of the total systemic flow, as evidenced by normal electrocardiographic tracings, pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, and central venous pressures. Arteriovenous extracorporeal membrane oxgenation (ECMO) may be particularly suitable for use in infants with hypoxia and high pulmonary vascular resistance.", "PMID": 423593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12152", "title": "Potassium-induced cardioplegia during normothermic cardiac arrest. Morphologic study of the effect of varying concentrations of potassium on myocardial anoxic injury.", "content": "Most corrective procedures as well as myocardial revascularization require a period of cardiac arrest, and numerous methods have been proposed to protect the myocardium during this ischemic episode. Potassium-induced cardioplegia is one method that appears to be of benefit in this setting. Since it is recognized that myocardial necrosis may result at very high doses of potassium, we examined the effect of varying concentrations of potassium on myocardial anoxic injury. Using an isolated rat heart preparation, we evaluated anoxic injury occurring with cardioplegic solutions containing various concentrations of K+, ranging from 15 to 200 mEq. per liter, during a 50 minute normothermic arrest followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. The transverse  histologic sections of the left ventricular myocardium were analyzed for contraction band injury by morphometric and qualitative methods. Among the 62 animals studied the least severe anoxic injury was seen with K+ cardioplegia at concentrations of 25 and 30 mEq. per liter. At lower and higher concentrations there was little difference between the hearts exposed to anoxia with or without K+ cardioplegia. Potassium administered in very high doses, i.e., 100 or 200 mEq. of K+ per liter, led to contracture and extensive myocardial cell injury. This study suggests that potassium-induced cardioplegia is effective in reducing cell injury due to anoxia, and in this model an optimal concentration range was 25 to 30 mEq. per liter.", "contents": "Potassium-induced cardioplegia during normothermic cardiac arrest. Morphologic study of the effect of varying concentrations of potassium on myocardial anoxic injury. Most corrective procedures as well as myocardial revascularization require a period of cardiac arrest, and numerous methods have been proposed to protect the myocardium during this ischemic episode. Potassium-induced cardioplegia is one method that appears to be of benefit in this setting. Since it is recognized that myocardial necrosis may result at very high doses of potassium, we examined the effect of varying concentrations of potassium on myocardial anoxic injury. Using an isolated rat heart preparation, we evaluated anoxic injury occurring with cardioplegic solutions containing various concentrations of K+, ranging from 15 to 200 mEq. per liter, during a 50 minute normothermic arrest followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. The transverse  histologic sections of the left ventricular myocardium were analyzed for contraction band injury by morphometric and qualitative methods. Among the 62 animals studied the least severe anoxic injury was seen with K+ cardioplegia at concentrations of 25 and 30 mEq. per liter. At lower and higher concentrations there was little difference between the hearts exposed to anoxia with or without K+ cardioplegia. Potassium administered in very high doses, i.e., 100 or 200 mEq. of K+ per liter, led to contracture and extensive myocardial cell injury. This study suggests that potassium-induced cardioplegia is effective in reducing cell injury due to anoxia, and in this model an optimal concentration range was 25 to 30 mEq. per liter.", "PMID": 423594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12153", "title": "Myocardial depression after elective ischemic arrest. Subcellular biochemistry and prevention.", "content": "The hemodynamic and cardiac biochemical effects of global ischemic arrest during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were studied in 54 animals and compared to seven animals without ischemic arrest. Ischemic arrest alone reduced the first derivative of left ventricular force of contraction (LV dF/dt) to 52 percent of control 10 minutes after resuming function and to 64 percent after 1 hour of reperfusion. Cardiac output was depressed to 52 percent of control after 10 minutes of reperfusion, and to 74 percent of control after 60 minutes of reperfusion. In six animals, moderate hypothermia (26 degrees C.) resulted in no protection of cardiac function from ischemic arrest, whereas profound hypothermia to 18 degrees C. resulted in values of LV dF/dt and cardiac output nearly equivalent to the CPB control group (no arrest). A continuous infusion of a hyperkalemic hypothermic solution slightly improved the degree of protection over hypothermia alone. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) isolated from hearts which had undergone 60 minutes of ischemic arrest bound significantly less calcium when the isolation was done after 10 minutes of reperfusion as well as when it was done after 60 minutes of reperfusion. The time to spontaneous release of calcium from the SR also was significantly longer. Moderate hypothermia did not result in improved SR function, whereas deep hypothermia induced by local cooling or by hypothermic potassium infusion retained SR function at normal levels. Oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria isolated after 60 minutes of reperfusion was also depressed. The mitochondrial respiration rate after normothermic ischemic arrest was 155 natoms of oxygen per minutes versus 237 natoms for the hypothermic hyperkalemic group. Respiratory control index was 5.5 for the normothermic group versus 9.4 for the hypothermic group. It is concluded that hypothermia, whether effected by surface cooling or by hypothermic potassium infusion, allowed full recovery of hemodynamic and biochemical functions within 1 hour of reperfusion.", "contents": "Myocardial depression after elective ischemic arrest. Subcellular biochemistry and prevention. The hemodynamic and cardiac biochemical effects of global ischemic arrest during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were studied in 54 animals and compared to seven animals without ischemic arrest. Ischemic arrest alone reduced the first derivative of left ventricular force of contraction (LV dF/dt) to 52 percent of control 10 minutes after resuming function and to 64 percent after 1 hour of reperfusion. Cardiac output was depressed to 52 percent of control after 10 minutes of reperfusion, and to 74 percent of control after 60 minutes of reperfusion. In six animals, moderate hypothermia (26 degrees C.) resulted in no protection of cardiac function from ischemic arrest, whereas profound hypothermia to 18 degrees C. resulted in values of LV dF/dt and cardiac output nearly equivalent to the CPB control group (no arrest). A continuous infusion of a hyperkalemic hypothermic solution slightly improved the degree of protection over hypothermia alone. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) isolated from hearts which had undergone 60 minutes of ischemic arrest bound significantly less calcium when the isolation was done after 10 minutes of reperfusion as well as when it was done after 60 minutes of reperfusion. The time to spontaneous release of calcium from the SR also was significantly longer. Moderate hypothermia did not result in improved SR function, whereas deep hypothermia induced by local cooling or by hypothermic potassium infusion retained SR function at normal levels. Oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria isolated after 60 minutes of reperfusion was also depressed. The mitochondrial respiration rate after normothermic ischemic arrest was 155 natoms of oxygen per minutes versus 237 natoms for the hypothermic hyperkalemic group. Respiratory control index was 5.5 for the normothermic group versus 9.4 for the hypothermic group. It is concluded that hypothermia, whether effected by surface cooling or by hypothermic potassium infusion, allowed full recovery of hemodynamic and biochemical functions within 1 hour of reperfusion.", "PMID": 423595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12154", "title": "Acute hypertension: its significance in traumatic aortic rupture.", "content": "Traumatic aortic rupture is a common occurrence associated with 16 percent of deaths from automobile accidents. Through a review of current literature and two recent cases from The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, we have attempted to elucidate a common physical finding, acute hypertension associated with blunt chest trauma, and prove its significance as a diagnostic clue to traumatic rupture of the aorta. New laboratory findings of an aortic sympathetic reflex stimulated by stretching the aortic wall in the area of the isthmus provides a physiological explanation for the cause of hypertension after aortic trauma.", "contents": "Acute hypertension: its significance in traumatic aortic rupture. Traumatic aortic rupture is a common occurrence associated with 16 percent of deaths from automobile accidents. Through a review of current literature and two recent cases from The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, we have attempted to elucidate a common physical finding, acute hypertension associated with blunt chest trauma, and prove its significance as a diagnostic clue to traumatic rupture of the aorta. New laboratory findings of an aortic sympathetic reflex stimulated by stretching the aortic wall in the area of the isthmus provides a physiological explanation for the cause of hypertension after aortic trauma.", "PMID": 423596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12155", "title": "Placement of two transvenous permanent pacemaker leads in a single vein. Report of two cases.", "content": "In two cases of permanent transvenous pacemaker failure, the defective pacing electrode could not be removed. A second pacing electrode was placed in the same vein to avoid an additional operation. To our knowledge, this simple and effective procedure has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Placement of two transvenous permanent pacemaker leads in a single vein. Report of two cases. In two cases of permanent transvenous pacemaker failure, the defective pacing electrode could not be removed. A second pacing electrode was placed in the same vein to avoid an additional operation. To our knowledge, this simple and effective procedure has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 423597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12156", "title": "Cardiac valve replacement in congestive heart failure due to infective endocarditis.", "content": "From January 1961 to July 1974, 138 patients underwent cardiac valve replacement because of complications of infective endocarditis. The overall operative mortality was higher in patients with Class IV cardiac functional disability (17%) than in patients with Class III (7%) or II (8%). The mortality for patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement with Class IV disability was higher (22%) than that for patients with Class III (0) or II (6%). When compared with patients without infective endocarditis who had undergone cardiac valve replacement, the operative mortality per valve replacement was approximately the same when the degree of cardiac disability was the same at the time of surgery for both groups of patients. Patients with aortic regurgitant murmurs caused by infective endocarditis should be observed closely for the onset of heart failure, especially during the first month of disease. In patients with aortic or mitral incompetence, if heart failure develops or progresses during the first month, we believe that prompt cardiac valve replacement should be considered, because even heart failure that may initially appear mild often progresses to severe heart failure during this period.", "contents": "Cardiac valve replacement in congestive heart failure due to infective endocarditis. From January 1961 to July 1974, 138 patients underwent cardiac valve replacement because of complications of infective endocarditis. The overall operative mortality was higher in patients with Class IV cardiac functional disability (17%) than in patients with Class III (7%) or II (8%). The mortality for patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement with Class IV disability was higher (22%) than that for patients with Class III (0) or II (6%). When compared with patients without infective endocarditis who had undergone cardiac valve replacement, the operative mortality per valve replacement was approximately the same when the degree of cardiac disability was the same at the time of surgery for both groups of patients. Patients with aortic regurgitant murmurs caused by infective endocarditis should be observed closely for the onset of heart failure, especially during the first month of disease. In patients with aortic or mitral incompetence, if heart failure develops or progresses during the first month, we believe that prompt cardiac valve replacement should be considered, because even heart failure that may initially appear mild often progresses to severe heart failure during this period.", "PMID": 423601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12157", "title": "Drug abuse and dependency in patients with chronic pain.", "content": "Of 144 patients with chronic pain of nonmalignant cause, 35 (24%) were drug-dependent, 59 (41%) drug abusers, and 50 (35%) nonabusers. Codeine and oxycodone (Percodan) were most frequently abused. In regard to characteristics tested, differences between the groups were not great; but there was a significant difference in outcome between nonabuse and dependent groups. Early detection and treatment of drug abuse should minimize some of the difficulties involved in management of treatment-resistive patients with chronic pain.", "contents": "Drug abuse and dependency in patients with chronic pain. Of 144 patients with chronic pain of nonmalignant cause, 35 (24%) were drug-dependent, 59 (41%) drug abusers, and 50 (35%) nonabusers. Codeine and oxycodone (Percodan) were most frequently abused. In regard to characteristics tested, differences between the groups were not great; but there was a significant difference in outcome between nonabuse and dependent groups. Early detection and treatment of drug abuse should minimize some of the difficulties involved in management of treatment-resistive patients with chronic pain.", "PMID": 423603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12158", "title": "Cancer of the pancreas in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1935-1974.", "content": "All confirmed cases of pancreatic carcinoma in bona fida residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1935 through 1974 were identified and reviewed. The average annual age-adjusted incidence rates were 7.4 for males and 3.5 for females per 100,000 population. Rates increased with age for both sexes and increased slightly over the 40-year period of study, with lower incidence rates observed for rural inhabitants in the first 2 decades. At the time of diagnosis, almost 75% of patients were 60 years of age or older and adenocarcinoma was histologically identified in 92% of the cases. One-year survival was 11%, and all patients died within 3 years of the initial diagnosis. An association between pancreatic carcinoma and diabetes was noted. There does not appear to be a clear association with cholelithiasis or chronic pancreatitis. There was a high percentage (20%) of multiple primary carcinomas and an overrepresentation of metal workers observed among patients with pancreatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Cancer of the pancreas in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1935-1974. All confirmed cases of pancreatic carcinoma in bona fida residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1935 through 1974 were identified and reviewed. The average annual age-adjusted incidence rates were 7.4 for males and 3.5 for females per 100,000 population. Rates increased with age for both sexes and increased slightly over the 40-year period of study, with lower incidence rates observed for rural inhabitants in the first 2 decades. At the time of diagnosis, almost 75% of patients were 60 years of age or older and adenocarcinoma was histologically identified in 92% of the cases. One-year survival was 11%, and all patients died within 3 years of the initial diagnosis. An association between pancreatic carcinoma and diabetes was noted. There does not appear to be a clear association with cholelithiasis or chronic pancreatitis. There was a high percentage (20%) of multiple primary carcinomas and an overrepresentation of metal workers observed among patients with pancreatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 423604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12159", "title": "Ceroidosis in the \"brown bowel syndrome\".", "content": "A middle-aged patient with \"brown bowel syndrome\" or gastrointestinal ceroidosis manifested as malabsorption of undetermined cause is described. Autopsy revealed involvement of the entire gastrointestinal tract and unusual cardiac findings. Microscopically, the pigment responsible for the discoloration is a lipofuchsin that is deposited in the smooth muscle cells of the gastrointestinal tract. In all reported cases, ceroidosis was associated with some abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract--that is, malabsorption, steatorrhea, or gross local disease--with the possible exception of prolonged malnutrition. This case is also unusual because of the unexplained multifocal proliferative endocarditis. Vitamin E deficiency may be the common denominator of all these various disorders.", "contents": "Ceroidosis in the \"brown bowel syndrome\". A middle-aged patient with \"brown bowel syndrome\" or gastrointestinal ceroidosis manifested as malabsorption of undetermined cause is described. Autopsy revealed involvement of the entire gastrointestinal tract and unusual cardiac findings. Microscopically, the pigment responsible for the discoloration is a lipofuchsin that is deposited in the smooth muscle cells of the gastrointestinal tract. In all reported cases, ceroidosis was associated with some abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract--that is, malabsorption, steatorrhea, or gross local disease--with the possible exception of prolonged malnutrition. This case is also unusual because of the unexplained multifocal proliferative endocarditis. Vitamin E deficiency may be the common denominator of all these various disorders.", "PMID": 423605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12160", "title": "Osteoma: an unusual cause of amaurosis fugax.", "content": "A 16-year-old white boy presented with a history of amaurosis fugax associated with an afferent pupillary defect, proptosis, discomfort of the left eye. Tomograms of the skull and of the orbit revealed a lobulated 4-cm ivory osteoma arising from the left ethmoid sinus and extending into the maxillary sinus and left orbit. After surgical extirpation, visual acuity returned to normal and the papilledema resolved after 4 months. This patient is 1 of 37 patients with osteoma of the paranasal sinuses or of the orbit (or of both) who underwent surgical treatment at the Mayo Clinic between the years 1948 and 1977. Twelve of these patients had orbital involvement, and only these patients had ocular signs and symptoms.", "contents": "Osteoma: an unusual cause of amaurosis fugax. A 16-year-old white boy presented with a history of amaurosis fugax associated with an afferent pupillary defect, proptosis, discomfort of the left eye. Tomograms of the skull and of the orbit revealed a lobulated 4-cm ivory osteoma arising from the left ethmoid sinus and extending into the maxillary sinus and left orbit. After surgical extirpation, visual acuity returned to normal and the papilledema resolved after 4 months. This patient is 1 of 37 patients with osteoma of the paranasal sinuses or of the orbit (or of both) who underwent surgical treatment at the Mayo Clinic between the years 1948 and 1977. Twelve of these patients had orbital involvement, and only these patients had ocular signs and symptoms.", "PMID": 423606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12161", "title": "Primary cardiac myxosarcoma in a child.", "content": "This is a detailed clinical and autopsy documentation of a rare entity--primary cardiac myxosarcoma in a 29-month-old girl. The patient had sudden onset of right hemiplegia and angiographic evidence of multiple occlusions of the left middle cerebral artery. Subsequent M-mode and sector echocardiography showed a mobile, pedunculated left atrial tumor, which was excised. No other tumor mass was noted at the time of surgical exploration, and postoperatively, the patient received a course of chemotherapy (vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide). After a temporary improvement in her condition, the patient died following several days of rapid deterioration; this was 3 months after the onset of symptoms. Autopsy showed that death was due to brainstem herniation secondary to massive infiltration of the brain by tumor, and there were also widespread systemic metastases.", "contents": "Primary cardiac myxosarcoma in a child. This is a detailed clinical and autopsy documentation of a rare entity--primary cardiac myxosarcoma in a 29-month-old girl. The patient had sudden onset of right hemiplegia and angiographic evidence of multiple occlusions of the left middle cerebral artery. Subsequent M-mode and sector echocardiography showed a mobile, pedunculated left atrial tumor, which was excised. No other tumor mass was noted at the time of surgical exploration, and postoperatively, the patient received a course of chemotherapy (vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide). After a temporary improvement in her condition, the patient died following several days of rapid deterioration; this was 3 months after the onset of symptoms. Autopsy showed that death was due to brainstem herniation secondary to massive infiltration of the brain by tumor, and there were also widespread systemic metastases.", "PMID": 423607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12162", "title": "Development and degeneration of hearing in the C57/b16 mouse: relation of electrophysiologic responses from the round window and cochlear nucleus to cochlear anatomy and behavioral responses.", "content": "In disorders of the auditory organ associated with hearing loss, a correlation of the anatomical, behavioral and electrophysiological studies furnishes the investigator several parameters of study to better comprehend the hearing mechanism and the various anatomical structural dysfunctions that relate to the hearing loss. Mice are interesting to study because they carry several types of genes for hereditary deafness. Until recently, it was very difficult to train mice for behavioral hearing threshold testing; however, having developed such a method, the next step was to study the normal mice in these three parameters and extend the studies to mice with hereditary hearing loss. The type of mouse studied in this research was the C57/b16 strain which carries such a gene. The results of the studies indicate that the results of the behavioral and electrophysiological studies relate well to each other, and that light microscopic studies (if taken alone) do not furnish us with the actual functional capability of the structures of the inner ear. It is recommended (and it would be most valuable) that efforts should be made to collect and study human temporal bones with all three parameters of study for a better understanding of the structures of the human inner ear. Reference is made and recommendations given as to the parameters of studies while performing human electrocochleography.", "contents": "Development and degeneration of hearing in the C57/b16 mouse: relation of electrophysiologic responses from the round window and cochlear nucleus to cochlear anatomy and behavioral responses. In disorders of the auditory organ associated with hearing loss, a correlation of the anatomical, behavioral and electrophysiological studies furnishes the investigator several parameters of study to better comprehend the hearing mechanism and the various anatomical structural dysfunctions that relate to the hearing loss. Mice are interesting to study because they carry several types of genes for hereditary deafness. Until recently, it was very difficult to train mice for behavioral hearing threshold testing; however, having developed such a method, the next step was to study the normal mice in these three parameters and extend the studies to mice with hereditary hearing loss. The type of mouse studied in this research was the C57/b16 strain which carries such a gene. The results of the studies indicate that the results of the behavioral and electrophysiological studies relate well to each other, and that light microscopic studies (if taken alone) do not furnish us with the actual functional capability of the structures of the inner ear. It is recommended (and it would be most valuable) that efforts should be made to collect and study human temporal bones with all three parameters of study for a better understanding of the structures of the human inner ear. Reference is made and recommendations given as to the parameters of studies while performing human electrocochleography.", "PMID": 423642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12163", "title": "Tympanoplasty: TORPS and PORPS.", "content": "We reviewed 106 cases in which PlastiPoreTM prostheses were used for ossicular reconstruction. In all cases a piece of cartilage was interposed between the prosthesis and the tympanic membrane graft to prevent the potential problem of prosthesis extrusion. With total ossicular replacement prostheses (TORPs) 55% closed to within 10 db and 85% closed to within 20 db of the bone conduction level. Closure to within 10 db of the bone conduction level was accomplished in 64% of partial ossicular replacement prostheses (PORPs) cases. These results are better than obtained previously with either ossicles or cartilage alone.", "contents": "Tympanoplasty: TORPS and PORPS. We reviewed 106 cases in which PlastiPoreTM prostheses were used for ossicular reconstruction. In all cases a piece of cartilage was interposed between the prosthesis and the tympanic membrane graft to prevent the potential problem of prosthesis extrusion. With total ossicular replacement prostheses (TORPs) 55% closed to within 10 db and 85% closed to within 20 db of the bone conduction level. Closure to within 10 db of the bone conduction level was accomplished in 64% of partial ossicular replacement prostheses (PORPs) cases. These results are better than obtained previously with either ossicles or cartilage alone.", "PMID": 423643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12164", "title": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the air passages: report of three cases.", "content": "A review of the literature on tumors of the small salivary and mucous glands reveals that mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the upper respiratory system is a very rare occurrence. Three such cases are reported in detail, representing 3% of all tumors of small salivary and mucous gland origin recorded by the authors over a period of 20 years. This incidence is high. Follow-up was from 3 to 12 1/2 years.", "contents": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the air passages: report of three cases. A review of the literature on tumors of the small salivary and mucous glands reveals that mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the upper respiratory system is a very rare occurrence. Three such cases are reported in detail, representing 3% of all tumors of small salivary and mucous gland origin recorded by the authors over a period of 20 years. This incidence is high. Follow-up was from 3 to 12 1/2 years.", "PMID": 423644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12165", "title": "Transbronchial drainage of pulmonary abscesses with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.", "content": "Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy with multiplanar fluoroscopic control is shown to be effective in the transbronchial drainage of pulmonary abscesses. A new technique which permits the intracavitary placement of brush forceps and fine arterial catheters is described. This has facilitated the rapid defervescence of fever and established immediate endobronchial drainage. Seventy percent of patients had complete radiographic closure of their abscess cavities at three months. Clinical findings are presented and the role of aspiration in pathogenesis of pulmonary abscess is stressed.", "contents": "Transbronchial drainage of pulmonary abscesses with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy with multiplanar fluoroscopic control is shown to be effective in the transbronchial drainage of pulmonary abscesses. A new technique which permits the intracavitary placement of brush forceps and fine arterial catheters is described. This has facilitated the rapid defervescence of fever and established immediate endobronchial drainage. Seventy percent of patients had complete radiographic closure of their abscess cavities at three months. Clinical findings are presented and the role of aspiration in pathogenesis of pulmonary abscess is stressed.", "PMID": 423645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12166", "title": "Spasmodic dysphonia: abductor type. A clinical report of acoustic, aerodynamic and perceptual characteristics.", "content": "Two case studies of spasmodic dysphonia (abductor type) are presented with acoustic and aerodynamic documentation. The abductor type is characterized clinically as exhibiting intermittent moderate to severe breathiness accompanied by sudden drops in pitch. These phenomena are interpreted as intermittent abductor vocal fold spasms. Complete case histories including voice therapy and their results are presented.", "contents": "Spasmodic dysphonia: abductor type. A clinical report of acoustic, aerodynamic and perceptual characteristics. Two case studies of spasmodic dysphonia (abductor type) are presented with acoustic and aerodynamic documentation. The abductor type is characterized clinically as exhibiting intermittent moderate to severe breathiness accompanied by sudden drops in pitch. These phenomena are interpreted as intermittent abductor vocal fold spasms. Complete case histories including voice therapy and their results are presented.", "PMID": 423646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12167", "title": "Wegener's granulomatosis: unusual indication for orbital decompression.", "content": "Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is characterized by granulomatous vasculitis of the upper and lower respiratory tract together with glomerulonephritis. The majority of cases have ocular, sinus and ear symptomatology. A case is presented with severe granulomatous disease of the sinuses with contiguous spread to the orbit producing exophthalmos and decreased vision. An orbital decompression relieved the pressure and preserved vision. The definitive medical therapy for WG is cyclophosphamide. Emergency orbital decompression may be necessary to preserve vision in WG in patients with rapidly decreasing vision secondary to high intraocular pressure produced by the granulomatous process.", "contents": "Wegener's granulomatosis: unusual indication for orbital decompression. Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is characterized by granulomatous vasculitis of the upper and lower respiratory tract together with glomerulonephritis. The majority of cases have ocular, sinus and ear symptomatology. A case is presented with severe granulomatous disease of the sinuses with contiguous spread to the orbit producing exophthalmos and decreased vision. An orbital decompression relieved the pressure and preserved vision. The definitive medical therapy for WG is cyclophosphamide. Emergency orbital decompression may be necessary to preserve vision in WG in patients with rapidly decreasing vision secondary to high intraocular pressure produced by the granulomatous process.", "PMID": 423647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12168", "title": "Technique for construction of facial moulage.", "content": "A technique for fabrication of a facial moulage is described which is both simple and useful in preoperative evaluation for selected facial plastic-reconstructive procedures. There are many alternative methods and materials that could be used; the one described here is the one which best suits our needs. These techniques have been used by many people for many years and no claim is being made for any innovation in this regard. However, a simple, clear, step by step explanation of this technique is described.", "contents": "Technique for construction of facial moulage. A technique for fabrication of a facial moulage is described which is both simple and useful in preoperative evaluation for selected facial plastic-reconstructive procedures. There are many alternative methods and materials that could be used; the one described here is the one which best suits our needs. These techniques have been used by many people for many years and no claim is being made for any innovation in this regard. However, a simple, clear, step by step explanation of this technique is described.", "PMID": 423649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12169", "title": "Epidemiology of otitis media--an interracial study.", "content": "An epidemiologic study was done comparing blacks versus whites with regard to the incidence of altered middle ear function or otitis media. Three separate groups were evaluated. All variables were controlled except for race. There appears to be statistically significant less otitis media or altered middle ear function in the black race than the white race.", "contents": "Epidemiology of otitis media--an interracial study. An epidemiologic study was done comparing blacks versus whites with regard to the incidence of altered middle ear function or otitis media. Three separate groups were evaluated. All variables were controlled except for race. There appears to be statistically significant less otitis media or altered middle ear function in the black race than the white race.", "PMID": 423650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12170", "title": "Endolymphatic hydrops and otitis media.", "content": "Clinical observation of patients with fluctuant sensorineural hearing loss following or occurring with chronic otitis media led to the hypothesis that endolymphatic hydrops can result from chronic otitis media. Illustrative case reports are described. This hypothesis resulted in a temporal bone study of 560 cases in which 109 temporal bones demonstrated the presence of hydrops and 194 evidenced otitis media. Seventy-five cases demonstrated both otitis media and hydrops, of which 20 cases were selected for more detailed histopathological study. An interesting finding was the presence of apical hydrops in every case of the latter group. Statistical interpretation of this data helped rule out a coincidental or chance occurrence. A discussion of this clinical relationship included the significance of subclinical (silent) otitis media as a possible cause of endolymphatic hydrops.", "contents": "Endolymphatic hydrops and otitis media. Clinical observation of patients with fluctuant sensorineural hearing loss following or occurring with chronic otitis media led to the hypothesis that endolymphatic hydrops can result from chronic otitis media. Illustrative case reports are described. This hypothesis resulted in a temporal bone study of 560 cases in which 109 temporal bones demonstrated the presence of hydrops and 194 evidenced otitis media. Seventy-five cases demonstrated both otitis media and hydrops, of which 20 cases were selected for more detailed histopathological study. An interesting finding was the presence of apical hydrops in every case of the latter group. Statistical interpretation of this data helped rule out a coincidental or chance occurrence. A discussion of this clinical relationship included the significance of subclinical (silent) otitis media as a possible cause of endolymphatic hydrops.", "PMID": 423652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12171", "title": "The double-membrane break syndrome in sudden hearing loss.", "content": "Some patients with sudden hearing loss actually have two membrane breaks, one at the oval or round window and one further inside the cochlea. One may heal spontaneously and the other not, or both, or neither. It is very likely impossible to detect this early from the threshold audiogram, because the intracochlear breaks allows endolymph and perilymph mixing which spreads over much of the anatomically normal clchlea causing diffuse loss of function. This theory is illustrated by three case histories.", "contents": "The double-membrane break syndrome in sudden hearing loss. Some patients with sudden hearing loss actually have two membrane breaks, one at the oval or round window and one further inside the cochlea. One may heal spontaneously and the other not, or both, or neither. It is very likely impossible to detect this early from the threshold audiogram, because the intracochlear breaks allows endolymph and perilymph mixing which spreads over much of the anatomically normal clchlea causing diffuse loss of function. This theory is illustrated by three case histories.", "PMID": 423653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12172", "title": "Cholesteatoma surgery: management of the labyrinthine fistula--a report of 97 cases.", "content": "Preoperative, operative and postoperative findings in 97 cases of labyrinthine fistula are presented. Most of these patients had had symptoms of chronic otitis media for 20 years or more and manifested some degree of sensorineural hearing impairment. Two-thirds had experienced dizziness. The fistula was limited to the lateral semicircular canal in 83 cases and involved the labyrinth more extensively in 14 instances. The intact canal wall technique was used in less than 60% and an open cavity technique in 25% of the cases. Severe or total sensorineural hearing impairment developed postoperatively in 8% of the lateral canal cases and in over half of the extensive fistula cases. Five percent had incapacitating dizziness for up to six months postoperatively. When a labyrinthine fistula is encountered in an only hearing ear we usually recommend a classical modified radical mastoidectomy. In other instances the procedure performed will vary with the status of the opposite ear, the extent of the fistula, the sensorineural function of the involved ear and the size of the mastoid.", "contents": "Cholesteatoma surgery: management of the labyrinthine fistula--a report of 97 cases. Preoperative, operative and postoperative findings in 97 cases of labyrinthine fistula are presented. Most of these patients had had symptoms of chronic otitis media for 20 years or more and manifested some degree of sensorineural hearing impairment. Two-thirds had experienced dizziness. The fistula was limited to the lateral semicircular canal in 83 cases and involved the labyrinth more extensively in 14 instances. The intact canal wall technique was used in less than 60% and an open cavity technique in 25% of the cases. Severe or total sensorineural hearing impairment developed postoperatively in 8% of the lateral canal cases and in over half of the extensive fistula cases. Five percent had incapacitating dizziness for up to six months postoperatively. When a labyrinthine fistula is encountered in an only hearing ear we usually recommend a classical modified radical mastoidectomy. In other instances the procedure performed will vary with the status of the opposite ear, the extent of the fistula, the sensorineural function of the involved ear and the size of the mastoid.", "PMID": 423655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12173", "title": "The ultrastructure of the endolymphatic sac in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease.", "content": "Meniere's disease is a well recognized clinical entity, yet the etiology and pathophysiology of the disease is not fully understood. Impaired endolymphatic sac function resulting in faulty reabsorption of endolymph has been implicated in the production of the disease. The histopathological findings from biopsied sac specimens and observed by transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electronmicroscopy in two patients with early Meniere's disease are presented and discussed. Extensive subepithelial fibrosis with loss of vascularity and obliteration of portions of the lumen of the endolymphatic sac by an ingrowth of collagen is noted in both specimens. The implications of these findings are discussed and the need for more TEM and SEM studies of inner ear disorders is stressed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the endolymphatic sac in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. Meniere's disease is a well recognized clinical entity, yet the etiology and pathophysiology of the disease is not fully understood. Impaired endolymphatic sac function resulting in faulty reabsorption of endolymph has been implicated in the production of the disease. The histopathological findings from biopsied sac specimens and observed by transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electronmicroscopy in two patients with early Meniere's disease are presented and discussed. Extensive subepithelial fibrosis with loss of vascularity and obliteration of portions of the lumen of the endolymphatic sac by an ingrowth of collagen is noted in both specimens. The implications of these findings are discussed and the need for more TEM and SEM studies of inner ear disorders is stressed.", "PMID": 423657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12174", "title": "New patterns in genetic and congenital otonephropathies.", "content": "In a series of chronic renal and congenitally deaf patients 24 were identified as having inborn renal and otologic disease. Sixteen patients, representing 14 families, had genetic disorders. Only two had the features of Alport's syndrome. The patients were classified as follows: 1) Probable Alport's--2 patients (1 family); 2) Atypical hereditary nephritis and sensorineural hearing loss--7 patients; 3) Renal and inner ear anomalies--1 patient; 4) Renal, inner ear and multiple anomalies--4 patients. The temporal bone pathology in one case showed primary neural atrophy and a mild Mondini malformation. In another a Scheibe defect and unusual calcific structures were found in the cochlear duct. 5) Renal, external or middle ear and multiple anomalies--6 patients (5 families); 6 Renal, middle and inner ear anomalies and multiple anomalies--2 patients. A temporal bone obtained from one case showed combined middle and inner ear defects. In the other, who had a chromosome defect, predominantly middle ear anomalies were found. 7) Nephrotic syndrome and congenital hearing loss--1 patient; 8) Unclassified--1 patient. Some cases represent entities apparently not previously described. Probably most interesting is the delineation of hereditary nephritis and deafness distinct from Alport's disease.", "contents": "New patterns in genetic and congenital otonephropathies. In a series of chronic renal and congenitally deaf patients 24 were identified as having inborn renal and otologic disease. Sixteen patients, representing 14 families, had genetic disorders. Only two had the features of Alport's syndrome. The patients were classified as follows: 1) Probable Alport's--2 patients (1 family); 2) Atypical hereditary nephritis and sensorineural hearing loss--7 patients; 3) Renal and inner ear anomalies--1 patient; 4) Renal, inner ear and multiple anomalies--4 patients. The temporal bone pathology in one case showed primary neural atrophy and a mild Mondini malformation. In another a Scheibe defect and unusual calcific structures were found in the cochlear duct. 5) Renal, external or middle ear and multiple anomalies--6 patients (5 families); 6 Renal, middle and inner ear anomalies and multiple anomalies--2 patients. A temporal bone obtained from one case showed combined middle and inner ear defects. In the other, who had a chromosome defect, predominantly middle ear anomalies were found. 7) Nephrotic syndrome and congenital hearing loss--1 patient; 8) Unclassified--1 patient. Some cases represent entities apparently not previously described. Probably most interesting is the delineation of hereditary nephritis and deafness distinct from Alport's disease.", "PMID": 423658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12175", "title": "Hearing results following atticotomy.", "content": "Transmeatal atticotomy, a common otosurgical procedure near the turn of the century, has since enjoyed only sporadic periods of popularity. An earlier report illustrated the efficacy of the atticotomy operation in ablating cholesteatoma in 83% of cases. However, the ossicular chain usually suffers discontinuity either through erosion by cholesteatoma or surgical disarticulation. In ears with an intact chain, the incudostapedial joint is usually separated to avoid injury that may be transmitted to the inner ear if the rotating burr contacts the ossicles. The purpose of this paper is to portray the types of hearing restoration attempted and the results achieved in 55 patients who had an atticotomy procedure and had been followed for six months to eight years. The number of patients who attained serviceable hearing are compared to those that did not, with regard to such factors as the hearing level and state of the ossicles preoperatively as well as the extent of the surgery required for removal of the disease. The hearing results in these patients who underwent atticotomy compare favorably to those cited in the literature for tympanoplasties done with the modified radical mastoidectomy or the intact canal wall tympanomastoidectomy.", "contents": "Hearing results following atticotomy. Transmeatal atticotomy, a common otosurgical procedure near the turn of the century, has since enjoyed only sporadic periods of popularity. An earlier report illustrated the efficacy of the atticotomy operation in ablating cholesteatoma in 83% of cases. However, the ossicular chain usually suffers discontinuity either through erosion by cholesteatoma or surgical disarticulation. In ears with an intact chain, the incudostapedial joint is usually separated to avoid injury that may be transmitted to the inner ear if the rotating burr contacts the ossicles. The purpose of this paper is to portray the types of hearing restoration attempted and the results achieved in 55 patients who had an atticotomy procedure and had been followed for six months to eight years. The number of patients who attained serviceable hearing are compared to those that did not, with regard to such factors as the hearing level and state of the ossicles preoperatively as well as the extent of the surgery required for removal of the disease. The hearing results in these patients who underwent atticotomy compare favorably to those cited in the literature for tympanoplasties done with the modified radical mastoidectomy or the intact canal wall tympanomastoidectomy.", "PMID": 423659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12176", "title": "Surgical management of petrous apex meningioma.", "content": "When centered in the petrous apex, meningiomas behave like other neoplasms occuring in that region. The petrous apex can be approached by several routes: posterior craniectomy; middle fossa craniectomy; translabyrinthine, transcochlear, and transethmoidosphenoid approaches. A patient harboring a malignant meningioma in her petrous apex is presented. A middle fossa craniectomy, coupled with posterior displacement of the facial nerve, allowed access to the entire temporal bone from above. The patient received postoperative irradiation.", "contents": "Surgical management of petrous apex meningioma. When centered in the petrous apex, meningiomas behave like other neoplasms occuring in that region. The petrous apex can be approached by several routes: posterior craniectomy; middle fossa craniectomy; translabyrinthine, transcochlear, and transethmoidosphenoid approaches. A patient harboring a malignant meningioma in her petrous apex is presented. A middle fossa craniectomy, coupled with posterior displacement of the facial nerve, allowed access to the entire temporal bone from above. The patient received postoperative irradiation.", "PMID": 423660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12177", "title": "Brain radiation necrosis following treatment of an esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neurocytoma).", "content": "Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon malignant nasal tumor which may be difficult to diagnose. Once diagnosed, selection of treatment may be a dilemma. Some advocate preoperative radiation and surgery; others, surgery and postoperative radiation if needed. A case that developed brain necrosis from postoperative radiation is presented. It is felt that the possibility exists that the patient might still be living with tumor had irradiation not been given. This is a plea for the conservative approach to treatment. The author agrees with John S. Lewis that it is unwise to use all modalities at once as there is no definite evidence that any one method of treatment or a combination of surgery and irradiation will alter the prognosis. The paper stresses the brain hazards of irradiation.", "contents": "Brain radiation necrosis following treatment of an esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neurocytoma). Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon malignant nasal tumor which may be difficult to diagnose. Once diagnosed, selection of treatment may be a dilemma. Some advocate preoperative radiation and surgery; others, surgery and postoperative radiation if needed. A case that developed brain necrosis from postoperative radiation is presented. It is felt that the possibility exists that the patient might still be living with tumor had irradiation not been given. This is a plea for the conservative approach to treatment. The author agrees with John S. Lewis that it is unwise to use all modalities at once as there is no definite evidence that any one method of treatment or a combination of surgery and irradiation will alter the prognosis. The paper stresses the brain hazards of irradiation.", "PMID": 423661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12178", "title": "The ultrastructural diagnosis of tumors of the head and neck.", "content": "Electron microscopy has proved to be a valuable diagnostic tool in surgical pathology. As shown in three illustrative cases, the procedure is most useful in accurately classifying light microscopically diagnosed undifferentiated tumors of the head and neck, and is also helpful in predicting the origin of cervical lymph node metastasis in occult cancer. It also serves to quality control diagnoses made by light microscopy. All surgical specimens are fixed in a fixative that gives adequate ultrastuctural preservation and allows retrieval and examination by electron microscopy, if indicated. Recent technical improvements have resulted in a turn-around time of less than two days, thus making diagnostic electron microscopy clinically useful. The ultrastructural examination of undifferentiated tumors has a high diagnostic yield, often obviating additional diagnostic procedures and exploratory surgery. The correct diagnosis results in appropriate therapy and accurate assessment of prognosis.", "contents": "The ultrastructural diagnosis of tumors of the head and neck. Electron microscopy has proved to be a valuable diagnostic tool in surgical pathology. As shown in three illustrative cases, the procedure is most useful in accurately classifying light microscopically diagnosed undifferentiated tumors of the head and neck, and is also helpful in predicting the origin of cervical lymph node metastasis in occult cancer. It also serves to quality control diagnoses made by light microscopy. All surgical specimens are fixed in a fixative that gives adequate ultrastuctural preservation and allows retrieval and examination by electron microscopy, if indicated. Recent technical improvements have resulted in a turn-around time of less than two days, thus making diagnostic electron microscopy clinically useful. The ultrastructural examination of undifferentiated tumors has a high diagnostic yield, often obviating additional diagnostic procedures and exploratory surgery. The correct diagnosis results in appropriate therapy and accurate assessment of prognosis.", "PMID": 423662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12179", "title": "Treatment of spastic dysphonia by recurrent laryngeal nerve section.", "content": "The problem of management of patients with spastic dysphonia has been complicated by a general resistance to speech therapy, psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, and drug therapy. Dedo introduced the concept of recurrent laryngeal nerve section in an attempt to eliminate the hyperfunction and excessive adduction of the vocal folds. Eleven patients were treated by RLN section with satisfactory results in 8 and some improvement in the other 3. The operation was found to be generally uncomplicated and required on average 4 days of hospitalization. Dedo's theory that spastic dysphonia is caused by a neurotropic viral-induced proprioceptive nerve deficit represents a new search for organic cause. His most recent report of finding unmyelinated fibres in one-third of the resected recurrent laryngeal nerves is of questionable significance. The evidence of deep emotional conflict and/or compulsive life-style is found in the majority of the patients, but the syndrome is not typical of an hysterical or conversion neurosis. Regardless of etiologic theory, RLN section is an effective treatment in selected, long-standing, and resistant instances of spastic dysphonia.", "contents": "Treatment of spastic dysphonia by recurrent laryngeal nerve section. The problem of management of patients with spastic dysphonia has been complicated by a general resistance to speech therapy, psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, and drug therapy. Dedo introduced the concept of recurrent laryngeal nerve section in an attempt to eliminate the hyperfunction and excessive adduction of the vocal folds. Eleven patients were treated by RLN section with satisfactory results in 8 and some improvement in the other 3. The operation was found to be generally uncomplicated and required on average 4 days of hospitalization. Dedo's theory that spastic dysphonia is caused by a neurotropic viral-induced proprioceptive nerve deficit represents a new search for organic cause. His most recent report of finding unmyelinated fibres in one-third of the resected recurrent laryngeal nerves is of questionable significance. The evidence of deep emotional conflict and/or compulsive life-style is found in the majority of the patients, but the syndrome is not typical of an hysterical or conversion neurosis. Regardless of etiologic theory, RLN section is an effective treatment in selected, long-standing, and resistant instances of spastic dysphonia.", "PMID": 423663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12180", "title": "Prevention of major and minor fistulae after laryngectomy.", "content": "Every Head and Neck surgeon has special techniques which he uses to get maximum rates of five-year survival and minimum fistula formation, especially major fistula and carotid rupture. The literature reflects a wide variation in the rate of fistula formation. We reviewed the senior author's prior 78 total laryngectomies and noted a fistula rate of 10.3% (6.4% minor fistulae and 3.9% major fistulae). We also reviewed contributing factors and discuss surgical techniques designed to minimize fistula formation.", "contents": "Prevention of major and minor fistulae after laryngectomy. Every Head and Neck surgeon has special techniques which he uses to get maximum rates of five-year survival and minimum fistula formation, especially major fistula and carotid rupture. The literature reflects a wide variation in the rate of fistula formation. We reviewed the senior author's prior 78 total laryngectomies and noted a fistula rate of 10.3% (6.4% minor fistulae and 3.9% major fistulae). We also reviewed contributing factors and discuss surgical techniques designed to minimize fistula formation.", "PMID": 423664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12181", "title": "A retrospective study of traumatic tympanic membrane perforations in a clinical practice.", "content": "A retrospective study of 227 traumatic tympanic membrane perforations was made. These perforations were treated in a clinical practice of otolaryngology between January 1969 and July 1977. The following conclusions were supported by the data obtained: 1. Larger perforations are less likely to heal spontaneously. 2. Lightning and molten metal injuries are less likely to heal spontaneously. 3. Final healing and hearing results are good regardless of the mode of therapy employed. 4. Spontaneous healing gives better results than early surgical intervention. 5. Infection adversely affects healing in traumatic perforations. Based on information delineated in the paper, a logical plan of treatment for traumatic perforations is presented.", "contents": "A retrospective study of traumatic tympanic membrane perforations in a clinical practice. A retrospective study of 227 traumatic tympanic membrane perforations was made. These perforations were treated in a clinical practice of otolaryngology between January 1969 and July 1977. The following conclusions were supported by the data obtained: 1. Larger perforations are less likely to heal spontaneously. 2. Lightning and molten metal injuries are less likely to heal spontaneously. 3. Final healing and hearing results are good regardless of the mode of therapy employed. 4. Spontaneous healing gives better results than early surgical intervention. 5. Infection adversely affects healing in traumatic perforations. Based on information delineated in the paper, a logical plan of treatment for traumatic perforations is presented.", "PMID": 423665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12182", "title": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid as a laryngeal problem.", "content": "A neuroendocrine secreting tumor, initially presenting as a laryngeal problem, is reported. Subglottic biopsy, first interpreted as paraganglioma, was finally diagnosed as medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. The complex testing required to arrive at an accurate diagnosis of this uncommon thyroid malignancy is discussed. The sparse occurrence of the neoplasm in the laryngologic field, as well as the necessity for differentiating it from other neuroendocrine tumors, bear consideration.", "contents": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid as a laryngeal problem. A neuroendocrine secreting tumor, initially presenting as a laryngeal problem, is reported. Subglottic biopsy, first interpreted as paraganglioma, was finally diagnosed as medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. The complex testing required to arrive at an accurate diagnosis of this uncommon thyroid malignancy is discussed. The sparse occurrence of the neoplasm in the laryngologic field, as well as the necessity for differentiating it from other neuroendocrine tumors, bear consideration.", "PMID": 423666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12183", "title": "Clinical trial of diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) in nasal and nasopharyngeal rhinosporidiosis.", "content": "Rhinosporidiosis is a fairly common problem for the Otolaryngologist in many parts of the world, because of its prompt recurrence after surgical excision. Though not a fatal disease, it inflicts various kinds of social and economic strain on the patients and their families. No medical treatment has been found to be effective in controlling rhinosporidiosis. Such drugs as griseofulvin and amphotericin have been tried without much benefit. In this clinical trial with dapsone on 32 patients (71.4%) did not have recurrence in a three year period and none of them needed surgery in that period. Thirty-two patients were used as controls, and 93% of them needed surgery for recurrent rhinosporidiosis in the same three year period. Dapsone (diaminodiphenylsulfone) is a relatively safe drug to use, and no major side effects were noticed in this trial.", "contents": "Clinical trial of diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) in nasal and nasopharyngeal rhinosporidiosis. Rhinosporidiosis is a fairly common problem for the Otolaryngologist in many parts of the world, because of its prompt recurrence after surgical excision. Though not a fatal disease, it inflicts various kinds of social and economic strain on the patients and their families. No medical treatment has been found to be effective in controlling rhinosporidiosis. Such drugs as griseofulvin and amphotericin have been tried without much benefit. In this clinical trial with dapsone on 32 patients (71.4%) did not have recurrence in a three year period and none of them needed surgery in that period. Thirty-two patients were used as controls, and 93% of them needed surgery for recurrent rhinosporidiosis in the same three year period. Dapsone (diaminodiphenylsulfone) is a relatively safe drug to use, and no major side effects were noticed in this trial.", "PMID": 423667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12184", "title": "Dermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth and lateral neck.", "content": "Dermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth and submandibular area represent an unusual clinical entity. We present three such cases and review their clinical presentation and pathologic classification. This study stresses the importance of recognizing and excising any tract leading from such cysts to the midline mandible or hyoid, in order to avoid a recurrence, since these tracts may be epithelialized.", "contents": "Dermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth and lateral neck. Dermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth and submandibular area represent an unusual clinical entity. We present three such cases and review their clinical presentation and pathologic classification. This study stresses the importance of recognizing and excising any tract leading from such cysts to the midline mandible or hyoid, in order to avoid a recurrence, since these tracts may be epithelialized.", "PMID": 423668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12185", "title": "The effect of static tympanic pressure gradients on hearing sensitivity in normal subjects.", "content": "The effects of static tympanic air pressure gradients on hearing sensitivity was studied by introducing overpressures of 100 mm H2O to 400 mm H2O into the ear canals of 22 normal subjects. Sweep frequency threshold measures were obtained using a pressure-tight probe transducer driven by a Bekesy automatic audiometer. These gradients of tympanic pressure disequilibrium produced threshold losses through 4000 Hz, most prominently for the region of 500 to 1000 Hz, that increased systematically with the degree of overpressure. The data may be useful in estimating the degree of conductive loss associated with middle ears presenting retraction without effusion and normally compliant though negatively skewed tympanograms.", "contents": "The effect of static tympanic pressure gradients on hearing sensitivity in normal subjects. The effects of static tympanic air pressure gradients on hearing sensitivity was studied by introducing overpressures of 100 mm H2O to 400 mm H2O into the ear canals of 22 normal subjects. Sweep frequency threshold measures were obtained using a pressure-tight probe transducer driven by a Bekesy automatic audiometer. These gradients of tympanic pressure disequilibrium produced threshold losses through 4000 Hz, most prominently for the region of 500 to 1000 Hz, that increased systematically with the degree of overpressure. The data may be useful in estimating the degree of conductive loss associated with middle ears presenting retraction without effusion and normally compliant though negatively skewed tympanograms.", "PMID": 423669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12186", "title": "The screening value of monothermal caloric tests.", "content": "A valid screening caloric test should decrease examination time, increase patient comfort and maintain a high degree of sensitivity in predicting bithermal (BT) caloric results. This prospective study of 362 consecutive electronystagmograms (ENG) compared right/left (R/L) difference results obtained using monothermal (MT) warm and cold irrigations alone with that of the (combined) BT tests. Comparing MT warm and cold irrigations, false negative (normal MT but abnormal BT test) results were obtained in 14% and 25% of irrigations, while false positive (abnormal MT but normal BT test) information was obtained in 22% and 15% of irrigations, respectively. False negative MT tests preclude detection of the abnormal BT test, while false positive tests require unnecessary completion of the BT caloric irrigations. This lack of diagnostic sensitivity limits the usefulness of the MT irrigation as a screening test.", "contents": "The screening value of monothermal caloric tests. A valid screening caloric test should decrease examination time, increase patient comfort and maintain a high degree of sensitivity in predicting bithermal (BT) caloric results. This prospective study of 362 consecutive electronystagmograms (ENG) compared right/left (R/L) difference results obtained using monothermal (MT) warm and cold irrigations alone with that of the (combined) BT tests. Comparing MT warm and cold irrigations, false negative (normal MT but abnormal BT test) results were obtained in 14% and 25% of irrigations, while false positive (abnormal MT but normal BT test) information was obtained in 22% and 15% of irrigations, respectively. False negative MT tests preclude detection of the abnormal BT test, while false positive tests require unnecessary completion of the BT caloric irrigations. This lack of diagnostic sensitivity limits the usefulness of the MT irrigation as a screening test.", "PMID": 423670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12187", "title": "Lipogenesis in the developing brain: utilization of radioactive leucine, isoleucine, octanoic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid.", "content": "Incorporation of radioactivity from intracranially injected radioactive leucine, isoleucine (ketogenic amino acids), octanoic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid into the brain lipids of 15 to 16 day-old rats was examined. The results showed that radioactivity from all the above precursors was incorporated into brain lipids. Radioactivity from injected isoleucine was incorporated into odd numbered fatty acids indicating an alternate pathway to alpha-oxidation for the biosynthesis of these fatty acids in the brain. For some as yet unclear reasons, a substantial portion of the radioactivity from injected octanoic acid was incorporated into free fatty acids. Utilization of these compounds for providing carbon for lipogenesis during development under unstressed normal conditions is discussed.", "contents": "Lipogenesis in the developing brain: utilization of radioactive leucine, isoleucine, octanoic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Incorporation of radioactivity from intracranially injected radioactive leucine, isoleucine (ketogenic amino acids), octanoic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid into the brain lipids of 15 to 16 day-old rats was examined. The results showed that radioactivity from all the above precursors was incorporated into brain lipids. Radioactivity from injected isoleucine was incorporated into odd numbered fatty acids indicating an alternate pathway to alpha-oxidation for the biosynthesis of these fatty acids in the brain. For some as yet unclear reasons, a substantial portion of the radioactivity from injected octanoic acid was incorporated into free fatty acids. Utilization of these compounds for providing carbon for lipogenesis during development under unstressed normal conditions is discussed.", "PMID": 423709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12188", "title": "Occurrence of plant sterols in aquatic vertebrates.", "content": "Plant sterols were found by gas liquid chromatography in the sterols of five species of aquatic vertebrates; mackerel (Scomber japonicus), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii), smelt (Osmerus dentex), sardine (Sardinops melanosticta) and chimera (Chimera phantasma). The sterols of chimera liver, sardine flesh and sardine viscera contained 9.0, 2.4 and 3.1% of C28 and C29 sterols in addition to 86.7, 96.6 and 95.2% of cholesterol. The occurrence of norcholestandienol, campesterol, beta-sitosterol and C28 stanol was shown by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sperm whale (Physeter catodon) sterols consisted of more than 99% cholesterol with only traces of 22-dehydrocholesterol.", "contents": "Occurrence of plant sterols in aquatic vertebrates. Plant sterols were found by gas liquid chromatography in the sterols of five species of aquatic vertebrates; mackerel (Scomber japonicus), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii), smelt (Osmerus dentex), sardine (Sardinops melanosticta) and chimera (Chimera phantasma). The sterols of chimera liver, sardine flesh and sardine viscera contained 9.0, 2.4 and 3.1% of C28 and C29 sterols in addition to 86.7, 96.6 and 95.2% of cholesterol. The occurrence of norcholestandienol, campesterol, beta-sitosterol and C28 stanol was shown by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sperm whale (Physeter catodon) sterols consisted of more than 99% cholesterol with only traces of 22-dehydrocholesterol.", "PMID": 423710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12189", "title": "A comparison of the ganglioside distributions of fat tissues in various animals by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography.", "content": "The ganglioside distributions of various fat tissues from human, rabbit, rat, mouse, chicken and frog were compared with pig adipose gangliosides by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. It was found that there is a remarkable species variation in ganglioside distribution, especially in the composition and relative concentration of complex gangliosides. Differing from pig adipose tissues, those of human, rabbit, rat, mouse, chicken, but not frog, contained GM3 as a most abundant ganglioside. The data for human, rabbit and chicken indicated a simple distribution of only NeuAc-type gangliosides, while those for rat and mouse indicated a rather complicated pattern containing both NeuAc- and NeuGc-type gangliosides. The ganglioside pattern of the frog fat body differed markedly from those of mammalian fat tissues because of the presence of three different, unusual monosialosylgangliosides as major components. In other respects, a substantial amount of disialosylgangliosides was commonly found in all animal fat tissues.", "contents": "A comparison of the ganglioside distributions of fat tissues in various animals by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. The ganglioside distributions of various fat tissues from human, rabbit, rat, mouse, chicken and frog were compared with pig adipose gangliosides by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. It was found that there is a remarkable species variation in ganglioside distribution, especially in the composition and relative concentration of complex gangliosides. Differing from pig adipose tissues, those of human, rabbit, rat, mouse, chicken, but not frog, contained GM3 as a most abundant ganglioside. The data for human, rabbit and chicken indicated a simple distribution of only NeuAc-type gangliosides, while those for rat and mouse indicated a rather complicated pattern containing both NeuAc- and NeuGc-type gangliosides. The ganglioside pattern of the frog fat body differed markedly from those of mammalian fat tissues because of the presence of three different, unusual monosialosylgangliosides as major components. In other respects, a substantial amount of disialosylgangliosides was commonly found in all animal fat tissues.", "PMID": 423711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12190", "title": "Effect of marine oil and rapeseed oil on composition of fatty acids in lipoprotein triacylglycerols from rat blood plasma and liver perfusate.", "content": "The fatty acid patterns of triacylglycerols (TG) from very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in blood plasma and liver-perfusate from rats fed partially hydrogenated marine oil or rapeseed oil were determined. In the plasma from rats fed rapeseed oil for three days and three weeks, there was a small but significant decrease in the percentage of 22:1 fatty acid from 17.2 to 11.2% with length of feeding. In liver-perfusate, the comparable decrease with dietary rapeseed oil was from 18.5 to 5.2%, and with dietary marine oil from 13.4 to 8.0%. In contrast to the liver-perfusate, the remaining liver had only a very low 22:1 composition (ca 2%) independent of feeding period or diet. The results indicated that the liver exported the very long chain fatty acids and that an adaptation took place after three days feeding with rapeseed oil or marine oil. This adaptation in the liver could possibly explain why TG accumulation in hearts, which appears after three days' feeding with rapeseed oil or marine oil, disappears after an extended feeding period.", "contents": "Effect of marine oil and rapeseed oil on composition of fatty acids in lipoprotein triacylglycerols from rat blood plasma and liver perfusate. The fatty acid patterns of triacylglycerols (TG) from very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in blood plasma and liver-perfusate from rats fed partially hydrogenated marine oil or rapeseed oil were determined. In the plasma from rats fed rapeseed oil for three days and three weeks, there was a small but significant decrease in the percentage of 22:1 fatty acid from 17.2 to 11.2% with length of feeding. In liver-perfusate, the comparable decrease with dietary rapeseed oil was from 18.5 to 5.2%, and with dietary marine oil from 13.4 to 8.0%. In contrast to the liver-perfusate, the remaining liver had only a very low 22:1 composition (ca 2%) independent of feeding period or diet. The results indicated that the liver exported the very long chain fatty acids and that an adaptation took place after three days feeding with rapeseed oil or marine oil. This adaptation in the liver could possibly explain why TG accumulation in hearts, which appears after three days' feeding with rapeseed oil or marine oil, disappears after an extended feeding period.", "PMID": 423712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12191", "title": "Isolated brain capillary endothelia: influence of various levels of essential fatty acids on the acyl group composition of glycerophospholipids.", "content": "On day seven of gestation. Wistar rats were assigned to a high essential fatty acid (EFA), low EFA, or a fat free diet. The same diets were continued during lactation. On weaning, the offspring were fed the same diets as their mother. Rats were killed at 222 days, brain capillary endothelia isolated, and total lipids extracted from the purified capillaries. The composition of the constituent fatty acids of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (EGP), choline glycerophospholipid (CGP), and the alk-1-enyl EGP composition from each diet is reported. A decrease in dietary EFA led to reduced proportions of total saturated acyl groups in EGP with no change observed in the total saturated acyl groups from CGP, and an increase in monoenoic fatty acids, particularly 18:1n-9 for each phospholipid class. The proportions of 20:4n-6 in alk-1-enyl EGP were reduced in fat-free fed animals. In addition, the relationship between 20:3n-9 and 20:4n-6 fatty acids in brain capillary endothelia were markedly increased with a reduction in dietary fat. Low EFA and fat deficient animals showed a tendency to sequester 22:6n-3.", "contents": "Isolated brain capillary endothelia: influence of various levels of essential fatty acids on the acyl group composition of glycerophospholipids. On day seven of gestation. Wistar rats were assigned to a high essential fatty acid (EFA), low EFA, or a fat free diet. The same diets were continued during lactation. On weaning, the offspring were fed the same diets as their mother. Rats were killed at 222 days, brain capillary endothelia isolated, and total lipids extracted from the purified capillaries. The composition of the constituent fatty acids of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (EGP), choline glycerophospholipid (CGP), and the alk-1-enyl EGP composition from each diet is reported. A decrease in dietary EFA led to reduced proportions of total saturated acyl groups in EGP with no change observed in the total saturated acyl groups from CGP, and an increase in monoenoic fatty acids, particularly 18:1n-9 for each phospholipid class. The proportions of 20:4n-6 in alk-1-enyl EGP were reduced in fat-free fed animals. In addition, the relationship between 20:3n-9 and 20:4n-6 fatty acids in brain capillary endothelia were markedly increased with a reduction in dietary fat. Low EFA and fat deficient animals showed a tendency to sequester 22:6n-3.", "PMID": 423713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12192", "title": "1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases the activity of the intestinal phosphatidylcholine deacylation-reacylation cycle.", "content": "The activity of the intestinal phosphatidylcholine deacylation-reacylation cycle has been found to be stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3. The stimulation of this cycle thus provides a possible mechanism for the reported retailoring of the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine in intestinal cell membranes by 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 and its analogue, 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "contents": "1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases the activity of the intestinal phosphatidylcholine deacylation-reacylation cycle. The activity of the intestinal phosphatidylcholine deacylation-reacylation cycle has been found to be stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3. The stimulation of this cycle thus provides a possible mechanism for the reported retailoring of the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine in intestinal cell membranes by 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 and its analogue, 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "PMID": 423714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12193", "title": "The importance of the steric configuration of lysophosphatidylcholine in the lymphatic transport of fat.", "content": "The importance of the steric configuration of lysophosphatidylcholine in the lymphatic transport of fat was investigated in bile fistula rats. It was found that the feeding of 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine increased the lymphatic output of phosphatidyl choline and triacylglycerol, while the feeding of 3-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphocholine had no effect. In intestinal microsomes of the bile fistula rats, it was found that the lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase was stereospecific in acylating the 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine enantiomer. The significance of these findings is briefly discussed.", "contents": "The importance of the steric configuration of lysophosphatidylcholine in the lymphatic transport of fat. The importance of the steric configuration of lysophosphatidylcholine in the lymphatic transport of fat was investigated in bile fistula rats. It was found that the feeding of 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine increased the lymphatic output of phosphatidyl choline and triacylglycerol, while the feeding of 3-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphocholine had no effect. In intestinal microsomes of the bile fistula rats, it was found that the lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase was stereospecific in acylating the 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine enantiomer. The significance of these findings is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 423715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12194", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of the neutral glycosphingolipids and gangliosides of the human heart.", "content": "The glycosphingolipids (GSL) of the human heart muscle have been isolated from total lipids by column and thin layer chromatography and their sugars and fatty acids analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Hearts from traffic victims were obtained at autopsy between 12 and 16 hr after death and dissected into parts (left and right ventricular walls, intraventricular septum and papillary muscle). The neutral GSL content for those parts of the hearts of two males aged 22 and one female aged 14 ranged from about 90 to 160 nmoles/g wet weight. Trihexosyl ceramide and globoside were the most abundant neutral GSL. Total ganglioside content was about 50 nmoles/g wet weight, and the most abundant gangliosides were partially characterized as GM3 and GM1; other mono-, di- and trisialogangliosides were also present. Differences in the content and composition of neutral GSL and gangliosides between the heart and other human tissues are discussed. It is concluded that the patterns of these two GSL fractions of the heart are more complex than those of the extraneural human tissues.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of the neutral glycosphingolipids and gangliosides of the human heart. The glycosphingolipids (GSL) of the human heart muscle have been isolated from total lipids by column and thin layer chromatography and their sugars and fatty acids analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Hearts from traffic victims were obtained at autopsy between 12 and 16 hr after death and dissected into parts (left and right ventricular walls, intraventricular septum and papillary muscle). The neutral GSL content for those parts of the hearts of two males aged 22 and one female aged 14 ranged from about 90 to 160 nmoles/g wet weight. Trihexosyl ceramide and globoside were the most abundant neutral GSL. Total ganglioside content was about 50 nmoles/g wet weight, and the most abundant gangliosides were partially characterized as GM3 and GM1; other mono-, di- and trisialogangliosides were also present. Differences in the content and composition of neutral GSL and gangliosides between the heart and other human tissues are discussed. It is concluded that the patterns of these two GSL fractions of the heart are more complex than those of the extraneural human tissues.", "PMID": 423716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12195", "title": "Leucine as an in vitro precursor to lipids in rat sciatic nerve.", "content": "The in vitro incorporation of lucine, isoleucine and pyruvate into lipids was compared and the possibility that leucine might serve as an in situ precursor to the corresponding iso fatty acids in the rat sciatic nerve was studied. The relative incorporation of 14C from leucine into lipids vs. nonlipids was 20%, and the incorporation of label into total lipids from leucine was one-halp that from pyruvate. The incorporation of label from leucine and pyruvate into sterols was nearly equivalent, but the incorporation of label into all other lipid classes from leucine was less than that from pyruvate, and the incorporation of label from isoleucine into lipids was much less in all cases. No detectable label from leucine was incorporated into brached chain fatty acids. It is concluded that leucine may be a substantial in vitro precursor to all major lipids in peripheral nerve, espeically sterols. The possibility and significance of a leucine catabolic pathway in the cytosol in relation to availability of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA for sterol biosynthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Leucine as an in vitro precursor to lipids in rat sciatic nerve. The in vitro incorporation of lucine, isoleucine and pyruvate into lipids was compared and the possibility that leucine might serve as an in situ precursor to the corresponding iso fatty acids in the rat sciatic nerve was studied. The relative incorporation of 14C from leucine into lipids vs. nonlipids was 20%, and the incorporation of label into total lipids from leucine was one-halp that from pyruvate. The incorporation of label from leucine and pyruvate into sterols was nearly equivalent, but the incorporation of label into all other lipid classes from leucine was less than that from pyruvate, and the incorporation of label from isoleucine into lipids was much less in all cases. No detectable label from leucine was incorporated into brached chain fatty acids. It is concluded that leucine may be a substantial in vitro precursor to all major lipids in peripheral nerve, espeically sterols. The possibility and significance of a leucine catabolic pathway in the cytosol in relation to availability of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA for sterol biosynthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 423717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12196", "title": "Fatty acid positional specificity in phospholipids of L1210 leukemia and normal mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "The positional distribution of fatty acids in the choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides of the L1210 murine leukemia cells was determined and compared to that of normal mouse lymphocytes. The major phospholipids of both cell types had appreciable degrees of positional specificity as evident from the higher percentage of saturated fatty acids in position 1 and of polyunsaturated fatty acids in position 2. The L1210 cells had less arachidonate and more linoleate in position 2 of choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides as compared to the normal lymphocytes. However, there were similar proportions of saturated, monoenoic and polyenoic fatty acids in positions 1 and 2 of the phospholipids of the L1210 leukemia cells and the lymphocytes, These data demonstrate that fatty acid positional specificity is retained in the major phospholipids of this rapidly growing tumor.", "contents": "Fatty acid positional specificity in phospholipids of L1210 leukemia and normal mouse lymphocytes. The positional distribution of fatty acids in the choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides of the L1210 murine leukemia cells was determined and compared to that of normal mouse lymphocytes. The major phospholipids of both cell types had appreciable degrees of positional specificity as evident from the higher percentage of saturated fatty acids in position 1 and of polyunsaturated fatty acids in position 2. The L1210 cells had less arachidonate and more linoleate in position 2 of choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides as compared to the normal lymphocytes. However, there were similar proportions of saturated, monoenoic and polyenoic fatty acids in positions 1 and 2 of the phospholipids of the L1210 leukemia cells and the lymphocytes, These data demonstrate that fatty acid positional specificity is retained in the major phospholipids of this rapidly growing tumor.", "PMID": 423718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12197", "title": "Composition of lipids bound to pure cytochrome P-450 of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria.", "content": "Phospholipids bound to highly purified cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria, part of the enzyme complex responsible for catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, have been examined for comparison with the bulk phospholipids of the mitochondria from the same tissue. In both cases, the major phospholipids are phosphatidylcholine (PC) (37%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (56%), as well as smaller amounts of sphingomyelin and diphosphatidylglycerol. The fatty acid compositions of the four classes of phospholipids and of the neutral lipids bound to the pure enzyme are indistinguishable from those of the respective mitochondrial lipids. They are also similar to those of mitochondria from other organs except for high levels of arachidonate and low levels of diphosphatidylglycerol.", "contents": "Composition of lipids bound to pure cytochrome P-450 of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. Phospholipids bound to highly purified cytochrome P-450 from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria, part of the enzyme complex responsible for catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, have been examined for comparison with the bulk phospholipids of the mitochondria from the same tissue. In both cases, the major phospholipids are phosphatidylcholine (PC) (37%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (56%), as well as smaller amounts of sphingomyelin and diphosphatidylglycerol. The fatty acid compositions of the four classes of phospholipids and of the neutral lipids bound to the pure enzyme are indistinguishable from those of the respective mitochondrial lipids. They are also similar to those of mitochondria from other organs except for high levels of arachidonate and low levels of diphosphatidylglycerol.", "PMID": 423719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12198", "title": "The metabolism of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in man.", "content": "Orally administered dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DHLA) is well absorbed in man; it appears in blood after ca. 4 hr first as triglyceride ester and later as phospholipid. After sustained-dosing, DHLA penetrated membrane pools and all phospholipid components but, depending on the dosage, reached a metabolic equilibrium in 4-16 days. Intact platelets do not accumulate arachidonate following DHLA administration, and species differences occur in the capacity of animals to metabolize DHLA to arachidonic acid (AA). The rat appears to be unusual in having a very active hepatic delta5-desaturase enzyme system. Potentially antithrombotic changes in platelet function which followed the administration of DHLA to man were accompanied by a significant increase in the capacity of platelets to synthesize PGE1. Concomitant increases in PGE2 synthesis do not apparently result from an  increased production of AA and suggest that DHLA, or a DHLA metabolite, interferes with the metabolism of AA. Effects on thromboxane and prostacyclin synthesis are being studied.", "contents": "The metabolism of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in man. Orally administered dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DHLA) is well absorbed in man; it appears in blood after ca. 4 hr first as triglyceride ester and later as phospholipid. After sustained-dosing, DHLA penetrated membrane pools and all phospholipid components but, depending on the dosage, reached a metabolic equilibrium in 4-16 days. Intact platelets do not accumulate arachidonate following DHLA administration, and species differences occur in the capacity of animals to metabolize DHLA to arachidonic acid (AA). The rat appears to be unusual in having a very active hepatic delta5-desaturase enzyme system. Potentially antithrombotic changes in platelet function which followed the administration of DHLA to man were accompanied by a significant increase in the capacity of platelets to synthesize PGE1. Concomitant increases in PGE2 synthesis do not apparently result from an  increased production of AA and suggest that DHLA, or a DHLA metabolite, interferes with the metabolism of AA. Effects on thromboxane and prostacyclin synthesis are being studied.", "PMID": 423720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12199", "title": "The relationship of dietary fats to prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "content": "The direct and indirect evidence that the fatty acid composition of dietary fat is involved in the regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis was reviewed. Direct evidence included effects of essential fatty acid deficiencies and excesses on endogenous tissue levels and production rates of prostaglandins by several tissues. Indirect evidence included lipolytic, platelet aggregatory, hypertensive, inflammatory and immune responses. In general, composition of dietary fat did not affect prostaglandin biosynthesis unless a biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency was induced or the linoleate to saturated fatty acids ratio of the dietary fat was greater than 5. Most results were interpreted in light of changing fatty acid composition; however, very few direct measurements have been made.", "contents": "The relationship of dietary fats to prostaglandin biosynthesis. The direct and indirect evidence that the fatty acid composition of dietary fat is involved in the regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis was reviewed. Direct evidence included effects of essential fatty acid deficiencies and excesses on endogenous tissue levels and production rates of prostaglandins by several tissues. Indirect evidence included lipolytic, platelet aggregatory, hypertensive, inflammatory and immune responses. In general, composition of dietary fat did not affect prostaglandin biosynthesis unless a biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency was induced or the linoleate to saturated fatty acids ratio of the dietary fat was greater than 5. Most results were interpreted in light of changing fatty acid composition; however, very few direct measurements have been made.", "PMID": 423723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12200", "title": "[Microflora and the potential capacity for gas formation of the bottom deposits of the Ivan and Arakhle\u012d lakes (the Baikal region)].", "content": "The number of microorganisms and bacterial biomass in ooze deposits of the Ivano-Arakhleyskiye Lakes (Zabaikalye) decrease unevenly downward the ground column. This decrease is more sharp near the shores. The total number and bacterial biomass of the ground microflora directly depend on the extent of trophicity of the lakes. Gas production in the lakes Irgen, Ivan and Arakhley is accomplished by bacteria and involves exocellular enzymes. The rate of gas production differs among the lakes, along their horizontal layers, and in the vertical cross-section of sediments. The technique for determining the rate of gas production proposed by M. A. Messineva has been successive when applied to the ground of the Ivano-Arakhleyskiye Lakes.", "contents": "[Microflora and the potential capacity for gas formation of the bottom deposits of the Ivan and Arakhle\u012d lakes (the Baikal region)]. The number of microorganisms and bacterial biomass in ooze deposits of the Ivano-Arakhleyskiye Lakes (Zabaikalye) decrease unevenly downward the ground column. This decrease is more sharp near the shores. The total number and bacterial biomass of the ground microflora directly depend on the extent of trophicity of the lakes. Gas production in the lakes Irgen, Ivan and Arakhley is accomplished by bacteria and involves exocellular enzymes. The rate of gas production differs among the lakes, along their horizontal layers, and in the vertical cross-section of sediments. The technique for determining the rate of gas production proposed by M. A. Messineva has been successive when applied to the ground of the Ivano-Arakhleyskiye Lakes.", "PMID": 423803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12201", "title": "[Fixation of molecular nitrogen by sulfate-reducing bacteria from petroleum strata].", "content": "The activity of nitrogen fixation by the museum strains of sulfate reducing bacteria isolated from oil deposits was studied using the acetylene technique. The mesophilic sulpfate reducing bacteria belonging to the species Desulfovibrio africanus 2372 and D. baculatus X were found to have a high nitrogenase activity. D desulfuricans subsp. aestuarii 2198 reduced acetylene at a low rate. The thermophilic sulfate reducing cultures of D. thermophilus 7, Desulfotomaculum nigrificans 781 and Dm. nigrificans subsp. salinus 435 produced only small quantities of ethylene. Apparently, nitrogen fixation by sulfate reducing bacteria can be considerable in oil strata whose temperature does not exceed 35--40 degrees C.", "contents": "[Fixation of molecular nitrogen by sulfate-reducing bacteria from petroleum strata]. The activity of nitrogen fixation by the museum strains of sulfate reducing bacteria isolated from oil deposits was studied using the acetylene technique. The mesophilic sulpfate reducing bacteria belonging to the species Desulfovibrio africanus 2372 and D. baculatus X were found to have a high nitrogenase activity. D desulfuricans subsp. aestuarii 2198 reduced acetylene at a low rate. The thermophilic sulfate reducing cultures of D. thermophilus 7, Desulfotomaculum nigrificans 781 and Dm. nigrificans subsp. salinus 435 produced only small quantities of ethylene. Apparently, nitrogen fixation by sulfate reducing bacteria can be considerable in oil strata whose temperature does not exceed 35--40 degrees C.", "PMID": 423802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12202", "title": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of Bdellovibrio chlorellavorus].", "content": "Intracellular and extracellular polar lamellar systems were detected in Bdellovibrio chlorellavorus, the obligate parasite of Chlorella. They were observed in negatively contrasted preparations and thin sections. These systems are considered as an essential character of the bacterium, being connected with its parasitic behaviour.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of Bdellovibrio chlorellavorus]. Intracellular and extracellular polar lamellar systems were detected in Bdellovibrio chlorellavorus, the obligate parasite of Chlorella. They were observed in negatively contrasted preparations and thin sections. These systems are considered as an essential character of the bacterium, being connected with its parasitic behaviour.", "PMID": 423805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12203", "title": "[Characteristics of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Nocardia erythropolis].", "content": "The activity of enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle was studied in Nocardia erythropolis IBFM B-293. It was found to be low and hardly change, with some exceptions, in the course of growth in the presence of various carbon sources. Acetate induced enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle which was here an important mechanism of oxalacetate synthesis. The absence of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the case of all studied substrates and the absence of 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, the key enzyme of the compensating 4-aminobutyrate shunt, suggest that the tricarboxylic acid cycle is decoupled. Therefore, this cycle does not operate as a mechanism generating energy in N. erythropolis, but fulfills mainly biosynthetic functions.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Nocardia erythropolis]. The activity of enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle was studied in Nocardia erythropolis IBFM B-293. It was found to be low and hardly change, with some exceptions, in the course of growth in the presence of various carbon sources. Acetate induced enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle which was here an important mechanism of oxalacetate synthesis. The absence of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the case of all studied substrates and the absence of 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, the key enzyme of the compensating 4-aminobutyrate shunt, suggest that the tricarboxylic acid cycle is decoupled. Therefore, this cycle does not operate as a mechanism generating energy in N. erythropolis, but fulfills mainly biosynthetic functions.", "PMID": 423807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12204", "title": "[n-Alkane oxidation by propionic acid bacteria].", "content": "Propionic acid bacteria were found for the first time to be capable of oxidizing n-alkanes. The value of QO2 is higher on a mixture of n-alkanes (C12--C20) than on individual hydrocarbons whose availability is determined by the length of a hydrocarbon chain: C15 and C16-alkanes are oxidized best of all; C14, C13 and C12-alkanes are oxidized at a lower rate; and alkanes whose chain comprises less than ten carbon atoms are not oxidized at all. Hexadecane is oxidized to CO2, cetyl alcohol and palmitic acid being intermediates; this suggests the existence of the monoterminal pathway for oxidation of n-alkanes in propionic acid bacteria.", "contents": "[n-Alkane oxidation by propionic acid bacteria]. Propionic acid bacteria were found for the first time to be capable of oxidizing n-alkanes. The value of QO2 is higher on a mixture of n-alkanes (C12--C20) than on individual hydrocarbons whose availability is determined by the length of a hydrocarbon chain: C15 and C16-alkanes are oxidized best of all; C14, C13 and C12-alkanes are oxidized at a lower rate; and alkanes whose chain comprises less than ten carbon atoms are not oxidized at all. Hexadecane is oxidized to CO2, cetyl alcohol and palmitic acid being intermediates; this suggests the existence of the monoterminal pathway for oxidation of n-alkanes in propionic acid bacteria.", "PMID": 423808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12205", "title": "[DNA content in Streptoverticillium mucoheptinicum spores in the period of their germination].", "content": "Changes in the DNA content were studied in the spores of Streptoverticillium mycoheptinicum. The content of DNA increased in the spores when they were incubated in a liquid nutrient medium at 28 degrees C for 5 hours. Changes in the DNA content during germination of spores corresponded to individual stages: at the stage of activation, the replication of DNA only commenced; at the stage of initiation, the content of DNA doubled in the majority of spores in the population. The rate of DNA synthesis varied among different spores of the actinomycete.", "contents": "[DNA content in Streptoverticillium mucoheptinicum spores in the period of their germination]. Changes in the DNA content were studied in the spores of Streptoverticillium mycoheptinicum. The content of DNA increased in the spores when they were incubated in a liquid nutrient medium at 28 degrees C for 5 hours. Changes in the DNA content during germination of spores corresponded to individual stages: at the stage of activation, the replication of DNA only commenced; at the stage of initiation, the content of DNA doubled in the majority of spores in the population. The rate of DNA synthesis varied among different spores of the actinomycete.", "PMID": 423809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12206", "title": "[Functional characteristics of the electron transport chain in Candida mycoderma yeasts exposed to benzhydroxamic acid].", "content": "The effect of antimycin A and benzhydroxamic acid (BHA) on functioning of the electron transport system was studied with the resting cells of Candida mycoderma grown in a medium containing glucose and collected at the beginning of the deceleration phase. In the original (\"control\") cells, the processes of oxygen consumption were shown to be mediated mainly by the phosphorylating electron transport chain. When the cells were incubated withe glucose, the cyanide resistant electron transport chain (CRETC) started to operate in these processes. Antimycin A stimulated the operation of CRETC. BHA blocked CRETC and, at the same time, prevented the participation of pyridine nucleotides (PN) in the processes of oxygen utilization. Apparently, electron donors (or reduced equivalents) in the electron transport chain were flavin enzymes operating in the cytochrome b region of the chain instead of PN. Similar changes in the electron transport system (when PN were not involved in the processes of oxygen utilization) were observed if resting cells were incubated in the presence of ethanol.", "contents": "[Functional characteristics of the electron transport chain in Candida mycoderma yeasts exposed to benzhydroxamic acid]. The effect of antimycin A and benzhydroxamic acid (BHA) on functioning of the electron transport system was studied with the resting cells of Candida mycoderma grown in a medium containing glucose and collected at the beginning of the deceleration phase. In the original (\"control\") cells, the processes of oxygen consumption were shown to be mediated mainly by the phosphorylating electron transport chain. When the cells were incubated withe glucose, the cyanide resistant electron transport chain (CRETC) started to operate in these processes. Antimycin A stimulated the operation of CRETC. BHA blocked CRETC and, at the same time, prevented the participation of pyridine nucleotides (PN) in the processes of oxygen utilization. Apparently, electron donors (or reduced equivalents) in the electron transport chain were flavin enzymes operating in the cytochrome b region of the chain instead of PN. Similar changes in the electron transport system (when PN were not involved in the processes of oxygen utilization) were observed if resting cells were incubated in the presence of ethanol.", "PMID": 423810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12207", "title": "[Variant of Bacillus anthracoides].", "content": "A comparative study of the Bacillus anthracoides culture and its variant has shown that the latter differs drastically from the parent culture in the shape and consistence of colonies, the size of spores and vegetative cells, the rate of spore germination in MPB, and the resistence to steam treatment and chloroactive disinfectants.", "contents": "[Variant of Bacillus anthracoides]. A comparative study of the Bacillus anthracoides culture and its variant has shown that the latter differs drastically from the parent culture in the shape and consistence of colonies, the size of spores and vegetative cells, the rate of spore germination in MPB, and the resistence to steam treatment and chloroactive disinfectants.", "PMID": 423806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12208", "title": "[New elementary structures of actinomycete spores of the genera Actinomadura and Streptomyces].", "content": "The structure of spore surfaces was studied by electron microscopy in five species of actinomycetes, and two new types of elementary surface structures were discovered. The surface of spores in Streptomyces regensis consists of long flexible, closely interwoven, band-like structures 25 A wide. Ring-like structures 140--150 A in diameter can be observed on spores of Actinomadura verrucosospora; their clusters resemble grapes and the spore silhouette looks like a cone. Rod-like structures of spores in Streptomyces cavourensis and Str. streptomycini which form an ornament resembling the surface of a basket and tubular strucutres in Str. acrimycini of which hair-shaped spore protrusions are made are similar to the elementary structures of spore surfaces in other actinomycetes.", "contents": "[New elementary structures of actinomycete spores of the genera Actinomadura and Streptomyces]. The structure of spore surfaces was studied by electron microscopy in five species of actinomycetes, and two new types of elementary surface structures were discovered. The surface of spores in Streptomyces regensis consists of long flexible, closely interwoven, band-like structures 25 A wide. Ring-like structures 140--150 A in diameter can be observed on spores of Actinomadura verrucosospora; their clusters resemble grapes and the spore silhouette looks like a cone. Rod-like structures of spores in Streptomyces cavourensis and Str. streptomycini which form an ornament resembling the surface of a basket and tubular strucutres in Str. acrimycini of which hair-shaped spore protrusions are made are similar to the elementary structures of spore surfaces in other actinomycetes.", "PMID": 423813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12209", "title": "The diffusion of medical technology.", "content": "The diffusion of medical technology is a complex process dependent upon the character of the industry, cost of investment and adoption, sophistication of users and their environments, general-use standards, user prestige, patient distribution, government regulations, and scale of operation. The one positive influence with the greatest impact on the rate of adoption of a new technology is the third-party-payer system. The more we understand those parameters affecting the diffusion of technology in medicine, the more we will be able to provide society with good care in a reasonable cost.", "contents": "The diffusion of medical technology. The diffusion of medical technology is a complex process dependent upon the character of the industry, cost of investment and adoption, sophistication of users and their environments, general-use standards, user prestige, patient distribution, government regulations, and scale of operation. The one positive influence with the greatest impact on the rate of adoption of a new technology is the third-party-payer system. The more we understand those parameters affecting the diffusion of technology in medicine, the more we will be able to provide society with good care in a reasonable cost.", "PMID": 423814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12210", "title": "[Action of isoniazid on the growth of saprophytic mycobacteria].", "content": "The effect of isoniazide on the ability to assimilate hydrophilic (sugars) and hydrophobic (hydrocarbon) substrates was studied with saprophytic mycobacteria. The minimal concentration of isoniazide inhibiting the growth of saprophytic mycobacteria in a medium containing hexadecane was 150 mcg/ml. If isoniazide was added at a concentration of 900 mcg/ml at the beginning of the logarithmic growth phase, the growth was sharply inhibited and assimilation of the hydrocarbon decelerated 4 times. The same concentration of isoniazide hardly affected the growth of the saprophytic mycobacteria in a medium containing a carbohydrate.", "contents": "[Action of isoniazid on the growth of saprophytic mycobacteria]. The effect of isoniazide on the ability to assimilate hydrophilic (sugars) and hydrophobic (hydrocarbon) substrates was studied with saprophytic mycobacteria. The minimal concentration of isoniazide inhibiting the growth of saprophytic mycobacteria in a medium containing hexadecane was 150 mcg/ml. If isoniazide was added at a concentration of 900 mcg/ml at the beginning of the logarithmic growth phase, the growth was sharply inhibited and assimilation of the hydrocarbon decelerated 4 times. The same concentration of isoniazide hardly affected the growth of the saprophytic mycobacteria in a medium containing a carbohydrate.", "PMID": 423811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12211", "title": "[Effects of the nitrogen nutrition conditions on the growth and protein synthesis of carboxydobacteria].", "content": "The rate of growth of bacterial strains oxidizing carbon monoxide (Pseudomonas gazotropha Z-1156, Comamonas compransoris Z-1155, and Seliberia carboxydohydrogena Z--1062) was studied as a function of the concentration of NH4Cl in the medium. The bacteria could grow on media containing various nitrogen sources (NH4Cl, KNO3, CO(NH2)2). Changes in the amino acid content and biochemical composition of the biomass were studied during growth of the bacteria on these media. The biological value of proteins of the bacteria was estimated.", "contents": "[Effects of the nitrogen nutrition conditions on the growth and protein synthesis of carboxydobacteria]. The rate of growth of bacterial strains oxidizing carbon monoxide (Pseudomonas gazotropha Z-1156, Comamonas compransoris Z-1155, and Seliberia carboxydohydrogena Z--1062) was studied as a function of the concentration of NH4Cl in the medium. The bacteria could grow on media containing various nitrogen sources (NH4Cl, KNO3, CO(NH2)2). Changes in the amino acid content and biochemical composition of the biomass were studied during growth of the bacteria on these media. The biological value of proteins of the bacteria was estimated.", "PMID": 423812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12212", "title": "Strategy for health technology.", "content": "This paper presents a conceptual framework for improved management to support a pilot demonstration for the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's new Office of Health Technology, and reports findings and implications of a recent intramural study of HEW's management of diverse technology-based activities such as development, assessment, synthesis, policymaking, and intervention.", "contents": "Strategy for health technology. This paper presents a conceptual framework for improved management to support a pilot demonstration for the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's new Office of Health Technology, and reports findings and implications of a recent intramural study of HEW's management of diverse technology-based activities such as development, assessment, synthesis, policymaking, and intervention.", "PMID": 423815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12213", "title": "A proposed method for quantitative performance evaluation of electrosurgical dispersive electrodes.", "content": "The measurement of thermal performance of electrosurgical dispersive electrodes presents special problems since it is necessary to determine the spatial distribution of transient temperature fields in the presence of high-energy, high-frequency, electric fields. Contact sensors are contraindicated. high-speed video-scanning thermographic systems solve the problem and, additionally, provide a permanent record of the temperature-time history of experiments on videotape. The overall uncertainty in temperature rise determination using this method is on the order of 0.4 degrees C. This measurement approach, which has been used in experiments on human subjects, yields repeatable, quantitative determinations of the thermal performance of dispersive electrodes.", "contents": "A proposed method for quantitative performance evaluation of electrosurgical dispersive electrodes. The measurement of thermal performance of electrosurgical dispersive electrodes presents special problems since it is necessary to determine the spatial distribution of transient temperature fields in the presence of high-energy, high-frequency, electric fields. Contact sensors are contraindicated. high-speed video-scanning thermographic systems solve the problem and, additionally, provide a permanent record of the temperature-time history of experiments on videotape. The overall uncertainty in temperature rise determination using this method is on the order of 0.4 degrees C. This measurement approach, which has been used in experiments on human subjects, yields repeatable, quantitative determinations of the thermal performance of dispersive electrodes.", "PMID": 423821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12214", "title": "Medical manpower in Victoria, 1977.", "content": "A medical manpower survey in Victoria in 1977 revealed that there were 7823 registered medical practitioners, giving an apparent ratio of doctors to population of 1:483. However, only 81% of respondents were working in Victoria, and therefore the ratio of doctors in active practice in the State to population was estimated to be 1:597. Data from the survey revealed that the median age was 40 years. Female doctors comprised 17%, but the proportion of women was much higher amongst younger graduates. Private practitioners accounted for 60% of respondents (general practitioners, 36%; specialists, 24%), full-time hospital staff members for 28%, and practitioners in other salaried appointments for 12%. The ratio of general practitioners to population was estimated to be 1:1560 in the Melbourne statistical division, 1:1780 in the country, and 1:1617 in Victoria as a whole. Long hours of work were reported by the great majority of doctors. The impact of changing numbers and distribution of various categories of medical manpower on future work and postgraduate training is discussed. Early consideration of regulating the number of doctors by reducing the number of undergraduates entering Australian medical schools and by restricting the immigration of doctors from overseas is advocated.", "contents": "Medical manpower in Victoria, 1977. A medical manpower survey in Victoria in 1977 revealed that there were 7823 registered medical practitioners, giving an apparent ratio of doctors to population of 1:483. However, only 81% of respondents were working in Victoria, and therefore the ratio of doctors in active practice in the State to population was estimated to be 1:597. Data from the survey revealed that the median age was 40 years. Female doctors comprised 17%, but the proportion of women was much higher amongst younger graduates. Private practitioners accounted for 60% of respondents (general practitioners, 36%; specialists, 24%), full-time hospital staff members for 28%, and practitioners in other salaried appointments for 12%. The ratio of general practitioners to population was estimated to be 1:1560 in the Melbourne statistical division, 1:1780 in the country, and 1:1617 in Victoria as a whole. Long hours of work were reported by the great majority of doctors. The impact of changing numbers and distribution of various categories of medical manpower on future work and postgraduate training is discussed. Early consideration of regulating the number of doctors by reducing the number of undergraduates entering Australian medical schools and by restricting the immigration of doctors from overseas is advocated.", "PMID": 423828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12215", "title": "Murderers: a personal series.", "content": "One hundred people who were accused either of murder (70 persons) or of attempted murder (30 persons) in Queensland were personally examined by the writer. The methods, motives, and ways of prevention of homicide are discussed. A considerable preportion of murderers in this series were either mentally ill or severely emotionally disturbed at the time the crime was committed, and at least one in 10 of these murders could have been prevented. It is recommended that the treatment and assessment of potentially violent psychotic patients should be undertaken more carefully, and that the antipsychiatrist campaigns for the freedom of the individual should be tempered with a consideration for public safety.", "contents": "Murderers: a personal series. One hundred people who were accused either of murder (70 persons) or of attempted murder (30 persons) in Queensland were personally examined by the writer. The methods, motives, and ways of prevention of homicide are discussed. A considerable preportion of murderers in this series were either mentally ill or severely emotionally disturbed at the time the crime was committed, and at least one in 10 of these murders could have been prevented. It is recommended that the treatment and assessment of potentially violent psychotic patients should be undertaken more carefully, and that the antipsychiatrist campaigns for the freedom of the individual should be tempered with a consideration for public safety.", "PMID": 423829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12216", "title": "Mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "Mitral valve prolapse is a relatively common condition in the general population. The syndrome appears more common in females, and is often associated with a family history. Patients may be asymptomatic or may present with a variety of symptoms ranging from mild chest aches and anxiety to severe angina-like chest pain, palpitations and dizziness. The common auscultatory features include mid-systolic clicks and a late systolic murmur, either alone or in combination. The wide spectrum of symptoms and signs may be explained by ventriculovalvular disproportion, where either the ventricle is too small for the valve, or the valve is too large for the ventricle. The long-term prognosis is very good; severe mitral regurgitation can occasionally develop, but both sudden death and bacterial endocarditis are rare. No treatment is required for asymptomatic patients, beyond antibiotic cover for dental procedures and surgery.", "contents": "Mitral valve prolapse. Mitral valve prolapse is a relatively common condition in the general population. The syndrome appears more common in females, and is often associated with a family history. Patients may be asymptomatic or may present with a variety of symptoms ranging from mild chest aches and anxiety to severe angina-like chest pain, palpitations and dizziness. The common auscultatory features include mid-systolic clicks and a late systolic murmur, either alone or in combination. The wide spectrum of symptoms and signs may be explained by ventriculovalvular disproportion, where either the ventricle is too small for the valve, or the valve is too large for the ventricle. The long-term prognosis is very good; severe mitral regurgitation can occasionally develop, but both sudden death and bacterial endocarditis are rare. No treatment is required for asymptomatic patients, beyond antibiotic cover for dental procedures and surgery.", "PMID": 423830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12217", "title": "Stuttering as a manifestation of stroke.", "content": "Two cases are described of stuttering as a manifestation of cerebral ischaemia in previously stutter-free individuals. In the first case, stuttering suddenly ceased after carotid endarterectomy; the second patient developed stuttering after a period of three days of complete aphasia after which the stutter gradually improved. Aetiological possibilities are discussed in the light of current theories.", "contents": "Stuttering as a manifestation of stroke. Two cases are described of stuttering as a manifestation of cerebral ischaemia in previously stutter-free individuals. In the first case, stuttering suddenly ceased after carotid endarterectomy; the second patient developed stuttering after a period of three days of complete aphasia after which the stutter gradually improved. Aetiological possibilities are discussed in the light of current theories.", "PMID": 423831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12218", "title": "Automated differential cell counting of viable cells.", "content": "A rapid, automated method of differentially counting viable cells by ethidium bromide-acridine orange cytofluorography is described (Takasugi 1971). The method is shown to have comparability, equal precision, and sensitivity to the standard trypan blue, visual method. The method is applicable to microcytotoxicity testing.", "contents": "Automated differential cell counting of viable cells. A rapid, automated method of differentially counting viable cells by ethidium bromide-acridine orange cytofluorography is described (Takasugi 1971). The method is shown to have comparability, equal precision, and sensitivity to the standard trypan blue, visual method. The method is applicable to microcytotoxicity testing.", "PMID": 423825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12219", "title": "Quality assurance of drug therapy in hospitals: patient serum creatinine values used by ward pharmacists in checking dosage regimens.", "content": "A programme for the systematic adjustment of drug dosage in hospital patients with impairment of renal function is described. This programme involves the efficient identification of patients with elevated serum levels of creatinine, the checking of dosage regimens for these patients in terms of known pharmacokinetic data, and advising of medical officers when dosage regimens are in excess of those recommended, or where contraindicated drugs have been prescribed. The procedure, which has been shown to be both workable and effective in a large teaching hospital over a period of more than two years, serves as a model for quality assurance of an aspect of drug treatment with existing staff and with no additional capital costs.", "contents": "Quality assurance of drug therapy in hospitals: patient serum creatinine values used by ward pharmacists in checking dosage regimens. A programme for the systematic adjustment of drug dosage in hospital patients with impairment of renal function is described. This programme involves the efficient identification of patients with elevated serum levels of creatinine, the checking of dosage regimens for these patients in terms of known pharmacokinetic data, and advising of medical officers when dosage regimens are in excess of those recommended, or where contraindicated drugs have been prescribed. The procedure, which has been shown to be both workable and effective in a large teaching hospital over a period of more than two years, serves as a model for quality assurance of an aspect of drug treatment with existing staff and with no additional capital costs.", "PMID": 423832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12220", "title": "Purgatives and periodic paralysis.", "content": "A married woman, aged 42, had suffered attacks of muscular weakness. She was found to have profound hypokalaemia. This was due to chronic purgative abuse. There was a prompt response to treatment. The case raises issues of theoretical and practical importance.", "contents": "Purgatives and periodic paralysis. A married woman, aged 42, had suffered attacks of muscular weakness. She was found to have profound hypokalaemia. This was due to chronic purgative abuse. There was a prompt response to treatment. The case raises issues of theoretical and practical importance.", "PMID": 423833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12221", "title": "Saltwater drowning and near-drowning accidents involving children. A five-year total population study in south-east Queensland.", "content": "A large total population study of childhood saltwater immersion accidents is reported. A total of 49 cases (16 fatalities, 33 survivors) occurred in the five year period from 1971 to 1975 in southeastern Queensland. As a group, more children survive a potentially fatal saltwater immersion (67%) than do those who lose consciousness in freshwater (50%). The serious saltwater accident rate (loss of consciousness or death) in childhood (from 0 to 15 years inclusive, is 3.37/100,000 children per year at risk (fatality rate 1.12). This is low; comparison with freshwater data shows that although the surf presents special hazards to children, it is very much safer than other types of water. Age-specific and site-specific accident and survival rates for saltwater immersions are presented for the first time. Toddlers are disproportionately represented (33% of all children) and their survival rates are lowest. Boating and the use of surfboards, in current practice, are negligible threats to children. The saltwater immersion rate is increasing (although the absolute risk is small) and reasons for this are discussed. Childhood saltwater immersions were unaffected by tidal state. All but one case of immersion occurred during daylight hours, and in younger children immersion occurred often on weekends.", "contents": "Saltwater drowning and near-drowning accidents involving children. A five-year total population study in south-east Queensland. A large total population study of childhood saltwater immersion accidents is reported. A total of 49 cases (16 fatalities, 33 survivors) occurred in the five year period from 1971 to 1975 in southeastern Queensland. As a group, more children survive a potentially fatal saltwater immersion (67%) than do those who lose consciousness in freshwater (50%). The serious saltwater accident rate (loss of consciousness or death) in childhood (from 0 to 15 years inclusive, is 3.37/100,000 children per year at risk (fatality rate 1.12). This is low; comparison with freshwater data shows that although the surf presents special hazards to children, it is very much safer than other types of water. Age-specific and site-specific accident and survival rates for saltwater immersions are presented for the first time. Toddlers are disproportionately represented (33% of all children) and their survival rates are lowest. Boating and the use of surfboards, in current practice, are negligible threats to children. The saltwater immersion rate is increasing (although the absolute risk is small) and reasons for this are discussed. Childhood saltwater immersions were unaffected by tidal state. All but one case of immersion occurred during daylight hours, and in younger children immersion occurred often on weekends.", "PMID": 423849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12222", "title": "[Barrett's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Barrett's syndrome is a rare serious ulcerative inflammation of the middle or distal parts of esophagus, characterized by heterotopic gastric mucosa within the esophagus. In 4 cases, diagnosis of Barrett's syndrome suspected by means of x-ray examination was confirmed endoscopically and by taking biopsies under vision. The etiology of the disease is not clear. Alcoholism is common. In our patients, conservative treatment has been used without a great deal of benefit. Only by resection of the parts of esophagus lined by columnar epithelium a beneficial result can be expected, this surgical procedure certainly being a high risk.", "contents": "[Barrett's syndrome (author's transl)]. Barrett's syndrome is a rare serious ulcerative inflammation of the middle or distal parts of esophagus, characterized by heterotopic gastric mucosa within the esophagus. In 4 cases, diagnosis of Barrett's syndrome suspected by means of x-ray examination was confirmed endoscopically and by taking biopsies under vision. The etiology of the disease is not clear. Alcoholism is common. In our patients, conservative treatment has been used without a great deal of benefit. Only by resection of the parts of esophagus lined by columnar epithelium a beneficial result can be expected, this surgical procedure certainly being a high risk.", "PMID": 423850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12223", "title": "[Clinical-histological correlation and significance of duodenitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 200 patients with upper abdominal complaints biopsy material was taken by fiberoptic endoscopy for histologic evaluation. Histology was normal in both the gastric fractions from fundus and antrum and from the duodenal mucosa in 53 cases. 36 Patients showed the histologic picture of duodenitis with leucocytic infiltrates of the villous stroma in the vicinity of erosions or ulcerations. In 28 cases duodenitis was found without such mucosal lesions, accompanying coexistent gastritis. This is, however, not a constant finding in patients with gastritis of either histologic type in either gastric region: 82 cases from all age groups had gastritis without accompanying duodenitis. In contrast to a good deal of the literature reports about duodenitis being a disease entity, we could not find but one case of isolated duodenitis without gastritis and/or duodenal mucosal lesions. Furthermore, there is no specific clinical symptomatology.", "contents": "[Clinical-histological correlation and significance of duodenitis (author's transl)]. In 200 patients with upper abdominal complaints biopsy material was taken by fiberoptic endoscopy for histologic evaluation. Histology was normal in both the gastric fractions from fundus and antrum and from the duodenal mucosa in 53 cases. 36 Patients showed the histologic picture of duodenitis with leucocytic infiltrates of the villous stroma in the vicinity of erosions or ulcerations. In 28 cases duodenitis was found without such mucosal lesions, accompanying coexistent gastritis. This is, however, not a constant finding in patients with gastritis of either histologic type in either gastric region: 82 cases from all age groups had gastritis without accompanying duodenitis. In contrast to a good deal of the literature reports about duodenitis being a disease entity, we could not find but one case of isolated duodenitis without gastritis and/or duodenal mucosal lesions. Furthermore, there is no specific clinical symptomatology.", "PMID": 423851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12224", "title": "[Ileus with endometriosis of the large intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "Dispersed endometrium tissue can be observed in 10% of all laparotomies. In some rare instances the endometriosis also appears within the region of the intestinal canal. It is reported on a 48 year old woman observing diarrhoea tinged with blood at four weekly intervals. With the clinical picture of a mechanical ileus she was admitted to hospital. In the laparotomy a big stenosing sigmoidotumor showing histological endometriosis seats was found.", "contents": "[Ileus with endometriosis of the large intestine (author's transl)]. Dispersed endometrium tissue can be observed in 10% of all laparotomies. In some rare instances the endometriosis also appears within the region of the intestinal canal. It is reported on a 48 year old woman observing diarrhoea tinged with blood at four weekly intervals. With the clinical picture of a mechanical ileus she was admitted to hospital. In the laparotomy a big stenosing sigmoidotumor showing histological endometriosis seats was found.", "PMID": 423852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12225", "title": "[Results of rectoscopical investigations in unselected patients: contribution to the problems of prophylactical investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "A report and analysis is given about the results of totally 1665 rectoscopical investigations, which were done in unselected patients suffering from common internal diseases. In 7 cases (that means 0.4% of the whole collective) a carcinoma could be detected. An evidently great number of 304 patients were carriers of polyps (that means 17.6% of the whole collective), of whom 77% were male and 23% were female carriers of polyps. The differentiation of the polyps moreover was done according to the histological criteria: There were 126 prospectively precancerous polyps (that means 7.4% of the whole collective of 1665 patients). These results are compared with data in the literature. The number of prospectively important findings is found higher than commonly is expected. The security of the diagnostic significance of the rectoscopical investigations cannot be obtained by other methods of prophylactical investigations. Therefore this method should be practiced in internal, but among all in clinical conditions in first stage. Only more consequent medical procedures in future are able to help to gain more successful results in treating colorectal cancer.", "contents": "[Results of rectoscopical investigations in unselected patients: contribution to the problems of prophylactical investigations (author's transl)]. A report and analysis is given about the results of totally 1665 rectoscopical investigations, which were done in unselected patients suffering from common internal diseases. In 7 cases (that means 0.4% of the whole collective) a carcinoma could be detected. An evidently great number of 304 patients were carriers of polyps (that means 17.6% of the whole collective), of whom 77% were male and 23% were female carriers of polyps. The differentiation of the polyps moreover was done according to the histological criteria: There were 126 prospectively precancerous polyps (that means 7.4% of the whole collective of 1665 patients). These results are compared with data in the literature. The number of prospectively important findings is found higher than commonly is expected. The security of the diagnostic significance of the rectoscopical investigations cannot be obtained by other methods of prophylactical investigations. Therefore this method should be practiced in internal, but among all in clinical conditions in first stage. Only more consequent medical procedures in future are able to help to gain more successful results in treating colorectal cancer.", "PMID": 423853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12226", "title": "[Plasma aldosterone after rest and exercise: normal values, type of distribution, dependence upon age and sex (author's transl)].", "content": "We determined plasma aldosterone levels of patients with healthy adrenals after rest (n = 80) and exercise (n = 30) using a radioimmune assay with highly specific antibodies. The obtained normal values had a log-normal distribution. The normal values did not show any differences regarding sex and age. At rest they ranged between 50 pg/ml and 190 pg/ml, after exercise between 110 pg/ml and 310 pg/ml.", "contents": "[Plasma aldosterone after rest and exercise: normal values, type of distribution, dependence upon age and sex (author's transl)]. We determined plasma aldosterone levels of patients with healthy adrenals after rest (n = 80) and exercise (n = 30) using a radioimmune assay with highly specific antibodies. The obtained normal values had a log-normal distribution. The normal values did not show any differences regarding sex and age. At rest they ranged between 50 pg/ml and 190 pg/ml, after exercise between 110 pg/ml and 310 pg/ml.", "PMID": 423856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12227", "title": "[Glucose tolerance and muscular efficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion were studied in 15 male patients suffering from muscular dystrophies. Creatinine excretion was used as a measure of functioning muscle mass. The decrease in glucose tolerance correlated significantly with the injury of muscular efficiency. Despite impaired glucose tolerance, very high levels of circulating insulin were reached, as in obese diabetics. The observations do not simply reflect the decrease in distribution volume of glucose. They can be explained by an altered proportion of muscle mass to adipose and connective tissue. Decreased glucose tolerance may signalize the myopathic reaction following an endocrine disorder or a malignant disease.", "contents": "[Glucose tolerance and muscular efficiency (author's transl)]. Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion were studied in 15 male patients suffering from muscular dystrophies. Creatinine excretion was used as a measure of functioning muscle mass. The decrease in glucose tolerance correlated significantly with the injury of muscular efficiency. Despite impaired glucose tolerance, very high levels of circulating insulin were reached, as in obese diabetics. The observations do not simply reflect the decrease in distribution volume of glucose. They can be explained by an altered proportion of muscle mass to adipose and connective tissue. Decreased glucose tolerance may signalize the myopathic reaction following an endocrine disorder or a malignant disease.", "PMID": 423857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12228", "title": "[Serum concentration of lactate in diabetic patients treated with biguanides in relationship to renal function (author's transl)].", "content": "Lactate, pyruvate, creatinine, urea, blood sugar and the serum concentration of phenformin or buformin were analyzed in the venous blood of a total of 90 diabetics who received biguanides regularly for at least one month. The creatinine clearance as well as the lactate-pyruvate quotient were computed. Age, body weight and size as well as duration of medication were recorded. Twenty-three diabetics who did not receive biguanides were used for control. Almost all patients revealed a mostly minor hyperlactatemia which was also observed in the control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups. There was no relationship between renal function, the serum lactate level and the biguanide concentration.", "contents": "[Serum concentration of lactate in diabetic patients treated with biguanides in relationship to renal function (author's transl)]. Lactate, pyruvate, creatinine, urea, blood sugar and the serum concentration of phenformin or buformin were analyzed in the venous blood of a total of 90 diabetics who received biguanides regularly for at least one month. The creatinine clearance as well as the lactate-pyruvate quotient were computed. Age, body weight and size as well as duration of medication were recorded. Twenty-three diabetics who did not receive biguanides were used for control. Almost all patients revealed a mostly minor hyperlactatemia which was also observed in the control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups. There was no relationship between renal function, the serum lactate level and the biguanide concentration.", "PMID": 423858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12229", "title": "Ceramide metabolism in brain.", "content": "Ceramide is the fundamental structure and key intermediate of all sphingolipids. Biosynthesis and catabolism of brain ceramide, especially their relationship to the metabolism of more complex sphingolipids in brain, are reviewed. Human genetic diseases which involve altered ceramide metabolism are also discussed.", "contents": "Ceramide metabolism in brain. Ceramide is the fundamental structure and key intermediate of all sphingolipids. Biosynthesis and catabolism of brain ceramide, especially their relationship to the metabolism of more complex sphingolipids in brain, are reviewed. Human genetic diseases which involve altered ceramide metabolism are also discussed.", "PMID": 423891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12230", "title": "Current concepts of the structure and nature of mammalian salivary mucous glycoproteins.", "content": "The visco-elastic properties of salivary secretions are due to high molecular-weight glycoproteins, known as mucins. Mucins are composed of numerous oligosaccharide side-chains O-glycosidically linked through 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose to the hydroxyl groups of seryl and threonyl residues of the protein core; on the average, every fourth amino acid residue is involved in such a bond. This work conveys their isolation and purification, compiles the compositional analysis of several mammalian submaxillary and sublingual mucins; defines the conditions of the alkaline beta-elimination reaction, its mechanism, and importance in structural studies of glycoprotens, and briefly discusses the influence of stimuli on mucous secretions, as well as biosynthesis, structural diversity, and physiological role of salivary mucous glycoproteins.", "contents": "Current concepts of the structure and nature of mammalian salivary mucous glycoproteins. The visco-elastic properties of salivary secretions are due to high molecular-weight glycoproteins, known as mucins. Mucins are composed of numerous oligosaccharide side-chains O-glycosidically linked through 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose to the hydroxyl groups of seryl and threonyl residues of the protein core; on the average, every fourth amino acid residue is involved in such a bond. This work conveys their isolation and purification, compiles the compositional analysis of several mammalian submaxillary and sublingual mucins; defines the conditions of the alkaline beta-elimination reaction, its mechanism, and importance in structural studies of glycoprotens, and briefly discusses the influence of stimuli on mucous secretions, as well as biosynthesis, structural diversity, and physiological role of salivary mucous glycoproteins.", "PMID": 423892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12231", "title": "Staphylococcal nuclease reviewed: a prototypic study in contemporary enzymology. II. Solution studies of the nucleotide binding site and the effects of nucleotide binding.", "content": "This is the second of a series of four articles in which the chemical, enzymological and crystallographic work on Ribonucleate (deoxyribonucleate)-3'-nucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.4. (staphylococcal nuclease, micrococcal nuclease) will be reviewed and correlated. This article discusses studies in solution delineating the extent of the binding site of the enzyme and identifying some of the particular amino acid residues that form this site. In addition, the effects of the very potent inhibitory combination of thymidine-3',5'-diphosphate and Ca2+ on the conformation of the enzyme and its physical, chemical and enzymological properties will be reviewed.", "contents": "Staphylococcal nuclease reviewed: a prototypic study in contemporary enzymology. II. Solution studies of the nucleotide binding site and the effects of nucleotide binding. This is the second of a series of four articles in which the chemical, enzymological and crystallographic work on Ribonucleate (deoxyribonucleate)-3'-nucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.4. (staphylococcal nuclease, micrococcal nuclease) will be reviewed and correlated. This article discusses studies in solution delineating the extent of the binding site of the enzyme and identifying some of the particular amino acid residues that form this site. In addition, the effects of the very potent inhibitory combination of thymidine-3',5'-diphosphate and Ca2+ on the conformation of the enzyme and its physical, chemical and enzymological properties will be reviewed.", "PMID": 423893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12232", "title": "Purification and partial characterisation of a bovine kidney aminotripeptidase (capable of cleaving prolyl-glycylglycine).", "content": "An enzyme was purified 163-fold in an 8.2% yield from bovine kidney. The specific activities of the pure preparation against L-prolyl glycylglycine and L-alanyl glycylglycine were found to be 244.5 and 578 micron Moles substrate hydrolyzed per min per mg protein respectively. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated on gel filtration to be 55,000. The isoelectric point was recorded to be pH 5.2. A preliminary study of substrate specificity showed that the enzyme preferentially hydrolyzed tripeptides of the type X-glycylglycine. The enzyme was tentatively identified as a tripeptide aminopeptidase (alpha aminoacyldipeptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.11.4).", "contents": "Purification and partial characterisation of a bovine kidney aminotripeptidase (capable of cleaving prolyl-glycylglycine). An enzyme was purified 163-fold in an 8.2% yield from bovine kidney. The specific activities of the pure preparation against L-prolyl glycylglycine and L-alanyl glycylglycine were found to be 244.5 and 578 micron Moles substrate hydrolyzed per min per mg protein respectively. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated on gel filtration to be 55,000. The isoelectric point was recorded to be pH 5.2. A preliminary study of substrate specificity showed that the enzyme preferentially hydrolyzed tripeptides of the type X-glycylglycine. The enzyme was tentatively identified as a tripeptide aminopeptidase (alpha aminoacyldipeptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.11.4).", "PMID": 423894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12233", "title": "Comparative characterization of mitochondrial nucleoids and of nuclear chromatin of sea urchin embryos.", "content": "Chromatin and mitochondrial nucleoids of sea urchin embryos were found to have different isopycnic densities in metrizamide gradients. The banding density of nucleoids was constant during development, while there appeared to be alterations in the density profiles of chromatin banded at low ionic strength.", "contents": "Comparative characterization of mitochondrial nucleoids and of nuclear chromatin of sea urchin embryos. Chromatin and mitochondrial nucleoids of sea urchin embryos were found to have different isopycnic densities in metrizamide gradients. The banding density of nucleoids was constant during development, while there appeared to be alterations in the density profiles of chromatin banded at low ionic strength.", "PMID": 423895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12234", "title": "[Radiologic findings in abdominal pain in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of the radiological examination of 330 children following oral administration of barium are reported. It is pointed out that if one just takes into account the undoubted organic diseases, only a few children would benefit from the examination; in our case only 9 of them (a gastric and a duodenal ulcer, a pancreas pseudocyst, 5 hiatal hernias, and a celiac disease), i.e. 3%. This is not very satisfactory from a practical point of view. This situation improves radically when one looks for diseases usually rated as questionable: small hiatal hernia (cardiotuberositary malposition), functional disturbances of the small intestine, reactive hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue, and chronic appendicitis. Thus we were able to offer 177 children, i.e. 53% of them, an efficacious therapy. The importance of chronic appendicitis and of functional disturbances of the small intestine as a cause of abdominal pain in children is pointed out, and their radiological symptoms are discussed. Finally the not uncommon, but not very well known disease of incomplete sigmoid volvulus is described.", "contents": "[Radiologic findings in abdominal pain in children (author's transl)]. The results of the radiological examination of 330 children following oral administration of barium are reported. It is pointed out that if one just takes into account the undoubted organic diseases, only a few children would benefit from the examination; in our case only 9 of them (a gastric and a duodenal ulcer, a pancreas pseudocyst, 5 hiatal hernias, and a celiac disease), i.e. 3%. This is not very satisfactory from a practical point of view. This situation improves radically when one looks for diseases usually rated as questionable: small hiatal hernia (cardiotuberositary malposition), functional disturbances of the small intestine, reactive hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue, and chronic appendicitis. Thus we were able to offer 177 children, i.e. 53% of them, an efficacious therapy. The importance of chronic appendicitis and of functional disturbances of the small intestine as a cause of abdominal pain in children is pointed out, and their radiological symptoms are discussed. Finally the not uncommon, but not very well known disease of incomplete sigmoid volvulus is described.", "PMID": 423901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12235", "title": "[Correlation between clinical status and psychological variables in juvenile diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "Correlations between clinical status and psychological variables in 56 juvenile diabetics were studied. Intelligence was only partly associated with clinical status. Among personality variables extraversion proved to be correlated with insufficient clinical control. This result is significant, both from a theoretical and from a practical point of view. There were no correlations of parental personality and clinical control.", "contents": "[Correlation between clinical status and psychological variables in juvenile diabetics (author's transl)]. Correlations between clinical status and psychological variables in 56 juvenile diabetics were studied. Intelligence was only partly associated with clinical status. Among personality variables extraversion proved to be correlated with insufficient clinical control. This result is significant, both from a theoretical and from a practical point of view. There were no correlations of parental personality and clinical control.", "PMID": 423902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12236", "title": "[Studies on noise stress caused by infant incubators (author's transl)].", "content": "The following acoustic effects of incubators were investigated: Noise level and vibration measurements inside incubators. Noise emanation into the vicinity of incubators. Deadening of incubator noise by the hood. The noise intensity inside the incubators was also registered under conditions of intensive care using sound emitting therapeutic and monitoring equipment. The results show that the noise level of incubator motors can be tolerated. This applies to well-serviced incubators only, however. The hood muffles outside noise, particularly in the range of greatest hearing acuity. But there is no protection against noisy intensive-care systems within the incubator. The infants own noise production is considered to contribute substantially to the noise within an incubator.", "contents": "[Studies on noise stress caused by infant incubators (author's transl)]. The following acoustic effects of incubators were investigated: Noise level and vibration measurements inside incubators. Noise emanation into the vicinity of incubators. Deadening of incubator noise by the hood. The noise intensity inside the incubators was also registered under conditions of intensive care using sound emitting therapeutic and monitoring equipment. The results show that the noise level of incubator motors can be tolerated. This applies to well-serviced incubators only, however. The hood muffles outside noise, particularly in the range of greatest hearing acuity. But there is no protection against noisy intensive-care systems within the incubator. The infants own noise production is considered to contribute substantially to the noise within an incubator.", "PMID": 423903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12237", "title": "[Results and consequences using Prechtl's concept of optimal conditions. Obstetrical and Postnatal complications (author's transl)].", "content": "An extended list of Prechtl's list of optimal obstetric conditions was used to describe the history of 200 newborns, randomly chosen from a defined population born in 1972. Differences between the population from Groningen (Prechtl's) and T\u00fcbingen, and different definitions of the items used in the list are discussed. Reduced optimal conditions in the history of the mother effectively reduced the optimal conditions in the newborn aswell. This was particularly so in case of: Preterm deliveries and miscarriages, bleedings in the first trimester, preterm onset of labour, operative deliveries, less than 38 weeks of gestational age, and an Apgar score below 7.", "contents": "[Results and consequences using Prechtl's concept of optimal conditions. Obstetrical and Postnatal complications (author's transl)]. An extended list of Prechtl's list of optimal obstetric conditions was used to describe the history of 200 newborns, randomly chosen from a defined population born in 1972. Differences between the population from Groningen (Prechtl's) and T\u00fcbingen, and different definitions of the items used in the list are discussed. Reduced optimal conditions in the history of the mother effectively reduced the optimal conditions in the newborn aswell. This was particularly so in case of: Preterm deliveries and miscarriages, bleedings in the first trimester, preterm onset of labour, operative deliveries, less than 38 weeks of gestational age, and an Apgar score below 7.", "PMID": 423904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12238", "title": "[Intoxication with anticoagulant rodenticides (author's transl)].", "content": "Generally the ingestion of rodenticides containing anticoagulant substances is not dangerous. Following accidental ingestion, 9 out of 77 children, and 7 out of 13 adults who had taken such substances in attempted suicide had slight or moderate increases of thromboplastin time, but no serious alteration of plasmatic blood coagulation. Vitamin K1 should be given as an antidote in all cases; gastric lavage or induced emesis are often unnecessary.", "contents": "[Intoxication with anticoagulant rodenticides (author's transl)]. Generally the ingestion of rodenticides containing anticoagulant substances is not dangerous. Following accidental ingestion, 9 out of 77 children, and 7 out of 13 adults who had taken such substances in attempted suicide had slight or moderate increases of thromboplastin time, but no serious alteration of plasmatic blood coagulation. Vitamin K1 should be given as an antidote in all cases; gastric lavage or induced emesis are often unnecessary.", "PMID": 423905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12239", "title": "Mutagenicity of polycyclic hydrocarbons. V. Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in vivo.", "content": "The potency of polycyclic hydrocarbons to induce SCEs in vivo was analysed. The most potent SCE-inducing compound was benzo[a]pyrene. Benzanthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene, phenanthrene, chrysene and dibenzanthracene enhanced the SCE frequency to a smaller extent. The number of anthracene-induced SCEs per metaphase was not increased as compared with the controls.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of polycyclic hydrocarbons. V. Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in vivo. The potency of polycyclic hydrocarbons to induce SCEs in vivo was analysed. The most potent SCE-inducing compound was benzo[a]pyrene. Benzanthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene, phenanthrene, chrysene and dibenzanthracene enhanced the SCE frequency to a smaller extent. The number of anthracene-induced SCEs per metaphase was not increased as compared with the controls.", "PMID": 423906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12240", "title": "Clastogenic effects of frusemide on human leukocytes in culture.", "content": "The clastogenic effects of frusemide were investigated in vitro for 24 and 72 h. A mitodepressive activity was observed at both times. Chromosomal anomalies showed a dose response. There was a propensity for chromatid abnormalities. The chromosome mutational property of the drug is discussed in the light of earlier studies in vivo by the authors.", "contents": "Clastogenic effects of frusemide on human leukocytes in culture. The clastogenic effects of frusemide were investigated in vitro for 24 and 72 h. A mitodepressive activity was observed at both times. Chromosomal anomalies showed a dose response. There was a propensity for chromatid abnormalities. The chromosome mutational property of the drug is discussed in the light of earlier studies in vivo by the authors.", "PMID": 423907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12241", "title": "Elevated platelet-associated IgG in the thrombocytopenia of septicemia.", "content": "The mechanism of thrombocytopenia, a frequent complication of septicemia, is obscure, but indirect evidence suggests that the immune system may be involved. To investigate this possibility, we quantitated platelet-associated IgG on platelets obtained from 44 patients during 46 episodes of septicemia. Thrombocytopenia occurred in 21 of 46 episodes (46 per cent). Platelet-associated IgG was elevated in eight of 11 episodes of gram-negative septicemia and thrombocytopenia (47.3 +/- 11.7 fg of IgG per platelet [mean +/- S.E.]) and in one of 20 patients with gram-negative septicemia and normal platelet counts (5.9 +/- 1.1) (P less than 0.001). Elevated levels occurred in eight of 10 patients with gram-positive septicemia and thrombocytopenia (55.3 +/- 14.7 fg of IgG per platelet) and in none of 11 patients with gram-positive septicemia and normal platelet counts (5.6 +/- 1.7) (P less than 0.001). Serial testing during the thrombocytopenia and recovery showed an inverse relation between the platelet count and platelet-associated IgG. Thrombocytopenia in some patients with septicemia may be related to the binding of IgG to platelets.", "contents": "Elevated platelet-associated IgG in the thrombocytopenia of septicemia. The mechanism of thrombocytopenia, a frequent complication of septicemia, is obscure, but indirect evidence suggests that the immune system may be involved. To investigate this possibility, we quantitated platelet-associated IgG on platelets obtained from 44 patients during 46 episodes of septicemia. Thrombocytopenia occurred in 21 of 46 episodes (46 per cent). Platelet-associated IgG was elevated in eight of 11 episodes of gram-negative septicemia and thrombocytopenia (47.3 +/- 11.7 fg of IgG per platelet [mean +/- S.E.]) and in one of 20 patients with gram-negative septicemia and normal platelet counts (5.9 +/- 1.1) (P less than 0.001). Elevated levels occurred in eight of 10 patients with gram-positive septicemia and thrombocytopenia (55.3 +/- 14.7 fg of IgG per platelet) and in none of 11 patients with gram-positive septicemia and normal platelet counts (5.6 +/- 1.7) (P less than 0.001). Serial testing during the thrombocytopenia and recovery showed an inverse relation between the platelet count and platelet-associated IgG. Thrombocytopenia in some patients with septicemia may be related to the binding of IgG to platelets.", "PMID": 423910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12242", "title": "Risk of cutaneous carcinoma in patients treated with oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy for psoriasis.", "content": "A 2.1-year prospective study of 1373 patients given oral 8-methoxypsoralen photochemotherapy for psoriasis revealed 30 patients with a total of 48 basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas. The observed incidence of cutaneous carcinoma was 2.63 (95 per cent confidence limits = 1.91 to 3.90) times that expected for an age, sex and geographically matched population. Relative risk to patients with history of ionizing radiation was 3.68 (99 per cent confidence limits, 2.42 to 8.69). Patients with a previous cutaneous carcinoma had a relative risk of 10.22 (99 per cent confidence limits, 4.78 to 37.08). A higher than expected proportion of squamous-cell carcinomas and an excess of squamous-cell carcinomas in areas not exposed to sun were seen. New patients with known histories of ionizing-radiation exposure or of skin tumors should be given 8-methyoxypsoralen photochemotherapy only if they understand the risks and have disabling psoriasis untreatable by other means.", "contents": "Risk of cutaneous carcinoma in patients treated with oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy for psoriasis. A 2.1-year prospective study of 1373 patients given oral 8-methoxypsoralen photochemotherapy for psoriasis revealed 30 patients with a total of 48 basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas. The observed incidence of cutaneous carcinoma was 2.63 (95 per cent confidence limits = 1.91 to 3.90) times that expected for an age, sex and geographically matched population. Relative risk to patients with history of ionizing radiation was 3.68 (99 per cent confidence limits, 2.42 to 8.69). Patients with a previous cutaneous carcinoma had a relative risk of 10.22 (99 per cent confidence limits, 4.78 to 37.08). A higher than expected proportion of squamous-cell carcinomas and an excess of squamous-cell carcinomas in areas not exposed to sun were seen. New patients with known histories of ionizing-radiation exposure or of skin tumors should be given 8-methyoxypsoralen photochemotherapy only if they understand the risks and have disabling psoriasis untreatable by other means.", "PMID": 423919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12243", "title": "Development of lithogenic bile during puberty in Pima indians.", "content": "To determine whether highly saturated bile is a congenital or acquired characteristic of Pima Indians and to elucidate the basis of the rapid postpubertal increase in gallstones in Pimas, we studied the bile of 66 Pimas nine to 21 years of age. Highly saturated bile is not prevalent among Pimas under the age of 13, but bile saturation increases significantly (P less than 0.05) in both sexes during pubertal growth and development. Bile saturation was 15 per cent higher in females than males. Bile acid pools increased with age in the young men, but not in women. Bile cholesterol saturation correlated with obesity (r = 0.41; P less than 0.001) and urinary estrogen excretion (r = 0.44; P less than 0.001). Highly saturated bile may be present for several years before the onset of cholesterol cholelithiasis.", "contents": "Development of lithogenic bile during puberty in Pima indians. To determine whether highly saturated bile is a congenital or acquired characteristic of Pima Indians and to elucidate the basis of the rapid postpubertal increase in gallstones in Pimas, we studied the bile of 66 Pimas nine to 21 years of age. Highly saturated bile is not prevalent among Pimas under the age of 13, but bile saturation increases significantly (P less than 0.05) in both sexes during pubertal growth and development. Bile saturation was 15 per cent higher in females than males. Bile acid pools increased with age in the young men, but not in women. Bile cholesterol saturation correlated with obesity (r = 0.41; P less than 0.001) and urinary estrogen excretion (r = 0.44; P less than 0.001). Highly saturated bile may be present for several years before the onset of cholesterol cholelithiasis.", "PMID": 423937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12244", "title": "Increased insulin binding to erythrocytes in anorexia nervosa: restoration to normal with refeeding.", "content": "We studied [125I] insulin binding to circulating cells in patients with anorexia nervosa (eight females), in the basal cachectic state (seven patients) and after weight gain (eight patients) and compared the values to those obtained in 17 normal volunteers (eight females and nine males). Untreated patients showed increased insulin binding to receptors on erythrocytes (mean +/- S.E.M., 12.2 +/- 0.99 per cent of total); after weight gain, these increased levels returned to normal (6.8 +/- 0.42 vs 6.7 +/- 0.63 per cent of total). Increased binding was due to an increased number of receptors per cell, with little or no change in receptor affinity. In five patients (one untreated, four treated), results of [125I] insulin binding to erythrocytes correlated closely (r = 0.982) with results obtained with monocytes. We conclude that in patients with anorexia nervosa, insulin binding to receptors is altered and that the abnormality is corrected by restoration of normal food intake and body weight.", "contents": "Increased insulin binding to erythrocytes in anorexia nervosa: restoration to normal with refeeding. We studied [125I] insulin binding to circulating cells in patients with anorexia nervosa (eight females), in the basal cachectic state (seven patients) and after weight gain (eight patients) and compared the values to those obtained in 17 normal volunteers (eight females and nine males). Untreated patients showed increased insulin binding to receptors on erythrocytes (mean +/- S.E.M., 12.2 +/- 0.99 per cent of total); after weight gain, these increased levels returned to normal (6.8 +/- 0.42 vs 6.7 +/- 0.63 per cent of total). Increased binding was due to an increased number of receptors per cell, with little or no change in receptor affinity. In five patients (one untreated, four treated), results of [125I] insulin binding to erythrocytes correlated closely (r = 0.982) with results obtained with monocytes. We conclude that in patients with anorexia nervosa, insulin binding to receptors is altered and that the abnormality is corrected by restoration of normal food intake and body weight.", "PMID": 423938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12245", "title": "DNA sequences and structural homologies of the replication origins of lambdoid bacteriophages.", "content": "The DNA sequences for the origins of replication of the lambdoid bacteriophages phi80, 434, phi21, and lambdaimm21 (identical to phi21) have been determined and compared to the lambda structure. Two presumptive elaborate binding sites for two initiator proteins have been identified in their outer sections, while a replicational primer start site seems to be located in their centres.", "contents": "DNA sequences and structural homologies of the replication origins of lambdoid bacteriophages. The DNA sequences for the origins of replication of the lambdoid bacteriophages phi80, 434, phi21, and lambdaimm21 (identical to phi21) have been determined and compared to the lambda structure. Two presumptive elaborate binding sites for two initiator proteins have been identified in their outer sections, while a replicational primer start site seems to be located in their centres.", "PMID": 423961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12246", "title": "Structure of the human fetal globin gene locus.", "content": "We have derived a 'map' of restriction enzyme sites in and around the human gamma-globin genes. This has enabled us to show that there are two gamma-globin genes per haploid set, that the genes contain 'introns' within the same regions of DNA as the human beta and delta-globin genes, and that the genes are 3,500 base pairs apart. We conclude that the correct gene organisation of the human beta-like globin locus is GgammaAgammadeltabeta.", "contents": "Structure of the human fetal globin gene locus. We have derived a 'map' of restriction enzyme sites in and around the human gamma-globin genes. This has enabled us to show that there are two gamma-globin genes per haploid set, that the genes contain 'introns' within the same regions of DNA as the human beta and delta-globin genes, and that the genes are 3,500 base pairs apart. We conclude that the correct gene organisation of the human beta-like globin locus is GgammaAgammadeltabeta.", "PMID": 423971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12247", "title": "The chick ovomucoid gene contains at least six intervening sequences.", "content": "A 15-kilobase pair EcoRI chick DNA fragment, containing both the termination codon UGA and the 5'-portion of the structural ovomucoid gene, has been cloned in lambda phage Charon 4A by in vitro packaging. Restriction mapping and electron microscopic analyses of this cloned DNA have revealed that the structural ovomucoid gene sequences are separated by at least six intervening sequences.", "contents": "The chick ovomucoid gene contains at least six intervening sequences. A 15-kilobase pair EcoRI chick DNA fragment, containing both the termination codon UGA and the 5'-portion of the structural ovomucoid gene, has been cloned in lambda phage Charon 4A by in vitro packaging. Restriction mapping and electron microscopic analyses of this cloned DNA have revealed that the structural ovomucoid gene sequences are separated by at least six intervening sequences.", "PMID": 423985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12248", "title": "Identification of potential ovomucoid mRNA precursors in chick oviduct nuclei.", "content": "Denaturing gel electrophoresis of chick oviduct nuclear RNA reveals multiple species of RNA that are 1.5-5 times larger than ovomucoid mRNA. By analogy with ovalbumin RNA processing, these data suggest that ovomucoid mRNA is derived from a primary transcript that contains intervening sequences.", "contents": "Identification of potential ovomucoid mRNA precursors in chick oviduct nuclei. Denaturing gel electrophoresis of chick oviduct nuclear RNA reveals multiple species of RNA that are 1.5-5 times larger than ovomucoid mRNA. By analogy with ovalbumin RNA processing, these data suggest that ovomucoid mRNA is derived from a primary transcript that contains intervening sequences.", "PMID": 423986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12249", "title": "Biosynthesis of cyanogenic glycosides.", "content": "Cyanogenic glycosides are secondary plant compounds that occur widely in the plant kingdom. They are the source of HCN which can render the plant toxic if it is taken as food. The enzymes responsible for production of the HCN have long been known. More recent biosynthetic studies have established certain protein amino acids as precursors of the aglycones, and indicate N-hydroxyamino acids, aldoximes, nitriles and alpha-hydroxynitriles as intermediates. In sorghum the several biosynthetic enzymes catalyzing the flow of carbon atoms from L-tyrosine through such nitrogenous intermediates are located in a membrane fraction and may be capable of metabolic channeling.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of cyanogenic glycosides. Cyanogenic glycosides are secondary plant compounds that occur widely in the plant kingdom. They are the source of HCN which can render the plant toxic if it is taken as food. The enzymes responsible for production of the HCN have long been known. More recent biosynthetic studies have established certain protein amino acids as precursors of the aglycones, and indicate N-hydroxyamino acids, aldoximes, nitriles and alpha-hydroxynitriles as intermediates. In sorghum the several biosynthetic enzymes catalyzing the flow of carbon atoms from L-tyrosine through such nitrogenous intermediates are located in a membrane fraction and may be capable of metabolic channeling.", "PMID": 423994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12250", "title": "[Causes, shape and chemistry of gallstones].", "content": "Gallstones are precipitations of oversaturated bile fluid. They can develop in the gallbladder and in the efferent bile ducts; they are very often correlated with diseases of the gallbladder, bile ducts and neighboring organs. The gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) is increasing continually, especially in developed countries with overcaloric nourished population. Surgical interventions on the biliary tract are the most frequent abdominal operations at present.", "contents": "[Causes, shape and chemistry of gallstones]. Gallstones are precipitations of oversaturated bile fluid. They can develop in the gallbladder and in the efferent bile ducts; they are very often correlated with diseases of the gallbladder, bile ducts and neighboring organs. The gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) is increasing continually, especially in developed countries with overcaloric nourished population. Surgical interventions on the biliary tract are the most frequent abdominal operations at present.", "PMID": 423995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12251", "title": "Bradykinin as an algesic (pain producing) substance in the pulp.", "content": "A rat uterine smooth muscle contracting substance was released into the superfusate of the dog's exposed canine pulp after noxious stimulation of the pulp by pricking, heat and electrical stimulation. This active substance was acid- and heat-resistant and was decomposed by carboxypeptidase B and alpha-chymotrypsin, but not by carboxypeptidase A and trypsin. This substance was also tested on several types of smooth muscle. Electrical activity of nerve cells in the reticular formation, which were sensitive to stimulation of the instep of the foot by pinching, was activated by the intrafemoral administration of the active substance. The algesic activity of this substance was examined in cantharidin blister base in man. This study conclusively demonstrated that the active substance of the pulp released by noxious stimulation produced pain and it was identified as bradykinin.", "contents": "Bradykinin as an algesic (pain producing) substance in the pulp. A rat uterine smooth muscle contracting substance was released into the superfusate of the dog's exposed canine pulp after noxious stimulation of the pulp by pricking, heat and electrical stimulation. This active substance was acid- and heat-resistant and was decomposed by carboxypeptidase B and alpha-chymotrypsin, but not by carboxypeptidase A and trypsin. This substance was also tested on several types of smooth muscle. Electrical activity of nerve cells in the reticular formation, which were sensitive to stimulation of the instep of the foot by pinching, was activated by the intrafemoral administration of the active substance. The algesic activity of this substance was examined in cantharidin blister base in man. This study conclusively demonstrated that the active substance of the pulp released by noxious stimulation produced pain and it was identified as bradykinin.", "PMID": 423998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12252", "title": "Increased pressor responses to physostigmine in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Intravenous injection of physostigmine evoked a pressor response in unanaesthetized rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) showed increased pressor responses, but the responses were within normal limits in renal hypertensive and DOCA-saline hypertensive rats. The pressor effect in SHR was abolished by the i.v. injection of atropine sulphate but not by the i.v. injection of atropine methylbromide. After inhibition of the peripheral muscarinic receptors by atropine methyl bromide, oxotremorine also produced a pressor response in unanaesthetized rats. In contrast to the pressor effect of physostigmine, there was no difference between the oxotremorine-induced pressor response of SHR and that of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. The pressor effect of oxotremorine in SHR was blocked by the i.v. injection of atropine sulphate.", "contents": "Increased pressor responses to physostigmine in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Intravenous injection of physostigmine evoked a pressor response in unanaesthetized rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) showed increased pressor responses, but the responses were within normal limits in renal hypertensive and DOCA-saline hypertensive rats. The pressor effect in SHR was abolished by the i.v. injection of atropine sulphate but not by the i.v. injection of atropine methylbromide. After inhibition of the peripheral muscarinic receptors by atropine methyl bromide, oxotremorine also produced a pressor response in unanaesthetized rats. In contrast to the pressor effect of physostigmine, there was no difference between the oxotremorine-induced pressor response of SHR and that of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. The pressor effect of oxotremorine in SHR was blocked by the i.v. injection of atropine sulphate.", "PMID": 424001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12253", "title": "Supersensitivity to opioids following the chronic blockade of endorphin action by naloxone.", "content": "Chronic treatment of guinea pigs with the narcotic antagonist naloxone (pellet implantation technique) caused an increased sensitivity to opioids of the electrically stimulated longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation of the ileum. This supersensitivity is associated with an elevation of the total number of opiate receptor binding sites in both the peripheral and the central nervous system.", "contents": "Supersensitivity to opioids following the chronic blockade of endorphin action by naloxone. Chronic treatment of guinea pigs with the narcotic antagonist naloxone (pellet implantation technique) caused an increased sensitivity to opioids of the electrically stimulated longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation of the ileum. This supersensitivity is associated with an elevation of the total number of opiate receptor binding sites in both the peripheral and the central nervous system.", "PMID": 424002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12254", "title": "The anti-nociceptive effect of reserpine and haloperidol mediated by the nigro-striatal system: antagonism by naloxone.", "content": "Reserpine (10 mg/kg) and haloperidol (2 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally increased the reaction time of the tail-flick response in intact but not in pre-nigrally decerebrate or spinal rats. The antinociceptive effect of both drugs was antagonized by intraperitoneal injections of dopa (100 mg/kg), apomorphine (2 mg/kg) or naloxone (1 mg/kg) as well as by bilateral micro-injections into the caudate nuclei of apomorphine (100 microgram and 20 microgram) and naloxone (10 microgram). It is concluded that the nigrostriatal feedback system is involved in the anti-nociceptive effect of reserpine and haloperidol.", "contents": "The anti-nociceptive effect of reserpine and haloperidol mediated by the nigro-striatal system: antagonism by naloxone. Reserpine (10 mg/kg) and haloperidol (2 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally increased the reaction time of the tail-flick response in intact but not in pre-nigrally decerebrate or spinal rats. The antinociceptive effect of both drugs was antagonized by intraperitoneal injections of dopa (100 mg/kg), apomorphine (2 mg/kg) or naloxone (1 mg/kg) as well as by bilateral micro-injections into the caudate nuclei of apomorphine (100 microgram and 20 microgram) and naloxone (10 microgram). It is concluded that the nigrostriatal feedback system is involved in the anti-nociceptive effect of reserpine and haloperidol.", "PMID": 424003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12255", "title": "[Responses of cat suprasylvian gyrus neurons to light flashes of different wave lengths].", "content": "Unit responses in the cat's suprasylvian gyrus to the light flashes of different wavelength were studied. 80% of colour-coding units were found in the suprasylvian gyrus, especially in the Clare-Bishop area. Four groups of neurons differently responding to different spectral regions are distinguished. The possible principle of stimulus wavelength information coding in the suprasylvian units is discussed.", "contents": "[Responses of cat suprasylvian gyrus neurons to light flashes of different wave lengths]. Unit responses in the cat's suprasylvian gyrus to the light flashes of different wavelength were studied. 80% of colour-coding units were found in the suprasylvian gyrus, especially in the Clare-Bishop area. Four groups of neurons differently responding to different spectral regions are distinguished. The possible principle of stimulus wavelength information coding in the suprasylvian units is discussed.", "PMID": 424019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12256", "title": "[Response of pericruciate cortex neurons to stimulation of the medial geniculate body].", "content": "Electrical responses of 239 pericruciate neurons were studied in anaesthetized and curarized cats after stimulation of the medial geniculate body and medullary pyramids. The medial geniculate body stimulation evoked in the pericruciate neurons predominantly excitatory effects in the form of increase in the mean frequency of spike activity, generation of EPSPs and EPSPs-spike sequences. The latency analysis has shown that medial geniculate neurons have mono- and polysynaptic connections with pericruciate neurons not belonging to the pyramidal tract units.", "contents": "[Response of pericruciate cortex neurons to stimulation of the medial geniculate body]. Electrical responses of 239 pericruciate neurons were studied in anaesthetized and curarized cats after stimulation of the medial geniculate body and medullary pyramids. The medial geniculate body stimulation evoked in the pericruciate neurons predominantly excitatory effects in the form of increase in the mean frequency of spike activity, generation of EPSPs and EPSPs-spike sequences. The latency analysis has shown that medial geniculate neurons have mono- and polysynaptic connections with pericruciate neurons not belonging to the pyramidal tract units.", "PMID": 424020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12257", "title": "[Characteristics of the neuronal responses of the auditory zone of the cortex of awake cats in the resting state and during an elaborated defensive conditioned reflex].", "content": "The responses of 288 neurons with background activity in the first auditory cortex were investigated using glass microelectrodes in chronic experiments on cats at rest (123 neurons) and during elaboration of a defensive conditioned reflex to sound stimulation (165 neurons). At rest 43% of recorded neurons did not respond to the sound stimulus. Pronounced inhibition of background activity prevailed among responding neurons (about 60%). The conditioning caused an increase (to 72%) in proportion of neurons responsive to the sound stimulus, appearance of tonic reactions, as well as an increase in frequency of bursts and in proportion of activation type responses. It is suggested that these changes indicate the enhancement of neurons excitability in the zone under study during conditioning.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the neuronal responses of the auditory zone of the cortex of awake cats in the resting state and during an elaborated defensive conditioned reflex]. The responses of 288 neurons with background activity in the first auditory cortex were investigated using glass microelectrodes in chronic experiments on cats at rest (123 neurons) and during elaboration of a defensive conditioned reflex to sound stimulation (165 neurons). At rest 43% of recorded neurons did not respond to the sound stimulus. Pronounced inhibition of background activity prevailed among responding neurons (about 60%). The conditioning caused an increase (to 72%) in proportion of neurons responsive to the sound stimulus, appearance of tonic reactions, as well as an increase in frequency of bursts and in proportion of activation type responses. It is suggested that these changes indicate the enhancement of neurons excitability in the zone under study during conditioning.", "PMID": 424021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12258", "title": "[Structure of the receptive fields of cat pulvinar neurons sensitive to photic stimulation].", "content": "The structure of receptive fields of 262 neurons was studied in pulvinar. Of 262 neurons 142 were investigated in detail for receptive fields using stationary and dynamic visual stimuli. The receptive fields were classified into 6 groups according to the responses to the stationary light stimuli. The first group contained on-off receptive fields (44 of 142), all the investigated parts of which produced on-off responses to the flashing light spot. The second group (42 of 142) included neurons with the off-reactions from the whole surface of the receptive field. The third group comprised the on-receptive fields (19 of 142). Eight receptive fields (the fourth group) were similar to the \"simple fields\" of primary visual cortex. The fifth group (10 of 142 neurons) was characterized as concentric having on-off centre and on or off surrounding. The sixth group (19 of 142) included receptive fields with multiple discharge centres, the receptive field surface having silent zones for both on- and off-responses. The neurons having such receptive fields responded by multimodaly distributed discharges during the stimulation by moving and stationary visual stimuli. The average latency of responses of most neurons in pulvinar was 40-70 ms, some neurons displaying shorter (20 ms) and some longer (130-160 ms) latencies.", "contents": "[Structure of the receptive fields of cat pulvinar neurons sensitive to photic stimulation]. The structure of receptive fields of 262 neurons was studied in pulvinar. Of 262 neurons 142 were investigated in detail for receptive fields using stationary and dynamic visual stimuli. The receptive fields were classified into 6 groups according to the responses to the stationary light stimuli. The first group contained on-off receptive fields (44 of 142), all the investigated parts of which produced on-off responses to the flashing light spot. The second group (42 of 142) included neurons with the off-reactions from the whole surface of the receptive field. The third group comprised the on-receptive fields (19 of 142). Eight receptive fields (the fourth group) were similar to the \"simple fields\" of primary visual cortex. The fifth group (10 of 142 neurons) was characterized as concentric having on-off centre and on or off surrounding. The sixth group (19 of 142) included receptive fields with multiple discharge centres, the receptive field surface having silent zones for both on- and off-responses. The neurons having such receptive fields responded by multimodaly distributed discharges during the stimulation by moving and stationary visual stimuli. The average latency of responses of most neurons in pulvinar was 40-70 ms, some neurons displaying shorter (20 ms) and some longer (130-160 ms) latencies.", "PMID": 424022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12259", "title": "[Neuronal composition and interneuronal connections of field 5 of the parietal association cortex of cats].", "content": "Field 5 of the cat neocortex was studied by the Golgi method. Characteristic features here are as follows: predominance of pyramidal cells in layers II-III and existence of large forms (40X26 micron) among them; single and clustered giant pyramidal neurons (70X23 micron) in layer V; large (25-30 micron in diameter) and giant (40-45 micron in diameter) stellate cells with radial dendrites, single or gathered in groups, in layers V--VI; few efferent spindle-like neurons (40X20 micron) in layers V-VI. Stellate cells found in layers II-VI probably unite the pyramidal cells localized within one or several layers. Some of the stellate cells in layers II-III establish long horizontal connections within the field. Interneuronal connections are formed by axo-somatic and axo-dendritic terminals with the prevalence of the latter; dendro-dendritic and axo-axonic contacts were rarely observed.", "contents": "[Neuronal composition and interneuronal connections of field 5 of the parietal association cortex of cats]. Field 5 of the cat neocortex was studied by the Golgi method. Characteristic features here are as follows: predominance of pyramidal cells in layers II-III and existence of large forms (40X26 micron) among them; single and clustered giant pyramidal neurons (70X23 micron) in layer V; large (25-30 micron in diameter) and giant (40-45 micron in diameter) stellate cells with radial dendrites, single or gathered in groups, in layers V--VI; few efferent spindle-like neurons (40X20 micron) in layers V-VI. Stellate cells found in layers II-VI probably unite the pyramidal cells localized within one or several layers. Some of the stellate cells in layers II-III establish long horizontal connections within the field. Interneuronal connections are formed by axo-somatic and axo-dendritic terminals with the prevalence of the latter; dendro-dendritic and axo-axonic contacts were rarely observed.", "PMID": 424023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12260", "title": "[Electrophysiologic and chemoreceptive characteristics of pontomedullary and thalamic neurons during the process of ontogenetic development].", "content": "The background and evoked activity of reticular units in the medulla, pons and ventrobasal complex of the thalamus was studied on cat's fetuses and kittens 54-65 and 1-60 days old, respectively. 63% (pons) and 92% (medulla) of spontaneously active cells were recorded in the fetuses. The highest percentage of evoked responses (60% in the fetuses) was observed upon stimulation of the tongue. Repeated application of stimuli facilitated the firing during the interstimulus intervals, especially during the early developmental stages. Sensitivity to transmitters in the fetuses was maximal to noradrenalin (87%) and glutamate (70%) and minimal to acetylcholine (43%). With development of the animal the number of adrenosensitive units decreased, that of the cholinosensitive increased, and the sensitivity to glutamate remained at the same level. A conclusion is made that the synaptic processes at early developmental stages are mainly of adrenergic and glutamate nature.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic and chemoreceptive characteristics of pontomedullary and thalamic neurons during the process of ontogenetic development]. The background and evoked activity of reticular units in the medulla, pons and ventrobasal complex of the thalamus was studied on cat's fetuses and kittens 54-65 and 1-60 days old, respectively. 63% (pons) and 92% (medulla) of spontaneously active cells were recorded in the fetuses. The highest percentage of evoked responses (60% in the fetuses) was observed upon stimulation of the tongue. Repeated application of stimuli facilitated the firing during the interstimulus intervals, especially during the early developmental stages. Sensitivity to transmitters in the fetuses was maximal to noradrenalin (87%) and glutamate (70%) and minimal to acetylcholine (43%). With development of the animal the number of adrenosensitive units decreased, that of the cholinosensitive increased, and the sensitivity to glutamate remained at the same level. A conclusion is made that the synaptic processes at early developmental stages are mainly of adrenergic and glutamate nature.", "PMID": 424024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12261", "title": "[Spatial organization of inhibitory control of the activity of the vestibulospinal neurons of Deiter's nucleus by the Purkinje cells in the anterior lobe of the cerebellar cortex].", "content": "Peculiarities of topographical distribution of the Deiters nucleus vestibulospinal neurons were studied by means of microelectrode technique. It is shown, in contrast to morphological data, that the localization of antidromically identified vestibulocervical (C-neurons) and vestibulolumbal (L-neurons) cells is not restricted to the ventral mid- and rostral third part (forelimb region) and caudosorsal part (hindlimb region) of the nucleus, but extends correspondingly to the whole ventral and dorsal halves of the nucleus. There is a great overlapping in zones of these two groups of neurons: C-neurons are found in the dorsal portion also, whereas L-neurons--in its ventrocaudal part. Analysis of distribution of monosynaptic IPSPs in the vestibulospinal neurons, evoked in response to the stimulation of the Purkinje cells, has shown that the C-neurons are controlled mainly from the forelimb region of the cerebellar cortex, whereas L-neurons are inhibited from the forelimb as well as from the hindlimb regions of the vermal cortex anterior lobe.", "contents": "[Spatial organization of inhibitory control of the activity of the vestibulospinal neurons of Deiter's nucleus by the Purkinje cells in the anterior lobe of the cerebellar cortex]. Peculiarities of topographical distribution of the Deiters nucleus vestibulospinal neurons were studied by means of microelectrode technique. It is shown, in contrast to morphological data, that the localization of antidromically identified vestibulocervical (C-neurons) and vestibulolumbal (L-neurons) cells is not restricted to the ventral mid- and rostral third part (forelimb region) and caudosorsal part (hindlimb region) of the nucleus, but extends correspondingly to the whole ventral and dorsal halves of the nucleus. There is a great overlapping in zones of these two groups of neurons: C-neurons are found in the dorsal portion also, whereas L-neurons--in its ventrocaudal part. Analysis of distribution of monosynaptic IPSPs in the vestibulospinal neurons, evoked in response to the stimulation of the Purkinje cells, has shown that the C-neurons are controlled mainly from the forelimb region of the cerebellar cortex, whereas L-neurons are inhibited from the forelimb as well as from the hindlimb regions of the vermal cortex anterior lobe.", "PMID": 424025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12262", "title": "[Central program for interaction between the hindlimbs of cats during locomotion].", "content": "Central program of interaction of hindlimbs during fictitious locomotion expressed in the time structure of motor discharges in nerves to different muscles was investigated in decerebrated and spinal immobilized cats. It was shown that in the decerebrated animals the program of interaction of hindlimbs (alternative or synphase) is determined by interaction of the flexor half-centres. The latter work either in-phase or out-of-phase. The character of activity of extensor half-centres is determined secondarily by alternating interaction of each of them with homolateral flexor half-centre. After injection of DOPA the central program of interaction of hindlimbs can be determined by synchronous work of extensor half-centres.", "contents": "[Central program for interaction between the hindlimbs of cats during locomotion]. Central program of interaction of hindlimbs during fictitious locomotion expressed in the time structure of motor discharges in nerves to different muscles was investigated in decerebrated and spinal immobilized cats. It was shown that in the decerebrated animals the program of interaction of hindlimbs (alternative or synphase) is determined by interaction of the flexor half-centres. The latter work either in-phase or out-of-phase. The character of activity of extensor half-centres is determined secondarily by alternating interaction of each of them with homolateral flexor half-centre. After injection of DOPA the central program of interaction of hindlimbs can be determined by synchronous work of extensor half-centres.", "PMID": 424026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12263", "title": "[Submicroscopic localization acetylcholinesterase in synapses of the caudal mesenteric ganglion in cats].", "content": "The existence of two types of synapses in the cat caudal mesenteric ganglion was studied using Karnovsky's electron microscopic method. Synapses of the first type contain light agranular synaptic vesicles and show acetylcholinesterase-positive response, which implies their cholinergic nature. Synapses of the second type show weak positive or negative AChE-responses. These synapses most of which contain also granular vesicles are considered to be noncholinergic. AChE-positive and AChE-negative synapses were found also in predecentralized ganglia. The origin of the two types of synapses is discussed.", "contents": "[Submicroscopic localization acetylcholinesterase in synapses of the caudal mesenteric ganglion in cats]. The existence of two types of synapses in the cat caudal mesenteric ganglion was studied using Karnovsky's electron microscopic method. Synapses of the first type contain light agranular synaptic vesicles and show acetylcholinesterase-positive response, which implies their cholinergic nature. Synapses of the second type show weak positive or negative AChE-responses. These synapses most of which contain also granular vesicles are considered to be noncholinergic. AChE-positive and AChE-negative synapses were found also in predecentralized ganglia. The origin of the two types of synapses is discussed.", "PMID": 424027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12264", "title": "[Reconstruction of tetrodotoxin-dependent passive transport structures in liposomes].", "content": "Proteoliposomes were obtained from cholate solubilized components of membrane fraction and crude phospholipid fraction from the calf brain. Permeability of the proteoliposomes was studied using Na22 and Rb86 tracers. Veratrine was shown to activate and tetrodotoxin to inhibit Na22 efflux from proteoliposomes, while Rb86 efflux was not affected by the drugs used. These results demonstrate reconstitution of tetrodotoxin-dependent structure inducing selective sodium passive transport in artificial membranes.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of tetrodotoxin-dependent passive transport structures in liposomes]. Proteoliposomes were obtained from cholate solubilized components of membrane fraction and crude phospholipid fraction from the calf brain. Permeability of the proteoliposomes was studied using Na22 and Rb86 tracers. Veratrine was shown to activate and tetrodotoxin to inhibit Na22 efflux from proteoliposomes, while Rb86 efflux was not affected by the drugs used. These results demonstrate reconstitution of tetrodotoxin-dependent structure inducing selective sodium passive transport in artificial membranes.", "PMID": 424030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12265", "title": "[Tryptophan and tyrosine in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with recent cerebral infarct].", "content": "The determinations were carried out in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of 40 patients with recent cerebral infarction and 30 controls. Tryptophan concentration was determined by the fluorimetric method of Denckla and Dewey, and tyrosine concentration by the method of Waalkes and Udenfried. A statistically significant rise of free tryptophan concentration in the plasma and tryptophan concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid was found which seemed to depend on the stress reaction following brain infarction. No statistically significant changes were observed in the concentration of tyrosine in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in patients with brain infarction.", "contents": "[Tryptophan and tyrosine in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with recent cerebral infarct]. The determinations were carried out in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of 40 patients with recent cerebral infarction and 30 controls. Tryptophan concentration was determined by the fluorimetric method of Denckla and Dewey, and tyrosine concentration by the method of Waalkes and Udenfried. A statistically significant rise of free tryptophan concentration in the plasma and tryptophan concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid was found which seemed to depend on the stress reaction following brain infarction. No statistically significant changes were observed in the concentration of tyrosine in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in patients with brain infarction.", "PMID": 424044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12266", "title": "[Case of spinal cord hemangioma simulating the clinical course of multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The authors report a case of haemangioma of the thoracic spine in a man aged 50 years in whom the clinical course of the disease resembled that of multiple sclerosis. The monofocal character of the clinical symptoms and signs, the course of the disease with steady progression without intermittent improvement suggested a slowly developing expanding lesion in the lower thoracic part of the spinal canal. The correct diagnosis was reached after myelography and spinal arteriography. Three months after surgical closure of the afferent vessels the patient died died from septicaemia originating from extensive refractory decubitus ulcers.", "contents": "[Case of spinal cord hemangioma simulating the clinical course of multiple sclerosis]. The authors report a case of haemangioma of the thoracic spine in a man aged 50 years in whom the clinical course of the disease resembled that of multiple sclerosis. The monofocal character of the clinical symptoms and signs, the course of the disease with steady progression without intermittent improvement suggested a slowly developing expanding lesion in the lower thoracic part of the spinal canal. The correct diagnosis was reached after myelography and spinal arteriography. Three months after surgical closure of the afferent vessels the patient died died from septicaemia originating from extensive refractory decubitus ulcers.", "PMID": 424045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12267", "title": "[Hereditary optic atrophy of the Kjer's type].", "content": "Kjer's disease is a benign form of hereditary optic nerve atrophy observed mainly in women. It starts in childhood and progresses slowly without leading to complete blindness. The inheritance is dominant. These features differentiate it from other known forms of hereditary optic nerve atrophy, that is Leber's and Behr's syndromes. The reported case was observed in a 21-year-old man whose mother, grandmother and great-grandmother had optic nerve atrophy. Since the age of 10 years the patient had visual acuity impairment progressing slowly. Examination demonstrated central scotoma, pallor of both optic discs particularly on the temporal side. After 10 years of the disease the visual acuity was 0.5 on the right and 0.3 on the left side. There was bilateral hearing impairment of high tones. The patient had no knee and ankle jerks. Differential diagnosis of Kjer's syndrome against other hereditary-degenerative diseases is discussed.", "contents": "[Hereditary optic atrophy of the Kjer's type]. Kjer's disease is a benign form of hereditary optic nerve atrophy observed mainly in women. It starts in childhood and progresses slowly without leading to complete blindness. The inheritance is dominant. These features differentiate it from other known forms of hereditary optic nerve atrophy, that is Leber's and Behr's syndromes. The reported case was observed in a 21-year-old man whose mother, grandmother and great-grandmother had optic nerve atrophy. Since the age of 10 years the patient had visual acuity impairment progressing slowly. Examination demonstrated central scotoma, pallor of both optic discs particularly on the temporal side. After 10 years of the disease the visual acuity was 0.5 on the right and 0.3 on the left side. There was bilateral hearing impairment of high tones. The patient had no knee and ankle jerks. Differential diagnosis of Kjer's syndrome against other hereditary-degenerative diseases is discussed.", "PMID": 424046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12268", "title": "[Oscillopsia in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "In a 20-year-old woman one of the presenting signs of multiple sclerosis was recurrent oscillopsia. Fixation of eyes while reading released during upward and downward gaze oscillopsia with variable amplitude and frequency. Electronystagmographic investigation failed to reveal signs of damage to the vestibular organ or vestibulo-oculomotor pathways. The most likely explantation of oscillopsie was, in this case, lesion of the pathway connecting the cerebellum with oculumotor nerve nuclei.", "contents": "[Oscillopsia in multiple sclerosis]. In a 20-year-old woman one of the presenting signs of multiple sclerosis was recurrent oscillopsia. Fixation of eyes while reading released during upward and downward gaze oscillopsia with variable amplitude and frequency. Electronystagmographic investigation failed to reveal signs of damage to the vestibular organ or vestibulo-oculomotor pathways. The most likely explantation of oscillopsie was, in this case, lesion of the pathway connecting the cerebellum with oculumotor nerve nuclei.", "PMID": 424047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12269", "title": "[Visual evoked potentials in cases of damage to visual pathways at different levels].", "content": "Visual potentials induced with a checker pattern were studied in a group of patients with damage to the visual pathways at different levels, and were compared with similar potentials in 10 adult subjects without diseases. A statistically significant prolongation of latency of the main deflections (N1, P max and N2) was observed in the group of 14 patients with optic nerve damage, while in 10 patients with lesions above the chiasma different, often normal responses were obtained. High-grade deformity of visual potentials was observed in 2 cases of visual agnosia. The study of visual evoked potentials may be in the opinion of the authors, useful in cases of damage to the optic nerve, retina and cortical visual centres.", "contents": "[Visual evoked potentials in cases of damage to visual pathways at different levels]. Visual potentials induced with a checker pattern were studied in a group of patients with damage to the visual pathways at different levels, and were compared with similar potentials in 10 adult subjects without diseases. A statistically significant prolongation of latency of the main deflections (N1, P max and N2) was observed in the group of 14 patients with optic nerve damage, while in 10 patients with lesions above the chiasma different, often normal responses were obtained. High-grade deformity of visual potentials was observed in 2 cases of visual agnosia. The study of visual evoked potentials may be in the opinion of the authors, useful in cases of damage to the optic nerve, retina and cortical visual centres.", "PMID": 424049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12270", "title": "[Developmental anomalies of the metencephalon in the craniofacial and vertebral malformation syndrome].", "content": "The authors describe a case of a girl aged 9 years with a syndrome of malformations--cleft of the upper lip, maxilla and palate, lack of C2 arch fusion, polycystic lesions of the vermis and cerebellar hemisphere with obliteration of the aqueduct. The syndrome of intracranial hypertension with prevailing cerebellar symptoms was the cause of diagnostic and surgical management. Suboccipital craniotomy was done with insertion of ventriculoatrial valve which restored the normal intracranial pressure. The girl recovered and resumed education.", "contents": "[Developmental anomalies of the metencephalon in the craniofacial and vertebral malformation syndrome]. The authors describe a case of a girl aged 9 years with a syndrome of malformations--cleft of the upper lip, maxilla and palate, lack of C2 arch fusion, polycystic lesions of the vermis and cerebellar hemisphere with obliteration of the aqueduct. The syndrome of intracranial hypertension with prevailing cerebellar symptoms was the cause of diagnostic and surgical management. Suboccipital craniotomy was done with insertion of ventriculoatrial valve which restored the normal intracranial pressure. The girl recovered and resumed education.", "PMID": 424048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12271", "title": "[Visual somatosensory and auditory evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "In a group of 15 patients with multiple sclerosis and in a control group of 20 healthy subjects visual evoked potentials produced with flashes or checkerboard pattern, auditory evoked potentials after stimulation with three different tones, and somatosensory evoked potentials after stimulation of the left, right or both median nerves, and reactions to stroboscopic stimulation at seven different frequencies were investigated. Recording was done with unipolar leads from frontal, central, occipital and temporal regions on the left and right side. In patients with multiple sclerosis the cortical responses to all these stimuli had lower amplitude than in healthy subjects, and the reponses to stroboscopic stimulation were also abnormal in the group of patients. Different clinical signs related to various defects of sensory functions showed a high correlation with electrophysiological anomalies. Non-linear discrimination analysis was carried out using 13 variants (the amplitudes were calculated from peak to peak and correlation coefficients were calculated between identical regions on the left and right side) comparing the group of patients with the control group. Using this method it was possible to establish the correct diagnosis in all cases of multiple sclerosis and 85% of healthy subjects could have been included into the asymptomatic group. Since the methods used in these investigations are easy and can be easily automated the authors think that they could be very useful in the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "[Visual somatosensory and auditory evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis]. In a group of 15 patients with multiple sclerosis and in a control group of 20 healthy subjects visual evoked potentials produced with flashes or checkerboard pattern, auditory evoked potentials after stimulation with three different tones, and somatosensory evoked potentials after stimulation of the left, right or both median nerves, and reactions to stroboscopic stimulation at seven different frequencies were investigated. Recording was done with unipolar leads from frontal, central, occipital and temporal regions on the left and right side. In patients with multiple sclerosis the cortical responses to all these stimuli had lower amplitude than in healthy subjects, and the reponses to stroboscopic stimulation were also abnormal in the group of patients. Different clinical signs related to various defects of sensory functions showed a high correlation with electrophysiological anomalies. Non-linear discrimination analysis was carried out using 13 variants (the amplitudes were calculated from peak to peak and correlation coefficients were calculated between identical regions on the left and right side) comparing the group of patients with the control group. Using this method it was possible to establish the correct diagnosis in all cases of multiple sclerosis and 85% of healthy subjects could have been included into the asymptomatic group. Since the methods used in these investigations are easy and can be easily automated the authors think that they could be very useful in the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 424050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12272", "title": "[Estimation of hypoalgesia by the cerebral evoked potentials method].", "content": "The authors used the method of somatosensory evoked potentials for estimating hypoalgesia obtained by stimulation of exteroceptors (by electrostimulation and acupuncture) and telereceptors (by phonostimulation and photostimulation). Estimation of hypoalgesia was performed at a remote site from the stimulated receptors and owing to this it was possible to confirm a general analgesic effect of all these methods. The method of evoked cortical potentials may be useful for estimation of hypoalgesia which manifests itself as a slight prolongation of latency (by several msec.) in most tested individuals in 6 successive potential waves. For estimation of the hypoalgesia the environmental conditions must be kept unchanged and the apparatus must be of highest quality.", "contents": "[Estimation of hypoalgesia by the cerebral evoked potentials method]. The authors used the method of somatosensory evoked potentials for estimating hypoalgesia obtained by stimulation of exteroceptors (by electrostimulation and acupuncture) and telereceptors (by phonostimulation and photostimulation). Estimation of hypoalgesia was performed at a remote site from the stimulated receptors and owing to this it was possible to confirm a general analgesic effect of all these methods. The method of evoked cortical potentials may be useful for estimation of hypoalgesia which manifests itself as a slight prolongation of latency (by several msec.) in most tested individuals in 6 successive potential waves. For estimation of the hypoalgesia the environmental conditions must be kept unchanged and the apparatus must be of highest quality.", "PMID": 424051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12273", "title": "[Fronto-temporo-sphenoidal craniotomy using the Yasargil method in operations of aneurysms and expanding lesions of basal areas of the brain].", "content": "The authors describe in detail the technique of fronto-temporo-sphenoidal craniotomy of Yasargil and stress its advantages in surgical treatment of aneurysms of the circle of Willis. This method was used in surgical treatment of 82 patients with intracranial aneurysms, expanding lesions situated in the vicinity of the sella and ala parva of the sphenoid bone, and with other intracranial processes, and very good conditions for operation were obtained. The authors believe that fronto-temporo-sphenoidal craniotomy is the most favourable approach for the management of aneurysms of the circulus arteriosus.", "contents": "[Fronto-temporo-sphenoidal craniotomy using the Yasargil method in operations of aneurysms and expanding lesions of basal areas of the brain]. The authors describe in detail the technique of fronto-temporo-sphenoidal craniotomy of Yasargil and stress its advantages in surgical treatment of aneurysms of the circle of Willis. This method was used in surgical treatment of 82 patients with intracranial aneurysms, expanding lesions situated in the vicinity of the sella and ala parva of the sphenoid bone, and with other intracranial processes, and very good conditions for operation were obtained. The authors believe that fronto-temporo-sphenoidal craniotomy is the most favourable approach for the management of aneurysms of the circulus arteriosus.", "PMID": 424053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12274", "title": "[Stroke in the records of the Department of Neurology, Silesian Medical Academy in Katowice and Zabre as well as the Neurology Department of the 8th Municipal Hospital in Katowice in the years 1970-1974].", "content": "The authors analysed the clinical material of acute vascular diseases of the central nervous system treated at the Department of Neurology, Silesian Medical Academy and Neurological Department of the 8th Municipal Hospital providing in the years 1970-1974 medical care for the population of two greatest cities of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region in cases of sudden neurological diseases. Cerebrovascular strokes accounted for 14.7% of all hospitalized cases. The mean annual index of admissions for these departments was 52.5 per 100 000 population. Cerebral haemorrhages were diagnosed in 28% strokes, they were somewhat more frequent in women, especially in oldest age. Subarachnoideal haemorrhages were observed in 9.3% of strokes, more frequently in the age range from 41 to 60 years, and more frequently in middle aged men. Thrombotic brain softening accounted for 37.1% of cases, more frequently in men aged 51-70 years. Similarly, transient cerebral ischemia recognized in 13.9% of cases was more frequent in men. On the other hand, cerebral arterial embolism diagnosed in 11.7% of cases occurred usually in women aged over 60 years. In March and April the number of patients admitted with cerebral haemorrhages was slightly higher, while in April, May and June cases of thrombotic encephalomalacia were more frequent.", "contents": "[Stroke in the records of the Department of Neurology, Silesian Medical Academy in Katowice and Zabre as well as the Neurology Department of the 8th Municipal Hospital in Katowice in the years 1970-1974]. The authors analysed the clinical material of acute vascular diseases of the central nervous system treated at the Department of Neurology, Silesian Medical Academy and Neurological Department of the 8th Municipal Hospital providing in the years 1970-1974 medical care for the population of two greatest cities of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region in cases of sudden neurological diseases. Cerebrovascular strokes accounted for 14.7% of all hospitalized cases. The mean annual index of admissions for these departments was 52.5 per 100 000 population. Cerebral haemorrhages were diagnosed in 28% strokes, they were somewhat more frequent in women, especially in oldest age. Subarachnoideal haemorrhages were observed in 9.3% of strokes, more frequently in the age range from 41 to 60 years, and more frequently in middle aged men. Thrombotic brain softening accounted for 37.1% of cases, more frequently in men aged 51-70 years. Similarly, transient cerebral ischemia recognized in 13.9% of cases was more frequent in men. On the other hand, cerebral arterial embolism diagnosed in 11.7% of cases occurred usually in women aged over 60 years. In March and April the number of patients admitted with cerebral haemorrhages was slightly higher, while in April, May and June cases of thrombotic encephalomalacia were more frequent.", "PMID": 424054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12275", "title": "[Radical and conservative methods in the surgical treatment of brain abscesses].", "content": "In the light of own experience with 50 patients with brain abscesses and a survey of the literature the authors discuss the values of the surgical methods of treatment in this disease. When the radical methods are used the mortality is lowest and the incidence of recurrent abscesses is lowest, but of this treatment is likely to produce considerable neurological deficit it is better to apply conservative methods, such as puncture and drainage of the abscess. The sparing operation as a method of choice may be the first stage of treatment before radical operation in acute abscess and in patients in serious clinical condition.", "contents": "[Radical and conservative methods in the surgical treatment of brain abscesses]. In the light of own experience with 50 patients with brain abscesses and a survey of the literature the authors discuss the values of the surgical methods of treatment in this disease. When the radical methods are used the mortality is lowest and the incidence of recurrent abscesses is lowest, but of this treatment is likely to produce considerable neurological deficit it is better to apply conservative methods, such as puncture and drainage of the abscess. The sparing operation as a method of choice may be the first stage of treatment before radical operation in acute abscess and in patients in serious clinical condition.", "PMID": 424052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12276", "title": "[Surgical treatment of the internal carotid-posterior communicating artery aneurysm--from the experience of 213 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "213 cases of so-called posterior communicating artery aneurysm submitted to surgical operation without using microscope were reviewed from the technical point of view. Aneurysm project boradly to two directions, i.e. postero-inferior and lateral directions. We have treated these anuerysms with two very distinct operative approaches in order to reach the aneurysmal neck from the right angle. Frontal approach is used for the aneurysms projecting laterally. In contrast, the aneurysms projecting postero-inferior are reached laterally by mobilizing the tip of the temporal lobe. Of 213 patients, 15 died (mortality rate 7.0%) and 19 were poor (8.9%). The operative result of the cases in which the aneurysm ruptured during the exposure of the aneurysmal neck was poor. Therefore, intensive care is emphasized to avoid the aneurysm rupture during surgery. Other important technical points which affect the operative results were discussed.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of the internal carotid-posterior communicating artery aneurysm--from the experience of 213 cases (author's transl)]. 213 cases of so-called posterior communicating artery aneurysm submitted to surgical operation without using microscope were reviewed from the technical point of view. Aneurysm project boradly to two directions, i.e. postero-inferior and lateral directions. We have treated these anuerysms with two very distinct operative approaches in order to reach the aneurysmal neck from the right angle. Frontal approach is used for the aneurysms projecting laterally. In contrast, the aneurysms projecting postero-inferior are reached laterally by mobilizing the tip of the temporal lobe. Of 213 patients, 15 died (mortality rate 7.0%) and 19 were poor (8.9%). The operative result of the cases in which the aneurysm ruptured during the exposure of the aneurysmal neck was poor. Therefore, intensive care is emphasized to avoid the aneurysm rupture during surgery. Other important technical points which affect the operative results were discussed.", "PMID": 424060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12277", "title": "[Surgical treatment of aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery using Yasargil's approach].", "content": "The results of surgical treatment in 19 cases of aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery from the approach described by Yasargil are described. In 16 patients the pedicle of the aneurysm was closed with a clip, in 2 cases the anterior communicating artery was excluded from the circulation by trapping, and in only 1 patient the aneurysm was enclosed in muscle and gazue. Control angiography demonstrated in 16 cases exclusion of the aneurysm from the circulation with maintenance of the patency of the main vessels, and in one case the sac of the aneurysm was partly shadowed. Good results were obtained in 80% of cases. One patient died (5%). Complications with development of Korsakoff's syndrome were observed in 3 patients (15%). The advantages of the approach described by Yasargil for the exposure and safe management of anterior communicating artery aneurysms are stressed.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery using Yasargil's approach]. The results of surgical treatment in 19 cases of aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery from the approach described by Yasargil are described. In 16 patients the pedicle of the aneurysm was closed with a clip, in 2 cases the anterior communicating artery was excluded from the circulation by trapping, and in only 1 patient the aneurysm was enclosed in muscle and gazue. Control angiography demonstrated in 16 cases exclusion of the aneurysm from the circulation with maintenance of the patency of the main vessels, and in one case the sac of the aneurysm was partly shadowed. Good results were obtained in 80% of cases. One patient died (5%). Complications with development of Korsakoff's syndrome were observed in 3 patients (15%). The advantages of the approach described by Yasargil for the exposure and safe management of anterior communicating artery aneurysms are stressed.", "PMID": 424055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12278", "title": "[Arterial occlusion following cerebral vasospasm (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The present study analysed the clinical course, the serial angiograms and the CT scans of the patients with angiographic arterial occlusion following vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The occlusion was observed in 6 out of 84 patients with vasospasm. 2. The angiograms which showed this phenomenon were obtained between the 11th and the 30th day of the illness. The affected vessels were the branches of middle cerebral artery. 3. Thrombus formed on the intima which had been injured by vasospasm is suspected to be a genesis of this arterial occlusion. The pathological findings of a case in this series support this concept. 4. The surgical procedure during the direct aneurysmal operation performed in the period of \"smooth narrowing\" seems to be a contributing factor to the arterial occlusion. There was no correlation between antifibrinolytic therapy and this phenomenon except in one case. 5. Fibrinolytic therapy after clipping of aneurysm may be a treatment of choice for this arterial occlusion following vasospasm.", "contents": "[Arterial occlusion following cerebral vasospasm (author's transl)]. 1. The present study analysed the clinical course, the serial angiograms and the CT scans of the patients with angiographic arterial occlusion following vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The occlusion was observed in 6 out of 84 patients with vasospasm. 2. The angiograms which showed this phenomenon were obtained between the 11th and the 30th day of the illness. The affected vessels were the branches of middle cerebral artery. 3. Thrombus formed on the intima which had been injured by vasospasm is suspected to be a genesis of this arterial occlusion. The pathological findings of a case in this series support this concept. 4. The surgical procedure during the direct aneurysmal operation performed in the period of \"smooth narrowing\" seems to be a contributing factor to the arterial occlusion. There was no correlation between antifibrinolytic therapy and this phenomenon except in one case. 5. Fibrinolytic therapy after clipping of aneurysm may be a treatment of choice for this arterial occlusion following vasospasm.", "PMID": 424063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12279", "title": "[Spontaneously cured carotid-cavernous fistula verified by angiography--report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of spontaneously cured carotid-cavernous fistula has been reported in details with a review of literatures. Seven cases verified by angiography have been described so far in the literature. Spontaneous cure has been revealed within 6 months after the initial examination in 5 out of 7 cases by follow up angiography, and has occurred in five women of middle age. The presented case was a 45 year-old female who has suffered from the exophthalmos associated with disturbed eye movements of two months duration. On January 2, 1977, the carotid angiography demonstrated a c--c fistula and an oval aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery on the right side. The exopthalmos was slowly decreased with the conservative treatment after two months. The c--c fistula was not demonstrated by the angiography carried out on March 10, 1977, and was not revealed thereafter by follow up studies.", "contents": "[Spontaneously cured carotid-cavernous fistula verified by angiography--report of a case (author's transl)]. A case of spontaneously cured carotid-cavernous fistula has been reported in details with a review of literatures. Seven cases verified by angiography have been described so far in the literature. Spontaneous cure has been revealed within 6 months after the initial examination in 5 out of 7 cases by follow up angiography, and has occurred in five women of middle age. The presented case was a 45 year-old female who has suffered from the exophthalmos associated with disturbed eye movements of two months duration. On January 2, 1977, the carotid angiography demonstrated a c--c fistula and an oval aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery on the right side. The exopthalmos was slowly decreased with the conservative treatment after two months. The c--c fistula was not demonstrated by the angiography carried out on March 10, 1977, and was not revealed thereafter by follow up studies.", "PMID": 424067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12280", "title": "Priming action of estrogen: minimum duration of exposure for feedback and behavioral effects.", "content": "The minimum duration of the centrally-mediated \"priming\" effects of estrogen on \"positive feedback\" release of LH and sexual receptivity (lordosis) was studied. Spayed rats were given Silastic implants of estradiol followed 3 days later by an s.c. injection of progesterone and testing. 30-min implantation of preincubated estradiol capsules sufficed for behavioral responses, but did not stimulate the LH surge. When the capsules were not preincubated, however, LH surges did occur, presumably because of the greater release of estrogen. It is concluded that the minimum duration of the estrogen priming effects is considerably less than the period of natural preovulatory surge of estrogen at proestrus.", "contents": "Priming action of estrogen: minimum duration of exposure for feedback and behavioral effects. The minimum duration of the centrally-mediated \"priming\" effects of estrogen on \"positive feedback\" release of LH and sexual receptivity (lordosis) was studied. Spayed rats were given Silastic implants of estradiol followed 3 days later by an s.c. injection of progesterone and testing. 30-min implantation of preincubated estradiol capsules sufficed for behavioral responses, but did not stimulate the LH surge. When the capsules were not preincubated, however, LH surges did occur, presumably because of the greater release of estrogen. It is concluded that the minimum duration of the estrogen priming effects is considerably less than the period of natural preovulatory surge of estrogen at proestrus.", "PMID": 424068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12281", "title": "Daily rhythmic changes in synaptic vesicle contents of nerve endings on adrenomedullary adrenaline cells, and their modification by pinealectomy and sham operations.", "content": "Nerve endings on adrenaline cells in male rat adrenal medullas were investigated by quantitative electron microscopy, with sampling at 8 times during a standard light: dark (12:12) photoperiod. Number (N) per unit area of 2 vesicle types (small clear vesicle, SCV; large granular vesicle, LGV) and % of LGV per total vesicle N were determined. Normal (non-operated) animals showed a circadian rhythm (p less than 0.005) in mean SCVN and one with nearly opposite phase relations in % LGVN. Doubly sham-operated animals had a similar rhythm in %LGVN but diminished circadian change in SCVN. Pinealectomized animals had a circadian pattern in SCVN, but this differed from that of normals in having a 2nd peak, a delay or phase shift of the primary peak, and an increased amplitude of the rhythmic changes.", "contents": "Daily rhythmic changes in synaptic vesicle contents of nerve endings on adrenomedullary adrenaline cells, and their modification by pinealectomy and sham operations. Nerve endings on adrenaline cells in male rat adrenal medullas were investigated by quantitative electron microscopy, with sampling at 8 times during a standard light: dark (12:12) photoperiod. Number (N) per unit area of 2 vesicle types (small clear vesicle, SCV; large granular vesicle, LGV) and % of LGV per total vesicle N were determined. Normal (non-operated) animals showed a circadian rhythm (p less than 0.005) in mean SCVN and one with nearly opposite phase relations in % LGVN. Doubly sham-operated animals had a similar rhythm in %LGVN but diminished circadian change in SCVN. Pinealectomized animals had a circadian pattern in SCVN, but this differed from that of normals in having a 2nd peak, a delay or phase shift of the primary peak, and an increased amplitude of the rhythmic changes.", "PMID": 424069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12282", "title": "Glycemic responses induced by hypothalamic stimulation.", "content": "Serum Glucose concentrations were measured before and after electrical stimulation in the ventromedial and supramamillary nuclei of the hypothalamus. 27 fed rats of both sexes were anesthetized with Sodium Pentobarbital. A 36 gauge nichrome electrode was positioned stereotaxically within the rat brain. Stimulus parameters were 0.1 mA using a 1.0 ms biphasic square wave applied at a rate of 50 Hz for 3 min. Blood samples were removed from the left carotid artery at -20 and 0 min pre-stimulation and also at 5, 10 and 15 min post stimulation. Serum glucose concentrations were determined by enzymatic estimation with hexokinase. Electrical stimulation of either the ventromedial or supramamillary nuclei produced statistically significant elevations in serum glucose concentrations, whereas stimulation in areas immediately surrounding both nuclei did not produce any significant changes in serum glucose concentrations. These results suggest that both nuclei may be involved in the regulation of serum glucose concentrations.", "contents": "Glycemic responses induced by hypothalamic stimulation. Serum Glucose concentrations were measured before and after electrical stimulation in the ventromedial and supramamillary nuclei of the hypothalamus. 27 fed rats of both sexes were anesthetized with Sodium Pentobarbital. A 36 gauge nichrome electrode was positioned stereotaxically within the rat brain. Stimulus parameters were 0.1 mA using a 1.0 ms biphasic square wave applied at a rate of 50 Hz for 3 min. Blood samples were removed from the left carotid artery at -20 and 0 min pre-stimulation and also at 5, 10 and 15 min post stimulation. Serum glucose concentrations were determined by enzymatic estimation with hexokinase. Electrical stimulation of either the ventromedial or supramamillary nuclei produced statistically significant elevations in serum glucose concentrations, whereas stimulation in areas immediately surrounding both nuclei did not produce any significant changes in serum glucose concentrations. These results suggest that both nuclei may be involved in the regulation of serum glucose concentrations.", "PMID": 424070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12283", "title": "Metabolism of L-sorbose in the rat and the effect of the intestinal microflora on its utilization both in the rat and in the human.", "content": "L-[U-14C]-sorbose was administered orally as single doses to 5 normal rats. The recovery of radioactivity was 5.3% in the urine, 46% in the faeces exclusively as L-sorbose 16% as carbon dioxide. Caloric utilization was approximately 25%. A second group of 3 rats that had previously received L-sorbose in their diet showed 14C recoveries of 8.9% in the urine, 6.6% in the faeces and 59% as carbon dioxide. The time course of expired carbon dioxide suggests that a portion of L-sorbose was rapidly absorbed and partially metabolized while the principal pathway involved fermentation by the intestinal microflora to volatile fatty acids which were subsequently absorbed and metabolized. The total caloric utilization of L-sorbose was estimated to be 70%. It was observed that a human intestinal microflora also required an adaptation period in order to ferment this sugar. The efficiency of the fermentation was estimated to be 70%.", "contents": "Metabolism of L-sorbose in the rat and the effect of the intestinal microflora on its utilization both in the rat and in the human. L-[U-14C]-sorbose was administered orally as single doses to 5 normal rats. The recovery of radioactivity was 5.3% in the urine, 46% in the faeces exclusively as L-sorbose 16% as carbon dioxide. Caloric utilization was approximately 25%. A second group of 3 rats that had previously received L-sorbose in their diet showed 14C recoveries of 8.9% in the urine, 6.6% in the faeces and 59% as carbon dioxide. The time course of expired carbon dioxide suggests that a portion of L-sorbose was rapidly absorbed and partially metabolized while the principal pathway involved fermentation by the intestinal microflora to volatile fatty acids which were subsequently absorbed and metabolized. The total caloric utilization of L-sorbose was estimated to be 70%. It was observed that a human intestinal microflora also required an adaptation period in order to ferment this sugar. The efficiency of the fermentation was estimated to be 70%.", "PMID": 424083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12284", "title": "Occult anticonvulsant osteomalacia in North India.", "content": "Serum calcium, inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase, tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP) estimation and radiological examination of the skeleton were conducted in 40 cases (18-50 years of age) on anticonvulsant therapy and 20 controls. The epileptic group showed a statistically significant rise in serum alkaline phosphatase and a fall in TRP. In none of the cases, however, was there clinical or radiological evidence of osteomalacia. Biochemical abnormalities were seen mainly in the youngest individuals. It seems that the critical factor for the development of anticonvulsant osteomalacia is the lack of dietary vitamin D/solar exposure or increased body requirement of the vitamin.", "contents": "Occult anticonvulsant osteomalacia in North India. Serum calcium, inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase, tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP) estimation and radiological examination of the skeleton were conducted in 40 cases (18-50 years of age) on anticonvulsant therapy and 20 controls. The epileptic group showed a statistically significant rise in serum alkaline phosphatase and a fall in TRP. In none of the cases, however, was there clinical or radiological evidence of osteomalacia. Biochemical abnormalities were seen mainly in the youngest individuals. It seems that the critical factor for the development of anticonvulsant osteomalacia is the lack of dietary vitamin D/solar exposure or increased body requirement of the vitamin.", "PMID": 424084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12285", "title": "Biochemical parameters of vitamin D nutriture in old people in Jerusalem.", "content": "Serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25[OH]D3) levels and other parameters of vitamin D nutriture were examined in 58 subjects aged 70 or more, living in Jerusalem. They were compared with those of 54 young adults living in the same neighbourhood. No evidence was obtained of a lower level of vitamin D nutriture in the elderly compared to younger adults. Serum 25 (OH)D3 of the elderly adults was 18.4 (SEM: 1.4) ng/ml and in the younger adults, 17.8 (1.0) ng/ml. There was no seasonal variation in serum 25(OH)D3, nor could a strong association be found between reported vitamin D intake nor with exposure to sunshine. There was a negative correlation between serum alkaline phosphatase and the calcium-phosphorus product in serum. High values of alkaline phosphatase were associated with reported low exposure to sunlight and, in elderly persons, with a reported low consumption of vitamin D.", "contents": "Biochemical parameters of vitamin D nutriture in old people in Jerusalem. Serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25[OH]D3) levels and other parameters of vitamin D nutriture were examined in 58 subjects aged 70 or more, living in Jerusalem. They were compared with those of 54 young adults living in the same neighbourhood. No evidence was obtained of a lower level of vitamin D nutriture in the elderly compared to younger adults. Serum 25 (OH)D3 of the elderly adults was 18.4 (SEM: 1.4) ng/ml and in the younger adults, 17.8 (1.0) ng/ml. There was no seasonal variation in serum 25(OH)D3, nor could a strong association be found between reported vitamin D intake nor with exposure to sunshine. There was a negative correlation between serum alkaline phosphatase and the calcium-phosphorus product in serum. High values of alkaline phosphatase were associated with reported low exposure to sunlight and, in elderly persons, with a reported low consumption of vitamin D.", "PMID": 424085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12286", "title": "Effect of raw field bean (Vicia faba) on amino-acid-degrading enzymes in rats and chicks.", "content": "The effects of Vicia faba diet on urinary nitrogenous compounds and on enzyme activities of pathways directly associated with amino acid metabolism were studied in rats and chicks. The urea and creatinine excretion of rats fed on V. faba was approximately 90% more than that of control rats. The V.-faba-fed rats had increased activities of liver arginase (EC 3.5.3.1), argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5) and alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2). The chicks fed on V. faba also showed increased activity of xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.3.2). The possible nature of these altered amino-acid-degrading enzyme activities is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of raw field bean (Vicia faba) on amino-acid-degrading enzymes in rats and chicks. The effects of Vicia faba diet on urinary nitrogenous compounds and on enzyme activities of pathways directly associated with amino acid metabolism were studied in rats and chicks. The urea and creatinine excretion of rats fed on V. faba was approximately 90% more than that of control rats. The V.-faba-fed rats had increased activities of liver arginase (EC 3.5.3.1), argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5) and alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2). The chicks fed on V. faba also showed increased activity of xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.3.2). The possible nature of these altered amino-acid-degrading enzyme activities is discussed.", "PMID": 424086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12287", "title": "[Activity of different dehydrogenases and alkaline phosphatase in manganese deficiency].", "content": "The enzyme activities of the isocitrate, glucose-6-phosphate and malate dehydrogenases and of malic enzyme in liver, of lactate dehydrogenase in serum, and of alkaline phosphatase in bone and serum were determined in early-weaned rats given different Mn supplies. The activities of malate dehydrogenase were reduced by 16 and 18% during suboptimum and deficient Mn supply, respectively, the values of alkaline phosphatase in serum and bone were elevated by 29 and 35%, respectively. The enzyme values of the glucose-6-phosphate and lactate dehydrogenases were elevated only during Mn deficiency (by 40 and 65%, respectively), while a suboptimum Mn supply had no noticeable influence on these enzymes. The activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase and of malic enzyme, which were described to be activated by Mn++ in vitro, did not respond in vivo to Mn deficiency.", "contents": "[Activity of different dehydrogenases and alkaline phosphatase in manganese deficiency]. The enzyme activities of the isocitrate, glucose-6-phosphate and malate dehydrogenases and of malic enzyme in liver, of lactate dehydrogenase in serum, and of alkaline phosphatase in bone and serum were determined in early-weaned rats given different Mn supplies. The activities of malate dehydrogenase were reduced by 16 and 18% during suboptimum and deficient Mn supply, respectively, the values of alkaline phosphatase in serum and bone were elevated by 29 and 35%, respectively. The enzyme values of the glucose-6-phosphate and lactate dehydrogenases were elevated only during Mn deficiency (by 40 and 65%, respectively), while a suboptimum Mn supply had no noticeable influence on these enzymes. The activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase and of malic enzyme, which were described to be activated by Mn++ in vitro, did not respond in vivo to Mn deficiency.", "PMID": 424087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12288", "title": "Tissue levels and optimum dosage of vitamin C in guinea pigs.", "content": "Ascorbic acid mixed with the diet of guinea pigs achieved substantially higher maximum tissue concentrations of ascorbate than when ascorbic acid was administered orally once a day. A 0.5% w/w of ascorbic acid in the diet ensured a state close to maximal tissue steady-state levels of ascorbate. In guinea pigs fed a diet with a high content of saturated fatty acids or with 0.2% w/w of cholesterol, the highest rate of cholesterol transformation into bile acids and the lowest concentration of total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides in blood serum and liver were found in the group fed a diet with 0.5% w/w of ascorbic acid as compared to the marginal-deficiency group and the group receiving 0.05% w/w of ascorbic acid in the diet. Maximal tissue steady-state levels of vitamin C are probably optimal for the guinea pigs' health.", "contents": "Tissue levels and optimum dosage of vitamin C in guinea pigs. Ascorbic acid mixed with the diet of guinea pigs achieved substantially higher maximum tissue concentrations of ascorbate than when ascorbic acid was administered orally once a day. A 0.5% w/w of ascorbic acid in the diet ensured a state close to maximal tissue steady-state levels of ascorbate. In guinea pigs fed a diet with a high content of saturated fatty acids or with 0.2% w/w of cholesterol, the highest rate of cholesterol transformation into bile acids and the lowest concentration of total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides in blood serum and liver were found in the group fed a diet with 0.5% w/w of ascorbic acid as compared to the marginal-deficiency group and the group receiving 0.05% w/w of ascorbic acid in the diet. Maximal tissue steady-state levels of vitamin C are probably optimal for the guinea pigs' health.", "PMID": 424088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12289", "title": "Identification of antimicrobial alpha-hydroxyacids in Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented animal protein.", "content": "During the fermentation of animal protein by Lactobacillus plantarum, highly volatile and less volatile antimicrobial substances are formed. The antimicrobial effect of the latter fraction depends on the content of alpha-hydroxyacids in the fermentation product. These acids were isolated from the fermentation mixture and identified by chemical methods. The main components are racemic forms of lactic, alpha-hydroxyisovaleric and alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acids.", "contents": "Identification of antimicrobial alpha-hydroxyacids in Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented animal protein. During the fermentation of animal protein by Lactobacillus plantarum, highly volatile and less volatile antimicrobial substances are formed. The antimicrobial effect of the latter fraction depends on the content of alpha-hydroxyacids in the fermentation product. These acids were isolated from the fermentation mixture and identified by chemical methods. The main components are racemic forms of lactic, alpha-hydroxyisovaleric and alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acids.", "PMID": 424089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12290", "title": "Prolactin and deficient luteal function.", "content": "The possibility of prolactin-dependent subfertility was investigated in a group of 8 women, with luteal insufficiency exhibiting moderately elevated plasma prolactin (PRL) levels and/or galactorrhea. Another group of 10 normal women volunteers served as the control group. A \"luteal index\" was elaborated by integration of the area below the curve of plasma progesterone (P) values recorded throughout the postovulatory period. The calculated index for normal women was 177 +/- 35 (SD) expressed as [(ng/ml) x time], and the value of 107 (--2 SD) was adopted as the lower limit of normality (97.5% confidence limit). All 8 patients had luteal indexes (range 20--105) below the established limit. Therapy with bromocriptine (CB 154), 5 mg/day, suppressed PRL to normal levels and prolonged the postovulatory hyperthermic phase in 6 out of 8 women. This was accompanied by an improvement in the luteal index, and 5 women conceived. It is concluded that prolactin may interfere with normal progesterone synthesis by the corpus luteum, as demonstrated by the prompt restoration of fertility by bromocriptine treatment in women with regular cycles and inadequate luteal function.", "contents": "Prolactin and deficient luteal function. The possibility of prolactin-dependent subfertility was investigated in a group of 8 women, with luteal insufficiency exhibiting moderately elevated plasma prolactin (PRL) levels and/or galactorrhea. Another group of 10 normal women volunteers served as the control group. A \"luteal index\" was elaborated by integration of the area below the curve of plasma progesterone (P) values recorded throughout the postovulatory period. The calculated index for normal women was 177 +/- 35 (SD) expressed as [(ng/ml) x time], and the value of 107 (--2 SD) was adopted as the lower limit of normality (97.5% confidence limit). All 8 patients had luteal indexes (range 20--105) below the established limit. Therapy with bromocriptine (CB 154), 5 mg/day, suppressed PRL to normal levels and prolonged the postovulatory hyperthermic phase in 6 out of 8 women. This was accompanied by an improvement in the luteal index, and 5 women conceived. It is concluded that prolactin may interfere with normal progesterone synthesis by the corpus luteum, as demonstrated by the prompt restoration of fertility by bromocriptine treatment in women with regular cycles and inadequate luteal function.", "PMID": 424097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12291", "title": "Treatment of luteal phase inadequacy with bromocriptine.", "content": "A group of 15 women diagnosed as having luteal phase inadequacy (LPI) and a history of 1--2 years of infertility were treated with bromocriptine continuously for 4 months. Plasma levels of prolactin, progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxy-progesterone and estradiol were measured by radioimmunoassay in a control month and each of the treatment months. There was no significant improvement in the levels of the steroids over the 4-month period, although the prolactin levels were depressed, and 2 subjects became pregnant during the study.", "contents": "Treatment of luteal phase inadequacy with bromocriptine. A group of 15 women diagnosed as having luteal phase inadequacy (LPI) and a history of 1--2 years of infertility were treated with bromocriptine continuously for 4 months. Plasma levels of prolactin, progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxy-progesterone and estradiol were measured by radioimmunoassay in a control month and each of the treatment months. There was no significant improvement in the levels of the steroids over the 4-month period, although the prolactin levels were depressed, and 2 subjects became pregnant during the study.", "PMID": 424098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12292", "title": "Radical hysterectomy: influence of recent conization on morbidity and complications.", "content": "From 1956 through 1975, 610 radical hysterectomies with pelvic lymphadenectomy were performed at the Mayo Clinic. Eighty-eight of these operations were done after conization of the cervix: 7, within 7 days; 74, between 8 and 28 days; and 7, on or after the 29th day. Operative febrile morbidity was not increased in the patients who had conization, and they also required fewer blood transfusions than the patients without previous conization. Incidences of all postoperative complications except pulmonary embolism were lower in the patients with cone biopsy than in those without. Of the 88 patients, 77% received antibiotics prophylactically during the operative period. There appeared to be no serious contraindications to performing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy at any interval after diagnostic conization of the cervix.", "contents": "Radical hysterectomy: influence of recent conization on morbidity and complications. From 1956 through 1975, 610 radical hysterectomies with pelvic lymphadenectomy were performed at the Mayo Clinic. Eighty-eight of these operations were done after conization of the cervix: 7, within 7 days; 74, between 8 and 28 days; and 7, on or after the 29th day. Operative febrile morbidity was not increased in the patients who had conization, and they also required fewer blood transfusions than the patients without previous conization. Incidences of all postoperative complications except pulmonary embolism were lower in the patients with cone biopsy than in those without. Of the 88 patients, 77% received antibiotics prophylactically during the operative period. There appeared to be no serious contraindications to performing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy at any interval after diagnostic conization of the cervix.", "PMID": 424099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12293", "title": "Autonomy in practice.", "content": "When the nurse practitioner (NP) role was first described in the early 1960s it was clear that important dimensions had been added to the role of the nurse. One of these dimensions was the increased professional autonomy. As the NP role continued to evolve, autonomy became a characterizing feature of the role. the purpose of this paper is to present basic assumptions concerning automony and its relationship to the definition of profession; to examine the implications of autonomy to the individual NP, to the nursing profession, and to the health care system; and to offer a model for considering professional autonomy in relation to the NP role.", "contents": "Autonomy in practice. When the nurse practitioner (NP) role was first described in the early 1960s it was clear that important dimensions had been added to the role of the nurse. One of these dimensions was the increased professional autonomy. As the NP role continued to evolve, autonomy became a characterizing feature of the role. the purpose of this paper is to present basic assumptions concerning automony and its relationship to the definition of profession; to examine the implications of autonomy to the individual NP, to the nursing profession, and to the health care system; and to offer a model for considering professional autonomy in relation to the NP role.", "PMID": 424092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12294", "title": "Development of DES-associated clear-cell carcinoma: the importance of regular screening.", "content": "Because the rate of malignancies in young women exposed in utero to diethylstilbesterol (DES) is low, appropriate population screening methods have not been established. A case is presented that is believed to represent the first reported instance of a DES-exposed daughter who developed clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina after initially negative examinations. The patient was followed with Papanicolaou smears, pelvic examinations, and colposcopy every 6 months for 2 years prior to the discovery of malignancy. Initially negative, Papanicolaou smears successfully predicted the presence of an early adenocarcinoma. Palpation aided by colposcopy allowed directed biopsy of the small asymptomatic lesion. This case underscores the necessity for frequent vaginal cytologic smears and pelvic examinations at intervals no greater than 6 months. Colposcopy is indicated to direct biopsies when an abnormal cytologic smears is reported or when abnormal bleeding or discharge occurs. Biopsy of any palpable lesion is mandatory.", "contents": "Development of DES-associated clear-cell carcinoma: the importance of regular screening. Because the rate of malignancies in young women exposed in utero to diethylstilbesterol (DES) is low, appropriate population screening methods have not been established. A case is presented that is believed to represent the first reported instance of a DES-exposed daughter who developed clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina after initially negative examinations. The patient was followed with Papanicolaou smears, pelvic examinations, and colposcopy every 6 months for 2 years prior to the discovery of malignancy. Initially negative, Papanicolaou smears successfully predicted the presence of an early adenocarcinoma. Palpation aided by colposcopy allowed directed biopsy of the small asymptomatic lesion. This case underscores the necessity for frequent vaginal cytologic smears and pelvic examinations at intervals no greater than 6 months. Colposcopy is indicated to direct biopsies when an abnormal cytologic smears is reported or when abnormal bleeding or discharge occurs. Biopsy of any palpable lesion is mandatory.", "PMID": 424100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12295", "title": "Vaginal epithelial changes in young women enrolled in the National Cooperative Diethylstilbestrol Adenosis (DESAD) project.", "content": "Initial clinical findings are reported for the 3339 young women enrolled in the Diethylstilbestrol Adenosis (DESAD) project. Changes in the vaginal mucosa (VEC--vaginal epithelial changes), which were detected by colposcopy or iodine staining, occurred in 34% of 1275 participants identified by review of prenatal records 59% of participants who themselves requested entry into the project, and 65% of participants referred by a physician. Analysis of data on the 298 women who were identified by record review and whose prenatal records contained complete information about drug exposure indicated that VEC is most closely associated with the timing of the onset of intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES), total dose, and length of exposure. Frequency of VEC was also found to decrease with age. No instances of severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, invasive squamous cell adenocarcinoma, or clear cell carcinoma were observed among the women identified by record review.", "contents": "Vaginal epithelial changes in young women enrolled in the National Cooperative Diethylstilbestrol Adenosis (DESAD) project. Initial clinical findings are reported for the 3339 young women enrolled in the Diethylstilbestrol Adenosis (DESAD) project. Changes in the vaginal mucosa (VEC--vaginal epithelial changes), which were detected by colposcopy or iodine staining, occurred in 34% of 1275 participants identified by review of prenatal records 59% of participants who themselves requested entry into the project, and 65% of participants referred by a physician. Analysis of data on the 298 women who were identified by record review and whose prenatal records contained complete information about drug exposure indicated that VEC is most closely associated with the timing of the onset of intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES), total dose, and length of exposure. Frequency of VEC was also found to decrease with age. No instances of severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, invasive squamous cell adenocarcinoma, or clear cell carcinoma were observed among the women identified by record review.", "PMID": 424101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12296", "title": "A histologic study of ovarian endometriosis with emphasis on hyperplastic and atypical changes.", "content": "One hundred ninety-four cases of ovarian endometriosis, encountered during a 3-year period, were studied. In addition to endometrial-type epithelium and stroma that were present in each of these cases, oviduct-type epithelium was demonstrated in 26, papillary epithelial-lined projections in 7, and hobnail cells in 36 patients. Forty-three cases showed reactive epithelial changes, probably due to inflammation and regeneration. There were 4 cases of adenomatous hyperplasia. Severe epithelial atypism was seen in 7 patients (3.6%), 1 in conjunction with adenomatous hyperplasia. Although the areas of severe epithelial atypism in ovarian endometriosis may be of reactive origin, one must also consider the possibility that in some instances these atypical changes may constitute a neoplastic potential.", "contents": "A histologic study of ovarian endometriosis with emphasis on hyperplastic and atypical changes. One hundred ninety-four cases of ovarian endometriosis, encountered during a 3-year period, were studied. In addition to endometrial-type epithelium and stroma that were present in each of these cases, oviduct-type epithelium was demonstrated in 26, papillary epithelial-lined projections in 7, and hobnail cells in 36 patients. Forty-three cases showed reactive epithelial changes, probably due to inflammation and regeneration. There were 4 cases of adenomatous hyperplasia. Severe epithelial atypism was seen in 7 patients (3.6%), 1 in conjunction with adenomatous hyperplasia. Although the areas of severe epithelial atypism in ovarian endometriosis may be of reactive origin, one must also consider the possibility that in some instances these atypical changes may constitute a neoplastic potential.", "PMID": 424103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12297", "title": "Dysgerminoma associated with pregnancy.", "content": "From a review of 26 reported case (our case being the 27th) of dysgerminoma associated with pregnancy, several salient facts are evident. Torsion and incarceration are common among these rapidly enlarging tumors. Obstetrical complications occurred in nearly half and fetal demise in one quarter of the reviewed cases. Our case was typical of patients presenting with this vexed problems: The patient was under 25 (as were 70%); nulliparous (as were 67%); and the tumor appeared confined to one ovary (as in 89%). Authorities are in dispute as to the treatment of stage IA dysgerminomas, and the association of pregnancy complicates this debate even further. The results of conservative treatment in this series were jarring: There were recurrences in 30% of the 23 stage IA tumors, and the recurrences were all following unilateral oophorectomy. In our case, the grossly normal contralateral ovary was infiltrated with dysgerminoma cells. While treatment of a young woman with a dysgerminoma of 1 ovary is a matter of perplexity, we believe that a unilateral operation should be limited to those women who desire above all earthly things to retain their childbearing capacity.", "contents": "Dysgerminoma associated with pregnancy. From a review of 26 reported case (our case being the 27th) of dysgerminoma associated with pregnancy, several salient facts are evident. Torsion and incarceration are common among these rapidly enlarging tumors. Obstetrical complications occurred in nearly half and fetal demise in one quarter of the reviewed cases. Our case was typical of patients presenting with this vexed problems: The patient was under 25 (as were 70%); nulliparous (as were 67%); and the tumor appeared confined to one ovary (as in 89%). Authorities are in dispute as to the treatment of stage IA dysgerminomas, and the association of pregnancy complicates this debate even further. The results of conservative treatment in this series were jarring: There were recurrences in 30% of the 23 stage IA tumors, and the recurrences were all following unilateral oophorectomy. In our case, the grossly normal contralateral ovary was infiltrated with dysgerminoma cells. While treatment of a young woman with a dysgerminoma of 1 ovary is a matter of perplexity, we believe that a unilateral operation should be limited to those women who desire above all earthly things to retain their childbearing capacity.", "PMID": 424104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12298", "title": "Evaluation of a program of bed rest in the treatment of chronic hypertension in pregnancy.", "content": "Sixty-six patients with chronic hypertension were cared for during a total of 72 pregnancies. Patients were treated at home primarily by greater than or equal to 4 hours of bed rest daily in the left recumbent position. Only patients whose diastolic blood pressures remained greater than 110 mmHg were treated with hydralazine (Apresoline, Ciba). With this plan of treatment there were only 3 perinatal deaths for an uncorrected perinatal mortality of 4.1% (1.4% corrected). Twenty-nine  percent of the patients had babies that were small for gestational age, 13.8% had positive oxytocin challenge tests, and 36.8% developed superimposed preeclampsia. When compared with the outcome of previous pregnancies, the program of bed rest lowered perinatal mortality from 16.8 to 8.8%. Thus, it is suggested that bed rest together with the avoidance of diuretics and the judicious use of hydralazine results in the most favorable fetal outcome.", "contents": "Evaluation of a program of bed rest in the treatment of chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Sixty-six patients with chronic hypertension were cared for during a total of 72 pregnancies. Patients were treated at home primarily by greater than or equal to 4 hours of bed rest daily in the left recumbent position. Only patients whose diastolic blood pressures remained greater than 110 mmHg were treated with hydralazine (Apresoline, Ciba). With this plan of treatment there were only 3 perinatal deaths for an uncorrected perinatal mortality of 4.1% (1.4% corrected). Twenty-nine  percent of the patients had babies that were small for gestational age, 13.8% had positive oxytocin challenge tests, and 36.8% developed superimposed preeclampsia. When compared with the outcome of previous pregnancies, the program of bed rest lowered perinatal mortality from 16.8 to 8.8%. Thus, it is suggested that bed rest together with the avoidance of diuretics and the judicious use of hydralazine results in the most favorable fetal outcome.", "PMID": 424105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12299", "title": "Vaginal delivery of the term breech. A preliminary report.", "content": "A total of 150 term uncomplicated breech deliveries were selected for a prospective study. Although 223 women were selected for analysis, subsequent complications required that 73 women be excluded. A predetermined  protocol was utilized for the management of 81 women, while 69 women qualified for the control group. Analysis of the results clearly demonstrated the value of a well-defined management program.", "contents": "Vaginal delivery of the term breech. A preliminary report. A total of 150 term uncomplicated breech deliveries were selected for a prospective study. Although 223 women were selected for analysis, subsequent complications required that 73 women be excluded. A predetermined  protocol was utilized for the management of 81 women, while 69 women qualified for the control group. Analysis of the results clearly demonstrated the value of a well-defined management program.", "PMID": 424106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12300", "title": "Epilepsy and pregnancy. Serum thyroxine levels during phenytoin therapy.", "content": "Blood levels of phenytoin, total thyroxine, and free thyroxine were determined in 10 epileptic women during and following pregnancy. Although total thyroxine concentrations of phenytoin-treated subjects were significantly lower than control values, pregnancy did not appear to diminish the relative increase in total thyroxine seen in normal pregnancy. Free thyroxine concentrations, which were equally depressed at all test times, remained at low euthyroid levels during pregnancy. Following delivery, 3 patients developed free thyroxine levels below 1.0 ng/100 ml. Phenytoin dosage was increased to improve seizure control but produced relatively low blood levels during pregnancy. Following delivery, phenytoin dosage was slightly decreased but produced a significant increase in phenytoin blood levels. The potential effects of phenytoin-related changes in maternal and fetal thyroxine levels are discussed.", "contents": "Epilepsy and pregnancy. Serum thyroxine levels during phenytoin therapy. Blood levels of phenytoin, total thyroxine, and free thyroxine were determined in 10 epileptic women during and following pregnancy. Although total thyroxine concentrations of phenytoin-treated subjects were significantly lower than control values, pregnancy did not appear to diminish the relative increase in total thyroxine seen in normal pregnancy. Free thyroxine concentrations, which were equally depressed at all test times, remained at low euthyroid levels during pregnancy. Following delivery, 3 patients developed free thyroxine levels below 1.0 ng/100 ml. Phenytoin dosage was increased to improve seizure control but produced relatively low blood levels during pregnancy. Following delivery, phenytoin dosage was slightly decreased but produced a significant increase in phenytoin blood levels. The potential effects of phenytoin-related changes in maternal and fetal thyroxine levels are discussed.", "PMID": 424107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12301", "title": "The effect of internal fetal monitoring on cesarean section morbidity.", "content": "A retrospective review was made of 179 patients who underwent  primary cesarean section after laboring with ruptured membranes. Patients with internal fetal monitoring (IFM) were more likely to have endometritis. Of the patients who had ruptured membranes for more than 12 hours, those with IFM were more likely to have febrile morbidity than those without IFM.", "contents": "The effect of internal fetal monitoring on cesarean section morbidity. A retrospective review was made of 179 patients who underwent  primary cesarean section after laboring with ruptured membranes. Patients with internal fetal monitoring (IFM) were more likely to have endometritis. Of the patients who had ruptured membranes for more than 12 hours, those with IFM were more likely to have febrile morbidity than those without IFM.", "PMID": 424108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12302", "title": "The significance of temperature during the first 24 hours postpartum.", "content": "One thousand gravidas were prospectively monitored for the development of a temperature greater than or equal to 38 C during the first 24 hours postpartum. Fever occurred in 6.5% of patients. Of the 858 gravidas who had vaginal deliveries, 33 had temperature elevations. Only 7 required antibiotics. Of the 142 patients undergoing cesarean section, 32 patients exhibited 1 or more temperature elevations of greater than or equal to C. Of these 32 patients, 23 required antibiotics. Thirteen of the 14 patients with a recorded temperature of greater than 38.4 C required antibiotics. Eighteen of the 22 patients who underwent cesarean section and had 2 consecutive temperatures of greater than or equal to 38 C (taken 4--6 hours apart) required antibiotics.", "contents": "The significance of temperature during the first 24 hours postpartum. One thousand gravidas were prospectively monitored for the development of a temperature greater than or equal to 38 C during the first 24 hours postpartum. Fever occurred in 6.5% of patients. Of the 858 gravidas who had vaginal deliveries, 33 had temperature elevations. Only 7 required antibiotics. Of the 142 patients undergoing cesarean section, 32 patients exhibited 1 or more temperature elevations of greater than or equal to C. Of these 32 patients, 23 required antibiotics. Thirteen of the 14 patients with a recorded temperature of greater than 38.4 C required antibiotics. Eighteen of the 22 patients who underwent cesarean section and had 2 consecutive temperatures of greater than or equal to 38 C (taken 4--6 hours apart) required antibiotics.", "PMID": 424109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12303", "title": "Perinatal mortality and antepartum risk scoring.", "content": "A simplified, numerical form for antepartum risk scoring was introduced as a component of the prenatal record for use in all pregancies in a large geographic area under a variety of collection practices. In a population of approximately 1,000,000 with 16,733 deliveries, 19% of the pregnant population scored greater than or equal to 3 and were designated as high risk on the basis of previous pilot studies. This group with high-risk scores had a perinatal mortality rate of 69/1000 compared to the low-risk group with a perinatal mortality of 7/1000 (P = less than 0.0001). The high-risk group accounted for almost 70% of the total perinatal deaths. The implications of being able to predict the statistical likelihood of perinatal deaths are discussed. It is suggested that the risk scoring system has its greatest potential as a screening process and as a method of recording regional statistical trends rather than in dictating the final management of the pregnancy.", "contents": "Perinatal mortality and antepartum risk scoring. A simplified, numerical form for antepartum risk scoring was introduced as a component of the prenatal record for use in all pregancies in a large geographic area under a variety of collection practices. In a population of approximately 1,000,000 with 16,733 deliveries, 19% of the pregnant population scored greater than or equal to 3 and were designated as high risk on the basis of previous pilot studies. This group with high-risk scores had a perinatal mortality rate of 69/1000 compared to the low-risk group with a perinatal mortality of 7/1000 (P = less than 0.0001). The high-risk group accounted for almost 70% of the total perinatal deaths. The implications of being able to predict the statistical likelihood of perinatal deaths are discussed. It is suggested that the risk scoring system has its greatest potential as a screening process and as a method of recording regional statistical trends rather than in dictating the final management of the pregnancy.", "PMID": 424110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12304", "title": "Use of ultrasound and hormone assays in the diagnosis, management, and outcome of twin pregnancy.", "content": "A study of 79 twin pregnancies was conducted between 1973 and 1976 with particular reference to the use of ultrasound and hormone analysis. There were 17 perinatal deaths, a perinatal mortality rate of 107 per 1000 deliveries. The contributing factors were antepartum anoxia (40%), prematurity (30%), congenital abnormalities (18%), and obstetric trauma (12%). During the period of study there was a complete change in the method of confirming twin pregnancies, ie, in 1973, 84% were confirmed by x-ray and in 1976, 86% by ultrasound. About 40% were diagnosed at 28 weeks' gestation or earlier. The ranges (mean +/- 2 SD) for human placental lactogen (hPL) and urinary estrogens have been established for twin pregnancy, and the value of these measurements in the antenatal management of twin gestations is discussed.", "contents": "Use of ultrasound and hormone assays in the diagnosis, management, and outcome of twin pregnancy. A study of 79 twin pregnancies was conducted between 1973 and 1976 with particular reference to the use of ultrasound and hormone analysis. There were 17 perinatal deaths, a perinatal mortality rate of 107 per 1000 deliveries. The contributing factors were antepartum anoxia (40%), prematurity (30%), congenital abnormalities (18%), and obstetric trauma (12%). During the period of study there was a complete change in the method of confirming twin pregnancies, ie, in 1973, 84% were confirmed by x-ray and in 1976, 86% by ultrasound. About 40% were diagnosed at 28 weeks' gestation or earlier. The ranges (mean +/- 2 SD) for human placental lactogen (hPL) and urinary estrogens have been established for twin pregnancy, and the value of these measurements in the antenatal management of twin gestations is discussed.", "PMID": 424111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12305", "title": "Chromosome analysis in cases with repeated spontaneous abortions.", "content": "G-banded chromosome complements were analyzed from couples and individuals who had experienced 3 unexplained spontaneous abortions. One woman was found to be a carrier of a t(13q14q) chromosome; all other subjects had normal-appearing karyotypes. Banded chromosome studies are recommended for couples with repeated abortions in the absence of any apparent cause.", "contents": "Chromosome analysis in cases with repeated spontaneous abortions. G-banded chromosome complements were analyzed from couples and individuals who had experienced 3 unexplained spontaneous abortions. One woman was found to be a carrier of a t(13q14q) chromosome; all other subjects had normal-appearing karyotypes. Banded chromosome studies are recommended for couples with repeated abortions in the absence of any apparent cause.", "PMID": 424112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12306", "title": "The iodine content of amniotic fluid and placental transfer of iodinated drugs.", "content": "Determinations of total iodine content, levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), and protein concentrations were made on amniotic fluid. A total of 218 samples obtained at various stages of pregnancy, from both normal and pathological pregnancies, were studied. Normal values for the iodine and hormone concentrations are presented. Several amniotic fluid samples showed greatly elevated iodine levels, thought to be the result of maternal iodine intake. This study demonstrated that such elevated levels can be produced by urography with an iodinated medium, by thyroid extract therapy, and by vaginal therapy with an iodinated agent. Levels of T4 and T3 in amniotic fluid decreased slightly from the second to the third trimester and were unrelated to the total iodine levels. Despite reports in the literature of fetal hypothyroidism produced by amniography with a fat-soluble medium, no thyroid defect was observed in this series in the presence of elevated amniotic fluid iodine levels or when a water-soluble iodinated medium was used for amniography.", "contents": "The iodine content of amniotic fluid and placental transfer of iodinated drugs. Determinations of total iodine content, levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), and protein concentrations were made on amniotic fluid. A total of 218 samples obtained at various stages of pregnancy, from both normal and pathological pregnancies, were studied. Normal values for the iodine and hormone concentrations are presented. Several amniotic fluid samples showed greatly elevated iodine levels, thought to be the result of maternal iodine intake. This study demonstrated that such elevated levels can be produced by urography with an iodinated medium, by thyroid extract therapy, and by vaginal therapy with an iodinated agent. Levels of T4 and T3 in amniotic fluid decreased slightly from the second to the third trimester and were unrelated to the total iodine levels. Despite reports in the literature of fetal hypothyroidism produced by amniography with a fat-soluble medium, no thyroid defect was observed in this series in the presence of elevated amniotic fluid iodine levels or when a water-soluble iodinated medium was used for amniography.", "PMID": 424113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12307", "title": "Epidemiology and management of sexual assault victims.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-six sexual assault victims were examined and treated at the Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island from July 1 1976, through June 30, 1977. Sixty-six were less than 18 years of age, and of this group, 54 were less than 16 years of age, and 26 of these were prepubertal. Evidentiary examination was performed on 100 victims. No pregnancies resulted, and no victim acquired syphilis from the assault. Five patients had positive cultures for gonorrhea at the time of initial examination and all were cured by therapy. Epidemiologic correlates of sexual assault are discussed.", "contents": "Epidemiology and management of sexual assault victims. One hundred and twenty-six sexual assault victims were examined and treated at the Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island from July 1 1976, through June 30, 1977. Sixty-six were less than 18 years of age, and of this group, 54 were less than 16 years of age, and 26 of these were prepubertal. Evidentiary examination was performed on 100 victims. No pregnancies resulted, and no victim acquired syphilis from the assault. Five patients had positive cultures for gonorrhea at the time of initial examination and all were cured by therapy. Epidemiologic correlates of sexual assault are discussed.", "PMID": 424114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12308", "title": "Groin dissection with prevention of tissue loss and postoperative infection.", "content": "In an effort to decrease the morbidity and hospital stay associated with groin dissection for carcinoma of the vulva, 13 of 29 patients had the groin incisions left open to granulate and heal by secondary intention. In these 13 patients, the average hospital stay was 16 days, as opposed to 22 days for the more conventional closed-wound technique. The febrile morbidity was less than 1 day, and there was no major wound breakdown. The average time to complete epithelialization was 7 weeks and the cosmetic results were good.", "contents": "Groin dissection with prevention of tissue loss and postoperative infection. In an effort to decrease the morbidity and hospital stay associated with groin dissection for carcinoma of the vulva, 13 of 29 patients had the groin incisions left open to granulate and heal by secondary intention. In these 13 patients, the average hospital stay was 16 days, as opposed to 22 days for the more conventional closed-wound technique. The febrile morbidity was less than 1 day, and there was no major wound breakdown. The average time to complete epithelialization was 7 weeks and the cosmetic results were good.", "PMID": 424115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12309", "title": "Sacral colpopexy for vaginal vault prolapse.", "content": "Sacral colpopexy has become the treatment of choice for post-hysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse at the New York Hospital--Cornell Medical Center. A review of the institutional experience with this technique since 1972 indicates that 20 of 21 patients obtained good vaginal support and preservation of functional capabilities with minimal complications.", "contents": "Sacral colpopexy for vaginal vault prolapse. Sacral colpopexy has become the treatment of choice for post-hysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse at the New York Hospital--Cornell Medical Center. A review of the institutional experience with this technique since 1972 indicates that 20 of 21 patients obtained good vaginal support and preservation of functional capabilities with minimal complications.", "PMID": 424116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12310", "title": "Diabetes insipidus following obstetric shock.", "content": "The first known case of obstetric shock followed by diabetes insipidus without anterior pituitary deficiency is presented. A patient developed extreme thirst and polyuria after massive bleeding and prolonged shock due to placenta previa percreta with bladder invasion. Evaluation confirmed diabetes insipidus sensitive to vasopressin administration. Anterior pituitary deficiency could not be identified, either acutely or 6 months later.", "contents": "Diabetes insipidus following obstetric shock. The first known case of obstetric shock followed by diabetes insipidus without anterior pituitary deficiency is presented. A patient developed extreme thirst and polyuria after massive bleeding and prolonged shock due to placenta previa percreta with bladder invasion. Evaluation confirmed diabetes insipidus sensitive to vasopressin administration. Anterior pituitary deficiency could not be identified, either acutely or 6 months later.", "PMID": 424117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12311", "title": "Maternal origin of a trisomy 7 in a spontaneous abortus.", "content": "Trisomy 7 has been determined in a spontaneous abortus by QFQ- and GTG-banding. The comparative study by photodensitometry of the polymorphism of the 7p14 band in GTG-banding, in both the abortus and its parents, has shown that in this case the origin of the trisomy is in the nondisjunction of the second maternal meiotic division. The factors that may have affected the process are analyzed.", "contents": "Maternal origin of a trisomy 7 in a spontaneous abortus. Trisomy 7 has been determined in a spontaneous abortus by QFQ- and GTG-banding. The comparative study by photodensitometry of the polymorphism of the 7p14 band in GTG-banding, in both the abortus and its parents, has shown that in this case the origin of the trisomy is in the nondisjunction of the second maternal meiotic division. The factors that may have affected the process are analyzed.", "PMID": 424118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12312", "title": "Post-traumatic coma during pregnancy.", "content": "A pregnant woman suffered massive head injuries in an automobile accident at 6 weeks' gestation, but she successfully carried the fetus an additional 7 months. The patient remained comatose and required nasogastric feeding and skilled nursing care. The pregnancy was complicated by a persistent low-grade fever. Premature labor began at 34 weeks' gestation, and 24 hours after rapid vaginal delivery of a live 1640-g female, the mother suddenly died. The child is developing normally at 2 years.", "contents": "Post-traumatic coma during pregnancy. A pregnant woman suffered massive head injuries in an automobile accident at 6 weeks' gestation, but she successfully carried the fetus an additional 7 months. The patient remained comatose and required nasogastric feeding and skilled nursing care. The pregnancy was complicated by a persistent low-grade fever. Premature labor began at 34 weeks' gestation, and 24 hours after rapid vaginal delivery of a live 1640-g female, the mother suddenly died. The child is developing normally at 2 years.", "PMID": 424119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12313", "title": "Antepartum pituitary infarction.", "content": "Antepartum pituitary infarction occurs only in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. It is manifested by severe headache, followed by decreasing insulin requirements. Delivery is frequently premature, with high fetal wastage and increased maternal mortality. During the puerperium, the first manifestation of pituitary deficiency, other than a lower insulin requirement than would be expected, is failure to lactate. Subsequent evaluation of pituitary function reveals variable deficiencies with loss of growth hormone and gonadotropins being most frequent. This case is the eighth report of this entity, and it represents the first patient to survive a pituitary infarction prior to the third trimester of pregnancy. Recognition of this syndrome is critical in order to ensure that the mother's health and the viability of the offspring be preserved.", "contents": "Antepartum pituitary infarction. Antepartum pituitary infarction occurs only in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. It is manifested by severe headache, followed by decreasing insulin requirements. Delivery is frequently premature, with high fetal wastage and increased maternal mortality. During the puerperium, the first manifestation of pituitary deficiency, other than a lower insulin requirement than would be expected, is failure to lactate. Subsequent evaluation of pituitary function reveals variable deficiencies with loss of growth hormone and gonadotropins being most frequent. This case is the eighth report of this entity, and it represents the first patient to survive a pituitary infarction prior to the third trimester of pregnancy. Recognition of this syndrome is critical in order to ensure that the mother's health and the viability of the offspring be preserved.", "PMID": 424120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12314", "title": "Delayed traumatic rupture of the diaphragm in pregnancy.", "content": "Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm may result from trauma or from direct penetrating injuries. The rupture is often an occult injury, which can have a symptom-free interval that may last for years. This paper presents the first 2 reported cases of delayed rupture associated with intrauterine pregnancy. A review of clinical signs and symptoms is presented along with typical radiological findings. Mortality in the nonpregnant state approaches 50% and varies directly with the number of organs involved, the presence of strangulation, and the interval of time from rupture to surgical intervention. The authors conclude that all obstetrical patients with a history of penetrating wounds of the chest or upper abdomen require special evaluation and prompt surgical intervention if delayed rupture of the diaphragm is established.", "contents": "Delayed traumatic rupture of the diaphragm in pregnancy. Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm may result from trauma or from direct penetrating injuries. The rupture is often an occult injury, which can have a symptom-free interval that may last for years. This paper presents the first 2 reported cases of delayed rupture associated with intrauterine pregnancy. A review of clinical signs and symptoms is presented along with typical radiological findings. Mortality in the nonpregnant state approaches 50% and varies directly with the number of organs involved, the presence of strangulation, and the interval of time from rupture to surgical intervention. The authors conclude that all obstetrical patients with a history of penetrating wounds of the chest or upper abdomen require special evaluation and prompt surgical intervention if delayed rupture of the diaphragm is established.", "PMID": 424121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12315", "title": "Postpartum septicemia due to group G streptococci.", "content": "A case of postpartum endometritis and septicemia due to the group G beta-hemolytic streptococci is reported. The relationship of a group G streptococci to groups A and C are discussed.", "contents": "Postpartum septicemia due to group G streptococci. A case of postpartum endometritis and septicemia due to the group G beta-hemolytic streptococci is reported. The relationship of a group G streptococci to groups A and C are discussed.", "PMID": 424122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12316", "title": "Beh\u00e7et's syndrome associated with pregnancy.", "content": "A case of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome diagnosed during pregnancy is reported. It is believed that this condition is more common in the United States than previously thought. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of genital ulceration.", "contents": "Beh\u00e7et's syndrome associated with pregnancy. A case of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome diagnosed during pregnancy is reported. It is believed that this condition is more common in the United States than previously thought. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of genital ulceration.", "PMID": 424123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12317", "title": "Clomiphene citrate-induced concurrent ovarian and intrauterine pregnancy.", "content": "A rare complication of ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate is presented. The value of ultrasound in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy with coexisting intrauterine pregnancy is illustrated.", "contents": "Clomiphene citrate-induced concurrent ovarian and intrauterine pregnancy. A rare complication of ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate is presented. The value of ultrasound in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy with coexisting intrauterine pregnancy is illustrated.", "PMID": 424124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12318", "title": "Ectopic pregnancy as an etiologic agent in appendicitis.", "content": "The association of ectopic pregnancy and acute appendicitis has seldom been discussed in literature. This report presents 2 patients who had simultaneous right tubal pregnancies and acute periappendicitis. The cases reported here suggest the possibility that an ectopic pregnancy can produce an inflammatory reaction of the appendix. Ectopic pregnancy as an etiological stimulus for acute appendicitis is discussed. The advisability of examining the appendix at the time of surgery for pelvic disease, and performing an appendectomy at the same time, if pathology of the appendix is suspected, is emphasized. The use of elective appendectomy in surgery for ectopic pregnancy is reviewed.", "contents": "Ectopic pregnancy as an etiologic agent in appendicitis. The association of ectopic pregnancy and acute appendicitis has seldom been discussed in literature. This report presents 2 patients who had simultaneous right tubal pregnancies and acute periappendicitis. The cases reported here suggest the possibility that an ectopic pregnancy can produce an inflammatory reaction of the appendix. Ectopic pregnancy as an etiological stimulus for acute appendicitis is discussed. The advisability of examining the appendix at the time of surgery for pelvic disease, and performing an appendectomy at the same time, if pathology of the appendix is suspected, is emphasized. The use of elective appendectomy in surgery for ectopic pregnancy is reviewed.", "PMID": 424125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12319", "title": "Probable parasellar meningioma in a pregnant woman.", "content": "An intracranial meningioma was diagnosed in a 28-year-old woman during the second trimester of her fifth pregnancy. Similar cases in the literature are reviewed and the experience at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital with intracranial neoplasms occurring in pregnant woman during the 10-year period from January 1965 to January 1976 is reported. The management of the reported patient and the pathophysiology of meningiomas are discussed.", "contents": "Probable parasellar meningioma in a pregnant woman. An intracranial meningioma was diagnosed in a 28-year-old woman during the second trimester of her fifth pregnancy. Similar cases in the literature are reviewed and the experience at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital with intracranial neoplasms occurring in pregnant woman during the 10-year period from January 1965 to January 1976 is reported. The management of the reported patient and the pathophysiology of meningiomas are discussed.", "PMID": 424126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12320", "title": "Endometritis and neonatal sepsis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae.", "content": "Attention is called to the rarely described clinical entity of pneumococcal infection involving both mother and neonate. A case is described in which neonatal sepsis and puerperal endometritis were documented by isolating Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 from both mother and child. Clinical implications and a review of relevant literature are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Endometritis and neonatal sepsis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Attention is called to the rarely described clinical entity of pneumococcal infection involving both mother and neonate. A case is described in which neonatal sepsis and puerperal endometritis were documented by isolating Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 from both mother and child. Clinical implications and a review of relevant literature are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 424127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12321", "title": "Diazoxide for the acute control of severe hypertension complicating pregnancy: a pilot study.", "content": "Four patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were treated with intravenous diazoxide. In 2 patients there was profound maternal hypotension. Late deceleration of the fetal heart rate occurred in 3 patients following diazoxide administration. Possible implications of this study are discussed.", "contents": "Diazoxide for the acute control of severe hypertension complicating pregnancy: a pilot study. Four patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were treated with intravenous diazoxide. In 2 patients there was profound maternal hypotension. Late deceleration of the fetal heart rate occurred in 3 patients following diazoxide administration. Possible implications of this study are discussed.", "PMID": 424128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12322", "title": "Association of extrauterine fetal death with failure of prostaglandin E2 suppositories.", "content": "The use of prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppositories is an effective method of uterine evacuation for patients with intrauterine fetal demise. Advanced extrauterine gestation, because of its rarity, is usually not a primary consideration for patients presenting with fetal death. This report presents 4 such cases and strongly suggests that, when this drug is used for the treatment of fetal death, failure to induce contractions and to effect uterine evacuation within a reasonable time should prompt the consideration of extrauterine pregnancy.", "contents": "Association of extrauterine fetal death with failure of prostaglandin E2 suppositories. The use of prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppositories is an effective method of uterine evacuation for patients with intrauterine fetal demise. Advanced extrauterine gestation, because of its rarity, is usually not a primary consideration for patients presenting with fetal death. This report presents 4 such cases and strongly suggests that, when this drug is used for the treatment of fetal death, failure to induce contractions and to effect uterine evacuation within a reasonable time should prompt the consideration of extrauterine pregnancy.", "PMID": 424129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12323", "title": "Antenatal detection of fetal A-V dissociation utilizing real-time B-mode ultrasound.", "content": "Congenital heart block is an unusual cause of fetal bradycardia. Until recently, the diagnosis could be confirmed only by evaluation of the fetal cardiac electrical activity. Two cases are reported in which the diagnosis of atrio-ventricular (A-V) dissociation was confirmed in the antepartum period by real-time ultrasound evaluation of cardiac mechanical activity.", "contents": "Antenatal detection of fetal A-V dissociation utilizing real-time B-mode ultrasound. Congenital heart block is an unusual cause of fetal bradycardia. Until recently, the diagnosis could be confirmed only by evaluation of the fetal cardiac electrical activity. Two cases are reported in which the diagnosis of atrio-ventricular (A-V) dissociation was confirmed in the antepartum period by real-time ultrasound evaluation of cardiac mechanical activity.", "PMID": 424130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12324", "title": "Autologous blood transfusions and pregnancy.", "content": "The application of autologous and frozen red blood cell (RBC) programs is described for 3 pregnant women with antibodies to high-incidence blood group antigens (anti-Lutheranb, anti-Cellano, anti-Vel). The cases illustrate how readily available supplies or rare blood types can be maintained throughout pregnancy using autologous and frozen RBC techniques, including selective predeposit, \"family-sharing,\" and intensive phlebotomy with fluid replacement. The RBC phenotypes described in this paper are exceedingly rare since they occur in only 0.1-0.001% of random donors. However, the principles of autologous blood transfusions are universal and they can be applied to the general problems of blood group incompatibility in pregnancy.", "contents": "Autologous blood transfusions and pregnancy. The application of autologous and frozen red blood cell (RBC) programs is described for 3 pregnant women with antibodies to high-incidence blood group antigens (anti-Lutheranb, anti-Cellano, anti-Vel). The cases illustrate how readily available supplies or rare blood types can be maintained throughout pregnancy using autologous and frozen RBC techniques, including selective predeposit, \"family-sharing,\" and intensive phlebotomy with fluid replacement. The RBC phenotypes described in this paper are exceedingly rare since they occur in only 0.1-0.001% of random donors. However, the principles of autologous blood transfusions are universal and they can be applied to the general problems of blood group incompatibility in pregnancy.", "PMID": 424131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12325", "title": "The obstetrical management of conjoined twins.", "content": "A pair of conjoined twins (thoracopagus) was delivered abdominally after antepartum diagnosis. Obstetrical planning is more likely to be successful with antepartum diagnosis, which can be done only if the possibility of conjoining is considered with each twin gestation. Once a twin gestation is suspected, ultrasonography should be performed for confirmation. Conjoined twins should be suspected in a gravid mother with multiple gestations and an abnormal fetal attitude. When the images cannot be separated on ultrasonography, amniographic examination, using a double contrast medium of oil-water, should demonstrate dye in the gastrointestinal tract and a union between the twins, as well as establish the presence of a monoamniotic sac. Because of increased fetal morbidity and mortality of vaginal delivery in monoamniotic twins, even if not conjoined, elective cesarean section at term will ensure the best chance for fetal survival.", "contents": "The obstetrical management of conjoined twins. A pair of conjoined twins (thoracopagus) was delivered abdominally after antepartum diagnosis. Obstetrical planning is more likely to be successful with antepartum diagnosis, which can be done only if the possibility of conjoining is considered with each twin gestation. Once a twin gestation is suspected, ultrasonography should be performed for confirmation. Conjoined twins should be suspected in a gravid mother with multiple gestations and an abnormal fetal attitude. When the images cannot be separated on ultrasonography, amniographic examination, using a double contrast medium of oil-water, should demonstrate dye in the gastrointestinal tract and a union between the twins, as well as establish the presence of a monoamniotic sac. Because of increased fetal morbidity and mortality of vaginal delivery in monoamniotic twins, even if not conjoined, elective cesarean section at term will ensure the best chance for fetal survival.", "PMID": 424132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12326", "title": "Ectopic pregnancy following total vaginal hysterectomy.", "content": "A case of ectopic pregnancy following vaginal hysterectomy is reported. A review of the literature reveals 22 similar cases, with 12 presenting as early postoperative complications and 10 as late postoperative complications. The pathophysiology is discussed. Although it is a remote possibility, there must be an awareness that ectopic pregnancy can occur in women with acute abdominal pain following hysterectomy.", "contents": "Ectopic pregnancy following total vaginal hysterectomy. A case of ectopic pregnancy following vaginal hysterectomy is reported. A review of the literature reveals 22 similar cases, with 12 presenting as early postoperative complications and 10 as late postoperative complications. The pathophysiology is discussed. Although it is a remote possibility, there must be an awareness that ectopic pregnancy can occur in women with acute abdominal pain following hysterectomy.", "PMID": 424133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12327", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in pregnancy.", "content": "Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with intrauterine pregnancy is extremely rare. This report presents the finding of an adenoacanthoma of the endometrium discovered during therapeutic abortion and compares it with 6 other cases previously published. Four of the 7 tumors were adenocanthomas, a neoplasm that accounts for 20-30% of endometrial adenocarcinoma in the general population. Follow-up on 4 of the 6 previously reported patients indicates that 3 are well more than 5 years after diagnosis. The 1 patient who died of disease had an adenoacanthoma and was the only patient with extensive myometrial invasion at hysterectomy. The patient described in the present report is well 2 1/2 years after hysterectomy.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in pregnancy. Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with intrauterine pregnancy is extremely rare. This report presents the finding of an adenoacanthoma of the endometrium discovered during therapeutic abortion and compares it with 6 other cases previously published. Four of the 7 tumors were adenocanthomas, a neoplasm that accounts for 20-30% of endometrial adenocarcinoma in the general population. Follow-up on 4 of the 6 previously reported patients indicates that 3 are well more than 5 years after diagnosis. The 1 patient who died of disease had an adenoacanthoma and was the only patient with extensive myometrial invasion at hysterectomy. The patient described in the present report is well 2 1/2 years after hysterectomy.", "PMID": 424134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12328", "title": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis simulating carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis generally occurs above the pelvic brim and is rarely encountered by the gynecologist. In the case presented, the fibrosis first became manifest in the pelvis and simulated metastatic carcinoma of the cervix. Treatment with cyclophosphamide and prednisone produced an apparent remission.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis simulating carcinoma of the cervix. Retroperitoneal fibrosis generally occurs above the pelvic brim and is rarely encountered by the gynecologist. In the case presented, the fibrosis first became manifest in the pelvis and simulated metastatic carcinoma of the cervix. Treatment with cyclophosphamide and prednisone produced an apparent remission.", "PMID": 424135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12329", "title": "Childhood lichen sclerosus.", "content": "Presented is a case of a 6-year-old girl with biopsy-proved lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) localized to the anogenital region. She was seen approximately 3 months after the development of vulvar pruritus and burning on micturition. Following vulvar biopsies the patient was treated with hydrocortisone cream. Four months postbiopsy the patient is asymptomatic but with the coalesced white plaques remaining. Although cases benefiting from such various regimens as estrogen creams have been reported in the literature, the major benefit of therapy is relief of symptoms. This may be more safely accomplished with treatment of any vaginal discharge and the use of topical hydrocortisone cream. In children with regression of lichen sclerosus, complete resolution is common. No definite relationship to the menarche is documented.", "contents": "Childhood lichen sclerosus. Presented is a case of a 6-year-old girl with biopsy-proved lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) localized to the anogenital region. She was seen approximately 3 months after the development of vulvar pruritus and burning on micturition. Following vulvar biopsies the patient was treated with hydrocortisone cream. Four months postbiopsy the patient is asymptomatic but with the coalesced white plaques remaining. Although cases benefiting from such various regimens as estrogen creams have been reported in the literature, the major benefit of therapy is relief of symptoms. This may be more safely accomplished with treatment of any vaginal discharge and the use of topical hydrocortisone cream. In children with regression of lichen sclerosus, complete resolution is common. No definite relationship to the menarche is documented.", "PMID": 424136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12330", "title": "Diffuse leiomyomatosis of the uterus precluding myomectomy.", "content": "Two cases of symmetrical uterine enlargement, with widespread involvement of the myometrium by innumerable leiomyomata, mainly of small and microscopic size, are reported. This unusual leiomyomatous enlargement of the uterus precludes myomectomy. A review of the literature revealed only 3 previous cases of this condition. The designation of diffuse leiomyomatosis of the uterus is proposed. The pathogenesis and differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Diffuse leiomyomatosis of the uterus precluding myomectomy. Two cases of symmetrical uterine enlargement, with widespread involvement of the myometrium by innumerable leiomyomata, mainly of small and microscopic size, are reported. This unusual leiomyomatous enlargement of the uterus precludes myomectomy. A review of the literature revealed only 3 previous cases of this condition. The designation of diffuse leiomyomatosis of the uterus is proposed. The pathogenesis and differential diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 424137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12331", "title": "Primary pure insular ovarian carcinoids.", "content": "Ovarian carcinoids are generally found in association with teratomatous elements. Reported are the 23rd and 24th primary pure insular ovarian carcinoids. One of the cases presented initially with carcinoid heart disease.", "contents": "Primary pure insular ovarian carcinoids. Ovarian carcinoids are generally found in association with teratomatous elements. Reported are the 23rd and 24th primary pure insular ovarian carcinoids. One of the cases presented initially with carcinoid heart disease.", "PMID": 424138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12332", "title": "Chylous metrorrhea.", "content": "Chylous is an extremely unusual cause of leukorrhea. The diagnosis is established by verification of the chylous nature of the discharge, documentation of its uterine origin, and lymphangiographic demonstration of dilated pelvic lymphatics with uterine reflux. Surgical excision of the incompetent lymphatic channels is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Chylous metrorrhea. Chylous is an extremely unusual cause of leukorrhea. The diagnosis is established by verification of the chylous nature of the discharge, documentation of its uterine origin, and lymphangiographic demonstration of dilated pelvic lymphatics with uterine reflux. Surgical excision of the incompetent lymphatic channels is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 424139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12333", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the vagina in a patient with gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "Adenocarcinoma of the vagina is an uncommon tumor. Many theories have been postulated for its etiology and tissue origin. Its occurrence in young women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol has pointed to estrogen influence as a possible etiologic factor. A case of adenocarcinoma of the vagina in a patient with gonadal dysgenesis is presented, and histologic and electron-microscopic observations are discussed. This patient is unique in that development of the vaginal neoplasm occurred in the absence of estrogen influence.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the vagina in a patient with gonadal dysgenesis. Adenocarcinoma of the vagina is an uncommon tumor. Many theories have been postulated for its etiology and tissue origin. Its occurrence in young women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol has pointed to estrogen influence as a possible etiologic factor. A case of adenocarcinoma of the vagina in a patient with gonadal dysgenesis is presented, and histologic and electron-microscopic observations are discussed. This patient is unique in that development of the vaginal neoplasm occurred in the absence of estrogen influence.", "PMID": 424140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12334", "title": "Premature ovarian failure and hypothyroidism associated with sicca syndrome.", "content": "Two cases of premature ovarian failure, hypothyroidism, and sicca syndrome are described. To our knowledge, this association of sicca syndrome and multiglandular deficiency has not been previously reported. The finding of specific organ antibodies, as well as antibodies to nonorgan antigens in the 2 cases studied, supports the hypothesis that these rare clinical conditions may share a common autoimmune pathogenesis.", "contents": "Premature ovarian failure and hypothyroidism associated with sicca syndrome. Two cases of premature ovarian failure, hypothyroidism, and sicca syndrome are described. To our knowledge, this association of sicca syndrome and multiglandular deficiency has not been previously reported. The finding of specific organ antibodies, as well as antibodies to nonorgan antigens in the 2 cases studied, supports the hypothesis that these rare clinical conditions may share a common autoimmune pathogenesis.", "PMID": 424141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12335", "title": "The effect of phacoemulsification on the corneal endothelium.", "content": "Endothelial cell densities were measured following intracapsular cataract extraction and phacoemulsification in the same patients. Phacoemulsification caused 29 percent more endothelial cell loss than intracapsular cataract extraction (p less than .001). The degree of endothelial damage with phacoemulsification appeared to be age related and was minimal in the younger patients.", "contents": "The effect of phacoemulsification on the corneal endothelium. Endothelial cell densities were measured following intracapsular cataract extraction and phacoemulsification in the same patients. Phacoemulsification caused 29 percent more endothelial cell loss than intracapsular cataract extraction (p less than .001). The degree of endothelial damage with phacoemulsification appeared to be age related and was minimal in the younger patients.", "PMID": 424170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12336", "title": "Vitrectomy instrumentation for surgical evacuation of total anterior chamber hyphema and control of recurrent anterior chamber hemorrhage.", "content": "A patient with recurrent bleeding during hyphema extraction with the O'Malley ocutome was treated by elevation of the intraocular pressure to 50 mm Hg for 5 minutes with fluid from the infusing needle. When intraocular pressure was returned to normal, there was cessation of bleeding and postoperatively the anterior chamber remained free of blood. Elevation of intraocular pressure is offered as an initial alternative to air injection or cyclodiathermy for control of bleeding during hyphema extraction.", "contents": "Vitrectomy instrumentation for surgical evacuation of total anterior chamber hyphema and control of recurrent anterior chamber hemorrhage. A patient with recurrent bleeding during hyphema extraction with the O'Malley ocutome was treated by elevation of the intraocular pressure to 50 mm Hg for 5 minutes with fluid from the infusing needle. When intraocular pressure was returned to normal, there was cessation of bleeding and postoperatively the anterior chamber remained free of blood. Elevation of intraocular pressure is offered as an initial alternative to air injection or cyclodiathermy for control of bleeding during hyphema extraction.", "PMID": 424171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12337", "title": "Calculation of the change in corneal astigmatism following cataract extraction.", "content": "Obtaining a minimal amount of postoperative astigmatism following cataract surgery is becoming increasingly important. One aspect of the patient's surgery which should not be overlooked is the preoperative keratometry which provides a basis for preoperative planning of surgical technique to be used and a point of reference for determining the amount of change in astigmatism produced by the surgery. Analysis of the surgically induced change in astigmatism using the calculations described in this paper will allow the surgeon to evaluate his own techniques and to maximize his potential for obtaining consistently good postoperative astigmatic results without the need for suture removal. The method presented is based upon concepts in common use in surgical ophthalmology and requires only simple mathematical procedures, familiar to all with a background in algebra and trigonometry.", "contents": "Calculation of the change in corneal astigmatism following cataract extraction. Obtaining a minimal amount of postoperative astigmatism following cataract surgery is becoming increasingly important. One aspect of the patient's surgery which should not be overlooked is the preoperative keratometry which provides a basis for preoperative planning of surgical technique to be used and a point of reference for determining the amount of change in astigmatism produced by the surgery. Analysis of the surgically induced change in astigmatism using the calculations described in this paper will allow the surgeon to evaluate his own techniques and to maximize his potential for obtaining consistently good postoperative astigmatic results without the need for suture removal. The method presented is based upon concepts in common use in surgical ophthalmology and requires only simple mathematical procedures, familiar to all with a background in algebra and trigonometry.", "PMID": 424172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12338", "title": "A first year's experience with intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "A microsurgical modification of Binkhorst's \"open sky\" technique of extracapsular cataract extraction was developed for intraocular lens implantation. Clear visualization of both anterior and posterior capsule is stressed and risky aspiration is minimized. Thirteen cases operated upon in the first year are described. Synechiae to the haptics occurred when mydriasis was not prompt. All but one obtained useful naked acuity. Binocularity depended chiefly upon the acuity of the opposite eye. Pre-calculation of lens power reduced the spread of postoperative refractive errors although deviation was greater than expected and myopia overaccentuated. High astigmatic errors occurred in three patients.", "contents": "A first year's experience with intraocular lens implantation. A microsurgical modification of Binkhorst's \"open sky\" technique of extracapsular cataract extraction was developed for intraocular lens implantation. Clear visualization of both anterior and posterior capsule is stressed and risky aspiration is minimized. Thirteen cases operated upon in the first year are described. Synechiae to the haptics occurred when mydriasis was not prompt. All but one obtained useful naked acuity. Binocularity depended chiefly upon the acuity of the opposite eye. Pre-calculation of lens power reduced the spread of postoperative refractive errors although deviation was greater than expected and myopia overaccentuated. High astigmatic errors occurred in three patients.", "PMID": 424173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12339", "title": "Trabeculectomy and modifications of trabeculectomy.", "content": "Seventy-four trabeculectomies have been reviewed and discussed. Intraocular pressure 20 mm Hg or lower was achieved in 74.2% at the end of six months and in 66% one year postoperatively. The influence of age and sex on postoperative maintainance of intraocular pressure has also been discussed. There was not a statistical difference in results when the sex of the patients were compared. Patients under age forty did poorly in this series as compared to patients over age forty-one. Tenonectomy and cautery to the posterior edges of the scleral flap have been beneficial. The insertion of a gel film or silastic implant under the posterior edge of the scleral flap has been studied but in too few patients to draw any valid conclusions. In general, our results have been satisfactory with very few operative or postoperative complications.", "contents": "Trabeculectomy and modifications of trabeculectomy. Seventy-four trabeculectomies have been reviewed and discussed. Intraocular pressure 20 mm Hg or lower was achieved in 74.2% at the end of six months and in 66% one year postoperatively. The influence of age and sex on postoperative maintainance of intraocular pressure has also been discussed. There was not a statistical difference in results when the sex of the patients were compared. Patients under age forty did poorly in this series as compared to patients over age forty-one. Tenonectomy and cautery to the posterior edges of the scleral flap have been beneficial. The insertion of a gel film or silastic implant under the posterior edge of the scleral flap has been studied but in too few patients to draw any valid conclusions. In general, our results have been satisfactory with very few operative or postoperative complications.", "PMID": 424174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12340", "title": "Diagnosis and management of anterior uveal tumors.", "content": "Iris fluorescein angiography is another useful method in the evaluation of anterior uveal tumors. Three cases are presented which indicate that, in the diagnosis and management of anterior uveal tumors, certain fluorescein angiographic patterns may suggest malignancy. The presence of early hyperfluorescence, additional tumor foci, interruption of the normal iris radial vascular pattern by dilated tortuous vessels, and late leakage of fluorescein are suspicious findings, and indicate the necessity for comprehensive evaluation of such tumors.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of anterior uveal tumors. Iris fluorescein angiography is another useful method in the evaluation of anterior uveal tumors. Three cases are presented which indicate that, in the diagnosis and management of anterior uveal tumors, certain fluorescein angiographic patterns may suggest malignancy. The presence of early hyperfluorescence, additional tumor foci, interruption of the normal iris radial vascular pattern by dilated tortuous vessels, and late leakage of fluorescein are suspicious findings, and indicate the necessity for comprehensive evaluation of such tumors.", "PMID": 424175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12341", "title": "Central retinal artery occlusion after facial trauma.", "content": "A case of traumatic retrobulbar hemorrhage resulting in occlusion of the central retinal artery which was relieved by surgical drainage of the hematoma pocket is presented. Osmotic agents are of little value in such situations, and we suggest that, after trauma causing the clinical picture of a tense retrobulbar hemorrhage and central artery occlusion, the more vigorous approach to the patient is justified.", "contents": "Central retinal artery occlusion after facial trauma. A case of traumatic retrobulbar hemorrhage resulting in occlusion of the central retinal artery which was relieved by surgical drainage of the hematoma pocket is presented. Osmotic agents are of little value in such situations, and we suggest that, after trauma causing the clinical picture of a tense retrobulbar hemorrhage and central artery occlusion, the more vigorous approach to the patient is justified.", "PMID": 424177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12342", "title": "Prevention of postoperative vertical imbalance and ptosis.", "content": "A technique is described which has reduced our incidence of vertical muscle imbalance and ptosis following intraocular surgery. The eye is well fixated, bleeding is minimized, and the operative field is better exposed. It is a simple modification of the usual technique of globe fixation and should be considered by ocular surgeons to reduce the complications of iatrogenic muscle imbalance and ptosis.", "contents": "Prevention of postoperative vertical imbalance and ptosis. A technique is described which has reduced our incidence of vertical muscle imbalance and ptosis following intraocular surgery. The eye is well fixated, bleeding is minimized, and the operative field is better exposed. It is a simple modification of the usual technique of globe fixation and should be considered by ocular surgeons to reduce the complications of iatrogenic muscle imbalance and ptosis.", "PMID": 424178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12343", "title": "Automated phakotomy and aspiration of soft congenital and traumatic cataracts.", "content": "The design and operation of an automated instrument for removal of a soft cataract through a small corneal incision has been described in a small series of young patients. The distinct advantages of the instrument and technique are the small single-entry corneal incision, the minimal manipulation on the part of the surgeon, the relative constancy of both the anatomical shape of the globe and of a predetermined intraocular pressure during the procedure, a decreased inflammatory response, and a rapid wound healing.", "contents": "Automated phakotomy and aspiration of soft congenital and traumatic cataracts. The design and operation of an automated instrument for removal of a soft cataract through a small corneal incision has been described in a small series of young patients. The distinct advantages of the instrument and technique are the small single-entry corneal incision, the minimal manipulation on the part of the surgeon, the relative constancy of both the anatomical shape of the globe and of a predetermined intraocular pressure during the procedure, a decreased inflammatory response, and a rapid wound healing.", "PMID": 424179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12344", "title": "Total cataract extraction through a 3-mm incision: a report of 650 cases.", "content": "We treated 650 consecutive cases of phacoemulsification with total capsulectomy. More than 91% of cases had best corrected visual acuities of 20/40 or better. In those with vision of 20/100 or less (3.5%) no cause for decreased acuity could be related to the surgery; 94% of cases had less than 1.5 diopters of residual astigmatism. Vitreous loss, occurring in 2.9% of cases, could be related to initial inexperience and errors in technique rather than patient age. Postoperative complications included transient striate keratitis (2.3%), persistent corneal edema (one case), cystoid macular edema (2.8%), and aphakic retinal detachments (2.6%). There were no hyphemas, flat or shallow anterior chambers, or filtering blebs postoperatively. We believe that this technique of total cataract extraction through a 3-mm incision yields the same results as an intracapsular extraction, but with less complications, and all the benefits of a small limbal incision.", "contents": "Total cataract extraction through a 3-mm incision: a report of 650 cases. We treated 650 consecutive cases of phacoemulsification with total capsulectomy. More than 91% of cases had best corrected visual acuities of 20/40 or better. In those with vision of 20/100 or less (3.5%) no cause for decreased acuity could be related to the surgery; 94% of cases had less than 1.5 diopters of residual astigmatism. Vitreous loss, occurring in 2.9% of cases, could be related to initial inexperience and errors in technique rather than patient age. Postoperative complications included transient striate keratitis (2.3%), persistent corneal edema (one case), cystoid macular edema (2.8%), and aphakic retinal detachments (2.6%). There were no hyphemas, flat or shallow anterior chambers, or filtering blebs postoperatively. We believe that this technique of total cataract extraction through a 3-mm incision yields the same results as an intracapsular extraction, but with less complications, and all the benefits of a small limbal incision.", "PMID": 424180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12345", "title": "Intraocular lens weight and the vitreous.", "content": "Intraocular lenses, or their components of various weights and designs, were placed on and within the viterous of fresh human autopsy eyes. All devices were supported on the surface of the intact viterous and within the formed vitreous. All sank promptly through the disorganized vitreous. Advice against anterior vitrectomies at the time of implant surgery is offered.", "contents": "Intraocular lens weight and the vitreous. Intraocular lenses, or their components of various weights and designs, were placed on and within the viterous of fresh human autopsy eyes. All devices were supported on the surface of the intact viterous and within the formed vitreous. All sank promptly through the disorganized vitreous. Advice against anterior vitrectomies at the time of implant surgery is offered.", "PMID": 424182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12346", "title": "A modified cyclodialysis spatula.", "content": "A cyclodialysis spatula specifically designed for glaucoma surgery is presented which facilitates the performance of the cyclodialysis procedure alone or in combination with cataract extraction and decreases the chance of inadvertent damage to the eye.", "contents": "A modified cyclodialysis spatula. A cyclodialysis spatula specifically designed for glaucoma surgery is presented which facilitates the performance of the cyclodialysis procedure alone or in combination with cataract extraction and decreases the chance of inadvertent damage to the eye.", "PMID": 424183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12347", "title": "Illness behavior and depression compared in pain center and private practice patients.", "content": "Recent descriptions of illness behavior and personality factors in chronic pain patients reflect patient populations at clinics dealing with refractory, multiple referral pain problems. Pain patients from the University of Washington Pain Center were compared with patients from a private practice clinic with regard to illness behavior and depression. Private practice patients were significantly less depressed, showed less conviction of disease, general hypochondriasis, affect disturbance and were less somatically focussed than the Pain Center patients. Physicians in general practice treating pain patients should avoid forming stereotypes of chronic pain patients based on the experiences of referral clinics, for such characterizations may lead them to weigh psychologic factors too heavily in diagnosis.", "contents": "Illness behavior and depression compared in pain center and private practice patients. Recent descriptions of illness behavior and personality factors in chronic pain patients reflect patient populations at clinics dealing with refractory, multiple referral pain problems. Pain patients from the University of Washington Pain Center were compared with patients from a private practice clinic with regard to illness behavior and depression. Private practice patients were significantly less depressed, showed less conviction of disease, general hypochondriasis, affect disturbance and were less somatically focussed than the Pain Center patients. Physicians in general practice treating pain patients should avoid forming stereotypes of chronic pain patients based on the experiences of referral clinics, for such characterizations may lead them to weigh psychologic factors too heavily in diagnosis.", "PMID": 424232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12348", "title": "Memory for pain.", "content": "Memory for head pain was assessed by means of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). Sixteen neurosurgical patients were divided into two groups in order to examine the decay of memory over time; one group recalled pain after 5 days and the other recalled pain after one day and then again, after 5 days. Contrary to expectations, the recall of pain was surprisingly accurate. The memory for pain showed littled decay over time. The small subgroup of patients who made specific errors when recalling their pain comprised women who had high levels of pain and affect at the initial assessment. Overall, the findings provide some welcome reassurance about the accuracy and reliability of pain reports from memory.", "contents": "Memory for pain. Memory for head pain was assessed by means of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). Sixteen neurosurgical patients were divided into two groups in order to examine the decay of memory over time; one group recalled pain after 5 days and the other recalled pain after one day and then again, after 5 days. Contrary to expectations, the recall of pain was surprisingly accurate. The memory for pain showed littled decay over time. The small subgroup of patients who made specific errors when recalling their pain comprised women who had high levels of pain and affect at the initial assessment. Overall, the findings provide some welcome reassurance about the accuracy and reliability of pain reports from memory.", "PMID": 424233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12349", "title": "Fine structure of sensory nerves in the rat cornea: an experimental nerve degeneration study.", "content": "Fine structure of nerve fibres and terminals in the rat cornea was studied after fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide or with potassium permanganate. Superior cervical and/or ciliary ganglionectomy as well as ophthalmic neurotomy were performed in order to verify the origin of the corneal nerves. In the control corneas axon profiles with granular vesicles were observed in the stroma. Other axons containing agranular vesicles were found both in the stroma and in the epithelium. Superior cervical ganglionectomy abolished only the axons containing granular vesicles but did not affect the corneal blink reflex. Ciliary ganglionectomy induced more conspicuous changes in both stromal and intraepithelial axon profiles. The corneal reflex was, however, normal. Some of the axons containing agranular vesicles also showed degenerative changes. However, intact axon profiles with agranular vesicles were seen even after extirpation of both the ciliary ganglion and the superior cervical ganglion (combined autonomic ganglionectomy). On the other hand, all axon profiles with agranular vesicles disappeared after coagulation of the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves (sensory denervation). This operation destroyed most of the axons in all parts of the cornea and abolished the blink reflex. It is concluded that the axon profiles in the corneal epithelium, containing agranular vesicles, are sensory axons of the trigeminal nerve. A possible role of the vesicles in sensory nerves is discussed.", "contents": "Fine structure of sensory nerves in the rat cornea: an experimental nerve degeneration study. Fine structure of nerve fibres and terminals in the rat cornea was studied after fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide or with potassium permanganate. Superior cervical and/or ciliary ganglionectomy as well as ophthalmic neurotomy were performed in order to verify the origin of the corneal nerves. In the control corneas axon profiles with granular vesicles were observed in the stroma. Other axons containing agranular vesicles were found both in the stroma and in the epithelium. Superior cervical ganglionectomy abolished only the axons containing granular vesicles but did not affect the corneal blink reflex. Ciliary ganglionectomy induced more conspicuous changes in both stromal and intraepithelial axon profiles. The corneal reflex was, however, normal. Some of the axons containing agranular vesicles also showed degenerative changes. However, intact axon profiles with agranular vesicles were seen even after extirpation of both the ciliary ganglion and the superior cervical ganglion (combined autonomic ganglionectomy). On the other hand, all axon profiles with agranular vesicles disappeared after coagulation of the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves (sensory denervation). This operation destroyed most of the axons in all parts of the cornea and abolished the blink reflex. It is concluded that the axon profiles in the corneal epithelium, containing agranular vesicles, are sensory axons of the trigeminal nerve. A possible role of the vesicles in sensory nerves is discussed.", "PMID": 424234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12350", "title": "Acupuncture analgesia in rabbits.", "content": "The aim of this study was to verify the validity and reliability of analgesia elicited by acupuncture stimulation in rabbits. Ninety-five experiments were performed using 21 adult animals. The reaction time of the avoidance response elicited by noxious heat stimulation on the snout, and the presence or absence of the start response elicited by pin-prick and clamping of the skin were studied. Bilateral electric acupuncture stimulation in the area of Tsu-san-li and Shang-chu-hsu points in the hind legs was used. The animals were either held in a soft bag, loosely attached by cords, or suspended in a hammock; the eyes were either free of blindfolded. On the basis of operational behavioral measurements, it was found that acupuncture stimulation did not produce analgesia in undisturbed, placid animals. However, during agitated or fighting periods and the immobility reflex-like state, sometimes associated with acupuncture maneuvers, long reaction times were observed. Pin-pricking and clamping stimulation of the skin were not reliable methods of noxious stimulation in the rabbit.", "contents": "Acupuncture analgesia in rabbits. The aim of this study was to verify the validity and reliability of analgesia elicited by acupuncture stimulation in rabbits. Ninety-five experiments were performed using 21 adult animals. The reaction time of the avoidance response elicited by noxious heat stimulation on the snout, and the presence or absence of the start response elicited by pin-prick and clamping of the skin were studied. Bilateral electric acupuncture stimulation in the area of Tsu-san-li and Shang-chu-hsu points in the hind legs was used. The animals were either held in a soft bag, loosely attached by cords, or suspended in a hammock; the eyes were either free of blindfolded. On the basis of operational behavioral measurements, it was found that acupuncture stimulation did not produce analgesia in undisturbed, placid animals. However, during agitated or fighting periods and the immobility reflex-like state, sometimes associated with acupuncture maneuvers, long reaction times were observed. Pin-pricking and clamping stimulation of the skin were not reliable methods of noxious stimulation in the rabbit.", "PMID": 424235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12351", "title": "The needle effect in the relief of myofascial pain.", "content": "In reviewing techniques for therapeutic local anaesthesia of pain spots, it appeared that the common denominator was puncture by the needle and not the anaesthetic employed. The present study examines short- and long-term effects of dry needling in the treatment of chronic myofascial pain. 241 patients and 312 pain sites were treated by needling. When the most painful spot was touched by the needle, immediate analgesia without hypesthesia was observed in 86.8% of cases. Permanent relief of tenderness in the needled structure was obtained for 92 structures; relief for several months in 58; for several weeks in 63; and for several days in 32 out of 288 pain sites followed up. The effectiveness of treatment was related to the intensity of pain produced at the trigger zone, and to the precision with which the site of maximal tenderness was located by the needle. The immediate analgesia produced by needling the pain spot has been called the \"needle effect\".", "contents": "The needle effect in the relief of myofascial pain. In reviewing techniques for therapeutic local anaesthesia of pain spots, it appeared that the common denominator was puncture by the needle and not the anaesthetic employed. The present study examines short- and long-term effects of dry needling in the treatment of chronic myofascial pain. 241 patients and 312 pain sites were treated by needling. When the most painful spot was touched by the needle, immediate analgesia without hypesthesia was observed in 86.8% of cases. Permanent relief of tenderness in the needled structure was obtained for 92 structures; relief for several months in 58; for several weeks in 63; and for several days in 32 out of 288 pain sites followed up. The effectiveness of treatment was related to the intensity of pain produced at the trigger zone, and to the precision with which the site of maximal tenderness was located by the needle. The immediate analgesia produced by needling the pain spot has been called the \"needle effect\".", "PMID": 424236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12352", "title": "Signal detection theory pain measures: empirical validation studies and adaptation-level effects.", "content": "Proponents of the use of signal detection theory (SDT) in the assessment of pain modulation have generally looked for changes in d' to indicate a reduction of sensory function, and a change in criterion to indicate a modification of the subject's response bias or attitudinal predisposition. In the first experiment, both assumptions failed to receive empirical verification. Discrimination d' was eqivalent before and after two strong levels of electrical current was reduced. The criterion parameter appeared to shift in a more conservative direction after the stimulus diminution. These results are used to question the validity of both detection and discrimination indices in the measurement of pain. An alternative means for describing the experimental results revealed a striking adaptation-level effect with implications for the assessment of both experimentally induced and endogenous pain. The outcome of a second experiment reinforced the adaptation-level theory interpretation of the results and provided additional evidence concerning the difficultuies in evaluating SDT parameters in studies of potential analgesics.", "contents": "Signal detection theory pain measures: empirical validation studies and adaptation-level effects. Proponents of the use of signal detection theory (SDT) in the assessment of pain modulation have generally looked for changes in d' to indicate a reduction of sensory function, and a change in criterion to indicate a modification of the subject's response bias or attitudinal predisposition. In the first experiment, both assumptions failed to receive empirical verification. Discrimination d' was eqivalent before and after two strong levels of electrical current was reduced. The criterion parameter appeared to shift in a more conservative direction after the stimulus diminution. These results are used to question the validity of both detection and discrimination indices in the measurement of pain. An alternative means for describing the experimental results revealed a striking adaptation-level effect with implications for the assessment of both experimentally induced and endogenous pain. The outcome of a second experiment reinforced the adaptation-level theory interpretation of the results and provided additional evidence concerning the difficultuies in evaluating SDT parameters in studies of potential analgesics.", "PMID": 424237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12353", "title": "Grooming behaviour of domestic cattle.", "content": "Grooming behaviour patterns of domestic cattle on pasture were studied by observation of a small herd of cross-bred cows, their single-suckling calves and a bull. The investigation was accomplished by means of description of directly observed patterns as well as description from SP8 cinematographic recordings. The observed grooming behaviour was classified in the following 8 patterns: Licking, scratching with hindhoof, scratching with horn, shaking, striking one part of the body against another part, rubbing, pawing, social grooming. It is assumed that one function of grooming behaviour may be a merely cleansing one. Another function may be related to the establishment and maintenance of the social structure in the herd.", "contents": "Grooming behaviour of domestic cattle. Grooming behaviour patterns of domestic cattle on pasture were studied by observation of a small herd of cross-bred cows, their single-suckling calves and a bull. The investigation was accomplished by means of description of directly observed patterns as well as description from SP8 cinematographic recordings. The observed grooming behaviour was classified in the following 8 patterns: Licking, scratching with hindhoof, scratching with horn, shaking, striking one part of the body against another part, rubbing, pawing, social grooming. It is assumed that one function of grooming behaviour may be a merely cleansing one. Another function may be related to the establishment and maintenance of the social structure in the herd.", "PMID": 424275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12354", "title": "[Fluorimetric determination of ampicillin in calf serum (author's transl)].", "content": "The serum concentrations of ampicillin was determined in calves after oral and parenteral administration. Ampicillin was analyzed by a fluorimetric method which was found simple and reliable. When ampicillin at a dose of 12 mg/kg was given in a milk replacer, the serum concentrations was too low to be effective even against all ampicillin sensitive bacteria. This method of treatment may be used only in the treatment of enteritis, as it is reported in the literature that high ampicillin concentrations occur in the intestinal content and the intestinal mucosa. After intramuscular injection of recommended doses (4-10 mg/kg), high serum concentrations was reached soon after the injection. The drug is, however, excreted rapidly and treatment should be repeated at shorter intervals than usually is recommended.", "contents": "[Fluorimetric determination of ampicillin in calf serum (author's transl)]. The serum concentrations of ampicillin was determined in calves after oral and parenteral administration. Ampicillin was analyzed by a fluorimetric method which was found simple and reliable. When ampicillin at a dose of 12 mg/kg was given in a milk replacer, the serum concentrations was too low to be effective even against all ampicillin sensitive bacteria. This method of treatment may be used only in the treatment of enteritis, as it is reported in the literature that high ampicillin concentrations occur in the intestinal content and the intestinal mucosa. After intramuscular injection of recommended doses (4-10 mg/kg), high serum concentrations was reached soon after the injection. The drug is, however, excreted rapidly and treatment should be repeated at shorter intervals than usually is recommended.", "PMID": 424276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12355", "title": "[Fasciola hepatica in Denmark. A survey on 15 years diagnostic examination on bovine faeces samples (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of routine diagnostic examinations of 10,540 bovine faeces samples for eggs of Fasciola hepatica during the period 1963-1977 are evaluated. 0n an average, 10.4% of the samples were positive. The frequency of positive samples was highest among samples from cows (14.4%) lowest among samples from calves (1.5%). Of samples from heifers 10.1% were found positive. Calculated on a monthly basis, the percentage of positive samples showed a clear seasonal variation, reaching a peak in the period December-March. During the period 1973-1977, the annual percentage of positive samples showed a rather pronounced declining tendency, indicating a decrease in the occurrence of bovine Fasciola hepatica infection in Denmark.", "contents": "[Fasciola hepatica in Denmark. A survey on 15 years diagnostic examination on bovine faeces samples (author's transl)]. The results of routine diagnostic examinations of 10,540 bovine faeces samples for eggs of Fasciola hepatica during the period 1963-1977 are evaluated. 0n an average, 10.4% of the samples were positive. The frequency of positive samples was highest among samples from cows (14.4%) lowest among samples from calves (1.5%). Of samples from heifers 10.1% were found positive. Calculated on a monthly basis, the percentage of positive samples showed a clear seasonal variation, reaching a peak in the period December-March. During the period 1973-1977, the annual percentage of positive samples showed a rather pronounced declining tendency, indicating a decrease in the occurrence of bovine Fasciola hepatica infection in Denmark.", "PMID": 424278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12356", "title": "Arthrosis with special reference to the elbow joint of young rapidly growing dogs. II. Occurrence, clinical and radiographical findings.", "content": "Occurrence, clinical and radiographical findings in ununited medial coronoid process in the ulna and osteochondritis dissecans in the humeral condyle in dogs are presented. One hundred and twelve dogs were examined because of forelimb lameness. Lesions were mostly seen in young dogs of heavy breeds especially the Rottweiler. The ratio male: female was about 2:1. Most of the dogs had bilateral lesions. The lameness varied between grade 1 and 3, judged according to a scale ranging from 1 to 5. The affected limbs were somewhat rotated outwards from the elbow and down. Since the ununited coronoid process is almost impossible to detect on a plain radiograph, it is necessary to look for the presence of secondary developed osteophytes, indicative of an arthrosis. Diagnosis is based upon clinical and radiographical findings, the age and the breed of the dog taken into consideration. Osteochondritis dissecans in the humeral condyle is usually easily seen on the dorsopalmar radiograph.", "contents": "Arthrosis with special reference to the elbow joint of young rapidly growing dogs. II. Occurrence, clinical and radiographical findings. Occurrence, clinical and radiographical findings in ununited medial coronoid process in the ulna and osteochondritis dissecans in the humeral condyle in dogs are presented. One hundred and twelve dogs were examined because of forelimb lameness. Lesions were mostly seen in young dogs of heavy breeds especially the Rottweiler. The ratio male: female was about 2:1. Most of the dogs had bilateral lesions. The lameness varied between grade 1 and 3, judged according to a scale ranging from 1 to 5. The affected limbs were somewhat rotated outwards from the elbow and down. Since the ununited coronoid process is almost impossible to detect on a plain radiograph, it is necessary to look for the presence of secondary developed osteophytes, indicative of an arthrosis. Diagnosis is based upon clinical and radiographical findings, the age and the breed of the dog taken into consideration. Osteochondritis dissecans in the humeral condyle is usually easily seen on the dorsopalmar radiograph.", "PMID": 424280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12357", "title": "[Repeated freezing of bull semen (author's transl)].", "content": "Repeated freeze-thaw cycles have been used as a mean to predict the viability and fertility of bull semen. In order to investigate the level of fertility of bull semen that has been frozen, thawed and refrozen again, two split sample field trials were performed. 25 bulls were used in the trial, and inseminations were performed by 30 technicians. The semen was diluted to 27 million spermatozoas per dose in a skimmilk-fructose extender, and filled in the french mini-straw. The straws were coded by use of a batch number system. The one half of the straws was fixed to the freezing rampes. After freezing and transfering of the rampes to liquid nitrogen, the rampes were placed in a water-bath at + 35 degree C in 7 seconds. Immediately after thawing the straws they were transferred to a refrigidaire room at + 5 degree C, dried, remounted on the rampes and frozen again in the ordinary way. The other half of the straws were frozen according to the normal routine. The semen from the two treatments were distributed in equal numbers to the technicians who were not informed of the trial. The motility after refreezing had decreased and the percentage of intravital eosin spermatozoas after refreezing increased by 23, as an average. Fertility results were estimated as 60 days non returns after 1st inseminations. Single frozen semen: 1488 1st ins. 493 ret. 66,86 N.r.-% Refrozen semen: 1511 1st ins. 500 ret. 65,30 N.R.-% The trials indicate that further investigation should be performed to see if semen might be frozen concentrated, rediluted after thawing and refrozen for distribution to the technicians.", "contents": "[Repeated freezing of bull semen (author's transl)]. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles have been used as a mean to predict the viability and fertility of bull semen. In order to investigate the level of fertility of bull semen that has been frozen, thawed and refrozen again, two split sample field trials were performed. 25 bulls were used in the trial, and inseminations were performed by 30 technicians. The semen was diluted to 27 million spermatozoas per dose in a skimmilk-fructose extender, and filled in the french mini-straw. The straws were coded by use of a batch number system. The one half of the straws was fixed to the freezing rampes. After freezing and transfering of the rampes to liquid nitrogen, the rampes were placed in a water-bath at + 35 degree C in 7 seconds. Immediately after thawing the straws they were transferred to a refrigidaire room at + 5 degree C, dried, remounted on the rampes and frozen again in the ordinary way. The other half of the straws were frozen according to the normal routine. The semen from the two treatments were distributed in equal numbers to the technicians who were not informed of the trial. The motility after refreezing had decreased and the percentage of intravital eosin spermatozoas after refreezing increased by 23, as an average. Fertility results were estimated as 60 days non returns after 1st inseminations. Single frozen semen: 1488 1st ins. 493 ret. 66,86 N.r.-% Refrozen semen: 1511 1st ins. 500 ret. 65,30 N.R.-% The trials indicate that further investigation should be performed to see if semen might be frozen concentrated, rediluted after thawing and refrozen for distribution to the technicians.", "PMID": 424281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12358", "title": "Compilation of tRNA sequences.", "content": "This compilation presents in a small space the tRNA sequences so far published in order to enable rapid orientation and comparison. The numbering of tRNAPhe from yeast is used as has been done earlier (1) but following the rules proposed by the participants of the Cold Spring Harbor Meeting on tRNA 1978 (2) (Fig. 1). This numbering allows comparisons with the three dimensional structure of tRNAPhe, the only structure known from X-ray analysis. The secondary structure of tRNAs is indicated by specific underlining. In the primary structure a nucleoside followed by a nucleoside in brackets or a modification in brackets denotes that both types of nucleosides can occupy this position. Part of a sequence in brackets designates a piece of sequence not unambiguously analyzed. Rare nucleosides are named according to the IUPAC-IUB rules (for some more complicated rare nucleosides and their identification see Table 1); those with lengthy names are given with the prefix x and specified in the footnotes. Footnotes are numbered according to the coordinates of the corresponding nucleoside and are indicated in the sequence by an asterisk. The references are restricted to the citation of the latest publication in those cases where several papers deal with one sequence. For additional information the reader is referred either to the original literature or to other tRNA sequence compilations (3--7). Mutant tRNAs are dealt with in a separate compilation prepared by J. Celis (see below). The compilers would welcome any information by the readers regarding missing material or erroneous presentation. On the basis of this numbering system computer printed compilations of tRNA sequences in a linear form and in cloverleaf form are in preparation.", "contents": "Compilation of tRNA sequences. This compilation presents in a small space the tRNA sequences so far published in order to enable rapid orientation and comparison. The numbering of tRNAPhe from yeast is used as has been done earlier (1) but following the rules proposed by the participants of the Cold Spring Harbor Meeting on tRNA 1978 (2) (Fig. 1). This numbering allows comparisons with the three dimensional structure of tRNAPhe, the only structure known from X-ray analysis. The secondary structure of tRNAs is indicated by specific underlining. In the primary structure a nucleoside followed by a nucleoside in brackets or a modification in brackets denotes that both types of nucleosides can occupy this position. Part of a sequence in brackets designates a piece of sequence not unambiguously analyzed. Rare nucleosides are named according to the IUPAC-IUB rules (for some more complicated rare nucleosides and their identification see Table 1); those with lengthy names are given with the prefix x and specified in the footnotes. Footnotes are numbered according to the coordinates of the corresponding nucleoside and are indicated in the sequence by an asterisk. The references are restricted to the citation of the latest publication in those cases where several papers deal with one sequence. For additional information the reader is referred either to the original literature or to other tRNA sequence compilations (3--7). Mutant tRNAs are dealt with in a separate compilation prepared by J. Celis (see below). The compilers would welcome any information by the readers regarding missing material or erroneous presentation. On the basis of this numbering system computer printed compilations of tRNA sequences in a linear form and in cloverleaf form are in preparation.", "PMID": 424282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12359", "title": "Site specific endonuclease from Fusobacterium nucleatum.", "content": "Four different isolates of Fusobacterium nucleatum (A,C,D and E) contain restriction endonucleases of differing specificity. Whilst many of the endonucleases are isochizomers of known enzymes, two novel activities are Fnu DII which recognizes and cleaves the sequence 5'-CGCT-3'/3'-GCGC-5' AND Fnu EI which recognizes and cleaves the sequence 5'-GATC-3'/3'-CTAG-5' irrespective of the extent of methylation of the adenine residues.", "contents": "Site specific endonuclease from Fusobacterium nucleatum. Four different isolates of Fusobacterium nucleatum (A,C,D and E) contain restriction endonucleases of differing specificity. Whilst many of the endonucleases are isochizomers of known enzymes, two novel activities are Fnu DII which recognizes and cleaves the sequence 5'-CGCT-3'/3'-GCGC-5' AND Fnu EI which recognizes and cleaves the sequence 5'-GATC-3'/3'-CTAG-5' irrespective of the extent of methylation of the adenine residues.", "PMID": 424284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12360", "title": "Low resolution models of self-assembled histone fibers from X-ray diffraction studies.", "content": "X-ray diffraction data from self-assembled histone fibers are presented for three systems: H4, H3-H4, and the four core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. These data have been obtained under conditions of high ionic strength and high protein concentration which are thought to promote histone conformation similar to that found in intact chromatin. The low angle equatorial scattering (R less than .05 A-1) is analysed, and, with additional constraints imposed by electron microscopy data, four low resolution fibrillar models are derived. Two features common to all the possible models are a maximum outer diameter of approximately 60 A and a subfibril diameter of approximately 25 A. It is the interference of the protein subfibrils across a central region of low electron density - a 10 A \"hole\" - which gives rise to the characteristic diffraction peak at 36 A. Possible relationships of the models of the histone fibers to the structure of the histone component of chromatin are suggested.", "contents": "Low resolution models of self-assembled histone fibers from X-ray diffraction studies. X-ray diffraction data from self-assembled histone fibers are presented for three systems: H4, H3-H4, and the four core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. These data have been obtained under conditions of high ionic strength and high protein concentration which are thought to promote histone conformation similar to that found in intact chromatin. The low angle equatorial scattering (R less than .05 A-1) is analysed, and, with additional constraints imposed by electron microscopy data, four low resolution fibrillar models are derived. Two features common to all the possible models are a maximum outer diameter of approximately 60 A and a subfibril diameter of approximately 25 A. It is the interference of the protein subfibrils across a central region of low electron density - a 10 A \"hole\" - which gives rise to the characteristic diffraction peak at 36 A. Possible relationships of the models of the histone fibers to the structure of the histone component of chromatin are suggested.", "PMID": 424285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12361", "title": "The 3' noncoding region of beta-globin mRNA is not essential for in vitro translation.", "content": "Rabbit beta globin DNA sequence, excised from plasmid pbetaG1, directs in vitro synthesis of beta-globin in a transcription-translation cell-free system, even after specific elimination of the entire 3'-noncoding region. A DNA restriction fragment carrying this 3' noncoding region and hybridized to globin mRNA cannot arrest the cell-free translation of beta-globin mRNA.", "contents": "The 3' noncoding region of beta-globin mRNA is not essential for in vitro translation. Rabbit beta globin DNA sequence, excised from plasmid pbetaG1, directs in vitro synthesis of beta-globin in a transcription-translation cell-free system, even after specific elimination of the entire 3'-noncoding region. A DNA restriction fragment carrying this 3' noncoding region and hybridized to globin mRNA cannot arrest the cell-free translation of beta-globin mRNA.", "PMID": 424286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12362", "title": "Studies on the association of the high mobility group non-histone chromatin proteins with isolated nucleosomes.", "content": "Nucleosomes have been isolated from rabbit thymus by sucrose gradient centrifugation, and their high mobility group (HMG) protein content analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The results suggest that proteins HMG 14 and HMG 17 are associated with the core particle of the nucleosome, and that there are two or more sub-populations of both HMG 1 and HMG 2 molecules. One sub-population appears to be fairly tightly bound to the nucleosome, while another is rapidly released from the chromatin by digestion with micrococcal nuclease. The latter fraction may participate in a higher order folding of the nucleosomes.", "contents": "Studies on the association of the high mobility group non-histone chromatin proteins with isolated nucleosomes. Nucleosomes have been isolated from rabbit thymus by sucrose gradient centrifugation, and their high mobility group (HMG) protein content analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The results suggest that proteins HMG 14 and HMG 17 are associated with the core particle of the nucleosome, and that there are two or more sub-populations of both HMG 1 and HMG 2 molecules. One sub-population appears to be fairly tightly bound to the nucleosome, while another is rapidly released from the chromatin by digestion with micrococcal nuclease. The latter fraction may participate in a higher order folding of the nucleosomes.", "PMID": 424287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12363", "title": "A restriction enzyme from Fusobacterium nucleatum 4H which recognizes GCNGC.", "content": "A site-specific restriction endonuclease Fnu4H I isolated from Fusobacterium nucleatum 4H recognizes the DNA nucleotide sequence 5'G C N G C-3'/3'-C G N C G-5' and cleaves as indicated by the arrows.", "contents": "A restriction enzyme from Fusobacterium nucleatum 4H which recognizes GCNGC. A site-specific restriction endonuclease Fnu4H I isolated from Fusobacterium nucleatum 4H recognizes the DNA nucleotide sequence 5'G C N G C-3'/3'-C G N C G-5' and cleaves as indicated by the arrows.", "PMID": 424288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12364", "title": "Cell specific antiserum to chromosome scaffold proteins.", "content": "Antiserum has been raised to a chromosomal protein fraction specific for Hela cells. The immunoactivity is located in the transcriptionally inactive regions of log phase chromatin. Digestion of metaphase chromosomes results in the purification of the immunoactivity in the scaffold region of the chromosomes. Extensive nuclease digestion of the scaffolds results in loss of activity. The data suggest that some of the proteins in the scaffold area are both tight binding and cell specific and may therefore play a sophisticated role in gene expression.", "contents": "Cell specific antiserum to chromosome scaffold proteins. Antiserum has been raised to a chromosomal protein fraction specific for Hela cells. The immunoactivity is located in the transcriptionally inactive regions of log phase chromatin. Digestion of metaphase chromosomes results in the purification of the immunoactivity in the scaffold region of the chromosomes. Extensive nuclease digestion of the scaffolds results in loss of activity. The data suggest that some of the proteins in the scaffold area are both tight binding and cell specific and may therefore play a sophisticated role in gene expression.", "PMID": 424289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12365", "title": "Analysis of the attachment of replicating DNA to a nuclear matrix in mammalian interphase nuclei.", "content": "The attachment of replicating DNA to a rapidly sedimenting nuclear structure was investigated by digestion with various nucleases. When DNA was gradually removed by DNase I, pulse label incorporated during either 1 min or during 1 hour in the presence of arabinosylcytosine, remained preferentially attached to the nuclear structure. Single strand specific digestion by nuclease S1 or staphylococcal nuclease at low concentrations caused a release of about 30% of the pulse label, without significantly affecting the attachment of randomly labelled DNA. The released material had a low sedimentation coefficient and contained most of the Okasaki fragments. The remaining pulse label was less accessible to further digestion by double strand specific nuclease activity than the bulk DNA. The results suggest that an attachment of the replication fork to the nuclear structure occurs at sites behind but close to the branch point.", "contents": "Analysis of the attachment of replicating DNA to a nuclear matrix in mammalian interphase nuclei. The attachment of replicating DNA to a rapidly sedimenting nuclear structure was investigated by digestion with various nucleases. When DNA was gradually removed by DNase I, pulse label incorporated during either 1 min or during 1 hour in the presence of arabinosylcytosine, remained preferentially attached to the nuclear structure. Single strand specific digestion by nuclease S1 or staphylococcal nuclease at low concentrations caused a release of about 30% of the pulse label, without significantly affecting the attachment of randomly labelled DNA. The released material had a low sedimentation coefficient and contained most of the Okasaki fragments. The remaining pulse label was less accessible to further digestion by double strand specific nuclease activity than the bulk DNA. The results suggest that an attachment of the replication fork to the nuclear structure occurs at sites behind but close to the branch point.", "PMID": 424290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12366", "title": "Preparation of polydeoxynucleotides linked to a solid support by coupling CNBr-activated cellulose with 5'-NH2-terminated oligo and poly(pdT)'s.", "content": "Synthetically-prepared 5'-NH2-dT(pdT)n oligomers (66,n=4 or 7) were immobilized on cyanogen bromide activated cellulose. The influence of temperature, pH, and ionic strength on the rate of the coupling process was studied. The oligomer 5'-NH2-DT(pdT)8 could be elongated enzymatically to the polymers 5'-NH2-dT(pdT)n (n=20, 51 and 84), which could be immobilized on cellulose. The cellulose-NH-dT(pdT)84 polymer thus obtained could be assembled to a new solid-state polymer e.g. poly(dA)290 . poly(/3H/dT)200, poly(dT)85-cellulose which, in turn, was a very convenient substrate for assaying DNA-ligase.", "contents": "Preparation of polydeoxynucleotides linked to a solid support by coupling CNBr-activated cellulose with 5'-NH2-terminated oligo and poly(pdT)'s. Synthetically-prepared 5'-NH2-dT(pdT)n oligomers (66,n=4 or 7) were immobilized on cyanogen bromide activated cellulose. The influence of temperature, pH, and ionic strength on the rate of the coupling process was studied. The oligomer 5'-NH2-DT(pdT)8 could be elongated enzymatically to the polymers 5'-NH2-dT(pdT)n (n=20, 51 and 84), which could be immobilized on cellulose. The cellulose-NH-dT(pdT)84 polymer thus obtained could be assembled to a new solid-state polymer e.g. poly(dA)290 . poly(/3H/dT)200, poly(dT)85-cellulose which, in turn, was a very convenient substrate for assaying DNA-ligase.", "PMID": 424291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12367", "title": "Multiacetylated forms of H4 are found in a putative transcriptionally competent chromatin fraction from trout testis.", "content": "We have examined the distribution of acetylated histones derived from various trout testis chromatin fractions of different composition. Our results indicate that a chromatin fraction, preferentially solubilized by micrococcal nuclease, containing the bulk of the HMG proteins and similar to a fraction released from intact trout nuclei and previously shown to be enriched in transcribed DNA sequences also possesses high levels of multiacetylated species of H4. Histones 2A, 2B and 3 are also acetylated in this particular chromatin fraction. Monoacetylated species of the 4 inner nucleosomal histones appear to be characteristic of the nucleohistone portion of trout testis chromatin.", "contents": "Multiacetylated forms of H4 are found in a putative transcriptionally competent chromatin fraction from trout testis. We have examined the distribution of acetylated histones derived from various trout testis chromatin fractions of different composition. Our results indicate that a chromatin fraction, preferentially solubilized by micrococcal nuclease, containing the bulk of the HMG proteins and similar to a fraction released from intact trout nuclei and previously shown to be enriched in transcribed DNA sequences also possesses high levels of multiacetylated species of H4. Histones 2A, 2B and 3 are also acetylated in this particular chromatin fraction. Monoacetylated species of the 4 inner nucleosomal histones appear to be characteristic of the nucleohistone portion of trout testis chromatin.", "PMID": 424292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12368", "title": "Quantitative estimation of the contribution of pyrrolcarboxamide groups of the antibiotic distamycin A into specificity of its binding to DNA AT pairs.", "content": "Interaction of DNA with the analogs of the antibiotic distamycin A having different numbers of pyrrolcarboxamide groups and labeled with dansyl was studied. The binding isoterms of the analogs to synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides were obtained. Analysis of the experimental data leads to the following conclusions: (1) the free energy of binding of the analogs to poly(dA).poly(dT) depends linearly on the number of amide groups in the molecule of the analog whereas attachment of each pyrrolcarboxamide group produces changes of 2 kcal/mole in the free energy; (2) attachment of a pyrrolcarboxamide unit to the GC pair results in the free energy change of 0.95 kcal/mole; (3) the binding of analogs to poly(dA).poly(dT) is a cooperative process, presumbly, dependent on conformational changes induced by the binding of analogs to DNA.", "contents": "Quantitative estimation of the contribution of pyrrolcarboxamide groups of the antibiotic distamycin A into specificity of its binding to DNA AT pairs. Interaction of DNA with the analogs of the antibiotic distamycin A having different numbers of pyrrolcarboxamide groups and labeled with dansyl was studied. The binding isoterms of the analogs to synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides were obtained. Analysis of the experimental data leads to the following conclusions: (1) the free energy of binding of the analogs to poly(dA).poly(dT) depends linearly on the number of amide groups in the molecule of the analog whereas attachment of each pyrrolcarboxamide group produces changes of 2 kcal/mole in the free energy; (2) attachment of a pyrrolcarboxamide unit to the GC pair results in the free energy change of 0.95 kcal/mole; (3) the binding of analogs to poly(dA).poly(dT) is a cooperative process, presumbly, dependent on conformational changes induced by the binding of analogs to DNA.", "PMID": 424293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12369", "title": "Cytidine 5'-diphosphate reductase activity in phytohemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocytes.", "content": "The optimal conditions and the effect of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates were determined for CDP reductase activity in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. The enzymatic reaction showed an absolute requirement for ATP. In the absence of ATP, only dATP showed a minor stimulation of the reduction of CDP to dCDP. During transformation the CDP reductase activity reached a maximum at the same time as the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools, corresponding to mid S-phase at about 50 h after PHA addition. The DNA polymerase activity reached a maximum at 57 h.", "contents": "Cytidine 5'-diphosphate reductase activity in phytohemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocytes. The optimal conditions and the effect of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates were determined for CDP reductase activity in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. The enzymatic reaction showed an absolute requirement for ATP. In the absence of ATP, only dATP showed a minor stimulation of the reduction of CDP to dCDP. During transformation the CDP reductase activity reached a maximum at the same time as the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools, corresponding to mid S-phase at about 50 h after PHA addition. The DNA polymerase activity reached a maximum at 57 h.", "PMID": 424294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12370", "title": "Synthesis of low molecular weight RNA components A, C and D by polymerase II in alpha-amanitin-resistant hamster cells.", "content": "In an attempt to establish which RNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of the low molecular weight RNA components A, C and D, Ama 1 cells (mutant Chinese hamster cells) were used in experiments with addition of alpha-amanitin. Ama 1 cells contain an altered RNA polymerase II which is 800 times more resistant towards inhibition by alpha-amanitin than the wild type enzyme. Alpha-amanitin (up to 200 microgram/ml) added to these cells does not affect the synthesis of the low molecular weight RNAs A, C and D. These data together with our previous data showing that alpha-amanitin (0.5 - 5.0 microgram/ml) preferentially inhibits the synthesis of A, C and D in normal cells indicate that RNA polymerase II catalyzes the synthesis of the low molecular weight RNA components A, C and D.", "contents": "Synthesis of low molecular weight RNA components A, C and D by polymerase II in alpha-amanitin-resistant hamster cells. In an attempt to establish which RNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of the low molecular weight RNA components A, C and D, Ama 1 cells (mutant Chinese hamster cells) were used in experiments with addition of alpha-amanitin. Ama 1 cells contain an altered RNA polymerase II which is 800 times more resistant towards inhibition by alpha-amanitin than the wild type enzyme. Alpha-amanitin (up to 200 microgram/ml) added to these cells does not affect the synthesis of the low molecular weight RNAs A, C and D. These data together with our previous data showing that alpha-amanitin (0.5 - 5.0 microgram/ml) preferentially inhibits the synthesis of A, C and D in normal cells indicate that RNA polymerase II catalyzes the synthesis of the low molecular weight RNA components A, C and D.", "PMID": 424295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12371", "title": "Extracellular nucleases of Alteromonas espejiana BAL 31.IV. The single strand-specific deoxyriboendonuclease activity as a probe for regions of altered secondary structure in negatively and positively supercoiled closed circular DNA.", "content": "The dependence of the initial rate of introduction of the first single-chain scission (initial nicking rate) into covalently closed circular phage PM2 DNA by the single strand-specific nuclease from Alteromonas espejiana BAL 31 upon the superhelix density (sigma) of the DNA has been examined. The initial nicking rate decreases with decreasing numbers of negative superhelical turns (decreasing values of -sigma), which behavior is characteristic of other single strand-specific nucleases as reported earlier. In contrast to earlier work, the initial nicking rates of closed circular DNAs by the action of the Alteromonas nuclease have been shown to be readily measurable at values of -sigma as low as 0.02. However, even at the elevated concentrations of enzyme and extended digestion periods required to cause nicking at an appreciable rate at near-zero values of sigma, closed circular DNA containing very few superhelical turns (form IO DNA) is not cleaved at a detectable rate. When this DNA is rendered positively supercoiled by ethidium bromide (EtdBr), it is not affected by the nuclease until very high positive values of sigma are attained, at which low rates of cleavage can be detected at elevated enzyme concentrations. The effects of EtdBr on the enzyme activity have been tested and are entirely insufficient to allow the interpretation of zero nicking rates as the result of inhibition of the nuclease activity by the dye. Positively supercoiled DNA is concluded not to contain regions having significant single-stranded character until values of sigma are reached which are very much higher than the values of -sigma for which negatively supercoiled DNAs behave as if they contain unpaired or weakly paired bases.", "contents": "Extracellular nucleases of Alteromonas espejiana BAL 31.IV. The single strand-specific deoxyriboendonuclease activity as a probe for regions of altered secondary structure in negatively and positively supercoiled closed circular DNA. The dependence of the initial rate of introduction of the first single-chain scission (initial nicking rate) into covalently closed circular phage PM2 DNA by the single strand-specific nuclease from Alteromonas espejiana BAL 31 upon the superhelix density (sigma) of the DNA has been examined. The initial nicking rate decreases with decreasing numbers of negative superhelical turns (decreasing values of -sigma), which behavior is characteristic of other single strand-specific nucleases as reported earlier. In contrast to earlier work, the initial nicking rates of closed circular DNAs by the action of the Alteromonas nuclease have been shown to be readily measurable at values of -sigma as low as 0.02. However, even at the elevated concentrations of enzyme and extended digestion periods required to cause nicking at an appreciable rate at near-zero values of sigma, closed circular DNA containing very few superhelical turns (form IO DNA) is not cleaved at a detectable rate. When this DNA is rendered positively supercoiled by ethidium bromide (EtdBr), it is not affected by the nuclease until very high positive values of sigma are attained, at which low rates of cleavage can be detected at elevated enzyme concentrations. The effects of EtdBr on the enzyme activity have been tested and are entirely insufficient to allow the interpretation of zero nicking rates as the result of inhibition of the nuclease activity by the dye. Positively supercoiled DNA is concluded not to contain regions having significant single-stranded character until values of sigma are reached which are very much higher than the values of -sigma for which negatively supercoiled DNAs behave as if they contain unpaired or weakly paired bases.", "PMID": 424296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12372", "title": "The influence of chromatin structure on the distribution of DNA repair synthesis studied by nuclease digestion.", "content": "The influence of chromatin structure on the distribution of DNA repair synthesis was studied by enzymatic digestion of \"repair labeled\" nuclei of mouse mammary cells: \"repair labeled\" nuclei were isolated from pregnancy mammary tissue fragments, treated in vitro with methylmethanesulfonate (MMS) or methylnitrosourea (MNU), and pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine in the presence of hydroxyurea in the culture medium. Micrococcal nuclease digestion of \"repair labeled\" nuclei indicates that at early hours after treatment with the alkylating agents 70-80% of the total repair synthesis is located in the linker portion of the nucleosome. However, 6-12 hours after treatment DNA repair synthesis is more evenly distributed throughout the core and linker portion of the nucleosome. \"Repair labeled\" mammary cell nuclei were also digested with DNase I under conditions selective for transcriptionally active chromatin. A two-fold higher level of repair synthesis was found in the transcriptionally active chromatin of \"repair labeled\" nuclei isolated from MMS or MNU treated mammary fragments, pulse-labeled at different times after treatment. The results indicate that structural constitution of the chromatin may influence the distribution of DNA repair synthesis both at the nucleosome level, and at higher levels of chromatin organization. This may be due to 1) nonrandom base alkylation in chromatin or 2) areas in chromatin with increased accessibility for the repair enzymes to the alkylated bases.", "contents": "The influence of chromatin structure on the distribution of DNA repair synthesis studied by nuclease digestion. The influence of chromatin structure on the distribution of DNA repair synthesis was studied by enzymatic digestion of \"repair labeled\" nuclei of mouse mammary cells: \"repair labeled\" nuclei were isolated from pregnancy mammary tissue fragments, treated in vitro with methylmethanesulfonate (MMS) or methylnitrosourea (MNU), and pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine in the presence of hydroxyurea in the culture medium. Micrococcal nuclease digestion of \"repair labeled\" nuclei indicates that at early hours after treatment with the alkylating agents 70-80% of the total repair synthesis is located in the linker portion of the nucleosome. However, 6-12 hours after treatment DNA repair synthesis is more evenly distributed throughout the core and linker portion of the nucleosome. \"Repair labeled\" mammary cell nuclei were also digested with DNase I under conditions selective for transcriptionally active chromatin. A two-fold higher level of repair synthesis was found in the transcriptionally active chromatin of \"repair labeled\" nuclei isolated from MMS or MNU treated mammary fragments, pulse-labeled at different times after treatment. The results indicate that structural constitution of the chromatin may influence the distribution of DNA repair synthesis both at the nucleosome level, and at higher levels of chromatin organization. This may be due to 1) nonrandom base alkylation in chromatin or 2) areas in chromatin with increased accessibility for the repair enzymes to the alkylated bases.", "PMID": 424297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12373", "title": "Photochemical properties of Yt base in aqueous solution.", "content": "Photoreactivity of Yt base [I] has been studied in aqueous solution [pH approximately 6] saturated with oxygen. Two photoproducts (II,III], resulting from irradiation at lambda = 253.7 nm and lambda greater than or equal to 290 nm, were isolated and their structures determined. The quantum yield for Yt base disappearance [zeta dis] is 0.002 [lambda = 313 nm]. It was shown that dye-sensitized photooxidation of Yt base in aqueous solution occurs according to a Type I mechanism, as well as with participation of singlet state oxygen. Quantum yields, fluorescence decay times and phosphorescence of Yt base have been also determined.", "contents": "Photochemical properties of Yt base in aqueous solution. Photoreactivity of Yt base [I] has been studied in aqueous solution [pH approximately 6] saturated with oxygen. Two photoproducts (II,III], resulting from irradiation at lambda = 253.7 nm and lambda greater than or equal to 290 nm, were isolated and their structures determined. The quantum yield for Yt base disappearance [zeta dis] is 0.002 [lambda = 313 nm]. It was shown that dye-sensitized photooxidation of Yt base in aqueous solution occurs according to a Type I mechanism, as well as with participation of singlet state oxygen. Quantum yields, fluorescence decay times and phosphorescence of Yt base have been also determined.", "PMID": 424298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12374", "title": "Precise location of DNase I cutting sites in the nucleosome core determined by high resolution gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The precise locations of the DNase I cutting sites in the nucleosome core have been determined by analysis of the DNA products of a DNase I digestion of 32P end-labelled mucleosome cores on a high resolution gel electrophoresis system. This system is capable of resolving fragments of mixed sequence DNA differing by one base into the region of 160 bases in length. The DNase I cutting sites in the core are found to be spaced at multiples of about 10.4 (i.e. clearly different from 10.0) bases along the DNA, but show significant variations about this value. In addition to the location of the sites, the stagger between individual sites on opposite strands has been determined and is found to be inconsistent with at least one proposed mechanism for nuclease cleavage of chromatin DNA. Finally, a calculated distribution of fragment lengths in a DNase I digest of nuclei has been determined from the data obtained from the nucleosome core and found to be in reasonable agreement with the observed distribution. The periodicity of 10.4 is discussed with respect to the number of base pairs per turn of chromatin DNA and the number of superhelical turns of DNA per nucleosome.", "contents": "Precise location of DNase I cutting sites in the nucleosome core determined by high resolution gel electrophoresis. The precise locations of the DNase I cutting sites in the nucleosome core have been determined by analysis of the DNA products of a DNase I digestion of 32P end-labelled mucleosome cores on a high resolution gel electrophoresis system. This system is capable of resolving fragments of mixed sequence DNA differing by one base into the region of 160 bases in length. The DNase I cutting sites in the core are found to be spaced at multiples of about 10.4 (i.e. clearly different from 10.0) bases along the DNA, but show significant variations about this value. In addition to the location of the sites, the stagger between individual sites on opposite strands has been determined and is found to be inconsistent with at least one proposed mechanism for nuclease cleavage of chromatin DNA. Finally, a calculated distribution of fragment lengths in a DNase I digest of nuclei has been determined from the data obtained from the nucleosome core and found to be in reasonable agreement with the observed distribution. The periodicity of 10.4 is discussed with respect to the number of base pairs per turn of chromatin DNA and the number of superhelical turns of DNA per nucleosome.", "PMID": 424299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12375", "title": "A comparative study of G+C-rich satellite components of sheep and goat DNA.", "content": "Restriction fragment patterns of G+C-rich satellites of sheep and goat DNA were compared. The 1,712 g/cm3 satellites of both species appear homologous, consisting of repeats 760 base pairs long and showing coincidence of position of primary+ EcoRI, BamHI and most BspRI restriction target sites. The EcoRI and BamHI endonucleases produce mostly monomers of the repeating unit, while oligomers prevail in the A1uI and Bg1II digests. Species-specific differences in the frequency, position and mode of distribution of secondary+ restriction target sites for EcoRI, Bg1II and A1uI were observed. Unlike the 1,712 g/cm3 satellites, the 1,723 g/cm3 component of sheep DNA and the 1,719 g/cm3 material from goat DNA appear species--specific, since no homologous material could ever be detected in the DNA of the other species.", "contents": "A comparative study of G+C-rich satellite components of sheep and goat DNA. Restriction fragment patterns of G+C-rich satellites of sheep and goat DNA were compared. The 1,712 g/cm3 satellites of both species appear homologous, consisting of repeats 760 base pairs long and showing coincidence of position of primary+ EcoRI, BamHI and most BspRI restriction target sites. The EcoRI and BamHI endonucleases produce mostly monomers of the repeating unit, while oligomers prevail in the A1uI and Bg1II digests. Species-specific differences in the frequency, position and mode of distribution of secondary+ restriction target sites for EcoRI, Bg1II and A1uI were observed. Unlike the 1,712 g/cm3 satellites, the 1,723 g/cm3 component of sheep DNA and the 1,719 g/cm3 material from goat DNA appear species--specific, since no homologous material could ever be detected in the DNA of the other species.", "PMID": 424300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12376", "title": "A new method for 3'-labelling of polyribonucleotides by phosphorylation with RNA ligase and its application to the 3'-modification for joining reactions.", "content": "P1-Adenosine 5'-P2-o-nitrobenzyl pyrophosphate (nbzlppA) has been synthesized as a substrate for T4 RNA ligase catalyzed 3'-phosphorylation. Incubation of oligoribonucleotides and nbzlppA with RNA ligase yielded oligoribonucleotides having a 3'-o-(o-nitrobenzyl) phosphate. Photochemical removal of the o-nitrobenzyl group provided the free 3'-phosphate. Using [P2-32P] nbzlppA, 3'-termini of oligoribonucleotides could be labelled with 32P. This reaction was applied to modify the 3'-end of donor molecules in joining reaction with RNA ligase. A trinucleotide U-A-G was converted to U-A-Gpnbzl and phosphorylated with polynucleotide kinase. pU-A-Gpnbzl was then joined to an acceptor trinucleotide A-U-G to yield A-U-G-U-A-Gp.", "contents": "A new method for 3'-labelling of polyribonucleotides by phosphorylation with RNA ligase and its application to the 3'-modification for joining reactions. P1-Adenosine 5'-P2-o-nitrobenzyl pyrophosphate (nbzlppA) has been synthesized as a substrate for T4 RNA ligase catalyzed 3'-phosphorylation. Incubation of oligoribonucleotides and nbzlppA with RNA ligase yielded oligoribonucleotides having a 3'-o-(o-nitrobenzyl) phosphate. Photochemical removal of the o-nitrobenzyl group provided the free 3'-phosphate. Using [P2-32P] nbzlppA, 3'-termini of oligoribonucleotides could be labelled with 32P. This reaction was applied to modify the 3'-end of donor molecules in joining reaction with RNA ligase. A trinucleotide U-A-G was converted to U-A-Gpnbzl and phosphorylated with polynucleotide kinase. pU-A-Gpnbzl was then joined to an acceptor trinucleotide A-U-G to yield A-U-G-U-A-Gp.", "PMID": 424301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12377", "title": "Mammalian mitochondrial transfer RNAs: chromatographic properties, size and origin.", "content": "Incubation of isolated rat liver mitochondria with radioactive amino acids resulted in the charging of tRNAs for arginine, asparagine, leucine, lysine, methionine, proline and valine. The aminoacyl-tRNAs were shown to be distinct from their cytosolic counterparts by chromatography on RPC-5. By electrophoresis on urea polyacrylamide slab gels it was found that all these mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNAs were about 70-76 nucleotides long. The unique mitochondrial asparaginyl- and prolyl-tRNAs, not previously identified in mammalian cells, were shown to hybridize to mtDNA. Mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA separated into 3 peaks on RPC-5 and the first species was shown to be different than a combination of the other two by molecular size and partial RNase T1 digestion patterns. Each was coded by a separate gene on mtDNA as shown by partial additivity of hybridization. Separate genes for mitochondrial tRNAMetm and tRNAMetf, separated by RPC-5 chromatography, were also demonstrated. These results bring to 21 the number of individual tRNAs coded by mammalian mtDNA.", "contents": "Mammalian mitochondrial transfer RNAs: chromatographic properties, size and origin. Incubation of isolated rat liver mitochondria with radioactive amino acids resulted in the charging of tRNAs for arginine, asparagine, leucine, lysine, methionine, proline and valine. The aminoacyl-tRNAs were shown to be distinct from their cytosolic counterparts by chromatography on RPC-5. By electrophoresis on urea polyacrylamide slab gels it was found that all these mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNAs were about 70-76 nucleotides long. The unique mitochondrial asparaginyl- and prolyl-tRNAs, not previously identified in mammalian cells, were shown to hybridize to mtDNA. Mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA separated into 3 peaks on RPC-5 and the first species was shown to be different than a combination of the other two by molecular size and partial RNase T1 digestion patterns. Each was coded by a separate gene on mtDNA as shown by partial additivity of hybridization. Separate genes for mitochondrial tRNAMetm and tRNAMetf, separated by RPC-5 chromatography, were also demonstrated. These results bring to 21 the number of individual tRNAs coded by mammalian mtDNA.", "PMID": 424302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12378", "title": "Characterisation of bacterial clones containing DNA sequences derived from Xenopus laevis vitellogenin mRNA.", "content": "A 1700 nucleotide DNA sequence derived from Xenopus vitellogenin mRNA has been cloned in the bacterial plasmid pBR322. The identity of the cloned sequence was verified in two ways. Firstly, the plasmid DNA was shown to hybridise to an RNA of the correct size (6,700 nucleotides). This was shown by in situ hybridisation to electrophoretically separated RNA and also by the formation of \"R-loops\" with purified vitellogenin mRNA. Then, using a novel procedure in which plasmid DNA covalently bound to diazotised paper is used to select complementary mRNA sequences, the cloned sequence was shown to hybridise to an mRNA which directed the synthesis of vitellogenin when translated in a reticulocyte lysate cell-free system.", "contents": "Characterisation of bacterial clones containing DNA sequences derived from Xenopus laevis vitellogenin mRNA. A 1700 nucleotide DNA sequence derived from Xenopus vitellogenin mRNA has been cloned in the bacterial plasmid pBR322. The identity of the cloned sequence was verified in two ways. Firstly, the plasmid DNA was shown to hybridise to an RNA of the correct size (6,700 nucleotides). This was shown by in situ hybridisation to electrophoretically separated RNA and also by the formation of \"R-loops\" with purified vitellogenin mRNA. Then, using a novel procedure in which plasmid DNA covalently bound to diazotised paper is used to select complementary mRNA sequences, the cloned sequence was shown to hybridise to an mRNA which directed the synthesis of vitellogenin when translated in a reticulocyte lysate cell-free system.", "PMID": 424303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12379", "title": "Evidences of two different sets of histone genes active during embryogenesis of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus.", "content": "Histone mRNAs at different stages of development were purified by hybridization with the cloned homologous histone genes. The electrophoretic patterns of oocytes, 2-4 blastomeres, 64 cells and morula histone mRNAs was found to be identical, whereas the electrophoretic pattern of mesenchyme blastula histone mRNA was markedly different. The cloned histone DNA of P.lividus was hybridized with the RNA of each stage. The Tm was 74 degrees C in all cases except for the mesenchyme histone mRNAs whose Tm was 59 degrees C, thus suggesting that at least two different clusters of histone genes are active in the course of the sea urchin development.", "contents": "Evidences of two different sets of histone genes active during embryogenesis of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Histone mRNAs at different stages of development were purified by hybridization with the cloned homologous histone genes. The electrophoretic patterns of oocytes, 2-4 blastomeres, 64 cells and morula histone mRNAs was found to be identical, whereas the electrophoretic pattern of mesenchyme blastula histone mRNA was markedly different. The cloned histone DNA of P.lividus was hybridized with the RNA of each stage. The Tm was 74 degrees C in all cases except for the mesenchyme histone mRNAs whose Tm was 59 degrees C, thus suggesting that at least two different clusters of histone genes are active in the course of the sea urchin development.", "PMID": 424304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12380", "title": "A correlation between nucleosome spacer region susceptibility to DNase I and histone acetylation.", "content": "Hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cell nuclei were digested with either DNase I or micrococcal nuclease and the nucleohistone digestion products fractionated by gel electrophoresis or exclusion chromatography. Under appropriate conditions, gel electrophoresis demonstrates that for both nucleases, only cleavages within the nucleosome spacer regions and not within the nucleosome core lead to freely migrating nucleohistone particles. These particles consist of nucleosome cores, nucleosomes and nucleosome oligomers. Following DNase I digestion and fractionation by exclusion chromatography, analysis of the histones indicates a direct relationship between increased spacer region susceptibility to nuclease and increased nucleosomal histone acetylation. Evidently digestion sites outside the regions of DNA protected by core histones can reflect the degree of acetylation of core histones. Such a relationship is not found when micrococcal nuclease is used to digest the samples.", "contents": "A correlation between nucleosome spacer region susceptibility to DNase I and histone acetylation. Hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cell nuclei were digested with either DNase I or micrococcal nuclease and the nucleohistone digestion products fractionated by gel electrophoresis or exclusion chromatography. Under appropriate conditions, gel electrophoresis demonstrates that for both nucleases, only cleavages within the nucleosome spacer regions and not within the nucleosome core lead to freely migrating nucleohistone particles. These particles consist of nucleosome cores, nucleosomes and nucleosome oligomers. Following DNase I digestion and fractionation by exclusion chromatography, analysis of the histones indicates a direct relationship between increased spacer region susceptibility to nuclease and increased nucleosomal histone acetylation. Evidently digestion sites outside the regions of DNA protected by core histones can reflect the degree of acetylation of core histones. Such a relationship is not found when micrococcal nuclease is used to digest the samples.", "PMID": 424305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12381", "title": "Purification of specific adenovirus 2 RNAs by preparative hybridization and selective thermal elution.", "content": "A method is described for the preparation isolation of highly purified adenovirus RNA species. Cytoplasmic RNAs from cells infected with adenovirus 2 were selected by hybridization to viral DNA fragments bound to nitrocellulose membranes. A series of washes at elevated temperatures (50-70 degrees) determined conditions at which the true hybrids were stable but non-specific RNA was removed. This temperature has been found to correlate with the base composition of the DNA fragment. After washing at this predetermined temperature, the specific RNA was eluted at 85 degrees. The purity of the eluted RNA was greater than 95% as determined by size, sequence specificity, and template activity in an in vitro protein synthesizing system. The method described should be generally useful for purification of specific RNAs.", "contents": "Purification of specific adenovirus 2 RNAs by preparative hybridization and selective thermal elution. A method is described for the preparation isolation of highly purified adenovirus RNA species. Cytoplasmic RNAs from cells infected with adenovirus 2 were selected by hybridization to viral DNA fragments bound to nitrocellulose membranes. A series of washes at elevated temperatures (50-70 degrees) determined conditions at which the true hybrids were stable but non-specific RNA was removed. This temperature has been found to correlate with the base composition of the DNA fragment. After washing at this predetermined temperature, the specific RNA was eluted at 85 degrees. The purity of the eluted RNA was greater than 95% as determined by size, sequence specificity, and template activity in an in vitro protein synthesizing system. The method described should be generally useful for purification of specific RNAs.", "PMID": 424306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12382", "title": "Urea-induced binding of histone 1 to nucleosomes lacking linker DNA.", "content": "The binding of H1 (and H5) to nucleosome core particles was demonstrated by separating mononucleosomes according to their DNA size on acrylamide gels containing high molarity urea. The presence of urea causes a redistribution of H1 so that it associates with some particles of all linker lengths, including no linker. When the urea is removed the H1 remains associated with particles of all DNA sizes if the different size classes are not mixed with each other. Therefore, urea can effect the transfer of H1 from particles with linker to particles with no linker. When nucleosomes of uniform DNA fragment length, some containing and some lacking H1, are re-electrophoresed under native conditions, they migrate as two widely separated bands. The mobilities of these variants do not depend on linker length and are identical to the mobilities of native H1-containing and H1-lacking particles. When the same collection of particles is electrophoresed in the presence of high molarity urea they migrate with a uniform mobility. These results suggest that H1-containing nucleosomes are conformationally different from H1-lacking particles, but that this difference is eliminated when histone-histone interactions are disrupted by urea.", "contents": "Urea-induced binding of histone 1 to nucleosomes lacking linker DNA. The binding of H1 (and H5) to nucleosome core particles was demonstrated by separating mononucleosomes according to their DNA size on acrylamide gels containing high molarity urea. The presence of urea causes a redistribution of H1 so that it associates with some particles of all linker lengths, including no linker. When the urea is removed the H1 remains associated with particles of all DNA sizes if the different size classes are not mixed with each other. Therefore, urea can effect the transfer of H1 from particles with linker to particles with no linker. When nucleosomes of uniform DNA fragment length, some containing and some lacking H1, are re-electrophoresed under native conditions, they migrate as two widely separated bands. The mobilities of these variants do not depend on linker length and are identical to the mobilities of native H1-containing and H1-lacking particles. When the same collection of particles is electrophoresed in the presence of high molarity urea they migrate with a uniform mobility. These results suggest that H1-containing nucleosomes are conformationally different from H1-lacking particles, but that this difference is eliminated when histone-histone interactions are disrupted by urea.", "PMID": 424307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12383", "title": "DNA-histone interaction in the vicinity of replication points.", "content": "Chromatin replication was studied in isolated nuclei from Concanavalin A activated lymphocytes. Digestion with micrococcal nuclease revealed that the resistant fraction of in vitro replicated DNA is associated with nucleosomes. Earlier experiments had shown that the nuclease resistant fraction of nascent DNA is composed of fragments which are shorter than the nuclease resistant fragments of bulk DNA. In this communication we demonstrate that the short fragments of nascent DNA are differently bound to nucleosome like structures compared to bulk DNA. At 0.5 M NaCl a fraction of pulse labeled labeled DNA is released from these structures and appears as free double stranded DNA of about 140 base pair length (5S DNA) while the 185 pair fragments of mature replicated DNA remain attached to nucleosomes under these conditions. The experiments may indicate that the interaction of a fraction of replicating DNA with histones differs from that of bulk DNA.", "contents": "DNA-histone interaction in the vicinity of replication points. Chromatin replication was studied in isolated nuclei from Concanavalin A activated lymphocytes. Digestion with micrococcal nuclease revealed that the resistant fraction of in vitro replicated DNA is associated with nucleosomes. Earlier experiments had shown that the nuclease resistant fraction of nascent DNA is composed of fragments which are shorter than the nuclease resistant fragments of bulk DNA. In this communication we demonstrate that the short fragments of nascent DNA are differently bound to nucleosome like structures compared to bulk DNA. At 0.5 M NaCl a fraction of pulse labeled labeled DNA is released from these structures and appears as free double stranded DNA of about 140 base pair length (5S DNA) while the 185 pair fragments of mature replicated DNA remain attached to nucleosomes under these conditions. The experiments may indicate that the interaction of a fraction of replicating DNA with histones differs from that of bulk DNA.", "PMID": 424308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12384", "title": "Comparison of rat liver and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma tRNAs.", "content": "The complete nucleotide sequences of both rat liver and Walker 256 mammary carcinosarcoma tRNAAsn reveal that they are identical except for the nucleotide present in the wobble position of the anticodon loop. The rat liver tRNAAsn contains the Q nucleoside, whereas the tumour tRNAAsn contains an unmodified guanosine. The tRNAs from both tissues also show significant quantitative differences in the chromatographic mobilities for isoaccepting species of tRNAAsp, tRNAAsn, tRNAHis and tRNATyr. In addition, chromatographic shifts upon cyanogen bromide treatment and analyses of the alkaline hydrolysates of these tRNAs demonstrate that those of tumour origin contain significantly less Q and Q nucleoside than their normal rat liver counterparts.", "contents": "Comparison of rat liver and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma tRNAs. The complete nucleotide sequences of both rat liver and Walker 256 mammary carcinosarcoma tRNAAsn reveal that they are identical except for the nucleotide present in the wobble position of the anticodon loop. The rat liver tRNAAsn contains the Q nucleoside, whereas the tumour tRNAAsn contains an unmodified guanosine. The tRNAs from both tissues also show significant quantitative differences in the chromatographic mobilities for isoaccepting species of tRNAAsp, tRNAAsn, tRNAHis and tRNATyr. In addition, chromatographic shifts upon cyanogen bromide treatment and analyses of the alkaline hydrolysates of these tRNAs demonstrate that those of tumour origin contain significantly less Q and Q nucleoside than their normal rat liver counterparts.", "PMID": 424309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12385", "title": "A new procedure for purifying histone pairs H2A + H2B and H3 + H4 from chromatin using hydroxylapatite.", "content": "A method to purify histone groups H2A+H2B and H3+H4 using dissociation with NaCl and hydroxylapatite chromatography is presented. The procedure is simple, involves mild solvents, and provides milligram quantities of histones of high purity. The histone pairs prepared by this method can regenerate chromatin-like characteristics when combined and reconstituted with DNA.", "contents": "A new procedure for purifying histone pairs H2A + H2B and H3 + H4 from chromatin using hydroxylapatite. A method to purify histone groups H2A+H2B and H3+H4 using dissociation with NaCl and hydroxylapatite chromatography is presented. The procedure is simple, involves mild solvents, and provides milligram quantities of histones of high purity. The histone pairs prepared by this method can regenerate chromatin-like characteristics when combined and reconstituted with DNA.", "PMID": 424310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12386", "title": "Ultraviolet light-induced crosslinking of mRNA to proteins.", "content": "Irradiation of intact or EDTA-dissociated L-cell polyribosomes with 254 nm UV light at doses of 1-2 x 10(5) ergs/mm2 extensively crosslinks mRNA to proteins. The crosslinked mRNA-protein complexes can be isolated on the basis of buoyant density in urea-containing CS2SO4 gradients that dissociate non-covalent complexes. Crosslinking of mRNA can also be assayed by phenolchloroform extraction. mRNA recovered from the crosslinked complexes by digestion with proteinase K has the same electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels as unirradiated mRNA. Therefore, irradiation does not either crosslink RNA molecules to RNA molecules or break phosphodiester bonds. With these methods it has been found that more than 70% of high molecular weight polydisperse mRNA, but only 25-40% of histone mRNA, can be crosslinked to protein. On the basis of buoyant density the histone mRNA-protein complex had a protein content of 26%, whereas the mean protein content of most non-histone mRNA-protein complexes was 65%. It is concluded that most mRNA in polyribosomes is in close contact with proteins, and that histone mRNA can be crosslinked to many fewer proteins that most other mRNAs.", "contents": "Ultraviolet light-induced crosslinking of mRNA to proteins. Irradiation of intact or EDTA-dissociated L-cell polyribosomes with 254 nm UV light at doses of 1-2 x 10(5) ergs/mm2 extensively crosslinks mRNA to proteins. The crosslinked mRNA-protein complexes can be isolated on the basis of buoyant density in urea-containing CS2SO4 gradients that dissociate non-covalent complexes. Crosslinking of mRNA can also be assayed by phenolchloroform extraction. mRNA recovered from the crosslinked complexes by digestion with proteinase K has the same electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels as unirradiated mRNA. Therefore, irradiation does not either crosslink RNA molecules to RNA molecules or break phosphodiester bonds. With these methods it has been found that more than 70% of high molecular weight polydisperse mRNA, but only 25-40% of histone mRNA, can be crosslinked to protein. On the basis of buoyant density the histone mRNA-protein complex had a protein content of 26%, whereas the mean protein content of most non-histone mRNA-protein complexes was 65%. It is concluded that most mRNA in polyribosomes is in close contact with proteins, and that histone mRNA can be crosslinked to many fewer proteins that most other mRNAs.", "PMID": 424311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12387", "title": "Virogenic BrdU and BrdU-sensitive DNA sequences are disproportionately concentrated in the template-active chromatin of rat embryo cells.", "content": "In order to characterize the molecular mechanism responsible for the BrdU-mediated activation of endogenous retrovirus from normal rat embryo cells, the previously reported selective distribution of bromouracil in DNA was correlated with the corresponding organization of the nucleo-protein complex in regard to nucleosome structure and template - active and -inactive chromatin. Following micrococcal nuclease digestion of chromatin labeled with either [(3)H]thymidine or [(3)H]BrdU, the amount and specific activities of the respective nucleosomal DNA were indistinguishable. Comparable findings were obtained following direct examination of the nuclease-sensitive, \"spacer\" DNA. However, when each chromatin type was fractionated into template-active and -inactive components, it was evident that [(3)H]bromouracil was nonrandomly more concentrated in the template-active portion in comparison to the random distribution of [(3)H]thymine moieties. Furthermore, it was apparent that the template-active chromatin fraction was substantially enriched in the nucleotide sequences of rat DNA known to be sensitive to the virogenic action of BrdU.", "contents": "Virogenic BrdU and BrdU-sensitive DNA sequences are disproportionately concentrated in the template-active chromatin of rat embryo cells. In order to characterize the molecular mechanism responsible for the BrdU-mediated activation of endogenous retrovirus from normal rat embryo cells, the previously reported selective distribution of bromouracil in DNA was correlated with the corresponding organization of the nucleo-protein complex in regard to nucleosome structure and template - active and -inactive chromatin. Following micrococcal nuclease digestion of chromatin labeled with either [(3)H]thymidine or [(3)H]BrdU, the amount and specific activities of the respective nucleosomal DNA were indistinguishable. Comparable findings were obtained following direct examination of the nuclease-sensitive, \"spacer\" DNA. However, when each chromatin type was fractionated into template-active and -inactive components, it was evident that [(3)H]bromouracil was nonrandomly more concentrated in the template-active portion in comparison to the random distribution of [(3)H]thymine moieties. Furthermore, it was apparent that the template-active chromatin fraction was substantially enriched in the nucleotide sequences of rat DNA known to be sensitive to the virogenic action of BrdU.", "PMID": 424312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12388", "title": "Conformational properties of the octanucleotide d(pG-A-T-C-T-T-T-T) and its intermediates.", "content": "In studies of some sequence dependent structural factors and stabilizing effects of oligonucleotides the octanucleotide d(pG-A-T-C-T-T-T-T) was of particular interest in view of the presence of an endonuclease cleavage site. Its chemical synthesis is reported as well as the structural effects in CD spectral properties of the octanucleotide and of some related compounds.", "contents": "Conformational properties of the octanucleotide d(pG-A-T-C-T-T-T-T) and its intermediates. In studies of some sequence dependent structural factors and stabilizing effects of oligonucleotides the octanucleotide d(pG-A-T-C-T-T-T-T) was of particular interest in view of the presence of an endonuclease cleavage site. Its chemical synthesis is reported as well as the structural effects in CD spectral properties of the octanucleotide and of some related compounds.", "PMID": 424313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12389", "title": "Metabolic stability of 2' 5'oligo (A) and activity of 2' 5'oligo (A)-dependent endonuclease in extracts of interferon-treated and control HeLa cells.", "content": "Extracts of interferon-treated HeLa cells adsorbed to poly(I) . poly(C)-agarose have been used to synthesize 2'5'oligo(A). This oligonucleotide has been characterized by enzymatic digestion with alkaline phosphatase, snake venom phosphodiesterase, T2 ribonuclease and chromatography on DEAE, and PEI-cellulose. The oligonucleotide inhibits protein synthesis in vitro and activates an endonuclease present in extracts of control and interferon-treated cells. The metabolic stability of 2'5'oligo(A) has been investigated in these cell extracts. The oligonucleotide undergoes rapid degradation, particularly in the absence of ATP and of an energy regenerating system. Furthermore, the 2'5'oligo(A)-activated endonuclease reverts to an inactive state under these conditions, but can be reactivated upon further addition of 2'5'oligo(A). A possible role for the degradation of 2'5'oligo(A) in the mechanism of interferon action is discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic stability of 2' 5'oligo (A) and activity of 2' 5'oligo (A)-dependent endonuclease in extracts of interferon-treated and control HeLa cells. Extracts of interferon-treated HeLa cells adsorbed to poly(I) . poly(C)-agarose have been used to synthesize 2'5'oligo(A). This oligonucleotide has been characterized by enzymatic digestion with alkaline phosphatase, snake venom phosphodiesterase, T2 ribonuclease and chromatography on DEAE, and PEI-cellulose. The oligonucleotide inhibits protein synthesis in vitro and activates an endonuclease present in extracts of control and interferon-treated cells. The metabolic stability of 2'5'oligo(A) has been investigated in these cell extracts. The oligonucleotide undergoes rapid degradation, particularly in the absence of ATP and of an energy regenerating system. Furthermore, the 2'5'oligo(A)-activated endonuclease reverts to an inactive state under these conditions, but can be reactivated upon further addition of 2'5'oligo(A). A possible role for the degradation of 2'5'oligo(A) in the mechanism of interferon action is discussed.", "PMID": 424314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12390", "title": "Interspersion of highly repetitive DNA with single copy DNA in the genome of the red crab, Geryon quinquedens.", "content": "Kinetic analysis of the reassociation of 420 nucleotide (NT) long fragments has shown that essentially all of the repetitive sequences of the DNA of the red crab Geryon quinquedens are highly repetitive. There are negligible amounts of low and intermediate repetitive DNAs. Though atypical of most eukaryotes, this pattern has been observed in all other brachyurans (true crabs) studied (1,2). The major repetitive component is subdivided into short runs of 300 NT and longer runs of greater than 1200 NT while the minor component has an average sequence length of 400 NT. Both components reassociate at rates commonly observed for satellite DNAs. Unique among eukaryotes the organization of the genome includes single copy DNA contiguous to short runs (approximately 300 NT) of both repetitive components. Although patent satellites are not present, subsets of the repetitive DNA have been isolated by either restriction endonuclease digestion or by centrifugation in Ag+ or Hg2+/Cs2SO4 density gradients.", "contents": "Interspersion of highly repetitive DNA with single copy DNA in the genome of the red crab, Geryon quinquedens. Kinetic analysis of the reassociation of 420 nucleotide (NT) long fragments has shown that essentially all of the repetitive sequences of the DNA of the red crab Geryon quinquedens are highly repetitive. There are negligible amounts of low and intermediate repetitive DNAs. Though atypical of most eukaryotes, this pattern has been observed in all other brachyurans (true crabs) studied (1,2). The major repetitive component is subdivided into short runs of 300 NT and longer runs of greater than 1200 NT while the minor component has an average sequence length of 400 NT. Both components reassociate at rates commonly observed for satellite DNAs. Unique among eukaryotes the organization of the genome includes single copy DNA contiguous to short runs (approximately 300 NT) of both repetitive components. Although patent satellites are not present, subsets of the repetitive DNA have been isolated by either restriction endonuclease digestion or by centrifugation in Ag+ or Hg2+/Cs2SO4 density gradients.", "PMID": 424315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12391", "title": "Circular dichroism and DNA secondary structure.", "content": "The change in average rotation of the DNA helix has been determined for the transfer from 0.05 M NaCl to 3.0 M CsCl, 6.2 M LiCl and 5.4 M NH4Cl. This work, combined with data at lower salt from other laboratories, allows us to relate the intensity of the CD of DNA at 275 nm directly to the change in the number of base pairs per turn. The change in secondary structure for the transfer of DNA from 0.05 M NaCl (where it is presumably in the B-form) to high salt (where the characteristic CD has been interpreted as corresponding to C-form geometry) is found to be -0.22 (+/- 0.02) base pairs per turn. In the case of mononucleosomes, where the CD indicates the \"C-form\", the change in secondary structure (including temperature effects) would add -0.31 (+/- 0.03) turns about the histone core to the -1.25 turns estimated from work on SV40 chromatin. Accurate winding angles and molar extinction coefficients were determined for ethidium.", "contents": "Circular dichroism and DNA secondary structure. The change in average rotation of the DNA helix has been determined for the transfer from 0.05 M NaCl to 3.0 M CsCl, 6.2 M LiCl and 5.4 M NH4Cl. This work, combined with data at lower salt from other laboratories, allows us to relate the intensity of the CD of DNA at 275 nm directly to the change in the number of base pairs per turn. The change in secondary structure for the transfer of DNA from 0.05 M NaCl (where it is presumably in the B-form) to high salt (where the characteristic CD has been interpreted as corresponding to C-form geometry) is found to be -0.22 (+/- 0.02) base pairs per turn. In the case of mononucleosomes, where the CD indicates the \"C-form\", the change in secondary structure (including temperature effects) would add -0.31 (+/- 0.03) turns about the histone core to the -1.25 turns estimated from work on SV40 chromatin. Accurate winding angles and molar extinction coefficients were determined for ethidium.", "PMID": 424316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12392", "title": "Dietary management of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism.", "content": "Individually, inborn errors of amino acid metabolism are rare. Collectively, however, they constitute a significant group of diseases whose number is constantly increasing. Their recognition is important, especially in childhood, because many of these diseases respond well to diet therapy.", "contents": "Dietary management of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Individually, inborn errors of amino acid metabolism are rare. Collectively, however, they constitute a significant group of diseases whose number is constantly increasing. Their recognition is important, especially in childhood, because many of these diseases respond well to diet therapy.", "PMID": 424346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12393", "title": "Herpes zoster oticus. Uncommon but recognizable cause of facial paralysis.", "content": "Three cases of herpes zoster oticus illustrate the manifestations of this relatively uncommon cause of facial paralysis. Topographic analysis, in which functions of facial nerve branches are assessed, helps establish the level of facial nerve involvement. Sequential faradic stimulation testing often is a sensitive prognostic indicator of recovrey of facial nerve function, particularly if nerve excitability persists. A few recent reports support the use of systemic steroid therapy for herpes zoster oticus; opinions vary regarding the efficacy of surgical decompression for facial paralysis. Although general principles cannot be deduced from three cases, each case discussed exemplifies an important aspect of management. The prognostic significance of results of nerve stimulation tests is illustrated by the complete return of facial nerve function in our first patient. Our second patient's response to systemic steroid therapy supports recent reports of the value of such agents in herpes zoster oticus. Partial return of facial nerve function in our third patient two months after onset of paralysis accentuates the importance of a period of observation before a nerve graft or other rehabilitative procedures are undertaken.", "contents": "Herpes zoster oticus. Uncommon but recognizable cause of facial paralysis. Three cases of herpes zoster oticus illustrate the manifestations of this relatively uncommon cause of facial paralysis. Topographic analysis, in which functions of facial nerve branches are assessed, helps establish the level of facial nerve involvement. Sequential faradic stimulation testing often is a sensitive prognostic indicator of recovrey of facial nerve function, particularly if nerve excitability persists. A few recent reports support the use of systemic steroid therapy for herpes zoster oticus; opinions vary regarding the efficacy of surgical decompression for facial paralysis. Although general principles cannot be deduced from three cases, each case discussed exemplifies an important aspect of management. The prognostic significance of results of nerve stimulation tests is illustrated by the complete return of facial nerve function in our first patient. Our second patient's response to systemic steroid therapy supports recent reports of the value of such agents in herpes zoster oticus. Partial return of facial nerve function in our third patient two months after onset of paralysis accentuates the importance of a period of observation before a nerve graft or other rehabilitative procedures are undertaken.", "PMID": 424347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12394", "title": "Hyperuricemia and gout. A modern approach to diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Diagnosis of gout by crystal identification in synovial fluid is simple and definitive. To treat gout effectively, the physician must determine whether overproduction or underexcretion of uric acid is the underlying mechanism. The acute attack is treated initially with antiinflammatory agents. After the acute phase is controlled, lifelong definitive therapy for hyperuricemia is begun.", "contents": "Hyperuricemia and gout. A modern approach to diagnosis and treatment. Diagnosis of gout by crystal identification in synovial fluid is simple and definitive. To treat gout effectively, the physician must determine whether overproduction or underexcretion of uric acid is the underlying mechanism. The acute attack is treated initially with antiinflammatory agents. After the acute phase is controlled, lifelong definitive therapy for hyperuricemia is begun.", "PMID": 424348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12395", "title": "Splenomegaly in children. Identifying the cause.", "content": "Splenomegaly is usually the result of systemic disease. The differential diagnosis can logically be subdivided into infectious, hematologic, metabolic, vascular, and neoplastic diseases which result in abnormalities of the lymphoid, reticuloendothelial, or vascular components of the spleen. Splenic enlargement increases the risk of traumatic rupture of the spleen. Splenectomy, although indicated in some conditions, does not always relieve the hypersplenic state, and its benefit must be weighed against the hazard of life-threatening episodes of sepsis.", "contents": "Splenomegaly in children. Identifying the cause. Splenomegaly is usually the result of systemic disease. The differential diagnosis can logically be subdivided into infectious, hematologic, metabolic, vascular, and neoplastic diseases which result in abnormalities of the lymphoid, reticuloendothelial, or vascular components of the spleen. Splenic enlargement increases the risk of traumatic rupture of the spleen. Splenectomy, although indicated in some conditions, does not always relieve the hypersplenic state, and its benefit must be weighed against the hazard of life-threatening episodes of sepsis.", "PMID": 424350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12396", "title": "Investigation of poikilocytic normochromic normocytic anemia. 1. Round and elongated forms.", "content": "Occasional nonspecific poikilocytes are found in most normal blood smears, but dominance of one or more forms of poikilocytes usually is indicative of a specific anemia or disease in an organ or organ system. For example, stomatocytes are most commonly associated with acute alcoholism, while teardrop cells classically reflect \"spent\" polycythemia vera or myelofibrosis. The clinical significance of the various round poikilocytes (spherocytes, stomatocytes, target cells) and elongated poikilocytes (ovalocytes and elliptocytes, teardrop cells, sickle cells) is discussed.", "contents": "Investigation of poikilocytic normochromic normocytic anemia. 1. Round and elongated forms. Occasional nonspecific poikilocytes are found in most normal blood smears, but dominance of one or more forms of poikilocytes usually is indicative of a specific anemia or disease in an organ or organ system. For example, stomatocytes are most commonly associated with acute alcoholism, while teardrop cells classically reflect \"spent\" polycythemia vera or myelofibrosis. The clinical significance of the various round poikilocytes (spherocytes, stomatocytes, target cells) and elongated poikilocytes (ovalocytes and elliptocytes, teardrop cells, sickle cells) is discussed.", "PMID": 424352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12397", "title": "Investigation of poikilocytic normochromic normocytic anemia. 2. Spiculated forms.", "content": "Spiculated poikilocytes occur in several different forms. Each form is associated with certain types of diseases or conditions. Identification of a dominant form in a blood smear provides a clue to diagnosis. Helmet cells, triangular cells, and schistocytes most commonly suggest disease in the microvasculature. \"Bite\" cells are usually a product of drug-induced hemolysis. Keratocytes are variants of helmet cells and therefore occur in the same clinical circumstances as helmet cells. Echinocytes are usually artifacts; true echinocytosis is rare and associated mainly with uremia. Acanthocytosis occurs most commonly after splenectomy but may be encountered in severe liver disease.", "contents": "Investigation of poikilocytic normochromic normocytic anemia. 2. Spiculated forms. Spiculated poikilocytes occur in several different forms. Each form is associated with certain types of diseases or conditions. Identification of a dominant form in a blood smear provides a clue to diagnosis. Helmet cells, triangular cells, and schistocytes most commonly suggest disease in the microvasculature. \"Bite\" cells are usually a product of drug-induced hemolysis. Keratocytes are variants of helmet cells and therefore occur in the same clinical circumstances as helmet cells. Echinocytes are usually artifacts; true echinocytosis is rare and associated mainly with uremia. Acanthocytosis occurs most commonly after splenectomy but may be encountered in severe liver disease.", "PMID": 424353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12398", "title": "Drug allergy in clinical practice.", "content": "Adverse reactions to pharmacologic agents are becoming more and more common as more drugs are administered to sicker patients. Allergic (immunologic) reactions are difficult to distinguish from idiosyncratic (nonimmunologic) reactions, and reactions that appear to be similar may have entirely different etiologies. Diagnosis of an adverse reaction and identification of its cause require an index of suspicion, familiarity with the drugs being used, knowledge of common reactions to these drugs, and occasionally, challenge with the suspected drug. Specific diagnosis often obviates unnecessary discontinuance of an effective drug.", "contents": "Drug allergy in clinical practice. Adverse reactions to pharmacologic agents are becoming more and more common as more drugs are administered to sicker patients. Allergic (immunologic) reactions are difficult to distinguish from idiosyncratic (nonimmunologic) reactions, and reactions that appear to be similar may have entirely different etiologies. Diagnosis of an adverse reaction and identification of its cause require an index of suspicion, familiarity with the drugs being used, knowledge of common reactions to these drugs, and occasionally, challenge with the suspected drug. Specific diagnosis often obviates unnecessary discontinuance of an effective drug.", "PMID": 424356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12399", "title": "Urticaria and angioedema. Common clinical problems.", "content": "The cause of urticaria and angioedema often is difficult to ascertain. In most cases the conditions are transient, but a chronic idiopathic form does occur and may be intractable. Acute urticaria and angioedema usually result from an IgE-mediated mechanism; success in treatment depends on recognition of the underlying factor. Chronic urticaria may ultimately necessitate use of corticosteroids. Hereditary angioedema is easily differentiated from idiopathic angioedema by the family history and absence of pruritus.", "contents": "Urticaria and angioedema. Common clinical problems. The cause of urticaria and angioedema often is difficult to ascertain. In most cases the conditions are transient, but a chronic idiopathic form does occur and may be intractable. Acute urticaria and angioedema usually result from an IgE-mediated mechanism; success in treatment depends on recognition of the underlying factor. Chronic urticaria may ultimately necessitate use of corticosteroids. Hereditary angioedema is easily differentiated from idiopathic angioedema by the family history and absence of pruritus.", "PMID": 424357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12400", "title": "Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Diagnosis and management.", "content": "The causes of rhinitis are many. Allergic rhinitis is mediated by IgE, and immunotherapy in selected patients is very effective. Immunoglobulins do not seem to play a role in nonallergic rhinitis, and immunotherapy is ineffective. Correct diagnosis spares the patient needless expense, inconvenience, and eventual disappointment.", "contents": "Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Diagnosis and management. The causes of rhinitis are many. Allergic rhinitis is mediated by IgE, and immunotherapy in selected patients is very effective. Immunoglobulins do not seem to play a role in nonallergic rhinitis, and immunotherapy is ineffective. Correct diagnosis spares the patient needless expense, inconvenience, and eventual disappointment.", "PMID": 424358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12401", "title": "[Blood lipid level in the initial stages of diabetes mellitus and normal body mass].", "content": "The authors studied the blood level of tryglycerides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids (FFA) during glucose tolerance test (GTT) in 30 women with doubtful, and in 36--with diabetic GIT. There proved to be a significant  elevation of the FFA level in the blood serum of persons with a doubtful GTT type and a significant elevation of the FFA, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels in persons with diabetic GGT. The FFA levels reduction curve following glucose load in persons with a doubtful and diabetic GTT proved to be more delayed. Disturbances of lipid metabolism and reduction of adipose tissue insulin sensitivity occured as soon as the early stages of diabetes mellitus. This pointed to the necessity of diabetes mellitus treatment at its early stages for the normalization of metabolic disturbances. Determination of blood lipids level can aid detection of early diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "[Blood lipid level in the initial stages of diabetes mellitus and normal body mass]. The authors studied the blood level of tryglycerides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids (FFA) during glucose tolerance test (GTT) in 30 women with doubtful, and in 36--with diabetic GIT. There proved to be a significant  elevation of the FFA level in the blood serum of persons with a doubtful GTT type and a significant elevation of the FFA, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels in persons with diabetic GGT. The FFA levels reduction curve following glucose load in persons with a doubtful and diabetic GTT proved to be more delayed. Disturbances of lipid metabolism and reduction of adipose tissue insulin sensitivity occured as soon as the early stages of diabetes mellitus. This pointed to the necessity of diabetes mellitus treatment at its early stages for the normalization of metabolic disturbances. Determination of blood lipids level can aid detection of early diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 424383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12402", "title": "[Dynamics of the pancreatic exocrine functional indices in diabetes mellitus under the influence of comprehensive therapy].", "content": "The exocrine function of the pancreas was studied in 52 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus by biochemical and radioisotopic methods. The detected enzyme secretion disturbances correlated with the severity of the disease. Complex therapy, including diet, and administration of hypoglycemic drug and angioprotectors led to an improvement of the exocrine function of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the pancreatic exocrine functional indices in diabetes mellitus under the influence of comprehensive therapy]. The exocrine function of the pancreas was studied in 52 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus by biochemical and radioisotopic methods. The detected enzyme secretion disturbances correlated with the severity of the disease. Complex therapy, including diet, and administration of hypoglycemic drug and angioprotectors led to an improvement of the exocrine function of the pancreas.", "PMID": 424384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12403", "title": "[Clinical characteristics of thyrotoxicosis in juvenile patients].", "content": "As a result of thorough examination of patients with juvenile and young thyrotoxicosis (14--18, and 19--25 years old, respectively) peculiarities of the clinical picture of this disease were revealed. The onset of the pathological process and of its course at the early developmental stages, and stability of a number of symptoms were characteristic of the disease. Functional disturbances of the cardiovascular system activity were leading in the clinical picture of juvenile thyrotoxicosis. Association between the severity of the disease and the intensity of cardiac pathology, as well as definite changes in the enzymatic function of the liver were revealed. Marked disturbances were found in the blood protein formula.", "contents": "[Clinical characteristics of thyrotoxicosis in juvenile patients]. As a result of thorough examination of patients with juvenile and young thyrotoxicosis (14--18, and 19--25 years old, respectively) peculiarities of the clinical picture of this disease were revealed. The onset of the pathological process and of its course at the early developmental stages, and stability of a number of symptoms were characteristic of the disease. Functional disturbances of the cardiovascular system activity were leading in the clinical picture of juvenile thyrotoxicosis. Association between the severity of the disease and the intensity of cardiac pathology, as well as definite changes in the enzymatic function of the liver were revealed. Marked disturbances were found in the blood protein formula.", "PMID": 424387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12404", "title": "[Experience with the use of electroroentgenography in the diagnosis of endocrine diseases].", "content": "Electroentgenographic examination was carried out in 729 patients with various endocrine diseases. It is believed that electroentgenography with consideration to such features as marginal effect, numerous details, volumetric impression, etc. has at its disposal valuable auxillary diagnostic possibilities in the complex examination of the patients. Analysis of materials demonstrated electroentgenography to be the method of choice in contrastless X-ray diagnosis of changes in the thyroid and mammary glands, and soft tissues of the limbs. Diagnostic information of electroroentgenograms and of film roentgenograms is of about the same value in examination of the cranium, sella turcica, other parts of the bone skeleton, and also of the internal generative organs. The image of the thymus and of the adrenal glands was found to be somewhat less distinct on the electroentgenograms than on the film roentgenograms.", "contents": "[Experience with the use of electroroentgenography in the diagnosis of endocrine diseases]. Electroentgenographic examination was carried out in 729 patients with various endocrine diseases. It is believed that electroentgenography with consideration to such features as marginal effect, numerous details, volumetric impression, etc. has at its disposal valuable auxillary diagnostic possibilities in the complex examination of the patients. Analysis of materials demonstrated electroentgenography to be the method of choice in contrastless X-ray diagnosis of changes in the thyroid and mammary glands, and soft tissues of the limbs. Diagnostic information of electroroentgenograms and of film roentgenograms is of about the same value in examination of the cranium, sella turcica, other parts of the bone skeleton, and also of the internal generative organs. The image of the thymus and of the adrenal glands was found to be somewhat less distinct on the electroentgenograms than on the film roentgenograms.", "PMID": 424389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12405", "title": "[Dynamics of glucose tolerance in women under many years' observation].", "content": "Repeated glucose tolerance (GT) determinations were carried out at various intervals (under 3 years--I, from 3 to 6 years--II, from 6 to 9 years--III, and in 9 and more years--IV) in 964 women on free diet and free regimen. The initial character of GT (normal, suspicious, diabetic) and the duration of intervals between the examinations (I, II, III, IV) determiner its change in repeated examinations. The more pronounced the GT disturbances during the first examination and the longer the intervals between the examinations--the more frequently were GT disturbances of suspicious and diabetic type, and also the manifest diabetes mellitus detected.", "contents": "[Dynamics of glucose tolerance in women under many years' observation]. Repeated glucose tolerance (GT) determinations were carried out at various intervals (under 3 years--I, from 3 to 6 years--II, from 6 to 9 years--III, and in 9 and more years--IV) in 964 women on free diet and free regimen. The initial character of GT (normal, suspicious, diabetic) and the duration of intervals between the examinations (I, II, III, IV) determiner its change in repeated examinations. The more pronounced the GT disturbances during the first examination and the longer the intervals between the examinations--the more frequently were GT disturbances of suspicious and diabetic type, and also the manifest diabetes mellitus detected.", "PMID": 424388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12406", "title": "[State of the microcirculation in the relatives of diabetes mellitus patients].", "content": "The biomicroscopic study of the conjunctival vessels demonstrated microcirculation disturbances in 43.8% of 105 relatives of diabetic patients, and in 8.5% changes of the optic fundus vessels, irrespective of the glucose tolerance test results. There was a statistically significant difference between the total conjunctival index and its partial values in the relatives of diabetic patients in comparison with the control (healthy) group, and in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus as compared with the control group and with the group of relatives with a normal glucose tolerance test.", "contents": "[State of the microcirculation in the relatives of diabetes mellitus patients]. The biomicroscopic study of the conjunctival vessels demonstrated microcirculation disturbances in 43.8% of 105 relatives of diabetic patients, and in 8.5% changes of the optic fundus vessels, irrespective of the glucose tolerance test results. There was a statistically significant difference between the total conjunctival index and its partial values in the relatives of diabetic patients in comparison with the control (healthy) group, and in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus as compared with the control group and with the group of relatives with a normal glucose tolerance test.", "PMID": 424385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12407", "title": "[Effect of destruction and stimulation of the amygdaloid nuclei on the sensitivity of the ovaries and uterus of infantile rats to hydrocortisone and desoxycorticosterone].", "content": "The effect of destruction and stimulation of the amygdaloid nuclei on the sensitivity of the ovaries and uterus to hydrocortisone and deoxycorticosterone was studied in 190 infantile female albino rats. Administration of the hormones following the action upon the amygdaloid nuclei led to a sharp reduction of the weight of the ovaries and uterus, an increase in the count of compact and vesicular follicles with reduction of their size. Adrenalectomy with the following destruction and stimulation of the amygdaloid nuclei and the hormone administration led to an even greater reduction in weight of the ovaries; as to the count and size of compact and vesicular follicles--it decreased, and the uterus gained weight.", "contents": "[Effect of destruction and stimulation of the amygdaloid nuclei on the sensitivity of the ovaries and uterus of infantile rats to hydrocortisone and desoxycorticosterone]. The effect of destruction and stimulation of the amygdaloid nuclei on the sensitivity of the ovaries and uterus to hydrocortisone and deoxycorticosterone was studied in 190 infantile female albino rats. Administration of the hormones following the action upon the amygdaloid nuclei led to a sharp reduction of the weight of the ovaries and uterus, an increase in the count of compact and vesicular follicles with reduction of their size. Adrenalectomy with the following destruction and stimulation of the amygdaloid nuclei and the hormone administration led to an even greater reduction in weight of the ovaries; as to the count and size of compact and vesicular follicles--it decreased, and the uterus gained weight.", "PMID": 424391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12408", "title": "[Comparison of the clinical and immunological indices in children with diabetes mellitus and obesity].", "content": "Complex clinical and laboratory research of nonspecific immunobiological reactivity was conducted in 86 children (35 with diabetes mellitus, 25 with obesity, and 26 healthy children), aged from 3 to 14 years. Lysozyme activity and complement titre were studied during the disease. Reduced reactive possibilities of the organism were demonstrated in diabetic children; reduction of these parameters was directly proportional to the severity of the main process and the extent of decompensation. In obese patients the parameters of nonspecific reactivity tests were higher than in healthy children, and glucose tolerance was disturbed; this was apparently connected with stress of the compensatory-defense mechanisms of the organism. A distinct reduction of the parameters in this group of children under the effect of unfavourable factors pointed to exhaustion of the compensatory mechanisms. Obese patients should be referred to the group of children will increased risk, both in respect to diabetes mellitus and to other diseases. The indices under study could  be applied as tests characterizing not only the immunobiological reactivity and the defense-adaptive mechanisms of the organism, but also the severity and phase of the disease.", "contents": "[Comparison of the clinical and immunological indices in children with diabetes mellitus and obesity]. Complex clinical and laboratory research of nonspecific immunobiological reactivity was conducted in 86 children (35 with diabetes mellitus, 25 with obesity, and 26 healthy children), aged from 3 to 14 years. Lysozyme activity and complement titre were studied during the disease. Reduced reactive possibilities of the organism were demonstrated in diabetic children; reduction of these parameters was directly proportional to the severity of the main process and the extent of decompensation. In obese patients the parameters of nonspecific reactivity tests were higher than in healthy children, and glucose tolerance was disturbed; this was apparently connected with stress of the compensatory-defense mechanisms of the organism. A distinct reduction of the parameters in this group of children under the effect of unfavourable factors pointed to exhaustion of the compensatory mechanisms. Obese patients should be referred to the group of children will increased risk, both in respect to diabetes mellitus and to other diseases. The indices under study could  be applied as tests characterizing not only the immunobiological reactivity and the defense-adaptive mechanisms of the organism, but also the severity and phase of the disease.", "PMID": 424386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12409", "title": "[Phospholipid makeup and content in various organs of rats with alloxan diabetes].", "content": "The phospholipid spectrum and their content in the liver, heart, kidneys and the brain of rats was studied comparatively under normal conditions and in alloxan diabetes. Under pathological conditions there occurred significant changes in the amount of individual phospholipids in all the organs, but the most pronounced changes were noted in the brain. A sharp increase of cardiolipin content and a regular reduction of choline-containing lipids--lecithin and sphyngomyelin--in the organs under study were characteristic of alloxan diabetes. Oscillations in the concentration of other phospholipid fractions (phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine) had a definite organic specificity.", "contents": "[Phospholipid makeup and content in various organs of rats with alloxan diabetes]. The phospholipid spectrum and their content in the liver, heart, kidneys and the brain of rats was studied comparatively under normal conditions and in alloxan diabetes. Under pathological conditions there occurred significant changes in the amount of individual phospholipids in all the organs, but the most pronounced changes were noted in the brain. A sharp increase of cardiolipin content and a regular reduction of choline-containing lipids--lecithin and sphyngomyelin--in the organs under study were characteristic of alloxan diabetes. Oscillations in the concentration of other phospholipid fractions (phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine) had a definite organic specificity.", "PMID": 424392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12410", "title": "[Insulin and proinsulin degradation normally and in experimental diabetes].", "content": "The authors studied insulin and proinsulin degradation with homogenates of various rat tissues under normal conditions and in alloxan diabetes. The radioimmunological method was used for insulin determination by the decline of immunoreactive insulin and proinsulin from the reaction medium. Homogenates of various normal rat tissues are distributed by their capacity to destroy insulin and proinsulin in the order of decline as follows: the liver, kidneys, muscles, and the epididymal fat. In insulin equimolar quantities proinsulin was destroyed much less than insulin under the same experimental conditions. Alloxan diabetes led to reduction of the capacity of all the tissues homogenates to destroy both insulin and proinsulin. Reduction of degradation was the most pronounced when the muscle and adipose tissue homogenates were used.", "contents": "[Insulin and proinsulin degradation normally and in experimental diabetes]. The authors studied insulin and proinsulin degradation with homogenates of various rat tissues under normal conditions and in alloxan diabetes. The radioimmunological method was used for insulin determination by the decline of immunoreactive insulin and proinsulin from the reaction medium. Homogenates of various normal rat tissues are distributed by their capacity to destroy insulin and proinsulin in the order of decline as follows: the liver, kidneys, muscles, and the epididymal fat. In insulin equimolar quantities proinsulin was destroyed much less than insulin under the same experimental conditions. Alloxan diabetes led to reduction of the capacity of all the tissues homogenates to destroy both insulin and proinsulin. Reduction of degradation was the most pronounced when the muscle and adipose tissue homogenates were used.", "PMID": 424393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12411", "title": "[Histophysiology and histopathology of the adrenals in experimental hypokinesia].", "content": "In experiments on male rats in the course of 3-month hypokinesia phasic changes were observed in the relative adrenal gland weight, in the volume of the cell nuclei of the glomerular, fasicular zones and the medulla, in the activity of the succinic dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatases, in the RNA and catecholamine content. These changes are associated with variations in the secretion and biosynthesis of the hormones of the cortical and the medullary layer of the adrenal glands during the hypokinetic stress development.", "contents": "[Histophysiology and histopathology of the adrenals in experimental hypokinesia]. In experiments on male rats in the course of 3-month hypokinesia phasic changes were observed in the relative adrenal gland weight, in the volume of the cell nuclei of the glomerular, fasicular zones and the medulla, in the activity of the succinic dehydrogenase, alkaline and acid phosphatases, in the RNA and catecholamine content. These changes are associated with variations in the secretion and biosynthesis of the hormones of the cortical and the medullary layer of the adrenal glands during the hypokinetic stress development.", "PMID": 424394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12412", "title": "[Age-related characteristics of the blood supply to the thyroid gland (histochemical and stereological studies)].", "content": "Complex histochemical and stereological study of the thyroid gland vessels in A/He mice revealed significant age changes in the organ vascularization, and allowed assessing the dynamics of the relative value of the functioning vessels and of the transport processes activity in the capillary-thyrocyte system at different postnatal ontogenesis stages. There was a low vascularization level the first postnatal days; it increased considerably by the time of sexual maturation, and was followed by a relative stabilization. The organ vascularization decreases with aging chiefly on account of the transport processes reduction in the capillary-thyrocyte system. At the same time, the greatest age variability was characteristic of the relative volume of functioning vessels.", "contents": "[Age-related characteristics of the blood supply to the thyroid gland (histochemical and stereological studies)]. Complex histochemical and stereological study of the thyroid gland vessels in A/He mice revealed significant age changes in the organ vascularization, and allowed assessing the dynamics of the relative value of the functioning vessels and of the transport processes activity in the capillary-thyrocyte system at different postnatal ontogenesis stages. There was a low vascularization level the first postnatal days; it increased considerably by the time of sexual maturation, and was followed by a relative stabilization. The organ vascularization decreases with aging chiefly on account of the transport processes reduction in the capillary-thyrocyte system. At the same time, the greatest age variability was characteristic of the relative volume of functioning vessels.", "PMID": 424395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12413", "title": "Some structure activity relationships of phencyclidine derivatives as anticholinergic agents in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Phencylidine derivatives exhibit multiple interactions with cholinergic systems: they block nicotinic and muscarinic receptors,and inhibit both acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase. In peripheral tissue, the net pharmacological effects of the phencyclidines is antiacetylcholine activity. The dissociation constants measured in isolated smooth muscle and from competition experiments for the muscarinic high-affinity binding sites in brain homogenates (Kd = 10(-5) - 10(-6) M) are 3--4 orders of magnitude lower than those of anticholinergic glycolate esters. However, phencyclidines have comparable potency to that of d-tubocurarine in blocking the nicotinic receptor in the isolated frog rectus abdominis (Kd = 10(-6) M). Brain uptake experiments of (3H) labeled phencyclidine showed that during the time period in which central effects are observed with these drugs their concentration in brain reaches values close to the Kd (10(-5) - 10(-6) M). This finding, and the cross tolerance observed in vivo between phencyclidine and other centrally acting cholinergic drugs supports the possible involvement of cholinergic interactions in the psychotropic action of phenyclidine derivatives. Quantum chemical calculations of the interaction pharmacophores of drugs in the phencyclidine series have indicated the molecular determinants for the interaction of these drugs with the muscarinic receptor. The calculations revealed that these drugs can match the reactivity characteristics of ACh and the semi-rigid muscarinic agonist 3-acetoxyquinuclidine, but their rigid molecular frame will be conductive to antagonistic rather than agonistic activity when the drug-receptor complex is formed. The identification of a \"cholinergic interaction pharmacophore\" for these drugs by quantum mechanical calculations made possible the suggestion of other active phencyclidine derivatives, e.g. p-NH2 and p-OH analogs which proved to be equipotent to phencyclidine. The inactivity of the p-NO2 derivative was also predicted on this basis and served as an additional confirmation of the theoretical criterion for activity; the difference between the activities of the ethynyl and cyano derivatives was explained by the modification of the cholinergic interaction pharmacophore. On the basis of these theoretical predictions, electrophysiological studies were carried out by the others and the results prompted the suggestion that \"physostigmine is of potential value in the treatment of post-operative patients emerging from ketamine anesthesia and in the treatment of phencyclidine overdosed patients\".", "contents": "Some structure activity relationships of phencyclidine derivatives as anticholinergic agents in vitro and in vivo. Phencylidine derivatives exhibit multiple interactions with cholinergic systems: they block nicotinic and muscarinic receptors,and inhibit both acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase. In peripheral tissue, the net pharmacological effects of the phencyclidines is antiacetylcholine activity. The dissociation constants measured in isolated smooth muscle and from competition experiments for the muscarinic high-affinity binding sites in brain homogenates (Kd = 10(-5) - 10(-6) M) are 3--4 orders of magnitude lower than those of anticholinergic glycolate esters. However, phencyclidines have comparable potency to that of d-tubocurarine in blocking the nicotinic receptor in the isolated frog rectus abdominis (Kd = 10(-6) M). Brain uptake experiments of (3H) labeled phencyclidine showed that during the time period in which central effects are observed with these drugs their concentration in brain reaches values close to the Kd (10(-5) - 10(-6) M). This finding, and the cross tolerance observed in vivo between phencyclidine and other centrally acting cholinergic drugs supports the possible involvement of cholinergic interactions in the psychotropic action of phenyclidine derivatives. Quantum chemical calculations of the interaction pharmacophores of drugs in the phencyclidine series have indicated the molecular determinants for the interaction of these drugs with the muscarinic receptor. The calculations revealed that these drugs can match the reactivity characteristics of ACh and the semi-rigid muscarinic agonist 3-acetoxyquinuclidine, but their rigid molecular frame will be conductive to antagonistic rather than agonistic activity when the drug-receptor complex is formed. The identification of a \"cholinergic interaction pharmacophore\" for these drugs by quantum mechanical calculations made possible the suggestion of other active phencyclidine derivatives, e.g. p-NH2 and p-OH analogs which proved to be equipotent to phencyclidine. The inactivity of the p-NO2 derivative was also predicted on this basis and served as an additional confirmation of the theoretical criterion for activity; the difference between the activities of the ethynyl and cyano derivatives was explained by the modification of the cholinergic interaction pharmacophore. On the basis of these theoretical predictions, electrophysiological studies were carried out by the others and the results prompted the suggestion that \"physostigmine is of potential value in the treatment of post-operative patients emerging from ketamine anesthesia and in the treatment of phencyclidine overdosed patients\".", "PMID": 424435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12414", "title": "Modification of the cardiotoxic effects of ouabain by acepromazine, tetrodotoxin and magnesium sulphate.", "content": "Acepromazine (500 microgram), tetrodotoxin (0.5 microgram) and magnesium sulfate (7.5 mg twice) given intracerebroventricularly increased the doses of ouabain given by continuous intravenous infusion, required to induce arrhythmias and death. Acepromazine (150 microgram kg-1) was also effective when administered intravenously. Acepromazine (1.5 mg kg-1) and tetrodotoxin (4-6 microgram kg-1) given intravenously did not protect against, and even increased, the toxicity of ouabain. Both substances decreased blood pressure and increased heart rate. Tetrodotoxin, but neither acepromazine nor magnesium sulphate given intracerebroventricularly, induced a decrease in the heart rate before ouabain infusion. Acepromazine (500 microgram) and tetrodotoxin (0.5 microgram), but not magnesium sulphate, given intracerebroventricularly, decreased the blood pressure before ouabain infusion. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of those substances and ouabain on the circulation, and to the fact that the cardiac arrhythmias induced by high doses of ouabain and the protection obtained with tetrodotoxin and magnesium sulphate are, at least in part, mediated by the central nervous system.", "contents": "Modification of the cardiotoxic effects of ouabain by acepromazine, tetrodotoxin and magnesium sulphate. Acepromazine (500 microgram), tetrodotoxin (0.5 microgram) and magnesium sulfate (7.5 mg twice) given intracerebroventricularly increased the doses of ouabain given by continuous intravenous infusion, required to induce arrhythmias and death. Acepromazine (150 microgram kg-1) was also effective when administered intravenously. Acepromazine (1.5 mg kg-1) and tetrodotoxin (4-6 microgram kg-1) given intravenously did not protect against, and even increased, the toxicity of ouabain. Both substances decreased blood pressure and increased heart rate. Tetrodotoxin, but neither acepromazine nor magnesium sulphate given intracerebroventricularly, induced a decrease in the heart rate before ouabain infusion. Acepromazine (500 microgram) and tetrodotoxin (0.5 microgram), but not magnesium sulphate, given intracerebroventricularly, decreased the blood pressure before ouabain infusion. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of those substances and ouabain on the circulation, and to the fact that the cardiac arrhythmias induced by high doses of ouabain and the protection obtained with tetrodotoxin and magnesium sulphate are, at least in part, mediated by the central nervous system.", "PMID": 424441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12415", "title": "A study of D-glucose uptake by small intestine of rats following in vivo vinblastine treatment.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of tritiated vinblastine in rats has indicated a considerable excretion of the alkaloid through bile into the intestinal lumen. The present study was undertaken to find out whether the presence of the alkaloid in the lumen of small intestine alters the normal transport of nutrients across the small intestine. This was done by measuring the in vitro D-glucose uptake by slices of small intestine of rats pretreated with vinblastine. Vinblastine pretreatment was done by filling the lumen of in vivo segments of small intestine of rats with different concentrations of the alkaloid for 30 and 60 min before uptake was measured. A significant dose-dependent reduction in D-glucose uptake was observed.", "contents": "A study of D-glucose uptake by small intestine of rats following in vivo vinblastine treatment. The pharmacokinetics of tritiated vinblastine in rats has indicated a considerable excretion of the alkaloid through bile into the intestinal lumen. The present study was undertaken to find out whether the presence of the alkaloid in the lumen of small intestine alters the normal transport of nutrients across the small intestine. This was done by measuring the in vitro D-glucose uptake by slices of small intestine of rats pretreated with vinblastine. Vinblastine pretreatment was done by filling the lumen of in vivo segments of small intestine of rats with different concentrations of the alkaloid for 30 and 60 min before uptake was measured. A significant dose-dependent reduction in D-glucose uptake was observed.", "PMID": 424442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12416", "title": "Relationship between surface activity and toxicity to Chang liver cultures of tricyclic antidepressants.", "content": "Chang liver cell cultures were exposed to the tricyclic antidepressants, chlorimipramine (CIM), nortriptyline (NT), amitriptyline (AT), imipramine (IM), and dosepin (DOX). Loss of enzymes into surrounding media and cytopathic changes were used to quantitate cytotoxicity. Time- and concentration-related cytotoxic effects were evident for all drugs. The order of cytotoxic potency was CIM greater than NT greater than AT greater than IM greater than DOX. All tricyclic antidepressants tested lowered the surface tension of the salt solution contained in the tissue culture media and the order of their surface activity was identical to that of their cytotoxicity. It is postulated that the cellular toxicity induced by tricyclic antidepressants in vitro is related to a function of their surface activity.", "contents": "Relationship between surface activity and toxicity to Chang liver cultures of tricyclic antidepressants. Chang liver cell cultures were exposed to the tricyclic antidepressants, chlorimipramine (CIM), nortriptyline (NT), amitriptyline (AT), imipramine (IM), and dosepin (DOX). Loss of enzymes into surrounding media and cytopathic changes were used to quantitate cytotoxicity. Time- and concentration-related cytotoxic effects were evident for all drugs. The order of cytotoxic potency was CIM greater than NT greater than AT greater than IM greater than DOX. All tricyclic antidepressants tested lowered the surface tension of the salt solution contained in the tissue culture media and the order of their surface activity was identical to that of their cytotoxicity. It is postulated that the cellular toxicity induced by tricyclic antidepressants in vitro is related to a function of their surface activity.", "PMID": 424443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12417", "title": "Clinical evaluation and care of the insensitive foot.", "content": "Until fairly recently, foot deformity was accepted as part of the natural course of a disease with associated sensory loss such as Hansen's disease or diabetes. Now we recognize that most of this deformity is caused by physical forces and that, with proper care, deformity can be prevented. The therapist must perform accurate methods of assessment such as inspecting and palpating the skin, testing for sensory loss, recording footprints, and measuring foot volume and must provide knowledgeable treatment techniques. The patient must be taught how to care for his feet and how to prevent continued trauma with subsequent infection and bony absorption, which ultimately result in deformity that could have been prevented. These evaluation, treatment, and education techniques are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation and care of the insensitive foot. Until fairly recently, foot deformity was accepted as part of the natural course of a disease with associated sensory loss such as Hansen's disease or diabetes. Now we recognize that most of this deformity is caused by physical forces and that, with proper care, deformity can be prevented. The therapist must perform accurate methods of assessment such as inspecting and palpating the skin, testing for sensory loss, recording footprints, and measuring foot volume and must provide knowledgeable treatment techniques. The patient must be taught how to care for his feet and how to prevent continued trauma with subsequent infection and bony absorption, which ultimately result in deformity that could have been prevented. These evaluation, treatment, and education techniques are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 424444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12418", "title": "Temperature assessment of the insensitive foot.", "content": "Temperature assessment has proven valuable in detecting areas of inflammation in the insensitive limb. Monitoring the inflammatory response to the stresses of footwear and walking has worked as a \"pain substitute.\" In conjunction with other evaluation methods, the results of temperature assessment can be used to reduce the incidence of injury and ulceration in the insensitive foot. A review of principles and methods, a presentation of a case study, and a discussion will elaborate upon the concepts of temperature assessment.", "contents": "Temperature assessment of the insensitive foot. Temperature assessment has proven valuable in detecting areas of inflammation in the insensitive limb. Monitoring the inflammatory response to the stresses of footwear and walking has worked as a \"pain substitute.\" In conjunction with other evaluation methods, the results of temperature assessment can be used to reduce the incidence of injury and ulceration in the insensitive foot. A review of principles and methods, a presentation of a case study, and a discussion will elaborate upon the concepts of temperature assessment.", "PMID": 424445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12419", "title": "Therapeutic footwear for the insensitive foot.", "content": "The patient with insensitive feet may be injured by poorly fitted or inappropriate footwear. The risk of soft-tissue injury from friction or pressure can be reduced by careful selection and fitting of footwear and frequent evaluation of both footwear and the patient's feet. Concepts, methods, and materials utilized in treating patients with Hansen's disease can be applied to the prevention and treatment of injuries secondary to sensory deficit caused by other conditions. The microcapsule sock test has been used to assess shear forces and pressures that occur while shoes are worn. Test method and interpretation of test results are described.", "contents": "Therapeutic footwear for the insensitive foot. The patient with insensitive feet may be injured by poorly fitted or inappropriate footwear. The risk of soft-tissue injury from friction or pressure can be reduced by careful selection and fitting of footwear and frequent evaluation of both footwear and the patient's feet. Concepts, methods, and materials utilized in treating patients with Hansen's disease can be applied to the prevention and treatment of injuries secondary to sensory deficit caused by other conditions. The microcapsule sock test has been used to assess shear forces and pressures that occur while shoes are worn. Test method and interpretation of test results are described.", "PMID": 424446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12420", "title": "Microvascular surgery in young children.", "content": "We present a series of 8 children, all less than 6 years of age, which demonstrates the feasibility of primary microvascular replantation or reconstruction of amputated or devascularized parts in children. The function and the appearance obtained were excellent, and the potential for growth was maintained. Fortunately, the vessels were larger in these young children than one would expect. It is apparent that in a healthy, stable child, the careful application of microsurgical principles is an excellent method for salvaging devascularized or amputated parts that are vital for function or appearance.", "contents": "Microvascular surgery in young children. We present a series of 8 children, all less than 6 years of age, which demonstrates the feasibility of primary microvascular replantation or reconstruction of amputated or devascularized parts in children. The function and the appearance obtained were excellent, and the potential for growth was maintained. Fortunately, the vessels were larger in these young children than one would expect. It is apparent that in a healthy, stable child, the careful application of microsurgical principles is an excellent method for salvaging devascularized or amputated parts that are vital for function or appearance.", "PMID": 424455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12421", "title": "Histopathogenesis of skin and subcutaneous injury induced by adriamycin.", "content": "Extravasation of Adriamycin from an intravenous needle or catheter can produce a progressive skin necrosis and deep painful ulceration. The pathological changes which result in this ulceration were studied in a rabbit model. The earliest changes include vascular obliteration and necrobiosis of collagen. At no point were inflammatory cells found to play a primary role.", "contents": "Histopathogenesis of skin and subcutaneous injury induced by adriamycin. Extravasation of Adriamycin from an intravenous needle or catheter can produce a progressive skin necrosis and deep painful ulceration. The pathological changes which result in this ulceration were studied in a rabbit model. The earliest changes include vascular obliteration and necrobiosis of collagen. At no point were inflammatory cells found to play a primary role.", "PMID": 424456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12422", "title": "Comparison of treatment modalities for recurrent basal cell carcinoma.", "content": "We studied 97 patients with recurrent basal cell carcinomas; 20 were treated by surgery, 35 by radiation, 40 with chemosurgery, and two patients had no treatment (because their lesions were too far advanced). There was a treatment failure rate of 11 percent for radiation therapy, 12 percent for chemosurgery and 5 percent for surgical excision. Recurrent BCC requires a careful selection of the mode of therapy, aggressive treatment, and careful long-term follow-up. Using these principles, an excellent cure rate can be achieved by all the 3 modes of therapy included in this report.", "contents": "Comparison of treatment modalities for recurrent basal cell carcinoma. We studied 97 patients with recurrent basal cell carcinomas; 20 were treated by surgery, 35 by radiation, 40 with chemosurgery, and two patients had no treatment (because their lesions were too far advanced). There was a treatment failure rate of 11 percent for radiation therapy, 12 percent for chemosurgery and 5 percent for surgical excision. Recurrent BCC requires a careful selection of the mode of therapy, aggressive treatment, and careful long-term follow-up. Using these principles, an excellent cure rate can be achieved by all the 3 modes of therapy included in this report.", "PMID": 424458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12423", "title": "A fiberscopic study of velopharyngeal closure in patients with operated cleft palates.", "content": "We studied the differences in how velopharyngeal closure is learned and obtained by operated cleft palate patients during various activities. Sixty-eight operated cleft palate patients, who had complete closure during swallowing, were examined with the nasopharyngeal fiberscope to determine the extent of velopharyngeal closure while they were producing pressure consonants or vowels, and during blowing. We concluded that the complete closure when producing vowels was the most difficult to obtain, and closure when producing pressure consonants was a little more difficult than that during blowing.", "contents": "A fiberscopic study of velopharyngeal closure in patients with operated cleft palates. We studied the differences in how velopharyngeal closure is learned and obtained by operated cleft palate patients during various activities. Sixty-eight operated cleft palate patients, who had complete closure during swallowing, were examined with the nasopharyngeal fiberscope to determine the extent of velopharyngeal closure while they were producing pressure consonants or vowels, and during blowing. We concluded that the complete closure when producing vowels was the most difficult to obtain, and closure when producing pressure consonants was a little more difficult than that during blowing.", "PMID": 424459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12424", "title": "Examination of peripheral nerves with the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "The theoretical applications and advantages of the scanning microscope in peripheral nerve research are presented. The internal anatomy of the peripheral nerve can be distinctly examined, and long segments of axons can be examined without the necessity of tedious study of multiple sections. The SEM should make it possible to more readily study the migration of axon sprouts across a repair site. New concepts in teaching and research may develop from the use of this excellent tool.", "contents": "Examination of peripheral nerves with the scanning electron microscope. The theoretical applications and advantages of the scanning microscope in peripheral nerve research are presented. The internal anatomy of the peripheral nerve can be distinctly examined, and long segments of axons can be examined without the necessity of tedious study of multiple sections. The SEM should make it possible to more readily study the migration of axon sprouts across a repair site. New concepts in teaching and research may develop from the use of this excellent tool.", "PMID": 424460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12425", "title": "Experimental microvascular anastomoses in radiated vessels: a study of the patency rate and the histopathology of healing.", "content": "A study of microvascular surgery in radiated tissue is presented. The radiation damage to the vessels and its consequence on the histopathology of blood vessel healing is discussed. The main difficulty encountered was the radiation-induced fibrosis in the perivascular tissues. The patency rate in ther arterial anastomoses was unaltered by prior radiation, but the patency rate in the venous anastomoses fell to 54 percent after high doses of prior radiation.", "contents": "Experimental microvascular anastomoses in radiated vessels: a study of the patency rate and the histopathology of healing. A study of microvascular surgery in radiated tissue is presented. The radiation damage to the vessels and its consequence on the histopathology of blood vessel healing is discussed. The main difficulty encountered was the radiation-induced fibrosis in the perivascular tissues. The patency rate in ther arterial anastomoses was unaltered by prior radiation, but the patency rate in the venous anastomoses fell to 54 percent after high doses of prior radiation.", "PMID": 424461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12426", "title": "Extra-abdominal desmoid arising from a capsule around a silicone breast implant.", "content": "Musculo-aponeurotic fibromatosis is an extremely rare lesion in the breast, only 16 previous cases having been reported. The unilateral tumor in our patient occurred after subcutaneous mastectomy and bilateral placement of implants. The histological evidence suggests that this tumor arose from the capsule surrounding one of the implants.", "contents": "Extra-abdominal desmoid arising from a capsule around a silicone breast implant. Musculo-aponeurotic fibromatosis is an extremely rare lesion in the breast, only 16 previous cases having been reported. The unilateral tumor in our patient occurred after subcutaneous mastectomy and bilateral placement of implants. The histological evidence suggests that this tumor arose from the capsule surrounding one of the implants.", "PMID": 424469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12427", "title": "Clinical consequences of chronic primal scene exposure.", "content": "The author presents a phenomenological survey of the symptomatic, characterological, and transference manifestations observed in five male and five female patients who had spent the first three to twelve years of their lives in the parental bedroom. While chronic primal scene exposure is seen in these cases as not having produced any single specific psychopathological sequelae, certain sexual disturbances, split self-representation phenomena, etc., seem to have been primarily (though not solely) determined by these early exposures.", "contents": "Clinical consequences of chronic primal scene exposure. The author presents a phenomenological survey of the symptomatic, characterological, and transference manifestations observed in five male and five female patients who had spent the first three to twelve years of their lives in the parental bedroom. While chronic primal scene exposure is seen in these cases as not having produced any single specific psychopathological sequelae, certain sexual disturbances, split self-representation phenomena, etc., seem to have been primarily (though not solely) determined by these early exposures.", "PMID": 424472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12428", "title": "Chance, ambiguity, and psychological mindedness.", "content": "The inability to believe in chance occurrences and an intolerance of ambiguity in the external world are often the outward manifestations of poor psychological mindedness. Such attitudes are frequently accompanied by beliefs in the occult and the mystical. It is suggested that these factors be considered when an individual is being evaluated for analytic treatment.", "contents": "Chance, ambiguity, and psychological mindedness. The inability to believe in chance occurrences and an intolerance of ambiguity in the external world are often the outward manifestations of poor psychological mindedness. Such attitudes are frequently accompanied by beliefs in the occult and the mystical. It is suggested that these factors be considered when an individual is being evaluated for analytic treatment.", "PMID": 424473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12429", "title": "On the concept and consequences of the primal scene.", "content": "The concept of the primal scene is in need of redefinition and clarification. The primal scene is not identical with its regressive transformations or later derivatives. Because of the different implications for normal development and for psychopathology, the primal scene as a universal fantasy should be differentiated from the primal scene as real experience. The effects of exposure to the primal scene are considered in relation to the developmental level of the child, other problems in the parent-child relationship, and cultural attitudes.", "contents": "On the concept and consequences of the primal scene. The concept of the primal scene is in need of redefinition and clarification. The primal scene is not identical with its regressive transformations or later derivatives. Because of the different implications for normal development and for psychopathology, the primal scene as a universal fantasy should be differentiated from the primal scene as real experience. The effects of exposure to the primal scene are considered in relation to the developmental level of the child, other problems in the parent-child relationship, and cultural attitudes.", "PMID": 424474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12430", "title": "Mental transitional spheres.", "content": "The human being may be considered to have mental transitional spheres in which the sifting, transforming, intensifying, and inhibiting of stimuli are initiated. Stimuli essential to the development of the psychic apparatus are converted in the mental transitional spheres into a form that will enable them to exert the appropriate influence on the ego. Optimal ego development cannot take place without the proper functioning of these spheres. Thus, the mental transitional spheres are essential for the development of psychic functions and defenses.", "contents": "Mental transitional spheres. The human being may be considered to have mental transitional spheres in which the sifting, transforming, intensifying, and inhibiting of stimuli are initiated. Stimuli essential to the development of the psychic apparatus are converted in the mental transitional spheres into a form that will enable them to exert the appropriate influence on the ego. Optimal ego development cannot take place without the proper functioning of these spheres. Thus, the mental transitional spheres are essential for the development of psychic functions and defenses.", "PMID": 424475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12431", "title": "Skin conductance responsivity during acute episodes of schizophrenia as a predictor of symptomatic improvement.", "content": "Skin conductance responses to a series of tones were measured in 41 patients during an acute episode of schizophrenia before they received treatment and after 4 weeks of treatment with either alpha-flupenthixol, beta-flupenthixol or placebo. Patients who did not habituate to the tones prior to treatment tended to show no symptomatic improvement during the course of treatment. Patients who habituated and also showed an acute onset of their current symptoms ('Feighner negative' patients) showed a marked improvement even without active medication. Skin conductance responsivity did not change with improvement in symptoms alone, but decreased in patients on active medication (alpha-flupenthixol). Non-habituation of skin conductance and insidious onset (i.e. fulfilment of the Feighner criteria) were found to be independent predictors of poor outcome. Taken together, these criteria may define a group of patients with particularly poor prognosis.", "contents": "Skin conductance responsivity during acute episodes of schizophrenia as a predictor of symptomatic improvement. Skin conductance responses to a series of tones were measured in 41 patients during an acute episode of schizophrenia before they received treatment and after 4 weeks of treatment with either alpha-flupenthixol, beta-flupenthixol or placebo. Patients who did not habituate to the tones prior to treatment tended to show no symptomatic improvement during the course of treatment. Patients who habituated and also showed an acute onset of their current symptoms ('Feighner negative' patients) showed a marked improvement even without active medication. Skin conductance responsivity did not change with improvement in symptoms alone, but decreased in patients on active medication (alpha-flupenthixol). Non-habituation of skin conductance and insidious onset (i.e. fulfilment of the Feighner criteria) were found to be independent predictors of poor outcome. Taken together, these criteria may define a group of patients with particularly poor prognosis.", "PMID": 424477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12432", "title": "Corticosteroid and growth hormone responses to methylamphetamine in depressive illness.", "content": "It is suggested that, if depressed patients have deficient noradrenergic function at central alpha-adrenergic receptors, then they will also have impaired corticosteroid responses to methylamphetamine but unaltered growth hormone responses. This prediction has been confirmed when the responses of a group of patients with endogenous depression were compared with the responses of a group of patients with other functional psychoses, a group of patients with reactive depression, and a group of patients with other psychiatric diagnoses. These findings support the hypothesis that there is a functional deficiency of noradrenaline at some central alpha-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "Corticosteroid and growth hormone responses to methylamphetamine in depressive illness. It is suggested that, if depressed patients have deficient noradrenergic function at central alpha-adrenergic receptors, then they will also have impaired corticosteroid responses to methylamphetamine but unaltered growth hormone responses. This prediction has been confirmed when the responses of a group of patients with endogenous depression were compared with the responses of a group of patients with other functional psychoses, a group of patients with reactive depression, and a group of patients with other psychiatric diagnoses. These findings support the hypothesis that there is a functional deficiency of noradrenaline at some central alpha-adrenergic receptors.", "PMID": 424478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12433", "title": "Multicompartmental analysis of amino acids. III. Tyrosine in affective disorder.", "content": "Multicompartmental studies of tyrosine in patients suffering from affective disorders and controls gave estimates of 2 major pools of amino acid, together with the associated fractional clearance rates and fluxes. The 2 pools were considered provisionally to represent extracellular and intracellular tyrosine. The concentration of tyrosine in plasma (representing the extracellular pool) and fractional clearance rates from this compartment were normal in ill and recovered patients. The observed abnormalities were confined to the intracellular compartment and consisted of low concentrations of tyrosine in both depressed and recovered patients. In addition, fractional clearance rates from the intracellular compartment were raised in the depressed patients but had returned to normal after recovery. A comparison of these data with those of a similar study of tryptophan described previously suggested that alterations in compartmental volume or dietary differences could not explain the 2 sets of findings. The disturbances in tryptophan metabolism in unipolar affective disorder had led to reduced amounts of this amino acid in the extracellular space. In contrast, the concentration of tyrosine in this compartment was normal, presumably as a result of a metabolic adjustment to the lower amounts found in the intracellular pool. The presence of illness-dependent and illness-independent alterations in tyrosine metabolism in unipolar affective disorder, together with the earlier findings for tryptophan, may have a bearing on the aetiology of the illness.", "contents": "Multicompartmental analysis of amino acids. III. Tyrosine in affective disorder. Multicompartmental studies of tyrosine in patients suffering from affective disorders and controls gave estimates of 2 major pools of amino acid, together with the associated fractional clearance rates and fluxes. The 2 pools were considered provisionally to represent extracellular and intracellular tyrosine. The concentration of tyrosine in plasma (representing the extracellular pool) and fractional clearance rates from this compartment were normal in ill and recovered patients. The observed abnormalities were confined to the intracellular compartment and consisted of low concentrations of tyrosine in both depressed and recovered patients. In addition, fractional clearance rates from the intracellular compartment were raised in the depressed patients but had returned to normal after recovery. A comparison of these data with those of a similar study of tryptophan described previously suggested that alterations in compartmental volume or dietary differences could not explain the 2 sets of findings. The disturbances in tryptophan metabolism in unipolar affective disorder had led to reduced amounts of this amino acid in the extracellular space. In contrast, the concentration of tyrosine in this compartment was normal, presumably as a result of a metabolic adjustment to the lower amounts found in the intracellular pool. The presence of illness-dependent and illness-independent alterations in tyrosine metabolism in unipolar affective disorder, together with the earlier findings for tryptophan, may have a bearing on the aetiology of the illness.", "PMID": 424479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12434", "title": "A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire.", "content": "This study reports the factor structure of the symptoms comprising the General Health Questionnaire when it is completed in a primary care setting. A shorter, 28-item GHQ is proposed consisting of 4 subscales: somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression. Preliminary data concerning the validity of these scales are presented, and the performance of the whole 28-item questionnaire as a screening test is evaluated. The factor structure of the symptomatology is found to be very similar for 3 independent sets of data.", "contents": "A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. This study reports the factor structure of the symptoms comprising the General Health Questionnaire when it is completed in a primary care setting. A shorter, 28-item GHQ is proposed consisting of 4 subscales: somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression. Preliminary data concerning the validity of these scales are presented, and the performance of the whole 28-item questionnaire as a screening test is evaluated. The factor structure of the symptomatology is found to be very similar for 3 independent sets of data.", "PMID": 424481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12435", "title": "The use of the Visual Analogue Mood and Alert Scales in diagnosing hospitalized affective psychoses.", "content": "A consecutive series of 90 admissions of functional patients was examined with the Present State Examination (PSE). Based primarily on PSE findings together with previously published diagnostic criteria, we identified 11 clear or index cases of schizophrenia, 12 of affective psychoses, and 12 of neurotic/personality disorders. All patients were given daily 2 analogue scales, one measuring mood and the other alertness. Among the index cases, the depressives were distinguished by low scores on both scales and the manics by high scores. There was little overlap in the distribution of the scores among the diagnostic groups, suggesting that these scales might be effective psychological markers of clear affective versus clear non-affective functional disorders. Among the undiagnosed cases, those with low or high scores on both scales resembled index affectives phenomenologically, clinically, and demographically. The scores of the 'affective-like' patients overlapped little with those of the 'non-affective-like' patients. The scales therefore might be practical diagnostic aids.", "contents": "The use of the Visual Analogue Mood and Alert Scales in diagnosing hospitalized affective psychoses. A consecutive series of 90 admissions of functional patients was examined with the Present State Examination (PSE). Based primarily on PSE findings together with previously published diagnostic criteria, we identified 11 clear or index cases of schizophrenia, 12 of affective psychoses, and 12 of neurotic/personality disorders. All patients were given daily 2 analogue scales, one measuring mood and the other alertness. Among the index cases, the depressives were distinguished by low scores on both scales and the manics by high scores. There was little overlap in the distribution of the scores among the diagnostic groups, suggesting that these scales might be effective psychological markers of clear affective versus clear non-affective functional disorders. Among the undiagnosed cases, those with low or high scores on both scales resembled index affectives phenomenologically, clinically, and demographically. The scores of the 'affective-like' patients overlapped little with those of the 'non-affective-like' patients. The scales therefore might be practical diagnostic aids.", "PMID": 424482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12436", "title": "Psychiatrists' models of mental illness and their personal backgrounds.", "content": "Seventy-nine junior psychiatrists at the Maudsley Hospital answered 16 biographical questions and a 68-item questionnaire measuring attitudes to the psychoanalytical, biological, social, behavioural, and anti-medical models of mental illness. The psychoanalytical model was the most clearly defined and its adherents the most dogmatic, while those supporting the social model were the most eclectic. Sex, social class, education and political sympathy proved a poor guide to the orientation of the respondent. Individuals who had decided on a career in psychiatry before entering medical school were the most critical of the biological model. Biologically minded psychiatrists were older and, in contrast to Kreitman's findings, there was a shift from a psychoanalytical to a biological preference with increasing psychiatric experience. The importance of scientific attitudes in psychiatry was endorsed by biologically and behaviourally inclined psychiatrists but denigrated by supporters of the analytical approach. Adherents of the psychoanalytical model had as many academic qualifications as the biologically inclined, but had fewer publications and were less active in research. It appears that interest in psychoanalysis is antipathetic to the development of scientific attitudes conducive to research.", "contents": "Psychiatrists' models of mental illness and their personal backgrounds. Seventy-nine junior psychiatrists at the Maudsley Hospital answered 16 biographical questions and a 68-item questionnaire measuring attitudes to the psychoanalytical, biological, social, behavioural, and anti-medical models of mental illness. The psychoanalytical model was the most clearly defined and its adherents the most dogmatic, while those supporting the social model were the most eclectic. Sex, social class, education and political sympathy proved a poor guide to the orientation of the respondent. Individuals who had decided on a career in psychiatry before entering medical school were the most critical of the biological model. Biologically minded psychiatrists were older and, in contrast to Kreitman's findings, there was a shift from a psychoanalytical to a biological preference with increasing psychiatric experience. The importance of scientific attitudes in psychiatry was endorsed by biologically and behaviourally inclined psychiatrists but denigrated by supporters of the analytical approach. Adherents of the psychoanalytical model had as many academic qualifications as the biologically inclined, but had fewer publications and were less active in research. It appears that interest in psychoanalysis is antipathetic to the development of scientific attitudes conducive to research.", "PMID": 424483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12437", "title": "The question of hormonal influences on intellectual development: growth hormone.", "content": "Contrary to expectations based on findings of enhanced brain development and learning in rats after prenatal growth-hormone administration, a sample of patients with growth-hormone deficiency of early onset did not show impairment of mental abilities when tested with standard intelligence tests. We conclude from our findings, as well as from other clinical reports, that growth-hormone deficiency of onset does probably not interfere with normal human brain development.", "contents": "The question of hormonal influences on intellectual development: growth hormone. Contrary to expectations based on findings of enhanced brain development and learning in rats after prenatal growth-hormone administration, a sample of patients with growth-hormone deficiency of early onset did not show impairment of mental abilities when tested with standard intelligence tests. We conclude from our findings, as well as from other clinical reports, that growth-hormone deficiency of onset does probably not interfere with normal human brain development.", "PMID": 424485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12438", "title": "Reduced caloric intake following small bowel bypass surgery: a systematic study of possible causes.", "content": "Food intake, appetite and a variety of feelings were measured pre- and post-operatively in obese patients undergoing jejuno-ileal bypass surgery. Decreased food intake correlated closely with the amount of weight loss at both 4 and 30 months after surgery. Malabsorption correlated with weight loss at 4 months but not 30 months post-operatively. The cause of the decreased food intake is unknown and cannot be completely explained by either depression, nausea, malabsorption, liver disease, an attempt to avert diarrhoea, or decreased appetite.", "contents": "Reduced caloric intake following small bowel bypass surgery: a systematic study of possible causes. Food intake, appetite and a variety of feelings were measured pre- and post-operatively in obese patients undergoing jejuno-ileal bypass surgery. Decreased food intake correlated closely with the amount of weight loss at both 4 and 30 months after surgery. Malabsorption correlated with weight loss at 4 months but not 30 months post-operatively. The cause of the decreased food intake is unknown and cannot be completely explained by either depression, nausea, malabsorption, liver disease, an attempt to avert diarrhoea, or decreased appetite.", "PMID": 424487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12439", "title": "Psychological aspects of dialysis: a semantic differential study.", "content": "As a consequence of technological advances over the last 15 years, patients suffering from terminal renal failure are now being kept alive for considerable periods of time, either by renal haemodialysis or, where appropriate and possible, by renal transplantation. The former necessarily imposes restrictions on the patients' lives which may be manifest at various levels. The basic aim of the study to be reported was to conduct an exploratory investigation of the psychological impact of dialysis on such patients, together with some of the factors that may influence their reactions to it. Using a Semantic Differential technique, 21 patients on dialysis were compared with a group of 21 healthy control subjects in terms of the personal meaning of selected concepts. Both groups were then subdivided on the basis of age, sex and, in the case of the patients, in terms of length of time on dialysis. Subgroup comparisons were then conducted. The findings suggest various hypotheses which have both theoretical and clinical implications.", "contents": "Psychological aspects of dialysis: a semantic differential study. As a consequence of technological advances over the last 15 years, patients suffering from terminal renal failure are now being kept alive for considerable periods of time, either by renal haemodialysis or, where appropriate and possible, by renal transplantation. The former necessarily imposes restrictions on the patients' lives which may be manifest at various levels. The basic aim of the study to be reported was to conduct an exploratory investigation of the psychological impact of dialysis on such patients, together with some of the factors that may influence their reactions to it. Using a Semantic Differential technique, 21 patients on dialysis were compared with a group of 21 healthy control subjects in terms of the personal meaning of selected concepts. Both groups were then subdivided on the basis of age, sex and, in the case of the patients, in terms of length of time on dialysis. Subgroup comparisons were then conducted. The findings suggest various hypotheses which have both theoretical and clinical implications.", "PMID": 424489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12440", "title": "The prognostic significance of psychological factors in the management of chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Eighty-three chronic obstructive bronchitic patients were psychologically assessed before being randomly allocated to 1 of 3 management regimes. The following measures were taken: psychiatric disturbance, personality, social-desirability response set, vocabulary, expectations about treatment, attitudes and beliefs about bronchitis, effect of patient's bronchitis on the family, work, self, physical exercise, smoking, and general health. Outcome was assessed after one month and again one year later, and the measures included physiological tests of lung functioning, an exercise tolerance test, reported symptoms, time off work, drop-out, and death. Contrary to expectations, it was found that psychological variables had some prognostic significance for outcome assessed by medical measures of illness severity. More important was the finding that, in bronchitics under retiring age, weeks off work during the year of the study could be predicted by psychological variables but not by physiological measures of illness severity.", "contents": "The prognostic significance of psychological factors in the management of chronic bronchitis. Eighty-three chronic obstructive bronchitic patients were psychologically assessed before being randomly allocated to 1 of 3 management regimes. The following measures were taken: psychiatric disturbance, personality, social-desirability response set, vocabulary, expectations about treatment, attitudes and beliefs about bronchitis, effect of patient's bronchitis on the family, work, self, physical exercise, smoking, and general health. Outcome was assessed after one month and again one year later, and the measures included physiological tests of lung functioning, an exercise tolerance test, reported symptoms, time off work, drop-out, and death. Contrary to expectations, it was found that psychological variables had some prognostic significance for outcome assessed by medical measures of illness severity. More important was the finding that, in bronchitics under retiring age, weeks off work during the year of the study could be predicted by psychological variables but not by physiological measures of illness severity.", "PMID": 424490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12441", "title": "Psychophysiologic disorders: a critical appraisal of concept and theory illustrated with reference to the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).", "content": "The concept of psychophysiologic disorders and the major theories invented to account for such disorders are critically reviewed. The Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) serves to illustrate the application of each theory and provides a vehicle for their appraisal. The tendency to think of 'physical' and 'psychological' as separate entities rather than separate languages has led to attempts to make a categorical distinction between disorders caused by 'psychological' factors and those caused by 'physical' factors. Some of the theories developed to account for psychophysiologic disorders are unscientific and none can adequately account for all the features of IBS. It is concluded that the concept of psychophysiologic or psychosomatic disorder is outmoded.", "contents": "Psychophysiologic disorders: a critical appraisal of concept and theory illustrated with reference to the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The concept of psychophysiologic disorders and the major theories invented to account for such disorders are critically reviewed. The Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) serves to illustrate the application of each theory and provides a vehicle for their appraisal. The tendency to think of 'physical' and 'psychological' as separate entities rather than separate languages has led to attempts to make a categorical distinction between disorders caused by 'psychological' factors and those caused by 'physical' factors. Some of the theories developed to account for psychophysiologic disorders are unscientific and none can adequately account for all the features of IBS. It is concluded that the concept of psychophysiologic or psychosomatic disorder is outmoded.", "PMID": 424491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12442", "title": "Angiographic ablation of parathyroid adenomas.", "content": "Six mediastinal parathyroid adenomas were stained by infusing contrast agent through a catheter wedged in the feeding artery. Adenomas in the first three cases were stained unintentionally with small volumes of dilute contrast media and hypercalcemia recurred within 3 to 6 months. In the next three patients, adenomas were deliberately stained with larger doses of concentrated contrast media and these patients have remained normocalcemic from 2 to 18 months following staining. The permanency of parathyroid ablation following deliberate staining with contrast media has not been established.", "contents": "Angiographic ablation of parathyroid adenomas. Six mediastinal parathyroid adenomas were stained by infusing contrast agent through a catheter wedged in the feeding artery. Adenomas in the first three cases were stained unintentionally with small volumes of dilute contrast media and hypercalcemia recurred within 3 to 6 months. In the next three patients, adenomas were deliberately stained with larger doses of concentrated contrast media and these patients have remained normocalcemic from 2 to 18 months following staining. The permanency of parathyroid ablation following deliberate staining with contrast media has not been established.", "PMID": 424518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12443", "title": "Reflux esophagitis: radiographic and endoscopic correlation.", "content": "Although the value of endoscopy in reflux esophagitis is accepted, the role of radiology has not been well defined. The radiographic and endoscopic findings in 75 patients were correlated. A grading system was employed to stage the severity of involvement. Thirty-five appeared normal on endoscopy and 40 had esophagitis of differing stages of severity. The results indicate that radiography is insensitive in mild degrees of inflammation but that its sensitivity and accuracy improves in more severe grades of esophagitis.", "contents": "Reflux esophagitis: radiographic and endoscopic correlation. Although the value of endoscopy in reflux esophagitis is accepted, the role of radiology has not been well defined. The radiographic and endoscopic findings in 75 patients were correlated. A grading system was employed to stage the severity of involvement. Thirty-five appeared normal on endoscopy and 40 had esophagitis of differing stages of severity. The results indicate that radiography is insensitive in mild degrees of inflammation but that its sensitivity and accuracy improves in more severe grades of esophagitis.", "PMID": 424519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12444", "title": "Desirability of roentgen esophageal examination immediately after pneumatic dilatation for achalasia.", "content": "Although infrequent, esophageal rupture is a serious complication of pneumatic dilatation for the treatment of achalasia. Because of an experience with delayed recognition of esophageal perforation in a patient with achalasia, we now examine the esophagus using a water-soluble contrast medium immediately following every pneumatic dilatation. This technique allows immediate detection of esophageal perforation.", "contents": "Desirability of roentgen esophageal examination immediately after pneumatic dilatation for achalasia. Although infrequent, esophageal rupture is a serious complication of pneumatic dilatation for the treatment of achalasia. Because of an experience with delayed recognition of esophageal perforation in a patient with achalasia, we now examine the esophagus using a water-soluble contrast medium immediately following every pneumatic dilatation. This technique allows immediate detection of esophageal perforation.", "PMID": 424520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12445", "title": "Duodenal tuberculosis.", "content": "Duodenal tuberculosis is a very rare disease and is usually associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis. These patients may present with symptoms and initial radiographic findings of pyloric canal obstruction. Hypotonic duodenography may reveal a submucosal mass with no other specific changes. The lesion is unpredictable. It may respond to medical therapy but it may also progress and require surgical intervention.", "contents": "Duodenal tuberculosis. Duodenal tuberculosis is a very rare disease and is usually associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis. These patients may present with symptoms and initial radiographic findings of pyloric canal obstruction. Hypotonic duodenography may reveal a submucosal mass with no other specific changes. The lesion is unpredictable. It may respond to medical therapy but it may also progress and require surgical intervention.", "PMID": 424521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12446", "title": "Noncalcified echinococcal liver cyst.", "content": "A large echinococcal cyst containing clear fluid was seen as a lucent defect within the liver on the plain radiograph. It had no fatty or calcific contents. No similar cases could be found in the literature.", "contents": "Noncalcified echinococcal liver cyst. A large echinococcal cyst containing clear fluid was seen as a lucent defect within the liver on the plain radiograph. It had no fatty or calcific contents. No similar cases could be found in the literature.", "PMID": 424522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12447", "title": "Percutaneous cholecystostomy and cholangiography in patients with obstructive jaundice.", "content": "Direct puncture and drainage of the gallbladder were found to be feasible in a patient with obstructive jaundice. The technique appears to be safe and free of major complications, even in patients considered to be extremely poor surgical risks.", "contents": "Percutaneous cholecystostomy and cholangiography in patients with obstructive jaundice. Direct puncture and drainage of the gallbladder were found to be feasible in a patient with obstructive jaundice. The technique appears to be safe and free of major complications, even in patients considered to be extremely poor surgical risks.", "PMID": 424523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12448", "title": "Effects of furosemide on renal venous plasma renin activity.", "content": "A control study comparing plasma renin activity (PRA) in the renal vein and the inferior vena cava was performed in 50 hypertensive patients before and after furosemide stimulation. In unilateral renal arterial stenosis, furosemide was found to stimulate secretion by the normal kidney more than by the ischemic kidney. When a renal venin PRA ratio of 1.5 or higher was used for lateralization, rates of 30% false-negatives and 60% false-positive resulted. Acute stimulation of renin by furosemide does not increase the predictive value of renal venous renin measurements and may actually result in a higher percentage of false-negatives.", "contents": "Effects of furosemide on renal venous plasma renin activity. A control study comparing plasma renin activity (PRA) in the renal vein and the inferior vena cava was performed in 50 hypertensive patients before and after furosemide stimulation. In unilateral renal arterial stenosis, furosemide was found to stimulate secretion by the normal kidney more than by the ischemic kidney. When a renal venin PRA ratio of 1.5 or higher was used for lateralization, rates of 30% false-negatives and 60% false-positive resulted. Acute stimulation of renin by furosemide does not increase the predictive value of renal venous renin measurements and may actually result in a higher percentage of false-negatives.", "PMID": 424524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12449", "title": "Percutaneous iliofemoral angioplasty via the contralateral femoral artery.", "content": "Using a flexible balloon catheter, transluminal angioplasty of the lower extremities may be performed via a puncture of the contralateral extremity. Five cases which illustrate the usefulness of this technique are presented. It provides access to lesions not amenable to ipsilateral puncture, avoids the need to compress the dilated artery, and decreases the risk of significant hematoma formation.", "contents": "Percutaneous iliofemoral angioplasty via the contralateral femoral artery. Using a flexible balloon catheter, transluminal angioplasty of the lower extremities may be performed via a puncture of the contralateral extremity. Five cases which illustrate the usefulness of this technique are presented. It provides access to lesions not amenable to ipsilateral puncture, avoids the need to compress the dilated artery, and decreases the risk of significant hematoma formation.", "PMID": 424525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12450", "title": "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with the Gr\u00fcntzig balloon catheter.", "content": "The results of an ongoing five-year study of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease are presented. A balloon catheter was used for iliac and superficial femoral and popliteal artery dilatation. Forty out of 43 procedures performed were considered to have initial success, with iliac angioplasty showing a greater success rate (96%) than superficial femoral angioplasty (90%). Complications requiring surgical intervention occurred in only 3 patients. Advantages of this technique include local anesthesia, early ambulation, reduced hospital stay, and reproducibility.", "contents": "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with the Gr\u00fcntzig balloon catheter. The results of an ongoing five-year study of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease are presented. A balloon catheter was used for iliac and superficial femoral and popliteal artery dilatation. Forty out of 43 procedures performed were considered to have initial success, with iliac angioplasty showing a greater success rate (96%) than superficial femoral angioplasty (90%). Complications requiring surgical intervention occurred in only 3 patients. Advantages of this technique include local anesthesia, early ambulation, reduced hospital stay, and reproducibility.", "PMID": 424526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12451", "title": "Angiography of the hemophilic joint.", "content": "Angiography in the hemophilic patient is a safe and reliable procedure for recognition of surgically treatable vascular abnormalities. When untreated, these abnormalities can cause repeated bleeding and progressive joint destruction.", "contents": "Angiography of the hemophilic joint. Angiography in the hemophilic patient is a safe and reliable procedure for recognition of surgically treatable vascular abnormalities. When untreated, these abnormalities can cause repeated bleeding and progressive joint destruction.", "PMID": 424527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12452", "title": "Posterior lumbar apophyseal fractures.", "content": "The radiographic findings in 4 patients with fractures of the lumbar vertebral ring apophysis are reported. All patients had a bony ridge or fragment projecting into the spinal canal, usually from the lower border of L4; a defect in the postero-inferior aspect of the vertebral body; and either an anterior extradural impression or complete blockage on the myelogram. Computed tomography was performed on one patient and appears to be helpful in demonstrating bone within the spinal canal. Preoperative diagnosis can facilitate selection of the appropriate surgical approach.", "contents": "Posterior lumbar apophyseal fractures. The radiographic findings in 4 patients with fractures of the lumbar vertebral ring apophysis are reported. All patients had a bony ridge or fragment projecting into the spinal canal, usually from the lower border of L4; a defect in the postero-inferior aspect of the vertebral body; and either an anterior extradural impression or complete blockage on the myelogram. Computed tomography was performed on one patient and appears to be helpful in demonstrating bone within the spinal canal. Preoperative diagnosis can facilitate selection of the appropriate surgical approach.", "PMID": 424528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12453", "title": "The relationship of patient waiting time to capacity and utilization in emergency room radiology.", "content": "The relationship between patient waiting time and capacity and utilization is quantified. By deciding upon the average acceptable and maximum allowable waiting times, the required capacity and resulting utilization rate are fixed. The data needed for analysis include waiting time, patient volume, time required for specific types of examinations, and technologist and equipment capacity. Cost reduction is achieved without adversely affecting waiting time if volume variability can be reduced. Steps to increase productivity should also be considered as a means of reducing cost per examination, given the cost structure in emergency room radiology and the personnel costs.", "contents": "The relationship of patient waiting time to capacity and utilization in emergency room radiology. The relationship between patient waiting time and capacity and utilization is quantified. By deciding upon the average acceptable and maximum allowable waiting times, the required capacity and resulting utilization rate are fixed. The data needed for analysis include waiting time, patient volume, time required for specific types of examinations, and technologist and equipment capacity. Cost reduction is achieved without adversely affecting waiting time if volume variability can be reduced. Steps to increase productivity should also be considered as a means of reducing cost per examination, given the cost structure in emergency room radiology and the personnel costs.", "PMID": 424530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12454", "title": "The barium-enema examination and rectal manometry in Hirschsprung disease.", "content": "Barium-enema studies and rectal manometry were clearly shown complementary in diagnosing Hirschsprung disease. Of 27 patients studied, 19 had positive barium-enema and rectal manometric studies and were proved histologically to have Hirschsprung disease. Three had positive barium-enemas but normal rectal manometric studies in the first 10 days of life; later manometric studies were positive, and all 3 were subsequently proved to have Hirschsprung disease. Three patients had negative barium-enema and positive manometric studies and were proved to have low segment Hirschsprung disease. If both studies indicate the disease, rectal biopsy is not necessary before surgery.", "contents": "The barium-enema examination and rectal manometry in Hirschsprung disease. Barium-enema studies and rectal manometry were clearly shown complementary in diagnosing Hirschsprung disease. Of 27 patients studied, 19 had positive barium-enema and rectal manometric studies and were proved histologically to have Hirschsprung disease. Three had positive barium-enemas but normal rectal manometric studies in the first 10 days of life; later manometric studies were positive, and all 3 were subsequently proved to have Hirschsprung disease. Three patients had negative barium-enema and positive manometric studies and were proved to have low segment Hirschsprung disease. If both studies indicate the disease, rectal biopsy is not necessary before surgery.", "PMID": 424531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12455", "title": "Intestinal pseudo-obstruction in mucocutaneous lymph-node syndrome.", "content": "Mucocutaneous lymph-node syndrome (MCLS) is an acute exanthem with specific clinical features, sometimes complicated by involvement of internal organs. Two patients with MCLS had clinical and radiographic evidence of mechanical small-bowel obstruction, probably on the basis of focal vascular insufficiency, as anatomic obstruction was not documented in either instance. The cases indicate that intestinal involvement in patients with MCLS can simulate intestinal obstruction, and conservative management of such patients is appropriate.", "contents": "Intestinal pseudo-obstruction in mucocutaneous lymph-node syndrome. Mucocutaneous lymph-node syndrome (MCLS) is an acute exanthem with specific clinical features, sometimes complicated by involvement of internal organs. Two patients with MCLS had clinical and radiographic evidence of mechanical small-bowel obstruction, probably on the basis of focal vascular insufficiency, as anatomic obstruction was not documented in either instance. The cases indicate that intestinal involvement in patients with MCLS can simulate intestinal obstruction, and conservative management of such patients is appropriate.", "PMID": 424532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12456", "title": "Factors affecting the measurement of renal length.", "content": "The variation in kidney length between the 1-minute radiograph (centered over the kidney) and the 5-minute study (centered over the mid-abdomen) was evaluated on 100 random excretory urograms. When both kidneys were measurable, the change in kidney size was discordant in 40%. Most such changes are due to changes in geometry, differences in centering, or changes in the angle of the kidney with respiration. These alterations are of much greater magnitude than the reported swelling of the kidney due to contrast medium. Since there is practically no relation between the time of injection and changes in renal image size, it makes no difference whether the 1-minute or 5-minute radiograph is selected for measurement.", "contents": "Factors affecting the measurement of renal length. The variation in kidney length between the 1-minute radiograph (centered over the kidney) and the 5-minute study (centered over the mid-abdomen) was evaluated on 100 random excretory urograms. When both kidneys were measurable, the change in kidney size was discordant in 40%. Most such changes are due to changes in geometry, differences in centering, or changes in the angle of the kidney with respiration. These alterations are of much greater magnitude than the reported swelling of the kidney due to contrast medium. Since there is practically no relation between the time of injection and changes in renal image size, it makes no difference whether the 1-minute or 5-minute radiograph is selected for measurement.", "PMID": 424533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12457", "title": "Midline circular defect of the sternum.", "content": "A case of a midline circular defect of the sternum is presented. This may represent a localized fusion anomaly.", "contents": "Midline circular defect of the sternum. A case of a midline circular defect of the sternum is presented. This may represent a localized fusion anomaly.", "PMID": 424534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12458", "title": "Tracheal compression by a normal aorta associated with right lung agenesis.", "content": "A case of tracheal compression by a normal aorta deviated to the right with a shift of the heart due to right lung agenesis is presented. The condition was diagnosed by chest fluoroscopy and corrected surgically. The increased mortality associated with right versus left lung agenesis may be due to tracheal compression by a normal aorta in some cases.", "contents": "Tracheal compression by a normal aorta associated with right lung agenesis. A case of tracheal compression by a normal aorta deviated to the right with a shift of the heart due to right lung agenesis is presented. The condition was diagnosed by chest fluoroscopy and corrected surgically. The increased mortality associated with right versus left lung agenesis may be due to tracheal compression by a normal aorta in some cases.", "PMID": 424535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12459", "title": "Intracranial cysts.", "content": "While CT scanning is useful for diagnosis of hydrocephalus and fluid-containing intracranial cysts, air studies are often necessary to determine whether the cysts communicate with the ventricular or subarachnoid space. When obstructive hydrocephalus results, decompression of the cyst is normally adequate. Hydrocephalus not caused by a cyst still requires decompression, but in addition the cyst has to be treated. Until the exact pathways of absorption of water-soluble contrast media such as metrizamide are fully understood, it may be advisable not to administer them into the ventricles in patients with obstructive hydrocephalus. A combination of CT and air studies may offer information not obtainable with either modality alone.", "contents": "Intracranial cysts. While CT scanning is useful for diagnosis of hydrocephalus and fluid-containing intracranial cysts, air studies are often necessary to determine whether the cysts communicate with the ventricular or subarachnoid space. When obstructive hydrocephalus results, decompression of the cyst is normally adequate. Hydrocephalus not caused by a cyst still requires decompression, but in addition the cyst has to be treated. Until the exact pathways of absorption of water-soluble contrast media such as metrizamide are fully understood, it may be advisable not to administer them into the ventricles in patients with obstructive hydrocephalus. A combination of CT and air studies may offer information not obtainable with either modality alone.", "PMID": 424536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12460", "title": "Computed tomography of arachnoid cysts.", "content": "The typical CT appearance of intracranial arachnoid cysts may obviate additional neuroradiological procedures. Ventriculography using water-soluble contrast media may differentiate a suprasellar arachnoid cyst from a dilated third ventricle. Twelve cases are presented.", "contents": "Computed tomography of arachnoid cysts. The typical CT appearance of intracranial arachnoid cysts may obviate additional neuroradiological procedures. Ventriculography using water-soluble contrast media may differentiate a suprasellar arachnoid cyst from a dilated third ventricle. Twelve cases are presented.", "PMID": 424537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12461", "title": "Metrizamide and radionuclide cisternography in communicating hydrocephalus.", "content": "Simultaneous 111In-DPTA and metrizamide CT cisternography correlated closely in the qualitative imaging of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics in 9 normal patients and in 11 patients thought to have communicating hydrocephalus. CSF clearance of both tracers was similar; significant absorption occurred in the spinal dural sac. Although delayed elevated serum iodine levels correlated highly with abnormal persistent ventricular penetration (detection at 48 hours), these levels cannot be used to predict abnormal ventricular stasis. The pattern of ventricular and cortical sulcus enlargement on the plain CT scan did not indicate whether the dynamic metrizamide cisternogram would be normal or abnormal.", "contents": "Metrizamide and radionuclide cisternography in communicating hydrocephalus. Simultaneous 111In-DPTA and metrizamide CT cisternography correlated closely in the qualitative imaging of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics in 9 normal patients and in 11 patients thought to have communicating hydrocephalus. CSF clearance of both tracers was similar; significant absorption occurred in the spinal dural sac. Although delayed elevated serum iodine levels correlated highly with abnormal persistent ventricular penetration (detection at 48 hours), these levels cannot be used to predict abnormal ventricular stasis. The pattern of ventricular and cortical sulcus enlargement on the plain CT scan did not indicate whether the dynamic metrizamide cisternogram would be normal or abnormal.", "PMID": 424538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12462", "title": "Computed tomography of craniocerebral injury in the abused child.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 26 infants and children with craniocerebral trauma related to abuse during a 41-month period. The pattern of brain injury differed from that seen in the nonabused traumatized infant or child. Parieto-occipital acute interhemispheric subdural hematoma (AIHSH) with associated parenchymal injury was the most frequent finding (58%). Follow-up by CT in patients with AIHSH demonstrated infarction in half and cerebral atrophy in all.", "contents": "Computed tomography of craniocerebral injury in the abused child. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 26 infants and children with craniocerebral trauma related to abuse during a 41-month period. The pattern of brain injury differed from that seen in the nonabused traumatized infant or child. Parieto-occipital acute interhemispheric subdural hematoma (AIHSH) with associated parenchymal injury was the most frequent finding (58%). Follow-up by CT in patients with AIHSH demonstrated infarction in half and cerebral atrophy in all.", "PMID": 424539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12463", "title": "Normal cord in infants and children examined with computed tomographic metrizamide myelography.", "content": "Computed tomographic metrizamide myelography (CTMM) was performed on 25 infants and children and 2 adults with normal spinal cords. Both the cord and the cauda equina were precisely outlined. The most detailed information was obtained with a small window setting, with the image subsequently magnified and color-reversed. Hounsfield-unit measurements alone were inaccurate. Advantages of CTMM include: high accuracy in demonstrating the intrathecal contents of the spine; less need for general anesthesia; and the need for a smaller amount of water-soluble contrast material than in conventional myelography. In selected cases of intraspinal abnormality in children, CTMM is recommended.", "contents": "Normal cord in infants and children examined with computed tomographic metrizamide myelography. Computed tomographic metrizamide myelography (CTMM) was performed on 25 infants and children and 2 adults with normal spinal cords. Both the cord and the cauda equina were precisely outlined. The most detailed information was obtained with a small window setting, with the image subsequently magnified and color-reversed. Hounsfield-unit measurements alone were inaccurate. Advantages of CTMM include: high accuracy in demonstrating the intrathecal contents of the spine; less need for general anesthesia; and the need for a smaller amount of water-soluble contrast material than in conventional myelography. In selected cases of intraspinal abnormality in children, CTMM is recommended.", "PMID": 424540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12464", "title": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of renal carcinoma complicating Hippel-Lindau syndrome.", "content": "Four patients on long-term follow-up for Hippel-Lindau syndrome (HLS) are presented. All had undergone nephrectomy for renal carcinoma; in 2, carcinoma subsequently developed in the remaining kidney. Because of the tendency of these tumors to develop bilaterally, wide local resection is preferable to radical nephrectomy if the tumors can be diagnosed when small and noninvasive. CT is currently the most accurate method of regularly screening patients with HLS for asymptomatic renal carcinoma.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of renal carcinoma complicating Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Four patients on long-term follow-up for Hippel-Lindau syndrome (HLS) are presented. All had undergone nephrectomy for renal carcinoma; in 2, carcinoma subsequently developed in the remaining kidney. Because of the tendency of these tumors to develop bilaterally, wide local resection is preferable to radical nephrectomy if the tumors can be diagnosed when small and noninvasive. CT is currently the most accurate method of regularly screening patients with HLS for asymptomatic renal carcinoma.", "PMID": 424541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12465", "title": "Inferior vena cava duplication: demonstration by computed tomography.", "content": "Two cases demonstrating the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of inferior vena cava (IVC) duplication are presented, and the embryological, clinical, and radiological significance are discussed. Knowledge of caval anomalies can prevent misinterpretation of mediastinal masses, iliac occlusion with venous collaterals, or paravertebral lymph node enlargement. A duplicated IVC can be distinguished from para-aortic lymphadenopathy either by recognition of renal vein drainage or through intravenous contrast enhancement of the venae cavae.", "contents": "Inferior vena cava duplication: demonstration by computed tomography. Two cases demonstrating the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of inferior vena cava (IVC) duplication are presented, and the embryological, clinical, and radiological significance are discussed. Knowledge of caval anomalies can prevent misinterpretation of mediastinal masses, iliac occlusion with venous collaterals, or paravertebral lymph node enlargement. A duplicated IVC can be distinguished from para-aortic lymphadenopathy either by recognition of renal vein drainage or through intravenous contrast enhancement of the venae cavae.", "PMID": 424542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12466", "title": "Computed tomographic evaluation of para-aortic hematoma following translumbar aortography.", "content": "Computed tomography provides an objective means of studying needle passage and para-aortic hematoma formation following translumbar aortography (TLA). CT scans from the puncture site to the aortic entry site were done in 13 patients before and after catheter removal to evaluate the incidence and extent of hematoma formation. Eleven (87%) demonstrated para-aortic hematomas following TLA; 8 were confined to the left para-aortic area and 3 involved both sides. The catheter passed through the left kidney in one patient; however, no hematoma was observed.", "contents": "Computed tomographic evaluation of para-aortic hematoma following translumbar aortography. Computed tomography provides an objective means of studying needle passage and para-aortic hematoma formation following translumbar aortography (TLA). CT scans from the puncture site to the aortic entry site were done in 13 patients before and after catheter removal to evaluate the incidence and extent of hematoma formation. Eleven (87%) demonstrated para-aortic hematomas following TLA; 8 were confined to the left para-aortic area and 3 involved both sides. The catheter passed through the left kidney in one patient; however, no hematoma was observed.", "PMID": 424544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12467", "title": "Ultrasonic detection of myocardial infarction by amplitude analysis.", "content": "Myocardial infarctions were produced in dogs by occluding the left anterior descending artery; the dogs were killed at varying times, from 30 minutes to 8 days. Prior to sacrifice, Thioflavin S was injected intravenously. The excised heart was scanned by a B-scanner interfaced with a computer that permitted quantification of signal amplitude. The heart was sectioned, photographed, and studied pathologically. Infarcted myocardium showed high ultrasonic reflectivity with average amplitudes 1.4--2.6 times that of normal muscle. Perfusion-histomorphologic evidence of infarction correlated best in infarcts of 24 hours or less; older infarcts were generally underestimated. Tissue changes, sources of false-positive and false-negative findings, signal processing, and potential clinical utility are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonic detection of myocardial infarction by amplitude analysis. Myocardial infarctions were produced in dogs by occluding the left anterior descending artery; the dogs were killed at varying times, from 30 minutes to 8 days. Prior to sacrifice, Thioflavin S was injected intravenously. The excised heart was scanned by a B-scanner interfaced with a computer that permitted quantification of signal amplitude. The heart was sectioned, photographed, and studied pathologically. Infarcted myocardium showed high ultrasonic reflectivity with average amplitudes 1.4--2.6 times that of normal muscle. Perfusion-histomorphologic evidence of infarction correlated best in infarcts of 24 hours or less; older infarcts were generally underestimated. Tissue changes, sources of false-positive and false-negative findings, signal processing, and potential clinical utility are discussed.", "PMID": 424545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12468", "title": "Ultrasonography of the diaphragmatic crura.", "content": "The diaphragmatic crura are being recognized with increasing frequency on routine sonograms. In a study of 100 random patients the right crus was seen in parasagittal scans in 50% of patients and in transverse scans in approximately 90%. The left crus was not specifically identified on parasagittal scans, but was visible in about 50% of patients on transverse scans. Longitudinal coronal approaches can significantly improve visualization of the crura.", "contents": "Ultrasonography of the diaphragmatic crura. The diaphragmatic crura are being recognized with increasing frequency on routine sonograms. In a study of 100 random patients the right crus was seen in parasagittal scans in 50% of patients and in transverse scans in approximately 90%. The left crus was not specifically identified on parasagittal scans, but was visible in about 50% of patients on transverse scans. Longitudinal coronal approaches can significantly improve visualization of the crura.", "PMID": 424546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12469", "title": "Portal and hepatic veins: accuracy of margin echoes for distinguishing intrahepatic vessels.", "content": "One hundred randomly selected sonograms were retrospectively reviewed to determine the accuracy of employing the margin characteristics of intrahepatic venous radicals to distinguish portal from hepatic veins; 99% of intrahepatic portal veins demonstrated high amplitude acoustic margins. However, one or more hepatic veins also had high amplitude acoustic margins in 29% of patients in whom intraparenchymal hepatic veins were identified. The authors conclude that an intrahepatic venous structure without an echogenic border is almost invariably an hepatic vein, although other anatomical features should be considered for proper classification of intrahepatic venous structures which demonstrate high amplitude echoes surrounding the lumen.", "contents": "Portal and hepatic veins: accuracy of margin echoes for distinguishing intrahepatic vessels. One hundred randomly selected sonograms were retrospectively reviewed to determine the accuracy of employing the margin characteristics of intrahepatic venous radicals to distinguish portal from hepatic veins; 99% of intrahepatic portal veins demonstrated high amplitude acoustic margins. However, one or more hepatic veins also had high amplitude acoustic margins in 29% of patients in whom intraparenchymal hepatic veins were identified. The authors conclude that an intrahepatic venous structure without an echogenic border is almost invariably an hepatic vein, although other anatomical features should be considered for proper classification of intrahepatic venous structures which demonstrate high amplitude echoes surrounding the lumen.", "PMID": 424547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12470", "title": "Ultrasonic demonstration of the pancreatic duct: an analysis of 41 cases.", "content": "Ultrasonically visualized pancreatic ducts seen in patients over two and a half years were reviewed. Pancreatic ducts ranging from 2 to 16 mm were identified in 41 patients. All proved to have pancreatic disease. Of these, 25 had inflammatory disease, including acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatolithiasis, and 16 had ampullary or pancreatic head tumors. There was no correlation between the pancreatic duct diameter and the underlying pathology. A careful search for tumor must be made in all patients in whom the pancreatic duct is demonstrated, using current gray-scale instrumentation.", "contents": "Ultrasonic demonstration of the pancreatic duct: an analysis of 41 cases. Ultrasonically visualized pancreatic ducts seen in patients over two and a half years were reviewed. Pancreatic ducts ranging from 2 to 16 mm were identified in 41 patients. All proved to have pancreatic disease. Of these, 25 had inflammatory disease, including acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatolithiasis, and 16 had ampullary or pancreatic head tumors. There was no correlation between the pancreatic duct diameter and the underlying pathology. A careful search for tumor must be made in all patients in whom the pancreatic duct is demonstrated, using current gray-scale instrumentation.", "PMID": 424548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12471", "title": "99mTc-IDA hepatobiliary imaging following upper abdominal surgery.", "content": "Bile flow patterns were studied with serial 99mTc-IDA images in 19 patients with cholecysto- and choledochointestinal anastomoses, gastroenteric bypasses, and combinations of the two. Complications such as anastomotic, afferent, and efferent loop obstruction and bile leakage were readily detected even in the presence of jaundice. This noninvasive technique warrants further investigation to determine its indications and weaknesses.", "contents": "99mTc-IDA hepatobiliary imaging following upper abdominal surgery. Bile flow patterns were studied with serial 99mTc-IDA images in 19 patients with cholecysto- and choledochointestinal anastomoses, gastroenteric bypasses, and combinations of the two. Complications such as anastomotic, afferent, and efferent loop obstruction and bile leakage were readily detected even in the presence of jaundice. This noninvasive technique warrants further investigation to determine its indications and weaknesses.", "PMID": 424549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12472", "title": "Krypton-81m: a better radiopharmaceutical for assessment of regional lung function in children.", "content": "Krypton-81m, an inert, radioactive gas with a physical half-life of 13 seconds was used to evaluate regional lung ventilation in 25 pediatric patients. The results suggest that Kr-81m has several advantages over previous methods employing xenon-133. These include: more favorable physical characteristics for imaging with present scintillation cameras; ease of performance of the examinations; improved resolution and multiple views with better detection and localization of abnormalities; and a much lower dose to the patient.", "contents": "Krypton-81m: a better radiopharmaceutical for assessment of regional lung function in children. Krypton-81m, an inert, radioactive gas with a physical half-life of 13 seconds was used to evaluate regional lung ventilation in 25 pediatric patients. The results suggest that Kr-81m has several advantages over previous methods employing xenon-133. These include: more favorable physical characteristics for imaging with present scintillation cameras; ease of performance of the examinations; improved resolution and multiple views with better detection and localization of abnormalities; and a much lower dose to the patient.", "PMID": 424550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12473", "title": "Diffuse pulmonary uptake of Indium-111 chloride in idiopathic myelofibrosis.", "content": "Unusual indium-111 accumulation and extramedullary hematopoiesis in the lungs of a patient with idiopathic myelofibrosis are described. The bone marrow scan taken 24 hours after intravenous injection of 111InCl3 faithfully depicted the abnormal distribution of marrow elements as assessed histologically at autopsy, thereby supporting the usefulness of 111InCl3 for marrow imaging.", "contents": "Diffuse pulmonary uptake of Indium-111 chloride in idiopathic myelofibrosis. Unusual indium-111 accumulation and extramedullary hematopoiesis in the lungs of a patient with idiopathic myelofibrosis are described. The bone marrow scan taken 24 hours after intravenous injection of 111InCl3 faithfully depicted the abnormal distribution of marrow elements as assessed histologically at autopsy, thereby supporting the usefulness of 111InCl3 for marrow imaging.", "PMID": 424551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12474", "title": "Multiple regions of absent bone mineral and marrow function in a patient with chronic renal failure.", "content": "99mTc-methylene diphosphonate bone mineral and 99mTc-sulfur colloid bone marrow studies were performed on a patient with chronic renal failure. Multiple regions of absent deposition of both radiotracers were noted, involving the right ilium, multiple ribs, and the manubrium. Radiographs of these bones were normal. The findings suggest absent regional perfusion of the involved bones.", "contents": "Multiple regions of absent bone mineral and marrow function in a patient with chronic renal failure. 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate bone mineral and 99mTc-sulfur colloid bone marrow studies were performed on a patient with chronic renal failure. Multiple regions of absent deposition of both radiotracers were noted, involving the right ilium, multiple ribs, and the manubrium. Radiographs of these bones were normal. The findings suggest absent regional perfusion of the involved bones.", "PMID": 424552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12475", "title": "67Ga-citrate uptake by the parotid glands in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Bilateral accumulation of 67Ga-citrate by the parotid glands was observed in 9 of 27 patients (33%) with sarcoidosis and in a subgroup of 12 with systemic symptoms such as fever or clinically acute, progressive disease (75%). Asymptomatic patients or those with probable sarcoidosis associated with hilar and/or paratracheal adenopathy will not have parotid uptake. Similarly, uptake seldom occurs in normal patients or in those with untreated lymphoma or Hodgkin disease. If other inflammatory or granulomatous processes such as tuberculosis can be excluded, and if there is no history of head and neck irradiation, then this finding in acutely ill patients suggests sarcoidosis.", "contents": "67Ga-citrate uptake by the parotid glands in sarcoidosis. Bilateral accumulation of 67Ga-citrate by the parotid glands was observed in 9 of 27 patients (33%) with sarcoidosis and in a subgroup of 12 with systemic symptoms such as fever or clinically acute, progressive disease (75%). Asymptomatic patients or those with probable sarcoidosis associated with hilar and/or paratracheal adenopathy will not have parotid uptake. Similarly, uptake seldom occurs in normal patients or in those with untreated lymphoma or Hodgkin disease. If other inflammatory or granulomatous processes such as tuberculosis can be excluded, and if there is no history of head and neck irradiation, then this finding in acutely ill patients suggests sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 424553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12476", "title": "Radiation therapy of pineal tumors.", "content": "The case histories of 58 patients irradiated for pineal tumors were reviewed to assess indications and radiotherapy techniques. The survival rates were 61% at five years and 58% at 10 years in all cases. The five-year survival rate was 85% for 21 patients with germinoma, 69% of 26 with tumors not histologically confirmed, and zero for patients with glioma and teratoma. Doses ranging from 1,500 to 1,699 rets with or without decompression definitely improve the prognosis in pineal tumors. Field size and changes in CT scans during radiotherapy are also discussed.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of pineal tumors. The case histories of 58 patients irradiated for pineal tumors were reviewed to assess indications and radiotherapy techniques. The survival rates were 61% at five years and 58% at 10 years in all cases. The five-year survival rate was 85% for 21 patients with germinoma, 69% of 26 with tumors not histologically confirmed, and zero for patients with glioma and teratoma. Doses ranging from 1,500 to 1,699 rets with or without decompression definitely improve the prognosis in pineal tumors. Field size and changes in CT scans during radiotherapy are also discussed.", "PMID": 424554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12477", "title": "X-ray absorption, speed, and luminescent efficiency of rare earth and other intensifying screens.", "content": "Seven new and two conventional screens were investigated. Measurements were performed at different energies of the photon fraction interacting in the screens, and energy losses due to escape of K-fluorescent radiations were calculated. The speed of the screens was dependent on the energy; this was primarily due to the fact that x-ray absorption is dependent on energy. Rare earth and other new screens absorb a maximum of 1.5 times as much energy and emit twice as much light as comparable calcium tungstate screens. Reabsorbed K-fluorescent radiations might contribute to image unsharpness in the new screens.", "contents": "X-ray absorption, speed, and luminescent efficiency of rare earth and other intensifying screens. Seven new and two conventional screens were investigated. Measurements were performed at different energies of the photon fraction interacting in the screens, and energy losses due to escape of K-fluorescent radiations were calculated. The speed of the screens was dependent on the energy; this was primarily due to the fact that x-ray absorption is dependent on energy. Rare earth and other new screens absorb a maximum of 1.5 times as much energy and emit twice as much light as comparable calcium tungstate screens. Reabsorbed K-fluorescent radiations might contribute to image unsharpness in the new screens.", "PMID": 424555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12478", "title": "Absorbed doses to patients and personnel from endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic (ERCP) examinations.", "content": "Radiation doses to the skin, bone marrow, and gonads were determined during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic examinations. Average patient entrance doses were 7.5, 4.9, 17.5 and 2.7 rads to the abdomen, back, and left lateral and right lateral positions, respectively. Mean active bone marrow dose was 0.4 rads and average gonadal dose was 0.2 rads. Spot radiographs and fluoroscopy provided equal contributions to patient dose. Patient entrance dose was less than that from abdominal angiography, and comparable to that from a typical upper-gastrointestinal series. The pancreatic dose was comparable to that from a radionuclide scan. Dose to personnel was negligible.", "contents": "Absorbed doses to patients and personnel from endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic (ERCP) examinations. Radiation doses to the skin, bone marrow, and gonads were determined during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic examinations. Average patient entrance doses were 7.5, 4.9, 17.5 and 2.7 rads to the abdomen, back, and left lateral and right lateral positions, respectively. Mean active bone marrow dose was 0.4 rads and average gonadal dose was 0.2 rads. Spot radiographs and fluoroscopy provided equal contributions to patient dose. Patient entrance dose was less than that from abdominal angiography, and comparable to that from a typical upper-gastrointestinal series. The pancreatic dose was comparable to that from a radionuclide scan. Dose to personnel was negligible.", "PMID": 424556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12479", "title": "Dosimetric evaluation of a computed tomography treatment system.", "content": "Pixel-by-pixel correction for tissue inhomogeneities was performed with a CT-interfaced treatment planning system. The CT number for each pixel was converted to a physical density. Comparison of the resulting data with dose measurements in a RANDO phantom shows that pixel calculation overestimates dose by 5--7% at locations adjoining the lung, where loss of scatter is not taken into account by the algorithm. However, the new system does have some advantages over conventional treatment planning systems.", "contents": "Dosimetric evaluation of a computed tomography treatment system. Pixel-by-pixel correction for tissue inhomogeneities was performed with a CT-interfaced treatment planning system. The CT number for each pixel was converted to a physical density. Comparison of the resulting data with dose measurements in a RANDO phantom shows that pixel calculation overestimates dose by 5--7% at locations adjoining the lung, where loss of scatter is not taken into account by the algorithm. However, the new system does have some advantages over conventional treatment planning systems.", "PMID": 424557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12480", "title": "Late radiation damage to pig skin.", "content": "The severity of skin contraction in a previously delimited treatment field has been used as a measure of late radiation damage to pig skin. Total treatment doses were given as 6, 14, and 30 fractions over 39 days or as 6 fractions over 18 days. Iso-effect curves for severe linear field contraction showed that no simple mathematical formula could be used to calculate safe \"tolerance\" doses when fractionation regimes were modified. The results do indicate that for a given level of acute damage, late damage was increased by changing from 5 to 2 fractions per week. These findings are similar to those obtained from surveys in man.", "contents": "Late radiation damage to pig skin. The severity of skin contraction in a previously delimited treatment field has been used as a measure of late radiation damage to pig skin. Total treatment doses were given as 6, 14, and 30 fractions over 39 days or as 6 fractions over 18 days. Iso-effect curves for severe linear field contraction showed that no simple mathematical formula could be used to calculate safe \"tolerance\" doses when fractionation regimes were modified. The results do indicate that for a given level of acute damage, late damage was increased by changing from 5 to 2 fractions per week. These findings are similar to those obtained from surveys in man.", "PMID": 424558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12481", "title": "Efficacy of the lateral view mammogram in the detection of breast malignancy.", "content": "Previous studies suggest that single-view lateral mammography alone results in a small decrease in detection of malignancies. Detection rates for lateral view only and two-view examinations in 200 cases (100 malignant, 100 nonmalignant) were compared. Four to six per cent of cases originally found positive were reinterpreted as negative in both situations. Preliminary findings suggest that the lateral view alone is sufficient, provided a second view is requested in suspicious cases.", "contents": "Efficacy of the lateral view mammogram in the detection of breast malignancy. Previous studies suggest that single-view lateral mammography alone results in a small decrease in detection of malignancies. Detection rates for lateral view only and two-view examinations in 200 cases (100 malignant, 100 nonmalignant) were compared. Four to six per cent of cases originally found positive were reinterpreted as negative in both situations. Preliminary findings suggest that the lateral view alone is sufficient, provided a second view is requested in suspicious cases.", "PMID": 424559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12482", "title": "Computed tomographic cavo-urography: lower-extremity contrast infusion simultaneous with computed tomography of the retroperitoneum.", "content": "Successful opacification and distention of the inferior vena cava was obtained simultaneously with computed tomography by contrast infusion through a lower-extremity vein. Images obtained by this method displayed retroperitoneal anatomical relationships to better advantage, permitting more accurate interpretation of the upper retroperitoneum, particularly in lymphoma.", "contents": "Computed tomographic cavo-urography: lower-extremity contrast infusion simultaneous with computed tomography of the retroperitoneum. Successful opacification and distention of the inferior vena cava was obtained simultaneously with computed tomography by contrast infusion through a lower-extremity vein. Images obtained by this method displayed retroperitoneal anatomical relationships to better advantage, permitting more accurate interpretation of the upper retroperitoneum, particularly in lymphoma.", "PMID": 424560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12483", "title": "Axial radiography of the spine: a projection for evaluation of the neural arches in children.", "content": "The axial projection of the spine is a useful view for evaluation of possible neural arch defects in children. The projection is easy to perform and allows visualization of the arches without confusing overlap by other structures.", "contents": "Axial radiography of the spine: a projection for evaluation of the neural arches in children. The axial projection of the spine is a useful view for evaluation of possible neural arch defects in children. The projection is easy to perform and allows visualization of the arches without confusing overlap by other structures.", "PMID": 424561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12484", "title": "An accessory patient table for multidirectional CT scanning.", "content": "An accessory patient table has been built to take better advantage of the 90-cm gantry opening of the Varian whole-body scanner. Coronal and sagittal scans of the head can be made routinely and comfortably.", "contents": "An accessory patient table for multidirectional CT scanning. An accessory patient table has been built to take better advantage of the 90-cm gantry opening of the Varian whole-body scanner. Coronal and sagittal scans of the head can be made routinely and comfortably.", "PMID": 424562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12485", "title": "Clear plastic cerebral manifolds. A replacement for opaque three-way stopcocks.", "content": "A Morse coronary manifold was modified for cerebral angiography. The modified unit permits easier identification of foreign particles which could form emboli. It also expedites the procedure by simplifying continuous irrigation and facilitating reloading of the injector.", "contents": "Clear plastic cerebral manifolds. A replacement for opaque three-way stopcocks. A Morse coronary manifold was modified for cerebral angiography. The modified unit permits easier identification of foreign particles which could form emboli. It also expedites the procedure by simplifying continuous irrigation and facilitating reloading of the injector.", "PMID": 424563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12486", "title": "Let us not lose echocardiography.", "content": "Despite the unquestioned value of echocardiography in the diagnosis of valvular disease, pericardial effusion, cardiomyopathy and many other cardiac conditions, few residency programs in radiology are offering training in echocardiography. Echocardiograms of the last 100 consecutive patients in a small community hospital demonstrated a surprising breadth of clinical material. Echocardiography should be included in every residency program lest our role in this technique is lost altogether.", "contents": "Let us not lose echocardiography. Despite the unquestioned value of echocardiography in the diagnosis of valvular disease, pericardial effusion, cardiomyopathy and many other cardiac conditions, few residency programs in radiology are offering training in echocardiography. Echocardiograms of the last 100 consecutive patients in a small community hospital demonstrated a surprising breadth of clinical material. Echocardiography should be included in every residency program lest our role in this technique is lost altogether.", "PMID": 424565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12487", "title": "The big rib sign: localization of basal pulmonary pathology in lateral projection utilizing differential magnification of the two hemithoraces.", "content": "Basal pulmonary pathology which silhouettes the hemidiaphragm in lateral view may not be detectable in routine postero-anterior projection. In such cases, correct lateralization of pathology to the left or right hemithorax depends on accurate identification of the silhouetted left and right hemidiaphragm in lateral view. A prospective analysis of the sensitivity and accuracy of five techniques for identifying the left and right hemidiaphragms in more than 100 patients revealed that the most accurate method for lateralizing juxtadiaphragmatic pathology was the \"big rib\" sign, a technique based upon the relative difference in magnification between the left and right ribs. Techniques based upon the visceral gas bubble or upon obscuration of the anterior portion of the left hemidiaphragm by the heart proved less useful. Techniques based upon the position and configuration of the major fissures or upon higher and lower position of the two hemidiaphragms were ineffective.", "contents": "The big rib sign: localization of basal pulmonary pathology in lateral projection utilizing differential magnification of the two hemithoraces. Basal pulmonary pathology which silhouettes the hemidiaphragm in lateral view may not be detectable in routine postero-anterior projection. In such cases, correct lateralization of pathology to the left or right hemithorax depends on accurate identification of the silhouetted left and right hemidiaphragm in lateral view. A prospective analysis of the sensitivity and accuracy of five techniques for identifying the left and right hemidiaphragms in more than 100 patients revealed that the most accurate method for lateralizing juxtadiaphragmatic pathology was the \"big rib\" sign, a technique based upon the relative difference in magnification between the left and right ribs. Techniques based upon the visceral gas bubble or upon obscuration of the anterior portion of the left hemidiaphragm by the heart proved less useful. Techniques based upon the position and configuration of the major fissures or upon higher and lower position of the two hemidiaphragms were ineffective.", "PMID": 424567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12488", "title": "Normal sellar variations in frontal tomograms.", "content": "Frontal tomograms of 100 normal sellae were examined. The sellar floor was usually flat or had a smooth central depression of less than 2 mm. Six per cent had a marked central depression. In such cases, the lateral angles of the sellar floor, usually rounded, may be sharp, so that the diagnosis of intrasellar lesions cannot be based on such alterations. Where one or more septa divided the sphenoid sinus asymmetrically, sellar floor configuration was modified in 21% of cases. The normal sellar floor may have a slope of up to 8 degrees, making analysis of subtle contour variations difficult.", "contents": "Normal sellar variations in frontal tomograms. Frontal tomograms of 100 normal sellae were examined. The sellar floor was usually flat or had a smooth central depression of less than 2 mm. Six per cent had a marked central depression. In such cases, the lateral angles of the sellar floor, usually rounded, may be sharp, so that the diagnosis of intrasellar lesions cannot be based on such alterations. Where one or more septa divided the sphenoid sinus asymmetrically, sellar floor configuration was modified in 21% of cases. The normal sellar floor may have a slope of up to 8 degrees, making analysis of subtle contour variations difficult.", "PMID": 424568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12489", "title": "The sella turcica in primary end organ failure.", "content": "Pituitary hyperplasia, or adenoma, may result from end or target organ failure as seen in primary hypothyroidism and hypogonadism. Associated enlargement of the sella turcica and contour alterations without significant increase in volume may be seen. A review was made of 12 patients with end organ failure demonstrating the spectrum of radiologic changes within the sella turcica. Recognition of pituitary enlargement resulting from end organ failure may eliminate unnecessary surgery.", "contents": "The sella turcica in primary end organ failure. Pituitary hyperplasia, or adenoma, may result from end or target organ failure as seen in primary hypothyroidism and hypogonadism. Associated enlargement of the sella turcica and contour alterations without significant increase in volume may be seen. A review was made of 12 patients with end organ failure demonstrating the spectrum of radiologic changes within the sella turcica. Recognition of pituitary enlargement resulting from end organ failure may eliminate unnecessary surgery.", "PMID": 424569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12490", "title": "The value of computed tomography in evaluating patients with prolactinomas.", "content": "The use of computed tomography (CT) in 28 patients with surgically proved prolactinomas is described. The authors' experience suggests that in evaluating patients with galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome, CT in combination with pluridirectional tomography usually provides sufficient information to make further invasive studies unnecessary. In selected cases with low-density areas within the sella as seen on CT, pneumoencephalography is still advisable to distinguish between the empty sella and the necrotic tumor. Angiography is still necessary to exclude vascular causes for suprasellar and parasellar masses such as aneurysms and meningiomas.", "contents": "The value of computed tomography in evaluating patients with prolactinomas. The use of computed tomography (CT) in 28 patients with surgically proved prolactinomas is described. The authors' experience suggests that in evaluating patients with galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome, CT in combination with pluridirectional tomography usually provides sufficient information to make further invasive studies unnecessary. In selected cases with low-density areas within the sella as seen on CT, pneumoencephalography is still advisable to distinguish between the empty sella and the necrotic tumor. Angiography is still necessary to exclude vascular causes for suprasellar and parasellar masses such as aneurysms and meningiomas.", "PMID": 424570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12491", "title": "Rapid high dose (RHD) contrast computed tomography of perisellar vessels.", "content": "The diagnostic accuracy of CT scanning in the sellar area can be improved by using a rapid high dose (RHD) contrast technique which visualizes the supraclinoid carotid arteries, cavernous sinus and vascular plexus of the infundibulum. The RHD technique is briefly described and the pertinent anatomy discussed and illustrated.", "contents": "Rapid high dose (RHD) contrast computed tomography of perisellar vessels. The diagnostic accuracy of CT scanning in the sellar area can be improved by using a rapid high dose (RHD) contrast technique which visualizes the supraclinoid carotid arteries, cavernous sinus and vascular plexus of the infundibulum. The RHD technique is briefly described and the pertinent anatomy discussed and illustrated.", "PMID": 424571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12492", "title": "Factors governing the course of emboli in the therapeutic embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations.", "content": "Many factors are involved in the therapeutic intra-arterial management of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) by embolization. If these factors could be better defined, the suitability of patients for embolization could be more accurately predicted. In 59 embolization procedures, the diameters of feeding arteries of AVMs were analyzed, and a critical diameter found below which emboli are likely to stray into normal vessels and above which embolization can be carried out with a greater chance of success. Neurologic complications occurred on 20 occasions, but most were temporary; in only 1 of 34 patients did a permanent incapacitating complication occur.", "contents": "Factors governing the course of emboli in the therapeutic embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Many factors are involved in the therapeutic intra-arterial management of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) by embolization. If these factors could be better defined, the suitability of patients for embolization could be more accurately predicted. In 59 embolization procedures, the diameters of feeding arteries of AVMs were analyzed, and a critical diameter found below which emboli are likely to stray into normal vessels and above which embolization can be carried out with a greater chance of success. Neurologic complications occurred on 20 occasions, but most were temporary; in only 1 of 34 patients did a permanent incapacitating complication occur.", "PMID": 424572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12493", "title": "Intrapetrous carotid artery branches: radioanatomic analysis.", "content": "Intrapetrous carotid artery branches were analyzed angiographically and anatomically. Such branches appeared in 23% of normal carotid angiograms and 38% of microsurgical dissections. These branches included the vidian artery and small periosteal arteries. The caroticotympanic artery was not clearly defined in either analysis. The vidian artery contributed to two separate vascular anastomoses: the first was within the mucosa of the posterior-superior nasopharynx, the latter was in the anterior nasopharynx via the artery of the pterygoid canal.", "contents": "Intrapetrous carotid artery branches: radioanatomic analysis. Intrapetrous carotid artery branches were analyzed angiographically and anatomically. Such branches appeared in 23% of normal carotid angiograms and 38% of microsurgical dissections. These branches included the vidian artery and small periosteal arteries. The caroticotympanic artery was not clearly defined in either analysis. The vidian artery contributed to two separate vascular anastomoses: the first was within the mucosa of the posterior-superior nasopharynx, the latter was in the anterior nasopharynx via the artery of the pterygoid canal.", "PMID": 424573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12494", "title": "Prolonged injection angiography for diagnosing intracranial cavernous hemangiomas.", "content": "A case of intracranial cavernous hemangioma displaying feeding arteries, tumor stains, and venous pools is presented. Tumors of this type may simulate avascular masses on angiography; however, when surgically excised, they bleed profusely. A correct preoperative diagnosis can help avoid unnecessary incisions. Prolonged injection angiography clearly depicts the tumors and their venous pools, which may be pathognomonic of cavernous hemangiomas.", "contents": "Prolonged injection angiography for diagnosing intracranial cavernous hemangiomas. A case of intracranial cavernous hemangioma displaying feeding arteries, tumor stains, and venous pools is presented. Tumors of this type may simulate avascular masses on angiography; however, when surgically excised, they bleed profusely. A correct preoperative diagnosis can help avoid unnecessary incisions. Prolonged injection angiography clearly depicts the tumors and their venous pools, which may be pathognomonic of cavernous hemangiomas.", "PMID": 424574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12495", "title": "Computed tomography of masses in the lacrimal gland region.", "content": "Twenty patients with mass lesions in the lacrimal gland region were evaluated with computed tomography (CT). The extent of the mass and its relationship to the globe, optic nerve, and extraocular muscles were clearly seen. The CT appearance on plain scan and the presence or absence of contrast enhancement, bone involvement, and cystic components often suggested the specific pathological diagnosis. Although orbital ultrasonography and CT were frequently complementary, ultrasonography was more definitive in inflammatory diseases, while CT demonstrated better extraorbital extension.", "contents": "Computed tomography of masses in the lacrimal gland region. Twenty patients with mass lesions in the lacrimal gland region were evaluated with computed tomography (CT). The extent of the mass and its relationship to the globe, optic nerve, and extraocular muscles were clearly seen. The CT appearance on plain scan and the presence or absence of contrast enhancement, bone involvement, and cystic components often suggested the specific pathological diagnosis. Although orbital ultrasonography and CT were frequently complementary, ultrasonography was more definitive in inflammatory diseases, while CT demonstrated better extraorbital extension.", "PMID": 424575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12496", "title": "Computed tomographic localization for fine needle aspiration biopsy of orbital tumors.", "content": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy techniques have recently been applied to the evaluation of orbital masses. Ultrasound and CT examination have been useful in accurately localizing and characterizing such lesions prior to biopsy. Small retrobulbar tumors may be difficult to biopsy using blind needling, despite accurate localization. Preliminary studies on cadaver orbits confirmed that successful biopsy of the normal optic nerve could be accomplished using direct CT guidance. The technique was applied to 2 patients with monocular blindness due to small infiltrating optic nerve tumors and a histologic diagnosis was obtained in each case. This low morbidity procedure though applicable to only a small group of patients may spare them the morbidity of an orbitiotomy or craniotomy.", "contents": "Computed tomographic localization for fine needle aspiration biopsy of orbital tumors. Fine needle aspiration biopsy techniques have recently been applied to the evaluation of orbital masses. Ultrasound and CT examination have been useful in accurately localizing and characterizing such lesions prior to biopsy. Small retrobulbar tumors may be difficult to biopsy using blind needling, despite accurate localization. Preliminary studies on cadaver orbits confirmed that successful biopsy of the normal optic nerve could be accomplished using direct CT guidance. The technique was applied to 2 patients with monocular blindness due to small infiltrating optic nerve tumors and a histologic diagnosis was obtained in each case. This low morbidity procedure though applicable to only a small group of patients may spare them the morbidity of an orbitiotomy or craniotomy.", "PMID": 424576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12497", "title": "Tethered spinal cord following meningomyelocele repair.", "content": "Of 16 consecutive patients with tethered spinal cord studied, most had undergone repair of a meningomyelocele. All were evaluated using somatosensory evoked potentials at 6 to 12-month intervals. Other possibilities include tethered filum terminale, lipomeningocele, membrana reuniens, and miscellaneous conditions (diastematomyelia, neurenteric cysts, etc.). Metrizamide myelography with polytomography was superior to gas myelography in showing a low-lying cord, obtuse nerve root angles, and a thin subarachnoid space between the cord and the dorsal meninges cephalad to the tether. Surgery is generally helpful in these patients.", "contents": "Tethered spinal cord following meningomyelocele repair. Of 16 consecutive patients with tethered spinal cord studied, most had undergone repair of a meningomyelocele. All were evaluated using somatosensory evoked potentials at 6 to 12-month intervals. Other possibilities include tethered filum terminale, lipomeningocele, membrana reuniens, and miscellaneous conditions (diastematomyelia, neurenteric cysts, etc.). Metrizamide myelography with polytomography was superior to gas myelography in showing a low-lying cord, obtuse nerve root angles, and a thin subarachnoid space between the cord and the dorsal meninges cephalad to the tether. Surgery is generally helpful in these patients.", "PMID": 424577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12498", "title": "Intraspinal metastases from retinoblastoma.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid seeding is a well-known mode of metastasis for intracranial neoplasms such as medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and glioblastoma; however, retinoblastoma is not usually considered. The route of spread appears to be by direct extension into the optic nerve from the retina and into the meningeal spaces by extension from the choroid, or along the central retinal vessels to the subarachnoid space. Four cases are presented.", "contents": "Intraspinal metastases from retinoblastoma. Cerebrospinal fluid seeding is a well-known mode of metastasis for intracranial neoplasms such as medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and glioblastoma; however, retinoblastoma is not usually considered. The route of spread appears to be by direct extension into the optic nerve from the retina and into the meningeal spaces by extension from the choroid, or along the central retinal vessels to the subarachnoid space. Four cases are presented.", "PMID": 424578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12499", "title": "The radiographic appearance of complications following Nissen fundoplication.", "content": "Seventy patients had an upper gastrointestinal examination following Nissen fundoplication for reflux esophagitis associated with hiatal hernia. Thirty-nine were asymptomatic and the fundoplication appeared normal. Of the 31 patients with symptoms (dysphagia, pain, or vomiting), 15 had spontaneous relief and demonstrated a normal postsurgical radiographic appearance of the stomach. The other 16 had both persistent symptoms and radiographic abnormalities, including 5 stenoses, 3 recurrent hernias, and 8 pouch deformities of the fundus. The roentgenographic features and etiology of these surgical failures are discussed and the importance of the radiographic examination in discerning successful surgical repair from failure despite similar postsurgical symptoms is stressed.", "contents": "The radiographic appearance of complications following Nissen fundoplication. Seventy patients had an upper gastrointestinal examination following Nissen fundoplication for reflux esophagitis associated with hiatal hernia. Thirty-nine were asymptomatic and the fundoplication appeared normal. Of the 31 patients with symptoms (dysphagia, pain, or vomiting), 15 had spontaneous relief and demonstrated a normal postsurgical radiographic appearance of the stomach. The other 16 had both persistent symptoms and radiographic abnormalities, including 5 stenoses, 3 recurrent hernias, and 8 pouch deformities of the fundus. The roentgenographic features and etiology of these surgical failures are discussed and the importance of the radiographic examination in discerning successful surgical repair from failure despite similar postsurgical symptoms is stressed.", "PMID": 424579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12500", "title": "Diagnostic ultrasound: effects on the DNA and growth patterns of animal cells.", "content": "The effects of diagnostic levels of ultrasound on DNA of HeLa cells included: increased immunoreactivity to antinucleoside antibodies in G1 cells, strongly suggestive of unwinding of the helix or single-strand break induction, and low levels of non-semiconservative synthesis in logarithmically growing cells treated with hydroxyurea, indicating repair synthesis. In the C3H mouse cell line 10T-1/2, Cl 8, loss of contact inhibition with a criss-crossed growth pattern was seen. In one experiment, tumors developed in syngeneic mice at the site of injection of ultrasonically treated cells. Ultrasound in the diagnostic range appears to cause detectable effects on DNA and growth patterns of animal cells.", "contents": "Diagnostic ultrasound: effects on the DNA and growth patterns of animal cells. The effects of diagnostic levels of ultrasound on DNA of HeLa cells included: increased immunoreactivity to antinucleoside antibodies in G1 cells, strongly suggestive of unwinding of the helix or single-strand break induction, and low levels of non-semiconservative synthesis in logarithmically growing cells treated with hydroxyurea, indicating repair synthesis. In the C3H mouse cell line 10T-1/2, Cl 8, loss of contact inhibition with a criss-crossed growth pattern was seen. In one experiment, tumors developed in syngeneic mice at the site of injection of ultrasonically treated cells. Ultrasound in the diagnostic range appears to cause detectable effects on DNA and growth patterns of animal cells.", "PMID": 424580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12501", "title": "Noninvasive diagnosis of prosthetic mitral valve malfunction.", "content": "A patient with a Kay-Shiley mitral prosthesis had abnormal intermittent systolic tilting of the prosthetic disc by cinefluoroscopy. Echocardiography revealed an abnormal \"atrial emptying index\" consistent with mitral obstruction. Catheterization revealed mitral regurgitation without stenosis. At surgery, there was no prosthetic orifice obstruction. It was concluded that the atrial emptying index may be abnormally low in prosthetic mitral regurgitation without stenosis.", "contents": "Noninvasive diagnosis of prosthetic mitral valve malfunction. A patient with a Kay-Shiley mitral prosthesis had abnormal intermittent systolic tilting of the prosthetic disc by cinefluoroscopy. Echocardiography revealed an abnormal \"atrial emptying index\" consistent with mitral obstruction. Catheterization revealed mitral regurgitation without stenosis. At surgery, there was no prosthetic orifice obstruction. It was concluded that the atrial emptying index may be abnormally low in prosthetic mitral regurgitation without stenosis.", "PMID": 424581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12502", "title": "The central uterine cavity echo: a useful anatomic sign in the ultrasonographic evaluation of the female pelvis.", "content": "The frequency with which the central uterine cavity was seen during gray-scale ultrasonography was evaluated both retrospectively (100 patients) and prospectively (20 patients). In the retrospective study, the echo was seen in 90% of patients; in the prospective study it was demonstrated 100% of the time. Of 30 patients with intrauterine pregnancies between three and twelve weeks fetal age, the echo was not seen on any scan. The demonstration of this echo can be diagnostically useful in excluding an intrauterine pregnancy or identifying the uterus when confusing pelvic pathology is present.", "contents": "The central uterine cavity echo: a useful anatomic sign in the ultrasonographic evaluation of the female pelvis. The frequency with which the central uterine cavity was seen during gray-scale ultrasonography was evaluated both retrospectively (100 patients) and prospectively (20 patients). In the retrospective study, the echo was seen in 90% of patients; in the prospective study it was demonstrated 100% of the time. Of 30 patients with intrauterine pregnancies between three and twelve weeks fetal age, the echo was not seen on any scan. The demonstration of this echo can be diagnostically useful in excluding an intrauterine pregnancy or identifying the uterus when confusing pelvic pathology is present.", "PMID": 424582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12503", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of abdominal gastrointestinal tract duplication in children.", "content": "Ultrasonographic evaluation of a suspected abdominal mass in children is becoming routine. Recognition of a rare congenital anomaly known as duplication of the gastrointestinal tract might aid in diagnosis and obviate the need for an extensive workup. Two cases are presented that clearly demonstrate the ultrasonographic spectrum of findings in this condition, ranging from a sonolucent cyst to an echogenic mass. An echogenic inner rim seen ultrasonographically is highly suggestive of the diagnosis.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of abdominal gastrointestinal tract duplication in children. Ultrasonographic evaluation of a suspected abdominal mass in children is becoming routine. Recognition of a rare congenital anomaly known as duplication of the gastrointestinal tract might aid in diagnosis and obviate the need for an extensive workup. Two cases are presented that clearly demonstrate the ultrasonographic spectrum of findings in this condition, ranging from a sonolucent cyst to an echogenic mass. An echogenic inner rim seen ultrasonographically is highly suggestive of the diagnosis.", "PMID": 424583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12504", "title": "Fetal pseudoascites.", "content": "A sonolucent band (pseudoascites) was retrospectively identified beneath the fetal abdominal wall in 39.7% of 141 normal obstetrical sonograms. In 12.6% of the examinations, the band was wide enough to be potentially confused with actual ascites. Pseudoascites was unrelated to fetal age or position, placental location, or equipment used. It was not reliably present on sequential examinations. The origin of this artifact remains unclear.", "contents": "Fetal pseudoascites. A sonolucent band (pseudoascites) was retrospectively identified beneath the fetal abdominal wall in 39.7% of 141 normal obstetrical sonograms. In 12.6% of the examinations, the band was wide enough to be potentially confused with actual ascites. Pseudoascites was unrelated to fetal age or position, placental location, or equipment used. It was not reliably present on sequential examinations. The origin of this artifact remains unclear.", "PMID": 424584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12505", "title": "Antepartum ultrasonic detection of multicystic kidney.", "content": "A multicystic fetal kidney was detected antepartum with gray-scale ultrasound. This appears to be the first proved case.", "contents": "Antepartum ultrasonic detection of multicystic kidney. A multicystic fetal kidney was detected antepartum with gray-scale ultrasound. This appears to be the first proved case.", "PMID": 424585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12506", "title": "Single injection thallium-201 stress and redistribution myocardial perfusion imaging: comparison with stress electrocardiography and coronary arteriography.", "content": "The efficacy of single injection thallium-201 exercise stress and rest redistribution imaging in the evaluation of myocardiacl ischemia was compared with stress electrocardiography and coronary arteriography. Thallium-201 imaging was interpreted at two levels of sensitivity in order to define the circumstances under which it best serves as a screening modality for coronary arteriography. With the prevalence of coronary disease usually found in patients referred for coronary arteriography (75%), unprocessed thallium-201 imaging is as good as stress electrocardiography in identifying patients apt to show coronary artery abnormalities, but not much better than stress electrocardiography in delineating those patients unlikely to show coronary artery disease. In contrast, processed lesion enhanced images showing normal results virtually eliminate the possibility of significant arteriographic findings. With this screening technique, many patients may be spared unnecessary coronary arteriography.", "contents": "Single injection thallium-201 stress and redistribution myocardial perfusion imaging: comparison with stress electrocardiography and coronary arteriography. The efficacy of single injection thallium-201 exercise stress and rest redistribution imaging in the evaluation of myocardiacl ischemia was compared with stress electrocardiography and coronary arteriography. Thallium-201 imaging was interpreted at two levels of sensitivity in order to define the circumstances under which it best serves as a screening modality for coronary arteriography. With the prevalence of coronary disease usually found in patients referred for coronary arteriography (75%), unprocessed thallium-201 imaging is as good as stress electrocardiography in identifying patients apt to show coronary artery abnormalities, but not much better than stress electrocardiography in delineating those patients unlikely to show coronary artery disease. In contrast, processed lesion enhanced images showing normal results virtually eliminate the possibility of significant arteriographic findings. With this screening technique, many patients may be spared unnecessary coronary arteriography.", "PMID": 424586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12507", "title": "Parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma.", "content": "The records of 27 patients with rhabdomyosarcoma involving the parameningeal area (nasopharynx, paranasal sinus, and middle ear) treated from 1961 to 1976 were reviewed. Due to the location of the primary tumor, radiation and chemotherapy were used but surgery was limited to simple biopsy. In the literature, spread of tumor from these primary sites to the meninges has been as high as 26-35%. In this series, meningeal disease developed in only 2 of the 27 patients (7%).", "contents": "Parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma. The records of 27 patients with rhabdomyosarcoma involving the parameningeal area (nasopharynx, paranasal sinus, and middle ear) treated from 1961 to 1976 were reviewed. Due to the location of the primary tumor, radiation and chemotherapy were used but surgery was limited to simple biopsy. In the literature, spread of tumor from these primary sites to the meninges has been as high as 26-35%. In this series, meningeal disease developed in only 2 of the 27 patients (7%).", "PMID": 424588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12508", "title": "Compton soft-tissue imaging and its capability expanded by direct magnification and Shinozaki color TV system.", "content": "To improve the spatial and density resolution of Compton radiography, the authors utilized direct magnification with a pin-hole collimator and contrast magnification with the Shinozaki color TV system, a digital color display. Great improvement was attained in spatial resolution. Contrast magnification resulted in sharp delineation of soft-tissue lesions including cancer and its infiltrations into normal surrounding breast tissue. It is expected that in the future, Compton radiography will have wide raiological application with reduced radiation dosage.", "contents": "Compton soft-tissue imaging and its capability expanded by direct magnification and Shinozaki color TV system. To improve the spatial and density resolution of Compton radiography, the authors utilized direct magnification with a pin-hole collimator and contrast magnification with the Shinozaki color TV system, a digital color display. Great improvement was attained in spatial resolution. Contrast magnification resulted in sharp delineation of soft-tissue lesions including cancer and its infiltrations into normal surrounding breast tissue. It is expected that in the future, Compton radiography will have wide raiological application with reduced radiation dosage.", "PMID": 424589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12509", "title": "The selection, acceptance testing, and quality control of radiotherapy treatment simulators.", "content": "The critical aspects of selection, acceptance testing, and quality control of a radiotherapy treatment simulator are discussed. The selection of a simulator involves consideration of: (a) motions and readouts, (b) safety features, (c) x-ray and imaging systems, and (d) mechanical tolerances (including guarantees). When considering motions, it is important to ascertain the extent of each motion, motorization and speed, control location, and the location accuracy, and type of scale. Important questions in x-ray system selection concern (a) x-ray generator ratings and phase, and (b) details of the x-ray tube and image intensification system.", "contents": "The selection, acceptance testing, and quality control of radiotherapy treatment simulators. The critical aspects of selection, acceptance testing, and quality control of a radiotherapy treatment simulator are discussed. The selection of a simulator involves consideration of: (a) motions and readouts, (b) safety features, (c) x-ray and imaging systems, and (d) mechanical tolerances (including guarantees). When considering motions, it is important to ascertain the extent of each motion, motorization and speed, control location, and the location accuracy, and type of scale. Important questions in x-ray system selection concern (a) x-ray generator ratings and phase, and (b) details of the x-ray tube and image intensification system.", "PMID": 424590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12510", "title": "Ceruletide-assisted cholecystography: a clinical assessment.", "content": "The cholecystokinetic effect of ceruletide, a synthetic decapeptide similar in action to cholecystokinin, was examined in both a randomized and nonrandomized study in 81 patients scheduled for routine oral cholecystograms. Intramuscular injection of ceruletide in a dose of 0.3 microgram/kg resulted in a mean maximum contraction of the gallbladder of 68% and a mean time until maximum contraction of 28 minutes. Visualization of the cystic duct occurred in 57 patients (70%); the common duct was seen in 67 (83%). Ceruletide demonstrated superior gallbladder contraction when compared to fatty meals and demonstrated no interference with a subsequent upper gastrointestinal series.", "contents": "Ceruletide-assisted cholecystography: a clinical assessment. The cholecystokinetic effect of ceruletide, a synthetic decapeptide similar in action to cholecystokinin, was examined in both a randomized and nonrandomized study in 81 patients scheduled for routine oral cholecystograms. Intramuscular injection of ceruletide in a dose of 0.3 microgram/kg resulted in a mean maximum contraction of the gallbladder of 68% and a mean time until maximum contraction of 28 minutes. Visualization of the cystic duct occurred in 57 patients (70%); the common duct was seen in 67 (83%). Ceruletide demonstrated superior gallbladder contraction when compared to fatty meals and demonstrated no interference with a subsequent upper gastrointestinal series.", "PMID": 424591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12511", "title": "Small electron beams in radiation therapy.", "content": "The use of lead cutouts to produce small beams in electron therapy results in a reduced dose to the patient. The authors investigated this effect for beams with energies less than 8 MeV and diameters of 3 cm or less. Dose measurements were obtained using film and an ionization chamber. Based on these values, corrections were established to account for dose reduction due to cutout spaces and air spaces between the end of the electron cone and the skin surface. Data were also obtained on the dose increase due to backscattering from internal eyeshields.", "contents": "Small electron beams in radiation therapy. The use of lead cutouts to produce small beams in electron therapy results in a reduced dose to the patient. The authors investigated this effect for beams with energies less than 8 MeV and diameters of 3 cm or less. Dose measurements were obtained using film and an ionization chamber. Based on these values, corrections were established to account for dose reduction due to cutout spaces and air spaces between the end of the electron cone and the skin surface. Data were also obtained on the dose increase due to backscattering from internal eyeshields.", "PMID": 424592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12512", "title": "A mathematical index of uniformity (IOU) for sensitivity and resolution.", "content": "The authors define a mathematically precise index of uniformity (IOU) and show that the IOU is a convenient tool to quantitate uniformity of sensitivity and resolution response for any given area of interest on the detector face. They also show that the IOU is an appropriate factor for weighing the mean values of sensitivity and resolution for nonuniformity of response; these weighted sensitivity and resolution factors are used to derive a weighted figure of merit which takes into account, in a single parameter, the nonuniformities of response inherent in the determination of sensitivity and resolution.", "contents": "A mathematical index of uniformity (IOU) for sensitivity and resolution. The authors define a mathematically precise index of uniformity (IOU) and show that the IOU is a convenient tool to quantitate uniformity of sensitivity and resolution response for any given area of interest on the detector face. They also show that the IOU is an appropriate factor for weighing the mean values of sensitivity and resolution for nonuniformity of response; these weighted sensitivity and resolution factors are used to derive a weighted figure of merit which takes into account, in a single parameter, the nonuniformities of response inherent in the determination of sensitivity and resolution.", "PMID": 424593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12513", "title": "Use of color display for selection of left ventricular regions of interest.", "content": "Scintigraphic images of the cardiac blood pool were displayed in color, with red indicating tracer distribution during diastole and green indicating systole. This display permits easy identification of vascular structures.", "contents": "Use of color display for selection of left ventricular regions of interest. Scintigraphic images of the cardiac blood pool were displayed in color, with red indicating tracer distribution during diastole and green indicating systole. This display permits easy identification of vascular structures.", "PMID": 424594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12514", "title": "Use of the Simmons \"Sidewinder\" femoral-cerebral catheter for abdominal angiography.", "content": "The authors describe a single catheter system which allows rapid, routine abdominal angiography. Selective and subselective studies are easily performed, and the catheter can be used without modification for Pitressin infusion and embolization.", "contents": "Use of the Simmons \"Sidewinder\" femoral-cerebral catheter for abdominal angiography. The authors describe a single catheter system which allows rapid, routine abdominal angiography. Selective and subselective studies are easily performed, and the catheter can be used without modification for Pitressin infusion and embolization.", "PMID": 424595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12515", "title": "New fine needle for cholangiography with optional sheath for decompression.", "content": "A 45-cm Chiba needle with a 20-cm sheath at the hub end has been used successfully for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in 10 patients, including chronic decompression in one patient. This method permits localization of the biliary tree, vascular structures, cysts, cavities, pelvocalyceal system, and tumors with a 22 gauge needle and allows placement of a larger catheter for drainage or a larger needle for biopsy if required. No complications were observed.", "contents": "New fine needle for cholangiography with optional sheath for decompression. A 45-cm Chiba needle with a 20-cm sheath at the hub end has been used successfully for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in 10 patients, including chronic decompression in one patient. This method permits localization of the biliary tree, vascular structures, cysts, cavities, pelvocalyceal system, and tumors with a 22 gauge needle and allows placement of a larger catheter for drainage or a larger needle for biopsy if required. No complications were observed.", "PMID": 424596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12516", "title": "Angiography of the femoral bifurcation: prediction of the correct oblique projection.", "content": "Evaluation of the origin of the deep femoral artery is important in planning treatment of ischemic disease of the lower extremity. While arteriography in the ipsilateral anterior oblique projection will adequately demonstrate the femoral bifurcation in 91% of cases, the posterior oblique projection will be necessary in 9%. Selection of the most useful oblique projection can be done by studying the AP arteriogram.", "contents": "Angiography of the femoral bifurcation: prediction of the correct oblique projection. Evaluation of the origin of the deep femoral artery is important in planning treatment of ischemic disease of the lower extremity. While arteriography in the ipsilateral anterior oblique projection will adequately demonstrate the femoral bifurcation in 91% of cases, the posterior oblique projection will be necessary in 9%. Selection of the most useful oblique projection can be done by studying the AP arteriogram.", "PMID": 424597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12517", "title": "Use of a programmable pocket calculator in radiotherapy treatment planning.", "content": "Software packages for a programmable pocket calculator have been developed for use in dosimetry. Using a field equation and a mathematical model of the beam profile, one can find the dose delivered to any point within the irradiated volume. Use of these programs for simple field calculations allows the radiologist to concentrate on more complex treatment plans.", "contents": "Use of a programmable pocket calculator in radiotherapy treatment planning. Software packages for a programmable pocket calculator have been developed for use in dosimetry. Using a field equation and a mathematical model of the beam profile, one can find the dose delivered to any point within the irradiated volume. Use of these programs for simple field calculations allows the radiologist to concentrate on more complex treatment plans.", "PMID": 424598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12518", "title": "Improved radioaerosol administration system for routine inhalation lung imaging.", "content": "An improved radioaerosol administration system has been developed to reduce the number of droplets larger than 2.0 micron in diameter which have caused abnormal hyperdeposition of inhaled aerosols in the large airways. The new system has achieved this goal by interposing a reservoir-setting bag in the aerosol delivery line between the nebulizer and the patient. The components are inexpensive, commercially available and easily assembled in any nuclear medicine service.", "contents": "Improved radioaerosol administration system for routine inhalation lung imaging. An improved radioaerosol administration system has been developed to reduce the number of droplets larger than 2.0 micron in diameter which have caused abnormal hyperdeposition of inhaled aerosols in the large airways. The new system has achieved this goal by interposing a reservoir-setting bag in the aerosol delivery line between the nebulizer and the patient. The components are inexpensive, commercially available and easily assembled in any nuclear medicine service.", "PMID": 424599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12519", "title": "Real-time computer verification for radiation therapy treatment machines.", "content": "A computer based verification system which monitors the operation of a 4-MV linear accelerator is described. Fourteen parameters can be checked for proper alignment prior to irradiation. A training simulator was also built to minimize interference with treatment schedules and to provide technicians with experience in using the system during the developmental stages of the project.", "contents": "Real-time computer verification for radiation therapy treatment machines. A computer based verification system which monitors the operation of a 4-MV linear accelerator is described. Fourteen parameters can be checked for proper alignment prior to irradiation. A training simulator was also built to minimize interference with treatment schedules and to provide technicians with experience in using the system during the developmental stages of the project.", "PMID": 424600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12520", "title": "The radiologic diagnosis of pituitary adenoma: an overview.", "content": "The author reviews the literature on the radiologic diagnosis of pituitary adenoma, including the studies by Bruneton et al., Danziger et al., and Dubois et al. in this issue. Computed tomography is the definitive radiologic diagnostic tool in large pituitary adenomas (1.5 cm or greater). Precision radiographic studies, endocrine correlation, and an understanding of the effect of sellar variations on radiographic images can yield a very high incidence of accurate recognition of pituitary microadenomas. Computed tomography portends an even greater diagnostic sensitivity.", "contents": "The radiologic diagnosis of pituitary adenoma: an overview. The author reviews the literature on the radiologic diagnosis of pituitary adenoma, including the studies by Bruneton et al., Danziger et al., and Dubois et al. in this issue. Computed tomography is the definitive radiologic diagnostic tool in large pituitary adenomas (1.5 cm or greater). Precision radiographic studies, endocrine correlation, and an understanding of the effect of sellar variations on radiographic images can yield a very high incidence of accurate recognition of pituitary microadenomas. Computed tomography portends an even greater diagnostic sensitivity.", "PMID": 424601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12521", "title": "Breast parenchymal patterns: prevalent and incident carcinomas.", "content": "Breast parenchymal patterns can be divided into four groups: N1, P1, P2 and DY. Although there is evidence that the P2-DY group favors the development of cancer, the risk classification changes when one considers prevalent vs. incident breast cancers. In a purely incident series, a gradual diminution will be seen in the number of N1-P1 cancer cases and a corresponding rise in cancer patients from the P2-DY group.", "contents": "Breast parenchymal patterns: prevalent and incident carcinomas. Breast parenchymal patterns can be divided into four groups: N1, P1, P2 and DY. Although there is evidence that the P2-DY group favors the development of cancer, the risk classification changes when one considers prevalent vs. incident breast cancers. In a purely incident series, a gradual diminution will be seen in the number of N1-P1 cancer cases and a corresponding rise in cancer patients from the P2-DY group.", "PMID": 424602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12522", "title": "The radiologic and clinical aspects of calcified hypernephroma.", "content": "The radiologic, pathologic, and clinical findings were reviewed in 18 patients with calcified hypernephroma and 6 with calcified benign renal lesions. Our results suggest: (a) that the pattern of calcification in a renal parenchymal lesion is of little assistance in diagnosis; in this series, many hypernephromas had peripheral curvilinear calcifications, and most benign renal lesions had internal amorphous calcifications; (b) that no distinct angiographic pattern exists in calcified hypernephroma, and a spectrum ranging from avascular to hypervascular may be identified; and (c) that these tumors may behave more benignly than uncalcified hypernephroma (5-year survival 78%).", "contents": "The radiologic and clinical aspects of calcified hypernephroma. The radiologic, pathologic, and clinical findings were reviewed in 18 patients with calcified hypernephroma and 6 with calcified benign renal lesions. Our results suggest: (a) that the pattern of calcification in a renal parenchymal lesion is of little assistance in diagnosis; in this series, many hypernephromas had peripheral curvilinear calcifications, and most benign renal lesions had internal amorphous calcifications; (b) that no distinct angiographic pattern exists in calcified hypernephroma, and a spectrum ranging from avascular to hypervascular may be identified; and (c) that these tumors may behave more benignly than uncalcified hypernephroma (5-year survival 78%).", "PMID": 424603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12523", "title": "Systemic venous blood return via the portal vein.", "content": "The patterns of collateral circulation which develop following obstruction of the inferior vena cava have been classically divided into three groups depending upon the level of obstruction, i.e., infrarenal, middle caval, and upper caval. The portal vein can play an active role at all three levels. Multiple potential routes to the portal vein are described and 6 cases are presented.", "contents": "Systemic venous blood return via the portal vein. The patterns of collateral circulation which develop following obstruction of the inferior vena cava have been classically divided into three groups depending upon the level of obstruction, i.e., infrarenal, middle caval, and upper caval. The portal vein can play an active role at all three levels. Multiple potential routes to the portal vein are described and 6 cases are presented.", "PMID": 424604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12524", "title": "Radiological evaluation of composite aortic grafts.", "content": "Aneurysm of the ascending aorta with aortic regurgitation is most commonly caused by cystic medial necrosis. Replacement of the aortic valve and diseased aorta with a composite graft and re-implantation of coronary arteries is the surgical treatment of choice at the authors' institution. The most important late complication of this procedure is hemorrhage at the anastomotic sites. Radiology plays an important role in the management of these patients. The angiographic appearance of cystic medial necrosis and the radiological features and postoperative complications of composite grafts in 15 patients are described.", "contents": "Radiological evaluation of composite aortic grafts. Aneurysm of the ascending aorta with aortic regurgitation is most commonly caused by cystic medial necrosis. Replacement of the aortic valve and diseased aorta with a composite graft and re-implantation of coronary arteries is the surgical treatment of choice at the authors' institution. The most important late complication of this procedure is hemorrhage at the anastomotic sites. Radiology plays an important role in the management of these patients. The angiographic appearance of cystic medial necrosis and the radiological features and postoperative complications of composite grafts in 15 patients are described.", "PMID": 424605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12525", "title": "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for treatment of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Four patients with typical renovascular hypertension due to atherosclerotic stenosis (3 patients) and near occlusion (one patient) were treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Two patients had malignant hypertension by clinical standards. All had significant reduction in blood pressure following angioplasty, resulting in either a normotensive state, or management with significantly less antihypertensive medication. Patency and normal renin levels were achieved within two months in 2 patients. Clinical follow-up documented continued reduction in blood pressure. Advantages of the procedure include local anesthesia, relatively little discomfort, repeatability, and the fact that surgery is not precluded if angioplasty is unsuccessful.", "contents": "Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for treatment of renovascular hypertension. Four patients with typical renovascular hypertension due to atherosclerotic stenosis (3 patients) and near occlusion (one patient) were treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Two patients had malignant hypertension by clinical standards. All had significant reduction in blood pressure following angioplasty, resulting in either a normotensive state, or management with significantly less antihypertensive medication. Patency and normal renin levels were achieved within two months in 2 patients. Clinical follow-up documented continued reduction in blood pressure. Advantages of the procedure include local anesthesia, relatively little discomfort, repeatability, and the fact that surgery is not precluded if angioplasty is unsuccessful.", "PMID": 424606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12526", "title": "Epinephrine renal venography in pseudotumors consisting of normal renal tissue.", "content": "Epinephrine renal venography was used to study mass-like enlargements of normal renal tissue in 4 kidneys (3 with prominent septa of Bertin and 1 with marked lobation) in 3 patients. Normal veins penetrating the pseudotumor were always present; the septa of Bertin also caused stretching of the interlobar veins. No encased or obstructed veins were observed. This technique may be of value in cases of suspected pseudotumor where arteriography and noninvasive procedures do not permit an unequivocal diagnosis.", "contents": "Epinephrine renal venography in pseudotumors consisting of normal renal tissue. Epinephrine renal venography was used to study mass-like enlargements of normal renal tissue in 4 kidneys (3 with prominent septa of Bertin and 1 with marked lobation) in 3 patients. Normal veins penetrating the pseudotumor were always present; the septa of Bertin also caused stretching of the interlobar veins. No encased or obstructed veins were observed. This technique may be of value in cases of suspected pseudotumor where arteriography and noninvasive procedures do not permit an unequivocal diagnosis.", "PMID": 424607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12527", "title": "The \"ring sign\" of necrotic pheochromocytoma.", "content": "Pheochromocytomas are usually hypervascular tumors exhibiting dense stain during angiography. The cystic nature of the neoplasm or tumor necrosis can result in failure of opacification of the mass or a central lucent area. Four cases of pheochromocytoma are described where a central avascular zone was surrounded by a dense rim of contrast, giving a \"ring sign.\" Since this appearance is best seen in the capillary and venous phases, delayed films are essential.", "contents": "The \"ring sign\" of necrotic pheochromocytoma. Pheochromocytomas are usually hypervascular tumors exhibiting dense stain during angiography. The cystic nature of the neoplasm or tumor necrosis can result in failure of opacification of the mass or a central lucent area. Four cases of pheochromocytoma are described where a central avascular zone was surrounded by a dense rim of contrast, giving a \"ring sign.\" Since this appearance is best seen in the capillary and venous phases, delayed films are essential.", "PMID": 424608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12528", "title": "Pedal venous pressure: correlation with presence and site of deep-venous abnormalities.", "content": "A prospective study of the predictive value of pedal venous pressure (PVP) in 100 consecutive cases is discussed. Deep-venous thrombosis is strongly suggested when PVP exceeds 31 cm of saline. The higher the PVP, the more proximal in location is the occluding thrombus.", "contents": "Pedal venous pressure: correlation with presence and site of deep-venous abnormalities. A prospective study of the predictive value of pedal venous pressure (PVP) in 100 consecutive cases is discussed. Deep-venous thrombosis is strongly suggested when PVP exceeds 31 cm of saline. The higher the PVP, the more proximal in location is the occluding thrombus.", "PMID": 424609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12529", "title": "Supine pedal venous measurement in patients with venous disease.", "content": "The measurement of supine pedal venous pressure as a screening test for deep venous thrombosis is re-evaluated. In 83 extremities studied in 50 patients, the false-positive rate was 62%, the false-negative rate 8%. Chronic venous disease, whatever its etiology but particularly in association with the post-phlebitis syndrome, can be a source of error in relying upon this measurement.", "contents": "Supine pedal venous measurement in patients with venous disease. The measurement of supine pedal venous pressure as a screening test for deep venous thrombosis is re-evaluated. In 83 extremities studied in 50 patients, the false-positive rate was 62%, the false-negative rate 8%. Chronic venous disease, whatever its etiology but particularly in association with the post-phlebitis syndrome, can be a source of error in relying upon this measurement.", "PMID": 424610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12530", "title": "Osteomyelitis in a neonatal intensive care unit.", "content": "Neonatal osteomyelitis presents with few clinical signs despite multiple sites of involvement. Four cases of osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans were encountered in a neonatal intensive care unit. Three were unsuspected clinically and were detected as incidental radiologic findings. The fourth presented with soft-tissue abscesses. Long bone metaphyses were most frequently affected. Other sites included iliac bones, clavicles, and spine. On follow-up the bones healed, but one patient was left with hip deformity secondary to destruction of the cartilaginous femoral heads and another patient developed obstructive hydrocephalus due to Candida ventriculitis. Complete skeletal survey is indicated in any infant with osteomyelitis at one site to seek additional silent areas of involvement.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis in a neonatal intensive care unit. Neonatal osteomyelitis presents with few clinical signs despite multiple sites of involvement. Four cases of osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans were encountered in a neonatal intensive care unit. Three were unsuspected clinically and were detected as incidental radiologic findings. The fourth presented with soft-tissue abscesses. Long bone metaphyses were most frequently affected. Other sites included iliac bones, clavicles, and spine. On follow-up the bones healed, but one patient was left with hip deformity secondary to destruction of the cartilaginous femoral heads and another patient developed obstructive hydrocephalus due to Candida ventriculitis. Complete skeletal survey is indicated in any infant with osteomyelitis at one site to seek additional silent areas of involvement.", "PMID": 424611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12531", "title": "Normal variants of the sella turcica.", "content": "Complete study of the sella turcica requires multidirectional tomography. The authors have studied 200 radiographs of normal adults and noted the percentage of variants of each anatomical feature on both standard radiographs and tomograms. The greatest drawback of the standard radiograph is the difficulty in objectively evaluating the effect of pneumatization and/or a septum of the sphenoid sinus on the sellar floor. In this series the floor was concave in 58% of patients, flat in 32.5%, and convex in 9.5%. Lesions which simulate erosion of the posteromedial part of the lamina dura correspond to thinning of the central portion of the base of the dorsum sellae.", "contents": "Normal variants of the sella turcica. Complete study of the sella turcica requires multidirectional tomography. The authors have studied 200 radiographs of normal adults and noted the percentage of variants of each anatomical feature on both standard radiographs and tomograms. The greatest drawback of the standard radiograph is the difficulty in objectively evaluating the effect of pneumatization and/or a septum of the sphenoid sinus on the sellar floor. In this series the floor was concave in 58% of patients, flat in 32.5%, and convex in 9.5%. Lesions which simulate erosion of the posteromedial part of the lamina dura correspond to thinning of the central portion of the base of the dorsum sellae.", "PMID": 424612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12532", "title": "[\"General special education\" - defining a questionable area of theory, action and research (author's transl)].", "content": "Special education is characterized as an integral part of education in general, and of the interdisciplinary field of rehabilitation. Its close relationship to social work/social education and its dependence on relevant related disciplines are pointed out. The establishment of a \"general special educational theory\" is regarded as problematic and theoretically impossible, as concrete and differentiated educational statements must always be made in relation to quite definite groups of pupils and/or educational needs. Theoretical reflections and practical actions in the field of special education are, therefore, necessarily directed towards persons with certain types of disabilities and/or specific special educational needs. While \"General Special Education\" (or \"Education of the Handicapped\") is rejected as an intermediate field of theory between general education and specific special educational theories, the importance of interdisciplinary and comparative actions in the area of special education and some other overlapping tasks in this field are emphasized.", "contents": "[\"General special education\" - defining a questionable area of theory, action and research (author's transl)]. Special education is characterized as an integral part of education in general, and of the interdisciplinary field of rehabilitation. Its close relationship to social work/social education and its dependence on relevant related disciplines are pointed out. The establishment of a \"general special educational theory\" is regarded as problematic and theoretically impossible, as concrete and differentiated educational statements must always be made in relation to quite definite groups of pupils and/or educational needs. Theoretical reflections and practical actions in the field of special education are, therefore, necessarily directed towards persons with certain types of disabilities and/or specific special educational needs. While \"General Special Education\" (or \"Education of the Handicapped\") is rejected as an intermediate field of theory between general education and specific special educational theories, the importance of interdisciplinary and comparative actions in the area of special education and some other overlapping tasks in this field are emphasized.", "PMID": 424648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12533", "title": "[Standard requirements for electric wheelchairs (author's transl)].", "content": "Electric Wheelchairs are driven on public roads. Neither an operating license, liability insurance nor special driving license is necessary according to Road Traffic and Road Licensing Regulations. Statutory regulations prescribe that these wheelchairs must be fitted with two independent brakes and adequate lighting equipment. Safety can be increased by: Totmann brake system - battery servicing - improved battery chargers and technical safety tests. Maintenance of the wheelchair prolongs its life. Social security agencies should allow a large number of the most severely handicapped people to benefit from medically prescribed wheelchairs.", "contents": "[Standard requirements for electric wheelchairs (author's transl)]. Electric Wheelchairs are driven on public roads. Neither an operating license, liability insurance nor special driving license is necessary according to Road Traffic and Road Licensing Regulations. Statutory regulations prescribe that these wheelchairs must be fitted with two independent brakes and adequate lighting equipment. Safety can be increased by: Totmann brake system - battery servicing - improved battery chargers and technical safety tests. Maintenance of the wheelchair prolongs its life. Social security agencies should allow a large number of the most severely handicapped people to benefit from medically prescribed wheelchairs.", "PMID": 424649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12534", "title": "[Creative works of the mentally ill as a problem for art (author's transl)].", "content": "The article \"Creative Works of the Mentally Ill as a Problem for Art\" attempts to analyse this complex field from a more art-theoretical viewpoint. In addition to the difficulties involved in identifying the causing factors of schizophrenia there is the problem of not having a uniform definition of art. W\u00f6lfli's example substantiates the evidence that the artistic works of the mentally ill display the same characteristics as far as creativity is concerned as those of mentally healthy artists and hence there is no reason for disqualifying their works. Some artists who had already achieved general recognition did not lose it after becoming afflicted with mental illness later in their lives. Does this mean that recognition depends on social status and not on the work itself?", "contents": "[Creative works of the mentally ill as a problem for art (author's transl)]. The article \"Creative Works of the Mentally Ill as a Problem for Art\" attempts to analyse this complex field from a more art-theoretical viewpoint. In addition to the difficulties involved in identifying the causing factors of schizophrenia there is the problem of not having a uniform definition of art. W\u00f6lfli's example substantiates the evidence that the artistic works of the mentally ill display the same characteristics as far as creativity is concerned as those of mentally healthy artists and hence there is no reason for disqualifying their works. Some artists who had already achieved general recognition did not lose it after becoming afflicted with mental illness later in their lives. Does this mean that recognition depends on social status and not on the work itself?", "PMID": 424651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12535", "title": "Plasma amino acid response to single test meals in humans. IV. Four low-cost protein supplements evaluated by chemical analysis, rat bioassay and plasma amino acid response.", "content": "For supplementary weaning foods, Faffa (Ethiopia), Incaparina (Guatemala), Superamin (Egypt) and Sekmama (Turkey), were studied with regard to protein quality. Three different methods for protein quality evaluation were used. 1. Chemical analysis of the essential amino acid content. Amino acid scoring of the results indicated that the sulphur-containing amino acids were limiting in Faffa (77%); lysine, threonine and isoleucine in Incaparina (77--75%); threonine in Superamin (80%) and threonine and the sulphur-containing amino acids in Sekmama (90%). 2. Standardized nitrogen balance procedure using laboratory rats. The net protein utilization of the four weaning foods were all in the range 56--70%. Methionine supplementation (1 g/100 g protein) did not significantly improve the biological value of the test diets, but resulted in marked decreased levels of blood urea nitrogen (except for Incaparina), and decreased urinary excretion of urea nitrogen compared to total nitrogen excretion (except for Superamin). 3. Single meal plasma amino acid responses in healthy young adults. The responses of the essential amino acids after test meals with the four weaning foods were all within a range considered to indicate a well balanced supply of dietary amino acids, except for marginal deficits of methionine after the Faffa test meals, and isoleucine after the Incaparina test meals.", "contents": "Plasma amino acid response to single test meals in humans. IV. Four low-cost protein supplements evaluated by chemical analysis, rat bioassay and plasma amino acid response. For supplementary weaning foods, Faffa (Ethiopia), Incaparina (Guatemala), Superamin (Egypt) and Sekmama (Turkey), were studied with regard to protein quality. Three different methods for protein quality evaluation were used. 1. Chemical analysis of the essential amino acid content. Amino acid scoring of the results indicated that the sulphur-containing amino acids were limiting in Faffa (77%); lysine, threonine and isoleucine in Incaparina (77--75%); threonine in Superamin (80%) and threonine and the sulphur-containing amino acids in Sekmama (90%). 2. Standardized nitrogen balance procedure using laboratory rats. The net protein utilization of the four weaning foods were all in the range 56--70%. Methionine supplementation (1 g/100 g protein) did not significantly improve the biological value of the test diets, but resulted in marked decreased levels of blood urea nitrogen (except for Incaparina), and decreased urinary excretion of urea nitrogen compared to total nitrogen excretion (except for Superamin). 3. Single meal plasma amino acid responses in healthy young adults. The responses of the essential amino acids after test meals with the four weaning foods were all within a range considered to indicate a well balanced supply of dietary amino acids, except for marginal deficits of methionine after the Faffa test meals, and isoleucine after the Incaparina test meals.", "PMID": 424652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12536", "title": "Plasma amino acid response to single test meals in humans. V. Ethiopian preschool children given lowcost protein supplements.", "content": "The plasma amino acid response to single test meals was studied in preschool children, aged 9 months--5 years. The amount of protein given in each test meal was 1 g per kg body weight, which represented one-third of the daily intake of the children who were recovering from protein-energy malnutrition. The test meals given was gruels made from wheat mixed with a supplementary weaning food (Faffa or Superamin) or fish protein concentrate (FPC). The plasma amino acid responses were evaluated both as PAA ratios (a modification of the Longenecker and Hause method), and as deltaMR% (percentage change in the postprandial essential amino acid molar ratios according to Graham and Placko). Both evaluation models indicated that lysine, threonine and methionine were the limiting amino acids in the Faffa/wheat diet, and that lysine and threonine were limiting in the Superamin/wheat diet. All essential amino acids seemed to be supplied in adequate amounts in the FPC/wheat diet. These results were in close agreement with the amino acid score of the diets (based on chemical analysis).", "contents": "Plasma amino acid response to single test meals in humans. V. Ethiopian preschool children given lowcost protein supplements. The plasma amino acid response to single test meals was studied in preschool children, aged 9 months--5 years. The amount of protein given in each test meal was 1 g per kg body weight, which represented one-third of the daily intake of the children who were recovering from protein-energy malnutrition. The test meals given was gruels made from wheat mixed with a supplementary weaning food (Faffa or Superamin) or fish protein concentrate (FPC). The plasma amino acid responses were evaluated both as PAA ratios (a modification of the Longenecker and Hause method), and as deltaMR% (percentage change in the postprandial essential amino acid molar ratios according to Graham and Placko). Both evaluation models indicated that lysine, threonine and methionine were the limiting amino acids in the Faffa/wheat diet, and that lysine and threonine were limiting in the Superamin/wheat diet. All essential amino acids seemed to be supplied in adequate amounts in the FPC/wheat diet. These results were in close agreement with the amino acid score of the diets (based on chemical analysis).", "PMID": 424653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12537", "title": "Renal tubular ferritin-uptake, a consequence of the increased glomerular permeability, during the benign and malignant course of renal hypertension in rats.", "content": "Tubular uptake of ferritin given intravenously was studied in the right and left kidneys of 74 Goldblatt-hypertensive rats. Previous observations pointed out the pathologically enhanced permeability of glomerular barrier as the cause of the phenomenon. It was assumed, that the extent of tubular areas taking up ferritin, refers to the number of damaged glomeruli. The process was characterized semiquantitatively by planimetric measurements and determination of the non-hemin iron concentration in the renal cortical tissue. A more frequent and extensive tubular ferritin-uptake (and glomerular damage) was bilaterally recorded in the kidneys of malignant hypertensive rats in comparison to the benign ones. The development of the phenomenon in the clamped kidneys, being defended from high blood pressure, suggests a humoral factor behind the enhanced glomerular permeability. Saline intake has a beneficial effect on the glomerular damage similar to the hypertensive angiopathy.", "contents": "Renal tubular ferritin-uptake, a consequence of the increased glomerular permeability, during the benign and malignant course of renal hypertension in rats. Tubular uptake of ferritin given intravenously was studied in the right and left kidneys of 74 Goldblatt-hypertensive rats. Previous observations pointed out the pathologically enhanced permeability of glomerular barrier as the cause of the phenomenon. It was assumed, that the extent of tubular areas taking up ferritin, refers to the number of damaged glomeruli. The process was characterized semiquantitatively by planimetric measurements and determination of the non-hemin iron concentration in the renal cortical tissue. A more frequent and extensive tubular ferritin-uptake (and glomerular damage) was bilaterally recorded in the kidneys of malignant hypertensive rats in comparison to the benign ones. The development of the phenomenon in the clamped kidneys, being defended from high blood pressure, suggests a humoral factor behind the enhanced glomerular permeability. Saline intake has a beneficial effect on the glomerular damage similar to the hypertensive angiopathy.", "PMID": 424654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12538", "title": "The influence of pre- and perinatal malnutrition on sulphated glycosaminoglycans in rat brain.", "content": "Pre- and perinatal malnutrition of rats was achieved by restricting the intake of food to 50% during lactation and pregnancy. After 40 days offspring were injected with Na2(35)SO4 before being killed. Lipid-free brain material was now hydrolysed with papain and glycosaminoglycan samples chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose. After chemical characterisation studies 2.5 times more chondroitin sulphate was detected in tissue from the ill-fed animals. Little variation in heparan sulphate content was observed. The marked increase in the concentration as well as qualitative changes in sulphated glycosaminoglycans during pre- and perinatal malnutrition as compared to the normal are discussed in relation to brain maturation.", "contents": "The influence of pre- and perinatal malnutrition on sulphated glycosaminoglycans in rat brain. Pre- and perinatal malnutrition of rats was achieved by restricting the intake of food to 50% during lactation and pregnancy. After 40 days offspring were injected with Na2(35)SO4 before being killed. Lipid-free brain material was now hydrolysed with papain and glycosaminoglycan samples chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose. After chemical characterisation studies 2.5 times more chondroitin sulphate was detected in tissue from the ill-fed animals. Little variation in heparan sulphate content was observed. The marked increase in the concentration as well as qualitative changes in sulphated glycosaminoglycans during pre- and perinatal malnutrition as compared to the normal are discussed in relation to brain maturation.", "PMID": 424655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12539", "title": "[The influence of glucocorticoids on the physiological cell renewal of gastric and intestinal mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of Methylprednisolone (1.2 mg/kg body weight daily for 14 days) on the physiological cell renewal of gastric and intestinal mucosa was examined autoradiographically by determination of the 3H-labelling index and the cell cycle of the regenerating epithelial cells. Macroscopical or microscopical changes of the gastric or intestinal mucosa could not be observed. The labelling index was not significantly altered compared to the controls. Against this the determination of the cell cycle showed a clear inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation in all parts of the gastrointestinal tract with a prolongation of the postmitotic phase, a small inhibition of the DNA synthesis and a corresponding prolongation of the mean generation time.", "contents": "[The influence of glucocorticoids on the physiological cell renewal of gastric and intestinal mucosa (author's transl)]. The influence of Methylprednisolone (1.2 mg/kg body weight daily for 14 days) on the physiological cell renewal of gastric and intestinal mucosa was examined autoradiographically by determination of the 3H-labelling index and the cell cycle of the regenerating epithelial cells. Macroscopical or microscopical changes of the gastric or intestinal mucosa could not be observed. The labelling index was not significantly altered compared to the controls. Against this the determination of the cell cycle showed a clear inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation in all parts of the gastrointestinal tract with a prolongation of the postmitotic phase, a small inhibition of the DNA synthesis and a corresponding prolongation of the mean generation time.", "PMID": 424656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12540", "title": "Binding of copper to mucosal transferrin and inhibition of intestinal iron absorption in rats.", "content": "1. The chromatographic elution patterns on Sepharose 6B of the supernatant from mucosal homogenates prepared 10 min after administration of copper into duodenal segments in vivo, indicate that copper is bound preferentially in the fraction of mucosal transferrin. 2. In iron deficiency the amount of 64Cu-copper taken up into the duodenal mucosa is more than two times higher and the amount bound to proteins of the supernatant is also increased to approximately the same degree whereas the amount transferred into the body is diminished to one fourth. 3. In the iron deficient group 64Cu-copper was also bound to a fraction which contains probably metallothionein. 4. The distribution of copper in the supernatant was changed due to a simultaneous administration of iron; the amount of copper bound in the transferrin fraction decreased in favor of the metallothionein fraction and another copper binding fraction was eluted between the transferrin and the metallothionein fraction. 5. Copper in a tenfold molar excess inhibited the iron absorption; simultaneously, the iron bound in the iron binding fractions of the supernatant was remarkably diminished. 6. The results suggest that the affinity of copper to two mucosal iron binding proteins, transferrin and metallothionein, is at least partly responsible for the inhibitory effect of copper on iron absorption in iron deficiency.", "contents": "Binding of copper to mucosal transferrin and inhibition of intestinal iron absorption in rats. 1. The chromatographic elution patterns on Sepharose 6B of the supernatant from mucosal homogenates prepared 10 min after administration of copper into duodenal segments in vivo, indicate that copper is bound preferentially in the fraction of mucosal transferrin. 2. In iron deficiency the amount of 64Cu-copper taken up into the duodenal mucosa is more than two times higher and the amount bound to proteins of the supernatant is also increased to approximately the same degree whereas the amount transferred into the body is diminished to one fourth. 3. In the iron deficient group 64Cu-copper was also bound to a fraction which contains probably metallothionein. 4. The distribution of copper in the supernatant was changed due to a simultaneous administration of iron; the amount of copper bound in the transferrin fraction decreased in favor of the metallothionein fraction and another copper binding fraction was eluted between the transferrin and the metallothionein fraction. 5. Copper in a tenfold molar excess inhibited the iron absorption; simultaneously, the iron bound in the iron binding fractions of the supernatant was remarkably diminished. 6. The results suggest that the affinity of copper to two mucosal iron binding proteins, transferrin and metallothionein, is at least partly responsible for the inhibitory effect of copper on iron absorption in iron deficiency.", "PMID": 424657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12541", "title": "The influence of some metabolic inhibitors on phagocytic activity of mouse macrophages in vitro.", "content": "The action of different metabolic inhibitors on phagocytosis by macrophages from mouse peritoneal exudate cultured in vitro was studied. The following metabolic inhibitors were tested: sodium iodoacetate, sodium fluoride, sodium fluoroacetate, sodium malonate, 2-4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide, ouabain and cycloheximide, all at the concentration of 10(-3) M. Iodoacetate caused a strong inhibitory effect on phagocytosis; this observation confirms that glycolysis is the main source of energy for the phagocytic process. On the contrary, fluoride, although it is an effective inhibitor of glycolysis, did not exert any effect. This difference may be explained by the fact that sodium fluoride blocks anaerobic glycolysis only in vitro at an unphysiological temperature (0 degrees C). Fluoroacetate and malonate, two compounds which interfere with the Krebs cycle, did not inhibit phagocytosis, but it is known that the Krebs cycle activity is poorly developed in the macrophagic cells. Sodium azide and 2-4-dinitrophenol, two inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, showed an effect on phagocytosis only after 3 h of contact with the cell cultures. Ouabain blocks Na+ and K+ transport across the plasma membrane and, probably, it inhibited phagocytosis by interfering with the movements of the cell membrane. Finally, the mode of action of cycloheximide on phagocytosis is uncertain. This compound inhibits the protein synthesis and, perhaps, it can act by preventing the renewal of the cell membrane.", "contents": "The influence of some metabolic inhibitors on phagocytic activity of mouse macrophages in vitro. The action of different metabolic inhibitors on phagocytosis by macrophages from mouse peritoneal exudate cultured in vitro was studied. The following metabolic inhibitors were tested: sodium iodoacetate, sodium fluoride, sodium fluoroacetate, sodium malonate, 2-4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide, ouabain and cycloheximide, all at the concentration of 10(-3) M. Iodoacetate caused a strong inhibitory effect on phagocytosis; this observation confirms that glycolysis is the main source of energy for the phagocytic process. On the contrary, fluoride, although it is an effective inhibitor of glycolysis, did not exert any effect. This difference may be explained by the fact that sodium fluoride blocks anaerobic glycolysis only in vitro at an unphysiological temperature (0 degrees C). Fluoroacetate and malonate, two compounds which interfere with the Krebs cycle, did not inhibit phagocytosis, but it is known that the Krebs cycle activity is poorly developed in the macrophagic cells. Sodium azide and 2-4-dinitrophenol, two inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, showed an effect on phagocytosis only after 3 h of contact with the cell cultures. Ouabain blocks Na+ and K+ transport across the plasma membrane and, probably, it inhibited phagocytosis by interfering with the movements of the cell membrane. Finally, the mode of action of cycloheximide on phagocytosis is uncertain. This compound inhibits the protein synthesis and, perhaps, it can act by preventing the renewal of the cell membrane.", "PMID": 424658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12542", "title": "Evaluation of lymphocyte production in mesenteric lymph nodes.", "content": "In normal young pigs two labeling procedures were evaluated to study the production of lymphocytes in mesenteric lymph nodes. Tritiated thymidine was injected either into the superior mesenteric artery or directly into the lymph nodes. There was a high rate of lymphocyte production and a considerable export of newly-formed small lymphocytes. The distribution to lymphoid organs and the appearance of labeled lymphocytes in the blood were comparable after both techniques. The intranodal labeling resulted in a more selective labeling and thus was found to be the superior method for quantitative studies.", "contents": "Evaluation of lymphocyte production in mesenteric lymph nodes. In normal young pigs two labeling procedures were evaluated to study the production of lymphocytes in mesenteric lymph nodes. Tritiated thymidine was injected either into the superior mesenteric artery or directly into the lymph nodes. There was a high rate of lymphocyte production and a considerable export of newly-formed small lymphocytes. The distribution to lymphoid organs and the appearance of labeled lymphocytes in the blood were comparable after both techniques. The intranodal labeling resulted in a more selective labeling and thus was found to be the superior method for quantitative studies.", "PMID": 424659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12543", "title": "[Value of computerized tomography in diseases of liver and spleen].", "content": "A survey has been given regarding the position of the CT as a examination method of liver, gallbladder - bile duct system and spleen. A fast scanner of the third generation has been used and has been compared with results of a slow CT of the first generation.", "contents": "[Value of computerized tomography in diseases of liver and spleen]. A survey has been given regarding the position of the CT as a examination method of liver, gallbladder - bile duct system and spleen. A fast scanner of the third generation has been used and has been compared with results of a slow CT of the first generation.", "PMID": 424669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12544", "title": "[Radiation dose in abdominal examinations with whole body computer tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "The somatic and genetic radiation exposure in abdominal CT examinations with Delta 50 and Delta 50 fast was measured via thermoluminescent dosimeters and compared with the exposure in conventional methods of x-ray diagnosis. With Delta 50 fast, the dose surface product for on examination of the pancreas is about 2900 Rcm2, and for an examination of the kidneys about 3400 Rcm2. It is thus comparable with a gastrointestinal examination or a urogram. The gonadal doses determined for CT are lower than those received from standard x-ray examination.", "contents": "[Radiation dose in abdominal examinations with whole body computer tomography (author's transl)]. The somatic and genetic radiation exposure in abdominal CT examinations with Delta 50 and Delta 50 fast was measured via thermoluminescent dosimeters and compared with the exposure in conventional methods of x-ray diagnosis. With Delta 50 fast, the dose surface product for on examination of the pancreas is about 2900 Rcm2, and for an examination of the kidneys about 3400 Rcm2. It is thus comparable with a gastrointestinal examination or a urogram. The gonadal doses determined for CT are lower than those received from standard x-ray examination.", "PMID": 424670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12545", "title": "[Craniofacial tomography in tumours of the nasal fossa and the paranasal sinuses (author's transl)].", "content": "Craniofacial tomography of 55 patients with tumours of the nasal fossa and the paranasal sinuses were examined retrospectively. Only those tomograms were considered which had been taken before surgical or radiological treatment. The clinical classification of the tumours resulting from the tomographic findings shows, that these are, in most cases, advances tumours, which have already invaded neighbouring regions. Depending on their original site, the tumours will preferably spread in certain directions. In some cases, the opacity is not caused by the tumour itself, but by accompanying inflammations. The tomogram will always show up intra-operatively established tumourous bone destructions. However, the appearance of bony cortex on x-ray film without any clearly defined outline, may represent pseuodefects, especially when the adjacent tumour shadow is very dense or if the bony cortex is not situated approximately perpendicular to the tomographic level.", "contents": "[Craniofacial tomography in tumours of the nasal fossa and the paranasal sinuses (author's transl)]. Craniofacial tomography of 55 patients with tumours of the nasal fossa and the paranasal sinuses were examined retrospectively. Only those tomograms were considered which had been taken before surgical or radiological treatment. The clinical classification of the tumours resulting from the tomographic findings shows, that these are, in most cases, advances tumours, which have already invaded neighbouring regions. Depending on their original site, the tumours will preferably spread in certain directions. In some cases, the opacity is not caused by the tumour itself, but by accompanying inflammations. The tomogram will always show up intra-operatively established tumourous bone destructions. However, the appearance of bony cortex on x-ray film without any clearly defined outline, may represent pseuodefects, especially when the adjacent tumour shadow is very dense or if the bony cortex is not situated approximately perpendicular to the tomographic level.", "PMID": 424672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12546", "title": "[Uterus duplex and unilateral agenesies of the kidney in two sisters (author's transl)].", "content": "The article describes uterus duplex and unilateral agenesis of the kidney in two sisters. Although this combined malformation has been described in literature in about 100 cases, it would seem that it occurred in one and the same family in only one case, namely, in mother and daughter. If agenesis of the kidney or a malformation of the uterus is found in a patient, the physician should look for a combined malformation in other members of the family.", "contents": "[Uterus duplex and unilateral agenesies of the kidney in two sisters (author's transl)]. The article describes uterus duplex and unilateral agenesis of the kidney in two sisters. Although this combined malformation has been described in literature in about 100 cases, it would seem that it occurred in one and the same family in only one case, namely, in mother and daughter. If agenesis of the kidney or a malformation of the uterus is found in a patient, the physician should look for a combined malformation in other members of the family.", "PMID": 424673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12547", "title": "[Lumbar myelography with methylglucamine-iocarmate (dimer-x). A critical review of neurological complications (author's transl)].", "content": "A critical literature review is presented on the basis of our own clinical experiences with complications and distressing side effects of the lumbar Dimer-X myelography. Severe Complications such as spinal and conuscauda-symptoms, epileptic seizures, amnestic episodes and late palsies of the Abducens nerve in literature range between 1 and 9%. Unspecific side effects which cannot clearly be differentiated from pure post-lumbal puncture complaints are reported to occur in up to 28%. The probably underlying pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed together with former animal experiments which revealed a local toxity of the contrast medium at the central nervous tissue and the surrounding membranes.", "contents": "[Lumbar myelography with methylglucamine-iocarmate (dimer-x). A critical review of neurological complications (author's transl)]. A critical literature review is presented on the basis of our own clinical experiences with complications and distressing side effects of the lumbar Dimer-X myelography. Severe Complications such as spinal and conuscauda-symptoms, epileptic seizures, amnestic episodes and late palsies of the Abducens nerve in literature range between 1 and 9%. Unspecific side effects which cannot clearly be differentiated from pure post-lumbal puncture complaints are reported to occur in up to 28%. The probably underlying pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed together with former animal experiments which revealed a local toxity of the contrast medium at the central nervous tissue and the surrounding membranes.", "PMID": 424674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12548", "title": "Venous drainage of the femoral neck in various stages of activity in Perthes' disease.", "content": "The venous drainage of the femoral neck in 73 children with Perthes' disease was analyzed from intraosseous venography films. 55 contralater symptomless hips were used as controls. In active stages of Perthes' disease, i.e. initial and fragmentation stage, the venous drainage was pathological in 46/55 hips (82%). In the restitution stage the finding was pathological in 7/18 (39%) and in healed Perthes' the venous drainage was normal in all six cases. Two out of the 55 symptomless hips showed pathological venous drainage. The disturbances in the venous drainage of the femoral neck seem to correlate with the stage of activity of Perthes' disease. Along with clinical and radiological signs of restitution the venous drainage seems to return to normal.", "contents": "Venous drainage of the femoral neck in various stages of activity in Perthes' disease. The venous drainage of the femoral neck in 73 children with Perthes' disease was analyzed from intraosseous venography films. 55 contralater symptomless hips were used as controls. In active stages of Perthes' disease, i.e. initial and fragmentation stage, the venous drainage was pathological in 46/55 hips (82%). In the restitution stage the finding was pathological in 7/18 (39%) and in healed Perthes' the venous drainage was normal in all six cases. Two out of the 55 symptomless hips showed pathological venous drainage. The disturbances in the venous drainage of the femoral neck seem to correlate with the stage of activity of Perthes' disease. Along with clinical and radiological signs of restitution the venous drainage seems to return to normal.", "PMID": 424675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12549", "title": "Zonography: method of choice in urography.", "content": "Using zonograms in urography instead of the ordinary films and tomograms makes it possible to visualize the caliceal system as well as the renal contours with 1--2 exposures and limit the total number of exposures to 3--4 and thus markedly reduce the gonad radiation dosis.", "contents": "Zonography: method of choice in urography. Using zonograms in urography instead of the ordinary films and tomograms makes it possible to visualize the caliceal system as well as the renal contours with 1--2 exposures and limit the total number of exposures to 3--4 and thus markedly reduce the gonad radiation dosis.", "PMID": 424676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12550", "title": "Clinical evaluation of different fluid-filled systems for oesophageal manometry.", "content": "In a clinical study of oesophageal manometry with fluid-filled catheters, both a non-perfused system and a perfused system with a syringe pump have been compared to a system with a low-compliance perfusion pump, which served as a reference. Significantly lower values of motility amplitudes, motility derivatives, and partly of LES pressures, and a time delay of up to 0.5 sec of the amplitude maximum were obtained with the non-perfused system and the system with a syringe pump in comparison to the low-compliance system. Since the oesophageal function can be erroneously evaluated by use of a non-perfused system or a perfused system with a syringe pump, such systems cannot be recommended for clinical use.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of different fluid-filled systems for oesophageal manometry. In a clinical study of oesophageal manometry with fluid-filled catheters, both a non-perfused system and a perfused system with a syringe pump have been compared to a system with a low-compliance perfusion pump, which served as a reference. Significantly lower values of motility amplitudes, motility derivatives, and partly of LES pressures, and a time delay of up to 0.5 sec of the amplitude maximum were obtained with the non-perfused system and the system with a syringe pump in comparison to the low-compliance system. Since the oesophageal function can be erroneously evaluated by use of a non-perfused system or a perfused system with a syringe pump, such systems cannot be recommended for clinical use.", "PMID": 424682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12551", "title": "Reflex suppression of gastric motility during laparotomy and gastroduodenal nociceptive stimulation.", "content": "The effects on gastric motility of laparotomy or of nociceptive stimuli directed to the antro-duodenal area were studied in anaesthetized cats. A diathermic lesion of the duodenal or gastric antral wall induced pronounced gastric relaxation, which could either fade off within 0.5--1.5 h or persist for several hours. This gastric relaxatory response persisted after administration of antiadrenergic and anticholinergic drugs but was eliminated by vagotomy or cold blockade of the vagi. Vagotomy performed during the relaxed gastric state after diathermy immediately resulted in a more or less complete recovery of gastric tone. Blunt mechanical stimulation of the duodenum also caused a prompt gastric relaxation, which showed the same characteristics as the response to diathermy as regards the effects of nerve-blocking drugs and vagotomy. The laparotomy incision per se caused temporary inhibition of rhythmic gastric contraction, but this effect was largely abolished if atropine or guanethidine had been given. It is concluded that nociceptive stimuli against the gastric or duodenal wall induce, besides a sympathoadrenergic reflex inhibition of gastric motility, a profound long-lasting gastric relaxation via a reflex activation of the vagal nonadrenergic inhibitory fibres. This vagally mediated relaxation of the stomach is likely to contribute to the suppression of gastric motility seen in 'paralytic ileus'.", "contents": "Reflex suppression of gastric motility during laparotomy and gastroduodenal nociceptive stimulation. The effects on gastric motility of laparotomy or of nociceptive stimuli directed to the antro-duodenal area were studied in anaesthetized cats. A diathermic lesion of the duodenal or gastric antral wall induced pronounced gastric relaxation, which could either fade off within 0.5--1.5 h or persist for several hours. This gastric relaxatory response persisted after administration of antiadrenergic and anticholinergic drugs but was eliminated by vagotomy or cold blockade of the vagi. Vagotomy performed during the relaxed gastric state after diathermy immediately resulted in a more or less complete recovery of gastric tone. Blunt mechanical stimulation of the duodenum also caused a prompt gastric relaxation, which showed the same characteristics as the response to diathermy as regards the effects of nerve-blocking drugs and vagotomy. The laparotomy incision per se caused temporary inhibition of rhythmic gastric contraction, but this effect was largely abolished if atropine or guanethidine had been given. It is concluded that nociceptive stimuli against the gastric or duodenal wall induce, besides a sympathoadrenergic reflex inhibition of gastric motility, a profound long-lasting gastric relaxation via a reflex activation of the vagal nonadrenergic inhibitory fibres. This vagally mediated relaxation of the stomach is likely to contribute to the suppression of gastric motility seen in 'paralytic ileus'.", "PMID": 424683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12552", "title": "Influence of anticholinergic treatment on rat pancreatic protein and amylase concentrations.", "content": "Pancreatic protein and amylase concentrations were measured after subcutaneous administration of an anticholinergic drug (Pro-Banthine to rats in different doses. In doses comparable to those given in acute pancreatitis an increase of both pancreatic protein and amylase concentrations was found. If pancreatitis is indeed caused or maintained by proteases released from the acinar cell, anticholinergics--giving rise to an accumulation of enzymes within the pancreas--may do more harm than good in the treatment of acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Influence of anticholinergic treatment on rat pancreatic protein and amylase concentrations. Pancreatic protein and amylase concentrations were measured after subcutaneous administration of an anticholinergic drug (Pro-Banthine to rats in different doses. In doses comparable to those given in acute pancreatitis an increase of both pancreatic protein and amylase concentrations was found. If pancreatitis is indeed caused or maintained by proteases released from the acinar cell, anticholinergics--giving rise to an accumulation of enzymes within the pancreas--may do more harm than good in the treatment of acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 424684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12553", "title": "Meal-stimulated gastric acid and gastrin secretion before and after jejuno-ileal shunt operation in obese patients. A preliminary report.", "content": "Meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion was measured by intragastric titration before and after jejuno-ileal bypass operation in five obese patients. Acid secretion was significantly reduced after the operation, particulary during the late phase of the acid response, suggesting that stimulation of acid secretion may be elicited from the upper small intestine by a composite meal. Serum gastrin concentrations remained unchanged after the operation.", "contents": "Meal-stimulated gastric acid and gastrin secretion before and after jejuno-ileal shunt operation in obese patients. A preliminary report. Meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion was measured by intragastric titration before and after jejuno-ileal bypass operation in five obese patients. Acid secretion was significantly reduced after the operation, particulary during the late phase of the acid response, suggesting that stimulation of acid secretion may be elicited from the upper small intestine by a composite meal. Serum gastrin concentrations remained unchanged after the operation.", "PMID": 424686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12554", "title": "A cyto-physiological study of the G-cell secretory cycle in the antrum mucosa of the hamster and of the rat.", "content": "The secretory cycle of the antral G cell in the golden hamster and in the Wistar rat has been investigated, using classical techniques of optical and electron microscopy associated with special methods (such as goniometry, densitometry, immunohistology, morphometry) and with radioimmunoassay for gastrin. This paper confirms the secretory cycle of the G cell after refeeding. It clarifies the nature of granule polymorphism and suggests a particular mechanism of emiocytosis with sequential granule fusion. Furthermore, our investigations show some dissociations between the G cell, the parietal cycle, and the seric immunoreactive gastrin in the late phase of the secretory cycle (2 to 6 h after refeeding).", "contents": "A cyto-physiological study of the G-cell secretory cycle in the antrum mucosa of the hamster and of the rat. The secretory cycle of the antral G cell in the golden hamster and in the Wistar rat has been investigated, using classical techniques of optical and electron microscopy associated with special methods (such as goniometry, densitometry, immunohistology, morphometry) and with radioimmunoassay for gastrin. This paper confirms the secretory cycle of the G cell after refeeding. It clarifies the nature of granule polymorphism and suggests a particular mechanism of emiocytosis with sequential granule fusion. Furthermore, our investigations show some dissociations between the G cell, the parietal cycle, and the seric immunoreactive gastrin in the late phase of the secretory cycle (2 to 6 h after refeeding).", "PMID": 424687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12555", "title": "A seven-year follow-up of proximal gastric vagotomy. Clinical results.", "content": "During a 7-year period proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) was performed in 565 patients. Of these, 210 patients with duodenal ulcer and 14 with dyspepsia without demonstrable ulcer at the time of operation were followed for 5--7 years. Sixty-six percent are symptom-free (Visick I), 23% have no complaints when they take certain dietary measures (Visick II), 3% are improved but still have periods of dyspepsia (Visick III), and 8% are failures because of recurrent ulcer (Visick IV). There were 4 duodenal, 3 pyloric, 5 prepyloric, and 7 lesser-curve gastric recurrences. There were one operative death (0.2%) and one major complication (0.2%). The side effects after PGV are mild, infrequent, and seldom of any significance to the patients. Diarrhoea and dumping are virtually eliminated. Body weight was stable during the whole period of study, and blood chemistry did not disclose any deficiency in haemoglobin, serum iron, or vitamin B12 which might be attributed to PGV. It is concluded that 5--7 years after proximal gastric vagotomy for duodenal ulcer there is a 10% recurrence rate, but the low risk of death and of severe complications and the lack of significant side effects more than outweight the high recurrence rate.", "contents": "A seven-year follow-up of proximal gastric vagotomy. Clinical results. During a 7-year period proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) was performed in 565 patients. Of these, 210 patients with duodenal ulcer and 14 with dyspepsia without demonstrable ulcer at the time of operation were followed for 5--7 years. Sixty-six percent are symptom-free (Visick I), 23% have no complaints when they take certain dietary measures (Visick II), 3% are improved but still have periods of dyspepsia (Visick III), and 8% are failures because of recurrent ulcer (Visick IV). There were 4 duodenal, 3 pyloric, 5 prepyloric, and 7 lesser-curve gastric recurrences. There were one operative death (0.2%) and one major complication (0.2%). The side effects after PGV are mild, infrequent, and seldom of any significance to the patients. Diarrhoea and dumping are virtually eliminated. Body weight was stable during the whole period of study, and blood chemistry did not disclose any deficiency in haemoglobin, serum iron, or vitamin B12 which might be attributed to PGV. It is concluded that 5--7 years after proximal gastric vagotomy for duodenal ulcer there is a 10% recurrence rate, but the low risk of death and of severe complications and the lack of significant side effects more than outweight the high recurrence rate.", "PMID": 424688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12556", "title": "The effects of mepyramine and cimetidine on the motor responses to histamine, cholecystokinin, and gastrin in the fundus and antrum of isolated guinea-pig stomachs.", "content": "Guinea-pig stomachs were isolated in organ baths, and recordings made of fundal and antral responses. Cholecystokinin (CCK-PZ), 0.38 U/ml, gastrin, 0.05 microgram/ml, and acetylcholine, 10(-4)M, produced typical responses: raised base line in the fundus and increased amplitudes of rhythmic contractions in the antrum. The antral responses to gastrin were too small to quantitate. Both fundal and antral responses to 5 x 10(-4)M histamine consisted of an increase in base line without an alteration in amplitudes. Mepyramine, 3.2 x 10(-5)M, reduced the spontaneous activity in the fundus. It also inhibited fundal responses to gastrin and responses to histamine and CCK-PZ in both pouches. The fundal response to acetylcholine was unaffected by mepyramine, but the antral response seemed to be partially reduced (p less than 0.06). Cimetidine affected neither spontaneous activity nor motor responses. The results indicate that the motor response to histamine is mediated via H1-receptors and that these receptors may also be involved in the fundal response to CCK-PZ and gastrin. The inhibition of the antral responses by mepyramine may be due to unspecific anticholinergic action.", "contents": "The effects of mepyramine and cimetidine on the motor responses to histamine, cholecystokinin, and gastrin in the fundus and antrum of isolated guinea-pig stomachs. Guinea-pig stomachs were isolated in organ baths, and recordings made of fundal and antral responses. Cholecystokinin (CCK-PZ), 0.38 U/ml, gastrin, 0.05 microgram/ml, and acetylcholine, 10(-4)M, produced typical responses: raised base line in the fundus and increased amplitudes of rhythmic contractions in the antrum. The antral responses to gastrin were too small to quantitate. Both fundal and antral responses to 5 x 10(-4)M histamine consisted of an increase in base line without an alteration in amplitudes. Mepyramine, 3.2 x 10(-5)M, reduced the spontaneous activity in the fundus. It also inhibited fundal responses to gastrin and responses to histamine and CCK-PZ in both pouches. The fundal response to acetylcholine was unaffected by mepyramine, but the antral response seemed to be partially reduced (p less than 0.06). Cimetidine affected neither spontaneous activity nor motor responses. The results indicate that the motor response to histamine is mediated via H1-receptors and that these receptors may also be involved in the fundal response to CCK-PZ and gastrin. The inhibition of the antral responses by mepyramine may be due to unspecific anticholinergic action.", "PMID": 424689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12557", "title": "The effect of parietal cell vagotomy and selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty on body weight and dietary habits. A prospective randomized study.", "content": "Body weight and dietary habits were studied in 32 male patients in a consecutive randomized series of parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) and selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty (SV + P). There were 16 patients in each group. One month after surgery all patients had lost weight. During the first 2 postoperative years following PCV most patients regained their preoperative weight. SV + P led to an impaired ability to gain weight. Following PCV the consumption of fat was reduced but the carbohydrate consumption increased, leading to an unchanged total daily energy intake. The daily energy intake decreased following SV + P in spite of an increased consumption of protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, and eggs. The decreased energy intake was due to a reduced intake of fat, sugar, and milk following SV + P. It is concluded that dumping is a contributory cause of the reduced energy intake following SV + P.", "contents": "The effect of parietal cell vagotomy and selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty on body weight and dietary habits. A prospective randomized study. Body weight and dietary habits were studied in 32 male patients in a consecutive randomized series of parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) and selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty (SV + P). There were 16 patients in each group. One month after surgery all patients had lost weight. During the first 2 postoperative years following PCV most patients regained their preoperative weight. SV + P led to an impaired ability to gain weight. Following PCV the consumption of fat was reduced but the carbohydrate consumption increased, leading to an unchanged total daily energy intake. The daily energy intake decreased following SV + P in spite of an increased consumption of protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, and eggs. The decreased energy intake was due to a reduced intake of fat, sugar, and milk following SV + P. It is concluded that dumping is a contributory cause of the reduced energy intake following SV + P.", "PMID": 424690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12558", "title": "Pressure responses to OP-CCK compared to CCK-PZ in the antrum and fundus of isolated guinea-pig stomachs.", "content": "To document that the previously demonstrated excitatory effects of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin--about 20% purified and containing approximately 500 U/mg (CCK-PZ 20%)--on isolated guinea-pig antrum and fundus are caused by the hormone itself, and not by impurities, the effect of the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide (OP-CCK) was tested and compared with that of CCK-PZ 20%. The qualitative effects were similar for the two hormones, characterized by increased amplitudes of rhythmic activity in the antrum and by elevated basal tension in the fundus. The calculated maximal responses were about the same for the two substances, but OP-CCK was 3--6 times more potent than CCK-PZ 20%. Atropine and tetrodotoxin markedly reduced the antral response to OP-CCK, while the fundal response was only slightly, but significantly, reduced. This indicates that the antral response to OP-CCK is mediated mainly through local neural cholinergic pathways, while the fundal response is less dependent on these, corresponding to our previous results for CCK-PZ 20%. While previous reports indicate that OP-CCK shares the pharmacological characteristics of partially purified CCK-PZ with regard to its effect on other organs, the present study confirms a corresponding relationship between OP-CCK and CCK-PZ 20% on gastric motility in guinea-pigs, suggesting that the actions of CCK-PZ 20% are displayed by the hormone itself, and not by impurities.", "contents": "Pressure responses to OP-CCK compared to CCK-PZ in the antrum and fundus of isolated guinea-pig stomachs. To document that the previously demonstrated excitatory effects of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin--about 20% purified and containing approximately 500 U/mg (CCK-PZ 20%)--on isolated guinea-pig antrum and fundus are caused by the hormone itself, and not by impurities, the effect of the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide (OP-CCK) was tested and compared with that of CCK-PZ 20%. The qualitative effects were similar for the two hormones, characterized by increased amplitudes of rhythmic activity in the antrum and by elevated basal tension in the fundus. The calculated maximal responses were about the same for the two substances, but OP-CCK was 3--6 times more potent than CCK-PZ 20%. Atropine and tetrodotoxin markedly reduced the antral response to OP-CCK, while the fundal response was only slightly, but significantly, reduced. This indicates that the antral response to OP-CCK is mediated mainly through local neural cholinergic pathways, while the fundal response is less dependent on these, corresponding to our previous results for CCK-PZ 20%. While previous reports indicate that OP-CCK shares the pharmacological characteristics of partially purified CCK-PZ with regard to its effect on other organs, the present study confirms a corresponding relationship between OP-CCK and CCK-PZ 20% on gastric motility in guinea-pigs, suggesting that the actions of CCK-PZ 20% are displayed by the hormone itself, and not by impurities.", "PMID": 424691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12559", "title": "Physiological significance of secretin in the pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. II. Pancreatic bicarbonate response to a physiological increase in plasma secretin concentration.", "content": "The pancreatic response to physiological concentrations of secretin obtained after minute boluses of exogenous secretin was studied in 16 normal volunteers. Output of bicarbonate into the duodenum was measured by duodenal aspiration in 5 subjects and by endoscopic cannulation of the pancreatic duct in 11 subjects. Pure natural porcine secretin was injected intravenously in doses of 125, 250, and 500 fmol x kg-1 body weight (0.0013, 0.0027, and 0.0054 clinical units x kg-1). All three doses of secretin increased plasma secretin concentration, duodenal bicarbonate concentration, and duodenal bicarbonate output significantly. The bicarbonate output measured by the two techniques did not differ significantly. The increments in median plasma secretin concentration were 1.6, 3.0, and 6.4 pmol x 1(-1) after secretin, 125, 250 and 500 fmol x kg-1, and the corresponding 15-min bicarbonate output 283, 442, and 1435 micromol, respectively. The concentrations of secretin in plasma found after these doses of secretin are of the same order of magnitude as the secretin concentrations found during physiological conditions in man. It is concluded that the physiological concentrations or secretin influence pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.", "contents": "Physiological significance of secretin in the pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. II. Pancreatic bicarbonate response to a physiological increase in plasma secretin concentration. The pancreatic response to physiological concentrations of secretin obtained after minute boluses of exogenous secretin was studied in 16 normal volunteers. Output of bicarbonate into the duodenum was measured by duodenal aspiration in 5 subjects and by endoscopic cannulation of the pancreatic duct in 11 subjects. Pure natural porcine secretin was injected intravenously in doses of 125, 250, and 500 fmol x kg-1 body weight (0.0013, 0.0027, and 0.0054 clinical units x kg-1). All three doses of secretin increased plasma secretin concentration, duodenal bicarbonate concentration, and duodenal bicarbonate output significantly. The bicarbonate output measured by the two techniques did not differ significantly. The increments in median plasma secretin concentration were 1.6, 3.0, and 6.4 pmol x 1(-1) after secretin, 125, 250 and 500 fmol x kg-1, and the corresponding 15-min bicarbonate output 283, 442, and 1435 micromol, respectively. The concentrations of secretin in plasma found after these doses of secretin are of the same order of magnitude as the secretin concentrations found during physiological conditions in man. It is concluded that the physiological concentrations or secretin influence pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.", "PMID": 424692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12560", "title": "Renal and cerebral blood flow in experimental liver failure in the pig.", "content": "The renal and cerebral blood flow was measured in six pigs after total devascularization of the liver. The animals died 21 to 26 h after the operation, with biochemical and electroencephalographic changes compatible with liver failure. The renal blood flow increased slightly, from 2.12 to 2.61 ml.g-1.min-1, throughout the period of observation but did not differ significantly from that of the controls. Conversely, the cerebral blood flow decreased 38%, from 1.30 to 0.80 ml.g-1.min-1, p less than 0.05. The results failed to confirm a simultaneous decrease in cerebral and renal blood flow due to false neurotransmitters in liver failure, as previously suggested. The results do not support the suggested hypothesis that a substance produced by the liver is essential for renal function and perfusion, nor can they confirm that vasoactive material from the gut is responsible for the renal hypoperfusion in liver failure. The absence of renal hypoperfusion in the present preparation might be due to the exclusion of the failing liver from the circulation, giving indirect evidence to the theory that the vasoactive agent(s) responsible for the renal hypoperfusion in liver failure originates in the failing liver itself.", "contents": "Renal and cerebral blood flow in experimental liver failure in the pig. The renal and cerebral blood flow was measured in six pigs after total devascularization of the liver. The animals died 21 to 26 h after the operation, with biochemical and electroencephalographic changes compatible with liver failure. The renal blood flow increased slightly, from 2.12 to 2.61 ml.g-1.min-1, throughout the period of observation but did not differ significantly from that of the controls. Conversely, the cerebral blood flow decreased 38%, from 1.30 to 0.80 ml.g-1.min-1, p less than 0.05. The results failed to confirm a simultaneous decrease in cerebral and renal blood flow due to false neurotransmitters in liver failure, as previously suggested. The results do not support the suggested hypothesis that a substance produced by the liver is essential for renal function and perfusion, nor can they confirm that vasoactive material from the gut is responsible for the renal hypoperfusion in liver failure. The absence of renal hypoperfusion in the present preparation might be due to the exclusion of the failing liver from the circulation, giving indirect evidence to the theory that the vasoactive agent(s) responsible for the renal hypoperfusion in liver failure originates in the failing liver itself.", "PMID": 424693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12561", "title": "The effect of calcium on hyperoxaluria following jejunoileal bypass in morbid obesity.", "content": "In order to investigate the effect on urinary oxalic acid excretion, ten patients with jejunoileostomy for morbid obesity were treated with oral calcium. We found a statistically significant decrease. The investigation suggests that the oral administration of calcium alone is not sufficient, in a dosage of 900 mg daily, to normalize the urinary oxalate excretion. The indications for calcium therapy in this group of patients is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of calcium on hyperoxaluria following jejunoileal bypass in morbid obesity. In order to investigate the effect on urinary oxalic acid excretion, ten patients with jejunoileostomy for morbid obesity were treated with oral calcium. We found a statistically significant decrease. The investigation suggests that the oral administration of calcium alone is not sufficient, in a dosage of 900 mg daily, to normalize the urinary oxalate excretion. The indications for calcium therapy in this group of patients is discussed.", "PMID": 424694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12562", "title": "Characteristics of anaemic women. The population study of women in G\u00f6teborg 1968-1969.", "content": "Anaemic women (Hg concentration less than 120 g/l) who participated in a population study of women in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden were compared to the women in the population sample as a whole. Due to the way of sampling and a high participation rate the sample was representative of women in G\u00f6teborg in the ages studied (age strata between 38 and 60). In the same way the anaemic women were representative of anaemic women in the same general population. Iron deficiency was found to be the main reason for the anaemia in the ages of 38-50 years. Except for big menstrual blood losses in anaemic women no reason for iron deficiency could be found. History of infectious diseases was about as common in anaemic women as in women in the total population sample. Sleeping habits, time off work and physical activity at work and during leisure time were similar in anaemic women and in women in the general population. The proportion of women who reported subjective feeling of tiredness was also similar.", "contents": "Characteristics of anaemic women. The population study of women in G\u00f6teborg 1968-1969. Anaemic women (Hg concentration less than 120 g/l) who participated in a population study of women in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden were compared to the women in the population sample as a whole. Due to the way of sampling and a high participation rate the sample was representative of women in G\u00f6teborg in the ages studied (age strata between 38 and 60). In the same way the anaemic women were representative of anaemic women in the same general population. Iron deficiency was found to be the main reason for the anaemia in the ages of 38-50 years. Except for big menstrual blood losses in anaemic women no reason for iron deficiency could be found. History of infectious diseases was about as common in anaemic women as in women in the total population sample. Sleeping habits, time off work and physical activity at work and during leisure time were similar in anaemic women and in women in the general population. The proportion of women who reported subjective feeling of tiredness was also similar.", "PMID": 424695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12563", "title": "Beneficial effect of granulocyte transfusions in patients with defects in granulocyte function and severe infections.", "content": "A 3-year-old boy (patient A) with a congenital and a 24-year-old man (patient B) with an acquired granulocyte function defect received supportive granulocyte transfusions for the management of severe infections. The boy had suffered from recurrent infections since bith. His granulocytes showed in vitro almost no chemotactic responsiveness, an impaired phagocytosis and reduced intracellular killing of Candida albicans. Family studies suggested that it was an inherited autosomal recessive defect. The child developed a Pseudomonas pneumonia at the age of 3 years, which did not respond to antibiotic therapy. Granulocyte transfusions were then started and soon after the fever and pneumonia disappeared. Patient B showed the haematological signs of a preleukaemic state. He had 3 recurrent episodes of furunculosis which led each time to cellulitis and septic temperatures accompanied by symptoms of an enterocolitis. Tests of granulocyte function in vitro showed reduced intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Granulocyte transfusions were started, since no clinical improvement could be attained by antibiotics. With transfusion therapy, fever, cellulitis and enterocolitis disappeared each time.", "contents": "Beneficial effect of granulocyte transfusions in patients with defects in granulocyte function and severe infections. A 3-year-old boy (patient A) with a congenital and a 24-year-old man (patient B) with an acquired granulocyte function defect received supportive granulocyte transfusions for the management of severe infections. The boy had suffered from recurrent infections since bith. His granulocytes showed in vitro almost no chemotactic responsiveness, an impaired phagocytosis and reduced intracellular killing of Candida albicans. Family studies suggested that it was an inherited autosomal recessive defect. The child developed a Pseudomonas pneumonia at the age of 3 years, which did not respond to antibiotic therapy. Granulocyte transfusions were then started and soon after the fever and pneumonia disappeared. Patient B showed the haematological signs of a preleukaemic state. He had 3 recurrent episodes of furunculosis which led each time to cellulitis and septic temperatures accompanied by symptoms of an enterocolitis. Tests of granulocyte function in vitro showed reduced intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Granulocyte transfusions were started, since no clinical improvement could be attained by antibiotics. With transfusion therapy, fever, cellulitis and enterocolitis disappeared each time.", "PMID": 424696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12564", "title": "Factor VIII concentrate prepared from DDAVP stimulated blood donor plasma.", "content": "Human fraction I-0 (AHF-Kabi) was prepared from plasma from blood donors who had received an i.v. injection of DDAVP (0.2 microgram per kg b.w.) and tranexamic acid (0.01 g per kg b.w.) 15 min before collection of the blood. The factor VIII preparation from such plasma contained twice as much VIII:C,VIIIR:Ag, and VIIIR:RFC as normal fraction I-0. Normal fraction I-0 and DDAVP fraction I-0 were given to 2 patients with severe haemophilia A. The in vivo response of the DDAVP fraction I-0 corresponded to the in vitro values. No differences in survival time were seen. Hence, it is possible to produce factor VIII concentrates with at least double the yield by increasing the factor VIII level in blood donors by i.v. injection of DDAVP.", "contents": "Factor VIII concentrate prepared from DDAVP stimulated blood donor plasma. Human fraction I-0 (AHF-Kabi) was prepared from plasma from blood donors who had received an i.v. injection of DDAVP (0.2 microgram per kg b.w.) and tranexamic acid (0.01 g per kg b.w.) 15 min before collection of the blood. The factor VIII preparation from such plasma contained twice as much VIII:C,VIIIR:Ag, and VIIIR:RFC as normal fraction I-0. Normal fraction I-0 and DDAVP fraction I-0 were given to 2 patients with severe haemophilia A. The in vivo response of the DDAVP fraction I-0 corresponded to the in vitro values. No differences in survival time were seen. Hence, it is possible to produce factor VIII concentrates with at least double the yield by increasing the factor VIII level in blood donors by i.v. injection of DDAVP.", "PMID": 424697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12565", "title": "Haemoglobin concentration and peripheral blood cell counts in women. The population study of women in G\u00f6teborg 1968-1969.", "content": "Hb concentration, PCV, erythrocyte and leucocyte counts in the peripheral blood, MCV, MCH and MCHC in a population sample of 1462 women in ages between 38 and 60 years are presented. In addition, a description is given of thrombocyte counts in 38-year-old women. Significant differences with age were found for Hb concentration and PCV and for leucocyte counts. High correlations were found between Hb and PCV in the various age groups studied, while lower correlations were found between erythrocyte counts on one hand and Hb or PCV on the other. There was an overrepresentation of smokers among women with high Hb values and among those with high leucocyte counts. The higher leucocyte counts in the youngest age groups could be explained by the larger number of smokers in these ages. Thrombocyte counts were lower in smoking than in non-smoking women.", "contents": "Haemoglobin concentration and peripheral blood cell counts in women. The population study of women in G\u00f6teborg 1968-1969. Hb concentration, PCV, erythrocyte and leucocyte counts in the peripheral blood, MCV, MCH and MCHC in a population sample of 1462 women in ages between 38 and 60 years are presented. In addition, a description is given of thrombocyte counts in 38-year-old women. Significant differences with age were found for Hb concentration and PCV and for leucocyte counts. High correlations were found between Hb and PCV in the various age groups studied, while lower correlations were found between erythrocyte counts on one hand and Hb or PCV on the other. There was an overrepresentation of smokers among women with high Hb values and among those with high leucocyte counts. The higher leucocyte counts in the youngest age groups could be explained by the larger number of smokers in these ages. Thrombocyte counts were lower in smoking than in non-smoking women.", "PMID": 424698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12566", "title": "Intracellular localization of 55Fe after serum-mediated uptake by human erythropoietic cells.", "content": "Marrow cells of 3 patients with normoblastic erythropoiesis and 1 with sideroblastic erythropoiesis were incubated with serum-bound 55Fe Cl3 and studied by the technique of electron microscope autoradiography. In the 3 normoblastic marrows, both the mean grain counts and the percentages of grains situated over the cytoplasm (excluding the mitochondria) were higher in the early erythroblasts than in the intermediate and late erythroblasts. The percentages of autoradiographic grains situated over the mitochondria of early intermediate and late erythroblasts were 11.9-27.4, 56.5-61.1 and 65.3-65.9, respectively. Although the mean grain counts over these three cell classes in the sideroblastic marrow were similar to those in the normoblastic marrows, the proportions of grains over the mitochondria were higher, particularly in the early erythroblasts. In all 4 cases (1) some grains were situated at the junction between heterochromatin and euchromatin and (2) a few of the 55Fe-labelled immature-looking cells did not display the ultrastructural features usually attributed to pronormoblasts.", "contents": "Intracellular localization of 55Fe after serum-mediated uptake by human erythropoietic cells. Marrow cells of 3 patients with normoblastic erythropoiesis and 1 with sideroblastic erythropoiesis were incubated with serum-bound 55Fe Cl3 and studied by the technique of electron microscope autoradiography. In the 3 normoblastic marrows, both the mean grain counts and the percentages of grains situated over the cytoplasm (excluding the mitochondria) were higher in the early erythroblasts than in the intermediate and late erythroblasts. The percentages of autoradiographic grains situated over the mitochondria of early intermediate and late erythroblasts were 11.9-27.4, 56.5-61.1 and 65.3-65.9, respectively. Although the mean grain counts over these three cell classes in the sideroblastic marrow were similar to those in the normoblastic marrows, the proportions of grains over the mitochondria were higher, particularly in the early erythroblasts. In all 4 cases (1) some grains were situated at the junction between heterochromatin and euchromatin and (2) a few of the 55Fe-labelled immature-looking cells did not display the ultrastructural features usually attributed to pronormoblasts.", "PMID": 424699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12567", "title": "'Available oxygen', a realistic expression of the ability of the blood to supply oxygen to tissues.", "content": "An expression of clinical applicability is sought for quantitating the availability of oxygen to the tissue from the blood. An 'available oxygen' is defined as the arteriovenous oxygen content difference when the mixed venous oxygen tension is assumed to be 20 mmHg. The acceptance of this latter assumption is argued on mathematical and functional grounds.", "contents": "'Available oxygen', a realistic expression of the ability of the blood to supply oxygen to tissues. An expression of clinical applicability is sought for quantitating the availability of oxygen to the tissue from the blood. An 'available oxygen' is defined as the arteriovenous oxygen content difference when the mixed venous oxygen tension is assumed to be 20 mmHg. The acceptance of this latter assumption is argued on mathematical and functional grounds.", "PMID": 424700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12568", "title": "Haemolysis in athletes due to hereditary spherocytosis.", "content": "Three athletes, one cross-country skier and two middle distance runners, experiencing poor response to intensified training and decline in performance during prolonged periods of frequent competitions, associated with a tendency to develop anaemia, were found to have spherocytosis, and increased osmotic fragility of the red blood cells. All had family members with the same blood abnormality, but without symptoms. The observations suggest that the frequency of hereditary spherocytosis is higher than indicated by overtly affected cases and that mild cases are easily overlooked. Hereditary spherocytosis should be looked for in athletes with a tendency to decline in blood haemoglobin concentration during periods of intensive training and competition.", "contents": "Haemolysis in athletes due to hereditary spherocytosis. Three athletes, one cross-country skier and two middle distance runners, experiencing poor response to intensified training and decline in performance during prolonged periods of frequent competitions, associated with a tendency to develop anaemia, were found to have spherocytosis, and increased osmotic fragility of the red blood cells. All had family members with the same blood abnormality, but without symptoms. The observations suggest that the frequency of hereditary spherocytosis is higher than indicated by overtly affected cases and that mild cases are easily overlooked. Hereditary spherocytosis should be looked for in athletes with a tendency to decline in blood haemoglobin concentration during periods of intensive training and competition.", "PMID": 424701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12569", "title": "Effect of calcium and factor D depletion on C3 conversion by rat intestinal glycoprotein.", "content": "These studies demonstrate that a rat intestinal glycoprotein fraction may activate C3 in normal human serum by the alternative complement pathway alone and by the classical pathway alone. Conversion of C3 by the rat intestinal glycoprotein fraction amounted to 55% when both the classical and the alternative pathways were intact, to 21% when the classical pathway was blocked by ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid, and to 21% in Factor-D-depleted serum. Comparable figures for zymosan were 58%, 44%, and 12%, and for sheep erythrocytes sensitized with anti-sheep haemolysin, 27%, less than 1% and 21%, respectively.", "contents": "Effect of calcium and factor D depletion on C3 conversion by rat intestinal glycoprotein. These studies demonstrate that a rat intestinal glycoprotein fraction may activate C3 in normal human serum by the alternative complement pathway alone and by the classical pathway alone. Conversion of C3 by the rat intestinal glycoprotein fraction amounted to 55% when both the classical and the alternative pathways were intact, to 21% when the classical pathway was blocked by ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid, and to 21% in Factor-D-depleted serum. Comparable figures for zymosan were 58%, 44%, and 12%, and for sheep erythrocytes sensitized with anti-sheep haemolysin, 27%, less than 1% and 21%, respectively.", "PMID": 424702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12570", "title": "Characterization of amyloid of ageing obese-hyperglycaemic mice and their lean littermates.", "content": "Amyloid fibrils, isolated from 18-month-old obese-hyperglycaemic mice and their lean littermates, were characterized immunologically and chemically. The main amyloid fibril subunit protein was protein AA, which cross-reacted completely with an antiserum against amyloid from mice with experimentally induced amyloidosis and had an amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acid sequence identical to that protein. These results indicate that the spontaneously occurring amyloidosis in obese-hyperglycaemic mice and their lean littermates corresponds to human, secondary amyloidosis and may serve as a model for that disease.", "contents": "Characterization of amyloid of ageing obese-hyperglycaemic mice and their lean littermates. Amyloid fibrils, isolated from 18-month-old obese-hyperglycaemic mice and their lean littermates, were characterized immunologically and chemically. The main amyloid fibril subunit protein was protein AA, which cross-reacted completely with an antiserum against amyloid from mice with experimentally induced amyloidosis and had an amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acid sequence identical to that protein. These results indicate that the spontaneously occurring amyloidosis in obese-hyperglycaemic mice and their lean littermates corresponds to human, secondary amyloidosis and may serve as a model for that disease.", "PMID": 424703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12571", "title": "Whole-body autoradiography and allied tracer techniques in distribution and elimination studies of some organic solvents: benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene.", "content": "Whole-body autoradiography has been used to study the distribution and fate of 14C-labeled benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene in mice after inhalational exposure. Total radioactivity, including the volatile part of the solvents were registered by autoradiography of dried, evaporated tape-fastened sections. In addition, dried, evaporated tape-fastened sections were extracted with water, trichloroacetic acid and a series of organic solvents and autoradiographed to register organs where metabolites were firmly bound. In another facet of the study, the quantitative elimination of the solvents and their metabolites via various routes was investigated. The expiration of unchanged solvents was subject to mathematical and computerized compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. All solvents were rapidly taken up in fatty and nervous tissues where they were retained for different periods of time largely dependent on their fat solubility. Unexpectedly long retention times were noted for the chlorinated solvents, particularly for chloroforn, which showed a specific long-term retention in the cerebellum, meninges and spinal nerves, indicating interactions with specific nervous tissue receptors. Solvent metabolites appeared rapidly in several organs, mainly the liver and kidney, and were excreted both via urine and bile. Toluene and xylene metabolites were completely extractable whereas firmly bound metabolites were registered after inhalation of benzene, styrene and all chlorinated solvents, notably in the liver and kidney but also in the bronchi of the lung. Three-compartment pharmacokinetics were observed for the majority of the solvents selected for study although a two-compartment model was found to fit the elimination rate curves for styrene, methylene chloride and chloroform in the exhaled air. The fat solubility of the solvents was found to influence their pharmacokinetics since lower rate constants were generally obtained for the expiration of more fat soluble solvents.", "contents": "Whole-body autoradiography and allied tracer techniques in distribution and elimination studies of some organic solvents: benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene. Whole-body autoradiography has been used to study the distribution and fate of 14C-labeled benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene in mice after inhalational exposure. Total radioactivity, including the volatile part of the solvents were registered by autoradiography of dried, evaporated tape-fastened sections. In addition, dried, evaporated tape-fastened sections were extracted with water, trichloroacetic acid and a series of organic solvents and autoradiographed to register organs where metabolites were firmly bound. In another facet of the study, the quantitative elimination of the solvents and their metabolites via various routes was investigated. The expiration of unchanged solvents was subject to mathematical and computerized compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. All solvents were rapidly taken up in fatty and nervous tissues where they were retained for different periods of time largely dependent on their fat solubility. Unexpectedly long retention times were noted for the chlorinated solvents, particularly for chloroforn, which showed a specific long-term retention in the cerebellum, meninges and spinal nerves, indicating interactions with specific nervous tissue receptors. Solvent metabolites appeared rapidly in several organs, mainly the liver and kidney, and were excreted both via urine and bile. Toluene and xylene metabolites were completely extractable whereas firmly bound metabolites were registered after inhalation of benzene, styrene and all chlorinated solvents, notably in the liver and kidney but also in the bronchi of the lung. Three-compartment pharmacokinetics were observed for the majority of the solvents selected for study although a two-compartment model was found to fit the elimination rate curves for styrene, methylene chloride and chloroform in the exhaled air. The fat solubility of the solvents was found to influence their pharmacokinetics since lower rate constants were generally obtained for the expiration of more fat soluble solvents.", "PMID": 424704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12572", "title": "[Cardiological indications for anticoagulant therapy].", "content": "The present status of short-term and long-term anticoagulant therapy and prophylaxis in cardiac disease is reviewed, with a view to providing new guidelines for treatment and prevention of thromboembolic complications in acquired heart disease.", "contents": "[Cardiological indications for anticoagulant therapy]. The present status of short-term and long-term anticoagulant therapy and prophylaxis in cardiac disease is reviewed, with a view to providing new guidelines for treatment and prevention of thromboembolic complications in acquired heart disease.", "PMID": 424705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12573", "title": "[Ambulatory management of chronic alcoholism].", "content": "Alcoholism frequently goes undiagnosed in day-to-day medical practice because the possibility of successfully treating alcoholics on an out-patient basis is too little known. Concepts of how alcoholism arises usually relate to an isolated individual and, therefore, do not cover the whole reality of this multifactorial disease. Treatment in a \"social network\" presupposes that the patient's problems are understood as disturbed interactions with his environment. With this concept in mind it is possible to approach the essential conditions of the disease. 484 patients have been treated according to this program. 352 (72.7%) were followed up for an average of 8.3 years (range 2--19 years). 37.4% were in complete remission, 33.7 had markedly improved and 28.9% were unchanged or worse.", "contents": "[Ambulatory management of chronic alcoholism]. Alcoholism frequently goes undiagnosed in day-to-day medical practice because the possibility of successfully treating alcoholics on an out-patient basis is too little known. Concepts of how alcoholism arises usually relate to an isolated individual and, therefore, do not cover the whole reality of this multifactorial disease. Treatment in a \"social network\" presupposes that the patient's problems are understood as disturbed interactions with his environment. With this concept in mind it is possible to approach the essential conditions of the disease. 484 patients have been treated according to this program. 352 (72.7%) were followed up for an average of 8.3 years (range 2--19 years). 37.4% were in complete remission, 33.7 had markedly improved and 28.9% were unchanged or worse.", "PMID": 424706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12574", "title": "[Action mechanism and clinical indications for thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors].", "content": "The mechanisms of action of three most commonly used antiplatelet agents (aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, dipyridamole) are briefly discussed. Aspirin inhibits the prostaglandin synthetase of platelets irreversibly and thereby blocks the production of prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane A2, which stimulate platelet aggregation. A daily aspirin dose of 200--300 mg is sufficient to achieve this effect. Sulfinpyrazone appears to interfere with the adhesion of platelets to subendothelial structures and atherosclerotic plaques. Dipyridamole increases cyclic AMP in platelets and thus reduces platelet response to aggregating agents. A few of the satisfactorily performed studies on the clinical effectiveness of antiplatelet agents are mentioned. Sulfinpyrazone treatment of patients with myocardial infarction (Killip--classification I and II), starting 25--35 days after the acute myocardial infarction, reduces cardiac mortality and incidence of sudden death for a period of two years. The efficacy of aspirin treatment in coronary artery disease is not yet definitely established. In patients with transient ischemic attacks, particularly males with appropriate carotid lesions, aspirin therapy reduces the frequency of transient ischemic attacks and possibly the incidence of stroke and death. Sulfinpyrazone is ineffective in these patients. Sulfinpyrazone and aspirin are of value in the prevention of thrombosis in straight arterio-venous shunts. Aspirin reduces the frequency of deep venous thrombosis after total hip replacement in males but not in females. In patients with recurrent venous thrombosis, sulfinpyrazone treatment is effective in preventing thrombosis.", "contents": "[Action mechanism and clinical indications for thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors]. The mechanisms of action of three most commonly used antiplatelet agents (aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, dipyridamole) are briefly discussed. Aspirin inhibits the prostaglandin synthetase of platelets irreversibly and thereby blocks the production of prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane A2, which stimulate platelet aggregation. A daily aspirin dose of 200--300 mg is sufficient to achieve this effect. Sulfinpyrazone appears to interfere with the adhesion of platelets to subendothelial structures and atherosclerotic plaques. Dipyridamole increases cyclic AMP in platelets and thus reduces platelet response to aggregating agents. A few of the satisfactorily performed studies on the clinical effectiveness of antiplatelet agents are mentioned. Sulfinpyrazone treatment of patients with myocardial infarction (Killip--classification I and II), starting 25--35 days after the acute myocardial infarction, reduces cardiac mortality and incidence of sudden death for a period of two years. The efficacy of aspirin treatment in coronary artery disease is not yet definitely established. In patients with transient ischemic attacks, particularly males with appropriate carotid lesions, aspirin therapy reduces the frequency of transient ischemic attacks and possibly the incidence of stroke and death. Sulfinpyrazone is ineffective in these patients. Sulfinpyrazone and aspirin are of value in the prevention of thrombosis in straight arterio-venous shunts. Aspirin reduces the frequency of deep venous thrombosis after total hip replacement in males but not in females. In patients with recurrent venous thrombosis, sulfinpyrazone treatment is effective in preventing thrombosis.", "PMID": 424707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12575", "title": "[Drug interactions].", "content": "Beneficial and adverse interactions between drugs may occur in any process that influences the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of a given drug and thus affects its therapeutic or toxic effects. Many additional \"patient factors\" and \"drug factors\" influence clinical occurrence and severity of adverse drug interactions. In dealing with drug interactions and their consequences, a uniform mode of classifying and reporting drug interactions based on clinical relevance appears to be the prime necessity. A number of adverse drug interactions commonly occurring during cardiovascular therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Drug interactions]. Beneficial and adverse interactions between drugs may occur in any process that influences the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of a given drug and thus affects its therapeutic or toxic effects. Many additional \"patient factors\" and \"drug factors\" influence clinical occurrence and severity of adverse drug interactions. In dealing with drug interactions and their consequences, a uniform mode of classifying and reporting drug interactions based on clinical relevance appears to be the prime necessity. A number of adverse drug interactions commonly occurring during cardiovascular therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 424708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12576", "title": "[Non-Hodgkin lymphomas: classification, staging and therapy].", "content": "In recent years considerable advances have been made in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, yet the results are not so impressive as the progress in treating patients with Hodgkin's disease. This may be partly explained by the lack of standardized histological classification and staging procedures, which are responsible for our incomplete knowledge of the pathogenesis and clinical course of the different lymphoma types. The most important histological classifications and procedures for adequate staging are presented. To the extent of present knowledge the initial manifestations and pathways of dissemination are discussed. So far established data makes it possible to lay down therapeutic principles which differ according to stage and histology. Loco-regional stages should be treated by radiotherapy alone. In advanced phases combined cytotoxic chemotherapy is for the most part the accepted form of treatment. While in prognostically favorable histological types a mild regimen may suffice, aggressive cytotoxic regimens should be preferred in treating unfavorable histological types. Treatment modalities combining radiotherapy and chemotherapy are still experimental. Hodgkin's lymphomas and diffuse histiocytic lymphomas in stages III and IV are potentially curable by chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Non-Hodgkin lymphomas: classification, staging and therapy]. In recent years considerable advances have been made in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, yet the results are not so impressive as the progress in treating patients with Hodgkin's disease. This may be partly explained by the lack of standardized histological classification and staging procedures, which are responsible for our incomplete knowledge of the pathogenesis and clinical course of the different lymphoma types. The most important histological classifications and procedures for adequate staging are presented. To the extent of present knowledge the initial manifestations and pathways of dissemination are discussed. So far established data makes it possible to lay down therapeutic principles which differ according to stage and histology. Loco-regional stages should be treated by radiotherapy alone. In advanced phases combined cytotoxic chemotherapy is for the most part the accepted form of treatment. While in prognostically favorable histological types a mild regimen may suffice, aggressive cytotoxic regimens should be preferred in treating unfavorable histological types. Treatment modalities combining radiotherapy and chemotherapy are still experimental. Hodgkin's lymphomas and diffuse histiocytic lymphomas in stages III and IV are potentially curable by chemotherapy.", "PMID": 424710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12577", "title": "[Cholestyramine and digoxin intoxication: therapeutic efficacy?].", "content": "Plasma levels of digoxin were measured in a patient after massive intoxication. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the data as compared with other cases of digoxin intoxication reveals that in these situations oral administration of cholestyramine may be of benefit to the patient.", "contents": "[Cholestyramine and digoxin intoxication: therapeutic efficacy?]. Plasma levels of digoxin were measured in a patient after massive intoxication. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the data as compared with other cases of digoxin intoxication reveals that in these situations oral administration of cholestyramine may be of benefit to the patient.", "PMID": 424712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12578", "title": "[Paraganglioma of the glomus caroticum].", "content": "Extra-adrenal paraganglioma (chemodectoma) is a rare tumor; the tumor of the carotid body is the most frequently observed chemodectoma. Histochemical analysis of the glomus cell shows catecholamine in all cases, but functional activity of those tumors is an exception. The diagnosis of carotid body tumor can be confirmed by carotid arteriography. Surgery is the treatment of choice. Malignant degeneration of chemodectoma has been observed in a few cases.", "contents": "[Paraganglioma of the glomus caroticum]. Extra-adrenal paraganglioma (chemodectoma) is a rare tumor; the tumor of the carotid body is the most frequently observed chemodectoma. Histochemical analysis of the glomus cell shows catecholamine in all cases, but functional activity of those tumors is an exception. The diagnosis of carotid body tumor can be confirmed by carotid arteriography. Surgery is the treatment of choice. Malignant degeneration of chemodectoma has been observed in a few cases.", "PMID": 424714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12579", "title": "[Therapeutic recommendations in idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax].", "content": "The treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax is still controversial. To evaluate pleural drainage with a chest tube the therapeutic results in 73 patients with benign pneumothorax were reviewed. Benign spontaneous pneumothorax treated with a thick chest tube size Charri\u00e8re 18-22 disappeared within an average of only 6.6 days. On the other hand, the high recurrence rate of 24% after the initial pneumothorax and 37% after the first recurrence is comparable with the results of conservative management in other pneumothorax series in the literature. Small pneumothorax without severe symptoms should therefore be supervised conservatively on an outpatient basis. The more extended forms of pneumothorax should be treated with thick chest tubes. Failure of therapeutic effect, second ipsilateral relapse or the first contralateral pneumothorax are indications for parietal pleurectomy.", "contents": "[Therapeutic recommendations in idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax]. The treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax is still controversial. To evaluate pleural drainage with a chest tube the therapeutic results in 73 patients with benign pneumothorax were reviewed. Benign spontaneous pneumothorax treated with a thick chest tube size Charri\u00e8re 18-22 disappeared within an average of only 6.6 days. On the other hand, the high recurrence rate of 24% after the initial pneumothorax and 37% after the first recurrence is comparable with the results of conservative management in other pneumothorax series in the literature. Small pneumothorax without severe symptoms should therefore be supervised conservatively on an outpatient basis. The more extended forms of pneumothorax should be treated with thick chest tubes. Failure of therapeutic effect, second ipsilateral relapse or the first contralateral pneumothorax are indications for parietal pleurectomy.", "PMID": 424715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12580", "title": "[Course and quantitative evaluation of the lung involvement in cystic fibrosis].", "content": "On the basis of clinical observations the course of pulmonary involvement in cystic fibrosis is studied, and an attempt at classification into three severity groups is made. Clinical and radiological findings, quantified by special scores, are presented and correlations between scores and lung function data are demonstrated. Although respiratory function tests - in particular the ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity (RV/TLC) - correlate with the clinical and chest radiographic scores, division into three severity degrees is only reliable for groups of patients. In the individual patient the clinical, radiological and lung function findings must be taken into account together. Assessment according to a scoring system may be helpful.", "contents": "[Course and quantitative evaluation of the lung involvement in cystic fibrosis]. On the basis of clinical observations the course of pulmonary involvement in cystic fibrosis is studied, and an attempt at classification into three severity groups is made. Clinical and radiological findings, quantified by special scores, are presented and correlations between scores and lung function data are demonstrated. Although respiratory function tests - in particular the ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity (RV/TLC) - correlate with the clinical and chest radiographic scores, division into three severity degrees is only reliable for groups of patients. In the individual patient the clinical, radiological and lung function findings must be taken into account together. Assessment according to a scoring system may be helpful.", "PMID": 424716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12581", "title": "[Female genital bilharziasis. 1 case].", "content": "In a Swiss woman who had travelled in Africa ovarian and tubal bilharziasis (Schistosoma haematobium) was found by chance during laparotomy. In both sexes genital bilharziasis is nearly always caused by Sch. haematobium and is a complication of bilharziasis of the bladder and intestine. Genital bilharziasis in woman is found principally in the cervix and in the vagina, less commonly on the vulva and in the fallopian tubes and ovaries, and rarely in the body of the uterus.", "contents": "[Female genital bilharziasis. 1 case]. In a Swiss woman who had travelled in Africa ovarian and tubal bilharziasis (Schistosoma haematobium) was found by chance during laparotomy. In both sexes genital bilharziasis is nearly always caused by Sch. haematobium and is a complication of bilharziasis of the bladder and intestine. Genital bilharziasis in woman is found principally in the cervix and in the vagina, less commonly on the vulva and in the fallopian tubes and ovaries, and rarely in the body of the uterus.", "PMID": 424717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12582", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy in daily practice].", "content": "Diagnosis and treatment are two essential elements of medical practice. For obvious reasons, it is often impossible to make a definite diagnosis during the initial work-up. This raises the problem of how extensive diagnostic procedures should be to initiate adequate treatment. It is evident that the professional experience of a physician exerts a great influence on therapeutic measures instituted in the private office or in the hospital. Consequently, in certain instances, treatment may be started without a definite diagnosis. Nevertheless, the axiom \"no treatment without prior diagnosis\" remains a basic principle of medicine.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy in daily practice]. Diagnosis and treatment are two essential elements of medical practice. For obvious reasons, it is often impossible to make a definite diagnosis during the initial work-up. This raises the problem of how extensive diagnostic procedures should be to initiate adequate treatment. It is evident that the professional experience of a physician exerts a great influence on therapeutic measures instituted in the private office or in the hospital. Consequently, in certain instances, treatment may be started without a definite diagnosis. Nevertheless, the axiom \"no treatment without prior diagnosis\" remains a basic principle of medicine.", "PMID": 424719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12583", "title": "[The value of echocardiography in the diagnosis of cardiac diseases].", "content": "Single beam echocardiography is now an established diagnostic tool in non-invasive cardiology. The principle indications are valvular diseases, pericardial effusion, aneurysm of the ascending aorta, and congenital heart disease. In the absence of regional contraction disorders, left ventricular function can be assessed by the extent of systolic shortening of the left ventricular diameter. More recently, two-dimensional echocardiography has made a very significant contribution to anatomical and functional evaluation of the heart and the great vessels, since the cardiac structures can be visualized in various cross-sections. This technique is especially helpful for the assessment of left ventricular regional contraction disturbances, the diagnosis of dysfunction of artificial valves and bioprotheses, the detection of dissecting aneurysm, and the estimation of mitral valve area in mitral stenosis. Since various left ventricular axes can be determined, the quantitation of left heart volumes appears to be within the capability of the two-dimensional technique.", "contents": "[The value of echocardiography in the diagnosis of cardiac diseases]. Single beam echocardiography is now an established diagnostic tool in non-invasive cardiology. The principle indications are valvular diseases, pericardial effusion, aneurysm of the ascending aorta, and congenital heart disease. In the absence of regional contraction disorders, left ventricular function can be assessed by the extent of systolic shortening of the left ventricular diameter. More recently, two-dimensional echocardiography has made a very significant contribution to anatomical and functional evaluation of the heart and the great vessels, since the cardiac structures can be visualized in various cross-sections. This technique is especially helpful for the assessment of left ventricular regional contraction disturbances, the diagnosis of dysfunction of artificial valves and bioprotheses, the detection of dissecting aneurysm, and the estimation of mitral valve area in mitral stenosis. Since various left ventricular axes can be determined, the quantitation of left heart volumes appears to be within the capability of the two-dimensional technique.", "PMID": 424720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12584", "title": "[Current chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis].", "content": "Tuberculosis has today lost much of its dread for mankind: in 1976, 1823 persons contracted tuberculosis and 182 died of pulmonary tuberculosis in Switzerland. In contrast, 1375 died of pneumonia, 1309 of non-specific airway disease and 2202 of bronchial cancer in the same year. The present data on morbidity and mortality in Switzerland resemble those of the other industrial European countries or the USA. The decrease in morbidity and mortality of pulmonary tuberculosis was caused-among other factors-by chemotherapy. Chemotherapy not only profoundly changed the infectivity of tuberculous patients and made ambulatory, domiciliary treatment possible, but cured pulmonary tuberculosis. The introduction of the bactericidal rifampicin led to the latest major landmark in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis in the past 20 years: namely, short-course chemotherapy. Together with the other first-line drugs (isoniazid, streptomycin, ethambutol), rifampicin shortened the duration of chemotherapy from 18--24 to 9--12 months. Short-course chemotherapy is today the therapy of choice for most patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.", "contents": "[Current chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis]. Tuberculosis has today lost much of its dread for mankind: in 1976, 1823 persons contracted tuberculosis and 182 died of pulmonary tuberculosis in Switzerland. In contrast, 1375 died of pneumonia, 1309 of non-specific airway disease and 2202 of bronchial cancer in the same year. The present data on morbidity and mortality in Switzerland resemble those of the other industrial European countries or the USA. The decrease in morbidity and mortality of pulmonary tuberculosis was caused-among other factors-by chemotherapy. Chemotherapy not only profoundly changed the infectivity of tuberculous patients and made ambulatory, domiciliary treatment possible, but cured pulmonary tuberculosis. The introduction of the bactericidal rifampicin led to the latest major landmark in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis in the past 20 years: namely, short-course chemotherapy. Together with the other first-line drugs (isoniazid, streptomycin, ethambutol), rifampicin shortened the duration of chemotherapy from 18--24 to 9--12 months. Short-course chemotherapy is today the therapy of choice for most patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.", "PMID": 424721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12585", "title": "Methylation of mouse liver DNA studied by means of the restriction enzymes msp I and hpa II.", "content": "The restriction enzymes Hpa II and Msp I both recognize the sequence 5'-CCGG (C, cytosine; G, guanine). However, Hpa II cuts mouse liver DNA to fragments four times larger than does Msp I. The size of DNA cut by Msp I is close to that predicted from base composition and nearest neighbor analysis. The most probable explanation of these results is that in mouse the site 5'-CCGG is highly methylated.", "contents": "Methylation of mouse liver DNA studied by means of the restriction enzymes msp I and hpa II. The restriction enzymes Hpa II and Msp I both recognize the sequence 5'-CCGG (C, cytosine; G, guanine). However, Hpa II cuts mouse liver DNA to fragments four times larger than does Msp I. The size of DNA cut by Msp I is close to that predicted from base composition and nearest neighbor analysis. The most probable explanation of these results is that in mouse the site 5'-CCGG is highly methylated.", "PMID": 424726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12586", "title": "Radiation from tritiated thymidine perturbs the cell cycle progression of stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "Tritiated thymidine was found to affect the cell cycle progression of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes. By means of flow cytometry a statistically significant increase in the G2 and M phases of the cell cycle was observed in cultures with low concentrations of tritiated thymidine added 18 hours before the cultures were harvested.", "contents": "Radiation from tritiated thymidine perturbs the cell cycle progression of stimulated lymphocytes. Tritiated thymidine was found to affect the cell cycle progression of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes. By means of flow cytometry a statistically significant increase in the G2 and M phases of the cell cycle was observed in cultures with low concentrations of tritiated thymidine added 18 hours before the cultures were harvested.", "PMID": 424727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12587", "title": "Retinoblastoma with 13q- chromosomal deletion associated with maternal paracentric inversion of 13q.", "content": "A girl with sporadic unilateral retinoblastoma and mental retardation has an interstitial deletion in the long arm of chromosome 13. Her mother has a paracentric inversion of one chromosome 13; the deleted chromosome 13 in the daughter is derived from the mother's normal chromosome 13.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma with 13q- chromosomal deletion associated with maternal paracentric inversion of 13q. A girl with sporadic unilateral retinoblastoma and mental retardation has an interstitial deletion in the long arm of chromosome 13. Her mother has a paracentric inversion of one chromosome 13; the deleted chromosome 13 in the daughter is derived from the mother's normal chromosome 13.", "PMID": 424728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12588", "title": "On the nature of human interlimb coordination.", "content": "Movement time varies as a function of amplitude and requirements for precision, according to Fitts' law, but when subjects perform two-handed movements to targets of widely disparate difficulty they do so simultaneously. The hand moving to an \"easy\" target moves more slowly to accommodate its \"difficult\" counterpart, yet both hands reach peak velocity and acceleration synchronously. This result suggests that the brain produces simultaneity of action not by controlling each limb independently, but by organizing functional groupings of muscles that are constrained to act as a single unit.", "contents": "On the nature of human interlimb coordination. Movement time varies as a function of amplitude and requirements for precision, according to Fitts' law, but when subjects perform two-handed movements to targets of widely disparate difficulty they do so simultaneously. The hand moving to an \"easy\" target moves more slowly to accommodate its \"difficult\" counterpart, yet both hands reach peak velocity and acceleration synchronously. This result suggests that the brain produces simultaneity of action not by controlling each limb independently, but by organizing functional groupings of muscles that are constrained to act as a single unit.", "PMID": 424729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12589", "title": "Defects of bile acid synthesis in Zellweger's syndrome.", "content": "Abnormal mitochondrial structure and function have been documented in patients with Zellweger's syndrome (cerebrohepatorenal syndrome). In vitro studies have suggested that the formation of C24 bile acids (chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid) from C27 cholesterol requires mitochondrial oxidative clevage of the terminal three carbons of the side chain. Therefore, three patients with Zellweger's syndrome were examined for the presence of mitochondrial defects in bile acid synthesis. All three excreted excessive amounts of 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oicacid, 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid, and 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24 xi-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (varanic acid), precursors of chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid that have undergone only partial side chain oxidation. These findings give added support to the role of mitochondrial oxidative side chain cleavage in the overall scheme of bile acid synthesis.", "contents": "Defects of bile acid synthesis in Zellweger's syndrome. Abnormal mitochondrial structure and function have been documented in patients with Zellweger's syndrome (cerebrohepatorenal syndrome). In vitro studies have suggested that the formation of C24 bile acids (chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid) from C27 cholesterol requires mitochondrial oxidative clevage of the terminal three carbons of the side chain. Therefore, three patients with Zellweger's syndrome were examined for the presence of mitochondrial defects in bile acid synthesis. All three excreted excessive amounts of 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oicacid, 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid, and 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24 xi-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (varanic acid), precursors of chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid that have undergone only partial side chain oxidation. These findings give added support to the role of mitochondrial oxidative side chain cleavage in the overall scheme of bile acid synthesis.", "PMID": 424737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12590", "title": "Cone inputs to ganglion cells in hereditary retinal degeneration.", "content": "The photoreceptor layer degenerated, but cone nuclei apparently devoid of outer segments were retained in retinas of aged rats of the Royal College of Surgeons strain from which optic tract activity was recorded. Measures of sensitivity showed these single axons of retinal ganglion cells to have photopic spectral responses. Cone remnants containing a cone pigment may be the photoreceptive elements in these retinas.", "contents": "Cone inputs to ganglion cells in hereditary retinal degeneration. The photoreceptor layer degenerated, but cone nuclei apparently devoid of outer segments were retained in retinas of aged rats of the Royal College of Surgeons strain from which optic tract activity was recorded. Measures of sensitivity showed these single axons of retinal ganglion cells to have photopic spectral responses. Cone remnants containing a cone pigment may be the photoreceptive elements in these retinas.", "PMID": 424738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12591", "title": "DNA repair and longevity assurance in Paramecium tetraurelia.", "content": "At given doses and clonal ages, ultraviolet irradiation-induced DNA damage reduced clonal life-span, but when followed by photoreactivation, extension of clonal life-span was observed. If photoreactivation preceded the ultraviolet treatment, no significant beneficial effect was detected. Because studies of others have shown that photoreactivation repair monomerizes the ultraviolet-induced cyclobutane dimers in DNA, but does not affect the other photoproducts, these results indicate that DNA damage can influence the duration of clonal life-span unless that damage is repaired. Repeated treatment with ultraviolet and photoreactivation resulted in significant mean and maximal clonal life-span extension when compared with untreated controls, and it is assumed that the rejuvenation effect was due to the correction or prevention of some age damage.", "contents": "DNA repair and longevity assurance in Paramecium tetraurelia. At given doses and clonal ages, ultraviolet irradiation-induced DNA damage reduced clonal life-span, but when followed by photoreactivation, extension of clonal life-span was observed. If photoreactivation preceded the ultraviolet treatment, no significant beneficial effect was detected. Because studies of others have shown that photoreactivation repair monomerizes the ultraviolet-induced cyclobutane dimers in DNA, but does not affect the other photoproducts, these results indicate that DNA damage can influence the duration of clonal life-span unless that damage is repaired. Repeated treatment with ultraviolet and photoreactivation resulted in significant mean and maximal clonal life-span extension when compared with untreated controls, and it is assumed that the rejuvenation effect was due to the correction or prevention of some age damage.", "PMID": 424739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12592", "title": "Hybrid myelomas producing antibodies against a human neuroblastoma antigen present on fetal brain.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice immunized with a cultured human neuroblastoma were hybridized with the mouse plasmacytoma P3X63Ag8. Hybrid myelomas were screened for production of antibodies that reacted with human neuroblastomas but not with cells from other tissues. One of these hybridoma antibodies reacted with an antigen present on the six human neuroblastomas tested, one of two retinoblastomas, a glioblastoma, and fetal brain, but did not react with other tumors or tissues including adult human brain.", "contents": "Hybrid myelomas producing antibodies against a human neuroblastoma antigen present on fetal brain. Spleen cells from mice immunized with a cultured human neuroblastoma were hybridized with the mouse plasmacytoma P3X63Ag8. Hybrid myelomas were screened for production of antibodies that reacted with human neuroblastomas but not with cells from other tissues. One of these hybridoma antibodies reacted with an antigen present on the six human neuroblastomas tested, one of two retinoblastomas, a glioblastoma, and fetal brain, but did not react with other tumors or tissues including adult human brain.", "PMID": 424740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12593", "title": "Multiple sclerosis: presence of lymphatic capillaries and lymphoid tissue in the brain and spinal cord.", "content": "Thin-walled channels resembling lymphatic capillaries and containing lymphocytes were observed in perivascular spaces throughout the central nervous system of patients with various neurological disorders. This suggests that immunological surveillance in the central nervous system may normally involve lymphocyte circulation through the perivascular compartment. In some old multiple sclerosis plaques, perivascular lymphoid tissue was found which was organized in a manner similar to the antibody-producing medullary region of lymph nodes. This may indicate continuous processing of the putative multiple sclerosis antigen in such lesions.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis: presence of lymphatic capillaries and lymphoid tissue in the brain and spinal cord. Thin-walled channels resembling lymphatic capillaries and containing lymphocytes were observed in perivascular spaces throughout the central nervous system of patients with various neurological disorders. This suggests that immunological surveillance in the central nervous system may normally involve lymphocyte circulation through the perivascular compartment. In some old multiple sclerosis plaques, perivascular lymphoid tissue was found which was organized in a manner similar to the antibody-producing medullary region of lymph nodes. This may indicate continuous processing of the putative multiple sclerosis antigen in such lesions.", "PMID": 424741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12594", "title": "Semliki forest virus: cause of a fatal case of human encephalitis.", "content": "A fatal case of human encephalitis has been observed for which our results indicate that Semliki Forest virus (SFV) was the etiologic agent. This is surprising in view of the fact that this virus, which has been widely studied, was believed to be one of the arboviruses nonpathogenic for man. Described are the clinical course, the virological examinations performed, and the histopathological findings in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Semliki forest virus: cause of a fatal case of human encephalitis. A fatal case of human encephalitis has been observed for which our results indicate that Semliki Forest virus (SFV) was the etiologic agent. This is surprising in view of the fact that this virus, which has been widely studied, was believed to be one of the arboviruses nonpathogenic for man. Described are the clinical course, the virological examinations performed, and the histopathological findings in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 424742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12595", "title": "Opioid peptides modulate luteinizing hormone secretion during sexual maturation.", "content": "Subcutaneous injections of naloxone, an opiate antagonist, lead to an increase in serum luteinizing hormone concentrations in female but not in male rats before they reach puberty. In addition, estradiol benzoate specifically blocks the luteinizing hormone response to naloxone in prepubertal female rats, suggesting that the opioid peptides have a physiological role in the endocrine events leading to sexual maturation.", "contents": "Opioid peptides modulate luteinizing hormone secretion during sexual maturation. Subcutaneous injections of naloxone, an opiate antagonist, lead to an increase in serum luteinizing hormone concentrations in female but not in male rats before they reach puberty. In addition, estradiol benzoate specifically blocks the luteinizing hormone response to naloxone in prepubertal female rats, suggesting that the opioid peptides have a physiological role in the endocrine events leading to sexual maturation.", "PMID": 424743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12596", "title": "A test of some models of hemispheric speech organization in the left- and right-handed.", "content": "A new method generates specific predictions concerning the expected frequencies of aphasia after unilateral injury to the brain in the left- and right-handed. These predictions are then compared with the observed data for all known studies between 1935 and 1973 to derive the best-fitting model of hemispheric speech lateralization in the left- and right-handed.", "contents": "A test of some models of hemispheric speech organization in the left- and right-handed. A new method generates specific predictions concerning the expected frequencies of aphasia after unilateral injury to the brain in the left- and right-handed. These predictions are then compared with the observed data for all known studies between 1935 and 1973 to derive the best-fitting model of hemispheric speech lateralization in the left- and right-handed.", "PMID": 424744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12597", "title": "Sudden infant death.", "content": "In \"Uranium mill tailings: Congress addresses a long-neglected problem\" by Luther J. Carter (News and Comment, 13 Oct. 1978, p. 191), the chemical designation for yellowcake was given as (308)U, instead of the correct formula, U(3)O(8).", "contents": "Sudden infant death. In \"Uranium mill tailings: Congress addresses a long-neglected problem\" by Luther J. Carter (News and Comment, 13 Oct. 1978, p. 191), the chemical designation for yellowcake was given as (308)U, instead of the correct formula, U(3)O(8).", "PMID": 424747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12598", "title": "L Amino acids and D-glucose bind stereospecifically to a colloidal clay.", "content": "L-Leucine, L-aspartate, and D-glucose bind in a stereospecific manner to a colloidal clay, bentonite. This binding has high-affinity, saturable characteristics. The biologically uncommon enantiomers, D-leucine, D-asparatate, and L-glucose, do not exhibit any selective absorption on bentonite. It is suggested that this difference between stereoisomers could account for the evolution of life forms possessing a great preponderance of L amino acids and D-glucose.", "contents": "L Amino acids and D-glucose bind stereospecifically to a colloidal clay. L-Leucine, L-aspartate, and D-glucose bind in a stereospecific manner to a colloidal clay, bentonite. This binding has high-affinity, saturable characteristics. The biologically uncommon enantiomers, D-leucine, D-asparatate, and L-glucose, do not exhibit any selective absorption on bentonite. It is suggested that this difference between stereoisomers could account for the evolution of life forms possessing a great preponderance of L amino acids and D-glucose.", "PMID": 424749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12599", "title": "Circadian rhythm of serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in organ culture of chicken pineal gland.", "content": "When chicken pineal glands were organ-cultured in darkness, serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity was low during daytime, increased at midnight, and decreased on the next morning. The autonomous increase of N-acetyltransferase activity was suppressed by illumination of the glands. When pineal glands were cultured under a light-dark cycle (LD 12:12), the change of N-acetyltransferase activity continued to oscillate in phase with the light-dark cycle for 3 days.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in organ culture of chicken pineal gland. When chicken pineal glands were organ-cultured in darkness, serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity was low during daytime, increased at midnight, and decreased on the next morning. The autonomous increase of N-acetyltransferase activity was suppressed by illumination of the glands. When pineal glands were cultured under a light-dark cycle (LD 12:12), the change of N-acetyltransferase activity continued to oscillate in phase with the light-dark cycle for 3 days.", "PMID": 424750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12600", "title": "Mitochondrial DNA analyses and the origin and relative age of parthenogenetic lizards (genus Cnemidophorus).", "content": "Morphological, karyological, and allozyme analyses indicate that the parthenogenetic lizards Cnemidophorus neomexicanus and diploid C. tesselatus are hybrids formed, respectively, by crosses involving the bisexual species C. tigris and C. inornatus, and C. tigris and C. septemvittatus. Mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited maternally, was obtained from each of these species. Analyses of the mitochondrial DNA's and their restriction endonuclease digestion products by electron microscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis support the hybridization hypothesis by indicating that C. tigris (specifically the subspecies marmoratus) was the maternal parent species for both C. neomexicanus and C. tesselatus. Furthermore, these data imply that these two parthenogenetic species are younger than some races of C. tigris.", "contents": "Mitochondrial DNA analyses and the origin and relative age of parthenogenetic lizards (genus Cnemidophorus). Morphological, karyological, and allozyme analyses indicate that the parthenogenetic lizards Cnemidophorus neomexicanus and diploid C. tesselatus are hybrids formed, respectively, by crosses involving the bisexual species C. tigris and C. inornatus, and C. tigris and C. septemvittatus. Mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited maternally, was obtained from each of these species. Analyses of the mitochondrial DNA's and their restriction endonuclease digestion products by electron microscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis support the hybridization hypothesis by indicating that C. tigris (specifically the subspecies marmoratus) was the maternal parent species for both C. neomexicanus and C. tesselatus. Furthermore, these data imply that these two parthenogenetic species are younger than some races of C. tigris.", "PMID": 424751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12601", "title": "Premature senescence in cultured skin fibroblasts from subjects with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Cultured skin fibroblasts from subjects with cystic fibrosis exhibited normal population doubling times in early passages. After about 13 cumulative population doublings, cystic fibrosis lines doubled more slowly than controls and ceased doubling after about 19 weekly passages. Control lines continued doubling for 27 passages. The premature senescence noted in cells from subjects with cystic fibrosis reconciles controversial observations of cell doubling reported in the literature. Data presented here demonstrate that experiments with cystic fibrosis cells in late passage may generate misleading results since differences from control lines may be ascribed to generalized senile changes rather than to specific results of the cystic fibrosis genotype.", "contents": "Premature senescence in cultured skin fibroblasts from subjects with cystic fibrosis. Cultured skin fibroblasts from subjects with cystic fibrosis exhibited normal population doubling times in early passages. After about 13 cumulative population doublings, cystic fibrosis lines doubled more slowly than controls and ceased doubling after about 19 weekly passages. Control lines continued doubling for 27 passages. The premature senescence noted in cells from subjects with cystic fibrosis reconciles controversial observations of cell doubling reported in the literature. Data presented here demonstrate that experiments with cystic fibrosis cells in late passage may generate misleading results since differences from control lines may be ascribed to generalized senile changes rather than to specific results of the cystic fibrosis genotype.", "PMID": 424752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12602", "title": "Narcotic analgesia: fentanyl reduces the intensity but not the unpleasantness of painful tooth pulp sensations.", "content": "Forty subjects rated the magnitude of painful electrical stimulation of tooth pulp before and after the intravenous administration of either fentanyl, a short-acting narcotic, or a saline placebo. The responses were choices of verbal descriptors from randomized lists of either sensory intensity (that is, weak, mild, intense) or unpleasantness (annoying, unpleasant, distressing) descriptors. The fentanyl significantly reduced the sensory intensity without reducing the unpleasantness of the tooth pulp stimuli, indicating that the mechanisms of narcotic analgesia may include a significant attenuation in pain sensation in addition to effects on pain reaction. These results stress the importance of using multiple measures of pain.", "contents": "Narcotic analgesia: fentanyl reduces the intensity but not the unpleasantness of painful tooth pulp sensations. Forty subjects rated the magnitude of painful electrical stimulation of tooth pulp before and after the intravenous administration of either fentanyl, a short-acting narcotic, or a saline placebo. The responses were choices of verbal descriptors from randomized lists of either sensory intensity (that is, weak, mild, intense) or unpleasantness (annoying, unpleasant, distressing) descriptors. The fentanyl significantly reduced the sensory intensity without reducing the unpleasantness of the tooth pulp stimuli, indicating that the mechanisms of narcotic analgesia may include a significant attenuation in pain sensation in addition to effects on pain reaction. These results stress the importance of using multiple measures of pain.", "PMID": 424753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12603", "title": "Distribution of transmembrane polypeptides in freeze fracture.", "content": "Human erythrocytes have been freeze-fractured, and the polypeptides associated with the separate halves of the membrane bilayer have been analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The transmembrane proteins were differentially separated by the fracture process. Although sialoglycoproteins associated with the outer half of the membrane, the anion transport protein (band 3) mainly remained with the inner half of the membrane. Well-defined fragments of the sialoglycoproteins were produced by the freeze-fracture procedure, indicating that selected covalent bonds of these transmembrane proteins were broken.", "contents": "Distribution of transmembrane polypeptides in freeze fracture. Human erythrocytes have been freeze-fractured, and the polypeptides associated with the separate halves of the membrane bilayer have been analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The transmembrane proteins were differentially separated by the fracture process. Although sialoglycoproteins associated with the outer half of the membrane, the anion transport protein (band 3) mainly remained with the inner half of the membrane. Well-defined fragments of the sialoglycoproteins were produced by the freeze-fracture procedure, indicating that selected covalent bonds of these transmembrane proteins were broken.", "PMID": 424755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12604", "title": "Sodium-selective liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes for intracellular measurements.", "content": "The sodium-selective ligand 1,1,1-tris[1(1)-(2(1)-oxa-4(1)-oxo-5(1)-aza-5(1)-methyl)dodecanyl]propane dissolved in 3-nitro-o-xylene containing a small amount of the lipophilic anion tetrachlorophenyl borate was used as a liquid ion-exchanger in sodium-selective microelectrodes. The microelectrodes gave rapid, stable responses that were linear functions of the logarithm of sodium activity. They were tested under conditions approximating those to be expected in the cell interior, and the results indicated that they can be used to measure intracellular sodium activity without significant interference from intracellular potassium.", "contents": "Sodium-selective liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes for intracellular measurements. The sodium-selective ligand 1,1,1-tris[1(1)-(2(1)-oxa-4(1)-oxo-5(1)-aza-5(1)-methyl)dodecanyl]propane dissolved in 3-nitro-o-xylene containing a small amount of the lipophilic anion tetrachlorophenyl borate was used as a liquid ion-exchanger in sodium-selective microelectrodes. The microelectrodes gave rapid, stable responses that were linear functions of the logarithm of sodium activity. They were tested under conditions approximating those to be expected in the cell interior, and the results indicated that they can be used to measure intracellular sodium activity without significant interference from intracellular potassium.", "PMID": 424756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12605", "title": "Membrane surface potential changes may alter drug interactions: an example, acetylcholine and curare.", "content": "Curare is known to be less effective as an acetycholine antagonist when the divalent cation concentration of the extracellular solution is increased. This observation can be accounted for by the negative surface potential on the end plate; an increase in divalent cation concentration decreases the negativity of the surface potential and thereby lowers the concentrations of cations at the membrane-solution interface. The concentration of divalent cations, such as curare, will be reduced more than the concentration of univalent cations, such as acetylcholine. The observations can be accounted for by a surface potential of about -50 millivolts. The same principle can explain the reported actions of divalent cations on the affinity of receptors for acetylcholine. The effects of surface potential on concentrations at active sites may play an important role in drug interactions.", "contents": "Membrane surface potential changes may alter drug interactions: an example, acetylcholine and curare. Curare is known to be less effective as an acetycholine antagonist when the divalent cation concentration of the extracellular solution is increased. This observation can be accounted for by the negative surface potential on the end plate; an increase in divalent cation concentration decreases the negativity of the surface potential and thereby lowers the concentrations of cations at the membrane-solution interface. The concentration of divalent cations, such as curare, will be reduced more than the concentration of univalent cations, such as acetylcholine. The observations can be accounted for by a surface potential of about -50 millivolts. The same principle can explain the reported actions of divalent cations on the affinity of receptors for acetylcholine. The effects of surface potential on concentrations at active sites may play an important role in drug interactions.", "PMID": 424757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12606", "title": "Lateral geniculate nucleus in dark-reared cats: loss of Y cells without changes in cell size.", "content": "In cats reared in the dark from birth until 4 months of age, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus contained few normal Y cells in either the binocular or monocular segments. Although most of the neurons appeared to be normal X cells unaffected by light deprivation, many cells with abnormal receptive field and response charcteristics were encountered. These effects were permanent, since 1 to 2 years of normal visual experience following initial light deprivation did not lead to any functional recovery. The sizes of cell bodies in cats reared in the dark were similar to those of normal animals, an indication that changes in geniculate cell physiology need not be related to changes in cell size.", "contents": "Lateral geniculate nucleus in dark-reared cats: loss of Y cells without changes in cell size. In cats reared in the dark from birth until 4 months of age, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus contained few normal Y cells in either the binocular or monocular segments. Although most of the neurons appeared to be normal X cells unaffected by light deprivation, many cells with abnormal receptive field and response charcteristics were encountered. These effects were permanent, since 1 to 2 years of normal visual experience following initial light deprivation did not lead to any functional recovery. The sizes of cell bodies in cats reared in the dark were similar to those of normal animals, an indication that changes in geniculate cell physiology need not be related to changes in cell size.", "PMID": 424758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12607", "title": "Microwave radiation and chlordiazepoxide: synergistic effects on fixed-interval behavior.", "content": "In the presence of low-intensity pulsed microwave radiation, at an average power density of 1 milliwatt per square centimeter, the response-rate-increasing effects of chlordiazepoxide were potentiated in rats. The behavioral effects of a drug can be modified by brief exposure to a low-level microwave field even when the radiation level alone has no apparent effects on the behavior.", "contents": "Microwave radiation and chlordiazepoxide: synergistic effects on fixed-interval behavior. In the presence of low-intensity pulsed microwave radiation, at an average power density of 1 milliwatt per square centimeter, the response-rate-increasing effects of chlordiazepoxide were potentiated in rats. The behavioral effects of a drug can be modified by brief exposure to a low-level microwave field even when the radiation level alone has no apparent effects on the behavior.", "PMID": 424759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12608", "title": "A brain event related to the making of a sensory discrimination.", "content": "Event-related potentials associated with detected targets in a vigilance task were analyzed in two ways: (i) by sorting the potentials in terms of sequential reaction time bins of 50 milliseconds and (ii) by examining the single trial waveforms. A negative component (N2) covaried in latency with reaction time. These results support the hypothesis that N2 reflects a decision process which controls behavioral responses in sensory discrimination tasks.", "contents": "A brain event related to the making of a sensory discrimination. Event-related potentials associated with detected targets in a vigilance task were analyzed in two ways: (i) by sorting the potentials in terms of sequential reaction time bins of 50 milliseconds and (ii) by examining the single trial waveforms. A negative component (N2) covaried in latency with reaction time. These results support the hypothesis that N2 reflects a decision process which controls behavioral responses in sensory discrimination tasks.", "PMID": 424760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12609", "title": "Smooth pursuit eye movements: is perceived motion necessary?", "content": "It has recently been shown that perceived motion, in the absence of any appropriate retinal motion, is a sufficient stimulus to generate smooth pursuit eye motions. This raises the question of whether perceived motion is necessary for pursuit. In three experiments we obtained a negative answer to this question: retinal motion always governed pursuit.", "contents": "Smooth pursuit eye movements: is perceived motion necessary? It has recently been shown that perceived motion, in the absence of any appropriate retinal motion, is a sufficient stimulus to generate smooth pursuit eye motions. This raises the question of whether perceived motion is necessary for pursuit. In three experiments we obtained a negative answer to this question: retinal motion always governed pursuit.", "PMID": 424761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12610", "title": "Fungal arthritis. II. Coccidioidal synovitis: clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic considerations.", "content": "This is the second phase of a review of fungal arthritis that will be presented in three parts. Coccidioidal synovitis will be discussed in this issue. Part I was a review of Candida arthritis; part III will be a review of cryptococcal, sporotrichal, histoplasmal, and blastomycotic arthritis.", "contents": "Fungal arthritis. II. Coccidioidal synovitis: clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic considerations. This is the second phase of a review of fungal arthritis that will be presented in three parts. Coccidioidal synovitis will be discussed in this issue. Part I was a review of Candida arthritis; part III will be a review of cryptococcal, sporotrichal, histoplasmal, and blastomycotic arthritis.", "PMID": 424764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12611", "title": "Multiple imaging modalities for the study of pancreatic disease.", "content": "Gray scale ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) have enhanced the role of various imaging modalities in the evaluation of patients with suspected pancreatic disease. When these anatomical studies are normal or equivocal, a functional, radionuclide pancreas scan may be useful. Pancreatic imaging can be achieved using ultrasound, transmission CT, single photon radionuclide imaging, and positron emission CT. A diagnostic imaging decision chart for the evaluation of patients with possible pancreatic disease is useful in choosing the correct imaging modality in a specific situation. Such a chart and its theoretic basis are described in this review. The need to optimize the pancreatic work-up with respect to cost-benefit decisions and diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity are of particular concern to the physician. Of all the potential areas for disease, the pancreas has been and remains a particularly difficult diagnostic problem.", "contents": "Multiple imaging modalities for the study of pancreatic disease. Gray scale ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) have enhanced the role of various imaging modalities in the evaluation of patients with suspected pancreatic disease. When these anatomical studies are normal or equivocal, a functional, radionuclide pancreas scan may be useful. Pancreatic imaging can be achieved using ultrasound, transmission CT, single photon radionuclide imaging, and positron emission CT. A diagnostic imaging decision chart for the evaluation of patients with possible pancreatic disease is useful in choosing the correct imaging modality in a specific situation. Such a chart and its theoretic basis are described in this review. The need to optimize the pancreatic work-up with respect to cost-benefit decisions and diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity are of particular concern to the physician. Of all the potential areas for disease, the pancreas has been and remains a particularly difficult diagnostic problem.", "PMID": 424768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12612", "title": "The roles of Gallium-67 scintigraphy, ultrasonography, and computed tomography in the detection of abdominal abscesses.", "content": "The evaluation of patients with suspected abdominal abscesses begins with a history and careful physical examination. Gallium-67 (67Ga) scintigraphy, ultrasonography (US), and computed tomography (CT) are utilized only after other routine investigations have failed to localize the abscess. All three modalities are reliable for the detection of abdominal abscesses. The decision regarding which of these three diagnostic tests to use in a particular patient rests upon clinical considerations. If the patient has acute localizing signs and symptoms, 67Ga should not be used initially. In this type of patient, rapid diagnosis is best provided by either US or CT. Further radiologic investigation may be terminated if the CT or US findings are characteristic of an abscess. A 67Ga scan should be performed in a patient with acute localizing signs and symptoms if the initial CT or US is negative. In a patient with nonlocalizing signs and symptoms, 67Ga imaging should be employed as the first procedure since the entire body is easily surveyed. If the 67Ga images are abnormal, then CT or US should be utilized for further lesion characterization. This diagnostic approach will optimize the rapidity of patient evaluation and will minimize diagnostic errors.", "contents": "The roles of Gallium-67 scintigraphy, ultrasonography, and computed tomography in the detection of abdominal abscesses. The evaluation of patients with suspected abdominal abscesses begins with a history and careful physical examination. Gallium-67 (67Ga) scintigraphy, ultrasonography (US), and computed tomography (CT) are utilized only after other routine investigations have failed to localize the abscess. All three modalities are reliable for the detection of abdominal abscesses. The decision regarding which of these three diagnostic tests to use in a particular patient rests upon clinical considerations. If the patient has acute localizing signs and symptoms, 67Ga should not be used initially. In this type of patient, rapid diagnosis is best provided by either US or CT. Further radiologic investigation may be terminated if the CT or US findings are characteristic of an abscess. A 67Ga scan should be performed in a patient with acute localizing signs and symptoms if the initial CT or US is negative. In a patient with nonlocalizing signs and symptoms, 67Ga imaging should be employed as the first procedure since the entire body is easily surveyed. If the 67Ga images are abnormal, then CT or US should be utilized for further lesion characterization. This diagnostic approach will optimize the rapidity of patient evaluation and will minimize diagnostic errors.", "PMID": 424771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12613", "title": "Anatomic correlations in radiogallium imaging of the peritoneum and retroperitoneum.", "content": "Radiogallium (67Ga) imaging of the abdomen and pelvis has been useful not only in detecting inflammations in these regions, but in pointing out their precise anatomic localization. Once the anatomic site is determined, it is often possible to infer the source of origin of the problem (such as ruptured viscus or pancreatitis). Interpretation of the images depends on recognition of patterns that define known anatomic boundaries such as the transverse mesocolon, root of the small mesentery, perirenal space, and pararenal space, or else show diffuse peritoneal uptake. The anatomic patterns may have continued usefulness in future studies, such as when radiolabeled leukocytes are employed to localize inflammations.", "contents": "Anatomic correlations in radiogallium imaging of the peritoneum and retroperitoneum. Radiogallium (67Ga) imaging of the abdomen and pelvis has been useful not only in detecting inflammations in these regions, but in pointing out their precise anatomic localization. Once the anatomic site is determined, it is often possible to infer the source of origin of the problem (such as ruptured viscus or pancreatitis). Interpretation of the images depends on recognition of patterns that define known anatomic boundaries such as the transverse mesocolon, root of the small mesentery, perirenal space, and pararenal space, or else show diffuse peritoneal uptake. The anatomic patterns may have continued usefulness in future studies, such as when radiolabeled leukocytes are employed to localize inflammations.", "PMID": 424772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12614", "title": "The relationship of computed tomography, gray-scale ultrasonography and radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of hepatic masses.", "content": "Hepatic scintigraphy, gray-scale ultrasonography, and computed tomography have proven to be useful in the initial detection and evaluation of hepatic masses. These studies appear to be complimentary since each provides information not available from the others. Hepatic scintigraphy is currently the method of choice for the initial evaluation of the liver for mass lesions as it is easily performed, relatively inexpensive, and affords detectability of intrahepatic mass lesions at least as great as that of ultrasonography or computed tomography. When a definite or suspected abnormality is seen by hepatic scintigraphy, computed tomography or ultrasonography may be helpful in providing better anatomic definition or clarification of the nature of the abnormality. The choice between these latter two modalities depends on the type of scanning equipment available and the observer's experience with each method.", "contents": "The relationship of computed tomography, gray-scale ultrasonography and radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of hepatic masses. Hepatic scintigraphy, gray-scale ultrasonography, and computed tomography have proven to be useful in the initial detection and evaluation of hepatic masses. These studies appear to be complimentary since each provides information not available from the others. Hepatic scintigraphy is currently the method of choice for the initial evaluation of the liver for mass lesions as it is easily performed, relatively inexpensive, and affords detectability of intrahepatic mass lesions at least as great as that of ultrasonography or computed tomography. When a definite or suspected abnormality is seen by hepatic scintigraphy, computed tomography or ultrasonography may be helpful in providing better anatomic definition or clarification of the nature of the abnormality. The choice between these latter two modalities depends on the type of scanning equipment available and the observer's experience with each method.", "PMID": 424773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12615", "title": "Transduction at electroreceptors: origins of sensitivity.", "content": "Electroreceptors of four different classes were analyzed in terms of adaptations leading to high sensitivity. The large receptor of mormyrids is a sensitive phasic receptor. Voltage amplification is provided by an impulse-generating mechanism in the receptor cells. The cells are specialized in that their threshold is very close to the resting potential. Inward current may be mediated by Ca channels, which show little inactivation. Transmission to the afferent nerve is electrotonic and is apparently not otherwise specialized. Other phasic receptors appear to use regenerative responsiveness more for active filtering than for voltage gain. Tonic electroreceptors of freshwater fishes lack regenerative responses in their receptor cells. Stimuli act directly on the presynaptic membrane to alter Ca permeability and modulate the release of transmitter. The absence of regeneration is ascribable to shunting by fixed conductances. The relation between transmitter release and depolarization is much steeper than the corresponding relation at the squid giant synapse. Indirect arguments suggest that the great voltage sensitivity does not reside in any properties of the Ca channels, but in subsequent processes leading to transmitter release. The ampulla of Lorenzini is the most sensitive electroreceptor. Its sensitivity apparently resides in the regenerative oscillatory activity of the receptor cells. The receptor is kept in its operating range by accommodative processes, probably involving Ca-activated outward current. A number of mechanisms of electroreception appear relevant to mechanosensitive acoustico-lateralis receptors. The specialized accommodative processes and the adaptations increasing sensitivity are likely to be relevant to many other systems as well.", "contents": "Transduction at electroreceptors: origins of sensitivity. Electroreceptors of four different classes were analyzed in terms of adaptations leading to high sensitivity. The large receptor of mormyrids is a sensitive phasic receptor. Voltage amplification is provided by an impulse-generating mechanism in the receptor cells. The cells are specialized in that their threshold is very close to the resting potential. Inward current may be mediated by Ca channels, which show little inactivation. Transmission to the afferent nerve is electrotonic and is apparently not otherwise specialized. Other phasic receptors appear to use regenerative responsiveness more for active filtering than for voltage gain. Tonic electroreceptors of freshwater fishes lack regenerative responses in their receptor cells. Stimuli act directly on the presynaptic membrane to alter Ca permeability and modulate the release of transmitter. The absence of regeneration is ascribable to shunting by fixed conductances. The relation between transmitter release and depolarization is much steeper than the corresponding relation at the squid giant synapse. Indirect arguments suggest that the great voltage sensitivity does not reside in any properties of the Ca channels, but in subsequent processes leading to transmitter release. The ampulla of Lorenzini is the most sensitive electroreceptor. Its sensitivity apparently resides in the regenerative oscillatory activity of the receptor cells. The receptor is kept in its operating range by accommodative processes, probably involving Ca-activated outward current. A number of mechanisms of electroreception appear relevant to mechanosensitive acoustico-lateralis receptors. The specialized accommodative processes and the adaptations increasing sensitivity are likely to be relevant to many other systems as well.", "PMID": 424785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12616", "title": "Aseptic (avascular) necrosis of the femoral head in psoriasis.", "content": "Aseptic (avascular) necrosis of the femoral head associated with psoriasis is reported. The clinical histories of nine patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head and one patient with bilateral humeral head osteonecrosis are summarized. Psoriasis was the only associated condition found in three of the patients. Only two patients had received systemic corticosteroids in significant amounts (greater than 1 gm of prednisone). Four patients had received methotrexate therapy for psoriasis. Other possible contributing factors including serum uric acid levels are discussed. Psoriasis should be added to the list of systemic diseases associated with aseptic (avascular) necrosis. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head should be considered in any patient with psoriasis and pain in the hip or thigh.", "contents": "Aseptic (avascular) necrosis of the femoral head in psoriasis. Aseptic (avascular) necrosis of the femoral head associated with psoriasis is reported. The clinical histories of nine patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head and one patient with bilateral humeral head osteonecrosis are summarized. Psoriasis was the only associated condition found in three of the patients. Only two patients had received systemic corticosteroids in significant amounts (greater than 1 gm of prednisone). Four patients had received methotrexate therapy for psoriasis. Other possible contributing factors including serum uric acid levels are discussed. Psoriasis should be added to the list of systemic diseases associated with aseptic (avascular) necrosis. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head should be considered in any patient with psoriasis and pain in the hip or thigh.", "PMID": 424787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12617", "title": "Conjunctival biopsy in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.", "content": "The diagnosis of sarcoidosis with ocular involvement is often difficult and accompanied by a certain measure of uncertainty due to a paucity of additional physical signs. In the ophthalmic literature, it is controversial as to whether biopsy of a clinically normal conjuctiva should be done if sarcoidosis is suspected. Many authors advocate biopsy only in the presence of conjunctival follicles or nodules. However, a positive biopsy from a clinically normal-appearing conjunctiva has been reported. Recently, we saw a patient with bilateral uveitis, evanescent cranial nerve palsies, and other clinical manifestations suggesting central nervous system and ocular sarcoidosis. Random biopsy of a normal-appearing conjunctiva revealed a noncaseating granuloma consistent with sarcoidosis. Since conjunctival biopsy is a simple office procedure with minimal morbidity, this diagnostic tool should be considered for patients with clinically suspected sarcoidosis, even in the absence of conjunctival follicles or nodules.", "contents": "Conjunctival biopsy in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis with ocular involvement is often difficult and accompanied by a certain measure of uncertainty due to a paucity of additional physical signs. In the ophthalmic literature, it is controversial as to whether biopsy of a clinically normal conjuctiva should be done if sarcoidosis is suspected. Many authors advocate biopsy only in the presence of conjunctival follicles or nodules. However, a positive biopsy from a clinically normal-appearing conjunctiva has been reported. Recently, we saw a patient with bilateral uveitis, evanescent cranial nerve palsies, and other clinical manifestations suggesting central nervous system and ocular sarcoidosis. Random biopsy of a normal-appearing conjunctiva revealed a noncaseating granuloma consistent with sarcoidosis. Since conjunctival biopsy is a simple office procedure with minimal morbidity, this diagnostic tool should be considered for patients with clinically suspected sarcoidosis, even in the absence of conjunctival follicles or nodules.", "PMID": 424788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12618", "title": "Cancer associated with collagen-vascular disease.", "content": "Two cases of cancer, each associated with a different collagen-vascular disease, are reported. The first patient, a 71-year-old white man, had a history of acute dermatomyositis and malignancy for a few weeks only. Death was associated with adenocarcinoma of the lesser curvature of the stomach with metastases to the liver and beyond. The second patient, a 69-year-old white man, had had symptoms associated with Raynaud's phenomenon for more than a decade and difficulty in swallowing, attributed to progressive systemic sclerosis for more than two years. He died with an epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus with extension to the lung and metastases to the liver and lungs.", "contents": "Cancer associated with collagen-vascular disease. Two cases of cancer, each associated with a different collagen-vascular disease, are reported. The first patient, a 71-year-old white man, had a history of acute dermatomyositis and malignancy for a few weeks only. Death was associated with adenocarcinoma of the lesser curvature of the stomach with metastases to the liver and beyond. The second patient, a 69-year-old white man, had had symptoms associated with Raynaud's phenomenon for more than a decade and difficulty in swallowing, attributed to progressive systemic sclerosis for more than two years. He died with an epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus with extension to the lung and metastases to the liver and lungs.", "PMID": 424789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12619", "title": "Typhoid fever in children: a forgotten disease?", "content": "All indexed cases of typhoid fever occurring in children over a ten-year period in Jacksonville, Fla, were studied retrospectively. This review revealed that anorexia was the most common gastrointestinal complaint and that neurologic symptoms and signs were nearly as common as gastrointestinal signs. There was a significant delay in diagnosis in most cases because typhoid fever was not included in the differential diagnosis upon admission. This is probably due to the decline in the incidence of typhoid fever in the United States and the resultant lowering of the index of suspicion for the disease on the part of physicians in general. Representative cases are presented in detail.", "contents": "Typhoid fever in children: a forgotten disease? All indexed cases of typhoid fever occurring in children over a ten-year period in Jacksonville, Fla, were studied retrospectively. This review revealed that anorexia was the most common gastrointestinal complaint and that neurologic symptoms and signs were nearly as common as gastrointestinal signs. There was a significant delay in diagnosis in most cases because typhoid fever was not included in the differential diagnosis upon admission. This is probably due to the decline in the incidence of typhoid fever in the United States and the resultant lowering of the index of suspicion for the disease on the part of physicians in general. Representative cases are presented in detail.", "PMID": 424790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12620", "title": "Influenza 1978.", "content": "During January and February 1978, an outbreak of respiratory infection occurred at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Both influenza A/Texas and A/USSR were isolated in the hospitalized patients. Two different strains of influenza A have not previously been documented during a single outbreak. This raises the possibility of recombination with emergence of a new antigenic strain.", "contents": "Influenza 1978. During January and February 1978, an outbreak of respiratory infection occurred at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Both influenza A/Texas and A/USSR were isolated in the hospitalized patients. Two different strains of influenza A have not previously been documented during a single outbreak. This raises the possibility of recombination with emergence of a new antigenic strain.", "PMID": 424791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12621", "title": "Transport of the neonate.", "content": "A regionalization program, initiated in 1973 at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, has included community hospital site visits, formal nursing courses, and neonatal transport. The neonatal transport program was designed not only to give initial medical care to the sick newborn, but also to develop the educational aspects of the regionalization program. Analysis of data from the first two years (614 transports) revealed significant educational interactions occurring during transport. Improved perinatal care the second year was reflected in decreased regional neonatal mortality and improved neonatal management.", "contents": "Transport of the neonate. A regionalization program, initiated in 1973 at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, has included community hospital site visits, formal nursing courses, and neonatal transport. The neonatal transport program was designed not only to give initial medical care to the sick newborn, but also to develop the educational aspects of the regionalization program. Analysis of data from the first two years (614 transports) revealed significant educational interactions occurring during transport. Improved perinatal care the second year was reflected in decreased regional neonatal mortality and improved neonatal management.", "PMID": 424792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12622", "title": "Congenital tuberculosis and associated hypoadrenocorticism.", "content": "Two cases of probable congenital tuberculosis occurring in the ten-year period from 1966 to 1976 are reported. One infant with confirmed congenital tuberculosis also had symptomatic hypoadrenocorticism. Tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the seriously ill infant.", "contents": "Congenital tuberculosis and associated hypoadrenocorticism. Two cases of probable congenital tuberculosis occurring in the ten-year period from 1966 to 1976 are reported. One infant with confirmed congenital tuberculosis also had symptomatic hypoadrenocorticism. Tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the seriously ill infant.", "PMID": 424793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12623", "title": "Granulomatous interstitial nephritis: a complication of heroin abuse.", "content": "A 27-year-old man, a known heroin addict with previously diagnosed nephrotic syndrome, had a percutaneous renal biopsy for recurrent proteinuria. The biopsy revealed a glomerular lesion compatible with focal sclerosing hephropathy. The renal interstitium also demonstrated numerous active granulomas characterized by the presence of both multilamellated basophilic material and areas of unstained fibrillar material. These findings represent a previously undescribed complication of parenteral heroin abuse--renal granuloma formation.", "contents": "Granulomatous interstitial nephritis: a complication of heroin abuse. A 27-year-old man, a known heroin addict with previously diagnosed nephrotic syndrome, had a percutaneous renal biopsy for recurrent proteinuria. The biopsy revealed a glomerular lesion compatible with focal sclerosing hephropathy. The renal interstitium also demonstrated numerous active granulomas characterized by the presence of both multilamellated basophilic material and areas of unstained fibrillar material. These findings represent a previously undescribed complication of parenteral heroin abuse--renal granuloma formation.", "PMID": 424794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12624", "title": "Proximal femoral focal deficiency: a clinical appraisal.", "content": "In patients with unilateral proximal femoral focal deficiency, the leg length inequality is almost always greater than five inches at skeletal maturity. Consequently, prosthetic management should be planned before the patient walks. A standard plan of treatment of the patient with unilateral PFFD is not possible at this time, primarily because of the varying percentage of femur missing and the controversy of management of the hip in patients with type A or B deformity. However, we found that ankle disarticulation with Syme flap closure combined with arthrodesis of the knee is a reasonable plan in many patients with unilateral PFFD. This allows correction of the knee and hip flexion contractures and gives the patient a functional, cosmetic stump. By the time he begins school, he is functioning as an above-knee amputee. This is not an undesirable goal, as one of us (E.G.R.) recently examined an above-knee amputee, a Captain in the United States Army, who continued his hobby of sky diving.", "contents": "Proximal femoral focal deficiency: a clinical appraisal. In patients with unilateral proximal femoral focal deficiency, the leg length inequality is almost always greater than five inches at skeletal maturity. Consequently, prosthetic management should be planned before the patient walks. A standard plan of treatment of the patient with unilateral PFFD is not possible at this time, primarily because of the varying percentage of femur missing and the controversy of management of the hip in patients with type A or B deformity. However, we found that ankle disarticulation with Syme flap closure combined with arthrodesis of the knee is a reasonable plan in many patients with unilateral PFFD. This allows correction of the knee and hip flexion contractures and gives the patient a functional, cosmetic stump. By the time he begins school, he is functioning as an above-knee amputee. This is not an undesirable goal, as one of us (E.G.R.) recently examined an above-knee amputee, a Captain in the United States Army, who continued his hobby of sky diving.", "PMID": 424795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12625", "title": "Basic pediatrics: a new American physician in an African village hospital.", "content": "This communication presents a picture of medical practice, with an emphasis on pediatrics, in a rural hospital in the Transkei Republic of Southern Africa. The manner in which this setting appeared to and confronted a new graduate and his attempts to practice medicine are reported. An evaluation of the experience in terms of an education and suggestions for interested students and physicians are described.", "contents": "Basic pediatrics: a new American physician in an African village hospital. This communication presents a picture of medical practice, with an emphasis on pediatrics, in a rural hospital in the Transkei Republic of Southern Africa. The manner in which this setting appeared to and confronted a new graduate and his attempts to practice medicine are reported. An evaluation of the experience in terms of an education and suggestions for interested students and physicians are described.", "PMID": 424797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12626", "title": "Detection of fetal anencephaly using real-time ultrasound.", "content": "Anencephaly can be diagnosed using real-time ultrasonography. This enables visualization of the fetal movements and facilitates identification of the fetal parts, making certain the exact orientation of the fetus. Thus, the negative finding of the lack of fetal calvarium, as well as the positive finding of insufficient space for a calvarium to exist between the fetal thorax and the uterine wall, can be confidently ascertained. One can then be certain that a fetal head is not being missed by the ultrasound beam, as is possible with a rapidly moving fetus using B-mode ultrasound.", "contents": "Detection of fetal anencephaly using real-time ultrasound. Anencephaly can be diagnosed using real-time ultrasonography. This enables visualization of the fetal movements and facilitates identification of the fetal parts, making certain the exact orientation of the fetus. Thus, the negative finding of the lack of fetal calvarium, as well as the positive finding of insufficient space for a calvarium to exist between the fetal thorax and the uterine wall, can be confidently ascertained. One can then be certain that a fetal head is not being missed by the ultrasound beam, as is possible with a rapidly moving fetus using B-mode ultrasound.", "PMID": 424799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12627", "title": "Telltale mouth flora: a clue to the diagnosis of factitious recurrent thigh abscesses.", "content": "A 27-year-old man had recurrent abscesses of the thigh caused by organisms typical of mouth flora. The unusual identity of these organisms from a thigh abscess led to the recognition that the illness was induced by self-injection with saliva, and that the patient had many of the characteristics of M\u00fcnchausen's syndrome.", "contents": "Telltale mouth flora: a clue to the diagnosis of factitious recurrent thigh abscesses. A 27-year-old man had recurrent abscesses of the thigh caused by organisms typical of mouth flora. The unusual identity of these organisms from a thigh abscess led to the recognition that the illness was induced by self-injection with saliva, and that the patient had many of the characteristics of M\u00fcnchausen's syndrome.", "PMID": 424800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12628", "title": "Osteosclerosis (punctate form) in multiple myeloma.", "content": "Generalized punctate and nodular osteosclerosis associated with multiple myeloma is reported with review of the literature and differential diagnoses. This patient differs from some others reported earlier in the absence of any recognized osteolytic lesions either during life or at autopsy.", "contents": "Osteosclerosis (punctate form) in multiple myeloma. Generalized punctate and nodular osteosclerosis associated with multiple myeloma is reported with review of the literature and differential diagnoses. This patient differs from some others reported earlier in the absence of any recognized osteolytic lesions either during life or at autopsy.", "PMID": 424801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12629", "title": "Giant renal calculus with metastatic carcinoma.", "content": "A case of a massive renal calculus is described. The radiographic appearance is discussed, and attention is drawn to the more subtle radiographic finding of a metastatic tumor which proved fatal. No autopsy was done.", "contents": "Giant renal calculus with metastatic carcinoma. A case of a massive renal calculus is described. The radiographic appearance is discussed, and attention is drawn to the more subtle radiographic finding of a metastatic tumor which proved fatal. No autopsy was done.", "PMID": 424802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12630", "title": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome secondary to diffuse pulmonary blastomycosis.", "content": "We have described diffuse pulmonary blastomycosis in a previously healthy 19-year-old man, which resulted in the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Physicians must have a high index of suspicion for treatable causes of ARDS, and the use of open lung biopsy for early diagnosis is stressed.", "contents": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome secondary to diffuse pulmonary blastomycosis. We have described diffuse pulmonary blastomycosis in a previously healthy 19-year-old man, which resulted in the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Physicians must have a high index of suspicion for treatable causes of ARDS, and the use of open lung biopsy for early diagnosis is stressed.", "PMID": 424803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12631", "title": "Congenital retroperitoneal hemangioendothelioma with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome.", "content": "This is the first documented congenital retroperitoneal hemangioendothelioma. The patient presented at birth with a retroperitoneal mass and thrombocytopenia. Postmortem examination revealed the tumor to be a hemangioendothelioma, arising from the posterior abdominal wall. The association of an angiomatous tumor will thrombocytopenia represents the Kasabach-Merritt syndrome.", "contents": "Congenital retroperitoneal hemangioendothelioma with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. This is the first documented congenital retroperitoneal hemangioendothelioma. The patient presented at birth with a retroperitoneal mass and thrombocytopenia. Postmortem examination revealed the tumor to be a hemangioendothelioma, arising from the posterior abdominal wall. The association of an angiomatous tumor will thrombocytopenia represents the Kasabach-Merritt syndrome.", "PMID": 424806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12632", "title": "Inadvertent intracranial placement of a nasogastric tube through a basal skull fracture.", "content": "Inadvertent intracranial placement of nasogastric tubes may occur during intubation of patients with severe maxillofacial trauma and basal skull fractures. Oral intubation, nasogastric intubation under fluoroscopy, or nasogastric intubation under direct vision will eliminate the possibility of this complication.", "contents": "Inadvertent intracranial placement of a nasogastric tube through a basal skull fracture. Inadvertent intracranial placement of nasogastric tubes may occur during intubation of patients with severe maxillofacial trauma and basal skull fractures. Oral intubation, nasogastric intubation under fluoroscopy, or nasogastric intubation under direct vision will eliminate the possibility of this complication.", "PMID": 424807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12633", "title": "Advanced digoxin toxicity in renal failure: treatment with charcoal hemoperfusion.", "content": "Glycoside toxicity, a common and potentially fatal complication among patients taking digoxin, is treated basically by managing cardiac arrythmias until the patient can excrete enough drug to decrease the intoxication. Patients with renal failure, however, are particularly difficult to manage. We describe a case of advanced digoxin toxicity in an elderly man with severe renal failure, treated with a charcoal hemoperfusion device.", "contents": "Advanced digoxin toxicity in renal failure: treatment with charcoal hemoperfusion. Glycoside toxicity, a common and potentially fatal complication among patients taking digoxin, is treated basically by managing cardiac arrythmias until the patient can excrete enough drug to decrease the intoxication. Patients with renal failure, however, are particularly difficult to manage. We describe a case of advanced digoxin toxicity in an elderly man with severe renal failure, treated with a charcoal hemoperfusion device.", "PMID": 424817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12634", "title": "Computerized tomography in selected intracranial vascular abnormalities.", "content": "Computerized axial tomography (CAT) is a reliable technic for examining patients with a variety of intracranial abnormalities. In acute lesions where there is extravasated blood, the CAT scan shows areas of increased density on the precontrast study which measures 70 to 90 Hounsfield units. In lesions with increased flow or blood volume, the postcontrast study reveals areas of increased density due to greater pooling of contrast medium. In areas of nonhemorrhagic ischemia the CAT scan shows persisting low density.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in selected intracranial vascular abnormalities. Computerized axial tomography (CAT) is a reliable technic for examining patients with a variety of intracranial abnormalities. In acute lesions where there is extravasated blood, the CAT scan shows areas of increased density on the precontrast study which measures 70 to 90 Hounsfield units. In lesions with increased flow or blood volume, the postcontrast study reveals areas of increased density due to greater pooling of contrast medium. In areas of nonhemorrhagic ischemia the CAT scan shows persisting low density.", "PMID": 424818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12635", "title": "Transient global amnesia.", "content": "Transient global amnesia is a clinical syndrome characterized by sudden onset of short-term memory loss followed by retrograde amnesia in an otherwise healthy subject. During the attack, the patient remains alert and retains much of his personal identity. The patient usually becomes upset and concerned about his memory loss. This condition may be diagnosed incorrectly as hysteria, psychosis, or temporal lobe seizure, despite its unique clinical features.", "contents": "Transient global amnesia. Transient global amnesia is a clinical syndrome characterized by sudden onset of short-term memory loss followed by retrograde amnesia in an otherwise healthy subject. During the attack, the patient remains alert and retains much of his personal identity. The patient usually becomes upset and concerned about his memory loss. This condition may be diagnosed incorrectly as hysteria, psychosis, or temporal lobe seizure, despite its unique clinical features.", "PMID": 424819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12636", "title": "\"Empty\" sella: review of 76 cases.", "content": "We reviewed 76 cases of the empty sella syndrome. Headache was the chief complaint in 47 cases (62%), and 45 patients (60%) presented with signs and symptoms related to increased intracranial pressure and/or pituitary dysfunction. The CSF pressure was elevated in 35 of the 62 patients who had lumbar puncture, suggesting that increased intracranial pressure may play an important role in the pathogenesis of \"empty\" sella.", "contents": "\"Empty\" sella: review of 76 cases. We reviewed 76 cases of the empty sella syndrome. Headache was the chief complaint in 47 cases (62%), and 45 patients (60%) presented with signs and symptoms related to increased intracranial pressure and/or pituitary dysfunction. The CSF pressure was elevated in 35 of the 62 patients who had lumbar puncture, suggesting that increased intracranial pressure may play an important role in the pathogenesis of \"empty\" sella.", "PMID": 424820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12637", "title": "Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta.", "content": "Our experience with 36 cases of traumatic rupture of the aorta has prompted an aggressive investigative and surgical approach. Age range, mechanism of injury, and associated injuries are quite variable. Aortogram is essential for diagnosis and should be done with any evidence of mediastinal abnormality following a deceleration injury. The preferred method of repair is graft interposition for the transected aorta, using femoral vein to femoral artery bypass with an oxygenator in the system. The salvage rate is good if an aggressive surgical approach is used.", "contents": "Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta. Our experience with 36 cases of traumatic rupture of the aorta has prompted an aggressive investigative and surgical approach. Age range, mechanism of injury, and associated injuries are quite variable. Aortogram is essential for diagnosis and should be done with any evidence of mediastinal abnormality following a deceleration injury. The preferred method of repair is graft interposition for the transected aorta, using femoral vein to femoral artery bypass with an oxygenator in the system. The salvage rate is good if an aggressive surgical approach is used.", "PMID": 424821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12638", "title": "Rehabilitation of patients with cardiac disease and associated cerebrovascular accident.", "content": "The physician is faced with multiple rehabilitation problems when a patient with cardiac disease develops a cerebrovascular accident. This presentation outlines the recommended rehabilitation procedure used for such patients referred to the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service of St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital. The implementation of combined cardiac and stroke rehabilitation is described. Controlled levels of energy expenditure are ordered and increased within the patient's improving cardiac work tolerance. The type of level of exercise prescribed will depend upon the existing neurologic deficits and degree of cardiac impairment.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of patients with cardiac disease and associated cerebrovascular accident. The physician is faced with multiple rehabilitation problems when a patient with cardiac disease develops a cerebrovascular accident. This presentation outlines the recommended rehabilitation procedure used for such patients referred to the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service of St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital. The implementation of combined cardiac and stroke rehabilitation is described. Controlled levels of energy expenditure are ordered and increased within the patient's improving cardiac work tolerance. The type of level of exercise prescribed will depend upon the existing neurologic deficits and degree of cardiac impairment.", "PMID": 424822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12639", "title": "Sodium pyruvate treatment for hyperkeratotic disorders.", "content": "We have successfully used 5% sodium pyruvate in Eucerin for the treatment of congenital disorders with hyperkeratosis. It was most effective in those disorders with the most hyperkeratosis, and it was nonirritating even after extensive use. The efficacy of pyruvate may be due to the relatively low pKa of pyruvic acid.", "contents": "Sodium pyruvate treatment for hyperkeratotic disorders. We have successfully used 5% sodium pyruvate in Eucerin for the treatment of congenital disorders with hyperkeratosis. It was most effective in those disorders with the most hyperkeratosis, and it was nonirritating even after extensive use. The efficacy of pyruvate may be due to the relatively low pKa of pyruvic acid.", "PMID": 424823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12640", "title": "Methotrexate-induced diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.", "content": "Three patients received respectively 190 mg, 175 mg, and 196 mg of methotrexate and developed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates without evidence of peripheral blood eosinophilia. Sputum in the three cases failed to reveal acid-fast bacilli, pathogenic fungi, or opportunistic organisms by cultures and appropriate stains. Despite discontinuance of the drug and/or institution of corticosteroid therapy, progressive respiratory failure led to death. In all three cases, autopsy revealed gross and microscopic features indistinguishable from those seen in the Hamman-Rich syndrome, and methotrexate hepatotoxicity was present in one. Pulmonary eosinophilia or granulomas, classically seen in previously reported cases of methotrexate pneumonitis, were not observed. It is suggested therefore that methotrexate be added to the list of agents capable of inducing diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Conversely, diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients receiving methotrexate who develop bilateral pulmonary infiltrates seen on chest roentgenograms.", "contents": "Methotrexate-induced diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Three patients received respectively 190 mg, 175 mg, and 196 mg of methotrexate and developed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates without evidence of peripheral blood eosinophilia. Sputum in the three cases failed to reveal acid-fast bacilli, pathogenic fungi, or opportunistic organisms by cultures and appropriate stains. Despite discontinuance of the drug and/or institution of corticosteroid therapy, progressive respiratory failure led to death. In all three cases, autopsy revealed gross and microscopic features indistinguishable from those seen in the Hamman-Rich syndrome, and methotrexate hepatotoxicity was present in one. Pulmonary eosinophilia or granulomas, classically seen in previously reported cases of methotrexate pneumonitis, were not observed. It is suggested therefore that methotrexate be added to the list of agents capable of inducing diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Conversely, diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients receiving methotrexate who develop bilateral pulmonary infiltrates seen on chest roentgenograms.", "PMID": 424824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12641", "title": "Rheumatic fever and gonococcal pharyngitis in an adult.", "content": "The arthritis of rheumatic fever in adults may mimic acute gonococcal arthritis. To further characterize this clinical picture the features of six patients presenting with the migratory polyarthritis of acute rheumatic fever have been analyzed. There were two men and four women, ranging in age from 18 to 43; in five the initial clinical impression was gonococcal arthritis. In all patients, however, the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever was subsequently established. Characteristics of acute rheumatic fever not commonly described included tenosynovitis in all six and an erythematous rash in three. In three patients synovial fluid WBC exceeded 28,000/cu mm, with greater than 90% neutrophils. In five of the six, gonococcal arthritis was ruled out by appropriate studies and by failure to respond to antibiotics in all patients. The one patient with serum antigonococcal antibodies had gonococcal pharyngitis and acute rheumatic fever.", "contents": "Rheumatic fever and gonococcal pharyngitis in an adult. The arthritis of rheumatic fever in adults may mimic acute gonococcal arthritis. To further characterize this clinical picture the features of six patients presenting with the migratory polyarthritis of acute rheumatic fever have been analyzed. There were two men and four women, ranging in age from 18 to 43; in five the initial clinical impression was gonococcal arthritis. In all patients, however, the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever was subsequently established. Characteristics of acute rheumatic fever not commonly described included tenosynovitis in all six and an erythematous rash in three. In three patients synovial fluid WBC exceeded 28,000/cu mm, with greater than 90% neutrophils. In five of the six, gonococcal arthritis was ruled out by appropriate studies and by failure to respond to antibiotics in all patients. The one patient with serum antigonococcal antibodies had gonococcal pharyngitis and acute rheumatic fever.", "PMID": 424825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12642", "title": "Long-term follow-up of patients with Austin Moore Prostheses.", "content": "A retrospective study of the long-term follow-up of patients with Austin Moore prostheses is presented. Sufficient data were present to evaluate 78 hips postoperatively at six months, and 1, 5, 10, and 15 years when applicable. The average age of patients at the time of operation was 56.1 years. Most preoperative diagnoses resulted from previous operative procedures which had failed (there were only six fresh fractures). The operative technic is discussed. Postoperatively, cessation of pain is relatively early and the return of function increases linearly but at a slower rate. The importance of partial weight-bearing for four to six months postoperatively as well as daily physical therapy is emphasized. The mean amount of settling of the prostheses (total in the femur and acetabulum) was 1.63 cm in all patients. We believe that certain postoperative principles are applicable to all types of reconstructive surgery of the hip.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of patients with Austin Moore Prostheses. A retrospective study of the long-term follow-up of patients with Austin Moore prostheses is presented. Sufficient data were present to evaluate 78 hips postoperatively at six months, and 1, 5, 10, and 15 years when applicable. The average age of patients at the time of operation was 56.1 years. Most preoperative diagnoses resulted from previous operative procedures which had failed (there were only six fresh fractures). The operative technic is discussed. Postoperatively, cessation of pain is relatively early and the return of function increases linearly but at a slower rate. The importance of partial weight-bearing for four to six months postoperatively as well as daily physical therapy is emphasized. The mean amount of settling of the prostheses (total in the femur and acetabulum) was 1.63 cm in all patients. We believe that certain postoperative principles are applicable to all types of reconstructive surgery of the hip.", "PMID": 424826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12643", "title": "Malacoplakia of the vagina.", "content": "Malacoplakia of the vagina was incidentally discovered in a 47-year-old white woman with a history of chronic active hepatitis and steroid hormone therapy. The relation between malacoplakia, liver disease, and steroid therapy is discussed.", "contents": "Malacoplakia of the vagina. Malacoplakia of the vagina was incidentally discovered in a 47-year-old white woman with a history of chronic active hepatitis and steroid hormone therapy. The relation between malacoplakia, liver disease, and steroid therapy is discussed.", "PMID": 424827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12644", "title": "Cecal volvulus.", "content": "A recent experience with cecal volvulus of acute and chronic types is presented. The four cases were treated surgically by both reconstructive and extirpative means with equally good results. Early diagnosis and vigorous treatment are emphasized to avoid a high mortality rate in this condition.", "contents": "Cecal volvulus. A recent experience with cecal volvulus of acute and chronic types is presented. The four cases were treated surgically by both reconstructive and extirpative means with equally good results. Early diagnosis and vigorous treatment are emphasized to avoid a high mortality rate in this condition.", "PMID": 424828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12645", "title": "Rapid treatment of psychosis with haloperidol.", "content": "Rapid parenteral treatment of agitated psychotics is now possible with haloperidol. A review of its pharmacology and clinical trials is presented, and protocols are derived which will rapidly effect and maintain a substantial remission in a majority of cases.", "contents": "Rapid treatment of psychosis with haloperidol. Rapid parenteral treatment of agitated psychotics is now possible with haloperidol. A review of its pharmacology and clinical trials is presented, and protocols are derived which will rapidly effect and maintain a substantial remission in a majority of cases.", "PMID": 424829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12646", "title": "Status of the physician-patient privilege.", "content": "While in most states information physicians obtain from the about patients is confidential and cannot be disclosed without the patient's permission, a recent California Supreme Court decision affirms that when the doctor reasonably believes his patient can cause violent harm to third persons, he had an overriding duty to warn the third parties and appropriate authorities. Such possible violent harm may be direct, such as physical assult, or indirect, such as an automobile accident resulting from driving while taking certain drugs. The duty to break the privilege of confidentiality does not apply when the injury is likely to be self-inflicted or involve only property damage.", "contents": "Status of the physician-patient privilege. While in most states information physicians obtain from the about patients is confidential and cannot be disclosed without the patient's permission, a recent California Supreme Court decision affirms that when the doctor reasonably believes his patient can cause violent harm to third persons, he had an overriding duty to warn the third parties and appropriate authorities. Such possible violent harm may be direct, such as physical assult, or indirect, such as an automobile accident resulting from driving while taking certain drugs. The duty to break the privilege of confidentiality does not apply when the injury is likely to be self-inflicted or involve only property damage.", "PMID": 424830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12647", "title": "Ventilation-perfusion lung imaging in diaphragmatic paralysis.", "content": "We have described a patient with paralysis of the diaphragm, in whom dyspnea, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia increased when he changed from the upright to the supine position. Ventilation (V) and perfusion (P) images of the right lung appeared to be normal and remained nearly the same in the upright and supine positions. In contrast, V and P images of the left lung were smaller than those of the right lung in the upright position and decreased further in the supine position. In addition, the ventilation image of the left lung was much smaller than the perfusion image in both positions.", "contents": "Ventilation-perfusion lung imaging in diaphragmatic paralysis. We have described a patient with paralysis of the diaphragm, in whom dyspnea, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia increased when he changed from the upright to the supine position. Ventilation (V) and perfusion (P) images of the right lung appeared to be normal and remained nearly the same in the upright and supine positions. In contrast, V and P images of the left lung were smaller than those of the right lung in the upright position and decreased further in the supine position. In addition, the ventilation image of the left lung was much smaller than the perfusion image in both positions.", "PMID": 424831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12648", "title": "Malignant transformation of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.", "content": "We have described an unusual case of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia in a 25-year-old white woman who had malignant transformation into a mesenchymal tumor with widespread metastases and features of rhabdomyosarcoma. Masculinization also occurred with high plasma testosterone levels. A mechanism for the development of masculinizing features is discussed.", "contents": "Malignant transformation of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. We have described an unusual case of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia in a 25-year-old white woman who had malignant transformation into a mesenchymal tumor with widespread metastases and features of rhabdomyosarcoma. Masculinization also occurred with high plasma testosterone levels. A mechanism for the development of masculinizing features is discussed.", "PMID": 424832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12649", "title": "Postpartum thrombophlebitis of the ovarian vein.", "content": "Puerperal pelvic thrombophlebitis is most commonly found in the ovarian veins. It may be diagnosed by laparotomy, but it should be suspected clinically when symptoms develop two to five days after delivery. If medical treatment with antibiotics, anticoagulants, and bed rest is unsuccessful, surgical intervention with ligation or removal of ovarian veins may be necessary.", "contents": "Postpartum thrombophlebitis of the ovarian vein. Puerperal pelvic thrombophlebitis is most commonly found in the ovarian veins. It may be diagnosed by laparotomy, but it should be suspected clinically when symptoms develop two to five days after delivery. If medical treatment with antibiotics, anticoagulants, and bed rest is unsuccessful, surgical intervention with ligation or removal of ovarian veins may be necessary.", "PMID": 424833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12650", "title": "Tetracycline-induced aplastic anemia.", "content": "A 54-year-old man developed mild renal insufficiency after treatment with gentamicin and cephalothin. He then received tetracycline for eight days, 500 mg orally four times daily, for a total dose of 15 gm. Twelve days after discontinuation of the drug, a severe but reversible aplastic anemia developed. We propose that bone-marrow-toxic concentrations of tetracycline resulted from the preexisting renal insufficiency. Because of the temporal relationship between tetracycline administration and aplastic anemia, and the lack of any other explanation, we conclude that this case illustrates a rare but potentially fatal complication of this drug.", "contents": "Tetracycline-induced aplastic anemia. A 54-year-old man developed mild renal insufficiency after treatment with gentamicin and cephalothin. He then received tetracycline for eight days, 500 mg orally four times daily, for a total dose of 15 gm. Twelve days after discontinuation of the drug, a severe but reversible aplastic anemia developed. We propose that bone-marrow-toxic concentrations of tetracycline resulted from the preexisting renal insufficiency. Because of the temporal relationship between tetracycline administration and aplastic anemia, and the lack of any other explanation, we conclude that this case illustrates a rare but potentially fatal complication of this drug.", "PMID": 424834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12651", "title": "Bilateral renal cell carcinoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease: treatment with staged bilateral nephrectomy and hemodialysis.", "content": "The second reported case of bilateral renal cell carcinoma associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease and treated successfully with staged bilateral nephrectomy and hemodialysis is presented, accompanied by a brief review of the literature.", "contents": "Bilateral renal cell carcinoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease: treatment with staged bilateral nephrectomy and hemodialysis. The second reported case of bilateral renal cell carcinoma associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease and treated successfully with staged bilateral nephrectomy and hemodialysis is presented, accompanied by a brief review of the literature.", "PMID": 424835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12652", "title": "Cryptogenic cirrhosis associated with methyldopa.", "content": "A 55-year-old woman developed cirrhosis with portal hypertension while taking methyldopa. No other cause for the cirrhosis was evident. In view of the known hepatotoxic effects of methyldopa, a causal relationship is implied. Possible mechanisms of drug toxicity include both immunologic reactions and direct hepatocellular damage by the drug or its metabolites.", "contents": "Cryptogenic cirrhosis associated with methyldopa. A 55-year-old woman developed cirrhosis with portal hypertension while taking methyldopa. No other cause for the cirrhosis was evident. In view of the known hepatotoxic effects of methyldopa, a causal relationship is implied. Possible mechanisms of drug toxicity include both immunologic reactions and direct hepatocellular damage by the drug or its metabolites.", "PMID": 424836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12653", "title": "Severe diarrhea secondary to propranolol.", "content": "We have described two patients with propranolol-induced severe diarrhea, confirmed by rechallenge with the drug. In both cases the diarrhea was readily reversible with discontinuation of the drug.", "contents": "Severe diarrhea secondary to propranolol. We have described two patients with propranolol-induced severe diarrhea, confirmed by rechallenge with the drug. In both cases the diarrhea was readily reversible with discontinuation of the drug.", "PMID": 424837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12654", "title": "Cavitary pulmonary metastases from vulvar carcinoma.", "content": "A patient with vulvar carcinoma and multiple cavitary pulmonary metastases was diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsy. The patient had no pulmonary symptoms, and the lesions regressed radiographically with combination chemotherapy. Although unusual, vulvar carcinoma can metastasize to distant organs.", "contents": "Cavitary pulmonary metastases from vulvar carcinoma. A patient with vulvar carcinoma and multiple cavitary pulmonary metastases was diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsy. The patient had no pulmonary symptoms, and the lesions regressed radiographically with combination chemotherapy. Although unusual, vulvar carcinoma can metastasize to distant organs.", "PMID": 424838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12655", "title": "Sarcoidosis presenting as a unilateral hilar mass.", "content": "Sarcoidosis has been characterized by a variety of clinical presentations ranging from complete lack of symptoms to incapacitating multisystem disease. Bilateral thoracic lymph node enlargement with or without pulmonary disease is the most common presentation. An elderly woman with eye pain, visual disturbance, nonproductive cough, and weight loss was found to have unilateral hilar enlargement on roentgenographic examination of the chest. An aggressive search for a neoplastic process disclosed only noncaseating granulomas consistent with sarcoidosis. The patient completely recovered on corticosteroid therapy alone.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis presenting as a unilateral hilar mass. Sarcoidosis has been characterized by a variety of clinical presentations ranging from complete lack of symptoms to incapacitating multisystem disease. Bilateral thoracic lymph node enlargement with or without pulmonary disease is the most common presentation. An elderly woman with eye pain, visual disturbance, nonproductive cough, and weight loss was found to have unilateral hilar enlargement on roentgenographic examination of the chest. An aggressive search for a neoplastic process disclosed only noncaseating granulomas consistent with sarcoidosis. The patient completely recovered on corticosteroid therapy alone.", "PMID": 424839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12656", "title": "Adrenal calcification present at birth.", "content": "Presented in a case in which calcification of the adrenal gland was roentgenographically evident on the first day of life. The earliest previously reported case of adrenal calcification was at 8 days of age and was attributed to an intrapartum hemorrhage. It is proposed that an intrauterine third trimester insult was responsible for prepartal hemorrhage which resulted in adrenal calcification present at birth.", "contents": "Adrenal calcification present at birth. Presented in a case in which calcification of the adrenal gland was roentgenographically evident on the first day of life. The earliest previously reported case of adrenal calcification was at 8 days of age and was attributed to an intrapartum hemorrhage. It is proposed that an intrauterine third trimester insult was responsible for prepartal hemorrhage which resulted in adrenal calcification present at birth.", "PMID": 424840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12657", "title": "Gentamicin failure in staphylococcal bacteremia.", "content": "Gentamicin has been relied upon in some antibiotic combinations against Staphylococcus aureus, should it be present. Reported is a case of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia treated inadvertently by gentamicin, and the gentamicin failed.", "contents": "Gentamicin failure in staphylococcal bacteremia. Gentamicin has been relied upon in some antibiotic combinations against Staphylococcus aureus, should it be present. Reported is a case of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia treated inadvertently by gentamicin, and the gentamicin failed.", "PMID": 424841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12658", "title": "Hepatitis B presenting with tenosynovitis.", "content": "A 31-year-old nurse's aide developed fever, malaise, migratory arthralgias, arthritis, and severe tenosynovitis six weeks after pricking her finger with a needle contaminated by blood from a patient having type B viral hepatitis. Although disseminated Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection was the initial diagnosis, her symptoms worsened on treatment with ampicillin. While the patient was on aspirin therapy, her symptoms improved dramatically and eventually resolved as she showed evidence, through laboratory findings, of an anicteric hepatitis B infection. Evidently tenosynovitis can be part of the hepatitis B prodrome.", "contents": "Hepatitis B presenting with tenosynovitis. A 31-year-old nurse's aide developed fever, malaise, migratory arthralgias, arthritis, and severe tenosynovitis six weeks after pricking her finger with a needle contaminated by blood from a patient having type B viral hepatitis. Although disseminated Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection was the initial diagnosis, her symptoms worsened on treatment with ampicillin. While the patient was on aspirin therapy, her symptoms improved dramatically and eventually resolved as she showed evidence, through laboratory findings, of an anicteric hepatitis B infection. Evidently tenosynovitis can be part of the hepatitis B prodrome.", "PMID": 424843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12659", "title": "Vasectomy as an outpatient procedure.", "content": "The technique of vasectomy performed at Groote Schuur Hospital on 250 men under local anesthesia is detailed. The importance and extent of adequate counselling are outlined. The procedure is acceptable, effective and safe, and complications have been minor and transient.", "contents": "Vasectomy as an outpatient procedure. The technique of vasectomy performed at Groote Schuur Hospital on 250 men under local anesthesia is detailed. The importance and extent of adequate counselling are outlined. The procedure is acceptable, effective and safe, and complications have been minor and transient.", "PMID": 424906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12660", "title": "Complementary roles of radionuclide scintigraphy and transmission computed tomography in the diagnosis of intracranial disease.", "content": "Transmission computed tomography (TCT) is a very useful technique for detection of intracranial disease, but radionuclide (RN) scintigraphy also has a place and is cheaper. The best results are however obtained by using both diagnostic techniques in a complementary manner. It may be possible one day to combine the two techniques and produce an in vivo autoradiograph.", "contents": "Complementary roles of radionuclide scintigraphy and transmission computed tomography in the diagnosis of intracranial disease. Transmission computed tomography (TCT) is a very useful technique for detection of intracranial disease, but radionuclide (RN) scintigraphy also has a place and is cheaper. The best results are however obtained by using both diagnostic techniques in a complementary manner. It may be possible one day to combine the two techniques and produce an in vivo autoradiograph.", "PMID": 424907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12661", "title": "The effect of paraquat on the aerobic metabolism of rabbit alveolar macrophages and lung fibroblasts.", "content": "In this study the effects of paraquat on the aerobic metabolism and viability of isolated rabbit alveolar macrophages and lung fibroblasts were investigated, and compared with the effects of other known metabolic inhibitors, i.e. sodium fluoride (NaF) and potassium cyanide (KCN). The manometrically and polarographically determined endogenous oxygen consumption of lavaged alveolar macrophages compared very well (180,9 +/- 35,8 and 169,3 +/- 26,8 nmol per 10(6) viable cells per hour respectively). Exogenous glucose (10 mM) and autologous serum (1:3 v/v) added to the medium had no significant effect on the basal respiration rate. The mean cell protein content, determined by the micro-Kjeldahl and Lowry techniques, amounted to 242,6 +/- 37,6 microgram/10(6) macrophages. Paraquat (2 mM), like NaF (20mM) and KCN (5 mM), decreased the viability of the macrophages far less than it did the oxygen utilization of the viable cells, and resulted in an 80% inhibition of oxygen uptake. In contrast, paraquat (1 mM) induced a marked stimulation (230%) of the cyanide-insensitive respiration of alveolar macrophages. The concentrations of paraquat (nmol/10(3) cells) which reduce macrophage metabolism to almost zero were virtually non-toxic to fibroblasts, as measured by their oxygen consumption.", "contents": "The effect of paraquat on the aerobic metabolism of rabbit alveolar macrophages and lung fibroblasts. In this study the effects of paraquat on the aerobic metabolism and viability of isolated rabbit alveolar macrophages and lung fibroblasts were investigated, and compared with the effects of other known metabolic inhibitors, i.e. sodium fluoride (NaF) and potassium cyanide (KCN). The manometrically and polarographically determined endogenous oxygen consumption of lavaged alveolar macrophages compared very well (180,9 +/- 35,8 and 169,3 +/- 26,8 nmol per 10(6) viable cells per hour respectively). Exogenous glucose (10 mM) and autologous serum (1:3 v/v) added to the medium had no significant effect on the basal respiration rate. The mean cell protein content, determined by the micro-Kjeldahl and Lowry techniques, amounted to 242,6 +/- 37,6 microgram/10(6) macrophages. Paraquat (2 mM), like NaF (20mM) and KCN (5 mM), decreased the viability of the macrophages far less than it did the oxygen utilization of the viable cells, and resulted in an 80% inhibition of oxygen uptake. In contrast, paraquat (1 mM) induced a marked stimulation (230%) of the cyanide-insensitive respiration of alveolar macrophages. The concentrations of paraquat (nmol/10(3) cells) which reduce macrophage metabolism to almost zero were virtually non-toxic to fibroblasts, as measured by their oxygen consumption.", "PMID": 424910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12662", "title": "The arts of percussion and auscultation of the chest re-examined.", "content": "Clinical teaching of percussion and auscultation is examined critically, and it is suggested that there is confusion on the subject both in textbooks and in the minds of clinicians and students. Percussion should be viewed more in terms of 'feel' than 'sound', and thus a classification of 'hard', 'intermediate' and 'soft' dullness is introduced. As regards auscultation, a plea is made for differentiation between obstructed and non-obstructed consolidation of lobes, a point recognized by some clinicians, but not enunciated with clarity by teachers. The differences between the clinical findings in obstructive consolidation of the upper and lower lobes are discussed. The importance of distinguishing between tracheal and bronchial breathing is emphasized.", "contents": "The arts of percussion and auscultation of the chest re-examined. Clinical teaching of percussion and auscultation is examined critically, and it is suggested that there is confusion on the subject both in textbooks and in the minds of clinicians and students. Percussion should be viewed more in terms of 'feel' than 'sound', and thus a classification of 'hard', 'intermediate' and 'soft' dullness is introduced. As regards auscultation, a plea is made for differentiation between obstructed and non-obstructed consolidation of lobes, a point recognized by some clinicians, but not enunciated with clarity by teachers. The differences between the clinical findings in obstructive consolidation of the upper and lower lobes are discussed. The importance of distinguishing between tracheal and bronchial breathing is emphasized.", "PMID": 424911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12663", "title": "Duodenal ulceration in Indians and Blacks in Durban.", "content": "Duodenal ulceration among Black and Indian patients admitted to King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, over a 26-year period (1950-1976) was studied. Analysis was made over a series of time intervals within this period, and expressed as the number of admissions for duodenal ulcer per 1,000 total admissions (excluding obstetric and gynaecological patients). Admissions for duodenal ulceration increased 2,4-fold among the Indians and 11,9-fold among the Blacks from 1950 to 1976. The disease appears to have become commoner among women in both race groups. The peak age for Indian men is the 3rd decade, but for Indian women the peak age incidence has changed from the 4th to the 6th decade. There is now a peak in the 3rd decade for Black men, compared with the 4th decade, as reported 20 years ago. The pattern is similar in Black women. The clinical presentation is similar in the two groups, although it is significant that haemorrhage occurs more frequently among the Black patients.", "contents": "Duodenal ulceration in Indians and Blacks in Durban. Duodenal ulceration among Black and Indian patients admitted to King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, over a 26-year period (1950-1976) was studied. Analysis was made over a series of time intervals within this period, and expressed as the number of admissions for duodenal ulcer per 1,000 total admissions (excluding obstetric and gynaecological patients). Admissions for duodenal ulceration increased 2,4-fold among the Indians and 11,9-fold among the Blacks from 1950 to 1976. The disease appears to have become commoner among women in both race groups. The peak age for Indian men is the 3rd decade, but for Indian women the peak age incidence has changed from the 4th to the 6th decade. There is now a peak in the 3rd decade for Black men, compared with the 4th decade, as reported 20 years ago. The pattern is similar in Black women. The clinical presentation is similar in the two groups, although it is significant that haemorrhage occurs more frequently among the Black patients.", "PMID": 424923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12664", "title": "An ultrastructural study of a juvenile melanoma.", "content": "An unusual variant of juvenile melanoma, namely a sclerosing juvenile melanoma occurring on the buttock, has been studied by light and electron microscopy. The diagnosis of a pigment tumour was confirmed by the presence of structures common to these lesions, i.e. melanosomes, intracytoplasmic fibrils and microvilli on the cell surface. The tumour consisted of two cell configurations, namely a multinucleated giant cell and a second cell made up of two separate cells lying in close apposition, the cytoplasm of one cell being dark and the other light. This tumour can be differentiated from a benign naevus by the bizarre histological appearance on light microscopy. On electron microscopy the distinction is made by the presence of the very large multinucleated giant cells, the apposition of the light and dark cells, the scanty melanosomes and the presence of intracytoplasmic lumina. The value of electron microscopy in the determination of the nature of unusual skin tumours is discussed.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of a juvenile melanoma. An unusual variant of juvenile melanoma, namely a sclerosing juvenile melanoma occurring on the buttock, has been studied by light and electron microscopy. The diagnosis of a pigment tumour was confirmed by the presence of structures common to these lesions, i.e. melanosomes, intracytoplasmic fibrils and microvilli on the cell surface. The tumour consisted of two cell configurations, namely a multinucleated giant cell and a second cell made up of two separate cells lying in close apposition, the cytoplasm of one cell being dark and the other light. This tumour can be differentiated from a benign naevus by the bizarre histological appearance on light microscopy. On electron microscopy the distinction is made by the presence of the very large multinucleated giant cells, the apposition of the light and dark cells, the scanty melanosomes and the presence of intracytoplasmic lumina. The value of electron microscopy in the determination of the nature of unusual skin tumours is discussed.", "PMID": 424924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12665", "title": "The accelerated diagnosis of jaundice with ultrasonography and narrow-needle cholangiography.", "content": "The accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of jaundice in 70 patients has been compared with that of transhepatic cholangiography and the results of surgery and liver biopsy. A simplified system of grouping the ultrasonic data is presented. The results indicate that ultrasonography is capable of differentiating obstructive from non-obstructive jaundice in 94% of cases and of defining the correct anatomical level in 85% of cases. The accuracy of narrow-needle cholangiography was 100% for obstructive jaundice and 66% normal duct entry rate for non-obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "The accelerated diagnosis of jaundice with ultrasonography and narrow-needle cholangiography. The accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of jaundice in 70 patients has been compared with that of transhepatic cholangiography and the results of surgery and liver biopsy. A simplified system of grouping the ultrasonic data is presented. The results indicate that ultrasonography is capable of differentiating obstructive from non-obstructive jaundice in 94% of cases and of defining the correct anatomical level in 85% of cases. The accuracy of narrow-needle cholangiography was 100% for obstructive jaundice and 66% normal duct entry rate for non-obstructive jaundice.", "PMID": 424925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12666", "title": "The effect of allantoin on cellular multiplication in degenerating and regenerating nerves.", "content": "Injury to a peripheral nerve is, among other things, followed by degeneration of axons and myelin, as well as by a sharp increase in the number of cells (especially Schwann cells) in the part distal to the injury. The effect of allantoin--a cell proliferant--was tested on the above-mentioned reactions in the sciatic nerve of rats. The nerves were crushed and re-exposed 7, 14, 21, 35 and 90 days after the injury, and removed for histological examination. The results obtained in a group of rats treated with allantoin were compared with those obtained in a control group of rats. The results showed that allantoin had a statistically significant effect on the cellular multiplication seen in the nerve 7 and 14 days after the injury. Myelin degeneration was also found to be more advanced in the allantoin-treated nerve preparations examined 14 and 21 days postoperatively than in the control nerve preparations.", "contents": "The effect of allantoin on cellular multiplication in degenerating and regenerating nerves. Injury to a peripheral nerve is, among other things, followed by degeneration of axons and myelin, as well as by a sharp increase in the number of cells (especially Schwann cells) in the part distal to the injury. The effect of allantoin--a cell proliferant--was tested on the above-mentioned reactions in the sciatic nerve of rats. The nerves were crushed and re-exposed 7, 14, 21, 35 and 90 days after the injury, and removed for histological examination. The results obtained in a group of rats treated with allantoin were compared with those obtained in a control group of rats. The results showed that allantoin had a statistically significant effect on the cellular multiplication seen in the nerve 7 and 14 days after the injury. Myelin degeneration was also found to be more advanced in the allantoin-treated nerve preparations examined 14 and 21 days postoperatively than in the control nerve preparations.", "PMID": 424926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12667", "title": "Giant haemangiomas of the scalp. A report of 2 cases.", "content": "Two cases of giant scalp haemangiomas are presented. In both patients a coagulation defect similar to that described by Kassabach and Merrit resulted, although not as severe. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed and a regimen for treatment is suggested.", "contents": "Giant haemangiomas of the scalp. A report of 2 cases. Two cases of giant scalp haemangiomas are presented. In both patients a coagulation defect similar to that described by Kassabach and Merrit resulted, although not as severe. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed and a regimen for treatment is suggested.", "PMID": 424927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12668", "title": "Fetal malformation due to phenobarbitone. A case report.", "content": "A child with facial and digital anomalies and mental retardation after exposure to phenobarbitone during gestation is presented. The teratogenicity of anticonvulsants, including phenobarbitone, is discussed, and guidelines for anticonvulsant therapy during pregnancy are suggested.", "contents": "Fetal malformation due to phenobarbitone. A case report. A child with facial and digital anomalies and mental retardation after exposure to phenobarbitone during gestation is presented. The teratogenicity of anticonvulsants, including phenobarbitone, is discussed, and guidelines for anticonvulsant therapy during pregnancy are suggested.", "PMID": 424928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12669", "title": "Leprostigma in hanseniasis.", "content": "Ignorance, fear and superstition surround the problems of hanseniasis. In almost all cultures the predominant attitude is marked by emotion, disgust and rejection towards persons suffering from this disease. All efforts aimed at the control of hanseniasis are doomed to failure unless the significance of stigma and associated social and economic factors are given adequate consideration. A programme of destigmatization is outlined.", "contents": "Leprostigma in hanseniasis. Ignorance, fear and superstition surround the problems of hanseniasis. In almost all cultures the predominant attitude is marked by emotion, disgust and rejection towards persons suffering from this disease. All efforts aimed at the control of hanseniasis are doomed to failure unless the significance of stigma and associated social and economic factors are given adequate consideration. A programme of destigmatization is outlined.", "PMID": 424929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12670", "title": "Patterns of hepatic injury induced by methyldopa.", "content": "Twelve patients with liver disease related to methyldopa were seen between 1967 and 1977. Illness occurred within 1--9 weeks of commencement of therapy in 9 patients, the remaining 3 patients having received the drug for 13 months, 15 months and 7 years before experiencing symptoms. Jaundice with tender hepatomegaly, usually preceded by symptoms of malaise, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, and associated with upper abdominal pain, was an invariable finding in all patients. Biochemical liver function tests indicated hepatocellular necrosis and correlated with histopathological evidence of hepatic injury, the spectrum of which ranged from fatty change and focal hepatocellular necrosis to massive hepatic necrosis. Most patients showed moderate to severe acute hepatitis or chronic active hepatitis with associated cholestasis. The drug was withdrawn on presentation to hospital in 11 patients, with rapid clinical improvement in 9. One patient died, having presented in hepatic failure, and another, who had been taking methyldopa for 7 years, showed slower clinical and biochemical resolution over a period of several months. The remaining patient in the series developed fulminant hepatitis when the drug was accidentally recommenced 1 year after a prior episode of methyldopa-induced hepatitis. In this latter patient, and in 2 others, the causal relationship between methyldopa and hepatic dysfunction was proved with the recurrence of hepatitis within 2 weeks of re-exposure to the drug.", "contents": "Patterns of hepatic injury induced by methyldopa. Twelve patients with liver disease related to methyldopa were seen between 1967 and 1977. Illness occurred within 1--9 weeks of commencement of therapy in 9 patients, the remaining 3 patients having received the drug for 13 months, 15 months and 7 years before experiencing symptoms. Jaundice with tender hepatomegaly, usually preceded by symptoms of malaise, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, and associated with upper abdominal pain, was an invariable finding in all patients. Biochemical liver function tests indicated hepatocellular necrosis and correlated with histopathological evidence of hepatic injury, the spectrum of which ranged from fatty change and focal hepatocellular necrosis to massive hepatic necrosis. Most patients showed moderate to severe acute hepatitis or chronic active hepatitis with associated cholestasis. The drug was withdrawn on presentation to hospital in 11 patients, with rapid clinical improvement in 9. One patient died, having presented in hepatic failure, and another, who had been taking methyldopa for 7 years, showed slower clinical and biochemical resolution over a period of several months. The remaining patient in the series developed fulminant hepatitis when the drug was accidentally recommenced 1 year after a prior episode of methyldopa-induced hepatitis. In this latter patient, and in 2 others, the causal relationship between methyldopa and hepatic dysfunction was proved with the recurrence of hepatitis within 2 weeks of re-exposure to the drug.", "PMID": 424937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12671", "title": "Asthma, high-dose corticosteroids and Klebsiella meningitis.", "content": "A side-effect of high-dose corticosteroid therapy, namely the development of Kebsiella meningitis, in an asthmatic patient is reported. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed.", "contents": "Asthma, high-dose corticosteroids and Klebsiella meningitis. A side-effect of high-dose corticosteroid therapy, namely the development of Kebsiella meningitis, in an asthmatic patient is reported. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed.", "PMID": 424938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12672", "title": "Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia presenting pregnancy. A case report.", "content": "A right-sided traumatic diaphragmatic hernia was present in a woman who was 24 weeks pregnant, 8 years after a motor vehicle injury. The hernia had not been diagnosed previously. Correction of severe anaemia and surgical repair of the diaphragmatic defect were successful.", "contents": "Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia presenting pregnancy. A case report. A right-sided traumatic diaphragmatic hernia was present in a woman who was 24 weeks pregnant, 8 years after a motor vehicle injury. The hernia had not been diagnosed previously. Correction of severe anaemia and surgical repair of the diaphragmatic defect were successful.", "PMID": 424939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12673", "title": "Lesser curve necrosis following proximal cell vagotomy for gastric ulcer. A case report.", "content": "A case of avascular necrosis of the lesser curve of the stomach following a highly selective vagotomy (HSV) for a gastric ulcer is reported. It is fortunately rare, but is a frightening complication. The necrosis, which is presumably ischaemic in origin, is caused by total devascularization of the lesser curvature of the stomach. The complication is usually diagnosed late and has a considerable mortality.", "contents": "Lesser curve necrosis following proximal cell vagotomy for gastric ulcer. A case report. A case of avascular necrosis of the lesser curve of the stomach following a highly selective vagotomy (HSV) for a gastric ulcer is reported. It is fortunately rare, but is a frightening complication. The necrosis, which is presumably ischaemic in origin, is caused by total devascularization of the lesser curvature of the stomach. The complication is usually diagnosed late and has a considerable mortality.", "PMID": 424940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12674", "title": "The pathophysiology of gastric surgery.", "content": "Gastric surgery may be followed by mechanical postoperative problems, usually due to impaired gastric emptying or the afferent loop syndrome, recurrent dyspepsia, the early or late dumping syndrome, diarrhoea, or nutritional disturbances. The pathophysiological basis of these disorders is discussed and their clinical features are briefly considered.", "contents": "The pathophysiology of gastric surgery. Gastric surgery may be followed by mechanical postoperative problems, usually due to impaired gastric emptying or the afferent loop syndrome, recurrent dyspepsia, the early or late dumping syndrome, diarrhoea, or nutritional disturbances. The pathophysiological basis of these disorders is discussed and their clinical features are briefly considered.", "PMID": 424947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12675", "title": "Female sterilization.", "content": "Sterilization of the female is emerging as a popular method for the permanent regulation of family size in developed countries, and as one of the more effective methods of population management in developing countries. As women move from poor rural cultures to more affluent urban ones, cultural and religious objections to permanent family planning disappear under the pressures of greater child survival and more hope for self- (and child) improvement. Postpartum sterilization remains the most appropriate and attractive method in terms of timing and technique, but interval sterilization (done in the absence of pregnancy) has stimulated interest in minilaparotomy, laparoscopy, and particular concern as to reversibility of sterilization. The techniques of sterilization will be reviewed as to their relative appropriateness in different cultures and different practices, as well as the problems of reversibility.", "contents": "Female sterilization. Sterilization of the female is emerging as a popular method for the permanent regulation of family size in developed countries, and as one of the more effective methods of population management in developing countries. As women move from poor rural cultures to more affluent urban ones, cultural and religious objections to permanent family planning disappear under the pressures of greater child survival and more hope for self- (and child) improvement. Postpartum sterilization remains the most appropriate and attractive method in terms of timing and technique, but interval sterilization (done in the absence of pregnancy) has stimulated interest in minilaparotomy, laparoscopy, and particular concern as to reversibility of sterilization. The techniques of sterilization will be reviewed as to their relative appropriateness in different cultures and different practices, as well as the problems of reversibility.", "PMID": 424948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12676", "title": "A possible role of prolactin in preventing heartburn during pregnancy.", "content": "Although heartburn, thought to indicate reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus, occurs frequently in pregnant women during the last trimester, its aetiology is not clear. Prolactin blood concentrations rise progressively during pregnancy and heartburn is known to disappear spontaneously during the last weeks of pregnancy. In view of this and other factors, motility studies and estimation of serum prolactin levels were carried out on 20 pregnant Black women. Results show that patients with prolactin levels over 3,000 microunits/ml had significantly higher mean barrier presures (sphincter pressure-gastric pressure) than the patients with hormone levels of less than 3,000 microunits/ml (P less than 0,02). No direct correlation could, however, be demonstrated between barrier pressures and prolactin levels (r = 0,3494). It is concluded that further studies would seem to be indicated on an animal model to establish the importance of prolactin in the regulation of the lower oesophageal sphincter tone.", "contents": "A possible role of prolactin in preventing heartburn during pregnancy. Although heartburn, thought to indicate reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus, occurs frequently in pregnant women during the last trimester, its aetiology is not clear. Prolactin blood concentrations rise progressively during pregnancy and heartburn is known to disappear spontaneously during the last weeks of pregnancy. In view of this and other factors, motility studies and estimation of serum prolactin levels were carried out on 20 pregnant Black women. Results show that patients with prolactin levels over 3,000 microunits/ml had significantly higher mean barrier presures (sphincter pressure-gastric pressure) than the patients with hormone levels of less than 3,000 microunits/ml (P less than 0,02). No direct correlation could, however, be demonstrated between barrier pressures and prolactin levels (r = 0,3494). It is concluded that further studies would seem to be indicated on an animal model to establish the importance of prolactin in the regulation of the lower oesophageal sphincter tone.", "PMID": 424949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12677", "title": "Incidence of aerobic and anaerobic infection in patients with incomplete abortion.", "content": "The incidence of infection in 100 cases of abortion was studied. Intra-uterine swabs and products of conception were cultured both aerobically and anaerobically. Significant potentially-pathogenic organisms were cultured from 94 of 100 intra-uterine swabs and from all 100 samples of the products of conception. Anaerobes were cultured from 70 intra-uterine swabs and from 56 products of conception. The spectrum and relative proportion of organisms isolated resemble those found in the normal vagina and cervical os. In addition, positive blood cultures were obtained from 24 patients, 8 on admission and 17 after evacuation. With this high incidence of infection, routine antimicrobial therapy for aerobic and anaerobic organisms should be given to all patients with abortion.", "contents": "Incidence of aerobic and anaerobic infection in patients with incomplete abortion. The incidence of infection in 100 cases of abortion was studied. Intra-uterine swabs and products of conception were cultured both aerobically and anaerobically. Significant potentially-pathogenic organisms were cultured from 94 of 100 intra-uterine swabs and from all 100 samples of the products of conception. Anaerobes were cultured from 70 intra-uterine swabs and from 56 products of conception. The spectrum and relative proportion of organisms isolated resemble those found in the normal vagina and cervical os. In addition, positive blood cultures were obtained from 24 patients, 8 on admission and 17 after evacuation. With this high incidence of infection, routine antimicrobial therapy for aerobic and anaerobic organisms should be given to all patients with abortion.", "PMID": 424950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12678", "title": "Headaches--fact or fantasy?", "content": "Headaches are among the commonest symptoms encountered in active general practice. Much appears in the medical literature on this subject, most of it not applicable to everyday practice. A simple classification, a pattern of easy recognition, and a treatment plan for these chronic headaches are presented.", "contents": "Headaches--fact or fantasy? Headaches are among the commonest symptoms encountered in active general practice. Much appears in the medical literature on this subject, most of it not applicable to everyday practice. A simple classification, a pattern of easy recognition, and a treatment plan for these chronic headaches are presented.", "PMID": 424951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12679", "title": "[The role of public relations in medical practice. With special reference to medical research].", "content": "Because medical practice and especially medical research depend on the goodwill of others, increased emphasis should be placed on the role of public relations, especially in the complex area of communication between medical scientists and the man in the street. The nature of these communication problems is described, and suggestions are made as to how public relations, if properly managed, can give substance to an otherwise ill-defined concept. Opportunities and problems in the marketing of medical research are briefly described.", "contents": "[The role of public relations in medical practice. With special reference to medical research]. Because medical practice and especially medical research depend on the goodwill of others, increased emphasis should be placed on the role of public relations, especially in the complex area of communication between medical scientists and the man in the street. The nature of these communication problems is described, and suggestions are made as to how public relations, if properly managed, can give substance to an otherwise ill-defined concept. Opportunities and problems in the marketing of medical research are briefly described.", "PMID": 424963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12680", "title": "The diagnosis and treatment of conduct disorders in young people.", "content": "Conduct disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders currently encountered in young people. The condition 'conduct disorder' is, however, an 'umbrella concept' which affects divergent personality subtypes. Treatment in the past, based on such an 'umbrella concept', has often proved itself prognostically dubious. This article stresses the need for the direction of management towards differential diagnosis and treatment of the various conduct disorder subtypes.", "contents": "The diagnosis and treatment of conduct disorders in young people. Conduct disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders currently encountered in young people. The condition 'conduct disorder' is, however, an 'umbrella concept' which affects divergent personality subtypes. Treatment in the past, based on such an 'umbrella concept', has often proved itself prognostically dubious. This article stresses the need for the direction of management towards differential diagnosis and treatment of the various conduct disorder subtypes.", "PMID": 424964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12681", "title": "A possible causal relationship between defective fibrinolysis and pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Pulmonary hypertension may be associated with multiple thrombi in the pulmonary arteries or with diffuse microembolization from a cryptic source. A 27-year-old man without any of the recognized clinical risk factors for venous thrombo-embolic disease presented with repeated attacks of chest pain and dyspnoea. Haemodynamic studies were compatible with the diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension. Despite intensive study there was no evidence of peripheral venous thrombosis. A survey of the plasma fibrinolytic profile showed unequivocal evidence of low spontaneous plasma fibrinolytic activity. The plasminogen activator activity of the venous wall was also markedly reduced. From these findings it would seem that a defective fibrinolytic defence mechanism may be an important predisposing factor in the pathogenesis of 'primary' pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "A possible causal relationship between defective fibrinolysis and pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension may be associated with multiple thrombi in the pulmonary arteries or with diffuse microembolization from a cryptic source. A 27-year-old man without any of the recognized clinical risk factors for venous thrombo-embolic disease presented with repeated attacks of chest pain and dyspnoea. Haemodynamic studies were compatible with the diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension. Despite intensive study there was no evidence of peripheral venous thrombosis. A survey of the plasma fibrinolytic profile showed unequivocal evidence of low spontaneous plasma fibrinolytic activity. The plasminogen activator activity of the venous wall was also markedly reduced. From these findings it would seem that a defective fibrinolytic defence mechanism may be an important predisposing factor in the pathogenesis of 'primary' pulmonary hypertension.", "PMID": 424966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12682", "title": "The third dimension in renal diagnosis. Scanning electron microscopy of normal and abnormal kidney.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy, a relatively young discipline, has been used mainly for research purposes and very seldom as a diagnostic procedure. A study was made of normal and abnormal kidneys by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Normal human and rat kidneys were examined under the scanning electron microscope but cellular detail was not clearly defined. Tissue was then cryofractured, critical-point dried, sputter-coated and examined again. Scanning electron microscopy then revealed greater cellular detail. Rats were injected with a solution of 0,6% uranyl nitrate in normal saline, and cryofractured sections were examined. Pathological changes were seen in the glomerulus as well as in the tubules. Scanning electron microscopy, while not replacing conventional modes of examination, can provide a rapid third dimension in the diagnosis of renal lesions.", "contents": "The third dimension in renal diagnosis. Scanning electron microscopy of normal and abnormal kidney. Scanning electron microscopy, a relatively young discipline, has been used mainly for research purposes and very seldom as a diagnostic procedure. A study was made of normal and abnormal kidneys by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Normal human and rat kidneys were examined under the scanning electron microscope but cellular detail was not clearly defined. Tissue was then cryofractured, critical-point dried, sputter-coated and examined again. Scanning electron microscopy then revealed greater cellular detail. Rats were injected with a solution of 0,6% uranyl nitrate in normal saline, and cryofractured sections were examined. Pathological changes were seen in the glomerulus as well as in the tubules. Scanning electron microscopy, while not replacing conventional modes of examination, can provide a rapid third dimension in the diagnosis of renal lesions.", "PMID": 424967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12683", "title": "Agranulocytosis in an arthritic patient treated with levamisole. A case report.", "content": "A case of agranulocytosis in a man with nonspecific seronegative polyarthritis treated with levamisole in the form of a proprietary veterinary anthelmintic is described. At the time of presentation he had a relative monocytosis. Recovery was uneventful and was heralded and paralleled by an increase in monocytes, serum vitamin B12 and total vitamin B12 binding capacity. Levamisole induced agranulocytosis and the significance of monocytosis and serum vitamin B12 binding proteins in neutropenia are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Agranulocytosis in an arthritic patient treated with levamisole. A case report. A case of agranulocytosis in a man with nonspecific seronegative polyarthritis treated with levamisole in the form of a proprietary veterinary anthelmintic is described. At the time of presentation he had a relative monocytosis. Recovery was uneventful and was heralded and paralleled by an increase in monocytes, serum vitamin B12 and total vitamin B12 binding capacity. Levamisole induced agranulocytosis and the significance of monocytosis and serum vitamin B12 binding proteins in neutropenia are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 424968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12684", "title": "Amoebic liver abscess in patients presenting with jaundice. A report of 5 cases.", "content": "Five patients with severe jaundice resulting from amoebic liver abscess are described. All had features of hepatic parenchymal damage and cholestasis, and 1 patient developed hepatic coma. In addition, acute tubular necrosis and renal failure occurred in 3 patients. Four patients in the series survived. The importance of early recognition and treatment of amoebic liver abscess in patients presenting with jaundice is emphasized, so that the serious and often fatal complications of hepatic and renal failure can be prevented.", "contents": "Amoebic liver abscess in patients presenting with jaundice. A report of 5 cases. Five patients with severe jaundice resulting from amoebic liver abscess are described. All had features of hepatic parenchymal damage and cholestasis, and 1 patient developed hepatic coma. In addition, acute tubular necrosis and renal failure occurred in 3 patients. Four patients in the series survived. The importance of early recognition and treatment of amoebic liver abscess in patients presenting with jaundice is emphasized, so that the serious and often fatal complications of hepatic and renal failure can be prevented.", "PMID": 424969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12685", "title": "Vascular malformations of the spinal cord (angiodysgenetic myelomalacia): a critique on its pathogenesis.", "content": "Two cases of angiodysgenetic myelomalacia are presented. Both patients had progressive weakness and sensory deficits in the lower extremities and vascular malformations of their spinal cords. The lesions were located on the dorsum of the spinal cord and the dorso-spinal roots. We believe the symptoms that developed later in life were due to spinal cord ischemia resulting from late degenerative changes in the vessels of the malformation and an ever increasing spinal \"steal\".", "contents": "Vascular malformations of the spinal cord (angiodysgenetic myelomalacia): a critique on its pathogenesis. Two cases of angiodysgenetic myelomalacia are presented. Both patients had progressive weakness and sensory deficits in the lower extremities and vascular malformations of their spinal cords. The lesions were located on the dorsum of the spinal cord and the dorso-spinal roots. We believe the symptoms that developed later in life were due to spinal cord ischemia resulting from late degenerative changes in the vessels of the malformation and an ever increasing spinal \"steal\".", "PMID": 424976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12686", "title": "Surgical treatment of chronic subdural hematomas in infants.", "content": "Subdural hematomas in infants are associated with a high risk of recurrence. In an effort to combat this risk, a surgical procedure consisting of excision of the subdural membranes, a reduction of the craniocerebral disproportion and a restoration of the normal angle of junction of the cerebral bridging veins and the superior sagittal sinus is proposed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of chronic subdural hematomas in infants. Subdural hematomas in infants are associated with a high risk of recurrence. In an effort to combat this risk, a surgical procedure consisting of excision of the subdural membranes, a reduction of the craniocerebral disproportion and a restoration of the normal angle of junction of the cerebral bridging veins and the superior sagittal sinus is proposed.", "PMID": 424977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12687", "title": "Massive epistaxis from aneurysm of the carotid artery.", "content": "The syndrome of massive and sometimes fatal epistaxis from an aneurysm of the internal carotid artery is reviewed. Two cases are reported in which exsanguination occurred with anterior and posterior gauze packing in place. The use of standard methods for controlling severe epistaxis in this syndrome was a futile exercise. This distressing and frustrating experience prompted the development of an emergency method to prevent exsanguination pending definitive surgical treatment. A description of this technique is presented and a proposal made for its use.", "contents": "Massive epistaxis from aneurysm of the carotid artery. The syndrome of massive and sometimes fatal epistaxis from an aneurysm of the internal carotid artery is reviewed. Two cases are reported in which exsanguination occurred with anterior and posterior gauze packing in place. The use of standard methods for controlling severe epistaxis in this syndrome was a futile exercise. This distressing and frustrating experience prompted the development of an emergency method to prevent exsanguination pending definitive surgical treatment. A description of this technique is presented and a proposal made for its use.", "PMID": 424978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12688", "title": "Hypervolemic hypotension in surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysm.", "content": "Fifty cases of intracranial aneurysms were operated upon under hypervolemic hypotension. The cerebral metabolism was maintained within normal range. The dissection and clipping of the aneurysm were considerably easier, and a premature rupture of the aneurysm could be handled without difficulty. The advantages and the surgical results are discussed.", "contents": "Hypervolemic hypotension in surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysm. Fifty cases of intracranial aneurysms were operated upon under hypervolemic hypotension. The cerebral metabolism was maintained within normal range. The dissection and clipping of the aneurysm were considerably easier, and a premature rupture of the aneurysm could be handled without difficulty. The advantages and the surgical results are discussed.", "PMID": 424979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12689", "title": "Aneurysm developing on the infundibular widening of the posterior communicating artery.", "content": "A patient had a subarachnoid hemorrhage in 1969. Four-vessel angiography demonstrated an infundibular widening of the posterior communicating artery alone. In 1978, nine years later, angiography demonstrated that the infundibular widening had enlarged and developed into an aneurysm, though unruptured. Another aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery was also found. Both were confirmed at operation and clipped. Review of the pertinent literature emphasizes that the infundibular widening may be preaneurysmal.", "contents": "Aneurysm developing on the infundibular widening of the posterior communicating artery. A patient had a subarachnoid hemorrhage in 1969. Four-vessel angiography demonstrated an infundibular widening of the posterior communicating artery alone. In 1978, nine years later, angiography demonstrated that the infundibular widening had enlarged and developed into an aneurysm, though unruptured. Another aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery was also found. Both were confirmed at operation and clipped. Review of the pertinent literature emphasizes that the infundibular widening may be preaneurysmal.", "PMID": 424981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12690", "title": "Removal of giant clival chordoma by an anterior cervical approach.", "content": "Chordoma, a primary malignant neoplasm of the cerebro-spinal axis, is difficult to diagnose and impossible to cure. The only effective treatment is early radical surgical removal, regardless of its size or location. A giant, 65gm tumor arising from the clivus, C1 and C2 vertebrae was successfully removed with low morbidity. The surgical technique is described and compared to other operations with their advantages and disadvantages. A plea is made for surgical removal as the initial treatment for these lesions to prevent fatal intracranial metastasis.", "contents": "Removal of giant clival chordoma by an anterior cervical approach. Chordoma, a primary malignant neoplasm of the cerebro-spinal axis, is difficult to diagnose and impossible to cure. The only effective treatment is early radical surgical removal, regardless of its size or location. A giant, 65gm tumor arising from the clivus, C1 and C2 vertebrae was successfully removed with low morbidity. The surgical technique is described and compared to other operations with their advantages and disadvantages. A plea is made for surgical removal as the initial treatment for these lesions to prevent fatal intracranial metastasis.", "PMID": 424982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12691", "title": "Traumatic epidural hematoma in shunt dependent patients: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients are reported with congenital aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus, with functioning ventriculoperitoneal shunts, who developed posttraumatic epidural hematomas. Relative paucity of neurological signs in spite of large size of hematomas is discussed.", "contents": "Traumatic epidural hematoma in shunt dependent patients: a report of two cases. Two patients are reported with congenital aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus, with functioning ventriculoperitoneal shunts, who developed posttraumatic epidural hematomas. Relative paucity of neurological signs in spite of large size of hematomas is discussed.", "PMID": 424983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12692", "title": "Carotid-choroidal aneurysms: remarks on surgical treatment and outcome.", "content": "Seven patients with ruptured carotid-choroidal aneurysms were operated on in a three-year period. The anterior choroidal artery was thought to have been left intact in all cases at the operation. However, postoperative angiography revealed impairment of the choroidal circulation in two cases. These were the only patients who developed postoperative morbidity. Preservation of the anterior choroidal artery seems to be of paramount importance in dealing with carotid-choroidal aneurysms.", "contents": "Carotid-choroidal aneurysms: remarks on surgical treatment and outcome. Seven patients with ruptured carotid-choroidal aneurysms were operated on in a three-year period. The anterior choroidal artery was thought to have been left intact in all cases at the operation. However, postoperative angiography revealed impairment of the choroidal circulation in two cases. These were the only patients who developed postoperative morbidity. Preservation of the anterior choroidal artery seems to be of paramount importance in dealing with carotid-choroidal aneurysms.", "PMID": 424984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12693", "title": "Injury to the spinal cord produced by acupuncture needle.", "content": "An unusual case of injury to the upper cervical spinal cord is reported. A 62-year-old woman had been treated with acupuncture for stiffness of the muscles of her neck four to five years before she developed gradually progressive hypalgesia and hypothermesthesia over the right half of her body. Radiological examination and CT scan revealed the broken tip of an acupuncture needle between the first and second cervical vertebrae. The needle was removed. There was a moderate recovery of sensation.", "contents": "Injury to the spinal cord produced by acupuncture needle. An unusual case of injury to the upper cervical spinal cord is reported. A 62-year-old woman had been treated with acupuncture for stiffness of the muscles of her neck four to five years before she developed gradually progressive hypalgesia and hypothermesthesia over the right half of her body. Radiological examination and CT scan revealed the broken tip of an acupuncture needle between the first and second cervical vertebrae. The needle was removed. There was a moderate recovery of sensation.", "PMID": 424987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12694", "title": "Jugular foramen neurinomas.", "content": "Three patients with neurinomas of the jugular foramen are described. One of them had a small tumor confined within the jugular foramen and each of the other two had a tumor originating from the glossopharyngeal nerve. The common feature in all these patients was the presence of marked enlargement of the jugular foramen. Polytomography, jugular venography and bilateral retrograde vertebral arteriography were used to make the diagnosis. Total removal of their tumors was successfully accomplished using microsurgical technique. Forty-two other cases in the world literature are reviewed and analyzed.", "contents": "Jugular foramen neurinomas. Three patients with neurinomas of the jugular foramen are described. One of them had a small tumor confined within the jugular foramen and each of the other two had a tumor originating from the glossopharyngeal nerve. The common feature in all these patients was the presence of marked enlargement of the jugular foramen. Polytomography, jugular venography and bilateral retrograde vertebral arteriography were used to make the diagnosis. Total removal of their tumors was successfully accomplished using microsurgical technique. Forty-two other cases in the world literature are reviewed and analyzed.", "PMID": 424988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12695", "title": "Delayed response to brain tumor chemotherapy.", "content": "Five cases of recurrent malignant gliomas are reported. They showed unequivocal and long-lasting improvement of the clinical status and brain scintigram after progressive clinical and scintigraphic deterioration occurred during the initial courses of chemotherapy. The differential diagnosis of tumor regrowth and this unusual delayed response are discussed. Swelling of dead tumor cells and a secondary inflammatory reaction could explain the initial clinical deterioration. The delayed response may be consistent with the slow removal of dead cells from the brain. This has been observed experimentally. Evaluation of the response of a malignant glioma to chemotherapy should be made by serial observations during a sufficiently long period of time.", "contents": "Delayed response to brain tumor chemotherapy. Five cases of recurrent malignant gliomas are reported. They showed unequivocal and long-lasting improvement of the clinical status and brain scintigram after progressive clinical and scintigraphic deterioration occurred during the initial courses of chemotherapy. The differential diagnosis of tumor regrowth and this unusual delayed response are discussed. Swelling of dead tumor cells and a secondary inflammatory reaction could explain the initial clinical deterioration. The delayed response may be consistent with the slow removal of dead cells from the brain. This has been observed experimentally. Evaluation of the response of a malignant glioma to chemotherapy should be made by serial observations during a sufficiently long period of time.", "PMID": 424990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12696", "title": "Lattice degeneration of the retina.", "content": "Lattice degeneration of the retina is the most important of all clinically distinct entities that effect the peripheral fundus and are related to retinal detachment. The purpose of this review is to survey the extensive literature, to evaluate the many diverse opinions on this subject, and to correlate and summarize all the known facts regarding this disease entity. The disease is fully defined and described, both clinically and histologically. Some aspects of the disease are still poorly understood, and some remain controversial, especially in the area of management. For this reason, the indications for treatment are discussed under eight subsections, with a view toward providing practical guidelines for recommendations in management.", "contents": "Lattice degeneration of the retina. Lattice degeneration of the retina is the most important of all clinically distinct entities that effect the peripheral fundus and are related to retinal detachment. The purpose of this review is to survey the extensive literature, to evaluate the many diverse opinions on this subject, and to correlate and summarize all the known facts regarding this disease entity. The disease is fully defined and described, both clinically and histologically. Some aspects of the disease are still poorly understood, and some remain controversial, especially in the area of management. For this reason, the indications for treatment are discussed under eight subsections, with a view toward providing practical guidelines for recommendations in management.", "PMID": 424991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12697", "title": "Myocardial infarction following carotid endarterectomy: a review of 683 operations.", "content": "In a series of 683 consecutive carotid endarterectomies, there were 16 postoperative myocardial infarctions which resulted in five deaths. Of 399 operations on patients with no previous history of heart disease, there were only two myocardial infarctions (0.5%). Two hundred and eighty-four operations were performed on patients with heart disease, and vasopressors were administered in 135 of these procedures. For these patients the risk of myocardial infarction increased from 2.0% to 8.1% with the use of vasopressors (P less than 0.001). The management of the patient with stable heart disease undergoing carotid endarterectomy is discussed.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction following carotid endarterectomy: a review of 683 operations. In a series of 683 consecutive carotid endarterectomies, there were 16 postoperative myocardial infarctions which resulted in five deaths. Of 399 operations on patients with no previous history of heart disease, there were only two myocardial infarctions (0.5%). Two hundred and eighty-four operations were performed on patients with heart disease, and vasopressors were administered in 135 of these procedures. For these patients the risk of myocardial infarction increased from 2.0% to 8.1% with the use of vasopressors (P less than 0.001). The management of the patient with stable heart disease undergoing carotid endarterectomy is discussed.", "PMID": 424994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12698", "title": "Preoperative saphenous venography in arterial reconstructive surgery of the lower extremity.", "content": "Preoperative saphenous venography was performed in 100 extremities in 60 patients to evaluate the saphenous vein for use as an arterial bypass graft. In 18 of the patients (30%), venography demonstrated vein abnormality, disease, or small size, which significantly influenced the management of the patient or the conduct of the operation. Good correlation was observed between venographically determined saphenous vein anatomy and diameter and those observed at operation in 52 patients. The average diameter of the saphenous veins on preoperative venograms was 3.4 mm (range, 1.0 to 6.0 mm). These veins dilated to an average diameter 73 +/- 5% greater than that observed venographically, so that the average diameter of harvested, dilated saphenous veins was 5.5 mm (range, 3.0 to 10.0 mm). All veins measuring 2.0 mm or more on the venograms dilated to 4.0 mm or more at operation and were suitable for femoropopliteal or small vessel bypass grafts. Four saphenous veins measuring 1.0 mm or more on the venograms dilated to 3.0 mm or more at operation and were suitable for small vessel bypasses. Thus preoperative saphenous venography can be of value in lower extremity arterial reconstructions. The procedure allows detection of anomalies and disease processes that would prevent the use of one or both saphenous veins as arterial bypass grafts and identifies the best available venous segment thereby obviating unnecessary incisions and minimizing operating time.", "contents": "Preoperative saphenous venography in arterial reconstructive surgery of the lower extremity. Preoperative saphenous venography was performed in 100 extremities in 60 patients to evaluate the saphenous vein for use as an arterial bypass graft. In 18 of the patients (30%), venography demonstrated vein abnormality, disease, or small size, which significantly influenced the management of the patient or the conduct of the operation. Good correlation was observed between venographically determined saphenous vein anatomy and diameter and those observed at operation in 52 patients. The average diameter of the saphenous veins on preoperative venograms was 3.4 mm (range, 1.0 to 6.0 mm). These veins dilated to an average diameter 73 +/- 5% greater than that observed venographically, so that the average diameter of harvested, dilated saphenous veins was 5.5 mm (range, 3.0 to 10.0 mm). All veins measuring 2.0 mm or more on the venograms dilated to 4.0 mm or more at operation and were suitable for femoropopliteal or small vessel bypass grafts. Four saphenous veins measuring 1.0 mm or more on the venograms dilated to 3.0 mm or more at operation and were suitable for small vessel bypasses. Thus preoperative saphenous venography can be of value in lower extremity arterial reconstructions. The procedure allows detection of anomalies and disease processes that would prevent the use of one or both saphenous veins as arterial bypass grafts and identifies the best available venous segment thereby obviating unnecessary incisions and minimizing operating time.", "PMID": 424995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12699", "title": "Giant cell (temporal) arteritis. The differential diagnosis.", "content": "A patient was referred to the neuro-ophthalmology unit with a diagnosis of Foster-Kennedy syndrome; \"papilledema\" had been noted in the right eye and optic atrophy in the left. Results of radiographic examinations and lumbar puncture had been normal. The considerations and procedures leading to a correct diagnosis of giant cell arteritis are discussed.", "contents": "Giant cell (temporal) arteritis. The differential diagnosis. A patient was referred to the neuro-ophthalmology unit with a diagnosis of Foster-Kennedy syndrome; \"papilledema\" had been noted in the right eye and optic atrophy in the left. Results of radiographic examinations and lumbar puncture had been normal. The considerations and procedures leading to a correct diagnosis of giant cell arteritis are discussed.", "PMID": 424992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12700", "title": "Seat belt aorta: acute dissection and thrombosis of the abdominal aorta.", "content": "Aortic trauma mainly involves the thoracic aorta (95%), while the abdominal aorta is infrequently involved (5%). Of growing interest is the role of seat belts in abdominal aortic injuries. Although seat belts are known to cause injuries to the abdominal viscera, they rarely produce aortic trauma. We report here an acute dissection with thrombosis of the abdominal aorta leading to complete peripheral occlusion as a result of lap-type seat belt injury. The two previously reported cases of similar injuries which resulted in incomplete occlusion are reviewed. A hypothesis for the causal mechanism of these injuries is described. The authors also stress careful follow-up of all patients with seat belt injuries since other intra-abdominal vascular injuries may be present.", "contents": "Seat belt aorta: acute dissection and thrombosis of the abdominal aorta. Aortic trauma mainly involves the thoracic aorta (95%), while the abdominal aorta is infrequently involved (5%). Of growing interest is the role of seat belts in abdominal aortic injuries. Although seat belts are known to cause injuries to the abdominal viscera, they rarely produce aortic trauma. We report here an acute dissection with thrombosis of the abdominal aorta leading to complete peripheral occlusion as a result of lap-type seat belt injury. The two previously reported cases of similar injuries which resulted in incomplete occlusion are reviewed. A hypothesis for the causal mechanism of these injuries is described. The authors also stress careful follow-up of all patients with seat belt injuries since other intra-abdominal vascular injuries may be present.", "PMID": 424996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12701", "title": "Visual system involvement in giant cell (temporal) arteritis.", "content": "A case of giant cell arteritis is reported. The presenting complaint was referable to the vertebral-basilar system. Visual symptoms and signs of vertebral-basilar, carotid, posterior ciliary, and branch central retinal arterial involvement are described. Blindness occurred on steroid therapy. Death resulted from steroid complications. The wide clinical spectrum and management of this condition are discussed.", "contents": "Visual system involvement in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. A case of giant cell arteritis is reported. The presenting complaint was referable to the vertebral-basilar system. Visual symptoms and signs of vertebral-basilar, carotid, posterior ciliary, and branch central retinal arterial involvement are described. Blindness occurred on steroid therapy. Death resulted from steroid complications. The wide clinical spectrum and management of this condition are discussed.", "PMID": 424993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12702", "title": "Direct measurement of arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow in the septic canine hindlimb.", "content": "Absolute blood flow through hindlimb capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses (AVA) was determined by the radioactive microsphere technique of relative shunt measurement combined with direct (electromagnetic) measurement of femoral artery blood flow. Studies were performed before and 72 hours after infection was created in six dogs by implanting fecal-contaminated wicks in one hindlimb. Three control dogs had sterile wicks implanted. Septic dogs demonstrated decreased arterial pressure and increased core temperature with no change in mean cardiac index. Infected legs had increased total femoral blood flow, decreased peripheral resistance, decreased arteriovenous (A-V) O2 difference, but unchanged oxygen consumption, Paw temperature increased in both infected and normal contralateral limbs. Muscle blood flow (MBF) (Xe133 clearance) increased only in infected legs. A-V shunting increased five-fold and AVA flow increased seven-fold in infected hindlimbs, significantly more than that in contralateral or control limbs. Increased A-V shunting correlated highly (r=0.95) with increased total femoral blood flow in infected legs, but increased MBF was not correlated (r=0.05). Despite increased MBF, increased AVA flow occurs in septic canine hindlimbs and contributes to the low-resistance, high-flow, but unchanged oxygen consumption described in this model.", "contents": "Direct measurement of arteriovenous anastomotic blood flow in the septic canine hindlimb. Absolute blood flow through hindlimb capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses (AVA) was determined by the radioactive microsphere technique of relative shunt measurement combined with direct (electromagnetic) measurement of femoral artery blood flow. Studies were performed before and 72 hours after infection was created in six dogs by implanting fecal-contaminated wicks in one hindlimb. Three control dogs had sterile wicks implanted. Septic dogs demonstrated decreased arterial pressure and increased core temperature with no change in mean cardiac index. Infected legs had increased total femoral blood flow, decreased peripheral resistance, decreased arteriovenous (A-V) O2 difference, but unchanged oxygen consumption, Paw temperature increased in both infected and normal contralateral limbs. Muscle blood flow (MBF) (Xe133 clearance) increased only in infected legs. A-V shunting increased five-fold and AVA flow increased seven-fold in infected hindlimbs, significantly more than that in contralateral or control limbs. Increased A-V shunting correlated highly (r=0.95) with increased total femoral blood flow in infected legs, but increased MBF was not correlated (r=0.05). Despite increased MBF, increased AVA flow occurs in septic canine hindlimbs and contributes to the low-resistance, high-flow, but unchanged oxygen consumption described in this model.", "PMID": 424997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12703", "title": "A pilot program of multiple cadaver organ and tissue retrieval.", "content": "A one year pilot project conducted at a 2,000 bed medical center involved a unique approach to the retrieval from cadavers of multiple viable organs and tissues. Aspects of the program included a special unit for sterile evaluation and storage of tissue, a computerized registry of potential donors, a nurse to coordinate and expedite retrieval, and a retrospective chart review to define the incidence and location of potential cadaver donors. There were requests for 121 tissues by 39 investigators. Eleven different tissues were needed within 4 hours of death. Forty-two percent of individuals contacted directly enlisted in the donor registry, three of whom were identified on the computer at the time of death. A five-fold increase in cadaver donor evaluation referrals occurred, and one third of referrals resulted in viable tissue retrieval. A review of 728 deaths indicated that 45% could have been potential eye donors, 27% pancreas donors and 2.5% kidney donors. A coordinated program to retrieve multiple viable organs and tissues for transplantation and research appeared to be effective in this initial pilot study.", "contents": "A pilot program of multiple cadaver organ and tissue retrieval. A one year pilot project conducted at a 2,000 bed medical center involved a unique approach to the retrieval from cadavers of multiple viable organs and tissues. Aspects of the program included a special unit for sterile evaluation and storage of tissue, a computerized registry of potential donors, a nurse to coordinate and expedite retrieval, and a retrospective chart review to define the incidence and location of potential cadaver donors. There were requests for 121 tissues by 39 investigators. Eleven different tissues were needed within 4 hours of death. Forty-two percent of individuals contacted directly enlisted in the donor registry, three of whom were identified on the computer at the time of death. A five-fold increase in cadaver donor evaluation referrals occurred, and one third of referrals resulted in viable tissue retrieval. A review of 728 deaths indicated that 45% could have been potential eye donors, 27% pancreas donors and 2.5% kidney donors. A coordinated program to retrieve multiple viable organs and tissues for transplantation and research appeared to be effective in this initial pilot study.", "PMID": 424999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12704", "title": "Gastric histology and function in patients with intrathoracic stomach replacement after esophagectomy.", "content": "The histological changes and gastric function alterations in 19 patients who had intrathoracic stomach replacement following esophagectomy were studied. Atrophic gastritis was noted in 13 of the 19 patients. The mechanical response of the stomach to distention by food was largely retained. The basal and maximal acid output was reduced markedly, and the serum gastrin was elevated. An association between the degree of gastritis, the percentage of gastric motility at rest, and acid secretion is demonstrated. These changes are consistent with patients with duodenal ulcer following vagotomy and dyloroplasty. Postprandial elevation in serum gastrin was noted in patients with or without vagotomy. The lack of significant difference in integrated gastrin response suggests that the vagus may not be important in the control of postprandial gastrin release.", "contents": "Gastric histology and function in patients with intrathoracic stomach replacement after esophagectomy. The histological changes and gastric function alterations in 19 patients who had intrathoracic stomach replacement following esophagectomy were studied. Atrophic gastritis was noted in 13 of the 19 patients. The mechanical response of the stomach to distention by food was largely retained. The basal and maximal acid output was reduced markedly, and the serum gastrin was elevated. An association between the degree of gastritis, the percentage of gastric motility at rest, and acid secretion is demonstrated. These changes are consistent with patients with duodenal ulcer following vagotomy and dyloroplasty. Postprandial elevation in serum gastrin was noted in patients with or without vagotomy. The lack of significant difference in integrated gastrin response suggests that the vagus may not be important in the control of postprandial gastrin release.", "PMID": 424998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12705", "title": "Effects of hemorrhagic shock on nuclear DNA.", "content": "Rats, with their liver DNA labeled with 3H-thymidine, were subjected to hemorrhagic shock. In nine rats reversible hemorrhagic shock with a blood pressure of 40 mm Hg for 30 minutes resulted in no breaks in the DNA. Twenty-seven animals were subjected to severe hemorrhagic shock. Blood pressures of 40 mm Hg were maintained in the 27 animals until 50% of the shed blood was infused in 11 animals and until 70% of the shed blood was reinfused in 16 animals. This degree of hemorrhage resulted in the DNA being broken, so that 45.1% and 52.1% of the DNA was of a small molecular weight species, as compared with 9.5% and 10.8% in the preshocked animals (P less than 0.001). The injured DNA was not repaired 1.5 hours after the animals were resuscitated in the animals subjected to severe hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "Effects of hemorrhagic shock on nuclear DNA. Rats, with their liver DNA labeled with 3H-thymidine, were subjected to hemorrhagic shock. In nine rats reversible hemorrhagic shock with a blood pressure of 40 mm Hg for 30 minutes resulted in no breaks in the DNA. Twenty-seven animals were subjected to severe hemorrhagic shock. Blood pressures of 40 mm Hg were maintained in the 27 animals until 50% of the shed blood was infused in 11 animals and until 70% of the shed blood was reinfused in 16 animals. This degree of hemorrhage resulted in the DNA being broken, so that 45.1% and 52.1% of the DNA was of a small molecular weight species, as compared with 9.5% and 10.8% in the preshocked animals (P less than 0.001). The injured DNA was not repaired 1.5 hours after the animals were resuscitated in the animals subjected to severe hemorrhagic shock.", "PMID": 425000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12706", "title": "General surgeons and their surgical practices.", "content": "The work characteristics of general surgeons were studied as part of a national study of surgeon manpower. General surgeons were found to work long hours relative to other surgical specialists. Although general surgeons' operative workloads ranked fourth among the 10 surgical specialties, they were only modest in comparison with the surgeons with the highest operative loads (thoracic surgeons). The major conclusion is that the supply of general surgeons is more than adequate to meet the need for general surgeon consultants.", "contents": "General surgeons and their surgical practices. The work characteristics of general surgeons were studied as part of a national study of surgeon manpower. General surgeons were found to work long hours relative to other surgical specialists. Although general surgeons' operative workloads ranked fourth among the 10 surgical specialties, they were only modest in comparison with the surgeons with the highest operative loads (thoracic surgeons). The major conclusion is that the supply of general surgeons is more than adequate to meet the need for general surgeon consultants.", "PMID": 425001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12707", "title": "The effects of a high-fiber diet on bile acid pool size, bile acid kinetics, and biliary lipid secretory rates in the morbidly obese.", "content": "A high-fiber diet has been suggested as one reason for the low incidence of gallstones in some populations. Therefore the authors tested the effects of a high-fiber diet on biliary secretory kinetics and bile salt kinetics in morbidly obese volunteers. Bile salt pool sizes were reduced by 50%, and their half-lives were decreased 70% after the subjects had spent 6 weeks on the high-fiber diet. Bile acid enterohepatic circulation times also were shortened dramatically. However, the lithogenicity of bile did not decrease, and bile remained supersaturated with with cholesterol. Fasting bile samples tended to be even more lithogenic than before the subjects follwed the diet. In these obese subjects, a high-fiber diet failed to reduce the tendency to secrete cholesterol-saturated bile.", "contents": "The effects of a high-fiber diet on bile acid pool size, bile acid kinetics, and biliary lipid secretory rates in the morbidly obese. A high-fiber diet has been suggested as one reason for the low incidence of gallstones in some populations. Therefore the authors tested the effects of a high-fiber diet on biliary secretory kinetics and bile salt kinetics in morbidly obese volunteers. Bile salt pool sizes were reduced by 50%, and their half-lives were decreased 70% after the subjects had spent 6 weeks on the high-fiber diet. Bile acid enterohepatic circulation times also were shortened dramatically. However, the lithogenicity of bile did not decrease, and bile remained supersaturated with with cholesterol. Fasting bile samples tended to be even more lithogenic than before the subjects follwed the diet. In these obese subjects, a high-fiber diet failed to reduce the tendency to secrete cholesterol-saturated bile.", "PMID": 425002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12708", "title": "Cutaneous melanoma of the breast.", "content": "A study of 115 cutaneous melanomas of the breast demonstrated that these neoplasms follow different metastatic patterns than do primary carcinomas of the breast and require a different therapuetic approach. Lesions located below a 3 cm from the clavicle metastasized exclusively to the axillary nodes regardless of location. None of 19 internal mammary node chains examined histologically contained tumor deposits. Microstaging of the primary lesion correlated closely with prognosis and lymph node metastasis. Treatment by mastectomy (radical, modified, extended radical) offered no advantage over local excision of the primary plus axillary dissection. The latter procedure is recommended for all cutaneous melanomas of the breast which require node dissection. Mastectomy is not indicated unless the breast is in the field of wide local excision. Internal mammary node dissections are not indicated.", "contents": "Cutaneous melanoma of the breast. A study of 115 cutaneous melanomas of the breast demonstrated that these neoplasms follow different metastatic patterns than do primary carcinomas of the breast and require a different therapuetic approach. Lesions located below a 3 cm from the clavicle metastasized exclusively to the axillary nodes regardless of location. None of 19 internal mammary node chains examined histologically contained tumor deposits. Microstaging of the primary lesion correlated closely with prognosis and lymph node metastasis. Treatment by mastectomy (radical, modified, extended radical) offered no advantage over local excision of the primary plus axillary dissection. The latter procedure is recommended for all cutaneous melanomas of the breast which require node dissection. Mastectomy is not indicated unless the breast is in the field of wide local excision. Internal mammary node dissections are not indicated.", "PMID": 425003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12709", "title": "The effect of prostaglandin E2, 15-methyl prostaglandin E2, and metiamide on established canine gastric mucosal barrier damage.", "content": "The ability of two types of gastric acid inhibitor to reverse established gastric mucosal barrier damage was studied in canine Heidenhain pouches. A model of established barrier damage was prepared and validated by perfusing Heidenhain pouches with an acid saline solution containing 20 mmoles of aspirin for 2 hours (damage period) and then perfusing with acid saline alone for a third hour (recovery period). Increases in gastric mucosal permeability to H+ and Na+ produced in the damage period still were present and were significant in the recovery period. In subsequent experiments the effect of topically applied prostaglandin E2 and 15-methyl prostaglandin E2 and intravenously administered prostaglandin E2, 15-methyl prostaglandin E2, and Metiamide on the recovery period permeability was studied. Topical application of the prostaglandins and intravenous Metiamide had no effect on the increased permeability. Intravenously administered prostaglandins returned the permeability to normal and therefore reversed established barrier damage. This effect may have important therapeutic implications in acute gastric mucosal lesions.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandin E2, 15-methyl prostaglandin E2, and metiamide on established canine gastric mucosal barrier damage. The ability of two types of gastric acid inhibitor to reverse established gastric mucosal barrier damage was studied in canine Heidenhain pouches. A model of established barrier damage was prepared and validated by perfusing Heidenhain pouches with an acid saline solution containing 20 mmoles of aspirin for 2 hours (damage period) and then perfusing with acid saline alone for a third hour (recovery period). Increases in gastric mucosal permeability to H+ and Na+ produced in the damage period still were present and were significant in the recovery period. In subsequent experiments the effect of topically applied prostaglandin E2 and 15-methyl prostaglandin E2 and intravenously administered prostaglandin E2, 15-methyl prostaglandin E2, and Metiamide on the recovery period permeability was studied. Topical application of the prostaglandins and intravenous Metiamide had no effect on the increased permeability. Intravenously administered prostaglandins returned the permeability to normal and therefore reversed established barrier damage. This effect may have important therapeutic implications in acute gastric mucosal lesions.", "PMID": 425004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12710", "title": "Femoral arteriovenous amino acid differences in septic patients.", "content": "Femoral arteriovenous differences and flux of amino acids across the leg were measured in seven septic patients and compared with those of six nonseptic patients on days 1 and 3 following major surgery. The septic patients were seriously ill and judged clinically to be catabolic. The postoperative patients, although not septic, were expected to have a maximal catabolic response to operation during the first 3 days after operation. Both groups had increased release of phenylalanine from the leg, an index of muscle proteolysis. Septic patients had decreased femoral arteriovenous differences (--20 vs --74 and --60 mumoles/liter) and decreased flux (34 vs 169 and 128 nm/100 gm of calf muscle) of the branched-chain amino acids as compared with the nonseptic postoperative patients on days 1 and 3. The arterial plasmal levels of the branched-chain amino acids and alanine were not different, but phenylalanine was elevated in the septic patients (88 vs 49 and 55 mumoles/liter). The insulin:glucagon molar ratio was lower in the septic patients (2.4 vs 4.4 and 5.5). These findings suggest that in the catabolism of sepsis there is greater oxidation of branched-chain amino acids in muscle than in the catabolism associated with uncomplicated surgery.", "contents": "Femoral arteriovenous amino acid differences in septic patients. Femoral arteriovenous differences and flux of amino acids across the leg were measured in seven septic patients and compared with those of six nonseptic patients on days 1 and 3 following major surgery. The septic patients were seriously ill and judged clinically to be catabolic. The postoperative patients, although not septic, were expected to have a maximal catabolic response to operation during the first 3 days after operation. Both groups had increased release of phenylalanine from the leg, an index of muscle proteolysis. Septic patients had decreased femoral arteriovenous differences (--20 vs --74 and --60 mumoles/liter) and decreased flux (34 vs 169 and 128 nm/100 gm of calf muscle) of the branched-chain amino acids as compared with the nonseptic postoperative patients on days 1 and 3. The arterial plasmal levels of the branched-chain amino acids and alanine were not different, but phenylalanine was elevated in the septic patients (88 vs 49 and 55 mumoles/liter). The insulin:glucagon molar ratio was lower in the septic patients (2.4 vs 4.4 and 5.5). These findings suggest that in the catabolism of sepsis there is greater oxidation of branched-chain amino acids in muscle than in the catabolism associated with uncomplicated surgery.", "PMID": 425006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12711", "title": "Surgical lesions of the colon in the hemolytic uremic syndrome.", "content": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure, usually in children under 10 years of age. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea, frequently precede the onset of renal failure. It has not been generally appreciated that the intestinal disease process may proceed to frank ischemic lesions of the colon requiring surgical intervention. An illustrative patient is presented in whom total infarction of the descending colon occurred. The patient represents the fourth reported case of surgical colonic disease as a consequence of the hemolytic uremic syndrome.", "contents": "Surgical lesions of the colon in the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure, usually in children under 10 years of age. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea, frequently precede the onset of renal failure. It has not been generally appreciated that the intestinal disease process may proceed to frank ischemic lesions of the colon requiring surgical intervention. An illustrative patient is presented in whom total infarction of the descending colon occurred. The patient represents the fourth reported case of surgical colonic disease as a consequence of the hemolytic uremic syndrome.", "PMID": 425010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12712", "title": "Purification and properties of prothrombin modified by asbestos filtration of human plasma.", "content": "Filtration through asbestos filter (Seitz) of human plasma modified the prothrombin molecule as previously shown. Factor II could no longer be activated by physiological activators (Ca++ + phospholipid + V and Xa) but reacted readily with staphylocoagulase. The separation and purification of the modified prothrombin allowed allowed the preparation of two fractions:  A small slightly modified accessory fraction, \"prothrombin-asbestos-1\", lost its ability to be activated by physiological activators, and its ability to be adsorbed by barium citrate, but retained the immunological reactivity of fragment 1, as well as the mobility and molecular weight of unmodified prothrombin. A main fraction, \"prothrombin-asbestos-2\" appeared to be a modified prothrombin which has lost its N-terminal extremity. It was not adsorbed by barium citrate and could not be activated by physiological activators. It possessed a reduced electrophoretic mobility, as well as a reduced molecular weight (39,000), which are properties similar to those of thrombin. Both fractions 1 and 2 were devoid of thrombin activity. Asbestos was thus able to break the prothrombin molecule non enzymatically, the amputation of the N terminal extremity being responsible for the new functional and physicochemical properties of the molecule. Staphylocoagulase appeared not to need the N terminal extremity of the molecule of prothrombin to form the active thrombin-coagulase complex.", "contents": "Purification and properties of prothrombin modified by asbestos filtration of human plasma. Filtration through asbestos filter (Seitz) of human plasma modified the prothrombin molecule as previously shown. Factor II could no longer be activated by physiological activators (Ca++ + phospholipid + V and Xa) but reacted readily with staphylocoagulase. The separation and purification of the modified prothrombin allowed allowed the preparation of two fractions:  A small slightly modified accessory fraction, \"prothrombin-asbestos-1\", lost its ability to be activated by physiological activators, and its ability to be adsorbed by barium citrate, but retained the immunological reactivity of fragment 1, as well as the mobility and molecular weight of unmodified prothrombin. A main fraction, \"prothrombin-asbestos-2\" appeared to be a modified prothrombin which has lost its N-terminal extremity. It was not adsorbed by barium citrate and could not be activated by physiological activators. It possessed a reduced electrophoretic mobility, as well as a reduced molecular weight (39,000), which are properties similar to those of thrombin. Both fractions 1 and 2 were devoid of thrombin activity. Asbestos was thus able to break the prothrombin molecule non enzymatically, the amputation of the N terminal extremity being responsible for the new functional and physicochemical properties of the molecule. Staphylocoagulase appeared not to need the N terminal extremity of the molecule of prothrombin to form the active thrombin-coagulase complex.", "PMID": 425060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12713", "title": "Effect of treatment with activated prothrombin complex concentrate (FEIBA) on factor VIII-antibody level.", "content": "The influence of treatment with an activated prothrombin complex preparation (FEIBA) on the antibody level was studied in 10 haemophiliacs with an antibody to factor VIII. The antibody level was observed to rise at least once in five patients, while in the remaining five patients no rise occurred. In all, 6 out of 31 treatments were followed by an anamnestic rise of the antibody level, corresponding to 19.4%. A rise of the inhibitor level following FEIBA treatment is likely to occur in patients who show a marked antibody rise after factor VIII treatment (good responders), but have a low antibody level at the time of treatment. High doses of FEIBA and simultaneous of red cells may also enhance the likelihood of an anamnestic response. Stimulation of antibody production is probably due to the presence of small amounts of factor VIII in this preparation.", "contents": "Effect of treatment with activated prothrombin complex concentrate (FEIBA) on factor VIII-antibody level. The influence of treatment with an activated prothrombin complex preparation (FEIBA) on the antibody level was studied in 10 haemophiliacs with an antibody to factor VIII. The antibody level was observed to rise at least once in five patients, while in the remaining five patients no rise occurred. In all, 6 out of 31 treatments were followed by an anamnestic rise of the antibody level, corresponding to 19.4%. A rise of the inhibitor level following FEIBA treatment is likely to occur in patients who show a marked antibody rise after factor VIII treatment (good responders), but have a low antibody level at the time of treatment. High doses of FEIBA and simultaneous of red cells may also enhance the likelihood of an anamnestic response. Stimulation of antibody production is probably due to the presence of small amounts of factor VIII in this preparation.", "PMID": 425062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12714", "title": "Fibrin deposition and removal in disseminated intravascular coagulation induced by endotoxin and saline loading: radioautographic findings in rats.", "content": "In rats a single injection of endotoxin followed by an infusion of normal saline induced the generalized Shwartzman reaction. The presence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was demonstrated by measuring plasma fibrinogen, platelet counts, schistocytes, plasma haemoglobin, fibrin(ogen) degradation products, and fibrin thrombi in the glomerular capillaries, 125I-fibrinogen was given after triggering DIC in order to examine the fibrinogen turnover in plasma and the kinetics of fibrin deposition and removal in kidney, liver, and spleen. 125I-fibrinogen turnover was found to be highly accelerated. Early deposition and removal were observed in the kidneys, while a later peak with a more delayed fall of radioactivity was noted in liver and spleen. On histological examination fibrin could be seen only in the glomerular capillaries and only in the early phase of DIC. In radioautographs radioactive material was localized in the glomerular capillaries, the Kupffer' cells of the liver, and in the perifollicular macrophages of the spleen. Comparing the results obtained by scintillation counting to those obtained by light microscopy it can be assumed that radioactivity in kidneys is correlated to fibrin deposition in glomerular capillaries and to an accumulation on fibrin(ogen) degradation products in liver and spleen.", "contents": "Fibrin deposition and removal in disseminated intravascular coagulation induced by endotoxin and saline loading: radioautographic findings in rats. In rats a single injection of endotoxin followed by an infusion of normal saline induced the generalized Shwartzman reaction. The presence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was demonstrated by measuring plasma fibrinogen, platelet counts, schistocytes, plasma haemoglobin, fibrin(ogen) degradation products, and fibrin thrombi in the glomerular capillaries, 125I-fibrinogen was given after triggering DIC in order to examine the fibrinogen turnover in plasma and the kinetics of fibrin deposition and removal in kidney, liver, and spleen. 125I-fibrinogen turnover was found to be highly accelerated. Early deposition and removal were observed in the kidneys, while a later peak with a more delayed fall of radioactivity was noted in liver and spleen. On histological examination fibrin could be seen only in the glomerular capillaries and only in the early phase of DIC. In radioautographs radioactive material was localized in the glomerular capillaries, the Kupffer' cells of the liver, and in the perifollicular macrophages of the spleen. Comparing the results obtained by scintillation counting to those obtained by light microscopy it can be assumed that radioactivity in kidneys is correlated to fibrin deposition in glomerular capillaries and to an accumulation on fibrin(ogen) degradation products in liver and spleen.", "PMID": 425064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12715", "title": "Fibrinolysis in grafted arteries and veins.", "content": "The fibrinolytic activity in autologous artery and vein grafts was studied in cats during a 4-month period. The fibrinolytic activity in the wall of an aortic segment interposed in the caval vein was increased in comparison to the normal aorta. In the corresponding segment of the caval vein interposed in the aorta, the fibrinolytic activity was reduced during the observation time. Thrombosed segments had a decreased activity. No changes were seen in sham operated animals. The plasminogen activator activity in the vessel wall was found to be influenced by the surrounding milieu.", "contents": "Fibrinolysis in grafted arteries and veins. The fibrinolytic activity in autologous artery and vein grafts was studied in cats during a 4-month period. The fibrinolytic activity in the wall of an aortic segment interposed in the caval vein was increased in comparison to the normal aorta. In the corresponding segment of the caval vein interposed in the aorta, the fibrinolytic activity was reduced during the observation time. Thrombosed segments had a decreased activity. No changes were seen in sham operated animals. The plasminogen activator activity in the vessel wall was found to be influenced by the surrounding milieu.", "PMID": 425065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12716", "title": "Platelet functions in relation to dietary fats in farmers from two regions of France.", "content": "To determine whether the long-term feeding of dietary fats affect platelet functions in man, platelet aggregation (to thrombin ADP, collagen, epinephrine) and clotting activity of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-poor plasma and of washed platelets were studied in a mobile-laboratory in 44 healthy male farmers (40--45 years) from two French regions Var and Moselle, in relation to lipemia, glycemia, dietary nutriments, and platelet phospholipid composition. In the Moselle subjects, the platelet clotting activity of PRP and of washed platelets, the platelet aggregation to thrombin and ADP, were highly significantly (p less than 0.001) increased as compared to those of Var, but not the plasma cholesterol, which was identical in the two regions. In Moselle, the intake of total calories, total lipids and saturated fats was higher than in the Var. However, it was only with the saturated fat intake (mostly stearic acid) that the platelet clotting activity (p less than 0.01) and the platelet aggregation (p less than 0.001) were highly significantly correlated. The platelet clotting activity was also significantly (p less than 0.001) correlated with the fatty acid composition of the platelet phospholipid fractions phosphatidyl serine + phosphatidyl inositol.", "contents": "Platelet functions in relation to dietary fats in farmers from two regions of France. To determine whether the long-term feeding of dietary fats affect platelet functions in man, platelet aggregation (to thrombin ADP, collagen, epinephrine) and clotting activity of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-poor plasma and of washed platelets were studied in a mobile-laboratory in 44 healthy male farmers (40--45 years) from two French regions Var and Moselle, in relation to lipemia, glycemia, dietary nutriments, and platelet phospholipid composition. In the Moselle subjects, the platelet clotting activity of PRP and of washed platelets, the platelet aggregation to thrombin and ADP, were highly significantly (p less than 0.001) increased as compared to those of Var, but not the plasma cholesterol, which was identical in the two regions. In Moselle, the intake of total calories, total lipids and saturated fats was higher than in the Var. However, it was only with the saturated fat intake (mostly stearic acid) that the platelet clotting activity (p less than 0.01) and the platelet aggregation (p less than 0.001) were highly significantly correlated. The platelet clotting activity was also significantly (p less than 0.001) correlated with the fatty acid composition of the platelet phospholipid fractions phosphatidyl serine + phosphatidyl inositol.", "PMID": 425066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12717", "title": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by a new agent, Ticlopidine.", "content": "Effect of Ticlopidine, 5-(2-chlorobenzyl)-4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydro[3,2-C]pyridine hydro-chloride, on platelet aggregation was studied in the rat. Ticlopidine was found to be a potent, long-lasting inhibitor of platelet aggregation. It inhibited the aggregation induced by any of ADP, collagen, thrombin, arachidonic acid and prostaglandin endoperoxides and/or thromboxane A2-like substancee. Ticlopidine was effective at doses as low as 30 mg/kg when orally given to rats, and the effect lasted as long as the life span of the circulating platelets (half time: about 48 hours). Ticlopidine inhibited also nucleotide release from and prostaglandin synthesis in the platelets, but did not significantly affect platelet adhesiveness to glass, platelet factor 3 availability and clot retraction.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by a new agent, Ticlopidine. Effect of Ticlopidine, 5-(2-chlorobenzyl)-4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydro[3,2-C]pyridine hydro-chloride, on platelet aggregation was studied in the rat. Ticlopidine was found to be a potent, long-lasting inhibitor of platelet aggregation. It inhibited the aggregation induced by any of ADP, collagen, thrombin, arachidonic acid and prostaglandin endoperoxides and/or thromboxane A2-like substancee. Ticlopidine was effective at doses as low as 30 mg/kg when orally given to rats, and the effect lasted as long as the life span of the circulating platelets (half time: about 48 hours). Ticlopidine inhibited also nucleotide release from and prostaglandin synthesis in the platelets, but did not significantly affect platelet adhesiveness to glass, platelet factor 3 availability and clot retraction.", "PMID": 425067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12718", "title": "Shear stress-induced changes in platelet reactivity.", "content": "We have investigated the effects on platelet function of a physiologic shear stress. The aggregation to thrombin and collagen, the release reaction [(14C) serotonin] and the procoagulant activity of washed platelet suspensions were assayed on samples undergoing laminar oscillatory flow for 20 minutes at 37 degree C in polyethylene tubes, and on paired samples kept at rest. The pulse rate was established at 72 cycles per minute and the shear stress at the wall estimated at 26.2 dynes/cm2. The platelet suspensions were prepared at 37 degree C from blood samples of 15 healthy volunteers and 15 patients with the diagnosis of coronary artery disease proven by angiography. Our results show enhancement of platelet aggregation in samples undergoing oscillatory flow. Furthermore, platelets from coronary patients gained additional procoagulant activity. However, no change was encountered in the rate and speed of the release reaction. It is concluded that exposure to a high shear stress within an oscillatory flow system enhances platelet reactivity; this reaction may take part in the production of platelet and coagulation changes seen in the atherosclerotic patient and after strenuous physical exercise.", "contents": "Shear stress-induced changes in platelet reactivity. We have investigated the effects on platelet function of a physiologic shear stress. The aggregation to thrombin and collagen, the release reaction [(14C) serotonin] and the procoagulant activity of washed platelet suspensions were assayed on samples undergoing laminar oscillatory flow for 20 minutes at 37 degree C in polyethylene tubes, and on paired samples kept at rest. The pulse rate was established at 72 cycles per minute and the shear stress at the wall estimated at 26.2 dynes/cm2. The platelet suspensions were prepared at 37 degree C from blood samples of 15 healthy volunteers and 15 patients with the diagnosis of coronary artery disease proven by angiography. Our results show enhancement of platelet aggregation in samples undergoing oscillatory flow. Furthermore, platelets from coronary patients gained additional procoagulant activity. However, no change was encountered in the rate and speed of the release reaction. It is concluded that exposure to a high shear stress within an oscillatory flow system enhances platelet reactivity; this reaction may take part in the production of platelet and coagulation changes seen in the atherosclerotic patient and after strenuous physical exercise.", "PMID": 425068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12719", "title": "[Fowl Cholera. Preventive treatment with antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "In view of an outbreak of fowl cholera in the duck-and turkey-farming industry, the possibility of instituting long-term preventive treatment of recently acquired birds on the farms involved was studied. Satisfactory results were obtained in Peking-ducks and turkeys when chlortetracycline was administered at a concentration of at least 100 ppm in the feed for three weeks. Satisfactory results were also obtained using a combined preparation of neomycin and oxytetracycline in muscovy ducks or a preparation of neomycin, chloramphenicol and chlortetracycline in Peking-ducks following experimental infection.", "contents": "[Fowl Cholera. Preventive treatment with antibiotics (author's transl)]. In view of an outbreak of fowl cholera in the duck-and turkey-farming industry, the possibility of instituting long-term preventive treatment of recently acquired birds on the farms involved was studied. Satisfactory results were obtained in Peking-ducks and turkeys when chlortetracycline was administered at a concentration of at least 100 ppm in the feed for three weeks. Satisfactory results were also obtained using a combined preparation of neomycin and oxytetracycline in muscovy ducks or a preparation of neomycin, chloramphenicol and chlortetracycline in Peking-ducks following experimental infection.", "PMID": 425106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12720", "title": "[Pentachlorophenol poisoning in nestlings of canaries (Serinus canarius) (author's transl)].", "content": "Using binder twine of bales of straw as nesting material for canaries apparently resulted in a reduction of hatchability. However, the outstanding feature was the high mortality rate during the first week after hatching, with a peak on the fourth day and nestlings never growing any older than three months. Other symptoms consisted in marked retardation of growth and poor growth of feathers. The adult birds presented a normal appearance. The most likely cause was the presence of pentachlorophenol (PCP) averaging 285 ppm).", "contents": "[Pentachlorophenol poisoning in nestlings of canaries (Serinus canarius) (author's transl)]. Using binder twine of bales of straw as nesting material for canaries apparently resulted in a reduction of hatchability. However, the outstanding feature was the high mortality rate during the first week after hatching, with a peak on the fourth day and nestlings never growing any older than three months. Other symptoms consisted in marked retardation of growth and poor growth of feathers. The adult birds presented a normal appearance. The most likely cause was the presence of pentachlorophenol (PCP) averaging 285 ppm).", "PMID": 425107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12721", "title": "[An interactive system for recording, storage and processing of treatment data (author's transl)].", "content": "For correct radiation treatment and evaluation of treatment a complete recording of data is necessary. With this aim an interactive system was developed. Data recording for every patient is started from a terminal assigned to the physician. After completing the patient file with the data of the physical treatment plan, the file may be displayed on the terminal assigned to the particulr treatment unit, and additional data of the particular treatment session added. If a treatment is finished, a hardcopy of all data is generated by the system. Retrieval of patient data is always possible from the physicians terminal. The system is a contribution towards reducing the work in documentation the radiation treatment. It will be possible not only to carry out epidemiological studies, but also to investigate and perhaps optimate the results of treatment methods.", "contents": "[An interactive system for recording, storage and processing of treatment data (author's transl)]. For correct radiation treatment and evaluation of treatment a complete recording of data is necessary. With this aim an interactive system was developed. Data recording for every patient is started from a terminal assigned to the physician. After completing the patient file with the data of the physical treatment plan, the file may be displayed on the terminal assigned to the particulr treatment unit, and additional data of the particular treatment session added. If a treatment is finished, a hardcopy of all data is generated by the system. Retrieval of patient data is always possible from the physicians terminal. The system is a contribution towards reducing the work in documentation the radiation treatment. It will be possible not only to carry out epidemiological studies, but also to investigate and perhaps optimate the results of treatment methods.", "PMID": 425123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12722", "title": "[Determination of the integral dose with a body phantom using Fricke's system and an evaluation by means of potentiometric analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The concept of the integral dose, being correlated with the system of immunity, has got an increased bearing on radiation therapy. Experimental determination of integral doses in a tissue-equivalent body-phantom by means of ferrosulfate dosimetry and potentiometric analysis is described. The results are discussed and compared considering X and Y irradiation techniques and different units for irradiation.", "contents": "[Determination of the integral dose with a body phantom using Fricke's system and an evaluation by means of potentiometric analysis (author's transl)]. The concept of the integral dose, being correlated with the system of immunity, has got an increased bearing on radiation therapy. Experimental determination of integral doses in a tissue-equivalent body-phantom by means of ferrosulfate dosimetry and potentiometric analysis is described. The results are discussed and compared considering X and Y irradiation techniques and different units for irradiation.", "PMID": 425124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12723", "title": "[Determination of the quality of radiation and the dose rate in radiodiagnostics and radiotherapy by means of thermoluminescence dosemeters (author's transl)].", "content": "According to article 13, para. 1 of the R\u00f6ntgenverordnung (regulations for the application of radiology) the dose rate of the useful radiation of radiotherapeutic units must be measured twice a year. The authors demonstrate that it is not absolutely necessary to use very complicated systems for these measurements which can also be performed with LiF thermoluminescence dosemeters. If CaF2 thermoluminescence dosemeters are used simultaneously, it is also possible to obtain an information about the quality of radiation.", "contents": "[Determination of the quality of radiation and the dose rate in radiodiagnostics and radiotherapy by means of thermoluminescence dosemeters (author's transl)]. According to article 13, para. 1 of the R\u00f6ntgenverordnung (regulations for the application of radiology) the dose rate of the useful radiation of radiotherapeutic units must be measured twice a year. The authors demonstrate that it is not absolutely necessary to use very complicated systems for these measurements which can also be performed with LiF thermoluminescence dosemeters. If CaF2 thermoluminescence dosemeters are used simultaneously, it is also possible to obtain an information about the quality of radiation.", "PMID": 425125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12724", "title": "[Experimental research on the contrast production of the chemical elements with the atomic number 1-83 in a computer-total-body-tomogram].", "content": "The contrast production for the chemical elements with the atomic numbers Z = 1-83 were determined by computer-tomography. With the formula relation of the delta-number and the atomic number can one compute the contrast production of any chosen chemical compound. Iodine-free and inorganic iodine-containing contrast media are examined for their contrast production and compared with presently used organic iodine-containing contrast media. The contrast enhancement of organic contrast media in tissue are discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental research on the contrast production of the chemical elements with the atomic number 1-83 in a computer-total-body-tomogram]. The contrast production for the chemical elements with the atomic numbers Z = 1-83 were determined by computer-tomography. With the formula relation of the delta-number and the atomic number can one compute the contrast production of any chosen chemical compound. Iodine-free and inorganic iodine-containing contrast media are examined for their contrast production and compared with presently used organic iodine-containing contrast media. The contrast enhancement of organic contrast media in tissue are discussed.", "PMID": 425126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12725", "title": "[Chemotherapy in solid transplantation tumors following synchronization (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to examine whether the effects due to cytostatics might be improved by synchronization, cytosin-arabinoside, hydroxyurea or Vincristin were administered to rats bearing solid transplantation tumors, at different intervals following synchronization. The three substances, interfering with the S-phase of the cells, show significantly improved therapeutic results with quickly proliferating Walker-carcinosarcoma after a synchronization by hydroxyurea. Cyclophosphamide on the other hand, being effective through several phases of the cell cycle, furnishes no evidence of any essential therapeutic result. Analogous therapeutic experimentation using slowly growing neurosarcomas yielded no better results after synchronization. The concept of synchronization treatment may be approved, therefore, with certain limitations: firstly, synchronization with hydroxyurea can be maintained for a short time only, and the cancerous cells pass throught the first phases of the cell cycle following synchronization for the most part together with normal cells; secondly, only tumors with an important growth fraction and only cytostatics that do not affect several phases of the cell cycle are appropriate for synchronization therapy.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy in solid transplantation tumors following synchronization (author's transl)]. In order to examine whether the effects due to cytostatics might be improved by synchronization, cytosin-arabinoside, hydroxyurea or Vincristin were administered to rats bearing solid transplantation tumors, at different intervals following synchronization. The three substances, interfering with the S-phase of the cells, show significantly improved therapeutic results with quickly proliferating Walker-carcinosarcoma after a synchronization by hydroxyurea. Cyclophosphamide on the other hand, being effective through several phases of the cell cycle, furnishes no evidence of any essential therapeutic result. Analogous therapeutic experimentation using slowly growing neurosarcomas yielded no better results after synchronization. The concept of synchronization treatment may be approved, therefore, with certain limitations: firstly, synchronization with hydroxyurea can be maintained for a short time only, and the cancerous cells pass throught the first phases of the cell cycle following synchronization for the most part together with normal cells; secondly, only tumors with an important growth fraction and only cytostatics that do not affect several phases of the cell cycle are appropriate for synchronization therapy.", "PMID": 425128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12726", "title": "[Radiation therapy of humeroscapular periarthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectiveness of radiation therapy in 233 cases with periarthritis humeroscapularis is reviewed in a prospective study from the Basel canton hospital. The patients are studied with regard to different parameters, such as duration of the anamnesis, importance of the dose, moment of evaluation of the results and influence of a 2-series technique. The total result, comprising 43.3% cases without complaints, 30.9% being better, and 25.8% whose troubles had not changed, is compared with the compiled statistical data of 4957 cases found in literature. The gonadal load is discussed on the basis of our own investigations.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy of humeroscapular periarthritis (author's transl)]. The effectiveness of radiation therapy in 233 cases with periarthritis humeroscapularis is reviewed in a prospective study from the Basel canton hospital. The patients are studied with regard to different parameters, such as duration of the anamnesis, importance of the dose, moment of evaluation of the results and influence of a 2-series technique. The total result, comprising 43.3% cases without complaints, 30.9% being better, and 25.8% whose troubles had not changed, is compared with the compiled statistical data of 4957 cases found in literature. The gonadal load is discussed on the basis of our own investigations.", "PMID": 425129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12727", "title": "[Comparison of measured relative isodose distributions in tangential stationary fields of Co-60 radiation with calculated isodose plans (author's transl)].", "content": "The relative isodose distributions in tangential stationary fields are measured in rectangular phantoms by means of four different methods: film measurements, thermoluminescence probes, ionization chamber, and semiconductor probes. The different measuring methods are compared, and the influence exercised by the part of the field running in the air is examined. Within the scope of their applicability, all measuring methods produce the same values which differ only by +/- 1%. It is possible to reach a better estimation of the dose distribution in the depth of the \"partial fields\" (a part of which is running in the air) by reducing adequately a \"complete field\". Furthermore, isodose distributions of measured \"partial fields\" are compared with calculations from a programme for the irradiation planning (programme COMRAD), and they are discussed. It is shown that the losses due to scattered radiation are not rendered by the calculation.", "contents": "[Comparison of measured relative isodose distributions in tangential stationary fields of Co-60 radiation with calculated isodose plans (author's transl)]. The relative isodose distributions in tangential stationary fields are measured in rectangular phantoms by means of four different methods: film measurements, thermoluminescence probes, ionization chamber, and semiconductor probes. The different measuring methods are compared, and the influence exercised by the part of the field running in the air is examined. Within the scope of their applicability, all measuring methods produce the same values which differ only by +/- 1%. It is possible to reach a better estimation of the dose distribution in the depth of the \"partial fields\" (a part of which is running in the air) by reducing adequately a \"complete field\". Furthermore, isodose distributions of measured \"partial fields\" are compared with calculations from a programme for the irradiation planning (programme COMRAD), and they are discussed. It is shown that the losses due to scattered radiation are not rendered by the calculation.", "PMID": 425130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12728", "title": "[Effect of high frequency electromagnetic fields on the processes of transamination in the liver and small intestine tissues of rats].", "content": "The influence of electromagnetic waves of metrical and centimetrical range on the transaminoferases activity was studied in the liver and small intestine of 69 rats. The experiment shows that the activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases is dependent on the power and duration of the action. It is established that the action of both the short-wave 160 mA diathermy and 30 MW/cm2 microwaves for 20 min is accompanied by inhibition of the liver and small intestine aminotransferases activity. The 20 min action of 12 MW/cm2 microwaves induces an increase in the aminotransferases activity of the liver, small intestine and serum.", "contents": "[Effect of high frequency electromagnetic fields on the processes of transamination in the liver and small intestine tissues of rats]. The influence of electromagnetic waves of metrical and centimetrical range on the transaminoferases activity was studied in the liver and small intestine of 69 rats. The experiment shows that the activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases is dependent on the power and duration of the action. It is established that the action of both the short-wave 160 mA diathermy and 30 MW/cm2 microwaves for 20 min is accompanied by inhibition of the liver and small intestine aminotransferases activity. The 20 min action of 12 MW/cm2 microwaves induces an increase in the aminotransferases activity of the liver, small intestine and serum.", "PMID": 425131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12729", "title": "[Amino acid metabolism in the human placenta during its functional maturation].", "content": "The total content of free amino acids in chorion villi of the 7-40-week human placenta rises from 41 up to 71 mg%, which is mostly due to an increase in the content of replaceable amino acids. In the process of development the intensity of glutaminic acid desamination changes essentially and correlates with changes in its content in the placenta. The aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activity in the placenta during the period under study rises almost twice, that correlates with changes in the content of alanine, glutaminic and asparginic acids in the corresponding periods of development.", "contents": "[Amino acid metabolism in the human placenta during its functional maturation]. The total content of free amino acids in chorion villi of the 7-40-week human placenta rises from 41 up to 71 mg%, which is mostly due to an increase in the content of replaceable amino acids. In the process of development the intensity of glutaminic acid desamination changes essentially and correlates with changes in its content in the placenta. The aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activity in the placenta during the period under study rises almost twice, that correlates with changes in the content of alanine, glutaminic and asparginic acids in the corresponding periods of development.", "PMID": 425132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12730", "title": "[Effect of alpha-tocopherol on phospholipid concentration and lipid peroxidation in rat brain tissue following a burn injury].", "content": "Studies of the lipid peroxides and phospholipid content in the rat brain in different periods after burns showed that the total phospholipid content in all the periods is decreased. The daily intraperitoneal administration of alpha-tocopherol in a dose of 100 mg/kg against a background of the burn decreases sharply the phospholipid content. alpha-Tocopherol in a dose of 1 mg/kg, administered immediately after the trauma and then 3, 7, 12 and 17 days after burns restores the phospholipid content to normal. The described changes were connected mainly with the lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions.", "contents": "[Effect of alpha-tocopherol on phospholipid concentration and lipid peroxidation in rat brain tissue following a burn injury]. Studies of the lipid peroxides and phospholipid content in the rat brain in different periods after burns showed that the total phospholipid content in all the periods is decreased. The daily intraperitoneal administration of alpha-tocopherol in a dose of 100 mg/kg against a background of the burn decreases sharply the phospholipid content. alpha-Tocopherol in a dose of 1 mg/kg, administered immediately after the trauma and then 3, 7, 12 and 17 days after burns restores the phospholipid content to normal. The described changes were connected mainly with the lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions.", "PMID": 425133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12731", "title": "[Correction of nitrogen metabolism in rats with toxic hepatitis by parenteral administration of an amino acid mixture].", "content": "The nitrogen metabolism in rats with toxic affection of the liver caused by administration of CCl4 was studied as affected by the amino acid mixture moriamine S-2. It is established that with toxic hepatitis the nitrogen metabolism is sharply disturbed, especially during protein deficiency. The following evidences for this fact: a rise in the depth of the nitrogen negative balance, an increase in the intensity of amine nitrogen and ammonia excretion with urea as well as an increase in the amount of amine nitrogen in blood and tissues with a simultaneous decrease in the content of protein. The parenteral administration of the amino acid mixture for eight days to the animals with a toxic affection of the liver is more effective when nitrogen preparation is combined with the group B vitamin, vitamin C, insulin, nerobolyl and sirepar.", "contents": "[Correction of nitrogen metabolism in rats with toxic hepatitis by parenteral administration of an amino acid mixture]. The nitrogen metabolism in rats with toxic affection of the liver caused by administration of CCl4 was studied as affected by the amino acid mixture moriamine S-2. It is established that with toxic hepatitis the nitrogen metabolism is sharply disturbed, especially during protein deficiency. The following evidences for this fact: a rise in the depth of the nitrogen negative balance, an increase in the intensity of amine nitrogen and ammonia excretion with urea as well as an increase in the amount of amine nitrogen in blood and tissues with a simultaneous decrease in the content of protein. The parenteral administration of the amino acid mixture for eight days to the animals with a toxic affection of the liver is more effective when nitrogen preparation is combined with the group B vitamin, vitamin C, insulin, nerobolyl and sirepar.", "PMID": 425134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12732", "title": "[GABA-transaminase activity in the dog brain visual analyzer following light deprivation during ontogenesis].", "content": "The GABA-transaminase activity is the highest in the subcortical formations of the brain visual analyzer in 45- and 90-day dogs. Deprivation of visual impulses at early stages of postnatal ontogenesis lowers sharply this activity in all the studied areas of the brain visual analyzer. Under conditions of deprivation the content of glutaminic acid increases in all the formations of the dog brain visual analyzer to a considerably less extent, especially in the anterior corpora bigemina and lateral geniculate body at the age of 45- and 90-days. Similar regularities are found in the deprivation effect relative to formation of ascorbic acid the content of which lowers sharply in all the formations of the dog brain visual analyzer on the 90th day of light deprivation.", "contents": "[GABA-transaminase activity in the dog brain visual analyzer following light deprivation during ontogenesis]. The GABA-transaminase activity is the highest in the subcortical formations of the brain visual analyzer in 45- and 90-day dogs. Deprivation of visual impulses at early stages of postnatal ontogenesis lowers sharply this activity in all the studied areas of the brain visual analyzer. Under conditions of deprivation the content of glutaminic acid increases in all the formations of the dog brain visual analyzer to a considerably less extent, especially in the anterior corpora bigemina and lateral geniculate body at the age of 45- and 90-days. Similar regularities are found in the deprivation effect relative to formation of ascorbic acid the content of which lowers sharply in all the formations of the dog brain visual analyzer on the 90th day of light deprivation.", "PMID": 425136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12733", "title": "[Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in rats at different periods after bile duct transection].", "content": "Total activity and isoenzymic spectrum of the blood serum and liver alkaline phosphatase were studied with experimental obstructive jaundice beginning from the first hours of its development till 30 days. Changes in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and its isoenzymic spectrum are shown to have their characteristic features at different times of obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "[Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in rats at different periods after bile duct transection]. Total activity and isoenzymic spectrum of the blood serum and liver alkaline phosphatase were studied with experimental obstructive jaundice beginning from the first hours of its development till 30 days. Changes in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and its isoenzymic spectrum are shown to have their characteristic features at different times of obstructive jaundice.", "PMID": 425137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12734", "title": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum in the myocardium and skeletal muscles of animals under physical stress].", "content": "Single physical load (forced run up to fatigue) changes the lactate dehydrogenase activity in the myocardium and skeletal muscles of rats. It is pronounced in a sharp rise of the activity 1 h after the action, in a decrease 6 h after and again in an increase a day later and a gradual fall on the third seventh days. An increase in the portion of isoenzymes typical of the anaerobic metabolism is peculiar to the myocardium and skeletal muscles, that finds its manifestation in both an increase in the lactic acid amount and the lactate/pyruvate coefficient. A regular rise in the LDH2 amount in all periods of the study and LDH5 in the early period after the action is peculiar to the myocardium and the increase in the LDH5 content is characteristic of the skeletal muscles.", "contents": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum in the myocardium and skeletal muscles of animals under physical stress]. Single physical load (forced run up to fatigue) changes the lactate dehydrogenase activity in the myocardium and skeletal muscles of rats. It is pronounced in a sharp rise of the activity 1 h after the action, in a decrease 6 h after and again in an increase a day later and a gradual fall on the third seventh days. An increase in the portion of isoenzymes typical of the anaerobic metabolism is peculiar to the myocardium and skeletal muscles, that finds its manifestation in both an increase in the lactic acid amount and the lactate/pyruvate coefficient. A regular rise in the LDH2 amount in all periods of the study and LDH5 in the early period after the action is peculiar to the myocardium and the increase in the LDH5 content is characteristic of the skeletal muscles.", "PMID": 425138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12735", "title": "[Effect of carbon dioxide on the initial rate of the isocitrate and malate dehydrogenase reactions in rat liver].", "content": "The rate of reactions catalyzed by the NADP-dependent isocytrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase soluble fraction of the rat liver was studied as affected by carbonic acid. The reaction initial rate for both enzymes was determined under normal conditions and at physiological concentrations of carbonic acid. The initial rate of the direct isocytrate dehydrogenase reaction is established to decrease by 20, 35 and 57% at the carbonic acid concentrations 20, 40 and 60 mM. At the same time the initial rate of the malate dehydrogenase reactions increases by 51, 86 and 104% at the same levels of carbonic acid.", "contents": "[Effect of carbon dioxide on the initial rate of the isocitrate and malate dehydrogenase reactions in rat liver]. The rate of reactions catalyzed by the NADP-dependent isocytrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase soluble fraction of the rat liver was studied as affected by carbonic acid. The reaction initial rate for both enzymes was determined under normal conditions and at physiological concentrations of carbonic acid. The initial rate of the direct isocytrate dehydrogenase reaction is established to decrease by 20, 35 and 57% at the carbonic acid concentrations 20, 40 and 60 mM. At the same time the initial rate of the malate dehydrogenase reactions increases by 51, 86 and 104% at the same levels of carbonic acid.", "PMID": 425139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12736", "title": "[Muscle glycoproteins (soluble in perchloric acid) after denervation and drug stimulation].", "content": "Muscle proteins soluble in perchloric acid contain about 75% of carbohydrates presented by neutral hexoses, fucose and hexuronic acids. Three days and two weeks after denervation the content of the glycoproteids protein part is unchanged, a month later it increases by 116%. The content of carbohydrate component following denervation lowers considerably and a month later is on the average 40% higher than in the muscle of healthy rats. Administration of muscular RNA restores the content of the protein component only by the end of a month; administration of pyrogenal normalizes the content of both protein and carbohydrate components.", "contents": "[Muscle glycoproteins (soluble in perchloric acid) after denervation and drug stimulation]. Muscle proteins soluble in perchloric acid contain about 75% of carbohydrates presented by neutral hexoses, fucose and hexuronic acids. Three days and two weeks after denervation the content of the glycoproteids protein part is unchanged, a month later it increases by 116%. The content of carbohydrate component following denervation lowers considerably and a month later is on the average 40% higher than in the muscle of healthy rats. Administration of muscular RNA restores the content of the protein component only by the end of a month; administration of pyrogenal normalizes the content of both protein and carbohydrate components.", "PMID": 425135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12737", "title": "[Dynamics of orotic acid metabolism in chick tissues].", "content": "The processes of pyrimidine nucleotides metabolism were analyzed in cells of chicken small intestine mucosa using the kinetic series-parallel model of the first order equations. The rate constants are calculated for absorption of [2-14C]orotic acid by mucosa cells, its accumulation in blood anc conversion to uridine nucleotides. Stages of uridine nucleotides conversion to cytidine ones and their incorporation into RNA are not described by the system of the first order equations based on the series-parallel model with the single-channel utilization of orotic acid through the pyrimidine pathway. The model into two pathways of free nucleotides metabolism and two individual flows of precursors into RNA corresponds qualitatively to the obtained experimental data. Metabolism of orotic acid along two separate channels might be typical of the chicken liver.", "contents": "[Dynamics of orotic acid metabolism in chick tissues]. The processes of pyrimidine nucleotides metabolism were analyzed in cells of chicken small intestine mucosa using the kinetic series-parallel model of the first order equations. The rate constants are calculated for absorption of [2-14C]orotic acid by mucosa cells, its accumulation in blood anc conversion to uridine nucleotides. Stages of uridine nucleotides conversion to cytidine ones and their incorporation into RNA are not described by the system of the first order equations based on the series-parallel model with the single-channel utilization of orotic acid through the pyrimidine pathway. The model into two pathways of free nucleotides metabolism and two individual flows of precursors into RNA corresponds qualitatively to the obtained experimental data. Metabolism of orotic acid along two separate channels might be typical of the chicken liver.", "PMID": 425141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12738", "title": "[Effect of histamine and insulin on the sterol composition of gastric secretions in dogs].", "content": "The effect of gastric secretion activators with a different mode of action was studied on the qualitative and quantitative composition of sterol in dog gastric juice. Cholesterol was established to be the basic component of the unsaponifiable fraction of both histamine- and insulin-stimulated gastric juice. The presence of unsaponifiable substances and cholesterol was much higher in the histamine-stimulated gastric juice. The data obtained are discussed taking into account the mode of action of the gastric secretion activators.", "contents": "[Effect of histamine and insulin on the sterol composition of gastric secretions in dogs]. The effect of gastric secretion activators with a different mode of action was studied on the qualitative and quantitative composition of sterol in dog gastric juice. Cholesterol was established to be the basic component of the unsaponifiable fraction of both histamine- and insulin-stimulated gastric juice. The presence of unsaponifiable substances and cholesterol was much higher in the histamine-stimulated gastric juice. The data obtained are discussed taking into account the mode of action of the gastric secretion activators.", "PMID": 425140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12739", "title": "[Proteins and their reactive groups in the roe and sperm of roach and bream].", "content": "The content of proteins soluble in the phosphate buffer in the mature eggs and sperm of the bream is higher than that in the corresponding cells of the roach. The eggs of both the roach and bream is richer in these proteins than the sperm. The amount of SH- and S-S-groups in proteins of sex cells is not the same and varies depending on the fish species. The ionization coefficient value for lateral groups of proteins soluble in the phosphate buffer at 245 and 300 nm is lower for the eggs of the roach as compared to that of the bream and for the sperm of the roach, vice versa, it is higher than for the bream sperm. This index for proteins of the roach and bream eggs at 245 and 300 nm is higher considerably as compared to that established for sperm.", "contents": "[Proteins and their reactive groups in the roe and sperm of roach and bream]. The content of proteins soluble in the phosphate buffer in the mature eggs and sperm of the bream is higher than that in the corresponding cells of the roach. The eggs of both the roach and bream is richer in these proteins than the sperm. The amount of SH- and S-S-groups in proteins of sex cells is not the same and varies depending on the fish species. The ionization coefficient value for lateral groups of proteins soluble in the phosphate buffer at 245 and 300 nm is lower for the eggs of the roach as compared to that of the bream and for the sperm of the roach, vice versa, it is higher than for the bream sperm. This index for proteins of the roach and bream eggs at 245 and 300 nm is higher considerably as compared to that established for sperm.", "PMID": 425142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12740", "title": "[Polyamine concentrations in the liver and kidney tissues of rats of different ages].", "content": "The spermidine and spermine contents in the liver and kidney tissues were determined for rats of different age. The age peculiarities in the polyamine content are revealed in the rat liver and are not observed in the kidneys. Spermidine prevails in the young rat liver, but spermine in the adult rat liver. The spermidine content in the young rat liver calculating per 1 g of fresh weight or per 1 mg of RNA is on the average twice as high as in adult animals. Spermine prevails in kidneys of both the growing and adult animals. The age peculiarities of the polyamine content in the liver are supposed to be connected with its protein-synthetizing function: the spermidine high content may be due to rapid synthesis of extracellular proteins which are necessary to the growing organism.", "contents": "[Polyamine concentrations in the liver and kidney tissues of rats of different ages]. The spermidine and spermine contents in the liver and kidney tissues were determined for rats of different age. The age peculiarities in the polyamine content are revealed in the rat liver and are not observed in the kidneys. Spermidine prevails in the young rat liver, but spermine in the adult rat liver. The spermidine content in the young rat liver calculating per 1 g of fresh weight or per 1 mg of RNA is on the average twice as high as in adult animals. Spermine prevails in kidneys of both the growing and adult animals. The age peculiarities of the polyamine content in the liver are supposed to be connected with its protein-synthetizing function: the spermidine high content may be due to rapid synthesis of extracellular proteins which are necessary to the growing organism.", "PMID": 425143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12741", "title": "[Spectrum differentiation as a method of studying protein preparations with a high turbidity level].", "content": "The studies on a model of a mixture of fibrin-monomer with glycogen and of fibrin gels of different turbidity show that in the first and second derivatives of the absorption spectra the contribution of turbidity is several orders lower. The derivative spectra are shown to be valuable technique to study the phenomena that are accompanied by substantial changes in turbidity: protein association and self-assembly of supermolecular structure.", "contents": "[Spectrum differentiation as a method of studying protein preparations with a high turbidity level]. The studies on a model of a mixture of fibrin-monomer with glycogen and of fibrin gels of different turbidity show that in the first and second derivatives of the absorption spectra the contribution of turbidity is several orders lower. The derivative spectra are shown to be valuable technique to study the phenomena that are accompanied by substantial changes in turbidity: protein association and self-assembly of supermolecular structure.", "PMID": 425145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12742", "title": "[Determination of creatine kinase isoenzymes in rat tissues].", "content": "A method is developed for detection and quantitative determination of the creatine kinase isoenzymes during electrophoresis in agar gel. They are found in the agar gel block by formation of fluorescent sites due to combination of the isoenzymes reaction product: creatine with ninhydride in the alkaline medium followed by fluorophore quantitative elution. The method is specific, simple, highly sensitive. It was used to study mobility of creatine kinase of mitochondria and isoenzymes of the rat myocardium mytochondria sarcoplasmic fraction during electrophoresis under different conditions. It is established that mobility of creatine kinase of mitochondria differs from that of isoenzymes. During electrophoresis in agar gel, contrary to polyacrylamide gel, it arranges relative to sarcoplasma isoenzymes depending on the buffer used.", "contents": "[Determination of creatine kinase isoenzymes in rat tissues]. A method is developed for detection and quantitative determination of the creatine kinase isoenzymes during electrophoresis in agar gel. They are found in the agar gel block by formation of fluorescent sites due to combination of the isoenzymes reaction product: creatine with ninhydride in the alkaline medium followed by fluorophore quantitative elution. The method is specific, simple, highly sensitive. It was used to study mobility of creatine kinase of mitochondria and isoenzymes of the rat myocardium mytochondria sarcoplasmic fraction during electrophoresis under different conditions. It is established that mobility of creatine kinase of mitochondria differs from that of isoenzymes. During electrophoresis in agar gel, contrary to polyacrylamide gel, it arranges relative to sarcoplasma isoenzymes depending on the buffer used.", "PMID": 425146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12743", "title": "Methods of analysis for backscattering from tissues.", "content": "Two techniques for tissue characterization by ultrasonic analysis are described. In the first, using narrow-band pulses, the angular variation I (theta) of the ultrasonic intensity back-scattered by vegetal or animal targets is analysed. We examine how it is possible to estimate the surface roughness and the average spatial periodicity d characteristic of the tissues, by calculating the Fourier transform or the autocorrelation function of I (theta). In the second technique the sample is insonified with a broadband pulse at a fixed angle. A value of the mean periodicity can be obtained directly from the frequency spectrum of the echo for tissues of fairly regular structure.", "contents": "Methods of analysis for backscattering from tissues. Two techniques for tissue characterization by ultrasonic analysis are described. In the first, using narrow-band pulses, the angular variation I (theta) of the ultrasonic intensity back-scattered by vegetal or animal targets is analysed. We examine how it is possible to estimate the surface roughness and the average spatial periodicity d characteristic of the tissues, by calculating the Fourier transform or the autocorrelation function of I (theta). In the second technique the sample is insonified with a broadband pulse at a fixed angle. A value of the mean periodicity can be obtained directly from the frequency spectrum of the echo for tissues of fairly regular structure.", "PMID": 425214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12744", "title": "[Urodynamic miction studies--physiological aspects].", "content": "In this work, definition and interpretation of different functional parameters, which were obtained through urodynamic investigations, are given. Normal patterns in child age are presented. They were the results of personal studies in patients with normal urinary tract. The pressure curve must be seen as an entity. The so-called after contraction is no detrusor contraction. But possibly it is the result of a determined lapse of contracting and relaxing occurrences in the different parts of the bladder and its outlet at the end of micturition.", "contents": "[Urodynamic miction studies--physiological aspects]. In this work, definition and interpretation of different functional parameters, which were obtained through urodynamic investigations, are given. Normal patterns in child age are presented. They were the results of personal studies in patients with normal urinary tract. The pressure curve must be seen as an entity. The so-called after contraction is no detrusor contraction. But possibly it is the result of a determined lapse of contracting and relaxing occurrences in the different parts of the bladder and its outlet at the end of micturition.", "PMID": 425215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12745", "title": "Composition of urinary tract calculi from some developing countries.", "content": "The composition of 142 calculi from Sudan, Thailand, Indonesia and Saudi Arabia has been determined by qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis. Calcium oxalate was the commonest constituent of both kidney and bladder stones, followed by magnesium ammonium phosphate, ammonium acid urate, calcium phosphate, uric acid and cystine in that order. Calcium oxalate was also the main constituent of the nucleus of most kidney and bladder stones, calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate, and ammonium acid urate occurring most frequently in the outer layers of the stones. Most endemic bladder stones appear to originate as aggregates of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney, which subsequently descend to the bladder, where they may acquire secondary deposits of calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate or ammonium acid urate.", "contents": "Composition of urinary tract calculi from some developing countries. The composition of 142 calculi from Sudan, Thailand, Indonesia and Saudi Arabia has been determined by qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis. Calcium oxalate was the commonest constituent of both kidney and bladder stones, followed by magnesium ammonium phosphate, ammonium acid urate, calcium phosphate, uric acid and cystine in that order. Calcium oxalate was also the main constituent of the nucleus of most kidney and bladder stones, calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate, and ammonium acid urate occurring most frequently in the outer layers of the stones. Most endemic bladder stones appear to originate as aggregates of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney, which subsequently descend to the bladder, where they may acquire secondary deposits of calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate or ammonium acid urate.", "PMID": 425216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12746", "title": "Epidemiological and clinical significances of urolithiasis in childhood.", "content": "An epidemiological and clinical study of a sample of 105 children with urolithiasis treated in the period 1965-1974 in a defined population of children revealed a decrease in the rate of incidence of this disease in a municipal infant population with high-ranking care for their health. Serious forms of urolithiasis are on the decrease. There is a higher rate of incidence in schoolboys and schoolgirls, the latter being more often involved than boys. Despite the general lower rate of occurrence, urolithiasis still has such forms as will endanger the life of the organ and the life of the patient. Injury to health of the child by this disease consists mainly in loss of one kidney, ambilateral staghorn stones that proved irremovable in their entirety and pyelonephritis.", "contents": "Epidemiological and clinical significances of urolithiasis in childhood. An epidemiological and clinical study of a sample of 105 children with urolithiasis treated in the period 1965-1974 in a defined population of children revealed a decrease in the rate of incidence of this disease in a municipal infant population with high-ranking care for their health. Serious forms of urolithiasis are on the decrease. There is a higher rate of incidence in schoolboys and schoolgirls, the latter being more often involved than boys. Despite the general lower rate of occurrence, urolithiasis still has such forms as will endanger the life of the organ and the life of the patient. Injury to health of the child by this disease consists mainly in loss of one kidney, ambilateral staghorn stones that proved irremovable in their entirety and pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 425217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12747", "title": "Some new results of investigation of tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "The authors describe the case of a patient with tuberous sclerosis. The occurrence of M-protein with antigenous appurtenance of IgM not only in the patient himself but also in some of the healthy blood relations in the family is pointed out. The question of clinical and biochemical-immunological peculiarities occurring in connection with this disease is discussed.", "contents": "Some new results of investigation of tuberous sclerosis. The authors describe the case of a patient with tuberous sclerosis. The occurrence of M-protein with antigenous appurtenance of IgM not only in the patient himself but also in some of the healthy blood relations in the family is pointed out. The question of clinical and biochemical-immunological peculiarities occurring in connection with this disease is discussed.", "PMID": 425218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12748", "title": "[Flexible operative nephroscope].", "content": "Our experiences with a flexible fiberscope for nephroscopy during operation are reported. With high pressure of the irrigation fluid, good judgement of the pelviocaliceal system is possible. Sounds for coagulation and forceps for stone extraction can be introduced. We found nephroscopy helpful after stone extraction and in identification of pyelocaliceal tumours.", "contents": "[Flexible operative nephroscope]. Our experiences with a flexible fiberscope for nephroscopy during operation are reported. With high pressure of the irrigation fluid, good judgement of the pelviocaliceal system is possible. Sounds for coagulation and forceps for stone extraction can be introduced. We found nephroscopy helpful after stone extraction and in identification of pyelocaliceal tumours.", "PMID": 425219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12749", "title": "[Endoscopic \"loop\" biopsy].", "content": "The use of the forceps biopsy has not solved many diagnostic problems of early forms of cancer, and the rate of pseudonegative findings may reach 18 to 60%. The endoscopic biopsy carried out by means of the diathermic loop is free of many drawbacks of the forceps biopsy, as the loop captures a portion of the mucous membrane and submucous layer of the gastrointestinal organs within the diameter of 20--25 mm. Clinical experience with 53 examinations has proved a high diagnostic effectiveness of the method and the necessity of its broad clinical use.", "contents": "[Endoscopic \"loop\" biopsy]. The use of the forceps biopsy has not solved many diagnostic problems of early forms of cancer, and the rate of pseudonegative findings may reach 18 to 60%. The endoscopic biopsy carried out by means of the diathermic loop is free of many drawbacks of the forceps biopsy, as the loop captures a portion of the mucous membrane and submucous layer of the gastrointestinal organs within the diameter of 20--25 mm. Clinical experience with 53 examinations has proved a high diagnostic effectiveness of the method and the necessity of its broad clinical use.", "PMID": 425264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12750", "title": "[Analysis of the lethality in cholecystitis and the ways for its decrease].", "content": "An analysis of lethality in cholecystitis has been carried out. The main complications, which had resulted in the death of 238 patients, were analysed. Purulent complications served as the most common cause of fatal outcome. The authors came to the conclusion on the necessity to broaden indication for an early surgical intervention in acute cholecystitis in elderly patients.", "contents": "[Analysis of the lethality in cholecystitis and the ways for its decrease]. An analysis of lethality in cholecystitis has been carried out. The main complications, which had resulted in the death of 238 patients, were analysed. Purulent complications served as the most common cause of fatal outcome. The authors came to the conclusion on the necessity to broaden indication for an early surgical intervention in acute cholecystitis in elderly patients.", "PMID": 425265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12751", "title": "[Surgical anatomy of the veins as applied to the formation of a renoportal venous anastomosis in the surgical treatment of arterial hypertension].", "content": "The possibilities of creating left reno-portal venous anastomoses (RPVA) in man have been studied on 47 fresh human cadavers. The conditions for the formation of anastomoses depended on the shape of the junction of the portal vein branches and their mutual localization against the left renal vein. An adequate, as to its width, anastomosis of the end of the renal vein with the end of the common trunk of the splenic and inferior mesenteric veins was formed in 46.7% of cases. In the rest of cases some other forms of anastomosis were created. RPVA was applied in the clinic in 6 patients suffering from severe and malignant arterial hypertension.", "contents": "[Surgical anatomy of the veins as applied to the formation of a renoportal venous anastomosis in the surgical treatment of arterial hypertension]. The possibilities of creating left reno-portal venous anastomoses (RPVA) in man have been studied on 47 fresh human cadavers. The conditions for the formation of anastomoses depended on the shape of the junction of the portal vein branches and their mutual localization against the left renal vein. An adequate, as to its width, anastomosis of the end of the renal vein with the end of the common trunk of the splenic and inferior mesenteric veins was formed in 46.7% of cases. In the rest of cases some other forms of anastomosis were created. RPVA was applied in the clinic in 6 patients suffering from severe and malignant arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 425266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12752", "title": "[Blood reinfusion in combined and multiple injuries].", "content": "The authors present the results of the treatment of 24 patients with multiple and combined traumas. Blood loss in these patients was made up through the reinfusion. Total amount of the reinfused autoblood was 36 litres (from 300 cc to 3 litres per one patient). The authors emphasize that the method of reinfusion is a simple one and very effective.", "contents": "[Blood reinfusion in combined and multiple injuries]. The authors present the results of the treatment of 24 patients with multiple and combined traumas. Blood loss in these patients was made up through the reinfusion. Total amount of the reinfused autoblood was 36 litres (from 300 cc to 3 litres per one patient). The authors emphasize that the method of reinfusion is a simple one and very effective.", "PMID": 425274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12753", "title": "[Use of the subclavian vein in angiographic studies on children].", "content": "The experience with catheterization of the subclavian vein in angiography in children aged from several months to 15 years is presented. 835 angiographies via the subclavian vein were carried out. The puncture of the subclavian vein is a convenient procedure in angiography, particularly in younger children. A relative safety and technical simplicity of catheterization of the subclavian vein allow to recommend it for a broader use in angiography.", "contents": "[Use of the subclavian vein in angiographic studies on children]. The experience with catheterization of the subclavian vein in angiography in children aged from several months to 15 years is presented. 835 angiographies via the subclavian vein were carried out. The puncture of the subclavian vein is a convenient procedure in angiography, particularly in younger children. A relative safety and technical simplicity of catheterization of the subclavian vein allow to recommend it for a broader use in angiography.", "PMID": 425278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12754", "title": "[Kidney injury in hydronephrosis in children].", "content": "Within the 10 years' period, from 1968 to 1977, 8 children were renal trauma in hydronephrosis were operated upon in the Children's Surgery Clinic in LPMI. 7 patients underwent nephrectomy and one--the plasty of the pyeloureteral segment. The surgical intervention carried out immediately after trauma prevents the occurrence of complications and, sometimes, helps to preserve the kidney. The immediate and late results of the surgical treatment are good, which proves the necessity of an urgent examination and active surgical tactics in case of injury to the kidney in hydronephrosis in children.", "contents": "[Kidney injury in hydronephrosis in children]. Within the 10 years' period, from 1968 to 1977, 8 children were renal trauma in hydronephrosis were operated upon in the Children's Surgery Clinic in LPMI. 7 patients underwent nephrectomy and one--the plasty of the pyeloureteral segment. The surgical intervention carried out immediately after trauma prevents the occurrence of complications and, sometimes, helps to preserve the kidney. The immediate and late results of the surgical treatment are good, which proves the necessity of an urgent examination and active surgical tactics in case of injury to the kidney in hydronephrosis in children.", "PMID": 425279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12755", "title": "[Prolonged peridural anesthesia after operations on the chest cavity organs in elderly patients].", "content": "From the analysis of 126 observations of the longlasting peridural anesthesia in elderly patients following operations on the lungs and thoracic organs the author notes a high effectiveness of the method. Anatomical peculiarities of the spine structure in elderly individuals make for a more frequent occurrence of such complications as impossibility to perform the puncture of the peridural space, puncture of the dura mater, drop of the arterial pressure etc. The frequency of complications was 23%; in 7.9% of them the medicamental treatment was needed. The use of the longlasting peridural anesthesia favoured an early motor activity of the elderly patients, a rapid normalization of the bronchial motor function and decrease of the rate of postoperative pulmonary complications. The longlasting peridural anesthesia should be widely applied in geriatric surgery.", "contents": "[Prolonged peridural anesthesia after operations on the chest cavity organs in elderly patients]. From the analysis of 126 observations of the longlasting peridural anesthesia in elderly patients following operations on the lungs and thoracic organs the author notes a high effectiveness of the method. Anatomical peculiarities of the spine structure in elderly individuals make for a more frequent occurrence of such complications as impossibility to perform the puncture of the peridural space, puncture of the dura mater, drop of the arterial pressure etc. The frequency of complications was 23%; in 7.9% of them the medicamental treatment was needed. The use of the longlasting peridural anesthesia favoured an early motor activity of the elderly patients, a rapid normalization of the bronchial motor function and decrease of the rate of postoperative pulmonary complications. The longlasting peridural anesthesia should be widely applied in geriatric surgery.", "PMID": 425283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12756", "title": "[Changes in the circulating blood volume in operations associated with removal of a significant portion of the body].", "content": "The changes of the circulating blood volume in patients after amputatio interilioabdominalis (10), amputatio interscapulothoracica (7), amputatio femoris (15) were studied. The blood loss was compensated for in the ratio of 1/1. A relative hypervolemia at the rate per 1 kg of body mass was observed in the early postoperative period.", "contents": "[Changes in the circulating blood volume in operations associated with removal of a significant portion of the body]. The changes of the circulating blood volume in patients after amputatio interilioabdominalis (10), amputatio interscapulothoracica (7), amputatio femoris (15) were studied. The blood loss was compensated for in the ratio of 1/1. A relative hypervolemia at the rate per 1 kg of body mass was observed in the early postoperative period.", "PMID": 425284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12757", "title": "Mass poisoning in cattle, palm doves and mink caused by the coccidiostat dibutyltin dilaurate.", "content": "Poisoning caused by dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTD) was diagnosed in cattle, mink, and palm doves. The accidental addition of a DBTD premix to calf concentrates at levels up to 25000 ppm on 18 farms caused poisoning in 1000 cattle, of which 171 died and 287 were slaughtered. High concentrations of tin were found in the cattle tissues and precluded their consumption by humans. Palm doves ingesting concentrates containing 12500 ppm DBTD on one farm were also poisoned and had high concentrations of tin in tissues. Mink were inadvertently fed a vitamin-mineral supplement containing about 1700 ppm DBTD. They appeared the most suceptible of the three species to this compound.", "contents": "Mass poisoning in cattle, palm doves and mink caused by the coccidiostat dibutyltin dilaurate. Poisoning caused by dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTD) was diagnosed in cattle, mink, and palm doves. The accidental addition of a DBTD premix to calf concentrates at levels up to 25000 ppm on 18 farms caused poisoning in 1000 cattle, of which 171 died and 287 were slaughtered. High concentrations of tin were found in the cattle tissues and precluded their consumption by humans. Palm doves ingesting concentrates containing 12500 ppm DBTD on one farm were also poisoned and had high concentrations of tin in tissues. Mink were inadvertently fed a vitamin-mineral supplement containing about 1700 ppm DBTD. They appeared the most suceptible of the three species to this compound.", "PMID": 425288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12758", "title": "Assessment of the safety of drugs for animals.", "content": "In summary, the evaluation of the safety of drugs for animals should take advantage of the fact that toxicity can be evaluated in the target species. Acute studies are useful in providing information for dose setting and the possible relevant observations that can be incorporated in the protocol for a longer, more definitive study; however, they are of limited value in the final evaluation of a drug. Longer tests should be conducted to mimic the conditions of use as much as possible, using labeled and exaggerated doses. Flexible protocols should be individually designed for each study. Clinical studies, conducted in several locations at different times of the year if appropriate, should supplement the laboratory studies. New equipment and methodology facilitate measuring even more subtle toxic effects. It is easy to evaluate a compound that kills animals, that causes colic or other gastro-intestinal signs, or that results in serious neurological impairment, such as circling or blindness, shortly after treatment. But the line is blurred between subtle toxic effects and physiological change. When a rise in serum enzymes, an increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum or a decrease in formed elements of the blood is demonstrated, the significance of the effects produced must be evaluated in the context of the clinical aspects of the proposed usage. A knowledge of medicine and/or drug action and interaction is necessary to make this appraisal. It is incumbent upon the sponsor to discuss thoroughly all aspects of the toxic effects detected, and it is incumbent upon the reviewer to understand them.", "contents": "Assessment of the safety of drugs for animals. In summary, the evaluation of the safety of drugs for animals should take advantage of the fact that toxicity can be evaluated in the target species. Acute studies are useful in providing information for dose setting and the possible relevant observations that can be incorporated in the protocol for a longer, more definitive study; however, they are of limited value in the final evaluation of a drug. Longer tests should be conducted to mimic the conditions of use as much as possible, using labeled and exaggerated doses. Flexible protocols should be individually designed for each study. Clinical studies, conducted in several locations at different times of the year if appropriate, should supplement the laboratory studies. New equipment and methodology facilitate measuring even more subtle toxic effects. It is easy to evaluate a compound that kills animals, that causes colic or other gastro-intestinal signs, or that results in serious neurological impairment, such as circling or blindness, shortly after treatment. But the line is blurred between subtle toxic effects and physiological change. When a rise in serum enzymes, an increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum or a decrease in formed elements of the blood is demonstrated, the significance of the effects produced must be evaluated in the context of the clinical aspects of the proposed usage. A knowledge of medicine and/or drug action and interaction is necessary to make this appraisal. It is incumbent upon the sponsor to discuss thoroughly all aspects of the toxic effects detected, and it is incumbent upon the reviewer to understand them.", "PMID": 425289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12759", "title": "[Micromethod of preparing and purifying labeled 4-methyl-5-beta-hydroxyethylthiazole].", "content": "A micromethod is developed for production and purification of small amounts (50-60 microgram) of 35S-4-methyl-5beta-hydroxyethyl thiazole(hemineurine)--a neurotropic agent, which is promising for treatment of delirium tremens. 35S-hemineurine was obtained as follows: sulfite separation of it from pyrimidine residues and other reagents py paper electrophoresis and the subsequent elution of labelled 4-methyl-5beta-hydroxyethyl thiazole from electrophoregramms. The purity of the preparation obtained was controlled by chromatographic, chemical and spectrophotometric analysis (using pure unlabelled preparation).", "contents": "[Micromethod of preparing and purifying labeled 4-methyl-5-beta-hydroxyethylthiazole]. A micromethod is developed for production and purification of small amounts (50-60 microgram) of 35S-4-methyl-5beta-hydroxyethyl thiazole(hemineurine)--a neurotropic agent, which is promising for treatment of delirium tremens. 35S-hemineurine was obtained as follows: sulfite separation of it from pyrimidine residues and other reagents py paper electrophoresis and the subsequent elution of labelled 4-methyl-5beta-hydroxyethyl thiazole from electrophoregramms. The purity of the preparation obtained was controlled by chromatographic, chemical and spectrophotometric analysis (using pure unlabelled preparation).", "PMID": 425367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12760", "title": "[Effect of triiodothyronine and ICl on protein synthesis in cell-free systems].", "content": "Iodine ions exhibited the thyroxin-like effect on incorporation of 1-14C-leucine into proteins of isolated mitochondria and microsomes of thyroidectomized rats in vitro. Thyroxin, triiodothyronine (T3) and ICl increased the incorporation of 1-14C-leucine into proteins of isolated mitochondria of thyroidectomized rats, but did not affect the protein synthesis in microsomes in vitro. Rifampycin and olivomycin abolished completely the stimulating effect of T3 and ICl on incorporation of the label into mitochondrial proteins. The thyroid hormones and iodine ions stimulated protein synthesis in vitro in liver microsomes of thyroidectomized animals only after preincubation with mitochondria or nuclei. In these conditions preincubation with mitochondria elevated the rate of 1-14C-leucine incorporation into microsomal proteins 2--2.5-fold. In similar experiments with nuclei--4--4.8-fold stimulation was detected. Thyroid hormones and iodine ions stimulated synthesis of specific factors in mitochondria (MBS) and in nuclei (NBS) of thyroidectomized rat liver tissue, which increased the protein synthesis in isolated microsomes in vitro. Synthesis of MBS- and NBS-factor required the presence of all the four ribosetriphosphates (ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP) and was inhibited completely by olivomycin; rifampycin blocked only the MBS factor synthesis. NBS- and MBS-factors appear to be RNA (mRNA), synthesized in nuclei and mitochondria, which are transported into the incubation media and translated by ribosomes.", "contents": "[Effect of triiodothyronine and ICl on protein synthesis in cell-free systems]. Iodine ions exhibited the thyroxin-like effect on incorporation of 1-14C-leucine into proteins of isolated mitochondria and microsomes of thyroidectomized rats in vitro. Thyroxin, triiodothyronine (T3) and ICl increased the incorporation of 1-14C-leucine into proteins of isolated mitochondria of thyroidectomized rats, but did not affect the protein synthesis in microsomes in vitro. Rifampycin and olivomycin abolished completely the stimulating effect of T3 and ICl on incorporation of the label into mitochondrial proteins. The thyroid hormones and iodine ions stimulated protein synthesis in vitro in liver microsomes of thyroidectomized animals only after preincubation with mitochondria or nuclei. In these conditions preincubation with mitochondria elevated the rate of 1-14C-leucine incorporation into microsomal proteins 2--2.5-fold. In similar experiments with nuclei--4--4.8-fold stimulation was detected. Thyroid hormones and iodine ions stimulated synthesis of specific factors in mitochondria (MBS) and in nuclei (NBS) of thyroidectomized rat liver tissue, which increased the protein synthesis in isolated microsomes in vitro. Synthesis of MBS- and NBS-factor required the presence of all the four ribosetriphosphates (ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP) and was inhibited completely by olivomycin; rifampycin blocked only the MBS factor synthesis. NBS- and MBS-factors appear to be RNA (mRNA), synthesized in nuclei and mitochondria, which are transported into the incubation media and translated by ribosomes.", "PMID": 425369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12761", "title": "[Sensitivity of hexokinase and glucokinase to hormonal action during hepatocarcinogenesis].", "content": "Effects of hydrocortisone and insulin on activities of hexokinase and its isoenzymes and on glucokinase activity were studied in hepatocarcinogenesis, induced in rats by diethyl nitrosamine. After administration during 7 days of hydrocortisone into normal rats the hexokinase was inactivated by 25% due to decrease in activity of the II isoenzyme. In this case activity of glucokinase was decreased by 38% in young animals and--by 23% in older animals. Insulin, administered within 2 days, caused no effect on the hexokinase activity but the glucokinase was activated by 177%. In hepatocarcinogenesis the effect of hydrocortisone on the hexokinase activity (II isoenzyme) was distinctly decreased and with development of tumors the hormone showed a negligible efficiency. Influence of insulin on the glucokinase activity in hepatocarcinogenesis was similar to the effect found in normal liver tissue.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of hexokinase and glucokinase to hormonal action during hepatocarcinogenesis]. Effects of hydrocortisone and insulin on activities of hexokinase and its isoenzymes and on glucokinase activity were studied in hepatocarcinogenesis, induced in rats by diethyl nitrosamine. After administration during 7 days of hydrocortisone into normal rats the hexokinase was inactivated by 25% due to decrease in activity of the II isoenzyme. In this case activity of glucokinase was decreased by 38% in young animals and--by 23% in older animals. Insulin, administered within 2 days, caused no effect on the hexokinase activity but the glucokinase was activated by 177%. In hepatocarcinogenesis the effect of hydrocortisone on the hexokinase activity (II isoenzyme) was distinctly decreased and with development of tumors the hormone showed a negligible efficiency. Influence of insulin on the glucokinase activity in hepatocarcinogenesis was similar to the effect found in normal liver tissue.", "PMID": 425370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12762", "title": "[Trypsin and chymotrypsin activity during early postnatal development in the rat].", "content": "Activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin were studied in pancreas as well as in chyme from three departments of small intestine of rats of various age. Distinct decrease in content of chymotrypsinogen and increase in content of trypsinogen were observed in pancreas at first four days of rat life. In pancreas content of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen was as high in 4--20 days old rats as that one in 30-days old animals, maintained at definitive diet. Activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin was the same in duodenal contents of rats of both these groups. Activity of pancreatic proteinases was almost unaltered in chyme of jejunum intestine within first 20 days of life; it was twice increased to 30-days age. Trypsin and chymotrypsin were distinctly activated in chyme of ileum intestine with ageing. The highest activity of pancreatic proteinases was observed in chyme of ileum intestine. The data obtained suggest that rather intensive cavitary digestion of milk protein occurs in newborn rats.", "contents": "[Trypsin and chymotrypsin activity during early postnatal development in the rat]. Activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin were studied in pancreas as well as in chyme from three departments of small intestine of rats of various age. Distinct decrease in content of chymotrypsinogen and increase in content of trypsinogen were observed in pancreas at first four days of rat life. In pancreas content of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen was as high in 4--20 days old rats as that one in 30-days old animals, maintained at definitive diet. Activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin was the same in duodenal contents of rats of both these groups. Activity of pancreatic proteinases was almost unaltered in chyme of jejunum intestine within first 20 days of life; it was twice increased to 30-days age. Trypsin and chymotrypsin were distinctly activated in chyme of ileum intestine with ageing. The highest activity of pancreatic proteinases was observed in chyme of ileum intestine. The data obtained suggest that rather intensive cavitary digestion of milk protein occurs in newborn rats.", "PMID": 425373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12763", "title": "[Effect of thyroid hormones on protein synthesis in microsomes in vitro].", "content": "I2 and ICl were shown to possess the thyroxin-like effect on protein synthesis in microsomes, isolated from liver tissue of young thyroidectomized rats and incubated in the medium containing 3H-glycine and 1-14C-leucine. Triiodothyronine and iodine-containing substances increased 3.5--3.9-fold the incorporation of these labelled amino acids into microsomal proteins as compared with untreated microsomes from thyroidectomized rats. Olivomycin and cycloheximide abolished the stimulating effect of T3 and iodine ions on the protein synthesis in microsomes. ICl exhibited a distinctly shorter, as compared with T3, latent period of action on the protein synthesis in microsomes of thyroidectomized animals.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroid hormones on protein synthesis in microsomes in vitro]. I2 and ICl were shown to possess the thyroxin-like effect on protein synthesis in microsomes, isolated from liver tissue of young thyroidectomized rats and incubated in the medium containing 3H-glycine and 1-14C-leucine. Triiodothyronine and iodine-containing substances increased 3.5--3.9-fold the incorporation of these labelled amino acids into microsomal proteins as compared with untreated microsomes from thyroidectomized rats. Olivomycin and cycloheximide abolished the stimulating effect of T3 and iodine ions on the protein synthesis in microsomes. ICl exhibited a distinctly shorter, as compared with T3, latent period of action on the protein synthesis in microsomes of thyroidectomized animals.", "PMID": 425368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12764", "title": "[mRNA degradation in membrane-bound and free polyribosomes in rat liver cells after exposure to actinomycin D and cycloheximide].", "content": "Actinomycin D caused degradation of mRNA both in membrane-bound and in free polyribosomes from rat liver cells. The rate of mRNA destruction was distinctly higher in free polyribosomes, than in membrane-bound ones. Cycloheximide inhibited the mRNA destruction in both types of polyribosomes. At the same time, the stabilizing effect of cycloheximide on mRNA was less distinct in free polyribosomes. A decrease in specific radioactivity of mRNA from membrane-bound and free polyribosomes was observed after prolonged pretreatment with actinomycin D. The specific radioactivity of mRNA from polyribosomes of both types was not altered after simultaneous administration of actinomycin D and cycloheximide into rats. Occurence of two fractions of mRNA, dissimilar in stability, is possible both in membrane-bound and in free polyribosomes from rat liver cells.", "contents": "[mRNA degradation in membrane-bound and free polyribosomes in rat liver cells after exposure to actinomycin D and cycloheximide]. Actinomycin D caused degradation of mRNA both in membrane-bound and in free polyribosomes from rat liver cells. The rate of mRNA destruction was distinctly higher in free polyribosomes, than in membrane-bound ones. Cycloheximide inhibited the mRNA destruction in both types of polyribosomes. At the same time, the stabilizing effect of cycloheximide on mRNA was less distinct in free polyribosomes. A decrease in specific radioactivity of mRNA from membrane-bound and free polyribosomes was observed after prolonged pretreatment with actinomycin D. The specific radioactivity of mRNA from polyribosomes of both types was not altered after simultaneous administration of actinomycin D and cycloheximide into rats. Occurence of two fractions of mRNA, dissimilar in stability, is possible both in membrane-bound and in free polyribosomes from rat liver cells.", "PMID": 425372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12765", "title": "[Extraction of cholesterol from vessel walls by surface-active agents and organic solvents].", "content": "Low concentrations (0.1--1.0%) of surface-active substances Tween-20, Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate were shown to extract 20--40% of cholesterol from dog vessel wall. Dioxane was effective at high concentrations (80--100%). As contrast to dioxane, ethanol extracted up to 20% of cholesterol at low concentrations (10--20%). The thickened intima of the atherosclerotic vessel is the significant barrier for the extraction of cholesterol.", "contents": "[Extraction of cholesterol from vessel walls by surface-active agents and organic solvents]. Low concentrations (0.1--1.0%) of surface-active substances Tween-20, Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate were shown to extract 20--40% of cholesterol from dog vessel wall. Dioxane was effective at high concentrations (80--100%). As contrast to dioxane, ethanol extracted up to 20% of cholesterol at low concentrations (10--20%). The thickened intima of the atherosclerotic vessel is the significant barrier for the extraction of cholesterol.", "PMID": 425374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12766", "title": "[Formation of a heparin-prothrombin complex].", "content": "Formation of complex between heparin and prothrombin was shown using a spectral method. A method is developed for production of active complex heparin-prothrombin with the ratio of components as 1 : 6. The heparin-prothrombin complex obtained exhibited the anticoagulant and antipolymerization properties as well as the nonenzymatic fibrinolytic effect on instabilized fibrin both in absence and in presence of such blocking agents of enzymatic fibrinolysis as epsilon-aminocapronic acid and soybean inhibitor of trypsin. The increase in the anticoagulant and nonenzymatic fibrinolytic properties of blood occurred after intravenous administration of the complex into animals. The heparin-prothrombin complex acted in circulation within 1.5--2 hrs.", "contents": "[Formation of a heparin-prothrombin complex]. Formation of complex between heparin and prothrombin was shown using a spectral method. A method is developed for production of active complex heparin-prothrombin with the ratio of components as 1 : 6. The heparin-prothrombin complex obtained exhibited the anticoagulant and antipolymerization properties as well as the nonenzymatic fibrinolytic effect on instabilized fibrin both in absence and in presence of such blocking agents of enzymatic fibrinolysis as epsilon-aminocapronic acid and soybean inhibitor of trypsin. The increase in the anticoagulant and nonenzymatic fibrinolytic properties of blood occurred after intravenous administration of the complex into animals. The heparin-prothrombin complex acted in circulation within 1.5--2 hrs.", "PMID": 425371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12767", "title": "[Determination of fibrinogen concentration in blood plasma by the sulfite precipitation method].", "content": "Two methods using thrombine and sulfite were compared for estimation of fibrinogen concentration in blood plasma. Both methods produced the same results in estimation of fibrinogen in donor blood plasma. If blood plasma contained high amount of products of fibrinogen and/or fibrin degradation, the efficiency of thrombin method was decreased; on the other hand, final concentration of sulfite did not precipitate fragment D of fibrinogen from human blood plasma. Presence of heparin did not influence on the sulfite method but the polysaccharide might interfere in the thrombin method. Some experiments require to use both these methods for evaluation of fibrinogen in blood plasma.", "contents": "[Determination of fibrinogen concentration in blood plasma by the sulfite precipitation method]. Two methods using thrombine and sulfite were compared for estimation of fibrinogen concentration in blood plasma. Both methods produced the same results in estimation of fibrinogen in donor blood plasma. If blood plasma contained high amount of products of fibrinogen and/or fibrin degradation, the efficiency of thrombin method was decreased; on the other hand, final concentration of sulfite did not precipitate fragment D of fibrinogen from human blood plasma. Presence of heparin did not influence on the sulfite method but the polysaccharide might interfere in the thrombin method. Some experiments require to use both these methods for evaluation of fibrinogen in blood plasma.", "PMID": 425377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12768", "title": "[Experimental vitamin D deficiency with different dietary calcium-phosphorus ratios].", "content": "Excess of phosphorus (the ratio Ca : P = 1 : 2) in a diet of growing rats strengthened such manifestations of vitamin D insufficiency as hypercalcemia and inhibition of animal growth. The data obtained suggest that excess of phosphorus is apparently important for pathogenesis of rachitis and the optimal ratio Ca : P should not be ignored in child diet.", "contents": "[Experimental vitamin D deficiency with different dietary calcium-phosphorus ratios]. Excess of phosphorus (the ratio Ca : P = 1 : 2) in a diet of growing rats strengthened such manifestations of vitamin D insufficiency as hypercalcemia and inhibition of animal growth. The data obtained suggest that excess of phosphorus is apparently important for pathogenesis of rachitis and the optimal ratio Ca : P should not be ignored in child diet.", "PMID": 425376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12769", "title": "[Vitamin K-dependent inhibitor of thrombin formation].", "content": "Activity of thermostable inhibitor of thrombinoformation was decreased in blood serum after administration of pelenthane into animals. Simultaneous administration of vicasol limited this effect. Decrease in the activity of the inhibitor was also observed after partial hepatectomy and poisoning with CCl4. Correlation was not found between total coagulation activity, content of prothrombin and the inhibitor activity. The inhibitor was inactivated markedly in exogenous thromboplastinemia and lesser--in hyperheparinemia. The data obtained suggest that self regulation of blood coagulation system occurs at the level of synthesis of its biochemical components.", "contents": "[Vitamin K-dependent inhibitor of thrombin formation]. Activity of thermostable inhibitor of thrombinoformation was decreased in blood serum after administration of pelenthane into animals. Simultaneous administration of vicasol limited this effect. Decrease in the activity of the inhibitor was also observed after partial hepatectomy and poisoning with CCl4. Correlation was not found between total coagulation activity, content of prothrombin and the inhibitor activity. The inhibitor was inactivated markedly in exogenous thromboplastinemia and lesser--in hyperheparinemia. The data obtained suggest that self regulation of blood coagulation system occurs at the level of synthesis of its biochemical components.", "PMID": 425375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12770", "title": "[Biometric studies in  the cytological diagnosis of soft tissue tumors].", "content": "Introducing of quantitative signs (the number of cells on the given area, size of cells, nuclei, optic and spectral characteristics) makes the cytologic diagnosis much more objective. Karyometric studies conducted by the author (the determination of nuclei volume) on cytological smears, obtained from 16 patients with soft tissue tumors, indicated some difference in nuclei size of various histotypes. The studies have evidenced that the method of karyometry associated with cytophotometry will offer the pre-conditions for using karyometry in the practice of pathocytologists and facilitate the finding of algorithms for computing analysis of soft tissue neoplasms.", "contents": "[Biometric studies in  the cytological diagnosis of soft tissue tumors]. Introducing of quantitative signs (the number of cells on the given area, size of cells, nuclei, optic and spectral characteristics) makes the cytologic diagnosis much more objective. Karyometric studies conducted by the author (the determination of nuclei volume) on cytological smears, obtained from 16 patients with soft tissue tumors, indicated some difference in nuclei size of various histotypes. The studies have evidenced that the method of karyometry associated with cytophotometry will offer the pre-conditions for using karyometry in the practice of pathocytologists and facilitate the finding of algorithms for computing analysis of soft tissue neoplasms.", "PMID": 425392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12771", "title": "[\"Pathomorphosis\" of skin melanomas in the comprehensive treatment using hyperthermia].", "content": "The writers examined histologically and histochemically the melanomas removed in 40 patients, subjected to general and local hyperthermia associated with radiation and chemotherapy. In such cases it was found that melanoma tissues exhibit grave destructive changes characterized by the morphological features, which are manifested by microcirculatory disorders in the tumor and metastases and are associated with extensive injuries of the neoplastic tissue.", "contents": "[\"Pathomorphosis\" of skin melanomas in the comprehensive treatment using hyperthermia]. The writers examined histologically and histochemically the melanomas removed in 40 patients, subjected to general and local hyperthermia associated with radiation and chemotherapy. In such cases it was found that melanoma tissues exhibit grave destructive changes characterized by the morphological features, which are manifested by microcirculatory disorders in the tumor and metastases and are associated with extensive injuries of the neoplastic tissue.", "PMID": 425393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12772", "title": "[Classification of tumors of the thymus gland].", "content": "The authors have analysed the data of clinical and pathoanatomical (biopsy) investigations in 41 patients, operated upon for the true tumor of the thymus (thymoma) without any signs of malignant miasthenia. Based on the literature materials and personal observations, it is considered necessary to provide for a rational clinico-anatomical classification of thymomas, which may allow certain prognostication of the results of surgical treatment. An attempt is made to work out a preliminary uniform working scheme of the histological nomenclature for thymomas.", "contents": "[Classification of tumors of the thymus gland]. The authors have analysed the data of clinical and pathoanatomical (biopsy) investigations in 41 patients, operated upon for the true tumor of the thymus (thymoma) without any signs of malignant miasthenia. Based on the literature materials and personal observations, it is considered necessary to provide for a rational clinico-anatomical classification of thymomas, which may allow certain prognostication of the results of surgical treatment. An attempt is made to work out a preliminary uniform working scheme of the histological nomenclature for thymomas.", "PMID": 425394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12773", "title": "[Immune reactions in assessing the disease prognosis in soft tissue sarcomas].", "content": "Under examination were 60 patients with local forms of soft tissue sarcomas of various histological structure. By means of skin delayed hypersensitivity test for dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and tuberculin as well as cell immunity reaction in vitro the immune response was shown to be of value in estimating the prognosis of the disease. The dynamics of immune reactions 2-3 months following the operation proved to be of greatest prognostic value. Among the employed immunological tests the skin test for DNCB and the reaction of spontaneous rosette-forming provided the most comprehensive information as to the control over the clinical course of malignant lesion.", "contents": "[Immune reactions in assessing the disease prognosis in soft tissue sarcomas]. Under examination were 60 patients with local forms of soft tissue sarcomas of various histological structure. By means of skin delayed hypersensitivity test for dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and tuberculin as well as cell immunity reaction in vitro the immune response was shown to be of value in estimating the prognosis of the disease. The dynamics of immune reactions 2-3 months following the operation proved to be of greatest prognostic value. Among the employed immunological tests the skin test for DNCB and the reaction of spontaneous rosette-forming provided the most comprehensive information as to the control over the clinical course of malignant lesion.", "PMID": 425395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12774", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of mediastinal teratomas].", "content": "Among 221 operated patients with primary tumors and cysts of the mediastinum teratomas were observed in 54 (24.4%). The diagnosis of mediastinal teratodermoids should be complex. Clinically in benign teratomas the localization and character of the process were determined precisely in 94%, histogenesis--in 35%, in malignant teratomas--the proper localization was determined in 90%, the tumor character--in 78%, histogenesis--in 26%. For malignant tumors the combination therapy with intensive telegamma therapy prior to and after surgery was employed. Resectability in malignant teratomas made 73%, the postoperative mortality--in 5.5%. A five-year survival following radical surgery in patients with malignant teratoma was 37%. In inoperable teratoblastomas it seems rational to use intensive split course telegamma therapy with a total focal dosage of 5,500-6,500 rad.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of mediastinal teratomas]. Among 221 operated patients with primary tumors and cysts of the mediastinum teratomas were observed in 54 (24.4%). The diagnosis of mediastinal teratodermoids should be complex. Clinically in benign teratomas the localization and character of the process were determined precisely in 94%, histogenesis--in 35%, in malignant teratomas--the proper localization was determined in 90%, the tumor character--in 78%, histogenesis--in 26%. For malignant tumors the combination therapy with intensive telegamma therapy prior to and after surgery was employed. Resectability in malignant teratomas made 73%, the postoperative mortality--in 5.5%. A five-year survival following radical surgery in patients with malignant teratoma was 37%. In inoperable teratoblastomas it seems rational to use intensive split course telegamma therapy with a total focal dosage of 5,500-6,500 rad.", "PMID": 425396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12775", "title": "[Clinical morphological characteristics of seminomas].", "content": "Two hundred patients with seminomas were under observation in the urological clinic of the N.N Petrov Research Institute of Oncology. The histological characteristic of 3 groups of seminomas is presented; spermatocytic seminomas (Masson seminoma)--in 9 patients, Chevassu seminomas (dysgerminomas)--in 95, and dysgerminomas with the syncytio-and cytotrophoblast elements--in 86. Observations over the patients indicated that Chevassu seminomas (dysgerminomas) metastases are highly sensitive to radiotherapy and sarcolysin, while Masson seminoma metastases and dysgerminomas with the trophoblast elements would show resistance to the therapy of this kind. The experience has shown that including of olivomycin and cyclophosphane in the chemotherapy for spermatocytic seminomas and of methatrexate and dactinomycin for dysgerminomas with the trophoblast elements enhances the effectiveness of the treatment. Also, it seems rational to include retroperitoneal lymphadnectomy in the complex of measures against dysgerminomas with the trophoblast elements.", "contents": "[Clinical morphological characteristics of seminomas]. Two hundred patients with seminomas were under observation in the urological clinic of the N.N Petrov Research Institute of Oncology. The histological characteristic of 3 groups of seminomas is presented; spermatocytic seminomas (Masson seminoma)--in 9 patients, Chevassu seminomas (dysgerminomas)--in 95, and dysgerminomas with the syncytio-and cytotrophoblast elements--in 86. Observations over the patients indicated that Chevassu seminomas (dysgerminomas) metastases are highly sensitive to radiotherapy and sarcolysin, while Masson seminoma metastases and dysgerminomas with the trophoblast elements would show resistance to the therapy of this kind. The experience has shown that including of olivomycin and cyclophosphane in the chemotherapy for spermatocytic seminomas and of methatrexate and dactinomycin for dysgerminomas with the trophoblast elements enhances the effectiveness of the treatment. Also, it seems rational to include retroperitoneal lymphadnectomy in the complex of measures against dysgerminomas with the trophoblast elements.", "PMID": 425397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12776", "title": "[Fibrillar structures in poorly differentiated human soft tissue sarcomas].", "content": "Electron-microscopy examination of 13 soft tissue tumors in human subjects has revealed in four of them, diagnosed histologically as polymorphous-cellular sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, monophase and biphase synovioma, the ultrastructural features allowing them to be classified as rhabdomyosarcomas.", "contents": "[Fibrillar structures in poorly differentiated human soft tissue sarcomas]. Electron-microscopy examination of 13 soft tissue tumors in human subjects has revealed in four of them, diagnosed histologically as polymorphous-cellular sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, monophase and biphase synovioma, the ultrastructural features allowing them to be classified as rhabdomyosarcomas.", "PMID": 425398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12777", "title": "[Criteria for the \"early diagnosis\" of breast cancer].", "content": "Studies have indicated that the appearance of metastases in regional lymph nodes is not dependent on the tumor size. The probability that the tumor may be local is the greater the less its size. The term \"early diagnosis\" referred to prophylactic examinations in the up-to-date diagnostics remains to be unwarranted, without distinct boundaries, and the true tumor proliferation may be judged only after a histological assay of lymph nodes.", "contents": "[Criteria for the \"early diagnosis\" of breast cancer]. Studies have indicated that the appearance of metastases in regional lymph nodes is not dependent on the tumor size. The probability that the tumor may be local is the greater the less its size. The term \"early diagnosis\" referred to prophylactic examinations in the up-to-date diagnostics remains to be unwarranted, without distinct boundaries, and the true tumor proliferation may be judged only after a histological assay of lymph nodes.", "PMID": 425399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12778", "title": "[Morphogenesis of cervical cancer].", "content": "The origination and development of cervical cancer occurs in the tumor field, which includes cellular and non-cellular components of the connective tissue and vessels adjacent to the epithelium. During each of these phases of cancer growth alterations in these components may be observed within certain boundaries which widen with the tumor progression. A removal of the neoplasm within the limits of the unchanged, as compared with the normality, components of the stroma and vessels would guarantee against the recurrence and is a reliable criterion of the radicality of surgery being a minimum for preinvasive and microinvasive cancer. The data obtained support the fact of a sufficiently full coincidence of the rate of stromal and vascular changes with the true boundaries of the tumor field.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of cervical cancer]. The origination and development of cervical cancer occurs in the tumor field, which includes cellular and non-cellular components of the connective tissue and vessels adjacent to the epithelium. During each of these phases of cancer growth alterations in these components may be observed within certain boundaries which widen with the tumor progression. A removal of the neoplasm within the limits of the unchanged, as compared with the normality, components of the stroma and vessels would guarantee against the recurrence and is a reliable criterion of the radicality of surgery being a minimum for preinvasive and microinvasive cancer. The data obtained support the fact of a sufficiently full coincidence of the rate of stromal and vascular changes with the true boundaries of the tumor field.", "PMID": 425400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12779", "title": "[Cytogenetic study of peripheral blood lymphoid cells in children with lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "In 6 untreated patients the chromosome set of lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood was studied. It was shown that there were quantitative and structural changes of the karyotype arising yet at the early stage of the process. This offers an opportunity to use the cytogenetic test for establishing the differential diagnosis between lymphogranulomatosis and reactive lymphadenitis.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic study of peripheral blood lymphoid cells in children with lymphogranulomatosis]. In 6 untreated patients the chromosome set of lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood was studied. It was shown that there were quantitative and structural changes of the karyotype arising yet at the early stage of the process. This offers an opportunity to use the cytogenetic test for establishing the differential diagnosis between lymphogranulomatosis and reactive lymphadenitis.", "PMID": 425401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12780", "title": "[Standardization of the cytological conclusions in the diagnosis of cancer of the lung, stomach, breast and thyroid gland].", "content": "Based on a correlation of the results of cytological and histological assays in 1213 patients, the authors have analysed the correct and erroneous verifications of the cancer pattern according to cytological preparations. Under consideration are the possibilities and limitations of the cytological verification of different histological patterns and degree of differentiation of cancer of the lung, stomach, breast and thyroid. Standard cytological conclusions in accordance with the suggested cytological classifications of cancer of these organs are discussed.", "contents": "[Standardization of the cytological conclusions in the diagnosis of cancer of the lung, stomach, breast and thyroid gland]. Based on a correlation of the results of cytological and histological assays in 1213 patients, the authors have analysed the correct and erroneous verifications of the cancer pattern according to cytological preparations. Under consideration are the possibilities and limitations of the cytological verification of different histological patterns and degree of differentiation of cancer of the lung, stomach, breast and thyroid. Standard cytological conclusions in accordance with the suggested cytological classifications of cancer of these organs are discussed.", "PMID": 425402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12781", "title": "[Liver regeneration in tumor-bearing animals under the action of x-ray irradiation].", "content": "The growing tumor in the organism causes the inflammatory, dystrophic and necrotic changes in the liver and stimulates its regeneration. During X-irradiation there is a summation of the tumor and X-ray effects. The rate of the reparative regeneration is sharply inhibited in later stages of the tumor growth, moreover this inhibition is reduced by irradiation. During X-irradiation poliploidization (the appearance of uninuclear poliploid and increase of binuclear hepatocytes) and sharp proliferation of stroma elements but not proliferation of the parenchyma cells predominate in the mechanism of the liver regeneration.", "contents": "[Liver regeneration in tumor-bearing animals under the action of x-ray irradiation]. The growing tumor in the organism causes the inflammatory, dystrophic and necrotic changes in the liver and stimulates its regeneration. During X-irradiation there is a summation of the tumor and X-ray effects. The rate of the reparative regeneration is sharply inhibited in later stages of the tumor growth, moreover this inhibition is reduced by irradiation. During X-irradiation poliploidization (the appearance of uninuclear poliploid and increase of binuclear hepatocytes) and sharp proliferation of stroma elements but not proliferation of the parenchyma cells predominate in the mechanism of the liver regeneration.", "PMID": 425404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12782", "title": "[Treatment of the early stages of cancer of the lower lip].", "content": "464 patients with the lower lip cancer were treated; stage I--in 292, stage II--in 150, stage III and IV--in 22 patients. The vast majority of patients in the stage I and II were given close focal roentgenotherapy on the primary focus. 123 Wanakh operations for the stage I revealed metastases in lymph nodes in 2 patients, 113 Wanakh operations for the stage II showed metastases in 9 cases. The clinical recovery for a 3-year period was noted in 99.4% of cases in stage I without the Wanakh surgery, for a 5-year period--in 92.7%. In the stage II without the surgery the clinical recovery for a 3-year period was noted in 93.8%, for up to 5 years--in 92.7%. In the stage I the Wanakh surgery should be denied, and in the stage II the combination therapy to a full extent is recommended.", "contents": "[Treatment of the early stages of cancer of the lower lip]. 464 patients with the lower lip cancer were treated; stage I--in 292, stage II--in 150, stage III and IV--in 22 patients. The vast majority of patients in the stage I and II were given close focal roentgenotherapy on the primary focus. 123 Wanakh operations for the stage I revealed metastases in lymph nodes in 2 patients, 113 Wanakh operations for the stage II showed metastases in 9 cases. The clinical recovery for a 3-year period was noted in 99.4% of cases in stage I without the Wanakh surgery, for a 5-year period--in 92.7%. In the stage II without the surgery the clinical recovery for a 3-year period was noted in 93.8%, for up to 5 years--in 92.7%. In the stage I the Wanakh surgery should be denied, and in the stage II the combination therapy to a full extent is recommended.", "PMID": 425405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12783", "title": "[Late results of the surgical treatment of esophageal cancer].", "content": "Of 60 patients, subjected to resection of the esophagus for cancer, 12 patients died (the mortality being 20%). Among the followed up patients after radical esophagectomy 17 patients survived for 5 years (39.5%--in the followed up subjects, 37.8%--in those discharged from the hospital, and 29.8%--in the operated ones).", "contents": "[Late results of the surgical treatment of esophageal cancer]. Of 60 patients, subjected to resection of the esophagus for cancer, 12 patients died (the mortality being 20%). Among the followed up patients after radical esophagectomy 17 patients survived for 5 years (39.5%--in the followed up subjects, 37.8%--in those discharged from the hospital, and 29.8%--in the operated ones).", "PMID": 425407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12784", "title": "Auto-immune haemolytic anaemia in childhood: follow-up in 29 cases.", "content": "We describe 29 children with auto-immune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA). The patients could be followed up for long periods of time. The auto-antibodies, responsible for the AIHA, are described as well as the associated diseases that could be diagnosed, the clinical course and some clinical aspects of special importance. Finally, the treatment given to these patients and its results are discussed.", "contents": "Auto-immune haemolytic anaemia in childhood: follow-up in 29 cases. We describe 29 children with auto-immune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA). The patients could be followed up for long periods of time. The auto-antibodies, responsible for the AIHA, are described as well as the associated diseases that could be diagnosed, the clinical course and some clinical aspects of special importance. Finally, the treatment given to these patients and its results are discussed.", "PMID": 425419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12785", "title": "A 'new' allele, Kpc, at the Kell complex locus.", "content": "Four Kp(a-b-) Japanese sisters, the product of a consanguineous mating, have otherwise normal Kell antigens. Kpc, a 'new' allele of Kpa and Kpb is the most probable background.", "contents": "A 'new' allele, Kpc, at the Kell complex locus. Four Kp(a-b-) Japanese sisters, the product of a consanguineous mating, have otherwise normal Kell antigens. Kpc, a 'new' allele of Kpa and Kpb is the most probable background.", "PMID": 425420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12786", "title": "The red cell antigen once called Levay is the antigen Kpc of the Kell system.", "content": "The antigen corresponding to the 'new' allele Kpc postulated in a Japanese family is the low frequency antigen Levay recognized in England 33 years ago.", "contents": "The red cell antigen once called Levay is the antigen Kpc of the Kell system. The antigen corresponding to the 'new' allele Kpc postulated in a Japanese family is the low frequency antigen Levay recognized in England 33 years ago.", "PMID": 425421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12787", "title": "A new red cell phenotype I-i-: red cells lacking both I and i antigens.", "content": "When blood samples from 5,864 healthy Indian blood donors were tested with anti-I, seven samples failed to react or reacted only weakly. Further studies with a number of anti-I and anti-i sera suggested that these samples had the phenotype I-i- and reacted weakly with anti-IT. In one family, the I-i- phenotype was present in three generations.", "contents": "A new red cell phenotype I-i-: red cells lacking both I and i antigens. When blood samples from 5,864 healthy Indian blood donors were tested with anti-I, seven samples failed to react or reacted only weakly. Further studies with a number of anti-I and anti-i sera suggested that these samples had the phenotype I-i- and reacted weakly with anti-IT. In one family, the I-i- phenotype was present in three generations.", "PMID": 425422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12788", "title": "Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in the treatment of metastatic breast and prostate carcinoma.", "content": "The cases of 70 consecutive patients having a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy for metastatic carcinoma of the breast or prostate are reviewed. In half of the patients with cancer of the breast an objective remission was obtained. In 30 percent of the patients with cancer of the prostate there were objective signs of tumor regression and in 75 percent there was relief of pain. The operative mortality was 1.4 percent and the morbidity of the procedure was gratifyingly small. There is some indication that hypophysectomy may be preferred to adrenalectomy in patients with hormone-responsive metastatic mammary cancer.", "contents": "Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in the treatment of metastatic breast and prostate carcinoma. The cases of 70 consecutive patients having a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy for metastatic carcinoma of the breast or prostate are reviewed. In half of the patients with cancer of the breast an objective remission was obtained. In 30 percent of the patients with cancer of the prostate there were objective signs of tumor regression and in 75 percent there was relief of pain. The operative mortality was 1.4 percent and the morbidity of the procedure was gratifyingly small. There is some indication that hypophysectomy may be preferred to adrenalectomy in patients with hormone-responsive metastatic mammary cancer.", "PMID": 425500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12789", "title": "Nosocomial varicella. Part I: outbreak in oncology patients at a children's hospital.", "content": "Twenty cases of varicella occurred in patients or siblings of patients in a 41-day period in a children's hospital. Most cases were among oncology patients, with transmission occurring in both the inpatient and outpatient areas. One patient died after visceral dissemination of varicella. Neither pooled immunoglobulin nor zoster immune plasma was effective in preventing clinical varicella, although zoster immune plasma appeared to ameliorate the illness. Recommended control measures included strict isolation or discharge of infected patients, and respiratory isolation or discharge of exposed susceptibles. Although apparently too late to be effective in this outbreak, similar measures are warranted should nosocomial outbreaks of varicella occur elsewhere.", "contents": "Nosocomial varicella. Part I: outbreak in oncology patients at a children's hospital. Twenty cases of varicella occurred in patients or siblings of patients in a 41-day period in a children's hospital. Most cases were among oncology patients, with transmission occurring in both the inpatient and outpatient areas. One patient died after visceral dissemination of varicella. Neither pooled immunoglobulin nor zoster immune plasma was effective in preventing clinical varicella, although zoster immune plasma appeared to ameliorate the illness. Recommended control measures included strict isolation or discharge of infected patients, and respiratory isolation or discharge of exposed susceptibles. Although apparently too late to be effective in this outbreak, similar measures are warranted should nosocomial outbreaks of varicella occur elsewhere.", "PMID": 425501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12790", "title": "Skin and soft tissue polymicrobial infections from intravenous abuse of drugs.", "content": "Skin and soft tissue infections were studied in 21 seriously ill narcotic addicts who had been admitted to hospital. Subcutaneous abscesses were present in 14 patients; cellulitis was noted in 3, pyomyositis in 2 and necrotizing fasciitis in 2. In four patients there was septicemia. Infections in 14 patients (66.6 percent) were associated with anaerobic bacteria, which were the exclusive isolates in 6 patients. In seven patients (33.3 percent) isolates were exclusively aerobic bacteria and in eight both aerobes and anaerobes were present. The anaerobic isolates were clostridia (six), peptostreptococci (five), bacteroides (five), peptococci (three), and one of each of Veillonella, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium and Actinomyces. Staphylococcus aureus, generally thought to be the most common cause of subcutaneous infections in addicts, was found only in four (19 percent) patients. The other aerobic isolates were Klebsiella (five) and Enterobacter (four) species. When clinical features or the Gram stain of pus suggest that anaerobic bacteria may be present, antibiotic therapy should be directed against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria until culture results are available.", "contents": "Skin and soft tissue polymicrobial infections from intravenous abuse of drugs. Skin and soft tissue infections were studied in 21 seriously ill narcotic addicts who had been admitted to hospital. Subcutaneous abscesses were present in 14 patients; cellulitis was noted in 3, pyomyositis in 2 and necrotizing fasciitis in 2. In four patients there was septicemia. Infections in 14 patients (66.6 percent) were associated with anaerobic bacteria, which were the exclusive isolates in 6 patients. In seven patients (33.3 percent) isolates were exclusively aerobic bacteria and in eight both aerobes and anaerobes were present. The anaerobic isolates were clostridia (six), peptostreptococci (five), bacteroides (five), peptococci (three), and one of each of Veillonella, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium and Actinomyces. Staphylococcus aureus, generally thought to be the most common cause of subcutaneous infections in addicts, was found only in four (19 percent) patients. The other aerobic isolates were Klebsiella (five) and Enterobacter (four) species. When clinical features or the Gram stain of pus suggest that anaerobic bacteria may be present, antibiotic therapy should be directed against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria until culture results are available.", "PMID": 425502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12791", "title": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Many causes for the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have been reported, all with common pathologic, pathophysiologic and biochemical end results. The final common pathway may involve changes in lung content of a critical enzyme, superoxide dismutase, or alterations in surfactant metabolism, or both. The early assumption that the disorder is partially due to oxygen toxicity from inspired oxygen concentrations greater than 60 percent is consistent with findings of recent biochemical studies. Although the lung normally maintains its alveoli dry, during ARDS increased permeability of small pulmonary vessels results in primary pulmonary edema, in contrast to edema from increased vascular pressure. These data have been obtained mainly in animals; whether they apply to humans with ARDS is not certain. Tissue oxygenation is improved by increasing end-expiratory pressure in an animal model of ARDS, more effectively during spontaneous breathing than during mechanical ventilation. During spontaneous breathing, adverse ventilatory effects were caused by stimulation of pulmonary reflexes.", "contents": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome. Many causes for the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have been reported, all with common pathologic, pathophysiologic and biochemical end results. The final common pathway may involve changes in lung content of a critical enzyme, superoxide dismutase, or alterations in surfactant metabolism, or both. The early assumption that the disorder is partially due to oxygen toxicity from inspired oxygen concentrations greater than 60 percent is consistent with findings of recent biochemical studies. Although the lung normally maintains its alveoli dry, during ARDS increased permeability of small pulmonary vessels results in primary pulmonary edema, in contrast to edema from increased vascular pressure. These data have been obtained mainly in animals; whether they apply to humans with ARDS is not certain. Tissue oxygenation is improved by increasing end-expiratory pressure in an animal model of ARDS, more effectively during spontaneous breathing than during mechanical ventilation. During spontaneous breathing, adverse ventilatory effects were caused by stimulation of pulmonary reflexes.", "PMID": 425503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12792", "title": "Health hazard appraisal counseling--continuing evaluation.", "content": "A program of annual health examinations was expanded to include counseling based on a computerized appraisal of individual patients' specific health risk factors. Data obtained from a specially designed questionnaire, laboratory tests and a physical examination yielded a health hazard appraisal showing a number of weighted risk factors and their relation to ten leading causes of death as determined for that patient. From all of this information, a \"risk age\" was developed which could then be compared with the patient's \"true age.\" The results were reviewed with each patient, and methods of correcting health hazards were stressed. The first annual retesting of a group of 107 examinees showed a net risk age reduction of 1.4 years (formerly reported in this journal). The longer term follow-up reported in this paper showed a net risk reduction of 2.38 years in a group of 26 examinees. The net risk age reduction in the two groups represented 32 and 40 percent, respectively, of the achievable risk age reduction when patients comply with suggestions made during risk reduction counseling. These findings indicate that health hazard appraisal counseling is an effective method of altering priorities of health practices.", "contents": "Health hazard appraisal counseling--continuing evaluation. A program of annual health examinations was expanded to include counseling based on a computerized appraisal of individual patients' specific health risk factors. Data obtained from a specially designed questionnaire, laboratory tests and a physical examination yielded a health hazard appraisal showing a number of weighted risk factors and their relation to ten leading causes of death as determined for that patient. From all of this information, a \"risk age\" was developed which could then be compared with the patient's \"true age.\" The results were reviewed with each patient, and methods of correcting health hazards were stressed. The first annual retesting of a group of 107 examinees showed a net risk age reduction of 1.4 years (formerly reported in this journal). The longer term follow-up reported in this paper showed a net risk reduction of 2.38 years in a group of 26 examinees. The net risk age reduction in the two groups represented 32 and 40 percent, respectively, of the achievable risk age reduction when patients comply with suggestions made during risk reduction counseling. These findings indicate that health hazard appraisal counseling is an effective method of altering priorities of health practices.", "PMID": 425518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12793", "title": "[Diagnostic value of ultrasonography in aneurysm of the abdominal aorta (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is presented. The clinical picture was suggestive of a pancreatic cyst, but the correct diagnosis was made on abdominal ultrasonography. Early diagnosis of the condition allowed removal of the aneurysm and implantation of a femoral by-pass. The value of ultrasonography in diagnosing aneuryms of the abdominal aorta is discussed. This completely safe procedure appears to supersede the reliability of invasive methods as a diagnostic tool and is recommended in cases of doubtful aneurysm since with early diagnosis and surgical intervention severe complications, including rupture, can be avoided.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of ultrasonography in aneurysm of the abdominal aorta (author's transl)]. A case of aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is presented. The clinical picture was suggestive of a pancreatic cyst, but the correct diagnosis was made on abdominal ultrasonography. Early diagnosis of the condition allowed removal of the aneurysm and implantation of a femoral by-pass. The value of ultrasonography in diagnosing aneuryms of the abdominal aorta is discussed. This completely safe procedure appears to supersede the reliability of invasive methods as a diagnostic tool and is recommended in cases of doubtful aneurysm since with early diagnosis and surgical intervention severe complications, including rupture, can be avoided.", "PMID": 425520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12794", "title": "[Combination therapy of local tumour recurrence in patients with breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Treatment of 54 patients with extensive loco-regional recurrence of breast cancer is reported. Combined radio-chemotherapy was given to all patients with the aim of reducing the irradiation dosage and also decreasing the side effects of chemotherapy by reduced drug dosage. In this way a significant improvement in the quality of life could be achieved. The remission rate in patients with their first recurrence was 87.5%, while for subsequent recurrences the rate decreased to 50%. The median time of remission in both groups of patients was 7 months. There was complete loco-regional tumour control in 51% of all patients (with and without distant metastases). A significant prolongation of the survival time was not accomplished by this treatment.", "contents": "[Combination therapy of local tumour recurrence in patients with breast cancer (author's transl)]. Treatment of 54 patients with extensive loco-regional recurrence of breast cancer is reported. Combined radio-chemotherapy was given to all patients with the aim of reducing the irradiation dosage and also decreasing the side effects of chemotherapy by reduced drug dosage. In this way a significant improvement in the quality of life could be achieved. The remission rate in patients with their first recurrence was 87.5%, while for subsequent recurrences the rate decreased to 50%. The median time of remission in both groups of patients was 7 months. There was complete loco-regional tumour control in 51% of all patients (with and without distant metastases). A significant prolongation of the survival time was not accomplished by this treatment.", "PMID": 425521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12795", "title": "[Angiocinedensitometric assessment of a case with persistence of a primitive trigeminal artery (author's transl)].", "content": "This report is concerned with an evaluation of cerebral angiocinematography by means of densitometrical measuring equipment. The advantages of accuracy offered by this procedure, the temporal and spatial resolving capacity of angiocinedensitometry and the problems involved in the measuring technique are discussed. The case report is presented of the clinical symptoms and, particularly, the haemodynamics of the cerebral blood supply in a 32 year-old female patient with a persistent primitive trigeminal artery. Evaluation of angiocinematography with respect to overall and regional determinations is discussed.", "contents": "[Angiocinedensitometric assessment of a case with persistence of a primitive trigeminal artery (author's transl)]. This report is concerned with an evaluation of cerebral angiocinematography by means of densitometrical measuring equipment. The advantages of accuracy offered by this procedure, the temporal and spatial resolving capacity of angiocinedensitometry and the problems involved in the measuring technique are discussed. The case report is presented of the clinical symptoms and, particularly, the haemodynamics of the cerebral blood supply in a 32 year-old female patient with a persistent primitive trigeminal artery. Evaluation of angiocinematography with respect to overall and regional determinations is discussed.", "PMID": 425523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12796", "title": "[Angiographic diagnosis of ovarian cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The methods of examination which are usually used in cases of tumours of the lower abdomen are mostly not able to determine the site of origin of the lesion of its histology unequivocally. Angiographic examination techniques enable the definition of such tumours and very often allow the differentiation between benign and malignant lesions. Both hypogastric arteries are selectively or semiselectively catheterized using Seldinger's technique. Additionally, in most patients, aortography and selective catheterization of the inferior mesenteric artery is performed. So far the diagnosis of an adnexal tumour was made by angiography in 6 out of 30 patients. The typical angiographic criteria of ovarian carcinoma are cited and discussed. Our results show that in selected cases of suspected ovarian tumours angiography offers good results and, therefore, it deserves an important place among the different available clinical examination techniques.", "contents": "[Angiographic diagnosis of ovarian cancer (author's transl)]. The methods of examination which are usually used in cases of tumours of the lower abdomen are mostly not able to determine the site of origin of the lesion of its histology unequivocally. Angiographic examination techniques enable the definition of such tumours and very often allow the differentiation between benign and malignant lesions. Both hypogastric arteries are selectively or semiselectively catheterized using Seldinger's technique. Additionally, in most patients, aortography and selective catheterization of the inferior mesenteric artery is performed. So far the diagnosis of an adnexal tumour was made by angiography in 6 out of 30 patients. The typical angiographic criteria of ovarian carcinoma are cited and discussed. Our results show that in selected cases of suspected ovarian tumours angiography offers good results and, therefore, it deserves an important place among the different available clinical examination techniques.", "PMID": 425524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12797", "title": "[The research programme \"Artificial Heart\" at the 2nd Department of Surgery, University of Vienna: a ten year review (author's transl)].", "content": "The experimental and clinical results are presented of the research programme \"Artificial Heart\" carried out by the 2nd Department of Surgery, University of Vienna. In particular, an assessment of the clinical experience in 177 patients with the intra-aortic balloon pump is documented and it is concluded that only limited cardiac support is possible by this pump. In view of this fact more efficient methods of mechanical circulatory support, such as the interaortic auxilliary ventricle, the aortic \"Windkessel\" ventricle with guiding balloon, and two types of ventriculo-aortic bypass ventricle were tested with regard to their haemodynamic and long-time efficacy. The transatrio-aortic auxilliary ventricle (E-LVAD) was also clinically tested in 11 patients. In conclusion the problems of total mechanical heart replacement are discussed.", "contents": "[The research programme \"Artificial Heart\" at the 2nd Department of Surgery, University of Vienna: a ten year review (author's transl)]. The experimental and clinical results are presented of the research programme \"Artificial Heart\" carried out by the 2nd Department of Surgery, University of Vienna. In particular, an assessment of the clinical experience in 177 patients with the intra-aortic balloon pump is documented and it is concluded that only limited cardiac support is possible by this pump. In view of this fact more efficient methods of mechanical circulatory support, such as the interaortic auxilliary ventricle, the aortic \"Windkessel\" ventricle with guiding balloon, and two types of ventriculo-aortic bypass ventricle were tested with regard to their haemodynamic and long-time efficacy. The transatrio-aortic auxilliary ventricle (E-LVAD) was also clinically tested in 11 patients. In conclusion the problems of total mechanical heart replacement are discussed.", "PMID": 425525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12798", "title": "[Problems of a stage-based therapeutic approach to surgery in breast carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A therapeutic concept dependent on staging of breast carcinoma is presented: 1. Stage T0-T1 N0 M0: wide local excision or quadrant resection with axillary lymph-node excision. 2. Stage T2 and T3 N0-N1: simple mastectomy (Patey). 3. Stage T4 or N2: radical mastectomy (Rotter). 4. Stage N3 or M1: tumour excision according to the T-stage, lymph-node excision, local excision of affected distant lymph nodes. With equal therapeutic results the smaller and cosmetically-preferable surgical procedure is to be recommended.", "contents": "[Problems of a stage-based therapeutic approach to surgery in breast carcinoma (author's transl)]. A therapeutic concept dependent on staging of breast carcinoma is presented: 1. Stage T0-T1 N0 M0: wide local excision or quadrant resection with axillary lymph-node excision. 2. Stage T2 and T3 N0-N1: simple mastectomy (Patey). 3. Stage T4 or N2: radical mastectomy (Rotter). 4. Stage N3 or M1: tumour excision according to the T-stage, lymph-node excision, local excision of affected distant lymph nodes. With equal therapeutic results the smaller and cosmetically-preferable surgical procedure is to be recommended.", "PMID": 425526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12799", "title": "[Modern functional and physiological techniques in abdominal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The increasing importance of physiological and functional surgical procedures in the surgical therapy of benign abdominal disease is implied. Positive results were achieved at the 2nd Department of Surgery of the University of Vienna following parietal cell vagotomy in hypersecretory gastroduodenal ulcer, latero-lateral pancreatico-jejunostomy according to Puestov-Mercadier in chronic relapsing pancreatitis, distal splenorenal shunt according to Warren in portal hypertension and following peritoneo-venous shunt according to Warren in portal hypertension and following peritoneo-venous shunt according to Le Veen in ascites and cirrhosis of the liver.", "contents": "[Modern functional and physiological techniques in abdominal surgery (author's transl)]. The increasing importance of physiological and functional surgical procedures in the surgical therapy of benign abdominal disease is implied. Positive results were achieved at the 2nd Department of Surgery of the University of Vienna following parietal cell vagotomy in hypersecretory gastroduodenal ulcer, latero-lateral pancreatico-jejunostomy according to Puestov-Mercadier in chronic relapsing pancreatitis, distal splenorenal shunt according to Warren in portal hypertension and following peritoneo-venous shunt according to Warren in portal hypertension and following peritoneo-venous shunt according to Le Veen in ascites and cirrhosis of the liver.", "PMID": 425527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12800", "title": "[Femoro-crural reconstruction in preference to amputation (author's transl)].", "content": "22 cases of arterial occlusion below the branching of the popliteal artery and 1 case of traumatic subtotal amputation of the calf were revascularized by autogenous femoro-crural vein bypasses. All patients had pain at rest and/or gangrene. So far, with an average bypass patency of 15 months in two of three equal parts of the operated legs, the decision to try reconstruction instead to amputate has met with successful results. The operative technique is described in detail and the speical problems of this group of patients and the particular difficulties of this technically sophisticated bypass procedure are discussed.", "contents": "[Femoro-crural reconstruction in preference to amputation (author's transl)]. 22 cases of arterial occlusion below the branching of the popliteal artery and 1 case of traumatic subtotal amputation of the calf were revascularized by autogenous femoro-crural vein bypasses. All patients had pain at rest and/or gangrene. So far, with an average bypass patency of 15 months in two of three equal parts of the operated legs, the decision to try reconstruction instead to amputate has met with successful results. The operative technique is described in detail and the speical problems of this group of patients and the particular difficulties of this technically sophisticated bypass procedure are discussed.", "PMID": 425528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12801", "title": "[Late results of tracheal resection (author's transl)].", "content": "17 cases of tracheal stenosis following prolonged endotracheal intubation are reported. Resection of the stenotic segment and anastomosis were performed in all patients. The clinical result was classified as good in 15 patients and as satisfactory in one patient. One patient died from wound dehiscence and mediastinitis. Results of pre- and postoperative respiratory function tests are presented and the validity of these tests for objective evaluation of operative results is discussed. Diagnostically most informative is the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of airway resistance and MEFV curves.", "contents": "[Late results of tracheal resection (author's transl)]. 17 cases of tracheal stenosis following prolonged endotracheal intubation are reported. Resection of the stenotic segment and anastomosis were performed in all patients. The clinical result was classified as good in 15 patients and as satisfactory in one patient. One patient died from wound dehiscence and mediastinitis. Results of pre- and postoperative respiratory function tests are presented and the validity of these tests for objective evaluation of operative results is discussed. Diagnostically most informative is the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of airway resistance and MEFV curves.", "PMID": 425529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12802", "title": "[Results of a long-term clomiphene citrate therapy in women with normogonadotropic menstrual disturbanes (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 72 pregnancies was achieved in 59 women with menstrual cycle disturbances (WHO Type II) by administration of clomiphene. 27 of these pregnancies (34.7%) occurred only after more than three courses of cloimphene. A secondary classification of the patients was based on the symptomatic severity of the menstrual disturbance. Clomiphene (100 mg) was administered on the fifth day after the onset of menstruation for five days, whereby in one or two cases up to 19 courses had to be given. The group consisted of women who had rejected HMG-HCG therapy because of the possibility of multiple pregnancy. 59 pregnancies went to full term; 2 tubal pregnancies and 11 cases of miscarriage were recorded. The commencement of pregnancy was evaluated and the time of ovulation and the length of the luteal phase determined in women requiring up to three courses of clomiphene and those requiring over three courses. The investigation demonstrates that clomiphene therapy can be successful even after more than six courses of the drug. Side effects are minimal.", "contents": "[Results of a long-term clomiphene citrate therapy in women with normogonadotropic menstrual disturbanes (author's transl)]. A total of 72 pregnancies was achieved in 59 women with menstrual cycle disturbances (WHO Type II) by administration of clomiphene. 27 of these pregnancies (34.7%) occurred only after more than three courses of cloimphene. A secondary classification of the patients was based on the symptomatic severity of the menstrual disturbance. Clomiphene (100 mg) was administered on the fifth day after the onset of menstruation for five days, whereby in one or two cases up to 19 courses had to be given. The group consisted of women who had rejected HMG-HCG therapy because of the possibility of multiple pregnancy. 59 pregnancies went to full term; 2 tubal pregnancies and 11 cases of miscarriage were recorded. The commencement of pregnancy was evaluated and the time of ovulation and the length of the luteal phase determined in women requiring up to three courses of clomiphene and those requiring over three courses. The investigation demonstrates that clomiphene therapy can be successful even after more than six courses of the drug. Side effects are minimal.", "PMID": 425531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12803", "title": "[Local immunotherapy. Alternative therapy for malignant cutaneous lesions (demonstration on 30 patients with malignant melanoma) (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental data in animal models and clinical experience with a systemic immunotherapeutic approach in patients with tumours were the determining factors in the decision to test the local effect of this form of therapy on primary and secondary malignant lesion of the skin. The antitumour effect of local immunotherapy seems to be based on the induction of a cell-mediated immune challenge reaction in close contact with the malignant neoplasm. A trial of local immunotherapy was undertaken in 30 patients with melanoma with local recurrence of the primary tumour or multiple metastases involving the skin. The therapeutic indications and clinical response are discussed.", "contents": "[Local immunotherapy. Alternative therapy for malignant cutaneous lesions (demonstration on 30 patients with malignant melanoma) (author's transl)]. Experimental data in animal models and clinical experience with a systemic immunotherapeutic approach in patients with tumours were the determining factors in the decision to test the local effect of this form of therapy on primary and secondary malignant lesion of the skin. The antitumour effect of local immunotherapy seems to be based on the induction of a cell-mediated immune challenge reaction in close contact with the malignant neoplasm. A trial of local immunotherapy was undertaken in 30 patients with melanoma with local recurrence of the primary tumour or multiple metastases involving the skin. The therapeutic indications and clinical response are discussed.", "PMID": 425533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12804", "title": "[Results of hyposensitization in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of specific hyposensitization in 160 children (121 boys) were evaluated using a questionnaire. In 54% complete remission or clear-cut improvement without additional need for medication was achieved. In a further 34% improvement was demonstrated when compared to the pretreatment period. The main initial complaints were allergic rhinitis or allergic asthma. Treatment was pursued for at least 3 months and for a maximum of 3 years. There were no differences in the success rate as regards sex and offending allergen.", "contents": "[Results of hyposensitization in children (author's transl)]. The results of specific hyposensitization in 160 children (121 boys) were evaluated using a questionnaire. In 54% complete remission or clear-cut improvement without additional need for medication was achieved. In a further 34% improvement was demonstrated when compared to the pretreatment period. The main initial complaints were allergic rhinitis or allergic asthma. Treatment was pursued for at least 3 months and for a maximum of 3 years. There were no differences in the success rate as regards sex and offending allergen.", "PMID": 425534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12805", "title": "[Results of systemic treatment of lichen planus with a new aromatic retinoid (RO 10-9359) (author's transl)].", "content": "24 patients suffering from generalized lichen planus were treated systemically with a aromatic retinoid (RO 10-9359). Initially a dose of 100 mg retinoid per day was administered for 2 to 3 weeks, then the daily intake was reduced slowly. The average duration of treatment was 72 days. This therapy produced a significant improvement in all patients. Lesions recurred during reduction of administered retinoid in 3 patients and after stopping treatment in 5 cases. Initially side effects consisted of cheilitis and exfoliation of the skin over the palmar and plantar regions; later 50% of the patients developed an effluvium. The results of the present study indicate that the aromatic retinoid can be considered as an alternative drug to systemic steroids in the treatment of lichen planus.", "contents": "[Results of systemic treatment of lichen planus with a new aromatic retinoid (RO 10-9359) (author's transl)]. 24 patients suffering from generalized lichen planus were treated systemically with a aromatic retinoid (RO 10-9359). Initially a dose of 100 mg retinoid per day was administered for 2 to 3 weeks, then the daily intake was reduced slowly. The average duration of treatment was 72 days. This therapy produced a significant improvement in all patients. Lesions recurred during reduction of administered retinoid in 3 patients and after stopping treatment in 5 cases. Initially side effects consisted of cheilitis and exfoliation of the skin over the palmar and plantar regions; later 50% of the patients developed an effluvium. The results of the present study indicate that the aromatic retinoid can be considered as an alternative drug to systemic steroids in the treatment of lichen planus.", "PMID": 425535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12806", "title": "[HLA B13, B17, B37 and Cw6 in psoriasis vulgaris: relationship to age of onset (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of HLA B13, B17, B37 and Cw6 was investigated in 77 patients with psoriasis vulgaris (57 patients with an onset of the disease between 10 and 20 years of age and 20 patients with an onset between 35 and 45 years). A highly significant increase in the frequency of the four HLA antigens tested was found. The highest relative risk was calculated for Cw6 (RR = 8.28). Furthermore, a significant positive association was observed between the presence of Cw6 and an early onset of psoriasis vulgaris.", "contents": "[HLA B13, B17, B37 and Cw6 in psoriasis vulgaris: relationship to age of onset (author's transl)]. The frequency of HLA B13, B17, B37 and Cw6 was investigated in 77 patients with psoriasis vulgaris (57 patients with an onset of the disease between 10 and 20 years of age and 20 patients with an onset between 35 and 45 years). A highly significant increase in the frequency of the four HLA antigens tested was found. The highest relative risk was calculated for Cw6 (RR = 8.28). Furthermore, a significant positive association was observed between the presence of Cw6 and an early onset of psoriasis vulgaris.", "PMID": 425536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12807", "title": "[Recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage due to upper cervical A. V.-angioma associated with metameric naevus flammeus (author's transl)].", "content": "The case is presented of a recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by an angiographically-proven spinal A. V. angioma of glomus type II at the C 1--2 level supplied by both vertebral arteries. The angioma was accompanied by a median naevus flammeus over the occipito-cervical region. The clinical differentiation between subarachnoid haemorrhage of cerebral and spinal origin is discussed and emphasis is placed on the significance of complete cerebral angiography for the detection of the sources of recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage of undetermined origin.", "contents": "[Recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage due to upper cervical A. V.-angioma associated with metameric naevus flammeus (author's transl)]. The case is presented of a recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by an angiographically-proven spinal A. V. angioma of glomus type II at the C 1--2 level supplied by both vertebral arteries. The angioma was accompanied by a median naevus flammeus over the occipito-cervical region. The clinical differentiation between subarachnoid haemorrhage of cerebral and spinal origin is discussed and emphasis is placed on the significance of complete cerebral angiography for the detection of the sources of recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage of undetermined origin.", "PMID": 425537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12808", "title": "[Treatment of herpes simplex of the lid margin with vidarabin ointment (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty cases of herpes simplex of the lid margin were treated with vidarabin ointment applied topically 4 to 5 times daily together with an antibiotic ointment 2 to 4 times per day. Healing of the skin eruptions was observed within 3 to 12 days (average 6 days). Vidarabin eye ointment was well tolerated in all cases. A comparison with other locally-applied virustatic preparations is drawn.", "contents": "[Treatment of herpes simplex of the lid margin with vidarabin ointment (author's transl)]. Twenty cases of herpes simplex of the lid margin were treated with vidarabin ointment applied topically 4 to 5 times daily together with an antibiotic ointment 2 to 4 times per day. Healing of the skin eruptions was observed within 3 to 12 days (average 6 days). Vidarabin eye ointment was well tolerated in all cases. A comparison with other locally-applied virustatic preparations is drawn.", "PMID": 425538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12809", "title": "[Renal failure and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "Reduced carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lung (DLCO) is reported in patients with impaired renal function. Since DLCO also depends on the pulmonary capillary blood volume the role of renal anaemia was evaluated. Measurements were carried out in 43 azotaemic patients [serum creatinine (SKr) 1.5 to 14.0 mg/100 ml], without evidence of cardiovascular or pulmonary complications of uraemia, of SKr, haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and steady state DLCO. In the case of DLCO values allowance was made for body surface area and thoracic gas volume. The relation was studied of the corrected DLCO to SKr and to Hb. There was a higher statistical correlation between DLCO and Hb than between DLCO and SKr. After additional correction of DLCO for Hb, no correlation to SKr was found. It is concluded that the reduction in DLCO in uraemia is due largely to a low Hb and, hence, to renal anaemia rather than to uraemic damage of interstitial lung tissue.", "contents": "[Renal failure and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lung (author's transl)]. Reduced carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lung (DLCO) is reported in patients with impaired renal function. Since DLCO also depends on the pulmonary capillary blood volume the role of renal anaemia was evaluated. Measurements were carried out in 43 azotaemic patients [serum creatinine (SKr) 1.5 to 14.0 mg/100 ml], without evidence of cardiovascular or pulmonary complications of uraemia, of SKr, haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and steady state DLCO. In the case of DLCO values allowance was made for body surface area and thoracic gas volume. The relation was studied of the corrected DLCO to SKr and to Hb. There was a higher statistical correlation between DLCO and Hb than between DLCO and SKr. After additional correction of DLCO for Hb, no correlation to SKr was found. It is concluded that the reduction in DLCO in uraemia is due largely to a low Hb and, hence, to renal anaemia rather than to uraemic damage of interstitial lung tissue.", "PMID": 425539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12810", "title": "[Digitalis therapy in practice: correlation between clinical evaluation and plasma digoxin concentration (author's transl)].", "content": "In a prospective study 73 patients on maintenance digitalis treatment at the Paracelsus Institute, Bad Hall, were clinically examined and the dosage of the drug was adjusted according to cardiac symptoms. The clinical effects were correlated to digoxin concentrations measured on the day following admission to hospital and on the 21st day of treatment. The following practical conclusions were reached: 1. More than 50% of the patients were underdigitalized. 2. There is often no indication for digitalis therapy in patients with a low daily maintenance digoxin dosage and normal renal funciton. 3. The usual recommended maintenance dosage of digoxin provides serum digoxin levels in the lower region of the therapeutic range. 4. Patients with symptoms of decompensation taking an average dosage of digoxin need more digitalis. There is generally no danger of toxicity when the dosage is increased. 5. The serum digoxin concentration in patients with slightly reduced renal function lies in the upper region of the therapeutic range with usual doses of digoxin.", "contents": "[Digitalis therapy in practice: correlation between clinical evaluation and plasma digoxin concentration (author's transl)]. In a prospective study 73 patients on maintenance digitalis treatment at the Paracelsus Institute, Bad Hall, were clinically examined and the dosage of the drug was adjusted according to cardiac symptoms. The clinical effects were correlated to digoxin concentrations measured on the day following admission to hospital and on the 21st day of treatment. The following practical conclusions were reached: 1. More than 50% of the patients were underdigitalized. 2. There is often no indication for digitalis therapy in patients with a low daily maintenance digoxin dosage and normal renal funciton. 3. The usual recommended maintenance dosage of digoxin provides serum digoxin levels in the lower region of the therapeutic range. 4. Patients with symptoms of decompensation taking an average dosage of digoxin need more digitalis. There is generally no danger of toxicity when the dosage is increased. 5. The serum digoxin concentration in patients with slightly reduced renal function lies in the upper region of the therapeutic range with usual doses of digoxin.", "PMID": 425540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12811", "title": "[Aneurysm of Valsalva's sinus (author's transl)].", "content": "An aneurysm of Valsalva's sinus is one of the rarest malformations of the aortic root. The case of a non-ruptured aneurysm is reported and the possible pathogenic mechanisms of the congenital and the acquired forms of this aneurysm are discussed, as well as the clinical symptoms and the diagnostic procedures. Finally, the necessity of surgical treatment of the aneurysm is pointed out.", "contents": "[Aneurysm of Valsalva's sinus (author's transl)]. An aneurysm of Valsalva's sinus is one of the rarest malformations of the aortic root. The case of a non-ruptured aneurysm is reported and the possible pathogenic mechanisms of the congenital and the acquired forms of this aneurysm are discussed, as well as the clinical symptoms and the diagnostic procedures. Finally, the necessity of surgical treatment of the aneurysm is pointed out.", "PMID": 425541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12812", "title": "[Perinatal mortality at the gynecological hospital in Wels (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1970 to 1976 301 from 14,033 children died in the perinatal period. The perinatal mortality decreased clearly during this 6 years. A further decrease is to be obtained only by more intensive maternity care and prevention of premature birth.", "contents": "[Perinatal mortality at the gynecological hospital in Wels (author's transl)]. From 1970 to 1976 301 from 14,033 children died in the perinatal period. The perinatal mortality decreased clearly during this 6 years. A further decrease is to be obtained only by more intensive maternity care and prevention of premature birth.", "PMID": 425544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12813", "title": "[Clinical experience in the diagnosis and therapy of plasmacytoma (author's transl)].", "content": "8 patients with plasmocytomas were treated with Endoxan and compared with 5 patients without any considerable treatment. Diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of plasmocytoma are discussed. Particularly mentioned are 3 patients with secondary tumours during cytostatic treatment, a plasmocytoma without paraprotein, a tumorous plasmocytoma with double paraproteinemia and a gammopathia with further development into a plasmocytoma 10 years later.", "contents": "[Clinical experience in the diagnosis and therapy of plasmacytoma (author's transl)]. 8 patients with plasmocytomas were treated with Endoxan and compared with 5 patients without any considerable treatment. Diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of plasmocytoma are discussed. Particularly mentioned are 3 patients with secondary tumours during cytostatic treatment, a plasmocytoma without paraprotein, a tumorous plasmocytoma with double paraproteinemia and a gammopathia with further development into a plasmocytoma 10 years later.", "PMID": 425546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12814", "title": "[Oral cephalexin therapy of osteomyelitis (author's transl)].", "content": "40 patients with chronic osteomyelitis were treated per os with the bactericidal beta-lactam-antibiotic cephalexin during 3 to 60 weeks. In 16 patients, who were operated simultaneously, bacterial spreading was prevented by a combination of cephalexin and parenteral cephaloridin during operation and in the postoperative period. In these patients no recurrence occurred during the follow up time (2 to 5 years). In 34 patients general and local signs of inflammation diminished under cephalexin therapy and a complaint-free interval of at least 6 months followed. No serious side effects forcing a stop of therapy were observed. According to the gained experiences oral cephalexin in combination with perenteral cephaloridin is indicated for prevention of bacterial spreading during operations in chronic bone infections and in patients with acute febrile recurrence of chronic osteomyelitis refusing a surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Oral cephalexin therapy of osteomyelitis (author's transl)]. 40 patients with chronic osteomyelitis were treated per os with the bactericidal beta-lactam-antibiotic cephalexin during 3 to 60 weeks. In 16 patients, who were operated simultaneously, bacterial spreading was prevented by a combination of cephalexin and parenteral cephaloridin during operation and in the postoperative period. In these patients no recurrence occurred during the follow up time (2 to 5 years). In 34 patients general and local signs of inflammation diminished under cephalexin therapy and a complaint-free interval of at least 6 months followed. No serious side effects forcing a stop of therapy were observed. According to the gained experiences oral cephalexin in combination with perenteral cephaloridin is indicated for prevention of bacterial spreading during operations in chronic bone infections and in patients with acute febrile recurrence of chronic osteomyelitis refusing a surgical intervention.", "PMID": 425547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12815", "title": "[Enteral resorption and tumor cachexia].", "content": "The rapid loss of the body weight of oncological patients in the advanced stage of the carcinomatous disease is caused by numerous pathophysiological mechanisms. With the help of the modified D-xylose absorption test was investigated which value have disturbances of the enteral absorption in the complex of causes for the development of a tumour cachexia. For the patients in the stage of generalisation of the carcinomatous disease clear disturbances in the enteral food intake could be proved in contrast to patients with carcinoma without general tumour symptomatology and healthy persons. The influence of chemo- and radio-therapy on the enteral absorption of patients with carcinoma was discussed. The forced alimentation of oncological patients with unspezific tumour symptoms must be regarded as a firm constituent in the treatment of patients with carcinoma.", "contents": "[Enteral resorption and tumor cachexia]. The rapid loss of the body weight of oncological patients in the advanced stage of the carcinomatous disease is caused by numerous pathophysiological mechanisms. With the help of the modified D-xylose absorption test was investigated which value have disturbances of the enteral absorption in the complex of causes for the development of a tumour cachexia. For the patients in the stage of generalisation of the carcinomatous disease clear disturbances in the enteral food intake could be proved in contrast to patients with carcinoma without general tumour symptomatology and healthy persons. The influence of chemo- and radio-therapy on the enteral absorption of patients with carcinoma was discussed. The forced alimentation of oncological patients with unspezific tumour symptoms must be regarded as a firm constituent in the treatment of patients with carcinoma.", "PMID": 425580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12816", "title": "[Hypoxia and internal intensive medicine. I. Clinical aspects of acute hypoxia].", "content": "The treatment of the topic acute hypoxia and internal intensive medicine with description of the fundaments--classification and definition of hypoxia and its forms, clinic, therapeutic possibilities and oxygen therapy--becomes necessary in order to get in the entity of hypoxia and to find a common language among specialists for intensive medicine. The knowledge of a differentiated treatment of different forms of hypoxia and thus also of clinical pictures seems to be necessary under the aspect of a highly developed respirator technique and the knowledge of anaesthesiology in this field. Application of the first report is the description of the factors of the oxygen transport. Respiratory, stagnation, anaemic and histotoxic hypoxia are defined and possible causes mentioned. The clinically relevant hypoxia will mostly be a mixed form, among which the respiratory insufficiency in shock lung plays an important role in intensive medicine.", "contents": "[Hypoxia and internal intensive medicine. I. Clinical aspects of acute hypoxia]. The treatment of the topic acute hypoxia and internal intensive medicine with description of the fundaments--classification and definition of hypoxia and its forms, clinic, therapeutic possibilities and oxygen therapy--becomes necessary in order to get in the entity of hypoxia and to find a common language among specialists for intensive medicine. The knowledge of a differentiated treatment of different forms of hypoxia and thus also of clinical pictures seems to be necessary under the aspect of a highly developed respirator technique and the knowledge of anaesthesiology in this field. Application of the first report is the description of the factors of the oxygen transport. Respiratory, stagnation, anaemic and histotoxic hypoxia are defined and possible causes mentioned. The clinically relevant hypoxia will mostly be a mixed form, among which the respiratory insufficiency in shock lung plays an important role in intensive medicine.", "PMID": 425581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12817", "title": "[Hypoxia and internal intensive medicine. II. Normobaric oxygen therapy].", "content": "The second report on the topic \"acute hypoxia and internal intensive medicine\" deals with the fundaments of the normobaric oxygen therapy. It consists of indication, forms of application and their effectiveness in different etiopathogenetic forms of acute hypoxia. Side effects of prolonged and highly concentrated oxygen application are described.", "contents": "[Hypoxia and internal intensive medicine. II. Normobaric oxygen therapy]. The second report on the topic \"acute hypoxia and internal intensive medicine\" deals with the fundaments of the normobaric oxygen therapy. It consists of indication, forms of application and their effectiveness in different etiopathogenetic forms of acute hypoxia. Side effects of prolonged and highly concentrated oxygen application are described.", "PMID": 425582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12818", "title": "[Radioimmunologic determination of serum digoxin. Methodological and 1st clinical experiences].", "content": "The tested quality signs of the digoxin-RIA (Medica) correspond to other RIA-test methods. The digoxin-RIA (Medica) is, therefore, well suited for clinical examinations. In the dilanacin- (digoxin-) long-term therapy with the maintenance dose of 0.5 mg digoxin a day 75.4% of the patients examined (n = 65) were within the therapeutic field. In each case 12.3% were underdigitalised or overdigitalised, respectively. In the 8 patients in the toxic region only the half showed signs of digoxin intoxication. It is referred to the importance of creatinine and potassium in the serum, the digoxin clearance depending on age, the body weight and the body surface, respectively, in very obese patients for the height of the serum digoxin level and for the compatibility of this heart glycoside.", "contents": "[Radioimmunologic determination of serum digoxin. Methodological and 1st clinical experiences]. The tested quality signs of the digoxin-RIA (Medica) correspond to other RIA-test methods. The digoxin-RIA (Medica) is, therefore, well suited for clinical examinations. In the dilanacin- (digoxin-) long-term therapy with the maintenance dose of 0.5 mg digoxin a day 75.4% of the patients examined (n = 65) were within the therapeutic field. In each case 12.3% were underdigitalised or overdigitalised, respectively. In the 8 patients in the toxic region only the half showed signs of digoxin intoxication. It is referred to the importance of creatinine and potassium in the serum, the digoxin clearance depending on age, the body weight and the body surface, respectively, in very obese patients for the height of the serum digoxin level and for the compatibility of this heart glycoside.", "PMID": 425583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12819", "title": "[Morphological and clinical liver changes after taking oral contraceptives].", "content": "In 155 women of the age group 16-45 years after intake of oral contraceptives in 68.4% (106 cases) histologically provable liver changes were found. Sinusoidal ectasias of different size and drug-conditioned hepatitides most frequently occurred. An isolated intrahepatic cholestase only rarely existed. Increases of transaminase are the most frequent reference to a lesion of the liver parenchyma after intake of oral contraceptives. The author adopts a definite attitude to the differential diagnosis and its difficulties between a drug-conditioned hepatitis and the usual virus hepatitis.", "contents": "[Morphological and clinical liver changes after taking oral contraceptives]. In 155 women of the age group 16-45 years after intake of oral contraceptives in 68.4% (106 cases) histologically provable liver changes were found. Sinusoidal ectasias of different size and drug-conditioned hepatitides most frequently occurred. An isolated intrahepatic cholestase only rarely existed. Increases of transaminase are the most frequent reference to a lesion of the liver parenchyma after intake of oral contraceptives. The author adopts a definite attitude to the differential diagnosis and its difficulties between a drug-conditioned hepatitis and the usual virus hepatitis.", "PMID": 425584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12820", "title": "[Diabetes mellitus and coronary disease--common problems in long-term care].", "content": "With the help of a comparative analysis of the cardiovascular risk profile of 150 patients with diabetes mellitus, 62 patients with condition after myocardial infarction and 50 control patients of a rural district with 30,000 inhabitants was established that the spectre of the risk factors widely corresponds. According to a point valuation the diabetics on an average reached 3.36 points and the patients with a condition after myocardial infarction reached 2.66 points. In comparison of the curves a nearly identical course with \"a shift to the right\" of the patients with diabetes mellitus about the factor of the disturbance of the glucose metabolism could be proved. Concluding from this a general conception of the treatment was described. In this case the aim is a balanced therapy of the factors of risk and a preventive physical conditioning of diabetics with a high risk of infarction. In our investigations was furthermore conspicuous, deviating from literature, a very large proportion of patients with a hyperuricaemia (33.3% of the diabetics, 41.9% of the patients with infarction).", "contents": "[Diabetes mellitus and coronary disease--common problems in long-term care]. With the help of a comparative analysis of the cardiovascular risk profile of 150 patients with diabetes mellitus, 62 patients with condition after myocardial infarction and 50 control patients of a rural district with 30,000 inhabitants was established that the spectre of the risk factors widely corresponds. According to a point valuation the diabetics on an average reached 3.36 points and the patients with a condition after myocardial infarction reached 2.66 points. In comparison of the curves a nearly identical course with \"a shift to the right\" of the patients with diabetes mellitus about the factor of the disturbance of the glucose metabolism could be proved. Concluding from this a general conception of the treatment was described. In this case the aim is a balanced therapy of the factors of risk and a preventive physical conditioning of diabetics with a high risk of infarction. In our investigations was furthermore conspicuous, deviating from literature, a very large proportion of patients with a hyperuricaemia (33.3% of the diabetics, 41.9% of the patients with infarction).", "PMID": 425585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12821", "title": "[Recognizing epicardial lipomas].", "content": "Three own observations of oscillating miniature lipomas of the epicardium are a cause to doubt the extreme rareness of this form of tumours. Pediculation and vascular proliferations facilitate the morphological delimitation of fat rumps. The possibility of a removal of infarcted lipomas of the epicardium is taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Recognizing epicardial lipomas]. Three own observations of oscillating miniature lipomas of the epicardium are a cause to doubt the extreme rareness of this form of tumours. Pediculation and vascular proliferations facilitate the morphological delimitation of fat rumps. The possibility of a removal of infarcted lipomas of the epicardium is taken into consideration.", "PMID": 425586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12822", "title": "[Aetiology of chronic aggressive hepatitis in Vienna, a contribution (author's transl)].", "content": "In 32 patients with clinically, biochemically and histologically proven chronic aggressive hepatitis, HBsAg, HBsAb, HBcAb and HA-Ab were determined by radioimmunoassays and HBeAg and HBeAb were estimated by immunodiffusion. HBsAg was positive in 18 patients [57%], HBcAb were found in 23 patients [72%], HBsAg and/or HBcAb were detected in 26 patients (82%). The incidence of HA-Ab was 88%, similar to the frequency of HA-Ab found in healthy blood-donors. The aetiology of chronic aggressive hepatitis was associated with hepatitis B in 82%, and with autoantibodies in 6% of our patients, while in 12% the aetiology remained cryptogenetic.", "contents": "[Aetiology of chronic aggressive hepatitis in Vienna, a contribution (author's transl)]. In 32 patients with clinically, biochemically and histologically proven chronic aggressive hepatitis, HBsAg, HBsAb, HBcAb and HA-Ab were determined by radioimmunoassays and HBeAg and HBeAb were estimated by immunodiffusion. HBsAg was positive in 18 patients [57%], HBcAb were found in 23 patients [72%], HBsAg and/or HBcAb were detected in 26 patients (82%). The incidence of HA-Ab was 88%, similar to the frequency of HA-Ab found in healthy blood-donors. The aetiology of chronic aggressive hepatitis was associated with hepatitis B in 82%, and with autoantibodies in 6% of our patients, while in 12% the aetiology remained cryptogenetic.", "PMID": 425587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12823", "title": "[A tapeworm infection with fatal outcome (author's transl)].", "content": "Parasitoses of the intestinal tract are rare in Europe. Their diagnosis is difficult since the general symptoms are frequently only little pronounced or completely lacking. On the other hand, the course of the disease may be fatal. Such cases from the literature and our own observations are intended to call to memory the differential diagnosis of intestinal parasitosis.", "contents": "[A tapeworm infection with fatal outcome (author's transl)]. Parasitoses of the intestinal tract are rare in Europe. Their diagnosis is difficult since the general symptoms are frequently only little pronounced or completely lacking. On the other hand, the course of the disease may be fatal. Such cases from the literature and our own observations are intended to call to memory the differential diagnosis of intestinal parasitosis.", "PMID": 425588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12824", "title": "[Intravenous leucine load in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "In 6 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and in 6 healthy controls the elimination half life of the serum leucine level (t 1/2 Leu) was determined after intravenous administration of 50 mg leucine per kg bodyweight. Examinations were repeated with simultaneous administration of 0,33 g glucose per kg bodyweight and during a continuous infusion of 500 microgram somatostatin over 60 minutes. The following results were obtained: 1. In cirrhotics and in healthy controls the t 1/2 Leu was shortened during the additional glucose administration compared with the t 1/2 Leu after leucine administration alone and was prolonged by inhibiting insulin secretion by somatostatin. 2. In spite of significantly higher serum insulin levels the t 1/2 Leu in patients with cirrhosis of the liver was significantly prolonged compared with healthy controls after leucine administration as well after leucine and glucose administration. Therefore we conclude, that in patients with cirrhosis of the liver in spite of elevated serum insulin levels leucine as well as glucose are metabolized slower. These results are indicating peripheral insulin resistance regarding the assimilation of glucose and leucine (at least in patients with portocaval shunts).", "contents": "[Intravenous leucine load in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)]. In 6 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and in 6 healthy controls the elimination half life of the serum leucine level (t 1/2 Leu) was determined after intravenous administration of 50 mg leucine per kg bodyweight. Examinations were repeated with simultaneous administration of 0,33 g glucose per kg bodyweight and during a continuous infusion of 500 microgram somatostatin over 60 minutes. The following results were obtained: 1. In cirrhotics and in healthy controls the t 1/2 Leu was shortened during the additional glucose administration compared with the t 1/2 Leu after leucine administration alone and was prolonged by inhibiting insulin secretion by somatostatin. 2. In spite of significantly higher serum insulin levels the t 1/2 Leu in patients with cirrhosis of the liver was significantly prolonged compared with healthy controls after leucine administration as well after leucine and glucose administration. Therefore we conclude, that in patients with cirrhosis of the liver in spite of elevated serum insulin levels leucine as well as glucose are metabolized slower. These results are indicating peripheral insulin resistance regarding the assimilation of glucose and leucine (at least in patients with portocaval shunts).", "PMID": 425589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12825", "title": "[Plasmaperfusion through activated charcoal and amberlite XAD-7 in dogs with liver failure induced by yellow phosphorus (author's transl)].", "content": "Various sorbents were tested in-vitro for their ability to support hepatic excretory and detoxification functions, and their in-vivo perfusion with plasma was studied in an animal experiment. Amino acids, particularly phenylalanine and tyrosine, were strongest bound by activated charcoal, while Amberlite XAD-7 removed conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin and bile acids from plasma. Using a cell-separator plasma of dogs, in whom acute liver failure was induced by yellow phosphorus, was perfused through a combination of charcoal and Amberlite XAD-7 without major complications. Platelet counts remained nearly unchanged, platelet aggregation was inhibited reversibly, and circulating platelet aggregates occurred late only. It is concluded that using the method described, therapeutic trials in patients with fulminant hepatic failure can be performed.", "contents": "[Plasmaperfusion through activated charcoal and amberlite XAD-7 in dogs with liver failure induced by yellow phosphorus (author's transl)]. Various sorbents were tested in-vitro for their ability to support hepatic excretory and detoxification functions, and their in-vivo perfusion with plasma was studied in an animal experiment. Amino acids, particularly phenylalanine and tyrosine, were strongest bound by activated charcoal, while Amberlite XAD-7 removed conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin and bile acids from plasma. Using a cell-separator plasma of dogs, in whom acute liver failure was induced by yellow phosphorus, was perfused through a combination of charcoal and Amberlite XAD-7 without major complications. Platelet counts remained nearly unchanged, platelet aggregation was inhibited reversibly, and circulating platelet aggregates occurred late only. It is concluded that using the method described, therapeutic trials in patients with fulminant hepatic failure can be performed.", "PMID": 425590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12826", "title": "[Correlations between the diminished secretion of export proteins from the liver and the plasmatic activity of liver cell enzymes (author's transl)].", "content": "For the evaluation of certain differences in the diminution of export proteins of the liver we examined some exactly defined groups of liver diseases with the aim of further differentiation of the pathogenetic mechanisms. We measured the activity of glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, the Quick value, the coagulation factors I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX and X. Clotting factors were determined by a Schnitger-Gross Coagulometer. Prothrombin, antithrombin III, plasminogen, factor VIII associated antigen and activated factor XIII were measured by immunoelectrophoresis according to Laurell. Lipoprotein electrophoresis in agarose gel was performed to evaluate changes in lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Except of the rising diminution of export proteins in the course of liver disease from acute hepatitis to cirrhosis we found also specific changes of the patterns of the plasma specific enzymes. These proteins were diminished dependent on their half life time and the inflammatory activity--measured as the height of the transaminases. Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and factor VIII did not participate in the general diminution of the most export proteins; some details were found to explain this differing behaviour. Results are critically discussed with regard to new aspects in the biochemistry of the damaged liver cell.", "contents": "[Correlations between the diminished secretion of export proteins from the liver and the plasmatic activity of liver cell enzymes (author's transl)]. For the evaluation of certain differences in the diminution of export proteins of the liver we examined some exactly defined groups of liver diseases with the aim of further differentiation of the pathogenetic mechanisms. We measured the activity of glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, the Quick value, the coagulation factors I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX and X. Clotting factors were determined by a Schnitger-Gross Coagulometer. Prothrombin, antithrombin III, plasminogen, factor VIII associated antigen and activated factor XIII were measured by immunoelectrophoresis according to Laurell. Lipoprotein electrophoresis in agarose gel was performed to evaluate changes in lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Except of the rising diminution of export proteins in the course of liver disease from acute hepatitis to cirrhosis we found also specific changes of the patterns of the plasma specific enzymes. These proteins were diminished dependent on their half life time and the inflammatory activity--measured as the height of the transaminases. Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and factor VIII did not participate in the general diminution of the most export proteins; some details were found to explain this differing behaviour. Results are critically discussed with regard to new aspects in the biochemistry of the damaged liver cell.", "PMID": 425591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12827", "title": "[Biochemical maturation of organs in the foetus and its induction (author's transl)].", "content": "Several biophysical and biochemical changes are prerequisites for the adaptation of the newborn to extrauterine life. Enzyme induction is the mechanism on which this adaptation of metabolism is based. The theoretical fundamentals of enzyme induction are presented, and the perinatal origin of enzymes explained by means of the example of PEP carboxykinase. Among the mose frequent disturbances of the maturing of organs are hyperbilirubinaemias and the respiratory distress syndrome of newborn. The biochemical and physical concepts underlying these disease pattens are explained, and possibilities of enzyme induction and hence acceleration of maturity are shown. On the grounds of clinical experience, enzyme induction appears to be safely established as a membrane prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Biochemical maturation of organs in the foetus and its induction (author's transl)]. Several biophysical and biochemical changes are prerequisites for the adaptation of the newborn to extrauterine life. Enzyme induction is the mechanism on which this adaptation of metabolism is based. The theoretical fundamentals of enzyme induction are presented, and the perinatal origin of enzymes explained by means of the example of PEP carboxykinase. Among the mose frequent disturbances of the maturing of organs are hyperbilirubinaemias and the respiratory distress syndrome of newborn. The biochemical and physical concepts underlying these disease pattens are explained, and possibilities of enzyme induction and hence acceleration of maturity are shown. On the grounds of clinical experience, enzyme induction appears to be safely established as a membrane prophylaxis.", "PMID": 425592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12828", "title": "[Diagnosis of poor intrauterine fetal growth in twin pregnancies (author's transl)].", "content": "In 11 cases both twins were of normal weight. In 7 cases one twin and in 12 cases both twins were underweighed (the growth retardation was classified according to the intrauterine growth curves after Hohenauer applicable to our area). The determination of total 24 hours urinary estrogens and serial ultrasonic measurements of biparietal diameters appeared in our study to be the best parameters for the detection of intrauterine growth retardation. Serum HPL determination was unreliable. In addition 2 types of growth retardation in twins could be recognized from the estrogen values. In one, a dysfunction of the fetoplacental unit existed; in the other, the etiology of the growth retardation could not be determined by the methods used in the study (genetic origin?).", "contents": "[Diagnosis of poor intrauterine fetal growth in twin pregnancies (author's transl)]. In 11 cases both twins were of normal weight. In 7 cases one twin and in 12 cases both twins were underweighed (the growth retardation was classified according to the intrauterine growth curves after Hohenauer applicable to our area). The determination of total 24 hours urinary estrogens and serial ultrasonic measurements of biparietal diameters appeared in our study to be the best parameters for the detection of intrauterine growth retardation. Serum HPL determination was unreliable. In addition 2 types of growth retardation in twins could be recognized from the estrogen values. In one, a dysfunction of the fetoplacental unit existed; in the other, the etiology of the growth retardation could not be determined by the methods used in the study (genetic origin?).", "PMID": 425593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12829", "title": "[Creatine kinase and creatine isoenzyme activities in newborn. Development of the organ-typical isoenzyme pattern during the fetal period (author's transl)].", "content": "The activity of the creatine kinase isoenzyme was measured in the serum of 133 healthy newborn. In contrast to the conditions in the adult, a normal range of 0-45 U/1 was found. No creatine kinase BMB activities were established. The increased creatine kinase-MB activities in newborn could be explained by means of an examination of the creatine kinase isoenzyme pattern in the skeleton muscle of foetuses and newborn. Depending upon the gestation age, creatine kinase-MB activity levels were found amounting to as much as a multiple of ten of the adult levels. Due to the deviation of the creatine kinase isoenzyme distribution in the organ tissue of newborn, identified in this study for the first time, creatine kinase-MB activity seems to be unsuitable as an indicator of myocardial damage during the neonatal period.", "contents": "[Creatine kinase and creatine isoenzyme activities in newborn. Development of the organ-typical isoenzyme pattern during the fetal period (author's transl)]. The activity of the creatine kinase isoenzyme was measured in the serum of 133 healthy newborn. In contrast to the conditions in the adult, a normal range of 0-45 U/1 was found. No creatine kinase BMB activities were established. The increased creatine kinase-MB activities in newborn could be explained by means of an examination of the creatine kinase isoenzyme pattern in the skeleton muscle of foetuses and newborn. Depending upon the gestation age, creatine kinase-MB activity levels were found amounting to as much as a multiple of ten of the adult levels. Due to the deviation of the creatine kinase isoenzyme distribution in the organ tissue of newborn, identified in this study for the first time, creatine kinase-MB activity seems to be unsuitable as an indicator of myocardial damage during the neonatal period.", "PMID": 425596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12830", "title": "[Determination of renal function during pregnancy via renal sequence scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a detailed description of the technique of examination and evaluation used in nuclear medicine, the article reports on first results obtained with renal sequence scintigraphy in pregnant women with normal kidneys. Attention is drawn to the diagnostic possibilities offered by this method, basing on a discussion with reference to the published literature, with particular emphasis on pregnancy and on the monitoring of risk pregnancies.", "contents": "[Determination of renal function during pregnancy via renal sequence scintigraphy (author's transl)]. Following a detailed description of the technique of examination and evaluation used in nuclear medicine, the article reports on first results obtained with renal sequence scintigraphy in pregnant women with normal kidneys. Attention is drawn to the diagnostic possibilities offered by this method, basing on a discussion with reference to the published literature, with particular emphasis on pregnancy and on the monitoring of risk pregnancies.", "PMID": 425597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12831", "title": "[Intrahepatic pregnancy cholestasis. A contribution to the casuistics of the disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Jaundice, or icterus, during pregnancy is frequently a symptom of an intrahepatic cholestasis. It is evident from the literature that intrahepatic pregancy cholestasis represents a risk pregnancy with moderate risk to the mother and high risk to the foetus. Although diagnostic clarification is necessary, the authors sound a warning against liver biopsy during pregnancy.", "contents": "[Intrahepatic pregnancy cholestasis. A contribution to the casuistics of the disease (author's transl)]. Jaundice, or icterus, during pregnancy is frequently a symptom of an intrahepatic cholestasis. It is evident from the literature that intrahepatic pregancy cholestasis represents a risk pregnancy with moderate risk to the mother and high risk to the foetus. Although diagnostic clarification is necessary, the authors sound a warning against liver biopsy during pregnancy.", "PMID": 425598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12832", "title": "[Fetal and infantile development of weight, height and constitution and the influence exercised by the placenta and the duration of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Fetal and infantile development of weight and height are studied in relation to period of gestation and weight of placenta. The body weight at birth was selected as a measure of fetal development, whereas the development attained at the age of 6 years served as a measure of intantile growth. Weight and height at birth increase only slightly with increasing duration of pregnancy, whereas there is no cchange in the weight at birth/placental weight ratio. The weight at birth increases with increasing weight of placenta. The quotient weight at birth/weight of placenta increases with a deviation of the weight from the average constitution (represented in this study by the relation between height and weight). Deviations from the mean weight, the mean body height and the mean constitution at birth are still noticeable even when the child has reached the age of six, although on the whole there is evidence of a tendency towards levelling-out. The weight at birth correlates more closely with the placental weight than with the body weight at the age of 6 years. The shorter the period of gestation, the higher the body weight at the age of six. This connection is explained by the action of the feeding centre which participates in both inducing parturition and in developing the body weight. There is no connection between placental weight and body weight at the age of six.", "contents": "[Fetal and infantile development of weight, height and constitution and the influence exercised by the placenta and the duration of pregnancy (author's transl)]. Fetal and infantile development of weight and height are studied in relation to period of gestation and weight of placenta. The body weight at birth was selected as a measure of fetal development, whereas the development attained at the age of 6 years served as a measure of intantile growth. Weight and height at birth increase only slightly with increasing duration of pregnancy, whereas there is no cchange in the weight at birth/placental weight ratio. The weight at birth increases with increasing weight of placenta. The quotient weight at birth/weight of placenta increases with a deviation of the weight from the average constitution (represented in this study by the relation between height and weight). Deviations from the mean weight, the mean body height and the mean constitution at birth are still noticeable even when the child has reached the age of six, although on the whole there is evidence of a tendency towards levelling-out. The weight at birth correlates more closely with the placental weight than with the body weight at the age of 6 years. The shorter the period of gestation, the higher the body weight at the age of six. This connection is explained by the action of the feeding centre which participates in both inducing parturition and in developing the body weight. There is no connection between placental weight and body weight at the age of six.", "PMID": 425599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12833", "title": "[Significance of Ureaplasma urealyticum in the sperm of fertility patients].", "content": "U. urealyticum was found in the semen of 12.9% of the patients, who attended a fertility clinic. Ureaplasma counts of more than 1,000 CFU/ml were demonstrated in 8.6% of cases. Non-specific genital infection caused by U. urealyticum was rarely diagnosed, and there was no correlation of the ureaplasma counts and the spermatological findings in cases without inflammation.", "contents": "[Significance of Ureaplasma urealyticum in the sperm of fertility patients]. U. urealyticum was found in the semen of 12.9% of the patients, who attended a fertility clinic. Ureaplasma counts of more than 1,000 CFU/ml were demonstrated in 8.6% of cases. Non-specific genital infection caused by U. urealyticum was rarely diagnosed, and there was no correlation of the ureaplasma counts and the spermatological findings in cases without inflammation.", "PMID": 425603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12834", "title": "[The \"rubtest\" and RAST].", "content": "The \"rubtest\" to induce an immediate reaction with various inhalative and ingestive allergens has proved to be a very reliable, easily demonstrable and extremely simple method for detection of allergy-type I, especially of the \"highest-sensitivity-type\". Recent examinations confirmed the clinical importance and the high correlation between the \"rub-test\", the IgE-titre (RAST) and the endpoint-skin test-titration.", "contents": "[The \"rubtest\" and RAST]. The \"rubtest\" to induce an immediate reaction with various inhalative and ingestive allergens has proved to be a very reliable, easily demonstrable and extremely simple method for detection of allergy-type I, especially of the \"highest-sensitivity-type\". Recent examinations confirmed the clinical importance and the high correlation between the \"rub-test\", the IgE-titre (RAST) and the endpoint-skin test-titration.", "PMID": 425609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12835", "title": "C-reactive protein (CRP), 9.5 salpha1-glycoprotein and C1q: serum proteins with lectin properties?", "content": "The human serum proteins C-reactive protein (CRP), the 9.5 Salpha1-glycoprotein and C1q show, when tested in the agar gel diffusion under certain buffer conditions, strong precipitin reactions with polysaccharides of the galactan type, indicating that they may have lectin-like recognition sites.", "contents": "C-reactive protein (CRP), 9.5 salpha1-glycoprotein and C1q: serum proteins with lectin properties? The human serum proteins C-reactive protein (CRP), the 9.5 Salpha1-glycoprotein and C1q show, when tested in the agar gel diffusion under certain buffer conditions, strong precipitin reactions with polysaccharides of the galactan type, indicating that they may have lectin-like recognition sites.", "PMID": 425611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12836", "title": "[Recommendations regarding the standardization in m-mode- and two-dimensional echocargiography in the U.S.A. (author's transl)].", "content": "After a long discussion a standardization of quantitative measurements is m-mode echocardiography as well as standardization for displays of two-dimensional echocardiograms in the long and short axis views of the left ventricle was agreed upon in the U.S.A. in 1978. It seems to be reasonable to follow the recommendations in Germany also in order to have more uniformity in echocardiographic diagnosis. Standardization would help for the overall understanding of data between laboratories.", "contents": "[Recommendations regarding the standardization in m-mode- and two-dimensional echocargiography in the U.S.A. (author's transl)]. After a long discussion a standardization of quantitative measurements is m-mode echocardiography as well as standardization for displays of two-dimensional echocardiograms in the long and short axis views of the left ventricle was agreed upon in the U.S.A. in 1978. It seems to be reasonable to follow the recommendations in Germany also in order to have more uniformity in echocardiographic diagnosis. Standardization would help for the overall understanding of data between laboratories.", "PMID": 425612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12837", "title": "[Cutaneous thermography in changes of the peripheral vessels in traumatological practice (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on the method of cutaneous thermography in the diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis, acute and chronic thrombosis of the veins and arterial occlusion, in a case material of 80 patients. Cholesterol ester foils were used. Results indicate that this method supplies valuable information on local temperature increases thanks to its rapid, simple and non-hazardous application.", "contents": "[Cutaneous thermography in changes of the peripheral vessels in traumatological practice (author's transl)]. The article reports on the method of cutaneous thermography in the diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis, acute and chronic thrombosis of the veins and arterial occlusion, in a case material of 80 patients. Cholesterol ester foils were used. Results indicate that this method supplies valuable information on local temperature increases thanks to its rapid, simple and non-hazardous application.", "PMID": 425618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12838", "title": "[Comments on the lateral load capacity of the phalangeal joints (author's transl)].", "content": "The article compares the load capacity of the collateral ligaments of the metacarpo-phalangeal and interphalangeal joints exposed to a laterally applied force. The tests were performed in vivo with 50 each female and male volunteers. It was found that the average load capacity of the metacarpo-phalangeal and interphalangeal joints in women was 5.8 kp and in men 12.3 kp. Furthermore, the bones of the long fingers with the preserved joint capsules and collateral ligaments of ten corpses were also examined, and the collateral ligaments exposed to a load which was increased to the point of their destruction. The average values found in this manner were 26.5 kp for the metacarpo-phalangeal collateral ligaments and 15.4 kp for the interphalangeal collateral ligaments. This means that the pain threshold is usually below the destruction limit, so that generally there will be no spontaneous overloading. It is important for the construction of endoprostheses that their stability level should always be above that of the pain threshold and should attain at least the values of the tear tests, since otherwise these endoprotheses will not function properly. These basic prerequisites enable a comparative study of endoprostheses, the results of which will be presented at a later date.", "contents": "[Comments on the lateral load capacity of the phalangeal joints (author's transl)]. The article compares the load capacity of the collateral ligaments of the metacarpo-phalangeal and interphalangeal joints exposed to a laterally applied force. The tests were performed in vivo with 50 each female and male volunteers. It was found that the average load capacity of the metacarpo-phalangeal and interphalangeal joints in women was 5.8 kp and in men 12.3 kp. Furthermore, the bones of the long fingers with the preserved joint capsules and collateral ligaments of ten corpses were also examined, and the collateral ligaments exposed to a load which was increased to the point of their destruction. The average values found in this manner were 26.5 kp for the metacarpo-phalangeal collateral ligaments and 15.4 kp for the interphalangeal collateral ligaments. This means that the pain threshold is usually below the destruction limit, so that generally there will be no spontaneous overloading. It is important for the construction of endoprostheses that their stability level should always be above that of the pain threshold and should attain at least the values of the tear tests, since otherwise these endoprotheses will not function properly. These basic prerequisites enable a comparative study of endoprostheses, the results of which will be presented at a later date.", "PMID": 425620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12839", "title": "[Long-term results following synovectomy of the knee joint in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Late synovectomy of the knee joint in rheumatoid arthritis is considered by many authors as a positive influencing factor with regard to the local development of the disease at that particular site. Since this assumption is based on evaluation criteria which are by no means uniform, it has so far not been possible to compare the individual results achieved by different authors. For this reason, we conducted follow-up examinations of 57 knee joints in 44 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in whom the synovectomy had occurred at least five years ago, using the standardised follow-up scheme devised by Gschwent et al. Most of these cases represented a late synovectomy, as was evident from the duration of the disease and from Steinbrocker's stages. An analysis of the results showed that in our patients, pain and swelling were most impressively improved, in accordance with the reports made by other authors. Less impressive was the improvement of mobility following synovectomy. Despite increasing instability, it was usually possible to improve the ability of the patients to walk, especially in cases where this ability had been severely restricted. X-ray films showed in almost one-half of the cases that the objective finding had deteriorated, whereas in the other half of the patients the status was largely unchanged or even improved. We can sum up these results by stating that, taking into consideration the comparable results published in the literature regarding late synovectomy of the knee joint in rheumatoid arthritis, a positive influence exercised by late synovectomy on the local pathology can be assumed.", "contents": "[Long-term results following synovectomy of the knee joint in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. Late synovectomy of the knee joint in rheumatoid arthritis is considered by many authors as a positive influencing factor with regard to the local development of the disease at that particular site. Since this assumption is based on evaluation criteria which are by no means uniform, it has so far not been possible to compare the individual results achieved by different authors. For this reason, we conducted follow-up examinations of 57 knee joints in 44 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in whom the synovectomy had occurred at least five years ago, using the standardised follow-up scheme devised by Gschwent et al. Most of these cases represented a late synovectomy, as was evident from the duration of the disease and from Steinbrocker's stages. An analysis of the results showed that in our patients, pain and swelling were most impressively improved, in accordance with the reports made by other authors. Less impressive was the improvement of mobility following synovectomy. Despite increasing instability, it was usually possible to improve the ability of the patients to walk, especially in cases where this ability had been severely restricted. X-ray films showed in almost one-half of the cases that the objective finding had deteriorated, whereas in the other half of the patients the status was largely unchanged or even improved. We can sum up these results by stating that, taking into consideration the comparable results published in the literature regarding late synovectomy of the knee joint in rheumatoid arthritis, a positive influence exercised by late synovectomy on the local pathology can be assumed.", "PMID": 425622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12840", "title": "[A contribution to the recording and study of the disease pattern of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda (author's transl)].", "content": "This study aims at investigating in a group of thirty-five patients whether osteogenesis imperfecta tarda presents a uniform disease pattern in respect of clinical and roentgenological criteria, or whether it can be subdivided into clinical groups. Depending on the severity of the disease, it was possible to subdivide this into two groups: a severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda, and a bland form. This subdivision was effected according to the most conspicuous symptom of frequency of the fracture. The other symptoms do not allow any subdivision into groups since their occurrence is independent of the severity of the disease pattern.", "contents": "[A contribution to the recording and study of the disease pattern of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda (author's transl)]. This study aims at investigating in a group of thirty-five patients whether osteogenesis imperfecta tarda presents a uniform disease pattern in respect of clinical and roentgenological criteria, or whether it can be subdivided into clinical groups. Depending on the severity of the disease, it was possible to subdivide this into two groups: a severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda, and a bland form. This subdivision was effected according to the most conspicuous symptom of frequency of the fracture. The other symptoms do not allow any subdivision into groups since their occurrence is independent of the severity of the disease pattern.", "PMID": 425623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12841", "title": "[The isolated loss of extension of the great toe following osteotomy of the fibula (author's transl)].", "content": "A peroneal nerve palsy can be observed following operative procedures or traumatic lesions of the lower leg. Primary damage of the nerve must be differentiated from the tibialis-anterior syndrome and the pseudo-paralysis. Following corrective osteotomies of the tibia with dissection of the fibula in the upper or medial third isolated lesions of the extensor hallucis longus muscle can be seen. Electromyographic and anatomical studies reveal that they may be caused by an isolated damage of the motor nerve fibres connecting the deep branch of the peroneal nerve with the extensor hallucis longus muscle lying very close to the fibula. Suggestions how to avoid this damage are made in the paper.", "contents": "[The isolated loss of extension of the great toe following osteotomy of the fibula (author's transl)]. A peroneal nerve palsy can be observed following operative procedures or traumatic lesions of the lower leg. Primary damage of the nerve must be differentiated from the tibialis-anterior syndrome and the pseudo-paralysis. Following corrective osteotomies of the tibia with dissection of the fibula in the upper or medial third isolated lesions of the extensor hallucis longus muscle can be seen. Electromyographic and anatomical studies reveal that they may be caused by an isolated damage of the motor nerve fibres connecting the deep branch of the peroneal nerve with the extensor hallucis longus muscle lying very close to the fibula. Suggestions how to avoid this damage are made in the paper.", "PMID": 425624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12842", "title": "[Spasm of the adductor muscles, pre-dislocations and dislocations of the hip joints in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Clinical observations on aetiology, pathogenesis, therapy and rehabilitation. Part II. The importance of the iliopsoas tendon, its tenotomy, of the coxa valga antetorta, and correction through osteotomy turning the hip into varus (author's transl)].", "content": "The following factors besides spasm and contraction of the adductor muscles contribute to the occurrence of dislocations of the hip in spastic paralysis: Spasm and contraction of the iliopsoas muscle and enhanced valgus position and antetorsion. The author holds the opinion that in case of malformation of the proximal end of the femur, it is not only the indirect action of the spastic musculature via the proximal femur-epiphyseal cartilage which is responsible for this phenomen in accordance with the law on functional adaption through longitudinal growth (Pauwels), but also the direct traction of the iliopsoas tendon. A clue in this direction is the often very pronounced elongation or enlargement of the trochanter minor. The author demonstrates the pathogenetic importance of iliopsoas contracture and malpositioning of the neck of the femur by means of analyses of the course in two patients. The following principles of treatment are postulated for spastic dislocation of the hip: Elimination of the pathogenetic factors through myotenotomy of the adductor muscles and complete resection of the obturator nerve, with observation of strict aftertreatment criteria, tenotomy of the iliopsoas, repositioning and osteotomy with turning into varus. Osteotomy without previous elimination of the pathogenetically acting muscular forces does not appear useful. Likewise, permanent re-positioning by means of muscle-relaxing operation cannot be sufficiently safe-guarded without additional osteotomy once the dislocation has taken place. In twelve patients with spastic dislocation of the hip, treated in accordance with these guidelines (two without osteotomy) aged 6 6/12 and 19 5/12 years, a roentgenologically good result was obtained in half of the cases, whereas the functional result was satisfactory not only with these patients but also with part of the other patients. If surgical treatment is instituted early enough, and if the experiences described here are taken into consideration, it is to be expected that the results will be even more satisfactory. The corset supporting the seated patient, developed by us, has been found very useful during the aftertreatment stage. A definite stand is taken against the therapeutic nihilism which leaves treatment of spastic dislocations to physiotherapy. It is also pointed out that indication for treatment is not represented only by the target of learning how to walk, but also by providing an overall improvement of the life situation of the patient, by either enabling him, or improving his ability, to sit or by \"merely\" improving the care of the perineum.", "contents": "[Spasm of the adductor muscles, pre-dislocations and dislocations of the hip joints in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Clinical observations on aetiology, pathogenesis, therapy and rehabilitation. Part II. The importance of the iliopsoas tendon, its tenotomy, of the coxa valga antetorta, and correction through osteotomy turning the hip into varus (author's transl)]. The following factors besides spasm and contraction of the adductor muscles contribute to the occurrence of dislocations of the hip in spastic paralysis: Spasm and contraction of the iliopsoas muscle and enhanced valgus position and antetorsion. The author holds the opinion that in case of malformation of the proximal end of the femur, it is not only the indirect action of the spastic musculature via the proximal femur-epiphyseal cartilage which is responsible for this phenomen in accordance with the law on functional adaption through longitudinal growth (Pauwels), but also the direct traction of the iliopsoas tendon. A clue in this direction is the often very pronounced elongation or enlargement of the trochanter minor. The author demonstrates the pathogenetic importance of iliopsoas contracture and malpositioning of the neck of the femur by means of analyses of the course in two patients. The following principles of treatment are postulated for spastic dislocation of the hip: Elimination of the pathogenetic factors through myotenotomy of the adductor muscles and complete resection of the obturator nerve, with observation of strict aftertreatment criteria, tenotomy of the iliopsoas, repositioning and osteotomy with turning into varus. Osteotomy without previous elimination of the pathogenetically acting muscular forces does not appear useful. Likewise, permanent re-positioning by means of muscle-relaxing operation cannot be sufficiently safe-guarded without additional osteotomy once the dislocation has taken place. In twelve patients with spastic dislocation of the hip, treated in accordance with these guidelines (two without osteotomy) aged 6 6/12 and 19 5/12 years, a roentgenologically good result was obtained in half of the cases, whereas the functional result was satisfactory not only with these patients but also with part of the other patients. If surgical treatment is instituted early enough, and if the experiences described here are taken into consideration, it is to be expected that the results will be even more satisfactory. The corset supporting the seated patient, developed by us, has been found very useful during the aftertreatment stage. A definite stand is taken against the therapeutic nihilism which leaves treatment of spastic dislocations to physiotherapy. It is also pointed out that indication for treatment is not represented only by the target of learning how to walk, but also by providing an overall improvement of the life situation of the patient, by either enabling him, or improving his ability, to sit or by \"merely\" improving the care of the perineum.", "PMID": 425625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12843", "title": "[A technique for reproducible roentgenograms of the intercondylar sulcus for the study of the femoropatellar (author's transl)].", "content": "Roentgenographic documentation of certain features of FP-joint geometry and orientation may serve as guideline in deciding on the form of treatment for chondromalacia or recurrent patellar dislocation. Reproducible conditions for taking roentgen films are equally important for this purpose as well as for quantitative measurements and possible statistical work. A new positioning device for the patient's legs has been designed utilizing a parallellogram frame. The roentgenographic technique for skyline views at 30 degree, 60 degree and 90 degree inclination of the central beam relative to the femoral axis is described. The advantages over previous techniques are the ease of handling the positioning frame, the need for only vertical and horizontal adjustment of the roentgen tube, independence of the type of tube or table, reproducibility of cassette and patient positioning.", "contents": "[A technique for reproducible roentgenograms of the intercondylar sulcus for the study of the femoropatellar (author's transl)]. Roentgenographic documentation of certain features of FP-joint geometry and orientation may serve as guideline in deciding on the form of treatment for chondromalacia or recurrent patellar dislocation. Reproducible conditions for taking roentgen films are equally important for this purpose as well as for quantitative measurements and possible statistical work. A new positioning device for the patient's legs has been designed utilizing a parallellogram frame. The roentgenographic technique for skyline views at 30 degree, 60 degree and 90 degree inclination of the central beam relative to the femoral axis is described. The advantages over previous techniques are the ease of handling the positioning frame, the need for only vertical and horizontal adjustment of the roentgen tube, independence of the type of tube or table, reproducibility of cassette and patient positioning.", "PMID": 425626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12844", "title": "[The anatomical GT sledge endoprosthesis L\u00fcbeck (author's transl)].", "content": "In case of complete or partial destruction of articular surfaces of the knee joint where the ligamentous apparatus is present but probably insufficient, alloplastic substitution of the articular surfaces is indicated. To achieve mobility as ideally as possible, it will be necessary to shape the endoprosthetic parts in such a manner that the healthy knee joint is imitated as closely as ever possible. The anatomical GT sledge endoprosthesis L\u00fcbeck (Grundei--Thomas) was conceived with this view in mind. To preserve the knee-joint as a functional unit, all of its compartments were taken into consideration, in particular also the articulatio plana, or arthrodial joint. To perform implantation of these endoprosthetic parts without improvisation, the implantates must be prepared in accordance with surgical patterns. The high functional demands made on the knee joint can only be met by completely abandoning the simplified schematic shapes and by producing articular surface substitutes imitating the normal anatomic joints.", "contents": "[The anatomical GT sledge endoprosthesis L\u00fcbeck (author's transl)]. In case of complete or partial destruction of articular surfaces of the knee joint where the ligamentous apparatus is present but probably insufficient, alloplastic substitution of the articular surfaces is indicated. To achieve mobility as ideally as possible, it will be necessary to shape the endoprosthetic parts in such a manner that the healthy knee joint is imitated as closely as ever possible. The anatomical GT sledge endoprosthesis L\u00fcbeck (Grundei--Thomas) was conceived with this view in mind. To preserve the knee-joint as a functional unit, all of its compartments were taken into consideration, in particular also the articulatio plana, or arthrodial joint. To perform implantation of these endoprosthetic parts without improvisation, the implantates must be prepared in accordance with surgical patterns. The high functional demands made on the knee joint can only be met by completely abandoning the simplified schematic shapes and by producing articular surface substitutes imitating the normal anatomic joints.", "PMID": 425627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12845", "title": "[Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline during the healing period of bone fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "This article refers to the total hydroxyproline excretion during the healing period of bone fractures. The hydroxyprolyne excretion is twice as high in patients with fractures than in persons in good health. Its amount depends on the localisation of the fracture and the therapy chosen as well as the age of the patient. However, no significant therapeutic conclusions can be drawn from the quantitative analysis of hydroxyproline during the healing period of the bone fracture as far as the course of stabilization of the fracture is concerned.", "contents": "[Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline during the healing period of bone fractures (author's transl)]. This article refers to the total hydroxyproline excretion during the healing period of bone fractures. The hydroxyprolyne excretion is twice as high in patients with fractures than in persons in good health. Its amount depends on the localisation of the fracture and the therapy chosen as well as the age of the patient. However, no significant therapeutic conclusions can be drawn from the quantitative analysis of hydroxyproline during the healing period of the bone fracture as far as the course of stabilization of the fracture is concerned.", "PMID": 425628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12846", "title": "[Lysosomal enzymatic changes due to intra-articular treatment with polyvalent proteinase inhibitors (author's transl)].", "content": "In 30 cases of disease of the knee joint (9 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, 14 arthroses and 7 cases of posttraumatic postoperative synovitis), the quantitative changes of the four lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase, lactic acid dehydrogenase, cathepsin and proteins) was observed in the course of intra-articular treatment with Gordox. It was evident from the analysis of the enzyme determinations conducted within 5--30 days at various times, and from the clinical results of the treatment, that in the cured or improved cases, all four enzymes were reduced (6 patients), whereas, in 16 cases, three of the enzyme levels had decreased. The enzyme titer remained unchanged in those patients who had been treated without success. Although these results do not as yet allow any final conclusions with regard to the mechanisms of action of Gordox administered intraarticularly, they do indicate that further and even more thorough studies in this direction should be conducted.", "contents": "[Lysosomal enzymatic changes due to intra-articular treatment with polyvalent proteinase inhibitors (author's transl)]. In 30 cases of disease of the knee joint (9 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, 14 arthroses and 7 cases of posttraumatic postoperative synovitis), the quantitative changes of the four lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase, lactic acid dehydrogenase, cathepsin and proteins) was observed in the course of intra-articular treatment with Gordox. It was evident from the analysis of the enzyme determinations conducted within 5--30 days at various times, and from the clinical results of the treatment, that in the cured or improved cases, all four enzymes were reduced (6 patients), whereas, in 16 cases, three of the enzyme levels had decreased. The enzyme titer remained unchanged in those patients who had been treated without success. Although these results do not as yet allow any final conclusions with regard to the mechanisms of action of Gordox administered intraarticularly, they do indicate that further and even more thorough studies in this direction should be conducted.", "PMID": 425629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12847", "title": "[A rare case of so-called idiopathic osteolysis associated with a lymphangioma of the fibula (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 70-year old female patient, a so-called idiopathic massive osteolysis with destruction of the proximal right femur within six months, was observed. Histologically, the following conditions were found at the time of resection: a stroma rich in fibres, with the inclusion of blood vessels, as well as an osteoclastic absorption which was still clearly active at the margins, besides marginally defined processes of bone formation. A good functional result without progressing osteolysis at the femur was achieved via a total endoprosthetic replacement of the right hip joint. Within the following three years, polycystic intramedullar osteolysis developed from a slight loosening of the spongiosa in the right head of the fibula. In contrast to the changes which had occurred at the femur, this was a clear case of a rare intraosseous lymphangioma.", "contents": "[A rare case of so-called idiopathic osteolysis associated with a lymphangioma of the fibula (author's transl)]. In a 70-year old female patient, a so-called idiopathic massive osteolysis with destruction of the proximal right femur within six months, was observed. Histologically, the following conditions were found at the time of resection: a stroma rich in fibres, with the inclusion of blood vessels, as well as an osteoclastic absorption which was still clearly active at the margins, besides marginally defined processes of bone formation. A good functional result without progressing osteolysis at the femur was achieved via a total endoprosthetic replacement of the right hip joint. Within the following three years, polycystic intramedullar osteolysis developed from a slight loosening of the spongiosa in the right head of the fibula. In contrast to the changes which had occurred at the femur, this was a clear case of a rare intraosseous lymphangioma.", "PMID": 425630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12848", "title": "[Surgical treatment of chondromalacia patellae according to Maquet/Bandi--indication, technique, results (author's transl)].", "content": "Degenerative changes of the femoropatellar joint are being observed increasingly more often. These may be due to various disturbances of the gliding movement and gliding plane. The article describes the clinical and x-ray symptoms and the therapy; in most cases, additional surgery will be necessary besides antepositioning according to the technique described by Bandi.--Follow-up examinations of 32 patients showed that in 28 of 35 surgically treated knee joints, a positive influence had been exercised on the complaints, load capacity and walking distance.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of chondromalacia patellae according to Maquet/Bandi--indication, technique, results (author's transl)]. Degenerative changes of the femoropatellar joint are being observed increasingly more often. These may be due to various disturbances of the gliding movement and gliding plane. The article describes the clinical and x-ray symptoms and the therapy; in most cases, additional surgery will be necessary besides antepositioning according to the technique described by Bandi.--Follow-up examinations of 32 patients showed that in 28 of 35 surgically treated knee joints, a positive influence had been exercised on the complaints, load capacity and walking distance.", "PMID": 425631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12849", "title": "Current status of hormone receptors in human breast cancer.", "content": "In an effort to improve the response rate to endocrine manipulation in patients with metastatic breast cancer, there has been vigorous inquiry into the mechanism of action of steroid hormones. The author discusses the value of receptor assays, specifically recommending the measurement of the estrogen receptor status of every breast cancer.", "contents": "Current status of hormone receptors in human breast cancer. In an effort to improve the response rate to endocrine manipulation in patients with metastatic breast cancer, there has been vigorous inquiry into the mechanism of action of steroid hormones. The author discusses the value of receptor assays, specifically recommending the measurement of the estrogen receptor status of every breast cancer.", "PMID": 425677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12850", "title": "[Determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid-alkylesters and in the corresponding herbicide formulations (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described for the determination of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4,5-T), 2,4,5-T-Akylesters and commercial herbicide formulations containing these substances. TCDD is extracted from alkaline solution with n-hexane and purified by column chromatography on silica gel and Florisil. TCDD is determined by gas-liquid chromatography with EC-detection. For TCDD-additions of 20 micron/kg to herbicide formulations recoveries of dioxin are 96--104%. The detection limit is about 5 microgram/kg 2,4,5-T.", "contents": "[Determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid-alkylesters and in the corresponding herbicide formulations (author's transl)]. A method is described for the determination of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4,5-T), 2,4,5-T-Akylesters and commercial herbicide formulations containing these substances. TCDD is extracted from alkaline solution with n-hexane and purified by column chromatography on silica gel and Florisil. TCDD is determined by gas-liquid chromatography with EC-detection. For TCDD-additions of 20 micron/kg to herbicide formulations recoveries of dioxin are 96--104%. The detection limit is about 5 microgram/kg 2,4,5-T.", "PMID": 425703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12851", "title": "[Vitamin A in irradiated foodstuffs (author's transl)].", "content": "Vitamin A losses induced by 10 MeV electrons in cream cheese, calf liver sausage, pig liver, whole egg powder and margarine continued to increase during storage for 4--8 weeks in presence of air. Thus vitamin A loss in sausage irradiated with 5 Mrad was 22% on the day after irradiation, 61% after 4 weeks. Irradiation and storage at 0 degrees C instead of at ambient temperature reduced these losses considerably. Exclusion of air (vacuum, nitrogen) or irradiation on dry ice (approx. -80 degrees C) were even more effective in preventing destruction of vitamin A. After 4 weeks of storage, cream cheese irradiated at 5 Mrad had lost 60% when irradiated and stored in air at ambient temperature, 20% in nitrogen atmosphere, 5% in vacuum package, and 5% when irradiated on dry ice and stored at ambient temperature.", "contents": "[Vitamin A in irradiated foodstuffs (author's transl)]. Vitamin A losses induced by 10 MeV electrons in cream cheese, calf liver sausage, pig liver, whole egg powder and margarine continued to increase during storage for 4--8 weeks in presence of air. Thus vitamin A loss in sausage irradiated with 5 Mrad was 22% on the day after irradiation, 61% after 4 weeks. Irradiation and storage at 0 degrees C instead of at ambient temperature reduced these losses considerably. Exclusion of air (vacuum, nitrogen) or irradiation on dry ice (approx. -80 degrees C) were even more effective in preventing destruction of vitamin A. After 4 weeks of storage, cream cheese irradiated at 5 Mrad had lost 60% when irradiated and stored in air at ambient temperature, 20% in nitrogen atmosphere, 5% in vacuum package, and 5% when irradiated on dry ice and stored at ambient temperature.", "PMID": 425704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12852", "title": "[Simultaneous determination of lysine, lysinoalanine, furosine, and pyridosine in food and feed (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for the simultaneous separation and determination of lysinoalanine (LAL), lysine, furosine and pyridosine with an automatic amino acid analyzer using a single Column 4 buffer- and 3 temperature-programme is described. The procedure needs 160 Minutes analysis time and allows a separation and quantitative determination of LAL, when present in amounts of more than 100 ppm (semiquantitative above 10 ppm). All amino acids found in food proteins and all other ninhydrinpositive compounds tested until now do not interfere with the determination.", "contents": "[Simultaneous determination of lysine, lysinoalanine, furosine, and pyridosine in food and feed (author's transl)]. A method for the simultaneous separation and determination of lysinoalanine (LAL), lysine, furosine and pyridosine with an automatic amino acid analyzer using a single Column 4 buffer- and 3 temperature-programme is described. The procedure needs 160 Minutes analysis time and allows a separation and quantitative determination of LAL, when present in amounts of more than 100 ppm (semiquantitative above 10 ppm). All amino acids found in food proteins and all other ninhydrinpositive compounds tested until now do not interfere with the determination.", "PMID": 425705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12853", "title": "[Assay of vitamin B1 in food and biological material (author's transl].", "content": "A fluorometric method for the estimation of the vitamin B1 content in food and biological materials is described. Acid hydrolysis is followed by enzymatic treatment to liberate the vitamin B1 of the sample. Interfering substances in the extract are removed to a great extent by chromatography on Amberlite CG 50, a weakly acidic cation exchanger. After oxidation and extraction into an organic medium, the fluorescence of thiochrome is measured. The procedure is simple, reproducible and not susceptible to interference. The recoveries are good.", "contents": "[Assay of vitamin B1 in food and biological material (author's transl]. A fluorometric method for the estimation of the vitamin B1 content in food and biological materials is described. Acid hydrolysis is followed by enzymatic treatment to liberate the vitamin B1 of the sample. Interfering substances in the extract are removed to a great extent by chromatography on Amberlite CG 50, a weakly acidic cation exchanger. After oxidation and extraction into an organic medium, the fluorescence of thiochrome is measured. The procedure is simple, reproducible and not susceptible to interference. The recoveries are good.", "PMID": 425706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12854", "title": "[Analytical characterization of palatinit (author's transl)].", "content": "The reaction product of the catalytic hydrogenation of isomaltulose (palatinose) is a mixture of alpha-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-sorbitol and alpha-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-mannitol designated palatinit. Because of its high potential as a sugar substitute methods for the identification and characterization of hydrogenation products and for the determination of palatinit as an ingredient in food preparations and biological samples are required. Several working procedures are described in full detail including thin layer and gas chromatography as well as enzymatic and chemical determinations.", "contents": "[Analytical characterization of palatinit (author's transl)]. The reaction product of the catalytic hydrogenation of isomaltulose (palatinose) is a mixture of alpha-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-sorbitol and alpha-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-mannitol designated palatinit. Because of its high potential as a sugar substitute methods for the identification and characterization of hydrogenation products and for the determination of palatinit as an ingredient in food preparations and biological samples are required. Several working procedures are described in full detail including thin layer and gas chromatography as well as enzymatic and chemical determinations.", "PMID": 425707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12855", "title": "[Suicide in Switzerland 1876-1977].", "content": "To make statements about the evolution of suicide frequency, one has to analyse long periods. The Federal Bureau of Statistics disposes of data since 1876. When treating the statistics material of such as long period, changes in the \"dark-numbers\" have to be considered for they can simulate (false) tendencies. There are various reasons to assume that the dark-numbers today are smaller than at the end of the last and at the beginning of this century. A separated analysis according to age-groups brings more specific results for the size of the dark-number as well as its changes varies from age-group to age-group. In Switzerland the suicide rate of males above 30 years of age is low presently than at the begining of this century, whereas the suicide rate of males below 30 years (without regard to fluctuations) is practically the same. Since the Second World War, the suicide rate of females oscillates within a range of near-constancy. Prospective statements cannot be made. The calculated suicide rates since 1971 are only provisonal, for the basic population sizes are estimated.", "contents": "[Suicide in Switzerland 1876-1977]. To make statements about the evolution of suicide frequency, one has to analyse long periods. The Federal Bureau of Statistics disposes of data since 1876. When treating the statistics material of such as long period, changes in the \"dark-numbers\" have to be considered for they can simulate (false) tendencies. There are various reasons to assume that the dark-numbers today are smaller than at the end of the last and at the beginning of this century. A separated analysis according to age-groups brings more specific results for the size of the dark-number as well as its changes varies from age-group to age-group. In Switzerland the suicide rate of males above 30 years of age is low presently than at the begining of this century, whereas the suicide rate of males below 30 years (without regard to fluctuations) is practically the same. Since the Second World War, the suicide rate of females oscillates within a range of near-constancy. Prospective statements cannot be made. The calculated suicide rates since 1971 are only provisonal, for the basic population sizes are estimated.", "PMID": 425708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12856", "title": "[Suicide prevention: role and efficacy of telephone assistance services].", "content": "This paper deals with the effectiveness of emergency telephonic help services in suicide prevention; it gives an historical account, describes the activity of Geneva's \"Main Tendue\" and proposes some practical principles on emergency telephonic help. 41 calls of 35 callers of Geneva's telephonic help service are briefly analyzed. A review of the literature available on this subject leaves a pessimistic impression about effectiveness of such services.", "contents": "[Suicide prevention: role and efficacy of telephone assistance services]. This paper deals with the effectiveness of emergency telephonic help services in suicide prevention; it gives an historical account, describes the activity of Geneva's \"Main Tendue\" and proposes some practical principles on emergency telephonic help. 41 calls of 35 callers of Geneva's telephonic help service are briefly analyzed. A review of the literature available on this subject leaves a pessimistic impression about effectiveness of such services.", "PMID": 425709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12857", "title": "[The increase in suicide in psychiatric hospitals. Facts, causes and prevention].", "content": "In the psychiatric clinics of five countries and in ours as well, suicides have significantly increased since the twenties, and many times more than in the general population. This trend is probably not due to change in the sociographic and diagnostic composition of admitted patients but to more liberal hospital treatment and more active rehabilitation. In order to prevent suicide in the clinic, it has to be kept in mind that what proves to be an asset for the great majority of patients may be detrimental for a minority.", "contents": "[The increase in suicide in psychiatric hospitals. Facts, causes and prevention]. In the psychiatric clinics of five countries and in ours as well, suicides have significantly increased since the twenties, and many times more than in the general population. This trend is probably not due to change in the sociographic and diagnostic composition of admitted patients but to more liberal hospital treatment and more active rehabilitation. In order to prevent suicide in the clinic, it has to be kept in mind that what proves to be an asset for the great majority of patients may be detrimental for a minority.", "PMID": 425711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12858", "title": "[Suicide and endogenous psychosis].", "content": "The frequency of suicide among a population of 675 patients with functional psychoses, within a period of observation between 9 and 24 years, was 5.5%. Suicide was the cause of death in 25.6% of all lethal outcomes. The suicide frequency of schizophrenics was 1.4%, of the bipolar cases 2.4% of the monopolar depressives 10.4%. The frequency of suicide of the parents and sibs of schizophrenics was 1.3%, of schizoaffectives 3.8%, monopolar depressives 4.2%, bipolar affective psychotics 4.3%. There was no sex difference in regard to suicide frequency but in regard to the choice of suicide means (strangulation in male, poisoning and submersion in female relatives).", "contents": "[Suicide and endogenous psychosis]. The frequency of suicide among a population of 675 patients with functional psychoses, within a period of observation between 9 and 24 years, was 5.5%. Suicide was the cause of death in 25.6% of all lethal outcomes. The suicide frequency of schizophrenics was 1.4%, of the bipolar cases 2.4% of the monopolar depressives 10.4%. The frequency of suicide of the parents and sibs of schizophrenics was 1.3%, of schizoaffectives 3.8%, monopolar depressives 4.2%, bipolar affective psychotics 4.3%. There was no sex difference in regard to suicide frequency but in regard to the choice of suicide means (strangulation in male, poisoning and submersion in female relatives).", "PMID": 425712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12859", "title": "[Suicidal thoughts, personality structure and social problems in 19-year-old Zuricher adolescents].", "content": "A sample of 586 19-year old male adolescents from the canton of Zurich was examined 446 of the adolescents surveyed, i.e. 76.1%, indicated that they had never entertained thoughts of suicide, while 140, i.e. 23.9%, had already thought of commiting suicide. These two groups are compared with regard to various personal und sociographic data, as well as to their personality structure. The significance of important conflicts leading to thought of suicide is discussed.", "contents": "[Suicidal thoughts, personality structure and social problems in 19-year-old Zuricher adolescents]. A sample of 586 19-year old male adolescents from the canton of Zurich was examined 446 of the adolescents surveyed, i.e. 76.1%, indicated that they had never entertained thoughts of suicide, while 140, i.e. 23.9%, had already thought of commiting suicide. These two groups are compared with regard to various personal und sociographic data, as well as to their personality structure. The significance of important conflicts leading to thought of suicide is discussed.", "PMID": 425714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12860", "title": "[Attempted suicide and care channels: towards a comprehension of therapeutic measures].", "content": "The authors study the various aspects of the 484 attempts of suicide examined over the year 1974 at the Psychiatric Policlinic of the Geneva Cantonal Hospital. After having established the specific data inherent to this population, the main object of this paper consists in studying the different kinds of previous treatments given and their reconduction or modification following the suicide attempt. The influence of both the \"suicidal story\" and further parameters is approached. Some learnings as to the therapy to be applied are drawn from the results achieved.", "contents": "[Attempted suicide and care channels: towards a comprehension of therapeutic measures]. The authors study the various aspects of the 484 attempts of suicide examined over the year 1974 at the Psychiatric Policlinic of the Geneva Cantonal Hospital. After having established the specific data inherent to this population, the main object of this paper consists in studying the different kinds of previous treatments given and their reconduction or modification following the suicide attempt. The influence of both the \"suicidal story\" and further parameters is approached. Some learnings as to the therapy to be applied are drawn from the results achieved.", "PMID": 425715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12861", "title": "[Suicide attempts in the Fribourg Canton. II. Suicide attempts in patients of the Marsens psychiatric hospital in the period from August 1st 1977 till July 31st 1978].", "content": "Subject of these two papers are the suicidal attempts in the Canton of Fribourg: - The first considers their admissions to the Cantonal Hospital at Fribourg. - The second, to the Psychiatric Clinic at Marsens This is a relatively restricted choice because may patients do not come to these hospitals. They are examined by a general practitioner or admitted to a private or a district hospital. The first paper analyzes the personaltiy types and emphasizes the rapidity of medical intervention and the cooperation between psychiatrists and other physicians and health personnel. The second paper is a statistical attempts, their numbers and their repetition, according also to the sex of the patients. Some considerations are made on preventive measures.", "contents": "[Suicide attempts in the Fribourg Canton. II. Suicide attempts in patients of the Marsens psychiatric hospital in the period from August 1st 1977 till July 31st 1978]. Subject of these two papers are the suicidal attempts in the Canton of Fribourg: - The first considers their admissions to the Cantonal Hospital at Fribourg. - The second, to the Psychiatric Clinic at Marsens This is a relatively restricted choice because may patients do not come to these hospitals. They are examined by a general practitioner or admitted to a private or a district hospital. The first paper analyzes the personaltiy types and emphasizes the rapidity of medical intervention and the cooperation between psychiatrists and other physicians and health personnel. The second paper is a statistical attempts, their numbers and their repetition, according also to the sex of the patients. Some considerations are made on preventive measures.", "PMID": 425717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12862", "title": "[The future of suicidal patients admitted to a general hospital. Comparative study of 2 methods of prevention recurrence and of suicides].", "content": "This is a comparative study of two groups of suicide attempters admitted in a general hospital, who were treated in different ways. The 143 attempters of the \"systematically treated group (STG)\" were proposed the classical therapeutic measures (supportive psychotherapy, psychiatric hospitalization, crisis interventions within couples or families, mixed interventions with the above treatments, psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy, etc.), plus ambulatory controls (a few days after discharge from the general hospital, after one month, three months, six months, a year, and two years). The 145 attempters of the \"reference group (RG)\" were proposed the classical measures only. All the attempters of both groups had a follow-up after two years. The results suggest the controls to be probably responsible for the difference of relapses and committed suicides between the two groups. More indirectly, this study facilitated a further analysis of the relational problems between suicide attempters and staff, and among staff members themselves. The consequences were a modification of some attitudes of the staff toward the attempters and their significant others, and a new collaboration for an interdisciplinary clinical research.", "contents": "[The future of suicidal patients admitted to a general hospital. Comparative study of 2 methods of prevention recurrence and of suicides]. This is a comparative study of two groups of suicide attempters admitted in a general hospital, who were treated in different ways. The 143 attempters of the \"systematically treated group (STG)\" were proposed the classical therapeutic measures (supportive psychotherapy, psychiatric hospitalization, crisis interventions within couples or families, mixed interventions with the above treatments, psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy, etc.), plus ambulatory controls (a few days after discharge from the general hospital, after one month, three months, six months, a year, and two years). The 145 attempters of the \"reference group (RG)\" were proposed the classical measures only. All the attempters of both groups had a follow-up after two years. The results suggest the controls to be probably responsible for the difference of relapses and committed suicides between the two groups. More indirectly, this study facilitated a further analysis of the relational problems between suicide attempters and staff, and among staff members themselves. The consequences were a modification of some attitudes of the staff toward the attempters and their significant others, and a new collaboration for an interdisciplinary clinical research.", "PMID": 425718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12863", "title": "[The Psychiatric and Social-Communication Record, an instrument for the standardized inventory of neurotic findings].", "content": "The comparable documentation of neurotic conditions is a supposition for the scientific access to neuroses, especially concerning psychotherapy research and epidemiology. Efforts on this field have rarely brought satisfying results. This paper shows the construction and the application of a documentary scheme, which describes neurotic conditions under a psychoanalytic point of view and accentuates the aspect of interpersonal relationships: The psychic and socialcommunicative report (PSB). In contrast to other charts, PSB avoids the use of psychoanalytic theory and of psychopathological terms and describes neurotic traits in everyday-language, which makes the system easy to use. After the psychoanalytic interview the investigator or therapist does a rating of the 82 PSB-items. This gives both a quantitative and qualitative description of the neurotic disease. In several projects including follow-up studies of psychotherapy-patients PSB-instrument was useful for important questions of psychotherapy research. The combination of PSB with documentation of patient's life-data allows correlation of \"soft\" personality-data and \"hard\" social data. In medical student's training PSB helps to teach systematic examination of neurotic patients.", "contents": "[The Psychiatric and Social-Communication Record, an instrument for the standardized inventory of neurotic findings]. The comparable documentation of neurotic conditions is a supposition for the scientific access to neuroses, especially concerning psychotherapy research and epidemiology. Efforts on this field have rarely brought satisfying results. This paper shows the construction and the application of a documentary scheme, which describes neurotic conditions under a psychoanalytic point of view and accentuates the aspect of interpersonal relationships: The psychic and socialcommunicative report (PSB). In contrast to other charts, PSB avoids the use of psychoanalytic theory and of psychopathological terms and describes neurotic traits in everyday-language, which makes the system easy to use. After the psychoanalytic interview the investigator or therapist does a rating of the 82 PSB-items. This gives both a quantitative and qualitative description of the neurotic disease. In several projects including follow-up studies of psychotherapy-patients PSB-instrument was useful for important questions of psychotherapy research. The combination of PSB with documentation of patient's life-data allows correlation of \"soft\" personality-data and \"hard\" social data. In medical student's training PSB helps to teach systematic examination of neurotic patients.", "PMID": 425725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12864", "title": "[Money in psychoanalytic treatment].", "content": "The appreciation of money as a medium of exchange strongly depends on the experienced type of reciprocal action between individual and environment. Money claims during treatment activate problems in particular with primary reference persons, but also with the enlarged cultural milieu and cause a structural specific experience and elaboration both with the patient and the therapeutist. The chances and dangers of treatment paid by the insurance have already been pointed out.", "contents": "[Money in psychoanalytic treatment]. The appreciation of money as a medium of exchange strongly depends on the experienced type of reciprocal action between individual and environment. Money claims during treatment activate problems in particular with primary reference persons, but also with the enlarged cultural milieu and cause a structural specific experience and elaboration both with the patient and the therapeutist. The chances and dangers of treatment paid by the insurance have already been pointed out.", "PMID": 425726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12865", "title": "[Psychoanalytic setting and technic as forms of interpersonal relations].", "content": "Psychoanalytic attitude, technique and setting are considered forms of real human interaction which the patient will internalize during the course of analysis. Using case material, some of the aspects of \"classic\" technique are compared to different forms of pathogenic interaction in the patients' families. It can be demonstrated that the same behavior on the part of the analyst can have quite different effects, depending on the interaction pattern internalized. Some aspects of technique may effect a new interactional experience or may be re-traumatizing or may be a joint acting out of a defense pattern. As the effect will mostly be due to the previous experience of the patient, not a general change, but flexibility in the use of technique is warranted. Such flexibility would also be apt to prevent \"professional deformation\" (D\u00e9formation professionelle) in the analyst.", "contents": "[Psychoanalytic setting and technic as forms of interpersonal relations]. Psychoanalytic attitude, technique and setting are considered forms of real human interaction which the patient will internalize during the course of analysis. Using case material, some of the aspects of \"classic\" technique are compared to different forms of pathogenic interaction in the patients' families. It can be demonstrated that the same behavior on the part of the analyst can have quite different effects, depending on the interaction pattern internalized. Some aspects of technique may effect a new interactional experience or may be re-traumatizing or may be a joint acting out of a defense pattern. As the effect will mostly be due to the previous experience of the patient, not a general change, but flexibility in the use of technique is warranted. Such flexibility would also be apt to prevent \"professional deformation\" (D\u00e9formation professionelle) in the analyst.", "PMID": 425727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12866", "title": "[Psychodynamics of psychogenic somnolence (secondary narcolepsy). Case report].", "content": "The therapy of a patient suffering from secondary narcolepsy is described. The illness and the function of the symptom as a defense-mechanism are analysed. Sleep appears to be an ontogenetically archaic reaction to extreme--real and neurotic--dangers, which there is not possibility to escape from. The defense against extreme dangers is the withdrawal of all object-cathexis; following Freuds explanations this means: Sleep. In the patient the danger consisted of a regression to a narcisstic position: The symptom helped to avoid a separation of instincts in form of on the one hand narcisstic rage, on the other hand symbiosis. Taking into account the ideas of Spitz, the concept of fusion and separation of instincts is discussed.20", "contents": "[Psychodynamics of psychogenic somnolence (secondary narcolepsy). Case report]. The therapy of a patient suffering from secondary narcolepsy is described. The illness and the function of the symptom as a defense-mechanism are analysed. Sleep appears to be an ontogenetically archaic reaction to extreme--real and neurotic--dangers, which there is not possibility to escape from. The defense against extreme dangers is the withdrawal of all object-cathexis; following Freuds explanations this means: Sleep. In the patient the danger consisted of a regression to a narcisstic position: The symptom helped to avoid a separation of instincts in form of on the one hand narcisstic rage, on the other hand symbiosis. Taking into account the ideas of Spitz, the concept of fusion and separation of instincts is discussed.20", "PMID": 425728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12867", "title": "[An undisguised case history in an example of contemporary literature. Psychoanalytic reflections on K. Struck's \"The Mother\"].", "content": "The novel \"The Mother\" by K. Struck describes the protagonist's intensive experiences between her great desires, disappointment and hatred. In this connection her own disturbed child-mother relation and its negative effects on her relation towards other persons and her mother role is revealed. Thy are explained by psychoanalytic principles.", "contents": "[An undisguised case history in an example of contemporary literature. Psychoanalytic reflections on K. Struck's \"The Mother\"]. The novel \"The Mother\" by K. Struck describes the protagonist's intensive experiences between her great desires, disappointment and hatred. In this connection her own disturbed child-mother relation and its negative effects on her relation towards other persons and her mother role is revealed. Thy are explained by psychoanalytic principles.", "PMID": 425729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12868", "title": "[Selected aspects of percutaneous renal bipsy].", "content": "In connection with the complications after percutaneous renal biopsy is reported on a collecting statistics in which 16,644 renal biopsies are analysed which are performed in 51 nephrological centres of the GDR. On the basis of the same material the question was examined to what extent the frequency of biopsy has influence on the complication rate. With the help of an own investigation material of 3,122 renal biopsies the importance of the puncture of neighbour organs of the kidney is examined which with 3.3% is indeed relatively often, but is apparantly of only insignificant clinical relevance. Summarizing the contraindications of the renal biopsy are described, and the indications, issuing from the practical necessity and the importance for the patient are explained. The problem of the repeated biopsies is discussed under the aspect of the statement ability and the influence on decisive changes of therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Selected aspects of percutaneous renal bipsy]. In connection with the complications after percutaneous renal biopsy is reported on a collecting statistics in which 16,644 renal biopsies are analysed which are performed in 51 nephrological centres of the GDR. On the basis of the same material the question was examined to what extent the frequency of biopsy has influence on the complication rate. With the help of an own investigation material of 3,122 renal biopsies the importance of the puncture of neighbour organs of the kidney is examined which with 3.3% is indeed relatively often, but is apparantly of only insignificant clinical relevance. Summarizing the contraindications of the renal biopsy are described, and the indications, issuing from the practical necessity and the importance for the patient are explained. The problem of the repeated biopsies is discussed under the aspect of the statement ability and the influence on decisive changes of therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 425730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12869", "title": "[Removal of substances with low and medium molecular weight by repeated application of C-DAK-capillary  dialysers].", "content": "The capillary dialysator type C-DAK (Cordis Dow Mod. 4) can according to the regeneration method described be used three times as valid membrane for the elimination of the small as well as of the medium-sized molecules from the serum in the same patient.", "contents": "[Removal of substances with low and medium molecular weight by repeated application of C-DAK-capillary  dialysers]. The capillary dialysator type C-DAK (Cordis Dow Mod. 4) can according to the regeneration method described be used three times as valid membrane for the elimination of the small as well as of the medium-sized molecules from the serum in the same patient.", "PMID": 425731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12870", "title": "[Hemodynamic changes during ultrafiltration and hemodialysis in uremia].", "content": "1. The ultrafiltration causes a reduction of blood pressure and minute output of the heart which is compensated by vasoconstriction and thus a decrease of blood pressure is prevented. 2. Changes in the salt concentrations with reduction of the osmolarity during the dialysis without simultaneous ultrafiltration lead to vasodilation and hypotension despite increase of the minute output of the heart. 3. During a usual haemodialysis (i.e. dialysis with simultaneous ultrafiltration) the vasodilating effect of the dialysis may abolish the vasoconstrictive effect of the ultrafiltration and thus may be the cause of the hypotension.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic changes during ultrafiltration and hemodialysis in uremia]. 1. The ultrafiltration causes a reduction of blood pressure and minute output of the heart which is compensated by vasoconstriction and thus a decrease of blood pressure is prevented. 2. Changes in the salt concentrations with reduction of the osmolarity during the dialysis without simultaneous ultrafiltration lead to vasodilation and hypotension despite increase of the minute output of the heart. 3. During a usual haemodialysis (i.e. dialysis with simultaneous ultrafiltration) the vasodilating effect of the dialysis may abolish the vasoconstrictive effect of the ultrafiltration and thus may be the cause of the hypotension.", "PMID": 425732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12871", "title": "[Dialysis costs. 2. Ward-integrated dialysis].", "content": "It is described how with a small personnel and material expenditure in a nephrologic ward since several years haemodialytic therapies are performed successfully and effectively. The expenses for this form of dialysis integrated into the ward were compared with those in the dialysis centre. Demands of cost and personnel are essentially lower. In this paper the suggestion shall be given to test the organization of similar dialysis units in other places. The fund at disposal would then used more rationally and the degree of care for patients who need this therapy improved.", "contents": "[Dialysis costs. 2. Ward-integrated dialysis]. It is described how with a small personnel and material expenditure in a nephrologic ward since several years haemodialytic therapies are performed successfully and effectively. The expenses for this form of dialysis integrated into the ward were compared with those in the dialysis centre. Demands of cost and personnel are essentially lower. In this paper the suggestion shall be given to test the organization of similar dialysis units in other places. The fund at disposal would then used more rationally and the degree of care for patients who need this therapy improved.", "PMID": 425733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12872", "title": "[Automatic regeneration of capillary dialysers].", "content": "First results of an automatically working regeneration apparatus for capillary dialysators in 200 dialyses allow the on an average tenfold use of the dialysator CDAK 4. In this case a reduction of the effective surface to 70% of the initial value must be taken into bargain. Pyrogenic reactions or bacterial contamination of the regenerated dialysators were not taken into consideration. This method is recommended as transitional solution up to the industrial production of cheap dialysators for a single use.", "contents": "[Automatic regeneration of capillary dialysers]. First results of an automatically working regeneration apparatus for capillary dialysators in 200 dialyses allow the on an average tenfold use of the dialysator CDAK 4. In this case a reduction of the effective surface to 70% of the initial value must be taken into bargain. Pyrogenic reactions or bacterial contamination of the regenerated dialysators were not taken into consideration. This method is recommended as transitional solution up to the industrial production of cheap dialysators for a single use.", "PMID": 425734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12873", "title": "[Treatment of glomerulonephritis].", "content": "The therapeutic effect of the prednisone therapy, of the short-time (duration of treatment 2-4 months) and of the long-term (duration of treatment 1.5 to 2 years) imuran and prednisone therapy was investigated on 218 patients with chronic, functionally compensated glomerulonephritis. The importance of the urine symptomatology for the control of the therapeutic success and for the prognosis of the disease was elaborated. Corresponding to the clinical picture the experiment of a clinical classification of the chronic glomerulonephritis was performed.", "contents": "[Treatment of glomerulonephritis]. The therapeutic effect of the prednisone therapy, of the short-time (duration of treatment 2-4 months) and of the long-term (duration of treatment 1.5 to 2 years) imuran and prednisone therapy was investigated on 218 patients with chronic, functionally compensated glomerulonephritis. The importance of the urine symptomatology for the control of the therapeutic success and for the prognosis of the disease was elaborated. Corresponding to the clinical picture the experiment of a clinical classification of the chronic glomerulonephritis was performed.", "PMID": 425735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12874", "title": "[Lactation inhibition by the early postpartum administration of Methylergobrevin].", "content": "Lactation was found to be significantly inhibited by greater than or equal to 2.0 mg methylergometrin-bimaleinate administered during the early postpartal period, particularly when the treatment was started as early as on the first or second day of puerperium. Therefore, such ergometrin treatment should be avoided as far as possible in order to improve breast-feeding, which was shown to be of great importance for the mental, psychic and physical development of the newborn.", "contents": "[Lactation inhibition by the early postpartum administration of Methylergobrevin]. Lactation was found to be significantly inhibited by greater than or equal to 2.0 mg methylergometrin-bimaleinate administered during the early postpartal period, particularly when the treatment was started as early as on the first or second day of puerperium. Therefore, such ergometrin treatment should be avoided as far as possible in order to improve breast-feeding, which was shown to be of great importance for the mental, psychic and physical development of the newborn.", "PMID": 425743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12875", "title": "[Normal values of fetal heart rate in the 5th to 18th weeks of pregnancy (in vivo and in vitro studies)].", "content": "The normal values of the foetal heart rate (FHR) in early pregnancy were determined in utero by Doppler ultrasound technique and in vitro on isolated, in nutrient solution surviving, foetal hearts obtained from termination of pregnancy. The early heart rate was found to be surprisingly high in 354 successful ultrasonic examinations. In the eighth week the average FHR was 178 min-1. In the course of pregnancy there was a gradual decrease in FHR and in the 17th-18th week it reached 140 min-1 characteristic of the human foetus. Similar data were obtained under in vitro conditions.", "contents": "[Normal values of fetal heart rate in the 5th to 18th weeks of pregnancy (in vivo and in vitro studies)]. The normal values of the foetal heart rate (FHR) in early pregnancy were determined in utero by Doppler ultrasound technique and in vitro on isolated, in nutrient solution surviving, foetal hearts obtained from termination of pregnancy. The early heart rate was found to be surprisingly high in 354 successful ultrasonic examinations. In the eighth week the average FHR was 178 min-1. In the course of pregnancy there was a gradual decrease in FHR and in the 17th-18th week it reached 140 min-1 characteristic of the human foetus. Similar data were obtained under in vitro conditions.", "PMID": 425744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12876", "title": "[Relation between the biparietal diameter, thoracic transverse diameter, birth weight and the sex of the infant].", "content": "We have found in ultrasonic measurements, that the birth weight from newborn males and females is equal, if the biparietal diameter of the fetuses had been the same. Opposite we found by measuring the equal thoracic transversal diameter, that the birthweight of the males was about 200 bis 300 g higher than that of the females.", "contents": "[Relation between the biparietal diameter, thoracic transverse diameter, birth weight and the sex of the infant]. We have found in ultrasonic measurements, that the birth weight from newborn males and females is equal, if the biparietal diameter of the fetuses had been the same. Opposite we found by measuring the equal thoracic transversal diameter, that the birthweight of the males was about 200 bis 300 g higher than that of the females.", "PMID": 425747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12877", "title": "[Detection of the RDS risk from postnatally sampled stomach contents].", "content": "The results of foam tests carried out on postnatal stomach contents from 267 neonates were analyzed to see whether a correlation can be found between the incidence of RDS and the foam-test values. The test proved to be a good indicator in the recognition of RDS. If ++, + positive, on negative foam-tests are obtained development of RDS can be expected in about 60% of the cases. By this quick and simple test neonates with the risk of RDS can be screened off and transported in time to centres of intensive care.", "contents": "[Detection of the RDS risk from postnatally sampled stomach contents]. The results of foam tests carried out on postnatal stomach contents from 267 neonates were analyzed to see whether a correlation can be found between the incidence of RDS and the foam-test values. The test proved to be a good indicator in the recognition of RDS. If ++, + positive, on negative foam-tests are obtained development of RDS can be expected in about 60% of the cases. By this quick and simple test neonates with the risk of RDS can be screened off and transported in time to centres of intensive care.", "PMID": 425748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12878", "title": "[Further study of the effectiveness of oral immunization against plague in experiments on animals].", "content": "It was shown in comparative experiments on guinea pigs that the oral method of immunization with plague vaccine was much less effective than the inhalation and subcutaneous. Guinea pigs were found to be a poor model for studying the efficacy of oral immunization with dry live plague vaccine rehydrated before use: with the use of this preparation the animals were 46 times less resistant to aerosol plague infection than in application of strain EB cultured in agar.", "contents": "[Further study of the effectiveness of oral immunization against plague in experiments on animals]. It was shown in comparative experiments on guinea pigs that the oral method of immunization with plague vaccine was much less effective than the inhalation and subcutaneous. Guinea pigs were found to be a poor model for studying the efficacy of oral immunization with dry live plague vaccine rehydrated before use: with the use of this preparation the animals were 46 times less resistant to aerosol plague infection than in application of strain EB cultured in agar.", "PMID": 425749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12879", "title": "[Comparative study of different types of rosette-forming cells in human peripheral blood and tonsils].", "content": "E-, EA-, and EAC-reaction of rosette formation and detection of surface immunoglobulins were applied to the comparative study of the peripheral blood lymphocytes populations and tonsils in man. The relative lymphocyte content with different surface characteristics differed significantly in these populations. In detection of surface immunoglobulins on EAC-rosette forming cells it was revealed that not all the C3-lymphocytes of the tonsils bore surface Ig. A possibility of appearance of the C3-receptor on the activated T-lymphocytes is discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative study of different types of rosette-forming cells in human peripheral blood and tonsils]. E-, EA-, and EAC-reaction of rosette formation and detection of surface immunoglobulins were applied to the comparative study of the peripheral blood lymphocytes populations and tonsils in man. The relative lymphocyte content with different surface characteristics differed significantly in these populations. In detection of surface immunoglobulins on EAC-rosette forming cells it was revealed that not all the C3-lymphocytes of the tonsils bore surface Ig. A possibility of appearance of the C3-receptor on the activated T-lymphocytes is discussed.", "PMID": 425752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12880", "title": "[Cytomorphologic and other indices of immunogenesis in guinea pigs vaccinated with different doses of EB culture].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs. There was shown an association between the results of nonspecific immunity development, the character of cell differentiations, the specific immunity intensity, and the microbial dose at the immediate postvaccination periods; retention of immunological memory at the late postvaccination periods was demonstrated. With increase of the dose differentiation of the erythroid cell series was disturbed and the macrophage activity decreased. Transformation of lymphoid elements in the direction of immunologically active lymphocytes and plasma cells was more active at the initial periods; this accelerated the development of specific immunity, but had a negative effect on its efficacy at the late postvaccination periods.", "contents": "[Cytomorphologic and other indices of immunogenesis in guinea pigs vaccinated with different doses of EB culture]. Experiments were conducted on guinea pigs. There was shown an association between the results of nonspecific immunity development, the character of cell differentiations, the specific immunity intensity, and the microbial dose at the immediate postvaccination periods; retention of immunological memory at the late postvaccination periods was demonstrated. With increase of the dose differentiation of the erythroid cell series was disturbed and the macrophage activity decreased. Transformation of lymphoid elements in the direction of immunologically active lymphocytes and plasma cells was more active at the initial periods; this accelerated the development of specific immunity, but had a negative effect on its efficacy at the late postvaccination periods.", "PMID": 425753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12881", "title": "[Etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The features of the clinical picture and pathomorphology are analysed in 23 patients with disseminated sclerosis (in the acute, subacute and chronic phases). A clinico-anatomical observation of a subacute development of disseminated sclerosis is described in detail. Certain arguments distinguishing the subacute form of disseminated sclerosis of an infectious allergic nature are given (the traits of the clinical picture, morphological changes in the nervous system in the form of combined micronecrosis, pericellular oedema, different degrees of lymphocyte infiltration, extensive areas with accumulated oligodendroglia or fibrillar astrocytes with fresh and old foci of demyelinization).", "contents": "[Etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis]. The features of the clinical picture and pathomorphology are analysed in 23 patients with disseminated sclerosis (in the acute, subacute and chronic phases). A clinico-anatomical observation of a subacute development of disseminated sclerosis is described in detail. Certain arguments distinguishing the subacute form of disseminated sclerosis of an infectious allergic nature are given (the traits of the clinical picture, morphological changes in the nervous system in the form of combined micronecrosis, pericellular oedema, different degrees of lymphocyte infiltration, extensive areas with accumulated oligodendroglia or fibrillar astrocytes with fresh and old foci of demyelinization).", "PMID": 425754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12882", "title": "[Functional activity of lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the functional activity of blood lymphocytes in the reaction of blast-cell transformation encountered in 17 patients with disseminated sclerosis and in 17 normal donors. The synthesis of lymphocyte DNA was measured by the radioisotope method and its increase under the impact of PHA. The stage of exacerbation of the disease was characterized by a significant increase of the DNA synthesis under the impact of DNA compared to the remission stage. The same regularities were found in the same patients examined both in the stage of remission and exacerbation. A higher degree of increased DNA synthesis under the impact of PHA is assessed as an index of lymphocyte sensitation. The possible role of lymphocyte sensitation in the pathogenesis of exacerbations of disseminated sclerosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Functional activity of lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis]. The paper is concerned with the functional activity of blood lymphocytes in the reaction of blast-cell transformation encountered in 17 patients with disseminated sclerosis and in 17 normal donors. The synthesis of lymphocyte DNA was measured by the radioisotope method and its increase under the impact of PHA. The stage of exacerbation of the disease was characterized by a significant increase of the DNA synthesis under the impact of DNA compared to the remission stage. The same regularities were found in the same patients examined both in the stage of remission and exacerbation. A higher degree of increased DNA synthesis under the impact of PHA is assessed as an index of lymphocyte sensitation. The possible role of lymphocyte sensitation in the pathogenesis of exacerbations of disseminated sclerosis is discussed.", "PMID": 425755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12883", "title": "[Immune complexes in multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis].", "content": "Immune complexes in the blood serum were determined in patients with disseminated sclerosis and in dogs in the process of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. In disseminated sclerosis the existence of immune complexes was found in the exacerbation period and their absence in remissions. In animals with clinical signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis the immune complexes began to be established in the period of sensitization and attained the maximum in the preparalytic and paralytic period. In animals without clinical signs, the immune complexes were determined later and in insignificant amounts. The role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of exacerbations in disseminated sclerosis and development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis as factors involved in the disturbances of permeability in the hematoencephalic barrier is discussed.", "contents": "[Immune complexes in multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis]. Immune complexes in the blood serum were determined in patients with disseminated sclerosis and in dogs in the process of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. In disseminated sclerosis the existence of immune complexes was found in the exacerbation period and their absence in remissions. In animals with clinical signs of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis the immune complexes began to be established in the period of sensitization and attained the maximum in the preparalytic and paralytic period. In animals without clinical signs, the immune complexes were determined later and in insignificant amounts. The role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of exacerbations in disseminated sclerosis and development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis as factors involved in the disturbances of permeability in the hematoencephalic barrier is discussed.", "PMID": 425756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12884", "title": "[Electroneuromyographic study of the spastic-ataxic syndrome in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "Electroneuromyographical studies were performed in 39 patients with atactic-spastic and mixed forms of disseminated sclerosis. The examinations detected a drop in the velocity of impulse conduction along the tibial nerve in spastic forms and an increase in the velocity of impulse conduction along the medium nerve in atactic forms. The most pronounced were changes in velocity of afferent conduction. The data obtained were compared with electroneuromyographical studies in atactic and spastic syndromes of different origin.", "contents": "[Electroneuromyographic study of the spastic-ataxic syndrome in multiple sclerosis]. Electroneuromyographical studies were performed in 39 patients with atactic-spastic and mixed forms of disseminated sclerosis. The examinations detected a drop in the velocity of impulse conduction along the tibial nerve in spastic forms and an increase in the velocity of impulse conduction along the medium nerve in atactic forms. The most pronounced were changes in velocity of afferent conduction. The data obtained were compared with electroneuromyographical studies in atactic and spastic syndromes of different origin.", "PMID": 425757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12885", "title": "[Correlation between brain lesion lateralization and immunologic indices in a model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis].", "content": "The report contains new data, concerning checking of concepts of interdependence in the reaction development of humoral and cellular immunity from the lateralization of the affected hemisphere (Chuprikov, 1974). A comparative analysis of immunological indices in a local affections of different cortical zones detected that the influence of regulating mechanisms on the cortical level is accompanied by less expressed effects than on the behalf of the hypothalamo-limbic structures. The dominating influence of the left hemisphere was expressed on the development of humoral antibrain reactions while the right hemisphere demonstrated a prevalent influence on the development of reactions of a retarded type to normal and encephalitogenic antigens from the brain.", "contents": "[Correlation between brain lesion lateralization and immunologic indices in a model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis]. The report contains new data, concerning checking of concepts of interdependence in the reaction development of humoral and cellular immunity from the lateralization of the affected hemisphere (Chuprikov, 1974). A comparative analysis of immunological indices in a local affections of different cortical zones detected that the influence of regulating mechanisms on the cortical level is accompanied by less expressed effects than on the behalf of the hypothalamo-limbic structures. The dominating influence of the left hemisphere was expressed on the development of humoral antibrain reactions while the right hemisphere demonstrated a prevalent influence on the development of reactions of a retarded type to normal and encephalitogenic antigens from the brain.", "PMID": 425758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12886", "title": "[Late sequelae of tuberculous meningitis].", "content": "The paper contains a clinico-morphological description of a case with late sequelae of treated tubercular meningitis. The patient at 7 years of age had tuberculous meningitis which was treated by suboccipital and endolumbar administration of streptomycin. Following 12 years, epileptical seizures ensued with an eventual gradual weakness in the extremities leading to profound spastic tetraparesis. During the last years of life contractures and stem symptoms developed. The morphological picture was characterized by posttuberculous fibrous leptomeningitis with an extensive internal hydrocephalus, universal sclerosis of the cerebral and spinal vessels, disseminated demyelinization in the spinal cord and brain, a distinct improverishment of the grey matter by ganglionic cells. The result of liquorohemodynamical disorders was a syringolike cavity in the spinal cord. Under the ependima of the laral ventricle calcified cholesteatomas were found, which are considered as complications of suboccipital punctures in administering streptomycin.", "contents": "[Late sequelae of tuberculous meningitis]. The paper contains a clinico-morphological description of a case with late sequelae of treated tubercular meningitis. The patient at 7 years of age had tuberculous meningitis which was treated by suboccipital and endolumbar administration of streptomycin. Following 12 years, epileptical seizures ensued with an eventual gradual weakness in the extremities leading to profound spastic tetraparesis. During the last years of life contractures and stem symptoms developed. The morphological picture was characterized by posttuberculous fibrous leptomeningitis with an extensive internal hydrocephalus, universal sclerosis of the cerebral and spinal vessels, disseminated demyelinization in the spinal cord and brain, a distinct improverishment of the grey matter by ganglionic cells. The result of liquorohemodynamical disorders was a syringolike cavity in the spinal cord. Under the ependima of the laral ventricle calcified cholesteatomas were found, which are considered as complications of suboccipital punctures in administering streptomycin.", "PMID": 425759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12887", "title": "[Cytotoxic effect of the serum of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients on spinal cord motoneurons in tissue culture].", "content": "Organotypical cultures of the spinal cord of the fetal mouse were used to study the neurocytotoxic effect of sera from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Sera from 16 patients with ALS were used in two experiments: 1. short-term treatment (up to 6 days) of the mature cultures with nutrient medium containing 30% of ALS serum; 2. long-term cultivation from the explantation up to 4 weeks of spinal cord in the medium containing 5-25% of ALS serum. No specific neurotoxic effect of ALS sera on the motor neurons of the cultured spinal cord were observed in acute or chronic experiments.", "contents": "[Cytotoxic effect of the serum of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients on spinal cord motoneurons in tissue culture]. Organotypical cultures of the spinal cord of the fetal mouse were used to study the neurocytotoxic effect of sera from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Sera from 16 patients with ALS were used in two experiments: 1. short-term treatment (up to 6 days) of the mature cultures with nutrient medium containing 30% of ALS serum; 2. long-term cultivation from the explantation up to 4 weeks of spinal cord in the medium containing 5-25% of ALS serum. No specific neurotoxic effect of ALS sera on the motor neurons of the cultured spinal cord were observed in acute or chronic experiments.", "PMID": 425761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12888", "title": "[Toxoplasmosis hypothalamic syndromes in children].", "content": "Immunological studies of 1245 children with diseases of the nervous system and their mothers detected that in 9.0 +/- 0,7% they were due to toxoplasmosis. Clinico-physiological studies of 144 children with inborn neurotoxoplasmosis demonstrated that in pre- and pubertal periods the prevalent symptoms may be disorders of the hypothalamus. The clinical traits of toxoplasmotic syndromes in children are described.", "contents": "[Toxoplasmosis hypothalamic syndromes in children]. Immunological studies of 1245 children with diseases of the nervous system and their mothers detected that in 9.0 +/- 0,7% they were due to toxoplasmosis. Clinico-physiological studies of 144 children with inborn neurotoxoplasmosis demonstrated that in pre- and pubertal periods the prevalent symptoms may be disorders of the hypothalamus. The clinical traits of toxoplasmotic syndromes in children are described.", "PMID": 425762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12889", "title": "[Electromyography in spastic torticollis].", "content": "The EMG characteristics of convulsive activity in the sternocleidomastoid muscle in spastic torticollis vary in different stages of the disease. At the onset of the disease, the bioelectric muscle activity which accomplishes an involuntary turn of the head is registered. Eventually, as the morbid areas of myopathosis are formed in the \"active\" muscles and muscles preventing an involuntary turn, the electrogenesis of the latter becomes dominating. It is assumed that at the basis of this phenomenon lies a lowering of the excitation threshold in the neuromotor apparatus in the respective group of muscles with an appearance of a peripheral subordinating factor.", "contents": "[Electromyography in spastic torticollis]. The EMG characteristics of convulsive activity in the sternocleidomastoid muscle in spastic torticollis vary in different stages of the disease. At the onset of the disease, the bioelectric muscle activity which accomplishes an involuntary turn of the head is registered. Eventually, as the morbid areas of myopathosis are formed in the \"active\" muscles and muscles preventing an involuntary turn, the electrogenesis of the latter becomes dominating. It is assumed that at the basis of this phenomenon lies a lowering of the excitation threshold in the neuromotor apparatus in the respective group of muscles with an appearance of a peripheral subordinating factor.", "PMID": 425763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12890", "title": "[State of general and cerebral hemodynamics in patients with ischemic strokes].", "content": "In 64 patients with ischemic strokes that occurred on the background of atherosclerosis (33) and a combination of atherosclerosis with arterial hypertension (31) using the dilution method of Evans's blue the authors studied indices of general hemodynamics compared to rheoencephalographic data. Twenty similar patients without signs of brain circulation disturbances and 20 healthy persons were taken as control groups. In 69% of the patients with ischemic strokes deep disturbances of general hemodynamics were observed. An increase of tonus, a decrease of elasticity of cerebral vessels and deficit of pulse blood repletion were determined rheoencephalographically. Insufficiency of general hemodynamics in conditions of changed autoregulation of brain circulation promotes development of ischemic disorders of brain circulation and unfavourably influences the course and outcome of the stroke.", "contents": "[State of general and cerebral hemodynamics in patients with ischemic strokes]. In 64 patients with ischemic strokes that occurred on the background of atherosclerosis (33) and a combination of atherosclerosis with arterial hypertension (31) using the dilution method of Evans's blue the authors studied indices of general hemodynamics compared to rheoencephalographic data. Twenty similar patients without signs of brain circulation disturbances and 20 healthy persons were taken as control groups. In 69% of the patients with ischemic strokes deep disturbances of general hemodynamics were observed. An increase of tonus, a decrease of elasticity of cerebral vessels and deficit of pulse blood repletion were determined rheoencephalographically. Insufficiency of general hemodynamics in conditions of changed autoregulation of brain circulation promotes development of ischemic disorders of brain circulation and unfavourably influences the course and outcome of the stroke.", "PMID": 425764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12891", "title": "[Serum immunoglobulins of drug addicts and alcoholics].", "content": "In 34 patients with polyaddiction, 30 with hashishaddiction and 10 opiateaddiction and in 6 patients with chronic alcoholism the author studies the content of serum immunoglobulins of class A. M. G. The studies established that the content of IgA is increased in patients with polyaddiction, chronic alcoholism. An increase of IgA in the blood serum is marked in hashishaddiction, opiateaddiction and chronic alcoholism and its increase in opiateaddiction and polyaddiction. The character of changed serum IgM depends upon the type of addiction: it is increased in opiateaddiction, decreased in hashishaddiction and chronic alcoholism and not changed in polyaddiction.", "contents": "[Serum immunoglobulins of drug addicts and alcoholics]. In 34 patients with polyaddiction, 30 with hashishaddiction and 10 opiateaddiction and in 6 patients with chronic alcoholism the author studies the content of serum immunoglobulins of class A. M. G. The studies established that the content of IgA is increased in patients with polyaddiction, chronic alcoholism. An increase of IgA in the blood serum is marked in hashishaddiction, opiateaddiction and chronic alcoholism and its increase in opiateaddiction and polyaddiction. The character of changed serum IgM depends upon the type of addiction: it is increased in opiateaddiction, decreased in hashishaddiction and chronic alcoholism and not changed in polyaddiction.", "PMID": 425765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12892", "title": "[Effect of of alcohol on male sex glands].", "content": "The influence of alcohol on the sexual glands was studied in 708 males. The control group consisted of 138 individuals who denied alcohol consumption. The age of the individuals studied was 21-50. It was established that alcoholic beverages evoke degenerative changes in the sexual glands which are more pronounced in males who began to consume alcoholic beverages in the period of sexual function formation. Degenerative changes are more distinctly marked in males with a history of epidemic parotitis. Changes in the sexual glands due to the influence of alcohol intoxication lead to disorders of sexual function spermatogenesis and sterility.", "contents": "[Effect of of alcohol on male sex glands]. The influence of alcohol on the sexual glands was studied in 708 males. The control group consisted of 138 individuals who denied alcohol consumption. The age of the individuals studied was 21-50. It was established that alcoholic beverages evoke degenerative changes in the sexual glands which are more pronounced in males who began to consume alcoholic beverages in the period of sexual function formation. Degenerative changes are more distinctly marked in males with a history of epidemic parotitis. Changes in the sexual glands due to the influence of alcohol intoxication lead to disorders of sexual function spermatogenesis and sterility.", "PMID": 425766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12893", "title": "[Effect of small doses of alcohol on emotional stress in patients with late sequelae of cranio-cerebral injuries].", "content": "An experimental study of individuals with late sequelae of closed cerebrocranial trauma, demonstrated that diverse signs of CNS activity to a different extent may be under the influence of small doses of alcohol. For instance, the sensorial process does not change significantly, which may indicate a relative independence of specific sensorial pathways (including the cortical area) from small doses of alcohol. Changes in cortical electro-activity and the threshold of the orientation reflex, the mechanisms of which are connected with the function of the brain stem reticular formation, points to an inhibitory action of alcohol on it. Against the background of alcoholic influence the socially significant emotionally negative stimula intensify emotional stress, the action of which is related to the activity of the limbic system structures and a weakening of the function of associative cortical fields. The results of this study permit to assume that different functional-structural mechanisms may lie at the basis of an emotional background (mood) and emotional stress.", "contents": "[Effect of small doses of alcohol on emotional stress in patients with late sequelae of cranio-cerebral injuries]. An experimental study of individuals with late sequelae of closed cerebrocranial trauma, demonstrated that diverse signs of CNS activity to a different extent may be under the influence of small doses of alcohol. For instance, the sensorial process does not change significantly, which may indicate a relative independence of specific sensorial pathways (including the cortical area) from small doses of alcohol. Changes in cortical electro-activity and the threshold of the orientation reflex, the mechanisms of which are connected with the function of the brain stem reticular formation, points to an inhibitory action of alcohol on it. Against the background of alcoholic influence the socially significant emotionally negative stimula intensify emotional stress, the action of which is related to the activity of the limbic system structures and a weakening of the function of associative cortical fields. The results of this study permit to assume that different functional-structural mechanisms may lie at the basis of an emotional background (mood) and emotional stress.", "PMID": 425767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12894", "title": "[Induced visual hallucinations and visual adaptation disorders in patients with delirium tremens].", "content": "In 91 cases of alcoholic delirium, acute alcoholic hallucinosis and alcoholic withdrawal conditions, a clinico-experimental study of the formation of evoked visual hallucinations was conducted with the aid of a dozed compression of the eye (a modification of Lippman's test). The following 3 stages in the development of pseudoperception are described: sensorial, hallucinoid, hallucinatory. A parallel study of visual dark adaptation (40 cases) and brain bioelectrical activity (37 patients) detected 7 pathological types of changed time of visual dark adaptation and disorders of brain bioelectrical activity. These factors are connected with conditions of sensorial disadaptation, having a clinico-diagnostic significance.", "contents": "[Induced visual hallucinations and visual adaptation disorders in patients with delirium tremens]. In 91 cases of alcoholic delirium, acute alcoholic hallucinosis and alcoholic withdrawal conditions, a clinico-experimental study of the formation of evoked visual hallucinations was conducted with the aid of a dozed compression of the eye (a modification of Lippman's test). The following 3 stages in the development of pseudoperception are described: sensorial, hallucinoid, hallucinatory. A parallel study of visual dark adaptation (40 cases) and brain bioelectrical activity (37 patients) detected 7 pathological types of changed time of visual dark adaptation and disorders of brain bioelectrical activity. These factors are connected with conditions of sensorial disadaptation, having a clinico-diagnostic significance.", "PMID": 425768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12895", "title": "[Latent endogenous depressions in adolescents].", "content": "A clinico-catamnestical study of 200 adolescents with depressive conditions in endogenous psychoses revealed 28 patients who suffered from schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis with manifestations of larvate depressions. It was established that larvate depressions in adolescents in the majority of the cases proceed with disorders of behaviour and poor school progress. The clinical picture is characterized by diverse somatic complaints in the absence of actual somatical pathology. Larvate depressions in adolescents differ significantly from similar states in adults, inasmuch as poor progress in school is due to disorders of cognitive activity during the disease.", "contents": "[Latent endogenous depressions in adolescents]. A clinico-catamnestical study of 200 adolescents with depressive conditions in endogenous psychoses revealed 28 patients who suffered from schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis with manifestations of larvate depressions. It was established that larvate depressions in adolescents in the majority of the cases proceed with disorders of behaviour and poor school progress. The clinical picture is characterized by diverse somatic complaints in the absence of actual somatical pathology. Larvate depressions in adolescents differ significantly from similar states in adults, inasmuch as poor progress in school is due to disorders of cognitive activity during the disease.", "PMID": 425769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12896", "title": "[Clinico-psychopathologic features of amentia in kidney diseases].", "content": "The paper contains some results of a clinico-psychopathological analysis of the amentive syndrome in patients with nephrogenic psychoses. Among 97 patients studied 25 showed amentive states. Pathogenetic possibilities of uremic toxicosis, depending upon the intensity and severity of which the amentive symptomatology may develop in different ways is discussed. The pathoplastic significance of renal hypertension is described in detail. Two variants of nephrogenic amentia are distinguished and described (hyperkinetic and hypokinetic) which differ by their intensity of psychotic symptoms, rate of development and the severity of the outcome. It is demonstrated that the amentive syndrome in such cases has certain nozological information, which facilitates significantly a differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Clinico-psychopathologic features of amentia in kidney diseases]. The paper contains some results of a clinico-psychopathological analysis of the amentive syndrome in patients with nephrogenic psychoses. Among 97 patients studied 25 showed amentive states. Pathogenetic possibilities of uremic toxicosis, depending upon the intensity and severity of which the amentive symptomatology may develop in different ways is discussed. The pathoplastic significance of renal hypertension is described in detail. Two variants of nephrogenic amentia are distinguished and described (hyperkinetic and hypokinetic) which differ by their intensity of psychotic symptoms, rate of development and the severity of the outcome. It is demonstrated that the amentive syndrome in such cases has certain nozological information, which facilitates significantly a differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 425770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12897", "title": "[Effect of dehydration therapy on intracranial pressure and local cerebral blood flow in hemorrhagic stroke and cranio-cerebral injuries].", "content": "The degree and duration of the effect of dehydration therapy on intracerebral pressure and local cerebral blood flow were studied. The record was taken by means of an original combined sensor implanted into the brain tissue during neurosurgical operations in patients with acute disorder of cerebral circulation of the hemorrhagic type and severe craniocerebral trauma. Urea, mannitol, and glucose were applied as the dehydration agents. They were infused intravenously with due account for the initial values of intracerebral and arterial pressure.", "contents": "[Effect of dehydration therapy on intracranial pressure and local cerebral blood flow in hemorrhagic stroke and cranio-cerebral injuries]. The degree and duration of the effect of dehydration therapy on intracerebral pressure and local cerebral blood flow were studied. The record was taken by means of an original combined sensor implanted into the brain tissue during neurosurgical operations in patients with acute disorder of cerebral circulation of the hemorrhagic type and severe craniocerebral trauma. Urea, mannitol, and glucose were applied as the dehydration agents. They were infused intravenously with due account for the initial values of intracerebral and arterial pressure.", "PMID": 425772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12898", "title": "[Results of mass spectrometry studies of oxygen and carbon dioxide tension and blood flow in the brain tissue of neurosurgical patients].", "content": "The results of composite appraisal of the tissue tension of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and regional blood flow in the brain of 21 patients during the early period after neurosurgical operations are discussed. The dynamics of the efficacy indices of the cerebral circulation and gas exchange were studied during intensive therapy of postoperative pathological conditions. It was established that the use of some of the components of intensive therapy in severe intracranial pathological conditions is attended with changes in cerebral gas homeostasis.", "contents": "[Results of mass spectrometry studies of oxygen and carbon dioxide tension and blood flow in the brain tissue of neurosurgical patients]. The results of composite appraisal of the tissue tension of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and regional blood flow in the brain of 21 patients during the early period after neurosurgical operations are discussed. The dynamics of the efficacy indices of the cerebral circulation and gas exchange were studied during intensive therapy of postoperative pathological conditions. It was established that the use of some of the components of intensive therapy in severe intracranial pathological conditions is attended with changes in cerebral gas homeostasis.", "PMID": 425773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12899", "title": "[Dynamics of components of the kallikrein-kinin system in the arterial and venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe cranio-cerebral injuries].", "content": "Comparative study of the activity dynamics of the components of the kallikrein-kinin system in portions of blood flowing to the brain and draining from it and in the cerebrospinal fluid was carried out in 26 patients with a severe craniocerebral trauma. It was found that activation of the system is displayed by a considerable increase in spontaneous esterase activity, a fall in the activity of kallikrein inhibitors, and a decrease in the content of prekallikrein and kininogen. The degree of activation depends on the severity of the lesion, reaches the maximum level by the 3rd--4th day of the development of the pathological process, and is manifested most fully in blood draining from the brain.", "contents": "[Dynamics of components of the kallikrein-kinin system in the arterial and venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe cranio-cerebral injuries]. Comparative study of the activity dynamics of the components of the kallikrein-kinin system in portions of blood flowing to the brain and draining from it and in the cerebrospinal fluid was carried out in 26 patients with a severe craniocerebral trauma. It was found that activation of the system is displayed by a considerable increase in spontaneous esterase activity, a fall in the activity of kallikrein inhibitors, and a decrease in the content of prekallikrein and kininogen. The degree of activation depends on the severity of the lesion, reaches the maximum level by the 3rd--4th day of the development of the pathological process, and is manifested most fully in blood draining from the brain.", "PMID": 425774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12900", "title": "[Selective catheterization and embolization of the branches of the external carotid artery in neurosurgical clinical practice].", "content": "A method for selective catheterization and angiography of the branches of the external carotid artery and their subsequent embolization is described. Selective catheterization of arteries for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes was carried out in 148 patients (183 vessels). Embolization of the branches was performed in 79 patients, a total of 111 arteries were occluded. The method was successfully used in the treatment of arteriosinusal anastomoses and arteriovenous aneurysms supplied with blood from the branches of the external carotid artery, severe nasal hemorrhages, and as a first stage before operation for richly vascularized meningiomas, angiomas of the maxillofacial region, and tumors in the region of the neck.", "contents": "[Selective catheterization and embolization of the branches of the external carotid artery in neurosurgical clinical practice]. A method for selective catheterization and angiography of the branches of the external carotid artery and their subsequent embolization is described. Selective catheterization of arteries for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes was carried out in 148 patients (183 vessels). Embolization of the branches was performed in 79 patients, a total of 111 arteries were occluded. The method was successfully used in the treatment of arteriosinusal anastomoses and arteriovenous aneurysms supplied with blood from the branches of the external carotid artery, severe nasal hemorrhages, and as a first stage before operation for richly vascularized meningiomas, angiomas of the maxillofacial region, and tumors in the region of the neck.", "PMID": 425775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12901", "title": "[Variants and developmental anomalies of the odontoid process of the axis].", "content": "Clinical and X-ray examination of 140 persons demonstrated a wide range of developmental disorders of the odontoid process, from neglible deviations from the average normal structure to total absence of the process. From the pathogenetic standpoints, some of the variants may be characterized as possessing normal structural features, others are developmental anomalies and defects which call for suboccipital decompression, laminectomy for freeing the compressed bulbarspinal parts of the brain or stabilization of the disturbed craniovertebral relationship.", "contents": "[Variants and developmental anomalies of the odontoid process of the axis]. Clinical and X-ray examination of 140 persons demonstrated a wide range of developmental disorders of the odontoid process, from neglible deviations from the average normal structure to total absence of the process. From the pathogenetic standpoints, some of the variants may be characterized as possessing normal structural features, others are developmental anomalies and defects which call for suboccipital decompression, laminectomy for freeing the compressed bulbarspinal parts of the brain or stabilization of the disturbed craniovertebral relationship.", "PMID": 425776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12902", "title": "[Surgical anatomy of the stellate ganglion].", "content": "Peculiarities in the shape, size, and skeletotopy of the stellate ganglion were revealed in examination of 56 specimens collected from cadavers of adult humans of both sexes differing in age. The topographo-anatomical interrelationship of the stellate ganglion and the structures surrounding it may be conducive to the development of the \"sympathological cervico-ganglionic phenomenon\" the clinical picture of which is due to circulatory disorders in the vertebrobasilar basin.", "contents": "[Surgical anatomy of the stellate ganglion]. Peculiarities in the shape, size, and skeletotopy of the stellate ganglion were revealed in examination of 56 specimens collected from cadavers of adult humans of both sexes differing in age. The topographo-anatomical interrelationship of the stellate ganglion and the structures surrounding it may be conducive to the development of the \"sympathological cervico-ganglionic phenomenon\" the clinical picture of which is due to circulatory disorders in the vertebrobasilar basin.", "PMID": 425777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12903", "title": "[Primary multiple brain neoplasms].", "content": "A rarely encountered case of primary multiple brain tumours is discussed: polymorphic cellular astrocytoma of the frontal and temporal lobes of both hemispheres of the brain and fibroblastic arachnoid endothelioma of the right temporal area. Intravital diagnosis of such tumours was extremely difficult due to the prevalence of general suprafocal symptoms in the brain.", "contents": "[Primary multiple brain neoplasms]. A rarely encountered case of primary multiple brain tumours is discussed: polymorphic cellular astrocytoma of the frontal and temporal lobes of both hemispheres of the brain and fibroblastic arachnoid endothelioma of the right temporal area. Intravital diagnosis of such tumours was extremely difficult due to the prevalence of general suprafocal symptoms in the brain.", "PMID": 425778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12904", "title": "[Pressure in intracranial saccular aneurysms in the presence of hypotension].", "content": "The pressure in saccular aneurysms of various localizations was studied in 6 patients during neurosurgical operations. The systolic, diastolic, mean, and pulse pressure in aneurysms with a wide neck corresponded to systemic pressure; in aneurysms with a narrow neck (3 patients) they were lower. In occlusion of the carotid artery on the neck, the pressure in the anurysms decreased. Pulsations disappeared in 3 patients. Fourteen patients with aneurysm of the internal carotid artery were followed-up for 2--17 years, after ligation of the carotid artery on the neck. There were no recurrent hemorrhages. Despite the clinical effect, however, due to possible complications this operation has limited indications (subclinoid aneurysms, refusal of patients to undergo intracranial operations).", "contents": "[Pressure in intracranial saccular aneurysms in the presence of hypotension]. The pressure in saccular aneurysms of various localizations was studied in 6 patients during neurosurgical operations. The systolic, diastolic, mean, and pulse pressure in aneurysms with a wide neck corresponded to systemic pressure; in aneurysms with a narrow neck (3 patients) they were lower. In occlusion of the carotid artery on the neck, the pressure in the anurysms decreased. Pulsations disappeared in 3 patients. Fourteen patients with aneurysm of the internal carotid artery were followed-up for 2--17 years, after ligation of the carotid artery on the neck. There were no recurrent hemorrhages. Despite the clinical effect, however, due to possible complications this operation has limited indications (subclinoid aneurysms, refusal of patients to undergo intracranial operations).", "PMID": 425780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12905", "title": "Adrenergic inputs to the amygdala and the control of gonadotrophin release.", "content": "Drugs able to mimic or to antagonize the action of catecholamines have been implanted bilaterally into the basomedial region of the amygdala of adult castrated female rats. The animals were killed at different intervals after the implantation of the different drugs, and serum levels of LH and FSH were measured by radioimmunoassay. The results have shown that the intra-amygdalar implantation of the alpha-adrenergic blocker phenoxybenzamine induces a significant increase of the release both of LH and FSH. The implantation of the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol brings about a rise of LH only. The dopamine receptor blocker pimozide stimulates the release of LH and exerts a biphasic effect (stimulation followed by inhibition) of FSH secretion. The alpha-receptor stimulant clonidine and the dopaminergic drug 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine were without significant effects. From these observations it is suggested that the adrenergic signals reaching the basomedial area of the amygdala (possibly from the brain stem) may be involved in the modulation of gonadotrophin secretion.", "contents": "Adrenergic inputs to the amygdala and the control of gonadotrophin release. Drugs able to mimic or to antagonize the action of catecholamines have been implanted bilaterally into the basomedial region of the amygdala of adult castrated female rats. The animals were killed at different intervals after the implantation of the different drugs, and serum levels of LH and FSH were measured by radioimmunoassay. The results have shown that the intra-amygdalar implantation of the alpha-adrenergic blocker phenoxybenzamine induces a significant increase of the release both of LH and FSH. The implantation of the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol brings about a rise of LH only. The dopamine receptor blocker pimozide stimulates the release of LH and exerts a biphasic effect (stimulation followed by inhibition) of FSH secretion. The alpha-receptor stimulant clonidine and the dopaminergic drug 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine were without significant effects. From these observations it is suggested that the adrenergic signals reaching the basomedial area of the amygdala (possibly from the brain stem) may be involved in the modulation of gonadotrophin secretion.", "PMID": 425781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12906", "title": "The influence of amino acids and somatostatin on prolactin and growth hormone release in man.", "content": "The effect of an iv load of individual amino acids (alanine, arginine, histidine, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine) on serum prolactin (Prl) and growth hormone (GH) concentrations was studied in healthy adult males (n = 5). A rise in both, Prl and GH with a maximal increment of 15.9 +/- 6.7 (SE) ng/ml, and 12.4 +/- 4.9 ng/ml above basal levels, respectively, (P less than 0.05) was observed after iv arginine. Following iv phenylalanine the mean peak level of Prl rose from 9.9 +/- 3.5 to 29.9 +/- 7.3 ng/ml (P less than 0.01), whereas GH concentration remained unchanged. Iv leucine however induced an immediate rise in GH, but not in serum Prl. Serum concentrations of both, Prl and GH, failed to increase upon the infusion of either alanine or histidine or valine. Additional somatostatin administration starting prior to amino acid infusion diminished the amino acid induced increase of both Prl and GH release.", "contents": "The influence of amino acids and somatostatin on prolactin and growth hormone release in man. The effect of an iv load of individual amino acids (alanine, arginine, histidine, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine) on serum prolactin (Prl) and growth hormone (GH) concentrations was studied in healthy adult males (n = 5). A rise in both, Prl and GH with a maximal increment of 15.9 +/- 6.7 (SE) ng/ml, and 12.4 +/- 4.9 ng/ml above basal levels, respectively, (P less than 0.05) was observed after iv arginine. Following iv phenylalanine the mean peak level of Prl rose from 9.9 +/- 3.5 to 29.9 +/- 7.3 ng/ml (P less than 0.01), whereas GH concentration remained unchanged. Iv leucine however induced an immediate rise in GH, but not in serum Prl. Serum concentrations of both, Prl and GH, failed to increase upon the infusion of either alanine or histidine or valine. Additional somatostatin administration starting prior to amino acid infusion diminished the amino acid induced increase of both Prl and GH release.", "PMID": 425782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12907", "title": "Effect of androgens on prolactin (PRL) release in humans.", "content": "In order to evaluate whether androgens were able to affect PRL release, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were injected intramuscularly in male and female subjects. PRL blood levels were not modified by testosterone either in healthy males or in amenorrhoeic women, and PRL release in males proved unaffected by dihydrotestosterone at the dose used.", "contents": "Effect of androgens on prolactin (PRL) release in humans. In order to evaluate whether androgens were able to affect PRL release, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were injected intramuscularly in male and female subjects. PRL blood levels were not modified by testosterone either in healthy males or in amenorrhoeic women, and PRL release in males proved unaffected by dihydrotestosterone at the dose used.", "PMID": 425783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12908", "title": "Non-suppressible insulin-like activity in Laron's syndrome.", "content": "Severe growth retardation is found in patients with high levels of growth hormone and low sulphation factor activity or somatomedin. Also non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-s) has been found to be very low in a patient with this condition as measured by bioassay, protein binding assay and radioimmunoassay and to be below activities found in hypopituitary patients. Partially purified NSILA-s restored the ability of serum to increase sulphation activity although full restitution may still depend on other factors. These findings support the hypothesis that NSILA-s belongs to the family of somatomedin and thus is involved in promoting growth, and that low activity of these growth factors is a primary cause of the growth retardation found in these patients.", "contents": "Non-suppressible insulin-like activity in Laron's syndrome. Severe growth retardation is found in patients with high levels of growth hormone and low sulphation factor activity or somatomedin. Also non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-s) has been found to be very low in a patient with this condition as measured by bioassay, protein binding assay and radioimmunoassay and to be below activities found in hypopituitary patients. Partially purified NSILA-s restored the ability of serum to increase sulphation activity although full restitution may still depend on other factors. These findings support the hypothesis that NSILA-s belongs to the family of somatomedin and thus is involved in promoting growth, and that low activity of these growth factors is a primary cause of the growth retardation found in these patients.", "PMID": 425784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12909", "title": "Sex and age correlated reference values of serum thyroglobulin measured by a modified radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to describe variations in serum thyroglobulin in relation to sex and age in a group of normal persons. The method used was a modified double antibody radioimmunoassay characterized by pre-incubation at 37 degrees C of standard or sample with antiserum, resulting in a reduced total incubation time. Both sensitivity and precision were comparable to other published methods. Of the 152 blood-donors initially investigated, 7 were excluded due to the presence of antithyroglobulin antibodies as evidenced by a radioassay. Both sexes were equally represented with an even distribution of ages from 20-65 years. Increased serum thyroglobulin with increasing age was demonstrated, the correlation being significant in women (Kendall's tau, P less than 0.001). Detectable concentrations of serum thyroglobulin (above 1.7 microgram/1) were found in 94%. Based on the logarithmic transformation, the upper reference limits were determined for men less than or equal to 40 years: 36 microgram/l, greater than 40 years: 44 microgram/l (difference between groups not significant, P greater than 0.05), and for women less than or equal to 40 years: 30 microgram/l, greater than 40 years: 60 microgram/l (significant difference, P less than 0.005).", "contents": "Sex and age correlated reference values of serum thyroglobulin measured by a modified radioimmunoassay. The aim of the present investigation was to describe variations in serum thyroglobulin in relation to sex and age in a group of normal persons. The method used was a modified double antibody radioimmunoassay characterized by pre-incubation at 37 degrees C of standard or sample with antiserum, resulting in a reduced total incubation time. Both sensitivity and precision were comparable to other published methods. Of the 152 blood-donors initially investigated, 7 were excluded due to the presence of antithyroglobulin antibodies as evidenced by a radioassay. Both sexes were equally represented with an even distribution of ages from 20-65 years. Increased serum thyroglobulin with increasing age was demonstrated, the correlation being significant in women (Kendall's tau, P less than 0.001). Detectable concentrations of serum thyroglobulin (above 1.7 microgram/1) were found in 94%. Based on the logarithmic transformation, the upper reference limits were determined for men less than or equal to 40 years: 36 microgram/l, greater than 40 years: 44 microgram/l (difference between groups not significant, P greater than 0.05), and for women less than or equal to 40 years: 30 microgram/l, greater than 40 years: 60 microgram/l (significant difference, P less than 0.005).", "PMID": 425785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12910", "title": "Bone mineral loss in insulin-treated diabetes mellitus: studies on pathogenesis.", "content": "To elucidate pathogenetic factors of bone mineral loss in diabetes mellitus, bone mineral content (BMC), glucose and calcium homeostasis were evaluated in a cross-sectionsl study of 215 insulin-treated diabetics. BMC declined 10% during the first 5 years of diabetes. This coincided with cessation of insulin secretion, deterioration of metabolic control and raising urinary calcium excretion rates of calcium and phosphorus. BMC was inversely correlated to fasting blood glucose (P less than 0.02), to glycosuria (P less than 0.02) and to insulin requirement (P less than 0.002), and positively to the glucagon-stimulated serum C-peptide levels (P less than 0.005). Urinary excretion rates of calcium and phosphorus correlated positively with the degree of hyperglycaemia (P less than 0.001) and glycosuria (P less than 0.001). The skeletal calcium loss corresponded to the excess of urinary excretion during the phase of BMC reduction. There was no evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The relationship between bone loss and disturbed glucose homeostasis indicates that diabetic bone loss is secondary to the metabolic abnormalities, possibly acting directly on bone.", "contents": "Bone mineral loss in insulin-treated diabetes mellitus: studies on pathogenesis. To elucidate pathogenetic factors of bone mineral loss in diabetes mellitus, bone mineral content (BMC), glucose and calcium homeostasis were evaluated in a cross-sectionsl study of 215 insulin-treated diabetics. BMC declined 10% during the first 5 years of diabetes. This coincided with cessation of insulin secretion, deterioration of metabolic control and raising urinary calcium excretion rates of calcium and phosphorus. BMC was inversely correlated to fasting blood glucose (P less than 0.02), to glycosuria (P less than 0.02) and to insulin requirement (P less than 0.002), and positively to the glucagon-stimulated serum C-peptide levels (P less than 0.005). Urinary excretion rates of calcium and phosphorus correlated positively with the degree of hyperglycaemia (P less than 0.001) and glycosuria (P less than 0.001). The skeletal calcium loss corresponded to the excess of urinary excretion during the phase of BMC reduction. There was no evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The relationship between bone loss and disturbed glucose homeostasis indicates that diabetic bone loss is secondary to the metabolic abnormalities, possibly acting directly on bone.", "PMID": 425786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12911", "title": "Circadian rhythm of free oestradiol in relation to plasma cortisol in late human pregnancy.", "content": "The present study investigates the diurnal variations of free plasma oestradiol levels in late human pregnancy. The oestradiol levels are correlated to the maternal adrenal function as reflected by the plasma levels of cortisol. According to the half life time of oestradiol, blood samples were collected at short time intervals of 30 and 60 min, respectively. Three pregnant women volunteered in the study. Free oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay and cortisol was quantitated by a protein binding method. All patients exhibited a circadian rhythm for free oestradiol with significantly higher values in the early morning (28.3 +/- 7.2 ng/ml) than in the afternoon and early night (21.2 +/- 3.6 ng/ml, P less than 0.001). The course of oestradiol followed in a moderate but significant correlation plasma cortisol (r = 0.34, P less than 0.001). During the period of increasing cortisol the oestradiol levels demonstrated the phenomenon of episodic secretion. The results obtained suggest that the maternal adrenals predominantly regulate the diurnal rhythm of free oestradiol in late human pregnancy.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of free oestradiol in relation to plasma cortisol in late human pregnancy. The present study investigates the diurnal variations of free plasma oestradiol levels in late human pregnancy. The oestradiol levels are correlated to the maternal adrenal function as reflected by the plasma levels of cortisol. According to the half life time of oestradiol, blood samples were collected at short time intervals of 30 and 60 min, respectively. Three pregnant women volunteered in the study. Free oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay and cortisol was quantitated by a protein binding method. All patients exhibited a circadian rhythm for free oestradiol with significantly higher values in the early morning (28.3 +/- 7.2 ng/ml) than in the afternoon and early night (21.2 +/- 3.6 ng/ml, P less than 0.001). The course of oestradiol followed in a moderate but significant correlation plasma cortisol (r = 0.34, P less than 0.001). During the period of increasing cortisol the oestradiol levels demonstrated the phenomenon of episodic secretion. The results obtained suggest that the maternal adrenals predominantly regulate the diurnal rhythm of free oestradiol in late human pregnancy.", "PMID": 425787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12912", "title": "NSILA and foetal growth.", "content": "Employing a sensitive competitive protein binding assay for NSILA (non-suppressible insulin-like activity), circulating levels of this somatomedin (SM) have been measured throughout pregnancy, at parturition, and in foetal and newborn sera. Acid-dissociable serum NSILA (mean +/- SEM) in 57 women was significantly higher during pregnancy (1106 +/- 46 microunits/ml), than in 11 adult non-pregnant control subjects (844 +/- 22 microunits/ml), but not correlated with week of gestation or with serum growth hormone (GH) or cortisol levels. At parturition, the NSILA concentration in 28 cord sera (598 +/- 38 microunits/ml) was significantly less than in the corresponding maternal sera (1039 +/- 63 microunits/ml). The NSILA levels in 23 premature newborns (370 +/- 20 microunits/ml) and 8 small-for-gestational-age newborns (310 +/- 46 microunits/ml) were significantly less than in 33 term newborns (494 +/- 18 microunits/ml). Serum NSILA in 56 term and premature newborns exhibited a significant positive correlation both with gestational age and birth weight but not with serum GH or cortisol levels. These data suggest that the maternal-foetal growth-promoting system is a highly complex one in which NSILA levels both in maternal and foetal circulations appear to be under multifactorial control.", "contents": "NSILA and foetal growth. Employing a sensitive competitive protein binding assay for NSILA (non-suppressible insulin-like activity), circulating levels of this somatomedin (SM) have been measured throughout pregnancy, at parturition, and in foetal and newborn sera. Acid-dissociable serum NSILA (mean +/- SEM) in 57 women was significantly higher during pregnancy (1106 +/- 46 microunits/ml), than in 11 adult non-pregnant control subjects (844 +/- 22 microunits/ml), but not correlated with week of gestation or with serum growth hormone (GH) or cortisol levels. At parturition, the NSILA concentration in 28 cord sera (598 +/- 38 microunits/ml) was significantly less than in the corresponding maternal sera (1039 +/- 63 microunits/ml). The NSILA levels in 23 premature newborns (370 +/- 20 microunits/ml) and 8 small-for-gestational-age newborns (310 +/- 46 microunits/ml) were significantly less than in 33 term newborns (494 +/- 18 microunits/ml). Serum NSILA in 56 term and premature newborns exhibited a significant positive correlation both with gestational age and birth weight but not with serum GH or cortisol levels. These data suggest that the maternal-foetal growth-promoting system is a highly complex one in which NSILA levels both in maternal and foetal circulations appear to be under multifactorial control.", "PMID": 425788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12913", "title": "Endocrine testicular function in vivo and in vitro in infertile men.", "content": "In order to detect any possible Leydig cell dysfunction associated with male infertility, the endocrine capacity of the tests was investigated in vivo and in vitro in 21 infertile men. Plasma testosterone was determined before and after 3 days of hCG stimulation. Testicular tissue obtained by bilateral biopsies was subjected to (1) histological examination, (2) determination of basal testosterone concentration and (3) incubation with hCG. Patients were grouped according to histology. In vitro basal and stimulated testicular testosterone was similar in patients with normal histology, Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and spermatogenic arrest. Tissue from patients with Leydig cell hyperplasia showed 3-fold higher basal testosterone levels and a greater response to hCG. All patients had plasma testosterone levels and responses to hCG in the normal range. There was no significant correlation between the data obtained in vivo and in vitro, indicating that testosterone determinations in peripheral blood do not necessarily reflect the intratesticular situation. There was no evidence for gross abnormality in Leydig cell function accompanying disturbed spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Endocrine testicular function in vivo and in vitro in infertile men. In order to detect any possible Leydig cell dysfunction associated with male infertility, the endocrine capacity of the tests was investigated in vivo and in vitro in 21 infertile men. Plasma testosterone was determined before and after 3 days of hCG stimulation. Testicular tissue obtained by bilateral biopsies was subjected to (1) histological examination, (2) determination of basal testosterone concentration and (3) incubation with hCG. Patients were grouped according to histology. In vitro basal and stimulated testicular testosterone was similar in patients with normal histology, Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and spermatogenic arrest. Tissue from patients with Leydig cell hyperplasia showed 3-fold higher basal testosterone levels and a greater response to hCG. All patients had plasma testosterone levels and responses to hCG in the normal range. There was no significant correlation between the data obtained in vivo and in vitro, indicating that testosterone determinations in peripheral blood do not necessarily reflect the intratesticular situation. There was no evidence for gross abnormality in Leydig cell function accompanying disturbed spermatogenesis.", "PMID": 425789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12914", "title": "Work capacity, contractile protein and quantitative electromyogram (EMG) changes following exercise or nandrolone decanoate treatment in experimentally induced muscle disuse atrophy in rats.", "content": "Anabolic steroid administration and planned exercise have been the two main methods applied to improve the function and morphology of atrophied muscle tissue. The effects of these two factors-specifically nandrolone decanoate administration and exercise by swimming on muscle weight, EMG activity, work capacity and on contractile protein content of rat gastrocnemius muscle, following experimentally induced atrophy by immobilization, were investigated. The results appear to support the conclusion that although both types of treatment obtain significant positive results exercise acts more effectively than the anabolic steroid in this respect.", "contents": "Work capacity, contractile protein and quantitative electromyogram (EMG) changes following exercise or nandrolone decanoate treatment in experimentally induced muscle disuse atrophy in rats. Anabolic steroid administration and planned exercise have been the two main methods applied to improve the function and morphology of atrophied muscle tissue. The effects of these two factors-specifically nandrolone decanoate administration and exercise by swimming on muscle weight, EMG activity, work capacity and on contractile protein content of rat gastrocnemius muscle, following experimentally induced atrophy by immobilization, were investigated. The results appear to support the conclusion that although both types of treatment obtain significant positive results exercise acts more effectively than the anabolic steroid in this respect.", "PMID": 425790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12915", "title": "Injury of liver in experimental salmonellosis of rabbits infected by salmonella agona.", "content": "Liver injury was investigated in the course of salmonellosis evoked by Salmonella agona in experimental infection of rabbits. Histological and biochemical examination (proteinogram, the level of bilirubin, fibrinogen, cholesterol and its esters in blood, activity of asparine and alanine aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase and guanase in blood) were carried out in 70 animals. Liver injury showing degeneration, steatosis and necrosis was found in the course of salmonellosis. Hepatitis gigantocellularis was sporadically observed. Biochemical parameters were not in correlation with the observed histological changes.", "contents": "Injury of liver in experimental salmonellosis of rabbits infected by salmonella agona. Liver injury was investigated in the course of salmonellosis evoked by Salmonella agona in experimental infection of rabbits. Histological and biochemical examination (proteinogram, the level of bilirubin, fibrinogen, cholesterol and its esters in blood, activity of asparine and alanine aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase and guanase in blood) were carried out in 70 animals. Liver injury showing degeneration, steatosis and necrosis was found in the course of salmonellosis. Hepatitis gigantocellularis was sporadically observed. Biochemical parameters were not in correlation with the observed histological changes.", "PMID": 425797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12916", "title": "Further evidence for the superiority of a 3-compartmental model for distribution analyses of i.v. injected bile acids in men: studies in patients with liver diseases.", "content": "In 15 patients (n = 6 without and n = 9 with liver diseases) we measured the plasma disappearance curves after single injections of C 14-glycocholate, calculated the distribution and excretion kinetics on the basis of a 2- and 3-compartmental model and compared the calculated values for the maximal C 14-accumulation within compartment 2 that should correspond to the liver in both compartmental models. The results demonstrate that only the 3-compartmental model reproduces the pathophysiological situation in the patients with liver injuries, namely a decrease of the maximal C 14-accumulation within the liver and an increased C 14-accumulation within the extrahepatoplasmatic compartment. The results therefore confirm our previous studies in healthy patients even for the patient with liver diseases.", "contents": "Further evidence for the superiority of a 3-compartmental model for distribution analyses of i.v. injected bile acids in men: studies in patients with liver diseases. In 15 patients (n = 6 without and n = 9 with liver diseases) we measured the plasma disappearance curves after single injections of C 14-glycocholate, calculated the distribution and excretion kinetics on the basis of a 2- and 3-compartmental model and compared the calculated values for the maximal C 14-accumulation within compartment 2 that should correspond to the liver in both compartmental models. The results demonstrate that only the 3-compartmental model reproduces the pathophysiological situation in the patients with liver injuries, namely a decrease of the maximal C 14-accumulation within the liver and an increased C 14-accumulation within the extrahepatoplasmatic compartment. The results therefore confirm our previous studies in healthy patients even for the patient with liver diseases.", "PMID": 425798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12917", "title": "Chronic active hepatitis and mesopic vision in aged and non aged patients.", "content": "The time of macular functional-recuperation after dazzling has been evaluated in 46 patients of both sexes with ages between 26 and 65, with chronic active hepatitis (CAH). Knowing that the macular recuperation time, even under physiological conditions, increases after the age of 40, we divided these subjects in two groups: under 40 years old (20 cases) and over 40 years old (26 cases). Patients with CAH show a noticeably increased frequency of pathological times especially in those over 40 years old. In this group the pathological cases are 96,15% compared to 60% found among those under 40. The reason for this behavior is only hypothetic. However, the importance of the results must be underlined, as during biological and clinical remission of chronic liver disease patients of working age hold jobs where weakness of mesopic vision could cause serious accidents of legal-medical interest.", "contents": "Chronic active hepatitis and mesopic vision in aged and non aged patients. The time of macular functional-recuperation after dazzling has been evaluated in 46 patients of both sexes with ages between 26 and 65, with chronic active hepatitis (CAH). Knowing that the macular recuperation time, even under physiological conditions, increases after the age of 40, we divided these subjects in two groups: under 40 years old (20 cases) and over 40 years old (26 cases). Patients with CAH show a noticeably increased frequency of pathological times especially in those over 40 years old. In this group the pathological cases are 96,15% compared to 60% found among those under 40. The reason for this behavior is only hypothetic. However, the importance of the results must be underlined, as during biological and clinical remission of chronic liver disease patients of working age hold jobs where weakness of mesopic vision could cause serious accidents of legal-medical interest.", "PMID": 425799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12918", "title": "Effects of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin on amylase synthesis and secretion in the mouse pancreas.", "content": "Perfusion of mouse pancreatic slices revealed that continuous exposition with cholecystokinin-pancreazymin (CCK-PZ) provokes an initially high peak of amylase secretion, which is followed by a slow decline in enzyme discharge. A return to the basal secretory level is noticed after about 45 min. Repeated pulse stimulations with CCK-PZ result in a more efficient stimulation of pancreatic amylase release, compared to a continuous stimulation. In the presence of CCK-PZ for 45 min, as well as during a post-stimulatory period of 45 min, a significant depression of L-(U-14C) leucine incorporation into amylase as well as total protein is recorded. In conclusion, in vitro incubated mouse pancreatic slices thus seem to be unable to increase their rate of protein synthesis during and after stimulation of secretion.", "contents": "Effects of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin on amylase synthesis and secretion in the mouse pancreas. Perfusion of mouse pancreatic slices revealed that continuous exposition with cholecystokinin-pancreazymin (CCK-PZ) provokes an initially high peak of amylase secretion, which is followed by a slow decline in enzyme discharge. A return to the basal secretory level is noticed after about 45 min. Repeated pulse stimulations with CCK-PZ result in a more efficient stimulation of pancreatic amylase release, compared to a continuous stimulation. In the presence of CCK-PZ for 45 min, as well as during a post-stimulatory period of 45 min, a significant depression of L-(U-14C) leucine incorporation into amylase as well as total protein is recorded. In conclusion, in vitro incubated mouse pancreatic slices thus seem to be unable to increase their rate of protein synthesis during and after stimulation of secretion.", "PMID": 425800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12919", "title": "Rapid increase of fibrinolytic activity in pig and rat after exclusion of the liver from the circulation and its control by various organs.", "content": "Liver-bypass in the pig and the rat instantly results in a marked increase of fibrinolytic activity. Within 1--2 hours this increase is followed in rats by a normalization. A new increase can be obtained by intravenous Carbachol injection. Removal of organs results to various degrees -- most pronounced after bilateral nephrectomy -- in reduction of control value of fibrinolytic activity before liver-bypass. In rats with adrenalectomy plus splenectomy there is no normalization of liver-bypass-induced increased fibrinolytic activity.", "contents": "Rapid increase of fibrinolytic activity in pig and rat after exclusion of the liver from the circulation and its control by various organs. Liver-bypass in the pig and the rat instantly results in a marked increase of fibrinolytic activity. Within 1--2 hours this increase is followed in rats by a normalization. A new increase can be obtained by intravenous Carbachol injection. Removal of organs results to various degrees -- most pronounced after bilateral nephrectomy -- in reduction of control value of fibrinolytic activity before liver-bypass. In rats with adrenalectomy plus splenectomy there is no normalization of liver-bypass-induced increased fibrinolytic activity.", "PMID": 425801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12920", "title": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test with two gastric antigens in pernicious anaemia and in simple atrophic gastritis.", "content": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test was used for evaluation of cell-mediated immunity in patients with pernicious anaemia (PA) and simple atrophic gastritis (SAG). As antigens microsomal antigen from gastric mucosa of swine foetus and relatively pure hog intrinsic factor (IF) were used. Significant differences were found between PA and SAG with microsomal antigen, but not with IF. It was concluded, that the microsomal antigen might be more active than IF. This observation could contribute to explane the higher incidence of parietal cell antibody than that of IF antibody in PA patients.", "contents": "Leucocyte migration inhibition test with two gastric antigens in pernicious anaemia and in simple atrophic gastritis. Leucocyte migration inhibition test was used for evaluation of cell-mediated immunity in patients with pernicious anaemia (PA) and simple atrophic gastritis (SAG). As antigens microsomal antigen from gastric mucosa of swine foetus and relatively pure hog intrinsic factor (IF) were used. Significant differences were found between PA and SAG with microsomal antigen, but not with IF. It was concluded, that the microsomal antigen might be more active than IF. This observation could contribute to explane the higher incidence of parietal cell antibody than that of IF antibody in PA patients.", "PMID": 425802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12921", "title": "The effect of duodenal acidification on gastric circulation and function in the dog.", "content": "The effect of acidification of duodenal contents on splanchnic bloodflow and gastric circulation was investigated in anaesthetized dogs by measuring electromagnetically portal venous and left gastric artery bloodflow and gastric mucosa bloodflow with pertechnetate clearance. Duodenal acidification increased portal venous bloodflow and reduced mesenteric inflow resistance. At the same time bloodflow in the gastric artery and (not significantly) in the mucosa were reduced in consequence of increased inflow resistances.", "contents": "The effect of duodenal acidification on gastric circulation and function in the dog. The effect of acidification of duodenal contents on splanchnic bloodflow and gastric circulation was investigated in anaesthetized dogs by measuring electromagnetically portal venous and left gastric artery bloodflow and gastric mucosa bloodflow with pertechnetate clearance. Duodenal acidification increased portal venous bloodflow and reduced mesenteric inflow resistance. At the same time bloodflow in the gastric artery and (not significantly) in the mucosa were reduced in consequence of increased inflow resistances.", "PMID": 425803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12922", "title": "Serum gastrin concentrations in healthy males and females of various ages.", "content": "We measured, by the RIA method, the concentrations of serum gastrin in a fasting state in 80 healthy volunteers of both sexes (M = 43, F = 37) aged 15-81 years. We did not find significant differences in the mean values of gastrin among them and the correlation of gastrin with the ages was insignificant. Further study of various age groups (15-29, 30-59, greater than 60 years) in both sexes and of two more age groups (18-45, 46-71) in the females, did not disclose any significant differences either. People of ages greater than 60 years had the greatest concentration of gastrin. Furthermore, we studied the concentrations of gastrin in the sera of 39 of these 80 people (M = 23, F = 16), aged 15-47 years, 10 min. and 40 min. after a test meal. No differences were found between the two sexes. However, although the mean levels of gastrin were significantly increased 10 min and 40 min after the meal in comparison with the fasting levels in both sexes, only in the men was the increase after 40 min. significantly greater than that after 10 min.", "contents": "Serum gastrin concentrations in healthy males and females of various ages. We measured, by the RIA method, the concentrations of serum gastrin in a fasting state in 80 healthy volunteers of both sexes (M = 43, F = 37) aged 15-81 years. We did not find significant differences in the mean values of gastrin among them and the correlation of gastrin with the ages was insignificant. Further study of various age groups (15-29, 30-59, greater than 60 years) in both sexes and of two more age groups (18-45, 46-71) in the females, did not disclose any significant differences either. People of ages greater than 60 years had the greatest concentration of gastrin. Furthermore, we studied the concentrations of gastrin in the sera of 39 of these 80 people (M = 23, F = 16), aged 15-47 years, 10 min. and 40 min. after a test meal. No differences were found between the two sexes. However, although the mean levels of gastrin were significantly increased 10 min and 40 min after the meal in comparison with the fasting levels in both sexes, only in the men was the increase after 40 min. significantly greater than that after 10 min.", "PMID": 425804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12923", "title": "Hyperplasia of Brunner's glands. Radiology, endoscopy and biopsy findings in 11 cases of diffuse, nodular and adenomatous form.", "content": "Eleven cases of hyperplasia of Brunner's glands are reported including 10 cases of diffuse and nodular type and one case of Brunnerian polyadenomatosis. Histological changes were identified in aspiration biopsy specimens and termed \"biopsy indication of hyperplasia of Brunner's glands\". Polypoid pattern seen roentgenologically and endoscopically in the case of the adenomatous type was constant whereas in the case of the diffuse and nodular type it was not constant; it is suggested that this is due to irregular contraction of muscularis mucosae disrupted by protruding Brunner's glands. Most patients had epigastric distress; less than half had duodenitis.", "contents": "Hyperplasia of Brunner's glands. Radiology, endoscopy and biopsy findings in 11 cases of diffuse, nodular and adenomatous form. Eleven cases of hyperplasia of Brunner's glands are reported including 10 cases of diffuse and nodular type and one case of Brunnerian polyadenomatosis. Histological changes were identified in aspiration biopsy specimens and termed \"biopsy indication of hyperplasia of Brunner's glands\". Polypoid pattern seen roentgenologically and endoscopically in the case of the adenomatous type was constant whereas in the case of the diffuse and nodular type it was not constant; it is suggested that this is due to irregular contraction of muscularis mucosae disrupted by protruding Brunner's glands. Most patients had epigastric distress; less than half had duodenitis.", "PMID": 425805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12924", "title": "Multiseptate gallbladder. Report of a case with a review of literature.", "content": "Multiseptate gallbladder is an extremely rare anomaly, the number of reported cases not having exceeded ten. In this 37-year-old man with a complaint of occasional nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, intravenous cholecystography combined with tomography demonstrated a normal size gallbladder with many thin septa. The removed gallbladder had multiple intercommunicating locules divided by thin septa, looking like a honeycomb on the cut surface. The bile contained was dark brown in the neck and much lighter in color in the fundus, suggesting a disturbed bladder function. Histologically, some of the septa lacked the muscularis. He has been free of the previous complaints after surgery. Eight similar cases already documented are reviewed with a discussion on the embryogenetic aspect of this anomaly.", "contents": "Multiseptate gallbladder. Report of a case with a review of literature. Multiseptate gallbladder is an extremely rare anomaly, the number of reported cases not having exceeded ten. In this 37-year-old man with a complaint of occasional nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, intravenous cholecystography combined with tomography demonstrated a normal size gallbladder with many thin septa. The removed gallbladder had multiple intercommunicating locules divided by thin septa, looking like a honeycomb on the cut surface. The bile contained was dark brown in the neck and much lighter in color in the fundus, suggesting a disturbed bladder function. Histologically, some of the septa lacked the muscularis. He has been free of the previous complaints after surgery. Eight similar cases already documented are reviewed with a discussion on the embryogenetic aspect of this anomaly.", "PMID": 425806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12925", "title": "The use of steroid suppositories in the treatment of chronic active hepatitis complicated by peptic ulceration.", "content": "Because of intolerance to oral steroids, a patient with Chronic Active Hepatitis and an active gastric ulcer was treated with rectal steroids in addition to azathioprine and carbenoxolone sodium. The liver function tests showed a marked improvement with this therapy, and the gastric ulcer healed. The possible advantages of steroid administration by suppositories are discussed.", "contents": "The use of steroid suppositories in the treatment of chronic active hepatitis complicated by peptic ulceration. Because of intolerance to oral steroids, a patient with Chronic Active Hepatitis and an active gastric ulcer was treated with rectal steroids in addition to azathioprine and carbenoxolone sodium. The liver function tests showed a marked improvement with this therapy, and the gastric ulcer healed. The possible advantages of steroid administration by suppositories are discussed.", "PMID": 425807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12926", "title": "Effects of neurolept anaesthesia (NLA) on haemodynamics and oxygen consumption in the dog with special reference to the liver and preportal tissues.", "content": "The effects of neurolept anaesthesia (NLA) on central circulation, total oxygen uptake and splanchnic circulation and oxygen uptake were studied in 12 artificially ventilated dogs, basally anaesthetized with thiopental and nitrous oxide. Hepatic arterial, superior mesenteric arterial and portal venous blood flows were measured with electromagnetic flowmetry. Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution. Determinations of oxygen contents were made in arterial, pulmonary arterial, portal venous and hepatic venous blood. NLA was induced with droperidol 0.5 mg . kg-1 b.w. and fentanyl 0.01 mg . kg-1 b.w. Arterial blood pressure decreased to 63% of control value due to reductions of cardiac output to 78% and of total peripheral vascular resistance to 81% of control values. Hepatic arterial, superior mesenteric arterial and portal venous blood flows all diminished to 75% of control values. Hepatic arterial, superior mesenteric arterial and preportal tissue vascular resistances all decreased. Total oxygen uptake declined to the same extent as cardiac output, leaving the arterio-venous oxygen difference unchanged. Oxygen uptake of the preportal tissues was unaffected and hepatic oxygen uptake was not significantly reduced, although there were decreases of hepatic oxygen uptake in some of the individual dogs. It is suggested that the cardiovascular depression following NLA was due to adaptation to a lowered total oxygen uptake. It is further concluded that splanchnic circulation was well preserved due to decreases in splanchnic vascular resistances, and that splanchnic oxygen consumption was maintained by means of increased oxygen extraction.", "contents": "Effects of neurolept anaesthesia (NLA) on haemodynamics and oxygen consumption in the dog with special reference to the liver and preportal tissues. The effects of neurolept anaesthesia (NLA) on central circulation, total oxygen uptake and splanchnic circulation and oxygen uptake were studied in 12 artificially ventilated dogs, basally anaesthetized with thiopental and nitrous oxide. Hepatic arterial, superior mesenteric arterial and portal venous blood flows were measured with electromagnetic flowmetry. Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution. Determinations of oxygen contents were made in arterial, pulmonary arterial, portal venous and hepatic venous blood. NLA was induced with droperidol 0.5 mg . kg-1 b.w. and fentanyl 0.01 mg . kg-1 b.w. Arterial blood pressure decreased to 63% of control value due to reductions of cardiac output to 78% and of total peripheral vascular resistance to 81% of control values. Hepatic arterial, superior mesenteric arterial and portal venous blood flows all diminished to 75% of control values. Hepatic arterial, superior mesenteric arterial and preportal tissue vascular resistances all decreased. Total oxygen uptake declined to the same extent as cardiac output, leaving the arterio-venous oxygen difference unchanged. Oxygen uptake of the preportal tissues was unaffected and hepatic oxygen uptake was not significantly reduced, although there were decreases of hepatic oxygen uptake in some of the individual dogs. It is suggested that the cardiovascular depression following NLA was due to adaptation to a lowered total oxygen uptake. It is further concluded that splanchnic circulation was well preserved due to decreases in splanchnic vascular resistances, and that splanchnic oxygen consumption was maintained by means of increased oxygen extraction.", "PMID": 425808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12927", "title": "The potentiation of halothane anaesthesia by clonidine.", "content": "The antihypertensive agent, clonidine, has a marked sedative effect. We studied whether clonidine also deepens halothane anaesthesia. Eight rabbits were anaesthetized with and without clonidine premedication in a cross-over study. Clonidine premedication (50 microgram/kg subcutaneously) was administered three times daily for 3 days. Tolerance to pain during halothane anaesthesia was tested by compressing the ear with a vessel clamp. Halothane concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. The rabbits premedicated with clonidine tolerated painful stimuli without reactions at lower halothane concentrations in arterial blood and inspired air than unpremedicated rabbits. MAC calculated from blood concentrations was 1.29% for unpremedicated and 1.09% for clonidine-premedicated rabbits. The results suggest that clonidine diminishes the anaesthetic requirement in halothane anaesthesia.", "contents": "The potentiation of halothane anaesthesia by clonidine. The antihypertensive agent, clonidine, has a marked sedative effect. We studied whether clonidine also deepens halothane anaesthesia. Eight rabbits were anaesthetized with and without clonidine premedication in a cross-over study. Clonidine premedication (50 microgram/kg subcutaneously) was administered three times daily for 3 days. Tolerance to pain during halothane anaesthesia was tested by compressing the ear with a vessel clamp. Halothane concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. The rabbits premedicated with clonidine tolerated painful stimuli without reactions at lower halothane concentrations in arterial blood and inspired air than unpremedicated rabbits. MAC calculated from blood concentrations was 1.29% for unpremedicated and 1.09% for clonidine-premedicated rabbits. The results suggest that clonidine diminishes the anaesthetic requirement in halothane anaesthesia.", "PMID": 425809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12928", "title": "Effects of enflurane on haemodynamics and oxygen consumption in the dog with special reference to the liver and preportal tissues.", "content": "The effects of enflurane anaesthesia on central circulation, total oxygen uptake, splanchnic circulation and splanchnic oxygen uptake were studied in 10 artifically ventilated dogs, basally anaesthetized with thiopental and nitrous oxide. Hepatic arterial, superior mesenteric arterial and portal venous blood flows were measured with electromagnetic flowmetry. Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution. Determinations of oxygen contents were made in arterial, pulmonary arterial, portal venous and hepatic venous blood. The end-tidal enflurane concentration was kept at about 1 MAC (= 2.2%). Arterial blood pressure diminished 54% of control value due to decreases of cardiac output to 65% and of total peripheral vascular resistance to 81% of control values. Hepatic arterial, superior mesenteric arterial and portal venous blood flows decreased to 65-70% of control levels and the corresponding vascular resistances all declined to about 80-85% of control values. Total oxygen uptake decreased, but less than cardiac output, leading to an increased arterio-venous oxygen content difference. Oxygen uptake of the preportal tissues was unchanged and hepatic oxygen uptake was not significantly altered, although there were decreases in hepatic oxygen uptake in some of the individual experiments. It is suggested that the cardiovascular depression following enflurane anaesthesia in the dog was due, to a great extent, to a primary myocardial depression. It is further concluded that the splanchnic blood flows were relatively well preserved, due to decreases in splanchnic vascular resistances, and that hepatic and preportal tissue oxygen consumptions were maintained by increased oxygen extraction.", "contents": "Effects of enflurane on haemodynamics and oxygen consumption in the dog with special reference to the liver and preportal tissues. The effects of enflurane anaesthesia on central circulation, total oxygen uptake, splanchnic circulation and splanchnic oxygen uptake were studied in 10 artifically ventilated dogs, basally anaesthetized with thiopental and nitrous oxide. Hepatic arterial, superior mesenteric arterial and portal venous blood flows were measured with electromagnetic flowmetry. Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution. Determinations of oxygen contents were made in arterial, pulmonary arterial, portal venous and hepatic venous blood. The end-tidal enflurane concentration was kept at about 1 MAC (= 2.2%). Arterial blood pressure diminished 54% of control value due to decreases of cardiac output to 65% and of total peripheral vascular resistance to 81% of control values. Hepatic arterial, superior mesenteric arterial and portal venous blood flows decreased to 65-70% of control levels and the corresponding vascular resistances all declined to about 80-85% of control values. Total oxygen uptake decreased, but less than cardiac output, leading to an increased arterio-venous oxygen content difference. Oxygen uptake of the preportal tissues was unchanged and hepatic oxygen uptake was not significantly altered, although there were decreases in hepatic oxygen uptake in some of the individual experiments. It is suggested that the cardiovascular depression following enflurane anaesthesia in the dog was due, to a great extent, to a primary myocardial depression. It is further concluded that the splanchnic blood flows were relatively well preserved, due to decreases in splanchnic vascular resistances, and that hepatic and preportal tissue oxygen consumptions were maintained by increased oxygen extraction.", "PMID": 425810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12929", "title": "Paresthesiae or no paresthesiae? Nerve lesions after axillary blocks.", "content": "Seeking paresthesiae when performing a peripheral nerve block may increase the risk of post-anesthetic neurological sequelae. To test this hypothesis, we prospectively followed two groups of patients who underwent hand surgery with an axillary block. In one group, the axillary plexus was located by actively seeking paresthesiae; in the other, pulsations of the axillary artery indicated an adequate position of the injection needle. Mepivacaine 10 mg/ml, with or without adrenaline, was used. The study included 533 patients, 290 in the paresthesia group and 243 in the artery group. Although unintentional, paresthesiae were elicited in 40% of patients in the artery group. Postanesthetic nerve lesions were seen in ten patients, eight in the paresthesia group and two in the artery group, all of whom had been blocked by mepivacaine with adrenaline. Symptoms varied between light paresthesiae lasting a few weeks, and severe paresthesiae, ache and paresis lasting more than 1 year. The etiology suspected was needle and perhaps injection trauma to the nerves during blocking. We conclude that whenever possible nerve blocks should be performed without searching for paresthesiae.", "contents": "Paresthesiae or no paresthesiae? Nerve lesions after axillary blocks. Seeking paresthesiae when performing a peripheral nerve block may increase the risk of post-anesthetic neurological sequelae. To test this hypothesis, we prospectively followed two groups of patients who underwent hand surgery with an axillary block. In one group, the axillary plexus was located by actively seeking paresthesiae; in the other, pulsations of the axillary artery indicated an adequate position of the injection needle. Mepivacaine 10 mg/ml, with or without adrenaline, was used. The study included 533 patients, 290 in the paresthesia group and 243 in the artery group. Although unintentional, paresthesiae were elicited in 40% of patients in the artery group. Postanesthetic nerve lesions were seen in ten patients, eight in the paresthesia group and two in the artery group, all of whom had been blocked by mepivacaine with adrenaline. Symptoms varied between light paresthesiae lasting a few weeks, and severe paresthesiae, ache and paresis lasting more than 1 year. The etiology suspected was needle and perhaps injection trauma to the nerves during blocking. We conclude that whenever possible nerve blocks should be performed without searching for paresthesiae.", "PMID": 425811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12930", "title": "The foam nose--a new disposable heat and moisture exchanger. A comparison with other similar devices.", "content": "The Foam Nose (Kemi-Intressen AB), a heat- and moisture exchanger (HME), was compared with two other commercially available HME's with respect to its heat and moisture exchanging capacity. During steady state, 77% of the expired humidity is restored to the airways with the Foam Nose, 63% with HME Portex and 63% with HME Dameca.", "contents": "The foam nose--a new disposable heat and moisture exchanger. A comparison with other similar devices. The Foam Nose (Kemi-Intressen AB), a heat- and moisture exchanger (HME), was compared with two other commercially available HME's with respect to its heat and moisture exchanging capacity. During steady state, 77% of the expired humidity is restored to the airways with the Foam Nose, 63% with HME Portex and 63% with HME Dameca.", "PMID": 425812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12931", "title": "In-line blood warming and microfiltration devices. I. Testing of flow and warming properties by pressure transfusion of aggregate-free blood.", "content": "Homogeneous microaggregate-free whole blood at +5 degrees C was transfused at constant pressures of 20 and 40 kPa through two micro-filtration and blood warming devices, and the temperature of the blood was recorded before it reached the venous cannula. The flow rates with the Fenwal system were 58 and 139 g/min, whereas the micro-filter MF10B combined with the Portex Coil allowed flow rates of 143 and 224 g/min. The warming capacities of the two warmers were almost equal and this did not prove to be their weak point. The infusion temperature varied considerably during the transfusion. Increasing the priming volume of the coil would raise the mean infusion temperature. A pressure infusor (Fenwal) was tested, and the internal pressures of the blood bag and the infusor were determined separately. The bag pressure differed significantly from the infusor pressure as the blood bag emptied, making the usefulness of the infusor manometer questionable.", "contents": "In-line blood warming and microfiltration devices. I. Testing of flow and warming properties by pressure transfusion of aggregate-free blood. Homogeneous microaggregate-free whole blood at +5 degrees C was transfused at constant pressures of 20 and 40 kPa through two micro-filtration and blood warming devices, and the temperature of the blood was recorded before it reached the venous cannula. The flow rates with the Fenwal system were 58 and 139 g/min, whereas the micro-filter MF10B combined with the Portex Coil allowed flow rates of 143 and 224 g/min. The warming capacities of the two warmers were almost equal and this did not prove to be their weak point. The infusion temperature varied considerably during the transfusion. Increasing the priming volume of the coil would raise the mean infusion temperature. A pressure infusor (Fenwal) was tested, and the internal pressures of the blood bag and the infusor were determined separately. The bag pressure differed significantly from the infusor pressure as the blood bag emptied, making the usefulness of the infusor manometer questionable.", "PMID": 425813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12932", "title": "In-line blood warming and microfiltration devices. II. Influence of blood temperature on flow rate and hemolysis during pressure transfusion through microfilters and transfusion sets.", "content": "The influence of blood temperature on flow rate and hemolysis was studied. Homogeneous aggregate-free blood was transfused through six different microfilters and transfusion sets, combined with a large-bore venous cannula (Venflon No. 2) at a constant pressure of 20 kPa. Flow rates and plasma hemoglobin for cold (+5 degrees C) and prewarmed (+37 degrees C) blood were determined separately. Warming the blood from +5 degrees C to +37 degrees C improved the flow from 49 to 86%. The best flow rates with +37 degrees C blood were obtained with surface filters (MF10B, 275 g/l), and the poorest with depth filters (Swank, 179 g/l). However, the transfusion set and venous cannula seemed to have more influence on the total flow resistance. The Fenwal \"dry-heat\" warmer was found to have a great flow resistance. The pressure transfusion caused only a slight increase in free plasma hemoglobin of cold blood and no increase in prewarmed blood. It seems more practical to warm the entire blood unit before transfusion than to use so-called in-line blood warmers, because prewarming results in a flow rate approximately twice as high as that obtained with coils.", "contents": "In-line blood warming and microfiltration devices. II. Influence of blood temperature on flow rate and hemolysis during pressure transfusion through microfilters and transfusion sets. The influence of blood temperature on flow rate and hemolysis was studied. Homogeneous aggregate-free blood was transfused through six different microfilters and transfusion sets, combined with a large-bore venous cannula (Venflon No. 2) at a constant pressure of 20 kPa. Flow rates and plasma hemoglobin for cold (+5 degrees C) and prewarmed (+37 degrees C) blood were determined separately. Warming the blood from +5 degrees C to +37 degrees C improved the flow from 49 to 86%. The best flow rates with +37 degrees C blood were obtained with surface filters (MF10B, 275 g/l), and the poorest with depth filters (Swank, 179 g/l). However, the transfusion set and venous cannula seemed to have more influence on the total flow resistance. The Fenwal \"dry-heat\" warmer was found to have a great flow resistance. The pressure transfusion caused only a slight increase in free plasma hemoglobin of cold blood and no increase in prewarmed blood. It seems more practical to warm the entire blood unit before transfusion than to use so-called in-line blood warmers, because prewarming results in a flow rate approximately twice as high as that obtained with coils.", "PMID": 425814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12933", "title": "Restlessness and shivering after naloxone reversal of fentanyl-supplemented anaesthesia.", "content": "To study the significance of normalization of ventilatory or thermal homeostasis during naloxone reversal, 95 patients were given naloxone after thiopental-N2O-O2-relaxant anaesthesia supplemented with fentanyl (6 microgram/kg/h). If naloxone 0.16 mg was given to combat postoperative apnoea during hypercapnia (end tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETco2)8%), minute ventilation and respiratory rate were significantly higher during the first minutes as compared to the normocapnic patients. Shivering occurred in 44% in the hypercapnic group, as compared to about 30% if naloxone was given during normocapnia (ETco2 5%). Postoperative pain and restlessness were significantly increased in the hypercapnic group. During normocapnia, untoward reactions were less frequent (40%) if naloxone was given in smaller increments (0.08 + 0.08 mg) rather than in one dose (0.16 mg) (72%). This was mainly due to nausea (8% compared to 32%). The incidence and severity of shivering showed a positive correlation to the duration of anaesthesia (r = 0.42) and to the total amount of fentanyl (r = 0.32), but not to the actual postoperative oesophageal temperature (r = -0.13). The results indicate that though untoward reactions after naloxone reversal are aggravated by naloxone-induced normalization of deranged homeostatic mechanisms, their aetiology probably should be sought in an acute abstinence syndrome.", "contents": "Restlessness and shivering after naloxone reversal of fentanyl-supplemented anaesthesia. To study the significance of normalization of ventilatory or thermal homeostasis during naloxone reversal, 95 patients were given naloxone after thiopental-N2O-O2-relaxant anaesthesia supplemented with fentanyl (6 microgram/kg/h). If naloxone 0.16 mg was given to combat postoperative apnoea during hypercapnia (end tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETco2)8%), minute ventilation and respiratory rate were significantly higher during the first minutes as compared to the normocapnic patients. Shivering occurred in 44% in the hypercapnic group, as compared to about 30% if naloxone was given during normocapnia (ETco2 5%). Postoperative pain and restlessness were significantly increased in the hypercapnic group. During normocapnia, untoward reactions were less frequent (40%) if naloxone was given in smaller increments (0.08 + 0.08 mg) rather than in one dose (0.16 mg) (72%). This was mainly due to nausea (8% compared to 32%). The incidence and severity of shivering showed a positive correlation to the duration of anaesthesia (r = 0.42) and to the total amount of fentanyl (r = 0.32), but not to the actual postoperative oesophageal temperature (r = -0.13). The results indicate that though untoward reactions after naloxone reversal are aggravated by naloxone-induced normalization of deranged homeostatic mechanisms, their aetiology probably should be sought in an acute abstinence syndrome.", "PMID": 425815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12934", "title": "Post-mortem findings of tracheal injury after cuffed intubation and tracheostomy. A clinical and histopathological study.", "content": "The tracheas of 37 tracheostomized patients (31 men and 6 women) were studied in connection with obduction. Twenty-six patients had been intubated before tracheostomy and 29 of the tracheostomized patients were treated with a respirator. At autopsy, the damage caused to the tracheal wall by the cuff was studied macroscopically; the finding was photographed for later investigation and samples were taken from the damaged area for microscopic examination. The purpose of the study was to determine the damage caused to the tracheal wall by the low-volume cuff we have used during the last 4 years. The cuff diameter was nearly the same as that of the trachea. The injuries were grouped according to their extent and depth as mild, moderate or severe, and the groups contained, respectively, 5, 12 and 20 patients. It seemed that cuff pressure played a greater part in causing damage than the duration of cuff strain. Factors in the clinical condition of patients, like hypotension, uraemia, respiratory infections, sepsis and use of steroids, may have had an effect on the development of damage. The injuries caused by the cuff used are so severe that there is every reason to use instead the low-pressure, high-volume cuff, which has been shown to cause less damage, whenever long-term treatment is involved.", "contents": "Post-mortem findings of tracheal injury after cuffed intubation and tracheostomy. A clinical and histopathological study. The tracheas of 37 tracheostomized patients (31 men and 6 women) were studied in connection with obduction. Twenty-six patients had been intubated before tracheostomy and 29 of the tracheostomized patients were treated with a respirator. At autopsy, the damage caused to the tracheal wall by the cuff was studied macroscopically; the finding was photographed for later investigation and samples were taken from the damaged area for microscopic examination. The purpose of the study was to determine the damage caused to the tracheal wall by the low-volume cuff we have used during the last 4 years. The cuff diameter was nearly the same as that of the trachea. The injuries were grouped according to their extent and depth as mild, moderate or severe, and the groups contained, respectively, 5, 12 and 20 patients. It seemed that cuff pressure played a greater part in causing damage than the duration of cuff strain. Factors in the clinical condition of patients, like hypotension, uraemia, respiratory infections, sepsis and use of steroids, may have had an effect on the development of damage. The injuries caused by the cuff used are so severe that there is every reason to use instead the low-pressure, high-volume cuff, which has been shown to cause less damage, whenever long-term treatment is involved.", "PMID": 425816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12935", "title": "Prognosis after cardiac arrest occurring outside intensive care and coronary units.", "content": "Emergency calls to a total of 1686 patients with verified cardiac arrest in the University Hospital, Arhus, were made in the 8-year period 1969-1977. Among the patients, cardiac arrest occurred outside the hospital in 1347, in the general wards in 240, while it was present on arrival at the emergency room in 99. Resuscitation was attempted in 1172 patients; 181 survived for at least 24 hours, and 72 were discharged alive, including 13 with residual brain damage. The prognosis was best when cardiac arrest occurred in the general wards (13% discharged) and poorest when it occurred outside the hospital (4% discharged). However, in the latter group, the prognosis showed considerable improvement when resuscitation was initiated at once by a doctor or by laymen present at the accident site (16% discharged). As regards the mechanism of cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation was found to be a relatively favourable prognostic sign (10% discharged), whereas almost none of the patients with asystole or severe bradycardia survived. The possibility of improving the prognosis of cardiac arrest occurring outside hospital by the establishment of mobile coronary care units and by instructing lay people in the technique of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is discussed.", "contents": "Prognosis after cardiac arrest occurring outside intensive care and coronary units. Emergency calls to a total of 1686 patients with verified cardiac arrest in the University Hospital, Arhus, were made in the 8-year period 1969-1977. Among the patients, cardiac arrest occurred outside the hospital in 1347, in the general wards in 240, while it was present on arrival at the emergency room in 99. Resuscitation was attempted in 1172 patients; 181 survived for at least 24 hours, and 72 were discharged alive, including 13 with residual brain damage. The prognosis was best when cardiac arrest occurred in the general wards (13% discharged) and poorest when it occurred outside the hospital (4% discharged). However, in the latter group, the prognosis showed considerable improvement when resuscitation was initiated at once by a doctor or by laymen present at the accident site (16% discharged). As regards the mechanism of cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation was found to be a relatively favourable prognostic sign (10% discharged), whereas almost none of the patients with asystole or severe bradycardia survived. The possibility of improving the prognosis of cardiac arrest occurring outside hospital by the establishment of mobile coronary care units and by instructing lay people in the technique of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is discussed.", "PMID": 425817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12936", "title": "The effect of local anaesthetic agents on the contractility of human myometrium in late pregnancy. An in vitro study.", "content": "Four local anaesthetic agents, lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine and etidocaine with and without adrenaline, were tested regarding their influence on the contraction amplitude, tone and frequency of contractions of human myometrium in vitro. All four drugs had a dose-related inhibitory effect on the amplitude. This was enhanced by adrenaline. The two short-acting and the two long-acting agents were tested in equianalgesic doses in a crossover test. Lidocaine and etidocaine had a significantly greater inhibitory effect on the spontaneous myometrial contractions than prilocaine and bupivacaine. With all drugs, except etidocaine, the tone increased with increasing drug concentrations in the bath. The changes in frequency were inconsistent. Based on the concentrations required to produce 50% inhibition, lidocaine, bupivacaine and etidocaine were, respectively, 1.3, 6.5 and 8.3 times more potent than prilocaine; the corresponding figures for the anaesthetic effect on isolated nerves are reported to be 1.5, 5.3, and 5.3. The inhibitory effect of etidocaine declined with time, in contrast to the other local anaesthetic agents tested.", "contents": "The effect of local anaesthetic agents on the contractility of human myometrium in late pregnancy. An in vitro study. Four local anaesthetic agents, lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine and etidocaine with and without adrenaline, were tested regarding their influence on the contraction amplitude, tone and frequency of contractions of human myometrium in vitro. All four drugs had a dose-related inhibitory effect on the amplitude. This was enhanced by adrenaline. The two short-acting and the two long-acting agents were tested in equianalgesic doses in a crossover test. Lidocaine and etidocaine had a significantly greater inhibitory effect on the spontaneous myometrial contractions than prilocaine and bupivacaine. With all drugs, except etidocaine, the tone increased with increasing drug concentrations in the bath. The changes in frequency were inconsistent. Based on the concentrations required to produce 50% inhibition, lidocaine, bupivacaine and etidocaine were, respectively, 1.3, 6.5 and 8.3 times more potent than prilocaine; the corresponding figures for the anaesthetic effect on isolated nerves are reported to be 1.5, 5.3, and 5.3. The inhibitory effect of etidocaine declined with time, in contrast to the other local anaesthetic agents tested.", "PMID": 425818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12937", "title": "Additive effects of hypothermia and phenobarbitol upon cerebral oxygen consumption in the rat.", "content": "The quantitative effects of a combination of hypothermia and phenobarbital on cerebral oxygen uptake (CMRo2) was studied in rats, curarized and artificially ventilated with 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with a modification of the KETY & SCHMIDT (1948) technique, using 133xenon as a tracer. Arteriovenous difference in oxygen content over the brain was measured and CMRo2 was calculated. Four groups were studied. Group 1 was a control group. The three experimental groups were injected with phenobarbital intraperitoneally: Group 2 with 50 mg/kg body weight; Group 3 with 150 mg/kg; and Group 4 with 50 mg/kg of phenobarbital, and, in addition, body temperature was lowered to 32 degrees C in this group. CMRo2 in groups 2, 3 and 4 was reduced by 22, 37 and 43%, respectively, compared to Group 1. The changes in CBF were of the same magnitude. In a previous study we have found that CMRo2 decreases by 5% per 1 degree C decrease in body temperature. The value for CMRo2 in Group 4 is close to the value obtained if the effect of 50 mg/kg body weight of phenobarbital on CMRo2 is added to the effect of a temperature reduction of 5 degrees C. It is concluded that the effects of barbiturates and hypothermia on CMRo2 are additive.", "contents": "Additive effects of hypothermia and phenobarbitol upon cerebral oxygen consumption in the rat. The quantitative effects of a combination of hypothermia and phenobarbital on cerebral oxygen uptake (CMRo2) was studied in rats, curarized and artificially ventilated with 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with a modification of the KETY & SCHMIDT (1948) technique, using 133xenon as a tracer. Arteriovenous difference in oxygen content over the brain was measured and CMRo2 was calculated. Four groups were studied. Group 1 was a control group. The three experimental groups were injected with phenobarbital intraperitoneally: Group 2 with 50 mg/kg body weight; Group 3 with 150 mg/kg; and Group 4 with 50 mg/kg of phenobarbital, and, in addition, body temperature was lowered to 32 degrees C in this group. CMRo2 in groups 2, 3 and 4 was reduced by 22, 37 and 43%, respectively, compared to Group 1. The changes in CBF were of the same magnitude. In a previous study we have found that CMRo2 decreases by 5% per 1 degree C decrease in body temperature. The value for CMRo2 in Group 4 is close to the value obtained if the effect of 50 mg/kg body weight of phenobarbital on CMRo2 is added to the effect of a temperature reduction of 5 degrees C. It is concluded that the effects of barbiturates and hypothermia on CMRo2 are additive.", "PMID": 425819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12938", "title": "A fine-structural analysis of mouse molar odontoblast maturation.", "content": "The first mandibular molars of the Swiss albino mice, 1 through 4 days of age, were fixed in glutaraldehyde or Karnovsky's fixative. The tissues were postfixed in OSO4, dehydrated and embedded in Epon. The prepolarizing, polarizing and secretory odontoblasts were described. The prepolarizing cells, located in the vicinity of the cervical loop, were mesenchymal-like in morphology. The cells of the polarizing stage possessed organelles indicative of protein synthesis. The nucleus was located proximally. Aperiodic fibers were evident in the wide basement membrane. The secretory odontoblasts were long, slender, polarized cells closely adjoining one another. Each odontoblast possessed six morphologically discernible regions: (1) an infranuclear region, limited in size and containing few cellular organelles; (2) a nuclear region, housing the oval nucleus and a few associated lamellae of rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as a limited number of mitochondria; (3) a supranuclear rough endoplasmic reticulum region, possessing an abundance of these organelles as well as some mitochondria and secretory vesicles; (4) a Golgi region, occupying the middle third of the cell, housing the elements of an extensive Golgi apparatus which was surrounded by peripherally located profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum; additionally, this region contained smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, numerous secretory granules and vesicles and occasional intracellular collagen fibers; (5) an apical rough endoplasmic reticulum region, containing a rough endoplasmic reticulum component that was less extensive than its supranuclear counterpart; in addition, this region was the one richest in mitochondria and contained a plethora of secretory vesicles and granules; (6) the odontoblastic process, a region mostly void of organelles, containing various secretory products, some of which appeared to be in the process of being released extracellularly into the surrounding dentin matrix.", "contents": "A fine-structural analysis of mouse molar odontoblast maturation. The first mandibular molars of the Swiss albino mice, 1 through 4 days of age, were fixed in glutaraldehyde or Karnovsky's fixative. The tissues were postfixed in OSO4, dehydrated and embedded in Epon. The prepolarizing, polarizing and secretory odontoblasts were described. The prepolarizing cells, located in the vicinity of the cervical loop, were mesenchymal-like in morphology. The cells of the polarizing stage possessed organelles indicative of protein synthesis. The nucleus was located proximally. Aperiodic fibers were evident in the wide basement membrane. The secretory odontoblasts were long, slender, polarized cells closely adjoining one another. Each odontoblast possessed six morphologically discernible regions: (1) an infranuclear region, limited in size and containing few cellular organelles; (2) a nuclear region, housing the oval nucleus and a few associated lamellae of rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as a limited number of mitochondria; (3) a supranuclear rough endoplasmic reticulum region, possessing an abundance of these organelles as well as some mitochondria and secretory vesicles; (4) a Golgi region, occupying the middle third of the cell, housing the elements of an extensive Golgi apparatus which was surrounded by peripherally located profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum; additionally, this region contained smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, numerous secretory granules and vesicles and occasional intracellular collagen fibers; (5) an apical rough endoplasmic reticulum region, containing a rough endoplasmic reticulum component that was less extensive than its supranuclear counterpart; in addition, this region was the one richest in mitochondria and contained a plethora of secretory vesicles and granules; (6) the odontoblastic process, a region mostly void of organelles, containing various secretory products, some of which appeared to be in the process of being released extracellularly into the surrounding dentin matrix.", "PMID": 425821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12939", "title": "Topography of the dopamine neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the mouse hypothalamus.", "content": "The distribution of the dopamine (DA) cell bodies was elucidated within the mouse arcuate nucleus by fluorescence histochemistry. The arcuate nucleus was divided into five regions; heterogeneity in distribution and different amounts of DA among the regional areas were demonstrated. The DA cell bodies containing a large amount of DA, observable even in the arcuate nucleus of the intact mice, distributed in the medial areas of the anterio-central and the middle-central regions and in the dorsal area of the posterior-central region. On the other hand, those containing probably as small amount of DA distributed in the medial area of the rostral region and in the ventral areas of the anterior-central and middle-central regions. They were not observed in the intact mice, but found in the mice treated with nialamide plus alpha-methyldopa. No DA cells were found in the caudal region.", "contents": "Topography of the dopamine neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the mouse hypothalamus. The distribution of the dopamine (DA) cell bodies was elucidated within the mouse arcuate nucleus by fluorescence histochemistry. The arcuate nucleus was divided into five regions; heterogeneity in distribution and different amounts of DA among the regional areas were demonstrated. The DA cell bodies containing a large amount of DA, observable even in the arcuate nucleus of the intact mice, distributed in the medial areas of the anterio-central and the middle-central regions and in the dorsal area of the posterior-central region. On the other hand, those containing probably as small amount of DA distributed in the medial area of the rostral region and in the ventral areas of the anterior-central and middle-central regions. They were not observed in the intact mice, but found in the mice treated with nialamide plus alpha-methyldopa. No DA cells were found in the caudal region.", "PMID": 425822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12940", "title": "Ultrastructural study of the embryonic development of the pineal gland of the chicken (Gallus gallus).", "content": "The authors studied the embryonic development of the pineal gland of the chicken with the electron microscope. The denomination of 'pinealoblasts' was given to the undifferentiated cells which form the primitive pineal outline. In the wall of the pineal cavities, the follicular and parafollicular zones were distinguished; these are formed by type A and type B pinealocytes, the B type being much more abundant. The degenerated cells are constant in the pineal throughout its embryonic development, but much more abundant in the early phases.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of the embryonic development of the pineal gland of the chicken (Gallus gallus). The authors studied the embryonic development of the pineal gland of the chicken with the electron microscope. The denomination of 'pinealoblasts' was given to the undifferentiated cells which form the primitive pineal outline. In the wall of the pineal cavities, the follicular and parafollicular zones were distinguished; these are formed by type A and type B pinealocytes, the B type being much more abundant. The degenerated cells are constant in the pineal throughout its embryonic development, but much more abundant in the early phases.", "PMID": 425823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12941", "title": "Osteoarthritis of the knee in the rabbit produced by immobilization. Attempts to achieve a reproducible model for studies on pathogenesis and therapy.", "content": "In order to obtain a reproducible experimental model of osteoarthritis a method of immobilizing the rabbit's knee in extension by means of plastic splint was developed. The right knees of the rabbits were immobilized for periods varying from 4 days to 24 weeks. With the left knees as controls the knees were studied in a variety of ways among these being radiography (126 rabbits), histological sections stained with Alcian Blue (88 rabbits), analysis of 35S-sulphate uptake (22 rabbits) and 35S-autoradiography (6 rabbits). In 27 rabbits the regaining of mobility after immobilization was studied. After 5-6 weeks of immobilization most of the knees showed moderate or severe changes including loss of articular cartlilage and osteophyte formation. Immobilization of the rabbit's knee by this method provokes a fairly easily reproducible type of degenerative joint disease showing similarities to advanced osteoarthritis as seen in humans.", "contents": "Osteoarthritis of the knee in the rabbit produced by immobilization. Attempts to achieve a reproducible model for studies on pathogenesis and therapy. In order to obtain a reproducible experimental model of osteoarthritis a method of immobilizing the rabbit's knee in extension by means of plastic splint was developed. The right knees of the rabbits were immobilized for periods varying from 4 days to 24 weeks. With the left knees as controls the knees were studied in a variety of ways among these being radiography (126 rabbits), histological sections stained with Alcian Blue (88 rabbits), analysis of 35S-sulphate uptake (22 rabbits) and 35S-autoradiography (6 rabbits). In 27 rabbits the regaining of mobility after immobilization was studied. After 5-6 weeks of immobilization most of the knees showed moderate or severe changes including loss of articular cartlilage and osteophyte formation. Immobilization of the rabbit's knee by this method provokes a fairly easily reproducible type of degenerative joint disease showing similarities to advanced osteoarthritis as seen in humans.", "PMID": 425824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12942", "title": "Trypsin-induced mitosis in the articular cartilage of adult rabbits.", "content": "Full-grown rabbits were injected in the knee joints with solutions of trypsin of various concentrations. The animals were sacrificed 2 weeks after the trypsin injection. Twenty-four hours before sacrifice they received 40 muCi 3H-thymidine intra-articularly. The changes in the knee joints were then studied by histological and autoradiographical methods. The injection of trypsin did not result in the development of osteoarthritis. However, autoradiography revealed that the chondrocytes started to divide after the injection. The mitosis of the chondrocytes can thus not be due to degeneration of the cartilage. The explanation put forward is that the mitosis of the chondrocytes may be the result of a decrease in the concentration of a growth controlling factor (chalone) initiated by the administration of trypsin.", "contents": "Trypsin-induced mitosis in the articular cartilage of adult rabbits. Full-grown rabbits were injected in the knee joints with solutions of trypsin of various concentrations. The animals were sacrificed 2 weeks after the trypsin injection. Twenty-four hours before sacrifice they received 40 muCi 3H-thymidine intra-articularly. The changes in the knee joints were then studied by histological and autoradiographical methods. The injection of trypsin did not result in the development of osteoarthritis. However, autoradiography revealed that the chondrocytes started to divide after the injection. The mitosis of the chondrocytes can thus not be due to degeneration of the cartilage. The explanation put forward is that the mitosis of the chondrocytes may be the result of a decrease in the concentration of a growth controlling factor (chalone) initiated by the administration of trypsin.", "PMID": 425826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12943", "title": "Tumoral calcinosis in a patient undergoing hemodialysis.", "content": "Recently, tumoral calcinosis was found in a patient who had been undergoing haemodialysis in this hospital. The tumor was partially removed and subsequently regressed. The tumoral calcinosis of hemodialysis patients seems to be different from classical tumoral calcinosis.", "contents": "Tumoral calcinosis in a patient undergoing hemodialysis. Recently, tumoral calcinosis was found in a patient who had been undergoing haemodialysis in this hospital. The tumor was partially removed and subsequently regressed. The tumoral calcinosis of hemodialysis patients seems to be different from classical tumoral calcinosis.", "PMID": 425827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12944", "title": "Myositis ossificans progressiva. Clinical and metabolical observations in a case treated with a diphosphonate (EHDP) and surgical removal of ectopic bone.", "content": "A 20-year-old woman with a severely crippling myositis ossificans progressiva was treated with a diphosphonate (EHDP), 10-20 mg/kg/day. While being treated with this drug, surgical removal of ectopic bone was performed. Although ectopic calcification recurred postoperatively, considerable functional improvement was achieved. At the highest dosage of EHDP, hypercalcaemia gradually appeared, but was reversible upon cessation of drug treatment. It is probably related to a direct effect of EHDP on the bone.", "contents": "Myositis ossificans progressiva. Clinical and metabolical observations in a case treated with a diphosphonate (EHDP) and surgical removal of ectopic bone. A 20-year-old woman with a severely crippling myositis ossificans progressiva was treated with a diphosphonate (EHDP), 10-20 mg/kg/day. While being treated with this drug, surgical removal of ectopic bone was performed. Although ectopic calcification recurred postoperatively, considerable functional improvement was achieved. At the highest dosage of EHDP, hypercalcaemia gradually appeared, but was reversible upon cessation of drug treatment. It is probably related to a direct effect of EHDP on the bone.", "PMID": 425828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12945", "title": "Bone vascularization and bone healing in the amputation stump. An experimental study.", "content": "The osseous healing process of the amputation stump was investigated in adult rabbits. Histological investigation showed that the medullary cavity was closed after 2-3 weeks, chiefly by endosteal callus. After closure of the cavity there was a gradual spongious change in the bone tip and simultaneously the cortex atrophied and the medullary cavity dilated. After amputation on the crus bone rebuilding dominated, whereas after amputation on the femur deterioration of bone was most noticeable. A combination of amputation and medullary plugging caused a change in the course of healing. The medullary cavity did not close until 7-10 weeks after operation and there was distinct periosteal callus formation. The microangiographic investigation showed a transient hypervascularization in the cortex 3-4 weeks after amputation; whereas  after simultaneous plugging of the medullary cavity the hypervascularization continued for up to 7 weeks after operation. Following amputation proximally on the crus the arterial supply of the cortex came mainly from the periost, whereas the cortex after distal amputation was vascularized from the medullary cavity. This finding can be due to an interruption of the arterial supply from the nutrient artery associated with proximal amputation, whereas this artery remains intact with amputation distally on the crus.", "contents": "Bone vascularization and bone healing in the amputation stump. An experimental study. The osseous healing process of the amputation stump was investigated in adult rabbits. Histological investigation showed that the medullary cavity was closed after 2-3 weeks, chiefly by endosteal callus. After closure of the cavity there was a gradual spongious change in the bone tip and simultaneously the cortex atrophied and the medullary cavity dilated. After amputation on the crus bone rebuilding dominated, whereas after amputation on the femur deterioration of bone was most noticeable. A combination of amputation and medullary plugging caused a change in the course of healing. The medullary cavity did not close until 7-10 weeks after operation and there was distinct periosteal callus formation. The microangiographic investigation showed a transient hypervascularization in the cortex 3-4 weeks after amputation; whereas  after simultaneous plugging of the medullary cavity the hypervascularization continued for up to 7 weeks after operation. Following amputation proximally on the crus the arterial supply of the cortex came mainly from the periost, whereas the cortex after distal amputation was vascularized from the medullary cavity. This finding can be due to an interruption of the arterial supply from the nutrient artery associated with proximal amputation, whereas this artery remains intact with amputation distally on the crus.", "PMID": 425829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12946", "title": "Wound healing in below-knee amputations in relation to skin perfusion pressure.", "content": "In 60 below-knee amputations the healing of the stumps was correlated with the local skin perfusion pressure (SPP) measured preoperatively as the external pressure required to stop isotope washout using 131I- or 125I--antipyrine mixed with histamine. Of the eight cases with an SPP below 20 mmHg, no less than six (75 per cent) failed to heal and required reamputation at the above-knee level. Of the 12 cases with an SPP between 20 and 30 mmHg four cases (33 per cent) failed to heal but of the 40 cases with an SPP above 30 mmHg, there were only four cases (10 per cent) which did not heal. The difference in failure rate is highly significant (P less than 0.01). Four out of 30 diabetic patients required reamputation as against 10 out of 30 non-diabetics (0.05 less than P less than 0.10). The average SPP was higher in the diabetic group: 57 mmHg (range 18-93 mmHg) compared with 34 mmHg (range 8-68 mmHg) in the non-diabetic group (P less than 0.001). The postoperative SPP measured on the stumps was on average 8 mmHg higher than the preoperative SPP (P less than 0.001). The increase took place mainly in stumps with an SPP above 20 mmHg explaining why the preoperative SPP values related so closely to the postoperative clinical course. We conclude that a low SPP can be used to predict ischaemic wound complications, leading to reamputation at a higher level.", "contents": "Wound healing in below-knee amputations in relation to skin perfusion pressure. In 60 below-knee amputations the healing of the stumps was correlated with the local skin perfusion pressure (SPP) measured preoperatively as the external pressure required to stop isotope washout using 131I- or 125I--antipyrine mixed with histamine. Of the eight cases with an SPP below 20 mmHg, no less than six (75 per cent) failed to heal and required reamputation at the above-knee level. Of the 12 cases with an SPP between 20 and 30 mmHg four cases (33 per cent) failed to heal but of the 40 cases with an SPP above 30 mmHg, there were only four cases (10 per cent) which did not heal. The difference in failure rate is highly significant (P less than 0.01). Four out of 30 diabetic patients required reamputation as against 10 out of 30 non-diabetics (0.05 less than P less than 0.10). The average SPP was higher in the diabetic group: 57 mmHg (range 18-93 mmHg) compared with 34 mmHg (range 8-68 mmHg) in the non-diabetic group (P less than 0.001). The postoperative SPP measured on the stumps was on average 8 mmHg higher than the preoperative SPP (P less than 0.001). The increase took place mainly in stumps with an SPP above 20 mmHg explaining why the preoperative SPP values related so closely to the postoperative clinical course. We conclude that a low SPP can be used to predict ischaemic wound complications, leading to reamputation at a higher level.", "PMID": 425830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12947", "title": "Wound healing in above-knee amputations in relation to skin perfusion pressure.", "content": "In 59 above-knee amputations healing of the stumps was correlated with the local skin perfusion pressure (SPP) measured preoperatively as the external pressure required to stop isotope washout using 1318-- or 125I--antipyrine mixed with histamine. Out of the 11 cases with an SPP below 30 mmHg no less than nine (82 per cent) suffered severe wound complications. Out of the 48 cases with an SPP above 30 mmHg severe wound complications occurred in only four cases (8 per cent). The difference in wound complication rate is highly significant (P less than 0.01). The postoperative SPP measured on the stumps was on average only slightly and insignificantly higher than the preoperative values, explaining why the preoperative values related so closely to the postoperative clinical course. We conclude that the SPP can be used to predict ischaemic wound complications in above-knee amputations as has previously been shown to be the case in below-knee amputations.", "contents": "Wound healing in above-knee amputations in relation to skin perfusion pressure. In 59 above-knee amputations healing of the stumps was correlated with the local skin perfusion pressure (SPP) measured preoperatively as the external pressure required to stop isotope washout using 1318-- or 125I--antipyrine mixed with histamine. Out of the 11 cases with an SPP below 30 mmHg no less than nine (82 per cent) suffered severe wound complications. Out of the 48 cases with an SPP above 30 mmHg severe wound complications occurred in only four cases (8 per cent). The difference in wound complication rate is highly significant (P less than 0.01). The postoperative SPP measured on the stumps was on average only slightly and insignificantly higher than the preoperative values, explaining why the preoperative values related so closely to the postoperative clinical course. We conclude that the SPP can be used to predict ischaemic wound complications in above-knee amputations as has previously been shown to be the case in below-knee amputations.", "PMID": 425831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12948", "title": "Medial dislocation of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii.", "content": "Medial displacement of the long tendon of the biceps brachii muscle is a rare condition associated with degenerative or traumatic ruptures of the rotator cuff. This condition was recorded in nine shoulders during 45 reconstructive procedures on the rotator cuff. Five of the displacements were complete, leaving the tendon medially displaced in a fascial sling; four were incomplete, allowing a to-and-fro medial displacement of the tendon out of the intertubercular groove. Anatomical dissections on eight shoulders showed that the coracohumeral ligament is the key ligament which keeps the biceps tendon aligned in the sulcus: transection of the medial part of the ligament allows the tendon to be medially displaced. There was no pathognomonic clinical sign of the luxation or subluxation. Since abnormal movement of the tendon in the sulcus may be an important cause of shoulder pain, the condition should be carefully looked for during reconstructive procedures on the rotator cuff. Tenodesis of the displaced tendon is recommended, either as the sole procedure or in combination with other reconstructive measures.", "contents": "Medial dislocation of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii. Medial displacement of the long tendon of the biceps brachii muscle is a rare condition associated with degenerative or traumatic ruptures of the rotator cuff. This condition was recorded in nine shoulders during 45 reconstructive procedures on the rotator cuff. Five of the displacements were complete, leaving the tendon medially displaced in a fascial sling; four were incomplete, allowing a to-and-fro medial displacement of the tendon out of the intertubercular groove. Anatomical dissections on eight shoulders showed that the coracohumeral ligament is the key ligament which keeps the biceps tendon aligned in the sulcus: transection of the medial part of the ligament allows the tendon to be medially displaced. There was no pathognomonic clinical sign of the luxation or subluxation. Since abnormal movement of the tendon in the sulcus may be an important cause of shoulder pain, the condition should be carefully looked for during reconstructive procedures on the rotator cuff. Tenodesis of the displaced tendon is recommended, either as the sole procedure or in combination with other reconstructive measures.", "PMID": 425832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12949", "title": "The significance of associated lesions including dislocation in fractures of the neck of the radius in children.", "content": "A series consisting of 29 children with markedly dislocated fractures of the neck of the radius has been analysed. The method of measuring the angular dislocation is discussed. A true dislocation not exceeding 30 degrees may be left unreduced. Associated skeletal lesions of the elbow imply a less favourable prognosis.", "contents": "The significance of associated lesions including dislocation in fractures of the neck of the radius in children. A series consisting of 29 children with markedly dislocated fractures of the neck of the radius has been analysed. The method of measuring the angular dislocation is discussed. A true dislocation not exceeding 30 degrees may be left unreduced. Associated skeletal lesions of the elbow imply a less favourable prognosis.", "PMID": 425833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12950", "title": "Dislocation of the trapezium (multangulum majus). A case report.", "content": "A case of complete, closed dislocation of the trapezium is reported. The treatment was open reposition and fixation with two Kirschner wires. No avascular necrosis occurred. Two and a half years after the injury there were no subjective complaints, the mobility and strength of the thumb were normal and there were no radiological signs of arthrosis.", "contents": "Dislocation of the trapezium (multangulum majus). A case report. A case of complete, closed dislocation of the trapezium is reported. The treatment was open reposition and fixation with two Kirschner wires. No avascular necrosis occurred. Two and a half years after the injury there were no subjective complaints, the mobility and strength of the thumb were normal and there were no radiological signs of arthrosis.", "PMID": 425834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12951", "title": "Torsion deformities after traction treatment of femoral fractures in children.", "content": "The torsion of both femurs was investigated in 55 patients who had been treated 5-13 years earlier at the age of 1-16 years for femoral shaft fractures. By comparing the anteversion angle of the contralateral hips, determined by the Rippstein method, torsion deformities exceeding 10 degrees were found in the fractured femur of 10 patients. The maximum deformity found was + 27 degrees. None of the patients had complaints due to the torsion deformity. Deformities appeared more frequently in patients treated with adhesive overhead traction of the fractured leg than in patients treated with wire traction with the limb on an oblique frame. However, the difference was not highly significant (0.05 less than P less than 0.10). There was not correlation between age at the time of injury and torsion abnormalities and no correlation between the length of the observation period and the residual deformity, indicating growth correction. Examination of the rotational mobility of the hips was found to be a suitable screening test in the diagnosis of deformities exceeding 10 degrees. Radiological investigation of the anteversion angle of the femoral neck is necessary in the final assessment of a torsion deformity.", "contents": "Torsion deformities after traction treatment of femoral fractures in children. The torsion of both femurs was investigated in 55 patients who had been treated 5-13 years earlier at the age of 1-16 years for femoral shaft fractures. By comparing the anteversion angle of the contralateral hips, determined by the Rippstein method, torsion deformities exceeding 10 degrees were found in the fractured femur of 10 patients. The maximum deformity found was + 27 degrees. None of the patients had complaints due to the torsion deformity. Deformities appeared more frequently in patients treated with adhesive overhead traction of the fractured leg than in patients treated with wire traction with the limb on an oblique frame. However, the difference was not highly significant (0.05 less than P less than 0.10). There was not correlation between age at the time of injury and torsion abnormalities and no correlation between the length of the observation period and the residual deformity, indicating growth correction. Examination of the rotational mobility of the hips was found to be a suitable screening test in the diagnosis of deformities exceeding 10 degrees. Radiological investigation of the anteversion angle of the femoral neck is necessary in the final assessment of a torsion deformity.", "PMID": 425835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12952", "title": "An alternative method for exchange operation of infected arthroplasty.", "content": "The use of bone cement balls in chains loaded with gentamycin (gentamycin-PMMA-ketten) as part of a two-stage exchange operation has proven to be a good method of treatment for infected arthroplasty. The procedure is illustrated by three case reports.", "contents": "An alternative method for exchange operation of infected arthroplasty. The use of bone cement balls in chains loaded with gentamycin (gentamycin-PMMA-ketten) as part of a two-stage exchange operation has proven to be a good method of treatment for infected arthroplasty. The procedure is illustrated by three case reports.", "PMID": 425836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12953", "title": "Adamantinoma tibiae.", "content": "A case with characteristic roentgenographic and microscopic findings of adamantinoma tibiae is reported. Knee disarticulation with early ambulation is the treatment of choice and was performed on this patient. Limb ablation followed by Unna Paste Bandage to prevent oedema and permit early prosthetic fitting facilitates rehabilitation. The 1 year follow-up showed excellent prosthetic function and no evidence of residual tumour.", "contents": "Adamantinoma tibiae. A case with characteristic roentgenographic and microscopic findings of adamantinoma tibiae is reported. Knee disarticulation with early ambulation is the treatment of choice and was performed on this patient. Limb ablation followed by Unna Paste Bandage to prevent oedema and permit early prosthetic fitting facilitates rehabilitation. The 1 year follow-up showed excellent prosthetic function and no evidence of residual tumour.", "PMID": 425837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12954", "title": "Recessive X-linked hyperuricemia with gout and renal damage, normal activity of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and resistance to azaguanine.", "content": "A family is reported where four males have developed hyperuricemia, renal damage and, except for the youngest person affected, gout at an early age. The disease appears to be inherited as an X-linked recessive metabolic error. Clinically the patients have developed classical, tophaceous gout before the age of 25 and have suffered repeated attacks of renal colic. Renal tubular damage with decreased ability to concentrate and acidify urine was seen in a family member of only 16 years of age. Progressive renal failure seems to develop slowly. None in the family has shown neurologic symptoms, and two of the four affected men are apparently of at least average intelligence, two slightly below average. One female carrier has repeatedly passed uric acid stones. Studies of the red blood cell lysate have shown a normal activity of enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, and an increased level of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. Skin fibroblasts from affected family members grew normally in the presence of 8-azaguanine. Administration of azathioprine to the patients did not decrease their serum uric acid levels. This is the first family described with this type of disorder of the purine metabolism.", "contents": "Recessive X-linked hyperuricemia with gout and renal damage, normal activity of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and resistance to azaguanine. A family is reported where four males have developed hyperuricemia, renal damage and, except for the youngest person affected, gout at an early age. The disease appears to be inherited as an X-linked recessive metabolic error. Clinically the patients have developed classical, tophaceous gout before the age of 25 and have suffered repeated attacks of renal colic. Renal tubular damage with decreased ability to concentrate and acidify urine was seen in a family member of only 16 years of age. Progressive renal failure seems to develop slowly. None in the family has shown neurologic symptoms, and two of the four affected men are apparently of at least average intelligence, two slightly below average. One female carrier has repeatedly passed uric acid stones. Studies of the red blood cell lysate have shown a normal activity of enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, and an increased level of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. Skin fibroblasts from affected family members grew normally in the presence of 8-azaguanine. Administration of azathioprine to the patients did not decrease their serum uric acid levels. This is the first family described with this type of disorder of the purine metabolism.", "PMID": 425844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12955", "title": "Comparison of biopsy procedures in intrathoracic sarcoidosis.", "content": "A series of 78 patients, mainly young males, with intrathoracic manifestations of sarcoidosis, found on routine chest X-ray, were examined according to a prescheduled program including different biopsy procedures. In 76% the intrathoracic changes were isolated hilar adenopathy, in 9% isolated pulmonary lesions and in 15% hilar adenopathy plus pulmonary lesions. Lymph nodes containing granulomas were found by mediastinoscopy in 41 of 44 patients and by scalene fat pad biopsy in 20 of 34 patients. In 27 of 76 patients granulomas were found by liver biopsy. Complications to the biopsies were more frequent with mediastinoscopy than with the other two biopsy procedures, but no serious complications occurred. Biopsy through mediastinoscopy is thus preferable in patients of this kind. The necessity of doing biopsies to support the diagnosis of sarcoidosis is discussed on the basis of the literature and our own studies. In younger patients with asymptomatic, bilateral hilar adenopathy without pulmonary lesions it seems justifiable to omit biopsy, whereas biopsy is mandatory in patients with unilateral hilar lymph adenopathy and patients with pulmonary lesions. In all cases the course of the disease should be followed for a rather long period.", "contents": "Comparison of biopsy procedures in intrathoracic sarcoidosis. A series of 78 patients, mainly young males, with intrathoracic manifestations of sarcoidosis, found on routine chest X-ray, were examined according to a prescheduled program including different biopsy procedures. In 76% the intrathoracic changes were isolated hilar adenopathy, in 9% isolated pulmonary lesions and in 15% hilar adenopathy plus pulmonary lesions. Lymph nodes containing granulomas were found by mediastinoscopy in 41 of 44 patients and by scalene fat pad biopsy in 20 of 34 patients. In 27 of 76 patients granulomas were found by liver biopsy. Complications to the biopsies were more frequent with mediastinoscopy than with the other two biopsy procedures, but no serious complications occurred. Biopsy through mediastinoscopy is thus preferable in patients of this kind. The necessity of doing biopsies to support the diagnosis of sarcoidosis is discussed on the basis of the literature and our own studies. In younger patients with asymptomatic, bilateral hilar adenopathy without pulmonary lesions it seems justifiable to omit biopsy, whereas biopsy is mandatory in patients with unilateral hilar lymph adenopathy and patients with pulmonary lesions. In all cases the course of the disease should be followed for a rather long period.", "PMID": 425845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12956", "title": "Non-invasive beat-to-beat analysis of stroke volume and digital pulse volume in patients with complete heart block and artificial pacing.", "content": "This study presents a beat-to-beat analysis of digital arterial pulse volume (DAPA), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and stroke volume (SV) and their correlation to PQ interval in ten patients with complete heart block and artificial cardiac pacing. DAPA was measured by strain-gauge plethysmography and LVEDD/SV by echocardiography. A close relationship was found between SV and DAPA (R = 0.83-0.97) in seven patients, who all drew considerable benefit from atrial contraction as regards SV and DAPA (increase with 35-94%). The optimal PQ interval was calculated to approximately 240 msec for DAPA and 180 msec for LVEDD and SV. It may be concluded that the present study demonstrates a close relationship between beat-to-beat variations of SV measured by echocardiography and plethysmographically recorded digital arterial pulse volume. These variables may be useful in clinical practice for assessing the hemodynamic effect of atrial contribution in patients with various forms of cardiac conduction disturbances. The two methods may, for instance, be useful for screening in order to pick out patients who may benefit from AV synchronous rather than ventricular pacing.", "contents": "Non-invasive beat-to-beat analysis of stroke volume and digital pulse volume in patients with complete heart block and artificial pacing. This study presents a beat-to-beat analysis of digital arterial pulse volume (DAPA), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and stroke volume (SV) and their correlation to PQ interval in ten patients with complete heart block and artificial cardiac pacing. DAPA was measured by strain-gauge plethysmography and LVEDD/SV by echocardiography. A close relationship was found between SV and DAPA (R = 0.83-0.97) in seven patients, who all drew considerable benefit from atrial contraction as regards SV and DAPA (increase with 35-94%). The optimal PQ interval was calculated to approximately 240 msec for DAPA and 180 msec for LVEDD and SV. It may be concluded that the present study demonstrates a close relationship between beat-to-beat variations of SV measured by echocardiography and plethysmographically recorded digital arterial pulse volume. These variables may be useful in clinical practice for assessing the hemodynamic effect of atrial contribution in patients with various forms of cardiac conduction disturbances. The two methods may, for instance, be useful for screening in order to pick out patients who may benefit from AV synchronous rather than ventricular pacing.", "PMID": 425846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12957", "title": "Impact of a mobile coronary care unit on the sudden coronary mortality in a community.", "content": "A 6-month feasibility study on a mobile coronary care unit (MCCU) was implemented in an urban community provided with a WHO Acute Ischemic Heart Disease Register. MCCU was able to reach in time less than 5% of all cases of unexpected cardiac arrest in the community. For cases of myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest transported by MCCU, a pair-matched control series was obtained from a period of 2-8 months before the beginning of the MCCU activity. No difference was found in the first 28 days' mortality rate between MCCU and control groups. The operation of MCCU did not induce any reduction of the patient delay time in the community.", "contents": "Impact of a mobile coronary care unit on the sudden coronary mortality in a community. A 6-month feasibility study on a mobile coronary care unit (MCCU) was implemented in an urban community provided with a WHO Acute Ischemic Heart Disease Register. MCCU was able to reach in time less than 5% of all cases of unexpected cardiac arrest in the community. For cases of myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest transported by MCCU, a pair-matched control series was obtained from a period of 2-8 months before the beginning of the MCCU activity. No difference was found in the first 28 days' mortality rate between MCCU and control groups. The operation of MCCU did not induce any reduction of the patient delay time in the community.", "PMID": 425847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12958", "title": "The influence of sar1 ala8 angiotensin II (saralasin) on plasma aldosterone in hypertensive patients.", "content": "The effect of a 4-hour infusion of the angiotensin II analogue sar1 ala8 angiotensin II (saralasin) on plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) was assessed in relation to plasma renin activity (PRA) in 12 patients, both on normal sodium intake and after marked sodium depletion. On normal sodium intake the response of PAC to saralasin was variable; following sodium depletion saralasin induced a marked decrease in PAC in 11 of 12 patients. The extent of the change in PAC induced by saralasin correlated closely with log PRA. The data indicate that saralasin is also a competitive antagonist of the effect of the endogenous renin-angiotensin system (RAS) on the adrenal cortex, with agonistic activity appearing at low levels of PRA. The effect of sodium depletion on AC appears to be mediated to a major degree by the RAS.", "contents": "The influence of sar1 ala8 angiotensin II (saralasin) on plasma aldosterone in hypertensive patients. The effect of a 4-hour infusion of the angiotensin II analogue sar1 ala8 angiotensin II (saralasin) on plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) was assessed in relation to plasma renin activity (PRA) in 12 patients, both on normal sodium intake and after marked sodium depletion. On normal sodium intake the response of PAC to saralasin was variable; following sodium depletion saralasin induced a marked decrease in PAC in 11 of 12 patients. The extent of the change in PAC induced by saralasin correlated closely with log PRA. The data indicate that saralasin is also a competitive antagonist of the effect of the endogenous renin-angiotensin system (RAS) on the adrenal cortex, with agonistic activity appearing at low levels of PRA. The effect of sodium depletion on AC appears to be mediated to a major degree by the RAS.", "PMID": 425848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12959", "title": "Response to bicycle exercise testing in long-standing juvenile diabetes.", "content": "Submaximal bicycle ergometry was used in the evaluation of cardiac function in 22 patients with juvenile diabetes and 21 age-matched control subjects. Six patients had moderate to severe retinopathy and 2 had peripheral neuropathy. Half of the patients, but only 3 of the controls, were smokers. No differences were found in BP, serum cholesterol, triglycerides and serum creatinine levels between diabetics and controls. None had proteinuria. Patients with juvenile diabetes had higher heart rates (HR) at rest as well as during and after exercise than the healthy controls. Diabetics also had a reduced HR response to postural changes compared with the controls. Five diabetics and one control had a pathological exercise ECG (0.05 less than P less than 0.1) that may indicate early non-symptomatic coronary heart disease. The observed changes in HR may be due to autonomic neuropathy.", "contents": "Response to bicycle exercise testing in long-standing juvenile diabetes. Submaximal bicycle ergometry was used in the evaluation of cardiac function in 22 patients with juvenile diabetes and 21 age-matched control subjects. Six patients had moderate to severe retinopathy and 2 had peripheral neuropathy. Half of the patients, but only 3 of the controls, were smokers. No differences were found in BP, serum cholesterol, triglycerides and serum creatinine levels between diabetics and controls. None had proteinuria. Patients with juvenile diabetes had higher heart rates (HR) at rest as well as during and after exercise than the healthy controls. Diabetics also had a reduced HR response to postural changes compared with the controls. Five diabetics and one control had a pathological exercise ECG (0.05 less than P less than 0.1) that may indicate early non-symptomatic coronary heart disease. The observed changes in HR may be due to autonomic neuropathy.", "PMID": 425849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12960", "title": "Haemolytic anaemia in alcohol abuse. A review of 14 cases.", "content": "Clinical and haematological data on 14 patients (8 women and 6 men) with alcohol-induced haemolytic anaemia and mild to moderate liver injury are presented. Nine of the patients were obvious drinkers, while 5 were socially well adjusted individuals in whom alcohol dependence was not suspected on admission to hospital. Four patients presented with a typical Zieve's syndrome. Two further patients had a moderate transient stomatocytosis, as assessed by microscopy of dried blood smears and by scanning electron microscopy. The majority of the patients, however, did not fit into any of the syndromes proposed in the literature. Indeed, the validity of both Zieve's syndrome and the \"transient stomatocytosis with hemolysis\" syndrome is questioned.", "contents": "Haemolytic anaemia in alcohol abuse. A review of 14 cases. Clinical and haematological data on 14 patients (8 women and 6 men) with alcohol-induced haemolytic anaemia and mild to moderate liver injury are presented. Nine of the patients were obvious drinkers, while 5 were socially well adjusted individuals in whom alcohol dependence was not suspected on admission to hospital. Four patients presented with a typical Zieve's syndrome. Two further patients had a moderate transient stomatocytosis, as assessed by microscopy of dried blood smears and by scanning electron microscopy. The majority of the patients, however, did not fit into any of the syndromes proposed in the literature. Indeed, the validity of both Zieve's syndrome and the \"transient stomatocytosis with hemolysis\" syndrome is questioned.", "PMID": 425850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12961", "title": "Association of pancreas affection and yersiniosis. A case report.", "content": "A case history of a 25-year-old female is reported. She had no diseases predisposing for pancreatic disease. A few days after a familial outbreak of yersinia enteritis, she again became ill and was referred to hospital. Clinical and laboratory examination made it likely that she underwent an acute pancreatic affection, and the serological test proved that she had been through an acute yersiniosis. The coincidental occurrence may of course be by change, but considering the immunological aspects of secondary yersiniosis, there might also be an etiological link.", "contents": "Association of pancreas affection and yersiniosis. A case report. A case history of a 25-year-old female is reported. She had no diseases predisposing for pancreatic disease. A few days after a familial outbreak of yersinia enteritis, she again became ill and was referred to hospital. Clinical and laboratory examination made it likely that she underwent an acute pancreatic affection, and the serological test proved that she had been through an acute yersiniosis. The coincidental occurrence may of course be by change, but considering the immunological aspects of secondary yersiniosis, there might also be an etiological link.", "PMID": 425851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12962", "title": "A prognostic model for head injury.", "content": "A prognostic model for head injured patients was developed. Patients fall into one of four prognostic categories at the end of the first hospital day: I. Discharge alive on or before the seventh hospital day. II. Discharge alive 8--42 days after admission. III. Discharge alive after 42 days, or dead after five years. IV. Discharge dead before five years. The outcome of 63% of the patients was predicted correctly. The model correctly placed, or missed by only one category, 97% of the patients observed. Errors tended to the optimistic side of observed outcomes. Age and pattern of consciousness were critical prognostic factors.", "contents": "A prognostic model for head injury. A prognostic model for head injured patients was developed. Patients fall into one of four prognostic categories at the end of the first hospital day: I. Discharge alive on or before the seventh hospital day. II. Discharge alive 8--42 days after admission. III. Discharge alive after 42 days, or dead after five years. IV. Discharge dead before five years. The outcome of 63% of the patients was predicted correctly. The model correctly placed, or missed by only one category, 97% of the patients observed. Errors tended to the optimistic side of observed outcomes. Age and pattern of consciousness were critical prognostic factors.", "PMID": 425852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12963", "title": "Computerized tomography (CT), electroencephalography (EEG), and clinical symptoms in severe cranio-cerebral injuries: A comparative study.", "content": "In the first six months of 1977 156 patients with craniocerebral injuries underwent computerized tomography. Twelve had severe deficits which led to neurosurgical interventions. Only five had space-occupying haematomas. CT was useful in detecting neurosurgical complications, whereas EEG was useful in staging the severity of the trauma. The two methods, the functional one of EEG and the morphological one of CT, are complementary, especially with regard to the posttraumatic course. The clinical symptoms are reflected by EEG better than by CT.", "contents": "Computerized tomography (CT), electroencephalography (EEG), and clinical symptoms in severe cranio-cerebral injuries: A comparative study. In the first six months of 1977 156 patients with craniocerebral injuries underwent computerized tomography. Twelve had severe deficits which led to neurosurgical interventions. Only five had space-occupying haematomas. CT was useful in detecting neurosurgical complications, whereas EEG was useful in staging the severity of the trauma. The two methods, the functional one of EEG and the morphological one of CT, are complementary, especially with regard to the posttraumatic course. The clinical symptoms are reflected by EEG better than by CT.", "PMID": 425853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12964", "title": "CT scanning after drainage of subdural haematoma: An unusual case.", "content": "A unique patient with bilateral subdural haematomas with localized subdural membranes on one side is reported. Serial CT scans suggested that the membranes resolved spontaneously after drainage of the haematoma. The pathophysiology of subdural haematoma and the value of CT scanning in postoperative follow-up are discussed, especially in regard to learning more about the optimal treatment in this still somewhat enigmatic problem.", "contents": "CT scanning after drainage of subdural haematoma: An unusual case. A unique patient with bilateral subdural haematomas with localized subdural membranes on one side is reported. Serial CT scans suggested that the membranes resolved spontaneously after drainage of the haematoma. The pathophysiology of subdural haematoma and the value of CT scanning in postoperative follow-up are discussed, especially in regard to learning more about the optimal treatment in this still somewhat enigmatic problem.", "PMID": 425854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12965", "title": "Repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea with pedicled dural flap.", "content": "Four cases of persistent cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea through the ethmoid sinus are presented. Using the operative microscope, the margin of the dural defect was easily identified, and a pedicled dural flap supplied by branches of a meningeal artery was successfully sutured to the dural margin in a watertight fashion without increasing pre-existing neurological deficits. To prevent intracranial infection, the watertight closure with a predicled dural flap is presumably more complete and reasonable than are various grafts without vascular circulation.", "contents": "Repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea with pedicled dural flap. Four cases of persistent cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea through the ethmoid sinus are presented. Using the operative microscope, the margin of the dural defect was easily identified, and a pedicled dural flap supplied by branches of a meningeal artery was successfully sutured to the dural margin in a watertight fashion without increasing pre-existing neurological deficits. To prevent intracranial infection, the watertight closure with a predicled dural flap is presumably more complete and reasonable than are various grafts without vascular circulation.", "PMID": 425855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12966", "title": "An unusual case of multiple intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "A 49-year-old female patient with six intracranial aneurysms, all of which were treated successfully by direct surgery, is reported. She had a major subarachnoid haemorrhage 10 years ago. Because of difficulty in identifying the offending aneurysm she was not surgically treated at that time. The natural progression of intracranial aneurysms, the problem of identifying the lesion in a patient with multiple aneurysms, and an example of excellent recovery of visual function following surgical treatment are discussed.", "contents": "An unusual case of multiple intracranial aneurysms. A 49-year-old female patient with six intracranial aneurysms, all of which were treated successfully by direct surgery, is reported. She had a major subarachnoid haemorrhage 10 years ago. Because of difficulty in identifying the offending aneurysm she was not surgically treated at that time. The natural progression of intracranial aneurysms, the problem of identifying the lesion in a patient with multiple aneurysms, and an example of excellent recovery of visual function following surgical treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 425857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12967", "title": "Pseudo-tumoural aneurysm in the third ventricle: Report of three cases.", "content": "3 cases of giant sacciform aneurysm developed in the third ventricle are reported. They were observed in patients over 50 years. Clinical symptomatology evoked a tumor rather than a vascular malformation. Diagnosis can be difficult even with angiography and CT scan performed conjointly when the giant aneurysm is completely thrombosed. The size of the lesion is not a matter of age since 10% at least of these giant aneurysms are observed in children. They are mainly seen along the large arteries at the neck or at the base of the brain; the high focal pressure of the blood flow at these levels can perhaps play a role in the usual site of these lesions. Surgical treatment remains a challenge when the aneurysm is burrowed deep into the third ventricle and when being thrombosed, it is mainly symptomatic by its mass.", "contents": "Pseudo-tumoural aneurysm in the third ventricle: Report of three cases. 3 cases of giant sacciform aneurysm developed in the third ventricle are reported. They were observed in patients over 50 years. Clinical symptomatology evoked a tumor rather than a vascular malformation. Diagnosis can be difficult even with angiography and CT scan performed conjointly when the giant aneurysm is completely thrombosed. The size of the lesion is not a matter of age since 10% at least of these giant aneurysms are observed in children. They are mainly seen along the large arteries at the neck or at the base of the brain; the high focal pressure of the blood flow at these levels can perhaps play a role in the usual site of these lesions. Surgical treatment remains a challenge when the aneurysm is burrowed deep into the third ventricle and when being thrombosed, it is mainly symptomatic by its mass.", "PMID": 425856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12968", "title": "Removal of intraventricular craniopharyngiomas through the lamina terminalis.", "content": "Radical, but subtotal, removal of four craniopharyngiomas, three of which were primarily within the third ventricle, has been carried out by an approach beneath the frontal lobe and through the lamina terminalis. A good result was obtained in two cases, and in two other cases the patients were left with considerable disability from hypothalamic damage. The technique, and the indications for radical surgery on these lesions are discussed.", "contents": "Removal of intraventricular craniopharyngiomas through the lamina terminalis. Radical, but subtotal, removal of four craniopharyngiomas, three of which were primarily within the third ventricle, has been carried out by an approach beneath the frontal lobe and through the lamina terminalis. A good result was obtained in two cases, and in two other cases the patients were left with considerable disability from hypothalamic damage. The technique, and the indications for radical surgery on these lesions are discussed.", "PMID": 425858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12969", "title": "Pre- and postoperative evaluation of hypothalamo- pituitary function in children with craniopharyngiomas.", "content": "Pre- and postoperative evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary function was performed in six children, aged 5.5 to 13.3 years with craniopharyngiomas. Before surgery growth hormone deficiency (GHD) was documented in four, hypothalamic hypothyroidism in three, and secondary ACTH-deficiency and hyperprolactinaemia in one patient. Diabetes insipidus was absent in all patients. After neurosurgical treatment GHD was present in all, hypothyroidism in five, ACTH-deficiency in three, hyperprolactinaemia in three, and diabetes insipidus in four children. The study shows that all endocrine functions tested may be defective even before surgery, although diabetes insipidus seems to be a rare preoperative complaint. Surgical intervention, however, often leads to additional endocrine disorders. From the data presented here one may suggest that TRH stimulation tests, evaluation of serum prolactin, and lysin-vasopressin stimulation tests are the most useful investigations to distinguish between hypothalamic and primary pituitary disorders.", "contents": "Pre- and postoperative evaluation of hypothalamo- pituitary function in children with craniopharyngiomas. Pre- and postoperative evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary function was performed in six children, aged 5.5 to 13.3 years with craniopharyngiomas. Before surgery growth hormone deficiency (GHD) was documented in four, hypothalamic hypothyroidism in three, and secondary ACTH-deficiency and hyperprolactinaemia in one patient. Diabetes insipidus was absent in all patients. After neurosurgical treatment GHD was present in all, hypothyroidism in five, ACTH-deficiency in three, hyperprolactinaemia in three, and diabetes insipidus in four children. The study shows that all endocrine functions tested may be defective even before surgery, although diabetes insipidus seems to be a rare preoperative complaint. Surgical intervention, however, often leads to additional endocrine disorders. From the data presented here one may suggest that TRH stimulation tests, evaluation of serum prolactin, and lysin-vasopressin stimulation tests are the most useful investigations to distinguish between hypothalamic and primary pituitary disorders.", "PMID": 425859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12970", "title": "Epidural pressure monitoring with the so-called Rotterdam transducer. Further in vivo results.", "content": "Results of measurements in vivo of intracranial pressure obtained with a new telemetric epidural pressure transducer are described. The relations of epidural pressure to ventricular fluid pressure are studied in acute experiments and found to be linear, but variable. The functioning of 18 transducers was studied over many months of implantation.", "contents": "Epidural pressure monitoring with the so-called Rotterdam transducer. Further in vivo results. Results of measurements in vivo of intracranial pressure obtained with a new telemetric epidural pressure transducer are described. The relations of epidural pressure to ventricular fluid pressure are studied in acute experiments and found to be linear, but variable. The functioning of 18 transducers was studied over many months of implantation.", "PMID": 425860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12971", "title": "Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children.", "content": "Supracondylar fractures most commonly result in posterior and medial displacement of the distal fragment. The periosteum on the medial and posterior aspects of the humeral shaft is often intact. Closed reduction with immobilization by casting is preferred. Flexion of the elbow must be maintained in the cast. Internal fixation with percutaneous pins may be required, but only after satisfactory reduction. Olecranon skeletal traction is useful if ischemia develops. Neuropathies, ischemia and technical failures with angular deformities are not rare.", "contents": "Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. Supracondylar fractures most commonly result in posterior and medial displacement of the distal fragment. The periosteum on the medial and posterior aspects of the humeral shaft is often intact. Closed reduction with immobilization by casting is preferred. Flexion of the elbow must be maintained in the cast. Internal fixation with percutaneous pins may be required, but only after satisfactory reduction. Olecranon skeletal traction is useful if ischemia develops. Neuropathies, ischemia and technical failures with angular deformities are not rare.", "PMID": 425864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12972", "title": "Child molestation.", "content": "Sexually molested children are thought to be more common than battered children but, like rape, cases of child molestation are greatly underreported. Physical trauma occurs frequently, including vaginoperineal tears and head injuries. The child's father is frequently the offender. In nearly one-half of the cases, the abuse occurs repeatedly. Physicians must be aware of the potential physical and emotional damage and must be prepared to offer gentle care, effective support and appropriate counseling.", "contents": "Child molestation. Sexually molested children are thought to be more common than battered children but, like rape, cases of child molestation are greatly underreported. Physical trauma occurs frequently, including vaginoperineal tears and head injuries. The child's father is frequently the offender. In nearly one-half of the cases, the abuse occurs repeatedly. Physicians must be aware of the potential physical and emotional damage and must be prepared to offer gentle care, effective support and appropriate counseling.", "PMID": 425865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12973", "title": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: comprehensive management.", "content": "The cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remains unknown, and no curative treatment is available. From a rehabilitation perspective, however, comprehensive management and symptomatic treatment can minimize complications, increase function and improve the patient's quality of life. Quinine, diazepam (Valium) and phenytoin (Dilantin) may relieve muscle cramps, and orthoses may permit greater participation in daily activities. Problems with respiration and swallowing may require surgical procedures and the use of feeding tubes. Decisions regarding surgical intervention must be made in the context of the patient's overall status.", "contents": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: comprehensive management. The cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remains unknown, and no curative treatment is available. From a rehabilitation perspective, however, comprehensive management and symptomatic treatment can minimize complications, increase function and improve the patient's quality of life. Quinine, diazepam (Valium) and phenytoin (Dilantin) may relieve muscle cramps, and orthoses may permit greater participation in daily activities. Problems with respiration and swallowing may require surgical procedures and the use of feeding tubes. Decisions regarding surgical intervention must be made in the context of the patient's overall status.", "PMID": 425866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12974", "title": "Prevention of thromboembolism.", "content": "Thromboembolism is the leading preventable cause of death in the hospitalized patient. It is not well managed by the application of current diagnostic and treatment techniques. Prevention should be the major clinical emphasis. Low-dose heparin is a safe and effective method of prophylaxis for postoperative venous thromboembolism. Its administration is simple and requires minimal monitoring. The low-dose heparin protocol is recommended for widespread use with major operations in high-risk patients.", "contents": "Prevention of thromboembolism. Thromboembolism is the leading preventable cause of death in the hospitalized patient. It is not well managed by the application of current diagnostic and treatment techniques. Prevention should be the major clinical emphasis. Low-dose heparin is a safe and effective method of prophylaxis for postoperative venous thromboembolism. Its administration is simple and requires minimal monitoring. The low-dose heparin protocol is recommended for widespread use with major operations in high-risk patients.", "PMID": 425867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12975", "title": "Practical management of chronic renal failure.", "content": "Initial evaluation of patients with chronic renal failure demands a careful search to exclude reversible causes such as dehydration, obstruction and nephrotoxins. Subsequently, strict management of sodium and fluid intake is necessary to avoid either dehydration or congestive heart failure. As renal failure advances, restriction of dietary protein and potassium and binding of phosphate are indicated. Referral to an end-stage renal disease center should be accomplished early, before and appearance of uremic symptoms, to facilitate a smooth transfer to the next phase of rehabilitative therapy.", "contents": "Practical management of chronic renal failure. Initial evaluation of patients with chronic renal failure demands a careful search to exclude reversible causes such as dehydration, obstruction and nephrotoxins. Subsequently, strict management of sodium and fluid intake is necessary to avoid either dehydration or congestive heart failure. As renal failure advances, restriction of dietary protein and potassium and binding of phosphate are indicated. Referral to an end-stage renal disease center should be accomplished early, before and appearance of uremic symptoms, to facilitate a smooth transfer to the next phase of rehabilitative therapy.", "PMID": 425868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12976", "title": "Family behavior modification.", "content": "Behavior modification has been effective in dealing with problems in individual patients. The adaptation of behavior modification techniques to the family unit can help to lessen some harmful consequences of adverse human behavior. After identification of the problem and analysis of the stimuli, the behavior and its consequences, stimulus control and contingency management are discussed. A formal written contract, involving all family members and the physician, is useful.", "contents": "Family behavior modification. Behavior modification has been effective in dealing with problems in individual patients. The adaptation of behavior modification techniques to the family unit can help to lessen some harmful consequences of adverse human behavior. After identification of the problem and analysis of the stimuli, the behavior and its consequences, stimulus control and contingency management are discussed. A formal written contract, involving all family members and the physician, is useful.", "PMID": 425869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12977", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of pericardial disease.", "content": "Echocardiograms were performed in 11 patients with constrictive pericarditis or effusive-constrictive pericarditis confirmed by cardiac catheterization and pericardiectomy. Three echocardiographic patterns of pericardial disease were noted and were related to three types of pericardial pathology. Parallel moving echoes separated by a clear space were reflected from chronically fibrosed and thickened pericardium without associated pericardial exudate. Effusive-constrictive pericarditis or subacute wet pericarditis was characterized on the echocardiogram by a posterior echo-free space representing the liquid pericardial effusion and multiple ultrasonic lines from the thickened visceral pericardium. Subacute dry pericarditis was associated with numerous ultrasonic signals filling the space between the visceral pericardium and the relatively flat parietal pericardium. These ultrasonic signals were reflected from coagulated pericardial exudate which was adherent both to the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium. Parallel moving echoes or dense bands of echoes were reflected from either or both thickened visceral and parietal pericardium.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of pericardial disease. Echocardiograms were performed in 11 patients with constrictive pericarditis or effusive-constrictive pericarditis confirmed by cardiac catheterization and pericardiectomy. Three echocardiographic patterns of pericardial disease were noted and were related to three types of pericardial pathology. Parallel moving echoes separated by a clear space were reflected from chronically fibrosed and thickened pericardium without associated pericardial exudate. Effusive-constrictive pericarditis or subacute wet pericarditis was characterized on the echocardiogram by a posterior echo-free space representing the liquid pericardial effusion and multiple ultrasonic lines from the thickened visceral pericardium. Subacute dry pericarditis was associated with numerous ultrasonic signals filling the space between the visceral pericardium and the relatively flat parietal pericardium. These ultrasonic signals were reflected from coagulated pericardial exudate which was adherent both to the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium. Parallel moving echoes or dense bands of echoes were reflected from either or both thickened visceral and parietal pericardium.", "PMID": 425875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12978", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of myocardial function in young patients with mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "To evaluate myocardial function in patients with documented mitral valve prolapse (MVP) 14 patients (six men and eight women with a mean age of 28 +/- 6.3 years) were examined noninvasively. Systolic time intervals were recorded at rest (in the supine and upright position) and after bicycle ergometry (upright position) and were compared with 10 healthy control subjects of similar age. Tracings were coded with random numbers and were evaluated by two blinded investigators. Contractility indices such as pre-ejection period index (PEPc) and ratio pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) revealed no significant differences between patients and controls both at rest and after exercise. We conclude that young patients with MVP have no evidence for impaired myocardial function, provided there is no significant mitral incompetence or associated heart disease.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of myocardial function in young patients with mitral valve prolapse. To evaluate myocardial function in patients with documented mitral valve prolapse (MVP) 14 patients (six men and eight women with a mean age of 28 +/- 6.3 years) were examined noninvasively. Systolic time intervals were recorded at rest (in the supine and upright position) and after bicycle ergometry (upright position) and were compared with 10 healthy control subjects of similar age. Tracings were coded with random numbers and were evaluated by two blinded investigators. Contractility indices such as pre-ejection period index (PEPc) and ratio pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) revealed no significant differences between patients and controls both at rest and after exercise. We conclude that young patients with MVP have no evidence for impaired myocardial function, provided there is no significant mitral incompetence or associated heart disease.", "PMID": 425876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12979", "title": "Evidence in favor of the vasospastic cause of coronary artery thrombosis.", "content": "Evidence is presented which suggests that it is likely that vasospasm initiates coronary artery thrombosis. Spasm causes a violet constriction of the vessel and also produces stasis, and both factors are implicated in the thrombotic process. Spasm can occur in sclerotic segments, and intimal tears and plaque ruptures in arteriosclerotic plaques are attributed to spasm. The thrombus forms over the intimal disruption, abetted by the stasis of spasm. In arteries with mild or no intimal injury, continuing stasis over a period of time is considered as the major factor in thrombus formation. This ongoing stasis is attributed to an injury-spasm reaction to necrotic muscle, and probably is equivalent to the \"no-reflow\" phenomenon of infarction.", "contents": "Evidence in favor of the vasospastic cause of coronary artery thrombosis. Evidence is presented which suggests that it is likely that vasospasm initiates coronary artery thrombosis. Spasm causes a violet constriction of the vessel and also produces stasis, and both factors are implicated in the thrombotic process. Spasm can occur in sclerotic segments, and intimal tears and plaque ruptures in arteriosclerotic plaques are attributed to spasm. The thrombus forms over the intimal disruption, abetted by the stasis of spasm. In arteries with mild or no intimal injury, continuing stasis over a period of time is considered as the major factor in thrombus formation. This ongoing stasis is attributed to an injury-spasm reaction to necrotic muscle, and probably is equivalent to the \"no-reflow\" phenomenon of infarction.", "PMID": 425878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12980", "title": "Predictive value of electrocardiographic patterns in localizing left ventricular asynergy in coronary artery disease.", "content": "Transmural myocardial infarction by ECG (ECG-MI) was correlated with left ventricular asynergy by biplane left cineventriculography in 200 patients with coronary artery disease. The ability of individual ECG-MI patterns to predict and correctly localize asynergy was: anterior--98 per cent (43 of 44), inferior--82 per cent (36 of 44), true posterior--73 per cent (11 of 15). Of various combinations of criteria for true posterior ECG-MI, the pattern of an R wave and upright T wave in Lead V1 was most predictive of posterior asynergy--80 per cent (8 of 10). The LAO projection demonstrated a wall motion abnormality not appreciated in the RAO in 8 per cent (10 of 122) of cases of inferoposterior asynergy and enhanced assessment of asynergy in 30 per cent (36 of 122) of cases. It is concluded that: (1) ECG-MI has a high predictive accuracy for left ventricular asynergy, (2) an R-wave and upright T wave in Lead V1 is the best ECG predictor of posterior asynergy, and (3) the LAO projection makes an important contribution to the assessment of regional asynergy in coronary artery dieseas.", "contents": "Predictive value of electrocardiographic patterns in localizing left ventricular asynergy in coronary artery disease. Transmural myocardial infarction by ECG (ECG-MI) was correlated with left ventricular asynergy by biplane left cineventriculography in 200 patients with coronary artery disease. The ability of individual ECG-MI patterns to predict and correctly localize asynergy was: anterior--98 per cent (43 of 44), inferior--82 per cent (36 of 44), true posterior--73 per cent (11 of 15). Of various combinations of criteria for true posterior ECG-MI, the pattern of an R wave and upright T wave in Lead V1 was most predictive of posterior asynergy--80 per cent (8 of 10). The LAO projection demonstrated a wall motion abnormality not appreciated in the RAO in 8 per cent (10 of 122) of cases of inferoposterior asynergy and enhanced assessment of asynergy in 30 per cent (36 of 122) of cases. It is concluded that: (1) ECG-MI has a high predictive accuracy for left ventricular asynergy, (2) an R-wave and upright T wave in Lead V1 is the best ECG predictor of posterior asynergy, and (3) the LAO projection makes an important contribution to the assessment of regional asynergy in coronary artery dieseas.", "PMID": 425879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12981", "title": "Effect of exercise on left ventricular ejection fraction in men with coronary artery disease.", "content": "Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured at rest and during supine bicycle exercise in 31 men with arteriographically defined coronary disease and in 15 normal men. LVEF was calculated from a left ventricular time vs activity curve (collimated scintillation probe, 99m Technetium) as the fracitonal fall in count-rate divided by the background-corrected left ventricular end-diastolic count-rate. In normal men LVEF at rest averaged .59 +/- .06 (+/-SD) and during exercise was .72 +/- .08. LVEF did not increase with exercise in men with coronary disease (.55 +/- .03 to .57 +/- .03; N = 31; AVE +/-SEM; NS). In 17 men with coronary disease who had ST segment depression with exercise, LVEF either decreased or was unaltered in all (55 +/- .04 to .49 +/- .03; P less than 0.05); whereas in 14 without ST depression, LVEF increased in 10 (71 per cent) and was unaltered in 4 (29 per cent) (.54 +/- .04 to .66 +/- .04; P less than 0.01). Results suggest that LVEF during exercise normally increases, but in men with coronary disease LVEF either fails to increase or actually decreases. In addition there appears to be a relationship between ST segment changes during exercise and ejection fraction.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on left ventricular ejection fraction in men with coronary artery disease. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured at rest and during supine bicycle exercise in 31 men with arteriographically defined coronary disease and in 15 normal men. LVEF was calculated from a left ventricular time vs activity curve (collimated scintillation probe, 99m Technetium) as the fracitonal fall in count-rate divided by the background-corrected left ventricular end-diastolic count-rate. In normal men LVEF at rest averaged .59 +/- .06 (+/-SD) and during exercise was .72 +/- .08. LVEF did not increase with exercise in men with coronary disease (.55 +/- .03 to .57 +/- .03; N = 31; AVE +/-SEM; NS). In 17 men with coronary disease who had ST segment depression with exercise, LVEF either decreased or was unaltered in all (55 +/- .04 to .49 +/- .03; P less than 0.05); whereas in 14 without ST depression, LVEF increased in 10 (71 per cent) and was unaltered in 4 (29 per cent) (.54 +/- .04 to .66 +/- .04; P less than 0.01). Results suggest that LVEF during exercise normally increases, but in men with coronary disease LVEF either fails to increase or actually decreases. In addition there appears to be a relationship between ST segment changes during exercise and ejection fraction.", "PMID": 425882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12982", "title": "Determination of pre- and postoperative flow obstruction in patients undergoing closed mitral commissurotomy from non-invasive ultrasound Doppler data and cardiac output.", "content": "A non-invasive ultrasound Doppler system and indwelling thermodilution catheter system were used to determine the pre- and postoperative mitral flow obstruction in eight adults undergoing closed mitral commissurotomy. The effective valve area (Ae) was used as a measure of the obstruction. In the eight patients Ae was 1.08 +/- 0.34(SD) cm. 2 preoperatively and increased to 1.71 +/- 0.43(SD) cm. 2 postoperatively. The technique used in the investigation appears useful for the evaluation of surgical procedures designed to reduce the mitral flow obstruction.", "contents": "Determination of pre- and postoperative flow obstruction in patients undergoing closed mitral commissurotomy from non-invasive ultrasound Doppler data and cardiac output. A non-invasive ultrasound Doppler system and indwelling thermodilution catheter system were used to determine the pre- and postoperative mitral flow obstruction in eight adults undergoing closed mitral commissurotomy. The effective valve area (Ae) was used as a measure of the obstruction. In the eight patients Ae was 1.08 +/- 0.34(SD) cm. 2 preoperatively and increased to 1.71 +/- 0.43(SD) cm. 2 postoperatively. The technique used in the investigation appears useful for the evaluation of surgical procedures designed to reduce the mitral flow obstruction.", "PMID": 425883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12983", "title": "Reproducibility of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia after myocardial infarction.", "content": "To evaluate the reproducibility of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia, 155 men with a mean age of 53 +/- 8 years underwent serial exercise testing 3 to 52 weeks after myocardial infarction. The reproducibility of categorical test responses, that is, the presence or absence of ventricular arrhythmia, was evaluated with the kappa coefficient, which considers negative as well as possible test responses and expresses reproducibility above the chance level. Reproducibility was highest at an intertest interval of 1 to 5 days and was not enhanced by further categorizing premature ventricular complexes as simple or complex based on their frequency or configuration. Continuous response measures such as frequency of premature ventricular complexes yielded higher reproducibility than categorical responses. Continuous response measures appear preferable to categorical responses for evaluating the clinical significance and response to antiarrhythmic therapy of ventricular arrhythmias.", "contents": "Reproducibility of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia after myocardial infarction. To evaluate the reproducibility of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia, 155 men with a mean age of 53 +/- 8 years underwent serial exercise testing 3 to 52 weeks after myocardial infarction. The reproducibility of categorical test responses, that is, the presence or absence of ventricular arrhythmia, was evaluated with the kappa coefficient, which considers negative as well as possible test responses and expresses reproducibility above the chance level. Reproducibility was highest at an intertest interval of 1 to 5 days and was not enhanced by further categorizing premature ventricular complexes as simple or complex based on their frequency or configuration. Continuous response measures such as frequency of premature ventricular complexes yielded higher reproducibility than categorical responses. Continuous response measures appear preferable to categorical responses for evaluating the clinical significance and response to antiarrhythmic therapy of ventricular arrhythmias.", "PMID": 425908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12984", "title": "Comparison of two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography in the evaluation of patients with infective endocarditis.", "content": "M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of infectious endocarditis and its complications was reviewed. In 21 consecutive patients with clinical endocarditis, 22 valves were involved (12 aortic, 5 mitral and 5 tricuspid). M-mode echocardiography detected vegetations in 10 patients (four aortic, two mitral and four tricuspid) and detected complications of endocarditis in 2 patients (one aortic root abscess and one flail aortic cusp). Two-dimensional echocardiography detected vegetations in 9 patients (four aortic, one mitral and four tricuspid) and detected complications in ten patients (five flail aortic cusps, one aortic root abscess, one sinus on Valsalva aneurysm, two flail mitral leaflets and one flail tricuspid valve). Thus, although M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography had a similar ability to detect actual vegetations, two-dimensional echocardiography was superior to M-mode echocardiography in diagnosing complications of the destructive process.", "contents": "Comparison of two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography in the evaluation of patients with infective endocarditis. M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of infectious endocarditis and its complications was reviewed. In 21 consecutive patients with clinical endocarditis, 22 valves were involved (12 aortic, 5 mitral and 5 tricuspid). M-mode echocardiography detected vegetations in 10 patients (four aortic, two mitral and four tricuspid) and detected complications of endocarditis in 2 patients (one aortic root abscess and one flail aortic cusp). Two-dimensional echocardiography detected vegetations in 9 patients (four aortic, one mitral and four tricuspid) and detected complications in ten patients (five flail aortic cusps, one aortic root abscess, one sinus on Valsalva aneurysm, two flail mitral leaflets and one flail tricuspid valve). Thus, although M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography had a similar ability to detect actual vegetations, two-dimensional echocardiography was superior to M-mode echocardiography in diagnosing complications of the destructive process.", "PMID": 425909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12985", "title": "Platelet function studies in coronary artery disease. V. Evidence for enhanced platelet microthrombus formation activity in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Circulating platelet microthrombi were evaluated during the acute and convalescent phases of illness in 44 patients admitted to the hospital for chest pain. Similar studies were performed in 10 healthy volunteers and 6 patients with infection. Circulating platelet microthrombi were significantly increased during the acute phase in 22 patients with transmural myocardial infarction compared with values in the other 22 patients without myocardial infarction, the healthy volunteers and the patients with infection alone. This increase in circulating platelet microthrombi declined to normal levels by the 7th hospital day in all but two patients who had evidence of extension of myocardial infarction and died. In contrast, circulating platelet microthrombi were similar in acute and convalescent phases of patients with chest pain but without myocardial infarction and were comparable with values in healthy volunteers. This study suggests that increased circulating platelet microthrombi may be related to tissue necrosis associated with transmural myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Platelet function studies in coronary artery disease. V. Evidence for enhanced platelet microthrombus formation activity in acute myocardial infarction. Circulating platelet microthrombi were evaluated during the acute and convalescent phases of illness in 44 patients admitted to the hospital for chest pain. Similar studies were performed in 10 healthy volunteers and 6 patients with infection. Circulating platelet microthrombi were significantly increased during the acute phase in 22 patients with transmural myocardial infarction compared with values in the other 22 patients without myocardial infarction, the healthy volunteers and the patients with infection alone. This increase in circulating platelet microthrombi declined to normal levels by the 7th hospital day in all but two patients who had evidence of extension of myocardial infarction and died. In contrast, circulating platelet microthrombi were similar in acute and convalescent phases of patients with chest pain but without myocardial infarction and were comparable with values in healthy volunteers. This study suggests that increased circulating platelet microthrombi may be related to tissue necrosis associated with transmural myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 425912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12986", "title": "A biologic model of parasystole.", "content": "The electrotonic interactions of a parasystolic pacemaker with ventricular responses to the normal pacemaker across an area of depressed excitability were simulated in a model consisting of strands of canine Purkinje fibers mounted in a sucrose gap preparation. Experiments were conducted to study the patterns of ectopic activity that result from entrainment of the \"ectopic\" pacemaker (EP) on one side of the sucrose gap by evoked responses (sn) on the other side of the gap. When one-way conduction (\"entrance block\") was established, manipulations of the SN frequency and of the impedance between the two outer chambers resulted in periods of silence, concealed or manifest bigeminy, trigeminy and quadrigeminy, and periods of more complex patterns of group beating as the entrainment ratios changed. The results confirm the predictions of the previously described mathematical model that these patterns depend on the magnitude of the electrotonic influence of SN on the EP cycle length and also on the ratio of the intrinsic frequencies. These studies should help to distinguish between reentrant and parasystolic mechanisms in clinical arrhythmias.", "contents": "A biologic model of parasystole. The electrotonic interactions of a parasystolic pacemaker with ventricular responses to the normal pacemaker across an area of depressed excitability were simulated in a model consisting of strands of canine Purkinje fibers mounted in a sucrose gap preparation. Experiments were conducted to study the patterns of ectopic activity that result from entrainment of the \"ectopic\" pacemaker (EP) on one side of the sucrose gap by evoked responses (sn) on the other side of the gap. When one-way conduction (\"entrance block\") was established, manipulations of the SN frequency and of the impedance between the two outer chambers resulted in periods of silence, concealed or manifest bigeminy, trigeminy and quadrigeminy, and periods of more complex patterns of group beating as the entrainment ratios changed. The results confirm the predictions of the previously described mathematical model that these patterns depend on the magnitude of the electrotonic influence of SN on the EP cycle length and also on the ratio of the intrinsic frequencies. These studies should help to distinguish between reentrant and parasystolic mechanisms in clinical arrhythmias.", "PMID": 425913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12987", "title": "Mechanism of reduction of mitral regurgitation with vasodilator therapy.", "content": "Acute mitral regurgitation was produced in six open chest dogs by excising a portion of the anterior valve leaflet. Electromagnetic flow probes were placed in the left atrium around the mitral anulus and in the ascending aorta to determine phasic left ventricular filling volume, regurgitant volume and stroke volume. The systolic pressure gradient was calculated from simultaneously measured high fidelity left atrial and left ventricular pressures. The effective mitral regurgitant orifice area was calculated from Gorlin's hydraulic equation. Infusion of nitroprusside resulted in a significant reduction in mitral regurgitation. No significant change occurred in the systolic pressure gradient between the left ventricle and the left atrium because both peak left ventricular pressure and left atrial pressure were reduced. The reduction of mitral regurgitation was largely due to reduction in the size of the mitral regurgitant orifice. Reduction of ventricular volume rather than the traditional concept of reduction of impedance of left ventricular ejection may explain the effects of vasodilators in reducing mitral regurgitation.", "contents": "Mechanism of reduction of mitral regurgitation with vasodilator therapy. Acute mitral regurgitation was produced in six open chest dogs by excising a portion of the anterior valve leaflet. Electromagnetic flow probes were placed in the left atrium around the mitral anulus and in the ascending aorta to determine phasic left ventricular filling volume, regurgitant volume and stroke volume. The systolic pressure gradient was calculated from simultaneously measured high fidelity left atrial and left ventricular pressures. The effective mitral regurgitant orifice area was calculated from Gorlin's hydraulic equation. Infusion of nitroprusside resulted in a significant reduction in mitral regurgitation. No significant change occurred in the systolic pressure gradient between the left ventricle and the left atrium because both peak left ventricular pressure and left atrial pressure were reduced. The reduction of mitral regurgitation was largely due to reduction in the size of the mitral regurgitant orifice. Reduction of ventricular volume rather than the traditional concept of reduction of impedance of left ventricular ejection may explain the effects of vasodilators in reducing mitral regurgitation.", "PMID": 425914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12988", "title": "Photokymography: a noninvasive method of detecting ischemic segmental myocardial wall motion abnormalities.", "content": "The photokymograph is a new and simple noninvasive device for assessing epicardial segmental myocardial wall motion utilizing cardiac fluoroscopy and image intensification. The validity of this technique in detecting wall motion changes occurring with ischemia was assessed in seven closed chest dogs undergoing acute balloon occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery. Acute occlusion resulted in a prompt change in the analog signal of the photokymogram, characterized first by a decreased systolic inward motion and late systolic outward movement that later became akinetic and dyskinetic. Systolic amplitude decreased 18 +/- 7 percent (mean +/- standard error of the mean) within 5 seconds of occlusion and progressed to systolic outward motion (- 106 +/- 24 percent) at 2 minutes. The time course and type of morphologic changes observed after occlusion were similar to those previously described using invasive methods. Furthermore, such changes preceded electrocardiographic S-T segment elevation. These data suggest that photokymography is a sensitive technique for noninvasive detection of acute ischemic segmental wall motion abnormalities and holds promise as a simple method of detecting ischemic heart disease in man.", "contents": "Photokymography: a noninvasive method of detecting ischemic segmental myocardial wall motion abnormalities. The photokymograph is a new and simple noninvasive device for assessing epicardial segmental myocardial wall motion utilizing cardiac fluoroscopy and image intensification. The validity of this technique in detecting wall motion changes occurring with ischemia was assessed in seven closed chest dogs undergoing acute balloon occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery. Acute occlusion resulted in a prompt change in the analog signal of the photokymogram, characterized first by a decreased systolic inward motion and late systolic outward movement that later became akinetic and dyskinetic. Systolic amplitude decreased 18 +/- 7 percent (mean +/- standard error of the mean) within 5 seconds of occlusion and progressed to systolic outward motion (- 106 +/- 24 percent) at 2 minutes. The time course and type of morphologic changes observed after occlusion were similar to those previously described using invasive methods. Furthermore, such changes preceded electrocardiographic S-T segment elevation. These data suggest that photokymography is a sensitive technique for noninvasive detection of acute ischemic segmental wall motion abnormalities and holds promise as a simple method of detecting ischemic heart disease in man.", "PMID": 425916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12989", "title": "Paradox of improved exercise but not resting hemodynamics with short-term prazosin in chronic heart failure.", "content": "In patients with chronic heart failure exercise allows the simultaneous observation of the cardiovascular pathophysiology and the symptoms of these patients. We administered short-term, oral prazosin to 10 patients with severe chronic heart failure. Prazosin increased cardiac output and stroke volume significantly during exercise (both P less than 0.05) but not at rest (both P greater than 0.10). Prazosin decreased the arteriovenous oxygen difference and left ventricular filling pressure significantly during exercise (both  P less than 0.05) but not at rest (both P greater than 0.10). There was no significant correlation between prazosin-induced changes at rest and during exercise in cardiac output (r = 0.12), stroke volume (r = 0.02), arteriovenous oxygen difference (r = 0.33) or left ventricular filling  pressure (r = 0.43). Prazosin predominantly affects hemodynamics during exercise because its pharmacologic activity as an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent is most prominent during exercise. The full evaluation of prazosin-induced changes in the hemodynamics of patients of patients with chronic heart failure requires evaluation during exercise.", "contents": "Paradox of improved exercise but not resting hemodynamics with short-term prazosin in chronic heart failure. In patients with chronic heart failure exercise allows the simultaneous observation of the cardiovascular pathophysiology and the symptoms of these patients. We administered short-term, oral prazosin to 10 patients with severe chronic heart failure. Prazosin increased cardiac output and stroke volume significantly during exercise (both P less than 0.05) but not at rest (both P greater than 0.10). Prazosin decreased the arteriovenous oxygen difference and left ventricular filling pressure significantly during exercise (both  P less than 0.05) but not at rest (both P greater than 0.10). There was no significant correlation between prazosin-induced changes at rest and during exercise in cardiac output (r = 0.12), stroke volume (r = 0.02), arteriovenous oxygen difference (r = 0.33) or left ventricular filling  pressure (r = 0.43). Prazosin predominantly affects hemodynamics during exercise because its pharmacologic activity as an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent is most prominent during exercise. The full evaluation of prazosin-induced changes in the hemodynamics of patients of patients with chronic heart failure requires evaluation during exercise.", "PMID": 425918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12990", "title": "Single and two dimensional echocardiographic features of the interatrial septum in normal subjects and patients with an atrial septal defect.", "content": "The interatrial septum is one of the least studied structures in M mode echocardiography. Two dimensional echocardiography has made it possible to record simultaneous M mode and two dimensional echocardiograms. Such studies were performed in 10 normal subjects and in 9 patients with a secundum atrial septal defect. In the short axis view of the base of the heart, the interatrial septum was visualized in the two dimensional studies as a linear echo running from the posterior aortic wall to the posterior atrial wall and in the M mode records as a series of dense echoes posterior to the aorta. The great variability in echo dropout of the interatrial septum made it impossible to distinguish the normal subjects from the patients with atrial septal defect. The dense echoes of the interial septum in the M mode records gave the false impression that they were filling the left atrium. These data indicate that (1) a secundum atrial septal defect cannot be reliably differentiated from a normal septum using these echocardiographic methods, and (2) the medial location of the interatrial septum should be appreciated so that it will not be confused with a left atrial mass.", "contents": "Single and two dimensional echocardiographic features of the interatrial septum in normal subjects and patients with an atrial septal defect. The interatrial septum is one of the least studied structures in M mode echocardiography. Two dimensional echocardiography has made it possible to record simultaneous M mode and two dimensional echocardiograms. Such studies were performed in 10 normal subjects and in 9 patients with a secundum atrial septal defect. In the short axis view of the base of the heart, the interatrial septum was visualized in the two dimensional studies as a linear echo running from the posterior aortic wall to the posterior atrial wall and in the M mode records as a series of dense echoes posterior to the aorta. The great variability in echo dropout of the interatrial septum made it impossible to distinguish the normal subjects from the patients with atrial septal defect. The dense echoes of the interial septum in the M mode records gave the false impression that they were filling the left atrium. These data indicate that (1) a secundum atrial septal defect cannot be reliably differentiated from a normal septum using these echocardiographic methods, and (2) the medial location of the interatrial septum should be appreciated so that it will not be confused with a left atrial mass.", "PMID": 425919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12991", "title": "Right atrial ultrastructure in congenital heart disease. II. Atrial septal defect: effects of volume overload.", "content": "Portions of operatively resected right atrium from 15 patients with atrial septal defect were studied ultrastructurally to determine whether the cell hypertrophy in the right atrium of patients with increased right atrial blood flow and increased right atrial pressure is caused by the increased blood flow. In 12 patients with normal right atrial mean pressure but increased right atrial blood flow the atrium was dilated but no atrial arrhythmias were noted clinically. Ultrastructurally, the atrial myocardial cells in these patients were normal, measuring 6 to 10 mu in diameter, and there was no evidence of cell hypertrophy or degeneration. The remaining three patients had elevated right atrial mean pressure and increased right atrial blood flow. Ultrastructurally, the atrial myocardial cells in all three patients were hypertrophied, and two patients had evidence of focal cell degeneration; the atrium was markedly dilated, but atrial arrhythmias were not noted. The lack of cell hypertrophy in the right atrium of the 12 patients with increased blood flow but normal mean pressure suggests that in congenital heart disease volume overload alone does not lead to cell hypertrophy of the right atrial myocardium.", "contents": "Right atrial ultrastructure in congenital heart disease. II. Atrial septal defect: effects of volume overload. Portions of operatively resected right atrium from 15 patients with atrial septal defect were studied ultrastructurally to determine whether the cell hypertrophy in the right atrium of patients with increased right atrial blood flow and increased right atrial pressure is caused by the increased blood flow. In 12 patients with normal right atrial mean pressure but increased right atrial blood flow the atrium was dilated but no atrial arrhythmias were noted clinically. Ultrastructurally, the atrial myocardial cells in these patients were normal, measuring 6 to 10 mu in diameter, and there was no evidence of cell hypertrophy or degeneration. The remaining three patients had elevated right atrial mean pressure and increased right atrial blood flow. Ultrastructurally, the atrial myocardial cells in all three patients were hypertrophied, and two patients had evidence of focal cell degeneration; the atrium was markedly dilated, but atrial arrhythmias were not noted. The lack of cell hypertrophy in the right atrium of the 12 patients with increased blood flow but normal mean pressure suggests that in congenital heart disease volume overload alone does not lead to cell hypertrophy of the right atrial myocardium.", "PMID": 425920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12992", "title": "Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive children with coarctation of the aorta.", "content": "To investigate the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as a cause of hypertension, 20 hypertensive patients with coarctation of the aorta were studied during normal and low sodium intake and after diuresis with flurosemide. Eight patients with essential hypertension and 13 control subjects were similarly studied. Plasma renin activity values in patients with coarctation were similar to those in patients with essential hypertension and in control patients during normal and low sodium diets. However, after the administration of furosemide, plasma renin activity values were significantly higher in the patients with coarctation than in the other two groups (P less than 0.005 and less than 0.01, respectively).  The values for urinary aldosterone, plasma volume and extracell fluid volume (bromide space) were increased in patients with coarctation during both normal and low sodium intake. These renin and aldosterone responses and body fluid spaces in patients with coarctation suggest that their hypertension resembles a one-kidney Goldblatt model. The data help to better define the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the hypertension of coarctation and thus may help guide the clinician in therapeutic interventions.", "contents": "Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive children with coarctation of the aorta. To investigate the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as a cause of hypertension, 20 hypertensive patients with coarctation of the aorta were studied during normal and low sodium intake and after diuresis with flurosemide. Eight patients with essential hypertension and 13 control subjects were similarly studied. Plasma renin activity values in patients with coarctation were similar to those in patients with essential hypertension and in control patients during normal and low sodium diets. However, after the administration of furosemide, plasma renin activity values were significantly higher in the patients with coarctation than in the other two groups (P less than 0.005 and less than 0.01, respectively).  The values for urinary aldosterone, plasma volume and extracell fluid volume (bromide space) were increased in patients with coarctation during both normal and low sodium intake. These renin and aldosterone responses and body fluid spaces in patients with coarctation suggest that their hypertension resembles a one-kidney Goldblatt model. The data help to better define the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the hypertension of coarctation and thus may help guide the clinician in therapeutic interventions.", "PMID": 425921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12993", "title": "Toxoplasmic infection in cardiac disease.", "content": "In 18 patients who presented in less than 2 years with heart disease characterized by arrhythmias (including atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias and heart block), atypical chest pain, pericarditis and cardiac failure, extensive investigation revealed no cause for the disease except for evidence of toxoplasmic infection. One patient had acute toxoplasmosis; the other 17 patients had chronically increased titers, higher than the expected level in the community and also higher than in a control series of patients with well defined heart disease. Toxoplasmosis is probably a fairly common cause of heart disease in this community. The source of infection appeared to be cats, uncooked meat and congenital infection. Patients received chemotherapy with either pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine or tetracycline. Serious relapse occurrred in three patients and embolic complications in two. Experimental myocarditis occurs when toxoplasmic cysts rupture within the heart; therefore clinical symptoms may occur sporadically during a chronic infection.", "contents": "Toxoplasmic infection in cardiac disease. In 18 patients who presented in less than 2 years with heart disease characterized by arrhythmias (including atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias and heart block), atypical chest pain, pericarditis and cardiac failure, extensive investigation revealed no cause for the disease except for evidence of toxoplasmic infection. One patient had acute toxoplasmosis; the other 17 patients had chronically increased titers, higher than the expected level in the community and also higher than in a control series of patients with well defined heart disease. Toxoplasmosis is probably a fairly common cause of heart disease in this community. The source of infection appeared to be cats, uncooked meat and congenital infection. Patients received chemotherapy with either pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine or tetracycline. Serious relapse occurrred in three patients and embolic complications in two. Experimental myocarditis occurs when toxoplasmic cysts rupture within the heart; therefore clinical symptoms may occur sporadically during a chronic infection.", "PMID": 425923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12994", "title": "Echocardiographic manifestations of persistence of the right sinus venosus valve.", "content": "The echocardiographic features of a neonate born with a persistent right sinus venosus valve are presented. Because surgical correction of this serious anomaly may be possible, the diagnosis should be made soon after birth. An echocardiogram suggesting a right atrial myxoma, an unlikely finding in a neonate, should be an important clue to the diagnosis of this anomaly.", "contents": "Echocardiographic manifestations of persistence of the right sinus venosus valve. The echocardiographic features of a neonate born with a persistent right sinus venosus valve are presented. Because surgical correction of this serious anomaly may be possible, the diagnosis should be made soon after birth. An echocardiogram suggesting a right atrial myxoma, an unlikely finding in a neonate, should be an important clue to the diagnosis of this anomaly.", "PMID": 425924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12995", "title": "Propranolol in human plasma and breast milk.", "content": "To assess the problem of continuing propranolol therapy in a breast-feeding mother, studies were performed to determine simultaneously plasma and breast milk concentrations of propranolol after single dose (40 mg) and continuous dose (40 mg 4 times daily) treatment with this drug. Breast milk and plasma concentrations of propranolol peaked between 2 and 3 hours after dosing. Propranolol concentrations in breast milk were less than 40 and 64 percent, respectively, of peak plasma propranolol concentrations after single dose and continuous dose administration. It was estimated that the maximal cumulative propranolol load to this breast-feeding infant, consuming 500 ml of whole milk, when the mother received 40 mg of propranolol 4 times daily would be 21 microgram/24 hours. This dose is considerably less than the usual therapeutic dose of propranolol for infants.", "contents": "Propranolol in human plasma and breast milk. To assess the problem of continuing propranolol therapy in a breast-feeding mother, studies were performed to determine simultaneously plasma and breast milk concentrations of propranolol after single dose (40 mg) and continuous dose (40 mg 4 times daily) treatment with this drug. Breast milk and plasma concentrations of propranolol peaked between 2 and 3 hours after dosing. Propranolol concentrations in breast milk were less than 40 and 64 percent, respectively, of peak plasma propranolol concentrations after single dose and continuous dose administration. It was estimated that the maximal cumulative propranolol load to this breast-feeding infant, consuming 500 ml of whole milk, when the mother received 40 mg of propranolol 4 times daily would be 21 microgram/24 hours. This dose is considerably less than the usual therapeutic dose of propranolol for infants.", "PMID": 425926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12996", "title": "Candidal infection of gastric ulcers. Histology, incidence, and clinical significance.", "content": "Fungal organisms morphologically resembling Candida were found in one third of 72 consecutive surgically resected gastric ulcers. In over half of these cases the organisms were present in the mycelial form. Large numbers of fungi forming clusters were found in 13 cases (18%) and were associated with a surprisingly high postoperative mortality, (38.5%). These organisms are most likely one manifestation of debility in otherwise poor-risk patients rather than a cause of the high morbidity and mortality in these patients. Although organisms of the Candida group are probably not directly etiologic in the development of gastric ulcers, it is possible that their presence aggravates and perpetuates gastric ulceration.", "contents": "Candidal infection of gastric ulcers. Histology, incidence, and clinical significance. Fungal organisms morphologically resembling Candida were found in one third of 72 consecutive surgically resected gastric ulcers. In over half of these cases the organisms were present in the mycelial form. Large numbers of fungi forming clusters were found in 13 cases (18%) and were associated with a surprisingly high postoperative mortality, (38.5%). These organisms are most likely one manifestation of debility in otherwise poor-risk patients rather than a cause of the high morbidity and mortality in these patients. Although organisms of the Candida group are probably not directly etiologic in the development of gastric ulcers, it is possible that their presence aggravates and perpetuates gastric ulceration.", "PMID": 425930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12997", "title": "Histologic comparison of mammary carcinomas among a population of Southwestern American Indian, Spanish American, and Anglo women.", "content": "Primary carcinomas of the breast were studied in age-matched populations of Southwestern American Indian, Spanish American, and Anglo women from an area served by the New Mexico Tumor Registry. Histologic tumor type, nuclear grade, and stromal inflammatory response were compared among these three groups. Indian women presented with less favorable tumor stage at diagnosis. Histologic tumor types were similar with the the exception that lobular carcinoma was less frequent among Indian and Spanish American than among Anglo women. Carcinomas from Indian patients showed less differentiated nuclei than those from the other groups.", "contents": "Histologic comparison of mammary carcinomas among a population of Southwestern American Indian, Spanish American, and Anglo women. Primary carcinomas of the breast were studied in age-matched populations of Southwestern American Indian, Spanish American, and Anglo women from an area served by the New Mexico Tumor Registry. Histologic tumor type, nuclear grade, and stromal inflammatory response were compared among these three groups. Indian women presented with less favorable tumor stage at diagnosis. Histologic tumor types were similar with the the exception that lobular carcinoma was less frequent among Indian and Spanish American than among Anglo women. Carcinomas from Indian patients showed less differentiated nuclei than those from the other groups.", "PMID": 425931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12998", "title": "The surface ultrastructure of Gaucher cells.", "content": "The Gaucher cells of seven patients with Gaucher's disease were examined by both transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the cells, as seen by transmission electron microscopy, did not differ from that reported in the literature. The surface structure varied not only in the different patients but also in the same individual. The cells were oval or round, most of them with a rough surface due to presence of microvilli, ruffles, ridges, and blebs of various numbers and shapes. In two patients the Gaucher cells showed phagocytosis. The appearance of the surface ultrastructure of the Gaucher cells supports the accepted view that they are related to the cells of the reticuloendothelial system.", "contents": "The surface ultrastructure of Gaucher cells. The Gaucher cells of seven patients with Gaucher's disease were examined by both transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the cells, as seen by transmission electron microscopy, did not differ from that reported in the literature. The surface structure varied not only in the different patients but also in the same individual. The cells were oval or round, most of them with a rough surface due to presence of microvilli, ruffles, ridges, and blebs of various numbers and shapes. In two patients the Gaucher cells showed phagocytosis. The appearance of the surface ultrastructure of the Gaucher cells supports the accepted view that they are related to the cells of the reticuloendothelial system.", "PMID": 425932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_12999", "title": "The effect of smudge cells on leukocyte counting--are chamber counts necessary?", "content": "Leukocyte counts obtained in the Coulter Model S and Model F were compared with counts from hemocytometers and estimates from peripheral blood smears from 38 patients with increased numbers of smudge cells associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, with leukemias other than chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and without leukemia. The results indicate no method-dependent pattern of count loss. Cell counts were not related to the number of smudge cells present; the number of smudge cells were unrelated to the nature of the patient's disease state. We conclude that in the presence of smudge cells, leukocyte counts can be made as reliably by automated methods as by pipette and chamber technics. This conclusion is at variance with what has been previously reported. Although the basis for this discrepancy is not clear, it may be related in part to differences in the formulation of the lysing agents used.", "contents": "The effect of smudge cells on leukocyte counting--are chamber counts necessary? Leukocyte counts obtained in the Coulter Model S and Model F were compared with counts from hemocytometers and estimates from peripheral blood smears from 38 patients with increased numbers of smudge cells associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, with leukemias other than chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and without leukemia. The results indicate no method-dependent pattern of count loss. Cell counts were not related to the number of smudge cells present; the number of smudge cells were unrelated to the nature of the patient's disease state. We conclude that in the presence of smudge cells, leukocyte counts can be made as reliably by automated methods as by pipette and chamber technics. This conclusion is at variance with what has been previously reported. Although the basis for this discrepancy is not clear, it may be related in part to differences in the formulation of the lysing agents used.", "PMID": 425933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13000", "title": "A computer program for analysis of clotting factor assays and other parallel-line bioassays.", "content": "A computer program for the analysis of coagulation factor assays is presented. It can be run on small computers utilizing FORTRAN. It allows considerable flexibility in assay design, accommodates any sample dilution scheme, different numbers of standard and test doses, and missing data points. The report lists the input data for each assay, the analysis of variance for the regression lines, and the potency ratio, as well as statistics that allow estimates of the precision of the potency ratio. It is suggested that interpretation of clotting factor assay results would be facilitated if reports regularly included such information about the reliability of the potency ratio measurements.", "contents": "A computer program for analysis of clotting factor assays and other parallel-line bioassays. A computer program for the analysis of coagulation factor assays is presented. It can be run on small computers utilizing FORTRAN. It allows considerable flexibility in assay design, accommodates any sample dilution scheme, different numbers of standard and test doses, and missing data points. The report lists the input data for each assay, the analysis of variance for the regression lines, and the potency ratio, as well as statistics that allow estimates of the precision of the potency ratio. It is suggested that interpretation of clotting factor assay results would be facilitated if reports regularly included such information about the reliability of the potency ratio measurements.", "PMID": 425934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13001", "title": "Recovery of soil Amebas from the nasal passages of children during the dusty harmattan period in Zaria.", "content": "Following a fatal case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis during the dusty harmattan period in an 8-month-old child in whose case Naegleria fowleri was recovered both from the cerebrospinal fluid and from material from the nose in absence of a history of swimming, it was hypothesized that dust during the harmattan might harbor amebic cysts, which may be inhaled by human beings and cause infection. A preliminary survey was thus carried out to examine the nasal passages of children for the presence of soil amebas during the harmattan. In all, 50 children were evaluated for the presence of soil amebas. Positive cultures for the soil amebas were obtained from 12 children (24%). Four species of amebas were isolated singly or in combination with other species. Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri, proved pathogenic for mice, were cultured from specimens from two children.", "contents": "Recovery of soil Amebas from the nasal passages of children during the dusty harmattan period in Zaria. Following a fatal case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis during the dusty harmattan period in an 8-month-old child in whose case Naegleria fowleri was recovered both from the cerebrospinal fluid and from material from the nose in absence of a history of swimming, it was hypothesized that dust during the harmattan might harbor amebic cysts, which may be inhaled by human beings and cause infection. A preliminary survey was thus carried out to examine the nasal passages of children for the presence of soil amebas during the harmattan. In all, 50 children were evaluated for the presence of soil amebas. Positive cultures for the soil amebas were obtained from 12 children (24%). Four species of amebas were isolated singly or in combination with other species. Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri, proved pathogenic for mice, were cultured from specimens from two children.", "PMID": 425935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13002", "title": "Spurious hypocalcemia in hemodialysis patients after heparinization. In-vitro formation of calcium soaps.", "content": "Patients on long-term hemodialysis via arteriovenous fistula received heparin when the fistula needle was inserted, before a sample of blood was obtained for chemical analysis. The resultant release of lipoprotein lipase activity in vivo and continued lipolytic activity in vitro sometimes produced sufficient free fatty acid to precipitate calcium soaps. The consequent spurious hypocalcemia was most frequently observed when the patients had chylomicronemia. This cause of apparent hypocalcemia was eliminated either by immediate  analyses of the blood samples or by obtaining samples before systemic heparinization.", "contents": "Spurious hypocalcemia in hemodialysis patients after heparinization. In-vitro formation of calcium soaps. Patients on long-term hemodialysis via arteriovenous fistula received heparin when the fistula needle was inserted, before a sample of blood was obtained for chemical analysis. The resultant release of lipoprotein lipase activity in vivo and continued lipolytic activity in vitro sometimes produced sufficient free fatty acid to precipitate calcium soaps. The consequent spurious hypocalcemia was most frequently observed when the patients had chylomicronemia. This cause of apparent hypocalcemia was eliminated either by immediate  analyses of the blood samples or by obtaining samples before systemic heparinization.", "PMID": 425936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13003", "title": "Postmortem vitreous humor chemistry in sudden infant death syndrome and in other causes of death in childhood.", "content": "Postmortem vitreous humor concentrations reflect antemortem serum chemical values. The authors measured the postmortem vitreous humor concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca+2, Mg+2, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and total protein of 127 children who died from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and other causes. Forty-seven children, 1 hour to 13 years old, had died of medical or surgical causes; 21 children, 7 weeks to 11 years old, had died following acute trauma; 59 children, 8 days to 1 year old, had died of SIDS. There was no significant difference between mean postmortem vitreous humor concentrations of those who died of medical and surgical causes and those who died after acute trauma (non-SIDS). in both groups, the mean postmortem vitreous humor concentrations of Mg+2 and Ca+2 were significantly higher in premature infants. There was direct correlation of postmortem vitreous humor concentration and postmortem interval for K+, but the variation, +/- 26 hours, was too large to be of practical importance in estimating time of death in individual cases. The three patient groups were compared and the mean postmortem vitreous humor concentrations of all eight constituents in the SIDS and non-SIDS groups were in the same ranges. In SIDS, the mean postmortem vitreous humor concentrations of Mg+2, Cl-, and urea nitrogen were significantly different from values of the non-SIDS cases, but not enough to indicate SIDS or to be informative about the etiology of SIDS. Measurement of the concentrations of postmortem vitreous humor constituents may not aid in the diagnosis of SIDS, but may aid in discovering unsuspected antemortem serum chemical abnormalities.", "contents": "Postmortem vitreous humor chemistry in sudden infant death syndrome and in other causes of death in childhood. Postmortem vitreous humor concentrations reflect antemortem serum chemical values. The authors measured the postmortem vitreous humor concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca+2, Mg+2, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and total protein of 127 children who died from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and other causes. Forty-seven children, 1 hour to 13 years old, had died of medical or surgical causes; 21 children, 7 weeks to 11 years old, had died following acute trauma; 59 children, 8 days to 1 year old, had died of SIDS. There was no significant difference between mean postmortem vitreous humor concentrations of those who died of medical and surgical causes and those who died after acute trauma (non-SIDS). in both groups, the mean postmortem vitreous humor concentrations of Mg+2 and Ca+2 were significantly higher in premature infants. There was direct correlation of postmortem vitreous humor concentration and postmortem interval for K+, but the variation, +/- 26 hours, was too large to be of practical importance in estimating time of death in individual cases. The three patient groups were compared and the mean postmortem vitreous humor concentrations of all eight constituents in the SIDS and non-SIDS groups were in the same ranges. In SIDS, the mean postmortem vitreous humor concentrations of Mg+2, Cl-, and urea nitrogen were significantly different from values of the non-SIDS cases, but not enough to indicate SIDS or to be informative about the etiology of SIDS. Measurement of the concentrations of postmortem vitreous humor constituents may not aid in the diagnosis of SIDS, but may aid in discovering unsuspected antemortem serum chemical abnormalities.", "PMID": 425937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13004", "title": "Verruciform xanthoma of the vulva. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of verruciform xanthoma of the vulva are described. This rare lesion, previously reported to occur only in the oral cavity, is characterized by a verrucous epithelial proliferation accompanied by xanthoma cells distributed exclusively in the papillary dermis. The histologic features of the lesion are diagnostic and include (1) regular acanthosis in which the rete pegs extend to a uniform level into the dermis; (2) hyperkeratosis with parakeratosis often extending deep into the rete pegs and manifesting a massive neutrophilic infiltrate; (3) hyalinization of the collagen and infiltrates of xanthoma cells that are restricted to the papillary dermis between the rete pegs. Additionally, a lichenoid inflammatory infiltrate is seen at the periphery of the verrucous lesions, and in one case this has the pattern of classic lichen sclerosus. Verruciform xanthoma must be differentiated from verruca vulgaris, condyloma acuminatum, granular cell tumor with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, and verrucous carcinoma.", "contents": "Verruciform xanthoma of the vulva. Report of two cases. Two cases of verruciform xanthoma of the vulva are described. This rare lesion, previously reported to occur only in the oral cavity, is characterized by a verrucous epithelial proliferation accompanied by xanthoma cells distributed exclusively in the papillary dermis. The histologic features of the lesion are diagnostic and include (1) regular acanthosis in which the rete pegs extend to a uniform level into the dermis; (2) hyperkeratosis with parakeratosis often extending deep into the rete pegs and manifesting a massive neutrophilic infiltrate; (3) hyalinization of the collagen and infiltrates of xanthoma cells that are restricted to the papillary dermis between the rete pegs. Additionally, a lichenoid inflammatory infiltrate is seen at the periphery of the verrucous lesions, and in one case this has the pattern of classic lichen sclerosus. Verruciform xanthoma must be differentiated from verruca vulgaris, condyloma acuminatum, granular cell tumor with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, and verrucous carcinoma.", "PMID": 425938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13005", "title": "Primary Kaposi's sarcoma in lymph nodes concurrent with chronic lymphatic leukemia.", "content": "Both Kaposi's sarcoma and chronic lymphatic leukemia affect the lymph nodes, and not infrequently, the same patient. The authors describe the occurrence of both diseases in the same lymph node. The rarity of this finding suggests different histopathogenic origins of the two diseases.", "contents": "Primary Kaposi's sarcoma in lymph nodes concurrent with chronic lymphatic leukemia. Both Kaposi's sarcoma and chronic lymphatic leukemia affect the lymph nodes, and not infrequently, the same patient. The authors describe the occurrence of both diseases in the same lymph node. The rarity of this finding suggests different histopathogenic origins of the two diseases.", "PMID": 425939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13006", "title": "Primary suppurative myositis in children.", "content": "Primary suppurative myositis is rare in the United States when compared with the incidence of disease in the tropics. Clinically, it may mimic many of the more common diseases, such as hematoma, osteomyelitis, arthritis, or appendiceal abscess. It usually has a benign course, with complete recovery after appropriate treatment. Prolonged morbidity and an increased mortality may result from unfamiliarity with this entity. Six children had primary suppurative myositis; one died as a result of perforation of a psoas abscess into the dural sac causing staphylococcal meningitis.", "contents": "Primary suppurative myositis in children. Primary suppurative myositis is rare in the United States when compared with the incidence of disease in the tropics. Clinically, it may mimic many of the more common diseases, such as hematoma, osteomyelitis, arthritis, or appendiceal abscess. It usually has a benign course, with complete recovery after appropriate treatment. Prolonged morbidity and an increased mortality may result from unfamiliarity with this entity. Six children had primary suppurative myositis; one died as a result of perforation of a psoas abscess into the dural sac causing staphylococcal meningitis.", "PMID": 425941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13007", "title": "Infant rumination syndrome: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "The infant rumination syndrome is an uncommon disorder difficult to differentiate from commoner conditions causing vomiting and weight loss. Its validity has recently been questioned. Its importance is heightened by the availability of newer diagnostic and operative procedures that might be misapplied. An 8-month-old male infant had been regurgitating for two months with increasing inanition. Results of diagnostic tests suggested pylorospasm or gastric pseudo-obstruction syndrome. Medical management failed. A therapeutic trial of special nursing eight hours a day resulted in rapid rehydration, weight gain, and avoidance of surgery. This case exemplifies each of the ten characteristics of the infant rumination syndrome.", "contents": "Infant rumination syndrome: report of a case and review of the literature. The infant rumination syndrome is an uncommon disorder difficult to differentiate from commoner conditions causing vomiting and weight loss. Its validity has recently been questioned. Its importance is heightened by the availability of newer diagnostic and operative procedures that might be misapplied. An 8-month-old male infant had been regurgitating for two months with increasing inanition. Results of diagnostic tests suggested pylorospasm or gastric pseudo-obstruction syndrome. Medical management failed. A therapeutic trial of special nursing eight hours a day resulted in rapid rehydration, weight gain, and avoidance of surgery. This case exemplifies each of the ten characteristics of the infant rumination syndrome.", "PMID": 425942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13008", "title": "Fanconi's anemia with growth hormone deficiency.", "content": "The association of Fanconi's anemia (FA) and growth hormone (-gh) deficiency is not commonly reported. These children may have the typical features of the FA syndrome, or may exhibit much variability in clinical and hematological findings. In a single family, members may have FA with or without GH deficiency. The genetic basis for this heterogeneity is unknown. We describe here two siblings with FA, one of whom had dwarfism due to GH deficiency. Combined treatment with GH and androgen (oxymetholone) resulted in strikingly greater acceleration of growth than did the use of GH alone. Pancytopenia was not influenced by hormone therapy.", "contents": "Fanconi's anemia with growth hormone deficiency. The association of Fanconi's anemia (FA) and growth hormone (-gh) deficiency is not commonly reported. These children may have the typical features of the FA syndrome, or may exhibit much variability in clinical and hematological findings. In a single family, members may have FA with or without GH deficiency. The genetic basis for this heterogeneity is unknown. We describe here two siblings with FA, one of whom had dwarfism due to GH deficiency. Combined treatment with GH and androgen (oxymetholone) resulted in strikingly greater acceleration of growth than did the use of GH alone. Pancytopenia was not influenced by hormone therapy.", "PMID": 425943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13009", "title": "Salmonellosis in children with cancer: review of 42 cases.", "content": "Forty-two episodes of culture-proved salmonellosis were found retrospectively among 2,262 patients treated for malignant diseases at St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis. These cases were reviewed in an effort to determine whether Salmonella infections in childhood cancer patients are associated with an increased frequency of septicemia and death, as has been reported for adults with cancer. Septicemia occurred in only 10% of the patients studied, consistent with the frequency established in general populations. There were no deaths attributable to Salmonella infection. Most of the patients (57%) with salmonellosis had gastroenteritis, and the clinical course of this syndrome was no more severe or prolonged than that seen in otherwise normal children. We recommend that management of Salmonella infections in children with cancer follow presently accepted guidelines for normal hosts.", "contents": "Salmonellosis in children with cancer: review of 42 cases. Forty-two episodes of culture-proved salmonellosis were found retrospectively among 2,262 patients treated for malignant diseases at St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis. These cases were reviewed in an effort to determine whether Salmonella infections in childhood cancer patients are associated with an increased frequency of septicemia and death, as has been reported for adults with cancer. Septicemia occurred in only 10% of the patients studied, consistent with the frequency established in general populations. There were no deaths attributable to Salmonella infection. Most of the patients (57%) with salmonellosis had gastroenteritis, and the clinical course of this syndrome was no more severe or prolonged than that seen in otherwise normal children. We recommend that management of Salmonella infections in children with cancer follow presently accepted guidelines for normal hosts.", "PMID": 425944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13010", "title": "Psychosocial support for adults with cystic fibrosis: a group approach.", "content": "This article describes the first time-limited psychosocial support group for adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). The chronology of the group is traced, focusing on issues of importance for health professionals who work with patients with CF. Some of the issues raised by patient members include doubts about the competence of nonpediatricians to adequately treat CF; resentment towards \"normals\" (those without CF), including health professionals; and the desire to control as many areas of their lives as possible. Covert (ie, unrecognized) issues, the role of staff, risks, and outcome are detailed as a guide for others who may wish to conduct such groups. The literature on groups for medical patients and a rationale for the beneficial effects on the group are given.", "contents": "Psychosocial support for adults with cystic fibrosis: a group approach. This article describes the first time-limited psychosocial support group for adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). The chronology of the group is traced, focusing on issues of importance for health professionals who work with patients with CF. Some of the issues raised by patient members include doubts about the competence of nonpediatricians to adequately treat CF; resentment towards \"normals\" (those without CF), including health professionals; and the desire to control as many areas of their lives as possible. Covert (ie, unrecognized) issues, the role of staff, risks, and outcome are detailed as a guide for others who may wish to conduct such groups. The literature on groups for medical patients and a rationale for the beneficial effects on the group are given.", "PMID": 425945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13011", "title": "Cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell disease.", "content": "A group of 47 children with homozygous sickle cell disease ranging in age from 2 to 18 years was studied for the prevalence of gallstones. All of these patients had oral cholecystogram and cholecystosonogram. Eight of the 47 patients (17%) had gallstones both on oral cholecystography and on cholecystosonography. These eight patients had a history of recurrent abdominal pain usually localized to the right upper quadrant. All were admitted on several occasions for sickle cell abdominal crises and four of these were admitted for acute hepatic crisis. These patients have undergone elective cholecystectomy and gallstones were found in every patient. The patients have been followed up from seven to 17 months after cholecystectomy and none have had abdominal symptoms or required hospitalization for abdominal crises.", "contents": "Cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell disease. A group of 47 children with homozygous sickle cell disease ranging in age from 2 to 18 years was studied for the prevalence of gallstones. All of these patients had oral cholecystogram and cholecystosonogram. Eight of the 47 patients (17%) had gallstones both on oral cholecystography and on cholecystosonography. These eight patients had a history of recurrent abdominal pain usually localized to the right upper quadrant. All were admitted on several occasions for sickle cell abdominal crises and four of these were admitted for acute hepatic crisis. These patients have undergone elective cholecystectomy and gallstones were found in every patient. The patients have been followed up from seven to 17 months after cholecystectomy and none have had abdominal symptoms or required hospitalization for abdominal crises.", "PMID": 425946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13012", "title": "A case-control study of relationships of diet and other traits to colorectal cancer in American blacks.", "content": "Ninety-nine black colorectal cancer patients and 280 matched controls from hospitals and multiphasic health checkup clinics were interviewed about past dietary habits and other traits. The colon cancer cases tended to report less frequent use of foods with at least 0.5% fiber content than did their controls. This relationship, though small, showed a consistent dose-response gradient, appeared in both case-hospital control and case-multiphasic health checkup control comparisons, and could not be accounted for by the effects of other variables. Colon and rectosigmoid junction cancer patients tended to have eaten foods with at least 5% saturated fat somewhat more often than controls. When consumption of these two groups of foods was considered in combination, significantly more colon cancer patients than controls reported a high saturated fat foods-low fibrous foods eating pattern, as opposed to a low saturated fat foods-high fibrous foods diet. Statistically significant excesses of the following traits were also reported by the colorectal cancer patients: prolonged cigar smoking in men, nulliparity in women, and history of colorectal polyps.", "contents": "A case-control study of relationships of diet and other traits to colorectal cancer in American blacks. Ninety-nine black colorectal cancer patients and 280 matched controls from hospitals and multiphasic health checkup clinics were interviewed about past dietary habits and other traits. The colon cancer cases tended to report less frequent use of foods with at least 0.5% fiber content than did their controls. This relationship, though small, showed a consistent dose-response gradient, appeared in both case-hospital control and case-multiphasic health checkup control comparisons, and could not be accounted for by the effects of other variables. Colon and rectosigmoid junction cancer patients tended to have eaten foods with at least 5% saturated fat somewhat more often than controls. When consumption of these two groups of foods was considered in combination, significantly more colon cancer patients than controls reported a high saturated fat foods-low fibrous foods eating pattern, as opposed to a low saturated fat foods-high fibrous foods diet. Statistically significant excesses of the following traits were also reported by the colorectal cancer patients: prolonged cigar smoking in men, nulliparity in women, and history of colorectal polyps.", "PMID": 425952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13013", "title": "Fatal and nonfatal coronary attacks in relation to smoking in some Dutch communities.", "content": "The association between acute coronary events (ACE) and cigarette or cigar smoking was evaluated in a case-referent study. The association was apparent for cigarette smokers of one and two packs daily. An association could be shown for cigar smoking also, with no appreciable difference between inhalers and non-inhalers. Cigarette smoking was related more strongly to rapidly fatal than to nonfatal ACE, especially in the younger age categories.", "contents": "Fatal and nonfatal coronary attacks in relation to smoking in some Dutch communities. The association between acute coronary events (ACE) and cigarette or cigar smoking was evaluated in a case-referent study. The association was apparent for cigarette smokers of one and two packs daily. An association could be shown for cigar smoking also, with no appreciable difference between inhalers and non-inhalers. Cigarette smoking was related more strongly to rapidly fatal than to nonfatal ACE, especially in the younger age categories.", "PMID": 425953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13014", "title": "Carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary ducts in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935--1971.", "content": "Because the causes of carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary ducts are largely unknown, a descriptive epidemiologic study has been developed. The extensive record system at the Mayo Clinic for the population of Rochester, Minnesota, provided the basis for this study of the incidence, secular trend, pathologic features, relationship with gallstones, and survivorship of patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary ducts in the period 1935 through 1971. The mean annual incidence rate of carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary ducts was 4.4 (3.1 for men and 5.4 for women) per 100,000 population. The rates increased rapidly with age in both males and females. For the 51 known deaths, the death certificates listed carcinoma of the gallbladder or extrahepatic biliary ducts, or both, as the underlying cause of death in 39 cases and as a contributory cause in three. The frequencies of gallstones in females (75%) and males (62%) were significantly higher than the expected numbers.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary ducts in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935--1971. Because the causes of carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary ducts are largely unknown, a descriptive epidemiologic study has been developed. The extensive record system at the Mayo Clinic for the population of Rochester, Minnesota, provided the basis for this study of the incidence, secular trend, pathologic features, relationship with gallstones, and survivorship of patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary ducts in the period 1935 through 1971. The mean annual incidence rate of carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary ducts was 4.4 (3.1 for men and 5.4 for women) per 100,000 population. The rates increased rapidly with age in both males and females. For the 51 known deaths, the death certificates listed carcinoma of the gallbladder or extrahepatic biliary ducts, or both, as the underlying cause of death in 39 cases and as a contributory cause in three. The frequencies of gallstones in females (75%) and males (62%) were significantly higher than the expected numbers.", "PMID": 425954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13015", "title": "An objective measure of physical activity for epidemiologic research.", "content": "The development of a device is reported called the Large-scale integrated Motor Activity Monitor to examine physical activity during individuals' normal daily lives. The unit which is slightly larger than a wrist watch records body movement when worn at various body locations. Two population studies were conducted to evaluate the units. Experiment 1 examined 20 male graduate students for a two-day period. The data indicated that the units were sensitive to individual differences in physical activity and did not interfere with normal activities. Experiment 2 compared 10 Physical Education majors with 10 non-Physical Education majors by having individuals log activities and record movement counts for a two-day period. The movement data revealed that the monitors significantly discriminated between the two populations. The energy expenditure derived from the specific loggings was highly related (r = +.69) to the trunk movements, indicating that the movement counts are an accurate estimate of physical activity. The high relationship to energy analysis, the sensitivity of the units and the ease of implementation indicate that the units may be useful in relating normal activity to acute heart disease and to risk factors such as obesity and lipoproteins.", "contents": "An objective measure of physical activity for epidemiologic research. The development of a device is reported called the Large-scale integrated Motor Activity Monitor to examine physical activity during individuals' normal daily lives. The unit which is slightly larger than a wrist watch records body movement when worn at various body locations. Two population studies were conducted to evaluate the units. Experiment 1 examined 20 male graduate students for a two-day period. The data indicated that the units were sensitive to individual differences in physical activity and did not interfere with normal activities. Experiment 2 compared 10 Physical Education majors with 10 non-Physical Education majors by having individuals log activities and record movement counts for a two-day period. The movement data revealed that the monitors significantly discriminated between the two populations. The energy expenditure derived from the specific loggings was highly related (r = +.69) to the trunk movements, indicating that the movement counts are an accurate estimate of physical activity. The high relationship to energy analysis, the sensitivity of the units and the ease of implementation indicate that the units may be useful in relating normal activity to acute heart disease and to risk factors such as obesity and lipoproteins.", "PMID": 425955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13016", "title": "Osteoarthritis of the hand: age-specific joint-digit prevalence rates.", "content": "The left hand of each of 903 white males, most of them well-educated professionals, was evaluated for osteoarthritis, in the ongoing Baltimore Longitudinal Study of the Gerontology Research Center. The results of the joint-digit prevalence study indicated that: 1) the prevalence of osteoarthritis varies from one digit to the other; 2) osteoarthritis is considerably more prevalent in the distal than the proximal interphalangeal joints, regardless of digit or age group; 3) this disease is not only more prevalent in the distal interphalangeal joints, but it usually appears in a more severe form in the distal than in the proximal interphalangeal or the metacarpophalangeal joints. 4) Assuming that the presence of osteoarthritis in one joint is independent of the presence of the disease in the other joint of the same digit, there is an excess of digits with osteoarthritis in both the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints. This is suggestive of either a common etiology or that the presence of the disease in one joint enhances the development of osteoarthritis in the other joint of the same digit.", "contents": "Osteoarthritis of the hand: age-specific joint-digit prevalence rates. The left hand of each of 903 white males, most of them well-educated professionals, was evaluated for osteoarthritis, in the ongoing Baltimore Longitudinal Study of the Gerontology Research Center. The results of the joint-digit prevalence study indicated that: 1) the prevalence of osteoarthritis varies from one digit to the other; 2) osteoarthritis is considerably more prevalent in the distal than the proximal interphalangeal joints, regardless of digit or age group; 3) this disease is not only more prevalent in the distal interphalangeal joints, but it usually appears in a more severe form in the distal than in the proximal interphalangeal or the metacarpophalangeal joints. 4) Assuming that the presence of osteoarthritis in one joint is independent of the presence of the disease in the other joint of the same digit, there is an excess of digits with osteoarthritis in both the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints. This is suggestive of either a common etiology or that the presence of the disease in one joint enhances the development of osteoarthritis in the other joint of the same digit.", "PMID": 425956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13017", "title": "Variations in the reporting of menstrual histories.", "content": "This investigation examined the accuracy of recall of females to questions concerning ages at memarche, natural and surgical menopause, first use of oral contraceptives and mean menstrual cycle length and variance. A sample of 160 women who had recorded their menstrual and reproductive events as they occurred were administered a questionnaire concerning these events, with responses compared to the original data. For the variables age at menarche, age at natural memopause, age at surgical menopause and age at first use of oral contraceptives, the percentage of women who correctly recalled within a year ranged from 75% to 90%. Recollection of menstrual cycle length and variability by interview was considered unreliable. These findings are encouraging regarding the ability to recall the age when certain menstrual and reproductive events occur, but not for menstrual cycle intervals or patterns. Because these women were well-educated and had once recorded study variables, these results might be considered optimal.", "contents": "Variations in the reporting of menstrual histories. This investigation examined the accuracy of recall of females to questions concerning ages at memarche, natural and surgical menopause, first use of oral contraceptives and mean menstrual cycle length and variance. A sample of 160 women who had recorded their menstrual and reproductive events as they occurred were administered a questionnaire concerning these events, with responses compared to the original data. For the variables age at menarche, age at natural memopause, age at surgical menopause and age at first use of oral contraceptives, the percentage of women who correctly recalled within a year ranged from 75% to 90%. Recollection of menstrual cycle length and variability by interview was considered unreliable. These findings are encouraging regarding the ability to recall the age when certain menstrual and reproductive events occur, but not for menstrual cycle intervals or patterns. Because these women were well-educated and had once recorded study variables, these results might be considered optimal.", "PMID": 425957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13018", "title": "Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents.", "content": "The relationship between social and community ties and mortality was assessed using the 1965 Human Population Laboratory survey of a random sample of 6928 adults in Alameda County, California and a subsequent nine-year mortality follow-up. The findings show that people who lacked social and community ties were more likely to die in the follow-up period than those with more extensive contacts. The age-adjusted relative risks for those most isolated when compared to those with the most social contacts were 2.3 for men and 2.8 for women. The association between social ties and mortality was found to be independent of self-reported physical health status at the time of the 1965 survey, year of death, socioeconomic status, and health practices such as smoking, alcoholic beverage consumption, obesity, physical activity, and utilization of preventive health services as well as a cumulative index of health practices.", "contents": "Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents. The relationship between social and community ties and mortality was assessed using the 1965 Human Population Laboratory survey of a random sample of 6928 adults in Alameda County, California and a subsequent nine-year mortality follow-up. The findings show that people who lacked social and community ties were more likely to die in the follow-up period than those with more extensive contacts. The age-adjusted relative risks for those most isolated when compared to those with the most social contacts were 2.3 for men and 2.8 for women. The association between social ties and mortality was found to be independent of self-reported physical health status at the time of the 1965 survey, year of death, socioeconomic status, and health practices such as smoking, alcoholic beverage consumption, obesity, physical activity, and utilization of preventive health services as well as a cumulative index of health practices.", "PMID": 425958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13019", "title": "Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States.", "content": "In recent years, the decrease in reported tuberculosis in the United States has been due almost entirely to a drop in the number of cases of pulmonary disease. There has been little change in the average number of extrapulmonary cases reported. A retrospective survey of extrapulmonary tuberculosis has shown that it differs from pulmonary tuberculosis with regard to sex and race distribution, diagnosing physician's speciality and proportion of cases bacteriologically confirmed. There is variation within extrapulmonary cases according to specific anatomic site with regard to the above characteristics as well as age distribution. These epidemiologic differences in tuberculosis of different sites are unexplained.", "contents": "Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States. In recent years, the decrease in reported tuberculosis in the United States has been due almost entirely to a drop in the number of cases of pulmonary disease. There has been little change in the average number of extrapulmonary cases reported. A retrospective survey of extrapulmonary tuberculosis has shown that it differs from pulmonary tuberculosis with regard to sex and race distribution, diagnosing physician's speciality and proportion of cases bacteriologically confirmed. There is variation within extrapulmonary cases according to specific anatomic site with regard to the above characteristics as well as age distribution. These epidemiologic differences in tuberculosis of different sites are unexplained.", "PMID": 425959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13020", "title": "Changing risk of scrub typhus in relation to socioeconomic development in the Pescadores islands of Taiwan.", "content": "Long term changes in risk of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection among civilian residents of the Pescadores Islands of Taiwan were associated with changing social conditions. Age specific incidence rates of scrub typhus in the Pescadores before 1940 were highest among children under 5 years of age. Rickettsiae can be demonstrated in vectors, wild animals continue to be infected and scrub typhus occurs in military personnel. A serologic survey for antibody to R. tsutsugamushi was conducted during 1975 and 1977 and failed to show evidence of previous infection among children. Two events appear to be associated with the decreased incidence of rickettsial infection in the young: increased urbanization and increased enrollment in schools. Both changes accompanied socioeconomic development which took place in the islands during the past 50 years. Prevalence of antibody to R. tsutsugamushi continues to be equal in the sexes and is undoubtedly due to similar occupational exposure of both sexes in fields and farms where vectors are numerous. The absence of apparent morbidity due to scrub typhus among the civilian populace was attributed to the mild nature of the disease caused by Pescadores strains, misdiagnosis and a lack of obligatory reporting.", "contents": "Changing risk of scrub typhus in relation to socioeconomic development in the Pescadores islands of Taiwan. Long term changes in risk of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection among civilian residents of the Pescadores Islands of Taiwan were associated with changing social conditions. Age specific incidence rates of scrub typhus in the Pescadores before 1940 were highest among children under 5 years of age. Rickettsiae can be demonstrated in vectors, wild animals continue to be infected and scrub typhus occurs in military personnel. A serologic survey for antibody to R. tsutsugamushi was conducted during 1975 and 1977 and failed to show evidence of previous infection among children. Two events appear to be associated with the decreased incidence of rickettsial infection in the young: increased urbanization and increased enrollment in schools. Both changes accompanied socioeconomic development which took place in the islands during the past 50 years. Prevalence of antibody to R. tsutsugamushi continues to be equal in the sexes and is undoubtedly due to similar occupational exposure of both sexes in fields and farms where vectors are numerous. The absence of apparent morbidity due to scrub typhus among the civilian populace was attributed to the mild nature of the disease caused by Pescadores strains, misdiagnosis and a lack of obligatory reporting.", "PMID": 425961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13021", "title": "Small airways in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS).", "content": "Obstructive disease involving peripheral airways has been noted in diffuse interstitial pulmonary disease, including sarcoidosis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. The possibility of obstruction of small airways in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) has been suggested by widespread bronchiolectasis and peribronchial fibrosis noted at necropsy. We performed pulmonary function studies in 39 subjects (22 nonsmokers and 17 smokers) with PSS, most of whom had functional evidence of interstitial pulmonary involvement (increased static recoil pressure and reduced diffusing capacity). The 1 second forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1:FVC) was normal in all subjects. Although the severity of the restrictive process was greater in nonsmokers compared with that in smokers, the maximal mid-expiratory flow rate, closing volume, closing capacity, volume of isoflow, change in maximal expiratory flow at 50 per cent of vital capacity during 80 per cent helium--20 per cent oxygen breathing compared with air breathing (delta Vmax50), ratio of dynamic to static lung compliance at different breathing frequencies and upstream airway conductance at static recoil pressures of 5 and 10 cm H2O were nearly always normal in the nonsmokers but were frequently abnormal in the smokers with PSS. These findings suggest that diffuse interstitial pulmonary disease due to PSS generally does not lead to functional evidence of obstruction in peripheral airways and that when the latter is found it can likely be attributed to the effects of concomitant cigarette smoking.", "contents": "Small airways in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). Obstructive disease involving peripheral airways has been noted in diffuse interstitial pulmonary disease, including sarcoidosis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. The possibility of obstruction of small airways in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) has been suggested by widespread bronchiolectasis and peribronchial fibrosis noted at necropsy. We performed pulmonary function studies in 39 subjects (22 nonsmokers and 17 smokers) with PSS, most of whom had functional evidence of interstitial pulmonary involvement (increased static recoil pressure and reduced diffusing capacity). The 1 second forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1:FVC) was normal in all subjects. Although the severity of the restrictive process was greater in nonsmokers compared with that in smokers, the maximal mid-expiratory flow rate, closing volume, closing capacity, volume of isoflow, change in maximal expiratory flow at 50 per cent of vital capacity during 80 per cent helium--20 per cent oxygen breathing compared with air breathing (delta Vmax50), ratio of dynamic to static lung compliance at different breathing frequencies and upstream airway conductance at static recoil pressures of 5 and 10 cm H2O were nearly always normal in the nonsmokers but were frequently abnormal in the smokers with PSS. These findings suggest that diffuse interstitial pulmonary disease due to PSS generally does not lead to functional evidence of obstruction in peripheral airways and that when the latter is found it can likely be attributed to the effects of concomitant cigarette smoking.", "PMID": 425965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13022", "title": "The relationship between plasma dobutamine concentrations and cardiovascular responses in cardiac failure.", "content": "Plasma dobutamine concentrations and hemodynamic and noninvasive cardiac measurements were made during dobutamine infusions in eight patients with congestive cardiomyopathy and low output heart failure. Plasma concentrations correlated well with infusion rates (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 microgram/kg/min). Cardiac output and stroke volume increased linearly, whereas pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and total pulmonary and systemic resistances decreased linearly with increasing dobutamine concentrations. No constant relationship existed between plasma dobutamine levels and changes in heart rate or mean arterial pressure. The noninvasive left ventricular function data (echocardiographic and systolic time intervals) correlated linearly with plasma concentrations and suggest that these noninvasive technics be employed in guiding the administration of this new inotropic agent.", "contents": "The relationship between plasma dobutamine concentrations and cardiovascular responses in cardiac failure. Plasma dobutamine concentrations and hemodynamic and noninvasive cardiac measurements were made during dobutamine infusions in eight patients with congestive cardiomyopathy and low output heart failure. Plasma concentrations correlated well with infusion rates (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 microgram/kg/min). Cardiac output and stroke volume increased linearly, whereas pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and total pulmonary and systemic resistances decreased linearly with increasing dobutamine concentrations. No constant relationship existed between plasma dobutamine levels and changes in heart rate or mean arterial pressure. The noninvasive left ventricular function data (echocardiographic and systolic time intervals) correlated linearly with plasma concentrations and suggest that these noninvasive technics be employed in guiding the administration of this new inotropic agent.", "PMID": 425967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13023", "title": "Plasma erythropoietin in polycythemia.", "content": "Erythropoietin titers of plasma cannot be used to differentiate polycythemia vera from secondary polycythemia since the limit of sensitivity of our current bioassay technics is 50 mU, considerably higher than levels found in normal subjects and in patients with polycythemia. However, erythropoietin is relatively heat stable, and since abundant plasma is available from therapeutic phlebotomies it is possible to prepare and assay highly concentrated, erythropoietin-containing extracts. In 35 normal subjects, erythropoietin levels ranged from less than 5 mU/ml (the limit of sensitivity) to 18 mU/ml with a mean of 7.8 mU/ml. In 21 patients with proved polycythemia vera, the levels were less than 5 mU/ml in all. In 41 patients with suspected secondary polycythemia or polycythemia of unknown origin, the levels ranged from less than 5 to 3,000 mU/ml. Three of the 11 patients with levels less than 5mU/ml were subsequently shown to have polycythemia vera. These results suggest that this refinement of the routine bioassay for erythropoietin may be of clinical importance in the differential diagnosis of polycythemia.", "contents": "Plasma erythropoietin in polycythemia. Erythropoietin titers of plasma cannot be used to differentiate polycythemia vera from secondary polycythemia since the limit of sensitivity of our current bioassay technics is 50 mU, considerably higher than levels found in normal subjects and in patients with polycythemia. However, erythropoietin is relatively heat stable, and since abundant plasma is available from therapeutic phlebotomies it is possible to prepare and assay highly concentrated, erythropoietin-containing extracts. In 35 normal subjects, erythropoietin levels ranged from less than 5 mU/ml (the limit of sensitivity) to 18 mU/ml with a mean of 7.8 mU/ml. In 21 patients with proved polycythemia vera, the levels were less than 5 mU/ml in all. In 41 patients with suspected secondary polycythemia or polycythemia of unknown origin, the levels ranged from less than 5 to 3,000 mU/ml. Three of the 11 patients with levels less than 5mU/ml were subsequently shown to have polycythemia vera. These results suggest that this refinement of the routine bioassay for erythropoietin may be of clinical importance in the differential diagnosis of polycythemia.", "PMID": 425968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13024", "title": "Right-sided infective endocarditis: an echocardiographic study.", "content": "Echocardiographic observations are described in 10 patients with right-sided bacterial endocarditis. Six of the nine patients with tricuspid regurgitation had shaggy echoes on the tricuspid valve, which were confirmed to be vegetations on autopsy in two patients. In six patients, right ventricular dilatation was present, and paradoxic septal motion was seen in four. In one of the patients with pulmonic valve endocarditis, the pulmonic valve and right ventricular outflow tract revealed the shaggy echoes in diastole, along with systolic fluttering of the pulmonic valve, right ventricular dilatation and paradoxic septal motion. When the findings are supplemented to the clinical picture, echocardiography is found to be a useful noninvasive adjunct in the diagnosis of acute vegetative bacterial endocarditis involving the right side of the heart, especially if other clinical features, e.g., fever, leukocytosis and positive blood cultures are absent.", "contents": "Right-sided infective endocarditis: an echocardiographic study. Echocardiographic observations are described in 10 patients with right-sided bacterial endocarditis. Six of the nine patients with tricuspid regurgitation had shaggy echoes on the tricuspid valve, which were confirmed to be vegetations on autopsy in two patients. In six patients, right ventricular dilatation was present, and paradoxic septal motion was seen in four. In one of the patients with pulmonic valve endocarditis, the pulmonic valve and right ventricular outflow tract revealed the shaggy echoes in diastole, along with systolic fluttering of the pulmonic valve, right ventricular dilatation and paradoxic septal motion. When the findings are supplemented to the clinical picture, echocardiography is found to be a useful noninvasive adjunct in the diagnosis of acute vegetative bacterial endocarditis involving the right side of the heart, especially if other clinical features, e.g., fever, leukocytosis and positive blood cultures are absent.", "PMID": 425969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13025", "title": "Cardiovascular and metabolic manifestations of heat stroke and severe heat exhaustion.", "content": "We prospectively studied the clinical, biochemical (including creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes) and electrocardiographic features of exertional heat stroke in 13 patients (group 1) and severe heat exhaustion in 14 patients (group 2). Despite initial presentations with severe hyperthermia, tachycardia and hypotension, only one patient with heat stroke had myocardial ischemia. The CPK isoenzymes were not indicative of myocardial damage in any patient. The patients with heat stroke were somewhat more dehydrated than those with heat exhaustion as measured by differences in serum creatinine, sodium and osmolality, and the former (group 1) had a significantly lower initial glucose level (P less than 0.05). Although significant differences in potassium were not observed in the pretreatment samples, at 12 hours the serum potassium was significantly lower in group 1 (P less than 0.05). This suggests that this group may have been more potassium-depleted at the time of heat stroke. Prompt recognition and vigorous therapy were successful in rapidly lowering high temperatures and in preventing serious complications.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and metabolic manifestations of heat stroke and severe heat exhaustion. We prospectively studied the clinical, biochemical (including creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes) and electrocardiographic features of exertional heat stroke in 13 patients (group 1) and severe heat exhaustion in 14 patients (group 2). Despite initial presentations with severe hyperthermia, tachycardia and hypotension, only one patient with heat stroke had myocardial ischemia. The CPK isoenzymes were not indicative of myocardial damage in any patient. The patients with heat stroke were somewhat more dehydrated than those with heat exhaustion as measured by differences in serum creatinine, sodium and osmolality, and the former (group 1) had a significantly lower initial glucose level (P less than 0.05). Although significant differences in potassium were not observed in the pretreatment samples, at 12 hours the serum potassium was significantly lower in group 1 (P less than 0.05). This suggests that this group may have been more potassium-depleted at the time of heat stroke. Prompt recognition and vigorous therapy were successful in rapidly lowering high temperatures and in preventing serious complications.", "PMID": 425971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13026", "title": "Malabsorption syndrome occurring in the course of disseminated histoplasmosis: case report and review of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis.", "content": "Histoplasmosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum. The disease spectrum varies from a mild respiratory infection to a lethal, disseminated form. Involvement of any part of the gastrointestinal tract may occur with the disseminated form, and symptoms reflect that portion involved. A case of malabsorption syndrome occurring during the course of disseminated histoplasmosis is reported, and the literature of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis is reviewed.", "contents": "Malabsorption syndrome occurring in the course of disseminated histoplasmosis: case report and review of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis. Histoplasmosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum. The disease spectrum varies from a mild respiratory infection to a lethal, disseminated form. Involvement of any part of the gastrointestinal tract may occur with the disseminated form, and symptoms reflect that portion involved. A case of malabsorption syndrome occurring during the course of disseminated histoplasmosis is reported, and the literature of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis is reviewed.", "PMID": 425973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13027", "title": "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: successful treatment with aerosolized trypsin.", "content": "A 37 year old man with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and severe pulmonary physiologic impairment was treated empirically for 12 months with continuous oxygen, intermittent positive pressure breathing and aerosolized saline solution, heparin and acetylcysteine. Because of progression of disease, he was treated with aerosolized trypsin in a dose of 100,000 U twice daily for six months. This treatment was associated with dramatic symptomatic, chest roentgenographic and pulmonary physiologic improvement that has lasted for two and a half years without remission. The absence of adverse effects of trypsin aerosol allowed its administration in the patient's home. It is suggested that the preferred initial therapy for symptomatic alveolar proteinosis is aerosolized trypsin.", "contents": "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: successful treatment with aerosolized trypsin. A 37 year old man with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and severe pulmonary physiologic impairment was treated empirically for 12 months with continuous oxygen, intermittent positive pressure breathing and aerosolized saline solution, heparin and acetylcysteine. Because of progression of disease, he was treated with aerosolized trypsin in a dose of 100,000 U twice daily for six months. This treatment was associated with dramatic symptomatic, chest roentgenographic and pulmonary physiologic improvement that has lasted for two and a half years without remission. The absence of adverse effects of trypsin aerosol allowed its administration in the patient's home. It is suggested that the preferred initial therapy for symptomatic alveolar proteinosis is aerosolized trypsin.", "PMID": 425974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13028", "title": "Association of teichoic acid antibody with metastatic sequelae of catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a failure of the two-week antibiotic treatment.", "content": "A patient with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia associated with an infected intravenous catheter was treated with oxacillin for two weeks. During that period all blood cultures were sterile, he rapidly became afebrile, and there were no signs of endocarditis or metastatic abscesses. However, serum antibodies against staphylococcal teichoic acid, initially undetectable by the agar gel immunodiffusion technic, became positive during the second week of treatment. Three weeks after discharge, the patient was readmitted to the hospital because of back pain and weakness in the lower extremities. Vertebral osteomyelitis and a spinal epidural abscess caused by Staph. aureus of the same phage type as the bacteremic isolate were demonstrated. This case illustrates the importance of careful follow-up of patients with Staph. aureus bacteremia and the potential value of serial measurement of teichoic acid antibodies in detecting clinically inapparent complications of infection.", "contents": "Association of teichoic acid antibody with metastatic sequelae of catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a failure of the two-week antibiotic treatment. A patient with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia associated with an infected intravenous catheter was treated with oxacillin for two weeks. During that period all blood cultures were sterile, he rapidly became afebrile, and there were no signs of endocarditis or metastatic abscesses. However, serum antibodies against staphylococcal teichoic acid, initially undetectable by the agar gel immunodiffusion technic, became positive during the second week of treatment. Three weeks after discharge, the patient was readmitted to the hospital because of back pain and weakness in the lower extremities. Vertebral osteomyelitis and a spinal epidural abscess caused by Staph. aureus of the same phage type as the bacteremic isolate were demonstrated. This case illustrates the importance of careful follow-up of patients with Staph. aureus bacteremia and the potential value of serial measurement of teichoic acid antibodies in detecting clinically inapparent complications of infection.", "PMID": 425975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13029", "title": "Reversible hypertension due to carcinoma of the ureter.", "content": "A patient who presented with hypertension of recent onset was found to have unilateral hydronephrosis. Increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system was documented with renal-vein-renin concentrations. The hydronephrosis was due to a primary transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter. Following nephroureterectomy, blood pressure returned to normal and has remained so for two years.", "contents": "Reversible hypertension due to carcinoma of the ureter. A patient who presented with hypertension of recent onset was found to have unilateral hydronephrosis. Increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system was documented with renal-vein-renin concentrations. The hydronephrosis was due to a primary transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter. Following nephroureterectomy, blood pressure returned to normal and has remained so for two years.", "PMID": 425976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13030", "title": "Metabolic mimicry of Bartter's syndrome by covert vomiting: utility of urinary chloride determinations.", "content": "Bartter's syndrome characteristically exhibits the constellation of hypokalemic alkalosis with moderate kaliuresis, normotensive hyperreninemia, hyperaldosteronism, urinary hyperexcretion of prostaglandin E (PGE) and vascular hyporesponsivity to pressor agents. We describe precise biochemical mimicry of these metabolic abnormalities in a patient with surreptitious repetitive vomiting, in whom simple urinary chloride excretion data subsequently excluded the diagnosis of Bartter's syndrome.", "contents": "Metabolic mimicry of Bartter's syndrome by covert vomiting: utility of urinary chloride determinations. Bartter's syndrome characteristically exhibits the constellation of hypokalemic alkalosis with moderate kaliuresis, normotensive hyperreninemia, hyperaldosteronism, urinary hyperexcretion of prostaglandin E (PGE) and vascular hyporesponsivity to pressor agents. We describe precise biochemical mimicry of these metabolic abnormalities in a patient with surreptitious repetitive vomiting, in whom simple urinary chloride excretion data subsequently excluded the diagnosis of Bartter's syndrome.", "PMID": 425977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13031", "title": "A study of serum protein fractionation.", "content": "Serum protein fractionation was studied using the techniques of ammonium sulfate precipitation, molecular seiving chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. Whole human serum was fractionated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 40, 50, 60, and 70 percent saturation. Molecular seiving chromatography was performed on whole human serum and on four ammonium sulfate precipitated fractions. The eluted peaks from molecular seiving chromatography were further separated by ion-exchange chromatography to obtain isolated fractions of IgG, transferrin, and albumin. Qualitative analysis of the various fractions and assessment of the purity of isolated IgG, transferrin, and albumin was done by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "A study of serum protein fractionation. Serum protein fractionation was studied using the techniques of ammonium sulfate precipitation, molecular seiving chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. Whole human serum was fractionated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 40, 50, 60, and 70 percent saturation. Molecular seiving chromatography was performed on whole human serum and on four ammonium sulfate precipitated fractions. The eluted peaks from molecular seiving chromatography were further separated by ion-exchange chromatography to obtain isolated fractions of IgG, transferrin, and albumin. Qualitative analysis of the various fractions and assessment of the purity of isolated IgG, transferrin, and albumin was done by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 425978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13032", "title": "Colorimetric microdetermination of plasma lactate.", "content": "A simple ten-minute colorimetric procedure for plasma lactate is described. Good agreement with an ultraviolet procedure indicates acceptable accuracy. Precision, recovery, and interference studies further substantiate this procedure's validity.", "contents": "Colorimetric microdetermination of plasma lactate. A simple ten-minute colorimetric procedure for plasma lactate is described. Good agreement with an ultraviolet procedure indicates acceptable accuracy. Precision, recovery, and interference studies further substantiate this procedure's validity.", "PMID": 425979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13033", "title": "Continuing education: factors which affect cognitive benefits.", "content": "A 16-week continuing education course in clinical chemistry provided for a group of laboratory professionals was evaluated in terms of those factors in the participants' backgrounds which influenced their performance on precourse and postcourse examinations. Work setting, facility size, educational background, and sex influenced precourse scores. Educational background and occupational function influenced postcourse test scores.", "contents": "Continuing education: factors which affect cognitive benefits. A 16-week continuing education course in clinical chemistry provided for a group of laboratory professionals was evaluated in terms of those factors in the participants' backgrounds which influenced their performance on precourse and postcourse examinations. Work setting, facility size, educational background, and sex influenced precourse scores. Educational background and occupational function influenced postcourse test scores.", "PMID": 425980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13034", "title": "A comparative study of student MLT traits and articulation interests.", "content": "Allied health community college students have not been characterized according to their intentions to pursue a health careers ladder. This paper describes an analysis of the demographic-biographic, cognitive, psychomotor, and affective profiles of 326 female second-year MLT students contrasted with their articulation interests. The articulation categories included AAS termination, delayed MT transfer, immediate MT transfer, and non-MT continuation. Chi-square analysis and analysis of variance revealed few statistical differences between such articulation interests and test outcomes. Results are interpreted and directions for future study are presented.", "contents": "A comparative study of student MLT traits and articulation interests. Allied health community college students have not been characterized according to their intentions to pursue a health careers ladder. This paper describes an analysis of the demographic-biographic, cognitive, psychomotor, and affective profiles of 326 female second-year MLT students contrasted with their articulation interests. The articulation categories included AAS termination, delayed MT transfer, immediate MT transfer, and non-MT continuation. Chi-square analysis and analysis of variance revealed few statistical differences between such articulation interests and test outcomes. Results are interpreted and directions for future study are presented.", "PMID": 425981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13035", "title": "Controlling laboratory costs is as easy as ABC.", "content": "A long-used inventory technique can help lower laboratory supply costs by pinpointing items which justify creative administrative attention.", "contents": "Controlling laboratory costs is as easy as ABC. A long-used inventory technique can help lower laboratory supply costs by pinpointing items which justify creative administrative attention.", "PMID": 425982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13036", "title": "The use of pooled patient plasma as an abnormal prothrombin time control.", "content": "Five abnormal prothrombin time pooled patient plasma samples and seven commercially prepared abnormal prothrombin time control plasmas were compared. A fibrometer was used to run prothrombin time tests from 8 to 51 days on individual aliquots of the pooled patient plasmas and individual vials of the commercial products. Pooled patient plasmas exhibited greater reproducibility with generally lower coefficients of variation than did the commercial products, with the added advantage that they reflected the patient population more directly. Almost all samples displayed a significant rise in mean clotting times during the testing period. However, the reasons for this rise are not entirely clear.", "contents": "The use of pooled patient plasma as an abnormal prothrombin time control. Five abnormal prothrombin time pooled patient plasma samples and seven commercially prepared abnormal prothrombin time control plasmas were compared. A fibrometer was used to run prothrombin time tests from 8 to 51 days on individual aliquots of the pooled patient plasmas and individual vials of the commercial products. Pooled patient plasmas exhibited greater reproducibility with generally lower coefficients of variation than did the commercial products, with the added advantage that they reflected the patient population more directly. Almost all samples displayed a significant rise in mean clotting times during the testing period. However, the reasons for this rise are not entirely clear.", "PMID": 425985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13037", "title": "Forecasting: which type is for you?", "content": "Planning--one of the most important functions of laboratory management--cannot be done efficiently without forecasts of external and internal conditions that affect the laboratory. The successful Delphi Method for external forecasting of technological events is discussed. The internal forecasting methods covered in this report include judge and jury methods, time series analysis, and regression models. A brief description of each of these methods is presented along with information on accuracy, typical applications, costs, and references that provide the details of how to perform the forecasts.", "contents": "Forecasting: which type is for you? Planning--one of the most important functions of laboratory management--cannot be done efficiently without forecasts of external and internal conditions that affect the laboratory. The successful Delphi Method for external forecasting of technological events is discussed. The internal forecasting methods covered in this report include judge and jury methods, time series analysis, and regression models. A brief description of each of these methods is presented along with information on accuracy, typical applications, costs, and references that provide the details of how to perform the forecasts.", "PMID": 425987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13038", "title": "Medicolegal aspects of paternity testing.", "content": "Blood group testing has achieved wide acceptance by the courts as a major scientific determinant in paternity proceedings. Other tests, including H-LA types and hemoglobin determinations, are also being used with increasing frequency; however, there are legal safeguards which must be met to satisfy the court's need to ensure the validity of the tests and their interpretation. In order for the results of paternity testing to be admitted into testimony (evidence) the following should be established: 1) proof that proper persons provided the blood samples; 2) consent to the tests and permission for release of information regarding test results; 3) proof that the speciment was correctly labeled and transported; 4) documented accuracy of the testing procedures; 5) fact testimony regarding the test results; and 6) expert testimony explaining the exclusion principle. In the future, laboratory personnel can expect wider application of these and other laboratory results to legal proceedings. For determinations derived from any laboratory testing to be admissable as evidence, the courts will apply the above safeguards.", "contents": "Medicolegal aspects of paternity testing. Blood group testing has achieved wide acceptance by the courts as a major scientific determinant in paternity proceedings. Other tests, including H-LA types and hemoglobin determinations, are also being used with increasing frequency; however, there are legal safeguards which must be met to satisfy the court's need to ensure the validity of the tests and their interpretation. In order for the results of paternity testing to be admitted into testimony (evidence) the following should be established: 1) proof that proper persons provided the blood samples; 2) consent to the tests and permission for release of information regarding test results; 3) proof that the speciment was correctly labeled and transported; 4) documented accuracy of the testing procedures; 5) fact testimony regarding the test results; and 6) expert testimony explaining the exclusion principle. In the future, laboratory personnel can expect wider application of these and other laboratory results to legal proceedings. For determinations derived from any laboratory testing to be admissable as evidence, the courts will apply the above safeguards.", "PMID": 425989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13039", "title": "The use of \"clear\" enzyme control materials.", "content": "Low turbidity, \"clear\" enzyme controls commercially produced in three concentrations and conventional human lyophilized control sera, which are more turbid, were evaluated to determine which was superior for quality control purposes. Criteria used to evaluate the controls were: 1) turbidity measurement, 2) daily assays for 30 days to estimate day-to-day precision, and 3) stability of the enzyme assay value for these controls when they were reconstituted and frozen for 0 to 30 days and 0 to 10 days with three aliquots separately prepared and frozen for 0 to 10 days for a total of 30 days. The controls were analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and alkaline phosphatase activities with the Perkin-Elmer KA 150 enzyme analyzer.", "contents": "The use of \"clear\" enzyme control materials. Low turbidity, \"clear\" enzyme controls commercially produced in three concentrations and conventional human lyophilized control sera, which are more turbid, were evaluated to determine which was superior for quality control purposes. Criteria used to evaluate the controls were: 1) turbidity measurement, 2) daily assays for 30 days to estimate day-to-day precision, and 3) stability of the enzyme assay value for these controls when they were reconstituted and frozen for 0 to 30 days and 0 to 10 days with three aliquots separately prepared and frozen for 0 to 10 days for a total of 30 days. The controls were analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and alkaline phosphatase activities with the Perkin-Elmer KA 150 enzyme analyzer.", "PMID": 425991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13040", "title": "Determining continuing education interests of medical technologists: an initial step.", "content": "Continuing education is an ever-increasing need for medical technologists who want to maintain and upgrade their professional knowledge and skills. Professional groups strive to develop programs to meet a diversity of needs. Planning groups often encounter difficulty during the program development process as they identify topics and select effective educational strategies for presentation. In order to help identify topics of interest and desirable educational methods for the continuing education of laboratory personnel, a continuing medical technology education interest assessment tool was developed and used by a medical technology continuing education committee. Development and use of this assessment tool and resulting statistical survey results formed the basis for two continuing education courses, both considered highly successful.", "contents": "Determining continuing education interests of medical technologists: an initial step. Continuing education is an ever-increasing need for medical technologists who want to maintain and upgrade their professional knowledge and skills. Professional groups strive to develop programs to meet a diversity of needs. Planning groups often encounter difficulty during the program development process as they identify topics and select effective educational strategies for presentation. In order to help identify topics of interest and desirable educational methods for the continuing education of laboratory personnel, a continuing medical technology education interest assessment tool was developed and used by a medical technology continuing education committee. Development and use of this assessment tool and resulting statistical survey results formed the basis for two continuing education courses, both considered highly successful.", "PMID": 425992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13041", "title": "The development and operation of an efficient laboratory preventive maintenance program.", "content": "The development and implementation of a preventive maintenance program are described. The details of the program are discussed to demonstrate its initial planning and the subsequent stages as a process that would be applicable to any medical laboratory.", "contents": "The development and operation of an efficient laboratory preventive maintenance program. The development and implementation of a preventive maintenance program are described. The details of the program are discussed to demonstrate its initial planning and the subsequent stages as a process that would be applicable to any medical laboratory.", "PMID": 425993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13042", "title": "The liver histology and frequency of clearance of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in chronic carriers.", "content": "Two hundred four volunteer blood donors with hepatitis B surface antigen found in their blood were followed for 3 to 44 months. The annual clearance rate of this antigen was 1.7%. Liver enzyme levels (aminotransferase) were elevated in 45 (22.1%) on at least one occasion, in 26 (12.7%) for one month or more, and in 13 for more than six months. Liver biopsies were performed on 17 chronic carriers with normal enzymes and nonspecific histologic abnormalities were found in 14 and mild diffuse hepatitis in three. Seventeen carriers with abnormal enzymes were biopsied, and specimens revealed chronic active hepatitis (CAH) in seven, including two with bridging necrosis and three with cirrhosis. CAH was found in 7 of 26 (26.9%) carriers with abnormal liver enzymes persisting for at least one month and 4 of 13 (30.8%) with abnormal liver enzymes for more than six months.", "contents": "The liver histology and frequency of clearance of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in chronic carriers. Two hundred four volunteer blood donors with hepatitis B surface antigen found in their blood were followed for 3 to 44 months. The annual clearance rate of this antigen was 1.7%. Liver enzyme levels (aminotransferase) were elevated in 45 (22.1%) on at least one occasion, in 26 (12.7%) for one month or more, and in 13 for more than six months. Liver biopsies were performed on 17 chronic carriers with normal enzymes and nonspecific histologic abnormalities were found in 14 and mild diffuse hepatitis in three. Seventeen carriers with abnormal enzymes were biopsied, and specimens revealed chronic active hepatitis (CAH) in seven, including two with bridging necrosis and three with cirrhosis. CAH was found in 7 of 26 (26.9%) carriers with abnormal liver enzymes persisting for at least one month and 4 of 13 (30.8%) with abnormal liver enzymes for more than six months.", "PMID": 425995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13043", "title": "Pancreatic venography and plasma ketone measurements in the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism.", "content": "Preoperative localization of an insulinoma was possible using a technique of transhepatic pancreatic venography, with measurement of insulin levels in six pancreatic veins. Surgical exploration confirmed the presence of an insulinoma at the site predicted by venography. Peripheral plasma insulin levels were only minimally elevated at the time of hypoglycemia. However, complete suppression of ketogenesis during a 74-hour fast was observed, and felt to be a biological marker for hyperinsulinism. These observations suggest that transhepatic pancreatic venography and the measurement of plasma ketones in addition to glucose and insulin during fasting, may be useful supplementary studies in the evaluation of patients with fasting hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Pancreatic venography and plasma ketone measurements in the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism. Preoperative localization of an insulinoma was possible using a technique of transhepatic pancreatic venography, with measurement of insulin levels in six pancreatic veins. Surgical exploration confirmed the presence of an insulinoma at the site predicted by venography. Peripheral plasma insulin levels were only minimally elevated at the time of hypoglycemia. However, complete suppression of ketogenesis during a 74-hour fast was observed, and felt to be a biological marker for hyperinsulinism. These observations suggest that transhepatic pancreatic venography and the measurement of plasma ketones in addition to glucose and insulin during fasting, may be useful supplementary studies in the evaluation of patients with fasting hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 425996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13044", "title": "Central retinal vein occlusion associated with hemodialysis.", "content": "Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) occurred in 3 of 15 maintenance hemodialysis patients over a two-week period. There have been no previous reports of this ophthalmologic catastrophe observed in the dialysis setting. Lupus nephritis, Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura and nephrosclerosis constituted the patients' major underlying diseases. Moderate hypertension was also present. Impaired vision of the left eye noted 24 to 36 hours following dialysis was the presenting symptom in all cases. Findings included decreased visual acuity, retinal vein engorgement, hemorrhage, and disc edema. All three patients subsequently lost the vision in their left eye (two received anticoagulation therapy). With the exception of hypertension, there were no known underlying predisposing conditions present. Although we are unable to offer a definite explanation for these unusual cases of CRVO, we feel a hypercoagulable state may have been responsible. Because our three cases occurred during a two-week period, some transient unidentified procoagulant factor associated with hemodialysis could have been present.", "contents": "Central retinal vein occlusion associated with hemodialysis. Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) occurred in 3 of 15 maintenance hemodialysis patients over a two-week period. There have been no previous reports of this ophthalmologic catastrophe observed in the dialysis setting. Lupus nephritis, Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura and nephrosclerosis constituted the patients' major underlying diseases. Moderate hypertension was also present. Impaired vision of the left eye noted 24 to 36 hours following dialysis was the presenting symptom in all cases. Findings included decreased visual acuity, retinal vein engorgement, hemorrhage, and disc edema. All three patients subsequently lost the vision in their left eye (two received anticoagulation therapy). With the exception of hypertension, there were no known underlying predisposing conditions present. Although we are unable to offer a definite explanation for these unusual cases of CRVO, we feel a hypercoagulable state may have been responsible. Because our three cases occurred during a two-week period, some transient unidentified procoagulant factor associated with hemodialysis could have been present.", "PMID": 425997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13045", "title": "Hospital admissions due to adverse drug reactions.", "content": "One hundred three (4.1%) of 2,499 patients hospitalized in a general medical ward were admitted because of an adverse drug reaction (ADR). Of 60 drugs involved, the most common were cardiac, antibiotic, and antineoplastic agents. The main reactions included skin rashes, bone marrow depression, arrhythmia, bleeding, and heart failure. Five (4.9%) of the patients died and 11 (10.7%) had life-threatening reactions. Risk factors predisposing to admissions due to ADR were: female sex, decreased renal function, polypragmasia, and the underlying disease. Twenty-seven percent of the admissions could have been avoided by a more careful choice and dosage of drug.", "contents": "Hospital admissions due to adverse drug reactions. One hundred three (4.1%) of 2,499 patients hospitalized in a general medical ward were admitted because of an adverse drug reaction (ADR). Of 60 drugs involved, the most common were cardiac, antibiotic, and antineoplastic agents. The main reactions included skin rashes, bone marrow depression, arrhythmia, bleeding, and heart failure. Five (4.9%) of the patients died and 11 (10.7%) had life-threatening reactions. Risk factors predisposing to admissions due to ADR were: female sex, decreased renal function, polypragmasia, and the underlying disease. Twenty-seven percent of the admissions could have been avoided by a more careful choice and dosage of drug.", "PMID": 425999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13046", "title": "Acinetobacter calcoaceticus variety anitratus: an increasing nosocomial problem.", "content": "Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var anitratus is an increasing nosocomial problem in some institutions. Duirng a recent 16-month period, we observed 15 patients with blood isolates of this organism. Thirteen of these patients acquired the organism from the hospital environment. Eleven of these represented real disease and concurrent growth of the organism from another site was predictive of infection (P less than 0.03). A review of laboratory records showed that there was a three-fold increase in nonblood isolates of this organism from hospitalized patients in 1975 and 1976, as compared to 1972 (P less than 0.0001), and a marked seasonal effect was noted, with increased isolations during the summer. Aminoglycoside resistance had increased considerably with 25% of nonblood isolates being resistant to gentamicin and 16% resistant to tobramycin despite its restriction; blood isolates were uniformly susceptible to gentamicin and tobramycin. Reporting of A anitratus as a nosocomial pathogen and serotyping of isolates may be useful to further define its role in nosocomial infections.", "contents": "Acinetobacter calcoaceticus variety anitratus: an increasing nosocomial problem. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var anitratus is an increasing nosocomial problem in some institutions. Duirng a recent 16-month period, we observed 15 patients with blood isolates of this organism. Thirteen of these patients acquired the organism from the hospital environment. Eleven of these represented real disease and concurrent growth of the organism from another site was predictive of infection (P less than 0.03). A review of laboratory records showed that there was a three-fold increase in nonblood isolates of this organism from hospitalized patients in 1975 and 1976, as compared to 1972 (P less than 0.0001), and a marked seasonal effect was noted, with increased isolations during the summer. Aminoglycoside resistance had increased considerably with 25% of nonblood isolates being resistant to gentamicin and 16% resistant to tobramycin despite its restriction; blood isolates were uniformly susceptible to gentamicin and tobramycin. Reporting of A anitratus as a nosocomial pathogen and serotyping of isolates may be useful to further define its role in nosocomial infections.", "PMID": 426000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13047", "title": "Language factors in vocational evaluation of mentally retarded workers.", "content": "Vocational teachers described maladaptive social behavior of retarded workers in vocational training classrooms and sheltered workshops. A rating scale was developed from 28 items measuring unacceptable language behavior. Twenty-seven teachers rated (a) 196 retarded workers with respect to the frequency of maladaptive behavior and (b) the 28 items with respect to the probability that a given behavior would result in termination of employment. Patterns of language behavior of retarded workers were factor analyzed, yielding two primary dimensions: verbal manners and communication skills. Irritating verbal manners were rated as more likely to result in termination of a worker than were poor communication skills. Both factors correlated significantly with the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale, and communication skills correlated significantly with the San Francisco Vocational Competency Scale. Results suggested the need to remediate maladaptive verbal behavior in sheltered or educational settings and to assign workers to jobs in accordance with their communication skills.", "contents": "Language factors in vocational evaluation of mentally retarded workers. Vocational teachers described maladaptive social behavior of retarded workers in vocational training classrooms and sheltered workshops. A rating scale was developed from 28 items measuring unacceptable language behavior. Twenty-seven teachers rated (a) 196 retarded workers with respect to the frequency of maladaptive behavior and (b) the 28 items with respect to the probability that a given behavior would result in termination of employment. Patterns of language behavior of retarded workers were factor analyzed, yielding two primary dimensions: verbal manners and communication skills. Irritating verbal manners were rated as more likely to result in termination of a worker than were poor communication skills. Both factors correlated significantly with the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale, and communication skills correlated significantly with the San Francisco Vocational Competency Scale. Results suggested the need to remediate maladaptive verbal behavior in sheltered or educational settings and to assign workers to jobs in accordance with their communication skills.", "PMID": 426004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13048", "title": "Environmental change and psycholinguistic ability of mentally retarded adults.", "content": "Effects on linguistic ability of transferring retarded adults from a large institution to small \"family\" bungalows were examined. Effects of environmental change on linguistic ability were assessed using the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) and by video-tape recordings of subjects engaging in speech. Results indicated that the bungalows had more resident-oriented as opposed to institution-oriented practices and more staff-resident interaction than did the large institution. The residents to be transferred were matched with control subjects who remained in the large institution. The ITPA was administered and resident interviews were video taped for both groups immediately before the transfer date and 9 months later. Psycholinguistic ability improved significantly more for transferred residents than for control subjects. Transferred residents increased the number of words used in affirmative and negative replies to simple questions during the videotaped interview, but there were no indications of any progression from one language stage to the next. The findings are comparable to previous studies concerning environmental change and increase in language ability of retarded children.", "contents": "Environmental change and psycholinguistic ability of mentally retarded adults. Effects on linguistic ability of transferring retarded adults from a large institution to small \"family\" bungalows were examined. Effects of environmental change on linguistic ability were assessed using the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) and by video-tape recordings of subjects engaging in speech. Results indicated that the bungalows had more resident-oriented as opposed to institution-oriented practices and more staff-resident interaction than did the large institution. The residents to be transferred were matched with control subjects who remained in the large institution. The ITPA was administered and resident interviews were video taped for both groups immediately before the transfer date and 9 months later. Psycholinguistic ability improved significantly more for transferred residents than for control subjects. Transferred residents increased the number of words used in affirmative and negative replies to simple questions during the videotaped interview, but there were no indications of any progression from one language stage to the next. The findings are comparable to previous studies concerning environmental change and increase in language ability of retarded children.", "PMID": 426005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13049", "title": "Predictive value of in vitro colony and cluster formation in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Granulocytic-monocytic colony-forming activity of marrow cells was evaluated at presentation in 20 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). A double-layer agar culture was employed to determine colony- and cluster-forming activity. All patients underwent induction chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin. Five patients died during induction. Eight of the 11 patients entering complete remission had absent or decreased colony and cluster growth of marrow cells. Four patients who failed to obtain a complete remission produced increased or only cluster growth in culture. Our data support the conclusions of others that decreased colony and cluster formation in vitro is associated with a more favorable response to induction chemotherapy for ANLL.", "contents": "Predictive value of in vitro colony and cluster formation in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Granulocytic-monocytic colony-forming activity of marrow cells was evaluated at presentation in 20 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). A double-layer agar culture was employed to determine colony- and cluster-forming activity. All patients underwent induction chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin. Five patients died during induction. Eight of the 11 patients entering complete remission had absent or decreased colony and cluster growth of marrow cells. Four patients who failed to obtain a complete remission produced increased or only cluster growth in culture. Our data support the conclusions of others that decreased colony and cluster formation in vitro is associated with a more favorable response to induction chemotherapy for ANLL.", "PMID": 426001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13050", "title": "Generalizability of behavioral observations: a clarification of interobserver agreement and interobserver reliability.", "content": "Sixteen indices of interobserver agreement and six methods for estimating coefficients of interobserver reliability were critiqued. The agreement statistics were found to be imprecise, limited psychometrically, and relatively inflexible in terms of the diverse categorical and quantitative data sets typically encountered in mental retardation research. Five of the reliability statistics produced precise estimates of agreement, yet possessed similar limitations. Only the intraclass correlation--generalizability theory approach seemed to offer the precision, comprehensiveness, and flexibility required to deal with the complexity of reliability assessment. A basic generalizability model was described and illustrated with group and single-subject research data.", "contents": "Generalizability of behavioral observations: a clarification of interobserver agreement and interobserver reliability. Sixteen indices of interobserver agreement and six methods for estimating coefficients of interobserver reliability were critiqued. The agreement statistics were found to be imprecise, limited psychometrically, and relatively inflexible in terms of the diverse categorical and quantitative data sets typically encountered in mental retardation research. Five of the reliability statistics produced precise estimates of agreement, yet possessed similar limitations. Only the intraclass correlation--generalizability theory approach seemed to offer the precision, comprehensiveness, and flexibility required to deal with the complexity of reliability assessment. A basic generalizability model was described and illustrated with group and single-subject research data.", "PMID": 426006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13051", "title": "Case report: Association of giant cell arteritis and pituitary tumor. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with giant cell arteritis and visual deficits were found to have pituitary tumors, which accounted for the optic findings. The various ophthalmologic abnormalities in these two conditions, which were apparently coincidentally associated in these two patients, are compared. These cases illustrate the importance of careful neuro-ophthalmologic examination and roentgenograms of the head in patients with giant cell arteritis who have visual field loss.", "contents": "Case report: Association of giant cell arteritis and pituitary tumor. Report of two cases. Two patients with giant cell arteritis and visual deficits were found to have pituitary tumors, which accounted for the optic findings. The various ophthalmologic abnormalities in these two conditions, which were apparently coincidentally associated in these two patients, are compared. These cases illustrate the importance of careful neuro-ophthalmologic examination and roentgenograms of the head in patients with giant cell arteritis who have visual field loss.", "PMID": 426002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13052", "title": "Errorless discrimination and picture fading as techniques for teaching sight words to TMR students.", "content": "The effectiveness of two approaches for teaching beginning sight words to 30 TMR students was compared. In Dorry and Zeaman's picture-fading technique, words are taught through association with pictures that are faded out over a series of trials, while in the Edmark program errorless-discrimination technique, words are taught through shaped sequences of visual and auditory--visual matching-to-sample, with the target word first appearing alone and eventually appearing with orthographically similar words. Students were instructed on two lists of 10 words each, one list in the picture-fading and one in the discrimination method, in a double counter-balanced, repeated-measures design. Covariance analysis on three measures (word identification, word recognition, and picture--word matching) showed highly significant differences between the two methods. Students' performance was better after instruction with the errorless-discrimination method than after instruction with the picture-fading method. The findings on picture fading were interpreted as indicating a possible failure of the shifting of control from picture to printed word that earlier researchers have hypothesized as occurring.", "contents": "Errorless discrimination and picture fading as techniques for teaching sight words to TMR students. The effectiveness of two approaches for teaching beginning sight words to 30 TMR students was compared. In Dorry and Zeaman's picture-fading technique, words are taught through association with pictures that are faded out over a series of trials, while in the Edmark program errorless-discrimination technique, words are taught through shaped sequences of visual and auditory--visual matching-to-sample, with the target word first appearing alone and eventually appearing with orthographically similar words. Students were instructed on two lists of 10 words each, one list in the picture-fading and one in the discrimination method, in a double counter-balanced, repeated-measures design. Covariance analysis on three measures (word identification, word recognition, and picture--word matching) showed highly significant differences between the two methods. Students' performance was better after instruction with the errorless-discrimination method than after instruction with the picture-fading method. The findings on picture fading were interpreted as indicating a possible failure of the shifting of control from picture to printed word that earlier researchers have hypothesized as occurring.", "PMID": 426007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13053", "title": "Case report: Antemortem diagnosis of central nervous system strongyloidiasis.", "content": "Strongyloidiasis is usually a benign illness confined to the gastrointestinal tract. However, dissemination (hyperinfection syndrome) may occur, particularly in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity. The diagnosis of hyperinfection syndrome is often made postmortem, and mortality is high, even when the disease is recognized during life. Central nervous system involvement with Strongyloides stercoralis has previously been recognized in only a few cases at postmortem examination, and in one case antemortem. We describe a patient with disseminated strongyloidiasis in whom central nervous system involvement was diagnosed antemortem. This patient developed multiple bacterial and fungal systemic and central nervous system infections as a complication of disseminated strongyloidiasis. The natural history of the disease in man, factors predisposing to dissemination, immunologic aspects of helminthic infection, and treatment modalities are discussed.", "contents": "Case report: Antemortem diagnosis of central nervous system strongyloidiasis. Strongyloidiasis is usually a benign illness confined to the gastrointestinal tract. However, dissemination (hyperinfection syndrome) may occur, particularly in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity. The diagnosis of hyperinfection syndrome is often made postmortem, and mortality is high, even when the disease is recognized during life. Central nervous system involvement with Strongyloides stercoralis has previously been recognized in only a few cases at postmortem examination, and in one case antemortem. We describe a patient with disseminated strongyloidiasis in whom central nervous system involvement was diagnosed antemortem. This patient developed multiple bacterial and fungal systemic and central nervous system infections as a complication of disseminated strongyloidiasis. The natural history of the disease in man, factors predisposing to dissemination, immunologic aspects of helminthic infection, and treatment modalities are discussed.", "PMID": 426003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13054", "title": "Modifying echolalic speech in preschool children: training and generalization.", "content": "An operant-conditioning technique was used to teach three handicapped children exhibiting echolalia to respond appropriately to a series of questions. The technique included punishment of echolalic responses and reinforcement of appropriate responses that were cued by a tape recording of the appropriate response. Frequencies of correct responses to the questions increased for each child following a within-subject multiple baseline design. Echolalic responding eliminated in response to trained questions. Generalization of training to several functional responses was found in addition to increased spontaneous use of a functional phrase. Generalization of trained responses across settings and stimuli was also suggested. A 12-month follow-up of two of the subjects revealed no increase in echolalic responding and moderate maintenance of the trained responses. The subjects also showed notable response generalization to untrained questions at the time of the follow-up probe.", "contents": "Modifying echolalic speech in preschool children: training and generalization. An operant-conditioning technique was used to teach three handicapped children exhibiting echolalia to respond appropriately to a series of questions. The technique included punishment of echolalic responses and reinforcement of appropriate responses that were cued by a tape recording of the appropriate response. Frequencies of correct responses to the questions increased for each child following a within-subject multiple baseline design. Echolalic responding eliminated in response to trained questions. Generalization of training to several functional responses was found in addition to increased spontaneous use of a functional phrase. Generalization of trained responses across settings and stimuli was also suggested. A 12-month follow-up of two of the subjects revealed no increase in echolalic responding and moderate maintenance of the trained responses. The subjects also showed notable response generalization to untrained questions at the time of the follow-up probe.", "PMID": 426008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13055", "title": "Effects of sensorimotor training on intellectual and adaptive skills of profoundly retarded adults.", "content": "Effects of sensorimotor training on intelligence and adaptive skills of profoundly retarded young adult residents of a state institution were investigated during a 6-month intensive training program. Comparison of pre- and posttraining test scores showed that the training group made significant gains in awareness (p less than .01) and gross-motor skills (p less than .001) as well as in intellectual (p less than .02) and adaptive skills (p less than .01). No significant gains in fine-motor and imitation skills were found nor were significant changes observed in the attention (control) group. Results were interpreted in terms of sensorimotor-training integration patterns, and they substantiated previous findings that gross-motor functioning and adaptive skills improve with sensorimotor training done in the living unit.", "contents": "Effects of sensorimotor training on intellectual and adaptive skills of profoundly retarded adults. Effects of sensorimotor training on intelligence and adaptive skills of profoundly retarded young adult residents of a state institution were investigated during a 6-month intensive training program. Comparison of pre- and posttraining test scores showed that the training group made significant gains in awareness (p less than .01) and gross-motor skills (p less than .001) as well as in intellectual (p less than .02) and adaptive skills (p less than .01). No significant gains in fine-motor and imitation skills were found nor were significant changes observed in the attention (control) group. Results were interpreted in terms of sensorimotor-training integration patterns, and they substantiated previous findings that gross-motor functioning and adaptive skills improve with sensorimotor training done in the living unit.", "PMID": 426009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13056", "title": "Comparison of tangibly reinforced speech-reception and pure-tone thresholds of mentally retarded children.", "content": "Sixteen mentally retarded children who had normal hearing were examined with two tests of auditory sensitivity. One procedure employed a tangibly reinforced operant-conditioning paradigm for pure tones, and the other test was based on a modification of operant conditioning for obtaining speech-reception thresholds. The speech procedure, utilizing an attractive mechanical device in the form of a clown, proved to be effective and efficient for use with retarded children.", "contents": "Comparison of tangibly reinforced speech-reception and pure-tone thresholds of mentally retarded children. Sixteen mentally retarded children who had normal hearing were examined with two tests of auditory sensitivity. One procedure employed a tangibly reinforced operant-conditioning paradigm for pure tones, and the other test was based on a modification of operant conditioning for obtaining speech-reception thresholds. The speech procedure, utilizing an attractive mechanical device in the form of a clown, proved to be effective and efficient for use with retarded children.", "PMID": 426010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13057", "title": "Adaptive Behavior Scale: development as a diagnostic tool via discriminant analysis.", "content": "The multidimensional nature of behavior often causes a dilemma for the diagnostician who must interpret inconsistent behavior. Three classifications of 6- through 12-year-old children were evaluated on the public school version of the Adaptive Behavior Scale by their teachers. Of the 388 nonretarded, 115 EMR, and 85 TMR children, 86 percent were correctly identified via 12-variable classification functions. The results indicate that further development of an adaptive behavior instrument would be desirable as a cost-efficient and powerful diagnostic tool.", "contents": "Adaptive Behavior Scale: development as a diagnostic tool via discriminant analysis. The multidimensional nature of behavior often causes a dilemma for the diagnostician who must interpret inconsistent behavior. Three classifications of 6- through 12-year-old children were evaluated on the public school version of the Adaptive Behavior Scale by their teachers. Of the 388 nonretarded, 115 EMR, and 85 TMR children, 86 percent were correctly identified via 12-variable classification functions. The results indicate that further development of an adaptive behavior instrument would be desirable as a cost-efficient and powerful diagnostic tool.", "PMID": 426011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13058", "title": "Teaching number-word equivalences: a study of transfer.", "content": "The study was designed to determine whether retarded adolescents and nonretarded preschool children would generalize to other tasks involving printed number names if they were taught the number names in an auditory-receptive task. Four nonretarded preschool children and three retarded children participated. All children could count and use spoken and printed numerals. None of the children could adequately perform any task involving printed number words. After receiving training on an auditory-receptive task involving printed number words, all children improved their performance on tasks involving matching printed number words and numerals and printed number words and sets and improved in their ability to name printed number words.", "contents": "Teaching number-word equivalences: a study of transfer. The study was designed to determine whether retarded adolescents and nonretarded preschool children would generalize to other tasks involving printed number names if they were taught the number names in an auditory-receptive task. Four nonretarded preschool children and three retarded children participated. All children could count and use spoken and printed numerals. None of the children could adequately perform any task involving printed number words. After receiving training on an auditory-receptive task involving printed number words, all children improved their performance on tasks involving matching printed number words and numerals and printed number words and sets and improved in their ability to name printed number words.", "PMID": 426012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13059", "title": "Fetal breathing movements and the abnormal contraction stress test.", "content": "The presence or absence of fetal breathing movements (FBMs) in a 30 minute observation period was determined in 29 patients with abnormal contraction stress tests (CSTs). The study population included 14 patients with positive CSTs, 11 patients with equivocal CSTs, and four patients with unclassified CSTs. In patients with either an equivocal or a positive CST, the presence of FBMs was associated with a high incidence of false predictive tests. Conversely, the absence of FBMs in a patient with a positive CST was uniformly associated with intrapartum fetal distress. The presence or absence of FBMs was not helpful in assessing the patients with unclassified CSTs. These data suggest FBMs may be a useful means of evaluating the patient with a positive or equivocal CST.", "contents": "Fetal breathing movements and the abnormal contraction stress test. The presence or absence of fetal breathing movements (FBMs) in a 30 minute observation period was determined in 29 patients with abnormal contraction stress tests (CSTs). The study population included 14 patients with positive CSTs, 11 patients with equivocal CSTs, and four patients with unclassified CSTs. In patients with either an equivocal or a positive CST, the presence of FBMs was associated with a high incidence of false predictive tests. Conversely, the absence of FBMs in a patient with a positive CST was uniformly associated with intrapartum fetal distress. The presence or absence of FBMs was not helpful in assessing the patients with unclassified CSTs. These data suggest FBMs may be a useful means of evaluating the patient with a positive or equivocal CST.", "PMID": 426013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13060", "title": "Calcium accumulation by human uterine microsomal preparations: Effects of progesterone and oxytocin.", "content": "A microsomal fraction was prepared from human pregnant uteri at term and at 6 to 19 weeks' gestation, and from nonpregnant uteri by differential centrifugation and purified on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. This fraction bound calcium in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP-dependent calcium binding in microsomal preparations was found to increase with advancing pregnancy. Addition of progesterone increased the ATP-dependent calcium binding, while addition of oxytocin decreased the ATP-dependent calcium binding. In combination, oxytocin and progesterone counteracted each other. The progesterone effect was specific for progesterone; three biologically inactive analogues had no effects on calcium binding. The actions of progesterone and of oxytocin on ATP-dependent calcium binding were found to be consistent with their respective in vivo uterine relaxing and contracting actions.", "contents": "Calcium accumulation by human uterine microsomal preparations: Effects of progesterone and oxytocin. A microsomal fraction was prepared from human pregnant uteri at term and at 6 to 19 weeks' gestation, and from nonpregnant uteri by differential centrifugation and purified on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. This fraction bound calcium in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP-dependent calcium binding in microsomal preparations was found to increase with advancing pregnancy. Addition of progesterone increased the ATP-dependent calcium binding, while addition of oxytocin decreased the ATP-dependent calcium binding. In combination, oxytocin and progesterone counteracted each other. The progesterone effect was specific for progesterone; three biologically inactive analogues had no effects on calcium binding. The actions of progesterone and of oxytocin on ATP-dependent calcium binding were found to be consistent with their respective in vivo uterine relaxing and contracting actions.", "PMID": 426014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13061", "title": "Treatment of obstetric and gynecologic infections with cefamandole.", "content": "Cefamandole nafate is a derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid which has been shown to have good in vitro activity against aerobes traditionally susceptible to cephalosporins as well as many anaerobes, including B. fragilis. One hundred women with obstetric or gynecologic infections completed treatment with cefamandole: 53 had post-cesarean section infections: 24, acute pelvic inflammatory disease: 16, posthysterectomy cuff cellulitis/abscess; and seven, vulvar or abdominal wound abscess. Almost 90% of these women had either polymicrobial aerobic/anaerobic bacterial infections or an anaerobic infection alone. Ninety women responded to cefamandole alone; in 10 cases chloramphenicol was added, but in addition five of these women required surgical therapy for eradication of infection. Mild to severe phlebitis at the infusion site that responded to conservative therapy was demonstrated in 14 women. Of 312 bacterial isolates from these women, 89% were sensitive to cefamandole at 32 microgram/ml, an easily achievable serum level; 93% of anaerobic streptococci, the most common isolates, were sensitive at 32 microgram/ml. Also, 90% of all Bacteroides species were susceptible at 32 microgram/ml; 82% of B. fragilis were susceptible at this concentration. These data indicate that cefamandole is safe and effective for treatment of women with polymicrobial pelvic infections but that approximately 5% of these women will require surgical exploration in addition to antimicrobial administration.", "contents": "Treatment of obstetric and gynecologic infections with cefamandole. Cefamandole nafate is a derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid which has been shown to have good in vitro activity against aerobes traditionally susceptible to cephalosporins as well as many anaerobes, including B. fragilis. One hundred women with obstetric or gynecologic infections completed treatment with cefamandole: 53 had post-cesarean section infections: 24, acute pelvic inflammatory disease: 16, posthysterectomy cuff cellulitis/abscess; and seven, vulvar or abdominal wound abscess. Almost 90% of these women had either polymicrobial aerobic/anaerobic bacterial infections or an anaerobic infection alone. Ninety women responded to cefamandole alone; in 10 cases chloramphenicol was added, but in addition five of these women required surgical therapy for eradication of infection. Mild to severe phlebitis at the infusion site that responded to conservative therapy was demonstrated in 14 women. Of 312 bacterial isolates from these women, 89% were sensitive to cefamandole at 32 microgram/ml, an easily achievable serum level; 93% of anaerobic streptococci, the most common isolates, were sensitive at 32 microgram/ml. Also, 90% of all Bacteroides species were susceptible at 32 microgram/ml; 82% of B. fragilis were susceptible at this concentration. These data indicate that cefamandole is safe and effective for treatment of women with polymicrobial pelvic infections but that approximately 5% of these women will require surgical exploration in addition to antimicrobial administration.", "PMID": 426015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13062", "title": "Thyroxine uptake and metabolism by fetal sheep after intra-amniotic thyroxine injection.", "content": "Thyroxine (T4) uptake from amniotic fluid was investigated in fetal sheep. Samples of fetal and maternal blood and of amniotic fluid were obtained from indwelling catheters at specific intervals after intra-amniotic injection of T4. T4 and reverse T3 (rT3) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Basal levels of T4 were 7.3 +/- 0.92, less than 2, and 6.28 +/- 0.49 microgram/dl in the fetus, amniotic fluid, and ewe, respectively. Basal levels of rT3 were 3,858 +/- 214, 189 +/- 62, and 385 +/- 20 pg/ml in the fetus, amniotic fluid, and ewe, respectively. T4 and rT3 rose progressively in the fetus with maximum concentrations of 25 to 30 microgram/dl T4 by 10 hours and 11,000 to 14,000 pg/ml rT3 by 20 hours after intra-amniotic injection of 500 microgram of T4. These concentrations returned toward baseline by 50 and 70 hours for T4 and rT3, respectively. The increase of fetal T4 was proportional to the amount of T4 injected in a range of 250 and 2,500 microgram. Esophageal ligation abolished the changes in fetal T4 but not rT3. Amniotic fluid rT3 increased with time after intra-amniotic injection of T4 and returned to baseline long after amniotic fluid T4 had reached basal levels. This pattern persisted despite esophageal ligation. T4 was converted to rT3 during incubation in amniotic fluid in vitro. It is concluded that (1) substantial amounts of T4 are taken up by fetal fetal sheep from the amniotic fluid by deglutition, (2) increases in fetal concentrations of T4 and rT3 are related to the amount of T4 added to the amniotic fluid, (3) amniotic fluid and fetal rT3 concentrations increase following intra-amniotic injection of T4 in the absence of significant uptake of T4 by the fetus, and (4) significant amounts of T4 may be converted to rT3 in vitro during incubation of T4 in amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Thyroxine uptake and metabolism by fetal sheep after intra-amniotic thyroxine injection. Thyroxine (T4) uptake from amniotic fluid was investigated in fetal sheep. Samples of fetal and maternal blood and of amniotic fluid were obtained from indwelling catheters at specific intervals after intra-amniotic injection of T4. T4 and reverse T3 (rT3) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Basal levels of T4 were 7.3 +/- 0.92, less than 2, and 6.28 +/- 0.49 microgram/dl in the fetus, amniotic fluid, and ewe, respectively. Basal levels of rT3 were 3,858 +/- 214, 189 +/- 62, and 385 +/- 20 pg/ml in the fetus, amniotic fluid, and ewe, respectively. T4 and rT3 rose progressively in the fetus with maximum concentrations of 25 to 30 microgram/dl T4 by 10 hours and 11,000 to 14,000 pg/ml rT3 by 20 hours after intra-amniotic injection of 500 microgram of T4. These concentrations returned toward baseline by 50 and 70 hours for T4 and rT3, respectively. The increase of fetal T4 was proportional to the amount of T4 injected in a range of 250 and 2,500 microgram. Esophageal ligation abolished the changes in fetal T4 but not rT3. Amniotic fluid rT3 increased with time after intra-amniotic injection of T4 and returned to baseline long after amniotic fluid T4 had reached basal levels. This pattern persisted despite esophageal ligation. T4 was converted to rT3 during incubation in amniotic fluid in vitro. It is concluded that (1) substantial amounts of T4 are taken up by fetal fetal sheep from the amniotic fluid by deglutition, (2) increases in fetal concentrations of T4 and rT3 are related to the amount of T4 added to the amniotic fluid, (3) amniotic fluid and fetal rT3 concentrations increase following intra-amniotic injection of T4 in the absence of significant uptake of T4 by the fetus, and (4) significant amounts of T4 may be converted to rT3 in vitro during incubation of T4 in amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 426016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13063", "title": "Whole-blood fibrinolytic activity in normal and hypertensive pregnancies and its relation to the placental concentration of urokinase inhibitor.", "content": "Whole-blood fibrinolytic activity was measured in 68 pregnant and 29 nonpregnant women with a sensitive, solid-state assay in which 125I-labeled fibrin was bound to polystyrene tubes. Antepartum fibrinolytic activity in 36 normotensive gravid women [234.5 +/- 29.2 (mean +/- standard error of the mean) ng fibrin lysed/30 min] was significantly (p less than 0.001) greater than that found in 28 nonpregnant normotensive women not taking oral contraceptives (63.61 +/- 7.66 ng fibrin lysed/30 min) and not different from the activity observed during the active phase of labor (198.50 +/- 16.5 ng fibrin lysed/30 min.) Normotensive pregnant patients had a significant (p less than 0.001) increase in whole-blood fibrinolytic activity (341.04 +/- 25.7 ng fibrin lysed/30 min) within the first 24 hours after delivery which persisted in measurements taken the second postpartum day. Fibrinolytic activity values before labor, in the active phase of labor, and in the first and second postpartum days in 17 patients with mild to moderate pregnancy-induced or pregd or pregnancy-aggravated hypertension were not different from those found in the normotensive group. However, patients with severe pregnancy-induced or pregnancy-aggravated hypertension had significantly (p less than 0.01) lower levels of fibrinolytic activity than normotensive patients before labor, during the active phase of labor, and on the first and second postpartum days. The placental 800 X g and 110,000 X g fractions of patients with severe hypertension had a significantly (p less than 0.001) greater capacity to inhibit \"in vitro\" urokinase-induced fibrinolysis than similar fractions obtained from placentas of normotensive women, and there was a significant inverse correlation (r = 0.61; p less than 0.01) between whole-blood fibrinolytic activity and urokinase inhibition by placental fractions. Our findings indicate that contrary to widely held views, fibrinolysis is extremely active in term pregnancies and during labor and that a derangement of this activity is present in cases of severe pregnancy-induced or pregnancy-aggravated hypertension.", "contents": "Whole-blood fibrinolytic activity in normal and hypertensive pregnancies and its relation to the placental concentration of urokinase inhibitor. Whole-blood fibrinolytic activity was measured in 68 pregnant and 29 nonpregnant women with a sensitive, solid-state assay in which 125I-labeled fibrin was bound to polystyrene tubes. Antepartum fibrinolytic activity in 36 normotensive gravid women [234.5 +/- 29.2 (mean +/- standard error of the mean) ng fibrin lysed/30 min] was significantly (p less than 0.001) greater than that found in 28 nonpregnant normotensive women not taking oral contraceptives (63.61 +/- 7.66 ng fibrin lysed/30 min) and not different from the activity observed during the active phase of labor (198.50 +/- 16.5 ng fibrin lysed/30 min.) Normotensive pregnant patients had a significant (p less than 0.001) increase in whole-blood fibrinolytic activity (341.04 +/- 25.7 ng fibrin lysed/30 min) within the first 24 hours after delivery which persisted in measurements taken the second postpartum day. Fibrinolytic activity values before labor, in the active phase of labor, and in the first and second postpartum days in 17 patients with mild to moderate pregnancy-induced or pregd or pregnancy-aggravated hypertension were not different from those found in the normotensive group. However, patients with severe pregnancy-induced or pregnancy-aggravated hypertension had significantly (p less than 0.01) lower levels of fibrinolytic activity than normotensive patients before labor, during the active phase of labor, and on the first and second postpartum days. The placental 800 X g and 110,000 X g fractions of patients with severe hypertension had a significantly (p less than 0.001) greater capacity to inhibit \"in vitro\" urokinase-induced fibrinolysis than similar fractions obtained from placentas of normotensive women, and there was a significant inverse correlation (r = 0.61; p less than 0.01) between whole-blood fibrinolytic activity and urokinase inhibition by placental fractions. Our findings indicate that contrary to widely held views, fibrinolysis is extremely active in term pregnancies and during labor and that a derangement of this activity is present in cases of severe pregnancy-induced or pregnancy-aggravated hypertension.", "PMID": 426017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13064", "title": "Effect of dopamine on hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia.", "content": "Chronically instrumented, near-term pregnant sheep were subjected to autonomic blockade with spinal anesthesia. Systemic arterial pressure, heart rate, and uterine blood flow decreased and uterine vascular resistance increased during the spinal blockade. Infusion of dopamine during the spinal hypotension corrected the disturbed circulatory parameters. These data provide evidence that: (1) the peripheral circulation of the near-term pregnant sheep is as sensitive as that of pregnant women to autonomic blockade, (2) the sensitivity is probably related to factors other than the changes in venous pressure in areas below the pelvis, and (3) dopamine represents a useful agent in the management of spinal hypotension.", "contents": "Effect of dopamine on hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia. Chronically instrumented, near-term pregnant sheep were subjected to autonomic blockade with spinal anesthesia. Systemic arterial pressure, heart rate, and uterine blood flow decreased and uterine vascular resistance increased during the spinal blockade. Infusion of dopamine during the spinal hypotension corrected the disturbed circulatory parameters. These data provide evidence that: (1) the peripheral circulation of the near-term pregnant sheep is as sensitive as that of pregnant women to autonomic blockade, (2) the sensitivity is probably related to factors other than the changes in venous pressure in areas below the pelvis, and (3) dopamine represents a useful agent in the management of spinal hypotension.", "PMID": 426018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13065", "title": "Premature menopause. I. Etiology.", "content": "The premature menopause syndrome has been regarded as one of the organ-specific autoimmune disorders because circulating antibodies to ovarian tissue have been demonstrated. Fifteen women with spontaneous cessation of menses after initial menarche before they were 35 years old were seen between 1975 and 1977. Increased serum levels of gonadotropin and failure of estrogen secretion were documented. Serum from each woman was examined for antibodies to normal ovary. Proteins from ovaries of normal premenopausal women were extracted and iodinated with 125I. The labeled proteins were incubated with sera for 48 hours, after which goat antihuman gamma-globulin was added and allowed to incubate for 72 hours. The precipitate was washed and evaluated for radioactive label. The binding of antibodies increased in the sera of patients with the premature menopause syndrome, compared with the control sera. This suggests that the etiology of premature menopause may be mediated by circulating antibodies to ovarian tissue.", "contents": "Premature menopause. I. Etiology. The premature menopause syndrome has been regarded as one of the organ-specific autoimmune disorders because circulating antibodies to ovarian tissue have been demonstrated. Fifteen women with spontaneous cessation of menses after initial menarche before they were 35 years old were seen between 1975 and 1977. Increased serum levels of gonadotropin and failure of estrogen secretion were documented. Serum from each woman was examined for antibodies to normal ovary. Proteins from ovaries of normal premenopausal women were extracted and iodinated with 125I. The labeled proteins were incubated with sera for 48 hours, after which goat antihuman gamma-globulin was added and allowed to incubate for 72 hours. The precipitate was washed and evaluated for radioactive label. The binding of antibodies increased in the sera of patients with the premature menopause syndrome, compared with the control sera. This suggests that the etiology of premature menopause may be mediated by circulating antibodies to ovarian tissue.", "PMID": 426019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13066", "title": "In vitro perfusion studies of the human placenta. VI. Evidence against active glucose transport.", "content": "Previous studies in our laboratory using \"in vitro\" perfusion have established that glucose transport across the human placenta is a carrier-mediated process. It is not known whether these carriers require the expenditure of metabolic energy to function. In the experiments presented here we demonstrate in the perfused placenta that there is not reduction in the rate of glucose transport or its analogue 3-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (3MG) in the presence of 10(-4) M dinitrophenol (DNP), an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. The presence of DNP, however, does cause an increase in the glucose utilization rate as well as increased lactic acid production. In order to test whether glucose transport depends on the functioning of a sodium pump system, the sodium in the perfusion system was replaced with choline chloride. The final sodium content was 30 mEq/L. In the presence of a low sodium concentration there was no decrease in the rate of 3MG transport compared to the control experiments run at normal sodium levels. Also \"counter transport\" of glucose was observed, a further indication that the glucose carrier mechanism does not require a sodium gradient in order to function. Since the transport rate of glucose or its analogue 3MG across the placenta is not reduced in the presence of 10(-4)M DNP and is not reduced in the absence of a sodium gradient, it is unlikely that the mechanism of glucose transport is an active process requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.", "contents": "In vitro perfusion studies of the human placenta. VI. Evidence against active glucose transport. Previous studies in our laboratory using \"in vitro\" perfusion have established that glucose transport across the human placenta is a carrier-mediated process. It is not known whether these carriers require the expenditure of metabolic energy to function. In the experiments presented here we demonstrate in the perfused placenta that there is not reduction in the rate of glucose transport or its analogue 3-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (3MG) in the presence of 10(-4) M dinitrophenol (DNP), an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. The presence of DNP, however, does cause an increase in the glucose utilization rate as well as increased lactic acid production. In order to test whether glucose transport depends on the functioning of a sodium pump system, the sodium in the perfusion system was replaced with choline chloride. The final sodium content was 30 mEq/L. In the presence of a low sodium concentration there was no decrease in the rate of 3MG transport compared to the control experiments run at normal sodium levels. Also \"counter transport\" of glucose was observed, a further indication that the glucose carrier mechanism does not require a sodium gradient in order to function. Since the transport rate of glucose or its analogue 3MG across the placenta is not reduced in the presence of 10(-4)M DNP and is not reduced in the absence of a sodium gradient, it is unlikely that the mechanism of glucose transport is an active process requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.", "PMID": 426020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13067", "title": "Progesterone binding by human endometrial tissue during the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle and by hyperplastic and carcinomatous endometrium.", "content": "Cytosol receptors for progesterone were assayed in human endometrial tissue during the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle and in the hyperplastic and carcinomatous endometrium. The assays were performed utilizing a technique involving prior treatment of the cytosol extract with dextran-coated charcoal to remove endogenous progesterone. The results showed that the progesterone receptor activity was higher during the later proliferative and early secretory phases of the menstrual cycle. Hyperplastic and carcinomatous endometrium also contained specific cytosol receptor for progesterone, and the binding activity of the hyperplastic endometria and endometrial polyps was comparable to that found during the later proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. No apparent correlation between the progesterone receptor level and the morphologic degree of differentiation in Grades 1 and 2 adenocarcinomas of the endometrium was observed.", "contents": "Progesterone binding by human endometrial tissue during the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle and by hyperplastic and carcinomatous endometrium. Cytosol receptors for progesterone were assayed in human endometrial tissue during the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle and in the hyperplastic and carcinomatous endometrium. The assays were performed utilizing a technique involving prior treatment of the cytosol extract with dextran-coated charcoal to remove endogenous progesterone. The results showed that the progesterone receptor activity was higher during the later proliferative and early secretory phases of the menstrual cycle. Hyperplastic and carcinomatous endometrium also contained specific cytosol receptor for progesterone, and the binding activity of the hyperplastic endometria and endometrial polyps was comparable to that found during the later proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. No apparent correlation between the progesterone receptor level and the morphologic degree of differentiation in Grades 1 and 2 adenocarcinomas of the endometrium was observed.", "PMID": 426021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13068", "title": "Free and protein-bound steroids in amniotic fluid of midpregnancy.", "content": "Ninety-seven amniotic fluid (AF) specimens, 67 with male fetuses and 30 with female fetuses, were obtained by amniocentesis at 14 to 18 weeks of gestation for analysis of free and protein-bound estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), and progesterone (P). Ten maternal plasma (MP) samples of comparable gestational age were analyzed for the same free and protein-bound steroids. Significantly lower total E1, E2, A, and T, but not P, levels were found in AF when compared to MP. The percentage of free steroids was higher in AF than in MP, while the percentage of specific protein-bound steroids was lower in the AF than in MP. Free (unbound) steroid levels of E1 and P were higher in AF than in MP, whereas levels of E2 were lower in AF than in MP. The free A and T levels in MP were lower than in AF with male fetuses, yet higher than in AF with female fetuses. Possible biologic activity of steroids in this fluid may depend on the dynamic balance between the free, the specific protein-bound, and the nonspecific protein-bound steroids.", "contents": "Free and protein-bound steroids in amniotic fluid of midpregnancy. Ninety-seven amniotic fluid (AF) specimens, 67 with male fetuses and 30 with female fetuses, were obtained by amniocentesis at 14 to 18 weeks of gestation for analysis of free and protein-bound estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), and progesterone (P). Ten maternal plasma (MP) samples of comparable gestational age were analyzed for the same free and protein-bound steroids. Significantly lower total E1, E2, A, and T, but not P, levels were found in AF when compared to MP. The percentage of free steroids was higher in AF than in MP, while the percentage of specific protein-bound steroids was lower in the AF than in MP. Free (unbound) steroid levels of E1 and P were higher in AF than in MP, whereas levels of E2 were lower in AF than in MP. The free A and T levels in MP were lower than in AF with male fetuses, yet higher than in AF with female fetuses. Possible biologic activity of steroids in this fluid may depend on the dynamic balance between the free, the specific protein-bound, and the nonspecific protein-bound steroids.", "PMID": 426022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13069", "title": "20 alpha-Hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone concentration in human placenta before and after parturition.", "content": "The objective of this investigation was to determine if decreased biosynthesis or increased catabolism of progesterone (P) during labor was responsible for the decreased concentration of hormone observed in the human placenta after labor and vaginal delivery. No significant difference was found in P biosynthesis by placental tissues examined before and after labor as evidenced by a similar activity of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: delta 5-isomerase. In contrast, there was a marked increase in P catabolism during labor, as shown by a significant (p less than 0.05) change in placental 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity which increased from 835.5 +/- 103 (mean +/- SEM) pmoles of 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20 alpha-DHP) generated per milligram of protein per hour before labor to 1,160.4 +/- 101 pmoles/mg/hr after labor. A similar significant (p less than 0.02) increase in enzyme activity was noticed in parallel assays of the reverse (20 alpha-DHP leads to P) reaction. As a consequence of increased P catabolism, placentas after labor had a 20 alpha-DHP concentration of 63.7 +/- 9.5 (mean +/- SEM) ng/mg protein, a value which was significantly (p less than 0.05) larger than that found before labor (37.8 +/- 8.3 ng/mg protein). These changes resulted in a modification of the placental tissue P/20 alpha-DHP ratio which decreased from 2/1 before to 1/1 after labor. The results indicate that the catabolism of P to 20 alpha-DHP increases significantly during human parturition. This phenomenon may be of importance in the mechanism of initiation and continuation of labor.", "contents": "20 alpha-Hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone concentration in human placenta before and after parturition. The objective of this investigation was to determine if decreased biosynthesis or increased catabolism of progesterone (P) during labor was responsible for the decreased concentration of hormone observed in the human placenta after labor and vaginal delivery. No significant difference was found in P biosynthesis by placental tissues examined before and after labor as evidenced by a similar activity of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: delta 5-isomerase. In contrast, there was a marked increase in P catabolism during labor, as shown by a significant (p less than 0.05) change in placental 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity which increased from 835.5 +/- 103 (mean +/- SEM) pmoles of 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20 alpha-DHP) generated per milligram of protein per hour before labor to 1,160.4 +/- 101 pmoles/mg/hr after labor. A similar significant (p less than 0.02) increase in enzyme activity was noticed in parallel assays of the reverse (20 alpha-DHP leads to P) reaction. As a consequence of increased P catabolism, placentas after labor had a 20 alpha-DHP concentration of 63.7 +/- 9.5 (mean +/- SEM) ng/mg protein, a value which was significantly (p less than 0.05) larger than that found before labor (37.8 +/- 8.3 ng/mg protein). These changes resulted in a modification of the placental tissue P/20 alpha-DHP ratio which decreased from 2/1 before to 1/1 after labor. The results indicate that the catabolism of P to 20 alpha-DHP increases significantly during human parturition. This phenomenon may be of importance in the mechanism of initiation and continuation of labor.", "PMID": 426023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13070", "title": "Effects of maternal smoking on circulating catecholamine levels and fetal heart rates.", "content": "Eight pregnant chronic cigarette smokers were studied after 34 weeks of gestation to determine the effects of acute cigarette (two nonfilter cigarettes) inhalation on maternal neuroendocrine and cardiovascular changes and on the fetus. Cigarette smoking was found to induce rapid (within 2 1/2 minutes) elevations in maternal plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels and this was associated with a rise in maternal pulse and blood pressure. These changes are followed, with a 5 minute lag time, by a significant increase in fetal heart rate. A relatively slow but sustained increase in maternal carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) concentration occurred. The time course of this increase in HbCO did not seem to be responsible for the acute changes in fetal heart rate. Maternal cortisol levels also showed a slow but sustained elevation. Our present findings, together with data obtained from animal models, suggest that cigarette smoking during pregnancy induces fetal hypoxia through two independent but additive pathways: (1) An acute effect is caused by nicotine activation of adrenergic discharge, resulting in vasoconstriction, a decreased uterine perfusion, and a consequent transient fetal tachycardia, and (2) a delayed but prolonged increase in HbCO may cause a sustained reduction of fetal oxygenation.", "contents": "Effects of maternal smoking on circulating catecholamine levels and fetal heart rates. Eight pregnant chronic cigarette smokers were studied after 34 weeks of gestation to determine the effects of acute cigarette (two nonfilter cigarettes) inhalation on maternal neuroendocrine and cardiovascular changes and on the fetus. Cigarette smoking was found to induce rapid (within 2 1/2 minutes) elevations in maternal plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels and this was associated with a rise in maternal pulse and blood pressure. These changes are followed, with a 5 minute lag time, by a significant increase in fetal heart rate. A relatively slow but sustained increase in maternal carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) concentration occurred. The time course of this increase in HbCO did not seem to be responsible for the acute changes in fetal heart rate. Maternal cortisol levels also showed a slow but sustained elevation. Our present findings, together with data obtained from animal models, suggest that cigarette smoking during pregnancy induces fetal hypoxia through two independent but additive pathways: (1) An acute effect is caused by nicotine activation of adrenergic discharge, resulting in vasoconstriction, a decreased uterine perfusion, and a consequent transient fetal tachycardia, and (2) a delayed but prolonged increase in HbCO may cause a sustained reduction of fetal oxygenation.", "PMID": 426024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13071", "title": "Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in erythrocytes of women taking oral contraceptive steroids.", "content": "We have measured catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity in erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) obtained from 64 women taking oral contraceptives steroids and compared these values with those found in RBCs obtained from 73 women using nonsteroidal contraceptives. The COMT activity in the RBCs of women taking oral contraceptives steroids and of women not taking contraceptive steroids was 9.1 +/- 0.28 (mean and standard error) and 8.8 +/- 0.26 nmoles 2-methoxyestrone X ml-1 RBC X hr-1, respectively. This difference in the COMT activity in RBCs from these two groups of women was not statistically significant. This finding differs from that of others who found that COMT activity in RBCs of women taking oral contraceptive steroids was greater than that of women not taking such drugs.", "contents": "Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in erythrocytes of women taking oral contraceptive steroids. We have measured catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity in erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) obtained from 64 women taking oral contraceptives steroids and compared these values with those found in RBCs obtained from 73 women using nonsteroidal contraceptives. The COMT activity in the RBCs of women taking oral contraceptives steroids and of women not taking contraceptive steroids was 9.1 +/- 0.28 (mean and standard error) and 8.8 +/- 0.26 nmoles 2-methoxyestrone X ml-1 RBC X hr-1, respectively. This difference in the COMT activity in RBCs from these two groups of women was not statistically significant. This finding differs from that of others who found that COMT activity in RBCs of women taking oral contraceptive steroids was greater than that of women not taking such drugs.", "PMID": 426025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13072", "title": "Placental uptake and transfer of lipid in the postterm rabbit.", "content": "Gonadotropin-injected pregnant rabbits were delivered by cesarean section near term (30 days after conception (term, 31 days) and 3 1/2 and 4 days post term. Lipid metabolism of the postterm and near-term fetus was compared. Fetal and placental uptake of radioactivity and rate of lipid entry into the fetus, as well as fetal and maternal plasma free fatty acid (FFA) specific activities (at equilibrium) were determined following a single maternal injection of [1-14C]palmitate (50 muCi) administered at cesarean section. Evidence of placental malfunction in the postterm period includes decreased placental uptake and transport of labeled FFA occurring while maternal and fetal FFA dynamics (half times) remain unchanged and a loss in \"organization\": The strong positive correlation (p less than 0.001) between placental uptake and transfer to the fetus at 30 days' gestation is lost 5 days later. A comparison of maternal and fetal plasma FFA specific activities indicates a substantial (62%) near-term fetal contribution to its own circulating FFA pool. Total plasma FFA is elevated in the postterm fetus concomitant with a decreasing maternal supply. A postterm fetus must therefore contribute lipid from its own reserves (probably liver) in excess of amounts attributed to a near-term fetus, i.e., greater than 62%.", "contents": "Placental uptake and transfer of lipid in the postterm rabbit. Gonadotropin-injected pregnant rabbits were delivered by cesarean section near term (30 days after conception (term, 31 days) and 3 1/2 and 4 days post term. Lipid metabolism of the postterm and near-term fetus was compared. Fetal and placental uptake of radioactivity and rate of lipid entry into the fetus, as well as fetal and maternal plasma free fatty acid (FFA) specific activities (at equilibrium) were determined following a single maternal injection of [1-14C]palmitate (50 muCi) administered at cesarean section. Evidence of placental malfunction in the postterm period includes decreased placental uptake and transport of labeled FFA occurring while maternal and fetal FFA dynamics (half times) remain unchanged and a loss in \"organization\": The strong positive correlation (p less than 0.001) between placental uptake and transfer to the fetus at 30 days' gestation is lost 5 days later. A comparison of maternal and fetal plasma FFA specific activities indicates a substantial (62%) near-term fetal contribution to its own circulating FFA pool. Total plasma FFA is elevated in the postterm fetus concomitant with a decreasing maternal supply. A postterm fetus must therefore contribute lipid from its own reserves (probably liver) in excess of amounts attributed to a near-term fetus, i.e., greater than 62%.", "PMID": 426026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13073", "title": "Organophosphorous neuropathy. I. A teased-fiber study of the spatio-temporal spread of axonal degeneraion.", "content": "The spatio-temporal spread of axonal degeneration in organophosphorous neuropathy has been studied by means of the teased-fiber technique. Young adult cats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and were killed 14, 18, 20, 21, and 28 days later by intracardiac perfusion with aldehydes. The cats developed clinical signs of delayed neurotoxicity 16 to 18 days after DFP injection. A histologic survey of the central and peripheral nervous systems revealed that the topographic distribution of axonal degeneration was characteristic of a dying-back neuropathy. In teased-fiber preparations from the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, we found that the axonal degeneration was initially focal and nonterminal but that the axonal degeneration subsequently spread in a somatofugal direction to involve the entire distal axon. Nerve fibre varicosities and paranodal demyelination preceded the axonal degeneration. It is concluded that neurotoxic organophosphates induce a focal, distal but not terminal axonal degeneration. This \"chemical transection\" of the axon then precipitates wallerian degeneration of the more distal axon. Thus, the traditional hypothesis that dying-back neuropathies evolve from a retrograde axonal degeneration is not valid for organophosphorous neuropathy.", "contents": "Organophosphorous neuropathy. I. A teased-fiber study of the spatio-temporal spread of axonal degeneraion. The spatio-temporal spread of axonal degeneration in organophosphorous neuropathy has been studied by means of the teased-fiber technique. Young adult cats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and were killed 14, 18, 20, 21, and 28 days later by intracardiac perfusion with aldehydes. The cats developed clinical signs of delayed neurotoxicity 16 to 18 days after DFP injection. A histologic survey of the central and peripheral nervous systems revealed that the topographic distribution of axonal degeneration was characteristic of a dying-back neuropathy. In teased-fiber preparations from the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, we found that the axonal degeneration was initially focal and nonterminal but that the axonal degeneration subsequently spread in a somatofugal direction to involve the entire distal axon. Nerve fibre varicosities and paranodal demyelination preceded the axonal degeneration. It is concluded that neurotoxic organophosphates induce a focal, distal but not terminal axonal degeneration. This \"chemical transection\" of the axon then precipitates wallerian degeneration of the more distal axon. Thus, the traditional hypothesis that dying-back neuropathies evolve from a retrograde axonal degeneration is not valid for organophosphorous neuropathy.", "PMID": 426027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13074", "title": "Organophosphorous neuropathy. II. A fine-structural study of the early stages of axonal degeneration.", "content": "The early stages in the evolution of axonal degeneration in organophosphorous neuropathy have been studied by electron microscopy of single nerve fibers. Two young adult cats were given a single, intraperitoneal injection of di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). Eighteen and 20 days later, respectively, after intracardiac perfusion with glutaraldehyde, single nerve fibers were teased from the cats' left recurrent laryngeal nerves. Four nerve fibers in progressive stages of axonal degeneration, were subserially sectioned and studied in the electron microscope. Unique, mid-internodal nerve fiber varicosities preceded an axonal degeneration which was initially focal and nonterminal. The varicosities were associated ultrastructurally with intra-axonal and/or intramyelinic vacuoles. Accumulations of axonal agranular reticulum were found in all four fibers but were associated with less than one half the varicosities. It appeared, both by light and electron microscopy, that the nerve fiber varicosities progressed to the focal, nonterminal axonal degeneration.", "contents": "Organophosphorous neuropathy. II. A fine-structural study of the early stages of axonal degeneration. The early stages in the evolution of axonal degeneration in organophosphorous neuropathy have been studied by electron microscopy of single nerve fibers. Two young adult cats were given a single, intraperitoneal injection of di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). Eighteen and 20 days later, respectively, after intracardiac perfusion with glutaraldehyde, single nerve fibers were teased from the cats' left recurrent laryngeal nerves. Four nerve fibers in progressive stages of axonal degeneration, were subserially sectioned and studied in the electron microscope. Unique, mid-internodal nerve fiber varicosities preceded an axonal degeneration which was initially focal and nonterminal. The varicosities were associated ultrastructurally with intra-axonal and/or intramyelinic vacuoles. Accumulations of axonal agranular reticulum were found in all four fibers but were associated with less than one half the varicosities. It appeared, both by light and electron microscopy, that the nerve fiber varicosities progressed to the focal, nonterminal axonal degeneration.", "PMID": 426028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13075", "title": "Characterization of chronic N,N'-diacetylbenzidine-induced nephropathy.", "content": "Rats given N,N'-diacetyl benzidine (N,N'-DAB) by intraperitoneal injections were studied to further characterize the ensuing renal disease. Significant proteinuria and albuminuria occurred at 10 weeks and thereafter and was enhanced by prior unilateral nephrectomy. Glomerular epithelial cell vacuolization and cyst formation were marked in proteinuric rats. Focal glomerular sclerosis and synechia were present, but proliferative crescent formation was not. Glomerular fibrinogen was noted, but no immunoglobulins or C3 was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy. Glomerular epithelial cell cysts and disruption were noted ultrastructurally, but no electron-dense deposits were seen. Tubular basement membrane thickening and wrinkling were noted in N,N'-DAB rats, and maximum urine osmolarlity was decreased. None of the animals developed renal insufficiency. Parenteral N,N'-DAB-induced renal disease is different from crescentic glomerulonephritis noted in rats fed N,N'-DAB and has similarities to an experimental model of aminonucleoside induced focal sclerosis, supporting the theory of primary glomerular epithelial cell injury mediating proteinuria and focal sclerosis.", "contents": "Characterization of chronic N,N'-diacetylbenzidine-induced nephropathy. Rats given N,N'-diacetyl benzidine (N,N'-DAB) by intraperitoneal injections were studied to further characterize the ensuing renal disease. Significant proteinuria and albuminuria occurred at 10 weeks and thereafter and was enhanced by prior unilateral nephrectomy. Glomerular epithelial cell vacuolization and cyst formation were marked in proteinuric rats. Focal glomerular sclerosis and synechia were present, but proliferative crescent formation was not. Glomerular fibrinogen was noted, but no immunoglobulins or C3 was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy. Glomerular epithelial cell cysts and disruption were noted ultrastructurally, but no electron-dense deposits were seen. Tubular basement membrane thickening and wrinkling were noted in N,N'-DAB rats, and maximum urine osmolarlity was decreased. None of the animals developed renal insufficiency. Parenteral N,N'-DAB-induced renal disease is different from crescentic glomerulonephritis noted in rats fed N,N'-DAB and has similarities to an experimental model of aminonucleoside induced focal sclerosis, supporting the theory of primary glomerular epithelial cell injury mediating proteinuria and focal sclerosis.", "PMID": 426029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13076", "title": "Nuclear inclusions in alveolar epithelium of patients with fibrotic lung disorders.", "content": "Ultrastructural study of pulmonary biopsy specimens from patients with fibrotic lung disease disclosed the presence of nuclear inclusions in 1% or less of cuboidal alveolar epithelial cells in 9 of 19 patients, including 6 of 12 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 2 of 3 patients with collagen-vascular disease, and 1 of 3 patients with sarcoidosis. Nuclear inclusions were not observed by ultrastructural study in 5 control patients. The inclusions consisted of masses or aggregates of tubules which probably were derived from the inner nuclear membranes. These tubules were smooth-walled, showed branchings and bifurcations, were composed of single trilaminar membranes, usually had a clear content, and ranged from 500 to 1000 A in diameter. They resembled nuclear tubules which occur in other cell types under conditions of rapid growth or specific hormonal stimulation. Statistically significant differences between the groups of patients with and without nuclear inclusions in cuboidal alveolar epithelial cells were not found with respect to smoking history, degree of fibrosis in the lung biopsy specimen, or the degree of pulmonary physiologic impairment. However, the average age of the patients having nuclear inclusions was significantly greater than that of patients not having nuclear inclusions. In addition, the frequency of indentations in the nuclei of cuboidal alveolar epithelial cells was greater in patients with nuclear inclusions than in patients without nuclear inclusions. Highly significant correlations were observed between the presence of nuclear inclusions and the presence of a) anchoring fibrils and hemidesmosomes along the basal surfaces of alveolar epithelial cells and b) multilayering of the alveolar epithelium.", "contents": "Nuclear inclusions in alveolar epithelium of patients with fibrotic lung disorders. Ultrastructural study of pulmonary biopsy specimens from patients with fibrotic lung disease disclosed the presence of nuclear inclusions in 1% or less of cuboidal alveolar epithelial cells in 9 of 19 patients, including 6 of 12 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 2 of 3 patients with collagen-vascular disease, and 1 of 3 patients with sarcoidosis. Nuclear inclusions were not observed by ultrastructural study in 5 control patients. The inclusions consisted of masses or aggregates of tubules which probably were derived from the inner nuclear membranes. These tubules were smooth-walled, showed branchings and bifurcations, were composed of single trilaminar membranes, usually had a clear content, and ranged from 500 to 1000 A in diameter. They resembled nuclear tubules which occur in other cell types under conditions of rapid growth or specific hormonal stimulation. Statistically significant differences between the groups of patients with and without nuclear inclusions in cuboidal alveolar epithelial cells were not found with respect to smoking history, degree of fibrosis in the lung biopsy specimen, or the degree of pulmonary physiologic impairment. However, the average age of the patients having nuclear inclusions was significantly greater than that of patients not having nuclear inclusions. In addition, the frequency of indentations in the nuclei of cuboidal alveolar epithelial cells was greater in patients with nuclear inclusions than in patients without nuclear inclusions. Highly significant correlations were observed between the presence of nuclear inclusions and the presence of a) anchoring fibrils and hemidesmosomes along the basal surfaces of alveolar epithelial cells and b) multilayering of the alveolar epithelium.", "PMID": 426030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13077", "title": "Transplantable acinar cell carcinoma of the rat pancreas.", "content": "An acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas, which developed in a F-344 rat after long-term nafenopin administration, was serially transplanted into inbred weanling rats by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes. The transplantability rate was 95% or more by both routes. The tumor implants became palpable in 20 to 30 days after subcutaneous transplantation, increasing in size rapidly thereafter during the next 25 to 30 days. In intraperitoneal recipients the abdomen was markedly distended within 1 month. No metastases were observed in this series of transplantations. Amylase and lipase levels in serum and tumor homogenates increased with tumor size. Morphologically, only a few cells contained zymogen granules immediately after the appearance of a palpable tumor; at later intervals, however, these granules were observed in many tumor cells. Seventy-two hours after the surgical removal of tumors, the serum amylase and lipase levels returned to control values. This transplantable pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma can be dissociated into functionally viable single cells by a simplified enzyme digestion and divalent cation chelation procedure. By light microscopic autoradiography, approximately 20% of these isolated cells were found to incorporate (3)H-thymidine in vitro into nuclear DNA. The data presented in this paper should serve as a baseline for future studies on this transplanted tumor.", "contents": "Transplantable acinar cell carcinoma of the rat pancreas. An acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas, which developed in a F-344 rat after long-term nafenopin administration, was serially transplanted into inbred weanling rats by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes. The transplantability rate was 95% or more by both routes. The tumor implants became palpable in 20 to 30 days after subcutaneous transplantation, increasing in size rapidly thereafter during the next 25 to 30 days. In intraperitoneal recipients the abdomen was markedly distended within 1 month. No metastases were observed in this series of transplantations. Amylase and lipase levels in serum and tumor homogenates increased with tumor size. Morphologically, only a few cells contained zymogen granules immediately after the appearance of a palpable tumor; at later intervals, however, these granules were observed in many tumor cells. Seventy-two hours after the surgical removal of tumors, the serum amylase and lipase levels returned to control values. This transplantable pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma can be dissociated into functionally viable single cells by a simplified enzyme digestion and divalent cation chelation procedure. By light microscopic autoradiography, approximately 20% of these isolated cells were found to incorporate (3)H-thymidine in vitro into nuclear DNA. The data presented in this paper should serve as a baseline for future studies on this transplanted tumor.", "PMID": 426031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13078", "title": "The heterophagic granules of mast cells: dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II activity and resistance to exocytosis.", "content": "Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II (DAP II) was demonstrated cytochemically in rat peritoneal mast cells. The bright red reaction product in smears of peritoneal wash fluid tended to be localized in one to eight granules in the perinuclear region of the cell. This finding was confirmed at the electron microscopic level, where a small proportion of the granules, most often located near the nucleus, revealed electron opacity indicative of DAP II. Focal areas in the nuclear envelope densified by DAP II reaction product resembled reactive foci observed previously in the nuclear envelope of peritoneal macrophages. In mast cells exposed 1 to 2 hours to phosphate-buffered saline containing horseradish-peroxidase--coated colloidal gold, the spherules of gold were internalized and transported exclusively to the DAP II-reactive granules. Their content of endocytosed gold thus identified DAP II-reactive granules as secondary lysosomes of heterophagic nature. Mast cells induced to release their granules by stimulation with the divalent cation ionophore A23187 retained exclusively those granules possessing DAP II or acid phosphatase reactivity. This selective granule retention after ionophore exposure further differentiated granules with DAP II reactivity from the other non-reactive mast cell granules, presumably indicating a difference between the limiting membrane of granules that are converted to secondary lysosomes and the membrane of those that are not altered and persist as primary lysosomes. Demonstration of the DAP II reactivity in a minority of mast cell granules and of the heterophagic nature of these granules provides evidence that tissue mast cells in vivo function in endocytic activity by transporting material of extrinsic origin to some of their granules which are thereby transformed to heterophagic bodies or constitute previously existing heterophagosomes.", "contents": "The heterophagic granules of mast cells: dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II activity and resistance to exocytosis. Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase II (DAP II) was demonstrated cytochemically in rat peritoneal mast cells. The bright red reaction product in smears of peritoneal wash fluid tended to be localized in one to eight granules in the perinuclear region of the cell. This finding was confirmed at the electron microscopic level, where a small proportion of the granules, most often located near the nucleus, revealed electron opacity indicative of DAP II. Focal areas in the nuclear envelope densified by DAP II reaction product resembled reactive foci observed previously in the nuclear envelope of peritoneal macrophages. In mast cells exposed 1 to 2 hours to phosphate-buffered saline containing horseradish-peroxidase--coated colloidal gold, the spherules of gold were internalized and transported exclusively to the DAP II-reactive granules. Their content of endocytosed gold thus identified DAP II-reactive granules as secondary lysosomes of heterophagic nature. Mast cells induced to release their granules by stimulation with the divalent cation ionophore A23187 retained exclusively those granules possessing DAP II or acid phosphatase reactivity. This selective granule retention after ionophore exposure further differentiated granules with DAP II reactivity from the other non-reactive mast cell granules, presumably indicating a difference between the limiting membrane of granules that are converted to secondary lysosomes and the membrane of those that are not altered and persist as primary lysosomes. Demonstration of the DAP II reactivity in a minority of mast cell granules and of the heterophagic nature of these granules provides evidence that tissue mast cells in vivo function in endocytic activity by transporting material of extrinsic origin to some of their granules which are thereby transformed to heterophagic bodies or constitute previously existing heterophagosomes.", "PMID": 426034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13079", "title": "Hypersecretion of mucus glycoproteins in rat airways induced by tobacco smoke.", "content": "An animal model of chronic bronchitis has been produced in vivo by exposing rats for 6 weeks to tobacco smoke: the laryngeal and tracheal glands have been studied in vitro by organ culture to analyze glycoprotein precursor incorporation and glycoprotein secretion by individual cells, a feature not previously studied. In the hypertrophied glands produced by tobacco smoke exposure, the cellular rate of glycoprotein secretion was increased. The in vivo administration of phenylmethyloxadiazole (PMO) to rats exposed to tobacco smoke blocked this effect. In vitro analysis of glands from unexposed rats that received PMO showed that it modified cell function directly by reducing the rates both of glycoprotein discharge and or precursor incorporation into intracellular glycoproteins.", "contents": "Hypersecretion of mucus glycoproteins in rat airways induced by tobacco smoke. An animal model of chronic bronchitis has been produced in vivo by exposing rats for 6 weeks to tobacco smoke: the laryngeal and tracheal glands have been studied in vitro by organ culture to analyze glycoprotein precursor incorporation and glycoprotein secretion by individual cells, a feature not previously studied. In the hypertrophied glands produced by tobacco smoke exposure, the cellular rate of glycoprotein secretion was increased. The in vivo administration of phenylmethyloxadiazole (PMO) to rats exposed to tobacco smoke blocked this effect. In vitro analysis of glands from unexposed rats that received PMO showed that it modified cell function directly by reducing the rates both of glycoprotein discharge and or precursor incorporation into intracellular glycoproteins.", "PMID": 426035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13080", "title": "Ferritin in rat kidneys with specific lesions due to a single dose of lead.", "content": "In the proximal tubular cells of rats or mice given a single, parenteral dose of lead, clusters of ferritin are frequently associated with characteristic cytoplasmic fibrillar bodies. To learn more about this relationship, we have investigated content and synthesis of ferritin protein and incorporation of iron into ferritin in rat kidneys 48 hours after a single parenteral dose of lead (10 microgram/g). By immunoradiometric assays, we found that the kidneys of female rats, whether treated with lead or not, contained significantly more ferritin protein than did kidneys of males of the same age and provenance. Administration of lead diminished (or did not significantly alter) the incorporation of 14C-amino acids into newly synthesized ferritin protein. Contrary to expectation, administration of lead tended to depress incorporation of 59Fe into kidney ferritin in rats maintained on standard rations and distilled water. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of clusters of ferritin in close association with dense fibrillar bodies in the cytoplasm of proximal tubular cells of rats given lead. Considered together, the findings indicate that clustering of ferritin next to the dense fibrillar cytoplasmic lesions is a selective effect of lead that requires neither augmented synthesis of ferritin protein nor increased incorporation of iron into preexisting ferritin.", "contents": "Ferritin in rat kidneys with specific lesions due to a single dose of lead. In the proximal tubular cells of rats or mice given a single, parenteral dose of lead, clusters of ferritin are frequently associated with characteristic cytoplasmic fibrillar bodies. To learn more about this relationship, we have investigated content and synthesis of ferritin protein and incorporation of iron into ferritin in rat kidneys 48 hours after a single parenteral dose of lead (10 microgram/g). By immunoradiometric assays, we found that the kidneys of female rats, whether treated with lead or not, contained significantly more ferritin protein than did kidneys of males of the same age and provenance. Administration of lead diminished (or did not significantly alter) the incorporation of 14C-amino acids into newly synthesized ferritin protein. Contrary to expectation, administration of lead tended to depress incorporation of 59Fe into kidney ferritin in rats maintained on standard rations and distilled water. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of clusters of ferritin in close association with dense fibrillar bodies in the cytoplasm of proximal tubular cells of rats given lead. Considered together, the findings indicate that clustering of ferritin next to the dense fibrillar cytoplasmic lesions is a selective effect of lead that requires neither augmented synthesis of ferritin protein nor increased incorporation of iron into preexisting ferritin.", "PMID": 426036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13081", "title": "alpha-Actinin deficiency in thrombasthenia: possible identity of alpha-actinin and glycoprotein III.", "content": "Blood platelets contain a variety of contractile protein species, including the glycoprotein alpha-actinin, which is found at the Z disc in skeletal muscle cells. In the present study, we have considered the possibility that alpha-actinin might be one of several previously described platelet surface glycoproteins. Purified anti-alpha-actinin antibody was found to react strongly with partially purified platelet glycoprotein III, weakly with platelet glycoprotein IIb, and not at all with platelet glycoproteins Ib and IV. Platelets from three siblings with thrombasthenia, a disorder characterized by severe deficiency of platelet glycoproteins IIb and III, were found also to be equally deficient in alpha-actinin. These findings indicate that alpha-actinin and glycoprotein III are identical and suggest that this protein may be an anchor point for actin on the inside of the membrane. Combined with ultrastructural studies of normal and thrombasthenic platelets, the new findings provide a clearer understanding of contraction in single cells and small aggregates.", "contents": "alpha-Actinin deficiency in thrombasthenia: possible identity of alpha-actinin and glycoprotein III. Blood platelets contain a variety of contractile protein species, including the glycoprotein alpha-actinin, which is found at the Z disc in skeletal muscle cells. In the present study, we have considered the possibility that alpha-actinin might be one of several previously described platelet surface glycoproteins. Purified anti-alpha-actinin antibody was found to react strongly with partially purified platelet glycoprotein III, weakly with platelet glycoprotein IIb, and not at all with platelet glycoproteins Ib and IV. Platelets from three siblings with thrombasthenia, a disorder characterized by severe deficiency of platelet glycoproteins IIb and III, were found also to be equally deficient in alpha-actinin. These findings indicate that alpha-actinin and glycoprotein III are identical and suggest that this protein may be an anchor point for actin on the inside of the membrane. Combined with ultrastructural studies of normal and thrombasthenic platelets, the new findings provide a clearer understanding of contraction in single cells and small aggregates.", "PMID": 426037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13082", "title": "Phagocytosis of chrysotile fibers by pleural mesothelial cells in culture.", "content": "Pleural mesothelial cells (PMC) from the parietal pleura of rats were incubated in culture with UICC A chrysotile fibers. The sequence of events in phagocytosis was studied by electron microscopy: phases of attachment sequestration, and degranulation of lysosomal content into the phagocytic vacuole were observed. This demonstrates that PMC can engage in phagocytosis of chrysotile fibers.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of chrysotile fibers by pleural mesothelial cells in culture. Pleural mesothelial cells (PMC) from the parietal pleura of rats were incubated in culture with UICC A chrysotile fibers. The sequence of events in phagocytosis was studied by electron microscopy: phases of attachment sequestration, and degranulation of lysosomal content into the phagocytic vacuole were observed. This demonstrates that PMC can engage in phagocytosis of chrysotile fibers.", "PMID": 426038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13083", "title": "Mechanisms of platelet response to monosodium urate crystals.", "content": "The mechanisms of urate-crystal-induced release of platelet constituents has been studied morphologically and biochemically. Urate crystals provoked an early energy-dependent release of the dense-body constituents serotonin, ADP, and ATP from washed platelets. Concurrently, platelet ultrastructure showed evidence of shape change, contractile wave, and aggregation. These are typical morphologic concomitants of platelet secretion. By 30 minutes' incubation, urate-induced platelet lysis occurred, as shown by loss of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and ultrastructurally by disruption of platelet membrane integrity. Cytochalasin B inhibited the urate-crystal-induced shape change, aggregation, and disruption of cell membranes. Platelet degranulation was not inhibited and the initial component of serotonin release was not affected. Cytochalasin B also abrogated crystal-induced LDH loss. Thus, the initial crystal-induced serotonin release does not depend on platelet lysis. It is concluded that urate-crystal--induced release of serotonin, ATP, and ADP represents an example of platelet secretion.", "contents": "Mechanisms of platelet response to monosodium urate crystals. The mechanisms of urate-crystal-induced release of platelet constituents has been studied morphologically and biochemically. Urate crystals provoked an early energy-dependent release of the dense-body constituents serotonin, ADP, and ATP from washed platelets. Concurrently, platelet ultrastructure showed evidence of shape change, contractile wave, and aggregation. These are typical morphologic concomitants of platelet secretion. By 30 minutes' incubation, urate-induced platelet lysis occurred, as shown by loss of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and ultrastructurally by disruption of platelet membrane integrity. Cytochalasin B inhibited the urate-crystal-induced shape change, aggregation, and disruption of cell membranes. Platelet degranulation was not inhibited and the initial component of serotonin release was not affected. Cytochalasin B also abrogated crystal-induced LDH loss. Thus, the initial crystal-induced serotonin release does not depend on platelet lysis. It is concluded that urate-crystal--induced release of serotonin, ATP, and ADP represents an example of platelet secretion.", "PMID": 426039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13084", "title": "Smooth muscle cell proliferation in the occluded rat carotid artery: lack of requirement for luminal platelets.", "content": "The relationship of intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation in the permanently occluded rat carotid artery to the presence or absence of luminal platelets was examined. Blood was rinsed from the arterial lumen immediately after occlusion and was replaced by autologous, citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP, 6 to 20 X 10(5) platelets/microliter) or filtered platelet-poor plasma (PPP, less than 100 platelets/microliter). Occluded arteries were studied after 1 to 28 days by light and electron microscopy. Events occurring within the first 2 days included fibrin clot formation, endothelial degeneration and denudation, transmural migration of polymorphonucelar leukocytes and monocytes, and, in PRP-filled arteries, degranulation and disappearance of platelets. By 7 days a neointima was formed by macrophages and undifferentiated cells. The latter cells had some features of vascular smooth muscle cells and were apparently derived from medial cells which traversed the internal elastic lamina. After 14 days, identifiable smooth muscle cells emerged as the predominant cell type in a rapidly growing intimal plaque. No differences could be discerned between arteries originally filled with PRP or PPP. This experimental model is similar to atherosclerosis in dimensions of avascular area and in coexistence of degenerative, inflammatory, and proliferative processes. Cell proliferation deep within an atherosclerotic plaque could be initiated by factors other than platelets, perhaps by products of inflammatory cells.", "contents": "Smooth muscle cell proliferation in the occluded rat carotid artery: lack of requirement for luminal platelets. The relationship of intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation in the permanently occluded rat carotid artery to the presence or absence of luminal platelets was examined. Blood was rinsed from the arterial lumen immediately after occlusion and was replaced by autologous, citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP, 6 to 20 X 10(5) platelets/microliter) or filtered platelet-poor plasma (PPP, less than 100 platelets/microliter). Occluded arteries were studied after 1 to 28 days by light and electron microscopy. Events occurring within the first 2 days included fibrin clot formation, endothelial degeneration and denudation, transmural migration of polymorphonucelar leukocytes and monocytes, and, in PRP-filled arteries, degranulation and disappearance of platelets. By 7 days a neointima was formed by macrophages and undifferentiated cells. The latter cells had some features of vascular smooth muscle cells and were apparently derived from medial cells which traversed the internal elastic lamina. After 14 days, identifiable smooth muscle cells emerged as the predominant cell type in a rapidly growing intimal plaque. No differences could be discerned between arteries originally filled with PRP or PPP. This experimental model is similar to atherosclerosis in dimensions of avascular area and in coexistence of degenerative, inflammatory, and proliferative processes. Cell proliferation deep within an atherosclerotic plaque could be initiated by factors other than platelets, perhaps by products of inflammatory cells.", "PMID": 426040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13085", "title": "The effects of induced prenatal hypothyroidism on lamb mandibular third primary molars.", "content": "Intrauterine thyroidectomies were performed on nine lambs on or about the ninety-sixth postconception day. Seven other control and shamoperated lambs, and the cretin lambs were sacrificed immediately after birth. The mandibles were removed and sectioned at the midline. The right side molars were removed by dissection and caliper measured. The distal cusps of the third primary molars were sectioned, dehydrated, and embedded in Bioplastic. A slow speed diamond saw was used to section the plastic blocks and the embedded teeth. Subsequent grinding and polishing produced high quality 75 micrometer sections of the lamb molar cusps. No significant differences in tooth size or enamel thickness existed. Microscopic examinations show that parts of the cretin enamel were poorly calcified, an observation that was correlated to the intrauterine thyroidectomies. The data suggest that hypothyroidism alters ameloblastic activity during the secretory phase of enamel formation.", "contents": "The effects of induced prenatal hypothyroidism on lamb mandibular third primary molars. Intrauterine thyroidectomies were performed on nine lambs on or about the ninety-sixth postconception day. Seven other control and shamoperated lambs, and the cretin lambs were sacrificed immediately after birth. The mandibles were removed and sectioned at the midline. The right side molars were removed by dissection and caliper measured. The distal cusps of the third primary molars were sectioned, dehydrated, and embedded in Bioplastic. A slow speed diamond saw was used to section the plastic blocks and the embedded teeth. Subsequent grinding and polishing produced high quality 75 micrometer sections of the lamb molar cusps. No significant differences in tooth size or enamel thickness existed. Microscopic examinations show that parts of the cretin enamel were poorly calcified, an observation that was correlated to the intrauterine thyroidectomies. The data suggest that hypothyroidism alters ameloblastic activity during the secretory phase of enamel formation.", "PMID": 426043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13086", "title": "Effects of serum on membrane transport. III. Serum and inhibition of lysine transport.", "content": "Rabbit lung macrophages have been shown to transport lysine by means of a single carrier-mediated system that is depressed after relatively short incubations with 1% normal rabbit serum (NRS). Our present results show that three amino acids, glutamine, phenylalanine and tyrosine, at or near the concentration found in 1% NRS, are involved intracellularly in regulating lysine influx across the plasma membrane. The means by which they do so requires a 20- to 30-min preincubation, the effect is maintained for 45 min in their absence, and both maximal velocity and affinity of lysine for its carrier are altered in an apparently uncompetitive fashion. The kinetic data are unlike those reported for other trans phenomena involved in amino acid transport. We propose that the effect of internal inhibitor on lysine influx probably does not involve the direct interaction of the transamino acid on the lysine carrier.", "contents": "Effects of serum on membrane transport. III. Serum and inhibition of lysine transport. Rabbit lung macrophages have been shown to transport lysine by means of a single carrier-mediated system that is depressed after relatively short incubations with 1% normal rabbit serum (NRS). Our present results show that three amino acids, glutamine, phenylalanine and tyrosine, at or near the concentration found in 1% NRS, are involved intracellularly in regulating lysine influx across the plasma membrane. The means by which they do so requires a 20- to 30-min preincubation, the effect is maintained for 45 min in their absence, and both maximal velocity and affinity of lysine for its carrier are altered in an apparently uncompetitive fashion. The kinetic data are unlike those reported for other trans phenomena involved in amino acid transport. We propose that the effect of internal inhibitor on lysine influx probably does not involve the direct interaction of the transamino acid on the lysine carrier.", "PMID": 426044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13087", "title": "Cadmium transport in isolated perfused rat liver: zinc-cadmium competition.", "content": "The hypothesis that one component of cadmium uptake by rat hepatocytes involves a mediated transport pathway normally operative for zinc transport was tested in the isolated perfused rat liver preparation. Excess zinc in the perfusion medium suppressed cadmium uptake as indicated by the decrease in the normalized clearance (initial clearance divided by liver weight) from 0.340 +/- 0.019 (ml/min)/g in the presence of normal zinc concentrations (Zn:Cd molar ratio, 1.6) to 0.138 +/- 0.017 (ml/min)/g (Zn:Cd molar ratio, 13.0). In excess-zinc control experiments (no cadmium present) little zinc is accumulated by the liver, apparently due to competition between intrahepatic and extracellular binding. Exposure to cadmium increases both zinc secretion into the perfusion medium and biliary excretion of zinc. The effect at the sinusoidal membrane is probably a result of both the blockage of zinc resorption during cadmium uptake and the displacement of intrahepatic zinc. The effect on biliary excretion of zinc is due solely to displacement of intrahepatic zinc. These results are consistent with the proposed hypothesis for cadmium transport.", "contents": "Cadmium transport in isolated perfused rat liver: zinc-cadmium competition. The hypothesis that one component of cadmium uptake by rat hepatocytes involves a mediated transport pathway normally operative for zinc transport was tested in the isolated perfused rat liver preparation. Excess zinc in the perfusion medium suppressed cadmium uptake as indicated by the decrease in the normalized clearance (initial clearance divided by liver weight) from 0.340 +/- 0.019 (ml/min)/g in the presence of normal zinc concentrations (Zn:Cd molar ratio, 1.6) to 0.138 +/- 0.017 (ml/min)/g (Zn:Cd molar ratio, 13.0). In excess-zinc control experiments (no cadmium present) little zinc is accumulated by the liver, apparently due to competition between intrahepatic and extracellular binding. Exposure to cadmium increases both zinc secretion into the perfusion medium and biliary excretion of zinc. The effect at the sinusoidal membrane is probably a result of both the blockage of zinc resorption during cadmium uptake and the displacement of intrahepatic zinc. The effect on biliary excretion of zinc is due solely to displacement of intrahepatic zinc. These results are consistent with the proposed hypothesis for cadmium transport.", "PMID": 426045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13088", "title": "Micro-light guides: a new method for measuring tissue fluorescence and reflectance.", "content": "Three-way light guides containing one or more strands of 25-micron or 80-micron diameter optical fibers in each channel have been constructed and used to measure the NADH fluorescence and UV reflectance from mitochondrial suspensions, the perfused, hemoglobin-free rat liver, and the perfused beating interventricular septum of the rabbit. The optical changes measured with these so-called micro-light guides, which have channels containing one or several strands of optical fibers less than 100 micron, are comparable in magnitude with those measured using much larger conventional light guides. The effect of light scattering on the fluorescence channel has been determined and an empirical equation for correcting the fluorescence channel for light scattering has been obtained for mitochondrial suspensions. A mathematical equation characterizing the optical behavior of a two-way micro-light guide has been derived and has been shown to account satisfactorily for reflectance and fluorescence measurements of a mat surface in air.", "contents": "Micro-light guides: a new method for measuring tissue fluorescence and reflectance. Three-way light guides containing one or more strands of 25-micron or 80-micron diameter optical fibers in each channel have been constructed and used to measure the NADH fluorescence and UV reflectance from mitochondrial suspensions, the perfused, hemoglobin-free rat liver, and the perfused beating interventricular septum of the rabbit. The optical changes measured with these so-called micro-light guides, which have channels containing one or several strands of optical fibers less than 100 micron, are comparable in magnitude with those measured using much larger conventional light guides. The effect of light scattering on the fluorescence channel has been determined and an empirical equation for correcting the fluorescence channel for light scattering has been obtained for mitochondrial suspensions. A mathematical equation characterizing the optical behavior of a two-way micro-light guide has been derived and has been shown to account satisfactorily for reflectance and fluorescence measurements of a mat surface in air.", "PMID": 426046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13089", "title": "Localization of [3H]ouabain-sensitive Na+ pump sites in cultured pig kidney cells.", "content": "Pig kidney cells, LLC-PK1, grown by standard tissue-culture techniques form monolayers and maintain morphological features characteristic of epithelia. Cultures exposed to 2 X 10(-6) M [3H]ouabain for 30 min at 37 degrees C bound 7.77 +/- 0.37 pmol/mg protein. This could be reduced by 58% by incubation in the presence of 45 mM K+. Freeze-dry radioautographic localization of [3H]ouabain-binding sites revealed grains distributed only along that fraction of the plasmalemma directly facing the culture-dish surface. Binding and localization of [3H]ouabain were correlated with an inhibition of the Na+ pump in these cells because analysis of cellular electrolytes in control cultures versus those exposed to 10(-3) M ouabain revealed a fall in K+ from 419 +/- 9 to 173 +/- 4 mmol/kg dry wt with a reciprocal increase in Na+. There was no change in cell H2O. Similarly, oxygen consumption was reduced by 32% after exposure to ouabain. These results provide direct evidence that in epithelial cells in culture the membrane facing the culture dish corresponds to the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells in vivo.", "contents": "Localization of [3H]ouabain-sensitive Na+ pump sites in cultured pig kidney cells. Pig kidney cells, LLC-PK1, grown by standard tissue-culture techniques form monolayers and maintain morphological features characteristic of epithelia. Cultures exposed to 2 X 10(-6) M [3H]ouabain for 30 min at 37 degrees C bound 7.77 +/- 0.37 pmol/mg protein. This could be reduced by 58% by incubation in the presence of 45 mM K+. Freeze-dry radioautographic localization of [3H]ouabain-binding sites revealed grains distributed only along that fraction of the plasmalemma directly facing the culture-dish surface. Binding and localization of [3H]ouabain were correlated with an inhibition of the Na+ pump in these cells because analysis of cellular electrolytes in control cultures versus those exposed to 10(-3) M ouabain revealed a fall in K+ from 419 +/- 9 to 173 +/- 4 mmol/kg dry wt with a reciprocal increase in Na+. There was no change in cell H2O. Similarly, oxygen consumption was reduced by 32% after exposure to ouabain. These results provide direct evidence that in epithelial cells in culture the membrane facing the culture dish corresponds to the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells in vivo.", "PMID": 426047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13090", "title": "Potassium permeability of embryonic avian heart cells in tissue culture.", "content": "The relationship between the external potassium concentration ([K]o) and membrane permeability has been reexamined using a tissue-cultured preparation of embryonic chick heart cells in which diffusional limitations are minimal. The unidirectional K efflux and electrochemical gradients were determined as a function of [K]o, and the results showed that potassium permeability was constant within the range of 1-20 mM [K]o. Membrane potentials were obtained in K-free solutions and correlated with 42K efflux and intracellular ion content measurements under the same conditions. In contrast to preparations of the intact embryonic chick heart, 42K efflux does not decrease in K-free media. Simulations of tracer measurements at reduced [K]o from naturally occurring cardiac muscle indicate that the experimentally observed decrease in 42K efflux could result from diffusional limitations. This observation, when coupled with the experimental results, suggests that the effect of low [K]o on membrane permeability in homeothermic preparations of cardac muscle should be reevaluated.", "contents": "Potassium permeability of embryonic avian heart cells in tissue culture. The relationship between the external potassium concentration ([K]o) and membrane permeability has been reexamined using a tissue-cultured preparation of embryonic chick heart cells in which diffusional limitations are minimal. The unidirectional K efflux and electrochemical gradients were determined as a function of [K]o, and the results showed that potassium permeability was constant within the range of 1-20 mM [K]o. Membrane potentials were obtained in K-free solutions and correlated with 42K efflux and intracellular ion content measurements under the same conditions. In contrast to preparations of the intact embryonic chick heart, 42K efflux does not decrease in K-free media. Simulations of tracer measurements at reduced [K]o from naturally occurring cardiac muscle indicate that the experimentally observed decrease in 42K efflux could result from diffusional limitations. This observation, when coupled with the experimental results, suggests that the effect of low [K]o on membrane permeability in homeothermic preparations of cardac muscle should be reevaluated.", "PMID": 426048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13091", "title": "Adrenal epinephrine in hyperuricemia induced by hypothalamic stimulation of the rat.", "content": "Peripheral neurological mechanisms involved in hyperuricemia following ventromedial hypothalamic electrical stimulation was studied in the conscious rat. The intensity of 0.2 mA was near the maximum intensity of stimulation current producing a linear increase in plasma uric acid throughout the 15-min period of stimulation, as well as a subsequent rise and fall of plasma allantoin. Bilateral adrenal demedullation abolished the stimulation-induced hyperuricemia and markedly impaired the accompanying rise of allantoin. Prior treatment of the animal with hexamethonium significantly inhibited the uric acid increase, but did not reduce the allantoin elevation so markedly. Moreover, propranolol eliminated both responses of these plasma purine metabolites, whereas phentolamine greatly increased the response. It is concluded therefore that the hypothalamic stimulation-induced rise of plasma uric acid is the result of acceleration of epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla and that, whereas some unknown extra-adrenal mechanism may be partially involved, the primary part of the accompanying allantoin elevation is explained by the combined effects of the increased uric acid and the hepatic uricase.", "contents": "Adrenal epinephrine in hyperuricemia induced by hypothalamic stimulation of the rat. Peripheral neurological mechanisms involved in hyperuricemia following ventromedial hypothalamic electrical stimulation was studied in the conscious rat. The intensity of 0.2 mA was near the maximum intensity of stimulation current producing a linear increase in plasma uric acid throughout the 15-min period of stimulation, as well as a subsequent rise and fall of plasma allantoin. Bilateral adrenal demedullation abolished the stimulation-induced hyperuricemia and markedly impaired the accompanying rise of allantoin. Prior treatment of the animal with hexamethonium significantly inhibited the uric acid increase, but did not reduce the allantoin elevation so markedly. Moreover, propranolol eliminated both responses of these plasma purine metabolites, whereas phentolamine greatly increased the response. It is concluded therefore that the hypothalamic stimulation-induced rise of plasma uric acid is the result of acceleration of epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla and that, whereas some unknown extra-adrenal mechanism may be partially involved, the primary part of the accompanying allantoin elevation is explained by the combined effects of the increased uric acid and the hepatic uricase.", "PMID": 426051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13092", "title": "Effect of perfusate glucose concentration on rat lung glycolysis.", "content": "We investigated the relationship between perfusate concentration of glucose and its utilization and lactate production derived from exogenous glucose and from metabolism of endogenous substrates. Isolated rat lungs were ventilated with 5% CO2 in air and perfused for 100 min with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing 3% bovine serum albumin, 10(-2) U/ml insulin, [U-14C]glucose and [5-3H]glucose. Glucose utilization, total lactate production, [14C]lactate production, and 3H2O production were measured. The apparent Km and Vmax for glucose utilization were 3.4 mM and 72.5 mumol/g dry wt per h, respectively. Lactate production from endogenous substrates, calculated as the difference between total and [14C]lactate, was 37.6 +/- 2.2 mumol/g dry wt (n = 36); it was unaffected by perfusate glucose concentration and by omission of insulin, but increased threefold with anoxia. Lactate production from 1.5 mM glucose was significantly less (P less than 0.02) with insulin omitted. Glycogen content was unchanged during perfusion without glucose. These results suggest that: 1) protein catabolism contributes to lung lactate production; 2) glucose utilization by lung is not maximal at resting physiological glucose concentrations; and 3) insulin is required at low glucose concentrations for maximal glycolytic rates.", "contents": "Effect of perfusate glucose concentration on rat lung glycolysis. We investigated the relationship between perfusate concentration of glucose and its utilization and lactate production derived from exogenous glucose and from metabolism of endogenous substrates. Isolated rat lungs were ventilated with 5% CO2 in air and perfused for 100 min with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing 3% bovine serum albumin, 10(-2) U/ml insulin, [U-14C]glucose and [5-3H]glucose. Glucose utilization, total lactate production, [14C]lactate production, and 3H2O production were measured. The apparent Km and Vmax for glucose utilization were 3.4 mM and 72.5 mumol/g dry wt per h, respectively. Lactate production from endogenous substrates, calculated as the difference between total and [14C]lactate, was 37.6 +/- 2.2 mumol/g dry wt (n = 36); it was unaffected by perfusate glucose concentration and by omission of insulin, but increased threefold with anoxia. Lactate production from 1.5 mM glucose was significantly less (P less than 0.02) with insulin omitted. Glycogen content was unchanged during perfusion without glucose. These results suggest that: 1) protein catabolism contributes to lung lactate production; 2) glucose utilization by lung is not maximal at resting physiological glucose concentrations; and 3) insulin is required at low glucose concentrations for maximal glycolytic rates.", "PMID": 426053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13093", "title": "Effects of glutamine deprivation on glucose and amino acid metabolism in tissue culture.", "content": "The effects of glutamine deprivation on cultured skeletal muscle cells were analyzed by incubating 10-day-old myotube preparations in glutamine free Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing 10% fetal calf serum for up to 48 h. Under these conditions net glutamine production was not observed, but active ammonia production (average rate = 1.0 nmol/min . mg protein) continued despite glutamine withdrawal. Glutamine deprivation was associated with a progressive depletion of intracellular aspartate and glutamate. Maximal aspartate depletion correlated with a 15-fold increase in the intracellular lactate:pyruvate ratio and a 3-fold decrease in the estimated intracellular glutamate:(alpha-ketoglutarate) (ammonia) ratio. Despite wide shifts in cell metabolite concentrations, the mass action ratios of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase approximated the expected equilibria constants. These results suggest that 1) glutamine deprivation is associated with a marked reduction of aspartate, and the maintenance of aspartate depletion is due in part to the tendency of aspartate aminotransferase to maintain the metabolites of this reaction at a near equilibrium level; 2) the transport of reducing equivalents from the cytosolic to the mitochondrial compartments via the malate-aspartate shuttle may be limited under conditions of aspartate depletion.", "contents": "Effects of glutamine deprivation on glucose and amino acid metabolism in tissue culture. The effects of glutamine deprivation on cultured skeletal muscle cells were analyzed by incubating 10-day-old myotube preparations in glutamine free Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing 10% fetal calf serum for up to 48 h. Under these conditions net glutamine production was not observed, but active ammonia production (average rate = 1.0 nmol/min . mg protein) continued despite glutamine withdrawal. Glutamine deprivation was associated with a progressive depletion of intracellular aspartate and glutamate. Maximal aspartate depletion correlated with a 15-fold increase in the intracellular lactate:pyruvate ratio and a 3-fold decrease in the estimated intracellular glutamate:(alpha-ketoglutarate) (ammonia) ratio. Despite wide shifts in cell metabolite concentrations, the mass action ratios of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase approximated the expected equilibria constants. These results suggest that 1) glutamine deprivation is associated with a marked reduction of aspartate, and the maintenance of aspartate depletion is due in part to the tendency of aspartate aminotransferase to maintain the metabolites of this reaction at a near equilibrium level; 2) the transport of reducing equivalents from the cytosolic to the mitochondrial compartments via the malate-aspartate shuttle may be limited under conditions of aspartate depletion.", "PMID": 426054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13094", "title": "Effects of selective insulin or glucagon deficiency on glucose turnover.", "content": "To study the importance of glucagon and insulin in diabetes, somatostatin (ST) was infused, alone or with insulin or glucagon, in 11 conscious dogs. Plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucagon (IRG) levels fell 65 +/- 4% and 33 +/- 3%, respectively, with somatostatin infusion. Glucose production (Ra) assessed by [3-3H]glucose, [2-3H]glucose, or [1-14C]glucose decreased transiently. This is in contrast to the rise in Ra seen after insulin withdrawal in depancreatized dogs, which have normal levels of IRG. Thus, suppression of IRG with somatostatin prevented an increase in Ra in spite of suppression of IRI. When near basal IRG levels were provided during ST infusion in normal dogs, Ra increased, indicating that glucagon contributes to the acute development of diabetes. When basal IRI levels were provided with ST, suppression of Ra was maintained, suggesting that the transience of the metabolic effects of ST-induced glucagon suppression requires concomitant insulin suppression. A comparison of glucose turnover measured using different tracers showed that ST-related hormonal changes did not alter the rate of futile cycling in the liver. ST induced a rise in plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels, attributed solely to insulin deficiency, as glucagon suppression did not significantly alter FFA concentrations when normal insulin levels were maintained.", "contents": "Effects of selective insulin or glucagon deficiency on glucose turnover. To study the importance of glucagon and insulin in diabetes, somatostatin (ST) was infused, alone or with insulin or glucagon, in 11 conscious dogs. Plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucagon (IRG) levels fell 65 +/- 4% and 33 +/- 3%, respectively, with somatostatin infusion. Glucose production (Ra) assessed by [3-3H]glucose, [2-3H]glucose, or [1-14C]glucose decreased transiently. This is in contrast to the rise in Ra seen after insulin withdrawal in depancreatized dogs, which have normal levels of IRG. Thus, suppression of IRG with somatostatin prevented an increase in Ra in spite of suppression of IRI. When near basal IRG levels were provided during ST infusion in normal dogs, Ra increased, indicating that glucagon contributes to the acute development of diabetes. When basal IRI levels were provided with ST, suppression of Ra was maintained, suggesting that the transience of the metabolic effects of ST-induced glucagon suppression requires concomitant insulin suppression. A comparison of glucose turnover measured using different tracers showed that ST-related hormonal changes did not alter the rate of futile cycling in the liver. ST induced a rise in plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels, attributed solely to insulin deficiency, as glucagon suppression did not significantly alter FFA concentrations when normal insulin levels were maintained.", "PMID": 426056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13095", "title": "Deoxythymidine kinase activity of human implanted sponge connective tissue in zinc deficiency.", "content": "The activity of deoxythymidine kinase was assayed in implanted sponge connective tissue in three groups of subjects: 1) five normal controls (having normal levels of plasma and red cell zinc); 2) four patients with sickle cell anemia who had low zinc in red cells and hair; and 3) two volunteers (under strict dietary controls), after 6 mo of zinc restriction (2.7 mg/day) and repeated after 3 mo of zinc repletion (30 mg/day). Total protein, total collagen, RNA/DNA, and deoxythymidine kinase activity were measured by techniques reported previously. In sickle cell anemia patients, deoxythymidine kinase activity was not detected, and RNA/DNA, total collagen, and total protein contents were decreased compared to normal controls (statistically significant). In human volunteers deoxythymidine kinase activity was not detected during the zinc restriction phase. After supplementation with zinc, deoxythymidine kinase activity became 70% of normal control levels, and RNA/DNA, total collagen, and total protein contents of sponge connective tissue increased. In conclusion, an adverse effect of zinc deficiency on deoxythymidine kinase activity of implanted sponge connective tissue of man has been demonstrated for the first time.", "contents": "Deoxythymidine kinase activity of human implanted sponge connective tissue in zinc deficiency. The activity of deoxythymidine kinase was assayed in implanted sponge connective tissue in three groups of subjects: 1) five normal controls (having normal levels of plasma and red cell zinc); 2) four patients with sickle cell anemia who had low zinc in red cells and hair; and 3) two volunteers (under strict dietary controls), after 6 mo of zinc restriction (2.7 mg/day) and repeated after 3 mo of zinc repletion (30 mg/day). Total protein, total collagen, RNA/DNA, and deoxythymidine kinase activity were measured by techniques reported previously. In sickle cell anemia patients, deoxythymidine kinase activity was not detected, and RNA/DNA, total collagen, and total protein contents were decreased compared to normal controls (statistically significant). In human volunteers deoxythymidine kinase activity was not detected during the zinc restriction phase. After supplementation with zinc, deoxythymidine kinase activity became 70% of normal control levels, and RNA/DNA, total collagen, and total protein contents of sponge connective tissue increased. In conclusion, an adverse effect of zinc deficiency on deoxythymidine kinase activity of implanted sponge connective tissue of man has been demonstrated for the first time.", "PMID": 426058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13096", "title": "Normophosphatemic phosphate depletion in growing rat.", "content": "To study the influence of phosphate depletion (PD) on the serum, urinary, bone, and soft tissue phosphorus, we studied growing rats given a high-phosphorus (HP), normal-phosphorus (NP), or low-phosphorus (LP) diet. We obtained the following results. a) With an LP diet, animals did not grow but developed the characteristic biochemical changes of PD. b) The NP rats had an unexplained accelerated rate of growth, and developed all the biochemical changes of PD, although they were normophosphatemic. c) Bone P and Ca were significantly lower in the LP and NP rats compared to the HP rats, suggesting that minerals were mobilized from bone to support soft tissue P needs. d) Soft tissue P was not different in HP, NP, and LP rats, confirming previous observations that soft tissue P is maintained even in PD. We conclude that 1) the physiologic adaptation to PD may occur in growing rats on an apparently normal phosphorus diet when the metabolic demand is unusually high, e.g. accelerated growth; 2) the evolution of the biochemical parameters of PD in the face of normophosphatemia suggest a sensor mechanism sensitive to change in dietary P concentration.", "contents": "Normophosphatemic phosphate depletion in growing rat. To study the influence of phosphate depletion (PD) on the serum, urinary, bone, and soft tissue phosphorus, we studied growing rats given a high-phosphorus (HP), normal-phosphorus (NP), or low-phosphorus (LP) diet. We obtained the following results. a) With an LP diet, animals did not grow but developed the characteristic biochemical changes of PD. b) The NP rats had an unexplained accelerated rate of growth, and developed all the biochemical changes of PD, although they were normophosphatemic. c) Bone P and Ca were significantly lower in the LP and NP rats compared to the HP rats, suggesting that minerals were mobilized from bone to support soft tissue P needs. d) Soft tissue P was not different in HP, NP, and LP rats, confirming previous observations that soft tissue P is maintained even in PD. We conclude that 1) the physiologic adaptation to PD may occur in growing rats on an apparently normal phosphorus diet when the metabolic demand is unusually high, e.g. accelerated growth; 2) the evolution of the biochemical parameters of PD in the face of normophosphatemia suggest a sensor mechanism sensitive to change in dietary P concentration.", "PMID": 426059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13097", "title": "Kidney metabolite levels and ammonia production in acute acid-base alterations in the rat.", "content": "Acute acid-base disturbances cause rapid changes in renal ammonia production in the rat. To investigate the regulation of ammonia production in acute acid-base stresses, we examined the effects of such conditions on tissue levels of metabolites such as alpha-ketoglutarate (KG), which inhibits kidney mitochondrial glutamine uptake and deamidation at physiological concentrations. In rats given low (5 mmol/kg) or high (20 mmol/kg) doses of NH4Cl by stomach tube or placed in a 10% CO2 atmosphere, kidney KG levels fell after 1-h by 44, 69, or 73%, respectively. NaHCO3  administration produced no change in KG levels. Renal glutamate and glutamine levels changed little, if at all, in any group, and renal phosphoenolpyruvate levels were not altered except for a decrease in the NH4HCO3 group. In livers of the same rats, treatments produced different patterns of metabolite changes; KG fell only in the NaHCO3 and NH4HCO3 groups. These results support the concept that KG is a specific regulator of renal ammonia production in acute acid-base stresses.", "contents": "Kidney metabolite levels and ammonia production in acute acid-base alterations in the rat. Acute acid-base disturbances cause rapid changes in renal ammonia production in the rat. To investigate the regulation of ammonia production in acute acid-base stresses, we examined the effects of such conditions on tissue levels of metabolites such as alpha-ketoglutarate (KG), which inhibits kidney mitochondrial glutamine uptake and deamidation at physiological concentrations. In rats given low (5 mmol/kg) or high (20 mmol/kg) doses of NH4Cl by stomach tube or placed in a 10% CO2 atmosphere, kidney KG levels fell after 1-h by 44, 69, or 73%, respectively. NaHCO3  administration produced no change in KG levels. Renal glutamate and glutamine levels changed little, if at all, in any group, and renal phosphoenolpyruvate levels were not altered except for a decrease in the NH4HCO3 group. In livers of the same rats, treatments produced different patterns of metabolite changes; KG fell only in the NaHCO3 and NH4HCO3 groups. These results support the concept that KG is a specific regulator of renal ammonia production in acute acid-base stresses.", "PMID": 426060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13098", "title": "Frequency content of esophageal peristaltic pressure.", "content": "Fourier analysis of esophageal peristaltic pressure waves was performed by computer fast Fourier transform. The highest power spectral density was obtained in the frequency range below 1 Hz. The Fourier analysis showed spectral components up to about 12 Hz in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). The significance of different frequency components was investigated by low-pass filtering at different cut-off frequencies. A reduction in the amplitude of UES contractions was obtained at a cut-off frequency of 4 Hz, whereas the cut-off frequency of 8 Hz did not show any distortion. For perfused manometry systems, only a low-compliance perfusion pump will have sufficient bandwidth for accurate recording of esophageal peristaltic pressures.", "contents": "Frequency content of esophageal peristaltic pressure. Fourier analysis of esophageal peristaltic pressure waves was performed by computer fast Fourier transform. The highest power spectral density was obtained in the frequency range below 1 Hz. The Fourier analysis showed spectral components up to about 12 Hz in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). The significance of different frequency components was investigated by low-pass filtering at different cut-off frequencies. A reduction in the amplitude of UES contractions was obtained at a cut-off frequency of 4 Hz, whereas the cut-off frequency of 8 Hz did not show any distortion. For perfused manometry systems, only a low-compliance perfusion pump will have sufficient bandwidth for accurate recording of esophageal peristaltic pressures.", "PMID": 426061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13099", "title": "Altered copper absorption in tumor-bearing and estrogen-treated rats.", "content": "Intestinal copper absorption was studied in normal, tumor-bearing and estrogen-treated rats, using 64Cu(NO3)2. Rats bearing Dunning mammary tumors (DMBA 5A) of more than 2 g absorbed 70-100% more of an intragastric copper dose than controls, and a much larger percentage was found in the plasma, with less in liver and kidney. The distribution of copper measured chemically mimicked these findings, and the enhanced capacity for absorption was also demonstrated in vitro with everted duodenal segments. Further examination of the intestinal mucosa revealed that binding of radioactive copper to a 10,000-dalton component of the cytosol was inversely proportional to the amount absorbed into the body, tumor-bearing rats retaining much less in, and transferring much more from, the intestine than controls. Daily injection of 17 beta-estradiol over 2 wk had the reverse effect. It is concluded that the absorption of copper is an endogenously regulated process that may be altered by cancer and estrogen treatment and mediated by the extent of its binding to a component (possibly metallothionein) within the mucosal cell.", "contents": "Altered copper absorption in tumor-bearing and estrogen-treated rats. Intestinal copper absorption was studied in normal, tumor-bearing and estrogen-treated rats, using 64Cu(NO3)2. Rats bearing Dunning mammary tumors (DMBA 5A) of more than 2 g absorbed 70-100% more of an intragastric copper dose than controls, and a much larger percentage was found in the plasma, with less in liver and kidney. The distribution of copper measured chemically mimicked these findings, and the enhanced capacity for absorption was also demonstrated in vitro with everted duodenal segments. Further examination of the intestinal mucosa revealed that binding of radioactive copper to a 10,000-dalton component of the cytosol was inversely proportional to the amount absorbed into the body, tumor-bearing rats retaining much less in, and transferring much more from, the intestine than controls. Daily injection of 17 beta-estradiol over 2 wk had the reverse effect. It is concluded that the absorption of copper is an endogenously regulated process that may be altered by cancer and estrogen treatment and mediated by the extent of its binding to a component (possibly metallothionein) within the mucosal cell.", "PMID": 426062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13100", "title": "Relationship between arterial and cisternal CSF oxygen tension in rabbits.", "content": "Oxygen tension was measured in samples of blood and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid taken from anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated rabbits at various levels of arterial PO2. Cerebrospinal fluid oxygen tension (CSF PO2) was correlated with arterial PO2 (linear regression equation PCSFO2 = 0.2472 Pao2 + 42.34). During hypoxia CSF PO2 was higher than arterial PO2 in most experiments. These data can be attributed to the Bohr effect, which would increase the PO2 of the blood in choroid plexus capillaries as a result of its acidification. The  acidification was suggested by Maren (Am. J. Physiol. 222: 885-889, 1972) to be a part of the ionic exchanges involved in cerebrospinal fluid formation. Such a mechanism may be of importance for supporting choroid plexus metabolism and function during hypoxia. This mechanism is most clearly seen in the rabbit.", "contents": "Relationship between arterial and cisternal CSF oxygen tension in rabbits. Oxygen tension was measured in samples of blood and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid taken from anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated rabbits at various levels of arterial PO2. Cerebrospinal fluid oxygen tension (CSF PO2) was correlated with arterial PO2 (linear regression equation PCSFO2 = 0.2472 Pao2 + 42.34). During hypoxia CSF PO2 was higher than arterial PO2 in most experiments. These data can be attributed to the Bohr effect, which would increase the PO2 of the blood in choroid plexus capillaries as a result of its acidification. The  acidification was suggested by Maren (Am. J. Physiol. 222: 885-889, 1972) to be a part of the ionic exchanges involved in cerebrospinal fluid formation. Such a mechanism may be of importance for supporting choroid plexus metabolism and function during hypoxia. This mechanism is most clearly seen in the rabbit.", "PMID": 426063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13101", "title": "Regulation of cell volume in separated renal tubules incubated in hypotonic medium.", "content": "The regulation of cell volume was studied in separated renal tubules (SRT) whose basement membrane had been removed by collagenase. Regulation occurred when SRT were immersed in a hypotonic medium, the increase in cellular water content being half that expected in the absence of regulation. Regulation was immediate, with no initial swelling, and was accompanied by a loss of NaCl, with no change in cellular K. This regulation was eliminated by 10(-3) M ouabain. We conclude that: 1) Cell volume regulation which occurs in a hypotonic medium is due to an immediate loss of NaCl. 2) Loss of NaCl might be due to blocking of the net passive NaCl entry into the cells resulting from the drop in the transmembrane NaCl electrochemical gradient. The high membrane sodium permeability, probably located on the luminal side of the tubular cells, might explain why regulation was instantaneous. 3) Elimination of volume regulation by ouabain suggests there is no need to assume that a ouabain-insensitive pump regulates cell volume.", "contents": "Regulation of cell volume in separated renal tubules incubated in hypotonic medium. The regulation of cell volume was studied in separated renal tubules (SRT) whose basement membrane had been removed by collagenase. Regulation occurred when SRT were immersed in a hypotonic medium, the increase in cellular water content being half that expected in the absence of regulation. Regulation was immediate, with no initial swelling, and was accompanied by a loss of NaCl, with no change in cellular K. This regulation was eliminated by 10(-3) M ouabain. We conclude that: 1) Cell volume regulation which occurs in a hypotonic medium is due to an immediate loss of NaCl. 2) Loss of NaCl might be due to blocking of the net passive NaCl entry into the cells resulting from the drop in the transmembrane NaCl electrochemical gradient. The high membrane sodium permeability, probably located on the luminal side of the tubular cells, might explain why regulation was instantaneous. 3) Elimination of volume regulation by ouabain suggests there is no need to assume that a ouabain-insensitive pump regulates cell volume.", "PMID": 426064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13102", "title": "Coupling of NaHCO3 and NaCl reabsorption in dog kidneys during changes in plasma PCO2.", "content": "To study the relationship between proximal tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride, the effects of changes in plasma PCO2 were examined in anesthetized dogs. Distal tubular reabsorption was inhibited by ethacrynic acid; plasma bicarbonate concentration was kept constant at 33.4 +/- 0.3 mM; glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was varied over a wide range to examine glomerulotubular balance (constant fractional reabsorption). Hypercapnia (PCO2, 112.0 +/- 2.5 mmHg) increased bicarbonate reabsorption by about 30%, and hypocapnia (PCO2, 19.8 +/- 0.6 mmHg) decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate by more than 50% and altered reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate in the molar ratios 2.7:1.6:1, respectively. During hypercapnia the range of glomerulotubular balance was extended to a GFR 125% of control. During hypocapnia glomerulotubular balance was present only at GFR below 50% of control; reabsorption of bicarbonate sodium, and chloride was constant at GFR exceeding 50% of control. During metabolic acidosis hypercapnia had no significant effect on reabsorption of bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride. These observations support the hypothesis that bicarbonate reabsorption is the main driving force for osmotic reabsorption of water and NaCl in the proximal tubules.", "contents": "Coupling of NaHCO3 and NaCl reabsorption in dog kidneys during changes in plasma PCO2. To study the relationship between proximal tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride, the effects of changes in plasma PCO2 were examined in anesthetized dogs. Distal tubular reabsorption was inhibited by ethacrynic acid; plasma bicarbonate concentration was kept constant at 33.4 +/- 0.3 mM; glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was varied over a wide range to examine glomerulotubular balance (constant fractional reabsorption). Hypercapnia (PCO2, 112.0 +/- 2.5 mmHg) increased bicarbonate reabsorption by about 30%, and hypocapnia (PCO2, 19.8 +/- 0.6 mmHg) decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate by more than 50% and altered reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate in the molar ratios 2.7:1.6:1, respectively. During hypercapnia the range of glomerulotubular balance was extended to a GFR 125% of control. During hypocapnia glomerulotubular balance was present only at GFR below 50% of control; reabsorption of bicarbonate sodium, and chloride was constant at GFR exceeding 50% of control. During metabolic acidosis hypercapnia had no significant effect on reabsorption of bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride. These observations support the hypothesis that bicarbonate reabsorption is the main driving force for osmotic reabsorption of water and NaCl in the proximal tubules.", "PMID": 426065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13103", "title": "Renal and nephron hemodynamics in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Renal and nephron hemodynamics were compared between anesthetized, nondiuretic, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Although the mean arterial pressure was higher in SHR than in WKY, 158 VS. 114 mmHg, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF) were similar in both groups. So were intrarenal hydrostatic pressures, single nephron GFR (SNGFR), and single nephron blood flow (SNBF). Accordingly, the increased renal vascular resistance (RVR) in SHR was due to predominant preglomerular vasoconstriction. In a second group of SHR, SHR-AC, the femoral arterial pressure was reduced acutely to 114 mmHg by means of aortic constriction above the renal arteries. The mean values for GFR, RBF, SNGFR, SNBF, and intrarenal hydrostatic pressures resembled those in SHR, whereas RVR was less in SHR-AC. These autoregulatory adjustments of RVR were again largely limited to the preglomerular vasculature. Efferent arteriolar resistance was similar in all three groups. We conclude that the enhanced RVR in 12-wk-old SHR is primarily a consequence of a physiological, autoregulatory response of afferent arteriolar resistance to the elevated arterial pressure. Further, RVR in SHR is not fixed and constant but responds appropriately to reductions in renal perfusion pressure.", "contents": "Renal and nephron hemodynamics in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Renal and nephron hemodynamics were compared between anesthetized, nondiuretic, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Although the mean arterial pressure was higher in SHR than in WKY, 158 VS. 114 mmHg, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF) were similar in both groups. So were intrarenal hydrostatic pressures, single nephron GFR (SNGFR), and single nephron blood flow (SNBF). Accordingly, the increased renal vascular resistance (RVR) in SHR was due to predominant preglomerular vasoconstriction. In a second group of SHR, SHR-AC, the femoral arterial pressure was reduced acutely to 114 mmHg by means of aortic constriction above the renal arteries. The mean values for GFR, RBF, SNGFR, SNBF, and intrarenal hydrostatic pressures resembled those in SHR, whereas RVR was less in SHR-AC. These autoregulatory adjustments of RVR were again largely limited to the preglomerular vasculature. Efferent arteriolar resistance was similar in all three groups. We conclude that the enhanced RVR in 12-wk-old SHR is primarily a consequence of a physiological, autoregulatory response of afferent arteriolar resistance to the elevated arterial pressure. Further, RVR in SHR is not fixed and constant but responds appropriately to reductions in renal perfusion pressure.", "PMID": 426066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13104", "title": "Effect of acute ureteral obstruction on terminal collecting duct function in the weanling rat.", "content": "Micropuncture techniques were employed to evaluate the effects of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) of 18 h duration on the function of the terminal collecting duct in weanling rats 90-120 min following release of obstruction. In control animals and after release of UUO, water and sodium reabsorption continued along the terminal segment of the collecting duct. Fractional delivery of water (FRH2O) and sodium (FRNa) to this segment was increased after release of UUO. A significantly greater amount of the FRH2O and FRNa was reabsorbed along the terminal collecting duct following release of obstruction than in controls. Potassium was not consistently reabsorbed or secreted in either group. Following release of UUO, the osmolality of collecting duct fluid was lower than in controls, but was not different from the osmolality of fluid obtained from the bend of the loop of Henle. The results suggest that the permeability to water and the reabsorptive capacity of the collecting duct are not altered by acute obstruction.", "contents": "Effect of acute ureteral obstruction on terminal collecting duct function in the weanling rat. Micropuncture techniques were employed to evaluate the effects of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) of 18 h duration on the function of the terminal collecting duct in weanling rats 90-120 min following release of obstruction. In control animals and after release of UUO, water and sodium reabsorption continued along the terminal segment of the collecting duct. Fractional delivery of water (FRH2O) and sodium (FRNa) to this segment was increased after release of UUO. A significantly greater amount of the FRH2O and FRNa was reabsorbed along the terminal collecting duct following release of obstruction than in controls. Potassium was not consistently reabsorbed or secreted in either group. Following release of UUO, the osmolality of collecting duct fluid was lower than in controls, but was not different from the osmolality of fluid obtained from the bend of the loop of Henle. The results suggest that the permeability to water and the reabsorptive capacity of the collecting duct are not altered by acute obstruction.", "PMID": 426068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13105", "title": "Ionic requirements of proximal tubular sodium transport. III. Selective luminal anion substitution.", "content": "The effect of substitution of luminal anions on sodium and fluid absorption in rat renal proximal convoluted tubules was studied with continuous luminal microperfusion methods. Substitution of bicarbonate in the control Ringer perfusion fluid by 25 mM acetate reduced net sodium reabsorption by 40%; substitution by chloride reduced it by 25%; and substitution by cyclamate reduced it by 70%. Infusion of acetazolamide reduced net sodium and fluid transport in all cases except chloride-Ringer perfusion. Cyanide added to the perfusion fluid inhibited fluid and sodium movement completely when there was no imposed chloride concentration gradient, but only reduced fluid and solute movement by 68% when a nominal 36 mM transepithelial chloride concentration gradient existed. We conclude from these observations that passive forces for sodium reabsorption can account for a moderate amount of sodium transport, that the effects of acetazolamide in low concentrations are dependent on the presence of bicarbonate in the lumen, and that some anions alter net sodium transport either by reducing the availability of permeant anion for co-transport with sodium or by a direct effect on the sodium and/or chloride transport systems.", "contents": "Ionic requirements of proximal tubular sodium transport. III. Selective luminal anion substitution. The effect of substitution of luminal anions on sodium and fluid absorption in rat renal proximal convoluted tubules was studied with continuous luminal microperfusion methods. Substitution of bicarbonate in the control Ringer perfusion fluid by 25 mM acetate reduced net sodium reabsorption by 40%; substitution by chloride reduced it by 25%; and substitution by cyclamate reduced it by 70%. Infusion of acetazolamide reduced net sodium and fluid transport in all cases except chloride-Ringer perfusion. Cyanide added to the perfusion fluid inhibited fluid and sodium movement completely when there was no imposed chloride concentration gradient, but only reduced fluid and solute movement by 68% when a nominal 36 mM transepithelial chloride concentration gradient existed. We conclude from these observations that passive forces for sodium reabsorption can account for a moderate amount of sodium transport, that the effects of acetazolamide in low concentrations are dependent on the presence of bicarbonate in the lumen, and that some anions alter net sodium transport either by reducing the availability of permeant anion for co-transport with sodium or by a direct effect on the sodium and/or chloride transport systems.", "PMID": 426069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13106", "title": "Potassium secretion along the inner medullary collecting duct.", "content": "Potassium transport along the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) was evaluated by the microcatheterization technique in Charles River CD (cesarean derived) rats 7-9 days after sham operation (S) or uninephrectomy (UNPX). The fraction of filtered potassium (TF/P)K/In) as a function of IMCD length was analyzed by linear regression. In 13 S rats there was a significant correlation and slope (P less than 0.001) and (TF/P)K/In increased from 14% at the beginning of the IMCD to 25% in the urine. IMCD potassium secretion accounted for about half of the excreted potassium. In the UNPX rats a significant correlation and slope was also obtained (P less than 0.001); (TF/P)K/In at the beginning of IMCD was 24% and increased to 36% in the urine. No difference in slope was noted between the groups. There was a slightly greater absolute potassium secretion after UNPX (0.77 +/- 0.03 S vs. 0.93 +/- 0.04 mueq/min UNPX), but this did not account for most of the difference in potassium excretion noted. We conclude that net potassium secretion occurs along the IMCD in S and UNPX rats. After UNPX, there is significantly greater potassium delivery to the IMCD and a greater kaluresis. The increased kaluresis cannot be accounted for primarily by increased potassium secretion along the IMCD.", "contents": "Potassium secretion along the inner medullary collecting duct. Potassium transport along the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) was evaluated by the microcatheterization technique in Charles River CD (cesarean derived) rats 7-9 days after sham operation (S) or uninephrectomy (UNPX). The fraction of filtered potassium (TF/P)K/In) as a function of IMCD length was analyzed by linear regression. In 13 S rats there was a significant correlation and slope (P less than 0.001) and (TF/P)K/In increased from 14% at the beginning of the IMCD to 25% in the urine. IMCD potassium secretion accounted for about half of the excreted potassium. In the UNPX rats a significant correlation and slope was also obtained (P less than 0.001); (TF/P)K/In at the beginning of IMCD was 24% and increased to 36% in the urine. No difference in slope was noted between the groups. There was a slightly greater absolute potassium secretion after UNPX (0.77 +/- 0.03 S vs. 0.93 +/- 0.04 mueq/min UNPX), but this did not account for most of the difference in potassium excretion noted. We conclude that net potassium secretion occurs along the IMCD in S and UNPX rats. After UNPX, there is significantly greater potassium delivery to the IMCD and a greater kaluresis. The increased kaluresis cannot be accounted for primarily by increased potassium secretion along the IMCD.", "PMID": 426070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13107", "title": "Luminal Na+ entry into Necturus proximal tubule cells.", "content": "The dependence of intracellular Na+ activity on the electrical driving force across the luminal membrane and the presence of Cl- in the luminal perfusate was studied in Necturus proximal tubule. Intracellular Na+ and K+ activities were measured with microelectrodes filled with liquid ion exchanger. Perfusion of the tubule lumen with a NaCl-free solution caused cell Na+ activity to fall from the control value of 29.7 to 6.6 mM. In the absence of luminal driving force across the luminal membrane in accordance with simple diffusion of Na+ across this membrane. When the tubule lumen contained Na+ and Cl-, an electrically neutral component of Na+ entry into cells from the lumen appeared in addition to the diffusional component of Na+ entry.", "contents": "Luminal Na+ entry into Necturus proximal tubule cells. The dependence of intracellular Na+ activity on the electrical driving force across the luminal membrane and the presence of Cl- in the luminal perfusate was studied in Necturus proximal tubule. Intracellular Na+ and K+ activities were measured with microelectrodes filled with liquid ion exchanger. Perfusion of the tubule lumen with a NaCl-free solution caused cell Na+ activity to fall from the control value of 29.7 to 6.6 mM. In the absence of luminal driving force across the luminal membrane in accordance with simple diffusion of Na+ across this membrane. When the tubule lumen contained Na+ and Cl-, an electrically neutral component of Na+ entry into cells from the lumen appeared in addition to the diffusional component of Na+ entry.", "PMID": 426071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13108", "title": "Temperature dependence of transepithelial potential in isolated perfused rabbit proximal tubules.", "content": "The response of the transepithelial potential to rapid cooling in isolated perfused proximal convoluted (PCT) and proximal straight (PST) tubules has been studied. Tubules were perfused with solutions which simulated glomerular filtrate (A), filtrate minus glucose and alanine (B), and late proximal tubular fluid (C). The values of the potentials at 37 and 10 degrees C as well as the temperature-sensitive component were found to vary with perfusate composition. Temperature sensifound to vary with perfusate composition. Temperature sensitivity in PCT was seen only when glucose and alanine were present in the perfusate. In contrast, a portion of the potential difference in PST was temperature dependent under each of the perfusion conditions. Temperature sensitivity in PST was inhibited by 10(-5) M ouabain in the bath. It is concluded that the lumen-negative, temperature-sensitive component of PCT potential may reflect the coupled luminal entry of Na+ along with glucose and alanine. In PST, the temperature-sensitive component can be associated with Na+ transport but is not dependent on luminal concentrations of glucose, alanine, HCO3- or Cl- over the ranges examined. Potentials in both segments at 10 degrees C are interpreted as resulting from processes that are passive in nature.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of transepithelial potential in isolated perfused rabbit proximal tubules. The response of the transepithelial potential to rapid cooling in isolated perfused proximal convoluted (PCT) and proximal straight (PST) tubules has been studied. Tubules were perfused with solutions which simulated glomerular filtrate (A), filtrate minus glucose and alanine (B), and late proximal tubular fluid (C). The values of the potentials at 37 and 10 degrees C as well as the temperature-sensitive component were found to vary with perfusate composition. Temperature sensifound to vary with perfusate composition. Temperature sensitivity in PCT was seen only when glucose and alanine were present in the perfusate. In contrast, a portion of the potential difference in PST was temperature dependent under each of the perfusion conditions. Temperature sensitivity in PST was inhibited by 10(-5) M ouabain in the bath. It is concluded that the lumen-negative, temperature-sensitive component of PCT potential may reflect the coupled luminal entry of Na+ along with glucose and alanine. In PST, the temperature-sensitive component can be associated with Na+ transport but is not dependent on luminal concentrations of glucose, alanine, HCO3- or Cl- over the ranges examined. Potentials in both segments at 10 degrees C are interpreted as resulting from processes that are passive in nature.", "PMID": 426072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13109", "title": "Effect of parathyroid hormone on plasma renin activity and sodium excretion.", "content": "The interaction between parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the renin-angiotensin system was evaluated in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. An intravenous infusion of bovine PTH (1-34) for 1 h was accompanied by a 57% increase (13.7-21.6 ng/ml per h) in plasma renin activity (PRA) which returned toward control levels during the recovery period. Sodium and phosphate excretion also increased. Second the endogenous secretion of PTH was stimulated by infusion of citrate into the blood supply of the thyroparathyroid glands to determine if the stimulatory effect on renin occurred with endogenous secretion of PTH. Phosphate excretion increased, which confirmed PTH secretion. There was a significant rise (57%) in both PRA (6.1-9.8 ng/ml per h) and sodium excretion, the magnitude of the sodium response modulating the increase in PRA. Blood pressure remained constant. In a third set of experiments, thyrocalcitonin was infused intravenously and had no effect on PRA. These data indicate that both exogenous and endogenous PTH can elevate PRA and increase sodium excretion. The sodium effect is probably the result of inhibition of proximal sodium reabsorption by PTH. The mechanism by which PTH elevates PRA is not known.", "contents": "Effect of parathyroid hormone on plasma renin activity and sodium excretion. The interaction between parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the renin-angiotensin system was evaluated in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. An intravenous infusion of bovine PTH (1-34) for 1 h was accompanied by a 57% increase (13.7-21.6 ng/ml per h) in plasma renin activity (PRA) which returned toward control levels during the recovery period. Sodium and phosphate excretion also increased. Second the endogenous secretion of PTH was stimulated by infusion of citrate into the blood supply of the thyroparathyroid glands to determine if the stimulatory effect on renin occurred with endogenous secretion of PTH. Phosphate excretion increased, which confirmed PTH secretion. There was a significant rise (57%) in both PRA (6.1-9.8 ng/ml per h) and sodium excretion, the magnitude of the sodium response modulating the increase in PRA. Blood pressure remained constant. In a third set of experiments, thyrocalcitonin was infused intravenously and had no effect on PRA. These data indicate that both exogenous and endogenous PTH can elevate PRA and increase sodium excretion. The sodium effect is probably the result of inhibition of proximal sodium reabsorption by PTH. The mechanism by which PTH elevates PRA is not known.", "PMID": 426073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13110", "title": "Renin-angiotensin system in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The development of malignant hypertension was studied in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) kept on 1% NaCl as drinking water. Along with salt-loading, blood pressure gradually increased and reached a severe hypertensive level (greater than 230 mmHg), which was followed by increases in urinary protein (greater than 100 (mg/250 g body wt)/day) and plasma renin concentration (PRC, from 18.9 +/- 0.1 to 51.2 +/- 19.4 (ng/ml)/h, mean +/- SD). At this stage, renal small arteries and arterioles showed severe sclerosis and fibrinoid necrosis. Stroke was observed within a week after the onset of these renal abnormalities. The dose of exogenous angiotensin II (AII) producing 30 mmHg rise in blood pressure increased with the elevation of PRC, from 22 +/- 12 to 75 +/- 36 ng/kg, which was comparable to that in rats on water. The fall of blood pressure due to an AII inhibitor, [1-sarcosine, 8-alanine]AII (10(microgram/kg)/min for 40 min) became more prominent with the increase in PRC in salt-loaded rats, but was not detected in rats on water. These findings suggest that the activation of renin-angiotensin system participates in malignant hypertension of salt-loaded stroke-prone SHR rats that show stroke signs, proteinuria, hyperreninemia, and renovascular changes.", "contents": "Renin-angiotensin system in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. The development of malignant hypertension was studied in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) kept on 1% NaCl as drinking water. Along with salt-loading, blood pressure gradually increased and reached a severe hypertensive level (greater than 230 mmHg), which was followed by increases in urinary protein (greater than 100 (mg/250 g body wt)/day) and plasma renin concentration (PRC, from 18.9 +/- 0.1 to 51.2 +/- 19.4 (ng/ml)/h, mean +/- SD). At this stage, renal small arteries and arterioles showed severe sclerosis and fibrinoid necrosis. Stroke was observed within a week after the onset of these renal abnormalities. The dose of exogenous angiotensin II (AII) producing 30 mmHg rise in blood pressure increased with the elevation of PRC, from 22 +/- 12 to 75 +/- 36 ng/kg, which was comparable to that in rats on water. The fall of blood pressure due to an AII inhibitor, [1-sarcosine, 8-alanine]AII (10(microgram/kg)/min for 40 min) became more prominent with the increase in PRC in salt-loaded rats, but was not detected in rats on water. These findings suggest that the activation of renin-angiotensin system participates in malignant hypertension of salt-loaded stroke-prone SHR rats that show stroke signs, proteinuria, hyperreninemia, and renovascular changes.", "PMID": 426075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13111", "title": "Carotid sinus reflex function in the alloxan diabetic rabbit.", "content": "Baroreflex function was studied in three groups of adult rabbits. Seven animals were given alloxan (100-200 mg/kg) and became diabetic (group D) with mean blood sugar values of 348 +/- 30 mg/dl. Eight animals were given alloxan, but did not develop significant hyperglycemia (135 mg/dl) (group A). Nine controls (group C) were also studied (glucose, 101 mg/dl). All animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg). Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) responses to bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO) were measured before and after depressor nerve sectioning (DNx) and sinus nerve sectioning (SNx). Before sectioning, BCO caused a rise in BP of 30 +/- 4 mmHg in group C. 35 +/- 3 in group A, and 36 +/- 4 in group D. HR increased about 13 beats/min in each group. After DNx, resting BP increased in group C from 97 to 104 mmHg (P less than 0.005), but no change occurred in the other groups. Responses to BCO were significantly but similarly enhanced in all groups after DNx. HR did not increase in group D. Resting BP increased after SNx only in the controls (group C). Differences in BP elevation with BCO before and after SNx (\"pure\" reflex response) were identical, averaging about 35 mmHg. Thus, no alteration of BP or HR responses to BCO was identified in early alloxan diabetes. However, resting tone in the buffer nerves may have been less.", "contents": "Carotid sinus reflex function in the alloxan diabetic rabbit. Baroreflex function was studied in three groups of adult rabbits. Seven animals were given alloxan (100-200 mg/kg) and became diabetic (group D) with mean blood sugar values of 348 +/- 30 mg/dl. Eight animals were given alloxan, but did not develop significant hyperglycemia (135 mg/dl) (group A). Nine controls (group C) were also studied (glucose, 101 mg/dl). All animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg). Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) responses to bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO) were measured before and after depressor nerve sectioning (DNx) and sinus nerve sectioning (SNx). Before sectioning, BCO caused a rise in BP of 30 +/- 4 mmHg in group C. 35 +/- 3 in group A, and 36 +/- 4 in group D. HR increased about 13 beats/min in each group. After DNx, resting BP increased in group C from 97 to 104 mmHg (P less than 0.005), but no change occurred in the other groups. Responses to BCO were significantly but similarly enhanced in all groups after DNx. HR did not increase in group D. Resting BP increased after SNx only in the controls (group C). Differences in BP elevation with BCO before and after SNx (\"pure\" reflex response) were identical, averaging about 35 mmHg. Thus, no alteration of BP or HR responses to BCO was identified in early alloxan diabetes. However, resting tone in the buffer nerves may have been less.", "PMID": 426076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13112", "title": "Influence of albuterol on erythropoietin production and erythroid progenitor cell activation.", "content": "The effect of albuterol, a potent beta2-adrenergic agonist, on kidney production of erythropoietin (Ep) was studied. Its effects on erythroid colony (CFU-E) formation in vitro in rabbit bone marrow cultures were also assessed. Albuterol produced a significant increase in plasma Ep levels in conscious rabbits following 7 h intravenous infusion (50 (microgram/kg)/min). This effect was blocked by pretreatment of the rabbits with butoxamine (5 mg/kg ip), a potent beta2-adrenergic blocker. Albuterol in doses of 10(-10) to 10(-8) M in combination with Ep was also found to produce a significant increase in the numbers of CFU-E in the plasma clot culture system of rabbit bone marrow. This effect was blocked completely by DL-propranolol (10(-8) M) and by butoxamine (10(-8) M). The data presented suggest that albuterol, a potent activator of beta2-adrenergic receptors, increases kidney production of Ep in vivo and also produces a direct effect in combination with Ep on the proliferation of the erythroid progenitor cell compartment.", "contents": "Influence of albuterol on erythropoietin production and erythroid progenitor cell activation. The effect of albuterol, a potent beta2-adrenergic agonist, on kidney production of erythropoietin (Ep) was studied. Its effects on erythroid colony (CFU-E) formation in vitro in rabbit bone marrow cultures were also assessed. Albuterol produced a significant increase in plasma Ep levels in conscious rabbits following 7 h intravenous infusion (50 (microgram/kg)/min). This effect was blocked by pretreatment of the rabbits with butoxamine (5 mg/kg ip), a potent beta2-adrenergic blocker. Albuterol in doses of 10(-10) to 10(-8) M in combination with Ep was also found to produce a significant increase in the numbers of CFU-E in the plasma clot culture system of rabbit bone marrow. This effect was blocked completely by DL-propranolol (10(-8) M) and by butoxamine (10(-8) M). The data presented suggest that albuterol, a potent activator of beta2-adrenergic receptors, increases kidney production of Ep in vivo and also produces a direct effect in combination with Ep on the proliferation of the erythroid progenitor cell compartment.", "PMID": 426077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13113", "title": "Renal vascular and excretory responses to prostaglandin endoperoxides in the dog.", "content": "To determine whether the prostaglandin endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2 have direct effects in the kidney, PGG2 and PGH2 were administered into the renal artery of anesthetized dogs and their effects were compared to those of PGE2. Like PGE2, PGG2 and PGH2 induced a dose-related renal vasodilation. A 50% increase in the renal blood flow was observed with 0.05 microgram/kg body wt of PGE2 and with four- and sixfold higher doses of PGH2 and PGG2, respectively. Infusion of all three compounds at doses inducing a 50% increase in the renal blood flow resulted in 1) increases in blood flow to all cortical areas, with the greatest increase occurring in the juxtamedullary area, 2) diuresis with no change in the glomerular filtration rate, and 3) natriuresis and kaliuresis. In vitro incubation of PGH2, a maneuver known to result in its conversion to other prostaglandins, had no influence on its renal effects. The data indicate that PGH2 and PGG2 are biologically active when infused into the renal artery of the anesthetized dog and suggest that the endoperoxides exert their effects after bioconversion to other prostaglandins.", "contents": "Renal vascular and excretory responses to prostaglandin endoperoxides in the dog. To determine whether the prostaglandin endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2 have direct effects in the kidney, PGG2 and PGH2 were administered into the renal artery of anesthetized dogs and their effects were compared to those of PGE2. Like PGE2, PGG2 and PGH2 induced a dose-related renal vasodilation. A 50% increase in the renal blood flow was observed with 0.05 microgram/kg body wt of PGE2 and with four- and sixfold higher doses of PGH2 and PGG2, respectively. Infusion of all three compounds at doses inducing a 50% increase in the renal blood flow resulted in 1) increases in blood flow to all cortical areas, with the greatest increase occurring in the juxtamedullary area, 2) diuresis with no change in the glomerular filtration rate, and 3) natriuresis and kaliuresis. In vitro incubation of PGH2, a maneuver known to result in its conversion to other prostaglandins, had no influence on its renal effects. The data indicate that PGH2 and PGG2 are biologically active when infused into the renal artery of the anesthetized dog and suggest that the endoperoxides exert their effects after bioconversion to other prostaglandins.", "PMID": 426078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13114", "title": "Minute-to-minute covariations in cardiovascular activity of conscious dogs.", "content": "Cardiovascular activity of chronically instrumented conscious dogs was monitored continuously during daily sessions of rest or of intermittent aversive stimulation. Data analysis of minute-to-minute averages revealed that cardiovascular variables changed in patterns, rather than as isolated independent events. Variations in cardiac output were highly positively correlated with concurrent variations in heart rate in all subjects under both conditions (mean r = +0.93). Variations in heart rate were two to five times as great as stroke volume, which was remarkably constant (coefficient of variation averaged only 4.6%). Variations in mean arterial pressure were consistently correlated with the variations in cardiac output (mean r = + 0.66) and heart rate (mean r = +0.68), but were poorly correlated with the small changes in stroke volume (mean r = -0.17) and total peripheral resistance (mean r = -0.16).", "contents": "Minute-to-minute covariations in cardiovascular activity of conscious dogs. Cardiovascular activity of chronically instrumented conscious dogs was monitored continuously during daily sessions of rest or of intermittent aversive stimulation. Data analysis of minute-to-minute averages revealed that cardiovascular variables changed in patterns, rather than as isolated independent events. Variations in cardiac output were highly positively correlated with concurrent variations in heart rate in all subjects under both conditions (mean r = +0.93). Variations in heart rate were two to five times as great as stroke volume, which was remarkably constant (coefficient of variation averaged only 4.6%). Variations in mean arterial pressure were consistently correlated with the variations in cardiac output (mean r = + 0.66) and heart rate (mean r = +0.68), but were poorly correlated with the small changes in stroke volume (mean r = -0.17) and total peripheral resistance (mean r = -0.16).", "PMID": 426079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13115", "title": "Sympatho-adrenal responses of spontaneously hypertensive rats to immobilization stress.", "content": "Blood pressure, heart rate, and circulating levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and corticosterone were measured before and during the first or seventh period of immobilization stress (150 min per day) in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive male rats. A catheter was inserted into the tail artery of each rat to permit direct measurement of blood pressure and heart rate and serial sampling of blood in conscious, unhandled animals. During the first immobilization, SHR rats had significantly higher circulating levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and corticosterone than did WKY rats. One day after the sixth immobilization, basal levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine were significantly higher and mean blood pressure was significantly lower in repeatedly stressed SHRs compared to unstressed SHRs. In addition, adaptation to the repeated stress in SHRs was attended by reduced adrenomedullary secretion and an increased blood pressure response. These results demonstrate that adaptive changes in the cardiovascular and sympatho-adrenal medullary systems of repeatedly immobilized rats are greater in SHR than in WKY rats.", "contents": "Sympatho-adrenal responses of spontaneously hypertensive rats to immobilization stress. Blood pressure, heart rate, and circulating levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and corticosterone were measured before and during the first or seventh period of immobilization stress (150 min per day) in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive male rats. A catheter was inserted into the tail artery of each rat to permit direct measurement of blood pressure and heart rate and serial sampling of blood in conscious, unhandled animals. During the first immobilization, SHR rats had significantly higher circulating levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and corticosterone than did WKY rats. One day after the sixth immobilization, basal levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine were significantly higher and mean blood pressure was significantly lower in repeatedly stressed SHRs compared to unstressed SHRs. In addition, adaptation to the repeated stress in SHRs was attended by reduced adrenomedullary secretion and an increased blood pressure response. These results demonstrate that adaptive changes in the cardiovascular and sympatho-adrenal medullary systems of repeatedly immobilized rats are greater in SHR than in WKY rats.", "PMID": 426081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13116", "title": "Circulating catecholamines and control of plasma renin activity in conscious dogs.", "content": "Uninephrectomized dogs were prepared with indwelling catheters in the aorta, inferior vena cava (IVC), and renal artery, and after recovery they were studied in the conscious state. Basal aortic epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were 57 +/- 11 and 101 +/- 18 pg/ml, respectively. Elevation of epinephrine concentration to over 2,000 pg/ml by IVC infusion resulted in a sustained 3.5-fold increase in plasma renin activity (PRA), with only a transient decrease in arterial blood pressure. The PRA response to epinephrine was completely blocked by l-propranolol; isoproterenol increased PRA more than did epinephrine. Increasing norepinephrine concentration to 1,600 pg/ml by IVC infusion resulted in only a 1.5-fold increase in PRA. Infusion of epinephrine or norepinephrine directly into the renal artery to achieve similar increments of renal arterial concentration did not increase PRA. Insulin injection or hemorrhage resulted in elevations of arterial epinephrine (but not norepinephrine) concentration greater than the concentrations achieved during IVC infusion in these studies. We conclude that circulating epinephrine in the physiologic range plays a role in the control of PRA by activation of an extrarenal beta-receptor.", "contents": "Circulating catecholamines and control of plasma renin activity in conscious dogs. Uninephrectomized dogs were prepared with indwelling catheters in the aorta, inferior vena cava (IVC), and renal artery, and after recovery they were studied in the conscious state. Basal aortic epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were 57 +/- 11 and 101 +/- 18 pg/ml, respectively. Elevation of epinephrine concentration to over 2,000 pg/ml by IVC infusion resulted in a sustained 3.5-fold increase in plasma renin activity (PRA), with only a transient decrease in arterial blood pressure. The PRA response to epinephrine was completely blocked by l-propranolol; isoproterenol increased PRA more than did epinephrine. Increasing norepinephrine concentration to 1,600 pg/ml by IVC infusion resulted in only a 1.5-fold increase in PRA. Infusion of epinephrine or norepinephrine directly into the renal artery to achieve similar increments of renal arterial concentration did not increase PRA. Insulin injection or hemorrhage resulted in elevations of arterial epinephrine (but not norepinephrine) concentration greater than the concentrations achieved during IVC infusion in these studies. We conclude that circulating epinephrine in the physiologic range plays a role in the control of PRA by activation of an extrarenal beta-receptor.", "PMID": 426082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13117", "title": "Exercise hyperemia in potassium-depleted dogs.", "content": "The experiments reported here are designed to evaluate the role of potassium (K+) in exercise hyperemia. Desoxycorticosterone acetate was implanted subcutaneously in six dogs, which were then placed on K+-deficient diets. Experiments were performed 3 or 4 wk later. Exercise vasodilation was much reduced in K+-depleted animals. However, when muscle stimulation caused very little vasodilation (i.e., in the most depleted animals) the muscle also produced little tension and extracted very little O2. O2 extraction was not limited by O2 availability. When the change in vascular resistance was plotted against O2 extraction, the data from K+-depleted dogs fell on a line constructed for control dogs. We conclude that the reduced exercise hyperemia of K+-depleted dogs is a result of reduced muscle O2 consumption rather than decreased K+ release. However, there was reduced vasodilation in response to brief tetanus and a loss of the triphasic initiation of exercise vasodilation with twitch work. This suggests that absence of K+ release does directly affect initiation of exercise vasodilation.", "contents": "Exercise hyperemia in potassium-depleted dogs. The experiments reported here are designed to evaluate the role of potassium (K+) in exercise hyperemia. Desoxycorticosterone acetate was implanted subcutaneously in six dogs, which were then placed on K+-deficient diets. Experiments were performed 3 or 4 wk later. Exercise vasodilation was much reduced in K+-depleted animals. However, when muscle stimulation caused very little vasodilation (i.e., in the most depleted animals) the muscle also produced little tension and extracted very little O2. O2 extraction was not limited by O2 availability. When the change in vascular resistance was plotted against O2 extraction, the data from K+-depleted dogs fell on a line constructed for control dogs. We conclude that the reduced exercise hyperemia of K+-depleted dogs is a result of reduced muscle O2 consumption rather than decreased K+ release. However, there was reduced vasodilation in response to brief tetanus and a loss of the triphasic initiation of exercise vasodilation with twitch work. This suggests that absence of K+ release does directly affect initiation of exercise vasodilation.", "PMID": 426084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13118", "title": "External mechanical work from relaxing ventricle.", "content": "The possibility has been proposed earlier that the specific pressure-volume (P-V) area bounded by the left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic P-V curves and the isovolumic relaxation part of the P-V loop represents mechanical potential energy that has been built during systole and is stored at end systole in the wall of the ventricle. In the present study on canine left ventricles, as much as 70% of the P-V area was actually converted into external mechanical work when ventricular volume was allowed to decrease at an appropriate speed (about 55 ml/s in 70 g left ventricle) during relaxation. Less external work was extracted from the same P-V area when the speed of volume reduction was either higher or lower than that speed. These results indicate that the P-V area is equivalent to a form of potential energy, which is wasted with isovolumic relaxation but most of which is convertible to external mechanical work if the ventricle is allowed to eject against an appropriately decreasing afterload during relaxation.", "contents": "External mechanical work from relaxing ventricle. The possibility has been proposed earlier that the specific pressure-volume (P-V) area bounded by the left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic P-V curves and the isovolumic relaxation part of the P-V loop represents mechanical potential energy that has been built during systole and is stored at end systole in the wall of the ventricle. In the present study on canine left ventricles, as much as 70% of the P-V area was actually converted into external mechanical work when ventricular volume was allowed to decrease at an appropriate speed (about 55 ml/s in 70 g left ventricle) during relaxation. Less external work was extracted from the same P-V area when the speed of volume reduction was either higher or lower than that speed. These results indicate that the P-V area is equivalent to a form of potential energy, which is wasted with isovolumic relaxation but most of which is convertible to external mechanical work if the ventricle is allowed to eject against an appropriately decreasing afterload during relaxation.", "PMID": 426085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13119", "title": "Total mechanical energy of a ventricle model and cardiac oxygen consumption.", "content": "Mechanical energy (ENG) required by a time-varying elastance model of the ventricle was compared with oxygen consumption per beat (VO2) of the canine left ventricle contracting under a variety of loading conditions. ENG needed for this model to increase its elastance during systole is shown to be equal to the sum of the potential energy built in the elastance during systole plus the external mechanical stroke work. This ENG is equivalent to the area (PVA) bounded by the end-systolic and end-diastolic P-V curves and the systolic limb of the P-V loop trajectory in the P-V plane. There was a high correlation (r = 0.89) between VO2s documented in the literature and PVAs assessed by the author from the accompanying P-V data from both isovolumic and ejecting contractions in 11 hearts. A linear regression analysis yielded an empirical equation: VO2 (ml O2/beat) = a . PVA (mmHg . ml/beat) + b, where a = 1.37 X 10(-5) and b = 0.027, which can be used to predict VO2 from PVA. A preliminary experimental study in my laboratory confirmed the validity of this empirical equation.", "contents": "Total mechanical energy of a ventricle model and cardiac oxygen consumption. Mechanical energy (ENG) required by a time-varying elastance model of the ventricle was compared with oxygen consumption per beat (VO2) of the canine left ventricle contracting under a variety of loading conditions. ENG needed for this model to increase its elastance during systole is shown to be equal to the sum of the potential energy built in the elastance during systole plus the external mechanical stroke work. This ENG is equivalent to the area (PVA) bounded by the end-systolic and end-diastolic P-V curves and the systolic limb of the P-V loop trajectory in the P-V plane. There was a high correlation (r = 0.89) between VO2s documented in the literature and PVAs assessed by the author from the accompanying P-V data from both isovolumic and ejecting contractions in 11 hearts. A linear regression analysis yielded an empirical equation: VO2 (ml O2/beat) = a . PVA (mmHg . ml/beat) + b, where a = 1.37 X 10(-5) and b = 0.027, which can be used to predict VO2 from PVA. A preliminary experimental study in my laboratory confirmed the validity of this empirical equation.", "PMID": 426086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13120", "title": "Accuracy of ventricular lumen volume measurement by intraventricular balloon method.", "content": "To assess the accuracy of left ventricular volume measured by the intraventricular balloon method, we measured the space between the endocardium and the gradually inflated balloon in six Formalin-fixed canine left ventricles. The space was as small as 1-1.5 ml for intraballoon pressure of 100-200 mmHg and tended to increase to 2 ml with decreases in pressure to 50 mmHg.", "contents": "Accuracy of ventricular lumen volume measurement by intraventricular balloon method. To assess the accuracy of left ventricular volume measured by the intraventricular balloon method, we measured the space between the endocardium and the gradually inflated balloon in six Formalin-fixed canine left ventricles. The space was as small as 1-1.5 ml for intraballoon pressure of 100-200 mmHg and tended to increase to 2 ml with decreases in pressure to 50 mmHg.", "PMID": 426087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13121", "title": "A multichannel telemetry system for recording cardiovascular neural signals.", "content": "A multichannel telemetry system was developed for use with chronically instrumented unrestrained cats. This system can simultaneously record efferent and afferent cardiovascular neural signals, bioelectrical noise arising near the electrode recording the neural signals, EEG, ECG, and a standard calibration signal. The miniature (18 cm3), lightweight (24 g), telemeter is a five-channel, time-multiplexed, pulse width modulation (PWM)/FM device employing a high frequency subcarrier (60 kHz) and two sampling frequencies (30 kHz and 6 kHz). The device is powered by two small 120 mA . h silver oxide cells; it has an indoor transmission range of 10 m and can operate for 48 h. One channel transmits a standard signal (a square wave of 100 Hz and 200 mVp-p) used to monitor and regulate the system's performance. When the variation in either the amplitude or frequency of the standard signal is greater than 10% of the control value, the transmitted bioelectrical signals are automatically discarded.", "contents": "A multichannel telemetry system for recording cardiovascular neural signals. A multichannel telemetry system was developed for use with chronically instrumented unrestrained cats. This system can simultaneously record efferent and afferent cardiovascular neural signals, bioelectrical noise arising near the electrode recording the neural signals, EEG, ECG, and a standard calibration signal. The miniature (18 cm3), lightweight (24 g), telemeter is a five-channel, time-multiplexed, pulse width modulation (PWM)/FM device employing a high frequency subcarrier (60 kHz) and two sampling frequencies (30 kHz and 6 kHz). The device is powered by two small 120 mA . h silver oxide cells; it has an indoor transmission range of 10 m and can operate for 48 h. One channel transmits a standard signal (a square wave of 100 Hz and 200 mVp-p) used to monitor and regulate the system's performance. When the variation in either the amplitude or frequency of the standard signal is greater than 10% of the control value, the transmitted bioelectrical signals are automatically discarded.", "PMID": 426088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13122", "title": "A simple method for volumetric measurements in isolated cardiac muscle.", "content": "A new method for the study of extracellular space and cell volume of cardiac muscle is described. Canine cardiac Purkinje strands and cat papillary muscles were placed within a fluid-filled aperture connecting two sides of an experimental chamber. Direct electrical current was passed through the hole, and changes in the voltage drop across it were correlated with Purkinje strand extracellular space and cell volume. The results of experiments on 21 Purkinje strands and 4 papillary muscles yielded an extracellular space of 51 +/- 2.1% (SEM) and 23.3 +/- 2.1%, respectively. When strands were superfused with hyper- (600 mosM) and hyposmotic (150 mosM) solutions, the preparations were found to attain new steady-state volumes that were 75 +/- 3.1% and 121 +/- 9% of control, respectively. This method can be used for volumetric studies in numerous cardiac muscle preparations and should be applicable to the study of volume abnormalities associated with certain disease states.", "contents": "A simple method for volumetric measurements in isolated cardiac muscle. A new method for the study of extracellular space and cell volume of cardiac muscle is described. Canine cardiac Purkinje strands and cat papillary muscles were placed within a fluid-filled aperture connecting two sides of an experimental chamber. Direct electrical current was passed through the hole, and changes in the voltage drop across it were correlated with Purkinje strand extracellular space and cell volume. The results of experiments on 21 Purkinje strands and 4 papillary muscles yielded an extracellular space of 51 +/- 2.1% (SEM) and 23.3 +/- 2.1%, respectively. When strands were superfused with hyper- (600 mosM) and hyposmotic (150 mosM) solutions, the preparations were found to attain new steady-state volumes that were 75 +/- 3.1% and 121 +/- 9% of control, respectively. This method can be used for volumetric studies in numerous cardiac muscle preparations and should be applicable to the study of volume abnormalities associated with certain disease states.", "PMID": 426089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13123", "title": "On model and data requirements for determining the bioavailability of oral therapeutic agents: application to gut absorption of thyroid hormones.", "content": "A two-pool model is proposed as a first approximation of the dynamics of thyroid hormone dissolution and absorption in the human gut. It is shown that this model, or any more complex one of the same process, must be imbedded in a larger whole-body model for the purpose of quantifying its parameters. Parameter identification experiments are designed with the aid of identifiability analysis and a complete quantification is obtained, for both triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) absorption, using kinetic data obtained from the literature. The average percent absorption of oral dosages calculated from the model for T3 (95.8%) and for T4 (49.3%) are exceptionally close to reported measured values. Other data not used in model development also serve to validate the results, for use in applications not demanding greater physiological detail, such as for determining the bioavailability of orally administered hormones, or for the \"inverse problem,\" computing optimal dosage regimens for hormone therapy.", "contents": "On model and data requirements for determining the bioavailability of oral therapeutic agents: application to gut absorption of thyroid hormones. A two-pool model is proposed as a first approximation of the dynamics of thyroid hormone dissolution and absorption in the human gut. It is shown that this model, or any more complex one of the same process, must be imbedded in a larger whole-body model for the purpose of quantifying its parameters. Parameter identification experiments are designed with the aid of identifiability analysis and a complete quantification is obtained, for both triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) absorption, using kinetic data obtained from the literature. The average percent absorption of oral dosages calculated from the model for T3 (95.8%) and for T4 (49.3%) are exceptionally close to reported measured values. Other data not used in model development also serve to validate the results, for use in applications not demanding greater physiological detail, such as for determining the bioavailability of orally administered hormones, or for the \"inverse problem,\" computing optimal dosage regimens for hormone therapy.", "PMID": 426090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13124", "title": "Diminished sympathetic silent period in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "To determine if elevated sympathetic activity occurs in spontaneously hypertension, the silent period induced in splanchnic nerves following electrical stimulation of dorsal medullary sympathoexcitatory sites was compared in anesthetized normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKYs) and Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The strength of silent periods was defined as the degree of inhibition of responses to testing stimuli delivered at various latencies following conditioning trains, and it was assumed to be inversely related to the level of sympathetic activity. Weanling SHRs exhibited weaker silent periods than weanling WKYs although, at that age, the arterial pressures of the strains were not significantly different. Silent periods were also weaker in adult SHRs than in adult WKYs. This difference persisted after arterial pressures, which fell under anesthesia, were raised by phenylephrine infusions to the respective \"normal\" levels in each strain. These results support the hypothesis that elevated sympathetic activity exists during both the development and maintenance of spontaneous hypertension in rats.", "contents": "Diminished sympathetic silent period in spontaneously hypertensive rats. To determine if elevated sympathetic activity occurs in spontaneously hypertension, the silent period induced in splanchnic nerves following electrical stimulation of dorsal medullary sympathoexcitatory sites was compared in anesthetized normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKYs) and Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The strength of silent periods was defined as the degree of inhibition of responses to testing stimuli delivered at various latencies following conditioning trains, and it was assumed to be inversely related to the level of sympathetic activity. Weanling SHRs exhibited weaker silent periods than weanling WKYs although, at that age, the arterial pressures of the strains were not significantly different. Silent periods were also weaker in adult SHRs than in adult WKYs. This difference persisted after arterial pressures, which fell under anesthesia, were raised by phenylephrine infusions to the respective \"normal\" levels in each strain. These results support the hypothesis that elevated sympathetic activity exists during both the development and maintenance of spontaneous hypertension in rats.", "PMID": 426091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13125", "title": "Effects of central injection of biogenic amines during arousal from hibernation.", "content": "Simultaneous measurements of heat production (HP) and heat loss (HL) and brain and rectal temperatures were made in Richardon's ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii) rewarming from hibernation at an ambient temperature of 6.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Calculations from HP and HL measurements from control animals showed that due to differential rewarming, there was a reduction of apparent specific heat of the animal to 0.59 cal/g. degrees C. This resulted in an energy saving of 30%. Three intracerebroventricular injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) of 56 microgram each at brain temperatures of 10, 20, and 30 degrees C caused initial suppression of HP and a greater overall HL, which resulted in a slower rate of arousal as compared to the controls. Injections of norepinephrine (NE) of 12.5 microgram each at similar brain temperatures caused a greater rate of HP, which resulted in a faster rate of arousal as compared to the controls. The respective actions of 5-HT and NE on thermoregulation during rewarming are similar to those in some euthermic hibernators and nonhibernating species. Our data indicated that these substances evoke thermoregulatory responses during arousal in much the same manner as during normothermia.", "contents": "Effects of central injection of biogenic amines during arousal from hibernation. Simultaneous measurements of heat production (HP) and heat loss (HL) and brain and rectal temperatures were made in Richardon's ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii) rewarming from hibernation at an ambient temperature of 6.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Calculations from HP and HL measurements from control animals showed that due to differential rewarming, there was a reduction of apparent specific heat of the animal to 0.59 cal/g. degrees C. This resulted in an energy saving of 30%. Three intracerebroventricular injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) of 56 microgram each at brain temperatures of 10, 20, and 30 degrees C caused initial suppression of HP and a greater overall HL, which resulted in a slower rate of arousal as compared to the controls. Injections of norepinephrine (NE) of 12.5 microgram each at similar brain temperatures caused a greater rate of HP, which resulted in a faster rate of arousal as compared to the controls. The respective actions of 5-HT and NE on thermoregulation during rewarming are similar to those in some euthermic hibernators and nonhibernating species. Our data indicated that these substances evoke thermoregulatory responses during arousal in much the same manner as during normothermia.", "PMID": 426092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13126", "title": "Intrathoracic electrical impedance measurements from an esophageal probe.", "content": "The sensing of intrathoracic electrical impedance from an esophageal probe may allow relatively noninvasive monitoring of cardiac and respiratory functions of particular interest in anesthesia and intensive care. We have obtained a partial solution of the intrathoracic current-field problem for impedance measurements made from a four-terminal linear array of electrodes located in the esophagus. It allows prediction that aortic root motion will exceed aortic distension as a major determinant of the cardiac intrathoracic esophageal impedance signal. This prediction was confirmed for a specific carefully selected and placed electrode array in anesthetized dogs. In general, motions of organs will be more important than volume changes in affecting the esophageal impedance signal. Thus, timing information (preejection period and left ventricular ejection time) is available from electrodes on an esophageal probe, but cardiac output information appears to be inaccessible for fundamental reasons.", "contents": "Intrathoracic electrical impedance measurements from an esophageal probe. The sensing of intrathoracic electrical impedance from an esophageal probe may allow relatively noninvasive monitoring of cardiac and respiratory functions of particular interest in anesthesia and intensive care. We have obtained a partial solution of the intrathoracic current-field problem for impedance measurements made from a four-terminal linear array of electrodes located in the esophagus. It allows prediction that aortic root motion will exceed aortic distension as a major determinant of the cardiac intrathoracic esophageal impedance signal. This prediction was confirmed for a specific carefully selected and placed electrode array in anesthetized dogs. In general, motions of organs will be more important than volume changes in affecting the esophageal impedance signal. Thus, timing information (preejection period and left ventricular ejection time) is available from electrodes on an esophageal probe, but cardiac output information appears to be inaccessible for fundamental reasons.", "PMID": 426093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13127", "title": "Diurnal rhythms of bile acid production in the rat.", "content": "Diurnal rhythms of bile acid synthesis were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats maintained in 12 h of illumination and 12 h of darkness each day. Synthesis, measured as output from a chronic bile fistula, underwent a consistent diurnal change with an amplitude of about 20% around mean daily synthesis and a peak in the dark period. The peak in cholate synthesis preceded the peak in chenodeoxycholate synthesis which preceded the peak in alpha-muricholate synthesis which preceded the peak in beta-muricholate synthesis. Fasting, intravenous infusion of dexamethasone (100 microgram/kg . h), adrenalectomy, and ocular enucleation all failed to abolish the diurnal rhythm in synthesis. In one rat studied 30 days after ocular enucleation the diurnal rhythm in synthesis persisted; however, relative to 4 days after enucleation the phase of the rhythm shifted about 90 degrees suggesting that light deprivation caused the rhythm to become free-running with a period slightly different from 24 h.", "contents": "Diurnal rhythms of bile acid production in the rat. Diurnal rhythms of bile acid synthesis were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats maintained in 12 h of illumination and 12 h of darkness each day. Synthesis, measured as output from a chronic bile fistula, underwent a consistent diurnal change with an amplitude of about 20% around mean daily synthesis and a peak in the dark period. The peak in cholate synthesis preceded the peak in chenodeoxycholate synthesis which preceded the peak in alpha-muricholate synthesis which preceded the peak in beta-muricholate synthesis. Fasting, intravenous infusion of dexamethasone (100 microgram/kg . h), adrenalectomy, and ocular enucleation all failed to abolish the diurnal rhythm in synthesis. In one rat studied 30 days after ocular enucleation the diurnal rhythm in synthesis persisted; however, relative to 4 days after enucleation the phase of the rhythm shifted about 90 degrees suggesting that light deprivation caused the rhythm to become free-running with a period slightly different from 24 h.", "PMID": 426094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13128", "title": "Development of fever in the newborn lamb.", "content": "Newborn lambs do not become febrile in response to intravenous (iv) bacterial endotoxin in moderate doses. Newborn lambs were tested to see if they could become febrile to large doses of endotoxin or to endogenous pyrogen. At 5 h of age lambs do not become febrile to relatively large doses of endotoxin or to endogenous pyrogen, but rather become hypothermic. At 32 h and all subsequent times, fevers could be elicited. Onset time of fevers in lambs was short initially and gradually lengthened over 9 days, at which time it was similar to the onset time of the adult fever. With respect to the febrile response, newborn lambs showed varying degrees of tolerance after 10 days of daily injections of endotoxin, as compared to the ewe which becomes tolerant in 2 or 3 days.", "contents": "Development of fever in the newborn lamb. Newborn lambs do not become febrile in response to intravenous (iv) bacterial endotoxin in moderate doses. Newborn lambs were tested to see if they could become febrile to large doses of endotoxin or to endogenous pyrogen. At 5 h of age lambs do not become febrile to relatively large doses of endotoxin or to endogenous pyrogen, but rather become hypothermic. At 32 h and all subsequent times, fevers could be elicited. Onset time of fevers in lambs was short initially and gradually lengthened over 9 days, at which time it was similar to the onset time of the adult fever. With respect to the febrile response, newborn lambs showed varying degrees of tolerance after 10 days of daily injections of endotoxin, as compared to the ewe which becomes tolerant in 2 or 3 days.", "PMID": 426095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13129", "title": "Renal and hindlimb vascular control during acute emotion in the baboon.", "content": "Blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen consumption, and blood flow to the renal and hind-limb vasculatures were measured in healthy, unanesthetized baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in a controlled environment. Appropriate behavioral techniques were applied to allow the reproducible elicitation of a conditional emotional response (CER). Section of renal nerves and autonomic pharmacologic interventions were used to determine the mechanisms for the cardiovascular responses accompanying the CER. The resistance changes in the renal and hind-limb vascular beds were generated by rapid, neurally mediated vasoconstriction of the renal vasculature and by a slower acting, circulating vasoactive agent, most probably epinephrine, which causes a delayed second constriction in the renal bed and a net dilation in the hind limbs.", "contents": "Renal and hindlimb vascular control during acute emotion in the baboon. Blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen consumption, and blood flow to the renal and hind-limb vasculatures were measured in healthy, unanesthetized baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in a controlled environment. Appropriate behavioral techniques were applied to allow the reproducible elicitation of a conditional emotional response (CER). Section of renal nerves and autonomic pharmacologic interventions were used to determine the mechanisms for the cardiovascular responses accompanying the CER. The resistance changes in the renal and hind-limb vascular beds were generated by rapid, neurally mediated vasoconstriction of the renal vasculature and by a slower acting, circulating vasoactive agent, most probably epinephrine, which causes a delayed second constriction in the renal bed and a net dilation in the hind limbs.", "PMID": 426096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13130", "title": "Plasma volume and electrolyte shifts with heavy exercise in sitting and supine positions.", "content": "Plasma volume (PV) and electrolyte shifts were measured before and for 60 min after a continuous peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) test in four men (26-45 yr) on a bicycle ergometer. Mean (+/-SE) sitting VO2peak (3.16 +/- 0.32 1/min) was the same as supine VO2peak (3.13 +/- 0.33 1/min). In recovery (R + 1.5 min), mean PV had decreased by 477 ml (-16.1%, P less than 0.05) in the sitting and by 548 ml (-17.6%, P less than 0.05) in the supine positions, whereas total osmolality increased progressively with its peak at R + 3.5 min. The percentage losses of protein, total Ca2+, and ionized Cai2+ were about half as great as the percentage loss in PV, indicating a selective retention of these constituents. Calculated osmolality (sigma Na+, K+, Cl-, Cai2+) returned to control levels within 1.5 min after sitting exercise but required about 15 min after supine exercise. These small increases in protein concentration were not likely to significantly aid restitution of plasma volume and the ions were probably in equilibrium across the capillary membrane. So a change in hydrostatic and/or systemic blood pressures most likely provided the force for restitution of plasma volume.", "contents": "Plasma volume and electrolyte shifts with heavy exercise in sitting and supine positions. Plasma volume (PV) and electrolyte shifts were measured before and for 60 min after a continuous peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) test in four men (26-45 yr) on a bicycle ergometer. Mean (+/-SE) sitting VO2peak (3.16 +/- 0.32 1/min) was the same as supine VO2peak (3.13 +/- 0.33 1/min). In recovery (R + 1.5 min), mean PV had decreased by 477 ml (-16.1%, P less than 0.05) in the sitting and by 548 ml (-17.6%, P less than 0.05) in the supine positions, whereas total osmolality increased progressively with its peak at R + 3.5 min. The percentage losses of protein, total Ca2+, and ionized Cai2+ were about half as great as the percentage loss in PV, indicating a selective retention of these constituents. Calculated osmolality (sigma Na+, K+, Cl-, Cai2+) returned to control levels within 1.5 min after sitting exercise but required about 15 min after supine exercise. These small increases in protein concentration were not likely to significantly aid restitution of plasma volume and the ions were probably in equilibrium across the capillary membrane. So a change in hydrostatic and/or systemic blood pressures most likely provided the force for restitution of plasma volume.", "PMID": 426097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13131", "title": "Body water compartments with human aging using fat-free mass as the reference standard.", "content": "Forty-five healthy men and women aged 16-39 and 59-89 yr were studied for total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW); intracellular water (ICW) was calculated as the difference (ICW = TBW - ECW). An independent measurement of total body fat by inert gas uptake provided a value (+/- 2%) for fat-free mass (FFB is wt minus body fat). Results agreed with observations by others that TBW and ICW are lower in the aged and lower in women, whether expressed as absolute volumes or per unit of weight, surface area, or height. However, with FFB as the reference standard very different aging trends appeared. TBW/FFB remained constant to our oldest measured subjects (704 +/- 7 ml/kg). ICW/FFB was slightly lower at advanced age, but the 4-5% decrease for each sex was within statistical variability. With age ECW increased slightly and its proportion within the fat-free body (ECW/FFB) was significantly higher. Based upon FFB, the distribution, proportions, and aging trends of body water compartments were similar for men, women, and male rats. Although its potential limitations must be appreciated, the FFB appears widely useful as a reference standard. The stability of ICW volume and of fat-free mass in aging man does not support the hypothesis that cellular mass is lost by healthy mammals with age.", "contents": "Body water compartments with human aging using fat-free mass as the reference standard. Forty-five healthy men and women aged 16-39 and 59-89 yr were studied for total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW); intracellular water (ICW) was calculated as the difference (ICW = TBW - ECW). An independent measurement of total body fat by inert gas uptake provided a value (+/- 2%) for fat-free mass (FFB is wt minus body fat). Results agreed with observations by others that TBW and ICW are lower in the aged and lower in women, whether expressed as absolute volumes or per unit of weight, surface area, or height. However, with FFB as the reference standard very different aging trends appeared. TBW/FFB remained constant to our oldest measured subjects (704 +/- 7 ml/kg). ICW/FFB was slightly lower at advanced age, but the 4-5% decrease for each sex was within statistical variability. With age ECW increased slightly and its proportion within the fat-free body (ECW/FFB) was significantly higher. Based upon FFB, the distribution, proportions, and aging trends of body water compartments were similar for men, women, and male rats. Although its potential limitations must be appreciated, the FFB appears widely useful as a reference standard. The stability of ICW volume and of fat-free mass in aging man does not support the hypothesis that cellular mass is lost by healthy mammals with age.", "PMID": 426098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13132", "title": "Blood oxygen transport and organ weights of two shrew species (S. etruscus and C. russula).", "content": "Blood parameters concerning oxygen transport and relative organ weights of 11 Suncus etruscus and 13 Crocidura russula under light halothane anesthesia were investigated. Mean body weight of S. etruscus was 2.5 g and for C. russula was 9 g, hemoglobin concentration was 17.4 and 15.6 g/100 ml blood, hematocrit was 50 and 44%, red blood cells were 18 and 11 X 10(6)/microliter, respectively. Mean corpuscular volume was calculated to be 26 and 41 micron3, mean diameter 5.5 and 7 micron, and mean thickness 1.2 and 1.1 micron, respectively. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was in the normal range of mammalian red blood cells. A blood oxygen half-saturation pressure of 35 and 34 Torr at pH 7.4, 37 degrees C and a Bohr factor deltalog P50/deltapH of -0.61 and -0.66 was measured. Experiments with stripped hemoglobin showed that 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is the main oxygen affinity reducing allosteric factor. Relative weights of heart, kidney, and liver are remarkably high in S. etruscus. The maximal oxygen transport of 400 ml . kg-1 . min-1 of S. etruscus is feasible by an enormous heart rate, a large relative stroke volume, a high hemoglobin concentration combined with a low oxygen affinity, and a large Bohr effect.", "contents": "Blood oxygen transport and organ weights of two shrew species (S. etruscus and C. russula). Blood parameters concerning oxygen transport and relative organ weights of 11 Suncus etruscus and 13 Crocidura russula under light halothane anesthesia were investigated. Mean body weight of S. etruscus was 2.5 g and for C. russula was 9 g, hemoglobin concentration was 17.4 and 15.6 g/100 ml blood, hematocrit was 50 and 44%, red blood cells were 18 and 11 X 10(6)/microliter, respectively. Mean corpuscular volume was calculated to be 26 and 41 micron3, mean diameter 5.5 and 7 micron, and mean thickness 1.2 and 1.1 micron, respectively. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was in the normal range of mammalian red blood cells. A blood oxygen half-saturation pressure of 35 and 34 Torr at pH 7.4, 37 degrees C and a Bohr factor deltalog P50/deltapH of -0.61 and -0.66 was measured. Experiments with stripped hemoglobin showed that 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is the main oxygen affinity reducing allosteric factor. Relative weights of heart, kidney, and liver are remarkably high in S. etruscus. The maximal oxygen transport of 400 ml . kg-1 . min-1 of S. etruscus is feasible by an enormous heart rate, a large relative stroke volume, a high hemoglobin concentration combined with a low oxygen affinity, and a large Bohr effect.", "PMID": 426099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13133", "title": "Bradycardia during stimulation of the septum and somatic afferents in the rabbit.", "content": "Experiments were done in paralyzed rabbits anesthetized with either pentobarbital sodium or alpha-chloralose to test the possibility that the septum may alter the cardiovascular responses elicited by stimulation of somatic afferent fibers. Electrical stimulation of the lesser saphenous nerve (LSN), a branch of the sciatic nerve, at certain parameters elicited bradycardia, which could be abolished by bilateral vagotomy or intravenous injection of atropine methylbromide. Distinct and characteristic changes in mean arterial pressure and heart rate were elicited by electrical stimulation of histologically localized sites in five septal areas. Septal sites from which stimulation elicited bradycardia were chosen for the study of interaction between the septum and LSN. The cardiac slowing elicited by combined stimulation of the lateral septum and LSN was significantly greater than the sum of the responses elicited by separate stimulation of the two different structures. In contrast, the bradycardia elicited by combined stimulation of medial septal structures and LSN was significantly smaller than the sum of the individual responses. These experiments demonstrate that the magnitude of heart rate responses elicited by stimulation of somatic afferent fibers may be modified by the septum.", "contents": "Bradycardia during stimulation of the septum and somatic afferents in the rabbit. Experiments were done in paralyzed rabbits anesthetized with either pentobarbital sodium or alpha-chloralose to test the possibility that the septum may alter the cardiovascular responses elicited by stimulation of somatic afferent fibers. Electrical stimulation of the lesser saphenous nerve (LSN), a branch of the sciatic nerve, at certain parameters elicited bradycardia, which could be abolished by bilateral vagotomy or intravenous injection of atropine methylbromide. Distinct and characteristic changes in mean arterial pressure and heart rate were elicited by electrical stimulation of histologically localized sites in five septal areas. Septal sites from which stimulation elicited bradycardia were chosen for the study of interaction between the septum and LSN. The cardiac slowing elicited by combined stimulation of the lateral septum and LSN was significantly greater than the sum of the responses elicited by separate stimulation of the two different structures. In contrast, the bradycardia elicited by combined stimulation of medial septal structures and LSN was significantly smaller than the sum of the individual responses. These experiments demonstrate that the magnitude of heart rate responses elicited by stimulation of somatic afferent fibers may be modified by the septum.", "PMID": 426100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13134", "title": "Twenty-four-hour pattern of circulation by radiotelemetry in the unrestrained dog.", "content": "Eight dogs with indwelling transducers for continuous radiotelemetry of the hemodynamic function were acclimatized in an unisolated room under 12:12 LD photoperiods, in phase with the solar day cycle, and constant temperature (20 +/- 1 degrees C). Light was turned on at 0600 and off at 1800. Mean aortic blood flow (ABF), mean aortic blood pressure (ABP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and cardiac work (CW) were maximal at about 1800 and minimal at time 0600. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) was highest and stroke volume (SV) lowest at about 1200. The 24-h mean was for HR 77 beats/min, SV 28 ml/beat, RR 11 breaths/min, ABF 177 ml/min per kg body wt, ABP 102 Torr, TPR 3,960 dyn . s . cm-5, and CW 218 Torr . 1/min. The range of amplitude fluctuations for daytime means was about 6% for ABP and SV and 11-17% for all others. It is suggested that the homeostatic balance and timing of circulation is circadian time dependent.", "contents": "Twenty-four-hour pattern of circulation by radiotelemetry in the unrestrained dog. Eight dogs with indwelling transducers for continuous radiotelemetry of the hemodynamic function were acclimatized in an unisolated room under 12:12 LD photoperiods, in phase with the solar day cycle, and constant temperature (20 +/- 1 degrees C). Light was turned on at 0600 and off at 1800. Mean aortic blood flow (ABF), mean aortic blood pressure (ABP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and cardiac work (CW) were maximal at about 1800 and minimal at time 0600. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) was highest and stroke volume (SV) lowest at about 1200. The 24-h mean was for HR 77 beats/min, SV 28 ml/beat, RR 11 breaths/min, ABF 177 ml/min per kg body wt, ABP 102 Torr, TPR 3,960 dyn . s . cm-5, and CW 218 Torr . 1/min. The range of amplitude fluctuations for daytime means was about 6% for ABP and SV and 11-17% for all others. It is suggested that the homeostatic balance and timing of circulation is circadian time dependent.", "PMID": 426101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13135", "title": "Delirium after cataract surgery: review and two cases.", "content": "The authors define the delirium seen after cataract surgery on the basis of Dupuytren's original description and review studies using the criteria they set up on this basis. They then present prospective data on 2 patients with postcataractectomy delirium and 25 patients who did not experience this delirium. The data suggest that delirium after cataract surgery represents anticholinergic toxicity.", "contents": "Delirium after cataract surgery: review and two cases. The authors define the delirium seen after cataract surgery on the basis of Dupuytren's original description and review studies using the criteria they set up on this basis. They then present prospective data on 2 patients with postcataractectomy delirium and 25 patients who did not experience this delirium. The data suggest that delirium after cataract surgery represents anticholinergic toxicity.", "PMID": 426102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13136", "title": "The impact of normal volunteers on a psychiatric research unit.", "content": "Normal subjects were admitted to a psychiatric unit devoted to the study and treatment of affective illness. Initially the authors were concerned about the difficulties volunteers might have living with psychiatric patients. However, the volunteers adjusted with relative ease, while the patients' depressive symptoms were exacerbated. Their confrontation with the volunteers \"normality\" triggered an acute awareness of their underlying sense of failure. This response is analogous to depressed patients' reactions before discharge, when they struggle not only with their special vulnerability to separation and loss but with inevitable challenges to their fragile self-esteem during reintegration into the outside world. The presence of normal volunteers highlighted these issues and led to increased therapeutic work and considerable resolution.", "contents": "The impact of normal volunteers on a psychiatric research unit. Normal subjects were admitted to a psychiatric unit devoted to the study and treatment of affective illness. Initially the authors were concerned about the difficulties volunteers might have living with psychiatric patients. However, the volunteers adjusted with relative ease, while the patients' depressive symptoms were exacerbated. Their confrontation with the volunteers \"normality\" triggered an acute awareness of their underlying sense of failure. This response is analogous to depressed patients' reactions before discharge, when they struggle not only with their special vulnerability to separation and loss but with inevitable challenges to their fragile self-esteem during reintegration into the outside world. The presence of normal volunteers highlighted these issues and led to increased therapeutic work and considerable resolution.", "PMID": 426103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13137", "title": "Whatever happened to psychiatry? The deprofessionalization of community mental health centers.", "content": "The authors describe the dichotomy in the concept of community mental health centers. One view regards the community mental health center as a service provider for underserved populations, and another holds that it is an agent of social change. Deprofessionalization of community mental health centers has resulted from this lack of clear purpose, curtailment of funds, and conflicts over authority, service delivery, and control of the centers. Deprofessionalization has led to a decline in the number of psychiatrists in community mental health centers and a potentially negative impact on the quality of patient care.", "contents": "Whatever happened to psychiatry? The deprofessionalization of community mental health centers. The authors describe the dichotomy in the concept of community mental health centers. One view regards the community mental health center as a service provider for underserved populations, and another holds that it is an agent of social change. Deprofessionalization of community mental health centers has resulted from this lack of clear purpose, curtailment of funds, and conflicts over authority, service delivery, and control of the centers. Deprofessionalization has led to a decline in the number of psychiatrists in community mental health centers and a potentially negative impact on the quality of patient care.", "PMID": 426104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13138", "title": "Plasma growth hormone: effect of anxiety during flooding in vivo.", "content": "The treatment of phobias by rapid in vivo exposure to the feared situation was accompanied by an increase in plasma growth hormone levels on at least one of two occasions in 8 of 11 subjects. The average growth hormone response was greater on the second occasion, even though subjective anxiety was less. Plasma growth hormone was not elevated during the subjects' adaptation to the laboratory. Strong subjective and behavioral anxiety responses failed to elevate plasma growth hormone levels in some subjects. The probability of a growth hormone response was the same whether or not baseline levels were elevated prior to exposure.", "contents": "Plasma growth hormone: effect of anxiety during flooding in vivo. The treatment of phobias by rapid in vivo exposure to the feared situation was accompanied by an increase in plasma growth hormone levels on at least one of two occasions in 8 of 11 subjects. The average growth hormone response was greater on the second occasion, even though subjective anxiety was less. Plasma growth hormone was not elevated during the subjects' adaptation to the laboratory. Strong subjective and behavioral anxiety responses failed to elevate plasma growth hormone levels in some subjects. The probability of a growth hormone response was the same whether or not baseline levels were elevated prior to exposure.", "PMID": 426105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13139", "title": "Acid-base and electrolyte disturbances in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "The literature on anorexia nervosa largely ignores the acid-base and electrolyte disturbances that may accompany this condition. In an attempt to assess the magnitude of these disturbances in anorexia nervosa the authors reviewed the laboratory profiles of 7 patients with the disease who were consecutively admitted to a hospital over a period of 8 years. Several acid-base and electrolyte disturbances were observed; the most frequent was chloride-responsive metabolic alkalosis. The authors suggest that all patients with anorexia nervosa receive diagnostic studies for these disturbances, including ECG and urinary electrolytes when necessary, so that abnormalities can be diagnosed and treated appropriately.", "contents": "Acid-base and electrolyte disturbances in anorexia nervosa. The literature on anorexia nervosa largely ignores the acid-base and electrolyte disturbances that may accompany this condition. In an attempt to assess the magnitude of these disturbances in anorexia nervosa the authors reviewed the laboratory profiles of 7 patients with the disease who were consecutively admitted to a hospital over a period of 8 years. Several acid-base and electrolyte disturbances were observed; the most frequent was chloride-responsive metabolic alkalosis. The authors suggest that all patients with anorexia nervosa receive diagnostic studies for these disturbances, including ECG and urinary electrolytes when necessary, so that abnormalities can be diagnosed and treated appropriately.", "PMID": 426106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13140", "title": "The relationship of early maternal separation to borderline personality in children and adolescents: a pilot study.", "content": "The author compared 14 child and adolescent borderline patients, diagnosed by the criteria of Gunderson and Singer (1), with a control population for history of separation from the mother or significant caretaker before age 10. The borderline patients experienced a statistically greater number of separations than the psychotic controls, the nonpsychotic psychiatric controls, and the nonpsychiatrically-referred delinquent controls before age 5 but not between ages 5 and 10. The author concludes that the study provides statistical support for the theoretic role of disruption of the early infant-mother bond in borderline pathology.", "contents": "The relationship of early maternal separation to borderline personality in children and adolescents: a pilot study. The author compared 14 child and adolescent borderline patients, diagnosed by the criteria of Gunderson and Singer (1), with a control population for history of separation from the mother or significant caretaker before age 10. The borderline patients experienced a statistically greater number of separations than the psychotic controls, the nonpsychotic psychiatric controls, and the nonpsychiatrically-referred delinquent controls before age 5 but not between ages 5 and 10. The author concludes that the study provides statistical support for the theoretic role of disruption of the early infant-mother bond in borderline pathology.", "PMID": 426107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13141", "title": "The development of an acute short-term inpatient child psychiatric setting: a pediatric-psychiatric model.", "content": "The authors describe the establishment of a unit for children that emphasizes the integration of the pediatric model of acute, short-term inpatient care with the psychological and developmental perspective of the psychiatric model. Of the 145 children admitted during the first year, more than 33% manifested aggressive or hyperactive behavior and 25%, depression or suicidal behavior. Eighty-five percent were discharged to their homes or previous residences after an average length of stay of 24 days. The authors suggest that similar units established in children's hospitals or general hospitals could help meet the urgent need for acute inpatient psychiatric care of children in this country.", "contents": "The development of an acute short-term inpatient child psychiatric setting: a pediatric-psychiatric model. The authors describe the establishment of a unit for children that emphasizes the integration of the pediatric model of acute, short-term inpatient care with the psychological and developmental perspective of the psychiatric model. Of the 145 children admitted during the first year, more than 33% manifested aggressive or hyperactive behavior and 25%, depression or suicidal behavior. Eighty-five percent were discharged to their homes or previous residences after an average length of stay of 24 days. The authors suggest that similar units established in children's hospitals or general hospitals could help meet the urgent need for acute inpatient psychiatric care of children in this country.", "PMID": 426108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13142", "title": "Adolescents' adjustment to chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "The author compares the adjustment of 18 adolescents on chronic hemodialysis to that of 63 adult patients on hemodialysis. The adolescents tended to comply less well with the medical regimen, their vocational rehabilitation was significantly lower, and their social activities were more restricted. The adolescents suffered more from the changes in body functioning and appearances. They were more hostile and overtly aggressive but seemed to have fewer psychiatric complications and, especially, less suicidal ideation. The author suggests that chronic disease is especially difficult for adolescents to handle because it creates stress in areas already problematic for this age group.", "contents": "Adolescents' adjustment to chronic hemodialysis. The author compares the adjustment of 18 adolescents on chronic hemodialysis to that of 63 adult patients on hemodialysis. The adolescents tended to comply less well with the medical regimen, their vocational rehabilitation was significantly lower, and their social activities were more restricted. The adolescents suffered more from the changes in body functioning and appearances. They were more hostile and overtly aggressive but seemed to have fewer psychiatric complications and, especially, less suicidal ideation. The author suggests that chronic disease is especially difficult for adolescents to handle because it creates stress in areas already problematic for this age group.", "PMID": 426109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13143", "title": "Juvenile firesetters: do the agencies help?", "content": "In an attempt to find out what was being done for juvenile firesetters in their metropolitan community the authors reviewed the records of the local fire marshal, juvenile court, and psychiatric clinic. They found that the various agencies involved with 69 juveniles over a 3-year period were unable to coordinate their efforts and were largely unsuccessful in controlling the firesetting. Because the families of firesetters seem to have many other social problems, the authors recommend early inpatient assessment and possible referral to foster homes or residential treatment settings for juvenile firesetters.", "contents": "Juvenile firesetters: do the agencies help? In an attempt to find out what was being done for juvenile firesetters in their metropolitan community the authors reviewed the records of the local fire marshal, juvenile court, and psychiatric clinic. They found that the various agencies involved with 69 juveniles over a 3-year period were unable to coordinate their efforts and were largely unsuccessful in controlling the firesetting. Because the families of firesetters seem to have many other social problems, the authors recommend early inpatient assessment and possible referral to foster homes or residential treatment settings for juvenile firesetters.", "PMID": 426110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13144", "title": "The Mini-Mental State Test and computerized tomography.", "content": "In order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the Mini-Mental State (MMS) test, the authors had 63 patients complete the test after undergoing computerized tomographic (CT) scans of the brain. Patients with positive CT scans scored significantly lower than those with negative CT scans. Further analysis showed that cerebral atrophy was more closely related to cognitive impairment than focal cerebral lesions only. The authors conclude that the MMS can discriminate organicity in some instances but that further refinement and modification of its subtests are needed for maximum usefulness.", "contents": "The Mini-Mental State Test and computerized tomography. In order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the Mini-Mental State (MMS) test, the authors had 63 patients complete the test after undergoing computerized tomographic (CT) scans of the brain. Patients with positive CT scans scored significantly lower than those with negative CT scans. Further analysis showed that cerebral atrophy was more closely related to cognitive impairment than focal cerebral lesions only. The authors conclude that the MMS can discriminate organicity in some instances but that further refinement and modification of its subtests are needed for maximum usefulness.", "PMID": 426111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13145", "title": "Adjustment of a group of Vietnamese people to the United States.", "content": "The authors collected data on 50 Vietnamese families living in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, by individual and group interview questionnaire. They also used interviews of all of the Vietnamese people who came to the local community mental health center and studied the records of the center and other local social agencies for sociodemographic data. They define a number of specific sociological stresses encountered by Vietnamese refugees but conclude that basically these people are adjusting well without losing their cultural identity.", "contents": "Adjustment of a group of Vietnamese people to the United States. The authors collected data on 50 Vietnamese families living in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, by individual and group interview questionnaire. They also used interviews of all of the Vietnamese people who came to the local community mental health center and studied the records of the center and other local social agencies for sociodemographic data. They define a number of specific sociological stresses encountered by Vietnamese refugees but conclude that basically these people are adjusting well without losing their cultural identity.", "PMID": 426112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13146", "title": "Peer review of group therapy: Washington, D.C., 1972-1977.", "content": "The author discusses the evolution of psychiatric peer review in Washington, D.C. In its first six years (1972-1977) the Washington Psychiatric Society Peer Review Committee evaluated 146 cases, 23 (16%) of which focused on group therapy. Eight of these cases (35%) were partially or fully denied. Most of the cases involved outpatients with neuroses or character disorders who were treated in combined group and individual therapy. The author presents specific cases illustrating group therapy issues and peer review decisions. He discusses the benefits and liabilities of peer review and emphasizes its importance as a flexible, clinically sensitive, confidential, and meaningful process.", "contents": "Peer review of group therapy: Washington, D.C., 1972-1977. The author discusses the evolution of psychiatric peer review in Washington, D.C. In its first six years (1972-1977) the Washington Psychiatric Society Peer Review Committee evaluated 146 cases, 23 (16%) of which focused on group therapy. Eight of these cases (35%) were partially or fully denied. Most of the cases involved outpatients with neuroses or character disorders who were treated in combined group and individual therapy. The author presents specific cases illustrating group therapy issues and peer review decisions. He discusses the benefits and liabilities of peer review and emphasizes its importance as a flexible, clinically sensitive, confidential, and meaningful process.", "PMID": 426113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13147", "title": "Life events, coping, stress, and depressive symptomatology.", "content": "The author presents data on the relationships between life events, coping resources, and depressive symptomatology. A probability sample (N = 517) was interviewed three years apart. Respondents with high life-event scores had significantly more depressive symptomatology than those with low scores. Those with personal, familial, and interpersonal resources had significantly less depressive symptomatology than those without such resources in both the low- and high-life-event groups. The best predictor of Time 2 depressive symptom scores was Time 1 symptom scores; losses and resources were also statistically significant factors. These findings demonstrate the complex interrelatedness of life events, coping resources, and depressive symptomatology.", "contents": "Life events, coping, stress, and depressive symptomatology. The author presents data on the relationships between life events, coping resources, and depressive symptomatology. A probability sample (N = 517) was interviewed three years apart. Respondents with high life-event scores had significantly more depressive symptomatology than those with low scores. Those with personal, familial, and interpersonal resources had significantly less depressive symptomatology than those without such resources in both the low- and high-life-event groups. The best predictor of Time 2 depressive symptom scores was Time 1 symptom scores; losses and resources were also statistically significant factors. These findings demonstrate the complex interrelatedness of life events, coping resources, and depressive symptomatology.", "PMID": 426131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13148", "title": "Life events at the onset of bipolar affective illness.", "content": "The authors assessed the occurrence of stressful life events before the initial or subsequent episodes of affective illness in a group of 79 bipolar I manic-depressive patients who were attending a lithium clinic. About half of the patients recalled a life event in the 3-month interval before their initial episode; postpartum onset was prominent among these events. Few patients recalled life events for subsequent episodes. Finally, history data did not differentiate patients who recalled life events and those who did not. These data may be useful in assessing environmental antecedents of populations at risk for bipolar illness.", "contents": "Life events at the onset of bipolar affective illness. The authors assessed the occurrence of stressful life events before the initial or subsequent episodes of affective illness in a group of 79 bipolar I manic-depressive patients who were attending a lithium clinic. About half of the patients recalled a life event in the 3-month interval before their initial episode; postpartum onset was prominent among these events. Few patients recalled life events for subsequent episodes. Finally, history data did not differentiate patients who recalled life events and those who did not. These data may be useful in assessing environmental antecedents of populations at risk for bipolar illness.", "PMID": 426132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13149", "title": "Childhood depression: interpersonal interactions and depressive phenomena.", "content": "The author discusses the impact of parental disability, particularly parental depression, on children. Depression in children, which takes different forms according to the child's developmental level, may mirror or be a response to similar affect in a parent. Clinicians need to take note of the relationship between child and caretaker and of the various manifestations of childhood depression in order to avoid underdiagnosing this disorder.", "contents": "Childhood depression: interpersonal interactions and depressive phenomena. The author discusses the impact of parental disability, particularly parental depression, on children. Depression in children, which takes different forms according to the child's developmental level, may mirror or be a response to similar affect in a parent. Clinicians need to take note of the relationship between child and caretaker and of the various manifestations of childhood depression in order to avoid underdiagnosing this disorder.", "PMID": 426133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13150", "title": "The psychopathology of suicide: a clinical model approach.", "content": "The author hypothesizes that certain types of persons at high risk for suicide constitute definable clinical models, that the process of arriving at a suicidal outcome involves elements unique to each model, and that these elements can be considered manifestations of psychopathology. This approach is investigated using two models: \"Males Under Forty\" and \"Stable with Forced Change.\" The results indicate statistically reliable differences between the models in the distributions of estimated risks for persons who subsequently committed suicide compared with those who did not. The implications of the associated highrisk variables as reflections of psychopathologic processes are considered.", "contents": "The psychopathology of suicide: a clinical model approach. The author hypothesizes that certain types of persons at high risk for suicide constitute definable clinical models, that the process of arriving at a suicidal outcome involves elements unique to each model, and that these elements can be considered manifestations of psychopathology. This approach is investigated using two models: \"Males Under Forty\" and \"Stable with Forced Change.\" The results indicate statistically reliable differences between the models in the distributions of estimated risks for persons who subsequently committed suicide compared with those who did not. The implications of the associated highrisk variables as reflections of psychopathologic processes are considered.", "PMID": 426134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13151", "title": "Depression simulating organic brain disease.", "content": "The authors report four cases of depression manifesting as organic brain syndrome in adult nongeriatric patients. The correct diagnoses in three cases were made by a psychiatrist's or resident's empathic response to the patient, and in the fourth by the patient's history of depression. The authors state that only by maintaining a high degree of suspicion and trusting one's empathic response to the patient will unusual presentation of depression be recognized.", "contents": "Depression simulating organic brain disease. The authors report four cases of depression manifesting as organic brain syndrome in adult nongeriatric patients. The correct diagnoses in three cases were made by a psychiatrist's or resident's empathic response to the patient, and in the fourth by the patient's history of depression. The authors state that only by maintaining a high degree of suspicion and trusting one's empathic response to the patient will unusual presentation of depression be recognized.", "PMID": 426135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13152", "title": "Depression in the wives of nuclear submarine personnel.", "content": "The authors compared levels of depression among 24 wives of nuclear submarine personnel under conditions of husband-presence and husband-absence in a crossover research design. The wives had significantly higher depression scores under conditions of husband-absence on both the Zung Depression Scale and the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist. The results are discussed in terms of the tremendous stresses imposed on the wives as a result of the nuclear submarine deployment schedule and the failure of the Navy and the spouses to recognize and reward the wives for their efforts.", "contents": "Depression in the wives of nuclear submarine personnel. The authors compared levels of depression among 24 wives of nuclear submarine personnel under conditions of husband-presence and husband-absence in a crossover research design. The wives had significantly higher depression scores under conditions of husband-absence on both the Zung Depression Scale and the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist. The results are discussed in terms of the tremendous stresses imposed on the wives as a result of the nuclear submarine deployment schedule and the failure of the Navy and the spouses to recognize and reward the wives for their efforts.", "PMID": 426136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13153", "title": "Depression in Viet Nam veterans and civilian controls.", "content": "In order to investigate the long-term psychological consequences of Viet Nam combat, the authors located and personally interviewed a group of 571 randomly selected Viet Nam veterans and 284 matched civilian controls 3 years after the veterans returned to the United States. In the veterans they found a weak association between combat and subsequent depressive symptoms, but the association did not persist after controlling for preservice factors. The incidence of depressive symptoms and syndromes was similar when veterans were compared with nonveterans. Results are contrasted with a 12-month follow-up study of the same veterans in which a stronger association between combat and later depression was found.", "contents": "Depression in Viet Nam veterans and civilian controls. In order to investigate the long-term psychological consequences of Viet Nam combat, the authors located and personally interviewed a group of 571 randomly selected Viet Nam veterans and 284 matched civilian controls 3 years after the veterans returned to the United States. In the veterans they found a weak association between combat and subsequent depressive symptoms, but the association did not persist after controlling for preservice factors. The incidence of depressive symptoms and syndromes was similar when veterans were compared with nonveterans. Results are contrasted with a 12-month follow-up study of the same veterans in which a stronger association between combat and later depression was found.", "PMID": 426137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13154", "title": "Depressed mood and subsequent physical illness.", "content": "The authors describe the results of a matched case-control analysis in which 82 pairs of subjects were selected from a large-scale community study carried out in two general populations. Cases were those of persons hospitalized during an interval between two interviews for an illness starting during that interval or persons who died during the interval. Controls were persons with no new illnesses or hospitalizations during the interval. No relationship between measures of depressive symptomatology or depressed mood and subsequent physical illness was shown. This result corroborates the findings of prospective studies in more selected populations and suggests that it is unlikely that depressed mood is related to subsequent physical illness.", "contents": "Depressed mood and subsequent physical illness. The authors describe the results of a matched case-control analysis in which 82 pairs of subjects were selected from a large-scale community study carried out in two general populations. Cases were those of persons hospitalized during an interval between two interviews for an illness starting during that interval or persons who died during the interval. Controls were persons with no new illnesses or hospitalizations during the interval. No relationship between measures of depressive symptomatology or depressed mood and subsequent physical illness was shown. This result corroborates the findings of prospective studies in more selected populations and suggests that it is unlikely that depressed mood is related to subsequent physical illness.", "PMID": 426138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13155", "title": "Depression: new evidence in support of biological differentiation.", "content": "The authors studied monoamine metabolism in patients with bipolar (manic-depressive) and unipolar depressive illness and in normal control subjects under strict dietary conditions before and during administration of carbidopa, a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. They found that unipolar depressed patients excreted higher amounts of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the drug-free period and while receiving carbidopa and significantly less tryptamine only after carbidopa administration. Plasma tryptophan levels differed in the three groups. The authors state that their research design reveals changes in serotonin and nonrepinephrine metabolism in unipolar depressed subjects that distinguish this group from normal and bipolar depressed subjects, suggesting a reduced CNS uptake of tryptophan in unipolar depression.", "contents": "Depression: new evidence in support of biological differentiation. The authors studied monoamine metabolism in patients with bipolar (manic-depressive) and unipolar depressive illness and in normal control subjects under strict dietary conditions before and during administration of carbidopa, a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. They found that unipolar depressed patients excreted higher amounts of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the drug-free period and while receiving carbidopa and significantly less tryptamine only after carbidopa administration. Plasma tryptophan levels differed in the three groups. The authors state that their research design reveals changes in serotonin and nonrepinephrine metabolism in unipolar depressed subjects that distinguish this group from normal and bipolar depressed subjects, suggesting a reduced CNS uptake of tryptophan in unipolar depression.", "PMID": 426139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13156", "title": "The 24-hour dexamethasone suppression test in a clinical setting: relationship to diagnosis, symptoms, and response to treatment.", "content": "Of 54 male psychiatric patients undergoing dexamethasone suppression tests in a clinical setting, 40% of those with a major depressive disorder showed escape from suppression over the 24 hours after dexamethasone administration, while all of the patients with schizophrenia, neurosis, alcoholism,and drug abuse showed normal pituitary-adrenal suppression. Only 10% of the depressed patients showed resistance to suppression 8 hours after dexamethasone administration. There was no difference between depressed patients who did and did not show escape from suppression in type of previous episodes, family history, symptoms, or medication. However, those who showed escape tended to respond better to treatment and to be rated as having a more severe depression. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are not yet clear.", "contents": "The 24-hour dexamethasone suppression test in a clinical setting: relationship to diagnosis, symptoms, and response to treatment. Of 54 male psychiatric patients undergoing dexamethasone suppression tests in a clinical setting, 40% of those with a major depressive disorder showed escape from suppression over the 24 hours after dexamethasone administration, while all of the patients with schizophrenia, neurosis, alcoholism,and drug abuse showed normal pituitary-adrenal suppression. Only 10% of the depressed patients showed resistance to suppression 8 hours after dexamethasone administration. There was no difference between depressed patients who did and did not show escape from suppression in type of previous episodes, family history, symptoms, or medication. However, those who showed escape tended to respond better to treatment and to be rated as having a more severe depression. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are not yet clear.", "PMID": 426140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13157", "title": "Facial muscle electromyography in depressed and nondepressed hospitalized subjects: a partial replication.", "content": "Imagining happy events, sad events, and the events of a typical day led to measurable electromyographic (EMG) changes in the corrugator muscle of the face in both depressed and nondepressed subjects. The depressed and nondepressed subjects could not be differentiated on the basis of muscle activity, whether depression was defined by a self-rating scale, an adjective checklist, or research criteria. Previous investigators have observed differences in the facial EMG patterns of depressed and nondepressed subjects who were not hospitalized; the authors suggest that such changes are a consequence of a general psychological stress state rather than of depression specifically.", "contents": "Facial muscle electromyography in depressed and nondepressed hospitalized subjects: a partial replication. Imagining happy events, sad events, and the events of a typical day led to measurable electromyographic (EMG) changes in the corrugator muscle of the face in both depressed and nondepressed subjects. The depressed and nondepressed subjects could not be differentiated on the basis of muscle activity, whether depression was defined by a self-rating scale, an adjective checklist, or research criteria. Previous investigators have observed differences in the facial EMG patterns of depressed and nondepressed subjects who were not hospitalized; the authors suggest that such changes are a consequence of a general psychological stress state rather than of depression specifically.", "PMID": 426141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13158", "title": "Diagnosis and lithium treatment of affective disorder in the retarded: five case studies.", "content": "The authors report on five institutionalized retarded patients who had symptoms strongly suggestive of manic-depressive illness and who showed significant symptom reduction in a single-blind placebo-controlled three-year trial of lithium. The number of illness episodes was reduced, and symptoms decreased in all major illness dimensions. These findings indicate that major affective disorder can be both diagnosed and treated in individuals with primary mental retardation.", "contents": "Diagnosis and lithium treatment of affective disorder in the retarded: five case studies. The authors report on five institutionalized retarded patients who had symptoms strongly suggestive of manic-depressive illness and who showed significant symptom reduction in a single-blind placebo-controlled three-year trial of lithium. The number of illness episodes was reduced, and symptoms decreased in all major illness dimensions. These findings indicate that major affective disorder can be both diagnosed and treated in individuals with primary mental retardation.", "PMID": 426142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13159", "title": "Depression treated with imipramine and ECT: the DeCarolis study reconsidered.", "content": "The authors reevaluate a large prospective Italian study (437 patients) that compared high-dose imipramine with ECT treatment in the treatment of depression. The superiority of ECT was evident among patients with endogenous depression, and especially evident among those with delusional depression (83% improved with ECT versus 40% with imipramine) and depressions defined as severe (83% versus 35%).", "contents": "Depression treated with imipramine and ECT: the DeCarolis study reconsidered. The authors reevaluate a large prospective Italian study (437 patients) that compared high-dose imipramine with ECT treatment in the treatment of depression. The superiority of ECT was evident among patients with endogenous depression, and especially evident among those with delusional depression (83% improved with ECT versus 40% with imipramine) and depressions defined as severe (83% versus 35%).", "PMID": 426143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13160", "title": "Lithium maintenance: factors affecting outcome.", "content": "The authors reviewed the charts of 61 manic-depressive outpatients maintained on lithium for 6--75 months for relationships between clinical outcome and various demographic, clinical, and pharmacological variables. Good outcome (50% reduction in episode frequency) did not correlate with any demographic or most natural history variables. A history of frequent episodes was correlated with decreased episode frequency but not with a lower percentage of prophylaxis failure during follow-up. A nonsignificant trend toward decreasing episode occurrence with increasing duration of lithium maintenance was present. Depression occurred considerably more frequently than manic episodes at adequate maintenance plasma lithium levels. More medication noncompliance was found among patients who experienced both manic and depressive relapses.", "contents": "Lithium maintenance: factors affecting outcome. The authors reviewed the charts of 61 manic-depressive outpatients maintained on lithium for 6--75 months for relationships between clinical outcome and various demographic, clinical, and pharmacological variables. Good outcome (50% reduction in episode frequency) did not correlate with any demographic or most natural history variables. A history of frequent episodes was correlated with decreased episode frequency but not with a lower percentage of prophylaxis failure during follow-up. A nonsignificant trend toward decreasing episode occurrence with increasing duration of lithium maintenance was present. Depression occurred considerably more frequently than manic episodes at adequate maintenance plasma lithium levels. More medication noncompliance was found among patients who experienced both manic and depressive relapses.", "PMID": 426144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13161", "title": "The delineation of an MMPI symptom pattern unique to lithium responders.", "content": "The author attempted to determine whether the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) would be sensitive to a symptom pattern unique to lithium-responsive patients regardless of diagnosis. Statistical analyses of the MMPI scores of lithium responders, lithium nonresponders, and a group of patients receiving other psychotropic drugs revealed that the depression, psychasthenia, mania, and social introversion scale scores significantly differentiated the lithium response and lithium nonresponse groups. No strong indications of significant difference were found between the MMPI scale scores of the lithium nonresponse and psychotropic groups. The results suggest that there is a lithium-responsive syndrome that exhibits a distinctive symptom pattern regardless of its varying phenomenological features in different individuals.", "contents": "The delineation of an MMPI symptom pattern unique to lithium responders. The author attempted to determine whether the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) would be sensitive to a symptom pattern unique to lithium-responsive patients regardless of diagnosis. Statistical analyses of the MMPI scores of lithium responders, lithium nonresponders, and a group of patients receiving other psychotropic drugs revealed that the depression, psychasthenia, mania, and social introversion scale scores significantly differentiated the lithium response and lithium nonresponse groups. No strong indications of significant difference were found between the MMPI scale scores of the lithium nonresponse and psychotropic groups. The results suggest that there is a lithium-responsive syndrome that exhibits a distinctive symptom pattern regardless of its varying phenomenological features in different individuals.", "PMID": 426145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13162", "title": "Exacerbation of psychosis by tricyclic antidepressants in delusional depression.", "content": "The authors describe three patients with delusional unipolar depression whose delusional thinking worsened markedly following administration of tricyclic antidepressant drugs. The patients had met Research Diagnostic Criteria for major depressive episode and had no evidence of schizophrenia or mania. Since tricyclic antidepressants are known to exacerbate psychosis in schizophrenic patients, it is sometimes suggested that the exacerbation of psychotic thinking in depressed patients indicates schizophrenia. The authors suggest that such an exacerbation does not in itself indicate schizophrenia but may occur in patients with an affective disorder who are prone to depressive delusions. The authors discuss the use of antipsychotic medication in this patient group and present a neurochemical hypothesis to explain the interaction of the drug with the illness, which results in exacerbation of psychotic thinking.", "contents": "Exacerbation of psychosis by tricyclic antidepressants in delusional depression. The authors describe three patients with delusional unipolar depression whose delusional thinking worsened markedly following administration of tricyclic antidepressant drugs. The patients had met Research Diagnostic Criteria for major depressive episode and had no evidence of schizophrenia or mania. Since tricyclic antidepressants are known to exacerbate psychosis in schizophrenic patients, it is sometimes suggested that the exacerbation of psychotic thinking in depressed patients indicates schizophrenia. The authors suggest that such an exacerbation does not in itself indicate schizophrenia but may occur in patients with an affective disorder who are prone to depressive delusions. The authors discuss the use of antipsychotic medication in this patient group and present a neurochemical hypothesis to explain the interaction of the drug with the illness, which results in exacerbation of psychotic thinking.", "PMID": 426146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13163", "title": "The quantitative measurement of depression and anxiety in male alcoholics.", "content": "Depression and anxiety have been reported to be commonly associated with alcoholism. Most attempts to clarify this relationship have suffered from a patient selection bias in that only those alcoholics who sought treatment were studied. The authors performed quantitative measurements of depression and anxiety in a group of 48 men referred for treatment solely on the basis of excessive drinking. The prevalence of depression and anxiety as measured by both the Zung and Hamilton scales was lower than that shown in previous studies. The results of this study indicate that problems in young, healthy male alcoholics.", "contents": "The quantitative measurement of depression and anxiety in male alcoholics. Depression and anxiety have been reported to be commonly associated with alcoholism. Most attempts to clarify this relationship have suffered from a patient selection bias in that only those alcoholics who sought treatment were studied. The authors performed quantitative measurements of depression and anxiety in a group of 48 men referred for treatment solely on the basis of excessive drinking. The prevalence of depression and anxiety as measured by both the Zung and Hamilton scales was lower than that shown in previous studies. The results of this study indicate that problems in young, healthy male alcoholics.", "PMID": 426147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13164", "title": "Bipolar illness: factors in drinking behavior.", "content": "Alcohol use and abuse was investigated in 73 patients with bipolar I manic-depressive illness who were attending a lithium clinic. Alcohol-related problems were identified in 7 of the male and none of the female patients. Family data revealed a higher morbid risk for alcoholism among relatives of patients with drinking problems than among relatives of patients without drinking problems. Morbid risks for affective disorder for these two groups of relatives were similar, suggesting that alcoholism among relatives of patients with bipolar illness is not solely \"genotypically\" related to the affective disorder.", "contents": "Bipolar illness: factors in drinking behavior. Alcohol use and abuse was investigated in 73 patients with bipolar I manic-depressive illness who were attending a lithium clinic. Alcohol-related problems were identified in 7 of the male and none of the female patients. Family data revealed a higher morbid risk for alcoholism among relatives of patients with drinking problems than among relatives of patients without drinking problems. Morbid risks for affective disorder for these two groups of relatives were similar, suggesting that alcoholism among relatives of patients with bipolar illness is not solely \"genotypically\" related to the affective disorder.", "PMID": 426148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13165", "title": "Are all recently detoxified alcoholics depressed?", "content": "Reports of the prevalence of depression among alcoholics vary from 3% to 98%; the authors attribute this variation to the use of different diagnostic criteria. They used clinical diagnosis, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and the MMPI to diagnose 35 men recently withdrawn from alcohol. The percentages of depression diagnosed were 8.6%, 28%, 66%, and 43%, respectively. The authors point out that the Hamilton, Zung, and MMPI scales are not diagnostic of depression in themselves and that accurate diagnosis of depression in alcoholics will reduce inappropriate treatment of nondepressed alcoholics and ensure careful treatment of the truly depressed.", "contents": "Are all recently detoxified alcoholics depressed? Reports of the prevalence of depression among alcoholics vary from 3% to 98%; the authors attribute this variation to the use of different diagnostic criteria. They used clinical diagnosis, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and the MMPI to diagnose 35 men recently withdrawn from alcohol. The percentages of depression diagnosed were 8.6%, 28%, 66%, and 43%, respectively. The authors point out that the Hamilton, Zung, and MMPI scales are not diagnostic of depression in themselves and that accurate diagnosis of depression in alcoholics will reduce inappropriate treatment of nondepressed alcoholics and ensure careful treatment of the truly depressed.", "PMID": 426149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13166", "title": "Family rituals and the recurrence of alcoholism over generations.", "content": "There have been relatively few attempts to identify environmental factors in the transmission of alcoholism across generations. Using the framework of family systems theory, the authors examined the extent of change in family rituals in 25 families in which at least 1 parent was or had been an alcoholic. They found that families whose rituals were altered during the period of heaviest parental drinking were more likely to evidence transmission of an alcohol problem to the children's generation than families whose rituals remianed intact.", "contents": "Family rituals and the recurrence of alcoholism over generations. There have been relatively few attempts to identify environmental factors in the transmission of alcoholism across generations. Using the framework of family systems theory, the authors examined the extent of change in family rituals in 25 families in which at least 1 parent was or had been an alcoholic. They found that families whose rituals were altered during the period of heaviest parental drinking were more likely to evidence transmission of an alcohol problem to the children's generation than families whose rituals remianed intact.", "PMID": 426150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13167", "title": "Short-term spatial memory deficits in men arrested for driving while intoxicated.", "content": "In the light of the fact that ethyl alcohol can cause damage to the brain, especially in the area of motor control, a study of the incidence of alcohol-related neuropsychological impairment in individuals arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) would be of great value. The authors report on 100 DWI offenders given a Memory-for Designs Test: 33% of the offenders were in the borderline range for organicity and a further 24% were in the critical range. Although they advise caution in interpreting these data, the authors point out a number of implications their analyses have for those interested in alcohol-related highway safety programs.", "contents": "Short-term spatial memory deficits in men arrested for driving while intoxicated. In the light of the fact that ethyl alcohol can cause damage to the brain, especially in the area of motor control, a study of the incidence of alcohol-related neuropsychological impairment in individuals arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) would be of great value. The authors report on 100 DWI offenders given a Memory-for Designs Test: 33% of the offenders were in the borderline range for organicity and a further 24% were in the critical range. Although they advise caution in interpreting these data, the authors point out a number of implications their analyses have for those interested in alcohol-related highway safety programs.", "PMID": 426151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13168", "title": "Craving for alcohol in sober alcoholics.", "content": "The craving for alcohol experienced by 46 abstinent alcoholics was investigated with a structured interview, a personality inventory (the neuroticism Scale Questionnaire), and a mood state adjective checklist (Profile of Mood States). It was found that craving is a continuum, not an all-or-none phenomenon. The intensity of craving was positively correlated with the trait anxiety of the subject and inversely correlated with the duration of abstinence from alcohol. A large proportion of the craving was precipitated by environmental factors and relieved by psychological methods. A variety of mood changes accompanied carving. Only one mood state, anger-hostility, significantly differentiated subjects who experienced mild craving from those reporting severe craving.", "contents": "Craving for alcohol in sober alcoholics. The craving for alcohol experienced by 46 abstinent alcoholics was investigated with a structured interview, a personality inventory (the neuroticism Scale Questionnaire), and a mood state adjective checklist (Profile of Mood States). It was found that craving is a continuum, not an all-or-none phenomenon. The intensity of craving was positively correlated with the trait anxiety of the subject and inversely correlated with the duration of abstinence from alcohol. A large proportion of the craving was precipitated by environmental factors and relieved by psychological methods. A variety of mood changes accompanied carving. Only one mood state, anger-hostility, significantly differentiated subjects who experienced mild craving from those reporting severe craving.", "PMID": 426152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13169", "title": "Drug abuse among alcoholic women.", "content": "Of 293 women in an alcoholic treatment center, two-thirds have received prescriptions for drugs of potential abuse, usually hypnotic and antianxiety drugs. One-third of the women admitted abusing substances; 80% of these subjects got prescriptions for potential drugs of abuse while actively abusing. These figures are alarming in light of the lack of evidence that antianxiety drugs, hypnotics, and stimulants are effective in treating alcoholics and drug abusers. Drug-misusing women in this sample reported more suicide attempts and early antisocial problems and had received more psychiatric care than nonabusers. The authors urge that hypnotics, antianxiety drugs, and stimulants almost never be prescribed to outpatient alcoholics and that analgesics be prescribed only with great care.", "contents": "Drug abuse among alcoholic women. Of 293 women in an alcoholic treatment center, two-thirds have received prescriptions for drugs of potential abuse, usually hypnotic and antianxiety drugs. One-third of the women admitted abusing substances; 80% of these subjects got prescriptions for potential drugs of abuse while actively abusing. These figures are alarming in light of the lack of evidence that antianxiety drugs, hypnotics, and stimulants are effective in treating alcoholics and drug abusers. Drug-misusing women in this sample reported more suicide attempts and early antisocial problems and had received more psychiatric care than nonabusers. The authors urge that hypnotics, antianxiety drugs, and stimulants almost never be prescribed to outpatient alcoholics and that analgesics be prescribed only with great care.", "PMID": 426153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13170", "title": "Psychiatric problems in women admitted to an alcoholic detoxification center.", "content": "The authors studied 293 consecutive female admissions to a public detoxification facility. One-half had a primary diagnosis of alcoholism; the rest had primary diagnosis of affective disorder (14%), antisocial personality (14%), drug abuse (6%) or did not meet the criteria for alcoholism (13%). Each subgroup had unique social backgrounds and characteristic histories of involvement with alcohol, drugs, and antisocial problems. The primary alcoholic woman in the detoxification center resembles the primary alcoholic man in the same setting. The authors underscore the importance of socioeconomic strata and primary versus secondary diagnosis in understanding the prognosis for alcoholics.", "contents": "Psychiatric problems in women admitted to an alcoholic detoxification center. The authors studied 293 consecutive female admissions to a public detoxification facility. One-half had a primary diagnosis of alcoholism; the rest had primary diagnosis of affective disorder (14%), antisocial personality (14%), drug abuse (6%) or did not meet the criteria for alcoholism (13%). Each subgroup had unique social backgrounds and characteristic histories of involvement with alcohol, drugs, and antisocial problems. The primary alcoholic woman in the detoxification center resembles the primary alcoholic man in the same setting. The authors underscore the importance of socioeconomic strata and primary versus secondary diagnosis in understanding the prognosis for alcoholics.", "PMID": 426154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13171", "title": "Interpersonal attractiveness and clinical decision in alcoholism treatment.", "content": "The authors investigated the interactive contribution of patient characteristics and staff perceptions of the patient to decisions concerning the provision of continued alcoholism treatment following an initial 2-week evaluation period. Staff perceptions contributed significantly more to an individual's acceptance or rejection than did patient characteristics. A high interpersonal attractiveness rating also led to a significantly more positive evaluation of the patients' level of intelligence, knowledge of current events, morality, and adjustment. The present results and research findings with general psychiatric populations are compared.", "contents": "Interpersonal attractiveness and clinical decision in alcoholism treatment. The authors investigated the interactive contribution of patient characteristics and staff perceptions of the patient to decisions concerning the provision of continued alcoholism treatment following an initial 2-week evaluation period. Staff perceptions contributed significantly more to an individual's acceptance or rejection than did patient characteristics. A high interpersonal attractiveness rating also led to a significantly more positive evaluation of the patients' level of intelligence, knowledge of current events, morality, and adjustment. The present results and research findings with general psychiatric populations are compared.", "PMID": 426155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13172", "title": "Development of an information system: a means for improving social work practice in health care.", "content": "The Johns Hopkins Hospital has developed a social work information system involving seven referral problem categories based on problems as identified by the referral source, ten problem categories for social work service, identified by the social work person after interview, and ten social work service categories similarly identified. The latter two categories include contracts with patients and expected outcomes together with categorization of actual outcome. Analyses of the coded data allow for more effective management of social work services and permit social work departments to compete for scarce resources, to comply with external regulations and accountability demands, and to assure quality service. In addition they provide a firm data base for research. The problem and service categories were tested for reliability by comparing the independent categorizations of 159 and 154 cases respectively by six social work persons, two each at three different levels of experience. Reliability levels were found to be satisfactory. The development of this system and the method of reliability testing are described and believed to be applicable to other systems.", "contents": "Development of an information system: a means for improving social work practice in health care. The Johns Hopkins Hospital has developed a social work information system involving seven referral problem categories based on problems as identified by the referral source, ten problem categories for social work service, identified by the social work person after interview, and ten social work service categories similarly identified. The latter two categories include contracts with patients and expected outcomes together with categorization of actual outcome. Analyses of the coded data allow for more effective management of social work services and permit social work departments to compete for scarce resources, to comply with external regulations and accountability demands, and to assure quality service. In addition they provide a firm data base for research. The problem and service categories were tested for reliability by comparing the independent categorizations of 159 and 154 cases respectively by six social work persons, two each at three different levels of experience. Reliability levels were found to be satisfactory. The development of this system and the method of reliability testing are described and believed to be applicable to other systems.", "PMID": 426158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13173", "title": "The Ottawa County project: a report of a tuberculosis screening project in a small mining community.", "content": "Following a retrospective review of tuberculosis cases reported from Ottawa County, Oklahoma, from 1969 through 1973, a selective tuberculosis screening project was implemented. Screening of a \"target group\" of the population, 519 former miners, greater than or equal to 50 years of age, resulted in the discovery of abnormal chest X-rays in 182; (103 with silicosis, 36 with silicotuberculosis, 12 with inactive tuberculosis, and 31 with other abnormalities). Eighty-five of these persons had positive tuberculin skin tests. Preventive therapy was recommended for 50, and 36 completed the prescribed course of treatment. Eight new bacteriologically confirmed cases of tuberculosis were found and treated. A large number of persons (1,904) residing in the same area who were not part of the target group were also screened for tuberculosis. This group contained a large number of positive tuberculin reactors but very few were candidates for isoniazid preventive therapy. Thirteen persons in this group had abnormal chest X-rays consistent with inactive tuberculosis but 12 had been identified and given preventive therapy before the project began. These data suggest that selective approaches to screening for tuberculosis in a community which are based on an in-depth retrospective review of the tuberculosis case register can be highly successful.", "contents": "The Ottawa County project: a report of a tuberculosis screening project in a small mining community. Following a retrospective review of tuberculosis cases reported from Ottawa County, Oklahoma, from 1969 through 1973, a selective tuberculosis screening project was implemented. Screening of a \"target group\" of the population, 519 former miners, greater than or equal to 50 years of age, resulted in the discovery of abnormal chest X-rays in 182; (103 with silicosis, 36 with silicotuberculosis, 12 with inactive tuberculosis, and 31 with other abnormalities). Eighty-five of these persons had positive tuberculin skin tests. Preventive therapy was recommended for 50, and 36 completed the prescribed course of treatment. Eight new bacteriologically confirmed cases of tuberculosis were found and treated. A large number of persons (1,904) residing in the same area who were not part of the target group were also screened for tuberculosis. This group contained a large number of positive tuberculin reactors but very few were candidates for isoniazid preventive therapy. Thirteen persons in this group had abnormal chest X-rays consistent with inactive tuberculosis but 12 had been identified and given preventive therapy before the project began. These data suggest that selective approaches to screening for tuberculosis in a community which are based on an in-depth retrospective review of the tuberculosis case register can be highly successful.", "PMID": 426159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13174", "title": "Longitudinal changes in blood lead level in children and their relationship to season, age, and exposure to paint or plaster.", "content": "Children screened for lead poisoning in the Brownsville district of New York City in either summer or winter were followed with blood lead tests for approximately six months to one year from screening to measure longitudinal changes in blood lead level and to identify some determinants of the changes. Only minimal evidence was found of the hypothesized summer rise in blood lead level, while the predominant trend seemed to be for blood lead levels to display statistical regression to the mean. In children found to have low to intermediate blood lead levels (less than 55 microgram/100ml) at screening, variables which were found to predict a rise in blood lead level of 10 microgram/100ml or greater from winter to summer were under age three and/or exposure to paint or plaster.", "contents": "Longitudinal changes in blood lead level in children and their relationship to season, age, and exposure to paint or plaster. Children screened for lead poisoning in the Brownsville district of New York City in either summer or winter were followed with blood lead tests for approximately six months to one year from screening to measure longitudinal changes in blood lead level and to identify some determinants of the changes. Only minimal evidence was found of the hypothesized summer rise in blood lead level, while the predominant trend seemed to be for blood lead levels to display statistical regression to the mean. In children found to have low to intermediate blood lead levels (less than 55 microgram/100ml) at screening, variables which were found to predict a rise in blood lead level of 10 microgram/100ml or greater from winter to summer were under age three and/or exposure to paint or plaster.", "PMID": 426160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13175", "title": "Canonical correlation analysis: potential for environmental health planning.", "content": "There is a challenging need to identify the relationships between environmental quality and health status. It may be especially important to be able to isolate key variables which can be consolidated into a few indices of environmental conditions as they are related to health. Such indices might be used to identifying associations among groups of variables, such as specific geographic area. The indices may also provide insights into environmental health relationships which are worthy of further epidemiological investigation. Canonical correlation analysis is a multivariate statistical technique which provides a means of identifying associations among groups of variables, such as health and environmental measures. The technique can produce weighted indices of environmental conditions as they are related to health within a city or region. This paper describes what canonical correlation is, and outlines how it might be used for these purposes. An illustrative application based on data collected for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is also presented.", "contents": "Canonical correlation analysis: potential for environmental health planning. There is a challenging need to identify the relationships between environmental quality and health status. It may be especially important to be able to isolate key variables which can be consolidated into a few indices of environmental conditions as they are related to health. Such indices might be used to identifying associations among groups of variables, such as specific geographic area. The indices may also provide insights into environmental health relationships which are worthy of further epidemiological investigation. Canonical correlation analysis is a multivariate statistical technique which provides a means of identifying associations among groups of variables, such as health and environmental measures. The technique can produce weighted indices of environmental conditions as they are related to health within a city or region. This paper describes what canonical correlation is, and outlines how it might be used for these purposes. An illustrative application based on data collected for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is also presented.", "PMID": 426161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13176", "title": "Ambient carbon monoxide levels and acute cardiorespiratory complaints: an exploratory study.", "content": "Over a 92-day seasonally excessive period of ambient carbon monoxide (CO), chief cardiorespiratory complaints (CRC) of a nontraumatic origin were identified from each of 8,556 patient encounters at the Emergency Room of Colorado General Hospital. Excessive numbers of CRC were seen above a CO level of 5 ppm for the 24-hour mean and 11 ppm for the one hour mean maximum ambient CO (p less than 0.05 for both). Increasing relative risk was shown by comparing daily numbers of CRC with its mean in two-day trend analyses with both ambient CO measures above and below these thresholds. Other ambient pollutants were generally low during the winter period studies. These findings suggest an association between health effects and lower levels of CO than has been previously reported.", "contents": "Ambient carbon monoxide levels and acute cardiorespiratory complaints: an exploratory study. Over a 92-day seasonally excessive period of ambient carbon monoxide (CO), chief cardiorespiratory complaints (CRC) of a nontraumatic origin were identified from each of 8,556 patient encounters at the Emergency Room of Colorado General Hospital. Excessive numbers of CRC were seen above a CO level of 5 ppm for the 24-hour mean and 11 ppm for the one hour mean maximum ambient CO (p less than 0.05 for both). Increasing relative risk was shown by comparing daily numbers of CRC with its mean in two-day trend analyses with both ambient CO measures above and below these thresholds. Other ambient pollutants were generally low during the winter period studies. These findings suggest an association between health effects and lower levels of CO than has been previously reported.", "PMID": 426162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13177", "title": "The hidden price tag: participation costs and health planning.", "content": "The citizen participation program of the Los Angeles County Health Systems Agency represents one of the most ambitious efforts at implementing the public involvement provisions of PL 93-641. The first year of this program is discussed and analyzed through a participation costs theoretical framework. Specific costs which are inherent in the organizational design and introduced by the implementation procedures adopted are identified and discussed. Levels of participation after one year of operation are examined and found consistent with the high cost of participation in this program.", "contents": "The hidden price tag: participation costs and health planning. The citizen participation program of the Los Angeles County Health Systems Agency represents one of the most ambitious efforts at implementing the public involvement provisions of PL 93-641. The first year of this program is discussed and analyzed through a participation costs theoretical framework. Specific costs which are inherent in the organizational design and introduced by the implementation procedures adopted are identified and discussed. Levels of participation after one year of operation are examined and found consistent with the high cost of participation in this program.", "PMID": 426164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13178", "title": "A retrospective and prospective study of serial CEA determinations in the early detection of recurrent colon cancer.", "content": "The results of the present study emphasize the importance of minimizing the time delay between a significant elevation in CEA and a second-look operation. Equally important are the frequency of serial determinations, a thorough understanding of the limitations of the assay, and careful evaluation of the clinical condition of the patient.", "contents": "A retrospective and prospective study of serial CEA determinations in the early detection of recurrent colon cancer. The results of the present study emphasize the importance of minimizing the time delay between a significant elevation in CEA and a second-look operation. Equally important are the frequency of serial determinations, a thorough understanding of the limitations of the assay, and careful evaluation of the clinical condition of the patient.", "PMID": 426170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13179", "title": "Massive cecal dilation: pseudoobstruction versus cecal volvulus?", "content": "Seven patients with acute and progressive abdominal distension secondary to massive cecal and right colon ileus are analyzed. Five had pseudoobstruction of the colon and two had cecal volvulus. Two of the patients with pseudoobstruction and one with cecal volvulus died from preexisting diseases. Pseudoobstruction of the colon is not a rare complication of elderly, sick, bedridden patients. Differential diagnoses include cecal and sigmoid volvulus and acute gastric dilation. Initial conservative therapy is warranted if no peritoneal signs are present. If the cecal diameter is more than 12 cm, colonoscopic decompression with a fiberscope should be attempted. If unsuccessful, tube cecostomy will provide curative, life-saving therapy even if taenia splitting is present. Perforation or widely scattered areas of necrosis make resection mandatory.", "contents": "Massive cecal dilation: pseudoobstruction versus cecal volvulus? Seven patients with acute and progressive abdominal distension secondary to massive cecal and right colon ileus are analyzed. Five had pseudoobstruction of the colon and two had cecal volvulus. Two of the patients with pseudoobstruction and one with cecal volvulus died from preexisting diseases. Pseudoobstruction of the colon is not a rare complication of elderly, sick, bedridden patients. Differential diagnoses include cecal and sigmoid volvulus and acute gastric dilation. Initial conservative therapy is warranted if no peritoneal signs are present. If the cecal diameter is more than 12 cm, colonoscopic decompression with a fiberscope should be attempted. If unsuccessful, tube cecostomy will provide curative, life-saving therapy even if taenia splitting is present. Perforation or widely scattered areas of necrosis make resection mandatory.", "PMID": 426171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13180", "title": "Colon interposition for benign esophageal disease.", "content": "Our experience for the past seven years with colon interposition is reviewed. Colon interposition resulted in all patients being relieved of symptoms and satisfied with their result. Colon interposition for nondilatable benign esophageal stricture was shown to be efficacious. In patients undergoing colon interposition for a failed esophagomyotomy, excellent or good results were obtained in a thirty month follow-up period with no operative failures.", "contents": "Colon interposition for benign esophageal disease. Our experience for the past seven years with colon interposition is reviewed. Colon interposition resulted in all patients being relieved of symptoms and satisfied with their result. Colon interposition for nondilatable benign esophageal stricture was shown to be efficacious. In patients undergoing colon interposition for a failed esophagomyotomy, excellent or good results were obtained in a thirty month follow-up period with no operative failures.", "PMID": 426172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13181", "title": "Acute appendicitis during pregnancy.", "content": "Case reports (1970--1977) of thirty-five pregnant women with acute appendicitis were reviewed. Eighty-eight per cent had symptoms less than 24 hours and were operated on within 12 hours. No maternal or fetal loss occurred. Morbidity and mortality should be minimal if, when appendicitis is suspected in a pregnant woman, immediate operation is performed.", "contents": "Acute appendicitis during pregnancy. Case reports (1970--1977) of thirty-five pregnant women with acute appendicitis were reviewed. Eighty-eight per cent had symptoms less than 24 hours and were operated on within 12 hours. No maternal or fetal loss occurred. Morbidity and mortality should be minimal if, when appendicitis is suspected in a pregnant woman, immediate operation is performed.", "PMID": 426173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13182", "title": "Acute perforations of the sigmoid colon secondary to diverticulitis.", "content": "Diverticulitis is a complex disease and demands careful cooperation between physician and surgeons, because although it is a benign disease, the presence of complications makes it potentially lethal. For successful management, knowledge of the treatment in past decades should be integrated with current surgical technics. A retrospective review of forty-one patients with perforated diverticulitis revealed a significant decrease in morbidity and hospital stay for the group of patients undergoing the Hartmann procedure versus the group undergoing the classic three stage approach. In addition, the Hartmann group required fewer additional surgical procedures for drainage of abscesses. In view of these results as well as those of others, we believe that resection is the primary goal of therapy. The two stage approach therefore offers significant decrease in morbidity with acceptable mortality.", "contents": "Acute perforations of the sigmoid colon secondary to diverticulitis. Diverticulitis is a complex disease and demands careful cooperation between physician and surgeons, because although it is a benign disease, the presence of complications makes it potentially lethal. For successful management, knowledge of the treatment in past decades should be integrated with current surgical technics. A retrospective review of forty-one patients with perforated diverticulitis revealed a significant decrease in morbidity and hospital stay for the group of patients undergoing the Hartmann procedure versus the group undergoing the classic three stage approach. In addition, the Hartmann group required fewer additional surgical procedures for drainage of abscesses. In view of these results as well as those of others, we believe that resection is the primary goal of therapy. The two stage approach therefore offers significant decrease in morbidity with acceptable mortality.", "PMID": 426174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13183", "title": "Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid artery. Twenty-one years' experience.", "content": "Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid artery are an uncommon but potentially serious problem, usually due to rupture or thromboembolic events. Thirty-seven aneurysms of the extracranial carotid artery were seen in thirty-four patients from 1956 to 1977. The ages ranged from twenty-nine to ninety-two years, with an average of fifty-nine years. There were twenty-three males and eleven females. Nineteen (51 per cent) were false aneurysms, sixteen (44 per cent) atherosclerotic aneurysms, and two (5 per cent) posttraumatic aneurysms. All patients presented with evidence of a mass in the neck, and only five (15 per cent) had neurological symptoms related to the aneurysm. Surgery was performed on twenty-eight carotid aneurysms. Resection and patch angioplasty was employed for eighteen aneurysms, resection with graft replacement for six, and resection and ligation of the internal carotid artery for four. Postoperative neurologic deficits developed in three patients (11 per cent), and one of these died. There was one other operative death due to acute myocardial infarction (operative mortality, 7 per cent). Nonoperative treatment was employed when the patient had other associated high risk disease or a small asymptomatic aneurysm.", "contents": "Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid artery. Twenty-one years' experience. Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid artery are an uncommon but potentially serious problem, usually due to rupture or thromboembolic events. Thirty-seven aneurysms of the extracranial carotid artery were seen in thirty-four patients from 1956 to 1977. The ages ranged from twenty-nine to ninety-two years, with an average of fifty-nine years. There were twenty-three males and eleven females. Nineteen (51 per cent) were false aneurysms, sixteen (44 per cent) atherosclerotic aneurysms, and two (5 per cent) posttraumatic aneurysms. All patients presented with evidence of a mass in the neck, and only five (15 per cent) had neurological symptoms related to the aneurysm. Surgery was performed on twenty-eight carotid aneurysms. Resection and patch angioplasty was employed for eighteen aneurysms, resection with graft replacement for six, and resection and ligation of the internal carotid artery for four. Postoperative neurologic deficits developed in three patients (11 per cent), and one of these died. There was one other operative death due to acute myocardial infarction (operative mortality, 7 per cent). Nonoperative treatment was employed when the patient had other associated high risk disease or a small asymptomatic aneurysm.", "PMID": 426176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13184", "title": "Comparison of changes in intestinal length and circumference after 90 per cent bypass and 90 per cent resection.", "content": "Compensatory hypertrophy was compared in rats that had undergone 90 per cent small intestinal resection and rats that had undergone 90 per cent small intestinal bypass. Increases in intestinal length and circumference occurred rapidly in both groups and were virtually identical. Lengthening was more pronounced in the jejunum; increase in circumference was greater in the ileum. Increases in length and circumference of the appendix were seen in both experimental groups. These studies suggest that compensatory hypertrophy can occur in patients after either intestinal bypass or resection, and that patients with bypasses have a less difficult postoperative course because of their preexisting obesity.", "contents": "Comparison of changes in intestinal length and circumference after 90 per cent bypass and 90 per cent resection. Compensatory hypertrophy was compared in rats that had undergone 90 per cent small intestinal resection and rats that had undergone 90 per cent small intestinal bypass. Increases in intestinal length and circumference occurred rapidly in both groups and were virtually identical. Lengthening was more pronounced in the jejunum; increase in circumference was greater in the ileum. Increases in length and circumference of the appendix were seen in both experimental groups. These studies suggest that compensatory hypertrophy can occur in patients after either intestinal bypass or resection, and that patients with bypasses have a less difficult postoperative course because of their preexisting obesity.", "PMID": 426177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13185", "title": "Parietal cell autoantibodies and hypergastrinemia in achlorhydria and the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "Parietal cell autoantibody (PCA), basal gastrin, and calcium-stimulated gastrin were measured in twenty patients with achlorhydria, in eight patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and in fifty control subjects. In twelve patients with achlorhydria with a spared antrum, PCA was positive and basal gastrin was elevated. In contrast, eight achlorhydric patients with antral gastritis had negative PCA and significantly lower basal gastrin levels. Patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome did not demonstrate positive PCA despite elevated levels of basal gastrin, nor was PCA present in normal controls. This study suggests that certain achlorhydric states are caused by an autoimmune response, particularly if antral function is spared.", "contents": "Parietal cell autoantibodies and hypergastrinemia in achlorhydria and the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Parietal cell autoantibody (PCA), basal gastrin, and calcium-stimulated gastrin were measured in twenty patients with achlorhydria, in eight patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and in fifty control subjects. In twelve patients with achlorhydria with a spared antrum, PCA was positive and basal gastrin was elevated. In contrast, eight achlorhydric patients with antral gastritis had negative PCA and significantly lower basal gastrin levels. Patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome did not demonstrate positive PCA despite elevated levels of basal gastrin, nor was PCA present in normal controls. This study suggests that certain achlorhydric states are caused by an autoimmune response, particularly if antral function is spared.", "PMID": 426178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13186", "title": "Antral patch esophagoplasty. A new procedure for acid-peptic esophageal stricture.", "content": "Antral patch esophagoplasty is a new procedure for intractable fibrous stricture of the esophagus secondary to acid-peptic reflux. A full-thickness patch of gastric antrum, supplied by a pedicle based on the left gastroepiploic vessels, is inserted, mucosal surface to lumen, into the opened stricture. A fundoplication is done below the esophagoplasty to prevent reflux. The functional results were excellent in five of six patients. The procedure may have application also in other types of benign esophageal stricture.", "contents": "Antral patch esophagoplasty. A new procedure for acid-peptic esophageal stricture. Antral patch esophagoplasty is a new procedure for intractable fibrous stricture of the esophagus secondary to acid-peptic reflux. A full-thickness patch of gastric antrum, supplied by a pedicle based on the left gastroepiploic vessels, is inserted, mucosal surface to lumen, into the opened stricture. A fundoplication is done below the esophagoplasty to prevent reflux. The functional results were excellent in five of six patients. The procedure may have application also in other types of benign esophageal stricture.", "PMID": 426179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13187", "title": "Gastric patch esophagoplasty: an experimental study.", "content": "To determine whether the use of pedicled full-thickness gastric patches would be feasible and safe in esophageal reconstruction, studies were undertaken in eleven dogs. The results demonstrate that patches containing parietal cell mucosa are likely to produce localized adjacent esophagitis. Patches containing antral mucosa do not produce esophagitis and are not associated with a subsequent increase in circulating serum gastrin levels.", "contents": "Gastric patch esophagoplasty: an experimental study. To determine whether the use of pedicled full-thickness gastric patches would be feasible and safe in esophageal reconstruction, studies were undertaken in eleven dogs. The results demonstrate that patches containing parietal cell mucosa are likely to produce localized adjacent esophagitis. Patches containing antral mucosa do not produce esophagitis and are not associated with a subsequent increase in circulating serum gastrin levels.", "PMID": 426180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13188", "title": "A longitudinal study of tryptophan involvement in hepatic coma.", "content": "Previous cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that hepatic coma is associated with abnormally high levels of plasma free tryptophan. Establishment of a more definitive relationship between this biochemical abnormality and hepatic coma requires an evaluation of biochemical changes in individual patients as they undergo alterations in the function of their central nervous systems. The present report is an evaluation of tryptophan and substances believed to influence its entry into the brain in six patients whose clinical status progressed from hepatic coma to complete recovery. Consistent significant decreases in plasma free tryptophan and free fatty acids were demonsrated to occur as the patients recovered. No consistent changes, however, were found in the plasma levels of the amino acids which have been reported to compete with tryptophan for transport across the blood-brain barrier, except for leucine which was significantly decreased in all six patients upon recovery from coma. Assay of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid for both tryptophan and the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), showed no consistent changes as the patients recovered from hepatic coma.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of tryptophan involvement in hepatic coma. Previous cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that hepatic coma is associated with abnormally high levels of plasma free tryptophan. Establishment of a more definitive relationship between this biochemical abnormality and hepatic coma requires an evaluation of biochemical changes in individual patients as they undergo alterations in the function of their central nervous systems. The present report is an evaluation of tryptophan and substances believed to influence its entry into the brain in six patients whose clinical status progressed from hepatic coma to complete recovery. Consistent significant decreases in plasma free tryptophan and free fatty acids were demonsrated to occur as the patients recovered. No consistent changes, however, were found in the plasma levels of the amino acids which have been reported to compete with tryptophan for transport across the blood-brain barrier, except for leucine which was significantly decreased in all six patients upon recovery from coma. Assay of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid for both tryptophan and the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), showed no consistent changes as the patients recovered from hepatic coma.", "PMID": 426181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13189", "title": "Aortic dissection: surgical and nonsurgical treatments compared. An analysis of seventy-four cases at the University of Virginia.", "content": "During the eleven year period from 1965 to 1976, aortic dissection was diagnosed in seventy-eight patients treated at the University of Virginia Medical Center. The seventy-four cases that comprise the present report were confirmed by aortography, surgery, or autopsy. Forty patients (54 per cent) were surgically treated by interruption of the origin of dissection and insertion of a Dacron prosthesis. The remaining thirty-four (46 per cent) were treated according to the Wheat regimen or by nonspecific supportive measures. The overall survival at one year was 28 per cent. One year survival for patients with type I dissections treated surgically was 19 per cent compared with 8 per cent one year survival for nonsurgically treated patients. Sixty per cent of patients with type II dissections treated surgically were alive at the end of one year, whereas no patients with type II dissection treated nonsurgically survived beyond one year. Half the patients with type III dissections treated surgically were alive at one year compared with 35 per cent of those nonsurgically treated. These data suggest that surgery is the treatment of choice for all types of aortic dissections, but particularly for type II. Patients with type I dissections have a very poor prognosis regardless of therapy.", "contents": "Aortic dissection: surgical and nonsurgical treatments compared. An analysis of seventy-four cases at the University of Virginia. During the eleven year period from 1965 to 1976, aortic dissection was diagnosed in seventy-eight patients treated at the University of Virginia Medical Center. The seventy-four cases that comprise the present report were confirmed by aortography, surgery, or autopsy. Forty patients (54 per cent) were surgically treated by interruption of the origin of dissection and insertion of a Dacron prosthesis. The remaining thirty-four (46 per cent) were treated according to the Wheat regimen or by nonspecific supportive measures. The overall survival at one year was 28 per cent. One year survival for patients with type I dissections treated surgically was 19 per cent compared with 8 per cent one year survival for nonsurgically treated patients. Sixty per cent of patients with type II dissections treated surgically were alive at the end of one year, whereas no patients with type II dissection treated nonsurgically survived beyond one year. Half the patients with type III dissections treated surgically were alive at one year compared with 35 per cent of those nonsurgically treated. These data suggest that surgery is the treatment of choice for all types of aortic dissections, but particularly for type II. Patients with type I dissections have a very poor prognosis regardless of therapy.", "PMID": 426182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13190", "title": "Screening for significant carotid stenosis by ocular pneumoplethysmography.", "content": "Carotid stenosis is significant when the resulting lumen is 50 per cent or less of the diameter of the vessel distal to the carotid sinus. The ocular pneumoplethysmograph can detect these stenoses with an accuracy of 97 per cent.", "contents": "Screening for significant carotid stenosis by ocular pneumoplethysmography. Carotid stenosis is significant when the resulting lumen is 50 per cent or less of the diameter of the vessel distal to the carotid sinus. The ocular pneumoplethysmograph can detect these stenoses with an accuracy of 97 per cent.", "PMID": 426183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13191", "title": "Doppler assessment of the inferior epigastric artery flow patterns as a screening test for aortoiliac obstruction.", "content": "A simplified technic utilizing the ultrasonic directional flowmeter for the detection of hemodynamically significant aortoiliac obstruction is described. The method is based upon the presence of a reversed flow pattern along the inferior epigastric artery in patients with aortoiliac obstruction. Correlation with angiographic findings was made in the twenty patients reported on in this study. In twelve patients with severe or complete iliac artery obstruction, reverse epigastric flow was present, whereas in the remaining eight without significant obstruction to arterial flow, the inferior epigastric arterial flow direction remained normal.", "contents": "Doppler assessment of the inferior epigastric artery flow patterns as a screening test for aortoiliac obstruction. A simplified technic utilizing the ultrasonic directional flowmeter for the detection of hemodynamically significant aortoiliac obstruction is described. The method is based upon the presence of a reversed flow pattern along the inferior epigastric artery in patients with aortoiliac obstruction. Correlation with angiographic findings was made in the twenty patients reported on in this study. In twelve patients with severe or complete iliac artery obstruction, reverse epigastric flow was present, whereas in the remaining eight without significant obstruction to arterial flow, the inferior epigastric arterial flow direction remained normal.", "PMID": 426184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13192", "title": "Detection of deep venous thrombosis by impedance plethysmography.", "content": "Ninety-eight limbs in sixty-seven patients supected of having lower extremity deep venous thrombosis were evaluated by physical examination, venous impedance plethysmography (IPG), and venography. Diagnosis based on physical signs commonly associated with deep venous thrombosis was false-positive in 43 to 66 per cent and false-negative in 26 to 73 per cent when compared with evidence obtained by venography. The overall accuracy of IPG was 94 per cent, with false-positive results occurring in 10 per cent and false-negative results in 4 per cent. IPG is sufficiently accurate to be considered a reliable screening test for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis.", "contents": "Detection of deep venous thrombosis by impedance plethysmography. Ninety-eight limbs in sixty-seven patients supected of having lower extremity deep venous thrombosis were evaluated by physical examination, venous impedance plethysmography (IPG), and venography. Diagnosis based on physical signs commonly associated with deep venous thrombosis was false-positive in 43 to 66 per cent and false-negative in 26 to 73 per cent when compared with evidence obtained by venography. The overall accuracy of IPG was 94 per cent, with false-positive results occurring in 10 per cent and false-negative results in 4 per cent. IPG is sufficiently accurate to be considered a reliable screening test for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 426185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13193", "title": "Pyomyositis. Review of 205 cases in 112 patients.", "content": "A study of pyomyositis, a pyogenic infection of the muscle, in 112 patients is presented. The etiologic role of suggested factors remains unclear. Early recognition and aggressive management with antibiotics, incision, and drainage usually lead to rapid resolution. Accordingly, the clinical findings are presented, and criteria for diagnosis are suggested.", "contents": "Pyomyositis. Review of 205 cases in 112 patients. A study of pyomyositis, a pyogenic infection of the muscle, in 112 patients is presented. The etiologic role of suggested factors remains unclear. Early recognition and aggressive management with antibiotics, incision, and drainage usually lead to rapid resolution. Accordingly, the clinical findings are presented, and criteria for diagnosis are suggested.", "PMID": 426186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13194", "title": "The variability of estrogen receptors in metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "Estrogen receptor protein (ERP) concentrations were determined by the sucrose diffusion method in primary tumors and one or more metastases in twenty-nine patients with breast cancer. Concurrence of ERP concentrations between primaries and at least some metastases was found in 76 per cent of cases. Multiple metastases were assayed in ten cases, three of which demonstrated highly variable concentrations. It was concluded that clinically significant differences in ERP concentrations often exist between primary breast cancers and their metastases as well as between different metastases from the same tumor, accounting for the lack of responsiveness of some ERP-\"positive\" tumors and for mixed responses to hormonal or endocrine therapy. Assay of an isolated metastasis may be no more reliable in predicting overall patient benefit from therapy than assay of the primary itself.", "contents": "The variability of estrogen receptors in metastatic breast cancer. Estrogen receptor protein (ERP) concentrations were determined by the sucrose diffusion method in primary tumors and one or more metastases in twenty-nine patients with breast cancer. Concurrence of ERP concentrations between primaries and at least some metastases was found in 76 per cent of cases. Multiple metastases were assayed in ten cases, three of which demonstrated highly variable concentrations. It was concluded that clinically significant differences in ERP concentrations often exist between primary breast cancers and their metastases as well as between different metastases from the same tumor, accounting for the lack of responsiveness of some ERP-\"positive\" tumors and for mixed responses to hormonal or endocrine therapy. Assay of an isolated metastasis may be no more reliable in predicting overall patient benefit from therapy than assay of the primary itself.", "PMID": 426187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13195", "title": "Spontaneous gastric rupture in the newborn.", "content": "Spontaneous rupture of the stomach during the neonatal period is the most common type of nonobstructive perforation. The clinical manifestations include severe abdominal distension, vomiting, and respiratory distress. However, diagnosis is based on an upright x-ray film of the abdomen which shows the \"saddle\" of \"football\" sign due to massive pneumoperitoneum. The fatality rate is still quite high. Success in treatment depends on early diagnosis and immediate surgical intervention.", "contents": "Spontaneous gastric rupture in the newborn. Spontaneous rupture of the stomach during the neonatal period is the most common type of nonobstructive perforation. The clinical manifestations include severe abdominal distension, vomiting, and respiratory distress. However, diagnosis is based on an upright x-ray film of the abdomen which shows the \"saddle\" of \"football\" sign due to massive pneumoperitoneum. The fatality rate is still quite high. Success in treatment depends on early diagnosis and immediate surgical intervention.", "PMID": 426188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13196", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of spleen in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.", "content": "Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, or \"hairy cell leukemia,\" is a neoplasm of the reticuloendothelial system. It is characterized by the presence of many \"hairy cells\" in blood, marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen; by anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and often, by massive splenomegaly. Three such patients with spontaneous rupture and one patient with multiple infarctions of the spleen all had spleens which were large, congested, and diffusely infiltrated by \"hairy cells.\" The lacerations in all three ruptured spleens were located in areas of extensive infarction. Indications for splenectomy in this disease include hypersplenism, severe cytopenia, hemodilution, splenomegaly with severe pressure symptoms, massive splenomegaly, rupture, or infarction.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of spleen in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, or \"hairy cell leukemia,\" is a neoplasm of the reticuloendothelial system. It is characterized by the presence of many \"hairy cells\" in blood, marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen; by anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and often, by massive splenomegaly. Three such patients with spontaneous rupture and one patient with multiple infarctions of the spleen all had spleens which were large, congested, and diffusely infiltrated by \"hairy cells.\" The lacerations in all three ruptured spleens were located in areas of extensive infarction. Indications for splenectomy in this disease include hypersplenism, severe cytopenia, hemodilution, splenomegaly with severe pressure symptoms, massive splenomegaly, rupture, or infarction.", "PMID": 426189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13197", "title": "Massive air emboli from intravenous infusion pump: etiology and prevention.", "content": "A case of massive air embolus secondary to use of an intravenous infusion pump is presented. The pump is unable to detect air entering the intravenous line if the air enters distal to the air detection device. A simple solution is presented.", "contents": "Massive air emboli from intravenous infusion pump: etiology and prevention. A case of massive air embolus secondary to use of an intravenous infusion pump is presented. The pump is unable to detect air entering the intravenous line if the air enters distal to the air detection device. A simple solution is presented.", "PMID": 426190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13198", "title": "The use of intraluminal intravascular balloon occlusive shunts in vascular surgery.", "content": "Intravascular shunts are primarily utilized to prevent cerebral ischemia during carotid artery surgery. However, an intraluminal intravascular balloon occlusive shunt tube is described which may be used to perfuse extremities during bypass procedures, repair of arteriovenous fistulas, and traumatic lacerations of sizable arteries and veins.", "contents": "The use of intraluminal intravascular balloon occlusive shunts in vascular surgery. Intravascular shunts are primarily utilized to prevent cerebral ischemia during carotid artery surgery. However, an intraluminal intravascular balloon occlusive shunt tube is described which may be used to perfuse extremities during bypass procedures, repair of arteriovenous fistulas, and traumatic lacerations of sizable arteries and veins.", "PMID": 426191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13199", "title": "Operative management of radiation injuries of the intestinal tract.", "content": "A review of forty cases of radiation-induced gastrointestinal injuries is presented. Based on this experience and reports in the literature, preoperative management and operative technics are discussed. The increased risk of radiation bowel injury is recognized in patients who have had previous operations. Preradiation contrast studies are advised to identify trapped loops of intestine in the pelvis. Small bowel resection is recommended with localized segments of disease. Bypass operations are preferable to avoid any extensive dissections. Bypass operations have anastomotic dehiscence rates similar to those of resections. Proctocolitis is usually managed by diverting colostomy, with resection in a few favorable cases or with treatment failures. Most rectovaginal fistulas are managed by permanent colostomy. Small bowel fistulas are best treated by bypass with partial or total exclusion rather than by primary resection. Vigorous preoperative and postoperative nutritional support and evaluation are vital because of the poor healing qualities of irradiated bowel. Multiple operative procedures should be anticipated because the natural history of radiation bowel injury is slowly progressive.", "contents": "Operative management of radiation injuries of the intestinal tract. A review of forty cases of radiation-induced gastrointestinal injuries is presented. Based on this experience and reports in the literature, preoperative management and operative technics are discussed. The increased risk of radiation bowel injury is recognized in patients who have had previous operations. Preradiation contrast studies are advised to identify trapped loops of intestine in the pelvis. Small bowel resection is recommended with localized segments of disease. Bypass operations are preferable to avoid any extensive dissections. Bypass operations have anastomotic dehiscence rates similar to those of resections. Proctocolitis is usually managed by diverting colostomy, with resection in a few favorable cases or with treatment failures. Most rectovaginal fistulas are managed by permanent colostomy. Small bowel fistulas are best treated by bypass with partial or total exclusion rather than by primary resection. Vigorous preoperative and postoperative nutritional support and evaluation are vital because of the poor healing qualities of irradiated bowel. Multiple operative procedures should be anticipated because the natural history of radiation bowel injury is slowly progressive.", "PMID": 426192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13200", "title": "Intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy: a new simplified approach.", "content": "A simplified technic for performing intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy has been described, which can be utilized to bypass proximal biliary tract obstruction where the usual methods of choledochoenteric decompression are not possible. This technic has been performed nine times in seven patients, with a mortality of 30 per cent. In all but the two patients who died of liver failure in the immediate postoperative period, jaundice and pruritus were relieved. There was one wound infection and one instance of stenosis of the anastomosis which responded to dilatation.", "contents": "Intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy: a new simplified approach. A simplified technic for performing intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy has been described, which can be utilized to bypass proximal biliary tract obstruction where the usual methods of choledochoenteric decompression are not possible. This technic has been performed nine times in seven patients, with a mortality of 30 per cent. In all but the two patients who died of liver failure in the immediate postoperative period, jaundice and pruritus were relieved. There was one wound infection and one instance of stenosis of the anastomosis which responded to dilatation.", "PMID": 426193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13201", "title": "A technic for pancreatobiliary sphincteroplasty.", "content": "A technic for pancreatobiliary sphincteroplasty providing accurate approximation of tissues in a bloodless field has been presented. It is suitable and adaptable to the common duct with duodenum, as well as pancreatic duct with common duct.", "contents": "A technic for pancreatobiliary sphincteroplasty. A technic for pancreatobiliary sphincteroplasty providing accurate approximation of tissues in a bloodless field has been presented. It is suitable and adaptable to the common duct with duodenum, as well as pancreatic duct with common duct.", "PMID": 426194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13202", "title": "Improving transverse colostomy function.", "content": "Loop transverse colostomies as usually constructed without immediate mucocutaneous anastomosis function poorly even a year later, with diarrheal fluid output approaching 1 liter/day on a regular diet. In contrast, primarily matured end transverse colostomies produce an average of 750 cc/day at one month and 560 cc/day at nine to twelve months on a similar diet. A further reduction to 360 cc/day was achieved on an experimental 70 mEq sodium diet. It is suggested that end transverse colostomies with immediate maturation should be performed in all patients requiring a transverse colostomy for more than a very short time to markedly improve colostomy function.", "contents": "Improving transverse colostomy function. Loop transverse colostomies as usually constructed without immediate mucocutaneous anastomosis function poorly even a year later, with diarrheal fluid output approaching 1 liter/day on a regular diet. In contrast, primarily matured end transverse colostomies produce an average of 750 cc/day at one month and 560 cc/day at nine to twelve months on a similar diet. A further reduction to 360 cc/day was achieved on an experimental 70 mEq sodium diet. It is suggested that end transverse colostomies with immediate maturation should be performed in all patients requiring a transverse colostomy for more than a very short time to markedly improve colostomy function.", "PMID": 426195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13203", "title": "Preservation of splenic function in adults and children with injured spleens.", "content": "Mounting evidence supports efforts to preserve splenic function. This evidence indicates (1) that the problem of postsplenectomy sepsis warrants splenic preservation whenever possible, and (2) that the spleen, as a whole or in part, and its function, can be preserved in cirmustances which formerly seemed to necessitate removal of the entire spleen. Nine patients with splenic injuries in whom splenic function was preserved successfully are presented. Approaches to management of the splenic injuries included (1) nonoperative management, (2) hemostasis by application of microfibrillar collagen (Avitene), (3) partial splenic resection, and (4) preservation of accessory spleen. Since reliable prevention and treatment of postsplenectomy sepsis do not seem attainable in the near future, continuing efforts to preserve function of the spleen whenever possible, in patients with injured spleens, seem justified and desirable.", "contents": "Preservation of splenic function in adults and children with injured spleens. Mounting evidence supports efforts to preserve splenic function. This evidence indicates (1) that the problem of postsplenectomy sepsis warrants splenic preservation whenever possible, and (2) that the spleen, as a whole or in part, and its function, can be preserved in cirmustances which formerly seemed to necessitate removal of the entire spleen. Nine patients with splenic injuries in whom splenic function was preserved successfully are presented. Approaches to management of the splenic injuries included (1) nonoperative management, (2) hemostasis by application of microfibrillar collagen (Avitene), (3) partial splenic resection, and (4) preservation of accessory spleen. Since reliable prevention and treatment of postsplenectomy sepsis do not seem attainable in the near future, continuing efforts to preserve function of the spleen whenever possible, in patients with injured spleens, seem justified and desirable.", "PMID": 426196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13204", "title": "Assessment of operative risk with electrocardiographic exercise testing in patients with peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "Doppler ankle blood pressures were performed inere obtained in 100 consecutive patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency after treadmill exercise. A twelve lead electrocardiogram was monitored during and after exercise. Despite a restricted ability to exercise because of peripheral vascular insufficiency, forty-six patients had ventricular dysrhythmia or ischemia, or both, usually without associated symptoms. Electrocardiographic monitoring during treadmill exercise proved a useful predictor of postoperative complications. Thirty-two vascular operations were performed in patients with no electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia. No patient had a postoperative myocardial infarction or died. Sixteen vascular procedures were performed in patients with ischemic responses on exercise electrocardiography. Six patients had postoperative myocardial infarctions, two of which were fatal. Electrocardiographic monitoring during treadmill exercise for peripheral vascular insufficiency in recommended (1) to assess the severity of coronary artery disease and the likehood of postoperative complications, and (2) as a precautionary measure to identify potentially dangerous dysrhthmias or ischemia during exercise before the development of clinical symptoms.", "contents": "Assessment of operative risk with electrocardiographic exercise testing in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Doppler ankle blood pressures were performed inere obtained in 100 consecutive patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency after treadmill exercise. A twelve lead electrocardiogram was monitored during and after exercise. Despite a restricted ability to exercise because of peripheral vascular insufficiency, forty-six patients had ventricular dysrhythmia or ischemia, or both, usually without associated symptoms. Electrocardiographic monitoring during treadmill exercise proved a useful predictor of postoperative complications. Thirty-two vascular operations were performed in patients with no electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia. No patient had a postoperative myocardial infarction or died. Sixteen vascular procedures were performed in patients with ischemic responses on exercise electrocardiography. Six patients had postoperative myocardial infarctions, two of which were fatal. Electrocardiographic monitoring during treadmill exercise for peripheral vascular insufficiency in recommended (1) to assess the severity of coronary artery disease and the likehood of postoperative complications, and (2) as a precautionary measure to identify potentially dangerous dysrhthmias or ischemia during exercise before the development of clinical symptoms.", "PMID": 426197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13205", "title": "Lethal pancreatitis: a diagnostic dilemma.", "content": "Clinical and pathological information from forty patients who died with pathologically severe acute pancreatitis was correlated. Patients were classified into four etiologic groups: those with biliary pancreatitis (11 patients), alcoholic pancreatitis (13 patients), idiopathic pancreatitis (10 patients), and renal failure (6 patients). Antemortem diagnosis was made in only 57 per cent of the patients studied. The diagnosis was determined before death in 91 per cent of the biliary patients but in none of the renal patients. Thirty-seven patients died from their first clinical attack of pancreatitis. Operation in patients with biliary pancreatitis failed when biliary decompression was not provided. Peripancreatic sepsis was a frequent lethal mechanism in patients with biliary pancreatitis, but renal and respiratory failure were more common in patients with alcoholic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Lethal pancreatitis: a diagnostic dilemma. Clinical and pathological information from forty patients who died with pathologically severe acute pancreatitis was correlated. Patients were classified into four etiologic groups: those with biliary pancreatitis (11 patients), alcoholic pancreatitis (13 patients), idiopathic pancreatitis (10 patients), and renal failure (6 patients). Antemortem diagnosis was made in only 57 per cent of the patients studied. The diagnosis was determined before death in 91 per cent of the biliary patients but in none of the renal patients. Thirty-seven patients died from their first clinical attack of pancreatitis. Operation in patients with biliary pancreatitis failed when biliary decompression was not provided. Peripancreatic sepsis was a frequent lethal mechanism in patients with biliary pancreatitis, but renal and respiratory failure were more common in patients with alcoholic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 426198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13206", "title": "Intraoperative autotransfusion in major vascular surgery.", "content": "The use of intraoperative autotransfusion provides a safe and cost-effective means of salvaging operative blood loss and reducing or eliminating the use of stored homologous bank blood with its inherent difficulties and risks. The risk of disease transmission or various reactions is minimized. Autotransfusion provides a readily available, more physiologic, and at times life-saving source of blood for patients with rare blood types or patients in whom time does not permit adequate cross-matching. This technique is acceptable to most sects of Jehovah's Witnesses, who normally refuse homologous blood. Our experience during the past six years with autotransfusion in major vascular surgery reveals a mean slavage equivalent to five units of blood loss, and avoidance of using any bank blood in almost half of elective patients. No significant problems occurred due to hemolysis, coagulation abnormalities, or particulate/air emboli, nor any morbidity or mortality specifically related to autotransfusion. We conclude that wider and more frequent use of autotransfusion technics is appropriate.", "contents": "Intraoperative autotransfusion in major vascular surgery. The use of intraoperative autotransfusion provides a safe and cost-effective means of salvaging operative blood loss and reducing or eliminating the use of stored homologous bank blood with its inherent difficulties and risks. The risk of disease transmission or various reactions is minimized. Autotransfusion provides a readily available, more physiologic, and at times life-saving source of blood for patients with rare blood types or patients in whom time does not permit adequate cross-matching. This technique is acceptable to most sects of Jehovah's Witnesses, who normally refuse homologous blood. Our experience during the past six years with autotransfusion in major vascular surgery reveals a mean slavage equivalent to five units of blood loss, and avoidance of using any bank blood in almost half of elective patients. No significant problems occurred due to hemolysis, coagulation abnormalities, or particulate/air emboli, nor any morbidity or mortality specifically related to autotransfusion. We conclude that wider and more frequent use of autotransfusion technics is appropriate.", "PMID": 426200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13207", "title": "Increasing incidence of right-sided lesions in colorectal cancer.", "content": "One hundred ninety-eight patients with 211 cancers of the colon and rectum underwent elective resection at the University of Vermont College of Medicine during the five year period 1971 through 1975. Analysis of this series demonstrated that 35 per cent of all cancers were located in the cecum and ascending colon, that a similar percentage were classified as Dukes' A cancers, that a synchronous cancer was present in 5.5 per cent of the patients and that diagnosis by rectal examination and sigmoidscopy was possible in only 32 per cent of the patients. Comparison of these results with published data during the past thirty years indicate that there is an increasing incidence of carcinoma of the right colon with an associated decrease in the incidence of carcinoma of the sigmoid colon and rectum. It is recommended that patients be screened by examination of the stool for occult blood rather than by rectal examination and sigmoidoscopy so that these proximal lesions can be diagnosed at an earlier stage. Preoperative evaluation of patients with distal colorectal cancer should include double contrast barium enema examinations and colonscopy to rule out synchronous right-sided lesions.", "contents": "Increasing incidence of right-sided lesions in colorectal cancer. One hundred ninety-eight patients with 211 cancers of the colon and rectum underwent elective resection at the University of Vermont College of Medicine during the five year period 1971 through 1975. Analysis of this series demonstrated that 35 per cent of all cancers were located in the cecum and ascending colon, that a similar percentage were classified as Dukes' A cancers, that a synchronous cancer was present in 5.5 per cent of the patients and that diagnosis by rectal examination and sigmoidscopy was possible in only 32 per cent of the patients. Comparison of these results with published data during the past thirty years indicate that there is an increasing incidence of carcinoma of the right colon with an associated decrease in the incidence of carcinoma of the sigmoid colon and rectum. It is recommended that patients be screened by examination of the stool for occult blood rather than by rectal examination and sigmoidoscopy so that these proximal lesions can be diagnosed at an earlier stage. Preoperative evaluation of patients with distal colorectal cancer should include double contrast barium enema examinations and colonscopy to rule out synchronous right-sided lesions.", "PMID": 426201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13208", "title": "Bile gastritis without prior gastric surgery: contributing role of cholecystectomy.", "content": "This study reports on ten patients with typical bile gastritis who had no prior gastric surgery. Clinical symptoms included burning epigastric pain unrelieved by food or antacid, episodic nausea, and vomiting of bile. In all patients the symptoms appeared after cholecystectomy, with (four patients) or without (six patients) transduodenal sphincterotomy; the symptoms were often initially attributed to chronic pancreatitis. Six patients had hypochromic, microcytic anemia. Eight patients had basal achlorhydria; stimulated acid secretion was low or absent in seven patients. Gastroscopic examination revealed gastritis, most prominent in the prepyloric antrum, and abundant bile lakes. Mucosal biopsy disclosed chronic gastritis. Although medical therapy failed, seven of eight patients treated by vagotomy, hemigastrectomy, and long Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy had immediate and sustained relief. Cholecystectomy appears to be a critical factor in the pathogenesis of bile gastritis in patients who have not had prior gastric surgery. Without the reservoir function of the gallbladder, the unregulated flow of bile into the duodenum probably promotes the access of bile to the unprotected gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Bile gastritis without prior gastric surgery: contributing role of cholecystectomy. This study reports on ten patients with typical bile gastritis who had no prior gastric surgery. Clinical symptoms included burning epigastric pain unrelieved by food or antacid, episodic nausea, and vomiting of bile. In all patients the symptoms appeared after cholecystectomy, with (four patients) or without (six patients) transduodenal sphincterotomy; the symptoms were often initially attributed to chronic pancreatitis. Six patients had hypochromic, microcytic anemia. Eight patients had basal achlorhydria; stimulated acid secretion was low or absent in seven patients. Gastroscopic examination revealed gastritis, most prominent in the prepyloric antrum, and abundant bile lakes. Mucosal biopsy disclosed chronic gastritis. Although medical therapy failed, seven of eight patients treated by vagotomy, hemigastrectomy, and long Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy had immediate and sustained relief. Cholecystectomy appears to be a critical factor in the pathogenesis of bile gastritis in patients who have not had prior gastric surgery. Without the reservoir function of the gallbladder, the unregulated flow of bile into the duodenum probably promotes the access of bile to the unprotected gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 426202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13209", "title": "The Belsey operation for hiatal hernia: a twenty year experience.", "content": "A twenty year experience with the Belsey operation for hiatal hernia repair demonstrated good to excellent results in 80 per cent of patients, a fair outcome in 15 per cent, and unacceptable results in 5 per cent of patients. Good results included the absence of reflux symptoms, pleasant swallowing, the preservation of a normal capacity for belching and vomiting, minimal flatulence, and a comfortable incision. Although most recurrent symptoms appear within five years after operation, symptoms first recur ten or more years after operation in 10 per cent of patients.", "contents": "The Belsey operation for hiatal hernia: a twenty year experience. A twenty year experience with the Belsey operation for hiatal hernia repair demonstrated good to excellent results in 80 per cent of patients, a fair outcome in 15 per cent, and unacceptable results in 5 per cent of patients. Good results included the absence of reflux symptoms, pleasant swallowing, the preservation of a normal capacity for belching and vomiting, minimal flatulence, and a comfortable incision. Although most recurrent symptoms appear within five years after operation, symptoms first recur ten or more years after operation in 10 per cent of patients.", "PMID": 426203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13210", "title": "Is pulmonary angiography essential for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism?", "content": "The records of 158 patients who underwent pulmonary angiography for the presumed diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism were retrospectively reviewed. Of the 111 patients in the category of high probability for pulmonary embolism based on clinical impression, 60 patients (54 per cent) had a positive pulmonary angiogram. Of the forty-seven patients in the low probability group, ten (21 per cent) had a positive angiogram. Forty-eight of the seventy-three patients (66 per cent) with a high probability lung scan had a positive pulmonary angiogram. Eleven of twelve patients (92 per cent) with a high probability ventilation-perfusion scan had a positive pulmonary angiogram, and two of eight patients (25 per cent) with a low probability ventilation-perfusion scan had a positive pulmonary angiogram. The mean PO2 of patients with a positive pulmonary angiogram was 64 mm Hg, and the mean PCO2 30 mm Hg. The mean PO2 of patients with a negative pulmonary angiogram was 63 mm Hg and the mean PCO2 34 mm Hg. Based on these data, we believe that the accuracy of pulmonary angiography in diagnosing acute pulmonary embolism is much higher than that of the clinical impression, arterial blood gas determinations, and lung scanning technics.", "contents": "Is pulmonary angiography essential for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism? The records of 158 patients who underwent pulmonary angiography for the presumed diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism were retrospectively reviewed. Of the 111 patients in the category of high probability for pulmonary embolism based on clinical impression, 60 patients (54 per cent) had a positive pulmonary angiogram. Of the forty-seven patients in the low probability group, ten (21 per cent) had a positive angiogram. Forty-eight of the seventy-three patients (66 per cent) with a high probability lung scan had a positive pulmonary angiogram. Eleven of twelve patients (92 per cent) with a high probability ventilation-perfusion scan had a positive pulmonary angiogram, and two of eight patients (25 per cent) with a low probability ventilation-perfusion scan had a positive pulmonary angiogram. The mean PO2 of patients with a positive pulmonary angiogram was 64 mm Hg, and the mean PCO2 30 mm Hg. The mean PO2 of patients with a negative pulmonary angiogram was 63 mm Hg and the mean PCO2 34 mm Hg. Based on these data, we believe that the accuracy of pulmonary angiography in diagnosing acute pulmonary embolism is much higher than that of the clinical impression, arterial blood gas determinations, and lung scanning technics.", "PMID": 426205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13211", "title": "Surgical management of the chronic venous ulcer: the Rob procedure.", "content": "Eighteen operations for venous ulceration were performed through a stocking seam incision with only one recurrence and minimal wound problems. The prolonged morbidity of venous ulcer disease can be alleviated with the method described. By a history and clinical examination followed by venography, a group of patients with venous ulcers can be identified who will benefit from an aggressive surgical approach.", "contents": "Surgical management of the chronic venous ulcer: the Rob procedure. Eighteen operations for venous ulceration were performed through a stocking seam incision with only one recurrence and minimal wound problems. The prolonged morbidity of venous ulcer disease can be alleviated with the method described. By a history and clinical examination followed by venography, a group of patients with venous ulcers can be identified who will benefit from an aggressive surgical approach.", "PMID": 426206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13212", "title": "A simple technic for predicting daily maintenance dose of warfarin.", "content": "Warfarin anticoagulation data from forty-seven patients studied retrospectively was used to develop an algorithm for predicting daily maintenance dose of warfarin. A plot of prothrombin time versus cumulative warfarin loading dose was made for each of the forty-seven patients and the aera under the curve (AREA) measured from the baseline prothrombin time to a prothrombin time of 20 seconds. A linear correlation between the established daily maintenance dose of warfarin and AREA was derived regression analysis: Daily maintenance dose (mg/day) = 0.0465 x (AREA) + 1.5. The correlation was then used to predict daily maintenance dose in twenty-four patients studied prospectively. The mean prothrombin time for a seven day stabilization period after loading for all patients in the prospective study was 21.5 +/- 2.2 seconds and the seven day mean prothrombin time for each patient fell between 19 and 24 seconds. The results of the prospective study indicate that this technic is useful in the early, accurate prediction of a daily maintenance dose of warfarin.", "contents": "A simple technic for predicting daily maintenance dose of warfarin. Warfarin anticoagulation data from forty-seven patients studied retrospectively was used to develop an algorithm for predicting daily maintenance dose of warfarin. A plot of prothrombin time versus cumulative warfarin loading dose was made for each of the forty-seven patients and the aera under the curve (AREA) measured from the baseline prothrombin time to a prothrombin time of 20 seconds. A linear correlation between the established daily maintenance dose of warfarin and AREA was derived regression analysis: Daily maintenance dose (mg/day) = 0.0465 x (AREA) + 1.5. The correlation was then used to predict daily maintenance dose in twenty-four patients studied prospectively. The mean prothrombin time for a seven day stabilization period after loading for all patients in the prospective study was 21.5 +/- 2.2 seconds and the seven day mean prothrombin time for each patient fell between 19 and 24 seconds. The results of the prospective study indicate that this technic is useful in the early, accurate prediction of a daily maintenance dose of warfarin.", "PMID": 426209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13213", "title": "Dural dimpling in the dog.", "content": "Indentation of the dura has been proposed as the cause of subatmospheric pressure in the extradural space, but has never been demonstrated directly in humans. In this study, radiographs have been produced showing dimpling of the dura by a needle tip lying in the extradural space in the dog. Pressure tracings demonstrate that advancement of the needle tip produces a progressive decrease in extradural pressure, and observations made using an image intensifier have confirmed that the pressure changes are proportional to the degree of dural indentation.", "contents": "Dural dimpling in the dog. Indentation of the dura has been proposed as the cause of subatmospheric pressure in the extradural space, but has never been demonstrated directly in humans. In this study, radiographs have been produced showing dimpling of the dura by a needle tip lying in the extradural space in the dog. Pressure tracings demonstrate that advancement of the needle tip produces a progressive decrease in extradural pressure, and observations made using an image intensifier have confirmed that the pressure changes are proportional to the degree of dural indentation.", "PMID": 426237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13214", "title": "Amniotic fluid embolism. A report of three cases.", "content": "Three patients showing the typical features of amniotic fluid embolism are described. Two survived the insult, while in the third the diagnosis was confirmed by post-mortem histological examination of the lungs.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid embolism. A report of three cases. Three patients showing the typical features of amniotic fluid embolism are described. Two survived the insult, while in the third the diagnosis was confirmed by post-mortem histological examination of the lungs.", "PMID": 426238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13215", "title": "Prolonged Q-T interval syndrome. Sudden cardiac arrest during anaesthesia.", "content": "A review of the literature concerning the causation of prolonged Q-T interval syndrome is presented. A fatal case, 50 years of age, with this rare entity is also reported, in whom a sudden cardiac arrest occurred 46 min after induction of anaesthesia. An outline for the successful anaesthetic management of patients with prolonged Q-T interval syndrome is suggested.", "contents": "Prolonged Q-T interval syndrome. Sudden cardiac arrest during anaesthesia. A review of the literature concerning the causation of prolonged Q-T interval syndrome is presented. A fatal case, 50 years of age, with this rare entity is also reported, in whom a sudden cardiac arrest occurred 46 min after induction of anaesthesia. An outline for the successful anaesthetic management of patients with prolonged Q-T interval syndrome is suggested.", "PMID": 426239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13216", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Management during pregnancy and labour.", "content": "A case of pregnancy complicated by malignant hyperthermia susceptibility is reported. Serum CPK and electrolyte concentrations were measured during pregnancy and labour. Labour and delivery were managed successfully under epidural analgesia using plain bupivacaine 0.5%.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Management during pregnancy and labour. A case of pregnancy complicated by malignant hyperthermia susceptibility is reported. Serum CPK and electrolyte concentrations were measured during pregnancy and labour. Labour and delivery were managed successfully under epidural analgesia using plain bupivacaine 0.5%.", "PMID": 426240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13217", "title": "Anaesthetic pollution in the dental out-patient surgery.", "content": "Five factors influencing pollution in the dental surgery are considered. Despite leakage from round the mask and from the mouth, scavenging can remove the majority of expired anaesthetic. The effectiveness of scavenging can usefully be monitored with a Wright respirometer. Spillage of anaesthetic vapour at induction and at the end of anaesthesia must be avoided. In addition to scavenging, pollution levels are minimised if a Boyle's type machine is used and excessive fresh gas flow avoided. Room ventilation, e.g. extract fans in windows, is vital in reducing pollution levels in the surgery. Room size and non-uniformity of ventilation must also be considered.", "contents": "Anaesthetic pollution in the dental out-patient surgery. Five factors influencing pollution in the dental surgery are considered. Despite leakage from round the mask and from the mouth, scavenging can remove the majority of expired anaesthetic. The effectiveness of scavenging can usefully be monitored with a Wright respirometer. Spillage of anaesthetic vapour at induction and at the end of anaesthesia must be avoided. In addition to scavenging, pollution levels are minimised if a Boyle's type machine is used and excessive fresh gas flow avoided. Room ventilation, e.g. extract fans in windows, is vital in reducing pollution levels in the surgery. Room size and non-uniformity of ventilation must also be considered.", "PMID": 426241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13218", "title": "Anaesthesia for microsurgery of the larynx using a carbon dioxide laser.", "content": "Microsurgery of the larynx using the carbon dioxide laser is becoming popular and provides many advantages. The anaesthetic management described here has proved successful in clinical use. Anaesthesia is induced with thiopentone and maintained by nitrous oxide and oxygen with or without halothane. Muscle relaxation is maintained using a continuous infusion of suxamethonium. Emphasis is laid on the need to protect the tracheal tube against the fire risk from the laser beam.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for microsurgery of the larynx using a carbon dioxide laser. Microsurgery of the larynx using the carbon dioxide laser is becoming popular and provides many advantages. The anaesthetic management described here has proved successful in clinical use. Anaesthesia is induced with thiopentone and maintained by nitrous oxide and oxygen with or without halothane. Muscle relaxation is maintained using a continuous infusion of suxamethonium. Emphasis is laid on the need to protect the tracheal tube against the fire risk from the laser beam.", "PMID": 426242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13219", "title": "The current practice of endobronchial intubation.", "content": "A study of the current usage of endobronchial intubation in thoracic anaesthesia was made following the distribution of questionnaires to fifty thoracic units in the United Kingdom. From the 144 replies received from forty-eight units, it is clear that single-lumen endobronchial tubes and blockers are never used by a majority of anaesthetists. The use of the double-lumen tube is almost routine for all types of surgery, the Tobertshaw tube being the most frequent choice. Included in the discussion, is a brief review of the development of endobronchial intubation, illustrating the probable influential factors.", "contents": "The current practice of endobronchial intubation. A study of the current usage of endobronchial intubation in thoracic anaesthesia was made following the distribution of questionnaires to fifty thoracic units in the United Kingdom. From the 144 replies received from forty-eight units, it is clear that single-lumen endobronchial tubes and blockers are never used by a majority of anaesthetists. The use of the double-lumen tube is almost routine for all types of surgery, the Tobertshaw tube being the most frequent choice. Included in the discussion, is a brief review of the development of endobronchial intubation, illustrating the probable influential factors.", "PMID": 426243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13220", "title": "A continuing saga of piped medical gas supply.", "content": "The development and present position of British Standards relating to Piped Medical Gas Supplies is considered with particular reference to the recommendations of the reports of the Kent and Canterbury and Westminster Inquiries.", "contents": "A continuing saga of piped medical gas supply. The development and present position of British Standards relating to Piped Medical Gas Supplies is considered with particular reference to the recommendations of the reports of the Kent and Canterbury and Westminster Inquiries.", "PMID": 426244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13221", "title": "[Efficacy of low doses of heparin to postoperative changes of blood gases after abdominal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial hypoxaemia near critical values may occur during the postoperative period after surgery under general anaesthesia. Mainly alterations of ventilation/perfusion ratio seem to be the cause for this disorder. In this study we examined the effect of low-dose-heparin in improving pulmonary perfusion and consequently reduction of postoperative hypoxaemia. In 22 elderly patients both male and female we found no significant differences in oxygen tension compared to a control group of 19 patients. In both groups duration and degree of postoperative hypoxaemia were equal with minima on the first respectively second postoperative day. As in both groups there were no significant differences in other parameters further influencing oxygen supply--such as haemoglobin, haematocrit, pH and mean arterial blood pressure--we do not believe that disturbances of perfusion caused by microembolism are mainly responsible for postoperative hypoxaemia. Likewise low dose heparin seems to have no effect on postoperative hypoxaemia.", "contents": "[Efficacy of low doses of heparin to postoperative changes of blood gases after abdominal surgery (author's transl)]. Arterial hypoxaemia near critical values may occur during the postoperative period after surgery under general anaesthesia. Mainly alterations of ventilation/perfusion ratio seem to be the cause for this disorder. In this study we examined the effect of low-dose-heparin in improving pulmonary perfusion and consequently reduction of postoperative hypoxaemia. In 22 elderly patients both male and female we found no significant differences in oxygen tension compared to a control group of 19 patients. In both groups duration and degree of postoperative hypoxaemia were equal with minima on the first respectively second postoperative day. As in both groups there were no significant differences in other parameters further influencing oxygen supply--such as haemoglobin, haematocrit, pH and mean arterial blood pressure--we do not believe that disturbances of perfusion caused by microembolism are mainly responsible for postoperative hypoxaemia. Likewise low dose heparin seems to have no effect on postoperative hypoxaemia.", "PMID": 426267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13222", "title": "[Controlled clinical trial \"blind\" versus aimed fibrebronchoscopic suction in mechanically ventilated patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In patients treated with ventilation therapy only 60% of blind suction catheters reach the desired position. In ten patients the routinely performed blind suction was replaced by aimed bronchoscopic suction. Blood gas analyses before and after aimed and blind suction favoured the former. Also the arterioalveolar oxygen tension difference showed a good response to aimed suction. There is a broad spectrum of indications for fibreoptic bronchoscopy in every care unit dealing with mechanical ventilation.", "contents": "[Controlled clinical trial \"blind\" versus aimed fibrebronchoscopic suction in mechanically ventilated patients (author's transl)]. In patients treated with ventilation therapy only 60% of blind suction catheters reach the desired position. In ten patients the routinely performed blind suction was replaced by aimed bronchoscopic suction. Blood gas analyses before and after aimed and blind suction favoured the former. Also the arterioalveolar oxygen tension difference showed a good response to aimed suction. There is a broad spectrum of indications for fibreoptic bronchoscopy in every care unit dealing with mechanical ventilation.", "PMID": 426268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13223", "title": "[Doltron ESA 1000. A new apparatus for electrostimulation-anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The Doltron ESA 1000 apparatus is a constant current stimulator which delivers positive and negative rectangular pulses. On account of the safety precautions built in, which satisfy international standards, and adequate software this device appears suitable for electrostimulation anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Doltron ESA 1000. A new apparatus for electrostimulation-anaesthesia (author's transl)]. The Doltron ESA 1000 apparatus is a constant current stimulator which delivers positive and negative rectangular pulses. On account of the safety precautions built in, which satisfy international standards, and adequate software this device appears suitable for electrostimulation anaesthesia.", "PMID": 426269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13224", "title": "Distribution of surface coat material on nasal folds of mouse embryos as demonstrated by concanavalin A binding.", "content": "3H-concanavalin A and the concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase staining technique were used to study the distribution of surface coat material on the epithelium of the nasal folds and nasal groove of mouse embryos. In stages shortly before and during epithelial fusion concanavalan A stained or labeled material was present at apical surfaces of epithelial cells of the nasal groove and nasal folds. Silver grains, representing bound 3H-concanavalin A, were counted in defined areas of the nasal groove and presumptive fusion area in both anterior and posterior regions of the nasal folds. For both stages examined there was a significant increase in the amount of 3H-concanavalin A bound by presumptive fusion areas in posterior regions of the nasal folds as compared with anterior regions; i.e., the atact between the nasal folds. This finding is consistent with results from investigations of palatal shelf and neural fold fusion which suggest that increased synthesis of surface coat material is associated with adhesion and fusion of epithelial folds and shelves.", "contents": "Distribution of surface coat material on nasal folds of mouse embryos as demonstrated by concanavalin A binding. 3H-concanavalin A and the concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase staining technique were used to study the distribution of surface coat material on the epithelium of the nasal folds and nasal groove of mouse embryos. In stages shortly before and during epithelial fusion concanavalan A stained or labeled material was present at apical surfaces of epithelial cells of the nasal groove and nasal folds. Silver grains, representing bound 3H-concanavalin A, were counted in defined areas of the nasal groove and presumptive fusion area in both anterior and posterior regions of the nasal folds. For both stages examined there was a significant increase in the amount of 3H-concanavalin A bound by presumptive fusion areas in posterior regions of the nasal folds as compared with anterior regions; i.e., the atact between the nasal folds. This finding is consistent with results from investigations of palatal shelf and neural fold fusion which suggest that increased synthesis of surface coat material is associated with adhesion and fusion of epithelial folds and shelves.", "PMID": 426293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13225", "title": "An electron microscope study of crystal calcium carbonate formation in the mouse otolith.", "content": "The ultrathin sections of the developing otolith of mouse fetuses 15.5 days to 20 days after birth were observed with the aid of the electron microscope. The first step of otolith formation is an aggregation of organic clusters observed in the sacculus of the 15.5-day fetus. These organic structures are modified and assume a hexagonal shape in the 17.5-day fetus. The unmineralized stages of the otolith referred to as the preotolith, serve as the template for future development. One day after birth, at either end of the preotolith, minute tube-like structures develop in which needle-shaped crystallites are initiated. Crystallites continue to develop throughout the hexagonal template which gave rise to a structure containing many regularly arranged needle-shaped crystallites. Based on the present observations, the mouse otolith is considered a multi-iso-oriented crystal.", "contents": "An electron microscope study of crystal calcium carbonate formation in the mouse otolith. The ultrathin sections of the developing otolith of mouse fetuses 15.5 days to 20 days after birth were observed with the aid of the electron microscope. The first step of otolith formation is an aggregation of organic clusters observed in the sacculus of the 15.5-day fetus. These organic structures are modified and assume a hexagonal shape in the 17.5-day fetus. The unmineralized stages of the otolith referred to as the preotolith, serve as the template for future development. One day after birth, at either end of the preotolith, minute tube-like structures develop in which needle-shaped crystallites are initiated. Crystallites continue to develop throughout the hexagonal template which gave rise to a structure containing many regularly arranged needle-shaped crystallites. Based on the present observations, the mouse otolith is considered a multi-iso-oriented crystal.", "PMID": 426296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13226", "title": "Localization of a highly specific neuronal protein, serotonin binding protein, in thyroid parafollicular cells.", "content": "A highly specific serotonin binding protein (SBP) has been found in serotonergic neurons in both brain and gut. This protein has an extremely high affinity for serotonin and may be a storage protein. Serotonin is found in many endocrine cells, including parafollicular cells of the sheep thyroid, as well as in neurons. SBP is also present in sheep thyroid. The present study was done to localize the protein in the gland. Thyroid glands were divided into five segments. Concentrations of serotonin and SBP, as well as parafollicular cell volume were measured in each. Serotonin was assayed by enzymatic conversion to melatonin using tritiated S-adenosylmethionine. SBP was assayed by molecular sieve chromatography on sephadex G-50. The relative volume of parafollicular cells was obtained by stereological analysis of electron micrographs. Experiments were also done to demonstrate these cells by histofluorescence and radioautography following incubation with tritiated 5-hydroxytryptophan. Good correlations were found between serotonin and SBP concentrations, and parafollicular cell volume. These peaked in the rostro-central portion of the gland and were minimal at the poles. We conclude that thyroid SBP is probably localized in parafollicular cells.", "contents": "Localization of a highly specific neuronal protein, serotonin binding protein, in thyroid parafollicular cells. A highly specific serotonin binding protein (SBP) has been found in serotonergic neurons in both brain and gut. This protein has an extremely high affinity for serotonin and may be a storage protein. Serotonin is found in many endocrine cells, including parafollicular cells of the sheep thyroid, as well as in neurons. SBP is also present in sheep thyroid. The present study was done to localize the protein in the gland. Thyroid glands were divided into five segments. Concentrations of serotonin and SBP, as well as parafollicular cell volume were measured in each. Serotonin was assayed by enzymatic conversion to melatonin using tritiated S-adenosylmethionine. SBP was assayed by molecular sieve chromatography on sephadex G-50. The relative volume of parafollicular cells was obtained by stereological analysis of electron micrographs. Experiments were also done to demonstrate these cells by histofluorescence and radioautography following incubation with tritiated 5-hydroxytryptophan. Good correlations were found between serotonin and SBP concentrations, and parafollicular cell volume. These peaked in the rostro-central portion of the gland and were minimal at the poles. We conclude that thyroid SBP is probably localized in parafollicular cells.", "PMID": 426298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13227", "title": "Short-term effects of androgen withdrawal on the structure of different epithelial cells in the rat epididymis.", "content": "Rat spermatozoa are highly dependent on the milieu of the normal epididymis for their maturation and survival, and die within a few days after androgenic support of the epididymal epithelium is withdrawn. The immediate changes in the ultrastructural organization of the epithelial cells of the rat epididymis, 2, 4, 6 and 14 days following castration have been monitored by morphometric analysis of localized regions of the caput and cauda epididymidis. While castration results in greater endocytosis by principal cells (Moore and Bedford, '79), many of their early structural changes following androgen withdrawal (disappearance of vesicles from the cell apex, reduction in rough endoplasmic reticulum, a drop in the volume of the Golgi cisternae and increase in lysosome content) seem indicative of inhibition of a secretory function. By contrast with the regressive response of the principal cell, the ultrastructure of clear cells in the cauda and of apical cells in the caput region appeared unchanged up to 14 days after castration. The implications of this evidence for specialized functions, and the suggestion of a differential androgen dependence among major cell types of the epididymal epithelium, are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Short-term effects of androgen withdrawal on the structure of different epithelial cells in the rat epididymis. Rat spermatozoa are highly dependent on the milieu of the normal epididymis for their maturation and survival, and die within a few days after androgenic support of the epididymal epithelium is withdrawn. The immediate changes in the ultrastructural organization of the epithelial cells of the rat epididymis, 2, 4, 6 and 14 days following castration have been monitored by morphometric analysis of localized regions of the caput and cauda epididymidis. While castration results in greater endocytosis by principal cells (Moore and Bedford, '79), many of their early structural changes following androgen withdrawal (disappearance of vesicles from the cell apex, reduction in rough endoplasmic reticulum, a drop in the volume of the Golgi cisternae and increase in lysosome content) seem indicative of inhibition of a secretory function. By contrast with the regressive response of the principal cell, the ultrastructure of clear cells in the cauda and of apical cells in the caput region appeared unchanged up to 14 days after castration. The implications of this evidence for specialized functions, and the suggestion of a differential androgen dependence among major cell types of the epididymal epithelium, are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 426300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13228", "title": "The differential absorptive activity of epithelial cells of the rat epididymus before and after castration.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase introduced into the lumen of the rat epididymis was taken up by the columnar cells of the epithelium by five minutes and more so after longer periods. The apical cells and particularly the clear cells in the caput and cauda epididymis, respectively, showed significantly greater endocytotic activity than the principal cell in both locations. Within 14 days after castration, however, such differences in absorptive activity among the various cell types were essentially obscured because of increased endocytosis by the androgen-deficient principal cells. The results are discussed briefly in terms of the function of different epithelial cell types and secretory/absorptive activity in the epididymis.", "contents": "The differential absorptive activity of epithelial cells of the rat epididymus before and after castration. Horseradish peroxidase introduced into the lumen of the rat epididymis was taken up by the columnar cells of the epithelium by five minutes and more so after longer periods. The apical cells and particularly the clear cells in the caput and cauda epididymis, respectively, showed significantly greater endocytotic activity than the principal cell in both locations. Within 14 days after castration, however, such differences in absorptive activity among the various cell types were essentially obscured because of increased endocytosis by the androgen-deficient principal cells. The results are discussed briefly in terms of the function of different epithelial cell types and secretory/absorptive activity in the epididymis.", "PMID": 426301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13229", "title": "Renal regeneration following d-serine induced acute tubular necrosis.", "content": "Regeneration of the ray kidney was observed for six days after inducing acute tubular necrosis of the proximal pars recta with d-serine (80 mg/100 g body weight. Regenerating cells appear by two days post-treatment, and re-epithelialization of the nephron is completed within six days, with the most mature cells approaching normal morphology. Regeneration originates from viable cells adjacent to the necrotic zone which divide and follow a template provided by the intact basement membrane. Transient, cytoplasmic regenerative activity among developing tubular cells is characterized by the presence of large, irregularly shaped nuclei, prominent nucleoli, abundant ribosomes and lysosomes, and abnormal mitochondrial configurations. Microfilaments appear to be involved in the formation of apical microvilli and the basal labyrinth of plasmalemmal convolutions. These data suggest that d-serine induced acute tubular necrosis of the proximal pars recta may be followed by rapid, patterned regeneration along an intact basement membrane, and that microfilaments are involved in differentiation of cellular morphology.", "contents": "Renal regeneration following d-serine induced acute tubular necrosis. Regeneration of the ray kidney was observed for six days after inducing acute tubular necrosis of the proximal pars recta with d-serine (80 mg/100 g body weight. Regenerating cells appear by two days post-treatment, and re-epithelialization of the nephron is completed within six days, with the most mature cells approaching normal morphology. Regeneration originates from viable cells adjacent to the necrotic zone which divide and follow a template provided by the intact basement membrane. Transient, cytoplasmic regenerative activity among developing tubular cells is characterized by the presence of large, irregularly shaped nuclei, prominent nucleoli, abundant ribosomes and lysosomes, and abnormal mitochondrial configurations. Microfilaments appear to be involved in the formation of apical microvilli and the basal labyrinth of plasmalemmal convolutions. These data suggest that d-serine induced acute tubular necrosis of the proximal pars recta may be followed by rapid, patterned regeneration along an intact basement membrane, and that microfilaments are involved in differentiation of cellular morphology.", "PMID": 426302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13230", "title": "Calcium transport and the secretory ameloblast.", "content": "The distribution of calcium in the enamel organ of the rat incisor was investigated using potassium pyroantimonate for ultrastructural localization of calcium. Substantial amounts of precipitate occurred in the intercellular compartment of the enamel organ and modest deposits were observed in specific organelles of the secretory ameloblast. Mitochondria, nuclei granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi vesicles and secretory granules consistently contained small deposits of pyroantimonate. Complexing of calcium by the pyroantimonate was confirmed by EGTA decalcification and scanning electron microscope energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The observed distribution is discussed in light of potential for an intercellular pathway of calcium transport as well as controlled movement of the ion along the synthetic and secretory route followed by organic components of enamel.", "contents": "Calcium transport and the secretory ameloblast. The distribution of calcium in the enamel organ of the rat incisor was investigated using potassium pyroantimonate for ultrastructural localization of calcium. Substantial amounts of precipitate occurred in the intercellular compartment of the enamel organ and modest deposits were observed in specific organelles of the secretory ameloblast. Mitochondria, nuclei granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi vesicles and secretory granules consistently contained small deposits of pyroantimonate. Complexing of calcium by the pyroantimonate was confirmed by EGTA decalcification and scanning electron microscope energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The observed distribution is discussed in light of potential for an intercellular pathway of calcium transport as well as controlled movement of the ion along the synthetic and secretory route followed by organic components of enamel.", "PMID": 426303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13231", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of developing photoreceptors in the chick retina.", "content": "Photoreceptor morphogenesis in the sensory retina of chicks of 2 to 20 days incubation age was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and correlative transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At 9.5 days spherical inner segments extend into the subretinal space (optic ventricle). They are randomly arranged with chiefly smooth surfaces and contain centrioles, polyribosomes and microtubules. Microvilli project primarily from M\u00fcller cells. By the twelfth day immature ellipsoid and myoid regions have formed. Microvilli are abundant on the lateral surfaces of inner segments and extend over the entire spherical surface by the fifteenth day. Occasional cilia with surrounding depressions at their bases were also observed. Inner segments are more symmetrically arranged due to close proximity of photoreceptor cells. Inner segments elongate during the sixteenth day; many display a transitional ovoid form. Microvilli become less numerous but some persist as calycal processes. By the eighteenth day, conical shaped outer segments appear. Thereafter, all photoreceptor cells are comparable to those in the mature retina. Abundant microvilli on the external surface of the sensory retina suggest a supportive role in supplying adequate nutrition to the sensory retina during morphogenesis. The establishment and continual development of the ellipsoid and myoid appear to be primarily responsible for the elongation of photoreceptor cells.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of developing photoreceptors in the chick retina. Photoreceptor morphogenesis in the sensory retina of chicks of 2 to 20 days incubation age was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and correlative transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At 9.5 days spherical inner segments extend into the subretinal space (optic ventricle). They are randomly arranged with chiefly smooth surfaces and contain centrioles, polyribosomes and microtubules. Microvilli project primarily from M\u00fcller cells. By the twelfth day immature ellipsoid and myoid regions have formed. Microvilli are abundant on the lateral surfaces of inner segments and extend over the entire spherical surface by the fifteenth day. Occasional cilia with surrounding depressions at their bases were also observed. Inner segments are more symmetrically arranged due to close proximity of photoreceptor cells. Inner segments elongate during the sixteenth day; many display a transitional ovoid form. Microvilli become less numerous but some persist as calycal processes. By the eighteenth day, conical shaped outer segments appear. Thereafter, all photoreceptor cells are comparable to those in the mature retina. Abundant microvilli on the external surface of the sensory retina suggest a supportive role in supplying adequate nutrition to the sensory retina during morphogenesis. The establishment and continual development of the ellipsoid and myoid appear to be primarily responsible for the elongation of photoreceptor cells.", "PMID": 426304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13232", "title": "The guidance of optic axons in the developing and adult mouse retina.", "content": "Previous studies in chick embryos (Goldberg, '77) indicated that unidirectional guidance of retinal axons toward the optic nerve is restricted to the vitread portion of the ganglion cell fiber layer (GCFL) of the retina; random fiber growth was noted after deflection of the optic axons sclerad to the GCFL. The present study on mice confirms these observations. Silver-stained flat mounts of retinal colobomas were examined. Many optic axons in colobomas do not exit normally from the eye, but travel randomly when deflected sclerad to the GCFL. Newborn mouse axons grew around retinal lesions in a highly directed manner. Such axons were always situated in the vitread portion of the GCFL. The unidirectional guidance found in newborn mice was absent in adults. Deflected adult axons traveled randomly regardless of their level within the GCFL. We propose that defective guidance largely accounts for failure of axonal regeneration in the adult mouse retina. The inability of the adult axons to fasciculate (adhere to one another and form fiber bundles) suggests that impaired cellular adhesivity may be part of the mechanism of regenerative failure.", "contents": "The guidance of optic axons in the developing and adult mouse retina. Previous studies in chick embryos (Goldberg, '77) indicated that unidirectional guidance of retinal axons toward the optic nerve is restricted to the vitread portion of the ganglion cell fiber layer (GCFL) of the retina; random fiber growth was noted after deflection of the optic axons sclerad to the GCFL. The present study on mice confirms these observations. Silver-stained flat mounts of retinal colobomas were examined. Many optic axons in colobomas do not exit normally from the eye, but travel randomly when deflected sclerad to the GCFL. Newborn mouse axons grew around retinal lesions in a highly directed manner. Such axons were always situated in the vitread portion of the GCFL. The unidirectional guidance found in newborn mice was absent in adults. Deflected adult axons traveled randomly regardless of their level within the GCFL. We propose that defective guidance largely accounts for failure of axonal regeneration in the adult mouse retina. The inability of the adult axons to fasciculate (adhere to one another and form fiber bundles) suggests that impaired cellular adhesivity may be part of the mechanism of regenerative failure.", "PMID": 426305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13233", "title": "Cell death during detachment of the lens rudiment from ectoderm in the chick embryo.", "content": "The distribution and cytological characters of physiological cell death associated with formation of the lens vesicle in the chick embryo was studied by means of vital staining, light and electron microscopy. We have established a constant pattern of cell death which differs in some aspects from that reported for mammals and amphibians. The necrotic process is observed initially in the dorsal part of the lens cup (stage 15). The necrotic area progressively surrounds the lens pore as invagination proceeds (stage 16) and at stage 17 is located in the zone of fusion of the invaginated lens. After detachment of the lens (stages 18, 19 and 20) dead cells appear in the ectoderm, in the superficial epithelium of the lens vesicle and in the space between both structures. Ultrastructurally we observe isolated dead cells in different stages of degeneration and in phagocytosed cells. Phagocytosis is carried out by the neighboring healthy epithelial cells. Phagocytic activity was detected concomitant with the beginning of the necrotic process. Cell fragments were occasionally detected within the lens cavity.", "contents": "Cell death during detachment of the lens rudiment from ectoderm in the chick embryo. The distribution and cytological characters of physiological cell death associated with formation of the lens vesicle in the chick embryo was studied by means of vital staining, light and electron microscopy. We have established a constant pattern of cell death which differs in some aspects from that reported for mammals and amphibians. The necrotic process is observed initially in the dorsal part of the lens cup (stage 15). The necrotic area progressively surrounds the lens pore as invagination proceeds (stage 16) and at stage 17 is located in the zone of fusion of the invaginated lens. After detachment of the lens (stages 18, 19 and 20) dead cells appear in the ectoderm, in the superficial epithelium of the lens vesicle and in the space between both structures. Ultrastructurally we observe isolated dead cells in different stages of degeneration and in phagocytosed cells. Phagocytosis is carried out by the neighboring healthy epithelial cells. Phagocytic activity was detected concomitant with the beginning of the necrotic process. Cell fragments were occasionally detected within the lens cavity.", "PMID": 426306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13234", "title": "Fine structure of the oxynticopeptic cell in the gastric glands of an elasmobranch species (Halaelurus chilensis).", "content": "Gastric mucosa of an elasmobranch species was examined by electron microscope. The gastric glands contain one form of cell whose fine structure is similar to the cell that secretes both hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen of the amphibian gastric glands proper. The oxynticopeptic cells are characterized by: (a) a luminal surface with long projections of cytoplasm having dilatations in their thickness; (b) a tubulo-vesicular system in the apical cytoplasm; (c) a great number of mitochondria, some of which are of great length; (d) a well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and a conspicuous Golgi apparatus; and (e) a large nucleus with a conspicuous nucleolus. A fourth part of the cells are binucleated. Physiological implications of some of these ultrastructural features are discussed.", "contents": "Fine structure of the oxynticopeptic cell in the gastric glands of an elasmobranch species (Halaelurus chilensis). Gastric mucosa of an elasmobranch species was examined by electron microscope. The gastric glands contain one form of cell whose fine structure is similar to the cell that secretes both hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen of the amphibian gastric glands proper. The oxynticopeptic cells are characterized by: (a) a luminal surface with long projections of cytoplasm having dilatations in their thickness; (b) a tubulo-vesicular system in the apical cytoplasm; (c) a great number of mitochondria, some of which are of great length; (d) a well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and a conspicuous Golgi apparatus; and (e) a large nucleus with a conspicuous nucleolus. A fourth part of the cells are binucleated. Physiological implications of some of these ultrastructural features are discussed.", "PMID": 426307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13235", "title": "Distribution of glycogen in prefusion human palatal epithelium.", "content": "Various stages of embryonic human secondary palatal development were examined for the presence of epithelial glycogen. Utilizing periodic acid-Schiff's reagent staining of thick plastic sections and osmium ferrocyanide enhancement of thin sections, dramatic changes in epithelial glycogen distribution were noted during palatogenesis. Prior to fusion, the epithelium destined to adhere in the midline exhibited a marked diminution of glycogen in the superficial cell layer. This cell layer was composed of slender dense cells and cuboidal cells undergoing lysis. Adjacent nonfusing epithelium was markedly different and contained large glycogen reserves in its superficial cell layer. Glycogen may play a role either as precursor for specific adhesive macromolecules or as a physical agent capable under the influence of appropriate enzymes of causing cell lysis.", "contents": "Distribution of glycogen in prefusion human palatal epithelium. Various stages of embryonic human secondary palatal development were examined for the presence of epithelial glycogen. Utilizing periodic acid-Schiff's reagent staining of thick plastic sections and osmium ferrocyanide enhancement of thin sections, dramatic changes in epithelial glycogen distribution were noted during palatogenesis. Prior to fusion, the epithelium destined to adhere in the midline exhibited a marked diminution of glycogen in the superficial cell layer. This cell layer was composed of slender dense cells and cuboidal cells undergoing lysis. Adjacent nonfusing epithelium was markedly different and contained large glycogen reserves in its superficial cell layer. Glycogen may play a role either as precursor for specific adhesive macromolecules or as a physical agent capable under the influence of appropriate enzymes of causing cell lysis.", "PMID": 426309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13236", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of frozen sections: a method for studying selected planes in small specimens.", "content": "A procedure for studying small biological specimens with the SEM, using frozen sections of fixed material is described. Controlled fixation schedules and convenient handling of sections insure optimal preservation of cell shape and size. The greatest advantage of the method presented is to allow scanning through any desired plane of the specimen, even in those planes parallel to an epithelial face. SEM of frozen sections is thus helpful for the study of cell distribution and organization within a tissue.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of frozen sections: a method for studying selected planes in small specimens. A procedure for studying small biological specimens with the SEM, using frozen sections of fixed material is described. Controlled fixation schedules and convenient handling of sections insure optimal preservation of cell shape and size. The greatest advantage of the method presented is to allow scanning through any desired plane of the specimen, even in those planes parallel to an epithelial face. SEM of frozen sections is thus helpful for the study of cell distribution and organization within a tissue.", "PMID": 426310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13237", "title": "Degeneration of mouse oocytes in response to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.", "content": "Destruction of mouse oocytes in primordial and small primary follicles in response to treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) was studied at the ultrastructural level. Four-week old C57Bl/6N (B6) strain mice received a single injection of 80 mg/Kg MC in corn oil intraperitoneally. Controls received only corn oil. Ovaries from animals were prepared for light and electron microscopic examination at specified intervals after treatment. The number of primordial follicles remained constant in control animals. In contrast, their number decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) by three days, and they were depleted by seven days after MC treatment. Subtle degenerative modifications were noted in the ooplasm of primordial follicles two days after treatment. These changes consisted of vesiculation of mitochondrial cristae, increased electron density of the mitochondrial matrix, myelin structures in lipid droplets and in mitochondria. More advanced stages of degeneration of primordial follicles were characterized by further vesiculation or disappearance of mitochondrial cristae, chromatin clumping, and increased density of the ooplasm. Small primary follicles had undergone similar initial degeneration as primordial follicles. In more advanced stages of degeneration nuclear and cytoplasmic contents condensed, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and mitochondria swelled, small vesicles and multivesicular bodies appeared. In the most advanced stages of degeneration of small primary follicles it appeared that small portions of the oocyte were engulfed by the surrounding follicular cells. It is concluded that exposure of B6 mice to a single dose of MC results in atresia of oocytes in primordial and small primary follicles. Ultrastructurally, these degenerating oocytes of treated mice looked much like the spontaneously atretic oocytes in untreated animals.", "contents": "Degeneration of mouse oocytes in response to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Destruction of mouse oocytes in primordial and small primary follicles in response to treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) was studied at the ultrastructural level. Four-week old C57Bl/6N (B6) strain mice received a single injection of 80 mg/Kg MC in corn oil intraperitoneally. Controls received only corn oil. Ovaries from animals were prepared for light and electron microscopic examination at specified intervals after treatment. The number of primordial follicles remained constant in control animals. In contrast, their number decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) by three days, and they were depleted by seven days after MC treatment. Subtle degenerative modifications were noted in the ooplasm of primordial follicles two days after treatment. These changes consisted of vesiculation of mitochondrial cristae, increased electron density of the mitochondrial matrix, myelin structures in lipid droplets and in mitochondria. More advanced stages of degeneration of primordial follicles were characterized by further vesiculation or disappearance of mitochondrial cristae, chromatin clumping, and increased density of the ooplasm. Small primary follicles had undergone similar initial degeneration as primordial follicles. In more advanced stages of degeneration nuclear and cytoplasmic contents condensed, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and mitochondria swelled, small vesicles and multivesicular bodies appeared. In the most advanced stages of degeneration of small primary follicles it appeared that small portions of the oocyte were engulfed by the surrounding follicular cells. It is concluded that exposure of B6 mice to a single dose of MC results in atresia of oocytes in primordial and small primary follicles. Ultrastructurally, these degenerating oocytes of treated mice looked much like the spontaneously atretic oocytes in untreated animals.", "PMID": 426311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13238", "title": "Morphologic variations and aging in the atrioventricular conduction system of large breed dogs.", "content": "The microscopic anatomy of the atrioventricular node, bundle of His, both bundle branches and surrounding fibrous cardiac skeleton was studied in 40 large breed dogs of various ages. In the AV conduction system of all dogs over five years of age there was an increase of fibrous connective tissue, an infiltration of adipose tissue, loss of conduction fibers and focal fibrosis extending from the central fibrous body. Fibrosis was seen in the summit of the interventricular septum posterior to the AV node in dogs of all ages. Chondroid metaplasia was consistently observed in the central fibrous body and the root of the aorta in large breed dogs, including ten Doberman Pinschers of all ages. This metaplasia varied from a few chondroblasts and chondrocytes to mature chondrocytes with mineralization. Bone formation was seen in eight dogs. These changes appeared in close approximation to the cardiac conduction system above the bundle of His. No degenerative changes were seen in the AV bundle. Approximately one-half of the large breed dogs five years of age and older had thickened medial and intima proliferation in the small coronary arterioles supplying the AV node. The results of this study suggest that the presence of cartilage and bone in the central fibrous body is a normal occurrence in large breed dogs at all ages.", "contents": "Morphologic variations and aging in the atrioventricular conduction system of large breed dogs. The microscopic anatomy of the atrioventricular node, bundle of His, both bundle branches and surrounding fibrous cardiac skeleton was studied in 40 large breed dogs of various ages. In the AV conduction system of all dogs over five years of age there was an increase of fibrous connective tissue, an infiltration of adipose tissue, loss of conduction fibers and focal fibrosis extending from the central fibrous body. Fibrosis was seen in the summit of the interventricular septum posterior to the AV node in dogs of all ages. Chondroid metaplasia was consistently observed in the central fibrous body and the root of the aorta in large breed dogs, including ten Doberman Pinschers of all ages. This metaplasia varied from a few chondroblasts and chondrocytes to mature chondrocytes with mineralization. Bone formation was seen in eight dogs. These changes appeared in close approximation to the cardiac conduction system above the bundle of His. No degenerative changes were seen in the AV bundle. Approximately one-half of the large breed dogs five years of age and older had thickened medial and intima proliferation in the small coronary arterioles supplying the AV node. The results of this study suggest that the presence of cartilage and bone in the central fibrous body is a normal occurrence in large breed dogs at all ages.", "PMID": 426312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13239", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of bronchiolar neuroepithelial bodies in neonatal mouse lungs.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of the bronchiolar neuroepithelial bodies (NEB's) in the neonatal mouse lungs was undertaken and correlated with the accompanying transmission electron microscopy. The NEB's appeared as isolated organoids along the entire length of the bronchioles, and often were located at the branching points. The boundary of the NEB's was outlined by the ciliated and Clara cells. Both granulated cells and modified Clara cells participated in the formation of the NEB. The modified Clara cells covered most of the surface of the NEB leaving only small oval areas for the exposed surfaces of the specialized cells which contained numerous cytoplasmic granules. Short and regular microvilli projected from the exposed surfaces of the granulated cells, while only sparse microvilli of irregular length were seen on the surfaces of the modified Clara cells. This scanning electron microscopy of the NEB's further established these organoids as separate morphological entities. In addition, the findings that the NEB's could be easily identified with the scanning electron microscope and subsequently dissected out for further studies would help future investigations of their functions which are not clearly known.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of bronchiolar neuroepithelial bodies in neonatal mouse lungs. Scanning electron microscopy of the bronchiolar neuroepithelial bodies (NEB's) in the neonatal mouse lungs was undertaken and correlated with the accompanying transmission electron microscopy. The NEB's appeared as isolated organoids along the entire length of the bronchioles, and often were located at the branching points. The boundary of the NEB's was outlined by the ciliated and Clara cells. Both granulated cells and modified Clara cells participated in the formation of the NEB. The modified Clara cells covered most of the surface of the NEB leaving only small oval areas for the exposed surfaces of the specialized cells which contained numerous cytoplasmic granules. Short and regular microvilli projected from the exposed surfaces of the granulated cells, while only sparse microvilli of irregular length were seen on the surfaces of the modified Clara cells. This scanning electron microscopy of the NEB's further established these organoids as separate morphological entities. In addition, the findings that the NEB's could be easily identified with the scanning electron microscope and subsequently dissected out for further studies would help future investigations of their functions which are not clearly known.", "PMID": 426314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13240", "title": "Intraepidermal cell surface fine structure: preservation and examination at high resolution.", "content": "Morphological and functional studies on cell surfaces have been limited largely to cultured cells because of injury wrought to cells of solid tissues by commonly employed mechanical, enzymatic, or chelator dispersal methods. By using the staphylococcal epidermolytic toxin we avoided this problem; the toxin cleaves the intercellular spaces of human and mouse squamous epithelia without ultrastructural evidence of cytotoxicity. We studied the cell surface topography of neonatal mouse epidermis obtained two hours after injection of highly purified epidermolytic toxin. Immediately after sacrifice intraepithelial surfaces were exposed while the animals were immersed in fixative. Specimens were either freeze-fractured or embedded for transmission electron microscopy, or were critical-point-dried prior to platinum/carbon replication for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Replicas could be prepared for transmission electron microscopy only if they were first stabilized with parloidion and then cleaned with both bleach and 40% chromate. By using these four complementary morphological methods (freeze-fracture, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy of surface replicas, and standard thin sections), we could positively identify external membrane structures. The convoluted surface was studded by tenuous microvilli, scattered 15-20 nm particles, and hemispherical desmosomal mounds. Desmosomal plaques displayed randomly arrayed 15-20 nm globular particles comparable in distribution and density to particles observed in freeze-fractured desmosomes, and suggesting that desmosomal integral membrane particles span the external leaflet of the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Intraepidermal cell surface fine structure: preservation and examination at high resolution. Morphological and functional studies on cell surfaces have been limited largely to cultured cells because of injury wrought to cells of solid tissues by commonly employed mechanical, enzymatic, or chelator dispersal methods. By using the staphylococcal epidermolytic toxin we avoided this problem; the toxin cleaves the intercellular spaces of human and mouse squamous epithelia without ultrastructural evidence of cytotoxicity. We studied the cell surface topography of neonatal mouse epidermis obtained two hours after injection of highly purified epidermolytic toxin. Immediately after sacrifice intraepithelial surfaces were exposed while the animals were immersed in fixative. Specimens were either freeze-fractured or embedded for transmission electron microscopy, or were critical-point-dried prior to platinum/carbon replication for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Replicas could be prepared for transmission electron microscopy only if they were first stabilized with parloidion and then cleaned with both bleach and 40% chromate. By using these four complementary morphological methods (freeze-fracture, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy of surface replicas, and standard thin sections), we could positively identify external membrane structures. The convoluted surface was studded by tenuous microvilli, scattered 15-20 nm particles, and hemispherical desmosomal mounds. Desmosomal plaques displayed randomly arrayed 15-20 nm globular particles comparable in distribution and density to particles observed in freeze-fractured desmosomes, and suggesting that desmosomal integral membrane particles span the external leaflet of the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 426315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13241", "title": "Action of cinnarizine on the hyperviscosity of blood in patients with peripheral obliterative arterial disease.", "content": "Cinnarizine, a drug capable of improving blood flow, was studied for its action on blood viscosity and its main components in patients affected by peripheral obliterative arterial diseases (POAD). Both acute and chronic administration of the drug diminished the increased whole-blood viscosity in patients, without affecting plasma and serum viscosity, hematocrit, plasma fibrinogen concentration, and plasma osmolality. Since cinnarizine also led to a significant increase of peripheral muscular blood flow, it was hypothesized that this action may be due to an increased deformability of the red cells, and may play a considerable role in the therapeutic approach to POAD.", "contents": "Action of cinnarizine on the hyperviscosity of blood in patients with peripheral obliterative arterial disease. Cinnarizine, a drug capable of improving blood flow, was studied for its action on blood viscosity and its main components in patients affected by peripheral obliterative arterial diseases (POAD). Both acute and chronic administration of the drug diminished the increased whole-blood viscosity in patients, without affecting plasma and serum viscosity, hematocrit, plasma fibrinogen concentration, and plasma osmolality. Since cinnarizine also led to a significant increase of peripheral muscular blood flow, it was hypothesized that this action may be due to an increased deformability of the red cells, and may play a considerable role in the therapeutic approach to POAD.", "PMID": 426317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13242", "title": "Influence of raised venous pressure on the flow properties of blood.", "content": "This study posed the question of whether the blood flow properties from the anticubital and ankle vein of healthy subjects varied under different hydrostatic conditions. The blood flow properties from the vena cubitalis and the ankle vein do not vary to any greater degree during lying, whereas during standing the blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, and plasma protein concentration increase significantly. Furthermore, they are significantly higher than in venous blood taken from the arm at the same time. The oxygen partial pressure in venous blood from the arm is significantly higher than in the ankle venous blood after 5 minutes of standing. These results show, among other things, that under the various hydrostatic conditions present in different body regions, the blood flow properties differ considerably. From the pathophysiologic point of view, it is important that during standing the return of blood is made even more difficult because of the increased blood viscosity resulting from fluid loss from the intravascular space to the interstitium.", "contents": "Influence of raised venous pressure on the flow properties of blood. This study posed the question of whether the blood flow properties from the anticubital and ankle vein of healthy subjects varied under different hydrostatic conditions. The blood flow properties from the vena cubitalis and the ankle vein do not vary to any greater degree during lying, whereas during standing the blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, and plasma protein concentration increase significantly. Furthermore, they are significantly higher than in venous blood taken from the arm at the same time. The oxygen partial pressure in venous blood from the arm is significantly higher than in the ankle venous blood after 5 minutes of standing. These results show, among other things, that under the various hydrostatic conditions present in different body regions, the blood flow properties differ considerably. From the pathophysiologic point of view, it is important that during standing the return of blood is made even more difficult because of the increased blood viscosity resulting from fluid loss from the intravascular space to the interstitium.", "PMID": 426318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13243", "title": "Comparison between reactive and exercise hyperemia in normal subjects and patients with peripheral arterial disease.", "content": "Reactive and exercise hyperemia were compared in healthy men and in patients with PAD. In both patients and normals the calf blood flow of reactive hyperemia was recorded after a 5-minute ischemia. Exercise hyperemia was measured in normals after variable work loads (30 and 50 kg) and immediately after the occurrence of pain in patients with PAD. In healthy limbs the first and peak flows of exercise and reactive hyperemia are similar. The recovery time for basal flow is prolonged after exercise. However, reactive and exercise hyperemia differ significantly when arterial obstruction due to arteriosclerosis obliterans is present. First flow and peak flow are higher and recovery time more prolonged after exercise. It is also likely that the control mechanisms of the two hyperemic reactions are different. Muscular exercise, when protracted until pain occurs, can produce a metabolic and circulatory adjustment other than that of ischemia. There is experimental evidence to support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Comparison between reactive and exercise hyperemia in normal subjects and patients with peripheral arterial disease. Reactive and exercise hyperemia were compared in healthy men and in patients with PAD. In both patients and normals the calf blood flow of reactive hyperemia was recorded after a 5-minute ischemia. Exercise hyperemia was measured in normals after variable work loads (30 and 50 kg) and immediately after the occurrence of pain in patients with PAD. In healthy limbs the first and peak flows of exercise and reactive hyperemia are similar. The recovery time for basal flow is prolonged after exercise. However, reactive and exercise hyperemia differ significantly when arterial obstruction due to arteriosclerosis obliterans is present. First flow and peak flow are higher and recovery time more prolonged after exercise. It is also likely that the control mechanisms of the two hyperemic reactions are different. Muscular exercise, when protracted until pain occurs, can produce a metabolic and circulatory adjustment other than that of ischemia. There is experimental evidence to support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 426319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13244", "title": "Changing diastolic closure rates (E to F slopes) in a patient with mitral stenosis: a case report.", "content": "A patient with mitral stenosis and atrial flutter was found to have a normal diastolic closure rate (E to F slope). Following cardioversion, the typical echocardiographic features of mitral stenosis were found. After various interventions that increased heart rate, however, the diastolic closure rate increased. This report demonstrates, therefore, that the E to F slope is not always a fixed value in mitral stenosis and that under certain conditions it may even appear to be normal.", "contents": "Changing diastolic closure rates (E to F slopes) in a patient with mitral stenosis: a case report. A patient with mitral stenosis and atrial flutter was found to have a normal diastolic closure rate (E to F slope). Following cardioversion, the typical echocardiographic features of mitral stenosis were found. After various interventions that increased heart rate, however, the diastolic closure rate increased. This report demonstrates, therefore, that the E to F slope is not always a fixed value in mitral stenosis and that under certain conditions it may even appear to be normal.", "PMID": 426321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13245", "title": "Oral challenges in inhalant antigens in asthmatics.", "content": "Nine asthmatic children were sensitive to a variety of antigens by skin testing and bronchial inhalation challenges. On two separate occasions they received the antigens sublingually at 2.5 to 50 times the dose received by bronchial challenge. There were no subjective symptoms or objective changes in pulmonary function measurements following the oral challenges.", "contents": "Oral challenges in inhalant antigens in asthmatics. Nine asthmatic children were sensitive to a variety of antigens by skin testing and bronchial inhalation challenges. On two separate occasions they received the antigens sublingually at 2.5 to 50 times the dose received by bronchial challenge. There were no subjective symptoms or objective changes in pulmonary function measurements following the oral challenges.", "PMID": 426323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13246", "title": "Skin response to histamine in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A comparative study of skin responses to histamine in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and in a control group suggests that although there are individual differences in response, the SLE patients responded sooner to 1:100 dilution. Since the test did not result in any ill effect it is concluded that existing clinical methods of testing and treatment of SLE patients having allergies are safe from the viewpoint of the histamine effect.", "contents": "Skin response to histamine in systemic lupus erythematosus. A comparative study of skin responses to histamine in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and in a control group suggests that although there are individual differences in response, the SLE patients responded sooner to 1:100 dilution. Since the test did not result in any ill effect it is concluded that existing clinical methods of testing and treatment of SLE patients having allergies are safe from the viewpoint of the histamine effect.", "PMID": 426324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13247", "title": "House dust, mite (D. farinae) and cockroach allergy in a midwestern population.", "content": "By using three different skin testing techniques and RAST, this study explores the relationship among house dust, mite (Dermatophagoides farinae) and cockroach allergy in atopic patients in the Kansas City area. Results suggest that the cockroach antigen may be as important as the mite in the etiology of house dust allergy in this population.", "contents": "House dust, mite (D. farinae) and cockroach allergy in a midwestern population. By using three different skin testing techniques and RAST, this study explores the relationship among house dust, mite (Dermatophagoides farinae) and cockroach allergy in atopic patients in the Kansas City area. Results suggest that the cockroach antigen may be as important as the mite in the etiology of house dust allergy in this population.", "PMID": 426325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13248", "title": "Air pollution analysis used in operating an environmental control unit.", "content": "A simple, fast and reliable method was developed to measure the origin and daily and seasonal variations of selected air pollutants in the Brookhaven Environmental Unit. None of the pollutants that were measured surpassed its threshold limit value. The average concentrations of the pollutants that were measured could be considered as preliminary standard for environmental units in hospitals as long as material analysis for outgassing is used simultaneously.", "contents": "Air pollution analysis used in operating an environmental control unit. A simple, fast and reliable method was developed to measure the origin and daily and seasonal variations of selected air pollutants in the Brookhaven Environmental Unit. None of the pollutants that were measured surpassed its threshold limit value. The average concentrations of the pollutants that were measured could be considered as preliminary standard for environmental units in hospitals as long as material analysis for outgassing is used simultaneously.", "PMID": 426326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13249", "title": "Atopic skin test re-evaluated. V. The wheal-flare ratio of skin reactions to extracts of grass pollen, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and to histamine and compound 48/80.", "content": "Some formulas are given for the relationship between the sizes of wheals and flares of skin reactions to three allergen extracts and to histamine and compound 48/80. Only compound 48/80 shows a somewhat different wheal/flare relationship.", "contents": "Atopic skin test re-evaluated. V. The wheal-flare ratio of skin reactions to extracts of grass pollen, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and to histamine and compound 48/80. Some formulas are given for the relationship between the sizes of wheals and flares of skin reactions to three allergen extracts and to histamine and compound 48/80. Only compound 48/80 shows a somewhat different wheal/flare relationship.", "PMID": 426328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13250", "title": "Atopic skin test re-evaluated. VI. Skin reactions to compound 48/80 and histamine in patients with atopic and non-atopic chronic respiratory complains and in normal volunteers.", "content": "Using a perfected technique for skin testing, no difference was found between skin reactions to either histamine or compound 48/80 in atopic and non-atopic patients or in healthy volunteers. The correlation of the size of the skin reactions to both compounds was only slightly lower than the correlation of the duplicates, which indicates that compound 48/80 can be used as a control extract in skin testing. The skin reactions to this compound are read after 15 minutes, just as those to inhalant allergens.", "contents": "Atopic skin test re-evaluated. VI. Skin reactions to compound 48/80 and histamine in patients with atopic and non-atopic chronic respiratory complains and in normal volunteers. Using a perfected technique for skin testing, no difference was found between skin reactions to either histamine or compound 48/80 in atopic and non-atopic patients or in healthy volunteers. The correlation of the size of the skin reactions to both compounds was only slightly lower than the correlation of the duplicates, which indicates that compound 48/80 can be used as a control extract in skin testing. The skin reactions to this compound are read after 15 minutes, just as those to inhalant allergens.", "PMID": 426329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13251", "title": "Unsuitability of bakery work for a person with atopy: a study of 234 bakery workers.", "content": "A disease of the atopic group was established in 25% of bakery employees investigated: 9% had asthma, 25% allergic rhinitis and 5% atopic eczema. The definite role of flour dust as an allergen maintaining asthma was established in 14 of 21 bakery employees with asthma. The onset of asthma in bakery work occurred after an average of 4.2 years of exposure to flour dust. The study revealed that 71% of the bakers suffering from an atopic disease had close relations with a history of atopic disease, whereas the corresponding percentage for the healthy group was 17. The results indicated that no person with current atopic disease or earlier signs of one should be given employment in the bakery branch. A relative bar to employment appears to be also the occurrence of these forms of diseases in the applicant's close relations.", "contents": "Unsuitability of bakery work for a person with atopy: a study of 234 bakery workers. A disease of the atopic group was established in 25% of bakery employees investigated: 9% had asthma, 25% allergic rhinitis and 5% atopic eczema. The definite role of flour dust as an allergen maintaining asthma was established in 14 of 21 bakery employees with asthma. The onset of asthma in bakery work occurred after an average of 4.2 years of exposure to flour dust. The study revealed that 71% of the bakers suffering from an atopic disease had close relations with a history of atopic disease, whereas the corresponding percentage for the healthy group was 17. The results indicated that no person with current atopic disease or earlier signs of one should be given employment in the bakery branch. A relative bar to employment appears to be also the occurrence of these forms of diseases in the applicant's close relations.", "PMID": 426330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13252", "title": "Discriminate diagnostic peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal injuries: accuracy and hazards.", "content": "The diagnostic peritoneal lavage for hemoperitoneum in blunt abdominal injuries is a safe test, and its high accuracy reported in unselected consecutive cases, is maintained equally in the clinically equivocal patients, the very group where one is expected to relay more decisively on the results of the D.P.L.", "contents": "Discriminate diagnostic peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal injuries: accuracy and hazards. The diagnostic peritoneal lavage for hemoperitoneum in blunt abdominal injuries is a safe test, and its high accuracy reported in unselected consecutive cases, is maintained equally in the clinically equivocal patients, the very group where one is expected to relay more decisively on the results of the D.P.L.", "PMID": 426366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13253", "title": "An analysis of cerebral bood flow systemic base deficit accumulation and mean arterial pressure as a function of internal cardiac massage rates.", "content": "The effect of varying rate of internal cardiac massage on the cerebral blood flow equivalent (CBF/CMRO2 = (Formula: see text), where CBF = cerebral arteriovenous oxygen difference, CMRO2 = Cerebral metabolic oxygen consumption, and (Formula: see text), = cerebral; arteriovenous oxygen content difference) was investigated in the dog. Also, systemic base balance and mean arterial pressure were analyzed as functions of rate. Nine dogs 14-27 kg in weight were subjected to rates of 14-200 compressions per minute. For rates between 14 and 200 per minute, there was no significant rate-related effect on the parameters monitored.", "contents": "An analysis of cerebral bood flow systemic base deficit accumulation and mean arterial pressure as a function of internal cardiac massage rates. The effect of varying rate of internal cardiac massage on the cerebral blood flow equivalent (CBF/CMRO2 = (Formula: see text), where CBF = cerebral arteriovenous oxygen difference, CMRO2 = Cerebral metabolic oxygen consumption, and (Formula: see text), = cerebral; arteriovenous oxygen content difference) was investigated in the dog. Also, systemic base balance and mean arterial pressure were analyzed as functions of rate. Nine dogs 14-27 kg in weight were subjected to rates of 14-200 compressions per minute. For rates between 14 and 200 per minute, there was no significant rate-related effect on the parameters monitored.", "PMID": 426368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13254", "title": "Malignant schwannoma: report of a case mimicking lumbar disk disease.", "content": "Primary neurogenic retroperitoneal tumors in the adult are rare. This case presentation reviews an unusual history of a patient who presented with pain and neurologic deficits suggesting lumbar disk disease but who was unrelieved by laminectomy and disk removal. Later he was found to have a malignant schwannoma arising from the right L nerve root. Experience such as this reminds physicians that when the result of treatment is not as expected the original diagnosis must be questioned.", "contents": "Malignant schwannoma: report of a case mimicking lumbar disk disease. Primary neurogenic retroperitoneal tumors in the adult are rare. This case presentation reviews an unusual history of a patient who presented with pain and neurologic deficits suggesting lumbar disk disease but who was unrelieved by laminectomy and disk removal. Later he was found to have a malignant schwannoma arising from the right L nerve root. Experience such as this reminds physicians that when the result of treatment is not as expected the original diagnosis must be questioned.", "PMID": 426369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13255", "title": "Shotgun wounds of the abodomen: revisited.", "content": "A review of one hundred and sixty-seven patients with penetrating abdominal injuries caused by firearms showed that 17 patients (11%) had shotgun wounds. Nine patients were treated nonoperatively, whereas eight patients had immediate exploratory laporotomy. An analysis of shotgun wounds of the abdomen is presented to outline the principles in management. Factors influencing conservative versus operative treatment are discussed. Magnitude of the clinical problems have been illustrated by means of 4 cases.", "contents": "Shotgun wounds of the abodomen: revisited. A review of one hundred and sixty-seven patients with penetrating abdominal injuries caused by firearms showed that 17 patients (11%) had shotgun wounds. Nine patients were treated nonoperatively, whereas eight patients had immediate exploratory laporotomy. An analysis of shotgun wounds of the abdomen is presented to outline the principles in management. Factors influencing conservative versus operative treatment are discussed. Magnitude of the clinical problems have been illustrated by means of 4 cases.", "PMID": 426370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13256", "title": "Solitary rectal ulcer progressing to pseudo-cloaca: a case report.", "content": "A 57 year old diabetic patient is reported with the progression of a solitary ulcer of the anterior rectal wall which resulted in destruction of the posterior bladder wall, and subsequent pseudocloaca. The patient was successfully treated by colonic and urinary diversion. The etiology of this condition remains obscure. A review of the literature on this uncommon lesion is discussed.", "contents": "Solitary rectal ulcer progressing to pseudo-cloaca: a case report. A 57 year old diabetic patient is reported with the progression of a solitary ulcer of the anterior rectal wall which resulted in destruction of the posterior bladder wall, and subsequent pseudocloaca. The patient was successfully treated by colonic and urinary diversion. The etiology of this condition remains obscure. A review of the literature on this uncommon lesion is discussed.", "PMID": 426373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13257", "title": "Aberrant adrenal tissue in the wall of a hernial sac.", "content": "An aberrant adrenal, which is a supplementary to the normal adrenal, was found in the apex of hernial sacs in ten out of 350 operated children. This tissue contains adrenal cortex, which tends to atrophy and disappear during childhood, but uncommonly may persist into adult life. Rarely it may secrete abnormally or undergo neoplastic changes. The embryological development is discussed, and the literature briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Aberrant adrenal tissue in the wall of a hernial sac. An aberrant adrenal, which is a supplementary to the normal adrenal, was found in the apex of hernial sacs in ten out of 350 operated children. This tissue contains adrenal cortex, which tends to atrophy and disappear during childhood, but uncommonly may persist into adult life. Rarely it may secrete abnormally or undergo neoplastic changes. The embryological development is discussed, and the literature briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 426374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13258", "title": "Caroli's: a surgical challenge.", "content": "A patient operated upon for acalculous cholecystitis was later found to have Caroli's disease, congenital ectasis of intrahepatic bile ducts. Cholangitis, calculi and abscesses occurred in both lobes of the liver. Sepsis was not controlled despite open drainage, hepatic segmentectomy and ductal lavage with antibiotics and saline. At autopsy the liver contained a dozen unsuspected cavities filled with calculi, bile and pus. Diagnosis of Caroli's disease is best made by operative cholangiography in patients with atypical biliary disease. Management with antibiotics alone is seldom successful. Hepatic resection is better than drainage procedures for unilateral lesions. In patients with bilateral abscesses and no extrahepatic ductal obstruction or dilation, surgical treatment is often ineffective.", "contents": "Caroli's: a surgical challenge. A patient operated upon for acalculous cholecystitis was later found to have Caroli's disease, congenital ectasis of intrahepatic bile ducts. Cholangitis, calculi and abscesses occurred in both lobes of the liver. Sepsis was not controlled despite open drainage, hepatic segmentectomy and ductal lavage with antibiotics and saline. At autopsy the liver contained a dozen unsuspected cavities filled with calculi, bile and pus. Diagnosis of Caroli's disease is best made by operative cholangiography in patients with atypical biliary disease. Management with antibiotics alone is seldom successful. Hepatic resection is better than drainage procedures for unilateral lesions. In patients with bilateral abscesses and no extrahepatic ductal obstruction or dilation, surgical treatment is often ineffective.", "PMID": 426375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13259", "title": "[Etiology of hypertonic dehydration (author's transl)].", "content": "A revision of the ethiology in hypertonic dehydration of 80 infants admitted in the Cl\u00ednica Infantil \"La Paz\", between 1972--1973 is made. The most important ethiological factors were: hyperconcentrated food (86% in neonates), vomiting, diarrhoea, increase of insensible water loss (respiratory, fever). The etiopathogenic and physiopathologic bases of hyperconcentrated diet in the development of hypertonic dehydration in accordance with \"solute overload\" to neonatal kidney are discussed. The autoperpetuation mechanisms of hypertonic dehydration are also discussed.", "contents": "[Etiology of hypertonic dehydration (author's transl)]. A revision of the ethiology in hypertonic dehydration of 80 infants admitted in the Cl\u00ednica Infantil \"La Paz\", between 1972--1973 is made. The most important ethiological factors were: hyperconcentrated food (86% in neonates), vomiting, diarrhoea, increase of insensible water loss (respiratory, fever). The etiopathogenic and physiopathologic bases of hyperconcentrated diet in the development of hypertonic dehydration in accordance with \"solute overload\" to neonatal kidney are discussed. The autoperpetuation mechanisms of hypertonic dehydration are also discussed.", "PMID": 426377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13260", "title": "[Clinical evolution and severe complications of hypertonic dehydration in 80 infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors analyse incidence of age, sex and weight in a group of 80 infants with severe hypertonic dehydration. The highest frequency occurs in the first month of life (50%). They study the clinical manifestations of dehydration, neurological condition, diuresis, escleremia, other pathology, complications and mortality. Causes of death are detailed. Peculiar clinical manifestations are discussed according to different ages, emphasising importance of E.C. component in the first weeks of life. Efficiency of peritoneal dialysis is evaluated.", "contents": "[Clinical evolution and severe complications of hypertonic dehydration in 80 infants (author's transl)]. Authors analyse incidence of age, sex and weight in a group of 80 infants with severe hypertonic dehydration. The highest frequency occurs in the first month of life (50%). They study the clinical manifestations of dehydration, neurological condition, diuresis, escleremia, other pathology, complications and mortality. Causes of death are detailed. Peculiar clinical manifestations are discussed according to different ages, emphasising importance of E.C. component in the first weeks of life. Efficiency of peritoneal dialysis is evaluated.", "PMID": 426378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13261", "title": "[Treatment and evolution of shock and acidosis in hypertonic dehydration (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors analyse treatment and clinical and analytical evolution of 80 patients with hypertonic dehydration, depending on shock and acidosis. Several considerations concerning treatment and its' influence on evolution of different patients, emphasizing both therapeutic methods: with or without use of peritoneal dialysis, according to the values of initial natraemia, are made.", "contents": "[Treatment and evolution of shock and acidosis in hypertonic dehydration (author's transl)]. Authors analyse treatment and clinical and analytical evolution of 80 patients with hypertonic dehydration, depending on shock and acidosis. Several considerations concerning treatment and its' influence on evolution of different patients, emphasizing both therapeutic methods: with or without use of peritoneal dialysis, according to the values of initial natraemia, are made.", "PMID": 426380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13262", "title": "[Metabolic evolution of hypertonic dehydration treated with fluidotherapy: revision of 40 infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors study the metabolic evolution of osmolarity, natraemia, chloremia, kaliemia and uremia of 40 infants with hypertonic dehydration. They divide the serie into two groups in accordance with initial value of natraemia: more or less than 170 mEq./l. The slow average decreases by hour of osmolarity, natraemia and chloremia were evaluated, and that justifies good evolution of hypertonic dehydration and minimal neurological repercussion found. Renal function in this metabolic condition is discussed. The usefulness of the fluidotherapic technique employed is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Metabolic evolution of hypertonic dehydration treated with fluidotherapy: revision of 40 infants (author's transl)]. Authors study the metabolic evolution of osmolarity, natraemia, chloremia, kaliemia and uremia of 40 infants with hypertonic dehydration. They divide the serie into two groups in accordance with initial value of natraemia: more or less than 170 mEq./l. The slow average decreases by hour of osmolarity, natraemia and chloremia were evaluated, and that justifies good evolution of hypertonic dehydration and minimal neurological repercussion found. Renal function in this metabolic condition is discussed. The usefulness of the fluidotherapic technique employed is demonstrated.", "PMID": 426381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13263", "title": "[Metabolic evolution of hypertonic dehydration with combined treatment of fluidotherapy and peritoneal dialysis: revision of 22 infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Metabolic evolution of osmolarity, natraemia, chloremia, kaliemia and uremia of 22 infants with severe hypertonic dehydration, treated with fluidotherapy and peritoneal dialysis, is revised. Peritoneal dialysis was prepared in accordance with a special method for this metabolic condition. The serie was divided into two groups, according to initial value of natraemia: more or less than 170 mEq./l. Average decreases per hour of osmolarity, natraemia and chloremia were evaluated, as well as the influence of peritoneal dialysis on body fluids composition. Indication of peritoneal dialysis specially prepared for severe cases is discussed.", "contents": "[Metabolic evolution of hypertonic dehydration with combined treatment of fluidotherapy and peritoneal dialysis: revision of 22 infants (author's transl)]. Metabolic evolution of osmolarity, natraemia, chloremia, kaliemia and uremia of 22 infants with severe hypertonic dehydration, treated with fluidotherapy and peritoneal dialysis, is revised. Peritoneal dialysis was prepared in accordance with a special method for this metabolic condition. The serie was divided into two groups, according to initial value of natraemia: more or less than 170 mEq./l. Average decreases per hour of osmolarity, natraemia and chloremia were evaluated, as well as the influence of peritoneal dialysis on body fluids composition. Indication of peritoneal dialysis specially prepared for severe cases is discussed.", "PMID": 426382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13264", "title": "[Contribution to acid-base metabolism in hypertonic dehydration by the study of \"fraction R\" (underterminate anions) (author's transl)].", "content": "A study on the value of \"R fraction\" of plasma electrolites (undetermined anions), in order to know better the metabolic acidosis of the hypertonic dehydration is achieved. \"R fraction\" value was obtained by the formulae: R fraction = plasma N+ --(plasma Cl- + plasma HCO3-). The mean values in patients with hypertonic dehydration was: 12.4 +/- 8.3 mEq./l., more than the normal standard data of our laboratory: 8.55 +/- 3.4 mEq./l. Authors make two groups in accordance with the \"R\" value: one with low \"R fraction\" (25 cases): 4.79 +/- 4.70 mEq./l.; and another with high \"R fraction\" (32 cases): 20.04 +/- 6.6 mEq./l., and compare the differences (ethiologic, clinic, shock and metabolic) between the two groups. It is confirmed that acidosis in hypertonic dehydration is essentially hyperchloremic. It was speculated on the \"anion gap\" and the total value of chloride in this dehydration.", "contents": "[Contribution to acid-base metabolism in hypertonic dehydration by the study of \"fraction R\" (underterminate anions) (author's transl)]. A study on the value of \"R fraction\" of plasma electrolites (undetermined anions), in order to know better the metabolic acidosis of the hypertonic dehydration is achieved. \"R fraction\" value was obtained by the formulae: R fraction = plasma N+ --(plasma Cl- + plasma HCO3-). The mean values in patients with hypertonic dehydration was: 12.4 +/- 8.3 mEq./l., more than the normal standard data of our laboratory: 8.55 +/- 3.4 mEq./l. Authors make two groups in accordance with the \"R\" value: one with low \"R fraction\" (25 cases): 4.79 +/- 4.70 mEq./l.; and another with high \"R fraction\" (32 cases): 20.04 +/- 6.6 mEq./l., and compare the differences (ethiologic, clinic, shock and metabolic) between the two groups. It is confirmed that acidosis in hypertonic dehydration is essentially hyperchloremic. It was speculated on the \"anion gap\" and the total value of chloride in this dehydration.", "PMID": 426383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13265", "title": "[Urea half-live as index of renal failure in hypertonic dehydration (author's transl)].", "content": "Evolution of uremic half-time in 27 infants with hypertonic dehydration is studied. Authors establish three groups in accordance with duration of uremic half-time: 1st: less than 24 hours: 5 infants. 2nd: More than 24 hours without renal or uremic pathology: 12 infants. 3rd: More than 24 hours with renal or uremic pathology: 10 infants. Utility of this parameter is discussed, as well as its physiologic bases. The existence of 2nd group makes the value of this control as an organic of functional renal index uncertain.", "contents": "[Urea half-live as index of renal failure in hypertonic dehydration (author's transl)]. Evolution of uremic half-time in 27 infants with hypertonic dehydration is studied. Authors establish three groups in accordance with duration of uremic half-time: 1st: less than 24 hours: 5 infants. 2nd: More than 24 hours without renal or uremic pathology: 12 infants. 3rd: More than 24 hours with renal or uremic pathology: 10 infants. Utility of this parameter is discussed, as well as its physiologic bases. The existence of 2nd group makes the value of this control as an organic of functional renal index uncertain.", "PMID": 426384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13266", "title": "[Local incidence of different types of dehydration (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 2,298 dehydrated infants, among 9,674 infants admitted to Emergency Unit and Intensive Care Unit of Clinica Infantil \"La Paz\" between 1970--1974 are analyzed. The annual incidence of the different types of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic dehydration is studied. The peculiarities of the data are discussed and compared with those described by other authors. High incidence of hypertonic dehydration (25.4%) is emphasized.", "contents": "[Local incidence of different types of dehydration (author's transl)]. A total of 2,298 dehydrated infants, among 9,674 infants admitted to Emergency Unit and Intensive Care Unit of Clinica Infantil \"La Paz\" between 1970--1974 are analyzed. The annual incidence of the different types of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic dehydration is studied. The peculiarities of the data are discussed and compared with those described by other authors. High incidence of hypertonic dehydration (25.4%) is emphasized.", "PMID": 426385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13267", "title": "[Atrial septal defect with pulmonary hypertension in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of atrial septal defect, \"ostium secundum\", associated with pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure in children under the age of two years are reported. A correct diagnosis could be made before surgery in only two of the case. In one case partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection was incorrectly diagnosed, while ventricular septal defect could not be excluded in the fourth case. The systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery was higher than 50 mm. Hg in all cases. One patient died after catheterization, and total surgical correction was performed in the other three cases, with good results. In all of them, a large atrial septal defect could be seen. There was no evidence of any other associated anomaly. After an average follow up of 4.5 years the three patients that where operated remain asymptomatic. The rarity of this entity, the difficulties in making a correct diagnosis and several pathogenetic aspects of this  abnormality are discussed on the light of these and other cases previously reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Atrial septal defect with pulmonary hypertension in infancy (author's transl)]. Four cases of atrial septal defect, \"ostium secundum\", associated with pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure in children under the age of two years are reported. A correct diagnosis could be made before surgery in only two of the case. In one case partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection was incorrectly diagnosed, while ventricular septal defect could not be excluded in the fourth case. The systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery was higher than 50 mm. Hg in all cases. One patient died after catheterization, and total surgical correction was performed in the other three cases, with good results. In all of them, a large atrial septal defect could be seen. There was no evidence of any other associated anomaly. After an average follow up of 4.5 years the three patients that where operated remain asymptomatic. The rarity of this entity, the difficulties in making a correct diagnosis and several pathogenetic aspects of this  abnormality are discussed on the light of these and other cases previously reported in the literature.", "PMID": 426386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13268", "title": "[Three cases of mucolipidosis type III (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of mucolipidosis type III in three siblins ranging in age from 4 to 10 years are reported. One of them was severely involved; the other two in a lesser degree. The enzymatic studies performed are exposed, together with a discussion and interpretation of the findings. The concepts regarding the group of metabolic diseases among which mucolipidosis is nowadays included are reviewed. Some characteristics of the enzymatic disorder, origin of the disease, are finally commented.", "contents": "[Three cases of mucolipidosis type III (author's transl)]. Three cases of mucolipidosis type III in three siblins ranging in age from 4 to 10 years are reported. One of them was severely involved; the other two in a lesser degree. The enzymatic studies performed are exposed, together with a discussion and interpretation of the findings. The concepts regarding the group of metabolic diseases among which mucolipidosis is nowadays included are reviewed. Some characteristics of the enzymatic disorder, origin of the disease, are finally commented.", "PMID": 426387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13269", "title": "[Meconium aspiration syndrome with severe hypoxemia. Treatment with a pulmonary vasodilator (tolarzoline) (author's transl)].", "content": "Three patients with Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (S.A.M.) and severe hypoxemia are reported. From the first hours of life they needed mechanical ventilation, showing no improvement in PaO2 in spite of usual respiratory support measures. In one case, pulmonary hypertension and ductal right to left shunt through ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale was objetivated by cardiac catheterization. Following intravenous prefusion of a pulmonary vasodilator (Tolazoline) patients showed a clinical amelioration and a definite increase in PaO2. Results and evolution with the use of this drug are commented.", "contents": "[Meconium aspiration syndrome with severe hypoxemia. Treatment with a pulmonary vasodilator (tolarzoline) (author's transl)]. Three patients with Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (S.A.M.) and severe hypoxemia are reported. From the first hours of life they needed mechanical ventilation, showing no improvement in PaO2 in spite of usual respiratory support measures. In one case, pulmonary hypertension and ductal right to left shunt through ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale was objetivated by cardiac catheterization. Following intravenous prefusion of a pulmonary vasodilator (Tolazoline) patients showed a clinical amelioration and a definite increase in PaO2. Results and evolution with the use of this drug are commented.", "PMID": 426388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13270", "title": "[Generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis].", "content": "A histological verified case of late infantil type of generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis of Jansky-Bielchowsky syndrome is reported. Paroxismal activity provoked by a low frequency fotostimulation or Pampiglione phenomenon is registrated at the E.E.G. An analysis about the clincial findings and a review of the Pampiglione phenomenon in the medical literature is made, being stimated this phenomenon of a high value for the diagnosis fo the type II or late infantil type of generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis.", "contents": "[Generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis]. A histological verified case of late infantil type of generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis of Jansky-Bielchowsky syndrome is reported. Paroxismal activity provoked by a low frequency fotostimulation or Pampiglione phenomenon is registrated at the E.E.G. An analysis about the clincial findings and a review of the Pampiglione phenomenon in the medical literature is made, being stimated this phenomenon of a high value for the diagnosis fo the type II or late infantil type of generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis.", "PMID": 426389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13271", "title": "[Hypernatremia and adipsia (author's transl)].", "content": "We have studied an infant (female) with a persisting hypernatremia and adipsia, examined for the first time at the age of five months. The funtional test carried out showed an insensibility of the osmoreceptors for very important changes in POsm. carryng with them a lack of response of the ADH. Neuroradiological studies demostrated hydrocephalia secondary to a stenosis of the aqueduct of Silvio. Treatment with chlorpropamide proved effective. The literature is being revised comparing out results with those of other authors.", "contents": "[Hypernatremia and adipsia (author's transl)]. We have studied an infant (female) with a persisting hypernatremia and adipsia, examined for the first time at the age of five months. The funtional test carried out showed an insensibility of the osmoreceptors for very important changes in POsm. carryng with them a lack of response of the ADH. Neuroradiological studies demostrated hydrocephalia secondary to a stenosis of the aqueduct of Silvio. Treatment with chlorpropamide proved effective. The literature is being revised comparing out results with those of other authors.", "PMID": 426390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13272", "title": "[Bloom's syndrome. A case with deficit of growth hormone (author's transl)].", "content": "A girl with Bloom's syndrome is reported. We have not found chromosomic or inmunoglobulin alterations, in opposition to described by other. We remark, for the first time in medical literature, a deficit of GH secretion without response to several stimulus. The other hormonal explorations were normal. We don't know if, that finding will be of pathogenic importance for the stunted growth of Bloom's syndrome or this is a casual association. Anyway, the good therapeutic results with the exogenous human growth hormone administration, is of a great interest for the investigation of pituitary GH reserve in any case of Bloom's syndrome.", "contents": "[Bloom's syndrome. A case with deficit of growth hormone (author's transl)]. A girl with Bloom's syndrome is reported. We have not found chromosomic or inmunoglobulin alterations, in opposition to described by other. We remark, for the first time in medical literature, a deficit of GH secretion without response to several stimulus. The other hormonal explorations were normal. We don't know if, that finding will be of pathogenic importance for the stunted growth of Bloom's syndrome or this is a casual association. Anyway, the good therapeutic results with the exogenous human growth hormone administration, is of a great interest for the investigation of pituitary GH reserve in any case of Bloom's syndrome.", "PMID": 426391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13273", "title": "[Mediastinal ganglioneuroma (author's transl)].", "content": "One case of a mediastinal ganglioneuroma in a two years old girl is reported. The radiologic features of the tumor are discussed, concerning to the paradoxical tumor volume and its placement. Clinical, radiological and therapeutic considerations about this condition are made.", "contents": "[Mediastinal ganglioneuroma (author's transl)]. One case of a mediastinal ganglioneuroma in a two years old girl is reported. The radiologic features of the tumor are discussed, concerning to the paradoxical tumor volume and its placement. Clinical, radiological and therapeutic considerations about this condition are made.", "PMID": 426392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13274", "title": "[Neonatal laceration of liver and spleen (author's transl)].", "content": "A very unusual observation of survival after surgical treatment of neonatal maceration of liver and spleen is reported. The patient had a normal birthweight and the only possible etiologic factor was a oxitocin-induced rapid delivery. The literature on this topic is reviewed.", "contents": "[Neonatal laceration of liver and spleen (author's transl)]. A very unusual observation of survival after surgical treatment of neonatal maceration of liver and spleen is reported. The patient had a normal birthweight and the only possible etiologic factor was a oxitocin-induced rapid delivery. The literature on this topic is reviewed.", "PMID": 426393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13275", "title": "[Bone lymphangiomatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of lymphangiomatosis of bone in a 12-years old boy is presented. First bone lessions were seen at 6 1/2 years of age and the case had a progressive course. The only associated lymphatic malformation was a submandibular lymphangioma. The lymphography performed at the patient was normal. Literature about this subject is revised and evolutive possibilities and therapy are described.", "contents": "[Bone lymphangiomatosis (author's transl)]. A case of lymphangiomatosis of bone in a 12-years old boy is presented. First bone lessions were seen at 6 1/2 years of age and the case had a progressive course. The only associated lymphatic malformation was a submandibular lymphangioma. The lymphography performed at the patient was normal. Literature about this subject is revised and evolutive possibilities and therapy are described.", "PMID": 426394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13276", "title": "[Nephrotic syndrome by diffuse mesangial sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "This case deals with a 15-month old male child affected with a nephrotic syndrome resulting in grave chronic renal failure, determined histologically as diffuse mesangial sclerosis. The most frequent causes of nephrotic syndrome in the first year of life are analyzed along wiht their diagnostic differential, with special attention to the Finish or microcystic congenital nephrotic syndrome and to diffuse mesangial sclerosis. In the discussion contradictions existing in the bibliography on diffuse mesangial sclerosis are shown in its clinical and developmental aspects as well as the prognostic and even in the pathological anatomy, which leads us to believe that this illness may be more complex than what it appears, and subdividing it into illnesses of different etiology, development and prognosis; or that some of the cases. described as such may not be the same as those described by R. Habib in 1973. In the present case the deposits of C3 and IgM are worth noting, as they were not described in the other 11 cases, also the study done with the electron microscope, which also was not done in the previous cases.", "contents": "[Nephrotic syndrome by diffuse mesangial sclerosis (author's transl)]. This case deals with a 15-month old male child affected with a nephrotic syndrome resulting in grave chronic renal failure, determined histologically as diffuse mesangial sclerosis. The most frequent causes of nephrotic syndrome in the first year of life are analyzed along wiht their diagnostic differential, with special attention to the Finish or microcystic congenital nephrotic syndrome and to diffuse mesangial sclerosis. In the discussion contradictions existing in the bibliography on diffuse mesangial sclerosis are shown in its clinical and developmental aspects as well as the prognostic and even in the pathological anatomy, which leads us to believe that this illness may be more complex than what it appears, and subdividing it into illnesses of different etiology, development and prognosis; or that some of the cases. described as such may not be the same as those described by R. Habib in 1973. In the present case the deposits of C3 and IgM are worth noting, as they were not described in the other 11 cases, also the study done with the electron microscope, which also was not done in the previous cases.", "PMID": 426395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13277", "title": "[Tricho-rhino-phalangeal dysplasia type I (Giedion's syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of these rare entity is described. Histopathology and ultrastructure of cartilage is studied pointing out some pathogenics aspects.", "contents": "[Tricho-rhino-phalangeal dysplasia type I (Giedion's syndrome) (author's transl)]. A new case of these rare entity is described. Histopathology and ultrastructure of cartilage is studied pointing out some pathogenics aspects.", "PMID": 426396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13278", "title": "[Sepsis in neonate, A 291 cases study (author's transl)].", "content": "A four-year experience with sepsis in the neonate is described. Clinical picture, laboratory data and mortality of 291 newborn, aged 0-28 days, are analyzed. The rise in the incidence of septicemia in the group of newborn with clinical onset within the first 24 hours of life and the preterm 5. degrees to 9. degrees day of life, was commented. The need to develop a more effective profilaxis toward the reduction of morbidity and mortality is emphasized.", "contents": "[Sepsis in neonate, A 291 cases study (author's transl)]. A four-year experience with sepsis in the neonate is described. Clinical picture, laboratory data and mortality of 291 newborn, aged 0-28 days, are analyzed. The rise in the incidence of septicemia in the group of newborn with clinical onset within the first 24 hours of life and the preterm 5. degrees to 9. degrees day of life, was commented. The need to develop a more effective profilaxis toward the reduction of morbidity and mortality is emphasized.", "PMID": 426397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13279", "title": "Nerve conduction abnormalities in untreated maturity-onset diabetes: relation to levels of fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin.", "content": "The role of metabolic abnormalities in the development of diabetic neuropathy is controversial. To investigate the influence of hyperglycemia on nerve conduction, we studied 20 untreated maturity-onset diabetic patients and 23 normal control subjects of similar age. Nerve conduction velocity of motor (median, peroneal, and tibial) and sensory (median and sural) nerves in diabetic patients was significantly slowed and H-reflex latency time prolonged. Levels of fasting plasma glucose in diabetic subjects were correlated with slowed motor conduction velocity of the median, peroneal, and tibial nerves but not with sensory nerve conduction velocities. Levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, an index of long-term glycemia, were correlated with slowing of peroneal motor conduction velocity in diabetic patients. These associations could not be explained by patient age or duration of diabetes. These findings suggest that the degree of hyperglycemia of untreated maturity-onset diabetes contributes to the motor nerve conduction abnormalities in this disease.", "contents": "Nerve conduction abnormalities in untreated maturity-onset diabetes: relation to levels of fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin. The role of metabolic abnormalities in the development of diabetic neuropathy is controversial. To investigate the influence of hyperglycemia on nerve conduction, we studied 20 untreated maturity-onset diabetic patients and 23 normal control subjects of similar age. Nerve conduction velocity of motor (median, peroneal, and tibial) and sensory (median and sural) nerves in diabetic patients was significantly slowed and H-reflex latency time prolonged. Levels of fasting plasma glucose in diabetic subjects were correlated with slowed motor conduction velocity of the median, peroneal, and tibial nerves but not with sensory nerve conduction velocities. Levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, an index of long-term glycemia, were correlated with slowing of peroneal motor conduction velocity in diabetic patients. These associations could not be explained by patient age or duration of diabetes. These findings suggest that the degree of hyperglycemia of untreated maturity-onset diabetes contributes to the motor nerve conduction abnormalities in this disease.", "PMID": 426398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13280", "title": "Whole body hyperthermia: a phase-I trial of a potential adjuvant to chemotherapy.", "content": "Fourteen patients with a variety of neoplasms not responsive to standard forms of therapy underwent whole body hyperthermia for a maximum 4 h at 41.8 degrees C. This was a phase-I cancer trial designed to develop whole body hyperthermia as an adjuvant to systemic chemotherapy. Intravenous analgesia was used to sedate patients, obviating the need for general endotracheal anesthesia. Hyperthermia was induced by means of a high-flow water perfusion suit. Cardiovascular performance was evaluated using a flow-directed pulmonary artery catheter. Patients developed a twofold mean increase in cardiac index without evidence of cardiac damage by ECG or creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes. An acute fall in serum magnesium and phosphate and an acute rise in arterial pH, serum CPK values, and granulocyte count occurred in all patients. There were no clotting abnormalities. Toxicity included fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and transient elevations in liver enzymes. Four patients were febrile for 36 h after initial defervescence. Peripheral neuropathy developed in four. These results show that with carefully monitored conditions whole body hyperthermia is feasible.", "contents": "Whole body hyperthermia: a phase-I trial of a potential adjuvant to chemotherapy. Fourteen patients with a variety of neoplasms not responsive to standard forms of therapy underwent whole body hyperthermia for a maximum 4 h at 41.8 degrees C. This was a phase-I cancer trial designed to develop whole body hyperthermia as an adjuvant to systemic chemotherapy. Intravenous analgesia was used to sedate patients, obviating the need for general endotracheal anesthesia. Hyperthermia was induced by means of a high-flow water perfusion suit. Cardiovascular performance was evaluated using a flow-directed pulmonary artery catheter. Patients developed a twofold mean increase in cardiac index without evidence of cardiac damage by ECG or creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes. An acute fall in serum magnesium and phosphate and an acute rise in arterial pH, serum CPK values, and granulocyte count occurred in all patients. There were no clotting abnormalities. Toxicity included fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and transient elevations in liver enzymes. Four patients were febrile for 36 h after initial defervescence. Peripheral neuropathy developed in four. These results show that with carefully monitored conditions whole body hyperthermia is feasible.", "PMID": 426399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13281", "title": "Hypercalcemia in active pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "We ascertained the incidence of hypercalcemia in 79 consecutive patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and a control group of 79 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Twenty-two patients developed hypercalcemia (serum calcium greater than 10.5 mg/dl) within 4 to 16 weeks after initiation of chemotherapy for tuberculosis. The duration of hypercalcemia ranged from 1 to 7 months, and remission occurred spontaneously in all patients. The mean daily vitamin D supplement was greater in hypercalcemic patients than in the normocalcemic group. There was a positive correlation between daily vitamin D supplement and degree and duration of hypercalcemia. Mean serum calcium in patients with tuberculosis was higher than in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease supplemented with the same dose of vitamin D. Hypercalcemia appears to be related to the activity of pulmonary tuberculosis and the intake of vitamin D; the exact mechanism, however, remains unknown.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia in active pulmonary tuberculosis. We ascertained the incidence of hypercalcemia in 79 consecutive patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and a control group of 79 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Twenty-two patients developed hypercalcemia (serum calcium greater than 10.5 mg/dl) within 4 to 16 weeks after initiation of chemotherapy for tuberculosis. The duration of hypercalcemia ranged from 1 to 7 months, and remission occurred spontaneously in all patients. The mean daily vitamin D supplement was greater in hypercalcemic patients than in the normocalcemic group. There was a positive correlation between daily vitamin D supplement and degree and duration of hypercalcemia. Mean serum calcium in patients with tuberculosis was higher than in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease supplemented with the same dose of vitamin D. Hypercalcemia appears to be related to the activity of pulmonary tuberculosis and the intake of vitamin D; the exact mechanism, however, remains unknown.", "PMID": 426400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13282", "title": "Spironolactone-induced hyperchloremic acidosis in cirrhosis.", "content": "Six patients with alcoholic cirrhosis developed a reversible metabolic acidosis during treatment with the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone. Mean serum bicarbonate concentration decreased significantly with spironolactone therapy (100 to 200 mg/day) from 18.2 +/- 4.5 to 10.9 +/- 3.2 meq/litre (P less than 0.001). Upon withdrawal of spironolactone, serum bicarbonate concentration increased from 10.9 +/- 3.2 to 18.1 +/- 3.5 meq/litre (P less than 0.001). During the development of this hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, serum potassium concentration rose from 3.7 +/- 0.5 to 5.0 +/- 0.8 meq/litre (P less than 0.005); this reversed after cessation of spironolactone therapy. These effects of spironolactone treatment were not associated with significant alterations in serum creatinine or sodium concentration. Thus, even though an aldosterone antagonist in the treatment of sodium and water retention in cirrhotic patients may prevent hypokalemia and rapid diuresis, it may also induce or worsen another complication: hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.", "contents": "Spironolactone-induced hyperchloremic acidosis in cirrhosis. Six patients with alcoholic cirrhosis developed a reversible metabolic acidosis during treatment with the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone. Mean serum bicarbonate concentration decreased significantly with spironolactone therapy (100 to 200 mg/day) from 18.2 +/- 4.5 to 10.9 +/- 3.2 meq/litre (P less than 0.001). Upon withdrawal of spironolactone, serum bicarbonate concentration increased from 10.9 +/- 3.2 to 18.1 +/- 3.5 meq/litre (P less than 0.001). During the development of this hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, serum potassium concentration rose from 3.7 +/- 0.5 to 5.0 +/- 0.8 meq/litre (P less than 0.005); this reversed after cessation of spironolactone therapy. These effects of spironolactone treatment were not associated with significant alterations in serum creatinine or sodium concentration. Thus, even though an aldosterone antagonist in the treatment of sodium and water retention in cirrhotic patients may prevent hypokalemia and rapid diuresis, it may also induce or worsen another complication: hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.", "PMID": 426401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13283", "title": "Fatal pulmonary hemorrhage after use of the flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter.", "content": "The flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter is extensively used in intensive care units, catheterization laboratories, operating rooms, and emergency wards. Major complications associated with its use have not been frequently reported. In a recent 2-year period in four hospitals, we identified five cases of fatal pulmonary hemorrhage resulting from balloon-tipped catheters. We review here four additional cases previously cited in the literature and discuss possible mechanisms and predisposing factors associated with this complication and guidelines for safe use of these catheters. Pulmonary artery rupture is probably commoner than previously reported.", "contents": "Fatal pulmonary hemorrhage after use of the flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter. The flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter is extensively used in intensive care units, catheterization laboratories, operating rooms, and emergency wards. Major complications associated with its use have not been frequently reported. In a recent 2-year period in four hospitals, we identified five cases of fatal pulmonary hemorrhage resulting from balloon-tipped catheters. We review here four additional cases previously cited in the literature and discuss possible mechanisms and predisposing factors associated with this complication and guidelines for safe use of these catheters. Pulmonary artery rupture is probably commoner than previously reported.", "PMID": 426402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13284", "title": "A consultant-extender system for breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy.", "content": "We have implemented a consultant-extender system that enables community physicians, in cooperation with regional specialists, to deliver adjuvant chemotherapy to patients with node-positive breast cancer. The system employs computer-generated care protocol forms that indicate the data to be collected and the drug dose(s), with the appropriate rules for their administration. This continuous process of monitoring and modifying therapy assures protocol compliance and facilitates quality of care assessment. Seventy-three physicians throughout Alabama delivered appropriate chemotherapy at nearly 97% of 2612 visits by 195 patients. Disease-free intervals of 149 of those patients treated in a prospective clinical trial are indistinguishable from those of comparable patients treated largely within academic centers. This system provides a mechanism for decentralizing speciality care, incorporating community physicians into clinical trials, and improving continuing medical education techniques.", "contents": "A consultant-extender system for breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy. We have implemented a consultant-extender system that enables community physicians, in cooperation with regional specialists, to deliver adjuvant chemotherapy to patients with node-positive breast cancer. The system employs computer-generated care protocol forms that indicate the data to be collected and the drug dose(s), with the appropriate rules for their administration. This continuous process of monitoring and modifying therapy assures protocol compliance and facilitates quality of care assessment. Seventy-three physicians throughout Alabama delivered appropriate chemotherapy at nearly 97% of 2612 visits by 195 patients. Disease-free intervals of 149 of those patients treated in a prospective clinical trial are indistinguishable from those of comparable patients treated largely within academic centers. This system provides a mechanism for decentralizing speciality care, incorporating community physicians into clinical trials, and improving continuing medical education techniques.", "PMID": 426409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13285", "title": "Clinical competence in internal medicine.", "content": "To describe more explicitly the components of competence required of the internist, The American Board of Internal Medicine has analyzed the medical encounter and defined the major variables involved: the abilities required of the internist, the tasks that must be performed to solve a medical problem, the medical illness, and the patient. The abilities of the internist have been categorized into attitudes and habits, interpersonal skills, motor and technical skills, and intellectual abilities. The latter have been further subdivided into the abilities to acquire and use knowledge, to organize, to synthesize information, and to apply clinical judgment. For each of these abilities statements of clinical competence that relate to the tasks required have been developed. The Board is publishing this paper, an excerpt of a longer document, with the hope that it will be useful to residents, faculty, and practicing internists.", "contents": "Clinical competence in internal medicine. To describe more explicitly the components of competence required of the internist, The American Board of Internal Medicine has analyzed the medical encounter and defined the major variables involved: the abilities required of the internist, the tasks that must be performed to solve a medical problem, the medical illness, and the patient. The abilities of the internist have been categorized into attitudes and habits, interpersonal skills, motor and technical skills, and intellectual abilities. The latter have been further subdivided into the abilities to acquire and use knowledge, to organize, to synthesize information, and to apply clinical judgment. For each of these abilities statements of clinical competence that relate to the tasks required have been developed. The Board is publishing this paper, an excerpt of a longer document, with the hope that it will be useful to residents, faculty, and practicing internists.", "PMID": 426410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13286", "title": "The training of the internist with some messages from practice.", "content": "Efforts to provide an increased focus on the primary care activities of internists have been characterized by some as requiring a substantial increase in experience with ambulatory patients and significant training time invested in office gynecology, office orthopedics, otorhinolaryngology, and dermatology. These changes have been recommended as more reflective of the \"real world\" of the internist's practice than intensive experience with seriously ill inpatients. It is argued that such skills in training threaten to reduce clinical scope and deep competence and will thereby reduce rather than enhance effectiveness in the care of ambulatory patients. Deep clinical competence should be the hallmark of the internist, and training programs in internal medicine should be designed to produce this type of physician. In addition, consultant-level general internists should be trained for consultative, teaching, and investigative responsibilities and would be powerful role models for trainees.", "contents": "The training of the internist with some messages from practice. Efforts to provide an increased focus on the primary care activities of internists have been characterized by some as requiring a substantial increase in experience with ambulatory patients and significant training time invested in office gynecology, office orthopedics, otorhinolaryngology, and dermatology. These changes have been recommended as more reflective of the \"real world\" of the internist's practice than intensive experience with seriously ill inpatients. It is argued that such skills in training threaten to reduce clinical scope and deep competence and will thereby reduce rather than enhance effectiveness in the care of ambulatory patients. Deep clinical competence should be the hallmark of the internist, and training programs in internal medicine should be designed to produce this type of physician. In addition, consultant-level general internists should be trained for consultative, teaching, and investigative responsibilities and would be powerful role models for trainees.", "PMID": 426411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13287", "title": "Sensorineural hearing loss and pili torti.", "content": "Twelve patients with pili torti and sensorineural hearing loss have been described since 1965. We present two new families with this combination of symptoms, and a restudy of a third family. The genetic aspects are discussed. Tentatively it is concluded that pili torti is an autosomal dominant with a low penetrance of a pleiotropic manifestation of sensorineural hearing loss.", "contents": "Sensorineural hearing loss and pili torti. Twelve patients with pili torti and sensorineural hearing loss have been described since 1965. We present two new families with this combination of symptoms, and a restudy of a third family. The genetic aspects are discussed. Tentatively it is concluded that pili torti is an autosomal dominant with a low penetrance of a pleiotropic manifestation of sensorineural hearing loss.", "PMID": 426441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13288", "title": "Aggressive fibromatosis of the tongue.", "content": "Fibromatoses are uncommon, locally aggressive lesions that may involve the structures of the head and neck. They are most commonly found in and along the fascial planes of the neck muscles but can involve other structures, including the oral cavity, nose, nasopharynx or paranasal sinuses. An unusual case of an extra-abdominal desmoid tumor is presented and a review of the anatomical, clinical and pathological features of these tumors is discussed.", "contents": "Aggressive fibromatosis of the tongue. Fibromatoses are uncommon, locally aggressive lesions that may involve the structures of the head and neck. They are most commonly found in and along the fascial planes of the neck muscles but can involve other structures, including the oral cavity, nose, nasopharynx or paranasal sinuses. An unusual case of an extra-abdominal desmoid tumor is presented and a review of the anatomical, clinical and pathological features of these tumors is discussed.", "PMID": 426442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13289", "title": "Pathogenesis of sinus empyema.", "content": "The crucial event in the pathogenesis of sinus empyema is the ostial obstruction. On the basis of recent reports, some consequences of the obstruction on the local bacterial-host interrelationship have been outlined. The anaerobic gas environment of the empyema is one quality important to the selection of bacteria but probably also to the efficiency of the antibacterial activity of the granulocytes. Release of proteolytic enzymes from neutrophilic granulocytes in the sealed sinus may jeopardize the bacterial engulfment due to proteolytic degradation of opsonins. A longstanding exposure of the sinus mucosa to uninhibited proteolytic enzymes may explain the irreversible lesion of the mucosa in chronic sinusitis.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of sinus empyema. The crucial event in the pathogenesis of sinus empyema is the ostial obstruction. On the basis of recent reports, some consequences of the obstruction on the local bacterial-host interrelationship have been outlined. The anaerobic gas environment of the empyema is one quality important to the selection of bacteria but probably also to the efficiency of the antibacterial activity of the granulocytes. Release of proteolytic enzymes from neutrophilic granulocytes in the sealed sinus may jeopardize the bacterial engulfment due to proteolytic degradation of opsonins. A longstanding exposure of the sinus mucosa to uninhibited proteolytic enzymes may explain the irreversible lesion of the mucosa in chronic sinusitis.", "PMID": 426443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13290", "title": "Intercellular fluid pathways in the organ of Corti of cat and man.", "content": "The intercellular junctions in the organ of Corti of cat and man were examined with the electron microscope. In contrast to the zone of tight junctions, or zonulae occludentes, which were present at the surface of cells lining the scala media, there was no tight junctional specialization among the cells of the tympanic lamina, perilymphatic lining cells of the scala vestibuli, basal processes of the supporting cells of the organ of Corti or cells of the spiral limbus and spiral ligament. These findings suggest the possibility of fluid continuity between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani all along the cochlear duct. Morphological evidence for an intercellular diffusion barrier was present only at the endolymphatic surfaces of the cochlear duct and between the processes of the basal cells of the stria vascularis in cat and man.", "contents": "Intercellular fluid pathways in the organ of Corti of cat and man. The intercellular junctions in the organ of Corti of cat and man were examined with the electron microscope. In contrast to the zone of tight junctions, or zonulae occludentes, which were present at the surface of cells lining the scala media, there was no tight junctional specialization among the cells of the tympanic lamina, perilymphatic lining cells of the scala vestibuli, basal processes of the supporting cells of the organ of Corti or cells of the spiral limbus and spiral ligament. These findings suggest the possibility of fluid continuity between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani all along the cochlear duct. Morphological evidence for an intercellular diffusion barrier was present only at the endolymphatic surfaces of the cochlear duct and between the processes of the basal cells of the stria vascularis in cat and man.", "PMID": 426444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13291", "title": "Caloric vestibular test with the use of air.", "content": "In a group of 28 test subjects the vestibular caloric test was performed with the aid of two different methods. In the first method the ears were irrigated for 30 sec with water with a temperature of 30 C and 44 C and later on with airstream with a temperature of 20 C and 50 C. The wet method proved to be a significant stronger stimulus than the dry method. The authors conclude that the water irrigation is the method of choice for the caloric test. The dry method is only useful when the wet method is undesirable.", "contents": "Caloric vestibular test with the use of air. In a group of 28 test subjects the vestibular caloric test was performed with the aid of two different methods. In the first method the ears were irrigated for 30 sec with water with a temperature of 30 C and 44 C and later on with airstream with a temperature of 20 C and 50 C. The wet method proved to be a significant stronger stimulus than the dry method. The authors conclude that the water irrigation is the method of choice for the caloric test. The dry method is only useful when the wet method is undesirable.", "PMID": 426445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13292", "title": "Cricothyroid distance and vocal pitch. Experimental surgical study to elevate the vocal pitch.", "content": "To establish an experimental basis for surgical approximation of the anterior cricothyroid distance which aims at raising the vocal pitch, the relationship between vocal pitch and the cricothyroid distance was analyzed in voices produced with excised human larynges (four male and two female larynges). Within the framework of the experimental conditions, the following conclusions were drawn: 1) The vocal pitch expressed in semitones was almost linearly related to the cricothyroid distance, with an increase of 0.15 to 0.90 semitones per milimeter of cricothyroid approximation. 2) The rise in vocal pitch reached a plateau when the force applied to shorten the cricothyroid distance reached 30 to 50 gm.", "contents": "Cricothyroid distance and vocal pitch. Experimental surgical study to elevate the vocal pitch. To establish an experimental basis for surgical approximation of the anterior cricothyroid distance which aims at raising the vocal pitch, the relationship between vocal pitch and the cricothyroid distance was analyzed in voices produced with excised human larynges (four male and two female larynges). Within the framework of the experimental conditions, the following conclusions were drawn: 1) The vocal pitch expressed in semitones was almost linearly related to the cricothyroid distance, with an increase of 0.15 to 0.90 semitones per milimeter of cricothyroid approximation. 2) The rise in vocal pitch reached a plateau when the force applied to shorten the cricothyroid distance reached 30 to 50 gm.", "PMID": 426446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13293", "title": "Variations of technique in the face-lift operation.", "content": "Observed variations in face-life technique prompted an analysis of these techniques to determine whether experience correlated with certain aspects of the surgery. A questionnaire was returned by 565 of 1,750 plastic surgeons, quantifying varying techniques in over 121,000 face lifts. The respondents were placed into three groups according to the number of rhytidectomies performed, and correlations were determined.", "contents": "Variations of technique in the face-lift operation. Observed variations in face-life technique prompted an analysis of these techniques to determine whether experience correlated with certain aspects of the surgery. A questionnaire was returned by 565 of 1,750 plastic surgeons, quantifying varying techniques in over 121,000 face lifts. The respondents were placed into three groups according to the number of rhytidectomies performed, and correlations were determined.", "PMID": 426452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13294", "title": "Impedance screening for preschool children. State of the art.", "content": "As a test for detecting middle ear disease among preschool children, tympanometry -- as opposed to audiometry -- has three advantageous attributes: a high degree of sensitivity, minimal need for subject cooperation, and total objectivity. For these reasons interest has arisen in tympanometry as a method for screening, i.e., identifying children with previously undetected middle ear disease. However, uncertainty persists concerning the importance of detecting apparently asymptomatic middle ear effusions, and concerning optimal methods, or even the advisability, of treating them. Further, the sensitivity and specificity of tympanometry depend on how the pass-fail cutoff point is defined. Defining this cutoff point so as to achieve high sensitivity may result in excessively low specificity, with the production of large numbers of false-positives who then become overreferrals. Data are presented to show how the validity of the test may be increased to some extent by attention to the gradient of \"negative-pressure\" tympanograms. At the present time, given the various aforementioned uncertainties, and with adequate validation as to the presence or absence of disease often lacking in reported studies of impedance screening in preschool populations, the cumulative results of these studies do not warrant embarking on large-scale screening programs. What is needed instead is additional research to explore the issue further.", "contents": "Impedance screening for preschool children. State of the art. As a test for detecting middle ear disease among preschool children, tympanometry -- as opposed to audiometry -- has three advantageous attributes: a high degree of sensitivity, minimal need for subject cooperation, and total objectivity. For these reasons interest has arisen in tympanometry as a method for screening, i.e., identifying children with previously undetected middle ear disease. However, uncertainty persists concerning the importance of detecting apparently asymptomatic middle ear effusions, and concerning optimal methods, or even the advisability, of treating them. Further, the sensitivity and specificity of tympanometry depend on how the pass-fail cutoff point is defined. Defining this cutoff point so as to achieve high sensitivity may result in excessively low specificity, with the production of large numbers of false-positives who then become overreferrals. Data are presented to show how the validity of the test may be increased to some extent by attention to the gradient of \"negative-pressure\" tympanograms. At the present time, given the various aforementioned uncertainties, and with adequate validation as to the presence or absence of disease often lacking in reported studies of impedance screening in preschool populations, the cumulative results of these studies do not warrant embarking on large-scale screening programs. What is needed instead is additional research to explore the issue further.", "PMID": 426447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13295", "title": "Multicentric ductal and lobular atypia and occult carcinoma in prophylactic subcutaneous mastectomies: a preliminary report.", "content": "A report is made on 2 patients undergoing prophylactic subcutaneous mastectomy and reconstruction following treatment for carcinoma of the opposite breast. The dangers of augmenting, reducing, or correcting the shape of the remaining breast to match the reconstructed one are also examined.", "contents": "Multicentric ductal and lobular atypia and occult carcinoma in prophylactic subcutaneous mastectomies: a preliminary report. A report is made on 2 patients undergoing prophylactic subcutaneous mastectomy and reconstruction following treatment for carcinoma of the opposite breast. The dangers of augmenting, reducing, or correcting the shape of the remaining breast to match the reconstructed one are also examined.", "PMID": 426453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13296", "title": "Aesthetic surgery: how it affects the way patients are perceived by others.", "content": "Writings on the psychological effects of aesthetic surgery have evidenced a subtle but important difference of opinion. One viewpoint emphasizes the intrapsychic significance of surgery, while another places great weight on the surgical patient's social feedback from peers. This research was designed to determine whether aesthetic surgery, by altering a patient's appearance, can change the social perceptions and dispositions of those who encounter the patient. A controlled experiment was carried out in which subjects viewed preoperative or postoperative photographs and made a variety of judgments of those pictured. The individuals in the postoperative pictures were judged to have more desirable personalities, to be better potential marriage partners, and to have happier lives than the same individuals photographed before surgery. Since all the impressions were from photographs, actual personality was not a factor in this study. The greatly improved social reception given the individuals in the postoperative pictures is explained by the surgical improvement in their appearance. Thus, the surgeon's work should be viewed as altering not only the patient, but also the patient's social world.", "contents": "Aesthetic surgery: how it affects the way patients are perceived by others. Writings on the psychological effects of aesthetic surgery have evidenced a subtle but important difference of opinion. One viewpoint emphasizes the intrapsychic significance of surgery, while another places great weight on the surgical patient's social feedback from peers. This research was designed to determine whether aesthetic surgery, by altering a patient's appearance, can change the social perceptions and dispositions of those who encounter the patient. A controlled experiment was carried out in which subjects viewed preoperative or postoperative photographs and made a variety of judgments of those pictured. The individuals in the postoperative pictures were judged to have more desirable personalities, to be better potential marriage partners, and to have happier lives than the same individuals photographed before surgery. Since all the impressions were from photographs, actual personality was not a factor in this study. The greatly improved social reception given the individuals in the postoperative pictures is explained by the surgical improvement in their appearance. Thus, the surgeon's work should be viewed as altering not only the patient, but also the patient's social world.", "PMID": 426454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13297", "title": "Temporary increase in sensorineural hearing loss with hearing aid use.", "content": "Two cases are presented exhibiting temporary increases in sensorineural hearing loss following hearing aid use. Data suggesting this correlation are shown. There were no contributing middle ear problems during the period surveyed. The most significant changes in hearing thresholds were at frequencies 1000 and 2000 Hz. The use of different hearing aids, with decreased maximum power outputs, was not found to have similar effects on hearing threshold levels. A scheduling regime is recommended for introducing any new hearing aid to a child.", "contents": "Temporary increase in sensorineural hearing loss with hearing aid use. Two cases are presented exhibiting temporary increases in sensorineural hearing loss following hearing aid use. Data suggesting this correlation are shown. There were no contributing middle ear problems during the period surveyed. The most significant changes in hearing thresholds were at frequencies 1000 and 2000 Hz. The use of different hearing aids, with decreased maximum power outputs, was not found to have similar effects on hearing threshold levels. A scheduling regime is recommended for introducing any new hearing aid to a child.", "PMID": 426449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13298", "title": "Replantation of the heel in a child.", "content": "Complete avulsion of the heel pad and half of the calcaneus constitutes a severe injury. The case presented here emphasizes the need to carefully assess patients with amputated tissue, because even small portions of avulsed tissue that are needed for a specific and important function should have replantation attempted. Failing to consider revascularization as the procedure of choice in some injuries eliminates the potential for primary, ideal reconstruction.", "contents": "Replantation of the heel in a child. Complete avulsion of the heel pad and half of the calcaneus constitutes a severe injury. The case presented here emphasizes the need to carefully assess patients with amputated tissue, because even small portions of avulsed tissue that are needed for a specific and important function should have replantation attempted. Failing to consider revascularization as the procedure of choice in some injuries eliminates the potential for primary, ideal reconstruction.", "PMID": 426455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13299", "title": "Recurrent nerve locating system.", "content": "One recurring problem for otolaryngologists is the patient with vocal cord paralysis after thyroid surgery. We review the literature to assess the magnitude of this problem and to assess presently available techniques for sparing the recurrent laryngeal nerve. We present a new system for intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve location during thyroid surgery.", "contents": "Recurrent nerve locating system. One recurring problem for otolaryngologists is the patient with vocal cord paralysis after thyroid surgery. We review the literature to assess the magnitude of this problem and to assess presently available techniques for sparing the recurrent laryngeal nerve. We present a new system for intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve location during thyroid surgery.", "PMID": 426450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13300", "title": "Lipoma of the thumb in a child.", "content": "Lipomas occur anywhere in the body but are rarely found in the fingers. This report describes a lipoma of the dorsum of the thumb in a 9-year-old boy. We have been unable to find a previously reported case.", "contents": "Lipoma of the thumb in a child. Lipomas occur anywhere in the body but are rarely found in the fingers. This report describes a lipoma of the dorsum of the thumb in a 9-year-old boy. We have been unable to find a previously reported case.", "PMID": 426456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13301", "title": "Upper airway obstruction associated with regional enteritis.", "content": "Two patients are presented with upper airway obstruction associated with regional enteritis (Crohn's disease). Two mechanisms for this obstruction are proposed. The first is involvement of the cricoarytenoid joint with the inflammatory process and the second is extensive edema of the upper airway due to submucosal involvement with the disease process. We were unable to find any previous reports of upper airway obstruction associated with regional enteritis. The data from these patients suggests that Crohn's disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of chronic persistent laryngeal edema.", "contents": "Upper airway obstruction associated with regional enteritis. Two patients are presented with upper airway obstruction associated with regional enteritis (Crohn's disease). Two mechanisms for this obstruction are proposed. The first is involvement of the cricoarytenoid joint with the inflammatory process and the second is extensive edema of the upper airway due to submucosal involvement with the disease process. We were unable to find any previous reports of upper airway obstruction associated with regional enteritis. The data from these patients suggests that Crohn's disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of chronic persistent laryngeal edema.", "PMID": 426451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13302", "title": "Custom-fabricated silicone implants for contour restoration.", "content": "A 15-year review is made of contour restoration by custom silicone inlay technique. Eighty-three patients have undergone surgery since 1962. The indications, preparation of moulage and implant, surgical technique, and care of complications are described. The custom silicone technque has proved successful, precise, and relatively free of complications. Tolerance of uncomplicated implants has been permanent.", "contents": "Custom-fabricated silicone implants for contour restoration. A 15-year review is made of contour restoration by custom silicone inlay technique. Eighty-three patients have undergone surgery since 1962. The indications, preparation of moulage and implant, surgical technique, and care of complications are described. The custom silicone technque has proved successful, precise, and relatively free of complications. Tolerance of uncomplicated implants has been permanent.", "PMID": 426459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13303", "title": "Remyelination in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Chronic plaques in central nervous system tissue fixed by in situ perfusion for electron microscopy were examined for evidence of remyelination in 2 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Fibers with abnormal central myelin sheaths of several types were found at the margins of most of the plaques studied. The most common of these were: (1) the presence of bare stretches of axon between contiguous internodes, (2) the presence of thin paranodes, (3) internodes which changed markedly in thickness along their length due to premature termination of superficial or deep myelin lamellae that ended as hypertrophic lateral loops, and (4) abnormally thin internodes which were of uniform thickness along their length, which were shorter than normal, and which terminated in the form of normal nodal complexes. The finding of internodes of the last type at the edges of many plaques indicates that remyelination by oligodendrocytes can occur in the adult human CNS and that it is common in some cases of MS, although limited in its extent.", "contents": "Remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Chronic plaques in central nervous system tissue fixed by in situ perfusion for electron microscopy were examined for evidence of remyelination in 2 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Fibers with abnormal central myelin sheaths of several types were found at the margins of most of the plaques studied. The most common of these were: (1) the presence of bare stretches of axon between contiguous internodes, (2) the presence of thin paranodes, (3) internodes which changed markedly in thickness along their length due to premature termination of superficial or deep myelin lamellae that ended as hypertrophic lateral loops, and (4) abnormally thin internodes which were of uniform thickness along their length, which were shorter than normal, and which terminated in the form of normal nodal complexes. The finding of internodes of the last type at the edges of many plaques indicates that remyelination by oligodendrocytes can occur in the adult human CNS and that it is common in some cases of MS, although limited in its extent.", "PMID": 426466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13304", "title": "Visual evoked potentials and the visuogram in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Visual evoked potential (VEP) latency to a sinusoidal grating pattern was measured in each eye of 103 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and compared with results in a control group of 56 patients hospitalized for other neurological conditions. Of the 50 patients classified as having definite MS, 90% showed prolonged latency (over 131 msec) in one or both eyes. In each eye of 24 of the MS patients, psychophysical measurement of the detectability of grating patterns was obtained. This test was abnormal in 11 of 13 patients with definite MS, 3 of 4 with probable MS, and 5 of 7 with possible MS. There was no concordance between prolonged VEP latency and visual impairment as revealed by the psychophysical test. Apparently pathways determining VEP latency and spatial contrast detection may be unequally affected in MS.", "contents": "Visual evoked potentials and the visuogram in multiple sclerosis. Visual evoked potential (VEP) latency to a sinusoidal grating pattern was measured in each eye of 103 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and compared with results in a control group of 56 patients hospitalized for other neurological conditions. Of the 50 patients classified as having definite MS, 90% showed prolonged latency (over 131 msec) in one or both eyes. In each eye of 24 of the MS patients, psychophysical measurement of the detectability of grating patterns was obtained. This test was abnormal in 11 of 13 patients with definite MS, 3 of 4 with probable MS, and 5 of 7 with possible MS. There was no concordance between prolonged VEP latency and visual impairment as revealed by the psychophysical test. Apparently pathways determining VEP latency and spatial contrast detection may be unequally affected in MS.", "PMID": 426467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13305", "title": "Delayed pentobarbital administration limits ischemic brain damage in gerbils.", "content": "The capacity of delayed barbiturate administration to limit brain damage after unilateralcerebral ischemia was examined histologically in gerbils. The right common carotid artery was occluded in 50 animals under brief (3-minute) halothane anesthesia; 18 animals (36%) developed motor abnormalities consistent with stroke. The arterial clasps were removed after 1 hour and the abnormal animals were divided into treatment and placebo groups. Treated gerbils received sodium pentobarbital (70 mg/kg) intarperitoneally 1 hour after clasp removal and a smaller dose (50 mg/kg) 2 hours later; these animals lost corneal reflexes but retained spontaneous respiration and were kept normothermic. Animals in the placebo group received equivalent volumes of normal saline. Except for the period of anesthesia, both groups had similar postischemic motor behavior. Neuropathological examination of animals killed by perfusion-fixation after 24 hours revealed fewer pentobarbital-treated animals with shift of midline structures and with ipsilateral ischemic damage (including infarction). Compared with the placebo group, there was less extensive neuronal ischemic cell change in five regions of the ipsilateral cerebral hemispheres of the pentobarbital-treated animals (p less than 0.05). The results suggest that barbiturates administered as long as 1 hour after the end of an ischemic insult can still limit brain damage.", "contents": "Delayed pentobarbital administration limits ischemic brain damage in gerbils. The capacity of delayed barbiturate administration to limit brain damage after unilateralcerebral ischemia was examined histologically in gerbils. The right common carotid artery was occluded in 50 animals under brief (3-minute) halothane anesthesia; 18 animals (36%) developed motor abnormalities consistent with stroke. The arterial clasps were removed after 1 hour and the abnormal animals were divided into treatment and placebo groups. Treated gerbils received sodium pentobarbital (70 mg/kg) intarperitoneally 1 hour after clasp removal and a smaller dose (50 mg/kg) 2 hours later; these animals lost corneal reflexes but retained spontaneous respiration and were kept normothermic. Animals in the placebo group received equivalent volumes of normal saline. Except for the period of anesthesia, both groups had similar postischemic motor behavior. Neuropathological examination of animals killed by perfusion-fixation after 24 hours revealed fewer pentobarbital-treated animals with shift of midline structures and with ipsilateral ischemic damage (including infarction). Compared with the placebo group, there was less extensive neuronal ischemic cell change in five regions of the ipsilateral cerebral hemispheres of the pentobarbital-treated animals (p less than 0.05). The results suggest that barbiturates administered as long as 1 hour after the end of an ischemic insult can still limit brain damage.", "PMID": 426468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13306", "title": "Clinical and biochemical aspects of trichopoliodystrophy.", "content": "The clinical and biochemical evaluation of 6 patients with trichopoliodystrophy indicates that the disease process can begin in utero and is related to a selective abnormality in copper metabolism. Examination of 2 infants on the first day of life revealed abnormal neurological signs, a characteristic hair abnormality, and elevated levels of copper and ceruloplasmin. Decreased hepatic copper levels and increased urinary copper excretion were documented during the first week. The 2 neonates demonstrated a progressive decrease in blood copper levels in the first month of life. Four infants identified at ages 2 to 11 months had low values for blood copper and ceruloplasmin. All infants had progressive neurological dysfunction, and 4 of the 6 died at ages ranging from 2 1/2 months to 5 1/2 years. Parenteral copper therapy achieved normal blood and hepatic copper levels in 1 patient, but the copper values in the cerebral cortex and white matter were significantly decreased compared to control specimens.", "contents": "Clinical and biochemical aspects of trichopoliodystrophy. The clinical and biochemical evaluation of 6 patients with trichopoliodystrophy indicates that the disease process can begin in utero and is related to a selective abnormality in copper metabolism. Examination of 2 infants on the first day of life revealed abnormal neurological signs, a characteristic hair abnormality, and elevated levels of copper and ceruloplasmin. Decreased hepatic copper levels and increased urinary copper excretion were documented during the first week. The 2 neonates demonstrated a progressive decrease in blood copper levels in the first month of life. Four infants identified at ages 2 to 11 months had low values for blood copper and ceruloplasmin. All infants had progressive neurological dysfunction, and 4 of the 6 died at ages ranging from 2 1/2 months to 5 1/2 years. Parenteral copper therapy achieved normal blood and hepatic copper levels in 1 patient, but the copper values in the cerebral cortex and white matter were significantly decreased compared to control specimens.", "PMID": 426469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13307", "title": "Cortical activation pattern during saccadic eye movements in humans: localization by focal cerebral blood flow increases.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in human subjects during saccadic eye movements by a 254-channel dynamic gamma camera. Focal rCBF increases were repeatedly observed in an area within the middle precentral and premotor regions which corresponds to the frontal eye field in humans. Our findings suggest that this region is localized between the \"face\" and \"hand\" areas in the precentral gyrus and extends anteriorly out of the primary motor strip into the adjacent premotor zone. In addition, saccades were associated with focal blood flow increases in regions corresponding to the frontal supplementary motor area and to the posterior temporooccipital visual association cortex. Similar changes in patterns of rCBF occurred during contralateral and ipsilateral horizontal saccades and also during vertical saccades, and did not differ between the right and left hemispheres. Focal rCBF increases were observed in the frontal eye field during several additional test procedures including ocular fixation and visual perception of a nonmoving target, auditory stimulation with closed eyes, and reading. It is presumed that these focal flow increases reflect increased localized neuronal activity and metabolic rate and therefore permit visualization of the cortical activation pattern associated with saccadic eye movements in humans.", "contents": "Cortical activation pattern during saccadic eye movements in humans: localization by focal cerebral blood flow increases. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in human subjects during saccadic eye movements by a 254-channel dynamic gamma camera. Focal rCBF increases were repeatedly observed in an area within the middle precentral and premotor regions which corresponds to the frontal eye field in humans. Our findings suggest that this region is localized between the \"face\" and \"hand\" areas in the precentral gyrus and extends anteriorly out of the primary motor strip into the adjacent premotor zone. In addition, saccades were associated with focal blood flow increases in regions corresponding to the frontal supplementary motor area and to the posterior temporooccipital visual association cortex. Similar changes in patterns of rCBF occurred during contralateral and ipsilateral horizontal saccades and also during vertical saccades, and did not differ between the right and left hemispheres. Focal rCBF increases were observed in the frontal eye field during several additional test procedures including ocular fixation and visual perception of a nonmoving target, auditory stimulation with closed eyes, and reading. It is presumed that these focal flow increases reflect increased localized neuronal activity and metabolic rate and therefore permit visualization of the cortical activation pattern associated with saccadic eye movements in humans.", "PMID": 426470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13308", "title": "Pheochromocytoma causing exercise-related headache and pulmonary edema.", "content": "A 13-year-old hypertensive girl with a history of severe headaches following exercise developed circulatory collapse after \"squat jumps.\" Pulmonary edema was present without evidence of a cerebral mass. The patient died with increased intracranial pressure despite decompressive craniectomy. Neuropathological evaluation revealed diffuse cerebral edema and a pheochromocytoma in the right adrenal gland. Examination of urine revealed elevation of vanillylmandelic acid levels.", "contents": "Pheochromocytoma causing exercise-related headache and pulmonary edema. A 13-year-old hypertensive girl with a history of severe headaches following exercise developed circulatory collapse after \"squat jumps.\" Pulmonary edema was present without evidence of a cerebral mass. The patient died with increased intracranial pressure despite decompressive craniectomy. Neuropathological evaluation revealed diffuse cerebral edema and a pheochromocytoma in the right adrenal gland. Examination of urine revealed elevation of vanillylmandelic acid levels.", "PMID": 426471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13309", "title": "Stimulatory effects of drugs for protein synthesis on muscle cell cultures in Duchenne dystrophy.", "content": "The influence of the membrane-stabilizing agents diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and orgotein (a drug with superoxide dismutase activity) on protein synthesis was studied in cultured human muscle cells obtained from 7 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 14 controls. The cultures were obtained by dissociation and subsequent plating of cells from biopsied quadriceps muscle. These cultures were then labeled with tritiated leucine in the presence and absence of the membrane-stabilizing drugs. Total protein synthesis (cpm/mg noncollagen protein) in first-passage muscle cell cultures from DMD patients showed a 35% decrease, but myosin synthesis revealed normal values. DPH and orgotein increased total protein synthesis by 35 and 50%, respectively, in dystrophic cultured cells, but only by 7 and 8%, respectively, in control cultured cells.", "contents": "Stimulatory effects of drugs for protein synthesis on muscle cell cultures in Duchenne dystrophy. The influence of the membrane-stabilizing agents diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and orgotein (a drug with superoxide dismutase activity) on protein synthesis was studied in cultured human muscle cells obtained from 7 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 14 controls. The cultures were obtained by dissociation and subsequent plating of cells from biopsied quadriceps muscle. These cultures were then labeled with tritiated leucine in the presence and absence of the membrane-stabilizing drugs. Total protein synthesis (cpm/mg noncollagen protein) in first-passage muscle cell cultures from DMD patients showed a 35% decrease, but myosin synthesis revealed normal values. DPH and orgotein increased total protein synthesis by 35 and 50%, respectively, in dystrophic cultured cells, but only by 7 and 8%, respectively, in control cultured cells.", "PMID": 426472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13310", "title": "Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy.", "content": "A man had weakness of humeroperoneal distribution associated with limited range of motion of the cervical spine and elbows. At age 25 he developed permanent atrial paralysis, and a cardiac pacemaker was inserted. Although this case was sporadic, most others have been transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait. Mixed patterns in electromyography and muscle histology have caused nosological confusion, but the unique clinical signs seem to define a distinct form of muscular dystrophy, warranting the designation \"emery-Dreifuss\" type.", "contents": "Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. A man had weakness of humeroperoneal distribution associated with limited range of motion of the cervical spine and elbows. At age 25 he developed permanent atrial paralysis, and a cardiac pacemaker was inserted. Although this case was sporadic, most others have been transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait. Mixed patterns in electromyography and muscle histology have caused nosological confusion, but the unique clinical signs seem to define a distinct form of muscular dystrophy, warranting the designation \"emery-Dreifuss\" type.", "PMID": 426473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13311", "title": "Central vestibular involvement in peroneal muscle atrophy: a preliminary report.", "content": "A family is presented in which 6 out of 8 members were found to have peroneal muscle atrophy. Neurophysiological and histopathological evidence for the hypertrophic form of this disease was obtained in 3 patients. Three patients with peroneal muscle atrophy and 1 unaffected family member had abnormal differential caloric tests. This is the first report of an apparently hereditary dysfunction of the central vestibular system associated with a hereditary neuropathy.", "contents": "Central vestibular involvement in peroneal muscle atrophy: a preliminary report. A family is presented in which 6 out of 8 members were found to have peroneal muscle atrophy. Neurophysiological and histopathological evidence for the hypertrophic form of this disease was obtained in 3 patients. Three patients with peroneal muscle atrophy and 1 unaffected family member had abnormal differential caloric tests. This is the first report of an apparently hereditary dysfunction of the central vestibular system associated with a hereditary neuropathy.", "PMID": 426474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13312", "title": "Metabolism of dimethoxymethyl phenobarbital (eterobarb) in patients with epilepsy.", "content": "The metabolism of dimethoxymethyl phenobarbital (DMMP) was investigated in 6 epileptic patients using deuterium-labeled drug measured by integrated gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Following an oral dose of 120 mg, none of the parent compound appeared in serum, urine, or saliva in spite of a measurement sensitivity of less than 0.05 nmol/ml. A metabolite, monomethoxymethyl phenobarbital (MMP), was detected in all patients, with peak serum concentrations averaging 1.96 nmol/ml at 1.3 hours. Phenobarbital was the major metabolite detected, and it reached peak levels in 6 to 12 hours. Two of the patients were continued on DMMP therapy for several months and then administered a pulse dose of deuterated drug. Again no DMMP was detectable. Steady-state drug administration had no effect on the kinetics of metabolism of either MMP or phenobarbital although peak serum concentrations were lower for both metabolites. In the urine of 5 patients an unidentified labeled fragment was detected that does not appear in urine from patients taking phenobarbital. From these pharmacokinetic studies it appears likely that the anticonvulsant activity of DMMP results from its metabolic conversion to phenobarbital.", "contents": "Metabolism of dimethoxymethyl phenobarbital (eterobarb) in patients with epilepsy. The metabolism of dimethoxymethyl phenobarbital (DMMP) was investigated in 6 epileptic patients using deuterium-labeled drug measured by integrated gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Following an oral dose of 120 mg, none of the parent compound appeared in serum, urine, or saliva in spite of a measurement sensitivity of less than 0.05 nmol/ml. A metabolite, monomethoxymethyl phenobarbital (MMP), was detected in all patients, with peak serum concentrations averaging 1.96 nmol/ml at 1.3 hours. Phenobarbital was the major metabolite detected, and it reached peak levels in 6 to 12 hours. Two of the patients were continued on DMMP therapy for several months and then administered a pulse dose of deuterated drug. Again no DMMP was detectable. Steady-state drug administration had no effect on the kinetics of metabolism of either MMP or phenobarbital although peak serum concentrations were lower for both metabolites. In the urine of 5 patients an unidentified labeled fragment was detected that does not appear in urine from patients taking phenobarbital. From these pharmacokinetic studies it appears likely that the anticonvulsant activity of DMMP results from its metabolic conversion to phenobarbital.", "PMID": 426475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13313", "title": "Selective chromatolysis of neurons in the gerbil brain: a possible consequence of \"epileptic\" activity produced by common carotid artery occlusion.", "content": "Unilateral (50 to 118 minutes) and bilateral (2 to 33 minutes) carotid artery occlusion in gerbils resulted in two distinct types of neuronal alteration: ischemic cell change (ICC) in selectively vulnerable brain regions, and selective chromatolysis (SC) confined to the deeper layers of the cortex, the Sommer sector of zone h-1, and the paramedian region (PM) of the hippocampus. In typical SC the nucleus was eccentric and the Nissl substance was lost in the central eosinophilic cytoplasm. In electron micrographs this area of cytoplasm showed disruption of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum with disaggregation of polyribosomes and accumulation of mitochrondria and various dense bodies. SC was identified at 2 to 3 hours and was still recognizable at five days. When bilateral carotid artery occlusion lasted 5 to 6 minutes, SC was seen in the hippocampal Sommer sector and cerebral cortex, while ICC was restricted to the endfolium (h3-5). Unlike ICC, the frequency of SC was not related to the duration of ischemia but probably to the epileptic seizures (overt and subclinical) initiated by ischemia in the gerbil. These changes must be considered when the gerbil is employed as a model of experimental stroke.", "contents": "Selective chromatolysis of neurons in the gerbil brain: a possible consequence of \"epileptic\" activity produced by common carotid artery occlusion. Unilateral (50 to 118 minutes) and bilateral (2 to 33 minutes) carotid artery occlusion in gerbils resulted in two distinct types of neuronal alteration: ischemic cell change (ICC) in selectively vulnerable brain regions, and selective chromatolysis (SC) confined to the deeper layers of the cortex, the Sommer sector of zone h-1, and the paramedian region (PM) of the hippocampus. In typical SC the nucleus was eccentric and the Nissl substance was lost in the central eosinophilic cytoplasm. In electron micrographs this area of cytoplasm showed disruption of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum with disaggregation of polyribosomes and accumulation of mitochrondria and various dense bodies. SC was identified at 2 to 3 hours and was still recognizable at five days. When bilateral carotid artery occlusion lasted 5 to 6 minutes, SC was seen in the hippocampal Sommer sector and cerebral cortex, while ICC was restricted to the endfolium (h3-5). Unlike ICC, the frequency of SC was not related to the duration of ischemia but probably to the epileptic seizures (overt and subclinical) initiated by ischemia in the gerbil. These changes must be considered when the gerbil is employed as a model of experimental stroke.", "PMID": 426476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13314", "title": "Effects of bicuculline-induced seizures on cerebral metabolism and circulation of rats rendered hypoglycemic by starvation.", "content": "To evaluate the effects of substrate deficiency on cerebral function, metabolism, and blood flow during seizures, rats were injected intravenously with bicuculline (1.2 mg.kg-1) following a 24-hour period of starvation. During the course of seizures, blood glucose concentrations fell, and when they were reduced to below about 3 mumol.gm-1, cerebral function, metabolism, and blood flow altered. Changes in function involved the transition of an electroencephalographic pattern of bursts and suppression into one of frequent or sparse single spikes. Oxygen consumption, which initially increased at least twofold, fell toward normal or subnormal values in the single-spike period. Cortical blood flow was markedly reduced, and there  was an attenuated response to carbon dioxide administration. Simultaneously, a small but clear fall was detected in the cerebral phosphorylation potential, and concentrations of glycolytic metabolites (including lactate) and citric acid cycle intermediates were reduced. Changes in amino acids and ammonia were somewhat similar to those observed in insulin-induced hypoglycemia, but since the amino acid pool did not fall, the experiments failed to give evidence that amino acids serve as oxidative substrates. The perturbation of cerebral energy state (and of levels of carbohydrate substrates and amino acids) was reversed by glucose administration; but since neither this procedure nor additional bicuculline injections could cause resumption of continuous seizure activity, the results suggest that cellular substrate depletion may have given rise to a sustained disturbance of synaptic transmission.", "contents": "Effects of bicuculline-induced seizures on cerebral metabolism and circulation of rats rendered hypoglycemic by starvation. To evaluate the effects of substrate deficiency on cerebral function, metabolism, and blood flow during seizures, rats were injected intravenously with bicuculline (1.2 mg.kg-1) following a 24-hour period of starvation. During the course of seizures, blood glucose concentrations fell, and when they were reduced to below about 3 mumol.gm-1, cerebral function, metabolism, and blood flow altered. Changes in function involved the transition of an electroencephalographic pattern of bursts and suppression into one of frequent or sparse single spikes. Oxygen consumption, which initially increased at least twofold, fell toward normal or subnormal values in the single-spike period. Cortical blood flow was markedly reduced, and there  was an attenuated response to carbon dioxide administration. Simultaneously, a small but clear fall was detected in the cerebral phosphorylation potential, and concentrations of glycolytic metabolites (including lactate) and citric acid cycle intermediates were reduced. Changes in amino acids and ammonia were somewhat similar to those observed in insulin-induced hypoglycemia, but since the amino acid pool did not fall, the experiments failed to give evidence that amino acids serve as oxidative substrates. The perturbation of cerebral energy state (and of levels of carbohydrate substrates and amino acids) was reversed by glucose administration; but since neither this procedure nor additional bicuculline injections could cause resumption of continuous seizure activity, the results suggest that cellular substrate depletion may have given rise to a sustained disturbance of synaptic transmission.", "PMID": 426477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13315", "title": "Symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis.", "content": "The clinical course of 16 consecutive patients with stenosis of the middle cerebral artery angiographically diagnosed between 1970 and 1977 was reviewed. All were managed nonsurgically with medical treatment including anticoagulation. Prior to therapy, transient ischemic attacks had occurred in 15 and cerebral infarction in 11. Initially, none exhibited more than a minor neurological deficit. Follow-up from one month to six years showed a benign course in 14 patients: 13 experienced no subsequent transient attacks or new stroke; 1 had repeated transient attacks for two years but not in the following four years. Two of the 16 developed a severe stroke early in the course, before medical therapy was started. No distinctive clinical or radiographic features were identified that permitted prediction of the outcome. This small series supports the need for a randomized study of bypass efficacy in these patients.", "contents": "Symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis. The clinical course of 16 consecutive patients with stenosis of the middle cerebral artery angiographically diagnosed between 1970 and 1977 was reviewed. All were managed nonsurgically with medical treatment including anticoagulation. Prior to therapy, transient ischemic attacks had occurred in 15 and cerebral infarction in 11. Initially, none exhibited more than a minor neurological deficit. Follow-up from one month to six years showed a benign course in 14 patients: 13 experienced no subsequent transient attacks or new stroke; 1 had repeated transient attacks for two years but not in the following four years. Two of the 16 developed a severe stroke early in the course, before medical therapy was started. No distinctive clinical or radiographic features were identified that permitted prediction of the outcome. This small series supports the need for a randomized study of bypass efficacy in these patients.", "PMID": 426478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13316", "title": "Cranial computed tomography in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The cranial computed tomograms of 29 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were reviewed. Twenty-two patients had a clinical course consistent with central nervous system involvement. Of these, 20 had abnormal CT studies during the course of their CNS symptoms. The most common finding was sulcal enlargement, either with or without ventricular enlargement, and it was prominent in patients with either psychosis or dementia. Infarcts and intracranial hemorrhages were seen as well. Seven CT studies were obtained in SLE patients without a clear diagnosis of CNS involvement. Only one of these was abnormal.", "contents": "Cranial computed tomography in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. The cranial computed tomograms of 29 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were reviewed. Twenty-two patients had a clinical course consistent with central nervous system involvement. Of these, 20 had abnormal CT studies during the course of their CNS symptoms. The most common finding was sulcal enlargement, either with or without ventricular enlargement, and it was prominent in patients with either psychosis or dementia. Infarcts and intracranial hemorrhages were seen as well. Seven CT studies were obtained in SLE patients without a clear diagnosis of CNS involvement. Only one of these was abnormal.", "PMID": 426479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13317", "title": "Mechanisms underlying hemispatial neglect.", "content": "If patients with left-sided hemispatial neglect bisect lines incorrectly because hemianopia or sensory hemiinattention prevents them from seeing how far the line extends to the left, a strategy that ensures their seeing the left side of the line in their normal field should improve performance. If patients have hemispatial hypokinesia, moving the line toward the normal half of body space should improve performance. Six patients with left-sided neglect from right hemisphere infarctions were required to identify a letter at either the right or the left end of a line before bisecting that line. The task was given with the lines placed at either the right, the center, or the left of the body midline. Performance in trials when subjects were required to look to the left before bisecting a line did not differ from when they were required to look right. Performance was significantly better when the line was placed to the right side of the body than to the left. These observations support the hypothesis that patients with hemispatial neglect have hemispatial hypokinesia. An alternative hypothesis is that these subjects had a hemispatial memory defect. Although they saw the left side of the line in their normal field, they were incapable of forming a stable trace and performed as if they did not see the left side of the line.", "contents": "Mechanisms underlying hemispatial neglect. If patients with left-sided hemispatial neglect bisect lines incorrectly because hemianopia or sensory hemiinattention prevents them from seeing how far the line extends to the left, a strategy that ensures their seeing the left side of the line in their normal field should improve performance. If patients have hemispatial hypokinesia, moving the line toward the normal half of body space should improve performance. Six patients with left-sided neglect from right hemisphere infarctions were required to identify a letter at either the right or the left end of a line before bisecting that line. The task was given with the lines placed at either the right, the center, or the left of the body midline. Performance in trials when subjects were required to look to the left before bisecting a line did not differ from when they were required to look right. Performance was significantly better when the line was placed to the right side of the body than to the left. These observations support the hypothesis that patients with hemispatial neglect have hemispatial hypokinesia. An alternative hypothesis is that these subjects had a hemispatial memory defect. Although they saw the left side of the line in their normal field, they were incapable of forming a stable trace and performed as if they did not see the left side of the line.", "PMID": 426480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13318", "title": "Position and vibration sensations: functions of the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts?", "content": "Clinical evidence is presented which establishes for the first time that position and vibration sensations may be carried in the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts. We present a patient who incurred a spinal cord infarction eight months prior to death that caused a Brown-S\u00e9quard syndrome with loss of position and vibration senses in the right lower extremity. The infarction spared the right fasciculus gracilis and thus supports the recent observations in human beings (and animals) that conscious proprioception is not a function of the dorsal columns. The vibratory and position losses were best correlated with the portion of the lesion involving the right dorsal spinocerebellar tract. Arguments are furnished based on physiological experiments in animals that conscious proprioception may be carried by Morin's spinocervicothalamic pathway, which forms part of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract in the spinal cord.", "contents": "Position and vibration sensations: functions of the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts? Clinical evidence is presented which establishes for the first time that position and vibration sensations may be carried in the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts. We present a patient who incurred a spinal cord infarction eight months prior to death that caused a Brown-S\u00e9quard syndrome with loss of position and vibration senses in the right lower extremity. The infarction spared the right fasciculus gracilis and thus supports the recent observations in human beings (and animals) that conscious proprioception is not a function of the dorsal columns. The vibratory and position losses were best correlated with the portion of the lesion involving the right dorsal spinocerebellar tract. Arguments are furnished based on physiological experiments in animals that conscious proprioception may be carried by Morin's spinocervicothalamic pathway, which forms part of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract in the spinal cord.", "PMID": 426481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13319", "title": "Cervical radiculomyelopathy due to calcified ligamenta flava.", "content": "Two cases of cervical radiculomyelopathy were apparently caused by calcification of the ligamenta flava. Similar cases have not previously been described, although myelopathy due to calcified thoracolumbar ligamenta flava is occasionally reported. Radiological study is necessary for diagnosis. Surgical removal of the calcified masses was followed by improvement in the symptoms. In 1 patient, the disease was associated with pseudogout in the menisci of the knee joints, pubic symphysis, and acetabular lips. The cause and pathogenesis of this rare condition are unknown.", "contents": "Cervical radiculomyelopathy due to calcified ligamenta flava. Two cases of cervical radiculomyelopathy were apparently caused by calcification of the ligamenta flava. Similar cases have not previously been described, although myelopathy due to calcified thoracolumbar ligamenta flava is occasionally reported. Radiological study is necessary for diagnosis. Surgical removal of the calcified masses was followed by improvement in the symptoms. In 1 patient, the disease was associated with pseudogout in the menisci of the knee joints, pubic symphysis, and acetabular lips. The cause and pathogenesis of this rare condition are unknown.", "PMID": 426482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13320", "title": "Retroperitoneal neuroblastoma widely metastatic to the central nervous system.", "content": "A girl with congenital extraadrenal neuroblastoma died at 3 months of age with multiple parenchymal metastases in the brain and spinal cord. The bones of the skull, cranial dura, venous sinuses, and orbits were not involved. Autopsy findings suggest that the tumor penetrated the spinal meninges and disseminated through the cerebrospinal fluid. It is possible that hematogenous metastasis occurred as well. The intracerebral metastases were not identified on a CT scan performed several hours before the child's death.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal neuroblastoma widely metastatic to the central nervous system. A girl with congenital extraadrenal neuroblastoma died at 3 months of age with multiple parenchymal metastases in the brain and spinal cord. The bones of the skull, cranial dura, venous sinuses, and orbits were not involved. Autopsy findings suggest that the tumor penetrated the spinal meninges and disseminated through the cerebrospinal fluid. It is possible that hematogenous metastasis occurred as well. The intracerebral metastases were not identified on a CT scan performed several hours before the child's death.", "PMID": 426483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13321", "title": "Resolution of classic migraine after removal of an occipital lobe AVM.", "content": "A patient had a thirteen-year history of symptoms clinically indistinguishable from classic migraine: a slowly progressive visual fortification spectrum lasting 40 minutes, followed by a five- to six-hour throbbing unilateral headache with nausea and vomiting. After unsuccessful migraine therapy, investigation revealed a large occipital lobe arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Surgical removal of the AVM resulted in immediate and total resolution of all symptoms.", "contents": "Resolution of classic migraine after removal of an occipital lobe AVM. A patient had a thirteen-year history of symptoms clinically indistinguishable from classic migraine: a slowly progressive visual fortification spectrum lasting 40 minutes, followed by a five- to six-hour throbbing unilateral headache with nausea and vomiting. After unsuccessful migraine therapy, investigation revealed a large occipital lobe arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Surgical removal of the AVM resulted in immediate and total resolution of all symptoms.", "PMID": 426484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13322", "title": "Phosphorylation of the membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor: inhibition by diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "Purified postsynaptic membranes can be used as a model system to study the regulation of synaptic membrane proteins. These membranes contain protein kinase activity that phosphorylates the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). We find that diphenylhydantoin (DPH) interacts with these membranes to inhibit phosphorylation of the membrane-bound AChR. DPH appears to alter the availability of postsynaptic membrane proteins  for phosphorylation by a synaptic membrane protein kinase. The concentration of DPH that produces half-maximal inhibition of AChR phosphorylation is about 5 x 10(-5) M. This suggests that one of the specific effects of DPH in the nervous system may be related to inhibition of phosphorylation of postsynaptic membrane proteins.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of the membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor: inhibition by diphenylhydantoin. Purified postsynaptic membranes can be used as a model system to study the regulation of synaptic membrane proteins. These membranes contain protein kinase activity that phosphorylates the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). We find that diphenylhydantoin (DPH) interacts with these membranes to inhibit phosphorylation of the membrane-bound AChR. DPH appears to alter the availability of postsynaptic membrane proteins  for phosphorylation by a synaptic membrane protein kinase. The concentration of DPH that produces half-maximal inhibition of AChR phosphorylation is about 5 x 10(-5) M. This suggests that one of the specific effects of DPH in the nervous system may be related to inhibition of phosphorylation of postsynaptic membrane proteins.", "PMID": 426485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13323", "title": "Enzyme treatment of spinal cord transected rats.", "content": "Russian investigators have recently reported clinical recovery of enzyme treated, spinal cord transected rats. Using the exact protocols of Matinian and Andreasian's two most successful treatment regimens, we repeated their experiments using United States produced pure hyaluronidase and trypsin or trypsin and elastase. Animals were evaluated for return of bladder function, clinical evidence of hind limb motor function, cortical evoked response after sciatic nerve stimulation, and axonal transport of cortically injected tritiated proline by regenerated corticospinal axons. None of the treated animals differed from control animals treated only with the enzyme vehicle. No animals walked, had return of voluntary motor activity, showed cortical evoked response, or had evidence for transport of tritiated proline over regenerated corticospinal axons.", "contents": "Enzyme treatment of spinal cord transected rats. Russian investigators have recently reported clinical recovery of enzyme treated, spinal cord transected rats. Using the exact protocols of Matinian and Andreasian's two most successful treatment regimens, we repeated their experiments using United States produced pure hyaluronidase and trypsin or trypsin and elastase. Animals were evaluated for return of bladder function, clinical evidence of hind limb motor function, cortical evoked response after sciatic nerve stimulation, and axonal transport of cortically injected tritiated proline by regenerated corticospinal axons. None of the treated animals differed from control animals treated only with the enzyme vehicle. No animals walked, had return of voluntary motor activity, showed cortical evoked response, or had evidence for transport of tritiated proline over regenerated corticospinal axons.", "PMID": 426486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13324", "title": "[Adenylate level in the mycelium of Penicillium nigricans Thom. grown on various carbon sources].", "content": "Concentrations of ATP and ADP and their dynamics during cultivation (2, 5, 9 and 13 days) of a highly productive strains of P. nigricans on a mineral medium in the presence of various carbon sources, such as glucose, succinate or acetate were studied. It was shown that the levels of ATP and ADP in the mycelium depended on the carbon source: the maximum and minimum ATP concentrations were found on the glucose and acetate media respectively, the maximum and minimum ADP concentrations showed inverse dependence. The concentrations of both adenylates on the same carbon source depended on the strain. The dynamics of the adenylates levels during cultivation showed an analogous dependence on the carbon source and the strain. Thus, the highly productive strain was characterized by a constant ATP level on glucose and succinate and variation on acetate, while the ADP level was characterized by a decrease by the 9th day of cultivation on any of the carbon sources. The low productive strain was characterized by variations in the level of ATP in any media used, stability of the ADP level by the 2nd--9th day of cultivation on the glucose medium and by the 2nd--5th day of cultivation on the succinate medium and a decrease by the 9th day of cultivation on the acetate and succinate media. The ratio of ATP/ADP at the phase of griseofulvin biosynthesis (9 days) markedly increased in both the strains when cultivated on the media with any of the carbon sources.", "contents": "[Adenylate level in the mycelium of Penicillium nigricans Thom. grown on various carbon sources]. Concentrations of ATP and ADP and their dynamics during cultivation (2, 5, 9 and 13 days) of a highly productive strains of P. nigricans on a mineral medium in the presence of various carbon sources, such as glucose, succinate or acetate were studied. It was shown that the levels of ATP and ADP in the mycelium depended on the carbon source: the maximum and minimum ATP concentrations were found on the glucose and acetate media respectively, the maximum and minimum ADP concentrations showed inverse dependence. The concentrations of both adenylates on the same carbon source depended on the strain. The dynamics of the adenylates levels during cultivation showed an analogous dependence on the carbon source and the strain. Thus, the highly productive strain was characterized by a constant ATP level on glucose and succinate and variation on acetate, while the ADP level was characterized by a decrease by the 9th day of cultivation on any of the carbon sources. The low productive strain was characterized by variations in the level of ATP in any media used, stability of the ADP level by the 2nd--9th day of cultivation on the glucose medium and by the 2nd--5th day of cultivation on the succinate medium and a decrease by the 9th day of cultivation on the acetate and succinate media. The ratio of ATP/ADP at the phase of griseofulvin biosynthesis (9 days) markedly increased in both the strains when cultivated on the media with any of the carbon sources.", "PMID": 426491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13325", "title": "[Electron absorption and fluorescence spectra of carbonyl--conjugated pentaenes in various media].", "content": "It was found that fluorescence intensity of carbonyl-conjugated pentaens of flavofungin flavopentin and brunefungin in solutions depended on the solvent polarity and specific interactions of the antibiotics with the solvents. Addition of cholesterol into the aqueous solutions of these antibiotics resulted in a hypsochrome shift in their absorption spectra and increased fluorescence intensity. The antibiotics were found by their fluorescence in the yeast cells sensitive to them when their content was close to the concentrations resulting in the cell lysis. Low concentrations of the antibiotics resulted in changed localization of the yeast self fluorescence.", "contents": "[Electron absorption and fluorescence spectra of carbonyl--conjugated pentaenes in various media]. It was found that fluorescence intensity of carbonyl-conjugated pentaens of flavofungin flavopentin and brunefungin in solutions depended on the solvent polarity and specific interactions of the antibiotics with the solvents. Addition of cholesterol into the aqueous solutions of these antibiotics resulted in a hypsochrome shift in their absorption spectra and increased fluorescence intensity. The antibiotics were found by their fluorescence in the yeast cells sensitive to them when their content was close to the concentrations resulting in the cell lysis. Low concentrations of the antibiotics resulted in changed localization of the yeast self fluorescence.", "PMID": 426492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13326", "title": "[Control over bellows tightness in the hermetic sealing subassemblies of equipment used in the technology of microbiological manufactures].", "content": "A universal procedure for controlling the sylphon hermeticity is discussed. Travelling sylphon or membrane diaphragms in combination with a dublicate sylphon are used as a separating element at the border of the separating media, e. g. the medium transporting through the valve and the environmental air. Pneumatic pressure higher than the working pressure of the separating medium is created inside the space between the working and the dublicate sylphons. If the hermeticity of one of the above sylphons is broken, the excessive pressure inside the space between them is reduced which is automatically stated by means of a pneumatic probe. Because of detection of the breach in the hermeticity of one of the sylphons in proper time, when the second sylphon is safe, the contact of the transporting medium with the environmental air is prevented. The described procedure for controlling the hermeticity is universal since it provides the use of the probes working only under the pressure independent of the type and physico-chemical properties of the separating medium. One of the important advantages of the new procedure is also the fact that the working sylphon appears to be empty since the outer with respect to it pressure of the separating medium is practically balanced by the pressure created in the sylphon space.", "contents": "[Control over bellows tightness in the hermetic sealing subassemblies of equipment used in the technology of microbiological manufactures]. A universal procedure for controlling the sylphon hermeticity is discussed. Travelling sylphon or membrane diaphragms in combination with a dublicate sylphon are used as a separating element at the border of the separating media, e. g. the medium transporting through the valve and the environmental air. Pneumatic pressure higher than the working pressure of the separating medium is created inside the space between the working and the dublicate sylphons. If the hermeticity of one of the above sylphons is broken, the excessive pressure inside the space between them is reduced which is automatically stated by means of a pneumatic probe. Because of detection of the breach in the hermeticity of one of the sylphons in proper time, when the second sylphon is safe, the contact of the transporting medium with the environmental air is prevented. The described procedure for controlling the hermeticity is universal since it provides the use of the probes working only under the pressure independent of the type and physico-chemical properties of the separating medium. One of the important advantages of the new procedure is also the fact that the working sylphon appears to be empty since the outer with respect to it pressure of the separating medium is practically balanced by the pressure created in the sylphon space.", "PMID": 426493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13327", "title": "[Antibiotic sensitivity and the characteristics of transmissive R plasmids in Shigella belonging to various species].", "content": "Sensitivity of 241 Shigella strains isolated from patients at various regions of the USSR in 1975--1978 was tested with respect to 14 antibiotics by the method of serial dilutions. 90.5 per cent of the isolates proved to be resistant to the antibacterial drugs and the greater part of 75.9 per cent of them had multiple resistance. The resistance of the Shigella was most pronounced and frequent with respect to tetracycline, streptomycin, levomycetin, as well as ampicillin and carbenicillin. Gentamicin, cephaloridin, polymyxin M, kanamycin, monomycin, neomycin and rifampicin were highly active against the Shigella. More than 50 per cent of the isolates were sensitive to levomycetin, ampicillin and carbenicillin. Differences in the frequency of the resistant strains and the spectrum of the antibiotic resistance of different Shigella subgroups (species) were observed. The study of 173 multiple resistant Shigella strains showed that about 67 per cent of the strains had a capacity for transduction of the resistance markers into the recipient cells of E. coli. The conjugative R-plasmids were most frequent in Sh. boydii and Sh. sonnei (95 and 95 per cent respectively), less frequent in Sh. flexneri and Sh. newcastle (68 and 53 per cent respectively) and least frequent in the mannitol negative Shigella (25 per cent). The capacity for transduction of R-plasmids in the strains carrying the determinants of resistance to 2 or 3 antibiotics was higher than in the strains carrying the determinant of resistance to one antibiotic. The clinical Shigella strains tested mainly had transmissive R-plasmids of fi--character (79 per cent).", "contents": "[Antibiotic sensitivity and the characteristics of transmissive R plasmids in Shigella belonging to various species]. Sensitivity of 241 Shigella strains isolated from patients at various regions of the USSR in 1975--1978 was tested with respect to 14 antibiotics by the method of serial dilutions. 90.5 per cent of the isolates proved to be resistant to the antibacterial drugs and the greater part of 75.9 per cent of them had multiple resistance. The resistance of the Shigella was most pronounced and frequent with respect to tetracycline, streptomycin, levomycetin, as well as ampicillin and carbenicillin. Gentamicin, cephaloridin, polymyxin M, kanamycin, monomycin, neomycin and rifampicin were highly active against the Shigella. More than 50 per cent of the isolates were sensitive to levomycetin, ampicillin and carbenicillin. Differences in the frequency of the resistant strains and the spectrum of the antibiotic resistance of different Shigella subgroups (species) were observed. The study of 173 multiple resistant Shigella strains showed that about 67 per cent of the strains had a capacity for transduction of the resistance markers into the recipient cells of E. coli. The conjugative R-plasmids were most frequent in Sh. boydii and Sh. sonnei (95 and 95 per cent respectively), less frequent in Sh. flexneri and Sh. newcastle (68 and 53 per cent respectively) and least frequent in the mannitol negative Shigella (25 per cent). The capacity for transduction of R-plasmids in the strains carrying the determinants of resistance to 2 or 3 antibiotics was higher than in the strains carrying the determinant of resistance to one antibiotic. The clinical Shigella strains tested mainly had transmissive R-plasmids of fi--character (79 per cent).", "PMID": 426494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13328", "title": "[Use of acridine yperite in the selection of Act. nodosus, a producer of amphotericin B].", "content": "The effect of acridine-yperite (AY) on Act. nodosus LIA 0861 at various physiological stages of development was studied. It was shown that both the spores and the germs were sensitive to AY. The level of the mutagen effect depended on the exposure time and the physiological state of the Act. nodosus cells during the treatment. The treatment of the spore suspension with AY had an insignificant effect on the strain morphological variation, while the number of the morphologically changed colonies markedly decreased when 5-hour germs were subjected to the mutagen effect. A decrease in the average antibiotic activity of Act. nodosus was observed, when its spores were subjected to the treatment with AY, which was associated with a decrease in the number of the plus variants. The treatment of 5-hour germs increased the average antibiotic activity of the culture which correlated with an increase in the number of the plus variants.", "contents": "[Use of acridine yperite in the selection of Act. nodosus, a producer of amphotericin B]. The effect of acridine-yperite (AY) on Act. nodosus LIA 0861 at various physiological stages of development was studied. It was shown that both the spores and the germs were sensitive to AY. The level of the mutagen effect depended on the exposure time and the physiological state of the Act. nodosus cells during the treatment. The treatment of the spore suspension with AY had an insignificant effect on the strain morphological variation, while the number of the morphologically changed colonies markedly decreased when 5-hour germs were subjected to the mutagen effect. A decrease in the average antibiotic activity of Act. nodosus was observed, when its spores were subjected to the treatment with AY, which was associated with a decrease in the number of the plus variants. The treatment of 5-hour germs increased the average antibiotic activity of the culture which correlated with an increase in the number of the plus variants.", "PMID": 426495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13329", "title": "[Toxicity of tobramycin in single and multiple administrations to laboratory animals].", "content": "The LD50 of tobramycin sulphate administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously and orally to albino mice was 77 (73--82), 262 (234--294), 560 (500--627) and greater than 10500 mg/kg respectively. With an increase in the rate of intravenous administration tobramycin toxicity increased. When tobramycin sulphate was administered subcutaneously daily in multiple doses equivalent to the daily therapeutic doses from humans (calculated for the body surface) and in the doses 2--3 times higher than the above therapeutic ones, the function of the kidneys, liver and the Preier's reflex did not significantly change. When the doses were 8--10 times higher than the therapeutic ones, an increase in the urea level in the blood serum, disappearance and a decrease in the Preier's reflex were observed. The impairment of the kidney function was accompanied by degenerative changes in the convoluted tubules of the kidneys, ischemia of the renal glomeruli and appearance of protein secretion in their capsule cavities. The picture of the peripheral blood did not suffer significant changes. The studies on the acute and chronic toxicity of tobramycin sulphate prepared at the Institute of New Antibiotics showed that the drug did not differ from the import tobramycin samples.", "contents": "[Toxicity of tobramycin in single and multiple administrations to laboratory animals]. The LD50 of tobramycin sulphate administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously and orally to albino mice was 77 (73--82), 262 (234--294), 560 (500--627) and greater than 10500 mg/kg respectively. With an increase in the rate of intravenous administration tobramycin toxicity increased. When tobramycin sulphate was administered subcutaneously daily in multiple doses equivalent to the daily therapeutic doses from humans (calculated for the body surface) and in the doses 2--3 times higher than the above therapeutic ones, the function of the kidneys, liver and the Preier's reflex did not significantly change. When the doses were 8--10 times higher than the therapeutic ones, an increase in the urea level in the blood serum, disappearance and a decrease in the Preier's reflex were observed. The impairment of the kidney function was accompanied by degenerative changes in the convoluted tubules of the kidneys, ischemia of the renal glomeruli and appearance of protein secretion in their capsule cavities. The picture of the peripheral blood did not suffer significant changes. The studies on the acute and chronic toxicity of tobramycin sulphate prepared at the Institute of New Antibiotics showed that the drug did not differ from the import tobramycin samples.", "PMID": 426496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13330", "title": "[Effect of a natural interferon inducer (RFf2) on the formation of vaccinal immunity to tick-borne encephalitis].", "content": "The effect of the interferon inductor of the natural origin (RFf2) on formation of vaccinal immunity to vernal encephalitis was studied. A single intraperitoneal administration of the preparation in a dose of 10 gamma per a mouse 2 hours after the first injection of the vaccine resulted in increased resistance of the mice to the lethal dose of the infecting virus which was introduced 14 days after the vaccination completion. The production dynamics of interferon induced by RFf2 and its level in the serum of the immunized mice were the same as those in the non-vaccinated animals. An increased number of the vaccine injections, up to 3 did not result in a significant increase in the immunity with respect to either the level of the antiviral resistance or the level of the virus-neutralizing antibody accumulation.", "contents": "[Effect of a natural interferon inducer (RFf2) on the formation of vaccinal immunity to tick-borne encephalitis]. The effect of the interferon inductor of the natural origin (RFf2) on formation of vaccinal immunity to vernal encephalitis was studied. A single intraperitoneal administration of the preparation in a dose of 10 gamma per a mouse 2 hours after the first injection of the vaccine resulted in increased resistance of the mice to the lethal dose of the infecting virus which was introduced 14 days after the vaccination completion. The production dynamics of interferon induced by RFf2 and its level in the serum of the immunized mice were the same as those in the non-vaccinated animals. An increased number of the vaccine injections, up to 3 did not result in a significant increase in the immunity with respect to either the level of the antiviral resistance or the level of the virus-neutralizing antibody accumulation.", "PMID": 426497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13331", "title": "Antiviral and interferon-inducing properties of 1,5-diamino anthraquinones.", "content": "A series of anthraquinones with amino substituents at the 1,5 positions were found to induce interferon in mice. A prototype compound, 1,5-bis[(3-morpholinopropyl)amino]-anthraquinone (Ia), was an effective antiviral agent when administered either orally or parenterally. Peak interferon titers were found 12 to 24 h after drug treatment. The minimum oral dose of Ia required to induce serum interferon or to protect mice against a lethal virus infection was 62 mg/kg. Mice tolerated an oral dose of at least 30 times this minimum effective dose. A single dose of Ia given up to 6 days prior to infection had significant protective activity. Biological properties of Ia were compared with those of three other 1,5-diamino anthraquinones, which also induced interferon and demonstrated antiviral activity in mice. The most active compound was 1,5-bis[[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]amino]-anthraquinone (Ib), which protected mice against virus infection at a dose as low as 8 mg/kg (less than 1/60 its maximum tolerated dose). Mice developed hyporeactivity to interferon induction if the same inducer was injected daily, although by alternating between different inducers the loss of interferon responsiveness could be avoided.", "contents": "Antiviral and interferon-inducing properties of 1,5-diamino anthraquinones. A series of anthraquinones with amino substituents at the 1,5 positions were found to induce interferon in mice. A prototype compound, 1,5-bis[(3-morpholinopropyl)amino]-anthraquinone (Ia), was an effective antiviral agent when administered either orally or parenterally. Peak interferon titers were found 12 to 24 h after drug treatment. The minimum oral dose of Ia required to induce serum interferon or to protect mice against a lethal virus infection was 62 mg/kg. Mice tolerated an oral dose of at least 30 times this minimum effective dose. A single dose of Ia given up to 6 days prior to infection had significant protective activity. Biological properties of Ia were compared with those of three other 1,5-diamino anthraquinones, which also induced interferon and demonstrated antiviral activity in mice. The most active compound was 1,5-bis[[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]amino]-anthraquinone (Ib), which protected mice against virus infection at a dose as low as 8 mg/kg (less than 1/60 its maximum tolerated dose). Mice developed hyporeactivity to interferon induction if the same inducer was injected daily, although by alternating between different inducers the loss of interferon responsiveness could be avoided.", "PMID": 426498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13332", "title": "Intravenous use of cephradine and cefazolin against serious infections.", "content": "The relative efficacy and safety of cephradine and cefazolin were compared in 180 patients with a variety of serious infections caused by susceptible organisms. The patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups of 90 patients each. Most patients received 2 to 4 g per day, administered by intravenous injection in four equally divided doses, for a minimum of 4 days. Based on the clinical and microbiological results, the two cephalosporins were found to be comparable in therapeutic effectiveness. Toxicity was not a problem with either drug.", "contents": "Intravenous use of cephradine and cefazolin against serious infections. The relative efficacy and safety of cephradine and cefazolin were compared in 180 patients with a variety of serious infections caused by susceptible organisms. The patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups of 90 patients each. Most patients received 2 to 4 g per day, administered by intravenous injection in four equally divided doses, for a minimum of 4 days. Based on the clinical and microbiological results, the two cephalosporins were found to be comparable in therapeutic effectiveness. Toxicity was not a problem with either drug.", "PMID": 426499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13333", "title": "Autoradiographic localization of [3H]gentamicin in the proximal renal tubules of mice.", "content": "The site of localization of [(3)H]gentamicin within mouse kidney is shown to be the proximal renal tubule by coincidence of the radioactivity, as visualized by autoradiography, and the mucopolysaccharide-rich microvilli characteristic of proximal convoluted tubules, as visualized by histochemical staining.", "contents": "Autoradiographic localization of [3H]gentamicin in the proximal renal tubules of mice. The site of localization of [(3)H]gentamicin within mouse kidney is shown to be the proximal renal tubule by coincidence of the radioactivity, as visualized by autoradiography, and the mucopolysaccharide-rich microvilli characteristic of proximal convoluted tubules, as visualized by histochemical staining.", "PMID": 426500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13334", "title": "Susceptibility of gram-negative aerobic bacilli resistant to carbenicillin in a general hospital to piperacillin and ticarcillin.", "content": "During an 8-month period, 858 gram-negative aerobic rods resistant to carbenicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration, >/=128 mug/ml) were isolated. Susceptibility testing of 233 of these suggested that piperacillin might be active against more of these organisms than would carbenicillin or ticarcillin.", "contents": "Susceptibility of gram-negative aerobic bacilli resistant to carbenicillin in a general hospital to piperacillin and ticarcillin. During an 8-month period, 858 gram-negative aerobic rods resistant to carbenicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration, >/=128 mug/ml) were isolated. Susceptibility testing of 233 of these suggested that piperacillin might be active against more of these organisms than would carbenicillin or ticarcillin.", "PMID": 426501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13335", "title": "Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone following adenine arabinoside administration.", "content": "A patient with disseminated herpes zoster developed a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone and profound hyponatremia secondary to the administration of adenine arabinoside.", "contents": "Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone following adenine arabinoside administration. A patient with disseminated herpes zoster developed a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone and profound hyponatremia secondary to the administration of adenine arabinoside.", "PMID": 426502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13336", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin: Dosage nomogram for patients with impaired renal function.", "content": "Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration were studied in patients with normal renal function, with impaired renal function, and during hemodialysis. The average urinary recovery was 68% in patients with normal renal function. Serum half-life was highly correlated (r = 0.967) with creatinine clearance corrected for body weight. Expected half-life was 71 min for a corrected creatinine clearance of 100 ml/min per 70 kg and 16 h in the anephric patient. Average amoxicillin half-life on hemodialysis was 3.6 h. We present a dosage nomogram for making appropriate adjustments to loading dose based on patient weight and maintenance dose based on corrected creatinine clearance.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin: Dosage nomogram for patients with impaired renal function. Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration were studied in patients with normal renal function, with impaired renal function, and during hemodialysis. The average urinary recovery was 68% in patients with normal renal function. Serum half-life was highly correlated (r = 0.967) with creatinine clearance corrected for body weight. Expected half-life was 71 min for a corrected creatinine clearance of 100 ml/min per 70 kg and 16 h in the anephric patient. Average amoxicillin half-life on hemodialysis was 3.6 h. We present a dosage nomogram for making appropriate adjustments to loading dose based on patient weight and maintenance dose based on corrected creatinine clearance.", "PMID": 426503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13337", "title": "Methicillin potentiates the effect of gentamicin on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains show an unusual type of resistance at 37 degrees C; only a small subpopulation of cells is resistant to the beta-lactam antibiotics. Incubation in the presence of methicillin (MET), however, results in the emergence of a homogenous population highly resistant to MET. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether MET, despite its lack of killing effect on MRSA, would promote the bactericidal effect of gentamicin (GM), as demonstrated for MET-susceptible strains of S. aureus. Eleven epidemiologically distinct strains of MRSA were incubated with MET at various concentrations, in the presence or absence of sub-bactericidal concentrations (1/5 or 1/10 of the minimal bactericidal concentration) of GM, and tested for the synergistic action of both antibiotics by three different methods. Population analysis of the 11 strains in the presence of high concentrations of MET showed that the addition of GM at 1/5 or 1/10 of its minimal bactericidal concentration resulted in marked killing of the 11 strains. Time-kill curves obtained with 32 mug of MET per ml and GM at 1/5 or 1/10 of its minimal bactericidal concentration confirmed this synergistic killing at 24 h. These results were further documented by the checkerboard method on two strains. We conclude that the synergism between MET and GM, previously demonstrated for MET-susceptible S. aureus, holds true for MRSA as well and that it can be demonstrated at sub-bactericidal concentrations of GM.", "contents": "Methicillin potentiates the effect of gentamicin on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains show an unusual type of resistance at 37 degrees C; only a small subpopulation of cells is resistant to the beta-lactam antibiotics. Incubation in the presence of methicillin (MET), however, results in the emergence of a homogenous population highly resistant to MET. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether MET, despite its lack of killing effect on MRSA, would promote the bactericidal effect of gentamicin (GM), as demonstrated for MET-susceptible strains of S. aureus. Eleven epidemiologically distinct strains of MRSA were incubated with MET at various concentrations, in the presence or absence of sub-bactericidal concentrations (1/5 or 1/10 of the minimal bactericidal concentration) of GM, and tested for the synergistic action of both antibiotics by three different methods. Population analysis of the 11 strains in the presence of high concentrations of MET showed that the addition of GM at 1/5 or 1/10 of its minimal bactericidal concentration resulted in marked killing of the 11 strains. Time-kill curves obtained with 32 mug of MET per ml and GM at 1/5 or 1/10 of its minimal bactericidal concentration confirmed this synergistic killing at 24 h. These results were further documented by the checkerboard method on two strains. We conclude that the synergism between MET and GM, previously demonstrated for MET-susceptible S. aureus, holds true for MRSA as well and that it can be demonstrated at sub-bactericidal concentrations of GM.", "PMID": 426504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13338", "title": "Protection from gentamicin nephrotoxicity by cephalothin and carbenicillin.", "content": "In rats, cephalothin exerts a protective effect upon the nephrotoxicity of gentamicin. To examine the possibility that this effect is also observed with carbenicillin, we gave the following (milligrams per kilogram) to rats daily for 14 days: gentamicin alone, 60; gentamicin plus cephalothin, 100, 500, or 1,000; gentamicin plus carbenicillin, 50, 100, 250, 500, or 1,000. A 500-mg/kg dose of cephalothin afforded significant partial protection from gentamicin nephrotoxicity, as did a 100-mg/kg dose of carbenicillin. Increasing doses of either drug failed to increase protection. The data suggest that in rats not only does carbenicillin afford some protection from gentamicin nephrotoxicity, but also that it does so at a lower dose than cephalothin. These findings may in part explain the divergent observations regarding the nephrotoxicity of cephalothin-gentamicin combination therapy in rats and humans.", "contents": "Protection from gentamicin nephrotoxicity by cephalothin and carbenicillin. In rats, cephalothin exerts a protective effect upon the nephrotoxicity of gentamicin. To examine the possibility that this effect is also observed with carbenicillin, we gave the following (milligrams per kilogram) to rats daily for 14 days: gentamicin alone, 60; gentamicin plus cephalothin, 100, 500, or 1,000; gentamicin plus carbenicillin, 50, 100, 250, 500, or 1,000. A 500-mg/kg dose of cephalothin afforded significant partial protection from gentamicin nephrotoxicity, as did a 100-mg/kg dose of carbenicillin. Increasing doses of either drug failed to increase protection. The data suggest that in rats not only does carbenicillin afford some protection from gentamicin nephrotoxicity, but also that it does so at a lower dose than cephalothin. These findings may in part explain the divergent observations regarding the nephrotoxicity of cephalothin-gentamicin combination therapy in rats and humans.", "PMID": 426505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13339", "title": "Netilmicin in gram-negative bacterial infections.", "content": "Netilmicin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, was used in the treatment of 42 patients with serious gram-negative bacterial infections. Of the 40 evaluable patients, 24 (60%) were cured, and 8 (20%) had a favorable clinical response, for a total clinical response rate of 80%. Eight patients failed to respond; of these, three had undrained abscesses and two had severe granulocytopenia. Three of the patients who failed had organisms in which resistance to netilmicin developed during therapy, and in two of these three netilmicin was the only aminoglycoside to which resistance developed. Of the 37 patients evaluable for toxicity, 8 (22%) developed renal insufficiency. Two patients had mild but persistant elevation in serum creatinine. Three patients had nephrotoxicity while on gentamicin in the past. Pre- and posttherapy audiograms were done on 26 patients; none had hearing loss. Four patients had mild, transient asymptomatic elevations in alkaline phosphatase. The pretreatment clinical isolates were tested for in vitro susceptibility. The median minimal inhibitory concentration of netilmicin, gentamicin, and tobramycin ranged between 0.5 and 2 mug/ml. The median minimal inhibitory concentration of amikacin was approximately twofold higher. No clear in vitro superiority of one aminoglycoside over another was observed.", "contents": "Netilmicin in gram-negative bacterial infections. Netilmicin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, was used in the treatment of 42 patients with serious gram-negative bacterial infections. Of the 40 evaluable patients, 24 (60%) were cured, and 8 (20%) had a favorable clinical response, for a total clinical response rate of 80%. Eight patients failed to respond; of these, three had undrained abscesses and two had severe granulocytopenia. Three of the patients who failed had organisms in which resistance to netilmicin developed during therapy, and in two of these three netilmicin was the only aminoglycoside to which resistance developed. Of the 37 patients evaluable for toxicity, 8 (22%) developed renal insufficiency. Two patients had mild but persistant elevation in serum creatinine. Three patients had nephrotoxicity while on gentamicin in the past. Pre- and posttherapy audiograms were done on 26 patients; none had hearing loss. Four patients had mild, transient asymptomatic elevations in alkaline phosphatase. The pretreatment clinical isolates were tested for in vitro susceptibility. The median minimal inhibitory concentration of netilmicin, gentamicin, and tobramycin ranged between 0.5 and 2 mug/ml. The median minimal inhibitory concentration of amikacin was approximately twofold higher. No clear in vitro superiority of one aminoglycoside over another was observed.", "PMID": 426506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13340", "title": "Activity of 2,4-diaminoquinazoline compounds against Candida species.", "content": "Forty recent clinical isolates of three different Candida sp. were tested in the microtiter system for susceptibility to two new 2,4-diaminoquinazoline (DAQ) compounds, amphotericin B and flucytosine. The two DAQ preparations showed activity similar to amphotericin B and flucytosine. The geometric mean minimal inhibitory concentrations for these four drugs were as follows: DAQ 1A, 0.64 mug/ml; DAQ 2A, 1.39 mug/ml; amphotericin B, 1.03 mug/ml; and flucytosine, 0.72 mug/ml. An additional seven DAQ compounds were tested but showed less or no activity against 17 Candida isolates. Forty-eight-hour viability studies with DAQ 2A alone or in combination with amphotericin B, flucytosine, or sulfamethoxazole were carried out with one isolate of intermediate susceptibility to each of these agents except sulfamethoxazole. For this isolate the combination of DAQ 2A and sulfamethoxazole was synergistic, and the combination of DAQ 2A and AMB was either synergistic or additive, whereas the combination of DAQ 2A and flucytosine was antagonistic. Although regrowth of cultures exposed to DAQ 2A was noted over a 48-h period, neither degradation of the drug nor development of resistance to the drug could be detected. Swiss white mice receiving DAQ 1A at a dose of 6 mg/kg for 5 days showed no obvious signs of toxicity, including weight loss.", "contents": "Activity of 2,4-diaminoquinazoline compounds against Candida species. Forty recent clinical isolates of three different Candida sp. were tested in the microtiter system for susceptibility to two new 2,4-diaminoquinazoline (DAQ) compounds, amphotericin B and flucytosine. The two DAQ preparations showed activity similar to amphotericin B and flucytosine. The geometric mean minimal inhibitory concentrations for these four drugs were as follows: DAQ 1A, 0.64 mug/ml; DAQ 2A, 1.39 mug/ml; amphotericin B, 1.03 mug/ml; and flucytosine, 0.72 mug/ml. An additional seven DAQ compounds were tested but showed less or no activity against 17 Candida isolates. Forty-eight-hour viability studies with DAQ 2A alone or in combination with amphotericin B, flucytosine, or sulfamethoxazole were carried out with one isolate of intermediate susceptibility to each of these agents except sulfamethoxazole. For this isolate the combination of DAQ 2A and sulfamethoxazole was synergistic, and the combination of DAQ 2A and AMB was either synergistic or additive, whereas the combination of DAQ 2A and flucytosine was antagonistic. Although regrowth of cultures exposed to DAQ 2A was noted over a 48-h period, neither degradation of the drug nor development of resistance to the drug could be detected. Swiss white mice receiving DAQ 1A at a dose of 6 mg/kg for 5 days showed no obvious signs of toxicity, including weight loss.", "PMID": 426507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13341", "title": "Effect of protein binding on the activity of penicillins in combination with gentamicin against enterococci.", "content": "To assess the effect of protein binding by human serum on the synergistic interaction of penicillins with gentamicin, time-kill curves were determined for four penicillins alone and in combination with gentamicin against 10 blood isolates of enterococci. Killing curves demonstrated synergism with penicillin G plus gentamicin against all 10 strains in either broth or 50% human serum. In broth the combinations of nafcillin plus gentamicin and oxacillin plus gentamicin were synergistic against 10 of 10 strains and 4 of 10 strains, respectively. However, in serum, nafcillin plus gentamicin was synergistically bactericidal against only two strains and oxacillin plus gentamicin against none. Methicillin plus gentamicin was synergistic against none of the enterococci in either medium. Thus, the semisynthetic, penicillinase-resistant penicillins are unlikely to be effective in the therapy of patients with enterococcal endocarditis.", "contents": "Effect of protein binding on the activity of penicillins in combination with gentamicin against enterococci. To assess the effect of protein binding by human serum on the synergistic interaction of penicillins with gentamicin, time-kill curves were determined for four penicillins alone and in combination with gentamicin against 10 blood isolates of enterococci. Killing curves demonstrated synergism with penicillin G plus gentamicin against all 10 strains in either broth or 50% human serum. In broth the combinations of nafcillin plus gentamicin and oxacillin plus gentamicin were synergistic against 10 of 10 strains and 4 of 10 strains, respectively. However, in serum, nafcillin plus gentamicin was synergistically bactericidal against only two strains and oxacillin plus gentamicin against none. Methicillin plus gentamicin was synergistic against none of the enterococci in either medium. Thus, the semisynthetic, penicillinase-resistant penicillins are unlikely to be effective in the therapy of patients with enterococcal endocarditis.", "PMID": 426508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13342", "title": "Activity of antitumor drugs against African trypanosomes.", "content": "Of 49 compounds known to have antitumor properties, 6 were found to have significant activity against Trypanosoma rhodesiense infections in mice. Activity against the African trypanosomes has not been reported previously for any of these six compounds. In order of decreasing activity these compounds were: (i) imidazole-4-carboxamide, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1,1-triazene), (ii) inosine diglycolaldehyde, (iii) cis-diamminedichloro-platinum, (iv) streptozotocin, (v) coralyne sulfate, and (vi) 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine. The percentage of \"hits\" (12.2%) from these known antitumor agents was approximately twice as great as when other means are employed for the selection of compounds for this test system.", "contents": "Activity of antitumor drugs against African trypanosomes. Of 49 compounds known to have antitumor properties, 6 were found to have significant activity against Trypanosoma rhodesiense infections in mice. Activity against the African trypanosomes has not been reported previously for any of these six compounds. In order of decreasing activity these compounds were: (i) imidazole-4-carboxamide, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1,1-triazene), (ii) inosine diglycolaldehyde, (iii) cis-diamminedichloro-platinum, (iv) streptozotocin, (v) coralyne sulfate, and (vi) 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine. The percentage of \"hits\" (12.2%) from these known antitumor agents was approximately twice as great as when other means are employed for the selection of compounds for this test system.", "PMID": 426509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13343", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole in patients with renal impairment.", "content": "Cefamandole pharmacokinetics were investigated in 24 adult males with stable renal function and creatinine clearances of 0 to 139 ml/min. After intramuscular injection of 1.0 g of cefamandole, peak plasma concentrations were achieved between 1 and 2 h. Maximum plasma concentration and drug half-life increased as creatinine clearance decreased; i.e., with normal renal function the half-life was 1.49 +/- 0.10 h, and in anephrics the half-life was 11.48 +/- 1.91 h. The greatest increase in half-life occurred when the creatinine clearance was less than 20 ml/min. At these levels of renal impairment, there was significant variance in calculated half-life among patients. The maximum urine concentration and rate of cefamandole urinary excretion decreased as renal function declined. Evidence suggesting renal and nonrenal methods of drug elimination is presented. Hemodialysis resulted in increased cefamandole elimination.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole in patients with renal impairment. Cefamandole pharmacokinetics were investigated in 24 adult males with stable renal function and creatinine clearances of 0 to 139 ml/min. After intramuscular injection of 1.0 g of cefamandole, peak plasma concentrations were achieved between 1 and 2 h. Maximum plasma concentration and drug half-life increased as creatinine clearance decreased; i.e., with normal renal function the half-life was 1.49 +/- 0.10 h, and in anephrics the half-life was 11.48 +/- 1.91 h. The greatest increase in half-life occurred when the creatinine clearance was less than 20 ml/min. At these levels of renal impairment, there was significant variance in calculated half-life among patients. The maximum urine concentration and rate of cefamandole urinary excretion decreased as renal function declined. Evidence suggesting renal and nonrenal methods of drug elimination is presented. Hemodialysis resulted in increased cefamandole elimination.", "PMID": 426510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13344", "title": "Pharmacology of cinoxacin in humans.", "content": "Cinoxacin was almost completely absorbed when given orally and was found to be approximately 60 to 70% protein bound. Peak serum concentrations were reached within 2 h, and detectable serum concentrations persisted up to 12 h after administration of 0.25-, 0.5-, and 1-g multiple oral doses. Although food delayed the absorption and caused a 30% reduction in mean peak serum concentrations, the overall 24-h urinary recovery was not significantly altered. Approximately 50 to 55% of the drug was excreted in the urine as unchanged drug. At 12 h, urine concentrations were still above the minimal inhibitory concentration for most common gram-negative urinary pathogens. Cinoxacin was well tolerated when administered to 23 volunteers from 10 to 28 days. Resistance among fecal isolates initially susceptible to cinoxacin was not observed in nine volunteers who were administered 0.5 g every 12 h for 4 to 28 days.", "contents": "Pharmacology of cinoxacin in humans. Cinoxacin was almost completely absorbed when given orally and was found to be approximately 60 to 70% protein bound. Peak serum concentrations were reached within 2 h, and detectable serum concentrations persisted up to 12 h after administration of 0.25-, 0.5-, and 1-g multiple oral doses. Although food delayed the absorption and caused a 30% reduction in mean peak serum concentrations, the overall 24-h urinary recovery was not significantly altered. Approximately 50 to 55% of the drug was excreted in the urine as unchanged drug. At 12 h, urine concentrations were still above the minimal inhibitory concentration for most common gram-negative urinary pathogens. Cinoxacin was well tolerated when administered to 23 volunteers from 10 to 28 days. Resistance among fecal isolates initially susceptible to cinoxacin was not observed in nine volunteers who were administered 0.5 g every 12 h for 4 to 28 days.", "PMID": 426511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13345", "title": "Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus (Herellea vaginicola): explanation for high-level aminoglycoside resistance.", "content": "Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus (Herellea vaginicola) is an important cause of nosocomial infection in our hospital where A. calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus is the most frequently isolated gram-negative species resistant to one or more of the aminoglycoside antibiotics. Of 167 strains tested for susceptibility to aminoglycosides, only 6 strains were found that were resistant to >/=128 mug of kanamycin per ml; all others were susceptible to </=32 mug/ml. Five of these six strains were found to produce aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Two strains produced a phosphotransferase which mediates resistance to kanamycin and neomycin; three strains produced an acetyltransferase which mediates resistance to kanamycin, tobramycin, and amikacin (minimal inhibitory concentration >/= 128 mug/ml for each drug). No strain with lower level resistance to kanamycin, tobramycin, or amikacin had enzyme activity. Fourteen strains resistant to gentamicin failed to show significant enzymatic modification of that antibiotic. Although agarose gel electrophoresis of deoxyribonucleic acid preparations from the enzyme-producing strains showed plasmid bands in all, no transfer of aminoglycoside resistance could be achieved, nor was it cured by exposure to novobiocin, ethidium bromide, acridine orange, heat, or prolonged storage. Resistance to mercuric chloride, present in 2 of 60 strains, was lost by 1 strain after exposure to novobiocin, and the loss of resistance was associated with an apparent deletion of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid.", "contents": "Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus (Herellea vaginicola): explanation for high-level aminoglycoside resistance. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus (Herellea vaginicola) is an important cause of nosocomial infection in our hospital where A. calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus is the most frequently isolated gram-negative species resistant to one or more of the aminoglycoside antibiotics. Of 167 strains tested for susceptibility to aminoglycosides, only 6 strains were found that were resistant to >/=128 mug of kanamycin per ml; all others were susceptible to </=32 mug/ml. Five of these six strains were found to produce aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Two strains produced a phosphotransferase which mediates resistance to kanamycin and neomycin; three strains produced an acetyltransferase which mediates resistance to kanamycin, tobramycin, and amikacin (minimal inhibitory concentration >/= 128 mug/ml for each drug). No strain with lower level resistance to kanamycin, tobramycin, or amikacin had enzyme activity. Fourteen strains resistant to gentamicin failed to show significant enzymatic modification of that antibiotic. Although agarose gel electrophoresis of deoxyribonucleic acid preparations from the enzyme-producing strains showed plasmid bands in all, no transfer of aminoglycoside resistance could be achieved, nor was it cured by exposure to novobiocin, ethidium bromide, acridine orange, heat, or prolonged storage. Resistance to mercuric chloride, present in 2 of 60 strains, was lost by 1 strain after exposure to novobiocin, and the loss of resistance was associated with an apparent deletion of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid.", "PMID": 426512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13346", "title": "Treatment of experimental Staphylococcus aureus abscesses: comparison of cefazolin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, and cefamandole.", "content": "Cefazolin (CZ), cephalothin (CF), cefoxitin (CX), and cefamandole (CM) were evaluated in therapy of Staphylococcus aureus infection produced in perforated table tennis balls placed intraperitoneally in rabbits. Four weeks after placement of two balls in each rabbit, a beta-lactamase producing strain of S. aureus was injected into one of the balls. Twenty-four hours later therapy was initiated with 40 mg of CZ or 80 mg of CF, CX, or CM per kg intramuscularly every 6 h. After 24 h of treatment, the mean log(10) colony-forming units per ml were 7.1 for CZ, 6.7 for CF, 6.5 for CX, and 7.2 for CM. After 72 h the mean log(10) colony-forming units per ml were 5.0 for CZ, 4.1 for CF, 3.6 for CX, and 5.6 for CM. After 8 days, the titers were 1.6/ml for CZ, 1.0 for CF, 1.9 for CX, and 3.6 for CM. CZ serum levels were about double CF and CX levels and about two-thirds of CM levels. In sterile ball fluid CZ and CM levels were more than double CF or CX concentrations. Concentrations of all four antibiotics were lower in infected balls.", "contents": "Treatment of experimental Staphylococcus aureus abscesses: comparison of cefazolin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, and cefamandole. Cefazolin (CZ), cephalothin (CF), cefoxitin (CX), and cefamandole (CM) were evaluated in therapy of Staphylococcus aureus infection produced in perforated table tennis balls placed intraperitoneally in rabbits. Four weeks after placement of two balls in each rabbit, a beta-lactamase producing strain of S. aureus was injected into one of the balls. Twenty-four hours later therapy was initiated with 40 mg of CZ or 80 mg of CF, CX, or CM per kg intramuscularly every 6 h. After 24 h of treatment, the mean log(10) colony-forming units per ml were 7.1 for CZ, 6.7 for CF, 6.5 for CX, and 7.2 for CM. After 72 h the mean log(10) colony-forming units per ml were 5.0 for CZ, 4.1 for CF, 3.6 for CX, and 5.6 for CM. After 8 days, the titers were 1.6/ml for CZ, 1.0 for CF, 1.9 for CX, and 3.6 for CM. CZ serum levels were about double CF and CX levels and about two-thirds of CM levels. In sterile ball fluid CZ and CM levels were more than double CF or CX concentrations. Concentrations of all four antibiotics were lower in infected balls.", "PMID": 426513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13347", "title": "Cefatrizine activity compared with that of other cephalosporins.", "content": "Cefatrizine, a new orally administered cephalosporin, was tested against 400 clinical isolates. Cefatrizine had excellent activity against gram-positive cocci, inhibiting all except enterococci at minimal inhibitory concentrations below 1 mug/ml. Cefatrizine inhibited the majority of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella at concentrations below 12.5 mug/ml. Although cefatrizine was not hydrolyzed by many beta-lactamases, it did not inhibit a number of strains of Enterobacter, Serratia, or indole-positive Proteus. Cefatrizine was more active than cephalothin or cephalexin against E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella. Its overall activity was less than that of cefoxitin against strains resistant to cephalothin, but its activity against cephalothin-susceptible strains was equivalent to that of cefamandole.", "contents": "Cefatrizine activity compared with that of other cephalosporins. Cefatrizine, a new orally administered cephalosporin, was tested against 400 clinical isolates. Cefatrizine had excellent activity against gram-positive cocci, inhibiting all except enterococci at minimal inhibitory concentrations below 1 mug/ml. Cefatrizine inhibited the majority of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella at concentrations below 12.5 mug/ml. Although cefatrizine was not hydrolyzed by many beta-lactamases, it did not inhibit a number of strains of Enterobacter, Serratia, or indole-positive Proteus. Cefatrizine was more active than cephalothin or cephalexin against E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella. Its overall activity was less than that of cefoxitin against strains resistant to cephalothin, but its activity against cephalothin-susceptible strains was equivalent to that of cefamandole.", "PMID": 426514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13348", "title": "Activities of 5,6-dihydro-5-azathymidine against herpes simplex virus infections in mice.", "content": "5,6-Dihydro-5-azathymidine (DHAdT), a nucleoside antibiotic inhibitory for herpes simplex virus (HSV) in cell cultures (H. E. Renis, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 13: 613-617, 1978), was evaluated in mice with experimental HSV infections. DHAdT protected mice infected with HSV type 1 (HSV-1) when the virus was inoculated intravenously and the drug was given by subcutaneous or oral routes. The activity observed was dependent on the dose and schedule of treatment. Doses of 100 to 400 mg/kg given three to four times daily (at 4-h intervals) for 4 to 5 days gave greater protection than less frequent treatment for shorter time intervals. DHAdT treatment reduced the rate of isolation as well as the HSV-1 titers in homogenates prepared from spinal cords and brains, whereas the titers in kidney homogenates were only marginally affected. The above treatment regime with DHAdT afforded only partial protection to mice infected intracerebrally with HSV-1 or mice inoculated intravaginally with HSV-1 or HSV-2. The antiviral activity of DHAdT was reversed by the co-administration of thymidine. Under these conditions, DHAdT was not toxic in mice.", "contents": "Activities of 5,6-dihydro-5-azathymidine against herpes simplex virus infections in mice. 5,6-Dihydro-5-azathymidine (DHAdT), a nucleoside antibiotic inhibitory for herpes simplex virus (HSV) in cell cultures (H. E. Renis, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 13: 613-617, 1978), was evaluated in mice with experimental HSV infections. DHAdT protected mice infected with HSV type 1 (HSV-1) when the virus was inoculated intravenously and the drug was given by subcutaneous or oral routes. The activity observed was dependent on the dose and schedule of treatment. Doses of 100 to 400 mg/kg given three to four times daily (at 4-h intervals) for 4 to 5 days gave greater protection than less frequent treatment for shorter time intervals. DHAdT treatment reduced the rate of isolation as well as the HSV-1 titers in homogenates prepared from spinal cords and brains, whereas the titers in kidney homogenates were only marginally affected. The above treatment regime with DHAdT afforded only partial protection to mice infected intracerebrally with HSV-1 or mice inoculated intravaginally with HSV-1 or HSV-2. The antiviral activity of DHAdT was reversed by the co-administration of thymidine. Under these conditions, DHAdT was not toxic in mice.", "PMID": 426515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13349", "title": "Pharmacokinetic properties of netilmicin in newborn infants.", "content": "Netilmicin and gentamicin susceptibilities of 258 gram-negative organisms and 25 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were nearly identical. The pharmacokinetic properties of netilmicin were evaluated in 101 newborn infants and related to birth weight, gestational age, chronological age, and route of administration. Mean peak serum concentrations of 5.6 to 6.9 and 7.8 to 8.4 mug/ml were observed 30 min after 3- and 4-mg/kg doses, respectively, were given intramuscularly. The peak concentrations were directly related to gestational age. The average serum half-life values varied from 3.4 to 4.7 h and in general were inversely related to birth weight, gestational age, and postnatal age. The pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in 10 infants were similar after intramuscular and intravenous administration. A comparative study of netilmicin and gentamicin in seven neonates revealed greater variability in serum concentrations of gentamicin and a shorter half-life for netilmicin. There was evidence of accumulation of netilmicin in 12 low-birth weight, premature infants who received 4-mg/kg doses for an average of 6.4 days. Serum and urine levels of netilmicin were measured up to 11 days after discontinuation of the drug. These data are well characterized by a two-compartment model. Additional studies of efficacy and long-term toxicity of netilmicin in neonates are necessary.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic properties of netilmicin in newborn infants. Netilmicin and gentamicin susceptibilities of 258 gram-negative organisms and 25 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were nearly identical. The pharmacokinetic properties of netilmicin were evaluated in 101 newborn infants and related to birth weight, gestational age, chronological age, and route of administration. Mean peak serum concentrations of 5.6 to 6.9 and 7.8 to 8.4 mug/ml were observed 30 min after 3- and 4-mg/kg doses, respectively, were given intramuscularly. The peak concentrations were directly related to gestational age. The average serum half-life values varied from 3.4 to 4.7 h and in general were inversely related to birth weight, gestational age, and postnatal age. The pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in 10 infants were similar after intramuscular and intravenous administration. A comparative study of netilmicin and gentamicin in seven neonates revealed greater variability in serum concentrations of gentamicin and a shorter half-life for netilmicin. There was evidence of accumulation of netilmicin in 12 low-birth weight, premature infants who received 4-mg/kg doses for an average of 6.4 days. Serum and urine levels of netilmicin were measured up to 11 days after discontinuation of the drug. These data are well characterized by a two-compartment model. Additional studies of efficacy and long-term toxicity of netilmicin in neonates are necessary.", "PMID": 426516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13350", "title": "Factors contributing to resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Fifteen strains of Bacteroides fragilis, five highly resistant, five moderately resistant, and five susceptible to benzylpenicillin and cephaloridine, were tested for beta-lactamase production. In the highly resistant and the moderately resistant groups of strains, a correlation between formation of beta-lactamase and minimal inhibitory concentrations was demonstrated. In the presence of the beta-lactamase inhibitors clavulanic acid and CP-45,899 at concentrations of 1 mug/ml, the susceptibility to cephaloridine increased fourfold or more in the beta-lactamase-producing strains. Crypticity measurements (beta-lactamase activity broken/intact cells) with cephaloridine as substrate could indicate a diffusion barrier in the cell wall.", "contents": "Factors contributing to resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Bacteroides fragilis. Fifteen strains of Bacteroides fragilis, five highly resistant, five moderately resistant, and five susceptible to benzylpenicillin and cephaloridine, were tested for beta-lactamase production. In the highly resistant and the moderately resistant groups of strains, a correlation between formation of beta-lactamase and minimal inhibitory concentrations was demonstrated. In the presence of the beta-lactamase inhibitors clavulanic acid and CP-45,899 at concentrations of 1 mug/ml, the susceptibility to cephaloridine increased fourfold or more in the beta-lactamase-producing strains. Crypticity measurements (beta-lactamase activity broken/intact cells) with cephaloridine as substrate could indicate a diffusion barrier in the cell wall.", "PMID": 426517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13351", "title": "HR 756, a new cephalosporin active against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "The in vitro activity of HR 756, 7-[2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-(Z)-(methoximino)acetamido] cephalosporanic acid, was investigated against 659 isolates. HR 756 inhibited Neisseria and Haemophilus species at concentrations similar to those needed with ampicillin. It inhibited beta-lactamase-producing N. gonorrhoeae and H. influenzae. HR 756 was the most active compound tested against members of the Enterobacteriaceae, inhibiting most isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Enterobacter, and Shigella at concentrations of less than 0.1 mug/ml. It was twice as active as carbenicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and inhibited Bacteroides fragilis as well as cefoxitin. HR 756 killed E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and P. aeruginosa at rates similar to other beta-lactam antibiotics.", "contents": "HR 756, a new cephalosporin active against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The in vitro activity of HR 756, 7-[2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-(Z)-(methoximino)acetamido] cephalosporanic acid, was investigated against 659 isolates. HR 756 inhibited Neisseria and Haemophilus species at concentrations similar to those needed with ampicillin. It inhibited beta-lactamase-producing N. gonorrhoeae and H. influenzae. HR 756 was the most active compound tested against members of the Enterobacteriaceae, inhibiting most isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Enterobacter, and Shigella at concentrations of less than 0.1 mug/ml. It was twice as active as carbenicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and inhibited Bacteroides fragilis as well as cefoxitin. HR 756 killed E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and P. aeruginosa at rates similar to other beta-lactam antibiotics.", "PMID": 426518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13352", "title": "Radiometric method for determining the susceptibility of yeasts to 5-fluorocytosine.", "content": "A rapid method for determining the susceptibility of yeasts to 5-fluorocytosine by using the Bactec radiometric system is described.", "contents": "Radiometric method for determining the susceptibility of yeasts to 5-fluorocytosine. A rapid method for determining the susceptibility of yeasts to 5-fluorocytosine by using the Bactec radiometric system is described.", "PMID": 426519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13353", "title": "BL-S786 (ceforanide), a new parenteral cephalosporin: in vitro studies.", "content": "BL-S786 (ceforanide) is a new cephalosporin which showed broad-spectrum activity in vitro against 453 clinical isolates. At a concentration of 3.12 mug/ml, it inhibited greater than 75% of isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Essentially no activity was observed against isolates of Serratia marcescens, and only minimal activity was observed against Enterobacter spp. Its activity was directly related to the size of the inoculum. The minimal bactericidal concentrations were similar to the minimal inhibitory concentrations for isolates of all organisms except S. aureus and S. pyogenes. The minimal bactericidal concentrations were considerably higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations for these organisms.", "contents": "BL-S786 (ceforanide), a new parenteral cephalosporin: in vitro studies. BL-S786 (ceforanide) is a new cephalosporin which showed broad-spectrum activity in vitro against 453 clinical isolates. At a concentration of 3.12 mug/ml, it inhibited greater than 75% of isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Essentially no activity was observed against isolates of Serratia marcescens, and only minimal activity was observed against Enterobacter spp. Its activity was directly related to the size of the inoculum. The minimal bactericidal concentrations were similar to the minimal inhibitory concentrations for isolates of all organisms except S. aureus and S. pyogenes. The minimal bactericidal concentrations were considerably higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations for these organisms.", "PMID": 426520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13354", "title": "The natural history of polymorphous light eruptions.", "content": "The natural history of chronic, idiopathic polymorphous light eruption (PMLE( was studied in 138 patients, 85 of whom were female. Mean age of onset of the disease was 26.4 years, and the mean duration at the time of the study was 10.5 years. In most cases (57%) the onset of the disease was very sudden. Light hypersensitivity was usually first confined to limited skin areas, but often (88%) extended to further areas during subsequent summers. The light sensitivity tended to increase during the years; at the time of the study, the threshold tolerance to sun was 30 minutes or less for 60% of the patients. A yearly hardening phenomenon was noted by every second patient. Lip or eye symptoms were present in 46% and 49% of the patients, respectively. Two thirds of the patients experienced some general symptoms after sun exposure.", "contents": "The natural history of polymorphous light eruptions. The natural history of chronic, idiopathic polymorphous light eruption (PMLE( was studied in 138 patients, 85 of whom were female. Mean age of onset of the disease was 26.4 years, and the mean duration at the time of the study was 10.5 years. In most cases (57%) the onset of the disease was very sudden. Light hypersensitivity was usually first confined to limited skin areas, but often (88%) extended to further areas during subsequent summers. The light sensitivity tended to increase during the years; at the time of the study, the threshold tolerance to sun was 30 minutes or less for 60% of the patients. A yearly hardening phenomenon was noted by every second patient. Lip or eye symptoms were present in 46% and 49% of the patients, respectively. Two thirds of the patients experienced some general symptoms after sun exposure.", "PMID": 426521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13355", "title": "Blastomycosis-like pyoderma.", "content": "Seven patients with blastomycosis-like pyoderma had skin lesions of four months' to six years' duration. The criteria for the diagnosis of blastomycosis-like pyoderma include the clinical presentation of large verrucous plaques with multiple pustules and elevated border, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia with abscess histologically, and the growth of at least one pathogenic bacteria from the culture of a tissue-biopsy specimen. The differential diagnosis includes deep fungus infection (especially North American blastomycosis), bromoderma, pyoderma gangrenosum, mycobacterial infections, giant keratoacanthoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Generally, the patients had one or more conditions that could have affected their systemic or local immunologic competence to infection. We believe that the clinical and histologic features in these cases of blastomycosis-like pyoderma were produced by an unusual, exaggerated, vegetating-tissue reaction to a primary or secondary bacterial infection.", "contents": "Blastomycosis-like pyoderma. Seven patients with blastomycosis-like pyoderma had skin lesions of four months' to six years' duration. The criteria for the diagnosis of blastomycosis-like pyoderma include the clinical presentation of large verrucous plaques with multiple pustules and elevated border, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia with abscess histologically, and the growth of at least one pathogenic bacteria from the culture of a tissue-biopsy specimen. The differential diagnosis includes deep fungus infection (especially North American blastomycosis), bromoderma, pyoderma gangrenosum, mycobacterial infections, giant keratoacanthoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Generally, the patients had one or more conditions that could have affected their systemic or local immunologic competence to infection. We believe that the clinical and histologic features in these cases of blastomycosis-like pyoderma were produced by an unusual, exaggerated, vegetating-tissue reaction to a primary or secondary bacterial infection.", "PMID": 426522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13356", "title": "Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis.", "content": "Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis is an uncommon pruitic papular follicular eruption that affects the trunk and proximal extremities and occurs almost exclusively in blacks. Little is known about the cause, and treatment has been totally unsuccessful. Extensive laboratory investigations, including histology and direct immunofluorescence in four cases, were unrevealing. Oral vitamin A therapy was effective in controlling five of six cases. We consider this disease to be a specific clinical and pathologic response to an, as yet, unknown cause or causes.", "contents": "Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis. Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis is an uncommon pruitic papular follicular eruption that affects the trunk and proximal extremities and occurs almost exclusively in blacks. Little is known about the cause, and treatment has been totally unsuccessful. Extensive laboratory investigations, including histology and direct immunofluorescence in four cases, were unrevealing. Oral vitamin A therapy was effective in controlling five of six cases. We consider this disease to be a specific clinical and pathologic response to an, as yet, unknown cause or causes.", "PMID": 426523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13357", "title": "Acute pancreatitis associated with long-term azathioprine therapy. Occurrence in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A  34-year-old woman with a 13-year history of systemic lupus erythematosus had been taking azathioprine (lmuran) for one year in an effort to control her cutaneous lesions and also as a steroid sparing agent. Acute pancreatitis developed, which we could not relate to her lupus, prednisone administration, viral illness, or other causes. We concluded it was due to azathioprine therapy and wish to report this unusual occurrence.", "contents": "Acute pancreatitis associated with long-term azathioprine therapy. Occurrence in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. A  34-year-old woman with a 13-year history of systemic lupus erythematosus had been taking azathioprine (lmuran) for one year in an effort to control her cutaneous lesions and also as a steroid sparing agent. Acute pancreatitis developed, which we could not relate to her lupus, prednisone administration, viral illness, or other causes. We concluded it was due to azathioprine therapy and wish to report this unusual occurrence.", "PMID": 426524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13358", "title": "Immunologic features of chronic granulomatous mucocutaneous candidiasis before and after treatment with transfer factor.", "content": "We report the acquisition of skin test sensitivity to Candida albicans antigen and the ability to produce leukocyte migration inhibition factor (MIF) by a Candida-negative patient with chronic granulomatous mucocutaneous candidiasis after treatment with dialyzable transfer factor (TFd). The TFd was acquired from Candida-positive healthy donors. Three of seven attempts to transfer Candida skin test sensitivity were successful, and the acquired skin reactivity lasted for 12 to 21 days. The acquisition of cellular immunity to Candida was demonstrated in vitro by production of leukocyte MIF. No Candida-induced lymphocyte transformation was observed before or after TFd injection. The TFd did not cause Candida-induced blast transformation when added directly to cultures of lymphocytes from the patient. Pain, tenderness, redness, and edema were observed around the Candida granulomas on each occasion when the skin test to Candida became positive. Two weeks after TDd injection, the proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes increased, as measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine into lymphocytes within the first hour of in vitro incubation.", "contents": "Immunologic features of chronic granulomatous mucocutaneous candidiasis before and after treatment with transfer factor. We report the acquisition of skin test sensitivity to Candida albicans antigen and the ability to produce leukocyte migration inhibition factor (MIF) by a Candida-negative patient with chronic granulomatous mucocutaneous candidiasis after treatment with dialyzable transfer factor (TFd). The TFd was acquired from Candida-positive healthy donors. Three of seven attempts to transfer Candida skin test sensitivity were successful, and the acquired skin reactivity lasted for 12 to 21 days. The acquisition of cellular immunity to Candida was demonstrated in vitro by production of leukocyte MIF. No Candida-induced lymphocyte transformation was observed before or after TFd injection. The TFd did not cause Candida-induced blast transformation when added directly to cultures of lymphocytes from the patient. Pain, tenderness, redness, and edema were observed around the Candida granulomas on each occasion when the skin test to Candida became positive. Two weeks after TDd injection, the proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes increased, as measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine into lymphocytes within the first hour of in vitro incubation.", "PMID": 426525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13359", "title": "Subcorneal pustular dermatosis and crippling arthritis.", "content": "A 25-year-old woman has suffered with subcorneal pustular dermatosis and a rheumatoid-like arthritis for the past 11 years. Both her skin lesions and arthralgia have abated with institution of dapsone administration and have worsened with interruption or reduction of the dose. The coexistence of arthritis  and subcorneal pustular dermatosis and the response of both to therapy suggest a probable association.", "contents": "Subcorneal pustular dermatosis and crippling arthritis. A 25-year-old woman has suffered with subcorneal pustular dermatosis and a rheumatoid-like arthritis for the past 11 years. Both her skin lesions and arthralgia have abated with institution of dapsone administration and have worsened with interruption or reduction of the dose. The coexistence of arthritis  and subcorneal pustular dermatosis and the response of both to therapy suggest a probable association.", "PMID": 426526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13360", "title": "Harlequin ichthyosis with epidermal lipid abnormality.", "content": "An infant with phenotypic harlequin ichthyosis survived for nine months, then died a crib death. At autopsy, an enlarged, but structurally normal, thymus was found. Light microscopically, the epidermis showed massive hyperkeratosis and variable parakeratosis, and a stain for neutral fat was positive in the upper epidermis and stratum corneum. Electron microscopic study disclosed crystals resembling cholesterol and masses of autophagic vacuoles, many of them glutted with lipid, deposited within cells of the stratum corneum. Biochemically, cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the stratum corneum were sharply elevated (19.8 and 32.0 mg/g of dry weight, respectively). A defect in epidermal lipid metabolism is postulated.", "contents": "Harlequin ichthyosis with epidermal lipid abnormality. An infant with phenotypic harlequin ichthyosis survived for nine months, then died a crib death. At autopsy, an enlarged, but structurally normal, thymus was found. Light microscopically, the epidermis showed massive hyperkeratosis and variable parakeratosis, and a stain for neutral fat was positive in the upper epidermis and stratum corneum. Electron microscopic study disclosed crystals resembling cholesterol and masses of autophagic vacuoles, many of them glutted with lipid, deposited within cells of the stratum corneum. Biochemically, cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the stratum corneum were sharply elevated (19.8 and 32.0 mg/g of dry weight, respectively). A defect in epidermal lipid metabolism is postulated.", "PMID": 426527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13361", "title": "Apocrine cystadenoma. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "An apocrine cystadenoma was examined with the electron microscope. Two types of cells were identified: secretory cells and basal (myoepithelial) cells. The secretory cells showed abundant granules that had the features of lipid droplets. The lumen of the cyst contained fragments of cytoplasm that appeared to be detached from the apical portions of the secretory cells. This feature suggests an apocrine type of secretory mechanism involving decapitation of the apical parts of the cells. A merocrine type of secretion was also seen. The basal myoepithelial cells showed abundant cytoplasmic filaments, most of which appeared to be tonofilaments. These cells had fewer myofilaments than those seen in normal apocrine gland cells. Annulate lamellae were not seen in this case.", "contents": "Apocrine cystadenoma. An ultrastructural study. An apocrine cystadenoma was examined with the electron microscope. Two types of cells were identified: secretory cells and basal (myoepithelial) cells. The secretory cells showed abundant granules that had the features of lipid droplets. The lumen of the cyst contained fragments of cytoplasm that appeared to be detached from the apical portions of the secretory cells. This feature suggests an apocrine type of secretory mechanism involving decapitation of the apical parts of the cells. A merocrine type of secretion was also seen. The basal myoepithelial cells showed abundant cytoplasmic filaments, most of which appeared to be tonofilaments. These cells had fewer myofilaments than those seen in normal apocrine gland cells. Annulate lamellae were not seen in this case.", "PMID": 426528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13362", "title": "Generalized malignant acanthosis nigricans.", "content": "We report a case of generalized malignant acanthosis nigricans (AN) secondary to metastasizing squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix uteri. The disease initially manifested in the perineum as condyloma acuminatum-like lesions. Subsequently, most of the cutaneous surface and the mucosa of the vulva, mouth, tongue, and the palpebral conjunctiva became involved. The association of AN with a squamous cell carcinoma is rare, and conjunctival involvement is unusual.", "contents": "Generalized malignant acanthosis nigricans. We report a case of generalized malignant acanthosis nigricans (AN) secondary to metastasizing squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix uteri. The disease initially manifested in the perineum as condyloma acuminatum-like lesions. Subsequently, most of the cutaneous surface and the mucosa of the vulva, mouth, tongue, and the palpebral conjunctiva became involved. The association of AN with a squamous cell carcinoma is rare, and conjunctival involvement is unusual.", "PMID": 426529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13363", "title": "Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma. Occurrence in a patient with psoriasis after topical, systemic, and PUVA therapy.", "content": "Multiple lesions of Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma on the penis and pubic areas developed in a 32-year-old patient with psoriasis who was undergoing treatment with psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet radiation (PUVA). A cumulative dose of more than 3,700 joules/sq cm of UVA had been administered over a three-year period. This case may be an early warning of possible carcinogenicity of PUVA therapy, alone or as part of sequential therapy with other agents.", "contents": "Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma. Occurrence in a patient with psoriasis after topical, systemic, and PUVA therapy. Multiple lesions of Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma on the penis and pubic areas developed in a 32-year-old patient with psoriasis who was undergoing treatment with psoralen and long-wave ultraviolet radiation (PUVA). A cumulative dose of more than 3,700 joules/sq cm of UVA had been administered over a three-year period. This case may be an early warning of possible carcinogenicity of PUVA therapy, alone or as part of sequential therapy with other agents.", "PMID": 426530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13364", "title": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia.", "content": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (AHE) is a distinct clinical and pathologic entity that demonstrates proliferation of endothelial cells associated with varying degrees of lymphocytic, histiocytic, and eosinophilic infiltration. Lymphoid hyperplasia with germinal centers often is present in older lesions and the patients may have an associated blood eosinophilia. Multiple deep nodules developed in a young man on the palmar aspect of the left hand, and subsequently the forehead, histologically diagnostic of AHE. Direct immunofluorescence of the tumor removed from the forehead demonstrated granular deposits of IgA, IgM, and C3 associated with small vessels. Cryoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG) were found in the patient's serum. This new information lends support to the hypothesis that AHE is an inflammatory reactive lesion, possibly secondary to an immunologic injury, rather than a true vascular neoplasm with an associated inflammatory reaction.", "contents": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (AHE) is a distinct clinical and pathologic entity that demonstrates proliferation of endothelial cells associated with varying degrees of lymphocytic, histiocytic, and eosinophilic infiltration. Lymphoid hyperplasia with germinal centers often is present in older lesions and the patients may have an associated blood eosinophilia. Multiple deep nodules developed in a young man on the palmar aspect of the left hand, and subsequently the forehead, histologically diagnostic of AHE. Direct immunofluorescence of the tumor removed from the forehead demonstrated granular deposits of IgA, IgM, and C3 associated with small vessels. Cryoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG) were found in the patient's serum. This new information lends support to the hypothesis that AHE is an inflammatory reactive lesion, possibly secondary to an immunologic injury, rather than a true vascular neoplasm with an associated inflammatory reaction.", "PMID": 426531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13365", "title": "Cryofibrinogenemia, monoclonal gammopathy, and purpura. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A patient with purpura, acral blisters, and ulcerations was evaluated and found to have cryofibrinogenemia and an IgG K light chain monoclonal gammopathy. No other systemic illness was found. The overall incidence of significant cryofibrinogenemia include neoplastic, thrombotic, infectious, and miscellaneous disorders. The patient described was not easily classified. This case is probably best considered primary or idiopathic cryofibrinogenemia.", "contents": "Cryofibrinogenemia, monoclonal gammopathy, and purpura. Report of a case and review of the literature. A patient with purpura, acral blisters, and ulcerations was evaluated and found to have cryofibrinogenemia and an IgG K light chain monoclonal gammopathy. No other systemic illness was found. The overall incidence of significant cryofibrinogenemia include neoplastic, thrombotic, infectious, and miscellaneous disorders. The patient described was not easily classified. This case is probably best considered primary or idiopathic cryofibrinogenemia.", "PMID": 426532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13366", "title": "Norwegian scabies in Bloom's syndrome.", "content": "Norwegian scabies is an unusual Sarcoptes scabiei infestation. It has been reported often in patients who are either severely debilitated or who have congenital or iatrogenic suppression of their immune responses. We report the occurence of Norwegian scabies in a 13-year-old boy with Bloom's syndrome who had impaired humoral and cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Norwegian scabies in Bloom's syndrome. Norwegian scabies is an unusual Sarcoptes scabiei infestation. It has been reported often in patients who are either severely debilitated or who have congenital or iatrogenic suppression of their immune responses. We report the occurence of Norwegian scabies in a 13-year-old boy with Bloom's syndrome who had impaired humoral and cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 426533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13367", "title": "Necrotic skin lesions associated with disseminated candidiasis.", "content": "A 69-year-old woman with Felty's syndrome developed necrotic skin lesions associated with disseminated Candida tropicalis infection. These lesions differed from the previously described erythematous macronodules of disseminated candidiasis, although histologically there was a dermal infiltrate of yeast and pseudohyphae. Clinically, they resembled ecthyma gangrenosum associated with Pseudomonas septicemia. We believe candidiasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of large necrotic skin lesions in the compromised host.", "contents": "Necrotic skin lesions associated with disseminated candidiasis. A 69-year-old woman with Felty's syndrome developed necrotic skin lesions associated with disseminated Candida tropicalis infection. These lesions differed from the previously described erythematous macronodules of disseminated candidiasis, although histologically there was a dermal infiltrate of yeast and pseudohyphae. Clinically, they resembled ecthyma gangrenosum associated with Pseudomonas septicemia. We believe candidiasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of large necrotic skin lesions in the compromised host.", "PMID": 426534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13368", "title": "Carcinoma of the pancreas and periampullary region.", "content": "Over a 21 year period, 245 cases of cancer of the pancreas were operated upon and followed-up at UCLA Hospital. A further 34 cases of periampullary tumor were treated by partial or total pancreatectomy. Apparent clearance of tumors at the time of pancreaticoduodenectomy that was confirmed by subsequent histopathology resulted in a patient survival time of 20.3 months as compared with a figure of 12.9 months when the pathological examination revealed tumor in a resection margin, although the surgeon believed that excision had been complete at the time of operation. Frozen section examination of resection margins is therefore mandatory. The result of performing a pancreaticoduodenectomy in which tumor was seen to be left behind was a survival time of only 6.8 months, which is similar to the survival time of 6.2 months following a palliative biliary bypass. Pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients over the age of 70 resulted in an average survival of only 7.6 months. Of patients having a palliative biliary bypass alone, 13% required subsequent reoperation to bypass distressing duodenal obstruction. A duodenal bypass should therefore be a routine concomitant of a biliary bypass. Total pancreatectomy with duodenectomy for pancreatic cancer gave an increased average survival of 26 months, and it is likely that the frequency of performance of this operation will increase.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the pancreas and periampullary region. Over a 21 year period, 245 cases of cancer of the pancreas were operated upon and followed-up at UCLA Hospital. A further 34 cases of periampullary tumor were treated by partial or total pancreatectomy. Apparent clearance of tumors at the time of pancreaticoduodenectomy that was confirmed by subsequent histopathology resulted in a patient survival time of 20.3 months as compared with a figure of 12.9 months when the pathological examination revealed tumor in a resection margin, although the surgeon believed that excision had been complete at the time of operation. Frozen section examination of resection margins is therefore mandatory. The result of performing a pancreaticoduodenectomy in which tumor was seen to be left behind was a survival time of only 6.8 months, which is similar to the survival time of 6.2 months following a palliative biliary bypass. Pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients over the age of 70 resulted in an average survival of only 7.6 months. Of patients having a palliative biliary bypass alone, 13% required subsequent reoperation to bypass distressing duodenal obstruction. A duodenal bypass should therefore be a routine concomitant of a biliary bypass. Total pancreatectomy with duodenectomy for pancreatic cancer gave an increased average survival of 26 months, and it is likely that the frequency of performance of this operation will increase.", "PMID": 426545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13369", "title": "Autotransplantation of cryopreserved parathyroid tissue in man.", "content": "Human cryopreserved parathyroid autografts have been performed in six patients following reoperative parathyroid surgery. All patients were rendered hypoparathyroid by their most recent reoperation. Parathyroid tissue was successfully autotransplanted after as long as eighteen months of cryopreservation. Viability and expected in vivo function of cryopreserved parathyroid tissue may be predicted by in vitro testing of parathyroid hormone secretion in response to varying ambient calcium concentration. Parathyroid cryopreservation with subsequent autotransplantation is a practical solution to the problem of permanent hypoparathyroidism that may follow multiple surgical procedures for persistent hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Autotransplantation of cryopreserved parathyroid tissue in man. Human cryopreserved parathyroid autografts have been performed in six patients following reoperative parathyroid surgery. All patients were rendered hypoparathyroid by their most recent reoperation. Parathyroid tissue was successfully autotransplanted after as long as eighteen months of cryopreservation. Viability and expected in vivo function of cryopreserved parathyroid tissue may be predicted by in vitro testing of parathyroid hormone secretion in response to varying ambient calcium concentration. Parathyroid cryopreservation with subsequent autotransplantation is a practical solution to the problem of permanent hypoparathyroidism that may follow multiple surgical procedures for persistent hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 426546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13370", "title": "Patient and operation selectivity. The peripheral vascular laboratory.", "content": "Careful use of the data from the vascular laboratory has resulted in better patient and operation selectivity in peripheral arterial disease of the lower extremities. Using the combination of segmental pressure measured with an ultrasonic Doppler and flow as approximated by the measurement of the rate of pulsatile volume change with a calibrated plethysmograph, objective criteria were established for arterial insufficiency. Using a two cuff technique, resistance indices were established to distinguish femoropopliteal from aortoiliac disease. The ratio of angiograms to femoropopliteal and aortoiliac operations has been reduced from an earlier value of almost 3/1 to the present value of approximately 1/1.", "contents": "Patient and operation selectivity. The peripheral vascular laboratory. Careful use of the data from the vascular laboratory has resulted in better patient and operation selectivity in peripheral arterial disease of the lower extremities. Using the combination of segmental pressure measured with an ultrasonic Doppler and flow as approximated by the measurement of the rate of pulsatile volume change with a calibrated plethysmograph, objective criteria were established for arterial insufficiency. Using a two cuff technique, resistance indices were established to distinguish femoropopliteal from aortoiliac disease. The ratio of angiograms to femoropopliteal and aortoiliac operations has been reduced from an earlier value of almost 3/1 to the present value of approximately 1/1.", "PMID": 426547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13371", "title": "The undergraduate surgical clerkship. A cutting edge which separates the clinical from the nonclinical medical specialists.", "content": "The role of the surgical clerkship in the curriculum has often been debated. This study highlights its function in the students' decision making process. Junior students (N = 164) were measured on interest in surgery before and after the clerkship and divided into groups that changed significantly in a positive or negative direction, or that remained essentially unchanged. Background factors, learning styles of the students, and their evaluations of the clerkship showed that students who changed negatively (12%), compared with those who changed positively (44%), did not learn as well from clinical experiences and evaluated certain aspects of the clerkship, related to time and clinical demands, less positively. The unchanged group resembled the positive change students. Performance in the clerkship did not differ significantly among the three groups. The group that changed positively had none interested in surgery as a career before the clerkship, 15% who chose surgery afterward, and who later entered a surgical residency. The negative change group entered with high, perhaps unrealistic, levels of interest, left with none selecting surgery, and a third entering nonclinical type residencies. The surgical clerkship appears to have a unique role to help students make decisions about future careers based on their underlying personalities and learning styles.", "contents": "The undergraduate surgical clerkship. A cutting edge which separates the clinical from the nonclinical medical specialists. The role of the surgical clerkship in the curriculum has often been debated. This study highlights its function in the students' decision making process. Junior students (N = 164) were measured on interest in surgery before and after the clerkship and divided into groups that changed significantly in a positive or negative direction, or that remained essentially unchanged. Background factors, learning styles of the students, and their evaluations of the clerkship showed that students who changed negatively (12%), compared with those who changed positively (44%), did not learn as well from clinical experiences and evaluated certain aspects of the clerkship, related to time and clinical demands, less positively. The unchanged group resembled the positive change students. Performance in the clerkship did not differ significantly among the three groups. The group that changed positively had none interested in surgery as a career before the clerkship, 15% who chose surgery afterward, and who later entered a surgical residency. The negative change group entered with high, perhaps unrealistic, levels of interest, left with none selecting surgery, and a third entering nonclinical type residencies. The surgical clerkship appears to have a unique role to help students make decisions about future careers based on their underlying personalities and learning styles.", "PMID": 426548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13372", "title": "Biologic determinants of tumor growth in healing wounds.", "content": "The morphologic characteristics of a scar may render it an \"immunologically privileged site\" providing fertile ground for tumor occurrence and growth. We sought to extend this concept and to determine the effect of different stages of wound healing on tumor occurrence. Syngeneic strain-2 guinea pigs and a methylcholanthrene-induced liposarcoma (MCA-2) were used. Incisional flank wounds were created at appropriate intervals such that at the time of tumor inoculation each group of animals had a sequentially aged wound which was a) acute, b) three weeks old, c) nine weeks old, d) 11 weeks old, e) created one week after tumor injection, or f) no wound. Wounds which were three, nine, or 11 weeks old consistently caused a significant increase in tumor growth rate following inoculation of a single cell tumor suspension (<.001). The delayed wounds, or those created following after tumor injection, and the acute wounds did not promote increased tumor growth. This study demonstrates that the ability of a wound to amplify or retard tumor growth may vary with its age. As a postulate we suggest that the relative paucity of lymphatic regeneration within scar tissue may render it an \"immunologically privileged site\" such that early recognition and destruction of tumor cells within the scar may be delayed long enough for the tumor to grow to a \"critical size.\" Subsequent to this regardless of the host's immunocompetence the tumor can no longer be destroyed by an immune mechanism. The general lack of progressive growth of tumor cells placed in acute wounds suggests that they were not protected from immunocompetent cells and were destroyed by the ongoing inflammatory response to injury. Therefore, different biologic characteristics of a surgical scar are important in potentiating or retarding tumor growth. Variations in such factors may account for the local recurrence of cancer in operative wounds.", "contents": "Biologic determinants of tumor growth in healing wounds. The morphologic characteristics of a scar may render it an \"immunologically privileged site\" providing fertile ground for tumor occurrence and growth. We sought to extend this concept and to determine the effect of different stages of wound healing on tumor occurrence. Syngeneic strain-2 guinea pigs and a methylcholanthrene-induced liposarcoma (MCA-2) were used. Incisional flank wounds were created at appropriate intervals such that at the time of tumor inoculation each group of animals had a sequentially aged wound which was a) acute, b) three weeks old, c) nine weeks old, d) 11 weeks old, e) created one week after tumor injection, or f) no wound. Wounds which were three, nine, or 11 weeks old consistently caused a significant increase in tumor growth rate following inoculation of a single cell tumor suspension (<.001). The delayed wounds, or those created following after tumor injection, and the acute wounds did not promote increased tumor growth. This study demonstrates that the ability of a wound to amplify or retard tumor growth may vary with its age. As a postulate we suggest that the relative paucity of lymphatic regeneration within scar tissue may render it an \"immunologically privileged site\" such that early recognition and destruction of tumor cells within the scar may be delayed long enough for the tumor to grow to a \"critical size.\" Subsequent to this regardless of the host's immunocompetence the tumor can no longer be destroyed by an immune mechanism. The general lack of progressive growth of tumor cells placed in acute wounds suggests that they were not protected from immunocompetent cells and were destroyed by the ongoing inflammatory response to injury. Therefore, different biologic characteristics of a surgical scar are important in potentiating or retarding tumor growth. Variations in such factors may account for the local recurrence of cancer in operative wounds.", "PMID": 426550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13373", "title": "Summary of cases of adventitial cystic disease of the popliteal artery.", "content": "Adventitial cystic disease of the popliteal artery is explored. The results of correspondence with authors reporting this condition are elaborated upon. This has provided an opportunity to discuss the history of the condition, the findings in 115 cases which have come to the attention of the Correspondence Office dealing with this entity, and the results of treatment. A discussion of the suspected etiology of the condition is presented. The condition remains one of unknown etiology which can be treated by cyst evacuation or aspiration when the popliteal artery is patent and which is best treated by arterial reconstruction when the artery is occluded. The results of such treatment are good but are dependent upon technical excellence of the operative procedure.", "contents": "Summary of cases of adventitial cystic disease of the popliteal artery. Adventitial cystic disease of the popliteal artery is explored. The results of correspondence with authors reporting this condition are elaborated upon. This has provided an opportunity to discuss the history of the condition, the findings in 115 cases which have come to the attention of the Correspondence Office dealing with this entity, and the results of treatment. A discussion of the suspected etiology of the condition is presented. The condition remains one of unknown etiology which can be treated by cyst evacuation or aspiration when the popliteal artery is patent and which is best treated by arterial reconstruction when the artery is occluded. The results of such treatment are good but are dependent upon technical excellence of the operative procedure.", "PMID": 426549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13374", "title": "The role of the peroneal artery for limb salvage.", "content": "Peroneal artery revascularization was performed in 61 cases for limb salvage and compared to a comparable group of 89 tibial artery reconstructions. Preoperative arteriography is essential to define runoff quality and pedal arch integrity. Intraoperative arteriography and flow determinations minimize failures due to technical error and provide some indication of the prognosis for graft patency. Failure to augment flow by at least 50% suggests pedal arch deficiency and is predictive for early graft closure. Cumulative patency for peroneal bypass was 55 +/- 8% at 1 year and 38 +/- 10% at 30 months compared to 63 +/- 6 and 59 +/- 7% for tibial reconstructions at the same time intervals. Most graft failures occurred within the first six months. Nineteen peroneals have been followed for more than one year with only three failures occurring. Improved criteria for case selection resulted in an 80% decrease in the number of failed grafts for the second half of this series. A similar reduction was noted for secondary operations. Results obtained with good quality saphenous veins (37 +/- 13% at 30 months) and glutaraldehyde tanned umbilical veins (53 +/- 11%) depend more on technical, pathologic and biologic factors than on the particular graft material employed. The mortality rate at 30 days was 3.3% and compared favorably with other limb salvage procedures and with primary amputations. Cumulative patient survival with functional limbs was 79 +/- 9% at 30 months and was distinctly superior to reported data on survival of amputees. A cumulative limb salvage rate of 79 +/- 6% at 30 months for the peroneal group makes such reconstructions definitely favorable to uniform limb ablation.", "contents": "The role of the peroneal artery for limb salvage. Peroneal artery revascularization was performed in 61 cases for limb salvage and compared to a comparable group of 89 tibial artery reconstructions. Preoperative arteriography is essential to define runoff quality and pedal arch integrity. Intraoperative arteriography and flow determinations minimize failures due to technical error and provide some indication of the prognosis for graft patency. Failure to augment flow by at least 50% suggests pedal arch deficiency and is predictive for early graft closure. Cumulative patency for peroneal bypass was 55 +/- 8% at 1 year and 38 +/- 10% at 30 months compared to 63 +/- 6 and 59 +/- 7% for tibial reconstructions at the same time intervals. Most graft failures occurred within the first six months. Nineteen peroneals have been followed for more than one year with only three failures occurring. Improved criteria for case selection resulted in an 80% decrease in the number of failed grafts for the second half of this series. A similar reduction was noted for secondary operations. Results obtained with good quality saphenous veins (37 +/- 13% at 30 months) and glutaraldehyde tanned umbilical veins (53 +/- 11%) depend more on technical, pathologic and biologic factors than on the particular graft material employed. The mortality rate at 30 days was 3.3% and compared favorably with other limb salvage procedures and with primary amputations. Cumulative patient survival with functional limbs was 79 +/- 9% at 30 months and was distinctly superior to reported data on survival of amputees. A cumulative limb salvage rate of 79 +/- 6% at 30 months for the peroneal group makes such reconstructions definitely favorable to uniform limb ablation.", "PMID": 426551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13375", "title": "Pancreatitis as a complication of anticholinesterase insecticide intoxication.", "content": "Severe pancreatitis and a pseudocyst occurred in a patient following accidental ingestion of an anticholinesterase insecticide, a substance not previously known to produce pancreatitis. Experiments were done to elucidate the mechanism. In one group of dogs the pancreatic duct was perfused and intraductal pressures were measured. The cholinesterase inhibitor 0,0-diethyl-0-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)phosphorothioate (25 mg/kg) caused a significant increase in the mean intraductal pressure from 12 +/- 2.4 to 27.8 +/- 5.9 cm saline. In a second group of dogs pancreatic secretory rates were measured. Anticholinesterase (75 mg/kg) in combination with secretin infusion (1 U/kg/hr) caused a significant increase in the secretin stimulated flow rate from 0.13 to 0.56 cc/min. Atropine (75 microgram/kg) abolished the anticholinesterase induced pressure and secretory rate increases. In a third group of dogs administration of cholinesterase inhibitor 75 mg/kg and secretin infusion 2 U/kg/hr resulted in acute pancreatic interstitial edema, acinar cell vacuolization, hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia. These results suggest that occurrence of pancreatitis as a complication of anticholinesterase insecticide intoxication is the result of hypersecretion and pharmacologic ductal obstruction.", "contents": "Pancreatitis as a complication of anticholinesterase insecticide intoxication. Severe pancreatitis and a pseudocyst occurred in a patient following accidental ingestion of an anticholinesterase insecticide, a substance not previously known to produce pancreatitis. Experiments were done to elucidate the mechanism. In one group of dogs the pancreatic duct was perfused and intraductal pressures were measured. The cholinesterase inhibitor 0,0-diethyl-0-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl)phosphorothioate (25 mg/kg) caused a significant increase in the mean intraductal pressure from 12 +/- 2.4 to 27.8 +/- 5.9 cm saline. In a second group of dogs pancreatic secretory rates were measured. Anticholinesterase (75 mg/kg) in combination with secretin infusion (1 U/kg/hr) caused a significant increase in the secretin stimulated flow rate from 0.13 to 0.56 cc/min. Atropine (75 microgram/kg) abolished the anticholinesterase induced pressure and secretory rate increases. In a third group of dogs administration of cholinesterase inhibitor 75 mg/kg and secretin infusion 2 U/kg/hr resulted in acute pancreatic interstitial edema, acinar cell vacuolization, hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia. These results suggest that occurrence of pancreatitis as a complication of anticholinesterase insecticide intoxication is the result of hypersecretion and pharmacologic ductal obstruction.", "PMID": 426552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13376", "title": "A multi-institutional comparative trial of radiation therapy alone and in combination with 5-fluorouracil for locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group.", "content": "One hundred six patients with histologically confirmed pancreatic carcinoma were randomized to one of three radiation treatment programs: 1) radiation therapy alone to 6000 rads; 2) 6000 rads plus 6-FU; or, 3) 4000 rads plus 5-FU. Patient survival was the primary study parameter. Both 4000 rads plus 5-FU (p less than .02) and 6000 rads plus 5-FU (p less than .01) were associated with a significantly longer patient survival than 6000 rads alone. Respective median survivals were 36 weeks, 40 weeks, and 20 weeks. The survival difference between 4000 rads plus 5-FU and 6000 rads plus 5-FU was not statistically significant at the time point selected.", "contents": "A multi-institutional comparative trial of radiation therapy alone and in combination with 5-fluorouracil for locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. One hundred six patients with histologically confirmed pancreatic carcinoma were randomized to one of three radiation treatment programs: 1) radiation therapy alone to 6000 rads; 2) 6000 rads plus 6-FU; or, 3) 4000 rads plus 5-FU. Patient survival was the primary study parameter. Both 4000 rads plus 5-FU (p less than .02) and 6000 rads plus 5-FU (p less than .01) were associated with a significantly longer patient survival than 6000 rads alone. Respective median survivals were 36 weeks, 40 weeks, and 20 weeks. The survival difference between 4000 rads plus 5-FU and 6000 rads plus 5-FU was not statistically significant at the time point selected.", "PMID": 426553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13377", "title": "Results of surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Report of 142 cases.", "content": "The authors report on 142 patients treated surgically for chronic pancreatitis. They had an average age of 43.5; 34.5% were calcific; 62.7% were alcoholics: 28.9% had cysts; 19% had diabetes; 16.9% had steatorrhea; and all had pain. A follow-up of 55 patients undergoing pancreaticojejunostomy showed that, 4--21 years following operation 16 had marked improvement, 11 had some relief, four were not relieved from pain, and 24 had died, three within one month postoperatively and 21 later. Eighty to ninety-five per cent pancreatectomy was more effective in relieving pain in the 9 patients subjected to this type of resection than was the 50--80% pancreatic resection used in 16 patients. Pancreaticoduodenectomy was of some value in three of five patients so operated. Celiac ganglionectomy, used in 22 patients, and sphincteroplasty, used in 35 patients, were less effective in relieving symptoms than the other procedures.", "contents": "Results of surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Report of 142 cases. The authors report on 142 patients treated surgically for chronic pancreatitis. They had an average age of 43.5; 34.5% were calcific; 62.7% were alcoholics: 28.9% had cysts; 19% had diabetes; 16.9% had steatorrhea; and all had pain. A follow-up of 55 patients undergoing pancreaticojejunostomy showed that, 4--21 years following operation 16 had marked improvement, 11 had some relief, four were not relieved from pain, and 24 had died, three within one month postoperatively and 21 later. Eighty to ninety-five per cent pancreatectomy was more effective in relieving pain in the 9 patients subjected to this type of resection than was the 50--80% pancreatic resection used in 16 patients. Pancreaticoduodenectomy was of some value in three of five patients so operated. Celiac ganglionectomy, used in 22 patients, and sphincteroplasty, used in 35 patients, were less effective in relieving symptoms than the other procedures.", "PMID": 426554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13378", "title": "Characteristics of the primary lesion of malignant melanoma as a guide to prognosis and therapy.", "content": "The histologic materal from the original lesion of 113 patients suffering from Clinical Stage I and Clinical Stage II malignant melanomas were reviewed in an attempt to correlate depth of invasion with prognosis and to test whether or not current methods of microstaging were a valid guide to therapy. Both the microstaging methods of Clark and Breslow were eminently successful in indicating the prognosis of the patient, but were of no greater utility than other histologic parameters such as mitotic activity, perineural, vascular, or lymphatic invasion, or the presence of superficial ulceration. The value of elective node dissection for the treatment of primary malignant melanoma is uncertain. Deterents against empiric dissection are its low yield of occult metastases, its inability to prevent recurrence in a substantial portion of patients independent of the status of the nodes, and the difficulty in demonstrating an improved survival rate when this method of therapy is employed. Neither Clark's nor Breslow's methods or microstaging appeared to yield adequate criteria by which to choose node dissection. A simplified method of microstaging is proposed utilizing well defined anatomic levels, and yields statistically valid criteria for the performance of elective node dissection. Using this method, elective node dissection is advocated solely for those tumors that clearly invade the reticular dermis. Patients with tumors restricted to the papillary dermis do not appear to be benefited by empiric node dissection.", "contents": "Characteristics of the primary lesion of malignant melanoma as a guide to prognosis and therapy. The histologic materal from the original lesion of 113 patients suffering from Clinical Stage I and Clinical Stage II malignant melanomas were reviewed in an attempt to correlate depth of invasion with prognosis and to test whether or not current methods of microstaging were a valid guide to therapy. Both the microstaging methods of Clark and Breslow were eminently successful in indicating the prognosis of the patient, but were of no greater utility than other histologic parameters such as mitotic activity, perineural, vascular, or lymphatic invasion, or the presence of superficial ulceration. The value of elective node dissection for the treatment of primary malignant melanoma is uncertain. Deterents against empiric dissection are its low yield of occult metastases, its inability to prevent recurrence in a substantial portion of patients independent of the status of the nodes, and the difficulty in demonstrating an improved survival rate when this method of therapy is employed. Neither Clark's nor Breslow's methods or microstaging appeared to yield adequate criteria by which to choose node dissection. A simplified method of microstaging is proposed utilizing well defined anatomic levels, and yields statistically valid criteria for the performance of elective node dissection. Using this method, elective node dissection is advocated solely for those tumors that clearly invade the reticular dermis. Patients with tumors restricted to the papillary dermis do not appear to be benefited by empiric node dissection.", "PMID": 426555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13379", "title": "Effect of dextran on factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) and platelet function.", "content": "Three different properties of factor VIII (antihemophilic globulin) were studied after infusion of 500 ml of six per cent Dextran 70 to healthy volunteers. This dose caused no change in the factor VIII coagulant activity while there was a significant but temporary decrease of factor VIII related antigen. The Ristocetin induced platelet aggregation analysed with native as well as with formalin-fixed platelets, also decreased significantly. The maximal decrease was found a few hours after the infusion. The decrease was seen only if Dextran was infused in vivo and not if Dextran was added to blood in vitro. The dysfunction of factor VIII caused by Dextran resembles that found in one variant of von Willebrand's disease. This finding probably explains the platelet function inhibiting properties of Dextran, and may be of significance for its antithrombotic effects.", "contents": "Effect of dextran on factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) and platelet function. Three different properties of factor VIII (antihemophilic globulin) were studied after infusion of 500 ml of six per cent Dextran 70 to healthy volunteers. This dose caused no change in the factor VIII coagulant activity while there was a significant but temporary decrease of factor VIII related antigen. The Ristocetin induced platelet aggregation analysed with native as well as with formalin-fixed platelets, also decreased significantly. The maximal decrease was found a few hours after the infusion. The decrease was seen only if Dextran was infused in vivo and not if Dextran was added to blood in vitro. The dysfunction of factor VIII caused by Dextran resembles that found in one variant of von Willebrand's disease. This finding probably explains the platelet function inhibiting properties of Dextran, and may be of significance for its antithrombotic effects.", "PMID": 426556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13380", "title": "Urine calcitonin as a test for medullary thyroid cancer: a new screening procedure.", "content": "Although the radioimmunoassay of serum calcitonin (CT) has facilitated the diagnosis of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) one may encounter patients whose basal serum levels of CT are normal or nearly normal. In such cases clinicians have utilized intravenous stimulation tests such as calcium or pentagastrin to obtain a diagnostic increase in serum CT. We have reported finding immunoreactive CT in the urine of man and have found it to be a useful technique for the diagnosis and study of patients at risk for MTC or other hypercalcitonemic diseases. Using basal urine CT alone we were able to separate 73% of patients at risk for MTC into clearly normal or abnormal groups. For the remaining 27% a stimulation test with subsequent determination of urine CT was required. The radioimmunoassay of urine CT is a simple, reliable, accurate test for the screening diagnosis of MTC. A protocol for the screening workup of a patient at risk for MTC is given.", "contents": "Urine calcitonin as a test for medullary thyroid cancer: a new screening procedure. Although the radioimmunoassay of serum calcitonin (CT) has facilitated the diagnosis of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) one may encounter patients whose basal serum levels of CT are normal or nearly normal. In such cases clinicians have utilized intravenous stimulation tests such as calcium or pentagastrin to obtain a diagnostic increase in serum CT. We have reported finding immunoreactive CT in the urine of man and have found it to be a useful technique for the diagnosis and study of patients at risk for MTC or other hypercalcitonemic diseases. Using basal urine CT alone we were able to separate 73% of patients at risk for MTC into clearly normal or abnormal groups. For the remaining 27% a stimulation test with subsequent determination of urine CT was required. The radioimmunoassay of urine CT is a simple, reliable, accurate test for the screening diagnosis of MTC. A protocol for the screening workup of a patient at risk for MTC is given.", "PMID": 426557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13381", "title": "Metabolic changes in blood and skeletal muscle in reconstructive aortic surgery.", "content": "The declamping shock has been attributed to reactive hyperemia with pooling of blood in the legs, metabolic acidosis following lactate accumulation in the ischemic leg muscles and hyperkalemia. We have studied eight patients undergoing arterial reconstruction with temporary aortic occlusion, in six cases because of obstructive arteriosclerotic disease and in two cases for aortic aneurysm. Muscle biopsies from the lateral vastus muscle as well as blood samples from the iliac vein, the superior caval vein and the radial artery were taken before clamping of the aorta, just before declamping, and 20 minutes after restitution of leg blood flow. ATP, ADP, AMP, phosphocreatine (PCr), creatine (Cr), glycogen, glucose, lactate, pyruvate and NH4+ from the immediately frozen muscle biopsies as well as lactate and pyruvate in the iliac vein and central venous blood were determined with an enzymatic, fluorometric technique. Only one patient reacted with a temporary hypotension at declamping. Arterial pH was unaffected during the operation, and no hyperkalemia was noted. During clamping of the aorta an increased lactate/pyruvate ratio in muscle indicated tissue hypoxia. Energy charge (EC) was, however, unchanged and the adenylate pool was maintained possibly due to a decrease in PCr. In spite of the restitution of blood flow after declamping of the aorta, no normalization of the metabolic state was seen, not even 20 minutes after the release of the clamp. EC was still unchanged but a significant decrease of both the adenylate and creatine pools was seen. These findings might indicate a damage of the mitochondria and the cellular membranes in skeletal muscle after temporary arterial occlusion.", "contents": "Metabolic changes in blood and skeletal muscle in reconstructive aortic surgery. The declamping shock has been attributed to reactive hyperemia with pooling of blood in the legs, metabolic acidosis following lactate accumulation in the ischemic leg muscles and hyperkalemia. We have studied eight patients undergoing arterial reconstruction with temporary aortic occlusion, in six cases because of obstructive arteriosclerotic disease and in two cases for aortic aneurysm. Muscle biopsies from the lateral vastus muscle as well as blood samples from the iliac vein, the superior caval vein and the radial artery were taken before clamping of the aorta, just before declamping, and 20 minutes after restitution of leg blood flow. ATP, ADP, AMP, phosphocreatine (PCr), creatine (Cr), glycogen, glucose, lactate, pyruvate and NH4+ from the immediately frozen muscle biopsies as well as lactate and pyruvate in the iliac vein and central venous blood were determined with an enzymatic, fluorometric technique. Only one patient reacted with a temporary hypotension at declamping. Arterial pH was unaffected during the operation, and no hyperkalemia was noted. During clamping of the aorta an increased lactate/pyruvate ratio in muscle indicated tissue hypoxia. Energy charge (EC) was, however, unchanged and the adenylate pool was maintained possibly due to a decrease in PCr. In spite of the restitution of blood flow after declamping of the aorta, no normalization of the metabolic state was seen, not even 20 minutes after the release of the clamp. EC was still unchanged but a significant decrease of both the adenylate and creatine pools was seen. These findings might indicate a damage of the mitochondria and the cellular membranes in skeletal muscle after temporary arterial occlusion.", "PMID": 426558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13382", "title": "Assessment of biopsy techniques and histopathologic interpretations of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma.", "content": "The biopsy techniques utilized for diagnosis in 1,161 patients with primary cutaneous malignant melanoma treated at the New York University Medical Center were reviewed. Eight hundred sixty-four (74%) biopsies were of the excisional type and 269 (23%) were incisional. Twenty-eight biopsies (3%) could not be assessed. Two hundred fifty-two consecutive patients referred for treatment of malignant melanoma to the authors for the last three years were studied to determine whether standard techniques of biopsy and uniform criteria for histopathologic diagnosis and staging were being utilized. One hundred forty-nine of these patients (59%) had total excisional biopsies of their lesions and 103 (41%) had incisional biopsies. Of the latter group, 66 (64%) were for lesions less than 2 cm in diameter and were situated in areas other than the face. The biopsy specimens obtained from 123 patients were reviewed by at least one other pathologist as well as our own (A.B.A.). For these 123 patients a difference of histologic diagnosis between pathologists occurred in 11 (9%). In 58 (47%) there was a discrepancy in assignment of Clark levels or a failure to assess Clark levels. Tumor thicknesses as measured by Breslow were read in only 22 (18%) of these 123 patients. The inadequacies of many of the biopsy specimens and discrepancies in histopathologic interpretation indicate that acceptable biopsy techniques and reproducible diagnostic criteria have not yet been generally adapted for primary cutaneous malignant melanomas.", "contents": "Assessment of biopsy techniques and histopathologic interpretations of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. The biopsy techniques utilized for diagnosis in 1,161 patients with primary cutaneous malignant melanoma treated at the New York University Medical Center were reviewed. Eight hundred sixty-four (74%) biopsies were of the excisional type and 269 (23%) were incisional. Twenty-eight biopsies (3%) could not be assessed. Two hundred fifty-two consecutive patients referred for treatment of malignant melanoma to the authors for the last three years were studied to determine whether standard techniques of biopsy and uniform criteria for histopathologic diagnosis and staging were being utilized. One hundred forty-nine of these patients (59%) had total excisional biopsies of their lesions and 103 (41%) had incisional biopsies. Of the latter group, 66 (64%) were for lesions less than 2 cm in diameter and were situated in areas other than the face. The biopsy specimens obtained from 123 patients were reviewed by at least one other pathologist as well as our own (A.B.A.). For these 123 patients a difference of histologic diagnosis between pathologists occurred in 11 (9%). In 58 (47%) there was a discrepancy in assignment of Clark levels or a failure to assess Clark levels. Tumor thicknesses as measured by Breslow were read in only 22 (18%) of these 123 patients. The inadequacies of many of the biopsy specimens and discrepancies in histopathologic interpretation indicate that acceptable biopsy techniques and reproducible diagnostic criteria have not yet been generally adapted for primary cutaneous malignant melanomas.", "PMID": 426559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13383", "title": "Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva with coronary atherosclerosis: successful surgical correction.", "content": "A case of acquired aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva, associated with severe coronary atherosclerosis and successfully treated surgically, is reported. The unusual features of the case are the presenting symptom (angina pectoris) and the cause of the aneurysm (severe coronary atherosclerosis).", "contents": "Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva with coronary atherosclerosis: successful surgical correction. A case of acquired aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva, associated with severe coronary atherosclerosis and successfully treated surgically, is reported. The unusual features of the case are the presenting symptom (angina pectoris) and the cause of the aneurysm (severe coronary atherosclerosis).", "PMID": 426560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13384", "title": "Surgical treatment in familial visceral myopathy.", "content": "In a kindred with a familial visceral myopathy, seven patients had operations seeking relief of chronic abdominal pain and other symptoms of intestinal obstruction; one patient had an 80% cystectomy and a Y-V-plasty of the bladder neck for urinary retention. Five patients with megaduodenum had bypass operations; a side-to-side duodenojejunostomy was done in four and a retrocolic gastrojejunostomy in one. Two of these died of postoperative complications, and one developed symptomatic adhesions. Two other patients who had duodenojejunostomy have done well for 6 years and 1 1/2 years respectively. One patient with dilation of the distal jejunum and proximal ileum had relief of intestinal obstructive symptoms from jejunostomy to decompress the destal jejunum. One patient who had a resection of the descending and sigmoid colon for sigmoid volvulus has done well for four years. Three of these seven patients developed peritonitis postoperatively, and two had symptomatic adhesions after operations. Duodenal aspiration from a patient who developed postoperative peritonitis grew E. coli, 10(13) colonies per ml. After review of the results of operations in other families and in our kindred, we favor side-to-side duodenojejunostomy in megaduodenum. Duodenal aspirate must be cultured before operation. Evidence of bacterial overgrowth in the aspirate should prompt appropriate antibiotic treatment to reduce the likelihood of sepsis.", "contents": "Surgical treatment in familial visceral myopathy. In a kindred with a familial visceral myopathy, seven patients had operations seeking relief of chronic abdominal pain and other symptoms of intestinal obstruction; one patient had an 80% cystectomy and a Y-V-plasty of the bladder neck for urinary retention. Five patients with megaduodenum had bypass operations; a side-to-side duodenojejunostomy was done in four and a retrocolic gastrojejunostomy in one. Two of these died of postoperative complications, and one developed symptomatic adhesions. Two other patients who had duodenojejunostomy have done well for 6 years and 1 1/2 years respectively. One patient with dilation of the distal jejunum and proximal ileum had relief of intestinal obstructive symptoms from jejunostomy to decompress the destal jejunum. One patient who had a resection of the descending and sigmoid colon for sigmoid volvulus has done well for four years. Three of these seven patients developed peritonitis postoperatively, and two had symptomatic adhesions after operations. Duodenal aspiration from a patient who developed postoperative peritonitis grew E. coli, 10(13) colonies per ml. After review of the results of operations in other families and in our kindred, we favor side-to-side duodenojejunostomy in megaduodenum. Duodenal aspirate must be cultured before operation. Evidence of bacterial overgrowth in the aspirate should prompt appropriate antibiotic treatment to reduce the likelihood of sepsis.", "PMID": 426561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13385", "title": "Gastric hypersecretion after formation of small bowel conduits: a common factor in several clinical states.", "content": "As a preliminary step in studying the effect on gastric acid secretion in dogs following biliary diversion through isolated intestinal conduits, blind-ended intestinal conduits were constructed and the biliary channel was left undisturbed at this time. The results were surprising in that a significant absolute increase in gastric acid secretion occurred in all dogs, within the range of 65-286%, by merely disconnecting a segment of small bowel from the mainstream of flow of intestinal contents. This effect may be due to the \"intestinal phase of gastric secretion hormone\" and may in itself provide a partial explanation for the well-documented increase in gastric acid production caused by the Exalto-Mann-Williamson procedure and by choledochoenterostomy utilizing a Roux loop.", "contents": "Gastric hypersecretion after formation of small bowel conduits: a common factor in several clinical states. As a preliminary step in studying the effect on gastric acid secretion in dogs following biliary diversion through isolated intestinal conduits, blind-ended intestinal conduits were constructed and the biliary channel was left undisturbed at this time. The results were surprising in that a significant absolute increase in gastric acid secretion occurred in all dogs, within the range of 65-286%, by merely disconnecting a segment of small bowel from the mainstream of flow of intestinal contents. This effect may be due to the \"intestinal phase of gastric secretion hormone\" and may in itself provide a partial explanation for the well-documented increase in gastric acid production caused by the Exalto-Mann-Williamson procedure and by choledochoenterostomy utilizing a Roux loop.", "PMID": 426562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13386", "title": "Effect of sphincteroplasty on gallbladder function and bile composition.", "content": "The effect of sphincteroplasty on bile concentration and composition and on gallbladder function was investigated in the dog. Gallbladder and hepatic bile samples were analyzed for cholesterol, phospholipid (lecithin), bile salt concentration and individual bile salt content. Motor function was studied by cholecystokinin-cholecystography with changes in gallbladder volume computed from the radiographs. All bile samples were cultured and at the conclusion of the experiments, the gallbladders were histologically examined. Sphincteroplasty did not alter biliary cholesterol concentration but the concentration of lecithin and bile salts decreased in gallbladder bile and increased in hepatic bile (p less than .001). These changes depict a trend toward greater lithogenicity for gallbladder bile and lesser lithogenicity for hepatic bile. Postoperative analysis of individual bile salts in gallbladder bile showed an increase in monohydroxy and dihydroxy bile salts and a decrease in trihydroxy bile salts (p less than .001). This tendency has been shown to be conducive to gallstone formation. The concentrating ability of the gallbladder was partially eliminated by sphincteroplasty but gallbladder filling and motor response to stimulation by cholecystokinin was not affected. All gallbladders demonstrated histologic changes of chronic inflammation and all developed a significant bacterial flora following sphincteroplasty. It is concluded that cholecystectomy should always be performed following transduodenal sphincteroplasty not because of any resultant abnormality of motor function, as has previously been held, but because of the resultant abnormality of gallbladder pathophysiology.", "contents": "Effect of sphincteroplasty on gallbladder function and bile composition. The effect of sphincteroplasty on bile concentration and composition and on gallbladder function was investigated in the dog. Gallbladder and hepatic bile samples were analyzed for cholesterol, phospholipid (lecithin), bile salt concentration and individual bile salt content. Motor function was studied by cholecystokinin-cholecystography with changes in gallbladder volume computed from the radiographs. All bile samples were cultured and at the conclusion of the experiments, the gallbladders were histologically examined. Sphincteroplasty did not alter biliary cholesterol concentration but the concentration of lecithin and bile salts decreased in gallbladder bile and increased in hepatic bile (p less than .001). These changes depict a trend toward greater lithogenicity for gallbladder bile and lesser lithogenicity for hepatic bile. Postoperative analysis of individual bile salts in gallbladder bile showed an increase in monohydroxy and dihydroxy bile salts and a decrease in trihydroxy bile salts (p less than .001). This tendency has been shown to be conducive to gallstone formation. The concentrating ability of the gallbladder was partially eliminated by sphincteroplasty but gallbladder filling and motor response to stimulation by cholecystokinin was not affected. All gallbladders demonstrated histologic changes of chronic inflammation and all developed a significant bacterial flora following sphincteroplasty. It is concluded that cholecystectomy should always be performed following transduodenal sphincteroplasty not because of any resultant abnormality of motor function, as has previously been held, but because of the resultant abnormality of gallbladder pathophysiology.", "PMID": 426563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13387", "title": "Primary Crohn's disease of the appendix: report of 14 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Fourteen patients with primary Crohn's disease of the appendix have been seen in a 12 year period. These patients represent 12.8% of the total number undergoing surgical resection because of Crohn's disease. Twenty-three cases of appendiceal Crohn's disease have been previously reported in the literature. A correct preoperative diagnosis is rarely made; the usual diagnosis is that of acute appendicitis or appendiceal abscess. The removed appendix in twelve of our 14 cases had marked thickening of the wall with transmural fibrosis and often with granulomatous inflammation. The enlarged appendix had an external appearance similar to that of ileal Crohn's disease, and we consider a correct surgical diagnosis might be possible with better awareness of its existence. The diagnosis might be suspected earlier when the clinical course of apparent appendicitis is protracted or atypical. Contrary to the previous estimation of high recurrence rate, this series and the cumulative evidence in the literature show a relatively low rate at 14%. The feared fistula formation following the removal of the appendix has not been seen in either our series or the literature. These patients, however, merit long-term follow-up.", "contents": "Primary Crohn's disease of the appendix: report of 14 cases and review of the literature. Fourteen patients with primary Crohn's disease of the appendix have been seen in a 12 year period. These patients represent 12.8% of the total number undergoing surgical resection because of Crohn's disease. Twenty-three cases of appendiceal Crohn's disease have been previously reported in the literature. A correct preoperative diagnosis is rarely made; the usual diagnosis is that of acute appendicitis or appendiceal abscess. The removed appendix in twelve of our 14 cases had marked thickening of the wall with transmural fibrosis and often with granulomatous inflammation. The enlarged appendix had an external appearance similar to that of ileal Crohn's disease, and we consider a correct surgical diagnosis might be possible with better awareness of its existence. The diagnosis might be suspected earlier when the clinical course of apparent appendicitis is protracted or atypical. Contrary to the previous estimation of high recurrence rate, this series and the cumulative evidence in the literature show a relatively low rate at 14%. The feared fistula formation following the removal of the appendix has not been seen in either our series or the literature. These patients, however, merit long-term follow-up.", "PMID": 426564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13388", "title": "Abdominal wound dehiscence in gastroenterological surgery.", "content": "The occurrence of complete wound dehiscence is analyzed in a group of 4538 patients treated with abdominal surgery. All possible measures for the prevention of wound dehiscence should be taken at the time of operation, especially when two or more of the following predisposing factors are present: male, more than 64-years-old, complicated neoplastic and inflammatory diseases, as well as bleeding and noncomplicated inflammatory diseases (except appendicitis), as well as emergency interventions. The use of Ventrofil plates for the prevention of wound dehiscence is recommended in these cases. It is demonstrated that the incidence of complete wound dehiscence in cases with predisposing factors in significantly decreased when extrapreventive measures are taken at the time of wound closure, what results in a decrease of the frequency by which wound dehiscence after gastrointestinal operations occurs.", "contents": "Abdominal wound dehiscence in gastroenterological surgery. The occurrence of complete wound dehiscence is analyzed in a group of 4538 patients treated with abdominal surgery. All possible measures for the prevention of wound dehiscence should be taken at the time of operation, especially when two or more of the following predisposing factors are present: male, more than 64-years-old, complicated neoplastic and inflammatory diseases, as well as bleeding and noncomplicated inflammatory diseases (except appendicitis), as well as emergency interventions. The use of Ventrofil plates for the prevention of wound dehiscence is recommended in these cases. It is demonstrated that the incidence of complete wound dehiscence in cases with predisposing factors in significantly decreased when extrapreventive measures are taken at the time of wound closure, what results in a decrease of the frequency by which wound dehiscence after gastrointestinal operations occurs.", "PMID": 426566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13389", "title": "A study of secretory proteins, cytology and tumor site in pancreatic cancer.", "content": "Pure pancreatic fluid was aspirated at the time of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), after Secretin stimulation, and was analyzed for protein in eight patients with proven adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and in 16 subjects of the same sex ratio and approximately matching ages, who had normal pancreatograms and pancreatic cytology, who served as controls. The albumin concentration, IgA, IgG, were all significantly greater in the pancreatic fluid of the cancer group, and the IgM and transferrin increase was of borderline significance. Many zymogen bands present in controls were either faintly present or absent in the cancer group at matching zymogen concentration. Cytology was positive or suspicious in eight of 11 cancer patients. The secretory protein abnormalities and cytology results in the cancer group did not depend on a particular tumor site or size, the smallest being 3 cm lesions. Hence, secretory abnormalities and gross tumor size and location are independent entities to a certain extent. It is possible that secretion changes may precede the development of gross tumor. Further study will be necessary before the actual significance of these findings for early diagnosis is known.", "contents": "A study of secretory proteins, cytology and tumor site in pancreatic cancer. Pure pancreatic fluid was aspirated at the time of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), after Secretin stimulation, and was analyzed for protein in eight patients with proven adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and in 16 subjects of the same sex ratio and approximately matching ages, who had normal pancreatograms and pancreatic cytology, who served as controls. The albumin concentration, IgA, IgG, were all significantly greater in the pancreatic fluid of the cancer group, and the IgM and transferrin increase was of borderline significance. Many zymogen bands present in controls were either faintly present or absent in the cancer group at matching zymogen concentration. Cytology was positive or suspicious in eight of 11 cancer patients. The secretory protein abnormalities and cytology results in the cancer group did not depend on a particular tumor site or size, the smallest being 3 cm lesions. Hence, secretory abnormalities and gross tumor size and location are independent entities to a certain extent. It is possible that secretion changes may precede the development of gross tumor. Further study will be necessary before the actual significance of these findings for early diagnosis is known.", "PMID": 426565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13390", "title": "Splenorenal arterial anastomosis for renovascular hypertension.", "content": "In properly selected patients, the benefits of renal artery reconstruction for renovascular hypertension have been clearly established. Disagreement remains, however, regarding the optimal technique. For most types of left-sided lesions, a splenorenal arterial anastomosis offers decided advantages. Only a single suture line is required and autogenous arterial tissue is employed. Difficulties with a diseased aorta are avoided. The procedure is particularly suitable for a staged approach to bilateral disease or in reoperation for failed prior reconstructions. Our experience with this procedure in 19 patients is reviewed and indications for selection of a splenorenal anastomosis are discussed. There were no deaths, and a single failure due to graft occlusion (5%). Of the remaining 18 patients, 7 are cured and 11 are improved. There were no instances of postoperative renal failure, and renal function improved in all four patients with preoperative renal failure. We conclude that in properly selected patients this procedure is of great usefulness and deserves wider application.", "contents": "Splenorenal arterial anastomosis for renovascular hypertension. In properly selected patients, the benefits of renal artery reconstruction for renovascular hypertension have been clearly established. Disagreement remains, however, regarding the optimal technique. For most types of left-sided lesions, a splenorenal arterial anastomosis offers decided advantages. Only a single suture line is required and autogenous arterial tissue is employed. Difficulties with a diseased aorta are avoided. The procedure is particularly suitable for a staged approach to bilateral disease or in reoperation for failed prior reconstructions. Our experience with this procedure in 19 patients is reviewed and indications for selection of a splenorenal anastomosis are discussed. There were no deaths, and a single failure due to graft occlusion (5%). Of the remaining 18 patients, 7 are cured and 11 are improved. There were no instances of postoperative renal failure, and renal function improved in all four patients with preoperative renal failure. We conclude that in properly selected patients this procedure is of great usefulness and deserves wider application.", "PMID": 426567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13391", "title": "Intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia in adults.", "content": "Intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia (IDH) is the rarest type of adult diaphragmatic hernia. Only 28 cases have been reported. Indirect blunt trauma has been implicated in most cases, but one resulted from a stab wound to the anterior chest. Patients presented immediately or up to 20 years following trauma with symptoms of intermittent bowel obstruction, including one with strangulation, or cardiac dysfunction, including dyspnea, palpitations, and two patients with cardiac tamponade. Physical findings included bowel sounds in the chest, decreased heart and lung sounds, and an absent point of maximal cardiac impulse. Chest roentgenography usually revealed supradiaphragmatic gas shadows suggestive of bowel in the chest. Thorough examination of both anteroposterior and lateral chest roentgenograms and barium gastrointestinal series may provide positive diagnosis of anterior diaphragmatic hernia, and fluoroscopy after induced pneumoperitoneum may establish its pericardial involvement. Celiotomy is the preferred approach to surgical repair of IDH. Since the symptoms referable to adult IDH can be incapacitating or life threatening, herniorrhaphy should be performed promptly upon diagnosis, with expectation of an uneventful recovery and negligible recurrence rate.", "contents": "Intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia in adults. Intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia (IDH) is the rarest type of adult diaphragmatic hernia. Only 28 cases have been reported. Indirect blunt trauma has been implicated in most cases, but one resulted from a stab wound to the anterior chest. Patients presented immediately or up to 20 years following trauma with symptoms of intermittent bowel obstruction, including one with strangulation, or cardiac dysfunction, including dyspnea, palpitations, and two patients with cardiac tamponade. Physical findings included bowel sounds in the chest, decreased heart and lung sounds, and an absent point of maximal cardiac impulse. Chest roentgenography usually revealed supradiaphragmatic gas shadows suggestive of bowel in the chest. Thorough examination of both anteroposterior and lateral chest roentgenograms and barium gastrointestinal series may provide positive diagnosis of anterior diaphragmatic hernia, and fluoroscopy after induced pneumoperitoneum may establish its pericardial involvement. Celiotomy is the preferred approach to surgical repair of IDH. Since the symptoms referable to adult IDH can be incapacitating or life threatening, herniorrhaphy should be performed promptly upon diagnosis, with expectation of an uneventful recovery and negligible recurrence rate.", "PMID": 426568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13392", "title": "The danger of hemolysis in shock.", "content": "Intravascular hemolysis is sometimes harmful and often fatal. Other times it is harmless. Dogs were paired and subjected to hemorrhagic shock. One of the pair was given 2 ml/kg of autologous hemolyzed blood before bleeding. The other of the pair was given 2 ml/kg of heparinized autologous blood. All of the animals given heparinized blood survived, whereas, all of the animals given hemolyzed blood died. The animals given hemolyzed blood developed coagulation changes indicative of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), whereas, the dogs given nonhemolyzed blood did not. It is concluded that hemolysis in the presence of shock (slow capillary flow) causes DIC and death. Hemorrhagic shock alone or hemolysis alone was harmless.", "contents": "The danger of hemolysis in shock. Intravascular hemolysis is sometimes harmful and often fatal. Other times it is harmless. Dogs were paired and subjected to hemorrhagic shock. One of the pair was given 2 ml/kg of autologous hemolyzed blood before bleeding. The other of the pair was given 2 ml/kg of heparinized autologous blood. All of the animals given heparinized blood survived, whereas, all of the animals given hemolyzed blood died. The animals given hemolyzed blood developed coagulation changes indicative of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), whereas, the dogs given nonhemolyzed blood did not. It is concluded that hemolysis in the presence of shock (slow capillary flow) causes DIC and death. Hemorrhagic shock alone or hemolysis alone was harmless.", "PMID": 426569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13393", "title": "Diagnostic value of tests of fibrin metabolism in patients predisposed to pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Blood tests for fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP/fdp) and soluble fibrin complexes (SFC) were performed in 100 patients at high risk for thromboembolism in order to assess the diagnostic value of these determinations in patients suspected to have pulmonary embolism. Tests were positive significantly less often in high-risk patients, and mean values were significantly lower, when compared with patients with established pulmonary embolism (P less than .001). However, no significant differences existed between high-risk patients and patients with deep venous thrombosis of the legs. Positivity rates and mean values were significantly higher in the presence of pulmonary embolism than in patients with deep venous thrombosis alone (P less than .05). Elevated FDP/fdp and SFC values are useful in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in high-risk patients; moreover, positive results in a patient with deep venous thrombosis suggests that pulmonary embolism has occurred.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of tests of fibrin metabolism in patients predisposed to pulmonary embolism. Blood tests for fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP/fdp) and soluble fibrin complexes (SFC) were performed in 100 patients at high risk for thromboembolism in order to assess the diagnostic value of these determinations in patients suspected to have pulmonary embolism. Tests were positive significantly less often in high-risk patients, and mean values were significantly lower, when compared with patients with established pulmonary embolism (P less than .001). However, no significant differences existed between high-risk patients and patients with deep venous thrombosis of the legs. Positivity rates and mean values were significantly higher in the presence of pulmonary embolism than in patients with deep venous thrombosis alone (P less than .05). Elevated FDP/fdp and SFC values are useful in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in high-risk patients; moreover, positive results in a patient with deep venous thrombosis suggests that pulmonary embolism has occurred.", "PMID": 426574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13394", "title": "Empiric therapy for infections in granulocytopenic cancer patients: continuous infusion of amikacin plus cephalothin.", "content": "A combination of amikacin sulfate given by continuous infusion (800 mg/sq m/24 hr) plus cephalothin sodium (2 g every four hours) was used as initial empiric therapy for the treatment of 65 evaluable febrile (greater than 38.5 degrees C) episodes in 54 granulcoytopenic (neutrophils, less than 1,000/microliter) adult cancer patients. Carbenicillin disodium (5 g every four hours) was substituted for cephalothin in patients with Pseudomonas infections and in patients in whom the initial regimen was unsuccessful. Thirty-two of the 38(84%) identifiable infections responded to therapy, including all of the eight septicemias and eight of 11 pneumonias. Three additional infections responded to the substitution of carbenicillin for cephalothin, for a total response rate of 92% (35/38). Nephrotoxicity occurred in five patients (7.1%), most commonly in patients over 60 years of age. Ototoxicity, highly correlated with a duration of greater than 19 days and a total dosage of greater than 25 g of amikacin sulfate, occurred in four patients (5.6%). Amikacin given by continuous infusion plus cephalothin is a safe and efficacious empiric therapy for infections in granulocytopenic cancer patients.", "contents": "Empiric therapy for infections in granulocytopenic cancer patients: continuous infusion of amikacin plus cephalothin. A combination of amikacin sulfate given by continuous infusion (800 mg/sq m/24 hr) plus cephalothin sodium (2 g every four hours) was used as initial empiric therapy for the treatment of 65 evaluable febrile (greater than 38.5 degrees C) episodes in 54 granulcoytopenic (neutrophils, less than 1,000/microliter) adult cancer patients. Carbenicillin disodium (5 g every four hours) was substituted for cephalothin in patients with Pseudomonas infections and in patients in whom the initial regimen was unsuccessful. Thirty-two of the 38(84%) identifiable infections responded to therapy, including all of the eight septicemias and eight of 11 pneumonias. Three additional infections responded to the substitution of carbenicillin for cephalothin, for a total response rate of 92% (35/38). Nephrotoxicity occurred in five patients (7.1%), most commonly in patients over 60 years of age. Ototoxicity, highly correlated with a duration of greater than 19 days and a total dosage of greater than 25 g of amikacin sulfate, occurred in four patients (5.6%). Amikacin given by continuous infusion plus cephalothin is a safe and efficacious empiric therapy for infections in granulocytopenic cancer patients.", "PMID": 426575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13395", "title": "Long-term granulocyte transfusion in patients with malignant neoplasms.", "content": "Thirty-eight episodes of culture-documented antibiotic-resistant bacterial or fungal infection in patients with malignant neoplasms were treated with daily granulocyte transfusions until the infection improved or the patient died. Cumulative summation temperature plotting allowed easier interpretation of recipient fever response. Seventy-one percent of recipients had a favorable response to transfusion. There was no difference in mortality between patients treated with cells collected by filtration (FL) or intermittent flow centrifugation (IFCL) leukapheresis techniques. Transfusion reactions were more than twice as common with FL than IFCL collected cells. Seventy-four percent of recipients were alive 21 days after completion of transfusions; of the ten deaths, five could be classified as granulocyte transfusion failures. This study suggests that long-term granulocyte transfusion may be required in infected recipients when autologous granulocytes do not return after chemotherapy.", "contents": "Long-term granulocyte transfusion in patients with malignant neoplasms. Thirty-eight episodes of culture-documented antibiotic-resistant bacterial or fungal infection in patients with malignant neoplasms were treated with daily granulocyte transfusions until the infection improved or the patient died. Cumulative summation temperature plotting allowed easier interpretation of recipient fever response. Seventy-one percent of recipients had a favorable response to transfusion. There was no difference in mortality between patients treated with cells collected by filtration (FL) or intermittent flow centrifugation (IFCL) leukapheresis techniques. Transfusion reactions were more than twice as common with FL than IFCL collected cells. Seventy-four percent of recipients were alive 21 days after completion of transfusions; of the ten deaths, five could be classified as granulocyte transfusion failures. This study suggests that long-term granulocyte transfusion may be required in infected recipients when autologous granulocytes do not return after chemotherapy.", "PMID": 426576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13396", "title": "Benign mass lesions after therapy for Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Two patients with stage 2A Hodgkin's disease were treated with chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy. After treatment, both patients had mass lesions. Resection and histologic examination of these lesions showed only fibrosis, necrosis, and inflammation. Benign mass lesions occurring after therapy for Hodgkin's disease have not been previously described.", "contents": "Benign mass lesions after therapy for Hodgkin's disease. Two patients with stage 2A Hodgkin's disease were treated with chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy. After treatment, both patients had mass lesions. Resection and histologic examination of these lesions showed only fibrosis, necrosis, and inflammation. Benign mass lesions occurring after therapy for Hodgkin's disease have not been previously described.", "PMID": 426577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13397", "title": "Drug dependence, a possible new risk factor for tuberculosis disease.", "content": "A study was performed to assess the risk of drug-dependent persons for developing tuberculosis. Tuberculosis prevalence was 3,740/100,000 drug-dependent inpatients compared with 584/100,000 non-drug-dependent discharges. In another program, prevalence was 3,750/100,000; in the New York Methadone Program, prevalence was 2,652/100,000 patients in Harlem and 1,372/100,000 city-wide. The city-wide prevalence rate in the entire population was 86.7/100,000 in 1971 and 64.7/100,000 in 1973. Similar elevations in incidence also were found in drug-dependent vs non-drug-dependent populations. Our data show that disease rate is elevated in drug-dependent populations, suggesting that drug dependency reflects a high-risk situation for tuberculous infected individuals developing tuberculosis disease. We suggest that infected drug-dependent persons (tuberculin positive) be considered for preventive therapy with isoniazid, which can be piggybacked onto a drug treatment program.", "contents": "Drug dependence, a possible new risk factor for tuberculosis disease. A study was performed to assess the risk of drug-dependent persons for developing tuberculosis. Tuberculosis prevalence was 3,740/100,000 drug-dependent inpatients compared with 584/100,000 non-drug-dependent discharges. In another program, prevalence was 3,750/100,000; in the New York Methadone Program, prevalence was 2,652/100,000 patients in Harlem and 1,372/100,000 city-wide. The city-wide prevalence rate in the entire population was 86.7/100,000 in 1971 and 64.7/100,000 in 1973. Similar elevations in incidence also were found in drug-dependent vs non-drug-dependent populations. Our data show that disease rate is elevated in drug-dependent populations, suggesting that drug dependency reflects a high-risk situation for tuberculous infected individuals developing tuberculosis disease. We suggest that infected drug-dependent persons (tuberculin positive) be considered for preventive therapy with isoniazid, which can be piggybacked onto a drug treatment program.", "PMID": 426578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13398", "title": "Nelson's syndrome and spontaneous pituitary tumor infarction.", "content": "Large, adrenocorticotrophic hormone-secreting pituitary tumors (Nelson's syndrome) developed in four of 12 patients treated with a bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease. Two of the patients with Nelson's syndrome suffered spontaneous pituitary tumor infarctions. One patient improved under close observation and subsequent radiation therapy, although she ultimately died from her locally invasive tumor. The condition of the other patient-which had stabilized-appeared to be worsened by surgical intervention. The high incidence of these tumors after bilateral adrenalectomy, their large and agressive nature, and their apparent propensity to undergo spontaneous infarction supports the position that initial therapy for Cushing's disease should be directed to the pituitary gland.", "contents": "Nelson's syndrome and spontaneous pituitary tumor infarction. Large, adrenocorticotrophic hormone-secreting pituitary tumors (Nelson's syndrome) developed in four of 12 patients treated with a bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease. Two of the patients with Nelson's syndrome suffered spontaneous pituitary tumor infarctions. One patient improved under close observation and subsequent radiation therapy, although she ultimately died from her locally invasive tumor. The condition of the other patient-which had stabilized-appeared to be worsened by surgical intervention. The high incidence of these tumors after bilateral adrenalectomy, their large and agressive nature, and their apparent propensity to undergo spontaneous infarction supports the position that initial therapy for Cushing's disease should be directed to the pituitary gland.", "PMID": 426579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13399", "title": "Isolated ultrafiltration in the treatment of fluid overload in cardiogenic shock.", "content": "Dramatic improvement in measured hemodynamic values, arterial blood gas values, and renal function was quickly achieved by the use of isolated ultrafiltration in a patient with cardiogenic shock refractory to medical management. Swift venous access was obtained by femoral catheterization, and the rapid removal of 3,500 mL of ultrafiltrate was well tolerated. This technique may afford another mode of therapy in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock associated with severe volume overload.", "contents": "Isolated ultrafiltration in the treatment of fluid overload in cardiogenic shock. Dramatic improvement in measured hemodynamic values, arterial blood gas values, and renal function was quickly achieved by the use of isolated ultrafiltration in a patient with cardiogenic shock refractory to medical management. Swift venous access was obtained by femoral catheterization, and the rapid removal of 3,500 mL of ultrafiltrate was well tolerated. This technique may afford another mode of therapy in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock associated with severe volume overload.", "PMID": 426581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13400", "title": "Apparent quinidine-induced digoxin toxicity after withdrawal of pentobarbital: a case of sequential drug interactions.", "content": "Accelerated quinidine metabolism was observed in a 94-year-old woman also receiving daily doses of digoxin and pentobarbital sodium. Discontinuation of pentobarbital produced a sharp increase in serum digoxin concentrations coupled with symptoms highly suggestive of digoxin toxicity. Associated with these findings was 3.8-fold increase in quinidine half-life. These data seemed consistent with an interaction between quinidine and digoxin that was precipitated by pentobarbital withdrawal.", "contents": "Apparent quinidine-induced digoxin toxicity after withdrawal of pentobarbital: a case of sequential drug interactions. Accelerated quinidine metabolism was observed in a 94-year-old woman also receiving daily doses of digoxin and pentobarbital sodium. Discontinuation of pentobarbital produced a sharp increase in serum digoxin concentrations coupled with symptoms highly suggestive of digoxin toxicity. Associated with these findings was 3.8-fold increase in quinidine half-life. These data seemed consistent with an interaction between quinidine and digoxin that was precipitated by pentobarbital withdrawal.", "PMID": 426582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13401", "title": "Liver disease in early syphilis.", "content": "Atypical manifestations of early syphilis, although uncommon, may represent diagnostic difficulties and delay therapy. We describe two cases of hepatitis complicating early syphilis. Clues to the diagnosis of early syphilitic hepatitis include the presence of perianal lesions and disproportionate increases in the serum alkaline phosphatase level. Biopsy results were nonspecific. The major differential diagnostic consideration is hepatitis B with false-positive serologic findings. The abnormalities of liver function respond to standard therapy for secondary syphilis. Follow-up of patients and their contacts is essential.", "contents": "Liver disease in early syphilis. Atypical manifestations of early syphilis, although uncommon, may represent diagnostic difficulties and delay therapy. We describe two cases of hepatitis complicating early syphilis. Clues to the diagnosis of early syphilitic hepatitis include the presence of perianal lesions and disproportionate increases in the serum alkaline phosphatase level. Biopsy results were nonspecific. The major differential diagnostic consideration is hepatitis B with false-positive serologic findings. The abnormalities of liver function respond to standard therapy for secondary syphilis. Follow-up of patients and their contacts is essential.", "PMID": 426583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13402", "title": "Fatal benign phenytoin lymphadenopathy.", "content": "A 71-year-old man had status epilepticus and was treated with phenytoin (Dilantin) sodium. Subsequently, an absolute eosinophilia developed, which increased and reached its zenith immediately before the patient died. At autopsy, anasarca and an interstitial nephritis characterized predominantly by eosinophils and occasional focal necrotizing arteriolar glomerular lesions were found. Portal areas also contained an eosinophilic infiltrate. It has been previously stressed that exfoliative dermatitis is often the initiating sign of an allergic hypersensitivity reaction with phenytoin therapy. In view of this, we would suggest that a potential first sign of such an underlying reaction may be the development of an otherwise unexplained absolute eosinophilia.", "contents": "Fatal benign phenytoin lymphadenopathy. A 71-year-old man had status epilepticus and was treated with phenytoin (Dilantin) sodium. Subsequently, an absolute eosinophilia developed, which increased and reached its zenith immediately before the patient died. At autopsy, anasarca and an interstitial nephritis characterized predominantly by eosinophils and occasional focal necrotizing arteriolar glomerular lesions were found. Portal areas also contained an eosinophilic infiltrate. It has been previously stressed that exfoliative dermatitis is often the initiating sign of an allergic hypersensitivity reaction with phenytoin therapy. In view of this, we would suggest that a potential first sign of such an underlying reaction may be the development of an otherwise unexplained absolute eosinophilia.", "PMID": 426584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13403", "title": "Effect of early plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive therapy on natural history of anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis: report of a 22-month follow-up.", "content": "A patient with anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM)-mediated necrotizing and proliferative glomerulonephritis with crescents was treated with plasmapheresis, cyclophosphamide, and steroids. Treatment resulted in decreased circulating anti-GBM antibody and prompt improvement of renal function that remained stable for 15 months after all treatment was discontinued. Renal biopsies were performed initially, at seven and 17 months. Immunofluorescent examination showed that anti-GBM antibody continued to be present on GBMs although light and electron microscopic findings demonstrated a transformation to a form of sclerosing glomerulonephritis. To our knowledge, this patient's course is the first demonstration that early treatment with plasmapheresis and immunosuppressions may transform the histologic findings in anti-GBM-induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, thereby altering the natural history of this disease.", "contents": "Effect of early plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive therapy on natural history of anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis: report of a 22-month follow-up. A patient with anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM)-mediated necrotizing and proliferative glomerulonephritis with crescents was treated with plasmapheresis, cyclophosphamide, and steroids. Treatment resulted in decreased circulating anti-GBM antibody and prompt improvement of renal function that remained stable for 15 months after all treatment was discontinued. Renal biopsies were performed initially, at seven and 17 months. Immunofluorescent examination showed that anti-GBM antibody continued to be present on GBMs although light and electron microscopic findings demonstrated a transformation to a form of sclerosing glomerulonephritis. To our knowledge, this patient's course is the first demonstration that early treatment with plasmapheresis and immunosuppressions may transform the histologic findings in anti-GBM-induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, thereby altering the natural history of this disease.", "PMID": 426585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13404", "title": "Traumatic cardiac hemolytic anemia: a late complication of a Starr-Edwards mitral valve prosthesis.", "content": "Severe, traumatic, cardiac, hemolytic anemia developed in a patient nine years after mitral valve replacement with a Starr-Edwards model 6120 prosthesis. Cardiac catheterization failed to demonstrate a perivalvular leak or prosthetic malfunction. Transfusion on two occasions resulted in accelerated hemolysis and failed to maintain an appreciable elevation of the hemoglobin level. At operation, a perivalvular leak was found. Replacement of the valve led to complete resolution of the hemolytic problem. The case demonstrates that cardiac hemolysis may be a good indicator of valve dysfunction.", "contents": "Traumatic cardiac hemolytic anemia: a late complication of a Starr-Edwards mitral valve prosthesis. Severe, traumatic, cardiac, hemolytic anemia developed in a patient nine years after mitral valve replacement with a Starr-Edwards model 6120 prosthesis. Cardiac catheterization failed to demonstrate a perivalvular leak or prosthetic malfunction. Transfusion on two occasions resulted in accelerated hemolysis and failed to maintain an appreciable elevation of the hemoglobin level. At operation, a perivalvular leak was found. Replacement of the valve led to complete resolution of the hemolytic problem. The case demonstrates that cardiac hemolysis may be a good indicator of valve dysfunction.", "PMID": 426586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13405", "title": "Growth yield and energy generation in anaerobically-grown Campylobacter spec.", "content": "An anaerobic continuous culture study was made with Campylobacter spec. to determine growth yields under various growth conditions. The growth media contained 0.1% (w/v) yeast extract as carbon source. When grown in an aspartate-limited culture Ymaxasp was 4.6. Inclusion of formate in the culture medium hardly affected the true growth yield. The number of ATP equivalents generated in the fumarate-reductase system was 0.66 and the YmaxATP was 7.0. In the nitrate reduction with formate 1.7 ATP equivalents were generated, and a YmaxNO3- of 12.2 was observed. The true growth yield obtained with a mixture of lactate and aspartate was lower than that found with aspartate alone.", "contents": "Growth yield and energy generation in anaerobically-grown Campylobacter spec. An anaerobic continuous culture study was made with Campylobacter spec. to determine growth yields under various growth conditions. The growth media contained 0.1% (w/v) yeast extract as carbon source. When grown in an aspartate-limited culture Ymaxasp was 4.6. Inclusion of formate in the culture medium hardly affected the true growth yield. The number of ATP equivalents generated in the fumarate-reductase system was 0.66 and the YmaxATP was 7.0. In the nitrate reduction with formate 1.7 ATP equivalents were generated, and a YmaxNO3- of 12.2 was observed. The true growth yield obtained with a mixture of lactate and aspartate was lower than that found with aspartate alone.", "PMID": 426598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13406", "title": "Competition for L-glutamate between specialised and versatile Clostridium species.", "content": "Clostridium cochlearium could be reproducibly enriched in an L-aspartate- and L-glutamate-limited, anaerobic chemostat inoculated with anaerobic sludge. L-glutamate, L-glutamine and L-histidine were the only fermentable substrates. Less specialised clostridia of the C. tetanomorphum type could only be isolated from batch enrichments with L-glutamate and L-aspartate as energy sources. Competition experiments with C. cochlearium and C. tetanomorphum in a L-glutamate-limited chemostat resulted in the selective elimination of the latter species. Addition of glucose to the medium resulted in coexistence of both species. The molar growth yields for L-glutamate at different dilution rates at 30 degrees C were determined for both species. The maximum specific growth rates on L-glutamate were 0.55 h-1 for C. cochlearium and 0.35 h-1 for C. tetanomorphum.", "contents": "Competition for L-glutamate between specialised and versatile Clostridium species. Clostridium cochlearium could be reproducibly enriched in an L-aspartate- and L-glutamate-limited, anaerobic chemostat inoculated with anaerobic sludge. L-glutamate, L-glutamine and L-histidine were the only fermentable substrates. Less specialised clostridia of the C. tetanomorphum type could only be isolated from batch enrichments with L-glutamate and L-aspartate as energy sources. Competition experiments with C. cochlearium and C. tetanomorphum in a L-glutamate-limited chemostat resulted in the selective elimination of the latter species. Addition of glucose to the medium resulted in coexistence of both species. The molar growth yields for L-glutamate at different dilution rates at 30 degrees C were determined for both species. The maximum specific growth rates on L-glutamate were 0.55 h-1 for C. cochlearium and 0.35 h-1 for C. tetanomorphum.", "PMID": 426599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13407", "title": "Studies on the macroconidia of Microsporum canis. Characteristics of in vitro amino acid incorporating system.", "content": "The characteristics of an in vitro polyuridylic acid dependent amino acid incorporating system prepared from germinating macroconidia of Microsporum canis are described. The incorporation of 14C-phenylalanine into polyphenylalanine is dependent on S-30 extract, adenosine triphosphate, magnesium ions and polyuridylic acid. Incorporation is slightly enhanced by yeast transfer ribonucleic acid and pyruvate kinase. The system is highly sensitive to ribonuclease, puromycin and miconazole (an antifungal agent), moderately sensitive to sodium fluoride and much less sensitive to phenethylalcohol, cycloheximide, chloramphenicol and deoxyribonuclease. Cell-free extract from ungerminated conidia has less capacity to synthesize the protein and during germination a marked increase in the protein synthetic activity is observed. The results from experiments wherein ribosomes and S-100 fraction from germinated and ungerminated spores are unterchanged, revealed that the defect in the extract from the ungerminated spore is in the ribosomes.", "contents": "Studies on the macroconidia of Microsporum canis. Characteristics of in vitro amino acid incorporating system. The characteristics of an in vitro polyuridylic acid dependent amino acid incorporating system prepared from germinating macroconidia of Microsporum canis are described. The incorporation of 14C-phenylalanine into polyphenylalanine is dependent on S-30 extract, adenosine triphosphate, magnesium ions and polyuridylic acid. Incorporation is slightly enhanced by yeast transfer ribonucleic acid and pyruvate kinase. The system is highly sensitive to ribonuclease, puromycin and miconazole (an antifungal agent), moderately sensitive to sodium fluoride and much less sensitive to phenethylalcohol, cycloheximide, chloramphenicol and deoxyribonuclease. Cell-free extract from ungerminated conidia has less capacity to synthesize the protein and during germination a marked increase in the protein synthetic activity is observed. The results from experiments wherein ribosomes and S-100 fraction from germinated and ungerminated spores are unterchanged, revealed that the defect in the extract from the ungerminated spore is in the ribosomes.", "PMID": 426600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13408", "title": "Ferredoxin degradation in growing Clostridium pasteurianum during periods of iron deprivation.", "content": "Clostridium pasteurianum was grown in batch cultures on media with an initial iron concentration of 10 micron. The uptake of iron and the synthesis of ferredoxin was followed. All the iron present in the medium was taken up by the cells before 50% of the final cell density was attained. The bacteria then continued to grow in the complete absence of exogenous iron. Ferrodoxin was synthesized during growth until the exogenous iron concentration dropped below 1 micron. During growth in the absence of iron ferredoxin was degraded with the result that at the end of growth the cells did not contain ferredoxin. The specific activity of the iron sulfur protein, pyruvate synthase (E.C. 1.2.7.1), remained constant during growth of C. pasteurianum in the absence of exogenous iron. This finding suggest that ferredoxin was used as an endogenous source of iron for the synthesis of essential iron proteins during periods of iron deprivation.", "contents": "Ferredoxin degradation in growing Clostridium pasteurianum during periods of iron deprivation. Clostridium pasteurianum was grown in batch cultures on media with an initial iron concentration of 10 micron. The uptake of iron and the synthesis of ferredoxin was followed. All the iron present in the medium was taken up by the cells before 50% of the final cell density was attained. The bacteria then continued to grow in the complete absence of exogenous iron. Ferrodoxin was synthesized during growth until the exogenous iron concentration dropped below 1 micron. During growth in the absence of iron ferredoxin was degraded with the result that at the end of growth the cells did not contain ferredoxin. The specific activity of the iron sulfur protein, pyruvate synthase (E.C. 1.2.7.1), remained constant during growth of C. pasteurianum in the absence of exogenous iron. This finding suggest that ferredoxin was used as an endogenous source of iron for the synthesis of essential iron proteins during periods of iron deprivation.", "PMID": 426601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13409", "title": "On the formation of crystal proteins during sporulation in Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis.", "content": "The processes of sporulation and crystal formation in Bacillus thuringiensis could be desynchronized, using short term temperature shift-up conditions or addition of chloramphenicol at the beginning of sporulation. Isolation of a Sp-, Cr+ mutant, blocked at early stage of sporulation further confirmed that crystal formation can occur in the absence of sporulation. The presence of one of the two antigenic subunits of the crystal protein in chloramphenicol treated cultures and both of them in cultures shifted up to 37 degrees C was demonstrated. The insect toxicity was exhibited by both the extracts.", "contents": "On the formation of crystal proteins during sporulation in Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis. The processes of sporulation and crystal formation in Bacillus thuringiensis could be desynchronized, using short term temperature shift-up conditions or addition of chloramphenicol at the beginning of sporulation. Isolation of a Sp-, Cr+ mutant, blocked at early stage of sporulation further confirmed that crystal formation can occur in the absence of sporulation. The presence of one of the two antigenic subunits of the crystal protein in chloramphenicol treated cultures and both of them in cultures shifted up to 37 degrees C was demonstrated. The insect toxicity was exhibited by both the extracts.", "PMID": 426602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13410", "title": "Life changes. Do people really remember?", "content": "The question, \"How well do people remember life changes?\" was approached in a longitudinal study of nearly 400 healthy men in a responsible profession. Three scales for assessing life changes were administered by questionnaire at two examinations nine months apart. The subjects were asked to report life change events occurring during a specific six-month period--that which immediately preceded the first examination. For all three life change scales there was substantial forgetting over the interval between reports, with  a second report yielding total scores 34% to 46% less than those from the first report for the same period. The amount of change over time varied greatly across persons. These findings raise serious questions about the validity of retrospective studies of life change and illness when the period being reported is greater than six months in the past. They do not, however, jeopardize the potential of the method for prospective studies.", "contents": "Life changes. Do people really remember? The question, \"How well do people remember life changes?\" was approached in a longitudinal study of nearly 400 healthy men in a responsible profession. Three scales for assessing life changes were administered by questionnaire at two examinations nine months apart. The subjects were asked to report life change events occurring during a specific six-month period--that which immediately preceded the first examination. For all three life change scales there was substantial forgetting over the interval between reports, with  a second report yielding total scores 34% to 46% less than those from the first report for the same period. The amount of change over time varied greatly across persons. These findings raise serious questions about the validity of retrospective studies of life change and illness when the period being reported is greater than six months in the past. They do not, however, jeopardize the potential of the method for prospective studies.", "PMID": 426603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13411", "title": "Physicians' concordance with consultants' recommendations for psychotropic medication.", "content": "Physicians' concordance with the recommendations of psychiatric consultants regarding the use of psychotropic medications in a general hospital was retrospectively examined in an outcome study. Using medical records in a series of 200 consecutive consultations, the authors found 68% of all psychotropic recommendations resulted in physician responses rated concordant and 24% nonconcordant. Resultant concordance ratings are presented according to category of recommendation (that is, start, adjust, continue, or discontinue) and drug groupings. The data suggest that drug group is not a critical variable in physician concordance. Responses did differ by category of recommendation. Further study of physician concordance is desirable. The work suggests both the potential of and need for outcome studies in consultation work.", "contents": "Physicians' concordance with consultants' recommendations for psychotropic medication. Physicians' concordance with the recommendations of psychiatric consultants regarding the use of psychotropic medications in a general hospital was retrospectively examined in an outcome study. Using medical records in a series of 200 consecutive consultations, the authors found 68% of all psychotropic recommendations resulted in physician responses rated concordant and 24% nonconcordant. Resultant concordance ratings are presented according to category of recommendation (that is, start, adjust, continue, or discontinue) and drug groupings. The data suggest that drug group is not a critical variable in physician concordance. Responses did differ by category of recommendation. Further study of physician concordance is desirable. The work suggests both the potential of and need for outcome studies in consultation work.", "PMID": 426604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13412", "title": "\"Adherence\" and the negotiated approach to patienthood.", "content": "A study was conducted on adherence to treatment referrals made in the psychiatry walk-in clinic of a general hospital. One hundred thirty patients were administered the patient request form, a general information questionnaire, and a postinterview evaluation questionnaire. Information on adherence was obtained from the hospital records. Forty-one percent of the patients adhered to the treatment referral. Adherence was significantly related to negotiation, as predicted. Another significant predictor of adherence was the patient's getting the plan he wanted. Adherence was not found to be related to demographic measures or scores on the patient request form. The index of negotiation also correlated significantly with the patient's evaluation of the interview, replicating previous findings. The relationship of adherence and negotiation is discussed.", "contents": "\"Adherence\" and the negotiated approach to patienthood. A study was conducted on adherence to treatment referrals made in the psychiatry walk-in clinic of a general hospital. One hundred thirty patients were administered the patient request form, a general information questionnaire, and a postinterview evaluation questionnaire. Information on adherence was obtained from the hospital records. Forty-one percent of the patients adhered to the treatment referral. Adherence was significantly related to negotiation, as predicted. Another significant predictor of adherence was the patient's getting the plan he wanted. Adherence was not found to be related to demographic measures or scores on the patient request form. The index of negotiation also correlated significantly with the patient's evaluation of the interview, replicating previous findings. The relationship of adherence and negotiation is discussed.", "PMID": 426605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13413", "title": "Patients' requests of an outpatient clinic.", "content": "Three-hundred-twenty-five consecutive predominantly lower-class new patients at a psychiatric outpatient clinic rated the importance they attached to each of 14 categories of treatment needs or requests. Psychiatric residents subsequently rated the importance of each request for each patient at the conclusion of their initial assessment interview. Requests reflecting needs for intrapsychic therapy, clarification, and control of feelings were considered very important by approximately two thirds of the patients; needs for institutionalized contact, advice, and community triage by one half; and other requests for medication, reality contact, succorance, ventilation, confession, social intervention, administrative requests by a minority (one fourth to one third). Residents significantly underestimated the importance their patients attached to 10 of 14 requests. Factor analyses confirmed several systematic sources of disparity between patient and therapist perception of lower-class patient needs.", "contents": "Patients' requests of an outpatient clinic. Three-hundred-twenty-five consecutive predominantly lower-class new patients at a psychiatric outpatient clinic rated the importance they attached to each of 14 categories of treatment needs or requests. Psychiatric residents subsequently rated the importance of each request for each patient at the conclusion of their initial assessment interview. Requests reflecting needs for intrapsychic therapy, clarification, and control of feelings were considered very important by approximately two thirds of the patients; needs for institutionalized contact, advice, and community triage by one half; and other requests for medication, reality contact, succorance, ventilation, confession, social intervention, administrative requests by a minority (one fourth to one third). Residents significantly underestimated the importance their patients attached to 10 of 14 requests. Factor analyses confirmed several systematic sources of disparity between patient and therapist perception of lower-class patient needs.", "PMID": 426606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13414", "title": "Psychiatric referrals in general practice.", "content": "A major option available to the nonpsychiatric physician in dealing with patients who have psychiatric problems is to refer them to psychiatrists. A group of 93 nonpsychiatric physicians indicated that they have positive attitudes toward making such referrals where appropriate, and make extensive use of this mechanism with psychiatric patients. There are, however, great differences of opinion with respect to the appropriateness of psychiatric referrals for neurotic patients, those with alcohol and addiction problems, and those with other personal problems (marital, vocational, etc).", "contents": "Psychiatric referrals in general practice. A major option available to the nonpsychiatric physician in dealing with patients who have psychiatric problems is to refer them to psychiatrists. A group of 93 nonpsychiatric physicians indicated that they have positive attitudes toward making such referrals where appropriate, and make extensive use of this mechanism with psychiatric patients. There are, however, great differences of opinion with respect to the appropriateness of psychiatric referrals for neurotic patients, those with alcohol and addiction problems, and those with other personal problems (marital, vocational, etc).", "PMID": 426607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13415", "title": "Morbidity and rate of undiagnosed physical illnesses in a psychiatric clinic population.", "content": "Major medical illnesses remain undiagnosed and patients' ailments are being labeled \"psychosomatic\" at an alarming rate. A careful screening of 2,090 psychiatric clinic patients showed that 43% of this population suffered from one or several physical illnesses. Almost half of the physical illnesses (46%), remained undiagnosed by the referring source. Morbidity in the psychiatric clinic patients far surpassed the expected rate found in the general population. Among others, diabetes mellitus was a frequently overlooked diagnosis and proved, particularly, to produce emotional disturbances. Physicians other than psychiatrists missed one third and psychiatrists one half of the major medical illnesses in patients they referred. Self-referred and social agency--referred patients almost always had undiagnosed physical illnesses. The causes for failing to recognize medical illnesses are discussed. Based on the obtained data, the necessity for a medical orientation on the part of psychiatrist in evaluating all patients is stressed.", "contents": "Morbidity and rate of undiagnosed physical illnesses in a psychiatric clinic population. Major medical illnesses remain undiagnosed and patients' ailments are being labeled \"psychosomatic\" at an alarming rate. A careful screening of 2,090 psychiatric clinic patients showed that 43% of this population suffered from one or several physical illnesses. Almost half of the physical illnesses (46%), remained undiagnosed by the referring source. Morbidity in the psychiatric clinic patients far surpassed the expected rate found in the general population. Among others, diabetes mellitus was a frequently overlooked diagnosis and proved, particularly, to produce emotional disturbances. Physicians other than psychiatrists missed one third and psychiatrists one half of the major medical illnesses in patients they referred. Self-referred and social agency--referred patients almost always had undiagnosed physical illnesses. The causes for failing to recognize medical illnesses are discussed. Based on the obtained data, the necessity for a medical orientation on the part of psychiatrist in evaluating all patients is stressed.", "PMID": 426608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13416", "title": "Influence of experience on major clinical decisions. Training implications.", "content": "We studied 779 walk-in psychiatric patients presenting to 32 first- or second-year residents and 772 patients presenting to 25 third-year residents or attending physicians as to the decision to admit to the hospital or to administer medication to those not admitted. There were no significant demographic or clinical differences between patients presenting to the two groups. The more experienced staff admitted half as many patients and treated serious depression with tricyclics twice as frequently. Inexperienced psychiatrists used hospitalization more frequently when these patients suffered from suicidal ideation, hallucinations, delusions, and inability to cope. When the training procedure was modified and second-year residents were introduced into a more structured setting, their decision-making quickly approached that of third-year residents and attending physicians. We suggest that specific training can modify decision-making, where general clinical experience may not. Implications for resident and medical student training are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of experience on major clinical decisions. Training implications. We studied 779 walk-in psychiatric patients presenting to 32 first- or second-year residents and 772 patients presenting to 25 third-year residents or attending physicians as to the decision to admit to the hospital or to administer medication to those not admitted. There were no significant demographic or clinical differences between patients presenting to the two groups. The more experienced staff admitted half as many patients and treated serious depression with tricyclics twice as frequently. Inexperienced psychiatrists used hospitalization more frequently when these patients suffered from suicidal ideation, hallucinations, delusions, and inability to cope. When the training procedure was modified and second-year residents were introduced into a more structured setting, their decision-making quickly approached that of third-year residents and attending physicians. We suggest that specific training can modify decision-making, where general clinical experience may not. Implications for resident and medical student training are discussed.", "PMID": 426609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13417", "title": "Evaluation of nocturnal penile tumescence in the differential diagnosis of sexual impotence. A quantitative study.", "content": "Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) was assessed in 30 impotent patients for the purpose of differential diagnosis. In 11 psychogenic cases, with several exceptions, NPT was found to be normal, with a marked discrepancy between the NPT findings and the patients' estimates of their daytime erectile capacity. In 19 organic patients, maximal NPT corresponded closely to and mirrored the patient's subjective estimate of his impaired waking performance. Statistically, the figures for frequency, degree, duration, and amount of NPT were found to be significantly and markedly greater in the psychogenic group. Statistical significance was maintained when the 11 psychogenic patients were closely age-matched with 11 of the 19 organic cases. The method is not 100% accurate; some 15% of impotent patients without organic findings have reduced NPT, several of whom were shown to be psychogenic, but others in this group may have undetected organic pathology. The NPT method is very promising, but beset by a number of methodological problems.", "contents": "Evaluation of nocturnal penile tumescence in the differential diagnosis of sexual impotence. A quantitative study. Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) was assessed in 30 impotent patients for the purpose of differential diagnosis. In 11 psychogenic cases, with several exceptions, NPT was found to be normal, with a marked discrepancy between the NPT findings and the patients' estimates of their daytime erectile capacity. In 19 organic patients, maximal NPT corresponded closely to and mirrored the patient's subjective estimate of his impaired waking performance. Statistically, the figures for frequency, degree, duration, and amount of NPT were found to be significantly and markedly greater in the psychogenic group. Statistical significance was maintained when the 11 psychogenic patients were closely age-matched with 11 of the 19 organic cases. The method is not 100% accurate; some 15% of impotent patients without organic findings have reduced NPT, several of whom were shown to be psychogenic, but others in this group may have undetected organic pathology. The NPT method is very promising, but beset by a number of methodological problems.", "PMID": 426610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13418", "title": "Male genital self-mutilation.", "content": "Men who intentionally mutilate or remove their own genitals are likely to be psychotic at the time of the act, to have a number of goals and aims relating to conflicts about the male role, and to be vulnerable to sociocultural and psychological forces in a causal network as yet unknown. However, from a review of the cases of 53 male self-mutilators, it appears that a significant number involve individuals not psychotic at the time of the act but rather having character disorders and rageful feelings toward themselves or women, and transsexual males who premeditate their own gender conversion surgery. The psychiatric consultant's role in the management of such an individual in the general hospital setting includes not only care of a patient with a psychotic or impulse disorder but also involves support of the house staff, who are distressed by the fear, guilt, hopelessness, anger, and revulsion that the patient's act of genital self-mutilation causes.", "contents": "Male genital self-mutilation. Men who intentionally mutilate or remove their own genitals are likely to be psychotic at the time of the act, to have a number of goals and aims relating to conflicts about the male role, and to be vulnerable to sociocultural and psychological forces in a causal network as yet unknown. However, from a review of the cases of 53 male self-mutilators, it appears that a significant number involve individuals not psychotic at the time of the act but rather having character disorders and rageful feelings toward themselves or women, and transsexual males who premeditate their own gender conversion surgery. The psychiatric consultant's role in the management of such an individual in the general hospital setting includes not only care of a patient with a psychotic or impulse disorder but also involves support of the house staff, who are distressed by the fear, guilt, hopelessness, anger, and revulsion that the patient's act of genital self-mutilation causes.", "PMID": 426611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13419", "title": "Newer experimental methods for classifying depression. A report from the NIMH collaborative pilot study.", "content": "A total of 83 patients receiving diagnoses of major depressive disorder in the pilot phase of the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study of the Psychobiology of Depression were used to evaluate two newer methods of classifying depressive disorders on the basis of family history or course. A third subtype based on family history, nonfamilial depression, was compared with the two subtypes originally proposed by Winokur and colleagues, pure depression and depression spectrum diseases. The system for classifying depressions on the basis of course and antecedent disorder, primary vs secondary depression, was also compared. These data from the pilot study indicate that two newer systems for classification have some predictive, construct, and content validity, but both are in need of further investigation before they become accepted methods for the classification of depressive disorders.", "contents": "Newer experimental methods for classifying depression. A report from the NIMH collaborative pilot study. A total of 83 patients receiving diagnoses of major depressive disorder in the pilot phase of the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study of the Psychobiology of Depression were used to evaluate two newer methods of classifying depressive disorders on the basis of family history or course. A third subtype based on family history, nonfamilial depression, was compared with the two subtypes originally proposed by Winokur and colleagues, pure depression and depression spectrum diseases. The system for classifying depressions on the basis of course and antecedent disorder, primary vs secondary depression, was also compared. These data from the pilot study indicate that two newer systems for classification have some predictive, construct, and content validity, but both are in need of further investigation before they become accepted methods for the classification of depressive disorders.", "PMID": 426612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13420", "title": "The erythrocyte lithium-plasma lithium ratio in patients with primary affective disorder.", "content": "Increasing attention has been given to the significance of intra-cellular concentrations of the lithium ion in patients treated with this drug. The erythrocyte has been the most common cell investigated because of its accessibility and certain similarities between the ion transport mechanisms of this cell and the neuron. Intraerythrocyte lithium is expressed as the ratio of lithium in the cell to the plasma lithium concentration (lithium ratio). The lithium ratio has been reported to be related to a number of clinical variables, including treatment response, clinical state, side-effects, toxicity, diagnosis, and electrophysiological effects. We have investigated the lithium ratio in a large series of patients with a primary affective disorder and in a smaller control group. We found a significantly higher mean lithium ratio in the bipolar diagnostic group than in the unipolar and control groups. There was a trend, not statistically significant, in the unipolar and bipolar groups for females to have higher lithium ratios than males. While not diagnostic, the lithium ratio appears to be another biological variable where bipolar patients, as a group, differ from normals and others with an affective disorder.", "contents": "The erythrocyte lithium-plasma lithium ratio in patients with primary affective disorder. Increasing attention has been given to the significance of intra-cellular concentrations of the lithium ion in patients treated with this drug. The erythrocyte has been the most common cell investigated because of its accessibility and certain similarities between the ion transport mechanisms of this cell and the neuron. Intraerythrocyte lithium is expressed as the ratio of lithium in the cell to the plasma lithium concentration (lithium ratio). The lithium ratio has been reported to be related to a number of clinical variables, including treatment response, clinical state, side-effects, toxicity, diagnosis, and electrophysiological effects. We have investigated the lithium ratio in a large series of patients with a primary affective disorder and in a smaller control group. We found a significantly higher mean lithium ratio in the bipolar diagnostic group than in the unipolar and control groups. There was a trend, not statistically significant, in the unipolar and bipolar groups for females to have higher lithium ratios than males. While not diagnostic, the lithium ratio appears to be another biological variable where bipolar patients, as a group, differ from normals and others with an affective disorder.", "PMID": 426613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13421", "title": "Identification of heparin resistance during cardiac and vascular surgery.", "content": "An investigation of the response of the activated clotting time to systemic heparinization during cardiopulmonary bypass and peripheral vascular surgery was prompted by the death from clotting of a patient with endocarditis while undergoing valve replacement. The activated clotting time during cardiopulmonary bypass was thereafter maintained at 300 to 400 seconds. Consumption of heparin sodium, derived from an individual dose-response curve, was 0.01 to 3.86 units/kg/min. There was no correlation between initial heparin resistance and the subsequent rate of consumption. Some patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgery required additional heparin after an initial standard dose of 8,000 units so as to maintain their activated clotting time at twice the control values. These data are discussed in relation to previous articles, and recommendations are made for adequate intraoperative heparinization.", "contents": "Identification of heparin resistance during cardiac and vascular surgery. An investigation of the response of the activated clotting time to systemic heparinization during cardiopulmonary bypass and peripheral vascular surgery was prompted by the death from clotting of a patient with endocarditis while undergoing valve replacement. The activated clotting time during cardiopulmonary bypass was thereafter maintained at 300 to 400 seconds. Consumption of heparin sodium, derived from an individual dose-response curve, was 0.01 to 3.86 units/kg/min. There was no correlation between initial heparin resistance and the subsequent rate of consumption. Some patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgery required additional heparin after an initial standard dose of 8,000 units so as to maintain their activated clotting time at twice the control values. These data are discussed in relation to previous articles, and recommendations are made for adequate intraoperative heparinization.", "PMID": 426618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13422", "title": "Dacarbazine and melphalan. Enhancement by dosage scheduling of the effect in combination treatment on the Harding-Passey melanoma in C3D2F1 mice.", "content": "The best combination and schedule for dacarbazine and melphalan with the Harding-Passey melanoma in C3D2F1 mice is achieved when dacarbazine is administered first, followed by melphalan, given on either the day of dacarbazine therapy or the first three days after dacarbazine is given. When dacarbazine is given first, followed by melphalan on day 0, 1, 2, or 3, the effect of the two drugs is considerably more than additive. Other schedules reduce the outcome to a simple additive effect, or to an outcome that is less than additive, in which the combination is less effective than melphalan used alone. The effect of variations in the order and schedule of drug administration should be investigated in future trials of cancer chemotherapeutic agents, since profound effects may occur with these variations.", "contents": "Dacarbazine and melphalan. Enhancement by dosage scheduling of the effect in combination treatment on the Harding-Passey melanoma in C3D2F1 mice. The best combination and schedule for dacarbazine and melphalan with the Harding-Passey melanoma in C3D2F1 mice is achieved when dacarbazine is administered first, followed by melphalan, given on either the day of dacarbazine therapy or the first three days after dacarbazine is given. When dacarbazine is given first, followed by melphalan on day 0, 1, 2, or 3, the effect of the two drugs is considerably more than additive. Other schedules reduce the outcome to a simple additive effect, or to an outcome that is less than additive, in which the combination is less effective than melphalan used alone. The effect of variations in the order and schedule of drug administration should be investigated in future trials of cancer chemotherapeutic agents, since profound effects may occur with these variations.", "PMID": 426619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13423", "title": "Wound dehiscence. Pathophysiology and prevention.", "content": "A review of 32 abdominal wound dehiscences in a five-year period shows an incidence of 0.51%. Important factors are preexisting pulmonary disease, \"malnutrition,\" intraoperative contamination (often minimal), gastrointestinal distention, and aggressive tracheobronchial toilet in the postoperative period. Incision direction and type of closure have little influence on dehiscence rates. Wound dehiscence results in a substantial prolongation of hospital stay. Promptly recognized and treated, wound dehiscence is no longer a highly lethal complication.", "contents": "Wound dehiscence. Pathophysiology and prevention. A review of 32 abdominal wound dehiscences in a five-year period shows an incidence of 0.51%. Important factors are preexisting pulmonary disease, \"malnutrition,\" intraoperative contamination (often minimal), gastrointestinal distention, and aggressive tracheobronchial toilet in the postoperative period. Incision direction and type of closure have little influence on dehiscence rates. Wound dehiscence results in a substantial prolongation of hospital stay. Promptly recognized and treated, wound dehiscence is no longer a highly lethal complication.", "PMID": 426620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13424", "title": "Bacteriologic and systemic effects of intraoperative segmental bowel preparation with povidone iodine.", "content": "A technique for intraoperative segmental preparation of the large bowel, using 10% povidone iodine, was evaluated in 25 patients undergoing elective colon resection. Qualitative and quantitative bacteriology was obtained from the normal bowel content and from segments of colon treated with povidone iodine or normal saline. Forty-five of 50 segments treated with povidone iodine demonstrated no growth, whereas the segments injected with normal saline maintained bacterial counts of 3.5 x 10(8) colony forming units per milliliter. There were no septic complications in this group of patients and the levels of triiodothyroninc and thyroxin remained unchanged despite a substantial absorption of iodine, as demonstrated by protein-bound iodine determinations. Intraoperative segmental preparation of the colon with 10% povidone iodine is a simple technique that may be useful in the enhancement of other methods of bowel preparation by further reducing the endogenous bacterial inoculum at the time of transection of the colon.", "contents": "Bacteriologic and systemic effects of intraoperative segmental bowel preparation with povidone iodine. A technique for intraoperative segmental preparation of the large bowel, using 10% povidone iodine, was evaluated in 25 patients undergoing elective colon resection. Qualitative and quantitative bacteriology was obtained from the normal bowel content and from segments of colon treated with povidone iodine or normal saline. Forty-five of 50 segments treated with povidone iodine demonstrated no growth, whereas the segments injected with normal saline maintained bacterial counts of 3.5 x 10(8) colony forming units per milliliter. There were no septic complications in this group of patients and the levels of triiodothyroninc and thyroxin remained unchanged despite a substantial absorption of iodine, as demonstrated by protein-bound iodine determinations. Intraoperative segmental preparation of the colon with 10% povidone iodine is a simple technique that may be useful in the enhancement of other methods of bowel preparation by further reducing the endogenous bacterial inoculum at the time of transection of the colon.", "PMID": 426621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13425", "title": "Periorbital ultrasound findings. Hemodynamics in patients with cerebral vascular disease.", "content": "The direction of supraorbital and frontal artery flow and its response to compression of the superficial temporal, facial, and angular arteries were measured in 250 carotid arteries in 114 patients. All patients had arch and/or selective carotid arteriography. The carotid arteries were placed into the following three groups: hemodynamically normal, greater than 60% occlusion of the internal carotid artery, and total occlusion of the internal carotid artery. The test's accuracy was 94.5% in the hemodynamically normal group, 68.8% in the totally occluded group, and only 51.4% in the group with hemodynamically significant stenosis. Although the carotid Doppler examination is not reliable in detecting hemodynamically significant lesions of the internal carotid artery, it is valuable in assessing the adequacy of collateral cerebral circulation.", "contents": "Periorbital ultrasound findings. Hemodynamics in patients with cerebral vascular disease. The direction of supraorbital and frontal artery flow and its response to compression of the superficial temporal, facial, and angular arteries were measured in 250 carotid arteries in 114 patients. All patients had arch and/or selective carotid arteriography. The carotid arteries were placed into the following three groups: hemodynamically normal, greater than 60% occlusion of the internal carotid artery, and total occlusion of the internal carotid artery. The test's accuracy was 94.5% in the hemodynamically normal group, 68.8% in the totally occluded group, and only 51.4% in the group with hemodynamically significant stenosis. Although the carotid Doppler examination is not reliable in detecting hemodynamically significant lesions of the internal carotid artery, it is valuable in assessing the adequacy of collateral cerebral circulation.", "PMID": 426622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13426", "title": "Diagnosis and surgical treatment of colonic endometriosis.", "content": "Endometriosis is sufficiently common that it should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of colon lesions of women of childbearing age. Seven selected cases illustrate problems in diagnosis and management of endometriosis of the colon. Characteristic of colon endometriosis are large bowel symptoms frequently associated with gynecologic complaints, usual sigmoid and rectosigmoid location, extramucosal radiologic appearance, and difficult diagnosis by endoscopic biopsy. Suspicion of malignancy and presence of a symptomatic colon lesion are indications for bowel resection, which is an effective form of therapy.", "contents": "Diagnosis and surgical treatment of colonic endometriosis. Endometriosis is sufficiently common that it should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of colon lesions of women of childbearing age. Seven selected cases illustrate problems in diagnosis and management of endometriosis of the colon. Characteristic of colon endometriosis are large bowel symptoms frequently associated with gynecologic complaints, usual sigmoid and rectosigmoid location, extramucosal radiologic appearance, and difficult diagnosis by endoscopic biopsy. Suspicion of malignancy and presence of a symptomatic colon lesion are indications for bowel resection, which is an effective form of therapy.", "PMID": 426623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13427", "title": "Transduodenal sphincteroplasty.", "content": "We report on the results of elective sphincteroplasty for benign stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi in a prospective study of 32 consecutive cases. All patients underwent combined supraduodenal exploration of the common bile duct and transduodenal sphincteroplasty. All patients were followed up clinically and biochemically for from one to four years. Seventeen patients underwent a barium meal examination a year after surgery and of these patients, ten showed retrograde filling of the common bile duct and four had air in it. The intrabiliary pressures in six patients were abnormal, ranging from 210 to 230 mm H2O (normal, 80 to 130) intraoperatively before the exploration of the common bile duct, but were found to be normal after the sphincteroplasty. The mortality was 0% and no serious complications were observed.", "contents": "Transduodenal sphincteroplasty. We report on the results of elective sphincteroplasty for benign stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi in a prospective study of 32 consecutive cases. All patients underwent combined supraduodenal exploration of the common bile duct and transduodenal sphincteroplasty. All patients were followed up clinically and biochemically for from one to four years. Seventeen patients underwent a barium meal examination a year after surgery and of these patients, ten showed retrograde filling of the common bile duct and four had air in it. The intrabiliary pressures in six patients were abnormal, ranging from 210 to 230 mm H2O (normal, 80 to 130) intraoperatively before the exploration of the common bile duct, but were found to be normal after the sphincteroplasty. The mortality was 0% and no serious complications were observed.", "PMID": 426624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13428", "title": "Risk assessment of pulmonary embolism by multivariate analysis.", "content": "A prospective study of 6,527 hospitalized patients was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of multivariate analysis of risk factors to correctly designate risk for pulmonary embolism. History of previous pulmonary embolism was the single most important factor. In patients without prior history, five factors emerged: inactivity, congestive heart failure, Doppler ultrasound evidence of deep-vein occlusion, female sex, and black race. Used together, these factors permitted a discrimination of risk such that 68.7% of pulmonary embolization was found to occur in 32.2% of the population designated as showing increased risk. Multivariate analysis of clinical factors improved assessment of risk, compared to the use of lower extremity findings alone, and proved to be useful in identifying individuals at increased risk for pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "Risk assessment of pulmonary embolism by multivariate analysis. A prospective study of 6,527 hospitalized patients was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of multivariate analysis of risk factors to correctly designate risk for pulmonary embolism. History of previous pulmonary embolism was the single most important factor. In patients without prior history, five factors emerged: inactivity, congestive heart failure, Doppler ultrasound evidence of deep-vein occlusion, female sex, and black race. Used together, these factors permitted a discrimination of risk such that 68.7% of pulmonary embolization was found to occur in 32.2% of the population designated as showing increased risk. Multivariate analysis of clinical factors improved assessment of risk, compared to the use of lower extremity findings alone, and proved to be useful in identifying individuals at increased risk for pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 426625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13429", "title": "Late appearance of intra-abdominal abscesses after total colectomy for inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Intra-abdominal abscesses after colon surgery usually appear within eight weeks. Over the past few years, we have observed nine patients who underwent colectomy for inflammatory bowel disease in whom large and relatively asymptomatic abscesses developed, requiring surgical drainage as long as three to five years after the operation. In five patients, there was no report of intraoperative complications such as perforation or fecal spillage. At the time of discharge from the hospital, all patients were afebrile. In three of these patients, abscesses were discovered when they were readmitted to the hospital for elective abdominal procedures; most of the others had localized abdominal pain.", "contents": "Late appearance of intra-abdominal abscesses after total colectomy for inflammatory bowel disease. Intra-abdominal abscesses after colon surgery usually appear within eight weeks. Over the past few years, we have observed nine patients who underwent colectomy for inflammatory bowel disease in whom large and relatively asymptomatic abscesses developed, requiring surgical drainage as long as three to five years after the operation. In five patients, there was no report of intraoperative complications such as perforation or fecal spillage. At the time of discharge from the hospital, all patients were afebrile. In three of these patients, abscesses were discovered when they were readmitted to the hospital for elective abdominal procedures; most of the others had localized abdominal pain.", "PMID": 426626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13430", "title": "Presplenectomy transcatheter occlusion of the splenic artery.", "content": "Transcatheter splenic artery occlusion can be performed rapidly and safely prior to splenectomy. This procedure reduces splenic bulk and decreases intraoperative bleeding. Patients not operated on after transcatheter splenic artery occlusion have had high mortality, and therefore the procedure should probably not be considered unless splenectomy is contemplated. An illustrative case is reported.", "contents": "Presplenectomy transcatheter occlusion of the splenic artery. Transcatheter splenic artery occlusion can be performed rapidly and safely prior to splenectomy. This procedure reduces splenic bulk and decreases intraoperative bleeding. Patients not operated on after transcatheter splenic artery occlusion have had high mortality, and therefore the procedure should probably not be considered unless splenectomy is contemplated. An illustrative case is reported.", "PMID": 426627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13431", "title": "Meckel's diverticulum of the proximal jejunum.", "content": "There are no well-substantiated reports, to our knowledge of a Meckel's diverticulum arising outside the limits of the terminal ileum. We saw a diverticulum located in the proximal jejunum that fulfilled the anatomic and histologic criteria for the diagnosis of a Meckel's diverticulum. This was an incidental finding during the treatment of a sliding esophageal hiatus hernia and caused no apparent difficulty to the patient.", "contents": "Meckel's diverticulum of the proximal jejunum. There are no well-substantiated reports, to our knowledge of a Meckel's diverticulum arising outside the limits of the terminal ileum. We saw a diverticulum located in the proximal jejunum that fulfilled the anatomic and histologic criteria for the diagnosis of a Meckel's diverticulum. This was an incidental finding during the treatment of a sliding esophageal hiatus hernia and caused no apparent difficulty to the patient.", "PMID": 426628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13432", "title": "Portalization of venous blood of kidneys and adrenal glands. Effect in experimental vasorenal hypertension.", "content": "The study concerns the effect of angiotensin II when infused into the systemic and portal blood flow on the general and renal hemodynamics in normal dogs and in hypertensive dogs, as well as the effect of the operation of portacaval transposition (PCT) on the course of renovascular hypertension. When peptide is infused at a rate that causes a moderate pressor effect into the systemic blood flow of normal dogs, an antidiuretic and antinatriuretic effect is obtained, whereas in hypertensive dogs an increase of diuresis, natriuresis, and a less distinct pressor effect are obtained. When angiotensin II is infused into the portal flow, a less distinct pressor and renal effect is seen in dogs with renovascular hypertension. The operation of PCT of the vessels results in a hypotensive effect in the dogs with renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Portalization of venous blood of kidneys and adrenal glands. Effect in experimental vasorenal hypertension. The study concerns the effect of angiotensin II when infused into the systemic and portal blood flow on the general and renal hemodynamics in normal dogs and in hypertensive dogs, as well as the effect of the operation of portacaval transposition (PCT) on the course of renovascular hypertension. When peptide is infused at a rate that causes a moderate pressor effect into the systemic blood flow of normal dogs, an antidiuretic and antinatriuretic effect is obtained, whereas in hypertensive dogs an increase of diuresis, natriuresis, and a less distinct pressor effect are obtained. When angiotensin II is infused into the portal flow, a less distinct pressor and renal effect is seen in dogs with renovascular hypertension. The operation of PCT of the vessels results in a hypotensive effect in the dogs with renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 426629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13433", "title": "The biology of human malignant melanoma. Preliminary findings in the nude mouse.", "content": "The nude mouse model was explored as a means of predicting the behavior of human cutaneous malignant melanoma. Subcutaneous implants from 20 patients were observed for external growth, microscopic appearance, and autoradiographic analyses following tritiated thymidine labeling. Normal epithelial and dermal components were maintained in the six low-risk primary implants, but none had any external growth or tumor cell preservation. Four of the five metastatic implants grew throughout the observation periods, with 30% of the counted tumor cells taking up the radioisotope. There was a slower growth rate in four of nine high-risk primary implants, with tumor cell preservation in eight. Only 6% of the counted tumor cells incorporated tritiated thymidine. This model appears to be capable of discriminating among the behavior of various forms of human malignant melanoma.", "contents": "The biology of human malignant melanoma. Preliminary findings in the nude mouse. The nude mouse model was explored as a means of predicting the behavior of human cutaneous malignant melanoma. Subcutaneous implants from 20 patients were observed for external growth, microscopic appearance, and autoradiographic analyses following tritiated thymidine labeling. Normal epithelial and dermal components were maintained in the six low-risk primary implants, but none had any external growth or tumor cell preservation. Four of the five metastatic implants grew throughout the observation periods, with 30% of the counted tumor cells taking up the radioisotope. There was a slower growth rate in four of nine high-risk primary implants, with tumor cell preservation in eight. Only 6% of the counted tumor cells incorporated tritiated thymidine. This model appears to be capable of discriminating among the behavior of various forms of human malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 426630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13434", "title": "Further studies on a vaccinia virus cytotoxin present in infected cell extracts: identification as surface tubule monomer and possible mode of action.", "content": "A vaccinia virus-specific cytotoxic protein (3--10 X 10(4) daltons) had previously been detected in extracts of infected HeLa cells. In this study the protein has been shown to be a late gene product and a virion component--almost certainly the monomer of the surface tubules of the vaccinia virion. The relationship of this cytotoxin to a number of early vaccinia-induced cytopathic effects was examined: it was not the mediator of vaccinia-induced early cell rounding, did not inhibit protein or RNA synthesis in cell-free systems or intact cells (after uptake-induction by hypertonic MgSO4), or cause the release of beta-glucuronidase from a crude preparation of HeLa cell lysosomes. Its possible role in vaccinia-induced cell degeneration, late in infection, is discussed.", "contents": "Further studies on a vaccinia virus cytotoxin present in infected cell extracts: identification as surface tubule monomer and possible mode of action. A vaccinia virus-specific cytotoxic protein (3--10 X 10(4) daltons) had previously been detected in extracts of infected HeLa cells. In this study the protein has been shown to be a late gene product and a virion component--almost certainly the monomer of the surface tubules of the vaccinia virion. The relationship of this cytotoxin to a number of early vaccinia-induced cytopathic effects was examined: it was not the mediator of vaccinia-induced early cell rounding, did not inhibit protein or RNA synthesis in cell-free systems or intact cells (after uptake-induction by hypertonic MgSO4), or cause the release of beta-glucuronidase from a crude preparation of HeLa cell lysosomes. Its possible role in vaccinia-induced cell degeneration, late in infection, is discussed.", "PMID": 426631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13435", "title": "Serum interferon assay as a possible test for virus infections of man.", "content": "Acute phase serum gave positive results in an interferon assay when collected from 17 out of 45 (38 per cent) patients with proven virus infection, and from none of 43 patients with other disease and none of 61 healthy subjects. Sera from 11 of 43 (26 per cent) patients with suspected virus infection were also positive. Interferon was detected in the sera of volunteers infected with respiratory viruses in strict isolation. It is suggested that the test might be used to supplement conventional tests for virus infections, and with modification may provide a useful diagnostic aid.", "contents": "Serum interferon assay as a possible test for virus infections of man. Acute phase serum gave positive results in an interferon assay when collected from 17 out of 45 (38 per cent) patients with proven virus infection, and from none of 43 patients with other disease and none of 61 healthy subjects. Sera from 11 of 43 (26 per cent) patients with suspected virus infection were also positive. Interferon was detected in the sera of volunteers infected with respiratory viruses in strict isolation. It is suggested that the test might be used to supplement conventional tests for virus infections, and with modification may provide a useful diagnostic aid.", "PMID": 426632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13436", "title": "Interaction in replication between goose parvovirus strain B and duck plague herpesvirus.", "content": "The goose parvovirus strain B was found to replicate only in cells with DNA synthesis. Cells in the stationary phase of DNA synthesis or maintained under 2 mM thymidine (TdR) in excess were refractive to the parvovirus infection. However, stationary phase cells could be rendered to produce progeny paroviruses by herpesvirus superinfection. In reverse, the replication of the herpesvirus was significantly inhibited by parvovirus preinfection of cells.", "contents": "Interaction in replication between goose parvovirus strain B and duck plague herpesvirus. The goose parvovirus strain B was found to replicate only in cells with DNA synthesis. Cells in the stationary phase of DNA synthesis or maintained under 2 mM thymidine (TdR) in excess were refractive to the parvovirus infection. However, stationary phase cells could be rendered to produce progeny paroviruses by herpesvirus superinfection. In reverse, the replication of the herpesvirus was significantly inhibited by parvovirus preinfection of cells.", "PMID": 426633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13437", "title": "[Types of cell differentiation in colonic and rectal adenocarcinoma].", "content": "The Normal mucous membrane and tumours of the large intestine and the rectum were studied electron microscopically. Five known cell types were found in normal intestinal mucosa: intestinal epitheliocyte with striated border, goblet enterocyte, intestinal argentaffinocyte, enterocyte with acidofilic granules, borderless enterocyte. Adenocarcinoma cells differentiate in the direction of 3 cell types: intestinal epitheliocytes, goblet enterocytes, and borderless enterocytes. The level of differentiation in different cells varies considerably.", "contents": "[Types of cell differentiation in colonic and rectal adenocarcinoma]. The Normal mucous membrane and tumours of the large intestine and the rectum were studied electron microscopically. Five known cell types were found in normal intestinal mucosa: intestinal epitheliocyte with striated border, goblet enterocyte, intestinal argentaffinocyte, enterocyte with acidofilic granules, borderless enterocyte. Adenocarcinoma cells differentiate in the direction of 3 cell types: intestinal epitheliocytes, goblet enterocytes, and borderless enterocytes. The level of differentiation in different cells varies considerably.", "PMID": 426634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13438", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of epithelial thymoma and seminoma (histological and electron-microscopic study)].", "content": "The paper describes two observations of thymus gland tumours: epithelial thymoma and seminoma. Differential diagnosis of these tumours is very important for the proper selection of the method of treatment as seminoma is more radio-sensitive than epithelial thymoma. Epithelial thymoma is characterized by coarse-fiber stroma, perivascular grouping of cell elements and the lack of glycogen in them. Seminoma consists of light and dark cells containing much glycogen in their cytoplasm. Differences between these tumours are most clearly seen in electron microscopic studies. In epithelial thymoma cells have processes, numerous tonofilaments, desmosomes, and basal membrane. Seminoma cells contain glycogen, no tonofilaments or basal membrane, few desmosomes.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of epithelial thymoma and seminoma (histological and electron-microscopic study)]. The paper describes two observations of thymus gland tumours: epithelial thymoma and seminoma. Differential diagnosis of these tumours is very important for the proper selection of the method of treatment as seminoma is more radio-sensitive than epithelial thymoma. Epithelial thymoma is characterized by coarse-fiber stroma, perivascular grouping of cell elements and the lack of glycogen in them. Seminoma consists of light and dark cells containing much glycogen in their cytoplasm. Differences between these tumours are most clearly seen in electron microscopic studies. In epithelial thymoma cells have processes, numerous tonofilaments, desmosomes, and basal membrane. Seminoma cells contain glycogen, no tonofilaments or basal membrane, few desmosomes.", "PMID": 426635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13439", "title": "[Malignant tumors of lymphatic vessels in children].", "content": "Lymphangiosarcomas were found in 5 out of 82 observations of vascular malignant tumours in children, according to the data of the pathological department of Children's Clinical Hospital No. 1, for 60 years. Differential diagnosis of relapsing lymphangiomas and rarely found malignant lymphangioendetheliomas presents considerable difficulties for morphologists because of poorly manifest cell polymorphism in the primary node of neoplasia and the presence of areas of lymphangioma and malignant hemangioendothelioma among fields of lymphangiosarcoma. Cytological studies assist in specification of the degree of malignancy and histologenesis of the neoplasias.", "contents": "[Malignant tumors of lymphatic vessels in children]. Lymphangiosarcomas were found in 5 out of 82 observations of vascular malignant tumours in children, according to the data of the pathological department of Children's Clinical Hospital No. 1, for 60 years. Differential diagnosis of relapsing lymphangiomas and rarely found malignant lymphangioendetheliomas presents considerable difficulties for morphologists because of poorly manifest cell polymorphism in the primary node of neoplasia and the presence of areas of lymphangioma and malignant hemangioendothelioma among fields of lymphangiosarcoma. Cytological studies assist in specification of the degree of malignancy and histologenesis of the neoplasias.", "PMID": 426636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13440", "title": "[Clinical morphology of early breast cancer].", "content": "True early forms of mammary cancer include tumours undetectable in routine clinical examinations and histologically presenting intraductal and lobular cancer (cancer in situ and with beginning invasion) in the absence of metastases. Parallel histological and cytological examinations and cytospectrophotometric determination of the DNA content increase the validity of the differential diagnosis between benign displasias and carcinoma in situ. Stages of composite clinico-roentgenilogical and morphological diagnosis of early mammary cancer have been developed. Two mammographic signs: accumulations of finest calcinates and filamentous tumour node less than 10 mm in diameter, permit to diagnose clinically latent cancer which has two forms of growth, diffuse and nodular. The diffuse form in some cases presents a stage preceeding the nodular form.", "contents": "[Clinical morphology of early breast cancer]. True early forms of mammary cancer include tumours undetectable in routine clinical examinations and histologically presenting intraductal and lobular cancer (cancer in situ and with beginning invasion) in the absence of metastases. Parallel histological and cytological examinations and cytospectrophotometric determination of the DNA content increase the validity of the differential diagnosis between benign displasias and carcinoma in situ. Stages of composite clinico-roentgenilogical and morphological diagnosis of early mammary cancer have been developed. Two mammographic signs: accumulations of finest calcinates and filamentous tumour node less than 10 mm in diameter, permit to diagnose clinically latent cancer which has two forms of growth, diffuse and nodular. The diffuse form in some cases presents a stage preceeding the nodular form.", "PMID": 426637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13441", "title": "[Morphological changes in the lung blood vessels in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Examinations of the lung vessels in diabetes of various degrees of severity and duration revealed changes in the vessels similar to diabetic microangiopathy in other organs (kidneys, skin). Manifestations of diabetic microangiopathy in the lungs are most marked in arterioles and capillaries of the alveolar septae. Diabetic microangiopathy in the lungs is characterized by phenomena of plasmorrhagy and insudation, thickening of capillary basal membranes, sclerosis and hyalinosis of capillary and arteriola walls, and accumulation of alveolar macrophages resorbing metabolism products in alveolar lumen. Diabetic microangiopathy leads to the development of alveolar septae sclerosis and to centrilobular pulmonary emphysema. As compared with the involvement of the vessels in the kidneys and the skin, manifestations of diabetic microangiopathy in the lungs lag in their development and are less manifest.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the lung blood vessels in diabetes mellitus]. Examinations of the lung vessels in diabetes of various degrees of severity and duration revealed changes in the vessels similar to diabetic microangiopathy in other organs (kidneys, skin). Manifestations of diabetic microangiopathy in the lungs are most marked in arterioles and capillaries of the alveolar septae. Diabetic microangiopathy in the lungs is characterized by phenomena of plasmorrhagy and insudation, thickening of capillary basal membranes, sclerosis and hyalinosis of capillary and arteriola walls, and accumulation of alveolar macrophages resorbing metabolism products in alveolar lumen. Diabetic microangiopathy leads to the development of alveolar septae sclerosis and to centrilobular pulmonary emphysema. As compared with the involvement of the vessels in the kidneys and the skin, manifestations of diabetic microangiopathy in the lungs lag in their development and are less manifest.", "PMID": 426638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13442", "title": "[Morphogenesis of experimental emphysema induced by different circulation disorders in the lungs].", "content": "Pulmonary emphysema was reproduced in 126 rabbits by disorders of circulation in the pulmonary artery system with the development of pre- and postcapillary hypertension and hypovolemia of pulmonary circulation. Under conditions of pulmonary circulation hypertension changes in the lungs initially are of the compensatory-hypertrophic nature: hyperplasia and distention of capillaries, myoelastosis of respiratory bronchioles and closing plates of alveoli, hypertrophy of the muscle wall of arteries and veins. At later intervals (4--12 months), processes of atrophy, sclerosis and inflation develop in the lungs; changes in the lungs acquire the nature of emphysema. Anemia, parenchymal atrophy, sclerosis and inflation develop in the lungs due to a considerable reduction of circulation.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of experimental emphysema induced by different circulation disorders in the lungs]. Pulmonary emphysema was reproduced in 126 rabbits by disorders of circulation in the pulmonary artery system with the development of pre- and postcapillary hypertension and hypovolemia of pulmonary circulation. Under conditions of pulmonary circulation hypertension changes in the lungs initially are of the compensatory-hypertrophic nature: hyperplasia and distention of capillaries, myoelastosis of respiratory bronchioles and closing plates of alveoli, hypertrophy of the muscle wall of arteries and veins. At later intervals (4--12 months), processes of atrophy, sclerosis and inflation develop in the lungs; changes in the lungs acquire the nature of emphysema. Anemia, parenchymal atrophy, sclerosis and inflation develop in the lungs due to a considerable reduction of circulation.", "PMID": 426639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13443", "title": "[Planning the pathological departments of modern large clinics].", "content": "With the increasing importance of pathomorphological research as an integral element of optimization of therapeutic-diagnostic service of a modern hospital, it is important to improve the structure and technical basis of the pathology departments. The experience of pathological service and the analysis of projects of pathology departments included in the current type projects of clinical and other hospitals reveal some unsatisfactory features in architectural planning and in medico-technological aspects. This handicaps the improvement of the pathological service as an element of medical service and the subject of teaching. Recommendations on these problems are presented.", "contents": "[Planning the pathological departments of modern large clinics]. With the increasing importance of pathomorphological research as an integral element of optimization of therapeutic-diagnostic service of a modern hospital, it is important to improve the structure and technical basis of the pathology departments. The experience of pathological service and the analysis of projects of pathology departments included in the current type projects of clinical and other hospitals reveal some unsatisfactory features in architectural planning and in medico-technological aspects. This handicaps the improvement of the pathological service as an element of medical service and the subject of teaching. Recommendations on these problems are presented.", "PMID": 426640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13444", "title": "[Electron-cytochemical method of DNA detection with the aid of ammonia silver].", "content": "Three prescriptions for the detection of aldehyde groups of deoxyribose with ammoniac silver are proposed. The reaction can be carried out on tissue blocks or imprints; it is useful for DNA identification in the light and electron microscope, gives high contrast and allows to reveal DNA in structures with a relatively low content of DNA, for instance, in nucleoi. The disadvantages of the method include a possibility of nonspecific reduction of silver if the reaction is performed on a plastic-embedded material and damage of ultrastructures if the reaction is done prior to embedding.", "contents": "[Electron-cytochemical method of DNA detection with the aid of ammonia silver]. Three prescriptions for the detection of aldehyde groups of deoxyribose with ammoniac silver are proposed. The reaction can be carried out on tissue blocks or imprints; it is useful for DNA identification in the light and electron microscope, gives high contrast and allows to reveal DNA in structures with a relatively low content of DNA, for instance, in nucleoi. The disadvantages of the method include a possibility of nonspecific reduction of silver if the reaction is performed on a plastic-embedded material and damage of ultrastructures if the reaction is done prior to embedding.", "PMID": 426641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13445", "title": "[Relationship of focal lesions in the myocardium to coronary arteriosclerosis in sudden death].", "content": "Hearts of 12 patients with ischemic heart disease at the age of 42--60 years who had died suddenly were examined. The control consisted of 6 autopsy observations of violent death. A strong positive correlation between the degree of coronary arteries stenosis and the size of focal myocardial lesions was revealed in ischemic heart disease. No similar regularities were found in the controls. The size of myocardial lesions in the control group was minimal.", "contents": "[Relationship of focal lesions in the myocardium to coronary arteriosclerosis in sudden death]. Hearts of 12 patients with ischemic heart disease at the age of 42--60 years who had died suddenly were examined. The control consisted of 6 autopsy observations of violent death. A strong positive correlation between the degree of coronary arteries stenosis and the size of focal myocardial lesions was revealed in ischemic heart disease. No similar regularities were found in the controls. The size of myocardial lesions in the control group was minimal.", "PMID": 426642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13446", "title": "[Effect of physical overloads on the state of the cardiomyocytes in experimental autoimmune cardiomyopathy].", "content": "Morphology and energetic processes in the myocardium of rats suffering from autoimmune cardiomyopathy, and their changes under the influence of physical load were studied. Chronic cardiac insufficiency in autoimmune cardiomyopathy is explained by a decreased level of adenosin triphosphate (ATP) and creatinphosphate (CP), death of some cardiomyocytes, atrophy of contractile myofilaments in the working cells and disorders at the level of micro circulation bed. Physical load resulted in the appearance of ultrastructural signs of acute cardiac insufficiency without significant changes in the initial low content of ATP and CP, but with a high total creatinphosphokinase activity. Such a reaction of cardiomyocytes of the heart to physical load in autoimmune cardiomyopathy is due to the disorders in the process of energy transportation at the level of mitochondrial crystae.", "contents": "[Effect of physical overloads on the state of the cardiomyocytes in experimental autoimmune cardiomyopathy]. Morphology and energetic processes in the myocardium of rats suffering from autoimmune cardiomyopathy, and their changes under the influence of physical load were studied. Chronic cardiac insufficiency in autoimmune cardiomyopathy is explained by a decreased level of adenosin triphosphate (ATP) and creatinphosphate (CP), death of some cardiomyocytes, atrophy of contractile myofilaments in the working cells and disorders at the level of micro circulation bed. Physical load resulted in the appearance of ultrastructural signs of acute cardiac insufficiency without significant changes in the initial low content of ATP and CP, but with a high total creatinphosphokinase activity. Such a reaction of cardiomyocytes of the heart to physical load in autoimmune cardiomyopathy is due to the disorders in the process of energy transportation at the level of mitochondrial crystae.", "PMID": 426643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13447", "title": "[Abramov-Fiedler myocarditis, the most severe variant of infectious allergic myocarditis in infants].", "content": "Seven cases of Abramov-Fidler myocarditis in infants were studied. The heart affection may be considered to be an infectious-allergic process occuring in a presensitized host. The severity of the disease is due to necrotic changes in the myocardium, in some cases to the involvement of the endocardium and pericardium.", "contents": "[Abramov-Fiedler myocarditis, the most severe variant of infectious allergic myocarditis in infants]. Seven cases of Abramov-Fidler myocarditis in infants were studied. The heart affection may be considered to be an infectious-allergic process occuring in a presensitized host. The severity of the disease is due to necrotic changes in the myocardium, in some cases to the involvement of the endocardium and pericardium.", "PMID": 426644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13448", "title": "[Structure of the alveolar wall in obstructive pulmonary atelectasis in children].", "content": "The results of light and electron microscopy and morphometric studies of the alveolar wall in obstructive atelectasis in children with chronic nonspecific lung diseases (materials of 40 biopsies) are presented. Morphological changes in obstructive atelectases of various durations are described. Fresh atelectasis was shown to be characterized mostly by discirculatory and dystrophic changes. In atelectasis of a long duration, inflammatory reactions developed and, besides, regeneration-proliferation processes were activated which in children were manifested mainly by an increase in the number of large alveolar cells and, to a lesser extent, some increase in sclerotic changes. The release of osmiophilic lamellated corpuscules of large alveolar cells was disturbed, which was one of the factors conducive to the lack of a surfactant.", "contents": "[Structure of the alveolar wall in obstructive pulmonary atelectasis in children]. The results of light and electron microscopy and morphometric studies of the alveolar wall in obstructive atelectasis in children with chronic nonspecific lung diseases (materials of 40 biopsies) are presented. Morphological changes in obstructive atelectases of various durations are described. Fresh atelectasis was shown to be characterized mostly by discirculatory and dystrophic changes. In atelectasis of a long duration, inflammatory reactions developed and, besides, regeneration-proliferation processes were activated which in children were manifested mainly by an increase in the number of large alveolar cells and, to a lesser extent, some increase in sclerotic changes. The release of osmiophilic lamellated corpuscules of large alveolar cells was disturbed, which was one of the factors conducive to the lack of a surfactant.", "PMID": 426645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13449", "title": "[Changes in the thyroid gland in Itsenko-Cushing's disease and corticosteroma].", "content": "Histological and ultrastructural examinations and stereological analysis of the thyroid gland of 16 patients with Itsenko--Cushing disease and corticosteroma with glucocorticoid hyperproduction showed signs of a decrease in its functional activity. An increase in the colloid mass in follicles was accompanied by its irregular staining, flattening of the epithelium, lipomatosis of the stroma and ultrastructural signs of low activity of thyreocytes. The assumption of a spherical shape of the follicles was shown to be unjustified. The accurate quantitative evaluation of the structural changes in the thyroid gland requires information on the spacial organization of its components and shape of individual follicles.", "contents": "[Changes in the thyroid gland in Itsenko-Cushing's disease and corticosteroma]. Histological and ultrastructural examinations and stereological analysis of the thyroid gland of 16 patients with Itsenko--Cushing disease and corticosteroma with glucocorticoid hyperproduction showed signs of a decrease in its functional activity. An increase in the colloid mass in follicles was accompanied by its irregular staining, flattening of the epithelium, lipomatosis of the stroma and ultrastructural signs of low activity of thyreocytes. The assumption of a spherical shape of the follicles was shown to be unjustified. The accurate quantitative evaluation of the structural changes in the thyroid gland requires information on the spacial organization of its components and shape of individual follicles.", "PMID": 426646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13450", "title": "[Chronic pancreatitis from histo- and cytological study data].", "content": "Biopsies of pancreatic tissue in 54 patients with chronic pancreatitis were studied histologically and electron microscopically. Pathomorphological criteria of this disease include: dyscomplexation of acini, necroses, hemorrhages, inflammatory reaction, pseudocystosis, lipomatosis, condensation of secretory masses, and formation of concrements, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and increased desquamation of ductular epithelium, hyperplasia of Langerhans islands, damage of the vessels and perineural spaces, fibrosis. The increased permeability of ductal epithelium, increased synthesis of protein substances, formation of concrements and specific antibody are conducive to exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "[Chronic pancreatitis from histo- and cytological study data]. Biopsies of pancreatic tissue in 54 patients with chronic pancreatitis were studied histologically and electron microscopically. Pathomorphological criteria of this disease include: dyscomplexation of acini, necroses, hemorrhages, inflammatory reaction, pseudocystosis, lipomatosis, condensation of secretory masses, and formation of concrements, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and increased desquamation of ductular epithelium, hyperplasia of Langerhans islands, damage of the vessels and perineural spaces, fibrosis. The increased permeability of ductal epithelium, increased synthesis of protein substances, formation of concrements and specific antibody are conducive to exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 426647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13451", "title": "[Morphogenesis of fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries (an ultrastructural study)].", "content": "Ultrastructural examinations of 32 cases of various forms of fibrousmuscular dysplasia (FMD) of renal arteries showed the lesions at the subcellular level to be identical in all these forms and to differ only in their intensity and localization. As the disease progresses, smooth muscle cells (SMC) show signs of activation accompanied by an increased collagen synthesis. In this, the cells exhibit large multiblade nuclei, intensive proliferation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, hypertrophy of the Golgi complex. In cases of intensive fibrous changes, occasional fibroblasts appear in the arterial media. As collagen accumulates in intercellular spaces, signs of involution of various degrees are found in SMC. The number of elastic fibers in the media of the affected arteries decreases markedly as compared with the control. The inner elastic membrane of the arteries is frequently destroyed, particularly in the intimal form of the lesions. The study suggests that all forms of FMD represent a single process in the morphogenesis of which the leading role is played by fibroblast-like transformation of SMC.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries (an ultrastructural study)]. Ultrastructural examinations of 32 cases of various forms of fibrousmuscular dysplasia (FMD) of renal arteries showed the lesions at the subcellular level to be identical in all these forms and to differ only in their intensity and localization. As the disease progresses, smooth muscle cells (SMC) show signs of activation accompanied by an increased collagen synthesis. In this, the cells exhibit large multiblade nuclei, intensive proliferation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, hypertrophy of the Golgi complex. In cases of intensive fibrous changes, occasional fibroblasts appear in the arterial media. As collagen accumulates in intercellular spaces, signs of involution of various degrees are found in SMC. The number of elastic fibers in the media of the affected arteries decreases markedly as compared with the control. The inner elastic membrane of the arteries is frequently destroyed, particularly in the intimal form of the lesions. The study suggests that all forms of FMD represent a single process in the morphogenesis of which the leading role is played by fibroblast-like transformation of SMC.", "PMID": 426648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13452", "title": "[Generalized sarcoidosis with a predominant lesion of the myocardium].", "content": "Materials on heart sarcoidosis are presented on the basis of the literature analysis, morphological and electron microscopical examination of an autopsy observation. Heart sarcoidosis is characterized morphologically by granulomatous myocarditis with diffuse infiltration with lymphoid and macrophage cells, and marked destructive changes in muscle fibers. A damaging effect of the infiltrate cells on cardiomyocytes is shown.", "contents": "[Generalized sarcoidosis with a predominant lesion of the myocardium]. Materials on heart sarcoidosis are presented on the basis of the literature analysis, morphological and electron microscopical examination of an autopsy observation. Heart sarcoidosis is characterized morphologically by granulomatous myocarditis with diffuse infiltration with lymphoid and macrophage cells, and marked destructive changes in muscle fibers. A damaging effect of the infiltrate cells on cardiomyocytes is shown.", "PMID": 426649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13453", "title": "[Hamman-Rich syndrome].", "content": "An observation of Hamman-Rich syndrome in a man of 47 with an acute, rapidly progressive course due to an immunoconflict situation in the lungs is presented. This situation is characterized by marked changes of the microcirculatory bed of interalveolar septae, with increased permeability, productive-desquamative alveolitis and formation of hyalin membranes, lymphoid-macrophage cell reaction of diffuse fibrosis. The peculiar features of this case include not only the involvement of the lungs but also the occurrence of generalized productive vasculitis with the involvement of the myocardium and the kidneys which, alongside with considerable immune alterations in the spleen and lymph nodes, confirm the hypothesis of the systemic autoaggression nature of this disease.", "contents": "[Hamman-Rich syndrome]. An observation of Hamman-Rich syndrome in a man of 47 with an acute, rapidly progressive course due to an immunoconflict situation in the lungs is presented. This situation is characterized by marked changes of the microcirculatory bed of interalveolar septae, with increased permeability, productive-desquamative alveolitis and formation of hyalin membranes, lymphoid-macrophage cell reaction of diffuse fibrosis. The peculiar features of this case include not only the involvement of the lungs but also the occurrence of generalized productive vasculitis with the involvement of the myocardium and the kidneys which, alongside with considerable immune alterations in the spleen and lymph nodes, confirm the hypothesis of the systemic autoaggression nature of this disease.", "PMID": 426650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13454", "title": "[Nodular fibrohistiocytosis of the stomach].", "content": "The paper described 11 observations of peculiar nodulous formations of the stomach localized in the submucous layer and usually ulcerated. They consist of the connective tissue stroma with abundance of vessels in which polymorph cells of the immune system are deposited and there is an abundant eosinophilic infiltration. The structure of the formation resembles gradually fibrosing granulations. The process goes in waves. In some cases, lesions typical of the scarry tissue at the site of chronic ulcer were observed in the adjacent submucous layer and sometimes in the external muscle layer of the stomach. It is suggested that the described formation is associated with the healed ulcer, possibly under special conditions of the immune system stimulation. The morphological essence of the process is most completely described by the term \"fibrohistiocytosis with tissue eosinophilia\".", "contents": "[Nodular fibrohistiocytosis of the stomach]. The paper described 11 observations of peculiar nodulous formations of the stomach localized in the submucous layer and usually ulcerated. They consist of the connective tissue stroma with abundance of vessels in which polymorph cells of the immune system are deposited and there is an abundant eosinophilic infiltration. The structure of the formation resembles gradually fibrosing granulations. The process goes in waves. In some cases, lesions typical of the scarry tissue at the site of chronic ulcer were observed in the adjacent submucous layer and sometimes in the external muscle layer of the stomach. It is suggested that the described formation is associated with the healed ulcer, possibly under special conditions of the immune system stimulation. The morphological essence of the process is most completely described by the term \"fibrohistiocytosis with tissue eosinophilia\".", "PMID": 426651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13455", "title": "[Adrenal cortex in experimental carcinogenesis of the intestine].", "content": "Morphological and histochemical examinations of the adrenal cortex of 150 rats with intestinal carcinogenesis caused by 1,2-dimethylhydrasine, and comparison of the results with control results in 20 intact rats showed the latent period to occur against the background of atrophic changes in the cortical matter consisting in a decrease in the adrenal weight, narrowing of the cortical matter, decreasing diameter of the secretory cells nuclei, accumulation of lipids and cholesterol in zona fasciculata and zona reticulosa, and decreased content of ascorbic acid. In contrast, the period of tumour growth within the intestinal mucosa coincides with hypertrophic changes in the adrenal cortex. In extensive cancer, the intensity of these hypertrophic changes increased, and dystrophically changed cells and micronecroses appeared.", "contents": "[Adrenal cortex in experimental carcinogenesis of the intestine]. Morphological and histochemical examinations of the adrenal cortex of 150 rats with intestinal carcinogenesis caused by 1,2-dimethylhydrasine, and comparison of the results with control results in 20 intact rats showed the latent period to occur against the background of atrophic changes in the cortical matter consisting in a decrease in the adrenal weight, narrowing of the cortical matter, decreasing diameter of the secretory cells nuclei, accumulation of lipids and cholesterol in zona fasciculata and zona reticulosa, and decreased content of ascorbic acid. In contrast, the period of tumour growth within the intestinal mucosa coincides with hypertrophic changes in the adrenal cortex. In extensive cancer, the intensity of these hypertrophic changes increased, and dystrophically changed cells and micronecroses appeared.", "PMID": 426653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13456", "title": "[Ultrastructural analysis of the morphological changes in the lungs and heart in experimental thermal burns of the skin].", "content": "The experimental results showed that in severe thermal burns of the skin marked disorders of microcirculation in all parts of the tissue in the lungs and myocardium or rabbits, disorders in permeability of capillary and cell membranes, increased diffusion and filtration processes developed. Alongside with these processes, dystrophic changes of some organoids were observed in cells. Most of these changes were reversible which was conducive to subsequent restoration of the ultrastructure of the affected cells as a result of intracellular compensatory processes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural analysis of the morphological changes in the lungs and heart in experimental thermal burns of the skin]. The experimental results showed that in severe thermal burns of the skin marked disorders of microcirculation in all parts of the tissue in the lungs and myocardium or rabbits, disorders in permeability of capillary and cell membranes, increased diffusion and filtration processes developed. Alongside with these processes, dystrophic changes of some organoids were observed in cells. Most of these changes were reversible which was conducive to subsequent restoration of the ultrastructure of the affected cells as a result of intracellular compensatory processes.", "PMID": 426655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13457", "title": "[Histoautoradiographic study of the heart in experimental myocardial ischemia].", "content": "Autoradiographic examinations of the heart muscle in experimental myocardial necroses using 3H-thymidine, revealed a high DNA synthesis in the connective tissue cells in the zone of necrosis in the acute period of infarction and its subsequent decrease. Deviations from this regularity were observed when relapses of necrosis developed. The activation of DNA synthesis occurred to a lesser extent in stromal cells of the periinfarction and remote zones of the heart. Muscle cells incorporated 3H-thymidine extremely rarely. When myocardial infarction was combined with aterosclerosis, relapses of necrosis occurred frequently, and morphological changes in many arteries and veins were accompanied by 3H-thymidine incorporation into the nuclei of the endothelium, smooth cells and adventitial cells. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in connective tissue cells of various heart zones was observed in cases of combined myocardial infarction and aterosclerosis and hypertension.", "contents": "[Histoautoradiographic study of the heart in experimental myocardial ischemia]. Autoradiographic examinations of the heart muscle in experimental myocardial necroses using 3H-thymidine, revealed a high DNA synthesis in the connective tissue cells in the zone of necrosis in the acute period of infarction and its subsequent decrease. Deviations from this regularity were observed when relapses of necrosis developed. The activation of DNA synthesis occurred to a lesser extent in stromal cells of the periinfarction and remote zones of the heart. Muscle cells incorporated 3H-thymidine extremely rarely. When myocardial infarction was combined with aterosclerosis, relapses of necrosis occurred frequently, and morphological changes in many arteries and veins were accompanied by 3H-thymidine incorporation into the nuclei of the endothelium, smooth cells and adventitial cells. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in connective tissue cells of various heart zones was observed in cases of combined myocardial infarction and aterosclerosis and hypertension.", "PMID": 426656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13458", "title": "[Characteristics of the rat heart in experimental atheroclerosis].", "content": "The morphological picture of the myocardium of white rats after administration of cholesterol, cholic acid, and vitamin D2 was studied. After four weeks of atherogenic diet the hearts of rats showed severe lesions of intramural vessels in addition to disseminated necroses, granulomatous cell reaction of the stroma which was sometimes of the giant cell nature, and connective tissue proliferation. Non-uniform hypertrophy of the endothelium, edema and defibrilation of the media, proliferation of young connective tissue cells, outgrowth of reticular and collagen fibers, and deposition of calcium salts in the entire thickness of the vessel wall were observed, as well as destruction of the inner elastic membrane and its substitution with newly formed fibers and membranes. These changes may be associated with the toxic effect and sensitizing properties of vitamin D2 which was a component of the atherogenic diet used.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the rat heart in experimental atheroclerosis]. The morphological picture of the myocardium of white rats after administration of cholesterol, cholic acid, and vitamin D2 was studied. After four weeks of atherogenic diet the hearts of rats showed severe lesions of intramural vessels in addition to disseminated necroses, granulomatous cell reaction of the stroma which was sometimes of the giant cell nature, and connective tissue proliferation. Non-uniform hypertrophy of the endothelium, edema and defibrilation of the media, proliferation of young connective tissue cells, outgrowth of reticular and collagen fibers, and deposition of calcium salts in the entire thickness of the vessel wall were observed, as well as destruction of the inner elastic membrane and its substitution with newly formed fibers and membranes. These changes may be associated with the toxic effect and sensitizing properties of vitamin D2 which was a component of the atherogenic diet used.", "PMID": 426657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13459", "title": "[Embolisms in punctures and catheterization of the subclavian veins in young children].", "content": "Observations of thrombic and tissue (skin, muscle) embolism of small branches of the pulmonary artery in two infants of 2 1/2 months suffering from acute respiratory viral diseases and a child of 3 1/2 years who died of scarlet fever are presented. Complications of this kind due to insufficient observations of the rules of puncture and catheterization of central veins, particularly in young infants, are not infrequent. In some cases, they may aggravate the course of the main disease.", "contents": "[Embolisms in punctures and catheterization of the subclavian veins in young children]. Observations of thrombic and tissue (skin, muscle) embolism of small branches of the pulmonary artery in two infants of 2 1/2 months suffering from acute respiratory viral diseases and a child of 3 1/2 years who died of scarlet fever are presented. Complications of this kind due to insufficient observations of the rules of puncture and catheterization of central veins, particularly in young infants, are not infrequent. In some cases, they may aggravate the course of the main disease.", "PMID": 426658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13460", "title": "[Intrauterine candidiasis of the brain].", "content": "Clinical data and morphological pictures of two cases of intrauterine affection of the brain with fungi of the genus Candida are presented. Tissue reactions in the brain were of productive inflammation nature and were accompanied by calcium deposition, focal hemorrhages, and the development of pseudoporencephalia. Changes in resistance of the baby occurred as indicated by hyperplasia of the lymphoid apparatus and the occurrence of nonspecific inflammation in other organs. When calcifications are found in the brains of newborn babies, it is recommended that proper examinations be done to exclude intrauterine mycosis.", "contents": "[Intrauterine candidiasis of the brain]. Clinical data and morphological pictures of two cases of intrauterine affection of the brain with fungi of the genus Candida are presented. Tissue reactions in the brain were of productive inflammation nature and were accompanied by calcium deposition, focal hemorrhages, and the development of pseudoporencephalia. Changes in resistance of the baby occurred as indicated by hyperplasia of the lymphoid apparatus and the occurrence of nonspecific inflammation in other organs. When calcifications are found in the brains of newborn babies, it is recommended that proper examinations be done to exclude intrauterine mycosis.", "PMID": 426660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13461", "title": "[Chronic gastritis and cancer of the stomach].", "content": "The paper analyses interrelationships between chronic gastritis and carcinoma of the stomach. It has been recognized that various forms of chronic gastritis preceed carcinoma of the stomach. The source of the carcinoma origin is the epithelium of the gastric pit, intestinal and mixed epithelium. The nearest precursors of the carcinoma are foci of dysplasia of the epithelium developing in pits, intestinal cryptae and mixed glands. Proceeding from the regular emergence of the stomach carcinoma against the background of chromic gastritis, features of carcinogenesis in the stomach, and morphogenesis of chronic gastritis, the authors substantiate the pathogenetic connection between chronic gastritis and carcinoma of the stomach. Secondary changes in the gastric system have been found to develop in the III--IV stages of carcinoma. The main morphological features of carcinoma of the stomach of different histogenesis are characterized.", "contents": "[Chronic gastritis and cancer of the stomach]. The paper analyses interrelationships between chronic gastritis and carcinoma of the stomach. It has been recognized that various forms of chronic gastritis preceed carcinoma of the stomach. The source of the carcinoma origin is the epithelium of the gastric pit, intestinal and mixed epithelium. The nearest precursors of the carcinoma are foci of dysplasia of the epithelium developing in pits, intestinal cryptae and mixed glands. Proceeding from the regular emergence of the stomach carcinoma against the background of chromic gastritis, features of carcinogenesis in the stomach, and morphogenesis of chronic gastritis, the authors substantiate the pathogenetic connection between chronic gastritis and carcinoma of the stomach. Secondary changes in the gastric system have been found to develop in the III--IV stages of carcinoma. The main morphological features of carcinoma of the stomach of different histogenesis are characterized.", "PMID": 426661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13462", "title": "Influence of rehabilitation on language skills in aphasic patients. A controlled study.", "content": "The influence of language rehabilitation on specific language skills (speaking, understanding, writing, and reading) was investigated in 281 aphasic patients (162 reeducated and 119 controls) who were subjected to a second examination no less than six months after the first. The relationship of the following factors to improvement was studied: (a) time between onset of aphasia and first examination; (b) type of aphasia; (c) overall severity of aphasia on first examination; (d) presence or absence of rehabilitation between first and subsequent examination. It was found that rehabilitation has a significant positive effect on improvement in all language skills. Time between onset and first examination and overall severity of aphasia were negatively related to improvement. The relationship of type of asphasia to improvement was not significant. Additional evidence of the efficacy of rehabilitation is provided by experience with patients who began language therapy several months or years after the onset of their language disorder.", "contents": "Influence of rehabilitation on language skills in aphasic patients. A controlled study. The influence of language rehabilitation on specific language skills (speaking, understanding, writing, and reading) was investigated in 281 aphasic patients (162 reeducated and 119 controls) who were subjected to a second examination no less than six months after the first. The relationship of the following factors to improvement was studied: (a) time between onset of aphasia and first examination; (b) type of aphasia; (c) overall severity of aphasia on first examination; (d) presence or absence of rehabilitation between first and subsequent examination. It was found that rehabilitation has a significant positive effect on improvement in all language skills. Time between onset and first examination and overall severity of aphasia were negatively related to improvement. The relationship of type of asphasia to improvement was not significant. Additional evidence of the efficacy of rehabilitation is provided by experience with patients who began language therapy several months or years after the onset of their language disorder.", "PMID": 426663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13463", "title": "Temporal gradients in the retrograde amnesia of patients with alcoholic Korsakoff's disease.", "content": "Eleven alcoholic patients with Korsakoff's disease and 15 control subjects were given three tests of retrograde amnesia. The first consisted of photographs of famous faces from the past, the second was a recall test of famous people and events, and the third was a multiple-choice questionnaire. To determine whether previously reported temporal gradients (ie, preservation of remote events) were related to item difficulty, half of the questions dealt with events of transient fame while half concerned subjects that continued to receive public attention for many years. The findings indicate that alcoholic patients with Korsakoff's disease have a marked retrograde amnesia that is characterized by a steep temporal gradient, and that this gradient is not an artifact due to the difficulty of the questions or the method of testing.", "contents": "Temporal gradients in the retrograde amnesia of patients with alcoholic Korsakoff's disease. Eleven alcoholic patients with Korsakoff's disease and 15 control subjects were given three tests of retrograde amnesia. The first consisted of photographs of famous faces from the past, the second was a recall test of famous people and events, and the third was a multiple-choice questionnaire. To determine whether previously reported temporal gradients (ie, preservation of remote events) were related to item difficulty, half of the questions dealt with events of transient fame while half concerned subjects that continued to receive public attention for many years. The findings indicate that alcoholic patients with Korsakoff's disease have a marked retrograde amnesia that is characterized by a steep temporal gradient, and that this gradient is not an artifact due to the difficulty of the questions or the method of testing.", "PMID": 426664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13464", "title": "Endocrinologic regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia on Guam.", "content": "Studies of the endocrinologic control of carbohydrate metabolism were conducted in Guamanians with parkinsonism-dementia (PD) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and in Guamanian control patients who had various other neuromuscular disorders. Intravenously infused arginine tended to produce a more prolonged elevation in serum glucose levels in PD and ALS patients than in control subjects. On the other hand, the serum insulin response to arginine was significantly less in both PD and ALS patients than in controls. Arginine stimulated the release of growth hormone to a similar degree in all three patient groups. These observations support and extend previous reports of endocrinologic abnormalities in parkinsonism and ALS and might suggest that a defect in pancreatic islet cell function attends these disorders.", "contents": "Endocrinologic regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia on Guam. Studies of the endocrinologic control of carbohydrate metabolism were conducted in Guamanians with parkinsonism-dementia (PD) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and in Guamanian control patients who had various other neuromuscular disorders. Intravenously infused arginine tended to produce a more prolonged elevation in serum glucose levels in PD and ALS patients than in control subjects. On the other hand, the serum insulin response to arginine was significantly less in both PD and ALS patients than in controls. Arginine stimulated the release of growth hormone to a similar degree in all three patient groups. These observations support and extend previous reports of endocrinologic abnormalities in parkinsonism and ALS and might suggest that a defect in pancreatic islet cell function attends these disorders.", "PMID": 426665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13465", "title": "Aphasia resulting from occlusion of the left anterior cerebral artery. Report of a case with an old infarct in the left Rolandic region.", "content": "A 62-year-old right-handed woman was admitted to the hospital with a cerebrovascular accident in the left hemisphere. She was aphasic as well as hemiplegic on the right. She had had a left cerebrovascular accident 18 years earlier that caused weakness in the right hand, but no grossly detectable speech problems. Autopsy disclosed an old infarct along the left Rolandic area, and a recent infarct in the territory of the left anterior cerebral artery. The clinical picture and pathologic changes are discussed in an attempt to relate the findings at autopsy to the recently developed aphasia.", "contents": "Aphasia resulting from occlusion of the left anterior cerebral artery. Report of a case with an old infarct in the left Rolandic region. A 62-year-old right-handed woman was admitted to the hospital with a cerebrovascular accident in the left hemisphere. She was aphasic as well as hemiplegic on the right. She had had a left cerebrovascular accident 18 years earlier that caused weakness in the right hand, but no grossly detectable speech problems. Autopsy disclosed an old infarct along the left Rolandic area, and a recent infarct in the territory of the left anterior cerebral artery. The clinical picture and pathologic changes are discussed in an attempt to relate the findings at autopsy to the recently developed aphasia.", "PMID": 426666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13466", "title": "Alpha-pattern coma in a 2-year-old child.", "content": "An EEG of a two-year-old child with Reye's syndrome complicated by prolonged hypoglycemia showed continuous, diffusely distributed, 8- to 9-Hz, well-modulated alpha activity while the patient was comatose. Continuous monitoring of EEG showed gradual reduction of alpha activity and the appearance of moderate-amplitude delta waves within the next 18 hours. Subsequent EEGs showed electrocerebral silence. The EEG features and their evolution resembled those described in postanoxic \"alpha-pattern coma\" in adults. A diffuse cortical-subcortical insult, possibly due to hypoglycemia, may be responsible for the generation of diffuse alpha activity in our case. Because of its transient nature, immediate and serial EEG studies following the acute cerebral insult may be necessary to demonstrate this pattern in children.", "contents": "Alpha-pattern coma in a 2-year-old child. An EEG of a two-year-old child with Reye's syndrome complicated by prolonged hypoglycemia showed continuous, diffusely distributed, 8- to 9-Hz, well-modulated alpha activity while the patient was comatose. Continuous monitoring of EEG showed gradual reduction of alpha activity and the appearance of moderate-amplitude delta waves within the next 18 hours. Subsequent EEGs showed electrocerebral silence. The EEG features and their evolution resembled those described in postanoxic \"alpha-pattern coma\" in adults. A diffuse cortical-subcortical insult, possibly due to hypoglycemia, may be responsible for the generation of diffuse alpha activity in our case. Because of its transient nature, immediate and serial EEG studies following the acute cerebral insult may be necessary to demonstrate this pattern in children.", "PMID": 426667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13467", "title": "Leukomalacia with ruptured saccular aneurysm.", "content": "A 42-year-old woman with a ruptured saccular aneurysm of the internal carotid artery developed large areas of cerebral leukomalacia, resulting in hemiparesis and an obtunded mental state. A significant factor in the development of the white matter lesions was episodic hypotension, leading to reduced cerebral blood flow in a patient whose cerebral circulation was already compromised by vasospasm secondary to the subarachnoid hemorrhage. This case illustrates yet another clinical situation associated with the development of white matter necrosis.", "contents": "Leukomalacia with ruptured saccular aneurysm. A 42-year-old woman with a ruptured saccular aneurysm of the internal carotid artery developed large areas of cerebral leukomalacia, resulting in hemiparesis and an obtunded mental state. A significant factor in the development of the white matter lesions was episodic hypotension, leading to reduced cerebral blood flow in a patient whose cerebral circulation was already compromised by vasospasm secondary to the subarachnoid hemorrhage. This case illustrates yet another clinical situation associated with the development of white matter necrosis.", "PMID": 426668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13468", "title": "The resolving stroke and aphasia. A case study with computerized tomography.", "content": "A 39-year-old man suffered an intracerebral hemorrhage in the region of the left internal capsule deep to Wernicke's area. The location of the lesion was confirmed by computerized tomography (CT) performed two days postictally. Two weeks after admission, the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) diclosed Wernicke's aphasia. We hypothesize that the hematoma exerted pressure on Wernicke's cortical area, thus causing the resulting Wernicke's aphasia at that time. A CT scan three months later showed absorption of the hematoma, with a residual low-density lesion deep to Wernicke's area, in the region of the arcuate fasciculus. At that time, BDAE testing disclosed a mild conduction aphasia. Serial CT scanning combined with discriminating clinical evaluation of aphasia provides a valuable opportunity for study of the processes underlying stroke resolution and aphasia.", "contents": "The resolving stroke and aphasia. A case study with computerized tomography. A 39-year-old man suffered an intracerebral hemorrhage in the region of the left internal capsule deep to Wernicke's area. The location of the lesion was confirmed by computerized tomography (CT) performed two days postictally. Two weeks after admission, the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) diclosed Wernicke's aphasia. We hypothesize that the hematoma exerted pressure on Wernicke's cortical area, thus causing the resulting Wernicke's aphasia at that time. A CT scan three months later showed absorption of the hematoma, with a residual low-density lesion deep to Wernicke's area, in the region of the arcuate fasciculus. At that time, BDAE testing disclosed a mild conduction aphasia. Serial CT scanning combined with discriminating clinical evaluation of aphasia provides a valuable opportunity for study of the processes underlying stroke resolution and aphasia.", "PMID": 426669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13469", "title": "Peripheral nerve involvement in familial spastic paraplegia.", "content": "A sural nerve biopsy specimen was obtained from a 16-year-old girl affected by a clinically uncomplicated form of familial spastic paraplegia. The electron microscopic study evidenced degenerative changes in some large myelinated fibers. Onion bulb formations and clusters of small myelinated fibers were also observed. Quantitative determinations showed a decreased density of the large myelinated fibers and a mild decrease in the percentage of the endoneural area covered by the myelinated fibers. The unmyelinated fibers were uninvolved except for their participation in onion bulb formations.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve involvement in familial spastic paraplegia. A sural nerve biopsy specimen was obtained from a 16-year-old girl affected by a clinically uncomplicated form of familial spastic paraplegia. The electron microscopic study evidenced degenerative changes in some large myelinated fibers. Onion bulb formations and clusters of small myelinated fibers were also observed. Quantitative determinations showed a decreased density of the large myelinated fibers and a mild decrease in the percentage of the endoneural area covered by the myelinated fibers. The unmyelinated fibers were uninvolved except for their participation in onion bulb formations.", "PMID": 426670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13470", "title": "The anterior spinal artery collateral in coarctation of the aorta. A clinical angiographic correlation.", "content": "A 10-year-old boy had acute flaccid paraparesis with sensory deficits. Attention was drawn to his hitherto asymptomatic coarctation of the aorta. Aniography defined the extent of the dilated anterior spinal artery, and reversal of the flow pattern. The residual deficits consisted of minimal impairment of long motor and lateral sensory tract functions in a unilateral fashion, suggesting a steal syndrome with transient ischemia to the spinal cord. Recovery preceded surgical correction of the coarctation.", "contents": "The anterior spinal artery collateral in coarctation of the aorta. A clinical angiographic correlation. A 10-year-old boy had acute flaccid paraparesis with sensory deficits. Attention was drawn to his hitherto asymptomatic coarctation of the aorta. Aniography defined the extent of the dilated anterior spinal artery, and reversal of the flow pattern. The residual deficits consisted of minimal impairment of long motor and lateral sensory tract functions in a unilateral fashion, suggesting a steal syndrome with transient ischemia to the spinal cord. Recovery preceded surgical correction of the coarctation.", "PMID": 426671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13471", "title": "Hemiparkinsonism. A human model for studying dopaminergic supersensitivity.", "content": "The observation of a patient suffering from a parkinsonian syndrome, almost entirely expressed on the right side, and \"on-off\" attacks with rotatory movement of the trunk, led us to consider that the rotational model of animals may be reproduced in man. The symptoms presented by our patient may reflect a predominant degeneration in the nigrostriatal pathway of the left side. We suggest that his torsion behavior is due to hypersensitivity phenomenon of the dopaminergic receptors on this side.", "contents": "Hemiparkinsonism. A human model for studying dopaminergic supersensitivity. The observation of a patient suffering from a parkinsonian syndrome, almost entirely expressed on the right side, and \"on-off\" attacks with rotatory movement of the trunk, led us to consider that the rotational model of animals may be reproduced in man. The symptoms presented by our patient may reflect a predominant degeneration in the nigrostriatal pathway of the left side. We suggest that his torsion behavior is due to hypersensitivity phenomenon of the dopaminergic receptors on this side.", "PMID": 426672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13472", "title": "Four risk factors for severe visual loss in diabetic retinopathy. The third report from the Diabetic Retinopathy Study. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group.", "content": "The Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) Research Group has so far identified four retinopathy factors that increase the two-year risk of developing severe visual loss. The risk grows as the number of risk factors increases. Eyes with three or more risk factors (eyes with \"high-risk characteristics\") are at a much higher risk than eyes with two or fewer factors. The DRS protocol was changed in 1976 to require consideration of treatment for these \"high-risk\" eyes.", "contents": "Four risk factors for severe visual loss in diabetic retinopathy. The third report from the Diabetic Retinopathy Study. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) Research Group has so far identified four retinopathy factors that increase the two-year risk of developing severe visual loss. The risk grows as the number of risk factors increases. Eyes with three or more risk factors (eyes with \"high-risk characteristics\") are at a much higher risk than eyes with two or fewer factors. The DRS protocol was changed in 1976 to require consideration of treatment for these \"high-risk\" eyes.", "PMID": 426679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13473", "title": "Attachment of bacteria to soft contact lenses.", "content": "A total of 25 soft contact lenses from 17 asymptomatic contact lens wearers and eight patients with contact lens-associated giant papillary conjunctivitis were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Structures that resembled bacteria were present on the anterior surface of seven lenses. All lenses showed a coating of granular mucus-like deposits. Some bacteria were seen scattered randomly over the surface, with no apparent attachment to the lens, whereas others were attached to the coated surface by thin, flagella-like foot processes, the distal ends of which were unattached. These attached bacteria were cylindrical in shape. Several bacteria showed a constriction centrally. Some bacteria were covered by the surface coating, while others, which were round to ovoid in shape, appeared partially embedded in the coating itself. Aggregations of bacteria were seen around clumps of mucus-like debris.", "contents": "Attachment of bacteria to soft contact lenses. A total of 25 soft contact lenses from 17 asymptomatic contact lens wearers and eight patients with contact lens-associated giant papillary conjunctivitis were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Structures that resembled bacteria were present on the anterior surface of seven lenses. All lenses showed a coating of granular mucus-like deposits. Some bacteria were seen scattered randomly over the surface, with no apparent attachment to the lens, whereas others were attached to the coated surface by thin, flagella-like foot processes, the distal ends of which were unattached. These attached bacteria were cylindrical in shape. Several bacteria showed a constriction centrally. Some bacteria were covered by the surface coating, while others, which were round to ovoid in shape, appeared partially embedded in the coating itself. Aggregations of bacteria were seen around clumps of mucus-like debris.", "PMID": 426680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13474", "title": "Orbicularis fatigue: the 'peek' sign of myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Three patients with myasthenia gravis demonstrated a distinctive sign of orbicularis fatigue. After momentary opposition on gentle sustained lid closure, the lid margins separated, resulting in widening of the palpebral fissure and scleral exposure. The patient thus appeared to \"peek\" at the examiner. The \"peek\" sign was not observed in 200 control patients and in 49 of 50 patients with facial weakness secondary to a spectrum of neuromuscular disorders. Three of 25 patients with myasthenia gravis displayed this sign, and in one patient it was the major diagnostic finding. The presence of the \"peek\" sign suggests the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Orbicularis fatigue: the 'peek' sign of myasthenia gravis. Three patients with myasthenia gravis demonstrated a distinctive sign of orbicularis fatigue. After momentary opposition on gentle sustained lid closure, the lid margins separated, resulting in widening of the palpebral fissure and scleral exposure. The patient thus appeared to \"peek\" at the examiner. The \"peek\" sign was not observed in 200 control patients and in 49 of 50 patients with facial weakness secondary to a spectrum of neuromuscular disorders. Three of 25 patients with myasthenia gravis displayed this sign, and in one patient it was the major diagnostic finding. The presence of the \"peek\" sign suggests the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 426681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13475", "title": "Autosomal dominant dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "This study describes a salt-and-pepper fundus appearance in nine relatives in three generations of a single white kindred. Two of these patients also had subretinal patterned pigment figures by ophthalmoscopy. In another, fluorescein angiography showed a reticular pattern that was not apparent by ophthalmoscopy. This dystrophy was functionally benign, although the electro-oculogram ratio was abnormal in affected patients. This pigmentary dystrophy and fundus pulverulentus, reticular dystrophy of Benedikt and Werner, and pattern dystrophy of Marmor and Byers are indistinguishable. When patterned pigment figures are absent, this autosomal-dominant pigmentary dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium can be confused with other disorders such as congenital rubella retinopathy and drug toxicity.", "contents": "Autosomal dominant dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. This study describes a salt-and-pepper fundus appearance in nine relatives in three generations of a single white kindred. Two of these patients also had subretinal patterned pigment figures by ophthalmoscopy. In another, fluorescein angiography showed a reticular pattern that was not apparent by ophthalmoscopy. This dystrophy was functionally benign, although the electro-oculogram ratio was abnormal in affected patients. This pigmentary dystrophy and fundus pulverulentus, reticular dystrophy of Benedikt and Werner, and pattern dystrophy of Marmor and Byers are indistinguishable. When patterned pigment figures are absent, this autosomal-dominant pigmentary dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium can be confused with other disorders such as congenital rubella retinopathy and drug toxicity.", "PMID": 426682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13476", "title": "Acuity profile perimetry: description of technique and preliminary clinical trials.", "content": "Acuity profile perimetry is a technique that allows visual acuity properties to be rapidly measured at any location in the visual field. This report describes our initial clinical trials with acuity profile perimetry, as performed in combination with standard static perimetry. Preliminary results from patients with cataracts, amblyopia, and central serous retinopathy show, in general, a much greater deficit for acuity profiles than for static sensitivity profiles. In contrast, patients with optic neuritis or other optic neuropathies display approximately equivalent losses for static and acuity profiles. The recovery process in optic neuritis is also about equal for the two functions. Our initial findings suggest that acuity profile perimetry may be a valuable differential diagnostic test, particularly for cases in which optic nerve disease is suspected.", "contents": "Acuity profile perimetry: description of technique and preliminary clinical trials. Acuity profile perimetry is a technique that allows visual acuity properties to be rapidly measured at any location in the visual field. This report describes our initial clinical trials with acuity profile perimetry, as performed in combination with standard static perimetry. Preliminary results from patients with cataracts, amblyopia, and central serous retinopathy show, in general, a much greater deficit for acuity profiles than for static sensitivity profiles. In contrast, patients with optic neuritis or other optic neuropathies display approximately equivalent losses for static and acuity profiles. The recovery process in optic neuritis is also about equal for the two functions. Our initial findings suggest that acuity profile perimetry may be a valuable differential diagnostic test, particularly for cases in which optic nerve disease is suspected.", "PMID": 426683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13477", "title": "Malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma in an adult.", "content": "A malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma (ME) first became symptomatic in a 41-year-old woman. Her eye was enucleated for advanced glaucoma when the patient was aged 43 years, making her the oldest patient known to have had this tumor. The tumor showed little epitheliomatous differentiation, but a large rhabdomyoblastic component and nodules of cartilage. It had extended over the retina, creating a change in macular reflex as an early clinical sign, and eventually produced large retinal contraction folds. The lens was invaded by tumor, and an active phakoanaphylactic uveitis was in progress. Three of the four MEs recognized in adults have been malignant.", "contents": "Malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma in an adult. A malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma (ME) first became symptomatic in a 41-year-old woman. Her eye was enucleated for advanced glaucoma when the patient was aged 43 years, making her the oldest patient known to have had this tumor. The tumor showed little epitheliomatous differentiation, but a large rhabdomyoblastic component and nodules of cartilage. It had extended over the retina, creating a change in macular reflex as an early clinical sign, and eventually produced large retinal contraction folds. The lens was invaded by tumor, and an active phakoanaphylactic uveitis was in progress. Three of the four MEs recognized in adults have been malignant.", "PMID": 426684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13478", "title": "Regression of iris neovascularization following panretinal photocoagulation.", "content": "A 57-year-old woman with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in both eyes also had iris surface neovascularization with early angle neovascularization in her right eye, which regressed completely following treatment with panretinal photocoagulation. Histopathologic examination confirmed the complete absence of abnormal vessels on the iris surface or in the iridocorneal angle of the right eye; an avascular fibrous membrane persisted on a segment of the posterior iris pigment epithelium near the pupil. There was advanced rubeosis in the untreated left eye.", "contents": "Regression of iris neovascularization following panretinal photocoagulation. A 57-year-old woman with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in both eyes also had iris surface neovascularization with early angle neovascularization in her right eye, which regressed completely following treatment with panretinal photocoagulation. Histopathologic examination confirmed the complete absence of abnormal vessels on the iris surface or in the iridocorneal angle of the right eye; an avascular fibrous membrane persisted on a segment of the posterior iris pigment epithelium near the pupil. There was advanced rubeosis in the untreated left eye.", "PMID": 426685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13479", "title": "Fibromatous tumor (desmoid type) of the orbit.", "content": "A case of a desmoid tumor originally appeared as an orbital mass lesion in a 63-year-old woman. This is a most unusual location for this tumor and, to our knowledge, only one previous case of this type has been reported in the ophthalmic literature.", "contents": "Fibromatous tumor (desmoid type) of the orbit. A case of a desmoid tumor originally appeared as an orbital mass lesion in a 63-year-old woman. This is a most unusual location for this tumor and, to our knowledge, only one previous case of this type has been reported in the ophthalmic literature.", "PMID": 426686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13480", "title": "The role of Whitnall's ligament in ptosis surgery.", "content": "Whitnall's ligament has been described functionally as a check ligament of the levator. Our anatomic dissections and operative findings indicate that this ligament is primarily a support for the upper eyelid and superior orbit. Whitnall's ligament is frequently confused with the levator horns and is unfortunately cut during many ptosis procedures. This is to be avoided because much larger levator resections are required when this ligament's support to the upper lid and the fulcrum effect for the levator are lost. Preserving and enhancing the function of Whitnall's ligament improves the efficiency of the levator, making large levator resections rarely necessary. We have noted no more lid lag than that seen with other forms of levator surgery.", "contents": "The role of Whitnall's ligament in ptosis surgery. Whitnall's ligament has been described functionally as a check ligament of the levator. Our anatomic dissections and operative findings indicate that this ligament is primarily a support for the upper eyelid and superior orbit. Whitnall's ligament is frequently confused with the levator horns and is unfortunately cut during many ptosis procedures. This is to be avoided because much larger levator resections are required when this ligament's support to the upper lid and the fulcrum effect for the levator are lost. Preserving and enhancing the function of Whitnall's ligament improves the efficiency of the levator, making large levator resections rarely necessary. We have noted no more lid lag than that seen with other forms of levator surgery.", "PMID": 426687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13481", "title": "An elastic pouch operation for large retinal tears.", "content": "An episcleral pouch operation that uses Dacron-reinforced silicone sheeting for the patch and silicone sponge pellets for the stuffing has been used to extend the localized radial buckling technique to retinal detachments that are caused by breaks that span a circumferential arc between 40 degrees and 70 degrees. Nineteen of 20 retinal detachments responded favorably to the operation, 14 without drainage of subretinal fluid. When the pouch was extended circumferentially to apply to detachments caused by breaks greater than 70 degrees, it failed in six of seven patients because a radial configuration could no longer be maintained. The substitution of transparent silicone sheeting for donor sclera facilitates the fitting and stuffing of the pouch.", "contents": "An elastic pouch operation for large retinal tears. An episcleral pouch operation that uses Dacron-reinforced silicone sheeting for the patch and silicone sponge pellets for the stuffing has been used to extend the localized radial buckling technique to retinal detachments that are caused by breaks that span a circumferential arc between 40 degrees and 70 degrees. Nineteen of 20 retinal detachments responded favorably to the operation, 14 without drainage of subretinal fluid. When the pouch was extended circumferentially to apply to detachments caused by breaks greater than 70 degrees, it failed in six of seven patients because a radial configuration could no longer be maintained. The substitution of transparent silicone sheeting for donor sclera facilitates the fitting and stuffing of the pouch.", "PMID": 426688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13482", "title": "Cryotherapy for experimental Pseudomonas keratitis.", "content": "The effectiveness of cryotherapy alone and in combination with topical tobramycin sulfate therapy for experimental Pseudomonas keratitis was determined in guinea pigs and rabbits. Results were evaluated quantitatively by determining numbers of viable bacteria surviving in corneas. A brass probe cooled to--79 degrees C and applied directly to infected corneas for six seconds resulted in an immediate 99.9% reduction in bacteria. One freeze-thaw cycle followed by topical tobramycin therapy was significantly more effective than tobramycin therapy alone in five of six strains tested. None of the corneas treated with tobramycin alone demonstrated no growth, whereas 24 of 42 of these infected corneas showed no growth after the combination treatment. We conclude that cryotherapy alone had a rapid bactericdal effect on experimental Pseudomonas keratitis and that it significantly potentiated topical antibiotic therapy for most strains.", "contents": "Cryotherapy for experimental Pseudomonas keratitis. The effectiveness of cryotherapy alone and in combination with topical tobramycin sulfate therapy for experimental Pseudomonas keratitis was determined in guinea pigs and rabbits. Results were evaluated quantitatively by determining numbers of viable bacteria surviving in corneas. A brass probe cooled to--79 degrees C and applied directly to infected corneas for six seconds resulted in an immediate 99.9% reduction in bacteria. One freeze-thaw cycle followed by topical tobramycin therapy was significantly more effective than tobramycin therapy alone in five of six strains tested. None of the corneas treated with tobramycin alone demonstrated no growth, whereas 24 of 42 of these infected corneas showed no growth after the combination treatment. We conclude that cryotherapy alone had a rapid bactericdal effect on experimental Pseudomonas keratitis and that it significantly potentiated topical antibiotic therapy for most strains.", "PMID": 426689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13483", "title": "The position of the posterior chamber intraocular lens.", "content": "Six human cadaver eyes were used for intraocular lens (Shearing) insertion, and the results were photographed. It was found that with the posterior capsule intact, insertion was relatively simple and the feet were found to lie in the ciliary body sulcus with good fixation. Some decentering was common and difficult to correct, but not optically important. With the posterior capsule torn or missing, misplacement was common. After correct insertion, the lens was well fixated without pseudophakodonesis, and there was still found to be room for an additional 1.5 to 2.0 mm of movement.", "contents": "The position of the posterior chamber intraocular lens. Six human cadaver eyes were used for intraocular lens (Shearing) insertion, and the results were photographed. It was found that with the posterior capsule intact, insertion was relatively simple and the feet were found to lie in the ciliary body sulcus with good fixation. Some decentering was common and difficult to correct, but not optically important. With the posterior capsule torn or missing, misplacement was common. After correct insertion, the lens was well fixated without pseudophakodonesis, and there was still found to be room for an additional 1.5 to 2.0 mm of movement.", "PMID": 426690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13484", "title": "Combined amphotericin B and rifampin treatment of experimental Candida albicans keratitis.", "content": "In a model of experimental Candida albicans keratitis in rabbits, treatment with a combination of amphotericin B and rifampin was compared with treatment with amphotericin B alone. Both modes of therapy substantially reduced the number of organisms in the cornea below the number in untreated control corneas. In the group treated with combined therapy, there were significantly fewer organisms in the cornea after three days of therapy than in the group treated with amphotericin B alone. The results of this study indicate that the treatment of C albicans keratitis in rabbits with combined amphotericin B and rifampin is more effective than treatment with amphotericin B alone.", "contents": "Combined amphotericin B and rifampin treatment of experimental Candida albicans keratitis. In a model of experimental Candida albicans keratitis in rabbits, treatment with a combination of amphotericin B and rifampin was compared with treatment with amphotericin B alone. Both modes of therapy substantially reduced the number of organisms in the cornea below the number in untreated control corneas. In the group treated with combined therapy, there were significantly fewer organisms in the cornea after three days of therapy than in the group treated with amphotericin B alone. The results of this study indicate that the treatment of C albicans keratitis in rabbits with combined amphotericin B and rifampin is more effective than treatment with amphotericin B alone.", "PMID": 426691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13485", "title": "Ocular effects in normal rabbits of topically applied labetalol: a combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonist.", "content": "The ocular effects in rabbits of topically applied labetalol hydrochloride, a new alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, were studied. A dose-related reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) followed treatment with 0.01% to 1% solutions. Labetalol at a 1% concentration had no effect on pupil diameter. The same dose blocked an increase in IOP after water loading but did not significantly alter the coefficient of aqueous outflow facility. Mydriasis induced by phenylephrine hydrochloride was competitively inhibited.", "contents": "Ocular effects in normal rabbits of topically applied labetalol: a combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonist. The ocular effects in rabbits of topically applied labetalol hydrochloride, a new alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, were studied. A dose-related reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) followed treatment with 0.01% to 1% solutions. Labetalol at a 1% concentration had no effect on pupil diameter. The same dose blocked an increase in IOP after water loading but did not significantly alter the coefficient of aqueous outflow facility. Mydriasis induced by phenylephrine hydrochloride was competitively inhibited.", "PMID": 426692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13486", "title": "The morphology of human conjunctival mucus.", "content": "Normal human conjuctival mucus was examined by permeable membrane filter (Millipore) surface biopsy and instillation of India ink. It exists in solution in the tear film, as clusters of granules, as granular sheets, and as strands, the latter often arranged as a network. This mucus network entraps exfoliated epithelial cells, miscellaneous surface debris, carbon particles (from the India ink) and bacteria, and stains positively for lipid. Blinking causes both collapse of this mucus network into a single strand and movement of this strand to the medial canthus, where it compacts and is pushed onto the skin surface. There it dries and either falls off or is removed by rubbing. It is suggested that the formation and collapse of this mucus network represents a system for removing exfoliated surface cells and debris, infection and foreign particles, and lipid-contaminated mucus from the surface of the normal eye.", "contents": "The morphology of human conjunctival mucus. Normal human conjuctival mucus was examined by permeable membrane filter (Millipore) surface biopsy and instillation of India ink. It exists in solution in the tear film, as clusters of granules, as granular sheets, and as strands, the latter often arranged as a network. This mucus network entraps exfoliated epithelial cells, miscellaneous surface debris, carbon particles (from the India ink) and bacteria, and stains positively for lipid. Blinking causes both collapse of this mucus network into a single strand and movement of this strand to the medial canthus, where it compacts and is pushed onto the skin surface. There it dries and either falls off or is removed by rubbing. It is suggested that the formation and collapse of this mucus network represents a system for removing exfoliated surface cells and debris, infection and foreign particles, and lipid-contaminated mucus from the surface of the normal eye.", "PMID": 426693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13487", "title": "Experimental double-perforating injury of the posterior segment in rabbit eyes: the natural history of intraocular proliferation.", "content": "A reproducible model of double perforating injury of the posterior segment of the rabbit eye was developed. Immediately after injury, a viterous condensation was visible between wounds. The scleral exit wound was sealed by fibroblastic proliferation of probable episcleral origin by the fourth day and the entrance similarly by the seventh day. Cellular proliferations originating in the wounds crossed the vitreous cavity following the vitreous injury tract or condensed vitreous to the disc or to the vitreous base. The earliest intraocular proliferations, composed of spindle-shaped, fibroblast-like cells, were seen at day 4. Occasional pigment epithelia were present in and on these proliferations. Other proliferations occurred directly on the retinal surface adjacent to the wounds. The transvitreous proliferations employed the vitreous as a scaffold, while the surface proliferations used the retinal surface for contact guidance.", "contents": "Experimental double-perforating injury of the posterior segment in rabbit eyes: the natural history of intraocular proliferation. A reproducible model of double perforating injury of the posterior segment of the rabbit eye was developed. Immediately after injury, a viterous condensation was visible between wounds. The scleral exit wound was sealed by fibroblastic proliferation of probable episcleral origin by the fourth day and the entrance similarly by the seventh day. Cellular proliferations originating in the wounds crossed the vitreous cavity following the vitreous injury tract or condensed vitreous to the disc or to the vitreous base. The earliest intraocular proliferations, composed of spindle-shaped, fibroblast-like cells, were seen at day 4. Occasional pigment epithelia were present in and on these proliferations. Other proliferations occurred directly on the retinal surface adjacent to the wounds. The transvitreous proliferations employed the vitreous as a scaffold, while the surface proliferations used the retinal surface for contact guidance.", "PMID": 426694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13488", "title": "Vitrectomy for injury: the effect on intraocular proliferation following perforation of the posterior segment of the rabbit eye.", "content": "Perforating injuries were produced in the posterior segments of rabbit eyes. A control group had no surgery; a second group underwent closed vitrectomy immediately after injury; and a third group had closed vitrectomy delayed two weeks following injury. The eyes were then observed for four weeks. Transvitreal proliferation, which was found in each of the control eyes, was effectively prevented in the eyes that underwent immediate vitrectomy. Established transvitreal proliferation was removed and its recurrence prevented by delayed vitrectomy. These results establish the principle that vitreous acts as a scaffold for proliferation. Removal of the vitreous eliminates the structures along which proliferation can occur and thus effectively prevents transvitreal proliferation. Early removal of vitreous in severely injured eyes with vitreous damage is recommended.", "contents": "Vitrectomy for injury: the effect on intraocular proliferation following perforation of the posterior segment of the rabbit eye. Perforating injuries were produced in the posterior segments of rabbit eyes. A control group had no surgery; a second group underwent closed vitrectomy immediately after injury; and a third group had closed vitrectomy delayed two weeks following injury. The eyes were then observed for four weeks. Transvitreal proliferation, which was found in each of the control eyes, was effectively prevented in the eyes that underwent immediate vitrectomy. Established transvitreal proliferation was removed and its recurrence prevented by delayed vitrectomy. These results establish the principle that vitreous acts as a scaffold for proliferation. Removal of the vitreous eliminates the structures along which proliferation can occur and thus effectively prevents transvitreal proliferation. Early removal of vitreous in severely injured eyes with vitreous damage is recommended.", "PMID": 426695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13489", "title": "Conjunctival capillary fragility: a preliminary study.", "content": "Conjunctival capillary fragility (CCF) and skin capillary fragility (SCF) were studied by a negative-pressure suction cup method in 25 normal subjects and 38 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy. The CCF was significantly higher (P less than .001) in patients with diabetic retinopathy than in normal subjects; there was no significant difference in the SCF.", "contents": "Conjunctival capillary fragility: a preliminary study. Conjunctival capillary fragility (CCF) and skin capillary fragility (SCF) were studied by a negative-pressure suction cup method in 25 normal subjects and 38 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy. The CCF was significantly higher (P less than .001) in patients with diabetic retinopathy than in normal subjects; there was no significant difference in the SCF.", "PMID": 426696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13490", "title": "A new test of visual acuity using a holographic phase grating and a laser.", "content": "A new visual acuity testing device is able to determine a specific visual acuity of the retina even in the presence of opacities of the ocular media, such as a cataract. This is achieved by forming two spatially coherent, quasimonochromatic point sources near the nodal point of the eye. The two spherical waves that emanate from the point sources interact to produce a pattern of stripes on the retina. The intensity of the pattern is easily varied. More importantly, the pattern can be projected over different-sized retinal areas corresponding to visual fields of 0.5 to 15 degrees in diameter. The device may be useful for vision research and preoperative assessments of visual potential.", "contents": "A new test of visual acuity using a holographic phase grating and a laser. A new visual acuity testing device is able to determine a specific visual acuity of the retina even in the presence of opacities of the ocular media, such as a cataract. This is achieved by forming two spatially coherent, quasimonochromatic point sources near the nodal point of the eye. The two spherical waves that emanate from the point sources interact to produce a pattern of stripes on the retina. The intensity of the pattern is easily varied. More importantly, the pattern can be projected over different-sized retinal areas corresponding to visual fields of 0.5 to 15 degrees in diameter. The device may be useful for vision research and preoperative assessments of visual potential.", "PMID": 426697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13491", "title": "Toluidine blue. An aid in the microlaryngoscopic diagnosis of glottic lesions?", "content": "The value of toluidine blue staining in vivo in the diagnosis of glottic lesions was examined by comparing the results obtained in a series with the histological findings. This material included 272 biopsy specimens from the vocal cords (202 microlaryngoscopic examinations). In 148 of these, the changes were classified as \"malignant\" (moderate and severe dysplasia and carcinoma) and in 124 as \"benign.\" The sensitivity of the staining test in detection of malignant lesions was 91%. Among 13 false-negative results (9% of the malignant group), there was keratosis in 11. The overall specificity of the staining tests was 52%. The false-positive lesions displayed \"benign\" pathological alterations, such as inflammation and ulceration. False-positive findings were more common after radiotherapy. A correct diagnosis of malignancy on the basis of positive staining was more frequent the greater the intensity of staining.", "contents": "Toluidine blue. An aid in the microlaryngoscopic diagnosis of glottic lesions? The value of toluidine blue staining in vivo in the diagnosis of glottic lesions was examined by comparing the results obtained in a series with the histological findings. This material included 272 biopsy specimens from the vocal cords (202 microlaryngoscopic examinations). In 148 of these, the changes were classified as \"malignant\" (moderate and severe dysplasia and carcinoma) and in 124 as \"benign.\" The sensitivity of the staining test in detection of malignant lesions was 91%. Among 13 false-negative results (9% of the malignant group), there was keratosis in 11. The overall specificity of the staining tests was 52%. The false-positive lesions displayed \"benign\" pathological alterations, such as inflammation and ulceration. False-positive findings were more common after radiotherapy. A correct diagnosis of malignancy on the basis of positive staining was more frequent the greater the intensity of staining.", "PMID": 426703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13492", "title": "Neuroleptanesthesia for the guinea pig. An ideal anesthetic procedure for long-term physiological studies of the cochlea.", "content": "The guinea pig is notoriously difficult to anesthetize with conventional agents. Cardiorespiratory depression by general depressant anesthetic agents can render the cochlea abnormal. I report a technique that uses the specific neuroleptic and analgesia properties of the agents droperidol and phenoperidine, respectively, in combination with small doses of pentobarbital sodium, which is required only to produce unconsciousness. These agents can be given intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, or intravenously. The regimen allows performance of substantial surgery (including intracranial) and long-term (minimum, six to ten hours) physiological studies, such as those on the cochlea, with excellent cardiorespiratory stability. The method has been in continuous use in this laboratory since 1974 for single-fiber recordings from the cochlear nerve of normal and kanamycin-treated guinea pigs. This method has proved to be substantially more effective than use of pentobarbital, thiopental sodium, urethan, chloralose, or ketamine alone.", "contents": "Neuroleptanesthesia for the guinea pig. An ideal anesthetic procedure for long-term physiological studies of the cochlea. The guinea pig is notoriously difficult to anesthetize with conventional agents. Cardiorespiratory depression by general depressant anesthetic agents can render the cochlea abnormal. I report a technique that uses the specific neuroleptic and analgesia properties of the agents droperidol and phenoperidine, respectively, in combination with small doses of pentobarbital sodium, which is required only to produce unconsciousness. These agents can be given intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, or intravenously. The regimen allows performance of substantial surgery (including intracranial) and long-term (minimum, six to ten hours) physiological studies, such as those on the cochlea, with excellent cardiorespiratory stability. The method has been in continuous use in this laboratory since 1974 for single-fiber recordings from the cochlear nerve of normal and kanamycin-treated guinea pigs. This method has proved to be substantially more effective than use of pentobarbital, thiopental sodium, urethan, chloralose, or ketamine alone.", "PMID": 426704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13493", "title": "Carcinoma of the lip.", "content": "We reviewed 250 patients with carcinoma of the lip who were treated with radiation therapy during a 30-year period. Although radiation techniques underwent continued refinement, the radiation dose delivered to the tumor remained relatively constant. Nearly all tumors were squamous cell carcinoma (247/250) and located on the lower lip (240/250). Only 9% initially manifested lymph node metastases. The median survival was 13.8 years. Treatment failure occurred in 11% of patients. Surgery salvaged half of these patients. Eighteen patients died from carcinoma of the lip, and six others had persistent tumor when last seen. Our experience would support the work of others. Early lesions can be successfully managed by either surgical or radiation treatment. The intermediate tumors and those near the commissure are better handled by radiation. Late lesions and those with lymph node metastases challenge the best surgical and radiation techniques.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the lip. We reviewed 250 patients with carcinoma of the lip who were treated with radiation therapy during a 30-year period. Although radiation techniques underwent continued refinement, the radiation dose delivered to the tumor remained relatively constant. Nearly all tumors were squamous cell carcinoma (247/250) and located on the lower lip (240/250). Only 9% initially manifested lymph node metastases. The median survival was 13.8 years. Treatment failure occurred in 11% of patients. Surgery salvaged half of these patients. Eighteen patients died from carcinoma of the lip, and six others had persistent tumor when last seen. Our experience would support the work of others. Early lesions can be successfully managed by either surgical or radiation treatment. The intermediate tumors and those near the commissure are better handled by radiation. Late lesions and those with lymph node metastases challenge the best surgical and radiation techniques.", "PMID": 426705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13494", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa. A review of 85 cases.", "content": "Of 85 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa, 61 were treated primarily and 24 secondarily. Sixty-one percent (39) were T3 lesions, and 59% (38) had regional metastases. Nearly half of the patients were more than 70 years of age. Thirty-one percent (19) of the primary patients were treated by surgery alone, 25% (15) by irradiation alone, and 36% (22) by various combinations. The absolute five-year cure rate was 45% for the whole group, and 54% for the primarily and 40% for the secondarily treated patients. For each individual T and N category, the results of surgery were superior over those of radiotherapy. Intra-arterial chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy is to be considered in advanced cases, where composite resection on general grounds is not contemplated. There was a 14% incidence of second primary cancers; these were mainly located in the oral cavity.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa. A review of 85 cases. Of 85 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa, 61 were treated primarily and 24 secondarily. Sixty-one percent (39) were T3 lesions, and 59% (38) had regional metastases. Nearly half of the patients were more than 70 years of age. Thirty-one percent (19) of the primary patients were treated by surgery alone, 25% (15) by irradiation alone, and 36% (22) by various combinations. The absolute five-year cure rate was 45% for the whole group, and 54% for the primarily and 40% for the secondarily treated patients. For each individual T and N category, the results of surgery were superior over those of radiotherapy. Intra-arterial chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy is to be considered in advanced cases, where composite resection on general grounds is not contemplated. There was a 14% incidence of second primary cancers; these were mainly located in the oral cavity.", "PMID": 426706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13495", "title": "Bilateral sudden hearing loss and metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma.", "content": "We report a rare case of bilateral sudden and profound hearing loss caused by bilateral temporal bone metastasis from a primary adenocarcinoma of the tail of the pancreas. The hearing loss was the patient's only reason to seek medical care. Seventh nerve involvement was very minimal, when compared with that of the eighth nerve.", "contents": "Bilateral sudden hearing loss and metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We report a rare case of bilateral sudden and profound hearing loss caused by bilateral temporal bone metastasis from a primary adenocarcinoma of the tail of the pancreas. The hearing loss was the patient's only reason to seek medical care. Seventh nerve involvement was very minimal, when compared with that of the eighth nerve.", "PMID": 426707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13496", "title": "Detection of foreign bodies with computerized tomography.", "content": "Computerized tomography scanning has been proven useful in defining complex anatomical areas of the head and neck and in delineating soft-density foreign bodies. This was helpful in a child in whom all other modalities, including surgical exploration, had failed to localize a foreign body.", "contents": "Detection of foreign bodies with computerized tomography. Computerized tomography scanning has been proven useful in defining complex anatomical areas of the head and neck and in delineating soft-density foreign bodies. This was helpful in a child in whom all other modalities, including surgical exploration, had failed to localize a foreign body.", "PMID": 426708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13497", "title": "Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with a parotid mass.", "content": "Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, one of the entities in the myeloproliferative syndrome, usually initially appears with splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and a normocytic, normochromic anemia. Extramedullary hematopoiesis is also a common finding, but is exceedingly rare in the major salivary glands. We report a case of extramedullary hematopoiesis in the parotid gland and discuss the differential diagnosis and characteristics of the disease.", "contents": "Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with a parotid mass. Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, one of the entities in the myeloproliferative syndrome, usually initially appears with splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and a normocytic, normochromic anemia. Extramedullary hematopoiesis is also a common finding, but is exceedingly rare in the major salivary glands. We report a case of extramedullary hematopoiesis in the parotid gland and discuss the differential diagnosis and characteristics of the disease.", "PMID": 426709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13498", "title": "Osteogenesis imperfecta. A study of 160 family members.", "content": "Osteogenesis imperfecta, a genetic disease characterized by blue sclera, fragile bones, and hearing loss, was studied in 160 descendants of a single, affected individual. One hundred twenty family members in four generations were at risk of inheriting the gene for osteogenesis imperfecta. Fifty-six percent (68/120) had blue sclera, and, of this group, 66% had fragile bones, and 47% of those tested had hearing loss. The onset of hearing loss was usually in the second or third decade, and was primarily of the conductive type. The incidence of sensorineural hearing loss was only slightly less than the incidence of conductive hearing loss. To out knowledge, this is the largest reported kindred study of osteogenesis imperfecta. The genetic transmission of this disease as an autosomal dominant was confirmed.", "contents": "Osteogenesis imperfecta. A study of 160 family members. Osteogenesis imperfecta, a genetic disease characterized by blue sclera, fragile bones, and hearing loss, was studied in 160 descendants of a single, affected individual. One hundred twenty family members in four generations were at risk of inheriting the gene for osteogenesis imperfecta. Fifty-six percent (68/120) had blue sclera, and, of this group, 66% had fragile bones, and 47% of those tested had hearing loss. The onset of hearing loss was usually in the second or third decade, and was primarily of the conductive type. The incidence of sensorineural hearing loss was only slightly less than the incidence of conductive hearing loss. To out knowledge, this is the largest reported kindred study of osteogenesis imperfecta. The genetic transmission of this disease as an autosomal dominant was confirmed.", "PMID": 426710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13499", "title": "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis.", "content": "Rhinocerebral phycomycosis is a serious and commonly fatal fungal infection. The causative organism, ordinarily a saprophyte, becomes pathogenic in persons who are made susceptible by coexisting, debilitating disease. We report a well-documented case of rhinocerebral phycomycosis where early diagnosis led to successful treatment, and we discuss important aspects of the clinical evaluation and management of such cases.", "contents": "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Rhinocerebral phycomycosis is a serious and commonly fatal fungal infection. The causative organism, ordinarily a saprophyte, becomes pathogenic in persons who are made susceptible by coexisting, debilitating disease. We report a well-documented case of rhinocerebral phycomycosis where early diagnosis led to successful treatment, and we discuss important aspects of the clinical evaluation and management of such cases.", "PMID": 426711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13500", "title": "Neurilemoma of the trachea.", "content": "Neurilemomas of the tracheobronchial tree are exceedingly rare. In this article we report what is, to our knowledge, the 12th case--the third such case of tracheal origin. Clinical features are referable to airway obstruction and local pressure effects. The gross appearance is of an encapsulated lesion. Histologically, there is a proliferation of Schwann cells that are found in either an ordered, palisaded configuration (Antoni type A), or a disordered, loosely textured configuration (Antoni type B). The two types may coexist in a single lesion. Endoscopic removal of nonvascular tracheobronchial masses with follow-up, including periodic chest x-ray films, is advocated. Major surgery is reserved for malignant disease or benign disease not amenable to endoscopic excision.", "contents": "Neurilemoma of the trachea. Neurilemomas of the tracheobronchial tree are exceedingly rare. In this article we report what is, to our knowledge, the 12th case--the third such case of tracheal origin. Clinical features are referable to airway obstruction and local pressure effects. The gross appearance is of an encapsulated lesion. Histologically, there is a proliferation of Schwann cells that are found in either an ordered, palisaded configuration (Antoni type A), or a disordered, loosely textured configuration (Antoni type B). The two types may coexist in a single lesion. Endoscopic removal of nonvascular tracheobronchial masses with follow-up, including periodic chest x-ray films, is advocated. Major surgery is reserved for malignant disease or benign disease not amenable to endoscopic excision.", "PMID": 426712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13501", "title": "Rare congenital syndrome associated with profound hearing loss.", "content": "In this communication, we describe the otologic and audiometric findings of a rare congenital syndrome associated with profound hearing loss. We offer a hypothesis of the possible inner ear pathologic condition. The major anomalies of this syndrome represent features of an ectodermal dysplasia syndrome.", "contents": "Rare congenital syndrome associated with profound hearing loss. In this communication, we describe the otologic and audiometric findings of a rare congenital syndrome associated with profound hearing loss. We offer a hypothesis of the possible inner ear pathologic condition. The major anomalies of this syndrome represent features of an ectodermal dysplasia syndrome.", "PMID": 426713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13502", "title": "Histopathology of 30 non-operated acoustic schwannomas.", "content": "Thirty of 1720 temporal bones from the Wittmaack's Collection contain nonoperated acoustic neuromas, 22 of them large tumors. Histologically, each tumor has to be considered as an individual. Most of the tumors show a mixture of Antoni type A and B. Tumor vascularization is pronounced in half the cases. Vessels of the internal acoustic meatus are found in all cases. Protein contents of the perilymphatic spaces is medium to pronounced in 23 of 30 cases in comparison to the small protein contents of the healthy side. Ganglion geniculi is invaded in 11 cases (9 von Recklinghausen's disease), Ganglion Scarpae in 26 cases (9 von Recklinghausen's disease), and Ganglion spirale in 9 cases (7 von Recklinghausen's disease). Cochlear and vestibular nerve fibers within the internal auditory meatus were affected by the tumor in 28 of 30 cases, the facial nerve only in 11 cases, among them 9 cases of von Recklinghausen's disease. Twenty-six of 30 schwannomas have a portion within the cribriform area of the cochlea fundus, which explains the limitation to radical tumor surgery without damage of the cochlear nerve. These histological findings explain the site of damage of hearing to expand between the cochlea to the auditory brain stem nuclei, and support the audiological experience that a correlation of \"acoustic neuroma\" and \"retrocochlear lesion\" is often not correct.", "contents": "Histopathology of 30 non-operated acoustic schwannomas. Thirty of 1720 temporal bones from the Wittmaack's Collection contain nonoperated acoustic neuromas, 22 of them large tumors. Histologically, each tumor has to be considered as an individual. Most of the tumors show a mixture of Antoni type A and B. Tumor vascularization is pronounced in half the cases. Vessels of the internal acoustic meatus are found in all cases. Protein contents of the perilymphatic spaces is medium to pronounced in 23 of 30 cases in comparison to the small protein contents of the healthy side. Ganglion geniculi is invaded in 11 cases (9 von Recklinghausen's disease), Ganglion Scarpae in 26 cases (9 von Recklinghausen's disease), and Ganglion spirale in 9 cases (7 von Recklinghausen's disease). Cochlear and vestibular nerve fibers within the internal auditory meatus were affected by the tumor in 28 of 30 cases, the facial nerve only in 11 cases, among them 9 cases of von Recklinghausen's disease. Twenty-six of 30 schwannomas have a portion within the cribriform area of the cochlea fundus, which explains the limitation to radical tumor surgery without damage of the cochlear nerve. These histological findings explain the site of damage of hearing to expand between the cochlea to the auditory brain stem nuclei, and support the audiological experience that a correlation of \"acoustic neuroma\" and \"retrocochlear lesion\" is often not correct.", "PMID": 426717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13503", "title": "[The ethmoidal infundibulum and its inflammatory illnesses (author's transl)].", "content": "The infundibulum ethmoidale is a cleft-like space situated like a funnel before the maxillary ostium. In this cleft inflammations occur very often. From here they may spread to the paranasal sinuses of the first series (frontal and maxillary sinus, anterior ethmoidal cells), especially to the antrum, and may cause recurrent or chronic inflammations. The walls of the infundibulum may be inspected endoscopically from the middle and inferior meatus, and also from the antrum. Sometimes a direct view in this cleft-like space may be obtained. On this way any inflammations of the infundibulum can be diagnosed exactly and treated endoscopically. This procedure leads not only to healing of the infundibulum, but also of the adjacent paranasal sinuses of the first series.", "contents": "[The ethmoidal infundibulum and its inflammatory illnesses (author's transl)]. The infundibulum ethmoidale is a cleft-like space situated like a funnel before the maxillary ostium. In this cleft inflammations occur very often. From here they may spread to the paranasal sinuses of the first series (frontal and maxillary sinus, anterior ethmoidal cells), especially to the antrum, and may cause recurrent or chronic inflammations. The walls of the infundibulum may be inspected endoscopically from the middle and inferior meatus, and also from the antrum. Sometimes a direct view in this cleft-like space may be obtained. On this way any inflammations of the infundibulum can be diagnosed exactly and treated endoscopically. This procedure leads not only to healing of the infundibulum, but also of the adjacent paranasal sinuses of the first series.", "PMID": 426718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13504", "title": "[Significance of the CEA-Test in malignomas of the head and neck (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were determined in 80 patients, 65 with malignant and 15 with non-malignant affections. Among the malignant tumor bearing patients, in only 30% increased CEA levels were found. On the other hand, in the non-malignant patient group 33% had elevated CEA levels. It is concluded, that the determination of the CEA-Serum levels in malignomas of the head and neck has no diagnostic significance.", "contents": "[Significance of the CEA-Test in malignomas of the head and neck (author's transl)]. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were determined in 80 patients, 65 with malignant and 15 with non-malignant affections. Among the malignant tumor bearing patients, in only 30% increased CEA levels were found. On the other hand, in the non-malignant patient group 33% had elevated CEA levels. It is concluded, that the determination of the CEA-Serum levels in malignomas of the head and neck has no diagnostic significance.", "PMID": 426719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13505", "title": "Steroid treatment in sudden idiopathic neural deafness? Experimental research.", "content": "For the recording of action potential in the auditory nerve two different methods of preparation were used in order to reach at the auditory nerve of experimental animals. The remarkable fact arose that this difference in preparation also produced a difference in signal output during the hypoxygenation experiments. In the one method a solitary P1 peak--the approaching-wave--was recorded from the cochlear nerve during the hypoxygenation, whereas in the other method this solitary P1 was never seen. An explanation for this phenomenon is formulated in this article. At the same time the analogy of the 'sudden deafness' caused by affections of the cochlear nerve is compared with Bell's palsy.", "contents": "Steroid treatment in sudden idiopathic neural deafness? Experimental research. For the recording of action potential in the auditory nerve two different methods of preparation were used in order to reach at the auditory nerve of experimental animals. The remarkable fact arose that this difference in preparation also produced a difference in signal output during the hypoxygenation experiments. In the one method a solitary P1 peak--the approaching-wave--was recorded from the cochlear nerve during the hypoxygenation, whereas in the other method this solitary P1 was never seen. An explanation for this phenomenon is formulated in this article. At the same time the analogy of the 'sudden deafness' caused by affections of the cochlear nerve is compared with Bell's palsy.", "PMID": 426720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13506", "title": "[Audiologic diagnosis of sensorineural deafness by discriminant analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The audiometric test-battery surely is a help to the diagnosis of a lesion of the VIIIth nerve. The discriminant analysis is the most suitable statistic procedure for reduction of the test-battery and for clearer decision in cases of ambigous constellation of findings. The persons are divided into three groups: normals, patients with presumable inner-ear disturbance, and those with lesions of the acoustic nerve. By means of the classification-coefficients (a result of the discriminant analysis) in new cases a diagnosis per conclusionem can be found on-line.", "contents": "[Audiologic diagnosis of sensorineural deafness by discriminant analysis (author's transl)]. The audiometric test-battery surely is a help to the diagnosis of a lesion of the VIIIth nerve. The discriminant analysis is the most suitable statistic procedure for reduction of the test-battery and for clearer decision in cases of ambigous constellation of findings. The persons are divided into three groups: normals, patients with presumable inner-ear disturbance, and those with lesions of the acoustic nerve. By means of the classification-coefficients (a result of the discriminant analysis) in new cases a diagnosis per conclusionem can be found on-line.", "PMID": 426721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13507", "title": "[Septal mucosa grafting for persistent drainage of the sphenoid sinus (author's transl)].", "content": "In accordance to fundamental rhinologic rules following surgical intervention in the sphenoid sinus there should be established a persistent access from the nasal cavity by mucosal grafting. Suitable for this seem to be the septum's upper posterior areas. They are pedicled door-leaf-like dorso-laterally, folded into the sphenoid sinus on one or both sides and fixed by tamponade. This procedure is recommended especially to follow transseptal operations of the pituitary gland, biopsies from tumors of the sphenoid sinus and in special cases of isolated empyema of the sphenoid sinus.", "contents": "[Septal mucosa grafting for persistent drainage of the sphenoid sinus (author's transl)]. In accordance to fundamental rhinologic rules following surgical intervention in the sphenoid sinus there should be established a persistent access from the nasal cavity by mucosal grafting. Suitable for this seem to be the septum's upper posterior areas. They are pedicled door-leaf-like dorso-laterally, folded into the sphenoid sinus on one or both sides and fixed by tamponade. This procedure is recommended especially to follow transseptal operations of the pituitary gland, biopsies from tumors of the sphenoid sinus and in special cases of isolated empyema of the sphenoid sinus.", "PMID": 426722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13508", "title": "Electromyographic study of patients with dysfunction of the Eustachian tube.", "content": "In order to determine how often dysfunction of the tube might arise from dysfunction of the tubal muscles, electromyographic examination of the muscles was carried out on 34 patients with occluded or patent tube. Using a monopolar needle electrode inserted through the nose, selective EMG of the tensor and levator veli palatini muscles were picked up during swallowing. It was found that the patients showed neither abnormally reduced nor increased muscle activity. Comparison of muscle activity of the normal tube and of both the occluded and patent tube revealed no significant differences. Therefore, myogenic cause of tubal dysfunction seems improbable from the clinical viewpoint.", "contents": "Electromyographic study of patients with dysfunction of the Eustachian tube. In order to determine how often dysfunction of the tube might arise from dysfunction of the tubal muscles, electromyographic examination of the muscles was carried out on 34 patients with occluded or patent tube. Using a monopolar needle electrode inserted through the nose, selective EMG of the tensor and levator veli palatini muscles were picked up during swallowing. It was found that the patients showed neither abnormally reduced nor increased muscle activity. Comparison of muscle activity of the normal tube and of both the occluded and patent tube revealed no significant differences. Therefore, myogenic cause of tubal dysfunction seems improbable from the clinical viewpoint.", "PMID": 426723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13509", "title": "[The cumulogram for the sinusoidal rotatory test (author's transl)].", "content": "The cumulogram (graphic representation of the cumulative eye position) seems to be a reliable method for studying intensity, symmetry, and regularity of nystagmic responses. Applying sinusoidal rotatory stimulation, the vestibular output can be described in terms of gain and phase difference. The numerical evaluation of cumulograms is demonstrated for sinusoidal tests. The dependence of age is determined for gain and phase difference. While the phase difference appears to be practically independent, the gain of the vestibulo-oculomotor system is strongly correlated with age.", "contents": "[The cumulogram for the sinusoidal rotatory test (author's transl)]. The cumulogram (graphic representation of the cumulative eye position) seems to be a reliable method for studying intensity, symmetry, and regularity of nystagmic responses. Applying sinusoidal rotatory stimulation, the vestibular output can be described in terms of gain and phase difference. The numerical evaluation of cumulograms is demonstrated for sinusoidal tests. The dependence of age is determined for gain and phase difference. While the phase difference appears to be practically independent, the gain of the vestibulo-oculomotor system is strongly correlated with age.", "PMID": 426724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13510", "title": "Summating potentials in Meni\u00e8re's disease.", "content": "The summating potentials in response to tonebursts of 2, 4, and 8 kHz were studied in a group of 112 patients diagnosed as having Meni\u00e8re's disease, and the results were compared with recordings from 27 normal human ears. Subdivision of the Meni\u00e8re ears into a low-threshold (threshold less than 50 dB HL) and a high-threshold group (greater than 50 dB HL) proved to be functional in relation to the behaviour of the SP. The data of the low-threshold Meni\u00e8re group did not differ significantly from the normal data, whereas the high-threshold Meni\u00e8re group showed significantly smaller summating potentials. Up to hearing thresholds of 50 dB, the detection threshold for the SP was independent of the hearing threshold; at higher hearing losses, the increase in SP threshold equalled the increase in hearing loss. Analysis showed that the correlation found between the changes in SP and hearing threshold in individual patients did not differ significantly from zero for threshold values below 50 dB. The overall conclusion is that in Meni\u00e8re ears hearing losses up to about 50 dB are not related to changes in the hair cells, since the SP does not change, whereas the increase in the amount of hearing loss above 50 dB HL is paralleled by a loss in sensitivity of the summating potential and is therefore related to a functional loss of hair cells.", "contents": "Summating potentials in Meni\u00e8re's disease. The summating potentials in response to tonebursts of 2, 4, and 8 kHz were studied in a group of 112 patients diagnosed as having Meni\u00e8re's disease, and the results were compared with recordings from 27 normal human ears. Subdivision of the Meni\u00e8re ears into a low-threshold (threshold less than 50 dB HL) and a high-threshold group (greater than 50 dB HL) proved to be functional in relation to the behaviour of the SP. The data of the low-threshold Meni\u00e8re group did not differ significantly from the normal data, whereas the high-threshold Meni\u00e8re group showed significantly smaller summating potentials. Up to hearing thresholds of 50 dB, the detection threshold for the SP was independent of the hearing threshold; at higher hearing losses, the increase in SP threshold equalled the increase in hearing loss. Analysis showed that the correlation found between the changes in SP and hearing threshold in individual patients did not differ significantly from zero for threshold values below 50 dB. The overall conclusion is that in Meni\u00e8re ears hearing losses up to about 50 dB are not related to changes in the hair cells, since the SP does not change, whereas the increase in the amount of hearing loss above 50 dB HL is paralleled by a loss in sensitivity of the summating potential and is therefore related to a functional loss of hair cells.", "PMID": 426725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13511", "title": "Transient ischaemic attacks. A neurological challenge.", "content": "The problem of cerebral transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) is probably the greatest clinical challenge in the management of cerebrovascular disease. Decisions in this area are as difficult to make as any within the entire field of clinical neurology. The burden of the clinical management of this condition is heavy because the patients tend to be anxious, the risk of angiographic investigation is significant, and the risks associated with either anticoagulant therapy or arterial surgery are not inconsiderable. Above all, many of the issues are controversial where the 'law of diminishing returns' for increasing effort so very much applies.", "contents": "Transient ischaemic attacks. A neurological challenge. The problem of cerebral transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) is probably the greatest clinical challenge in the management of cerebrovascular disease. Decisions in this area are as difficult to make as any within the entire field of clinical neurology. The burden of the clinical management of this condition is heavy because the patients tend to be anxious, the risk of angiographic investigation is significant, and the risks associated with either anticoagulant therapy or arterial surgery are not inconsiderable. Above all, many of the issues are controversial where the 'law of diminishing returns' for increasing effort so very much applies.", "PMID": 426727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13512", "title": "The neurological examination (spinal).", "content": "A correct and accurate diagnosis of paraplegia or tetraplegia due to a spinal cord injury is an important first step in the treatment. A simplified method of performing such an examination is presented to help overcome a diagnostic blind spot of many medical practitioners. Some of the traps and subtleties of diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "The neurological examination (spinal). A correct and accurate diagnosis of paraplegia or tetraplegia due to a spinal cord injury is an important first step in the treatment. A simplified method of performing such an examination is presented to help overcome a diagnostic blind spot of many medical practitioners. Some of the traps and subtleties of diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 426728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13513", "title": "Evaluation of somatic effects of a health education program for schoolchildren. With special reference to physical activity, nutrition, body composition, and blood lipids.", "content": "In a group of 4- to 6-year-old children and a group of 8- to 12-year-old children physical performance capacity, daily physical activity, body composition, blood lipids and daily food intake were determined. Children with a high performance capacity (W170) are more active during the day and do eat more. In the 8- to 12-year-old group it turns out that these extra calories are derived from unfavorable foodstuffs. There are no differences in blood lipids between any of the groups or subgroups. In the 8- to 12-year-old group, children with a low W170 are fatter than those with a high W170. In the younger age group this was not found.", "contents": "Evaluation of somatic effects of a health education program for schoolchildren. With special reference to physical activity, nutrition, body composition, and blood lipids. In a group of 4- to 6-year-old children and a group of 8- to 12-year-old children physical performance capacity, daily physical activity, body composition, blood lipids and daily food intake were determined. Children with a high performance capacity (W170) are more active during the day and do eat more. In the 8- to 12-year-old group it turns out that these extra calories are derived from unfavorable foodstuffs. There are no differences in blood lipids between any of the groups or subgroups. In the 8- to 12-year-old group, children with a low W170 are fatter than those with a high W170. In the younger age group this was not found.", "PMID": 426759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13514", "title": "Nutrition, environment and physical performance of preschool children in Italy.", "content": "While overt malnutrition is known to interfere with several bodily functions and to cause a deterioration of the level of physical performance, little or no information is available on the effect of marginal nutrition on functional development, particularly at earlier ages. A cross-sectional study of the diet, somatic development and functional response to exercise of 2,241 children, aged 1-6 years, representing contrasting socioeconomic environments, has been carried out. The findings indicate that the upper socioeconomic urban child from Central Italy consumes a better diet and is larger than the underprivileged Southern child. While a greater proportion of the latter group experience a considerable degree of growth retardation, the better efficiency of their heart responses to exercise indicates that the level of nutrition of these children is still good enough to be compatible with a more satisfactory degree of physical fitness. The body fat content and skinfold thickness of the child from the Center have found to be significantly higher than those of the children from the poorer sections of the population, suggesting that at least part of the extra energy available to him for physical activity is being deposited as fat. This raises the question of the desirability of changes in somatic development characteristic of upward social mobility, when accompanied by increased adiposity without a proportional increase in the functional capacity.", "contents": "Nutrition, environment and physical performance of preschool children in Italy. While overt malnutrition is known to interfere with several bodily functions and to cause a deterioration of the level of physical performance, little or no information is available on the effect of marginal nutrition on functional development, particularly at earlier ages. A cross-sectional study of the diet, somatic development and functional response to exercise of 2,241 children, aged 1-6 years, representing contrasting socioeconomic environments, has been carried out. The findings indicate that the upper socioeconomic urban child from Central Italy consumes a better diet and is larger than the underprivileged Southern child. While a greater proportion of the latter group experience a considerable degree of growth retardation, the better efficiency of their heart responses to exercise indicates that the level of nutrition of these children is still good enough to be compatible with a more satisfactory degree of physical fitness. The body fat content and skinfold thickness of the child from the Center have found to be significantly higher than those of the children from the poorer sections of the population, suggesting that at least part of the extra energy available to him for physical activity is being deposited as fat. This raises the question of the desirability of changes in somatic development characteristic of upward social mobility, when accompanied by increased adiposity without a proportional increase in the functional capacity.", "PMID": 426760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13515", "title": "The preparation of CMP-sialic acids by using CMP-acylneuraminate synthase from frog liver immobilized on sepharose 4B.", "content": "A preparation of frog liver CMP-acylneuraminate synthase (2-10-fold enriched over the homogenate) obtained from DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography of a 105,000g liver supernatant was bound to Sepharose 4B by the CNBr method. The enzyme retained 80-100% activity on binding and showed similar properties to the purified soluble enzyme from the same source with respect to Km, pH optimum and inhibition. The bound enzyme was stable to temperatures above 40 degrees C, in contrast with the soluble enzyme, and could be stored for 4 months at 2 degrees C with loss of 20% activity. The bound enzyme was used preparatively for the synthesis of radioactive and non-radioactive CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid and CMP-N-glycolloylneuraminic acid. With suitable substrate concentrations and ratios, yields of 80% and over can be achieved.", "contents": "The preparation of CMP-sialic acids by using CMP-acylneuraminate synthase from frog liver immobilized on sepharose 4B. A preparation of frog liver CMP-acylneuraminate synthase (2-10-fold enriched over the homogenate) obtained from DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography of a 105,000g liver supernatant was bound to Sepharose 4B by the CNBr method. The enzyme retained 80-100% activity on binding and showed similar properties to the purified soluble enzyme from the same source with respect to Km, pH optimum and inhibition. The bound enzyme was stable to temperatures above 40 degrees C, in contrast with the soluble enzyme, and could be stored for 4 months at 2 degrees C with loss of 20% activity. The bound enzyme was used preparatively for the synthesis of radioactive and non-radioactive CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid and CMP-N-glycolloylneuraminic acid. With suitable substrate concentrations and ratios, yields of 80% and over can be achieved.", "PMID": 426761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13516", "title": "Affinity chromatography of pig heart fumarase.", "content": "2-(5'-Phenylpentyl)fumaric acid was shown to be a competitive inhibitor (Ki 0.5 mM) of pig heart fumarase. After nitration of the aromatic ring, reduction to the amine and diazotization, the acid was attached via azo linkages to a Sepharose 4B-tyramine matrix. The resulting adsorbent was used for the affinity chromatography of crude fumarase, purifications of approx. 20-fold being obtained by specific elution with 0.01 M-citrate.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of pig heart fumarase. 2-(5'-Phenylpentyl)fumaric acid was shown to be a competitive inhibitor (Ki 0.5 mM) of pig heart fumarase. After nitration of the aromatic ring, reduction to the amine and diazotization, the acid was attached via azo linkages to a Sepharose 4B-tyramine matrix. The resulting adsorbent was used for the affinity chromatography of crude fumarase, purifications of approx. 20-fold being obtained by specific elution with 0.01 M-citrate.", "PMID": 426762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13517", "title": "Generation of aspartate aminotransferase multiple forms by deamidation.", "content": "The development of aspartate aminotransferase subforms in vitro was followed by densitometry after thin-film isoelectric focusing. At the same time ammonia production was measured. Each reaction can be expressed in terms of a first-order process in which 2 mol of glutamine or asparagine/mol of dimer are deamidated with a half time of 22 days. The more negatively charged subforms developed in vitro were almost fully active. Another process occurred leading to inactivation by coenzyme modification, and this was independent of deamidation. Although the enzyme formed absorbed maximally at 340nm, it was different from the naturally occurring inactive enzyme that absorbs at this wavelength.", "contents": "Generation of aspartate aminotransferase multiple forms by deamidation. The development of aspartate aminotransferase subforms in vitro was followed by densitometry after thin-film isoelectric focusing. At the same time ammonia production was measured. Each reaction can be expressed in terms of a first-order process in which 2 mol of glutamine or asparagine/mol of dimer are deamidated with a half time of 22 days. The more negatively charged subforms developed in vitro were almost fully active. Another process occurred leading to inactivation by coenzyme modification, and this was independent of deamidation. Although the enzyme formed absorbed maximally at 340nm, it was different from the naturally occurring inactive enzyme that absorbs at this wavelength.", "PMID": 426763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13518", "title": "The isolation and properties of pig submandibular kallikrein.", "content": "The kallikrein from pig submandibular glands was highly purified, with an overall yield of 31%. Affinity chromatography on bovine basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor linked to Sepharose 4B was an especially effective step in the purification procedure, giving a purification factor of 80. The enzyme is a single-chain molecule, occurring, as does pig urinary kallikrein, as a major B-form of apparent mol.wt. 39600 and minor amounts of an A-form of apparent mol.wt. 35900; the two forms can be separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of pig submandibular kallikrein is very similar to, but not quite identical with, that of the two-chain beta-kallikrein isolated from pig pancreatic autolysates. Submandibular kallikrein contains notably more glucosamine and hexoses than does pancreatic beta-kallikrein. Submandibular kallikrein, and also urinary kallikrein, exhibit an unusual biphasic hydrolysis of substrate esters that is not shared by pancreatic beta-kallikrein. For the submandibular enzyme, the K(m) for the initial reaction phase of the hydrolysis of alpha-N-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester is 0.15+/-0.01mm (mean+/-s.e.m.), but rises to 0.69+/-0.04mm (mean+/-s.e.m.) in the stationary reaction phase; the V(max.) does not differ significantly between the two phases. The esterolytic activities of submandibular and urinary kallikreins on a number of esters of different amino acids resemble each other much more closely than those of pancreatic beta-kallikrein.", "contents": "The isolation and properties of pig submandibular kallikrein. The kallikrein from pig submandibular glands was highly purified, with an overall yield of 31%. Affinity chromatography on bovine basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor linked to Sepharose 4B was an especially effective step in the purification procedure, giving a purification factor of 80. The enzyme is a single-chain molecule, occurring, as does pig urinary kallikrein, as a major B-form of apparent mol.wt. 39600 and minor amounts of an A-form of apparent mol.wt. 35900; the two forms can be separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of pig submandibular kallikrein is very similar to, but not quite identical with, that of the two-chain beta-kallikrein isolated from pig pancreatic autolysates. Submandibular kallikrein contains notably more glucosamine and hexoses than does pancreatic beta-kallikrein. Submandibular kallikrein, and also urinary kallikrein, exhibit an unusual biphasic hydrolysis of substrate esters that is not shared by pancreatic beta-kallikrein. For the submandibular enzyme, the K(m) for the initial reaction phase of the hydrolysis of alpha-N-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester is 0.15+/-0.01mm (mean+/-s.e.m.), but rises to 0.69+/-0.04mm (mean+/-s.e.m.) in the stationary reaction phase; the V(max.) does not differ significantly between the two phases. The esterolytic activities of submandibular and urinary kallikreins on a number of esters of different amino acids resemble each other much more closely than those of pancreatic beta-kallikrein.", "PMID": 426764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13519", "title": "The biosynthesis of methylcitrate.", "content": "Citrate synthase catalyses the formation in vitro of two diastereoisomers of methylcitrate from propionyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. The proportion of diastereoisomers produced is temperature-sensitive. In the presence of oxaloacetate and a thiol trap, the enzyme catalyses the exchange of both alpha-protons of propionyl-CoA with 2H2O. The pro-S-proton at the alpha-carbon atom is exchanged 15 times faster with 2H2O than is the pro-R-proton. The exchanges are over 1000 and 100 times faster respectively than Vmax. These results are interpreted in the light of recent reports that 2R,3S- and 2S,3S-methylcitrates are produced by the enzyme-catalysed condensation and also excreted by patients with propionic acidaemia.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of methylcitrate. Citrate synthase catalyses the formation in vitro of two diastereoisomers of methylcitrate from propionyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. The proportion of diastereoisomers produced is temperature-sensitive. In the presence of oxaloacetate and a thiol trap, the enzyme catalyses the exchange of both alpha-protons of propionyl-CoA with 2H2O. The pro-S-proton at the alpha-carbon atom is exchanged 15 times faster with 2H2O than is the pro-R-proton. The exchanges are over 1000 and 100 times faster respectively than Vmax. These results are interpreted in the light of recent reports that 2R,3S- and 2S,3S-methylcitrates are produced by the enzyme-catalysed condensation and also excreted by patients with propionic acidaemia.", "PMID": 426765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13520", "title": "Binding of human liver hydrolases by immobilized lectins.", "content": "The binding of 22 human liver hydrolase activities by immobilized lectins of six different carbohydrate specificities, namely alpha-D-mannose (glucose), D-N-acetylglucosamine, D-N-acetylgalactosamine, L-fucose, alpha-D-galactose and beta-D-galactose, were examined. Differences in binding among these enzymes and within specific enzymes were observed. For example, the neutral forms of alpha-mannosidase and beta-xylosidase were bound by the Ulex europaeus lectin I (specific for L-fucose), whereas the acidic forms were not. Bandierea simplicifolia lectin (specific for alpha-galactose) bound 65% of beta-glucuronidase activity; recycling experiments demonstrated complete binding of the enzyme that had been eluted with the competitor D-galactose and no binding of the fraction that was not initially bound. These results suggested the presence of two forms of this enzyme. Similar data were obtained for acidic beta-galactosidase activity. These experiments may provide the basis for the expanded use of immobilized lectins for purification and characterization of hydrolases and other glycoproteins.", "contents": "Binding of human liver hydrolases by immobilized lectins. The binding of 22 human liver hydrolase activities by immobilized lectins of six different carbohydrate specificities, namely alpha-D-mannose (glucose), D-N-acetylglucosamine, D-N-acetylgalactosamine, L-fucose, alpha-D-galactose and beta-D-galactose, were examined. Differences in binding among these enzymes and within specific enzymes were observed. For example, the neutral forms of alpha-mannosidase and beta-xylosidase were bound by the Ulex europaeus lectin I (specific for L-fucose), whereas the acidic forms were not. Bandierea simplicifolia lectin (specific for alpha-galactose) bound 65% of beta-glucuronidase activity; recycling experiments demonstrated complete binding of the enzyme that had been eluted with the competitor D-galactose and no binding of the fraction that was not initially bound. These results suggested the presence of two forms of this enzyme. Similar data were obtained for acidic beta-galactosidase activity. These experiments may provide the basis for the expanded use of immobilized lectins for purification and characterization of hydrolases and other glycoproteins.", "PMID": 426766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13521", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of the exotoxin of Corynebacterium ovis.", "content": "1. The toxin from Corynebacterium ovis, a phospholipase D (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase D) that acts on 2-lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelins, was purified by about 400-fold to homogeneity as judged by several criteria. [The EC number of the toxin (EC 3.1.4.41) has been allotted by the Nomenclature Committee of IUB, but has not yet been published.] 2. A new assay method performed in vitro, based on inhibition by the toxin of erythrocyte lysis by staphylococcal beta-haemolysin, was developed to facilitate the purification. 3. The toxin was found to be a basic (pI9.1) glycoprotein of mol.wt. 14,500 +/- 1,000. 4. The amino acid composition of the toxin was highly reminiscent of that of collagen, since it contained hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and a high proportion of glycine, but preliminary tests showed no other similarities to collagen or proteins with similar compositions.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of the exotoxin of Corynebacterium ovis. 1. The toxin from Corynebacterium ovis, a phospholipase D (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase D) that acts on 2-lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelins, was purified by about 400-fold to homogeneity as judged by several criteria. [The EC number of the toxin (EC 3.1.4.41) has been allotted by the Nomenclature Committee of IUB, but has not yet been published.] 2. A new assay method performed in vitro, based on inhibition by the toxin of erythrocyte lysis by staphylococcal beta-haemolysin, was developed to facilitate the purification. 3. The toxin was found to be a basic (pI9.1) glycoprotein of mol.wt. 14,500 +/- 1,000. 4. The amino acid composition of the toxin was highly reminiscent of that of collagen, since it contained hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and a high proportion of glycine, but preliminary tests showed no other similarities to collagen or proteins with similar compositions.", "PMID": 426767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13522", "title": "Intraspecies heterogeneity of epidermal keratins isolated from bovine hoof and snout.", "content": "The alpha-keratins, the principal components of the tonafilaments, were extracted, characterized and compared in bovine hoof and snout epidermis. The alpha-fibrous proteins of these tissues are similar with respect to their molecular weights, amino acid composition and percentage of helical structure. However, distinct differences in the polypeptides comprising these proteins were observed. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of these proteins consistently showed that the polypeptide chain in snout, designated as band B (mol.wt. 67,000), was completely absent from hoof preparations. This was confirmed with several alternative preparative procedures. The peptides produced by digestion of the intact keratins from hoof and snout with CNBr were distinctly different. Finally, digestion of keratins from hoof and snout with trypsin yielded products that differed in size and resistance to further digestion. Thus, in addition to the interspecies polypeptide heterogeneity documented in the literature, this report establishes the intraspecies heterogeneity of keratins and suggests that these differences are due to either the expression of different gene products or differences in post-translational modifications in these two tissues.", "contents": "Intraspecies heterogeneity of epidermal keratins isolated from bovine hoof and snout. The alpha-keratins, the principal components of the tonafilaments, were extracted, characterized and compared in bovine hoof and snout epidermis. The alpha-fibrous proteins of these tissues are similar with respect to their molecular weights, amino acid composition and percentage of helical structure. However, distinct differences in the polypeptides comprising these proteins were observed. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of these proteins consistently showed that the polypeptide chain in snout, designated as band B (mol.wt. 67,000), was completely absent from hoof preparations. This was confirmed with several alternative preparative procedures. The peptides produced by digestion of the intact keratins from hoof and snout with CNBr were distinctly different. Finally, digestion of keratins from hoof and snout with trypsin yielded products that differed in size and resistance to further digestion. Thus, in addition to the interspecies polypeptide heterogeneity documented in the literature, this report establishes the intraspecies heterogeneity of keratins and suggests that these differences are due to either the expression of different gene products or differences in post-translational modifications in these two tissues.", "PMID": 426768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13523", "title": "Alkaline phosphates from human milk. Comparison with isoenzymes from placenta and liver.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase was partially purified from human milk and its antigenic, functional and structural properties were characterized. By immunochemical and enzymic criteria, the enzyme resembled the alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme found in human liver. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis showed that the milk enzyme differed from the liver both in subunit molecular weight and in isoelectric point. These differences were shown to result from variation in sialic acid content.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphates from human milk. Comparison with isoenzymes from placenta and liver. Alkaline phosphatase was partially purified from human milk and its antigenic, functional and structural properties were characterized. By immunochemical and enzymic criteria, the enzyme resembled the alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme found in human liver. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis showed that the milk enzyme differed from the liver both in subunit molecular weight and in isoelectric point. These differences were shown to result from variation in sialic acid content.", "PMID": 426769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13524", "title": "Accumulation of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase by axenically grown amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Amoebae of the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum AX2 possess only low UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity when grown on autoclaved Klebsiella aerogenes (approx. 30 units/mg of protein), but accumulate the enzyme to approx. 150-200 units/mg of protein during vegetative growth in axenic medium. The vegetative accumulation of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase by axenically grown cells is prevented if autoclaved K. aerogenes are included in the axenic medium, suggesting the absence of a specific inducer. Affinity chromatography using anti-(UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) antibody and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis indicate that the enzyme accumulated during axenic growth and that normally accumulated during development are immunologically cross-reactive and that both are composed of two subunits with mol.wts. 55,600 and 57,500 present in approximately equal amounts in the active enzyme.", "contents": "Accumulation of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase by axenically grown amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum. Amoebae of the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum AX2 possess only low UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity when grown on autoclaved Klebsiella aerogenes (approx. 30 units/mg of protein), but accumulate the enzyme to approx. 150-200 units/mg of protein during vegetative growth in axenic medium. The vegetative accumulation of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase by axenically grown cells is prevented if autoclaved K. aerogenes are included in the axenic medium, suggesting the absence of a specific inducer. Affinity chromatography using anti-(UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) antibody and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis indicate that the enzyme accumulated during axenic growth and that normally accumulated during development are immunologically cross-reactive and that both are composed of two subunits with mol.wts. 55,600 and 57,500 present in approximately equal amounts in the active enzyme.", "PMID": 426770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13525", "title": "Partial non-cleavage by cyanogen bromide of a methionine--cystine bond from human serum albumin and bovine alpha-lactalbumin.", "content": "When human albumin was treated with CNBr, a fragment designated D was obtained and attributed to the absence from some of the albumin molecules of methionine at position 123 [Lapresle & Doyen (1975) Biochem. J. 151, 637-643]. The present study shows that methionine-123 is converted into homoserine without cleavage of the subsequent methionine-cystine bond. With bovine alpha-lactalbumin, a further example of non-cleavage of a methionine-cystine bond with conversion of methionine into homoserine is reported.", "contents": "Partial non-cleavage by cyanogen bromide of a methionine--cystine bond from human serum albumin and bovine alpha-lactalbumin. When human albumin was treated with CNBr, a fragment designated D was obtained and attributed to the absence from some of the albumin molecules of methionine at position 123 [Lapresle & Doyen (1975) Biochem. J. 151, 637-643]. The present study shows that methionine-123 is converted into homoserine without cleavage of the subsequent methionine-cystine bond. With bovine alpha-lactalbumin, a further example of non-cleavage of a methionine-cystine bond with conversion of methionine into homoserine is reported.", "PMID": 426771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13526", "title": "Utilization of endogenous and exogenous sources of substrate for cholesterol biosynthesis by isolated hepatocytes.", "content": "The rates of cholesterol biosynthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes were determined by using a method based on measurement of the rate of formation of desmosterol (cholesta-5,24-dien-3beta-ol), which accumulates during inhibition of cholesterogenesis by the drug triparanol. Incubation of cells from normal or 24h-starved animals in a medium containing albumin, glucose, amino acids and acetate as the only organic constituents led to an accelerating rate of sterol formation during the earlier stages of a 6h incubation period. The contribution of exogenously added acetate (initial concentration 3.34mm) to sterol synthesis in both types of cells reached an early maximum and then continually declined. Exogenously added pyruvate and lactate were more efficient sources of sterol carbon than was acetate. Exogenous glucose even at relatively high concentrations (11.1mm) was incapable of providing more than 6% of the total sterol carbon. Although the proportion of total sterol carbon supplied from exogenous acetate increased with increasing concentrations of the extracellular substrate, the rates of total sterol synthesis in both types of cell remained unchanged. Similar observations were made when lactate or pyruvate was the cholesterogenic precursor in normal cells. These studies suggest that, although exogenous substrates were capable of expanding an intracellular pool of cholesterol precursor, the normal supply of intermediary metabolites was not rate-limiting for cholesterogenesis.", "contents": "Utilization of endogenous and exogenous sources of substrate for cholesterol biosynthesis by isolated hepatocytes. The rates of cholesterol biosynthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes were determined by using a method based on measurement of the rate of formation of desmosterol (cholesta-5,24-dien-3beta-ol), which accumulates during inhibition of cholesterogenesis by the drug triparanol. Incubation of cells from normal or 24h-starved animals in a medium containing albumin, glucose, amino acids and acetate as the only organic constituents led to an accelerating rate of sterol formation during the earlier stages of a 6h incubation period. The contribution of exogenously added acetate (initial concentration 3.34mm) to sterol synthesis in both types of cells reached an early maximum and then continually declined. Exogenously added pyruvate and lactate were more efficient sources of sterol carbon than was acetate. Exogenous glucose even at relatively high concentrations (11.1mm) was incapable of providing more than 6% of the total sterol carbon. Although the proportion of total sterol carbon supplied from exogenous acetate increased with increasing concentrations of the extracellular substrate, the rates of total sterol synthesis in both types of cell remained unchanged. Similar observations were made when lactate or pyruvate was the cholesterogenic precursor in normal cells. These studies suggest that, although exogenous substrates were capable of expanding an intracellular pool of cholesterol precursor, the normal supply of intermediary metabolites was not rate-limiting for cholesterogenesis.", "PMID": 426772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13527", "title": "Evidence for the existence of isoenzymes of glycerol phosphate acyltransferase.", "content": "Subcellular-fractionation studies confirmed previous findings that rat liver glycerol phosphate acyltransferase was located in both mitochondria and the microsomal fraction. Studies of the two activities revealed several differences between them. The mitochondrial enzyme had a lower Km for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and was more resistant to heat inactivation than was the microsomal enzyme. Some preparations of the mitochondrial enzyme were inhibited by high concentrations of glycerol phosphate. The mitochondrial enzyme was not inactivated by thiol-group reagents, whereas the microsomal enzyme was very rapidly inactivated by these compounds. However, the microsomal enzyme could be specifically protected against this inactivation by low concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA. The results indicate the existence of distinct isoenzymes of glycerol phosphate acyltransferase with different intracellular locations.", "contents": "Evidence for the existence of isoenzymes of glycerol phosphate acyltransferase. Subcellular-fractionation studies confirmed previous findings that rat liver glycerol phosphate acyltransferase was located in both mitochondria and the microsomal fraction. Studies of the two activities revealed several differences between them. The mitochondrial enzyme had a lower Km for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and was more resistant to heat inactivation than was the microsomal enzyme. Some preparations of the mitochondrial enzyme were inhibited by high concentrations of glycerol phosphate. The mitochondrial enzyme was not inactivated by thiol-group reagents, whereas the microsomal enzyme was very rapidly inactivated by these compounds. However, the microsomal enzyme could be specifically protected against this inactivation by low concentrations of palmitoyl-CoA. The results indicate the existence of distinct isoenzymes of glycerol phosphate acyltransferase with different intracellular locations.", "PMID": 426773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13528", "title": "Glycolipids and fatty acids of two dog kidney cell lines.", "content": "Glycolipid and fatty acid compositions were studied in whole cells and plasma membranes from two dog kidney cell lines (Madin-Darby and SV40-transformed cells) grown in monolayer and suspension cultures. Glycolipids, which account for 5% or less of the total lipids in dog kidney cells, were substantially increased in plasma membranes relative to whole cells. Sialoglycolipids more complex than a Tay-Sachs-like ganglioside were not found in any whole-cell or plasma-membrane preparation of this study. Dog kidney cells transformed by SV40 virus contained primarily a less complex sialoglycolipid, haematoside. Neutral glycolipids comprised 26-43% of the total glycolipid content in Madin-Darby preparations, whereas in transformed cells and membranes neutral glycolipids constituted only 1-22% of the total glycolipid content. Ceramide trihexoside was found in Madin-Darby cultures, but not in transformed cultures. The values for short-chain fatty acids from neutral glycolipids and for saturated fatty acids were generally higher than the values for these fatty acids in calf serum.", "contents": "Glycolipids and fatty acids of two dog kidney cell lines. Glycolipid and fatty acid compositions were studied in whole cells and plasma membranes from two dog kidney cell lines (Madin-Darby and SV40-transformed cells) grown in monolayer and suspension cultures. Glycolipids, which account for 5% or less of the total lipids in dog kidney cells, were substantially increased in plasma membranes relative to whole cells. Sialoglycolipids more complex than a Tay-Sachs-like ganglioside were not found in any whole-cell or plasma-membrane preparation of this study. Dog kidney cells transformed by SV40 virus contained primarily a less complex sialoglycolipid, haematoside. Neutral glycolipids comprised 26-43% of the total glycolipid content in Madin-Darby preparations, whereas in transformed cells and membranes neutral glycolipids constituted only 1-22% of the total glycolipid content. Ceramide trihexoside was found in Madin-Darby cultures, but not in transformed cultures. The values for short-chain fatty acids from neutral glycolipids and for saturated fatty acids were generally higher than the values for these fatty acids in calf serum.", "PMID": 426774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13529", "title": "The characterization of the non-histone chromosomal proteins of the main classes of nuclei from rat brain fractionated by zonal centrifugation.", "content": "1. Non-histone chromosomal proteins were isolated from the cell nuclei of whole rat brain and nuclei from different types of brain cells. 2. Brain nuclei were fractionated by zonal centrifugation into five zones deriving from five main categories of brain cells. These are the neuronals, astrocytes I, astrocytes II, oligodendrocytes I and oligodendrocytes II. 3. The non-histone chromosomal proteins were analysed by (a) sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, (b) electrofocusing electrophoresis and (c) two-dimensional electrophoresis. The results of this analysis showed a limited specific pattern of non-histone chromosomal proteins from the different classes of nuclei. Differences were found to exist between the proteins from neuronal and glial nuclei. In particular one polypeptide band with mol.wt. 10000 and pI8.5 was found to be present in the non-histone protein fractions of neuronal nuclei, and absent from the corresponding fractions of nearly all the other classes of nuclei. 4. Two other classes of nuclear proteins, buffered-saline-soluble and 0.35m-NaCl-soluble, were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis along with the non-histone chromosomal. The similarities and differences among these groups of proteins are discussed. 5. The patterns of non-histone chromosomal proteins during development were investigated by studying them in two age groups of animals: in infant rats (10 days old) and adult rats. The polypeptide that was found to be specific for the proteins of neuronal nuclei of adult rats is present in all the classes of nuclei of infant rats.", "contents": "The characterization of the non-histone chromosomal proteins of the main classes of nuclei from rat brain fractionated by zonal centrifugation. 1. Non-histone chromosomal proteins were isolated from the cell nuclei of whole rat brain and nuclei from different types of brain cells. 2. Brain nuclei were fractionated by zonal centrifugation into five zones deriving from five main categories of brain cells. These are the neuronals, astrocytes I, astrocytes II, oligodendrocytes I and oligodendrocytes II. 3. The non-histone chromosomal proteins were analysed by (a) sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, (b) electrofocusing electrophoresis and (c) two-dimensional electrophoresis. The results of this analysis showed a limited specific pattern of non-histone chromosomal proteins from the different classes of nuclei. Differences were found to exist between the proteins from neuronal and glial nuclei. In particular one polypeptide band with mol.wt. 10000 and pI8.5 was found to be present in the non-histone protein fractions of neuronal nuclei, and absent from the corresponding fractions of nearly all the other classes of nuclei. 4. Two other classes of nuclear proteins, buffered-saline-soluble and 0.35m-NaCl-soluble, were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis along with the non-histone chromosomal. The similarities and differences among these groups of proteins are discussed. 5. The patterns of non-histone chromosomal proteins during development were investigated by studying them in two age groups of animals: in infant rats (10 days old) and adult rats. The polypeptide that was found to be specific for the proteins of neuronal nuclei of adult rats is present in all the classes of nuclei of infant rats.", "PMID": 426775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13530", "title": "Activation of cathepsin D by glycine ethyl ester.", "content": "Cathepsin D purified from bovine spleen is activated by glycine ethyl ester. A maximum of 70% activation was observed at a glycine ethyl ester concentration of 0.1 M and at pH 4.5. The activation effect appears to be reversible.", "contents": "Activation of cathepsin D by glycine ethyl ester. Cathepsin D purified from bovine spleen is activated by glycine ethyl ester. A maximum of 70% activation was observed at a glycine ethyl ester concentration of 0.1 M and at pH 4.5. The activation effect appears to be reversible.", "PMID": 426776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13531", "title": "The breakdown of 2,3-bis(phospho)-D-glycerate by Fe(III)-haemoglobin.", "content": "Fe(III)-haemoglobin is shown to catalyse the hydrolysis of 2,3-bis(phospho)-D-glycerate to Pi and 3-phosphoglycerate, although the rate is slow, even when the protein is present at concentrations in the millimolar range. The rate of hydrolysis is proportional to the subtrate concentration up to at least 10 mM, so if the process is enzymic, the Km must be high.", "contents": "The breakdown of 2,3-bis(phospho)-D-glycerate by Fe(III)-haemoglobin. Fe(III)-haemoglobin is shown to catalyse the hydrolysis of 2,3-bis(phospho)-D-glycerate to Pi and 3-phosphoglycerate, although the rate is slow, even when the protein is present at concentrations in the millimolar range. The rate of hydrolysis is proportional to the subtrate concentration up to at least 10 mM, so if the process is enzymic, the Km must be high.", "PMID": 426777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13532", "title": "The synthesis of phenyl(2-3H)glyoxal.", "content": "A simple inexpensive method has been developed for the synthesis of [2-3H]acetophenone, which has been converted into phenyl[2-3H]glyoxal. The latter compound has been used to modify arginine residues in alkaline phosphatase from two sources, and also a sialidase.", "contents": "The synthesis of phenyl(2-3H)glyoxal. A simple inexpensive method has been developed for the synthesis of [2-3H]acetophenone, which has been converted into phenyl[2-3H]glyoxal. The latter compound has been used to modify arginine residues in alkaline phosphatase from two sources, and also a sialidase.", "PMID": 426778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13533", "title": "The postnatal methylation of transfer ribonucleic acid in brain. Evidence for the methylation of precursor transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Incubation of 3-day-old rat brain with L-[methyl-3H]methionine resulted in the rapid labeling of low-molecular-weight cytoplasmic RNA. Electrophoresis in 15% polyacrylamide gels provided evidence for the methylation of precursor tRNA molecules, and high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated N2-methylguanine to be the predominant methylated base formed during the first 2 min of labelling.", "contents": "The postnatal methylation of transfer ribonucleic acid in brain. Evidence for the methylation of precursor transfer ribonucleic acid. Incubation of 3-day-old rat brain with L-[methyl-3H]methionine resulted in the rapid labeling of low-molecular-weight cytoplasmic RNA. Electrophoresis in 15% polyacrylamide gels provided evidence for the methylation of precursor tRNA molecules, and high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated N2-methylguanine to be the predominant methylated base formed during the first 2 min of labelling.", "PMID": 426779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13534", "title": "Characterization of a proteolytic-enzyme inhibitor with allergenic activity. Multiple functions of a parasite-derived protein.", "content": "1. A trypsin inhibitor from the tick Boophilus microplus was purified by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. 2. It is pure by the criteria of constant specific activity on gel filtration and by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate. 3. The protein undergoes reversible polymerization, dissociating at low pH. 4. The apparent molecular weight measured by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate is 18,500. 5. Inhibition of trypsin occurs by formation of a 1 :1 molar complex. 6. Chymotrypsin is also inhibited, though the dissociation constant of the complex formed is larger than with trypsin. The protein possesses independent sites for the inhibition of chymotrypsin and trypsin. 7. The inhibitor preparation gives an immediate hypersensitivity reaction on intradermal injection into cattle that have been exposed to the tick. The allergenic activity is due to the inhibitor protein itself and not to contaminating material, since the two activities were not separated during purification or in two subsequent affinity-chromatography procedures. 8. The hypersensitivity reaction is a true immunological response, since it is found in almost all cattle that have been exposed to the tick, but not in unexposed animals. In addition, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis can be demonstrated with serum from exposed, but not from unexposed, animals.", "contents": "Characterization of a proteolytic-enzyme inhibitor with allergenic activity. Multiple functions of a parasite-derived protein. 1. A trypsin inhibitor from the tick Boophilus microplus was purified by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. 2. It is pure by the criteria of constant specific activity on gel filtration and by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate. 3. The protein undergoes reversible polymerization, dissociating at low pH. 4. The apparent molecular weight measured by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate is 18,500. 5. Inhibition of trypsin occurs by formation of a 1 :1 molar complex. 6. Chymotrypsin is also inhibited, though the dissociation constant of the complex formed is larger than with trypsin. The protein possesses independent sites for the inhibition of chymotrypsin and trypsin. 7. The inhibitor preparation gives an immediate hypersensitivity reaction on intradermal injection into cattle that have been exposed to the tick. The allergenic activity is due to the inhibitor protein itself and not to contaminating material, since the two activities were not separated during purification or in two subsequent affinity-chromatography procedures. 8. The hypersensitivity reaction is a true immunological response, since it is found in almost all cattle that have been exposed to the tick, but not in unexposed animals. In addition, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis can be demonstrated with serum from exposed, but not from unexposed, animals.", "PMID": 426780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13535", "title": "Purification, properties and specificity of the restriction endonuclease from Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "The restriction endonuclease BstI was purified from 70kg of Bacillus stearothermophilus. The final product is at least 97% pure as judged by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis; this major protein species co-migrates with the enzyme activity on native polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Pure restriction endonuclease BstI has a subunit mol.wt. of 26,000 and is probably a loosely associated dimer. The enzyme shows maximum activity at pH values between 7 and 9.5, and in the presence of 0.5-2mM-Mg2+. NaCl inhibits the restriction enzyme activity. Restriction endonuclease BstI cleaves DNA in a position identical with that cleaved by endonuclease BamHI (for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), i.e.: (formula: see text). In the presence of high concentrations of enzyme, DNA cleavage occurs at secondary sites. This side-specificity is enhanced by the addition of glycerol. Preliminary studies indicate that these sites are of the type: (formula: see text).", "contents": "Purification, properties and specificity of the restriction endonuclease from Bacillus stearothermophilus. The restriction endonuclease BstI was purified from 70kg of Bacillus stearothermophilus. The final product is at least 97% pure as judged by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis; this major protein species co-migrates with the enzyme activity on native polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Pure restriction endonuclease BstI has a subunit mol.wt. of 26,000 and is probably a loosely associated dimer. The enzyme shows maximum activity at pH values between 7 and 9.5, and in the presence of 0.5-2mM-Mg2+. NaCl inhibits the restriction enzyme activity. Restriction endonuclease BstI cleaves DNA in a position identical with that cleaved by endonuclease BamHI (for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), i.e.: (formula: see text). In the presence of high concentrations of enzyme, DNA cleavage occurs at secondary sites. This side-specificity is enhanced by the addition of glycerol. Preliminary studies indicate that these sites are of the type: (formula: see text).", "PMID": 426781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13536", "title": "Diamine-induced inhibition of liver ornithine decarboxylase.", "content": "Repeated injections of 1,3-diaminopropane, a potent inhibitor of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase, induced protein-synthesis-dependent formation of macromolecular inhibitors or ;antienzymes' [Heller, Fong & Canellakis (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.73, 1858-1862] to ornithine decarboxylase in normal rat liver. Addition of the macromolecular inhibitors, produced in response to repeated injections of diaminopropane, to active ornithine decarboxylase in vitro resulted in a profound loss of the enzyme activity, which, however, could be partly recovered after passage of the enzyme-inhibitor mixture through a Sephadex G-75 columin in the presence of 0.4m-NaCl. This treatment also resulted in the appearance of free inhibitor. In contrast with the separation of the enzyme and inhibitory activity after combination in vitro, it was not possible to re-activate, by using identical conditions of molecular sieving, any inhibited ornithine decarboxylase from cytosol fractions obtained from animals injected with diaminopropane. However, the idea that injection of various diamines, also in vivo, induces acute formation of macromolecular inhibitors, which reversibly combine with the enzyme, was supported by the finding that the ornithine decarboxylase activity remaining after diaminopropane injection appeared to be more stable to increased ionic strength than the enzyme activity obtained from somatotropin-treated rats. Incubation of the inhibitory cytosol fractions with antiserum to ornithine decarboxylase did not completely abolish the inhibitory action of either the cytosolic inhibitor or the antibody. A single injection of diaminopropane produced an extremely rapid decay of liver ornithine decarboxylase activity (half-life about 12min), which was comparable with, or swifter than, that induced by cycloheximide. However, although after cycloheximide treatment the amount of immunotitrable ornithine decarboxylase decreased only slightly more slowly than the enzyme activity, diaminopropane injection did not decrease the amount of the immunoreactive protein, but, on the contrary, invariably caused a marked increase in the apparent amount of antigen, after some lag period. The diamine-induced increase in the amount of the immunoreactive enzyme protein could be totally prevented by a simultaneous injection of cycloheximide. These results are in accord with the hypothesis that various diamines may result in rapid formation of macromolecular inhibitors to ornithine decarboxylase in vivo, which, after combination with the enzyme, abolish the catalytic activity but at the same time prevent the intracellular degradation of the enzyme protein.", "contents": "Diamine-induced inhibition of liver ornithine decarboxylase. Repeated injections of 1,3-diaminopropane, a potent inhibitor of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase, induced protein-synthesis-dependent formation of macromolecular inhibitors or ;antienzymes' [Heller, Fong & Canellakis (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.73, 1858-1862] to ornithine decarboxylase in normal rat liver. Addition of the macromolecular inhibitors, produced in response to repeated injections of diaminopropane, to active ornithine decarboxylase in vitro resulted in a profound loss of the enzyme activity, which, however, could be partly recovered after passage of the enzyme-inhibitor mixture through a Sephadex G-75 columin in the presence of 0.4m-NaCl. This treatment also resulted in the appearance of free inhibitor. In contrast with the separation of the enzyme and inhibitory activity after combination in vitro, it was not possible to re-activate, by using identical conditions of molecular sieving, any inhibited ornithine decarboxylase from cytosol fractions obtained from animals injected with diaminopropane. However, the idea that injection of various diamines, also in vivo, induces acute formation of macromolecular inhibitors, which reversibly combine with the enzyme, was supported by the finding that the ornithine decarboxylase activity remaining after diaminopropane injection appeared to be more stable to increased ionic strength than the enzyme activity obtained from somatotropin-treated rats. Incubation of the inhibitory cytosol fractions with antiserum to ornithine decarboxylase did not completely abolish the inhibitory action of either the cytosolic inhibitor or the antibody. A single injection of diaminopropane produced an extremely rapid decay of liver ornithine decarboxylase activity (half-life about 12min), which was comparable with, or swifter than, that induced by cycloheximide. However, although after cycloheximide treatment the amount of immunotitrable ornithine decarboxylase decreased only slightly more slowly than the enzyme activity, diaminopropane injection did not decrease the amount of the immunoreactive protein, but, on the contrary, invariably caused a marked increase in the apparent amount of antigen, after some lag period. The diamine-induced increase in the amount of the immunoreactive enzyme protein could be totally prevented by a simultaneous injection of cycloheximide. These results are in accord with the hypothesis that various diamines may result in rapid formation of macromolecular inhibitors to ornithine decarboxylase in vivo, which, after combination with the enzyme, abolish the catalytic activity but at the same time prevent the intracellular degradation of the enzyme protein.", "PMID": 426782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13537", "title": "Proteinase and proteinase-inhibitor activities of rat uterine myometrium during pregnancy and involution.", "content": "A supernatant fraction was prepared from rat uterine myometrium by homogenization, sonication and centrifugation. In this supernatant the protein concentration and the activities of an acid proteinase, an acid phosphatase and a proteinase inhibitor were measured. From the fibrous sediment, after washing with 0.5% Triton X-100 and with water, an actomyosin-containing solution was obtained by extraction with 0.6M-NaCl, and in this extract the protein concentration and a neutral proteinase activity were measured. The myometrial wet weight and the activities of the acid proteinase, acid phosphatase and proteinase inhibitor increased by factors of 3-15 during pregnancy and decreased to the same or a greater extent during involution. The amount of protein extracted with 0.6M-NaCl increased by a factor of only 2.3 and the neutral proteinase activity remained essentially constant during pregnancy and involution. The pH optimum of the neutral proteinase, and its pattern of activity compared with those of the lysosomal enzymes, show that the neutral proteinase is not of lysosomal origin. Actomyosin is degraded by the neutral proteinase activity in vitro. Since actomyosin is rapidly broken down only after parturition, the action of the neutral proteinase activity on actomyosin, if this occurs in vivo, must be regulated in some way. The proteinase-inhibitor activity measured in the first supernatant varied in a manner which suggested that it could be involved in this control.", "contents": "Proteinase and proteinase-inhibitor activities of rat uterine myometrium during pregnancy and involution. A supernatant fraction was prepared from rat uterine myometrium by homogenization, sonication and centrifugation. In this supernatant the protein concentration and the activities of an acid proteinase, an acid phosphatase and a proteinase inhibitor were measured. From the fibrous sediment, after washing with 0.5% Triton X-100 and with water, an actomyosin-containing solution was obtained by extraction with 0.6M-NaCl, and in this extract the protein concentration and a neutral proteinase activity were measured. The myometrial wet weight and the activities of the acid proteinase, acid phosphatase and proteinase inhibitor increased by factors of 3-15 during pregnancy and decreased to the same or a greater extent during involution. The amount of protein extracted with 0.6M-NaCl increased by a factor of only 2.3 and the neutral proteinase activity remained essentially constant during pregnancy and involution. The pH optimum of the neutral proteinase, and its pattern of activity compared with those of the lysosomal enzymes, show that the neutral proteinase is not of lysosomal origin. Actomyosin is degraded by the neutral proteinase activity in vitro. Since actomyosin is rapidly broken down only after parturition, the action of the neutral proteinase activity on actomyosin, if this occurs in vivo, must be regulated in some way. The proteinase-inhibitor activity measured in the first supernatant varied in a manner which suggested that it could be involved in this control.", "PMID": 426783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13538", "title": "Frequency of systemic lupus erythematosus in different ethnic groups in Hawaii.", "content": "A survey of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients was conducted in civilian general hospitals on Oahu, Hawaii for the years 1970-75. One hundred sixty-eight cases were ascertained, of which 107  were considered \"definite.\" Age-adjusted prevalence rates per 100,000 were estimated for definite cases at the end of 1975 as follows: white 5.8, Chinese 24.1, Filipino 19.9, part-Hawaiian 20.4, and Japanese 18.2. There was a heavy preponderance of females in each ethnic group, averaging 90% of the definite cases overall. Review of vital statistics for the United States and Hawaii during this period showed age-adjusted SLE mortality rates per million as follows: U.S. white 3.04, U.S. non-white 8.82, Hawaii white 1.89, Hawaii non-white 14.46. The cause of the very high SLE prevalence and mortality in the Oriental and Polynesian people of Hawaii is not clear.", "contents": "Frequency of systemic lupus erythematosus in different ethnic groups in Hawaii. A survey of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients was conducted in civilian general hospitals on Oahu, Hawaii for the years 1970-75. One hundred sixty-eight cases were ascertained, of which 107  were considered \"definite.\" Age-adjusted prevalence rates per 100,000 were estimated for definite cases at the end of 1975 as follows: white 5.8, Chinese 24.1, Filipino 19.9, part-Hawaiian 20.4, and Japanese 18.2. There was a heavy preponderance of females in each ethnic group, averaging 90% of the definite cases overall. Review of vital statistics for the United States and Hawaii during this period showed age-adjusted SLE mortality rates per million as follows: U.S. white 3.04, U.S. non-white 8.82, Hawaii white 1.89, Hawaii non-white 14.46. The cause of the very high SLE prevalence and mortality in the Oriental and Polynesian people of Hawaii is not clear.", "PMID": 426879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13539", "title": "Therapeutic effect of prolonged hyperbaric oxygen in adjuvant arthritis of the rat.", "content": "Development of adjuvant disease in the rat is suppressed if hyperbaric oxygen is administered within one day after the inoculation of an oil suspension of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and continued for 16 to 17 days. Although 10 to 40% of the rodents developed mild arthritis after discontinuance of therapy, most remained symptom-free for at least 50 days. Oxygen administered after arthritis is advanced still exerted a significant curative effect. Possible mechanisms underlying the therapeutic action of oxygen are discussed.", "contents": "Therapeutic effect of prolonged hyperbaric oxygen in adjuvant arthritis of the rat. Development of adjuvant disease in the rat is suppressed if hyperbaric oxygen is administered within one day after the inoculation of an oil suspension of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and continued for 16 to 17 days. Although 10 to 40% of the rodents developed mild arthritis after discontinuance of therapy, most remained symptom-free for at least 50 days. Oxygen administered after arthritis is advanced still exerted a significant curative effect. Possible mechanisms underlying the therapeutic action of oxygen are discussed.", "PMID": 426880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13540", "title": "Collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Comparison of vitreous and cartilage-derived collagens.", "content": "An oil emulsion of purified type II collagen from bovine articular cartilage when injected intradermally into rats induced an inflammatory polyarthritis in 4 of 12 animals. When similarly injected, collagen purified from bonve vitreous induced arthritis in 6 of 12 animals. Studies of humoral and cell-mediated immunity to both collagen preparations demonstrated complete cross-reactivity. It is concluded that vitreous collagen shares the arthritogenic property of cartilage-derived type II collagen and that collagen from the two sources is indistinguishable in arthritogenic and immunologic properties.", "contents": "Collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Comparison of vitreous and cartilage-derived collagens. An oil emulsion of purified type II collagen from bovine articular cartilage when injected intradermally into rats induced an inflammatory polyarthritis in 4 of 12 animals. When similarly injected, collagen purified from bonve vitreous induced arthritis in 6 of 12 animals. Studies of humoral and cell-mediated immunity to both collagen preparations demonstrated complete cross-reactivity. It is concluded that vitreous collagen shares the arthritogenic property of cartilage-derived type II collagen and that collagen from the two sources is indistinguishable in arthritogenic and immunologic properties.", "PMID": 426881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13541", "title": "Epidemiology of Ankylosing spondylitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935-1973.", "content": "The Mayo Clinic records linkage facility for residents of Rochester, Minnesota, Yielded 102 cases of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) diagnosed from 1935 through 1973. The incidence did not change significantly over the 39 years. Three times as many males as females were affected. In contrast to another recent report, survivorship of males with AS was not different from that of the general population, whereas survivorship of females with AS was reduced. The overall prevalence was 129/100,000.", "contents": "Epidemiology of Ankylosing spondylitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935-1973. The Mayo Clinic records linkage facility for residents of Rochester, Minnesota, Yielded 102 cases of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) diagnosed from 1935 through 1973. The incidence did not change significantly over the 39 years. Three times as many males as females were affected. In contrast to another recent report, survivorship of males with AS was not different from that of the general population, whereas survivorship of females with AS was reduced. The overall prevalence was 129/100,000.", "PMID": 426882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13542", "title": "Steady-state serum salicylate levels in hospitalized patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Comparison of two dosage schedules of choline magnesium trisalicylate.", "content": "When the total daily drug dose was individualized to produce a steady-state serum salicylate concentration between 20 and 35 mg/dl, clinically acceptable fluctuations of serum concentrations occurred during both twice daily and three times daily administration. In 6 rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving choline magnesium trisalicylate, mean steady-state serum levels were the same, and the ranges of hourly mean concentrations during 8 and 12 hour dosage intervals were 19 to 27 mg/dl and 17 to 30 mg/dl, respectively. Changing the dosing interval from 8 to 12 hours required a 50% increase in the fractional doses, but resulted in an increase of only 3 mg/dl in mean peak concentration and a ddecrease of 1 mg/dl in mean minimum concentration.", "contents": "Steady-state serum salicylate levels in hospitalized patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Comparison of two dosage schedules of choline magnesium trisalicylate. When the total daily drug dose was individualized to produce a steady-state serum salicylate concentration between 20 and 35 mg/dl, clinically acceptable fluctuations of serum concentrations occurred during both twice daily and three times daily administration. In 6 rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving choline magnesium trisalicylate, mean steady-state serum levels were the same, and the ranges of hourly mean concentrations during 8 and 12 hour dosage intervals were 19 to 27 mg/dl and 17 to 30 mg/dl, respectively. Changing the dosing interval from 8 to 12 hours required a 50% increase in the fractional doses, but resulted in an increase of only 3 mg/dl in mean peak concentration and a ddecrease of 1 mg/dl in mean minimum concentration.", "PMID": 426883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13543", "title": "Studies on vaccine-induced rubella arthritis. Serologic findings before and after immunization.", "content": "Rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody responses were measured before and after immunization with HPV-77 DE/5 vaccine in 7 adult females with recurrent arthritis following rubella immunization and 24 hospital personnel studied prospectively while undergoing routine rubella immunization. The only distinctive serologic characteristic observed in all subjects developing rubella arthritis was a preimmunization HI titer of less than 1 : 8. No association was observed between the development of arthritis after immunization and prolongation of rubella HI IgM responses or elevation of rubella HI IgG responses.", "contents": "Studies on vaccine-induced rubella arthritis. Serologic findings before and after immunization. Rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody responses were measured before and after immunization with HPV-77 DE/5 vaccine in 7 adult females with recurrent arthritis following rubella immunization and 24 hospital personnel studied prospectively while undergoing routine rubella immunization. The only distinctive serologic characteristic observed in all subjects developing rubella arthritis was a preimmunization HI titer of less than 1 : 8. No association was observed between the development of arthritis after immunization and prolongation of rubella HI IgM responses or elevation of rubella HI IgG responses.", "PMID": 426884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13544", "title": "Factor XII deficiency with systemic lupus erythematosus. Biological implications.", "content": "A patient with Factor XII (Hageman) deficiency and fulminant systemic lupus erythematosus is presented. The Factor XII deficiency was noted prior to the onset of clinical systemic lupus erythematosus and persisted throughout the patient's course without associated hemorrhagic manifestations. There was no evidence for a circulating anticoagulant. The patient had a rapidly progressive fatal course unresponsive to corticosteroid therapy. Factor XII levels did not increase during therapy with steroids. Despite absence of Hageman factor, evidence for activation of complement by the classic pathway and thromboembolic phenomenon was observed. The role of Factor XII in coagulation and inflammatory pathways and the influence of the factor deficiency on the course of the patient's illness are discussed.", "contents": "Factor XII deficiency with systemic lupus erythematosus. Biological implications. A patient with Factor XII (Hageman) deficiency and fulminant systemic lupus erythematosus is presented. The Factor XII deficiency was noted prior to the onset of clinical systemic lupus erythematosus and persisted throughout the patient's course without associated hemorrhagic manifestations. There was no evidence for a circulating anticoagulant. The patient had a rapidly progressive fatal course unresponsive to corticosteroid therapy. Factor XII levels did not increase during therapy with steroids. Despite absence of Hageman factor, evidence for activation of complement by the classic pathway and thromboembolic phenomenon was observed. The role of Factor XII in coagulation and inflammatory pathways and the influence of the factor deficiency on the course of the patient's illness are discussed.", "PMID": 426885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13545", "title": "Motility, acrosome morphology and fertilizing capacity of cold-shocked hamster spermatozoa.", "content": "When fresh epididymal spermatozoa were cold shocked for 10 or 30 min, then warmed to 24 degrees C, sperm motility was normal, but cold shocking ejaculated or capacitated spermatozoa caused a significant decrease in the percentage of motile spermatozoa and, for capacitated spermatozoa, in the rate of motility. The acrosomes of motile fresh epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa became crenulated after cold shock, and the percentage of spermatozoa with crenulated acrosomes increased with longer periods of cold shock and was higher when spermatozoa were cold shocked in serum than in saline. When epididymal spermatozoa were cold shocked after incubation for 4 h at 37 degrees C, the acrosomes on spermatozoa which had not undergone an acrosome reaction became swollen and elevated instead crenulated. Epididymal spermatozoa which were cold shocked and then incubated for 4 h at 37 degrees C exhibited acrosome reactions and activation of motility, but had reduced fertilizing capacity when tested in vitro. Spermatozoa incubated in serum and cold shocked were able to penetrate zone-free ova even though their tails had been bent through 180 degrees. It is suggested that cold shock decreases the fertilizing capacity of hamster spermatozoa by interfering with the ability of spermatozoa to bind to and/or penetrate the zone pellucida.", "contents": "Motility, acrosome morphology and fertilizing capacity of cold-shocked hamster spermatozoa. When fresh epididymal spermatozoa were cold shocked for 10 or 30 min, then warmed to 24 degrees C, sperm motility was normal, but cold shocking ejaculated or capacitated spermatozoa caused a significant decrease in the percentage of motile spermatozoa and, for capacitated spermatozoa, in the rate of motility. The acrosomes of motile fresh epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa became crenulated after cold shock, and the percentage of spermatozoa with crenulated acrosomes increased with longer periods of cold shock and was higher when spermatozoa were cold shocked in serum than in saline. When epididymal spermatozoa were cold shocked after incubation for 4 h at 37 degrees C, the acrosomes on spermatozoa which had not undergone an acrosome reaction became swollen and elevated instead crenulated. Epididymal spermatozoa which were cold shocked and then incubated for 4 h at 37 degrees C exhibited acrosome reactions and activation of motility, but had reduced fertilizing capacity when tested in vitro. Spermatozoa incubated in serum and cold shocked were able to penetrate zone-free ova even though their tails had been bent through 180 degrees. It is suggested that cold shock decreases the fertilizing capacity of hamster spermatozoa by interfering with the ability of spermatozoa to bind to and/or penetrate the zone pellucida.", "PMID": 426898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13546", "title": "Pyogenic granuloma of the cornea simulating squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "A case of pyogenic granuloma involving the cornea simulated recurrent squamous cell carcinoma clinically and was misdiagnosed as invasive squamous cell carcinoma on biopsy. Ophthalmologists and pathologists should be aware of the capability of the corneal or conjunctival tissues to mount a granulation tissue response to injury.", "contents": "Pyogenic granuloma of the cornea simulating squamous cell carcinoma. A case of pyogenic granuloma involving the cornea simulated recurrent squamous cell carcinoma clinically and was misdiagnosed as invasive squamous cell carcinoma on biopsy. Ophthalmologists and pathologists should be aware of the capability of the corneal or conjunctival tissues to mount a granulation tissue response to injury.", "PMID": 426905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13547", "title": "Immune thrombocytopenia in lymphoproliferative diseases.", "content": "We have studied the thrombocytopenia of lymphoproliferative disorders using a measurement of membrane-bound IgG by an antiglobulin consumption assay. Nine patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and thrombocytopenia had increased membrane-bound IgG. Two patients with non-Hodgkins lymphoma and 1 patient with Hodgkins disease also had thrombocytopenia and increased membrane-bound IgG. Five of the patients with CLL had positive direct antiglobulin (Coombs) tests on red cells; of these, 3 patients had hemolytic anemia. In eight of the 9 patients with CLL, thrombocytopenia, and increased platelet-bound-IgG, the platelet count increased with the administration of prednisone or an alkylating agent, with splenectomy, or with a combination of these.", "contents": "Immune thrombocytopenia in lymphoproliferative diseases. We have studied the thrombocytopenia of lymphoproliferative disorders using a measurement of membrane-bound IgG by an antiglobulin consumption assay. Nine patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and thrombocytopenia had increased membrane-bound IgG. Two patients with non-Hodgkins lymphoma and 1 patient with Hodgkins disease also had thrombocytopenia and increased membrane-bound IgG. Five of the patients with CLL had positive direct antiglobulin (Coombs) tests on red cells; of these, 3 patients had hemolytic anemia. In eight of the 9 patients with CLL, thrombocytopenia, and increased platelet-bound-IgG, the platelet count increased with the administration of prednisone or an alkylating agent, with splenectomy, or with a combination of these.", "PMID": 426906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13548", "title": "Chromosome analysis in two unusual malignant blood disorders presumably induced by benzene.", "content": "Two patients with presumably benzene-induced malignant blood disorders with preleukemic phases were cytogenetically monitored through the courses of their diseases. Patient 1, in addition to a familial chromosome translocation [t(3;16)], developed karyotypic abnormalities in 100% of the marrow cells, including two translocation: t(9;16)] and t(4;15). Monosomy of chromosome 7 characterized the cells of patient 2. Cytogenetic monitoring of the patients at various phases of their diseases served as an important indicator of the transformation or progression of the preleukemia into frank leukemia and of the unusual behavior of such leukemic cells.", "contents": "Chromosome analysis in two unusual malignant blood disorders presumably induced by benzene. Two patients with presumably benzene-induced malignant blood disorders with preleukemic phases were cytogenetically monitored through the courses of their diseases. Patient 1, in addition to a familial chromosome translocation [t(3;16)], developed karyotypic abnormalities in 100% of the marrow cells, including two translocation: t(9;16)] and t(4;15). Monosomy of chromosome 7 characterized the cells of patient 2. Cytogenetic monitoring of the patients at various phases of their diseases served as an important indicator of the transformation or progression of the preleukemia into frank leukemia and of the unusual behavior of such leukemic cells.", "PMID": 426907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13549", "title": "Effect of anti-P1A1 antibody on human platelets. II. Mechanism of the complement-dependent release reaction.", "content": "We studied the mechanism by which complement activated by anti-P1A1 antibody elicits the platelet release reaction. Anti-P1A1 antibody mediates its action through the classic complement pathway, and its effect depends on the concentration of IgG antibody on the platelet surface. At relatively high concentrations of anti-P1A1 antibody the release reaction was mediated by a mechanism in part independent of extracellular ADP and metabolic energy and inhibited by only high concentrations of PGE1. However, at lower concentrations of anti-P1A1 antibody the release reaction was dependent on metabolic energy and ADP, and the concentration of PGE1 required to inhibit platelet release was similar to that required to inhibit ADP-induced release. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor acetylsalicylic acid inhibited the release reaction at all nonlytic antibody levels studied. None of the agents studied inhibited the induction of platelet lysis by very high concentrations of anti-P1A1 antibody, and no effect of antibody on platelet 14C-serotonin uptake was observed at antibody concentrations that did not mediate direct in vitro alteration. These studies suggest the possible use of pharmacologic agents in modifying some complement-mediated platelet alterations.", "contents": "Effect of anti-P1A1 antibody on human platelets. II. Mechanism of the complement-dependent release reaction. We studied the mechanism by which complement activated by anti-P1A1 antibody elicits the platelet release reaction. Anti-P1A1 antibody mediates its action through the classic complement pathway, and its effect depends on the concentration of IgG antibody on the platelet surface. At relatively high concentrations of anti-P1A1 antibody the release reaction was mediated by a mechanism in part independent of extracellular ADP and metabolic energy and inhibited by only high concentrations of PGE1. However, at lower concentrations of anti-P1A1 antibody the release reaction was dependent on metabolic energy and ADP, and the concentration of PGE1 required to inhibit platelet release was similar to that required to inhibit ADP-induced release. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor acetylsalicylic acid inhibited the release reaction at all nonlytic antibody levels studied. None of the agents studied inhibited the induction of platelet lysis by very high concentrations of anti-P1A1 antibody, and no effect of antibody on platelet 14C-serotonin uptake was observed at antibody concentrations that did not mediate direct in vitro alteration. These studies suggest the possible use of pharmacologic agents in modifying some complement-mediated platelet alterations.", "PMID": 426908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13550", "title": "Evidence for production of oxidizing radicals by the particulate O-2-forming system from human neutrophils.", "content": "The particulate O-2-forming system from human neutrophils was found to oxidize methional and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid (KMB) to ethylene, indicating the formation by this system of strongly oxidizing radicals. Conforming this interpretation was the observation that ethylene production was inhibited by the radical scavengers benzoate, ethanol, and mannitol. Ethylene production was also sharply reduced by superoxide dismutase, implicatin O-2 as a precursor of oxidizing radicals. In our system catalase only partially inhibited ethylene generation from either methional or KMB, suggesting that oxidizing radicals are generated at least in part by the reacton of O-2 with compounds other than H2O2. We propose that in neutrophils oxidizing radicals are formed in a reaction between O-2 and a peroxide according to the following equation: O-2 + ROOH leads to RO . + OH- + O2, in which ROOH may be hydrogen peroxide, an alkyl peroxide, or an acyl peroxide (i.e., a peroxy acid).", "contents": "Evidence for production of oxidizing radicals by the particulate O-2-forming system from human neutrophils. The particulate O-2-forming system from human neutrophils was found to oxidize methional and 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid (KMB) to ethylene, indicating the formation by this system of strongly oxidizing radicals. Conforming this interpretation was the observation that ethylene production was inhibited by the radical scavengers benzoate, ethanol, and mannitol. Ethylene production was also sharply reduced by superoxide dismutase, implicatin O-2 as a precursor of oxidizing radicals. In our system catalase only partially inhibited ethylene generation from either methional or KMB, suggesting that oxidizing radicals are generated at least in part by the reacton of O-2 with compounds other than H2O2. We propose that in neutrophils oxidizing radicals are formed in a reaction between O-2 and a peroxide according to the following equation: O-2 + ROOH leads to RO . + OH- + O2, in which ROOH may be hydrogen peroxide, an alkyl peroxide, or an acyl peroxide (i.e., a peroxy acid).", "PMID": 426913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13551", "title": "Congenital deficiency of blood clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.", "content": "A patient congenitally deficient in factors II, VII, IX, and X has been further investigated after a follow-up of 15 yr. At birth, these factors, when determined by clotting assays, were undetectable. Following therapy with vitamin K1, the clotting activity of these factors rose but never exceeded 18% of normal. Immunologic assays revealed much higher levels of these factors than did clotting assays, thus suggesting that the vitamin-K-dependent factors were present in abnormal forms. Two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis showed that at least two forms of prothrombin were present in the patient's plasma. One form was similar to normal prothrombin; the other had the same mobility as acarboxyprothrombin. In addition, the majority of this fast-migrating peak was not adsorbable onto insoluble barium salts. These observations suggested that some molecules of the patient's prothrombin lacked the normal complement of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues. This observation was confirmed by a specific assay for gamma-carboxyglutamate. Since malabsorption of vitamin K, warfarin intoxication, and hepatic dysfunction were excluded as causes of this patient's syndrome, this rare congenital abnormality could represent either a defective gamma-carboxylation mechanism within the hepatocyte or faulty vitamin K transport.", "contents": "Congenital deficiency of blood clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X. A patient congenitally deficient in factors II, VII, IX, and X has been further investigated after a follow-up of 15 yr. At birth, these factors, when determined by clotting assays, were undetectable. Following therapy with vitamin K1, the clotting activity of these factors rose but never exceeded 18% of normal. Immunologic assays revealed much higher levels of these factors than did clotting assays, thus suggesting that the vitamin-K-dependent factors were present in abnormal forms. Two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis showed that at least two forms of prothrombin were present in the patient's plasma. One form was similar to normal prothrombin; the other had the same mobility as acarboxyprothrombin. In addition, the majority of this fast-migrating peak was not adsorbable onto insoluble barium salts. These observations suggested that some molecules of the patient's prothrombin lacked the normal complement of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues. This observation was confirmed by a specific assay for gamma-carboxyglutamate. Since malabsorption of vitamin K, warfarin intoxication, and hepatic dysfunction were excluded as causes of this patient's syndrome, this rare congenital abnormality could represent either a defective gamma-carboxylation mechanism within the hepatocyte or faulty vitamin K transport.", "PMID": 426915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13552", "title": "An assay for intrinsic factor based on blocking of the R binder of gastric juice by cobinamide.", "content": "An in vitro assay for measurement of gastric juice intrinsic factor (IF) was developed based on the ability of the cobinamide (Cbi) [(CN, OH) Cbi] to bind to the gastric juice R-type binders of cobalamin (Cbl) and not to the IF binder. Subsequently added radioactive Cbl, CN-[57Co] Cbl, binds only to the IF binders and allows for direct measurement of this Cbl binding protein. This Cbi blocking assay was found to function as well as the more conventional methods of IF measurement, G-100 column chromatography, and IF blocking antibody assay. The present assay has the advantage of eliminating the need for elaborate forms of protein separation and does not rely on a source of antibody.", "contents": "An assay for intrinsic factor based on blocking of the R binder of gastric juice by cobinamide. An in vitro assay for measurement of gastric juice intrinsic factor (IF) was developed based on the ability of the cobinamide (Cbi) [(CN, OH) Cbi] to bind to the gastric juice R-type binders of cobalamin (Cbl) and not to the IF binder. Subsequently added radioactive Cbl, CN-[57Co] Cbl, binds only to the IF binders and allows for direct measurement of this Cbl binding protein. This Cbi blocking assay was found to function as well as the more conventional methods of IF measurement, G-100 column chromatography, and IF blocking antibody assay. The present assay has the advantage of eliminating the need for elaborate forms of protein separation and does not rely on a source of antibody.", "PMID": 426916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13553", "title": "Human myeloid progenitor cells expressing HLA antigens.", "content": "Marrow cells of known HLA type were incubated with HLA antiserum plus complement and then plated in soft agar. Colony formation was consistently inhibited by appropriate HLA antisera. Mixing experiments excluded an indirect effect on CFU-C by lysis of mature leukocytes. We conclude that human CFU-C express HLA antigens.", "contents": "Human myeloid progenitor cells expressing HLA antigens. Marrow cells of known HLA type were incubated with HLA antiserum plus complement and then plated in soft agar. Colony formation was consistently inhibited by appropriate HLA antisera. Mixing experiments excluded an indirect effect on CFU-C by lysis of mature leukocytes. We conclude that human CFU-C express HLA antigens.", "PMID": 426917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13554", "title": "[Early mechanical respiration with prolonged inspiration in the treatment of acute respiratory insufficiency in the newborn].", "content": "The experience at the Servicio de Medicina Perinatal Pedi\u00e1trica of the Centro Hospitalario \"20 de Noviembre\" of the ISSSTE is reported on the application of a ventilatory assistance criterion to treat the severe respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. Early application of intermittent mechanical ventilation (IMV) is established to avoid clinical impairment. The mechanical ventilator is used in such a way that without withdrawing therapeutic effectiveness, it may cut down to a minimum complications derived from the use of IMV. The results show increase in survivorship, specially among the lower weight population and less complications than with the previous management method, in spite of a 70% increase in the use of IMV.", "contents": "[Early mechanical respiration with prolonged inspiration in the treatment of acute respiratory insufficiency in the newborn]. The experience at the Servicio de Medicina Perinatal Pedi\u00e1trica of the Centro Hospitalario \"20 de Noviembre\" of the ISSSTE is reported on the application of a ventilatory assistance criterion to treat the severe respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. Early application of intermittent mechanical ventilation (IMV) is established to avoid clinical impairment. The mechanical ventilator is used in such a way that without withdrawing therapeutic effectiveness, it may cut down to a minimum complications derived from the use of IMV. The results show increase in survivorship, specially among the lower weight population and less complications than with the previous management method, in spite of a 70% increase in the use of IMV.", "PMID": 426918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13555", "title": "[Management of patients with phenylketonuria in Mexico].", "content": "This paper shows the results of the dietary management of 9 children with phenylketonuria diagnosed at the Clinic for Inborn Errores of Metabolism of the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o-Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas UNAM. The age at which the diet was instituted was variable: in one case before the age of 8 weeks; in another one at 5 months and in the remainder after 10 months. The management is multidisciplinary and involves a geneticist, a pediatrician, a neurologist a psychologist, a nutritionist, and a social worker. In spite of the difficult control of the diet in some patients, in most cases satisfactory phenylalanine levels were maintained most of the time. The body growth and development have been normal. With regard to the mental development, the results support the importance of an early diagnosis since the case treated from the age of one month has shown normal development; the patient diagnosed at 5 months has had a low normal IQ and the rest, all diagnosed after 10 months of age, show some improvement, but do not reach normal levels. The need of neonatal screening for early diagnosis is emphazised.", "contents": "[Management of patients with phenylketonuria in Mexico]. This paper shows the results of the dietary management of 9 children with phenylketonuria diagnosed at the Clinic for Inborn Errores of Metabolism of the Hospital del Ni\u00f1o-Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas UNAM. The age at which the diet was instituted was variable: in one case before the age of 8 weeks; in another one at 5 months and in the remainder after 10 months. The management is multidisciplinary and involves a geneticist, a pediatrician, a neurologist a psychologist, a nutritionist, and a social worker. In spite of the difficult control of the diet in some patients, in most cases satisfactory phenylalanine levels were maintained most of the time. The body growth and development have been normal. With regard to the mental development, the results support the importance of an early diagnosis since the case treated from the age of one month has shown normal development; the patient diagnosed at 5 months has had a low normal IQ and the rest, all diagnosed after 10 months of age, show some improvement, but do not reach normal levels. The need of neonatal screening for early diagnosis is emphazised.", "PMID": 426919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13556", "title": "[Arterial pressure during the neonatal transitional period].", "content": "A total of 288 determinations of blood pressure were practiced in newborns using an ultrasonic unit with the purpose of establishing the blood pressure in the newborn during the neonatal transitional period in a sampling cycle divided into four stages (0:30, 4:00, 6:00 and 10:00 hours). The results were analyzed in a descriptive fashion by means of variation indexes that show the changes occurred in B.P. between one and the other stages of the sampling cycle.", "contents": "[Arterial pressure during the neonatal transitional period]. A total of 288 determinations of blood pressure were practiced in newborns using an ultrasonic unit with the purpose of establishing the blood pressure in the newborn during the neonatal transitional period in a sampling cycle divided into four stages (0:30, 4:00, 6:00 and 10:00 hours). The results were analyzed in a descriptive fashion by means of variation indexes that show the changes occurred in B.P. between one and the other stages of the sampling cycle.", "PMID": 426920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13557", "title": "[Congenital syphilis with nephrotic syndrome].", "content": "A patient with congenital syphilis and nephrotic syndrome is reported. The renal biopsy with light microscope showed glomerulopathy with epithelial proliferation. Irregular, nodular, electrodense material was identified with the electron microscope in subepithelial spaces and immunofluorescence showed irregular granular positivity for IgG, IgM and fibrin, which confirmed a disease due to immune complexes. Pencillin and physical rehabilitation were sufficient therapy for the recovery of this patient.", "contents": "[Congenital syphilis with nephrotic syndrome]. A patient with congenital syphilis and nephrotic syndrome is reported. The renal biopsy with light microscope showed glomerulopathy with epithelial proliferation. Irregular, nodular, electrodense material was identified with the electron microscope in subepithelial spaces and immunofluorescence showed irregular granular positivity for IgG, IgM and fibrin, which confirmed a disease due to immune complexes. Pencillin and physical rehabilitation were sufficient therapy for the recovery of this patient.", "PMID": 426921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13558", "title": "[Chondroectodermal displasia (Ellis-van Creveld syndrome)].", "content": "The present paper describes a case with clinical and radiological characteristics of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. He was the first offspring from non-consanguineous parents. We comment the differential diagnosis between chondroectodermal dysplasia with types of dwarfism for genetic conseling purposes.", "contents": "[Chondroectodermal displasia (Ellis-van Creveld syndrome)]. The present paper describes a case with clinical and radiological characteristics of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. He was the first offspring from non-consanguineous parents. We comment the differential diagnosis between chondroectodermal dysplasia with types of dwarfism for genetic conseling purposes.", "PMID": 426922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13559", "title": "[Carcinoid tumor of the appendix in children].", "content": "Carcinoid tumor of the appendix has been known since 1808, and currently we know that it may appear all along the intestinal tract, biliary tree, ovaries, bronchi, lungs and pancreas. It is usually uncommon during infancy, representing 1.8% of all the tumors of the intestinal tract, approximately 70% of the appendiceal tumors and 0.16 to 0.7% of all operated appendixes. It is more frequent in females. With no typical clinical picture, it is usually an incidental finding, as well as a cause of inflammatory processes of the appendix. When the diameter is less than 1.0 cm, the treatment of choice is appendectomy; and in tumors of larger size, surgery is more extensive. Two cases are reported.", "contents": "[Carcinoid tumor of the appendix in children]. Carcinoid tumor of the appendix has been known since 1808, and currently we know that it may appear all along the intestinal tract, biliary tree, ovaries, bronchi, lungs and pancreas. It is usually uncommon during infancy, representing 1.8% of all the tumors of the intestinal tract, approximately 70% of the appendiceal tumors and 0.16 to 0.7% of all operated appendixes. It is more frequent in females. With no typical clinical picture, it is usually an incidental finding, as well as a cause of inflammatory processes of the appendix. When the diameter is less than 1.0 cm, the treatment of choice is appendectomy; and in tumors of larger size, surgery is more extensive. Two cases are reported.", "PMID": 426923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13560", "title": "[Congenital lobar emphysema].", "content": "A case of congenital lobar emphysema is reported in a male child four years old. The clinical and radiological studies are described. Besides, this case was the basis to review the topic of Congenital Lobar Emphysema and the corresponding literature, considering that this is an uncommon disease in our milieu.", "contents": "[Congenital lobar emphysema]. A case of congenital lobar emphysema is reported in a male child four years old. The clinical and radiological studies are described. Besides, this case was the basis to review the topic of Congenital Lobar Emphysema and the corresponding literature, considering that this is an uncommon disease in our milieu.", "PMID": 426924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13561", "title": "[Congenital megacolon and Duhamel Grob's surgical technic].", "content": "The authors present their own experience and results when treating patients with congenital megacolon by performing the Duhamel-Grob's surgery. The clinical aspects and the surgical treatment performed are analized in detail as well as the post-operative complications which were also compared to reports in the literature.", "contents": "[Congenital megacolon and Duhamel Grob's surgical technic]. The authors present their own experience and results when treating patients with congenital megacolon by performing the Duhamel-Grob's surgery. The clinical aspects and the surgical treatment performed are analized in detail as well as the post-operative complications which were also compared to reports in the literature.", "PMID": 426926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13562", "title": "[Acrodysostosis].", "content": "Two unrelated males of 16 and 8 years of age with acrodysostosis were studied. They showed short stature, broad and hypoplastic nose and severe acromelic shortness. X-ray studies revealed bilateral brachymetacarpaly, brachymetatarsalia and brachyphalangia with hyperplasia of the first ray in hands and feet. Psychometric studies revealed an IQ of 85, the highest observed in the 22 cases so far reported. The variable expressivity of the syndrome is discussed on this basis. The hypothesis of an autosomal dominant \"de novo\" mutation as the cause of the entity is supported by the finding of increased paternal age.", "contents": "[Acrodysostosis]. Two unrelated males of 16 and 8 years of age with acrodysostosis were studied. They showed short stature, broad and hypoplastic nose and severe acromelic shortness. X-ray studies revealed bilateral brachymetacarpaly, brachymetatarsalia and brachyphalangia with hyperplasia of the first ray in hands and feet. Psychometric studies revealed an IQ of 85, the highest observed in the 22 cases so far reported. The variable expressivity of the syndrome is discussed on this basis. The hypothesis of an autosomal dominant \"de novo\" mutation as the cause of the entity is supported by the finding of increased paternal age.", "PMID": 426925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13563", "title": "[Capillary and central serum bilirubin: reliability of values].", "content": "At the Servicio de Medicina Perinatal Pedi\u00e1trica of the Centro Hospitalario \"20 de Noviembre\" of the ISSSTE, 141 samples of bilirubin were obtained from 47 icteric newborns within the first 72 hours of hospitalization. Determinations were made for total serum bilirubin, indirect and total capillary bilirubins. The results obtained were submitted to analysis of plain linear regression followed by determination of correlation coefficient to establish statistical reliability. The capillary samples showed a greater statistical reliability by a lesser dispersion index. The determination of capillary bilirubin makes necessary the investigation by microtechnics of the potentially toxic fraction of bilirubin. However in the indistinct utilization of capillary and central venous samples, capillary values may be more useful because their reading is more reliable.", "contents": "[Capillary and central serum bilirubin: reliability of values]. At the Servicio de Medicina Perinatal Pedi\u00e1trica of the Centro Hospitalario \"20 de Noviembre\" of the ISSSTE, 141 samples of bilirubin were obtained from 47 icteric newborns within the first 72 hours of hospitalization. Determinations were made for total serum bilirubin, indirect and total capillary bilirubins. The results obtained were submitted to analysis of plain linear regression followed by determination of correlation coefficient to establish statistical reliability. The capillary samples showed a greater statistical reliability by a lesser dispersion index. The determination of capillary bilirubin makes necessary the investigation by microtechnics of the potentially toxic fraction of bilirubin. However in the indistinct utilization of capillary and central venous samples, capillary values may be more useful because their reading is more reliable.", "PMID": 426927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13564", "title": "[Genetic counseling of acrocephalosyndactylia].", "content": "The present paper describes a case with clinical and radiological characteristics of Apert's syndrome. He was the first offspring from second cousins marriage. We considered that in this case, consanguinity is an associated feature. Perhaps this case may be the third one reported in the literature with consanguineous parents. We comment the different classifications of the acrocephalosyndactylias for genetic counseling purposes.", "contents": "[Genetic counseling of acrocephalosyndactylia]. The present paper describes a case with clinical and radiological characteristics of Apert's syndrome. He was the first offspring from second cousins marriage. We considered that in this case, consanguinity is an associated feature. Perhaps this case may be the third one reported in the literature with consanguineous parents. We comment the different classifications of the acrocephalosyndactylias for genetic counseling purposes.", "PMID": 426928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13565", "title": "[Adaptation of the Pudenz system of variation for the lumboperitoneal derivation in communicant hydrocephalia in children].", "content": "This paper is a technical report of the procedure we follow at the Neurosurgical Pediatric Service at the Centro M\u00e9dica La Raza, IMSS for the lumboperitoneal derivations to which we have adapted the P\u00fcdenz system for this purpose having excellent results and avoiding the \"valve dependency\" of the patients.", "contents": "[Adaptation of the Pudenz system of variation for the lumboperitoneal derivation in communicant hydrocephalia in children]. This paper is a technical report of the procedure we follow at the Neurosurgical Pediatric Service at the Centro M\u00e9dica La Raza, IMSS for the lumboperitoneal derivations to which we have adapted the P\u00fcdenz system for this purpose having excellent results and avoiding the \"valve dependency\" of the patients.", "PMID": 426929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13566", "title": "[Inhibition of nociceptive responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons by periaqueductal gray stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to analyze analgesic effects of periaqueductal gray stimulation, experiments were carried out in nitrous oxide anesthetized cats. Spinal dorsal horn neurons receiving C-fiber inputs from the posterior tibial and/or superficial peroneal nerves were excited by noxious heat stimulation of the ipsilateral hindpaw. The evoked spike discharges were inhibited by repetitive stimulation of the periaqueductal gray at currents 300--900 microamperemeter. Effective sites for inhibition were distributed throughout the ventral half of the periaqueductal gray bilaterally. A monotonous relationship was found between stimulus intensity (skin temperature) and number of spike discharges; As predicted by Stevens' law, the number of spike discharges psi grew as a power function: psi = K(psi--psi0)beta where psi is the stimulus intensity, psi0 is the effective threshold, and K is a slope constant of the spike discharges versus stimulus intensity curve depending upon neurons. The exponent beta was approximately 1.0. The periaqueductal gray stimulation resulted in a decrease in the slope constant kappa, without alteration either in the threshold constant psi0 or in the exponent beta.", "contents": "[Inhibition of nociceptive responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons by periaqueductal gray stimulation (author's transl)]. In order to analyze analgesic effects of periaqueductal gray stimulation, experiments were carried out in nitrous oxide anesthetized cats. Spinal dorsal horn neurons receiving C-fiber inputs from the posterior tibial and/or superficial peroneal nerves were excited by noxious heat stimulation of the ipsilateral hindpaw. The evoked spike discharges were inhibited by repetitive stimulation of the periaqueductal gray at currents 300--900 microamperemeter. Effective sites for inhibition were distributed throughout the ventral half of the periaqueductal gray bilaterally. A monotonous relationship was found between stimulus intensity (skin temperature) and number of spike discharges; As predicted by Stevens' law, the number of spike discharges psi grew as a power function: psi = K(psi--psi0)beta where psi is the stimulus intensity, psi0 is the effective threshold, and K is a slope constant of the spike discharges versus stimulus intensity curve depending upon neurons. The exponent beta was approximately 1.0. The periaqueductal gray stimulation resulted in a decrease in the slope constant kappa, without alteration either in the threshold constant psi0 or in the exponent beta.", "PMID": 426934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13567", "title": "[Hematologic characteristics of anemia associated with infectious processes].", "content": "The study included 30 children with anemia and significant infectious process. The hematologic characteristics of this anemia were identified in their evolution and these findings were correlated with levels of serum iron to disclose whether variations are present to support the diagnosis of mixed etiology of the anemic syndrome. Transferrin saturation index was found to be the best parameter to diagnose iron deficiency in cases of anemia associated to infectious processes and due to the fact that 50% of these cases showed mixed etiology anemia, it seems reasonable that further integral studies should be carried out in this anemic syndrome.", "contents": "[Hematologic characteristics of anemia associated with infectious processes]. The study included 30 children with anemia and significant infectious process. The hematologic characteristics of this anemia were identified in their evolution and these findings were correlated with levels of serum iron to disclose whether variations are present to support the diagnosis of mixed etiology of the anemic syndrome. Transferrin saturation index was found to be the best parameter to diagnose iron deficiency in cases of anemia associated to infectious processes and due to the fact that 50% of these cases showed mixed etiology anemia, it seems reasonable that further integral studies should be carried out in this anemic syndrome.", "PMID": 426930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13568", "title": "[Prevalence of anemia in a sample of school children in Durango City].", "content": "The circulatory levels of hemoglobin and the frequency of anemia were determined in a representative sample of children with a mean age of 6.7 years. A random sample of 500 children of the city of Durango was studied. Durango has an altitude of 1893 m above sea level. The mean value of hemoglobin was 12.57 g/100 ml, with a range of 9.4 to 15.0 and a SE of 0.05. There was no difference statistically significant between the sexes. Considering 12.0 as the lower normal limit for hemoglobin values, it was found that 16% of the children were anemic, 49% of the anemic children were iron deficient, with iron serum levels of less than 60 ug/100 ml. The relationship between anemia and number of living children, birth order and weight was established. The frequency of anemia was higher among children coming from families with 4 or more living children.", "contents": "[Prevalence of anemia in a sample of school children in Durango City]. The circulatory levels of hemoglobin and the frequency of anemia were determined in a representative sample of children with a mean age of 6.7 years. A random sample of 500 children of the city of Durango was studied. Durango has an altitude of 1893 m above sea level. The mean value of hemoglobin was 12.57 g/100 ml, with a range of 9.4 to 15.0 and a SE of 0.05. There was no difference statistically significant between the sexes. Considering 12.0 as the lower normal limit for hemoglobin values, it was found that 16% of the children were anemic, 49% of the anemic children were iron deficient, with iron serum levels of less than 60 ug/100 ml. The relationship between anemia and number of living children, birth order and weight was established. The frequency of anemia was higher among children coming from families with 4 or more living children.", "PMID": 426931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13569", "title": "[Deep Sylvian psammomeningioma, report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors reported a case of 31-year-old female who had episodes of fainting attack. She had no significant neurological deficit but had EEG abnormality. Carotid angiography showed a tumor stain, ca. 1.7 cm in diameter, near the right insula. CT scan also revealed a high density area at the same site. At the time of operation, a small tumor located deeply in the right sylvian fissure was found out and successfully removed. Histologically, this tumor was diagnosed as a meningioma having some typical psammomatous features. This type of meningioma, named as deep sylvian psammomeningioma dy Cushing and Eisenhardt, is extremely rare; we could found only 19 cases in the literature.", "contents": "[Deep Sylvian psammomeningioma, report of a case (author's transl)]. The authors reported a case of 31-year-old female who had episodes of fainting attack. She had no significant neurological deficit but had EEG abnormality. Carotid angiography showed a tumor stain, ca. 1.7 cm in diameter, near the right insula. CT scan also revealed a high density area at the same site. At the time of operation, a small tumor located deeply in the right sylvian fissure was found out and successfully removed. Histologically, this tumor was diagnosed as a meningioma having some typical psammomatous features. This type of meningioma, named as deep sylvian psammomeningioma dy Cushing and Eisenhardt, is extremely rare; we could found only 19 cases in the literature.", "PMID": 426936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13570", "title": "Baroreflex sensitivity in hypertension during beta-adrenergic blockade.", "content": "Baroreceptor function was measured in 18 patients with essential hypertension by plotting the change in pulse interval against a phenylephrine-induced transient rise in systolic blood pressure. The influence of propranolol (160 mg daily for at least 4 weeks) on this function and on heart rate after maximal exercise was studied and correlated with the plasma propranolol level. In 13 out of the 18 patients only baroreflex resetting occurred with no change in sensitivity during propranolol administration. A definite correlation was found between the degree of beta-adrenergic blockade, expressed as the reduction in maximal exercise heart rate and the change in mean arterial pressure. No relation could be shown between plasma propranolol steady state levels and these changes. The fall in blood pressure during beta-adrenergic blockade with a low dosage of propranolol apparently does not depend on changed baroreflex sensitivity, but on the intrinsic action of this drug on beta-receptors.", "contents": "Baroreflex sensitivity in hypertension during beta-adrenergic blockade. Baroreceptor function was measured in 18 patients with essential hypertension by plotting the change in pulse interval against a phenylephrine-induced transient rise in systolic blood pressure. The influence of propranolol (160 mg daily for at least 4 weeks) on this function and on heart rate after maximal exercise was studied and correlated with the plasma propranolol level. In 13 out of the 18 patients only baroreflex resetting occurred with no change in sensitivity during propranolol administration. A definite correlation was found between the degree of beta-adrenergic blockade, expressed as the reduction in maximal exercise heart rate and the change in mean arterial pressure. No relation could be shown between plasma propranolol steady state levels and these changes. The fall in blood pressure during beta-adrenergic blockade with a low dosage of propranolol apparently does not depend on changed baroreflex sensitivity, but on the intrinsic action of this drug on beta-receptors.", "PMID": 426949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13571", "title": "Echocardiographic findings in prolapsed aortic cusp with vegetation.", "content": "A patient with severe aortic regurgitation showed abnormal echoes in the left ventricular outflow tract compatible with aortic vegetation or flail aortic cusp. At operation, a pedunculated vegetation on a prolapsed aortic cusp was found. The case illustrates some of the pitfalls in the echocardiographic distinction of the two conditions.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings in prolapsed aortic cusp with vegetation. A patient with severe aortic regurgitation showed abnormal echoes in the left ventricular outflow tract compatible with aortic vegetation or flail aortic cusp. At operation, a pedunculated vegetation on a prolapsed aortic cusp was found. The case illustrates some of the pitfalls in the echocardiographic distinction of the two conditions.", "PMID": 426951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13572", "title": "An operation for anomalous origin of left coronary artery.", "content": "Successful surgical correction for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in a 4-year-old child is reported. An aortopulmonary fistula was created and a pericardial baffle was inserted within the pulmonary artery to connect the fistula to the ostium of the left coronary artery. The clinical, haemodynamic, and angiographic features of the anomaly are presented. The child's progress is satisfactory 17 months after the operation.", "contents": "An operation for anomalous origin of left coronary artery. Successful surgical correction for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in a 4-year-old child is reported. An aortopulmonary fistula was created and a pericardial baffle was inserted within the pulmonary artery to connect the fistula to the ostium of the left coronary artery. The clinical, haemodynamic, and angiographic features of the anomaly are presented. The child's progress is satisfactory 17 months after the operation.", "PMID": 426952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13573", "title": "Haemostatic defects in cyanotic congenital heart disease.", "content": "An investigation of defects of the haemostatic mechanism in 41 children with cyanotic congenital heart disease concluded that such abnormalities were common and normally involved factors synthesised in the liver, that is the vitamin K dependent factors (rothrombin, factors VII and IX) and factor V. No evidence was found of activation of the coagulation or fibrinolytic systems. The defects can be explained by deficient synthesis resulting from systemic hypoxia as well as from sluggishness of the local microcirculation caused by high blood viscosity. Vitamin K parenterally had no demonstrable effect. Replacement of these factors, possibly combined with measures to improve the microcirculation, therefore, appears to be the appropriate treatment.", "contents": "Haemostatic defects in cyanotic congenital heart disease. An investigation of defects of the haemostatic mechanism in 41 children with cyanotic congenital heart disease concluded that such abnormalities were common and normally involved factors synthesised in the liver, that is the vitamin K dependent factors (rothrombin, factors VII and IX) and factor V. No evidence was found of activation of the coagulation or fibrinolytic systems. The defects can be explained by deficient synthesis resulting from systemic hypoxia as well as from sluggishness of the local microcirculation caused by high blood viscosity. Vitamin K parenterally had no demonstrable effect. Replacement of these factors, possibly combined with measures to improve the microcirculation, therefore, appears to be the appropriate treatment.", "PMID": 426953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13574", "title": "Location and vascular supply of sinus node in human heart.", "content": "The exact location of the sinus node was determined in 25 infant hearts using reconstructive techniques. The sinus node was found to lie on the lateral aspect of the superior cavo-atrial junction in the great majority (22 hearts). In only 3 hearts was it found to straddle the summit of the crest of the right atrial appendage where it is popularly believed to be located. In the majority of instances a single artery supplied the node (in 11 hearts the artery approached posteriorly, and in 10 the artery approached anteriorly), though there was considerable variation in the exact anatomy of the arterial supply. Connections between the sinus node and atrial myocardium were diffuse and abundant but in no instances were tracts of specialised cells observed leaving the node and traversing any distance through the atrial wall. These findings are relevant to the sinus node dysfunction that may follow cardiac surgical procedures.", "contents": "Location and vascular supply of sinus node in human heart. The exact location of the sinus node was determined in 25 infant hearts using reconstructive techniques. The sinus node was found to lie on the lateral aspect of the superior cavo-atrial junction in the great majority (22 hearts). In only 3 hearts was it found to straddle the summit of the crest of the right atrial appendage where it is popularly believed to be located. In the majority of instances a single artery supplied the node (in 11 hearts the artery approached posteriorly, and in 10 the artery approached anteriorly), though there was considerable variation in the exact anatomy of the arterial supply. Connections between the sinus node and atrial myocardium were diffuse and abundant but in no instances were tracts of specialised cells observed leaving the node and traversing any distance through the atrial wall. These findings are relevant to the sinus node dysfunction that may follow cardiac surgical procedures.", "PMID": 426954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13575", "title": "Postoperative haemodynamics in tetralogy of Fallot. A study of 132 children.", "content": "Our study was undertaken to determine the type, incidence, and functional significance of residual anomalies in patients who have undergone corrective repair for tetralogy of Fallot. We reviewed data from cardiac catheterisations performed on 132 survivors. A significant residual ventricular septal defect was present in only 12 patients. Resting right ventricular systolic pressure was less than 80 mmHg in 100 patients and ranged from 80 to 150 mmHg in the other 32 patients. Thirty-five patients were studied both at rest and during supine exercise. In most patients, the relation between oxygen consumption and cardiac output was normal during exercise. The stroke index and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure at rest and on exercise were compared in 34 patients. Seventeen showed a normal response to exercise. In the other 17 patients, right ventricular end-diastolic pressure rose on exercise; in 5 of these the stroke index fell during exercise, indicating abnormal myocardial response. Our studies indicate the frequent occurrence of residual abnormalities, even in patients who appear asymptomatic, after total correction of tetralogy of Fallot.", "contents": "Postoperative haemodynamics in tetralogy of Fallot. A study of 132 children. Our study was undertaken to determine the type, incidence, and functional significance of residual anomalies in patients who have undergone corrective repair for tetralogy of Fallot. We reviewed data from cardiac catheterisations performed on 132 survivors. A significant residual ventricular septal defect was present in only 12 patients. Resting right ventricular systolic pressure was less than 80 mmHg in 100 patients and ranged from 80 to 150 mmHg in the other 32 patients. Thirty-five patients were studied both at rest and during supine exercise. In most patients, the relation between oxygen consumption and cardiac output was normal during exercise. The stroke index and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure at rest and on exercise were compared in 34 patients. Seventeen showed a normal response to exercise. In the other 17 patients, right ventricular end-diastolic pressure rose on exercise; in 5 of these the stroke index fell during exercise, indicating abnormal myocardial response. Our studies indicate the frequent occurrence of residual abnormalities, even in patients who appear asymptomatic, after total correction of tetralogy of Fallot.", "PMID": 426955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13576", "title": "Echocardiographic study of right and left ventricular dimension and left ventricular function in patients with tetralogy of Fallot before and after surgery.", "content": "Right and left ventricular dimensions and function were determined by one-dimensional echocardiography in patients with tetralogy of Fallot before and after corrective surgery. Thirty-five children (mean age: 5.9 years) were examined; 5 of them died immediately after operation; 5 had palliative operations only. The remaining 25 had repeat echocardiography 2 to 4 and/or 8 weeks after total correction. Compared with normal values, preoperative left ventricular dimensions were smaller than expected for body surface area (mean = 85.4% +/- 1.9 SEM, range 65 to 105% of normal); 21 values were below the 5th centile. Postoperatively, left ventricular dimensions increased significantly and reached normal values in most cases (mean = 103.2 +/- 2.0% SEM, range 81 to 121%). The main increase took place in the first 4 weeks (P less than 0.001; mean difference 0.7 +/- 0.14 cm). The 5 children who died after operation had smaller left ventricular dimensions than the survivors (P less than 0.01). Left ventricular function was evaluated by measuring mean circumferential fibre shortening, per cent shortening, and ejection fraction; they were normal in most patients and diminished only insignificantly after corrective surgery. Right ventricular dimensions were increased preoperatively but decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) postoperatively. Septal movement was normal in direction and excessive in displacement in most patients before operation; immediately after operation it became flat or showed paradoxical motion. Two months after operation 50 per cent of the children showed a return to normal septal movement. Early appearance of normal septal movement could be related to the presence of significant pulmonary stenosis. It is concluded that a high percentage of patients with tetralogy of Fallot have underdeveloped but normally functioning left ventricles which adapt well to the new postoperative state.", "contents": "Echocardiographic study of right and left ventricular dimension and left ventricular function in patients with tetralogy of Fallot before and after surgery. Right and left ventricular dimensions and function were determined by one-dimensional echocardiography in patients with tetralogy of Fallot before and after corrective surgery. Thirty-five children (mean age: 5.9 years) were examined; 5 of them died immediately after operation; 5 had palliative operations only. The remaining 25 had repeat echocardiography 2 to 4 and/or 8 weeks after total correction. Compared with normal values, preoperative left ventricular dimensions were smaller than expected for body surface area (mean = 85.4% +/- 1.9 SEM, range 65 to 105% of normal); 21 values were below the 5th centile. Postoperatively, left ventricular dimensions increased significantly and reached normal values in most cases (mean = 103.2 +/- 2.0% SEM, range 81 to 121%). The main increase took place in the first 4 weeks (P less than 0.001; mean difference 0.7 +/- 0.14 cm). The 5 children who died after operation had smaller left ventricular dimensions than the survivors (P less than 0.01). Left ventricular function was evaluated by measuring mean circumferential fibre shortening, per cent shortening, and ejection fraction; they were normal in most patients and diminished only insignificantly after corrective surgery. Right ventricular dimensions were increased preoperatively but decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) postoperatively. Septal movement was normal in direction and excessive in displacement in most patients before operation; immediately after operation it became flat or showed paradoxical motion. Two months after operation 50 per cent of the children showed a return to normal septal movement. Early appearance of normal septal movement could be related to the presence of significant pulmonary stenosis. It is concluded that a high percentage of patients with tetralogy of Fallot have underdeveloped but normally functioning left ventricles which adapt well to the new postoperative state.", "PMID": 426956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13577", "title": "Analysis of left ventricular behaviour in diastole by means of finite element method.", "content": "The human left ventricle in diastole can be modelled as a passive structure with incremental internal pressure change being considered as the load. Recent developments in engineering stress analysis provide techniques for predicting the behaviour of structures with complex geometry and material properties, as is the case with the left ventricle. That which is most appropriate is the finite element method which requires the use of a large digital computer. The ventricles of 2 patients have been studied during diastole, the geometries having been derived from cineangiographic data (biplane), and the pressure by means of catheter-tip manometers. Various descriptions of myocardial stress/strain relations have been assumed and applied to the left ventricular wall in order to obtain the best match between the calculated and observed deformation patterns. The manner in which the value and distribution of stiffness in the left ventricle influences the shape change can therefore be determined, and possible clinical implications deduced.", "contents": "Analysis of left ventricular behaviour in diastole by means of finite element method. The human left ventricle in diastole can be modelled as a passive structure with incremental internal pressure change being considered as the load. Recent developments in engineering stress analysis provide techniques for predicting the behaviour of structures with complex geometry and material properties, as is the case with the left ventricle. That which is most appropriate is the finite element method which requires the use of a large digital computer. The ventricles of 2 patients have been studied during diastole, the geometries having been derived from cineangiographic data (biplane), and the pressure by means of catheter-tip manometers. Various descriptions of myocardial stress/strain relations have been assumed and applied to the left ventricular wall in order to obtain the best match between the calculated and observed deformation patterns. The manner in which the value and distribution of stiffness in the left ventricle influences the shape change can therefore be determined, and possible clinical implications deduced.", "PMID": 426957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13578", "title": "Detection of postinfarction left ventricular aneurysms by first pass radionuclide ventriculography using a multicrystal gamma camera.", "content": "Eighteen patients with a history of previous anterior myocardial infarction and suspected left ventricular aneurysms were studied both by contrast left ventriculography and by first pass radionuclide ventriculography using Technetium99m and a computerised multicrystal gamma camera. The radionuclide study successfully identified all 14 patients with aneurysms and all 4 with diffusely hypo-kinetic ventricles. Ejection fraction calculated from the change in radioactive counts in the left ventricle correlated well with that calculated from the area-length method from the contrast angiogram (r = 0.83). Ventricular volumes calculated from the area-length formula for both contrast and radionuclide angiograms correlated closely (r = 0.85 and r = 0.89 for end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, respectively). In the patients with aneurysms, there was a close correlation between the extent of akinesis, as assessed by the two methods (r = 0.94). The ability of the radionuclide ventriculogram to provide accurate information on global and segmental ventricular function, and to differentiate between segmental and diffuse ventricular dysfunction, enables the method to act as a screening procedure in the investigation of patients with suspected left ventricular aneurysms.", "contents": "Detection of postinfarction left ventricular aneurysms by first pass radionuclide ventriculography using a multicrystal gamma camera. Eighteen patients with a history of previous anterior myocardial infarction and suspected left ventricular aneurysms were studied both by contrast left ventriculography and by first pass radionuclide ventriculography using Technetium99m and a computerised multicrystal gamma camera. The radionuclide study successfully identified all 14 patients with aneurysms and all 4 with diffusely hypo-kinetic ventricles. Ejection fraction calculated from the change in radioactive counts in the left ventricle correlated well with that calculated from the area-length method from the contrast angiogram (r = 0.83). Ventricular volumes calculated from the area-length formula for both contrast and radionuclide angiograms correlated closely (r = 0.85 and r = 0.89 for end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, respectively). In the patients with aneurysms, there was a close correlation between the extent of akinesis, as assessed by the two methods (r = 0.94). The ability of the radionuclide ventriculogram to provide accurate information on global and segmental ventricular function, and to differentiate between segmental and diffuse ventricular dysfunction, enables the method to act as a screening procedure in the investigation of patients with suspected left ventricular aneurysms.", "PMID": 426958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13579", "title": "Failure of aneurysmectomy to improve left ventricular function.", "content": "Biplane left ventricular angiography was performed in 22 patients with isolated obstructive disease of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery and with an anterior aneurysm following transmural myocardial infarction. Six patients were restudied between 6 and 10 months after aneurysmectomy. Left ventricular reserve was estimated by analysis of a spontaneous postextrasystolic beat. Using angiographic techniques a contractile section, a transitional section, and a noncontractile section were identified. From the surgical patients the excised aneurysm and a transmural needle biopsy of the transitional section were investigated by light microscopy. With increasing volumes of noncontractile and transitional sections, total end-diastolic volume (r = 0.81, P less than 0.001) and end-systolic volume (r = 0.94, P less than 0.001) increased linearly, while the ejection fraction decreased (r = 0.70, P less than 0.001). No relation was found between the combined volumes of the noncontractile and transitional sections on the one hand, and the end-diastolic volume, the end-systolic volume, or the ejection fraction of the contractile section on the other hand. After aneurysmectomy a significant decrease was found in end-diastolic volume (194 to 133 ml/m2, P less than 0.001) and end-systolic volume (124 to 83 ml/m2, P less than 0.001) but no change occurred in ejection fraction (35 to 37%) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (23 to 25 mmHg). Surgical resection included part of the transitional section, which before surgery had an average ejection fraction of 27 per cent during a normal beat, rising to 41 per cent in a postextrasystolic beat. The transitional section after surgery now formed a large akinetic area of the anterior wall. We conclude that aneurysmectomy in isolated left anterior descending artery disease with anterior aneurysm fails to improve left ventricular function because the effect of reduction of left ventricular volumes is offset by the destruction of contractile behaviour in the transitional section.", "contents": "Failure of aneurysmectomy to improve left ventricular function. Biplane left ventricular angiography was performed in 22 patients with isolated obstructive disease of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery and with an anterior aneurysm following transmural myocardial infarction. Six patients were restudied between 6 and 10 months after aneurysmectomy. Left ventricular reserve was estimated by analysis of a spontaneous postextrasystolic beat. Using angiographic techniques a contractile section, a transitional section, and a noncontractile section were identified. From the surgical patients the excised aneurysm and a transmural needle biopsy of the transitional section were investigated by light microscopy. With increasing volumes of noncontractile and transitional sections, total end-diastolic volume (r = 0.81, P less than 0.001) and end-systolic volume (r = 0.94, P less than 0.001) increased linearly, while the ejection fraction decreased (r = 0.70, P less than 0.001). No relation was found between the combined volumes of the noncontractile and transitional sections on the one hand, and the end-diastolic volume, the end-systolic volume, or the ejection fraction of the contractile section on the other hand. After aneurysmectomy a significant decrease was found in end-diastolic volume (194 to 133 ml/m2, P less than 0.001) and end-systolic volume (124 to 83 ml/m2, P less than 0.001) but no change occurred in ejection fraction (35 to 37%) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (23 to 25 mmHg). Surgical resection included part of the transitional section, which before surgery had an average ejection fraction of 27 per cent during a normal beat, rising to 41 per cent in a postextrasystolic beat. The transitional section after surgery now formed a large akinetic area of the anterior wall. We conclude that aneurysmectomy in isolated left anterior descending artery disease with anterior aneurysm fails to improve left ventricular function because the effect of reduction of left ventricular volumes is offset by the destruction of contractile behaviour in the transitional section.", "PMID": 426959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13580", "title": "Electrophysiological effects of L 9394 (benzoyl-indolizine) in man.", "content": "The electrophysiological effects of L 9394 (benzoyl-indolizine), a substance chemically related to amiodarone, but devoid of iodine atoms, were investigated by programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in 12 patients with various forms of tachycardia. Four subjects had electrocardiographic evidence of the WPW syndrome and episodes of circus movement tachycardia. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, confined to the atrioventricular (AV) node, was found in 3 patients. In 2 cases, where a short PR interval was present, the main complaint was the occurrence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. In the remaining 3 instances, the arrhythmia consisted of slow ventricular tachycardia (1 case), supraventricular tachycardia of the focal type (1 case), and episodes of primary ventricular fibrillation, not related to acute myocardial ischaemia (1 case). L 9394 injected intravenously was seen to lengthen the transnodal conduction time as well as the effective and functional refractory periods of the node. Similar effects were found on the retrograde VA pathway. The drug had no action on the infra-Hisian conduction system, on the refractory periods of ventricular muscle, or on the refractory periods of accessory bypasses. The drug was injected during an episode of tachycardia in 6 cases with reproducible supraventricular re-entrant tachycardia. Three had a tachycardia circuit confined to the node. In those instances, the drug had beneficial effects (slowing and interruption of tachycardia, decrease or abolition of echo zone; loss of ability to induce tachycardia). In the other 3 cases, an accessory pathway was incorporated in the circuit. L 9394 interrupted the tachycardia in 2 instances (by anterograde AV block), but failed to protect all 3 patients against reinitiation of tachycardia by premature stimuli. It is concluded that L9394 does not share all the pharmacological properties of amiodarone and will not replace it in all its indications.", "contents": "Electrophysiological effects of L 9394 (benzoyl-indolizine) in man. The electrophysiological effects of L 9394 (benzoyl-indolizine), a substance chemically related to amiodarone, but devoid of iodine atoms, were investigated by programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in 12 patients with various forms of tachycardia. Four subjects had electrocardiographic evidence of the WPW syndrome and episodes of circus movement tachycardia. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, confined to the atrioventricular (AV) node, was found in 3 patients. In 2 cases, where a short PR interval was present, the main complaint was the occurrence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. In the remaining 3 instances, the arrhythmia consisted of slow ventricular tachycardia (1 case), supraventricular tachycardia of the focal type (1 case), and episodes of primary ventricular fibrillation, not related to acute myocardial ischaemia (1 case). L 9394 injected intravenously was seen to lengthen the transnodal conduction time as well as the effective and functional refractory periods of the node. Similar effects were found on the retrograde VA pathway. The drug had no action on the infra-Hisian conduction system, on the refractory periods of ventricular muscle, or on the refractory periods of accessory bypasses. The drug was injected during an episode of tachycardia in 6 cases with reproducible supraventricular re-entrant tachycardia. Three had a tachycardia circuit confined to the node. In those instances, the drug had beneficial effects (slowing and interruption of tachycardia, decrease or abolition of echo zone; loss of ability to induce tachycardia). In the other 3 cases, an accessory pathway was incorporated in the circuit. L 9394 interrupted the tachycardia in 2 instances (by anterograde AV block), but failed to protect all 3 patients against reinitiation of tachycardia by premature stimuli. It is concluded that L9394 does not share all the pharmacological properties of amiodarone and will not replace it in all its indications.", "PMID": 426960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13581", "title": "Disposition of the sinus node in left-sided juxtaposition of the atrial appendages.", "content": "In view of the complex cardiac anomalies frequently associated with left-sided juxtaposition of the atrial appendages the disposition of the sinus node has been studied in 6 of these hearts. While the sulcus terminalis still provides a landmark to the position of the node, the nodes were in an anterior position in all 5 hearts with complete juxtaposition, 2 being inferior to the crista terminalis. The node was in a more normal, lateral position in the sixth case with partial juxtaposition.", "contents": "Disposition of the sinus node in left-sided juxtaposition of the atrial appendages. In view of the complex cardiac anomalies frequently associated with left-sided juxtaposition of the atrial appendages the disposition of the sinus node has been studied in 6 of these hearts. While the sulcus terminalis still provides a landmark to the position of the node, the nodes were in an anterior position in all 5 hearts with complete juxtaposition, 2 being inferior to the crista terminalis. The node was in a more normal, lateral position in the sixth case with partial juxtaposition.", "PMID": 426961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13582", "title": "Surgical treatment of ventricular septal defect in infancy. Primary repair versus banding of pulmonary artery and later repair.", "content": "Results of primary closure of ventricular septal defects are compared with those of two-stage repair, with banding of the pulmonary artery followed by debanding and closure. Apart from the high incidence of unsatisfactory results after banding and a significant morbidity with the two-stage approach, the mortality for primary repair (2.4%) is considerably lower than that achieved with the staged repair (19.3%). Primary repair of ventricular septal defect is advocated for infants resistant to maximal medical treatment. A more flexible policy is adopted for patients with multiple ventricular septal defects and those with associated anomalies.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of ventricular septal defect in infancy. Primary repair versus banding of pulmonary artery and later repair. Results of primary closure of ventricular septal defects are compared with those of two-stage repair, with banding of the pulmonary artery followed by debanding and closure. Apart from the high incidence of unsatisfactory results after banding and a significant morbidity with the two-stage approach, the mortality for primary repair (2.4%) is considerably lower than that achieved with the staged repair (19.3%). Primary repair of ventricular septal defect is advocated for infants resistant to maximal medical treatment. A more flexible policy is adopted for patients with multiple ventricular septal defects and those with associated anomalies.", "PMID": 426962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13583", "title": "Echocardiographic and exercise evaluation of results of mitral valvotomy operations.", "content": "M-mode echocardiography was performed in 54 patients 1 month to 3 years after mitral valvotomy for dominant mitral stenosis. The mitral valve closure index (MVCI), an index previously shown to correlate well with the calculated mitral valve area, was used to diagnose residual mitral stenosis. Using the equation MVCI = 33 MVC--12, 12 patients (22%) were deemed to have mild, 4 (7%) moderate, and 2 (4%) severe residual stenosis. Repeat cardiac catheterisation confirmed the diagnosis in 7 patients. The postoperative mitral valve closure index correlated significantly with patients' subjective symptoms and objective exercise indices. It was higher in patients in whom the posterior mitral leaflet movement became normal after valvotomy, and was lower in patients in whom the anterior mitral leaflet excursions below 14 mm before operation. The mitral valve closure index is a sensitive index for diagnosing residual mitral stenosis after valvotomy.", "contents": "Echocardiographic and exercise evaluation of results of mitral valvotomy operations. M-mode echocardiography was performed in 54 patients 1 month to 3 years after mitral valvotomy for dominant mitral stenosis. The mitral valve closure index (MVCI), an index previously shown to correlate well with the calculated mitral valve area, was used to diagnose residual mitral stenosis. Using the equation MVCI = 33 MVC--12, 12 patients (22%) were deemed to have mild, 4 (7%) moderate, and 2 (4%) severe residual stenosis. Repeat cardiac catheterisation confirmed the diagnosis in 7 patients. The postoperative mitral valve closure index correlated significantly with patients' subjective symptoms and objective exercise indices. It was higher in patients in whom the posterior mitral leaflet movement became normal after valvotomy, and was lower in patients in whom the anterior mitral leaflet excursions below 14 mm before operation. The mitral valve closure index is a sensitive index for diagnosing residual mitral stenosis after valvotomy.", "PMID": 426963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13584", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of sodium nitroprusside in 21 subjects with congestive heart failure.", "content": "Twenty-one patients in severe congestive heart failure refractory to conventional medical management were treated with sodium nitroprusside on 22 occasions. On 14 occasions (responders) there was significant improvement in clinical and haemodynamic indices. On 8 occasions (non-responders) hypotension developed without haemodynamic improvement and nitroprusside treatment had to be abandoned. The initial mean arterial pressure and the capillary wedge pressure tended to be higher in the responders while the cardiac index tended to be higher in the non-responders. The systemic vascular resistance was higher in the responders than in the non-responders (2560 +/- 160 vs 1800 +/- 180 dynes s cm-5, P less than 0.001). All of the responders had systemic vascular resistance greater than 1900 dynes s cm-5, while only one of the non-responders had a systemic vascular resistance in this range. Thus, a variable response to vasodilator therapy for congestive cardiac failure is documented. The favourable response appears to be limited to patients with a high systemic vascular resistance.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of sodium nitroprusside in 21 subjects with congestive heart failure. Twenty-one patients in severe congestive heart failure refractory to conventional medical management were treated with sodium nitroprusside on 22 occasions. On 14 occasions (responders) there was significant improvement in clinical and haemodynamic indices. On 8 occasions (non-responders) hypotension developed without haemodynamic improvement and nitroprusside treatment had to be abandoned. The initial mean arterial pressure and the capillary wedge pressure tended to be higher in the responders while the cardiac index tended to be higher in the non-responders. The systemic vascular resistance was higher in the responders than in the non-responders (2560 +/- 160 vs 1800 +/- 180 dynes s cm-5, P less than 0.001). All of the responders had systemic vascular resistance greater than 1900 dynes s cm-5, while only one of the non-responders had a systemic vascular resistance in this range. Thus, a variable response to vasodilator therapy for congestive cardiac failure is documented. The favourable response appears to be limited to patients with a high systemic vascular resistance.", "PMID": 426964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13585", "title": "Non-invasive assessment of left ventricular response to Valsalva manoeuvre in normal and diabetic subjects using praecordial accelerocardiography.", "content": "The left ventricular response to the Valsalva manoeuvre was studied in 5 normal subjects (group 1), 6 diabetics without autonomic neuropathy (group 2), and 5 diabetics with autonomic neuropathy (group 3), using the maximum amplitude of the praecordial accelerocardiogram (DE) as a noninvasive index of left ventricular performance. During the Valsalva manoeuvre DE decreased in all 3 groups. In groups 1 and 2, DE increased significantly above the control value after release of the manoveuvre (DE overshoot) but this did not occur in group 3. It is suggested that the overshoot of DE in groups 1 and 2 reflects an increase in left ventricular contractility after release of the Valsalva manoeuvre and the absence of an overshoot in DE in the patients with autonomic neuropathy is the result of loss of cardiac adrenergic innervation. The ability to detect an abnormal cardiovascular response to the Valsalva manoeuvre using the non-invasive technique of praecordial accelerocardiography may be of practical value in the assessment of left ventricular function.", "contents": "Non-invasive assessment of left ventricular response to Valsalva manoeuvre in normal and diabetic subjects using praecordial accelerocardiography. The left ventricular response to the Valsalva manoeuvre was studied in 5 normal subjects (group 1), 6 diabetics without autonomic neuropathy (group 2), and 5 diabetics with autonomic neuropathy (group 3), using the maximum amplitude of the praecordial accelerocardiogram (DE) as a noninvasive index of left ventricular performance. During the Valsalva manoeuvre DE decreased in all 3 groups. In groups 1 and 2, DE increased significantly above the control value after release of the manoveuvre (DE overshoot) but this did not occur in group 3. It is suggested that the overshoot of DE in groups 1 and 2 reflects an increase in left ventricular contractility after release of the Valsalva manoeuvre and the absence of an overshoot in DE in the patients with autonomic neuropathy is the result of loss of cardiac adrenergic innervation. The ability to detect an abnormal cardiovascular response to the Valsalva manoeuvre using the non-invasive technique of praecordial accelerocardiography may be of practical value in the assessment of left ventricular function.", "PMID": 426965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13586", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes resembling myocardial ischaemia in asymptomatic men with normal coronary arteriograms.", "content": "T wave and ST segment abnormalities in 20 asymptomatic men aged 18 to 55 were investigated because they were identical with myocardial ischaemic changes, and the professional livelihood of the subjects was jeopardised. Coronary arteriograms showed unobstructed arteries in all except one in whom a 50 per cent lesion of the left anterior descending artery was present. Left ventricular angiograms showed a normal contraction pattern, Ejection fractions were normal in 12 and increased in 8. Three characteristic electrocardiographic patterns were observed: flat or inverted T waves in leads II, III, aVF, and V4 to 6 designated type 1; deep T inversion particularly evident in leads V2 to 5 designated type 2, and minor ST segment depression in the inferior and lateral leads without T changes designated type 3. Characteristically, type 1 changes were temporarily suppressed by either beta-blockade or an overnight rest and were more abnormal in the standing position. Type 2 and 3 changes were relatively uninfluenced by these manoeuvres. Maximal treadmill exercise tests were positive in 6 and borderline or negative in 14. When repeated after oxprenolol all tests were negative. Echocardiograms showed asymmetric septal hypertrophy in 3 subjects (ratio of greater than 1.5 between ventricular septum and posterior left ventricular wall). After normalisation by an overnight rest, type 1 T wave abnormalities were reproduced by intravenous adrenaline infusion (0.024 to 0.18 microgram/kg/min) but not by noradrenaline or by adrenaline after prior administration of oxprenolol. When the T waves had remained deeply inverted before infusion despite rest (type 2) adrenaline infusion normalised them and again noradrenaline was without effect. This effect was also prevented by oxprenolol. Type 3 changes were uninfluenced by catecholamine infusion. Plasma catecholamine estimations suggest that catecholamine hypersecretion and hypersensitivity may both be relevant, particularly the latter. The apparent bimodal response of the ventricular myocardium to adrenaline infusion is not surprising since in vitro experiments suggest that reversal of T wave polarity in either direction may result from summation of changes in action potential duration in different parts of the heart. Such changes may be unimodal, that is both areas involved show lengthening or shortening of action potential duration, but by occurring at different rates may lead to a bimodal change in the differences in duration which generate the T wave.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes resembling myocardial ischaemia in asymptomatic men with normal coronary arteriograms. T wave and ST segment abnormalities in 20 asymptomatic men aged 18 to 55 were investigated because they were identical with myocardial ischaemic changes, and the professional livelihood of the subjects was jeopardised. Coronary arteriograms showed unobstructed arteries in all except one in whom a 50 per cent lesion of the left anterior descending artery was present. Left ventricular angiograms showed a normal contraction pattern, Ejection fractions were normal in 12 and increased in 8. Three characteristic electrocardiographic patterns were observed: flat or inverted T waves in leads II, III, aVF, and V4 to 6 designated type 1; deep T inversion particularly evident in leads V2 to 5 designated type 2, and minor ST segment depression in the inferior and lateral leads without T changes designated type 3. Characteristically, type 1 changes were temporarily suppressed by either beta-blockade or an overnight rest and were more abnormal in the standing position. Type 2 and 3 changes were relatively uninfluenced by these manoeuvres. Maximal treadmill exercise tests were positive in 6 and borderline or negative in 14. When repeated after oxprenolol all tests were negative. Echocardiograms showed asymmetric septal hypertrophy in 3 subjects (ratio of greater than 1.5 between ventricular septum and posterior left ventricular wall). After normalisation by an overnight rest, type 1 T wave abnormalities were reproduced by intravenous adrenaline infusion (0.024 to 0.18 microgram/kg/min) but not by noradrenaline or by adrenaline after prior administration of oxprenolol. When the T waves had remained deeply inverted before infusion despite rest (type 2) adrenaline infusion normalised them and again noradrenaline was without effect. This effect was also prevented by oxprenolol. Type 3 changes were uninfluenced by catecholamine infusion. Plasma catecholamine estimations suggest that catecholamine hypersecretion and hypersensitivity may both be relevant, particularly the latter. The apparent bimodal response of the ventricular myocardium to adrenaline infusion is not surprising since in vitro experiments suggest that reversal of T wave polarity in either direction may result from summation of changes in action potential duration in different parts of the heart. Such changes may be unimodal, that is both areas involved show lengthening or shortening of action potential duration, but by occurring at different rates may lead to a bimodal change in the differences in duration which generate the T wave.", "PMID": 426966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13587", "title": "Left ventricular ejection power in coronary artery disease during atrial pacing.", "content": "Peak and mean left ventricular ejection power were measured during atrial pacing in 6 normal subjects (group I), 6 patients with coronary artery disease without myocardial infarction (group IIa), and 10 patients with coronary artery disease after myocardial infarction (group IIb). Pacing rates were 80 and 120/min. Power was determined by computer analysis of pressure, volume, and time. Data were normalised by end-diastolic volume and left ventricular muscle mass. Peak left ventricular ejection power normalised by end-diastolic volume values at a pacing rate of 120 min were significantly lower in group IIa and IIb than in normal subjects. Mean muscle mass in normal subjects was 179 g and in group IIa 216 g (P smaller than 0.05). Peak power normalised by muscle mass in normal subjects tended to increase at 120/min whereas in group IIa it declined by 26 per cent (P less than 0.001). These data indicate that the energy output of the left ventricle at rest may be the same in patients with significant coronary artery disease as in normal subjects. Increasing the heart rate from 80 to 120/min in a normal myocardium augments power but in coronary artery disease it remains static or falls.", "contents": "Left ventricular ejection power in coronary artery disease during atrial pacing. Peak and mean left ventricular ejection power were measured during atrial pacing in 6 normal subjects (group I), 6 patients with coronary artery disease without myocardial infarction (group IIa), and 10 patients with coronary artery disease after myocardial infarction (group IIb). Pacing rates were 80 and 120/min. Power was determined by computer analysis of pressure, volume, and time. Data were normalised by end-diastolic volume and left ventricular muscle mass. Peak left ventricular ejection power normalised by end-diastolic volume values at a pacing rate of 120 min were significantly lower in group IIa and IIb than in normal subjects. Mean muscle mass in normal subjects was 179 g and in group IIa 216 g (P smaller than 0.05). Peak power normalised by muscle mass in normal subjects tended to increase at 120/min whereas in group IIa it declined by 26 per cent (P less than 0.001). These data indicate that the energy output of the left ventricle at rest may be the same in patients with significant coronary artery disease as in normal subjects. Increasing the heart rate from 80 to 120/min in a normal myocardium augments power but in coronary artery disease it remains static or falls.", "PMID": 426968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13588", "title": "Effects of propranolol in a case of orthostatic hypotension.", "content": "In a hypertensive patient with orthostatic hypotension, the changes in several haemodynamic indices with respect to posture were evaluated. In the upright position, systemic blood pressure was reduced as compared with the supine position, and peripheral vasodilation was present, as shown by an increase in Jantsch's index of the impedance plethysmographic tracings. Systolic time intervals remained unchanged with changes in posture. Propranolol 10 mg intravenously brought the response to normal. In fact, after beta-blockade in the standing position the blood pressure remained unchanged and normal peripheral vasoconstriction was observed. Similar results were seen during atrial pacing at a constant heart rate of 130 beats/minute. In this patient, propranolol appears to normalise the response to the posture change, by restoring normal vasoconstriction in the upright position.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol in a case of orthostatic hypotension. In a hypertensive patient with orthostatic hypotension, the changes in several haemodynamic indices with respect to posture were evaluated. In the upright position, systemic blood pressure was reduced as compared with the supine position, and peripheral vasodilation was present, as shown by an increase in Jantsch's index of the impedance plethysmographic tracings. Systolic time intervals remained unchanged with changes in posture. Propranolol 10 mg intravenously brought the response to normal. In fact, after beta-blockade in the standing position the blood pressure remained unchanged and normal peripheral vasoconstriction was observed. Similar results were seen during atrial pacing at a constant heart rate of 130 beats/minute. In this patient, propranolol appears to normalise the response to the posture change, by restoring normal vasoconstriction in the upright position.", "PMID": 426969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13589", "title": "Corrected transposition of great vessels and Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve. Echocardiographic findings.", "content": "A case is reported concerning echocardiographic findings in a patient with congenital corrected transposition of the great vessels and Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. This presented an unusual opportunity to study atrioventricular valve closure in a patient in whom the Ebstein's malformation involved the systemic atrioventricular valve. The mitral to tricuspid valve closure interval was 68 milliseconds and represented significant delay in tricuspid valve closure. This closure interval is similar to closure intervals previously reported for patients with Ebstein's anomaly without ventricular inversion.", "contents": "Corrected transposition of great vessels and Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid valve. Echocardiographic findings. A case is reported concerning echocardiographic findings in a patient with congenital corrected transposition of the great vessels and Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. This presented an unusual opportunity to study atrioventricular valve closure in a patient in whom the Ebstein's malformation involved the systemic atrioventricular valve. The mitral to tricuspid valve closure interval was 68 milliseconds and represented significant delay in tricuspid valve closure. This closure interval is similar to closure intervals previously reported for patients with Ebstein's anomaly without ventricular inversion.", "PMID": 426970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13590", "title": "Coarctation, tubular hypoplasia, and the ductus arteriosus. Histological study of 35 specimens.", "content": "A histological study has been made in an attempt to study further the relation between the ductus arteriosus, coarctation, and tubular hypoplasia of the aortic arch. Thirty-five aortic arch systems were studied using serial sectioning techniques. Twelve were from patients with coarctation and/or tubular hypoplasia. The other 23 hearts were from patients without aortic obstructive lesions, 7 from anatomically normal hearts, and the others from malformed hearts with anomalies elsewhere from the aortic arch. The anatomical study of the hearts with obstructive aortic lesions emphasised the necessity of distinguishing 'coarctation' from 'tubular hypoplasia', since the curtain lesion of coarctation was found to coexist with tubular hypoplasia in some cases. The histological study showed that the ductus was easily distinguished from the walls of the aorta or pulmonary artery. In all these cases with coarctation or tubular hypoplasia a sling of ductal tissue was located around the aortic isthmal orifice. In 6 hearts a diaphragm of ductal tissue was seen to form the coarctation lesion.", "contents": "Coarctation, tubular hypoplasia, and the ductus arteriosus. Histological study of 35 specimens. A histological study has been made in an attempt to study further the relation between the ductus arteriosus, coarctation, and tubular hypoplasia of the aortic arch. Thirty-five aortic arch systems were studied using serial sectioning techniques. Twelve were from patients with coarctation and/or tubular hypoplasia. The other 23 hearts were from patients without aortic obstructive lesions, 7 from anatomically normal hearts, and the others from malformed hearts with anomalies elsewhere from the aortic arch. The anatomical study of the hearts with obstructive aortic lesions emphasised the necessity of distinguishing 'coarctation' from 'tubular hypoplasia', since the curtain lesion of coarctation was found to coexist with tubular hypoplasia in some cases. The histological study showed that the ductus was easily distinguished from the walls of the aorta or pulmonary artery. In all these cases with coarctation or tubular hypoplasia a sling of ductal tissue was located around the aortic isthmal orifice. In 6 hearts a diaphragm of ductal tissue was seen to form the coarctation lesion.", "PMID": 426975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13591", "title": "Developmental anatomy of the membranous part of the ventricular septum in the human heart.", "content": "The anatomy of the membranous part of the ventricular septum is described in 25 hearts from patients ranging in age from 15 weeks of gestation to the ninth decade of adult life. Both atrioventricular and interventricular components were recognised in all the adult subjects, and the atrioventricular component was evident in all 25. The interventricular membranous septum was present in only 1 of the fetal hearts and 4 of the infant subjects. We consider that these findings indicate that the transformation of the membranous septum into atrioventricular and interventricular components occurs in the late fetal and early postnatal period rather than during closure of the embryonic interventricular foramen. It is associated with the liberation of the medial leaflet of the tricuspid valve from the muscular ventricular septum.", "contents": "Developmental anatomy of the membranous part of the ventricular septum in the human heart. The anatomy of the membranous part of the ventricular septum is described in 25 hearts from patients ranging in age from 15 weeks of gestation to the ninth decade of adult life. Both atrioventricular and interventricular components were recognised in all the adult subjects, and the atrioventricular component was evident in all 25. The interventricular membranous septum was present in only 1 of the fetal hearts and 4 of the infant subjects. We consider that these findings indicate that the transformation of the membranous septum into atrioventricular and interventricular components occurs in the late fetal and early postnatal period rather than during closure of the embryonic interventricular foramen. It is associated with the liberation of the medial leaflet of the tricuspid valve from the muscular ventricular septum.", "PMID": 426976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13592", "title": "Morphological variations in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.", "content": "The morphological features of a series of 37 specimens of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum were reviewed with particular emphasis on features which might influence the results of pulmonary valvotomy. The degree of right heart hypoplasia was quantified by measuring right and left heart dimensions and comparing them with 20 normal infant hearts. Right ventricular cavity size was usually smaller than normal but constituted a spectrum ranging from tiny to a dilated ventricle larger than normal. There was a positive correlation between triscuspid annular size and right ventricular size but no correlation between the size of the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle. Successful pulmonary valvotomy with subsequent adequate right ventricular function would have been precluded by a tiny right ventricular cavity or infundibular atresia in 14 specimens and by severe tricuspid stenosis or regurgitation in an additional 4. Severe right or left ventricular endocardial fibroelastosis may have adversely affected ventricular function in several others. Ten specimens displayed convex bulging of the left ventricular septal surface. If these these anatomical findings are representative for the condition as a whole, they provide a good explanation for its disastrous prognosis.", "contents": "Morphological variations in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. The morphological features of a series of 37 specimens of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum were reviewed with particular emphasis on features which might influence the results of pulmonary valvotomy. The degree of right heart hypoplasia was quantified by measuring right and left heart dimensions and comparing them with 20 normal infant hearts. Right ventricular cavity size was usually smaller than normal but constituted a spectrum ranging from tiny to a dilated ventricle larger than normal. There was a positive correlation between triscuspid annular size and right ventricular size but no correlation between the size of the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle. Successful pulmonary valvotomy with subsequent adequate right ventricular function would have been precluded by a tiny right ventricular cavity or infundibular atresia in 14 specimens and by severe tricuspid stenosis or regurgitation in an additional 4. Severe right or left ventricular endocardial fibroelastosis may have adversely affected ventricular function in several others. Ten specimens displayed convex bulging of the left ventricular septal surface. If these these anatomical findings are representative for the condition as a whole, they provide a good explanation for its disastrous prognosis.", "PMID": 426977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13593", "title": "Conduction disturbances after surgical correction of ventricular septal defect by the atrial approach.", "content": "Conduction disturbances have been documented after correction of ventricular septal defects by the ventricular route. Recently, repair of the ventricular septal defect has been through the right atrium to overcome damage to the conduction system and a right ventriculotomy. Thirty-nine children with ventricular septal defects under the age of 5 years were operated upon by the atrial route (group 1). The incidence of conduction disturbances in this group was compared with that occurring in 19 children of comparable age with a ventricular septal defect repaired via a right ventriculotomy (group 2). Complete right bundle-branch block developed in 13 of 39 children (33.3%) in group 1, compared with 15 of 19 children (78.9%) in group 2. This was a statistically significant reduction in complete right bundle-branch block in group 1. The incidence of left axis deviation occurring with complete right bundle-branch block was similarly statistically reduced. Transient complete heart block and arrhythmias were not statistically different in the two groups. The atrial approach to the repair of the ventricular septal defect significantly reduced the incidence of complete right bundle-branch block alone and occurring with left axis deviation.", "contents": "Conduction disturbances after surgical correction of ventricular septal defect by the atrial approach. Conduction disturbances have been documented after correction of ventricular septal defects by the ventricular route. Recently, repair of the ventricular septal defect has been through the right atrium to overcome damage to the conduction system and a right ventriculotomy. Thirty-nine children with ventricular septal defects under the age of 5 years were operated upon by the atrial route (group 1). The incidence of conduction disturbances in this group was compared with that occurring in 19 children of comparable age with a ventricular septal defect repaired via a right ventriculotomy (group 2). Complete right bundle-branch block developed in 13 of 39 children (33.3%) in group 1, compared with 15 of 19 children (78.9%) in group 2. This was a statistically significant reduction in complete right bundle-branch block in group 1. The incidence of left axis deviation occurring with complete right bundle-branch block was similarly statistically reduced. Transient complete heart block and arrhythmias were not statistically different in the two groups. The atrial approach to the repair of the ventricular septal defect significantly reduced the incidence of complete right bundle-branch block alone and occurring with left axis deviation.", "PMID": 426978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13594", "title": "Open heart surgery in first year of life using profound hypothermia (core cooling) and circulatory arrest. Experience with 134 consecutive cases.", "content": "Between April 1970 and December 1977, 134 infants aged 2 days to 12 months underwent open heart surgery using profound hypothermia and total circulatory arrest. The technique of bypass (core) cooling is described. Results are reviewed for 4 principal diagnoses: 'simple' transposition of the great vessels, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, ventricular septal defect, and Fallot's tetralogy. A mortality of 44 per cent in 32 cases during the first 3-year period has been reduced to 22 per cent in 102 cases during the subsequent 5 years. The overall mortality for the entire period was 28 per cent. The policy for the management of each diagnostic group is outlined.", "contents": "Open heart surgery in first year of life using profound hypothermia (core cooling) and circulatory arrest. Experience with 134 consecutive cases. Between April 1970 and December 1977, 134 infants aged 2 days to 12 months underwent open heart surgery using profound hypothermia and total circulatory arrest. The technique of bypass (core) cooling is described. Results are reviewed for 4 principal diagnoses: 'simple' transposition of the great vessels, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, ventricular septal defect, and Fallot's tetralogy. A mortality of 44 per cent in 32 cases during the first 3-year period has been reduced to 22 per cent in 102 cases during the subsequent 5 years. The overall mortality for the entire period was 28 per cent. The policy for the management of each diagnostic group is outlined.", "PMID": 426979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13595", "title": "Poor response to oral indomethacin therapy for persistent ductus arteriosus in very low birthweight infants.", "content": "Administration of oral indomethacin to treat cardiorespiratory failure in 7 low birthweight infants, after failure of conventional therapy, produced an improvement in only 2 infants. These infants had a higher birthweight than the group as a whole. Surgical ligation, rather than oral indomethacin, may be the treatment of choice for persistent ductus arteriosus in very low birthweight infants.", "contents": "Poor response to oral indomethacin therapy for persistent ductus arteriosus in very low birthweight infants. Administration of oral indomethacin to treat cardiorespiratory failure in 7 low birthweight infants, after failure of conventional therapy, produced an improvement in only 2 infants. These infants had a higher birthweight than the group as a whole. Surgical ligation, rather than oral indomethacin, may be the treatment of choice for persistent ductus arteriosus in very low birthweight infants.", "PMID": 426980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13596", "title": "Study of left ventricular pressure-volume relations during nitroprusside infusion in human subjects without coronary artery disease.", "content": "Studies were made on 21 patients, 8 without any symptoms of left ventricular failure, group 1, and 13 with clinical symptoms of heart failure, group 2. Cardiac output, mean aortic and left ventricular pressures (using catheter tip micromanometer), and ventricular volume (obtained from left ventricular cineangiograms) were measured before and during nitroprusside infusion. The heart rate did not change in either of the groups. Only in group 2 did cardiac index and stroke volume increase significantly. Mean aortic pressure and total systemic vascular resistance decreased significantly in both the groups. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased significantly in both the groups, but this decrease was greater in group 2 (9 mmHg compared with 3 mmHg for group 1). The decrease in the left ventricular end-diastolic volume was similar in both the groups. The decrease in left ventricular end-systolic pressure was greater in group 1, but the decrease in the left ventricular end-systolic volume was greater in group 2. These facts are explained by the differences in the active and passive left ventricular pressure-volume relations in the two groups.", "contents": "Study of left ventricular pressure-volume relations during nitroprusside infusion in human subjects without coronary artery disease. Studies were made on 21 patients, 8 without any symptoms of left ventricular failure, group 1, and 13 with clinical symptoms of heart failure, group 2. Cardiac output, mean aortic and left ventricular pressures (using catheter tip micromanometer), and ventricular volume (obtained from left ventricular cineangiograms) were measured before and during nitroprusside infusion. The heart rate did not change in either of the groups. Only in group 2 did cardiac index and stroke volume increase significantly. Mean aortic pressure and total systemic vascular resistance decreased significantly in both the groups. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased significantly in both the groups, but this decrease was greater in group 2 (9 mmHg compared with 3 mmHg for group 1). The decrease in the left ventricular end-diastolic volume was similar in both the groups. The decrease in left ventricular end-systolic pressure was greater in group 1, but the decrease in the left ventricular end-systolic volume was greater in group 2. These facts are explained by the differences in the active and passive left ventricular pressure-volume relations in the two groups.", "PMID": 426981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13597", "title": "Concentration of catecholamines in human cardiac muscle.", "content": "A trihydroxyindole fluorescent technique was used to measure the concentration of catecholamines in heart muscle taken from 42 patients undergoing open heart surgery. Noradrenaline was the dominant catecholamine and its depletion in the failing heart was confirmed. The distribution of catecholamines within the heart was such that the highest value, 2.64 +/- 0.68 microgram/g, was found in the nonfailing right atrium and the lowest, 0.53 +/- 0.40 microgram/g, in the failing left ventricle.", "contents": "Concentration of catecholamines in human cardiac muscle. A trihydroxyindole fluorescent technique was used to measure the concentration of catecholamines in heart muscle taken from 42 patients undergoing open heart surgery. Noradrenaline was the dominant catecholamine and its depletion in the failing heart was confirmed. The distribution of catecholamines within the heart was such that the highest value, 2.64 +/- 0.68 microgram/g, was found in the nonfailing right atrium and the lowest, 0.53 +/- 0.40 microgram/g, in the failing left ventricle.", "PMID": 426982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13598", "title": "Atrial infarction leading to rupture.", "content": "In the case described, necrosis of the atrial musculature led to rupture of the chamber. This was overlooked for 4 days until the patient died of ventricular rupture. This unusual complication of atrial infarction may be amenable to surgical repair if recognised in time. The high gain recording of P waves in the presence of AV block made it possible to evaluate the P wave changes during atrial infarction: (1) changes in the configuration and width of the P wave, probably resulting from intra-atrial conduction defect; (2) depression of the PR segment (0.04 to 0.07 mV); and (3) a previously unrecorded convexity in the first portion of the PR segment, in the leads in which the depression of the PR segment was observed.", "contents": "Atrial infarction leading to rupture. In the case described, necrosis of the atrial musculature led to rupture of the chamber. This was overlooked for 4 days until the patient died of ventricular rupture. This unusual complication of atrial infarction may be amenable to surgical repair if recognised in time. The high gain recording of P waves in the presence of AV block made it possible to evaluate the P wave changes during atrial infarction: (1) changes in the configuration and width of the P wave, probably resulting from intra-atrial conduction defect; (2) depression of the PR segment (0.04 to 0.07 mV); and (3) a previously unrecorded convexity in the first portion of the PR segment, in the leads in which the depression of the PR segment was observed.", "PMID": 426983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13599", "title": "Attenuation of the diuretic effect of dopamine by droperidol in man and dogs.", "content": "The effects of dopamine 0.5--6.0 microgram kg-1 min-1 on urine flow and the excretion of sodium and inorganic phosphate were studied in patients and dogs. In both the patients and the animals the diuretic effect of dopamine was augmented by the i.v. administration of droperidol 0.25 mg kg-1. Similarly, the excretion of sodium and inorganic phosphate was increased by droperidol.", "contents": "Attenuation of the diuretic effect of dopamine by droperidol in man and dogs. The effects of dopamine 0.5--6.0 microgram kg-1 min-1 on urine flow and the excretion of sodium and inorganic phosphate were studied in patients and dogs. In both the patients and the animals the diuretic effect of dopamine was augmented by the i.v. administration of droperidol 0.25 mg kg-1. Similarly, the excretion of sodium and inorganic phosphate was increased by droperidol.", "PMID": 426986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13600", "title": "The relative potencies of thiopentone, ketamine, propanidid, alphaxalone and diazepam. A statistical study in man.", "content": "The potency of five i.v. anaesthetics (thiopentone, ketamine, alphaxalone (Althesin), propanidid and diazepam) was studied by determining the dose required to produce unconsciousness in 50% (UD50) and 95% (UD95) of patients. UD50 and UD95 were determined using the probit method. The effect of age on the anaesthetic requirement has been studied also. Relative to thiopentone, the potency was alphaxalone 9.22, diazepam 5.24, ketamine 4.37 and propanidid 1.006.", "contents": "The relative potencies of thiopentone, ketamine, propanidid, alphaxalone and diazepam. A statistical study in man. The potency of five i.v. anaesthetics (thiopentone, ketamine, alphaxalone (Althesin), propanidid and diazepam) was studied by determining the dose required to produce unconsciousness in 50% (UD50) and 95% (UD95) of patients. UD50 and UD95 were determined using the probit method. The effect of age on the anaesthetic requirement has been studied also. Relative to thiopentone, the potency was alphaxalone 9.22, diazepam 5.24, ketamine 4.37 and propanidid 1.006.", "PMID": 426987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13601", "title": "Influence of airway resistance and ventilatory pattern on PaCO2 during enflurane anaesthesia.", "content": "Tidal volume, respiratory frequency and PaCO2 were measured in 21 healthy, premedicated adults during anaesthesia with enflurane and 60 or 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen. The increase in PaCO2 correlated with the value of FEV1/VC determined before anaesthesia. PaCO2 during anaesthesia correlated with an index of airway resistance (FEV1/height) and was influenced by the pattern of breathing. These correlations are similar to those reported for halothane.", "contents": "Influence of airway resistance and ventilatory pattern on PaCO2 during enflurane anaesthesia. Tidal volume, respiratory frequency and PaCO2 were measured in 21 healthy, premedicated adults during anaesthesia with enflurane and 60 or 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen. The increase in PaCO2 correlated with the value of FEV1/VC determined before anaesthesia. PaCO2 during anaesthesia correlated with an index of airway resistance (FEV1/height) and was influenced by the pattern of breathing. These correlations are similar to those reported for halothane.", "PMID": 426988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13602", "title": "Effect of preanaesthetic medication on etomidate.", "content": "The effects of diazepam and pethidine, when given as preanaesthetic medication, on the induction of anaesthesia and the postanaesthetic sequelae following etomidate were studied in women undergoing minor gynaecological procedures. Pain on injection was present in all the groups. However, the frequency was significantly less with the polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol formulations of the drug compared with the aqueous solution. A fast injection and pethidine premedication decreased the frequency also. The high frequency of excitatory phenomena in unpremedicated patients was decreased significantly by premedication with diazepam and pethidine, especially the latter. Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of the drug were not major problems. The frequency of emetic sequelae was high. Recovery was rapid even in the groups receiving sedative premedication.", "contents": "Effect of preanaesthetic medication on etomidate. The effects of diazepam and pethidine, when given as preanaesthetic medication, on the induction of anaesthesia and the postanaesthetic sequelae following etomidate were studied in women undergoing minor gynaecological procedures. Pain on injection was present in all the groups. However, the frequency was significantly less with the polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol formulations of the drug compared with the aqueous solution. A fast injection and pethidine premedication decreased the frequency also. The high frequency of excitatory phenomena in unpremedicated patients was decreased significantly by premedication with diazepam and pethidine, especially the latter. Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of the drug were not major problems. The frequency of emetic sequelae was high. Recovery was rapid even in the groups receiving sedative premedication.", "PMID": 426989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13603", "title": "Etomidate for induction of anaesthesia at caesarean section: comparison with thiopentone.", "content": "Thirty mothers undergoing elective Caesarean section received thiopentone 3.5 mg kg-1 and 30 received etomidate 0.3 mg kg-1 for induction of anaesthesia. Subsequent management of anaesthesia was identical in both groups. Maternal to fetal base excess differences and the degree of biochemical correlation between mother and infant were more favourable following etomidate than following thiopentone. The clinical status of the newborn was considered superior with etomidate.", "contents": "Etomidate for induction of anaesthesia at caesarean section: comparison with thiopentone. Thirty mothers undergoing elective Caesarean section received thiopentone 3.5 mg kg-1 and 30 received etomidate 0.3 mg kg-1 for induction of anaesthesia. Subsequent management of anaesthesia was identical in both groups. Maternal to fetal base excess differences and the degree of biochemical correlation between mother and infant were more favourable following etomidate than following thiopentone. The clinical status of the newborn was considered superior with etomidate.", "PMID": 426990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13604", "title": "Effects of enflurane anaesthesia and surgery on endocrine function in man.", "content": "Forty-five patients underwent enflurane anaesthesia and surgery. Anaesthesia alone evoked little change in the plasma concentrations of ACTH, cortisol or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), but there were significant increases during surgery. The plasma concentrations of aldosterone increased during anaesthesia alone, and a further increase was noted during surgery. Neither enflurane anaesthesia nor surgery significantly influenced plasma concentrations of renin activity and thyroxine. A significant decrease in the plasma triiodothyronine concentrations was detected during anaesthesia alone, and a further decrease was found during and following surgery. Enflurane anaesthesia did not affect the plasma concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) in male subjects throughout surgery, but a significant decrease in female patients was detected to the first day after operation. The plasma concentrations of testosterone decreased during anaesthesia alone and surgery, and a further decrease was noted on the first day after operation.", "contents": "Effects of enflurane anaesthesia and surgery on endocrine function in man. Forty-five patients underwent enflurane anaesthesia and surgery. Anaesthesia alone evoked little change in the plasma concentrations of ACTH, cortisol or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), but there were significant increases during surgery. The plasma concentrations of aldosterone increased during anaesthesia alone, and a further increase was noted during surgery. Neither enflurane anaesthesia nor surgery significantly influenced plasma concentrations of renin activity and thyroxine. A significant decrease in the plasma triiodothyronine concentrations was detected during anaesthesia alone, and a further decrease was found during and following surgery. Enflurane anaesthesia did not affect the plasma concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) in male subjects throughout surgery, but a significant decrease in female patients was detected to the first day after operation. The plasma concentrations of testosterone decreased during anaesthesia alone and surgery, and a further decrease was noted on the first day after operation.", "PMID": 426991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13605", "title": "Arrhythmia during oral surgery: fascicular blocks in the cardiac conducting system.", "content": "Two hundred and four patients were monitored during oral surgery using three surface e.c.g. leads simultaneously. In nine patients, sustained supraventricular tachycardia was observed during surgical stimulation. The role of sympathetic stimulation and halothane anaesthesia in producing arrhythmia is discussed.", "contents": "Arrhythmia during oral surgery: fascicular blocks in the cardiac conducting system. Two hundred and four patients were monitored during oral surgery using three surface e.c.g. leads simultaneously. In nine patients, sustained supraventricular tachycardia was observed during surgical stimulation. The role of sympathetic stimulation and halothane anaesthesia in producing arrhythmia is discussed.", "PMID": 426992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13606", "title": "Dose-related tachycardia induced by pancuronium during balanced anaesthesia with and without droperidol.", "content": "Pancuronium 0.02--0.08 mg kg-1 induced a dose-related increase of heart rate in patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide supplemented with either fentanyl 0.003 mg kg-1 or fentanyl 0.003 mg kg-1 plus droperidol 0.15 mg kg-1. The tachycardia was more marked following the administration of droperidol.", "contents": "Dose-related tachycardia induced by pancuronium during balanced anaesthesia with and without droperidol. Pancuronium 0.02--0.08 mg kg-1 induced a dose-related increase of heart rate in patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide supplemented with either fentanyl 0.003 mg kg-1 or fentanyl 0.003 mg kg-1 plus droperidol 0.15 mg kg-1. The tachycardia was more marked following the administration of droperidol.", "PMID": 426993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13607", "title": "Preoperative starvation and plasma glucose concentrations in children undergoing outpatient anaesthesia.", "content": "Thirty-one children aged less than 5 years were studied while attending hospital for anaesthesia as outpatients. Plasma glucose concentrations were measured after the induction of anaesthesia. The mean plasma glucose concentration was 4.70 mmol litre-1. No patients had a plasma glucose concentration less than 2.8 mmol litre-1, despite at least 8 h of starvation. This is unexplained. It is suggested that the conclusions drawn from studies made in young inpatients may not be applicable to young outpatients.", "contents": "Preoperative starvation and plasma glucose concentrations in children undergoing outpatient anaesthesia. Thirty-one children aged less than 5 years were studied while attending hospital for anaesthesia as outpatients. Plasma glucose concentrations were measured after the induction of anaesthesia. The mean plasma glucose concentration was 4.70 mmol litre-1. No patients had a plasma glucose concentration less than 2.8 mmol litre-1, despite at least 8 h of starvation. This is unexplained. It is suggested that the conclusions drawn from studies made in young inpatients may not be applicable to young outpatients.", "PMID": 426994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13608", "title": "Effect of haemothorax on pulmonary artery wedge pressure. A case report.", "content": "The pulmonary artery wedge pressure was increased because of the development of a haemothorax. After drainage of the haemothorax, the pulmonary artery wedge pressure was found to be less than that required to maintain an effective cardiac output and a rapid infusion of blood was required.", "contents": "Effect of haemothorax on pulmonary artery wedge pressure. A case report. The pulmonary artery wedge pressure was increased because of the development of a haemothorax. After drainage of the haemothorax, the pulmonary artery wedge pressure was found to be less than that required to maintain an effective cardiac output and a rapid infusion of blood was required.", "PMID": 426995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13609", "title": "Some physiological and metabolic effects of sodium nitroprusside and cyanide in the dog.", "content": "The cardiovascular and acid-base changes following equivalent i.v. bolus doses of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and potassium cyanide (KCN) have been studied in two groups of anaesthetized dogs. In a third group, the metabolic changes produced by i.v. infusion of SNP 1.5 mg kg-1 at a constant rate over 1 h have been studied. In contrast to a decrease in arterial pressure following SNP, hypertension and tachycardia occurred after the administration of KCN, with hyperventilation and an increase in packed cell volume. During infusion of SNP, increases in plasma cyanide concentrations were associated with an increase in arterial base deficit, plasma lactate and excess lactate and a decrease in oxygen consumption. The occurrence of lactic acidosis with SNP 1.5 mg kg-1 suggests that this may be the maximum safe dose for short term infusion. However, all these changes reversed spontaneously following discontinuation of SNP, indicating that base deficit is an adequate metabolic monitor during administration of SNP.", "contents": "Some physiological and metabolic effects of sodium nitroprusside and cyanide in the dog. The cardiovascular and acid-base changes following equivalent i.v. bolus doses of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and potassium cyanide (KCN) have been studied in two groups of anaesthetized dogs. In a third group, the metabolic changes produced by i.v. infusion of SNP 1.5 mg kg-1 at a constant rate over 1 h have been studied. In contrast to a decrease in arterial pressure following SNP, hypertension and tachycardia occurred after the administration of KCN, with hyperventilation and an increase in packed cell volume. During infusion of SNP, increases in plasma cyanide concentrations were associated with an increase in arterial base deficit, plasma lactate and excess lactate and a decrease in oxygen consumption. The occurrence of lactic acidosis with SNP 1.5 mg kg-1 suggests that this may be the maximum safe dose for short term infusion. However, all these changes reversed spontaneously following discontinuation of SNP, indicating that base deficit is an adequate metabolic monitor during administration of SNP.", "PMID": 426997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13610", "title": "Metabolism of sodium nitroprusside and cyanide in the dog.", "content": "Blood cyanide (HCN) and thiocyanate (SCN) concentrations were measured at intervals in anaesthetized dogs given bolus doses of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) 1 mg kg-1 or potassium cyanide 1.07 mg kg-1 and in animals infused with SNP 1.5 mg kg-1 for 1 h. Cyanide appeared rapidly in the red cells to give peak concentrations which accounted for more than 90% of the total blood HCN. A delay between the peak plasma and red cell HCN concentrations confirmed that some of the SNP was degraded in the plasma. Comparison of HCN and SCN concentrations with those measured previously in patients receiving an infusion of SNP suggests that the degradation of SNP and detoxication of HCN may be more rapid in the dog. The various pathways of HCN detoxication are discussed in relation to the reduced formation of SCN in dogs receiving SNP compared with those receiving KCN.", "contents": "Metabolism of sodium nitroprusside and cyanide in the dog. Blood cyanide (HCN) and thiocyanate (SCN) concentrations were measured at intervals in anaesthetized dogs given bolus doses of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) 1 mg kg-1 or potassium cyanide 1.07 mg kg-1 and in animals infused with SNP 1.5 mg kg-1 for 1 h. Cyanide appeared rapidly in the red cells to give peak concentrations which accounted for more than 90% of the total blood HCN. A delay between the peak plasma and red cell HCN concentrations confirmed that some of the SNP was degraded in the plasma. Comparison of HCN and SCN concentrations with those measured previously in patients receiving an infusion of SNP suggests that the degradation of SNP and detoxication of HCN may be more rapid in the dog. The various pathways of HCN detoxication are discussed in relation to the reduced formation of SCN in dogs receiving SNP compared with those receiving KCN.", "PMID": 426998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13611", "title": "Preservation of the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor mechanism during methoxyflurane anaesthesia in the dog.", "content": "The effect of methoxyflurane on the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response in the dog lung was assessed by measuring the redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in response to two levels of unilateral alveolar hypoxia. Methoxyflurane 0.5% had no significant effect on the redistribution of blood flow resulting from the unilateral administration of oxygen 7% or nitrogen and there were no significant differences in PaO2 between the measurements made during unilateral hypoxia with methoxyflurane and those made during unilateral hypoxia in the control periods.", "contents": "Preservation of the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor mechanism during methoxyflurane anaesthesia in the dog. The effect of methoxyflurane on the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response in the dog lung was assessed by measuring the redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in response to two levels of unilateral alveolar hypoxia. Methoxyflurane 0.5% had no significant effect on the redistribution of blood flow resulting from the unilateral administration of oxygen 7% or nitrogen and there were no significant differences in PaO2 between the measurements made during unilateral hypoxia with methoxyflurane and those made during unilateral hypoxia in the control periods.", "PMID": 426999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13612", "title": "Environmental factors affecting antipyrine metabolism in London factory and office workers.", "content": "1 Measurements of antipyrine clearance in saliva have been made in 128 London factory and office workers. 2 Mean antipyrine clearance in 56 Asian immigrants was 40% slower than in 72 White subjects. 3 Although dietary differences existed between the two groups, analysis of their effect independently of race was impossible since all but one of the vegetarians were Asian and the non-vegetarians were nearly all White. 4 In the White subjects, use of the oral contraceptive reduced clearance by 38% in women, while cigarette smoking increase clearance by 38% in men.", "contents": "Environmental factors affecting antipyrine metabolism in London factory and office workers. 1 Measurements of antipyrine clearance in saliva have been made in 128 London factory and office workers. 2 Mean antipyrine clearance in 56 Asian immigrants was 40% slower than in 72 White subjects. 3 Although dietary differences existed between the two groups, analysis of their effect independently of race was impossible since all but one of the vegetarians were Asian and the non-vegetarians were nearly all White. 4 In the White subjects, use of the oral contraceptive reduced clearance by 38% in women, while cigarette smoking increase clearance by 38% in men.", "PMID": 427001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13613", "title": "Pindolol pharmacokinetics in relation to time course of inhibition of exercise tachycardia.", "content": "1 Pharmacokinetics of pindolol were studied in normal subjects given 5, 10 and 20 mg orally and 3 mg i.v. Plasma half time was 2.9 +/- 0.3 (s.e. mean) h for both routes; peak drug levels occurred 1--2 h after ingestion and bioavailability was 53%. Plasma protein binding was 38% and was independent of plasma concentration; the drug was not concentrated in the red cell. 2 Work-heart rate regression lines were calculated from resting heart rate and three grades of 'steady-state' exercise standardized for the maximum work capacity (Wmax) of each subject. The equation was characterized by slope and HR50 (calculated heart rate at 0.5 Wmax). 3 After giving 5 mg i.v. pindolol to produce maximum cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blockade there were differences in inhibition of resting heart rate, slope, HR50 and maximum heart rate suggesting differences in sympathetic components. However, estimates of the degree of inhibition were closely similar for each variable when determined before and after atropinization indicating that the accuracy of estimation was independent of the level of vagal activity. 4 After oral pindolol peak inhibition of resting heart rate, slope and HR50 coincided with peak plasma concentration. Peak reduction of resting heart rate was greatest at the lowest dose, but inhibition of slope and HR50 were similar at all doses. 5 The different heart rate parameters recovered at different rates. After 24 h slope had returned to control, and the residual inhibition of HR50 reflected residual beta-adrenoceptor blockade of resting heart rate, as demonstrated by a shift in isoprenaline-heart rate relationship. 6 Inhibition of HR50 and other exercise parameters were 20% less in the concentration range 5--20 ng/ml than peak inhibition obtained in the range 21--160 ng/ml. The higher potency of pindolol compared with propranolol can be accounted for by the difference in protein binding.", "contents": "Pindolol pharmacokinetics in relation to time course of inhibition of exercise tachycardia. 1 Pharmacokinetics of pindolol were studied in normal subjects given 5, 10 and 20 mg orally and 3 mg i.v. Plasma half time was 2.9 +/- 0.3 (s.e. mean) h for both routes; peak drug levels occurred 1--2 h after ingestion and bioavailability was 53%. Plasma protein binding was 38% and was independent of plasma concentration; the drug was not concentrated in the red cell. 2 Work-heart rate regression lines were calculated from resting heart rate and three grades of 'steady-state' exercise standardized for the maximum work capacity (Wmax) of each subject. The equation was characterized by slope and HR50 (calculated heart rate at 0.5 Wmax). 3 After giving 5 mg i.v. pindolol to produce maximum cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blockade there were differences in inhibition of resting heart rate, slope, HR50 and maximum heart rate suggesting differences in sympathetic components. However, estimates of the degree of inhibition were closely similar for each variable when determined before and after atropinization indicating that the accuracy of estimation was independent of the level of vagal activity. 4 After oral pindolol peak inhibition of resting heart rate, slope and HR50 coincided with peak plasma concentration. Peak reduction of resting heart rate was greatest at the lowest dose, but inhibition of slope and HR50 were similar at all doses. 5 The different heart rate parameters recovered at different rates. After 24 h slope had returned to control, and the residual inhibition of HR50 reflected residual beta-adrenoceptor blockade of resting heart rate, as demonstrated by a shift in isoprenaline-heart rate relationship. 6 Inhibition of HR50 and other exercise parameters were 20% less in the concentration range 5--20 ng/ml than peak inhibition obtained in the range 21--160 ng/ml. The higher potency of pindolol compared with propranolol can be accounted for by the difference in protein binding.", "PMID": 427002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13614", "title": "Uricosuric properties of diflunisal in man.", "content": "1 The uricosuric effect of diflunisal was studied in eleven normal subjects. 2 Urine and serum uric acid levels were measured and used to assess the effect. 3 Diflunisal caused statistically significant decreases in serum uric acid levels and increases in uric acid clearance at 250 and 375 mg twice daily. 4 Diflunisal taken on an empty stomach caused epigastric discomfort in the high dose group which was obviated when the drug was taken with meals. 5 Diflunisal caused no abnormalities in the measured haematological, urological or biochemical parameters.", "contents": "Uricosuric properties of diflunisal in man. 1 The uricosuric effect of diflunisal was studied in eleven normal subjects. 2 Urine and serum uric acid levels were measured and used to assess the effect. 3 Diflunisal caused statistically significant decreases in serum uric acid levels and increases in uric acid clearance at 250 and 375 mg twice daily. 4 Diflunisal taken on an empty stomach caused epigastric discomfort in the high dose group which was obviated when the drug was taken with meals. 5 Diflunisal caused no abnormalities in the measured haematological, urological or biochemical parameters.", "PMID": 427003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13615", "title": "Effect of a single oral dose of aspirin on the platelet aggregation response to arachidonic acid.", "content": "1 The platelet aggregation response to arachidonic acid ex vivo was measured in six volunteers daily before and for 10 days after a single oral dose of 600 mg aspirin. 2 Arachidonic acid induced aggregation of platelets from all subjects before aspirin and aggregation occurred after an interval which varied inversely with the concentration of arachidonic acid. No aggregation occurred for 4 days after aspirin; a reduced response, compared with pre-aspirin values, was obtained on the 5th, 6th and 8th day. The values on days 7, 9 and 10 were not consistently different from the pre-aspirin values. In 6 subjects 24 h after aspirin ingestion the addition of 10--25% v/v normal platelets restored the aggregation response. 3 It is concluded that aspirin has an effect on the platelet precursors in the marrow in addition to its effect on circulating platelets.", "contents": "Effect of a single oral dose of aspirin on the platelet aggregation response to arachidonic acid. 1 The platelet aggregation response to arachidonic acid ex vivo was measured in six volunteers daily before and for 10 days after a single oral dose of 600 mg aspirin. 2 Arachidonic acid induced aggregation of platelets from all subjects before aspirin and aggregation occurred after an interval which varied inversely with the concentration of arachidonic acid. No aggregation occurred for 4 days after aspirin; a reduced response, compared with pre-aspirin values, was obtained on the 5th, 6th and 8th day. The values on days 7, 9 and 10 were not consistently different from the pre-aspirin values. In 6 subjects 24 h after aspirin ingestion the addition of 10--25% v/v normal platelets restored the aggregation response. 3 It is concluded that aspirin has an effect on the platelet precursors in the marrow in addition to its effect on circulating platelets.", "PMID": 427005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13616", "title": "Quinidine dosage, with special reference to an oral loading dose schedule.", "content": "1 Plasma concentrations of quinidine were analyzed in 52 cardiac patients after different oral loading doses and during different maintenance dosage intervals using both conventional and sustained release preparations of quinidine. 2 The majority of patients reached therapeutic plasma concentrations in the order of 2--4 microgram/ml within 3 h after the loading dose of 600--800 mg of rapidly absorbed ordinary quinidine sulphate tablets and institution of maintenance therapy with sustained release tablets 1 h after the loading dose. 3 The dosage interval of 12 h during maintenance therapy with sustained release tablets gave as acceptable plasma drug fluctuations as an 8 h interval. 4 A large individual variation in plasma concentrations was noticed. Thus monitoring of therapy by plasma concentration analyses is desirable.", "contents": "Quinidine dosage, with special reference to an oral loading dose schedule. 1 Plasma concentrations of quinidine were analyzed in 52 cardiac patients after different oral loading doses and during different maintenance dosage intervals using both conventional and sustained release preparations of quinidine. 2 The majority of patients reached therapeutic plasma concentrations in the order of 2--4 microgram/ml within 3 h after the loading dose of 600--800 mg of rapidly absorbed ordinary quinidine sulphate tablets and institution of maintenance therapy with sustained release tablets 1 h after the loading dose. 3 The dosage interval of 12 h during maintenance therapy with sustained release tablets gave as acceptable plasma drug fluctuations as an 8 h interval. 4 A large individual variation in plasma concentrations was noticed. Thus monitoring of therapy by plasma concentration analyses is desirable.", "PMID": 427006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13617", "title": "Bioavailability of conventional and slow-release oxprenolol in fasted and nonfasted individuals.", "content": "1 The influence of food and plasma levels of oxprenolol was examined in healthy female volunteers using both conventional and slow-release formulations. 2 There were no significant trends in plasma drug profiles due to food with either formulation. Elimination half-lives were longer after food with conventional tablets, presumably due to continued absorption. The opposite effect was seen with slow-release tablets. 3 Slow-release oxprenolol is, under the conditions of this study, a reliable and convenient dosage form, providing similar plasma-drug profiles in fasted and nonfasted individuals.", "contents": "Bioavailability of conventional and slow-release oxprenolol in fasted and nonfasted individuals. 1 The influence of food and plasma levels of oxprenolol was examined in healthy female volunteers using both conventional and slow-release formulations. 2 There were no significant trends in plasma drug profiles due to food with either formulation. Elimination half-lives were longer after food with conventional tablets, presumably due to continued absorption. The opposite effect was seen with slow-release tablets. 3 Slow-release oxprenolol is, under the conditions of this study, a reliable and convenient dosage form, providing similar plasma-drug profiles in fasted and nonfasted individuals.", "PMID": 427007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13618", "title": "Eosinophilic cellulitis.", "content": "Eight cases of eosinophilic cellulitis are described with acute cutaneous swellings followed by indolent infiltration. The histology is distinctive with focal phagocytosis of eosinophilic material in dermis. Occasionally these histological features are observed in other inflammatory dermatoses when eosinophils have infiltrated the connective tissue.", "contents": "Eosinophilic cellulitis. Eight cases of eosinophilic cellulitis are described with acute cutaneous swellings followed by indolent infiltration. The histology is distinctive with focal phagocytosis of eosinophilic material in dermis. Occasionally these histological features are observed in other inflammatory dermatoses when eosinophils have infiltrated the connective tissue.", "PMID": 427009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13619", "title": "Acrodermatitis enteropathica.", "content": "The first publication identifying acrodermatitis enteropathica as a definite disease (Danbolt & Closs, 1942) is reviewed. Later studies are briefly surveyed, resulting in the recognition of the disease as a zinc deficiency which can be effectively corrected by administration of small oral doses of zinc.", "contents": "Acrodermatitis enteropathica. The first publication identifying acrodermatitis enteropathica as a definite disease (Danbolt & Closs, 1942) is reviewed. Later studies are briefly surveyed, resulting in the recognition of the disease as a zinc deficiency which can be effectively corrected by administration of small oral doses of zinc.", "PMID": 427011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13620", "title": "The ribonucleic acid (RNA) skin test in systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases.", "content": "A series of 65 patients with different autoimmune diseases was examined using different RNA-solutions for intradermal skin tests. Clinically positive results were obtained most often in patients with mixed connective tissue disease but quite often also in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and progressive systemic sclerosis or with some symptoms of an automimmune nature. The histological examination of the biopsies from the test sites revealed that there was no correlation between the clinically positive tests and the histological criteria usually used as a sign of a positive test.", "contents": "The ribonucleic acid (RNA) skin test in systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases. A series of 65 patients with different autoimmune diseases was examined using different RNA-solutions for intradermal skin tests. Clinically positive results were obtained most often in patients with mixed connective tissue disease but quite often also in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and progressive systemic sclerosis or with some symptoms of an automimmune nature. The histological examination of the biopsies from the test sites revealed that there was no correlation between the clinically positive tests and the histological criteria usually used as a sign of a positive test.", "PMID": 427015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13621", "title": "Discoid lupus erythematosus in the Nigerians.", "content": "Results of a detailed clinical and laboratory study of 37 Nigerian patients with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus are presented. Patients with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus constituted 0.46% of all out-patients seen in the skin clinic between May 1974 and December 1977. A preponderance of females was noticed (female/male ratio of 5:1), while the age distribution of African patients corresponded to values characteristic for the condition seen in other geographical regions. Several morphological types of the condition have been seen. The vitiligoid variant of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus seems to be common in West Africans. Sixteen out of 37 patients presented laboratory abnormalities considered as markers of the association between chronic and systemic lupus erythematosus. Their significance, however is, uncertain as it has been demonstrated on several occasions that in a tropical milieu heavy parasitic infections produce marked immunological disturbances. The problem of the relationship between chronic and systemic lupus erythematosus is discussed and the literature on the incidence of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus in various African countries is reviewed.", "contents": "Discoid lupus erythematosus in the Nigerians. Results of a detailed clinical and laboratory study of 37 Nigerian patients with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus are presented. Patients with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus constituted 0.46% of all out-patients seen in the skin clinic between May 1974 and December 1977. A preponderance of females was noticed (female/male ratio of 5:1), while the age distribution of African patients corresponded to values characteristic for the condition seen in other geographical regions. Several morphological types of the condition have been seen. The vitiligoid variant of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus seems to be common in West Africans. Sixteen out of 37 patients presented laboratory abnormalities considered as markers of the association between chronic and systemic lupus erythematosus. Their significance, however is, uncertain as it has been demonstrated on several occasions that in a tropical milieu heavy parasitic infections produce marked immunological disturbances. The problem of the relationship between chronic and systemic lupus erythematosus is discussed and the literature on the incidence of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus in various African countries is reviewed.", "PMID": 427016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13622", "title": "Concomitant erythrasma and dermatophytosis of the groin.", "content": "Four patients are reported with concomitant erythrasma and trichophyton rubrum dermatophytosis of the groin. The recognition and diagnosis of these associated infections is emphasized.", "contents": "Concomitant erythrasma and dermatophytosis of the groin. Four patients are reported with concomitant erythrasma and trichophyton rubrum dermatophytosis of the groin. The recognition and diagnosis of these associated infections is emphasized.", "PMID": 427017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13623", "title": "The change in properties of the stratum corneum as a function of depth.", "content": "The constancy of stratum corneum thickness suggests an ordered decrease in intracorneal cohesion binding forces. In this study, intracorneal cohesion was measured in the vertical dimension by cohesography and the number of cells released after applying a standardized stimulus was determined before and after repeated stripping of the same sites with adhesive tape. In addition, surface replicas and the corneocytes from different levels were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and differential phase interference microscopy. The results indicate a gradual loss of cohesion within the stratum corneum towards the surface and that anatomical changes take place in the corneocytes as they progress towards the surface.", "contents": "The change in properties of the stratum corneum as a function of depth. The constancy of stratum corneum thickness suggests an ordered decrease in intracorneal cohesion binding forces. In this study, intracorneal cohesion was measured in the vertical dimension by cohesography and the number of cells released after applying a standardized stimulus was determined before and after repeated stripping of the same sites with adhesive tape. In addition, surface replicas and the corneocytes from different levels were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and differential phase interference microscopy. The results indicate a gradual loss of cohesion within the stratum corneum towards the surface and that anatomical changes take place in the corneocytes as they progress towards the surface.", "PMID": 427018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13624", "title": "Comparison of PUVA and beta-carotene in the treatment of polymorphous light eruption.", "content": "Therapy with oral psoralen photochemotherapy (PUVA) and oral beta-carotene was compared in 29 patients with polymorphous light eruption. Complete remission occurred in 90% (9/10) of those treated with PUVA and in 32% (6/19) treated with beta-carotene. In the six patients who were treated in consecutive years with both modalities all had remissions with PUVA while only two had remissions with beta-carotene.", "contents": "Comparison of PUVA and beta-carotene in the treatment of polymorphous light eruption. Therapy with oral psoralen photochemotherapy (PUVA) and oral beta-carotene was compared in 29 patients with polymorphous light eruption. Complete remission occurred in 90% (9/10) of those treated with PUVA and in 32% (6/19) treated with beta-carotene. In the six patients who were treated in consecutive years with both modalities all had remissions with PUVA while only two had remissions with beta-carotene.", "PMID": 427019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13625", "title": "Hereditary angio-oedema: treatment with danazol. Report of a case.", "content": "An 8-year-old boy with hereditary angio-oedema was treated with danazol under close endocrinological supervision. The boy's C1 esterase inhibitor (C1inh) and C4 levels increased rapidly to near normal values under a daily dose of 400 mg and were maintained at about 50% of the normal by maintenance doses of 200 mg danazol every other day. Throughout the entire treatment period (11 months) the boy has been maintained free from attacks of angio-oedema. No hormonal imbalance was detected in the follow-up period. Our results indicate that danazol should be suitable for the treatment of HAE not only in adults but also in prepubescent children.", "contents": "Hereditary angio-oedema: treatment with danazol. Report of a case. An 8-year-old boy with hereditary angio-oedema was treated with danazol under close endocrinological supervision. The boy's C1 esterase inhibitor (C1inh) and C4 levels increased rapidly to near normal values under a daily dose of 400 mg and were maintained at about 50% of the normal by maintenance doses of 200 mg danazol every other day. Throughout the entire treatment period (11 months) the boy has been maintained free from attacks of angio-oedema. No hormonal imbalance was detected in the follow-up period. Our results indicate that danazol should be suitable for the treatment of HAE not only in adults but also in prepubescent children.", "PMID": 427020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13626", "title": "Twenty-nail dystrophy of childhood. Case report and histopathological findings.", "content": "A case of twenty-nail dystrophy of childhood is reported. The histopathological findings were distinctive and incompatible with the notion that this condition might be a variant of lichen planus.", "contents": "Twenty-nail dystrophy of childhood. Case report and histopathological findings. A case of twenty-nail dystrophy of childhood is reported. The histopathological findings were distinctive and incompatible with the notion that this condition might be a variant of lichen planus.", "PMID": 427021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13627", "title": "Biochemical and histological analysis of bone marrow collagen in myelofibrosis.", "content": "Total protein, collagen (hydroxyproline) and glycoproteins (hexosamine) content of control and myelofibrosis (MF) bone marrow samples was determined using a sequential extraction procedure. MF marrow extracts contained higher amounts of collagen than control extracts. The collagen content appeared to increase with the duration of the disease. In more recent MF cases (less than 2 years) at least 60% of the total collagen was extracted in 0.5 M NaCl. this proportion decreases to 33% in older cases (greater than 4 years), indicating a progressive insolubilization (crosslinking) of collagen. The hexosamine content of the extracts decreased in MF as compared to controls reflecting a decrease in glycosaminoglycans (and possibly of structural glycoproteins). The reticulin content of the same bone marrows was estimated by a quantitative morphometric procedure. There was a positive correlation between the morphometrically estimated reticulin surface and the total hydroxyproline content of the marrow samples. The slopes of the least square lines correlating increase of reticulin surface to hydroxyproline content were, however, significantly different in control and MF marrows, indicating a 44% higher increase in histochemically detectable reticulin per unit increase in hydroxyproline content than in the control marrows. This result may indicate a more efficient fibrogenetic process in MF marrow than in normal bone marrow. The above results confirm the collagenous nature of the fibrous reticulin like material deposited in MR marrows and suggests a correlation between the progression of the disease and the rate of synthesis and deposition of collagen fibres.", "contents": "Biochemical and histological analysis of bone marrow collagen in myelofibrosis. Total protein, collagen (hydroxyproline) and glycoproteins (hexosamine) content of control and myelofibrosis (MF) bone marrow samples was determined using a sequential extraction procedure. MF marrow extracts contained higher amounts of collagen than control extracts. The collagen content appeared to increase with the duration of the disease. In more recent MF cases (less than 2 years) at least 60% of the total collagen was extracted in 0.5 M NaCl. this proportion decreases to 33% in older cases (greater than 4 years), indicating a progressive insolubilization (crosslinking) of collagen. The hexosamine content of the extracts decreased in MF as compared to controls reflecting a decrease in glycosaminoglycans (and possibly of structural glycoproteins). The reticulin content of the same bone marrows was estimated by a quantitative morphometric procedure. There was a positive correlation between the morphometrically estimated reticulin surface and the total hydroxyproline content of the marrow samples. The slopes of the least square lines correlating increase of reticulin surface to hydroxyproline content were, however, significantly different in control and MF marrows, indicating a 44% higher increase in histochemically detectable reticulin per unit increase in hydroxyproline content than in the control marrows. This result may indicate a more efficient fibrogenetic process in MF marrow than in normal bone marrow. The above results confirm the collagenous nature of the fibrous reticulin like material deposited in MR marrows and suggests a correlation between the progression of the disease and the rate of synthesis and deposition of collagen fibres.", "PMID": 427028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13628", "title": "Alpha thalassaemia in American blacks: a study of a family with five cases of haemoglobin H disease.", "content": "Five cases of HbH disease were discovered in a large family of American Blacks. Anaemia was mild with PCV ranging from 0.275 to 0.405. The amount of HbH was 2--6%. Studies of haemoglobin synthesis in peripheral blood reticulocytes demonstrated marked deficits in alpha globin production with an average alpha/beta ratio of 0.31 (range 0.22--0.36). Eighteen additional family members had evidence of thalassaemia trait and were provisionally classified as either alpha-thal-1 (average MCV 65.2 fl; range 59--70) or alpha-thal-2 (average MCV 79.6 fl; range 74--88). A subject with altha-thal-1 trait had an alpha/beta ratio of 0.56; the average for five cases of alpha-thal-2 was 0.73. One other family member was thought to be homozygous for alpha-thal-2 trait and exhibited an MCV of 65 fl with an alpha/beta ratio of 0.5. These data reconfirm that in Blacks with alpha thalassaemia the proportion of HbH is lower and the severity of anaemia is less than in certain other racial groups, e.g. Southeast Asians. However, the degree of hypochromia and microcytosis and the imbalance in alpha and beta globin synthesis appear to be similar in Blacks and other races. These results suggest that the milder clinical course of HbH disease in Blacks is not a result of greater alpha globin production in that population of thalassaemics.", "contents": "Alpha thalassaemia in American blacks: a study of a family with five cases of haemoglobin H disease. Five cases of HbH disease were discovered in a large family of American Blacks. Anaemia was mild with PCV ranging from 0.275 to 0.405. The amount of HbH was 2--6%. Studies of haemoglobin synthesis in peripheral blood reticulocytes demonstrated marked deficits in alpha globin production with an average alpha/beta ratio of 0.31 (range 0.22--0.36). Eighteen additional family members had evidence of thalassaemia trait and were provisionally classified as either alpha-thal-1 (average MCV 65.2 fl; range 59--70) or alpha-thal-2 (average MCV 79.6 fl; range 74--88). A subject with altha-thal-1 trait had an alpha/beta ratio of 0.56; the average for five cases of alpha-thal-2 was 0.73. One other family member was thought to be homozygous for alpha-thal-2 trait and exhibited an MCV of 65 fl with an alpha/beta ratio of 0.5. These data reconfirm that in Blacks with alpha thalassaemia the proportion of HbH is lower and the severity of anaemia is less than in certain other racial groups, e.g. Southeast Asians. However, the degree of hypochromia and microcytosis and the imbalance in alpha and beta globin synthesis appear to be similar in Blacks and other races. These results suggest that the milder clinical course of HbH disease in Blacks is not a result of greater alpha globin production in that population of thalassaemics.", "PMID": 427029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13629", "title": "Interaction of alpha and beta thalassaemia genes in two Sardinian families.", "content": "Our paper describes two Sardinian families with alpha-beta thalassaemia interaction. In the first (family S), the propositus, whose haemoglobin pattern at birth consisted of about 25% Hb Bart's and 75% Hb F, successively developed a clinical and haematological picture typical of Cooleys anaemia. Haematological and globin chain synthesis studies together with these findings suggest that he is homozygous for beta 0 thalassaemia and heterozygous for alpha thalassaemia-1 and alpha thalassaemia-2. This conclusion is further substantiated by the finding of various combination of alpha and beta thalassaemia among his family members. In the P family two twins whose haemoglobin pattern and synthesis data at birth were similar to those of the proband of family S died in the neonatal period. The mother was assumed to be a compound heterozygte for alpha thalassaemia-2 and beta 0 thalassaemia and the father for alpha thalassaemia-1 and beta 0 thalassaemia. The homozygous state for beta 0 thalassaemia in association with the alpha thalassaemia 1 and alpha thalassaemia 2 genes results in a severe clinical picture similar to that of a homozygous beta 0 thalassaemia. The interaction between the heterozygous state for beta 0 thalassaemia and the alpha thalassaemia 1 or alpha thalassaemia 2 genes, or the combination of both, results in a haematological picture similar to that of a beta thalassaemia heterozygote.", "contents": "Interaction of alpha and beta thalassaemia genes in two Sardinian families. Our paper describes two Sardinian families with alpha-beta thalassaemia interaction. In the first (family S), the propositus, whose haemoglobin pattern at birth consisted of about 25% Hb Bart's and 75% Hb F, successively developed a clinical and haematological picture typical of Cooleys anaemia. Haematological and globin chain synthesis studies together with these findings suggest that he is homozygous for beta 0 thalassaemia and heterozygous for alpha thalassaemia-1 and alpha thalassaemia-2. This conclusion is further substantiated by the finding of various combination of alpha and beta thalassaemia among his family members. In the P family two twins whose haemoglobin pattern and synthesis data at birth were similar to those of the proband of family S died in the neonatal period. The mother was assumed to be a compound heterozygte for alpha thalassaemia-2 and beta 0 thalassaemia and the father for alpha thalassaemia-1 and beta 0 thalassaemia. The homozygous state for beta 0 thalassaemia in association with the alpha thalassaemia 1 and alpha thalassaemia 2 genes results in a severe clinical picture similar to that of a homozygous beta 0 thalassaemia. The interaction between the heterozygous state for beta 0 thalassaemia and the alpha thalassaemia 1 or alpha thalassaemia 2 genes, or the combination of both, results in a haematological picture similar to that of a beta thalassaemia heterozygote.", "PMID": 427030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13630", "title": "The importance of the genetic picture and globin synthesis in determining the clinical and haematological features of thalassaemia intermedia.", "content": "Twelve carriers of thalassaemia intermedia were studied. Their clinical and haematological picture was distinctly different from that in both heterozygotes and homozygotes for beta thalassaemia. Several genetic patterns were found responsible for thalassaemia intermedia: beta/delta beta thalassaemia, alpha 2 beta/beta thalassaemia-heterocellular HPFH. In a few subjects the genetic picture indicated that the patients were homozygous for beta thalassaemia, in spite of the mildness of the clinical situation. The lack of genetic uniformity was refelcted in very wide Hb A2 (2.5--8.7%) and Hb F (7.5--96.9%) ranges, as opposed to the noticeable degree of biochemical uniformity indicated by the very similar imbalance of globin chain synthesis: 0.33-0.54 for the non-alpha/alpha chain ratio in the peripheral blood. The mean for this parameter (0.43 +/- 0.05) was significantly different (P less than 0.001) from that observed in heterozygous carriers (0.60 +/- 0.10) and homozygous carriers (0.11 +/- 0.05) for beta thalassaemia. The marrow blood displayed a comparable pattern. It is therefore suggested that the severity of thalassaemia is attributable to the degree of chain synthesis imbalance.", "contents": "The importance of the genetic picture and globin synthesis in determining the clinical and haematological features of thalassaemia intermedia. Twelve carriers of thalassaemia intermedia were studied. Their clinical and haematological picture was distinctly different from that in both heterozygotes and homozygotes for beta thalassaemia. Several genetic patterns were found responsible for thalassaemia intermedia: beta/delta beta thalassaemia, alpha 2 beta/beta thalassaemia-heterocellular HPFH. In a few subjects the genetic picture indicated that the patients were homozygous for beta thalassaemia, in spite of the mildness of the clinical situation. The lack of genetic uniformity was refelcted in very wide Hb A2 (2.5--8.7%) and Hb F (7.5--96.9%) ranges, as opposed to the noticeable degree of biochemical uniformity indicated by the very similar imbalance of globin chain synthesis: 0.33-0.54 for the non-alpha/alpha chain ratio in the peripheral blood. The mean for this parameter (0.43 +/- 0.05) was significantly different (P less than 0.001) from that observed in heterozygous carriers (0.60 +/- 0.10) and homozygous carriers (0.11 +/- 0.05) for beta thalassaemia. The marrow blood displayed a comparable pattern. It is therefore suggested that the severity of thalassaemia is attributable to the degree of chain synthesis imbalance.", "PMID": 427031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13631", "title": "Erythrocyte membrane lipid reorganization during the sickling process.", "content": "In order to study possible alterations in membrane lipids during sickling, we have measured the difference in susceptibility to lipid peroxidation, binding of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) to aminophospholipids, and fatty acid uptake in cells containing sickle haemoglobin under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. We have also examined TNBS binding in irreversibly sickled cells in an attempt to evaluate the permanent effects of any such alterations. We found that when erythrocytes were sickled by deoxygenation, the susceptibility to lipid peroxidation and binding of TNBS to aminophospholipids was markedly increased, while normal control cells showed no change. These effects appeared to be specific for the sickled state rather than a nonspecific consequence of cell age or the concentration of sickle haemoglobin within the cell. In contrast, fatty acid incorporation into membrane phospholipids, representing potential lipid renewal, was decreased in the sickled state. Cell fractions enriched in irreversibly sickled cells showed increased TNBS labelling in air and only modest rises with anoxia. Taken together, these data imply a rearrangement of membrane lipids during the sickling process and suggest a permanent reorganization of membrane lipids in the irreversibly sickled cell.", "contents": "Erythrocyte membrane lipid reorganization during the sickling process. In order to study possible alterations in membrane lipids during sickling, we have measured the difference in susceptibility to lipid peroxidation, binding of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) to aminophospholipids, and fatty acid uptake in cells containing sickle haemoglobin under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. We have also examined TNBS binding in irreversibly sickled cells in an attempt to evaluate the permanent effects of any such alterations. We found that when erythrocytes were sickled by deoxygenation, the susceptibility to lipid peroxidation and binding of TNBS to aminophospholipids was markedly increased, while normal control cells showed no change. These effects appeared to be specific for the sickled state rather than a nonspecific consequence of cell age or the concentration of sickle haemoglobin within the cell. In contrast, fatty acid incorporation into membrane phospholipids, representing potential lipid renewal, was decreased in the sickled state. Cell fractions enriched in irreversibly sickled cells showed increased TNBS labelling in air and only modest rises with anoxia. Taken together, these data imply a rearrangement of membrane lipids during the sickling process and suggest a permanent reorganization of membrane lipids in the irreversibly sickled cell.", "PMID": 427032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13632", "title": "Protection by ascorbate against acetylphenylhydrazine-induced Heinz body formation in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes.", "content": "Ascorbate was found to inhibit oxidation of oxyhaemoglobin and Heinz body formation in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient red cells incubated with acetylphenylhydrazine. It is proposed that ascorbate can substitute for the glutathione which is depleted and act as a scavenger for drug free radicals generated during the reaction. Ascorbate was protective at concentrations only a little higher than that in normal blood, and the possibility that administration of ascorbate could protect GSH deficient cells against the action of oxidative drugs such as APH is considered. A simple method of quantitatively assessing Heinz body formation by measuring the turbidity of the lysed cells is described.", "contents": "Protection by ascorbate against acetylphenylhydrazine-induced Heinz body formation in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes. Ascorbate was found to inhibit oxidation of oxyhaemoglobin and Heinz body formation in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient red cells incubated with acetylphenylhydrazine. It is proposed that ascorbate can substitute for the glutathione which is depleted and act as a scavenger for drug free radicals generated during the reaction. Ascorbate was protective at concentrations only a little higher than that in normal blood, and the possibility that administration of ascorbate could protect GSH deficient cells against the action of oxidative drugs such as APH is considered. A simple method of quantitatively assessing Heinz body formation by measuring the turbidity of the lysed cells is described.", "PMID": 427033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13633", "title": "Absence of tight junctions in endothelium of marrow sinuses: possible significance for marrow cell egress.", "content": "The nature of contact between endothelial cells in rat marrow sinuses was studied. Colloidal lanthanum permeated freely into the interendothelial space. Moreover, using freeze-fracture technique, we failed to show junctional structures where these endothelial cells came into contact. With thin sectioning electron microscopy, we observed occasional submembranous densities but the interendothelial distance measured 20 nm and no membrane fusion was seen. Absence of tight junctions between endothelial cells of marrow sinuses may serve a function in marrow cell egress by permitting these cells to slide over each other, thereby changing the luminal size. Within the fixed volume of marrow, an increase in luminal size results in displacement of haemopoietic cells into the lumen.", "contents": "Absence of tight junctions in endothelium of marrow sinuses: possible significance for marrow cell egress. The nature of contact between endothelial cells in rat marrow sinuses was studied. Colloidal lanthanum permeated freely into the interendothelial space. Moreover, using freeze-fracture technique, we failed to show junctional structures where these endothelial cells came into contact. With thin sectioning electron microscopy, we observed occasional submembranous densities but the interendothelial distance measured 20 nm and no membrane fusion was seen. Absence of tight junctions between endothelial cells of marrow sinuses may serve a function in marrow cell egress by permitting these cells to slide over each other, thereby changing the luminal size. Within the fixed volume of marrow, an increase in luminal size results in displacement of haemopoietic cells into the lumen.", "PMID": 427035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13634", "title": "The lymphocyte production pathway in bone marrow: possible significance of the size spectrum of lymphocytes and their precursors.", "content": "It is now generally accepted that transitional ('lymphoid') cells are the precursors of small lymphocytes. Such cells have a heterogeneous size spectrum and show high proliferative capacity. To facilitate the study of the kinetics of lymphocyte production, a detailed investigation of cell sizes of the transitional cell-lymphocyte compartment was carried out using a Coulter counter modified to permit a very rapid and accurate examination of cells in suspension. Enriched populations of 'lymphoid' cells, obtained after 10 d rebound from hypoxia at half an atmosphere, were enriched further by bovine albumin and Ficoll gradients to give density fractions containing two types of cells. Differential counts of stained smears of these fractions enabled a comparison to be made between the size distribution and the specific cell types. Four distinct cell types were characterized in terms of volume and density: small and intermediate-sized lymphocytes (volume 53-59 fl, albumin fractions 19-23%), small transitional cells (154-160 fl, 21-23%), medium transitional cells (206-218 fl, 17-19%) and large transitional cells (350-400 fl, 21-27%). These findings are consistent with the view that there are at least three mitoses in the course of the lymphocyte production pathway in the bone marrow.", "contents": "The lymphocyte production pathway in bone marrow: possible significance of the size spectrum of lymphocytes and their precursors. It is now generally accepted that transitional ('lymphoid') cells are the precursors of small lymphocytes. Such cells have a heterogeneous size spectrum and show high proliferative capacity. To facilitate the study of the kinetics of lymphocyte production, a detailed investigation of cell sizes of the transitional cell-lymphocyte compartment was carried out using a Coulter counter modified to permit a very rapid and accurate examination of cells in suspension. Enriched populations of 'lymphoid' cells, obtained after 10 d rebound from hypoxia at half an atmosphere, were enriched further by bovine albumin and Ficoll gradients to give density fractions containing two types of cells. Differential counts of stained smears of these fractions enabled a comparison to be made between the size distribution and the specific cell types. Four distinct cell types were characterized in terms of volume and density: small and intermediate-sized lymphocytes (volume 53-59 fl, albumin fractions 19-23%), small transitional cells (154-160 fl, 21-23%), medium transitional cells (206-218 fl, 17-19%) and large transitional cells (350-400 fl, 21-27%). These findings are consistent with the view that there are at least three mitoses in the course of the lymphocyte production pathway in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 427036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13635", "title": "Clinical course in 28 unselected patients with aplastic anaemia treated with anabolic steroids.", "content": "Twenty-eight unselected patients with histologically proven aplastic anaemia were electively treated with anabolic steroids (75-150 mg orally q.d.) Additional supportive treatment with blood cell components and antibiotics was given if indicated. Response to therapy was defined as favourable if after 3 months of anabolic therapy overt bleeding tendency had disappeared, there was no need for transfusion therapy, a spontaneous increase of haemoglobin had occurred of greater than 3 g/dl above the initial level, and a platelet rise of twofold the initial count (up to at least greater than 30 x 10(9) /L) had occurred. Of 22 patients evaluable for the results of long-term (greater than 3 months) anabolic treatment, six showed a partial response and eleven responded favourably. These 11 are all alive at the end of the study. Five of these patients proved to be anabolic steroid-dependent. The 50% actuarial survival is approximately 4 years after diagnosis, which compares favourably with the best published results from bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anaemia. It is concluded that anabolic therapy in aplastic anaemia should be tried for 2-3 months before the bone marrow transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy is taken into consideration.", "contents": "Clinical course in 28 unselected patients with aplastic anaemia treated with anabolic steroids. Twenty-eight unselected patients with histologically proven aplastic anaemia were electively treated with anabolic steroids (75-150 mg orally q.d.) Additional supportive treatment with blood cell components and antibiotics was given if indicated. Response to therapy was defined as favourable if after 3 months of anabolic therapy overt bleeding tendency had disappeared, there was no need for transfusion therapy, a spontaneous increase of haemoglobin had occurred of greater than 3 g/dl above the initial level, and a platelet rise of twofold the initial count (up to at least greater than 30 x 10(9) /L) had occurred. Of 22 patients evaluable for the results of long-term (greater than 3 months) anabolic treatment, six showed a partial response and eleven responded favourably. These 11 are all alive at the end of the study. Five of these patients proved to be anabolic steroid-dependent. The 50% actuarial survival is approximately 4 years after diagnosis, which compares favourably with the best published results from bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anaemia. It is concluded that anabolic therapy in aplastic anaemia should be tried for 2-3 months before the bone marrow transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy is taken into consideration.", "PMID": 427037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13636", "title": "Role of serum folate binders in the delivery of folate to tissues and to the fetus.", "content": "Specific folate binding protein (FBP) and non-specific binding protein have been prepared from pooled serum from patients in late pregnancy. The two classes of folate binder were labelled with 75Se-selenofolate and injected into non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits. Selenofolate bound to specific FBP was delivered predominantly to the liver, in both pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Fetal tissue took up selenofolate from non-specific FBP only. Specific FBP thus functions to deliver folate to stores and represents a storage pool of folate. The non-specific FBP are responsible for the delivery of folate to the fetus, and probably also to sites of utilization.", "contents": "Role of serum folate binders in the delivery of folate to tissues and to the fetus. Specific folate binding protein (FBP) and non-specific binding protein have been prepared from pooled serum from patients in late pregnancy. The two classes of folate binder were labelled with 75Se-selenofolate and injected into non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits. Selenofolate bound to specific FBP was delivered predominantly to the liver, in both pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Fetal tissue took up selenofolate from non-specific FBP only. Specific FBP thus functions to deliver folate to stores and represents a storage pool of folate. The non-specific FBP are responsible for the delivery of folate to the fetus, and probably also to sites of utilization.", "PMID": 427038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13637", "title": "Vitamin B6 metabolism in anaemic and alcoholic man.", "content": "Physiological and pathological factors affecting intracellular red cell vitamin B6 metabolism in normal, anaemic and alcoholic man were studied using a new assay for pyridoxine kinase (PnK) together with saturated and total aspartate aminotransferase (EGOT) activities as indirect indices of intracellular pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) availability. In studies of anaemic states, subjects with iron deficiency anaemia demonstrated elevated levels of both PnK and saturated EGOT, while seven out of 17 subjects with inflammatory anaemia had subnormal PnK but variable saturated EGOT activities. Despite a high incidence of complicating inflammatory disease, alcoholic subjects with or without ring sideroblastic anaemia had elevated levels of both PnK and saturated EGOT. As judged from the saturated EGOT and the ratio unsaturated EGOT/saturated EGOT, intracellular PLP availability was always appropriate to the higher levels of PnK activity.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 metabolism in anaemic and alcoholic man. Physiological and pathological factors affecting intracellular red cell vitamin B6 metabolism in normal, anaemic and alcoholic man were studied using a new assay for pyridoxine kinase (PnK) together with saturated and total aspartate aminotransferase (EGOT) activities as indirect indices of intracellular pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) availability. In studies of anaemic states, subjects with iron deficiency anaemia demonstrated elevated levels of both PnK and saturated EGOT, while seven out of 17 subjects with inflammatory anaemia had subnormal PnK but variable saturated EGOT activities. Despite a high incidence of complicating inflammatory disease, alcoholic subjects with or without ring sideroblastic anaemia had elevated levels of both PnK and saturated EGOT. As judged from the saturated EGOT and the ratio unsaturated EGOT/saturated EGOT, intracellular PLP availability was always appropriate to the higher levels of PnK activity.", "PMID": 427039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13638", "title": "Liposome entrapped desferrioxamine and iron transporting ionophores: a new approach to iron chelation therapy.", "content": "Liposome-entrapped desferrioxamine was administered to iron-over-loaded 59Fe lavelled mice. When given orally or intraperitoneally entrapment did not enhance the effect of the chelator, but given intravenously liposomal desferrioxamine doubled the 59Fe excretion for a given dose of the drug, and excretion after a single dose continued for up to 3 d. In addition, liposomes containing ionophore A23187 administered concurrently with DTPA caused an excretion of 59Fe, whereas DTPA alone had no effect.", "contents": "Liposome entrapped desferrioxamine and iron transporting ionophores: a new approach to iron chelation therapy. Liposome-entrapped desferrioxamine was administered to iron-over-loaded 59Fe lavelled mice. When given orally or intraperitoneally entrapment did not enhance the effect of the chelator, but given intravenously liposomal desferrioxamine doubled the 59Fe excretion for a given dose of the drug, and excretion after a single dose continued for up to 3 d. In addition, liposomes containing ionophore A23187 administered concurrently with DTPA caused an excretion of 59Fe, whereas DTPA alone had no effect.", "PMID": 427040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13639", "title": "Work capacity, heart rate and blood lactate responses to iron treatment.", "content": "Changes in haemoglobin (Hb), work performance, heart rate and postexercise blood lactate were studied in iron deficient, anaemic subjects for 16 d following total dosage infusion of iron dextran, i.v. (30-50 ml). Six adult men and 14 women were subjects with initial Hb levels of 6.6 +/- 0.6 g/dl (mean +/- SEM) for the iron treatment group (n=10) and 8.0 +/- 0.7 for the placebo group (saline infusion, n=10). Serum levels were 0.51 +/- 0.15 and 0.67 +/- 0.12 mg/l for the two groups, respectively. Haemoglobin and maximal work time increased significantly within 4 d after iron treatment and continued to increase up to 16 d. No changes were found in the placebo subjects. Heart rates at a given exercise intensity were lower in the iron treatment group than in control subjects who had the same Hb levels but had not been treated with iron. Post-exercise venous blood lactate was similar on succeeding days after iron treatment even though the subjects reached higher work loads. These results demonstrate the treatment of iron deficient, anaemic subjects with iron dextran results in improved work capacity within 4 d and a lower heart rate at a given work load after treatment which cannot be accounted for totally by the elevation of Hb concentration.", "contents": "Work capacity, heart rate and blood lactate responses to iron treatment. Changes in haemoglobin (Hb), work performance, heart rate and postexercise blood lactate were studied in iron deficient, anaemic subjects for 16 d following total dosage infusion of iron dextran, i.v. (30-50 ml). Six adult men and 14 women were subjects with initial Hb levels of 6.6 +/- 0.6 g/dl (mean +/- SEM) for the iron treatment group (n=10) and 8.0 +/- 0.7 for the placebo group (saline infusion, n=10). Serum levels were 0.51 +/- 0.15 and 0.67 +/- 0.12 mg/l for the two groups, respectively. Haemoglobin and maximal work time increased significantly within 4 d after iron treatment and continued to increase up to 16 d. No changes were found in the placebo subjects. Heart rates at a given exercise intensity were lower in the iron treatment group than in control subjects who had the same Hb levels but had not been treated with iron. Post-exercise venous blood lactate was similar on succeeding days after iron treatment even though the subjects reached higher work loads. These results demonstrate the treatment of iron deficient, anaemic subjects with iron dextran results in improved work capacity within 4 d and a lower heart rate at a given work load after treatment which cannot be accounted for totally by the elevation of Hb concentration.", "PMID": 427041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13640", "title": "Relation between low erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity and membrane lipids in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase of intact erythrocytes, their ghost and salt soluble extracts obtained from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) does not differ from normal with respect to Km values for acetylthiocholine, and Ki values for phenyltrimethylammonium iodide. However, the enzyme from PNH sources has lower V max values than normal, has different thermal stability from normal, has less distinctive transition temperature in the Arrhenius plots, and is less subject to inhibition by stearic acid. These results and that from comparison of activation of deoxycholate-extracted enzyme by lipids from normal erythrocytes suggest that the low acetylcholinesterase activity in PNH erythrocytes is due, at least in part, to alteration in the lipid environment of the enzyme.", "contents": "Relation between low erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity and membrane lipids in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Acetylcholinesterase of intact erythrocytes, their ghost and salt soluble extracts obtained from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) does not differ from normal with respect to Km values for acetylthiocholine, and Ki values for phenyltrimethylammonium iodide. However, the enzyme from PNH sources has lower V max values than normal, has different thermal stability from normal, has less distinctive transition temperature in the Arrhenius plots, and is less subject to inhibition by stearic acid. These results and that from comparison of activation of deoxycholate-extracted enzyme by lipids from normal erythrocytes suggest that the low acetylcholinesterase activity in PNH erythrocytes is due, at least in part, to alteration in the lipid environment of the enzyme.", "PMID": 427042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13641", "title": "An examination of complement proteins on membranes of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) and PNH-like red cells.", "content": "Proteins obtained from membranes of PNH erythrocytes and of red cells treated with 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET) following lysis in acidified serum (Ham's test) were compared by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The peptide patterns were identical, providing support that AET-treated red cells afford a suitable experimental substitute for PNH red cells in studies involving complement fixation.", "contents": "An examination of complement proteins on membranes of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) and PNH-like red cells. Proteins obtained from membranes of PNH erythrocytes and of red cells treated with 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET) following lysis in acidified serum (Ham's test) were compared by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The peptide patterns were identical, providing support that AET-treated red cells afford a suitable experimental substitute for PNH red cells in studies involving complement fixation.", "PMID": 427043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13642", "title": "Diagnosis of haematological disease using anti-i. I. Disorders with lymphocytosis.", "content": "Using cytotoxicity and antibody-binding tests, the i antigen was measured on the blood lymphocytes of normal subjects and of patients in whom a diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was considered because of a slight lymphocytosis in the blood and bone marrow. Among 25 patients, 15 had a normal amount of i antigen; in 10 there was a marked reduction in i antigen, such as is found in typical CLL. Similar studies were done on lymphocytes from 15 patients with clinical and morphological findings usually associated with lymphosarcoma cell leukemia (LSL). Nine had a normal amount of i antigen; in six there was a marked reduction of i antigen, suggesting a diagnosis of CLL. A study of the subsequent clinical course and final diagnosis in these patients suggests that the reduction in lymphocyte i antigen characteristic of typical CLL occurs in patients with early CLL who have only slight lymphocytosis, but not in patients with slight lymphocytosis from other causes. Similarly, a reduction in lymphocyte i antigen is found in patients with morphologically atypical CLL but not in patients with LSL.", "contents": "Diagnosis of haematological disease using anti-i. I. Disorders with lymphocytosis. Using cytotoxicity and antibody-binding tests, the i antigen was measured on the blood lymphocytes of normal subjects and of patients in whom a diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was considered because of a slight lymphocytosis in the blood and bone marrow. Among 25 patients, 15 had a normal amount of i antigen; in 10 there was a marked reduction in i antigen, such as is found in typical CLL. Similar studies were done on lymphocytes from 15 patients with clinical and morphological findings usually associated with lymphosarcoma cell leukemia (LSL). Nine had a normal amount of i antigen; in six there was a marked reduction of i antigen, suggesting a diagnosis of CLL. A study of the subsequent clinical course and final diagnosis in these patients suggests that the reduction in lymphocyte i antigen characteristic of typical CLL occurs in patients with early CLL who have only slight lymphocytosis, but not in patients with slight lymphocytosis from other causes. Similarly, a reduction in lymphocyte i antigen is found in patients with morphologically atypical CLL but not in patients with LSL.", "PMID": 427044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13643", "title": "Further studies on a specific platelet antibody found in Bernard-Soulier syndrome and its effects on normal platelet function.", "content": "An IgG antiplatelet antibody found in a multitransfused patient with Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS), reacted with a normal platelet surface antigen of 150 000 daltons which was similar to the glycoprotein missing from BSS platelets. The BSS platelet antibody (BSS-Pab) aggregated all control platelets which then released ADP and 5-HT and synthesized thromboxane. When mixed with the antibody, BSS platelets did not aggregate, did not release ADP and 5-HT and failed to synthesize thromboxane. The BSS-Pab was not inactivated by incubation with BSS platelet stroma. While the antibody did not aggregate thrombasthenic platelets, its aggregating activity was lost after incubation with their stroma. The BSS-Pab did not provoke ADP or 5-HT release or thromboxane synthesis in thrombasthenic platelets or in the platelets of a patient with platelet cyclooxygenase deficiency or in normal platelets treated with indomethacin. The aggregating, release and synthetic responses of platelets after binding of BSS-Pab to its membrane antigen (probably glycoprotein I) requires the presence of glycoprotein IIb and/or IIa and the normal metabolism of arachidonic acid.", "contents": "Further studies on a specific platelet antibody found in Bernard-Soulier syndrome and its effects on normal platelet function. An IgG antiplatelet antibody found in a multitransfused patient with Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS), reacted with a normal platelet surface antigen of 150 000 daltons which was similar to the glycoprotein missing from BSS platelets. The BSS platelet antibody (BSS-Pab) aggregated all control platelets which then released ADP and 5-HT and synthesized thromboxane. When mixed with the antibody, BSS platelets did not aggregate, did not release ADP and 5-HT and failed to synthesize thromboxane. The BSS-Pab was not inactivated by incubation with BSS platelet stroma. While the antibody did not aggregate thrombasthenic platelets, its aggregating activity was lost after incubation with their stroma. The BSS-Pab did not provoke ADP or 5-HT release or thromboxane synthesis in thrombasthenic platelets or in the platelets of a patient with platelet cyclooxygenase deficiency or in normal platelets treated with indomethacin. The aggregating, release and synthetic responses of platelets after binding of BSS-Pab to its membrane antigen (probably glycoprotein I) requires the presence of glycoprotein IIb and/or IIa and the normal metabolism of arachidonic acid.", "PMID": 427045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13644", "title": "Specificity in the factor VIII response to vasopressin infusion in man.", "content": "Structural requirements of the systemic factor VIII response to intravenous vasopressin in man has been investigated using vasopressin analogues. With the analogues available the receptor specificity of this phenomenon could not be distinguished from those associated with the previously described plasminogen activator release or antidiuretic effects of this hormone. Further studies using 1-desamino-[8-D-arginine]vasopressin showed a dose-related release of both procoagulant and antigenic components of the factor VIII complex. The newly released factor VIII could not be distinguished from circulating factor VIII on the basis of molecular size, electrophoretic mobility or in vitro stability despite apparent differences in the duration of response of the procoagulant and antigenic components in vivo.", "contents": "Specificity in the factor VIII response to vasopressin infusion in man. Structural requirements of the systemic factor VIII response to intravenous vasopressin in man has been investigated using vasopressin analogues. With the analogues available the receptor specificity of this phenomenon could not be distinguished from those associated with the previously described plasminogen activator release or antidiuretic effects of this hormone. Further studies using 1-desamino-[8-D-arginine]vasopressin showed a dose-related release of both procoagulant and antigenic components of the factor VIII complex. The newly released factor VIII could not be distinguished from circulating factor VIII on the basis of molecular size, electrophoretic mobility or in vitro stability despite apparent differences in the duration of response of the procoagulant and antigenic components in vivo.", "PMID": 427046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13645", "title": "Unstressed antepartum cardiotocography in the management of the fetus suspected of growth retardation.", "content": "A detailed analysis of the antenatal cardiotocographs (CTGs) in 57 patients with suspected fetal growth retardation is presented. Four traces were normal and 53 were 'non-reactive'. 'Non-reactive' traces can be sub-divided into three categories, which, in order of severity are, 'suspect', 'flat' and 'ominous'. When compared with the 'suspect' group, perinatal mortality was significantly increased and the Apgar scores at one and five minutes significantly decreased in the 'flat' and 'ominous' groups. The presence of fetal distress in labour was significantly higher in the 'flat' group as compared with the 'suspect' group. Intrauterine deaths occurred only in the 'ominous' group. With experience, ten patients later in the series with 'ominous' patterns were delivered within 24 hours of the detection of such and nine infants survived. At follow-up between 6 and 34 months after birth, psychomotor development was normal in 47 of the 49 surviving infants.", "contents": "Unstressed antepartum cardiotocography in the management of the fetus suspected of growth retardation. A detailed analysis of the antenatal cardiotocographs (CTGs) in 57 patients with suspected fetal growth retardation is presented. Four traces were normal and 53 were 'non-reactive'. 'Non-reactive' traces can be sub-divided into three categories, which, in order of severity are, 'suspect', 'flat' and 'ominous'. When compared with the 'suspect' group, perinatal mortality was significantly increased and the Apgar scores at one and five minutes significantly decreased in the 'flat' and 'ominous' groups. The presence of fetal distress in labour was significantly higher in the 'flat' group as compared with the 'suspect' group. Intrauterine deaths occurred only in the 'ominous' group. With experience, ten patients later in the series with 'ominous' patterns were delivered within 24 hours of the detection of such and nine infants survived. At follow-up between 6 and 34 months after birth, psychomotor development was normal in 47 of the 49 surviving infants.", "PMID": 427049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13646", "title": "Metabolism of diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin) during pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma levels of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and the 24 hour urinary excretion of both DPH and its major metabolite 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-phenylhydantoin (HPPH) were measured serially during pregnancy in a group of five unselected epileptic patients. Plasma DPH levels fell and on average were some 40 per cent lower at term than they had been in early pregnancy. With one exception, the patients were well controlled during pregnancy but two patients who regularly had plasma DPH levels below 10 microgram/ml both suffered seizures in the puerperium. There was no convincing change in the excretion of either DPH or HPPH which together accounted for less than half the administered dose. Gestational length exceeded 41 weeks in 4 of the 5 patients studied but all were delivered of normal healthy infants, of average birthweight, with no congenital defects or clotting disorders.", "contents": "Metabolism of diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin) during pregnancy. Plasma levels of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and the 24 hour urinary excretion of both DPH and its major metabolite 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-phenylhydantoin (HPPH) were measured serially during pregnancy in a group of five unselected epileptic patients. Plasma DPH levels fell and on average were some 40 per cent lower at term than they had been in early pregnancy. With one exception, the patients were well controlled during pregnancy but two patients who regularly had plasma DPH levels below 10 microgram/ml both suffered seizures in the puerperium. There was no convincing change in the excretion of either DPH or HPPH which together accounted for less than half the administered dose. Gestational length exceeded 41 weeks in 4 of the 5 patients studied but all were delivered of normal healthy infants, of average birthweight, with no congenital defects or clotting disorders.", "PMID": 427051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13647", "title": "The effect of oxytocin in induced labour on neonatal jaundice.", "content": "A prospective study in 180 mothers and babies examined the effects of oxytocin in induced labour on plasma bilirubin levels in cord blood, as well as on the incidence of neonatal jaundice. Raised plasma bilirubin levels in cord blood, probably enhanced by breakdown of fetal red cells, appeared to be a dose dependent effect of oxytocin. Commensurate with this was the finding that a larger proportion of babies in the induced group manifested a greater severity of jaundice.", "contents": "The effect of oxytocin in induced labour on neonatal jaundice. A prospective study in 180 mothers and babies examined the effects of oxytocin in induced labour on plasma bilirubin levels in cord blood, as well as on the incidence of neonatal jaundice. Raised plasma bilirubin levels in cord blood, probably enhanced by breakdown of fetal red cells, appeared to be a dose dependent effect of oxytocin. Commensurate with this was the finding that a larger proportion of babies in the induced group manifested a greater severity of jaundice.", "PMID": 427052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13648", "title": "Further clinical experience in the treatment of hirsutism with cyproterone acetate.", "content": "Further experience in the treatment of female hirsutism with the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate is reported. Two-thirds of treated patients have shown improvement but relapse occurred within two or three months of stopping treatment. Acne also healed in two patients.", "contents": "Further clinical experience in the treatment of hirsutism with cyproterone acetate. Further experience in the treatment of female hirsutism with the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate is reported. Two-thirds of treated patients have shown improvement but relapse occurred within two or three months of stopping treatment. Acne also healed in two patients.", "PMID": 427053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13649", "title": "Giant cell arteritis of the female genital tract.", "content": "In a patient who had a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for endometrial adenocarcinoma, a giant cell arteritis was found in many of the myometrial and tubal vessels and in a few of the small arteries of the cervix and ovaries. On subsequent questioning, a history of treatment for polymyalgia rheumatica during the preceding 12 months was elicited. Of the three previously reported patients with giant cell arteritis of the uterus, two were suffering from polymyalgia rheumatica whilst one possibly had disseminated visceral giant cell arteritis.", "contents": "Giant cell arteritis of the female genital tract. In a patient who had a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for endometrial adenocarcinoma, a giant cell arteritis was found in many of the myometrial and tubal vessels and in a few of the small arteries of the cervix and ovaries. On subsequent questioning, a history of treatment for polymyalgia rheumatica during the preceding 12 months was elicited. Of the three previously reported patients with giant cell arteritis of the uterus, two were suffering from polymyalgia rheumatica whilst one possibly had disseminated visceral giant cell arteritis.", "PMID": 427054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13650", "title": "Familial carcinoma of the ovary. Case report.", "content": "A patient was successfully treated by surgery, progestogens and chlorambucil for a poorly differentiated cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. Four of her relatives had died of ovarian cancer; it was ascertained that two of them also had poorly differentiated cystadenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Familial carcinoma of the ovary. Case report. A patient was successfully treated by surgery, progestogens and chlorambucil for a poorly differentiated cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. Four of her relatives had died of ovarian cancer; it was ascertained that two of them also had poorly differentiated cystadenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 427055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13651", "title": "Activity and characterization of a low molecular fraction present in human amniotic fluid with broad spectrum antibacterial activity.", "content": "The isolation of a low molecular weight fraction from amniotic fluid with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity is reported. This fraction consists of a family of peptides whose bactericidal activity is zinc dependent and can be inhibited by phosphate. Peptides are present in early gestation in low concentration increasing in amount from about 28 weeks gestation when antimicrobial activity becomes detectable in whole amniotic fluid. A simple bacteriological assay for this material is described. Its relation to the occurrence of perinatal infection is discussed.", "contents": "Activity and characterization of a low molecular fraction present in human amniotic fluid with broad spectrum antibacterial activity. The isolation of a low molecular weight fraction from amniotic fluid with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity is reported. This fraction consists of a family of peptides whose bactericidal activity is zinc dependent and can be inhibited by phosphate. Peptides are present in early gestation in low concentration increasing in amount from about 28 weeks gestation when antimicrobial activity becomes detectable in whole amniotic fluid. A simple bacteriological assay for this material is described. Its relation to the occurrence of perinatal infection is discussed.", "PMID": 427056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13652", "title": "The relation between plasma oestrogen, progesterone and prolactin concentrations and the efficacy of vaginal prostaglandin E2 gel in initiating labour.", "content": "In an attempt to relate the efficacy of treatment to endogenous hormone levels, plasma oestrogen, progesterone and prolactin levels were analysed in women at term following the vaginal administration of prostaglandin E2 gel to induce labour. Patients who went into labour after treatment had significantly higher oestradiol-17 beta levels before treatment compared with those requiring formal surgical induction the following day. No difference could be demonstrated in levels of progesterone or prolactin in the two groups of patients. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "The relation between plasma oestrogen, progesterone and prolactin concentrations and the efficacy of vaginal prostaglandin E2 gel in initiating labour. In an attempt to relate the efficacy of treatment to endogenous hormone levels, plasma oestrogen, progesterone and prolactin levels were analysed in women at term following the vaginal administration of prostaglandin E2 gel to induce labour. Patients who went into labour after treatment had significantly higher oestradiol-17 beta levels before treatment compared with those requiring formal surgical induction the following day. No difference could be demonstrated in levels of progesterone or prolactin in the two groups of patients. The significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 427057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13653", "title": "Inhibition of prostaglandin-induced uterine activity by nifedipine.", "content": "The effects of the calcium antagonist, nifedipine, on uterine activity induced by prostaglandins F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and E2 (PGE2) were studied in women undergoing therapeutic midtrimester abortion, and in patients with a missed abortion in the 16th to 27th week of pregnancy. In the five subjects receiving intra-amniotic PGF2 alpha (25 to 40 mg) for midtrimester abortion, nifedipine (30 mg orally) decreased uterine activity from a mean of 372 to 203 Montevideo Units. The effect on the intensity of the contractions was pronounced; frequently and basal tone were little affected. In patients with missed abortion, uterine contractions were induced by extra-amniotic application of PGE2 (0.5 to 1.5 mg) in a viscous gel. The activity was often more irregular than that in the women receiving intra-amniotic PGF2 alpha. However, nifedipine (30 mg orally) had a marked inhibitory effect on the uterine contractions. It is concluded that nifedipine can be used for treatment of uterine hyperactivity induced by prostaglandins. Combined treatment with beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulants might be considered.", "contents": "Inhibition of prostaglandin-induced uterine activity by nifedipine. The effects of the calcium antagonist, nifedipine, on uterine activity induced by prostaglandins F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and E2 (PGE2) were studied in women undergoing therapeutic midtrimester abortion, and in patients with a missed abortion in the 16th to 27th week of pregnancy. In the five subjects receiving intra-amniotic PGF2 alpha (25 to 40 mg) for midtrimester abortion, nifedipine (30 mg orally) decreased uterine activity from a mean of 372 to 203 Montevideo Units. The effect on the intensity of the contractions was pronounced; frequently and basal tone were little affected. In patients with missed abortion, uterine contractions were induced by extra-amniotic application of PGE2 (0.5 to 1.5 mg) in a viscous gel. The activity was often more irregular than that in the women receiving intra-amniotic PGF2 alpha. However, nifedipine (30 mg orally) had a marked inhibitory effect on the uterine contractions. It is concluded that nifedipine can be used for treatment of uterine hyperactivity induced by prostaglandins. Combined treatment with beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulants might be considered.", "PMID": 427058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13654", "title": "The relation between plasma unconjugated oestriol and cystine aminopeptidase concentrations and uterine contractions.", "content": "The relation between maternal plasma unconjugated oestriol (E3) concentrations and uterine activity was investigated by very frequent, carefully timed determinations of E3 during synchronously recorded uterine contractions in six normal subjects. There was an initial rise (10 to 50 per cent above the mean) in E3 levels reaching a peak coincident with the contraction peak (range 20 seconds before to 15 seconds after) followed by a fall of similar magnitude below the mean reaching a nadir about 80 seconds (range 60 to 105 seconds) after the contraction peak. Although the pattern of E3 fluctuation was most marked in labour the overall degree of variation was no greater than at other times. Cystine aminopeptidase (CAP) concentrations in the same serum samples showed no significant correlation with uterine contractions. The reasons for, and practical applications of, the E3 results are discussed.", "contents": "The relation between plasma unconjugated oestriol and cystine aminopeptidase concentrations and uterine contractions. The relation between maternal plasma unconjugated oestriol (E3) concentrations and uterine activity was investigated by very frequent, carefully timed determinations of E3 during synchronously recorded uterine contractions in six normal subjects. There was an initial rise (10 to 50 per cent above the mean) in E3 levels reaching a peak coincident with the contraction peak (range 20 seconds before to 15 seconds after) followed by a fall of similar magnitude below the mean reaching a nadir about 80 seconds (range 60 to 105 seconds) after the contraction peak. Although the pattern of E3 fluctuation was most marked in labour the overall degree of variation was no greater than at other times. Cystine aminopeptidase (CAP) concentrations in the same serum samples showed no significant correlation with uterine contractions. The reasons for, and practical applications of, the E3 results are discussed.", "PMID": 427059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13655", "title": "Computer analysis of fetal heart rate variation during normal pregnancy.", "content": "Ninety-seven one-hour recordings of the abdominal fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) were made from 59 normal patients between 21 and 41 weeks of gestation. The heart intervals, measured between successive R-waves, were analysed by computer. The signal-to-noise ratio of the fetal ECG limited the precision of the interval measurements to approximately one millisecond. The characteristics of the baseline heart rate changed significantly as gestation advanced, the mean R-R interval, the standard deviation of the intervals and the standard deviation of the interval differences all increasing with gestation (p less than 0.001). In later gestation the baseline heart rate during periods of fetal rest differed significantly from that during periods of fetal activity; during rest the mean R-R interval was greater (p smaller than 0.001) and the standard deviations of the intervals and interval differences were smaller (p smaller than 0.001). Examination of the coefficient of variation of the heart intervals gave a result which contradicted the significance of this measurement as an index of fetal welfare as proposed by Curran and MacGregor (1970).", "contents": "Computer analysis of fetal heart rate variation during normal pregnancy. Ninety-seven one-hour recordings of the abdominal fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) were made from 59 normal patients between 21 and 41 weeks of gestation. The heart intervals, measured between successive R-waves, were analysed by computer. The signal-to-noise ratio of the fetal ECG limited the precision of the interval measurements to approximately one millisecond. The characteristics of the baseline heart rate changed significantly as gestation advanced, the mean R-R interval, the standard deviation of the intervals and the standard deviation of the interval differences all increasing with gestation (p less than 0.001). In later gestation the baseline heart rate during periods of fetal rest differed significantly from that during periods of fetal activity; during rest the mean R-R interval was greater (p smaller than 0.001) and the standard deviations of the intervals and interval differences were smaller (p smaller than 0.001). Examination of the coefficient of variation of the heart intervals gave a result which contradicted the significance of this measurement as an index of fetal welfare as proposed by Curran and MacGregor (1970).", "PMID": 427060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13656", "title": "Haemodynamics of mild hypertension in pregnancy.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-three haemodynamic studies were done serially in 23 normotensive and 25 mildly hypertensive women during pregnancy. With all subjects resting in the left lateral position, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricular work index, total peripheral vascular resistance and haematocrit were all significantly higher while plasma volume per unit body weight was significantly lower in the hypertensive than in the normotensive pregnant women. It is postulated that this hyperkinetic circulatory state is due to hyperactivity of the sympathetic adrenergic component of the autonomic nervous system in hypertensive pregnancy.", "contents": "Haemodynamics of mild hypertension in pregnancy. One hundred and sixty-three haemodynamic studies were done serially in 23 normotensive and 25 mildly hypertensive women during pregnancy. With all subjects resting in the left lateral position, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricular work index, total peripheral vascular resistance and haematocrit were all significantly higher while plasma volume per unit body weight was significantly lower in the hypertensive than in the normotensive pregnant women. It is postulated that this hyperkinetic circulatory state is due to hyperactivity of the sympathetic adrenergic component of the autonomic nervous system in hypertensive pregnancy.", "PMID": 427061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13657", "title": "The possible role of prostaglandins in the hyperfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the newborn.", "content": "Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration were measured by radioimmunoassay in eight newborn infants born vaginally to mothers on indomethacin treatment. Measurements were made in venous cord blood at birth and on the sixth day of life. The results were compared to those obtained in eight healthy control newborn infants of similar gestational age and birth weight. Maternal treatment with indomethacin was associated with a decrease of plasma renin activity (mean +/- SD) from 16.71 +/- 2.76 ng/ml/hour in the control group to 9.60 +/- 3.84 ng/ml/hour in the treated group. Plasma aldosterone concentration was lower in the cord blood of the treated group and a similar trend was demonstrated in the sixth day samples. It is suggested that the increased endogenous prostaglandin production during labour may be one of the factors responsible for the development of hyperactivity of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the newborn.", "contents": "The possible role of prostaglandins in the hyperfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the newborn. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration were measured by radioimmunoassay in eight newborn infants born vaginally to mothers on indomethacin treatment. Measurements were made in venous cord blood at birth and on the sixth day of life. The results were compared to those obtained in eight healthy control newborn infants of similar gestational age and birth weight. Maternal treatment with indomethacin was associated with a decrease of plasma renin activity (mean +/- SD) from 16.71 +/- 2.76 ng/ml/hour in the control group to 9.60 +/- 3.84 ng/ml/hour in the treated group. Plasma aldosterone concentration was lower in the cord blood of the treated group and a similar trend was demonstrated in the sixth day samples. It is suggested that the increased endogenous prostaglandin production during labour may be one of the factors responsible for the development of hyperactivity of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the newborn.", "PMID": 427062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13658", "title": "The significance of abnormal glucose tolerance (hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia) in pregnancy.", "content": "Maternal hypoglycaemia (plasma glucose below 5th centile) had a highly significant association with fetal growth retardation, and perinatal mortality was significantly increased in the presence of both hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia (plasma glucose above 95th centile) when pregnancy outcome was analyzed in 5000 consecutive patients who had a glucose tolerance test performed during the third trimester of pregnancy. This study confirms the significance of abnormal glucose tolerance as a causative factor of feto-placental dysfunction. The flat glucose tolerance test pattern had no significance beyond the presence of associated hypoglycaemia, but reactive hypoglycaemia, and persistent abnormalities of plasma glucose levels during the test, were associated with higher incidences of complicated outcome. Hypertonic dextrose therapy administered to the patient with persistently subnormal urinary oestriol excretion was less likely to cause a favourable response in oestriol excretion if glucose tolerance was abnormal, perhaps because the adverse influences of abnormal glucose tolerance were not reversible by the third trimester of pregnancy. Hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia, additional to diabetes mellitus, are significant factors in the aetiology and diagnosis of abnormal pregnancy, and point to the need to investigate therapeutic measures.", "contents": "The significance of abnormal glucose tolerance (hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia) in pregnancy. Maternal hypoglycaemia (plasma glucose below 5th centile) had a highly significant association with fetal growth retardation, and perinatal mortality was significantly increased in the presence of both hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia (plasma glucose above 95th centile) when pregnancy outcome was analyzed in 5000 consecutive patients who had a glucose tolerance test performed during the third trimester of pregnancy. This study confirms the significance of abnormal glucose tolerance as a causative factor of feto-placental dysfunction. The flat glucose tolerance test pattern had no significance beyond the presence of associated hypoglycaemia, but reactive hypoglycaemia, and persistent abnormalities of plasma glucose levels during the test, were associated with higher incidences of complicated outcome. Hypertonic dextrose therapy administered to the patient with persistently subnormal urinary oestriol excretion was less likely to cause a favourable response in oestriol excretion if glucose tolerance was abnormal, perhaps because the adverse influences of abnormal glucose tolerance were not reversible by the third trimester of pregnancy. Hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia, additional to diabetes mellitus, are significant factors in the aetiology and diagnosis of abnormal pregnancy, and point to the need to investigate therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 427063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13659", "title": "Protease inhibitors in serum and amniotic fluid during pregnancy.", "content": "Antitryptic and antichymotryptic activities in amniotic fluid and maternal serum were measured at various stages of pregnancy using the caseinolytic assay method for proteases. The inhibitory activities increased up to 20 weeks in amniotic fluid and remained in the same range up to 30 weeks; a sharp fall was observed at term. In serum, there was a gradual rise of activities with peak values around 30 weeks. The decrease with further advance of pregnancy was not as sharp as in amniotic fluid. The ratios of antitryptic to antichymotryptic activities remained fairly constant (1.54 +/- 0.07) in amniotic fluid throughout pregnancy. In maternal serum the ratio varied over a range of 1.28 to 2.67 and the increase in antichymotryptic activity was relatively greater between 16 and 30 weeks resulting in a lower ratio between the two activities. Amniotic fluid was found to contain a higher proportion of a heat stable inhibitor compared to serum and its contribution to total antitryptic activity varied from 8.7 to 15.6 per cent.", "contents": "Protease inhibitors in serum and amniotic fluid during pregnancy. Antitryptic and antichymotryptic activities in amniotic fluid and maternal serum were measured at various stages of pregnancy using the caseinolytic assay method for proteases. The inhibitory activities increased up to 20 weeks in amniotic fluid and remained in the same range up to 30 weeks; a sharp fall was observed at term. In serum, there was a gradual rise of activities with peak values around 30 weeks. The decrease with further advance of pregnancy was not as sharp as in amniotic fluid. The ratios of antitryptic to antichymotryptic activities remained fairly constant (1.54 +/- 0.07) in amniotic fluid throughout pregnancy. In maternal serum the ratio varied over a range of 1.28 to 2.67 and the increase in antichymotryptic activity was relatively greater between 16 and 30 weeks resulting in a lower ratio between the two activities. Amniotic fluid was found to contain a higher proportion of a heat stable inhibitor compared to serum and its contribution to total antitryptic activity varied from 8.7 to 15.6 per cent.", "PMID": 427064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13660", "title": "Acute menopausal transition associated with clomiphene therapy: Two case reports.", "content": "Two patients presenting with anovulation and secondary infertility were treated with clomiphene citrate. Intermittent blood samples were obtained for the first three months of therapy in each case. One patient failed either to ovulate or menstruate in response to clomiphene and the other patient had only two episodes of cyclical bleeding before she too became amenorrhoeic. Hormonal analyses revealed that both women had undergone a rapid and precocious menopausal transition which has persisted throughout the subsequent three years.", "contents": "Acute menopausal transition associated with clomiphene therapy: Two case reports. Two patients presenting with anovulation and secondary infertility were treated with clomiphene citrate. Intermittent blood samples were obtained for the first three months of therapy in each case. One patient failed either to ovulate or menstruate in response to clomiphene and the other patient had only two episodes of cyclical bleeding before she too became amenorrhoeic. Hormonal analyses revealed that both women had undergone a rapid and precocious menopausal transition which has persisted throughout the subsequent three years.", "PMID": 427065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13661", "title": "An extraperitoneal operation for vaginal vault suspension to the anterior abdominal wall.", "content": "A completely extraperitoneal abdomino-vaginal operation for vaginal inversion, using Mersilene mesh, is described. There were no major postoperative complications and at follow-up of the 13 patients at 10 to 26 months after operation the results were satisfactory.", "contents": "An extraperitoneal operation for vaginal vault suspension to the anterior abdominal wall. A completely extraperitoneal abdomino-vaginal operation for vaginal inversion, using Mersilene mesh, is described. There were no major postoperative complications and at follow-up of the 13 patients at 10 to 26 months after operation the results were satisfactory.", "PMID": 427066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13662", "title": "Antenatal search for fetal beta-thalassaemia in a twin pregnancy.", "content": "The antenatal search for fetal beta-thalassaemia in a twin pregnancy is described. Thalassaemia major was correctly excluded in both fetuses, and some of the problems of identifying patients at risk are outlined as well as those of obtaining fetal blood in the second trimester of pregnancy.", "contents": "Antenatal search for fetal beta-thalassaemia in a twin pregnancy. The antenatal search for fetal beta-thalassaemia in a twin pregnancy is described. Thalassaemia major was correctly excluded in both fetuses, and some of the problems of identifying patients at risk are outlined as well as those of obtaining fetal blood in the second trimester of pregnancy.", "PMID": 427067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13663", "title": "Solar keratosis, pterygium, and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva in Malawi.", "content": "The histological features of 234 conjunctival biopsies from Africans in Malawi have been re-examined.  The appearances of solar keratosis, pinguecula, and pterygium are presented as part of a continuous spectrum of the same pathological process and aetiology, which may lead to carcinomatous change.  The results are discussed with regard to the specific geographical distribution of such lesions found by other workers, with particular emphasis on ultraviolet radiation as the main aetiological factor.", "contents": "Solar keratosis, pterygium, and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva in Malawi. The histological features of 234 conjunctival biopsies from Africans in Malawi have been re-examined.  The appearances of solar keratosis, pinguecula, and pterygium are presented as part of a continuous spectrum of the same pathological process and aetiology, which may lead to carcinomatous change.  The results are discussed with regard to the specific geographical distribution of such lesions found by other workers, with particular emphasis on ultraviolet radiation as the main aetiological factor.", "PMID": 427069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13664", "title": "Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from different areas of conjunctiva in relation to intensity of hyperendemic trachoma in school children in Southern Tunisia.", "content": "The simplified one-passage technique of culture in irradiated McCoy cells, in conjunction with certain other developments in technique, was used to isolate Chlamydia trachomatis from specimens collected from 78 children with trachoma in Douz, Southern Tunisia. The results show that C. trachomatis is not confined to the upper tarsal area of the conjunctiva in hyperendemic trachoma. The higher isolation rate and corresponding increase in the number of inclusions obtained from swabbings of the upper fornix and lower lid in addition to the conventional collection from the upper tarsus show the superiority of collecting specimens for culture from the whole conjunctiva. Specimens could be collected from the whole conjunctiva by using 1 swab for each eye and pooled for subsequent inoculation, so that the laboratory incurred no additional work. A close correlation was observed between isolation rate, together with the number of inclusions, obtained in cell culture, and intensity of inflammatory disease in hyperendemic trachoma.  The sensitivity and practicability of this cultural test should provide a valuable laboratory index for use in epidemiological and therapeutic studies of trachoma.", "contents": "Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from different areas of conjunctiva in relation to intensity of hyperendemic trachoma in school children in Southern Tunisia. The simplified one-passage technique of culture in irradiated McCoy cells, in conjunction with certain other developments in technique, was used to isolate Chlamydia trachomatis from specimens collected from 78 children with trachoma in Douz, Southern Tunisia. The results show that C. trachomatis is not confined to the upper tarsal area of the conjunctiva in hyperendemic trachoma. The higher isolation rate and corresponding increase in the number of inclusions obtained from swabbings of the upper fornix and lower lid in addition to the conventional collection from the upper tarsus show the superiority of collecting specimens for culture from the whole conjunctiva. Specimens could be collected from the whole conjunctiva by using 1 swab for each eye and pooled for subsequent inoculation, so that the laboratory incurred no additional work. A close correlation was observed between isolation rate, together with the number of inclusions, obtained in cell culture, and intensity of inflammatory disease in hyperendemic trachoma.  The sensitivity and practicability of this cultural test should provide a valuable laboratory index for use in epidemiological and therapeutic studies of trachoma.", "PMID": 427070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13665", "title": "Surgical correction of senile entropion of the lower lid with fascia lata sling.", "content": "A method of surgical correction of senile entropion of the lower lid with heterogenous fascia lata sling is described with no tissue loss and minimum of surgical trauma.", "contents": "Surgical correction of senile entropion of the lower lid with fascia lata sling. A method of surgical correction of senile entropion of the lower lid with heterogenous fascia lata sling is described with no tissue loss and minimum of surgical trauma.", "PMID": 427071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13666", "title": "The contralateral upper eyelid in ptosis: some observations pertinent to ptosis corrective surgery.", "content": "The validity of Hering's law in corrective surgery for ptosis is demonstrated for the first time. It is also shown how Hering's law has been utilised in corrective surgery for unilateral ptosis to elicit a predominant response from the unoperated contralateral upper eyelid. Other implications of reciprocal innervation of the 2 upper eyelids are discussed and a tentative hypothesis is postulated that in a case of true unilateral levator ptosis the fellow upper eyelid will show compensatory retraction.", "contents": "The contralateral upper eyelid in ptosis: some observations pertinent to ptosis corrective surgery. The validity of Hering's law in corrective surgery for ptosis is demonstrated for the first time. It is also shown how Hering's law has been utilised in corrective surgery for unilateral ptosis to elicit a predominant response from the unoperated contralateral upper eyelid. Other implications of reciprocal innervation of the 2 upper eyelids are discussed and a tentative hypothesis is postulated that in a case of true unilateral levator ptosis the fellow upper eyelid will show compensatory retraction.", "PMID": 427072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13667", "title": "Pathology of a unique type of teratoid medulloepithelioma.", "content": "A unique teratoid medulloepithelioma showing a conspicuous vascular component with orbital involvement is described.", "contents": "Pathology of a unique type of teratoid medulloepithelioma. A unique teratoid medulloepithelioma showing a conspicuous vascular component with orbital involvement is described.", "PMID": 427073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13668", "title": "The retinal-pigment epithelial interface.", "content": "The interdependence of the outer retina and pigment epithelium is illustrated by the functional changes and structural alterations which occur in each in response to choroidal ischaemia, retinal detachment, vitamin A deficiency, and other causes. The pluripotential role of the pigment epithelium is stressed, particularly in relation to the phagocytosis of outer segment material and the ability of this layer to undergo metaplasia into a variety of different cell types.  Similarities of all disturbances of the retinal-pigment epithelial interface to retinitis pigmentosa are pointed out, and the significance of the findings in relation to this disease is discussed.", "contents": "The retinal-pigment epithelial interface. The interdependence of the outer retina and pigment epithelium is illustrated by the functional changes and structural alterations which occur in each in response to choroidal ischaemia, retinal detachment, vitamin A deficiency, and other causes. The pluripotential role of the pigment epithelium is stressed, particularly in relation to the phagocytosis of outer segment material and the ability of this layer to undergo metaplasia into a variety of different cell types.  Similarities of all disturbances of the retinal-pigment epithelial interface to retinitis pigmentosa are pointed out, and the significance of the findings in relation to this disease is discussed.", "PMID": 427074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13669", "title": "Senile disciform macular degeneration: features indicating suitability for photocoagulation.", "content": "During a 1-year period 398 new patients were seen with disciform macular degeneration (530 eyes). The lesions were studied retrospectively, and those in which the neovascular tissue did not underlie the fovea, and therefore were treatable, were identified. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) Treatment is possible in most patients with good acuity and few with poor acuity. (2) Treatment is possible in a large proportion of patients with a short history and few with a long history of visual loss. (3) As many as 50% of all patients with senile disciform macular degeneration may be amenable to treatment if seen early enough in the course of their disease. (4) Over one-third of eyes with lesions that are untreated have a visual acuity of 6/60 or better 3 years after the onset of symptoms. (5) If a controlled trial proves that treatment is beneficial, these results emphasise the need for rapid referral and show that these patients will generate a large additional clinical load.", "contents": "Senile disciform macular degeneration: features indicating suitability for photocoagulation. During a 1-year period 398 new patients were seen with disciform macular degeneration (530 eyes). The lesions were studied retrospectively, and those in which the neovascular tissue did not underlie the fovea, and therefore were treatable, were identified. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) Treatment is possible in most patients with good acuity and few with poor acuity. (2) Treatment is possible in a large proportion of patients with a short history and few with a long history of visual loss. (3) As many as 50% of all patients with senile disciform macular degeneration may be amenable to treatment if seen early enough in the course of their disease. (4) Over one-third of eyes with lesions that are untreated have a visual acuity of 6/60 or better 3 years after the onset of symptoms. (5) If a controlled trial proves that treatment is beneficial, these results emphasise the need for rapid referral and show that these patients will generate a large additional clinical load.", "PMID": 427075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13670", "title": "Cryotherapy of proliferative sickle retinopathy, II: triple freeze-thaw cycle.", "content": "Complete closure of retinal neovascularisation due to proliferative sickle cell retinopathy was achieved in 28 'sea fans' (areas of neovascularisation) in 9 eyes of 9 patients by means of a triple freeze-thaw technique.  However, 2 eyes developed subsequent rhegmatogenous retinal detachments, presumably related to vitreous traction on necrotic retina.  We therefore recommend photocoagulation as the best treatment of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. If opacities in the media prevent photocoagulation, a single freeze-thaw cycle is preferable.", "contents": "Cryotherapy of proliferative sickle retinopathy, II: triple freeze-thaw cycle. Complete closure of retinal neovascularisation due to proliferative sickle cell retinopathy was achieved in 28 'sea fans' (areas of neovascularisation) in 9 eyes of 9 patients by means of a triple freeze-thaw technique.  However, 2 eyes developed subsequent rhegmatogenous retinal detachments, presumably related to vitreous traction on necrotic retina.  We therefore recommend photocoagulation as the best treatment of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. If opacities in the media prevent photocoagulation, a single freeze-thaw cycle is preferable.", "PMID": 427076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13671", "title": "Body growth, puberty and undernutrition in the male guinea-pig.", "content": "1. Male guinea-pigs were assigned to four different groups at birth. The heaviest group of animals was severely undernourished from 21 d of age (weight gain: 1.2 g/d v. 10 g/d for normally-fed animals). 2. At 35, 45, 55 and 65 d of age in normally-fed animals, and at 45 and 55 d of age in undernourished animals, blood testosterone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay, epididymidal tissue examined for the presence of spermatozoa and testes sectioned for rating of spermatogenesis using light microscopy. 3. Sexual maturity in terms of potential fertility (spermatozoa in the epididymis) was reached by all normally-fed animals between 45 and 55 d of age. High birth-weight animals had a higher incidence of the most advanced stages of spermatogenesis than low birth-weight animals had a higher incidence of the most advanced stages of spermatogenesis than low birth-weight ones at the various ages studied. In the undernourished animals spermatogenesis was clearly delayed. 4. Plasma testosterone concentrations were already in the adult range at 35 d and independent of age and birth-weight. The undernourished animals, however, had very low levels. Maintenance of spermatogenesis seemed compatible with low plasma levels of testosterone. 5. It is concluded that the timing of testicular development seems to be determined by the time the animals are born and appears to be unaffected by severe undernutrition from 21 d of age.", "contents": "Body growth, puberty and undernutrition in the male guinea-pig. 1. Male guinea-pigs were assigned to four different groups at birth. The heaviest group of animals was severely undernourished from 21 d of age (weight gain: 1.2 g/d v. 10 g/d for normally-fed animals). 2. At 35, 45, 55 and 65 d of age in normally-fed animals, and at 45 and 55 d of age in undernourished animals, blood testosterone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay, epididymidal tissue examined for the presence of spermatozoa and testes sectioned for rating of spermatogenesis using light microscopy. 3. Sexual maturity in terms of potential fertility (spermatozoa in the epididymis) was reached by all normally-fed animals between 45 and 55 d of age. High birth-weight animals had a higher incidence of the most advanced stages of spermatogenesis than low birth-weight animals had a higher incidence of the most advanced stages of spermatogenesis than low birth-weight ones at the various ages studied. In the undernourished animals spermatogenesis was clearly delayed. 4. Plasma testosterone concentrations were already in the adult range at 35 d and independent of age and birth-weight. The undernourished animals, however, had very low levels. Maintenance of spermatogenesis seemed compatible with low plasma levels of testosterone. 5. It is concluded that the timing of testicular development seems to be determined by the time the animals are born and appears to be unaffected by severe undernutrition from 21 d of age.", "PMID": 427077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13672", "title": "Trace nutrients. 2. Manganese in British food.", "content": "1. The amount of manganese in nationally-representative samples of prepared and cooked groups of foods, and in a wide variety of individual foods, was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. 2. The average British diet was calculated to provide 4.6 mg Mn/d of which half was derived from tea and other beverages, 30% from cereals, and 15% from vegetables and fruit. Animal products provided little Mn. 3. Individual foods other than tea which were particularly rich in Mn in Britain were unrefined and partially-refined cereals, and some spices and herbs. Some vegetables and fruit, coffee, wine, chocolate and brown sugar also contained significant amounts of Mn.", "contents": "Trace nutrients. 2. Manganese in British food. 1. The amount of manganese in nationally-representative samples of prepared and cooked groups of foods, and in a wide variety of individual foods, was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. 2. The average British diet was calculated to provide 4.6 mg Mn/d of which half was derived from tea and other beverages, 30% from cereals, and 15% from vegetables and fruit. Animal products provided little Mn. 3. Individual foods other than tea which were particularly rich in Mn in Britain were unrefined and partially-refined cereals, and some spices and herbs. Some vegetables and fruit, coffee, wine, chocolate and brown sugar also contained significant amounts of Mn.", "PMID": 427078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13673", "title": "Lipid composition and metabolism in liver and brain of vitamin B12-deficient rat sucklings.", "content": "1. Rat sucklings (18-d-old) bred from vitamin B12-deprived dams were compared with vitamin B12-supplemented dams' offspring, which were considered normal rat sucklings. 2. The vitamin B12-deficient rat sucklings had lower body-weight, liver weight and brain weight. 3. Vitamin B12 deficiency was also evident from the tenfold lower concentrations of vitamin B12 in liver and cerebellum. 4. The concentration of liver lipid was markedly increased in vitamin B12-deficient rats; triacylglycerol accounted for most of the increase. In brain the lipid concentration was slightly decreased (less than 0.05). 5. The methylation of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride to choline phosphoglyceride was reduced in both liver and brain in vitamin B12-deficient rats, as measured after the administration of [14C]ethanolamine. A slight decrease in choline phosphoglyceride concentration could be a consequence of this finding. The composition of phospholipids was otherwise normal. 6. Odd-chain fatty acids (pentadecanoate and heptadecanoate) accumulated in both liver and brain of the vitamin B12-deficient rat sucklings and constituted approximately 1% of total fatty acid. 7. The biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol from intraperitoneally-injected 3H2O and [14C]propionate was unchanged in vitamin B12 deficiency.", "contents": "Lipid composition and metabolism in liver and brain of vitamin B12-deficient rat sucklings. 1. Rat sucklings (18-d-old) bred from vitamin B12-deprived dams were compared with vitamin B12-supplemented dams' offspring, which were considered normal rat sucklings. 2. The vitamin B12-deficient rat sucklings had lower body-weight, liver weight and brain weight. 3. Vitamin B12 deficiency was also evident from the tenfold lower concentrations of vitamin B12 in liver and cerebellum. 4. The concentration of liver lipid was markedly increased in vitamin B12-deficient rats; triacylglycerol accounted for most of the increase. In brain the lipid concentration was slightly decreased (less than 0.05). 5. The methylation of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride to choline phosphoglyceride was reduced in both liver and brain in vitamin B12-deficient rats, as measured after the administration of [14C]ethanolamine. A slight decrease in choline phosphoglyceride concentration could be a consequence of this finding. The composition of phospholipids was otherwise normal. 6. Odd-chain fatty acids (pentadecanoate and heptadecanoate) accumulated in both liver and brain of the vitamin B12-deficient rat sucklings and constituted approximately 1% of total fatty acid. 7. The biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol from intraperitoneally-injected 3H2O and [14C]propionate was unchanged in vitamin B12 deficiency.", "PMID": 427079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13674", "title": "Growth of muscle fibres during recovery from severe malnutrition in Jamaican infants.", "content": "1. The growth of muscle fibres was analysed by light microscopy in biopsies from subjects when malnourished, during nutritional rehabilitation, and after clinical recovery. 2. Muscle fibres from malnourished subjects were extremely atrophic (cross-sectional area, 110 micrometers2). The fibres doubled in size during the early period of rehabilitation. Growth of muscle fibres during later periods of rehabilitation occurred at a slower rate. 3. The absolute rates of change in fibre sizes differed considerably between subjects, but the rates of change relative to the rate of gain of total body-weight (expressed as % recovery or % expected weight-for height (Nelson, 1975)) were similar between subjects after the initial growth spurt. The pattern of recovery appeared to differ between older and younger subjects. 4. Fibre sizes correlated with body-weight but not with age in the malnourished subjects. A significant correlation between fibre areas and either weight or age was observed during rehabilitation and after clinical recovery. 5. Fibre sizes of clinically-recovered subjects (mean age, 13.8 months; weight, 8.7 kg) were only approximately 60% of that for a well-nourished 6-month-old control subject (6.4 kg). These results suggest that a longer period of time is required for fibres to reach their expected size. Therefore, when the child has regained body-weight to that of a normal child of the same height, his muscles have not yet recovered and his body composition is abnormal.", "contents": "Growth of muscle fibres during recovery from severe malnutrition in Jamaican infants. 1. The growth of muscle fibres was analysed by light microscopy in biopsies from subjects when malnourished, during nutritional rehabilitation, and after clinical recovery. 2. Muscle fibres from malnourished subjects were extremely atrophic (cross-sectional area, 110 micrometers2). The fibres doubled in size during the early period of rehabilitation. Growth of muscle fibres during later periods of rehabilitation occurred at a slower rate. 3. The absolute rates of change in fibre sizes differed considerably between subjects, but the rates of change relative to the rate of gain of total body-weight (expressed as % recovery or % expected weight-for height (Nelson, 1975)) were similar between subjects after the initial growth spurt. The pattern of recovery appeared to differ between older and younger subjects. 4. Fibre sizes correlated with body-weight but not with age in the malnourished subjects. A significant correlation between fibre areas and either weight or age was observed during rehabilitation and after clinical recovery. 5. Fibre sizes of clinically-recovered subjects (mean age, 13.8 months; weight, 8.7 kg) were only approximately 60% of that for a well-nourished 6-month-old control subject (6.4 kg). These results suggest that a longer period of time is required for fibres to reach their expected size. Therefore, when the child has regained body-weight to that of a normal child of the same height, his muscles have not yet recovered and his body composition is abnormal.", "PMID": 427080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13675", "title": "The measurement of food iron absorption in man. A methodological study on the measurement of dietary non-haem-Fe absorption when the subjects have a free choice of food items.", "content": "1. The present study was considered as a first step to develop a method to measure food iron absorption from realistic common meals prepared and consumed by the subjects themselves in their own homes. The absorption of Fe from the meals was measured by means of the extrinsic-tag method modified to allow for a free choice of food items. 2. The mean Fe intake was 2.79 mg and the mean Fe absorption approximately 0.30 mg. The Fe status of the subjects corresponded to 31.5% absorption from a reference dose solution containing 3 mg elemental Fe as ferrous ascorbate. The variation in food Fe absorption obtained in this field study was found to be of the same magnitude as that obtained in studies performed under more controlled conditions as in the laboratory. 3. The conclusion was drawn that the proposed method could be used in realistic field studies aimed at, for example, explaining or preventing a high prevalence of deficiency. A suffciently long run-in period and a careful instruction of the subjects was considered essential for the design of future field studies.", "contents": "The measurement of food iron absorption in man. A methodological study on the measurement of dietary non-haem-Fe absorption when the subjects have a free choice of food items. 1. The present study was considered as a first step to develop a method to measure food iron absorption from realistic common meals prepared and consumed by the subjects themselves in their own homes. The absorption of Fe from the meals was measured by means of the extrinsic-tag method modified to allow for a free choice of food items. 2. The mean Fe intake was 2.79 mg and the mean Fe absorption approximately 0.30 mg. The Fe status of the subjects corresponded to 31.5% absorption from a reference dose solution containing 3 mg elemental Fe as ferrous ascorbate. The variation in food Fe absorption obtained in this field study was found to be of the same magnitude as that obtained in studies performed under more controlled conditions as in the laboratory. 3. The conclusion was drawn that the proposed method could be used in realistic field studies aimed at, for example, explaining or preventing a high prevalence of deficiency. A suffciently long run-in period and a careful instruction of the subjects was considered essential for the design of future field studies.", "PMID": 427081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13676", "title": "Iron status in a general practice and its relationship to morbidity.", "content": "1. An epidemiological study of iron status in general practice has been undertaken. An age-sex register was established and a 10% stratified random sample (194 males and 220 females) of the patients above the age of 15 years was studied. A full blood count, serum Fe concentration, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin concentration were measured and correlated with clinical features associated with Fe deficiency. 2. The geometric mean for serum ferritin for males was 77 micrograms/l (20-196 micrograms/l) and for females 37 micrograms/l (8--177 micrograms/l). A low serum ferritin (male less than 30 micrograms/l, female less than 20 micrograms/l) in the absence of anaemia was found in fifteen males and thirty-five females. In this group forty patients had clinical features which are aetiologically associated with Fe deficiency. The incidence of similar features in a control group of thirty-three patients was seven. 3. It is suggested that this is indirect evidence that serum ferritin concentration is the most sensitive monitor of Fe status enabling the detection of pre-anaemic Fe deficiency.", "contents": "Iron status in a general practice and its relationship to morbidity. 1. An epidemiological study of iron status in general practice has been undertaken. An age-sex register was established and a 10% stratified random sample (194 males and 220 females) of the patients above the age of 15 years was studied. A full blood count, serum Fe concentration, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin concentration were measured and correlated with clinical features associated with Fe deficiency. 2. The geometric mean for serum ferritin for males was 77 micrograms/l (20-196 micrograms/l) and for females 37 micrograms/l (8--177 micrograms/l). A low serum ferritin (male less than 30 micrograms/l, female less than 20 micrograms/l) in the absence of anaemia was found in fifteen males and thirty-five females. In this group forty patients had clinical features which are aetiologically associated with Fe deficiency. The incidence of similar features in a control group of thirty-three patients was seven. 3. It is suggested that this is indirect evidence that serum ferritin concentration is the most sensitive monitor of Fe status enabling the detection of pre-anaemic Fe deficiency.", "PMID": 427082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13677", "title": "The utilization of chopped and pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) by growing lambs.", "content": "1. The efficiency of utilization of the dietary energy and nitrogen contained in a dried lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Chartainvilliers) given either chopped (CL) or ground (1.96 mm screen) and pelleted (PL), was measured in a comparative slaughter experiment. Growing lambs were given equal amounts of digestible energy in the chopped or pelleted form at each of the three planes of nutrition for a period of 100 d. 2. The initial energy, fat and protein content of both the carcass and the total body of the test lambs was estimated from regression equations between fasted (18 h) live weight and these components, derived from a group of twenty-three comparable lambs. The final energy, fat and protein content of the test lambs was determined directly by chemical analyses. 3. The metabolizable energy (ME) content of the diets was derived at each plane of nutrition from measured faecal and urinary losses and estimated methane losses. The depression in ME content with grinding and pelleting the dried lucerne was small (CL 8.69 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), PL 8.42 MG/kg DM). 4. The efficiency of utilization of the ME of the dried lucerne for growth and fattening was higher (P less than 0.01) when given in the ground pelleted form (0.533), than in the chopped form (0.284). The net energy value of the PL (3.5 MJ/kg DM) was higher than that of CL (2.2 MJ/kg DM). 5. Thus lambs fed on PL grew faster and had a higher caracass weight gain, carcass protein and fat retention than lambs fed on CL. The composition of the carcass was not altered by the physical processing treatment. 6. Digestion studies with these same CL and PL diets had shown that grinding and pelleting depressed digestion in the forestomachs and increased digestion in the small intestine compared with the chopped form. The increased efficiency of utilization of the gross energy and ME and the higher net energy value of PL was attributed primarily to a change in the site of digestion within the alimentary tract. Associated with this change was a higher value for absorbed amino acids : absorbed energy and an increased apparent absorption of methionine for lambs fed on PL. The difference in the energy costs of eating and ruminating the CL and PL was small.", "contents": "The utilization of chopped and pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) by growing lambs. 1. The efficiency of utilization of the dietary energy and nitrogen contained in a dried lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Chartainvilliers) given either chopped (CL) or ground (1.96 mm screen) and pelleted (PL), was measured in a comparative slaughter experiment. Growing lambs were given equal amounts of digestible energy in the chopped or pelleted form at each of the three planes of nutrition for a period of 100 d. 2. The initial energy, fat and protein content of both the carcass and the total body of the test lambs was estimated from regression equations between fasted (18 h) live weight and these components, derived from a group of twenty-three comparable lambs. The final energy, fat and protein content of the test lambs was determined directly by chemical analyses. 3. The metabolizable energy (ME) content of the diets was derived at each plane of nutrition from measured faecal and urinary losses and estimated methane losses. The depression in ME content with grinding and pelleting the dried lucerne was small (CL 8.69 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), PL 8.42 MG/kg DM). 4. The efficiency of utilization of the ME of the dried lucerne for growth and fattening was higher (P less than 0.01) when given in the ground pelleted form (0.533), than in the chopped form (0.284). The net energy value of the PL (3.5 MJ/kg DM) was higher than that of CL (2.2 MJ/kg DM). 5. Thus lambs fed on PL grew faster and had a higher caracass weight gain, carcass protein and fat retention than lambs fed on CL. The composition of the carcass was not altered by the physical processing treatment. 6. Digestion studies with these same CL and PL diets had shown that grinding and pelleting depressed digestion in the forestomachs and increased digestion in the small intestine compared with the chopped form. The increased efficiency of utilization of the gross energy and ME and the higher net energy value of PL was attributed primarily to a change in the site of digestion within the alimentary tract. Associated with this change was a higher value for absorbed amino acids : absorbed energy and an increased apparent absorption of methionine for lambs fed on PL. The difference in the energy costs of eating and ruminating the CL and PL was small.", "PMID": 427083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13678", "title": "The amino acid requirements of the preruminant calf.", "content": "1. Ten calves (50--58 kg live weight) were given a diet consisting of diluted whole milk, wheat gluten and supplemented with appropriate nutrients including amino acids but deficient in lysine. The lysine reequirements of these calves, which were growing at approximately 0.25 kg/d, were estimated from responses to lysine supplementation of this diet. From plasma urea, plasma lysine, nitrogen retention and apparent digestibility of N responses the estimated lysine requirements were 8.5, 7.5, 7.2 and 7.6 g/d respectively. 2. From the mean lysine requirement (7.8 g/d) and the ratio, lysine: otheressential amino acids in carcasses of similar calves the estimated requirements were (g/d): methionine 2.1, cystine 1.6, threonine 4.9, valine 4.8, isoleucine 3.4, leucine 8.4, tyrosine 3.0, phenylalanine 4.4, histidine 3.0, arginine 8.5, tryptophan 1.0.", "contents": "The amino acid requirements of the preruminant calf. 1. Ten calves (50--58 kg live weight) were given a diet consisting of diluted whole milk, wheat gluten and supplemented with appropriate nutrients including amino acids but deficient in lysine. The lysine reequirements of these calves, which were growing at approximately 0.25 kg/d, were estimated from responses to lysine supplementation of this diet. From plasma urea, plasma lysine, nitrogen retention and apparent digestibility of N responses the estimated lysine requirements were 8.5, 7.5, 7.2 and 7.6 g/d respectively. 2. From the mean lysine requirement (7.8 g/d) and the ratio, lysine: otheressential amino acids in carcasses of similar calves the estimated requirements were (g/d): methionine 2.1, cystine 1.6, threonine 4.9, valine 4.8, isoleucine 3.4, leucine 8.4, tyrosine 3.0, phenylalanine 4.4, histidine 3.0, arginine 8.5, tryptophan 1.0.", "PMID": 427084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13679", "title": "The optimal amino acid supplementation of barley for the growing pig. 1. Response of nitrogen metabolism to progressive supplementation.", "content": "1. In five experiments, involving 142 female pigs weighing on average 33 kg, estimates were made of the amounts of essential amino acids which minimized urinary N excretion when diets with barley as the only source of protein were given at the rate of 120 g/kg0.75 per d. 2. With additions of lysine (4.0 g/kg diet) and threonine, (1.2 g/kg diet) to barley urinary N excretion decreased from 0.91 to 0.36 g/kg0.75 per d, corresponding to an increase in biological value (bv) from 0.51 to 0.86. 3. With these additions of lysine and threonine, there were no responses to additions of tryptophan, methionine or isoleucine, or to further additions of lysine or threonine, but addition of histidine significantly reduced N excretion. 4. No optimal addition of histidine could be determined; the mean rate of N excretion after addition of histidine (not less than 0.3 g/kg diet) was 0.27 g/kg0.75 per d, corresponding to a BV of 0.93. 5. There was a variation between pigs from different litters in their responses to added histidine. Those with low rates of N excretion on the unsupplemented diet did not respond to additions of histidine, but those with high rates did. 6. It is concluded that additions of only three amino acids can greatly improve the nutritive value of barley protein for the growing pig and that the amino acid composition of the supplemented protein closely approaches the ideal; it is also similar to whole-body tissue protein.", "contents": "The optimal amino acid supplementation of barley for the growing pig. 1. Response of nitrogen metabolism to progressive supplementation. 1. In five experiments, involving 142 female pigs weighing on average 33 kg, estimates were made of the amounts of essential amino acids which minimized urinary N excretion when diets with barley as the only source of protein were given at the rate of 120 g/kg0.75 per d. 2. With additions of lysine (4.0 g/kg diet) and threonine, (1.2 g/kg diet) to barley urinary N excretion decreased from 0.91 to 0.36 g/kg0.75 per d, corresponding to an increase in biological value (bv) from 0.51 to 0.86. 3. With these additions of lysine and threonine, there were no responses to additions of tryptophan, methionine or isoleucine, or to further additions of lysine or threonine, but addition of histidine significantly reduced N excretion. 4. No optimal addition of histidine could be determined; the mean rate of N excretion after addition of histidine (not less than 0.3 g/kg diet) was 0.27 g/kg0.75 per d, corresponding to a BV of 0.93. 5. There was a variation between pigs from different litters in their responses to added histidine. Those with low rates of N excretion on the unsupplemented diet did not respond to additions of histidine, but those with high rates did. 6. It is concluded that additions of only three amino acids can greatly improve the nutritive value of barley protein for the growing pig and that the amino acid composition of the supplemented protein closely approaches the ideal; it is also similar to whole-body tissue protein.", "PMID": 427085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13680", "title": "The amino acid supplementation of barley for the growing pig. 2. Optimal additions of lysine and threonine for growth.", "content": "1. Thirty-three diets were made by adding to ground barley combinations of L-lysine (0--6.0 g/kg) and L-threonine (0--3.0 g/kg), together with vitamins and minerals. Each was given to two female and two castrated male pigs during their growth from 25 to 60 kg. 2. Growth rate increased from 0.36 kg/d to a maximum of 0.65 kg/d with additions of 3.8 g L-lysine/kg and 1.8 g L-threonine/kg; these values and the maximum gains achieved were slightly higher for castrates than for females. Minimum values for food conversion ratio of 2.84 for castrates and 3.06 for females were achieved with similar amino acid additions to those giving fastest growth. 3. Carcass fat, estimated by sepcific gravity, was least with the addition of 5.9 g L-lysine/kg, but continued to decrease up to the highest threonine concentrations. Backfat thickness was also reduced by amino acid additions but failed to reach a minimum.", "contents": "The amino acid supplementation of barley for the growing pig. 2. Optimal additions of lysine and threonine for growth. 1. Thirty-three diets were made by adding to ground barley combinations of L-lysine (0--6.0 g/kg) and L-threonine (0--3.0 g/kg), together with vitamins and minerals. Each was given to two female and two castrated male pigs during their growth from 25 to 60 kg. 2. Growth rate increased from 0.36 kg/d to a maximum of 0.65 kg/d with additions of 3.8 g L-lysine/kg and 1.8 g L-threonine/kg; these values and the maximum gains achieved were slightly higher for castrates than for females. Minimum values for food conversion ratio of 2.84 for castrates and 3.06 for females were achieved with similar amino acid additions to those giving fastest growth. 3. Carcass fat, estimated by sepcific gravity, was least with the addition of 5.9 g L-lysine/kg, but continued to decrease up to the highest threonine concentrations. Backfat thickness was also reduced by amino acid additions but failed to reach a minimum.", "PMID": 427086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13681", "title": "Protein quality in cereals and pulses. 1. Application of microbiological and other in vitro methods in the evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa L.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), barley and field beans (Vicia faba L.).", "content": "1. The Streptococcus zymogenes assay procedure was modified and used in the estimation of available methionine and relative nutritional value in rice (Oryza sativa L.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), barley and field beans (Vicia faba L.). The results were assessed in relation to the content of tannins and 'dye-binding lysine', and to published information on the nutritional quality of some of the test samples. 2. In grain of ten varieties of sorghum, for which other workers had reported a correlation (r -0.82; P less than 0.01) between tannin content and amino acid digestibility in chicks, the available methionine content ranged from 6.3 to 17.7 g/kg protein (nitrogen x 6.25) and was highly correlated with tannin content (r -0.97; P less than 0.001). The content of total methionine and dye-binding lysine varied little between varieties and was not related to tannin content. 3. In nine samples of rice the availability of methionine was uniformly high, in accordance with literature values for true digestibility of the N. 4. In field beans the presence of tammins in the seed coat was associated with a significant (P less than 0.001) reduction in the availability of methionine. In eleven tannin-free varieties the coefficient of availability averaged 0.791, compared with 0.685 in eleven tannin-containing varieties. The standard deviation associated with both values was 0.04. There was no such difference between the corresponding dye-binding lysine values. 5. Thirty-three samples of barley were examined, representing fourteen varieties, four of which had been grown at several widely different latitudes in England and Sweden. There was little difference in methionine content between samples. The average availability coefficient for eighteen samples grown in England was 0.995+/-0.044, and for fifteen varieties grown in Sweden it was 0.851+/-0.042. The difference was not associated with any difference in tannin content, which was uniformly low. The findings contradict published evidence for marked increase in tannin content with increase in geographical latitude of cultivation, associated with decrease in digestibility of N.", "contents": "Protein quality in cereals and pulses. 1. Application of microbiological and other in vitro methods in the evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa L.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), barley and field beans (Vicia faba L.). 1. The Streptococcus zymogenes assay procedure was modified and used in the estimation of available methionine and relative nutritional value in rice (Oryza sativa L.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), barley and field beans (Vicia faba L.). The results were assessed in relation to the content of tannins and 'dye-binding lysine', and to published information on the nutritional quality of some of the test samples. 2. In grain of ten varieties of sorghum, for which other workers had reported a correlation (r -0.82; P less than 0.01) between tannin content and amino acid digestibility in chicks, the available methionine content ranged from 6.3 to 17.7 g/kg protein (nitrogen x 6.25) and was highly correlated with tannin content (r -0.97; P less than 0.001). The content of total methionine and dye-binding lysine varied little between varieties and was not related to tannin content. 3. In nine samples of rice the availability of methionine was uniformly high, in accordance with literature values for true digestibility of the N. 4. In field beans the presence of tammins in the seed coat was associated with a significant (P less than 0.001) reduction in the availability of methionine. In eleven tannin-free varieties the coefficient of availability averaged 0.791, compared with 0.685 in eleven tannin-containing varieties. The standard deviation associated with both values was 0.04. There was no such difference between the corresponding dye-binding lysine values. 5. Thirty-three samples of barley were examined, representing fourteen varieties, four of which had been grown at several widely different latitudes in England and Sweden. There was little difference in methionine content between samples. The average availability coefficient for eighteen samples grown in England was 0.995+/-0.044, and for fifteen varieties grown in Sweden it was 0.851+/-0.042. The difference was not associated with any difference in tannin content, which was uniformly low. The findings contradict published evidence for marked increase in tannin content with increase in geographical latitude of cultivation, associated with decrease in digestibility of N.", "PMID": 427087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13682", "title": "Effect of dietary composition and cold exposure on non-shivering thermogenesis in young pigs and its alteration by the beta-blocker propranolol.", "content": "1. Young pigs were fed on three diets consecutively, each diet being given for 1 week. The diets were given in random order as (g pig feed/kg body-weight): (a) 20, (b) 60, (c) 20 plus a supplement with the energy equivalent of 40 g pig feed/kg. The supplements included desiccated coconut, fish meal and glucose. 2. At the end of each week resting metabolic rate, beginning 12--14 h after feeding, was measured overnight using an open-circuit respiration chamber at thermoneutrality. 3. The oxygen consumption of pigs on the 60 g/kg diet was always higher than on the 20 g/kg diet. The addition of desiccated coconut, or fish meal also increased metabolic rate; whereas with added glucose, O2 consumption tended to be even lower than on 20 g/kg alone. 4. The administration of the beta-blocker propranolol to pigs on ad lib, food intake reduced the rate of overnight resting O2 consumption, measured from 10 until 20 h after feeding, by 12%, but it had no effect on O2 consumption when the intake was 20 g feed/kg. Exposure to mild cold (15 degrees) caused an increase in O2 consumption and this was reduced by 14% after injection of propranolol.", "contents": "Effect of dietary composition and cold exposure on non-shivering thermogenesis in young pigs and its alteration by the beta-blocker propranolol. 1. Young pigs were fed on three diets consecutively, each diet being given for 1 week. The diets were given in random order as (g pig feed/kg body-weight): (a) 20, (b) 60, (c) 20 plus a supplement with the energy equivalent of 40 g pig feed/kg. The supplements included desiccated coconut, fish meal and glucose. 2. At the end of each week resting metabolic rate, beginning 12--14 h after feeding, was measured overnight using an open-circuit respiration chamber at thermoneutrality. 3. The oxygen consumption of pigs on the 60 g/kg diet was always higher than on the 20 g/kg diet. The addition of desiccated coconut, or fish meal also increased metabolic rate; whereas with added glucose, O2 consumption tended to be even lower than on 20 g/kg alone. 4. The administration of the beta-blocker propranolol to pigs on ad lib, food intake reduced the rate of overnight resting O2 consumption, measured from 10 until 20 h after feeding, by 12%, but it had no effect on O2 consumption when the intake was 20 g feed/kg. Exposure to mild cold (15 degrees) caused an increase in O2 consumption and this was reduced by 14% after injection of propranolol.", "PMID": 427088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13683", "title": "Responses to post-ruminal infusions of casein and arginine, and to dietary protein supplements in lactating goats.", "content": "1. In Expt 1 a study was made in goats of responses in terms of milk production, nitrogen utilization and plasma amino acids to abomasas infusions of casein (45 g/d) in goats given 2.5 kg/d of a ration containing crude protein (N x 6.25) at 109 (L1) or 146 (H1) g/kg. 2. In Expt 2 a study was made in goats of responses in terms of milk production, nitrogen utilization, plasma amino acids and growth hormone levels to abomasal infusions of casein (45 g/d) or arginine (25 g/d) in goats given 2.3 kg/d of a ration containing crude protein (N x 6.25) at 104 g/kg (L2). These observations were made also in goats given a ration containing crude protein at 136 g/kg (H2). 3. Milk production in Expt 1 was 2.75, 2.45 and 2.76 kg/d on L1+casein, H1 and H1+casein treatments respectively, the response to casein infusion being significant (P less than 0.05). Milk production in Expt 2 was 1.90, 2.04, 1.96 and 1.96 kg/d on L1, L2+casein, L2+arginine and H2 treatments respectively, and the differences were not significant. 4. Total N intake in Expt 1 was 49, 58 and 64 g/d on L1+casein, H1 and H1+casein treatments respectively. Faecal N was similar on the three treatments (14 g/d), urinary N was 15, 23 and 30 g/d and milk N was 14, 12 and 14 g/d on the respective treatments. Total N intake in Expt 2 was 33, 40, 43 and 44 g/d on L2, L2+casein, L2+arginine and H2 treatments respectively. Faecal N was similar on the four treatments (12 g/d), urinary N was 7, 10, 13 and 14 g/d and milk N was 9, 9, 8 and 8 g/d on the respective treatments. 5. The concentration of indispensable amino acids in plasma was increased by casein infusion in both experiments. It was 1279, 825 and 1133 micrometers/l on L1+casein, H1 and H1+casein treatments respectively in Expt 1, and 1081, 1582, 1055 and 1163 micrometers/l on L2, L2+casein, L2+arginine and H2 treatments respectively in Expt 2. 6. The concentration of arginine in plasma was doubled 1 h after the onset of arginine infusion in Expt 2, Growth hormone levels in plasma were not increased when arginine levels rose following arginine infusion. and did not differ between treatments. 7. The results of the two experiments showed that the stimulatory effect on milk production of intra-abomasal infusion of casein was not reproduced by increasing the dietary intake of protein or by infusing arginine. The results of the second experiment showed that abomasal infusion of arginine did not stimulate production of growth hormone and that growth hormone apparently was not implicated in the effects of casein infusion on milk production.", "contents": "Responses to post-ruminal infusions of casein and arginine, and to dietary protein supplements in lactating goats. 1. In Expt 1 a study was made in goats of responses in terms of milk production, nitrogen utilization and plasma amino acids to abomasas infusions of casein (45 g/d) in goats given 2.5 kg/d of a ration containing crude protein (N x 6.25) at 109 (L1) or 146 (H1) g/kg. 2. In Expt 2 a study was made in goats of responses in terms of milk production, nitrogen utilization, plasma amino acids and growth hormone levels to abomasal infusions of casein (45 g/d) or arginine (25 g/d) in goats given 2.3 kg/d of a ration containing crude protein (N x 6.25) at 104 g/kg (L2). These observations were made also in goats given a ration containing crude protein at 136 g/kg (H2). 3. Milk production in Expt 1 was 2.75, 2.45 and 2.76 kg/d on L1+casein, H1 and H1+casein treatments respectively, the response to casein infusion being significant (P less than 0.05). Milk production in Expt 2 was 1.90, 2.04, 1.96 and 1.96 kg/d on L1, L2+casein, L2+arginine and H2 treatments respectively, and the differences were not significant. 4. Total N intake in Expt 1 was 49, 58 and 64 g/d on L1+casein, H1 and H1+casein treatments respectively. Faecal N was similar on the three treatments (14 g/d), urinary N was 15, 23 and 30 g/d and milk N was 14, 12 and 14 g/d on the respective treatments. Total N intake in Expt 2 was 33, 40, 43 and 44 g/d on L2, L2+casein, L2+arginine and H2 treatments respectively. Faecal N was similar on the four treatments (12 g/d), urinary N was 7, 10, 13 and 14 g/d and milk N was 9, 9, 8 and 8 g/d on the respective treatments. 5. The concentration of indispensable amino acids in plasma was increased by casein infusion in both experiments. It was 1279, 825 and 1133 micrometers/l on L1+casein, H1 and H1+casein treatments respectively in Expt 1, and 1081, 1582, 1055 and 1163 micrometers/l on L2, L2+casein, L2+arginine and H2 treatments respectively in Expt 2. 6. The concentration of arginine in plasma was doubled 1 h after the onset of arginine infusion in Expt 2, Growth hormone levels in plasma were not increased when arginine levels rose following arginine infusion. and did not differ between treatments. 7. The results of the two experiments showed that the stimulatory effect on milk production of intra-abomasal infusion of casein was not reproduced by increasing the dietary intake of protein or by infusing arginine. The results of the second experiment showed that abomasal infusion of arginine did not stimulate production of growth hormone and that growth hormone apparently was not implicated in the effects of casein infusion on milk production.", "PMID": 427089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13684", "title": "Availability of lysine in protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and by chemical techniques.", "content": "1. A slope-ratio assay was developed with growing pigs to determine the availability of lysine in five protein concentrates. The basal diet contained 5.2 g lysine/kg and six levels of lysine, in 500 mg/kg increments, were used to determine the pig's response to standard lysine. The protein concentrates were incorporated into the basal diet to provide five levels of total lysine, again in 500 mg/kg increments, at the expense of wheat starch. A daily feeding scale based on live weight was used to ensure similar nutrient intakes. Pigs were fed at three-hourly intervals to ensure the utilization of free amino acids in the diets. Four pigs were allotted to each dose level and response was assessed over the 20--45 kg growth phase. 2. Potency estimates for available lysine in the five protein concentrates varied, depending on whether live-weight gain or carcass gain was used as the criterion of response. Carcass gain was considered more appropriate as it was not influenced by variation in gut fill. Availability of lysine in the five proteins, using carcass gain/d were (proportion of total) cottonseed meal 0.39,fish meal 0.89, meat-and-bone meal 0.50, skim-milk powder 0.88 and soya-bean meal 0.87. 3. Rat slope-ratio assay results for available lysine in the five protein concentrates were in general agreement with those from the pigs. In contrast, the differences in available lysine were not detected by the chemical Silcock available-lysine test (Roach et al. 1967) nor by the direct fluorodinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1960).", "contents": "Availability of lysine in protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and by chemical techniques. 1. A slope-ratio assay was developed with growing pigs to determine the availability of lysine in five protein concentrates. The basal diet contained 5.2 g lysine/kg and six levels of lysine, in 500 mg/kg increments, were used to determine the pig's response to standard lysine. The protein concentrates were incorporated into the basal diet to provide five levels of total lysine, again in 500 mg/kg increments, at the expense of wheat starch. A daily feeding scale based on live weight was used to ensure similar nutrient intakes. Pigs were fed at three-hourly intervals to ensure the utilization of free amino acids in the diets. Four pigs were allotted to each dose level and response was assessed over the 20--45 kg growth phase. 2. Potency estimates for available lysine in the five protein concentrates varied, depending on whether live-weight gain or carcass gain was used as the criterion of response. Carcass gain was considered more appropriate as it was not influenced by variation in gut fill. Availability of lysine in the five proteins, using carcass gain/d were (proportion of total) cottonseed meal 0.39,fish meal 0.89, meat-and-bone meal 0.50, skim-milk powder 0.88 and soya-bean meal 0.87. 3. Rat slope-ratio assay results for available lysine in the five protein concentrates were in general agreement with those from the pigs. In contrast, the differences in available lysine were not detected by the chemical Silcock available-lysine test (Roach et al. 1967) nor by the direct fluorodinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1960).", "PMID": 427090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13685", "title": "Secondary fermentation in the runen of a sheep given a diet based on molasses.", "content": "1. The extent of conversion of acetate-carbon to carbon dioxide in the rumen of a 40 kg wether consuming 1 kg molasses/d was estimated using isotope-tracer-dilution techniques. 2. There was a high rate of conversion of acetate to CO2 (6.0 g C/d) in the rumen. There were high concentrations in the rumen of Methanosarcina approximately 6 x 10(9)/ml which represents a significant proportion of the rumen bacterial biomass. These organisms are usually found in mud and sludge and are capable of oxidizing acetate. 3. The most likely explanation of these results was that there was an extensive secondary or sludge-type fermentation occurring in the rumen which results in volatile fatty acids being converted to CO2 and methane. In similar studies with sheep given lucerne (Medicago sativa) diets, conversion of acetate-C to CO2 within the rumen was not evident. 4. It is suggested that a major effect of the presence of secondary fermentation processes in the rumen may be to reduce availability of energy nutrients to the animal, and to alter the ratio protein:energy in the absorbed nutrients.", "contents": "Secondary fermentation in the runen of a sheep given a diet based on molasses. 1. The extent of conversion of acetate-carbon to carbon dioxide in the rumen of a 40 kg wether consuming 1 kg molasses/d was estimated using isotope-tracer-dilution techniques. 2. There was a high rate of conversion of acetate to CO2 (6.0 g C/d) in the rumen. There were high concentrations in the rumen of Methanosarcina approximately 6 x 10(9)/ml which represents a significant proportion of the rumen bacterial biomass. These organisms are usually found in mud and sludge and are capable of oxidizing acetate. 3. The most likely explanation of these results was that there was an extensive secondary or sludge-type fermentation occurring in the rumen which results in volatile fatty acids being converted to CO2 and methane. In similar studies with sheep given lucerne (Medicago sativa) diets, conversion of acetate-C to CO2 within the rumen was not evident. 4. It is suggested that a major effect of the presence of secondary fermentation processes in the rumen may be to reduce availability of energy nutrients to the animal, and to alter the ratio protein:energy in the absorbed nutrients.", "PMID": 427091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13686", "title": "Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), zinc status and ethanol consumption in maternal and foetal rat livers.", "content": "1. The activity of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) was not greatly affected by zinc deficiency in maternal or foetal (20 d) rat livers, although in the latter tissue it did appear to be slightly raised by Zn depletion when compared with pair-fed control animals. 2. Enzyme activity was significantly higher in livers from all foetuses after administration of aqueous ethanol at 100 or 200 ml/l to the dams during pregnancy. 3. Plasma Zn levels were significantly increased in Zn-deficient dams after ingestion of alcohol during pregnancy.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), zinc status and ethanol consumption in maternal and foetal rat livers. 1. The activity of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) was not greatly affected by zinc deficiency in maternal or foetal (20 d) rat livers, although in the latter tissue it did appear to be slightly raised by Zn depletion when compared with pair-fed control animals. 2. Enzyme activity was significantly higher in livers from all foetuses after administration of aqueous ethanol at 100 or 200 ml/l to the dams during pregnancy. 3. Plasma Zn levels were significantly increased in Zn-deficient dams after ingestion of alcohol during pregnancy.", "PMID": 427092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13687", "title": "Radiochemical synthesis and photochemical properties of the uncoupler 2-azido-4-nitrophenol, a versatile photoaffinity labeling reagent.", "content": "2-Amino-4-nitrophenol was tritiated in an acid-catalyzed hydrogen exchange reaction. Radioactive 2-azido-4-nitrophenol with a specific radioactivity up to 21 mCi/mmol was synthesized from 2-amino-4-nitrophenol by diazotization and azide coupling. The photochemical properties of the uncoupler, 2-azido-4-nitrophenol, were studied as free solute and as ligand bound to uncoupler binding sites in bovine serum albumin and mitochondria. Based on product analyses, irradiation of free or bound 2-azido-4-nitrophenolate with visible light results in the formation of nitrene intermediates with a singlet to triplet ratio of 6:1 to 9:1. 2-Azido-4-nitrophenolate and bovine serum albumin form a strong 1:1 complex (KD = 0.7 micron) which can be converted into a photoproduct with a covalent bond between the label and the protein. The acid dissociation constant of the protein-bound 2-amino-4-nitrophenol moiety is strongly pH dependent. Photoaffinity labeling of mitochondria by 2-azido-4-nitrophenolate follows a pattern expected from equilibrium binding studies using normal and lipid-depleted particles: polypeptides were found to bear 90-95% of the radioactive label, and 5-10% of the latter was bound to phospholipids. Two polypeptides (approximately 56 000 and 31 000 daltons) were associated with 60% of the label, indicating a high degree of specific photochemical labeling.", "contents": "Radiochemical synthesis and photochemical properties of the uncoupler 2-azido-4-nitrophenol, a versatile photoaffinity labeling reagent. 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol was tritiated in an acid-catalyzed hydrogen exchange reaction. Radioactive 2-azido-4-nitrophenol with a specific radioactivity up to 21 mCi/mmol was synthesized from 2-amino-4-nitrophenol by diazotization and azide coupling. The photochemical properties of the uncoupler, 2-azido-4-nitrophenol, were studied as free solute and as ligand bound to uncoupler binding sites in bovine serum albumin and mitochondria. Based on product analyses, irradiation of free or bound 2-azido-4-nitrophenolate with visible light results in the formation of nitrene intermediates with a singlet to triplet ratio of 6:1 to 9:1. 2-Azido-4-nitrophenolate and bovine serum albumin form a strong 1:1 complex (KD = 0.7 micron) which can be converted into a photoproduct with a covalent bond between the label and the protein. The acid dissociation constant of the protein-bound 2-amino-4-nitrophenol moiety is strongly pH dependent. Photoaffinity labeling of mitochondria by 2-azido-4-nitrophenolate follows a pattern expected from equilibrium binding studies using normal and lipid-depleted particles: polypeptides were found to bear 90-95% of the radioactive label, and 5-10% of the latter was bound to phospholipids. Two polypeptides (approximately 56 000 and 31 000 daltons) were associated with 60% of the label, indicating a high degree of specific photochemical labeling.", "PMID": 427093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13688", "title": "Folylpoly-gamma-glutamates as cosubstrates of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:5'-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase.", "content": "N10-Formyltetrahydropteroylpoly-gamma-glutamates (N10-formyl-H4PteGlun) having n = 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 glutamyl residues have been tested as cosubstrates of the purine biosynthesis enzyme 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:5'-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (AICAR transformylase) of chicken liver. The cosubstrates were synthesized by solid-phase synthesis, reduced catalytically, and formylated; a purified enzyme preparation was used and assayed spectrophotometrically following the deltaOD at 298 nm resulting from conversion of the formylated folate to the free tetrahydro form. Km values and Vm values determined at saturating concentrations of AICAR and at 25 and 150 mM KC1 were used to calculate the relative specificity constants Vm/Km for the N10-formyl-H4PteGlun. At physiologic [K+] (150 mM) they were 1.0, 52, 250, 93, 120, and 59 and at the lower (25 mM) [K+] the relative specificity constants were 1.0, 64, 78,34, 48, and 37 for n = 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively. The poly-gamma-glutamates are clearly the preferred cosubstrates, particularly when tested at physiologic [K+]. The maximal relative specificity constant observed with N10-formyl-H4PteGlu4 supports the hypothesis that regulation of certain pathways of one-carbon metabolism may operate via alterations of the poly-gamma-glutamyl chain length. No inhibition by the unnatural (d) isomers of the N10-formyl-H4PteGlun was observed.", "contents": "Folylpoly-gamma-glutamates as cosubstrates of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:5'-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase. N10-Formyltetrahydropteroylpoly-gamma-glutamates (N10-formyl-H4PteGlun) having n = 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 glutamyl residues have been tested as cosubstrates of the purine biosynthesis enzyme 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:5'-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (AICAR transformylase) of chicken liver. The cosubstrates were synthesized by solid-phase synthesis, reduced catalytically, and formylated; a purified enzyme preparation was used and assayed spectrophotometrically following the deltaOD at 298 nm resulting from conversion of the formylated folate to the free tetrahydro form. Km values and Vm values determined at saturating concentrations of AICAR and at 25 and 150 mM KC1 were used to calculate the relative specificity constants Vm/Km for the N10-formyl-H4PteGlun. At physiologic [K+] (150 mM) they were 1.0, 52, 250, 93, 120, and 59 and at the lower (25 mM) [K+] the relative specificity constants were 1.0, 64, 78,34, 48, and 37 for n = 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively. The poly-gamma-glutamates are clearly the preferred cosubstrates, particularly when tested at physiologic [K+]. The maximal relative specificity constant observed with N10-formyl-H4PteGlu4 supports the hypothesis that regulation of certain pathways of one-carbon metabolism may operate via alterations of the poly-gamma-glutamyl chain length. No inhibition by the unnatural (d) isomers of the N10-formyl-H4PteGlun was observed.", "PMID": 427094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13689", "title": "Rotational relaxation times of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in phospholipids isolated from LM cell membranes. Effects of phospholipid polar head-group and fatty acid composition.", "content": "Phospholipids were isolated from mitochondrial, microsomal, and plasma membranes of LM cells and fractionated into individual phospholipid classes on silicic acid columns. The fatty acid composition and the rotational relaxation time of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) were determined for each phospholipid class. Sphingomyelin was the only phospholipid isolated from LM cell membranes that showed a phase transition within the temperature range investigated, 5-40 degrees C. The rotational relaxation times for DPH were lowest in phosphatidylcholine in all the membrane fractions. Phosphatidylcholine isolated from the three membrane fractions of choline-supplemented cells had similar rotational relaxation times and phosphatidylcholine isolated from microsomal membranes of linoleate-supplemented cells had lower rotational relaxation times. The results indicate that the differences in the rotational relaxation times of DPH between mitochondrial, microsomal, and plasma membrane phospholipids could be explained primarily by differences in the polar head-group composition, while differences in the fatty acid composition had only a minor effect. This provides a basis for understanding how the different lipid components in these cells contribute to membrane fluidity.", "contents": "Rotational relaxation times of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in phospholipids isolated from LM cell membranes. Effects of phospholipid polar head-group and fatty acid composition. Phospholipids were isolated from mitochondrial, microsomal, and plasma membranes of LM cells and fractionated into individual phospholipid classes on silicic acid columns. The fatty acid composition and the rotational relaxation time of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) were determined for each phospholipid class. Sphingomyelin was the only phospholipid isolated from LM cell membranes that showed a phase transition within the temperature range investigated, 5-40 degrees C. The rotational relaxation times for DPH were lowest in phosphatidylcholine in all the membrane fractions. Phosphatidylcholine isolated from the three membrane fractions of choline-supplemented cells had similar rotational relaxation times and phosphatidylcholine isolated from microsomal membranes of linoleate-supplemented cells had lower rotational relaxation times. The results indicate that the differences in the rotational relaxation times of DPH between mitochondrial, microsomal, and plasma membrane phospholipids could be explained primarily by differences in the polar head-group composition, while differences in the fatty acid composition had only a minor effect. This provides a basis for understanding how the different lipid components in these cells contribute to membrane fluidity.", "PMID": 427095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13690", "title": "Histon-histone interactions within chromatin. Preliminary location of multiple contact sites between histones 2A, 2B, and 4.", "content": "The contact-site cross-linkers tetranitromethane, UV light, formaldehyde, and a monofunctional imido ester have been used to generate a collection of histone-histone dimers and trimers from nuclei and chromatin. Four different H2B-H4 dimers have been isolated. Preliminary CNBr peptide mapping has shown that all are cross-linked at different positions that are apparently clustered within the C-terminal regions of these histones. Similarily, two different H2A-H2B dimers and two different H2A-H2B-H4 trimers have been partially characterized. The data suggest a functional map for H2B in which the N-terminal third interacts with DNA, the middle third interacts with H2A, and the C-terminal third interacts with H4. We hope, by pursuing this type of analysis, to develop a detailed understanding of each histone-histone binding interaction through saturation cross-linking of the binding sites.", "contents": "Histon-histone interactions within chromatin. Preliminary location of multiple contact sites between histones 2A, 2B, and 4. The contact-site cross-linkers tetranitromethane, UV light, formaldehyde, and a monofunctional imido ester have been used to generate a collection of histone-histone dimers and trimers from nuclei and chromatin. Four different H2B-H4 dimers have been isolated. Preliminary CNBr peptide mapping has shown that all are cross-linked at different positions that are apparently clustered within the C-terminal regions of these histones. Similarily, two different H2A-H2B dimers and two different H2A-H2B-H4 trimers have been partially characterized. The data suggest a functional map for H2B in which the N-terminal third interacts with DNA, the middle third interacts with H2A, and the C-terminal third interacts with H4. We hope, by pursuing this type of analysis, to develop a detailed understanding of each histone-histone binding interaction through saturation cross-linking of the binding sites.", "PMID": 427096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13691", "title": "Specific histone-histone contacts are ruptured when nucleosomes unfold at low ionic strength.", "content": "The ordered unfolding of the nucleosome core within chromatin at low ionic strengths has been studied. The results show that, when nuclei are lysed gently in solutions of very low ionic strength, their constituent nucleosomes rupture at a major H2B-H4 binding site but remain unperturbed at the site of the H2A-H2B interaction. These conclusions are based on data which show that at least four separate but closely spaced H2B-H4 contacts, identifiable by contact-site cross-linking in intact nuclei, are broken when nuclei are suspended in very dilute buffers. Appropriate controls on purified nucleosomes monomers demonstrate that the H2B-H4 contacts being broken are indeed intranucleosomal. Sedimentation of nucleosomes in the ultracentrifuge at various salt concentrations reveals that a significant conformational transition occurs in the range of ionic strength over which the H2B-H4 binding site ruptures.", "contents": "Specific histone-histone contacts are ruptured when nucleosomes unfold at low ionic strength. The ordered unfolding of the nucleosome core within chromatin at low ionic strengths has been studied. The results show that, when nuclei are lysed gently in solutions of very low ionic strength, their constituent nucleosomes rupture at a major H2B-H4 binding site but remain unperturbed at the site of the H2A-H2B interaction. These conclusions are based on data which show that at least four separate but closely spaced H2B-H4 contacts, identifiable by contact-site cross-linking in intact nuclei, are broken when nuclei are suspended in very dilute buffers. Appropriate controls on purified nucleosomes monomers demonstrate that the H2B-H4 contacts being broken are indeed intranucleosomal. Sedimentation of nucleosomes in the ultracentrifuge at various salt concentrations reveals that a significant conformational transition occurs in the range of ionic strength over which the H2B-H4 binding site ruptures.", "PMID": 427097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13692", "title": "On the mechanism of nucleosome unfolding.", "content": "We have studied the relative stabilities to urea denaturation of histone-histone binding interactions as they occur both in chromatin and in histone complexes free in solution. We have used the two zero-length contact-site cross-linking agents, tetranitromethane and UV light, to measure the relative degree of H2B-H4 and H2A-H2B association under various conditions. The two interactions were disrupted coordinately when nuclei were treated with increasing concentrations of urea. In contrast, when histone complex in 2 M NaCl were treated with urea, the H2B-H4 interaction was found to be much less stable than the H2A-H2B interaction. We have shown previously that nucleosomes unfold at low ionic strengths such that the H2B-H4 but not the H2A-H2B interaction is broken in the process. We speculate that the preferential rupture of the H2B-H4 contact is of physiological significance.", "contents": "On the mechanism of nucleosome unfolding. We have studied the relative stabilities to urea denaturation of histone-histone binding interactions as they occur both in chromatin and in histone complexes free in solution. We have used the two zero-length contact-site cross-linking agents, tetranitromethane and UV light, to measure the relative degree of H2B-H4 and H2A-H2B association under various conditions. The two interactions were disrupted coordinately when nuclei were treated with increasing concentrations of urea. In contrast, when histone complex in 2 M NaCl were treated with urea, the H2B-H4 interaction was found to be much less stable than the H2A-H2B interaction. We have shown previously that nucleosomes unfold at low ionic strengths such that the H2B-H4 but not the H2A-H2B interaction is broken in the process. We speculate that the preferential rupture of the H2B-H4 contact is of physiological significance.", "PMID": 427098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13693", "title": "Picosecond dynamics of tyrosine side chains in proteins.", "content": "To probe the details of small amplitude motions in proteins, a dynamical analysis of the orientation fluctuations of two tyrosine side chains in the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor is presented. Detailed results are given for the time history and correlation functions obtained for the ring motion from a molecular dynamics simulation of the entire protein. It is shown that even on a picosecond time scale orientational fluctuations of +/-30 degrees from the average position occur for the tyrosine rings in the interior of the protein. It is found that the Langevin equation is applicable to the ring torsional motion, which corresponds to that of an angular harmonic oscillator with near-critical damping. Two possible microscopic models for the observed damping effects are outlined. One of these, analogous to liquid behavior, is based on kinetic theory and takes account of the collisions which occur between atoms of the protein; the other, more analogous to solid behavior, involves the coupling among a large number of harmonic oscillators. The collisional model with parameters obtained from theoretical estimates leads to good agreement with the correlation functions from the dynamic simulation. However, the dephasing of harmonic oscillations can yield similar short-time results so that a distinction between the two models is difficult. The importance of damping effects on the motions involved in conformational transitions and enzymatic reactions is discussed.", "contents": "Picosecond dynamics of tyrosine side chains in proteins. To probe the details of small amplitude motions in proteins, a dynamical analysis of the orientation fluctuations of two tyrosine side chains in the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor is presented. Detailed results are given for the time history and correlation functions obtained for the ring motion from a molecular dynamics simulation of the entire protein. It is shown that even on a picosecond time scale orientational fluctuations of +/-30 degrees from the average position occur for the tyrosine rings in the interior of the protein. It is found that the Langevin equation is applicable to the ring torsional motion, which corresponds to that of an angular harmonic oscillator with near-critical damping. Two possible microscopic models for the observed damping effects are outlined. One of these, analogous to liquid behavior, is based on kinetic theory and takes account of the collisions which occur between atoms of the protein; the other, more analogous to solid behavior, involves the coupling among a large number of harmonic oscillators. The collisional model with parameters obtained from theoretical estimates leads to good agreement with the correlation functions from the dynamic simulation. However, the dephasing of harmonic oscillations can yield similar short-time results so that a distinction between the two models is difficult. The importance of damping effects on the motions involved in conformational transitions and enzymatic reactions is discussed.", "PMID": 427100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13694", "title": "High concentration active enzyme centrifugation: analysis of active polymeric forms at up to 10 000-fold higher concentrations than with conventional methods.", "content": "This paper describes the theoretical basis, experimental technique, and experimental evaluation of a new method of analysis called \"high concentration active enzyme centrifugation\". It extends by up to four orders of magnitude the upper concentration limits at which the technique of \"active enzyme centrifugation\" can be used for analysis of enzyme structure. This new theory is largely based on certain properties of Gaussian curves which we have described in previous publications [Wei, G.J., & Deal, W.C., Jr. (1976) Anal. Biochem. 75, 113-121; Anal. Biochem. (1978) 87, 433-446]. One of the most important aspects of this development is that it extends the concentration range upward so that experiments can be performed on enzymes in the active polymeric forms corresponding to their in vivo states. Furthermore, this expansion includes the range in which most enzymes go through all their association-dissociation transitions from one polymeric form to another. Hence, the method can be used to define the various concentration-dependent transitions and also to ascertain which of the various polymeric forms of an enzyme are active, under various conditions. This method also retains the many favorable characteristics inherent in the active enzyme centrifugation technique. In studies with lactate dehydrogenase, the results from this method of band sedimentation were identical within experimental error (about 1.5%) with results from conventional boundary sedimentation velocity studies.", "contents": "High concentration active enzyme centrifugation: analysis of active polymeric forms at up to 10 000-fold higher concentrations than with conventional methods. This paper describes the theoretical basis, experimental technique, and experimental evaluation of a new method of analysis called \"high concentration active enzyme centrifugation\". It extends by up to four orders of magnitude the upper concentration limits at which the technique of \"active enzyme centrifugation\" can be used for analysis of enzyme structure. This new theory is largely based on certain properties of Gaussian curves which we have described in previous publications [Wei, G.J., & Deal, W.C., Jr. (1976) Anal. Biochem. 75, 113-121; Anal. Biochem. (1978) 87, 433-446]. One of the most important aspects of this development is that it extends the concentration range upward so that experiments can be performed on enzymes in the active polymeric forms corresponding to their in vivo states. Furthermore, this expansion includes the range in which most enzymes go through all their association-dissociation transitions from one polymeric form to another. Hence, the method can be used to define the various concentration-dependent transitions and also to ascertain which of the various polymeric forms of an enzyme are active, under various conditions. This method also retains the many favorable characteristics inherent in the active enzyme centrifugation technique. In studies with lactate dehydrogenase, the results from this method of band sedimentation were identical within experimental error (about 1.5%) with results from conventional boundary sedimentation velocity studies.", "PMID": 427103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13695", "title": "Preparation of right-side-out, acetylcholine receptor enriched intact vesicles from Torpedo californica electroplaque membranes.", "content": "Intact vesicles enriched in acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica electroplaque membranes can be separated from collapsed or leaky vesicles and membrane sheets on sucrose density gradients. alpha-Bungarotoxin binding in intact vesicles reveals that approximately 95% of the acetylcholine receptor containing vesicles are formed outside-out (with the synaptic membrane face exposed on the vesicle exterior). The binding data also indicated that only 5% or less of the sites for alpha-bungarotoxin binding to synaptic membranes are located on the interior, cytoplasmic face. Intact vesicles are stable to gentle pelleting and resuspension but are easily osmotically shocked. The vesicles are impermeable to sucrose and Ficoll, but glycerol readily transverses to membrane barrier. Intact vesicles provide a sealed, oriented membrane preparation for studies of vectorial acetylcholine receptor mediated processes.", "contents": "Preparation of right-side-out, acetylcholine receptor enriched intact vesicles from Torpedo californica electroplaque membranes. Intact vesicles enriched in acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica electroplaque membranes can be separated from collapsed or leaky vesicles and membrane sheets on sucrose density gradients. alpha-Bungarotoxin binding in intact vesicles reveals that approximately 95% of the acetylcholine receptor containing vesicles are formed outside-out (with the synaptic membrane face exposed on the vesicle exterior). The binding data also indicated that only 5% or less of the sites for alpha-bungarotoxin binding to synaptic membranes are located on the interior, cytoplasmic face. Intact vesicles are stable to gentle pelleting and resuspension but are easily osmotically shocked. The vesicles are impermeable to sucrose and Ficoll, but glycerol readily transverses to membrane barrier. Intact vesicles provide a sealed, oriented membrane preparation for studies of vectorial acetylcholine receptor mediated processes.", "PMID": 427105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13696", "title": "Thermodynamics of glucagon aggregation.", "content": "Heats of dilution of concentrated glucagon solutions have been measured calorimetrically at 10 and 25 degrees C in 0.2 M potassium phosphate buffer of pH 10.6. Analysis of the data in terms of a monomer-trimer equilibrium gives the following thermodynamic parameters for the association reaction at 25 degrees C: delta G degrees = 7.34 kcal/mol of trimer, delta H degrees = -31.2 kcal/mol, deltaS degrees = -80 cal/(K mol), deltaCp = 430 cal/(K mol). The sensitivity of heat of dilution data to the association constant and stoichiometry of the reaction is discussed.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of glucagon aggregation. Heats of dilution of concentrated glucagon solutions have been measured calorimetrically at 10 and 25 degrees C in 0.2 M potassium phosphate buffer of pH 10.6. Analysis of the data in terms of a monomer-trimer equilibrium gives the following thermodynamic parameters for the association reaction at 25 degrees C: delta G degrees = 7.34 kcal/mol of trimer, delta H degrees = -31.2 kcal/mol, deltaS degrees = -80 cal/(K mol), deltaCp = 430 cal/(K mol). The sensitivity of heat of dilution data to the association constant and stoichiometry of the reaction is discussed.", "PMID": 427106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13697", "title": "Thermodynamics of the denaturation of lysozyme in alcohol--water mixtures.", "content": "The thermal denaturation of lysozyme was studied at pH 2 in aqueous mixtures of methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The most obvious effect of alcohols was the lowering of Td, the temperature of denaturation, increasingly with higher alcohol concentration and longer alkyl chain. Both the calorimetric and van't Hoff enthalpies of denaturation initially increased and then decreased with increasing alcohol concentration, the ratio of the two enthalpies being nearly unity, 1.007 +/- 0.011, indicating the validity of the two-state approximation for the unfolding of lysozyme in these solvent systems. The reversibility of the denaturation was demonstrated by the reversibility of the DSC curves and the complete recovery of enzymic activity on cooling. The changes in heat capacity on unfolding decreased with increasing alcohol concentration for each alcohol. Experimentally determined values of denaturation temperature and of entropy and heat capacity changes were used to derive the additional thermodynamic parameters delta G degrees and delta S degrees for denaturation as a function of temperature for each alcohol--water mixture. Comparison of the thermodynamic parameters with those reported [Pfeil, W., & Privalov, P.L. (1976) Biophys. Chem. 4, 23--50] in aqueous solution at various values of pH and guanidine hydrochloride concentration showed that these latter changes have no effect on the heat capacity changes, whereas the addition of alcohols causes a sharp decrease.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of the denaturation of lysozyme in alcohol--water mixtures. The thermal denaturation of lysozyme was studied at pH 2 in aqueous mixtures of methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The most obvious effect of alcohols was the lowering of Td, the temperature of denaturation, increasingly with higher alcohol concentration and longer alkyl chain. Both the calorimetric and van't Hoff enthalpies of denaturation initially increased and then decreased with increasing alcohol concentration, the ratio of the two enthalpies being nearly unity, 1.007 +/- 0.011, indicating the validity of the two-state approximation for the unfolding of lysozyme in these solvent systems. The reversibility of the denaturation was demonstrated by the reversibility of the DSC curves and the complete recovery of enzymic activity on cooling. The changes in heat capacity on unfolding decreased with increasing alcohol concentration for each alcohol. Experimentally determined values of denaturation temperature and of entropy and heat capacity changes were used to derive the additional thermodynamic parameters delta G degrees and delta S degrees for denaturation as a function of temperature for each alcohol--water mixture. Comparison of the thermodynamic parameters with those reported [Pfeil, W., & Privalov, P.L. (1976) Biophys. Chem. 4, 23--50] in aqueous solution at various values of pH and guanidine hydrochloride concentration showed that these latter changes have no effect on the heat capacity changes, whereas the addition of alcohols causes a sharp decrease.", "PMID": 427107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13698", "title": "Effect of thiourea on microsomal oxidation of alcohols and associated microsomal functions.", "content": "Thiourea and diethylthiourea, two compounds which react with hydroxyl radicals, inhibited NADPH-dependent microsomal oxidation of ethanol and 1-butanol. Inhibition by both compounds was more effective in the presence of the catalase inhibitor, azide. Inhibition by thiourea was noncompetitive with respect to ethanol in the absence of azide but was competitive in the presence of azide. Urea, a compound which does not react with hydroxyl radicals or H2O2, was without effect. Thiourea had no effect on NADH- and NADH-cytochrome c reductase, NADPH oxidase, and NADH- and NADPH-dependent oxygen uptake. Thiourea inhibited the activities of aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase. Thiourea, but no other hydroxyl radical scavengers, e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide, mannitol, and benzoate, reacted directly with H202 and decreased H2O2 accumulation in the presence of azide. Therefore the actions of thiourea are complex because it can react with both hydroxyl radicals and H2O2. Differences between the actions of thiourea and those previously reported for dimethyl sulfoxide, mannitol, and benzoate, e.g., effects on drug metabolism, effectiveness of inhibition in the absence of azide, or kinetics of the inhibition, probably reflect the fact that thiourea reacts directly with H2O2 whereas the other agents do not. The current results remain consistent with the concept that microsomal oxidation of alcohols involves interactions of the alcohols with hydroxyl radicals generated from microsomal electron transfer.", "contents": "Effect of thiourea on microsomal oxidation of alcohols and associated microsomal functions. Thiourea and diethylthiourea, two compounds which react with hydroxyl radicals, inhibited NADPH-dependent microsomal oxidation of ethanol and 1-butanol. Inhibition by both compounds was more effective in the presence of the catalase inhibitor, azide. Inhibition by thiourea was noncompetitive with respect to ethanol in the absence of azide but was competitive in the presence of azide. Urea, a compound which does not react with hydroxyl radicals or H2O2, was without effect. Thiourea had no effect on NADH- and NADH-cytochrome c reductase, NADPH oxidase, and NADH- and NADPH-dependent oxygen uptake. Thiourea inhibited the activities of aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase. Thiourea, but no other hydroxyl radical scavengers, e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide, mannitol, and benzoate, reacted directly with H202 and decreased H2O2 accumulation in the presence of azide. Therefore the actions of thiourea are complex because it can react with both hydroxyl radicals and H2O2. Differences between the actions of thiourea and those previously reported for dimethyl sulfoxide, mannitol, and benzoate, e.g., effects on drug metabolism, effectiveness of inhibition in the absence of azide, or kinetics of the inhibition, probably reflect the fact that thiourea reacts directly with H2O2 whereas the other agents do not. The current results remain consistent with the concept that microsomal oxidation of alcohols involves interactions of the alcohols with hydroxyl radicals generated from microsomal electron transfer.", "PMID": 427108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13699", "title": "Side-chain torsional potentials: effect of dipeptide, protein, and solvent environment.", "content": "Side-chain torsional potentials in the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor are calculated from empirical energy functions by use of the known X-ray structure of the protein and the rigid-geometry mapping technique. The potentials are analyzed to determine the roles and relative importance of contributions from the dipeptide backbone, the protein, and the crystalline environment of solvent and other protein molecules. The structural characteristics of the side chains determine two major patterns of energy surfaces, E(X1,X2): a gamma-branched pattern and a pattern for longer, straight side chains (Arg, Lys, Glu, and Met). Most of the dipeptide potential curves and surfaces have a local minimum corresponding to the side-chain torsional angles in the X-ray structure. Addition of the protein forces sharpens and/or selects from these minima, providing very good agreement with the experimental conformation for most side chains at the surface or in the core of the protein. Inclusion of the crystalline environment produces still better results, especially for the side chains extending away from the protein. The results are discussed in terms of the details of the interactions due to the surrounding, calculated solvent-accessibility figures and the temperature factors derived from the crystallographic refinement of the pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.", "contents": "Side-chain torsional potentials: effect of dipeptide, protein, and solvent environment. Side-chain torsional potentials in the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor are calculated from empirical energy functions by use of the known X-ray structure of the protein and the rigid-geometry mapping technique. The potentials are analyzed to determine the roles and relative importance of contributions from the dipeptide backbone, the protein, and the crystalline environment of solvent and other protein molecules. The structural characteristics of the side chains determine two major patterns of energy surfaces, E(X1,X2): a gamma-branched pattern and a pattern for longer, straight side chains (Arg, Lys, Glu, and Met). Most of the dipeptide potential curves and surfaces have a local minimum corresponding to the side-chain torsional angles in the X-ray structure. Addition of the protein forces sharpens and/or selects from these minima, providing very good agreement with the experimental conformation for most side chains at the surface or in the core of the protein. Inclusion of the crystalline environment produces still better results, especially for the side chains extending away from the protein. The results are discussed in terms of the details of the interactions due to the surrounding, calculated solvent-accessibility figures and the temperature factors derived from the crystallographic refinement of the pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.", "PMID": 427111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13700", "title": "Viscosity-dependent structural fluctuations in enzyme catalysis.", "content": "The effect of viscosity on the rate of catalysis of carboxypeptidase A has been tested. By use of the tripeptide carbobenzoxy-l-alanyl-l-alanyl-l-alanine [Z(L-Ala)3] as substrate, it was shown that most of the effect on the hydrolysis rate caused by the presence of 30 or 40% methanol or glycerol in aqueous solution can be ascribed to a contribution of viscosity to the catalytic rate constant, kcat. Arrhenius plots of kcat in 30 and 40% glycerol or methanol are linear and almost parallel. When the rate constants are \"corrected\" for the viscosity of various media, the difference between the various Arrhenius plots is considerably reduced; it vanishes, within experimental error, when the effect of the dielectric constant of the solutions is taken into account as well. It is proposed that the viscosity of the medium can influence the rate-limiting step of the enzymic reaction, which is the rate of transitions over the energy barrier preceding product formation. According to the suggested mechanism, the enzyme--substrate complex can overcome this energy barrier by viscosity-dependent structural fluctuations. The quantitative agreement between the theory and the experimental results suggests that (a) due to the temperature dependence of the viscosity of the solution, the potential energy barrier of the reaction is about 5 kcal/mol lower than the observed activation energy and (b) information about the structural flexibility of the complex can be obtained by kinetic measurements.", "contents": "Viscosity-dependent structural fluctuations in enzyme catalysis. The effect of viscosity on the rate of catalysis of carboxypeptidase A has been tested. By use of the tripeptide carbobenzoxy-l-alanyl-l-alanyl-l-alanine [Z(L-Ala)3] as substrate, it was shown that most of the effect on the hydrolysis rate caused by the presence of 30 or 40% methanol or glycerol in aqueous solution can be ascribed to a contribution of viscosity to the catalytic rate constant, kcat. Arrhenius plots of kcat in 30 and 40% glycerol or methanol are linear and almost parallel. When the rate constants are \"corrected\" for the viscosity of various media, the difference between the various Arrhenius plots is considerably reduced; it vanishes, within experimental error, when the effect of the dielectric constant of the solutions is taken into account as well. It is proposed that the viscosity of the medium can influence the rate-limiting step of the enzymic reaction, which is the rate of transitions over the energy barrier preceding product formation. According to the suggested mechanism, the enzyme--substrate complex can overcome this energy barrier by viscosity-dependent structural fluctuations. The quantitative agreement between the theory and the experimental results suggests that (a) due to the temperature dependence of the viscosity of the solution, the potential energy barrier of the reaction is about 5 kcal/mol lower than the observed activation energy and (b) information about the structural flexibility of the complex can be obtained by kinetic measurements.", "PMID": 427112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13701", "title": "Accumulation of polyadenylated mRNA during liver regeneration.", "content": "Cytoplasmic and polysomal polyadenylated mRNA [poly(A)+-mRNA] increased by 120% prior to the onset of DNA synthesis during the regeneration of rat liver following partial hepatectomy. Despite this large change in cytoplasmic mRNA and an approximately 50% increase in total nuclear RNA, the amount of polyadenylated nuclear RNA increased by only 15--20% during this time. Neither the average size of nuclear or of cytoplasmic polyadenylated mRNA nor the length of their poly(adenylic acid) [poly(A)] tracts changed during liver regeneration. Polysomal poly-(A)+-mRNA increased proportionately more and at a faster rate than rRNA during the first day following partial hepatectomy. Normal livers contained a substantial proportion of cytoplasmic poly(A)+-mRNA not associated with polysomes but this proportion was not altered in 3-h regenerating liver. Thus, in regenerating liver, most preexisting cytoplasmic mRNA does not appear to be recruited into polysomes prior to the substantial increase in the amount of cytoplasmic poly(A)+-mRNA.", "contents": "Accumulation of polyadenylated mRNA during liver regeneration. Cytoplasmic and polysomal polyadenylated mRNA [poly(A)+-mRNA] increased by 120% prior to the onset of DNA synthesis during the regeneration of rat liver following partial hepatectomy. Despite this large change in cytoplasmic mRNA and an approximately 50% increase in total nuclear RNA, the amount of polyadenylated nuclear RNA increased by only 15--20% during this time. Neither the average size of nuclear or of cytoplasmic polyadenylated mRNA nor the length of their poly(adenylic acid) [poly(A)] tracts changed during liver regeneration. Polysomal poly-(A)+-mRNA increased proportionately more and at a faster rate than rRNA during the first day following partial hepatectomy. Normal livers contained a substantial proportion of cytoplasmic poly(A)+-mRNA not associated with polysomes but this proportion was not altered in 3-h regenerating liver. Thus, in regenerating liver, most preexisting cytoplasmic mRNA does not appear to be recruited into polysomes prior to the substantial increase in the amount of cytoplasmic poly(A)+-mRNA.", "PMID": 427113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13702", "title": "Cross-linking of ribosomal proteins by 4-(6-formyl-3-3-azidophenoxy)butyrimidate, a heterobifunctional, cleavable cross-linker.", "content": "For the identification of neighbor relationships between proteins in biological systems 4-(6-formyl-3-azidophenoxy)butyrimidate (FAPB-imidate), a heterobifunctional, cleavable cross-linker was synthesized. The reagent has an imido ester at one end, which is used for the attachment to amino groups of a specific protein whose environment has to be characterized. At the other end, the reagent has both an azido and an aldehyde group. The azido group can be used to cross-link the protein photochemically to a variety of chemical groups of neighboring proteins. The aldehyde group is able to cross-link the protein by reductive alkylatin to amino groups of neighboring proteins. In both cases, the cross-linker can be made radioactive with NaB3H4. the cross-linked complexes can be split at the band originating from the imidate group by treatment with ammonia. Hereby, the radioactive cross-linker remains covalently attached to the unknown neighboring protein, which can be therefore easily identified. In order to explore the usefulness of FAPB-imidate as a cross-linking agent, the compound was attached to ribosomal protein L7. With this modified L7, the existence of the well-known complex between L7 and ribosomal protein L10 could be demonstrated by the photochemical procedure. By the chemical procedure, the presence of dimers of L7 in solution could be shown.", "contents": "Cross-linking of ribosomal proteins by 4-(6-formyl-3-3-azidophenoxy)butyrimidate, a heterobifunctional, cleavable cross-linker. For the identification of neighbor relationships between proteins in biological systems 4-(6-formyl-3-azidophenoxy)butyrimidate (FAPB-imidate), a heterobifunctional, cleavable cross-linker was synthesized. The reagent has an imido ester at one end, which is used for the attachment to amino groups of a specific protein whose environment has to be characterized. At the other end, the reagent has both an azido and an aldehyde group. The azido group can be used to cross-link the protein photochemically to a variety of chemical groups of neighboring proteins. The aldehyde group is able to cross-link the protein by reductive alkylatin to amino groups of neighboring proteins. In both cases, the cross-linker can be made radioactive with NaB3H4. the cross-linked complexes can be split at the band originating from the imidate group by treatment with ammonia. Hereby, the radioactive cross-linker remains covalently attached to the unknown neighboring protein, which can be therefore easily identified. In order to explore the usefulness of FAPB-imidate as a cross-linking agent, the compound was attached to ribosomal protein L7. With this modified L7, the existence of the well-known complex between L7 and ribosomal protein L10 could be demonstrated by the photochemical procedure. By the chemical procedure, the presence of dimers of L7 in solution could be shown.", "PMID": 427114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13703", "title": "Interaction of alpha-chymotrypsin with the fluorescent probe 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate in solution.", "content": "The binding of the fluorescence probe 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (Ans) to alpha-chymotrypsin (alpha-CHT) at pH 3.6 is accompanied by a dramatic enhancement of Ans fluorescence and a shift of the emission maximum to shorter wavelengths. Our study reveals that one Ans molecule binds to alpha-CHT at a site different from either the active site of alpha-CHT or the 2-p-toluidinylnapthalene-6-sulfonate binding site. the binding constant of Ans is about the same (10(4) M-1) at pH 3.6 and 6.4. Nanosecond fluorescence depolarization data indicate that Ans is rigidly bound to alpha-CHT. The fluorescence enhancement due to binding of Ans to alpha-CHT at low pH could be due to binding either to a hydrophobic site or to a site where local dipoles do not relax during the excited-state lifetime of Ans. As the pH is increased, fluorescence intensity of the Ans-alpha-CHT complex decreases appreciably; and the emission maximum shifts to longer wavelengths. The fluorescence decay curves exhibit a corresponding sensitivity to pH. The pH effect on the fluorescence of Ans-alpha-CHT can be interpreted in terms of a pH-dependent equilibrium between alpha-CHT conformers differing in the degree of mobility of polar residues and water molecules at the Ans binding site or structural changes in the Ans binding site.", "contents": "Interaction of alpha-chymotrypsin with the fluorescent probe 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate in solution. The binding of the fluorescence probe 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (Ans) to alpha-chymotrypsin (alpha-CHT) at pH 3.6 is accompanied by a dramatic enhancement of Ans fluorescence and a shift of the emission maximum to shorter wavelengths. Our study reveals that one Ans molecule binds to alpha-CHT at a site different from either the active site of alpha-CHT or the 2-p-toluidinylnapthalene-6-sulfonate binding site. the binding constant of Ans is about the same (10(4) M-1) at pH 3.6 and 6.4. Nanosecond fluorescence depolarization data indicate that Ans is rigidly bound to alpha-CHT. The fluorescence enhancement due to binding of Ans to alpha-CHT at low pH could be due to binding either to a hydrophobic site or to a site where local dipoles do not relax during the excited-state lifetime of Ans. As the pH is increased, fluorescence intensity of the Ans-alpha-CHT complex decreases appreciably; and the emission maximum shifts to longer wavelengths. The fluorescence decay curves exhibit a corresponding sensitivity to pH. The pH effect on the fluorescence of Ans-alpha-CHT can be interpreted in terms of a pH-dependent equilibrium between alpha-CHT conformers differing in the degree of mobility of polar residues and water molecules at the Ans binding site or structural changes in the Ans binding site.", "PMID": 427115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13704", "title": "Physical properties of DNA and chromatin isolated from G1- and S-phase HeLa S-3 cells. Effects of histone H1 phosphorylation and stage-specific nonhistone chromosomal proteins on the molar ellipticity of native and reconstituted nucleoproteins during thermal denaturation.", "content": "To help delineate how changes in chromatin organization are related to DNA replication and transcription during the HeLa S-3 cell cycle, we have extended previous studies of the composition and structure of chromatin in synchronized G1- and S-HASE CELLS. By analyzing changes in molar ellipticity at 276 nm ([theta 276]) during thermal denaturation, it was found that double-helical DNA molecules in native chromatin have different optical activities and thermal stabilities at these two stages of the cell cycle. Furthermore, profiles of d[theta 276]/dT vs. T indicate that native G1- and S-phase chromatins contain different families of DNA superstructures. To help determine the causes and functional significance of these chromatin reorganizations during the cell cycle, we compared the optical activities and thermal stabilities of DNA in native chromatin with protein-free DNA and DNA in nucleoproteins reconstituted in vitro by NaCl-urea gradient dialysis. In addition, we examined levels of histone phosphorylation, histone acetylation, and types of histone and nonhistone chromosomal proteins (NHCP) found in G1- and S-phase cells and in purified hydroxylapatite, (HAP) fractions of these nuclear proteins which were used for in vitro reconstitution. The results of the present studies indicate that changes in H1-DNA-NHCP interactions occur in vivo, are associated with the phosphorylation of histone 1 molecules, and appear to be responsible for the relaxation of compact G1-phase chromatin superstructures into more open S-phase configurations during the HeLa S-3 cell cycle.", "contents": "Physical properties of DNA and chromatin isolated from G1- and S-phase HeLa S-3 cells. Effects of histone H1 phosphorylation and stage-specific nonhistone chromosomal proteins on the molar ellipticity of native and reconstituted nucleoproteins during thermal denaturation. To help delineate how changes in chromatin organization are related to DNA replication and transcription during the HeLa S-3 cell cycle, we have extended previous studies of the composition and structure of chromatin in synchronized G1- and S-HASE CELLS. By analyzing changes in molar ellipticity at 276 nm ([theta 276]) during thermal denaturation, it was found that double-helical DNA molecules in native chromatin have different optical activities and thermal stabilities at these two stages of the cell cycle. Furthermore, profiles of d[theta 276]/dT vs. T indicate that native G1- and S-phase chromatins contain different families of DNA superstructures. To help determine the causes and functional significance of these chromatin reorganizations during the cell cycle, we compared the optical activities and thermal stabilities of DNA in native chromatin with protein-free DNA and DNA in nucleoproteins reconstituted in vitro by NaCl-urea gradient dialysis. In addition, we examined levels of histone phosphorylation, histone acetylation, and types of histone and nonhistone chromosomal proteins (NHCP) found in G1- and S-phase cells and in purified hydroxylapatite, (HAP) fractions of these nuclear proteins which were used for in vitro reconstitution. The results of the present studies indicate that changes in H1-DNA-NHCP interactions occur in vivo, are associated with the phosphorylation of histone 1 molecules, and appear to be responsible for the relaxation of compact G1-phase chromatin superstructures into more open S-phase configurations during the HeLa S-3 cell cycle.", "PMID": 427116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13705", "title": "Metabolism of low molecular weight ribonucleic acids in early sea urchin embryos.", "content": "There are three major low molecular weight RNAs (150-300 nucleotides) larger than 5S rRNA present in sea urchin embryos. Two of these are localized in the nucleus and one is localized in the cytoplasm. The nuclear species contain \"capped\" 5' termini, with a cap I structure. These RNAs are synthesized starting in late cleavage and continuing through pluteus. Relative to 5S RNA there is a 10-fold change in the rate of synthesis of these RNAs, due primarily to a decrease in their rate of transcription after blastula. The RNAs are metabolically stable and the nuclear RNA genes are reiterated 50--100 times in the genome. Significant amounts of these RNAs are present in sea urchin eggs, enough to supply the embryo during early cleavage, prior to initiation of their synthesis.", "contents": "Metabolism of low molecular weight ribonucleic acids in early sea urchin embryos. There are three major low molecular weight RNAs (150-300 nucleotides) larger than 5S rRNA present in sea urchin embryos. Two of these are localized in the nucleus and one is localized in the cytoplasm. The nuclear species contain \"capped\" 5' termini, with a cap I structure. These RNAs are synthesized starting in late cleavage and continuing through pluteus. Relative to 5S RNA there is a 10-fold change in the rate of synthesis of these RNAs, due primarily to a decrease in their rate of transcription after blastula. The RNAs are metabolically stable and the nuclear RNA genes are reiterated 50--100 times in the genome. Significant amounts of these RNAs are present in sea urchin eggs, enough to supply the embryo during early cleavage, prior to initiation of their synthesis.", "PMID": 427117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13706", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the 5' terminus of satellite tobacco necrosis virus ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Treatment of the RNA of satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV) with phosphomonoesterase followed by heat denaturation and treatment with polynucleotide kinase in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP yields a STNV [5'-32P]RNA containing a homogeneous 5' terminus. Analyses of this STNV [5'-32P]RNA yield the sequence of the first 42 nucleotides from the 5'terminus of STNV RNA. This nucleotide sequence contains the translation initiation AUG codon starting at position 30 from the 5' terminus as indicated by match of subsequent nucleotides with the genetic code assignments for the N-terminal amino acids of STNV coat protein in the 5'-terminal sequence ppAGUAAAGACAGGAAACUU-UACUGACUAACAUGGCAAAACAAC. An interesting feature of this sequence is its potential to form a hairpin loop structure involving perfect Watson-Crick base pairing between the first seven nucleotides and nucleotides at positions 16--22.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the 5' terminus of satellite tobacco necrosis virus ribonucleic acid. Treatment of the RNA of satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV) with phosphomonoesterase followed by heat denaturation and treatment with polynucleotide kinase in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP yields a STNV [5'-32P]RNA containing a homogeneous 5' terminus. Analyses of this STNV [5'-32P]RNA yield the sequence of the first 42 nucleotides from the 5'terminus of STNV RNA. This nucleotide sequence contains the translation initiation AUG codon starting at position 30 from the 5' terminus as indicated by match of subsequent nucleotides with the genetic code assignments for the N-terminal amino acids of STNV coat protein in the 5'-terminal sequence ppAGUAAAGACAGGAAACUU-UACUGACUAACAUGGCAAAACAAC. An interesting feature of this sequence is its potential to form a hairpin loop structure involving perfect Watson-Crick base pairing between the first seven nucleotides and nucleotides at positions 16--22.", "PMID": 427118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13707", "title": "Effect of capping upon the mRNA properties of satellite tobacco necrosis virus ribonucleic acid.", "content": "The mRNA guanyltransferase-mRNA methyltransferases of vaccinia virions can be used to introduce a 5'-terminal m7g(5')pp(5')Apm... capping group onto the RNA of satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV RNA) to yield intact capped STNV RNA. Studies with an in vitro system from wheat germ and limiting quantities of capped and uncapped STNV RNA show that the rates and extents of formation of initiation complexes of protein synthesis by intact capped and uncapped STNV RNA are identical, suggesting that 5'-terminal cap groups cannot function in the translation of STNV RNA. Also, the cap analogue pm7G equally inhibits the initiation and the translation of limiting quantities of both capped and uncapped  STNV RNA. These contrasting observations suggest that the wheat germ system contains a pm7G sensitive protein and that STNV RNA has a tertiary structure that restricts the function of an added 5'-terminal capping group. This theory is supported by observations that fragmented capped STNV RNA is better at forming initiation complexes than is equally fragmented uncapped STNV RNA.", "contents": "Effect of capping upon the mRNA properties of satellite tobacco necrosis virus ribonucleic acid. The mRNA guanyltransferase-mRNA methyltransferases of vaccinia virions can be used to introduce a 5'-terminal m7g(5')pp(5')Apm... capping group onto the RNA of satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV RNA) to yield intact capped STNV RNA. Studies with an in vitro system from wheat germ and limiting quantities of capped and uncapped STNV RNA show that the rates and extents of formation of initiation complexes of protein synthesis by intact capped and uncapped STNV RNA are identical, suggesting that 5'-terminal cap groups cannot function in the translation of STNV RNA. Also, the cap analogue pm7G equally inhibits the initiation and the translation of limiting quantities of both capped and uncapped  STNV RNA. These contrasting observations suggest that the wheat germ system contains a pm7G sensitive protein and that STNV RNA has a tertiary structure that restricts the function of an added 5'-terminal capping group. This theory is supported by observations that fragmented capped STNV RNA is better at forming initiation complexes than is equally fragmented uncapped STNV RNA.", "PMID": 427119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13708", "title": "H1 histone subfractions of mammalian testes. 2. Organ specificity in mice and rabbits.", "content": "H1 histones were examined in testes and somatic organs from mice and rabbits. They were extracted from washed chromatin by aqueous 5% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid and analyzed by several electrophoretic systems as well as column chromatography employing Bio-Rex 70. In each species the testicular H1 population contains at least two components that are scarce or absent in the somatic organs examined. The unusual testicular species do not appear to be phosphorylated derivatives. The studies in this and the accompanying report [Seyedin, S.M., & Kistler, W.S. (1979) biochemistry 18 (preceding paper in this issue) confirm that marked changes from the isomatic type H1 population are associated with spermatogenesis in mice, rabbits, and rats. However, in terms of electrophoretic and chromatographic behavior, the pattern of change in species specific.", "contents": "H1 histone subfractions of mammalian testes. 2. Organ specificity in mice and rabbits. H1 histones were examined in testes and somatic organs from mice and rabbits. They were extracted from washed chromatin by aqueous 5% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid and analyzed by several electrophoretic systems as well as column chromatography employing Bio-Rex 70. In each species the testicular H1 population contains at least two components that are scarce or absent in the somatic organs examined. The unusual testicular species do not appear to be phosphorylated derivatives. The studies in this and the accompanying report [Seyedin, S.M., & Kistler, W.S. (1979) biochemistry 18 (preceding paper in this issue) confirm that marked changes from the isomatic type H1 population are associated with spermatogenesis in mice, rabbits, and rats. However, in terms of electrophoretic and chromatographic behavior, the pattern of change in species specific.", "PMID": 427121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13709", "title": "Ligand binding and self-association of phosphorylase b.", "content": "The mutual influence of ligand binding and self-association has been examined for phosphorylase b in the presence of a series of small ligands. The stepwise equilibrium constants describing the mutual dependence have been evaluated and discussed in terms of possible molecular mechanisms.", "contents": "Ligand binding and self-association of phosphorylase b. The mutual influence of ligand binding and self-association has been examined for phosphorylase b in the presence of a series of small ligands. The stepwise equilibrium constants describing the mutual dependence have been evaluated and discussed in terms of possible molecular mechanisms.", "PMID": 427122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13710", "title": "Design of potent and specific inhibitors of carboxypeptidases A and B.", "content": "The combination in one molecule of functional groups that can interact specifically with different substrate binding areas at the active site of carboxypeptidases A and B has led to the development of potent and specific inhibitors of these enzymes. 2-Benzyl-3-mercaptopropanoic acid (SQ 14,603) has a Ki of 1.1 x 10(-8) M vs. carboxypeptidase A and a Ki of 1.6 x 10(-4) M vs. the B enzyme. 2-Mercaptomethyl-5-guanidinopentanoic acid (SQ 24,798) has a Ki of 4 x 10(-10) M vs. carboxypeptidase B and a Ki of 1.2 x 10(-5) M vs. carboxypeptidase A. It is proposed that the sulfhydryl groups of these inhibitors bind to the catalytically important zinc ions of these enzymes, and that, in conjunction with the benzyl and guanidinopropyl side chains, they are responsible for their specificity.", "contents": "Design of potent and specific inhibitors of carboxypeptidases A and B. The combination in one molecule of functional groups that can interact specifically with different substrate binding areas at the active site of carboxypeptidases A and B has led to the development of potent and specific inhibitors of these enzymes. 2-Benzyl-3-mercaptopropanoic acid (SQ 14,603) has a Ki of 1.1 x 10(-8) M vs. carboxypeptidase A and a Ki of 1.6 x 10(-4) M vs. the B enzyme. 2-Mercaptomethyl-5-guanidinopentanoic acid (SQ 24,798) has a Ki of 4 x 10(-10) M vs. carboxypeptidase B and a Ki of 1.2 x 10(-5) M vs. carboxypeptidase A. It is proposed that the sulfhydryl groups of these inhibitors bind to the catalytically important zinc ions of these enzymes, and that, in conjunction with the benzyl and guanidinopropyl side chains, they are responsible for their specificity.", "PMID": 427123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13711", "title": "Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase: enzymic conversion of 3-(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)-L-alanine to trans-3-(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)acrylic acid.", "content": "The phenylalanine analogue 3-(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)-L-alanine is converted to the hitherto unknown cinnamate analogue trans-3-(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)acrylic acid by L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) from maize, potato, or Rhodotorula glutinis. The structure assigned to the product is confirmed by its 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and by the chemical synthesis to be described in a subsequent paper. On comparing the above substrate analogue with L-phenylalanine, the Km was lowered only slightly but kcat was reduced 14--40-fold depending on the source of the enzyme. Because the compounds closely resemble each other in size and hydrophobic properties, this lowering of kcat may be attributed to the electronic effect of replacing the pi electrons of the aromatic system by those of a double bond. Correct alignment at the active site appears to depend upon the space-filling properties of the ring system; open chain analogues that retain the gamma, beta double bond were found to be inhibitors, not substrates.", "contents": "Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase: enzymic conversion of 3-(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)-L-alanine to trans-3-(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)acrylic acid. The phenylalanine analogue 3-(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)-L-alanine is converted to the hitherto unknown cinnamate analogue trans-3-(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)acrylic acid by L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) from maize, potato, or Rhodotorula glutinis. The structure assigned to the product is confirmed by its 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and by the chemical synthesis to be described in a subsequent paper. On comparing the above substrate analogue with L-phenylalanine, the Km was lowered only slightly but kcat was reduced 14--40-fold depending on the source of the enzyme. Because the compounds closely resemble each other in size and hydrophobic properties, this lowering of kcat may be attributed to the electronic effect of replacing the pi electrons of the aromatic system by those of a double bond. Correct alignment at the active site appears to depend upon the space-filling properties of the ring system; open chain analogues that retain the gamma, beta double bond were found to be inhibitors, not substrates.", "PMID": 427124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13712", "title": "Formation of 7-cis- and 13-cis-retinal pigments by irradiating squid rhodopsin.", "content": "Squid rhodopsin was irradiated with orange light (greater than 530 nm) at various temperatures from -190 to 10 degrees C until a photo-steady-state mixture was formed. Then the chromophoric retinals were extracted from the photo-steady-state mixtures and their isomer composition was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In the case of photo-steady-state mixture formed at -85 degrees C, large peaks in the chromatogram were found at the positions of both 7-cis- and 13-cis-retinals. Each peak was further identified by synthesizing the pigments from these retinals with cattle opsin or apobacteriorhodopsin. Both 7-cis- and 13-cis-retinals were also extracted from a photo-steady-state mixture formed by irradiation at -40, at 0, or at 10 degrees C. These isomers were scarcely detected in a photo-steady-state mixture formed by irradiation at -190 degrees C, though 9-cis-retinal was found as a major constituent in this mixture. Irradiation of lumirhodopsin at -190 degrees C, however, produced 7-cis-retinal pigment. These findings suggest that bathorhodopsin may have a conformation to prevent the formation of 7-cis-retinal from the all-trans form and that this particular conformation may be relaxed by the conversion of bathorhodopsin to lumirhodopsin.", "contents": "Formation of 7-cis- and 13-cis-retinal pigments by irradiating squid rhodopsin. Squid rhodopsin was irradiated with orange light (greater than 530 nm) at various temperatures from -190 to 10 degrees C until a photo-steady-state mixture was formed. Then the chromophoric retinals were extracted from the photo-steady-state mixtures and their isomer composition was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In the case of photo-steady-state mixture formed at -85 degrees C, large peaks in the chromatogram were found at the positions of both 7-cis- and 13-cis-retinals. Each peak was further identified by synthesizing the pigments from these retinals with cattle opsin or apobacteriorhodopsin. Both 7-cis- and 13-cis-retinals were also extracted from a photo-steady-state mixture formed by irradiation at -40, at 0, or at 10 degrees C. These isomers were scarcely detected in a photo-steady-state mixture formed by irradiation at -190 degrees C, though 9-cis-retinal was found as a major constituent in this mixture. Irradiation of lumirhodopsin at -190 degrees C, however, produced 7-cis-retinal pigment. These findings suggest that bathorhodopsin may have a conformation to prevent the formation of 7-cis-retinal from the all-trans form and that this particular conformation may be relaxed by the conversion of bathorhodopsin to lumirhodopsin.", "PMID": 427126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13713", "title": "Evaluation of the role of polyisoprenyl functional groups in biological electron transfer. Transition metal models.", "content": "Copper(I) coordination to olefin bonds in pyridine compounds containing di- and triisoprenyl substituent groups had been investigated. Results from Raman and optical spectroscopic studies in aqueous ethanolic solutions indicate formation of pi complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry, with K congruent to 10(4) M-1. Despite there being several potential Cu(I) ligation sites on the alkyl side chain, only a single olefin bond is coordinated. The data are consistent with a model comprising extensive folding of the isoprenyl groups in the polar medium, with Cu(I) binding occurring at the exposed olefin group on the terminal unit. Ligand-bridged binuclear ions were formed by simultaneous coordination of an oxidant metal ion, (NH3)5RuIII, to the pyridine ring nitrogen atoms and Cu(I) to side-chain olefin bonds. Electron-transfer pathways were determined by kinetic analysis; both rate laws and comparative redox rates for complexes containing a variety of 4-alkylpyridine ligands indicate reaction predominantly by intermolecular processes. No evidence for intramolecular electron transfer, i.e., from Cu(I) through the bridging ligand to the bound Ru(III) center, could be found. This result is discussed both in terms of its implications toward the existence of very similar pathways proposed for electron transfer between heme and copper redox sites in cytochrome oxidase and within the wider context of apparent differences in the fundamental mechanisms of electron transfer in biological particles and transition metal ions.", "contents": "Evaluation of the role of polyisoprenyl functional groups in biological electron transfer. Transition metal models. Copper(I) coordination to olefin bonds in pyridine compounds containing di- and triisoprenyl substituent groups had been investigated. Results from Raman and optical spectroscopic studies in aqueous ethanolic solutions indicate formation of pi complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry, with K congruent to 10(4) M-1. Despite there being several potential Cu(I) ligation sites on the alkyl side chain, only a single olefin bond is coordinated. The data are consistent with a model comprising extensive folding of the isoprenyl groups in the polar medium, with Cu(I) binding occurring at the exposed olefin group on the terminal unit. Ligand-bridged binuclear ions were formed by simultaneous coordination of an oxidant metal ion, (NH3)5RuIII, to the pyridine ring nitrogen atoms and Cu(I) to side-chain olefin bonds. Electron-transfer pathways were determined by kinetic analysis; both rate laws and comparative redox rates for complexes containing a variety of 4-alkylpyridine ligands indicate reaction predominantly by intermolecular processes. No evidence for intramolecular electron transfer, i.e., from Cu(I) through the bridging ligand to the bound Ru(III) center, could be found. This result is discussed both in terms of its implications toward the existence of very similar pathways proposed for electron transfer between heme and copper redox sites in cytochrome oxidase and within the wider context of apparent differences in the fundamental mechanisms of electron transfer in biological particles and transition metal ions.", "PMID": 427128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13714", "title": "Low-frequency vibrations in resonance Raman spectra of horse heart myoglobin. Iron-ligand and iron-nitrogen vibrational modes.", "content": "The low-frequency regions (150--700 cm-1) of resonance Raman (RR) spectra of various complexes of oxidized and reduced horse heart myoglobin were examined by use of 441.6-nm excitation. In this frequency range, RR spectra show 10 bands common to all myoglobin derivatives (numbered here for convenience from I to X). Relative intensities of bands IV, V, and X constitute good indicators of the doming state of the heme and, consequently, of the spin state of the iron atom. An additional band is present for several complexes (fluorometmyoglobin, hydroxymetmyoglobin, azidometmyoglobin, and oxymyoglobin). Isotopic substitutions on the exogenous ligands and of the iron atom (56Fe leads to 54Fe) allow us to assign these additional lines to the stretching vibrations of the Fe-sixth ligand bond. Similarly, bands II are assigned to stretching vibrations of the Fe-N-(pyrrole) bonds. An assignment of bands VI to stretching vibrations of the Fe-Nepsilon(proximal histidine) bonds is also proposed. Mechanisms for the resonance enhancement of the main low-frequency bands are discussed on the basis of the excitation profiles and of the dispersion curves for depolarization ratios obtained for fluorometmyoglobin and hydroxymetmyoglobin.", "contents": "Low-frequency vibrations in resonance Raman spectra of horse heart myoglobin. Iron-ligand and iron-nitrogen vibrational modes. The low-frequency regions (150--700 cm-1) of resonance Raman (RR) spectra of various complexes of oxidized and reduced horse heart myoglobin were examined by use of 441.6-nm excitation. In this frequency range, RR spectra show 10 bands common to all myoglobin derivatives (numbered here for convenience from I to X). Relative intensities of bands IV, V, and X constitute good indicators of the doming state of the heme and, consequently, of the spin state of the iron atom. An additional band is present for several complexes (fluorometmyoglobin, hydroxymetmyoglobin, azidometmyoglobin, and oxymyoglobin). Isotopic substitutions on the exogenous ligands and of the iron atom (56Fe leads to 54Fe) allow us to assign these additional lines to the stretching vibrations of the Fe-sixth ligand bond. Similarly, bands II are assigned to stretching vibrations of the Fe-N-(pyrrole) bonds. An assignment of bands VI to stretching vibrations of the Fe-Nepsilon(proximal histidine) bonds is also proposed. Mechanisms for the resonance enhancement of the main low-frequency bands are discussed on the basis of the excitation profiles and of the dispersion curves for depolarization ratios obtained for fluorometmyoglobin and hydroxymetmyoglobin.", "PMID": 427129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13715", "title": "Electron-transferring enzymes in the plasma membrane of the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell.", "content": "The plasma membrane of the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell contains an NADH dehydrogenase. This activity was shown not to be due to contamination by other subcellular membranes. A variety of electron acceptors have been compared as to rate with the following result: ferricyanide greater than cytochrome c greater than cytochrome b5 greater than glyoxylate greater than dichlorophenolindophenol. Oxygen acceptance could not be detected. The optimum assay temperature and pH ranges were 30--40 degrees C and pH 6--8, respectively. With respect to either NADH or ferricyanide, the kinetics yielded linear double-reciprocal plots. Inhibition of the enzyme by sulfhydryl reagents could be blocked by excess NADH. Detergents such as Triton X-100 or cholate resulted in solubilization of the enzymatic activity, but phospholipase A2 did not. The activity differed from that of the mitochondria in that it was not inhibited by rotenone or antimycin A. The possible involvement of NADH oxidation in the energetics of plasma membrane transport is discussed.", "contents": "Electron-transferring enzymes in the plasma membrane of the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. The plasma membrane of the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell contains an NADH dehydrogenase. This activity was shown not to be due to contamination by other subcellular membranes. A variety of electron acceptors have been compared as to rate with the following result: ferricyanide greater than cytochrome c greater than cytochrome b5 greater than glyoxylate greater than dichlorophenolindophenol. Oxygen acceptance could not be detected. The optimum assay temperature and pH ranges were 30--40 degrees C and pH 6--8, respectively. With respect to either NADH or ferricyanide, the kinetics yielded linear double-reciprocal plots. Inhibition of the enzyme by sulfhydryl reagents could be blocked by excess NADH. Detergents such as Triton X-100 or cholate resulted in solubilization of the enzymatic activity, but phospholipase A2 did not. The activity differed from that of the mitochondria in that it was not inhibited by rotenone or antimycin A. The possible involvement of NADH oxidation in the energetics of plasma membrane transport is discussed.", "PMID": 427130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13716", "title": "Nuclear transcription in vitro. Sensitivity to inhibition by ribosyldichlorobenzimidazole and rifamycin AF/013.", "content": "L cell nuclear preparations were shown to transcribe RNA for periods up to 1 h at 37 degrees C. Nearly 70% of the transcription products were sensitive to inhibition by 1 microgram/mL of alpha-amanitin, indicating that they were transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Analysis of polyphosphorylated termini of in vitro synthesized RNA showed the presence of a phosphatase activity which prevents quantitative recovery of these termini. The finding of in vitro labeled polyphosphorylated termini in RNA greater than 12 S after short periods of incubation shows initiation in vitro for this size class. The labeling of these polyphosphorylated termini is decreased in the presence of rifamycin AF/013. The use of two apparent inhibitors of initiation, rifamycin AF/013 and 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), has allowed detection of in vitro initiated transcripts of heterogeneous nuclear RNA. Both of these inhibitors act primarily at later times of incubation, in contrast to alpha-amanitin which acts on elongation and inhibits in vitro RNA synthesis immediately. The selective pattern of DRB inhibition on hnRNA is retained in vitro and some accumulation of large-size molecules is observed. It can be estimated that about 30% of the greater than 12S hnRNA sequences transcribed in vitro are sensitive to DRB and 48% of greater than 12S RNA are sensitive to rifamycin AF/013 inhibition.", "contents": "Nuclear transcription in vitro. Sensitivity to inhibition by ribosyldichlorobenzimidazole and rifamycin AF/013. L cell nuclear preparations were shown to transcribe RNA for periods up to 1 h at 37 degrees C. Nearly 70% of the transcription products were sensitive to inhibition by 1 microgram/mL of alpha-amanitin, indicating that they were transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Analysis of polyphosphorylated termini of in vitro synthesized RNA showed the presence of a phosphatase activity which prevents quantitative recovery of these termini. The finding of in vitro labeled polyphosphorylated termini in RNA greater than 12 S after short periods of incubation shows initiation in vitro for this size class. The labeling of these polyphosphorylated termini is decreased in the presence of rifamycin AF/013. The use of two apparent inhibitors of initiation, rifamycin AF/013 and 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), has allowed detection of in vitro initiated transcripts of heterogeneous nuclear RNA. Both of these inhibitors act primarily at later times of incubation, in contrast to alpha-amanitin which acts on elongation and inhibits in vitro RNA synthesis immediately. The selective pattern of DRB inhibition on hnRNA is retained in vitro and some accumulation of large-size molecules is observed. It can be estimated that about 30% of the greater than 12S hnRNA sequences transcribed in vitro are sensitive to DRB and 48% of greater than 12S RNA are sensitive to rifamycin AF/013 inhibition.", "PMID": 427132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13717", "title": "Transcriptional regulation in avian erythroid cells.", "content": "Both the translational and transcriptional repertoires of nearly mature avian erythroid cells appear to be highly restricted: molecular hybridization experiments demonstrate the presence of about 4000 species of poly(A)+ nRNA and fewer than 100 species of poly(A)+ mRNA. This paper addresses the question of whether the nRNA of erythroid cells contains sequences which, although not expressed in the erythroid cells, are found on polysomes in another cell type. We have prepared cDNA from liver mRNA and have determined the representation of liver mRNA sequences in the erythroid cell nRNA. Liver mRNA consists of about 14 000 species of poly(A)+ RNA. Of these only about 100 species are detectable in erythroid cell nRNA. The vast majority of liver mRNA species is undetectable in erythroid cells; i.e., they are present at less than 0.03 copies per cell. The few species of liver mRNA that are detectable in erythroid cells are present in both the nuclear and polysomal RNA at concentrations less than 0.1 copies per cell. These data suggest that gene expression in avian erythroid cells is highly regulated at the transcriptional level.", "contents": "Transcriptional regulation in avian erythroid cells. Both the translational and transcriptional repertoires of nearly mature avian erythroid cells appear to be highly restricted: molecular hybridization experiments demonstrate the presence of about 4000 species of poly(A)+ nRNA and fewer than 100 species of poly(A)+ mRNA. This paper addresses the question of whether the nRNA of erythroid cells contains sequences which, although not expressed in the erythroid cells, are found on polysomes in another cell type. We have prepared cDNA from liver mRNA and have determined the representation of liver mRNA sequences in the erythroid cell nRNA. Liver mRNA consists of about 14 000 species of poly(A)+ RNA. Of these only about 100 species are detectable in erythroid cell nRNA. The vast majority of liver mRNA species is undetectable in erythroid cells; i.e., they are present at less than 0.03 copies per cell. The few species of liver mRNA that are detectable in erythroid cells are present in both the nuclear and polysomal RNA at concentrations less than 0.1 copies per cell. These data suggest that gene expression in avian erythroid cells is highly regulated at the transcriptional level.", "PMID": 427133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13718", "title": "Isolation of eukaryotic ribosomal proteins: purification and characterization of S25 and L16.", "content": "Proteins were extracted from rat liver ribosomal subunits with ethanol and ammonium chloride. The extract from the 40S subunit contained mainly S25, but smaller amounts of a number of other proteins were found as well; the extract from the 60S subparticle had L16 in addition to P1, P2, S25, and several other proteins. S25 and L16 had not been purified before. The former was isolated from the ethanol-ammonium chloride extract by stepwise elution from carboxymethylcellulose with LiCl, chromatography on phosphocellulose, and filtration through Sephadex G-75; L16 was purified by elution from carboxymethylcellulose with LiCl (in steps). The molecular weight of the two proteins was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate; and amino acid composition was determined also.", "contents": "Isolation of eukaryotic ribosomal proteins: purification and characterization of S25 and L16. Proteins were extracted from rat liver ribosomal subunits with ethanol and ammonium chloride. The extract from the 40S subunit contained mainly S25, but smaller amounts of a number of other proteins were found as well; the extract from the 60S subparticle had L16 in addition to P1, P2, S25, and several other proteins. S25 and L16 had not been purified before. The former was isolated from the ethanol-ammonium chloride extract by stepwise elution from carboxymethylcellulose with LiCl, chromatography on phosphocellulose, and filtration through Sephadex G-75; L16 was purified by elution from carboxymethylcellulose with LiCl (in steps). The molecular weight of the two proteins was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate; and amino acid composition was determined also.", "PMID": 427134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13719", "title": "Structure of acid protease from Endothia parasitica in cross-linked form at 2.45-A resolution.", "content": "The structure of acid protease from Endothia parasitica in strongly cross-linked form is compared with that of the untreated protein at 2.45-a resolution. The only observed conformation change introduced by the cross-linking reaction is at the N terminal. Otherwise the two main chain structures are essentially identical. Approximately 2 molecules of the inhibitor, 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane, are found to be incorporated into each protein molecule. They are covalently bound to the two aspartic residues at the active center.", "contents": "Structure of acid protease from Endothia parasitica in cross-linked form at 2.45-A resolution. The structure of acid protease from Endothia parasitica in strongly cross-linked form is compared with that of the untreated protein at 2.45-a resolution. The only observed conformation change introduced by the cross-linking reaction is at the N terminal. Otherwise the two main chain structures are essentially identical. Approximately 2 molecules of the inhibitor, 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane, are found to be incorporated into each protein molecule. They are covalently bound to the two aspartic residues at the active center.", "PMID": 427135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13720", "title": "The absence of energy conservation coupled with electron transfer via the alternative pathway in cyanide-resistant yeast mitochondria.", "content": "Electron transfer via the alternative pathway in cyanide-resistant mitochondria of the yeast Candida lipolytica is not coupled with ATP synthesis, generation of membrane potential or energy-dependent reverse electron transport in the main respiratory chain. We conclude that during transfer via the alternative pathway no accumulation of energy in the form of high-energy compounds or membrane potential occurs.", "contents": "The absence of energy conservation coupled with electron transfer via the alternative pathway in cyanide-resistant yeast mitochondria. Electron transfer via the alternative pathway in cyanide-resistant mitochondria of the yeast Candida lipolytica is not coupled with ATP synthesis, generation of membrane potential or energy-dependent reverse electron transport in the main respiratory chain. We conclude that during transfer via the alternative pathway no accumulation of energy in the form of high-energy compounds or membrane potential occurs.", "PMID": 427136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13721", "title": "Flash-induced scattering transients in the 10 microseconds--5 s time range between 450 and 540 nm with Chlorella cells.", "content": "Flash-induced transients in light scattering were shown to occur with Chlorella cells. The kinetic and spectral patterns of the scattering transients and their relation to the absorption changes studied in the 10 microseconds--5 s time range, between 450 and 540 nm. 1. The kinetics of the fast changes (less than 500 ms) in scattering and absorbance were identical. From about 500 ms divergence of the two signals was observed. 2. The transient spectrum characterizing the fast scattering changes exhibited a large double band between 480 and 500 nm. Transients corresponding to the slower changes resembled the steady scattering spectrum (Latimer, P. and Rabinowitch, E. (1959) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 84, 428--441) with a maximum at about 515 nm. 3. From theoretical considerations it is suggested that fast transients in scattering and absorbance are physically interrelated, and as has been shown for absorption changes (Witt, H.T. (1971) Q. Rev. Biophys. 4, 365--477) fast scattering transients can also be interpreted as an electrochromic phenomenon. Slower changes are accounted for by alterations in the microenvironment and conformation of the particles responsible for scattering.", "contents": "Flash-induced scattering transients in the 10 microseconds--5 s time range between 450 and 540 nm with Chlorella cells. Flash-induced transients in light scattering were shown to occur with Chlorella cells. The kinetic and spectral patterns of the scattering transients and their relation to the absorption changes studied in the 10 microseconds--5 s time range, between 450 and 540 nm. 1. The kinetics of the fast changes (less than 500 ms) in scattering and absorbance were identical. From about 500 ms divergence of the two signals was observed. 2. The transient spectrum characterizing the fast scattering changes exhibited a large double band between 480 and 500 nm. Transients corresponding to the slower changes resembled the steady scattering spectrum (Latimer, P. and Rabinowitch, E. (1959) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 84, 428--441) with a maximum at about 515 nm. 3. From theoretical considerations it is suggested that fast transients in scattering and absorbance are physically interrelated, and as has been shown for absorption changes (Witt, H.T. (1971) Q. Rev. Biophys. 4, 365--477) fast scattering transients can also be interpreted as an electrochromic phenomenon. Slower changes are accounted for by alterations in the microenvironment and conformation of the particles responsible for scattering.", "PMID": 427137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13722", "title": "Two electrogenic mechanisms contributing to the 560 nm absorption changes in intact Bryopsis chloroplasts.", "content": "Light -induced absorbance changes at 560 nm in dark-adapted intact chloroplasts of the green alga, Bryopsis maxima were studied in the time range of 200 ms. The initial rise of the 560 nm signals consists of two major components which are both electrochromic absorbance changes of the carotenoids, siponein and/or siphonaxanthin, but different in mechanisms of the field formation. The first component (component S) is related to electron transport since it was sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB) and showed at light-intensity dependence similar to that of electron transport in chloroplasts. In the presence of DCMU, component S could be restored on addition of proton-transporting electron donors such as reduced 2.6-dichlorophenol indophenol and phenazine methosulfate, but not on addition of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine which does not carry protons with electrons (Trebst, A. (1974) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 25, 423--458). We propose that component S is due to the electric field set up by the proton translocation across the thylakoid membrane. The second component (component R) was resistant to DCMU and DBMIB. The light-intensity dependency of component R was similar to that of cytochrome f photooxidation which showed saturation at a relatively low light intensity. The magnitude of component R was markedly reduced by phenylmercuric acetate, suggesting the participation of ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase in the mechanism of the field formation responsible for this component. In the presence of DCMU and phenylmercuric acetate, time courses of the 560 nm changes paralleled those of cytochrome f changes. These results indicate that component R is due to the electric field formed between oxidized cytochrome f and other intersystem electron carriers located in the inner part of the thylakoid membrane and reduced electron acceptors of Photosystem I situated on the membrane surface. The complex natures of the 560 nm changes, as well as the contributions of Photosystems I and II to the absorbance changes, are explained in terms of the two electrogenic mechanisms.", "contents": "Two electrogenic mechanisms contributing to the 560 nm absorption changes in intact Bryopsis chloroplasts. Light -induced absorbance changes at 560 nm in dark-adapted intact chloroplasts of the green alga, Bryopsis maxima were studied in the time range of 200 ms. The initial rise of the 560 nm signals consists of two major components which are both electrochromic absorbance changes of the carotenoids, siponein and/or siphonaxanthin, but different in mechanisms of the field formation. The first component (component S) is related to electron transport since it was sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB) and showed at light-intensity dependence similar to that of electron transport in chloroplasts. In the presence of DCMU, component S could be restored on addition of proton-transporting electron donors such as reduced 2.6-dichlorophenol indophenol and phenazine methosulfate, but not on addition of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine which does not carry protons with electrons (Trebst, A. (1974) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 25, 423--458). We propose that component S is due to the electric field set up by the proton translocation across the thylakoid membrane. The second component (component R) was resistant to DCMU and DBMIB. The light-intensity dependency of component R was similar to that of cytochrome f photooxidation which showed saturation at a relatively low light intensity. The magnitude of component R was markedly reduced by phenylmercuric acetate, suggesting the participation of ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase in the mechanism of the field formation responsible for this component. In the presence of DCMU and phenylmercuric acetate, time courses of the 560 nm changes paralleled those of cytochrome f changes. These results indicate that component R is due to the electric field formed between oxidized cytochrome f and other intersystem electron carriers located in the inner part of the thylakoid membrane and reduced electron acceptors of Photosystem I situated on the membrane surface. The complex natures of the 560 nm changes, as well as the contributions of Photosystems I and II to the absorbance changes, are explained in terms of the two electrogenic mechanisms.", "PMID": 427138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13723", "title": "Absorption changes of P-700 reversible in milliseconds at low temperature in Triton-solubilized photosystem I particles.", "content": "Triton-solubilized Photosystem I particles from spinach chloroplasts exhibit largely reversible P-700 absorption changes over the temperature range from 4.2 K to room temperature. For anaerobic samples treated with dithionite and neutral red at pH 10 and illuminated during cooling, a brief (1 microseconds) saturating flash produces absorption changes in the long wavelength region that decay in 0.95 +/- 0.2 ms from 4.2 to 50 K. Above 80 K a faster (100 +/- 30 microseconds) component dominates in the decay process, but this disappears again above about 180 K. The major decay at temperatures above 200 K occurs in about 1 ms. The difference spectrum of these absorption changes between 500 and 900 nm closely resembles that of P-700. Using ascorbate and 2.6-dichlorophenolindophenol as the reducing system with a sample of Photosystem I particles cooled in darkness to 4.2 K, a fully reversible signal is seen upon both the first and subsequent flashes. The decay time in this case is 0.9 +/- 0.3 ms.", "contents": "Absorption changes of P-700 reversible in milliseconds at low temperature in Triton-solubilized photosystem I particles. Triton-solubilized Photosystem I particles from spinach chloroplasts exhibit largely reversible P-700 absorption changes over the temperature range from 4.2 K to room temperature. For anaerobic samples treated with dithionite and neutral red at pH 10 and illuminated during cooling, a brief (1 microseconds) saturating flash produces absorption changes in the long wavelength region that decay in 0.95 +/- 0.2 ms from 4.2 to 50 K. Above 80 K a faster (100 +/- 30 microseconds) component dominates in the decay process, but this disappears again above about 180 K. The major decay at temperatures above 200 K occurs in about 1 ms. The difference spectrum of these absorption changes between 500 and 900 nm closely resembles that of P-700. Using ascorbate and 2.6-dichlorophenolindophenol as the reducing system with a sample of Photosystem I particles cooled in darkness to 4.2 K, a fully reversible signal is seen upon both the first and subsequent flashes. The decay time in this case is 0.9 +/- 0.3 ms.", "PMID": 427139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13724", "title": "Fluorescence emission spectra of chloroplasts and subchloroplast preparations at low temperature.", "content": "A study was made of the chlorophyll fluorescence spectra between 100 and 4.2 K of chloroplasts of various species of higher plants (wild strains and chlorophyll b mutants) and of subchloroplast particles enriched in Photosystem I or II. The chloroplast spectra showed the well known emission bands at about 685, 695 and 715--740 nm; the System I and II particles showed bands at about 675, 695 and 720 nm and near 685 nm, respectively. The effect of temperature lowering was similar for chloroplasts and subchloroplast particles; for the long wave bands an increase in intensity occurred mainly between 100 and 50 K, whereas the bands near 685 nm showed a considerable increase in the region of 50--4.2 K. In addition to this we observed an emission band near 680 nm in chloroplasts, the amplitude of which was less dependent on temperature. The band was missing in barley mutant no. 2, which lacks the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex. At 4.7 K the spectra of the variable fluorescence (Fv) consisted mainly of the emission bands near 685 and 695 nm, and showed only little far-red emission and no contribution of the band at 680 nm. From these and other data it is concluded that the emission at 680 nm is due to the light-harvesting complex, and that the bands at 685 and 695 nm are emitted by the System II pigment-protein complex. At 4.2 K, energy transfer from System II to the light-harvesting complex is blocked, but not from the light-harvesting to the System I and System II complexes. The fluorescence yield of the chlorophyll species emitting at 685 nm appears to be directly modulated by the trapping state of the reaction center.", "contents": "Fluorescence emission spectra of chloroplasts and subchloroplast preparations at low temperature. A study was made of the chlorophyll fluorescence spectra between 100 and 4.2 K of chloroplasts of various species of higher plants (wild strains and chlorophyll b mutants) and of subchloroplast particles enriched in Photosystem I or II. The chloroplast spectra showed the well known emission bands at about 685, 695 and 715--740 nm; the System I and II particles showed bands at about 675, 695 and 720 nm and near 685 nm, respectively. The effect of temperature lowering was similar for chloroplasts and subchloroplast particles; for the long wave bands an increase in intensity occurred mainly between 100 and 50 K, whereas the bands near 685 nm showed a considerable increase in the region of 50--4.2 K. In addition to this we observed an emission band near 680 nm in chloroplasts, the amplitude of which was less dependent on temperature. The band was missing in barley mutant no. 2, which lacks the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex. At 4.7 K the spectra of the variable fluorescence (Fv) consisted mainly of the emission bands near 685 and 695 nm, and showed only little far-red emission and no contribution of the band at 680 nm. From these and other data it is concluded that the emission at 680 nm is due to the light-harvesting complex, and that the bands at 685 and 695 nm are emitted by the System II pigment-protein complex. At 4.2 K, energy transfer from System II to the light-harvesting complex is blocked, but not from the light-harvesting to the System I and System II complexes. The fluorescence yield of the chlorophyll species emitting at 685 nm appears to be directly modulated by the trapping state of the reaction center.", "PMID": 427140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13725", "title": "Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence study of chlorophyll organisation and excitation energy distribution in chloroplasts from wild-type barley and a mutant lacking chlorophyll b.", "content": "Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to investigate the fluorescence emission from wild-type barley chloroplasts and from chloroplasts of the barley mutant, chlorina f-2, which lacks the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex. Cation-controlled regulation of the distribution of excitation energy was studied in isolated chloroplasts at the Fo and Fm levels. It was found that: (a) The fluorescence decay curves were distinctly non-exponential, even at low excitation intensities (less than 2 x 10(14) photons . cm(-2). (b) The fluorescence decay curves could, however, be described by a dual exponential decay law. The wild-type barley chloroplasts gave a short-lived fluorescence component of approximately 140 ps and a long-lived component of 600 ps (Fo) or 1300 ps (Fm) in the presence of Mg2+; in comparison, the mutant barley yielded a short-lived fluorescence component of approx. 50 ps and a long-lived component of 194 ps (Fo) and 424 ps (Fm). (c) The absence of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex in the mutant results in a low fluorescence quantum yield which is unaffected by the cation composition of the medium. (d) The fluorescence yield changes seen in steady-state experiments on closing Photosystem II reaction centres (Fm/Fo) or on the addition of MgCl2 (+Mg2+/-Mg2+) were in overall agreement with those calculated from the time-resolved fluorescence measurements. The results suggest that the short-lived fluorescence component is partly attributable to the chlorophyll a antenna of Photosystem I, and, in part, to those light-harvesting-Photosystem II pigment combinations which are strongly coupled to the Photosystem I antenna chlorophyll. The long-lived fluorescence component can be ascribed to the light-harvesting-Photosystem II pigment combinations not coupled with the antenna of Photosystem I. In the case of the mutant, the two components appear to be the separate emissions from the Photosystem I and Photosystem II antenna chlorophylls.", "contents": "Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence study of chlorophyll organisation and excitation energy distribution in chloroplasts from wild-type barley and a mutant lacking chlorophyll b. Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to investigate the fluorescence emission from wild-type barley chloroplasts and from chloroplasts of the barley mutant, chlorina f-2, which lacks the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex. Cation-controlled regulation of the distribution of excitation energy was studied in isolated chloroplasts at the Fo and Fm levels. It was found that: (a) The fluorescence decay curves were distinctly non-exponential, even at low excitation intensities (less than 2 x 10(14) photons . cm(-2). (b) The fluorescence decay curves could, however, be described by a dual exponential decay law. The wild-type barley chloroplasts gave a short-lived fluorescence component of approximately 140 ps and a long-lived component of 600 ps (Fo) or 1300 ps (Fm) in the presence of Mg2+; in comparison, the mutant barley yielded a short-lived fluorescence component of approx. 50 ps and a long-lived component of 194 ps (Fo) and 424 ps (Fm). (c) The absence of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex in the mutant results in a low fluorescence quantum yield which is unaffected by the cation composition of the medium. (d) The fluorescence yield changes seen in steady-state experiments on closing Photosystem II reaction centres (Fm/Fo) or on the addition of MgCl2 (+Mg2+/-Mg2+) were in overall agreement with those calculated from the time-resolved fluorescence measurements. The results suggest that the short-lived fluorescence component is partly attributable to the chlorophyll a antenna of Photosystem I, and, in part, to those light-harvesting-Photosystem II pigment combinations which are strongly coupled to the Photosystem I antenna chlorophyll. The long-lived fluorescence component can be ascribed to the light-harvesting-Photosystem II pigment combinations not coupled with the antenna of Photosystem I. In the case of the mutant, the two components appear to be the separate emissions from the Photosystem I and Photosystem II antenna chlorophylls.", "PMID": 427141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13726", "title": "The interaction of an amphipathic fluorescence probe, 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate, with isolated chloroplasts.", "content": "The amphipathic fluorescence probe, 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate has been used to investigate the surface electrical properties of chloroplast thylakoid membranes. The fluorescence yield of 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate in aqueous solution increases on addition of hypotonically shocked chloroplast, and the emission maximum shifts towards the blue to 440 nm, although the emission spectrum is somewhat distorted by chloroplast pigment absorption. The intensity of 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate fluorescence is further increased on adding salts to the membrane suspension, and changes of greater than 100% are routinely observed. Similar observations have also been made with soya bean phospholipid (azolectin) liposomes. The magnitude of the fluorescence increase is dependent on membrane concentration, being more pronounced at high surface area/suspending volume ratios. The effect of salt addition appears to be that of shielding the fixed negative charges on the membrane surface, thus increasing the fraction of 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate molecules at the surface, where the 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate has a higher fluorescence yield than in free aqueous solution. This concept is supported by the fact that the effectiveness of salts in increasing 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate fluorescence is as predicted by classical electrical double layer theory: governed mainly by the charge carried by the cation with an order of effectiveness C3+ greater than C2+ greater than C+, and not by the chemical nature of the cation or by the nature of its co-ion. It has been argued that the chlorophyll fluorescence yield, controlled by the cation composition of the suspending medium follows the total diffusible positive charge density at the thylakoid membrane surface (Barber, J., Mills, J. and Love, A. (1977) Febs. Lett. 74, 174--181). Although the cation induced 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate and chlorophyll fluorescence yield changes show similar characteristics, there are also distinct differences between the two phenomena particularly when cations are added to chloroplasts initially suspended in a virtually cation-free medium. Therefore it is concluded that although both 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate and chlorophyll fluorescence yields are governed by the electrical properties of the thylakoid membrane surface, the mechanism controlling their cation sensitivity is not the same.", "contents": "The interaction of an amphipathic fluorescence probe, 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate, with isolated chloroplasts. The amphipathic fluorescence probe, 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate has been used to investigate the surface electrical properties of chloroplast thylakoid membranes. The fluorescence yield of 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate in aqueous solution increases on addition of hypotonically shocked chloroplast, and the emission maximum shifts towards the blue to 440 nm, although the emission spectrum is somewhat distorted by chloroplast pigment absorption. The intensity of 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate fluorescence is further increased on adding salts to the membrane suspension, and changes of greater than 100% are routinely observed. Similar observations have also been made with soya bean phospholipid (azolectin) liposomes. The magnitude of the fluorescence increase is dependent on membrane concentration, being more pronounced at high surface area/suspending volume ratios. The effect of salt addition appears to be that of shielding the fixed negative charges on the membrane surface, thus increasing the fraction of 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate molecules at the surface, where the 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate has a higher fluorescence yield than in free aqueous solution. This concept is supported by the fact that the effectiveness of salts in increasing 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate fluorescence is as predicted by classical electrical double layer theory: governed mainly by the charge carried by the cation with an order of effectiveness C3+ greater than C2+ greater than C+, and not by the chemical nature of the cation or by the nature of its co-ion. It has been argued that the chlorophyll fluorescence yield, controlled by the cation composition of the suspending medium follows the total diffusible positive charge density at the thylakoid membrane surface (Barber, J., Mills, J. and Love, A. (1977) Febs. Lett. 74, 174--181). Although the cation induced 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate and chlorophyll fluorescence yield changes show similar characteristics, there are also distinct differences between the two phenomena particularly when cations are added to chloroplasts initially suspended in a virtually cation-free medium. Therefore it is concluded that although both 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate and chlorophyll fluorescence yields are governed by the electrical properties of the thylakoid membrane surface, the mechanism controlling their cation sensitivity is not the same.", "PMID": 427142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13727", "title": "The control of 3-phosphoglycerate reduction in isolated chloroplasts by the concentrations of ATP, ADP and 3-phosphoglycerate.", "content": "1. Oxygen evolution by reconstituted chloroplasts with 3-phosphoglycerate as substrate was inhibited by ADP. This inhibition was overcome by increased concentrations of 3-phosphoglycerate or by the addition of excess ATP. 2. The initial rate of 3-phosphoglycerate reduction by chloroplast stromal extracts, measured as 3-phosphoglycerate-dependent oxidation of NADPH, was also dependent on the concentrations of 3-phosphoglycerate, ADP and ATP. 3. Within the range of concentrations of 3-phosphoglycerate, ADP and ATP expected to occur within intact chloroplasts, the rate of 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) reduction by stromal extract was proportional to the ratio [ATP] [PGA]/[ADP]. 4. These results are consistent with the notion that the substrates and products of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase control the rate of 3-phosphoglycerate reduction via a mass action effect.", "contents": "The control of 3-phosphoglycerate reduction in isolated chloroplasts by the concentrations of ATP, ADP and 3-phosphoglycerate. 1. Oxygen evolution by reconstituted chloroplasts with 3-phosphoglycerate as substrate was inhibited by ADP. This inhibition was overcome by increased concentrations of 3-phosphoglycerate or by the addition of excess ATP. 2. The initial rate of 3-phosphoglycerate reduction by chloroplast stromal extracts, measured as 3-phosphoglycerate-dependent oxidation of NADPH, was also dependent on the concentrations of 3-phosphoglycerate, ADP and ATP. 3. Within the range of concentrations of 3-phosphoglycerate, ADP and ATP expected to occur within intact chloroplasts, the rate of 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) reduction by stromal extract was proportional to the ratio [ATP] [PGA]/[ADP]. 4. These results are consistent with the notion that the substrates and products of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase control the rate of 3-phosphoglycerate reduction via a mass action effect.", "PMID": 427144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13728", "title": "Calcium-induced erythrocyte membrane changes. The role of adsorption of cytosol proteins and proteases.", "content": "Changes in the membranes of human red cells similar to those of certain hemolytic anemias were produced by calcium in three model systems and found to result from membrane adsorption of cytosol proteins and from proteolysis. Proteins of the cytosol adsorbed to human erythrocyte membranes in the presence of calcium and extractable by EDTA were compared to those of the total cytosol by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by isoelectric focusing. Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and band 8 were adsorbed to the membranes from the supernatant cytosol with calcium. Band 8 was a normal constitutent of the cytosol, apparently a single chain of molecular weight 24,000 with a pI of 5.35. Other calcium-induced membrane changes could be demonstrated to be due to cytosol protease(s) adsorbed to the membrane in the presence of calcium and extractable with EDTA. When membranes were incubated with the proteases and calcium the decrease in bands 1,2,3 and 4.1 and the appearance of multiple low molecular weight peptides typical of calcium-induced membrane effects resulted.", "contents": "Calcium-induced erythrocyte membrane changes. The role of adsorption of cytosol proteins and proteases. Changes in the membranes of human red cells similar to those of certain hemolytic anemias were produced by calcium in three model systems and found to result from membrane adsorption of cytosol proteins and from proteolysis. Proteins of the cytosol adsorbed to human erythrocyte membranes in the presence of calcium and extractable by EDTA were compared to those of the total cytosol by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by isoelectric focusing. Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and band 8 were adsorbed to the membranes from the supernatant cytosol with calcium. Band 8 was a normal constitutent of the cytosol, apparently a single chain of molecular weight 24,000 with a pI of 5.35. Other calcium-induced membrane changes could be demonstrated to be due to cytosol protease(s) adsorbed to the membrane in the presence of calcium and extractable with EDTA. When membranes were incubated with the proteases and calcium the decrease in bands 1,2,3 and 4.1 and the appearance of multiple low molecular weight peptides typical of calcium-induced membrane effects resulted.", "PMID": 427145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13729", "title": "The importance of the phospholipid bilayer and the length of the cholesterol molecule in membrane structure.", "content": "The properties of mixtures of phosphatidylcholine and analogues of cholesterol bearing side chains of varying lengths were examined by a variety of methods. The incorporation of the analogues into sonicated liposomes and their effect on the rate of osmotic shrinking of multilamellar liposomes were determined. The ordering of a steroid spin label was studied in an oriented multibilayer system and the effect of the analogues on the phase transition of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine monitored using the spin label TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl). Mixtures of analogues and phospholipid were also studied in monolayers. In all the bilayer systems studied cholesterol caused the greatest 'rigidifying' effect, the analogues with shorter or longer side chains being less effective. However, in the monolayer experiments the length of the sterol molecule was found to be much less critical. It is suggested that cholesterol is anchored in position in a phospholipid bilayer by virtue of the molecule being the precise length required to maximise interactions between neighbouring molecules without disturbing the bilayer structure.", "contents": "The importance of the phospholipid bilayer and the length of the cholesterol molecule in membrane structure. The properties of mixtures of phosphatidylcholine and analogues of cholesterol bearing side chains of varying lengths were examined by a variety of methods. The incorporation of the analogues into sonicated liposomes and their effect on the rate of osmotic shrinking of multilamellar liposomes were determined. The ordering of a steroid spin label was studied in an oriented multibilayer system and the effect of the analogues on the phase transition of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine monitored using the spin label TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl). Mixtures of analogues and phospholipid were also studied in monolayers. In all the bilayer systems studied cholesterol caused the greatest 'rigidifying' effect, the analogues with shorter or longer side chains being less effective. However, in the monolayer experiments the length of the sterol molecule was found to be much less critical. It is suggested that cholesterol is anchored in position in a phospholipid bilayer by virtue of the molecule being the precise length required to maximise interactions between neighbouring molecules without disturbing the bilayer structure.", "PMID": 427146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13730", "title": "Effect of fetal calf serum and serum protein fractions on the uptake of liposomal phosphatidylcholine by rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture.", "content": "We studied the effect of fetal calf serum and serum proteins fractions on the interaction of phospholipid vesicles consisting of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and dicetylphosphate (molar ratio 7 : 2 : 1), with rat liver parenchymal cells in a primary monolayer culture. During incubation of such vesicles with fetal calf serum part of the labeled phosphatidylcholine is transferred to a lipoprotein particle similar to the one we identified previously as a derivative of high density lipoprotein (Scherphof, G., Roerdink, F.H., Waite, M. and Parks, J. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 542, 296--307). When the particle thus formed is incubated with the cells a transfer of the phospholipid label to the cells is observed. When vesicles are incubated with the cells in presence of serum such lipoprotein-mediated lipid transfer may conceivably contribute to the total lipid uptake observed. However, we found that the presence of fetal calf serum in the culture medium greatly diminished rather than increased the total transfer of liposomal lipid to the cells. Also bovine serum albumin and bovine beta-globulins reduced this transfer, although to a lesser extent than whole serum. alpha-Globulins, on the other hand, were as effective as complete serum in reducing the uptake of liposomal phospholipid. A gamma-globulin fraction failed to exhibit any effect on the uptake of [14C]phosphatidylcholine by the cells. All protein fractions which were able to inhibit cellular uptake of liposomal phospholipid were shown to bind to the phospholipid vesicles. Furthermore, lipid vesicles reincubated with fetal calf serum and then separated from it showed reduced transfer of labeled phosphatidylcholine ot parenchymal cells. These observation were taken to suggest that the diminished uptake of liposomal lipid may be caused by a modification of tm proteins. On the other hand, we cannot rule out that plasma membrane modifications are involved in the mechanism of inhibition as well.", "contents": "Effect of fetal calf serum and serum protein fractions on the uptake of liposomal phosphatidylcholine by rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. We studied the effect of fetal calf serum and serum proteins fractions on the interaction of phospholipid vesicles consisting of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and dicetylphosphate (molar ratio 7 : 2 : 1), with rat liver parenchymal cells in a primary monolayer culture. During incubation of such vesicles with fetal calf serum part of the labeled phosphatidylcholine is transferred to a lipoprotein particle similar to the one we identified previously as a derivative of high density lipoprotein (Scherphof, G., Roerdink, F.H., Waite, M. and Parks, J. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 542, 296--307). When the particle thus formed is incubated with the cells a transfer of the phospholipid label to the cells is observed. When vesicles are incubated with the cells in presence of serum such lipoprotein-mediated lipid transfer may conceivably contribute to the total lipid uptake observed. However, we found that the presence of fetal calf serum in the culture medium greatly diminished rather than increased the total transfer of liposomal lipid to the cells. Also bovine serum albumin and bovine beta-globulins reduced this transfer, although to a lesser extent than whole serum. alpha-Globulins, on the other hand, were as effective as complete serum in reducing the uptake of liposomal phospholipid. A gamma-globulin fraction failed to exhibit any effect on the uptake of [14C]phosphatidylcholine by the cells. All protein fractions which were able to inhibit cellular uptake of liposomal phospholipid were shown to bind to the phospholipid vesicles. Furthermore, lipid vesicles reincubated with fetal calf serum and then separated from it showed reduced transfer of labeled phosphatidylcholine ot parenchymal cells. These observation were taken to suggest that the diminished uptake of liposomal lipid may be caused by a modification of tm proteins. On the other hand, we cannot rule out that plasma membrane modifications are involved in the mechanism of inhibition as well.", "PMID": 427147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13731", "title": "Taurine enhancement of calcium binding to rat heart sarcolemma.", "content": "The effect of taurine on calcium binding to isolated rat heart sarcolemmal membrane was examined. Taurine was observed to increase calcium binding to the low affinity sites in both high sodium-low potassium and low sodium-high potassium buffers. Taurine was also seen to antagonize the inhibition of calcium binding to the sarcolemma caused by both verapamil and lanthanum. Nevertheless, membrane structural changes due to taurine could not be detected using the spin label ESR probe 2N14. A possible regulatory role of taurine is discussed.", "contents": "Taurine enhancement of calcium binding to rat heart sarcolemma. The effect of taurine on calcium binding to isolated rat heart sarcolemmal membrane was examined. Taurine was observed to increase calcium binding to the low affinity sites in both high sodium-low potassium and low sodium-high potassium buffers. Taurine was also seen to antagonize the inhibition of calcium binding to the sarcolemma caused by both verapamil and lanthanum. Nevertheless, membrane structural changes due to taurine could not be detected using the spin label ESR probe 2N14. A possible regulatory role of taurine is discussed.", "PMID": 427148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13732", "title": "Specificity of Na+ binding to phosphatidylserine vesicles from a 23Na NMR relaxation rate study.", "content": "23Na NMR relaxation rate measurements show that Na+ binds specifically to phosphatidylserine vesicles and is displaced partially from the binding site by K+ and Ca2+ but to a considerably less extent by tetraethylammonium ion. The data indicate that tetraethylammonium ion affects the binding of Na+ only slightly, by affecting the surface potential through its presence in the double layer, without competing for a phosphatidylserine binding site. Values for the intrinsic binding constant for the Na+-phosphatidylserine complex that would be consistent with the competition experiments (and the dependence of the relaxation rate on concentration of free Na+) fall in the range 0.4--1.2 M-1 with a better fit towards the higher values. We conclude that in the absence of competing cations in solution an appreciable fraction of the phosphatidylserine sites could be associated with bound Na+ at 0.1 M Na+ concentration.", "contents": "Specificity of Na+ binding to phosphatidylserine vesicles from a 23Na NMR relaxation rate study. 23Na NMR relaxation rate measurements show that Na+ binds specifically to phosphatidylserine vesicles and is displaced partially from the binding site by K+ and Ca2+ but to a considerably less extent by tetraethylammonium ion. The data indicate that tetraethylammonium ion affects the binding of Na+ only slightly, by affecting the surface potential through its presence in the double layer, without competing for a phosphatidylserine binding site. Values for the intrinsic binding constant for the Na+-phosphatidylserine complex that would be consistent with the competition experiments (and the dependence of the relaxation rate on concentration of free Na+) fall in the range 0.4--1.2 M-1 with a better fit towards the higher values. We conclude that in the absence of competing cations in solution an appreciable fraction of the phosphatidylserine sites could be associated with bound Na+ at 0.1 M Na+ concentration.", "PMID": 427149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13733", "title": "Comparison of the adenine nucleotide translocase in hepatomas and rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Various biochemical properties of the adenine nucleotide translocase were compared with mitochondria prepared from control and host liver, and Morris hepatomas 7777, 7800 and 5123C. The transport of phosphoenolpyruvate on the adenine nucleotide translocase was found to be three to four times more active, and inhibition of the transporter by palmitoyl-CoA and atractylate considerably less in hepatoma the active transport of phosphoenolypyruvate was associated with a greater stimulation of calcium egress from the mitochondria matrix by the anion in the hepatoma. The diminished sensitivity of the adenine nucleotide translocase to palmitoyl-CoA in hepatoma mitochondria was associated with lower levels of long chain acyl-CoA esters in the whole tissue. A change in activation energy at 6 degrees C for the adenine nucleotide translocase was found in host liver mitochondria while no break point in the temperature curve was observed in hepatoma mitochondria. These results are most consistent with a change in the structure-function relationship of hepatoma mitochondria due to differences in lipid composition.", "contents": "Comparison of the adenine nucleotide translocase in hepatomas and rat liver mitochondria. Various biochemical properties of the adenine nucleotide translocase were compared with mitochondria prepared from control and host liver, and Morris hepatomas 7777, 7800 and 5123C. The transport of phosphoenolpyruvate on the adenine nucleotide translocase was found to be three to four times more active, and inhibition of the transporter by palmitoyl-CoA and atractylate considerably less in hepatoma the active transport of phosphoenolypyruvate was associated with a greater stimulation of calcium egress from the mitochondria matrix by the anion in the hepatoma. The diminished sensitivity of the adenine nucleotide translocase to palmitoyl-CoA in hepatoma mitochondria was associated with lower levels of long chain acyl-CoA esters in the whole tissue. A change in activation energy at 6 degrees C for the adenine nucleotide translocase was found in host liver mitochondria while no break point in the temperature curve was observed in hepatoma mitochondria. These results are most consistent with a change in the structure-function relationship of hepatoma mitochondria due to differences in lipid composition.", "PMID": 427150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13734", "title": "Vanadate selectively inhibits the Ko+-activated Na+ efflux in squid axons.", "content": "The effects of internally applied 1 mM vanadate on the Na+ efflux in dialysed squid axons were found to depend on the presence of external K+. In K+-free artificial sea water, vanadate did not produce any change in the rate of Na+ efflux, whereas in the presence of 10 mM K+ the Na+ efflux was reduced to values even lower than those observed in the absence of K+ (inversion of the K+-free effect). In vanadate-poisoned axons, K+ and NH+4 at low concentrations activated Na+ efflux, but at high concentrations both cations were inhibitory. However, NH+4 was always a better activator and a poorer inhibitor than K+.", "contents": "Vanadate selectively inhibits the Ko+-activated Na+ efflux in squid axons. The effects of internally applied 1 mM vanadate on the Na+ efflux in dialysed squid axons were found to depend on the presence of external K+. In K+-free artificial sea water, vanadate did not produce any change in the rate of Na+ efflux, whereas in the presence of 10 mM K+ the Na+ efflux was reduced to values even lower than those observed in the absence of K+ (inversion of the K+-free effect). In vanadate-poisoned axons, K+ and NH+4 at low concentrations activated Na+ efflux, but at high concentrations both cations were inhibitory. However, NH+4 was always a better activator and a poorer inhibitor than K+.", "PMID": 427151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13735", "title": "Cholesterol-dependent tetanolysin damage to liposomes.", "content": "Tetanolysin caused membrane damage, resulting in release of trapped glucose from liposomes containing cholesterol. Maximum glucose release occurred from liposomes that contained 50 mol% cholesterol. At higher or lower levels of cholesterol, glucose release was reduced and glucose release did not occur at all below 40 mol% cholesterol. The apparent activity of tetanolysin was not influenced by temperature (24 degrees C compared to 32 degrees C) or by liposomal phospholipid fatty acyl chain length. We conclude that tetanolysin caused cholesterol-dependent lysin-mediated damage to liposomes, possibly by means of a pore consisting of a complex of toxin and cholesterol.", "contents": "Cholesterol-dependent tetanolysin damage to liposomes. Tetanolysin caused membrane damage, resulting in release of trapped glucose from liposomes containing cholesterol. Maximum glucose release occurred from liposomes that contained 50 mol% cholesterol. At higher or lower levels of cholesterol, glucose release was reduced and glucose release did not occur at all below 40 mol% cholesterol. The apparent activity of tetanolysin was not influenced by temperature (24 degrees C compared to 32 degrees C) or by liposomal phospholipid fatty acyl chain length. We conclude that tetanolysin caused cholesterol-dependent lysin-mediated damage to liposomes, possibly by means of a pore consisting of a complex of toxin and cholesterol.", "PMID": 427152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13736", "title": "Fluorescence polarization measurements on normal and tumour cells and their corresponding plasma membranes.", "content": "Using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as a probe, the degree of fluorescence polarization (P) at 25 degrees C of intact and disrupted cells and isolated plasma membranes were compared for a variety of systems. 1. Human erythrocytes, mouse thymocyte and leukemia cells, rat liver and hepatoma cells, and human and mouse milk fat globules displayed P values ranging from 0.300 to 0.120. 2. P values or probe labelling rates of intact and disrupted cells were similar. 3. As compared with whole or disrupted cells, the higher to much higher P values of plasma membranes isolated from the corresponding cells showed only a limited mutual variation. 4. delta P values, being the difference in P values between plasma membranes and whole cells were attributed to the extent to which endomembranes and non-membrane lipids contributed. Among these, triglycerides had the greatest relative effect. 5. Though a particular isolation procedure for plasma membranes may select for more rigid fragments, this effect is by far not sufficient to account for the observed delta P values. It is concluded that the fluorescence polarization technique with a lipophilic probe applied to whole cells represents a measure of the average fluidity of all lipids being present in a cell and thus does not exclusively monitor the cell surface membrane.", "contents": "Fluorescence polarization measurements on normal and tumour cells and their corresponding plasma membranes. Using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as a probe, the degree of fluorescence polarization (P) at 25 degrees C of intact and disrupted cells and isolated plasma membranes were compared for a variety of systems. 1. Human erythrocytes, mouse thymocyte and leukemia cells, rat liver and hepatoma cells, and human and mouse milk fat globules displayed P values ranging from 0.300 to 0.120. 2. P values or probe labelling rates of intact and disrupted cells were similar. 3. As compared with whole or disrupted cells, the higher to much higher P values of plasma membranes isolated from the corresponding cells showed only a limited mutual variation. 4. delta P values, being the difference in P values between plasma membranes and whole cells were attributed to the extent to which endomembranes and non-membrane lipids contributed. Among these, triglycerides had the greatest relative effect. 5. Though a particular isolation procedure for plasma membranes may select for more rigid fragments, this effect is by far not sufficient to account for the observed delta P values. It is concluded that the fluorescence polarization technique with a lipophilic probe applied to whole cells represents a measure of the average fluidity of all lipids being present in a cell and thus does not exclusively monitor the cell surface membrane.", "PMID": 427153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13737", "title": "Release of membrane constituents following polyethylene glycol treatment of HEp-2 cells.", "content": "HEp-2 cell monolayers were treated with 40% polyethylene glycol for 5 min which resulted in fusion during the subsequent incubation period. A loss of cell membrane components was detected in the polyethylene glycol-treated as well as phosphate buffer/saline-treated control cells, however the polyethylene glycol-treated cells released nearly twice the amount of [14C]acetate-labeled material and [3H]glycerol-labeled lipids into culture fluids than the control cells. It was further detected that the polyethylene glycol-treated cells released only approximately half the amount of protein, glycoprotein, and glycolipid as the control cells. These results suggest that polyethylene glycol exerts a differential mode of action against cell surface components and causes the treated cells to release membrane components rich in lipids but relatively low in protein and carbohydrate-containing components.", "contents": "Release of membrane constituents following polyethylene glycol treatment of HEp-2 cells. HEp-2 cell monolayers were treated with 40% polyethylene glycol for 5 min which resulted in fusion during the subsequent incubation period. A loss of cell membrane components was detected in the polyethylene glycol-treated as well as phosphate buffer/saline-treated control cells, however the polyethylene glycol-treated cells released nearly twice the amount of [14C]acetate-labeled material and [3H]glycerol-labeled lipids into culture fluids than the control cells. It was further detected that the polyethylene glycol-treated cells released only approximately half the amount of protein, glycoprotein, and glycolipid as the control cells. These results suggest that polyethylene glycol exerts a differential mode of action against cell surface components and causes the treated cells to release membrane components rich in lipids but relatively low in protein and carbohydrate-containing components.", "PMID": 427154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13738", "title": "Transepithelial permeability in the rabbit pancreas.", "content": "1. The transepithelial permeability in the isolated rabbit pancreas has been studied with the aid of radioactive markers added to the bathing medium. 2. After addition of these compounds in 2 mM concentration to the medium, they equilibrate within 30 min to a steady-state concentration in the secreted fluid. The latter concentrations, expressed as percent of those in the bathing medium, are: urea 100%, glycerol 90%, erythritol 95%, mannitol 60%, lactose 5%, sucrose 4% and inulin 3%. 3. Addition of 10(-5) M carbachol to the bathing medium after 60 or 90 min of incubation results in an increase of the concentrations of mannitol, lactose sucrose and inulin in the secreted fluid. Maximal concentrations, reached about 35 min after addition of the stimulant, are: mannitol 65%, lactose 31%, sucrose 23%, inulin 8%. 4. No change in the concentration of urea is observed, while the concentrations of glycerol and erythritol increase always to 100% after addition of 10(-5) M carbachol. 5. For sucrose and lactose the increase in permeability appears to be dependent on the concentration of carbachol. 6. There is no increase in the extracellular space for lactose, sucrose and inulin after incubating fragments of the rabbit pancreas with 10(-5) M carbachol. 7. Addition of atropine 5 min or more after carbachol stimulation has no effect on enzyme secretion, but markedly inhibits the increase in sucrose permeability. 8. These results indicate that: (a) the permeability of the transcellular transport route in the isolated rabbit pancreas is determined by the size of the permeating molecules, (b) this route is probably extracellular, (c) its permeability is increased by a cholinergic agent in dose-dependent fashion, (d) the increase in permeability is not caused by the enzyme secretion as such.", "contents": "Transepithelial permeability in the rabbit pancreas. 1. The transepithelial permeability in the isolated rabbit pancreas has been studied with the aid of radioactive markers added to the bathing medium. 2. After addition of these compounds in 2 mM concentration to the medium, they equilibrate within 30 min to a steady-state concentration in the secreted fluid. The latter concentrations, expressed as percent of those in the bathing medium, are: urea 100%, glycerol 90%, erythritol 95%, mannitol 60%, lactose 5%, sucrose 4% and inulin 3%. 3. Addition of 10(-5) M carbachol to the bathing medium after 60 or 90 min of incubation results in an increase of the concentrations of mannitol, lactose sucrose and inulin in the secreted fluid. Maximal concentrations, reached about 35 min after addition of the stimulant, are: mannitol 65%, lactose 31%, sucrose 23%, inulin 8%. 4. No change in the concentration of urea is observed, while the concentrations of glycerol and erythritol increase always to 100% after addition of 10(-5) M carbachol. 5. For sucrose and lactose the increase in permeability appears to be dependent on the concentration of carbachol. 6. There is no increase in the extracellular space for lactose, sucrose and inulin after incubating fragments of the rabbit pancreas with 10(-5) M carbachol. 7. Addition of atropine 5 min or more after carbachol stimulation has no effect on enzyme secretion, but markedly inhibits the increase in sucrose permeability. 8. These results indicate that: (a) the permeability of the transcellular transport route in the isolated rabbit pancreas is determined by the size of the permeating molecules, (b) this route is probably extracellular, (c) its permeability is increased by a cholinergic agent in dose-dependent fashion, (d) the increase in permeability is not caused by the enzyme secretion as such.", "PMID": 427155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13739", "title": "Uncoupling of RNA and DNA synthesis after plasma stimulation of G0-arrested BALB/C-3T3 cells.", "content": "The addition of whole serum to G0-arrested, confluent Balb/c-3T3 cells induces them to progress through G1 and synthesize DNA after a 12-h lag period. Prior to the onset of DNA synthesis, RNA is synthesized and RNA content increases. Serum has been fractionated into two sets of growth factors: a platelet-derived growth factor present in heat-treated (100 degrees C) platelet extracts and platelet-poor plasma. Addition of whole serum, platelet-derived growth factor or platelet-poor plasma induces quiescent cells to increase their cytoplasmic RNA content, but the cells treated with platelet-poor plasma do not synthesize DNA. Messenger RNA content increases within 2 h after stimulation with whole serum or platelet-poor plasma, and after 18 h, mRNA has accumulated to a greater degree than rRNA.", "contents": "Uncoupling of RNA and DNA synthesis after plasma stimulation of G0-arrested BALB/C-3T3 cells. The addition of whole serum to G0-arrested, confluent Balb/c-3T3 cells induces them to progress through G1 and synthesize DNA after a 12-h lag period. Prior to the onset of DNA synthesis, RNA is synthesized and RNA content increases. Serum has been fractionated into two sets of growth factors: a platelet-derived growth factor present in heat-treated (100 degrees C) platelet extracts and platelet-poor plasma. Addition of whole serum, platelet-derived growth factor or platelet-poor plasma induces quiescent cells to increase their cytoplasmic RNA content, but the cells treated with platelet-poor plasma do not synthesize DNA. Messenger RNA content increases within 2 h after stimulation with whole serum or platelet-poor plasma, and after 18 h, mRNA has accumulated to a greater degree than rRNA.", "PMID": 427156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13740", "title": "Reassociation kinetics of the DNA of human acute leukemia cells.", "content": "Human DNA isolated from normal phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes and from acute leukemia blast cells have been studied by renaturation techniques using hydroxyapatite binding and DNA hyperchromism. In the leukemic genome, the unique sequences account for 62% of the genome of leukemic DNA. Repetitive sequences may be subdivided into at least three fractions: (a) foldback sequences, which represent 5% of the genome; (b) sequences with high repetition frequency (3. 10(4) times on the average), which represent 12% of the genome; (c) sequences with low repetition frequency (10 times on the average), which represent 16% of the genome. The average length of the repetitive sequences is evaluated to be between 200 and 500 nucleotides. There are at least two patterns of interspersion of repetitive sequences with unique sequences of different length: short (about 2000 nucleotides on average) and long (not defined). The results of our experiments on DNA from normal phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes are in close agreement with those reported by other authors studying different types of human cells. The human leukemic DNA, as far as the parameters that have been studied, does not significantly differ from normal human DNA.", "contents": "Reassociation kinetics of the DNA of human acute leukemia cells. Human DNA isolated from normal phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes and from acute leukemia blast cells have been studied by renaturation techniques using hydroxyapatite binding and DNA hyperchromism. In the leukemic genome, the unique sequences account for 62% of the genome of leukemic DNA. Repetitive sequences may be subdivided into at least three fractions: (a) foldback sequences, which represent 5% of the genome; (b) sequences with high repetition frequency (3. 10(4) times on the average), which represent 12% of the genome; (c) sequences with low repetition frequency (10 times on the average), which represent 16% of the genome. The average length of the repetitive sequences is evaluated to be between 200 and 500 nucleotides. There are at least two patterns of interspersion of repetitive sequences with unique sequences of different length: short (about 2000 nucleotides on average) and long (not defined). The results of our experiments on DNA from normal phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes are in close agreement with those reported by other authors studying different types of human cells. The human leukemic DNA, as far as the parameters that have been studied, does not significantly differ from normal human DNA.", "PMID": 427158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13741", "title": "Two modes of aggregation of artificial H1-DNA complexes depending on the rate of decrease of ionic strength.", "content": "The properties of H1-DNA artificial complexes, formed at different rates of decrease of NaCl concentration from 0.9 to 0.15 M, were investigated. It was found that two distinct processes, both depending on the rate of the concentration decrease, lead to the formation of aggregates differing in: the ability to form sediments, the distribution of sedimentation constants, the initial turbidity and its changes during trypsin and DNAase I digestion, and the H1/DNA ratio in the sediments. The accessibility of DNA in the complexes to DNAase I and the properties of nonaccessible DNA fragments led us to the conclusion that, at the H1/DNA ratio equal 0.2, the H1 molecules are clustered along the DNA chain independently of the rate of complex formation.", "contents": "Two modes of aggregation of artificial H1-DNA complexes depending on the rate of decrease of ionic strength. The properties of H1-DNA artificial complexes, formed at different rates of decrease of NaCl concentration from 0.9 to 0.15 M, were investigated. It was found that two distinct processes, both depending on the rate of the concentration decrease, lead to the formation of aggregates differing in: the ability to form sediments, the distribution of sedimentation constants, the initial turbidity and its changes during trypsin and DNAase I digestion, and the H1/DNA ratio in the sediments. The accessibility of DNA in the complexes to DNAase I and the properties of nonaccessible DNA fragments led us to the conclusion that, at the H1/DNA ratio equal 0.2, the H1 molecules are clustered along the DNA chain independently of the rate of complex formation.", "PMID": 427159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13742", "title": "Methylation of DNAase-digestible DNA and of RNA in chromatin from rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "After injecting rats with di[14C]methylnitrosamine we have prepared liver chromatin and have examined firstly, the methylation level of the DNAase I-degradable fraction of the DNA and secondly, the level of methylation and the stability of methylated sites in chromatin RNA. Our results show that the level of 7-methylguanine in the degradable DNA is about 1.3 times that of whole DNA; therefore in the 20% or so of the DNA which is undegradable by DNAase I, the level must be very low or zero. Experiments using chromatin from rats injected with unlabelled dimethylnitrosamine plus [3H]thymidine show that the specific activity is similar in the DNAase I degradable and undegradable fractions, suggesting that there is no preferential repair in the latter region. In chromatin RNA, the level of 7-methylguanine is higher than that of whole DNA and decreases fairly rapidly within 30 h after dimethylnitrosamine treatment. Our results indicate that this decrease is due to some type of excision or repair process rather than to normal turnover.", "contents": "Methylation of DNAase-digestible DNA and of RNA in chromatin from rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine. After injecting rats with di[14C]methylnitrosamine we have prepared liver chromatin and have examined firstly, the methylation level of the DNAase I-degradable fraction of the DNA and secondly, the level of methylation and the stability of methylated sites in chromatin RNA. Our results show that the level of 7-methylguanine in the degradable DNA is about 1.3 times that of whole DNA; therefore in the 20% or so of the DNA which is undegradable by DNAase I, the level must be very low or zero. Experiments using chromatin from rats injected with unlabelled dimethylnitrosamine plus [3H]thymidine show that the specific activity is similar in the DNAase I degradable and undegradable fractions, suggesting that there is no preferential repair in the latter region. In chromatin RNA, the level of 7-methylguanine is higher than that of whole DNA and decreases fairly rapidly within 30 h after dimethylnitrosamine treatment. Our results indicate that this decrease is due to some type of excision or repair process rather than to normal turnover.", "PMID": 427160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13743", "title": "Mouse DNA methylase: methylation of native DNA.", "content": "An improved method of purification of DNA methylase from Krebs II ascites cells is reported. The enzyme sediments at 8.3 S on glycerol-gradients and a major band on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has a molecular weight of 184 000. Aggregation occurs at low salt and this may interfere with enzymic activity. The preferred double stranded DNA substrate is that rendered partially unmethylated by an in vitro repair mechanism or by isolation from methionine starved cells. Methylation of native partially methylated DNA is favoured under conditions of low salt and high temperature; conditions which encourage 'breathing' of the DNA. Methylation of native, unmethylated DNA also involves breathing but results in formation of a salt resistant tight binding complex between the enzyme and the DNA.", "contents": "Mouse DNA methylase: methylation of native DNA. An improved method of purification of DNA methylase from Krebs II ascites cells is reported. The enzyme sediments at 8.3 S on glycerol-gradients and a major band on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has a molecular weight of 184 000. Aggregation occurs at low salt and this may interfere with enzymic activity. The preferred double stranded DNA substrate is that rendered partially unmethylated by an in vitro repair mechanism or by isolation from methionine starved cells. Methylation of native partially methylated DNA is favoured under conditions of low salt and high temperature; conditions which encourage 'breathing' of the DNA. Methylation of native, unmethylated DNA also involves breathing but results in formation of a salt resistant tight binding complex between the enzyme and the DNA.", "PMID": 427161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13744", "title": "DNA polymerases in mouse spermatogenic cells separated by sedimentation velocity.", "content": "Activity levels of DNA polymerase alpha and DNA polymerase beta have been measured in mouse spermatogenic cells separated by sedimentation velocity. Testes from prepuberal (17 day old) and sexually mature mice were dissociated and separated by unit gravity sedimentation into 6 populations of cells. Phase contrast microscopy and [3H]thymidine labeling kinetics revealed that at least 85% of the cells in fraction A were pachytene-stage primary spermatocytes, fraction B was enriched for primary spermatocytes and round spermatids, fraction C contained spermatogonia and/or pre-leptotene primary spermatocytes and later stages of spermatids (no spermatids were present in fraction C from the testes of 17 day old mice) and fractions D to F contained mixed populations of cells, many in later stages of spermiogenesis. When expressed as activity in 10(6) cells or as a specific activity, fractions A, B, and C from mature animals population initially loaded onto the gradient while fractions D, E and F had activity levels similar to or below the population of dissociated cells. The ratio of activity between the DNA polymerases was constant in fractions A, B, and C, but in fractions D, E, and F, the ratio decreased due to a more rapid decline of activity of polymerase alpha. A comparison of activity levels in fraction C from prepuberal and sexually mature mice revealed an increase in DNA polymerase alpha activity and a decrease in the activity of DNA polymerase beta in the cells from the 17 day old animals.", "contents": "DNA polymerases in mouse spermatogenic cells separated by sedimentation velocity. Activity levels of DNA polymerase alpha and DNA polymerase beta have been measured in mouse spermatogenic cells separated by sedimentation velocity. Testes from prepuberal (17 day old) and sexually mature mice were dissociated and separated by unit gravity sedimentation into 6 populations of cells. Phase contrast microscopy and [3H]thymidine labeling kinetics revealed that at least 85% of the cells in fraction A were pachytene-stage primary spermatocytes, fraction B was enriched for primary spermatocytes and round spermatids, fraction C contained spermatogonia and/or pre-leptotene primary spermatocytes and later stages of spermatids (no spermatids were present in fraction C from the testes of 17 day old mice) and fractions D to F contained mixed populations of cells, many in later stages of spermiogenesis. When expressed as activity in 10(6) cells or as a specific activity, fractions A, B, and C from mature animals population initially loaded onto the gradient while fractions D, E and F had activity levels similar to or below the population of dissociated cells. The ratio of activity between the DNA polymerases was constant in fractions A, B, and C, but in fractions D, E, and F, the ratio decreased due to a more rapid decline of activity of polymerase alpha. A comparison of activity levels in fraction C from prepuberal and sexually mature mice revealed an increase in DNA polymerase alpha activity and a decrease in the activity of DNA polymerase beta in the cells from the 17 day old animals.", "PMID": 427162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13745", "title": "Utilization in vitro of deoxyuridine triphosphate in DNA synthesis by DNA polymerases alpha and beta from calf thymus.", "content": "DNA polymerases alpha and beta (EC 2.7.7.7.) from calf thymus could utilize dUTP as a substrate for DNA synthesis as well as DNA polymerase I of Escherichia coli. Deoxyuridylate was incorporated into DNA by replacing deoxythymidylate and supported the further elongation of DNA chains on activated DNA or on the intiated homopolymers, poly(dA) . (dT)10 and poly(rA) . (dT)10. The rate of the incorporation of deoxyuridylate into DNA varied from 50 to 160% of that of deoxythymidylate, depending on the nature of the template primers and the species of DNA polymerase used. The apparent Km values for dUTP were very similar to those for dTTP. Uracil DNA-glycosylase excised efficiently the uracil residues in products of DNA polymerase reactions with either activated calf thymus DNA or initiated homopolymers.", "contents": "Utilization in vitro of deoxyuridine triphosphate in DNA synthesis by DNA polymerases alpha and beta from calf thymus. DNA polymerases alpha and beta (EC 2.7.7.7.) from calf thymus could utilize dUTP as a substrate for DNA synthesis as well as DNA polymerase I of Escherichia coli. Deoxyuridylate was incorporated into DNA by replacing deoxythymidylate and supported the further elongation of DNA chains on activated DNA or on the intiated homopolymers, poly(dA) . (dT)10 and poly(rA) . (dT)10. The rate of the incorporation of deoxyuridylate into DNA varied from 50 to 160% of that of deoxythymidylate, depending on the nature of the template primers and the species of DNA polymerase used. The apparent Km values for dUTP were very similar to those for dTTP. Uracil DNA-glycosylase excised efficiently the uracil residues in products of DNA polymerase reactions with either activated calf thymus DNA or initiated homopolymers.", "PMID": 427163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13746", "title": "Neoplastic transformation-linked alterations in arginyl-tRNA synthetase activity.", "content": "The behavior of the activity of arginyl-tRNA synthetase (L-arginine : tRNAArg Ligase(AMP-forming), EC 6.1.1.19) was determined in extracts of rat liver: normal adult, normal proliferating (from developing and from partially hepatectomized rats), and neoplastic (hepatomas of different growth rates) and in extracts of rat kidney cortex and transplantable kidney tumors. The Km values for arginine, ATP, and tRNA of the enzyme of the rapidly growing hepatoma 3924A were the same as those of the enzyme from the liver of control rats. The pH optima of the control and neoplastic livers were in the same range of 7.25-8.0. Taking the hepatic specific activity for arginyl-tRNA synthetase as 100%, deep layer of gut, thymus and testis had higher activity; renal cortex and spleen had the same activity; and skeletal muscle, brain, heart, lung, superficial layer of gut and adipose tissue had lower activity. In a wide spectrum of hepatomas of different growth rates, a significant increase of 1.4-2.4-fold in arginyl-tRNA synthetase activity was observed when compared with that of liver of control normal rats. This elevation in enzyme activity in hepatomas appears to be specific to neoplasia, since it is unaltered in regenerating and low in differentiating liver. The increase in arginyl-tRNA synthetase in the liver tumors appears to be transformation-linked, since the activity was increased in all hepatomas, even in the slowest growing ones. Furthermore, the increase in enzyme activity was not limited to hepatic neoplasms, since a rise was also observed in transplantable rat kidney tumors. Thus, the reprogramming of gene expression in neoplastic tissue entails an increase in arginine-tRNA synthetase activity.", "contents": "Neoplastic transformation-linked alterations in arginyl-tRNA synthetase activity. The behavior of the activity of arginyl-tRNA synthetase (L-arginine : tRNAArg Ligase(AMP-forming), EC 6.1.1.19) was determined in extracts of rat liver: normal adult, normal proliferating (from developing and from partially hepatectomized rats), and neoplastic (hepatomas of different growth rates) and in extracts of rat kidney cortex and transplantable kidney tumors. The Km values for arginine, ATP, and tRNA of the enzyme of the rapidly growing hepatoma 3924A were the same as those of the enzyme from the liver of control rats. The pH optima of the control and neoplastic livers were in the same range of 7.25-8.0. Taking the hepatic specific activity for arginyl-tRNA synthetase as 100%, deep layer of gut, thymus and testis had higher activity; renal cortex and spleen had the same activity; and skeletal muscle, brain, heart, lung, superficial layer of gut and adipose tissue had lower activity. In a wide spectrum of hepatomas of different growth rates, a significant increase of 1.4-2.4-fold in arginyl-tRNA synthetase activity was observed when compared with that of liver of control normal rats. This elevation in enzyme activity in hepatomas appears to be specific to neoplasia, since it is unaltered in regenerating and low in differentiating liver. The increase in arginyl-tRNA synthetase in the liver tumors appears to be transformation-linked, since the activity was increased in all hepatomas, even in the slowest growing ones. Furthermore, the increase in enzyme activity was not limited to hepatic neoplasms, since a rise was also observed in transplantable rat kidney tumors. Thus, the reprogramming of gene expression in neoplastic tissue entails an increase in arginine-tRNA synthetase activity.", "PMID": 427164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13747", "title": "Fractionation and characterization of rat liver poly(A)-containing RNA.", "content": "Three fractions of poly(A)-containing RNA were separated from total rat liver RNA using poly(U)-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The poly(A)-containing RNA fractions were released by thermal elution. Fraction 1, eluted under the mildest conditions, and had poly(A) tracts of approx. 200 AMP units in length which appeared to be associated with poly(U) sequences of 20-50 UMP in length. Fraction 1 appeared to be present mainly in the nucleus and, its size distribution was similar to that of fractions 2 and 3. Fractions 2 and 3 eluted at higher temperatures and were associated mainly with polysomal and microsomal fractions. Poly(U) sequences were absent in fractions 2 and 3 while their poly(A) sequences had a size distribution characteristic of those reported in the mRNA of other organisms.", "contents": "Fractionation and characterization of rat liver poly(A)-containing RNA. Three fractions of poly(A)-containing RNA were separated from total rat liver RNA using poly(U)-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The poly(A)-containing RNA fractions were released by thermal elution. Fraction 1, eluted under the mildest conditions, and had poly(A) tracts of approx. 200 AMP units in length which appeared to be associated with poly(U) sequences of 20-50 UMP in length. Fraction 1 appeared to be present mainly in the nucleus and, its size distribution was similar to that of fractions 2 and 3. Fractions 2 and 3 eluted at higher temperatures and were associated mainly with polysomal and microsomal fractions. Poly(U) sequences were absent in fractions 2 and 3 while their poly(A) sequences had a size distribution characteristic of those reported in the mRNA of other organisms.", "PMID": 427165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13748", "title": "Accessibility of the ribosomal genes to micrococcal nuclease in Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "In Physarum polycephalum most genes coding for ribosomal RNA are not integrated in chromosomes, but are located in many copies in the nucleolus as plasmid-like palindromic DNA molecules. To find out whether coding sequences of rDNA are organized in a chromatin-like structure similar to that of bulk chromatin, nuclei were treated with micrococcal nuclease and DNA fragments were isolated. From bulk chromatin multimers of a basic unit of 170-180 base pairs were obtained. Nuclease fragmented DNA hybridized with labelled 19-S + 26-S rRNA was found to give the same saturation value as did unfragmented control DNA. No preferential degradation of ribosomal genes to acid soluble products was observed. A more detailed analysis of the nuclease degradation products was carried out with fragments separated by preparative gel electrophoresis. DNA eluted from the gels was hybridized in solution with labelled 19-S + 26-S rRNA. The coding sequences of rRNA were found to be degraded to approximately nucleosome size slightly more quickly than was the DNA of bulk chromatin. However, the distribution of the rDNA fragments on the gels did not coincide with the distribution of the fragments derived from bulk chromatin nucleosomes and their oligomers. The amount of rDNA in the interband regions was about intermediate between that found in the two adjacent bands. These results lead to the conclusion that the ribosomal genes, most of which are presumably active during rapid growth, are protected by proteins, probably histones. However, the ribosomal genes are present in a structure differing in some way from that of bulk chromatin.", "contents": "Accessibility of the ribosomal genes to micrococcal nuclease in Physarum polycephalum. In Physarum polycephalum most genes coding for ribosomal RNA are not integrated in chromosomes, but are located in many copies in the nucleolus as plasmid-like palindromic DNA molecules. To find out whether coding sequences of rDNA are organized in a chromatin-like structure similar to that of bulk chromatin, nuclei were treated with micrococcal nuclease and DNA fragments were isolated. From bulk chromatin multimers of a basic unit of 170-180 base pairs were obtained. Nuclease fragmented DNA hybridized with labelled 19-S + 26-S rRNA was found to give the same saturation value as did unfragmented control DNA. No preferential degradation of ribosomal genes to acid soluble products was observed. A more detailed analysis of the nuclease degradation products was carried out with fragments separated by preparative gel electrophoresis. DNA eluted from the gels was hybridized in solution with labelled 19-S + 26-S rRNA. The coding sequences of rRNA were found to be degraded to approximately nucleosome size slightly more quickly than was the DNA of bulk chromatin. However, the distribution of the rDNA fragments on the gels did not coincide with the distribution of the fragments derived from bulk chromatin nucleosomes and their oligomers. The amount of rDNA in the interband regions was about intermediate between that found in the two adjacent bands. These results lead to the conclusion that the ribosomal genes, most of which are presumably active during rapid growth, are protected by proteins, probably histones. However, the ribosomal genes are present in a structure differing in some way from that of bulk chromatin.", "PMID": 427166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13749", "title": "Incorporation of labelled amino acids into proteins of isolated parenchymal and nonparenchymal rat liver cells in the absence and presence of ethanol.", "content": "Parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells were isolated from perfused rat livers and incubated at 37 degrees C in the absence and presence of ethanol (50 mM). 1. Nonparenchymal cells prepared by means of centrifugation showed a higher rate of incorporation of L-[U-14C]valine into protein than nonparenchymal cells prepared by means of pronase. Cells prepared by the former method were used for further studies. 2. Protein degradation was present in suspensions of both parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells evidenced by increasing levels of branched amino acids in the intracellular and extracellular compartment during cell incubation. 3. The rate of cellular protein synthesis (corrected for precursor pool specific radioactivity) was of the same order of magnitude in nonparenchymal and parenchymal cells when expressed as nmol valine incorporated per mg protein. This rate was also close to the value found in intact liver by other workers. 4. Approximately 25% of the total radioactivity incorporated during incubation for 2 h was found in proteins released to the medium from parenchymal cells, while the corresponding figure for nonparenchymal cells was 3.5%. 5. Ethanol inhibited incorporation of labelled valine into stationary and medium proteins of parenchymal cells. No such effects were found in nonparenchymal cells. 6. Nonparenchymal cells did not metabolize ethanol while parenchymal cells did, shown by changes in lactate/pyruvate ratio and medium pH. It was concluded that nonparenchymal cells are capable of synthesizing proteins at a rate comparable to that found in parenchymal cells. Protein synthesis in parenchymal cells was inhibited by ethanol, but nonparenchymal protein synthesis was unaffected. This difference may be linked to the ability of the former cell type to metabolize ethanol.", "contents": "Incorporation of labelled amino acids into proteins of isolated parenchymal and nonparenchymal rat liver cells in the absence and presence of ethanol. Parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells were isolated from perfused rat livers and incubated at 37 degrees C in the absence and presence of ethanol (50 mM). 1. Nonparenchymal cells prepared by means of centrifugation showed a higher rate of incorporation of L-[U-14C]valine into protein than nonparenchymal cells prepared by means of pronase. Cells prepared by the former method were used for further studies. 2. Protein degradation was present in suspensions of both parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells evidenced by increasing levels of branched amino acids in the intracellular and extracellular compartment during cell incubation. 3. The rate of cellular protein synthesis (corrected for precursor pool specific radioactivity) was of the same order of magnitude in nonparenchymal and parenchymal cells when expressed as nmol valine incorporated per mg protein. This rate was also close to the value found in intact liver by other workers. 4. Approximately 25% of the total radioactivity incorporated during incubation for 2 h was found in proteins released to the medium from parenchymal cells, while the corresponding figure for nonparenchymal cells was 3.5%. 5. Ethanol inhibited incorporation of labelled valine into stationary and medium proteins of parenchymal cells. No such effects were found in nonparenchymal cells. 6. Nonparenchymal cells did not metabolize ethanol while parenchymal cells did, shown by changes in lactate/pyruvate ratio and medium pH. It was concluded that nonparenchymal cells are capable of synthesizing proteins at a rate comparable to that found in parenchymal cells. Protein synthesis in parenchymal cells was inhibited by ethanol, but nonparenchymal protein synthesis was unaffected. This difference may be linked to the ability of the former cell type to metabolize ethanol.", "PMID": 427167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13750", "title": "Purification of seven protein synthesis initiation factors from Krebs II ascites cells.", "content": "Seven protein synthesis initiation factors were isolated from Krebs II ascites cells using the procedures developed for the purification of the corresponding factors from rabbit reticulocytes. The ascites factors display identical characteristics in ion exchange chromatography and sucrose density gradient sedimentation. Based on their profiles in SDS polyacrylamide gels, the ascites factors have polypeptide profiles and molecular weights identical to those of the reticulocyte factors. Most significantly, each ascites factor is competent in replacing its corresponding reticulocyte factor in a reconstituted in vitro protein synthesizing system which is dependent on all seven factors.", "contents": "Purification of seven protein synthesis initiation factors from Krebs II ascites cells. Seven protein synthesis initiation factors were isolated from Krebs II ascites cells using the procedures developed for the purification of the corresponding factors from rabbit reticulocytes. The ascites factors display identical characteristics in ion exchange chromatography and sucrose density gradient sedimentation. Based on their profiles in SDS polyacrylamide gels, the ascites factors have polypeptide profiles and molecular weights identical to those of the reticulocyte factors. Most significantly, each ascites factor is competent in replacing its corresponding reticulocyte factor in a reconstituted in vitro protein synthesizing system which is dependent on all seven factors.", "PMID": 427168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13751", "title": "Compartments of protein metabolism in the developing brain.", "content": "We investigated whether the higher rate of amino acid incorporation into immature than into mature brain protein is due to (a) rapid growth, (b) a small rapidly metabolized protein pool, or (c) a higher turnover rate of most of the protein. We measured net growth and the incorporation of [14C]tyrosine or [14C]valine into brain proteins in young rats and mice. The specific activity of the free amino acid pool was kept constant in the tyrosine experiments. Incorporation of tyrosine into protein was continued for up to 30 h by which time the specific activity of protein-bound amino acid reached 1/3 of that of the free (precursor) amino acid. The growth (accretion) of brain proteins was approx. 0.635% per h in mice and rats in the 1-4 day period after birth. In previous studies we found that the turnover rate of the bulk (about 96%) of adult brain proteins is below 0.3% per h. Because of the presence of a small (about 4%) active pool the average turnover rate is 0.6% per h. The present experiments show a degradation rate of 0.7-1.1% per h in the brain proteins of the young. This high metabolic rate is not due to a small rapidly degraded fraction of protein. The very rapid protein fraction previously seen in adult rats is either very small (below 1%) or absent in the young. Thus most of the proteins in the immature brain during the rapid growth phase are formed and broken down at a rate that is approximately three times higher than that of the bulk of proteins in the adult brain. The small active protein pool in the adult on the other hand has a metabolic rate higher than that of the immature brain proteins.", "contents": "Compartments of protein metabolism in the developing brain. We investigated whether the higher rate of amino acid incorporation into immature than into mature brain protein is due to (a) rapid growth, (b) a small rapidly metabolized protein pool, or (c) a higher turnover rate of most of the protein. We measured net growth and the incorporation of [14C]tyrosine or [14C]valine into brain proteins in young rats and mice. The specific activity of the free amino acid pool was kept constant in the tyrosine experiments. Incorporation of tyrosine into protein was continued for up to 30 h by which time the specific activity of protein-bound amino acid reached 1/3 of that of the free (precursor) amino acid. The growth (accretion) of brain proteins was approx. 0.635% per h in mice and rats in the 1-4 day period after birth. In previous studies we found that the turnover rate of the bulk (about 96%) of adult brain proteins is below 0.3% per h. Because of the presence of a small (about 4%) active pool the average turnover rate is 0.6% per h. The present experiments show a degradation rate of 0.7-1.1% per h in the brain proteins of the young. This high metabolic rate is not due to a small rapidly degraded fraction of protein. The very rapid protein fraction previously seen in adult rats is either very small (below 1%) or absent in the young. Thus most of the proteins in the immature brain during the rapid growth phase are formed and broken down at a rate that is approximately three times higher than that of the bulk of proteins in the adult brain. The small active protein pool in the adult on the other hand has a metabolic rate higher than that of the immature brain proteins.", "PMID": 427169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13752", "title": "The wheat germ cell-free system possesses processing activity for the precursor of human placental lactogen.", "content": "1. Total RNA was extracted from human term placenta and mRNA purified by chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose. The poly(A)-containing fraction stimulated amino acid incorporation 5- to 10-fold in the wheat germ cell-free system. Immunoprecipitation with an anti-lactogen serum indicated that 14-27% of the peptides synthesized in vitro contained antigenic determinants of this hormone. 2. Analysis of the [3H]leucine labelled product in the immunoprecipitate on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels revealed a complex mixture of polypeptides. Two heavily labelled bands (I and III) were seen corresponding in mobility with pre-lactogen (Mr = 25 000) and native lactogen (Mr = 22 200), each accounting for about 30% of the immunoprecipitable radioactivity. Two additional bands with an intermediate mobility were also observed. 3. Synthesis of the hormone was inhibited by 7-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate suggesting the presence of a 7-methylguanosine 'cap' on the 5'-end of the mRNA for lactogen. 4. Peptide analysis of the cyanogen bromide cleavage products of band I, band III and authentic lactogen showed marked similarities in their primary structure. The precursor molecule, however, was lacking the N-terminal peptide present in authentic hormone indicating the presence of an extension of 25 amino acids at this side of the molecule. 5. The presence of one or several processing enzymes in the wheat germ cell-free system was indicated by the effect of Triton X-100. Low concentrations of this detergent (0.04%) while inhibiting the protein synthesizing activity for only 15%, completely abolished the precursor cleavage activity. Under these conditions only pre-lactogen was detected in the immunoprecipitate.", "contents": "The wheat germ cell-free system possesses processing activity for the precursor of human placental lactogen. 1. Total RNA was extracted from human term placenta and mRNA purified by chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose. The poly(A)-containing fraction stimulated amino acid incorporation 5- to 10-fold in the wheat germ cell-free system. Immunoprecipitation with an anti-lactogen serum indicated that 14-27% of the peptides synthesized in vitro contained antigenic determinants of this hormone. 2. Analysis of the [3H]leucine labelled product in the immunoprecipitate on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels revealed a complex mixture of polypeptides. Two heavily labelled bands (I and III) were seen corresponding in mobility with pre-lactogen (Mr = 25 000) and native lactogen (Mr = 22 200), each accounting for about 30% of the immunoprecipitable radioactivity. Two additional bands with an intermediate mobility were also observed. 3. Synthesis of the hormone was inhibited by 7-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate suggesting the presence of a 7-methylguanosine 'cap' on the 5'-end of the mRNA for lactogen. 4. Peptide analysis of the cyanogen bromide cleavage products of band I, band III and authentic lactogen showed marked similarities in their primary structure. The precursor molecule, however, was lacking the N-terminal peptide present in authentic hormone indicating the presence of an extension of 25 amino acids at this side of the molecule. 5. The presence of one or several processing enzymes in the wheat germ cell-free system was indicated by the effect of Triton X-100. Low concentrations of this detergent (0.04%) while inhibiting the protein synthesizing activity for only 15%, completely abolished the precursor cleavage activity. Under these conditions only pre-lactogen was detected in the immunoprecipitate.", "PMID": 427170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13753", "title": "Histone deacetylation in nuclei isolated from hepatoma tissue culture cells. Inhibition by sodium butyrate.", "content": "Nuclei from hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells were isolated by standard methods and incubated in media commonly used for nuclease digestions (DNAase I and micrococcal nuclease) and for in vitro RNA synthesis. During the incubation, histones can be deacetylated from both control cells and cells treated with 6 mM sodium butyrate to enhance the levels of histone acetylation. Deacetylation of histone is much more apparent in nuclei isolated from sodium butyrate-treated cells. Inclusion of 6 mM sodium butyrate in the incubation medium effectively inhibits the endogenous deacetylase activity acting on histones H3 and H4, whereas sodium acetate at the same concentration has very little inhibitory effect.", "contents": "Histone deacetylation in nuclei isolated from hepatoma tissue culture cells. Inhibition by sodium butyrate. Nuclei from hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells were isolated by standard methods and incubated in media commonly used for nuclease digestions (DNAase I and micrococcal nuclease) and for in vitro RNA synthesis. During the incubation, histones can be deacetylated from both control cells and cells treated with 6 mM sodium butyrate to enhance the levels of histone acetylation. Deacetylation of histone is much more apparent in nuclei isolated from sodium butyrate-treated cells. Inclusion of 6 mM sodium butyrate in the incubation medium effectively inhibits the endogenous deacetylase activity acting on histones H3 and H4, whereas sodium acetate at the same concentration has very little inhibitory effect.", "PMID": 427171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13754", "title": "Effect of salts and chromatin concentrations on the buoyant density of chromatin in metrizamide gradient.", "content": "Using isopycnic centrifugation in metrizamide gradient, effect of ions and chromatin concentration on the buoyant density of chromatin was quantitatively examined. An elevation followed by gradual decline and secondary increase of the density occurred in accordance with increase in MgCl2 or NaCl concentration. Maximum density was observed at a concentration of these salts known to result in the condensation of chromatin. Release of protein occurred during the phase of density decline. The second increase in density is mainly due to the density increment of DNA in the chromatin. The density was dependent upon the concentration of chromatin in a band formed in the metrizamide gradient, while the density of free DNA and protein was not so greatly affected by their concentration. The density of chromatin in the presence of 0.14 M NaCl was less affected by the chromatin concentration than that in the absence of salt. Calculation of results indicates that grade of hydration of chromatin at concentrations lower than 400 microgram/ml in 1 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) is higher than that expected from its DNA and protein components.", "contents": "Effect of salts and chromatin concentrations on the buoyant density of chromatin in metrizamide gradient. Using isopycnic centrifugation in metrizamide gradient, effect of ions and chromatin concentration on the buoyant density of chromatin was quantitatively examined. An elevation followed by gradual decline and secondary increase of the density occurred in accordance with increase in MgCl2 or NaCl concentration. Maximum density was observed at a concentration of these salts known to result in the condensation of chromatin. Release of protein occurred during the phase of density decline. The second increase in density is mainly due to the density increment of DNA in the chromatin. The density was dependent upon the concentration of chromatin in a band formed in the metrizamide gradient, while the density of free DNA and protein was not so greatly affected by their concentration. The density of chromatin in the presence of 0.14 M NaCl was less affected by the chromatin concentration than that in the absence of salt. Calculation of results indicates that grade of hydration of chromatin at concentrations lower than 400 microgram/ml in 1 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) is higher than that expected from its DNA and protein components.", "PMID": 427172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13755", "title": "Influence of a few coat protein subunits on the base-paired structure of 3'-terminal fragments of RNA 4 of alfalfa mosaic virus.", "content": "In contrast to expectation (Srinivasan, S. and Jaspars, E.M.J. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 520, 237-241) differentiated thermal melting profiles and fluorescence measurements show that the coat protein of alfalfa mosaic virus has a negligible effect on the base-paired structure of isolated 3'-terminal fragments (length about 90 nucleotides) of the coat protein messenger RNA (RNA 4) of this virus.", "contents": "Influence of a few coat protein subunits on the base-paired structure of 3'-terminal fragments of RNA 4 of alfalfa mosaic virus. In contrast to expectation (Srinivasan, S. and Jaspars, E.M.J. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 520, 237-241) differentiated thermal melting profiles and fluorescence measurements show that the coat protein of alfalfa mosaic virus has a negligible effect on the base-paired structure of isolated 3'-terminal fragments (length about 90 nucleotides) of the coat protein messenger RNA (RNA 4) of this virus.", "PMID": 427173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13756", "title": "Intracellular lipase activities in heart and skeletal muscle homogenates. The absence of trierucin cleavage by the heart: a possible biochemical basis for erucic acid lipidosis.", "content": "Rat heart and skeletal muscle homogenates were compared for their intracellular lipolytic activity towards a series of saturated and unsaturated triglycerides from trilaurin (C12:0) to trierucin (C22:1). It is shown that for all triglycerides esterified with fatty acids from C12 to C18, lipolytic activity in heart homogenates was higher than in skeletal muscle homogenates. For these triglycerides there was no relationship between the fatty acid chain length and the lipolytic activity. In both homogenates cleavage of unsaturated triglycerides was higher than cleavage of the homologous saturated triglyceride. Lipolysis of tri-delta-11-eicosenoin (C20:1) was similar in both homogenates but much lower than lypolysis of other triglycerides. Although cleavage of trierucin (C22:1) was very low in skeletal muscle homogenates, it was undetectable in heart homogenates, even when enzyme concentration was increased. A mixture of triglycerides did not show preferential hydrolysis of any simple triglyceride. Trierucin was the only triglyceride that did not complete for lipolytic activity and only with heart homogenates, which shows that that lipase(s) do not cleave trierucin. The absence of lipolytic activity towards trierucin in heart homogenates could explain the selective accumulation of erucic acid-rich triglycerides in hearts of animals fed a diet with a high erucic acid content.", "contents": "Intracellular lipase activities in heart and skeletal muscle homogenates. The absence of trierucin cleavage by the heart: a possible biochemical basis for erucic acid lipidosis. Rat heart and skeletal muscle homogenates were compared for their intracellular lipolytic activity towards a series of saturated and unsaturated triglycerides from trilaurin (C12:0) to trierucin (C22:1). It is shown that for all triglycerides esterified with fatty acids from C12 to C18, lipolytic activity in heart homogenates was higher than in skeletal muscle homogenates. For these triglycerides there was no relationship between the fatty acid chain length and the lipolytic activity. In both homogenates cleavage of unsaturated triglycerides was higher than cleavage of the homologous saturated triglyceride. Lipolysis of tri-delta-11-eicosenoin (C20:1) was similar in both homogenates but much lower than lypolysis of other triglycerides. Although cleavage of trierucin (C22:1) was very low in skeletal muscle homogenates, it was undetectable in heart homogenates, even when enzyme concentration was increased. A mixture of triglycerides did not show preferential hydrolysis of any simple triglyceride. Trierucin was the only triglyceride that did not complete for lipolytic activity and only with heart homogenates, which shows that that lipase(s) do not cleave trierucin. The absence of lipolytic activity towards trierucin in heart homogenates could explain the selective accumulation of erucic acid-rich triglycerides in hearts of animals fed a diet with a high erucic acid content.", "PMID": 427175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13757", "title": "Acid lipase activity of human lymphocytes.", "content": "Acid lipase activity was examined in human leukocytes using 4-methylumbelliferyl esters in a fluorimetric assay. Mononuclear leukocytes had 10--15 times the acid lipase activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The enzyme activity was highest using the oleate ester of 4-methylumbelliferone at pH 4.0, in the presence of L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine and taurodeoxycholic acid (sodium salt). Acid lipase activity was inhibited by diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol, sodium chloride and fluoride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and albumin, but was unaffected by diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate or sulphydryl reagents. There were at least two forms of acid lipase activity: one (A form) was sensitive to heart inactivation (56 degrees C) and corresponded to the enzyme deficient in patients with Wolman's disease; the other (B form) was resistant to heat inactivation and corresponded to the residual enzyme activity found in Wolman's disease.", "contents": "Acid lipase activity of human lymphocytes. Acid lipase activity was examined in human leukocytes using 4-methylumbelliferyl esters in a fluorimetric assay. Mononuclear leukocytes had 10--15 times the acid lipase activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The enzyme activity was highest using the oleate ester of 4-methylumbelliferone at pH 4.0, in the presence of L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine and taurodeoxycholic acid (sodium salt). Acid lipase activity was inhibited by diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol, sodium chloride and fluoride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and albumin, but was unaffected by diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate or sulphydryl reagents. There were at least two forms of acid lipase activity: one (A form) was sensitive to heart inactivation (56 degrees C) and corresponded to the enzyme deficient in patients with Wolman's disease; the other (B form) was resistant to heat inactivation and corresponded to the residual enzyme activity found in Wolman's disease.", "PMID": 427176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13758", "title": "Purification and characterization of human pancreatic colipase.", "content": "Two colipases, named colipase I and colipase II, have been isolated from extracts of human pancreatic gland. The two proteins can be separated by ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing and slab technique gel electrophoresis. The result of this study indicates that the two colipases, both of which are glycoproteins, have identical amino acid compositions. The pI values were found to be 6.1 for colipase I and 5.8 for colipase II. The different colipases have also been found in human pancreatic juice. The N-terminal amino acid was glycine for both colipase I (gland) and colipase II (juice). Only minor differences were found between the colipases isolated from gland and juice, and colipase I from gland alone was examined in detail.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of human pancreatic colipase. Two colipases, named colipase I and colipase II, have been isolated from extracts of human pancreatic gland. The two proteins can be separated by ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing and slab technique gel electrophoresis. The result of this study indicates that the two colipases, both of which are glycoproteins, have identical amino acid compositions. The pI values were found to be 6.1 for colipase I and 5.8 for colipase II. The different colipases have also been found in human pancreatic juice. The N-terminal amino acid was glycine for both colipase I (gland) and colipase II (juice). Only minor differences were found between the colipases isolated from gland and juice, and colipase I from gland alone was examined in detail.", "PMID": 427177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13759", "title": "The use of liposomes as acceptors for the assay of lipid glycosyltransferases from rat brain.", "content": "Preparation and characterization of sonicated vesicles of various lipid composition containing hydroxy and normal fatty acid ceramides are reported. Such vesicles have been successfully used for the first time as acceptors for the assays of lipid glycosyltransferases, UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase and UDPglucose: ceramide glucosyltransferase. Stability of the vesicles and the optimal enzyme activities were the criteria used to select the final composition of the vesicles. The activities of the glycosyltransferases were dependent not only on the appropriate assay conditions but also on the type and source of the phospholipids used to form the liposomes. Ceramides containing normal fatty acids were incorporated into phosphatidylcholine vesicles in a molar ratio of 1 : 3.4 and used as the acceptor for the assay of UDPglucose:ceramide glucostyltransferase. For the assay UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase, vesicles were prepared by sonication of bovine brain ethanolamine phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and ceramide containing alpha-hydroxy fatty acids, in a molar ratio of 6 : 0.57 : 1. The size of the vesicles as determined by electron microscopic measurement ranged mostly between 200--500 A. The results obtained by selective labelling of the outer surface amino groups with the membrane-impermeable reagent, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, indicated that the ethanolamine phospholipid-containing liposomes consisted of closed vesicles. After incubation with the appropriate cofactors and labelled sugar nucleotides, the radioactive reaction products were shown to cochromatograph with the authentic standards by thin-layer chromatography and autoradiography.", "contents": "The use of liposomes as acceptors for the assay of lipid glycosyltransferases from rat brain. Preparation and characterization of sonicated vesicles of various lipid composition containing hydroxy and normal fatty acid ceramides are reported. Such vesicles have been successfully used for the first time as acceptors for the assays of lipid glycosyltransferases, UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase and UDPglucose: ceramide glucosyltransferase. Stability of the vesicles and the optimal enzyme activities were the criteria used to select the final composition of the vesicles. The activities of the glycosyltransferases were dependent not only on the appropriate assay conditions but also on the type and source of the phospholipids used to form the liposomes. Ceramides containing normal fatty acids were incorporated into phosphatidylcholine vesicles in a molar ratio of 1 : 3.4 and used as the acceptor for the assay of UDPglucose:ceramide glucostyltransferase. For the assay UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase, vesicles were prepared by sonication of bovine brain ethanolamine phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and ceramide containing alpha-hydroxy fatty acids, in a molar ratio of 6 : 0.57 : 1. The size of the vesicles as determined by electron microscopic measurement ranged mostly between 200--500 A. The results obtained by selective labelling of the outer surface amino groups with the membrane-impermeable reagent, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, indicated that the ethanolamine phospholipid-containing liposomes consisted of closed vesicles. After incubation with the appropriate cofactors and labelled sugar nucleotides, the radioactive reaction products were shown to cochromatograph with the authentic standards by thin-layer chromatography and autoradiography.", "PMID": 427178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13760", "title": "New conjugated hydroxydienoic fatty acids and acetotriacylglycerols from Securidaca longipedunculata seed oil.", "content": "Like other members of the plant family Polygalaceae, Securidaca longipedunculata Fres., is a source of fatty acids and triacylglycerols with unusual structures. Its seed oil contains at least seven chromatographically distinct groups of triacylglycerols divided into two series: One series represents monoacetotriacylglycerols, and the other 'normal' triacylglycerols having only long-chain fatty acids. Each series has groups containing zero, one or two conjugated hydroxydienoic acids. In addition, there is a small amount of triacylglycerol incorporating three hydroxy acids. In addition to coriolic (13-hydroxyoctadeca-cis-9,trans-11-dienoic) acid (27%), two of its previously unknown homologs are present: 11-hydroxyhexadeca-cis-7,trans-9-dienoic acid (15%) and 9-hydroxytetradeca-cis-5,trans-7-dienoic acid (2%).", "contents": "New conjugated hydroxydienoic fatty acids and acetotriacylglycerols from Securidaca longipedunculata seed oil. Like other members of the plant family Polygalaceae, Securidaca longipedunculata Fres., is a source of fatty acids and triacylglycerols with unusual structures. Its seed oil contains at least seven chromatographically distinct groups of triacylglycerols divided into two series: One series represents monoacetotriacylglycerols, and the other 'normal' triacylglycerols having only long-chain fatty acids. Each series has groups containing zero, one or two conjugated hydroxydienoic acids. In addition, there is a small amount of triacylglycerol incorporating three hydroxy acids. In addition to coriolic (13-hydroxyoctadeca-cis-9,trans-11-dienoic) acid (27%), two of its previously unknown homologs are present: 11-hydroxyhexadeca-cis-7,trans-9-dienoic acid (15%) and 9-hydroxytetradeca-cis-5,trans-7-dienoic acid (2%).", "PMID": 427179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13761", "title": "Conversion of deoxycorticosterone to 3-keto-4-etienic acid, catalyzed by a partially purified preparation from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria.", "content": "Bovine adrenocortical mitochondria were sonicated and subjected to extraction with sodium cholate. The extract contained not only cytochrome P-450 activities, but also an activity which catalyzed the conversion of deoxycorticosterone to an unknown steroid (designated X). The latter activity was concentrated by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation in the presence of sodium cholate, and separated from P-450 by taking advantage of their different solubilities in phosphate buffer without sodium cholate. The specific activity of the partially purified enzyme fraction was 70 times higher than that of sonicated mitochondria. The conversion of deoxycorticosterone to steroid X required NAD or NADP. The conversion rate was dependent on the concentration of deoxycorticosterone. The major product, steroid X, was isolated from the reaction mixture by means of silicic acid and Iatrobeads column chromatography. The steroid was characterized as 3-keto-4-etienic acid (3-oxoandrost-4-ene-17beta-carboxylic acid). This result suggests that an enzyme system for the conversion of deoxycorticosterone to 3-keto-4-etienic acid exists in adrenocortical mitochondria.", "contents": "Conversion of deoxycorticosterone to 3-keto-4-etienic acid, catalyzed by a partially purified preparation from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. Bovine adrenocortical mitochondria were sonicated and subjected to extraction with sodium cholate. The extract contained not only cytochrome P-450 activities, but also an activity which catalyzed the conversion of deoxycorticosterone to an unknown steroid (designated X). The latter activity was concentrated by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation in the presence of sodium cholate, and separated from P-450 by taking advantage of their different solubilities in phosphate buffer without sodium cholate. The specific activity of the partially purified enzyme fraction was 70 times higher than that of sonicated mitochondria. The conversion of deoxycorticosterone to steroid X required NAD or NADP. The conversion rate was dependent on the concentration of deoxycorticosterone. The major product, steroid X, was isolated from the reaction mixture by means of silicic acid and Iatrobeads column chromatography. The steroid was characterized as 3-keto-4-etienic acid (3-oxoandrost-4-ene-17beta-carboxylic acid). This result suggests that an enzyme system for the conversion of deoxycorticosterone to 3-keto-4-etienic acid exists in adrenocortical mitochondria.", "PMID": 427180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13762", "title": "Influence of a naturally occurring competing enzymic activity on studies of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity.", "content": "An enzymic activity which competes with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase for D-hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA has been found in isolated rat liver microsomes and in microsomal extracts. The presence of this activity in enzyme preparations causes a decrease in the rate of mevalonate formation leading to an underestimation of reductase activity and an overestimation of the apparent Km of the reductase. The product formed by this competing enzymic activity behaves similarly to, but not identically with, mevalonolactone when chromatographed on Bio-Rad AG 1-x8 formate, which is used in many reductase assay procedures to separate mevalonolactone from hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA. Removal of this competing enzymic activity from reductase preparations can be accomplished by gel filtration using Bio-Gel A 1.5m, by washing the microsomes or by incubating the microsomal extract at 37 degrees C. Using enzyme preparations free of this competing enzymic activity, the apparent Km values of the reductase for D-hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA and NADPH were found to be 1.3 and 26 micronM respectively.", "contents": "Influence of a naturally occurring competing enzymic activity on studies of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity. An enzymic activity which competes with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase for D-hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA has been found in isolated rat liver microsomes and in microsomal extracts. The presence of this activity in enzyme preparations causes a decrease in the rate of mevalonate formation leading to an underestimation of reductase activity and an overestimation of the apparent Km of the reductase. The product formed by this competing enzymic activity behaves similarly to, but not identically with, mevalonolactone when chromatographed on Bio-Rad AG 1-x8 formate, which is used in many reductase assay procedures to separate mevalonolactone from hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA. Removal of this competing enzymic activity from reductase preparations can be accomplished by gel filtration using Bio-Gel A 1.5m, by washing the microsomes or by incubating the microsomal extract at 37 degrees C. Using enzyme preparations free of this competing enzymic activity, the apparent Km values of the reductase for D-hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA and NADPH were found to be 1.3 and 26 micronM respectively.", "PMID": 427181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13763", "title": "Evidence for rate-limiting steps in sterol synthesis beyond 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in human leukocytes.", "content": "When human blood leukocytes are incubated with [2-14C]acetate only about 32% of the nonsaponifiable lipid radioactivity is recovered in digitonin-precipitable material. Using thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid radiochromatography, we have determined that most of the label from [2-14C]acetate in the nonsaponifiable fractions is in lanosterol, squalene and an unidentified sterol. Only 11% of the acetate radioactivity is contained in cholesterol. This distribution does not change when cholesterol synthesis is depressed by the addition of lipoproteins to the medium. These findings are in marked contrast to studies with liver, where most of the nonsaponifiable radioactivity derived from acetate is recovered in digitonin-precipitable sterols. Furthermore, they suggest that rate-limiting steps beyond the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase reaction exist in the sterol synthesis pathway of human leukocytes.", "contents": "Evidence for rate-limiting steps in sterol synthesis beyond 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in human leukocytes. When human blood leukocytes are incubated with [2-14C]acetate only about 32% of the nonsaponifiable lipid radioactivity is recovered in digitonin-precipitable material. Using thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid radiochromatography, we have determined that most of the label from [2-14C]acetate in the nonsaponifiable fractions is in lanosterol, squalene and an unidentified sterol. Only 11% of the acetate radioactivity is contained in cholesterol. This distribution does not change when cholesterol synthesis is depressed by the addition of lipoproteins to the medium. These findings are in marked contrast to studies with liver, where most of the nonsaponifiable radioactivity derived from acetate is recovered in digitonin-precipitable sterols. Furthermore, they suggest that rate-limiting steps beyond the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase reaction exist in the sterol synthesis pathway of human leukocytes.", "PMID": 427182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13764", "title": "Prostaglandin generation in rabbit kidney. Hormone-activated selective lipolysis coupled to prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "content": "The endogenous release of prostaglandins and free fatty acids from the isolated perfused rabbit kidney in the absence or presence of stimulation by bradykinin or angiotensin-II was investigated. Basal (nonstimulated) release of prostaglandin-precursor arachidonic acid was 15-20-fold higher than that of prostaglandin E2 indicating a low conversion of released arachidonate to prostaglandins. Addition of bovine serum albumin to the perfusion medium caused a substantial (50-250%) increase in the release of all fatty acids except myristic and arachidonic acids, and no significant change in prostaglandin E2 generation. In contrast, administration of bradykinin (0.5 microgram) or angiotensin-II (1 microgram) caused a 10-15-fold increase in prostaglandin E2 release, and with albumin present, also a 2-3-fold selective increase in arachidonic acid release. Thus, unlike what was observed under basal conditions, arachidonic acid released following hormone stimulation is efficiently converted to prostaglandin E2. We conclude that administration of bradykinin or angiotensin-II into the perfused kidney activates a lipase which selectively releases arachidonic acid, probably from a unique lipid entity. This lipase reaction is tightly coupled to a prostaglandin generating system so that the released arachidonate is first made available to the prostaglandin cyclooxygenase, resulting in its substantial conversion to prostaglandins.", "contents": "Prostaglandin generation in rabbit kidney. Hormone-activated selective lipolysis coupled to prostaglandin biosynthesis. The endogenous release of prostaglandins and free fatty acids from the isolated perfused rabbit kidney in the absence or presence of stimulation by bradykinin or angiotensin-II was investigated. Basal (nonstimulated) release of prostaglandin-precursor arachidonic acid was 15-20-fold higher than that of prostaglandin E2 indicating a low conversion of released arachidonate to prostaglandins. Addition of bovine serum albumin to the perfusion medium caused a substantial (50-250%) increase in the release of all fatty acids except myristic and arachidonic acids, and no significant change in prostaglandin E2 generation. In contrast, administration of bradykinin (0.5 microgram) or angiotensin-II (1 microgram) caused a 10-15-fold increase in prostaglandin E2 release, and with albumin present, also a 2-3-fold selective increase in arachidonic acid release. Thus, unlike what was observed under basal conditions, arachidonic acid released following hormone stimulation is efficiently converted to prostaglandin E2. We conclude that administration of bradykinin or angiotensin-II into the perfused kidney activates a lipase which selectively releases arachidonic acid, probably from a unique lipid entity. This lipase reaction is tightly coupled to a prostaglandin generating system so that the released arachidonate is first made available to the prostaglandin cyclooxygenase, resulting in its substantial conversion to prostaglandins.", "PMID": 427183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13765", "title": "The identification of 5beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-11-oxotetranor-prostane-1,16-dioic acid as a urinary metabolite of prostaglandin F2alpha in the rat.", "content": "5beta,7alpha-Dihydroxy-11-oxotetranor-prostane-1,16-dioic acid has been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a urinary metabolite of [9beta-3H]prostaglandin F2alpha in the rat. This tetranor prostaglandin F derivative, which is the 5beta epimer of the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandin F2alpha, accounted for at least 2% of the total dose. Absence from the metabolite of tritium label at the C-5 position indicated the existence of a minor, previously unknown metabolic pathway by which prostaglandin Falpha derivatives may be converted by oxido-reduction into prostaglandins of Fbeta stereochemistry.", "contents": "The identification of 5beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-11-oxotetranor-prostane-1,16-dioic acid as a urinary metabolite of prostaglandin F2alpha in the rat. 5beta,7alpha-Dihydroxy-11-oxotetranor-prostane-1,16-dioic acid has been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a urinary metabolite of [9beta-3H]prostaglandin F2alpha in the rat. This tetranor prostaglandin F derivative, which is the 5beta epimer of the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandin F2alpha, accounted for at least 2% of the total dose. Absence from the metabolite of tritium label at the C-5 position indicated the existence of a minor, previously unknown metabolic pathway by which prostaglandin Falpha derivatives may be converted by oxido-reduction into prostaglandins of Fbeta stereochemistry.", "PMID": 427184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13766", "title": "Fractionation and structure of several hydroxyproline-containing urinary peptides, with special reference to some 3-hydroxyproline-containing peptides.", "content": "After a preliminary separation of the hydroxyproline-containing peptides on Biogel P 2, the largest peptides are fractionated on phosphocellulose and the smallest ones on QAE-Sephadex. The fractions obtained from QAE-Sephadex are subfractionated on a column of Dowex 50-M-82. The total number of hydroxyproline-containing peptides from human urine is not less than 78. Sixteen di, tri and pentapeptides have been purified, their N-terminal amino acids and amino acid compositions determined and a structure is proposed. 3 of these peptides contain 3-hydroxyproline and one of these 3 peptides probably originates from basement membrane collagen.", "contents": "Fractionation and structure of several hydroxyproline-containing urinary peptides, with special reference to some 3-hydroxyproline-containing peptides. After a preliminary separation of the hydroxyproline-containing peptides on Biogel P 2, the largest peptides are fractionated on phosphocellulose and the smallest ones on QAE-Sephadex. The fractions obtained from QAE-Sephadex are subfractionated on a column of Dowex 50-M-82. The total number of hydroxyproline-containing peptides from human urine is not less than 78. Sixteen di, tri and pentapeptides have been purified, their N-terminal amino acids and amino acid compositions determined and a structure is proposed. 3 of these peptides contain 3-hydroxyproline and one of these 3 peptides probably originates from basement membrane collagen.", "PMID": 427185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13767", "title": "Presence of the epsilon-(gamma-glutamic)lysine crosslink in cellular proteins.", "content": "The epsilon-(gamma-glutamic)lysine bond is a covalent interaction which has been found to crosslink polypeptide chains of a number of extracellular proteins. Among known covalent bonds crosslinking protein chains, it is unique in that it is formed directly by enzymatic catalysis, a property which may also endow Glu-Lys crosslink formation with important intracellular functions. We found glutamic-lysine bonds to be present in the procaryote, Escherichia coli, in primitive eucaryotes such as the slime mold, Physarum polycephalum, and the ciliate, Paramecium aurelia, and in muscle cells of a bird and a mammal. Our data show that, although Glu-Lys bonds occur in low concentrations in cellular proteins, they are nevertheless widely distributed. Evidence is also presented indicating that the low levels of the Glu-Lys bonds we measure in the proteins of various cells types are not artifacts of our analytical procedures.", "contents": "Presence of the epsilon-(gamma-glutamic)lysine crosslink in cellular proteins. The epsilon-(gamma-glutamic)lysine bond is a covalent interaction which has been found to crosslink polypeptide chains of a number of extracellular proteins. Among known covalent bonds crosslinking protein chains, it is unique in that it is formed directly by enzymatic catalysis, a property which may also endow Glu-Lys crosslink formation with important intracellular functions. We found glutamic-lysine bonds to be present in the procaryote, Escherichia coli, in primitive eucaryotes such as the slime mold, Physarum polycephalum, and the ciliate, Paramecium aurelia, and in muscle cells of a bird and a mammal. Our data show that, although Glu-Lys bonds occur in low concentrations in cellular proteins, they are nevertheless widely distributed. Evidence is also presented indicating that the low levels of the Glu-Lys bonds we measure in the proteins of various cells types are not artifacts of our analytical procedures.", "PMID": 427186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13768", "title": "The relationship between hydrophobicity and interfacial tension of proteins.", "content": "Charge-free hydrophobic gels of Hjerten et al. (Hjerten, S., Rosengren, J. and Pahlman, S. (1974) J. Chromatogr. 101, 281--288) were used for hydrophobic affinity chromatography. The effective hydrophobicity of proteins was expressed as their retention volumes from columns of butylepoxy- and hexylepoxy-Sepharose 4B. The effective hydrophobicity was also estimated by a partition method of Shanbhag and Axelsson ((1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 60, 17--22) from the partition coefficients of proteins between two phases, poly (ethylene glycol) and dextran. The former contained a hydrophobic ligand, palmitate. A close correlation was observed between the hydrophobicities determined by the two methods. However, no significant relationship was observed between these effective hydrophobicities and the average hydrophobicity of Bigelow ((1967) J. Theoret. Biol. 16, 187--211) that was calculated from the total amino acid composition of each protein. The interfacial tensions at the 0.2% protein/corn oil interface revealed negative correlations with the effective hydrophobicities determined by both methods indicating lower interfacial tensions with more hydrophobic proteins.", "contents": "The relationship between hydrophobicity and interfacial tension of proteins. Charge-free hydrophobic gels of Hjerten et al. (Hjerten, S., Rosengren, J. and Pahlman, S. (1974) J. Chromatogr. 101, 281--288) were used for hydrophobic affinity chromatography. The effective hydrophobicity of proteins was expressed as their retention volumes from columns of butylepoxy- and hexylepoxy-Sepharose 4B. The effective hydrophobicity was also estimated by a partition method of Shanbhag and Axelsson ((1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 60, 17--22) from the partition coefficients of proteins between two phases, poly (ethylene glycol) and dextran. The former contained a hydrophobic ligand, palmitate. A close correlation was observed between the hydrophobicities determined by the two methods. However, no significant relationship was observed between these effective hydrophobicities and the average hydrophobicity of Bigelow ((1967) J. Theoret. Biol. 16, 187--211) that was calculated from the total amino acid composition of each protein. The interfacial tensions at the 0.2% protein/corn oil interface revealed negative correlations with the effective hydrophobicities determined by both methods indicating lower interfacial tensions with more hydrophobic proteins.", "PMID": 427187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13769", "title": "Preparation of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV for polypeptide sequencing.", "content": "Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV is a dipeptidylpeptide hydrolase (EC 3.4.14) which hydrolyzes bond at the carboxyl group of proline releasing X-Pro dipeptides from the amino-terminus of polypeptides. The enzyme was purified 440-fold in 37% yield from swine kidney by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, gel filtration and affinity chromatography with dipeptide-substituted Sepharose 4B. The enzyme released X-Pro from all X-Pro-beta-naphthylamides and polypeptides tested. The released dipeptides were not further degraded, and were readily identified in digests. The enzyme is suitable for use in the dipeptidyl aminopeptidase method for sequence analysis of polypeptides.", "contents": "Preparation of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV for polypeptide sequencing. Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV is a dipeptidylpeptide hydrolase (EC 3.4.14) which hydrolyzes bond at the carboxyl group of proline releasing X-Pro dipeptides from the amino-terminus of polypeptides. The enzyme was purified 440-fold in 37% yield from swine kidney by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, gel filtration and affinity chromatography with dipeptide-substituted Sepharose 4B. The enzyme released X-Pro from all X-Pro-beta-naphthylamides and polypeptides tested. The released dipeptides were not further degraded, and were readily identified in digests. The enzyme is suitable for use in the dipeptidyl aminopeptidase method for sequence analysis of polypeptides.", "PMID": 427188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13770", "title": "Renin in the mouse submaxillary gland has a molecular weight of 40,000.", "content": "The availability of pure submaximillary renin, its antibody and pure specific immunoreactive Fab fragments of the antirenin molecule were used in an attempt to detect in which form renin is stored in the submaxillary gland. The proteolytic activity of serine-, metallo- and sulfhydryl enzymes during homogenisation was inhibited, but no inactive or high molecular weight form could be detected enzymatically or antigenically after gelfiltration. Nor were they demonstrable in crossed immuno-electrophoresis by using antibodies elicited against pure renin. Furthermore, pepstatin which additionally inhibits acid proteases, including a possible autoactivation of renin, and renin specific Fab fragments, were added, the latter in order to steric hinder proteolytic attack on a possible renin precursor. The renin-Fab complex was purified by precipitation with anti-Fab antibodies. No high molecular weight renin was demonstrable in SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The only form of renin demonstrable in the submaxillary gland of mice was the fully active 40,000 dalton form. Its specific enzymatic activity was identical to that of pure submaxillary renin, being 0.4 . 10(-3) Goldblatt unit . ng-1.", "contents": "Renin in the mouse submaxillary gland has a molecular weight of 40,000. The availability of pure submaximillary renin, its antibody and pure specific immunoreactive Fab fragments of the antirenin molecule were used in an attempt to detect in which form renin is stored in the submaxillary gland. The proteolytic activity of serine-, metallo- and sulfhydryl enzymes during homogenisation was inhibited, but no inactive or high molecular weight form could be detected enzymatically or antigenically after gelfiltration. Nor were they demonstrable in crossed immuno-electrophoresis by using antibodies elicited against pure renin. Furthermore, pepstatin which additionally inhibits acid proteases, including a possible autoactivation of renin, and renin specific Fab fragments, were added, the latter in order to steric hinder proteolytic attack on a possible renin precursor. The renin-Fab complex was purified by precipitation with anti-Fab antibodies. No high molecular weight renin was demonstrable in SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The only form of renin demonstrable in the submaxillary gland of mice was the fully active 40,000 dalton form. Its specific enzymatic activity was identical to that of pure submaxillary renin, being 0.4 . 10(-3) Goldblatt unit . ng-1.", "PMID": 427189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13771", "title": "Species-dependent immunological differences between various mammalian cardiac tropomyosins.", "content": "Antisera were produced from guinea-pigs against purified pig or rat cardiac tropomyosins and antigen-antibody interactions were analyzed by the micro-complement fixation technique. Immunoadsorption with purified tropomyosins coupled with CN Br-activated Sepharose 4B enabled us to establish that these antisera were only specific to tropomyosin and not to other contractile proteins. Direct cross-reactions and competition experiments performed with both the above antisera indicated quantitative differences in the maximum amount of complement fixed by tropomyosins from various heterologous species (man, beef, pig, rabbit, rat and mouse). These data provide direct evidence that mammalian cardiac tropomyosin is species-specific.", "contents": "Species-dependent immunological differences between various mammalian cardiac tropomyosins. Antisera were produced from guinea-pigs against purified pig or rat cardiac tropomyosins and antigen-antibody interactions were analyzed by the micro-complement fixation technique. Immunoadsorption with purified tropomyosins coupled with CN Br-activated Sepharose 4B enabled us to establish that these antisera were only specific to tropomyosin and not to other contractile proteins. Direct cross-reactions and competition experiments performed with both the above antisera indicated quantitative differences in the maximum amount of complement fixed by tropomyosins from various heterologous species (man, beef, pig, rabbit, rat and mouse). These data provide direct evidence that mammalian cardiac tropomyosin is species-specific.", "PMID": 427190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13772", "title": "Immunochemistry of serum albumin. VI. A dynamic approach to the immunochemical cross reactions of proteins using serum albumins from various species as models.", "content": "Antisera against bovine serum albumin were raised in two rabbits. Serial bleedings were obtained at different times after the first immunization, and antisera from these serial bleedings were not mixed but were kept and studied separately. The immunochemical cross-reactions of these antisera with serum albumins from bovine, goat, sheep, porcine, horse, human and chicken were determined by immunoadsorbent studies. These were done by titration so that the values of maximum (plateau) binding by each albumin of radioiodinated antibodies were determined. In each rabbit, the immunochemical cross-reactivity was not static but increased progressievly with time after the first immunization. In the interval 7 days to 398 days the increases in cross-reaction were extremely large. pH dissociation studies revealed that, together with the increase in cross-reactivity of a given albumin with time after immunization, there was a restriction in the antibody heterogeneity towards populations possessing higher affinity. These results provide a rational explanation for the different values of cross-reactivities for a given albumin from different laboratories. The findings are analyzed in relation to the antigenic structure of albumin and their significance in evolutionary studies discussed.", "contents": "Immunochemistry of serum albumin. VI. A dynamic approach to the immunochemical cross reactions of proteins using serum albumins from various species as models. Antisera against bovine serum albumin were raised in two rabbits. Serial bleedings were obtained at different times after the first immunization, and antisera from these serial bleedings were not mixed but were kept and studied separately. The immunochemical cross-reactions of these antisera with serum albumins from bovine, goat, sheep, porcine, horse, human and chicken were determined by immunoadsorbent studies. These were done by titration so that the values of maximum (plateau) binding by each albumin of radioiodinated antibodies were determined. In each rabbit, the immunochemical cross-reactivity was not static but increased progressievly with time after the first immunization. In the interval 7 days to 398 days the increases in cross-reaction were extremely large. pH dissociation studies revealed that, together with the increase in cross-reactivity of a given albumin with time after immunization, there was a restriction in the antibody heterogeneity towards populations possessing higher affinity. These results provide a rational explanation for the different values of cross-reactivities for a given albumin from different laboratories. The findings are analyzed in relation to the antigenic structure of albumin and their significance in evolutionary studies discussed.", "PMID": 427191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13773", "title": "Cow kappa-casein: structure of the carbohydrate portion.", "content": "The detailed sugar sequences of the two main carbohydrate portions of cow kappa-casein were established by enzymic and chemical methods and by mass spectrometry. The sugar sequences correspond to widespread sugar parts occurring in many glycoproteins.", "contents": "Cow kappa-casein: structure of the carbohydrate portion. The detailed sugar sequences of the two main carbohydrate portions of cow kappa-casein were established by enzymic and chemical methods and by mass spectrometry. The sugar sequences correspond to widespread sugar parts occurring in many glycoproteins.", "PMID": 427192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13774", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of low sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate-proteoglycan in bovine blood.", "content": "Bovine plasma low sulfated chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan (34 microgram/ml plasma), accounting for the main component of acidic glycosaminoglycans in blood, has been purified by isoelectric precipitation, dissociation with 4 M guanidine chloride followed by DEAE-chromatography, Sephadex G-200 chromatography and by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proteoglycan, having a molecular weight of approx. 44,000, is composed of about 77% protein and 23% glycosaminoglycan at a molar ratio of 1 : 1 which could be cleaved by alkaline treatment into each component. Amino acid analysis of the proteoglycan and its glycosylpeptide has shown that the material is derived from a different origin from other tissue proteoglycans, though the amino acid residues surrounding O-glycosidic linkage to serine residue are quite similar to that of cartilage proteoglycan. Characteristic features of plasma low sulfate chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan are discussed, compared with tissue materials.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of low sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate-proteoglycan in bovine blood. Bovine plasma low sulfated chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan (34 microgram/ml plasma), accounting for the main component of acidic glycosaminoglycans in blood, has been purified by isoelectric precipitation, dissociation with 4 M guanidine chloride followed by DEAE-chromatography, Sephadex G-200 chromatography and by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proteoglycan, having a molecular weight of approx. 44,000, is composed of about 77% protein and 23% glycosaminoglycan at a molar ratio of 1 : 1 which could be cleaved by alkaline treatment into each component. Amino acid analysis of the proteoglycan and its glycosylpeptide has shown that the material is derived from a different origin from other tissue proteoglycans, though the amino acid residues surrounding O-glycosidic linkage to serine residue are quite similar to that of cartilage proteoglycan. Characteristic features of plasma low sulfate chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan are discussed, compared with tissue materials.", "PMID": 427193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13775", "title": "[12-Homoarginine]glucagon: synthesis and observations on conformation, biological activity, and copper-mediated peptide cleavage.", "content": "Specific modification of the single lysine residue (Lys-12) in glucagon with O-methylisourea has been effected by blocking the reactivity of the amino terminal histidine with copper, providing a method for obtaining [12-homoarginine]glucagon. It was found that as a side reaction, under the conditions of the modification reaction, Cu(II) catalyzed cleavage of the polypeptide chain between Asp-9 and Tyr-10, and between Lys-12 and Tyr-13. This observation may be of value for development of a sequence-specific peptide cleavage procedure. The dilute solution conformations of glucagon and [12-homoarginine]-glucagon were compared by circular dichroism, fluorescence, phosphorescence, energy transfer, and optical detection of magnetic resonance. The results indicate that conversion of Lys-12 to homoarginine does not alter the helix content the side chain conformation in the vicinity of the tyrosine and tryptophan residues, or the relative distances and orientations between these residues. However, the modification reduces the hormone potency towards activation of lipolysis in isolated rat epididymal fat cells by a factor of seven. We attribute the loss of potency to an interference with a specific interaction between the lysine residue and the fat cell hormone receptor, and not to a change in the solution conformation of the hormone.", "contents": "[12-Homoarginine]glucagon: synthesis and observations on conformation, biological activity, and copper-mediated peptide cleavage. Specific modification of the single lysine residue (Lys-12) in glucagon with O-methylisourea has been effected by blocking the reactivity of the amino terminal histidine with copper, providing a method for obtaining [12-homoarginine]glucagon. It was found that as a side reaction, under the conditions of the modification reaction, Cu(II) catalyzed cleavage of the polypeptide chain between Asp-9 and Tyr-10, and between Lys-12 and Tyr-13. This observation may be of value for development of a sequence-specific peptide cleavage procedure. The dilute solution conformations of glucagon and [12-homoarginine]-glucagon were compared by circular dichroism, fluorescence, phosphorescence, energy transfer, and optical detection of magnetic resonance. The results indicate that conversion of Lys-12 to homoarginine does not alter the helix content the side chain conformation in the vicinity of the tyrosine and tryptophan residues, or the relative distances and orientations between these residues. However, the modification reduces the hormone potency towards activation of lipolysis in isolated rat epididymal fat cells by a factor of seven. We attribute the loss of potency to an interference with a specific interaction between the lysine residue and the fat cell hormone receptor, and not to a change in the solution conformation of the hormone.", "PMID": 427194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13776", "title": "Fractionation of granule proteins of granulocytes by copper chelate chromatography.", "content": "The tendency of lactoferrin to associate with other proteins at low salt concentrations defeated attempts to fractionate the acetate-extracted granule proteins of guinea pig granulocytes by ion-exchange chromatography. This problem was overcome by using copper-chelate chromatography at high salt concentrations to separate lactoferrin from the other granule proteins. Lysozyme and a 'cationic protein' were purified to apparent homogeneity in the same operation. The chromatographic profile of proteins extracted from purified secondary granules differed from that of proteins extracted from total granules chiefly in the absence of a substantial 'cationic protein' peak.", "contents": "Fractionation of granule proteins of granulocytes by copper chelate chromatography. The tendency of lactoferrin to associate with other proteins at low salt concentrations defeated attempts to fractionate the acetate-extracted granule proteins of guinea pig granulocytes by ion-exchange chromatography. This problem was overcome by using copper-chelate chromatography at high salt concentrations to separate lactoferrin from the other granule proteins. Lysozyme and a 'cationic protein' were purified to apparent homogeneity in the same operation. The chromatographic profile of proteins extracted from purified secondary granules differed from that of proteins extracted from total granules chiefly in the absence of a substantial 'cationic protein' peak.", "PMID": 427195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13777", "title": "The interaction of dodecyl and tetradecyl sulfate with proteins during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "1. The affinity of tetradecyl sulfate for many unfolded proteins is greater than that of dodecyl sulfate. 2. It is the presence of tetradecyl sulfate that results in the staining of proteins by pinacryptol yellow seen by Stoklosa and Latz (Stoklosa, J.T. and Latz, H.W. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 58, 74--79), as some tetradecyl sulfate remains associated with proteins during electrophoresis at room temperature (as opposed to dodecyl sulfate which, within the limit of detection, is completely removed). 3. Tetradecyl sulfate has a greater capacity to dissociate protein aggregates which consist of identical peptide chains, such as Glycophorin dimers and bovine serum albumin dimers, than does dodecyl sulfate.", "contents": "The interaction of dodecyl and tetradecyl sulfate with proteins during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 1. The affinity of tetradecyl sulfate for many unfolded proteins is greater than that of dodecyl sulfate. 2. It is the presence of tetradecyl sulfate that results in the staining of proteins by pinacryptol yellow seen by Stoklosa and Latz (Stoklosa, J.T. and Latz, H.W. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 58, 74--79), as some tetradecyl sulfate remains associated with proteins during electrophoresis at room temperature (as opposed to dodecyl sulfate which, within the limit of detection, is completely removed). 3. Tetradecyl sulfate has a greater capacity to dissociate protein aggregates which consist of identical peptide chains, such as Glycophorin dimers and bovine serum albumin dimers, than does dodecyl sulfate.", "PMID": 427196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13778", "title": "X-ray diffraction study of bovine lens capsule collagen.", "content": "The wide angle X-ray diffraction pattern of air-dried lens capsule collagen under tension is the same as the tendon collagen diffraction pattern with regard to the main reflections, and indicates that lens capsule collagen has the characteristic three-stranded helical structure with an axial repeat of 0.29 nm as tendon collagen. The low angle X-ray diffraction pattern shows several weak diffraction maxima corresponding to the meridional reflections of capsule collagen which show orders of 63.0 nm periodicity. This is an evidence of quarter staggered molecular assembly typical of tendon collagen even if less ordered. The results are consistent with the existence in lens capsule collagen of clearly defined molecular units, which can be oriented by stress and are packed in a poor-ordered fibrillar assembly.", "contents": "X-ray diffraction study of bovine lens capsule collagen. The wide angle X-ray diffraction pattern of air-dried lens capsule collagen under tension is the same as the tendon collagen diffraction pattern with regard to the main reflections, and indicates that lens capsule collagen has the characteristic three-stranded helical structure with an axial repeat of 0.29 nm as tendon collagen. The low angle X-ray diffraction pattern shows several weak diffraction maxima corresponding to the meridional reflections of capsule collagen which show orders of 63.0 nm periodicity. This is an evidence of quarter staggered molecular assembly typical of tendon collagen even if less ordered. The results are consistent with the existence in lens capsule collagen of clearly defined molecular units, which can be oriented by stress and are packed in a poor-ordered fibrillar assembly.", "PMID": 427197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13779", "title": "Ring current effects in the conformation dependent NMR chemical shifts of aliphatic protons in the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "Previously, a highly refined crystal structure and energy refined atomic coordinates were obtained for the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, as well as numerous individual resonance assignments in the 1H NMR spectrum. These data were now used to investigate the contributions from the local ring current fields of the aromatic rings to the overall conformation dependent chemical shifts in this globular protein. A program was written which allowed the consideration of certain aspects of internal mobility of the protein, and the different commonly used ring current equa tions were compared. These studies indicate that ring current shifts are the dominant contribution to the observed conformation dependent chemical shifts of the peripheral aliphatic side chain protons. On the other hand, it appears that ring current shifts do not make dominant contributions to the conformation dependent shifts of the backbone alpha- and amide protons or the aromatic protons in the inhibitor. On the basis of the empirical calibration with the peripheral aliphatic side chain protons, the Johnson-Bovey ring current equation was selected for an analysis of the ring geometries of two prolines in the inhibitor.", "contents": "Ring current effects in the conformation dependent NMR chemical shifts of aliphatic protons in the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Previously, a highly refined crystal structure and energy refined atomic coordinates were obtained for the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, as well as numerous individual resonance assignments in the 1H NMR spectrum. These data were now used to investigate the contributions from the local ring current fields of the aromatic rings to the overall conformation dependent chemical shifts in this globular protein. A program was written which allowed the consideration of certain aspects of internal mobility of the protein, and the different commonly used ring current equa tions were compared. These studies indicate that ring current shifts are the dominant contribution to the observed conformation dependent chemical shifts of the peripheral aliphatic side chain protons. On the other hand, it appears that ring current shifts do not make dominant contributions to the conformation dependent shifts of the backbone alpha- and amide protons or the aromatic protons in the inhibitor. On the basis of the empirical calibration with the peripheral aliphatic side chain protons, the Johnson-Bovey ring current equation was selected for an analysis of the ring geometries of two prolines in the inhibitor.", "PMID": 427198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13780", "title": "Resonance Raman study of the dark-adapted form of the purple membrane protein.", "content": "The resonance Raman spectrum of the dark-adapted form of the purple membrane protein (bacteriorhodopsin) has been obtained and is compared to the light-adapted pigment and model chromophore spectra. As in the light-adapted form, the chromophore-protein linkage is found to be a protonated Schiff base. Electron delocalization appears to play the dominant role in color regulation. The dark-adapted spectrum indicates a conformation closer to 13-cis than the light-adapted spectrum.", "contents": "Resonance Raman study of the dark-adapted form of the purple membrane protein. The resonance Raman spectrum of the dark-adapted form of the purple membrane protein (bacteriorhodopsin) has been obtained and is compared to the light-adapted pigment and model chromophore spectra. As in the light-adapted form, the chromophore-protein linkage is found to be a protonated Schiff base. Electron delocalization appears to play the dominant role in color regulation. The dark-adapted spectrum indicates a conformation closer to 13-cis than the light-adapted spectrum.", "PMID": 427199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13781", "title": "Protamines. II. Circular dichroism study of the three main components of clupeine.", "content": "The three main components YI, YII, and Z of clupeine, a protamine from herring, have been purified and characterized. The conformational preferences of clupeines have been examined as a funciton of pH, temperature, added salts, and presence of structure-disrupting agents and helix-supporting solvents using circular dichroism. It was found that these small basic proteins assume predominantly an unordered conformation in aqueous solution. Addition of counter ions, in particular perchlorate, and 2-chloroethanol induces in various amounts the onset of the right-handed alpha-helical conformation. Urea favors the statistical coil state. It was also demonstrated that in the 0.1--4.0 . 10(-1) M range, in contrast to clupeines YI and Z, the circular dichroic properties of the YII component do not seem to be sensitive to the addition of mono- and diphosphate.", "contents": "Protamines. II. Circular dichroism study of the three main components of clupeine. The three main components YI, YII, and Z of clupeine, a protamine from herring, have been purified and characterized. The conformational preferences of clupeines have been examined as a funciton of pH, temperature, added salts, and presence of structure-disrupting agents and helix-supporting solvents using circular dichroism. It was found that these small basic proteins assume predominantly an unordered conformation in aqueous solution. Addition of counter ions, in particular perchlorate, and 2-chloroethanol induces in various amounts the onset of the right-handed alpha-helical conformation. Urea favors the statistical coil state. It was also demonstrated that in the 0.1--4.0 . 10(-1) M range, in contrast to clupeines YI and Z, the circular dichroic properties of the YII component do not seem to be sensitive to the addition of mono- and diphosphate.", "PMID": 427200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13782", "title": "Fluorescence properties of o-phthaldialdehyde derivatives of amino acids.", "content": "The fluorescence properties of the products formed by reaction of o-phthaldialdehyde with amino acids and their derivatives, in the presence of thiol compounds, have been studied. The emission spectra, quantum yields, and lifetimes depend on the primary amine and thiol compound used; the observations confirm the report (Simsons, S.S., Jr. and Johnson, D.F. (1978) J. Org. Chem 43, 2886--2891) that the product incorporates molecules of all three types of compounds. The fluorescence quantum yields of o-phthaldialdehyde derivatives of the naturally occuring amino acids ranged from 0.33 to 0.47, using 2-mercaptoethanol as the thiol compound. The fluorescence lifetimes were about 18--20 ns. Lower quantum yields were obtained when mercaptoethanol was replaced by dithiothreitol or ethnethiol. Derivatives of amino acid amides and peptides had quantum yeilds as low as 0.03, due to quenching by the carboxamide group. The intramolecular quenching was relieved by the detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and by dimethylsulfoxide. Monosubstituted lysine exhibited a normal fluorescence, but the di-substituted product was largely quenched, presumably due to interaction between the two isoindole fluorophors. Fluorscence stopped-flow experiments showed that the alpha- and epsilon-amino groups reacted at different rates, with the epsilon-amion group reacting 10 times faster, with a t 1/2 of about 6 s under pseudo first order conditions at pH 9.0 with 10(-3) M o-phthaldialdehyde. The amount of instability shown by the o-phthaldialdehyde derivatives depended on the thiol compound used, the primary amine involved, and the solvent. Cysteine and o-phthaldialdehyde reacted to give an unstable, weakly fluorescent product; but cysteine could be assayed normally if its sulfhydryl was blocked. The o-phthaldialdehyde reagent was discussed in relation to fluorescamine, another reagent for primary amines.", "contents": "Fluorescence properties of o-phthaldialdehyde derivatives of amino acids. The fluorescence properties of the products formed by reaction of o-phthaldialdehyde with amino acids and their derivatives, in the presence of thiol compounds, have been studied. The emission spectra, quantum yields, and lifetimes depend on the primary amine and thiol compound used; the observations confirm the report (Simsons, S.S., Jr. and Johnson, D.F. (1978) J. Org. Chem 43, 2886--2891) that the product incorporates molecules of all three types of compounds. The fluorescence quantum yields of o-phthaldialdehyde derivatives of the naturally occuring amino acids ranged from 0.33 to 0.47, using 2-mercaptoethanol as the thiol compound. The fluorescence lifetimes were about 18--20 ns. Lower quantum yields were obtained when mercaptoethanol was replaced by dithiothreitol or ethnethiol. Derivatives of amino acid amides and peptides had quantum yeilds as low as 0.03, due to quenching by the carboxamide group. The intramolecular quenching was relieved by the detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and by dimethylsulfoxide. Monosubstituted lysine exhibited a normal fluorescence, but the di-substituted product was largely quenched, presumably due to interaction between the two isoindole fluorophors. Fluorscence stopped-flow experiments showed that the alpha- and epsilon-amino groups reacted at different rates, with the epsilon-amion group reacting 10 times faster, with a t 1/2 of about 6 s under pseudo first order conditions at pH 9.0 with 10(-3) M o-phthaldialdehyde. The amount of instability shown by the o-phthaldialdehyde derivatives depended on the thiol compound used, the primary amine involved, and the solvent. Cysteine and o-phthaldialdehyde reacted to give an unstable, weakly fluorescent product; but cysteine could be assayed normally if its sulfhydryl was blocked. The o-phthaldialdehyde reagent was discussed in relation to fluorescamine, another reagent for primary amines.", "PMID": 427201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13783", "title": "Planorbis corneus haemoglobin. Circular dichroism and susceptibility to proteases.", "content": "The purified haemoglobin of Planorbis corneus was subjected to protease digestion and the resulting products characterised by gel filtration and detergent-gel electrophoresis. Small functional subunits of molecular weights approximately 20,000 were obtained corresponding to a single haem group, but multiples of this unit were also always obtained even at high proteolytic enzyme: haemoglobin ratios. This suggested that the subunits of the native molecule (one-tenth containing perhaps ten O2-binding sites) were made up of single-binding site domains linked by regions of polypeptide chains having different susceptibilities to proteases. The far ultraviolet CD of the native haemoglobin indicated the presence of a high helix content (75--80%) in the protein. The near ultraviolet and visible CD spectra of oxy- deoxy-, and CO-haemoglobin were reported. Planorbis haemoglobin CD was more like that of vertebrate haemoglobins than that of haemoblobins. Nevertheless the Soret CD of Planorbis oxyhaemoglobin had only about half the rotational strength of that of human haemoglobin A, and was halved again upon removal of the ligand. Also in contrast to Lumbricus and human haemoglobins there was only a small decrease in rotational strength in the 260 nm band when Planorbis oxyhaemoglobin was deoxygenated.", "contents": "Planorbis corneus haemoglobin. Circular dichroism and susceptibility to proteases. The purified haemoglobin of Planorbis corneus was subjected to protease digestion and the resulting products characterised by gel filtration and detergent-gel electrophoresis. Small functional subunits of molecular weights approximately 20,000 were obtained corresponding to a single haem group, but multiples of this unit were also always obtained even at high proteolytic enzyme: haemoglobin ratios. This suggested that the subunits of the native molecule (one-tenth containing perhaps ten O2-binding sites) were made up of single-binding site domains linked by regions of polypeptide chains having different susceptibilities to proteases. The far ultraviolet CD of the native haemoglobin indicated the presence of a high helix content (75--80%) in the protein. The near ultraviolet and visible CD spectra of oxy- deoxy-, and CO-haemoglobin were reported. Planorbis haemoglobin CD was more like that of vertebrate haemoglobins than that of haemoblobins. Nevertheless the Soret CD of Planorbis oxyhaemoglobin had only about half the rotational strength of that of human haemoglobin A, and was halved again upon removal of the ligand. Also in contrast to Lumbricus and human haemoglobins there was only a small decrease in rotational strength in the 260 nm band when Planorbis oxyhaemoglobin was deoxygenated.", "PMID": 427202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13784", "title": "Haemoglobin Avicenna (beta 47 (CD6) Asp replaced by Ala). A new abnormal haemoglobin.", "content": "In a survey for abnormal haemoglobin variants in voluntary blood donors in Iran, a new variant was found in a young male who presented no clinical symptoms. It had the same electrophoretic mobility as haemoglobin D in alkaline buffers. Separation of the constituent polypeptide chains in acid urea buffer revealed it to be different from haemoglobin D previously found among Iranians. Analysis of its structure demonstrated a substitution to alanine (beta 47 Asp replaced by Ala) in the same residue as involved in haemoglobin G-Copenhagen (beta 47 Asp replaced by Asn).", "contents": "Haemoglobin Avicenna (beta 47 (CD6) Asp replaced by Ala). A new abnormal haemoglobin. In a survey for abnormal haemoglobin variants in voluntary blood donors in Iran, a new variant was found in a young male who presented no clinical symptoms. It had the same electrophoretic mobility as haemoglobin D in alkaline buffers. Separation of the constituent polypeptide chains in acid urea buffer revealed it to be different from haemoglobin D previously found among Iranians. Analysis of its structure demonstrated a substitution to alanine (beta 47 Asp replaced by Ala) in the same residue as involved in haemoglobin G-Copenhagen (beta 47 Asp replaced by Asn).", "PMID": 427203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13785", "title": "Spectroscopic properties and chromophore conformations of the photomorphogenic receptor: phytochrome.", "content": "Fluorescence lifetimes of 'large (mol. wt. 120,000) and 'small' (mol. wt. 60,000) phytochromes isolated from oat and rye seedlings grown in the dark have been measured at 199 K and 298 K. Phytochrome model compounds have also been studied by phase modulation fluorometrically at 77 K for comparison with lifetime data for phytochrome. It was found that the fluorescence lifetime of 'large' phytochrome was significantly shorter than that of 'small' phytochrome and its chromophore models. The phytochrome chromophore of Pr form has been analyzed by fluorescence polarization, CD, and molecular orbital methods. The fluorescence excitation polarization of 'small' phytochrome and the chromophore model in buffer/glycerol mixture (3 : 1, v/v) at 77 K is very hight (0.4) at the main absorption band and is negative (--0.1) and close to 0 in the near ultraviolet band, respectively. Analyses of the spectroscopic data suggest that the chromophore conformation of Pr and Pfr forms of phytochrome are essentially identical. The induced ellipticity of 'large' rye phytochrome in the blue and near ultraviolet regions was found to be significantly higher than that of 'small' phytochrome, indicating that the binding interaction between the phytochrome chromophore and apoprotein is much tighter in the former than in the latter. In addition, the excitation energy transfer does occur from Trp residue(s) to the chromophore in 'large' phytochrome but not in 'small' Pr. This illustrates one feature of the role played by the large molecular weight apoprotein in the binding site interactions and primary photoprocesses of Pr. Finally, a plausible model for the primary photoprocesses and the mechanism of phytochrome interactions triggered by the Pr leads to Pfr phototransformation have been proposed on the basis of the above results.", "contents": "Spectroscopic properties and chromophore conformations of the photomorphogenic receptor: phytochrome. Fluorescence lifetimes of 'large (mol. wt. 120,000) and 'small' (mol. wt. 60,000) phytochromes isolated from oat and rye seedlings grown in the dark have been measured at 199 K and 298 K. Phytochrome model compounds have also been studied by phase modulation fluorometrically at 77 K for comparison with lifetime data for phytochrome. It was found that the fluorescence lifetime of 'large' phytochrome was significantly shorter than that of 'small' phytochrome and its chromophore models. The phytochrome chromophore of Pr form has been analyzed by fluorescence polarization, CD, and molecular orbital methods. The fluorescence excitation polarization of 'small' phytochrome and the chromophore model in buffer/glycerol mixture (3 : 1, v/v) at 77 K is very hight (0.4) at the main absorption band and is negative (--0.1) and close to 0 in the near ultraviolet band, respectively. Analyses of the spectroscopic data suggest that the chromophore conformation of Pr and Pfr forms of phytochrome are essentially identical. The induced ellipticity of 'large' rye phytochrome in the blue and near ultraviolet regions was found to be significantly higher than that of 'small' phytochrome, indicating that the binding interaction between the phytochrome chromophore and apoprotein is much tighter in the former than in the latter. In addition, the excitation energy transfer does occur from Trp residue(s) to the chromophore in 'large' phytochrome but not in 'small' Pr. This illustrates one feature of the role played by the large molecular weight apoprotein in the binding site interactions and primary photoprocesses of Pr. Finally, a plausible model for the primary photoprocesses and the mechanism of phytochrome interactions triggered by the Pr leads to Pfr phototransformation have been proposed on the basis of the above results.", "PMID": 427204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13786", "title": "Structure of human hemoglobin C: a disease with intraerythrocytic crystals.", "content": "Crystals of human cyanomethemoglobin C (beta 6A3 glu leads to Lys) crystallized in the orthorhombic space group P212121, A = 158(1), B = 65.5(4), C = 54.9(5) A with Z =4. Single crystal electron micrographs show filaments parallel to the b direction. The molecules are unusually densely packed compared to other hemoglobin crystals, and this may be related to the ease of intraerythrocytic crystallization.", "contents": "Structure of human hemoglobin C: a disease with intraerythrocytic crystals. Crystals of human cyanomethemoglobin C (beta 6A3 glu leads to Lys) crystallized in the orthorhombic space group P212121, A = 158(1), B = 65.5(4), C = 54.9(5) A with Z =4. Single crystal electron micrographs show filaments parallel to the b direction. The molecules are unusually densely packed compared to other hemoglobin crystals, and this may be related to the ease of intraerythrocytic crystallization.", "PMID": 427205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13787", "title": "Renin binding proteins in plasma. Binding of renin to some of the plasma protease inhibitors, to lipoproteins, and to a non-trypsin-binding unidentified plasma protein.", "content": "Renin is found in mouse plasma as high molecular weight forms, in addition to the fully active 40 000 dalton form. By using freshly 125 I-labelled 40 000 dalton pure submaxillary mouse renin, no binding to plasma proteins was demonstrable. However, unfolding and refolding of the labelled renin by guanidine facilitated binding to specific mouse and human plasma proteins. By using antibodies against individual human plasma proteins, the specific binding proteins were identified to be the plasma protease inhibitors: alpha2-macroglobulin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, alpha2-antithrombin. Binding was also demonstrated to alpha1- and beta1-lipoproteins, albumin and to a non trypsin binding unidentified plasma protein. No binding to 56 other tested proteins was demonstrable. It is concluded that the native 40 000 renin does not bind, but that a conformational change of the renin molecule most likely is necessary before binding occurs. It is discussed whether or not inactive or high molecular weight forms of renin in plasma are 40 000 renin bound to plasma protease inhibitors and lipoprotein.", "contents": "Renin binding proteins in plasma. Binding of renin to some of the plasma protease inhibitors, to lipoproteins, and to a non-trypsin-binding unidentified plasma protein. Renin is found in mouse plasma as high molecular weight forms, in addition to the fully active 40 000 dalton form. By using freshly 125 I-labelled 40 000 dalton pure submaxillary mouse renin, no binding to plasma proteins was demonstrable. However, unfolding and refolding of the labelled renin by guanidine facilitated binding to specific mouse and human plasma proteins. By using antibodies against individual human plasma proteins, the specific binding proteins were identified to be the plasma protease inhibitors: alpha2-macroglobulin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, alpha2-antithrombin. Binding was also demonstrated to alpha1- and beta1-lipoproteins, albumin and to a non trypsin binding unidentified plasma protein. No binding to 56 other tested proteins was demonstrable. It is concluded that the native 40 000 renin does not bind, but that a conformational change of the renin molecule most likely is necessary before binding occurs. It is discussed whether or not inactive or high molecular weight forms of renin in plasma are 40 000 renin bound to plasma protease inhibitors and lipoprotein.", "PMID": 427206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13788", "title": "Hydrophobicity of lectins. I. The hydrophobic character of concanavalin A.", "content": "The hydrophobicity of Concanavalin A has been estimated by its tendency to adsorb to hydrophobic adsorbents. Experiments varying temperature, salt concentration and hydrophobicity of the absorbent were consistent with accepted criteria of hydrophobic interaction between biomolecules and hydrophobic ligands. The biological significance of the hydrophobic character of Concanavalin A is also discussed.", "contents": "Hydrophobicity of lectins. I. The hydrophobic character of concanavalin A. The hydrophobicity of Concanavalin A has been estimated by its tendency to adsorb to hydrophobic adsorbents. Experiments varying temperature, salt concentration and hydrophobicity of the absorbent were consistent with accepted criteria of hydrophobic interaction between biomolecules and hydrophobic ligands. The biological significance of the hydrophobic character of Concanavalin A is also discussed.", "PMID": 427207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13789", "title": "The collagenous matrix of bovine predentine.", "content": "Predentine obtained from bovine teeth by microdissection was solubilized by cyanogen bromide cleavage. The electrophoretic mobility of the resultant peptides was established on polyacrylamide gel and the amino acid composition of several peptides was determined. The data clearly indicated that this collagen is entirely of the Type I genetic species. No differences were detected between the predentine and dentine collagens except that the mature tissue was more highly crosslinked. Nevertheless the amount of stable cross-link formed in the predentine was higher than expected for an immature tissue.", "contents": "The collagenous matrix of bovine predentine. Predentine obtained from bovine teeth by microdissection was solubilized by cyanogen bromide cleavage. The electrophoretic mobility of the resultant peptides was established on polyacrylamide gel and the amino acid composition of several peptides was determined. The data clearly indicated that this collagen is entirely of the Type I genetic species. No differences were detected between the predentine and dentine collagens except that the mature tissue was more highly crosslinked. Nevertheless the amount of stable cross-link formed in the predentine was higher than expected for an immature tissue.", "PMID": 427208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13790", "title": "Charge separation of proteins complexed with sodium dodecyl sulfate by acid gel electrophoresis in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.", "content": "Globular proteins, casein, and membrane proteins which were reacted with sodium dodecyl sulfate were studied by acid urea gel electrophoresis. The sodium dodecyl sulfate bound tightly to the proteins, producing a more acidic charge which prevented migration into the gel. When cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was added to the sodium dodecyl sulfate-protein complexes, the sodium dodecyl sulfate apparently reacted with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and dissociated so that the proteins migrated in acid gel in a normal manner as compared to the proteins without any added detergent. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide complex could be removed from the proteins by centrifugation. Thus, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide used in conjunction with acid gel electrophoresis allows direct comparison by charge of proteins fractionated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate with the starting mixture of proteins not exposed to detergent. The reaction of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with sodium dodecyl sulfate in acidic urea also provides a simple convenient method of removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate from proteins.", "contents": "Charge separation of proteins complexed with sodium dodecyl sulfate by acid gel electrophoresis in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Globular proteins, casein, and membrane proteins which were reacted with sodium dodecyl sulfate were studied by acid urea gel electrophoresis. The sodium dodecyl sulfate bound tightly to the proteins, producing a more acidic charge which prevented migration into the gel. When cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was added to the sodium dodecyl sulfate-protein complexes, the sodium dodecyl sulfate apparently reacted with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and dissociated so that the proteins migrated in acid gel in a normal manner as compared to the proteins without any added detergent. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide complex could be removed from the proteins by centrifugation. Thus, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide used in conjunction with acid gel electrophoresis allows direct comparison by charge of proteins fractionated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate with the starting mixture of proteins not exposed to detergent. The reaction of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with sodium dodecyl sulfate in acidic urea also provides a simple convenient method of removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate from proteins.", "PMID": 427209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13791", "title": "Resolution of the glycosyltransferase activities from two strains of Streptococcus mutans by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of Tween 80.", "content": "The glycosyltransferase complex from Streptococcus mutans can be resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis following treatment with Tween 80. The enzyme complex was treated with Tween 80 and electrophoresis was performed in the presence of Tween 80. Discrete bands of glycosyltransferase activity were observed when the gels were incubated in buffered sucrose. The enzyme aggregation that occurs with the exocellular glycosyltransferase may involve lipophilic interactions that are disrupted by the Tween 80.", "contents": "Resolution of the glycosyltransferase activities from two strains of Streptococcus mutans by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of Tween 80. The glycosyltransferase complex from Streptococcus mutans can be resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis following treatment with Tween 80. The enzyme complex was treated with Tween 80 and electrophoresis was performed in the presence of Tween 80. Discrete bands of glycosyltransferase activity were observed when the gels were incubated in buffered sucrose. The enzyme aggregation that occurs with the exocellular glycosyltransferase may involve lipophilic interactions that are disrupted by the Tween 80.", "PMID": 427210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13792", "title": "Characterization of insoluble elastin from copper-deficient pigs. Its usefulness in elastin sequence studies.", "content": "Insoluble elastin from copper-deficient animals has an amino acid composition intermediate between mature elastin and salt-soluble elastin (a higher lysine content and correspondingly low number of cross-links relative to the normal protein) and is solubilized by successive treatment with trypsin and chymotrypsin at 4 and 37 degrees C. Small amounts of B3H4 (11 mg--2 g of elastin) reduced allysine, allysine aldol, dehydronorleucine, and dehydromerodesmosine in insoluble elastin from copper-deficient pig aorta. In contrast, desmosine and isodesmosine were reduced only when a large excess of reductant (400 mg borohydride) was included in the reaction mixture. Reduction studies indicated that lysinonorleucine and merodesmosine were present in their dehydro forms to a greater extent in copper-deficient pig elastin than in normal elastin. After reduction with borohydride approximately 35% of the reduced form of the insoluble elastin remained insoluble after digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin. A peptide containing the aldehyde oxidation product of lysine (allysine) and demonstrating an enrichment in glutamic acid was purified from the reduced form of copper-deficient pig elastin and partially sequenced. Its sequence (Gly-Ala-Glu-allysine-(Glu)...) and amino acid composition suggest: (1) clustering of glutamic acid residues in the elastin molecule, and (2) that allysine residues are not restricted to the alanine-enriched sites described for other elastin cross-links. Insoluble elastin from copper-deficient animals promises to be a useful tool for elastin sequence studies.", "contents": "Characterization of insoluble elastin from copper-deficient pigs. Its usefulness in elastin sequence studies. Insoluble elastin from copper-deficient animals has an amino acid composition intermediate between mature elastin and salt-soluble elastin (a higher lysine content and correspondingly low number of cross-links relative to the normal protein) and is solubilized by successive treatment with trypsin and chymotrypsin at 4 and 37 degrees C. Small amounts of B3H4 (11 mg--2 g of elastin) reduced allysine, allysine aldol, dehydronorleucine, and dehydromerodesmosine in insoluble elastin from copper-deficient pig aorta. In contrast, desmosine and isodesmosine were reduced only when a large excess of reductant (400 mg borohydride) was included in the reaction mixture. Reduction studies indicated that lysinonorleucine and merodesmosine were present in their dehydro forms to a greater extent in copper-deficient pig elastin than in normal elastin. After reduction with borohydride approximately 35% of the reduced form of the insoluble elastin remained insoluble after digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin. A peptide containing the aldehyde oxidation product of lysine (allysine) and demonstrating an enrichment in glutamic acid was purified from the reduced form of copper-deficient pig elastin and partially sequenced. Its sequence (Gly-Ala-Glu-allysine-(Glu)...) and amino acid composition suggest: (1) clustering of glutamic acid residues in the elastin molecule, and (2) that allysine residues are not restricted to the alanine-enriched sites described for other elastin cross-links. Insoluble elastin from copper-deficient animals promises to be a useful tool for elastin sequence studies.", "PMID": 427211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13793", "title": "On the chromatographic heterogeneity of human fetal hemoglobin.", "content": "Minor fetal hemoglobins in red cell hemolysates of newborn and adults with elevated levels of Hb F have been separated and quantitated by Biorex 70 column chromatography. In addition to Hb F1, other minor hemoglobin zones eluting before F1, pre-F1, and after F1, post-f1 have been observed. The relative amounts of the two pre-F1 zones and F1 are higher in the red cells of adults with 97--100% Hb F (homozygous hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, homozygous deltabeta-thalassemia and homozygous beta0-thalassemia) than in the red cells of an adult with homozygous beta+-thalassemia with 66% Hb F, a child with a trisomy-D-13 having 38% Hb F, and in two newborn. Hb F was glycosylated in vitro with [14C]glucose or [14C] glucose 6-phosphate, and was acetylated using chicken reticulocyte lysate or a crude acetyltransferase preparation isolated from the same lysate with [14C]acetyl-CoA as substrate. Chromatographic analyses indicated that the Hb F1 zone can be formed both by glycosylation and acetylation of Hb F, and that pre-F1 zones can be products of the reaction of Hb F with phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates. Biosynthesis of minor hemoglobins in reticulocytes was studied with [14C]leucine in the presence and absence of cycloheximide and by pulse-chase. The resulting data indicate that Hb F1 synthesis is dependent upon Hb F synthesis and that the posttranslational modification may take place at an early stage in Hb F synthesis.", "contents": "On the chromatographic heterogeneity of human fetal hemoglobin. Minor fetal hemoglobins in red cell hemolysates of newborn and adults with elevated levels of Hb F have been separated and quantitated by Biorex 70 column chromatography. In addition to Hb F1, other minor hemoglobin zones eluting before F1, pre-F1, and after F1, post-f1 have been observed. The relative amounts of the two pre-F1 zones and F1 are higher in the red cells of adults with 97--100% Hb F (homozygous hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, homozygous deltabeta-thalassemia and homozygous beta0-thalassemia) than in the red cells of an adult with homozygous beta+-thalassemia with 66% Hb F, a child with a trisomy-D-13 having 38% Hb F, and in two newborn. Hb F was glycosylated in vitro with [14C]glucose or [14C] glucose 6-phosphate, and was acetylated using chicken reticulocyte lysate or a crude acetyltransferase preparation isolated from the same lysate with [14C]acetyl-CoA as substrate. Chromatographic analyses indicated that the Hb F1 zone can be formed both by glycosylation and acetylation of Hb F, and that pre-F1 zones can be products of the reaction of Hb F with phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates. Biosynthesis of minor hemoglobins in reticulocytes was studied with [14C]leucine in the presence and absence of cycloheximide and by pulse-chase. The resulting data indicate that Hb F1 synthesis is dependent upon Hb F synthesis and that the posttranslational modification may take place at an early stage in Hb F synthesis.", "PMID": 427212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13794", "title": "Structure of 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylated carboxypeptidase A.", "content": "Bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A (EC 3.4.12.2) was treated with dimethyl (2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium chloride at pH 7.5, resulting in a preparation which consisted primarily of a monohydroxynitrobenzylated derivative of the enzyme. Samples of the hydroxynitrobenzylated enzyme were subjected to tryptic digestion and to cyanogen bromide cleavage, and resulting peptides were isolated chromatographically. One tryptic hydroxynitrobenzyl-containing peptide was isolated; its amino acid composition was that of the N-terminal tryptic segment of carboxypeptidase Agamma (residues 8--35). Likewise, CNBr cleavage of the hydroxynitrobenzylated enzyme revealed that the hydroxynitrobenzyl group resided in the N-terminal fragment, FN (residues 8--22). Neither of these hydroxynitrobenzylated peptides contains Trp, the amino acid residue which is characteristically the site of hydroxynitrobenzylation in proteins, and each was found to contain approximately one less Asx than the corresponding native peptide. Both dansylation and automated Edman degradation procedures revealed that the N-terminal Asn of carboxypeptidase Agamma had been modified by hydroxynitrobenzylation of the enzyme. Thus the sulfonium salt reacts with carboxypeptidase A in the same manner as that established earlier for 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide (Radhakrishnan, T.M., Bradshaw, R.A., Deranleau, D.A. and Neurath, H. (1970) FEBS Lett. 7, 72--76). Such reactivity of the alpha-amino group presumably reflects its unique location with respect to Trp residues in the tertiary structure of the enzyme.", "contents": "Structure of 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylated carboxypeptidase A. Bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A (EC 3.4.12.2) was treated with dimethyl (2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium chloride at pH 7.5, resulting in a preparation which consisted primarily of a monohydroxynitrobenzylated derivative of the enzyme. Samples of the hydroxynitrobenzylated enzyme were subjected to tryptic digestion and to cyanogen bromide cleavage, and resulting peptides were isolated chromatographically. One tryptic hydroxynitrobenzyl-containing peptide was isolated; its amino acid composition was that of the N-terminal tryptic segment of carboxypeptidase Agamma (residues 8--35). Likewise, CNBr cleavage of the hydroxynitrobenzylated enzyme revealed that the hydroxynitrobenzyl group resided in the N-terminal fragment, FN (residues 8--22). Neither of these hydroxynitrobenzylated peptides contains Trp, the amino acid residue which is characteristically the site of hydroxynitrobenzylation in proteins, and each was found to contain approximately one less Asx than the corresponding native peptide. Both dansylation and automated Edman degradation procedures revealed that the N-terminal Asn of carboxypeptidase Agamma had been modified by hydroxynitrobenzylation of the enzyme. Thus the sulfonium salt reacts with carboxypeptidase A in the same manner as that established earlier for 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide (Radhakrishnan, T.M., Bradshaw, R.A., Deranleau, D.A. and Neurath, H. (1970) FEBS Lett. 7, 72--76). Such reactivity of the alpha-amino group presumably reflects its unique location with respect to Trp residues in the tertiary structure of the enzyme.", "PMID": 427213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13795", "title": "Improvement in the resolution of human sperm protamines by use of iodoacetamide as alkylating agent.", "content": "By use of the neutral alkylating agent iodo [14C1] acetamide instead of ethylene imine or iodoacetate, the resolution of human protamines on gel electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography has been improved. Using 20-cm gels, human protamines may be fractionated into seven bands, including the two chromatographically distinct forms of HP1 and a hitherto undetected component HP4. On ion-exchange chromatography, HP2 and the two forms of HP1 may be isolated in sufficient purity for sequence analysis.", "contents": "Improvement in the resolution of human sperm protamines by use of iodoacetamide as alkylating agent. By use of the neutral alkylating agent iodo [14C1] acetamide instead of ethylene imine or iodoacetate, the resolution of human protamines on gel electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography has been improved. Using 20-cm gels, human protamines may be fractionated into seven bands, including the two chromatographically distinct forms of HP1 and a hitherto undetected component HP4. On ion-exchange chromatography, HP2 and the two forms of HP1 may be isolated in sufficient purity for sequence analysis.", "PMID": 427214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13796", "title": "Fragmentation of actin by thrombin-like snake venom proteases.", "content": "The effect of thrombin-like snake venom proteases (Ancrod of Agkistrodon rhodostoma and Batroxobins of Bothrops moojeni and Bothrops marajoensis) on skeletal muscle actin was studied and compared to the thrombic cleavage of this protein. Only EDTA-pretreated G- and F-actin were split by thrombin and Ancrod, while Batroxobins hydrolyzed native G-actin, too. The time course of digestion was followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A split product of 37 500 daltons appeared first which was cleaved further resulting in three lower molecular weight fragments. The sodium dodecyl sulfate gel pattern of thrombic fragmentation was well distinguishable from those caused by Ancrod and Batroxobins. The first split products of Batroxobin digestion--a smaller peptide and the 37 500 dalton fragment--were isolated and by estimating their N-, and C-terminal end groups and amino acid compositions the peptide bond hydrolyzed first was located in the primary structure of actin. It was established that while thrombin split off two actino-peptides (at Arg(28)-Ala(29) and Arg(39)-His(40) from the N-terminal end of the molecule only Arg(39)-His(40) was cleaved by Batroxobins.", "contents": "Fragmentation of actin by thrombin-like snake venom proteases. The effect of thrombin-like snake venom proteases (Ancrod of Agkistrodon rhodostoma and Batroxobins of Bothrops moojeni and Bothrops marajoensis) on skeletal muscle actin was studied and compared to the thrombic cleavage of this protein. Only EDTA-pretreated G- and F-actin were split by thrombin and Ancrod, while Batroxobins hydrolyzed native G-actin, too. The time course of digestion was followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A split product of 37 500 daltons appeared first which was cleaved further resulting in three lower molecular weight fragments. The sodium dodecyl sulfate gel pattern of thrombic fragmentation was well distinguishable from those caused by Ancrod and Batroxobins. The first split products of Batroxobin digestion--a smaller peptide and the 37 500 dalton fragment--were isolated and by estimating their N-, and C-terminal end groups and amino acid compositions the peptide bond hydrolyzed first was located in the primary structure of actin. It was established that while thrombin split off two actino-peptides (at Arg(28)-Ala(29) and Arg(39)-His(40) from the N-terminal end of the molecule only Arg(39)-His(40) was cleaved by Batroxobins.", "PMID": 427215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13797", "title": "Histones of Xenopus laevis erythrocytes. Purification and characterization of the lysine-rich fractions.", "content": "Lysine-rich histones have been isolated from the terminally differentiated erythrocytes of Xenopus laevis. Three major proteins have been separated by ion-exchange chromatography. These proteins have been characterized by electrophoresis, amino acid analysis and immunochemical techniques. It is concluded that two 'typical' lysine-rich subfractions are present in Xenopus erythrocytes and, in addition, a serine-rich histone, that shares no common antigenic determinants with the other lysine-rich histones.", "contents": "Histones of Xenopus laevis erythrocytes. Purification and characterization of the lysine-rich fractions. Lysine-rich histones have been isolated from the terminally differentiated erythrocytes of Xenopus laevis. Three major proteins have been separated by ion-exchange chromatography. These proteins have been characterized by electrophoresis, amino acid analysis and immunochemical techniques. It is concluded that two 'typical' lysine-rich subfractions are present in Xenopus erythrocytes and, in addition, a serine-rich histone, that shares no common antigenic determinants with the other lysine-rich histones.", "PMID": 427216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13798", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of a mitogenic lectin from Vicia sativa.", "content": "From the seeds of Vicia sativa a lectin has been purified by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-100, followed by specific elution with D-glucose. The lectin is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 70 000. The aminoacid composition and the total sugar content have been determined. This lectin agglutinates horse, rabbit and human erythrocytes, with no specificity for human blood groups, but does not agglutinate calf and sheep erythrocytes. The agglutinating activity is inhibited by mono-, di-, and trisaccharides with a pyranosyl residue whose free hydroxyl group in position 4 has the configuration of glucose, and by fructose. The lectin has mitogenic activity on human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of a mitogenic lectin from Vicia sativa. From the seeds of Vicia sativa a lectin has been purified by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-100, followed by specific elution with D-glucose. The lectin is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 70 000. The aminoacid composition and the total sugar content have been determined. This lectin agglutinates horse, rabbit and human erythrocytes, with no specificity for human blood groups, but does not agglutinate calf and sheep erythrocytes. The agglutinating activity is inhibited by mono-, di-, and trisaccharides with a pyranosyl residue whose free hydroxyl group in position 4 has the configuration of glucose, and by fructose. The lectin has mitogenic activity on human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "PMID": 427217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13799", "title": "The conformational properties of some fragments of the peptide hormone somatostatin.", "content": "The conformational properties of some somatostatin fragments have been studied using high resolution NMR and semi-empirical calculations. The fragments are Thr10-Phe11, Phe11-Thr12, Thr10-Phe11-Thr12 and Thr10-Phe11-Thr12-Ser13. The results of high resolution 1H and 13C NMR using dimethylsulfoxide and 2H2O as solvents, combined with a new method for determining dihedral angles phi and psi from 13C and 1H spin lattice relaxation times are presented. A marked inequivalence of the two Thr10,12 residues is attributed to a shielding of the the Thr10 side chain by the Phe11 aromatic ring. The calculations show the existence of extended and folded low energy conformations in the tri and tetrapeptide. Only the folded structures give the observed shielding of Thr10. A temperature study of the tri and the tetrapeptide indicates that the folded structures are energetically the most favorable conformations at room temperature in dimethylsulfoxide. Increasing temperature reduces the nonequivalence of the Thr residues towards the differences that are observed in 2H2O. A detailed comparison of 3JalphaNH coupling constants and relaxation time measurements with the calculated conformations gives in general good agreement between both approaches. It is concluded that in these linear peptides, although several quite different low energy conformations exist, some of them are predominant. The continuity of both NMR parameters and calculated low energy conformations, when going from the smaller to the larger peptides, demonstrates the existence of structural properties far from the \"random conformation\".", "contents": "The conformational properties of some fragments of the peptide hormone somatostatin. The conformational properties of some somatostatin fragments have been studied using high resolution NMR and semi-empirical calculations. The fragments are Thr10-Phe11, Phe11-Thr12, Thr10-Phe11-Thr12 and Thr10-Phe11-Thr12-Ser13. The results of high resolution 1H and 13C NMR using dimethylsulfoxide and 2H2O as solvents, combined with a new method for determining dihedral angles phi and psi from 13C and 1H spin lattice relaxation times are presented. A marked inequivalence of the two Thr10,12 residues is attributed to a shielding of the the Thr10 side chain by the Phe11 aromatic ring. The calculations show the existence of extended and folded low energy conformations in the tri and tetrapeptide. Only the folded structures give the observed shielding of Thr10. A temperature study of the tri and the tetrapeptide indicates that the folded structures are energetically the most favorable conformations at room temperature in dimethylsulfoxide. Increasing temperature reduces the nonequivalence of the Thr residues towards the differences that are observed in 2H2O. A detailed comparison of 3JalphaNH coupling constants and relaxation time measurements with the calculated conformations gives in general good agreement between both approaches. It is concluded that in these linear peptides, although several quite different low energy conformations exist, some of them are predominant. The continuity of both NMR parameters and calculated low energy conformations, when going from the smaller to the larger peptides, demonstrates the existence of structural properties far from the \"random conformation\".", "PMID": 427218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13800", "title": "Regulation of platelet adenylate cyclase by adenosine.", "content": "The stimulatory and inhibitory effects of adenosine on the adenylate cyclases of human and pig platelets were studied. Stimulation occurred at lower concentrations than did inhibition, and the stimulatory effect was prevented by methylxanthines. Stimulation by adenosine was immediate in onset and was reversible, under conditions when cyclic AMP formation was linear with respect to time and protein concentration. The stimulatory and inhibitory effects could be distinguished further by the use of various analogues of adenosine and could be prevented by adenosine deaminase. The data suggest that both stimulation and inhibition were due to adenosine itself and not one of its degradation products and that in the platelet preparation, neither formation nor degradation of adenosine during the adenylate cyclase incubation appreciably influenced measured activity. Stimulation by adenosine was additive with the effects of GMP-P(NH)P, and alpha- or beta-adrenergic stimulation, but was abolished by prostaglandin E1 or by NaF. Prostaglandin E1 and NaF increased the sensitivity of adenylate cyclase to inhibition by adenosine. The data suggest that guanyl-5'-yl-(beta-gamma-imino)diphosphate and/or adrenergic stimulation and adenosine exert their effects on adenylate cyclase by distinct mechanisms, but that prostaglandin E1 or F- and adenosine increase enzyme activity by mechanisms which may involve common intermediates in the coupling to adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "Regulation of platelet adenylate cyclase by adenosine. The stimulatory and inhibitory effects of adenosine on the adenylate cyclases of human and pig platelets were studied. Stimulation occurred at lower concentrations than did inhibition, and the stimulatory effect was prevented by methylxanthines. Stimulation by adenosine was immediate in onset and was reversible, under conditions when cyclic AMP formation was linear with respect to time and protein concentration. The stimulatory and inhibitory effects could be distinguished further by the use of various analogues of adenosine and could be prevented by adenosine deaminase. The data suggest that both stimulation and inhibition were due to adenosine itself and not one of its degradation products and that in the platelet preparation, neither formation nor degradation of adenosine during the adenylate cyclase incubation appreciably influenced measured activity. Stimulation by adenosine was additive with the effects of GMP-P(NH)P, and alpha- or beta-adrenergic stimulation, but was abolished by prostaglandin E1 or by NaF. Prostaglandin E1 and NaF increased the sensitivity of adenylate cyclase to inhibition by adenosine. The data suggest that guanyl-5'-yl-(beta-gamma-imino)diphosphate and/or adrenergic stimulation and adenosine exert their effects on adenylate cyclase by distinct mechanisms, but that prostaglandin E1 or F- and adenosine increase enzyme activity by mechanisms which may involve common intermediates in the coupling to adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 427219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13801", "title": "Superinduction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in gherkin hypocotyls caused by the inhibitor, L-alpha-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid.", "content": "The extractable activity of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) and the concentration of sugar esters of p-coumaric and ferulic acids in the hypocotyls of etiolated gherkin seedlings increase upon irradiation with white light. Treatment of intact seedlings with the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inhibitors alpha-aminooxyacetic acid and L-alpha-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid during illumination causes enhanced formation of the lyase and reduces the accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids. Enzyme activity in excised hypocotyl segments floating on buffer increases in the dark as well as in the light, while hydroxycinnamic acids accumulate only in the light. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase formation in the segments is inhibited by cinnamic acid and, to a lesser extent, p-coumaric acid, while it is slightly enhanced by caffeic acid and is not affected by ferulic acid. Aminooxyphenylpropionate dramatically promotes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase formation in the segments in darkness and light prevents the accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids in the light. Aminooxyphenylpropionate does not, however, affect the time course of apparent lyase formation and decay. Cinnamic acid, the product of the lyase reaction, antagonizes the effect of aminooxyphenylpropionate. It is proposed that the reaction product(s) are involved to some extent in the regulation of the pool of active lyase in the hypocotyl tissue.", "contents": "Superinduction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in gherkin hypocotyls caused by the inhibitor, L-alpha-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid. The extractable activity of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) and the concentration of sugar esters of p-coumaric and ferulic acids in the hypocotyls of etiolated gherkin seedlings increase upon irradiation with white light. Treatment of intact seedlings with the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inhibitors alpha-aminooxyacetic acid and L-alpha-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid during illumination causes enhanced formation of the lyase and reduces the accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids. Enzyme activity in excised hypocotyl segments floating on buffer increases in the dark as well as in the light, while hydroxycinnamic acids accumulate only in the light. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase formation in the segments is inhibited by cinnamic acid and, to a lesser extent, p-coumaric acid, while it is slightly enhanced by caffeic acid and is not affected by ferulic acid. Aminooxyphenylpropionate dramatically promotes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase formation in the segments in darkness and light prevents the accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids in the light. Aminooxyphenylpropionate does not, however, affect the time course of apparent lyase formation and decay. Cinnamic acid, the product of the lyase reaction, antagonizes the effect of aminooxyphenylpropionate. It is proposed that the reaction product(s) are involved to some extent in the regulation of the pool of active lyase in the hypocotyl tissue.", "PMID": 427220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13802", "title": "Anti-microtubular agents as inhibitors of desensitization to catecholamine stimulation of adenylate cyclase in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase activity of the homogenate of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells pretreated with catecholamine at 37 degrees C was not stimulated by the addition of the same catecholamine, whereas that of the cells without the pretreatment was stimulated. Such a desensitization was induced hardly at all when the pretreatment was performed at low temperature. The desensitization of adenylate cyclase activity to catecholamine stimulation was prevented by pre-pretreatment of the cells with colchicine prior to the catecholamine pretreatment. The effect of colchicine was dependent on the period of the treatment and concentration of colchicine. Vinblastine had a similar effect, whereas cytochalasin B was without effect. Thus, involvement of microtubules was suggested in the desensitization of the membrane-associated enzyme to external stimulation.", "contents": "Anti-microtubular agents as inhibitors of desensitization to catecholamine stimulation of adenylate cyclase in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Adenylate cyclase activity of the homogenate of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells pretreated with catecholamine at 37 degrees C was not stimulated by the addition of the same catecholamine, whereas that of the cells without the pretreatment was stimulated. Such a desensitization was induced hardly at all when the pretreatment was performed at low temperature. The desensitization of adenylate cyclase activity to catecholamine stimulation was prevented by pre-pretreatment of the cells with colchicine prior to the catecholamine pretreatment. The effect of colchicine was dependent on the period of the treatment and concentration of colchicine. Vinblastine had a similar effect, whereas cytochalasin B was without effect. Thus, involvement of microtubules was suggested in the desensitization of the membrane-associated enzyme to external stimulation.", "PMID": 427221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13803", "title": "The control by vasopressin of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the perfused rat liver.", "content": "Vasopressin-induced glucose release from the perfused livers of fed rats is diminished in the presence of insulin or following adrenal ablation. The reduced rate of glucose release following vasopressin treatment in the perfused livers of adrenalectomized rats was restored towards the control value by cortisol treatment in vivo. Vasopressin did not influence the total rate of fatty acid synthesis in the livers of fed rats perfused with medium containing glucose and two concentrations of lactate. The contribution of these precursors to hepatic fatty acid synthesis and CO2 production was similarly uninfluenced by vasopressin. Vasopressin casued a transient increase in the release of K+ by the perfused liver which was observed within 2 min of hormone administration. These results are discussed in relation to the possible mode of action of vasopressin in the liver.", "contents": "The control by vasopressin of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the perfused rat liver. Vasopressin-induced glucose release from the perfused livers of fed rats is diminished in the presence of insulin or following adrenal ablation. The reduced rate of glucose release following vasopressin treatment in the perfused livers of adrenalectomized rats was restored towards the control value by cortisol treatment in vivo. Vasopressin did not influence the total rate of fatty acid synthesis in the livers of fed rats perfused with medium containing glucose and two concentrations of lactate. The contribution of these precursors to hepatic fatty acid synthesis and CO2 production was similarly uninfluenced by vasopressin. Vasopressin casued a transient increase in the release of K+ by the perfused liver which was observed within 2 min of hormone administration. These results are discussed in relation to the possible mode of action of vasopressin in the liver.", "PMID": 427222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13804", "title": "Clearance of circulating desialylated thyroglobulins in the rat.", "content": "Canine and rat thyroglobulins were labeled with 125I either in vitro or in vivo, and were utilized for plasma clearance studies performed with rat. The half-life of physiologically radioiodinated asialothyroglobulins was about 6 min, while that of chemically radioiodinated asialothyroglobulin was about 12 min. No marked species difference was observed in this clearance. The label which had disappeared from the blood was recovered mainly in the liver, and this uptake was blocked by the simultaneous injection of desialylated orosomucoid but not by native orosomucoid. Radiolabeled monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, triiodothyronine and thyroxine were detected in the liver 17 min after intravenous injection of asialothyroglobulin labeled with 125I in vivo, suggesting the possible production of thyroid hormones in extrathyroidal tissues.", "contents": "Clearance of circulating desialylated thyroglobulins in the rat. Canine and rat thyroglobulins were labeled with 125I either in vitro or in vivo, and were utilized for plasma clearance studies performed with rat. The half-life of physiologically radioiodinated asialothyroglobulins was about 6 min, while that of chemically radioiodinated asialothyroglobulin was about 12 min. No marked species difference was observed in this clearance. The label which had disappeared from the blood was recovered mainly in the liver, and this uptake was blocked by the simultaneous injection of desialylated orosomucoid but not by native orosomucoid. Radiolabeled monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, triiodothyronine and thyroxine were detected in the liver 17 min after intravenous injection of asialothyroglobulin labeled with 125I in vivo, suggesting the possible production of thyroid hormones in extrathyroidal tissues.", "PMID": 427223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13805", "title": "Proteoglycan aggregates in adult human costal cartilage.", "content": "1. A sequential extraction procedure using isotonic KCl and 4.0 M guanidine hydrochloride was used to solubilise proteoglycans from adult human costal cartilage under conditions minimising autolysis. Up to 28% of the total tissue hexuronate was extracted. 2. Proteoglycan fractions were prepared from the extracts by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. 3. Each fraction exhibited distinct electrophoretic heterogeneity. 4. Proteoglycans extracted by isotonic solutions are relatively small and may be in vivo degradation products of whole molecules. The major fraction (A1) from high ionic strength extracts has a composition similar to that of A1 proteoglycans from adult human articular cartilage. A2 fractions differ and are highly enriched in protein. 5. A1 and A2 fractions from high ionic strength extracts contain proteoglycan aggregates, but to a much lesser extent than found in other cartilages like bovine nasal or porcine epiglottal cartilage. 6. The aggregates can be dissociated and a 'subunit\" proteoglycan isolated by CsCl density gradient centrifugation in 4.0 M guanidine hydrochloride. 'Subunits' can reaggregate partially, when mixed with fractions of lower density from the gradient. 7. Addition of hyaluronic acid to A1GuHCl promotes a large increase in the amount of aggregate present. 8. The hyaluronic acid content of costal cartilage is not deficient compared to that of other hyaline cartilages. 9. Polypeptides with molecular weights suggesting their identity as 'link proteins' are present in A1 and A2 fractions. 10. Additional polypeptides of higher molecular weight than link proteins are also present in A1 and A2 fractions. They may represent the hyaluronic acid binding  region of proteoglycans and compete with 'whole' proteoglycans for hyaluronate in the tissue.", "contents": "Proteoglycan aggregates in adult human costal cartilage. 1. A sequential extraction procedure using isotonic KCl and 4.0 M guanidine hydrochloride was used to solubilise proteoglycans from adult human costal cartilage under conditions minimising autolysis. Up to 28% of the total tissue hexuronate was extracted. 2. Proteoglycan fractions were prepared from the extracts by CsCl equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. 3. Each fraction exhibited distinct electrophoretic heterogeneity. 4. Proteoglycans extracted by isotonic solutions are relatively small and may be in vivo degradation products of whole molecules. The major fraction (A1) from high ionic strength extracts has a composition similar to that of A1 proteoglycans from adult human articular cartilage. A2 fractions differ and are highly enriched in protein. 5. A1 and A2 fractions from high ionic strength extracts contain proteoglycan aggregates, but to a much lesser extent than found in other cartilages like bovine nasal or porcine epiglottal cartilage. 6. The aggregates can be dissociated and a 'subunit\" proteoglycan isolated by CsCl density gradient centrifugation in 4.0 M guanidine hydrochloride. 'Subunits' can reaggregate partially, when mixed with fractions of lower density from the gradient. 7. Addition of hyaluronic acid to A1GuHCl promotes a large increase in the amount of aggregate present. 8. The hyaluronic acid content of costal cartilage is not deficient compared to that of other hyaline cartilages. 9. Polypeptides with molecular weights suggesting their identity as 'link proteins' are present in A1 and A2 fractions. 10. Additional polypeptides of higher molecular weight than link proteins are also present in A1 and A2 fractions. They may represent the hyaluronic acid binding  region of proteoglycans and compete with 'whole' proteoglycans for hyaluronate in the tissue.", "PMID": 427224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13806", "title": "The turnover catabolism and excretion of folate administered at physiological concentrations in the rat.", "content": "This study examines the distribution of folate-derived compounds in rat urine on a daily basis after the administration of tracer doses of radioactive [3H]pteroylglutamic acid. The identification of 10-formyldihydropteroyl-glutamate in the rat urine, prior to equilibration of the tracer, is also reported for the first time.", "contents": "The turnover catabolism and excretion of folate administered at physiological concentrations in the rat. This study examines the distribution of folate-derived compounds in rat urine on a daily basis after the administration of tracer doses of radioactive [3H]pteroylglutamic acid. The identification of 10-formyldihydropteroyl-glutamate in the rat urine, prior to equilibration of the tracer, is also reported for the first time.", "PMID": 427225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13807", "title": "Sensitivity variations in the visual system, contrast resolution and eye movements.", "content": "Attention is drawn to the fact that under normal visual conditions the sensitivity of the receptor units of the visual system are subject to spatial and temporal variations, and that consequently in performing pattern recognition the visual cortex has to discriminate between external luminance structure and internal sensitivity structure. It is suggested that eye movements are the method by which this discrimination is performed. In a simplified model analysis it is shown that eye movements are a suitable mechanism for this discrimination. Implications of this model for detection threshold and stabilized retinal images are discussed. A new interpretation of the adaptation to sine wave grids is given.", "contents": "Sensitivity variations in the visual system, contrast resolution and eye movements. Attention is drawn to the fact that under normal visual conditions the sensitivity of the receptor units of the visual system are subject to spatial and temporal variations, and that consequently in performing pattern recognition the visual cortex has to discriminate between external luminance structure and internal sensitivity structure. It is suggested that eye movements are the method by which this discrimination is performed. In a simplified model analysis it is shown that eye movements are a suitable mechanism for this discrimination. Implications of this model for detection threshold and stabilized retinal images are discussed. A new interpretation of the adaptation to sine wave grids is given.", "PMID": 427226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13808", "title": "Transformation and relational-structure schemes for visual pattern recognition. Two models tested experimentally with rotated random-dot patterns.", "content": "Two models for visual pattern recognition are described; the one based on application of internal compensatory transformations to pattern representations, the other based on encoding of patterns in terms of local features and spatial relations between these local features. These transformations and relational-structure models are each endowed with the same experimentally observed invariance properties, which include independence to pattern translation and pattern jitter, and, depending on the particular versions of the models, independence to pattern reflection and inversion (180 degrees rotation). Each model is tested by comparing the predicted recognition performance with experimentally determined recognition performance using as stimuli random-dot patterns that were variously rotated in the plane. The level of visual recognition of such patterns is known to depend strongly on rotation angle. It is shown that the relational-structure model equipped with an invariance to pattern inversion gives responses which are in close agreement with the experimental data over all pattern rotation angles. In contrast, the transformation model equipped with the same invariances gives poor agreement to the experimental data. Some implications of these results are considered.", "contents": "Transformation and relational-structure schemes for visual pattern recognition. Two models tested experimentally with rotated random-dot patterns. Two models for visual pattern recognition are described; the one based on application of internal compensatory transformations to pattern representations, the other based on encoding of patterns in terms of local features and spatial relations between these local features. These transformations and relational-structure models are each endowed with the same experimentally observed invariance properties, which include independence to pattern translation and pattern jitter, and, depending on the particular versions of the models, independence to pattern reflection and inversion (180 degrees rotation). Each model is tested by comparing the predicted recognition performance with experimentally determined recognition performance using as stimuli random-dot patterns that were variously rotated in the plane. The level of visual recognition of such patterns is known to depend strongly on rotation angle. It is shown that the relational-structure model equipped with an invariance to pattern inversion gives responses which are in close agreement with the experimental data over all pattern rotation angles. In contrast, the transformation model equipped with the same invariances gives poor agreement to the experimental data. Some implications of these results are considered.", "PMID": 427227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13809", "title": "On a conjecture concerning population growth in random environment.", "content": "Discrete stochastic models are constructed and their limit diffusion processes are derived to shed light on a controversial conjecture regarding the effects of environmental variance on the asymptotic behavior of a population subject to logistic growth in random environment.", "contents": "On a conjecture concerning population growth in random environment. Discrete stochastic models are constructed and their limit diffusion processes are derived to shed light on a controversial conjecture regarding the effects of environmental variance on the asymptotic behavior of a population subject to logistic growth in random environment.", "PMID": 427228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13810", "title": "Estimation of signal and noise spectra by special averaging techniques with application to a posteriori \"Wiener\" filtering.", "content": "This paper deals with the problem of separating the spectra of signal and noise in ensembles where the signal can be considered as an invariant component and the noise as a stationary additive background. Several methods are discussed and compared on the basis of a statistical analysis of the first two moments of the estimators for signal and noise spectra. As a consequence a procedure is proposed which provides a flexible compromise between estimation accuracy and computational effort. The application of this procedure to a posteriori \"Wiener\" filtering is compared with a more common, but time consuming, technique.", "contents": "Estimation of signal and noise spectra by special averaging techniques with application to a posteriori \"Wiener\" filtering. This paper deals with the problem of separating the spectra of signal and noise in ensembles where the signal can be considered as an invariant component and the noise as a stationary additive background. Several methods are discussed and compared on the basis of a statistical analysis of the first two moments of the estimators for signal and noise spectra. As a consequence a procedure is proposed which provides a flexible compromise between estimation accuracy and computational effort. The application of this procedure to a posteriori \"Wiener\" filtering is compared with a more common, but time consuming, technique.", "PMID": 427230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13811", "title": "A model for processing of movement in the visual system.", "content": "Processing of spatio-temporal information in the human visual system has been investigated thoroughly during the past decade, but is still far from being properly understood. Moreover, the theory of separation of information by means of sustained and transient channels already at the retinal level is not satisfactory, as experimental results indicate that these two types of channels span a continuum of temporal characteristics. It is however obvious, that the process of pattern recognition and velocity perception calls for their separation at some level of the hierarchy. In this communication, we extend our model of three-dimensional spatio-temporal frequency expansion in the visual system (Gafni and Zeevi, 1977) to show how velocity-information extraction channels, sensitive to direction and velocity exclusively, can be formed by simple summation of signals from well-defined sets of channels representing points in the frequency space. Correspondence of these channels to characteristics of the cortical neurons is discussed.", "contents": "A model for processing of movement in the visual system. Processing of spatio-temporal information in the human visual system has been investigated thoroughly during the past decade, but is still far from being properly understood. Moreover, the theory of separation of information by means of sustained and transient channels already at the retinal level is not satisfactory, as experimental results indicate that these two types of channels span a continuum of temporal characteristics. It is however obvious, that the process of pattern recognition and velocity perception calls for their separation at some level of the hierarchy. In this communication, we extend our model of three-dimensional spatio-temporal frequency expansion in the visual system (Gafni and Zeevi, 1977) to show how velocity-information extraction channels, sensitive to direction and velocity exclusively, can be formed by simple summation of signals from well-defined sets of channels representing points in the frequency space. Correspondence of these channels to characteristics of the cortical neurons is discussed.", "PMID": 427231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13812", "title": "Energy-barrier models for membrane transport.", "content": "Energy-barrier models are analyzed to find hidden assumptions and establish ranges of validity. The analysis proceeds by comparison with integrated results for model continuum membranes. The main conclusions are that a simple energy-barrier model has a wide range of validity, is remarkably accurate even when its conditions of validity are not strictly met, and is almost always superior to the analogous equations of irreversible thermodynamics. Its major limitations are a possible nonphysical divergence at high electric fields or volume flows caused by breakdown of the transition-state approximation, and the inability to treat multicomponent mixtures except in a pseudobinary (Nernst-Planck) approximation.", "contents": "Energy-barrier models for membrane transport. Energy-barrier models are analyzed to find hidden assumptions and establish ranges of validity. The analysis proceeds by comparison with integrated results for model continuum membranes. The main conclusions are that a simple energy-barrier model has a wide range of validity, is remarkably accurate even when its conditions of validity are not strictly met, and is almost always superior to the analogous equations of irreversible thermodynamics. Its major limitations are a possible nonphysical divergence at high electric fields or volume flows caused by breakdown of the transition-state approximation, and the inability to treat multicomponent mixtures except in a pseudobinary (Nernst-Planck) approximation.", "PMID": 427243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13813", "title": "Kinetics of the helix-coil transition of a polypeptide with non-ionic side groups, derived from ultrasonic relaxation measurements.", "content": "Ultrasonic absorption and velocity dispersion curves have been measured in the temperature induced helix-coil transition range of poly-N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine in a methanol/water mixture. The results clearly reflect an effect due to the kinetics of the conformational conversion. A practically single relaxation time is observed which passes through a maximum when plotted versus the degree of transition. This maximum occurs at definitely less than 50% helix as predicted for by the theory for the comparatively short chain length involved here. The results are discussed in relation to previous theoretical and experimental findings.", "contents": "Kinetics of the helix-coil transition of a polypeptide with non-ionic side groups, derived from ultrasonic relaxation measurements. Ultrasonic absorption and velocity dispersion curves have been measured in the temperature induced helix-coil transition range of poly-N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine in a methanol/water mixture. The results clearly reflect an effect due to the kinetics of the conformational conversion. A practically single relaxation time is observed which passes through a maximum when plotted versus the degree of transition. This maximum occurs at definitely less than 50% helix as predicted for by the theory for the comparatively short chain length involved here. The results are discussed in relation to previous theoretical and experimental findings.", "PMID": 427245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13814", "title": "On the determination of association constants of proteins by electrophoresis measurements.", "content": "During the electrophoresis of a reversibly associating substance the concentration profile is determined by diffusion, migration and reaction. The influence of the diffusion can be eliminated by extrapolating the concentration profiles, taken at different times and suitably transformed, to infinite time. This leads to a profile which reflects migration and reaction only (Gilbert profile). From this the association constant can be deduced. Preliminary experiments with beta-lactoglobulin A show the feasibility of the method.", "contents": "On the determination of association constants of proteins by electrophoresis measurements. During the electrophoresis of a reversibly associating substance the concentration profile is determined by diffusion, migration and reaction. The influence of the diffusion can be eliminated by extrapolating the concentration profiles, taken at different times and suitably transformed, to infinite time. This leads to a profile which reflects migration and reaction only (Gilbert profile). From this the association constant can be deduced. Preliminary experiments with beta-lactoglobulin A show the feasibility of the method.", "PMID": 427246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13815", "title": "Nanosecond spectroscopy of a dimeric enzyme: plasma amine oxidase.", "content": "The fluorescence dye 1-anilino-naphthalene-8-sulphonic acid (ANS) was used as a probe of non-polar binding sites in the enzyme plasma amine oxidase. Steady fluorescence measurements indicate that ANS binds to a single binding site of the dimeric enzyme with a dissociation constant of 5 microns. This binding site is different from the catalytic binding site. Nanosecond emission anisotropy measurements were performed on the ANS-enzyme in an effort to detect independent rotation of the subunits in the native enzyme. The observed rotational correlation time (phi = 105 ns) corresponds to the rotation of a rigid dimeric macromolecule. A rotational correlation time of 120 ns was obtained with the enzyme labelled with pyrenebutyric acid. It is concluded that the dimeric enzyme does not exhibit any modes of flexibility due to independent rotation of the subunits in the nanosecond range.", "contents": "Nanosecond spectroscopy of a dimeric enzyme: plasma amine oxidase. The fluorescence dye 1-anilino-naphthalene-8-sulphonic acid (ANS) was used as a probe of non-polar binding sites in the enzyme plasma amine oxidase. Steady fluorescence measurements indicate that ANS binds to a single binding site of the dimeric enzyme with a dissociation constant of 5 microns. This binding site is different from the catalytic binding site. Nanosecond emission anisotropy measurements were performed on the ANS-enzyme in an effort to detect independent rotation of the subunits in the native enzyme. The observed rotational correlation time (phi = 105 ns) corresponds to the rotation of a rigid dimeric macromolecule. A rotational correlation time of 120 ns was obtained with the enzyme labelled with pyrenebutyric acid. It is concluded that the dimeric enzyme does not exhibit any modes of flexibility due to independent rotation of the subunits in the nanosecond range.", "PMID": 427247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13816", "title": "High electric field dielectric studies of aqueous myoglobin solutions.", "content": "High field dielectric measurements of the Piekara factor deltaepsilon/E2 have been carried out for a range of concentrations of horse heart myoglobin in water at 293K. Using the literature value for the dipole moment of myoglobin and the established theory for the classical orientational dipolar non-linear effect predicts a value of deltaepsilon/E2 one order of magnitude greater than that for water. The measured effect, however, was found to be one order of magnitude less than for water. This difference is explained as being most probably due to the existence of antiparallel molecular dipole pairs in the myoglobin solution. The possibility of a positive deltaepsilon due to a field induced conformational change of the myoglobin cannot, however, be ruled out.", "contents": "High electric field dielectric studies of aqueous myoglobin solutions. High field dielectric measurements of the Piekara factor deltaepsilon/E2 have been carried out for a range of concentrations of horse heart myoglobin in water at 293K. Using the literature value for the dipole moment of myoglobin and the established theory for the classical orientational dipolar non-linear effect predicts a value of deltaepsilon/E2 one order of magnitude greater than that for water. The measured effect, however, was found to be one order of magnitude less than for water. This difference is explained as being most probably due to the existence of antiparallel molecular dipole pairs in the myoglobin solution. The possibility of a positive deltaepsilon due to a field induced conformational change of the myoglobin cannot, however, be ruled out.", "PMID": 427248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13817", "title": "Nitellopsis obtusa internodal cell birefringence change during action potential.", "content": "Birefringence change during excitation was studied by using Nitellopsis obtusa. The velocity change of cytoplasmic streaming during an action potential was measured simultaneously by fluctuation analysis of transmitted light intensity. The origin of the retardation change was discussed by comparing optical retardation change to the time course of the action potential, the cytoplasmic streaming velocity change and the cell contraction. By the time course analysis of retardation change, we concluded that the change of the birefringence might be the sum of the changes of cytoplasmic flow and that of the size of length and diameter of the cell. But it is still difficult to separate the change to its components.", "contents": "Nitellopsis obtusa internodal cell birefringence change during action potential. Birefringence change during excitation was studied by using Nitellopsis obtusa. The velocity change of cytoplasmic streaming during an action potential was measured simultaneously by fluctuation analysis of transmitted light intensity. The origin of the retardation change was discussed by comparing optical retardation change to the time course of the action potential, the cytoplasmic streaming velocity change and the cell contraction. By the time course analysis of retardation change, we concluded that the change of the birefringence might be the sum of the changes of cytoplasmic flow and that of the size of length and diameter of the cell. But it is still difficult to separate the change to its components.", "PMID": 427249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13818", "title": "Suction capillaries with U-shaped opening for holding moving cells during intracellular electrical recording.", "content": "The production of suction capillaries with an U-shaped cross-section is described. The capillary may be used for holding contractile cells during intracellular recording to diminish movement artifacts. In addition microelectrode penetration is facilitated by stretching the surface of the cell.", "contents": "Suction capillaries with U-shaped opening for holding moving cells during intracellular electrical recording. The production of suction capillaries with an U-shaped cross-section is described. The capillary may be used for holding contractile cells during intracellular recording to diminish movement artifacts. In addition microelectrode penetration is facilitated by stretching the surface of the cell.", "PMID": 427250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13819", "title": "Interaction of bovine rhodopsin with calcium ions. I: the metarhodopsin I--II reaction and the regeneration of rhodopsin.", "content": "The formation of metarhodopsin II in various bovine rhodopsin preparations (rod outer segment (ROS) suspensions and rhodopsin-detergent solutions) was measured by means of flash spectrophotometry. The half-lifetime and formation of metarhodopsin II in ROS did not depend on the calcium concentration in the range of less than 10(-9) M (using EGTA ro EDTA) to 15 x 10(-3) M calcium at pH values of 5.0, 7.1, and 9.0 (Table 1). The regeneration of rhodopsin from opsin by adding 11-cis retinal to ROS-suspensions and rhodopsin digitonin solutions was measured spectrophotometrically. It was not substantially different in either saline, one containing less than 10(-7) M calcium (by adding EGTA), the other containing 10(-3) M calcium (Table 2).", "contents": "Interaction of bovine rhodopsin with calcium ions. I: the metarhodopsin I--II reaction and the regeneration of rhodopsin. The formation of metarhodopsin II in various bovine rhodopsin preparations (rod outer segment (ROS) suspensions and rhodopsin-detergent solutions) was measured by means of flash spectrophotometry. The half-lifetime and formation of metarhodopsin II in ROS did not depend on the calcium concentration in the range of less than 10(-9) M (using EGTA ro EDTA) to 15 x 10(-3) M calcium at pH values of 5.0, 7.1, and 9.0 (Table 1). The regeneration of rhodopsin from opsin by adding 11-cis retinal to ROS-suspensions and rhodopsin digitonin solutions was measured spectrophotometrically. It was not substantially different in either saline, one containing less than 10(-7) M calcium (by adding EGTA), the other containing 10(-3) M calcium (Table 2).", "PMID": 427251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13820", "title": "Interaction of bovine rhodopsin with calcium ions. II: calcium release in bovine rod outer segments upon bleaching.", "content": "The calcium content of bovine rod outer segment (ROS) suspensions was determined by flame spectrophotometry to be about 0.2 Ca2+ per molecule rhodopsin. After bleaching of rhodopsin, a release of 0.01--0.1 Ca2+ per molecule rhodopsin from ROS into the solution was observed. These figures agree with some data in the literature (Appendix). A measured absorption increase of the Ca2+-indicator phthalein purple (10 degrees C, 562 nm, pH 9.3) occurs apparently simultaneously with the formation of metarhodopsin ii in ROS. This indicates that a light induced Ca2+-release of 12 calcium ions per photoactivated rhodopsin is coupled in time with the formation of metarhodopsin II.", "contents": "Interaction of bovine rhodopsin with calcium ions. II: calcium release in bovine rod outer segments upon bleaching. The calcium content of bovine rod outer segment (ROS) suspensions was determined by flame spectrophotometry to be about 0.2 Ca2+ per molecule rhodopsin. After bleaching of rhodopsin, a release of 0.01--0.1 Ca2+ per molecule rhodopsin from ROS into the solution was observed. These figures agree with some data in the literature (Appendix). A measured absorption increase of the Ca2+-indicator phthalein purple (10 degrees C, 562 nm, pH 9.3) occurs apparently simultaneously with the formation of metarhodopsin ii in ROS. This indicates that a light induced Ca2+-release of 12 calcium ions per photoactivated rhodopsin is coupled in time with the formation of metarhodopsin II.", "PMID": 427252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13821", "title": "Molecular mechanism for the initial process of visual excitation. III. Theoretical studies of optical spectra and conformations of chromophores in visual pigments, their analogues and intermdiates based on the torsion model.", "content": "The torsion model with which we proposed to interpret the specific properties of the photoisomerization reaction of rhodopsin has been developed to apply to isorhodopsin I, isorhodopsin II and some intermediates. Based on this model, optical absorption wavelengths and oscillator strengths, as well as rotational strengths of visual pigments, analogues and intermediates at low temperatures are analyzed by varying twisted conformations of the chromophores. As a result, it was found that most of the optical data could be very well accounted for quantitatively by the torsion model. The twisting characters in the chromophore of rhodopsin are very similar to those of isorhodopsin. The obtained conformations of the chromophores are very similar in rhodopsin and its analogues, and in isorhodopsin and its analogues. Those of the chromophores of bathorhodopsin, lumirhodopsin and metarhodopsin I are similar to one another except that the conjugated chain of metarhodopsin I bends considerably when compared with the other intermediates.", "contents": "Molecular mechanism for the initial process of visual excitation. III. Theoretical studies of optical spectra and conformations of chromophores in visual pigments, their analogues and intermdiates based on the torsion model. The torsion model with which we proposed to interpret the specific properties of the photoisomerization reaction of rhodopsin has been developed to apply to isorhodopsin I, isorhodopsin II and some intermediates. Based on this model, optical absorption wavelengths and oscillator strengths, as well as rotational strengths of visual pigments, analogues and intermediates at low temperatures are analyzed by varying twisted conformations of the chromophores. As a result, it was found that most of the optical data could be very well accounted for quantitatively by the torsion model. The twisting characters in the chromophore of rhodopsin are very similar to those of isorhodopsin. The obtained conformations of the chromophores are very similar in rhodopsin and its analogues, and in isorhodopsin and its analogues. Those of the chromophores of bathorhodopsin, lumirhodopsin and metarhodopsin I are similar to one another except that the conjugated chain of metarhodopsin I bends considerably when compared with the other intermediates.", "PMID": 427253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13822", "title": "Complex formation of acridine orange with single-stranded polyriboadenylic acid and 5'-AMP: cooperative binding and intercalation between bases.", "content": "The binding of acridine orange to single-stranded polyribonucleic acid at low polymer to dye ratios exhibits cooperative behavior of the kind observed with other simple polyanions. It is thus attributed to electrostatic interaction between polymer and stacked dye molecules. At higher polymer to dye ratios, however, distinct deviations from the predictions of the basic theory occur. These are interpreted by additional non-cooperative binding of acridine orange to the bases of the polymer subunits owing to dye-base stacking. This effect is studied also with 5'-AMP monomers where it likewise leads to complex formation. Both systems are investigated experimentally by means of the changes produced in the dye spectrum. Based on quantitative analyses the equilibrium constants of both systems are evaluated and discussed. They indicate a sandwich-type of intercalation of dye between two bases of the single-stranded polymer.", "contents": "Complex formation of acridine orange with single-stranded polyriboadenylic acid and 5'-AMP: cooperative binding and intercalation between bases. The binding of acridine orange to single-stranded polyribonucleic acid at low polymer to dye ratios exhibits cooperative behavior of the kind observed with other simple polyanions. It is thus attributed to electrostatic interaction between polymer and stacked dye molecules. At higher polymer to dye ratios, however, distinct deviations from the predictions of the basic theory occur. These are interpreted by additional non-cooperative binding of acridine orange to the bases of the polymer subunits owing to dye-base stacking. This effect is studied also with 5'-AMP monomers where it likewise leads to complex formation. Both systems are investigated experimentally by means of the changes produced in the dye spectrum. Based on quantitative analyses the equilibrium constants of both systems are evaluated and discussed. They indicate a sandwich-type of intercalation of dye between two bases of the single-stranded polymer.", "PMID": 427254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13823", "title": "Theory of transport noise in membrane channels with open-closed kinetics.", "content": "A theoretical approach to transport noise in kinetic systems, which has recently been developed, is applied to electric fluctuations around steady-states in membrane channels with different conductance states. The channel kinetics may be simple two state (open-closed) kinetics or more complicated. The membrane channel is considered as a sequence of binding sites separated by energy barriers over which the ions have to jump according to the usual single-file diffusion model. For simplicity the channels are assumed to act independently. In the special case of ionic movement fast compared with the channel open-closed kinetics the results agree with those derived from the usual Master equation approach to electric fluctuations in nerve membrane channels. For the simple model of channels with one binding site and two energy barries the coupling between the fluctuations coming from the open-closed kinetics and from the jump diffusion is investigated.", "contents": "Theory of transport noise in membrane channels with open-closed kinetics. A theoretical approach to transport noise in kinetic systems, which has recently been developed, is applied to electric fluctuations around steady-states in membrane channels with different conductance states. The channel kinetics may be simple two state (open-closed) kinetics or more complicated. The membrane channel is considered as a sequence of binding sites separated by energy barriers over which the ions have to jump according to the usual single-file diffusion model. For simplicity the channels are assumed to act independently. In the special case of ionic movement fast compared with the channel open-closed kinetics the results agree with those derived from the usual Master equation approach to electric fluctuations in nerve membrane channels. For the simple model of channels with one binding site and two energy barries the coupling between the fluctuations coming from the open-closed kinetics and from the jump diffusion is investigated.", "PMID": 427255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13824", "title": "Soil degradation of trifluralin: mass spectrometry of products and potential products.", "content": "The examination of soil which has been treated with trifluralin (TREFLAN alpha,alpha,alha-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) has resulted in the identification of 28 degradation products. This paper presents the mass spectra of these products and a number of related compounds which were suspected products but were not found in trifluralin-treated soil. The mass spectra of the N,N-dialkylamines, with one exception, show major peaks due to amine alpha-cleavage and due to amine alpha-cleavage followed by carbon-nitrogen bond fission with rearragement of a hydrogen atom. Compounds having nitro groups yield mass spectra containing peaks due to intra-ionic oxidation by the nitro groups. In some cases, propionyl ions formed by this process are major ions in the spectra. Azo and azoxybenzenes resulting from condensation of two trifluraline moieties through nitro-nitrogens fragment mainly through the nitrogen-nitrogen bond.", "contents": "Soil degradation of trifluralin: mass spectrometry of products and potential products. The examination of soil which has been treated with trifluralin (TREFLAN alpha,alpha,alha-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) has resulted in the identification of 28 degradation products. This paper presents the mass spectra of these products and a number of related compounds which were suspected products but were not found in trifluralin-treated soil. The mass spectra of the N,N-dialkylamines, with one exception, show major peaks due to amine alpha-cleavage and due to amine alpha-cleavage followed by carbon-nitrogen bond fission with rearragement of a hydrogen atom. Compounds having nitro groups yield mass spectra containing peaks due to intra-ionic oxidation by the nitro groups. In some cases, propionyl ions formed by this process are major ions in the spectra. Azo and azoxybenzenes resulting from condensation of two trifluraline moieties through nitro-nitrogens fragment mainly through the nitrogen-nitrogen bond.", "PMID": 427256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13825", "title": "Active hydrogen by chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "A means of determination of a ctive hydrogen of hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, amino, amido and sulfonamido groups by chemical ionization mass spectrometry using ammonia and trideuterioammonia as reagent gases is described. The method is based on exchange of active hydrogen for deuterium occurring during the chemical ionization process using trideuterioammonia, with comparison of m/z for ammonium adduct [M + NH1]+ and trideuterioammonium adduct [M--nH + nD + ND4]+, or of protonated molecular ion [M + H]+ and deuteronated molecular ion [M--nH + nD + D]+ yielding the number of active hydrogens. Applications have been made to several classes of biologically important compounds.", "contents": "Active hydrogen by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. A means of determination of a ctive hydrogen of hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, amino, amido and sulfonamido groups by chemical ionization mass spectrometry using ammonia and trideuterioammonia as reagent gases is described. The method is based on exchange of active hydrogen for deuterium occurring during the chemical ionization process using trideuterioammonia, with comparison of m/z for ammonium adduct [M + NH1]+ and trideuterioammonium adduct [M--nH + nD + ND4]+, or of protonated molecular ion [M + H]+ and deuteronated molecular ion [M--nH + nD + D]+ yielding the number of active hydrogens. Applications have been made to several classes of biologically important compounds.", "PMID": 427257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13826", "title": "Detection of the in vivo conversion of 2-pyrrolidinone to gamma-aminobutyric acid in mouse brain.", "content": "Labeled gamma-aminobutyric acid was detected in mouse brain following intravenous injections of deuterium labeled 2-pyrrolidinone. [2H6]Pyrrolidinone was prepared by the reduction of [2H4]succinimide with lithium aluminum deuteride. Quantification was accomplished by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry assay method. gamma-Aminobutyric acid and internal standard, 5-aminovaleric acid, were converted to volatile derivatives by treatment with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal. Quantitative estimates were derived from peak area measurements obtained from monitoring the parent ions of the gamma-aminobutyric acid and internal standard derivatives by repetitive scanning during the GC run. The conversion of pyrrolidinone to gamma-aminobutyric acid may provide a method for labeling central gamma-aminobutyric acid pools.", "contents": "Detection of the in vivo conversion of 2-pyrrolidinone to gamma-aminobutyric acid in mouse brain. Labeled gamma-aminobutyric acid was detected in mouse brain following intravenous injections of deuterium labeled 2-pyrrolidinone. [2H6]Pyrrolidinone was prepared by the reduction of [2H4]succinimide with lithium aluminum deuteride. Quantification was accomplished by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry assay method. gamma-Aminobutyric acid and internal standard, 5-aminovaleric acid, were converted to volatile derivatives by treatment with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal. Quantitative estimates were derived from peak area measurements obtained from monitoring the parent ions of the gamma-aminobutyric acid and internal standard derivatives by repetitive scanning during the GC run. The conversion of pyrrolidinone to gamma-aminobutyric acid may provide a method for labeling central gamma-aminobutyric acid pools.", "PMID": 427258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13827", "title": "Quantitative analysis of tiamenidine in human plasma by gas chromatography mass spectrometry of a dibenzyl derivative.", "content": "A gas chromatography mass spectrometry method has been developed and evaluated for the quantitative analysis of tiamenidine in plasma. Tiamenidine and internal standard are extracted from basified plasma, converted to dibenzyl derivatives by reaction with benzyl bromide and potassium t-butoxide in the presence of 18-crown-6 ether prior to analysis by selected ion monitoring. The method can be used over the range 0.2--10 ng ml-1 with a coefficient of variation of better than 20% at 1 ng ml-1.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of tiamenidine in human plasma by gas chromatography mass spectrometry of a dibenzyl derivative. A gas chromatography mass spectrometry method has been developed and evaluated for the quantitative analysis of tiamenidine in plasma. Tiamenidine and internal standard are extracted from basified plasma, converted to dibenzyl derivatives by reaction with benzyl bromide and potassium t-butoxide in the presence of 18-crown-6 ether prior to analysis by selected ion monitoring. The method can be used over the range 0.2--10 ng ml-1 with a coefficient of variation of better than 20% at 1 ng ml-1.", "PMID": 427259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13828", "title": "The gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis of the new antitumor drug indicine-N-oxide utilizing a novel reaction accompanying trimethylsilylation.", "content": "Indicine-N-oxide was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with nanogram sensitivity after trimethylsilylation. Two different products were produced by altering the conditions of this reaction. Mass spectral evidence is presented to show that one of these was the expected trisubstituted pyrrolizidine product while the other was a trisubstituted pyrrole. The latter derivative is useful for distinguishing between indicine-N-oxide and indicine which dies not form this novel product under the same conditions. Analogous pyrrole and pyrrolizidine products were formed from heliotrine-N-oxide, a compound that can serve as an internal standard from measuring indicine-N-oxide and its metabolites in biological samples. A method for purifying such samples by strong cation exchange chromatography prior to derivatization is also discussed.", "contents": "The gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis of the new antitumor drug indicine-N-oxide utilizing a novel reaction accompanying trimethylsilylation. Indicine-N-oxide was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with nanogram sensitivity after trimethylsilylation. Two different products were produced by altering the conditions of this reaction. Mass spectral evidence is presented to show that one of these was the expected trisubstituted pyrrolizidine product while the other was a trisubstituted pyrrole. The latter derivative is useful for distinguishing between indicine-N-oxide and indicine which dies not form this novel product under the same conditions. Analogous pyrrole and pyrrolizidine products were formed from heliotrine-N-oxide, a compound that can serve as an internal standard from measuring indicine-N-oxide and its metabolites in biological samples. A method for purifying such samples by strong cation exchange chromatography prior to derivatization is also discussed.", "PMID": 427260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13829", "title": "Immobilized hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases for the transformation of steroids in water--organic solvent systems.", "content": "The hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: beta-HSDH, 20 beta-HSDH, and 3 alpha-HSDH, were immobilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose. The effect of various immobilization conditions on the activity recovery and stability were examined. The presence of cofactor during the immobilization reaction increased the activity recovery (40--60% of the total) and also led to materials highly stable in the presence of organic solvents. For example, beta-HSDH maintained 60% of its original activity two months after continuous use in the water--ethyl-acetate system. Kinetic experiments showed that the increase of the apparent Km values is poor and demonstrated that the organic solvent behaves as a weak inhibitor (ki greater than 0.2M) for the substrate. The immobilized enzymes lyophilized in the presence of sucrose had full activity restored even after several months storage at room temperature. Immobilized hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were shown to be suitable for preparative transformation of steroids in water--organic solvent systems.", "contents": "Immobilized hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases for the transformation of steroids in water--organic solvent systems. The hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: beta-HSDH, 20 beta-HSDH, and 3 alpha-HSDH, were immobilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose. The effect of various immobilization conditions on the activity recovery and stability were examined. The presence of cofactor during the immobilization reaction increased the activity recovery (40--60% of the total) and also led to materials highly stable in the presence of organic solvents. For example, beta-HSDH maintained 60% of its original activity two months after continuous use in the water--ethyl-acetate system. Kinetic experiments showed that the increase of the apparent Km values is poor and demonstrated that the organic solvent behaves as a weak inhibitor (ki greater than 0.2M) for the substrate. The immobilized enzymes lyophilized in the presence of sucrose had full activity restored even after several months storage at room temperature. Immobilized hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were shown to be suitable for preparative transformation of steroids in water--organic solvent systems.", "PMID": 427261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13830", "title": "Immobilized glucose oxidase--catalase and their deactivation in a differential-bed loop reactor.", "content": "Glucose oxidase containing catalase was immobilized with a copolymer of phenylenediamine and glutaraldehyde on pumice and titania carrier to study the enzymatic oxidation of glucose in a differential-bed loop reactor. The reaction rate was found to be first order with respect to the concentration of limiting oxygen substrate, suggesting a strong external mass-transfer resistance for all the flow rates used. The partial pressure of oxygen was varied from 21.3 up to 202.6 kPa. The use of a differential-bed loop reactor for the determination of the active enzyme concentration in the catalyst with negligible internal pore diffusion resistance is shown. Catalyst deactivation was studied, especially with respect to the presence of catalase. It is believed that the hydrogen peroxide formed in the oxidation reaction deactivates catalase first; if an excess of catalase is present, the deactivation of glucose oxidase remains small. The mathematical model subsequently developed adequately describes the experimental results.", "contents": "Immobilized glucose oxidase--catalase and their deactivation in a differential-bed loop reactor. Glucose oxidase containing catalase was immobilized with a copolymer of phenylenediamine and glutaraldehyde on pumice and titania carrier to study the enzymatic oxidation of glucose in a differential-bed loop reactor. The reaction rate was found to be first order with respect to the concentration of limiting oxygen substrate, suggesting a strong external mass-transfer resistance for all the flow rates used. The partial pressure of oxygen was varied from 21.3 up to 202.6 kPa. The use of a differential-bed loop reactor for the determination of the active enzyme concentration in the catalyst with negligible internal pore diffusion resistance is shown. Catalyst deactivation was studied, especially with respect to the presence of catalase. It is believed that the hydrogen peroxide formed in the oxidation reaction deactivates catalase first; if an excess of catalase is present, the deactivation of glucose oxidase remains small. The mathematical model subsequently developed adequately describes the experimental results.", "PMID": 427262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13831", "title": "Nitrogenase activity of immobilized Azotobacter vinelandii.", "content": "As part of a program to investigate the use of biological nitrogen fixation for fertilizer ammonia production, an investigation into the immobilization of the aerobic, nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Azotobacter vinelandii was undertaken. Immobilization was acaccomplished by adsorption onto an anionic exchange cellulose (Cellex E) with loadings as high as 10'' cells/g resin. Immobilized cell preparations were tested under both batch and continuous-flow conditions. Nitrogenase activities as high as 4200 nmol/min g resin were observed as measured by the acetylene reduction assay. Immobilized cells retained their activity for as long as 117 hr in a continuous-flow reactor. Activity loss appeared to be related to the development of a variant strain.", "contents": "Nitrogenase activity of immobilized Azotobacter vinelandii. As part of a program to investigate the use of biological nitrogen fixation for fertilizer ammonia production, an investigation into the immobilization of the aerobic, nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Azotobacter vinelandii was undertaken. Immobilization was acaccomplished by adsorption onto an anionic exchange cellulose (Cellex E) with loadings as high as 10'' cells/g resin. Immobilized cell preparations were tested under both batch and continuous-flow conditions. Nitrogenase activities as high as 4200 nmol/min g resin were observed as measured by the acetylene reduction assay. Immobilized cells retained their activity for as long as 117 hr in a continuous-flow reactor. Activity loss appeared to be related to the development of a variant strain.", "PMID": 427263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13832", "title": "High-resolution flow-zonal centrifuge system.", "content": "A modified CF-32 Beckman flow centrifuge rotor has been developed that provides a long sedimentation path length with high gravitational force at the gradient sample interface. The modified rotor exhibits excellent separative capability and extraction efficiency when applied to purification of human influenza B and herpes simplex viruses.", "contents": "High-resolution flow-zonal centrifuge system. A modified CF-32 Beckman flow centrifuge rotor has been developed that provides a long sedimentation path length with high gravitational force at the gradient sample interface. The modified rotor exhibits excellent separative capability and extraction efficiency when applied to purification of human influenza B and herpes simplex viruses.", "PMID": 427264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13833", "title": "Mathematical model of cell growth and phosphatase biosynthesis in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis under phosphate limitation.", "content": "The rate kinetics of growth and acid phosphate formation in the batch culture of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis LAM 1068 was studied under varying degrees of phosphate limitation. The mathematical model that was developed is concerned with the time lag for exponential growth, the biphasic growth on a substrate (glucose) and its product (ethanol), sustained growth on conservative phosphate, and the derepression of acid phosphatase. The numerical calculations using appropriate parametric constants successfully described the variation in the cell mass, glucose, ethanol, and inorganic phosphate concentrations, and the enzyme activity of acid phosphatase during aerobic growth of S. carlsbergensis under five different conditions of phosphate starvation. A simulation study revealed that the optimum initial phosphate concentration in the medium giving a high productivity of acid phosphatase was 2.0 mg phosphorus/g glucose liter.", "contents": "Mathematical model of cell growth and phosphatase biosynthesis in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis under phosphate limitation. The rate kinetics of growth and acid phosphate formation in the batch culture of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis LAM 1068 was studied under varying degrees of phosphate limitation. The mathematical model that was developed is concerned with the time lag for exponential growth, the biphasic growth on a substrate (glucose) and its product (ethanol), sustained growth on conservative phosphate, and the derepression of acid phosphatase. The numerical calculations using appropriate parametric constants successfully described the variation in the cell mass, glucose, ethanol, and inorganic phosphate concentrations, and the enzyme activity of acid phosphatase during aerobic growth of S. carlsbergensis under five different conditions of phosphate starvation. A simulation study revealed that the optimum initial phosphate concentration in the medium giving a high productivity of acid phosphatase was 2.0 mg phosphorus/g glucose liter.", "PMID": 427266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13834", "title": "[Activity in the myelin fibers of the cat cutaneous nerve in response to heating].", "content": "The collision method combined with some techniques improving the signal-to-noise ratio showed that the activation in the nerve fiber group A gamma 1, A delta, A delta 2 and in \"mixed\" fibers group was changed by hairy skin heating. A relatively great number of nerve fibers of these groups were activated and only an insignificant part of them inhibited their activity in response to the cutaneous receptor heating. A spontaneous activity increase and skin relaxation under heating. were shown.", "contents": "[Activity in the myelin fibers of the cat cutaneous nerve in response to heating]. The collision method combined with some techniques improving the signal-to-noise ratio showed that the activation in the nerve fiber group A gamma 1, A delta, A delta 2 and in \"mixed\" fibers group was changed by hairy skin heating. A relatively great number of nerve fibers of these groups were activated and only an insignificant part of them inhibited their activity in response to the cutaneous receptor heating. A spontaneous activity increase and skin relaxation under heating. were shown.", "PMID": 427267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13835", "title": "[Participation of the contractile activity of the skeletal musculature in systemic circulatory reactions to orthostatic action].", "content": "Under orthostatic test (OT) the elimination of the skeletal muscle contractile activity with a myorelaxant sharply elevated the initial hypotension and decreased considerably the compensatory restoration of the arterial pressure (AP) in anesthetized cats. Reaction of the cardiac output in OT changed insignificantly. The AP elevation synchronous with the motor reactions, eliminated by the myorelaxant, was observed. As revealed by the method of artificial circulation (bypass of the left ventricle), the compensatory vasoconstriction of the resistance vessels was eliminated by the myorelaxant under OT. In some experiments myorelaxation evoked a significant elevation of the blood pooling in the capacitance vessels.", "contents": "[Participation of the contractile activity of the skeletal musculature in systemic circulatory reactions to orthostatic action]. Under orthostatic test (OT) the elimination of the skeletal muscle contractile activity with a myorelaxant sharply elevated the initial hypotension and decreased considerably the compensatory restoration of the arterial pressure (AP) in anesthetized cats. Reaction of the cardiac output in OT changed insignificantly. The AP elevation synchronous with the motor reactions, eliminated by the myorelaxant, was observed. As revealed by the method of artificial circulation (bypass of the left ventricle), the compensatory vasoconstriction of the resistance vessels was eliminated by the myorelaxant under OT. In some experiments myorelaxation evoked a significant elevation of the blood pooling in the capacitance vessels.", "PMID": 427268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13836", "title": "[Characteristics of the reflex to stretching in spinal cord injury].", "content": "This work is aimed at ascertaining the correlation in the state of spinal cord reflex apparatus in spinal patients with the presence or absence of clonus. The value of electrical response of m. Soleus to passive flexion of the foot at different speed was studied. Clonus was observed in 10 patients (the first group), and absent in 12 (the second group). Ten normal persons served as controls. The curves of the response value distribution displayed a marked difference in individual test groups. The first group was characterized by the mode shift to the right, and the second group--to the left, in comparison with the control. This was true of all angular speeds tested. The threshold speed proved to be statistically significantly increased in the second group as compared with the normal; in the first group it was about the normal. The activity in the shin muscle and the capacity to move and even to walk was observed in the majority of the patients of the first group and only in a few patients of the second group. The data obtained showed that in patients with clonus the state of the spinal cord reflex apparatus was more normalized and the clinical condition was better than in those without clonus.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the reflex to stretching in spinal cord injury]. This work is aimed at ascertaining the correlation in the state of spinal cord reflex apparatus in spinal patients with the presence or absence of clonus. The value of electrical response of m. Soleus to passive flexion of the foot at different speed was studied. Clonus was observed in 10 patients (the first group), and absent in 12 (the second group). Ten normal persons served as controls. The curves of the response value distribution displayed a marked difference in individual test groups. The first group was characterized by the mode shift to the right, and the second group--to the left, in comparison with the control. This was true of all angular speeds tested. The threshold speed proved to be statistically significantly increased in the second group as compared with the normal; in the first group it was about the normal. The activity in the shin muscle and the capacity to move and even to walk was observed in the majority of the patients of the first group and only in a few patients of the second group. The data obtained showed that in patients with clonus the state of the spinal cord reflex apparatus was more normalized and the clinical condition was better than in those without clonus.", "PMID": 427269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13837", "title": "[Change in the cholesterol and triglyceride content in the blood in self-stimulation and avoidance reactions].", "content": "The changes in the blood serum cholesterol and triglyceride content were studied or rabbits of both sexes during reactions of self-stimulation and avoidance. Self-stimulation was accompanied by a significant decrease in the blood serum cholesterol and triglyceride content. During the reaction of avoidance the character of the cholesterol changes varied. The reaction of avoidance of the \"agression\" type was accompanied by elevated blood serum cholesterol content, whereas the reaction of the \"fear\" type was associated with a decrease in its content. The maximal changes in the cholesterol and triglyceride content as compared to the initial level were observed in all types of the reactions 15--30 minutes following stimulation.", "contents": "[Change in the cholesterol and triglyceride content in the blood in self-stimulation and avoidance reactions]. The changes in the blood serum cholesterol and triglyceride content were studied or rabbits of both sexes during reactions of self-stimulation and avoidance. Self-stimulation was accompanied by a significant decrease in the blood serum cholesterol and triglyceride content. During the reaction of avoidance the character of the cholesterol changes varied. The reaction of avoidance of the \"agression\" type was accompanied by elevated blood serum cholesterol content, whereas the reaction of the \"fear\" type was associated with a decrease in its content. The maximal changes in the cholesterol and triglyceride content as compared to the initial level were observed in all types of the reactions 15--30 minutes following stimulation.", "PMID": 427271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13838", "title": "[Effectiveness of terrilytin in the treatment of experimental pulmonary vascular thrombosis].", "content": "The thrombolytic effect of Aspergillus terricola proteinase terrilytin was studied in 24-hour experimental pulmonary vascular thrombosis of rabbits. The drug was dissolved in polyvinylpyrrolidon and injected into the blood flow in doses of 175 and 220 PU/kg by two routes: locally (into the thrombosed vessel) and systemically. The drug produced a high thrombolytic effect irrespective of the administration and dosage; however, the effect was more marked in local infusion of terrilytin in a dose of 220 PU/kg. No side effects were observed.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of terrilytin in the treatment of experimental pulmonary vascular thrombosis]. The thrombolytic effect of Aspergillus terricola proteinase terrilytin was studied in 24-hour experimental pulmonary vascular thrombosis of rabbits. The drug was dissolved in polyvinylpyrrolidon and injected into the blood flow in doses of 175 and 220 PU/kg by two routes: locally (into the thrombosed vessel) and systemically. The drug produced a high thrombolytic effect irrespective of the administration and dosage; however, the effect was more marked in local infusion of terrilytin in a dose of 220 PU/kg. No side effects were observed.", "PMID": 427272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13839", "title": "[Role of vacuolar apparatus overload in lysosomal changes in liver cells in acute toxic hepatitis].", "content": "Physical and chemical properties of the rat liver lysosomes with single Triton WR 1339 overloading were studied during the administration of a detergent to intact rats and those with acute toxic hepatitis. Administration of the latter to intact animals was accompanied by a reduction of the floating density of the particles, solubilization of the lysosome enzymes and by increased fragility of the particles in the hypotonic medium. Lysosomes of the hepatocytes in rats with toxic hepatitis also displayed signs of overloading of the vacuolar apparatus with the preparation administered. The most pronounced solubilization of the lysosomal enzymes beta-galactosidase, acid RNA-ase, cathepsin D--was noted in case of combined action of CCl4 and Triton WR 1339 24, 48, 72 hours and 7 days after the CCl4 poisoning. Possible consequences of overloading of the vacuolar apparatus of the rat hepatocytes are discussed.", "contents": "[Role of vacuolar apparatus overload in lysosomal changes in liver cells in acute toxic hepatitis]. Physical and chemical properties of the rat liver lysosomes with single Triton WR 1339 overloading were studied during the administration of a detergent to intact rats and those with acute toxic hepatitis. Administration of the latter to intact animals was accompanied by a reduction of the floating density of the particles, solubilization of the lysosome enzymes and by increased fragility of the particles in the hypotonic medium. Lysosomes of the hepatocytes in rats with toxic hepatitis also displayed signs of overloading of the vacuolar apparatus with the preparation administered. The most pronounced solubilization of the lysosomal enzymes beta-galactosidase, acid RNA-ase, cathepsin D--was noted in case of combined action of CCl4 and Triton WR 1339 24, 48, 72 hours and 7 days after the CCl4 poisoning. Possible consequences of overloading of the vacuolar apparatus of the rat hepatocytes are discussed.", "PMID": 427273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13840", "title": "[Effect of psychotropic substances on dopamine uptake by synaptosomes and glial cells].", "content": "Dophamine-H3 uptake by synaptosomes and glial cells of the cerebral cortex in rabbits and by the synaptosomes of the cerebral cortex in rats was studied. KM value of the dophamine-H3 uptake was found to be the same (0.075 +/- +/- 0.01 micrometer) in case of synaptosomes and glial cells. The rate of dophamine-H3 uptake by the rabbit cerebral cortex synaptosomes was twice that of the gial cells (as compared by protein). Among the psychotropic agents studied the most active symaptosome uptake inhibitors were phenamine and cocaine; they were less active in respect to glial uptake. Both types of uptake were inhibited by neuroleptics and antidepressants to the same degree. Results of this work conformed to the view on the participation of the strial dophaminergic link in the action mechanism of psychostimulants.", "contents": "[Effect of psychotropic substances on dopamine uptake by synaptosomes and glial cells]. Dophamine-H3 uptake by synaptosomes and glial cells of the cerebral cortex in rabbits and by the synaptosomes of the cerebral cortex in rats was studied. KM value of the dophamine-H3 uptake was found to be the same (0.075 +/- +/- 0.01 micrometer) in case of synaptosomes and glial cells. The rate of dophamine-H3 uptake by the rabbit cerebral cortex synaptosomes was twice that of the gial cells (as compared by protein). Among the psychotropic agents studied the most active symaptosome uptake inhibitors were phenamine and cocaine; they were less active in respect to glial uptake. Both types of uptake were inhibited by neuroleptics and antidepressants to the same degree. Results of this work conformed to the view on the participation of the strial dophaminergic link in the action mechanism of psychostimulants.", "PMID": 427274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13841", "title": "[Cerebral blood flow reactions to hypo- and hypercapnia during indomethacin inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis].", "content": "Acute experiments on cats demonstrated a suppression of the cerebral vessels reaction to hypercapnia under condithacin, while the reaction to hypocapnia persisted. It is assumed that the effects of hypo- and hypercapnia on the cerebral vessels were realized by different mechanisms, i. e. reduction of prostaglandin concentration decreased the cerebral vessels sensitivity to hypercapnia and increased their sensitivity to hypocapnia.", "contents": "[Cerebral blood flow reactions to hypo- and hypercapnia during indomethacin inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis]. Acute experiments on cats demonstrated a suppression of the cerebral vessels reaction to hypercapnia under condithacin, while the reaction to hypocapnia persisted. It is assumed that the effects of hypo- and hypercapnia on the cerebral vessels were realized by different mechanisms, i. e. reduction of prostaglandin concentration decreased the cerebral vessels sensitivity to hypercapnia and increased their sensitivity to hypocapnia.", "PMID": 427275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13842", "title": "[Antiarrhythmic and electrophysiological properties of etmozin and its diethylamine analog].", "content": "Effects of antiarrhythmic drug etmosin and its diethylamine analogue (etmosin DAA) were compared in dogs with the ventricular rhythm disturbances induced by coronary artery ligation according to Harris' method. As demonstrated, both drugs stopped ventricular rhythm disturbances, but etmosin DAA had a more rapid and prolonged effect. Electrophysiological properties of etmosin and etmosin DAA were studied by the method of potential fixation on trabeculae of frog atria. Both drugs proved to reduce rapid sodium inflow, etmosin DAA acting more intensively and longer. Taking into account the high antiarrhythmic activity of etmosin DAA it is believed that this drug had good prospects for further investigation.", "contents": "[Antiarrhythmic and electrophysiological properties of etmozin and its diethylamine analog]. Effects of antiarrhythmic drug etmosin and its diethylamine analogue (etmosin DAA) were compared in dogs with the ventricular rhythm disturbances induced by coronary artery ligation according to Harris' method. As demonstrated, both drugs stopped ventricular rhythm disturbances, but etmosin DAA had a more rapid and prolonged effect. Electrophysiological properties of etmosin and etmosin DAA were studied by the method of potential fixation on trabeculae of frog atria. Both drugs proved to reduce rapid sodium inflow, etmosin DAA acting more intensively and longer. Taking into account the high antiarrhythmic activity of etmosin DAA it is believed that this drug had good prospects for further investigation.", "PMID": 427276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13843", "title": "[Pharmacogenetic aspects of the immunodepressive action of cyclophosphamide].", "content": "The alkylating and immunodepressive activity of the serum of CBA, BALB/c and DBA/2 mice was studied after the cyclophosphamide administration. The interstrain differences between the indices under study were revealed; no direct correlation was shown between them. DBA/2 mice were found to be the most sensitive to the immunodepressive action of cyclophosphamide, and had the highest blood serum immunodepressive activity.", "contents": "[Pharmacogenetic aspects of the immunodepressive action of cyclophosphamide]. The alkylating and immunodepressive activity of the serum of CBA, BALB/c and DBA/2 mice was studied after the cyclophosphamide administration. The interstrain differences between the indices under study were revealed; no direct correlation was shown between them. DBA/2 mice were found to be the most sensitive to the immunodepressive action of cyclophosphamide, and had the highest blood serum immunodepressive activity.", "PMID": 427277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13844", "title": "[Pathogenetic significance of the immediate and delayed types of hypersensitivity reactions in the dynamics of nephritis].", "content": "Complex study of the immunologic status of rats from the first days after the injection of nephrotoxic serum up to formation of chronic renal failure in comparison with functional and morphological characteristics of the disease confirmed the hypothesis on the phasic development and different pathogenetic role of the hypersensitivity reactions of the immediate and delayed types during nephritis. Signs of the immediate hypersensitivity predominated during the initial stages of the disease; realization of this hypersensitivity is indicated both by the liberation of the mediators of the pathochemical phase and by the change of the renal processes. The development of delayed hypersensitivity reactions plays the basic role in the pathogenesis of chronic nephritis.", "contents": "[Pathogenetic significance of the immediate and delayed types of hypersensitivity reactions in the dynamics of nephritis]. Complex study of the immunologic status of rats from the first days after the injection of nephrotoxic serum up to formation of chronic renal failure in comparison with functional and morphological characteristics of the disease confirmed the hypothesis on the phasic development and different pathogenetic role of the hypersensitivity reactions of the immediate and delayed types during nephritis. Signs of the immediate hypersensitivity predominated during the initial stages of the disease; realization of this hypersensitivity is indicated both by the liberation of the mediators of the pathochemical phase and by the change of the renal processes. The development of delayed hypersensitivity reactions plays the basic role in the pathogenesis of chronic nephritis.", "PMID": 427278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13845", "title": "[Change in the correlation of 2 RNA precursor synthesis pathways in the tissues of animals with rapidly growing hepatomas].", "content": "In the spleen, thymus and liver of mice and rats carrying transplantable rapidly growing hepatomas a shift between the de novo and \"salvage\" pathways of the pyrimidine RNA nucleotides synthesis in favour of the de novo one was observed. The phenomenon was found to be the manifestation of a drastically diminished uridine utilization by the host tissues, this precursor being preferentially and avidly used by the tumour for its own RNA synthesis. The above findings are regarded as the result of a successful competition of the tumour with the host tissues for vital metabolites representing one of the forms of the systemic effects of malignant neoplasms.", "contents": "[Change in the correlation of 2 RNA precursor synthesis pathways in the tissues of animals with rapidly growing hepatomas]. In the spleen, thymus and liver of mice and rats carrying transplantable rapidly growing hepatomas a shift between the de novo and \"salvage\" pathways of the pyrimidine RNA nucleotides synthesis in favour of the de novo one was observed. The phenomenon was found to be the manifestation of a drastically diminished uridine utilization by the host tissues, this precursor being preferentially and avidly used by the tumour for its own RNA synthesis. The above findings are regarded as the result of a successful competition of the tumour with the host tissues for vital metabolites representing one of the forms of the systemic effects of malignant neoplasms.", "PMID": 427279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13846", "title": "[Lipid peroxide metabolism in chemical carcinogenesis].", "content": "Lecithin and kephalin content in the microsomes and mitochondria of the rat liver, and also the activity of enzymatic and nonenzymatic systems of the phospholipid peroxidation showed a sharp change following 3,4-benzpyrene injection. Carcinogenesis is accompanied by significant changes in the lipid peroxides content and in the activity of the enzyme utilizing lipoperoxides (glutathion peroxidase, glutathion reductase). Accumulation of lipid peroxides in the rat liver in carcinogenesis was connected with disturbed balance of the generating systems and detoxication of lipid peroxides in the tumour is attributed to the high activity of the protective enzymatic systems and serves as a reflection of the adaptation mechanisms directed to the maintenance of a high pool of proliferating cells in the tumour.", "contents": "[Lipid peroxide metabolism in chemical carcinogenesis]. Lecithin and kephalin content in the microsomes and mitochondria of the rat liver, and also the activity of enzymatic and nonenzymatic systems of the phospholipid peroxidation showed a sharp change following 3,4-benzpyrene injection. Carcinogenesis is accompanied by significant changes in the lipid peroxides content and in the activity of the enzyme utilizing lipoperoxides (glutathion peroxidase, glutathion reductase). Accumulation of lipid peroxides in the rat liver in carcinogenesis was connected with disturbed balance of the generating systems and detoxication of lipid peroxides in the tumour is attributed to the high activity of the protective enzymatic systems and serves as a reflection of the adaptation mechanisms directed to the maintenance of a high pool of proliferating cells in the tumour.", "PMID": 427280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13847", "title": "[In vitro production of hemopoietic stem cells: washings from organ cultures of embryonic liver].", "content": "Hemopoietic cells including CFUs could be washed off from the organ culture of fetal liver periodically for 4 weeks. Under the cultivation conditions employed this treatment did not reduce the CFUs content of the culture essentially; thus, the washings off could be used to elevate the CFUs yield per culture.", "contents": "[In vitro production of hemopoietic stem cells: washings from organ cultures of embryonic liver]. Hemopoietic cells including CFUs could be washed off from the organ culture of fetal liver periodically for 4 weeks. Under the cultivation conditions employed this treatment did not reduce the CFUs content of the culture essentially; thus, the washings off could be used to elevate the CFUs yield per culture.", "PMID": 427281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13848", "title": "[Effect of the inhibition of a synthesis processes in the S-period on the subsequent course of mitosis in a synchronized Chinese hamster cell culture].", "content": "The transcription of all nuclear RNA and rRNA was inhibited in the synchronized Chinese hamster cell culture by actinomycin D and protein synthesis was suppressed by pyromycin during the first and the second parts of the S period of the mitotic cycle. A decrease of the mitotic cell activity was revealed during the first and second waves of cell proliferation after the synchronization irrespective of the time of the antibiotic administration. At the same time there was noticed an increase of such pathological mitoses as C-mitoses and chromosome scattering in the metaphase, whereas suppression of rRNA synthesis determined the delay of cell going out of mitosis (an increase of the anaphase and telophase cell portion) mostly correlated with such type of pathological mitoses as chromatid and chromosome bridges. The protein synthesis depression during the first half of the S-period failed to influence the mitotic regimen of the cell culture during the first, nearest division, but suppressed considerably the cell proliferation during the distant proliferation wave. It is suggested that the cells entered the S-period having in store the proteins for initiation and supporting the genom reduplication at least during the first stage of this process.", "contents": "[Effect of the inhibition of a synthesis processes in the S-period on the subsequent course of mitosis in a synchronized Chinese hamster cell culture]. The transcription of all nuclear RNA and rRNA was inhibited in the synchronized Chinese hamster cell culture by actinomycin D and protein synthesis was suppressed by pyromycin during the first and the second parts of the S period of the mitotic cycle. A decrease of the mitotic cell activity was revealed during the first and second waves of cell proliferation after the synchronization irrespective of the time of the antibiotic administration. At the same time there was noticed an increase of such pathological mitoses as C-mitoses and chromosome scattering in the metaphase, whereas suppression of rRNA synthesis determined the delay of cell going out of mitosis (an increase of the anaphase and telophase cell portion) mostly correlated with such type of pathological mitoses as chromatid and chromosome bridges. The protein synthesis depression during the first half of the S-period failed to influence the mitotic regimen of the cell culture during the first, nearest division, but suppressed considerably the cell proliferation during the distant proliferation wave. It is suggested that the cells entered the S-period having in store the proteins for initiation and supporting the genom reduplication at least during the first stage of this process.", "PMID": 427282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13849", "title": "Responses of small rabbit pial arteries in vitro.", "content": "An in vitro method for measuring changes in isometric force of vessels as small as 100 microns in outer diameter was used to determine whether the adrenergic mechanism of small pial arteries is the same as the large arteries of the circle of Willis. Fluorescence histology demonstrated the rich noradrenergic innervation of small branches of the middle cerebral artery. In spite of this rich innervation, contractile responses to transmural stimulation (TNS) were much smaller than maximum responses to histamine. An insensitivity to exogenous norepinephrine was shown which could account for this small response to TNS. In the presence of low concentrations of histamine, responses to TNS were increased. Thus, small pial arteries have characteristics similar to larger cerebral arteries.", "contents": "Responses of small rabbit pial arteries in vitro. An in vitro method for measuring changes in isometric force of vessels as small as 100 microns in outer diameter was used to determine whether the adrenergic mechanism of small pial arteries is the same as the large arteries of the circle of Willis. Fluorescence histology demonstrated the rich noradrenergic innervation of small branches of the middle cerebral artery. In spite of this rich innervation, contractile responses to transmural stimulation (TNS) were much smaller than maximum responses to histamine. An insensitivity to exogenous norepinephrine was shown which could account for this small response to TNS. In the presence of low concentrations of histamine, responses to TNS were increased. Thus, small pial arteries have characteristics similar to larger cerebral arteries.", "PMID": 427284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13850", "title": "Changes in rat aortic actomyosin content with maturation.", "content": "It has been reported by several investigators that the maximum active force generating ability (i.e., force/tissue cross-sectional area) of the aorta increases as the animal matures and then declines later in life. The purpose of this work was to determine if changes in the actomyosin content of the aorta occur during maturation which could contribute to the observed changes in force generating ability. The actin and myosin contents of rat thoracic aorta obtained from animals 3, 5, 7, 16 and 43 weeks of age were determined by quantitative gel electrophoresis, and were normalized with respect to tissue mass and protein and DNA contents. The results indicate that the amount of actomyosin (i.e., actin + myosin heavy chains) per tissue mass, protein and DNA increases rapidly during the first 5 weeks after birth and then remains constant. These observations suggest that the increasing actin and myosin heavy chain content of aorta observed early in life could explain in part the increasing force generating ability reported during this period, but that a loss of contractile material is not responsible for the reduction in force generating ability seen later in life.", "contents": "Changes in rat aortic actomyosin content with maturation. It has been reported by several investigators that the maximum active force generating ability (i.e., force/tissue cross-sectional area) of the aorta increases as the animal matures and then declines later in life. The purpose of this work was to determine if changes in the actomyosin content of the aorta occur during maturation which could contribute to the observed changes in force generating ability. The actin and myosin contents of rat thoracic aorta obtained from animals 3, 5, 7, 16 and 43 weeks of age were determined by quantitative gel electrophoresis, and were normalized with respect to tissue mass and protein and DNA contents. The results indicate that the amount of actomyosin (i.e., actin + myosin heavy chains) per tissue mass, protein and DNA increases rapidly during the first 5 weeks after birth and then remains constant. These observations suggest that the increasing actin and myosin heavy chain content of aorta observed early in life could explain in part the increasing force generating ability reported during this period, but that a loss of contractile material is not responsible for the reduction in force generating ability seen later in life.", "PMID": 427285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13851", "title": "Comparison of holdings of NLM (CATLINE) with those of resource libraries.", "content": "The collection development practices of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), with the goal of comprehensive acquisition of biomedical monographs, are compared with those of the resource libraries of the TALON (Region IX) Regional Medical Library. Holdings of two resource libraries in the TALON region, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, and of the TALON Union Catalog of Monographs were compared with the NLM CATLINE data base for four subject classes and selected imprint years. Foreign-language coverage is lacking in Region IX, with English-language coverage is lacking in Region IX, with English-language coverage ranging between 70 and 88% of titles listed in CATLINE. Absent English-language material tends to be ephemeral or otherwise out of scope for the resource libraries. Between 7.1 and 18.8% of monographs acquired in each subject class by the two recource libraries are lacking in CATLINE; this represents between 2 and 8% of the CATLINE titles for each class.", "contents": "Comparison of holdings of NLM (CATLINE) with those of resource libraries. The collection development practices of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), with the goal of comprehensive acquisition of biomedical monographs, are compared with those of the resource libraries of the TALON (Region IX) Regional Medical Library. Holdings of two resource libraries in the TALON region, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, and of the TALON Union Catalog of Monographs were compared with the NLM CATLINE data base for four subject classes and selected imprint years. Foreign-language coverage is lacking in Region IX, with English-language coverage is lacking in Region IX, with English-language coverage ranging between 70 and 88% of titles listed in CATLINE. Absent English-language material tends to be ephemeral or otherwise out of scope for the resource libraries. Between 7.1 and 18.8% of monographs acquired in each subject class by the two recource libraries are lacking in CATLINE; this represents between 2 and 8% of the CATLINE titles for each class.", "PMID": 427286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13852", "title": "Certification of medical librarians, 1949--1977 statistical analysis.", "content": "The Medical Library Association's Code for Training and Certification of Medical Librarians was in effect from 1949 to August 1977, a period during which 3,216 individuals were certified. Statistics on each type of certificate granted each year are provided. Because 54.5% of those granted certification were awarded it in the last three-year, two-month period of the code's existence, these applications are reviewed in greater detail. Statistics on each type of certificate granted each year are provided. Because 54.5% of those granted certification were awarded it in the last three-year, two-month period of the code's existence, these applications are reviewed in greater detail. Statistics on MLA membership, sex, residence, library school, and method of meeting requirements are detailed. Questions relating to certification under the code now in existence are raised.", "contents": "Certification of medical librarians, 1949--1977 statistical analysis. The Medical Library Association's Code for Training and Certification of Medical Librarians was in effect from 1949 to August 1977, a period during which 3,216 individuals were certified. Statistics on each type of certificate granted each year are provided. Because 54.5% of those granted certification were awarded it in the last three-year, two-month period of the code's existence, these applications are reviewed in greater detail. Statistics on each type of certificate granted each year are provided. Because 54.5% of those granted certification were awarded it in the last three-year, two-month period of the code's existence, these applications are reviewed in greater detail. Statistics on MLA membership, sex, residence, library school, and method of meeting requirements are detailed. Questions relating to certification under the code now in existence are raised.", "PMID": 427287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13853", "title": "Evolution of a veterinary medical library.", "content": "Planning a new library and developing a book and journal collection for the College of Veterinary Medicine at Iowa State University are described. The Veterinary Medical Library is a self-contained unit (6,800 square feet) for print material within the Veterinary Medical Building. Seating for 140 patrons is available. The collection is designed to provide basic materials for teaching and research in veterinary and comparative medicine. Indexing and abstracting tools permit access to local, state, and national resources as well. At present the collection totals over 17,000 volumes and over 500 serial titles. A working collection of 25,000 volumes will be maintained in the Veterinary Medical Library, and the University Library will continue to function as the principal backup source.", "contents": "Evolution of a veterinary medical library. Planning a new library and developing a book and journal collection for the College of Veterinary Medicine at Iowa State University are described. The Veterinary Medical Library is a self-contained unit (6,800 square feet) for print material within the Veterinary Medical Building. Seating for 140 patrons is available. The collection is designed to provide basic materials for teaching and research in veterinary and comparative medicine. Indexing and abstracting tools permit access to local, state, and national resources as well. At present the collection totals over 17,000 volumes and over 500 serial titles. A working collection of 25,000 volumes will be maintained in the Veterinary Medical Library, and the University Library will continue to function as the principal backup source.", "PMID": 427288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13854", "title": "Successful replantation of a totally avulsed scalp.", "content": "A case of a totally avulsed scalp was replanted successfully by microvascular anastomosis. Though the avulsed part was heavily crushed, which resulted in a central wound, the appearance of a \"necrotic\" area, haematomas and persistent serous exudation after the restoration of circulation, the whole scalp survived.", "contents": "Successful replantation of a totally avulsed scalp. A case of a totally avulsed scalp was replanted successfully by microvascular anastomosis. Though the avulsed part was heavily crushed, which resulted in a central wound, the appearance of a \"necrotic\" area, haematomas and persistent serous exudation after the restoration of circulation, the whole scalp survived.", "PMID": 427303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13855", "title": "The ineffectiveness of magnesium sulphate and heparin in preventing thrombosis following microvascular anastomoses.", "content": "Neither magnesium sulphate nor heparin was found to have a significant local antithrombotic effect on microvascular anastomoses.", "contents": "The ineffectiveness of magnesium sulphate and heparin in preventing thrombosis following microvascular anastomoses. Neither magnesium sulphate nor heparin was found to have a significant local antithrombotic effect on microvascular anastomoses.", "PMID": 427304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13856", "title": "Patency rates in end to side anastomoses in the rabbit.", "content": "It is suggested that more widespread use of the end to side microvascular suturing technique should be made, especially in arteries. A simple experimental practice model in the rabbit is suggested. Patency rates comparable to end to end anastomosis can be achieved.", "contents": "Patency rates in end to side anastomoses in the rabbit. It is suggested that more widespread use of the end to side microvascular suturing technique should be made, especially in arteries. A simple experimental practice model in the rabbit is suggested. Patency rates comparable to end to end anastomosis can be achieved.", "PMID": 427305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13857", "title": "Nasal injuries: their pathogenesis and treatment.", "content": "The treatment of a fractured nose by manipulation is criticised. A \"perfect\" result was achieved in only one-third of 40 cases, a finding mirrored in the literature. The anatomy of nasal fractures produced experimentally in 15 cadavers is described. A recurring pattern of septal fracture and displacement is identified as the cause of the poor results of manipulation. Release of locked septal displacement by a defined local submucous resection, as part of the primary treatment, has given greatly improved results.", "contents": "Nasal injuries: their pathogenesis and treatment. The treatment of a fractured nose by manipulation is criticised. A \"perfect\" result was achieved in only one-third of 40 cases, a finding mirrored in the literature. The anatomy of nasal fractures produced experimentally in 15 cadavers is described. A recurring pattern of septal fracture and displacement is identified as the cause of the poor results of manipulation. Release of locked septal displacement by a defined local submucous resection, as part of the primary treatment, has given greatly improved results.", "PMID": 427309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13858", "title": "Hot water burn of the abdomen after lipectomy.", "content": "Abdominal lipectomy results in a zone of impaired sensation below the level of the umbilicus. Patients should be warned of the significance of this sensory loss.", "contents": "Hot water burn of the abdomen after lipectomy. Abdominal lipectomy results in a zone of impaired sensation below the level of the umbilicus. Patients should be warned of the significance of this sensory loss.", "PMID": 427310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13859", "title": "Release of prostaglandins during contraction of the human umbilical vein on reduction of temperature.", "content": "Flow rate was measured through the vein of the human isolated umbilical cord perfused at constant pressure (40 mmHg) at 37.5 degrees C and 20 degrees C. At the latter temperature the flow was decreased by 50.9% when compared with a mean of 201 ml/min at 37.5 degrees C indicating venospasm. Indomethacin (10 microgram/g) effected a highly significant reduction in the venous spasm caused by lowering the temperature. After indomethacin pretreatment, changing the cord temperature from 37.5 degrees C to 20 degrees C caused a mean decrease in flow of only 3.1%. When the effluent from the vein was passed over rat isolated stomach fundus and colonic strips, cooling of the cord was accompanied by contractions of the isolated tissues characteristic of prostaglandins. These results suggest that prostaglandins are involved in temperature-induced closure of the human umbilical vein after birth.", "contents": "Release of prostaglandins during contraction of the human umbilical vein on reduction of temperature. Flow rate was measured through the vein of the human isolated umbilical cord perfused at constant pressure (40 mmHg) at 37.5 degrees C and 20 degrees C. At the latter temperature the flow was decreased by 50.9% when compared with a mean of 201 ml/min at 37.5 degrees C indicating venospasm. Indomethacin (10 microgram/g) effected a highly significant reduction in the venous spasm caused by lowering the temperature. After indomethacin pretreatment, changing the cord temperature from 37.5 degrees C to 20 degrees C caused a mean decrease in flow of only 3.1%. When the effluent from the vein was passed over rat isolated stomach fundus and colonic strips, cooling of the cord was accompanied by contractions of the isolated tissues characteristic of prostaglandins. These results suggest that prostaglandins are involved in temperature-induced closure of the human umbilical vein after birth.", "PMID": 427312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13860", "title": "Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the vasoconstrictor action of compound 48/80 in the rat femoral vasculature.", "content": "1. The effect of compound 48/80 on the rat femoral vasculature was examined by means of a cross-circulation technique. 2. Intra-arterial injection of increasing doses (1.5 to 15 microgram) of compound 48/80 caused dose-dependent vasoconstriction preceded by transient vasodilatation. The vasoconstriction was significantly reduced in reserpine-treated preparations and converted to vasodilatation by methysergide. 3. When the vasoconstrictor response to a large dose (300 microgram) of adenosine was abolished by repeated administration, the response to compound 48/80 remained unaltered. 4. The present results indicate that the femoral arterial vasoconstriction by compound 48/80 in the rat is mediated by the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT); this 5-HT may be liberated from a different storage site from that released by adenosine.", "contents": "Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the vasoconstrictor action of compound 48/80 in the rat femoral vasculature. 1. The effect of compound 48/80 on the rat femoral vasculature was examined by means of a cross-circulation technique. 2. Intra-arterial injection of increasing doses (1.5 to 15 microgram) of compound 48/80 caused dose-dependent vasoconstriction preceded by transient vasodilatation. The vasoconstriction was significantly reduced in reserpine-treated preparations and converted to vasodilatation by methysergide. 3. When the vasoconstrictor response to a large dose (300 microgram) of adenosine was abolished by repeated administration, the response to compound 48/80 remained unaltered. 4. The present results indicate that the femoral arterial vasoconstriction by compound 48/80 in the rat is mediated by the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT); this 5-HT may be liberated from a different storage site from that released by adenosine.", "PMID": 427313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13861", "title": "Comparative pharmacological and histochemical evidence for purinergic inhibitory innervation of the portal vein of the rabbit, but not guinea-pig.", "content": "1 Intramural nerve stimulation elicited a powerful relaxation of the longitudinal muscle of the rabbit portal vein in the presence of atropine and guanethidine, but not of the guinea-pig portal vein.2 Intramural nerve stimulation of the rabbit portal vein produced a 13 fold increase in release of (3)H-adenyl compounds after preloading with [(3)H]-adenosine. About 50% of this release was abolished by guanethidine. All release was abolished by tetrodotoxin. No significant release of radioactive compounds was observed during intramural nerve stimulation of the guinea-pig portal vein in the presence of guanethidine, although there was a 6 fold increase in release of radioactivity in the absence of drugs.3 Histochemical studies using quinacrine, which binds ATP showed a fine fluorescent nerve plexus, nerve bundles, and ganglion cells in the rabbit portal vein, but not in the guinea-pig portal vein. This plexus was still present after chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine.4 Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) relaxed the rabbit portal vein, but usually produced a biphasic response, consisting of a contraction followed by a relaxation, of the guinea-pig portal vein.5 Prostaglandins E(1) and E(2) caused contraction of the rabbit portal vein. Indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, potentiated the relaxations of the rabbit portal vein produced by both non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation and ATP.6 High concentrations of antazoline and phentolamine, which antagonize purinergic responses in the guinea-pig taenia coli, caused a loss of basal tone so that it was not possible to assess their effects on the responses of the portal vein to either non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation, or ATP.7 Comparison of the results on the portal vein of the rabbit and guinea-pig provides support for the view that: (i) quinacrine fluorescence can be used to localize purinergic nerves and that the rabbit portal vein is supplied by these nerves; (ii) ATP is released from adrenergic nerve fibres, although, based on histochemical analysis, about 3 to 7 times less than is released from purinergic nerve fibres.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacological and histochemical evidence for purinergic inhibitory innervation of the portal vein of the rabbit, but not guinea-pig. 1 Intramural nerve stimulation elicited a powerful relaxation of the longitudinal muscle of the rabbit portal vein in the presence of atropine and guanethidine, but not of the guinea-pig portal vein.2 Intramural nerve stimulation of the rabbit portal vein produced a 13 fold increase in release of (3)H-adenyl compounds after preloading with [(3)H]-adenosine. About 50% of this release was abolished by guanethidine. All release was abolished by tetrodotoxin. No significant release of radioactive compounds was observed during intramural nerve stimulation of the guinea-pig portal vein in the presence of guanethidine, although there was a 6 fold increase in release of radioactivity in the absence of drugs.3 Histochemical studies using quinacrine, which binds ATP showed a fine fluorescent nerve plexus, nerve bundles, and ganglion cells in the rabbit portal vein, but not in the guinea-pig portal vein. This plexus was still present after chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine.4 Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) relaxed the rabbit portal vein, but usually produced a biphasic response, consisting of a contraction followed by a relaxation, of the guinea-pig portal vein.5 Prostaglandins E(1) and E(2) caused contraction of the rabbit portal vein. Indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, potentiated the relaxations of the rabbit portal vein produced by both non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation and ATP.6 High concentrations of antazoline and phentolamine, which antagonize purinergic responses in the guinea-pig taenia coli, caused a loss of basal tone so that it was not possible to assess their effects on the responses of the portal vein to either non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation, or ATP.7 Comparison of the results on the portal vein of the rabbit and guinea-pig provides support for the view that: (i) quinacrine fluorescence can be used to localize purinergic nerves and that the rabbit portal vein is supplied by these nerves; (ii) ATP is released from adrenergic nerve fibres, although, based on histochemical analysis, about 3 to 7 times less than is released from purinergic nerve fibres.", "PMID": 427314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13862", "title": "Effects of substance P injected into the substantia nigra.", "content": "1 Behavioural and biochemical effects of substance P (SP, 1 to 10 mug) administered in a small volume to discrete areas of the rat's brain were studied by means of a refined microinjection technique.2 SP injected unilaterally into the zona reticulata of the substantia nigra elicited dose-dependent contraversive circling and an increase in dopamine turnover in the ipsilateral striatum. SP applied to the zona compacta or zona lateralis, or to the medial lemniscus, evoked ipsiversive turning with a fall in dopamine turnover and a rise in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) turnover in the corresponding striatum.3 In both cases the onset of turning was immediate, reached a peak at about 5 min and lasted for 10 min. Both types of behaviour were blocked by haloperidol and exaggerated by nialamide.4 Unilateral injections of SP given into the crus cerebri, zona incerta, caudate nucleus, putamen or globus pallidus did not modify the animal's behaviour.5 In rats pretreated with apomorphine or amphetamine, SP induced contraversive circling which was followed by locomotion in the opposite direction.6 Turning responses to a second dose of SP were diminished at 3 h and reproducible at 24 h after the first injection.7 Bacitracin (50 ng) injected into the zona reticulata caused ipsiversive turning. Larger intranigral doses of bacitracin (10 mug), as with intracisternal SP (10 mug), evoked ;barrel rotation'.8 No changes in the free concentrations of aspartate, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine or alanine were detected in any brain region following an intracisternal injection of 10 mug SP, although glutamine levels were elevated throughout the brain 30 to 60 min later.", "contents": "Effects of substance P injected into the substantia nigra. 1 Behavioural and biochemical effects of substance P (SP, 1 to 10 mug) administered in a small volume to discrete areas of the rat's brain were studied by means of a refined microinjection technique.2 SP injected unilaterally into the zona reticulata of the substantia nigra elicited dose-dependent contraversive circling and an increase in dopamine turnover in the ipsilateral striatum. SP applied to the zona compacta or zona lateralis, or to the medial lemniscus, evoked ipsiversive turning with a fall in dopamine turnover and a rise in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) turnover in the corresponding striatum.3 In both cases the onset of turning was immediate, reached a peak at about 5 min and lasted for 10 min. Both types of behaviour were blocked by haloperidol and exaggerated by nialamide.4 Unilateral injections of SP given into the crus cerebri, zona incerta, caudate nucleus, putamen or globus pallidus did not modify the animal's behaviour.5 In rats pretreated with apomorphine or amphetamine, SP induced contraversive circling which was followed by locomotion in the opposite direction.6 Turning responses to a second dose of SP were diminished at 3 h and reproducible at 24 h after the first injection.7 Bacitracin (50 ng) injected into the zona reticulata caused ipsiversive turning. Larger intranigral doses of bacitracin (10 mug), as with intracisternal SP (10 mug), evoked ;barrel rotation'.8 No changes in the free concentrations of aspartate, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine or alanine were detected in any brain region following an intracisternal injection of 10 mug SP, although glutamine levels were elevated throughout the brain 30 to 60 min later.", "PMID": 427315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13863", "title": "Presynaptic and postsynaptic contributions to ontogeny of sympathetic control of heart rate in the pre-weanling rat.", "content": "1. The dependence of heart rate on sympathetic nerve development and on ontogeny of cardiac responses to sympathetic neurotransmitters was evaluated in neonatal rats by use of the ganglionic blocking agent, chlorisondamine, and the beta-adrenoceptor agonist, isoprenaline. 2. Basal heart rates of anaesthetized 4, 7 and 11 day old rats were the same as in adult rats, but the heart rate in 16 day old rats (an age at which sympathetic tone appears to be elevated) was significantly higher. 3. Chlorisondamine failed to lower heart rate significantly in 4 or 7 day old rats, but lowered the rate by 50 to 80 beats per min in the older animals and eliminated the difference in rate between 16 day old and the other ages; atropine had little or no effect on heart rate. 4. Heart rate responses to isoprenaline were lower in 4, 7 and 11 day old rats than they were in adults but were indistinguishable from them by 16 days of age, indicating that the heart is less sensitive to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation early in neonatal life. 5. The ontogeny of sympathetic control of heart rate in the rat depends upon maturational changes in both presynaptic and postsynaptic elements.", "contents": "Presynaptic and postsynaptic contributions to ontogeny of sympathetic control of heart rate in the pre-weanling rat. 1. The dependence of heart rate on sympathetic nerve development and on ontogeny of cardiac responses to sympathetic neurotransmitters was evaluated in neonatal rats by use of the ganglionic blocking agent, chlorisondamine, and the beta-adrenoceptor agonist, isoprenaline. 2. Basal heart rates of anaesthetized 4, 7 and 11 day old rats were the same as in adult rats, but the heart rate in 16 day old rats (an age at which sympathetic tone appears to be elevated) was significantly higher. 3. Chlorisondamine failed to lower heart rate significantly in 4 or 7 day old rats, but lowered the rate by 50 to 80 beats per min in the older animals and eliminated the difference in rate between 16 day old and the other ages; atropine had little or no effect on heart rate. 4. Heart rate responses to isoprenaline were lower in 4, 7 and 11 day old rats than they were in adults but were indistinguishable from them by 16 days of age, indicating that the heart is less sensitive to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation early in neonatal life. 5. The ontogeny of sympathetic control of heart rate in the rat depends upon maturational changes in both presynaptic and postsynaptic elements.", "PMID": 427316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13864", "title": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis by guinea-pig skeletal muscle in vitro and the effect of oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone.", "content": "1. The effect of oestradiol and progesterone on prostaglandin biosynthesis by guinea-pig skeletal muscle in vitro has been investigated. 2. At high concentrations, oestradiol-17 beta (100 microgram/ml) and progesterone (500 microgram/ml) increased prostaglandin E and prostaglandin F synthesis (measured by radioimmunoassay). 3. It is suggested that these steroids are unlikely to be found in vivo at levels sufficient to influence prostaglandin synthesis by skeletal muscle in physiological and pathological situations.", "contents": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis by guinea-pig skeletal muscle in vitro and the effect of oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone. 1. The effect of oestradiol and progesterone on prostaglandin biosynthesis by guinea-pig skeletal muscle in vitro has been investigated. 2. At high concentrations, oestradiol-17 beta (100 microgram/ml) and progesterone (500 microgram/ml) increased prostaglandin E and prostaglandin F synthesis (measured by radioimmunoassay). 3. It is suggested that these steroids are unlikely to be found in vivo at levels sufficient to influence prostaglandin synthesis by skeletal muscle in physiological and pathological situations.", "PMID": 427317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13865", "title": "[3H]-Quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to muscarinic receptors in rat brain: comparison of results from intact brain slices and homogenates.", "content": "1. The binding of [3H]-( +/- )-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-( +/- )-QNB) to muscarinic sites in rat brain slice and homogenate preparations was compared. 2. Evidence is presented in support of the view that only the (-)-enantiomer of QNB binds with high affinity to muscarinic sites. 3. The Kd value for [3H]-(-)-QNB binding in slices was eight times higher than that measured in homogenates. 4. Similarly, the potencies of various muscarinic ligands as inhibitors of [3H]-(-)-QNB binding were consistently lower in slices than in homogenates. 5. It is proposed that the results may reflect differences in the binding properties of muscarinic receptors in intact tissue slice and homogenate preparations.", "contents": "[3H]-Quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to muscarinic receptors in rat brain: comparison of results from intact brain slices and homogenates. 1. The binding of [3H]-( +/- )-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]-( +/- )-QNB) to muscarinic sites in rat brain slice and homogenate preparations was compared. 2. Evidence is presented in support of the view that only the (-)-enantiomer of QNB binds with high affinity to muscarinic sites. 3. The Kd value for [3H]-(-)-QNB binding in slices was eight times higher than that measured in homogenates. 4. Similarly, the potencies of various muscarinic ligands as inhibitors of [3H]-(-)-QNB binding were consistently lower in slices than in homogenates. 5. It is proposed that the results may reflect differences in the binding properties of muscarinic receptors in intact tissue slice and homogenate preparations.", "PMID": 427318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13866", "title": "Ventilatory depression in naive and tolerant rats in relation to plasma morphine concentration.", "content": "1 The disappearance of morphine from specially formulated pellets containing 75 mg morphine base was measured for 10 days after they were implanted into adult rats; the morphine content decreased at a rate of 5 mg pellet daily.2 From the 2nd to the 6th day of implantation the plasma morphine concentration increased but by the 10th day had declined to only one half the concentration found on day 6.3 Six and 24 h after the pellets were removed from 6 day implanted animals the plasma concentration of morphine amounted to only one quarter to one sixth of the amount in the plasma, respectively, of animals with pellets intact.4 The pulmonary minute volume of naive and implanted rats was depressed by morphine in proportion to the plasma morphine concentration. Less depression was produced by intravenous morphine in the implanted rats than in the naive animals; the greater morphine tolerance displayed by the implanted animals could be shown by the third day of implantation and appeared to be maintained to the 10th day.5 The pulmonary minute volume of implanted rats on the 6th day was much less than the pulmonary minute volume of naive rats. Six and 24 h after the pellets were removed the pulmonary minute volume increased as the plasma morphine concentration decreased.6 The effects on the pulmonary minute volume produced by the slow release of morphine from the implanted pellets was not changed by the development of tolerance while the effects of morphine produced by rapid injection were diminished by the development of tolerance; the different effects of morphine are accordingly linked to the mode of administration.7 We conclude that the action of morphine on the pulmonary minute volume in tolerant rats following rapid injection is fundamentally different from its action following its slow release from implanted pellets, possibly due to differences in access to an undefined neuronal site.", "contents": "Ventilatory depression in naive and tolerant rats in relation to plasma morphine concentration. 1 The disappearance of morphine from specially formulated pellets containing 75 mg morphine base was measured for 10 days after they were implanted into adult rats; the morphine content decreased at a rate of 5 mg pellet daily.2 From the 2nd to the 6th day of implantation the plasma morphine concentration increased but by the 10th day had declined to only one half the concentration found on day 6.3 Six and 24 h after the pellets were removed from 6 day implanted animals the plasma concentration of morphine amounted to only one quarter to one sixth of the amount in the plasma, respectively, of animals with pellets intact.4 The pulmonary minute volume of naive and implanted rats was depressed by morphine in proportion to the plasma morphine concentration. Less depression was produced by intravenous morphine in the implanted rats than in the naive animals; the greater morphine tolerance displayed by the implanted animals could be shown by the third day of implantation and appeared to be maintained to the 10th day.5 The pulmonary minute volume of implanted rats on the 6th day was much less than the pulmonary minute volume of naive rats. Six and 24 h after the pellets were removed the pulmonary minute volume increased as the plasma morphine concentration decreased.6 The effects on the pulmonary minute volume produced by the slow release of morphine from the implanted pellets was not changed by the development of tolerance while the effects of morphine produced by rapid injection were diminished by the development of tolerance; the different effects of morphine are accordingly linked to the mode of administration.7 We conclude that the action of morphine on the pulmonary minute volume in tolerant rats following rapid injection is fundamentally different from its action following its slow release from implanted pellets, possibly due to differences in access to an undefined neuronal site.", "PMID": 427319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13867", "title": "Time-dependent stimulatory and inhibitory effects of prostaglandin E1 on exudative and tissue components of granulomatous inflammation in rats.", "content": "1 The effects of prostaglandin (PGE(1)), following local administration during different phases of developing sponge-induced granulomata, were studied in normal and essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) rats.2 In normal rats, a single dose of 1 mug PGE(1) on implantation (day 1) increased exudate production without altering total leucocyte counts after 6 h and stimulated granulomatous tissue formation after 8 days.3 Repeated daily administration of the same dose of PGE(1) on days 1 to 3 had no effect, while administration on days 4 to 7 (i.e. when tissue growth is already in progress) inhibited granuloma formation.4 In EFAD rats, which are known to produce only very small amounts of endogenous prostaglandins, acute (6 h) exudate formation was unaffected by 0.05 mug PGE(1). However, early stimulatory and later inhibitory effects of 0.05 mug PGE(1) per day were obtained on the granulomatous tissue, similar to those obtained with the 20 fold higher dose in normal rats.5 The early stimulatory action of PGE(1) on granulomatous tissue formation was enhanced, in normal rats, by concomitant administration of 10 mug theophylline. This latter compound did not influence the later inhibitory effect of PGE(1).6 These results indicate that PGE(1) exerts either pro- or anti-inflammatory actions on the proliferative (tissue) component of the inflammatory process, depending on the time of administration. While the stimulatory effect following early administration may have been secondary to an initial cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-mediated, vascular response, such a mechanism is unlikely to have been responsible for the later anti-inflammatory action of PGE(1).7 The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the postulated negative-feedback role of endogenous PGE in chronic inflammation.", "contents": "Time-dependent stimulatory and inhibitory effects of prostaglandin E1 on exudative and tissue components of granulomatous inflammation in rats. 1 The effects of prostaglandin (PGE(1)), following local administration during different phases of developing sponge-induced granulomata, were studied in normal and essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD) rats.2 In normal rats, a single dose of 1 mug PGE(1) on implantation (day 1) increased exudate production without altering total leucocyte counts after 6 h and stimulated granulomatous tissue formation after 8 days.3 Repeated daily administration of the same dose of PGE(1) on days 1 to 3 had no effect, while administration on days 4 to 7 (i.e. when tissue growth is already in progress) inhibited granuloma formation.4 In EFAD rats, which are known to produce only very small amounts of endogenous prostaglandins, acute (6 h) exudate formation was unaffected by 0.05 mug PGE(1). However, early stimulatory and later inhibitory effects of 0.05 mug PGE(1) per day were obtained on the granulomatous tissue, similar to those obtained with the 20 fold higher dose in normal rats.5 The early stimulatory action of PGE(1) on granulomatous tissue formation was enhanced, in normal rats, by concomitant administration of 10 mug theophylline. This latter compound did not influence the later inhibitory effect of PGE(1).6 These results indicate that PGE(1) exerts either pro- or anti-inflammatory actions on the proliferative (tissue) component of the inflammatory process, depending on the time of administration. While the stimulatory effect following early administration may have been secondary to an initial cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-mediated, vascular response, such a mechanism is unlikely to have been responsible for the later anti-inflammatory action of PGE(1).7 The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the postulated negative-feedback role of endogenous PGE in chronic inflammation.", "PMID": 427320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13868", "title": "On the mechanism of pancuronium-induced supersensitivity to noradrenaline in rat smooth muscle.", "content": "1. Pancuronium bromide (5 x 10(-5) M) caused supersensitivity to noradrenaline in the rat isolated vas deferens and hepatic portal vein. This supersensitivity was manifest as a parallel leftward shift of the dose-response curve for noradrenaline with no alteration of the maximum response to the agonist. 2. Pancuronium did not potentiate the response of the vas and portal vein to St 91, an alpha-adrenoceptor agonist which is not a substrate for Uptake1. 3. Pancuronium did not potentiate the response of the vas to CaCl2. 4. In vasa deferentia made supersensitive to noradrenaline by treatment with cocaine (1 x 10(-5) M) pancuronium induced no further potentiation of the response to noradrenaline. However, the supersensitivity to noradrenaline induced by pancuronium alone was augmented by the addition of cocaine. 5. Histofluorescence studies showed that pancuronium inhibited neuronal uptake of alpha-methyl noradrenaline in various noradrenergically-innervated tissues from reserpine-treated rats. 6. This study, with support from the literature, suggests that pancuronium induces noradrenaline supersensitivity by blockade of Uptake1.", "contents": "On the mechanism of pancuronium-induced supersensitivity to noradrenaline in rat smooth muscle. 1. Pancuronium bromide (5 x 10(-5) M) caused supersensitivity to noradrenaline in the rat isolated vas deferens and hepatic portal vein. This supersensitivity was manifest as a parallel leftward shift of the dose-response curve for noradrenaline with no alteration of the maximum response to the agonist. 2. Pancuronium did not potentiate the response of the vas and portal vein to St 91, an alpha-adrenoceptor agonist which is not a substrate for Uptake1. 3. Pancuronium did not potentiate the response of the vas to CaCl2. 4. In vasa deferentia made supersensitive to noradrenaline by treatment with cocaine (1 x 10(-5) M) pancuronium induced no further potentiation of the response to noradrenaline. However, the supersensitivity to noradrenaline induced by pancuronium alone was augmented by the addition of cocaine. 5. Histofluorescence studies showed that pancuronium inhibited neuronal uptake of alpha-methyl noradrenaline in various noradrenergically-innervated tissues from reserpine-treated rats. 6. This study, with support from the literature, suggests that pancuronium induces noradrenaline supersensitivity by blockade of Uptake1.", "PMID": 427321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13869", "title": "Stabilization of lysosomes in anoxic myocardium by propranolol.", "content": "1. Isolated hearts of guinea-pigs were perfused aerobically and anoxically for 60 min. (+/-)-Propranolol was added to the perfusion medium in concentrations ranging from 10 ng to 10 microgram/ml. 2. Lysosome stability was assessed by measurements of latent acid hydrolase activity in homogenates of left ventricular tissue. 3. In the absence of propranolol, the integrity of the myocardial lysosomes was considerably reduced after 60 min anoxia. Lysosome stability was enhanced by the presence of (+/-)-propranolol. The optimal concentration was found to be 0.1 microgram/ml. This concentration of the (+)-isomer alone was less effective. 4. It was concluded that beta-adrenoceptor blockade was the major mechanism by which lysosome disruption was prevented but that some direct membrane effect of propranolol may also be involved.", "contents": "Stabilization of lysosomes in anoxic myocardium by propranolol. 1. Isolated hearts of guinea-pigs were perfused aerobically and anoxically for 60 min. (+/-)-Propranolol was added to the perfusion medium in concentrations ranging from 10 ng to 10 microgram/ml. 2. Lysosome stability was assessed by measurements of latent acid hydrolase activity in homogenates of left ventricular tissue. 3. In the absence of propranolol, the integrity of the myocardial lysosomes was considerably reduced after 60 min anoxia. Lysosome stability was enhanced by the presence of (+/-)-propranolol. The optimal concentration was found to be 0.1 microgram/ml. This concentration of the (+)-isomer alone was less effective. 4. It was concluded that beta-adrenoceptor blockade was the major mechanism by which lysosome disruption was prevented but that some direct membrane effect of propranolol may also be involved.", "PMID": 427322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13870", "title": "Action of colchicine and cytochalasin B on the acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "1. The effects of colchicine and cytochalasin B have been investigated on the extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh) receptors of rat muscle. 2. Colchicine and cytochalasin B each decreased the amplitude and rise time of the iontophoretic ACh potential. When the dose of ACh was increased in the presence of these agents, ACh potentials were produced with a biphasic waveform consisting of a fast initial phase and a second slow phase. 3. It is proposed that colchicine and cytochalasin B are acting through a mechanism other than the breakdown of microtubules and microfilaments.", "contents": "Action of colchicine and cytochalasin B on the acetylcholine receptor. 1. The effects of colchicine and cytochalasin B have been investigated on the extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh) receptors of rat muscle. 2. Colchicine and cytochalasin B each decreased the amplitude and rise time of the iontophoretic ACh potential. When the dose of ACh was increased in the presence of these agents, ACh potentials were produced with a biphasic waveform consisting of a fast initial phase and a second slow phase. 3. It is proposed that colchicine and cytochalasin B are acting through a mechanism other than the breakdown of microtubules and microfilaments.", "PMID": 427323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13871", "title": "The effect of pargyline and desmethylimipramine on monoamine concentrations and amphetamine-induced glycogenolysis in the mouse brain.", "content": "1. Pargyline (100 mg/kg) increased the concentration of cerebral noradrenaline dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mouse. Amphetamine (5 mg/kg) reduced the concentration of noradrenaline and increased the concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine. 2. When amphetamine was administered 4 h after an injection of pargyline, the effect of the sympathomimetic drug on the concentrations of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine was not altered. The effect on the dopamine content was reversed, amphetamine causing a decrease instead of an increase. 3. Pargyline increased the concentration of cerebral glycogen, whereas amphetamine caused a decrease. 4. The administration of amphetamine 4 h after pargyline resulted in a decrease in brain glycogen similar to that seen after amphetamine alone. 5. These results suggest that the potentiation of the effect of amphetamine on animal behaviour by pretreatment with an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase is not mediated through a central action on noradrenaline release. 6. Amphetamine-induced glycogenolysis was antagonized by 71% by desmethylimipramine (10 mg/kg). 7. The change in glycogen concentration as a function of time after an injection of amphetamine was not modified when 2 consecutive doses of amphetamine were given with an interval between doses of 30 minutes.", "contents": "The effect of pargyline and desmethylimipramine on monoamine concentrations and amphetamine-induced glycogenolysis in the mouse brain. 1. Pargyline (100 mg/kg) increased the concentration of cerebral noradrenaline dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the mouse. Amphetamine (5 mg/kg) reduced the concentration of noradrenaline and increased the concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine. 2. When amphetamine was administered 4 h after an injection of pargyline, the effect of the sympathomimetic drug on the concentrations of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine was not altered. The effect on the dopamine content was reversed, amphetamine causing a decrease instead of an increase. 3. Pargyline increased the concentration of cerebral glycogen, whereas amphetamine caused a decrease. 4. The administration of amphetamine 4 h after pargyline resulted in a decrease in brain glycogen similar to that seen after amphetamine alone. 5. These results suggest that the potentiation of the effect of amphetamine on animal behaviour by pretreatment with an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase is not mediated through a central action on noradrenaline release. 6. Amphetamine-induced glycogenolysis was antagonized by 71% by desmethylimipramine (10 mg/kg). 7. The change in glycogen concentration as a function of time after an injection of amphetamine was not modified when 2 consecutive doses of amphetamine were given with an interval between doses of 30 minutes.", "PMID": 427324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13872", "title": "Effects of cigarette smoke on the metabolism of vasoactive hormones in rat isolated lungs.", "content": "1. The effects of exposure of rats to cigarette smoke have been studied on the metabolism of vasoactive hormones in isolated lungs from these animals. 2. Rats were exposed for 1 h per day to cigarette smoke for 1 day or for 10 days. 3. Angiotensin I conversion was increased after 1 day's exposure but after 10 days' exposure conversion returned to normal. 4. Inactivation of prostaglandin E2 was decreased after 1 day's exposure. After 10 days' exposure there was a further decrease which could not be attributed to smoke alone. 5. The inactivation of 5-hydroxytryptamine and bradykinin remained unchanged after both short and longer exposures to smoke. 6. The metabolic activity of the lung towards some vasoactive hormones in the pulmonary circulation is affected by exposure of the animal to cigarette smoke and such changes may be relevant to the initiation of cardiovascular changes consequent upon cigarette smoking.", "contents": "Effects of cigarette smoke on the metabolism of vasoactive hormones in rat isolated lungs. 1. The effects of exposure of rats to cigarette smoke have been studied on the metabolism of vasoactive hormones in isolated lungs from these animals. 2. Rats were exposed for 1 h per day to cigarette smoke for 1 day or for 10 days. 3. Angiotensin I conversion was increased after 1 day's exposure but after 10 days' exposure conversion returned to normal. 4. Inactivation of prostaglandin E2 was decreased after 1 day's exposure. After 10 days' exposure there was a further decrease which could not be attributed to smoke alone. 5. The inactivation of 5-hydroxytryptamine and bradykinin remained unchanged after both short and longer exposures to smoke. 6. The metabolic activity of the lung towards some vasoactive hormones in the pulmonary circulation is affected by exposure of the animal to cigarette smoke and such changes may be relevant to the initiation of cardiovascular changes consequent upon cigarette smoking.", "PMID": 427325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13873", "title": "Pharmacological properties of acetylcholine-induced excitation of subthalamic nucleus neurones.", "content": "1. In 15 rats anaesthetized with ketamine, microiontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) excited all 58 cells studied in the subthalamic nucleus (STN). 2. The ACh-evoked excitation was slow in onset and outlasted the ACh application. There was no sign of desensitization when the ACh application was prolonged or repeated. The excitation was prolonged by a concomitant application of physostigmine. 3. Acetyl-beta-methyl choline and oxotremorine were effective cholinomimetics. Nicotine had no effect. 4. The ACh excitation was antagonized by stropine and scopolamine but not by mecamylamine. 5. It was condluded that STN ACh receptors are muscarinic in character. 6. Since large microiontophoretic applications of Mg2+ did not suppress ACh-evoked excitation, it is suggested that ACh acts postsynaptically. 7. The excitatory response of STN cells to striatal or pallidal stimulation was unaffected by atropine administered either microiontophoretically to single cells or intravenously (3 mg/kg) to the whole animal.", "contents": "Pharmacological properties of acetylcholine-induced excitation of subthalamic nucleus neurones. 1. In 15 rats anaesthetized with ketamine, microiontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) excited all 58 cells studied in the subthalamic nucleus (STN). 2. The ACh-evoked excitation was slow in onset and outlasted the ACh application. There was no sign of desensitization when the ACh application was prolonged or repeated. The excitation was prolonged by a concomitant application of physostigmine. 3. Acetyl-beta-methyl choline and oxotremorine were effective cholinomimetics. Nicotine had no effect. 4. The ACh excitation was antagonized by stropine and scopolamine but not by mecamylamine. 5. It was condluded that STN ACh receptors are muscarinic in character. 6. Since large microiontophoretic applications of Mg2+ did not suppress ACh-evoked excitation, it is suggested that ACh acts postsynaptically. 7. The excitatory response of STN cells to striatal or pallidal stimulation was unaffected by atropine administered either microiontophoretically to single cells or intravenously (3 mg/kg) to the whole animal.", "PMID": 427326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13874", "title": "Species differences in the binding of compounds designed to fit a site of known structure in adult human haemoglobin.", "content": "1. Oxygen dissociation curves are reported for human haemoglobins A1, FII, FI, A1c and Raleigh (beta1 valine leads to acetylalanine) and for horse haemoglobin in the absence and presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), or 4,4'-diformyl-2-bibenzyl oxyacetic acid, or the bisulphite addition compound of the latter. 2. These haemoglobins were selected because their amino acid sequences are different at the DPG receptor site of human adult deoxyhaemoglobin. 3. The size of the shifts of the dissociation curves are in the sequence expected from the postulated numbers of interactions made by each compound with each haemoglobin type, based on the assumption of a common receptor site for the three compounds. 4. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that the free energies of interaction of the compounds with the haemoglobins may be predicted, to a first approximation, by summing the number of ionic and covalent bonds predicted for each effector-receptor combination, a reversible covalent bond contributing about twice as much energy (-6.78 kJmol-1) as an ionic interaction (-3.14 kJmol-1).", "contents": "Species differences in the binding of compounds designed to fit a site of known structure in adult human haemoglobin. 1. Oxygen dissociation curves are reported for human haemoglobins A1, FII, FI, A1c and Raleigh (beta1 valine leads to acetylalanine) and for horse haemoglobin in the absence and presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), or 4,4'-diformyl-2-bibenzyl oxyacetic acid, or the bisulphite addition compound of the latter. 2. These haemoglobins were selected because their amino acid sequences are different at the DPG receptor site of human adult deoxyhaemoglobin. 3. The size of the shifts of the dissociation curves are in the sequence expected from the postulated numbers of interactions made by each compound with each haemoglobin type, based on the assumption of a common receptor site for the three compounds. 4. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that the free energies of interaction of the compounds with the haemoglobins may be predicted, to a first approximation, by summing the number of ionic and covalent bonds predicted for each effector-receptor combination, a reversible covalent bond contributing about twice as much energy (-6.78 kJmol-1) as an ionic interaction (-3.14 kJmol-1).", "PMID": 427327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13875", "title": "Parental characteristics in relation to depressive disorders.", "content": "Using a reliable and valid measure of reported parental care and overprotection (the Parental Bonding Instrument) patients with two types of depressive disorder were compared with a control group, and the relationships to depressive experience examined in a non-clinical group as well. Bipolar manic-depressive patients scored like controls whereas neurotic depressives reported less parental care and greater maternal overprotection. Depressive experience in the non-clinical group was negatively associated with low parental care and weakly associated with parental overprotection.", "contents": "Parental characteristics in relation to depressive disorders. Using a reliable and valid measure of reported parental care and overprotection (the Parental Bonding Instrument) patients with two types of depressive disorder were compared with a control group, and the relationships to depressive experience examined in a non-clinical group as well. Bipolar manic-depressive patients scored like controls whereas neurotic depressives reported less parental care and greater maternal overprotection. Depressive experience in the non-clinical group was negatively associated with low parental care and weakly associated with parental overprotection.", "PMID": 427329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13876", "title": "Offspring of patients with affective disorders.", "content": "All the children (ages 5-15) of 14 consecutive patients admitted to hospital at the National Institute of Mental Health with a diagnosis of bipolar or unipolar affective disorder were studied. The children were seen twice, four months apart, and assessed by an interview and rating scales. The parents were also assessed. Of 14 boys, five were depressed on both interviews and three were depressed on one interview. Four of the 16 girls were depressed on both interviews and 11 were depressed on one interview. The clinical picture and the ratings showed the boys, but not the girls, to have a significant correlation for depression on both interviews. The children diagnosed as suffering from depression showed the symptoms of a primary unipolar affective disorder without other significant pathology.", "contents": "Offspring of patients with affective disorders. All the children (ages 5-15) of 14 consecutive patients admitted to hospital at the National Institute of Mental Health with a diagnosis of bipolar or unipolar affective disorder were studied. The children were seen twice, four months apart, and assessed by an interview and rating scales. The parents were also assessed. Of 14 boys, five were depressed on both interviews and three were depressed on one interview. Four of the 16 girls were depressed on both interviews and 11 were depressed on one interview. The clinical picture and the ratings showed the boys, but not the girls, to have a significant correlation for depression on both interviews. The children diagnosed as suffering from depression showed the symptoms of a primary unipolar affective disorder without other significant pathology.", "PMID": 427330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13877", "title": "Mixed affective states and the natural history of manic-depressive psychosis.", "content": "Since neither the unipolar nor the bipolar theories of manic-depressive psychosis explain all its features, an alternative model was tested. The hypotheses are that mixed affective psychoses represent a superimposition on hypomania of a second type of depression which can sometimes develop from the depressive phase of manic-depressive psychosis, and that schizophrenia occurring in the course of a manic-depressive illness is an alternative to mixed affective psychosis. From an examination of the clinical histories of a random sample of people with bipolar manic-depressive psychosis, evidence was found to support both ideas.", "contents": "Mixed affective states and the natural history of manic-depressive psychosis. Since neither the unipolar nor the bipolar theories of manic-depressive psychosis explain all its features, an alternative model was tested. The hypotheses are that mixed affective psychoses represent a superimposition on hypomania of a second type of depression which can sometimes develop from the depressive phase of manic-depressive psychosis, and that schizophrenia occurring in the course of a manic-depressive illness is an alternative to mixed affective psychosis. From an examination of the clinical histories of a random sample of people with bipolar manic-depressive psychosis, evidence was found to support both ideas.", "PMID": 427331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13878", "title": "Diagnostic accuracy in presenile dementia.", "content": "A follow-up study of patients diagnosed as suffering from presenile dementia has revealed a high incidence of erroneous diagnoses. Of 52 patients discharged from hospital with this diagnosis, information was obtained 5-15 years later on 51. Eighteen were alive and the diagnosis was rejected in 16 (31 per cent). Possible reasons for the mistaken diagnoses are discussed.", "contents": "Diagnostic accuracy in presenile dementia. A follow-up study of patients diagnosed as suffering from presenile dementia has revealed a high incidence of erroneous diagnoses. Of 52 patients discharged from hospital with this diagnosis, information was obtained 5-15 years later on 51. Eighteen were alive and the diagnosis was rejected in 16 (31 per cent). Possible reasons for the mistaken diagnoses are discussed.", "PMID": 427332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13879", "title": "Raised parental age in psychiatric patients: evidence for the constitutional hypothesis.", "content": "In two series of psychiatric patients (numbering about 6,000 and 2,000 respectively), the mean age of the mothers at the time of the patients' birth was found to be very significantly above expectation from the general population, and this was so for each of the major diagnostic groups. In the second series, the age of the fathers was also found to be very significantly above that expected from a sample survey of the general population, and this was so for each diagnostic group. Fathers' age was raised more than mothers', and was highest for schizophrenia. The raised parental age could not be explained in terms of the patient's year of birth or his father's social class. The raised mothers' age could largely be accounted for by regression on the raised fathers' age. The present findings, and those of previous studies, seem best explained on the hypothesis of a constitutional parental trait leading to delayed marriage.", "contents": "Raised parental age in psychiatric patients: evidence for the constitutional hypothesis. In two series of psychiatric patients (numbering about 6,000 and 2,000 respectively), the mean age of the mothers at the time of the patients' birth was found to be very significantly above expectation from the general population, and this was so for each of the major diagnostic groups. In the second series, the age of the fathers was also found to be very significantly above that expected from a sample survey of the general population, and this was so for each diagnostic group. Fathers' age was raised more than mothers', and was highest for schizophrenia. The raised parental age could not be explained in terms of the patient's year of birth or his father's social class. The raised mothers' age could largely be accounted for by regression on the raised fathers' age. The present findings, and those of previous studies, seem best explained on the hypothesis of a constitutional parental trait leading to delayed marriage.", "PMID": 427333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13880", "title": "Parental age and birth order in homosexual patients: a replication of Slater's study.", "content": "Parental age (at patient's birth) and birth order were studied in 623 male and 89 female patients diagnosed as homosexual, who were born in England and Wales and first attended the Maudsley Hospital between the years 1961-1975. For male patients, mean parental ages were significantly higher than expectation, and mean birth order was significantly later. Regression analysis indicated that the raised fathers' age was probably of more aetiological importance than the raised mothers' age. The results confirm those of previous studies. The female patients did not show a raised parental age or late birth order.", "contents": "Parental age and birth order in homosexual patients: a replication of Slater's study. Parental age (at patient's birth) and birth order were studied in 623 male and 89 female patients diagnosed as homosexual, who were born in England and Wales and first attended the Maudsley Hospital between the years 1961-1975. For male patients, mean parental ages were significantly higher than expectation, and mean birth order was significantly later. Regression analysis indicated that the raised fathers' age was probably of more aetiological importance than the raised mothers' age. The results confirm those of previous studies. The female patients did not show a raised parental age or late birth order.", "PMID": 427334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13881", "title": "A shifting seasonality of schizophrenic births.", "content": "In view of recent findings in Japan, and in England and Wales, data on schizophrenic births in the United States were reexamined to see if seasonal shifts had occurred. In Missouri a progressive shift from February to April and May was noted between 1921 and 1930 and between 1941 and 1950. In five New England states there was no shift over the same period. Data were then obtained to compare the Missouri shift with two hypotheses previously put forward to explain schizophrenic birth seasonality: (1) that it is related to the seasonality of general births, and (2) that it is related to seasonal temperature variation. Neither hypothesis was supported by the data.", "contents": "A shifting seasonality of schizophrenic births. In view of recent findings in Japan, and in England and Wales, data on schizophrenic births in the United States were reexamined to see if seasonal shifts had occurred. In Missouri a progressive shift from February to April and May was noted between 1921 and 1930 and between 1941 and 1950. In five New England states there was no shift over the same period. Data were then obtained to compare the Missouri shift with two hypotheses previously put forward to explain schizophrenic birth seasonality: (1) that it is related to the seasonality of general births, and (2) that it is related to seasonal temperature variation. Neither hypothesis was supported by the data.", "PMID": 427335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13882", "title": "Conversations with chronic schizophrenic patients.", "content": "An account is given of some of the topics discussed during a small informal weekly open group meeting of chronic schizophrenic patients, based on occasional notes compiled over eleven years. The main feature of the patients' condition as displayed was poverty--clinical, social, behavioural, material and financial--and certain features suggested an organic aetiology. Reasons are given for considering that the patients' condition was predominantly caused by schizophrenia rather than by institutionalism.", "contents": "Conversations with chronic schizophrenic patients. An account is given of some of the topics discussed during a small informal weekly open group meeting of chronic schizophrenic patients, based on occasional notes compiled over eleven years. The main feature of the patients' condition as displayed was poverty--clinical, social, behavioural, material and financial--and certain features suggested an organic aetiology. Reasons are given for considering that the patients' condition was predominantly caused by schizophrenia rather than by institutionalism.", "PMID": 427336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13883", "title": "An experimental study of pictures produced by acute schizophrenic subjects.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of assessing pictures produced by acute schizophrenic subjects as a technique in differential diagnosis. It was hypothesized that art productions by schizophrenics differ from those both by other acute psychiatric patients and by 'normals'. Coloured slides were made from pictures produced in standardized conditions by three samples of each of thirty subjects. It was found that repetition of abstract forms was the only factor studied to be associated specifically with schizophrenia; whereas the presence of pictorial imbalance, overelaboration, childlike features, uncovered space, detail and colour variety were found to be associated with psychiatric admission irregardless of diagnosis. Doubt is cast on the use of art as a technique in differential psychiatric diagnosis.", "contents": "An experimental study of pictures produced by acute schizophrenic subjects. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of assessing pictures produced by acute schizophrenic subjects as a technique in differential diagnosis. It was hypothesized that art productions by schizophrenics differ from those both by other acute psychiatric patients and by 'normals'. Coloured slides were made from pictures produced in standardized conditions by three samples of each of thirty subjects. It was found that repetition of abstract forms was the only factor studied to be associated specifically with schizophrenia; whereas the presence of pictorial imbalance, overelaboration, childlike features, uncovered space, detail and colour variety were found to be associated with psychiatric admission irregardless of diagnosis. Doubt is cast on the use of art as a technique in differential psychiatric diagnosis.", "PMID": 427337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13884", "title": "Psychological and behavioural disturbance in West Indians, Indians and Pakistanis in Britain: a comparison of rates among children and adults.", "content": "Data are presented from four studies which compare rates of psychological disturbance for three groups of immigrants to Britain and natives respectively. Children of West Indian and Asian parents are compared to native British children on the Rutter Teachers' Questionnaire and on rates of admission to psychiatric hospitals. Asian children have lower rates of behavioural deviance and mental hospital admissions than do British children. Children of West Indian immigrants show no more behavioural deviance in schools than do British children, but have considerably higher rates of admission to mental hospitals. The pattern for adults is remarkably similar to that shown by children, even though different definitions of psychological disturbance are used. The findings are discussed in the context of previous studies of immigrants to Britain and contemporary theories of immigrant adjustment.", "contents": "Psychological and behavioural disturbance in West Indians, Indians and Pakistanis in Britain: a comparison of rates among children and adults. Data are presented from four studies which compare rates of psychological disturbance for three groups of immigrants to Britain and natives respectively. Children of West Indian and Asian parents are compared to native British children on the Rutter Teachers' Questionnaire and on rates of admission to psychiatric hospitals. Asian children have lower rates of behavioural deviance and mental hospital admissions than do British children. Children of West Indian immigrants show no more behavioural deviance in schools than do British children, but have considerably higher rates of admission to mental hospitals. The pattern for adults is remarkably similar to that shown by children, even though different definitions of psychological disturbance are used. The findings are discussed in the context of previous studies of immigrants to Britain and contemporary theories of immigrant adjustment.", "PMID": 427338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13885", "title": "Bone densitometry using computed tomography. Part I: selective determination of trabecular bone density and other bone mineral parameters. Normal values in children and adults.", "content": "Gamma-ray computed tomography (gamma-ray CT), using a special purpose scanner, enables in-vivo quantitative analysis of bone mineralization. Trabecular bone density (TBD), the relative amount of compact bone (bone density, BD) and the total absorption (TA) for a cross-section of the radius are determined from measurements of local linear absorption coefficients. A preliminary study of normal children (n = 49) and adults (n = 34) indicated that TBD is independent of age and sex in the age range 4 to 40 years. DB remains constant throughout childhood but increases after puberty in both women and men. TA is higher for adults than for children, and also higher for men than for women. A correlation between TA and parameters relating to body size indicates a relationship between body weight and bone mass.", "contents": "Bone densitometry using computed tomography. Part I: selective determination of trabecular bone density and other bone mineral parameters. Normal values in children and adults. Gamma-ray computed tomography (gamma-ray CT), using a special purpose scanner, enables in-vivo quantitative analysis of bone mineralization. Trabecular bone density (TBD), the relative amount of compact bone (bone density, BD) and the total absorption (TA) for a cross-section of the radius are determined from measurements of local linear absorption coefficients. A preliminary study of normal children (n = 49) and adults (n = 34) indicated that TBD is independent of age and sex in the age range 4 to 40 years. DB remains constant throughout childhood but increases after puberty in both women and men. TA is higher for adults than for children, and also higher for men than for women. A correlation between TA and parameters relating to body size indicates a relationship between body weight and bone mass.", "PMID": 427345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13886", "title": "Bone densitometry using computed tomography. Part II: increased trabecular bone density in children with chronic renal failure.", "content": "The method of gamma-ray computed tomography (gamma-ray CT) bone densitometry described in the preceding article provides selective determination of trabecular bone density (TBD), the relative amount of compact bone (bone density, BD), and the total absorption (TA) within a bone cross section. Seven of nine children with chronic renal failure (CRF), and selected only on the basis of their serum creatinine value (greater than 5 mg/100 ml), had increased TBD values above the normal range, whereas the other bone mineral parameters were normal. Radiographic signs of secondary hyperparathyroidism (subperiosteal erosions, cysts) were reported in the five patients with the highest TBD values, whereas the subjective diagnosis of osteosclerosis reported in three of these five and in one other patient correlated less well with the TBD increases. However, this is the first report of an objective, non-invasive documentation of the radiological finding of osteosclerosis in CRF. It also explains why methods for bone mineral measurements used previously, such as a photon absorptiometry which provides only a parameter equivalent to TA, failed to reveal increases in bone mineral content in renal osteodystrophy even when signs of osteosclerosis were present. Thus, gamma-ray CT helps to document objectively the degree of osteosclerosis and its location.", "contents": "Bone densitometry using computed tomography. Part II: increased trabecular bone density in children with chronic renal failure. The method of gamma-ray computed tomography (gamma-ray CT) bone densitometry described in the preceding article provides selective determination of trabecular bone density (TBD), the relative amount of compact bone (bone density, BD), and the total absorption (TA) within a bone cross section. Seven of nine children with chronic renal failure (CRF), and selected only on the basis of their serum creatinine value (greater than 5 mg/100 ml), had increased TBD values above the normal range, whereas the other bone mineral parameters were normal. Radiographic signs of secondary hyperparathyroidism (subperiosteal erosions, cysts) were reported in the five patients with the highest TBD values, whereas the subjective diagnosis of osteosclerosis reported in three of these five and in one other patient correlated less well with the TBD increases. However, this is the first report of an objective, non-invasive documentation of the radiological finding of osteosclerosis in CRF. It also explains why methods for bone mineral measurements used previously, such as a photon absorptiometry which provides only a parameter equivalent to TA, failed to reveal increases in bone mineral content in renal osteodystrophy even when signs of osteosclerosis were present. Thus, gamma-ray CT helps to document objectively the degree of osteosclerosis and its location.", "PMID": 427347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13887", "title": "A rotating transducer real-time scanner for ultrasonic examination of the heart and abdomen.", "content": "A mechanical real-time ultrasonic scanner utilizing a rotating transducer head has been successfully applied clinically to visualize the heart and abdomen. The design features of this scanner are discussed. The small dimensions and the 90 degree field of view of the sealed oil-filled transducer head optimize visualization of the heart avoiding bone and lung. The single point of entry aspect of this scanner results in a good field of view from any point on the abdominal surface. For example, in upper abdominal studies the liver and kidney can be readily viewed. Rapid and thorough searching of the abdomen is easily carried out and good quality selected sections can be captured by optimizing frame rate and angle of view. In obstetrical applications the complete mature fetus can be visualized using the alternative large 180 degree field of view.", "contents": "A rotating transducer real-time scanner for ultrasonic examination of the heart and abdomen. A mechanical real-time ultrasonic scanner utilizing a rotating transducer head has been successfully applied clinically to visualize the heart and abdomen. The design features of this scanner are discussed. The small dimensions and the 90 degree field of view of the sealed oil-filled transducer head optimize visualization of the heart avoiding bone and lung. The single point of entry aspect of this scanner results in a good field of view from any point on the abdominal surface. For example, in upper abdominal studies the liver and kidney can be readily viewed. Rapid and thorough searching of the abdomen is easily carried out and good quality selected sections can be captured by optimizing frame rate and angle of view. In obstetrical applications the complete mature fetus can be visualized using the alternative large 180 degree field of view.", "PMID": 427348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13888", "title": "Scintigraphic assessment of technetium 99m-diphosphonate uptake, vascularity and vessel permeability in human bone tumours.", "content": "Differences in the rate of uptake of 99Tcm-diphosphonate were found in 20 human bone tumours investigated. As some tumours have a slow rate of uptake it is suggested that the time used for routine scintigraphy at 3 hours is not always optimal and a further study should be performed in some cases. Various degrees of tumour vascularity and vessel permeability were found. The rate of diphosphonate uptake correlates with the vascularity, while it does not correlate with permeability which is generally increased as compared to normal bone.", "contents": "Scintigraphic assessment of technetium 99m-diphosphonate uptake, vascularity and vessel permeability in human bone tumours. Differences in the rate of uptake of 99Tcm-diphosphonate were found in 20 human bone tumours investigated. As some tumours have a slow rate of uptake it is suggested that the time used for routine scintigraphy at 3 hours is not always optimal and a further study should be performed in some cases. Various degrees of tumour vascularity and vessel permeability were found. The rate of diphosphonate uptake correlates with the vascularity, while it does not correlate with permeability which is generally increased as compared to normal bone.", "PMID": 427349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13889", "title": "An in vivo study of the fore-arm and hand by thin section NMR imaging.", "content": "A series of transverse thin section NMR images of the living fore-arm and hand is compared with the morphology of corresponding cadaver sections. Each image is derived from the distribution of the density of mobile protons within the section. The contrast and spatial resolution achieved indicate the potential information that future whole-body systems could provide.", "contents": "An in vivo study of the fore-arm and hand by thin section NMR imaging. A series of transverse thin section NMR images of the living fore-arm and hand is compared with the morphology of corresponding cadaver sections. Each image is derived from the distribution of the density of mobile protons within the section. The contrast and spatial resolution achieved indicate the potential information that future whole-body systems could provide.", "PMID": 427350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13890", "title": "A calibration system for X-ray generators and tube factors.", "content": "An apparatus (Machlett's Dynalyzer II system) is described that makes real-time dynamic tests on the output and performance of the X-ray tube and generator so that a single exposure gives information on mA and mAs; exposure time (ms); kVp anode to earth; kVp cathode to earth; kVp cathode to anode; tube filament current; line voltage and radiation output of the tube (mR). The method of use is described together with the results of comparisons made with other test equipment. Some novel design features are of particular interest. The results show that by using this apparatus present design characteristics of X-ray generator-control-tube systems are such that the accuracy of calibration can be improved by at least an order of magnitude.", "contents": "A calibration system for X-ray generators and tube factors. An apparatus (Machlett's Dynalyzer II system) is described that makes real-time dynamic tests on the output and performance of the X-ray tube and generator so that a single exposure gives information on mA and mAs; exposure time (ms); kVp anode to earth; kVp cathode to earth; kVp cathode to anode; tube filament current; line voltage and radiation output of the tube (mR). The method of use is described together with the results of comparisons made with other test equipment. Some novel design features are of particular interest. The results show that by using this apparatus present design characteristics of X-ray generator-control-tube systems are such that the accuracy of calibration can be improved by at least an order of magnitude.", "PMID": 427351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13891", "title": "Imaging factors for xeroradiography of the extremities.", "content": "A biological test object has been used to determine optimum imaging factors for xeroradiography of the extremities. Three observers independently demonstrated a clear preference for positive-mode imaging.", "contents": "Imaging factors for xeroradiography of the extremities. A biological test object has been used to determine optimum imaging factors for xeroradiography of the extremities. Three observers independently demonstrated a clear preference for positive-mode imaging.", "PMID": 427352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13892", "title": "Renal consequences of irradiation of the spleen in lymphoma patients.", "content": "The authors have studied the consequences of irradiation of the upper part of the left kidney during treatment of the spleen. Seventy-four patients with lymphoma were entered in the study. They have all been followed up for between three and five years. Renal function was assessed by physical examination, biological tests, intravenous pyelograms and nephrotomographies, isotope scans with 197Hg neohydrin, dynamic studies with 131I hippuran and 99Tcm DTPA. No significant changes have been noted for blood pressure, biological tests or IVP. Eighteen months after irradiation renal tomograms showed cortical atrophy of the superior pole of the left kidney. 197Hg neohydrin started to show reduced uptake of the isotope in the irradiated region of the left kidney by the eighth month. 131I hippuran and 99Tcm DTPA detected abnormalities respectively five and three months after irradiation. No compensatory hypertrophy nor change in the overall kidney function have been noted. In Hodgkin's disease, radiotherapy has proved its efficiency in splenic involvement and the lack of secondary renal side effects. On the other hand, morbidity was shown to occur in 5% of cases after splenectomy. From these data, it is proposed to prefer radiotherapy rather than surgery for splenic treatment.", "contents": "Renal consequences of irradiation of the spleen in lymphoma patients. The authors have studied the consequences of irradiation of the upper part of the left kidney during treatment of the spleen. Seventy-four patients with lymphoma were entered in the study. They have all been followed up for between three and five years. Renal function was assessed by physical examination, biological tests, intravenous pyelograms and nephrotomographies, isotope scans with 197Hg neohydrin, dynamic studies with 131I hippuran and 99Tcm DTPA. No significant changes have been noted for blood pressure, biological tests or IVP. Eighteen months after irradiation renal tomograms showed cortical atrophy of the superior pole of the left kidney. 197Hg neohydrin started to show reduced uptake of the isotope in the irradiated region of the left kidney by the eighth month. 131I hippuran and 99Tcm DTPA detected abnormalities respectively five and three months after irradiation. No compensatory hypertrophy nor change in the overall kidney function have been noted. In Hodgkin's disease, radiotherapy has proved its efficiency in splenic involvement and the lack of secondary renal side effects. On the other hand, morbidity was shown to occur in 5% of cases after splenectomy. From these data, it is proposed to prefer radiotherapy rather than surgery for splenic treatment.", "PMID": 427353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13893", "title": "The recovery of iron uptake in erythropoietic bone marrow following large field radiotherapy.", "content": "Large X-ray fields, such as those used to irradiate major lymph-node areas in the treatment of lymphomas, often irradiate large areas of haemopoietic bone marrow. The absorbed doses received by the marrow are close to the tolerance level. Quantitative scanning of the bone marrow, using 52Fe and a digital whole-body scanner, has been carried out in a series of 22 patients treated by radiotherapy up to nine years previously in order to assess the extent and recovery of their erythropoietic marrow. The results showed large variations from patient to patient; in some patients the iron uptake in the marrow returned to near normal levels in two to three years, while in others the uptake remained suppressed after seven to eight years. The tolerance dose for the bone marrow appeared to be about 1100 ret. There was some evidence of a more rapid recovery of erythropoietic function in males than females, but no evidence to show that age of patient, type of disease or whether chemotherapy had been used influenced the results. Patients who showed a decreased iron uptake in an irradiated region of marrow generally showed a compensating increased uptake in unirradiated regions, which in some cases was associated with anaemia.", "contents": "The recovery of iron uptake in erythropoietic bone marrow following large field radiotherapy. Large X-ray fields, such as those used to irradiate major lymph-node areas in the treatment of lymphomas, often irradiate large areas of haemopoietic bone marrow. The absorbed doses received by the marrow are close to the tolerance level. Quantitative scanning of the bone marrow, using 52Fe and a digital whole-body scanner, has been carried out in a series of 22 patients treated by radiotherapy up to nine years previously in order to assess the extent and recovery of their erythropoietic marrow. The results showed large variations from patient to patient; in some patients the iron uptake in the marrow returned to near normal levels in two to three years, while in others the uptake remained suppressed after seven to eight years. The tolerance dose for the bone marrow appeared to be about 1100 ret. There was some evidence of a more rapid recovery of erythropoietic function in males than females, but no evidence to show that age of patient, type of disease or whether chemotherapy had been used influenced the results. Patients who showed a decreased iron uptake in an irradiated region of marrow generally showed a compensating increased uptake in unirradiated regions, which in some cases was associated with anaemia.", "PMID": 427354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13894", "title": "Osteochondral fractures of the dome of the talus.", "content": "Osteochondral fracture of the talar dome is an uncommon lesion occurring after ankle inversion and tearing of the lateral ligaments. This lesion can be overlooked if internal oblique radiographs are not obtained. The value of tomography is discussed. Symptoms may persist for many months if accurate radiographic diagnosis is delayed. Prompt arthrotomy is indicated to prevent post-traumatic arthritis of the ankle joint.", "contents": "Osteochondral fractures of the dome of the talus. Osteochondral fracture of the talar dome is an uncommon lesion occurring after ankle inversion and tearing of the lateral ligaments. This lesion can be overlooked if internal oblique radiographs are not obtained. The value of tomography is discussed. Symptoms may persist for many months if accurate radiographic diagnosis is delayed. Prompt arthrotomy is indicated to prevent post-traumatic arthritis of the ankle joint.", "PMID": 427359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13895", "title": "Lymphography in angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL) produces a characteristic lymphoproliferative syndrome, with characteristic lymphographic appearances. The authors studied the lymphographic manifestations of 18 cases of AIL. In 15 out of 18 cases, enlargement is observed in all the lymph nodes with a lacy or reticular storage pattern and sharp, well delimited margins. This lymphographic appearance reflects the histologic changes; only the peripheral sinuses, which are not involved, can be observed on lymphography.", "contents": "Lymphography in angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL) produces a characteristic lymphoproliferative syndrome, with characteristic lymphographic appearances. The authors studied the lymphographic manifestations of 18 cases of AIL. In 15 out of 18 cases, enlargement is observed in all the lymph nodes with a lacy or reticular storage pattern and sharp, well delimited margins. This lymphographic appearance reflects the histologic changes; only the peripheral sinuses, which are not involved, can be observed on lymphography.", "PMID": 427360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13896", "title": "Clinical evaluation of computer processing of liver gamma camera scans.", "content": "A prospective study to assess the clinical usefulness of computer processing of liver scans has been carried out on 203 patients. All patients have had six months follow up to confirm the diagnostic accuracy of the scan results. Four presentations have been studied using ROC analysis: (i) original gamma-camera pictures; (ii) processed images obtained using a non-stationary filter; (iii) images processed using nine-point smoothing; (iv) images obtained by linear interpolation at 25 isocount levels of display. It is concluded that pictures obtained by use of a non-stationary filter at 25 isocount levels are superior to a conventional gamma-camera pictures and displays obtained by linear interpolation only. All three are considerably superior to the images obtained by nine-point smoothing in detection of focal space-occupying lesions. Based on the results obtained, a strategy for the rational use of computer processing of gamma-camera liver scans is proposed.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of computer processing of liver gamma camera scans. A prospective study to assess the clinical usefulness of computer processing of liver scans has been carried out on 203 patients. All patients have had six months follow up to confirm the diagnostic accuracy of the scan results. Four presentations have been studied using ROC analysis: (i) original gamma-camera pictures; (ii) processed images obtained using a non-stationary filter; (iii) images processed using nine-point smoothing; (iv) images obtained by linear interpolation at 25 isocount levels of display. It is concluded that pictures obtained by use of a non-stationary filter at 25 isocount levels are superior to a conventional gamma-camera pictures and displays obtained by linear interpolation only. All three are considerably superior to the images obtained by nine-point smoothing in detection of focal space-occupying lesions. Based on the results obtained, a strategy for the rational use of computer processing of gamma-camera liver scans is proposed.", "PMID": 427361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13897", "title": "Lymphoscintigraphy: a comparison of 99Tc(m) antimony sulphide colloid and 99Tc(m) stannous phytate.", "content": "In vitro comparison of 99Tc(m) antimony sulphide colloid and 99Tc(m) stannous phytate as well as in vivo studies in six rabbits and seven patients indicate disparity in the colloidal properties and localization of these two agents. The variability in lymphatic uptake and the relatively poor quality of scintigraphic images following interstitial injection of 99Tc(m) stannous phytate, when compared with 99Tc(m) antimony sulphide colloid, provide evidence of the unsuitability of this agent for lymphoscintigraphy. Maintenance of the diagnostic quality of the lymphoscintigraphic image and adherence to interpretive criteria already established therefore preclude the routine use of 99Tc(m) stannous phytate for interstitial lymphoscintigraphy.", "contents": "Lymphoscintigraphy: a comparison of 99Tc(m) antimony sulphide colloid and 99Tc(m) stannous phytate. In vitro comparison of 99Tc(m) antimony sulphide colloid and 99Tc(m) stannous phytate as well as in vivo studies in six rabbits and seven patients indicate disparity in the colloidal properties and localization of these two agents. The variability in lymphatic uptake and the relatively poor quality of scintigraphic images following interstitial injection of 99Tc(m) stannous phytate, when compared with 99Tc(m) antimony sulphide colloid, provide evidence of the unsuitability of this agent for lymphoscintigraphy. Maintenance of the diagnostic quality of the lymphoscintigraphic image and adherence to interpretive criteria already established therefore preclude the routine use of 99Tc(m) stannous phytate for interstitial lymphoscintigraphy.", "PMID": 427362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13898", "title": "High thyroid radiation dose associated with 131-I-19-iodocholesterol adrenal scanning.", "content": "We have examined two patients undergoing 131I-19-iodocholesterol adrenal scans in order to assess thyroidal radiation dose. Thyroid uptakes of 3--5% of the administered 2 mCi dose were found despite prior administration of Lugol's iodine. Analysis of serum samples over a ten day period after iodocholesterol injection indicated that less than 10% of the radioactivity was free iodide. Kinetic results showed a high value for the thyroid/plasma 131I ratio indicating thyroid retention of 131I. This was substantiated by thyroid scintigrams. The thyroid radiation dose was estimated to be 200--250 rad for the two patients. The associated carcinogenic risk is of sufficient magnitude, in our opinion, to warrant regular follow-up of all patients who have undergone 131I-19-iodocholesterol adrenal scanning.", "contents": "High thyroid radiation dose associated with 131-I-19-iodocholesterol adrenal scanning. We have examined two patients undergoing 131I-19-iodocholesterol adrenal scans in order to assess thyroidal radiation dose. Thyroid uptakes of 3--5% of the administered 2 mCi dose were found despite prior administration of Lugol's iodine. Analysis of serum samples over a ten day period after iodocholesterol injection indicated that less than 10% of the radioactivity was free iodide. Kinetic results showed a high value for the thyroid/plasma 131I ratio indicating thyroid retention of 131I. This was substantiated by thyroid scintigrams. The thyroid radiation dose was estimated to be 200--250 rad for the two patients. The associated carcinogenic risk is of sufficient magnitude, in our opinion, to warrant regular follow-up of all patients who have undergone 131I-19-iodocholesterol adrenal scanning.", "PMID": 427363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13899", "title": "A single injection technique for subtraction of blood background in 131I-hippuran renograms.", "content": "A method of subtracting blood background during proberenography is presented which does not require a prior injection of RIHSA and which produces results approximately 11% higher than the RIHSA method. The new method treats the renogram up to two-and-a-half minutes as a combination of a fraction of the blood curve and a fraction of the integral of the blood curve. Analysis of the data, using either a computer or a programmed calculator, enables these two fractions to be calculated, hence producing the \"background subtraction factor\" and the \"uptake constant\".", "contents": "A single injection technique for subtraction of blood background in 131I-hippuran renograms. A method of subtracting blood background during proberenography is presented which does not require a prior injection of RIHSA and which produces results approximately 11% higher than the RIHSA method. The new method treats the renogram up to two-and-a-half minutes as a combination of a fraction of the blood curve and a fraction of the integral of the blood curve. Analysis of the data, using either a computer or a programmed calculator, enables these two fractions to be calculated, hence producing the \"background subtraction factor\" and the \"uptake constant\".", "PMID": 427364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13900", "title": "Blood flow clearance changes in pig skin after single doses of X rays.", "content": "Early and late changes in the functional vascularity of pig skin have been evaluated after X-irradiation. These changes were assessed using a quantitative isotopic clearance technique. Two waves of radiation-induced changes in isotopic clearance were demonstrated. The first wave, observed after an interval of three weeks, was characterized by the faster clearance of the tracer from areas of irradiated skin. The second wave, which reached a peak after 12 weeks, was denoted by a slowing of the clearance rate relative to normal skin. The modification in vascular function observed at 12 weeks was transient, function returning to normal as late radiation damage developed. The changes observed in the pig have many similarities with those recorded in man but are markedly different from those found in rodents. These differences are discussed with respect to the vascular structure of the skin of the animal species investigated.", "contents": "Blood flow clearance changes in pig skin after single doses of X rays. Early and late changes in the functional vascularity of pig skin have been evaluated after X-irradiation. These changes were assessed using a quantitative isotopic clearance technique. Two waves of radiation-induced changes in isotopic clearance were demonstrated. The first wave, observed after an interval of three weeks, was characterized by the faster clearance of the tracer from areas of irradiated skin. The second wave, which reached a peak after 12 weeks, was denoted by a slowing of the clearance rate relative to normal skin. The modification in vascular function observed at 12 weeks was transient, function returning to normal as late radiation damage developed. The changes observed in the pig have many similarities with those recorded in man but are markedly different from those found in rodents. These differences are discussed with respect to the vascular structure of the skin of the animal species investigated.", "PMID": 427365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13901", "title": "Changing pattern in aetiology of pancreatitis in an urban Swedish area.", "content": "Two groups of patients admitted with a first attack of acute pancreatitis are reviewed. The first group, consisting of 105 patients, was admitted between 1968 and 1969; the second group of 204 patients was admitted between 1974 and 1975. These groups were compared with one of 454 patients admitted between 1956 and 1960 whose details were published earlier by our unit (Edlund et al., 1968). The aim of this study was to determine whether the incidence of factors associated with pancreatitis within the population of the city of G\u00f6teborg had changed in the 20-year period. In the 1956--60 group gallstone disease was the main associated factor (68 per cent), but in the later groups alcohol-induced pancreatitis assumed the leading role (68 and 66 per cent respectively). Alcohol-induced pancreatitis tended to occur at a younger age than gallstone pancreatitis. Thirty-one per cent of 449 patients admitted with an acute attack of alcoholic pancreatitis in the two last periods of study had had previous attacks.", "contents": "Changing pattern in aetiology of pancreatitis in an urban Swedish area. Two groups of patients admitted with a first attack of acute pancreatitis are reviewed. The first group, consisting of 105 patients, was admitted between 1968 and 1969; the second group of 204 patients was admitted between 1974 and 1975. These groups were compared with one of 454 patients admitted between 1956 and 1960 whose details were published earlier by our unit (Edlund et al., 1968). The aim of this study was to determine whether the incidence of factors associated with pancreatitis within the population of the city of G\u00f6teborg had changed in the 20-year period. In the 1956--60 group gallstone disease was the main associated factor (68 per cent), but in the later groups alcohol-induced pancreatitis assumed the leading role (68 and 66 per cent respectively). Alcohol-induced pancreatitis tended to occur at a younger age than gallstone pancreatitis. Thirty-one per cent of 449 patients admitted with an acute attack of alcoholic pancreatitis in the two last periods of study had had previous attacks.", "PMID": 427379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13902", "title": "The role of grey scale ultrasonography in the investigation of jaundice.", "content": "Sixty-seven patients were prospectively studied using grey scale ultrasound (GSU) to assess its possible role as part of a jaundice investigation programme. All scans were performed by one radiologist, without clinical information. When intrahepatic ductal dilatation was found an attempt was made to establish the level and cause of obstruction. The calibre of the intrahepatic bile ducts was correctly reported in 66 patients (98 per cent). Forty-three proved to have extrahepatic cholestasis, 24 had intrahepatic cholestasis. No patient with intrahepatic cholestasis had dilated ducts seen on ultrasound. In 43 patients with obstructive jaundice, GSU accurately detected the level of obstruction in 28. This accuracy varied with the cause of obstruction. A direct indication of diagnosis was possible in 45 of the 67 patients. In a unit specializing in the management of complicated hepatobiliary problems, GSU has been shown to be accurate in differentiating extra- from intrahepatic jaundice. Being non-invasive, it appears ideally suited for use as a screening procedure, permitting selection of appropriate invasive investigations to provide complete preoperative imaging of the biliary tree. In patients with jaundice due to gallstones, GSU may be the only imaging technique required before surgery provided good operative cholangiography is available.", "contents": "The role of grey scale ultrasonography in the investigation of jaundice. Sixty-seven patients were prospectively studied using grey scale ultrasound (GSU) to assess its possible role as part of a jaundice investigation programme. All scans were performed by one radiologist, without clinical information. When intrahepatic ductal dilatation was found an attempt was made to establish the level and cause of obstruction. The calibre of the intrahepatic bile ducts was correctly reported in 66 patients (98 per cent). Forty-three proved to have extrahepatic cholestasis, 24 had intrahepatic cholestasis. No patient with intrahepatic cholestasis had dilated ducts seen on ultrasound. In 43 patients with obstructive jaundice, GSU accurately detected the level of obstruction in 28. This accuracy varied with the cause of obstruction. A direct indication of diagnosis was possible in 45 of the 67 patients. In a unit specializing in the management of complicated hepatobiliary problems, GSU has been shown to be accurate in differentiating extra- from intrahepatic jaundice. Being non-invasive, it appears ideally suited for use as a screening procedure, permitting selection of appropriate invasive investigations to provide complete preoperative imaging of the biliary tree. In patients with jaundice due to gallstones, GSU may be the only imaging technique required before surgery provided good operative cholangiography is available.", "PMID": 427380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13903", "title": "The ultrasonic demonstration of portacaval shunts.", "content": "This study explores the use of ultrasound in the management of patients with portacaval anastomosis. Ten patients were studied; in 8 of these the status of the anastomosis was well demonstrated. It is suggested that ultrasound should be the initial investigation to determine the patency of a shunt.", "contents": "The ultrasonic demonstration of portacaval shunts. This study explores the use of ultrasound in the management of patients with portacaval anastomosis. Ten patients were studied; in 8 of these the status of the anastomosis was well demonstrated. It is suggested that ultrasound should be the initial investigation to determine the patency of a shunt.", "PMID": 427381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13904", "title": "Grey-scale ultrasonography and endoscopic pancreatography after pancreatic trauma.", "content": "We have recently used grey-scale ultrasonography and endoscopic pancreatography to investigate 11 patients with symptoms attributed to pancreatic trauma weeks, months or even years earlier. The pancreas was normal in one patient, and another, who presented with pain and jaundice after a car accident, was shown to have cancer of the pancreatic head. The remaining patients all had local lesions due to trauma; ultrasound showed a mass or cyst close to the point of duct obstruction or stenosis shown on pancreatography. Ultrasonography and pancreatography can together provide a precise map with which to plan effective management in patients having suffered pancreatic trauma.", "contents": "Grey-scale ultrasonography and endoscopic pancreatography after pancreatic trauma. We have recently used grey-scale ultrasonography and endoscopic pancreatography to investigate 11 patients with symptoms attributed to pancreatic trauma weeks, months or even years earlier. The pancreas was normal in one patient, and another, who presented with pain and jaundice after a car accident, was shown to have cancer of the pancreatic head. The remaining patients all had local lesions due to trauma; ultrasound showed a mass or cyst close to the point of duct obstruction or stenosis shown on pancreatography. Ultrasonography and pancreatography can together provide a precise map with which to plan effective management in patients having suffered pancreatic trauma.", "PMID": 427382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13905", "title": "Infusion cholecystography in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.", "content": "The use of infusion cholecystography as an aid in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis was investigated in 21 patients. Seventeen of 18 patients (94 per cent) with positive cholecyst-tomograms who underwent laparotomy had confirmation of acutely inflamed gallbladders both macroscopically and histologically. These findings suggest that infusion cholecystography can make a significant contribution in reducing the incidence of misdiagnosis in acute cholecystitis, and that the investigation should be part of the management of patients in whom early surgery is planned.", "contents": "Infusion cholecystography in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. The use of infusion cholecystography as an aid in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis was investigated in 21 patients. Seventeen of 18 patients (94 per cent) with positive cholecyst-tomograms who underwent laparotomy had confirmation of acutely inflamed gallbladders both macroscopically and histologically. These findings suggest that infusion cholecystography can make a significant contribution in reducing the incidence of misdiagnosis in acute cholecystitis, and that the investigation should be part of the management of patients in whom early surgery is planned.", "PMID": 427383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13906", "title": "Operative choledochoscopy.", "content": "We have reported the results of 121 examinations with the rigid choledochoscope performed by 13 different surgeons between 1969 and 1977. Pre-exploratory choledochoscopy was performed in 48 patients with a diagnostic accuracy of 94 per cent. Post-exploratory choledochoscopy was used in 73 patients to define whether the common bile duct had been adequately cleared of stones. Fifty-one patients were correctly assessed as having a clear duct and unsuspected residual calculi were demonstrated by choledochoscopy in 13 patients. However, choledochoscopy failed to identify 9 patients with retained stones. The accuracy of post-exploratory choledochoscopy alone was 87 per cent and the accuracy of post-exploratory cholangiography was 82 per cent, but when choledochoscopy was combined with post-exploratory cholangiography there were no errors. We conclude that the addition of choledochoscopy to conventional radiological techniques is likely to reduce the incidence of residual calculi after choledochotomy.", "contents": "Operative choledochoscopy. We have reported the results of 121 examinations with the rigid choledochoscope performed by 13 different surgeons between 1969 and 1977. Pre-exploratory choledochoscopy was performed in 48 patients with a diagnostic accuracy of 94 per cent. Post-exploratory choledochoscopy was used in 73 patients to define whether the common bile duct had been adequately cleared of stones. Fifty-one patients were correctly assessed as having a clear duct and unsuspected residual calculi were demonstrated by choledochoscopy in 13 patients. However, choledochoscopy failed to identify 9 patients with retained stones. The accuracy of post-exploratory choledochoscopy alone was 87 per cent and the accuracy of post-exploratory cholangiography was 82 per cent, but when choledochoscopy was combined with post-exploratory cholangiography there were no errors. We conclude that the addition of choledochoscopy to conventional radiological techniques is likely to reduce the incidence of residual calculi after choledochotomy.", "PMID": 427384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13907", "title": "Modified surgical procedures in intestinal tuberculosis.", "content": "The results of modified surgical procedures in intestinal tuberculosis in 79 patients are presented. Special emphasis is laid on the role of limited ileocaecal resection and ileoplasty. These procedures are safe, quick and easy with preservation of functional portions of the bowel. They are of immense value in emergencies in chronically ill and emaciated patients.", "contents": "Modified surgical procedures in intestinal tuberculosis. The results of modified surgical procedures in intestinal tuberculosis in 79 patients are presented. Special emphasis is laid on the role of limited ileocaecal resection and ileoplasty. These procedures are safe, quick and easy with preservation of functional portions of the bowel. They are of immense value in emergencies in chronically ill and emaciated patients.", "PMID": 427385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13908", "title": "The fibrinolytic activity of varicose veins.", "content": "The plasma fibrinogen concentration, plasma fibrinolytic activity and the vein wall fibrinolytic activity of hand, groin, knee, ankle and perforating veins have been studied in 10 patients with skin changes in the lower leg secondary to venous disease (lipodermatosclerosis), in 10 patients with uncomplicated varicose veins and in 17 normal volunteers undergoing surgery. There was significantly more vein wall fibrinolytic activity in normal volunteers than in the patients with lipodermatosclerosis, not only in the ankle (P less than 0.001) but also in the hand (P less than 0.05). It is suggested that the reduced tissue fibrinolytic activity is a causative factor in the skin changes and ulceration of the post-phlebitic leg, and that since the reduced activity is not confined to the leg, it may be a primary systemic defect rather than a state secondary to venous congestion.", "contents": "The fibrinolytic activity of varicose veins. The plasma fibrinogen concentration, plasma fibrinolytic activity and the vein wall fibrinolytic activity of hand, groin, knee, ankle and perforating veins have been studied in 10 patients with skin changes in the lower leg secondary to venous disease (lipodermatosclerosis), in 10 patients with uncomplicated varicose veins and in 17 normal volunteers undergoing surgery. There was significantly more vein wall fibrinolytic activity in normal volunteers than in the patients with lipodermatosclerosis, not only in the ankle (P less than 0.001) but also in the hand (P less than 0.05). It is suggested that the reduced tissue fibrinolytic activity is a causative factor in the skin changes and ulceration of the post-phlebitic leg, and that since the reduced activity is not confined to the leg, it may be a primary systemic defect rather than a state secondary to venous congestion.", "PMID": 427386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13909", "title": "Prevention of intraperitoneal adhesions: a comparison of noxythiolin and a new povidone-iodine/PVP solution.", "content": "Peritoneal adhesions were induced in 250 female Wistar rats by the excision and closure of a right lower quadrant parietal peritoneal defect. After closure of the defect each rat was randomly allocated to one of five treatment groups: A, control with no instillate; B, control with Ringer solution; C, noxythiolin 0.5 per cent solution; D, noxythiolin 1 per cent solution; E povidone-iodine/PVP solution. Two millilitres of the appropriate solution were injected into the peritoneal cavity just before closure of a standard 4-cm midline incision. Assessment of adhesion formation was made at 1 week in ignorance of the treatment group. Noxythiolin 1 per cent was more effective than Ringer solution and noxythiolin 0.5 per cent in reducing the mean number of adhesions (P less than 0.05) but was inferior to povidone-iodine/PVP (P less than 0.05). Povidone-iodine/PVP solution significantly reduced the number of adhesions compared with the four other groups. In addition, it significantly reduced the mean length of attachment of each adhesion compared with the two control groups (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Prevention of intraperitoneal adhesions: a comparison of noxythiolin and a new povidone-iodine/PVP solution. Peritoneal adhesions were induced in 250 female Wistar rats by the excision and closure of a right lower quadrant parietal peritoneal defect. After closure of the defect each rat was randomly allocated to one of five treatment groups: A, control with no instillate; B, control with Ringer solution; C, noxythiolin 0.5 per cent solution; D, noxythiolin 1 per cent solution; E povidone-iodine/PVP solution. Two millilitres of the appropriate solution were injected into the peritoneal cavity just before closure of a standard 4-cm midline incision. Assessment of adhesion formation was made at 1 week in ignorance of the treatment group. Noxythiolin 1 per cent was more effective than Ringer solution and noxythiolin 0.5 per cent in reducing the mean number of adhesions (P less than 0.05) but was inferior to povidone-iodine/PVP (P less than 0.05). Povidone-iodine/PVP solution significantly reduced the number of adhesions compared with the four other groups. In addition, it significantly reduced the mean length of attachment of each adhesion compared with the two control groups (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 427387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13910", "title": "Mercury nephrotoxicity from peritoneal lavage.", "content": "Two cases of acute renal failure following intraperitoneal administration of mercury are described.", "contents": "Mercury nephrotoxicity from peritoneal lavage. Two cases of acute renal failure following intraperitoneal administration of mercury are described.", "PMID": 427388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13911", "title": "A new appliance for collecting ileostomy and jejunostomy fluid in the postoperative period.", "content": "A new lightweight two-piece ileostomy appliance was tested in 11 patients with newly established ileostomies and jejunostomies. Seven of the patients presented difficult stoma care problems. The appliance was fitted in theatre on completion of the operation and the patient was followed until discharge from hospital. The appliance remained in place for an average of 4.8 +/- 1.2 days. In a total of 204 patient-days the pouch became dislodged from the flange on 10 occasions and there was leakage under the body flange on 7 occasions. All but one of the patients continued to use the appliance on discharge. No patient was allergic to the appliance nor complained of odour. It is concluded that this new appliance represents an important advance in postoperative stoma care.", "contents": "A new appliance for collecting ileostomy and jejunostomy fluid in the postoperative period. A new lightweight two-piece ileostomy appliance was tested in 11 patients with newly established ileostomies and jejunostomies. Seven of the patients presented difficult stoma care problems. The appliance was fitted in theatre on completion of the operation and the patient was followed until discharge from hospital. The appliance remained in place for an average of 4.8 +/- 1.2 days. In a total of 204 patient-days the pouch became dislodged from the flange on 10 occasions and there was leakage under the body flange on 7 occasions. All but one of the patients continued to use the appliance on discharge. No patient was allergic to the appliance nor complained of odour. It is concluded that this new appliance represents an important advance in postoperative stoma care.", "PMID": 427389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13912", "title": "Hyperosmolar diabetes presenting as acute urinary retention: report of three cases.", "content": "Three elderly patients presented at one hospital in a 2-week period with acute urinary retention precipitated by the hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic state. In each case routine urine testing was reported as showing 1 per cent glycosuria. The first two patients were admitted at night and blood glucose estimations were not done. This led to a delay of 16 and 12 h respectively before the appropriate therapy was instituted. It is suggested that this clinical presentation, previously unreported, may not be a rarity and represents an avoidable cause of death in patients with acute urinary retention.", "contents": "Hyperosmolar diabetes presenting as acute urinary retention: report of three cases. Three elderly patients presented at one hospital in a 2-week period with acute urinary retention precipitated by the hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic state. In each case routine urine testing was reported as showing 1 per cent glycosuria. The first two patients were admitted at night and blood glucose estimations were not done. This led to a delay of 16 and 12 h respectively before the appropriate therapy was instituted. It is suggested that this clinical presentation, previously unreported, may not be a rarity and represents an avoidable cause of death in patients with acute urinary retention.", "PMID": 427390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13913", "title": "Cytological study of fluid from breast cysts.", "content": "A series of 215 patients with breast cysts have provided 348 specimens of cyst fluid for cytological diagnosis. Only one of these specimens was reported positive for malignant cells and this patient had a carcinoma. Nine specimens were reported as suspicious, but none of these patients had or subsequently developed carcinoma. In 338 specimens cytology was negative. A total of 178 patients (294 specimens) was available for follow-up. Of these 2 proved to have carcinomas on immediate follow-up, i.e. a lump presisted after aspiration, and a further 2 patients developed cancers in the same breast, one 4 and the other 7 years after aspiration. We therefore conclude that the routine submission of breast cyst fluid for cytology is wasteful of time and resources.", "contents": "Cytological study of fluid from breast cysts. A series of 215 patients with breast cysts have provided 348 specimens of cyst fluid for cytological diagnosis. Only one of these specimens was reported positive for malignant cells and this patient had a carcinoma. Nine specimens were reported as suspicious, but none of these patients had or subsequently developed carcinoma. In 338 specimens cytology was negative. A total of 178 patients (294 specimens) was available for follow-up. Of these 2 proved to have carcinomas on immediate follow-up, i.e. a lump presisted after aspiration, and a further 2 patients developed cancers in the same breast, one 4 and the other 7 years after aspiration. We therefore conclude that the routine submission of breast cyst fluid for cytology is wasteful of time and resources.", "PMID": 427391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13914", "title": "Haematogenous osteomyelitis of the metatarsal sesamoid.", "content": "A case of haematogenous osteomyelitis of the medical first metatarsal sesamoid is presented and the differential diagnosis discussed. Review of the literature suggests that the condition is rarely seen and tends to present in childhood and adolescence. This contrasts with metatarsal sesamoid osteomyelitis due to direct spread of infection, which occurs in the elderly as an important complication of the diabetic foot.", "contents": "Haematogenous osteomyelitis of the metatarsal sesamoid. A case of haematogenous osteomyelitis of the medical first metatarsal sesamoid is presented and the differential diagnosis discussed. Review of the literature suggests that the condition is rarely seen and tends to present in childhood and adolescence. This contrasts with metatarsal sesamoid osteomyelitis due to direct spread of infection, which occurs in the elderly as an important complication of the diabetic foot.", "PMID": 427392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13915", "title": "Psychological rehabilitation after myocardial infarction.", "content": "The value of psychological counselling in rehabilitating patients after myocardial infarction was assessed. A total of 143 men who had recently had a myocardial infarction were randomly allocated to either a group receiving intensive rehabilitation or a control group, their outcome being examined after six months. Patients with neurotic, introverted personalities had a poor outcome in the control group but a satisfactory outcome when rehabilitated. Neurotic personalities responded to help, and rehabilitative measures did not increase neurosis. In addition all patients with a negative attitude towards their illness and future had a poor outcome but those with a positive attitude did well. Selection by simple methods of patients who would benefit from psychological rehabilitation seems desirable.", "contents": "Psychological rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. The value of psychological counselling in rehabilitating patients after myocardial infarction was assessed. A total of 143 men who had recently had a myocardial infarction were randomly allocated to either a group receiving intensive rehabilitation or a control group, their outcome being examined after six months. Patients with neurotic, introverted personalities had a poor outcome in the control group but a satisfactory outcome when rehabilitated. Neurotic personalities responded to help, and rehabilitative measures did not increase neurosis. In addition all patients with a negative attitude towards their illness and future had a poor outcome but those with a positive attitude did well. Selection by simple methods of patients who would benefit from psychological rehabilitation seems desirable.", "PMID": 427400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13916", "title": "Shortening hospital stay for psychiatric care: effect on patients and their families.", "content": "A one-year cohort of patients from a defined catchment area with acute functional disorders were allocated at random to brief care (experimental group) or standard care (control group) in hospital to examine the effect of shortening hospital stay on the clinical and social functioning of patients and the distress abnormal functioning caused to others. A total of 127 patients were interviewed on entry to the study, and 106 were followed up. The brief care group had significantly shorter mean and median lengths of stay than the control group, but there was no difference between the groups in the number of days spent in hospital during subsequent admissions. The groups were well matched for clinical and social variables. Rates of improvement over 13 weeks were essentially the same by all measures of outcome, including the Present State Examination and Patient's Behaviour Assessment Scale, which was developed for the study to measure deterioration in behaviour and social functioning and adverse effects and distress on others. There was no difference between the two groups in burden to the community supporting services, social security requirements, or GP attendances. Improvement rates were nearly identical on all measures within and across diagnostic subgroups. Brief care resulted in a 33% reduction in average length of stay compared with the year before but was associated with a corresponding increase in day hospital use. The short-stay policy continued the year after the study finished.The findings confirm the value of shortening hospital stay and improving day care facilities for most localities.", "contents": "Shortening hospital stay for psychiatric care: effect on patients and their families. A one-year cohort of patients from a defined catchment area with acute functional disorders were allocated at random to brief care (experimental group) or standard care (control group) in hospital to examine the effect of shortening hospital stay on the clinical and social functioning of patients and the distress abnormal functioning caused to others. A total of 127 patients were interviewed on entry to the study, and 106 were followed up. The brief care group had significantly shorter mean and median lengths of stay than the control group, but there was no difference between the groups in the number of days spent in hospital during subsequent admissions. The groups were well matched for clinical and social variables. Rates of improvement over 13 weeks were essentially the same by all measures of outcome, including the Present State Examination and Patient's Behaviour Assessment Scale, which was developed for the study to measure deterioration in behaviour and social functioning and adverse effects and distress on others. There was no difference between the two groups in burden to the community supporting services, social security requirements, or GP attendances. Improvement rates were nearly identical on all measures within and across diagnostic subgroups. Brief care resulted in a 33% reduction in average length of stay compared with the year before but was associated with a corresponding increase in day hospital use. The short-stay policy continued the year after the study finished.The findings confirm the value of shortening hospital stay and improving day care facilities for most localities.", "PMID": 427401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13917", "title": "Value of 1-alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 in treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism before parathyroidectomy.", "content": "The postoperative course of six patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and obvious radiological evidence of bone disease pretreated with 1-alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 (1 alpha HCC) was indistinguishable from that of six patients with a similar clinical and radiological picture who were not pretreated. 1alphaHCC may increase the hypercalcaemia in some cases and cannot be recommended for the routine preparation of such patients for surgery.", "contents": "Value of 1-alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 in treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism before parathyroidectomy. The postoperative course of six patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and obvious radiological evidence of bone disease pretreated with 1-alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 (1 alpha HCC) was indistinguishable from that of six patients with a similar clinical and radiological picture who were not pretreated. 1alphaHCC may increase the hypercalcaemia in some cases and cannot be recommended for the routine preparation of such patients for surgery.", "PMID": 427402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13918", "title": "Open-access endoscopy service for general practitioners.", "content": "An open-access general-practitioner referral service for endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract was established in a district general hospital, and the impact of the service over three years was assessed. The reason for referral, duration of symptoms, and amount of disease detected were the same in patients referred by general practitioners and those attending from hospital outpatient departments. Despite a steady increase in the number of patients referred for endoscopy, the number of barium-meal examinations performed did not correspondingly decrease. The number of ulcers and cancers detected in each six-month period of the study did not increase, and the combined overall pick-up rate for these two conditions fell from 25% to 13%. All general practitioners in the area were sent questionnaires. Most thought that clinic referral had been reduced and patient management helped as a result of the introduction of the service. While the value of negative endoscopic findings cannot be assessed, there is little objective evidence of benefit. Hence the large increase in numbers of endoscopies performed as a result of the introduction of the service cannot be justified.", "contents": "Open-access endoscopy service for general practitioners. An open-access general-practitioner referral service for endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract was established in a district general hospital, and the impact of the service over three years was assessed. The reason for referral, duration of symptoms, and amount of disease detected were the same in patients referred by general practitioners and those attending from hospital outpatient departments. Despite a steady increase in the number of patients referred for endoscopy, the number of barium-meal examinations performed did not correspondingly decrease. The number of ulcers and cancers detected in each six-month period of the study did not increase, and the combined overall pick-up rate for these two conditions fell from 25% to 13%. All general practitioners in the area were sent questionnaires. Most thought that clinic referral had been reduced and patient management helped as a result of the introduction of the service. While the value of negative endoscopic findings cannot be assessed, there is little objective evidence of benefit. Hence the large increase in numbers of endoscopies performed as a result of the introduction of the service cannot be justified.", "PMID": 427408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13919", "title": "Population characteristics and the distribution of general medical practitioners.", "content": "By applying the logic of the Resource Allocation Working Party to the analysis of the distribution of general medical practitioners, the relevant Family Practitioner Committee (FPC) populations were weighted according to known patterns of use related to specific characteristics--namely, age, sex, marital state, and socioeconomic group. Comparative weightings were also calculated using standardised mortality ratios. Adjusting the populations to take account of differential use has relatively little impact on national variations in list sizes but an appreciable effect on particular FPCs, notably East and West Sussex, Dorset, and the Isle of Wight. Inequalities in the distribution of general practitioners are increased considerably, however, if figures taking account of the inflation of list sizes and cross-boundary flows are used. To formulate and monitor policy about the distribution of general practitioners more sensitive measures of population and its likely demand for services must be developed.", "contents": "Population characteristics and the distribution of general medical practitioners. By applying the logic of the Resource Allocation Working Party to the analysis of the distribution of general medical practitioners, the relevant Family Practitioner Committee (FPC) populations were weighted according to known patterns of use related to specific characteristics--namely, age, sex, marital state, and socioeconomic group. Comparative weightings were also calculated using standardised mortality ratios. Adjusting the populations to take account of differential use has relatively little impact on national variations in list sizes but an appreciable effect on particular FPCs, notably East and West Sussex, Dorset, and the Isle of Wight. Inequalities in the distribution of general practitioners are increased considerably, however, if figures taking account of the inflation of list sizes and cross-boundary flows are used. To formulate and monitor policy about the distribution of general practitioners more sensitive measures of population and its likely demand for services must be developed.", "PMID": 427409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13920", "title": "Patterns of bleeding in adolescents with severe haemophilia A.", "content": "Eighty-two boys with severe haemophilia A who spent some time at Lord Mayor Treloar College during 1973-7 were studied. All episodes of bleeding that occurred during term time were recorded, along with the number of transfusions. The bleeding frequency among these boys, most of them aged 10-17 years, increased steadily from 8,31 episodes/100 days in 1973 to 12,63 episodes/100 days in 1977. At the same time there was a steady fall in bleeding frequency with age. Altogether 24% of bleeding episodes were into the elbow joint, 22% into the knee, and 15% into the ankle. As the boys grew older the proportion of bleeding episodes in the legs declined and that in the arms increased. The overall results reflect the fact that special schools now see only the severest cases of haemophilia. The pattern of bleeding during adolescence suggests that concepts of management of arm bleeding need modifying.", "contents": "Patterns of bleeding in adolescents with severe haemophilia A. Eighty-two boys with severe haemophilia A who spent some time at Lord Mayor Treloar College during 1973-7 were studied. All episodes of bleeding that occurred during term time were recorded, along with the number of transfusions. The bleeding frequency among these boys, most of them aged 10-17 years, increased steadily from 8,31 episodes/100 days in 1973 to 12,63 episodes/100 days in 1977. At the same time there was a steady fall in bleeding frequency with age. Altogether 24% of bleeding episodes were into the elbow joint, 22% into the knee, and 15% into the ankle. As the boys grew older the proportion of bleeding episodes in the legs declined and that in the arms increased. The overall results reflect the fact that special schools now see only the severest cases of haemophilia. The pattern of bleeding during adolescence suggests that concepts of management of arm bleeding need modifying.", "PMID": 427411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13921", "title": "Smoking and subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "content": "A retrospective study of 208 patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms showed a highly significant excess of cigarette smokers among both men and women compared with the expected incidence. Results suggested that continued smoking increases the risk of suffering a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) by a factor of 3.9 for men and 3.7 for women. Other factors besides smoking must affect the genesis of aneurysmal SAH since it is found in non-smokers, but continued cigarette smoking appears to increase substantially the risk of aneurysmal SAH occurring.", "contents": "Smoking and subarachnoid haemorrhage. A retrospective study of 208 patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms showed a highly significant excess of cigarette smokers among both men and women compared with the expected incidence. Results suggested that continued smoking increases the risk of suffering a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) by a factor of 3.9 for men and 3.7 for women. Other factors besides smoking must affect the genesis of aneurysmal SAH since it is found in non-smokers, but continued cigarette smoking appears to increase substantially the risk of aneurysmal SAH occurring.", "PMID": 427449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13922", "title": "Excess smoking in malignant-phase hypertension.", "content": "The smoking habits of 82 patients with malignant-phase hypertension were compared with those of subjects in three control groups matched for age and sex. Sixty-seven (82%) of the patients with malignant-phase hypertension were smokers compared with 41 (50%) and 71 (43%) of the patients in two control groups with non-malignant hypertension, and 43 people (52%) in a general population survey. The excess of smokers in the malignant-phase group was significant for men and women, together and separately, for cigarette smoking alone, and for all forms of smoking. There were no significant differences between the control groups. The chance of a hypertensive patient who smoked having the malignant phase was five times that of a hypertensive patient who did not. Twelve patients in the malignant-phase group had never smoked. All were alive three and a half years on average after presentation (range 11 months to seven years). Twenty-four (36%) of the smokers with malignant-phase hypertension died during the same period. The mortality rate was significantly higher among patients with renal failure, as was the prevalence of smoking. Eighteen patients with malignant-phase hypertension had a serum creatinine concentration higher than 250 mumol/l (2.8 mg/100 ml); 17 were smokers and one an ex-smoker. Eleven of these 18 patients died.It is concluded that hypertensive patients who smoke are much more likely to develop the malignant phase than those who do not, and that once the condition has developed it follows a particularly lethal course in smokers.", "contents": "Excess smoking in malignant-phase hypertension. The smoking habits of 82 patients with malignant-phase hypertension were compared with those of subjects in three control groups matched for age and sex. Sixty-seven (82%) of the patients with malignant-phase hypertension were smokers compared with 41 (50%) and 71 (43%) of the patients in two control groups with non-malignant hypertension, and 43 people (52%) in a general population survey. The excess of smokers in the malignant-phase group was significant for men and women, together and separately, for cigarette smoking alone, and for all forms of smoking. There were no significant differences between the control groups. The chance of a hypertensive patient who smoked having the malignant phase was five times that of a hypertensive patient who did not. Twelve patients in the malignant-phase group had never smoked. All were alive three and a half years on average after presentation (range 11 months to seven years). Twenty-four (36%) of the smokers with malignant-phase hypertension died during the same period. The mortality rate was significantly higher among patients with renal failure, as was the prevalence of smoking. Eighteen patients with malignant-phase hypertension had a serum creatinine concentration higher than 250 mumol/l (2.8 mg/100 ml); 17 were smokers and one an ex-smoker. Eleven of these 18 patients died.It is concluded that hypertensive patients who smoke are much more likely to develop the malignant phase than those who do not, and that once the condition has developed it follows a particularly lethal course in smokers.", "PMID": 427450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13923", "title": "Malignant hypertension and cigarette smoking.", "content": "The smoking habits of 48 patients with malignant hypertension were compared with those of 92 consecutive patients with non-malignant hypertension. Thirty-three of the patients with malignant and 34 of the patients with non-malignant hypertension were smokers when first diagnosed. This difference was significant, and remained so when only men or black and white patients were considered separately. Results suggest that malignant hypertension is yet another disease related to cigarette smoking.", "contents": "Malignant hypertension and cigarette smoking. The smoking habits of 48 patients with malignant hypertension were compared with those of 92 consecutive patients with non-malignant hypertension. Thirty-three of the patients with malignant and 34 of the patients with non-malignant hypertension were smokers when first diagnosed. This difference was significant, and remained so when only men or black and white patients were considered separately. Results suggest that malignant hypertension is yet another disease related to cigarette smoking.", "PMID": 427451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13924", "title": "Study of special-care baby services in North-west Thames region.", "content": "During three months in 1975 admissions to 17 of the 21 special-care baby units in the North-west Thames region were analysed by birth weight and category of care. Of the 1,718 babies admitted, one-third needed only observation. Neonatal intensive care formed only a small proportion of the work load in most units. Considerable variation in the pattern of admissions was found. There was some evidence of concentration, about 100 babies being transferred for urgent medical or surgical reasons, and the work load of one unit suggested that it was serving as a referral centre. It is concluded that the quality of care given to some infants needing intensive care might be improved by greater concentration, and that some units should review their admission policies in order to prevent unnecessary postpartum separation of mother and baby.", "contents": "Study of special-care baby services in North-west Thames region. During three months in 1975 admissions to 17 of the 21 special-care baby units in the North-west Thames region were analysed by birth weight and category of care. Of the 1,718 babies admitted, one-third needed only observation. Neonatal intensive care formed only a small proportion of the work load in most units. Considerable variation in the pattern of admissions was found. There was some evidence of concentration, about 100 babies being transferred for urgent medical or surgical reasons, and the work load of one unit suggested that it was serving as a referral centre. It is concluded that the quality of care given to some infants needing intensive care might be improved by greater concentration, and that some units should review their admission policies in order to prevent unnecessary postpartum separation of mother and baby.", "PMID": 427452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13925", "title": "Medical manpower two years on.", "content": "Medical manpower in Britain, with particular reference to the NHS, was analysed for 1976 and 1977. The output of British medical schools increased. The total of doctors in the NHS rose by 2% between 1975 and 1976 and by 2.4% between 1976 and 1977. The highest and lowest growth rates were in junior and senior hospital staff grades respectively, while the highest growth rate in career grades seemed to be in community medicine and health. The inflow of overseas doctors remained high, though few tended to remain permanently in Britain. Continuous evaluation of the medical manpower position is needed before long-term predictions can confidently be made.", "contents": "Medical manpower two years on. Medical manpower in Britain, with particular reference to the NHS, was analysed for 1976 and 1977. The output of British medical schools increased. The total of doctors in the NHS rose by 2% between 1975 and 1976 and by 2.4% between 1976 and 1977. The highest and lowest growth rates were in junior and senior hospital staff grades respectively, while the highest growth rate in career grades seemed to be in community medicine and health. The inflow of overseas doctors remained high, though few tended to remain permanently in Britain. Continuous evaluation of the medical manpower position is needed before long-term predictions can confidently be made.", "PMID": 427459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13926", "title": "Short-term treatment of gonorrhoea with intramuscular and oral forms of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.", "content": "Fifty-nine male patients and 41 female patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea were treated with an intramuscular dose of 1600 mg sulphamethoxazole plus 320 mg trimethoprim followed by an oral dose of 2400 mg sulphamethoxazole plus 480 mg trimethoprim 12 hours later. Forty-nine out of 52 male patients and 37 out of 38 female patients who were re-examined were cured. One of the men probably had a reinfection.", "contents": "Short-term treatment of gonorrhoea with intramuscular and oral forms of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Fifty-nine male patients and 41 female patients with uncomplicated gonorrhoea were treated with an intramuscular dose of 1600 mg sulphamethoxazole plus 320 mg trimethoprim followed by an oral dose of 2400 mg sulphamethoxazole plus 480 mg trimethoprim 12 hours later. Forty-nine out of 52 male patients and 37 out of 38 female patients who were re-examined were cured. One of the men probably had a reinfection.", "PMID": 427511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13927", "title": "Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in acute salpingitis.", "content": "Recent isolation studies have shown Chlamydia trachomatis to be an important aetiological agent in acute salpingitis in women. The present serological study indicates that C. trachomatis is the probable aetiological agent in two-thirds of 143 women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). In general, high levels of chlamydial antibody were found in sera and fluids aspirated from the pouch of Douglas and such antibody titres were shown to correlate with the severity of clinically graded tubal inflammation.", "contents": "Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in acute salpingitis. Recent isolation studies have shown Chlamydia trachomatis to be an important aetiological agent in acute salpingitis in women. The present serological study indicates that C. trachomatis is the probable aetiological agent in two-thirds of 143 women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). In general, high levels of chlamydial antibody were found in sera and fluids aspirated from the pouch of Douglas and such antibody titres were shown to correlate with the severity of clinically graded tubal inflammation.", "PMID": 427512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13928", "title": "Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in chlamydial and non-chlamydial nongonococcal urethritis.", "content": "Urethral specimens from 726 patients with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) were examined for Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma hominis. Chlamydiae were isolated from 35.9% of ureaplasma-positive patients and from 36.5% of ureaplasma-negative patients. Ureaplasmas were isolated from 52.5% of chlamydia-positive patients and from 53.1% of chlamydia-negative patients, an observation which contrasts with that of some workers who have suggested that ureaplasmas are significantly associated with chlamydia-negative NGU. Furthermore, the numbers of ureaplasmas isolated from patients who did or did not harbour chlamydiae were not significantly different nor was there a particular association of ureaplasmas with chlamydia-negative NGU in patients experiencing their first episode of disease. In addition, M. hominis was not isolated more frequently from those from whom chlamydiae were or were not isolated. The only significant associations were the isolation of M. hominis from patients who were ureaplasma-positive and of ureaplasmas from those who were M. hominis-positive. These findings do not necessarily mitigate against ureaplasmas being responsible for some cases of chlamydia-negative NGU.", "contents": "Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in chlamydial and non-chlamydial nongonococcal urethritis. Urethral specimens from 726 patients with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) were examined for Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma hominis. Chlamydiae were isolated from 35.9% of ureaplasma-positive patients and from 36.5% of ureaplasma-negative patients. Ureaplasmas were isolated from 52.5% of chlamydia-positive patients and from 53.1% of chlamydia-negative patients, an observation which contrasts with that of some workers who have suggested that ureaplasmas are significantly associated with chlamydia-negative NGU. Furthermore, the numbers of ureaplasmas isolated from patients who did or did not harbour chlamydiae were not significantly different nor was there a particular association of ureaplasmas with chlamydia-negative NGU in patients experiencing their first episode of disease. In addition, M. hominis was not isolated more frequently from those from whom chlamydiae were or were not isolated. The only significant associations were the isolation of M. hominis from patients who were ureaplasma-positive and of ureaplasmas from those who were M. hominis-positive. These findings do not necessarily mitigate against ureaplasmas being responsible for some cases of chlamydia-negative NGU.", "PMID": 427513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13929", "title": "Necrotising balanitis due to a generalised primary infection with herpes simplex virus type 2.", "content": "Virological studies have proved herpes simplex virus type 2 to be the cause of the severe primary infection in a 37-year-old man with necrotising balanitis. Symptoms of urethritis preceded the appearance of a severe local lesion; dissemination of infection occurred and lesions developed on the skin of the scalp, neck, trunk, buttocks, arms, legs, and feet. No evidence of involvement of the central nervous system was found, and the penile and skin lesions improved rapidly after the application of 5% idoxuridine in dimethylsulphoxide. Recurrences occurred at various skin sites at six to seven months after the primary infection.", "contents": "Necrotising balanitis due to a generalised primary infection with herpes simplex virus type 2. Virological studies have proved herpes simplex virus type 2 to be the cause of the severe primary infection in a 37-year-old man with necrotising balanitis. Symptoms of urethritis preceded the appearance of a severe local lesion; dissemination of infection occurred and lesions developed on the skin of the scalp, neck, trunk, buttocks, arms, legs, and feet. No evidence of involvement of the central nervous system was found, and the penile and skin lesions improved rapidly after the application of 5% idoxuridine in dimethylsulphoxide. Recurrences occurred at various skin sites at six to seven months after the primary infection.", "PMID": 427514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13930", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin response in uncomplicated gonorrhoea.", "content": "Sera from 225 men and 140 women were examined by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique for antibody reactive with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antigonococcal IgM was demonstrated at a titre of greater than or equal to 16 in about 45% of infected, but in only 3% of non-infected, patients. Most of this antibody occurred in sera of patients who had been infected for less than 14 days. Antibody of the IgA class was found at a titre of greater than or equal to 16 in over half the infected, but in none of the non-infected, patients. IgG antibody reactive with the gonococcus was found in each infected patient at a titre of greater than or equal to 16 but in only 8% of controls. The mean log titre of this antibody was significantly higher in patients who had been infected for more than seven days than in those whose infection was of shorter duration.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin response in uncomplicated gonorrhoea. Sera from 225 men and 140 women were examined by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique for antibody reactive with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antigonococcal IgM was demonstrated at a titre of greater than or equal to 16 in about 45% of infected, but in only 3% of non-infected, patients. Most of this antibody occurred in sera of patients who had been infected for less than 14 days. Antibody of the IgA class was found at a titre of greater than or equal to 16 in over half the infected, but in none of the non-infected, patients. IgG antibody reactive with the gonococcus was found in each infected patient at a titre of greater than or equal to 16 but in only 8% of controls. The mean log titre of this antibody was significantly higher in patients who had been infected for more than seven days than in those whose infection was of shorter duration.", "PMID": 427515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13931", "title": "Current approaches to the diagnosis, treatment, and reporting of trichomoniasis and candidosis.", "content": "The current approach to the management of trichomoniasis and candidosis in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in England and Wales is described. Microscopy alone was used in the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in 44% of clinics and of candidosis in 35% of clinics. Oral metronidazole was used for the treatment of trichomoniasis in women in 92% of clinics. Vaginal pessaries containing nystatin or clotrimazole were routinely used to treat candidosis in 95% of clinics. Male sexual contacts of female patients with candidosis and trichomoniasis were invited to attend for examination in 88% of clinics. Physicians in 81% of clinics prescribed treatment on epidemiological grounds for male contacts of female patients with trichomoniasis. A more uniform approach to the diagnostic categories used for the quarterly returns for cases treated epidemiologically is recommended.", "contents": "Current approaches to the diagnosis, treatment, and reporting of trichomoniasis and candidosis. The current approach to the management of trichomoniasis and candidosis in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in England and Wales is described. Microscopy alone was used in the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in 44% of clinics and of candidosis in 35% of clinics. Oral metronidazole was used for the treatment of trichomoniasis in women in 92% of clinics. Vaginal pessaries containing nystatin or clotrimazole were routinely used to treat candidosis in 95% of clinics. Male sexual contacts of female patients with candidosis and trichomoniasis were invited to attend for examination in 88% of clinics. Physicians in 81% of clinics prescribed treatment on epidemiological grounds for male contacts of female patients with trichomoniasis. A more uniform approach to the diagnostic categories used for the quarterly returns for cases treated epidemiologically is recommended.", "PMID": 427516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13932", "title": "A theory of the epidemiology of gonorrhoea.", "content": "Gonorrhoea is a typical endemic disease. Its continuity has been traditionally attributed to the existence of a pool of infected promiscuous women. Alternative theories have suggested a dynamic approach which gives equal importance to the man and the woman. Models constructed to simulate the epidemiology of gonorrhoea have so far failed to be realistic. An hypothesis that the distribution of infections is limited by the number of opportunities for transmission presented by the pattern of sexual behaviour may explain the low prevalence of the disease in England.", "contents": "A theory of the epidemiology of gonorrhoea. Gonorrhoea is a typical endemic disease. Its continuity has been traditionally attributed to the existence of a pool of infected promiscuous women. Alternative theories have suggested a dynamic approach which gives equal importance to the man and the woman. Models constructed to simulate the epidemiology of gonorrhoea have so far failed to be realistic. An hypothesis that the distribution of infections is limited by the number of opportunities for transmission presented by the pattern of sexual behaviour may explain the low prevalence of the disease in England.", "PMID": 427517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13933", "title": "Treatment failure with penicillin in early syphilis.", "content": "A patient with primary syphilis had a recurrence of his penile chancre after generally acceptable penicillin treatment. Retreatment with a similar but extended penicillin regimen was successful. This is the first report of such a treatment failure.", "contents": "Treatment failure with penicillin in early syphilis. A patient with primary syphilis had a recurrence of his penile chancre after generally acceptable penicillin treatment. Retreatment with a similar but extended penicillin regimen was successful. This is the first report of such a treatment failure.", "PMID": 427518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13934", "title": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy: plasma membrane loss initiates muscle cell necrosis unless it is repaired.", "content": "Study of biopsies from 30 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy suggests that necrosis of muscle cells is initiated by loss of plasma membrane, followed, after a short interval, by Z disc lysis and mitochondrial changes to constitute the picture of fully developed necrosis. Empty basal lamina tubes containing collagen indicated that regeneration may fail to occur. The tubes form a basis for collagen deposition. Evidence suggests that small patches of membrane loss can be repaired, though a slice of superficial cytoplasm is lost, and a piece of detached basal lamina results. The markedly hypercontracted fibres seen did not show features of necrosis.", "contents": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy: plasma membrane loss initiates muscle cell necrosis unless it is repaired. Study of biopsies from 30 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy suggests that necrosis of muscle cells is initiated by loss of plasma membrane, followed, after a short interval, by Z disc lysis and mitochondrial changes to constitute the picture of fully developed necrosis. Empty basal lamina tubes containing collagen indicated that regeneration may fail to occur. The tubes form a basis for collagen deposition. Evidence suggests that small patches of membrane loss can be repaired, though a slice of superficial cytoplasm is lost, and a piece of detached basal lamina results. The markedly hypercontracted fibres seen did not show features of necrosis.", "PMID": 427527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13935", "title": "Defective cardiovascular reflexes and supersensitivity to sympathomimetic drugs in autonomic failure.", "content": "In 10 patients with chronic autonomic failure the clinical features and cardiovascular reflexes were correlated with the pressor responses to intravenous noradrenaline and tyramine. In all patients there was an exaggerated response to noradrenaline but a normal or only mildly exaggerated response to tyramine. Patients with lack of sinus arrhythmia and by implication baroreceptor reflex loss had greater responsiveness to pressor drugs than patients with preservation of this reflex. The responses to tyramine infusions imply that there must be sufficient noradrenaline released at defective sympathetic endings for a pressor response to occur. However, the lack of rise of plasma noradrenaline following tyramine, except in the patients with pure autonomic failure, clearly separates these responses from those of normal subjects. These results can be explained by the presence of lesions of both central and peripheral sympathetic pathways in patients with chronic autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy or Parkinsonism. The peripheral lesion, which is incomplete, may consist of replication of the receptors so causing supersensitivity with a duration of response that is little prolonged. The peripheral defect in the two patients with pure autonomic failure was found to be more complex and the prolonged response in one of these patients suggests the possibility of defective re-uptake or metabolism of noradrenaline. Clearly further study of the defects of sympathetic endings is required, including the use of other techniques such as catecholamine fluorescence. The extreme supersensitive responses underline the need for blood pressure monitoring during pressor drug studies prior to treatment, if the hazards of recumbent hypertension are to be avoided.", "contents": "Defective cardiovascular reflexes and supersensitivity to sympathomimetic drugs in autonomic failure. In 10 patients with chronic autonomic failure the clinical features and cardiovascular reflexes were correlated with the pressor responses to intravenous noradrenaline and tyramine. In all patients there was an exaggerated response to noradrenaline but a normal or only mildly exaggerated response to tyramine. Patients with lack of sinus arrhythmia and by implication baroreceptor reflex loss had greater responsiveness to pressor drugs than patients with preservation of this reflex. The responses to tyramine infusions imply that there must be sufficient noradrenaline released at defective sympathetic endings for a pressor response to occur. However, the lack of rise of plasma noradrenaline following tyramine, except in the patients with pure autonomic failure, clearly separates these responses from those of normal subjects. These results can be explained by the presence of lesions of both central and peripheral sympathetic pathways in patients with chronic autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy or Parkinsonism. The peripheral lesion, which is incomplete, may consist of replication of the receptors so causing supersensitivity with a duration of response that is little prolonged. The peripheral defect in the two patients with pure autonomic failure was found to be more complex and the prolonged response in one of these patients suggests the possibility of defective re-uptake or metabolism of noradrenaline. Clearly further study of the defects of sympathetic endings is required, including the use of other techniques such as catecholamine fluorescence. The extreme supersensitive responses underline the need for blood pressure monitoring during pressor drug studies prior to treatment, if the hazards of recumbent hypertension are to be avoided.", "PMID": 427528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13936", "title": "Subjective referral of the timing for a conscious sensory experience: a functional role for the somatosensory specific projection system in man.", "content": "Subjective experience of a peripherally-induced sensation is found to appear without the substantial delay found for the experience of a cortically-induced sensation. To explain this finding, in relation to the putative delay of up to about 500 ms for achieving the \"neuronal adequacy\" required to elicit the peripherally-induced experience, a modified hypothesis is proposed: for a peripheral sensory input, (a) the primary evoked response of sensory cortex to the specific projection (lemniscal) input is associated with a process that can serve as a 'time-marker'; and (b), after delayed neuronal adequacy is achieved, there is a subjective referral of the sensory experience backwards in time so as to coincide with this initial 'time-marker'. A crucial prediction of the hypothesis was experimentally tested in human subjects using suitably implanted electrodes, and the results provide specific support for the proposal. In this, the test stimuli to medial lemniscus (LM) and to surface of somatosensory cortex (C) were arranged so that a minimum train duration of 200 ms or more was required to produce any conscious sensory experience in each case. Each such cerebral stimulus could be temporally coupled with a peripheral one (usually skin, S) that required relatively negligible stimulus duration to produce a sensation. The sensory experiences induced by LM stimuli were found to be subjectively timed as if there were no delay relative to those for S, that is, as if the subjective experience for LM was referred to the onset rather than to the end of the required stimulus duration of 200 ms or more. On the other hand, sensory experiences induced by the C stimuli, which did not excite specific projection afferents, appeared to be subjectively timed with a substantial delay relative to those for S, that is, as if the time of the subjective experience coincided roughly with the end of the minimum duration required by the C stimuli. The newly proposed functional role for the specific projection system in temporal referral would be additional to its known role in spatial referral and discrimination. A temporal discrepancy between corresponding mental and physical events, i.e., between the timing of a subjective sensory experience and the time at which the state of 'neuronal adequacy' for giving rise to this experience is achieved, would introduce a novel experimentally-based feature into the concept of psychophysiological parallelism in the mind-brain relationship.", "contents": "Subjective referral of the timing for a conscious sensory experience: a functional role for the somatosensory specific projection system in man. Subjective experience of a peripherally-induced sensation is found to appear without the substantial delay found for the experience of a cortically-induced sensation. To explain this finding, in relation to the putative delay of up to about 500 ms for achieving the \"neuronal adequacy\" required to elicit the peripherally-induced experience, a modified hypothesis is proposed: for a peripheral sensory input, (a) the primary evoked response of sensory cortex to the specific projection (lemniscal) input is associated with a process that can serve as a 'time-marker'; and (b), after delayed neuronal adequacy is achieved, there is a subjective referral of the sensory experience backwards in time so as to coincide with this initial 'time-marker'. A crucial prediction of the hypothesis was experimentally tested in human subjects using suitably implanted electrodes, and the results provide specific support for the proposal. In this, the test stimuli to medial lemniscus (LM) and to surface of somatosensory cortex (C) were arranged so that a minimum train duration of 200 ms or more was required to produce any conscious sensory experience in each case. Each such cerebral stimulus could be temporally coupled with a peripheral one (usually skin, S) that required relatively negligible stimulus duration to produce a sensation. The sensory experiences induced by LM stimuli were found to be subjectively timed as if there were no delay relative to those for S, that is, as if the subjective experience for LM was referred to the onset rather than to the end of the required stimulus duration of 200 ms or more. On the other hand, sensory experiences induced by the C stimuli, which did not excite specific projection afferents, appeared to be subjectively timed with a substantial delay relative to those for S, that is, as if the time of the subjective experience coincided roughly with the end of the minimum duration required by the C stimuli. The newly proposed functional role for the specific projection system in temporal referral would be additional to its known role in spatial referral and discrimination. A temporal discrepancy between corresponding mental and physical events, i.e., between the timing of a subjective sensory experience and the time at which the state of 'neuronal adequacy' for giving rise to this experience is achieved, would introduce a novel experimentally-based feature into the concept of psychophysiological parallelism in the mind-brain relationship.", "PMID": 427530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13937", "title": "A spinocerebellar degeneration with X-linked inheritance.", "content": "A spinocerebellar degeneration is described affecting ten members of a family over five generations with transmission by X-linked recessive inheritance. The clinical features include pes cavus, scoliosis, increased lumbar lordosis and signs of cerebellar dysfunction. There is a slowly progressive distal muscle atrophy, pyramidal weakness, brisk tendon jerks and the plantar responses are extensor. Sensory abnormalities were observed only in the two eldest members and consisted of mild impairment of position and vibration sense. A sural nerve biopsy showed loss of large diameter fibres and uniformly short internodal lengths as is usually found in Friedreich's ataxia. However, the electrophyisological findings of retained sensory action potentials and reduced motor conduction velocities contrast with those of Friedreich's ataxia. Post-mortem examination of one of the affected members revealed spinal cord pathology similar to that seen in Friedreich's ataxia with degeneration of the dorsal columns, and spinocerebellar and corticospinal tracts although the loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum was greater than is usually seen in that condition.", "contents": "A spinocerebellar degeneration with X-linked inheritance. A spinocerebellar degeneration is described affecting ten members of a family over five generations with transmission by X-linked recessive inheritance. The clinical features include pes cavus, scoliosis, increased lumbar lordosis and signs of cerebellar dysfunction. There is a slowly progressive distal muscle atrophy, pyramidal weakness, brisk tendon jerks and the plantar responses are extensor. Sensory abnormalities were observed only in the two eldest members and consisted of mild impairment of position and vibration sense. A sural nerve biopsy showed loss of large diameter fibres and uniformly short internodal lengths as is usually found in Friedreich's ataxia. However, the electrophyisological findings of retained sensory action potentials and reduced motor conduction velocities contrast with those of Friedreich's ataxia. Post-mortem examination of one of the affected members revealed spinal cord pathology similar to that seen in Friedreich's ataxia with degeneration of the dorsal columns, and spinocerebellar and corticospinal tracts although the loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum was greater than is usually seen in that condition.", "PMID": 427531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13938", "title": "Semantic access dyslexia.", "content": "An analytical investigation of the residual reading capacities of a single patient with dyslexia without dysgraphia is reported. Both his ability to name and to comprehend letters and words were severely impaired. The major finding of this investigation was AR's striking capacity for categorizing words he could not read. In addition there was evidence of semantic priming effects. Thus AR was frequently able to achieve partial comprehension of words he could not read. The orthodox interpretation of the dyslexia without dysgraphia in terms of a disconnection syndrome is shown to be inappropriate, at least for the present case, where the deficit appears to be within the semantic domain; it is argued that this type of dyslexia is due to an impairment in accessing semantic information.", "contents": "Semantic access dyslexia. An analytical investigation of the residual reading capacities of a single patient with dyslexia without dysgraphia is reported. Both his ability to name and to comprehend letters and words were severely impaired. The major finding of this investigation was AR's striking capacity for categorizing words he could not read. In addition there was evidence of semantic priming effects. Thus AR was frequently able to achieve partial comprehension of words he could not read. The orthodox interpretation of the dyslexia without dysgraphia in terms of a disconnection syndrome is shown to be inappropriate, at least for the present case, where the deficit appears to be within the semantic domain; it is argued that this type of dyslexia is due to an impairment in accessing semantic information.", "PMID": 427532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13939", "title": "Neurofibrillary degeneration on Guam: frequency in Chamorros and non Chamorros with no known neurological disease.", "content": "In a neuropathological study of the brains of 69 members of the Guamanian Chamorro population without known evidence of dementia, parkinsonism or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the incidence and severity of neurofibrillary degeneration was determined in relation to age at death. It was found that neurofibrillary degeneration is present at an earlier age than has been reported for a comparable population in Japan, and much earlier than reported for two similarly comparable English populations. Our data suggests that neurofibrillary degeneration is the common denominator of the Guam neurological syndromes of parkinsonian dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and dementia without parkinsonism. This conclusion would imply that the aetiological factor of neurofibrillary degeneration is more widely dispersed in the population than suggested by the cases of parkinsonian dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis alone. Both sexes were equally affected while clinical parkinsonian dementia is three times more frequent among males. The sample data suggests a positive association with the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonian dementia rate in village of birth and residence, and also with family history; the results in the small subsamples are not significant. Senile plaques were found in few control cases in this study, just as there has been a relative absence of senile plaques in cases of parkinsonian dementia. In a small group of Caucasians who had spent many of their adult years on Guam, the frequency of neurofibrillary degeneration in relationship to age was comparable to that in the English populations.", "contents": "Neurofibrillary degeneration on Guam: frequency in Chamorros and non Chamorros with no known neurological disease. In a neuropathological study of the brains of 69 members of the Guamanian Chamorro population without known evidence of dementia, parkinsonism or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the incidence and severity of neurofibrillary degeneration was determined in relation to age at death. It was found that neurofibrillary degeneration is present at an earlier age than has been reported for a comparable population in Japan, and much earlier than reported for two similarly comparable English populations. Our data suggests that neurofibrillary degeneration is the common denominator of the Guam neurological syndromes of parkinsonian dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and dementia without parkinsonism. This conclusion would imply that the aetiological factor of neurofibrillary degeneration is more widely dispersed in the population than suggested by the cases of parkinsonian dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis alone. Both sexes were equally affected while clinical parkinsonian dementia is three times more frequent among males. The sample data suggests a positive association with the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonian dementia rate in village of birth and residence, and also with family history; the results in the small subsamples are not significant. Senile plaques were found in few control cases in this study, just as there has been a relative absence of senile plaques in cases of parkinsonian dementia. In a small group of Caucasians who had spent many of their adult years on Guam, the frequency of neurofibrillary degeneration in relationship to age was comparable to that in the English populations.", "PMID": 427533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13940", "title": "The importance of knowing our own presuppositions.", "content": "This essay is in two parts. In the first part, consideration is given to specific issues raised in the preceding article, stressing two considerations. First, although Dr. Hughes disclaims an essentialist position, he in fact argues consistently for a classification of nerve cells based on key, essential features; except where, briefly, he argues for a numerical taxonomic approach. He apparently has not understood the hypothetico-deductive approach proposed by us. Second, he has not given consideration to important biological aspects of the problem of cell classification, in particular to the significance of variation of properties both within groups of cells and between corresponding groups. In the second part we argue that underlying the exchange of specific criticisms are differences in scientific methodology. We attempt to identify these differences, and to relate them to the present discussion. We hope that this will help focus subsequent discussion on the central issues involved and we argue for increased awareness on the part of neurobiologists of our own presuppositions about how science works.", "contents": "The importance of knowing our own presuppositions. This essay is in two parts. In the first part, consideration is given to specific issues raised in the preceding article, stressing two considerations. First, although Dr. Hughes disclaims an essentialist position, he in fact argues consistently for a classification of nerve cells based on key, essential features; except where, briefly, he argues for a numerical taxonomic approach. He apparently has not understood the hypothetico-deductive approach proposed by us. Second, he has not given consideration to important biological aspects of the problem of cell classification, in particular to the significance of variation of properties both within groups of cells and between corresponding groups. In the second part we argue that underlying the exchange of specific criticisms are differences in scientific methodology. We attempt to identify these differences, and to relate them to the present discussion. We hope that this will help focus subsequent discussion on the central issues involved and we argue for increased awareness on the part of neurobiologists of our own presuppositions about how science works.", "PMID": 427534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13941", "title": "Ultrastructural effects of 4-aminopyridine on the presynaptic membrane in the rat spinal cord.", "content": "The effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 1 mg/kg, i.v.) on the ultrastructure of synapses in the ventral horn of the spinal cord were examined in rats anesthetized with 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p., pentobarbital sodium and alpha-chloralose respectively. The presynaptic membrane of the 4-AP-treated animals, in both S- and F-type synapses, was wrinkled and gave frequently rise to omega-shaped profiles. However, it was not prominently lifted in comparison with the controls. In both extracellular (EF) and protoplasmic fracture faces (PF) of freeze-etched replicas, the frequency of the presynaptic membrane modulations (PMM) per unit area rose significantly under the influence of 4-AP. The ratio of open (crater-like) to total PMM in EF increased almost twice under the experimental condition. No differential 4-AP effects were seen between pentobarbital- and chloralose-treated animals. The morphological evidence is consistent with electrophysiological data showing that 4-AP facilitates the transmitter release at synaptic endings.", "contents": "Ultrastructural effects of 4-aminopyridine on the presynaptic membrane in the rat spinal cord. The effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 1 mg/kg, i.v.) on the ultrastructure of synapses in the ventral horn of the spinal cord were examined in rats anesthetized with 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p., pentobarbital sodium and alpha-chloralose respectively. The presynaptic membrane of the 4-AP-treated animals, in both S- and F-type synapses, was wrinkled and gave frequently rise to omega-shaped profiles. However, it was not prominently lifted in comparison with the controls. In both extracellular (EF) and protoplasmic fracture faces (PF) of freeze-etched replicas, the frequency of the presynaptic membrane modulations (PMM) per unit area rose significantly under the influence of 4-AP. The ratio of open (crater-like) to total PMM in EF increased almost twice under the experimental condition. No differential 4-AP effects were seen between pentobarbital- and chloralose-treated animals. The morphological evidence is consistent with electrophysiological data showing that 4-AP facilitates the transmitter release at synaptic endings.", "PMID": 427535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13942", "title": "Effect of cyclic changes in environmental lighting and ambient temperature on the daily rhythm in melatonin excretion by rats.", "content": "Melatonin excretion was measured by radioimmunoassay in 6 h or 12 h urine specimens from individual control rats and from animals previously blinded by bilateral orbital enucleation. Among sighted rats, the rate of melatonin excretion was greatest during the daily 12 h of darkness (1.44 +/- 0.06 ng/12 h dark period vs. 0.53 +/- 0.07 ng/12 h light period; P less than 0.001). Moreover, greater quantities of melatonin were excreted in the latter half of the dark period than in the first half (e.g. 0.55 +/- 0.08 ng/first 6 h vs 0.97 +/- 0.05 ng/second 6 h; P less than 0.001). When the onset of the daily light period was shifted forward by 12 h, 5--7 days were needed for the daily rhythm in melatonin excretion to become re-entrained to the new light--dark cycle. Among blinded rats, the rate of melatonin excretion also varied rhythmically; however, the rhythm was neither synchronized with the light-dark cycle nor influenced by alterations in the lighting schedule. Similarly, artificial cycles in environmental temperature were not effective in entraining the daily rhythm in melatonin excretion among blinded rats.", "contents": "Effect of cyclic changes in environmental lighting and ambient temperature on the daily rhythm in melatonin excretion by rats. Melatonin excretion was measured by radioimmunoassay in 6 h or 12 h urine specimens from individual control rats and from animals previously blinded by bilateral orbital enucleation. Among sighted rats, the rate of melatonin excretion was greatest during the daily 12 h of darkness (1.44 +/- 0.06 ng/12 h dark period vs. 0.53 +/- 0.07 ng/12 h light period; P less than 0.001). Moreover, greater quantities of melatonin were excreted in the latter half of the dark period than in the first half (e.g. 0.55 +/- 0.08 ng/first 6 h vs 0.97 +/- 0.05 ng/second 6 h; P less than 0.001). When the onset of the daily light period was shifted forward by 12 h, 5--7 days were needed for the daily rhythm in melatonin excretion to become re-entrained to the new light--dark cycle. Among blinded rats, the rate of melatonin excretion also varied rhythmically; however, the rhythm was neither synchronized with the light-dark cycle nor influenced by alterations in the lighting schedule. Similarly, artificial cycles in environmental temperature were not effective in entraining the daily rhythm in melatonin excretion among blinded rats.", "PMID": 427536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13943", "title": "The development of some peripheral and central auditory responses in the neonatal cat.", "content": "The development of cochlear nerve action potential thresholds at different frequencies (AP audiograms) and inferior colliculus (IC) single unit thresholds and tuning was examined in barbiturate-anaesthetized kittens. AP thresholds decreased over the whole frequency spectrum during the first 5 weeks of life. Thresholds to high-frequency stimulation remained higher in 7-week-old animals than in adults. These results are in contrast to previous reports which have suggested that the AP response and gross cochlear anatomy are mature by the end of the second week. These differences may be due to the fact that the AP audiogram technique provides a measure of the activity of discrete regions along the cochlear partition. IC units in animals younger than 3.5 weeks had significantly elevated thresholds and broader tuning than those of the adult cat. Comparison of AP audiogram and IC unit thresholds in the adult revealed that these indices show similar frequency-dependent sensitivity. The slower maturation revealed by the AP audiogram may be due to the greater number and/or synchrony of cochlear nerve discharges needed to produce the gross AP. If this were the case, perception of suprathreshold sounds might not develop as quickly as thresholds for sound detection.", "contents": "The development of some peripheral and central auditory responses in the neonatal cat. The development of cochlear nerve action potential thresholds at different frequencies (AP audiograms) and inferior colliculus (IC) single unit thresholds and tuning was examined in barbiturate-anaesthetized kittens. AP thresholds decreased over the whole frequency spectrum during the first 5 weeks of life. Thresholds to high-frequency stimulation remained higher in 7-week-old animals than in adults. These results are in contrast to previous reports which have suggested that the AP response and gross cochlear anatomy are mature by the end of the second week. These differences may be due to the fact that the AP audiogram technique provides a measure of the activity of discrete regions along the cochlear partition. IC units in animals younger than 3.5 weeks had significantly elevated thresholds and broader tuning than those of the adult cat. Comparison of AP audiogram and IC unit thresholds in the adult revealed that these indices show similar frequency-dependent sensitivity. The slower maturation revealed by the AP audiogram may be due to the greater number and/or synchrony of cochlear nerve discharges needed to produce the gross AP. If this were the case, perception of suprathreshold sounds might not develop as quickly as thresholds for sound detection.", "PMID": 427541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13944", "title": "Partial interocular transfer of brightness and movement discrimination by split-brain cats.", "content": "Interhemispheric transfer of discriminations of brightness and direction of movement, two types of stimuli which may be processed by midbrain visual areas, was compared to transfer of control patterns in cats with sections of the optic chiasm and forebrain commissures. Transfer in these split-brain cats was further compared to transfer in partially split-brain cats with sparing of either the splenium of the corpus callosum or the anterior commissure. An intact splenium was necessary for high levels of interhemispheric transfer of all of the discriminations, which implies a prominant role for cortical mechanisms in such tasks. However, animals with complete section of the corpus callosum often showed partial interocular transfer of both brightness and movement discriminations, which may reflect a limited but selective participation of subcortical areas in visual perception. Cats in which the anterior commissure was spared did not show greater transfer on any of these tasks than did cats with section of both callosum and anterior commissure.", "contents": "Partial interocular transfer of brightness and movement discrimination by split-brain cats. Interhemispheric transfer of discriminations of brightness and direction of movement, two types of stimuli which may be processed by midbrain visual areas, was compared to transfer of control patterns in cats with sections of the optic chiasm and forebrain commissures. Transfer in these split-brain cats was further compared to transfer in partially split-brain cats with sparing of either the splenium of the corpus callosum or the anterior commissure. An intact splenium was necessary for high levels of interhemispheric transfer of all of the discriminations, which implies a prominant role for cortical mechanisms in such tasks. However, animals with complete section of the corpus callosum often showed partial interocular transfer of both brightness and movement discriminations, which may reflect a limited but selective participation of subcortical areas in visual perception. Cats in which the anterior commissure was spared did not show greater transfer on any of these tasks than did cats with section of both callosum and anterior commissure.", "PMID": 427542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13945", "title": "Variability in maps of identified neurons in the sea lamprey spinal cord examined by a wholemount technique.", "content": "A technique is described for preparing toluidine blue-stained wholemounts of lamprey spinal cords. By this technique virtually all the neurons in the spinal cord can be studied with respect to their soma size and shape, their primary dendrites, and sometimes secondary dendrites and proximal portions of the axon. Several cell types previously studied physiologically and described by others in cross section are described in wholemounts. These are dorsal cells, giant interneurons, edge cells and lateral cells. In addition, several unique cell types are noted in wholemount which were previously unremarked upon. These include obliquely oriented bipolar cells, trident-shaped cells located mostly in the rostral two-thirds of the spinal gray column, and small neurons with cell bodies in the dorsal and ventral axon tracts. Edge cells, which had previously been described as having large cell bodies close to the lateral edge of the lateral axon tracts with large medially oriented dendrites, are shown to be quite heterogeneous in size, location of soma and dendritic tree configuration. By use of the wholemount technique, 4 spinal cords of large sea lamprey larvae, close to transformation, were mapped for lateral cells, giant interneurons and dorsal cells. Considerable variability was noted in numbers and locations of these cells. The possible significance of this finding for the development of the vertebrate nervous system is discussed.", "contents": "Variability in maps of identified neurons in the sea lamprey spinal cord examined by a wholemount technique. A technique is described for preparing toluidine blue-stained wholemounts of lamprey spinal cords. By this technique virtually all the neurons in the spinal cord can be studied with respect to their soma size and shape, their primary dendrites, and sometimes secondary dendrites and proximal portions of the axon. Several cell types previously studied physiologically and described by others in cross section are described in wholemounts. These are dorsal cells, giant interneurons, edge cells and lateral cells. In addition, several unique cell types are noted in wholemount which were previously unremarked upon. These include obliquely oriented bipolar cells, trident-shaped cells located mostly in the rostral two-thirds of the spinal gray column, and small neurons with cell bodies in the dorsal and ventral axon tracts. Edge cells, which had previously been described as having large cell bodies close to the lateral edge of the lateral axon tracts with large medially oriented dendrites, are shown to be quite heterogeneous in size, location of soma and dendritic tree configuration. By use of the wholemount technique, 4 spinal cords of large sea lamprey larvae, close to transformation, were mapped for lateral cells, giant interneurons and dorsal cells. Considerable variability was noted in numbers and locations of these cells. The possible significance of this finding for the development of the vertebrate nervous system is discussed.", "PMID": 427543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13946", "title": "Synaptic density in human frontal cortex - developmental changes and effects of aging.", "content": "Density of synaptic profiles in layer 3 of middle frontal gyrus was quantitated in 21 normal human brains ranging from newborn to age 90 years. Synaptic profiles could be reliably demonstrated by the phosphotungstic acid method (Bloom and Aghajanian) in tissue fixed up to 36 h postmortem. Synaptic density was constant throughout adult life (ages 16--72 years) with a mean of 11.05 X 10(8) synapses/cu.mm +/- 0.41 S.E.M. There was a slight decline in synaptic density in brains of the aged (ages 74--90 years) with a mean of 9.56 X 10(8) synapses/cu.mm +/- 0.28 S.E.M. in 4 samples (P less than 0.05). Synaptic density in neonatal brains was already high--in the range seen in adults. However, synaptic morphology differed; immature profiles had an irregular presynaptic dense band instead of the separate presynaptic projections seen in mature synapses. Synaptic density increased during infancy, reaching a maximum at age 1--2 years which was about 50% above the adult mean. The decline in synaptic density observed between ages 2--16 years was accompanied by a slight decrease in neuronal density. Human cerebral cortex is one of a number of neuronal systems in which loss of neurons and synapses appears to occur as a late developmental event.", "contents": "Synaptic density in human frontal cortex - developmental changes and effects of aging. Density of synaptic profiles in layer 3 of middle frontal gyrus was quantitated in 21 normal human brains ranging from newborn to age 90 years. Synaptic profiles could be reliably demonstrated by the phosphotungstic acid method (Bloom and Aghajanian) in tissue fixed up to 36 h postmortem. Synaptic density was constant throughout adult life (ages 16--72 years) with a mean of 11.05 X 10(8) synapses/cu.mm +/- 0.41 S.E.M. There was a slight decline in synaptic density in brains of the aged (ages 74--90 years) with a mean of 9.56 X 10(8) synapses/cu.mm +/- 0.28 S.E.M. in 4 samples (P less than 0.05). Synaptic density in neonatal brains was already high--in the range seen in adults. However, synaptic morphology differed; immature profiles had an irregular presynaptic dense band instead of the separate presynaptic projections seen in mature synapses. Synaptic density increased during infancy, reaching a maximum at age 1--2 years which was about 50% above the adult mean. The decline in synaptic density observed between ages 2--16 years was accompanied by a slight decrease in neuronal density. Human cerebral cortex is one of a number of neuronal systems in which loss of neurons and synapses appears to occur as a late developmental event.", "PMID": 427544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13947", "title": "Development of high affinity choline uptake and associated acetylcholine synthesis in the rat fascia dentata.", "content": "The ontogenic development of hemicholinium-sensitive, high affinity choline uptake and the synthesis of acetylcholine from exogenous choline have been studied in particulate preparations of the rat fascia dentata. Between 6 days of age and adulthood the rate of high affinity choline uptake increases 3-fold, when expressed with respect to protein, and 125-fold, when expressed independently of protein. This process develops most rapidly during the period around 16-17 days of age, similar to the ontogenesis of choline acetyltransferase activity. This observation supports the idea that cholinergic septohippocampal boutons develop mainly at this time. Unlike choline acetyltransferase activity, the velocity of high affinity choline uptake increases to as much as 161% of the adult value at about 30 days of age. It is suggested that at 25-31 days of age a relatively high endogenous septohippocampal firing rate increases the rate of choline uptake. At 6 days of age we detected no synthesis of acetylcholine from the accumulated choline. Uptake-synthesis coupling develops mainly between 6 and 13 days of age, earlier than any other presynaptic cholinergic property. Acetylcholine synthesis from exogenous choline develops in paralled with high affinity choline uptake, but developmental increases in uptake velocity result in comparable increases in synthesis rate only after a delay of several days. Some limiting factor other than choline acetyltransferase activity appears to link the accumulation of exogenous choline to acetylcholine synthesis during development.", "contents": "Development of high affinity choline uptake and associated acetylcholine synthesis in the rat fascia dentata. The ontogenic development of hemicholinium-sensitive, high affinity choline uptake and the synthesis of acetylcholine from exogenous choline have been studied in particulate preparations of the rat fascia dentata. Between 6 days of age and adulthood the rate of high affinity choline uptake increases 3-fold, when expressed with respect to protein, and 125-fold, when expressed independently of protein. This process develops most rapidly during the period around 16-17 days of age, similar to the ontogenesis of choline acetyltransferase activity. This observation supports the idea that cholinergic septohippocampal boutons develop mainly at this time. Unlike choline acetyltransferase activity, the velocity of high affinity choline uptake increases to as much as 161% of the adult value at about 30 days of age. It is suggested that at 25-31 days of age a relatively high endogenous septohippocampal firing rate increases the rate of choline uptake. At 6 days of age we detected no synthesis of acetylcholine from the accumulated choline. Uptake-synthesis coupling develops mainly between 6 and 13 days of age, earlier than any other presynaptic cholinergic property. Acetylcholine synthesis from exogenous choline develops in paralled with high affinity choline uptake, but developmental increases in uptake velocity result in comparable increases in synthesis rate only after a delay of several days. Some limiting factor other than choline acetyltransferase activity appears to link the accumulation of exogenous choline to acetylcholine synthesis during development.", "PMID": 427545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13948", "title": "Protein and RNA synthesis in kainic acid-injected striata.", "content": "Injections of kainic acid into rat neostriata destroy neuronal soma in the injected area. Kainic acid-injected neostriata show a significant increase (as compared with control) in the incorporation in vitro of label from radioactive leucine into the TCA-insoluble protein fraction at all time periods studied (from 1 to 80 days after the kainic acid injection), with the greatest stimulation ((6-7-fold) occurring between the third and eighth day. At 1-5 days there was also increased incorporation in vitro of label from uridine into RNA. The increased protein synthesis is probably due to the astrocytes which invade the injected area and are still seen in electron microscopic studies 2-3 months after the injections.", "contents": "Protein and RNA synthesis in kainic acid-injected striata. Injections of kainic acid into rat neostriata destroy neuronal soma in the injected area. Kainic acid-injected neostriata show a significant increase (as compared with control) in the incorporation in vitro of label from radioactive leucine into the TCA-insoluble protein fraction at all time periods studied (from 1 to 80 days after the kainic acid injection), with the greatest stimulation ((6-7-fold) occurring between the third and eighth day. At 1-5 days there was also increased incorporation in vitro of label from uridine into RNA. The increased protein synthesis is probably due to the astrocytes which invade the injected area and are still seen in electron microscopic studies 2-3 months after the injections.", "PMID": 427546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13949", "title": "Effect of pentobarbitone on the spontaneous efflux of gamma-amino acids from rabbit retina.", "content": "The effect of pentobarbitone on the spontaneous release of radioactivity from rabbit retinas preloaded with [3H]GABA, [3H]DABA, [3H]beta-alanine and [3H]glycine was studied. In high concentration of pentobarbitone (10(-3)M) the rate of spontaneous efflux of neuronal [3H]GABA, [3H]DABA and [3H]beta-alanine was reduced but not that of [3H]glycine. Glial release of [3H]GABA was much less influenced. At lower concentrations (10(-4)-10(-5)M) there was an initial increase in the release of [3H]GABA, [3H]DABA and [oH]beta-alanine followed by a decrease, indicating several components in the release system for the amino acids.", "contents": "Effect of pentobarbitone on the spontaneous efflux of gamma-amino acids from rabbit retina. The effect of pentobarbitone on the spontaneous release of radioactivity from rabbit retinas preloaded with [3H]GABA, [3H]DABA, [3H]beta-alanine and [3H]glycine was studied. In high concentration of pentobarbitone (10(-3)M) the rate of spontaneous efflux of neuronal [3H]GABA, [3H]DABA and [3H]beta-alanine was reduced but not that of [3H]glycine. Glial release of [3H]GABA was much less influenced. At lower concentrations (10(-4)-10(-5)M) there was an initial increase in the release of [3H]GABA, [3H]DABA and [oH]beta-alanine followed by a decrease, indicating several components in the release system for the amino acids.", "PMID": 427547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13950", "title": "Retinohypothalamic tract development: alteration by suprachiasmatic lesions in the neonatal rat.", "content": "The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the terminal nucleus of the retinohypothalamic (RH) tract, was ablated electrolytically in 2-day-old rats. Since previous studies have demonstrated that the earliest retinal fibers arrive on postnatal day 3 to 4 (refs. 4, 17), the lesions were inflicted prior to the formation of retinal connections. At day 25, [3H]proline was injected into the eye and autoradiography performed to determine if developing RH fibers would exhibit plasticity and innervate any hypothalamic nucleus other than the SCN. No evidence was found for the formation of anomalous retinal connections after complete, bilateral SCN lesions. Incomplete lesions, however, result in some alteration in the distribution of retinal fibers to the SCN. If a part of the caudal three-quarters of the SCN remains, RH projections form in a pattern dependent upon the size and location of the intact SCN fragment. These results indicate a high degree of specificity in developing RH fibers for their normal target tissue and a minimal capacity for plasticity in contrast with the various forms of neuronal reorganization observed after early destruction of other components of the visual system.", "contents": "Retinohypothalamic tract development: alteration by suprachiasmatic lesions in the neonatal rat. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the terminal nucleus of the retinohypothalamic (RH) tract, was ablated electrolytically in 2-day-old rats. Since previous studies have demonstrated that the earliest retinal fibers arrive on postnatal day 3 to 4 (refs. 4, 17), the lesions were inflicted prior to the formation of retinal connections. At day 25, [3H]proline was injected into the eye and autoradiography performed to determine if developing RH fibers would exhibit plasticity and innervate any hypothalamic nucleus other than the SCN. No evidence was found for the formation of anomalous retinal connections after complete, bilateral SCN lesions. Incomplete lesions, however, result in some alteration in the distribution of retinal fibers to the SCN. If a part of the caudal three-quarters of the SCN remains, RH projections form in a pattern dependent upon the size and location of the intact SCN fragment. These results indicate a high degree of specificity in developing RH fibers for their normal target tissue and a minimal capacity for plasticity in contrast with the various forms of neuronal reorganization observed after early destruction of other components of the visual system.", "PMID": 427554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13951", "title": "Neonatal suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions: effects on the development of circadian rhythms in the rat.", "content": "Previous studies of the effects of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) destruction and visual pathway transections in adult rodents have revealed the primary significance of the SCN and the retinohypothalamic (RH) projection in the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythms. In the present study we found that complete ablation of the SCN in 2-day-old rats, prior to its innervation by the RH projection, permanently eliminates circadian rhythms in spontaneous locomotor activity and drinking; activity and drinking appear randomly distributed over the light-dark cycle. In addition, females exhibit long periods of constant vaginal cornification and an absence of normal estrous cycles. These effects are independent of the animal's visual status; that is, they occur in blinded as well as sighted animals. Incomplete SCN lesions results in partial disruption of rhythmic functions such as damping of circadian rhythms in activity and/or drinking, irregular estrous cycling, and/or complete disruption of only one or two of these measures of rhythmicity. The absence of spared functions after early SCN destruction is consistent with the high degree of specificity for the SCN exhibited by developing RH fibers and further emphasizes the significance of the SCN in circadian rhythm generation. Neither morphological nor functional plasticity has been found following neonatal ablation of the SCN in the rat.", "contents": "Neonatal suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions: effects on the development of circadian rhythms in the rat. Previous studies of the effects of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) destruction and visual pathway transections in adult rodents have revealed the primary significance of the SCN and the retinohypothalamic (RH) projection in the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythms. In the present study we found that complete ablation of the SCN in 2-day-old rats, prior to its innervation by the RH projection, permanently eliminates circadian rhythms in spontaneous locomotor activity and drinking; activity and drinking appear randomly distributed over the light-dark cycle. In addition, females exhibit long periods of constant vaginal cornification and an absence of normal estrous cycles. These effects are independent of the animal's visual status; that is, they occur in blinded as well as sighted animals. Incomplete SCN lesions results in partial disruption of rhythmic functions such as damping of circadian rhythms in activity and/or drinking, irregular estrous cycling, and/or complete disruption of only one or two of these measures of rhythmicity. The absence of spared functions after early SCN destruction is consistent with the high degree of specificity for the SCN exhibited by developing RH fibers and further emphasizes the significance of the SCN in circadian rhythm generation. Neither morphological nor functional plasticity has been found following neonatal ablation of the SCN in the rat.", "PMID": 427555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13952", "title": "Age-dependent effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on locomotor activity in the rat.", "content": "This experiment examined the effects on locomotor activity of intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) administered to developing and adult rats. 6-OHDA was administered subsequent to pargyline treatment at 3 and 6 days of age; or 6-OHDA was administered subsequent to desmethylimipramine (DMI) treatment (6-OHDA/DMI) at 3 and 6 days of age, 11 and 14 days of age, 20 and 23 days of age, or 46 and 48 days of age. Locomotor activity of vehicle-treated rats assessed in stabilimeter cages peaked between 14 and 16 days of age and subsequently declined to levels characteristic of the adult. Treatment with pargyline and 6-OHDA at 3 days of age, or 6-OHDA/DMI at 3 and 6 or 11 and 14 days of age, did not alter the early rise in locomotor activity but prevented the decline in activity normally seen during the third and fourth weeks of life. When tested as adults, locomotor activity was greater in rats that had been treated with 6-OHDA/DMI at 3 and 6 and at 11 and 14 days of age than in those that had been treated at 20 and 23 days of age. Treatment with 6-OHDA/DMI at 46 and 48 days of age was without significant effect on locomotor activity. 6-OHDA (with pargyline pretreatment) produced large decreases in NE content in telencephalon and diencephalon and in dopamine (DA) content in striatum. 6-OHDA-DMI also produced large decreases in DA content in striatum and, in some of the treatment groups, only small decreases in norepinephrine (NE) content in telencephalon, diencephalon, and brain stem. These data suggest that the maturation of neuronal systems utilizing dopamine as a neurotransmitter is essential for the suppression of locomotor activity normally seen during development. The data further suggest that dopamine depletion per se does not lead to increased locomotor activity, but rather it is the destruction of dopamine-containing fibers prior to the normal period of locomotor suppression that increases locomotor activity.", "contents": "Age-dependent effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on locomotor activity in the rat. This experiment examined the effects on locomotor activity of intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) administered to developing and adult rats. 6-OHDA was administered subsequent to pargyline treatment at 3 and 6 days of age; or 6-OHDA was administered subsequent to desmethylimipramine (DMI) treatment (6-OHDA/DMI) at 3 and 6 days of age, 11 and 14 days of age, 20 and 23 days of age, or 46 and 48 days of age. Locomotor activity of vehicle-treated rats assessed in stabilimeter cages peaked between 14 and 16 days of age and subsequently declined to levels characteristic of the adult. Treatment with pargyline and 6-OHDA at 3 days of age, or 6-OHDA/DMI at 3 and 6 or 11 and 14 days of age, did not alter the early rise in locomotor activity but prevented the decline in activity normally seen during the third and fourth weeks of life. When tested as adults, locomotor activity was greater in rats that had been treated with 6-OHDA/DMI at 3 and 6 and at 11 and 14 days of age than in those that had been treated at 20 and 23 days of age. Treatment with 6-OHDA/DMI at 46 and 48 days of age was without significant effect on locomotor activity. 6-OHDA (with pargyline pretreatment) produced large decreases in NE content in telencephalon and diencephalon and in dopamine (DA) content in striatum. 6-OHDA-DMI also produced large decreases in DA content in striatum and, in some of the treatment groups, only small decreases in norepinephrine (NE) content in telencephalon, diencephalon, and brain stem. These data suggest that the maturation of neuronal systems utilizing dopamine as a neurotransmitter is essential for the suppression of locomotor activity normally seen during development. The data further suggest that dopamine depletion per se does not lead to increased locomotor activity, but rather it is the destruction of dopamine-containing fibers prior to the normal period of locomotor suppression that increases locomotor activity.", "PMID": 427556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13953", "title": "Lesion-induced plasticity of high affinity choline uptake in the developing rat fascia dentata.", "content": "After removal of the perforant path input to the rat fascia dentata at the age of 11 days, cholinergic septohippocampal fibers invade the denervated area. We have examined the effect of this lesion on hemicholinium-sensitive, high affinity choline uptake and its coupling to acetylcholine synthesis, specific properties of the septohippocampal input. Removal of the ipsilateral perforant path fibers increased the velocity of high affinity choline uptake by dentate particulate preparations, usually within 1 day. Studies conducted 5--104 days after operation showed a consistent 50--65% elevation in the molecular (denervated) layer. In contrast, the choline uptake rate in the granular layer eventually decreased slightly. Calculation of choline uptake rates independently of protein (per whole region) revealed that fasciae dentatae from operated and control sides accumulated choline at approximately equal rates, but on the operated side a greater percentage was transported by structures from the molecular layer and a lesser percentage by those from the granular layer. The rate of acetylcholine synthesis from exogenous choline increased to the same extent as high affinity choline uptake from 3 days after operation onwards. The changes in high affinity choline uptake and acetylcholine synthesis coincided spatially and temporally with the reactive growth of septohippocampal fibers. Our results support the view that a perforant path lesion during development permanently alters the distribution of functional septohippocampal boutons in the fascia dentata. Acetylcholine synthesis is regulated to the same extent by high affinity choline uptake in the anomalous boutons as in normally located boutons.", "contents": "Lesion-induced plasticity of high affinity choline uptake in the developing rat fascia dentata. After removal of the perforant path input to the rat fascia dentata at the age of 11 days, cholinergic septohippocampal fibers invade the denervated area. We have examined the effect of this lesion on hemicholinium-sensitive, high affinity choline uptake and its coupling to acetylcholine synthesis, specific properties of the septohippocampal input. Removal of the ipsilateral perforant path fibers increased the velocity of high affinity choline uptake by dentate particulate preparations, usually within 1 day. Studies conducted 5--104 days after operation showed a consistent 50--65% elevation in the molecular (denervated) layer. In contrast, the choline uptake rate in the granular layer eventually decreased slightly. Calculation of choline uptake rates independently of protein (per whole region) revealed that fasciae dentatae from operated and control sides accumulated choline at approximately equal rates, but on the operated side a greater percentage was transported by structures from the molecular layer and a lesser percentage by those from the granular layer. The rate of acetylcholine synthesis from exogenous choline increased to the same extent as high affinity choline uptake from 3 days after operation onwards. The changes in high affinity choline uptake and acetylcholine synthesis coincided spatially and temporally with the reactive growth of septohippocampal fibers. Our results support the view that a perforant path lesion during development permanently alters the distribution of functional septohippocampal boutons in the fascia dentata. Acetylcholine synthesis is regulated to the same extent by high affinity choline uptake in the anomalous boutons as in normally located boutons.", "PMID": 427557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13954", "title": "Changes in canine postural control after injury to anterior vermal cerebellum.", "content": "For a preliminary exploration of cerebellar influences on postural control, dogs were trained to stand quietly erect. Posture was perturbed by sinusoidal movement of the supporting table while the dogs were sighted and while they were blindfolded or stimulated by sinusoidal optokinetic stimuli. Postural responses were evaluated by measuring the relative amplitude of pelvis movement over a series of perturbing frequencies; frequency response descriptions were derived. Lesions of the cerebellar vermis in 3 dogs involved the cortex of lobules V and VI, of lobules IV, V and VI, and of lobules IV--VII plus damage to the medial portion of nucleus fastigius. The two smaller lesions degraded the animal's tracking ability under all three conditions temporarily with extensive but incomplete compensation in 14--21 days. The larger lesion effectively and permanently eliminated the animal's ability to track table or visual field motion. Elimination of visual cues by blindfolding or perturbing the posture with optokinetic stimuli significantly exaggerated the control deficiencies produced by the lesions. It is concluded that the visual input to the cerebellar vermis finds expression through postural control channels.", "contents": "Changes in canine postural control after injury to anterior vermal cerebellum. For a preliminary exploration of cerebellar influences on postural control, dogs were trained to stand quietly erect. Posture was perturbed by sinusoidal movement of the supporting table while the dogs were sighted and while they were blindfolded or stimulated by sinusoidal optokinetic stimuli. Postural responses were evaluated by measuring the relative amplitude of pelvis movement over a series of perturbing frequencies; frequency response descriptions were derived. Lesions of the cerebellar vermis in 3 dogs involved the cortex of lobules V and VI, of lobules IV, V and VI, and of lobules IV--VII plus damage to the medial portion of nucleus fastigius. The two smaller lesions degraded the animal's tracking ability under all three conditions temporarily with extensive but incomplete compensation in 14--21 days. The larger lesion effectively and permanently eliminated the animal's ability to track table or visual field motion. Elimination of visual cues by blindfolding or perturbing the posture with optokinetic stimuli significantly exaggerated the control deficiencies produced by the lesions. It is concluded that the visual input to the cerebellar vermis finds expression through postural control channels.", "PMID": 427558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13955", "title": "Histogenesis of the superior colliculus of the albino rat: a tritiated thymidine study.", "content": "The pattern of generation of neurons in the albino rat superior colliculus has been studied in adult and fetal material. Neurons are generated between embryonic days 12 to 17, with rostrolateral colliculus in advance of caudomedial parts. More of the cells contributing to the deeper layers are generated early, while more of the later generated cells are located superficially. The cells of individual laminae are not formed on specific days as in the cortex, nor are the complicated gradients described previously for the chick optic tectum evident. While the largest cells (found deep in the colliculus) are among the first formed and the small marginal cells among the last, there is in general a broad range of cell size being generated at any one time. The observed patterns are consistent with the concept of simultaneous production of several cell types from the ventricular epithelium on any given day. Studies of material at short times after [3H]thymidine injection allow correlation of the time of arrival of cells in their appropriate layer with time of arrival of afferents. In addition they suggest that factors controlling the final placement of cells in the mature nervous system is a very complex process and may involve some form of intercellular recognition.", "contents": "Histogenesis of the superior colliculus of the albino rat: a tritiated thymidine study. The pattern of generation of neurons in the albino rat superior colliculus has been studied in adult and fetal material. Neurons are generated between embryonic days 12 to 17, with rostrolateral colliculus in advance of caudomedial parts. More of the cells contributing to the deeper layers are generated early, while more of the later generated cells are located superficially. The cells of individual laminae are not formed on specific days as in the cortex, nor are the complicated gradients described previously for the chick optic tectum evident. While the largest cells (found deep in the colliculus) are among the first formed and the small marginal cells among the last, there is in general a broad range of cell size being generated at any one time. The observed patterns are consistent with the concept of simultaneous production of several cell types from the ventricular epithelium on any given day. Studies of material at short times after [3H]thymidine injection allow correlation of the time of arrival of cells in their appropriate layer with time of arrival of afferents. In addition they suggest that factors controlling the final placement of cells in the mature nervous system is a very complex process and may involve some form of intercellular recognition.", "PMID": 427570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13956", "title": "Penetration of grafted astrocytic scars by regenerating optic nerve axons in Xenopus tadpoles.", "content": "The following study was performed in order to determine the effect of a dense glial scar upon the outgrowth of neurites in the regenerating optic nerves of Xenopus tadpoles. Glial scars, primarily comprised of hypertrophic astrocytes, were formed in the optic nerves of postmetamorphic, juvenile Xenopus by unilateral enucleation. After 25--40 days, segments of glial scar tissue were then grafted near the cut retinal stumps of the transected optic nerves in stage 54--56 tadpoles. Within 7--10 days bundles of unmyelinated axons were seen among the cytoplasmic processes of the implanted astrocytes, and many of the fibers had traversed the entire extent of the graft by 7--10 days. The results indicate that in this regenerating system an extremely dense glial scar, formed by mature, hypertrophic astrocytes, does not represent a major obstacle to axonal outgrowth. These observations are discussed in relation to the problem of glial scarring and the general failure of regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system.", "contents": "Penetration of grafted astrocytic scars by regenerating optic nerve axons in Xenopus tadpoles. The following study was performed in order to determine the effect of a dense glial scar upon the outgrowth of neurites in the regenerating optic nerves of Xenopus tadpoles. Glial scars, primarily comprised of hypertrophic astrocytes, were formed in the optic nerves of postmetamorphic, juvenile Xenopus by unilateral enucleation. After 25--40 days, segments of glial scar tissue were then grafted near the cut retinal stumps of the transected optic nerves in stage 54--56 tadpoles. Within 7--10 days bundles of unmyelinated axons were seen among the cytoplasmic processes of the implanted astrocytes, and many of the fibers had traversed the entire extent of the graft by 7--10 days. The results indicate that in this regenerating system an extremely dense glial scar, formed by mature, hypertrophic astrocytes, does not represent a major obstacle to axonal outgrowth. These observations are discussed in relation to the problem of glial scarring and the general failure of regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system.", "PMID": 427571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13957", "title": "Current-voltage relationships of repetitively firing neurons.", "content": "The current-voltage curves of repetitively firing neurons show non-linearities in the subthreshold region. Microsurgically isolated molluscan neuron somata were studied under voltage clamp using ramp voltage command signals. During the depolarizing 1/2 cycle a region of negative slope conductance was observed. Ion substitution experiments suggest that this results from non-inactivating or slowly inactivating Na+ and Ca2+ currents. The hyperpolarizing 1/2 cycle reveals a hysteresis effect which results at least in part from a Ca2+ activated 5+ current. Similar characteristics have been described in bursting neurons. Their occurrence in the non-bursting neurons studied here shows that they are not unique to this class of neurons and suggests that their primary contribution is to create electrical instability necessary for repetitive firing.", "contents": "Current-voltage relationships of repetitively firing neurons. The current-voltage curves of repetitively firing neurons show non-linearities in the subthreshold region. Microsurgically isolated molluscan neuron somata were studied under voltage clamp using ramp voltage command signals. During the depolarizing 1/2 cycle a region of negative slope conductance was observed. Ion substitution experiments suggest that this results from non-inactivating or slowly inactivating Na+ and Ca2+ currents. The hyperpolarizing 1/2 cycle reveals a hysteresis effect which results at least in part from a Ca2+ activated 5+ current. Similar characteristics have been described in bursting neurons. Their occurrence in the non-bursting neurons studied here shows that they are not unique to this class of neurons and suggests that their primary contribution is to create electrical instability necessary for repetitive firing.", "PMID": 427572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13958", "title": "Is there an active mechanism limiting the influence of the sympathetic system on the cerebral vascular bed? Evidence for vasomotor escape from sympathetic stimulation in the rabbit.", "content": "The influence of the cervical sympathetic chain on cerebral circulation in the rabbit was studied by means of 3 complementary techniques. Two dynamic techniques involving chronically implanted probes were used: blood flow in the caudate nucleus (CN) was measured by thermal clearance; tissue PO2 and PCO2 in the same structure were measured by mass spectrometry. Other variables measured continuously and simultaneously included arterial blood pressure (BP), PaO2 and PaCO2. The third technique was a tissue sampling method based on the Fick principle and using 14C1 ethanol as tracer. Blood flow in 7 regions was measured at stable BP, PaO2 and PaCO2. Stimulation of the sympathetic chain at 15 Hz induced mean maximal decreases in CN blood flow of 23.9% (thermal clearance) and 24.4% (ethanol technique). Mean decrease of PO2 in the CN at 15 Hz was 16.6%. Significant falls in blood flow were observed with the ethanol technique in all 7 structures measured. During prolonged stimulation (greater than 1 min) CN blood flow and PO2 were found to escape towards the baseline level, which was sometimes even exceeded during the stimulation (blood flow). Stimulation frequency had only a very moderate influence on the rate of escape, and no evidence of a metabolic mechanism was found, although injection of barbiturate decreased the escape. These results are discussed with respect to the conflicting evidence on the effects of sympathetic stimulation in the brain, and to possible mechanisms for the escape phenomenon.", "contents": "Is there an active mechanism limiting the influence of the sympathetic system on the cerebral vascular bed? Evidence for vasomotor escape from sympathetic stimulation in the rabbit. The influence of the cervical sympathetic chain on cerebral circulation in the rabbit was studied by means of 3 complementary techniques. Two dynamic techniques involving chronically implanted probes were used: blood flow in the caudate nucleus (CN) was measured by thermal clearance; tissue PO2 and PCO2 in the same structure were measured by mass spectrometry. Other variables measured continuously and simultaneously included arterial blood pressure (BP), PaO2 and PaCO2. The third technique was a tissue sampling method based on the Fick principle and using 14C1 ethanol as tracer. Blood flow in 7 regions was measured at stable BP, PaO2 and PaCO2. Stimulation of the sympathetic chain at 15 Hz induced mean maximal decreases in CN blood flow of 23.9% (thermal clearance) and 24.4% (ethanol technique). Mean decrease of PO2 in the CN at 15 Hz was 16.6%. Significant falls in blood flow were observed with the ethanol technique in all 7 structures measured. During prolonged stimulation (greater than 1 min) CN blood flow and PO2 were found to escape towards the baseline level, which was sometimes even exceeded during the stimulation (blood flow). Stimulation frequency had only a very moderate influence on the rate of escape, and no evidence of a metabolic mechanism was found, although injection of barbiturate decreased the escape. These results are discussed with respect to the conflicting evidence on the effects of sympathetic stimulation in the brain, and to possible mechanisms for the escape phenomenon.", "PMID": 427573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13959", "title": "Electron microscopic identification of cerebellopontine axon terminals in the opossum.", "content": "Following unilateral cerebellar nuclear ablation or transection of the brachium conjunctivum, degenerating axon terminals were identified within the pontine nuclei of adult opossums. Most frequently observed was a category of large boutons (1.5-7.5 microns) exhibiting an early filamentous reaction (1-5 days survival) and later becoming electron dense and shrunken (9-12 days survival) while being engulfed by phagocytic elements. Such boutons characteristically were found nestled within a cluster of spine-like projections taking origin from somata as well as proximal and intermediate dendrites. A smaller variety of dark degenerating boutons (0.5-2.0 micron) was observed after survival periods of intermediate length (6-10 days) and although there was some overlap in size with the smallest filamentous boutons, the majority (71%) were clearly less than 1.5 micron in their greatest dimension. The small dark boutons formed synaptic contacts only with the shafts of intermediate and distal dendrites rather than the claw-like dendritic complex apposed to the large filamentous degenerating boutons. Because of this difference in postsynaptic locus and their small size it was suggested that such boutons might represent the terminals of a second population of cerebello-pontine axons. Such observations lead to the hypothesis that the large filamentous endings contacting the distinctive claw-like somal or dendritic projections from axons of relatively large cerebellar nuclear neurons which also project rostrally to the red nucleus and thalamus where they form similar boutons and synaptic complexes. On the other hand, the small dark boutons may have arisen from small projection-type cerebellar nuclear neurons, the majority of whose axons project caudally to the inferior olive after contributing a relativley small number of collateral branches to the pontine nuclei.", "contents": "Electron microscopic identification of cerebellopontine axon terminals in the opossum. Following unilateral cerebellar nuclear ablation or transection of the brachium conjunctivum, degenerating axon terminals were identified within the pontine nuclei of adult opossums. Most frequently observed was a category of large boutons (1.5-7.5 microns) exhibiting an early filamentous reaction (1-5 days survival) and later becoming electron dense and shrunken (9-12 days survival) while being engulfed by phagocytic elements. Such boutons characteristically were found nestled within a cluster of spine-like projections taking origin from somata as well as proximal and intermediate dendrites. A smaller variety of dark degenerating boutons (0.5-2.0 micron) was observed after survival periods of intermediate length (6-10 days) and although there was some overlap in size with the smallest filamentous boutons, the majority (71%) were clearly less than 1.5 micron in their greatest dimension. The small dark boutons formed synaptic contacts only with the shafts of intermediate and distal dendrites rather than the claw-like dendritic complex apposed to the large filamentous degenerating boutons. Because of this difference in postsynaptic locus and their small size it was suggested that such boutons might represent the terminals of a second population of cerebello-pontine axons. Such observations lead to the hypothesis that the large filamentous endings contacting the distinctive claw-like somal or dendritic projections from axons of relatively large cerebellar nuclear neurons which also project rostrally to the red nucleus and thalamus where they form similar boutons and synaptic complexes. On the other hand, the small dark boutons may have arisen from small projection-type cerebellar nuclear neurons, the majority of whose axons project caudally to the inferior olive after contributing a relativley small number of collateral branches to the pontine nuclei.", "PMID": 427574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13960", "title": "Anin vivo method to prepare normal Schwann cells free of axons and myelin.", "content": "A viable population of undifferentiated Schwann cells may be prepared from chronically denervated peripheral nerves. Nerve transection stimulates a sequence of cellular events in distal stumps leading to removal of axons and myelin, and proliferation of Schwann cells. Sealing the ends of nerve stumps prevents reinnervation and leaves daughter Schwann cells residing in longitudinal columns. Schwann cells may be harvested from the endoneurial tissue of the nerve stumps 5-12 weeks after nerve transection. Unlike myelinating cells prepared from intact tissue, where function has been specified by associated axons, Schwann cells obtained from denervated stumps are functionally naive. Their usefulness in analyzing axonal regulation of myelinogenesis and mitosis is therefore suggested.", "contents": "Anin vivo method to prepare normal Schwann cells free of axons and myelin. A viable population of undifferentiated Schwann cells may be prepared from chronically denervated peripheral nerves. Nerve transection stimulates a sequence of cellular events in distal stumps leading to removal of axons and myelin, and proliferation of Schwann cells. Sealing the ends of nerve stumps prevents reinnervation and leaves daughter Schwann cells residing in longitudinal columns. Schwann cells may be harvested from the endoneurial tissue of the nerve stumps 5-12 weeks after nerve transection. Unlike myelinating cells prepared from intact tissue, where function has been specified by associated axons, Schwann cells obtained from denervated stumps are functionally naive. Their usefulness in analyzing axonal regulation of myelinogenesis and mitosis is therefore suggested.", "PMID": 427575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13961", "title": "Septo-hippocampal pathway necessary for dentate theta production.", "content": "In acute experiments in urethane-anaesthetized rabbits a small lesion at the septo-hippocampal border, from 0.8 to 1.5 mm from the midline, abolished theta activity ipsilaterally. This lesion severed fibres from the lateral part of the medial septal nucleus. Lesions of the main body of the fimbria or the dorsal fornix, alvear bundle and perforant path or the hippocampal commissures failed to change the dentate theta activity. Theta activity also survived the establishment of a 2 mm wide 'gate' near the rostral pole of the hippocampus; the gate was produced by cutting the main body of the fimbria and medially adjoining tissue and the dorsal fornix and laterally adjoining tissue. Cuts behind the 'gate' showed successive reduction of the dentate theta when the lesion passed beyond a threshold depth of about 1.5 mm. The degree of theta reduction appeared dependent upon the amount of the hippocampal tissue destroyed below this level. Thus, the fibres of importance for theta production seem to run through a bottleneck just behind the medial septum. Their further course is found in the basal part of the fimbria on its medial aspect and the adjoining parts of CA3 (lower blade) and hilus of the dentate fascia. Because the whole of this area had to be destroyed to block all theta activity, it is suggested that the fibres of importance for theta production are relatively dispersed within this region.", "contents": "Septo-hippocampal pathway necessary for dentate theta production. In acute experiments in urethane-anaesthetized rabbits a small lesion at the septo-hippocampal border, from 0.8 to 1.5 mm from the midline, abolished theta activity ipsilaterally. This lesion severed fibres from the lateral part of the medial septal nucleus. Lesions of the main body of the fimbria or the dorsal fornix, alvear bundle and perforant path or the hippocampal commissures failed to change the dentate theta activity. Theta activity also survived the establishment of a 2 mm wide 'gate' near the rostral pole of the hippocampus; the gate was produced by cutting the main body of the fimbria and medially adjoining tissue and the dorsal fornix and laterally adjoining tissue. Cuts behind the 'gate' showed successive reduction of the dentate theta when the lesion passed beyond a threshold depth of about 1.5 mm. The degree of theta reduction appeared dependent upon the amount of the hippocampal tissue destroyed below this level. Thus, the fibres of importance for theta production seem to run through a bottleneck just behind the medial septum. Their further course is found in the basal part of the fimbria on its medial aspect and the adjoining parts of CA3 (lower blade) and hilus of the dentate fascia. Because the whole of this area had to be destroyed to block all theta activity, it is suggested that the fibres of importance for theta production are relatively dispersed within this region.", "PMID": 427577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13962", "title": "The spontaneous firing patterns of forebrain neurons. IV. Effects of bilateral and unilateral frontal cortical ablations on firing of caudate, globus pallidus and thalamic neurons.", "content": "To assess the effects of partial deafferentation of the neostriatum on spontaneous neuronal activity in the basal ganglia and related thalamic nuclei, ablations of frontal cortex were carried out in adult cats. Postoperative measures of interspike intervals of single neurons in the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and ventral anterior-ventral lateral complex of the thalamus revealed a slowing of neuronal firing in these structures as compared with non-lesioned controls. The fact that deafferentation by cortical damage produces changes in neuronal firing in target neurons of the striatum (globus pallidus) and in thalamic neurons at least two synapses removed from the striatum is noteworthy. The possible extent to which these results might have been influenced by reduction of cortical inputs to or denervation of the thalamus is discussed.", "contents": "The spontaneous firing patterns of forebrain neurons. IV. Effects of bilateral and unilateral frontal cortical ablations on firing of caudate, globus pallidus and thalamic neurons. To assess the effects of partial deafferentation of the neostriatum on spontaneous neuronal activity in the basal ganglia and related thalamic nuclei, ablations of frontal cortex were carried out in adult cats. Postoperative measures of interspike intervals of single neurons in the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and ventral anterior-ventral lateral complex of the thalamus revealed a slowing of neuronal firing in these structures as compared with non-lesioned controls. The fact that deafferentation by cortical damage produces changes in neuronal firing in target neurons of the striatum (globus pallidus) and in thalamic neurons at least two synapses removed from the striatum is noteworthy. The possible extent to which these results might have been influenced by reduction of cortical inputs to or denervation of the thalamus is discussed.", "PMID": 427584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13963", "title": "Noradrenaline, fear and extinction.", "content": "It has been suggested that noradrenaline in the central nervous system is involved in fear and anxiety. To test this postulate extensive depletion of ascending noradrenaline systems was accomplished by intracerebral injection of the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. Fear and anxiety were assessed using a Sidman avoidance task and a conditioned emotional response paradigm. No alteration in fear motivated acquisition learning of either of these tasks were detected. Resistance to extinction was seen on the conditioned emotional task, perhaps because of its continuously reinforced nature, but not on the Sidman avoidance, perhaps as a consequence of the reinforcement contingencies which render this task more similar to a partially reinforced schedule. No evidence for a role of ascending noradrenaline systems in fear or anxiety was hence obtained, but a further demonstration of a role in extinction processes was found.", "contents": "Noradrenaline, fear and extinction. It has been suggested that noradrenaline in the central nervous system is involved in fear and anxiety. To test this postulate extensive depletion of ascending noradrenaline systems was accomplished by intracerebral injection of the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. Fear and anxiety were assessed using a Sidman avoidance task and a conditioned emotional response paradigm. No alteration in fear motivated acquisition learning of either of these tasks were detected. Resistance to extinction was seen on the conditioned emotional task, perhaps because of its continuously reinforced nature, but not on the Sidman avoidance, perhaps as a consequence of the reinforcement contingencies which render this task more similar to a partially reinforced schedule. No evidence for a role of ascending noradrenaline systems in fear or anxiety was hence obtained, but a further demonstration of a role in extinction processes was found.", "PMID": 427586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13964", "title": "Effects of endorphins on single myenteric neurons.", "content": "Methionine-enkephalin, leucine-enkephalin and beta-endorphin were applied in known concentrations to an in vitro preparation of myenteric neurons from the guinea-pig ileum. All 3 substances caused a rapid, reversible and dose related inhibition of the firing of myenteric neurons induced and recorded with extracellular suction electrodes. This inhibition of firing occurred at low agonist concentrations (1-300 nM) and was reversed by naloxone and a benzomorphan narcotic antagonist. The inhibition persisted in solutions which were completely free of calcium ions -- thus indicating that the observed effect is taking place directly on the neuron from which the recording is made, and that calcium ions are not required for this inhibitory action of endorphins on neuronal firing.", "contents": "Effects of endorphins on single myenteric neurons. Methionine-enkephalin, leucine-enkephalin and beta-endorphin were applied in known concentrations to an in vitro preparation of myenteric neurons from the guinea-pig ileum. All 3 substances caused a rapid, reversible and dose related inhibition of the firing of myenteric neurons induced and recorded with extracellular suction electrodes. This inhibition of firing occurred at low agonist concentrations (1-300 nM) and was reversed by naloxone and a benzomorphan narcotic antagonist. The inhibition persisted in solutions which were completely free of calcium ions -- thus indicating that the observed effect is taking place directly on the neuron from which the recording is made, and that calcium ions are not required for this inhibitory action of endorphins on neuronal firing.", "PMID": 427587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13965", "title": "Some temporal output properties of color opponent units in the ground squirrel retina.", "content": "Responses of BG-G units to equal energy stimuli of different wavelengths reveal a tonic to phasic pattern of responses in which short wavelengths (blue) evoke tonic activity, medium wavelengths (green to yellow) evoke phasic activity and intermediate wavelengths evoke in-between patterns. The patterns correlate with wavelength but are relatively insensitive to intensity. Output patterns of BG-G cells to white and to monochromatic light at the animal's neutral point are almost identical, and the pattern identities may be a neural correlate to the behavioral phenomenon of the neutral point.", "contents": "Some temporal output properties of color opponent units in the ground squirrel retina. Responses of BG-G units to equal energy stimuli of different wavelengths reveal a tonic to phasic pattern of responses in which short wavelengths (blue) evoke tonic activity, medium wavelengths (green to yellow) evoke phasic activity and intermediate wavelengths evoke in-between patterns. The patterns correlate with wavelength but are relatively insensitive to intensity. Output patterns of BG-G cells to white and to monochromatic light at the animal's neutral point are almost identical, and the pattern identities may be a neural correlate to the behavioral phenomenon of the neutral point.", "PMID": 427589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13966", "title": "Cholinergic binding sites in rat hippocampal formation: properties and ontogenesis.", "content": "The hippocampal formation of the rat contains two types of membrane-bound cholinergic binding sites, as revealed by specific binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) or of a-[125I]bungarotoxin (a-Btx). The sites differ in pharmacological profile, sensitivity to detergents and ontogenesis. The major binding site (about 17 pmol per adult hippocampus) is of a muscarinic nature, and binds [3H]QNB with an on-rate of 2 x 10(6) M-1 sec-1 and an apparent KD of 0.4 nM. This binding is displaced by low concentrations of muscarinic ligands but not of nicotinic ligands. The earliest increase in binding level is detected at about day 4 postnatal and a sharp increase in total binding takes place between days 10 and 15. Total binding continues to increase gradually about 3-fold until an age of about 7 weeks, at a rate resembling that of acetylcholinesterase. a-Btx-binding sites (about 0.6 pmol per adult hippocampus) display a nicotinic profile with an on-rate constant for a-[125I]Btx of 6 x 10(4) M-1 sec-1 and an apparent KD of 2 nM. Ontogenesis of these sites clearly differs from that of muscarinic sites and acetylcholinesterase. Absolute binding reaches mature levels at an age of 12--14 days postnatal, and binding per tissue protein is higher during the first postnatal days than at maturity. It appears that the level of toxin-binding sites attains mature values before the major synaptogenetic events in the area are completed.", "contents": "Cholinergic binding sites in rat hippocampal formation: properties and ontogenesis. The hippocampal formation of the rat contains two types of membrane-bound cholinergic binding sites, as revealed by specific binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) or of a-[125I]bungarotoxin (a-Btx). The sites differ in pharmacological profile, sensitivity to detergents and ontogenesis. The major binding site (about 17 pmol per adult hippocampus) is of a muscarinic nature, and binds [3H]QNB with an on-rate of 2 x 10(6) M-1 sec-1 and an apparent KD of 0.4 nM. This binding is displaced by low concentrations of muscarinic ligands but not of nicotinic ligands. The earliest increase in binding level is detected at about day 4 postnatal and a sharp increase in total binding takes place between days 10 and 15. Total binding continues to increase gradually about 3-fold until an age of about 7 weeks, at a rate resembling that of acetylcholinesterase. a-Btx-binding sites (about 0.6 pmol per adult hippocampus) display a nicotinic profile with an on-rate constant for a-[125I]Btx of 6 x 10(4) M-1 sec-1 and an apparent KD of 2 nM. Ontogenesis of these sites clearly differs from that of muscarinic sites and acetylcholinesterase. Absolute binding reaches mature levels at an age of 12--14 days postnatal, and binding per tissue protein is higher during the first postnatal days than at maturity. It appears that the level of toxin-binding sites attains mature values before the major synaptogenetic events in the area are completed.", "PMID": 427590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13967", "title": "Adrenaline levels in brain stem nuclei and effects of a PNMT inhibitor on spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The adrenaline content of specific brain stem areas was decreased in young (4 week-old) but not in adult (14 week-old) SHR. Some of these areas also showed increased PNMT activity, indicating a possible enhanced release or metabolism of adrenaline early in the development of the hypertension. Dopamine and noradrenaline levels, on the contrary, were not changed either in young or adult animals. Administration of a PNMT inhibitor to adult SHR resulted in a decrease of the blood pressure in SHR to control levels. These observations support the hypothesis of a participation of adrenergic mechanisms in the development of genetic hypertension, and indicate the possibility for the use of PNMT inhibitors as hypotensive agents.", "contents": "Adrenaline levels in brain stem nuclei and effects of a PNMT inhibitor on spontaneously hypertensive rats. The adrenaline content of specific brain stem areas was decreased in young (4 week-old) but not in adult (14 week-old) SHR. Some of these areas also showed increased PNMT activity, indicating a possible enhanced release or metabolism of adrenaline early in the development of the hypertension. Dopamine and noradrenaline levels, on the contrary, were not changed either in young or adult animals. Administration of a PNMT inhibitor to adult SHR resulted in a decrease of the blood pressure in SHR to control levels. These observations support the hypothesis of a participation of adrenergic mechanisms in the development of genetic hypertension, and indicate the possibility for the use of PNMT inhibitors as hypotensive agents.", "PMID": 427591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13968", "title": "Electrophysiological and biochemical responses of noradrenergic neurons to a non-amphetamine CNS stimulant.", "content": "Amfonelic acid (AFA), a potent non-amphetamine CNS stimulant, has been shown previously to have marked effects on dopamine (DA) metabolism and DA neuronal activity, but no effect on norepinephrine (NE) metabolism. AFA is known to inhibit the NE neuronal uptake mechanism. Other NE uptake inhibitors, such as desipramine (DMI), have been shown to decrease the firing rate of NE-containing locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. The purpose of the present study was to compare the actions of AFA and DMI electrophysiologically on LC neurons, and biochemically on NE metabolism in whg rate, with DMI being more potent. Brain NE metabolism was not influenced by either AFA or DMI at doses considerably higher than those  which were effective in reducing NE neuronal impulse flow. Thus, NE uptake inhibition coupled with a decrease in impulse flow results in no net change in NE metabolite formation. The effects of AFA on LC unit activity do not seem to be due to its marked effects on brain DA, since DA receptor blockade with haloperidol had little effect on LC unit responsiveness to AFA (or amphetamine). Whereas AFA has dramatic effects on DA metabolism via enhanced release per impulse, the drug has minimal effects on NE metabolism, and this specificity of action may be related to differences in NE and DA transmitter storage mechanisms. It is concluded that the effects of AFA on NE neuronal firing rate are likely due to the drug's DMI-like action and not to enhanced NE release per impulse.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and biochemical responses of noradrenergic neurons to a non-amphetamine CNS stimulant. Amfonelic acid (AFA), a potent non-amphetamine CNS stimulant, has been shown previously to have marked effects on dopamine (DA) metabolism and DA neuronal activity, but no effect on norepinephrine (NE) metabolism. AFA is known to inhibit the NE neuronal uptake mechanism. Other NE uptake inhibitors, such as desipramine (DMI), have been shown to decrease the firing rate of NE-containing locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. The purpose of the present study was to compare the actions of AFA and DMI electrophysiologically on LC neurons, and biochemically on NE metabolism in whg rate, with DMI being more potent. Brain NE metabolism was not influenced by either AFA or DMI at doses considerably higher than those  which were effective in reducing NE neuronal impulse flow. Thus, NE uptake inhibition coupled with a decrease in impulse flow results in no net change in NE metabolite formation. The effects of AFA on LC unit activity do not seem to be due to its marked effects on brain DA, since DA receptor blockade with haloperidol had little effect on LC unit responsiveness to AFA (or amphetamine). Whereas AFA has dramatic effects on DA metabolism via enhanced release per impulse, the drug has minimal effects on NE metabolism, and this specificity of action may be related to differences in NE and DA transmitter storage mechanisms. It is concluded that the effects of AFA on NE neuronal firing rate are likely due to the drug's DMI-like action and not to enhanced NE release per impulse.", "PMID": 427592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13969", "title": "The dorsal bundle extinction effect:dependence on subtle changes in acquisition.", "content": "Destruction of the ascending noradrenergic innervation to the forebrain in rats by intracerebral injection of the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (4 microgram in 2 microliter injected bilaterally into the dorsal bundle in the mesencephalon) was found to cause resistance to extinction of a continuously reinforced lever press response. However, this effect occurred only if the lesion were present during acquisition training on the reinforced schedule and not if intact animals were trained and the lesion inflicted after completion of acquisition training and just prior to the extinction phase. Thus, the behavioural effect that manifests itself during extinction appears to be due to subtle changes in the acquisition learning process. This is consistent with the predictions of an attentional theory of noradrenergic function and appears to exclude most other suggested explanations of the dorsal bundle extinction effect.", "contents": "The dorsal bundle extinction effect:dependence on subtle changes in acquisition. Destruction of the ascending noradrenergic innervation to the forebrain in rats by intracerebral injection of the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (4 microgram in 2 microliter injected bilaterally into the dorsal bundle in the mesencephalon) was found to cause resistance to extinction of a continuously reinforced lever press response. However, this effect occurred only if the lesion were present during acquisition training on the reinforced schedule and not if intact animals were trained and the lesion inflicted after completion of acquisition training and just prior to the extinction phase. Thus, the behavioural effect that manifests itself during extinction appears to be due to subtle changes in the acquisition learning process. This is consistent with the predictions of an attentional theory of noradrenergic function and appears to exclude most other suggested explanations of the dorsal bundle extinction effect.", "PMID": 427593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13970", "title": "Characterization of proteins associated with nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Rat liver nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles were prepared by two different methods and defined as 40S ribonucleoprotein (40S RNP) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (HnRNP) particles. The RNP particles were either solubilized in 8 M urea--6 mM 2-mercaptoethanol--20 mM glycine--20 mM Tris--HCl (pH 8.4) or subjected to removal of RNA by phenol extraction prior to solubilizing the proteins in the urea buffer. The proteins associated with 40S RNP and HnRNP were heterogeneous and very similar in their electrophoretic patterns when analyzed by two-dimensional PAGE, except a protein with molecular weight of 62 000 and an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.2 was present only in HnRNP particles. At least 12 major and 22 minor components could be identified in both preparations. The major proteins were found at pI values varying from 6.0 to 8.5 and with molecular weights from 32 000 to 42 000, and a group of proteins with molecular weight approximately 65 000 were more prominent in HnRNP than in 40S RNP. The other components were found mainly at pI ranges from 5.0 to 6.5 with molecular weights from 43 000 to 65 000. The phenol method extracted essentially all proteins associated with either 40S RNP and HnRNP, but was less effective in extracting a group of proteins with pI values from 5.0 to 5.5 and more efficient for proteins with pI values from 7.5 to 8.5. When chromatin proteins isolated by phenol extraction were compared with HnRNP particle proteins isolated by the same method, the electrophoretic mobilities of the HnRNP particle proteins were found to be identical with a fraction nonhistone chromatin proteins. The 40S RNP particles were further purified by metrizamide isopycnic density gradient centrifugation. The electrophoretic patterns of these proteins were very similar to those prepared by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Therefore, we concluded that the proteins of RNP particles constituted part of the chromatin proteins.", "contents": "Characterization of proteins associated with nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rat liver nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles were prepared by two different methods and defined as 40S ribonucleoprotein (40S RNP) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (HnRNP) particles. The RNP particles were either solubilized in 8 M urea--6 mM 2-mercaptoethanol--20 mM glycine--20 mM Tris--HCl (pH 8.4) or subjected to removal of RNA by phenol extraction prior to solubilizing the proteins in the urea buffer. The proteins associated with 40S RNP and HnRNP were heterogeneous and very similar in their electrophoretic patterns when analyzed by two-dimensional PAGE, except a protein with molecular weight of 62 000 and an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.2 was present only in HnRNP particles. At least 12 major and 22 minor components could be identified in both preparations. The major proteins were found at pI values varying from 6.0 to 8.5 and with molecular weights from 32 000 to 42 000, and a group of proteins with molecular weight approximately 65 000 were more prominent in HnRNP than in 40S RNP. The other components were found mainly at pI ranges from 5.0 to 6.5 with molecular weights from 43 000 to 65 000. The phenol method extracted essentially all proteins associated with either 40S RNP and HnRNP, but was less effective in extracting a group of proteins with pI values from 5.0 to 5.5 and more efficient for proteins with pI values from 7.5 to 8.5. When chromatin proteins isolated by phenol extraction were compared with HnRNP particle proteins isolated by the same method, the electrophoretic mobilities of the HnRNP particle proteins were found to be identical with a fraction nonhistone chromatin proteins. The 40S RNP particles were further purified by metrizamide isopycnic density gradient centrifugation. The electrophoretic patterns of these proteins were very similar to those prepared by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Therefore, we concluded that the proteins of RNP particles constituted part of the chromatin proteins.", "PMID": 427627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13971", "title": "Histochemical and cytochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase in retina and optic tectum of teleost fish.", "content": "The activity of cholinesterase and its cellular and subcellular localization were investigated in the retina and optic tectum of Eugerres plumieri and in the retina of Carassius carassius by means of radiometric, histochemical, and cytochemical procedures. In both fishes only the presence of acetylcholinesterase could be demonstrated. This study, besides confirming previous findings that acetylcholinesterase is located in the ganglion and amacrine cells of the retina as well as in the inner plexiform layer, in addition provides evidence that the enzyme is also present at the region of photoreceptor synapses between the cell bodies and apposing extensions of the horizontal cells of the same layer. The latter localization may indicate the involvement of a cholinergic mechanism at the functional contacts (transferapses) between the horizontal cells. In the optic tectum of Eugerres plumieri, histochemistry reveals fine distinguishable bands of acetylcholinesterase activity; two of the bands are quite sharply defined, whereas three others have rather a more diffuse appearance. The presence of these bands and their distribution may suggest a widespread distribution of cholinergic elements in the optic tectum.", "contents": "Histochemical and cytochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase in retina and optic tectum of teleost fish. The activity of cholinesterase and its cellular and subcellular localization were investigated in the retina and optic tectum of Eugerres plumieri and in the retina of Carassius carassius by means of radiometric, histochemical, and cytochemical procedures. In both fishes only the presence of acetylcholinesterase could be demonstrated. This study, besides confirming previous findings that acetylcholinesterase is located in the ganglion and amacrine cells of the retina as well as in the inner plexiform layer, in addition provides evidence that the enzyme is also present at the region of photoreceptor synapses between the cell bodies and apposing extensions of the horizontal cells of the same layer. The latter localization may indicate the involvement of a cholinergic mechanism at the functional contacts (transferapses) between the horizontal cells. In the optic tectum of Eugerres plumieri, histochemistry reveals fine distinguishable bands of acetylcholinesterase activity; two of the bands are quite sharply defined, whereas three others have rather a more diffuse appearance. The presence of these bands and their distribution may suggest a widespread distribution of cholinergic elements in the optic tectum.", "PMID": 427628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13972", "title": "Effect of phalloidin on actin proteolysis as measured by viscometry and fluorimetry.", "content": "Even at low concentration, phalloidin shows a marked protection of F-actin against the action of trypsin or pronase. G-actin is not protected at any concentration of phallodin. The kinetics of the proteolysis show that a change in the environment of tryptophan residues is preceded by disruption of the filamentous structure of F-actin.", "contents": "Effect of phalloidin on actin proteolysis as measured by viscometry and fluorimetry. Even at low concentration, phalloidin shows a marked protection of F-actin against the action of trypsin or pronase. G-actin is not protected at any concentration of phallodin. The kinetics of the proteolysis show that a change in the environment of tryptophan residues is preceded by disruption of the filamentous structure of F-actin.", "PMID": 427629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13973", "title": "Relationship between tissue levels of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenylhomocysteine, and transmethylation reactions.", "content": "The concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), and various methyltransferases were determined in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and liver of rats during development and aging. The liver contained from 3 to 7 and from 10 to 15 nmol AdoHcy per gram in young and adult rats, respectively. The AdoMet concentration was 60 to 90 nmol/g liver from rats of the same age and sex. It did not vary significantly with age. In the brain the AdoMet concentration was 45 to 50 nmol/g at birth and decreased to 20 nmol/ g tissue with maturity of the organ. The level of AdoHcy in this organ was less than 1 nmol/g tissue throughout the life-span of the rat. Since the ratio of AdoMet to AdoHcy is relatively high, the rate of methylation of histones, DNA, or phosphatidylethanolamine in the liver or brain was not significantly influenced by AdoHcy. Under normal nutritional conditions, the tissue concentration of AdoMet is far above the Km values of histone and phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferases. The levels of activity of these enzymes in liver and brain did not correlated with the cellular concentration of AdoHcy. Thi histone methyltransferase activity was elevated in rapidly proliferating tissues and declined markedly in the absence of histone biosynthesis. Phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity was elevated during development of the liver. The specific activity of the AdoHcy hydrolase remained relatively constant in the rat brain and liver. The activity of this enzyme was 10 times higher in liver than in brain, yet the concentration of AdoHcy was much lower in the latter organ. The tissue levels of this compound are evidently dependent on the rates of removal of homocysteine and adenosine. Adenosine deaminase was present in the liver and brain at relatively high concentrations, particularly during development.", "contents": "Relationship between tissue levels of S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenylhomocysteine, and transmethylation reactions. The concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), and various methyltransferases were determined in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and liver of rats during development and aging. The liver contained from 3 to 7 and from 10 to 15 nmol AdoHcy per gram in young and adult rats, respectively. The AdoMet concentration was 60 to 90 nmol/g liver from rats of the same age and sex. It did not vary significantly with age. In the brain the AdoMet concentration was 45 to 50 nmol/g at birth and decreased to 20 nmol/ g tissue with maturity of the organ. The level of AdoHcy in this organ was less than 1 nmol/g tissue throughout the life-span of the rat. Since the ratio of AdoMet to AdoHcy is relatively high, the rate of methylation of histones, DNA, or phosphatidylethanolamine in the liver or brain was not significantly influenced by AdoHcy. Under normal nutritional conditions, the tissue concentration of AdoMet is far above the Km values of histone and phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferases. The levels of activity of these enzymes in liver and brain did not correlated with the cellular concentration of AdoHcy. Thi histone methyltransferase activity was elevated in rapidly proliferating tissues and declined markedly in the absence of histone biosynthesis. Phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity was elevated during development of the liver. The specific activity of the AdoHcy hydrolase remained relatively constant in the rat brain and liver. The activity of this enzyme was 10 times higher in liver than in brain, yet the concentration of AdoHcy was much lower in the latter organ. The tissue levels of this compound are evidently dependent on the rates of removal of homocysteine and adenosine. Adenosine deaminase was present in the liver and brain at relatively high concentrations, particularly during development.", "PMID": 427630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13974", "title": "Effect of lysolecithin in solubilizing membrane-bound glycosyltransferases.", "content": "Microsomal membranes were solubilized by incubation with lysolecithin which caused considerable release of galactosyl- and N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase into a high-speed supernatant fraction. With a critical concentration of lysolecithin (2.5 mg/10 mg protein in 1 mL microsome suspension), there was a maximal binding of radioactive lysolecithin to the sediment fraction obtained after high-speed centrifugation. Increase of lysolecithin concentration (above 2.5 mg/mL) in the incubation mixture caused a progressive release of the enzymes into the supernatant fraction. Lysolecithin binding to the membrane was greatly inhibited by 1 M NaCl, and high salt concentration also inactivated galactosyltransferase in the sediment, suggesting an electrostatic interaction between lysolecithin and membrane enzyme. In contrast, high NaCl concentration had no inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity in the sediment when the fraction was prepared by treatment with Triton X-100. Lysolecithin-treated microsomal sediment and supernatant galactosyltransferase was inactivated by oleoyllysophosphatidic acid but not by palmitoyllysophosphatidic acid or egg yold lysophosphatidic acid. Triton X-100 treated microsomal fractions were also similarly affected by different species of lysophosphatidic acid. The results suggested a similarity of interactions of lysophosphatidic fatty acyl species with lysolecithin and Triton-treated galactosyltransferase.", "contents": "Effect of lysolecithin in solubilizing membrane-bound glycosyltransferases. Microsomal membranes were solubilized by incubation with lysolecithin which caused considerable release of galactosyl- and N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase into a high-speed supernatant fraction. With a critical concentration of lysolecithin (2.5 mg/10 mg protein in 1 mL microsome suspension), there was a maximal binding of radioactive lysolecithin to the sediment fraction obtained after high-speed centrifugation. Increase of lysolecithin concentration (above 2.5 mg/mL) in the incubation mixture caused a progressive release of the enzymes into the supernatant fraction. Lysolecithin binding to the membrane was greatly inhibited by 1 M NaCl, and high salt concentration also inactivated galactosyltransferase in the sediment, suggesting an electrostatic interaction between lysolecithin and membrane enzyme. In contrast, high NaCl concentration had no inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity in the sediment when the fraction was prepared by treatment with Triton X-100. Lysolecithin-treated microsomal sediment and supernatant galactosyltransferase was inactivated by oleoyllysophosphatidic acid but not by palmitoyllysophosphatidic acid or egg yold lysophosphatidic acid. Triton X-100 treated microsomal fractions were also similarly affected by different species of lysophosphatidic acid. The results suggested a similarity of interactions of lysophosphatidic fatty acyl species with lysolecithin and Triton-treated galactosyltransferase.", "PMID": 427631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13975", "title": "A structural basis for four distinct elution profiles on concanavalin A--Sepharose affinity chromatography of glycopeptides.", "content": "Twelve 14C-acetylated glycopeptides have been subjected to affinity chromatography on concanvalin A (Con A)--Sepharose at pH 7.5. The elution profiles could be classified into four distinct patterns. The first pattern showed no retardation of glycopeptide on the column and was elicited with a glycopeptide having three peripheral oligosaccharide chains: (abstract:see text). Such glycopeptides have only a single mannose residue capable of interacting with Con A--Sepharose; an interacting mannose residue is either an alpha-linked nonreducing terminal residue or an alpha-linked 2-O-substituted residue. The second type of profile showed a retarded elution of glycopeptide with buffer lacking methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (indicative of weak interaction with the column) and was given by glycopeptides with the structures: (abstract: see text) where R1 is either H or a sialyl residue. The third profile type showed tight binding of glycopeptide to Con A--Sepharose and elution as a sharp peak with 0.1 M methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside; glycopeptides giving this pattern had the structures: (abstract: see text) where R2 is either H, glcNAc, Gal-beta 1,4-GlcNAc, or sialyl-Gal-beta 1,4-GlcNAc. These glycopeptides all have two interacting mannose residues, the mimimum required for binding to the column; one of these mannose residues must, however, be a terminal residue to obtain tight binding and sharp elution. The fourth profile type showed tight binding of glycopeptide to the column but elution with 0.1 M methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside resulted in a broad peak indicating very tight binding; glycopeptides showing this behaviour had the structures: (abstract: see text) where R3 is either GlcNAc,Gal-beta 1,4-GlcNAc, or sialyl-Gal-beta 1,4-GlcNAc. Therefore it can be concluded that although a minimum of two interacting mannose residues is required for binding to Con A--Sepharose, the residues linked to these mannoses can either strengthen or weaken binding to the column.", "contents": "A structural basis for four distinct elution profiles on concanavalin A--Sepharose affinity chromatography of glycopeptides. Twelve 14C-acetylated glycopeptides have been subjected to affinity chromatography on concanvalin A (Con A)--Sepharose at pH 7.5. The elution profiles could be classified into four distinct patterns. The first pattern showed no retardation of glycopeptide on the column and was elicited with a glycopeptide having three peripheral oligosaccharide chains: (abstract:see text). Such glycopeptides have only a single mannose residue capable of interacting with Con A--Sepharose; an interacting mannose residue is either an alpha-linked nonreducing terminal residue or an alpha-linked 2-O-substituted residue. The second type of profile showed a retarded elution of glycopeptide with buffer lacking methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (indicative of weak interaction with the column) and was given by glycopeptides with the structures: (abstract: see text) where R1 is either H or a sialyl residue. The third profile type showed tight binding of glycopeptide to Con A--Sepharose and elution as a sharp peak with 0.1 M methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside; glycopeptides giving this pattern had the structures: (abstract: see text) where R2 is either H, glcNAc, Gal-beta 1,4-GlcNAc, or sialyl-Gal-beta 1,4-GlcNAc. These glycopeptides all have two interacting mannose residues, the mimimum required for binding to the column; one of these mannose residues must, however, be a terminal residue to obtain tight binding and sharp elution. The fourth profile type showed tight binding of glycopeptide to the column but elution with 0.1 M methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside resulted in a broad peak indicating very tight binding; glycopeptides showing this behaviour had the structures: (abstract: see text) where R3 is either GlcNAc,Gal-beta 1,4-GlcNAc, or sialyl-Gal-beta 1,4-GlcNAc. Therefore it can be concluded that although a minimum of two interacting mannose residues is required for binding to Con A--Sepharose, the residues linked to these mannoses can either strengthen or weaken binding to the column.", "PMID": 427632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13976", "title": "Heterogeneous catalysis by phospholipase A2: formulation of a kinetic description of surface effects.", "content": "The kinetics of hydrolysis of aqueous dispersion of long-chain, saturated phosphatidylcholines (PC) catalysed by Crotalus atrox phospholipase A2 (PLA) have been analyzed, and a reaction mechanism proposed which takes surface effects into account. PLA is proposed to form an enzyme-substrate complex with surface substrate molecules, thereby undergoing a conformational change which exposes sites that interact with the lipid surface. After a hydrolytic event, the enzyme can either desorb from the surface (path 1), or diffuse along the surface to an adjacent substrate molecule (path 2). The path 1 dominated mechanism leads to Michaelis-Menton steady-state kinetics, and characterizes hydrolysis of gel phase PC. Evidence for saturation of the surface with PLA was obtained at high enzyme concentrations. The path 2 mechanism dominates when the desorption rate is very small; this mechanism describes hydrolysis of liquid crystalline phase PC and is characterized by an initial burst of hydrolysis followed by a very slow reaction. The velocities in these two phases of the reaction are independent of bulk PC concentration. When gel and liquid crystalline PC phases coexist, as in mixtures of dimyristoyl- and distearoyl-PC, the liquid crystalline phase is preferentially hydrolysed. Products of the reaction (lyso-PC and fatty acid) stimulated hydrolysis, apparently by stimulating desorption of PLA. The desorption rate constant appears to be a linear function of the surface concentrations of lyso-PC and fatty acid. The proposed model describes hydrolysis progress curves extremely well and is consistent with current ideas on the mechanism of catalysis by this enzyme.", "contents": "Heterogeneous catalysis by phospholipase A2: formulation of a kinetic description of surface effects. The kinetics of hydrolysis of aqueous dispersion of long-chain, saturated phosphatidylcholines (PC) catalysed by Crotalus atrox phospholipase A2 (PLA) have been analyzed, and a reaction mechanism proposed which takes surface effects into account. PLA is proposed to form an enzyme-substrate complex with surface substrate molecules, thereby undergoing a conformational change which exposes sites that interact with the lipid surface. After a hydrolytic event, the enzyme can either desorb from the surface (path 1), or diffuse along the surface to an adjacent substrate molecule (path 2). The path 1 dominated mechanism leads to Michaelis-Menton steady-state kinetics, and characterizes hydrolysis of gel phase PC. Evidence for saturation of the surface with PLA was obtained at high enzyme concentrations. The path 2 mechanism dominates when the desorption rate is very small; this mechanism describes hydrolysis of liquid crystalline phase PC and is characterized by an initial burst of hydrolysis followed by a very slow reaction. The velocities in these two phases of the reaction are independent of bulk PC concentration. When gel and liquid crystalline PC phases coexist, as in mixtures of dimyristoyl- and distearoyl-PC, the liquid crystalline phase is preferentially hydrolysed. Products of the reaction (lyso-PC and fatty acid) stimulated hydrolysis, apparently by stimulating desorption of PLA. The desorption rate constant appears to be a linear function of the surface concentrations of lyso-PC and fatty acid. The proposed model describes hydrolysis progress curves extremely well and is consistent with current ideas on the mechanism of catalysis by this enzyme.", "PMID": 427633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13977", "title": "Experimental oral and nasal transmission of rabies virus in mice.", "content": "Weanling female white Swiss mice were exposed to challenge virus standard rabies virus and street virus isolates from various domestic and wild animals. Virus was given free choice as suspension or as infected mouse brain by stomach tube, by single injection of suspension into the oral cavity of unanesthetized mice, by repeated injection into the oral cavity of anesthetized mice and by single application to the external nares of anesthetized mice. Challenge virus standard virus in mouse brain suspension and a suspension of skunk salivary glands infected with street virus (titers greater than or equal to 10(6)MICLD50/0.03 ml) consistently produced high rates of infection in mice exposed intranasally, low to high rates of infection in mice exposed by forced feeding and other artificial methods of oral exposure and very low rates of infection when given free choice. Street virus isolates passaged intracerebrally in mice had titers less than or equal to 10(4.5) MICLD50/0.03 ml and rarely caused rabies in mice exposed orally or nasally by any method. The results indicate that with the isolates used, virus of high titer (greater than or equal to 10(6)MICLD50/0.03 ml) is required to consistently produce infection in mice by the nasal route and that the mucosa of the nasal cavity probably is the chief route of infection even after oral administration.", "contents": "Experimental oral and nasal transmission of rabies virus in mice. Weanling female white Swiss mice were exposed to challenge virus standard rabies virus and street virus isolates from various domestic and wild animals. Virus was given free choice as suspension or as infected mouse brain by stomach tube, by single injection of suspension into the oral cavity of unanesthetized mice, by repeated injection into the oral cavity of anesthetized mice and by single application to the external nares of anesthetized mice. Challenge virus standard virus in mouse brain suspension and a suspension of skunk salivary glands infected with street virus (titers greater than or equal to 10(6)MICLD50/0.03 ml) consistently produced high rates of infection in mice exposed intranasally, low to high rates of infection in mice exposed by forced feeding and other artificial methods of oral exposure and very low rates of infection when given free choice. Street virus isolates passaged intracerebrally in mice had titers less than or equal to 10(4.5) MICLD50/0.03 ml and rarely caused rabies in mice exposed orally or nasally by any method. The results indicate that with the isolates used, virus of high titer (greater than or equal to 10(6)MICLD50/0.03 ml) is required to consistently produce infection in mice by the nasal route and that the mucosa of the nasal cavity probably is the chief route of infection even after oral administration.", "PMID": 427634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13978", "title": "Anastomoses of intestinal tract as a sequela to rectal stricture in swine.", "content": "Rectal stricture with anastomoses of colon and/or small intestine to a spherical dilatation of the descending colon proximal to the stricture was observed in six swine. In three of these swine, feces bypassed most of the colon in passage from the small intestine to the dilated colon. Rectal stricture with an anastomosis of a loop of colon to the rectal stricture was observed in one pig where feces bypassed much of the stricture.", "contents": "Anastomoses of intestinal tract as a sequela to rectal stricture in swine. Rectal stricture with anastomoses of colon and/or small intestine to a spherical dilatation of the descending colon proximal to the stricture was observed in six swine. In three of these swine, feces bypassed most of the colon in passage from the small intestine to the dilated colon. Rectal stricture with an anastomosis of a loop of colon to the rectal stricture was observed in one pig where feces bypassed much of the stricture.", "PMID": 427635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13979", "title": "Prenatal infection following maternal exposure to porcine parvovirus on either the seventh or fourteenth day of gestation.", "content": "Intranasal and oral exposure of two gilts to porcine parvovirus on either the seventh or 14th day of gestation resulted in prenatal infection. Normal appearing fetuses and necrotic remnants of what were believed embryos and extraembryonic membranes were found when the gilts were necropsied seven weeks after exposure. The presence of masses of porcine parvovirus antigen throughout necrotic tissues of six of seven embryos, but not in any of the nine normal appearing fetuses suggested that embryonic death was due to porcine parvovirus.", "contents": "Prenatal infection following maternal exposure to porcine parvovirus on either the seventh or fourteenth day of gestation. Intranasal and oral exposure of two gilts to porcine parvovirus on either the seventh or 14th day of gestation resulted in prenatal infection. Normal appearing fetuses and necrotic remnants of what were believed embryos and extraembryonic membranes were found when the gilts were necropsied seven weeks after exposure. The presence of masses of porcine parvovirus antigen throughout necrotic tissues of six of seven embryos, but not in any of the nine normal appearing fetuses suggested that embryonic death was due to porcine parvovirus.", "PMID": 427636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13980", "title": "Structural abnormalities of the X-chromosome in a heifer.", "content": "Structural chromosome abnormalities, some of them unusual, were found in 18 (36%) of 50 photomicrographed mitotic cells of a blood lymphocyte culture from a three month old Holstein heifer affected with chronic tympanism of the rumen. The aberrations involved more specifically the X-chromosome. The etiology of the anomalies and the cause of their X-chromosome propension are of unknown nature.", "contents": "Structural abnormalities of the X-chromosome in a heifer. Structural chromosome abnormalities, some of them unusual, were found in 18 (36%) of 50 photomicrographed mitotic cells of a blood lymphocyte culture from a three month old Holstein heifer affected with chronic tympanism of the rumen. The aberrations involved more specifically the X-chromosome. The etiology of the anomalies and the cause of their X-chromosome propension are of unknown nature.", "PMID": 427637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13981", "title": "Brain viral persistence and myelin damage in nude mice.", "content": "Multiple foci of secondary demyelination were observed in the cerebellum of nude mice given two inoculations of avirulent Semliki Forest virus compared to single lesions seen in similarly treated Swiss A2G mice. The increased number of demyelinative plaques were attributed to brain viral persistence for 35 days in the nude mice with correspondingly low serum antibody titres. No neurological signs were observed in any of the mice.", "contents": "Brain viral persistence and myelin damage in nude mice. Multiple foci of secondary demyelination were observed in the cerebellum of nude mice given two inoculations of avirulent Semliki Forest virus compared to single lesions seen in similarly treated Swiss A2G mice. The increased number of demyelinative plaques were attributed to brain viral persistence for 35 days in the nude mice with correspondingly low serum antibody titres. No neurological signs were observed in any of the mice.", "PMID": 427638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13982", "title": "The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on the urinary bladder and taenia coli of the guinea pig.", "content": "The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on the contractile activity of the urinary bladder and taenia coli of the guinea pig has been investigated. In the urinary bladder VIP caused a weak contraction and a small potentiation of the nerve-induced contraction. In the taenia coli VIP caused a small relaxation and had no effect on the nerve-induced relaxation of the preparation. The present experiments provide no evidence that VIP fulfills a role as a neurotransmitter in the urinary bladder or taenia coli, but it could be a modulator of transmitter action in the urinary bladder.", "contents": "The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on the urinary bladder and taenia coli of the guinea pig. The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on the contractile activity of the urinary bladder and taenia coli of the guinea pig has been investigated. In the urinary bladder VIP caused a weak contraction and a small potentiation of the nerve-induced contraction. In the taenia coli VIP caused a small relaxation and had no effect on the nerve-induced relaxation of the preparation. The present experiments provide no evidence that VIP fulfills a role as a neurotransmitter in the urinary bladder or taenia coli, but it could be a modulator of transmitter action in the urinary bladder.", "PMID": 427639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13983", "title": "Human lymphocyte migration in vitro: characterization and quantitation of locomotory parameters.", "content": "Using a time-lapse cinephotomicrographic technique, the locomotory paths taken by lymphocytes have been shown to satisfy the requirements for a continuous-time Markov chain analysis consisting of four directional states defined by the four quadrants of a Cartesian plane and state 0 in which the cells are stationary. The important parameters characterizing this path motion are the average time (waiting time) that a cell spends in each state and the state transition probabilites which, using the Markov model, allow the computation of the probability of the cells moving in a given direction. Our results show that lymphocytes moving alone on glass exhibit a random migration pattern.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte migration in vitro: characterization and quantitation of locomotory parameters. Using a time-lapse cinephotomicrographic technique, the locomotory paths taken by lymphocytes have been shown to satisfy the requirements for a continuous-time Markov chain analysis consisting of four directional states defined by the four quadrants of a Cartesian plane and state 0 in which the cells are stationary. The important parameters characterizing this path motion are the average time (waiting time) that a cell spends in each state and the state transition probabilites which, using the Markov model, allow the computation of the probability of the cells moving in a given direction. Our results show that lymphocytes moving alone on glass exhibit a random migration pattern.", "PMID": 427640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13984", "title": "Voltage control during inward current flow in rat ventricular muscle using a double sucrose gap technique.", "content": "In rat ventricular muscle, measurements of the membrane potential with microelectrodes during depolarizing voltage steps showed that deviation of the membrane potential from the command signal were never larger than 15 mV during flow of the fast inward current and that voltage control was regained within 15 ms after the beginning of the voltage step. During the flow of the slow inward current, tail currents elicited by interrupting the time course of the slow current at different time intervals returned exponentially to the steady-state level, thus indicating acceptable voltage control. It is concluded that rat ventricular muscle is a rather favorable preparation for voltage-clapm experiments and this is attributed mainly to the geometry of the preparation.", "contents": "Voltage control during inward current flow in rat ventricular muscle using a double sucrose gap technique. In rat ventricular muscle, measurements of the membrane potential with microelectrodes during depolarizing voltage steps showed that deviation of the membrane potential from the command signal were never larger than 15 mV during flow of the fast inward current and that voltage control was regained within 15 ms after the beginning of the voltage step. During the flow of the slow inward current, tail currents elicited by interrupting the time course of the slow current at different time intervals returned exponentially to the steady-state level, thus indicating acceptable voltage control. It is concluded that rat ventricular muscle is a rather favorable preparation for voltage-clapm experiments and this is attributed mainly to the geometry of the preparation.", "PMID": 427642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13985", "title": "Effects of penicillin pretreatment on renal tubular para-aminohippurate transport in the immature rat.", "content": "The effect of pretreatment with penicillin on para-aminohippurate (PAH) transport by the kidney of the immature rat was evaluated in vivo. After 3 days of penicillin administration, renal clearances of inulin (CIN), PAH (CPAH), and the renal tubular transport maximum (Tm) for PAH were measured in rats as young as 17 days of age. The CPAH in 19- to 21-day-old rats pretreated with procaine penicillin was 54% greater than that of their littermate controls. Similarly, CPAH of rats that received sodium penicillin was 31% greater than control. CIN was not increased after penicillin pretreatment. Pretreatment of rats older than 24 days did not change CIN or CPAH. The Tm for PAH of 17-day-old rats pretreated with sodium penicillin was 51% greater than that of control rats. It was concluded that pretreatment with penicillin enhances the renal secretion of organic anions by the immature rat.", "contents": "Effects of penicillin pretreatment on renal tubular para-aminohippurate transport in the immature rat. The effect of pretreatment with penicillin on para-aminohippurate (PAH) transport by the kidney of the immature rat was evaluated in vivo. After 3 days of penicillin administration, renal clearances of inulin (CIN), PAH (CPAH), and the renal tubular transport maximum (Tm) for PAH were measured in rats as young as 17 days of age. The CPAH in 19- to 21-day-old rats pretreated with procaine penicillin was 54% greater than that of their littermate controls. Similarly, CPAH of rats that received sodium penicillin was 31% greater than control. CIN was not increased after penicillin pretreatment. Pretreatment of rats older than 24 days did not change CIN or CPAH. The Tm for PAH of 17-day-old rats pretreated with sodium penicillin was 51% greater than that of control rats. It was concluded that pretreatment with penicillin enhances the renal secretion of organic anions by the immature rat.", "PMID": 427644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13986", "title": "Developmental abnormalities induced by 6-mercaptopurine in the hamster.", "content": "Pregnant hamsters were given varying doses of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) at various times during gestation. The fetuses were examined for both gross and histological malformations which showed that the toxic and teratogenic effects of 6MP were dose and time dependent. The most severe gross malformations induced by 6MP were cleft palate, micrognathia and agnathia, microglossia, short limbs, and gut herniation. Grossly normal appearing fetuses, greated during late gestation, showed malformations at the tissue and cellular level. The effects of 6MP in hamster was compared with other species, and with other growth-supressive agents, and it was deduced that the teratogenicity of 6MP is species and tissue specific. Also, it was recommended that histological observations be made an integral part of the teratological safety analysis.", "contents": "Developmental abnormalities induced by 6-mercaptopurine in the hamster. Pregnant hamsters were given varying doses of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) at various times during gestation. The fetuses were examined for both gross and histological malformations which showed that the toxic and teratogenic effects of 6MP were dose and time dependent. The most severe gross malformations induced by 6MP were cleft palate, micrognathia and agnathia, microglossia, short limbs, and gut herniation. Grossly normal appearing fetuses, greated during late gestation, showed malformations at the tissue and cellular level. The effects of 6MP in hamster was compared with other species, and with other growth-supressive agents, and it was deduced that the teratogenicity of 6MP is species and tissue specific. Also, it was recommended that histological observations be made an integral part of the teratological safety analysis.", "PMID": 427645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13987", "title": "Increased pressor responses to pressor agents in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Pressor reactivity to a variety of pressor agents after partial ganglionic blockade induced with hexamethonium was investigated in intact, in spinalized, and in chemically sympathectomized, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Responses of unanaesthetized 6-month-old SHR to noradrenaline, phenylephrine, and angiotensin after hexamethonium administration (32 mg/kg) markedly exceeded those of unanaesthetized, age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKR). Responses of anaesthetized SHR to noradrenaline after hexamethonium administration (16 mg/kg) were also increased at the hypertensive stages but not at the prehypertensive stages, when compared with those of anaesthetized normotensive Wistar rats of respective ages. In spinalized and chemically sympathectomized preparations after hexamethonium administration (16 mg/kg), noradrenaline produced equal increases in blood pressure in 6-month-old SHR and WKR. It is suggested that the functional sympathetic nervous system is important for the hyperreactivity of intact SHR.", "contents": "Increased pressor responses to pressor agents in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pressor reactivity to a variety of pressor agents after partial ganglionic blockade induced with hexamethonium was investigated in intact, in spinalized, and in chemically sympathectomized, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Responses of unanaesthetized 6-month-old SHR to noradrenaline, phenylephrine, and angiotensin after hexamethonium administration (32 mg/kg) markedly exceeded those of unanaesthetized, age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKR). Responses of anaesthetized SHR to noradrenaline after hexamethonium administration (16 mg/kg) were also increased at the hypertensive stages but not at the prehypertensive stages, when compared with those of anaesthetized normotensive Wistar rats of respective ages. In spinalized and chemically sympathectomized preparations after hexamethonium administration (16 mg/kg), noradrenaline produced equal increases in blood pressure in 6-month-old SHR and WKR. It is suggested that the functional sympathetic nervous system is important for the hyperreactivity of intact SHR.", "PMID": 427646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13988", "title": "Cardiac edema in dogs: distribution of renal blood flow and glomerular filtrate.", "content": "The injection of Freund's adjuvant into the pericardial sac of 29 dogs resulted in chronic pericardial tamponade with persistent sodium retention. Micropuncture, clearance, and radioactive microsphere experiments were initiated 6--13 days after pericardial injection and 60 min after pericardiocentesis. Pericardiocentesis increased sodium excretion (from 12.2 to 41.3 microequiv./min) and mean arterial pressure (+ 20 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa)). Central venous pressure decreased 6.5 mmHg, as did hematocrit (from 45.7 to 39.8%) and plasma protein concentration (from 5.88 to 5.15 g%). Pericardiocentesis had no significant effect on renal blood flow (RBF), nor plasma flow. Redistribution of glomerular filtrate was suggested by the observation that superficial nephron glomerular filtration rate increased (from 91 to 108 nL/min) while glomerular filtration rate remained unaltered. Determination of intrarenal distribution of RBF revealed that cortical blood flow also distributed superficially. A significant increase in the fraction of RBF perfusing zone 1 (outer cortex) and a decrease in fractional perfusion of zones 2, 3 and 4 (juxtamedullary cortex) were observed in each experiment following pericardiocentesis. RBF distribution examined in a series of six animals prior to and during the development of pericardial tamponade showed the opposite effect. These results indicate that pericardiocentesis causes redistribution of both glomerular filtrate and RBF to superficial nephrons. The development of pericardial tamponade was associated with increased fractional juxtamedullary blood flow. These changes may have been the result of altered blood pressure, hematocrit, plasma protein concentration, or altered renal resistance.", "contents": "Cardiac edema in dogs: distribution of renal blood flow and glomerular filtrate. The injection of Freund's adjuvant into the pericardial sac of 29 dogs resulted in chronic pericardial tamponade with persistent sodium retention. Micropuncture, clearance, and radioactive microsphere experiments were initiated 6--13 days after pericardial injection and 60 min after pericardiocentesis. Pericardiocentesis increased sodium excretion (from 12.2 to 41.3 microequiv./min) and mean arterial pressure (+ 20 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa)). Central venous pressure decreased 6.5 mmHg, as did hematocrit (from 45.7 to 39.8%) and plasma protein concentration (from 5.88 to 5.15 g%). Pericardiocentesis had no significant effect on renal blood flow (RBF), nor plasma flow. Redistribution of glomerular filtrate was suggested by the observation that superficial nephron glomerular filtration rate increased (from 91 to 108 nL/min) while glomerular filtration rate remained unaltered. Determination of intrarenal distribution of RBF revealed that cortical blood flow also distributed superficially. A significant increase in the fraction of RBF perfusing zone 1 (outer cortex) and a decrease in fractional perfusion of zones 2, 3 and 4 (juxtamedullary cortex) were observed in each experiment following pericardiocentesis. RBF distribution examined in a series of six animals prior to and during the development of pericardial tamponade showed the opposite effect. These results indicate that pericardiocentesis causes redistribution of both glomerular filtrate and RBF to superficial nephrons. The development of pericardial tamponade was associated with increased fractional juxtamedullary blood flow. These changes may have been the result of altered blood pressure, hematocrit, plasma protein concentration, or altered renal resistance.", "PMID": 427647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13989", "title": "Cardiovascular actions of kinins in the rabbit.", "content": "The hypotensive action of bradykinin (BK) and congeners was measured in anesthetized rabbits by administering the peptides intravenously and intraarterially in order to evaluate their pulmonary inactivation. A systematic study of the distribution of receptors for BK in the cardiovascular system of the rabbit was approached: (a) by measuring the myotropic effects of several peptides related to BK in strips of large arteries and veins; (b) by recording the changes of tension and rate of isolated atria; and (c) by evaluating the changes of perfusion pressure in isolated hearts, kidneys, and ears. This investigation was extended to strips of aortae of various mammals and to isolated atria of guinea pigs, for comparison. Receptors for BK were classified into two main types, B1 and B2, using the order of potency of these agonists [Tyr(Me)8]-BK, BK, and [des-Arg9]-BK, and an antagonist, specific and competitive for the B1 receptors, the octapeptide [Leu-OMe8,des-Arg9]-BK. The results obtained in this study indicate that the complex cardiovascular effect of BK in vivo may result from direct actions on vascular smooth muscles, presumably mediated by at least two types of receptors, as well as from the release of endogenous prostaglandins. BK and congeners exert a direct action on vascular smooth muscle by stimulating specific receptors both of the B1 type (in the aorta, the large arteries, and the mesenteric vein) and of the B2 type (in the jugular vein); and these vascular tissues provide useful preparations for pharmacological studies of bradykinins. Isolated organs perfused through their main arteries with physiological medium respond to BK by an increase of perfusion pressure (vasoconstriction in isolated ears and kidneys) or by a decrease (vasodilation in the rabbit heart). The vascular effects of BK in the heart and the kidney depend in part on the release of endogenous prostaglandins and on the activation of receptors that appear to be of the B2 type. Like other endogenous hypotensive agents, BK appears to reduce the tonus of the peripheral vessels, while contracting large arteries and veins. The results obtained in vitro are discussed with respect to the hypotensive effect in vivo and to the role of kinins in inflammation and oedema.", "contents": "Cardiovascular actions of kinins in the rabbit. The hypotensive action of bradykinin (BK) and congeners was measured in anesthetized rabbits by administering the peptides intravenously and intraarterially in order to evaluate their pulmonary inactivation. A systematic study of the distribution of receptors for BK in the cardiovascular system of the rabbit was approached: (a) by measuring the myotropic effects of several peptides related to BK in strips of large arteries and veins; (b) by recording the changes of tension and rate of isolated atria; and (c) by evaluating the changes of perfusion pressure in isolated hearts, kidneys, and ears. This investigation was extended to strips of aortae of various mammals and to isolated atria of guinea pigs, for comparison. Receptors for BK were classified into two main types, B1 and B2, using the order of potency of these agonists [Tyr(Me)8]-BK, BK, and [des-Arg9]-BK, and an antagonist, specific and competitive for the B1 receptors, the octapeptide [Leu-OMe8,des-Arg9]-BK. The results obtained in this study indicate that the complex cardiovascular effect of BK in vivo may result from direct actions on vascular smooth muscles, presumably mediated by at least two types of receptors, as well as from the release of endogenous prostaglandins. BK and congeners exert a direct action on vascular smooth muscle by stimulating specific receptors both of the B1 type (in the aorta, the large arteries, and the mesenteric vein) and of the B2 type (in the jugular vein); and these vascular tissues provide useful preparations for pharmacological studies of bradykinins. Isolated organs perfused through their main arteries with physiological medium respond to BK by an increase of perfusion pressure (vasoconstriction in isolated ears and kidneys) or by a decrease (vasodilation in the rabbit heart). The vascular effects of BK in the heart and the kidney depend in part on the release of endogenous prostaglandins and on the activation of receptors that appear to be of the B2 type. Like other endogenous hypotensive agents, BK appears to reduce the tonus of the peripheral vessels, while contracting large arteries and veins. The results obtained in vitro are discussed with respect to the hypotensive effect in vivo and to the role of kinins in inflammation and oedema.", "PMID": 427648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13990", "title": "Phophate-induced renal calcification in the rat.", "content": "Studies were done to investigate nephrocalcinosis produced in weanling female Wistar rats fed pelleted, semisynthetic diets. The rats were fed diets varying in concentrations of Ca and P supplied as inorganic salts for periods of 4--6 weeks and results compared with control rats fed laboratory rodent chow for the same period of time. Measurement of renal Ca and P concentrations showed that nephrocalcinosis was produced by semisynthetic diets with inorganic phosphate concentrations as low as 0.5% on a weight basis; in contrast, rats fed regular laboratory chow (P = 0.72%) showed no evidence of nephrocalcinosis. The severity of the lesion was proportional to dietary phosphate concentrations from 0.5 to 1.0% but other dietary factors modified the severity of the lesion. With the lower dietary phosphate of 0.5%, increasing dietary Ca from 0.5 to 1.0% decreased the severity of the renal calcification. Decreasing protein concentrations from 25 to 15% casein increased the severity of the renal lesions. Other dietary factors also appear to modify the phosphate-induced nephrocalcinosis since no lesions occurred in rats on laboratory chow. It is suggested that the availability of dietary phosphate may be a factor. The phosphate in the semisynthetic diets was totally inorganic while the natural foods of laboratory chow contain, at least in part, organic phosphate.", "contents": "Phophate-induced renal calcification in the rat. Studies were done to investigate nephrocalcinosis produced in weanling female Wistar rats fed pelleted, semisynthetic diets. The rats were fed diets varying in concentrations of Ca and P supplied as inorganic salts for periods of 4--6 weeks and results compared with control rats fed laboratory rodent chow for the same period of time. Measurement of renal Ca and P concentrations showed that nephrocalcinosis was produced by semisynthetic diets with inorganic phosphate concentrations as low as 0.5% on a weight basis; in contrast, rats fed regular laboratory chow (P = 0.72%) showed no evidence of nephrocalcinosis. The severity of the lesion was proportional to dietary phosphate concentrations from 0.5 to 1.0% but other dietary factors modified the severity of the lesion. With the lower dietary phosphate of 0.5%, increasing dietary Ca from 0.5 to 1.0% decreased the severity of the renal calcification. Decreasing protein concentrations from 25 to 15% casein increased the severity of the renal lesions. Other dietary factors also appear to modify the phosphate-induced nephrocalcinosis since no lesions occurred in rats on laboratory chow. It is suggested that the availability of dietary phosphate may be a factor. The phosphate in the semisynthetic diets was totally inorganic while the natural foods of laboratory chow contain, at least in part, organic phosphate.", "PMID": 427649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13991", "title": "Superiority of a soil debris isolation method over a beet seed colonization method for assay of Rhizoctonia solani at high soil inoculum densities.", "content": "A quantitative soil debris isolation method (all debris from known weight of soil plated) and a garden beet seed saprophytic colonization method were compared over a 1-year period for assaying Rhizoctonia solani population. Four fields of different soil textures were selected. Within each field four areas of healthy and four areas of diseases (rhizoctonia root and crown rot) sugarbeets were sampled bimonthly from August 1976 until June 1977. The maximum numbers of R. solani colonies obtained by the debris method were 2 per gram of soil in areas of healthy beets, and 11 per gram of soil in areas of diseased sugarbeets. At such high inoculum densities the beet seed colonization method underestimated R. solani populations, because the inoculum per unit of soil exceeded the numbers of beet seeds per unit of soil available for colonization. Modifications of the beet seed method did not significantly alter results of colonization assays. Ranked correlation comparisons of assay methods yielded r = 0.81 for all data.", "contents": "Superiority of a soil debris isolation method over a beet seed colonization method for assay of Rhizoctonia solani at high soil inoculum densities. A quantitative soil debris isolation method (all debris from known weight of soil plated) and a garden beet seed saprophytic colonization method were compared over a 1-year period for assaying Rhizoctonia solani population. Four fields of different soil textures were selected. Within each field four areas of healthy and four areas of diseases (rhizoctonia root and crown rot) sugarbeets were sampled bimonthly from August 1976 until June 1977. The maximum numbers of R. solani colonies obtained by the debris method were 2 per gram of soil in areas of healthy beets, and 11 per gram of soil in areas of diseased sugarbeets. At such high inoculum densities the beet seed colonization method underestimated R. solani populations, because the inoculum per unit of soil exceeded the numbers of beet seeds per unit of soil available for colonization. Modifications of the beet seed method did not significantly alter results of colonization assays. Ranked correlation comparisons of assay methods yielded r = 0.81 for all data.", "PMID": 427651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13992", "title": "Bacteriophage-like particles associated with a spirochete.", "content": "A lysed Treponema bacterium containing cubic phage-like particles, approximately 40nm in diameter, has been observed by negative staining electron microscopy.", "contents": "Bacteriophage-like particles associated with a spirochete. A lysed Treponema bacterium containing cubic phage-like particles, approximately 40nm in diameter, has been observed by negative staining electron microscopy.", "PMID": 427652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13993", "title": "The physiological effects of restrictive environmental conditions on Dictyostelium discoideum spore germination.", "content": "Spores may be reversibly activated by the application of heat, dimethyl sulfoxide, urea, or ethylene glucol. Severe changes in four environmental variables (high osmotic pressure, low oxygen tension, low or high pH, and low or high temperature) interfere with the germination process. Spores at the end of the postactivation lag phase of germination were usually deactivated if exposed to severe environmental conditions and thus did not swell; spores in the swelling and oxygen uptake which began during spore activation was primarily attributable to a cyanide-sensitive pathway and secondarily to a salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) sensitive pathway. Inhibition of the SHAM-sensitive pathway did not cause spore deactivation while the addition of cyanide resulted in rapid spore deactivation. Treatment of activated spores with azide or environmental shifts also resulted in inhibition of oxygen uptake and spore deactivation. Deactivating spores did not demonstrate the amino acid incorporation, uridine incorporation, and expression of trehalase activity which is found in the later stages of germinating control spores. Protein synthesis inhibitors did not cause spore deactivation or a decrease in oxygen uptake but they inhibited amino acid incorporation and the expression trehalase activity in swollen spores. It is concluded that control of respiratory activity is involved in regulation of reversible activation.", "contents": "The physiological effects of restrictive environmental conditions on Dictyostelium discoideum spore germination. Spores may be reversibly activated by the application of heat, dimethyl sulfoxide, urea, or ethylene glucol. Severe changes in four environmental variables (high osmotic pressure, low oxygen tension, low or high pH, and low or high temperature) interfere with the germination process. Spores at the end of the postactivation lag phase of germination were usually deactivated if exposed to severe environmental conditions and thus did not swell; spores in the swelling and oxygen uptake which began during spore activation was primarily attributable to a cyanide-sensitive pathway and secondarily to a salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) sensitive pathway. Inhibition of the SHAM-sensitive pathway did not cause spore deactivation while the addition of cyanide resulted in rapid spore deactivation. Treatment of activated spores with azide or environmental shifts also resulted in inhibition of oxygen uptake and spore deactivation. Deactivating spores did not demonstrate the amino acid incorporation, uridine incorporation, and expression of trehalase activity which is found in the later stages of germinating control spores. Protein synthesis inhibitors did not cause spore deactivation or a decrease in oxygen uptake but they inhibited amino acid incorporation and the expression trehalase activity in swollen spores. It is concluded that control of respiratory activity is involved in regulation of reversible activation.", "PMID": 427653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13994", "title": "Evaluation of an improved rapid coagglutination method for the serological grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci.", "content": "Grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci was performed with the Phadebact Streptococcus Test, a coagglutination method, and the results compared with serological grouping by the standard Lancefield precipitin method. Of 171 clinical specimens examined, 169 (98.8%) were grouped correctly by the Phadebact Test after 24 h of continuous growth in Todd-Hewitt broth. In a parallel study, 96.9% of specimens that grew after only 4 h of incubation in broth were grouped correctly by the coagglutination method. In both studies, the accuracy of the coagglutination test was increased significantly by elimination of multiple-agglutination reactions through centrifugation of cultures and utilization of the supernatant fluid in the Phadebact Test.", "contents": "Evaluation of an improved rapid coagglutination method for the serological grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci. Grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci was performed with the Phadebact Streptococcus Test, a coagglutination method, and the results compared with serological grouping by the standard Lancefield precipitin method. Of 171 clinical specimens examined, 169 (98.8%) were grouped correctly by the Phadebact Test after 24 h of continuous growth in Todd-Hewitt broth. In a parallel study, 96.9% of specimens that grew after only 4 h of incubation in broth were grouped correctly by the coagglutination method. In both studies, the accuracy of the coagglutination test was increased significantly by elimination of multiple-agglutination reactions through centrifugation of cultures and utilization of the supernatant fluid in the Phadebact Test.", "PMID": 427654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13995", "title": "[Identification of an extracellular nucleotide pyrophosphatase in the culture media of Streptomyces mediterranei ME/R 17].", "content": "An exocellular pyrophosphatase, active on the nucleotide precursors of peptidoglycans, has been found in the culture medium of Streptomyces mediterranei ME/R 17. This enzyme was separated from the DD-carboxypeptidase by batchwise adsorption on DEAE cellulose. The pyrophosphatase had no strict substrate requirements, it hydrolyzed various UDP-sugar substrates: UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-Mur NAc and UDP-MurNAc peptides, giving rise to the corresponding sugar phosphate and to UMP. The enzyme preparation also contained a 5'-nucleotidase activity and UMP was further split to give uridine. This nucleotidase activity was inhibited by potassium tetraborate. Both cytoplasmic and particulate preparations from cells of S. mediterranei also contained a pyrophosphatase activity while only the particulate fractions showed the DD-carboxypeptidase activity. The pyrophosphatase excretion was tested during the grwoth cycle. The activity of the enzyme showed a constant increase throughout the exponential growth and a stronger increase in the late exponential phase. Such a result could be correlated with a consumption of the nutrients in the culture medium, in fact a relatively poor culture medium had a strong positive effect upon the production of the exocellular pyrophosphatase.", "contents": "[Identification of an extracellular nucleotide pyrophosphatase in the culture media of Streptomyces mediterranei ME/R 17]. An exocellular pyrophosphatase, active on the nucleotide precursors of peptidoglycans, has been found in the culture medium of Streptomyces mediterranei ME/R 17. This enzyme was separated from the DD-carboxypeptidase by batchwise adsorption on DEAE cellulose. The pyrophosphatase had no strict substrate requirements, it hydrolyzed various UDP-sugar substrates: UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-Mur NAc and UDP-MurNAc peptides, giving rise to the corresponding sugar phosphate and to UMP. The enzyme preparation also contained a 5'-nucleotidase activity and UMP was further split to give uridine. This nucleotidase activity was inhibited by potassium tetraborate. Both cytoplasmic and particulate preparations from cells of S. mediterranei also contained a pyrophosphatase activity while only the particulate fractions showed the DD-carboxypeptidase activity. The pyrophosphatase excretion was tested during the grwoth cycle. The activity of the enzyme showed a constant increase throughout the exponential growth and a stronger increase in the late exponential phase. Such a result could be correlated with a consumption of the nutrients in the culture medium, in fact a relatively poor culture medium had a strong positive effect upon the production of the exocellular pyrophosphatase.", "PMID": 427655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13996", "title": "Nitrogen nutrition and regulation of cephalosporin production in Streptomyces clavuligerus.", "content": "When used as sole nitrogen source, certain amino acids (e.g., proline, asparagine) supported both growth and sporulation by Streptomyces clavuligerus streaked onto solid defined medium. Ammonium supported growth but suppressed sporulation. Amino nitrogen was best for cephalosporin production in liquid defined medium, although urea was almost as useful. A comparison of amino acids showed asparagine and glutamine to be the best nitrogen sources and arginine to be almost as good. Ammonium salts supported a somewhat lower growth rate than asparagine, but antibiotic production was very poor on these inorganic nitrogen sources. Addition of ammonium to asparagine did not affect growth rate but increased mycelial mass; cephalosporin production was reduced by about 75%. Antibiotic production was more closely associated with growth in the absence of ammonium than in its presence, indicating a strong inhibitory and (or) repressive effect of NH4+ on antibiotic production. Ammonium exerted its negative effect when added at 24h or earlier, i.e. before antibiotic formation began.", "contents": "Nitrogen nutrition and regulation of cephalosporin production in Streptomyces clavuligerus. When used as sole nitrogen source, certain amino acids (e.g., proline, asparagine) supported both growth and sporulation by Streptomyces clavuligerus streaked onto solid defined medium. Ammonium supported growth but suppressed sporulation. Amino nitrogen was best for cephalosporin production in liquid defined medium, although urea was almost as useful. A comparison of amino acids showed asparagine and glutamine to be the best nitrogen sources and arginine to be almost as good. Ammonium salts supported a somewhat lower growth rate than asparagine, but antibiotic production was very poor on these inorganic nitrogen sources. Addition of ammonium to asparagine did not affect growth rate but increased mycelial mass; cephalosporin production was reduced by about 75%. Antibiotic production was more closely associated with growth in the absence of ammonium than in its presence, indicating a strong inhibitory and (or) repressive effect of NH4+ on antibiotic production. Ammonium exerted its negative effect when added at 24h or earlier, i.e. before antibiotic formation began.", "PMID": 427656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13997", "title": "Fatty acid composition of Rhizobium spp.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of 42 isolates belonging to the major plant affinity groups of Rhizobium has been determined and found to vary reproducible with culture age. Numerical taxonomic techniques applied to the 15 major fatty acid components of log-phase cultures of comparable physiological age showed that the rhizobia constitute a uniform group. However, two clusters comprising soybean-cowpea isolates and pea-bean isolates were evident. These observations, based on a simple analysis of only one group of chemical components, indicate relationships among rhizobia which differ from the conventional plant-affinity groupings but which are consistent with other proposed relationships established using a variety of biochemical and physiological criteria.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of Rhizobium spp. The fatty acid composition of 42 isolates belonging to the major plant affinity groups of Rhizobium has been determined and found to vary reproducible with culture age. Numerical taxonomic techniques applied to the 15 major fatty acid components of log-phase cultures of comparable physiological age showed that the rhizobia constitute a uniform group. However, two clusters comprising soybean-cowpea isolates and pea-bean isolates were evident. These observations, based on a simple analysis of only one group of chemical components, indicate relationships among rhizobia which differ from the conventional plant-affinity groupings but which are consistent with other proposed relationships established using a variety of biochemical and physiological criteria.", "PMID": 427657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13998", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the cell walls in Fusarium sulphureum.", "content": "The cell walls of Fusarium sulphureum have a microfibrillar component that is randomly arranged. X-ray-diffraction diagrams of the microfibrils are consistent with a high degree of crystallinity and show that they are chitin. The chitin microfibrils of the peripheral walls envelop the hyphal apex and extend across the septae. During the first 8h in culture, the conversion of conidial cells to chlamydospores is evidenced by a swelling of the cells and the original microfibrils remain randomly arranged. Within 24h new wall material is deposited as the cells expand and the wall thickens. The new microfibrils are indistinguishable from those of the original conidial cells. After 3 days in culture, the chlamydospores are fully developed and have the characteristic thick wall which is a continuous layer of randomly arranged microfibrils. Chlamydospores maintained in a conversion medium for 8 days have microfibrils identical with those in 3-day-old cultures; thus a further change in the microfibril orientation did not occur during that period. Alkaline hydrolysis of the walls removes most of the electron-dense staining constituents from the inner wall layer and leaves the outer wall layer intact. This treatment also reveals some of the wall microfibrils. An additional treatment of the walls with HAc/H2O2 completely removes the wall components that react positively to heavy metal stains. The results are discussed in relation to the structure of other fungal cell walls.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the cell walls in Fusarium sulphureum. The cell walls of Fusarium sulphureum have a microfibrillar component that is randomly arranged. X-ray-diffraction diagrams of the microfibrils are consistent with a high degree of crystallinity and show that they are chitin. The chitin microfibrils of the peripheral walls envelop the hyphal apex and extend across the septae. During the first 8h in culture, the conversion of conidial cells to chlamydospores is evidenced by a swelling of the cells and the original microfibrils remain randomly arranged. Within 24h new wall material is deposited as the cells expand and the wall thickens. The new microfibrils are indistinguishable from those of the original conidial cells. After 3 days in culture, the chlamydospores are fully developed and have the characteristic thick wall which is a continuous layer of randomly arranged microfibrils. Chlamydospores maintained in a conversion medium for 8 days have microfibrils identical with those in 3-day-old cultures; thus a further change in the microfibril orientation did not occur during that period. Alkaline hydrolysis of the walls removes most of the electron-dense staining constituents from the inner wall layer and leaves the outer wall layer intact. This treatment also reveals some of the wall microfibrils. An additional treatment of the walls with HAc/H2O2 completely removes the wall components that react positively to heavy metal stains. The results are discussed in relation to the structure of other fungal cell walls.", "PMID": 427658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_13999", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of bacteriophage SH-133 specific for the hydrogen bacterium Pseudomonas facilis: isolation, complementation, and partial characterization.", "content": "Seventeen temperature-sensitive mutants of bacteriophage SH-133 have been isolated following mutagenesis with UV-light, nitrosoguanidine, and ethyl methanesulfonate. The mutants were classified into 15 complementation groups according to their ability to complement each other at 32 degrees C, the nonpermissive temperature. Each mutant was studied with regard to the relationship between its ability to multiply in heterotrophically (H-) and autotrophically (A-) grown Pseudomonas facilis cells. At 27 degrees C, the permissive temperature, the plaque-forming ability of the 17 mutants and wild-type phage was reduced 10-fold in A-grown cells. At 32 degrees C, mutants belonging to 10 groups exhibited identical levels of multiplicity-dependent leak under both modes of growth. However, the infection of A-grown cells by mutants belonging to the remaining five groups resulted in as much as 500-fold inhibition of multiplicity-dependent leak when contrasted with the infection of cells grown heterotrophically. These observations indicate that the expression of five SH-133 phage cistrons is defective when multiplication proceeds under autotrophic metabolism. Seven mutants were found to differ from the wild-type phage with regard to thermal stability at 56 degrees C which suggests that they possess altered structural proteins. Four of the seven thermosensitive mutants exhibited reduced levels of multiplicity-dependent leak in A-grown cells. The data suggest that the reduction in plaque-forming ability of SH-133 in A-grown cells is caused by a defect in the expression of specific phage structural components.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of bacteriophage SH-133 specific for the hydrogen bacterium Pseudomonas facilis: isolation, complementation, and partial characterization. Seventeen temperature-sensitive mutants of bacteriophage SH-133 have been isolated following mutagenesis with UV-light, nitrosoguanidine, and ethyl methanesulfonate. The mutants were classified into 15 complementation groups according to their ability to complement each other at 32 degrees C, the nonpermissive temperature. Each mutant was studied with regard to the relationship between its ability to multiply in heterotrophically (H-) and autotrophically (A-) grown Pseudomonas facilis cells. At 27 degrees C, the permissive temperature, the plaque-forming ability of the 17 mutants and wild-type phage was reduced 10-fold in A-grown cells. At 32 degrees C, mutants belonging to 10 groups exhibited identical levels of multiplicity-dependent leak under both modes of growth. However, the infection of A-grown cells by mutants belonging to the remaining five groups resulted in as much as 500-fold inhibition of multiplicity-dependent leak when contrasted with the infection of cells grown heterotrophically. These observations indicate that the expression of five SH-133 phage cistrons is defective when multiplication proceeds under autotrophic metabolism. Seven mutants were found to differ from the wild-type phage with regard to thermal stability at 56 degrees C which suggests that they possess altered structural proteins. Four of the seven thermosensitive mutants exhibited reduced levels of multiplicity-dependent leak in A-grown cells. The data suggest that the reduction in plaque-forming ability of SH-133 in A-grown cells is caused by a defect in the expression of specific phage structural components.", "PMID": 427659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14000", "title": "Evaluation of the body iron status of native Canadians.", "content": "The serum ferritin concentration was measured in 1417 Indians and 310 Inuit aged 1 to 89 years. The subjects were initially selected to produce a representative sample of the entire native population, but the rate of nonresponse was high, and the results reported in this paper are representative only of the people studied.In males the median serum ferritin values increased during early life and tended to plateau after the age of 30 years. In females the median values rose during childhood, tended to plateau during adolescence, increased slightly during the reproductive period, then gradually rose thereafter. Ranges of values were wide in all age groups, reflecting the variations in body iron stores. When compared with the Inuit, the Indians had a significantly higher prevalence of abnormal serum ferritin values.From an analysis of the serum ferritin values in Indians it is probable that iron stores were reduced in approximately 30% of children, 40% of adolescents, 34% of nonpregnant women of reproductive age, 11% of older women and 5% of adult males. The corresponding figures for the Inuit were 15%, 23%, 22%, 6% and 1%. In contrast, iron deficiency anemia was found in only 3% to 4% of native peoples. If \"normality\" requires more than small amounts of iron stores to meet physiologic needs, the results suggest a high probability of iron deficiency in 20% to 40% of native children, adolescents and nonpregnant women of reproductive age, and in 0% to 10% of other subjects; but if \"normality\" is defined as adequate iron stores for erythropoiesis the prevalence of iron deficiency was approximately 1% to 2% in children and adolescents, 3% to 5% in women and less than 1% in adult males.", "contents": "Evaluation of the body iron status of native Canadians. The serum ferritin concentration was measured in 1417 Indians and 310 Inuit aged 1 to 89 years. The subjects were initially selected to produce a representative sample of the entire native population, but the rate of nonresponse was high, and the results reported in this paper are representative only of the people studied.In males the median serum ferritin values increased during early life and tended to plateau after the age of 30 years. In females the median values rose during childhood, tended to plateau during adolescence, increased slightly during the reproductive period, then gradually rose thereafter. Ranges of values were wide in all age groups, reflecting the variations in body iron stores. When compared with the Inuit, the Indians had a significantly higher prevalence of abnormal serum ferritin values.From an analysis of the serum ferritin values in Indians it is probable that iron stores were reduced in approximately 30% of children, 40% of adolescents, 34% of nonpregnant women of reproductive age, 11% of older women and 5% of adult males. The corresponding figures for the Inuit were 15%, 23%, 22%, 6% and 1%. In contrast, iron deficiency anemia was found in only 3% to 4% of native peoples. If \"normality\" requires more than small amounts of iron stores to meet physiologic needs, the results suggest a high probability of iron deficiency in 20% to 40% of native children, adolescents and nonpregnant women of reproductive age, and in 0% to 10% of other subjects; but if \"normality\" is defined as adequate iron stores for erythropoiesis the prevalence of iron deficiency was approximately 1% to 2% in children and adolescents, 3% to 5% in women and less than 1% in adult males.", "PMID": 427665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14001", "title": "Factors associated with high-risk pregnancies in Canadian Inuit.", "content": "Antenatal risk factors and management problems during labour and delivery were examined for 141 consecutive deliveries in Canadian Inuit of the eastern Arctic. The applicability of three risk scoring systems for antenatal use was evaluated. Pregnancies were categorized as being at high, moderate or low risk according to the authors' published criteria. Only two of the systems gave statistically valid predictions of the outcome of pregnancy in terms of risk categorization. Sensitivity and uniformity of the systems were lacking: the risk scores were low in 32% to 58% of the pregnancies in which the mother or the infant or both had problems during labour or delivery or both, and in 27% to 36% of the pregnancies in which the infant alone had problems. Antepartum factors that indicated a significantly increased risk of problems during labour or delivery or both were maternal age less than 16 or more than 35 years, prevous stillbirth or neonatal death, previous birth weight of less than 2501 g, previous pastpartum hemorrhage or other problem in the third stage of labour, antituberculosis therapy in the mother, and any of antepartum hemorrhage, multiple pregnancy, breech delivery, malpresentation or long period between rupture of the membranes and delivery in the current pregnancy. The data indicate that scoring systems should take into account regional or population variations if they are to have reasonable sensitivity.", "contents": "Factors associated with high-risk pregnancies in Canadian Inuit. Antenatal risk factors and management problems during labour and delivery were examined for 141 consecutive deliveries in Canadian Inuit of the eastern Arctic. The applicability of three risk scoring systems for antenatal use was evaluated. Pregnancies were categorized as being at high, moderate or low risk according to the authors' published criteria. Only two of the systems gave statistically valid predictions of the outcome of pregnancy in terms of risk categorization. Sensitivity and uniformity of the systems were lacking: the risk scores were low in 32% to 58% of the pregnancies in which the mother or the infant or both had problems during labour or delivery or both, and in 27% to 36% of the pregnancies in which the infant alone had problems. Antepartum factors that indicated a significantly increased risk of problems during labour or delivery or both were maternal age less than 16 or more than 35 years, prevous stillbirth or neonatal death, previous birth weight of less than 2501 g, previous pastpartum hemorrhage or other problem in the third stage of labour, antituberculosis therapy in the mother, and any of antepartum hemorrhage, multiple pregnancy, breech delivery, malpresentation or long period between rupture of the membranes and delivery in the current pregnancy. The data indicate that scoring systems should take into account regional or population variations if they are to have reasonable sensitivity.", "PMID": 427666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14002", "title": "A university department's involvement with medical care in the Canadian North.", "content": "Both visiting consulting services and resident general practice services to the Churchill Health Centre in northern Manitoba are provided by the University of Manitoba through its northern medical unit. The roles of the university's department of obstetrics and gynecology with regard to visiting consulting services include patient care, education and medical audit. This paper reviews the several aspects of this involvement over the period 1971 through 1977.", "contents": "A university department's involvement with medical care in the Canadian North. Both visiting consulting services and resident general practice services to the Churchill Health Centre in northern Manitoba are provided by the University of Manitoba through its northern medical unit. The roles of the university's department of obstetrics and gynecology with regard to visiting consulting services include patient care, education and medical audit. This paper reviews the several aspects of this involvement over the period 1971 through 1977.", "PMID": 427667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14003", "title": "Tuberculous meningitis in children: a retrospective study of 79 patients, with an analysis of prognostic factors.", "content": "A study of 79 cases of tuberculous meningitis in children, with an emphasis on prognostic factors, was conducted by means of a review of hospital records and completion of a follow-up questionnaire. The survival rate was 62%. Stage 3 disease (with severe changes in the sensorium and often severe neurologic abnormalities) at the time of admission, age 3 years or less, associated miliary tuberculosis and delay in the initiation of therapy correlated significantly with poor outcome. Severe neurologic complications in the acute phase were also related to poor outcome and severe sequelae. General recommendations pertaining to treatment are made.", "contents": "Tuberculous meningitis in children: a retrospective study of 79 patients, with an analysis of prognostic factors. A study of 79 cases of tuberculous meningitis in children, with an emphasis on prognostic factors, was conducted by means of a review of hospital records and completion of a follow-up questionnaire. The survival rate was 62%. Stage 3 disease (with severe changes in the sensorium and often severe neurologic abnormalities) at the time of admission, age 3 years or less, associated miliary tuberculosis and delay in the initiation of therapy correlated significantly with poor outcome. Severe neurologic complications in the acute phase were also related to poor outcome and severe sequelae. General recommendations pertaining to treatment are made.", "PMID": 427668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14004", "title": "Parasitic disease in humans: the extent in Canada.", "content": "Much is being said, often dramatically, about the potential hazards of parasitic diseases in Canada, but little or no attempt has been made to determine the true extent of the problem. Indigenous parasite pathogens are recognized in resident Canadians, and pathogens are acquired by travellers abroad or reported from immigrants. The role of each of these categories is important in the characterization of the problem of parasitic diseases in Canada. From data provided by provincial laboratories and hospitals it is estimated that 1 person in 1000 will spend 1 day per year in hospital because of intestinal parasites, and 1 in 100 each year will have a diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infection made from examination of a stool sample.", "contents": "Parasitic disease in humans: the extent in Canada. Much is being said, often dramatically, about the potential hazards of parasitic diseases in Canada, but little or no attempt has been made to determine the true extent of the problem. Indigenous parasite pathogens are recognized in resident Canadians, and pathogens are acquired by travellers abroad or reported from immigrants. The role of each of these categories is important in the characterization of the problem of parasitic diseases in Canada. From data provided by provincial laboratories and hospitals it is estimated that 1 person in 1000 will spend 1 day per year in hospital because of intestinal parasites, and 1 in 100 each year will have a diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infection made from examination of a stool sample.", "PMID": 427669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14005", "title": "Autoimmune myocarditis: a clinical entity.", "content": "In a case of myocarditis electron microscopic and immunoflourescent studies of a transmural myocardial biopsy specimen indicated an autoimmune process. Extensive inflammatory cell infiltration, immunoglobulin and complement deposition along the sarcolemma and in the interstitium, and capillary endothelial injury were found. After a short course of immunosuppressive therapy the inflammatory process was replaced by collagenous scarring and lymphocytic depletion; the blood vessels were then normal. Earlier therapy in such cases may be lifesaving.", "contents": "Autoimmune myocarditis: a clinical entity. In a case of myocarditis electron microscopic and immunoflourescent studies of a transmural myocardial biopsy specimen indicated an autoimmune process. Extensive inflammatory cell infiltration, immunoglobulin and complement deposition along the sarcolemma and in the interstitium, and capillary endothelial injury were found. After a short course of immunosuppressive therapy the inflammatory process was replaced by collagenous scarring and lymphocytic depletion; the blood vessels were then normal. Earlier therapy in such cases may be lifesaving.", "PMID": 427670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14006", "title": "Persistence of influenza serum antibodies in humans following immunization with a bivalent A/Victoria and A/New Jersey vaccine.", "content": "The persistence of serum antibodies 1 year after immunization with a bivalent vaccine containing recombinant viruses that were antigenically identical with A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) and A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) viruses was measured in 128 persons aged 18 to 65 years. Serum samples were tested with the hemagglutination inhibition assay against the two vaccine antigens and against A/Texas/1/77 (H3N2) and A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) viruses. Prior to vaccination 56% and 79% of the participants had been found to be seronegative to A/Victoria and A/New Jersey antigens respectively; the geometric mean antibody titres were low (1:5 to 1:11) except in persons aged 51 to 65 years, whose mean titre of antibody to the A/New Jersey antigen was 1:23, and persons aged 26 to 35 years, whose mean titre of antibody to the A/USSR antigen was 1:25. By 3 weeks after vaccination 85% of the seronegative persons had a fourfold or greater rise in titres of antibodies to the viruses in the vaccine, and 70% had a fourfold increase in titre of antibody to the A/Texas antigen. Of the persons aged 26 to 35 years (seronegative and seropositive) 68% had a fourfold or greater increase in titre of antibody to the A/USSR antigen. There was no change in the mean titres of 19 unvaccinated control subjects during the observation period. At 6 and 12 months after vaccination the titres of antibodies to the A/Victoria and A/New Jersey antigens had declined moderately in all age groups from those observed 3 weeks after vaccination. The rate of decline was similar for the various antibodies except that to the A/USSR antigen in persons 26 to 35 years of age, in whom the decline was much slower.", "contents": "Persistence of influenza serum antibodies in humans following immunization with a bivalent A/Victoria and A/New Jersey vaccine. The persistence of serum antibodies 1 year after immunization with a bivalent vaccine containing recombinant viruses that were antigenically identical with A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) and A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) viruses was measured in 128 persons aged 18 to 65 years. Serum samples were tested with the hemagglutination inhibition assay against the two vaccine antigens and against A/Texas/1/77 (H3N2) and A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) viruses. Prior to vaccination 56% and 79% of the participants had been found to be seronegative to A/Victoria and A/New Jersey antigens respectively; the geometric mean antibody titres were low (1:5 to 1:11) except in persons aged 51 to 65 years, whose mean titre of antibody to the A/New Jersey antigen was 1:23, and persons aged 26 to 35 years, whose mean titre of antibody to the A/USSR antigen was 1:25. By 3 weeks after vaccination 85% of the seronegative persons had a fourfold or greater rise in titres of antibodies to the viruses in the vaccine, and 70% had a fourfold increase in titre of antibody to the A/Texas antigen. Of the persons aged 26 to 35 years (seronegative and seropositive) 68% had a fourfold or greater increase in titre of antibody to the A/USSR antigen. There was no change in the mean titres of 19 unvaccinated control subjects during the observation period. At 6 and 12 months after vaccination the titres of antibodies to the A/Victoria and A/New Jersey antigens had declined moderately in all age groups from those observed 3 weeks after vaccination. The rate of decline was similar for the various antibodies except that to the A/USSR antigen in persons 26 to 35 years of age, in whom the decline was much slower.", "PMID": 427686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14007", "title": "Porphyria cutanea tarda: clinical and laboratory features.", "content": "Eleven patients with porphyria cutanea tarda were studied. Biochemical confirmation of the clinical diagnosis required only determination of the total urine porphyrin concentration in a sample of urine voided on rising in the morning. The patients were divided for convenience of discussion into four groups differing in age, sex and etiologic factors. Of the six patients in whom a liver biopsy was done one was shown to have micronodular cirrhosis. Except for a modest elevation in the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase values when the patients were first seen, no evidence was found for liver disease apart from the presence of porphyria cutanea tarda. One patient recovered solely by abstaining from alcohol consumption. Five patients underwent phlebotomy; their iron stores had been found to be between 2 and 3 g. Decreasing urine porphyrin values correlated well with decreasing serum ferritin values during the course of phlebotomy. Porphyria cutanea tarda, which is due to a deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, is manifested in association with alcohol abuse, estrogen therapy, exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons or increased tissue iron stores, or a combination of these factors. Although relatively uncommon, this condition raises important and unresolved issues regarding the hepatotoxicity of alcohol, estrogens, chlorinated hydrocarbons and iron.", "contents": "Porphyria cutanea tarda: clinical and laboratory features. Eleven patients with porphyria cutanea tarda were studied. Biochemical confirmation of the clinical diagnosis required only determination of the total urine porphyrin concentration in a sample of urine voided on rising in the morning. The patients were divided for convenience of discussion into four groups differing in age, sex and etiologic factors. Of the six patients in whom a liver biopsy was done one was shown to have micronodular cirrhosis. Except for a modest elevation in the serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase values when the patients were first seen, no evidence was found for liver disease apart from the presence of porphyria cutanea tarda. One patient recovered solely by abstaining from alcohol consumption. Five patients underwent phlebotomy; their iron stores had been found to be between 2 and 3 g. Decreasing urine porphyrin values correlated well with decreasing serum ferritin values during the course of phlebotomy. Porphyria cutanea tarda, which is due to a deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, is manifested in association with alcohol abuse, estrogen therapy, exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons or increased tissue iron stores, or a combination of these factors. Although relatively uncommon, this condition raises important and unresolved issues regarding the hepatotoxicity of alcohol, estrogens, chlorinated hydrocarbons and iron.", "PMID": 427687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14008", "title": "Standardization of electrocardiographic interpretive statements: a menu for word processing.", "content": "Standardization of electrocardiographic interpretive statements is a goal of various coding systems, but word processing has not usually been considered. A simple, easily memorized system for clinical electrocardiography has been developed and used for approximately 60 000 interpretations. It takes the form of a \"menu\", in which boxes stand for various interpretive statements; the boxes are identified by mnemonics and marked by the interpreter when appropriate. The results provide better standardization, significant decreases in the numbers of descriptive statements and words per interpretation and considerable saving in typing time. Acceptance by the interpreters has been good. Features of the system allow for word processing as part of a polarcardiography computing system.", "contents": "Standardization of electrocardiographic interpretive statements: a menu for word processing. Standardization of electrocardiographic interpretive statements is a goal of various coding systems, but word processing has not usually been considered. A simple, easily memorized system for clinical electrocardiography has been developed and used for approximately 60 000 interpretations. It takes the form of a \"menu\", in which boxes stand for various interpretive statements; the boxes are identified by mnemonics and marked by the interpreter when appropriate. The results provide better standardization, significant decreases in the numbers of descriptive statements and words per interpretation and considerable saving in typing time. Acceptance by the interpreters has been good. Features of the system allow for word processing as part of a polarcardiography computing system.", "PMID": 427688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14009", "title": "Survey of the clinical use of pressurized aerosol inhalers.", "content": "Questions as to the use of pressurized aerosol inhalers were asked of 130 persons presenting for routine pulmonary function studies who had used such a device in the previous year. After spirometry was conducted the subjects used the inhaler; they were unaware that their technique of use was being observed. Only 10.8% performed correctly all 11 maneuvers suggested for the proper use of the inhalers, and 24.7% failed to perform more than 5 satisfactorily. There were significant differences in performance according to referral diagnosis (chronic obstructive lung disease v. asthma) and regularity of use of inhalers.", "contents": "Survey of the clinical use of pressurized aerosol inhalers. Questions as to the use of pressurized aerosol inhalers were asked of 130 persons presenting for routine pulmonary function studies who had used such a device in the previous year. After spirometry was conducted the subjects used the inhaler; they were unaware that their technique of use was being observed. Only 10.8% performed correctly all 11 maneuvers suggested for the proper use of the inhalers, and 24.7% failed to perform more than 5 satisfactorily. There were significant differences in performance according to referral diagnosis (chronic obstructive lung disease v. asthma) and regularity of use of inhalers.", "PMID": 427689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14010", "title": "From hospital to community: a system changes.", "content": "Interest in the community and institutional aspects of mental health care in Saskatchewan goes back to the early history of the province, but it is the last 15--20 years which have seen the most exciting developments. During this time the province has changed from having one of the highest mental institutionalization rates in the world to one of the lowest. One mental hospital was phased out and the other reduced to a shadow of its former self. An account of the changes which occurred during this period is given together with the story of the stresses generated. Finally, a 1979 perspective is offered on the Saskatchewan psychiatric program.", "contents": "From hospital to community: a system changes. Interest in the community and institutional aspects of mental health care in Saskatchewan goes back to the early history of the province, but it is the last 15--20 years which have seen the most exciting developments. During this time the province has changed from having one of the highest mental institutionalization rates in the world to one of the lowest. One mental hospital was phased out and the other reduced to a shadow of its former self. An account of the changes which occurred during this period is given together with the story of the stresses generated. Finally, a 1979 perspective is offered on the Saskatchewan psychiatric program.", "PMID": 427697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14011", "title": "A mental health system in transition: profiles of change.", "content": "These profiles of the changing Saskatchewan mental health system reveal that there have been increases in the number of admissions, readmissions, discharges, and outpatients in both the public and private sectors. Divergent patterns in the utilization of services in the public sector occur among the Indian and non-Indian populations. Over the past several decades there have been considerable changes in the types of psychiatric problems treated in the psychiatric care system. The social, demographic and admission characteristics of the people receiving treatment in the system have changed substantially. The data presented here imply that the status of mental illness is not solely a function of a physical or psychiatric condition but has elastic features capable of being expanded or restricted by the prevailing organizational structure which has evolved to handle the \"problem\" of mental illness. The advent of community psychiatry plus attendant changes in the health system has altered the nature of mental illness treated in the province. Consequently, concerns about ways of evaluating the effectiveness of current programs, of choosing between alternate service delivery systems, of establishing criteria for equitable resource allocation, and of understanding the forces for change need to be raised and explicitly dealt with.", "contents": "A mental health system in transition: profiles of change. These profiles of the changing Saskatchewan mental health system reveal that there have been increases in the number of admissions, readmissions, discharges, and outpatients in both the public and private sectors. Divergent patterns in the utilization of services in the public sector occur among the Indian and non-Indian populations. Over the past several decades there have been considerable changes in the types of psychiatric problems treated in the psychiatric care system. The social, demographic and admission characteristics of the people receiving treatment in the system have changed substantially. The data presented here imply that the status of mental illness is not solely a function of a physical or psychiatric condition but has elastic features capable of being expanded or restricted by the prevailing organizational structure which has evolved to handle the \"problem\" of mental illness. The advent of community psychiatry plus attendant changes in the health system has altered the nature of mental illness treated in the province. Consequently, concerns about ways of evaluating the effectiveness of current programs, of choosing between alternate service delivery systems, of establishing criteria for equitable resource allocation, and of understanding the forces for change need to be raised and explicitly dealt with.", "PMID": 427698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14012", "title": "Relationship between high fasting blood sugar and depression in a mental hygiene clinic population.", "content": "The relationship between diagnosis and abnormally high fasting blood sugar levels was reviewed for 4,994 patients in a mental hygiene clinic. Fifty-four patients exceeded the criterion level of fasting blood sugar abnormality, FBS greater than or equal to 145 mg%. There was no evidence of relationship between psychiatric diagnosis and the presence of an abnormally high fasting blood sugar level. This held true for the diagnosis of depression despite observations made elsewhere that a significant association exists between the depressions and diabetes.", "contents": "Relationship between high fasting blood sugar and depression in a mental hygiene clinic population. The relationship between diagnosis and abnormally high fasting blood sugar levels was reviewed for 4,994 patients in a mental hygiene clinic. Fifty-four patients exceeded the criterion level of fasting blood sugar abnormality, FBS greater than or equal to 145 mg%. There was no evidence of relationship between psychiatric diagnosis and the presence of an abnormally high fasting blood sugar level. This held true for the diagnosis of depression despite observations made elsewhere that a significant association exists between the depressions and diabetes.", "PMID": 427699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14013", "title": "Suicide in Newfoundland and Labrador.", "content": "The present investigation was undertaken to explore the special factors associated with low suicide rates in Newfoundland and covered the ten year period of 1964 to 1973. The data were collected from death certificates. Comparisons were made with figures for Canada as a whole, as reported in the official statistics. Apart from a constant overall low rate of suicide in Newfoundland, women and young people (aged 15 to 29) failed to show an increase in the suicide rates such as has been observed in other parts of Canada and throughout the western world. In Newfoundland, age specific suicide rates, choice of method, variations in the rates for different religious denominations and seasonal variations in suicide rates were different from those observed elsewhere. Generally, suicide in Newfoundland shows a much older pattern and does not involve the new high-risk groups seen in more urbanized societies. Possible explanations for the special demographic characteristics of suicide in Newfoundland are offered, mainly on social, cultural and geographical grounds.", "contents": "Suicide in Newfoundland and Labrador. The present investigation was undertaken to explore the special factors associated with low suicide rates in Newfoundland and covered the ten year period of 1964 to 1973. The data were collected from death certificates. Comparisons were made with figures for Canada as a whole, as reported in the official statistics. Apart from a constant overall low rate of suicide in Newfoundland, women and young people (aged 15 to 29) failed to show an increase in the suicide rates such as has been observed in other parts of Canada and throughout the western world. In Newfoundland, age specific suicide rates, choice of method, variations in the rates for different religious denominations and seasonal variations in suicide rates were different from those observed elsewhere. Generally, suicide in Newfoundland shows a much older pattern and does not involve the new high-risk groups seen in more urbanized societies. Possible explanations for the special demographic characteristics of suicide in Newfoundland are offered, mainly on social, cultural and geographical grounds.", "PMID": 427700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14014", "title": "The mystic experience: a psychiatric reflection.", "content": "This paper reviews the phenomenology of the mystical experience and its varied contexts epilepsy, toxicity, organic brain syndromes, the major psychoses and hysterical dissociative states as well as in apparently normal persons. The impact of the experience on the personality is noted and its significance briefly reviewed. The author notes that two fallacies await the unwary psychiatrist: the fallacy of reductionism which defines the mystical experience in pathological terms only; and the fallacy of speculation without adequate philosophical or theological tools.", "contents": "The mystic experience: a psychiatric reflection. This paper reviews the phenomenology of the mystical experience and its varied contexts epilepsy, toxicity, organic brain syndromes, the major psychoses and hysterical dissociative states as well as in apparently normal persons. The impact of the experience on the personality is noted and its significance briefly reviewed. The author notes that two fallacies await the unwary psychiatrist: the fallacy of reductionism which defines the mystical experience in pathological terms only; and the fallacy of speculation without adequate philosophical or theological tools.", "PMID": 427701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14015", "title": "Anorexia nervosa: death from complications of ruptured gastric ulcer.", "content": "Death from the complications of a ruptured gastric ulcer in a 15 year old girl with anorexia nervosa is reported. A Medlars II search of the literature indicates no previously reported deaths from this cause in anorexia nervosa. This patient presented the classical clinical characteristics of the syndrome and the course of her illness serves to re-emphasize the seriousness of the disease and the importance of early management of anorexia nervosa.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa: death from complications of ruptured gastric ulcer. Death from the complications of a ruptured gastric ulcer in a 15 year old girl with anorexia nervosa is reported. A Medlars II search of the literature indicates no previously reported deaths from this cause in anorexia nervosa. This patient presented the classical clinical characteristics of the syndrome and the course of her illness serves to re-emphasize the seriousness of the disease and the importance of early management of anorexia nervosa.", "PMID": 427702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14016", "title": "Hysteria: a case note study.", "content": "In a matched retrospective study, 31 patients with hysterical neurosis were compared with 31 with depressive neurosis. There were no significant differences between the groups for siblings' position, medical work, brain disease, poor marriage, frigidity, or family history of psychiatric disorder. Significantly more of the hysterics had a preceding head injury and 29% had a past history of hysteria. By the time of the study 48% had been treated for depression.", "contents": "Hysteria: a case note study. In a matched retrospective study, 31 patients with hysterical neurosis were compared with 31 with depressive neurosis. There were no significant differences between the groups for siblings' position, medical work, brain disease, poor marriage, frigidity, or family history of psychiatric disorder. Significantly more of the hysterics had a preceding head injury and 29% had a past history of hysteria. By the time of the study 48% had been treated for depression.", "PMID": 427703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14017", "title": "The research diagnostic criteria: historical background, development, validity, and reliability.", "content": "This article reviews the theoretical papers and research studies concerning the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), a research tool used to group psychiatric sugjects into homogenous diagnostic groups. The RDC contains specified inclusion and exclusion criteria for 25 diagnostic categories. The contributions made by the Feighner and Spitzer groups in the field of diagnostic reliability and validity are briefly outlined. The development of the RDC and studies regarding its reliability and validity are presented and discussed. A review of the reliability studies, which basically employed an interrater design, indicated that the RDC is a relatively reliable diagnostic tool, obtaining interrater kappa coefficients which are consistently higher than those obtained, for similar categories, in studies using other diagnostic systems such as the DSM-II. Very few studies, however, directly investigated the validity of the RDC. Its assumed validity is dependent on the findings from studies which used similar diagnostic criteria. It was suggested that more studies would be required to establish the validity of the RDC. Several limitations of the RDC were pointed out. Included among these were: its use of an exclusion method to determine diagnostic criteria, the difficulty and great amount of time required for its use, and the fact that it has so far been used only with adult inpatients. Despite its limitations, it was concluded that the RDC remains one of the best tools available to a researcher who wishes to group psychiatric patients into homogenous groups, and that the clinician could advantageously use it in his clinical practice.", "contents": "The research diagnostic criteria: historical background, development, validity, and reliability. This article reviews the theoretical papers and research studies concerning the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), a research tool used to group psychiatric sugjects into homogenous diagnostic groups. The RDC contains specified inclusion and exclusion criteria for 25 diagnostic categories. The contributions made by the Feighner and Spitzer groups in the field of diagnostic reliability and validity are briefly outlined. The development of the RDC and studies regarding its reliability and validity are presented and discussed. A review of the reliability studies, which basically employed an interrater design, indicated that the RDC is a relatively reliable diagnostic tool, obtaining interrater kappa coefficients which are consistently higher than those obtained, for similar categories, in studies using other diagnostic systems such as the DSM-II. Very few studies, however, directly investigated the validity of the RDC. Its assumed validity is dependent on the findings from studies which used similar diagnostic criteria. It was suggested that more studies would be required to establish the validity of the RDC. Several limitations of the RDC were pointed out. Included among these were: its use of an exclusion method to determine diagnostic criteria, the difficulty and great amount of time required for its use, and the fact that it has so far been used only with adult inpatients. Despite its limitations, it was concluded that the RDC remains one of the best tools available to a researcher who wishes to group psychiatric patients into homogenous groups, and that the clinician could advantageously use it in his clinical practice.", "PMID": 427704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14018", "title": "Myopathy and myoglobinuria in feedlot cattle.", "content": "Myopathy and myoglobinuria occurred in a group of feedlot cattle in Alberta following transportation. The condition was associated with a deficiency of selenium (Se) in grain and hay fed to these animals on their premises of origin. Clinical findings in affected animals were characterized by a normal body temperature, stiffness, sternal recumbency and the passage of red or coffee-colored urine. Treatment with injectable Se-vitamin E was followed by the recovery of most affected animals within two weeks.", "contents": "Myopathy and myoglobinuria in feedlot cattle. Myopathy and myoglobinuria occurred in a group of feedlot cattle in Alberta following transportation. The condition was associated with a deficiency of selenium (Se) in grain and hay fed to these animals on their premises of origin. Clinical findings in affected animals were characterized by a normal body temperature, stiffness, sternal recumbency and the passage of red or coffee-colored urine. Treatment with injectable Se-vitamin E was followed by the recovery of most affected animals within two weeks.", "PMID": 427705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14019", "title": "Feline urological syndrome.", "content": "A case of feline urolithiasis is described. It was demonstrated that serial determinations of renal function were mandatory in order to provide a favorable prognosis. Because hyperkalemia was present, the fluid of choice for the initial treatment was saline. The various considerations in the prevention, treatment and monitoring of cats with feline urolithiasis syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "Feline urological syndrome. A case of feline urolithiasis is described. It was demonstrated that serial determinations of renal function were mandatory in order to provide a favorable prognosis. Because hyperkalemia was present, the fluid of choice for the initial treatment was saline. The various considerations in the prevention, treatment and monitoring of cats with feline urolithiasis syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 427706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14020", "title": "Bovine granular vulvitis associated with ureaplasma infection.", "content": "A granular vulvitis syndrome associated with ureaplasma infection was first recognized in Ontario dairy herds in 1972. The acute form of the disease was characterized by a purulent vulvar discharge, an inflamed hyperemic vulvar mucosa and varying degrees of granularity. In the chronic form, there was an absence of a purulent discharge and a gradual decline in the severity of the hyperemia and granularity. Epithelial inclusion cysts were observed in the vulvar epithelium of approximately 10% of affected cows.A seasonal variation in the incidence of the disease was observed. Herd morbidities during the summer months reached a low of 37% and increased to 75% during the winter months with constant housing.When widespread in herds, the acute form of the disease had a significant effect on fertility. In four herds examined, first service conceptions dropped on average by 27%. The chronic form of the disease had a less detrimental effect on fertility with first service conceptions being reduced on average by 13%. Intrauterine infusions of a tetracycline 24 hours postbreeding were found to be of value in improving conception rates in acutely affected herds.", "contents": "Bovine granular vulvitis associated with ureaplasma infection. A granular vulvitis syndrome associated with ureaplasma infection was first recognized in Ontario dairy herds in 1972. The acute form of the disease was characterized by a purulent vulvar discharge, an inflamed hyperemic vulvar mucosa and varying degrees of granularity. In the chronic form, there was an absence of a purulent discharge and a gradual decline in the severity of the hyperemia and granularity. Epithelial inclusion cysts were observed in the vulvar epithelium of approximately 10% of affected cows.A seasonal variation in the incidence of the disease was observed. Herd morbidities during the summer months reached a low of 37% and increased to 75% during the winter months with constant housing.When widespread in herds, the acute form of the disease had a significant effect on fertility. In four herds examined, first service conceptions dropped on average by 27%. The chronic form of the disease had a less detrimental effect on fertility with first service conceptions being reduced on average by 13%. Intrauterine infusions of a tetracycline 24 hours postbreeding were found to be of value in improving conception rates in acutely affected herds.", "PMID": 427710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14021", "title": "A slim 198gold-grain implanter loaded with standard Royal Marsden 14-grain magazines.", "content": "We designed a slim gold-grain implanter with adaptable lengths to implant areas accessible only through long, narrow, examining instruments, such as a suspension laryngoscope. The implanter is loaded with the same 14-grain magazine designed for and supplied with the Royal Marsden \"gun.\" The simplicity of the loading mechanism with a minimum of moving parts makes the instrument practically trouble free. Although it is designed to be used along narrow examining instruments, it can also be used in any situation in which a permanent implant is required, for instance, prostatic cancer and pelvic recurrences in cancer of the uterine cervix previously treated by external and intracavitary irradiation.", "contents": "A slim 198gold-grain implanter loaded with standard Royal Marsden 14-grain magazines. We designed a slim gold-grain implanter with adaptable lengths to implant areas accessible only through long, narrow, examining instruments, such as a suspension laryngoscope. The implanter is loaded with the same 14-grain magazine designed for and supplied with the Royal Marsden \"gun.\" The simplicity of the loading mechanism with a minimum of moving parts makes the instrument practically trouble free. Although it is designed to be used along narrow examining instruments, it can also be used in any situation in which a permanent implant is required, for instance, prostatic cancer and pelvic recurrences in cancer of the uterine cervix previously treated by external and intracavitary irradiation.", "PMID": 427711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14022", "title": "Treatment of endometrial cancer in a regional radiation therapy center: analysis of 379 consecutive patients.", "content": "Three hundred seventy-nine consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the corpus uteri, in whom irradiation was part of the treatment, were reviewed. The minimum follow-up was 3 years and none were lost. An increased incidence of corpus cancer in Central New York was demonstrated but could not be attributed to estrogen usage. There were 310 patients in FIGO stage I and 40 in stage II. Adenocarcinoma was reported in 319 and adenoacanthoma in 45. Overall survival was 74% and 62% at 5 and 10 years, respectively, and in stage I, 82% and 68%, respectively. Results for adenoacanthoma were similar to those for adenocarcinoma. Ten year survival was significantly better in those patients with a histologically negative hysterectomy specimen after preoperative intracavitary irradiation than in those with residual cancer. Treatment was tolerated well. This study demonstrates the results which can be obtained in a regional radiation therapy center serving patients and gynecologists from a wide geographic region operated upon in many different hospitals.", "contents": "Treatment of endometrial cancer in a regional radiation therapy center: analysis of 379 consecutive patients. Three hundred seventy-nine consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the corpus uteri, in whom irradiation was part of the treatment, were reviewed. The minimum follow-up was 3 years and none were lost. An increased incidence of corpus cancer in Central New York was demonstrated but could not be attributed to estrogen usage. There were 310 patients in FIGO stage I and 40 in stage II. Adenocarcinoma was reported in 319 and adenoacanthoma in 45. Overall survival was 74% and 62% at 5 and 10 years, respectively, and in stage I, 82% and 68%, respectively. Results for adenoacanthoma were similar to those for adenocarcinoma. Ten year survival was significantly better in those patients with a histologically negative hysterectomy specimen after preoperative intracavitary irradiation than in those with residual cancer. Treatment was tolerated well. This study demonstrates the results which can be obtained in a regional radiation therapy center serving patients and gynecologists from a wide geographic region operated upon in many different hospitals.", "PMID": 427712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14023", "title": "Conservation surgery and irradiation for the treatment of favorable breast cancer.", "content": "The results in 162 patients with clinically favorable breast cancer treated with conservation surgery and radiation therapy are presented. The surgical procedures were simple excision with and without positive microscopic margins, segmental mastectomy, and segmental mastectomy with axillary dissection. Details of the radiation techniques are described with an explanation of the modifications in technique depending on the prior surgical procedure. Excellent control of local and regional tumor (96%) gives support to the combined treatment without removing the breast.", "contents": "Conservation surgery and irradiation for the treatment of favorable breast cancer. The results in 162 patients with clinically favorable breast cancer treated with conservation surgery and radiation therapy are presented. The surgical procedures were simple excision with and without positive microscopic margins, segmental mastectomy, and segmental mastectomy with axillary dissection. Details of the radiation techniques are described with an explanation of the modifications in technique depending on the prior surgical procedure. Excellent control of local and regional tumor (96%) gives support to the combined treatment without removing the breast.", "PMID": 427713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14024", "title": "The place of interstitial therapy using 192 iridium in the management of carcinoma of the lip.", "content": "We present the results of interstitial therapy with 192 iridium for 91 patients with carcinoma of the lip. This technique, without complications or sequelae, assures the control of local disease in 95.5% of cases (87/91). The management of metastatic lymph nodes and the indications for neck dissection are discussed.", "contents": "The place of interstitial therapy using 192 iridium in the management of carcinoma of the lip. We present the results of interstitial therapy with 192 iridium for 91 patients with carcinoma of the lip. This technique, without complications or sequelae, assures the control of local disease in 95.5% of cases (87/91). The management of metastatic lymph nodes and the indications for neck dissection are discussed.", "PMID": 427714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14025", "title": "Hodgkin's disease, stages I and II: relationship of recurrence to size of disease, radiation dose, and number of sites involved.", "content": "A total of 57 patients with Hodgkin's disease limited to above the diaphragm (Stages I and II, A and B) were treated with radiation therapy alone at the University of Florida between 1964 and 1974. Staging laparotomy was done on 24 patients (42%). A total of 16 patients have relapsed, 4 within the treatment fields, 3 marginally, and 9 as extensions. Analysis of dose vs. size showed no in-field failure with disease less than 6 cm in size, with a range of doses. Massive disease continued to recur occasionally, even with higher doses. Most of the massive disease was mediastinal or hilar; the risk of lung or pleural involvement as determined by x-ray and/or biopsy showed a dramatic increase with size of mediastinal/hilar disease. Only 2 (5%) of 43 patients with mediastinal disease less than 6 cm in size had lung or pleural involvement, compared with 10 (71%) of 14 patients with disease greater than 6 cm in size. Both in-field recurrence and generalized relapse were closely related to the number of anatomical sites involved. Treatment programs need to consider tumor size, particularly in the mediastinum, and the number of sites involved.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease, stages I and II: relationship of recurrence to size of disease, radiation dose, and number of sites involved. A total of 57 patients with Hodgkin's disease limited to above the diaphragm (Stages I and II, A and B) were treated with radiation therapy alone at the University of Florida between 1964 and 1974. Staging laparotomy was done on 24 patients (42%). A total of 16 patients have relapsed, 4 within the treatment fields, 3 marginally, and 9 as extensions. Analysis of dose vs. size showed no in-field failure with disease less than 6 cm in size, with a range of doses. Massive disease continued to recur occasionally, even with higher doses. Most of the massive disease was mediastinal or hilar; the risk of lung or pleural involvement as determined by x-ray and/or biopsy showed a dramatic increase with size of mediastinal/hilar disease. Only 2 (5%) of 43 patients with mediastinal disease less than 6 cm in size had lung or pleural involvement, compared with 10 (71%) of 14 patients with disease greater than 6 cm in size. Both in-field recurrence and generalized relapse were closely related to the number of anatomical sites involved. Treatment programs need to consider tumor size, particularly in the mediastinum, and the number of sites involved.", "PMID": 427715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14026", "title": "Combined chemoimmunotherapy for advanced breast cancer: a comparison of BCG and levamisole.", "content": "One hundred and fourteen evaluable patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with a program consisting of 5-FU, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide (FAC) and nonspecific immunotherapy with Levamisole. The results of this treatment program were compared to those observed with FAC and Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) and FAC chemotherapy alone, both groups treated prior to the study reported in this paper. The overall response rates and complete response rates for all three treatment regimens were identical. The duration of remission, survival of all patients and survival of responders was similar for both chemoimmunotherapy regimens, being superior to the FAC chemotherapy alone group. Immunotherapy with Levamisole was well tolerated and side-effects were experienced by less than one-fourth of the patients. Overall, Levamisole was better tolerated than BCG and was easier to administer than the latter drug. These results suggest than nonspecific immunotherapy with Levamisole might prolong remission and survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Since the results achieved with BCG and Levamisole appear similar, the therapeutic ratio favors the use of Levamisole.", "contents": "Combined chemoimmunotherapy for advanced breast cancer: a comparison of BCG and levamisole. One hundred and fourteen evaluable patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with a program consisting of 5-FU, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide (FAC) and nonspecific immunotherapy with Levamisole. The results of this treatment program were compared to those observed with FAC and Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) and FAC chemotherapy alone, both groups treated prior to the study reported in this paper. The overall response rates and complete response rates for all three treatment regimens were identical. The duration of remission, survival of all patients and survival of responders was similar for both chemoimmunotherapy regimens, being superior to the FAC chemotherapy alone group. Immunotherapy with Levamisole was well tolerated and side-effects were experienced by less than one-fourth of the patients. Overall, Levamisole was better tolerated than BCG and was easier to administer than the latter drug. These results suggest than nonspecific immunotherapy with Levamisole might prolong remission and survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Since the results achieved with BCG and Levamisole appear similar, the therapeutic ratio favors the use of Levamisole.", "PMID": 427716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14027", "title": "Small cell tumor of cervix with neuroepithelial features: ultrastructural observations in two cases.", "content": "Two cases of small cell tumor of the uterine cervix are reported in which electron microscopic studies indicated that the tumor cells were of neural crest origin. Both tumors behaved aggressively, and metastatic involvement of pancreas was demonstrated in one patient, while the second patient developed liver metastasis. The need to distinguish these neoplasms from squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is stressed. The tumors are compared with small cell neuroepithelial neoplasms previously reported as adult neuroblastomas.", "contents": "Small cell tumor of cervix with neuroepithelial features: ultrastructural observations in two cases. Two cases of small cell tumor of the uterine cervix are reported in which electron microscopic studies indicated that the tumor cells were of neural crest origin. Both tumors behaved aggressively, and metastatic involvement of pancreas was demonstrated in one patient, while the second patient developed liver metastasis. The need to distinguish these neoplasms from squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is stressed. The tumors are compared with small cell neuroepithelial neoplasms previously reported as adult neuroblastomas.", "PMID": 427717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14028", "title": "Hepatic Hodgkin's disease without involvement of the spleen.", "content": "A patient with Hodgkin's disease, who at laparotomy had liver involvement with no evidence of Hodgkin's disease in the spleen, is reported. Rare alternate lymphaticovenous anastomoses exist that may lead to liver involvement in the absence of splenic involvement.", "contents": "Hepatic Hodgkin's disease without involvement of the spleen. A patient with Hodgkin's disease, who at laparotomy had liver involvement with no evidence of Hodgkin's disease in the spleen, is reported. Rare alternate lymphaticovenous anastomoses exist that may lead to liver involvement in the absence of splenic involvement.", "PMID": 427718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14029", "title": "Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: A light and electron microscopic study of two cases.", "content": "This light and electron microscopic study of two recent cases of desmoplastic malignant melanoma (DMM) attempts to resolve the conflict in views regarding the nature of the cells responsible for the desmoplasia associated with this clinicopathologic entity. On the basis of evidence presented, it is concluded that the cells are dedifferentiated tumor cells with fibroblastic features and probably functions, rather than host engendered fibroblasts in response to invasive melanoma. The evidence includes: observation of macular desmosomes between tumor cells, an unheralded feature previously noted in amelanotic and melanotic melanomas; electron microscopic observation of fibroblast-like cells by others in spindle cell squamous carcinomas; and light microscopic features of malignancy including vascular invasion in one of the two cases. A reproducible light microscopic pattern diagnosis of this variant of malignant melanoma is reaffirmed in both cases.", "contents": "Desmoplastic malignant melanoma: A light and electron microscopic study of two cases. This light and electron microscopic study of two recent cases of desmoplastic malignant melanoma (DMM) attempts to resolve the conflict in views regarding the nature of the cells responsible for the desmoplasia associated with this clinicopathologic entity. On the basis of evidence presented, it is concluded that the cells are dedifferentiated tumor cells with fibroblastic features and probably functions, rather than host engendered fibroblasts in response to invasive melanoma. The evidence includes: observation of macular desmosomes between tumor cells, an unheralded feature previously noted in amelanotic and melanotic melanomas; electron microscopic observation of fibroblast-like cells by others in spindle cell squamous carcinomas; and light microscopic features of malignancy including vascular invasion in one of the two cases. A reproducible light microscopic pattern diagnosis of this variant of malignant melanoma is reaffirmed in both cases.", "PMID": 427719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14030", "title": "Dysgerminoma of the ovary.", "content": "From 1938 to 1977, 21 patients with pure dysgerminoma were treated at Memorial and James Ewing Hospitals, now Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Twelve patients were considered to have their initial therapy begun or completed at our institution. Eleven (91.7%) of 12 patients were found free of disease from 2 to 38 years (median 6 years). Nine patients were referred with recurrent disease. Only 4 (45%) could be salvaged 2 to 21 years (median 9 years). Because of the lower survival rate in the treatment of recurrent disease in this series, it is difficult to advocate overly conservative therapy initially in all early lesions. The survival rate depends on the original size of the tumor, initial adequate staging and appropriate therapy based on the extent of disease. Recommendations for a treatment protocol are proposed.", "contents": "Dysgerminoma of the ovary. From 1938 to 1977, 21 patients with pure dysgerminoma were treated at Memorial and James Ewing Hospitals, now Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Twelve patients were considered to have their initial therapy begun or completed at our institution. Eleven (91.7%) of 12 patients were found free of disease from 2 to 38 years (median 6 years). Nine patients were referred with recurrent disease. Only 4 (45%) could be salvaged 2 to 21 years (median 9 years). Because of the lower survival rate in the treatment of recurrent disease in this series, it is difficult to advocate overly conservative therapy initially in all early lesions. The survival rate depends on the original size of the tumor, initial adequate staging and appropriate therapy based on the extent of disease. Recommendations for a treatment protocol are proposed.", "PMID": 427721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14031", "title": "Risk factor analysis in differentiated thyroid cancer.", "content": "Six hundred patients with primary differentiated thyroid carcinoma had follow-up studies for a minimum of 15 years and a maximum of 45 years. Recurrence rate and death rate were significantly different in defined high-risk and low-risk groups of patients. These basic risk groups were defined by age and sex alone; low risk consisted of men 40 years of age and younger and women 50 years of age and younger whereas the high-risk group were older patients. Recurrence and death rates in patients at high risk were 33% and 27% while respective figures for patients at low risk were 11% and 4%. In more recent years these results have shown significant improvement. Basic risk group definition outweighed the effect of pathologic type, local disease extension, type of treatment, and site of recurrence or metastasis. For instance, radioactive iodine cured 70% of patients at low risk with metastatic disease but only 10% of patients at high risk. Less aggressive biologic  behavior of thyroid cancer before the age of menopause implies that an estrogen-rich milieu may alter the effects of initiating and promoting factors in carcinogenesis. It also suggests that therapeutic trials of estrogen be undertaken in progressive metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer.", "contents": "Risk factor analysis in differentiated thyroid cancer. Six hundred patients with primary differentiated thyroid carcinoma had follow-up studies for a minimum of 15 years and a maximum of 45 years. Recurrence rate and death rate were significantly different in defined high-risk and low-risk groups of patients. These basic risk groups were defined by age and sex alone; low risk consisted of men 40 years of age and younger and women 50 years of age and younger whereas the high-risk group were older patients. Recurrence and death rates in patients at high risk were 33% and 27% while respective figures for patients at low risk were 11% and 4%. In more recent years these results have shown significant improvement. Basic risk group definition outweighed the effect of pathologic type, local disease extension, type of treatment, and site of recurrence or metastasis. For instance, radioactive iodine cured 70% of patients at low risk with metastatic disease but only 10% of patients at high risk. Less aggressive biologic  behavior of thyroid cancer before the age of menopause implies that an estrogen-rich milieu may alter the effects of initiating and promoting factors in carcinogenesis. It also suggests that therapeutic trials of estrogen be undertaken in progressive metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer.", "PMID": 427722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14032", "title": "Treatment of intraoral cancer by electrocoagulation.", "content": "Electrocoagulation of intraoral carcinoma has been utilized as primary curative treatment in a series of twenty-five patients. The technique described here employs a disk electrode, requires only light general anesthesia and has a low rate of complications. Eleven patients survived more than five years. Eight died of other diseases and only 6 died with recurrent cancer. This is an effective technique which deserves wider use.", "contents": "Treatment of intraoral cancer by electrocoagulation. Electrocoagulation of intraoral carcinoma has been utilized as primary curative treatment in a series of twenty-five patients. The technique described here employs a disk electrode, requires only light general anesthesia and has a low rate of complications. Eleven patients survived more than five years. Eight died of other diseases and only 6 died with recurrent cancer. This is an effective technique which deserves wider use.", "PMID": 427723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14033", "title": "Medullary thyroid carcinoma: importance of serial serum calcitonin measurement.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) were studied before and after therapy. Sixteen patients had familial and 16 had the sporadic type of disease. The groups differed in several features: Patients with sporadic disease were older at diagnosis and presented with enlargements in the thyroid or lymph nodes, and one patient had neuromata; in the familial group the disease was more often bilateral and was associated at times with the MEA syndrome (parathyroid adenoma or pheochromocytomas, or both). The immunoreactive serum calcitonin (CT) level was measured before and after some form of therapy in all 32 patients. Our investigations showed: 1) Delaying treatment was clearly detrimental in this progressive disease; 2) The most effective therapy was surgery, while radiotherapy and chemotherapy were less effective; 3) Postoperatively, the CT level usually fell sharply, when the disease was thought extirpated, but the lowest nadir might be reached at from 1 month to 6 years; 4) In all such patients the CT level eventually rose from the postoperative nadir; 5) Patients with no clinical or radiological evidence of disease, had high CT levels for a mean of 3 years of observation; 6) A marked rise of CT levels in three patients preceded metastases and death; 7) Patients with abdominal, particularly liver disease had the highest CT levels; and 8) Patients who died had relatively high CT levels, corresponding in general with the extent of disease.", "contents": "Medullary thyroid carcinoma: importance of serial serum calcitonin measurement. Thirty-two patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) were studied before and after therapy. Sixteen patients had familial and 16 had the sporadic type of disease. The groups differed in several features: Patients with sporadic disease were older at diagnosis and presented with enlargements in the thyroid or lymph nodes, and one patient had neuromata; in the familial group the disease was more often bilateral and was associated at times with the MEA syndrome (parathyroid adenoma or pheochromocytomas, or both). The immunoreactive serum calcitonin (CT) level was measured before and after some form of therapy in all 32 patients. Our investigations showed: 1) Delaying treatment was clearly detrimental in this progressive disease; 2) The most effective therapy was surgery, while radiotherapy and chemotherapy were less effective; 3) Postoperatively, the CT level usually fell sharply, when the disease was thought extirpated, but the lowest nadir might be reached at from 1 month to 6 years; 4) In all such patients the CT level eventually rose from the postoperative nadir; 5) Patients with no clinical or radiological evidence of disease, had high CT levels for a mean of 3 years of observation; 6) A marked rise of CT levels in three patients preceded metastases and death; 7) Patients with abdominal, particularly liver disease had the highest CT levels; and 8) Patients who died had relatively high CT levels, corresponding in general with the extent of disease.", "PMID": 427724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14034", "title": "Diagnosis of minimal breast cancers in the BCDDP: the 66 questionable cases.", "content": "Of 1,810 breast cancers detected in the NCI/ACS Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Projects, 592 were less than 1 cm in diameter and considered minimal; and tissue slides from 506 of them were available for retrospective review by a panel of pathologists. The initial report of this review indicated that in 66 cases the pathologic features of the presented slides were not sufficient for diagnosis of cancer. Subsequent investigation revealed that, through computer error, the slides submitted in 2 of these 66 cases were not from the lesions in question but from blind biopsy of the contralateral breast. Further review by the pathology panel of tissue from 38 of the 64 remaining cases determined that 16 of the remaining lesions were indeed cancers or borderline malignant lesions. This then left 48 cases in doubt. Only biopsy had been performed in 11 of them, and some form of mastectomy in the other 37. The original pathologic opinion had been divided in 30 of these, and the mastectomy had been delayed for 1 day to 7 months after the biopsy. In only 7 of the 48 questionable cases was definitive treatment carried out at the time of biopsy. All in all, these findings reflect sound, responsible surgical judgment.", "contents": "Diagnosis of minimal breast cancers in the BCDDP: the 66 questionable cases. Of 1,810 breast cancers detected in the NCI/ACS Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Projects, 592 were less than 1 cm in diameter and considered minimal; and tissue slides from 506 of them were available for retrospective review by a panel of pathologists. The initial report of this review indicated that in 66 cases the pathologic features of the presented slides were not sufficient for diagnosis of cancer. Subsequent investigation revealed that, through computer error, the slides submitted in 2 of these 66 cases were not from the lesions in question but from blind biopsy of the contralateral breast. Further review by the pathology panel of tissue from 38 of the 64 remaining cases determined that 16 of the remaining lesions were indeed cancers or borderline malignant lesions. This then left 48 cases in doubt. Only biopsy had been performed in 11 of them, and some form of mastectomy in the other 37. The original pathologic opinion had been divided in 30 of these, and the mastectomy had been delayed for 1 day to 7 months after the biopsy. In only 7 of the 48 questionable cases was definitive treatment carried out at the time of biopsy. All in all, these findings reflect sound, responsible surgical judgment.", "PMID": 427726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14035", "title": "Relation between mammary cancer growth kinetics and the intervals between screenings.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to consider the time interval for periodic mammographic screening for breast cancer. One hundred fifteen breast cancers occurring in 10,128 women receiving over 30,000 mammograms over a four year period were reviewed. Tumors were diagnosed at three time intervals: 1) first screening (39/115); 2) annual examination (27/115); and 3) at an examination that occurred less than twelve months from a previous annual examination (10/115). Also, there were tumors that grew to a palpable dimensions and were self-detected between annual examinations (39/115). Our opinion is that screening intervals should be individualized to each patient according to risk factors and suspicious mammographic findings. Further, there is a significant number of breast cancers that grow too fast to be detected effectively by annual mammography. Suspicious mammographic findings did not exist before these cancers reached palpable dimensions. Other risk factors characterizing the hosts who develop these fast growing cancers are yet to be determined.", "contents": "Relation between mammary cancer growth kinetics and the intervals between screenings. The purpose of this study was to consider the time interval for periodic mammographic screening for breast cancer. One hundred fifteen breast cancers occurring in 10,128 women receiving over 30,000 mammograms over a four year period were reviewed. Tumors were diagnosed at three time intervals: 1) first screening (39/115); 2) annual examination (27/115); and 3) at an examination that occurred less than twelve months from a previous annual examination (10/115). Also, there were tumors that grew to a palpable dimensions and were self-detected between annual examinations (39/115). Our opinion is that screening intervals should be individualized to each patient according to risk factors and suspicious mammographic findings. Further, there is a significant number of breast cancers that grow too fast to be detected effectively by annual mammography. Suspicious mammographic findings did not exist before these cancers reached palpable dimensions. Other risk factors characterizing the hosts who develop these fast growing cancers are yet to be determined.", "PMID": 427728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14036", "title": "Mammography in symptomatic women 50 years of age and under, and those over 50.", "content": "Our experience with the use of mammography as a diagnostic aid in symptomatic women with breast complaints has been presented. One-third of all cancers were found in women 50 years of age and under. The detection of cancer by mammography in the younger age group was similar to that experienced in the older age group. Radiation exposure by mammography has diminished markedly during the last 15 years--only one-third to one rad per exposure with modern technique. Recent hysterical criticism of the use of mammography in women under 50 years of age is unwarranted in the light of current findings. This diagnostic modality should be utilized when indicated in all age groups over 30. It is probable that screening clinics should include all women over 35 years of age.", "contents": "Mammography in symptomatic women 50 years of age and under, and those over 50. Our experience with the use of mammography as a diagnostic aid in symptomatic women with breast complaints has been presented. One-third of all cancers were found in women 50 years of age and under. The detection of cancer by mammography in the younger age group was similar to that experienced in the older age group. Radiation exposure by mammography has diminished markedly during the last 15 years--only one-third to one rad per exposure with modern technique. Recent hysterical criticism of the use of mammography in women under 50 years of age is unwarranted in the light of current findings. This diagnostic modality should be utilized when indicated in all age groups over 30. It is probable that screening clinics should include all women over 35 years of age.", "PMID": 427729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14037", "title": "Serum-mediated immunosuppression in lung cancer.", "content": "Immunosuppression in 45 patients with lung cancer was studied by examining delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to DNCB and by analyzing the effect of the patient's serum on the proliferative response of normal donor lymphocytes. Both diminution of DNCB reactivity and inhibition of the proliferative response of normal donor lymphocytes to mitogens were associated with the stage of the disease and the presence of unresected tumor. Suppressive sera were associated with poor prognosis. The suppressive effects of patients' sera on lymphocytes from a normal donor suggest that the immunosuppression seen in lung cancer may be mediated by serum factors. The significant association of clinically evident tumor with this serum-mediated immunosuppression further suggests that the tumor itself could account for the appearance of these factors in the host. The clinical implications of these findings may be useful for designing new clinical trials.", "contents": "Serum-mediated immunosuppression in lung cancer. Immunosuppression in 45 patients with lung cancer was studied by examining delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to DNCB and by analyzing the effect of the patient's serum on the proliferative response of normal donor lymphocytes. Both diminution of DNCB reactivity and inhibition of the proliferative response of normal donor lymphocytes to mitogens were associated with the stage of the disease and the presence of unresected tumor. Suppressive sera were associated with poor prognosis. The suppressive effects of patients' sera on lymphocytes from a normal donor suggest that the immunosuppression seen in lung cancer may be mediated by serum factors. The significant association of clinically evident tumor with this serum-mediated immunosuppression further suggests that the tumor itself could account for the appearance of these factors in the host. The clinical implications of these findings may be useful for designing new clinical trials.", "PMID": 427731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14038", "title": "The quantitative and qualitative impairment of wound healing by adriamycin.", "content": "Clinical impression suggests that Adriamycin (ADR) interferes with wound healing. To examine the effects of ADR on wound healing, male Fischer rats were subjected to a dorsal, midline, full-thickness longitudinal incision (day 0). Wound clips were removed on day +7. Twenty animals per group were given intravenous ADR on day -7, day 0, day +3 and day +7. Twenty animals served as non-treated, wounded controls (C). Five animals/group were sacrificed on days +7, +14 and +21, at which time two 9.5 mm wide strips were taken from each animal perpendicular to the wound axis and submitted for wound breaking strength (WBS) measurements and load-extension curve analysis. WBS differed most markedly at Day 21 between C(1671 +/- 59g) and ADR day -7(1360 + 71 g) p less than 0.01; C and ADR day 0 (1051 +/- 108 g) p less than 0.001; C and ADR day + 3(1134 +/- 176 g) p less than 0.02. No difference existed between C and day +7 (1790 +/- 153 g). A point of inflection always occurred between 55-60% elongation in ADR treated animals only. This portion of the curve has been previously shown to represent collagen content. It is concluded that perioperative ADR administration (day -7 through day +3) significantly and substantially impairs skin wound healing in the rat. A form of collagen yielding underlies and may contribute to this defect.", "contents": "The quantitative and qualitative impairment of wound healing by adriamycin. Clinical impression suggests that Adriamycin (ADR) interferes with wound healing. To examine the effects of ADR on wound healing, male Fischer rats were subjected to a dorsal, midline, full-thickness longitudinal incision (day 0). Wound clips were removed on day +7. Twenty animals per group were given intravenous ADR on day -7, day 0, day +3 and day +7. Twenty animals served as non-treated, wounded controls (C). Five animals/group were sacrificed on days +7, +14 and +21, at which time two 9.5 mm wide strips were taken from each animal perpendicular to the wound axis and submitted for wound breaking strength (WBS) measurements and load-extension curve analysis. WBS differed most markedly at Day 21 between C(1671 +/- 59g) and ADR day -7(1360 + 71 g) p less than 0.01; C and ADR day 0 (1051 +/- 108 g) p less than 0.001; C and ADR day + 3(1134 +/- 176 g) p less than 0.02. No difference existed between C and day +7 (1790 +/- 153 g). A point of inflection always occurred between 55-60% elongation in ADR treated animals only. This portion of the curve has been previously shown to represent collagen content. It is concluded that perioperative ADR administration (day -7 through day +3) significantly and substantially impairs skin wound healing in the rat. A form of collagen yielding underlies and may contribute to this defect.", "PMID": 427732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14039", "title": "Multiple primary melanoma.", "content": "From a series of 712 patients with melanoma, 38 patients (5.3%) had more than one primary melanoma. Twenty-four patients had two primaries, 11 patients had three, 2 patients had four, and 1 patient had eight. Twelve patients (32%) had one or more synchronous primaries. Forty-five percent of all multiple primaries were diagnosed within the first year. Microstaging by level and depth was determined prior to treatment and in patients with nonsynchronous primaries, 83% had a subsequent melanoma equal or less advanced than the original. Twenty-six patients with Stage I primaries were skin-tested with DNCB prior to therapy. No significant differences in delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were found between multiple primary and matched controls with only a single melanoma. Four of 10 patients with multiple primaries treated with adjuvant BCG or BCG-tumor cell vaccine developed subsequent melanomas suggesting that immunotherapy with BCG will not prevent the development of a new primary melanoma. Survival in patients with Stage I and II multiple primary melanomas was improved compared to Stage I and Stage II patients with a single primary. This study suggests that prognosis in multiple primary melanomas is better reflected by the most advanced primary based on microstaging and the presence or absence of regional lymph node metastases than by multiplicity.", "contents": "Multiple primary melanoma. From a series of 712 patients with melanoma, 38 patients (5.3%) had more than one primary melanoma. Twenty-four patients had two primaries, 11 patients had three, 2 patients had four, and 1 patient had eight. Twelve patients (32%) had one or more synchronous primaries. Forty-five percent of all multiple primaries were diagnosed within the first year. Microstaging by level and depth was determined prior to treatment and in patients with nonsynchronous primaries, 83% had a subsequent melanoma equal or less advanced than the original. Twenty-six patients with Stage I primaries were skin-tested with DNCB prior to therapy. No significant differences in delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were found between multiple primary and matched controls with only a single melanoma. Four of 10 patients with multiple primaries treated with adjuvant BCG or BCG-tumor cell vaccine developed subsequent melanomas suggesting that immunotherapy with BCG will not prevent the development of a new primary melanoma. Survival in patients with Stage I and II multiple primary melanomas was improved compared to Stage I and Stage II patients with a single primary. This study suggests that prognosis in multiple primary melanomas is better reflected by the most advanced primary based on microstaging and the presence or absence of regional lymph node metastases than by multiplicity.", "PMID": 427733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14040", "title": "Immune impairment and metastatic tumor growth: the need for an immunorestorative drug as an adjunct to surgery.", "content": "A spontaneous murine metastatic tumor system was used as a model to assess the effects of a major surgical procedure on tumor-specific immune reactivity and the growth of micrometastases. Any major surgical procedure resulted in impaired cell-mediated cytotoxicity postoperatively and an increase in the number of gross pulmonary metastases. The use of an immunorestorative drug, Thiabendazole, in the perioperative period resulted in an improved cytotoxic response and a significant decrease in pulmonary metastases. Perioperative immunotherapy can be an effective adjunct to surgery in preventing the growth of micrometastatic foci.", "contents": "Immune impairment and metastatic tumor growth: the need for an immunorestorative drug as an adjunct to surgery. A spontaneous murine metastatic tumor system was used as a model to assess the effects of a major surgical procedure on tumor-specific immune reactivity and the growth of micrometastases. Any major surgical procedure resulted in impaired cell-mediated cytotoxicity postoperatively and an increase in the number of gross pulmonary metastases. The use of an immunorestorative drug, Thiabendazole, in the perioperative period resulted in an improved cytotoxic response and a significant decrease in pulmonary metastases. Perioperative immunotherapy can be an effective adjunct to surgery in preventing the growth of micrometastatic foci.", "PMID": 427734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14041", "title": "The results of treatment of perineal recurrence of cancer of the rectum.", "content": "A study of 36 patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum recurrent in the perineum after Miles abdominoperineal resection defined a subgroup of 21 patients in whom curative re-excision of the perineum, with or without associated resection of viscera as warranted by operative findings, was performed. Recurrence without palpable disease was disclosed microscopically in seven patients (33%). None of the 21 patients had clinical or laboratory evidence of dissemination at the time of re-excision. Mortality and morbidity were low and yield in terms of pain control was excellent. Results achieved in patients treated with pre- and/or postoperative radiotherapy did not differ quantitatively or qualitatively from those treated by operation alone. Survival free of disease proved to be disappointing and underlines at present the palliative nature of this approach when the primary operation has been an adequate standard abdominoperineal operation. This report provides further evidence as to the value of the better definition of high risk primary rectal cancers and the need for continuing refinement of the follow-up and retreatment process.", "contents": "The results of treatment of perineal recurrence of cancer of the rectum. A study of 36 patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum recurrent in the perineum after Miles abdominoperineal resection defined a subgroup of 21 patients in whom curative re-excision of the perineum, with or without associated resection of viscera as warranted by operative findings, was performed. Recurrence without palpable disease was disclosed microscopically in seven patients (33%). None of the 21 patients had clinical or laboratory evidence of dissemination at the time of re-excision. Mortality and morbidity were low and yield in terms of pain control was excellent. Results achieved in patients treated with pre- and/or postoperative radiotherapy did not differ quantitatively or qualitatively from those treated by operation alone. Survival free of disease proved to be disappointing and underlines at present the palliative nature of this approach when the primary operation has been an adequate standard abdominoperineal operation. This report provides further evidence as to the value of the better definition of high risk primary rectal cancers and the need for continuing refinement of the follow-up and retreatment process.", "PMID": 427735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14042", "title": "Symptomatology as an indicator of recurrent or metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "Eighty-seven patients with recurrent breast cancer after mastectomy were analyzed for patterns of recurrence and methods of detection. After an average disease-free interval of 30 months, 38% developed osseous metastases, 16% recurred locally, 10% had local plus systemic disease, 10% showed pulmonary metastases and the remainder were distributed among liver, brain, and remaining breast disease. In 79 patients recurrence was heralded by symptoms. Physical examination in five asymptomatic patients revealed local or supraclavicular recurrence. In only three asymptomatic patients was recurrence documented by \"routine\" chest x-rays (in two), or liver enzymes/liver scan (in one). No asymptomatic disease was found by bone scan. It is concluded that periodic history, physical examination, and chest x-rays are the most important components in the follow-up of breast cancer patients. Radioisotope scans and other radiographs are valuable in confirming symptomatic disease and detecting additional diseases, but cannot be recommended routinely in the asymptomatic patient because of low yield and cost.", "contents": "Symptomatology as an indicator of recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. Eighty-seven patients with recurrent breast cancer after mastectomy were analyzed for patterns of recurrence and methods of detection. After an average disease-free interval of 30 months, 38% developed osseous metastases, 16% recurred locally, 10% had local plus systemic disease, 10% showed pulmonary metastases and the remainder were distributed among liver, brain, and remaining breast disease. In 79 patients recurrence was heralded by symptoms. Physical examination in five asymptomatic patients revealed local or supraclavicular recurrence. In only three asymptomatic patients was recurrence documented by \"routine\" chest x-rays (in two), or liver enzymes/liver scan (in one). No asymptomatic disease was found by bone scan. It is concluded that periodic history, physical examination, and chest x-rays are the most important components in the follow-up of breast cancer patients. Radioisotope scans and other radiographs are valuable in confirming symptomatic disease and detecting additional diseases, but cannot be recommended routinely in the asymptomatic patient because of low yield and cost.", "PMID": 427736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14043", "title": "Staging of cancer of the colon and cancer of the rectum.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 1,826 cases (924 colon, 902 rectal) from ten institutions provided the basis of this study on the staging of cancer of the colon and rectum. The general rules of the American Joint Committee on the relationship between times and the staging of cancer have been followed. These represent modifications of the originally formulated TNM system of the Union Internationale Contre Le Cancer (UICC) which has been designed as a clinical-diagnostic classification, not applicable to cancer of inaccessible sites or structures requiring postsurgical treatment pathologic assessment of therapeutically removed specimens. Inadequacies of the clinical data requested for our study required adoption of the pTNM evaluation method of classification. Multiple regression analysis of the data demonstrated a relationship between survival and the following: depth of penetration (T), status of regional lymph nodes (N), and presence or absence of distant metastasis (M). This was similar for both sites. Basically, for the rectum it was in consonance with the original Dukes' classification (A, B, and C), and was remarkably applicable to the colon. The survival data for the two sites were so similar as to suggest the use of one set of pTNM categories not only for the postsurgical-treatment pathologic evaluation, but also for the stage grouping definitions. Strongly recommended for cancer of all sites is the development of General Oncology Data Forms to be included in the clinical charts and records of all patients with cancer.", "contents": "Staging of cancer of the colon and cancer of the rectum. A retrospective analysis of 1,826 cases (924 colon, 902 rectal) from ten institutions provided the basis of this study on the staging of cancer of the colon and rectum. The general rules of the American Joint Committee on the relationship between times and the staging of cancer have been followed. These represent modifications of the originally formulated TNM system of the Union Internationale Contre Le Cancer (UICC) which has been designed as a clinical-diagnostic classification, not applicable to cancer of inaccessible sites or structures requiring postsurgical treatment pathologic assessment of therapeutically removed specimens. Inadequacies of the clinical data requested for our study required adoption of the pTNM evaluation method of classification. Multiple regression analysis of the data demonstrated a relationship between survival and the following: depth of penetration (T), status of regional lymph nodes (N), and presence or absence of distant metastasis (M). This was similar for both sites. Basically, for the rectum it was in consonance with the original Dukes' classification (A, B, and C), and was remarkably applicable to the colon. The survival data for the two sites were so similar as to suggest the use of one set of pTNM categories not only for the postsurgical-treatment pathologic evaluation, but also for the stage grouping definitions. Strongly recommended for cancer of all sites is the development of General Oncology Data Forms to be included in the clinical charts and records of all patients with cancer.", "PMID": 427737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14044", "title": "Steroid hormone receptors in human colon cancers.", "content": "Tumors from patients with primary colon cancer were studied for the presence of steroid hormone receptors for estrogen (E2), progesterone (Prog), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and glucocorticoid. Ten of 33 (30%) tumors contained high affinity E2 receptors. Four were males and six females with positive assays predominantly from the left colon. Twenty-three of these tumors were also assayed for DHT and Prog and six (26%) contained all three receptors. An additional twelve tumors had at least one receptor, so that 70% of the tumors studied contained one or more receptors. Five of 22 (23%) samples were positive for glucocorticoid receptors. Common etiological factors associated with colon and breast cancer were briefly discussed. These factors, along with the presence of hormone receptors in primary colon malignancies suggest that some large bowel cancers may be endocrine-dependent.", "contents": "Steroid hormone receptors in human colon cancers. Tumors from patients with primary colon cancer were studied for the presence of steroid hormone receptors for estrogen (E2), progesterone (Prog), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and glucocorticoid. Ten of 33 (30%) tumors contained high affinity E2 receptors. Four were males and six females with positive assays predominantly from the left colon. Twenty-three of these tumors were also assayed for DHT and Prog and six (26%) contained all three receptors. An additional twelve tumors had at least one receptor, so that 70% of the tumors studied contained one or more receptors. Five of 22 (23%) samples were positive for glucocorticoid receptors. Common etiological factors associated with colon and breast cancer were briefly discussed. These factors, along with the presence of hormone receptors in primary colon malignancies suggest that some large bowel cancers may be endocrine-dependent.", "PMID": 427738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14045", "title": "Development of a metastatic brain tumor model in mice.", "content": "This study reports an easily accomplished and reliable model of metastatic tumor in the brains of mice. Five experimental groups of female C3H/Bi mice received left intracardiac injections of a syngeneic KHT sarcoma cell suspension (1 X 10(5) cells) and were followed until death. Two groups of mice also received 3,000 rads of radiation to a limited cardiac port 24 hr after tumor injections. All mice were completely autopsied, and the brains were examined both grossly and microscopically. Metastatic brain tumor developed in 60 to 70% of mice; the tumor foci were parenchymal, usually multifocal, and had wide distribution throughout the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. There was occasional meningeal tumor, but tumor never involved the skull, choroid plexus, pituitary gland, or local extracranial structures. Cardiac irradiation did not increase the number of the mean survival of mice with metastatic brain tumor but did decrease the total tumor burden of individual animals by markedly reducing the incidence of metastatic lung tumor and totally preventing tumor infiltration of the heart. This demonstration of consistently produced blood-borne metastatic brain tumor in mice should provide a valuable research model which will allow the central nervous system to be studied for internal mechanisms and/or external factors which influence the arrest and growth of embolic tumor cells in the brain.", "contents": "Development of a metastatic brain tumor model in mice. This study reports an easily accomplished and reliable model of metastatic tumor in the brains of mice. Five experimental groups of female C3H/Bi mice received left intracardiac injections of a syngeneic KHT sarcoma cell suspension (1 X 10(5) cells) and were followed until death. Two groups of mice also received 3,000 rads of radiation to a limited cardiac port 24 hr after tumor injections. All mice were completely autopsied, and the brains were examined both grossly and microscopically. Metastatic brain tumor developed in 60 to 70% of mice; the tumor foci were parenchymal, usually multifocal, and had wide distribution throughout the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. There was occasional meningeal tumor, but tumor never involved the skull, choroid plexus, pituitary gland, or local extracranial structures. Cardiac irradiation did not increase the number of the mean survival of mice with metastatic brain tumor but did decrease the total tumor burden of individual animals by markedly reducing the incidence of metastatic lung tumor and totally preventing tumor infiltration of the heart. This demonstration of consistently produced blood-borne metastatic brain tumor in mice should provide a valuable research model which will allow the central nervous system to be studied for internal mechanisms and/or external factors which influence the arrest and growth of embolic tumor cells in the brain.", "PMID": 427739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14046", "title": "N,N-dimethylformamide-induced alteration of cell culture characteristics and loss of tumorigenicity in cultured human colon carcinoma cells.", "content": "Human colon carcinoma cell lines established in this laboratory were treated in vitro with N,N-dimethylformamide. This polar solvent caused morphological changes in the cells as well as alterations in their growth properties. Untreated cells had cloning efficiencies of up to 77% in soft agar; treatment with N,N-dimethylformamide resulted in a complete loss of clonogenicity in semisolid medium. Growth in the presence of the polar solvent also effected a marked reduction in the tumorigenicity of the cells. Ten of ten nude mice that received a s.c. inoculum of 1 X 10(6) untreated cells developed tumors histologically similar to colonic adenocarcinomas in 10 to 14 days, whereas nine of ten nude mice inoculated with 1 X 10(6) treated cells have shown no sign of tumor 3 to 6 months postinjection. Removal of the polar solvent from the culture medium was accompanied by the reappearance of tumorigenicity and the original cell culture characteristics. Therefore, it appears that N,N-dimethylformamide can reversibly effect the reversion of cultured human colon carcinoma cells to less malignant cell types.", "contents": "N,N-dimethylformamide-induced alteration of cell culture characteristics and loss of tumorigenicity in cultured human colon carcinoma cells. Human colon carcinoma cell lines established in this laboratory were treated in vitro with N,N-dimethylformamide. This polar solvent caused morphological changes in the cells as well as alterations in their growth properties. Untreated cells had cloning efficiencies of up to 77% in soft agar; treatment with N,N-dimethylformamide resulted in a complete loss of clonogenicity in semisolid medium. Growth in the presence of the polar solvent also effected a marked reduction in the tumorigenicity of the cells. Ten of ten nude mice that received a s.c. inoculum of 1 X 10(6) untreated cells developed tumors histologically similar to colonic adenocarcinomas in 10 to 14 days, whereas nine of ten nude mice inoculated with 1 X 10(6) treated cells have shown no sign of tumor 3 to 6 months postinjection. Removal of the polar solvent from the culture medium was accompanied by the reappearance of tumorigenicity and the original cell culture characteristics. Therefore, it appears that N,N-dimethylformamide can reversibly effect the reversion of cultured human colon carcinoma cells to less malignant cell types.", "PMID": 427742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14047", "title": "A survey of growth in soft agar and cell surface properties as markers for transformation in adult rat liver epithelial-like cell cultures.", "content": "Continuous epithelial-like cell lines derived from normal adult rat liver and hepatocarcinomas were evaluated for their growth in soft agar and five properties of the cell membrane as markers for neoplastic transformation. A correlation of these properties was made to the tumorigenicity of the lines in nude mice. Growth in soft agar was a specific and sensitive marker, whereas the data on uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose were consistent, with high uptake being a specific but clearly not a sensitive marker. Agglutination and hemadsorption mediated by concanavalin A, multinucleation in the presence of cytochalasin B, and the cell membrane activity of adenosine triphosphatase did not correlate with tumorigenicity of the other markers for transformation. In addition, it is shown that Mycoplasma infection does not alter any of these properties but that infection can be eliminated by passage of cells through nude mice.", "contents": "A survey of growth in soft agar and cell surface properties as markers for transformation in adult rat liver epithelial-like cell cultures. Continuous epithelial-like cell lines derived from normal adult rat liver and hepatocarcinomas were evaluated for their growth in soft agar and five properties of the cell membrane as markers for neoplastic transformation. A correlation of these properties was made to the tumorigenicity of the lines in nude mice. Growth in soft agar was a specific and sensitive marker, whereas the data on uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose were consistent, with high uptake being a specific but clearly not a sensitive marker. Agglutination and hemadsorption mediated by concanavalin A, multinucleation in the presence of cytochalasin B, and the cell membrane activity of adenosine triphosphatase did not correlate with tumorigenicity of the other markers for transformation. In addition, it is shown that Mycoplasma infection does not alter any of these properties but that infection can be eliminated by passage of cells through nude mice.", "PMID": 427743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14048", "title": "Comparative studies of glucose metabolism in HTC, RLC, MH1C1, and Reuber H35 rat hepatoma cells.", "content": "Carbohydrate metabolism by four rat hepatoma cell lines in culture, namely, Reuber H35, MH1C1, RLC, and HTC, has been investigated. Glucose utilization by H35 and MH1C1 cells is lower than that by RLC and HTC cells. The four cell lines also differ with respect to the accumulation of lactic acid in the growth medium; in particular, H35 cells show uptake of lactic acid, rather than accumulation in the medium. Specific activities of a number of enzymes involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen formation were determined in the four cell lines. A direct relationship between the differences was found for the activities of some enzymes belonging to carbohydrate metabolism, namely, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, aldolases A and B, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and the differences found for glucose utilization by the different cell lines.", "contents": "Comparative studies of glucose metabolism in HTC, RLC, MH1C1, and Reuber H35 rat hepatoma cells. Carbohydrate metabolism by four rat hepatoma cell lines in culture, namely, Reuber H35, MH1C1, RLC, and HTC, has been investigated. Glucose utilization by H35 and MH1C1 cells is lower than that by RLC and HTC cells. The four cell lines also differ with respect to the accumulation of lactic acid in the growth medium; in particular, H35 cells show uptake of lactic acid, rather than accumulation in the medium. Specific activities of a number of enzymes involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen formation were determined in the four cell lines. A direct relationship between the differences was found for the activities of some enzymes belonging to carbohydrate metabolism, namely, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, aldolases A and B, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and the differences found for glucose utilization by the different cell lines.", "PMID": 427745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14049", "title": "Induction of differentiation of Rauscher virus-induced mouse myeloid leukemia cells with a factor(s) in ascitic fluid and inhibitors of nucleic acid and protein syntheses.", "content": "Cell line R453, established from a Rauscher virus-induced myeloid leukemia in a C57BL/6 mouse, was induced to differentiate in vitro into macrophages and granulocytes with ascitic fluids from animals bearing various ascites tumors or from mice treated with complete Freund's adjuvant, conditioned media from various cell lines, and glucocorticoid hormone. Differentiated R453 cells had a morphology similar to that of macrophages and granulocytes in normal hematopoietic organs, and they phagocytized small paricles such as latex particles, moved in soft agar showing locomotive activity, and had Fc and C3 receptors on the cell surface. This induction of differentiation of R453 cells was markedly enhanced by addition of inhibitors of RNA synthesis (actinomycin D, nogalamycin, or chromomycin A3), protein synthesis (puromycin or cycloheximide), or DNA synthesis (methotrexate, hydroxyurea, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, or 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine) in the presence of ascitic fluid. Of the inhibitors, actinomycin D was the most effective at a low concentration (5 ng/ml) in stimulating induction of differentiation of R453 cells. However, these inhibitors alone did not induce differentiation of R453 cells. The factor(s) in ascitic fluid that stimulates differentiation of R453 cells was heat labile, nondialyzable, and inactivated by trypsin.", "contents": "Induction of differentiation of Rauscher virus-induced mouse myeloid leukemia cells with a factor(s) in ascitic fluid and inhibitors of nucleic acid and protein syntheses. Cell line R453, established from a Rauscher virus-induced myeloid leukemia in a C57BL/6 mouse, was induced to differentiate in vitro into macrophages and granulocytes with ascitic fluids from animals bearing various ascites tumors or from mice treated with complete Freund's adjuvant, conditioned media from various cell lines, and glucocorticoid hormone. Differentiated R453 cells had a morphology similar to that of macrophages and granulocytes in normal hematopoietic organs, and they phagocytized small paricles such as latex particles, moved in soft agar showing locomotive activity, and had Fc and C3 receptors on the cell surface. This induction of differentiation of R453 cells was markedly enhanced by addition of inhibitors of RNA synthesis (actinomycin D, nogalamycin, or chromomycin A3), protein synthesis (puromycin or cycloheximide), or DNA synthesis (methotrexate, hydroxyurea, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, or 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine) in the presence of ascitic fluid. Of the inhibitors, actinomycin D was the most effective at a low concentration (5 ng/ml) in stimulating induction of differentiation of R453 cells. However, these inhibitors alone did not induce differentiation of R453 cells. The factor(s) in ascitic fluid that stimulates differentiation of R453 cells was heat labile, nondialyzable, and inactivated by trypsin.", "PMID": 427746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14050", "title": "Synergistic action of vincristine and adriamycin in the treatment of experimental rat leukemia L5222.", "content": "The therapeutic effect of different ratios of a combination of vincristine and Adriamycin was compared to monotherapy with both substances in advanced rat leukemia L5222. The combination therapy proved to by synergistic. In the upper dose range, no additive toxicity was observed. The combination of 25% vincristine plus 75% Adriamycin effected the best results. In a clinically relevant dose range, the superiority of this ratio was observed independent of the application sequence of the two substances and independent of the time interval between the applications within an 11-hr investigation period.", "contents": "Synergistic action of vincristine and adriamycin in the treatment of experimental rat leukemia L5222. The therapeutic effect of different ratios of a combination of vincristine and Adriamycin was compared to monotherapy with both substances in advanced rat leukemia L5222. The combination therapy proved to by synergistic. In the upper dose range, no additive toxicity was observed. The combination of 25% vincristine plus 75% Adriamycin effected the best results. In a clinically relevant dose range, the superiority of this ratio was observed independent of the application sequence of the two substances and independent of the time interval between the applications within an 11-hr investigation period.", "PMID": 427748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14051", "title": "Metabolism and formation of DNA adducts of benzo(a)pyrene in human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "Cultured human diploid skin fibroblasts incubated with [G-3H]benzo(a)pyrene yielded about 10 times more H2O-=soluble benzo(a)pyrene metabolites and DNA adducts of stationary growth phase than did proliferating cultures. This increased formation could be blocked by alpha-naphthoflavone. Trichloropropenoxide and cyclohexenoxide, inhibitors of the epoxide hydratase, inhibited predominantly the formation of DNA adducts. Cultures from older individuals formed significantly more benzo(a)pyrene metabolites and DNA adducts, but control cultures from patients with either lung cancer or melanoma did not. The age influence was not apparent when the ratio of DNA adducts to H2O-soluble metabolites was determined for each individual cell line. However, the proportion of DNA-bound material in the cells from patients with lung cancer was significantly increased compared to cells from melanoma patients or healthy individuals.", "contents": "Metabolism and formation of DNA adducts of benzo(a)pyrene in human diploid fibroblasts. Cultured human diploid skin fibroblasts incubated with [G-3H]benzo(a)pyrene yielded about 10 times more H2O-=soluble benzo(a)pyrene metabolites and DNA adducts of stationary growth phase than did proliferating cultures. This increased formation could be blocked by alpha-naphthoflavone. Trichloropropenoxide and cyclohexenoxide, inhibitors of the epoxide hydratase, inhibited predominantly the formation of DNA adducts. Cultures from older individuals formed significantly more benzo(a)pyrene metabolites and DNA adducts, but control cultures from patients with either lung cancer or melanoma did not. The age influence was not apparent when the ratio of DNA adducts to H2O-soluble metabolites was determined for each individual cell line. However, the proportion of DNA-bound material in the cells from patients with lung cancer was significantly increased compared to cells from melanoma patients or healthy individuals.", "PMID": 427749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14052", "title": "Early decrease in hyaluronidase-sensitive cell surface charge during the differentiation of Friend erythroleukemic cells by dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "Early membrane events in erythroid differentiation were investigated by means of cell electrophoresis utilizing cultured Friend erythroleukemia cell clones of different inducibility. The cell electrophoretic mobility decreased by 18% within 30 min of treatment with 1.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in highly inducible clones but not in noninducible clones. The reduced mobility persisted for 5 days of incubation with DMSO until hemoglobin synthesis. DMSO treatment for less than 16 hr and subsequent incubation without the drug resulted in the complete recovery of the mobility and no hemoglobin synthesis. Longer exposure to DMSO resulted in the loss of recovery of mobility and an increasing fraction of benzidine-positive cells seen on Day 5. Measurement of the electrophoretic mobility after the removal of acidic sugars by their specific enzymes suggested that hyaluronidase-sensitive negative charges were lost from the cell surface only in highly inducible clones. The mobility reduction associated with hyaluronic acid was also caused by other potent inducers (sodium butyrate, N-methylacetamide, and N,N-dimethylacetamide). These results suggest that the decrease in cell surface glycocalyx might be an early step in the induction of differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells.", "contents": "Early decrease in hyaluronidase-sensitive cell surface charge during the differentiation of Friend erythroleukemic cells by dimethyl sulfoxide. Early membrane events in erythroid differentiation were investigated by means of cell electrophoresis utilizing cultured Friend erythroleukemia cell clones of different inducibility. The cell electrophoretic mobility decreased by 18% within 30 min of treatment with 1.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in highly inducible clones but not in noninducible clones. The reduced mobility persisted for 5 days of incubation with DMSO until hemoglobin synthesis. DMSO treatment for less than 16 hr and subsequent incubation without the drug resulted in the complete recovery of the mobility and no hemoglobin synthesis. Longer exposure to DMSO resulted in the loss of recovery of mobility and an increasing fraction of benzidine-positive cells seen on Day 5. Measurement of the electrophoretic mobility after the removal of acidic sugars by their specific enzymes suggested that hyaluronidase-sensitive negative charges were lost from the cell surface only in highly inducible clones. The mobility reduction associated with hyaluronic acid was also caused by other potent inducers (sodium butyrate, N-methylacetamide, and N,N-dimethylacetamide). These results suggest that the decrease in cell surface glycocalyx might be an early step in the induction of differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells.", "PMID": 427753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14053", "title": "Stability of estrogen receptors in frozen human breast tumor tissue.", "content": "The effect of freezing on the stability of the estrogen receptors in human breast tumors was measured. Portions of three tumors kept frozen for 3 days after removal from the patients were analyzed by the sucrose density gradient method. The initial measurements demonstrated positive receptor values. The remaining portions were kept frozen for 30 days, and the receptor values were reevaluated. The 8S receptor was 80% destroyed under these freezing conditions. The 4S receptor was found to be more stable. The inactivation reflects a loss of specific binding since the protein concentration was similar in the analyses. These results strongly indicate that human breast tumor specimens should be analyzed as soon as possible or within 3 weeks after freezing.", "contents": "Stability of estrogen receptors in frozen human breast tumor tissue. The effect of freezing on the stability of the estrogen receptors in human breast tumors was measured. Portions of three tumors kept frozen for 3 days after removal from the patients were analyzed by the sucrose density gradient method. The initial measurements demonstrated positive receptor values. The remaining portions were kept frozen for 30 days, and the receptor values were reevaluated. The 8S receptor was 80% destroyed under these freezing conditions. The 4S receptor was found to be more stable. The inactivation reflects a loss of specific binding since the protein concentration was similar in the analyses. These results strongly indicate that human breast tumor specimens should be analyzed as soon as possible or within 3 weeks after freezing.", "PMID": 427754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14054", "title": "Metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and identification of the major aflatoxin B1-DNA adducts formed in cultured human bronchus and colon.", "content": "Aflatoxin B1 and benzo(a)pyrene were activated by both cultured human bronchus and human colon as measured by binding to cellular DNA and protein. The binding of aflatoxin B1 to DNA was dose dependent, and the level of binding was higher in cultured human bronchus than it was in the colon. When compared to aflatoxin B1, the binding level of benzo(a)pyrene to both bronchial and colonic DNA was generally higher. The major adducts formed in both tissues by the interaction of aflatoxin B1 and DNA were chromatographically identical to 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 (Structure 1) with the guanyl group and hydroxy group in trans-position and an adduct which has been tentatively identified by other investigators as 2,3-dihydro-2-(N5-formyl-2',5',6'-triamino-4'-oxo-N5-pyrimidyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 (Structure 11). Seventy % of the radioactivity associated with bronchial DNA was found in these two peaks, and the ratio of radioactivity between the peaks was nearly 1. In colonic DNA, the ratio between Structures 1 and 11 was approximately 2. These observations add aflatoxin B1 to the list of chemical procarcinogens metabolized by cultured human tissues and in which the carcinogen-DNA adducts are similar to the adducts formed in animal tissue susceptible to the carcinogenic action of aflatoxin B1.", "contents": "Metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and identification of the major aflatoxin B1-DNA adducts formed in cultured human bronchus and colon. Aflatoxin B1 and benzo(a)pyrene were activated by both cultured human bronchus and human colon as measured by binding to cellular DNA and protein. The binding of aflatoxin B1 to DNA was dose dependent, and the level of binding was higher in cultured human bronchus than it was in the colon. When compared to aflatoxin B1, the binding level of benzo(a)pyrene to both bronchial and colonic DNA was generally higher. The major adducts formed in both tissues by the interaction of aflatoxin B1 and DNA were chromatographically identical to 2,3-dihydro-2-(N7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 (Structure 1) with the guanyl group and hydroxy group in trans-position and an adduct which has been tentatively identified by other investigators as 2,3-dihydro-2-(N5-formyl-2',5',6'-triamino-4'-oxo-N5-pyrimidyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 (Structure 11). Seventy % of the radioactivity associated with bronchial DNA was found in these two peaks, and the ratio of radioactivity between the peaks was nearly 1. In colonic DNA, the ratio between Structures 1 and 11 was approximately 2. These observations add aflatoxin B1 to the list of chemical procarcinogens metabolized by cultured human tissues and in which the carcinogen-DNA adducts are similar to the adducts formed in animal tissue susceptible to the carcinogenic action of aflatoxin B1.", "PMID": 427755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14055", "title": "Metabolism and effects of 5-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)isocytosine in P815 cells.", "content": "5-(beta-D-Ribofuranosyl)isocytosine (psi l Cyd), a C-nucleoside, has been shown to be active against P815 leukemia in mice. In P815 cells treated with [2-14C]psi l Cyd, we have detected radioactivity in nucleotide fractions and in RNA and DNA. Degradation to nucleosides of the labeled triphosphate nucleotide fraction and of RNA showed that the radioactivity present was chromatographically identical to psi l Cyd. Half-saturation concentrations for the incorporation of [2-14C]psi l Cyd into the triphosphate nucleotide fraction and into RNA and DNA were 370, 280, and 94 microgram/ml, respectively, which were greater than 100-fold higher than those for tritiated cytidine. The incorporation of psi l Cyd was competitively inhibited by cytidine. Phosphorylation and incorporation of psi l Cyd into nucleic acids of P815 cells and of a P815 subline resistant to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine are about 2- to 20-fold higher than in P815 sublines resistant to psi l Cyd or to both 5-azacytidine and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. These data suggest that the phosphorylation of psi l Cyd and possibly its incorporation into nucleic acids are essential for therapeutic activity in P815 leukemias. In vitro metabolic studies also suggest that psi l Cyd and 5-azacytidine are cross-resistant and that P815 cells resistant to psi l Cyd are collaterally sensitive to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. These predictions were confirmed by therapeutic experiments carried out in mice bearing P815 leukemias.", "contents": "Metabolism and effects of 5-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)isocytosine in P815 cells. 5-(beta-D-Ribofuranosyl)isocytosine (psi l Cyd), a C-nucleoside, has been shown to be active against P815 leukemia in mice. In P815 cells treated with [2-14C]psi l Cyd, we have detected radioactivity in nucleotide fractions and in RNA and DNA. Degradation to nucleosides of the labeled triphosphate nucleotide fraction and of RNA showed that the radioactivity present was chromatographically identical to psi l Cyd. Half-saturation concentrations for the incorporation of [2-14C]psi l Cyd into the triphosphate nucleotide fraction and into RNA and DNA were 370, 280, and 94 microgram/ml, respectively, which were greater than 100-fold higher than those for tritiated cytidine. The incorporation of psi l Cyd was competitively inhibited by cytidine. Phosphorylation and incorporation of psi l Cyd into nucleic acids of P815 cells and of a P815 subline resistant to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine are about 2- to 20-fold higher than in P815 sublines resistant to psi l Cyd or to both 5-azacytidine and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. These data suggest that the phosphorylation of psi l Cyd and possibly its incorporation into nucleic acids are essential for therapeutic activity in P815 leukemias. In vitro metabolic studies also suggest that psi l Cyd and 5-azacytidine are cross-resistant and that P815 cells resistant to psi l Cyd are collaterally sensitive to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. These predictions were confirmed by therapeutic experiments carried out in mice bearing P815 leukemias.", "PMID": 427759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14056", "title": "Effects of iodine deficiency and high-fat diet on N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary cancers in rats.", "content": "The effects of an altered content of dietary iodine and fat on the development of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumors in rats were studied and correlated with thyroid and pituitary function studies. In three separate experiments, animals fed a semisynthetic diet containing 11.8% fat had an earlier time of tumor appearance and greater tumor burden than did controls maintained on a diet containing 4.6% fat. These diet-associated changes were markedly inhibited by ovariectomy, indicating that the tumor growth was hormone responsive. We examined the possibility that the diet with increased fat content enhanced tumor growth through alterations in prolactin metabolism but could find no consistent elevation in serum prolactin and no increase in pituitary prolactin synthesis in vitro. Our data further showed that rats on an iodine-deficient form of the high-fat diet had no greater tumor growth than did animals receiving an iodine-supplemented form of the same diet. We conclude from these results that iodine deficiency does not promote mammary tumorigenesis. An incidental finding of great interest was that ovariectomy led to a highly significant depression of thyroid-stimulating hormone production in vitro. This suggests that estrogens may directly influence thyroid-stimulating hormone synthesis in vivo and thus contribute to the sex-related differences in thyroid physiology.", "contents": "Effects of iodine deficiency and high-fat diet on N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary cancers in rats. The effects of an altered content of dietary iodine and fat on the development of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumors in rats were studied and correlated with thyroid and pituitary function studies. In three separate experiments, animals fed a semisynthetic diet containing 11.8% fat had an earlier time of tumor appearance and greater tumor burden than did controls maintained on a diet containing 4.6% fat. These diet-associated changes were markedly inhibited by ovariectomy, indicating that the tumor growth was hormone responsive. We examined the possibility that the diet with increased fat content enhanced tumor growth through alterations in prolactin metabolism but could find no consistent elevation in serum prolactin and no increase in pituitary prolactin synthesis in vitro. Our data further showed that rats on an iodine-deficient form of the high-fat diet had no greater tumor growth than did animals receiving an iodine-supplemented form of the same diet. We conclude from these results that iodine deficiency does not promote mammary tumorigenesis. An incidental finding of great interest was that ovariectomy led to a highly significant depression of thyroid-stimulating hormone production in vitro. This suggests that estrogens may directly influence thyroid-stimulating hormone synthesis in vivo and thus contribute to the sex-related differences in thyroid physiology.", "PMID": 427760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14057", "title": "Synthesis and identification of products derived from the metabolism of the carcinostatic 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea by rat liver microsomes.", "content": "Liver microsomal metabolism of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and O2 was shown to produce seven metabolites that included the parent urea. A cytochrome P-450-dependent monohydroxylation of the cyclohexyl ring occurred in 3 positions, cis-3, trans-3, and cis-4, and on the methyl group to form a trans-4-hydroxymethyl derivative. In addition, monohydroxylation of the 2-chloroethyl carbon attached to the N-1 urea nitrogen yielded an alpha-hydroxy metabolite. A ring-hydroxylated derivative remained unidentified while the structures of all other such derivatives were established by comparison with compound synthesized, purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and characterized by mass spectral and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. It was tentatively concluded that some parent urea is formed by a cytochrome P-450 dependent reaction because of a requirement for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and inhibition by CO. Microsomes from rats pretreated with phenobarbital showed about a 3-fold increase in hydroxylation rate while phenobarbital-treated mice microsomes were induced 8-fold. However, in both species, the induced hydroxylation rate was about 4 nmol/min/mg protein. When microsomes from phenobarbital-induced rats were used, a mixture of 80% CO:20% O2 decreased the rate of formation of all metabolites to 14% of that in 80% N2:20% O2.", "contents": "Synthesis and identification of products derived from the metabolism of the carcinostatic 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea by rat liver microsomes. Liver microsomal metabolism of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and O2 was shown to produce seven metabolites that included the parent urea. A cytochrome P-450-dependent monohydroxylation of the cyclohexyl ring occurred in 3 positions, cis-3, trans-3, and cis-4, and on the methyl group to form a trans-4-hydroxymethyl derivative. In addition, monohydroxylation of the 2-chloroethyl carbon attached to the N-1 urea nitrogen yielded an alpha-hydroxy metabolite. A ring-hydroxylated derivative remained unidentified while the structures of all other such derivatives were established by comparison with compound synthesized, purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and characterized by mass spectral and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. It was tentatively concluded that some parent urea is formed by a cytochrome P-450 dependent reaction because of a requirement for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and inhibition by CO. Microsomes from rats pretreated with phenobarbital showed about a 3-fold increase in hydroxylation rate while phenobarbital-treated mice microsomes were induced 8-fold. However, in both species, the induced hydroxylation rate was about 4 nmol/min/mg protein. When microsomes from phenobarbital-induced rats were used, a mixture of 80% CO:20% O2 decreased the rate of formation of all metabolites to 14% of that in 80% N2:20% O2.", "PMID": 427763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14058", "title": "Production of sister chromatid exchanges by various cancer chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "Various cancer chemotherapeutic agents have been examined for their ability to produce increases in sister chromatid exchanges. Those agents which had been shown previously to produce oncogenic transformation as well as chromosomal breaks also showed significant increases in sister chromatid exchanges. Those drugs which had not been shown to be oncogenic or clastogenic in cell culture produced no increases in sister chromatid exchanges. In general, concentrations which yielded increases in sister chromatid exchanges were considerably lower than those which had been shown previously to produce oncogenic transformation and chromosomal breakage. This was particularly true for the alkylating agents. Thus, we concur that examining increases in the production of sister chromatid exchanges may be an additional sensitive method for detecting potential mutagenic and/or oncogenic agents in our environment.", "contents": "Production of sister chromatid exchanges by various cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Various cancer chemotherapeutic agents have been examined for their ability to produce increases in sister chromatid exchanges. Those agents which had been shown previously to produce oncogenic transformation as well as chromosomal breaks also showed significant increases in sister chromatid exchanges. Those drugs which had not been shown to be oncogenic or clastogenic in cell culture produced no increases in sister chromatid exchanges. In general, concentrations which yielded increases in sister chromatid exchanges were considerably lower than those which had been shown previously to produce oncogenic transformation and chromosomal breakage. This was particularly true for the alkylating agents. Thus, we concur that examining increases in the production of sister chromatid exchanges may be an additional sensitive method for detecting potential mutagenic and/or oncogenic agents in our environment.", "PMID": 427767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14059", "title": "Phase 1 trial and assay of rubidazone (NSC 164011) in patients with advanced solid tumors.", "content": "A new high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of rubidazone and daunorubicin in human plasma at concentrations as low as 60 ng/ml. Clinical toxicity and the stability of rubidazone were studied in nine patients with advanced solid tumors. Rubidazone was administered by i.v. infusion over 1 hr on a single day every 4 weeks. Moderate leukopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity in four of six patients treated at 150 mg sq/m. Assay of rubidazone in plasma samples obtained after administration of rubidazone showed that the drug was stable for at least 7 hr.", "contents": "Phase 1 trial and assay of rubidazone (NSC 164011) in patients with advanced solid tumors. A new high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of rubidazone and daunorubicin in human plasma at concentrations as low as 60 ng/ml. Clinical toxicity and the stability of rubidazone were studied in nine patients with advanced solid tumors. Rubidazone was administered by i.v. infusion over 1 hr on a single day every 4 weeks. Moderate leukopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity in four of six patients treated at 150 mg sq/m. Assay of rubidazone in plasma samples obtained after administration of rubidazone showed that the drug was stable for at least 7 hr.", "PMID": 427770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14060", "title": "Volatile N-nitrosamines in the urine of normal donors and of bladder cancer patients.", "content": "Volatile N-nitrosamines were detected in the urine of male volunteers with gas-liquid and high-pressure liquid chromatography interfaced to the thermal energy analyzer. Of 50 samples from normal males, 10 contained nitrosodimethylamine (0.02 to 0.10 micrograms/liter), 6 contained nitrosodiethylamine (0.02 to 3.10), 9 contained nitrosomorpholine (0.006 to 0.67), and none contained nitrosodibutylamine. Of 4 samples from bladder cancer patients, 2 contained nitrosodibutylamine (0.35 and 0.66). Cigarette smoking did not appear to be related to the pattern or amount of urinary volatile N-nitrosamines. The possibility that the N-nitrosamines arise from the diet or from endogenous production is considered.", "contents": "Volatile N-nitrosamines in the urine of normal donors and of bladder cancer patients. Volatile N-nitrosamines were detected in the urine of male volunteers with gas-liquid and high-pressure liquid chromatography interfaced to the thermal energy analyzer. Of 50 samples from normal males, 10 contained nitrosodimethylamine (0.02 to 0.10 micrograms/liter), 6 contained nitrosodiethylamine (0.02 to 3.10), 9 contained nitrosomorpholine (0.006 to 0.67), and none contained nitrosodibutylamine. Of 4 samples from bladder cancer patients, 2 contained nitrosodibutylamine (0.35 and 0.66). Cigarette smoking did not appear to be related to the pattern or amount of urinary volatile N-nitrosamines. The possibility that the N-nitrosamines arise from the diet or from endogenous production is considered.", "PMID": 427771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14061", "title": "Incidence and pathological features of spontaneous tumors in athymic nude mice.", "content": "Systematic observation of 1141 nude mice (Swiss background [corrected] strain) that received human tumor transplants revealed 24 spontaneous tumors, 18 of lymphoreticular origin and 6 pulmonary adenomas. Spontaneous tumors were seen at an average age of 9.1 months, and 22 of the tumors were seen only in that fraction of our group (324 mice) surviving for 5 months or more (22 of 324 X 100 = 6.8%). Transplantation of these tumors to other nude mice was successful in three of five cases. Mice transplanted with adenocarcinoma of the colon and with tumors of the urogenital tract developed spontaneous tumors more often than did mice receiving other types of human tumor transplants. Progressive growth of the human tumor transplant occurred significantly less often in the mice that eventually developed spontaneous tumors than in the mice that showed no spontaneous tumor development. Nevertheless, the incidence of spontaneous tumors in these nude mice was similar to that reported for the thymus-bearing background strain.", "contents": "Incidence and pathological features of spontaneous tumors in athymic nude mice. Systematic observation of 1141 nude mice (Swiss background [corrected] strain) that received human tumor transplants revealed 24 spontaneous tumors, 18 of lymphoreticular origin and 6 pulmonary adenomas. Spontaneous tumors were seen at an average age of 9.1 months, and 22 of the tumors were seen only in that fraction of our group (324 mice) surviving for 5 months or more (22 of 324 X 100 = 6.8%). Transplantation of these tumors to other nude mice was successful in three of five cases. Mice transplanted with adenocarcinoma of the colon and with tumors of the urogenital tract developed spontaneous tumors more often than did mice receiving other types of human tumor transplants. Progressive growth of the human tumor transplant occurred significantly less often in the mice that eventually developed spontaneous tumors than in the mice that showed no spontaneous tumor development. Nevertheless, the incidence of spontaneous tumors in these nude mice was similar to that reported for the thymus-bearing background strain.", "PMID": 427772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14062", "title": "Clinical status and rate of recovery of blood lymphocyte levels after radiotherapy for bladder cancer.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes and leukocyte levels were monitored in 34 patients with bladder carcinoma before, during, and up to 5 years after radiotherapy. Radiotherapy in doses 6500 to 8500 rads caused a marked decline in the numbers of circulating leukocytes and particularly lymphocytes. In patients clinically free of disease for 5 years, lymphocyte counts returned to pretherapy levels within 3 years after radiotherapy. In contrast, in patients with recurrent or residual tumors lymphocyte counts failed to reach pretherapy levels within 3 years after therapy. The rate of recovery from radiation-induced lymphopenia was significantly different for patients who were free of disease as compared to those with recurrent or residual tumor (p less than 0.05). No correlation was found between posttherapy leukocyte levels and clinical status.", "contents": "Clinical status and rate of recovery of blood lymphocyte levels after radiotherapy for bladder cancer. Peripheral blood lymphocytes and leukocyte levels were monitored in 34 patients with bladder carcinoma before, during, and up to 5 years after radiotherapy. Radiotherapy in doses 6500 to 8500 rads caused a marked decline in the numbers of circulating leukocytes and particularly lymphocytes. In patients clinically free of disease for 5 years, lymphocyte counts returned to pretherapy levels within 3 years after radiotherapy. In contrast, in patients with recurrent or residual tumors lymphocyte counts failed to reach pretherapy levels within 3 years after therapy. The rate of recovery from radiation-induced lymphopenia was significantly different for patients who were free of disease as compared to those with recurrent or residual tumor (p less than 0.05). No correlation was found between posttherapy leukocyte levels and clinical status.", "PMID": 427773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14063", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans of normal and malignant cultured human mammary cells.", "content": "Glycosaminoglycans have been characterized from a normal human breast cell line (HBL-100) and two different cell lines from human breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7). The glycosaminoglycans were labeled by exposure of cell cultures to [3H]glucosamine and [35S]sulfate and then isolated from both spent media and cells by pronase digestion and cetylpyridinium chloride fractionation. They were further characterized by (a) hexosamine composition, (b) controlled-pore glass exclusion chromatography, (c) reactivity with specific enzymes (hyaluronidase chondroitinase, heparitinase, and heparinase), (d) nitrous acid degradation, and (e) DEAD-Sephadex chromatography. The results indicate that the HBL-100 line synthesizes mainly hyaluronic acid, most of which is secreted into the medium. Chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate are the predominant glycosaminoglycans synthesized by the cancer lines; both are found mainly in the spent medium, but the hyaluronic acid synthesized by the MDA-MB-231 line remains cell associated. The cell-associated heparan sulfate had a molecular weight in excess of 13,000 and may contain linkages susceptible to testicular hyaluronidase. The MCF-7 cells produce significantly lower amounts of glycosaminoglycans than do the other two lines.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans of normal and malignant cultured human mammary cells. Glycosaminoglycans have been characterized from a normal human breast cell line (HBL-100) and two different cell lines from human breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7). The glycosaminoglycans were labeled by exposure of cell cultures to [3H]glucosamine and [35S]sulfate and then isolated from both spent media and cells by pronase digestion and cetylpyridinium chloride fractionation. They were further characterized by (a) hexosamine composition, (b) controlled-pore glass exclusion chromatography, (c) reactivity with specific enzymes (hyaluronidase chondroitinase, heparitinase, and heparinase), (d) nitrous acid degradation, and (e) DEAD-Sephadex chromatography. The results indicate that the HBL-100 line synthesizes mainly hyaluronic acid, most of which is secreted into the medium. Chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate are the predominant glycosaminoglycans synthesized by the cancer lines; both are found mainly in the spent medium, but the hyaluronic acid synthesized by the MDA-MB-231 line remains cell associated. The cell-associated heparan sulfate had a molecular weight in excess of 13,000 and may contain linkages susceptible to testicular hyaluronidase. The MCF-7 cells produce significantly lower amounts of glycosaminoglycans than do the other two lines.", "PMID": 427776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14064", "title": "Activation of tumoricidal properties in mouse macrophages by lymphokines encapsulated in liposomes.", "content": "Cell-free culture supernatants rich in macrophage-activating factor (MAF) activity obtained from mitogen-stimulated F344 rat lymphocytes have been encapsulated within liposomes of differing size and lipid composition and their ability to render normal mouse macrophages cytotoxic for tumor cells in vitro has been compared with that of unencapsulated (free) MAF added to the extracellular medium. Normal macrophages from C57BL/6, C3H/Hen, and C57BL/6 X C3H F1 mice treated with liposome-encapsulated MAF exhibited significant in vitro cytotoxicity against syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells but did not kill nontumorigenic normal cells. Dose-response measurements revealed that liposome-encapsulated MAF was able to render macrophages tumoricidal at concentrations of at least 20,000 times lower than free MAF. Liposomes containing MAF were able to activate macrophages in the presence of p-nitrophenyl-2-O-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, a potent inhibitor of free MAF, indicating that encapsulated MAF was protected within liposomes and that liposome-mediated activation was not caused by small amounts of MAF released into the culture medium from \"leaky\" liposomes. Liposome-encapsulated MAF was also able to activate macrophages which were refractory to activation by free MAF following either removal of presumably surface receptors for MAF by pronase and/or alpha-L-fucosidase or occupation of the MAF receptor on macrophages by fucose-binding plant lectins (Ulex europaeus 1 and Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinins). Also, populations of nontumoricidal inflammatory tissue macrophages, which were inherently unresponsive to free MAF, would be rendered tumoricidal in vitro by incubation with liposome-encapsulated MAF. Collectively, the data suggest that MAF can render macrophages tumoricidal by acting on intracellular sites.", "contents": "Activation of tumoricidal properties in mouse macrophages by lymphokines encapsulated in liposomes. Cell-free culture supernatants rich in macrophage-activating factor (MAF) activity obtained from mitogen-stimulated F344 rat lymphocytes have been encapsulated within liposomes of differing size and lipid composition and their ability to render normal mouse macrophages cytotoxic for tumor cells in vitro has been compared with that of unencapsulated (free) MAF added to the extracellular medium. Normal macrophages from C57BL/6, C3H/Hen, and C57BL/6 X C3H F1 mice treated with liposome-encapsulated MAF exhibited significant in vitro cytotoxicity against syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells but did not kill nontumorigenic normal cells. Dose-response measurements revealed that liposome-encapsulated MAF was able to render macrophages tumoricidal at concentrations of at least 20,000 times lower than free MAF. Liposomes containing MAF were able to activate macrophages in the presence of p-nitrophenyl-2-O-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, a potent inhibitor of free MAF, indicating that encapsulated MAF was protected within liposomes and that liposome-mediated activation was not caused by small amounts of MAF released into the culture medium from \"leaky\" liposomes. Liposome-encapsulated MAF was also able to activate macrophages which were refractory to activation by free MAF following either removal of presumably surface receptors for MAF by pronase and/or alpha-L-fucosidase or occupation of the MAF receptor on macrophages by fucose-binding plant lectins (Ulex europaeus 1 and Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinins). Also, populations of nontumoricidal inflammatory tissue macrophages, which were inherently unresponsive to free MAF, would be rendered tumoricidal in vitro by incubation with liposome-encapsulated MAF. Collectively, the data suggest that MAF can render macrophages tumoricidal by acting on intracellular sites.", "PMID": 427777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14065", "title": "Mutually exclusive genetic signatures of human breast tumor cell lines with a common chromosomal marker.", "content": "Seventeen recently established human breast carcinoma cell lines of metastatic origin (MDA series), HeLa cells, and MCF-7 (a well-established breast carcinoma cell line) were studied by starch gel electrophoresis for allozymic differences at 17 enzyme loci. Ten loci proved to be informative in establishing unique genetic signatures for all of the lines with the exception of MDA-134 and -309, which had the same genetic signatures. The probability of these latter two lines being of independent origin and finding their similar genetic signatures by chance is 0.07. These studies enable us to conclude that the chromosomal marker shown to be common to these breast carcinoma cell lines of metastatic origin is not present because of cross-contamination of the lines with other long-term lines or each other.", "contents": "Mutually exclusive genetic signatures of human breast tumor cell lines with a common chromosomal marker. Seventeen recently established human breast carcinoma cell lines of metastatic origin (MDA series), HeLa cells, and MCF-7 (a well-established breast carcinoma cell line) were studied by starch gel electrophoresis for allozymic differences at 17 enzyme loci. Ten loci proved to be informative in establishing unique genetic signatures for all of the lines with the exception of MDA-134 and -309, which had the same genetic signatures. The probability of these latter two lines being of independent origin and finding their similar genetic signatures by chance is 0.07. These studies enable us to conclude that the chromosomal marker shown to be common to these breast carcinoma cell lines of metastatic origin is not present because of cross-contamination of the lines with other long-term lines or each other.", "PMID": 427779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14066", "title": "Increased susceptibility of mouse cells to fluorescent light-induced chromosome damage after long-term culture and malignant transformation.", "content": "Exposure of mouse cells in culture to fluorescent light has been shown to produce chromatid breaks and exchanges. Hydrogen peroxide formed in the cell during illumination has been implicated as the causative agent. The present results indicate that susceptibility to light-induced chromosome damage increases with time in culture and seems to be associated with or requisite for the spontaneous malignant transformation of mouse cells. All three cell lines followed during long-term culture that either became tumorigenic or showed cytological evidence of neoplastic transformation developed a concomitant increase in susceptibility. In three additional cell lines, susceptibility to light-induced chromatid damage was significantly increased in the spontaneously transformed malignant cells as compared with their nonneoplastic precursors. The increased susceptibility is not simply the result of long-term culture, since three other nonneoplastic cell lines after prolonged culture were significantly less susceptible than their malignant counterparts. Increased susceptibility to light-induced chromatid damage could result from impaired DNA repair or from the loss of defense mechanisms for destroying H2O2 or scavenging free radicals.", "contents": "Increased susceptibility of mouse cells to fluorescent light-induced chromosome damage after long-term culture and malignant transformation. Exposure of mouse cells in culture to fluorescent light has been shown to produce chromatid breaks and exchanges. Hydrogen peroxide formed in the cell during illumination has been implicated as the causative agent. The present results indicate that susceptibility to light-induced chromosome damage increases with time in culture and seems to be associated with or requisite for the spontaneous malignant transformation of mouse cells. All three cell lines followed during long-term culture that either became tumorigenic or showed cytological evidence of neoplastic transformation developed a concomitant increase in susceptibility. In three additional cell lines, susceptibility to light-induced chromatid damage was significantly increased in the spontaneously transformed malignant cells as compared with their nonneoplastic precursors. The increased susceptibility is not simply the result of long-term culture, since three other nonneoplastic cell lines after prolonged culture were significantly less susceptible than their malignant counterparts. Increased susceptibility to light-induced chromatid damage could result from impaired DNA repair or from the loss of defense mechanisms for destroying H2O2 or scavenging free radicals.", "PMID": 427781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14067", "title": "Effects of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, and L-phenylalanine mustard on B16, Cloudman S91, and Harding-Passey mouse melanomas.", "content": "The effects of 5-(3,3-Dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU), and L-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) have been compared by using three i.p. transplanted mouse melanomas: the B16 melanoma in C57BL/6 mice; the Harding-Passey (HP) malanoma in BALB/c X DBA/2F1 (hereafter called CD2F1) mice; and the Cloudman S91 melanoma in DBA/2 mice. HP melanoma responds well to all three drugs. S91 responds only to L-PAM and MeCCNU. DTIC may accelerate death in mice bearing this tumor. B16 responds well to L-PAM and moderately well to MeCCNU and to multiple injections of DTIC. The best response to DTIC and MeCCNU is given by HP, while the best response to L-PAM is given by S91. Tumor cell-doubling times were found to be 1.5 days for B16, 2 DAYS FOR HP, and 3 days for S91. HP would seem to be the most responsive malanmoma with respect to the 3 agents studied. This may be due to an interaction between the chemotherapeutic agents and the host immune response, since the HP tumor arose in a noninbred mouse and is thus nonsyngeneic with the CD2F1 host. All three tumors appear to be interesting biological models for studying drug combinations and combined therapeutic modalities against melanoma.", "contents": "Effects of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, and L-phenylalanine mustard on B16, Cloudman S91, and Harding-Passey mouse melanomas. The effects of 5-(3,3-Dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC), 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU), and L-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) have been compared by using three i.p. transplanted mouse melanomas: the B16 melanoma in C57BL/6 mice; the Harding-Passey (HP) malanoma in BALB/c X DBA/2F1 (hereafter called CD2F1) mice; and the Cloudman S91 melanoma in DBA/2 mice. HP melanoma responds well to all three drugs. S91 responds only to L-PAM and MeCCNU. DTIC may accelerate death in mice bearing this tumor. B16 responds well to L-PAM and moderately well to MeCCNU and to multiple injections of DTIC. The best response to DTIC and MeCCNU is given by HP, while the best response to L-PAM is given by S91. Tumor cell-doubling times were found to be 1.5 days for B16, 2 DAYS FOR HP, and 3 days for S91. HP would seem to be the most responsive malanmoma with respect to the 3 agents studied. This may be due to an interaction between the chemotherapeutic agents and the host immune response, since the HP tumor arose in a noninbred mouse and is thus nonsyngeneic with the CD2F1 host. All three tumors appear to be interesting biological models for studying drug combinations and combined therapeutic modalities against melanoma.", "PMID": 427782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14068", "title": "Fatty acid oxidation to H2O by Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice.", "content": "Oxidation of free fatty acids (FFA) by Ehrlich ascites tumor in mice was studied in vivo by the direct measurement of 3H2O formed from [9,10-(3)]palmitate. The FFA tracer complexed to serum albumin was injected i.p. into unanesthetized mice, and blood plasma 3H2O was measured at different time points for 30 min. The contribution of 3H2O by desaturation of labeled palmitate to monounsaturated fatty acids in the tumor was estimated by the use of [1-14C]palmitate and was shown to be negligible during the course of our experiments. In order to estimate the rates of tumor FFA oxidation, the kinetics of the tumor-host water distribution system was studied by injecting tracer 3H2O i.p. and following the disappearance of 3H2O in the blood plasma at different time points for 30 min. The results of these experiments were used to compute the tumor FFA oxidation rate by multicompartmental analyses and SAAM. Despite the nearly anaerobic state of the ascites tumor fluid in vivo, cancer cells suspended in this fluid oxidized FFA at least as fast as they do in vitro under aerobic conditions. Moreover, according to our current estimate, the need of the tumor for FFA as a metabolic fuel appears to be much greater than its net lipid needs for growth.", "contents": "Fatty acid oxidation to H2O by Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. Oxidation of free fatty acids (FFA) by Ehrlich ascites tumor in mice was studied in vivo by the direct measurement of 3H2O formed from [9,10-(3)]palmitate. The FFA tracer complexed to serum albumin was injected i.p. into unanesthetized mice, and blood plasma 3H2O was measured at different time points for 30 min. The contribution of 3H2O by desaturation of labeled palmitate to monounsaturated fatty acids in the tumor was estimated by the use of [1-14C]palmitate and was shown to be negligible during the course of our experiments. In order to estimate the rates of tumor FFA oxidation, the kinetics of the tumor-host water distribution system was studied by injecting tracer 3H2O i.p. and following the disappearance of 3H2O in the blood plasma at different time points for 30 min. The results of these experiments were used to compute the tumor FFA oxidation rate by multicompartmental analyses and SAAM. Despite the nearly anaerobic state of the ascites tumor fluid in vivo, cancer cells suspended in this fluid oxidized FFA at least as fast as they do in vitro under aerobic conditions. Moreover, according to our current estimate, the need of the tumor for FFA as a metabolic fuel appears to be much greater than its net lipid needs for growth.", "PMID": 427783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14069", "title": "Conditions for effective Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin immunotherapy of postsurgical metastases of 13762A rat mammary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "We evaluated critical variables in Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) immunotherapy of residual 13762A rat mammary adenocarcinoma. BCG was given intratumorally on Day 7 of tumor growth and followed by primary tumor excisions on Day 20. Untreated animals died on about Day 40 with axillary nodal and pulmonary parenchymal metastases. BCG-treated animals experienced prolonged survival, and some were cured. The highest dose (5.0 X 10(7) colony-forming units) of BCG was more effective than the lowest (0.5 X 10(7) colony-forming units), but 1,500 micrograms Corynebacterium parvum were more effective than even the highest BCG dose. Previous sensitization to BCG did not improve the effects of BCG treatment. BCG treatment was effective when given on Day 7 and sometimes as late as Day 12 or 17, but C. parvum was ineffective if given after Day 7. Repeated injections of BCG or C. parvum were not more effective than single injections were. Rats cured of residual 13762A tumor by BCG treatment were strongly and specifically immune to rechallenge. We concluded that a high dose (5.0 X 10(7) colony-forming units) of BCG given early (7 days) was the most effective presurgical treatment of 13762A metastases. Repeated injections or host presensitization to BCG did not improve the benefits.", "contents": "Conditions for effective Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin immunotherapy of postsurgical metastases of 13762A rat mammary adenocarcinoma. We evaluated critical variables in Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) immunotherapy of residual 13762A rat mammary adenocarcinoma. BCG was given intratumorally on Day 7 of tumor growth and followed by primary tumor excisions on Day 20. Untreated animals died on about Day 40 with axillary nodal and pulmonary parenchymal metastases. BCG-treated animals experienced prolonged survival, and some were cured. The highest dose (5.0 X 10(7) colony-forming units) of BCG was more effective than the lowest (0.5 X 10(7) colony-forming units), but 1,500 micrograms Corynebacterium parvum were more effective than even the highest BCG dose. Previous sensitization to BCG did not improve the effects of BCG treatment. BCG treatment was effective when given on Day 7 and sometimes as late as Day 12 or 17, but C. parvum was ineffective if given after Day 7. Repeated injections of BCG or C. parvum were not more effective than single injections were. Rats cured of residual 13762A tumor by BCG treatment were strongly and specifically immune to rechallenge. We concluded that a high dose (5.0 X 10(7) colony-forming units) of BCG given early (7 days) was the most effective presurgical treatment of 13762A metastases. Repeated injections or host presensitization to BCG did not improve the benefits.", "PMID": 427785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14070", "title": "Predictive value of cerebrospinal fluid polyamines in medulloblastoma.", "content": "Seventy-five cerebrospinal fluid polyamine determinations were evaluated in 16 patients with medulloblastoma. Parameters utilized in evaluating patient status for correlation with the polyamine concentrations were neurological examination, computerized tomography, radionuclide scan, myelography, and cerebrospinal fluid cytology. Fifteen of the 16 patients showed absolute correlation with the eventual clinical picture. One determination on one patient resulted in a false negative. No false positives have been observed to date.", "contents": "Predictive value of cerebrospinal fluid polyamines in medulloblastoma. Seventy-five cerebrospinal fluid polyamine determinations were evaluated in 16 patients with medulloblastoma. Parameters utilized in evaluating patient status for correlation with the polyamine concentrations were neurological examination, computerized tomography, radionuclide scan, myelography, and cerebrospinal fluid cytology. Fifteen of the 16 patients showed absolute correlation with the eventual clinical picture. One determination on one patient resulted in a false negative. No false positives have been observed to date.", "PMID": 427786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14071", "title": "Inhibitory effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on the growth of a hormone-dependent rat mammary tumor.", "content": "Growth of the rat hormone-dependent mammary adenocarcinoma MTW-9 was inhibited by prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) This inhibition of tumor growth was associated with a marked reduction in serum progesterone concentrations. The inhibitory effect of PGF2alpha on tumor growth was abolished by concomitant injections of progesterone. The growth rates of coimplanted prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor MtTW-5 and plasma concentrations of prolactin and estradiol were not affected significantly by PGF2alpha. Our data imply that the effect of PGF2alpha on growth of rat mammary adenocarcinoma is mediated by progesterone.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on the growth of a hormone-dependent rat mammary tumor. Growth of the rat hormone-dependent mammary adenocarcinoma MTW-9 was inhibited by prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) This inhibition of tumor growth was associated with a marked reduction in serum progesterone concentrations. The inhibitory effect of PGF2alpha on tumor growth was abolished by concomitant injections of progesterone. The growth rates of coimplanted prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor MtTW-5 and plasma concentrations of prolactin and estradiol were not affected significantly by PGF2alpha. Our data imply that the effect of PGF2alpha on growth of rat mammary adenocarcinoma is mediated by progesterone.", "PMID": 427787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14072", "title": "Distribution, frequency, and quantitative analysis of estrogen, progesterone, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors in human breast cancer.", "content": "The distribution and frequency of steroid hormone receptors are described 329 patients with breast cancer. The distribution of each of the steroid hormone receptors is unimodal with a progressive increase in the proportion of patients positive at lower receptor values. Receptor values expressed as fmol/mg cytoplasmic protein are well correlated with values expressed as fmol/mg breast tumor. Estrogen receptor was positive in 53% of the patients; progesterone receptor was positive in 38% of the patients; glucocorticoid receptor was positive in 52% of the patients; and androgen receptor was positive in 31% of the patients. The type of tissue assayed did not affect steroid hormone receptor positivity. For primary tumors, there was no correlation between steroid hormone receptor positivity and location of the tumor in the breast, size of the tumor, or extent of the disease. Each of the steroid hormone receptors was positively associated with each of the other steroid hormone receptors. Estrogen receptor was correlated with menopausal status and axillary nodal status, but these correlations did not exist for the other steroid hormone receptors. Estrogen receptor was not correlated with age after adjustment for menopausal status. The other steroid hormone receptors were not correlated with age.", "contents": "Distribution, frequency, and quantitative analysis of estrogen, progesterone, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors in human breast cancer. The distribution and frequency of steroid hormone receptors are described 329 patients with breast cancer. The distribution of each of the steroid hormone receptors is unimodal with a progressive increase in the proportion of patients positive at lower receptor values. Receptor values expressed as fmol/mg cytoplasmic protein are well correlated with values expressed as fmol/mg breast tumor. Estrogen receptor was positive in 53% of the patients; progesterone receptor was positive in 38% of the patients; glucocorticoid receptor was positive in 52% of the patients; and androgen receptor was positive in 31% of the patients. The type of tissue assayed did not affect steroid hormone receptor positivity. For primary tumors, there was no correlation between steroid hormone receptor positivity and location of the tumor in the breast, size of the tumor, or extent of the disease. Each of the steroid hormone receptors was positively associated with each of the other steroid hormone receptors. Estrogen receptor was correlated with menopausal status and axillary nodal status, but these correlations did not exist for the other steroid hormone receptors. Estrogen receptor was not correlated with age after adjustment for menopausal status. The other steroid hormone receptors were not correlated with age.", "PMID": 427788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14073", "title": "Quantitative studies of radiation transformation with the A31-11 mouse BALB/3T3 cell line.", "content": "A cloned mouse embryo-derived fibroblast cell line was used to study morphological transformation induced by X-rays and 254-nm ultraviolet light (UV). The transformation frequency increased exponentially with increasing dose from 10 to 400 rads for X-rays and 1.0 to 7.5 J/sq m for UV exposure. Split-dose X-ray exposures led to an enhancement in transformation at total doses below 100 rads and a reduction at doses of 300 to 400 rads. The induced transformation frequency varied among serum lots and was very dependent upon the initial cell density. Spontaneous transformants were observed in 10 of 22 consecutive experiments; the spontaneous transformation frequency was generally about 1 to 2 X 10(-5) as compared to induced frequencies which ranged up to 3 X 10(-3) for X-rays and 7.5 X 10(-4) for UV exposure. Further results indicate that this cell line has several potential advantages over the mouse 10T1/2 line for studies with relatively weak in vitro carcinogens such as radiation. These include (a) a reduced overall expression time for the appearance of transformed foci (4 weeks); (b) a high cloning efficiency (50 to 60%); and (c) the fact that about 20 times as many viable cells may be plated per dish for optimal results, allowing transformation frequencies as low as 10(-5) to be measured easily. On the other hand, there was more variability in the results among experiments with the 3T3 cell line.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of radiation transformation with the A31-11 mouse BALB/3T3 cell line. A cloned mouse embryo-derived fibroblast cell line was used to study morphological transformation induced by X-rays and 254-nm ultraviolet light (UV). The transformation frequency increased exponentially with increasing dose from 10 to 400 rads for X-rays and 1.0 to 7.5 J/sq m for UV exposure. Split-dose X-ray exposures led to an enhancement in transformation at total doses below 100 rads and a reduction at doses of 300 to 400 rads. The induced transformation frequency varied among serum lots and was very dependent upon the initial cell density. Spontaneous transformants were observed in 10 of 22 consecutive experiments; the spontaneous transformation frequency was generally about 1 to 2 X 10(-5) as compared to induced frequencies which ranged up to 3 X 10(-3) for X-rays and 7.5 X 10(-4) for UV exposure. Further results indicate that this cell line has several potential advantages over the mouse 10T1/2 line for studies with relatively weak in vitro carcinogens such as radiation. These include (a) a reduced overall expression time for the appearance of transformed foci (4 weeks); (b) a high cloning efficiency (50 to 60%); and (c) the fact that about 20 times as many viable cells may be plated per dish for optimal results, allowing transformation frequencies as low as 10(-5) to be measured easily. On the other hand, there was more variability in the results among experiments with the 3T3 cell line.", "PMID": 427792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14074", "title": "Correlation of in vitro growth properties and tumorigenicity of Syrian hamster cell lines.", "content": "Several in vitro phenotypic characteristics frequently associated with neoplastic cells were examined in a series of spontaneous and benzo(a)pyrene-induced Syrian hamster clonal cell lines which differed in their degree of tumorigenicity. Nonparametric statistical analysis demonstrated cloning efficiency in semisolid agar, enhanced fibrinolytic activity, decreased serum requirement for growth, decreased organization of intracellular actin, and increased cloning efficiency in liquid medium to be correlated with tumorigenicity. These correlations were not only qualitative but also quantitative. This suggests that the factors determining the degree of tumorigenicity of a cell can be cellular growth properties.", "contents": "Correlation of in vitro growth properties and tumorigenicity of Syrian hamster cell lines. Several in vitro phenotypic characteristics frequently associated with neoplastic cells were examined in a series of spontaneous and benzo(a)pyrene-induced Syrian hamster clonal cell lines which differed in their degree of tumorigenicity. Nonparametric statistical analysis demonstrated cloning efficiency in semisolid agar, enhanced fibrinolytic activity, decreased serum requirement for growth, decreased organization of intracellular actin, and increased cloning efficiency in liquid medium to be correlated with tumorigenicity. These correlations were not only qualitative but also quantitative. This suggests that the factors determining the degree of tumorigenicity of a cell can be cellular growth properties.", "PMID": 427793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14075", "title": "Endogenous tumor growth factor indicated by increased ornithine decarboxylase activity in malignant cells treated with host serum ascites fluid.", "content": "Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) production was used as an indicator of mitotic activity in neoplastic cells removed from murine hosts at progressive stages of growth. Cells from three ascites cancers and one fibrosarcoma were tested and showed declining ODC production with progressive growth. The cells were incubated with serum or malignant effusion fluid taken from the murine hosts at progressive stages of growth. For 2 to 3 weeks after tumor implantation, sera and, in particular, ascites fluids increasingly stimulated ODC production in cells at all stages of growth. With advancing disease, without the malignant growth having reached a stationary phase, the collected fluids decreasingly stimulated ODC production in the cells. The stimulating factor(s) in host serum and malignant effusion fluid were not tumor specific in the one combination tested.", "contents": "Endogenous tumor growth factor indicated by increased ornithine decarboxylase activity in malignant cells treated with host serum ascites fluid. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) production was used as an indicator of mitotic activity in neoplastic cells removed from murine hosts at progressive stages of growth. Cells from three ascites cancers and one fibrosarcoma were tested and showed declining ODC production with progressive growth. The cells were incubated with serum or malignant effusion fluid taken from the murine hosts at progressive stages of growth. For 2 to 3 weeks after tumor implantation, sera and, in particular, ascites fluids increasingly stimulated ODC production in cells at all stages of growth. With advancing disease, without the malignant growth having reached a stationary phase, the collected fluids decreasingly stimulated ODC production in the cells. The stimulating factor(s) in host serum and malignant effusion fluid were not tumor specific in the one combination tested.", "PMID": 427794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14076", "title": "Tumor regression after intralesional injection of mycobacterial components emulsified in 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene (squalene), 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane (squalane), peanut oil, or mineral oil.", "content": "The influence of mineral oil, squalane, squalene, or peanut oil on the antitumor activity of emulsified Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin cell walls or emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate was studied in mice, each with an established transplant of a syngeneic fibrosarcoma. Each animal received an intratumoral injection of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin cell walls (0.6 mg/mouse) or trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (0.1 mg/mouse) emulsified in 1 to 10% oil. Emulsions of squalene or squalane but not peanut oil were effective substitutes for mineral oil as carriers of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin cell walls in the treatment of the tumor. Trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate was therapeutically active when it was incorporated in any of these four oils. The number of animals in which tumor regressed completely depended on the concentration of oil in the emulsion.", "contents": "Tumor regression after intralesional injection of mycobacterial components emulsified in 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene (squalene), 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane (squalane), peanut oil, or mineral oil. The influence of mineral oil, squalane, squalene, or peanut oil on the antitumor activity of emulsified Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin cell walls or emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate was studied in mice, each with an established transplant of a syngeneic fibrosarcoma. Each animal received an intratumoral injection of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin cell walls (0.6 mg/mouse) or trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (0.1 mg/mouse) emulsified in 1 to 10% oil. Emulsions of squalene or squalane but not peanut oil were effective substitutes for mineral oil as carriers of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin cell walls in the treatment of the tumor. Trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate was therapeutically active when it was incorporated in any of these four oils. The number of animals in which tumor regressed completely depended on the concentration of oil in the emulsion.", "PMID": 427795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14077", "title": "Prognostic factors in metastatic breast cancer treated with combination chemotherapy.", "content": "Six hundred nineteen patients with metastatic breast cancer, treated with a combination of 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide, or close variations of this program, with or without immunotherapy were analyzed retrospectively to identify those host, tumor, or treatment characteristics that might be of prognostic importance in predicting response to chemotherapy and survival from onset of the 5-fluorouracil-Adriamycin-cyclophosphamide treatments. Primary tumor characteristics such as size of primary, number of axillary nodes involved, stage at diagnosis, and type of surgery used for primary treatment were not found to be of prognostic significance. Host characteristics such as age, menstrual status, or family history of breast cancer were similarly unrelated to outcome. Non-Caucasian patients had a lower response rate and somewhat shorter survival than did Caucasians. Pretreatment weight loss, poor performance status, and abnormal biochemical and hematological values were of adverse prognostic significance. An estimate of total extent of disease based on criteria for rating extent of involvement at 12 potential sites was a much more important prognostic factor related to response and survival than actual sites of involvement or the traditional \"dominant site\" classification. There was a trend, however, for patients with bone involvement to have a longer survival than did patients with metastases to other organ sites. Shorter survival times were observed among patients exposed to extensive prior radiotherapy and those who failed to respond to prior hormonal treatment. The prognostic variables identified in this paper should be used for the design and comparison of clinical trials in the future.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in metastatic breast cancer treated with combination chemotherapy. Six hundred nineteen patients with metastatic breast cancer, treated with a combination of 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide, or close variations of this program, with or without immunotherapy were analyzed retrospectively to identify those host, tumor, or treatment characteristics that might be of prognostic importance in predicting response to chemotherapy and survival from onset of the 5-fluorouracil-Adriamycin-cyclophosphamide treatments. Primary tumor characteristics such as size of primary, number of axillary nodes involved, stage at diagnosis, and type of surgery used for primary treatment were not found to be of prognostic significance. Host characteristics such as age, menstrual status, or family history of breast cancer were similarly unrelated to outcome. Non-Caucasian patients had a lower response rate and somewhat shorter survival than did Caucasians. Pretreatment weight loss, poor performance status, and abnormal biochemical and hematological values were of adverse prognostic significance. An estimate of total extent of disease based on criteria for rating extent of involvement at 12 potential sites was a much more important prognostic factor related to response and survival than actual sites of involvement or the traditional \"dominant site\" classification. There was a trend, however, for patients with bone involvement to have a longer survival than did patients with metastases to other organ sites. Shorter survival times were observed among patients exposed to extensive prior radiotherapy and those who failed to respond to prior hormonal treatment. The prognostic variables identified in this paper should be used for the design and comparison of clinical trials in the future.", "PMID": 427797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14078", "title": "Activity of a novel anthracenedione, 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis(((2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl)amino])-9,10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride, against experimental tumors in mice.", "content": "1,4-Dihydroxy-5,8-bis(((2[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl)amino))-9,-10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride (CL 232315; NSC 301739D), a representative of a new chemical class of compounds with antineoplastic properties, has been evaluated for antitumor activity in experimental mouse tumor systems. The compound produced significant increases in life span (ILS) and long-term survivors when tested against the P388 and L1210 leukemias as well as the solid neoplasms, B16 melanoma and Colon Tumor 26. The optimal treatment regimens resulted in a 173 to greater than 200% ILS with 20 to 80% 60-day survivors in mice with P388 leukemia, A 205% ILS with 55% 60-day survivors in mice with L1210 leukemia, and an ILS of greater than 300% with 80% 90-day survivors in mice with B16 melanoma. In contrast to Adriamycin, CL 232315 was active against the i.v. implanted L1210 leukemia and demonstrated moderate activity against P388/Adria, a subline of P388 resistant to Adriamycin. The compound was ineffective when tested against the Lewis lung carcinoma and the Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma. CL 232315 was active i.p., s.c., and i.v., but p.o. activity was not demonstrated. Schedule dependency was not observed when the compound was administered once daily for nine days, once every four days, or as a single dose.", "contents": "Activity of a novel anthracenedione, 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis(((2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl)amino])-9,10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride, against experimental tumors in mice. 1,4-Dihydroxy-5,8-bis(((2[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl)amino))-9,-10-anthracenedione dihydrochloride (CL 232315; NSC 301739D), a representative of a new chemical class of compounds with antineoplastic properties, has been evaluated for antitumor activity in experimental mouse tumor systems. The compound produced significant increases in life span (ILS) and long-term survivors when tested against the P388 and L1210 leukemias as well as the solid neoplasms, B16 melanoma and Colon Tumor 26. The optimal treatment regimens resulted in a 173 to greater than 200% ILS with 20 to 80% 60-day survivors in mice with P388 leukemia, A 205% ILS with 55% 60-day survivors in mice with L1210 leukemia, and an ILS of greater than 300% with 80% 90-day survivors in mice with B16 melanoma. In contrast to Adriamycin, CL 232315 was active against the i.v. implanted L1210 leukemia and demonstrated moderate activity against P388/Adria, a subline of P388 resistant to Adriamycin. The compound was ineffective when tested against the Lewis lung carcinoma and the Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma. CL 232315 was active i.p., s.c., and i.v., but p.o. activity was not demonstrated. Schedule dependency was not observed when the compound was administered once daily for nine days, once every four days, or as a single dose.", "PMID": 427798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14079", "title": "Effect of microtubule-associated proteins on the interaction of vincristine with microtubules and tubulin.", "content": "The influence of microtubule-associated proteins on the interaction of vincristine with microtubules and tubulin was examined. Microtubules containing associated proteins were prepared in vitro from tubulin preparations which contained the proteins or from pure 6S tubulin and isolated microtubule-associated proteins. The presence of the associated proteins caused microtubules to be converted to stable spiral structures upon reacting with vincristine. When the proteins were absent, spirals were not formed, and the microtubules were completely disassembled by vincristine. At 0 degrees, 6S tubulin was converted to amorphous aggregates by vincristine, whereas if the associated proteins were present spirals were formed.", "contents": "Effect of microtubule-associated proteins on the interaction of vincristine with microtubules and tubulin. The influence of microtubule-associated proteins on the interaction of vincristine with microtubules and tubulin was examined. Microtubules containing associated proteins were prepared in vitro from tubulin preparations which contained the proteins or from pure 6S tubulin and isolated microtubule-associated proteins. The presence of the associated proteins caused microtubules to be converted to stable spiral structures upon reacting with vincristine. When the proteins were absent, spirals were not formed, and the microtubules were completely disassembled by vincristine. At 0 degrees, 6S tubulin was converted to amorphous aggregates by vincristine, whereas if the associated proteins were present spirals were formed.", "PMID": 427800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14080", "title": "Soluble factors from liver and hepatomas which inhibit [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of Novikoff hepatoma cells.", "content": "The nature of soluble factors from liver and hepatomas which inhibit [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was studied in Novikoff hepatoma cells. The decreased activity in hepatoma preparations was due to loss of a high-molecular-weight heat-labile factor. Although this factor cochromatographed with arginase activity on Sephadex G-150, it does not appear to result from this activity as judged by the failure of arginine to prevent the inhibitory effect on [3H]thymidine incorporation. Both liver and hepatomas contained a heat-stable factor with inhibitory activity. Studies with ethanol-soluble material suggested that the action was not solely attributable to the presence of unlabeled thymidine, since the apparent molecular weight was too high and since the factor(s) inhibited [3H]leucine incorporation into protein in addition to inhibiting [3H]thymidine incorporation in DNA.", "contents": "Soluble factors from liver and hepatomas which inhibit [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of Novikoff hepatoma cells. The nature of soluble factors from liver and hepatomas which inhibit [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was studied in Novikoff hepatoma cells. The decreased activity in hepatoma preparations was due to loss of a high-molecular-weight heat-labile factor. Although this factor cochromatographed with arginase activity on Sephadex G-150, it does not appear to result from this activity as judged by the failure of arginine to prevent the inhibitory effect on [3H]thymidine incorporation. Both liver and hepatomas contained a heat-stable factor with inhibitory activity. Studies with ethanol-soluble material suggested that the action was not solely attributable to the presence of unlabeled thymidine, since the apparent molecular weight was too high and since the factor(s) inhibited [3H]leucine incorporation into protein in addition to inhibiting [3H]thymidine incorporation in DNA.", "PMID": 427802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14081", "title": "Isolation and immunochemical characterization of antibodies from the sera of cancer patients which are reactive against human melanoma cell membranes by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Immunoglobulins were isolated by affinity chromatography from sera of two patients with melanoma, one with sarcoma, and one with carcinoma. The affinity columns were prepared by covalently linking the membrane-rich fraction of biopsied melanoma cells to cyanogen bromide-activated agarose beads. The membrane-rich fractions were prepared by two methods: (a) hypotonic cell lysis, and (b) homogenization and differential centrifugation. Melanoma sera were autologous to melanoma membrane preparations. The isolated immunoglobulins showed immunoreactivity against antigens prepared from melanoma, sarcoma, and carcinoma cells by complement fixation but not against antigens prepared from normal human liver and lung tissues. Absorption of the isolated immunoglobulins with rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin immunobeads resulted in complete elimination of the complement-fixing antibody titer in one instance, whereas reduction occurred in other samples. Similar absorption with rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin M immunobeads resulted in reduction, but not complete elimination, of the antibody titers against target tumor cell preparations. These results suggest the presence of immunoreactive immunoglobulin G in all immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin M in some. Absorption of the isolated immunoglobulins with cultured sarcoma cells reduced but did not completely abolish antibody activity against autologous or allogeneic melanoma target antigen, whereas it did completely abolish activity against sarcoma target antigen. However, absorption with cultured allogeneic melanoma cells abolished the antibody activity against melanoma as well as sarcoma target antigens. The antibody titers of the isolated immunoglobulins were not affected by absorption with cultured lymphoblastoid cells. Since cultured melanoma and sarcoma cells were known to contain oncofetal antigen(s), these results suggest that the isolated immunoglobulins from cancer sera by melanoma membrane affinity chromatography were of at least two specificities: (a) antioncofetal; and (b) antitumor associated. The former group may be comprised of antibody to cross-reactive antigens associated with different histological types of tumors. However, it was apparent that a portion of the antibody activity was against common tumor-associated antigen(s). These results provide further evidence for the presence of common antigen(s) associated with biopsy specimens of human malignant melanoma.", "contents": "Isolation and immunochemical characterization of antibodies from the sera of cancer patients which are reactive against human melanoma cell membranes by affinity chromatography. Immunoglobulins were isolated by affinity chromatography from sera of two patients with melanoma, one with sarcoma, and one with carcinoma. The affinity columns were prepared by covalently linking the membrane-rich fraction of biopsied melanoma cells to cyanogen bromide-activated agarose beads. The membrane-rich fractions were prepared by two methods: (a) hypotonic cell lysis, and (b) homogenization and differential centrifugation. Melanoma sera were autologous to melanoma membrane preparations. The isolated immunoglobulins showed immunoreactivity against antigens prepared from melanoma, sarcoma, and carcinoma cells by complement fixation but not against antigens prepared from normal human liver and lung tissues. Absorption of the isolated immunoglobulins with rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin immunobeads resulted in complete elimination of the complement-fixing antibody titer in one instance, whereas reduction occurred in other samples. Similar absorption with rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin M immunobeads resulted in reduction, but not complete elimination, of the antibody titers against target tumor cell preparations. These results suggest the presence of immunoreactive immunoglobulin G in all immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin M in some. Absorption of the isolated immunoglobulins with cultured sarcoma cells reduced but did not completely abolish antibody activity against autologous or allogeneic melanoma target antigen, whereas it did completely abolish activity against sarcoma target antigen. However, absorption with cultured allogeneic melanoma cells abolished the antibody activity against melanoma as well as sarcoma target antigens. The antibody titers of the isolated immunoglobulins were not affected by absorption with cultured lymphoblastoid cells. Since cultured melanoma and sarcoma cells were known to contain oncofetal antigen(s), these results suggest that the isolated immunoglobulins from cancer sera by melanoma membrane affinity chromatography were of at least two specificities: (a) antioncofetal; and (b) antitumor associated. The former group may be comprised of antibody to cross-reactive antigens associated with different histological types of tumors. However, it was apparent that a portion of the antibody activity was against common tumor-associated antigen(s). These results provide further evidence for the presence of common antigen(s) associated with biopsy specimens of human malignant melanoma.", "PMID": 427806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14082", "title": "Excision repair of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)-induced damage to DNA of Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Platinum was lost from the DNA of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) [cis-Pt(II)]-treated exponentially growing Chinese hamster V79-379A cells with a half-life of 28 hr. By contrast, platinum was lost from the DNA of cells treated in stationary-phase culture with a half-life of 4 days. Cells treated in and allowed to remain as a stationary-phase culture maintained an intact and apparently viable appearance. When the stationary-phase culture was diluted with fresh medium, cell division occurred, and cell survival, as measured by colony-forming ability, could be determined. Dilution of cells immediately after treatment with 40 micron cis-Pt(II) resulted in 0.19% control survival. There was an increase in the ability of the stationary-phase cells to survive cis-Pt(II) damage with time after treatment. Thus, after 3 days, the survival had increased from 0.19 to 15.9%. We demonstrate that this increased ability of stationary-phase cells to survive with time after treatment is due to DNA excision repair and hence that survival is inversely related to the extent of reaction of cis-Pt(II) with the DNA.", "contents": "Excision repair of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)-induced damage to DNA of Chinese hamster cells. Platinum was lost from the DNA of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) [cis-Pt(II)]-treated exponentially growing Chinese hamster V79-379A cells with a half-life of 28 hr. By contrast, platinum was lost from the DNA of cells treated in stationary-phase culture with a half-life of 4 days. Cells treated in and allowed to remain as a stationary-phase culture maintained an intact and apparently viable appearance. When the stationary-phase culture was diluted with fresh medium, cell division occurred, and cell survival, as measured by colony-forming ability, could be determined. Dilution of cells immediately after treatment with 40 micron cis-Pt(II) resulted in 0.19% control survival. There was an increase in the ability of the stationary-phase cells to survive cis-Pt(II) damage with time after treatment. Thus, after 3 days, the survival had increased from 0.19 to 15.9%. We demonstrate that this increased ability of stationary-phase cells to survive with time after treatment is due to DNA excision repair and hence that survival is inversely related to the extent of reaction of cis-Pt(II) with the DNA.", "PMID": 427811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14083", "title": "Increased excision of O6-methylguanine from rat liver DNA after chronic administration of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Male BDIV rats were given dimethylnitrosamine (2 mg/kg daily) by stomach tube on weekdays for a total of 9 weeks, the final dose being of 14C-labeled material. Control rats received only the labeled dimethylnitrosamine. Liver DNA was isolated at various times later (from 2 to 12 hr), and normal and alkylated purines were determined after hydrolysis in mild acid by chromatography on Sephadex G-10. The levels (measured as dpm/micronmol of parent base) of 7-methylguanine in the DNA of the pretreated rats were the same as or slightly higher than those of the control animals, and the persistence of this product was similar in both groups. This was also true for 3-methyladenine. In contrast, the initial amount of O6-methylguanine in the liver DNA of the pretreated rats was one-third of the amount found in the control rats, and the rate of loss of this product from DNA was higher in the pretreated animals. These differences were reflected in the alkylation product ratios: the 3-methyladenine:7-methylguanine ratios were closely similar in the two groups of animals at all times, whereas the O6-methylguanine:7-methylguanine ratio was initially 3 times higher in the control animals and fell more slowly. DNA synthesis (as measured by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine) was higher in the liver, kidney, and lung of rats receiving dimethylnitrosamine pretreatment. These findings are discussed with respect to the hepatocarcinogenicity of chronically administered dimethylnitrosamine.", "contents": "Increased excision of O6-methylguanine from rat liver DNA after chronic administration of dimethylnitrosamine. Male BDIV rats were given dimethylnitrosamine (2 mg/kg daily) by stomach tube on weekdays for a total of 9 weeks, the final dose being of 14C-labeled material. Control rats received only the labeled dimethylnitrosamine. Liver DNA was isolated at various times later (from 2 to 12 hr), and normal and alkylated purines were determined after hydrolysis in mild acid by chromatography on Sephadex G-10. The levels (measured as dpm/micronmol of parent base) of 7-methylguanine in the DNA of the pretreated rats were the same as or slightly higher than those of the control animals, and the persistence of this product was similar in both groups. This was also true for 3-methyladenine. In contrast, the initial amount of O6-methylguanine in the liver DNA of the pretreated rats was one-third of the amount found in the control rats, and the rate of loss of this product from DNA was higher in the pretreated animals. These differences were reflected in the alkylation product ratios: the 3-methyladenine:7-methylguanine ratios were closely similar in the two groups of animals at all times, whereas the O6-methylguanine:7-methylguanine ratio was initially 3 times higher in the control animals and fell more slowly. DNA synthesis (as measured by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine) was higher in the liver, kidney, and lung of rats receiving dimethylnitrosamine pretreatment. These findings are discussed with respect to the hepatocarcinogenicity of chronically administered dimethylnitrosamine.", "PMID": 427812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14084", "title": "Growth and treatment of Ehrlich tumor in mice with alloxan-induced diabetes.", "content": "Hypoglycemia and hypoinsulinemia accompanied i.p. or i.m. growth of the Ehrlich tumor in CBA/H and BALB/c mice. Simultaneously, insulin accumulated in the ascitic fluid of tumor-bearing mice. In hosts rendered diabetic by means of alloxan, the tumor decreased the blood glucose almost to the level seen in nondiabetic mice. Tumor growth was retarded in diabetic hosts, but cells from such tumors, transplanted into secondary diabetic recipients, grew faster than in their primary diabetic hosts, similarly to \"nondiabetic\" tumor cells growing in nondiabetic hosts. This phenomenon of \"adaptation\" of the tumor to the diabetic state was prevented if diabetic tumor-bearing mice were daily treated with insulin. The tumor did not grow in all diabetic recipients; the frequency of takes correlated with severity of the diabetes, i.e., with the dose of alloxan given to induce it. The greater the dose, the less mice accepted the tumor. Insulin injection into diabetic tumor-bearing mice promoted the tumor growth. Simultaneous treatment of diabetes and the tumor afforded the best antitumor effect.", "contents": "Growth and treatment of Ehrlich tumor in mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. Hypoglycemia and hypoinsulinemia accompanied i.p. or i.m. growth of the Ehrlich tumor in CBA/H and BALB/c mice. Simultaneously, insulin accumulated in the ascitic fluid of tumor-bearing mice. In hosts rendered diabetic by means of alloxan, the tumor decreased the blood glucose almost to the level seen in nondiabetic mice. Tumor growth was retarded in diabetic hosts, but cells from such tumors, transplanted into secondary diabetic recipients, grew faster than in their primary diabetic hosts, similarly to \"nondiabetic\" tumor cells growing in nondiabetic hosts. This phenomenon of \"adaptation\" of the tumor to the diabetic state was prevented if diabetic tumor-bearing mice were daily treated with insulin. The tumor did not grow in all diabetic recipients; the frequency of takes correlated with severity of the diabetes, i.e., with the dose of alloxan given to induce it. The greater the dose, the less mice accepted the tumor. Insulin injection into diabetic tumor-bearing mice promoted the tumor growth. Simultaneous treatment of diabetes and the tumor afforded the best antitumor effect.", "PMID": 427813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14085", "title": "Identification of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer.", "content": "A gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer was used in an attempt to achieve rapid separation and accurate identification of benzo(a)pyrene and its synthesized derivatives. All derivatives, after being trimethylsilylated, were developed on Dexsil-300 and OV-1 columns. The seven diols and four stereoisomeric 7,8,9,10-tetraols studied were separated successfully. The separation of the 12 phenols was unsatisfactory; 8- and 11-isomers appeared separately but the other 10 isomers made 3 peaks on the OV-1 column. Among the five derivatives reported to be present in animal tissues, 6-, 7-, and 9-phenols were separated, but 1- and 3-phenols were fused on the Dexsil-300 column. Quinones were converted to related dihydroxyl derivatives under silylation. The chromatographic separation of four of the six dihydroxyl derivatives was successful on the OV-1 column, but the 6,12- and 7,10-isomers remained in a single peak. The two diol-epoxides were unstable under silylation and therefore were detected by their breakdown products, 7,8,9-trihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene and tetraols. Data are listed on the mass spectra and retention times of all benzo(a)pyrene derivatives studied.", "contents": "Identification of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. A gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer was used in an attempt to achieve rapid separation and accurate identification of benzo(a)pyrene and its synthesized derivatives. All derivatives, after being trimethylsilylated, were developed on Dexsil-300 and OV-1 columns. The seven diols and four stereoisomeric 7,8,9,10-tetraols studied were separated successfully. The separation of the 12 phenols was unsatisfactory; 8- and 11-isomers appeared separately but the other 10 isomers made 3 peaks on the OV-1 column. Among the five derivatives reported to be present in animal tissues, 6-, 7-, and 9-phenols were separated, but 1- and 3-phenols were fused on the Dexsil-300 column. Quinones were converted to related dihydroxyl derivatives under silylation. The chromatographic separation of four of the six dihydroxyl derivatives was successful on the OV-1 column, but the 6,12- and 7,10-isomers remained in a single peak. The two diol-epoxides were unstable under silylation and therefore were detected by their breakdown products, 7,8,9-trihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene and tetraols. Data are listed on the mass spectra and retention times of all benzo(a)pyrene derivatives studied.", "PMID": 427814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14086", "title": "Alteration of hexosaminidase isozymes in human renal carcinoma.", "content": "The activity and isozyme patterns of hexosaminidase in human renal carcinoma were studied in comparison with those of normal kidney. Hexosaminidase in extracts from normal kidney and renal carcinoma tissue could be separated into two major forms [hexosaminidase A (Hex A) and hexosaminidase B (Hex B)] by Cellogel electrophoresis or by diethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography. All of 10 renal carcinoma tissues showed a low activity ratio of Hex A to Hex B, as compared with the ratio in normal kidney; the ratio in renal carcinoma tissue was between 0.61 and 2.21 (mean, 1.30), while that in normal kidney was between 2.50 and 4.52 (mean, 3.46). Hexosaminidase activity and the ratio of Hex A to Hex B in renal carcinoma tissue were independent of the cell type and the differentiation grade of carcinoma tissue. Hex A and Hex B of renal carcinoma tissue differed from each other in physicochemical properties such as pH dependence of enzyme activity, thermostability, and Km's for two synthetic substrates, but each isozyme maintained its same physicochemical properties whether from normal or from carcinoma tissue. The isozyme patterns of cultured renal carcinoma cells and placenta were similar to those of the carcinoma tissue. The results presented here indicate that hexosaminidase isozymes in renal carcinoma tissue express at least oncoplacental patterns.", "contents": "Alteration of hexosaminidase isozymes in human renal carcinoma. The activity and isozyme patterns of hexosaminidase in human renal carcinoma were studied in comparison with those of normal kidney. Hexosaminidase in extracts from normal kidney and renal carcinoma tissue could be separated into two major forms [hexosaminidase A (Hex A) and hexosaminidase B (Hex B)] by Cellogel electrophoresis or by diethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography. All of 10 renal carcinoma tissues showed a low activity ratio of Hex A to Hex B, as compared with the ratio in normal kidney; the ratio in renal carcinoma tissue was between 0.61 and 2.21 (mean, 1.30), while that in normal kidney was between 2.50 and 4.52 (mean, 3.46). Hexosaminidase activity and the ratio of Hex A to Hex B in renal carcinoma tissue were independent of the cell type and the differentiation grade of carcinoma tissue. Hex A and Hex B of renal carcinoma tissue differed from each other in physicochemical properties such as pH dependence of enzyme activity, thermostability, and Km's for two synthetic substrates, but each isozyme maintained its same physicochemical properties whether from normal or from carcinoma tissue. The isozyme patterns of cultured renal carcinoma cells and placenta were similar to those of the carcinoma tissue. The results presented here indicate that hexosaminidase isozymes in renal carcinoma tissue express at least oncoplacental patterns.", "PMID": 427815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14087", "title": "Estrogen and progesterone receptors in human breast cancer with concomitant assay of plasma 17beta-estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin levels.", "content": "The specific estrogen receptor in the cytosol of human breast cancer tissue was assayed in 217 primary cases. The specific progesterone receptor was also assayed in 48 cases as evidence of estrogen action on the tissue. Both receptors were positive in 45.8% of all cases. Plasma 17beta-estradiol and progesterone were assayed concomitantly with these steroid receptors. The higher hormone levels were found in the cases with fewer receptor binding sites. The relationship between 17beta-estradiol levels in tumor cytosol and the number of binding sites was more clearly observed. Plasma prolactin levels, however, showed no correlation with the number of receptor binding sites or the plasma levels of sex steroids. None of these assayed substances had a clear correlation with the histological type of tumor or the clinical stage of the disease.", "contents": "Estrogen and progesterone receptors in human breast cancer with concomitant assay of plasma 17beta-estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin levels. The specific estrogen receptor in the cytosol of human breast cancer tissue was assayed in 217 primary cases. The specific progesterone receptor was also assayed in 48 cases as evidence of estrogen action on the tissue. Both receptors were positive in 45.8% of all cases. Plasma 17beta-estradiol and progesterone were assayed concomitantly with these steroid receptors. The higher hormone levels were found in the cases with fewer receptor binding sites. The relationship between 17beta-estradiol levels in tumor cytosol and the number of binding sites was more clearly observed. Plasma prolactin levels, however, showed no correlation with the number of receptor binding sites or the plasma levels of sex steroids. None of these assayed substances had a clear correlation with the histological type of tumor or the clinical stage of the disease.", "PMID": 427816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14088", "title": "Killing of tumor cells in vitro by macrophages from mice treated with synthetic dehydrodipeptides.", "content": "Treatment of NMRI mice i.p. with dehydrodipeptides [acetyldehydro-3-(2-thienyl)alanyltyrosine (SI); acetyldehydro-3-(2-furyl)alanyltyrosine (SII)] rendered macrophages cytolytic for several tumor cells in vitro. Normal peritoneal mouse macrophages from untreated mice not given injections of the peptides or from control mice given injections of phosphate-buffered saline were not cytotoxic. Moreover, supernatants from these in vivo-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages significantly increased the release of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase from freshly added target cells, showing that these cells had been killed. The macrophage activation to lyse tumor cells was sharply dose dependent and appeared about 48 hr after injection of the peptides. Although dehydrodipeptide SI was active in vivo at concentrations as low as 500 microgram/mouse, the same substance lacked activity in vitro at all concentrations tested up to 800 microgram/ml. Dehydrodipeptides activate macrophages through a T-cell-independent process to lyse tumor target cells. Macrophages from athymic nude (nu/nu) mice were less cytotoxic, but they still were stimulated; and the culture supernatants could kill about 50% of the tumor cells used. There are indications for a relative specific structure-activity relationship of dehydrodipeptides for inducing cytotoxic macrophages.", "contents": "Killing of tumor cells in vitro by macrophages from mice treated with synthetic dehydrodipeptides. Treatment of NMRI mice i.p. with dehydrodipeptides [acetyldehydro-3-(2-thienyl)alanyltyrosine (SI); acetyldehydro-3-(2-furyl)alanyltyrosine (SII)] rendered macrophages cytolytic for several tumor cells in vitro. Normal peritoneal mouse macrophages from untreated mice not given injections of the peptides or from control mice given injections of phosphate-buffered saline were not cytotoxic. Moreover, supernatants from these in vivo-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages significantly increased the release of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase from freshly added target cells, showing that these cells had been killed. The macrophage activation to lyse tumor cells was sharply dose dependent and appeared about 48 hr after injection of the peptides. Although dehydrodipeptide SI was active in vivo at concentrations as low as 500 microgram/mouse, the same substance lacked activity in vitro at all concentrations tested up to 800 microgram/ml. Dehydrodipeptides activate macrophages through a T-cell-independent process to lyse tumor target cells. Macrophages from athymic nude (nu/nu) mice were less cytotoxic, but they still were stimulated; and the culture supernatants could kill about 50% of the tumor cells used. There are indications for a relative specific structure-activity relationship of dehydrodipeptides for inducing cytotoxic macrophages.", "PMID": 427817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14089", "title": "Effects of CCNU on hematopoiesis in rats.", "content": "The effect of orally administered CCNU on proliferating and cytokinetically \"resting\" bone marrow cells was studied in rats. The resting bone marrow cells were selectively labeled with 3H-thymidine by the \"complete 3H-thymidine labeling method.\" The results show a reduction in the number of absolute bone marrow cells to about 40% of the original value in 3 days. Regeneration was completed only after 22 days. No difference was found in the destructive or the regenerative pattern of CFU-C, myelopoietic, erythropoietic, lymphatic, or megakaryocytic cells. Resting and proliferating cells of the bone marrow were equally affected by CCNU.", "contents": "Effects of CCNU on hematopoiesis in rats. The effect of orally administered CCNU on proliferating and cytokinetically \"resting\" bone marrow cells was studied in rats. The resting bone marrow cells were selectively labeled with 3H-thymidine by the \"complete 3H-thymidine labeling method.\" The results show a reduction in the number of absolute bone marrow cells to about 40% of the original value in 3 days. Regeneration was completed only after 22 days. No difference was found in the destructive or the regenerative pattern of CFU-C, myelopoietic, erythropoietic, lymphatic, or megakaryocytic cells. Resting and proliferating cells of the bone marrow were equally affected by CCNU.", "PMID": 427820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14090", "title": "Hypersensitivity reactions to iv melphalan during treatment of multiple myeloma: Cancer and Leukemia Group B experience.", "content": "Ten patients developed allergic reactions to iv melphalan (L-PAM) during therapy for multiple myeloma. The incidence of such reactions was 2.4% among 425 patients receiving iv L-PAM with or without other drugs and 3.9% among 255 patients receiving iv L-PAM alone. Only one such reaction was demonstrated in 294 patients who initially received oral L-PAM. The median day of first reaction to iv L-PAM was Day 222 (range, Days 44-909) and the median total dose prior to a reaction was 185 mg (range, 51-250 mg). Of five patients who subsequently received oral L-PAM, four developed a reaction similar to that experienced with the iv drug.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity reactions to iv melphalan during treatment of multiple myeloma: Cancer and Leukemia Group B experience. Ten patients developed allergic reactions to iv melphalan (L-PAM) during therapy for multiple myeloma. The incidence of such reactions was 2.4% among 425 patients receiving iv L-PAM with or without other drugs and 3.9% among 255 patients receiving iv L-PAM alone. Only one such reaction was demonstrated in 294 patients who initially received oral L-PAM. The median day of first reaction to iv L-PAM was Day 222 (range, Days 44-909) and the median total dose prior to a reaction was 185 mg (range, 51-250 mg). Of five patients who subsequently received oral L-PAM, four developed a reaction similar to that experienced with the iv drug.", "PMID": 427822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14091", "title": "Chemotherapy for sarcoma of the stomach.", "content": "The results of chemotherapy for patients with advanced leiomyosarcoma of gastric origin were analyzed. A total of 23 single-agent and multi-drug regimens were given to 17 patients. DTIC and adriamycin (ADR) were the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agents. ADR was used alone or in combination in 13 patients, resulting in partial responses in two patients and disease stabilization in seven. One of the partial responses was obtained with the ADR-DTIC combination and the other was obtained with the cyclophosphamide-vincristine-ADR-DTIC combination. The survival duration for the responders was significantly longer than that obtained for those patients who had disease stabilization or progression. The results of the study show that leiomyosarcoma of gastric origin is less sensitive to chemotherapeutic agents than leiomyosarcomas of other sites, as reported in the literature. New approaches based on the natural history of the disease and with potential to improve the results of treatment of gastrointestinal sarcomas are indicated.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for sarcoma of the stomach. The results of chemotherapy for patients with advanced leiomyosarcoma of gastric origin were analyzed. A total of 23 single-agent and multi-drug regimens were given to 17 patients. DTIC and adriamycin (ADR) were the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agents. ADR was used alone or in combination in 13 patients, resulting in partial responses in two patients and disease stabilization in seven. One of the partial responses was obtained with the ADR-DTIC combination and the other was obtained with the cyclophosphamide-vincristine-ADR-DTIC combination. The survival duration for the responders was significantly longer than that obtained for those patients who had disease stabilization or progression. The results of the study show that leiomyosarcoma of gastric origin is less sensitive to chemotherapeutic agents than leiomyosarcomas of other sites, as reported in the literature. New approaches based on the natural history of the disease and with potential to improve the results of treatment of gastrointestinal sarcomas are indicated.", "PMID": 427823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14092", "title": "Experimental antitumor activity of aminoanthraquinones.", "content": "The activity of a number of substituted alkylaminoanthraquinones was compared in transplanted murine tumor systems including P388 and L1210 leukemias, B16 melanoma, and colon carcinoma 26. The structure-activity relationships among this class of compounds are discussed. Several derivatives had very high antitumor activity in several tumor systems. Two of the most active derivatives, namely, 1,4-bis(2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione (bisalkylAAD) and 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis(2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione (dihydroxybisalkylAAD), which had curative activity in the above-mentioned tumors, were compared in considerable detail. DihydroxybisalkylAAD showed distinct advantages over bisalkylAAD in several tumor systems and is tenfold more potent with respect to effective dose range. This last difference is important for two reasons. First, these aminoanthraquinones are strong and persistent blue dyes and the administration of lower doses would minimize a potential cosmetic drawback of these compounds. Second and most important, iv administration of dose levels of bisalkylAAD which are within the therapeutic dose range on intermittent dose schedules produced convulsions and immediate death. IV administration of dihydroxybisalkylAAD also caused acute toxicity, but, because of its increased potency relative to antitumor activity and delayed toxicity, this acute toxicity was apparent only at doses well above the therapeutic dose range. All of the aminoanthraquinones evaluated, regardless of their activity as antitumor agents in vivo, proved to be potent inhibitors of DNA and RNA synthesis in vitro and bound strongly to DNA as evidenced by deltaTm values (deltaTm = upward shift in DNA melting temperature). Thus, the strong antitumor activity of aminoanthraquinones would appear to be due to some mechanism other than, or in addition to, DNA binding and inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis.", "contents": "Experimental antitumor activity of aminoanthraquinones. The activity of a number of substituted alkylaminoanthraquinones was compared in transplanted murine tumor systems including P388 and L1210 leukemias, B16 melanoma, and colon carcinoma 26. The structure-activity relationships among this class of compounds are discussed. Several derivatives had very high antitumor activity in several tumor systems. Two of the most active derivatives, namely, 1,4-bis(2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione (bisalkylAAD) and 1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis(2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione (dihydroxybisalkylAAD), which had curative activity in the above-mentioned tumors, were compared in considerable detail. DihydroxybisalkylAAD showed distinct advantages over bisalkylAAD in several tumor systems and is tenfold more potent with respect to effective dose range. This last difference is important for two reasons. First, these aminoanthraquinones are strong and persistent blue dyes and the administration of lower doses would minimize a potential cosmetic drawback of these compounds. Second and most important, iv administration of dose levels of bisalkylAAD which are within the therapeutic dose range on intermittent dose schedules produced convulsions and immediate death. IV administration of dihydroxybisalkylAAD also caused acute toxicity, but, because of its increased potency relative to antitumor activity and delayed toxicity, this acute toxicity was apparent only at doses well above the therapeutic dose range. All of the aminoanthraquinones evaluated, regardless of their activity as antitumor agents in vivo, proved to be potent inhibitors of DNA and RNA synthesis in vitro and bound strongly to DNA as evidenced by deltaTm values (deltaTm = upward shift in DNA melting temperature). Thus, the strong antitumor activity of aminoanthraquinones would appear to be due to some mechanism other than, or in addition to, DNA binding and inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis.", "PMID": 427824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14093", "title": "Schedule-dependency assessments of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors when used in combination with platinum compounds plus cyclophosphamide in the treatment of advanced L1210 leukemia.", "content": "Each of three ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors was used as a third drug in combination with selected antitumor platinum (Pt) agents and cyclophosphamide (CY) in the treatment of advanced L1210 leukemia in C57BL/6 x DBA/2 mice. Each was synergistic with the various Pt plus CY combinations but the effect was highly schedule dependent. The collective cure rate was 68% when hydroxyurea (HU) was given as a single injection with Pt plus CY; the cure rate was 15% when HU was administered on a divided-dose schedule with Pt plus CY. The collective cure rate was 53% when guanazole was given as a single injection with Pt plus CY, but was only 8% when it was given on a divided-dose schedule with Pt plus CY. The effect of 4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone, when used as a third drug with the various Pt plus CY regimens, was not schedule dependent as assessed by the collective cure rate. A therapeutic synergy between CY and each of the three ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors was also observed.", "contents": "Schedule-dependency assessments of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors when used in combination with platinum compounds plus cyclophosphamide in the treatment of advanced L1210 leukemia. Each of three ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors was used as a third drug in combination with selected antitumor platinum (Pt) agents and cyclophosphamide (CY) in the treatment of advanced L1210 leukemia in C57BL/6 x DBA/2 mice. Each was synergistic with the various Pt plus CY combinations but the effect was highly schedule dependent. The collective cure rate was 68% when hydroxyurea (HU) was given as a single injection with Pt plus CY; the cure rate was 15% when HU was administered on a divided-dose schedule with Pt plus CY. The collective cure rate was 53% when guanazole was given as a single injection with Pt plus CY, but was only 8% when it was given on a divided-dose schedule with Pt plus CY. The effect of 4-methyl-5-amino-1-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone, when used as a third drug with the various Pt plus CY regimens, was not schedule dependent as assessed by the collective cure rate. A therapeutic synergy between CY and each of the three ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors was also observed.", "PMID": 427825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14094", "title": "Important clinical pharmacologic considerations in the use of methadone in cancer patients.", "content": "The manufacturer's recommended dose of methadone, which is 2.5-10 mg every 3-4 hours, is excessive. Methadone has an average primary-phase half-life of 14.3 hours and a slower secondary-phase half-life averaging 54.8 hours. Administering the recommended dose of methadone and escalating doses within 2-3 days may lead to very high plasma levels of the drug. In addition, factors such as drug-drug interaction and/or hepatic and renal dysfunction may affect the metabolism of methadone and result in its accumulation. Methadone is an effective analgesic whose pharmacokinetics must be appreciated in order for it to be used safely and effectively. Three cases of methadone overdose are presented.", "contents": "Important clinical pharmacologic considerations in the use of methadone in cancer patients. The manufacturer's recommended dose of methadone, which is 2.5-10 mg every 3-4 hours, is excessive. Methadone has an average primary-phase half-life of 14.3 hours and a slower secondary-phase half-life averaging 54.8 hours. Administering the recommended dose of methadone and escalating doses within 2-3 days may lead to very high plasma levels of the drug. In addition, factors such as drug-drug interaction and/or hepatic and renal dysfunction may affect the metabolism of methadone and result in its accumulation. Methadone is an effective analgesic whose pharmacokinetics must be appreciated in order for it to be used safely and effectively. Three cases of methadone overdose are presented.", "PMID": 427826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14095", "title": "Therapy for mouse tumors and human tumor xenografts with the antitumor antibiotic AT-125.", "content": "The antimetabolite antibiotic L-(alphaS,5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid (AT-125) showed significant antitumor activity against L1210 and P388 mouse leukemias and the M5076 mouse ovarian tumor. Depending on the schedule of administration, increases in lifespan of greater than 100% were observed. Activity was observed after ip, oral, or sc inoculation of AT-125 in mice inoculated with L1210 by the ip route. Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma were not affected by AT-125. The compound was used to treat human tumor xenografts in athymic (nude) mice. The MX-1 mammary tumor regressed when treated with either 8 or 16 mg/kg/day for 10 days, while a dose of 32 mg/kg was toxic. On an every-4-days x 3 schedule there was a marked slowing of MX-1 tumor growth at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. The LX-1 lung tumor xenograft growth was slowed significantly by a dose of 32 mg/kg. Growth of colon tumors, CX-1, CX-2, and CX-3, was not affected by AT-125.", "contents": "Therapy for mouse tumors and human tumor xenografts with the antitumor antibiotic AT-125. The antimetabolite antibiotic L-(alphaS,5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid (AT-125) showed significant antitumor activity against L1210 and P388 mouse leukemias and the M5076 mouse ovarian tumor. Depending on the schedule of administration, increases in lifespan of greater than 100% were observed. Activity was observed after ip, oral, or sc inoculation of AT-125 in mice inoculated with L1210 by the ip route. Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma were not affected by AT-125. The compound was used to treat human tumor xenografts in athymic (nude) mice. The MX-1 mammary tumor regressed when treated with either 8 or 16 mg/kg/day for 10 days, while a dose of 32 mg/kg was toxic. On an every-4-days x 3 schedule there was a marked slowing of MX-1 tumor growth at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. The LX-1 lung tumor xenograft growth was slowed significantly by a dose of 32 mg/kg. Growth of colon tumors, CX-1, CX-2, and CX-3, was not affected by AT-125.", "PMID": 427827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14096", "title": "VM-26 as a second drug in the treatment of brain gliomas.", "content": "Twenty patients previously treated with surgical resection, radiation therapy, and a nitrosourea for malignant gliomas of the brain were given VM-26 as a second chemotherapeutic agent when evidence of tumor progression occurred. Thirty-five percent achieved an arrest or decrease of neurologic symptoms, with a median length of response (arrest and tumor regression) of 22 weeks.", "contents": "VM-26 as a second drug in the treatment of brain gliomas. Twenty patients previously treated with surgical resection, radiation therapy, and a nitrosourea for malignant gliomas of the brain were given VM-26 as a second chemotherapeutic agent when evidence of tumor progression occurred. Thirty-five percent achieved an arrest or decrease of neurologic symptoms, with a median length of response (arrest and tumor regression) of 22 weeks.", "PMID": 427830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14097", "title": "Lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas maltophilia: structural studies of the side-chain polysaccharide from strain N.C.T.C. 10257.", "content": "A lipopolysaccharide has been isolated from Pseudomonas maltophilia N.C.T.C. 10257. Monosaccharide components identified were L-rhamnose, 3-O-methyl-L-xylose, L-xylose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galacturonic acid, 2-amino-2-deoxy-galactose, 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose, and a 3-deoxy-2-octulosonic acid. Heptose was absent. In this and other respects, the lipopolysaccharide resembles the corresponding products from Xanthomonas species. Mild hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide with acid, followed by chromatography of the water-soluble products on Sephadex G-50, gave a polymeric, \"side-chain\" fraction containing rhamnose, 3-O-methylxylose, and xylose residues in the molar rations approximately 15:4:1. Methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and oxidation with chromium trioxide were the principal methods used in the study of this fraction. The following structure is proposed for the characteristic repeating-unit of the polymer.", "contents": "Lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas maltophilia: structural studies of the side-chain polysaccharide from strain N.C.T.C. 10257. A lipopolysaccharide has been isolated from Pseudomonas maltophilia N.C.T.C. 10257. Monosaccharide components identified were L-rhamnose, 3-O-methyl-L-xylose, L-xylose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galacturonic acid, 2-amino-2-deoxy-galactose, 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose, and a 3-deoxy-2-octulosonic acid. Heptose was absent. In this and other respects, the lipopolysaccharide resembles the corresponding products from Xanthomonas species. Mild hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide with acid, followed by chromatography of the water-soluble products on Sephadex G-50, gave a polymeric, \"side-chain\" fraction containing rhamnose, 3-O-methylxylose, and xylose residues in the molar rations approximately 15:4:1. Methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and oxidation with chromium trioxide were the principal methods used in the study of this fraction. The following structure is proposed for the characteristic repeating-unit of the polymer.", "PMID": 427832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14098", "title": "Syntheses of O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-0-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha(and -beta)-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tosyl-L-serine and their interaction with D-galactose-binding lectins.", "content": "In order to use, as hapten inhibitors against various galactose-binding lectins, the derivatives of O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-L-serine, which is the common core structure of sugar chains of most mucins, the synthesis of these compounds was investigated. Koenigs-Knorr condensation of the 4,6-O-benzylidene derivative of O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tosyl-L-serine methyl ester with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide gave O-(2,3,4,L-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1 leads to 3)-O-(2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tosyl-L-serine. Deacetylation, followed by acid hydrolysis of the benzylidene group, gave O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-O-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tosyl-L-serine. A beta anomer at the glycoside linkage of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose residue was also synthesized by the same procedure. Agaricus bisporus (mushroom) hemagglutinin was found to recognize the O-alpha-glycosyl linkage between 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose and L-serine, in addition to the O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose sugar sequence, for which Arachis hypogaea (peanut) and Bauhinia purpurea hemagglutinins were found to be specific. Ricinus communis hemagglutinin is more specific for the O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (commonly found in serum glycoproteins) than for the O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 linked to 3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose sequence. With Wistaria floribunda hemagglutinin, not much difference in the inhibitory activities of these two sugar sequences was observed, and O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tosyl-L-serine was the strongest inhibitor against this lectin.", "contents": "Syntheses of O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-0-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha(and -beta)-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tosyl-L-serine and their interaction with D-galactose-binding lectins. In order to use, as hapten inhibitors against various galactose-binding lectins, the derivatives of O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-L-serine, which is the common core structure of sugar chains of most mucins, the synthesis of these compounds was investigated. Koenigs-Knorr condensation of the 4,6-O-benzylidene derivative of O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tosyl-L-serine methyl ester with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide gave O-(2,3,4,L-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1 leads to 3)-O-(2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tosyl-L-serine. Deacetylation, followed by acid hydrolysis of the benzylidene group, gave O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-O-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tosyl-L-serine. A beta anomer at the glycoside linkage of the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose residue was also synthesized by the same procedure. Agaricus bisporus (mushroom) hemagglutinin was found to recognize the O-alpha-glycosyl linkage between 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose and L-serine, in addition to the O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose sugar sequence, for which Arachis hypogaea (peanut) and Bauhinia purpurea hemagglutinins were found to be specific. Ricinus communis hemagglutinin is more specific for the O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (commonly found in serum glycoproteins) than for the O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 linked to 3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose sequence. With Wistaria floribunda hemagglutinin, not much difference in the inhibitory activities of these two sugar sequences was observed, and O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-N-tosyl-L-serine was the strongest inhibitor against this lectin.", "PMID": 427833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14099", "title": "Chemical structure of the polysaccharide antigen of Eubacterium saburreum, strain O2.", "content": "The polysaccharide antigen produced by Eubacterium saburreum, strain O2, is composed of (1 leads to 6)-linked beta-D-glycero-D-galacto-heptopyranosyl residues, all of which are substituted with 6-deoxy-alpha-D-altro-heptofuranosyl groups at O-3.", "contents": "Chemical structure of the polysaccharide antigen of Eubacterium saburreum, strain O2. The polysaccharide antigen produced by Eubacterium saburreum, strain O2, is composed of (1 leads to 6)-linked beta-D-glycero-D-galacto-heptopyranosyl residues, all of which are substituted with 6-deoxy-alpha-D-altro-heptofuranosyl groups at O-3.", "PMID": 427834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14100", "title": "Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella type 33.", "content": "The structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella type 33 has been investigated. Methylation analysis, various specific degradations, graded hydrolysis with acid, and n.m.r. spectroscopy were the principal methods used. It is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of pentasaccharide repeating-units having the following structure. (formula, see manual). The D-galactopyranosyl group, with pyruvic acid linked as a ketal to O-3 AND O-4, was degraded on treatment of the fully methylated polysaccharide with strong base. It is proposed that methyl pyruvate is eliminated, in an E2 type of reaction.", "contents": "Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella type 33. The structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Klebsiella type 33 has been investigated. Methylation analysis, various specific degradations, graded hydrolysis with acid, and n.m.r. spectroscopy were the principal methods used. It is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of pentasaccharide repeating-units having the following structure. (formula, see manual). The D-galactopyranosyl group, with pyruvic acid linked as a ketal to O-3 AND O-4, was degraded on treatment of the fully methylated polysaccharide with strong base. It is proposed that methyl pyruvate is eliminated, in an E2 type of reaction.", "PMID": 427835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14101", "title": "Modes of action of intracellular dextranase and three oligoglucanases from Pseudomonas UQM733.", "content": "The action patterns have been studied of a purified, intracellular dextranase and three intracellular alpha-D-glucosidases from Pseudomonas UQM733 on pure isomalto-oligosaccharides. The glucosidases have optimal activity on isomaltotetraose and are therefore classified as oligoglucanases. They have been used to determine the structure of two branched isomalto-oligosaccharides obtained by enzymic degradation of dextran.", "contents": "Modes of action of intracellular dextranase and three oligoglucanases from Pseudomonas UQM733. The action patterns have been studied of a purified, intracellular dextranase and three intracellular alpha-D-glucosidases from Pseudomonas UQM733 on pure isomalto-oligosaccharides. The glucosidases have optimal activity on isomaltotetraose and are therefore classified as oligoglucanases. They have been used to determine the structure of two branched isomalto-oligosaccharides obtained by enzymic degradation of dextran.", "PMID": 427836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14102", "title": "Purification of chondroitinase B and chondroitinase C using glycosaminoglycan-bound AH-Sepharose 4B.", "content": "Chondroitinase B and chondroitinase C were separated from an extract of Flavobacterium heparinum induced with chondroitin 6-sulfate by using column chromatography on hydroxylapatite. Chondroitinase C was eluted together with the activities of hyaluronidase, delta4,5glycosiduronase, and sulfatase. The latter two activities were eliminated exclusively by passing the crude chondroitinase C fraction through a phosphono-cellulose column pre-equilibrated with 0.07M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Chondroitinase C was then purified by affinity chromatography using dermatan sulfate-bound AH-Sepharose 4B coated with the same glycosaminoglycan. Purification of the enzyme was achieved 18-fold and in 73% yield. On the other hand, the activities of delta4,5glycosiduronase and sulfatase were decreased to 50 and 60%, respectively, as compared with those in the crude chondroitinase B fraction, after passing the fraction through a column of phosphono-cellulose pre-equilibrated with 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The remaining activities of these two enzymes were then eliminated from chondroitinase B by affinity chromatography with heparin-bound AH-Sepharose 4B coated with dermatan sulfate. In the affinity chromatography used in the present study, non-covalent coating of the glycosaminoglycan-bound (covalently) AH-Sepharose 4B with the same or another glycosaminoglycan was found to be important.", "contents": "Purification of chondroitinase B and chondroitinase C using glycosaminoglycan-bound AH-Sepharose 4B. Chondroitinase B and chondroitinase C were separated from an extract of Flavobacterium heparinum induced with chondroitin 6-sulfate by using column chromatography on hydroxylapatite. Chondroitinase C was eluted together with the activities of hyaluronidase, delta4,5glycosiduronase, and sulfatase. The latter two activities were eliminated exclusively by passing the crude chondroitinase C fraction through a phosphono-cellulose column pre-equilibrated with 0.07M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Chondroitinase C was then purified by affinity chromatography using dermatan sulfate-bound AH-Sepharose 4B coated with the same glycosaminoglycan. Purification of the enzyme was achieved 18-fold and in 73% yield. On the other hand, the activities of delta4,5glycosiduronase and sulfatase were decreased to 50 and 60%, respectively, as compared with those in the crude chondroitinase B fraction, after passing the fraction through a column of phosphono-cellulose pre-equilibrated with 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The remaining activities of these two enzymes were then eliminated from chondroitinase B by affinity chromatography with heparin-bound AH-Sepharose 4B coated with dermatan sulfate. In the affinity chromatography used in the present study, non-covalent coating of the glycosaminoglycan-bound (covalently) AH-Sepharose 4B with the same or another glycosaminoglycan was found to be important.", "PMID": 427837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14103", "title": "An examination of some basic assumptions of DNA distribution analysis using biological data.", "content": "An examination is made of how the observed DNA distributions spread from their original biological distributions. Using distributions from testicular and hepatic tissue we find that the current assumptions for DNA distribution analysis need reexamination and suggest how this might be done.", "contents": "An examination of some basic assumptions of DNA distribution analysis using biological data. An examination is made of how the observed DNA distributions spread from their original biological distributions. Using distributions from testicular and hepatic tissue we find that the current assumptions for DNA distribution analysis need reexamination and suggest how this might be done.", "PMID": 427872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14104", "title": "Labelling index of human squamous cell carcinomas. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro labelling methods.", "content": "In vivo and in vitro labelling has been compared in sixteen human solid squamous cell carcinomas (ENT). The median in vivo/in vitro LI ratio was 1-2, but for two-thirds of the patients it was only 1-1, suggesting a slight LI underestimation in vitro. Two factors can possibly explain the divergences: heterogeneity from one biopsy to another in the same tumour, and lower mean grain count in the deep cell layers of the in vitro labelled tumour samples. Therefore, the fact we did not find a good agreement between in vivo and in vitro data for one-third of the tumours points out that one must be cautious in considering in vitro LI as a valid result for a given patient. However, even if the in vitro LI leads to a certain underestimate, it can provide useful data.", "contents": "Labelling index of human squamous cell carcinomas. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro labelling methods. In vivo and in vitro labelling has been compared in sixteen human solid squamous cell carcinomas (ENT). The median in vivo/in vitro LI ratio was 1-2, but for two-thirds of the patients it was only 1-1, suggesting a slight LI underestimation in vitro. Two factors can possibly explain the divergences: heterogeneity from one biopsy to another in the same tumour, and lower mean grain count in the deep cell layers of the in vitro labelled tumour samples. Therefore, the fact we did not find a good agreement between in vivo and in vitro data for one-third of the tumours points out that one must be cautious in considering in vitro LI as a valid result for a given patient. However, even if the in vitro LI leads to a certain underestimate, it can provide useful data.", "PMID": 427874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14105", "title": "Effect of an inhibiting factor isolated from rat liver on DNA polymerases in regenerating rat liver.", "content": "We partially purified an inhibitory factor (LIFE), isolated from 105,000 g supernatant of a saline adult rat liver homogenate. LIF stopped in vitro cell multiplication by blocking the G1--S transition, and reduced in vivo [3H]thymidine incorporation into liver DNA in two-thirds hepatectomized rats. This reduction in DNA synthesis was observed at 24 hr after hepatectomy, even when the LIF was injected before the beginning of the S phase, 10 hr after hepatectomy, i.e. when DNA polymerase activity had not yet increased. Under these experimental conditions, LIF in vivo treatment prevented alpha DNA polymerase activity from increasing after partial hepatectomy, so that enzyme activity at 24 hr in LIF-treated rats decreased compared to the controls. No direct inhibitory effect of LIF on alpha DNA polymerase was detected. LIF did not affect beta DNA polymerase. These results suggest that LIF plays a part in controlling liver growth.", "contents": "Effect of an inhibiting factor isolated from rat liver on DNA polymerases in regenerating rat liver. We partially purified an inhibitory factor (LIFE), isolated from 105,000 g supernatant of a saline adult rat liver homogenate. LIF stopped in vitro cell multiplication by blocking the G1--S transition, and reduced in vivo [3H]thymidine incorporation into liver DNA in two-thirds hepatectomized rats. This reduction in DNA synthesis was observed at 24 hr after hepatectomy, even when the LIF was injected before the beginning of the S phase, 10 hr after hepatectomy, i.e. when DNA polymerase activity had not yet increased. Under these experimental conditions, LIF in vivo treatment prevented alpha DNA polymerase activity from increasing after partial hepatectomy, so that enzyme activity at 24 hr in LIF-treated rats decreased compared to the controls. No direct inhibitory effect of LIF on alpha DNA polymerase was detected. LIF did not affect beta DNA polymerase. These results suggest that LIF plays a part in controlling liver growth.", "PMID": 427875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14106", "title": "The relationship between stem cell seeding efficiency and position in cell cycle.", "content": "The seeding efficiency of colony-forming cells from normal, regenerating and velocity-sedimented cycling and non-cycling narrow preparations was compared. Colony-forming cells in cycle were found to exhibit a 50% reduction in splenic seeding when compared to normal marrow or sedimented non-cycling cells. The results of this study indicate that the spleen colony assay underestimates the total number of colony-forming cells by a fraction which is directly related to the number of cells in cycle.", "contents": "The relationship between stem cell seeding efficiency and position in cell cycle. The seeding efficiency of colony-forming cells from normal, regenerating and velocity-sedimented cycling and non-cycling narrow preparations was compared. Colony-forming cells in cycle were found to exhibit a 50% reduction in splenic seeding when compared to normal marrow or sedimented non-cycling cells. The results of this study indicate that the spleen colony assay underestimates the total number of colony-forming cells by a fraction which is directly related to the number of cells in cycle.", "PMID": 427876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14107", "title": "Cell population kinetic profile of the mouse thymus, and the changes induced by prednisolone.", "content": "The cell population kinetic parameters of the thymus in BALB/c mice have been estimated using stathmokinetic and [3H]TdR techniques in both control animals and animals treated with prednisolone. FLM data were analysed by computer using the Gilbert program. The study showed that prednisolone had an inhibitory effect mainly in the DNA synthesis phase and in G1. Stathmokinetic data also showed a decrease in the cell birth rate and an increase in the apparent cell cycle time (or potential doubling time) after treatment. The labelling index, the mitotic index and the growth fraction were also decreased. The study also shows a good agreement between the data obtained by stathmokinetic and [3H]TdR techniques.", "contents": "Cell population kinetic profile of the mouse thymus, and the changes induced by prednisolone. The cell population kinetic parameters of the thymus in BALB/c mice have been estimated using stathmokinetic and [3H]TdR techniques in both control animals and animals treated with prednisolone. FLM data were analysed by computer using the Gilbert program. The study showed that prednisolone had an inhibitory effect mainly in the DNA synthesis phase and in G1. Stathmokinetic data also showed a decrease in the cell birth rate and an increase in the apparent cell cycle time (or potential doubling time) after treatment. The labelling index, the mitotic index and the growth fraction were also decreased. The study also shows a good agreement between the data obtained by stathmokinetic and [3H]TdR techniques.", "PMID": 427877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14108", "title": "Relative toxicities of particulate and soluble forms of beryllium to a rat liver parenchymal cell line in culture and possible mechanisms of uptake.", "content": "The relative toxicities of particulate beryllium phosphate, soluble beryllium sulphate and a beryllium sulphosalicylate complex to a rat liver parencymal derived cell line have been examined in culture. Due to the propensity of beryllium salts to form beryllium phosphate in solution the incubation medium used was free of inorganic phosphate. Cell death measured by the loss of cellular lactate dehydrogenase into the medium can be produced within 76 h from beryllium phosphate and beryllium sulphosalicylate or 48 h from beryllium sulphate provided the cells have, irrespective of the form of added beryllium, taken up a minimum of 2--5 nmol Be/10(6) cells. Whilst beryllium phosphate was readily taken up as a particle, beryllium complexed with excess sulphosalicylate was not so markedly accumulated by the cells except possibly by formation of small amounts of beryllium phosphate in the medium as a result of inorganic phosphate lost from the cells. The extent of beryllium uptake from beryllium sulphate quantitatively most resembled that observed for beryllium phosphate but was largely independent of beryllium phosphate formation in the medium and not accompanied by the uptake of the SO42- anion. However, the accumulation of beryllium derived from beryllium sulphate did appear to be associated with the production of a sedimentable from believed most probably to be colloidal beryllium hydroxide. The uptake of all forms of beryllium was temperature sensitive and metabolic inhibitor studies and treatment of the cells with trypsin or neuraminidase supported the view that the distinct behaviour of beryllium derived from beryllium sulphate may be related to the enhanced toxicity of this form both under the conditions used and when administered to experimental animals.", "contents": "Relative toxicities of particulate and soluble forms of beryllium to a rat liver parenchymal cell line in culture and possible mechanisms of uptake. The relative toxicities of particulate beryllium phosphate, soluble beryllium sulphate and a beryllium sulphosalicylate complex to a rat liver parencymal derived cell line have been examined in culture. Due to the propensity of beryllium salts to form beryllium phosphate in solution the incubation medium used was free of inorganic phosphate. Cell death measured by the loss of cellular lactate dehydrogenase into the medium can be produced within 76 h from beryllium phosphate and beryllium sulphosalicylate or 48 h from beryllium sulphate provided the cells have, irrespective of the form of added beryllium, taken up a minimum of 2--5 nmol Be/10(6) cells. Whilst beryllium phosphate was readily taken up as a particle, beryllium complexed with excess sulphosalicylate was not so markedly accumulated by the cells except possibly by formation of small amounts of beryllium phosphate in the medium as a result of inorganic phosphate lost from the cells. The extent of beryllium uptake from beryllium sulphate quantitatively most resembled that observed for beryllium phosphate but was largely independent of beryllium phosphate formation in the medium and not accompanied by the uptake of the SO42- anion. However, the accumulation of beryllium derived from beryllium sulphate did appear to be associated with the production of a sedimentable from believed most probably to be colloidal beryllium hydroxide. The uptake of all forms of beryllium was temperature sensitive and metabolic inhibitor studies and treatment of the cells with trypsin or neuraminidase supported the view that the distinct behaviour of beryllium derived from beryllium sulphate may be related to the enhanced toxicity of this form both under the conditions used and when administered to experimental animals.", "PMID": 428000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14109", "title": "Mode of action of formamidine pesticides: an evaluation of monoamine oxidase as the target.", "content": "The ability of formamidine pesticide, chlordimeform (N'-(4-chloro-o-toyl)-N,N-dimethylformamidine) (CDM), and several of its major metabolites to inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) in mouse tissues in vitro and in vivo was examined, and related to the hypothesis that inhibition of MAO is responsible for the lethal effects of CDM. CDM was a readily reversible inhibitor of MAO of medium potency as were most of its metabolites. However, the hydrolysis product, N-formyl-4-chloro-o-toludine (CT) was a significantly more potent reversible inhibitor. A comparison of MAO from brain, liver, and intestine showed no marked variations in their sensitivity to these inhibitors. Greater inhibitory potency was found using Type A substrates (5-hydroxytryptamine) than Type B substrates (beta-phenylethylamine). The activity of MAO in vivo after pretreatment of mice with CDM or its metabolites was assessed in liver and intestine by measuring the amount of [14C] tryptamine which still survived 5 min after an intraperitoneal injection. Established inhibitors of MAO gave appropriate results with this method. CDM also increased tryptamine recoveries but only at does which caused mortality, and then to a lesser extent than MAO inhibitors such as tranylcypromine, pheniprazine, and harmaline at sub lethal doses. For this reason, and in view of the lack of correlation of toxicity to MAO-inhibitory potency among CDM and its metabolites, and because the symptoms of poisoning are inappropriate, it is concluded that MAO inhibition is not an important factor in the acute lethality of CDM.", "contents": "Mode of action of formamidine pesticides: an evaluation of monoamine oxidase as the target. The ability of formamidine pesticide, chlordimeform (N'-(4-chloro-o-toyl)-N,N-dimethylformamidine) (CDM), and several of its major metabolites to inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) in mouse tissues in vitro and in vivo was examined, and related to the hypothesis that inhibition of MAO is responsible for the lethal effects of CDM. CDM was a readily reversible inhibitor of MAO of medium potency as were most of its metabolites. However, the hydrolysis product, N-formyl-4-chloro-o-toludine (CT) was a significantly more potent reversible inhibitor. A comparison of MAO from brain, liver, and intestine showed no marked variations in their sensitivity to these inhibitors. Greater inhibitory potency was found using Type A substrates (5-hydroxytryptamine) than Type B substrates (beta-phenylethylamine). The activity of MAO in vivo after pretreatment of mice with CDM or its metabolites was assessed in liver and intestine by measuring the amount of [14C] tryptamine which still survived 5 min after an intraperitoneal injection. Established inhibitors of MAO gave appropriate results with this method. CDM also increased tryptamine recoveries but only at does which caused mortality, and then to a lesser extent than MAO inhibitors such as tranylcypromine, pheniprazine, and harmaline at sub lethal doses. For this reason, and in view of the lack of correlation of toxicity to MAO-inhibitory potency among CDM and its metabolites, and because the symptoms of poisoning are inappropriate, it is concluded that MAO inhibition is not an important factor in the acute lethality of CDM.", "PMID": 428001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14110", "title": "Response of two strains of L5178Y cells to cis-dichlorobis(cyclopentylamine)platinum(II). I. Cross-sensitivity to cis-PAD and UV light.", "content": "The response to cis-dichlorobis(cyclopentylamine)platinum(II) (cis-PAD) an antitumour platinum complex, was studied in two strains of murine lymphoma L5178Y cross-sensitive to X-rays and UV light. Dose-survival relationship, DNA synthesis formation of chromatid aberrations, progression through the cell cycle, and growth and viability changes after 1 h cis-PA; treatment at 37 degree C were examined and compared with the effects of X-rays and UV light. In both strains, cis-PAD caused immediate inhibition of progression through the cell cycle, reduced rate of DNA synthesis, delayed appearance of chromatid aberrations, and delayed death; however, there is a marked difference in sensitivity to cis-PAD between L5178Y-S strain (D0 approx. 5.8 microgram/ml) and L5178Y-R strain (D0 approx. 2.5 microgram/ml). In both strains a close resemblance was found between dose-survival relationships after cis-PAD and UV light treatment, respectively.", "contents": "Response of two strains of L5178Y cells to cis-dichlorobis(cyclopentylamine)platinum(II). I. Cross-sensitivity to cis-PAD and UV light. The response to cis-dichlorobis(cyclopentylamine)platinum(II) (cis-PAD) an antitumour platinum complex, was studied in two strains of murine lymphoma L5178Y cross-sensitive to X-rays and UV light. Dose-survival relationship, DNA synthesis formation of chromatid aberrations, progression through the cell cycle, and growth and viability changes after 1 h cis-PA; treatment at 37 degree C were examined and compared with the effects of X-rays and UV light. In both strains, cis-PAD caused immediate inhibition of progression through the cell cycle, reduced rate of DNA synthesis, delayed appearance of chromatid aberrations, and delayed death; however, there is a marked difference in sensitivity to cis-PAD between L5178Y-S strain (D0 approx. 5.8 microgram/ml) and L5178Y-R strain (D0 approx. 2.5 microgram/ml). In both strains a close resemblance was found between dose-survival relationships after cis-PAD and UV light treatment, respectively.", "PMID": 428002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14111", "title": "Response of two strains of L5178Y cells to cis-dichlorobis(cyclopentylamine)platinum(II). II. Differential effects of caffeine.", "content": "Two strains of L5178Y murine lymphoma, inversely cross-sensitive to X-rays and UV light, were shown previously to respond to treatment with an antitumour platinum complex, cis-dichlorobis(cyclopentylamine)-platinum(II) (cis-PAD), in a similar manner as to UV. Enhancement of chromosomal damage and potentiation of lethal effect of cis-PAD by 0.75 mM caffeine were found in cis-PAD and UV light-resistant L5178Y-S strain but not in cis-PAD and UV light-sensitive L5178Y-R strain. These results suggest that the extreme sensitivity of L5178Y-R strain to cis-PAD and UV light is caused to some extent by deficiency in a caffeine-sensitive post-replication repair system.", "contents": "Response of two strains of L5178Y cells to cis-dichlorobis(cyclopentylamine)platinum(II). II. Differential effects of caffeine. Two strains of L5178Y murine lymphoma, inversely cross-sensitive to X-rays and UV light, were shown previously to respond to treatment with an antitumour platinum complex, cis-dichlorobis(cyclopentylamine)-platinum(II) (cis-PAD), in a similar manner as to UV. Enhancement of chromosomal damage and potentiation of lethal effect of cis-PAD by 0.75 mM caffeine were found in cis-PAD and UV light-resistant L5178Y-S strain but not in cis-PAD and UV light-sensitive L5178Y-R strain. These results suggest that the extreme sensitivity of L5178Y-R strain to cis-PAD and UV light is caused to some extent by deficiency in a caffeine-sensitive post-replication repair system.", "PMID": 428003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14112", "title": "Effect of free fatty acid anion on the in vitro binding of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate to cytoplasmic proteins from rat liver.", "content": "The influence of oleate ion, a free fatty acid anion, on the binding characteristics of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) with the cytoplasmic proteins (Y and Z) from rat liver has been examined using fluorescence spectroscopy. ANS binds strongly with both ligandin (Y) and Z protein at a single binding site with dissociation constants of 0.6 and 1.4 micron respectively. Increasing concentrations of oleate ion decreased the ANS binding with either protein by competing with the ANS binding site. Relative binding constant of oleate ion for the hepatic ligandin or Z protein was about 2 micron as determined from the competitive inhibition of ANS binding. These results suggest that variations in the hepatic cytoplasmic free fatty acid concentration may be important in regulating the capacity of Y and Z proteins to transport other organic anions.", "contents": "Effect of free fatty acid anion on the in vitro binding of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate to cytoplasmic proteins from rat liver. The influence of oleate ion, a free fatty acid anion, on the binding characteristics of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) with the cytoplasmic proteins (Y and Z) from rat liver has been examined using fluorescence spectroscopy. ANS binds strongly with both ligandin (Y) and Z protein at a single binding site with dissociation constants of 0.6 and 1.4 micron respectively. Increasing concentrations of oleate ion decreased the ANS binding with either protein by competing with the ANS binding site. Relative binding constant of oleate ion for the hepatic ligandin or Z protein was about 2 micron as determined from the competitive inhibition of ANS binding. These results suggest that variations in the hepatic cytoplasmic free fatty acid concentration may be important in regulating the capacity of Y and Z proteins to transport other organic anions.", "PMID": 428004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14113", "title": "Differential cytotoxic activity of potassium dichromate on nucleoside uptake in BHK fibroblasts.", "content": "In cultures of hamster fibroblasts (BHK cell line) treated with potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) nucleic acid and protein syntheses are differentially inhibited, and nucleoside uptake into the intracellular pool is characterized by a stimulation phase followed by an inhibition phase. Different patterns are observed for the uptake of each ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside, pyrimidine nucleoside (particularly deoxycytidine) uptake reaching the highest stimulation level. Kinetics of thymidine and deoxycytidine initial uptake at different exogenous nucleoside concentrations show that K2Cr2O7 affects both simple and facilitated diffusion of nucleosides. The time course of thymidine and deoxycytidine pool saturation suggests however that the effects of K2Cr2O7 on plasma membrane permeability are partially counterbalanced by modifications of pool size deriving from the concomitant alteration of steps of nucleoside metabolism separate from nucleoside uptake.", "contents": "Differential cytotoxic activity of potassium dichromate on nucleoside uptake in BHK fibroblasts. In cultures of hamster fibroblasts (BHK cell line) treated with potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) nucleic acid and protein syntheses are differentially inhibited, and nucleoside uptake into the intracellular pool is characterized by a stimulation phase followed by an inhibition phase. Different patterns are observed for the uptake of each ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside, pyrimidine nucleoside (particularly deoxycytidine) uptake reaching the highest stimulation level. Kinetics of thymidine and deoxycytidine initial uptake at different exogenous nucleoside concentrations show that K2Cr2O7 affects both simple and facilitated diffusion of nucleosides. The time course of thymidine and deoxycytidine pool saturation suggests however that the effects of K2Cr2O7 on plasma membrane permeability are partially counterbalanced by modifications of pool size deriving from the concomitant alteration of steps of nucleoside metabolism separate from nucleoside uptake.", "PMID": 428005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14114", "title": "Biotransformation of chloroform by rat and human liver microsomes; in vitro effect on some enzyme activities and mechanism of irreversible binding to macromolecules.", "content": "The effects of chloroform on some rat microsomal enzyme activities were studied in vitro. Maximum inhibition of oxygen consumption, NADPH oxidase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was observed at 0.5 mM chloroform; prior metabolization of CHCl3 by microsomal monooxygenases increased inhibition by about 50% at 0.2-0.5 mM chloroform. Higher concentrations produced a paradoxical reversal of inhibition, whereas p-nitroanisole demethylase was steadily inhibited by about 50% up to 10 mM chloroform. Irreversible binding of 14CHCl3 was confirmed to depend on chloroform metabolization by monooxygenases. The increased irreversible binding due to phenobarbital induction is accompanied by a diminished affinity towards chloroform as shown by increased KM of irreversible binding, and a higher spectral dissociation constant KS. Aminoacids with nucleophilic functions (histidine, cysteine) partially prevented the irreversible binding of chloroform metabolites to microsomes; non-volatile radioactive derivatives were recovered in trichloracetic acid supernatants when microsomes were incubated with cysteine, but not with histidine. Phosgene has been demonstrated as a biological metabolite of chloroform: its possible reactions with nucleophilic groups of macromolecules, water and added aminoacids partly explain these experimental data. Similar results were obtained with human microsomes, showing that chloroform hepatotoxicity in man could involve the same mechanisms.", "contents": "Biotransformation of chloroform by rat and human liver microsomes; in vitro effect on some enzyme activities and mechanism of irreversible binding to macromolecules. The effects of chloroform on some rat microsomal enzyme activities were studied in vitro. Maximum inhibition of oxygen consumption, NADPH oxidase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was observed at 0.5 mM chloroform; prior metabolization of CHCl3 by microsomal monooxygenases increased inhibition by about 50% at 0.2-0.5 mM chloroform. Higher concentrations produced a paradoxical reversal of inhibition, whereas p-nitroanisole demethylase was steadily inhibited by about 50% up to 10 mM chloroform. Irreversible binding of 14CHCl3 was confirmed to depend on chloroform metabolization by monooxygenases. The increased irreversible binding due to phenobarbital induction is accompanied by a diminished affinity towards chloroform as shown by increased KM of irreversible binding, and a higher spectral dissociation constant KS. Aminoacids with nucleophilic functions (histidine, cysteine) partially prevented the irreversible binding of chloroform metabolites to microsomes; non-volatile radioactive derivatives were recovered in trichloracetic acid supernatants when microsomes were incubated with cysteine, but not with histidine. Phosgene has been demonstrated as a biological metabolite of chloroform: its possible reactions with nucleophilic groups of macromolecules, water and added aminoacids partly explain these experimental data. Similar results were obtained with human microsomes, showing that chloroform hepatotoxicity in man could involve the same mechanisms.", "PMID": 428006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14115", "title": "Fate of juvenile hormone in mammalian cell culture.", "content": "The metabolism of juvenile hormone (JH) I has been examined in fetal mouse liver cells maintained in culture. Diffusion of the hormone into the cells appears to be passive. The hormone is metabolized essentially to organic-soluble metabolites (diol ester, diol acid and acid) by the action of epoxide hydrase and carboxylesterases. Conjugative reactions play a minor role, less than 3% of the hormone being excreted as conjugates (glucuronides, sulfates and mercapturic acid). About 0.8% of the cellular radioactivity is bound to macromolecules, mainly those of nuclear and mitochondrial origin. Metyrapone and SKF 525-A inhibit covalent binding of the hormone to cytoplasmic macromolecules, which suggests participation of the cytochrome P-450 system in covalent binding of the hormone.", "contents": "Fate of juvenile hormone in mammalian cell culture. The metabolism of juvenile hormone (JH) I has been examined in fetal mouse liver cells maintained in culture. Diffusion of the hormone into the cells appears to be passive. The hormone is metabolized essentially to organic-soluble metabolites (diol ester, diol acid and acid) by the action of epoxide hydrase and carboxylesterases. Conjugative reactions play a minor role, less than 3% of the hormone being excreted as conjugates (glucuronides, sulfates and mercapturic acid). About 0.8% of the cellular radioactivity is bound to macromolecules, mainly those of nuclear and mitochondrial origin. Metyrapone and SKF 525-A inhibit covalent binding of the hormone to cytoplasmic macromolecules, which suggests participation of the cytochrome P-450 system in covalent binding of the hormone.", "PMID": 428008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14116", "title": "A class of strong inhibitors of microsomal monooxygenases: the ellipticines.", "content": "Ellipticine (E) and its 9-hydroxy derivative inhibit strongly various liver monooxygenase activities mediated by microsomes from control and phenobarbital (PB), benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP) or Aroclor 1254 (Aroclor)-pretreated rats. The inhibition constants, Ki, are remarkably low, and often smaller than 1 micron, particularly in the case of microsomes containing cytochrome P-448. The inhibitory potency (I50) of 9-hydroxyellipticine (9-OHE) is larger (about ten-fold) than the one of classical inhibitors (metyrapone or 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF)), whatever the activities studied and the induction of microsomes. Differences exist between the mechanisms of inhibition according to the form of cytochrome P-450 present in microsomes of differently pretreated rats; whichever the activities studied, one observes: (a) a competitive inhibition towards the activity of non-induced or PB-induced microsomes and (b) a non-competitive inhibition towards the activity of Aroclor or BP-induced microsomes, at variance with 7,8-BF. These results are in good agreement with the interaction properties of the ellipticines with microsomal cytochromes P-450.", "contents": "A class of strong inhibitors of microsomal monooxygenases: the ellipticines. Ellipticine (E) and its 9-hydroxy derivative inhibit strongly various liver monooxygenase activities mediated by microsomes from control and phenobarbital (PB), benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP) or Aroclor 1254 (Aroclor)-pretreated rats. The inhibition constants, Ki, are remarkably low, and often smaller than 1 micron, particularly in the case of microsomes containing cytochrome P-448. The inhibitory potency (I50) of 9-hydroxyellipticine (9-OHE) is larger (about ten-fold) than the one of classical inhibitors (metyrapone or 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF)), whatever the activities studied and the induction of microsomes. Differences exist between the mechanisms of inhibition according to the form of cytochrome P-450 present in microsomes of differently pretreated rats; whichever the activities studied, one observes: (a) a competitive inhibition towards the activity of non-induced or PB-induced microsomes and (b) a non-competitive inhibition towards the activity of Aroclor or BP-induced microsomes, at variance with 7,8-BF. These results are in good agreement with the interaction properties of the ellipticines with microsomal cytochromes P-450.", "PMID": 428009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14117", "title": "The effect of cephaloridine on the stability of rat kidney lysosomes.", "content": "The administration of cephaloridine to rats caused a decrease in the excretion of acid phosphatase into the urine. The antibiotic itself had no effect on urinary acid phosphatase and inhibitors or proteolytic enzymes were not present in the urine from treated rats. Cephaloridine may therefore be stabilizing the lysosomal membrane in vivo and experiments with isolated lysosomes confirm this hypothesis. The lysosomal integrity was followed by measuring the acid phosphatase activity and the light scattering properties of the particles. A good correlation was obtained between these parameters in the case of thermal disruption and progesterone induced lysis of the lysosomes and low concentrations of cephaloridine (0.1-1.0 mmol/1) protected the lysosomes against this form of damage.", "contents": "The effect of cephaloridine on the stability of rat kidney lysosomes. The administration of cephaloridine to rats caused a decrease in the excretion of acid phosphatase into the urine. The antibiotic itself had no effect on urinary acid phosphatase and inhibitors or proteolytic enzymes were not present in the urine from treated rats. Cephaloridine may therefore be stabilizing the lysosomal membrane in vivo and experiments with isolated lysosomes confirm this hypothesis. The lysosomal integrity was followed by measuring the acid phosphatase activity and the light scattering properties of the particles. A good correlation was obtained between these parameters in the case of thermal disruption and progesterone induced lysis of the lysosomes and low concentrations of cephaloridine (0.1-1.0 mmol/1) protected the lysosomes against this form of damage.", "PMID": 428010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14118", "title": "Enhanced inhibition of both cellular protein synthesis and malate dehydrogenase by aged aquoplatinum(II) complexes.", "content": "Previous studies have shown cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (Cis) an effective anti-tumour agent in man and animals. Evidence is presented here that formation of aquo complexes of this platinum derivative will significantly enhance its inhibitory properties with respect to two separate biochemical functions, namely inhibition of protein synthesis in hamster medulloblastoma cells and in inhibiting the activity of L-malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in a cell free system. Inhibition of cell protein synthesis rises from 8% using freshly dissolved drug to 30% when aged solutions of drug are employed at an inhibitor concentration of 0.1 mM. The inhibitory enhancement seen using purified malic dehydrogenase increases from 16% (fresh) to 57% (aged) at an inhibitor concentration of 1 mM.", "contents": "Enhanced inhibition of both cellular protein synthesis and malate dehydrogenase by aged aquoplatinum(II) complexes. Previous studies have shown cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (Cis) an effective anti-tumour agent in man and animals. Evidence is presented here that formation of aquo complexes of this platinum derivative will significantly enhance its inhibitory properties with respect to two separate biochemical functions, namely inhibition of protein synthesis in hamster medulloblastoma cells and in inhibiting the activity of L-malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in a cell free system. Inhibition of cell protein synthesis rises from 8% using freshly dissolved drug to 30% when aged solutions of drug are employed at an inhibitor concentration of 0.1 mM. The inhibitory enhancement seen using purified malic dehydrogenase increases from 16% (fresh) to 57% (aged) at an inhibitor concentration of 1 mM.", "PMID": 428011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14119", "title": "Molecular structural effects involved in the interaction of anthracyclines with DNA.", "content": "Changes in DNA binding ability of daunomycin following structural modifications in the aglycone moiety have been studied by the fluorescence quenching method and by thermal denaturation of the complex. Removal of the methoxyl group at position 4 leads to a slightly stronger binding. Changes in the position of the glycosidic linkage result in a markedly weaker binding. Removal of the hydroxyl group at position 9, with the concomitant formation of a 9,10-anhydro derivative, decreases the binding ability. Methylation of hydroxyl groups at C-6 and C-11 leads to an inactive derivative and makes the binding affinity disappear almost completely. Structure-activity correlations for the DNA binding reaction deduced from these studies are in agreement with earlier findings that relate to the biological activity and confirm the general picture of the binding mechanism.", "contents": "Molecular structural effects involved in the interaction of anthracyclines with DNA. Changes in DNA binding ability of daunomycin following structural modifications in the aglycone moiety have been studied by the fluorescence quenching method and by thermal denaturation of the complex. Removal of the methoxyl group at position 4 leads to a slightly stronger binding. Changes in the position of the glycosidic linkage result in a markedly weaker binding. Removal of the hydroxyl group at position 9, with the concomitant formation of a 9,10-anhydro derivative, decreases the binding ability. Methylation of hydroxyl groups at C-6 and C-11 leads to an inactive derivative and makes the binding affinity disappear almost completely. Structure-activity correlations for the DNA binding reaction deduced from these studies are in agreement with earlier findings that relate to the biological activity and confirm the general picture of the binding mechanism.", "PMID": 428012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14120", "title": "Studies on lung tumours. IV. Correlation between [3H]thymidine labelling of lung and liver cells and tumour formation in GRS/A and C3Hf/A male mice following administration of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Male mice of the inbred strain GRS/A are highly susceptible to lung tumour but refractory to liver tumour formation, whereas the opposite relation holds for C3Hf/A male mice. Liver and lung cells of these 2 mouse strains were studied autoradiographically after intraperitoneal injection of [3H]dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and of [3H]thymidine at days 1--14 after administration of unlabelled DMN. Corresponding cell types in the lungs or livers of these 2 mouse strains bound similar amount of [3H]DMN. Among the various types of lung cells only the alveolar Type II cells, from which the lung adenomas derive, showed a strain-specific difference in [3H]thymidine labelling indices, much more cells becoming labelled in the case of the GRS/A than of the C3Hf/A strain at days 3--7 after carcinogen administration. Opposite thymidine labelling indices were exhibited by the parenchymal liver cells of the 2 strains, with C3Hf/A now showing a greater response than did GRS/A males. Thus thymidine-labelling and tumourigenic responses of target lung and liver cells to carcinogen in the 2 strains coincided. Sulphur dioxide and carbon tetrachloride mimicked the effects of DMN on the thymidine labelling indices of, respectively, the lung alveolar Type II and the thymidine labelling indices of, respectively, the lung alveolar Type II and the liver parenchymal cells of the 2 strains. The nature of the differential effect of carcinogen on the [3H]thymidine labelling of the cells and the correlation of these patterns with susceptibility to tumour formation, are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Studies on lung tumours. IV. Correlation between [3H]thymidine labelling of lung and liver cells and tumour formation in GRS/A and C3Hf/A male mice following administration of dimethylnitrosamine. Male mice of the inbred strain GRS/A are highly susceptible to lung tumour but refractory to liver tumour formation, whereas the opposite relation holds for C3Hf/A male mice. Liver and lung cells of these 2 mouse strains were studied autoradiographically after intraperitoneal injection of [3H]dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and of [3H]thymidine at days 1--14 after administration of unlabelled DMN. Corresponding cell types in the lungs or livers of these 2 mouse strains bound similar amount of [3H]DMN. Among the various types of lung cells only the alveolar Type II cells, from which the lung adenomas derive, showed a strain-specific difference in [3H]thymidine labelling indices, much more cells becoming labelled in the case of the GRS/A than of the C3Hf/A strain at days 3--7 after carcinogen administration. Opposite thymidine labelling indices were exhibited by the parenchymal liver cells of the 2 strains, with C3Hf/A now showing a greater response than did GRS/A males. Thus thymidine-labelling and tumourigenic responses of target lung and liver cells to carcinogen in the 2 strains coincided. Sulphur dioxide and carbon tetrachloride mimicked the effects of DMN on the thymidine labelling indices of, respectively, the lung alveolar Type II and the thymidine labelling indices of, respectively, the lung alveolar Type II and the liver parenchymal cells of the 2 strains. The nature of the differential effect of carcinogen on the [3H]thymidine labelling of the cells and the correlation of these patterns with susceptibility to tumour formation, are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 428013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14121", "title": "The interactions of triethyltin with rat glutathione-S-transferases A, B and C. Enzyme-inhibition and equilibrium-dialysis studies.", "content": "Purified glutathione(GSH)-S-transferases A, B and C from rat liver are inhibited by triethyltin (SnEt3). With 1-chloro-2,4-dinitro benzene (CDNB) as the limiting substrate the inhibition is competitive in each case. At a GSH concentration of 5 . 10(-3) M the inhibition constants for transferases A and C at 25 degrees C are similar and very low, 3.2 . 10(-8) M and 5.6 . 10(-8) M respectively, whereas for transferase B the inhibition constant is 3.5 . 10(-5) M. Equilibrium-dialysis experiments carried out at 4 degrees C in the absence of GSH give apparent dissociation constants of 7.1 . 10(-4) M and 3.4 . 10(-4) M for transferases A and B respectively, but if 5 . 10(-3) M glutathione is included in the dialysis solutions these values fall to 2.0 . 10(-7) M and 2.6 . 10(-5) M, which are within an order of magnitude of the kinetic Ki-values. Chromatographic experiments with Sephadex G-10 show that GSH and SnEt3 interact in aqueous solution under the conditions of the enzyme-kinetic and equilibrium-dialysis experiments. It is suggested that the inhibited enzymes are in the form of ternary complexes, enzyme-GSH-SnEt3, in which GSH and SnEt3 may or may not interact directly; or are possibly quaternary complexes, enzyme-(GSH)2-SnEt3. SnEt3 could be valuable as a selective inhibitor of transferases A and C in mixtures of the three transferases.", "contents": "The interactions of triethyltin with rat glutathione-S-transferases A, B and C. Enzyme-inhibition and equilibrium-dialysis studies. Purified glutathione(GSH)-S-transferases A, B and C from rat liver are inhibited by triethyltin (SnEt3). With 1-chloro-2,4-dinitro benzene (CDNB) as the limiting substrate the inhibition is competitive in each case. At a GSH concentration of 5 . 10(-3) M the inhibition constants for transferases A and C at 25 degrees C are similar and very low, 3.2 . 10(-8) M and 5.6 . 10(-8) M respectively, whereas for transferase B the inhibition constant is 3.5 . 10(-5) M. Equilibrium-dialysis experiments carried out at 4 degrees C in the absence of GSH give apparent dissociation constants of 7.1 . 10(-4) M and 3.4 . 10(-4) M for transferases A and B respectively, but if 5 . 10(-3) M glutathione is included in the dialysis solutions these values fall to 2.0 . 10(-7) M and 2.6 . 10(-5) M, which are within an order of magnitude of the kinetic Ki-values. Chromatographic experiments with Sephadex G-10 show that GSH and SnEt3 interact in aqueous solution under the conditions of the enzyme-kinetic and equilibrium-dialysis experiments. It is suggested that the inhibited enzymes are in the form of ternary complexes, enzyme-GSH-SnEt3, in which GSH and SnEt3 may or may not interact directly; or are possibly quaternary complexes, enzyme-(GSH)2-SnEt3. SnEt3 could be valuable as a selective inhibitor of transferases A and C in mixtures of the three transferases.", "PMID": 428014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14122", "title": "Zonal changes in the rat liver after chronic administration of phenobarbitone in ultrastructural, morphometric and biochemical correlation.", "content": "Alterations in the liver of rats subjected to 24 days of continuous administration of phenobarbitone have been supplied bu subcellular fractionation, conventional electron microscopy and morphometric analysis. The increase in wet weight of the liver was found to result from a combination of cellular hypertrophy, hyperplasia and an enlarged hepatic blood space. In the centrilobular zone all the hepatocytes underwent a substantial proliferation of total ER, became enlarged and had an increased blood supply. However, in the periportal zone phenobarbitone caused changes in only 45% of the hepatocytes, the remainder being apparently resistent or tardy. An overall dramatic increase in hepatic RER was both measured and observed but the response involved hepatocytes in which the RER had proliferated as well as those which were depleted of RER or had stacks and cisternae that were severely shortened and dispersed. These alterations are discussed in relation to changes in RER after administration of agents causing hepatonecrosis. Possible reasons for the inability of other workers to detect a phenobarbitone-induced increase in RER are also put forward. After subcellular fractionation and corection for centrifugation losses into the 9500 g pellet, using the microsomal marker cytochrome P-450, phenobarbitone-induced increase in total ER was substantially less than that found by morphometric analysis. This indicates that during the preparation of microsomes a substantial proportion of intracellular membranes, having different metabolic and synthetic properties to those finally isolated, are discarded and emphasizes the need to exercise care when using microsomal preparations.", "contents": "Zonal changes in the rat liver after chronic administration of phenobarbitone in ultrastructural, morphometric and biochemical correlation. Alterations in the liver of rats subjected to 24 days of continuous administration of phenobarbitone have been supplied bu subcellular fractionation, conventional electron microscopy and morphometric analysis. The increase in wet weight of the liver was found to result from a combination of cellular hypertrophy, hyperplasia and an enlarged hepatic blood space. In the centrilobular zone all the hepatocytes underwent a substantial proliferation of total ER, became enlarged and had an increased blood supply. However, in the periportal zone phenobarbitone caused changes in only 45% of the hepatocytes, the remainder being apparently resistent or tardy. An overall dramatic increase in hepatic RER was both measured and observed but the response involved hepatocytes in which the RER had proliferated as well as those which were depleted of RER or had stacks and cisternae that were severely shortened and dispersed. These alterations are discussed in relation to changes in RER after administration of agents causing hepatonecrosis. Possible reasons for the inability of other workers to detect a phenobarbitone-induced increase in RER are also put forward. After subcellular fractionation and corection for centrifugation losses into the 9500 g pellet, using the microsomal marker cytochrome P-450, phenobarbitone-induced increase in total ER was substantially less than that found by morphometric analysis. This indicates that during the preparation of microsomes a substantial proportion of intracellular membranes, having different metabolic and synthetic properties to those finally isolated, are discarded and emphasizes the need to exercise care when using microsomal preparations.", "PMID": 428015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14123", "title": "The in vitro and in vivo reaction at the N7-position of guanine of the ultimate carcinogen derived from benzolalpyrene.", "content": "The previously reported reaction at N2- and N7- of guanine following addition of 7 alpha,8 beta-dihydroxy-9 beta, 10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (anti-BPDE) to an aqueous solution of DNA has been studied in more detail. The extent of reaction and the relative yields of N2- and N7-products was measured over the range of pH 4--7. The depurination following reaction at the N7-position of guanine was found to have a half-life of 3 h. Reaction of the isomeric 7 alpha,8 beta-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]-pyrene (syn-BPDE) with DNA gave the expected N2- and no N7-guanine product. When either benzo[a]pyrene or anti-BPDE was added to mouse embryo or Chinese hamster V79 cells respectively, a major N2-guanine product and a very minor adenine product were isolated from the DNA, but no N7-guanine product was detected.", "contents": "The in vitro and in vivo reaction at the N7-position of guanine of the ultimate carcinogen derived from benzolalpyrene. The previously reported reaction at N2- and N7- of guanine following addition of 7 alpha,8 beta-dihydroxy-9 beta, 10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (anti-BPDE) to an aqueous solution of DNA has been studied in more detail. The extent of reaction and the relative yields of N2- and N7-products was measured over the range of pH 4--7. The depurination following reaction at the N7-position of guanine was found to have a half-life of 3 h. Reaction of the isomeric 7 alpha,8 beta-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]-pyrene (syn-BPDE) with DNA gave the expected N2- and no N7-guanine product. When either benzo[a]pyrene or anti-BPDE was added to mouse embryo or Chinese hamster V79 cells respectively, a major N2-guanine product and a very minor adenine product were isolated from the DNA, but no N7-guanine product was detected.", "PMID": 428016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14124", "title": "The binding of metabolites formed from aminostilbene derivatives to nucleic acids in the liver of rats.", "content": "Carcinogenic trans-4-dimethylaminostilbene (trans-DAS) and trans-4-acetylaminostilbene (trans-AAS) as well as inactive cis-DAS and DABB were highly and specifically labeled with tritium and administered orally to female Wistar rats. Covalent binding to liver rRNA and DNA was measured and found to be higher for the carcinogenic compounds. Digests from these nucleic acids were chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 and 16 different nucleoside adducts were characterised by their retention volumes. Labeled trans-DAS was administered in doses ranging from 0.025--250 mumol/kg. Binding to nucleic acids was directly proportional to the dose at low doses (0.025--2.5 mumol/kg) and less than proportional at higher doses (25--250 mumol/kg). The pattern of nucleoside adducts remained practically constant over the wide range of doses. A pharmacokinetically determined threshold of metabolic activation thus could not be demonstrated for this compound. A modified procedure is described to simultaneously isolate pure liver rRNA and DNA from nonfasted rats in high yields.", "contents": "The binding of metabolites formed from aminostilbene derivatives to nucleic acids in the liver of rats. Carcinogenic trans-4-dimethylaminostilbene (trans-DAS) and trans-4-acetylaminostilbene (trans-AAS) as well as inactive cis-DAS and DABB were highly and specifically labeled with tritium and administered orally to female Wistar rats. Covalent binding to liver rRNA and DNA was measured and found to be higher for the carcinogenic compounds. Digests from these nucleic acids were chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 and 16 different nucleoside adducts were characterised by their retention volumes. Labeled trans-DAS was administered in doses ranging from 0.025--250 mumol/kg. Binding to nucleic acids was directly proportional to the dose at low doses (0.025--2.5 mumol/kg) and less than proportional at higher doses (25--250 mumol/kg). The pattern of nucleoside adducts remained practically constant over the wide range of doses. A pharmacokinetically determined threshold of metabolic activation thus could not be demonstrated for this compound. A modified procedure is described to simultaneously isolate pure liver rRNA and DNA from nonfasted rats in high yields.", "PMID": 428017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14125", "title": "Sympathetic control of major coronary artery diameter in the dog.", "content": "The diameter of a major coronary artery, the ramus interventricularis ventralis (RIV), was measured in dogs with arrested hearts perfused by an extracorporeal circulation. The resting diastolic diameter was 1.78 +/- 0.07 mm (mean +/- SE) at a diastolic pressure of 74.2 +/- 3.4 mm Hg. Bilateral supramaximal stimulation of fibers leaving the cranial pole of the stellate ganglion decreased the diameter by 71.2 +/- 8.9 micrometer, i.e., 4.0 +/- 0.5% of the resting diameter. Stimulation of the left stellate ganglion contributed 59.8 +/- 5.7% of the maximum response; that of the right contributed 40.3 +/- 5.5%. Stimulation of the thoracic ganglia (T2-4) resulted in a 1.2 +/- 0.4% decrease in coronary vessel diameter. RIV failed to respond to bilateral caudal cervical ganglion stimulation. After iv administration of phentolamine, 1-2 mg/kg, no response to sympathetic stimulation could be elicited. Therefore, it appears that alpha-receptors are activated by the release of the sympathetic neurotransmitter to sympathetic stimulation and that beta-receptors are not involved in the response of RIV to sympathetic stimulation.", "contents": "Sympathetic control of major coronary artery diameter in the dog. The diameter of a major coronary artery, the ramus interventricularis ventralis (RIV), was measured in dogs with arrested hearts perfused by an extracorporeal circulation. The resting diastolic diameter was 1.78 +/- 0.07 mm (mean +/- SE) at a diastolic pressure of 74.2 +/- 3.4 mm Hg. Bilateral supramaximal stimulation of fibers leaving the cranial pole of the stellate ganglion decreased the diameter by 71.2 +/- 8.9 micrometer, i.e., 4.0 +/- 0.5% of the resting diameter. Stimulation of the left stellate ganglion contributed 59.8 +/- 5.7% of the maximum response; that of the right contributed 40.3 +/- 5.5%. Stimulation of the thoracic ganglia (T2-4) resulted in a 1.2 +/- 0.4% decrease in coronary vessel diameter. RIV failed to respond to bilateral caudal cervical ganglion stimulation. After iv administration of phentolamine, 1-2 mg/kg, no response to sympathetic stimulation could be elicited. Therefore, it appears that alpha-receptors are activated by the release of the sympathetic neurotransmitter to sympathetic stimulation and that beta-receptors are not involved in the response of RIV to sympathetic stimulation.", "PMID": 428043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14126", "title": "Myocardial infarct size and ventricular function in rats.", "content": "To define the relationship between infarct size and ventricular performance, we performed hemodynamic studies in rats 21 days after left coronary artery occlusion. Ventricular performance was assessed under ether anesthesia by measurements of baseline hemodynamics and stressed performance as determined by the peak cardiac output and stroke volume obtained during intravenous volume loading and by the peak left ventricular developed pressure obtained during occlusion of the ascending aorta. Infarct size was determined by planimetry of the endocardial circumference of each of four histological slices of the left ventricle. Rats with small (4-30%) myocardial infarctions had no discernible impairment in either baseline hemodynamics or peak indices of pumping and pressure-generating ability when compared to the sham-operated, noninfarcted rats. Rats with moderate (31-46%) infarctions had normal baseline hemodynamics but reduced peak flow indices and developed pressure. Rats with infarctions greater than 46% had congestive heart failure, with elevated filling pressures, reduced cardiac output, and a minimal capacity to respond to pre- and after load stresses. The entire spectrum of postinfarction ventricular function was observed, from no detectable impairment to congestive failure. In this model of histologically healed myocardial infarction, the impairment of left ventricular function was directly related to the loss of myocardium.", "contents": "Myocardial infarct size and ventricular function in rats. To define the relationship between infarct size and ventricular performance, we performed hemodynamic studies in rats 21 days after left coronary artery occlusion. Ventricular performance was assessed under ether anesthesia by measurements of baseline hemodynamics and stressed performance as determined by the peak cardiac output and stroke volume obtained during intravenous volume loading and by the peak left ventricular developed pressure obtained during occlusion of the ascending aorta. Infarct size was determined by planimetry of the endocardial circumference of each of four histological slices of the left ventricle. Rats with small (4-30%) myocardial infarctions had no discernible impairment in either baseline hemodynamics or peak indices of pumping and pressure-generating ability when compared to the sham-operated, noninfarcted rats. Rats with moderate (31-46%) infarctions had normal baseline hemodynamics but reduced peak flow indices and developed pressure. Rats with infarctions greater than 46% had congestive heart failure, with elevated filling pressures, reduced cardiac output, and a minimal capacity to respond to pre- and after load stresses. The entire spectrum of postinfarction ventricular function was observed, from no detectable impairment to congestive failure. In this model of histologically healed myocardial infarction, the impairment of left ventricular function was directly related to the loss of myocardium.", "PMID": 428047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14127", "title": "Influence of cardiac fiber orientation on wavefront voltage, conduction velocity, and tissue resistivity in the dog.", "content": "When the canine epicardium is stimulated, the spread of epicardial excitation is 2.4 times faster parallel to the long axes of the cardiac fibers than perpendicular to them. Likewise, gross tissue resistivity is lower parallel to fibers by a factor of 3.2, and the voltage across the depolarization wave is approximately three times as great in the longitudinal direction. Equations are presented which relate these variables. Theoretical considerations confirm the experimental finding that the potentials around a wave of depolarization cannot be accounted for by the conventional hypothesis that the wavefront is a uniform double-layer current source.", "contents": "Influence of cardiac fiber orientation on wavefront voltage, conduction velocity, and tissue resistivity in the dog. When the canine epicardium is stimulated, the spread of epicardial excitation is 2.4 times faster parallel to the long axes of the cardiac fibers than perpendicular to them. Likewise, gross tissue resistivity is lower parallel to fibers by a factor of 3.2, and the voltage across the depolarization wave is approximately three times as great in the longitudinal direction. Equations are presented which relate these variables. Theoretical considerations confirm the experimental finding that the potentials around a wave of depolarization cannot be accounted for by the conventional hypothesis that the wavefront is a uniform double-layer current source.", "PMID": 428066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14128", "title": "Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of thromboxane B2 in the dog.", "content": "The hemodynamic properties of thromboxane B2 (TxB2), a product of prostaglandin endoperoxide metabolism, have not been thoroughly described. TxB2 is a bronchoconstrictor, but its effects on the systemic circulation and circulating platelets are unknown. Its precursor, thromboxane A2(TxA2), is a potent vasoconstrictor as well as a platelet-aggregating agent. Using intact anesthetized dogs, we investigated the effects of TxB2 on pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), airway pressure (AP), systemic arterial pressure (SAP), and myocardial contractility (MC). Vascular responses were evaluated in relation to changes in platelet population and aggregability. Intravenous TxB2 (25 and 50 micrograms/kg) increased AP (mean 62% and 69%) and PAP (50% and 86%), respectively, whereas SAP and MC responses were inconsistent. Left ventricular injections (25 micrograms/kg) also increased AP (36%) and PAP responses were inconsistent. Left ventricular injections (25 micrograms/kg) also increased AP (36%) and PAP (36%). Intraventricular administration of TxB2 produced a consistent elevation of SAP (10%) with a concomitant fall in MC (11%). These vascular responses were not consistent with alterations in platelet number or aggregability. A tachyphylactic response to TxB2 developed in AP and PAP at both dose levels and with both routes of administration. Intravenous and intraventricular TxB2 (25 micrograms/kg) produced a parallel decreasing response in PAP, suggesting the possible saturation of TxB2 binding sites or the depletion of a catabolic enzyme in the lung.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of thromboxane B2 in the dog. The hemodynamic properties of thromboxane B2 (TxB2), a product of prostaglandin endoperoxide metabolism, have not been thoroughly described. TxB2 is a bronchoconstrictor, but its effects on the systemic circulation and circulating platelets are unknown. Its precursor, thromboxane A2(TxA2), is a potent vasoconstrictor as well as a platelet-aggregating agent. Using intact anesthetized dogs, we investigated the effects of TxB2 on pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), airway pressure (AP), systemic arterial pressure (SAP), and myocardial contractility (MC). Vascular responses were evaluated in relation to changes in platelet population and aggregability. Intravenous TxB2 (25 and 50 micrograms/kg) increased AP (mean 62% and 69%) and PAP (50% and 86%), respectively, whereas SAP and MC responses were inconsistent. Left ventricular injections (25 micrograms/kg) also increased AP (36%) and PAP responses were inconsistent. Left ventricular injections (25 micrograms/kg) also increased AP (36%) and PAP (36%). Intraventricular administration of TxB2 produced a consistent elevation of SAP (10%) with a concomitant fall in MC (11%). These vascular responses were not consistent with alterations in platelet number or aggregability. A tachyphylactic response to TxB2 developed in AP and PAP at both dose levels and with both routes of administration. Intravenous and intraventricular TxB2 (25 micrograms/kg) produced a parallel decreasing response in PAP, suggesting the possible saturation of TxB2 binding sites or the depletion of a catabolic enzyme in the lung.", "PMID": 428069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14129", "title": "The role of adenosine in prolonged vasodilation following flow-restricted exercise of canine skeletal muscle.", "content": "A period of prolonged vasodilation follows flow-restricted exercise of skeletal muscle. We tested the hypothesis that adenosine participates in mediating this vascular response. Vascularly isolated, anterior calf muscles of anesthetized dogs were stimulated to contract at a rate of 4 twitches/sec. Blood flow was held constant at 12.5 +/- 1.3 ml/min per 100 g which was about 14% of the expected free flow for this exercise level. Skeletal muscle tissue adenosine was measured with the an enzymatic, spectophotometric assay of trichloroacetic acid extracts of congruent to 50 mg biopsy samples. Tissue adenosine rose from 2.30 +/- 0.90 nmol/g in resting muscle to 22.5 +/- 5.8 nmol/g by the end of the 22-minute exercise. Following exercise, tissue adenosine fell toward its baseline value with a time course very similar to the early portion of the return of skeletal muscle vascular resistance to its control level. Thus, skeletal muscle adenosine content (1) increases to a sufficient magnitude and (2) falls with an appropriate time course to be at least partly responsible for the early portion of prolonged vasodilation seen after flow-restricted exercise of skeletal muscle.", "contents": "The role of adenosine in prolonged vasodilation following flow-restricted exercise of canine skeletal muscle. A period of prolonged vasodilation follows flow-restricted exercise of skeletal muscle. We tested the hypothesis that adenosine participates in mediating this vascular response. Vascularly isolated, anterior calf muscles of anesthetized dogs were stimulated to contract at a rate of 4 twitches/sec. Blood flow was held constant at 12.5 +/- 1.3 ml/min per 100 g which was about 14% of the expected free flow for this exercise level. Skeletal muscle tissue adenosine was measured with the an enzymatic, spectophotometric assay of trichloroacetic acid extracts of congruent to 50 mg biopsy samples. Tissue adenosine rose from 2.30 +/- 0.90 nmol/g in resting muscle to 22.5 +/- 5.8 nmol/g by the end of the 22-minute exercise. Following exercise, tissue adenosine fell toward its baseline value with a time course very similar to the early portion of the return of skeletal muscle vascular resistance to its control level. Thus, skeletal muscle adenosine content (1) increases to a sufficient magnitude and (2) falls with an appropriate time course to be at least partly responsible for the early portion of prolonged vasodilation seen after flow-restricted exercise of skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 428070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14130", "title": "The role of potassium in the metabolic control of coronary vascular resistance of the dog.", "content": "We tested the hypothesis that potassium ion (K+) is involved in the local control of the coronary circulation. The left coronary artery was perfused at constant flow in closed-chest, anesthetized dogs. Step increases in heart rate caused transient (six dogs) or sustained (three dogs) increases in coronary sinus plasma [K+] averaging 0.53 mEq/liter. When the effects of vascular transit delay were accounted for, we found that [K+] changes preceded the vasodilation seen with increased heart rate. We used a mathematical model to calculate changes in interstitial [K+] from arterial and venous [K+] and K+ release rate. The magnitude of the changes in interstitial [K+] appeared to be sufficient to account for a considerable portion but not all of the initial changes in coronary vascular resistance associated with increased heart rate. Thus potassium seems to be involved at least transiently, and, in three of nine dogs, for a more sustained period, in heart rate-induced coronary vasodilation. Cessations (for 15 seconds) of coronary blood flow resulted in transient postischemic increases of coronary sinus [K+] averaging 0.55 mEq/liter. In this case, correction for vascular transit disclosed that the recovery of [K+] preceded the return of vascular tone to baseline for only the second half of the recovery, implying only a limited role for potassium in this response. Potassium appears to play a significant but transient role in the local control of the coronary circulation.", "contents": "The role of potassium in the metabolic control of coronary vascular resistance of the dog. We tested the hypothesis that potassium ion (K+) is involved in the local control of the coronary circulation. The left coronary artery was perfused at constant flow in closed-chest, anesthetized dogs. Step increases in heart rate caused transient (six dogs) or sustained (three dogs) increases in coronary sinus plasma [K+] averaging 0.53 mEq/liter. When the effects of vascular transit delay were accounted for, we found that [K+] changes preceded the vasodilation seen with increased heart rate. We used a mathematical model to calculate changes in interstitial [K+] from arterial and venous [K+] and K+ release rate. The magnitude of the changes in interstitial [K+] appeared to be sufficient to account for a considerable portion but not all of the initial changes in coronary vascular resistance associated with increased heart rate. Thus potassium seems to be involved at least transiently, and, in three of nine dogs, for a more sustained period, in heart rate-induced coronary vasodilation. Cessations (for 15 seconds) of coronary blood flow resulted in transient postischemic increases of coronary sinus [K+] averaging 0.55 mEq/liter. In this case, correction for vascular transit disclosed that the recovery of [K+] preceded the return of vascular tone to baseline for only the second half of the recovery, implying only a limited role for potassium in this response. Potassium appears to play a significant but transient role in the local control of the coronary circulation.", "PMID": 428071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14131", "title": "High energy phosphate stores and lactate levels in different layers of the canine left ventricle during reactive hyperemia.", "content": "To study postischemic recovery of myocardial energy metabolism in relation to the reactive hyperemic response, the tissue levels of creatine phosphate (CP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and lactate were estimated in the outer, middle, and inner layers of the left ventricle before, during, and at several times after a 20-second bilateral coronary arterial occlusion in the open-chest dog. The reactive hyperemic response was characterized by monitoring blood flow in the cannulated coronary sinus in a separate group of dogs. Substantial changes in myocardial CP and lactate, but not ATP, were produced by the occlusion and reciprocal transmural gradients in CP and lactate occurred such that CP was lowest and lactate was highest in the inner layer. Recovery of high energy phosphate stores (CP + ATP) occurred long before blood flow returned to the preocclusion level, this being achieved in two of the three layers after completion of only 29% of the reactive hyperemic response when the blood flow debt repayment was 151%. Lactate returned to control levels during the response, but recovery times in the different layers were delayed compared to those for the high energy phosphate stores. A transmural lactate gradient was maintained as the regional levels declined, and recovery times were different for each of the three layers, being longest in the inner layer. The results suggest that during the reactive hyperemic response (1) kinetically different processes are involved in the repletion of energy stores and the removal of anaerobically produced metabolites, and (2) metabolic vasodilation of coronary vessels probably is more pronounced and sustained longer in the inner than in the outer ventricular layer.", "contents": "High energy phosphate stores and lactate levels in different layers of the canine left ventricle during reactive hyperemia. To study postischemic recovery of myocardial energy metabolism in relation to the reactive hyperemic response, the tissue levels of creatine phosphate (CP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and lactate were estimated in the outer, middle, and inner layers of the left ventricle before, during, and at several times after a 20-second bilateral coronary arterial occlusion in the open-chest dog. The reactive hyperemic response was characterized by monitoring blood flow in the cannulated coronary sinus in a separate group of dogs. Substantial changes in myocardial CP and lactate, but not ATP, were produced by the occlusion and reciprocal transmural gradients in CP and lactate occurred such that CP was lowest and lactate was highest in the inner layer. Recovery of high energy phosphate stores (CP + ATP) occurred long before blood flow returned to the preocclusion level, this being achieved in two of the three layers after completion of only 29% of the reactive hyperemic response when the blood flow debt repayment was 151%. Lactate returned to control levels during the response, but recovery times in the different layers were delayed compared to those for the high energy phosphate stores. A transmural lactate gradient was maintained as the regional levels declined, and recovery times were different for each of the three layers, being longest in the inner layer. The results suggest that during the reactive hyperemic response (1) kinetically different processes are involved in the repletion of energy stores and the removal of anaerobically produced metabolites, and (2) metabolic vasodilation of coronary vessels probably is more pronounced and sustained longer in the inner than in the outer ventricular layer.", "PMID": 428072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14132", "title": "Effects of K+ and K+-induced polarization on (dV/dt)max, threshold potential, and membrane input resistance in guinea pig and cat ventricular myocardium.", "content": "We studied the non-membrane potential-dependent effect of K+ on (dV/dt)max and threshold potential in guinea pig and cat ventricular myocardium. Membrane potential (MP) was changed uniformly in segments (length less than or equal to 1.0 mm) of papillary muscles by applying extracellular polarizing current pulses across a single sucrose gap. Control [K+]o was 5.4 mM and test [K+]o values were 2.0, 10.0, 11.5, 13.0, 16.2, 20, 22, and 24.0 mM. Each muscle was studied under four conditions: (1) control [K+]o and unaltered (control level) resting MP (Em); (2) one of the test [K+]o values and the unaltered (test level) Em; (3) the same test [K+]o and Em held at the control level; (4) control [K+]o and Em held at the test level. At all [K+]o greater than or equal to 11.5 mM, (dV/dt)max showed a decrease significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than the corresponding MP-dependent decrease in both guinea pig and cat myocardium. This non-MP-dependent decrease averaged 7.5% at 11.5 mM, 26.5% at 13.0 mM, 37.2% at 16.2 mM, and 22.7% at 20.0 mM. At [K+]o greater than or equal to 20.0 mM, (dV/dt)max was predominantly slow-channel-dependent; it was increased by hyperpolarization to -110 mV at [K+]o = 20 and 22 mM but not at [K+]o = 24mM. Threshold potential became progressively less negative with increasing [K+]o, but this effect was dependent only on MP. The membrane input resistance (rm) was determined by two opposing factors: at a given [K+]o, rm increased with depolarization; and at a given MP, rm decreased with increasing [K+]o. Our study shows that non-MP-dependent depression of (dV/dt)max in the ventricular myocardium occurs at [K+]o concentrations that may be encountered in vivo.", "contents": "Effects of K+ and K+-induced polarization on (dV/dt)max, threshold potential, and membrane input resistance in guinea pig and cat ventricular myocardium. We studied the non-membrane potential-dependent effect of K+ on (dV/dt)max and threshold potential in guinea pig and cat ventricular myocardium. Membrane potential (MP) was changed uniformly in segments (length less than or equal to 1.0 mm) of papillary muscles by applying extracellular polarizing current pulses across a single sucrose gap. Control [K+]o was 5.4 mM and test [K+]o values were 2.0, 10.0, 11.5, 13.0, 16.2, 20, 22, and 24.0 mM. Each muscle was studied under four conditions: (1) control [K+]o and unaltered (control level) resting MP (Em); (2) one of the test [K+]o values and the unaltered (test level) Em; (3) the same test [K+]o and Em held at the control level; (4) control [K+]o and Em held at the test level. At all [K+]o greater than or equal to 11.5 mM, (dV/dt)max showed a decrease significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than the corresponding MP-dependent decrease in both guinea pig and cat myocardium. This non-MP-dependent decrease averaged 7.5% at 11.5 mM, 26.5% at 13.0 mM, 37.2% at 16.2 mM, and 22.7% at 20.0 mM. At [K+]o greater than or equal to 20.0 mM, (dV/dt)max was predominantly slow-channel-dependent; it was increased by hyperpolarization to -110 mV at [K+]o = 20 and 22 mM but not at [K+]o = 24mM. Threshold potential became progressively less negative with increasing [K+]o, but this effect was dependent only on MP. The membrane input resistance (rm) was determined by two opposing factors: at a given [K+]o, rm increased with depolarization; and at a given MP, rm decreased with increasing [K+]o. Our study shows that non-MP-dependent depression of (dV/dt)max in the ventricular myocardium occurs at [K+]o concentrations that may be encountered in vivo.", "PMID": 428073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14133", "title": "Stimulation of renin by acute selective chloride depletion in the rat.", "content": "To determine whether acute chloride depletion per se stimulates renin, we produced selective chloride depletion without sodium depletion in rats by peritoneal dialysis (PD) against 0.15 M NaHCO3 or 0.15 M NaNO3. Control rats were dialyzed against 0.15 M NaCl. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured before (PRA1) and 105 minutes after (PRA2) PD. Plasma volume was expanded after PD by infusion of salt-free albumin and was measured immediately after PRA2 by [131I]albumin. In experiment 1, rats were prepared on a normal diet. PRA2 (7.0 +/- 1.0 ng/ml per hr, mean +/- SEM) was increased (P less than 0.05) over PRA1 (4.7 +/- 0.7 ng/ml per hr) in Cl-depleted but not in control rats (PRA1 = 5.3 +/- 0.7, PRA2 = 6.1 +/- 0.7, P = NS). In experiment 2, to produce greater chloride depletion, all rats were prepared for 2 weeks on a low salt diet. PRA2 (47 +/- 5 ng/ml per hr) was increased as compared to PRA1 (24 +/- 2 ng/ml per hr, P less than 0.005) in the Cl-depleted group but not in the control group (PRA1 = 24 +/- 3, PRA2 = 27 +/- 6 ng/ml per hr, P = NS). Serum potassium and final plasma volume were slightly but not significantly lower than controls in these Cl-depleted rats. To exclude an additive effect of these two stimuli for renin, in experiment 2a we infused chloride-depleted rats with three times as much albumin as controls and with KHCO3, 100 mEq/liter. Despite volume expansion and potassium loading, PRA2 (41 +/- 6 ng/ml per hr) was significantly elevated as compared to PRA1 (25 +/- 4 ng/ml per hr, P less than 0.01). Since acute metabolic alkalosis also was present in all Cl-depleted renin-stimulated rats, an additional group (2b) was dialyzed against 0.15 M NaNO3; final plasma arterial pH (7.43) was not different from controls (7.42). Nevertheless, PRA2 levels again were higher (36 +/- 6 ng/ml per hr, P less than 0.05) as compared to PRA1 (23 +/- 4 ng/ml per hr). In all experiments, arterial blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, and filtered sodium load were not different. Free water reabsorption was lower in Cl-depleted than in control rats. We conclude that acute selective chloride depletion per se is a potent stimulus for renin release.", "contents": "Stimulation of renin by acute selective chloride depletion in the rat. To determine whether acute chloride depletion per se stimulates renin, we produced selective chloride depletion without sodium depletion in rats by peritoneal dialysis (PD) against 0.15 M NaHCO3 or 0.15 M NaNO3. Control rats were dialyzed against 0.15 M NaCl. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured before (PRA1) and 105 minutes after (PRA2) PD. Plasma volume was expanded after PD by infusion of salt-free albumin and was measured immediately after PRA2 by [131I]albumin. In experiment 1, rats were prepared on a normal diet. PRA2 (7.0 +/- 1.0 ng/ml per hr, mean +/- SEM) was increased (P less than 0.05) over PRA1 (4.7 +/- 0.7 ng/ml per hr) in Cl-depleted but not in control rats (PRA1 = 5.3 +/- 0.7, PRA2 = 6.1 +/- 0.7, P = NS). In experiment 2, to produce greater chloride depletion, all rats were prepared for 2 weeks on a low salt diet. PRA2 (47 +/- 5 ng/ml per hr) was increased as compared to PRA1 (24 +/- 2 ng/ml per hr, P less than 0.005) in the Cl-depleted group but not in the control group (PRA1 = 24 +/- 3, PRA2 = 27 +/- 6 ng/ml per hr, P = NS). Serum potassium and final plasma volume were slightly but not significantly lower than controls in these Cl-depleted rats. To exclude an additive effect of these two stimuli for renin, in experiment 2a we infused chloride-depleted rats with three times as much albumin as controls and with KHCO3, 100 mEq/liter. Despite volume expansion and potassium loading, PRA2 (41 +/- 6 ng/ml per hr) was significantly elevated as compared to PRA1 (25 +/- 4 ng/ml per hr, P less than 0.01). Since acute metabolic alkalosis also was present in all Cl-depleted renin-stimulated rats, an additional group (2b) was dialyzed against 0.15 M NaNO3; final plasma arterial pH (7.43) was not different from controls (7.42). Nevertheless, PRA2 levels again were higher (36 +/- 6 ng/ml per hr, P less than 0.05) as compared to PRA1 (23 +/- 4 ng/ml per hr). In all experiments, arterial blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, and filtered sodium load were not different. Free water reabsorption was lower in Cl-depleted than in control rats. We conclude that acute selective chloride depletion per se is a potent stimulus for renin release.", "PMID": 428074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14134", "title": "Potential arrhythmogenic electrophysiological derangements in canine Purkinje fibers induced by lysophosphoglycerides.", "content": "We have recently detected accumulation of lysophosphoglycerides, catabolites of phospholipids, in ischemic myocardium early after coronary occlusion. In the present study we delineated effects of selected concentrations of albumin-bound lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) comparable to those accompanying ischemia in vivo on action potentials of isolated canine Purkinje fibers. Lysophosphoglycerides induced concentration-dependent (0.75-3.0 mM) decreases in resting membrane potential, overshoot of phase 0, maximal velocity of upstroke (Vmax) of phase 0, and action potential duration. The highest concentrations (2.0-3.0 mM) induced fractionation of the action potential into several components, unresponsiveness to external stimulation, and enhanced automaticity at normal and reduced membrane potentials. LPC induced a rightward shift in the membrane response curve, a 40-fold prolongation of conduction time, and an increase in the ratio of effective refractory period to action potential duration such that the effective refractory period persisted beyond action potential duration, resulting in postrepolarization refractoriness. These electrophysiological alterations were entirely reversible after 70 minutes of perfusion without LPC, with the exception of a persistent depression in the Vmax of phase 0. Lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine (LPE) elicited alterations in action potentials indentical to those elicited by LPC. Furthermore, LPC (3.0 mM) induced comparable alterations in action potentials recorded from isolated rabbit papillary muscles. Since lysophospholipids accumulate early after myocardial ischemia, and since concentrations equivalent to those occurring in vivo induce electrophysiological alterations resembling those seen in ischemic myocardium in vivo, lysophosphoglycerides may be of major importance as biochemical mediators of malignant dysrhythmia induced by ischemia.", "contents": "Potential arrhythmogenic electrophysiological derangements in canine Purkinje fibers induced by lysophosphoglycerides. We have recently detected accumulation of lysophosphoglycerides, catabolites of phospholipids, in ischemic myocardium early after coronary occlusion. In the present study we delineated effects of selected concentrations of albumin-bound lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) comparable to those accompanying ischemia in vivo on action potentials of isolated canine Purkinje fibers. Lysophosphoglycerides induced concentration-dependent (0.75-3.0 mM) decreases in resting membrane potential, overshoot of phase 0, maximal velocity of upstroke (Vmax) of phase 0, and action potential duration. The highest concentrations (2.0-3.0 mM) induced fractionation of the action potential into several components, unresponsiveness to external stimulation, and enhanced automaticity at normal and reduced membrane potentials. LPC induced a rightward shift in the membrane response curve, a 40-fold prolongation of conduction time, and an increase in the ratio of effective refractory period to action potential duration such that the effective refractory period persisted beyond action potential duration, resulting in postrepolarization refractoriness. These electrophysiological alterations were entirely reversible after 70 minutes of perfusion without LPC, with the exception of a persistent depression in the Vmax of phase 0. Lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine (LPE) elicited alterations in action potentials indentical to those elicited by LPC. Furthermore, LPC (3.0 mM) induced comparable alterations in action potentials recorded from isolated rabbit papillary muscles. Since lysophospholipids accumulate early after myocardial ischemia, and since concentrations equivalent to those occurring in vivo induce electrophysiological alterations resembling those seen in ischemic myocardium in vivo, lysophosphoglycerides may be of major importance as biochemical mediators of malignant dysrhythmia induced by ischemia.", "PMID": 428075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14135", "title": "Protracted ventricular tachcardia induced by premature stimulation of the canine heart after coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion.", "content": "The effects of premature ventricular stimuli were studied in two groups of dogs with infarcts, one group subjected to permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and the other to temporary occlusion for 2 hours. In dogs with permanent occlusion, spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias occurred after 3-6 hours. In 13 dogs with temporary occlusion, ventricular arrhythmias occurred immediately after reperfusion and then persisted. In five dogs with temporary occlusion, ventricular arrhythmias did not occur spontaneously until 13-15 hours after occlusion. On days 2-9 after surgery, after sinus rhythm had returned, the ventricles of each awake dog were stimulated. After permanent occlusion, premature stimuli occurring on the T wave usually induced from one to 10 repetitive responses on days 2-4. Protracted ventricular tachycardia (lasting greater than 10 seconds) was induced in only two of 10 dogs. The response to premature stimuli was similar after temporary occlusion when ventricular arrhythmias did not occur spontaneously until 13-15 hours after occlusion. Protracted tachycardia was not induced. In the dogs with temporary occlusion, which initially had continuous arrhythmias, premature stimuli occurring on the T wave on days 3-5 after surgery induced both repetitive responses and protracted ventricular tachycardia. Stimuli applied to the ventricles during tachycardia terminated it. Histological studies on all infarcts showed that, after permanent occlusion, necrosis was uniform; after temporary occlusion, viable myocardium survived in the necrotic region. These salvaged myocardial fibers may provide reentrant pathways, causing long-lasting tachycardia.", "contents": "Protracted ventricular tachcardia induced by premature stimulation of the canine heart after coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. The effects of premature ventricular stimuli were studied in two groups of dogs with infarcts, one group subjected to permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and the other to temporary occlusion for 2 hours. In dogs with permanent occlusion, spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias occurred after 3-6 hours. In 13 dogs with temporary occlusion, ventricular arrhythmias occurred immediately after reperfusion and then persisted. In five dogs with temporary occlusion, ventricular arrhythmias did not occur spontaneously until 13-15 hours after occlusion. On days 2-9 after surgery, after sinus rhythm had returned, the ventricles of each awake dog were stimulated. After permanent occlusion, premature stimuli occurring on the T wave usually induced from one to 10 repetitive responses on days 2-4. Protracted ventricular tachycardia (lasting greater than 10 seconds) was induced in only two of 10 dogs. The response to premature stimuli was similar after temporary occlusion when ventricular arrhythmias did not occur spontaneously until 13-15 hours after occlusion. Protracted tachycardia was not induced. In the dogs with temporary occlusion, which initially had continuous arrhythmias, premature stimuli occurring on the T wave on days 3-5 after surgery induced both repetitive responses and protracted ventricular tachycardia. Stimuli applied to the ventricles during tachycardia terminated it. Histological studies on all infarcts showed that, after permanent occlusion, necrosis was uniform; after temporary occlusion, viable myocardium survived in the necrotic region. These salvaged myocardial fibers may provide reentrant pathways, causing long-lasting tachycardia.", "PMID": 428076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14136", "title": "Acceleration of idioventricular rhythms by histamine in guinea pig heart: mediation by H2 receptors.", "content": "To evaluate the ability of histamine to induce ventricular arrhythmias, we studied the effects of histamine on ventricular rhythmicity in the isolated guinea pig heart with complete atrioventricular conduction block. As a function of dose (0.1-30 microgram), histamine enhanced the idioventricular rate by increasing the rate of firing of the original pacemaker and also by causing the sudden appearance of faster idioventricular rhythms that coincided with changes in pacemaker site. Anaphylaxis in the isolated guinea pig heart with complete atrioventricular conduction block caused histamine release and acceleration of idioventricular rate. The effects of histamine on idioventricular rhythmicity were not attenuated by the histamine H1 receptor antagonist chlorpheniramine, but were antagonized by the H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine. Moreover, the selective H2 agonist 4-methylhistamine (4MeH) accelerated the idioventricular rate, whereas 2-(2-thiazolyl) ethylamine (ThEA), at doses selective for H1 receptor activation, did not. The effects of histamine on idioventricular rhythmicity were not modified by the beta-adrenergic blocker pindolol. The mechanism by which histamine increases idioventricular rate probably involves two components: (1) an enhancement in automaticity of the original pacemaker, and (2) the induction of faster rhythms via reentry and/or afterdepolarizations. Whatever the mechanism, both components of the ventricular chronotropic action of histamine appear to involve exclusively histamine receptors of the H2 type. Thus, our results suggest that H2 receptor antagonists may have a role as specific antiarrhythmic agents in the treatment of cardiac dysfunctions caused by histamine release.", "contents": "Acceleration of idioventricular rhythms by histamine in guinea pig heart: mediation by H2 receptors. To evaluate the ability of histamine to induce ventricular arrhythmias, we studied the effects of histamine on ventricular rhythmicity in the isolated guinea pig heart with complete atrioventricular conduction block. As a function of dose (0.1-30 microgram), histamine enhanced the idioventricular rate by increasing the rate of firing of the original pacemaker and also by causing the sudden appearance of faster idioventricular rhythms that coincided with changes in pacemaker site. Anaphylaxis in the isolated guinea pig heart with complete atrioventricular conduction block caused histamine release and acceleration of idioventricular rate. The effects of histamine on idioventricular rhythmicity were not attenuated by the histamine H1 receptor antagonist chlorpheniramine, but were antagonized by the H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine. Moreover, the selective H2 agonist 4-methylhistamine (4MeH) accelerated the idioventricular rate, whereas 2-(2-thiazolyl) ethylamine (ThEA), at doses selective for H1 receptor activation, did not. The effects of histamine on idioventricular rhythmicity were not modified by the beta-adrenergic blocker pindolol. The mechanism by which histamine increases idioventricular rate probably involves two components: (1) an enhancement in automaticity of the original pacemaker, and (2) the induction of faster rhythms via reentry and/or afterdepolarizations. Whatever the mechanism, both components of the ventricular chronotropic action of histamine appear to involve exclusively histamine receptors of the H2 type. Thus, our results suggest that H2 receptor antagonists may have a role as specific antiarrhythmic agents in the treatment of cardiac dysfunctions caused by histamine release.", "PMID": 428077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14137", "title": "Effect of hypoxia on the sinoatrial node, atrium, and atrioventricular node in the rabbit heart.", "content": "We used intracellular microelectrodes to study the effects of hypoxia on the isolated, superfused sinoatrial (SA) node, atrium, and atrioventricular (AV) node of the rabbit heart. Hypoxia decreased the rate of spontaneous impulse initiation in SA nodal fibers by decreasing the slope of diastolic depolarization. With gradually decreasing Po2, the sinus rate was reduced; concomitantly, the corrected sinus node recovery time after rapid atrial stimulation was much less affected demonstrating marked prolongation only under severe anoxic conditions. Hypoxia decreased the amplitude of action potentials of the SA node and of the AV node but not of the atrium. SA and AV nodal conduction were slowed by hypoxia; intraatrial conduction was not significantly affected. AV nodal conduction block occurred at lower atrial rates, and the effective refractory period of the AV node was prolonged. Inhomogeneity of SA and AV nodal impulse propagation often was observed in the presence of hypoxia. This was associated with concealed reentry within both nodal areas. The extracellular K+ concentration of the atrial tissue was measured with ion-sensitive microelectrodes. [K+]o remained unchanged even after prolonged periods of severe hypoxia. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that acute hypoxia predominantly inhibits slow response activity but has only little effect on the fast inward sodium current.", "contents": "Effect of hypoxia on the sinoatrial node, atrium, and atrioventricular node in the rabbit heart. We used intracellular microelectrodes to study the effects of hypoxia on the isolated, superfused sinoatrial (SA) node, atrium, and atrioventricular (AV) node of the rabbit heart. Hypoxia decreased the rate of spontaneous impulse initiation in SA nodal fibers by decreasing the slope of diastolic depolarization. With gradually decreasing Po2, the sinus rate was reduced; concomitantly, the corrected sinus node recovery time after rapid atrial stimulation was much less affected demonstrating marked prolongation only under severe anoxic conditions. Hypoxia decreased the amplitude of action potentials of the SA node and of the AV node but not of the atrium. SA and AV nodal conduction were slowed by hypoxia; intraatrial conduction was not significantly affected. AV nodal conduction block occurred at lower atrial rates, and the effective refractory period of the AV node was prolonged. Inhomogeneity of SA and AV nodal impulse propagation often was observed in the presence of hypoxia. This was associated with concealed reentry within both nodal areas. The extracellular K+ concentration of the atrial tissue was measured with ion-sensitive microelectrodes. [K+]o remained unchanged even after prolonged periods of severe hypoxia. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that acute hypoxia predominantly inhibits slow response activity but has only little effect on the fast inward sodium current.", "PMID": 428078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14138", "title": "Effects of some components of ischemia on electrical activity and reentry in the canine ventricular conducting system.", "content": "We used intracellular microelectrodes to study the electrophysiological effects of combinations of components of ischemia and their relation to the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in the specialized conducting system of isolated canine right ventricles. The middle area of the free wall was exposed to various test solutions in the center compartment of a three-chambered bath; the base and apex of the preparation were superfused with normal Tyrode's solution in the outer control compartments. Hypoxia (Po2 40 mm Hg), lactic acidosis (pH 6.5), and orciprenaline (10(-6) M), either alone or combined, failed to affect the action potential amplitude or the conduction velocity of the subendocardial fibers, and no arrhythmias occurred. The action potential duration and the effective refractory period were markedly prolonged by lactic acidosis. Exposure of the test regions to 15 mM K+ plus orciprenaline resulted in marked decreases in action potential amplitude and conduction velocity. Abnormalities of impulse transmission through the depressed area included high degrees of rate-dependent block, one-way block, warming-up phenomenon, and the Wenckebach phenomenon. Such conditions regularly provoked the appearance of single, sustained, or concealed reentrant depolarizations. The combined effects of hypoxia, 15 mM K+, and orciprenaline resulted in further depression of the already depressed action potential in the depolarized fibers. Our results indicate that regional increases of extracellular K+ may be the predominant factor of the components of ischemia we studied which facilitates the initiation of reentrant arrhythmias.", "contents": "Effects of some components of ischemia on electrical activity and reentry in the canine ventricular conducting system. We used intracellular microelectrodes to study the electrophysiological effects of combinations of components of ischemia and their relation to the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in the specialized conducting system of isolated canine right ventricles. The middle area of the free wall was exposed to various test solutions in the center compartment of a three-chambered bath; the base and apex of the preparation were superfused with normal Tyrode's solution in the outer control compartments. Hypoxia (Po2 40 mm Hg), lactic acidosis (pH 6.5), and orciprenaline (10(-6) M), either alone or combined, failed to affect the action potential amplitude or the conduction velocity of the subendocardial fibers, and no arrhythmias occurred. The action potential duration and the effective refractory period were markedly prolonged by lactic acidosis. Exposure of the test regions to 15 mM K+ plus orciprenaline resulted in marked decreases in action potential amplitude and conduction velocity. Abnormalities of impulse transmission through the depressed area included high degrees of rate-dependent block, one-way block, warming-up phenomenon, and the Wenckebach phenomenon. Such conditions regularly provoked the appearance of single, sustained, or concealed reentrant depolarizations. The combined effects of hypoxia, 15 mM K+, and orciprenaline resulted in further depression of the already depressed action potential in the depolarized fibers. Our results indicate that regional increases of extracellular K+ may be the predominant factor of the components of ischemia we studied which facilitates the initiation of reentrant arrhythmias.", "PMID": 428079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14139", "title": "Regional ejection fraction: a quantative radionuclide index of regional left ventricular performance.", "content": "Radionuclide measurements of regional left ventricular ejection fraction were evaluated as a quantitative index of regional left ventricular function. Left ventricular regional ejection fractions were derived from background-corrected, time-activity curves in 43 patients assessed by both gated equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography and left ventricular contrast angiography. From a single, modified left anterior oblique projection, the regional change in background corrected counts was determined in each of three anatomic regions. The normal range for regional radionuclide ejection fraction was determined in 10 patients with normal contrast ventriculograms and without obstructive coronary artery disease at coronary arteriography. Regional ejection fraction was compared with percent segmental axis shortening and extent of akinetic segments in corresponding regions of the contrast ventriculogram. Radionuclide and roentgenographic methods were in agreement as to the presence or absence of abnormal wall motion in 83 of 99 left ventricular regions (84%) in 33 patients evaluated prospectively. Comparison of regional ejection fraction demonstrated significant differences between regions with roentgenographically determined normokinesis (75 +/- 3%, mean +/- SEM), hypokinesis (44 +/- 3%, p less than 0.0005) and akinesis (24 +/- 5%, p less than 0.005). We conclude that the left ventricular regional ejection provides a reliable quantitative assessment of regional left ventricular performance.", "contents": "Regional ejection fraction: a quantative radionuclide index of regional left ventricular performance. Radionuclide measurements of regional left ventricular ejection fraction were evaluated as a quantitative index of regional left ventricular function. Left ventricular regional ejection fractions were derived from background-corrected, time-activity curves in 43 patients assessed by both gated equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography and left ventricular contrast angiography. From a single, modified left anterior oblique projection, the regional change in background corrected counts was determined in each of three anatomic regions. The normal range for regional radionuclide ejection fraction was determined in 10 patients with normal contrast ventriculograms and without obstructive coronary artery disease at coronary arteriography. Regional ejection fraction was compared with percent segmental axis shortening and extent of akinetic segments in corresponding regions of the contrast ventriculogram. Radionuclide and roentgenographic methods were in agreement as to the presence or absence of abnormal wall motion in 83 of 99 left ventricular regions (84%) in 33 patients evaluated prospectively. Comparison of regional ejection fraction demonstrated significant differences between regions with roentgenographically determined normokinesis (75 +/- 3%, mean +/- SEM), hypokinesis (44 +/- 3%, p less than 0.0005) and akinesis (24 +/- 5%, p less than 0.005). We conclude that the left ventricular regional ejection provides a reliable quantitative assessment of regional left ventricular performance.", "PMID": 428081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14140", "title": "Usefulness and limitations of thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy in delineating location and size of prior myocardial infarction.", "content": "In order to evaluate the usefulness of thallium-201 (201TI) myocardial scintigraphy in delineating the location and size of prior myocardial infarction, 32 patients were evaluated at a mean of 7 +/- 2 months after infarction with a 12-lead ECG, resting 201TI myocardial scintigram, biplane left ventriculogram and coronary angiograms. From the left ventriculogram, asynergy was quantified as percent abnormally contracting segment (% ACS), the percent of end-diastolic circumference which was either akinetic or dyskinetic. Using a computerized planimetry system, we expressed 201TI perfusion defects as a percentage of total potential thallium uptake. Of 21 patients with ECG evidence of prior transmural infarction, a 201TI defect was present in 20 (95%), and angiographic asynergy was present in all 21 (100%). The site of prior infarction by ECG agreed with the 201TI defect location in 24 of 32 patients (75%) and with site of angiographic asynergy in 23 of 32 patients (72%). Scintigraphic defects were present in only four of 10 patients (40%) with ACS less than or equal to 6%, but scintigraphic defects were found in 20 to 22 patients (91%) with ACS greater than 6% (p less than 0.01). Thallium defect size correlated marginally with angiographic left ventricular ejection fraction (r = -0.60) but correlated closely with angiographic % ACS (r = 0.80). Thallium defect size was similar among patients with one-, two-, or three-vessel coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 70% stenosis), but thallium defect size was larger in patients with electrocardiographic evidence of transmural infarction (p less than 0.01) or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure greater than 12 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). Thus, resting 201TI myocardial scingigraphy is useful in localizing and quantifying the extent of prior myocardial infarction, but is insensitive to small infarcts (ACS less than 6%).", "contents": "Usefulness and limitations of thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy in delineating location and size of prior myocardial infarction. In order to evaluate the usefulness of thallium-201 (201TI) myocardial scintigraphy in delineating the location and size of prior myocardial infarction, 32 patients were evaluated at a mean of 7 +/- 2 months after infarction with a 12-lead ECG, resting 201TI myocardial scintigram, biplane left ventriculogram and coronary angiograms. From the left ventriculogram, asynergy was quantified as percent abnormally contracting segment (% ACS), the percent of end-diastolic circumference which was either akinetic or dyskinetic. Using a computerized planimetry system, we expressed 201TI perfusion defects as a percentage of total potential thallium uptake. Of 21 patients with ECG evidence of prior transmural infarction, a 201TI defect was present in 20 (95%), and angiographic asynergy was present in all 21 (100%). The site of prior infarction by ECG agreed with the 201TI defect location in 24 of 32 patients (75%) and with site of angiographic asynergy in 23 of 32 patients (72%). Scintigraphic defects were present in only four of 10 patients (40%) with ACS less than or equal to 6%, but scintigraphic defects were found in 20 to 22 patients (91%) with ACS greater than 6% (p less than 0.01). Thallium defect size correlated marginally with angiographic left ventricular ejection fraction (r = -0.60) but correlated closely with angiographic % ACS (r = 0.80). Thallium defect size was similar among patients with one-, two-, or three-vessel coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 70% stenosis), but thallium defect size was larger in patients with electrocardiographic evidence of transmural infarction (p less than 0.01) or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure greater than 12 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). Thus, resting 201TI myocardial scingigraphy is useful in localizing and quantifying the extent of prior myocardial infarction, but is insensitive to small infarcts (ACS less than 6%).", "PMID": 428082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14141", "title": "Effect of left ventricular akinesis on cardiac performance. Experimental study using a new model.", "content": "The understanding of left ventricular failure and cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction has been facilitated by a two-component model proposed by Swan et al. which views the left ventricle as consisting of a clearly defined infarcted portion and a normally functioning remainder. Although appealing, this model is difficult to substantiate experimentally. We describe a new experimental preparation in which the infarct is stimulated by replacing part of the left ventricular wall with an inert patch of Dacron material. In 18 dogs studied after replacing varying amounts of left ventricular contractile mass with noncontractile patches, the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure rose in proportion to the size of the patch. Contractility was unchanged, and overall left ventricular pump function was normal. These data support the conceptual model. The experimental preparation is applicable to other studies of left ventricular akinesis.", "contents": "Effect of left ventricular akinesis on cardiac performance. Experimental study using a new model. The understanding of left ventricular failure and cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction has been facilitated by a two-component model proposed by Swan et al. which views the left ventricle as consisting of a clearly defined infarcted portion and a normally functioning remainder. Although appealing, this model is difficult to substantiate experimentally. We describe a new experimental preparation in which the infarct is stimulated by replacing part of the left ventricular wall with an inert patch of Dacron material. In 18 dogs studied after replacing varying amounts of left ventricular contractile mass with noncontractile patches, the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure rose in proportion to the size of the patch. Contractility was unchanged, and overall left ventricular pump function was normal. These data support the conceptual model. The experimental preparation is applicable to other studies of left ventricular akinesis.", "PMID": 428083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14142", "title": "A mathematical model of the dynamic geometry of the intact left ventricle and its application to clinical data.", "content": "In this paper we examine the relations that may exist between the geometric variables most frequently used to describe left ventricular contraction. The left ventricle is represented by a thick-walled cylinder contracting both radially and longitudinally. For this model, wall thickening, mid-wall radius shortening and longitudinal axis shorteining can be shown to be uniquely related during contraction, whereas it can be demonstrated that internal radius shortening is not uniquely related to these variables, but is also determined by the specific geometry of the cylinder, expressed in terms of the mid-wall radius-to-wall thickness (R/h) ratio of the cylinder. Detailed analysis of the same variables in 44 normal subjects, 32 patients with aortic stenosis and 54 patients with valvular regurgitation (33 aortic and 21 mitral), strongly suggests that the same relations are also clinically applicable. For instance, ventricular longitudinal axis shortening can be estimated with some accuracy from the standard M-mode echocardiogram. Also, wall thickening can be viewed as the direct reflection of the shortening that occurs in the circumferential and longitudinal directions, whereas internal radius shortening is significantly influenced by the R/h ratio of the ventricle, a consideration which becomes important when analyzing results in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "A mathematical model of the dynamic geometry of the intact left ventricle and its application to clinical data. In this paper we examine the relations that may exist between the geometric variables most frequently used to describe left ventricular contraction. The left ventricle is represented by a thick-walled cylinder contracting both radially and longitudinally. For this model, wall thickening, mid-wall radius shortening and longitudinal axis shorteining can be shown to be uniquely related during contraction, whereas it can be demonstrated that internal radius shortening is not uniquely related to these variables, but is also determined by the specific geometry of the cylinder, expressed in terms of the mid-wall radius-to-wall thickness (R/h) ratio of the cylinder. Detailed analysis of the same variables in 44 normal subjects, 32 patients with aortic stenosis and 54 patients with valvular regurgitation (33 aortic and 21 mitral), strongly suggests that the same relations are also clinically applicable. For instance, ventricular longitudinal axis shortening can be estimated with some accuracy from the standard M-mode echocardiogram. Also, wall thickening can be viewed as the direct reflection of the shortening that occurs in the circumferential and longitudinal directions, whereas internal radius shortening is significantly influenced by the R/h ratio of the ventricle, a consideration which becomes important when analyzing results in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy.", "PMID": 428084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14143", "title": "Prospective evaluation of intrahisian conduction delay.", "content": "We prospectively evaluated 46 patients who had intrahisian conduction delay. Twenty-three had a split His potential and 23 had a prolonged HV interval with a normal QRS complex. In those with a split His, the interval between the two His potentials averaged 32.7 msec (range 9--90 msec); in nine patients this split His was demonstrated only by atrial pacing. The 20 patients from this group with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction have been followed for an average of 18.1 months (range 2--48 months). All are alive. Three have had syncope, but Holter monitoring revealed no bradyarrhythmias. In the 23 patients with a narrow QRS and prolonged HV interval, the HV interval averaged 73.7 msec (range 57--180 msec). Twelve of these patients received pacemakers at the time of the His bundle study, six had symptomatic atrioventricular block and five had symptomatic sinus pauses. The 11 patients who did not receive pacemakers have been followed for an average of 15.1 months (range 2--44 months). In three with recurrent syncope and five with dizziness, monitoring has revealed no bradyarrhythmias. One patient died from a myocardial infarction without arrhythmias. Further prospective evaluation of patients with intrahisian conduction delay without documented bradyarrhythmias is needed, but with follow-up averaging 17 months and up to 4 years, patients with intrahisian conduction delay and without documented bradyarrhythmias appear not to require prophylactic permanent pacemakers to decrease morbidity or mortality.", "contents": "Prospective evaluation of intrahisian conduction delay. We prospectively evaluated 46 patients who had intrahisian conduction delay. Twenty-three had a split His potential and 23 had a prolonged HV interval with a normal QRS complex. In those with a split His, the interval between the two His potentials averaged 32.7 msec (range 9--90 msec); in nine patients this split His was demonstrated only by atrial pacing. The 20 patients from this group with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction have been followed for an average of 18.1 months (range 2--48 months). All are alive. Three have had syncope, but Holter monitoring revealed no bradyarrhythmias. In the 23 patients with a narrow QRS and prolonged HV interval, the HV interval averaged 73.7 msec (range 57--180 msec). Twelve of these patients received pacemakers at the time of the His bundle study, six had symptomatic atrioventricular block and five had symptomatic sinus pauses. The 11 patients who did not receive pacemakers have been followed for an average of 15.1 months (range 2--44 months). In three with recurrent syncope and five with dizziness, monitoring has revealed no bradyarrhythmias. One patient died from a myocardial infarction without arrhythmias. Further prospective evaluation of patients with intrahisian conduction delay without documented bradyarrhythmias is needed, but with follow-up averaging 17 months and up to 4 years, patients with intrahisian conduction delay and without documented bradyarrhythmias appear not to require prophylactic permanent pacemakers to decrease morbidity or mortality.", "PMID": 428085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14144", "title": "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase and plasma renin activity in patients with low-, normal-, and high-renin essential hypertension.", "content": "The relationship of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), plasma renin activity (PRA) and urinary catecholamines (IU catechols) in various forms of essential hypertension (EHT) (low, normal and high renin) was evaluated. Eighty-four predominantly white, young (37 +/ 8 years (SD)), mildly hypertensive patients (diastolic pressure 93 +/- 4 mm Hg (SD)) continued their regular diet and received no medications. Thirteen patients had low-renin, 64 had normal-renin, and seven had high-renin EHT. DBH, total IU catechols and urinary norepinephrine were not different between these renin subgroups. DBH was significantly lower in all hypertensives (55.6 +/- 36 IU) and in the low-renin subgroup (46 +/- 30 IU) compared with normal subjects (68 +/- 35 IU) (p less than 0.01). However, the DBH range was so broad that an individual DBH value did not distinguish EHT from normals. After a baseline period, patients were randomly assigned to receive chlorthali done 50 mg q.a.m. or placebo in a double-blind study. In the chlorthalidone group 1 month after therapy, the diastolic pressure decreased, PRA increased, and total IU catechols and urinary norepinephrine increased. Serum DBH did not change during diuretic therapy. A significant correlation could not be shown between pretreatment DBH and the changes in PRA and IU catechols before and after diuretics for all treated EHT patients. However, within the normal PRA EHT subgroup receiving chlorthalidone, the one-third of patients with lowest pretreatment DBH levels (n = 10) were compared with the one-third of patients with the highest pretreatment DBH values (n = 10). The lower DBH patients showed significantly less change in PRA (delta PRA = 2.9 +/- 1.8 ng/ml/hr) compared with the higher DBH patients (delta PRA = 8.2 +/- 1.6; P less than 0.05). In some EHT patients, DBH levels may be related to PRA response to diuretic therapy.", "contents": "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase and plasma renin activity in patients with low-, normal-, and high-renin essential hypertension. The relationship of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), plasma renin activity (PRA) and urinary catecholamines (IU catechols) in various forms of essential hypertension (EHT) (low, normal and high renin) was evaluated. Eighty-four predominantly white, young (37 +/ 8 years (SD)), mildly hypertensive patients (diastolic pressure 93 +/- 4 mm Hg (SD)) continued their regular diet and received no medications. Thirteen patients had low-renin, 64 had normal-renin, and seven had high-renin EHT. DBH, total IU catechols and urinary norepinephrine were not different between these renin subgroups. DBH was significantly lower in all hypertensives (55.6 +/- 36 IU) and in the low-renin subgroup (46 +/- 30 IU) compared with normal subjects (68 +/- 35 IU) (p less than 0.01). However, the DBH range was so broad that an individual DBH value did not distinguish EHT from normals. After a baseline period, patients were randomly assigned to receive chlorthali done 50 mg q.a.m. or placebo in a double-blind study. In the chlorthalidone group 1 month after therapy, the diastolic pressure decreased, PRA increased, and total IU catechols and urinary norepinephrine increased. Serum DBH did not change during diuretic therapy. A significant correlation could not be shown between pretreatment DBH and the changes in PRA and IU catechols before and after diuretics for all treated EHT patients. However, within the normal PRA EHT subgroup receiving chlorthalidone, the one-third of patients with lowest pretreatment DBH levels (n = 10) were compared with the one-third of patients with the highest pretreatment DBH values (n = 10). The lower DBH patients showed significantly less change in PRA (delta PRA = 2.9 +/- 1.8 ng/ml/hr) compared with the higher DBH patients (delta PRA = 8.2 +/- 1.6; P less than 0.05). In some EHT patients, DBH levels may be related to PRA response to diuretic therapy.", "PMID": 428086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14145", "title": "Right atrial myxoma: unusual clinical presentation and atypical glandular histology.", "content": "A 57-year-old black female presented with a 1-month of right-sided congestive heart failure and clinical evidence of pulmonic and tricuspid valvular stenosis and insufficiency. The echocardiographic examination and ventriculography demonstrated a large right atrial tumor interfering with the function of both right-sided valves. The patient underwent successful surgical resection of the tumor. Histologically, the tumor had cellular areas typical of myxoma, as well as glandular areas, a feature which has been described very rarely in this lesion. Electron microscopy of the glandular zones, which has never been reported previously, shown cells having essential homology with the usual myxoma elements. The atypical histopathology of this lesion supports the theory that atrial myxomas are true neoplasms, and are not derived from unusually organized mural thrombi.", "contents": "Right atrial myxoma: unusual clinical presentation and atypical glandular histology. A 57-year-old black female presented with a 1-month of right-sided congestive heart failure and clinical evidence of pulmonic and tricuspid valvular stenosis and insufficiency. The echocardiographic examination and ventriculography demonstrated a large right atrial tumor interfering with the function of both right-sided valves. The patient underwent successful surgical resection of the tumor. Histologically, the tumor had cellular areas typical of myxoma, as well as glandular areas, a feature which has been described very rarely in this lesion. Electron microscopy of the glandular zones, which has never been reported previously, shown cells having essential homology with the usual myxoma elements. The atypical histopathology of this lesion supports the theory that atrial myxomas are true neoplasms, and are not derived from unusually organized mural thrombi.", "PMID": 428087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14146", "title": "Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula. Report of 13 patients, review of the literature and delineation of management.", "content": "Thirteen new patients and 174 patients previously reported with coronary arteriovenous fistula (CAVF) were reviewed to delineate the course and management of CAVF and to clarify the role of surgical ligation in the young asymptomatic patient. Patients were grouped according to age: 99 patients (four new and 95 reported) were less than 20 years old and 88 (nine new and 79 reported) were greater than or equal to 20 years old. Of those under 20 years of age, 19% had preoperative symptoms or CAVF-related complications, including congestive heart failure (CHF) in 6%, subacute bacterial endocarditis in 3% and death in one patient. Seventy-six patients younger than 20 years old had CAVF ligation with only one significant complication. In contrast, 63% of the older group and all of our nine older patients had preoperative symptoms or complications, including CHF in 19%, SBE in 4%, myocardial infarction (MI) in 9%, death in 14% and fistula rupture in one patient. Of the 43 ligated older patients, 23% had surgical complications, including MI in three and death in three. Mean pulmonic-to-systemic flow in the entire group was 1.6:1 and did not differ significantly in those with or without symptoms or complications. One of our patients and one previously reported had spontaneous CAVF closure. In summary, early elective ligation of CAVF is indicated in all patients because of the high incidence of late symptoms and complications and the increased morbidity and mortality associated with ligation in older patients.", "contents": "Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula. Report of 13 patients, review of the literature and delineation of management. Thirteen new patients and 174 patients previously reported with coronary arteriovenous fistula (CAVF) were reviewed to delineate the course and management of CAVF and to clarify the role of surgical ligation in the young asymptomatic patient. Patients were grouped according to age: 99 patients (four new and 95 reported) were less than 20 years old and 88 (nine new and 79 reported) were greater than or equal to 20 years old. Of those under 20 years of age, 19% had preoperative symptoms or CAVF-related complications, including congestive heart failure (CHF) in 6%, subacute bacterial endocarditis in 3% and death in one patient. Seventy-six patients younger than 20 years old had CAVF ligation with only one significant complication. In contrast, 63% of the older group and all of our nine older patients had preoperative symptoms or complications, including CHF in 19%, SBE in 4%, myocardial infarction (MI) in 9%, death in 14% and fistula rupture in one patient. Of the 43 ligated older patients, 23% had surgical complications, including MI in three and death in three. Mean pulmonic-to-systemic flow in the entire group was 1.6:1 and did not differ significantly in those with or without symptoms or complications. One of our patients and one previously reported had spontaneous CAVF closure. In summary, early elective ligation of CAVF is indicated in all patients because of the high incidence of late symptoms and complications and the increased morbidity and mortality associated with ligation in older patients.", "PMID": 428095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14147", "title": "Antiarrhythmic drug therapy in survivors of prehospital cardiac arrest: comparison of effects on chronic ventricular arrhythmias and recurrent cardiac arrest.", "content": "We studied the long-term effects of membrane-active antiarrhythmic agents on chronic ventricular arrhythmias in patients who have survived prehospital cardiac arrest. Among 16 patients treated with a dose-adjusted, plasma level-monitored antiarrhythmic regimen, eight have survived for longer than 12 months and eight have had recurrent cardiac arrests (RCAs). Monthly Holter monitor tapes (HM) recorded during the 4 months before the eight RCAs were compared with monthly HM tapes matched for time of entry and duration of follow-up in the eight patients who did not have RCAs. Transient or persistent complex ventricular ectopic depolarizations (VEDs) have been recorded on 47 of the 63 monthly HM tapes (75%). The difference between VEDs in the RCA patients (mean 153 VEDs/hr, median 19 VEDs/hr) and VEDs in the patients who have not had RCA (mean 122 VEDs/hr, median 8 VEDs/hr) was not significant (p less than 0.2); nor was there a predictable relationship between therapeutic plasma levels of antiarrhythmic agents and the frequency and complexity of chronic asymptomatic VEDs (therapeutic levels--mean 104 VEDs/hr, median 6 VEDs/hr; subtherapeutic levels--mean 184 VEDs/hr, median 21 VEDs/hr). Differences were not significant (p greater than 0.1). In contrast, all eight RCA patients had unstable plasma levels (21 of 31 determinations subtherapeutic) while six of the eight patients who have not had RCA had consistently therapeutic levels (p less than 0.01). Thus, adequate plasma levels of antiarrhythmic agents may protect against RCA, despite failure to suppress VEDs predictably. The apparent dissociation between predictable suppression of chronic VEDs and protection against RCA suggests that clinical effectiveness of these agents may not be best measured by their effect on chronic VEDs.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic drug therapy in survivors of prehospital cardiac arrest: comparison of effects on chronic ventricular arrhythmias and recurrent cardiac arrest. We studied the long-term effects of membrane-active antiarrhythmic agents on chronic ventricular arrhythmias in patients who have survived prehospital cardiac arrest. Among 16 patients treated with a dose-adjusted, plasma level-monitored antiarrhythmic regimen, eight have survived for longer than 12 months and eight have had recurrent cardiac arrests (RCAs). Monthly Holter monitor tapes (HM) recorded during the 4 months before the eight RCAs were compared with monthly HM tapes matched for time of entry and duration of follow-up in the eight patients who did not have RCAs. Transient or persistent complex ventricular ectopic depolarizations (VEDs) have been recorded on 47 of the 63 monthly HM tapes (75%). The difference between VEDs in the RCA patients (mean 153 VEDs/hr, median 19 VEDs/hr) and VEDs in the patients who have not had RCA (mean 122 VEDs/hr, median 8 VEDs/hr) was not significant (p less than 0.2); nor was there a predictable relationship between therapeutic plasma levels of antiarrhythmic agents and the frequency and complexity of chronic asymptomatic VEDs (therapeutic levels--mean 104 VEDs/hr, median 6 VEDs/hr; subtherapeutic levels--mean 184 VEDs/hr, median 21 VEDs/hr). Differences were not significant (p greater than 0.1). In contrast, all eight RCA patients had unstable plasma levels (21 of 31 determinations subtherapeutic) while six of the eight patients who have not had RCA had consistently therapeutic levels (p less than 0.01). Thus, adequate plasma levels of antiarrhythmic agents may protect against RCA, despite failure to suppress VEDs predictably. The apparent dissociation between predictable suppression of chronic VEDs and protection against RCA suggests that clinical effectiveness of these agents may not be best measured by their effect on chronic VEDs.", "PMID": 428096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14148", "title": "Effect of verapamil in infants with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Twenty-nine consecutive spontaneous attacks of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) in 14 infants (mean age 4.4 months) were treated with verapamil. No infant had associated heart disease. Verapamil 1-2 mg i.v was administered over 30 seconds. The dosage varied according to the weight of the infant. Within 60 seconds sinus rhythm was obtained in 28 instances (96.5%). No significant complications were observed. The high effectiveness, rapid action and lack of undesirable side effects observed in this series suggest that verapamil is the drug of choice in the treatment of PSVT in infants without underlying heart disease.", "contents": "Effect of verapamil in infants with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Twenty-nine consecutive spontaneous attacks of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) in 14 infants (mean age 4.4 months) were treated with verapamil. No infant had associated heart disease. Verapamil 1-2 mg i.v was administered over 30 seconds. The dosage varied according to the weight of the infant. Within 60 seconds sinus rhythm was obtained in 28 instances (96.5%). No significant complications were observed. The high effectiveness, rapid action and lack of undesirable side effects observed in this series suggest that verapamil is the drug of choice in the treatment of PSVT in infants without underlying heart disease.", "PMID": 428098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14149", "title": "The cardiac conduction system in situs ambiguus.", "content": "The cardiac specialized conduction tissue was studied by serial sectioning in 13 cases of situs ambiguus. In four cases of right isomerism, we found paired sinus nodes in relation to a crista terminalis, and in each case a sling of conduction tissue between two atrioventricular nodes was present regardless of the ventricular morphology or cardiac position. In the cases with left isomerism, the sinus node was hypoplastic and abnormally located. We saw two types of atrioventricular conduction systems. In the three cases in which the morphologically right ventricle lay to the right of the morphologically left ventricle (presumed d-loop), a single atrioventricular bundle arose from a normally located atrioventricular node. In the five cases in which the morphologically right ventricle lay to the left of the morphologically left ventricle (presumed l-loop) and in the one case with a univentricular heart, paired atrioventricular nodes were present, linked or potentially linked by a sling of conduction tissue.", "contents": "The cardiac conduction system in situs ambiguus. The cardiac specialized conduction tissue was studied by serial sectioning in 13 cases of situs ambiguus. In four cases of right isomerism, we found paired sinus nodes in relation to a crista terminalis, and in each case a sling of conduction tissue between two atrioventricular nodes was present regardless of the ventricular morphology or cardiac position. In the cases with left isomerism, the sinus node was hypoplastic and abnormally located. We saw two types of atrioventricular conduction systems. In the three cases in which the morphologically right ventricle lay to the right of the morphologically left ventricle (presumed d-loop), a single atrioventricular bundle arose from a normally located atrioventricular node. In the five cases in which the morphologically right ventricle lay to the left of the morphologically left ventricle (presumed l-loop) and in the one case with a univentricular heart, paired atrioventricular nodes were present, linked or potentially linked by a sling of conduction tissue.", "PMID": 428099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14150", "title": "Echocardiographic estimation of ventricular hypoplasia in complete atrioventricular canal.", "content": "Echocardiograms from 10 patients with complete atrioventricular canal (CAVC) were compared with autopsy specimens to determine the capabilities of echocardiography in identifying patients with ventricular hypoplasia. On the basis of echographic ventricular size, patients could be divided into three groups: 1) \"balanced\" CAVC patients had both increased right and left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions (RVED and LVED) and an increased RVED/LVED ratio; 2) \"dominant left ventricular\" CAVC patients had an increased LVED and small or normal RVED and a diminished RVED/LVED ratio; 3) \"dominant right ventricular\" CAVC patients had an increased RVED, but small LVED, and increased RVED/LVED. There was complete agreement between echographic ventricular dominance and pathologic findings. This study demonstrates that echocardiography may be valuable in assessing ventricular dominance in the presence of CAVC.", "contents": "Echocardiographic estimation of ventricular hypoplasia in complete atrioventricular canal. Echocardiograms from 10 patients with complete atrioventricular canal (CAVC) were compared with autopsy specimens to determine the capabilities of echocardiography in identifying patients with ventricular hypoplasia. On the basis of echographic ventricular size, patients could be divided into three groups: 1) \"balanced\" CAVC patients had both increased right and left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions (RVED and LVED) and an increased RVED/LVED ratio; 2) \"dominant left ventricular\" CAVC patients had an increased LVED and small or normal RVED and a diminished RVED/LVED ratio; 3) \"dominant right ventricular\" CAVC patients had an increased RVED, but small LVED, and increased RVED/LVED. There was complete agreement between echographic ventricular dominance and pathologic findings. This study demonstrates that echocardiography may be valuable in assessing ventricular dominance in the presence of CAVC.", "PMID": 428101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14151", "title": "Autonomic dysfunction in women with mitral valve prolapse syndrome.", "content": "Autonomic cardiovascular regulation was evaluated in 35 women, 19 with mitral valve prolapse and 16 healthy controls. Heart rate responses to the diving reflex and to phenylephrine infusion were diminished in patients. Noninvasive measures of cardiac output, heart rate, blood pressure, forearm flow and leg volume during lower body negative pressure (LBNP) showed that patients had less lower extremity pooling of blood and had lower forearm conductance. Blood pressures during LBNP rose or remained unchanged despite decreases in cardiac output of 20--25%. These data indicate that mitral valve prolapse patients have an increased venous and arterial vasoconstrictor activity. Cardiac output at rest and echocardiographic indices of contractility were normal. Patients with a history of significant ventricular arrhythmias had higher heart rates and lower forward stroke volumes than the other patients or controls. The combined data demonstrate autonomic dysfunction in women with the mitral valve prolapse syndrome and suggest decreased parasympathetic, increased alpha- and normal beta-adrenergic tone and responsiveness.", "contents": "Autonomic dysfunction in women with mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Autonomic cardiovascular regulation was evaluated in 35 women, 19 with mitral valve prolapse and 16 healthy controls. Heart rate responses to the diving reflex and to phenylephrine infusion were diminished in patients. Noninvasive measures of cardiac output, heart rate, blood pressure, forearm flow and leg volume during lower body negative pressure (LBNP) showed that patients had less lower extremity pooling of blood and had lower forearm conductance. Blood pressures during LBNP rose or remained unchanged despite decreases in cardiac output of 20--25%. These data indicate that mitral valve prolapse patients have an increased venous and arterial vasoconstrictor activity. Cardiac output at rest and echocardiographic indices of contractility were normal. Patients with a history of significant ventricular arrhythmias had higher heart rates and lower forward stroke volumes than the other patients or controls. The combined data demonstrate autonomic dysfunction in women with the mitral valve prolapse syndrome and suggest decreased parasympathetic, increased alpha- and normal beta-adrenergic tone and responsiveness.", "PMID": 428102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14152", "title": "Mitral valve closure in atrial flutter.", "content": "12 patients who had atrial flutter without clinical, echocardiographic or angiographic evidence of aortic insufficiency were studied with simultaneous echo- and phonocardiograms. In patients with high-grade atrioventricular (AV) block, the mitral valve opened and closed with each flutter wave. Of seven patients, two had persistent and five had intermittent early mitral valve closure before QRS inscription. In five patients (three with 2:1 AV block) the mitral valve closed on time. In one patient with a mitral valve prosthesis, echocardiography and cinefluorography demonstrated closure during mid-diastole, with reopening in late diastole after a flutter wave. Final valve closure occurred before the onset of the QRS, and each closure was associated with a click. Simultaneous phonocardiographic analysis in these patients demonstrated that the first heart sound intensity was inversely related to the degree of mitral valve preclosure. This relationship was independent of the length of the RR interval. Thus, atrial flutter independent of any other cause of abnormal hemodynamics may produce early mitral valve closure. The echocardiographic finding of premature mitral arrhythmias, may not have the same diagnostic or prognostic significance previously described in patients with sinus rhythm and normal AV conduction.", "contents": "Mitral valve closure in atrial flutter. 12 patients who had atrial flutter without clinical, echocardiographic or angiographic evidence of aortic insufficiency were studied with simultaneous echo- and phonocardiograms. In patients with high-grade atrioventricular (AV) block, the mitral valve opened and closed with each flutter wave. Of seven patients, two had persistent and five had intermittent early mitral valve closure before QRS inscription. In five patients (three with 2:1 AV block) the mitral valve closed on time. In one patient with a mitral valve prosthesis, echocardiography and cinefluorography demonstrated closure during mid-diastole, with reopening in late diastole after a flutter wave. Final valve closure occurred before the onset of the QRS, and each closure was associated with a click. Simultaneous phonocardiographic analysis in these patients demonstrated that the first heart sound intensity was inversely related to the degree of mitral valve preclosure. This relationship was independent of the length of the RR interval. Thus, atrial flutter independent of any other cause of abnormal hemodynamics may produce early mitral valve closure. The echocardiographic finding of premature mitral arrhythmias, may not have the same diagnostic or prognostic significance previously described in patients with sinus rhythm and normal AV conduction.", "PMID": 428103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14153", "title": "Hemodynamic factors influencing arterial hypoxemia in massive pulmonary embolism with circulatory failure.", "content": "Arterial hypoxemia is a common finding in acute pulmonary embolism, and its severity is generally assumed to be proportional to the extent of pulmonary artery obstruction. We studied blood gases (during room air breathing and 100% oxygen breathing) and hemodynamic data is seven patients with massive pulmonary embolism and circulatory failure. All measurements were made before and 30 minutes after medical therapy of shock. We observed that a low cardiac output state can result in a misleading improvement in arterial oxygenation during massive pulmonary embolism, and that an improved circulatory status resulting from medical therapy (including inotropic drug infusion with or without blood volume expansion) can paradoxically increase arterial hypoxemia. We conclude that severity of arterial hypoxemia may not reflect the severity of pulmonary artery obstruction in acute pulmonary embolism if shock is present.", "contents": "Hemodynamic factors influencing arterial hypoxemia in massive pulmonary embolism with circulatory failure. Arterial hypoxemia is a common finding in acute pulmonary embolism, and its severity is generally assumed to be proportional to the extent of pulmonary artery obstruction. We studied blood gases (during room air breathing and 100% oxygen breathing) and hemodynamic data is seven patients with massive pulmonary embolism and circulatory failure. All measurements were made before and 30 minutes after medical therapy of shock. We observed that a low cardiac output state can result in a misleading improvement in arterial oxygenation during massive pulmonary embolism, and that an improved circulatory status resulting from medical therapy (including inotropic drug infusion with or without blood volume expansion) can paradoxically increase arterial hypoxemia. We conclude that severity of arterial hypoxemia may not reflect the severity of pulmonary artery obstruction in acute pulmonary embolism if shock is present.", "PMID": 428104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14154", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular septal aneurysms.", "content": "The spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defects is frequently associated with septal aneurysm formation. In this paper we discuss the M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in nine children with aneurysms of the ventricular septum in association with ventricular septal defects. In all patients the diagnosis was confirmed by angiography. The ventricular septal aneurysms were detected by both M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography. With M-mode echocardiography, septal aneurysms could be recognized by a pattern of multiple systolic echoes within the right ventricle. With two-dimensional echocardiography, the protrusion of the septal aneurysm into the right ventricle could be seen from several views and the location and the relative size of the aneurysm assessed. Echocardiographic techniques useful in the detection of ventricular septal aneurysms are discussed and examples presented.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular septal aneurysms. The spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defects is frequently associated with septal aneurysm formation. In this paper we discuss the M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in nine children with aneurysms of the ventricular septum in association with ventricular septal defects. In all patients the diagnosis was confirmed by angiography. The ventricular septal aneurysms were detected by both M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography. With M-mode echocardiography, septal aneurysms could be recognized by a pattern of multiple systolic echoes within the right ventricle. With two-dimensional echocardiography, the protrusion of the septal aneurysm into the right ventricle could be seen from several views and the location and the relative size of the aneurysm assessed. Echocardiographic techniques useful in the detection of ventricular septal aneurysms are discussed and examples presented.", "PMID": 428105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14155", "title": "Circadian variation of exercise capacity in patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina: role of exercise-induced coronary arterial spasm.", "content": "Thirteen patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina performed treadmill exercise tests in the early morning and in the afternoon of the same day. The attacks with ST elevation were induced repeatedly in all 13 patients in the early morning, but in only two patients in the afternoon. Propranolol did not suppress the exercise-induced attacks in all 13 patients. Diltiazem suppressed the attacks in all 13 patients and phentolamine in eight of the nine patients. Coronary arteriograms demonstrated that spasm occluding completely or almost completely the large coronary artery supplying the area of myocardium showing ST elevation appeared during the attacks and disappeared along with the attacks after nitroglycerin administration in all four patients in whom the attacks were induced by arm exercise in the catheterization laboratory. We conclude that there is circadian variation of exercise capacity in patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina caused by coronary arterial spasm induced by exercise in the early morning but not in the afternoon.", "contents": "Circadian variation of exercise capacity in patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina: role of exercise-induced coronary arterial spasm. Thirteen patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina performed treadmill exercise tests in the early morning and in the afternoon of the same day. The attacks with ST elevation were induced repeatedly in all 13 patients in the early morning, but in only two patients in the afternoon. Propranolol did not suppress the exercise-induced attacks in all 13 patients. Diltiazem suppressed the attacks in all 13 patients and phentolamine in eight of the nine patients. Coronary arteriograms demonstrated that spasm occluding completely or almost completely the large coronary artery supplying the area of myocardium showing ST elevation appeared during the attacks and disappeared along with the attacks after nitroglycerin administration in all four patients in whom the attacks were induced by arm exercise in the catheterization laboratory. We conclude that there is circadian variation of exercise capacity in patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina caused by coronary arterial spasm induced by exercise in the early morning but not in the afternoon.", "PMID": 428106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14156", "title": "Coronary arterial spasm as a cause of exercise-induced ST-segment elevation in patients with variant angina.", "content": "Four patients with variant angina pectoris exhibited reproducible exercise-induced chest pain and ST-segment elevation. Coronary arterial spasm was documented with arteriography during exercise-induced ST-segment elevation (three patients) or after intravenous administration of ergonovine maleate (one patient). Our observations show that in patients with variant angina exercise can trigger coronary arterial spasm, thus inducing anginal pain and ST-segment elevation.", "contents": "Coronary arterial spasm as a cause of exercise-induced ST-segment elevation in patients with variant angina. Four patients with variant angina pectoris exhibited reproducible exercise-induced chest pain and ST-segment elevation. Coronary arterial spasm was documented with arteriography during exercise-induced ST-segment elevation (three patients) or after intravenous administration of ergonovine maleate (one patient). Our observations show that in patients with variant angina exercise can trigger coronary arterial spasm, thus inducing anginal pain and ST-segment elevation.", "PMID": 428107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14157", "title": "Uric acid: a risk factor for coronary heart disease?", "content": "The association between serum uric acid and the prevalence of ECG abnormalities was analyzed for 24.997 employed men and women, white and black, age 18--64 years, from the Chicago Heart Association (CHA) Detection Project in Industry. In addition, the relationships between uric acid and 5-year mortality from all causes, from cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and from coronary heart disease (CHD) were analyzed for 7804 white men and women age 45--64 years from this study and 967 white men age 44--63 years from the Chicago People's Gas Company Study. For men, the association between uric acid and the prevalence of ECG abnormalities and with mortality appear to be secondary to associations between uric acid and other risk factors. For women, however, the associations could not be explained by other risk factors.", "contents": "Uric acid: a risk factor for coronary heart disease? The association between serum uric acid and the prevalence of ECG abnormalities was analyzed for 24.997 employed men and women, white and black, age 18--64 years, from the Chicago Heart Association (CHA) Detection Project in Industry. In addition, the relationships between uric acid and 5-year mortality from all causes, from cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and from coronary heart disease (CHD) were analyzed for 7804 white men and women age 45--64 years from this study and 967 white men age 44--63 years from the Chicago People's Gas Company Study. For men, the association between uric acid and the prevalence of ECG abnormalities and with mortality appear to be secondary to associations between uric acid and other risk factors. For women, however, the associations could not be explained by other risk factors.", "PMID": 428108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14158", "title": "Comparison of cardiovascular responses to static-dynamic effort and dynamic effort alone in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Thirty men, mean age 55 years, known to have treadmill-induced ischemic ST-segment depression, performed static and dynamic effort, i.e., forearm lifting and treadmill exercise, separately and combined. Static effort was sustained at 20%, 25% or 30% of maximal forearm lifting capacity. Two symptom-limited treadmill tests, one with and one without added static effort, were performed on each of two visits. Compared with dynamic effort alone, combined static-dynamic effort decreased treadmill work load and increased heart rate, systolic blood pressure and rate-pressure product at the onset of ischemic ST-segment depression or angina pectoris: 7.1 +/- 0.4 vs 8.0 +/- 0.5 (SEM) multiples of resting oxygen consumption (mets), estimated; 141 +/- 3 vs 134 +/- 3 beats/min; 170 +/- 4 vs. 162 +/- 4 mm Hg and 239 +/- 8 vs 218 +/- 9 (p less than 0.001). The prevalence of angina pectoris was significantly less with combined static-dynamic effort than with dynamic effort alone. Static effort causes a resetting of the threshold at which ischemic abnormalities appear during dynamic effort.", "contents": "Comparison of cardiovascular responses to static-dynamic effort and dynamic effort alone in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. Thirty men, mean age 55 years, known to have treadmill-induced ischemic ST-segment depression, performed static and dynamic effort, i.e., forearm lifting and treadmill exercise, separately and combined. Static effort was sustained at 20%, 25% or 30% of maximal forearm lifting capacity. Two symptom-limited treadmill tests, one with and one without added static effort, were performed on each of two visits. Compared with dynamic effort alone, combined static-dynamic effort decreased treadmill work load and increased heart rate, systolic blood pressure and rate-pressure product at the onset of ischemic ST-segment depression or angina pectoris: 7.1 +/- 0.4 vs 8.0 +/- 0.5 (SEM) multiples of resting oxygen consumption (mets), estimated; 141 +/- 3 vs 134 +/- 3 beats/min; 170 +/- 4 vs. 162 +/- 4 mm Hg and 239 +/- 8 vs 218 +/- 9 (p less than 0.001). The prevalence of angina pectoris was significantly less with combined static-dynamic effort than with dynamic effort alone. Static effort causes a resetting of the threshold at which ischemic abnormalities appear during dynamic effort.", "PMID": 428109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14159", "title": "Impaired maximal rate of left ventricular relaxation in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction.", "content": "It has been suggested that the rate of left ventricular (LV) relaxation is related to the inotropic state, end-systolic fiber length and peak LV pressure, but little information is available regarding the rate of LV relaxation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and LV dysfunction. To assess the rate of LV relaxation we obtained high-fidelity LV pressure measurements with manometer-tip catheters in 39 patients. The signal was analyzed by a digital computer to yield the maximal rate of pressure rise (pos dP/dt) and the maximal rate of pressure fall (neg dP/dt). Selective coronary arteriography and biplane LV angiography with determination of LV volumes, ejection fraction (EF) and percent abnormally contracting segments (ACS) when present, were performed in all patients. In 10 patients with normal LV function (EF greater than 0.50, no asynergy) mean neg dP/dt (2074 +/- 121 mm Hg/sec) was significantly (p less than 0.01) greater than in 29 patients with CAD and LV dysfunction (1695 +/- 66 mm Hg/sec). In nine patients with LV dysfunction and EF less than 0.35, mean neg dP/dt was reduced to 1405 +/- 107 mm Hg/sec, significantly (p less than 0.01) lower than in patients with normal LV function. Neg dP/dt correlated well with pos dP/dt (r = 0.75), with EF (r = 0.74), and with ACS (r = -0.74), and less well with LV end-systolic volume (r = 0.67). There was very poor correlation between neg dP/dt and peak LV pressure (r = 0.30). These data suggest that the rate of LV relaxation, as assessed by neg dP/dt, is impaired in patients with CAD and LV dysfunction, and the extent of impairment is related to the severity of the dysfunction as determined hemodynamically by pos dP/dt, and angiographically by EF and ACS. In these patients the maximal rate of LV relaxation is inversely related to LV end-systolic volume, and is not related to peak LV pressure.", "contents": "Impaired maximal rate of left ventricular relaxation in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. It has been suggested that the rate of left ventricular (LV) relaxation is related to the inotropic state, end-systolic fiber length and peak LV pressure, but little information is available regarding the rate of LV relaxation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and LV dysfunction. To assess the rate of LV relaxation we obtained high-fidelity LV pressure measurements with manometer-tip catheters in 39 patients. The signal was analyzed by a digital computer to yield the maximal rate of pressure rise (pos dP/dt) and the maximal rate of pressure fall (neg dP/dt). Selective coronary arteriography and biplane LV angiography with determination of LV volumes, ejection fraction (EF) and percent abnormally contracting segments (ACS) when present, were performed in all patients. In 10 patients with normal LV function (EF greater than 0.50, no asynergy) mean neg dP/dt (2074 +/- 121 mm Hg/sec) was significantly (p less than 0.01) greater than in 29 patients with CAD and LV dysfunction (1695 +/- 66 mm Hg/sec). In nine patients with LV dysfunction and EF less than 0.35, mean neg dP/dt was reduced to 1405 +/- 107 mm Hg/sec, significantly (p less than 0.01) lower than in patients with normal LV function. Neg dP/dt correlated well with pos dP/dt (r = 0.75), with EF (r = 0.74), and with ACS (r = -0.74), and less well with LV end-systolic volume (r = 0.67). There was very poor correlation between neg dP/dt and peak LV pressure (r = 0.30). These data suggest that the rate of LV relaxation, as assessed by neg dP/dt, is impaired in patients with CAD and LV dysfunction, and the extent of impairment is related to the severity of the dysfunction as determined hemodynamically by pos dP/dt, and angiographically by EF and ACS. In these patients the maximal rate of LV relaxation is inversely related to LV end-systolic volume, and is not related to peak LV pressure.", "PMID": 428110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14160", "title": "Quantitative left ventricular wall motion analysis: a comparison of area, chord and radial methods.", "content": "We were interested in divising a relatively simple quantitative technique that could be used on a routine clinical basis for wall motion analysis. Three quantitative methods of left ventricular (LV) regional analysis were compared in the 30 degrees right anterior oblique and 60 degrees left anterior oblique projection. The control group consisted of 17 patients with qualitatively normal LV wall motion; the abnormal group comprised 17 patients with at least one region of severe, qualitative wall motion abnormality. Normal regional values were determined for area, chord and radial methods by applying the techniques to the ventriculograms of the control group. Each technique was then applied to the abnormal group's ventriculograms to determine the percentage of qualitatively abnormal regions not detected by each method. The area method had the lowest failure rate (p less than 0.001) and the best separation of measured normal and abnormal regions' ejection changes (p less than 0.001), and best reflected symmetric uniform motion of the ventricular silhouette. We conclude that the area method, of the techniques examined, was best for the quantitative analysis of LV wall motion abnormalities.", "contents": "Quantitative left ventricular wall motion analysis: a comparison of area, chord and radial methods. We were interested in divising a relatively simple quantitative technique that could be used on a routine clinical basis for wall motion analysis. Three quantitative methods of left ventricular (LV) regional analysis were compared in the 30 degrees right anterior oblique and 60 degrees left anterior oblique projection. The control group consisted of 17 patients with qualitatively normal LV wall motion; the abnormal group comprised 17 patients with at least one region of severe, qualitative wall motion abnormality. Normal regional values were determined for area, chord and radial methods by applying the techniques to the ventriculograms of the control group. Each technique was then applied to the abnormal group's ventriculograms to determine the percentage of qualitatively abnormal regions not detected by each method. The area method had the lowest failure rate (p less than 0.001) and the best separation of measured normal and abnormal regions' ejection changes (p less than 0.001), and best reflected symmetric uniform motion of the ventricular silhouette. We conclude that the area method, of the techniques examined, was best for the quantitative analysis of LV wall motion abnormalities.", "PMID": 428111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14161", "title": "Evaluation of steroid laboratory tests and adrenal gland imaging with radiocholesterol in the aetiological diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "Basal values of the urinary excretion of 17-oxogenic steroids and serum levels of cortisol were not satisfactory in the differentiation of 'suspected' subjects from patients with true Cushing's syndrome. With an RIA method for serum cortisol determination, the overnight dexamethasone suppression test provided the most reliable single test in establishing adrenocortical hyperfunction. Thirty-five normal subjects, fifty-nine obese patients, thirteen 'suspected' patients, and thirteen patients with disease states other than Cushing's syndrome had suppressed values below 4.0 microgram/100 ml. None of the ten patients with Cushing's syndrome had a cortisol concentration less than 16.3 microgram/100 ml. Adrenal gland scintigraphy after radiocholesterol injection is a more valuable tool than the metyrapone test and the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test in the localization and differential diagnosis of adrenocortical lesions causing Cushing's syndrome. It obviates the need for angiographic procedure in the localization of adenomas. It is a reliable technique for identifying functioning adrenal remnants. We therefore propose a schedule for studying patients with suspected adrenocortical hyperfunction.", "contents": "Evaluation of steroid laboratory tests and adrenal gland imaging with radiocholesterol in the aetiological diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Basal values of the urinary excretion of 17-oxogenic steroids and serum levels of cortisol were not satisfactory in the differentiation of 'suspected' subjects from patients with true Cushing's syndrome. With an RIA method for serum cortisol determination, the overnight dexamethasone suppression test provided the most reliable single test in establishing adrenocortical hyperfunction. Thirty-five normal subjects, fifty-nine obese patients, thirteen 'suspected' patients, and thirteen patients with disease states other than Cushing's syndrome had suppressed values below 4.0 microgram/100 ml. None of the ten patients with Cushing's syndrome had a cortisol concentration less than 16.3 microgram/100 ml. Adrenal gland scintigraphy after radiocholesterol injection is a more valuable tool than the metyrapone test and the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test in the localization and differential diagnosis of adrenocortical lesions causing Cushing's syndrome. It obviates the need for angiographic procedure in the localization of adenomas. It is a reliable technique for identifying functioning adrenal remnants. We therefore propose a schedule for studying patients with suspected adrenocortical hyperfunction.", "PMID": 428112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14162", "title": "Thyrotropin, free and total triiodothyronine, and thyroxine in serum during surgery.", "content": "Changes in free and total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in serum were measured before, during, and for nine days after uncomplicated abdominal surgery in eight patients. The results showed a pronounced fall in total as well as in free T3 levels, amounting to 50% in both variables on the first postoperative day, and returning towards preoperative levels on the seventh and ninth day. Apart from an increase during surgery, free T4 levels were constant in the whole period despite a slight postoperative decrease in total T4. The TSH level fell about 80% within the first 24 postoperative h, but returned to the preoperative level thereafter. These results suggest a suppression of both T3 and TSH production during the pre- and early postoperative period.", "contents": "Thyrotropin, free and total triiodothyronine, and thyroxine in serum during surgery. Changes in free and total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in serum were measured before, during, and for nine days after uncomplicated abdominal surgery in eight patients. The results showed a pronounced fall in total as well as in free T3 levels, amounting to 50% in both variables on the first postoperative day, and returning towards preoperative levels on the seventh and ninth day. Apart from an increase during surgery, free T4 levels were constant in the whole period despite a slight postoperative decrease in total T4. The TSH level fell about 80% within the first 24 postoperative h, but returned to the preoperative level thereafter. These results suggest a suppression of both T3 and TSH production during the pre- and early postoperative period.", "PMID": 428113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14163", "title": "Ethanol induced secretion of calcitonin in chronic renal disease.", "content": "Whisky (25-50 ml) increased plasma levels of immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) in seventeen of nineteen patients with chronic renal failure. The effect was greater in patients with high levels of iCT than in those with normal levels. Changes in plasma iCT were not related to changes in calcium, phosphate or immunoreactive gastrin, but were inhibited by the prior administration of propranolol.", "contents": "Ethanol induced secretion of calcitonin in chronic renal disease. Whisky (25-50 ml) increased plasma levels of immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) in seventeen of nineteen patients with chronic renal failure. The effect was greater in patients with high levels of iCT than in those with normal levels. Changes in plasma iCT were not related to changes in calcium, phosphate or immunoreactive gastrin, but were inhibited by the prior administration of propranolol.", "PMID": 428114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14164", "title": "Selective venous sampling in the diagnosis and localization of phaeochromocytoma.", "content": "Plasma noradrenaline levels were measured at several sites in the systemic venous system by selective catheterisation in ten hypertensive patients in whom phaeochromocytoma was suspected on clinical or biochemical grounds. Four patients had localized noradrenaline elevation and the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma was confirmed at operation. The remaining six patients demonstrated no localized elevation of noradrenaline and there has been no evidence of a tumour on follow up. The technique allows the diagnosis and accurate localization of phaeochromocytoma and is useful in excluding the tumour in patients with essential hypertension.", "contents": "Selective venous sampling in the diagnosis and localization of phaeochromocytoma. Plasma noradrenaline levels were measured at several sites in the systemic venous system by selective catheterisation in ten hypertensive patients in whom phaeochromocytoma was suspected on clinical or biochemical grounds. Four patients had localized noradrenaline elevation and the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma was confirmed at operation. The remaining six patients demonstrated no localized elevation of noradrenaline and there has been no evidence of a tumour on follow up. The technique allows the diagnosis and accurate localization of phaeochromocytoma and is useful in excluding the tumour in patients with essential hypertension.", "PMID": 428115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14165", "title": "Growth hormone release inhibitory hormone-like immunoreactivity in pancreas and gut in streptozotocin diabetes in the rat and response to insulin administration.", "content": "In streptozotocin diabetes in the rat, growth hormone release-inhibitory hormone-like immunoreactivity (GHRIH-LI) content of pancreas, gastric antrum and colon was increased. Insulin therapy significantly lowered the increased pancreatic GHRIH-LI content but did not affect that of the gastric antrum and colon at the dosage used. The relevance of these findings in relation to pancreatic and gastrointestinal function in diabetes awaits clarification.", "contents": "Growth hormone release inhibitory hormone-like immunoreactivity in pancreas and gut in streptozotocin diabetes in the rat and response to insulin administration. In streptozotocin diabetes in the rat, growth hormone release-inhibitory hormone-like immunoreactivity (GHRIH-LI) content of pancreas, gastric antrum and colon was increased. Insulin therapy significantly lowered the increased pancreatic GHRIH-LI content but did not affect that of the gastric antrum and colon at the dosage used. The relevance of these findings in relation to pancreatic and gastrointestinal function in diabetes awaits clarification.", "PMID": 428116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14166", "title": "Effect of age on plasma androstenedione concentration in oophorectomized women.", "content": "Plasma androstenedione concentration was measured in 92 oophorectomized women in the age range 33 to 76 years. Although this concentration was significantly inversely correlated with age, the data suggest a discrete change in the first half of the sixth decade rather than a continuous fall.", "contents": "Effect of age on plasma androstenedione concentration in oophorectomized women. Plasma androstenedione concentration was measured in 92 oophorectomized women in the age range 33 to 76 years. Although this concentration was significantly inversely correlated with age, the data suggest a discrete change in the first half of the sixth decade rather than a continuous fall.", "PMID": 428117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14167", "title": "Thyroid hormone levels during glucose tolerance test in euthyroid subjects.", "content": "Twelve normal, healthy, clinically and biochemically proven euthyroid volunteer subjects (age 19-35) were administered a standard glucose tolerance test (100 g glucose orally) and thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) levels were determined by specific radioimmunoassays to determine the acute effect of glucose and insulin on peripheral monodeiodination of thyroxine. The fasting levels of T4, T3, rT3 and free thyroxine were 82.4 nmol/l, 1.7 nmol/l, 0.52 nmol/l, and 0.22 nmol/l, respectively, and these levels were unchanged during the 3 hours post-glucose load. The rise and fall of glucose and insulin levels were typical of the standard responses normally observed in the glucose tolerance test. The variations in insulin and glucose levels were not correlated with thyroid hormone concentrations at any interval during the test. It is therefore concluded that dietary glucose does not acutely cause shifts in peripheral monodeiodination of thyroxine in healthy euthyroid subjects.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone levels during glucose tolerance test in euthyroid subjects. Twelve normal, healthy, clinically and biochemically proven euthyroid volunteer subjects (age 19-35) were administered a standard glucose tolerance test (100 g glucose orally) and thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) levels were determined by specific radioimmunoassays to determine the acute effect of glucose and insulin on peripheral monodeiodination of thyroxine. The fasting levels of T4, T3, rT3 and free thyroxine were 82.4 nmol/l, 1.7 nmol/l, 0.52 nmol/l, and 0.22 nmol/l, respectively, and these levels were unchanged during the 3 hours post-glucose load. The rise and fall of glucose and insulin levels were typical of the standard responses normally observed in the glucose tolerance test. The variations in insulin and glucose levels were not correlated with thyroid hormone concentrations at any interval during the test. It is therefore concluded that dietary glucose does not acutely cause shifts in peripheral monodeiodination of thyroxine in healthy euthyroid subjects.", "PMID": 428118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14168", "title": "Seminal immunoreactive prolactin before and after vasectomy.", "content": "Seminal fluid was assayed for prolactin by radioimmunoassay in eleven healthy males 8-12 weeks following vasectomy. The results were compared with those obtained in 34 age matched subjects prior to undergoing vasectomy. The mean values (+/- 1 SD) for prolactin were similar (postvasectomy = 11.4 +/- 3.2 ng/ml, prevasectomy = 12.7 +/- 6.1 ng/ml) and there was no statistically significant difference (t = 0.66, P = greater than 0.05). This study shows that prolactin is found in secretions of the prostate and/or seminal vesicles.", "contents": "Seminal immunoreactive prolactin before and after vasectomy. Seminal fluid was assayed for prolactin by radioimmunoassay in eleven healthy males 8-12 weeks following vasectomy. The results were compared with those obtained in 34 age matched subjects prior to undergoing vasectomy. The mean values (+/- 1 SD) for prolactin were similar (postvasectomy = 11.4 +/- 3.2 ng/ml, prevasectomy = 12.7 +/- 6.1 ng/ml) and there was no statistically significant difference (t = 0.66, P = greater than 0.05). This study shows that prolactin is found in secretions of the prostate and/or seminal vesicles.", "PMID": 428119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14169", "title": "Inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis in association with experimental angioedema in patients with cold urticaria: a model of chemotactic deactivation in vivo.", "content": "Deactivation is a phenomenon in which leucocytes exposed in vitro to a chemotactic factor in the absence of a concentration gradient are rendered relatively unresponsive to stimulation by a subsequent chemotactic gradient. In patients with idiopathic cold-induced urticaria, the elicitation of a local experimental angioedematous lesion causes the release of two chemotactic principles previously shown to deactivate leucocytes in vitro, high molecular weight neutrophil chemotactic factor (HMW-NCF) and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), into the venous circulation draining the challenged extremity. However, biopsy specimens of lesional skin sites obtained for up to 24 hr show no infiltration of cells. For this reason, the in vitro chemotactic responsiveness of neutrophils to the chemotactic factor HMW-NCF and C5 fragments were assessed in three patients at various times after experimental challenge. Leucocytes from venous effluent draining an experimentally-induced angioedematous lesion were markedly impaired in their chemotactic responsiveness to both chemotactic factors 5 min after challenge, while cells taken from an unchallenged extremity at the same time responded normally. Cells from both arms were equally impaired in their responsiveness 1 hr later, thereby demonstrating that the chemotactic defect becomes systemic. The acquired defect was dissipated 4 hr after challenge. These data suggest that deactivation may occur in vivo and may alter host responsiveness in states where chemotactic factors are released into the circulation.", "contents": "Inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis in association with experimental angioedema in patients with cold urticaria: a model of chemotactic deactivation in vivo. Deactivation is a phenomenon in which leucocytes exposed in vitro to a chemotactic factor in the absence of a concentration gradient are rendered relatively unresponsive to stimulation by a subsequent chemotactic gradient. In patients with idiopathic cold-induced urticaria, the elicitation of a local experimental angioedematous lesion causes the release of two chemotactic principles previously shown to deactivate leucocytes in vitro, high molecular weight neutrophil chemotactic factor (HMW-NCF) and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), into the venous circulation draining the challenged extremity. However, biopsy specimens of lesional skin sites obtained for up to 24 hr show no infiltration of cells. For this reason, the in vitro chemotactic responsiveness of neutrophils to the chemotactic factor HMW-NCF and C5 fragments were assessed in three patients at various times after experimental challenge. Leucocytes from venous effluent draining an experimentally-induced angioedematous lesion were markedly impaired in their chemotactic responsiveness to both chemotactic factors 5 min after challenge, while cells taken from an unchallenged extremity at the same time responded normally. Cells from both arms were equally impaired in their responsiveness 1 hr later, thereby demonstrating that the chemotactic defect becomes systemic. The acquired defect was dissipated 4 hr after challenge. These data suggest that deactivation may occur in vivo and may alter host responsiveness in states where chemotactic factors are released into the circulation.", "PMID": 428142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14170", "title": "The use of antibody-coated liposomes as a target cell model for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "A simple model system was developed for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) using antibody-coated synthetic membranes (liposomes) as a target cell model. A synthetic hapten, dinitrophenyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DNP-PE), was incorporated into fluorophore-quencher-loaded liposomes and the latter were coated with pure anti-DNP antibodies. Normal spleen lymphocytes were capable of binding and subsequently lysing these liposomes. This process is dependent upon the presence of an intact (Fc-containing) IgG molecule and independent of exogenous serum complement. The effector lymphocytes are nylon non-adherent, devoid of Thy-1 antigen and present in nude mice, suggesting an identity with K (Fc receptor positive) lymphocytes. These studies indicate that liposomes may be used as a model to study the requirements for the binding and lysis of target cells in this cell-mediated cytotoxic system.", "contents": "The use of antibody-coated liposomes as a target cell model for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. A simple model system was developed for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) using antibody-coated synthetic membranes (liposomes) as a target cell model. A synthetic hapten, dinitrophenyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DNP-PE), was incorporated into fluorophore-quencher-loaded liposomes and the latter were coated with pure anti-DNP antibodies. Normal spleen lymphocytes were capable of binding and subsequently lysing these liposomes. This process is dependent upon the presence of an intact (Fc-containing) IgG molecule and independent of exogenous serum complement. The effector lymphocytes are nylon non-adherent, devoid of Thy-1 antigen and present in nude mice, suggesting an identity with K (Fc receptor positive) lymphocytes. These studies indicate that liposomes may be used as a model to study the requirements for the binding and lysis of target cells in this cell-mediated cytotoxic system.", "PMID": 428143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14171", "title": "Late treatment of murine lupus erythematosus with dactinomycin (actinomycin D). I. Course and longevity.", "content": "Dactinomycin treatment a of group of (NZB X NZW)F1 hybrid female mice was delayed until the age of 6-6 1/2 months, by which time the immune complex disease was well established. Three animals of the original twenty-eight had already died, ten had heavy proteinuria and a few were oedematous. The dactinomycin dose was 3.5 microgram per day, which was suspended when significant weight loss occurred. Twelve of the thirteen experimental mice were alive at 12 months of age, eleven at 15 months, but only eight by 20 months, whereas all twelve control animals had died by the age of 11 months. These results and the supporting data on body weight and renal function indicate that dactinomycin can at least arrest the disease process and may improve it. The mechanism is not known, but it may be the result of a reduced availability of DNA or an alteration in its properties following combination with dactinomycin.", "contents": "Late treatment of murine lupus erythematosus with dactinomycin (actinomycin D). I. Course and longevity. Dactinomycin treatment a of group of (NZB X NZW)F1 hybrid female mice was delayed until the age of 6-6 1/2 months, by which time the immune complex disease was well established. Three animals of the original twenty-eight had already died, ten had heavy proteinuria and a few were oedematous. The dactinomycin dose was 3.5 microgram per day, which was suspended when significant weight loss occurred. Twelve of the thirteen experimental mice were alive at 12 months of age, eleven at 15 months, but only eight by 20 months, whereas all twelve control animals had died by the age of 11 months. These results and the supporting data on body weight and renal function indicate that dactinomycin can at least arrest the disease process and may improve it. The mechanism is not known, but it may be the result of a reduced availability of DNA or an alteration in its properties following combination with dactinomycin.", "PMID": 428145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14172", "title": "Effects of Corynebacterium parvum and BCG therapy on immune parameters in patients with disseminated melanoma a sequential study over 28 days. I. Changes in blood counts, serum immunoglobulins and lymphoid cell populations.", "content": "The effects of a single immunization of melanoma patients with BCG or C. parvum on the blood counts, serum immunoglobulin levels and lymphoid subpopulations were followed by multiple assays over 28 days. C. parvum produced a decrease in the white cell count, lymphocyte count and lymphoid T and sIg+ cell numbers, which recovered within 1 week; BCG did not produce such a marked depression. Both agents were associated with increases in T cell numbers and lymphocyte PHA blastogenesis after the first week; these declined to pre-immunization values by 3-4 weeks. The sIg-bearing cell subpopulation also increased after BCG. Different methods of expression the results were compared and the difficulties of immunological monitoring are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of Corynebacterium parvum and BCG therapy on immune parameters in patients with disseminated melanoma a sequential study over 28 days. I. Changes in blood counts, serum immunoglobulins and lymphoid cell populations. The effects of a single immunization of melanoma patients with BCG or C. parvum on the blood counts, serum immunoglobulin levels and lymphoid subpopulations were followed by multiple assays over 28 days. C. parvum produced a decrease in the white cell count, lymphocyte count and lymphoid T and sIg+ cell numbers, which recovered within 1 week; BCG did not produce such a marked depression. Both agents were associated with increases in T cell numbers and lymphocyte PHA blastogenesis after the first week; these declined to pre-immunization values by 3-4 weeks. The sIg-bearing cell subpopulation also increased after BCG. Different methods of expression the results were compared and the difficulties of immunological monitoring are discussed.", "PMID": 428146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14173", "title": "Immune complexes in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes of patients with Raynaud's phenomenon.", "content": "Phagocytosed immune complexes in polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes of sixty-nine patients with Raynaud's phenomenon were studied by scoring the cells for IgG and complement inclusions. The results were compared with the degree of vasospasm, as measured by photoelectric plethysmography of the fingers after cooling. Median IgG and complement scores of PMN cells were significantly elevated in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon when compared with those of the control group (P less than 0.01). Patients with a positive (n = 35) or a strongly positive (n = 11) plethysmographic test showed significantly higher median IgG and complement scores than those with a negative plethysmorgraphic test (n = 23). They also showed elevated IgG and complement scores in a greater proportion (89 and 100%, respectively, vs 48%).Thus, a positive relationship was shown to exist between the degree of vasospasm and the levels of phagocytosed immune complexes in circulating PMN leucocytes. In secondary Raynaud's phenomenon high levels of phagocytosed immune complexes were found. In primary Raynaud's, patients with some clinical or laboratory signs of an auto-immune disease (n = 12), who were classified as \"suspected secondary\", had higher IgG and complement scores than those without such signs (n = 37). This suggests that the test for immune complex detection may distinguish patients with connective tissue disease-associated Raynaud's phenomenon from those with truly primary Raynaud's, in an early stage of the disease. The clinical and patho-physiological implications of these findings with regard to the Raynaud phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "Immune complexes in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes of patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Phagocytosed immune complexes in polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes of sixty-nine patients with Raynaud's phenomenon were studied by scoring the cells for IgG and complement inclusions. The results were compared with the degree of vasospasm, as measured by photoelectric plethysmography of the fingers after cooling. Median IgG and complement scores of PMN cells were significantly elevated in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon when compared with those of the control group (P less than 0.01). Patients with a positive (n = 35) or a strongly positive (n = 11) plethysmographic test showed significantly higher median IgG and complement scores than those with a negative plethysmorgraphic test (n = 23). They also showed elevated IgG and complement scores in a greater proportion (89 and 100%, respectively, vs 48%).Thus, a positive relationship was shown to exist between the degree of vasospasm and the levels of phagocytosed immune complexes in circulating PMN leucocytes. In secondary Raynaud's phenomenon high levels of phagocytosed immune complexes were found. In primary Raynaud's, patients with some clinical or laboratory signs of an auto-immune disease (n = 12), who were classified as \"suspected secondary\", had higher IgG and complement scores than those without such signs (n = 37). This suggests that the test for immune complex detection may distinguish patients with connective tissue disease-associated Raynaud's phenomenon from those with truly primary Raynaud's, in an early stage of the disease. The clinical and patho-physiological implications of these findings with regard to the Raynaud phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 428147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14174", "title": "Levels of the serum amyloid A protein (SAA) in normal persons of different age groups.", "content": "Serum amyloid A (SAA) has been implicated by three independent studies to increase in concentration with ageing. The present study measured SAA concentration in 395 samples from 302 healthy individuals ranging in age from 21 to 100 years. The average SAA concentration was 20 microgram/ml, with only five serum samples falling below 5 microgram/ml. SAA concentrations are expressed in terms of cross-reactivity of purified, denatured SAA with anti-AA antibodies, rather than the purified, denatured amyloid fibril protein AA from tissues, which has been used in the past. No age-related increase in SAA concentration was observed in the present study. The average SAA concentration in these normal, healthy individuals was almost a hundred-fold less than values measured in acute phase human serum in a separate study with the same reagents.", "contents": "Levels of the serum amyloid A protein (SAA) in normal persons of different age groups. Serum amyloid A (SAA) has been implicated by three independent studies to increase in concentration with ageing. The present study measured SAA concentration in 395 samples from 302 healthy individuals ranging in age from 21 to 100 years. The average SAA concentration was 20 microgram/ml, with only five serum samples falling below 5 microgram/ml. SAA concentrations are expressed in terms of cross-reactivity of purified, denatured SAA with anti-AA antibodies, rather than the purified, denatured amyloid fibril protein AA from tissues, which has been used in the past. No age-related increase in SAA concentration was observed in the present study. The average SAA concentration in these normal, healthy individuals was almost a hundred-fold less than values measured in acute phase human serum in a separate study with the same reagents.", "PMID": 428149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14175", "title": "Tests for Dane particles in serum concentrates of HBsAg positive hemodialysis patients.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to assess the infectivity of sera from HBsAg positive hemodialysis patients by measuring HBeAg, DNA polymerase activity and Dane particle associated HBcAg. Of 33 sera tested 25 were positive for at least one of these tests for Dane particles, indicating that most HBsAg positive hemodialysis patients are highly infectious. The demonstration of DNA polymerase activity in serum concentrates was proven to be the most sensitive assay for the detection and quantitation of Dane particles in serum. We conclude from our results that HBsAg positive hemodialysis patients should be treated in separate units and be served by staff who are either anti-HBs positive or HBsAg carriers.", "contents": "Tests for Dane particles in serum concentrates of HBsAg positive hemodialysis patients. The present study was undertaken to assess the infectivity of sera from HBsAg positive hemodialysis patients by measuring HBeAg, DNA polymerase activity and Dane particle associated HBcAg. Of 33 sera tested 25 were positive for at least one of these tests for Dane particles, indicating that most HBsAg positive hemodialysis patients are highly infectious. The demonstration of DNA polymerase activity in serum concentrates was proven to be the most sensitive assay for the detection and quantitation of Dane particles in serum. We conclude from our results that HBsAg positive hemodialysis patients should be treated in separate units and be served by staff who are either anti-HBs positive or HBsAg carriers.", "PMID": 428150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14176", "title": "Fibrinous pericarditis and fibrinolysis in chronic dialysis patients.", "content": "During a four year period 6 patients from the total of 120 on home dialysis developed pericarditis with effusions. Plasma fibrinolytic activity, measured by euglobulin clot lysis time, was significantly reduced in these patients compared with either normal controls or dialysis patients without pericarditis. These dialysis patients without pericarditis as a group tended to have reduced plasma fibrinolytic activity compared with controls, but the difference was not significant. It is suggested that a reduction in the body's fibrinolytic activity may be a factor in the development of fibrinous pericarditis in chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Fibrinous pericarditis and fibrinolysis in chronic dialysis patients. During a four year period 6 patients from the total of 120 on home dialysis developed pericarditis with effusions. Plasma fibrinolytic activity, measured by euglobulin clot lysis time, was significantly reduced in these patients compared with either normal controls or dialysis patients without pericarditis. These dialysis patients without pericarditis as a group tended to have reduced plasma fibrinolytic activity compared with controls, but the difference was not significant. It is suggested that a reduction in the body's fibrinolytic activity may be a factor in the development of fibrinous pericarditis in chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 428151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14177", "title": "Cyclophosphamide alone in the treatment of adult patients with minimal change glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Eight adult patients with the nephrotic syndrome due to \"minimal change\" glomerulonephritis have been treated with cyclophosphamide alone. The effects of therapy have been compared with a similar group of patients treated with conventional diuretic therapy. Complete remission was achieved in seven of the cyclophosphamide treated patients as compared to only two spontaneous remissions in the untreated group. After a mean follow up period of 6 years none of these 9 patients relapsed. The eighth patient treated with cyclophosphamide remitted spontaneously 21 months after stopping cyclophosphamide and relapsed 36 months later. No serious side effects were encountered in the treated patients. The results suggest that cyclophosphamide is an effective agent in the management of adults with the nephrotic syndrome due to \"minimal change\" glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide alone in the treatment of adult patients with minimal change glomerulonephritis. Eight adult patients with the nephrotic syndrome due to \"minimal change\" glomerulonephritis have been treated with cyclophosphamide alone. The effects of therapy have been compared with a similar group of patients treated with conventional diuretic therapy. Complete remission was achieved in seven of the cyclophosphamide treated patients as compared to only two spontaneous remissions in the untreated group. After a mean follow up period of 6 years none of these 9 patients relapsed. The eighth patient treated with cyclophosphamide remitted spontaneously 21 months after stopping cyclophosphamide and relapsed 36 months later. No serious side effects were encountered in the treated patients. The results suggest that cyclophosphamide is an effective agent in the management of adults with the nephrotic syndrome due to \"minimal change\" glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 428152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14178", "title": "Effects of carbenicillin on blood coagulation: a study in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "A study of coagulation has been performed on 8 chronic renal failure patients receiving carbenicillin therapy. All showed a prolongation of the bleeding, recalcification, partially-activated thromboplastin, prothrombin and thrombin times. These findings suggest the presence of an anticoagulant with an heparin-like mode of action. In vitro tests suggest that carbenicillin may be this factor. We have also shown that the drug produces a disturbance in the normal polymerization process. The implications of these findings for the treatment of (CRF) patients with carbenicillin are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of carbenicillin on blood coagulation: a study in patients with chronic renal failure. A study of coagulation has been performed on 8 chronic renal failure patients receiving carbenicillin therapy. All showed a prolongation of the bleeding, recalcification, partially-activated thromboplastin, prothrombin and thrombin times. These findings suggest the presence of an anticoagulant with an heparin-like mode of action. In vitro tests suggest that carbenicillin may be this factor. We have also shown that the drug produces a disturbance in the normal polymerization process. The implications of these findings for the treatment of (CRF) patients with carbenicillin are discussed.", "PMID": 428153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14179", "title": "Mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis in HLA-identical brothers.", "content": "Two HLA identical brothers with mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis are reported. Patient 1 developed gross hematuria at age 12 and required chronic hemodialysis at age 20. Patient 2 presented at age 21 with gross hematuria and normal renal function, the follow up period is only 9 months. Neither of these patients had nerve deafness, ocular defects or complement abnormalities. The family history did not support a diagnosis of classical hereditary nephritis, but a genetic linkage is strongly suggested by the identical HLA phenotypes of these brothers (A10 - A32 - B13 - B35). The B35 antigen has previously been suspected to be linked to this disease. These observations strongly support the hypothesis of an aberrant, genetically controlled, immune response, in patients with mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis in HLA-identical brothers. Two HLA identical brothers with mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis are reported. Patient 1 developed gross hematuria at age 12 and required chronic hemodialysis at age 20. Patient 2 presented at age 21 with gross hematuria and normal renal function, the follow up period is only 9 months. Neither of these patients had nerve deafness, ocular defects or complement abnormalities. The family history did not support a diagnosis of classical hereditary nephritis, but a genetic linkage is strongly suggested by the identical HLA phenotypes of these brothers (A10 - A32 - B13 - B35). The B35 antigen has previously been suspected to be linked to this disease. These observations strongly support the hypothesis of an aberrant, genetically controlled, immune response, in patients with mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 428154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14180", "title": "Celiac disease associated with immune complex glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A patient with immune complex glomerulonephritis and celiac disease without dermatitis herpetiformis or other underlying disease associated with glomerulonephritis is presented. Antibodies to wheat proteins were found in serum and withdrawal of gluten from the diet resulted in disappearance of immune complexes from serum and resolution of both renal and intestinal disease, suggesting a dietary source of antigen. Despite extensive immunopathologic studies of the renal biopsy, neither dietary nor endogenous brush border antigens were demonstrated in glomeruli.", "contents": "Celiac disease associated with immune complex glomerulonephritis. A patient with immune complex glomerulonephritis and celiac disease without dermatitis herpetiformis or other underlying disease associated with glomerulonephritis is presented. Antibodies to wheat proteins were found in serum and withdrawal of gluten from the diet resulted in disappearance of immune complexes from serum and resolution of both renal and intestinal disease, suggesting a dietary source of antigen. Despite extensive immunopathologic studies of the renal biopsy, neither dietary nor endogenous brush border antigens were demonstrated in glomeruli.", "PMID": 428155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14181", "title": "Heroin associated nephropathy: clinical and histological studies in 19 patients.", "content": "Nineteen patients, 20 to 47 years old with heroin addiction and renal disease, were studied. Patients with pre-existing systemic disease that can cause renal pathology were excluded. The mean duration of the addiction was 3.8 +/- 8 years. Most of the patients had the nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy revealed focal histological changes in 10 patients (5 with focal sclerosis) and diffuse changes in 9. Immunofluorescence studies done in 17 patients revealed diffuse deposition of IgG and beta 1C in 11 patients and focal deposits in 6 (mostly IgM). They were followed for a period ranging from 7 to 67 months. Most patients experienced progressive deterioration of renal function except in 4 cases in whom there was cessation of the drug addiction. These 4 displayed a rise in glomerular filtration rate (from 87 +/- 16 to 100 +/- 11 ml/min), marked reduction in proteinuria (from 6.5 +/- 2.6 to 0.4 +/- 0.1 g/24 hr) and an increase in serum albumin (from 3.2 +/- 0.5 to 4.0 +/- 0.1 g/dl). In summary, the fact that the renal abnormalities of our patients could not be explained by other diseases and the marked improvement upon cessation of the addiction favors the notion that heroin addiction \"per se\" may be the cause of the nephropathy. However, the heroin nephropathy was not manifested by a specific histological or immunofluorescence pattern.", "contents": "Heroin associated nephropathy: clinical and histological studies in 19 patients. Nineteen patients, 20 to 47 years old with heroin addiction and renal disease, were studied. Patients with pre-existing systemic disease that can cause renal pathology were excluded. The mean duration of the addiction was 3.8 +/- 8 years. Most of the patients had the nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy revealed focal histological changes in 10 patients (5 with focal sclerosis) and diffuse changes in 9. Immunofluorescence studies done in 17 patients revealed diffuse deposition of IgG and beta 1C in 11 patients and focal deposits in 6 (mostly IgM). They were followed for a period ranging from 7 to 67 months. Most patients experienced progressive deterioration of renal function except in 4 cases in whom there was cessation of the drug addiction. These 4 displayed a rise in glomerular filtration rate (from 87 +/- 16 to 100 +/- 11 ml/min), marked reduction in proteinuria (from 6.5 +/- 2.6 to 0.4 +/- 0.1 g/24 hr) and an increase in serum albumin (from 3.2 +/- 0.5 to 4.0 +/- 0.1 g/dl). In summary, the fact that the renal abnormalities of our patients could not be explained by other diseases and the marked improvement upon cessation of the addiction favors the notion that heroin addiction \"per se\" may be the cause of the nephropathy. However, the heroin nephropathy was not manifested by a specific histological or immunofluorescence pattern.", "PMID": 428156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14182", "title": "Comparative accuracy and complementary use of 67Ga-citrate imaging and ultrasound in the diagnosis of abdominal abscesses.", "content": "Ultrasound and 67Ga-citrate imaging were used simultaneously for the evaluation of 26 suspected cases of abdominal abscess. Scintiscanning and ultrasonography identified respectively 92% and 69% of the abscesses. Jointly, both modalities detected all 13 abscesses and we suggest an integrated approach in the evaluation of such cases.", "contents": "Comparative accuracy and complementary use of 67Ga-citrate imaging and ultrasound in the diagnosis of abdominal abscesses. Ultrasound and 67Ga-citrate imaging were used simultaneously for the evaluation of 26 suspected cases of abdominal abscess. Scintiscanning and ultrasonography identified respectively 92% and 69% of the abscesses. Jointly, both modalities detected all 13 abscesses and we suggest an integrated approach in the evaluation of such cases.", "PMID": 428161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14183", "title": "Change in shape and position of the pancreas with posture of the patient.", "content": "A comparison of images obtained using 75Se-methionine revealed changes in the shape and position of the pancreas when the patient was in the supine and right lateral decubitus positions. These changes, which were appreciable and often marked in 93% of 168 patients with a probable normal pancreas, sometimes helped in the interpretation of an image. Similar changes were noted in 12 (63%) of 19 patients with chronic pancreatitis where an adequate image could be obtained.", "contents": "Change in shape and position of the pancreas with posture of the patient. A comparison of images obtained using 75Se-methionine revealed changes in the shape and position of the pancreas when the patient was in the supine and right lateral decubitus positions. These changes, which were appreciable and often marked in 93% of 168 patients with a probable normal pancreas, sometimes helped in the interpretation of an image. Similar changes were noted in 12 (63%) of 19 patients with chronic pancreatitis where an adequate image could be obtained.", "PMID": 428162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14184", "title": "Metastatic calcification in lungs and stomach demonstrated on bone scan in multiple myeloma.", "content": "A case of multiple myeloma with associated intense radionuclide uptake in the lungs and stomach on bone scan is presented. There was no roentgenographic evidence of calcification, and the bone scan provided the only antemortem evidence of metastatic calcification.", "contents": "Metastatic calcification in lungs and stomach demonstrated on bone scan in multiple myeloma. A case of multiple myeloma with associated intense radionuclide uptake in the lungs and stomach on bone scan is presented. There was no roentgenographic evidence of calcification, and the bone scan provided the only antemortem evidence of metastatic calcification.", "PMID": 428165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14185", "title": "Extrinsic lesions simulating hepatic metastases.", "content": "When numerous defects are demonstrated in the liver scan of a patient confirmed as having malignant tumor, metastatic disease of the liver can usually be easily diagnosed. However, the scan must be interpreted with caution because extrinsic tumor compression often mimics metastatic disease.", "contents": "Extrinsic lesions simulating hepatic metastases. When numerous defects are demonstrated in the liver scan of a patient confirmed as having malignant tumor, metastatic disease of the liver can usually be easily diagnosed. However, the scan must be interpreted with caution because extrinsic tumor compression often mimics metastatic disease.", "PMID": 428166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14186", "title": "32P-sodium phosphate treatment of metastatic malignant disease.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with cancer of the breast and 12 with cancer of the prostate were treated with testosterone and 32P-sodium phosphate for relief of pain from bony metastases. Thirty received chemotherapy as well, and 34 received external radiation to single ports for localized pain. Of the 46 patients, 34 had good results, 6 fair, and 6 were failures. Ten patients needed transfusion for marrow depression; no other side effect was observed.", "contents": "32P-sodium phosphate treatment of metastatic malignant disease. Thirty-four patients with cancer of the breast and 12 with cancer of the prostate were treated with testosterone and 32P-sodium phosphate for relief of pain from bony metastases. Thirty received chemotherapy as well, and 34 received external radiation to single ports for localized pain. Of the 46 patients, 34 had good results, 6 fair, and 6 were failures. Ten patients needed transfusion for marrow depression; no other side effect was observed.", "PMID": 428168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14187", "title": "Scintigraphy of abdominal masses with 99mTc-labeled red blood cells.", "content": "Scintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled red blood cells was performed in five patients for demonstration of normal anatomy and in 18 patients for evaluation of suspected or apparent space-occupying abdominal lesions. In 14 cases of abdominal lesions, the study demonstrated the extent, vascularity, and relation of the lesion to neighboring organs. We found the method was primarily useful for evaluating cases of retroperitoneal tumor and vascular malformation.", "contents": "Scintigraphy of abdominal masses with 99mTc-labeled red blood cells. Scintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled red blood cells was performed in five patients for demonstration of normal anatomy and in 18 patients for evaluation of suspected or apparent space-occupying abdominal lesions. In 14 cases of abdominal lesions, the study demonstrated the extent, vascularity, and relation of the lesion to neighboring organs. We found the method was primarily useful for evaluating cases of retroperitoneal tumor and vascular malformation.", "PMID": 428169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14188", "title": "The role of 99mTc-bound phosphates and grey scale echography in the differentiation of pelvic tumors.", "content": "99mTc-pyrophosphate and 99mTc-diphosphonate have successfully been employed in the diagnosis of neoplastic pelvic disease in women. In our ongoing study, 48 women with pelvic masses, underwent dynamic pelvic scintigraphy, correlative ultrasonography and exploratory laparotomy. Dynamic scintigraphy and region of interest time/activity curves generated from computerized data acquisition have proven effective in the differential diagnosis of uterine leiomyomas from ovarian cysts. In a group of 24 women whose scintigraphic data were consistent with our criteria for uterine leiomyoma, 21 were confirmed histologically. Of 30 women, 29 were accurately diagnosed on scintigraphy as having an ovarian cyst and two patients with coexisting ovarian cysts and uterine fibroids were both correctly diagnosed prior to surgery. Detected lesions ranged from 6--22 cm in diameter. Our findings support the use of dynamic pelvic scintigraphy for differentiating uterine leiomyomas from ovarian cysts.", "contents": "The role of 99mTc-bound phosphates and grey scale echography in the differentiation of pelvic tumors. 99mTc-pyrophosphate and 99mTc-diphosphonate have successfully been employed in the diagnosis of neoplastic pelvic disease in women. In our ongoing study, 48 women with pelvic masses, underwent dynamic pelvic scintigraphy, correlative ultrasonography and exploratory laparotomy. Dynamic scintigraphy and region of interest time/activity curves generated from computerized data acquisition have proven effective in the differential diagnosis of uterine leiomyomas from ovarian cysts. In a group of 24 women whose scintigraphic data were consistent with our criteria for uterine leiomyoma, 21 were confirmed histologically. Of 30 women, 29 were accurately diagnosed on scintigraphy as having an ovarian cyst and two patients with coexisting ovarian cysts and uterine fibroids were both correctly diagnosed prior to surgery. Detected lesions ranged from 6--22 cm in diameter. Our findings support the use of dynamic pelvic scintigraphy for differentiating uterine leiomyomas from ovarian cysts.", "PMID": 428170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14189", "title": "Outcome of adopted Vietnamese children. Beneficial effects of a normal home environment on 36 children.", "content": "Thirty-six adopted Vietnamese children were evaluated physically and developmentally from four months to ten years after their adoption. All of the children had experienced early months of malnutrition, disease and deprivation. Many of the children were adopted before their first birthdays and received continuous, adequate care from invested families. Only two children had intelligence quotients less than 85 on the Slosson Test. Though physical abnormalities such as residuals of poliomyelitis, ear infections, and soft neurologic signs existed, no child was incapacitated by these conditions. From the data available in the study, developmental outcomes could not be adequately predicted on the basis of unknown genetics, early malnutrition, or early deprivation.", "contents": "Outcome of adopted Vietnamese children. Beneficial effects of a normal home environment on 36 children. Thirty-six adopted Vietnamese children were evaluated physically and developmentally from four months to ten years after their adoption. All of the children had experienced early months of malnutrition, disease and deprivation. Many of the children were adopted before their first birthdays and received continuous, adequate care from invested families. Only two children had intelligence quotients less than 85 on the Slosson Test. Though physical abnormalities such as residuals of poliomyelitis, ear infections, and soft neurologic signs existed, no child was incapacitated by these conditions. From the data available in the study, developmental outcomes could not be adequately predicted on the basis of unknown genetics, early malnutrition, or early deprivation.", "PMID": 428175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14190", "title": "Adoptive families. Needs for counseling.", "content": "Adoption is an on-going process which affects each member of the adoptive family during each phase of the adoptee's maturation. Specific factors, such as insecurities of the adoptive parents, the child's awareness of his adoption in relation to his age and fantasies, and recently, the introduction of the possibility that the adoptee may arrange to meet his birth-parents later in life tend to add more perplexities to problems existing in these families. The normally turbulent age of adolescence increases anxieties in these vulnerable families. The pediatrician must understand the various factors uniquely inherent in adoption so that he can more effectively provide counsel to these patients.", "contents": "Adoptive families. Needs for counseling. Adoption is an on-going process which affects each member of the adoptive family during each phase of the adoptee's maturation. Specific factors, such as insecurities of the adoptive parents, the child's awareness of his adoption in relation to his age and fantasies, and recently, the introduction of the possibility that the adoptee may arrange to meet his birth-parents later in life tend to add more perplexities to problems existing in these families. The normally turbulent age of adolescence increases anxieties in these vulnerable families. The pediatrician must understand the various factors uniquely inherent in adoption so that he can more effectively provide counsel to these patients.", "PMID": 428176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14191", "title": "The prevalence of middle ear disease among learning impaired children. Does a higher prevalence indicate an association?", "content": "The prevalence of middle ear disease among children who are educationally classified as learning disabled as compared to that found in normal children is discussed. A higher incidence of middle ear pathology was found among the learning impaired children. The potentially hazardous effects that middle ear disease can have upon academic and linguistic development are emphasized.", "contents": "The prevalence of middle ear disease among learning impaired children. Does a higher prevalence indicate an association? The prevalence of middle ear disease among children who are educationally classified as learning disabled as compared to that found in normal children is discussed. A higher incidence of middle ear pathology was found among the learning impaired children. The potentially hazardous effects that middle ear disease can have upon academic and linguistic development are emphasized.", "PMID": 428178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14192", "title": "Tick-borne tularemia presenting as ulcerative lymphadenitis.", "content": "In a patient with suppurative lymphadenitis who fails to respond to antibiotics routinely used for pyogenic adenitis, the diagnosis of tularemia should be considered if there is good evidence for recent tick or other insect exposure. A trial of streptomycin therapy may be indicated, pending culture and serology results, in any patient whose signs and symptoms strongly suggest this diagnosis.", "contents": "Tick-borne tularemia presenting as ulcerative lymphadenitis. In a patient with suppurative lymphadenitis who fails to respond to antibiotics routinely used for pyogenic adenitis, the diagnosis of tularemia should be considered if there is good evidence for recent tick or other insect exposure. A trial of streptomycin therapy may be indicated, pending culture and serology results, in any patient whose signs and symptoms strongly suggest this diagnosis.", "PMID": 428180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14193", "title": "A scale for assessing the severity of diseases and adverse drug reactions. Application to drug benefit and risk.", "content": "Physicians were interviewed to assess their willingness to risk adverse drug reactions among patients. These untoward reactions were ranked according to severity and weighted against the primary illness being treated. A specially designed questionnaire in the form of a matrix was used. Severity was divided into seven classes denoted by progressively increasing numerical scores, W1 to W7, whose values could be calculated from analysis of the completed questionnaires. The questionnaires presented several cases, in each of which an illness of specified severity was to be treated with a drug whose untoward reactions differ in severity from that of the primary illness. Each case involved a different permutation of the severities. Analysis of the completed questionnaires yielded the mean values of the scores which were found to range from W1 = 1.00 (the mildest case) to W7 = 817 (the most serious case). It is our opinion that this type of scale is preferable to nonnumerical descriptions of severity such as \"mild\" or \"serious,\" since, when combined with data on frequency of occurrence, a numerical scale permits a determination of expectation of both benefit and risk.", "contents": "A scale for assessing the severity of diseases and adverse drug reactions. Application to drug benefit and risk. Physicians were interviewed to assess their willingness to risk adverse drug reactions among patients. These untoward reactions were ranked according to severity and weighted against the primary illness being treated. A specially designed questionnaire in the form of a matrix was used. Severity was divided into seven classes denoted by progressively increasing numerical scores, W1 to W7, whose values could be calculated from analysis of the completed questionnaires. The questionnaires presented several cases, in each of which an illness of specified severity was to be treated with a drug whose untoward reactions differ in severity from that of the primary illness. Each case involved a different permutation of the severities. Analysis of the completed questionnaires yielded the mean values of the scores which were found to range from W1 = 1.00 (the mildest case) to W7 = 817 (the most serious case). It is our opinion that this type of scale is preferable to nonnumerical descriptions of severity such as \"mild\" or \"serious,\" since, when combined with data on frequency of occurrence, a numerical scale permits a determination of expectation of both benefit and risk.", "PMID": 428184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14194", "title": "Kinetics and absolute bioavailability of atenolol.", "content": "Twelve healthy volunteers received four single doses of atenolol (25-, 50-, and 100-mg oral solutions and a 50-mg intravenous infusion), each dose separated by at least one week. Blood and urine assayed for atenolol by a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Kinetic analysis of the intravenous data indicates a three-compartment model with elimination from the central compartment. The mean (+/- SD) terminal elimination half-life is 6.06 +/- 2.02 hr, the mean volume of the central compartment is 0.173 L/kg, and 94.1 +/- 8.0% of the intravenous dose is excreted in the urine. The mean value of the plasma clearance is 10.7 +/- 1.27 L/hr and of the renal plasma clearance, 10.4 +/- 1.14 L/hr. The mean absolute bioavailability for the 25-, 50-, and 100-mg oral doses is 0.52 +/- 0.18, 0.54 +/- 0.12, and 0.58 +/- 0.16, respectively. The maximum plasma concentration varies as a linear function of dose. Time to mean maximum plasma concentration (3.0 hr) and the time for half of the bioavailable dose to be absorbed (2.0 hr) do not differ significantly with dose. The mean renal plasma clearance after oral doses (9.49 +/- 1.6 L/hr) is in the same range as renal clearance after intravenous doses.", "contents": "Kinetics and absolute bioavailability of atenolol. Twelve healthy volunteers received four single doses of atenolol (25-, 50-, and 100-mg oral solutions and a 50-mg intravenous infusion), each dose separated by at least one week. Blood and urine assayed for atenolol by a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Kinetic analysis of the intravenous data indicates a three-compartment model with elimination from the central compartment. The mean (+/- SD) terminal elimination half-life is 6.06 +/- 2.02 hr, the mean volume of the central compartment is 0.173 L/kg, and 94.1 +/- 8.0% of the intravenous dose is excreted in the urine. The mean value of the plasma clearance is 10.7 +/- 1.27 L/hr and of the renal plasma clearance, 10.4 +/- 1.14 L/hr. The mean absolute bioavailability for the 25-, 50-, and 100-mg oral doses is 0.52 +/- 0.18, 0.54 +/- 0.12, and 0.58 +/- 0.16, respectively. The maximum plasma concentration varies as a linear function of dose. Time to mean maximum plasma concentration (3.0 hr) and the time for half of the bioavailable dose to be absorbed (2.0 hr) do not differ significantly with dose. The mean renal plasma clearance after oral doses (9.49 +/- 1.6 L/hr) is in the same range as renal clearance after intravenous doses.", "PMID": 428185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14195", "title": "Influence of pentobarbital on effect and plasma levels of alprenolol and 4-hydroxy-alprenolol.", "content": "Six healthy subjects were given placebo and a single oral 0.2-gm dose of alprenolol (Aptin) before and after 0.1 gm pentobarbital at bedtime for 10 days. The plasma concentrations of alprenolol and its metabolite 4-hydroxy-alprenolol and the inhibition of exercise tachycardia were studied for 7 hr after the alprenolol. Alprenolol and 4-hydroxy-alprenolol plasma levels were decreased by about 40% by pentobarbital but plasma half-lives were unchanged. The inhibition of exercise tachycardia during a 7-hr period was reduced from 14.0% to 10.7% by pentobarbital. The reduction was proportional to the decreased drug plasma levels. There was a significant contribution of the metabolite to alprenolol effect. The estimation of relative potency of metabolite against parent compound was 0.9 before pentobarbital and 1.9 after pentobarbital.", "contents": "Influence of pentobarbital on effect and plasma levels of alprenolol and 4-hydroxy-alprenolol. Six healthy subjects were given placebo and a single oral 0.2-gm dose of alprenolol (Aptin) before and after 0.1 gm pentobarbital at bedtime for 10 days. The plasma concentrations of alprenolol and its metabolite 4-hydroxy-alprenolol and the inhibition of exercise tachycardia were studied for 7 hr after the alprenolol. Alprenolol and 4-hydroxy-alprenolol plasma levels were decreased by about 40% by pentobarbital but plasma half-lives were unchanged. The inhibition of exercise tachycardia during a 7-hr period was reduced from 14.0% to 10.7% by pentobarbital. The reduction was proportional to the decreased drug plasma levels. There was a significant contribution of the metabolite to alprenolol effect. The estimation of relative potency of metabolite against parent compound was 0.9 before pentobarbital and 1.9 after pentobarbital.", "PMID": 428186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14196", "title": "Renal sites of action of azosemide.", "content": "Azosemide is a new monosulfamyl diuretic with potency and spectrum of effects similar to those of furosemide. Eight normal subjects were studied with clearance techniques during water loading and during hydropenia to assess azosemide's site of action. Solute free water reabsorption decreased from 3.1 +/- 0.3 to 0.5 +/- 0.9 ml/min after azosemide (p less than 0.05), indicating an effect of azosemide at the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. During water loading, despite significant 3.5-fold increases in fractional excretion of sodium and chloride, the per cent increase in free water formation, CH2O/CIN X 100 was not significantly changed by azosemide (10.4 +/- 1.4 control and 14.8 +/- 3.1 after azosemide). This unchanged CH2O/CIN X 100 occurred despite increased osmolal clearance after azosemide, from 2.6 +/- 0.4 to 3.8 +/- 0.4 ml/min (p less than 0.02), indicating that azosemide increased delivery of solute to the diluting segment. Evidence is discussed which implies that azosemide inhibits solute transport of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, but may also affect more proximal sites.", "contents": "Renal sites of action of azosemide. Azosemide is a new monosulfamyl diuretic with potency and spectrum of effects similar to those of furosemide. Eight normal subjects were studied with clearance techniques during water loading and during hydropenia to assess azosemide's site of action. Solute free water reabsorption decreased from 3.1 +/- 0.3 to 0.5 +/- 0.9 ml/min after azosemide (p less than 0.05), indicating an effect of azosemide at the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. During water loading, despite significant 3.5-fold increases in fractional excretion of sodium and chloride, the per cent increase in free water formation, CH2O/CIN X 100 was not significantly changed by azosemide (10.4 +/- 1.4 control and 14.8 +/- 3.1 after azosemide). This unchanged CH2O/CIN X 100 occurred despite increased osmolal clearance after azosemide, from 2.6 +/- 0.4 to 3.8 +/- 0.4 ml/min (p less than 0.02), indicating that azosemide increased delivery of solute to the diluting segment. Evidence is discussed which implies that azosemide inhibits solute transport of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, but may also affect more proximal sites.", "PMID": 428187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14197", "title": "Azosemide, a \"loop\" diuretic, and furosemide.", "content": "Azosemide is a new monosulfamyl diuretic which inhibits solute transport throughout the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. This study compared equal amounts of azosemide and furosemide (20, 40, and 80 mg) in normal subjects. No differences occurred at any dose in volume, sodium, or chloride excretion when analyzed as cumulative excretion at 4, 8, or 12 hr. Azosemide 40 mg caused less potassium excretion than 40 mg of furosemide but there was no significant difference in the sodium/potassium excretion ratio. Analysis of the time course of effect showed that compared to furosemide azosemide tended to have a slower onset of effect. Differences in site of action studies between azosemide and furosemide did not manifest as differences in urinary or electrolyte excretion in our normal subjects.", "contents": "Azosemide, a \"loop\" diuretic, and furosemide. Azosemide is a new monosulfamyl diuretic which inhibits solute transport throughout the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. This study compared equal amounts of azosemide and furosemide (20, 40, and 80 mg) in normal subjects. No differences occurred at any dose in volume, sodium, or chloride excretion when analyzed as cumulative excretion at 4, 8, or 12 hr. Azosemide 40 mg caused less potassium excretion than 40 mg of furosemide but there was no significant difference in the sodium/potassium excretion ratio. Analysis of the time course of effect showed that compared to furosemide azosemide tended to have a slower onset of effect. Differences in site of action studies between azosemide and furosemide did not manifest as differences in urinary or electrolyte excretion in our normal subjects.", "PMID": 428188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14198", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: autonomic nervous mechanisms.", "content": "The contribution of autonomic nervous system activity to the cardiovascular effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was evaluated in 4 normal subjects. The peak heart rate rise after THC was attenuated by atropine and by propranolol, and nearly abolished by atropine-propranolol pretreatment. Blocking drugs also attenuated THC-induced changes in forearm blood flow and vascular resistance but did not affect changes in fingertip temperature. The data suggest that THC acts to induce sympathetic stimulation and parasympathetic inhibition of cardiovascular control pathways. Cardiovascular responses in an additional subject who developed hypertension after either intravenous or smoked marijuana are described.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: autonomic nervous mechanisms. The contribution of autonomic nervous system activity to the cardiovascular effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was evaluated in 4 normal subjects. The peak heart rate rise after THC was attenuated by atropine and by propranolol, and nearly abolished by atropine-propranolol pretreatment. Blocking drugs also attenuated THC-induced changes in forearm blood flow and vascular resistance but did not affect changes in fingertip temperature. The data suggest that THC acts to induce sympathetic stimulation and parasympathetic inhibition of cardiovascular control pathways. Cardiovascular responses in an additional subject who developed hypertension after either intravenous or smoked marijuana are described.", "PMID": 428189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14199", "title": "Caffeine metabolism in the newborn.", "content": "The concentrations of caffeine and metabolites in urine have been examined as a function of age to explore the remarkably slow elimination of caffeine by human infants. Urine samples were obtained from 3 adults and 10 infants aged 8 days to 8 months during therapeutic treatment with caffeine. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure involving reversed-phase partition chromatography was developed to separate caffeine and 13 of its metabolites. During the first month of life, caffeine accounted for more than 85% of the identifiable products in urine. Caffeine remained the predominant component for the first 3 months, but its percentage decreased gradually to the adult value of less than 2% by the age of 7 to 9 months. This change reflected increasing metabolite production, not decreasing urinary caffeine concentration. The adult metabolite pattern of partially demethylated xanthines and urates was attained by 7 to 9 months. The data indicate that the 4-day plasma t1/2 of caffeine characteristic of the newborn depends in large part on slow urinary excretion of unchanged drug since there is little or no metabolism. Subsequent decrease in the t1/2 to about 4 hr by the age of 8 months correlates closely with the rise in metabolite production.", "contents": "Caffeine metabolism in the newborn. The concentrations of caffeine and metabolites in urine have been examined as a function of age to explore the remarkably slow elimination of caffeine by human infants. Urine samples were obtained from 3 adults and 10 infants aged 8 days to 8 months during therapeutic treatment with caffeine. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure involving reversed-phase partition chromatography was developed to separate caffeine and 13 of its metabolites. During the first month of life, caffeine accounted for more than 85% of the identifiable products in urine. Caffeine remained the predominant component for the first 3 months, but its percentage decreased gradually to the adult value of less than 2% by the age of 7 to 9 months. This change reflected increasing metabolite production, not decreasing urinary caffeine concentration. The adult metabolite pattern of partially demethylated xanthines and urates was attained by 7 to 9 months. The data indicate that the 4-day plasma t1/2 of caffeine characteristic of the newborn depends in large part on slow urinary excretion of unchanged drug since there is little or no metabolism. Subsequent decrease in the t1/2 to about 4 hr by the age of 8 months correlates closely with the rise in metabolite production.", "PMID": 428190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14200", "title": "Cocaine metabolism: cocaine and norcocaine hydrolysis by liver and serum esterases.", "content": "The hydrolysis of cocaine and its N-demethylated product, norcocaine, by esterases was examined in liver and serum. Both liver and serum enzymatically formed ecgonine methyl ester from cocaine. The liver enzyme had a much lower affinity for cocaine than that of serum, indicating that a different form of esterase was present in liver. The liver enzyme had a similar affinity for both norcocaine and cocaine. Likewise, the serum enzyme showed similar affinities for both substrates. The Vmax estimates, however, were consistently higher for norcocaine than cocaine in both liver and serum. Benzoyl ecgonine, a major metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis, was not produced enzymatically in either serum or liver; the rate of spontaneous formation at physiological pH suggests that this metabolite may arise nonenzymatically in the body.", "contents": "Cocaine metabolism: cocaine and norcocaine hydrolysis by liver and serum esterases. The hydrolysis of cocaine and its N-demethylated product, norcocaine, by esterases was examined in liver and serum. Both liver and serum enzymatically formed ecgonine methyl ester from cocaine. The liver enzyme had a much lower affinity for cocaine than that of serum, indicating that a different form of esterase was present in liver. The liver enzyme had a similar affinity for both norcocaine and cocaine. Likewise, the serum enzyme showed similar affinities for both substrates. The Vmax estimates, however, were consistently higher for norcocaine than cocaine in both liver and serum. Benzoyl ecgonine, a major metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis, was not produced enzymatically in either serum or liver; the rate of spontaneous formation at physiological pH suggests that this metabolite may arise nonenzymatically in the body.", "PMID": 428191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14201", "title": "Serum concentration and phototoxic effect of methoxsalen in patients with psoriasis.", "content": "The correlation between serum concentration of methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen; 8-MOP) and phototoxic effect using long-wave ultraviolet light has been studied in 5 psoriatic patients. The maximum serum concentration occurred between 0.5 and 2 hr after oral administration of 0.6 mg/kg of methoxsalen. The lowest value for the minimum phototoxic dose (MPD), i.e., highest photosensitivity, was obtained between 1 and 2 hr. There was a significant negative correlation between the logarithm of the serum concentration and minimum phototoxic dose (MPD) (r = 0.780). Hence, the degree of photosensitivity appears to be related to the serum level of methoxsalen.", "contents": "Serum concentration and phototoxic effect of methoxsalen in patients with psoriasis. The correlation between serum concentration of methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen; 8-MOP) and phototoxic effect using long-wave ultraviolet light has been studied in 5 psoriatic patients. The maximum serum concentration occurred between 0.5 and 2 hr after oral administration of 0.6 mg/kg of methoxsalen. The lowest value for the minimum phototoxic dose (MPD), i.e., highest photosensitivity, was obtained between 1 and 2 hr. There was a significant negative correlation between the logarithm of the serum concentration and minimum phototoxic dose (MPD) (r = 0.780). Hence, the degree of photosensitivity appears to be related to the serum level of methoxsalen.", "PMID": 428192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14202", "title": "Chemotherapy for breast cancer.", "content": "Chemotherapy employed in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer effectively palliates the disease. Response rates to combination chemotherapy are high (greater than 50%); response durations, however, are still very short (less than 1 year). Future investigations must focus on the development of alternate maintenance regimens to improve response duration. Other areas for future study include the use of immunotherapy in conjunction with chemotherapy and the combination of chemotherapy and endocrine manipulation.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for breast cancer. Chemotherapy employed in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer effectively palliates the disease. Response rates to combination chemotherapy are high (greater than 50%); response durations, however, are still very short (less than 1 year). Future investigations must focus on the development of alternate maintenance regimens to improve response duration. Other areas for future study include the use of immunotherapy in conjunction with chemotherapy and the combination of chemotherapy and endocrine manipulation.", "PMID": 428200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14203", "title": "Randomized comparison of clinical performance of two copper-releasing IUDs, Nova-T and Copper-T-200, in Denmark, Finland and Sweden.", "content": "A randomized study was conducted simultaneously in three countries to compare the clinical performance of two new IUDs, the Nova-T and Copper-T-200. Forty-four persons, midwives, general practitioners, residents and specialists in obstetrics and gynecology inserted 907 Nova-Ts and 936 Copper-Ts. The pregnancy rate of Nova-T (0.7 at one year) was significantly lower than that of Copper-T (2.2 at one year). No significant differences were observed in other termination rates. The continuation rates were 72.6 for Nova-T and 71.3 for Copper-T-200. The total experience was based on 18,035 woman months of use, with a lost to follow-up of less than 7 per cent for both IUDs.", "contents": "Randomized comparison of clinical performance of two copper-releasing IUDs, Nova-T and Copper-T-200, in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. A randomized study was conducted simultaneously in three countries to compare the clinical performance of two new IUDs, the Nova-T and Copper-T-200. Forty-four persons, midwives, general practitioners, residents and specialists in obstetrics and gynecology inserted 907 Nova-Ts and 936 Copper-Ts. The pregnancy rate of Nova-T (0.7 at one year) was significantly lower than that of Copper-T (2.2 at one year). No significant differences were observed in other termination rates. The continuation rates were 72.6 for Nova-T and 71.3 for Copper-T-200. The total experience was based on 18,035 woman months of use, with a lost to follow-up of less than 7 per cent for both IUDs.", "PMID": 428219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14204", "title": "Combined and national experience of postmenstrual IUD insertions of Nova-T and Copper-T in a randomized study.", "content": "A randomized comparative study between Nova-T and Copper-T-200 was performed simultaneously in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. The results of 741 postmenstrual insertions with Nova-T and 780 with Copper-T are reported. The pregnancy rate of Nova-T was lower in every age and parity group. The pregnancy rate of Copper-T-200 varied in participating countries, whereas the pregnancy rate of Nova-T was equally low in every country. The termination rate because of expulsion with Nova-T was less affected by age and parity than that of Copper-T. Significant differences in the continuation rates with the same device were found between countries. Removals because of infection showed that women below 25 years of age had a high risk for infection regardless of parity.", "contents": "Combined and national experience of postmenstrual IUD insertions of Nova-T and Copper-T in a randomized study. A randomized comparative study between Nova-T and Copper-T-200 was performed simultaneously in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. The results of 741 postmenstrual insertions with Nova-T and 780 with Copper-T are reported. The pregnancy rate of Nova-T was lower in every age and parity group. The pregnancy rate of Copper-T-200 varied in participating countries, whereas the pregnancy rate of Nova-T was equally low in every country. The termination rate because of expulsion with Nova-T was less affected by age and parity than that of Copper-T. Significant differences in the continuation rates with the same device were found between countries. Removals because of infection showed that women below 25 years of age had a high risk for infection regardless of parity.", "PMID": 428220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14205", "title": "Serum prolactin levels in short-term and long-term use of inert plastic and copper intrauterine devices.", "content": "Serum prolactin values were assessed in 59 normally menstruating parous women; groups were divided with respect to short-term (6 weeks) and long-term (4-60 months) use of either the inert plastic IUD (Saf-T-Coil or Lippes Loop) or copper IUD (Cu-7). Preinsertion values served as controls in the short-term study while a separate control group using barrier contraception was used in the long-term study. Prospective analysis of short-term IUD use and retrospective analysis of long-term IUD use revealed no significant differences in mean hPRL compared to control values. Both short- and long-term mean values were within the normal range for serum hPRL. In addition, duration of use had no significant effect on hPRL values.", "contents": "Serum prolactin levels in short-term and long-term use of inert plastic and copper intrauterine devices. Serum prolactin values were assessed in 59 normally menstruating parous women; groups were divided with respect to short-term (6 weeks) and long-term (4-60 months) use of either the inert plastic IUD (Saf-T-Coil or Lippes Loop) or copper IUD (Cu-7). Preinsertion values served as controls in the short-term study while a separate control group using barrier contraception was used in the long-term study. Prospective analysis of short-term IUD use and retrospective analysis of long-term IUD use revealed no significant differences in mean hPRL compared to control values. Both short- and long-term mean values were within the normal range for serum hPRL. In addition, duration of use had no significant effect on hPRL values.", "PMID": 428221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14206", "title": "Efficacy and acceptability of intravenously administered sulprostone, a tissue-selective prostaglandin-E2 derivative, for induction of first-trimester abortion.", "content": "The abortifacient effect of a new tissue-selective prostaglandin E2-derivative, sulprostone, administered intravenously, has been investigated in 166 women in the the first trimester of pregnancy. Four different dose schedules (1.7 mcg/min for 5 or 10 hour--total dose 500 mcg or 1000 mcg, 2.8 mcg/min and 4.1 mcg/min for 6 hours--total dose 1000 mcg and 1500 mcg) have been evaluated. No absolute failures occurred and no severe complications or side-effects were recorded. Best results (high abortifacient efficacy and low systemic side-effects) were obtained by infusing 1000 mcg sulprostone in appr. 10 h. Our study indicates that sulprostone appears to have a high degree of acceptability.", "contents": "Efficacy and acceptability of intravenously administered sulprostone, a tissue-selective prostaglandin-E2 derivative, for induction of first-trimester abortion. The abortifacient effect of a new tissue-selective prostaglandin E2-derivative, sulprostone, administered intravenously, has been investigated in 166 women in the the first trimester of pregnancy. Four different dose schedules (1.7 mcg/min for 5 or 10 hour--total dose 500 mcg or 1000 mcg, 2.8 mcg/min and 4.1 mcg/min for 6 hours--total dose 1000 mcg and 1500 mcg) have been evaluated. No absolute failures occurred and no severe complications or side-effects were recorded. Best results (high abortifacient efficacy and low systemic side-effects) were obtained by infusing 1000 mcg sulprostone in appr. 10 h. Our study indicates that sulprostone appears to have a high degree of acceptability.", "PMID": 428222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14207", "title": "Rate of metabolism of norethisterone in women from different populations.", "content": "The rate of metabolism of orally administered norethisterone was compared in fourteen centres by measuring plasma levels of the steroid by radioimmunoassay at varying times after oral administration of a 1 mg dose. The inter-centre differences were of the same order as the intra-centre differences. Variations in metabolism appeared not to be due to variations in body size.", "contents": "Rate of metabolism of norethisterone in women from different populations. The rate of metabolism of orally administered norethisterone was compared in fourteen centres by measuring plasma levels of the steroid by radioimmunoassay at varying times after oral administration of a 1 mg dose. The inter-centre differences were of the same order as the intra-centre differences. Variations in metabolism appeared not to be due to variations in body size.", "PMID": 428223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14208", "title": "Morphologic studies on IUD-induced metrorrhagia. I. Endometrial changes and clinical correlations.", "content": "Morphologic studies on human hysterectomy specimens indicate the IUD elicits a vascular reaction which is most pronounced in the endometrium adjacent to the device. This reaction includes increased vascularity, congestion and increased permeability, and degeneration with defect formation. In addition, there is poor hemostatic responsiveness to vascular permeability and damage. The reaction leads to interstitial hemorrhage which undoubtedly causes metrorrhagia. A likely cause for initial vascular damage is mechanical stress transmitted by the IUD through the endometrium to its vascular network. Vascular reaction and poor hemostatic responsiveness may be perpetuated during each cycle by the products released from endothelial cell degeneration and necrosis. Bleeding is one of the most frequent complications leading to discontinuation of an otherwise effective form of long-term contraception and family spacing. Therefore, its solution could be of crucial importance to world-wide population control. Our findings suggest that better understanding of the mechanism of IUD-induced metrorrhagia should result from closer study of the endometrium adjacent to that which is compressed by the IUD.", "contents": "Morphologic studies on IUD-induced metrorrhagia. I. Endometrial changes and clinical correlations. Morphologic studies on human hysterectomy specimens indicate the IUD elicits a vascular reaction which is most pronounced in the endometrium adjacent to the device. This reaction includes increased vascularity, congestion and increased permeability, and degeneration with defect formation. In addition, there is poor hemostatic responsiveness to vascular permeability and damage. The reaction leads to interstitial hemorrhage which undoubtedly causes metrorrhagia. A likely cause for initial vascular damage is mechanical stress transmitted by the IUD through the endometrium to its vascular network. Vascular reaction and poor hemostatic responsiveness may be perpetuated during each cycle by the products released from endothelial cell degeneration and necrosis. Bleeding is one of the most frequent complications leading to discontinuation of an otherwise effective form of long-term contraception and family spacing. Therefore, its solution could be of crucial importance to world-wide population control. Our findings suggest that better understanding of the mechanism of IUD-induced metrorrhagia should result from closer study of the endometrium adjacent to that which is compressed by the IUD.", "PMID": 428224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14209", "title": "Morphologic studies on IUD-induced metrorrhagia. II. Surface changes of the endometrium and microscopic localization of bleeding sites.", "content": "Surface changes were extensively studied by light and electron microscopy in human endometrium exposed to IUD's. A wide variety of alterations in the covering epithelium and its basal lamina (basement membrane) was observed. These ranged from essentially no alteration to a covering basement membrane completely denuded of its epithelium. Erosions or discontinuities of the surface basement membrane were uncommon, and when they occurred were most often associated with extrusion of fluid and cellular elements from the stroma into the uterine lumen. Metrorrhagia associated with IUDs probably results from two basic types of hemorrhage through the endometrial surface. Tissue adjacent to the IUD with interstitial hemorrhage bleed into the uterine cavity by (1) red cell transmigration through surface membranes (surface epithelium and its basal lamina), and (2) high interstitial pressure breaks in these same membranes.", "contents": "Morphologic studies on IUD-induced metrorrhagia. II. Surface changes of the endometrium and microscopic localization of bleeding sites. Surface changes were extensively studied by light and electron microscopy in human endometrium exposed to IUD's. A wide variety of alterations in the covering epithelium and its basal lamina (basement membrane) was observed. These ranged from essentially no alteration to a covering basement membrane completely denuded of its epithelium. Erosions or discontinuities of the surface basement membrane were uncommon, and when they occurred were most often associated with extrusion of fluid and cellular elements from the stroma into the uterine lumen. Metrorrhagia associated with IUDs probably results from two basic types of hemorrhage through the endometrial surface. Tissue adjacent to the IUD with interstitial hemorrhage bleed into the uterine cavity by (1) red cell transmigration through surface membranes (surface epithelium and its basal lamina), and (2) high interstitial pressure breaks in these same membranes.", "PMID": 428225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14210", "title": "Immune reactivity of women on hormonal contraceptives: dinitrochlorobenzene sensitization test and skin reactivity to irritants.", "content": "To evaluate the influence of sex steroids on immunity in 87 women on hormonal contraceptives, sensitization tests were performed with the contact allergen, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Forty-five women were taking oral contraceptives of combined oestrogen/progestogen of the same brand (low oestrogenic and middle range progestogenic activity); 27 had received intramuscular injections of medroxyprogesterone acetate and 15 women were using a sequential pill. The results were compared with those of 44 women not taking contraceptive steroids and matched for age. In women on the combined pill and those who had received intramuscular progesterone, the mean DNCB reactivity was significantly increased (0.02 less than p less than 0.05 and 0.001 less than p less than 0.01, respectively), whereas women using a sequential pill proved to show a decreased skin reactivity in the oestrogenic phase of this pill. (p = 0.05). The changes observed proved to be specific, since no statistically significant differences in overall skin reactivity to irritants between the four groups of women could be observed. The clinical implications of these results have been considered.", "contents": "Immune reactivity of women on hormonal contraceptives: dinitrochlorobenzene sensitization test and skin reactivity to irritants. To evaluate the influence of sex steroids on immunity in 87 women on hormonal contraceptives, sensitization tests were performed with the contact allergen, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Forty-five women were taking oral contraceptives of combined oestrogen/progestogen of the same brand (low oestrogenic and middle range progestogenic activity); 27 had received intramuscular injections of medroxyprogesterone acetate and 15 women were using a sequential pill. The results were compared with those of 44 women not taking contraceptive steroids and matched for age. In women on the combined pill and those who had received intramuscular progesterone, the mean DNCB reactivity was significantly increased (0.02 less than p less than 0.05 and 0.001 less than p less than 0.01, respectively), whereas women using a sequential pill proved to show a decreased skin reactivity in the oestrogenic phase of this pill. (p = 0.05). The changes observed proved to be specific, since no statistically significant differences in overall skin reactivity to irritants between the four groups of women could be observed. The clinical implications of these results have been considered.", "PMID": 428226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14211", "title": "A prospective study of plasma prolactin levels in women using the progesterone releasing intrauterine device (P-IUD).", "content": "Plasma prolactin levels were measured by a radioimmunoassay technique in twenty-six women before and after six and twelve months of using a progesterone type intrauterine device. The results show no significant change in the prolactin levels and do not support a systemic effect of either the intrauterine device or the released progesterone.", "contents": "A prospective study of plasma prolactin levels in women using the progesterone releasing intrauterine device (P-IUD). Plasma prolactin levels were measured by a radioimmunoassay technique in twenty-six women before and after six and twelve months of using a progesterone type intrauterine device. The results show no significant change in the prolactin levels and do not support a systemic effect of either the intrauterine device or the released progesterone.", "PMID": 428227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14212", "title": "Acceptability of a nonsurgical method to terminate very early pregnancy in comparison to vacuum aspiration.", "content": "Seventy-seven patients applying for abortion during early pregnancy consented to be treated by prostaglandin vaginal suppositories or vacuum aspiration by Kahrman catheter in a random design. They also consented to participate in an acceptability study of the two procedures. Attitude and preference measures were obtained by interviewing and rating scales on three occasions: before assignment to abortion procedure, immediately after treatment, and two weeks later. The first 30 patients with complete abortion by either procedure participated in the acceptability study. Both treatments were positively evaluated but perceived to have very different characteristics. The preference for the method used for own treatment increased in both groups. Before treatment 1/3 of the patients in each group had a positive attitude to a self-administered method to induce abortion outside clinics. This proportion increased significantly after treatment but only in the group that received prostaglandin by the vaginal route.", "contents": "Acceptability of a nonsurgical method to terminate very early pregnancy in comparison to vacuum aspiration. Seventy-seven patients applying for abortion during early pregnancy consented to be treated by prostaglandin vaginal suppositories or vacuum aspiration by Kahrman catheter in a random design. They also consented to participate in an acceptability study of the two procedures. Attitude and preference measures were obtained by interviewing and rating scales on three occasions: before assignment to abortion procedure, immediately after treatment, and two weeks later. The first 30 patients with complete abortion by either procedure participated in the acceptability study. Both treatments were positively evaluated but perceived to have very different characteristics. The preference for the method used for own treatment increased in both groups. Before treatment 1/3 of the patients in each group had a positive attitude to a self-administered method to induce abortion outside clinics. This proportion increased significantly after treatment but only in the group that received prostaglandin by the vaginal route.", "PMID": 428228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14213", "title": "Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of norethisterone in women after oral doses of ethynodiol diacetate.", "content": "Measurement by radioimmunoassay of plasma norethisterone (NE) has been used to compare the bioavailability of tablets containing ethynodiol diacetate (EDA) with that of a standard oral solution of this progestogen in 12 normal women. The tablets investigated were from three batches which showed different in vitro dissolution rates. There were no significant differences in the bioavailability of the tablet formulations, which were essentially bioequivalent to the solution. Peak blood levels of NE were reached within 4h of EDA administration in solution or tablets. After the peak, NE plasma levels declined in two phases, with a mean terminal elimination half lives of 4 to 6.9h. The pharmacokinetics of NE after EDA administration showed some similarity to those observed by other workers after oral doses of NE itself.", "contents": "Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of norethisterone in women after oral doses of ethynodiol diacetate. Measurement by radioimmunoassay of plasma norethisterone (NE) has been used to compare the bioavailability of tablets containing ethynodiol diacetate (EDA) with that of a standard oral solution of this progestogen in 12 normal women. The tablets investigated were from three batches which showed different in vitro dissolution rates. There were no significant differences in the bioavailability of the tablet formulations, which were essentially bioequivalent to the solution. Peak blood levels of NE were reached within 4h of EDA administration in solution or tablets. After the peak, NE plasma levels declined in two phases, with a mean terminal elimination half lives of 4 to 6.9h. The pharmacokinetics of NE after EDA administration showed some similarity to those observed by other workers after oral doses of NE itself.", "PMID": 428229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14214", "title": "Metabolic and endocrine studies in women using norethindrone acetate implant.", "content": "Subcutaneously administered implant-D containing 40 mg of Norethindrone acetate in a single silastic implant was offered to 79 subjects who desired spacing of their family. The effect of constant release of steroid from this device on metabolic and endocrine functions was studied. Each subject in the pretreatment state served as her own control. The device was removed at 8 months initially and subsequently at 5-6 months. The clinical acceptability of this method was fairly high. The results reported in this study show that Norethindrone acetate administered in this way did not cause any adverse reactions on endocrine and metabolic functions as gauged by the parameters analysed.", "contents": "Metabolic and endocrine studies in women using norethindrone acetate implant. Subcutaneously administered implant-D containing 40 mg of Norethindrone acetate in a single silastic implant was offered to 79 subjects who desired spacing of their family. The effect of constant release of steroid from this device on metabolic and endocrine functions was studied. Each subject in the pretreatment state served as her own control. The device was removed at 8 months initially and subsequently at 5-6 months. The clinical acceptability of this method was fairly high. The results reported in this study show that Norethindrone acetate administered in this way did not cause any adverse reactions on endocrine and metabolic functions as gauged by the parameters analysed.", "PMID": 428230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14215", "title": "Antifertility effects of the steroid 5 alpha-stigmastane-3 beta, 5, 6 beta-triol 3-monobenzoate on mice.", "content": "The steroid 5 alpha-stigmastane-3 beta, 5, 6 beta-triol 3-monobenzoate at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight has 100% interceptive activity when administered orally in a single dose during 6-7 days of gestation but it has no action on pregnancy if treated on 10th, 13th or 16th day of pregnancy. The interceptive activity of the steroid is lost by simultaneous injection of prolactin, progesterone or LH.", "contents": "Antifertility effects of the steroid 5 alpha-stigmastane-3 beta, 5, 6 beta-triol 3-monobenzoate on mice. The steroid 5 alpha-stigmastane-3 beta, 5, 6 beta-triol 3-monobenzoate at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight has 100% interceptive activity when administered orally in a single dose during 6-7 days of gestation but it has no action on pregnancy if treated on 10th, 13th or 16th day of pregnancy. The interceptive activity of the steroid is lost by simultaneous injection of prolactin, progesterone or LH.", "PMID": 428231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14216", "title": "Copper T IUD use and ectopic pregnancy rates in the United States.", "content": "Over a four-year exposure period, the rate of ectopic pregnancy for women using a Copper T IUD was less than 1 per 1000 years of use. The cumulative 4-year probability of having an ectopic pregnancy while using the Copper T was 4 per 1000 women. These results are based on a study of 35,496 women with 38,064 years of use. Data on ectopic pregnancies in the United States provide a basis with which IUD experience may be compared. The National Hospital Discharge Survey shows a doubling in the number of ectopic pregnancies and in the incidence rates between 1965 and 1976. The relative risk of ectopic pregnancy among IUD users as compared with sexually active women not using the pill or sterilization may have been above 1 in 1965. In 1976, the relative risk is estimated to have been below 1. Compared with all woman-years of exposure, including women using contraceptive sterilization and the pill, the relative risk of extopic pregnancy to IUD users in 1976 was about 1. The IUD could not have been a major factor contributing to the recent doubling in the rate of ectopic pregnancy in the U.S.", "contents": "Copper T IUD use and ectopic pregnancy rates in the United States. Over a four-year exposure period, the rate of ectopic pregnancy for women using a Copper T IUD was less than 1 per 1000 years of use. The cumulative 4-year probability of having an ectopic pregnancy while using the Copper T was 4 per 1000 women. These results are based on a study of 35,496 women with 38,064 years of use. Data on ectopic pregnancies in the United States provide a basis with which IUD experience may be compared. The National Hospital Discharge Survey shows a doubling in the number of ectopic pregnancies and in the incidence rates between 1965 and 1976. The relative risk of ectopic pregnancy among IUD users as compared with sexually active women not using the pill or sterilization may have been above 1 in 1965. In 1976, the relative risk is estimated to have been below 1. Compared with all woman-years of exposure, including women using contraceptive sterilization and the pill, the relative risk of extopic pregnancy to IUD users in 1976 was about 1. The IUD could not have been a major factor contributing to the recent doubling in the rate of ectopic pregnancy in the U.S.", "PMID": 428232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14217", "title": "Induction of mid-term abortion by trichosanthin in laboratory animals.", "content": "Trichosanthin, a protein purified from the extract of the root tuber of Trichosanthis Kirilowii, Maxim, given once only induced midterm abortion in the mice and rabbits. The effective I.P. dose for the induction of abortion in 10- or 11-day pregnant mouse was 50 micrograms. In the rabbit a dose and state of pregnancy-dependent response to Trichosanthin-induced abortion was encountered. A dose as low as 0.5 mg Trichosanthin in 22-day pregnant rabbit was adequate but 2.0 mg was needed in 17-day pregnant rabbit. Attempts to terminate pregnancy in the rat and hamster using Trichosanthin was not successful even with higher doses. When compared with prostaglandin-F2 alpha, an established abortifacient, Trichosanthin appeared to be more effective and associated with less side effects in the induction of abortion in the rabbit. Trichosanthin was ineffective to terminate early pregnancy in the 4 species studied.", "contents": "Induction of mid-term abortion by trichosanthin in laboratory animals. Trichosanthin, a protein purified from the extract of the root tuber of Trichosanthis Kirilowii, Maxim, given once only induced midterm abortion in the mice and rabbits. The effective I.P. dose for the induction of abortion in 10- or 11-day pregnant mouse was 50 micrograms. In the rabbit a dose and state of pregnancy-dependent response to Trichosanthin-induced abortion was encountered. A dose as low as 0.5 mg Trichosanthin in 22-day pregnant rabbit was adequate but 2.0 mg was needed in 17-day pregnant rabbit. Attempts to terminate pregnancy in the rat and hamster using Trichosanthin was not successful even with higher doses. When compared with prostaglandin-F2 alpha, an established abortifacient, Trichosanthin appeared to be more effective and associated with less side effects in the induction of abortion in the rabbit. Trichosanthin was ineffective to terminate early pregnancy in the 4 species studied.", "PMID": 428233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14218", "title": "Indian experience with a single long-acting vaginal suppository for the termination of pregnancies.", "content": "The Indian Council of Medical Research conducted a multicentric trial with a single vaginal suppository containing 3 mg 15-Me-PGF2 alpha for terminating pregnancies. Success rate in the 290 women investigated was 79.2 per cent at 30 hours observation. The mean induction-abortion interval was 14.7 hours and the incidence of complete abortions was 58.3 per cent. Vomiting and diarrhoea were the most common side-effects noted. Vomiting was experienced by 72.3 per cent women and diarrhoea by 76.8 per cent. Although the vaginal route for administering 15-Me-PGF2 alpha is simple and the induction-abortion interval short, it is suggested that the combination of a vaginal suppository and prostaglandins intra-muscularly may lead to higher percentage of complete abortions.", "contents": "Indian experience with a single long-acting vaginal suppository for the termination of pregnancies. The Indian Council of Medical Research conducted a multicentric trial with a single vaginal suppository containing 3 mg 15-Me-PGF2 alpha for terminating pregnancies. Success rate in the 290 women investigated was 79.2 per cent at 30 hours observation. The mean induction-abortion interval was 14.7 hours and the incidence of complete abortions was 58.3 per cent. Vomiting and diarrhoea were the most common side-effects noted. Vomiting was experienced by 72.3 per cent women and diarrhoea by 76.8 per cent. Although the vaginal route for administering 15-Me-PGF2 alpha is simple and the induction-abortion interval short, it is suggested that the combination of a vaginal suppository and prostaglandins intra-muscularly may lead to higher percentage of complete abortions.", "PMID": 428234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14219", "title": "Plasma levels of norethindrone and effect upon ovarian function during treatment with silastic implants containing norethindrone.", "content": "The study was made to evaluate the effect upon the ovarian steroid pattern during treatment with subcutaneously implanted silastic rods containing norethindrone. Four rods, each containing 37 mg norethindrone (NET), were implanted subcutaneously in five women and left in place for 135--200 days. Plasma levels of NET, estradiol and progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassays. After an initial peak found in all subjects, the plasma level of NET declined. Great day-to-day variations of NET were found. Ovulations were suppressed during treatment in three subjects. One subject had regular ovulations throughout treatment and in one subject a single ovulation was recorded. Peaks of estradiol without subsequent ovulation were found in two subjects. The bleeding pattern was irregular; three subjects had varying degrees of spotting and bleeding, two subjects were amenorrheic. The average daily release rate was 300/micrograms, calculated from the amount of steroids lost from the removed rods. This study indicates that the release of steroid from four NET rods is high enough only initially to completely inhibit ovulation.", "contents": "Plasma levels of norethindrone and effect upon ovarian function during treatment with silastic implants containing norethindrone. The study was made to evaluate the effect upon the ovarian steroid pattern during treatment with subcutaneously implanted silastic rods containing norethindrone. Four rods, each containing 37 mg norethindrone (NET), were implanted subcutaneously in five women and left in place for 135--200 days. Plasma levels of NET, estradiol and progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassays. After an initial peak found in all subjects, the plasma level of NET declined. Great day-to-day variations of NET were found. Ovulations were suppressed during treatment in three subjects. One subject had regular ovulations throughout treatment and in one subject a single ovulation was recorded. Peaks of estradiol without subsequent ovulation were found in two subjects. The bleeding pattern was irregular; three subjects had varying degrees of spotting and bleeding, two subjects were amenorrheic. The average daily release rate was 300/micrograms, calculated from the amount of steroids lost from the removed rods. This study indicates that the release of steroid from four NET rods is high enough only initially to completely inhibit ovulation.", "PMID": 428235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14220", "title": "Renal venous thrombosis.", "content": "In neonates, thrombosis beginning in small renal veins and progressing to larger veins is best termed renal venous thrombosis (RVT) since the renal vein is not usually concerned. RVT occurs dominantly in the new-born and affects males more often than females (2:1). Hyperosmolality, maternal prediabetes and angiocardiography contribute to the occurrence or RVT. Early signs and symptoms are largely non-specific with the most reliable being the presence of haematuria (49%) or a palpably enlarged and hard kidney (60%). A falling platelet count, raised FDP level of falling plasminogen level support the diagnosis in 90% of cases. Radiology and nephrosonography are very useful in establishing the presence or absence and functional state of the kidneys. Therapy consists of the maintenance of homeostasis, minimization of spread, correction of uraemia and prevention of renal hypertension from a contracted functionless kidney by elective nephrectomy after 4--6 months. Heparin therapy and peritoneal dialysis have greatly improved the outlook in bilateral cases.", "contents": "Renal venous thrombosis. In neonates, thrombosis beginning in small renal veins and progressing to larger veins is best termed renal venous thrombosis (RVT) since the renal vein is not usually concerned. RVT occurs dominantly in the new-born and affects males more often than females (2:1). Hyperosmolality, maternal prediabetes and angiocardiography contribute to the occurrence or RVT. Early signs and symptoms are largely non-specific with the most reliable being the presence of haematuria (49%) or a palpably enlarged and hard kidney (60%). A falling platelet count, raised FDP level of falling plasminogen level support the diagnosis in 90% of cases. Radiology and nephrosonography are very useful in establishing the presence or absence and functional state of the kidneys. Therapy consists of the maintenance of homeostasis, minimization of spread, correction of uraemia and prevention of renal hypertension from a contracted functionless kidney by elective nephrectomy after 4--6 months. Heparin therapy and peritoneal dialysis have greatly improved the outlook in bilateral cases.", "PMID": 428238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14221", "title": "Introduction of antifolics in psoriasis. A twenty-five year retrospect of antineoplastic agents in nonmalignant disease.", "content": "Presented herein is a review of the beneficial use of the folic acid antagonist, aminopterin, in the treatment of psoriasis and other dermatologic disorders.", "contents": "Introduction of antifolics in psoriasis. A twenty-five year retrospect of antineoplastic agents in nonmalignant disease. Presented herein is a review of the beneficial use of the folic acid antagonist, aminopterin, in the treatment of psoriasis and other dermatologic disorders.", "PMID": 428250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14222", "title": "Cutaneous necrotizing venulitis.", "content": "The term vasculitis describes a variety of inflammatory changes in vessels. The most common type to affect the skin is a necrotizing venulitis associated with a neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltrate. The most frequent presentation is palpable purpura on the lower extremities, but the lesions may  include urticaria and ulcers. A diagnosis of cutaneous necrotizing venulitis obliges the physician to search for the cause, associated diseases, and the extent of the vascular involvement. Antigens, either in circulating immune complexes or as haptens bound to vessel proteins, are presumed to trigger immmune responses. The differentiation of large from small vessel disease and the prediction of systemic involvement may be difficult in a specific patient. Treatment, other than removal of the antigen, is theoretic or anecdotal.", "contents": "Cutaneous necrotizing venulitis. The term vasculitis describes a variety of inflammatory changes in vessels. The most common type to affect the skin is a necrotizing venulitis associated with a neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltrate. The most frequent presentation is palpable purpura on the lower extremities, but the lesions may  include urticaria and ulcers. A diagnosis of cutaneous necrotizing venulitis obliges the physician to search for the cause, associated diseases, and the extent of the vascular involvement. Antigens, either in circulating immune complexes or as haptens bound to vessel proteins, are presumed to trigger immmune responses. The differentiation of large from small vessel disease and the prediction of systemic involvement may be difficult in a specific patient. Treatment, other than removal of the antigen, is theoretic or anecdotal.", "PMID": 428251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14223", "title": "Effect of chronic combined glucocorticoid and estrogen on serum androgens and androgen binding in hirsutism.", "content": "Forth-six patients with hirsutism are presented herein. Twenty-four of these patients had menstrual irregularities. Treatment with 5 mg prednisone at bedtime, and 0.625 to 1.25 mg conjugated estrogens daily except during menses resulted in a signficant decrease in serum 17 beta-ol androgens, and an even more statistically significant increase in serum androgen binding. Thus the biochemical abnormalities associated with hirsutism were improved and no apparent side effects were observed.", "contents": "Effect of chronic combined glucocorticoid and estrogen on serum androgens and androgen binding in hirsutism. Forth-six patients with hirsutism are presented herein. Twenty-four of these patients had menstrual irregularities. Treatment with 5 mg prednisone at bedtime, and 0.625 to 1.25 mg conjugated estrogens daily except during menses resulted in a signficant decrease in serum 17 beta-ol androgens, and an even more statistically significant increase in serum androgen binding. Thus the biochemical abnormalities associated with hirsutism were improved and no apparent side effects were observed.", "PMID": 428252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14224", "title": "Puzzling posterior pigmented pruritic patches.", "content": "A rarely reported dermatologic condition occurring on the scapular area and characterized by itching and pigmentation is presented herein. Several possible etiologies are considered and a mechanism explaining the possible cause is described.", "contents": "Puzzling posterior pigmented pruritic patches. A rarely reported dermatologic condition occurring on the scapular area and characterized by itching and pigmentation is presented herein. Several possible etiologies are considered and a mechanism explaining the possible cause is described.", "PMID": 428253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14225", "title": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in an adult receiving diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "A woman who had been taking diphenylhydantoin presented with a classic picture of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, which has heretofore been reported exclusively in infants and children. The clinical history is presented herein.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in an adult receiving diphenylhydantoin. A woman who had been taking diphenylhydantoin presented with a classic picture of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, which has heretofore been reported exclusively in infants and children. The clinical history is presented herein.", "PMID": 428254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14226", "title": "The \"don'ts\" in treating psychocutaneous disease.", "content": "It is not difficult for the astute clinician to diagnose a psychocutaneous illness. However, the important question that arises in the mind of a sharp clinician is whether or not to confront the patient with this information, and if consultation and psychiatric treatment is warranted before the interpretation is made. Therefore, the dermatologist treating psychocutaneous illness must treat the patient as whole and must realize that certain interpretations, although obvious, must not be made to the patient when there is a great amount of psychic overlay.", "contents": "The \"don'ts\" in treating psychocutaneous disease. It is not difficult for the astute clinician to diagnose a psychocutaneous illness. However, the important question that arises in the mind of a sharp clinician is whether or not to confront the patient with this information, and if consultation and psychiatric treatment is warranted before the interpretation is made. Therefore, the dermatologist treating psychocutaneous illness must treat the patient as whole and must realize that certain interpretations, although obvious, must not be made to the patient when there is a great amount of psychic overlay.", "PMID": 428255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14227", "title": "Preparing the school-age child for adoption.", "content": "The development of an adoptive relationship for children who have been in the limbo of foster care is a continuous process. It is unrealistic to expect these families to live happily ever after. Agencies must begin developing regular services to meet the special needs of the families being created. To a large extent the issues that will have to be worked through relate to the stages of preparation outlined in this paper. Each stage in the child's growth may activate unresolved issues around the grief at the biological parents' rejection, confusion about identity or difficulty in working through problems. Future adoptive home recruitment must take this into account by providing training and other supports to families considering adopting the older child.", "contents": "Preparing the school-age child for adoption. The development of an adoptive relationship for children who have been in the limbo of foster care is a continuous process. It is unrealistic to expect these families to live happily ever after. Agencies must begin developing regular services to meet the special needs of the families being created. To a large extent the issues that will have to be worked through relate to the stages of preparation outlined in this paper. Each stage in the child's growth may activate unresolved issues around the grief at the biological parents' rejection, confusion about identity or difficulty in working through problems. Future adoptive home recruitment must take this into account by providing training and other supports to families considering adopting the older child.", "PMID": 428257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14228", "title": "Social work stress and personal belief.", "content": "In an era of accountability and the application of scientific techniques and business methods to social work, there is a danger of overlooking the magic inherent in the personal relationship.", "contents": "Social work stress and personal belief. In an era of accountability and the application of scientific techniques and business methods to social work, there is a danger of overlooking the magic inherent in the personal relationship.", "PMID": 428258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14229", "title": "Outward bound: a treatment modality unexplored by the social work profession.", "content": "The Outward Bound Experience has a strong yet time-limited impact on delinquent youths. Social workers could help maintain the impact by establishing community-based followup programs that would reinforce and sustain the positive attitudes and behaviors developed.", "contents": "Outward bound: a treatment modality unexplored by the social work profession. The Outward Bound Experience has a strong yet time-limited impact on delinquent youths. Social workers could help maintain the impact by establishing community-based followup programs that would reinforce and sustain the positive attitudes and behaviors developed.", "PMID": 428259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14230", "title": "Studies in heterochromatin DNA: accessibility of late replicating heterochromatin DNA in chromatin to micrococcal nuclease digestion.", "content": "Heterochromatin DNA in cactus mouse (Peromyscus eremicus) replicates in the late S phase of cell cycle. A method of obtaining cells which contain DNA preferentially labeled at heterochromatic areas by a pulse-labeling of late replicating DNA is described. When the nuclei of P. eremicus cells containing radioactively labeled DNA in heterochromatin were digested with micrococcal nuclease and the resultant nucleosomal DNA was separated by gel electrophoresis, it was found that the repeat length of nucleosomal DNA in the heterochromatin DNA is not different from that of the bulk of the genomic DNA. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the accessibility to digestion by micrococcal nuclease between the late replicating heterochromatin DNA and the total DNA under our digestion conditions. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis patterns of nucleosomal DNAs isolated from micrococcal nuclease digested nuclei from P. eremicus, P. collatus, and P. crinitus cells in culture were very similar. Cytogenetic data showed that these three species are different in heterochromatin but similar in euchromatin.", "contents": "Studies in heterochromatin DNA: accessibility of late replicating heterochromatin DNA in chromatin to micrococcal nuclease digestion. Heterochromatin DNA in cactus mouse (Peromyscus eremicus) replicates in the late S phase of cell cycle. A method of obtaining cells which contain DNA preferentially labeled at heterochromatic areas by a pulse-labeling of late replicating DNA is described. When the nuclei of P. eremicus cells containing radioactively labeled DNA in heterochromatin were digested with micrococcal nuclease and the resultant nucleosomal DNA was separated by gel electrophoresis, it was found that the repeat length of nucleosomal DNA in the heterochromatin DNA is not different from that of the bulk of the genomic DNA. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the accessibility to digestion by micrococcal nuclease between the late replicating heterochromatin DNA and the total DNA under our digestion conditions. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis patterns of nucleosomal DNAs isolated from micrococcal nuclease digested nuclei from P. eremicus, P. collatus, and P. crinitus cells in culture were very similar. Cytogenetic data showed that these three species are different in heterochromatin but similar in euchromatin.", "PMID": 428268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14231", "title": "The relation of radiation sensitivity to pronuclear chromosome structure. II. Differences in radiation sensitivty between two stocks of Phryne cincta characterized by low or high crossing-over frequency.", "content": "After treatment of spermatozoa of Phryne cincta from a Berlin population (bs) with low crossing-over and from an Alpine population (as) with high crossing-over frequency, egg mortality was ascertained and chromosomal mutation rate determined by examination of the polytene chromosomes of the F1 progeny. - The as stock exhibits a 1.33 times greater radiation sensitivity than the bs stock, both in chromosomal mutation and in egg mortality rates. There is no evidence that factors other than structural ones account for the differences in radiation sensitivity. From inversion length measurements, it was proposed that a reduction of the spiral diameter of the paternal pronucleus chromosomes is responsible for a higher site number and thereby for a greater radiation sensitivity.", "contents": "The relation of radiation sensitivity to pronuclear chromosome structure. II. Differences in radiation sensitivty between two stocks of Phryne cincta characterized by low or high crossing-over frequency. After treatment of spermatozoa of Phryne cincta from a Berlin population (bs) with low crossing-over and from an Alpine population (as) with high crossing-over frequency, egg mortality was ascertained and chromosomal mutation rate determined by examination of the polytene chromosomes of the F1 progeny. - The as stock exhibits a 1.33 times greater radiation sensitivity than the bs stock, both in chromosomal mutation and in egg mortality rates. There is no evidence that factors other than structural ones account for the differences in radiation sensitivity. From inversion length measurements, it was proposed that a reduction of the spiral diameter of the paternal pronucleus chromosomes is responsible for a higher site number and thereby for a greater radiation sensitivity.", "PMID": 428269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14232", "title": "Transcription and hybridization of 125I-cRNA from flow sorted chromosomes.", "content": "Metaphase chromosomes from the Chinese hamster cell line M3-1 were separated by means of a flow sorter. Two chromosome fractions were used for this study: A, which consisted of 95% pure chromosome no. 1, and B, which was 90% pure chromosome no. 2. The DNA of 10(6) chromosomes of each type was purified, and a 125I-cRNA transcript was synthesized in a reaction containing E. coli RNA polymerase and carrier-free 125I-CTP (1.7 Ci/mumole). The cRNA product synthesized with template DNA from 10(5) sorted chromosomes contained more than 10(6) dpm. The electrophoretic mobility profiles of the cRNAs on 7.5% SDS acrylamide gels demonstrated that more than 50% of the ribo-polymers were equal to or longer than marker E. coli met-tRNAf. In hybridization reactions 21% and 17% of the transcripts from Chinese hamster whole cell and sorted chromosome DNA hybridized to Chinese hamster DNA and did not hybridize significantly over background in reactions containing calf DNA at Crt values of 1.3 and 1.9 x 10(2) mole sec/l. Labelled cRNAs transcribed from the DNA of sorted chromosomes hybridized with the DNA of each sorted chromosome fractions at a Crt of 0.6 mole sec/l. This study demonstrated that the DNA can be (1) recovered from small numbers of highly purified flow sorted chromosomes, (2) used as template by E. coli RNA polymerase and (3) used to prepare a cRNA in reactions containing polymerase and carrier-free 125I-CTP to yield a product which can be employed for hybridization analysis.", "contents": "Transcription and hybridization of 125I-cRNA from flow sorted chromosomes. Metaphase chromosomes from the Chinese hamster cell line M3-1 were separated by means of a flow sorter. Two chromosome fractions were used for this study: A, which consisted of 95% pure chromosome no. 1, and B, which was 90% pure chromosome no. 2. The DNA of 10(6) chromosomes of each type was purified, and a 125I-cRNA transcript was synthesized in a reaction containing E. coli RNA polymerase and carrier-free 125I-CTP (1.7 Ci/mumole). The cRNA product synthesized with template DNA from 10(5) sorted chromosomes contained more than 10(6) dpm. The electrophoretic mobility profiles of the cRNAs on 7.5% SDS acrylamide gels demonstrated that more than 50% of the ribo-polymers were equal to or longer than marker E. coli met-tRNAf. In hybridization reactions 21% and 17% of the transcripts from Chinese hamster whole cell and sorted chromosome DNA hybridized to Chinese hamster DNA and did not hybridize significantly over background in reactions containing calf DNA at Crt values of 1.3 and 1.9 x 10(2) mole sec/l. Labelled cRNAs transcribed from the DNA of sorted chromosomes hybridized with the DNA of each sorted chromosome fractions at a Crt of 0.6 mole sec/l. This study demonstrated that the DNA can be (1) recovered from small numbers of highly purified flow sorted chromosomes, (2) used as template by E. coli RNA polymerase and (3) used to prepare a cRNA in reactions containing polymerase and carrier-free 125I-CTP to yield a product which can be employed for hybridization analysis.", "PMID": 428270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14233", "title": "Length heterogeneity of amplified circular rDNA molecules in oocytes of the house cricket Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae).", "content": "Amplification of the genes coding for rRNA occurs in the oocytes of a wide variety of organisms. The amplification process appears to be mediated through a rolling-circle mechanism. The approximate molecular weight of the smallest rDNA circles is equivalent to the estimated combined molecular weight of DNA which codes for a single ribosomal RNA precursor molecule and an associated non-transcribed spacer DNA sequence. RNA-DNA hybridization studies carried out on oocytes of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, suggest that DNA coding for rRNA accounts for only a small fraction of the rDNA satellite, all of which is amplified in the oocyte. In order to test the possibility that the remainder of the amplified rDNA represents spacer and to determine whether a rolling-circle mechanism might also be involved in amplification in A. domesticus oocytes, rDNA was isolated from ovaries of A. domesticus and spread for electron microscopy. A large proportion of the rDNA isolated from ovaries is circular, while main-band DNA and rDNA prepared from other tissues demonstrates few if any circles. The mean size of the smallest rDNA circles is approximately 8 times longer than the length estimated for DNA which codes for 18S and 28 S rRNA. Denaturation mapping shows the rDNA circles to contain two major readily denaturing regions located about equidistant from one another on the circle. Each readily denaturing region accounts for 4--6% of the total DNA in the circle. The fact that only 12% of the average molecule is required to code for A. domesticus 18S and 28S rRNA is consistent with the hybridization data. Considerable size heterogeneity exists in the length of the smallest class of rDNA molecules. In the rDNA of other species such heterogeneity has been shown to reside in the non-transcribed spacer.", "contents": "Length heterogeneity of amplified circular rDNA molecules in oocytes of the house cricket Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Amplification of the genes coding for rRNA occurs in the oocytes of a wide variety of organisms. The amplification process appears to be mediated through a rolling-circle mechanism. The approximate molecular weight of the smallest rDNA circles is equivalent to the estimated combined molecular weight of DNA which codes for a single ribosomal RNA precursor molecule and an associated non-transcribed spacer DNA sequence. RNA-DNA hybridization studies carried out on oocytes of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, suggest that DNA coding for rRNA accounts for only a small fraction of the rDNA satellite, all of which is amplified in the oocyte. In order to test the possibility that the remainder of the amplified rDNA represents spacer and to determine whether a rolling-circle mechanism might also be involved in amplification in A. domesticus oocytes, rDNA was isolated from ovaries of A. domesticus and spread for electron microscopy. A large proportion of the rDNA isolated from ovaries is circular, while main-band DNA and rDNA prepared from other tissues demonstrates few if any circles. The mean size of the smallest rDNA circles is approximately 8 times longer than the length estimated for DNA which codes for 18S and 28 S rRNA. Denaturation mapping shows the rDNA circles to contain two major readily denaturing regions located about equidistant from one another on the circle. Each readily denaturing region accounts for 4--6% of the total DNA in the circle. The fact that only 12% of the average molecule is required to code for A. domesticus 18S and 28S rRNA is consistent with the hybridization data. Considerable size heterogeneity exists in the length of the smallest class of rDNA molecules. In the rDNA of other species such heterogeneity has been shown to reside in the non-transcribed spacer.", "PMID": 428271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14234", "title": "In situ hybridization of highly repetitive DNA to chromosomes of Triturus cristatus.", "content": "Highly repetitive DNA of C0t 0--0.2 was purified from whole DNA of Triturus cristatus carnifex, labelled by nick translation, and in situ hybridized to RNA transcripts on the loops of lampbrush chromosomes and to the DNA of mitotic chromosomes from intestinal epithelium from the same species. The labelled DNA bound to 20--30 loops on the long arms of lampbrush bivalent 1, a pair of loops near the centromere on bivalent 10, and a number of other loops most of which were localized in pericentric regions. In mitotic preparations the same labelled DNA bound to the heteromorphic regions of the long arms of both chromosomes 1, and to the centromeric regions of all chromosomes. Centromeric labelling was light on chromosomes 4 and particularly clear on the 3 shortest chromosomes of the set. The heavy labelling of the heteromorphic arms of chromosome 1 is discussed in relation to several other peculiar properties of these arms, including their extraordinary lengths, their Giemsa banding patterns, and the absence of meiotic crossing over. It is suggested that insofar as the results with DNA/DNA hybridization and mitotic chromosomes match those obtained with the DNA/RNA-transcript hybridization and lampbrush chromosomes, confidence in the latter technique may be increased accordingly.", "contents": "In situ hybridization of highly repetitive DNA to chromosomes of Triturus cristatus. Highly repetitive DNA of C0t 0--0.2 was purified from whole DNA of Triturus cristatus carnifex, labelled by nick translation, and in situ hybridized to RNA transcripts on the loops of lampbrush chromosomes and to the DNA of mitotic chromosomes from intestinal epithelium from the same species. The labelled DNA bound to 20--30 loops on the long arms of lampbrush bivalent 1, a pair of loops near the centromere on bivalent 10, and a number of other loops most of which were localized in pericentric regions. In mitotic preparations the same labelled DNA bound to the heteromorphic regions of the long arms of both chromosomes 1, and to the centromeric regions of all chromosomes. Centromeric labelling was light on chromosomes 4 and particularly clear on the 3 shortest chromosomes of the set. The heavy labelling of the heteromorphic arms of chromosome 1 is discussed in relation to several other peculiar properties of these arms, including their extraordinary lengths, their Giemsa banding patterns, and the absence of meiotic crossing over. It is suggested that insofar as the results with DNA/DNA hybridization and mitotic chromosomes match those obtained with the DNA/RNA-transcript hybridization and lampbrush chromosomes, confidence in the latter technique may be increased accordingly.", "PMID": 428272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14235", "title": "Behaviour of sex chromosome associated satellite DNAs in somatic and germ cells in snakes.", "content": "Sex chromosome associated satellite DNAs is isolated from the snakes Elaphe radiata (sat III) (Singh et al., 1976) and Bungarus fasciatus (Elapidae) (minor satellite) are evolutionarily conserved throughout the suborder Ophidia. An autosome limited satellite DNA (B. fasciatus major satellite) is not similarly conserved. Both types of satellites have been studied by in situ hybridisation in various somatic tissues and germ cells where it has been observed that the W sex chromosome remains condensed in interphase nuclei. In growing oocytes however, the W chromosome satellite rich heterochromatin decondenses completely whilst the autosomal satellite rich regions remain condensed. Later, the cycle is reversed and the W chromosome condenses whilst the autosomal satellite regions decondense. In a primitive snake (Eryx johni johni) where the sex chromosomes are not differentiated and where there is no satellite DNA specific to them, these phenomena are absent. - The differential behaviour of autosomal and sex chromosome associated satellite DNAs is discussed in the light of gene regulation.", "contents": "Behaviour of sex chromosome associated satellite DNAs in somatic and germ cells in snakes. Sex chromosome associated satellite DNAs is isolated from the snakes Elaphe radiata (sat III) (Singh et al., 1976) and Bungarus fasciatus (Elapidae) (minor satellite) are evolutionarily conserved throughout the suborder Ophidia. An autosome limited satellite DNA (B. fasciatus major satellite) is not similarly conserved. Both types of satellites have been studied by in situ hybridisation in various somatic tissues and germ cells where it has been observed that the W sex chromosome remains condensed in interphase nuclei. In growing oocytes however, the W chromosome satellite rich heterochromatin decondenses completely whilst the autosomal satellite rich regions remain condensed. Later, the cycle is reversed and the W chromosome condenses whilst the autosomal satellite regions decondense. In a primitive snake (Eryx johni johni) where the sex chromosomes are not differentiated and where there is no satellite DNA specific to them, these phenomena are absent. - The differential behaviour of autosomal and sex chromosome associated satellite DNAs is discussed in the light of gene regulation.", "PMID": 428273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14236", "title": "Marked increase in ribosomal RNA gene multiplicity in a rat hepatoma cell line.", "content": "An H4-IIE-C3 hepatoma cell line derived from an ACI rat has been shown to have differentially stained regions attached to the short arms of chromosomes 3, 11 and 13 and the long arm of an unidentified small chromosome. There is cell to cell variability in the number and size of the differentially stained regions, which contain, on the average, about 5% of the total DNA. A series of secondary constrictions occur at intervals along the length of each differentially stained region. These stain with silver by the Ag-AS method, indicating that the differentially stained regions contain sites of active 45S ribosomal precursor RNA transcription. In situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes shows that the hepatoma cells have a 10 fold increase in DNA coding for 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA, 90% of it located in the differentially stained regions, and no change in the number of genes coding for 5S RNA. These results have been confirmed by filter disc hybridization.", "contents": "Marked increase in ribosomal RNA gene multiplicity in a rat hepatoma cell line. An H4-IIE-C3 hepatoma cell line derived from an ACI rat has been shown to have differentially stained regions attached to the short arms of chromosomes 3, 11 and 13 and the long arm of an unidentified small chromosome. There is cell to cell variability in the number and size of the differentially stained regions, which contain, on the average, about 5% of the total DNA. A series of secondary constrictions occur at intervals along the length of each differentially stained region. These stain with silver by the Ag-AS method, indicating that the differentially stained regions contain sites of active 45S ribosomal precursor RNA transcription. In situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes shows that the hepatoma cells have a 10 fold increase in DNA coding for 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA, 90% of it located in the differentially stained regions, and no change in the number of genes coding for 5S RNA. These results have been confirmed by filter disc hybridization.", "PMID": 428274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14237", "title": "The cancer-family syndrome: a pragmatic basis for syndrome identification.", "content": "We report a family manifesting the cancer-family syndrome in which 11 family members had colonic carcinomas (predominantly involving the proximal colon, in the absence of polyposis), with an average age at onset of 35 years. Three women had endometrial or endocervical cancers. The kindred is notable in that its full evaluation was predicated upon the recognition of features consistent with the cancer-family syndrome in only two sisters. The ascertainment and evaluation of the kindred demonstrates the clinical utility of regarding such criteria (early cancer onset, multiple primary cancers, proximal colonic involvement) as a basis for selecting cases for more thorough family-history evaluation. Although such selection criteria are not pathognomonic for the syndrome, identification of a more extensive family cancer history sometimes enables the initiation of a highly specific cancer surveillance program. Specific attention has been given to the problems of screening patients at risk for the development of proximal colonic cancer, an important feature of the cancer-family syndrome. Innovative operative management is also indicated, such as total colectomy for initial colonic cancer, and consideration of prophylactic hysterectomy for women with colonic cancer (because of the high risk of development of endometrial carcinoma).", "contents": "The cancer-family syndrome: a pragmatic basis for syndrome identification. We report a family manifesting the cancer-family syndrome in which 11 family members had colonic carcinomas (predominantly involving the proximal colon, in the absence of polyposis), with an average age at onset of 35 years. Three women had endometrial or endocervical cancers. The kindred is notable in that its full evaluation was predicated upon the recognition of features consistent with the cancer-family syndrome in only two sisters. The ascertainment and evaluation of the kindred demonstrates the clinical utility of regarding such criteria (early cancer onset, multiple primary cancers, proximal colonic involvement) as a basis for selecting cases for more thorough family-history evaluation. Although such selection criteria are not pathognomonic for the syndrome, identification of a more extensive family cancer history sometimes enables the initiation of a highly specific cancer surveillance program. Specific attention has been given to the problems of screening patients at risk for the development of proximal colonic cancer, an important feature of the cancer-family syndrome. Innovative operative management is also indicated, such as total colectomy for initial colonic cancer, and consideration of prophylactic hysterectomy for women with colonic cancer (because of the high risk of development of endometrial carcinoma).", "PMID": 428275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14238", "title": "Prolapse of the rectum in young men: treatment with a modified Roscoe Graham operation.", "content": "Twenty-two cases of massive rectal prolapse were treated by the modified Roscoe Graham procedure. In this series, the disease was more common in young men. Intestinal schistosomiasis was present in most cases. The value of the technique in maintaining normal ejaculatory function is discussed.", "contents": "Prolapse of the rectum in young men: treatment with a modified Roscoe Graham operation. Twenty-two cases of massive rectal prolapse were treated by the modified Roscoe Graham procedure. In this series, the disease was more common in young men. Intestinal schistosomiasis was present in most cases. The value of the technique in maintaining normal ejaculatory function is discussed.", "PMID": 428276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14239", "title": "Late development of colorectal cancer subsequent to pelvic irradiation.", "content": "Two cases of irradiation-associated carcinoma of the colon are reported and the literature reviewed. The clinical courses and operative difficulties in treating these patients are emphasized. The necessity for life-long follow-up examinations with proctoscopic and barium-enema evaluations in high-risk patients is stressed. Irradiation-associated carcinoma of the colon occurs almost exclusively in women, but should be investigated in patients of either sex who live for long periods after pelvic irradiation.", "contents": "Late development of colorectal cancer subsequent to pelvic irradiation. Two cases of irradiation-associated carcinoma of the colon are reported and the literature reviewed. The clinical courses and operative difficulties in treating these patients are emphasized. The necessity for life-long follow-up examinations with proctoscopic and barium-enema evaluations in high-risk patients is stressed. Irradiation-associated carcinoma of the colon occurs almost exclusively in women, but should be investigated in patients of either sex who live for long periods after pelvic irradiation.", "PMID": 428278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14240", "title": "Intussusception with incarceration of a cystadenoma of the appendix: case report and review of the complications of appendiceal adenomas.", "content": "Fifty benign epithelial neoplasms were encountered during the examination of more than 30,000 appendectomy specimens in the Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, Columbia University. In 44 cases, the neoplasms were papillary cystadenomas; in 11 of these cases, there were complications, all thought to have been caused by abnormal accumulations of mucus. We have reported a unique case of an incarcerated intussusception, and attempted to explain the pathogenesis of this unusual complication. We have also summarized the existing medical literature on the subject of intussusception of adenomatous lesions of the appendix.", "contents": "Intussusception with incarceration of a cystadenoma of the appendix: case report and review of the complications of appendiceal adenomas. Fifty benign epithelial neoplasms were encountered during the examination of more than 30,000 appendectomy specimens in the Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, Columbia University. In 44 cases, the neoplasms were papillary cystadenomas; in 11 of these cases, there were complications, all thought to have been caused by abnormal accumulations of mucus. We have reported a unique case of an incarcerated intussusception, and attempted to explain the pathogenesis of this unusual complication. We have also summarized the existing medical literature on the subject of intussusception of adenomatous lesions of the appendix.", "PMID": 428280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14241", "title": "The significance of a \"positive\" rectal examination in acute appendicitis.", "content": "The results of rectal examinations of 495 patients with suspected acute appendicitis were correlated with six other variables from the patients' histories and results of physical examinations. Positive rectal examination results were recorded for 46 per cent of all patients with acute appendicitis and for 53 per cent of those with normal appendices. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis should not be based solely or primarily on the results of the rectal examination. The examination should, however, be performed in all suspected cases of appendicitis to rule out gynecologic and urologic disease.", "contents": "The significance of a \"positive\" rectal examination in acute appendicitis. The results of rectal examinations of 495 patients with suspected acute appendicitis were correlated with six other variables from the patients' histories and results of physical examinations. Positive rectal examination results were recorded for 46 per cent of all patients with acute appendicitis and for 53 per cent of those with normal appendices. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis should not be based solely or primarily on the results of the rectal examination. The examination should, however, be performed in all suspected cases of appendicitis to rule out gynecologic and urologic disease.", "PMID": 428284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14242", "title": "Effect of bovine pancreatic polypeptide on basal pancreatic and biliary outputs in man.", "content": "Basal pancreatic and biliary outputs were examined in seven healthy volunteers during intravenous infusion of bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) at a mean dose of 320 pmol/kg/hr. BPP significantly (P less than 0.02) inhibited outputs of trypsin and bilirubin, without affecting bicarbonate. These studies suggest the possibility that pancreatic polypeptide may have a role in the regulation of biliary and pancreatic enzyme secretion in man.", "contents": "Effect of bovine pancreatic polypeptide on basal pancreatic and biliary outputs in man. Basal pancreatic and biliary outputs were examined in seven healthy volunteers during intravenous infusion of bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) at a mean dose of 320 pmol/kg/hr. BPP significantly (P less than 0.02) inhibited outputs of trypsin and bilirubin, without affecting bicarbonate. These studies suggest the possibility that pancreatic polypeptide may have a role in the regulation of biliary and pancreatic enzyme secretion in man.", "PMID": 428286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14243", "title": "Renal hemodynamics and the renin--angiotensin system in cirrhosis: relationship to sodium retention.", "content": "Renal hemodynamics and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system were investigated in 15 cirrhotic patients without renal failure on controlled sodium intake of 140-160 mEq/day and related to the degree of sodium retention as measured by urinary sodium excretion. Fourteen patients were free of clinical ascites when studied. The distribution of renal blood flow was measured by the noninvasive technique of computerized radioisotope renography. In 11 patients, outer cortical renal plasma flow, expressed as a percentage of total effective renal plasma flow, was directly proportional to sodium excretion (P less than or equal to 0.01). Three patients with severe sodium retention (UNa.V less than or equal to 10 mEq) had estimated outer cortical renal plasma flows of less than or equal to 274 ml/min/1.73 M2 as compared to eight cirrhotics with better (UNa.V greater than or equal to 50 mEq) sodium tolerance (mean = 438 ml/min/1.73 M2). A significant inverse correlation (P less than or equal to 0.01) existed between outer renal cortical blood flow and plasma renin activity. No significant relationship was observed between glomerular filtration rate, total effective renal plasma flow, plasma aldosterone concentration and sodium excretion. These results provide further evidence that a renal vascular abnormality exists in cirrhosis, and that diminished outer cortical renal perfusion is related to the elevated renin levels and sodium intolerance observed in cirrhotic patients.", "contents": "Renal hemodynamics and the renin--angiotensin system in cirrhosis: relationship to sodium retention. Renal hemodynamics and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system were investigated in 15 cirrhotic patients without renal failure on controlled sodium intake of 140-160 mEq/day and related to the degree of sodium retention as measured by urinary sodium excretion. Fourteen patients were free of clinical ascites when studied. The distribution of renal blood flow was measured by the noninvasive technique of computerized radioisotope renography. In 11 patients, outer cortical renal plasma flow, expressed as a percentage of total effective renal plasma flow, was directly proportional to sodium excretion (P less than or equal to 0.01). Three patients with severe sodium retention (UNa.V less than or equal to 10 mEq) had estimated outer cortical renal plasma flows of less than or equal to 274 ml/min/1.73 M2 as compared to eight cirrhotics with better (UNa.V greater than or equal to 50 mEq) sodium tolerance (mean = 438 ml/min/1.73 M2). A significant inverse correlation (P less than or equal to 0.01) existed between outer renal cortical blood flow and plasma renin activity. No significant relationship was observed between glomerular filtration rate, total effective renal plasma flow, plasma aldosterone concentration and sodium excretion. These results provide further evidence that a renal vascular abnormality exists in cirrhosis, and that diminished outer cortical renal perfusion is related to the elevated renin levels and sodium intolerance observed in cirrhotic patients.", "PMID": 428287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14244", "title": "Sensitivity of bile acid breath test in the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine with and without the stagnant (blind) loop syndrome.", "content": "The bile acid breath test was studied to examine its sensitivity for establishing the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth in comparison to that of the Schilling test and small-intestinal cultures in 12 patients with a stagnant (blind) loop syndrome, as well as in 38 patients who had other conditions with suspected bacterial contamination of the small intestine. The presence of bile acid malabsorption was excluded in all 50 patients by studies of fecal excretion of radioactively labeled bile acids. The bile acid breath test was positive in 100% (12/12) of the patients with a stagnant (blind) loop syndrome, whereas 92% (11/12) had a positive Schilling test and 75% (9/12) a positive small-intestinal culture. The abnormal tests improved only in 2 of 4 patients treated with tetracycline. In the group of 38 patients without demonstrable dilated or blind loops of small bowel who were suspected of having bacterial contamination of small bowel, the bile acid breath test was positive in 53% (20/38), the Schilling test in 39% (15/38), and the small-intestinal culture in 45% (17/38). The difference in the incidence of positive results between the tests in the two patient groups was statistically not significant. The findings of these studies have the following diagnostic implications: (1) Bile acid breath test, Schilling test, and cultures of aspirates from the upper small bowel are of comparable sensitivity in the detection of bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. (2) A negative bile acid breath test makes the diagnosis of a stagnant (blind) loop syndrome very unlikely.", "contents": "Sensitivity of bile acid breath test in the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine with and without the stagnant (blind) loop syndrome. The bile acid breath test was studied to examine its sensitivity for establishing the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth in comparison to that of the Schilling test and small-intestinal cultures in 12 patients with a stagnant (blind) loop syndrome, as well as in 38 patients who had other conditions with suspected bacterial contamination of the small intestine. The presence of bile acid malabsorption was excluded in all 50 patients by studies of fecal excretion of radioactively labeled bile acids. The bile acid breath test was positive in 100% (12/12) of the patients with a stagnant (blind) loop syndrome, whereas 92% (11/12) had a positive Schilling test and 75% (9/12) a positive small-intestinal culture. The abnormal tests improved only in 2 of 4 patients treated with tetracycline. In the group of 38 patients without demonstrable dilated or blind loops of small bowel who were suspected of having bacterial contamination of small bowel, the bile acid breath test was positive in 53% (20/38), the Schilling test in 39% (15/38), and the small-intestinal culture in 45% (17/38). The difference in the incidence of positive results between the tests in the two patient groups was statistically not significant. The findings of these studies have the following diagnostic implications: (1) Bile acid breath test, Schilling test, and cultures of aspirates from the upper small bowel are of comparable sensitivity in the detection of bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. (2) A negative bile acid breath test makes the diagnosis of a stagnant (blind) loop syndrome very unlikely.", "PMID": 428288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14245", "title": "Liver involvement in secondary syphilis.", "content": "The results of biochemical assessment of liver function are reported in 18 patients with secondary syphilis. In 9 of the patients, enzyme abnormalities were found and the most consistant abnormality was an elevated alkaline phosphatase. Six of the patients had a liver biopsy before treatment and the main findings were mononuclear cell infiltration around the central veins and portal tracts. In all patients, the biochemical abnormality returned to normal with treatment of the syphilis.", "contents": "Liver involvement in secondary syphilis. The results of biochemical assessment of liver function are reported in 18 patients with secondary syphilis. In 9 of the patients, enzyme abnormalities were found and the most consistant abnormality was an elevated alkaline phosphatase. Six of the patients had a liver biopsy before treatment and the main findings were mononuclear cell infiltration around the central veins and portal tracts. In all patients, the biochemical abnormality returned to normal with treatment of the syphilis.", "PMID": 428289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14246", "title": "Gastritic glandularis et cystica profunda: a report of three cases with discussion of etiology and pathogenesis.", "content": "Three cases of gastritis glandularis et cystica profunda are presented, two associated with severe chronic gastritis and the other with invasive gastric carcinoma and chronic gastritis. This poorly known entity consists of benign downgrowths of deep gastric glands through the muscularis mucosae into the submucosa. The pattern is primarily adenomatous with secondary cyst formation, which varies in extent and severity. The lesion is related to the chronic gastritis but why it should occur so rarely in such a common condition as chronic gastritis remains obscure. More documented cases are needed before a meaningful analysis can be attempted.", "contents": "Gastritic glandularis et cystica profunda: a report of three cases with discussion of etiology and pathogenesis. Three cases of gastritis glandularis et cystica profunda are presented, two associated with severe chronic gastritis and the other with invasive gastric carcinoma and chronic gastritis. This poorly known entity consists of benign downgrowths of deep gastric glands through the muscularis mucosae into the submucosa. The pattern is primarily adenomatous with secondary cyst formation, which varies in extent and severity. The lesion is related to the chronic gastritis but why it should occur so rarely in such a common condition as chronic gastritis remains obscure. More documented cases are needed before a meaningful analysis can be attempted.", "PMID": 428290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14247", "title": "Value of pancreatic-type isoamylase assay as an index of pancreatic insufficiency.", "content": "The study here reported was undertaken to assess the value of assay of the specific isoamylase form arising from the pancreas (P-type) as an index of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Measurements were made of serum total amylase activity, serum P-type isoamylase activity, and the amount of P-type isoamylase relative to creatinine (Upam/Ucr) in the urine in a series of patients with clinically suspected chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic insufficiency as determined from the pancreatic secretory response to secretin stimulation. Abnormally low values for P-type isoamylase in the serum and urine of these patients were infrequent. Conversely, values within the normal ranges for serum P-type isoamylase and Upam/Ucr were common. It is concluded that while subnormal values for P-type isoamylase in the serum and urine may be viewed as supportive evidence for pancreatic insufficiency, failure to find such values does not exclude this condition.", "contents": "Value of pancreatic-type isoamylase assay as an index of pancreatic insufficiency. The study here reported was undertaken to assess the value of assay of the specific isoamylase form arising from the pancreas (P-type) as an index of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Measurements were made of serum total amylase activity, serum P-type isoamylase activity, and the amount of P-type isoamylase relative to creatinine (Upam/Ucr) in the urine in a series of patients with clinically suspected chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic insufficiency as determined from the pancreatic secretory response to secretin stimulation. Abnormally low values for P-type isoamylase in the serum and urine of these patients were infrequent. Conversely, values within the normal ranges for serum P-type isoamylase and Upam/Ucr were common. It is concluded that while subnormal values for P-type isoamylase in the serum and urine may be viewed as supportive evidence for pancreatic insufficiency, failure to find such values does not exclude this condition.", "PMID": 428291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14248", "title": "Afferent loop obstruction presenting as obstructive jaundice.", "content": "The first case of obstructive jaundice secondary to a chronic afferent loop obstruction has been reported. The cause of the obstructed afferent loop was found to be a carcinoma of the gastric pouch occurring 25 years after surgery for peptic ulcer disease. The failure to develop any evidence of pancreatitis despite marked dilatation of the biliary tree and gall bladder suggests the existence of an independent functioning pancreatic sphincter, perhaps the sphincter of Boyden.", "contents": "Afferent loop obstruction presenting as obstructive jaundice. The first case of obstructive jaundice secondary to a chronic afferent loop obstruction has been reported. The cause of the obstructed afferent loop was found to be a carcinoma of the gastric pouch occurring 25 years after surgery for peptic ulcer disease. The failure to develop any evidence of pancreatitis despite marked dilatation of the biliary tree and gall bladder suggests the existence of an independent functioning pancreatic sphincter, perhaps the sphincter of Boyden.", "PMID": 428293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14249", "title": "Twelve-year history of gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient with calcific aortic stenosis and hemorrhagic telangiectasia.", "content": "A case has been presented of a patient with a 12-year history of unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding who developed severe aortic stenosis. Small telangiectasia were finally noted on his lip and gastroscopy revealed gastric and duodenal telangiectasia though he had no history of epistaxis and an unremarkable family history. Patients with aortic stenosis and unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding should be carefully evaluated for hemorrhagic telangiectasia in spite of a negative family history and no visible evidence of telangiectasia.", "contents": "Twelve-year history of gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient with calcific aortic stenosis and hemorrhagic telangiectasia. A case has been presented of a patient with a 12-year history of unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding who developed severe aortic stenosis. Small telangiectasia were finally noted on his lip and gastroscopy revealed gastric and duodenal telangiectasia though he had no history of epistaxis and an unremarkable family history. Patients with aortic stenosis and unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding should be carefully evaluated for hemorrhagic telangiectasia in spite of a negative family history and no visible evidence of telangiectasia.", "PMID": 428294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14250", "title": "Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid administration on biliary lipid composition and bile acid kinetics in cholesterol gallstone patients.", "content": "The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on bile lipid composition and bile acid kinetics was evaluated in seven cholesterol gallstone patients following one month of UDCA administration (12 mg/kg/day). UDCA administration induces a significant reduction in the cholesterol saturation index (SI). After UDCA treatment, UDCA becomes the predominant biliary bile acid while chenodeoxycholic, cholic, and deoxycholic acid are significantly reduced. UDCA pool significantly increases, and chenodeoxycholic, cholic, and total bile acid pools significantly decrease. The reduction in bile lithogenicity during UDCA administration suggests that UDCA may be useful for cholesterol gallstone treatment in man.", "contents": "Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid administration on biliary lipid composition and bile acid kinetics in cholesterol gallstone patients. The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on bile lipid composition and bile acid kinetics was evaluated in seven cholesterol gallstone patients following one month of UDCA administration (12 mg/kg/day). UDCA administration induces a significant reduction in the cholesterol saturation index (SI). After UDCA treatment, UDCA becomes the predominant biliary bile acid while chenodeoxycholic, cholic, and deoxycholic acid are significantly reduced. UDCA pool significantly increases, and chenodeoxycholic, cholic, and total bile acid pools significantly decrease. The reduction in bile lithogenicity during UDCA administration suggests that UDCA may be useful for cholesterol gallstone treatment in man.", "PMID": 428300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14251", "title": "Ischemic hepatitis.", "content": "Seven patients with cardiovascular disease had clinical episodes and marked transaminase elevations that suggested viral hepatitis, but all had morphologic evidence (from liver biopsy or autopsy specimens) that documented centrilobular necrosis (ischemic hepatitis) with no evidence of viral or drug injury. Several also had moderate or marked passive congestion of the liver so the liver biopsies of 15 additional patients were retrospectively reviewed. In this latter group congestion alone was associated with normal or minimal elevation in transaminases while all patients with notable (greater than 5 times normal) transaminase elevations had centrilobular necrosis. Congestion alone, no matter how severe or prolonged, seems to do little if any damage to the liver. Centrilobular necrosis, or ischemic hepatitis, correlates with significant hypertransaminasemia, appears to result from failure of hepatic perfusion (with or without preceding hypotension), and presents with clinical and laboratory manifestations that suggest viral hepatitis.", "contents": "Ischemic hepatitis. Seven patients with cardiovascular disease had clinical episodes and marked transaminase elevations that suggested viral hepatitis, but all had morphologic evidence (from liver biopsy or autopsy specimens) that documented centrilobular necrosis (ischemic hepatitis) with no evidence of viral or drug injury. Several also had moderate or marked passive congestion of the liver so the liver biopsies of 15 additional patients were retrospectively reviewed. In this latter group congestion alone was associated with normal or minimal elevation in transaminases while all patients with notable (greater than 5 times normal) transaminase elevations had centrilobular necrosis. Congestion alone, no matter how severe or prolonged, seems to do little if any damage to the liver. Centrilobular necrosis, or ischemic hepatitis, correlates with significant hypertransaminasemia, appears to result from failure of hepatic perfusion (with or without preceding hypotension), and presents with clinical and laboratory manifestations that suggest viral hepatitis.", "PMID": 428301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14252", "title": "Analysis of ascitic fluid in cirrhosis.", "content": "In order to determine the composition of \"normal\" ascitic fluid, the results of analysis of the first paracentesis on 347 consecutive cirrhotic patients with ascites at the West Haven Veterans Administration Hospital between 1955 and 1976 were examined. The ascites was considered \"normal\" in 259 patients. Bacterial peritonitis was present in 51, malignant ascites in 18, pancreatitic ascites in 15, and ascites of other types in 4 patients. Normal ascites is sterile, usually clear, and contains 281 +/- 25 leukocytes/mm3 (mean +/- SEM), 27 +/- 2% of which are polymorphonuclear. In spontaneous bacterial peritonitis the fluid is usually cloudy, contains 6084 +/- 858 white blood cells/mm3, 77 +/- 4% of which were PMN and culture is positive for a single bacterial species, usually enteric in origin. Malignant and pancreatitis ascites are sterile, often cloudy, and contain an average of 696 +/- 273 and 1821 +/- 833 leukocytes/mm3, respectively, about half of which are polymorphonuclear. Amylase activity is increased in pancreatitic ascites, but not in other types of ascites. Stained smears of sediment for bacteria are often positive in bacterial peritonitis, but not in the other categories. Neither the specific gravity, protein concentration, nor glucose level is useful in the differential diagnosis of ascites. Based on the critical number of leukocytes alone, (500/mm3), one can accurately differentiate infected from uninfected fluid in over 90% of ascitic patients.", "contents": "Analysis of ascitic fluid in cirrhosis. In order to determine the composition of \"normal\" ascitic fluid, the results of analysis of the first paracentesis on 347 consecutive cirrhotic patients with ascites at the West Haven Veterans Administration Hospital between 1955 and 1976 were examined. The ascites was considered \"normal\" in 259 patients. Bacterial peritonitis was present in 51, malignant ascites in 18, pancreatitic ascites in 15, and ascites of other types in 4 patients. Normal ascites is sterile, usually clear, and contains 281 +/- 25 leukocytes/mm3 (mean +/- SEM), 27 +/- 2% of which are polymorphonuclear. In spontaneous bacterial peritonitis the fluid is usually cloudy, contains 6084 +/- 858 white blood cells/mm3, 77 +/- 4% of which were PMN and culture is positive for a single bacterial species, usually enteric in origin. Malignant and pancreatitis ascites are sterile, often cloudy, and contain an average of 696 +/- 273 and 1821 +/- 833 leukocytes/mm3, respectively, about half of which are polymorphonuclear. Amylase activity is increased in pancreatitic ascites, but not in other types of ascites. Stained smears of sediment for bacteria are often positive in bacterial peritonitis, but not in the other categories. Neither the specific gravity, protein concentration, nor glucose level is useful in the differential diagnosis of ascites. Based on the critical number of leukocytes alone, (500/mm3), one can accurately differentiate infected from uninfected fluid in over 90% of ascitic patients.", "PMID": 428302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14253", "title": "Rapid development of cirrhosis secondary to squamous cell carcinoma of the common bile duct.", "content": "A 68-year-old male underwent cholecystectomy with a normal operative wedge liver biopsy. Five months later he presented with secondary biliary cirrhosis and signs of portal hypertension and hepatocellular failure. At autopsy, a squamous cell carcinoma of the bile duct was found. This case represents an unusually rapid development of cirrhosis secondary to extrahepatic biliary obstruction with documentation of normal liver histology five months prior to his last admission.", "contents": "Rapid development of cirrhosis secondary to squamous cell carcinoma of the common bile duct. A 68-year-old male underwent cholecystectomy with a normal operative wedge liver biopsy. Five months later he presented with secondary biliary cirrhosis and signs of portal hypertension and hepatocellular failure. At autopsy, a squamous cell carcinoma of the bile duct was found. This case represents an unusually rapid development of cirrhosis secondary to extrahepatic biliary obstruction with documentation of normal liver histology five months prior to his last admission.", "PMID": 428305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14254", "title": "[Skateboards: a dangerous toy? (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighteen persons (average age 12.4 years) with injuries from skateboard accidents were admitted between 1 March to 5 June, 1977--4.4% of all accidents and 7.5% of all sports accidents treated during this interval. These kinds of accidents are now in fourth place as to frequency, after accidents during play (81), bicycling (45), football (35) and motorcycling (28). To avoid skateboard accidents attention must be paid to technically high-grade equipment, reasonable skill and training, and restriction of skateboarding to enclosed areas, as well as protective clothing.", "contents": "[Skateboards: a dangerous toy? (author's transl)]. Eighteen persons (average age 12.4 years) with injuries from skateboard accidents were admitted between 1 March to 5 June, 1977--4.4% of all accidents and 7.5% of all sports accidents treated during this interval. These kinds of accidents are now in fourth place as to frequency, after accidents during play (81), bicycling (45), football (35) and motorcycling (28). To avoid skateboard accidents attention must be paid to technically high-grade equipment, reasonable skill and training, and restriction of skateboarding to enclosed areas, as well as protective clothing.", "PMID": 428326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14255", "title": "[Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with the Okuda or Chiba needle (author's transl)].", "content": "Introduction of the thin flexible needle (Chiba or Okuda needle) has revived percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, even though there are more recent methods of investigating the biliary tract. Personal results in 65 patients demonstrate that the needle can be successfully introduced in all instances, as long as the biliary tracts are dilated, the success rate being 68% if they are not. The complication rate was 9.2%, but there was no death.", "contents": "[Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with the Okuda or Chiba needle (author's transl)]. Introduction of the thin flexible needle (Chiba or Okuda needle) has revived percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, even though there are more recent methods of investigating the biliary tract. Personal results in 65 patients demonstrate that the needle can be successfully introduced in all instances, as long as the biliary tracts are dilated, the success rate being 68% if they are not. The complication rate was 9.2%, but there was no death.", "PMID": 428328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14256", "title": "[Eosinophilia and reticulo-nodular lung changes: a problem in differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A 55-year-old patient with reticulo-nodular infiltrations of both lungs and eosinophila had previously been living in the tropics for several months. The clinical triad suggested filarial infection. But the final diagnosis proved to be metastasizing adenocardinoma of the lung, as demonstrated at autopsy.", "contents": "[Eosinophilia and reticulo-nodular lung changes: a problem in differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. A 55-year-old patient with reticulo-nodular infiltrations of both lungs and eosinophila had previously been living in the tropics for several months. The clinical triad suggested filarial infection. But the final diagnosis proved to be metastasizing adenocardinoma of the lung, as demonstrated at autopsy.", "PMID": 428329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14257", "title": "[Participation of health centers in the training of technical and auxiliary personnel].", "content": "The authors propose that the training of technicians and auxiliaries for health institutions must be geared to the historic, economic, and cultural setting of the health problems in a given region. To this end, training and health establishments must set for themselves coordinated, specific objectives designed to meet the community's real health needs. They suggest that a training service be set up in health centers, with programs based on the participation of teachers and trainees and designed to bring the latter into direct contact with the health problems they will encounter in their future employment.", "contents": "[Participation of health centers in the training of technical and auxiliary personnel]. The authors propose that the training of technicians and auxiliaries for health institutions must be geared to the historic, economic, and cultural setting of the health problems in a given region. To this end, training and health establishments must set for themselves coordinated, specific objectives designed to meet the community's real health needs. They suggest that a training service be set up in health centers, with programs based on the participation of teachers and trainees and designed to bring the latter into direct contact with the health problems they will encounter in their future employment.", "PMID": 428334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14258", "title": "Implications of off-shore medical schools in the Commonwealth Caribbean.", "content": "Facilities existing and planned in the University of the West Indies for training the medical manpower requirements of the Caribbean Commonwealth are adequate and can be extended to meet additional future needs. No valid justification exists, therefore, for the development in the area of off-shore medical schools promoted by profit-oriented entrepreneurs who have little or no experience in medical education and aimed principally at students from the United States who have failed to secure admission to an American medical school. Such students are liable to experience serious disappointments either in transferring to the United States for the clinical half of their course or in qualifying for entrance to postgraduate training programs sponsored by American educational authorities. Participation in the establishment of such medical schools has already generated unfavorable publicity, which can be ill-afforded by the countries of the English-speaking Caribbean.", "contents": "Implications of off-shore medical schools in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Facilities existing and planned in the University of the West Indies for training the medical manpower requirements of the Caribbean Commonwealth are adequate and can be extended to meet additional future needs. No valid justification exists, therefore, for the development in the area of off-shore medical schools promoted by profit-oriented entrepreneurs who have little or no experience in medical education and aimed principally at students from the United States who have failed to secure admission to an American medical school. Such students are liable to experience serious disappointments either in transferring to the United States for the clinical half of their course or in qualifying for entrance to postgraduate training programs sponsored by American educational authorities. Participation in the establishment of such medical schools has already generated unfavorable publicity, which can be ill-afforded by the countries of the English-speaking Caribbean.", "PMID": 428335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14259", "title": "[Development of human resources for working in environmental health].", "content": "This paper was presented as a reference document in the First Meeting of the PAHO/WHO Textbook Program Committee for the Teaching of Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences, held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, from 24 to 26 November 1977. It analyzes the human resource development process in terms of the basic components: planning, development itself, and utilization. Its principal objectives are: to encourage the performance of studies and research on human resources in environmental health as sources of information for taking decisions, making policy, and drawing up training plans; to suggest ways of improving the quality of education and training services; to encourage the development of suitable techniques and methods for determining human resource needs; and to highlight some recent studies and publications on human resources in relation to environmental problems.", "contents": "[Development of human resources for working in environmental health]. This paper was presented as a reference document in the First Meeting of the PAHO/WHO Textbook Program Committee for the Teaching of Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences, held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, from 24 to 26 November 1977. It analyzes the human resource development process in terms of the basic components: planning, development itself, and utilization. Its principal objectives are: to encourage the performance of studies and research on human resources in environmental health as sources of information for taking decisions, making policy, and drawing up training plans; to suggest ways of improving the quality of education and training services; to encourage the development of suitable techniques and methods for determining human resource needs; and to highlight some recent studies and publications on human resources in relation to environmental problems.", "PMID": 428336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14260", "title": "Follow-up study of chronic gastric erosions.", "content": "Chronic gastric erosions were detected with a frequency of 4.4% in 8,468 patients over the six year period from 1971 to 1977. The lesions were usually multiple, chain-like or clustered, along the greater curvature. The age group most often afflicted was the 50-60 year olds, and male predominance were three to one. In one-third of the cases, chronic erosions were found in combination with gastric or duodenal ulceration. Longterm observation of 64 patients over a period of four and a half years revealed no change in the condition in 50%, increase, decrease or complete disappearance of the lesions were found in the remaining 50%. In 10% chain-like multiple erosions developed into a persisting fold in the gastric mucosa. No evidence suggesting that erosive lesions lead to chronic ulceration or development of either polyps or malignancy within 4 1/2 years was recorded, nor was there any association with gastric protein loss.", "contents": "Follow-up study of chronic gastric erosions. Chronic gastric erosions were detected with a frequency of 4.4% in 8,468 patients over the six year period from 1971 to 1977. The lesions were usually multiple, chain-like or clustered, along the greater curvature. The age group most often afflicted was the 50-60 year olds, and male predominance were three to one. In one-third of the cases, chronic erosions were found in combination with gastric or duodenal ulceration. Longterm observation of 64 patients over a period of four and a half years revealed no change in the condition in 50%, increase, decrease or complete disappearance of the lesions were found in the remaining 50%. In 10% chain-like multiple erosions developed into a persisting fold in the gastric mucosa. No evidence suggesting that erosive lesions lead to chronic ulceration or development of either polyps or malignancy within 4 1/2 years was recorded, nor was there any association with gastric protein loss.", "PMID": 428345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14261", "title": "Gastroduodenal candidiasis occurring without underlying diseases (primary gastroduodenal candidiasis). Report on two cases.", "content": "Two cases of primary and isolated gastroduodenal candidiasis are described. The diagnosis of the mycotic infection was based on the discovery of hyphae in the biopsy obtained through the gastroscope (Olympus GIF-K). Clinical, endoscopic and histologic appearances are discussed.", "contents": "Gastroduodenal candidiasis occurring without underlying diseases (primary gastroduodenal candidiasis). Report on two cases. Two cases of primary and isolated gastroduodenal candidiasis are described. The diagnosis of the mycotic infection was based on the discovery of hyphae in the biopsy obtained through the gastroscope (Olympus GIF-K). Clinical, endoscopic and histologic appearances are discussed.", "PMID": 428346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14262", "title": "Endoscopic monitoring of the gastric lesser curve following proximal gastric vagotomy.", "content": "The lesser curve gastric mucosa was examined endoscopically in 60 patients, 3 to 6 days after performing proximal gastric vagotomy. Minor and equivocal changes were seen in only 3 patients. Three patients had adjunctive splenectomy but did not show any evidence of mucosal vascular insufficiency in the proximal stomach. Our findings do not confirm a report from other investigators of lesser curve gastric ulceration attributed to partial ischaemia short of lesser curve necrosis. Endoscopy should be considered in patients developing unexplained features following proximal gastric vagotomy.", "contents": "Endoscopic monitoring of the gastric lesser curve following proximal gastric vagotomy. The lesser curve gastric mucosa was examined endoscopically in 60 patients, 3 to 6 days after performing proximal gastric vagotomy. Minor and equivocal changes were seen in only 3 patients. Three patients had adjunctive splenectomy but did not show any evidence of mucosal vascular insufficiency in the proximal stomach. Our findings do not confirm a report from other investigators of lesser curve gastric ulceration attributed to partial ischaemia short of lesser curve necrosis. Endoscopy should be considered in patients developing unexplained features following proximal gastric vagotomy.", "PMID": 428348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14263", "title": "The choledochoscopic and histopathological grading of choledochitis.", "content": "The choledochoscopic photographs of 91 and 119 patients with cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis respectively were reviewed on the basis of endoscopic grading. By analogy with the system of the grading, the diseases were also divided into four histopathological gradings. Choledochoscopy provides an alternative approach to the diagnosis of choledochitis, which is also corroborated by the histopathological data in calculous diseases.", "contents": "The choledochoscopic and histopathological grading of choledochitis. The choledochoscopic photographs of 91 and 119 patients with cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis respectively were reviewed on the basis of endoscopic grading. By analogy with the system of the grading, the diseases were also divided into four histopathological gradings. Choledochoscopy provides an alternative approach to the diagnosis of choledochitis, which is also corroborated by the histopathological data in calculous diseases.", "PMID": 428349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14264", "title": "Diminutive colonic polyps--clinical significance and management.", "content": "Of 300 diminutive polyps (up to 5 mm) found at colonoscopy, 114 were neoplastic (37 per cent) and thus possible precursors of carcinoma. This suggests that all colonic polyps, regardless of size, should if possible be extirpated or coagulated. As polyps of this small size often escape detection roentgenologically, especially by conventional technique, colonoscopy should be extended to involve the entire colon. This is because diminutive polyps, especially of neoplastic type, are common also in the proximal part of the colon.", "contents": "Diminutive colonic polyps--clinical significance and management. Of 300 diminutive polyps (up to 5 mm) found at colonoscopy, 114 were neoplastic (37 per cent) and thus possible precursors of carcinoma. This suggests that all colonic polyps, regardless of size, should if possible be extirpated or coagulated. As polyps of this small size often escape detection roentgenologically, especially by conventional technique, colonoscopy should be extended to involve the entire colon. This is because diminutive polyps, especially of neoplastic type, are common also in the proximal part of the colon.", "PMID": 428350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14265", "title": "Endoscopic duct obstruction in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Ligation of Wirsung's duct or obstruction with a glue may be an alternative to pancreatectomy in patients with intractable pain due to chronic relapsing pancreatitis. In 10 patients obstruction of Wirsung's duct was performed via endoscopic retrograde instillation of an alcoholic aminoacid solution into the ductal system. All patients became free of symptoms within one week; no complications were seen. Long-term follow-up data, however, suggest that clinical improvement may be persistent in only about 50 per cent of the patients. Further data are necessary before endoscopic obstruction of Wirsung's duct can be recommended as a conservative method in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Endoscopic duct obstruction in chronic pancreatitis. Ligation of Wirsung's duct or obstruction with a glue may be an alternative to pancreatectomy in patients with intractable pain due to chronic relapsing pancreatitis. In 10 patients obstruction of Wirsung's duct was performed via endoscopic retrograde instillation of an alcoholic aminoacid solution into the ductal system. All patients became free of symptoms within one week; no complications were seen. Long-term follow-up data, however, suggest that clinical improvement may be persistent in only about 50 per cent of the patients. Further data are necessary before endoscopic obstruction of Wirsung's duct can be recommended as a conservative method in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 428351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14266", "title": "Bipolar snare polypectomy--a safer technique for electrocoagulation of large polyp stalks.", "content": "Conventional colonoscopic snare polypectomy for large polyps with stalk diameter of 1.5 cm or more carries a significant risk of haemorrhage after transection, probably due to \"leak currents\". The use of a return-electrode applied to the base of the polyp after snaring instead of the conventional patient-plate permits bi-polar polypectomy which is both safer and more efficient.", "contents": "Bipolar snare polypectomy--a safer technique for electrocoagulation of large polyp stalks. Conventional colonoscopic snare polypectomy for large polyps with stalk diameter of 1.5 cm or more carries a significant risk of haemorrhage after transection, probably due to \"leak currents\". The use of a return-electrode applied to the base of the polyp after snaring instead of the conventional patient-plate permits bi-polar polypectomy which is both safer and more efficient.", "PMID": 428352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14267", "title": "Mediastinal lymph node biopsy in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Mediastinoscopy, in the skilled hands of a thoracic surgeon has proved to be a safe, cosmetically accepted procedure with negligible complications. It has yielded a high rate of diagnostic lymph node tissue; overall greater than 82% among patients with sarcoidosis, including patients presenting with pulmonary mottling only or with a normal chest radiograph. Among patients with lymphatic tuberculosis it enabled the isolation of human M. tuberculosis following culture of the lymph node removed on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium in greater than 79% of cases. A precise histological diagnosis was obtained in all 14 patients presenting with hilar and/or paratracheal lymphadenopathy attributable to malignant disease.", "contents": "Mediastinal lymph node biopsy in sarcoidosis. Mediastinoscopy, in the skilled hands of a thoracic surgeon has proved to be a safe, cosmetically accepted procedure with negligible complications. It has yielded a high rate of diagnostic lymph node tissue; overall greater than 82% among patients with sarcoidosis, including patients presenting with pulmonary mottling only or with a normal chest radiograph. Among patients with lymphatic tuberculosis it enabled the isolation of human M. tuberculosis following culture of the lymph node removed on L\u00f6wenstein-Jensen medium in greater than 79% of cases. A precise histological diagnosis was obtained in all 14 patients presenting with hilar and/or paratracheal lymphadenopathy attributable to malignant disease.", "PMID": 428353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14268", "title": "Endoscopic perforation of the hypopharynx: anatomy of a disaster.", "content": "An initially unrecognized endoscopic perforation of the hypopharynx provided a rare photograhic record of endoscopic appearances from within the mediastinum. The problem of endoscopic perforations is briefly reviewed and analyzed.", "contents": "Endoscopic perforation of the hypopharynx: anatomy of a disaster. An initially unrecognized endoscopic perforation of the hypopharynx provided a rare photograhic record of endoscopic appearances from within the mediastinum. The problem of endoscopic perforations is briefly reviewed and analyzed.", "PMID": 428354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14269", "title": "Leiomyosarcomatosis of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "A case report of a patient suffering from diffuse leiomyosarcomatosis of the gastrointestinal tract is presented. The endoscopic features of the lesions localized in the stomach, the small bowel and the colon are compared with the radiological data. A description of the pathology of these polypoid lesions is given. The origin of this widespread leiomyosarcomatosis of the gastrointestinal system is discussed.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcomatosis of the gastrointestinal tract. A case report of a patient suffering from diffuse leiomyosarcomatosis of the gastrointestinal tract is presented. The endoscopic features of the lesions localized in the stomach, the small bowel and the colon are compared with the radiological data. A description of the pathology of these polypoid lesions is given. The origin of this widespread leiomyosarcomatosis of the gastrointestinal system is discussed.", "PMID": 428355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14270", "title": "Purulent cholangitis and hepatic abscess after choledochoduodenostomy diagnosed by ERCP.", "content": "The authors report on a case of purulent cholangitis and hepatic abscess developing 5 years after choledochoduodenostomy, diagnosed by means of ERCP. They believe viscous pus adhering to the wall of the bile ducts to be responsible, as a mechanical factor, for causing the inhibiting bile discharge. After the ERCP examination, the patient became free from complaints, and could be discharged.", "contents": "Purulent cholangitis and hepatic abscess after choledochoduodenostomy diagnosed by ERCP. The authors report on a case of purulent cholangitis and hepatic abscess developing 5 years after choledochoduodenostomy, diagnosed by means of ERCP. They believe viscous pus adhering to the wall of the bile ducts to be responsible, as a mechanical factor, for causing the inhibiting bile discharge. After the ERCP examination, the patient became free from complaints, and could be discharged.", "PMID": 428356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14271", "title": "Phonocardiography in the horse: 1. The intracardiac phonocardiogram.", "content": "Using microtransducers, the intracardiac phonocardiogram was recorded in 8 horses from the right heart and in 6 of them also on the left side. All 4 heart sounds were recorded but not in all sites. Their timing was related to pressure events. Systolic ejection murmurs were recorded in both the pulmonary artery and the aorta. Diastolic murmurs were recorded in 2 horses with aortic regurgitation, with maximum amplitude in the left ventricle. The findings were similar to those reported in man and agree with some of the recent concepts on heart sound production.", "contents": "Phonocardiography in the horse: 1. The intracardiac phonocardiogram. Using microtransducers, the intracardiac phonocardiogram was recorded in 8 horses from the right heart and in 6 of them also on the left side. All 4 heart sounds were recorded but not in all sites. Their timing was related to pressure events. Systolic ejection murmurs were recorded in both the pulmonary artery and the aorta. Diastolic murmurs were recorded in 2 horses with aortic regurgitation, with maximum amplitude in the left ventricle. The findings were similar to those reported in man and agree with some of the recent concepts on heart sound production.", "PMID": 428358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14272", "title": "Atresia of the nasolacrimal orifice in two thoroughbreds.", "content": "Two cases of bilateral atresia of the nasolacrimal orifice are described. The presenting sign was a persistent ocular discharge, clear in the one case and purulent in the other. Treatment by the creation of a fistula between the distal extremity of the blind ending duct and the nasal cavity was successful in both cases.", "contents": "Atresia of the nasolacrimal orifice in two thoroughbreds. Two cases of bilateral atresia of the nasolacrimal orifice are described. The presenting sign was a persistent ocular discharge, clear in the one case and purulent in the other. Treatment by the creation of a fistula between the distal extremity of the blind ending duct and the nasal cavity was successful in both cases.", "PMID": 428359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14273", "title": "Radiographic evidence of impaired pulmonary function in laterally recumbent anaesthetised horses.", "content": "Studies in conscious and anaesthetised ponies demonstrated that starvation, anaesthesia and changes in body position influence the radiographic appearance of the lungs in the lateral and dorsoventral views. Radiographic appearances could not be closely correlated with blood gas values, but they suggested that the volume of the lowermost lung of the laterally recumbent animal is greatly reduced.", "contents": "Radiographic evidence of impaired pulmonary function in laterally recumbent anaesthetised horses. Studies in conscious and anaesthetised ponies demonstrated that starvation, anaesthesia and changes in body position influence the radiographic appearance of the lungs in the lateral and dorsoventral views. Radiographic appearances could not be closely correlated with blood gas values, but they suggested that the volume of the lowermost lung of the laterally recumbent animal is greatly reduced.", "PMID": 428360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14274", "title": "Treatment of periocular tumours of horses using radioactive gold198 grains.", "content": "The literature is briefly reviewed concerning the clinical features of equine cutaneous tumours. The data from 19 horses with periocular skin tumours are reported together with the results of their treatment by implantation with radioactive gold198. The principles governing the implantation of radioactive sources are explained and a method for computing the initial activity of the sources is outlined. Five histologically different tumour types were treated in this series of 19 horses, 2 horses were bilaterally affected. The techniques of implantation using a simple needle/stillette combination and a purpose built gold grain implantation gun are described and the postoperative course of the animals is traced. The treatment was successful in ablating the tumour mass and preventing regrowth in 19 of 21 periocular tumour groups. The cosmetic effects of the treatment were found to be satisfactory. Emphasis is laid on the care needed in handling the radioactive material and on the need for a thorough understanding of the principles involved in radiotherapy. Doses received by the operator during an implantation procedure are quoted which show that the technique is safe as well as being effective.", "contents": "Treatment of periocular tumours of horses using radioactive gold198 grains. The literature is briefly reviewed concerning the clinical features of equine cutaneous tumours. The data from 19 horses with periocular skin tumours are reported together with the results of their treatment by implantation with radioactive gold198. The principles governing the implantation of radioactive sources are explained and a method for computing the initial activity of the sources is outlined. Five histologically different tumour types were treated in this series of 19 horses, 2 horses were bilaterally affected. The techniques of implantation using a simple needle/stillette combination and a purpose built gold grain implantation gun are described and the postoperative course of the animals is traced. The treatment was successful in ablating the tumour mass and preventing regrowth in 19 of 21 periocular tumour groups. The cosmetic effects of the treatment were found to be satisfactory. Emphasis is laid on the care needed in handling the radioactive material and on the need for a thorough understanding of the principles involved in radiotherapy. Doses received by the operator during an implantation procedure are quoted which show that the technique is safe as well as being effective.", "PMID": 428361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14275", "title": "Paradoxical excitement following the intravenous administration of azaperone in the horse.", "content": "The rapid intravenous administration of the butyrophenone tranquilliser, azaperone, at a dose rate of 0.29-0.57 mg/kg body weight resulted in the immediate onset of excitement and ataxia of varying degree in over half the animals. The severity of the reaction appeared to be related to the size of the animal. Other side effects such as salivation, sweating, muscle tremor and vocalisation were also observed. The possible causes of this paradoxical reaction to the tranquilliser are discussed.", "contents": "Paradoxical excitement following the intravenous administration of azaperone in the horse. The rapid intravenous administration of the butyrophenone tranquilliser, azaperone, at a dose rate of 0.29-0.57 mg/kg body weight resulted in the immediate onset of excitement and ataxia of varying degree in over half the animals. The severity of the reaction appeared to be related to the size of the animal. Other side effects such as salivation, sweating, muscle tremor and vocalisation were also observed. The possible causes of this paradoxical reaction to the tranquilliser are discussed.", "PMID": 428362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14276", "title": "Body composition of the horse.", "content": "Seventeen horses were dissected and their organs and tissues weighed. The results of these dissections are presented together with comparisons of the data with that already available in the literature. Predictive equations for organs and tissue weights are also given which were derived by comparison of linear and allometric regression models using 4 different body weight indices.", "contents": "Body composition of the horse. Seventeen horses were dissected and their organs and tissues weighed. The results of these dissections are presented together with comparisons of the data with that already available in the literature. Predictive equations for organs and tissue weights are also given which were derived by comparison of linear and allometric regression models using 4 different body weight indices.", "PMID": 428363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14277", "title": "Fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones in thoroughbred foals.", "content": "Eighteen cases of fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones in Thoroughbred foals are described. Most of the fractures were in foals under 2 months old and all but one occurred in the forelegs. The bones commonly fractured when the foal galloped to exhaustion trying to keep up with its dam in the paddock. The types of fracture varied but a simple fracture of the medial sesamoid was most frequent and the majority were towards the base of the bone. Six foals sustained a fracture of more than one sesamoid bone and one foal fractured all 4 proximal sesamoid bones in its front legs. Treatment included box rest and the surgical removal of the separated piece of sesamoid bone. Only 3 of the foals treated have raced. One of these was treated surgically.", "contents": "Fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones in thoroughbred foals. Eighteen cases of fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones in Thoroughbred foals are described. Most of the fractures were in foals under 2 months old and all but one occurred in the forelegs. The bones commonly fractured when the foal galloped to exhaustion trying to keep up with its dam in the paddock. The types of fracture varied but a simple fracture of the medial sesamoid was most frequent and the majority were towards the base of the bone. Six foals sustained a fracture of more than one sesamoid bone and one foal fractured all 4 proximal sesamoid bones in its front legs. Treatment included box rest and the surgical removal of the separated piece of sesamoid bone. Only 3 of the foals treated have raced. One of these was treated surgically.", "PMID": 428364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14278", "title": "Pre-renal azotaemia in a pony with an oesophageal obstruction.", "content": "A case of pre-renal azotaemia is described in a 12 year old pony resulting from oesophageal obstruction of 8 days duration. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, inorganic phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate concentrations were monitored throughout the recovery period. After relief of the obstruction normal blood concentrations were quickly restored.", "contents": "Pre-renal azotaemia in a pony with an oesophageal obstruction. A case of pre-renal azotaemia is described in a 12 year old pony resulting from oesophageal obstruction of 8 days duration. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, inorganic phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate concentrations were monitored throughout the recovery period. After relief of the obstruction normal blood concentrations were quickly restored.", "PMID": 428365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14279", "title": "Foreign body obstruction of the small colon in six horses.", "content": "Six horses, which had a foreign body obstruction of the small colon showed abdominal pain of progressing severity and intestinal tympany. On rectal examination the caecum and large colon were distended with ingesta and gas but the obstructing mass could be palpated in only 3 cases. All horses had elevated indirect blood pressure and in 3 there was also fluid distension of the stomach. Only one horse had known access to foreign material in the diet, but a further 3 were related to an exceptionally dry climate period. Five of the 6 horses recovered following surgery.", "contents": "Foreign body obstruction of the small colon in six horses. Six horses, which had a foreign body obstruction of the small colon showed abdominal pain of progressing severity and intestinal tympany. On rectal examination the caecum and large colon were distended with ingesta and gas but the obstructing mass could be palpated in only 3 cases. All horses had elevated indirect blood pressure and in 3 there was also fluid distension of the stomach. Only one horse had known access to foreign material in the diet, but a further 3 were related to an exceptionally dry climate period. Five of the 6 horses recovered following surgery.", "PMID": 428366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14280", "title": "A three-year study of the effects of exercise on active young men.", "content": "The changes occurring in leanness-fatness, physical working capacity, isometric strength, and motor ability have been followed in 20 highly active young adult males over a period of 3 years. Body weight and estimated percentage of fat increased over the 3-year period but there were no significant changes in the other variables. Within the 3-year period physical working capacity and relative leanness-fatness showed significant variations which are attributed to the state of training of the subjects. Strength was found to be highly related to somatotype but was apparently not influenced by the state of training; changes in relative leanness-fatness occurring with training were found to be influenced by somatotype.", "contents": "A three-year study of the effects of exercise on active young men. The changes occurring in leanness-fatness, physical working capacity, isometric strength, and motor ability have been followed in 20 highly active young adult males over a period of 3 years. Body weight and estimated percentage of fat increased over the 3-year period but there were no significant changes in the other variables. Within the 3-year period physical working capacity and relative leanness-fatness showed significant variations which are attributed to the state of training of the subjects. Strength was found to be highly related to somatotype but was apparently not influenced by the state of training; changes in relative leanness-fatness occurring with training were found to be influenced by somatotype.", "PMID": 428368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14281", "title": "[Adrenergic response to intense muscular activity in sedentary subjects as a function of emotivity and training].", "content": "Seven male sedentary human subjects were studied during intense muscular work (80% of maximal oxygen uptake) performed either for 15 min or until exhaustion (mean duration: 47 +/- 2 min). Plasma catecholamines were estimated before and after the experiment by means of an original fluorimetric assay. Epinephrine or norepinephrine were individually isolated from plasma and assayed in single extracts by a highly sensitive fluorimetric method. Epinephrine and norepinephrine levels as low as 15 ng per liter were detectable by this procedure in human plasma. The adrenergic pattern was found to be greatly different from one subject to another and related to emotivity: the effect of this factor was revealed by the predominance of epinephrine in plasma at rest or under exercise (ratio NA/A less than 1). In nonemotive subjects (ratio NA/A greater than 1 at rest) plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine increased progressively during exercise. Increments after exercise were higher for norepinephrine changes; however, the fact that epinephrine concentrations correlated significantly with norepinephrine suggests a simulataneous and coordinated stimulation of adrenal glands and orthosympathetic nervous system. In emotive subjects (ratio NA/A less than 1 at rest) the apprehension of muscular work promoted a difference in catecholamine responses: norepinephrine release was not affected by subject's anxiety, while epinephrine secretion, already elevated before the test, reached a high degree of magnitude in the first minutes of muscular work, remaining nearly constant until exhaustion. Physical training of nonemotive subjects, during 2 months with two intense exercises by a week, reduced strongly norepinephrine release after exhaustive muscular work. In the same conditions, the adrenal-medullary response was not significantly modified when compared with untrained subjects. Our results suggest that the adrenergic behaviour during exercise is a function of effort intensity to be supplied; catecholamines seem to be important factors in regulating body homeostasy during muscular work in man. In addition, emotive subjects exhibit amplified adrenal-medullary response, which may be related to psychological stimuli.", "contents": "[Adrenergic response to intense muscular activity in sedentary subjects as a function of emotivity and training]. Seven male sedentary human subjects were studied during intense muscular work (80% of maximal oxygen uptake) performed either for 15 min or until exhaustion (mean duration: 47 +/- 2 min). Plasma catecholamines were estimated before and after the experiment by means of an original fluorimetric assay. Epinephrine or norepinephrine were individually isolated from plasma and assayed in single extracts by a highly sensitive fluorimetric method. Epinephrine and norepinephrine levels as low as 15 ng per liter were detectable by this procedure in human plasma. The adrenergic pattern was found to be greatly different from one subject to another and related to emotivity: the effect of this factor was revealed by the predominance of epinephrine in plasma at rest or under exercise (ratio NA/A less than 1). In nonemotive subjects (ratio NA/A greater than 1 at rest) plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine increased progressively during exercise. Increments after exercise were higher for norepinephrine changes; however, the fact that epinephrine concentrations correlated significantly with norepinephrine suggests a simulataneous and coordinated stimulation of adrenal glands and orthosympathetic nervous system. In emotive subjects (ratio NA/A less than 1 at rest) the apprehension of muscular work promoted a difference in catecholamine responses: norepinephrine release was not affected by subject's anxiety, while epinephrine secretion, already elevated before the test, reached a high degree of magnitude in the first minutes of muscular work, remaining nearly constant until exhaustion. Physical training of nonemotive subjects, during 2 months with two intense exercises by a week, reduced strongly norepinephrine release after exhaustive muscular work. In the same conditions, the adrenal-medullary response was not significantly modified when compared with untrained subjects. Our results suggest that the adrenergic behaviour during exercise is a function of effort intensity to be supplied; catecholamines seem to be important factors in regulating body homeostasy during muscular work in man. In addition, emotive subjects exhibit amplified adrenal-medullary response, which may be related to psychological stimuli.", "PMID": 428369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14282", "title": "The effect of a four-month physical fitness program on a young and an old group matched for physical fitness.", "content": "A young (X = 36.8 years) and an old (X = 52.9 years) group (n = 12) matched for physical fitness performed a graded exercise test at the beginning and after a 4-month physical fitness program consisting of calisthenics, jogging, and recreational activities. The purpose of the study was to determine if there were any differences in response to physical training in the two age groups of similar fitness. Sixteen physiological and four biochemical variables were measured. There was no significant difference in VO2 max between the young and old groups. Also, there were no significant differences between groups for serum total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, or glucose levels. The effects of the training program were similar for both the young and old groups.", "contents": "The effect of a four-month physical fitness program on a young and an old group matched for physical fitness. A young (X = 36.8 years) and an old (X = 52.9 years) group (n = 12) matched for physical fitness performed a graded exercise test at the beginning and after a 4-month physical fitness program consisting of calisthenics, jogging, and recreational activities. The purpose of the study was to determine if there were any differences in response to physical training in the two age groups of similar fitness. Sixteen physiological and four biochemical variables were measured. There was no significant difference in VO2 max between the young and old groups. Also, there were no significant differences between groups for serum total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, or glucose levels. The effects of the training program were similar for both the young and old groups.", "PMID": 428370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14283", "title": "Aerobic fitness and body fat of young British males entering the army.", "content": "Aerobic fitness and percent body fat were measured in a sample of 438 male Army recruits between the ages of 17 and 30 prior to the commencement of training. The sample came from all areas of England and Wales. Aerobic fitness, as represented by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), was predicted from the Astrand submaximal bicycle heart rate test. Body fat was predicted from four skinfold measurements. Total group means +/- SD were: age, 19.5 +/- 2.5 years; VO2 max 41.7 +/- 8.3 ml/kg . min; and body fat, 14.5 +/- 4.8% of body weight. VO2 max varied with age, athletic participation and aptitude score. No relationship was found with occupation of parent, prior civilian occupation or smoking severity. When adjusted for methodological differences, VO2 max was slightly below similar Army entrants in Norway and the United States.", "contents": "Aerobic fitness and body fat of young British males entering the army. Aerobic fitness and percent body fat were measured in a sample of 438 male Army recruits between the ages of 17 and 30 prior to the commencement of training. The sample came from all areas of England and Wales. Aerobic fitness, as represented by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), was predicted from the Astrand submaximal bicycle heart rate test. Body fat was predicted from four skinfold measurements. Total group means +/- SD were: age, 19.5 +/- 2.5 years; VO2 max 41.7 +/- 8.3 ml/kg . min; and body fat, 14.5 +/- 4.8% of body weight. VO2 max varied with age, athletic participation and aptitude score. No relationship was found with occupation of parent, prior civilian occupation or smoking severity. When adjusted for methodological differences, VO2 max was slightly below similar Army entrants in Norway and the United States.", "PMID": 428371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14284", "title": "Specificity of maximal aerobic power.", "content": "Several types of work tasks are used to assess maximal aerobic power (MAP) in humans. Although it is well established that these work tasks may yield different absolute MAP values, little is known about the extent of the specificity of each MAP work task. 30 moderately active young men were tested at random for MAP with five commonly used work tasks: cycling supine, cycling sitting, alternate arm cranking standing, walking on a treadmill, and stepping on a bench. Statistical analyses show that these five tests do not give equal MAP means, equal variances or equal covariances. Various correlation techniques indicate, furthermore, that the common variance between the five aerobic power measurements is at best moderate. It was estimated that the overall common variance for Max ml O2 . kg-1 . min-1 reached about 50% of the total variance. The most efficient linear loading of each test in the first principal component could account only for 75% of the observed variance in MAP. It is concluded that these five work tasks do not yield parallel test forms, that the practice of transforming one MAP value into another should be abandoned, and that the practice of generalizing from one MAP value to a theoretical general MAP of the human body is not justified.", "contents": "Specificity of maximal aerobic power. Several types of work tasks are used to assess maximal aerobic power (MAP) in humans. Although it is well established that these work tasks may yield different absolute MAP values, little is known about the extent of the specificity of each MAP work task. 30 moderately active young men were tested at random for MAP with five commonly used work tasks: cycling supine, cycling sitting, alternate arm cranking standing, walking on a treadmill, and stepping on a bench. Statistical analyses show that these five tests do not give equal MAP means, equal variances or equal covariances. Various correlation techniques indicate, furthermore, that the common variance between the five aerobic power measurements is at best moderate. It was estimated that the overall common variance for Max ml O2 . kg-1 . min-1 reached about 50% of the total variance. The most efficient linear loading of each test in the first principal component could account only for 75% of the observed variance in MAP. It is concluded that these five work tasks do not yield parallel test forms, that the practice of transforming one MAP value into another should be abandoned, and that the practice of generalizing from one MAP value to a theoretical general MAP of the human body is not justified.", "PMID": 428372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14285", "title": "The effect of weight-lifting exercise related to muscle fiber composition and muscle cross-sectional area in humans.", "content": "Isometric and dynamic strength and endurance of knee extensors were tested in 18 young males. The relative composition of slow (ST) and fast twitch (FT) fibers in the vastus lateralis muscle was registered from needle biopsies. Thigh muscle volume was evaluated from ultrasonic measurements. Six subjects served as controls, six trained with 50%, and six with 80% dynamic strength three times per week for 7 weeks with 20 and 12 repetitions per session, respectively. The training load was adjusted to the increases in strength observed during training. Dynamic strength increased by 42.3% in the 80% group (p less than 0.01). In the control group and 50% group no significant increases were observed. Dynamic endurance: Controls showed no change. There was an over-all increase in the 50% group, while the 80% group only increased dynamic endurance for heavier loads. Isometric strength and endurance and fiber composition did not change in any group. In the 50% group the area of FT-realtive to ST-fibers increased 12.4% (p greater than 0.05). Dynamic strength relative to muscle cross section increased by 30% in the 80% group (p less than 0.01) positively correlated to relative content of FT fibers. The present results confirm the specificity of training and indicate that a high content of FT fibers is a prerequisite for a successful strength training.", "contents": "The effect of weight-lifting exercise related to muscle fiber composition and muscle cross-sectional area in humans. Isometric and dynamic strength and endurance of knee extensors were tested in 18 young males. The relative composition of slow (ST) and fast twitch (FT) fibers in the vastus lateralis muscle was registered from needle biopsies. Thigh muscle volume was evaluated from ultrasonic measurements. Six subjects served as controls, six trained with 50%, and six with 80% dynamic strength three times per week for 7 weeks with 20 and 12 repetitions per session, respectively. The training load was adjusted to the increases in strength observed during training. Dynamic strength increased by 42.3% in the 80% group (p less than 0.01). In the control group and 50% group no significant increases were observed. Dynamic endurance: Controls showed no change. There was an over-all increase in the 50% group, while the 80% group only increased dynamic endurance for heavier loads. Isometric strength and endurance and fiber composition did not change in any group. In the 50% group the area of FT-realtive to ST-fibers increased 12.4% (p greater than 0.05). Dynamic strength relative to muscle cross section increased by 30% in the 80% group (p less than 0.01) positively correlated to relative content of FT fibers. The present results confirm the specificity of training and indicate that a high content of FT fibers is a prerequisite for a successful strength training.", "PMID": 428373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14286", "title": "Metabolic and temperature responses to physical exercise in thyroidectomized dogs.", "content": "The purpose of the present work was to further elucidate the role of thyroid hormones in the control of body temperature and metabolism during physical exercise. Changes in rectal temperature (Tre), some parameters of exercise-metabolism and in the plasma noradrenaline (NA) levels were examined in eight dogs performing submaximal treadmill exercise to exhaustion before and after thyroidectomy (THY). The metabolic 'responses to adrenaline (A) infusion were also compared in intact and THY dogs. During the exercise performed by THY dogs Tre increases were markedly attenuated, plasma FFA level increases were reduced and the pattern of plasma NA changes was modified in comparison with control runs. The reduced exercise-induced FFA mobilization in THY dogs might be attributed to a lower activation of the adrenergic system in the later stage of exercise and to the weaker lipolytic action of catecholamines. The attenuated Tre increases during exercise performed by THY dogs and the exercise-hyperthermia described previously in dogs treated with thyroid ormones suggest that an optimum level of thyroid hormones is necessary to induce typical changes in body temperature during physical exercise.", "contents": "Metabolic and temperature responses to physical exercise in thyroidectomized dogs. The purpose of the present work was to further elucidate the role of thyroid hormones in the control of body temperature and metabolism during physical exercise. Changes in rectal temperature (Tre), some parameters of exercise-metabolism and in the plasma noradrenaline (NA) levels were examined in eight dogs performing submaximal treadmill exercise to exhaustion before and after thyroidectomy (THY). The metabolic 'responses to adrenaline (A) infusion were also compared in intact and THY dogs. During the exercise performed by THY dogs Tre increases were markedly attenuated, plasma FFA level increases were reduced and the pattern of plasma NA changes was modified in comparison with control runs. The reduced exercise-induced FFA mobilization in THY dogs might be attributed to a lower activation of the adrenergic system in the later stage of exercise and to the weaker lipolytic action of catecholamines. The attenuated Tre increases during exercise performed by THY dogs and the exercise-hyperthermia described previously in dogs treated with thyroid ormones suggest that an optimum level of thyroid hormones is necessary to induce typical changes in body temperature during physical exercise.", "PMID": 428374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14287", "title": "[Calculation of thermally caused blood flow changes in a finger using thermographic skin temperature measurements (author's transl)].", "content": "The skin temperature changes of the third finger were registered with the help of an infrared camera during a cooling process of the hand and forearm of a male, 38-years-old subject. Using the system of formulae, explained in previous publications [4-7], it was possible to describe the blood flow changes in the finger. The results are: 1. A formula for the \"pseudo thermal conductivity\" (material constant of the thermal conductivity plus the convective contribution), which is similar to the formula used for theat release of the whole body [4], describes well the experimental results. The \"pseudo thermal conductivity\" is a measure for the specific blood flow and can be converted into it. 2. The \"pseudo thermal conductivity\" has a local maximum. 3. The position of the maximum is independent of the tissue temperature. The anatomical properties of the finger seem to determine the position of the maximum. 4. The maximum of the \"pseudo thermal conductivity\"--and therefore the maximal blood flow--increases stronger than linearly with the tissue temperature.", "contents": "[Calculation of thermally caused blood flow changes in a finger using thermographic skin temperature measurements (author's transl)]. The skin temperature changes of the third finger were registered with the help of an infrared camera during a cooling process of the hand and forearm of a male, 38-years-old subject. Using the system of formulae, explained in previous publications [4-7], it was possible to describe the blood flow changes in the finger. The results are: 1. A formula for the \"pseudo thermal conductivity\" (material constant of the thermal conductivity plus the convective contribution), which is similar to the formula used for theat release of the whole body [4], describes well the experimental results. The \"pseudo thermal conductivity\" is a measure for the specific blood flow and can be converted into it. 2. The \"pseudo thermal conductivity\" has a local maximum. 3. The position of the maximum is independent of the tissue temperature. The anatomical properties of the finger seem to determine the position of the maximum. 4. The maximum of the \"pseudo thermal conductivity\"--and therefore the maximal blood flow--increases stronger than linearly with the tissue temperature.", "PMID": 428375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14288", "title": "Biochemical changes in a 100 km run: proteins in serum and urine.", "content": "Eleven male subjects took part in a 100 km running competition. Alterations in the total plasma protein and in ten individual plasma protein concentrations in blood and urine were measured prior to the run, immediately after and after 1 day of recovery. Five individual proteins showed a 7-10%, and lysozyme a 40%, increase in the plasma after the run. On the contrary, the haptoglobin concentration fell to 40% of its pre-race level. None of these variations were correlated with the plasma volume change. The present data showed a moderate hemolysis, as evidenced by plasma lysozyme and hemoglobin-haptoglobin binding. The urinary excretion of plasma proteins was slightly increased, especially albumin and alpha1-acid-glycoprotein. The renal clearance of plasma proteins revealed that the 100 km run induced a moderate increase of glomerular permeability without any signficant change in the tubular reabsorption process.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in a 100 km run: proteins in serum and urine. Eleven male subjects took part in a 100 km running competition. Alterations in the total plasma protein and in ten individual plasma protein concentrations in blood and urine were measured prior to the run, immediately after and after 1 day of recovery. Five individual proteins showed a 7-10%, and lysozyme a 40%, increase in the plasma after the run. On the contrary, the haptoglobin concentration fell to 40% of its pre-race level. None of these variations were correlated with the plasma volume change. The present data showed a moderate hemolysis, as evidenced by plasma lysozyme and hemoglobin-haptoglobin binding. The urinary excretion of plasma proteins was slightly increased, especially albumin and alpha1-acid-glycoprotein. The renal clearance of plasma proteins revealed that the 100 km run induced a moderate increase of glomerular permeability without any signficant change in the tubular reabsorption process.", "PMID": 428376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14289", "title": "[Investigations of the validity of e.a. m\u00fcller's \"leistungspulsindex\" (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to obtain a critical review of E.A. M\u00fcller's \"Leistungspulsindex\", we worked out a functional representation of that index, using a simple physiologic-mathematic model of the oxygen transport system. We found that the LPI is influenced by the economy of the oxygen transport system and that it is inversely proportional to stroke volume, caloric coefficient, and to the efficiency of muscular work. Based on the theoretic analysis we tried to interpret the results of an investigation carried out with pupils of an coeducative intermediate school (years of birth 1964, 1965, 1966). We obtained statistically significant correlations (p less than 0.1%) between LPI and parameters characterizing performance capacity (PWC170, heart rate at 100 W work load) and between LPI and body weight. The results of both the theoretic and experimental investigation indicate a dependence of the LPI on factors influenced by physical training processes, but no evidence was found, however, on an interrelationship between LPI and congenital factors of physical performance.", "contents": "[Investigations of the validity of e.a. m\u00fcller's \"leistungspulsindex\" (author's transl)]. In order to obtain a critical review of E.A. M\u00fcller's \"Leistungspulsindex\", we worked out a functional representation of that index, using a simple physiologic-mathematic model of the oxygen transport system. We found that the LPI is influenced by the economy of the oxygen transport system and that it is inversely proportional to stroke volume, caloric coefficient, and to the efficiency of muscular work. Based on the theoretic analysis we tried to interpret the results of an investigation carried out with pupils of an coeducative intermediate school (years of birth 1964, 1965, 1966). We obtained statistically significant correlations (p less than 0.1%) between LPI and parameters characterizing performance capacity (PWC170, heart rate at 100 W work load) and between LPI and body weight. The results of both the theoretic and experimental investigation indicate a dependence of the LPI on factors influenced by physical training processes, but no evidence was found, however, on an interrelationship between LPI and congenital factors of physical performance.", "PMID": 428377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14290", "title": "The amplitude distribution of surface EMG in static and intermittent static muscular performance.", "content": "A measure of the variation of load on individual muscles or parts of muscles may be obtained by estimating the amplitude probability distribution function (APDF) of the myoelectric signal. In a study of elbow flexor muscular performance in static and intermittent static low level muscular contractions, the APDF was computed from the surface EMG obtained from the belly of the brachial biceps muscle. The APDF was also computed from the simultaneously recorded force signal. The APDF of the myoelectric signal and of the force signal were similar, indicating that the APDF of the myoelectric signal closely reflects the muscular load in non-fatiguing muscular contractions. The effect of the time constant in lowpass filtering when processing the surface EMG-signals was also studied. A suitable time constant appears to be in the range of 50-100 ms.", "contents": "The amplitude distribution of surface EMG in static and intermittent static muscular performance. A measure of the variation of load on individual muscles or parts of muscles may be obtained by estimating the amplitude probability distribution function (APDF) of the myoelectric signal. In a study of elbow flexor muscular performance in static and intermittent static low level muscular contractions, the APDF was computed from the surface EMG obtained from the belly of the brachial biceps muscle. The APDF was also computed from the simultaneously recorded force signal. The APDF of the myoelectric signal and of the force signal were similar, indicating that the APDF of the myoelectric signal closely reflects the muscular load in non-fatiguing muscular contractions. The effect of the time constant in lowpass filtering when processing the surface EMG-signals was also studied. A suitable time constant appears to be in the range of 50-100 ms.", "PMID": 428378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14291", "title": "DNA polymerases of anucleated cells. Isolation and characterization of two DNA polymerases from human platelets.", "content": "Two different DNA polymerases have been purified and characterized from human platelets. In the mitochondrial fraction a unique activity of the polymerase gamma type has been found. The same enzyme is found in the extramitochondrial supernatant. A second DNA polymerase, called 'cytoplasmic' DNA polymerase has been found in the 10000 x g supernatant of human platelets. The following properties of the latter DNA polymerase from human platelets are identical to those of DNA polymerase alpha from normal cells: DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose chromatography, size, thermal stability, phosphonoacetic acid and ethidium bromide inhibition. However, some of its properties, like high resistance to N-ethylmaleimide and the lack of DNA polymerization using synthetic RNA primers, are those of DNA polymerase beta.", "contents": "DNA polymerases of anucleated cells. Isolation and characterization of two DNA polymerases from human platelets. Two different DNA polymerases have been purified and characterized from human platelets. In the mitochondrial fraction a unique activity of the polymerase gamma type has been found. The same enzyme is found in the extramitochondrial supernatant. A second DNA polymerase, called 'cytoplasmic' DNA polymerase has been found in the 10000 x g supernatant of human platelets. The following properties of the latter DNA polymerase from human platelets are identical to those of DNA polymerase alpha from normal cells: DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose chromatography, size, thermal stability, phosphonoacetic acid and ethidium bromide inhibition. However, some of its properties, like high resistance to N-ethylmaleimide and the lack of DNA polymerization using synthetic RNA primers, are those of DNA polymerase beta.", "PMID": 428379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14292", "title": "Photoreactions of cytochrome b563 and f554 in intact spinach chloroplasts: regulation of cyclic electron flow.", "content": "In intact spinach chloroplasts cytochrome b563 and cytochrome f show an antagonistic redox behaviour in the extent and kinetics of light/dark-induced absorbance changes. The extent of cytochrome b563 photoreduction appears to be influenced by the redox state of plastoquinone suggesting a regulation of cyclic electron flow at this level. Far-red illumination induces a membrane state with altered redox reactions of both cytochromes at a more oxidized level.", "contents": "Photoreactions of cytochrome b563 and f554 in intact spinach chloroplasts: regulation of cyclic electron flow. In intact spinach chloroplasts cytochrome b563 and cytochrome f show an antagonistic redox behaviour in the extent and kinetics of light/dark-induced absorbance changes. The extent of cytochrome b563 photoreduction appears to be influenced by the redox state of plastoquinone suggesting a regulation of cyclic electron flow at this level. Far-red illumination induces a membrane state with altered redox reactions of both cytochromes at a more oxidized level.", "PMID": 428381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14293", "title": "Response of specific transfer-ribonucleic-acid levels to amino-acid deprivation in Friend leukemia cells.", "content": "In eukaryotes, the levels of specific tRNAs are closely correlated with the demands for their cognate amino acids in protein synthesis. To account for this phenomenon, we have proposed that the extent of aminoacylation of a given tRNA species in vivo controls the relative rate of synthesis or turnover of that species. Previously, we reported that Friend leukemia cells respond to histidine deprivation by increasing their relative level of tRNAHis by as much as two-fold, with no change in the relative level of tRNALeu. In this paper, we show that deprivation of leucine or tryptophan also causes a specific increase in the relative level of tRNAs cognate to the deprived amino acid. At least in the case of tRNATrp, the increases in relative tRNA levels are preceded by extensive declines in the steady-state extent of aminoacylation of the tRNA in vitro. We also find that different isoacceptors may respond differently to amino acid deprivation. These results suggest that decreased extents of aminoacylation of a given tRNA species in vivo cause increases in the relative rate of synthesis or decreases in the relative rate of degradation of that species.", "contents": "Response of specific transfer-ribonucleic-acid levels to amino-acid deprivation in Friend leukemia cells. In eukaryotes, the levels of specific tRNAs are closely correlated with the demands for their cognate amino acids in protein synthesis. To account for this phenomenon, we have proposed that the extent of aminoacylation of a given tRNA species in vivo controls the relative rate of synthesis or turnover of that species. Previously, we reported that Friend leukemia cells respond to histidine deprivation by increasing their relative level of tRNAHis by as much as two-fold, with no change in the relative level of tRNALeu. In this paper, we show that deprivation of leucine or tryptophan also causes a specific increase in the relative level of tRNAs cognate to the deprived amino acid. At least in the case of tRNATrp, the increases in relative tRNA levels are preceded by extensive declines in the steady-state extent of aminoacylation of the tRNA in vitro. We also find that different isoacceptors may respond differently to amino acid deprivation. These results suggest that decreased extents of aminoacylation of a given tRNA species in vivo cause increases in the relative rate of synthesis or decreases in the relative rate of degradation of that species.", "PMID": 428382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14294", "title": "Properties of two molecular forms of beta-glucuronidase from the mollusc Littorina littorea L.", "content": "The occurrence of the two molecular forms, I and II, in the beta-glucuronidase of the liver (hepatopancreas) from the marine mollusc Littorina littorea L. has been demonstrated for the first time. The two forms have been purified 355-fold and 1262-fold, respectively. Form I and II of beta-glucuronidase behave differently on DEAE-cellulose chromatography, polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing (pH 5.5 and 4.2, respectively), optimum pH (4.4 and 3.4--4.1, respectively), thermal stability, Km (1.2 mM and 0.5 mM with p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucuronide, 0.3 mM and 0.15 mM with phenolphthalein beta-D-glucuronide as substrates for form I and II, respectively) and V. Their molecular weight, estimated by gel filtration through Sephadex G-200, was about 250000 for both forms. Several subunits were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. This beta-glucuronidase is a glycoprotein, but sialic acid(s) were not detected. The enzyme was very active on synthetic substrates and also on hexasaccharides and tetrasaccharides containing glucuronic acid residues with beta 1 leads to 3 linkages; it had practially no activity on certain glycosaminoglycans. Hg2+ and glucaro-1,4-lactone were very effective inhibitors of this enzyme; the latter by a competitive mechanism.", "contents": "Properties of two molecular forms of beta-glucuronidase from the mollusc Littorina littorea L. The occurrence of the two molecular forms, I and II, in the beta-glucuronidase of the liver (hepatopancreas) from the marine mollusc Littorina littorea L. has been demonstrated for the first time. The two forms have been purified 355-fold and 1262-fold, respectively. Form I and II of beta-glucuronidase behave differently on DEAE-cellulose chromatography, polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing (pH 5.5 and 4.2, respectively), optimum pH (4.4 and 3.4--4.1, respectively), thermal stability, Km (1.2 mM and 0.5 mM with p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucuronide, 0.3 mM and 0.15 mM with phenolphthalein beta-D-glucuronide as substrates for form I and II, respectively) and V. Their molecular weight, estimated by gel filtration through Sephadex G-200, was about 250000 for both forms. Several subunits were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. This beta-glucuronidase is a glycoprotein, but sialic acid(s) were not detected. The enzyme was very active on synthetic substrates and also on hexasaccharides and tetrasaccharides containing glucuronic acid residues with beta 1 leads to 3 linkages; it had practially no activity on certain glycosaminoglycans. Hg2+ and glucaro-1,4-lactone were very effective inhibitors of this enzyme; the latter by a competitive mechanism.", "PMID": 428383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14295", "title": "Singlet oxygen formation by a peroxidase, H2O2 and halide system.", "content": "Evidence for singlet oxygen formation has been obtained for the lactoperoxidase, H2O2 and bromide system by monitoring 2,3-diphenylfuran and diphenylisobenzofuran oxidation, O2 evolution, and chemiluminescence. This could provide an explanation for the cytotoxic and microbicidal activity of peroxidases and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Evidence for singlet oxygen formation included the following. (a) Chemiluminescence accompanying the enzymic reaction was doubled in a deuterated buffer and inhibited by singlet oxygen traps. (b) The singlet oxygen traps, diphenylfuran and diphenylisobenzofuran, were oxidized to their known singlet oxygen oxidation products in the presence of lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide and bromide. (c) The rate of oxidation of diphenylfuran and diphenylisobenzofuran was inhibited when monitored in the presence of known singlet oxygen traps or quenchers. (d) Oxygen evolution from the enzymic reaction was inhibited by singlet oxygen traps but not by singlet oxygen quenchers. (e) The traps or quenchers which were effective inhibitors in the experiments above did not inhibit peroxidase activity, were not competitive peroxidase substrates and did not react with the hypobromite intermediate since they did not inhibit hydrogen peroxide consumption by the enzyme. Using these criteria, various biological molecules were tested for their reactivity with singlet oxygen. Furthermore, by studying their effect on oxygen release by the enzymic reaction, it could be ascertained whether they were acting as singlet oxygen traps or quenchers.", "contents": "Singlet oxygen formation by a peroxidase, H2O2 and halide system. Evidence for singlet oxygen formation has been obtained for the lactoperoxidase, H2O2 and bromide system by monitoring 2,3-diphenylfuran and diphenylisobenzofuran oxidation, O2 evolution, and chemiluminescence. This could provide an explanation for the cytotoxic and microbicidal activity of peroxidases and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Evidence for singlet oxygen formation included the following. (a) Chemiluminescence accompanying the enzymic reaction was doubled in a deuterated buffer and inhibited by singlet oxygen traps. (b) The singlet oxygen traps, diphenylfuran and diphenylisobenzofuran, were oxidized to their known singlet oxygen oxidation products in the presence of lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide and bromide. (c) The rate of oxidation of diphenylfuran and diphenylisobenzofuran was inhibited when monitored in the presence of known singlet oxygen traps or quenchers. (d) Oxygen evolution from the enzymic reaction was inhibited by singlet oxygen traps but not by singlet oxygen quenchers. (e) The traps or quenchers which were effective inhibitors in the experiments above did not inhibit peroxidase activity, were not competitive peroxidase substrates and did not react with the hypobromite intermediate since they did not inhibit hydrogen peroxide consumption by the enzyme. Using these criteria, various biological molecules were tested for their reactivity with singlet oxygen. Furthermore, by studying their effect on oxygen release by the enzymic reaction, it could be ascertained whether they were acting as singlet oxygen traps or quenchers.", "PMID": 428384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14296", "title": "Binding of oligonucleotides to the disk of tobacco-mosaic-virus protein.", "content": "The trinucleoside diphosphate A-A-G and the hexanucleotide fraction from a ribonuclease I digest of yeast RNA have been soaked into crystals of the disk aggregate of tobacco mosaic virus protein. At high concentrations these cause disruption of the crystal, probably by mimicking the normal nucleation of assembly. At lower nucleotide concentrations the crystals remain intact and the differences caused by nucleotide binding have been studied by X-ray diffraction. The most obvious change is an upwards movement of about 0.3 nm at the low-radius end of the left radial helix in the protein with some stiffening of the helix so that it now extends visibly in from 4 nm to 6 nm radius. Similar shifts also occur in the right radial and left slewed helices. A positive peak, which is tentatively identified with the bound oligonucleotide, is seen around 4 nm radius and below the right radial helix. The amino acid residues in possible contact with this feature are discussed.", "contents": "Binding of oligonucleotides to the disk of tobacco-mosaic-virus protein. The trinucleoside diphosphate A-A-G and the hexanucleotide fraction from a ribonuclease I digest of yeast RNA have been soaked into crystals of the disk aggregate of tobacco mosaic virus protein. At high concentrations these cause disruption of the crystal, probably by mimicking the normal nucleation of assembly. At lower nucleotide concentrations the crystals remain intact and the differences caused by nucleotide binding have been studied by X-ray diffraction. The most obvious change is an upwards movement of about 0.3 nm at the low-radius end of the left radial helix in the protein with some stiffening of the helix so that it now extends visibly in from 4 nm to 6 nm radius. Similar shifts also occur in the right radial and left slewed helices. A positive peak, which is tentatively identified with the bound oligonucleotide, is seen around 4 nm radius and below the right radial helix. The amino acid residues in possible contact with this feature are discussed.", "PMID": 428385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14297", "title": "Interaction of human serum albumin with fatty acids. Role of anionic group studied by affinity partition.", "content": "The interaction of human serum albumin with fatty acids has been determined using the method of affinity partitioning in aqueous biphasic systems containing dextran, poly(ethylene glycol) and esters of dicarboxylic acids with poly(ethylene glycol). The difference in the partition of albumin in phase systems with and without the poly(ethylene glycol)-bound fatty acid group provides a measure of the interaction of fatty acids with the protein. The relative contribution of the polar and non-polar interaction to the binding of fatty acids to albumin has been estimated by comparing the present data with that obtained earlier using poly(ethylene glycol)-bound straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons. In both cases, the aliphatic chain should contain a minimum of 8 carbon atoms to affect the partition of albumin and that the maximum effect is obtained with chains containing 16 carbon atoms. The effect of the polymer-bound fatty acid group is higher than the corresponding hydrocarbon only when the number of carbon atoms in it exceeds 12. The relative effect of polymer-bound 16-carbon chains, with and without a carboxyl group in the terminal position is independent of pH in the range 5--9.", "contents": "Interaction of human serum albumin with fatty acids. Role of anionic group studied by affinity partition. The interaction of human serum albumin with fatty acids has been determined using the method of affinity partitioning in aqueous biphasic systems containing dextran, poly(ethylene glycol) and esters of dicarboxylic acids with poly(ethylene glycol). The difference in the partition of albumin in phase systems with and without the poly(ethylene glycol)-bound fatty acid group provides a measure of the interaction of fatty acids with the protein. The relative contribution of the polar and non-polar interaction to the binding of fatty acids to albumin has been estimated by comparing the present data with that obtained earlier using poly(ethylene glycol)-bound straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons. In both cases, the aliphatic chain should contain a minimum of 8 carbon atoms to affect the partition of albumin and that the maximum effect is obtained with chains containing 16 carbon atoms. The effect of the polymer-bound fatty acid group is higher than the corresponding hydrocarbon only when the number of carbon atoms in it exceeds 12. The relative effect of polymer-bound 16-carbon chains, with and without a carboxyl group in the terminal position is independent of pH in the range 5--9.", "PMID": 428386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14298", "title": "Affinity labelling of rat-muscle hexokinase type II by a glucose-derived alkylating agent.", "content": "The glucose-derived alkylating agent N-bromoacetylglucosamine (GlcNBrAc) is shown to cause a time-dependent irreversible inactivation of rat muscle hexokinase type II. The kinetics of inactivation are in accord with the reversible formation of an enzyme-inhibitor complex prior to modification, indicating that the reagent is active-site-directed. A Ki of 0.57 mM obtained for this reversible complexing is in agreement with a Ki of 0.65 mM obtained for the inhibition caused by N-propionylglucosamine, an isosteric analogue of GlcNBrAc and a competitive inhibitor with respect to glucose. Glucose itself protects competitively against inactivation. A KG of 0.26 mM obtained for the formation of enzyme-glucose complex from these studies is in agreement with the kinetically-determined Km of 0.2 mM. The substrate-unrelated but chemically similar alkylating agents bromoacetic acid and N-bromoacetylgalactosamine inactivate the enzyme at 20% of the rate caused by GlcNBrAc. The inactivation rate increases rapidly over the pH range 7--9. Analysis of this pH dependence shows that a single residue of pKa 8.9 is reacting with GlcNBrAc with a kmax (pH corrected, pseudo-first-order rate constant) of 1.5 x 10(-3) S-1. These values are typical of the reaction of model thiols with alkylating agents and suggests the reacting residue is probably a cysteine. Use of radioactively labelled GlcNBrAc indicates that uptake of 1 mol of reagent per mol protein causes complete activity loss. Finally the behaviour of this enzyme with active-site-directed alkylating agents is compared with published results of similar experiments carried out with yeast hexokinase and bovine brain hexokinase type I.", "contents": "Affinity labelling of rat-muscle hexokinase type II by a glucose-derived alkylating agent. The glucose-derived alkylating agent N-bromoacetylglucosamine (GlcNBrAc) is shown to cause a time-dependent irreversible inactivation of rat muscle hexokinase type II. The kinetics of inactivation are in accord with the reversible formation of an enzyme-inhibitor complex prior to modification, indicating that the reagent is active-site-directed. A Ki of 0.57 mM obtained for this reversible complexing is in agreement with a Ki of 0.65 mM obtained for the inhibition caused by N-propionylglucosamine, an isosteric analogue of GlcNBrAc and a competitive inhibitor with respect to glucose. Glucose itself protects competitively against inactivation. A KG of 0.26 mM obtained for the formation of enzyme-glucose complex from these studies is in agreement with the kinetically-determined Km of 0.2 mM. The substrate-unrelated but chemically similar alkylating agents bromoacetic acid and N-bromoacetylgalactosamine inactivate the enzyme at 20% of the rate caused by GlcNBrAc. The inactivation rate increases rapidly over the pH range 7--9. Analysis of this pH dependence shows that a single residue of pKa 8.9 is reacting with GlcNBrAc with a kmax (pH corrected, pseudo-first-order rate constant) of 1.5 x 10(-3) S-1. These values are typical of the reaction of model thiols with alkylating agents and suggests the reacting residue is probably a cysteine. Use of radioactively labelled GlcNBrAc indicates that uptake of 1 mol of reagent per mol protein causes complete activity loss. Finally the behaviour of this enzyme with active-site-directed alkylating agents is compared with published results of similar experiments carried out with yeast hexokinase and bovine brain hexokinase type I.", "PMID": 428387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14299", "title": "Anisotropy decay of labelled actin. Evidence of the flexibility of the peptide chain in F-actin molecules.", "content": "G actin, labelled presumably on cysteine-373 with the fluorescent chromophore N-iodoacetyl-N'-(5 sulfo-1-napthyl)-ethylenediamine and purified by Sephacryl S-200 gel chromatography, migrated in one band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and had the same polymerizability as unlabelled purified G actin. Anisotropy decays of labelled actin solutions have been studied at different ionic strengths and protein concentrations. It was found that these anisotropy decays could be fitted by a sum of two exponential functions. Under low ionic strength or below the critical concentrations the longer correlation time (45 ns at 3.5 degrees C) was independent of protein concentration and ionic strength. Above the critical concentration, the longer correlation time increased with ionic strength and protein concentration. In order to take into account that, under these conditions, the solutions contained a mixture of F and G actin at the critical concentration, the anisotropy decays were analysed as a sum of three exponential functions in which the longest correlation time characterized F actin. Since F actin correlation time also depended on actin concentration, an analysis with a sum of four exponential functions was performed, in which two fixed correlation times (100 ns and 900 ns at 3.5 degrees C) were introduced in order to characterize the F actin motions. The lower of these correlation times was attributed to regions where two actin filaments interact side by side, while the shorter one was attributed to filament regions free from intermolecular interactions. The small value of the free F actin correlation time indicates that the protomer peptide chain is very flexible around its C terminus, probably involving the motion of a molecular lobe. This flexibility might be an important factor in the interaction of actin with myosin during the muscular contraction.", "contents": "Anisotropy decay of labelled actin. Evidence of the flexibility of the peptide chain in F-actin molecules. G actin, labelled presumably on cysteine-373 with the fluorescent chromophore N-iodoacetyl-N'-(5 sulfo-1-napthyl)-ethylenediamine and purified by Sephacryl S-200 gel chromatography, migrated in one band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and had the same polymerizability as unlabelled purified G actin. Anisotropy decays of labelled actin solutions have been studied at different ionic strengths and protein concentrations. It was found that these anisotropy decays could be fitted by a sum of two exponential functions. Under low ionic strength or below the critical concentrations the longer correlation time (45 ns at 3.5 degrees C) was independent of protein concentration and ionic strength. Above the critical concentration, the longer correlation time increased with ionic strength and protein concentration. In order to take into account that, under these conditions, the solutions contained a mixture of F and G actin at the critical concentration, the anisotropy decays were analysed as a sum of three exponential functions in which the longest correlation time characterized F actin. Since F actin correlation time also depended on actin concentration, an analysis with a sum of four exponential functions was performed, in which two fixed correlation times (100 ns and 900 ns at 3.5 degrees C) were introduced in order to characterize the F actin motions. The lower of these correlation times was attributed to regions where two actin filaments interact side by side, while the shorter one was attributed to filament regions free from intermolecular interactions. The small value of the free F actin correlation time indicates that the protomer peptide chain is very flexible around its C terminus, probably involving the motion of a molecular lobe. This flexibility might be an important factor in the interaction of actin with myosin during the muscular contraction.", "PMID": 428389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14300", "title": "Isolation and characterization of phosphorylated oligosaccharides from alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase that are recognized by cell-surface receptors.", "content": "Adsorptive endocytosis of lysosomal enzymes by fibroblasts and hepatocytes involves binding to cell surface receptors that recognize on lysosomal enzymes a phosphorylated carbohydrate, most likely a mannose 6-phosphate residue [Kaplan et al. (1977) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 2026-2030; Ullrich et al. (1978) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 359, 1591-1598]. Loss of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase endocytosis after treatment with endoglucosaminidase H indicated that the recognition site of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase is located on N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides of the high mannose type. Acidic oligosaccharides with an average molecular weight of 2200 were liberated from alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by endoglucosaminidase H. These oligosaccharides were susceptible to degradation by alkaline phosphatase, alpha-mannosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. At the non-reducing terminal these oligosaccharides bear phosphorylated mannose and/or N-acetylglucosamine residues.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of phosphorylated oligosaccharides from alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase that are recognized by cell-surface receptors. Adsorptive endocytosis of lysosomal enzymes by fibroblasts and hepatocytes involves binding to cell surface receptors that recognize on lysosomal enzymes a phosphorylated carbohydrate, most likely a mannose 6-phosphate residue [Kaplan et al. (1977) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 2026-2030; Ullrich et al. (1978) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 359, 1591-1598]. Loss of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase endocytosis after treatment with endoglucosaminidase H indicated that the recognition site of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase is located on N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides of the high mannose type. Acidic oligosaccharides with an average molecular weight of 2200 were liberated from alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by endoglucosaminidase H. These oligosaccharides were susceptible to degradation by alkaline phosphatase, alpha-mannosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. At the non-reducing terminal these oligosaccharides bear phosphorylated mannose and/or N-acetylglucosamine residues.", "PMID": 428391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14301", "title": "The inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport in spinach chloroplasts by low osmolarity.", "content": "The reversible inhibition, by low osmolarity, of the rate of electron transport through photosystem 1 has been investigated in spinach chloroplasts. By use of different electron donor systems to photosystem 1, inhibitors of plastocyanin, and by measurement of the extent of photooxidation of the photosystem 1 reaction center P700, the inhibition site has been localized on the electron donor side of this photosystem. From comparison of the influence of impermeant and permeant salts on the electron transport rate, and from the effect of ionic strength on the oxidation of externally added plastocyanin by subchloroplast preparations, it is concluded that low ionic strength within the thylakoids inhibits the photooxidation of endogenous plastocyanin by P700. The results are taken as evidence that plastocyanin is oxidized by P700 at the internal (lumen) side of the osmotic barrier in the thylakoid membrane.", "contents": "The inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport in spinach chloroplasts by low osmolarity. The reversible inhibition, by low osmolarity, of the rate of electron transport through photosystem 1 has been investigated in spinach chloroplasts. By use of different electron donor systems to photosystem 1, inhibitors of plastocyanin, and by measurement of the extent of photooxidation of the photosystem 1 reaction center P700, the inhibition site has been localized on the electron donor side of this photosystem. From comparison of the influence of impermeant and permeant salts on the electron transport rate, and from the effect of ionic strength on the oxidation of externally added plastocyanin by subchloroplast preparations, it is concluded that low ionic strength within the thylakoids inhibits the photooxidation of endogenous plastocyanin by P700. The results are taken as evidence that plastocyanin is oxidized by P700 at the internal (lumen) side of the osmotic barrier in the thylakoid membrane.", "PMID": 428393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14302", "title": "Translation of biologically active messenger RNA from human placenta in Xenopus oocytes.", "content": "Polysomal RNA was extracted from human term placenta and total poly(A)-containing RNA purified by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose. Poly(A)-containing RNA constituted approximately 1.2% of the total polysomal RNA and 8% of this purified preparation was able to anneal with [3H]poly(U). When injected into Xenopus oocytes, this poly(A)-rich RNA directed the synthesis of a polypeptide which is immunoprecipitable with a specific antiserum to human placental lactogen. The identity of authentic human placental lactogen and the immunoreactive polypeptide synthesized in the oocytes is suggested by their identical behaviour in dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis and by the formation of identical cyanogen bromide peptides. No precursor of human placental lactogen can be detected in the oocytes. The messenger RNA for human placental lactogen is very stable in oocytes; it is translated efficiently for a period of at least 7 days.", "contents": "Translation of biologically active messenger RNA from human placenta in Xenopus oocytes. Polysomal RNA was extracted from human term placenta and total poly(A)-containing RNA purified by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose. Poly(A)-containing RNA constituted approximately 1.2% of the total polysomal RNA and 8% of this purified preparation was able to anneal with [3H]poly(U). When injected into Xenopus oocytes, this poly(A)-rich RNA directed the synthesis of a polypeptide which is immunoprecipitable with a specific antiserum to human placental lactogen. The identity of authentic human placental lactogen and the immunoreactive polypeptide synthesized in the oocytes is suggested by their identical behaviour in dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis and by the formation of identical cyanogen bromide peptides. No precursor of human placental lactogen can be detected in the oocytes. The messenger RNA for human placental lactogen is very stable in oocytes; it is translated efficiently for a period of at least 7 days.", "PMID": 428394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14303", "title": "The physiological role of pyruvate carboxylation in hamster brown adipose tissue.", "content": "1. Pyruvate carboxylase is present in brown adipose tissue mitochondria. 2. In isolated mitochondria, pyruvate, bicarbonate and ATP, the substrates for pyruvate carboxylase, are able to replace added malate in supplying a condensing partner for acetyl-CoA formed from beta-oxidation of fatty acids. 3. In brown adipocytes, pyruvate and CO2 increase the rate of norepinephrine-stimulated respiration synergistically. 4. The norepinephrine-stimulated respiration in brown adipocytes is diminished when pyruvate transport into the mitochondria is inhibited. 5. Pyruvate carboxylation increases the intramitochondrial level of citric acid cycle intermediates, as shown by titrations of malonate inhibition of respiration. 6. Pyruvate carboxylation can continuously supply the mitochondria with citric acid cycle intermediates, as evidenced by its ability to maintain respiration when oxoglutarate conversion to glutamate is stimulated. 7. Pyruvate carboxylation is necessary for maximal oxygen consumption even when drainage of the citric acid cycle for amino acid synthesis is eliminated. 8. Pyruvate carboxylation explains observed effects of CO2 on respiration in brown adipocytes, and may also explain the increased glucose uptake by brown adipose tissue during thermogenesis in vivo.", "contents": "The physiological role of pyruvate carboxylation in hamster brown adipose tissue. 1. Pyruvate carboxylase is present in brown adipose tissue mitochondria. 2. In isolated mitochondria, pyruvate, bicarbonate and ATP, the substrates for pyruvate carboxylase, are able to replace added malate in supplying a condensing partner for acetyl-CoA formed from beta-oxidation of fatty acids. 3. In brown adipocytes, pyruvate and CO2 increase the rate of norepinephrine-stimulated respiration synergistically. 4. The norepinephrine-stimulated respiration in brown adipocytes is diminished when pyruvate transport into the mitochondria is inhibited. 5. Pyruvate carboxylation increases the intramitochondrial level of citric acid cycle intermediates, as shown by titrations of malonate inhibition of respiration. 6. Pyruvate carboxylation can continuously supply the mitochondria with citric acid cycle intermediates, as evidenced by its ability to maintain respiration when oxoglutarate conversion to glutamate is stimulated. 7. Pyruvate carboxylation is necessary for maximal oxygen consumption even when drainage of the citric acid cycle for amino acid synthesis is eliminated. 8. Pyruvate carboxylation explains observed effects of CO2 on respiration in brown adipocytes, and may also explain the increased glucose uptake by brown adipose tissue during thermogenesis in vivo.", "PMID": 428395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14304", "title": "Localisation of an endonuclease specific for double-stranded RNA within the nucleolus and its implication in processing ribosomal transcripts.", "content": "Nucleoli of both chick embryos and mouse Ehrlich ascites cells contain an enzymatic activity that is very similar to RNase DII, an enzyme isolated from total chick embryos for its ability to degrade double-stranded RNA. The enzyme can be extracted by low salt/EDTA from nucleoli and is associated with pre-ribosomal 80-S and 55-S particles. Under ionic conditions which are inhibitory for the nucleolytic activity the transcript in vitro of nucleoli is not processed and sediments around 45 S. Under salt conditions which are optimal for the nucleolar enzyme the nucleolar transcripts are cleaved to distinct intermediate-sized molecules. Addition of the chicken RNase DII or RNase III to the nucleolar transcription system results in a similar shift of the chain length of the RNA molecules. It is concluded that a nucleolar RNase recognizing double-stranded regions in the pre-ribosomal RNA is involved in the maturation of ribosomal RNA.", "contents": "Localisation of an endonuclease specific for double-stranded RNA within the nucleolus and its implication in processing ribosomal transcripts. Nucleoli of both chick embryos and mouse Ehrlich ascites cells contain an enzymatic activity that is very similar to RNase DII, an enzyme isolated from total chick embryos for its ability to degrade double-stranded RNA. The enzyme can be extracted by low salt/EDTA from nucleoli and is associated with pre-ribosomal 80-S and 55-S particles. Under ionic conditions which are inhibitory for the nucleolytic activity the transcript in vitro of nucleoli is not processed and sediments around 45 S. Under salt conditions which are optimal for the nucleolar enzyme the nucleolar transcripts are cleaved to distinct intermediate-sized molecules. Addition of the chicken RNase DII or RNase III to the nucleolar transcription system results in a similar shift of the chain length of the RNA molecules. It is concluded that a nucleolar RNase recognizing double-stranded regions in the pre-ribosomal RNA is involved in the maturation of ribosomal RNA.", "PMID": 428396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14305", "title": "The formate dehydrogenase involved in electron transport from formate to fumarate in Vibrio succinogenes.", "content": "1. The formate dehydrogenase of Vibrio succinogenes, which is involved in electron transport with fumarate as terminal acceptor, was solubilized with Triton X-100 and purified some 200-fold by means of chromatography on hydroxyapatite, sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Gel filtration failed to increase the specific acitivity of the enzyme while gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecylsulfate revealed that 73% of the protein of the preparation consisted of a polypeptide of Mr 110 000. The Mr of the functional enzyme was found to be 263 000 on the basis of the Stokes radius (5.8 nm) and the sedimentation coefficient (11.3 S). 2. The preparation contained 9 micronmol molybdenum/g protein and about 170 mumol iron-sulfur/g protein. The contents of b and c cytochromes varied and were lower than that of molybdenum. The low-potential cytochrome b [Kr\u00f6ger, A. and Innerhofer, A. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 69, 497-506] present in the preparation was reduced by formate. 3. The preparation catalyzed the reduction of a variety of dyes by formate, but not of NAD, FMN, ferredoxin or oxygen. The reduction of CO2 or bicarbonate by reduced methyl viologen was not catalyzed. The reaction with benzyl viologen obeyed the rate law consistent with a ping-pong mechanism. The Km for formate was 1.5 mM at infinite concentration of benzyl viologen while that for benzyl viologen was 0.53 mM at infinite formate concentration. Enzymic activity was inhibited by azide, KCN and HgCl2, but not by 4-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate or 2-(n-nonyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, both of which inhibit overall electron transport. The inhibition by azide was competitive with formate; the Ki was 45 micron. 4. The midpoint potential of the low-potential cytochrome b of the membrane fraction was shifted -40 mV by the presence of 2-(n-nonyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide. 5. It is concluded that the formate dehydrogenase of V. succinogenes is isolated as a dimer consisting of two identical subunits of Mr 110,000, each of which carries one atom of molybdenum and iron-sulfur groups. The low-potential cytochrome b is the direct acceptor for the electrons of formate dehydrogenase in the electron transport of formate-fumarate reduction of V. succinogenes. Inhibition of electron transport of the membrane fraction between formate dehydrogenase and menaquinone by 2-(n-nonyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide [Kr\u00f6ger, A. and Innerhofer, A. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 69, 487-495] is caused by the inhibitor binding to the low-potential cytochrome b.", "contents": "The formate dehydrogenase involved in electron transport from formate to fumarate in Vibrio succinogenes. 1. The formate dehydrogenase of Vibrio succinogenes, which is involved in electron transport with fumarate as terminal acceptor, was solubilized with Triton X-100 and purified some 200-fold by means of chromatography on hydroxyapatite, sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Gel filtration failed to increase the specific acitivity of the enzyme while gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecylsulfate revealed that 73% of the protein of the preparation consisted of a polypeptide of Mr 110 000. The Mr of the functional enzyme was found to be 263 000 on the basis of the Stokes radius (5.8 nm) and the sedimentation coefficient (11.3 S). 2. The preparation contained 9 micronmol molybdenum/g protein and about 170 mumol iron-sulfur/g protein. The contents of b and c cytochromes varied and were lower than that of molybdenum. The low-potential cytochrome b [Kr\u00f6ger, A. and Innerhofer, A. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 69, 497-506] present in the preparation was reduced by formate. 3. The preparation catalyzed the reduction of a variety of dyes by formate, but not of NAD, FMN, ferredoxin or oxygen. The reduction of CO2 or bicarbonate by reduced methyl viologen was not catalyzed. The reaction with benzyl viologen obeyed the rate law consistent with a ping-pong mechanism. The Km for formate was 1.5 mM at infinite concentration of benzyl viologen while that for benzyl viologen was 0.53 mM at infinite formate concentration. Enzymic activity was inhibited by azide, KCN and HgCl2, but not by 4-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate or 2-(n-nonyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, both of which inhibit overall electron transport. The inhibition by azide was competitive with formate; the Ki was 45 micron. 4. The midpoint potential of the low-potential cytochrome b of the membrane fraction was shifted -40 mV by the presence of 2-(n-nonyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide. 5. It is concluded that the formate dehydrogenase of V. succinogenes is isolated as a dimer consisting of two identical subunits of Mr 110,000, each of which carries one atom of molybdenum and iron-sulfur groups. The low-potential cytochrome b is the direct acceptor for the electrons of formate dehydrogenase in the electron transport of formate-fumarate reduction of V. succinogenes. Inhibition of electron transport of the membrane fraction between formate dehydrogenase and menaquinone by 2-(n-nonyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide [Kr\u00f6ger, A. and Innerhofer, A. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 69, 487-495] is caused by the inhibitor binding to the low-potential cytochrome b.", "PMID": 428397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14306", "title": "Metal ion/buffer interactions. Stability of binary and ternary complexes containing 2-amino-2(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (Tris) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP).", "content": "The interaction of 2-amino-2(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (Tris) with the metal ions (M2+) Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ was studied by potentiometry and spectrophotometry in aqueous solution (I = 0.1 or 1.0 M, KNO3, 25 degrees C). Stability constants of the M(Tris)2+ complexes were determined; those constants which were measured by both methods agreed well. Ternary complexes containing ATP4- as a second ligand were also investigated and it is shown that in the presence of Tris, mixed-ligand complexes of the type M(ATP)(Tris)2- are formed. The values for delta log KM, where delta log KM = log KM(ATP)M(ATP)Tris--log KMM(Tris), are all negative, thus indicating that the interaction of Tris with M(ATP)2- is somewhat less pronounced than with M2+. However, it should be noted that even in mixed-ligand systems complex formation with Tris may still be considerable, hence great reservations should be exercised in employing Tris as a buffer in systems which also contain metal ions. Distributions of the complex species in dependence on pH are shown for several systems, and the structures of the binary M(Tris)2- and the ternary M(ATP)(Tris)2- complexes are discussed. The participation of a Tris-hydroxo group in complex formation is, at least for the M(Tris)2- species, quite evident.", "contents": "Metal ion/buffer interactions. Stability of binary and ternary complexes containing 2-amino-2(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (Tris) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). The interaction of 2-amino-2(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (Tris) with the metal ions (M2+) Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ was studied by potentiometry and spectrophotometry in aqueous solution (I = 0.1 or 1.0 M, KNO3, 25 degrees C). Stability constants of the M(Tris)2+ complexes were determined; those constants which were measured by both methods agreed well. Ternary complexes containing ATP4- as a second ligand were also investigated and it is shown that in the presence of Tris, mixed-ligand complexes of the type M(ATP)(Tris)2- are formed. The values for delta log KM, where delta log KM = log KM(ATP)M(ATP)Tris--log KMM(Tris), are all negative, thus indicating that the interaction of Tris with M(ATP)2- is somewhat less pronounced than with M2+. However, it should be noted that even in mixed-ligand systems complex formation with Tris may still be considerable, hence great reservations should be exercised in employing Tris as a buffer in systems which also contain metal ions. Distributions of the complex species in dependence on pH are shown for several systems, and the structures of the binary M(Tris)2- and the ternary M(ATP)(Tris)2- complexes are discussed. The participation of a Tris-hydroxo group in complex formation is, at least for the M(Tris)2- species, quite evident.", "PMID": 428398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14307", "title": "Chemical modification of taipoxin and the consequences for phospholipase activity, pathophysiology, and inhibition of high-affinity choline uptake.", "content": "Treatment of taipoxin with p-bromophenacyl bromide resulted in modification of single histidine residues in the alpha and beta subunits. The modification decreased the neurotoxicity (lethality) 350-fold, but the inhibitory action on high-affinity choline transport was reduced only threefold. The phospholipase activity and Ca2+-association constants for taipoxin and its subunits were determined. A model for the neurotoxicity of taipoxin indicates the alpha subunit as the ultimate cause of the disruption of synaptic transmission.", "contents": "Chemical modification of taipoxin and the consequences for phospholipase activity, pathophysiology, and inhibition of high-affinity choline uptake. Treatment of taipoxin with p-bromophenacyl bromide resulted in modification of single histidine residues in the alpha and beta subunits. The modification decreased the neurotoxicity (lethality) 350-fold, but the inhibitory action on high-affinity choline transport was reduced only threefold. The phospholipase activity and Ca2+-association constants for taipoxin and its subunits were determined. A model for the neurotoxicity of taipoxin indicates the alpha subunit as the ultimate cause of the disruption of synaptic transmission.", "PMID": 428399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14308", "title": "Purification and reverse transcription of the messenger RNA coding for the insect protein, calliphorin, isolated from larvae of the blowfly, Calliphora vicina R.-D.", "content": "Starting from poly(A)-containing RNA prepared from the fat body of larvae of the blowfly Calliphora vicina, we have purified an mRNA coding for the protein calliphorin, which is a major blowfly protein accounting for approximately 9% of the total poly(A)-containing mRNA activity in the fat body of 5-days-old larvae, as demonstrated by translation in vitro. The mRNA for this protein was purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation under denaturing conditions and identified by cell-free translation. The peak fraction of the gradient shows three bands of about 20 S after formamide/acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using reverse transcriptase and Calliphora mRNA isolated directly from the acrylamide gel electrophoresis or from sucrose gradients, we synthesized a cDNA probe. This cDNA hybridizes with the template, showing a major kinetic component with a molecular weight of 2.8 x 10(6), fitting well with the three bands observed in the electrophoresis. Hybridization of the cDNA with total sonicated Calliphora DNA shows annealing only at very high c0t values, indicating that Calliphora mRNA is transcribed from the unique portion of the fly genome.", "contents": "Purification and reverse transcription of the messenger RNA coding for the insect protein, calliphorin, isolated from larvae of the blowfly, Calliphora vicina R.-D. Starting from poly(A)-containing RNA prepared from the fat body of larvae of the blowfly Calliphora vicina, we have purified an mRNA coding for the protein calliphorin, which is a major blowfly protein accounting for approximately 9% of the total poly(A)-containing mRNA activity in the fat body of 5-days-old larvae, as demonstrated by translation in vitro. The mRNA for this protein was purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation under denaturing conditions and identified by cell-free translation. The peak fraction of the gradient shows three bands of about 20 S after formamide/acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using reverse transcriptase and Calliphora mRNA isolated directly from the acrylamide gel electrophoresis or from sucrose gradients, we synthesized a cDNA probe. This cDNA hybridizes with the template, showing a major kinetic component with a molecular weight of 2.8 x 10(6), fitting well with the three bands observed in the electrophoresis. Hybridization of the cDNA with total sonicated Calliphora DNA shows annealing only at very high c0t values, indicating that Calliphora mRNA is transcribed from the unique portion of the fly genome.", "PMID": 428401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14309", "title": "Amino acid sequence of neurotoxin III of the scorpion Androctonus austrialis Hector.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of neurotoxin III, purified from the venom of the North African scorpion Androctonus australis Hector, has been determined by Edman degradation using a liquid-phase sequencer. Carboxypeptidase A hydrolyses confirmed not only the sequence of the five last residues but also the presence of a free alpha-carboxylic group at the C-terminus. Edman degradation was conducted on one hand with the Quadrol [N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylene diamine] program and S-alkylated protein before or after coupling with sulfophenylisothiocynate (the first 34 residues were thus identified), on the other hand on tryptic and chymotryptic peptides with a dimethylbenzylamine program (residues 1--23 and 31--34 were confirmed, the positions of residues 35-64 were established). Neurotoxin III was found to belong to the same group of scorpion toxins active on mammals as neurotoxin I purified from the same venom (50 homologous positions exist in the two proteins).", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of neurotoxin III of the scorpion Androctonus austrialis Hector. The amino acid sequence of neurotoxin III, purified from the venom of the North African scorpion Androctonus australis Hector, has been determined by Edman degradation using a liquid-phase sequencer. Carboxypeptidase A hydrolyses confirmed not only the sequence of the five last residues but also the presence of a free alpha-carboxylic group at the C-terminus. Edman degradation was conducted on one hand with the Quadrol [N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylene diamine] program and S-alkylated protein before or after coupling with sulfophenylisothiocynate (the first 34 residues were thus identified), on the other hand on tryptic and chymotryptic peptides with a dimethylbenzylamine program (residues 1--23 and 31--34 were confirmed, the positions of residues 35-64 were established). Neurotoxin III was found to belong to the same group of scorpion toxins active on mammals as neurotoxin I purified from the same venom (50 homologous positions exist in the two proteins).", "PMID": 428402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14310", "title": "Transport and metabolism of bromosulfophthalein by isolated rat liver cells.", "content": "Kinetics of transport and metabolism of bromosulfophthalein have been studied in isolated liver cells in a dose-dependent manner obtaining the following results. The disposition of bromosulfophthalein in suspensions of isolated liver cells is similar to the turnover in the whole liver. The initial maximal rate of uptake of bromosulfophthalein is 2--3 times faster than intracellular conjugation with glutathione. Conjugation proceeds to an equilibrium between intracellular substrate (bromosulfophthalein) and product (bromosulfophthalein-glutathione conjugate) which are both transiently accumulated in the cell. Formation of bromosulfophthalein-glutathione is accompanied by an equimolar decrease of glutathione. The bromosulfophthalein-glutathione conjugate is slowly released from the cells in an energy-dependent and saturable transport process. The maximal velocity of excretion amounts to only 6% of the maximal velocity of uptake and to 20% of the maximal velocity of conjugation. Excretion, therefore, represents the slowest step in the overall turnover.", "contents": "Transport and metabolism of bromosulfophthalein by isolated rat liver cells. Kinetics of transport and metabolism of bromosulfophthalein have been studied in isolated liver cells in a dose-dependent manner obtaining the following results. The disposition of bromosulfophthalein in suspensions of isolated liver cells is similar to the turnover in the whole liver. The initial maximal rate of uptake of bromosulfophthalein is 2--3 times faster than intracellular conjugation with glutathione. Conjugation proceeds to an equilibrium between intracellular substrate (bromosulfophthalein) and product (bromosulfophthalein-glutathione conjugate) which are both transiently accumulated in the cell. Formation of bromosulfophthalein-glutathione is accompanied by an equimolar decrease of glutathione. The bromosulfophthalein-glutathione conjugate is slowly released from the cells in an energy-dependent and saturable transport process. The maximal velocity of excretion amounts to only 6% of the maximal velocity of uptake and to 20% of the maximal velocity of conjugation. Excretion, therefore, represents the slowest step in the overall turnover.", "PMID": 428403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14311", "title": "Therapy of urothelial bladder tumors. Results of a retrospective study of 615 cases.", "content": "615 urothelial bladder tumors are evaluated retrospectively after reclassification of histological and cytological specimens according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (1973) and International Union Against Cancer (1974). The reason for a subdivision of the T1 category for exophytic noninfiltrating carcinomas is discussed. The importance of stage and grade is demonstrated as well as the different prognosis of patients with primary or recurrent tumors of the same T category. The results of the study demand a differentiated therapeutic regimen for urothelial bladder tumors.", "contents": "Therapy of urothelial bladder tumors. Results of a retrospective study of 615 cases. 615 urothelial bladder tumors are evaluated retrospectively after reclassification of histological and cytological specimens according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (1973) and International Union Against Cancer (1974). The reason for a subdivision of the T1 category for exophytic noninfiltrating carcinomas is discussed. The importance of stage and grade is demonstrated as well as the different prognosis of patients with primary or recurrent tumors of the same T category. The results of the study demand a differentiated therapeutic regimen for urothelial bladder tumors.", "PMID": 428404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14312", "title": "Revaluation of the advancement operative technique for the cure of vesicorenal reflux.", "content": "In a series of 180 neoureterocystostomies, 177 were successful. Only 3 failure occurred: 1 remaining reflux and 2 obstructions. The operative technique is described and discussed. The advancement procedure of Glenn and  Anderson is found to be an excellent technique for the cure of nearly all cases of vesicorenal reflux.", "contents": "Revaluation of the advancement operative technique for the cure of vesicorenal reflux. In a series of 180 neoureterocystostomies, 177 were successful. Only 3 failure occurred: 1 remaining reflux and 2 obstructions. The operative technique is described and discussed. The advancement procedure of Glenn and  Anderson is found to be an excellent technique for the cure of nearly all cases of vesicorenal reflux.", "PMID": 428405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14313", "title": "On the pathogenesis of stone formation in stone-eliminating patients.", "content": "The clinical peculiarities, and the etiological and pathogenetic factors of urolithiasis in 296 patients suffering from spontaneous stone elimination were studied. It was established that 209 patients eliminated stones consisting of uric acid, sodium salts and ammonium salts. Moderate hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia and also hyperuricemia and hyperuricuria were present. There were 39 'eliminators' of calcium stones. Their blood calcium content was higher, hypercalciuria, inorganic phosphorus and normal uric acid, were noted. Compound stones were present in 48 observations. When carrying out additional biochemical tests in 57 patients with calcium and compound stones, primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed in 34 observations; and parathyroidectomy was successfully performed.", "contents": "On the pathogenesis of stone formation in stone-eliminating patients. The clinical peculiarities, and the etiological and pathogenetic factors of urolithiasis in 296 patients suffering from spontaneous stone elimination were studied. It was established that 209 patients eliminated stones consisting of uric acid, sodium salts and ammonium salts. Moderate hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia and also hyperuricemia and hyperuricuria were present. There were 39 'eliminators' of calcium stones. Their blood calcium content was higher, hypercalciuria, inorganic phosphorus and normal uric acid, were noted. Compound stones were present in 48 observations. When carrying out additional biochemical tests in 57 patients with calcium and compound stones, primary hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed in 34 observations; and parathyroidectomy was successfully performed.", "PMID": 428406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14314", "title": "Epidemiology of urinary stone colic.", "content": "Epidemiological study of urinary stone colics was done for 5 years in a defined basin located in the center of Japan. It was 2.5 times more frequent in males than in females. The difference was observed only in the age over 30 years. Recurrence occurred in 24.5% of the cases. Climatic factors were also analysed. The incidence was significantly high in summer and low in autumn. Days of decreasing air pressure and high temperature were frequently associated with stone colic.", "contents": "Epidemiology of urinary stone colic. Epidemiological study of urinary stone colics was done for 5 years in a defined basin located in the center of Japan. It was 2.5 times more frequent in males than in females. The difference was observed only in the age over 30 years. Recurrence occurred in 24.5% of the cases. Climatic factors were also analysed. The incidence was significantly high in summer and low in autumn. Days of decreasing air pressure and high temperature were frequently associated with stone colic.", "PMID": 428407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14315", "title": "Resorptive and absorptive hypercalciuria. Therapy with sodium cellulose phosphate or thiazides.", "content": "Patients with recurrent stone disease and hypercalciuria were cleared up according to Nordin's schedule. In cases of absorptive hypercalciuria, an ion exchanger operating in the intestine, sodium cellulose phosphate (SCP), is applied under strict control of oxalate, calcium and magnesium excretion as well as ionized calcium in serum. Under treatment with SCP (27 patients), we found a reduction in the renal excretion of calcium and magnesium, and, as a side effect, a significant augmentation of the renal oxalate excretion. In cases of resorptive or resorptive/absorptive hypercalciuria, except in patients with primary HPT, 23 patients were mediated by thiazides (Esidrix). This drug effects a marked decrease of urinary calcium based on a higher rate of reabsorption of calcium in the distal tubule. No severe side effects especially primary HPT were observed.", "contents": "Resorptive and absorptive hypercalciuria. Therapy with sodium cellulose phosphate or thiazides. Patients with recurrent stone disease and hypercalciuria were cleared up according to Nordin's schedule. In cases of absorptive hypercalciuria, an ion exchanger operating in the intestine, sodium cellulose phosphate (SCP), is applied under strict control of oxalate, calcium and magnesium excretion as well as ionized calcium in serum. Under treatment with SCP (27 patients), we found a reduction in the renal excretion of calcium and magnesium, and, as a side effect, a significant augmentation of the renal oxalate excretion. In cases of resorptive or resorptive/absorptive hypercalciuria, except in patients with primary HPT, 23 patients were mediated by thiazides (Esidrix). This drug effects a marked decrease of urinary calcium based on a higher rate of reabsorption of calcium in the distal tubule. No severe side effects especially primary HPT were observed.", "PMID": 428408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14316", "title": "Investigations on flow dynamics and microstructure and their contribution to urolith genesis.", "content": "Stones originating in the tubular system may grow in the renal calyces without being excreted. From the analysis of flow dynamics nearly steady turbulences with long retention times should be expected, in which particles with a density of about 1.0 can grow. By this, hydrodynamics would support the matrix theory of stone genesis. Microscopic structures of the central stone regions also support 'organic early stages in urolith genesis.'", "contents": "Investigations on flow dynamics and microstructure and their contribution to urolith genesis. Stones originating in the tubular system may grow in the renal calyces without being excreted. From the analysis of flow dynamics nearly steady turbulences with long retention times should be expected, in which particles with a density of about 1.0 can grow. By this, hydrodynamics would support the matrix theory of stone genesis. Microscopic structures of the central stone regions also support 'organic early stages in urolith genesis.'", "PMID": 428409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14317", "title": "Evoked response of the bulbocavernosus reflex.", "content": "The bulbocavernosus reflex can be elicited either by penile or urethral stimulation. The mean signal transit time after electrostimulation of the dorsal penile nerve to evoked response in the anal sphincter (35 msec) was only half the signal transit time after stimulation in the posterior urethra (60 msec). Thus, the modified bulbocavernosus reflex elicited either by squeezing the glans penis or by pulling a urethral balloon catheter represents two different reflexes with differenct afferent and probably different intraspinal pathways. In the clinic it is therefore important, when testing the bulbocavernosus reflex, to report how it is elicited.", "contents": "Evoked response of the bulbocavernosus reflex. The bulbocavernosus reflex can be elicited either by penile or urethral stimulation. The mean signal transit time after electrostimulation of the dorsal penile nerve to evoked response in the anal sphincter (35 msec) was only half the signal transit time after stimulation in the posterior urethra (60 msec). Thus, the modified bulbocavernosus reflex elicited either by squeezing the glans penis or by pulling a urethral balloon catheter represents two different reflexes with differenct afferent and probably different intraspinal pathways. In the clinic it is therefore important, when testing the bulbocavernosus reflex, to report how it is elicited.", "PMID": 428410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14318", "title": "The metabolic situation in ureterosigmoidostomy.", "content": "At reexamination 67 patients with ureterosigmoidostomies showed no significant alteration of their acid-base and electrolyte metabolism as compared to the preoperative situation and 39 patients with a colonic conduit. If required these patients had received an oral alkali substitution therapy; this proved to be necessary as a permanent measure only in cases with functional and morphological defects of the upper urinary tract. Spells of hyperchloremic acidosis had occurred in 13 patients during the follow-up period and always coincided with attacks of acute pyelonephritis and renal deterioration, often accompanied by irregularities in the substitution. Obviously metabolic problems arise only with a deteriorating urinary tract and timely discovery and treatment of these patients is the main task of the supervising doctor. Although the metabolic imbalances usually respond promptly to an adaptation of the substitution therapy, patients with a predamaged upper urinary tract should not be subjected to ureterosigmoidostomy.", "contents": "The metabolic situation in ureterosigmoidostomy. At reexamination 67 patients with ureterosigmoidostomies showed no significant alteration of their acid-base and electrolyte metabolism as compared to the preoperative situation and 39 patients with a colonic conduit. If required these patients had received an oral alkali substitution therapy; this proved to be necessary as a permanent measure only in cases with functional and morphological defects of the upper urinary tract. Spells of hyperchloremic acidosis had occurred in 13 patients during the follow-up period and always coincided with attacks of acute pyelonephritis and renal deterioration, often accompanied by irregularities in the substitution. Obviously metabolic problems arise only with a deteriorating urinary tract and timely discovery and treatment of these patients is the main task of the supervising doctor. Although the metabolic imbalances usually respond promptly to an adaptation of the substitution therapy, patients with a predamaged upper urinary tract should not be subjected to ureterosigmoidostomy.", "PMID": 428411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14319", "title": "Malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder. A report of 2 cases.", "content": "2 cases of primary, malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder are reported. Diagnostic difficulties caused by a deep, intramural location and accompanying severe inflammation are discussed. From a review of the literature and also from the authors experience, resection of the bladder and postoperative radiotherapy seen to constitute sufficient therapy.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder. A report of 2 cases. 2 cases of primary, malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder are reported. Diagnostic difficulties caused by a deep, intramural location and accompanying severe inflammation are discussed. From a review of the literature and also from the authors experience, resection of the bladder and postoperative radiotherapy seen to constitute sufficient therapy.", "PMID": 428412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14320", "title": "Sacrococcygeal dysgenesis.", "content": "Congenital sacrococcygeal dysplasia is an uncommon though important cause of neuropathic bladder disease leading to progressive renal damage. In 2 cases described herein and featuring long-standing incontinence and recurrent infections, the concomittant musculoskeletal abnormalities had been treated for years, while the urinary tract condition had been largely neglected until urinary diversion or unilateral nephrectomy were required.", "contents": "Sacrococcygeal dysgenesis. Congenital sacrococcygeal dysplasia is an uncommon though important cause of neuropathic bladder disease leading to progressive renal damage. In 2 cases described herein and featuring long-standing incontinence and recurrent infections, the concomittant musculoskeletal abnormalities had been treated for years, while the urinary tract condition had been largely neglected until urinary diversion or unilateral nephrectomy were required.", "PMID": 428413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14321", "title": "Obstruction of a ureter by isolated primary focal amyloidosis.", "content": "A rare case of obstruction of the pelvic segment of the ureter by an isolated focus of primary amyloidosis is described. The operation consisted of resection of the constricted segment of the ureter and end-to-end anastomosis, with very good early and late results. The differential diagnosis and therapy of this type of ureteral obstruction are discussed.", "contents": "Obstruction of a ureter by isolated primary focal amyloidosis. A rare case of obstruction of the pelvic segment of the ureter by an isolated focus of primary amyloidosis is described. The operation consisted of resection of the constricted segment of the ureter and end-to-end anastomosis, with very good early and late results. The differential diagnosis and therapy of this type of ureteral obstruction are discussed.", "PMID": 428414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14322", "title": "Foreign body stone of the ureter as a complication of acupuncture.", "content": "A case of spontaneous passage of a foreign body in the upper urinary tract is reported. Approximately 60 cases have been collected and reported in the world, 18 in Japan. Our case is, however, the first with spontaneous passage. As complications may occur if these foreign bodies are left behind, we advocate the surgical removal as treatment of choice.", "contents": "Foreign body stone of the ureter as a complication of acupuncture. A case of spontaneous passage of a foreign body in the upper urinary tract is reported. Approximately 60 cases have been collected and reported in the world, 18 in Japan. Our case is, however, the first with spontaneous passage. As complications may occur if these foreign bodies are left behind, we advocate the surgical removal as treatment of choice.", "PMID": 428415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14323", "title": "Bilateral total ureteric bypass in the management of renal tubular acidosis.", "content": "Nephrocalcinosis and the subsequent obstruction of the ureters by urinary calculi can be a major problem in the management of a patient with renal tubular acidosis. We describe the case history of a girl with this condition in whom the interposition of segments of ileum between the kidneys and bladder, thus bypassing the ureters, had been used in an attempt to overcome the problem of recurrent ureteric obstruction by calculi.", "contents": "Bilateral total ureteric bypass in the management of renal tubular acidosis. Nephrocalcinosis and the subsequent obstruction of the ureters by urinary calculi can be a major problem in the management of a patient with renal tubular acidosis. We describe the case history of a girl with this condition in whom the interposition of segments of ileum between the kidneys and bladder, thus bypassing the ureters, had been used in an attempt to overcome the problem of recurrent ureteric obstruction by calculi.", "PMID": 428416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14324", "title": "Cervical aortic arch with ventricular septal defect. A differential diagnosis from interrupted aortic arch.", "content": "A case of right cervical aortic arch with a large ventricular septal defect and a bicuspid aortic valve is reported. The angiographic diagnosis was interruption of the aortic arch type II, with aberrant right subclavian artery, a closed ductus arteriosus and retrograde vertebral-subclavian flow to the descending aorta. The cervical arch, demonstrated post mortem, was located high and deep in the neck. This differential diagnosis may have potential importance, as reported experience shows that a surgical aortic anastomosis is not required in cervical aortic arch.", "contents": "Cervical aortic arch with ventricular septal defect. A differential diagnosis from interrupted aortic arch. A case of right cervical aortic arch with a large ventricular septal defect and a bicuspid aortic valve is reported. The angiographic diagnosis was interruption of the aortic arch type II, with aberrant right subclavian artery, a closed ductus arteriosus and retrograde vertebral-subclavian flow to the descending aorta. The cervical arch, demonstrated post mortem, was located high and deep in the neck. This differential diagnosis may have potential importance, as reported experience shows that a surgical aortic anastomosis is not required in cervical aortic arch.", "PMID": 428418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14325", "title": "Paroxysmal atrioventricular tachycardia involving an anomalous pathway with antegrade unidirectional block.", "content": "37 consecutive patients with frequent episodes of palpitation and/or dizziness underwent electrophysiological study. They had no signs of ventricular preexcitation during either sinus rhythm or atrial pacing. In 17 (46%), the supraventricular tachycardia was sustained by a reentry mechanism involving an anomalous AV pathway with unidirectional antegrade block (AV tachycardia). Some findings were accepted to demonstrate the existence of the anomalous pathway (AP) and others, its participation in the reentry circuit. The possible location of the AP was established in 15 cases at the following sites: left lateral in 5 cases, left posterior in 5 cases, left posteromedial in 1 case, right posterior in 1 case, right anterior in 1 case, posterior septal in 1 case, and anterior septal in 1 case. The rate of the AV tachycardia can be influenced not only by the ventriculoatrial interval but also by the other pathways included in the reentry circuit. It may change conspicuously in cases with dual AV pathway and anomalous AV pathway in relation to the modality of antegrade conduction by the AV node.", "contents": "Paroxysmal atrioventricular tachycardia involving an anomalous pathway with antegrade unidirectional block. 37 consecutive patients with frequent episodes of palpitation and/or dizziness underwent electrophysiological study. They had no signs of ventricular preexcitation during either sinus rhythm or atrial pacing. In 17 (46%), the supraventricular tachycardia was sustained by a reentry mechanism involving an anomalous AV pathway with unidirectional antegrade block (AV tachycardia). Some findings were accepted to demonstrate the existence of the anomalous pathway (AP) and others, its participation in the reentry circuit. The possible location of the AP was established in 15 cases at the following sites: left lateral in 5 cases, left posterior in 5 cases, left posteromedial in 1 case, right posterior in 1 case, right anterior in 1 case, posterior septal in 1 case, and anterior septal in 1 case. The rate of the AV tachycardia can be influenced not only by the ventriculoatrial interval but also by the other pathways included in the reentry circuit. It may change conspicuously in cases with dual AV pathway and anomalous AV pathway in relation to the modality of antegrade conduction by the AV node.", "PMID": 428419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14326", "title": "Antidiuresis induced by infusions of histamine into the brain ventricles of conscious hydrated goats.", "content": "Histamine was infused into the third or lateral ventricle of conscious hydrated goats, and urine samples were analyzed for volume, osmolality and electrolytes. Doses of 10--1000 microgram of histamine induced dose-dependent antidiuretic responses both as to the maximum osmolality and the duration of the osmolality increase. Urine osmolality began to rise within a few minutes, reached its maximum within 0.5--2 h and was elevated for 1.5--4 h, depending on the dose. Thereafter a second increase in osmolality often occurred, which lengthened the effect of histamine dose-dependently up to about 10 h with the largest dose of histamine. Histamine (50--300 microgram) and the control solution given into the lateral ventricle increased the excretion of Na+ into the urine. After the largest dose of histamine (1000 microgram), however, the excretion of Na+ was significantly lower than in the control experiments. After the larger doses of histamine, effects on motor or autonomic functions were seen. These included decreased spontaneous motor activity, increased respiratory rate, defecation and miosis. It is suggested that the site of action of histamine is central, and that the release of vasopressin through the activation of the neurosecretory system is probably involved. In addition the changes in electrolytes may suggest an involvement of the release of other factors such as prolactin.", "contents": "Antidiuresis induced by infusions of histamine into the brain ventricles of conscious hydrated goats. Histamine was infused into the third or lateral ventricle of conscious hydrated goats, and urine samples were analyzed for volume, osmolality and electrolytes. Doses of 10--1000 microgram of histamine induced dose-dependent antidiuretic responses both as to the maximum osmolality and the duration of the osmolality increase. Urine osmolality began to rise within a few minutes, reached its maximum within 0.5--2 h and was elevated for 1.5--4 h, depending on the dose. Thereafter a second increase in osmolality often occurred, which lengthened the effect of histamine dose-dependently up to about 10 h with the largest dose of histamine. Histamine (50--300 microgram) and the control solution given into the lateral ventricle increased the excretion of Na+ into the urine. After the largest dose of histamine (1000 microgram), however, the excretion of Na+ was significantly lower than in the control experiments. After the larger doses of histamine, effects on motor or autonomic functions were seen. These included decreased spontaneous motor activity, increased respiratory rate, defecation and miosis. It is suggested that the site of action of histamine is central, and that the release of vasopressin through the activation of the neurosecretory system is probably involved. In addition the changes in electrolytes may suggest an involvement of the release of other factors such as prolactin.", "PMID": 428421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14327", "title": "The local anesthetic effect of cyproheptadine on mammalian nerve fibres.", "content": "The local anesthetic effect of cyproheptadine on nerve fibres in the rabbit's cervical vagus and sciatic nerve was studied by the single sucrose-gap technique. Local anesthetics such as procaine and tetracaine, and an antihistaminic with local anesthetic activity, diphenhydramine, were studied for comparison. Increasing concentrations of cypropheptadine, starting from 5 x 10(-5) M, produced a dose-related fall in the amplitude of the compound action potential of the vagus nerve without significant change in the resting membrane potential. A complete reversibility of the local anesthetic effect was difficult or impossible to obtain when doses greater than 1 x 10(-4) M were used. Cyproheptadine was more potent than procaine and diphenhydramine, and less potent than tetracaine in producing nerve conduction block. Frequency-dependent block was observed with cyproheptadine and the other agents at frequencies that can be considered low (1--5 Hz). Myelinated fibres of the sciatic nerves were also blocked by cyproheptadine within the same range of concentrations (1 x 10(-4) to 1 x 10(-3) M). Our results provide an additional explanation for the mechanism underlying the actions of cyproheptadine as an antiarrhythmic and an antipruritic agent.", "contents": "The local anesthetic effect of cyproheptadine on mammalian nerve fibres. The local anesthetic effect of cyproheptadine on nerve fibres in the rabbit's cervical vagus and sciatic nerve was studied by the single sucrose-gap technique. Local anesthetics such as procaine and tetracaine, and an antihistaminic with local anesthetic activity, diphenhydramine, were studied for comparison. Increasing concentrations of cypropheptadine, starting from 5 x 10(-5) M, produced a dose-related fall in the amplitude of the compound action potential of the vagus nerve without significant change in the resting membrane potential. A complete reversibility of the local anesthetic effect was difficult or impossible to obtain when doses greater than 1 x 10(-4) M were used. Cyproheptadine was more potent than procaine and diphenhydramine, and less potent than tetracaine in producing nerve conduction block. Frequency-dependent block was observed with cyproheptadine and the other agents at frequencies that can be considered low (1--5 Hz). Myelinated fibres of the sciatic nerves were also blocked by cyproheptadine within the same range of concentrations (1 x 10(-4) to 1 x 10(-3) M). Our results provide an additional explanation for the mechanism underlying the actions of cyproheptadine as an antiarrhythmic and an antipruritic agent.", "PMID": 428422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14328", "title": "Biotransformation and cardiovascular effects of arachidonic acid in the dog.", "content": "The biotransformation and cardiovascular effects of arachidonic acid (AA) were studied in the circulation of anaesthetized dogs. Arterial blood was continuously bioassayed for arachidonate metabolites using the blood-bathed organ technique of Vane. AA (5-10 microgram/ml) infused into an incubation coil of flowing blood was converted into a labile substance which contracted the vascular tissues (rabbit aorta, RbA; rabbit coeliac and mesenteric arteries, RbCA and RbMA; bovine coronary artery, BCA) and the gastrointestinal smooth muscle strips (rat stomach strip, RSS; rat colon, RC). These effects could be mimicked by exogenously generated thromboxane A2 (TXA2). Conversion of AA was inhibited by indomethacin and the selective thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, imidazole (100 microgram/ml). The half-life of TXA2 in blood was 30-47 sec, a similar value to that found in aqueous solutions at 37 degrees C. PGH2 was also converted in blood to other product(s) which contracted RSS and RC, relaxed RbCA and RbMA but had little effect on RbA. Intravenous infusion of AA (50-800 microgram kg-1 min-1) caused effects on the bioassay tissues which could be mimicked by prostacyclin. The AA infusion also induced falls in pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures and bradycardia. All effects were abolished by indomethacin (5 mg/kg) or aspirin (200 mg/kg). Radioimmunoassay confirmed that the major product of intravenously infused AA was 6-oxo-PGF1alpha, the chemical degradation product of prostacyclin. Thus, although AA is transformed to the vasoconstrictor TXA2 when incubated for sufficient time with blood alone, on rapid pulmonary transit it is transformed into a prostacyclin-like substance.", "contents": "Biotransformation and cardiovascular effects of arachidonic acid in the dog. The biotransformation and cardiovascular effects of arachidonic acid (AA) were studied in the circulation of anaesthetized dogs. Arterial blood was continuously bioassayed for arachidonate metabolites using the blood-bathed organ technique of Vane. AA (5-10 microgram/ml) infused into an incubation coil of flowing blood was converted into a labile substance which contracted the vascular tissues (rabbit aorta, RbA; rabbit coeliac and mesenteric arteries, RbCA and RbMA; bovine coronary artery, BCA) and the gastrointestinal smooth muscle strips (rat stomach strip, RSS; rat colon, RC). These effects could be mimicked by exogenously generated thromboxane A2 (TXA2). Conversion of AA was inhibited by indomethacin and the selective thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, imidazole (100 microgram/ml). The half-life of TXA2 in blood was 30-47 sec, a similar value to that found in aqueous solutions at 37 degrees C. PGH2 was also converted in blood to other product(s) which contracted RSS and RC, relaxed RbCA and RbMA but had little effect on RbA. Intravenous infusion of AA (50-800 microgram kg-1 min-1) caused effects on the bioassay tissues which could be mimicked by prostacyclin. The AA infusion also induced falls in pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures and bradycardia. All effects were abolished by indomethacin (5 mg/kg) or aspirin (200 mg/kg). Radioimmunoassay confirmed that the major product of intravenously infused AA was 6-oxo-PGF1alpha, the chemical degradation product of prostacyclin. Thus, although AA is transformed to the vasoconstrictor TXA2 when incubated for sufficient time with blood alone, on rapid pulmonary transit it is transformed into a prostacyclin-like substance.", "PMID": 428423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14329", "title": "Effects of L-dopa on putrescine levels in the brain and the liver of the rat.", "content": "The pharmacological effects of several amino acid precursors of putative neurotransmitters on putrescine levels in the brain and the liver of the rat were studied. L-dopa increased brain and liver putrescine levels in a dose-dependent manner that reached its maximum effect in 4-6 h. The increase in liver putrescine was associated with a concomitant increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity. L-5-hydroxytryptophan increased liver putrescine but had no effect on brain putrescine levels. D-DOPA and D-5-hydroxytryptophan were both ineffective in altering brain or liver putrescine. The effects of L-DOPA persisted after hypophysectomy and were not associated with changes in tissue levels of S-adenosylmethionine. The repeated administration of L-DOPA for periods of 48 and 96 h resulted in a sustained elevation of putrescine levels in the brain but not in the liver.", "contents": "Effects of L-dopa on putrescine levels in the brain and the liver of the rat. The pharmacological effects of several amino acid precursors of putative neurotransmitters on putrescine levels in the brain and the liver of the rat were studied. L-dopa increased brain and liver putrescine levels in a dose-dependent manner that reached its maximum effect in 4-6 h. The increase in liver putrescine was associated with a concomitant increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity. L-5-hydroxytryptophan increased liver putrescine but had no effect on brain putrescine levels. D-DOPA and D-5-hydroxytryptophan were both ineffective in altering brain or liver putrescine. The effects of L-DOPA persisted after hypophysectomy and were not associated with changes in tissue levels of S-adenosylmethionine. The repeated administration of L-DOPA for periods of 48 and 96 h resulted in a sustained elevation of putrescine levels in the brain but not in the liver.", "PMID": 428424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14330", "title": "Effects of neuronal polypeptides on intestinal smooth muscle; a comparison with non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation and ATP.", "content": "Substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) did not mimic the inhibitory responses to non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation. Substance P (0.1-10 microgram/ml) always caused contraction, enkephalin (0.1-10 microgram/ml) and somatostatin (0.1 microgram/ml) were inactive, while VIP (0.1-1 microgram/ml) produced very slow relaxation, taking about 4 min to reach a maximum after a latency of about 60 sec. Low concentrations of neurotensin (1-10 ng/mg) caused contraction, but at higher concentrations (50-1000 ng/ml) it produced a biphasic response which consisted of an initial contraction followed by a slow relaxation. In high tone preparations, the slow relaxation did not mimic the nerve-mediated response, taking approximately 43 sec. to reach maximum, after a long latency of about 15 sec. In contrast, ATP (0.1-50 microgram/ml) mimicked closely the rapid responses to non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation in all preparations, whether the tone was low, medium or high. The time for the inhibitory response to reach maximum was about 15 sec after a latency of approximately 1 sec. Indomethacin (3.4-34 microgram/ml) did not unmask any inhibitory responses to any of the peptides. It is concluded that ATP remains the most likely substance to be the inhibitory transmitter released from non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves supplying the smooth muscle of the taenia coli.", "contents": "Effects of neuronal polypeptides on intestinal smooth muscle; a comparison with non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation and ATP. Substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) did not mimic the inhibitory responses to non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation. Substance P (0.1-10 microgram/ml) always caused contraction, enkephalin (0.1-10 microgram/ml) and somatostatin (0.1 microgram/ml) were inactive, while VIP (0.1-1 microgram/ml) produced very slow relaxation, taking about 4 min to reach a maximum after a latency of about 60 sec. Low concentrations of neurotensin (1-10 ng/mg) caused contraction, but at higher concentrations (50-1000 ng/ml) it produced a biphasic response which consisted of an initial contraction followed by a slow relaxation. In high tone preparations, the slow relaxation did not mimic the nerve-mediated response, taking approximately 43 sec. to reach maximum, after a long latency of about 15 sec. In contrast, ATP (0.1-50 microgram/ml) mimicked closely the rapid responses to non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation in all preparations, whether the tone was low, medium or high. The time for the inhibitory response to reach maximum was about 15 sec after a latency of approximately 1 sec. Indomethacin (3.4-34 microgram/ml) did not unmask any inhibitory responses to any of the peptides. It is concluded that ATP remains the most likely substance to be the inhibitory transmitter released from non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves supplying the smooth muscle of the taenia coli.", "PMID": 428425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14331", "title": "Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (purinergic?) inhibitory innervation of the rabbit rectococcygeus muscle.", "content": "A powerful non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory innervation of the rabbit rectococcygeus was unmasked by atropine in preparations in which tone had been raised either by carbachol or prostaglandin E2-Flourescent histochemical localization of quinacrine (which binds ATP) revealed ganglia and associated nerve bundles which were neither adrenergic nor cholinergic both on the surface and within the rectococcygeus muscle. Treatment of the rabbit with 6-hydroxydopamine abolished catecholamine fluorescence without affecting quinacrine-stained neural elements. Release of ATP from the rectococcygeus increased 2-4 times above background levels during stimulation of intramural inhibitory nerves. In preparations in which the tone was raised, ATP caused an inhibitory response comparable to that produced by non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation. Indomethacin reduced the increase in tone and spontaneous activity following washout of ATP in low tone preparations, and potentiated the relaxations produced by ATP in high tone preparations. These results suggest that the rabbit rectococcygeus, as well as receiving a cholinergic excitatory innervation and an adrenergic inhibitory innervation, is also innervated by purinergic inhibitory nerves.", "contents": "Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (purinergic?) inhibitory innervation of the rabbit rectococcygeus muscle. A powerful non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory innervation of the rabbit rectococcygeus was unmasked by atropine in preparations in which tone had been raised either by carbachol or prostaglandin E2-Flourescent histochemical localization of quinacrine (which binds ATP) revealed ganglia and associated nerve bundles which were neither adrenergic nor cholinergic both on the surface and within the rectococcygeus muscle. Treatment of the rabbit with 6-hydroxydopamine abolished catecholamine fluorescence without affecting quinacrine-stained neural elements. Release of ATP from the rectococcygeus increased 2-4 times above background levels during stimulation of intramural inhibitory nerves. In preparations in which the tone was raised, ATP caused an inhibitory response comparable to that produced by non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation. Indomethacin reduced the increase in tone and spontaneous activity following washout of ATP in low tone preparations, and potentiated the relaxations produced by ATP in high tone preparations. These results suggest that the rabbit rectococcygeus, as well as receiving a cholinergic excitatory innervation and an adrenergic inhibitory innervation, is also innervated by purinergic inhibitory nerves.", "PMID": 428426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14332", "title": "Effects of baclofen on striatal 5-HT mediated by the nigrostriatal dopamine system.", "content": "In rats, baclofen injected unilaterally into the substantia nigra increased dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels in the ipsilateral striata. Homovanillic acid levels first decreased and then increased to a maximum after 4 h. The content of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid also increased after a latency of about 1 h. The effects of baclofen on striatal DA metabolism are consistent with the assumption that impulse flow in these DA neurones was diminshed by the drug. DA metabolites were also found in greater quantities in the contralateral striata, probably owing to compensatory activation of these DA neurones. Baclofen injected intranigrally did not increase the striatal 5-HT content in rats with a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal DA pathway. Our results suggest the presence of DA receptors on striatal 5-HT terminals or on interneurones synapsing axo-axonally with them.", "contents": "Effects of baclofen on striatal 5-HT mediated by the nigrostriatal dopamine system. In rats, baclofen injected unilaterally into the substantia nigra increased dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels in the ipsilateral striata. Homovanillic acid levels first decreased and then increased to a maximum after 4 h. The content of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid also increased after a latency of about 1 h. The effects of baclofen on striatal DA metabolism are consistent with the assumption that impulse flow in these DA neurones was diminshed by the drug. DA metabolites were also found in greater quantities in the contralateral striata, probably owing to compensatory activation of these DA neurones. Baclofen injected intranigrally did not increase the striatal 5-HT content in rats with a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal DA pathway. Our results suggest the presence of DA receptors on striatal 5-HT terminals or on interneurones synapsing axo-axonally with them.", "PMID": 428427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14333", "title": "Potentiating mechanism of bradykinin action on smooth muscle by sulfhydryl compounds.", "content": "(4R)-3-[(2S)-3-Mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl]-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid (YS-980), a potent angiotensin I (AI) converting enzyme inhibitor, inhibited the contractile response of isolated guinea-pig ileum to AI but not to AII, while it potentiated the response to bradykinin. Other sulfhydryl compuonds also produced inhibition of AI action, and the effects were closely correlated with their potentiating activities against bradykinin action. These results suggest that it is mainly inhibition of the enzyme in the tissue which participates in the mechanism of potentiation of kinin action by YS-980.", "contents": "Potentiating mechanism of bradykinin action on smooth muscle by sulfhydryl compounds. (4R)-3-[(2S)-3-Mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl]-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid (YS-980), a potent angiotensin I (AI) converting enzyme inhibitor, inhibited the contractile response of isolated guinea-pig ileum to AI but not to AII, while it potentiated the response to bradykinin. Other sulfhydryl compuonds also produced inhibition of AI action, and the effects were closely correlated with their potentiating activities against bradykinin action. These results suggest that it is mainly inhibition of the enzyme in the tissue which participates in the mechanism of potentiation of kinin action by YS-980.", "PMID": 428428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14334", "title": "[Vaginal smear cycle in 4-day cyclic Chinese hamsters, Cricetulus griseus].", "content": "The contents of vaginal smear of 4-day cyclic Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) was investigated every 3 hours for 5 days. A light-dark cycle of 14--10 hr was used with the lights turned on at 6 : 00 a.m. Estrous cycle of the Chinese hamster determined by vaginal smears can be divided into 6 periods. The proestrous phase started at about 0 : 00 of day 1, the day of the proestrous phase was designated as day 1 of the estrous cycle. In the afternoon of the same day 1, nucleated epithelial cells gradually increased in number (proestrus : I), and the vaginal contents became to consist solely of nucleated epithelial cells at about 18 : 00 to 21 : 00 (estrus : II). At about 0 : 00 of day 2, however, nucleated epithelial cells were superseded suddenly by cornified epithelial cells, and this phase lasted for 9 to 12 hr (metestrus I : III). Towards the end of the cornified stage, nucleated cells appeared in short duration (metestrus II : IV). And then, in the evening of day 2, leucocytes gradually increased in number with degeneration of nucleated cells (diestrus I : V-1). On day 3, vaginal smear contained a large amount of mucus as well as degenerated nucleated cells and leucocytes (diestrus II : V-2). At about 21 : 000 of day 4, some cornified epithelial cells were seen and then proestrous stage was returned. The females were mated with 3 to 5 males in the evening of day 1, copulation was confirmed in 83.7% females in the next morning,thus the copulation in the Chinese hamster may be thought to occur during the vaginal smear stage of nucleated epithelial cells (estrous phase), i.e. about 18 : 00 to 24 : 00 of day 1.", "contents": "[Vaginal smear cycle in 4-day cyclic Chinese hamsters, Cricetulus griseus]. The contents of vaginal smear of 4-day cyclic Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) was investigated every 3 hours for 5 days. A light-dark cycle of 14--10 hr was used with the lights turned on at 6 : 00 a.m. Estrous cycle of the Chinese hamster determined by vaginal smears can be divided into 6 periods. The proestrous phase started at about 0 : 00 of day 1, the day of the proestrous phase was designated as day 1 of the estrous cycle. In the afternoon of the same day 1, nucleated epithelial cells gradually increased in number (proestrus : I), and the vaginal contents became to consist solely of nucleated epithelial cells at about 18 : 00 to 21 : 00 (estrus : II). At about 0 : 00 of day 2, however, nucleated epithelial cells were superseded suddenly by cornified epithelial cells, and this phase lasted for 9 to 12 hr (metestrus I : III). Towards the end of the cornified stage, nucleated cells appeared in short duration (metestrus II : IV). And then, in the evening of day 2, leucocytes gradually increased in number with degeneration of nucleated cells (diestrus I : V-1). On day 3, vaginal smear contained a large amount of mucus as well as degenerated nucleated cells and leucocytes (diestrus II : V-2). At about 21 : 000 of day 4, some cornified epithelial cells were seen and then proestrous stage was returned. The females were mated with 3 to 5 males in the evening of day 1, copulation was confirmed in 83.7% females in the next morning,thus the copulation in the Chinese hamster may be thought to occur during the vaginal smear stage of nucleated epithelial cells (estrous phase), i.e. about 18 : 00 to 24 : 00 of day 1.", "PMID": 428430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14335", "title": "[Cross-sectional anatomy of miniature \"Shiba\" goat].", "content": "The anatomical relations of visceral organs and other tissues in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities of the male miniature \"Shiba\" goat are illustrated as thirteen semi-diagramatic representations of cross sections.", "contents": "[Cross-sectional anatomy of miniature \"Shiba\" goat]. The anatomical relations of visceral organs and other tissues in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities of the male miniature \"Shiba\" goat are illustrated as thirteen semi-diagramatic representations of cross sections.", "PMID": 428446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14336", "title": "A guinea pig cage for easy cleaning.", "content": "A simple cage and rack system was designed for  holding guinea pigs in a laboratory environment. The shoe box solid floor cage, made of plastic, has 2 holes for \"outside of cage\" watering and \"outside of cage\" feeding. All of the accessory equipments such as automatic watering devices and feeders were set on rack shelves to design the cage simply. This system has satisfactorily functioned for about one year in our laboratory and has substantially saved labor in the washing process.", "contents": "A guinea pig cage for easy cleaning. A simple cage and rack system was designed for  holding guinea pigs in a laboratory environment. The shoe box solid floor cage, made of plastic, has 2 holes for \"outside of cage\" watering and \"outside of cage\" feeding. All of the accessory equipments such as automatic watering devices and feeders were set on rack shelves to design the cage simply. This system has satisfactorily functioned for about one year in our laboratory and has substantially saved labor in the washing process.", "PMID": 428452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14337", "title": "[Hand-rearing of cats using commercial milk powder, Teo milk].", "content": "Hysterectomy derived neonatal cats were given three times a day commercial milk diet, Teo milk (SANKYO Co. Ltd.), and showed a good growth comparable to conventional breast-fed cats with high weaning rate (85%) at 5 weeks of age.", "contents": "[Hand-rearing of cats using commercial milk powder, Teo milk]. Hysterectomy derived neonatal cats were given three times a day commercial milk diet, Teo milk (SANKYO Co. Ltd.), and showed a good growth comparable to conventional breast-fed cats with high weaning rate (85%) at 5 weeks of age.", "PMID": 428453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14338", "title": "[Observation on the air-borne bacteria and ammonia (NS3) gas in laboratory animal facility with rotary heat exchanger].", "content": "The number of air-borne bacteria in air ducts and barrierred laboratory animal rooms with the so-called econovent rotary heat exchanger, were checked monthly during a year by the pin-hole sumpler method for air ducts and Koch method for animal rooms. Also, concentration of ammonia was checked with the same samples by gas impinger. No significantly difference in number of air-borne bacteria was seen between before and after passing the econovent. Those passing through HEPA filter was not detected. There were more air-borne bacteria in animal rooms, outside locker room and shower room than in the corridor, utensil storage, inside locker room and pass box. No ammonia were detected in the outdoor, but exhaust air duct after passing the econovent contained very small amount of ammonia. On the other hand, high concentration of ammonia were preserved in the supplying air duct, exhaust air duct and mice and rats rooms, about 86% of ammonia in exhaust air duct returned back into the supplying air duct. No influences on reproduction in mice and rats were recognized.", "contents": "[Observation on the air-borne bacteria and ammonia (NS3) gas in laboratory animal facility with rotary heat exchanger]. The number of air-borne bacteria in air ducts and barrierred laboratory animal rooms with the so-called econovent rotary heat exchanger, were checked monthly during a year by the pin-hole sumpler method for air ducts and Koch method for animal rooms. Also, concentration of ammonia was checked with the same samples by gas impinger. No significantly difference in number of air-borne bacteria was seen between before and after passing the econovent. Those passing through HEPA filter was not detected. There were more air-borne bacteria in animal rooms, outside locker room and shower room than in the corridor, utensil storage, inside locker room and pass box. No ammonia were detected in the outdoor, but exhaust air duct after passing the econovent contained very small amount of ammonia. On the other hand, high concentration of ammonia were preserved in the supplying air duct, exhaust air duct and mice and rats rooms, about 86% of ammonia in exhaust air duct returned back into the supplying air duct. No influences on reproduction in mice and rats were recognized.", "PMID": 428454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14339", "title": "Enhancement of erythroid colony growth in culture by hemin.", "content": "Hemin was found to enhance the growth of murine erythroid colonies in culture. In the presence of 100 mU/ml erythropoietin (EPO), the addition of hemin (0.05-0.2 mM) resulted in the growth of twice as many colonies as were obtained with EPO alone. Hemin also significantly increased erythroid colony formation in culture in the absence of added EPO. Hemoglobin synthesis as measured by the incorporation of 59Fe into cyclohexanone extractable heme was augmented in culture by hemin. Neither delta-aminolevulinic acid, a hemin precursor, nor FeCl3 increased colony number.", "contents": "Enhancement of erythroid colony growth in culture by hemin. Hemin was found to enhance the growth of murine erythroid colonies in culture. In the presence of 100 mU/ml erythropoietin (EPO), the addition of hemin (0.05-0.2 mM) resulted in the growth of twice as many colonies as were obtained with EPO alone. Hemin also significantly increased erythroid colony formation in culture in the absence of added EPO. Hemoglobin synthesis as measured by the incorporation of 59Fe into cyclohexanone extractable heme was augmented in culture by hemin. Neither delta-aminolevulinic acid, a hemin precursor, nor FeCl3 increased colony number.", "PMID": 428474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14340", "title": "Colony stimulating activity and continuous flow centrifugation leukapheresis induced proteinuria.", "content": "Urinary granulocyte colony stimulating activity (CSA) was studied in normal individulas donating granulocytes. Donors were given corticosteroids 2 h prior to a 4-h leukapheresis using an Aminco celltrifuge in which hydroxyethyl starch was introduced into the donor line. Urine was collected 12-24 h prior to the procedure and 12-24 h beginning at the time of administration of corticosteroids. Colony stimulating activity was measured using mouse marrow cells grown in soft agar. After leukapheresis a significant increase in protein excretion was noted (139.94 +/- 28.1 to 288.69 +/- 63.8 mg per gram of creatinine) and the bulk of the protein was albumin. CSA isolated from G-75 Sephadex columns was increased in five donors, decreased in five donors and undetectable in nine donors. No CSA inhibitors were detectable. There was a significant correlation between the quantity of protein recovered from G-75 Sephadex column and CSA.", "contents": "Colony stimulating activity and continuous flow centrifugation leukapheresis induced proteinuria. Urinary granulocyte colony stimulating activity (CSA) was studied in normal individulas donating granulocytes. Donors were given corticosteroids 2 h prior to a 4-h leukapheresis using an Aminco celltrifuge in which hydroxyethyl starch was introduced into the donor line. Urine was collected 12-24 h prior to the procedure and 12-24 h beginning at the time of administration of corticosteroids. Colony stimulating activity was measured using mouse marrow cells grown in soft agar. After leukapheresis a significant increase in protein excretion was noted (139.94 +/- 28.1 to 288.69 +/- 63.8 mg per gram of creatinine) and the bulk of the protein was albumin. CSA isolated from G-75 Sephadex columns was increased in five donors, decreased in five donors and undetectable in nine donors. No CSA inhibitors were detectable. There was a significant correlation between the quantity of protein recovered from G-75 Sephadex column and CSA.", "PMID": 428475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14341", "title": "In vitro proliferation of haemopoietic cells in the presence of adherent cell layers. II. Differential effect of adherent cell layers derived from various organs.", "content": "Mouse bone marrow-derived adherent cell populations promoted proliferation of haemopoietic cells in vitro in a liquid culture system for at least 4 weeks. Adherent cell layers derived from other haemopoietic organs (foetal liver, adult spleen) and fibroblasts from embryonic tissues did not maintain haemopoietic cells in this system. Medium, conditioned by adherent cells derived from foetal liver, spleen and embryonic tissues displayed a considerable colony stimulating activity (CSA). Marrow-derived adherent cells produced no detectable CSA. A possible relationship between the in vitro expression of a growth-promoting activity of an adherent cell population on haemopoietic cells, and its endogenous CSA production, is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro proliferation of haemopoietic cells in the presence of adherent cell layers. II. Differential effect of adherent cell layers derived from various organs. Mouse bone marrow-derived adherent cell populations promoted proliferation of haemopoietic cells in vitro in a liquid culture system for at least 4 weeks. Adherent cell layers derived from other haemopoietic organs (foetal liver, adult spleen) and fibroblasts from embryonic tissues did not maintain haemopoietic cells in this system. Medium, conditioned by adherent cells derived from foetal liver, spleen and embryonic tissues displayed a considerable colony stimulating activity (CSA). Marrow-derived adherent cells produced no detectable CSA. A possible relationship between the in vitro expression of a growth-promoting activity of an adherent cell population on haemopoietic cells, and its endogenous CSA production, is discussed.", "PMID": 428477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14342", "title": "Suppression of mouse erythroid colony formation by L1210 leukemia cells.", "content": "The effect of L1210 transplantable leukemic cells on in vitro formation of erythroid colonies from CD2F1 mouse bone marrow progenitor cells (CFU-E) was investigated. Clonal cell culture was carried out by a methylcellulose technique. Human urinary erythropoietin served as the stimulator. After 44 hours of incubation aggregates of eight or more erythroid cells were scored as colonies. The number of CFU-E which could be demonstrated in marrow cells from mice that had been injected intravenously 6 days before with 5 x 10(4) L1210 cells was far below that obtained from normal marrow cells. When 1.3 x 10(5) marrow cells from leukemic mice or L1210 ascites cells were cultured with an equal amount of normal cells, the number of CFU-E expressed was reduced by 51% and by 86%, respectively, relative to controls with normal cells only. Neither lethally irradiated L1210 cells (4500 rad) nor L1210 cell conditioned media suppressed erythroid colony formation. It is suggested that in L1210 leukemia erythropoiesis is decreased because of a cell-to-cell inhibitory action of the leukemia cells on CFU-E.", "contents": "Suppression of mouse erythroid colony formation by L1210 leukemia cells. The effect of L1210 transplantable leukemic cells on in vitro formation of erythroid colonies from CD2F1 mouse bone marrow progenitor cells (CFU-E) was investigated. Clonal cell culture was carried out by a methylcellulose technique. Human urinary erythropoietin served as the stimulator. After 44 hours of incubation aggregates of eight or more erythroid cells were scored as colonies. The number of CFU-E which could be demonstrated in marrow cells from mice that had been injected intravenously 6 days before with 5 x 10(4) L1210 cells was far below that obtained from normal marrow cells. When 1.3 x 10(5) marrow cells from leukemic mice or L1210 ascites cells were cultured with an equal amount of normal cells, the number of CFU-E expressed was reduced by 51% and by 86%, respectively, relative to controls with normal cells only. Neither lethally irradiated L1210 cells (4500 rad) nor L1210 cell conditioned media suppressed erythroid colony formation. It is suggested that in L1210 leukemia erythropoiesis is decreased because of a cell-to-cell inhibitory action of the leukemia cells on CFU-E.", "PMID": 428478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14343", "title": "Early fluctuations of BFU-E pool size after transfusion or erythropoietin treatment.", "content": "The kinetics of erythroid burst-(BFU-E) and colony-forming units (CFU-E) have been evaluated in marrow and spleen of normal or polycythemic mice, respectively, after transfusion or administration or purified erythropoietin (Ep). Ep injection induces an early but temporary rise of BFU-E number, versus a later but more prolonged expansion of the CFU-E pool. Symmetric patterns are observed after transfusion, i.e., an early but transient depletion of the BFU-E population, versus a later but more persistent decrease of the CFU-E number. It is suggested that the size of the BFU-E compartment is Ep-dependent in the \"early\" phase after erythroid perturbation. Later on, however, compensatory mechanisms allow the BFU-E pool to \"escape\" from the early Ep influence, thus allowing its size to return to and stabilize in the near normal range. It is further suggested that the BFU-E may represent an early target cell of Ep stimulus.", "contents": "Early fluctuations of BFU-E pool size after transfusion or erythropoietin treatment. The kinetics of erythroid burst-(BFU-E) and colony-forming units (CFU-E) have been evaluated in marrow and spleen of normal or polycythemic mice, respectively, after transfusion or administration or purified erythropoietin (Ep). Ep injection induces an early but temporary rise of BFU-E number, versus a later but more prolonged expansion of the CFU-E pool. Symmetric patterns are observed after transfusion, i.e., an early but transient depletion of the BFU-E population, versus a later but more persistent decrease of the CFU-E number. It is suggested that the size of the BFU-E compartment is Ep-dependent in the \"early\" phase after erythroid perturbation. Later on, however, compensatory mechanisms allow the BFU-E pool to \"escape\" from the early Ep influence, thus allowing its size to return to and stabilize in the near normal range. It is further suggested that the BFU-E may represent an early target cell of Ep stimulus.", "PMID": 428479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14344", "title": "The influence of a permanent isoproterenol (ISO) application on the dynamics of the Sephadex inflammation.", "content": "The influence of Isoproterenol on the number of the different types of white blood cells appearing during the course of the Sephadex inflammation was investigated in rats. Isoproterenol treatment causes a decrease of the number of the immigrating neutrophils within the first two days and an increase of the lymphocytes during almost the entire experiment. A sudden decrease of the number of these cell types, indicating a massive cell destruction, was followed by immigration of eosinophilic granulocytes after 24 hrs. Isoproterenol accelerated and augmented this immigration. We conclude, that perishing neutrophils and lymphocytes produce or mediate the production of factors which attract eosinophils and moreover that Isoproterenol enhances the production or the effect of these factors. The mechanism underlying this enhancement is not known. We suppose a specific beta-adrenergic influence, because we could not reproduce this increasing effect with adrenaline.", "contents": "The influence of a permanent isoproterenol (ISO) application on the dynamics of the Sephadex inflammation. The influence of Isoproterenol on the number of the different types of white blood cells appearing during the course of the Sephadex inflammation was investigated in rats. Isoproterenol treatment causes a decrease of the number of the immigrating neutrophils within the first two days and an increase of the lymphocytes during almost the entire experiment. A sudden decrease of the number of these cell types, indicating a massive cell destruction, was followed by immigration of eosinophilic granulocytes after 24 hrs. Isoproterenol accelerated and augmented this immigration. We conclude, that perishing neutrophils and lymphocytes produce or mediate the production of factors which attract eosinophils and moreover that Isoproterenol enhances the production or the effect of these factors. The mechanism underlying this enhancement is not known. We suppose a specific beta-adrenergic influence, because we could not reproduce this increasing effect with adrenaline.", "PMID": 428518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14345", "title": "Behaviour of normal and neoplastic cultured mouse cells on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chicken.", "content": "Cultivated normal and transformed fibroblasts of the mouse (short-term cultures of lung fibroblasts and L-cells) have been implanted onto the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo (CAM). Both cell types formed macroscopically visible nodules on the CAM where they induced a weak angiogenic reaction. Labelling of the cells with activated charcoal or 3H-thymidine gave evidence of their invasion into the CAM mesoderm, where they induced the formation of new capillaries. The successive multiplication of the cells led to the formation of tumours, resp. tumour-like cellular accumulations in the hypertrophied mesoderm of the CAM. Treatment of L-cells with the protease-inhibitor Contrykal reduced the invasive properties of the cells. The results presented clearly demonstrate invasive and angiogenic properties of the normal and malignantly transformed cell cultures of the mouse used in our experiments.", "contents": "Behaviour of normal and neoplastic cultured mouse cells on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chicken. Cultivated normal and transformed fibroblasts of the mouse (short-term cultures of lung fibroblasts and L-cells) have been implanted onto the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo (CAM). Both cell types formed macroscopically visible nodules on the CAM where they induced a weak angiogenic reaction. Labelling of the cells with activated charcoal or 3H-thymidine gave evidence of their invasion into the CAM mesoderm, where they induced the formation of new capillaries. The successive multiplication of the cells led to the formation of tumours, resp. tumour-like cellular accumulations in the hypertrophied mesoderm of the CAM. Treatment of L-cells with the protease-inhibitor Contrykal reduced the invasive properties of the cells. The results presented clearly demonstrate invasive and angiogenic properties of the normal and malignantly transformed cell cultures of the mouse used in our experiments.", "PMID": 428519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14346", "title": "Alanine-aminotransferase activities in the renal tissue during experimental and chronic human pyelonephritis.", "content": "In chronic experimental and human pyelonephritis (PN) simultaneously renal enzyme and phosphatide analyses and quantitative histological examinations were performed. The results reported in this study refer only to alanine-aminotransferase (AlAT) activities. 139 rabbits developed unilateral experimental pyelonephritis, in further 19 rabbits the experimental PN did not settle or \"healed up spontaneously\". 31 samples of human pyelonephritis nephrocirrhotic kidneys and 20 samples of healthy human kidneys were examined. Glomerular AlAT-activities increased initially up to the 31-days series, thereafter they decreased without any exception. In the cortical tubules of the rabbit kidneys the enzyme activities increased also up to the 31-days-series, later on they decreased extremely. The medullary AlAT-activities similarly showed increasing values till the 31-days-series, which were followed by sharply depressed data. In the \"spontaneously healed up\" tissue the glomerular AlAT was increased more than 100%, the cortico-tubular one nearly 100%, and the AlAT of the medulla paralleled the increased values of the 20-days series nearly. The human samples of pyelonephritic nephrocirrhosis showed in all 3 fractions (glomerula, cortical tubules and medulla) extremely depressed AlAT-activities. The significance calculations (universally applied t-test) showed an overhelming majority of the values with significance (p less than 0.001). The measured enzyme activities correlate well with the quantitative histological examinations.", "contents": "Alanine-aminotransferase activities in the renal tissue during experimental and chronic human pyelonephritis. In chronic experimental and human pyelonephritis (PN) simultaneously renal enzyme and phosphatide analyses and quantitative histological examinations were performed. The results reported in this study refer only to alanine-aminotransferase (AlAT) activities. 139 rabbits developed unilateral experimental pyelonephritis, in further 19 rabbits the experimental PN did not settle or \"healed up spontaneously\". 31 samples of human pyelonephritis nephrocirrhotic kidneys and 20 samples of healthy human kidneys were examined. Glomerular AlAT-activities increased initially up to the 31-days series, thereafter they decreased without any exception. In the cortical tubules of the rabbit kidneys the enzyme activities increased also up to the 31-days-series, later on they decreased extremely. The medullary AlAT-activities similarly showed increasing values till the 31-days-series, which were followed by sharply depressed data. In the \"spontaneously healed up\" tissue the glomerular AlAT was increased more than 100%, the cortico-tubular one nearly 100%, and the AlAT of the medulla paralleled the increased values of the 20-days series nearly. The human samples of pyelonephritic nephrocirrhosis showed in all 3 fractions (glomerula, cortical tubules and medulla) extremely depressed AlAT-activities. The significance calculations (universally applied t-test) showed an overhelming majority of the values with significance (p less than 0.001). The measured enzyme activities correlate well with the quantitative histological examinations.", "PMID": 428520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14347", "title": "Renal cortical tubules in experimental malakoplakia. Phagocytic alteration of tubular epithelium.", "content": "Intrarenal injection of a crude E. coli extract (endotoxin-antigen-complex) induced malakoplakia in rats. Beside the granulation tissue the proximal tubular epithelium showed a strong phagolysosomal response--especially in two-three weeks--, thus becoming very similar to the Hansemann cells of the malakoplakia granulation tissue. This malakoplakia alteration of the epithelium if very severe sometimes led to necrosis or it was segregated inside the epithelial cells. Later on an atrophy of the tubules developed similar to the atrophy of different etiology, but the remaining cells often contained a striking number of residual bodies. It is suggested that the tubular granulated cells of megalocytic interstitial nephritis regarded as identical with renal cortical malakoplakia also have a tubular epithelial origin.", "contents": "Renal cortical tubules in experimental malakoplakia. Phagocytic alteration of tubular epithelium. Intrarenal injection of a crude E. coli extract (endotoxin-antigen-complex) induced malakoplakia in rats. Beside the granulation tissue the proximal tubular epithelium showed a strong phagolysosomal response--especially in two-three weeks--, thus becoming very similar to the Hansemann cells of the malakoplakia granulation tissue. This malakoplakia alteration of the epithelium if very severe sometimes led to necrosis or it was segregated inside the epithelial cells. Later on an atrophy of the tubules developed similar to the atrophy of different etiology, but the remaining cells often contained a striking number of residual bodies. It is suggested that the tubular granulated cells of megalocytic interstitial nephritis regarded as identical with renal cortical malakoplakia also have a tubular epithelial origin.", "PMID": 428521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14348", "title": "Morphologic study of the action of lymphoid tissue extracts in peroxidase arthritis.", "content": "By means of modelling arthritis by horseradish peroxidase it was possible to reproduce a process corresponding to immune synovitis. A considerable reduction of immunomorphological phenomena in joints, lymphoid tissue, heart, liver and kidneys was favoured by application of lymphoid tissue extracts. Comparison between the extracts of spleen and lymph nodes showed a more pronounced effect of spleen extract.", "contents": "Morphologic study of the action of lymphoid tissue extracts in peroxidase arthritis. By means of modelling arthritis by horseradish peroxidase it was possible to reproduce a process corresponding to immune synovitis. A considerable reduction of immunomorphological phenomena in joints, lymphoid tissue, heart, liver and kidneys was favoured by application of lymphoid tissue extracts. Comparison between the extracts of spleen and lymph nodes showed a more pronounced effect of spleen extract.", "PMID": 428522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14349", "title": "IgG in the walls of the post-capillary venules of mouse lymphatic tissue.", "content": "IgG was demonstrated in the endothelium of the post-capillary venules of the axillary and abdominal lymph nodes as well as of the Peyer's patches in DBA/2 mice by using a direct immunoperoxidase technique. The significance of this IgG in the regulation of T-lymphocyte passage through the endothelium of the post-capillary venules was discussed.", "contents": "IgG in the walls of the post-capillary venules of mouse lymphatic tissue. IgG was demonstrated in the endothelium of the post-capillary venules of the axillary and abdominal lymph nodes as well as of the Peyer's patches in DBA/2 mice by using a direct immunoperoxidase technique. The significance of this IgG in the regulation of T-lymphocyte passage through the endothelium of the post-capillary venules was discussed.", "PMID": 428523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14350", "title": "Modulation of cell proliferation and senescence of WI-38 cells by hydrocortisone.", "content": "The specific binding of glucocorticoid hormones has been studied in the normal diploid human cell line WI-38. These cells were found to contain high affinity glucocorticoid binding sites whose molecular specificity showed a high correlation to that required for the stimulation of cell growth. When hydrocortisone (HC) was selectively added to or removed from parasynchronously dividing cultures, we observed that HC -enhanced stimulation of cell growth was associated with the hormone's presence in the pre-DNA synthetic period of the cell cycle. Similarly, the specific binding of [3H]dexamethasone in stimulated quiescent cells was found to increase significantly in the pre-DNA synthetic period. The concentration of specific binding sites per cell achieved in stimulated cell cultures was found to decrease with increasing in vitro age. These results suggest that the stimulation of WI-38 cell proliferation by HC involves specific glucocorticoid receptors whose concentration per cell is under cell cycle control. The age-associated decrease in specific glucocorticoid binding sites may explain, in part, our previously observed loss of responsiveness to HC in aging cell cultures.", "contents": "Modulation of cell proliferation and senescence of WI-38 cells by hydrocortisone. The specific binding of glucocorticoid hormones has been studied in the normal diploid human cell line WI-38. These cells were found to contain high affinity glucocorticoid binding sites whose molecular specificity showed a high correlation to that required for the stimulation of cell growth. When hydrocortisone (HC) was selectively added to or removed from parasynchronously dividing cultures, we observed that HC -enhanced stimulation of cell growth was associated with the hormone's presence in the pre-DNA synthetic period of the cell cycle. Similarly, the specific binding of [3H]dexamethasone in stimulated quiescent cells was found to increase significantly in the pre-DNA synthetic period. The concentration of specific binding sites per cell achieved in stimulated cell cultures was found to decrease with increasing in vitro age. These results suggest that the stimulation of WI-38 cell proliferation by HC involves specific glucocorticoid receptors whose concentration per cell is under cell cycle control. The age-associated decrease in specific glucocorticoid binding sites may explain, in part, our previously observed loss of responsiveness to HC in aging cell cultures.", "PMID": 428564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14351", "title": "Cell replication and aging: in vitro and in vivo studies.", "content": "The relationship between human aging and cell replication has been investigated using two complementary approaches: in vitro studies of human fibroblasts derived from young and old volunteer members of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study and in vivo examinations of bone marrow cell populations from young and old mice and rats. Total proliferative capacity measured as either the onset of cell culture senescence or as in vitro life span was significantly diminished in cell cultures derived from old human donors when compared to parallel cultures established from young donors. Acute replicative abilities as measured by percent replicating cells, cell pupulation doubling time, cell number at confluency, and colony size distribution were also significantly decreased in human old cell populations. An in vivo cytogenetic technique for measuring cell replication was developed utilizing the differential staining properties of metaphase chromosomes of cells that have replicated in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine. With this technique, cell cycle times have been derived in vivo as well as in vitro. Preliminary in vivo results in both mice and rats indicate that cell replication is slowed in old animal cell populations. Further research will  be directed both in vitro and in vivo at discerning the mechanisms for this impairment of cellular replication with aging.", "contents": "Cell replication and aging: in vitro and in vivo studies. The relationship between human aging and cell replication has been investigated using two complementary approaches: in vitro studies of human fibroblasts derived from young and old volunteer members of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study and in vivo examinations of bone marrow cell populations from young and old mice and rats. Total proliferative capacity measured as either the onset of cell culture senescence or as in vitro life span was significantly diminished in cell cultures derived from old human donors when compared to parallel cultures established from young donors. Acute replicative abilities as measured by percent replicating cells, cell pupulation doubling time, cell number at confluency, and colony size distribution were also significantly decreased in human old cell populations. An in vivo cytogenetic technique for measuring cell replication was developed utilizing the differential staining properties of metaphase chromosomes of cells that have replicated in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine. With this technique, cell cycle times have been derived in vivo as well as in vitro. Preliminary in vivo results in both mice and rats indicate that cell replication is slowed in old animal cell populations. Further research will  be directed both in vitro and in vivo at discerning the mechanisms for this impairment of cellular replication with aging.", "PMID": 428565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14352", "title": "In vitro studies of age-associated diseases.", "content": "We have carried out studies on cultured human fibroblasts in an attempt to trace the origins of age-dependent disorders to the cellular and molecular levels. Three interrelated areas are discussed. First, skin donors with diabetes mellitus (a disease complex that features inappropriate hyperglycemia) produce cultured fibroblasts with a moderate reduction in growth capacity, while two inherited disorders of inappropriate hyperglycemia and premature aging, progeria and Werner syndrome, yield fibroblast cultures with more severely impaired growth capacity. Second, there is a decreased response of progeria level and donor age; evidence is presented that this defective hormone responsiveness in aging cells may reside at the hormone receptor on the surface membrane, the cyclic AMP system, the intracellular enzymatic machinery, or all of these sites. Third, tissue factor, a procoagulant that activates the extrinsic clotting mechanism, is more abundant in cells from the premature aging syndromes of progeria and Werner syndrome. Fibroblast aging in vitro may help to explain various concomitants of normal aging and diabetes mellitus including cell dropout, impairment of hormone responsiveness, and increased atherothrombosis.", "contents": "In vitro studies of age-associated diseases. We have carried out studies on cultured human fibroblasts in an attempt to trace the origins of age-dependent disorders to the cellular and molecular levels. Three interrelated areas are discussed. First, skin donors with diabetes mellitus (a disease complex that features inappropriate hyperglycemia) produce cultured fibroblasts with a moderate reduction in growth capacity, while two inherited disorders of inappropriate hyperglycemia and premature aging, progeria and Werner syndrome, yield fibroblast cultures with more severely impaired growth capacity. Second, there is a decreased response of progeria level and donor age; evidence is presented that this defective hormone responsiveness in aging cells may reside at the hormone receptor on the surface membrane, the cyclic AMP system, the intracellular enzymatic machinery, or all of these sites. Third, tissue factor, a procoagulant that activates the extrinsic clotting mechanism, is more abundant in cells from the premature aging syndromes of progeria and Werner syndrome. Fibroblast aging in vitro may help to explain various concomitants of normal aging and diabetes mellitus including cell dropout, impairment of hormone responsiveness, and increased atherothrombosis.", "PMID": 428566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14353", "title": "Complementation in heterokaryons derived from a thymidine kinase deficient cell line and senescent human diploid cells.", "content": "Incorporation of [3H]thymidine was observed in both parental nuclei in heterokaryons resulting from the fusion of post-mitotic, \"senescent\" human diploid cells and a thymidine kinase-deficient murine cell line (3T3der-4E). The senescent nuclei displayed a sudden increase of activity approximately 4--6 hours after fusion. A moderate increase of thymidine incorporation was observed in 3T3der-4E cells cocultivated with but not fused to senescent cells, consistent with metabolic cooperation. Chromosome preparations of cultures fixed approximately 24 hr after fusion revealed the presence of hybrid metaphase cells containing almost the entire human complement. All of the identifiable human chromosomes were bi-armed, suggesting that the senescent nuclei were stimulated to reinitiate replicative DNA synthesis rather than repair synthesis in these heterokaryons.", "contents": "Complementation in heterokaryons derived from a thymidine kinase deficient cell line and senescent human diploid cells. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine was observed in both parental nuclei in heterokaryons resulting from the fusion of post-mitotic, \"senescent\" human diploid cells and a thymidine kinase-deficient murine cell line (3T3der-4E). The senescent nuclei displayed a sudden increase of activity approximately 4--6 hours after fusion. A moderate increase of thymidine incorporation was observed in 3T3der-4E cells cocultivated with but not fused to senescent cells, consistent with metabolic cooperation. Chromosome preparations of cultures fixed approximately 24 hr after fusion revealed the presence of hybrid metaphase cells containing almost the entire human complement. All of the identifiable human chromosomes were bi-armed, suggesting that the senescent nuclei were stimulated to reinitiate replicative DNA synthesis rather than repair synthesis in these heterokaryons.", "PMID": 428567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14354", "title": "Some fundamental aspects of epidemiology: a guide for laboratory scientists.", "content": "Epidemiologic methods used to study human diseases are often unfamiliar to the laboratory scientist. This paper outlines the standard method by which epidemiologic studies are classified, explains the methodologic strengths and weaknesses of different kinds of studies, and notes the kinds of inferences that can be drawn from each. Surveys on populations are treated first, followed by sample surveys. Prospective (follow-up) studies, in which groups of subjects are followed in time, are a basic epidemiologic method. Alternatives to these studies that do not require similar time commitments but may allow similar inferences are record studies. Retrospective, or case-control studies, are often the only feasible method for studying rare diseases. However, diseases with long latency periods and problems in control selection can make these studies difficult to analyze and interpret.", "contents": "Some fundamental aspects of epidemiology: a guide for laboratory scientists. Epidemiologic methods used to study human diseases are often unfamiliar to the laboratory scientist. This paper outlines the standard method by which epidemiologic studies are classified, explains the methodologic strengths and weaknesses of different kinds of studies, and notes the kinds of inferences that can be drawn from each. Surveys on populations are treated first, followed by sample surveys. Prospective (follow-up) studies, in which groups of subjects are followed in time, are a basic epidemiologic method. Alternatives to these studies that do not require similar time commitments but may allow similar inferences are record studies. Retrospective, or case-control studies, are often the only feasible method for studying rare diseases. However, diseases with long latency periods and problems in control selection can make these studies difficult to analyze and interpret.", "PMID": 428569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14355", "title": "Significance of retrospective studies.", "content": "Examples of retrospective studies are presented to demonstrate some facets of such studies, both good and bad, pointing out the need for good controls. Also important are a clear idea of the question to be answered, and careful planning around that answer as the study progresses.", "contents": "Significance of retrospective studies. Examples of retrospective studies are presented to demonstrate some facets of such studies, both good and bad, pointing out the need for good controls. Also important are a clear idea of the question to be answered, and careful planning around that answer as the study progresses.", "PMID": 428570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14356", "title": "Industrial epidemiology.", "content": "Industrial epidemiology is a specialized discipline concerned with the study of disease occurrence in specific subgroups of the general population, i.e., of relatively healthy members of the work force for whom adequate records are available. Although the ultimate purpose of industrial epidemiology--the prevention of disease--is a logical extension of programs of industrial medicine and occupational and community health, epidemiologic methods must draw on interdisciplinary skills. The existence of centralized records kept in the course of business may make it easier to collect information about industrial populations than to gather data relative to other population subgroups. Many deficiencies in epidemiologic studies of worker groups, however, can be related to poor methods of data-gathering, inadequate record keeping, and an incomplete data base. Sources of information for epidemiologic studies of worker groups may include personnel and medical records, government reports, insurance files, production records, industrial hygiene measurements, surveys and questionnaires, and an organized follow-up program. In some cases, the ready availability of multiple sources of information may lead to differential information bias, and this should be avoided.", "contents": "Industrial epidemiology. Industrial epidemiology is a specialized discipline concerned with the study of disease occurrence in specific subgroups of the general population, i.e., of relatively healthy members of the work force for whom adequate records are available. Although the ultimate purpose of industrial epidemiology--the prevention of disease--is a logical extension of programs of industrial medicine and occupational and community health, epidemiologic methods must draw on interdisciplinary skills. The existence of centralized records kept in the course of business may make it easier to collect information about industrial populations than to gather data relative to other population subgroups. Many deficiencies in epidemiologic studies of worker groups, however, can be related to poor methods of data-gathering, inadequate record keeping, and an incomplete data base. Sources of information for epidemiologic studies of worker groups may include personnel and medical records, government reports, insurance files, production records, industrial hygiene measurements, surveys and questionnaires, and an organized follow-up program. In some cases, the ready availability of multiple sources of information may lead to differential information bias, and this should be avoided.", "PMID": 428571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14357", "title": "Biotransformation of drugs during aging.", "content": "Although the biological half-lives of many drugs appear to be longer in the elderly than in the young, the reasons for these longer half-lives are seldom clear, because the pharmacokinetic data obtained in humans are seldom sufficient to make a proper pharmacokinetic analysis. In the present paper are outlined the kinds of data required, the reasons they are required, and the possible consequences resulting from misinterpretation of inadequate data.", "contents": "Biotransformation of drugs during aging. Although the biological half-lives of many drugs appear to be longer in the elderly than in the young, the reasons for these longer half-lives are seldom clear, because the pharmacokinetic data obtained in humans are seldom sufficient to make a proper pharmacokinetic analysis. In the present paper are outlined the kinds of data required, the reasons they are required, and the possible consequences resulting from misinterpretation of inadequate data.", "PMID": 428574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14358", "title": "Processing and use of crop residues including alfalfa press cake.", "content": "Better utilization of roughage can improve the production of red meat and dairy products. Feed value of low grade roughages can be greatly increased by chemical and/or physical treatments. Both alkali and ammonia treatments are already being used commercially in Europe, although there is still opportunity for process improvement. In the United States, the low cost of grain and oilseeds makes the economics of processing cellulosic byproducts less desirable, but their eventual use seems inevitable. New processes for forage fractionation are yielding surprising increases in the fiber digestibility of high grade roughages, resulting in substantial increases in the overall feed value obtainable per ton of raw material. The improved economic returns achieved by the new processes will speed adoption of the new technology.", "contents": "Processing and use of crop residues including alfalfa press cake. Better utilization of roughage can improve the production of red meat and dairy products. Feed value of low grade roughages can be greatly increased by chemical and/or physical treatments. Both alkali and ammonia treatments are already being used commercially in Europe, although there is still opportunity for process improvement. In the United States, the low cost of grain and oilseeds makes the economics of processing cellulosic byproducts less desirable, but their eventual use seems inevitable. New processes for forage fractionation are yielding surprising increases in the fiber digestibility of high grade roughages, resulting in substantial increases in the overall feed value obtainable per ton of raw material. The improved economic returns achieved by the new processes will speed adoption of the new technology.", "PMID": 428576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14359", "title": "Performance of animals fed crop residues.", "content": "Ruminants can utilize crop residues as sources of energy, but productivity is low because of the high level of cell walls and lignin. Chemicals, especially sodium hydroxide, have been used to increase the digestibility of crop residues. Hemicellulose is solubilized and the extent and rate of cellulose and hemicellulose digestion are increased. Two systems have been developed for chemical treatment. The first involves pelleting finely ground residue in combination with sodium hydroxide treatment. A dense, easily transported feed-stuff is produced. The second method is an \"on-the-farm\" method that utilizes a minimum amount of equipment. In vitro and in vivo digestibilities have been increased from 10 to 20 percentage units by sodium hydroxide treatment. While lamb and cattle gains have generally been increased by feeding chemically treated residues, the level of performance often has not been as great as would be predicted from in vitro digestibilities. Sodium residues following chemical treatment have been shown to increase rate of passage from the rumen and reduce rumen fiber digestion. The use of alfalfa with sodium hydroxide-treated residues and the use of ammonium or calcium hydroxides for treatment have good potential.", "contents": "Performance of animals fed crop residues. Ruminants can utilize crop residues as sources of energy, but productivity is low because of the high level of cell walls and lignin. Chemicals, especially sodium hydroxide, have been used to increase the digestibility of crop residues. Hemicellulose is solubilized and the extent and rate of cellulose and hemicellulose digestion are increased. Two systems have been developed for chemical treatment. The first involves pelleting finely ground residue in combination with sodium hydroxide treatment. A dense, easily transported feed-stuff is produced. The second method is an \"on-the-farm\" method that utilizes a minimum amount of equipment. In vitro and in vivo digestibilities have been increased from 10 to 20 percentage units by sodium hydroxide treatment. While lamb and cattle gains have generally been increased by feeding chemically treated residues, the level of performance often has not been as great as would be predicted from in vitro digestibilities. Sodium residues following chemical treatment have been shown to increase rate of passage from the rumen and reduce rumen fiber digestion. The use of alfalfa with sodium hydroxide-treated residues and the use of ammonium or calcium hydroxides for treatment have good potential.", "PMID": 428577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14360", "title": "The value of hysterosalpingography prior to donor artificial insemination.", "content": "The value of hysterosalpingography as a tool in the pretreatment evaluation of candidates for donor artificial insemination has been retrospectively evaluated. In 89 consecutive artificial inseminations by donor candidates, hysterosalpingograms were evaluated for genital tract abnormalities. In only four of these studies was there a failure of dye to spill into the peritoneal cavity. The low incidence of significantly abnormal hysterosalpingographic studies, and the failure of these studies to correlate with pregnancy outcome, strongly argues against the use of hysterosalpingography in the preliminary evaluation of the patient considered for donor artificial insemination.", "contents": "The value of hysterosalpingography prior to donor artificial insemination. The value of hysterosalpingography as a tool in the pretreatment evaluation of candidates for donor artificial insemination has been retrospectively evaluated. In 89 consecutive artificial inseminations by donor candidates, hysterosalpingograms were evaluated for genital tract abnormalities. In only four of these studies was there a failure of dye to spill into the peritoneal cavity. The low incidence of significantly abnormal hysterosalpingographic studies, and the failure of these studies to correlate with pregnancy outcome, strongly argues against the use of hysterosalpingography in the preliminary evaluation of the patient considered for donor artificial insemination.", "PMID": 428579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14361", "title": "Carbohydrate and lipid studies in women using the progesterone intrauterine device for one year.", "content": "Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was evaluated in 31 women before and after 1 year's use of a progesterone-releasing intrauterine device. The studies involved measuring blood glucose and plasma insulin levels during a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test and also measuring fasting cholesterol and triglyceride levels. There was no change in the cholesterol levels, whereas the triglyceride concentration was lower at the 1-year test. The blood glucose values were unchanged at four of the time periods, whereas the 3-hour value was elevated at the 1-year test. The plasma insulin values were increased in the fasting, 0.5-, and 3-hour samples at the 1-year test. The increased insulin secretion needed to maintain the blood glucose concentration suggests that the released progesterone may have a systemic effect.", "contents": "Carbohydrate and lipid studies in women using the progesterone intrauterine device for one year. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was evaluated in 31 women before and after 1 year's use of a progesterone-releasing intrauterine device. The studies involved measuring blood glucose and plasma insulin levels during a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test and also measuring fasting cholesterol and triglyceride levels. There was no change in the cholesterol levels, whereas the triglyceride concentration was lower at the 1-year test. The blood glucose values were unchanged at four of the time periods, whereas the 3-hour value was elevated at the 1-year test. The plasma insulin values were increased in the fasting, 0.5-, and 3-hour samples at the 1-year test. The increased insulin secretion needed to maintain the blood glucose concentration suggests that the released progesterone may have a systemic effect.", "PMID": 428580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14362", "title": "Daily plasma prolactin in various gynecologic endocrinopathies.", "content": "Daily plasma prolactin levels were measured in women with various gynecologic endocrinopathies in order to compare mean levels and variations over the sampling interval with prolactin levels in women with normal ovulatory cycles. The normal-cycle mean prolactin level was 14.7 ng/ml +/- 1.4 (SE). Levels greater than 42 ng/ml, 2 SD above the mean, were considered abnormal. Patients with endocrinopathies were classified as \"normoprolactinemic\" if the mean prolactin level was less than 42 ng/ml and less than 12% of the daily values peaked to greater than 42 ng/ml. An \"intermediate\" group was defined in which the mean prolactin level was less than 42 ng/ml but more than 12% of daily values peaked to greater than 42 ng/ml. Those patients whose mean prolactin levels were greater than 42 ng/ml were considered \"hyperprolactinemic\". Significant differences were noted when mean prolactin levels were compared with normal-cycle levels in 16 or 18 women with various gynecologic endocrinopathies. The need for repeated prolactin sampling in certain clinical situations, as well as the possibility that a \"critical\" prolactin level is necessary for normal ovarian function, is discussed.", "contents": "Daily plasma prolactin in various gynecologic endocrinopathies. Daily plasma prolactin levels were measured in women with various gynecologic endocrinopathies in order to compare mean levels and variations over the sampling interval with prolactin levels in women with normal ovulatory cycles. The normal-cycle mean prolactin level was 14.7 ng/ml +/- 1.4 (SE). Levels greater than 42 ng/ml, 2 SD above the mean, were considered abnormal. Patients with endocrinopathies were classified as \"normoprolactinemic\" if the mean prolactin level was less than 42 ng/ml and less than 12% of the daily values peaked to greater than 42 ng/ml. An \"intermediate\" group was defined in which the mean prolactin level was less than 42 ng/ml but more than 12% of daily values peaked to greater than 42 ng/ml. Those patients whose mean prolactin levels were greater than 42 ng/ml were considered \"hyperprolactinemic\". Significant differences were noted when mean prolactin levels were compared with normal-cycle levels in 16 or 18 women with various gynecologic endocrinopathies. The need for repeated prolactin sampling in certain clinical situations, as well as the possibility that a \"critical\" prolactin level is necessary for normal ovarian function, is discussed.", "PMID": 428581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14363", "title": "Mycoplasma infection and infertility.", "content": "Attempts were made to isolate mycoplasmas from the uterine cervix of infertile women and normal pregnant and nonpregnant women to investigate the relationship of genital mycoplasma infection to infertility. Ureaplasma urealyticum was demonstrated in 63% of patients with infertility, 68% of normal pregnant women, and 62% of normal nonpregnant women. The incidence of Mycoplasma hominis infection was found to be noticeably lower, with corresponding isolation rates of 10%, 11%, and 6%, respectively. The differences in rate of isolation for U. urealyticum and for M. hominis among the three groups did not reach statistical significance. During a follow-up period of more than 12 months without any treatment for mycoplasma infection in the infertile cases, 11 women (27.5%) became pregnant. These included 7 (28%) of 25 women with positive U. urealyticum cultures. The results demonstrate a fairly high incidence of female genital infection with U. urealyticum which, as the data would indicate, cannot be directly associated with infertility.", "contents": "Mycoplasma infection and infertility. Attempts were made to isolate mycoplasmas from the uterine cervix of infertile women and normal pregnant and nonpregnant women to investigate the relationship of genital mycoplasma infection to infertility. Ureaplasma urealyticum was demonstrated in 63% of patients with infertility, 68% of normal pregnant women, and 62% of normal nonpregnant women. The incidence of Mycoplasma hominis infection was found to be noticeably lower, with corresponding isolation rates of 10%, 11%, and 6%, respectively. The differences in rate of isolation for U. urealyticum and for M. hominis among the three groups did not reach statistical significance. During a follow-up period of more than 12 months without any treatment for mycoplasma infection in the infertile cases, 11 women (27.5%) became pregnant. These included 7 (28%) of 25 women with positive U. urealyticum cultures. The results demonstrate a fairly high incidence of female genital infection with U. urealyticum which, as the data would indicate, cannot be directly associated with infertility.", "PMID": 428582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14364", "title": "Steroid receptor levels and histology of endometriosis and adenomyosis.", "content": "Steroid receptors in endometriosis and adenomyosis were investigated to clarify their clinical significance. The receptor levels were determined by Scatchard plot analysis (4 degrees C, by dextran-coated charcoal). In the cytosols of both tissues, the 17 beta-estradiol-estrogen receptor (ER) complex demonstrated a dissociation constant (Kd) of 4.5 x 10(-10) M; the Kd of the progesterone-progesterone receptor (PR) complex was 1.5 x 10(-9) M; and the Kd of the dihydrotestosterone-androgen receptor (AR) complex was 4.0 x 10(-10) M. Seven cases of ovarian endometriosis were studied. The ER and PR levels in endometriosis seemed to be lower than those in the corresponding normal endometrium. AR was also present. There was a suggestion that most endometriosis is least responsive to progestogens. Ten cases of adenomyosis were studied. Histologic dating revealed a delay in the most aberrant endometrial tissue in adenomyosis, as compared with dating of corresponding normal endometrial tissue. ER and AR were detected in all cases. PR was not detected in some cases and, when detected, the content seemed to be lower, possibly suggesting the delayed dating.", "contents": "Steroid receptor levels and histology of endometriosis and adenomyosis. Steroid receptors in endometriosis and adenomyosis were investigated to clarify their clinical significance. The receptor levels were determined by Scatchard plot analysis (4 degrees C, by dextran-coated charcoal). In the cytosols of both tissues, the 17 beta-estradiol-estrogen receptor (ER) complex demonstrated a dissociation constant (Kd) of 4.5 x 10(-10) M; the Kd of the progesterone-progesterone receptor (PR) complex was 1.5 x 10(-9) M; and the Kd of the dihydrotestosterone-androgen receptor (AR) complex was 4.0 x 10(-10) M. Seven cases of ovarian endometriosis were studied. The ER and PR levels in endometriosis seemed to be lower than those in the corresponding normal endometrium. AR was also present. There was a suggestion that most endometriosis is least responsive to progestogens. Ten cases of adenomyosis were studied. Histologic dating revealed a delay in the most aberrant endometrial tissue in adenomyosis, as compared with dating of corresponding normal endometrial tissue. ER and AR were detected in all cases. PR was not detected in some cases and, when detected, the content seemed to be lower, possibly suggesting the delayed dating.", "PMID": 428583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14365", "title": "HLA antigen studies in women with recurrent gestational disorders.", "content": "The frequencies of HLA antigens were determined in an experimental group of women with recurrent gestational disorders mainly expressed as spontaneous abortions of unknown etiology. The estimated antigen frequencies in this group were compared with the antigen frequencies in 158 unrelated persons (79 couples with no record of secondary infertility). A significantly higher frequency of antigen HLA-A9 was found in the experimental group as compared with the controls (corrected P = 0.0015). A greater degree of HLA compatibility was found between each woman from this group and her husband, considering 45 couples, as compared with 79 control couples. These results indicate that gene(s) close to the HLA region may have an influence on the reproductive performance in humans.", "contents": "HLA antigen studies in women with recurrent gestational disorders. The frequencies of HLA antigens were determined in an experimental group of women with recurrent gestational disorders mainly expressed as spontaneous abortions of unknown etiology. The estimated antigen frequencies in this group were compared with the antigen frequencies in 158 unrelated persons (79 couples with no record of secondary infertility). A significantly higher frequency of antigen HLA-A9 was found in the experimental group as compared with the controls (corrected P = 0.0015). A greater degree of HLA compatibility was found between each woman from this group and her husband, considering 45 couples, as compared with 79 control couples. These results indicate that gene(s) close to the HLA region may have an influence on the reproductive performance in humans.", "PMID": 428584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14366", "title": "Changing profiles in vasectomy subjects in the past decade.", "content": "Two groups of vasectomy patients were reviewed: 376 men operated upon between 1968 and 1971 and 608 between 1974 and 1978. Average age, length of marriage, and number of living children prior to vasectomy were greater in the first group (P less than 0.01). The results are compatible with the idea that couples are planning smaller families and turning increasingly to vasectomy as a reliable permanent birth control method immediately following the completion of their families.", "contents": "Changing profiles in vasectomy subjects in the past decade. Two groups of vasectomy patients were reviewed: 376 men operated upon between 1968 and 1971 and 608 between 1974 and 1978. Average age, length of marriage, and number of living children prior to vasectomy were greater in the first group (P less than 0.01). The results are compatible with the idea that couples are planning smaller families and turning increasingly to vasectomy as a reliable permanent birth control method immediately following the completion of their families.", "PMID": 428586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14367", "title": "Serum gonadotropins and testosterone in infertile patients with varicocele.", "content": "Serum concentrations of gonadotropins and testosterone in 25 infertile men with varicocele were compared with those in control men and men with idiopathic oligo-azoospermia. No significant difference was found in values of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (14.9 +/- 13.6 mIU/ml), luteinizing hormone (LH) (24.9 +/- 19.1 mIU/ml), and testosterone (5.0 +/- 2.1 ng/ml) when the group with varicocele was compared with either the control group (FSH, 7.0 +/- 3.2 mIU/ml; LH, 23.6 +/- 16.0 mIU/ml; testosterone, 5.3 +/- 1.8 ng/ml) or the group with idiopathic oligo-azoospermia (FSH, 23.0 +/- 22.69 mIU/ml; LH, 36.7 +/- 24.1 mIU/ml; testosterone, 5.31 +/- 2.3 ng/ml). However, compared with the control group, there was a significant elevation of serum FSH levels in patients with varicocele whose testicular biopsy score counts were between 1 and 4. The importance of preoperative determination of the serum FSH level is discussed.", "contents": "Serum gonadotropins and testosterone in infertile patients with varicocele. Serum concentrations of gonadotropins and testosterone in 25 infertile men with varicocele were compared with those in control men and men with idiopathic oligo-azoospermia. No significant difference was found in values of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (14.9 +/- 13.6 mIU/ml), luteinizing hormone (LH) (24.9 +/- 19.1 mIU/ml), and testosterone (5.0 +/- 2.1 ng/ml) when the group with varicocele was compared with either the control group (FSH, 7.0 +/- 3.2 mIU/ml; LH, 23.6 +/- 16.0 mIU/ml; testosterone, 5.3 +/- 1.8 ng/ml) or the group with idiopathic oligo-azoospermia (FSH, 23.0 +/- 22.69 mIU/ml; LH, 36.7 +/- 24.1 mIU/ml; testosterone, 5.31 +/- 2.3 ng/ml). However, compared with the control group, there was a significant elevation of serum FSH levels in patients with varicocele whose testicular biopsy score counts were between 1 and 4. The importance of preoperative determination of the serum FSH level is discussed.", "PMID": 428587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14368", "title": "The Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome: unresponsiveness to the action of testosterone, a possible mechanism.", "content": "The pathogenesis of hypogonadism and hypogenitalism was investigated in a male patient with the complete form of the Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone induced an increase in serum luteinizing hormone levels from 16.5 mIU/ml to 19.3 mIU/ml and in follicle-stimulating hormone levels from 18.5 mIU/ml to 25.9 mIU/ml. Serum testosterone levels were normal and did not rise after stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin. The administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone resulted in an increase in serum thyrotropin levels from 9.0 microU/ml to 12.0 microU/ml. Serum testoterone/estradiol-binding globulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and T3 resin uptake were normal. Serum cortisol showed a normal diurnal variation. The sex chromatin test was negative and the karyotupe revealed a 46,XY chromosome pattern. On biopsy, the left testis lacked germinal cells and the right testis showed spermatogenic arrest. Signs of hypogonadism and hypogenitalism persisted after 11 months of testosterone treatment. In this patient the target-organ unresponsiveness resulted in hypogenitalism and hypogonadism.", "contents": "The Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome: unresponsiveness to the action of testosterone, a possible mechanism. The pathogenesis of hypogonadism and hypogenitalism was investigated in a male patient with the complete form of the Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone induced an increase in serum luteinizing hormone levels from 16.5 mIU/ml to 19.3 mIU/ml and in follicle-stimulating hormone levels from 18.5 mIU/ml to 25.9 mIU/ml. Serum testosterone levels were normal and did not rise after stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin. The administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone resulted in an increase in serum thyrotropin levels from 9.0 microU/ml to 12.0 microU/ml. Serum testoterone/estradiol-binding globulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and T3 resin uptake were normal. Serum cortisol showed a normal diurnal variation. The sex chromatin test was negative and the karyotupe revealed a 46,XY chromosome pattern. On biopsy, the left testis lacked germinal cells and the right testis showed spermatogenic arrest. Signs of hypogonadism and hypogenitalism persisted after 11 months of testosterone treatment. In this patient the target-organ unresponsiveness resulted in hypogenitalism and hypogonadism.", "PMID": 428588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14369", "title": "Electrophysiology of the rabbit oviduct following tubal microsurgery.", "content": "The ability of tuboplastic microsurgery to restore electrical continuity across an anastomosis site was investigated in the rabbit. Three to six weeks following transection and end-to-end anastomosis of the tubal ampulla or isthmus, the pattern of electrical activity adjacent to and across the anastomosis site was examined. Recordings were made in vitro using arrays of closely spaced suction electrodes 68 to 72 hours after an ovulating dose of human chorionic gonadotropin. The pattern of electrical activity across anastomosis sites was not significantly different from corresponding portions of unoperated control oviducts. Microsurgical anastomosis restored electrical continuity between anastomosed segments in both the ampulla and isthmus.", "contents": "Electrophysiology of the rabbit oviduct following tubal microsurgery. The ability of tuboplastic microsurgery to restore electrical continuity across an anastomosis site was investigated in the rabbit. Three to six weeks following transection and end-to-end anastomosis of the tubal ampulla or isthmus, the pattern of electrical activity adjacent to and across the anastomosis site was examined. Recordings were made in vitro using arrays of closely spaced suction electrodes 68 to 72 hours after an ovulating dose of human chorionic gonadotropin. The pattern of electrical activity across anastomosis sites was not significantly different from corresponding portions of unoperated control oviducts. Microsurgical anastomosis restored electrical continuity between anastomosed segments in both the ampulla and isthmus.", "PMID": 428589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14370", "title": "Studies of the immunologically specific retention of antigen-activated lymphoid cells in antigen-containing lymph nodes.", "content": "Mouse spleen lymphocytes proliferating under the influence of SRBC, or educated thymocytes were labelled in vivo or in vitro with 3H-thymidine and transferred intravenously to syngeneic recipients, which had received a subcutaneous injection of the same, or a non-cross-reacting, antigen (SRBC, rat or chicken RBC, DNP-proteins) into the right front footpads. The left footpads had been injected with a control (non-cross-reacting) antigen. The right (ipsilateral) and left (contralateral) regional lymph nodes were compared on the basis of their radioactivity and radioautography. SRBC-containing lymph nodes retained specifically both viable primed spleen cells and educated thymocytes. Treatment of donor spleen cells with anti-T serum and complement prevented specific retention. Administration of anti-SRBC serum to the recipients had a similar effect. Retention occurred during 6 days after administration of the antigen to the recipients and was mediated by radioresistant host lymph node cells. It declined profoundly when host macrophages were blocked with charcoal particles. The data obtained suggest a major role of the direct contact between T cell receptors and macrophage-bound antigen in the specific lymphocyte retention.", "contents": "Studies of the immunologically specific retention of antigen-activated lymphoid cells in antigen-containing lymph nodes. Mouse spleen lymphocytes proliferating under the influence of SRBC, or educated thymocytes were labelled in vivo or in vitro with 3H-thymidine and transferred intravenously to syngeneic recipients, which had received a subcutaneous injection of the same, or a non-cross-reacting, antigen (SRBC, rat or chicken RBC, DNP-proteins) into the right front footpads. The left footpads had been injected with a control (non-cross-reacting) antigen. The right (ipsilateral) and left (contralateral) regional lymph nodes were compared on the basis of their radioactivity and radioautography. SRBC-containing lymph nodes retained specifically both viable primed spleen cells and educated thymocytes. Treatment of donor spleen cells with anti-T serum and complement prevented specific retention. Administration of anti-SRBC serum to the recipients had a similar effect. Retention occurred during 6 days after administration of the antigen to the recipients and was mediated by radioresistant host lymph node cells. It declined profoundly when host macrophages were blocked with charcoal particles. The data obtained suggest a major role of the direct contact between T cell receptors and macrophage-bound antigen in the specific lymphocyte retention.", "PMID": 428599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14371", "title": "[A quantitative analysis of urinary 17-KS by GC-MS (author's transl)].", "content": "A quantitative analysis of seven components of 17-KS in human urine was successfully carried out by GCMS. The sample including deuterated 17-KS was introduced into TMS derivatives by BSTFA in pyridine. The derived TMS derivatives were analysed using the GC-MS system equipped with the column of 0.5% NPGS Chromosorb W AW DMCS, and the temperature was programmed from 180 degrees C to 240 degrees C at 3 degrees C/min. increment. Seven components were well separated, and each fraction was analysed by MS spectrum. Normal human urine was analysed by this method, the result of which is summarized in Table 3.", "contents": "[A quantitative analysis of urinary 17-KS by GC-MS (author's transl)]. A quantitative analysis of seven components of 17-KS in human urine was successfully carried out by GCMS. The sample including deuterated 17-KS was introduced into TMS derivatives by BSTFA in pyridine. The derived TMS derivatives were analysed using the GC-MS system equipped with the column of 0.5% NPGS Chromosorb W AW DMCS, and the temperature was programmed from 180 degrees C to 240 degrees C at 3 degrees C/min. increment. Seven components were well separated, and each fraction was analysed by MS spectrum. Normal human urine was analysed by this method, the result of which is summarized in Table 3.", "PMID": 428601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14372", "title": "The incidence of divorce within cohorts of American marriages contracted since the Civil War.", "content": "The proportion of marriages that end in divorce can be estimated from vital registration or from census data. The former source suggests considerably higher levels of divorce than does the latter. A new series, combinig the two sources, is presented for annual marriage cohorts back to 1867. Actual experience to 1970 is traced and a projection beyond that point is made for cohorts with incomplete divorce histories. The cohort divorce series moves steadily upwards and shows much less variability than an equivalent series of period divorce rates. Factors related to high divorce within a cohort are armed service mobilization and high unemployment rates in the year of marriage, and slow national economic growth between pre- and post-marital periods.", "contents": "The incidence of divorce within cohorts of American marriages contracted since the Civil War. The proportion of marriages that end in divorce can be estimated from vital registration or from census data. The former source suggests considerably higher levels of divorce than does the latter. A new series, combinig the two sources, is presented for annual marriage cohorts back to 1867. Actual experience to 1970 is traced and a projection beyond that point is made for cohorts with incomplete divorce histories. The cohort divorce series moves steadily upwards and shows much less variability than an equivalent series of period divorce rates. Factors related to high divorce within a cohort are armed service mobilization and high unemployment rates in the year of marriage, and slow national economic growth between pre- and post-marital periods.", "PMID": 428602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14373", "title": "Seasonal migration and seasonal variation in fecundability: effects on birth rates and birth intervals.", "content": "Seasonal patterns in conception rates have been documented in several recent studies. In this paper, a mathematical model of the reproductive process is developed through which the impact of such variation in conception rates is assessed. It is found that the effect on fertility can be quite substantial, but that the birth rate when seasonal variation is occurring is approximated well by the birth rate calculated when conception rates are constant at their mean. These results indicate that further documentation of seasonality in conception rates and exploration of the causes of these patterns and their change is an important area for demographic research.", "contents": "Seasonal migration and seasonal variation in fecundability: effects on birth rates and birth intervals. Seasonal patterns in conception rates have been documented in several recent studies. In this paper, a mathematical model of the reproductive process is developed through which the impact of such variation in conception rates is assessed. It is found that the effect on fertility can be quite substantial, but that the birth rate when seasonal variation is occurring is approximated well by the birth rate calculated when conception rates are constant at their mean. These results indicate that further documentation of seasonality in conception rates and exploration of the causes of these patterns and their change is an important area for demographic research.", "PMID": 428603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14374", "title": "Bias in graduated life table functions.", "content": "Survival proportions and expectations of life estimated directly from observed crude mortality rates are usually unbiased. Estimates of survival proportions and expectations of life obtained from graduated mortality rates at individual ages tend to be positively biased, although the actual bias is small for reasonably large experiences.", "contents": "Bias in graduated life table functions. Survival proportions and expectations of life estimated directly from observed crude mortality rates are usually unbiased. Estimates of survival proportions and expectations of life obtained from graduated mortality rates at individual ages tend to be positively biased, although the actual bias is small for reasonably large experiences.", "PMID": 428604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14375", "title": "A close look at the demography of Afghanistan.", "content": "The first survey designed to allow estimates of the demographic characteristics of Afghanistan's sedentary population was conducted during the period 1972-1974. Our analysis of these data, based on recently developed techniques for handling imcomplete or inaccurate data, suggests that this population lives under conditions that are extreme when judged by modern standards.  Marriage is early, especially for females, and universal. Marital fertility conforms to a pattern of natural fertility and total fertility is high. The birth rate is among the highest in the world today, and the expectation of life at birth is among the very lowest. Mortality is lower in urban areas than in rural areas, whereas total fertility is approximately the same in both. Our estimates of fertility and mortality imply stable populations which match closely the observed age distributions for both the rural and urban areas.", "contents": "A close look at the demography of Afghanistan. The first survey designed to allow estimates of the demographic characteristics of Afghanistan's sedentary population was conducted during the period 1972-1974. Our analysis of these data, based on recently developed techniques for handling imcomplete or inaccurate data, suggests that this population lives under conditions that are extreme when judged by modern standards.  Marriage is early, especially for females, and universal. Marital fertility conforms to a pattern of natural fertility and total fertility is high. The birth rate is among the highest in the world today, and the expectation of life at birth is among the very lowest. Mortality is lower in urban areas than in rural areas, whereas total fertility is approximately the same in both. Our estimates of fertility and mortality imply stable populations which match closely the observed age distributions for both the rural and urban areas.", "PMID": 428605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14376", "title": "The two generation urbanite hypothesis revisited.", "content": "It is generally accepted that socioeconomic differentials in fertility are minimal among urban couples with nonfarm origins -- two generation urbanites. In this paper, we replicate Duncan's (1965) analysis to see if the two generation urbanite hypothesis holds for more recent cohorts of American women. In four cohorts of women, drawn from three recent fertility surveys, we find no support for the two generation urbanite hypothesis. It appears that the links between farm background, socioeconomic status and fertility were different for the low fertility cohorts of women born in the early 1900's and the more recent cohorts of women who experienced the baby boom.", "contents": "The two generation urbanite hypothesis revisited. It is generally accepted that socioeconomic differentials in fertility are minimal among urban couples with nonfarm origins -- two generation urbanites. In this paper, we replicate Duncan's (1965) analysis to see if the two generation urbanite hypothesis holds for more recent cohorts of American women. In four cohorts of women, drawn from three recent fertility surveys, we find no support for the two generation urbanite hypothesis. It appears that the links between farm background, socioeconomic status and fertility were different for the low fertility cohorts of women born in the early 1900's and the more recent cohorts of women who experienced the baby boom.", "PMID": 428606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14377", "title": "Models of illegitmacy: United States, 1969.", "content": "Three theoretical perspectives on illegitimacy, the anomic, the subgroup, and the demographic, are reviewed and compared. A composite causal model is then developed and estimated using areal data derived from the 1970 U.S. Census. While theoretical nonspecificity disallowed a definitive test, all three perspectives yielded valuable insight into the complex mechanisms underlying illegitimacy rates. Results indicate that variation in illegitimacy rates is systematically related to variation in social structure and that integration of the three positions should prove useful to further research.", "contents": "Models of illegitmacy: United States, 1969. Three theoretical perspectives on illegitimacy, the anomic, the subgroup, and the demographic, are reviewed and compared. A composite causal model is then developed and estimated using areal data derived from the 1970 U.S. Census. While theoretical nonspecificity disallowed a definitive test, all three perspectives yielded valuable insight into the complex mechanisms underlying illegitimacy rates. Results indicate that variation in illegitimacy rates is systematically related to variation in social structure and that integration of the three positions should prove useful to further research.", "PMID": 428607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14378", "title": "The changing U.S. labor force and occupational differentiation by sex.", "content": "The degree of occupational differentiation by sex in the U.S. labor force is examined utilizing various measures and occupational classifications over the period 1900-1970. A consideration of comparable occupations over time indicates that while occupational differentiation by sex is still substantial, an irregular, measurable decline in that differentiation has occurred during this century. Existing labor force structure seems relatively unimportant in explaining this ongoing change. Apparently more significant are social and historical factors as they have influenced specific occupations in certain decades.", "contents": "The changing U.S. labor force and occupational differentiation by sex. The degree of occupational differentiation by sex in the U.S. labor force is examined utilizing various measures and occupational classifications over the period 1900-1970. A consideration of comparable occupations over time indicates that while occupational differentiation by sex is still substantial, an irregular, measurable decline in that differentiation has occurred during this century. Existing labor force structure seems relatively unimportant in explaining this ongoing change. Apparently more significant are social and historical factors as they have influenced specific occupations in certain decades.", "PMID": 428608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14379", "title": "Sex differences in patterns of career mobility.", "content": "Using the 1970 Census data, this paper examines differences by sex in patterns of intragenerational occupational mobility over a five year period (1965-1970) for two cohorts of white, U.S. men and women. The observed mobility patterns are separated into that part due to structural factors (i.e., the different distributions over occupational origins and destinations by sex) and that due to sex-related individual and group characteristics. Most of the observed differences in mobility patterns are found to be the result of occupational sex segregation.", "contents": "Sex differences in patterns of career mobility. Using the 1970 Census data, this paper examines differences by sex in patterns of intragenerational occupational mobility over a five year period (1965-1970) for two cohorts of white, U.S. men and women. The observed mobility patterns are separated into that part due to structural factors (i.e., the different distributions over occupational origins and destinations by sex) and that due to sex-related individual and group characteristics. Most of the observed differences in mobility patterns are found to be the result of occupational sex segregation.", "PMID": 428609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14380", "title": "RNA and protein synthesis of dyskeratotic cells in morbus Darier. An autoradiographic study.", "content": "RNA and protein synthesis of dyskeratotic cells in Darier's disease was studied by autoradiography after in vitro incubation with 3H-uridine, 3H-leucine and 3H-histidine. These three isotopes were incorporated in cells constituting the basis and wall of the lacuna, while they did not accumulate in isolated acantholytic and dyskeratotic cells in the lacuna, corps ronds and grains.", "contents": "RNA and protein synthesis of dyskeratotic cells in morbus Darier. An autoradiographic study. RNA and protein synthesis of dyskeratotic cells in Darier's disease was studied by autoradiography after in vitro incubation with 3H-uridine, 3H-leucine and 3H-histidine. These three isotopes were incorporated in cells constituting the basis and wall of the lacuna, while they did not accumulate in isolated acantholytic and dyskeratotic cells in the lacuna, corps ronds and grains.", "PMID": 428610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14381", "title": "[Phototoxicity of Bergamot oil. Comparison between humans and guinea pigs].", "content": "Phototoxicity of bergamot oil in solar simulating radiation (SSR greater than or equal to 290 nm) and in long ultraviolet radiation (LUV greater than or equal to 320 nm) has been compared by studying photoaugmentation of erythema in the guinea pig after 24 h and pigmentary photoaugmentation in man on the 8th day. The results show that a close relationship exists between guinea pig and human responses, with both radiations used, and that man seems to be slightly more sensitive to phototoxic effects of bergamot oil than the guinea pig. This difference of sensitivity necessarily implies the participation of UVA (320--400 nm) in the phototoxic reaction of bergamot oil with solar radiation. This UVA participation is particularly obvious in the guinea pig; in man, the results are less clear and a certain synergy of UVB rays (290--320 nm) may be involved in the phototoxic UVA-induced reaction of bergamot oil. Despite these slight differences, the erythematous reaction in the guinea pig appears to be a remarkable experimental model to show out potential phototoxic reactions of products containing psoralens in man.", "contents": "[Phototoxicity of Bergamot oil. Comparison between humans and guinea pigs]. Phototoxicity of bergamot oil in solar simulating radiation (SSR greater than or equal to 290 nm) and in long ultraviolet radiation (LUV greater than or equal to 320 nm) has been compared by studying photoaugmentation of erythema in the guinea pig after 24 h and pigmentary photoaugmentation in man on the 8th day. The results show that a close relationship exists between guinea pig and human responses, with both radiations used, and that man seems to be slightly more sensitive to phototoxic effects of bergamot oil than the guinea pig. This difference of sensitivity necessarily implies the participation of UVA (320--400 nm) in the phototoxic reaction of bergamot oil with solar radiation. This UVA participation is particularly obvious in the guinea pig; in man, the results are less clear and a certain synergy of UVB rays (290--320 nm) may be involved in the phototoxic UVA-induced reaction of bergamot oil. Despite these slight differences, the erythematous reaction in the guinea pig appears to be a remarkable experimental model to show out potential phototoxic reactions of products containing psoralens in man.", "PMID": 428611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14382", "title": "Generalized cutaneous calcinosis and mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "A 49-year-old female patient with a history of fever episodes, muscular weakness, Raynaud's phenomenon, cardiac insufficiency and increasing cutaneous calcinosis over a period of 4 years is reported. Based upon clinical as well as histological and immunological findings, the disease is diagnosed as mixed connective tissue disease with generalized cutaneous calcinosis in an extent yet unpublished, to our knowledge, in this 'overlap syndrome'. The pathogenesis of cutaneous calcinosis is discussed with particular reference to the phenomenon of calciphylaxis, and some therapeutic implications are considered.", "contents": "Generalized cutaneous calcinosis and mixed connective tissue disease. A 49-year-old female patient with a history of fever episodes, muscular weakness, Raynaud's phenomenon, cardiac insufficiency and increasing cutaneous calcinosis over a period of 4 years is reported. Based upon clinical as well as histological and immunological findings, the disease is diagnosed as mixed connective tissue disease with generalized cutaneous calcinosis in an extent yet unpublished, to our knowledge, in this 'overlap syndrome'. The pathogenesis of cutaneous calcinosis is discussed with particular reference to the phenomenon of calciphylaxis, and some therapeutic implications are considered.", "PMID": 428612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14383", "title": "Granulomatous inflammation of the vulva and penis--a genital counterpart to cheilitis granulomatosa.", "content": "3 patients are described, in whom chronic swelling of the external genitals occurred after recurrent infections. The histological findings were identical to those seen in cheilitis granulomatosa, the dermal component of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. The authors suppose that the disease of the 3 patients is a genital counterpart to cheilitis granulomatosa, and the name vulvitis or posthitis granulomatosa is suggested.", "contents": "Granulomatous inflammation of the vulva and penis--a genital counterpart to cheilitis granulomatosa. 3 patients are described, in whom chronic swelling of the external genitals occurred after recurrent infections. The histological findings were identical to those seen in cheilitis granulomatosa, the dermal component of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. The authors suppose that the disease of the 3 patients is a genital counterpart to cheilitis granulomatosa, and the name vulvitis or posthitis granulomatosa is suggested.", "PMID": 428613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14384", "title": "[Vasculitis racemosa hemoplegica].", "content": "The secondary symptomatic forms of livedo reticularis can follow cerebrovascular incidents with consecutive hemiplegia; this is rarely known. A further patient is described who developed an asymmetrical livedo reticularis on the hemiplegic half of the body. The reason of the hemiplegia was an intracerebral hemorrhage.", "contents": "[Vasculitis racemosa hemoplegica]. The secondary symptomatic forms of livedo reticularis can follow cerebrovascular incidents with consecutive hemiplegia; this is rarely known. A further patient is described who developed an asymmetrical livedo reticularis on the hemiplegic half of the body. The reason of the hemiplegia was an intracerebral hemorrhage.", "PMID": 428614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14385", "title": "Actinic keratoses treated with a combination of topical 5-fluorouracil and dinitrochlorobenzene.", "content": "A comparative study of topical 5-fluorouracil (5FU) alone and 5FU with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) therapy in the treatment of actinic keratoses of the upper limbs is described. 5 out of 10 patients had better results with a combination of the two medications, while there was no difference in the results in 4 of the patients. Complications in the form of contact dermatitis to DNCB was experienced in 5 patients. Therapy of actinic keratoses of the upper limbs is recommended for a 6- to 8-week period with 5FU alone because of the difficulties associated with DNCB usage.", "contents": "Actinic keratoses treated with a combination of topical 5-fluorouracil and dinitrochlorobenzene. A comparative study of topical 5-fluorouracil (5FU) alone and 5FU with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) therapy in the treatment of actinic keratoses of the upper limbs is described. 5 out of 10 patients had better results with a combination of the two medications, while there was no difference in the results in 4 of the patients. Complications in the form of contact dermatitis to DNCB was experienced in 5 patients. Therapy of actinic keratoses of the upper limbs is recommended for a 6- to 8-week period with 5FU alone because of the difficulties associated with DNCB usage.", "PMID": 428615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14386", "title": "Managing chronic skin conditions with two differing topical corticosteroids.", "content": "A study to demonstrate methods of using topical preparations to control chronic skin conditions is described. 25 patients with atopic eczema or psoriasis were followed for an average of 10 months. Both self-assessment using a diary card and clinical assessment were used to evaluate the treatment. The study shows that, when used correctly, topical corticosteroids can provide an effective means of controlling these intractable conditions without producing the side-effects associated with their misuse.", "contents": "Managing chronic skin conditions with two differing topical corticosteroids. A study to demonstrate methods of using topical preparations to control chronic skin conditions is described. 25 patients with atopic eczema or psoriasis were followed for an average of 10 months. Both self-assessment using a diary card and clinical assessment were used to evaluate the treatment. The study shows that, when used correctly, topical corticosteroids can provide an effective means of controlling these intractable conditions without producing the side-effects associated with their misuse.", "PMID": 428616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14387", "title": "The size and number of intramembrane particles in cells of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy.", "content": "By freeze-fracture electron microscopy, particles have been observed on the protoplasmic leaflet (PF face) of cytoplasmic and intracytoplasmic membranes of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. The particles are present under all culture conditions of chemotrophically and phototrophically grown cells. However, the number of particles per microM2 increased significantly when the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus in the membrane is induced. Intracytoplasmic membranes, where the bulk of photosynthetic activity is localized, always have a higher density of particles than cytoplasmic membranes. Under all conditions particles with a diameter of 9.5 nm dominate. The frequency of particles with diameters greater or smaller than 9.5 nm changed with culture conditions. A comparison of biochemical and electron microscopic data have lead us to the conclusion that the particles, formed under conditions which allow the synthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus, are composed of photochemical reaction centers and antenna light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll I (B 875)-protein complexes. The total molecular weight of these particles is calculated to be 500,000.", "contents": "The size and number of intramembrane particles in cells of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. By freeze-fracture electron microscopy, particles have been observed on the protoplasmic leaflet (PF face) of cytoplasmic and intracytoplasmic membranes of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. The particles are present under all culture conditions of chemotrophically and phototrophically grown cells. However, the number of particles per microM2 increased significantly when the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus in the membrane is induced. Intracytoplasmic membranes, where the bulk of photosynthetic activity is localized, always have a higher density of particles than cytoplasmic membranes. Under all conditions particles with a diameter of 9.5 nm dominate. The frequency of particles with diameters greater or smaller than 9.5 nm changed with culture conditions. A comparison of biochemical and electron microscopic data have lead us to the conclusion that the particles, formed under conditions which allow the synthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus, are composed of photochemical reaction centers and antenna light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll I (B 875)-protein complexes. The total molecular weight of these particles is calculated to be 500,000.", "PMID": 428618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14388", "title": "Coumarin-induced disturbances of morphological development and cell wall formation in Trichophyton mentagrophytes.", "content": "When Trichophyton mentagrophytes thalli are placed on a medium containing 300 microgram/ml of coumarin, their growth rate is drastically reduced and the newly formed mycelium consists of curled and branched hyphae showing subapical bulges and swollen tips. Under the electron microscope, the most relevant abnormalities concern the cell walls which are often thickened by aberrantly shaped zones that are usually smeared unevenly over the surface of the \"primary\" wall instead of being deposited in discrete ridges. An ultracytochemical analysis suggests that the irregular thickenings are formed of chitin. Arguments suitable to explain the phenomena observed are discussed.", "contents": "Coumarin-induced disturbances of morphological development and cell wall formation in Trichophyton mentagrophytes. When Trichophyton mentagrophytes thalli are placed on a medium containing 300 microgram/ml of coumarin, their growth rate is drastically reduced and the newly formed mycelium consists of curled and branched hyphae showing subapical bulges and swollen tips. Under the electron microscope, the most relevant abnormalities concern the cell walls which are often thickened by aberrantly shaped zones that are usually smeared unevenly over the surface of the \"primary\" wall instead of being deposited in discrete ridges. An ultracytochemical analysis suggests that the irregular thickenings are formed of chitin. Arguments suitable to explain the phenomena observed are discussed.", "PMID": 428619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14389", "title": "Visualization of the interphase chromosomes of Ornithogalum virens and Muntiacus muntjak.", "content": "A technique for visualizing \"interphase chromosomes\" was applied to nuclei of the angio-spermous plant, Ornithogalum virens (2 n = 6), and the male mammal, Muntiacus munjak (2 n = 7), in an attempt to correlate the numbers of \"chromosomes\" visible during interphase with the respective diploid chromosome numbers. The alterations in chromosome structure observed during G1, S, and G2 periods were comparable to those previously reported in Allium cepa and Chinese hamster (CHO line) cells [33], but for technical reasons it was only possible to make accurate counts of interphase chromosomes in the G1 nuclei of O. virens. In addition, from our observations of interphase chromosomes that were pulse-labelled with tritiated thymidine and a parallel study of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) using pulse-labelled M.muntjak cells, we conclude that, although chromatin decondensation may be required for DNA synthesis, extreme chromatin decondensation can occur in the absence of DNA synthesis. Generally a morphological description of alterations in chromatin during interphase only roughly parallels the G1, S, and G2 phases defined by autoradiography following incorporation of tritiated thymidine. We suggest that both methods are valid through different ways of describing interphase.", "contents": "Visualization of the interphase chromosomes of Ornithogalum virens and Muntiacus muntjak. A technique for visualizing \"interphase chromosomes\" was applied to nuclei of the angio-spermous plant, Ornithogalum virens (2 n = 6), and the male mammal, Muntiacus munjak (2 n = 7), in an attempt to correlate the numbers of \"chromosomes\" visible during interphase with the respective diploid chromosome numbers. The alterations in chromosome structure observed during G1, S, and G2 periods were comparable to those previously reported in Allium cepa and Chinese hamster (CHO line) cells [33], but for technical reasons it was only possible to make accurate counts of interphase chromosomes in the G1 nuclei of O. virens. In addition, from our observations of interphase chromosomes that were pulse-labelled with tritiated thymidine and a parallel study of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) using pulse-labelled M.muntjak cells, we conclude that, although chromatin decondensation may be required for DNA synthesis, extreme chromatin decondensation can occur in the absence of DNA synthesis. Generally a morphological description of alterations in chromatin during interphase only roughly parallels the G1, S, and G2 phases defined by autoradiography following incorporation of tritiated thymidine. We suggest that both methods are valid through different ways of describing interphase.", "PMID": 428620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14390", "title": "[The fine structure of myotendinous and myo-epithelial junctions in the guinea pig tongue (author's transl)].", "content": "The insertion of muscle fibers in the subepithelial connective tissue layer of the guinea pig tongue was studied light and electron microscopically. Fibers of the tractus verticalis approach the epithelium penetrating the lamina propria, both the reticular and papillar layer. Terminating muscle fibers split up and form branching finger-like cytoplasmic processes. The myotendinous junctions of such terminal processes fine structurally correspond to myotendinous junctions generally observed in skeletal or smooth muscles. The entire brush-like formation, however, is more far-reaching and highly differentiated. Filament bundles (spine-like profiles) originate from the plasmalemma and extend to the lamina densa of the basal lamina, especially in those regions where actin filaments are attached to the plasmalemma. Microfibrils (10 to 12 nm diameter) reach the lamina densa of the basal lamina. They form bundles which are continuous with fibrotubular strands of elaunin fibers and elastic fiber microfibrils. Furthermore, microfibrils are interwoven with collagen fibrils.", "contents": "[The fine structure of myotendinous and myo-epithelial junctions in the guinea pig tongue (author's transl)]. The insertion of muscle fibers in the subepithelial connective tissue layer of the guinea pig tongue was studied light and electron microscopically. Fibers of the tractus verticalis approach the epithelium penetrating the lamina propria, both the reticular and papillar layer. Terminating muscle fibers split up and form branching finger-like cytoplasmic processes. The myotendinous junctions of such terminal processes fine structurally correspond to myotendinous junctions generally observed in skeletal or smooth muscles. The entire brush-like formation, however, is more far-reaching and highly differentiated. Filament bundles (spine-like profiles) originate from the plasmalemma and extend to the lamina densa of the basal lamina, especially in those regions where actin filaments are attached to the plasmalemma. Microfibrils (10 to 12 nm diameter) reach the lamina densa of the basal lamina. They form bundles which are continuous with fibrotubular strands of elaunin fibers and elastic fiber microfibrils. Furthermore, microfibrils are interwoven with collagen fibrils.", "PMID": 428621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14391", "title": "Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy--management and results at Rikshospitalet, Oslo, 1970-1977.", "content": "During the years 1970-1977, 234 pregnant diabetics were treated in Oslo. A regimen of close metabolic and obstetric control was used. The total perinatal mortality was 4.3%, and 3.1% in 160 patients followed from before week 28. In 74% of patients mean blood glucose (determined 4 times daily) during the last 5-6 weeks of pregnancy was below 6 mmol/1 and in only one patient above 8 mmol/1. There was a low incidence of ketoacidosis (5 patients), pyelonephritis (3 patients), and severe preeclampsia (1 patient), although mild to moderate preeclampsia occurred in 28 patients. Preeclampsia was not associated with foetal loss. Macrosomia was rare. Respiratory distress occurred in 33 infants, in most cases light to moderate. Two foetal deaths were associated with respiratory distress. Progression of retinopathy was frequent, and appearance of or progression of proliferative changes occurred in 15 patients with retinopathy before pregnancy. Loss of visual acuity was rare, and reading vision was not lost by any patients. Induced vaginal delivery has been used in half the deliveries during the last years, whereas Caesarean section was preferred during the first years. Mean duration of pregnancy at delivery has been 260 days, 256 days during the first four years, and 262 days during the last four.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy--management and results at Rikshospitalet, Oslo, 1970-1977. During the years 1970-1977, 234 pregnant diabetics were treated in Oslo. A regimen of close metabolic and obstetric control was used. The total perinatal mortality was 4.3%, and 3.1% in 160 patients followed from before week 28. In 74% of patients mean blood glucose (determined 4 times daily) during the last 5-6 weeks of pregnancy was below 6 mmol/1 and in only one patient above 8 mmol/1. There was a low incidence of ketoacidosis (5 patients), pyelonephritis (3 patients), and severe preeclampsia (1 patient), although mild to moderate preeclampsia occurred in 28 patients. Preeclampsia was not associated with foetal loss. Macrosomia was rare. Respiratory distress occurred in 33 infants, in most cases light to moderate. Two foetal deaths were associated with respiratory distress. Progression of retinopathy was frequent, and appearance of or progression of proliferative changes occurred in 15 patients with retinopathy before pregnancy. Loss of visual acuity was rare, and reading vision was not lost by any patients. Induced vaginal delivery has been used in half the deliveries during the last years, whereas Caesarean section was preferred during the first years. Mean duration of pregnancy at delivery has been 260 days, 256 days during the first four years, and 262 days during the last four.", "PMID": 428684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14392", "title": "Use of a glucose controlled insulin infusion system (artificial beta cell) to control diabetes during surgery.", "content": "An artificial beta cell has been used to achieve and maintain a preset plasma glucose concentration in five diabetic patients undergoing surgery. These subjects were compared to control groups of normal subjects receiving either saline or glucose, and diabetics receiving glucose intraoperatively. Hyperglycaemia during surgery was seen in normals (mean plasma glucose +/- SEM: 185 +/- 16 mg/dl) and, to a greater degree, diabetics (247 +/- 36 mg/dl) receiving glucose. Insulin and C-peptide levels did not increase during 2 hours of operation in any of the control groups, suggesting beta cell suppression during surgery. As C-peptide levels declined similarly in normal subjects whether they received saline or glucose, the hyperglycaemia seems to be due to an inability to use exogenous glucose. This is confirmed by a correlation of maximal plasma glucose to glucose infusion rate (r = 0.78, p less than 0.01). The artificial beta cell was able to achieve the same plasma glucose after 2 hours of operation (128 +/- 21 mg/dl) as normal subjects receiving saline (110 +/- 7 mg/dl). The artificial beta cell proved to be a safe, convenient and effective way of monitoring and controlling the hyperglycaemia seen in diabetic patients undergoing surgery.", "contents": "Use of a glucose controlled insulin infusion system (artificial beta cell) to control diabetes during surgery. An artificial beta cell has been used to achieve and maintain a preset plasma glucose concentration in five diabetic patients undergoing surgery. These subjects were compared to control groups of normal subjects receiving either saline or glucose, and diabetics receiving glucose intraoperatively. Hyperglycaemia during surgery was seen in normals (mean plasma glucose +/- SEM: 185 +/- 16 mg/dl) and, to a greater degree, diabetics (247 +/- 36 mg/dl) receiving glucose. Insulin and C-peptide levels did not increase during 2 hours of operation in any of the control groups, suggesting beta cell suppression during surgery. As C-peptide levels declined similarly in normal subjects whether they received saline or glucose, the hyperglycaemia seems to be due to an inability to use exogenous glucose. This is confirmed by a correlation of maximal plasma glucose to glucose infusion rate (r = 0.78, p less than 0.01). The artificial beta cell was able to achieve the same plasma glucose after 2 hours of operation (128 +/- 21 mg/dl) as normal subjects receiving saline (110 +/- 7 mg/dl). The artificial beta cell proved to be a safe, convenient and effective way of monitoring and controlling the hyperglycaemia seen in diabetic patients undergoing surgery.", "PMID": 428685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14393", "title": "Effect of physical training on glucose tolerance and on glucose metabolism of skeletal muscle in anaesthetized normal rats.", "content": "The effect of physical training on glucose tolerance in vivo and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in vitro was investigated in normal rats. Treadmill running for 10 days up to 240 min/day led to a decrease of basal and glucose-stimulated plasma insulin levels without major alterations of the IV glucose tolerance (1 g/kg body weight). Swim training of two weeks' duration, i.e. exercise up to 2 X 75 min/day, which did not induce significant changes in body composition, skeletal muscle glycogen levels or citrate synthase activity, resulted in a significant improvement of IV glucose tolerance and substantial reductions of basal and glucose-stimulated plasma insulin levels. Associated with this apparent improvement of insulin sensitivity in vivo, significant increases of the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (+ 55%) and lactate oxidation + 78%) in vitro were found on perfusion of the isolated hindquarter of swim-trained animals. It is suggested that mild physical training can improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in normal rats, at least in part, due to an increase of insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle glucose metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of physical training on glucose tolerance and on glucose metabolism of skeletal muscle in anaesthetized normal rats. The effect of physical training on glucose tolerance in vivo and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in vitro was investigated in normal rats. Treadmill running for 10 days up to 240 min/day led to a decrease of basal and glucose-stimulated plasma insulin levels without major alterations of the IV glucose tolerance (1 g/kg body weight). Swim training of two weeks' duration, i.e. exercise up to 2 X 75 min/day, which did not induce significant changes in body composition, skeletal muscle glycogen levels or citrate synthase activity, resulted in a significant improvement of IV glucose tolerance and substantial reductions of basal and glucose-stimulated plasma insulin levels. Associated with this apparent improvement of insulin sensitivity in vivo, significant increases of the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (+ 55%) and lactate oxidation + 78%) in vitro were found on perfusion of the isolated hindquarter of swim-trained animals. It is suggested that mild physical training can improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in normal rats, at least in part, due to an increase of insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle glucose metabolism.", "PMID": 428688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14394", "title": "Control of blood glucose levels in the streptozotocin diabetic rat using a long-acting heat-treated insulin.", "content": "Diurnal plasma glucose levels have been studied two hourly in streptozotocin diabetic rats during insulin treatment. Protamine Zinc Insulin induced a very steep fall in plasma glucose level from 359 +/- 100 (SD) mg/100 ml to 91 +/- 49 mg/100 ml within two hours. Plasma glucose was then low (13-60 mg/100 ml) until after 18 hours when an equally steep rise in glucose concentration ocurred. Six other insulin preparations and several insulin treatment regimens were tested with the aim of normalising the 24 hour plasma glucose profile of streptozotocin diabetic rats. One preparation, a non-commercial, very long acting Ultralente NOVO (Mc, ox pH 5.5) yielded a diurnal plasma glucose profile reasonably close to normal when it was administered once a day and when the dose was based on daily blood glucose measurements. Mean plasma glucose was 122 +/- 55 mg/100 ml with a nadir of 55 +/- 15 and a maximal of 187 +/- 99 mg/100 ml.", "contents": "Control of blood glucose levels in the streptozotocin diabetic rat using a long-acting heat-treated insulin. Diurnal plasma glucose levels have been studied two hourly in streptozotocin diabetic rats during insulin treatment. Protamine Zinc Insulin induced a very steep fall in plasma glucose level from 359 +/- 100 (SD) mg/100 ml to 91 +/- 49 mg/100 ml within two hours. Plasma glucose was then low (13-60 mg/100 ml) until after 18 hours when an equally steep rise in glucose concentration ocurred. Six other insulin preparations and several insulin treatment regimens were tested with the aim of normalising the 24 hour plasma glucose profile of streptozotocin diabetic rats. One preparation, a non-commercial, very long acting Ultralente NOVO (Mc, ox pH 5.5) yielded a diurnal plasma glucose profile reasonably close to normal when it was administered once a day and when the dose was based on daily blood glucose measurements. Mean plasma glucose was 122 +/- 55 mg/100 ml with a nadir of 55 +/- 15 and a maximal of 187 +/- 99 mg/100 ml.", "PMID": 428689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14395", "title": "Early insulin release following suckling in neonatal lambs and rabbits.", "content": "Developmental changes in the plasma insulin response to milk ingestion have been determined in neonatal lambs fed by bottle and in naturally suckled infant rabbits. In lambs at 4 days of age and older plasma insulin increased within 5 min of suckling and declined again before increasing to a second peak 60 to 120 min after the feed. The early insulin peak was not associated with any change in plasma glucose and was absent in lambs at 1 day of age. When the early insulin peak was absent the increase in plasma glucose following the meal was greater. The early, apparently reflex, release of insulin also occurred in some 'sham-fed' lambs. Atropine administration before feeding abolished the early peak in insulin. A marked early peak of insulin release, not accompanied by any consistent change in plasma glucose, was also observed in naturally-suckled infant rabbits at 1, 5, 10 and 15 days after birth.", "contents": "Early insulin release following suckling in neonatal lambs and rabbits. Developmental changes in the plasma insulin response to milk ingestion have been determined in neonatal lambs fed by bottle and in naturally suckled infant rabbits. In lambs at 4 days of age and older plasma insulin increased within 5 min of suckling and declined again before increasing to a second peak 60 to 120 min after the feed. The early insulin peak was not associated with any change in plasma glucose and was absent in lambs at 1 day of age. When the early insulin peak was absent the increase in plasma glucose following the meal was greater. The early, apparently reflex, release of insulin also occurred in some 'sham-fed' lambs. Atropine administration before feeding abolished the early peak in insulin. A marked early peak of insulin release, not accompanied by any consistent change in plasma glucose, was also observed in naturally-suckled infant rabbits at 1, 5, 10 and 15 days after birth.", "PMID": 428690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14396", "title": "Hospital admission rates of diabetic children.", "content": "In 1973 a children's diabetic clinic was established in Oxford. An analysis has been made of the effects this has had on the pattern of emergency admissions classified as severe hyperglycaemia (A), moderate hyperglycaemia (B) and hypoglycaemia (C). A comparison of the admission rate per \"diabetic year\" over the four years before and the three years after the children's clinic was established showed a significant decrease in admission rate for all hyperglycaemic admissions (p less than 0.05). This decrease was shown to be mainly due to a reduction in admissions with severe hyperglycaemia (A) (p less than 0.01), there being no significant change in admission rate for moderate hyperglycaemia (B). There was no significant change in admission rate for hypoglycaemia (C).", "contents": "Hospital admission rates of diabetic children. In 1973 a children's diabetic clinic was established in Oxford. An analysis has been made of the effects this has had on the pattern of emergency admissions classified as severe hyperglycaemia (A), moderate hyperglycaemia (B) and hypoglycaemia (C). A comparison of the admission rate per \"diabetic year\" over the four years before and the three years after the children's clinic was established showed a significant decrease in admission rate for all hyperglycaemic admissions (p less than 0.05). This decrease was shown to be mainly due to a reduction in admissions with severe hyperglycaemia (A) (p less than 0.01), there being no significant change in admission rate for moderate hyperglycaemia (B). There was no significant change in admission rate for hypoglycaemia (C).", "PMID": 428692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14397", "title": "The effect of oral galactose on GIP and insulin secretion in man.", "content": "The insulinotropic effect of 50 g galactose given orally to 5 normal volunteers on two occasions--once with and once without a period of hyperglycaemia produced by an intravenous glucose infusion--was studied. Oral galactose caused a rise in plasma GIP from fasting levels of 260 +/- 50 ng/l (mean +/- S.E.M.) to a maximum of 900 +/- 65 ng/l 30 min after ingestion, but in the presence of induced hyperglycaemia the GIP response was significantly diminished and delayed (maximum plasma GIP levels 595 +/- 110 ng/l at 45 min, p less than 0.05). The insulin response to galactose was greatly enhanced by IV glucose (mean area under plasma insulin curve with galactose alone 236.5 +/- 66.0, with galactose + IV glucose 451.9 +/- 81.6, p less than 0.025). The mean rise in plasma galactose was significantly lower in the presence of IV glucose (mean peak level 1.97 +/- 0.28 mmol/l with galactose alone, 0.69 +/- 0.16 mmol/l galactose + IV glucose, p less than 0.025). Oral galactose caused the release of GIP, which is powerfully insulinotropic in the presence of moderate hyperglycaemia. The lower plasma GIP and galactose levels observed following oral galactose in the presence of IV glucose may be accounted for either by postulating that insulin inhibits the absorption of oral galactose, or that insulin exerts a negative feed-back control on GIP release and accelerates galactose disposition in the body.", "contents": "The effect of oral galactose on GIP and insulin secretion in man. The insulinotropic effect of 50 g galactose given orally to 5 normal volunteers on two occasions--once with and once without a period of hyperglycaemia produced by an intravenous glucose infusion--was studied. Oral galactose caused a rise in plasma GIP from fasting levels of 260 +/- 50 ng/l (mean +/- S.E.M.) to a maximum of 900 +/- 65 ng/l 30 min after ingestion, but in the presence of induced hyperglycaemia the GIP response was significantly diminished and delayed (maximum plasma GIP levels 595 +/- 110 ng/l at 45 min, p less than 0.05). The insulin response to galactose was greatly enhanced by IV glucose (mean area under plasma insulin curve with galactose alone 236.5 +/- 66.0, with galactose + IV glucose 451.9 +/- 81.6, p less than 0.025). The mean rise in plasma galactose was significantly lower in the presence of IV glucose (mean peak level 1.97 +/- 0.28 mmol/l with galactose alone, 0.69 +/- 0.16 mmol/l galactose + IV glucose, p less than 0.025). Oral galactose caused the release of GIP, which is powerfully insulinotropic in the presence of moderate hyperglycaemia. The lower plasma GIP and galactose levels observed following oral galactose in the presence of IV glucose may be accounted for either by postulating that insulin inhibits the absorption of oral galactose, or that insulin exerts a negative feed-back control on GIP release and accelerates galactose disposition in the body.", "PMID": 428694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14398", "title": "Metformin in management of pregnant insulin-independent diabetics.", "content": "Sixty pregnant \"maturity-onset\" (insulin-independent), established and gestational, diabetics were treated with Metformin in the second and third trimester after dietary treatment had failed. The incidence of Metformin failure was 53.8% in the established diabetics and 28.6% in the \"gestational\" diabetics. The 27 Metformin failures were transferred to other therapy, leaving for further analysis 33 patients who received Metformin up till delivery. Two neonatal deaths occurred in this group (1 congenital abnormality and 1 preterm infant) giving a perinatal mortality of 61/1000. This compares with a perinatal mortality of 103/1000 in the Metformin failure group and 105/1000 in a group of insulin-dependent diabetics treated during the same period. Apart from a high incidence of neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy the infant morbidity in the Metformin group was low. The mothers of 3 infants with congenital abnormalities had received Metformin only during the last trimester of their pregnancy.", "contents": "Metformin in management of pregnant insulin-independent diabetics. Sixty pregnant \"maturity-onset\" (insulin-independent), established and gestational, diabetics were treated with Metformin in the second and third trimester after dietary treatment had failed. The incidence of Metformin failure was 53.8% in the established diabetics and 28.6% in the \"gestational\" diabetics. The 27 Metformin failures were transferred to other therapy, leaving for further analysis 33 patients who received Metformin up till delivery. Two neonatal deaths occurred in this group (1 congenital abnormality and 1 preterm infant) giving a perinatal mortality of 61/1000. This compares with a perinatal mortality of 103/1000 in the Metformin failure group and 105/1000 in a group of insulin-dependent diabetics treated during the same period. Apart from a high incidence of neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy the infant morbidity in the Metformin group was low. The mothers of 3 infants with congenital abnormalities had received Metformin only during the last trimester of their pregnancy.", "PMID": 428695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14399", "title": "Characterisation of somatostatin release from the pancreas: the role of calcium and acetylcholine.", "content": "The effect of calcium on somatostatin secretion was investigated in the isolated, perfused canine pancreas preparation and compared with those of acetylcholine, glucose, isoproterenol and arginine. Calcium (5 mmol/l) stimulated somatostatin release in a typical biphasic response pattern being about 5 times as potent as acetylcholine (1 mumol/l), arginine (5 mmol/l), and isoproterenol (2 ng/ml) while the release of insulin and glucagon in response to calcium and the other secretagogues were of the same magnitude. Somatostatin release increased progressively when perfusate calcium was increased step-wise from 0 through 1.25 and 2.5 to 5.0 mmol/l. Calcium stimulated the secretion of somatostatin in the absence of glucose. The stimulatory effect of calcium was, however, modulated by the glucose concentration being about twice as large at 200 mg/100 ml as at 25 mg/100 ml glucose in the perfusion medium.", "contents": "Characterisation of somatostatin release from the pancreas: the role of calcium and acetylcholine. The effect of calcium on somatostatin secretion was investigated in the isolated, perfused canine pancreas preparation and compared with those of acetylcholine, glucose, isoproterenol and arginine. Calcium (5 mmol/l) stimulated somatostatin release in a typical biphasic response pattern being about 5 times as potent as acetylcholine (1 mumol/l), arginine (5 mmol/l), and isoproterenol (2 ng/ml) while the release of insulin and glucagon in response to calcium and the other secretagogues were of the same magnitude. Somatostatin release increased progressively when perfusate calcium was increased step-wise from 0 through 1.25 and 2.5 to 5.0 mmol/l. Calcium stimulated the secretion of somatostatin in the absence of glucose. The stimulatory effect of calcium was, however, modulated by the glucose concentration being about twice as large at 200 mg/100 ml as at 25 mg/100 ml glucose in the perfusion medium.", "PMID": 428696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14400", "title": "Effect of oleic acid on insulin secretion by the isolated perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "The isolated perfused rat pancreas was utilized to investigate the effect of oleic acid on insulin secretion. In the absence of glucose, a continuous infusion of oleic acid (1500 micromol/l) induced a biphasic insulin release. This effect was reduced at low extracellular calcium concentration. In the presence of oleic acid 1500 micromol/l, the insulin response to 10 mmol/l arginine occurred earlier, the total amount of insulin released in response to the amino acid being unchanged. Such an effect was not obtained when oleic acid in the medium was 750 micromol/l, but it was observed in the presence of oleic acid 1500 micromol/l when the concentration of albumin in the perfusate was increased from 2 g/100 ml to 4 g/100 ml. The insulin response to a continuous infusion of glucose (4.4 mmol/l and 16.7 mmol/l) was potentiated by the presence of oleic acid 1500 micromol/l in the perfusate. No modification of the biphasic pattern of insulin response to glucose 16.7 mmol/l was observed. These results demonstrate that high concentrations of oleic acid stimulate insulin release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas and modulate the insulin response to arginine or glucose.", "contents": "Effect of oleic acid on insulin secretion by the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The isolated perfused rat pancreas was utilized to investigate the effect of oleic acid on insulin secretion. In the absence of glucose, a continuous infusion of oleic acid (1500 micromol/l) induced a biphasic insulin release. This effect was reduced at low extracellular calcium concentration. In the presence of oleic acid 1500 micromol/l, the insulin response to 10 mmol/l arginine occurred earlier, the total amount of insulin released in response to the amino acid being unchanged. Such an effect was not obtained when oleic acid in the medium was 750 micromol/l, but it was observed in the presence of oleic acid 1500 micromol/l when the concentration of albumin in the perfusate was increased from 2 g/100 ml to 4 g/100 ml. The insulin response to a continuous infusion of glucose (4.4 mmol/l and 16.7 mmol/l) was potentiated by the presence of oleic acid 1500 micromol/l in the perfusate. No modification of the biphasic pattern of insulin response to glucose 16.7 mmol/l was observed. These results demonstrate that high concentrations of oleic acid stimulate insulin release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas and modulate the insulin response to arginine or glucose.", "PMID": 428697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14401", "title": "Achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, and related motility disorders.", "content": "From 1972 to 1977, the authors observed 156 patients with primary esophageal motility disorders which caused such a severe degree of dysphagia that treatment by pneumatic dilatation was deemed necessary. Before dilatation, 24% of the patients presented with motility disorders that did not fit well into the two classical disease entities, diffuse esophageal spasm and achalasia (absence of peristalsis with presence of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxations or presence of peristalsis with absence of LES relaxations). After treatment with pneumatic dilatation, these \"intermediate\" forms constituted 45% of the motor disorders. This was due mainly to the reappearance, on manometric tracings, of peristaltic contractions and of LES relaxations. Radiologic and manometric observations suggest that in many patients, this \"return of peristalsis\" may be an apparent change in pressure pattern rather than a real change in motility. In 6 of the 156 patients, a deterioration of the esophageal motility disorder was observed, which was characterized by the loss of peristalsis and of LES relaxations over a period of a few months or years. The frequent occurrence of intermediate types of motility disorders and the transition from diffuse spasm to achalasia suggest that achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm are part of a spectrum of related motor disorders.", "contents": "Achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, and related motility disorders. From 1972 to 1977, the authors observed 156 patients with primary esophageal motility disorders which caused such a severe degree of dysphagia that treatment by pneumatic dilatation was deemed necessary. Before dilatation, 24% of the patients presented with motility disorders that did not fit well into the two classical disease entities, diffuse esophageal spasm and achalasia (absence of peristalsis with presence of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxations or presence of peristalsis with absence of LES relaxations). After treatment with pneumatic dilatation, these \"intermediate\" forms constituted 45% of the motor disorders. This was due mainly to the reappearance, on manometric tracings, of peristaltic contractions and of LES relaxations. Radiologic and manometric observations suggest that in many patients, this \"return of peristalsis\" may be an apparent change in pressure pattern rather than a real change in motility. In 6 of the 156 patients, a deterioration of the esophageal motility disorder was observed, which was characterized by the loss of peristalsis and of LES relaxations over a period of a few months or years. The frequent occurrence of intermediate types of motility disorders and the transition from diffuse spasm to achalasia suggest that achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm are part of a spectrum of related motor disorders.", "PMID": 428703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14402", "title": "Effect of metoclopramide on guinea pig stomach: critical dependence on intrinsic stores of acetylcholine.", "content": "This study is concerned with an investigation of the hypothesis that metoclopramide enhances the contractile activity of the guinea pig antrum by increasing acetylcholine release from the postganglionic cholinergic nerve ending. Longitudinal muscle strips were stimulated repetitively (200 microseconds pulses, 20 Hz, supra maximal current) for 2 hr in the presence of hemicholinium-3 (200 micron). Pretreatment in this manner produced a mean reduction of 50% in the acetylcholine content, when compared with that in repetitively stimulated control strips not incubated with hemicholinium-3. In the hemicholinium-3-treated strips the normal excitatory response to metoclopramide (60 micrometer) was prevented. Only a small reduction in response to metoclopramide was detected in strips which were incubated with hemicholinium-3 but not stimulated repetitively, and in which there was no significant change in acetylcholine content. The stimulant effect of metoclopramide depends, therefore, upon maintenance of intrinsic stores of acetylcholine.", "contents": "Effect of metoclopramide on guinea pig stomach: critical dependence on intrinsic stores of acetylcholine. This study is concerned with an investigation of the hypothesis that metoclopramide enhances the contractile activity of the guinea pig antrum by increasing acetylcholine release from the postganglionic cholinergic nerve ending. Longitudinal muscle strips were stimulated repetitively (200 microseconds pulses, 20 Hz, supra maximal current) for 2 hr in the presence of hemicholinium-3 (200 micron). Pretreatment in this manner produced a mean reduction of 50% in the acetylcholine content, when compared with that in repetitively stimulated control strips not incubated with hemicholinium-3. In the hemicholinium-3-treated strips the normal excitatory response to metoclopramide (60 micrometer) was prevented. Only a small reduction in response to metoclopramide was detected in strips which were incubated with hemicholinium-3 but not stimulated repetitively, and in which there was no significant change in acetylcholine content. The stimulant effect of metoclopramide depends, therefore, upon maintenance of intrinsic stores of acetylcholine.", "PMID": 428704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14403", "title": "Cimetidine is an antiandrogen in the rat.", "content": "Cimetidine has been associated with gynecomastia as a side effect. Because other antiandrogens have been linked to the development of breast enlargement in men, the suggestion by earlier workers that cimetidine possessed antiandrogenic properties prompted us to study the endocrine effects of cimetidine in rats. Cimetidine directly antagonized the effects of exogenously administered testosterone on androgen target tissues. Ventral prostate and seminal vesicle weights were less in cimetidine-treated castrate adult male rats androgenized with testosterone-filled subcutaneous silastic capsules than in vehicle-injected controls. Cimetidine possessed no intrinsic androgen-like bioactivity in prepubertal male rats when given in doses of 50 mg/kg/day for 1 wk. Cimetidine competitively inhibited DHT binding to its cytoplasmic receptor and decreased specific nuclear uptake of [3H]dihydrotestosterone in rat ventral prostate slices. No effects on plasma gonadotropin or testosterone concentrations were observed. We conclude that cimetidine is a nonsteroidal-antiandrogen and that this property may contribute to the production of gynecomastia in cimetidine-treated men.", "contents": "Cimetidine is an antiandrogen in the rat. Cimetidine has been associated with gynecomastia as a side effect. Because other antiandrogens have been linked to the development of breast enlargement in men, the suggestion by earlier workers that cimetidine possessed antiandrogenic properties prompted us to study the endocrine effects of cimetidine in rats. Cimetidine directly antagonized the effects of exogenously administered testosterone on androgen target tissues. Ventral prostate and seminal vesicle weights were less in cimetidine-treated castrate adult male rats androgenized with testosterone-filled subcutaneous silastic capsules than in vehicle-injected controls. Cimetidine possessed no intrinsic androgen-like bioactivity in prepubertal male rats when given in doses of 50 mg/kg/day for 1 wk. Cimetidine competitively inhibited DHT binding to its cytoplasmic receptor and decreased specific nuclear uptake of [3H]dihydrotestosterone in rat ventral prostate slices. No effects on plasma gonadotropin or testosterone concentrations were observed. We conclude that cimetidine is a nonsteroidal-antiandrogen and that this property may contribute to the production of gynecomastia in cimetidine-treated men.", "PMID": 428705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14404", "title": "Pancreatic polypeptide. Metabolism and effect on pancreatic secretion in dogs.", "content": "In dogs with gastric and pancreatic fistulas, porcine pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was infused intravenously in doses of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 pmol kg-1 hr-1 in the basal state and in doses of 100, 200, and 400 pmol kg-1 hr-1 during stimulation with submaximal doses of secretin (125 ng kg-1 hr-1) plus caerulein (50 ng kg-1 hr-1). Plasma concentrations of PP were measured by radioimmunoassay, and pancreatic bicarbonate and protein outputs were monitored. The half-time for disappearance of PP was 5.5 +/- 1.0 min, the metabolic clearance rate was 25.6 +/- 1.0 ml kg-1, and the volume of distribution was 209 +/- 42 ml kg-1. Basal pancreatic flow and protein output were significantly inhibited by the lowest dose of PP tested, 50 pmol kg-1 hr-1. The lowest dose of PP significantly inhibiting stimulated pancreatic secretion was 100 pmol kg-1 hr-1 for bicarbonate output and 200 pmol kg-1 hr-1 for protein output. The mean +/- SE peak increment in PP concentration in response to a meal of meat, 210 +/- 39 pM, was greater than the mean peak increment with the 400 pmol kg-1 hr-1 dose of exogenous PP, 175 +/- 19 PM. We conclude that exogenous doses of PP that produce smaller increments in PP concentration than those seen after feeding inhibit pancreatic bicarbonate and protein secretion stimulated by secretin and caerulein. This suggests that the amount of PP released by a meal is sufficient to inhibit pancreatic secretion.", "contents": "Pancreatic polypeptide. Metabolism and effect on pancreatic secretion in dogs. In dogs with gastric and pancreatic fistulas, porcine pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was infused intravenously in doses of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 pmol kg-1 hr-1 in the basal state and in doses of 100, 200, and 400 pmol kg-1 hr-1 during stimulation with submaximal doses of secretin (125 ng kg-1 hr-1) plus caerulein (50 ng kg-1 hr-1). Plasma concentrations of PP were measured by radioimmunoassay, and pancreatic bicarbonate and protein outputs were monitored. The half-time for disappearance of PP was 5.5 +/- 1.0 min, the metabolic clearance rate was 25.6 +/- 1.0 ml kg-1, and the volume of distribution was 209 +/- 42 ml kg-1. Basal pancreatic flow and protein output were significantly inhibited by the lowest dose of PP tested, 50 pmol kg-1 hr-1. The lowest dose of PP significantly inhibiting stimulated pancreatic secretion was 100 pmol kg-1 hr-1 for bicarbonate output and 200 pmol kg-1 hr-1 for protein output. The mean +/- SE peak increment in PP concentration in response to a meal of meat, 210 +/- 39 pM, was greater than the mean peak increment with the 400 pmol kg-1 hr-1 dose of exogenous PP, 175 +/- 19 PM. We conclude that exogenous doses of PP that produce smaller increments in PP concentration than those seen after feeding inhibit pancreatic bicarbonate and protein secretion stimulated by secretin and caerulein. This suggests that the amount of PP released by a meal is sufficient to inhibit pancreatic secretion.", "PMID": 428706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14405", "title": "The hemostatic defect of chronic liver disease. Kinetic studies using 75Se-selenomethionine.", "content": "With the use of cohort labeling with 75Se-selenomethionine, simultaneous platelet, fibrinogen, and plasminogen survival studies were carried out in 8 patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease and in 5 normal subjects. Clinical features, liver function tests, coagulation and fibrinolytic system activities, and platelet function were also assessed. On the basis of platelet survival, the patients could be divided into two groups. Three patients had shortened platelet survival; they were all thrombocytopenic and had greater prolongation of the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) than the other 5 patients. However, platelet turnover was decreased in all the patients, and there was no difference between the two groups with regard to fibrinogen or plasminogen survival nor in the in vitro evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Fibrinogen survival was increased in 5 of the 8 patients. Plasminogen survival was normal in 6 patients and prolonged in 2 patients with very low plasminogen levels. The absence of increased fibrinogen turnover in the patients studied indicates that the abnormalities in coagulation tests were not due to consumption coagulopathy. The authors' studies suggest that, at least for patients with chronic stable alcoholic liver disease, the concept that the coagulopathy of liver disease is due to increased utilization of clotting factors should be revised with caution.", "contents": "The hemostatic defect of chronic liver disease. Kinetic studies using 75Se-selenomethionine. With the use of cohort labeling with 75Se-selenomethionine, simultaneous platelet, fibrinogen, and plasminogen survival studies were carried out in 8 patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease and in 5 normal subjects. Clinical features, liver function tests, coagulation and fibrinolytic system activities, and platelet function were also assessed. On the basis of platelet survival, the patients could be divided into two groups. Three patients had shortened platelet survival; they were all thrombocytopenic and had greater prolongation of the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) than the other 5 patients. However, platelet turnover was decreased in all the patients, and there was no difference between the two groups with regard to fibrinogen or plasminogen survival nor in the in vitro evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Fibrinogen survival was increased in 5 of the 8 patients. Plasminogen survival was normal in 6 patients and prolonged in 2 patients with very low plasminogen levels. The absence of increased fibrinogen turnover in the patients studied indicates that the abnormalities in coagulation tests were not due to consumption coagulopathy. The authors' studies suggest that, at least for patients with chronic stable alcoholic liver disease, the concept that the coagulopathy of liver disease is due to increased utilization of clotting factors should be revised with caution.", "PMID": 428708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14406", "title": "Microstructure of gallstones.", "content": "Electron microprobe analysis, x-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to investigate the nature and arrangement of materials present in gallstones. Calcium phosphate and carbonate deposits present centrally in many stones were mixed with a pigmented phase containing copper and protein. In several stones, the central calcium deposits were surrounded by discrete adjacent layers of calcium bilirubinate and cholesterol. The calcium bilirubinate layer was distinguished from other pigmented layers by its higher protein content and increased iron/copper ratio. This sequence of calcium salt and cholesterol deposition occurred in the outer layers of some stones. The phase relationships shown by the present study are consistent with a biphasic mechanism of stone growth in which calcium salts and lipid were alternately deposited. Calcium salt precipitation has been inferred to initiate the sequence as calcium salts were found at the stone centers. The layer sequence has been discussed in terms of some possible effects of damage to the gallbladder wall caused by the calcium salt deposits.", "contents": "Microstructure of gallstones. Electron microprobe analysis, x-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to investigate the nature and arrangement of materials present in gallstones. Calcium phosphate and carbonate deposits present centrally in many stones were mixed with a pigmented phase containing copper and protein. In several stones, the central calcium deposits were surrounded by discrete adjacent layers of calcium bilirubinate and cholesterol. The calcium bilirubinate layer was distinguished from other pigmented layers by its higher protein content and increased iron/copper ratio. This sequence of calcium salt and cholesterol deposition occurred in the outer layers of some stones. The phase relationships shown by the present study are consistent with a biphasic mechanism of stone growth in which calcium salts and lipid were alternately deposited. Calcium salt precipitation has been inferred to initiate the sequence as calcium salts were found at the stone centers. The layer sequence has been discussed in terms of some possible effects of damage to the gallbladder wall caused by the calcium salt deposits.", "PMID": 428709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14407", "title": "Bilary lipid metabolism in obesity. Effects of bile acid feeding before and during weight reduction.", "content": "Obese subjects are prone to supersaturated bile, which is maintained or increased during weight loss. In this report, two related studies were carried out on  obese subjects to investigate effects of bile acid feeding on biliary lipid metabolism before and during weight reduction. In one study, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), 750 mg/day, was given to 12 obese subjects during weight maintenance (1st mo) and during weight reduction (2nd mo). In the second study, effects of two bile acid preparations, CDCA and Bilron (containing mostly cholic acid and deoxycholic acid), randomly administered, were compared in another 12 obese subjects undergoing weight reduction. The results show that obese subjects had large pools of bile acids during weight maintenance which decreased on caloric restriction (1,000 kcal/day). CDCA increased pool size only modestly during weight maintenance, from 3,536 +/- 1,267 (SD) mg to 4,735 +/- 1,434 mg. Both CDCA and Bilron markedly reexpanded the contracted pool of bile acids in obese subjects on weight reduction. However, significantly reduced saturation of bile occurred only in those on CDCA and weight reductions, whereas supersaturation was unaltered when weight was maintained constant in these patients, or when Bilron was given. No significant side effects were noted during bile acid feeding for any of the subjects. Thus, CDCA given to obese subjects on weight reduction will reduce bile saturation and could protect against gallstones.", "contents": "Bilary lipid metabolism in obesity. Effects of bile acid feeding before and during weight reduction. Obese subjects are prone to supersaturated bile, which is maintained or increased during weight loss. In this report, two related studies were carried out on  obese subjects to investigate effects of bile acid feeding on biliary lipid metabolism before and during weight reduction. In one study, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), 750 mg/day, was given to 12 obese subjects during weight maintenance (1st mo) and during weight reduction (2nd mo). In the second study, effects of two bile acid preparations, CDCA and Bilron (containing mostly cholic acid and deoxycholic acid), randomly administered, were compared in another 12 obese subjects undergoing weight reduction. The results show that obese subjects had large pools of bile acids during weight maintenance which decreased on caloric restriction (1,000 kcal/day). CDCA increased pool size only modestly during weight maintenance, from 3,536 +/- 1,267 (SD) mg to 4,735 +/- 1,434 mg. Both CDCA and Bilron markedly reexpanded the contracted pool of bile acids in obese subjects on weight reduction. However, significantly reduced saturation of bile occurred only in those on CDCA and weight reductions, whereas supersaturation was unaltered when weight was maintained constant in these patients, or when Bilron was given. No significant side effects were noted during bile acid feeding for any of the subjects. Thus, CDCA given to obese subjects on weight reduction will reduce bile saturation and could protect against gallstones.", "PMID": 428710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14408", "title": "Effect of acute alterations in small bowel transit time upon the biliary excretion rate of bile acids.", "content": "The rate of biliary bile acid excretion is a product of bile acid pool size and enterohepatic cycling frequency. Cycling frequency, in turn, is determined by the time necessary for bile acid to travel from the ampulla of Vater to its small bowel absorptive site, from its absorptive site to the liver, and from the liver to the duodenum. In 10 subjects receiving constant intraduodenal infusion of an isocaloric formula containing the nonabsorbable markers polyethylene glycol and beta-sitosterol, the authors altered small intestinal transit time and measured the effect upon biliary bile acid excretion rate. Sorbitol (15% formula) shortened transit time by 38% and increased hourly bile acid excretion rate by 31%. Atropine (0.04 mg i.m. q 2 hr) increased transit time by 38% and decreased hourly bile acid excretion rate by 38%. Biliary excretion rates of cholesterol and of bilirubin, substances excreted in bile but not subject to enterohepatic circulation, did not change with changes in transit time. This suggests that sorbitol and atropine were not acting upon the biliary limb of the enterohepatic circulation but rather on the intestinal limb. The authors conclude that small bowel transit time is a major determinant of enterohepatic cycling frequency.", "contents": "Effect of acute alterations in small bowel transit time upon the biliary excretion rate of bile acids. The rate of biliary bile acid excretion is a product of bile acid pool size and enterohepatic cycling frequency. Cycling frequency, in turn, is determined by the time necessary for bile acid to travel from the ampulla of Vater to its small bowel absorptive site, from its absorptive site to the liver, and from the liver to the duodenum. In 10 subjects receiving constant intraduodenal infusion of an isocaloric formula containing the nonabsorbable markers polyethylene glycol and beta-sitosterol, the authors altered small intestinal transit time and measured the effect upon biliary bile acid excretion rate. Sorbitol (15% formula) shortened transit time by 38% and increased hourly bile acid excretion rate by 31%. Atropine (0.04 mg i.m. q 2 hr) increased transit time by 38% and decreased hourly bile acid excretion rate by 38%. Biliary excretion rates of cholesterol and of bilirubin, substances excreted in bile but not subject to enterohepatic circulation, did not change with changes in transit time. This suggests that sorbitol and atropine were not acting upon the biliary limb of the enterohepatic circulation but rather on the intestinal limb. The authors conclude that small bowel transit time is a major determinant of enterohepatic cycling frequency.", "PMID": 428711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14409", "title": "Prevention by menadione of the hepatotoxic effects in chickens fed rapeseed meal. Observations on coagulation factors and cytochrome P-450.", "content": "Rapeseed meal, the residue after oil extraction, is an animal feed of great commercial interest. Some genetic strains of rapeseed yield a meal which when fed in high concentration produces hemorrhagic lesions in the liver of chickens. These lesions are reduced in incidence by the simultaneous feeding of menadione. This hepatotoxicity is accompanied by elevated levels of cytochrome P-450, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, and the clotting factors V and X. The hemorrhagic lesions were associated with hepatic necrosis, and menadione was protective by mechanisms other than its effect on blood coagulation.", "contents": "Prevention by menadione of the hepatotoxic effects in chickens fed rapeseed meal. Observations on coagulation factors and cytochrome P-450. Rapeseed meal, the residue after oil extraction, is an animal feed of great commercial interest. Some genetic strains of rapeseed yield a meal which when fed in high concentration produces hemorrhagic lesions in the liver of chickens. These lesions are reduced in incidence by the simultaneous feeding of menadione. This hepatotoxicity is accompanied by elevated levels of cytochrome P-450, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, and the clotting factors V and X. The hemorrhagic lesions were associated with hepatic necrosis, and menadione was protective by mechanisms other than its effect on blood coagulation.", "PMID": 428712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14410", "title": "Analysis of the albino-locus region of the mouse. I. Origin and viability.", "content": "Numerous specific-locus experiments designed to test the mutagenic effect of external radiation have yielded, in over 3,600,000 animals observed, altogether 119 presumed mutations involving the c locus. Of these, 55 were viable and albino (cav), 13 were viable and of various intermediate pigment types (cxv), four were subvital (cas and cxs), seven were neonatally lethal albinos (cal), 28 prenatally lethal albinos (cal); 12 died untested. All of the prenatally lethal and at least one of the neonatally lethal c-locus mutations (cal classes) are probably deficiencies that we have analyzed extensively in other experiments. Since absence of the locus mimics albino in phenotype, the intermediates (cxv and cxs groups) probably resulted from intragenic changes. The class of viable albino mutants (cav) might include, in addition to intragenic changes, some extremely small deficiencies. --The effects on viability of c-locus lethals (cal's) in heterozygous condition are not drastic enough to be perceived in stocks of mixed genetic background except in the case of the two longest known deficiencies and a few others. --Analysis of the relation between radiation treatment and type of c-locus mutants obtained shows that the relative frequency of viable mutations, for each germ-cell type, is greater for low-LET than for neutron irradiation; however, the difference for any individual cell type is not significant. The majority (66.7%) of mutations derived from X- or gamma-ray irradiated spermatogonia are viable, and the proportion of \"intermediates\" among these viables is similar to that among presumed spontaneous c-locus mutations. No significant dose-rate effect on the proportion of lethals could be demonstrated within the set of mutants induced by low-LET irradiation of spermatogonia. Although sets from other germ-cell stages are too small for statistical tests, the results for oocytes are similar, as far as they go. Furthermore, most of the c-locus mutations induced in spermatogonia, even by high-dose-rate X-ray or gamma irradiation, are of a type most likely to result from single-tract events (62% cxv, cxs, and cav; plus 16% presumed deficiencies not involving the closest marker). These results support the view that most of the reduction in mutation frequency at low dose rates is not due to a change in relative proportion of two-track and one-track ionizing events.", "contents": "Analysis of the albino-locus region of the mouse. I. Origin and viability. Numerous specific-locus experiments designed to test the mutagenic effect of external radiation have yielded, in over 3,600,000 animals observed, altogether 119 presumed mutations involving the c locus. Of these, 55 were viable and albino (cav), 13 were viable and of various intermediate pigment types (cxv), four were subvital (cas and cxs), seven were neonatally lethal albinos (cal), 28 prenatally lethal albinos (cal); 12 died untested. All of the prenatally lethal and at least one of the neonatally lethal c-locus mutations (cal classes) are probably deficiencies that we have analyzed extensively in other experiments. Since absence of the locus mimics albino in phenotype, the intermediates (cxv and cxs groups) probably resulted from intragenic changes. The class of viable albino mutants (cav) might include, in addition to intragenic changes, some extremely small deficiencies. --The effects on viability of c-locus lethals (cal's) in heterozygous condition are not drastic enough to be perceived in stocks of mixed genetic background except in the case of the two longest known deficiencies and a few others. --Analysis of the relation between radiation treatment and type of c-locus mutants obtained shows that the relative frequency of viable mutations, for each germ-cell type, is greater for low-LET than for neutron irradiation; however, the difference for any individual cell type is not significant. The majority (66.7%) of mutations derived from X- or gamma-ray irradiated spermatogonia are viable, and the proportion of \"intermediates\" among these viables is similar to that among presumed spontaneous c-locus mutations. No significant dose-rate effect on the proportion of lethals could be demonstrated within the set of mutants induced by low-LET irradiation of spermatogonia. Although sets from other germ-cell stages are too small for statistical tests, the results for oocytes are similar, as far as they go. Furthermore, most of the c-locus mutations induced in spermatogonia, even by high-dose-rate X-ray or gamma irradiation, are of a type most likely to result from single-tract events (62% cxv, cxs, and cav; plus 16% presumed deficiencies not involving the closest marker). These results support the view that most of the reduction in mutation frequency at low dose rates is not due to a change in relative proportion of two-track and one-track ionizing events.", "PMID": 428721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14411", "title": "Analysis of the albino-locus region of the mouse. II. Mosaic mutants.", "content": "Among 119 mutations involving the c locus that were recovered in the course of mouse specific-locus experiments with external radiations, 16 were found in mosaic, or fractional, mutants. The number of additional c-locus fractionals that could have occurred in these experiments and, for a variety of reasons, might not have been clearly identified, probably does not exceed the present number.-There was no evidence for radiation induction of the fractionals, and even those occurring in the irradiated groups may thus be assumed to be of spontaneous origin. Since only two mutations in the control groups were found in whole-body mutants, it appears that the bulk of spontaneous c-locus mutations are fractionals.-None of the mutations recovered in fractional mutants was homozygous lethal; 25% were viable intermediate alleles, and the remainder were albino-like mutants, all viable except for one subvital and one not tested.-Genetic tests of the fractionals indicated no major selection against the new mutations, either gametically or in the progeny.-For the group of fractionals as a whole, about one-half of the germinal tissue carried the mutation, indicating that the fractionals came from an overall blastomere population that was one-half mutant. Such a population could result from mutation in one strand of the gamete DNA, in a daughter chromosome derived from pronuclear DNA synthesis of the zygote, or in one of the first two blastomeres prior to replication. Since the mouse embryo does not stem from all of the cleavage products of the zygote, the frequency of fractionals observed underestimates the frequency of mutational events that result in two types of blastomeres.", "contents": "Analysis of the albino-locus region of the mouse. II. Mosaic mutants. Among 119 mutations involving the c locus that were recovered in the course of mouse specific-locus experiments with external radiations, 16 were found in mosaic, or fractional, mutants. The number of additional c-locus fractionals that could have occurred in these experiments and, for a variety of reasons, might not have been clearly identified, probably does not exceed the present number.-There was no evidence for radiation induction of the fractionals, and even those occurring in the irradiated groups may thus be assumed to be of spontaneous origin. Since only two mutations in the control groups were found in whole-body mutants, it appears that the bulk of spontaneous c-locus mutations are fractionals.-None of the mutations recovered in fractional mutants was homozygous lethal; 25% were viable intermediate alleles, and the remainder were albino-like mutants, all viable except for one subvital and one not tested.-Genetic tests of the fractionals indicated no major selection against the new mutations, either gametically or in the progeny.-For the group of fractionals as a whole, about one-half of the germinal tissue carried the mutation, indicating that the fractionals came from an overall blastomere population that was one-half mutant. Such a population could result from mutation in one strand of the gamete DNA, in a daughter chromosome derived from pronuclear DNA synthesis of the zygote, or in one of the first two blastomeres prior to replication. Since the mouse embryo does not stem from all of the cleavage products of the zygote, the frequency of fractionals observed underestimates the frequency of mutational events that result in two types of blastomeres.", "PMID": 428722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14412", "title": "X-ray stage sensitivity of mouse oocytes and its bearing on dose-response curves.", "content": "A detailed cytogenetic study of maturing mouse oocyte radiosensitivity was performed. Oocytes were collected at various intervals ranging from 1.5 days to 28.5 days after irradiation with 50, 100, 200, and 300 R of acute X-rays. The observed sensitivity to chromatid aberration induction varied greatly over this time span. Sensitivity was lowest at the shortest time interval before ovulation and gradually increased up to 9.5 days; it then remained constant until insufficient numbers of oocytes could be collected. The data were analyzed in three ways. First, the data from all time intervals at each dose were pooled; second the data from the least sensitive time intervals, at each dose, were pooled, and third, the data from the period of uniform sensitivity, at each dose, were pooled. Dose-response regression analyses were done on these pooled data and the best fits obtained were to the models Y = a + bD + cD2 and Y = a + cD2 for both deletions and interchanges. This result is interpreted as indicating that the aberrations result from a predominantly two-track process. The cytogenetic data were compared to specific-locus mutation induction data in comparable oocyte stages, and qualitative similarity in dose-response characteristics were observed. This similarity is interpreted to mean that both events result from the same mechanism, and that the large dose-rate effect, observed for both events, is a reflection of the two-track component in the dose-response curves.", "contents": "X-ray stage sensitivity of mouse oocytes and its bearing on dose-response curves. A detailed cytogenetic study of maturing mouse oocyte radiosensitivity was performed. Oocytes were collected at various intervals ranging from 1.5 days to 28.5 days after irradiation with 50, 100, 200, and 300 R of acute X-rays. The observed sensitivity to chromatid aberration induction varied greatly over this time span. Sensitivity was lowest at the shortest time interval before ovulation and gradually increased up to 9.5 days; it then remained constant until insufficient numbers of oocytes could be collected. The data were analyzed in three ways. First, the data from all time intervals at each dose were pooled; second the data from the least sensitive time intervals, at each dose, were pooled, and third, the data from the period of uniform sensitivity, at each dose, were pooled. Dose-response regression analyses were done on these pooled data and the best fits obtained were to the models Y = a + bD + cD2 and Y = a + cD2 for both deletions and interchanges. This result is interpreted as indicating that the aberrations result from a predominantly two-track process. The cytogenetic data were compared to specific-locus mutation induction data in comparable oocyte stages, and qualitative similarity in dose-response characteristics were observed. This similarity is interpreted to mean that both events result from the same mechanism, and that the large dose-rate effect, observed for both events, is a reflection of the two-track component in the dose-response curves.", "PMID": 428723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14413", "title": "Localization of Streptomyces stanfordii endonuclease I (SstI) cleavage sites on genomes of human adenovirus types two and five.", "content": "The SstI restriction endonuclease cleaves adenovirus 2 and 5 (Ad2 and Ad5) DNAs into 15 and 16 fragments, respectively. Cleavage sites were positioned with respect to several other cuts made by seven restriction endonucleases. There are relatively few SstI sites in the middle portion and in the right side of the genome, while several are located within the 16.5--20% region which contains \"leader sequences\".", "contents": "Localization of Streptomyces stanfordii endonuclease I (SstI) cleavage sites on genomes of human adenovirus types two and five. The SstI restriction endonuclease cleaves adenovirus 2 and 5 (Ad2 and Ad5) DNAs into 15 and 16 fragments, respectively. Cleavage sites were positioned with respect to several other cuts made by seven restriction endonucleases. There are relatively few SstI sites in the middle portion and in the right side of the genome, while several are located within the 16.5--20% region which contains \"leader sequences\".", "PMID": 428724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14414", "title": "A new site-specific endonuclease from Streptomyces lavendulae (SlaI).", "content": "A new restriction-like endonuclease, SlaI, was found and partially purified from Streptomyces lavendulae ATCC8664. This endonuclease cleaved bacteriophage lambda DNA at only one site, and cytosine-substituted bacteriophage T4 DNA at 16 sites. The recognition sequence was determined by using SlaI fragments of cytosine-substituted bacteriophage T4 DNA. The hexanucleotide recognized by SlaI endonuclease was (Formula: see text), with the sites of cleavage as indicated by the arrows. Therefore, SlaI endonuclease was an isoschizomer of XhoI endonuclease.", "contents": "A new site-specific endonuclease from Streptomyces lavendulae (SlaI). A new restriction-like endonuclease, SlaI, was found and partially purified from Streptomyces lavendulae ATCC8664. This endonuclease cleaved bacteriophage lambda DNA at only one site, and cytosine-substituted bacteriophage T4 DNA at 16 sites. The recognition sequence was determined by using SlaI fragments of cytosine-substituted bacteriophage T4 DNA. The hexanucleotide recognized by SlaI endonuclease was (Formula: see text), with the sites of cleavage as indicated by the arrows. Therefore, SlaI endonuclease was an isoschizomer of XhoI endonuclease.", "PMID": 428725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14415", "title": "Change with age of anisotropic properties of collagen bundles.", "content": "Form birefringence curves and linear dichroic properties of aging rat tendons are different from those of adult controls. The steepness of the form birefringence curves and the increased retardations found in aging tendons are ascribed to an increase in collagen aggregation accompanied by loss of tissue water. Based on increase of retardations due to intrinsic birefringence, a rise in crystallinity levels is suggested for the collagen bundles of aging tendons. The inversion of the dichroism signs and the change in the d11 (collagen fibers oriented parallel) and d1 (collagen fibers oriented perpendicular) spectral absorption profiles, mainly at the adsorption peaks for sections stained with toluidine blue solutions at pH 4.0 and 5.0, indicate modificiations at the acid glycosaminoglycan molecular orientation level with advancing age.", "contents": "Change with age of anisotropic properties of collagen bundles. Form birefringence curves and linear dichroic properties of aging rat tendons are different from those of adult controls. The steepness of the form birefringence curves and the increased retardations found in aging tendons are ascribed to an increase in collagen aggregation accompanied by loss of tissue water. Based on increase of retardations due to intrinsic birefringence, a rise in crystallinity levels is suggested for the collagen bundles of aging tendons. The inversion of the dichroism signs and the change in the d11 (collagen fibers oriented parallel) and d1 (collagen fibers oriented perpendicular) spectral absorption profiles, mainly at the adsorption peaks for sections stained with toluidine blue solutions at pH 4.0 and 5.0, indicate modificiations at the acid glycosaminoglycan molecular orientation level with advancing age.", "PMID": 428730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14416", "title": "Obesity as an aetiological factor in the development of osteoarthrosis.", "content": "A quantitative survey was carried out on the subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue of two inbred strains of mouse; STR/ORT is a strain in which the knee joints of the males have a very high incidence of osteoarthrosis, whereas the incidence of the disease in the females is much lower; the CBA/ORT mice represent a normal laboratory strain which rarely suffers from osteoarthrosis. In terms of the weight of readily removable subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue, the male STR/ORT mice were slightly leaner than the male CBA/ORT mice, the female STR/ORT mice were obese when compared with their CBA/ORT counterparts. Thus, in these mice, there was no positive correlation between obesity and osteoarthrosis. This evidence confirms previous mouse studies and is contrary to the commonly held view that in humans obesity predisposes to osteoarthrosis.", "contents": "Obesity as an aetiological factor in the development of osteoarthrosis. A quantitative survey was carried out on the subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue of two inbred strains of mouse; STR/ORT is a strain in which the knee joints of the males have a very high incidence of osteoarthrosis, whereas the incidence of the disease in the females is much lower; the CBA/ORT mice represent a normal laboratory strain which rarely suffers from osteoarthrosis. In terms of the weight of readily removable subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissue, the male STR/ORT mice were slightly leaner than the male CBA/ORT mice, the female STR/ORT mice were obese when compared with their CBA/ORT counterparts. Thus, in these mice, there was no positive correlation between obesity and osteoarthrosis. This evidence confirms previous mouse studies and is contrary to the commonly held view that in humans obesity predisposes to osteoarthrosis.", "PMID": 428731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14417", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of salicylates in elderly.", "content": "In order to study changes in the pharmacokinetics of salicylates in old people, we used two groups of inpatients without hepatic or renal impairment: the first comprised 15 patients more than 65 years old, mean age 77 years; the second, 7 patients of mean age 21 years. Each patient was given 1 g of acetylsalicylic acid orally in the morning while fasting. Blood samples were subsequently taken after 30, 60 and 90 min and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h. Fluorimetric assay results were analyzed kinetically with a mathematical model corresponding to a single diffusion compartment model. The results showed only a slight increase in the absorption half-time in old subjects, and a marked increase in elimination half-time (3.71 and 2.38 h in old and young subjects, respectively; t = 2.33: p less than 0.05) and in the volume of distribution (5.51 and 3.83 liters respectively; t = 3.20: p less than 0.1). On the other hand, bioavailability varied little, as did metabolic clearance. This study confirms that intestinal absorption of this drug is not much impaired in old people, while hepatic and/or renal elimination functions are changed. This finding agrees with results found for aminopyrine, antipyrine, and digoxin.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of salicylates in elderly. In order to study changes in the pharmacokinetics of salicylates in old people, we used two groups of inpatients without hepatic or renal impairment: the first comprised 15 patients more than 65 years old, mean age 77 years; the second, 7 patients of mean age 21 years. Each patient was given 1 g of acetylsalicylic acid orally in the morning while fasting. Blood samples were subsequently taken after 30, 60 and 90 min and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h. Fluorimetric assay results were analyzed kinetically with a mathematical model corresponding to a single diffusion compartment model. The results showed only a slight increase in the absorption half-time in old subjects, and a marked increase in elimination half-time (3.71 and 2.38 h in old and young subjects, respectively; t = 2.33: p less than 0.05) and in the volume of distribution (5.51 and 3.83 liters respectively; t = 3.20: p less than 0.1). On the other hand, bioavailability varied little, as did metabolic clearance. This study confirms that intestinal absorption of this drug is not much impaired in old people, while hepatic and/or renal elimination functions are changed. This finding agrees with results found for aminopyrine, antipyrine, and digoxin.", "PMID": 428733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14418", "title": "Effect of short-term cold stress on the respiratory metabolism of brain tissue homogenates of male garden lizards of two different age-groups.", "content": "The endogenous oxygen uptake and the uptake with added substrate of whole-brain and mid-brain homogenates were significantly lower in older lizards as compared to younger. Both whole brain and mid-brain showed responses to cold stress for different lengths of time but the decline in oxygen uptake was more pronounced in the younger age-group. Respiratory rate and response to cold stress were more marked in the mid-brain than in the whole brain. Basing on earlier reports on mammals and on the present findings, it is suggested that the decline in physiological adaptation in older animals may be a general feature in vertebrates.", "contents": "Effect of short-term cold stress on the respiratory metabolism of brain tissue homogenates of male garden lizards of two different age-groups. The endogenous oxygen uptake and the uptake with added substrate of whole-brain and mid-brain homogenates were significantly lower in older lizards as compared to younger. Both whole brain and mid-brain showed responses to cold stress for different lengths of time but the decline in oxygen uptake was more pronounced in the younger age-group. Respiratory rate and response to cold stress were more marked in the mid-brain than in the whole brain. Basing on earlier reports on mammals and on the present findings, it is suggested that the decline in physiological adaptation in older animals may be a general feature in vertebrates.", "PMID": 428734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14419", "title": "Mortality in geriatric surgery. With special reference to the type of surgery, anaesthesia, complicating dieeases, and prophylaxis of thrombosis.", "content": "The post-operative mortality of 17,199 patients of whom approximately 20% were aged 70 years or more was studied. The primary mortality of patients aged 70 or more in major operations was 9.2%. In emergency operations, the mortality was 36.8%, in elective surgery 7.8%. Pulmonary embolism was the cause of death in 33%, cardiac collapse in 11%, and the primary illness in 9%. The mortality of patients with mental diseases was 45%, of diabetics 26%, and of cardiac patients 17%. 39% of cardiac patients died of pulmonary embolism. 26% of all deaths occurred during the first 3 post-operative days, and 35% between the 4th and 7th post-operative day. In operations lasting more than 2 h, the mortality was 36%, in those lasting less than 2 h, 7.5%. Macrodex (dextran 70) infusions during high-risk operations decreased the incidence of lethal pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "Mortality in geriatric surgery. With special reference to the type of surgery, anaesthesia, complicating dieeases, and prophylaxis of thrombosis. The post-operative mortality of 17,199 patients of whom approximately 20% were aged 70 years or more was studied. The primary mortality of patients aged 70 or more in major operations was 9.2%. In emergency operations, the mortality was 36.8%, in elective surgery 7.8%. Pulmonary embolism was the cause of death in 33%, cardiac collapse in 11%, and the primary illness in 9%. The mortality of patients with mental diseases was 45%, of diabetics 26%, and of cardiac patients 17%. 39% of cardiac patients died of pulmonary embolism. 26% of all deaths occurred during the first 3 post-operative days, and 35% between the 4th and 7th post-operative day. In operations lasting more than 2 h, the mortality was 36%, in those lasting less than 2 h, 7.5%. Macrodex (dextran 70) infusions during high-risk operations decreased the incidence of lethal pulmonary embolism.", "PMID": 428735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14420", "title": "Assessment of chemical tests for faecal occult bleeding and correlation of results with presence or absence of anaemia.", "content": "Stools from 88 consecutive patients in acute geriatric wards were tested for occult blood by four common commercial methods. The Peroheme and Haemostix tests were found too sensitive for general use, the Okokit and Haemoccult tests being preferable. Positive tests were correlated with anaemia in 27 patients, iron deficiency in 26, iron deficiency anaemia in 15, non-anaemia in 52, non-iron deficiency in 43 and with absence of both in 27. Such testing has been considered unnecessary in anaemic patients without gastrointestinal symptoms.", "contents": "Assessment of chemical tests for faecal occult bleeding and correlation of results with presence or absence of anaemia. Stools from 88 consecutive patients in acute geriatric wards were tested for occult blood by four common commercial methods. The Peroheme and Haemostix tests were found too sensitive for general use, the Okokit and Haemoccult tests being preferable. Positive tests were correlated with anaemia in 27 patients, iron deficiency in 26, iron deficiency anaemia in 15, non-anaemia in 52, non-iron deficiency in 43 and with absence of both in 27. Such testing has been considered unnecessary in anaemic patients without gastrointestinal symptoms.", "PMID": 428736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14421", "title": "Age-dependent enzymatic poly (A) metabolism in quail oviduct.", "content": "The poly(A) metabolism in oviducts from adult and senescent quails has been studied. The incorporation studies by double-labelling of mRNA with [3H]adenosine and [3H]uridine revealed, that after inhibition of transcription by actinomycin D, the incorporation ratio adenosine/uridine increases drastically in adult animals compared with the ratio determined for mRNA from senescent animals. This finding is a hint that in senescent animals the poly(A) stretch of mRNA is shorter than in adult animals. This assumption is supported by the finding that the activity of the extractable poly(A) exoribonuclease is higher in senescent than in adult animals. The activity of poly(A) exoribonuclease is even enhanced after stimulation of senescent animals with progesterone. The activity of the other catabolic enzyme studied, the poly (A) endoribonuclease, as well as the activity of anabolic poly(A) enzyme, the poly(A) polymerase, are almost identical in oviducts from adult and senescent animals. The properties of the catabolic poly(A) enzymes and of the anabolic poly(A) polymerase seem to be identical.", "contents": "Age-dependent enzymatic poly (A) metabolism in quail oviduct. The poly(A) metabolism in oviducts from adult and senescent quails has been studied. The incorporation studies by double-labelling of mRNA with [3H]adenosine and [3H]uridine revealed, that after inhibition of transcription by actinomycin D, the incorporation ratio adenosine/uridine increases drastically in adult animals compared with the ratio determined for mRNA from senescent animals. This finding is a hint that in senescent animals the poly(A) stretch of mRNA is shorter than in adult animals. This assumption is supported by the finding that the activity of the extractable poly(A) exoribonuclease is higher in senescent than in adult animals. The activity of poly(A) exoribonuclease is even enhanced after stimulation of senescent animals with progesterone. The activity of the other catabolic enzyme studied, the poly (A) endoribonuclease, as well as the activity of anabolic poly(A) enzyme, the poly(A) polymerase, are almost identical in oviducts from adult and senescent animals. The properties of the catabolic poly(A) enzymes and of the anabolic poly(A) polymerase seem to be identical.", "PMID": 428737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14422", "title": "Influence of age and spironolactone on lysosomal enzyme activities, DNA and protein content of the rat liver after partial hepatectomy.", "content": "Measurements of DNA and protein content and determinations of lysosomal enzyme activities (beta-glucuronidase, beta-acetylglucosaminidase, cathepsin D) were performed in the rat liver following partial hepatectomy and spironolactone administration. The rats (SIV) were divided into three age-groups: 6 weeks old, 10 months old and 18 months old. 60 h after the administration of spironolactone (2 x 10 mg Aldactone/100 g body weight/day orally via gastric tube for 3 days) partial hepatectomy was performed. The removed two thirds of the liver and the regenerating liver (24 h after partial hepatectomy) were prepared for the biochemical examinations at 4 degrees C. The measurements of the enzyme activities were performed in liver homogenates. The results indicate that the administration of spironolactone cause (1) a weight increase in the normal as well as in the regenerating liver, especially in the older animals; (2) an increase of the protein content of the normal liver in the oldest age-group; (3) a decrease in the DNA content of the normal and regenerating liver of old rats, and (4) an age-dependent increase of decrease of the three lyososomal enzymes beta-glucuronidase, beta-acetylglucosamidase and cathepsin D.", "contents": "Influence of age and spironolactone on lysosomal enzyme activities, DNA and protein content of the rat liver after partial hepatectomy. Measurements of DNA and protein content and determinations of lysosomal enzyme activities (beta-glucuronidase, beta-acetylglucosaminidase, cathepsin D) were performed in the rat liver following partial hepatectomy and spironolactone administration. The rats (SIV) were divided into three age-groups: 6 weeks old, 10 months old and 18 months old. 60 h after the administration of spironolactone (2 x 10 mg Aldactone/100 g body weight/day orally via gastric tube for 3 days) partial hepatectomy was performed. The removed two thirds of the liver and the regenerating liver (24 h after partial hepatectomy) were prepared for the biochemical examinations at 4 degrees C. The measurements of the enzyme activities were performed in liver homogenates. The results indicate that the administration of spironolactone cause (1) a weight increase in the normal as well as in the regenerating liver, especially in the older animals; (2) an increase of the protein content of the normal liver in the oldest age-group; (3) a decrease in the DNA content of the normal and regenerating liver of old rats, and (4) an age-dependent increase of decrease of the three lyososomal enzymes beta-glucuronidase, beta-acetylglucosamidase and cathepsin D.", "PMID": 428739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14423", "title": "Release of motilin by oral and intravenous nutrients in man.", "content": "Motilin is a hormonal peptide found in the duodenum and jejunum which potently influences gastrointestinal tract motility. Its role in human physiology is not yet established. After a standard hospital lunch the plasma concentration of motilin showed a small, transient, but significant rise in 28 healthy subjects. Individual food components either stimulated (oral fat) or suppressed release (oral glucose). Plasma motilin levels were, in addition, altered to an equal extent by intravenous nutrients, with glucose and amino acids suppressing release, and intravenous fat causing a significant rise in plasma concentration. These results demonstrate a consistent response to food stimuli, whether oral or intravenous. The release mechanism appears to be complicated and after a balanced meal, containing food components which both stimulate and suppress release, there is only a small net change.", "contents": "Release of motilin by oral and intravenous nutrients in man. Motilin is a hormonal peptide found in the duodenum and jejunum which potently influences gastrointestinal tract motility. Its role in human physiology is not yet established. After a standard hospital lunch the plasma concentration of motilin showed a small, transient, but significant rise in 28 healthy subjects. Individual food components either stimulated (oral fat) or suppressed release (oral glucose). Plasma motilin levels were, in addition, altered to an equal extent by intravenous nutrients, with glucose and amino acids suppressing release, and intravenous fat causing a significant rise in plasma concentration. These results demonstrate a consistent response to food stimuli, whether oral or intravenous. The release mechanism appears to be complicated and after a balanced meal, containing food components which both stimulate and suppress release, there is only a small net change.", "PMID": 428820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14424", "title": "Intestinal absorption under the influence of vasopressin: studies in unanaesthetised rats.", "content": "Experiments were carried out in different segments of the intestine of unanaesthetised rats to assess the effect of vasopressin on intestinal absorptive processes. The following data were observed. (1) Within a physiological range of doses (Aziz, 1969), ADH diminished the net sodium absorption mainly by reducing the unidirectional sodium influx, whereas the behaviour of the efflux was not uniform. (2) The unidirectional volume fluxes showed the same behaviour as did the sodium fluxes. (3) ADH produced an oral-aboral gradient (jejunum greater than ileum greater than colon). (4) ADH did not significantly change the transfer of actively transported sugars; it did influence, however, passively transported substances. (5) During the intravenous application of ADH, a substance was secreted into the perfusion solution which diminished the absorption of volume and electrolytes. (6) Cyclic AMP acted on intestinal absorption in the same way as did ADH. In view of these results two mutually independent transport pathways for sodium and water are supposed, one of which is influenced by ADH or cAMP. Based on a two membrane model, an ADH mechanism is discussed: the permeability of the luminal membrane system is enhanced in the presence of vasopressin.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption under the influence of vasopressin: studies in unanaesthetised rats. Experiments were carried out in different segments of the intestine of unanaesthetised rats to assess the effect of vasopressin on intestinal absorptive processes. The following data were observed. (1) Within a physiological range of doses (Aziz, 1969), ADH diminished the net sodium absorption mainly by reducing the unidirectional sodium influx, whereas the behaviour of the efflux was not uniform. (2) The unidirectional volume fluxes showed the same behaviour as did the sodium fluxes. (3) ADH produced an oral-aboral gradient (jejunum greater than ileum greater than colon). (4) ADH did not significantly change the transfer of actively transported sugars; it did influence, however, passively transported substances. (5) During the intravenous application of ADH, a substance was secreted into the perfusion solution which diminished the absorption of volume and electrolytes. (6) Cyclic AMP acted on intestinal absorption in the same way as did ADH. In view of these results two mutually independent transport pathways for sodium and water are supposed, one of which is influenced by ADH or cAMP. Based on a two membrane model, an ADH mechanism is discussed: the permeability of the luminal membrane system is enhanced in the presence of vasopressin.", "PMID": 428821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14425", "title": "Amino acid and peptide absorption after proximal small intestinal resection in the rat.", "content": "In experimental animals with massive proximal intestinal resection, in vivo ileal absorption of an amino acid mixture containing L-leucine and glycine as well as two different dipeptides, L-leucyl-glycine and glycyl-L-leucine, were compared. Both amino acid and dipeptide absorption were markedly enhanced in the ileal segments. However, the absorption rates from the two perfused dipeptides differed. L-leucine absorption from L-leucyl-glycine was much greater than from glycyl-L-leucine. Brush border amino-peptidase activities after resection were also increased but dissociation between absorption and hydrolytic activity occurred. This study indicates that certain dipeptides are handled differently by adapting ileal segments. Furthermore, the changes observed probably reflect mucosal cellular hyperplasia occurring in association with intestinal adaptation.", "contents": "Amino acid and peptide absorption after proximal small intestinal resection in the rat. In experimental animals with massive proximal intestinal resection, in vivo ileal absorption of an amino acid mixture containing L-leucine and glycine as well as two different dipeptides, L-leucyl-glycine and glycyl-L-leucine, were compared. Both amino acid and dipeptide absorption were markedly enhanced in the ileal segments. However, the absorption rates from the two perfused dipeptides differed. L-leucine absorption from L-leucyl-glycine was much greater than from glycyl-L-leucine. Brush border amino-peptidase activities after resection were also increased but dissociation between absorption and hydrolytic activity occurred. This study indicates that certain dipeptides are handled differently by adapting ileal segments. Furthermore, the changes observed probably reflect mucosal cellular hyperplasia occurring in association with intestinal adaptation.", "PMID": 428822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14426", "title": "Absorption of antigens after oral immunisation and the simultaneous induction of specific systemic tolerance.", "content": "Antigenic proteins may be absorbed intact. We report here results from in vivo experiments in mice showing that the prior feeding of protein antigen may reduce the subsequent absorption of that antigen without altering its elimination from the circulation. This may be a function of local immunity. We have also shown that the same feeding regime can paradoxically induce a state of systemic tolerance and suggest that the two phenomena contribute to the safe handling of these antigens.", "contents": "Absorption of antigens after oral immunisation and the simultaneous induction of specific systemic tolerance. Antigenic proteins may be absorbed intact. We report here results from in vivo experiments in mice showing that the prior feeding of protein antigen may reduce the subsequent absorption of that antigen without altering its elimination from the circulation. This may be a function of local immunity. We have also shown that the same feeding regime can paradoxically induce a state of systemic tolerance and suggest that the two phenomena contribute to the safe handling of these antigens.", "PMID": 428823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14427", "title": "Variability of gluten intolerance in treated childhood coeliac disease.", "content": "Fifty children consecutively attending a clinic for coeliac disease co-operated in a trial; 10 found to have flat mucosa were excluded. Forty children of mean age 9.8 years, whose duodenal or jejunal mucosa had returned to normal or near normal appearance after a mean of 5.8 years on gluten-free diets, were put back on normal diets. In 37, mucosal occurred in a mean of 16.9 months (four to 74 months). Four of the 37 had serial biopsies, in which mucosal enzymes (particularly lactase) fell and interepithelial lymphocyte counts rose before the mucosal morphology was regarded as definitely 'coeliac'. Three children had normal mucosal appearance after 58 to 73 months on normal diets, one of whom showed temporary mucosal abnormalities, another having occasionally low enzymes, in both suggesting underlying gluten sensitivity. Lactase suppression and raised IEL counts appear to be sensitive indicators of gluten intolerance. In our experience, a diagnosis of coeliac disease based on severe mucosal damage and a satisfactory response to a gluten-free but milk-containing diet implies a very strong likelihood of permanent or prolonged gluten intolerance, but with a striking variability in its expression.", "contents": "Variability of gluten intolerance in treated childhood coeliac disease. Fifty children consecutively attending a clinic for coeliac disease co-operated in a trial; 10 found to have flat mucosa were excluded. Forty children of mean age 9.8 years, whose duodenal or jejunal mucosa had returned to normal or near normal appearance after a mean of 5.8 years on gluten-free diets, were put back on normal diets. In 37, mucosal occurred in a mean of 16.9 months (four to 74 months). Four of the 37 had serial biopsies, in which mucosal enzymes (particularly lactase) fell and interepithelial lymphocyte counts rose before the mucosal morphology was regarded as definitely 'coeliac'. Three children had normal mucosal appearance after 58 to 73 months on normal diets, one of whom showed temporary mucosal abnormalities, another having occasionally low enzymes, in both suggesting underlying gluten sensitivity. Lactase suppression and raised IEL counts appear to be sensitive indicators of gluten intolerance. In our experience, a diagnosis of coeliac disease based on severe mucosal damage and a satisfactory response to a gluten-free but milk-containing diet implies a very strong likelihood of permanent or prolonged gluten intolerance, but with a striking variability in its expression.", "PMID": 428824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14428", "title": "Serum bilirubin: a prognostic factor in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "We followed up 55 patients with proven primary biliary cirrhosis for several years or until death. A graph of the level of serum bilirubin versus time that was constructed for each patient shows an initial period of variable length in which the serum bilirubin level remained constant. This was followed by a period of rapid rise in serum bilirubin which culminated in the patient's death. Whenever two successive serum bilirubin values taken six months apart exceeded 34 mumol/l (2.0 mg/dl) the patient had entered a late phase of disease and lived an average of 49 months. Ninety-five per cent confidence limits on survival time were 32-74 months. If two successive six month bilirubin values exceeded 102 mumol/l (6.0 mg/dl), calculated survival time was 25 months, and if two successive six month bilirubin values exceeded 170 mumol/l (10.0 mg/dl), survival time was 17 months. Fifteen of the 41 living patients had two consecutive serum bilirubin levels greater than 34 mumol/l (2.0 mg/dl). However, the slope of the rising bilirubin in the living patients is only 35 mumol/l/yr (1.5 mg/dl/yr) compared with 42 mumol/l/yr (2.5 mg/dl/yr) in the dead patients. This means that patients with this disease not may be living considerably longer.", "contents": "Serum bilirubin: a prognostic factor in primary biliary cirrhosis. We followed up 55 patients with proven primary biliary cirrhosis for several years or until death. A graph of the level of serum bilirubin versus time that was constructed for each patient shows an initial period of variable length in which the serum bilirubin level remained constant. This was followed by a period of rapid rise in serum bilirubin which culminated in the patient's death. Whenever two successive serum bilirubin values taken six months apart exceeded 34 mumol/l (2.0 mg/dl) the patient had entered a late phase of disease and lived an average of 49 months. Ninety-five per cent confidence limits on survival time were 32-74 months. If two successive six month bilirubin values exceeded 102 mumol/l (6.0 mg/dl), calculated survival time was 25 months, and if two successive six month bilirubin values exceeded 170 mumol/l (10.0 mg/dl), survival time was 17 months. Fifteen of the 41 living patients had two consecutive serum bilirubin levels greater than 34 mumol/l (2.0 mg/dl). However, the slope of the rising bilirubin in the living patients is only 35 mumol/l/yr (1.5 mg/dl/yr) compared with 42 mumol/l/yr (2.5 mg/dl/yr) in the dead patients. This means that patients with this disease not may be living considerably longer.", "PMID": 428825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14429", "title": "Rectal biopsy in patients presenting to an infectious disease unit with diarrhoeal disease.", "content": "The role of sigmoidoscopy and rectal biopsy was investigated in patients referred to an infectious diseases unit with diarrhoea. Seventy-four patients were studied. Nine patients (12%) had inflammatory bowel disease, either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Thirty-six patients (48%) had infective diarrhoea. A wide variety of conditions accounted for the diarrhoea in the remaining patients. Sigmoidoscopy was abnormal in 25 patients and rectal biopsy in 56. The abnormalities in rectal mucosal histology were classified into six grades. Some patients with infective diarrhoea showed rather characteristic histological changes which may be of diagnostic value. Eight showed features which suggested a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. However, repeat rectal biopsy in the convalescent period showed a striking improvement in the patients with infective diarrhoea. In contrast, the histological changes persisted in the patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Repeat rectal biopsy may be essential before making a firm diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in some patients who present with diarrhoea and apparently typical histological changes.", "contents": "Rectal biopsy in patients presenting to an infectious disease unit with diarrhoeal disease. The role of sigmoidoscopy and rectal biopsy was investigated in patients referred to an infectious diseases unit with diarrhoea. Seventy-four patients were studied. Nine patients (12%) had inflammatory bowel disease, either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Thirty-six patients (48%) had infective diarrhoea. A wide variety of conditions accounted for the diarrhoea in the remaining patients. Sigmoidoscopy was abnormal in 25 patients and rectal biopsy in 56. The abnormalities in rectal mucosal histology were classified into six grades. Some patients with infective diarrhoea showed rather characteristic histological changes which may be of diagnostic value. Eight showed features which suggested a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. However, repeat rectal biopsy in the convalescent period showed a striking improvement in the patients with infective diarrhoea. In contrast, the histological changes persisted in the patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Repeat rectal biopsy may be essential before making a firm diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in some patients who present with diarrhoea and apparently typical histological changes.", "PMID": 428826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14430", "title": "Rectal IgE cells in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Immunoglobulin-contained cells in the rectal mucosa of patients suffering from non-specific inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were counted and compared with those in a control population. While the numbers of IgA, IgM, and IgG-containing cells in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease did not differ from normal, both disease groups exhibited a marked increase in IgE-staining cells. This increase in IgE-cells did not correlate with severity, duration, or treatment of disease and it did not prove possible, using these immunological studies, to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Rectal IgE cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Immunoglobulin-contained cells in the rectal mucosa of patients suffering from non-specific inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were counted and compared with those in a control population. While the numbers of IgA, IgM, and IgG-containing cells in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease did not differ from normal, both disease groups exhibited a marked increase in IgE-staining cells. This increase in IgE-cells did not correlate with severity, duration, or treatment of disease and it did not prove possible, using these immunological studies, to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 428827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14431", "title": "Gynaecomastia associated with cimetidine.", "content": "Gynaecomastia has occurred unilaterally or bilaterally in five out of 25 male duodenal ulcer patients after more than four months treatment with cimetidine 1.6 g daily. All elected to continue treatment to 12 months and their breast enlargement regressed rapidly and disappeared after stopping treatment. During treatment all patients were found to have normal concentrations of plasma testosterone and oestradiol, and serum prolactin was normal in the two patients measured. Excision biopsy of the subareolar tissue in one patient revealed histology typical of the florid stage of gynaecomastia. Blockade of androgen-responsive receptors receptors in the target organ appears to be the most likely mechanism involved.", "contents": "Gynaecomastia associated with cimetidine. Gynaecomastia has occurred unilaterally or bilaterally in five out of 25 male duodenal ulcer patients after more than four months treatment with cimetidine 1.6 g daily. All elected to continue treatment to 12 months and their breast enlargement regressed rapidly and disappeared after stopping treatment. During treatment all patients were found to have normal concentrations of plasma testosterone and oestradiol, and serum prolactin was normal in the two patients measured. Excision biopsy of the subareolar tissue in one patient revealed histology typical of the florid stage of gynaecomastia. Blockade of androgen-responsive receptors receptors in the target organ appears to be the most likely mechanism involved.", "PMID": 428828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14432", "title": "Hypobetalipoproteinaemia--a variant of the Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome.", "content": "A patient is reported with hypobetalipoproteinaemia and clinical features resembling the Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome (abetalipoproteinaemia) more completely than previously described. This supports a link between hypobetalipoproteinaemia and abetalipoproteinaemia and it is suggested that the Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome has a wide spectrum with serum betalipoprotein ranging from absent to normal. It is likely that there are different genetic entities with similar end results.", "contents": "Hypobetalipoproteinaemia--a variant of the Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome. A patient is reported with hypobetalipoproteinaemia and clinical features resembling the Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome (abetalipoproteinaemia) more completely than previously described. This supports a link between hypobetalipoproteinaemia and abetalipoproteinaemia and it is suggested that the Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome has a wide spectrum with serum betalipoprotein ranging from absent to normal. It is likely that there are different genetic entities with similar end results.", "PMID": 428829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14433", "title": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome associated with gastrointestinal carcinoma. Report of two cases in a family.", "content": "Patients with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome carry a slight, though definite, increased risk of gastrointestinal carcinoma. The malignant potentiality of Peutz-Jeghers hamartomatous polyps, generally considered benign, is supported by this report. Two cases of metastasising gastrointestinal carcinoma associated with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome are described in a 56 year old female and her 29 year old son. Both mother and son died from duodenal and gastric carcinomas respectively, which developed in hamartomatous polyps with extensive metastases. Both cases also showed dysplastic areas within hamartomatous polyps. These features indicate that hamartomatous polyps may, in some cases, be the precursors of digestive tract carcinomas.", "contents": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome associated with gastrointestinal carcinoma. Report of two cases in a family. Patients with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome carry a slight, though definite, increased risk of gastrointestinal carcinoma. The malignant potentiality of Peutz-Jeghers hamartomatous polyps, generally considered benign, is supported by this report. Two cases of metastasising gastrointestinal carcinoma associated with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome are described in a 56 year old female and her 29 year old son. Both mother and son died from duodenal and gastric carcinomas respectively, which developed in hamartomatous polyps with extensive metastases. Both cases also showed dysplastic areas within hamartomatous polyps. These features indicate that hamartomatous polyps may, in some cases, be the precursors of digestive tract carcinomas.", "PMID": 428830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14434", "title": "Pure pancreatic juice studies in normal subjects and patients with chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Pure pancreatic juice was obtained from within the pancreatic duct in 54 patients after endoscopic cannulation of the papilla of Vater. In all 20 normal subjects there was a brisk response to intravenous injections of GIH secretin in small dosage (1 and 4 CU). Peak bicarbonate concentrations occurred after a 4 CU stimulus, whereas volumes, and bicarbonate and protein outputs were greatest after 70 CU. Total protein and amylase concentrations were highest in the first specimens collected from each patient, and fell rapidly after stimulation. Plateau levels for all indices were achieved 10-20 minutes after starting infusions of secretin and pancreozymin. When normal patients and those with chronic pancreatitis were compared, there was considerable overlap in all indices (volume, bicarbonate and total protein concentrations) after bolus injections of secretin. Most patients with chronic pancreatitis achieved a peak bicarbonate concentration in excess of 100 mmol/l. The median concentrations were not significantly different from normal after any dose of secretin when pooled 10 minute samples were analysed. However there were significant differences in peak bicarbonate concentrations (after 1 and 4 CU, but not after 70 CU), when one minute samples were compared. There were also statistically significant differences in the median 10 minute responses for volume after 1 and 70 CU, for bicarbonate output after 1, 4, and 70 CU, and for protein output after 70 CU. The results of juice studies in patients believed to have early chronic pancreatitis did not differ significantly from those in normal subjects or those with chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic duct cannulation cannot guarantee complete recovery of pancreatic secretions, and measurements of volume and output may be inaccurate. When standard biochemical indices are used, the diagnostic role of pure juice studies is limited; further research may reveal more specific disease markers.", "contents": "Pure pancreatic juice studies in normal subjects and patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pure pancreatic juice was obtained from within the pancreatic duct in 54 patients after endoscopic cannulation of the papilla of Vater. In all 20 normal subjects there was a brisk response to intravenous injections of GIH secretin in small dosage (1 and 4 CU). Peak bicarbonate concentrations occurred after a 4 CU stimulus, whereas volumes, and bicarbonate and protein outputs were greatest after 70 CU. Total protein and amylase concentrations were highest in the first specimens collected from each patient, and fell rapidly after stimulation. Plateau levels for all indices were achieved 10-20 minutes after starting infusions of secretin and pancreozymin. When normal patients and those with chronic pancreatitis were compared, there was considerable overlap in all indices (volume, bicarbonate and total protein concentrations) after bolus injections of secretin. Most patients with chronic pancreatitis achieved a peak bicarbonate concentration in excess of 100 mmol/l. The median concentrations were not significantly different from normal after any dose of secretin when pooled 10 minute samples were analysed. However there were significant differences in peak bicarbonate concentrations (after 1 and 4 CU, but not after 70 CU), when one minute samples were compared. There were also statistically significant differences in the median 10 minute responses for volume after 1 and 70 CU, for bicarbonate output after 1, 4, and 70 CU, and for protein output after 70 CU. The results of juice studies in patients believed to have early chronic pancreatitis did not differ significantly from those in normal subjects or those with chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic duct cannulation cannot guarantee complete recovery of pancreatic secretions, and measurements of volume and output may be inaccurate. When standard biochemical indices are used, the diagnostic role of pure juice studies is limited; further research may reveal more specific disease markers.", "PMID": 428831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14435", "title": "Impaired pancreatic polypeptide release in chronic pancreatitis with steatorrhoea.", "content": "Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a newly discovered hormonal peptide localised in a distinct endocrine cell type in the pancreas. PP circulates in plasma and in normal subjects levels rise substantially on the ingestion of food (mean rise 138 pmol/l). In 10 patients with chronic pancreatitis with exocrine deficiency the PP response to a test breakfast was greatly reduced (mean rise 20 pmol/l, P less than 0.001). PP response to the meal was normal in 10 patients with active coeliac disease and 12 patients with acute tropical sprue with steatorrhoea.", "contents": "Impaired pancreatic polypeptide release in chronic pancreatitis with steatorrhoea. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a newly discovered hormonal peptide localised in a distinct endocrine cell type in the pancreas. PP circulates in plasma and in normal subjects levels rise substantially on the ingestion of food (mean rise 138 pmol/l). In 10 patients with chronic pancreatitis with exocrine deficiency the PP response to a test breakfast was greatly reduced (mean rise 20 pmol/l, P less than 0.001). PP response to the meal was normal in 10 patients with active coeliac disease and 12 patients with acute tropical sprue with steatorrhoea.", "PMID": 428832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14436", "title": "[Clinical experiences with lumboscopic kidney biopsy].", "content": "Lumboscopic renal biopsy is a new, quite convincing technique to gain renal tissue for histopathological and immunological examinations, which Sommerkamp introduced in 1974. A small flank incision (approx. 2 cm) is necessary to introduce a lumboscope into the retroperitoneal space. The lower pole of the kidney can be reached through the capsula adiposa and biopsy may be performed under view. The histopathological results and the postbioptic course in 55 patients show the advantages of this method against open surgical and percutaneous biopsy.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with lumboscopic kidney biopsy]. Lumboscopic renal biopsy is a new, quite convincing technique to gain renal tissue for histopathological and immunological examinations, which Sommerkamp introduced in 1974. A small flank incision (approx. 2 cm) is necessary to introduce a lumboscope into the retroperitoneal space. The lower pole of the kidney can be reached through the capsula adiposa and biopsy may be performed under view. The histopathological results and the postbioptic course in 55 patients show the advantages of this method against open surgical and percutaneous biopsy.", "PMID": 428838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14437", "title": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis and sinus diseases].", "content": "By employing ultrasound in the routine diagnosis of sinus diseases, the margin of error in the accuracy of diagnosis can be reduced by 10% compared to that using clinical records and x-rays, provided however, that the investigator has sufficient experience in operating the ultrasonic equipment. The inclusion of ultrasonic diagnostics has proven itself particularly valuable in the diagnosis if both discharges and tumors in children and for progress control of patients having had conservative treatment or operations.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic diagnosis and sinus diseases]. By employing ultrasound in the routine diagnosis of sinus diseases, the margin of error in the accuracy of diagnosis can be reduced by 10% compared to that using clinical records and x-rays, provided however, that the investigator has sufficient experience in operating the ultrasonic equipment. The inclusion of ultrasonic diagnostics has proven itself particularly valuable in the diagnosis if both discharges and tumors in children and for progress control of patients having had conservative treatment or operations.", "PMID": 428839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14438", "title": "[Long lasting psychotropic effects after long-term treatment with a hemoderivative].", "content": "Up to now there has been scarcely any publication of precise tests on the duration (lasting effect) of psychotropical effects which have appeared in brain activity after conclusion of a longterm therapy with vasoactive or metabolical substances. In 32 patients with symptoms of arteriosclerosis (average 72 years) a six weeks trial treatment was carried out with the haemoderivat Actihaemyl (6 weeks twice weekly 10 ml i.v.) according to the double blind method and checking the results with variance analysis. In the following mental areas positive effects have been proved: memory functions, creative behaviour, general psychophysical behaviour and in emotional, social and clinical behaviour. 12 weeks after conclusion of the therapy it was observed, that with the same test method there was a wide maintenance of the improvements in the psychical performance and this exceeded in many areas the status as observed immediately after conclusion of the therapy. The reason for this longterm effect of the haemoderivat which was under test is discussed.", "contents": "[Long lasting psychotropic effects after long-term treatment with a hemoderivative]. Up to now there has been scarcely any publication of precise tests on the duration (lasting effect) of psychotropical effects which have appeared in brain activity after conclusion of a longterm therapy with vasoactive or metabolical substances. In 32 patients with symptoms of arteriosclerosis (average 72 years) a six weeks trial treatment was carried out with the haemoderivat Actihaemyl (6 weeks twice weekly 10 ml i.v.) according to the double blind method and checking the results with variance analysis. In the following mental areas positive effects have been proved: memory functions, creative behaviour, general psychophysical behaviour and in emotional, social and clinical behaviour. 12 weeks after conclusion of the therapy it was observed, that with the same test method there was a wide maintenance of the improvements in the psychical performance and this exceeded in many areas the status as observed immediately after conclusion of the therapy. The reason for this longterm effect of the haemoderivat which was under test is discussed.", "PMID": 428840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14439", "title": "[The antipyretic effect of Lonarid N in children].", "content": "Lonarid N was used in 78 children suffering from different febrile diseases. It was available in suppositories for infants and children. Body temperature dropped to subfebrile values in 78.5% of all doses. In 8.6% a lowering effect was distinct but incomplete, in 12.9% no satisfying effect occurred. After one hour average lowering of 1.5 to 1.9 degrees C was seen in nearly half of the cases, after three hours normal temperatures were found in all cases responding to Lonarid N at all. Lonarid N is acting promptly and normal body temperature is reached as expected. No complications of therapy were seen.", "contents": "[The antipyretic effect of Lonarid N in children]. Lonarid N was used in 78 children suffering from different febrile diseases. It was available in suppositories for infants and children. Body temperature dropped to subfebrile values in 78.5% of all doses. In 8.6% a lowering effect was distinct but incomplete, in 12.9% no satisfying effect occurred. After one hour average lowering of 1.5 to 1.9 degrees C was seen in nearly half of the cases, after three hours normal temperatures were found in all cases responding to Lonarid N at all. Lonarid N is acting promptly and normal body temperature is reached as expected. No complications of therapy were seen.", "PMID": 428843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14440", "title": "[A new geriatric battery test].", "content": "Both the clinical and the experimental field of geriatrics are in need of an instrument to test the cognitive abilities of people aged 60 and above. By means of a pre-test of the new geriatric test-battery, those abilities, which generally decrease with age, are tested first in order to obtain a testability rating for a particular patient. The geriatric test-battery, which is based on a theory of a 4 dimensional intelligence clearly delineating the differential development of specific cognitive abilities into old age, allows a precise, differentiated assessment of the cognitive abilities of the elderly. Considering the particular characteristics of the old person, the geriatric test-battery was given a new form which minimizes the feeling of being threatened by the test and at the same time maximizes motivation. The geriatric test-battery is pleasant for both the patient and the tester, it is simple to administer, can easily be given to physically impaired or bedridden patients, and is not time consuming.", "contents": "[A new geriatric battery test]. Both the clinical and the experimental field of geriatrics are in need of an instrument to test the cognitive abilities of people aged 60 and above. By means of a pre-test of the new geriatric test-battery, those abilities, which generally decrease with age, are tested first in order to obtain a testability rating for a particular patient. The geriatric test-battery, which is based on a theory of a 4 dimensional intelligence clearly delineating the differential development of specific cognitive abilities into old age, allows a precise, differentiated assessment of the cognitive abilities of the elderly. Considering the particular characteristics of the old person, the geriatric test-battery was given a new form which minimizes the feeling of being threatened by the test and at the same time maximizes motivation. The geriatric test-battery is pleasant for both the patient and the tester, it is simple to administer, can easily be given to physically impaired or bedridden patients, and is not time consuming.", "PMID": 428845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14441", "title": "[Diagnosis of hypertension in childhood].", "content": "A significant increase in arterial blood pressure is considerably less common in childhood (as compared with adults), and, to a larger degree, is high-grade. The mild forms more frequently reverse spontaneously, and severe cases are more often asymptomatic. It is of a secondary nature in a much larger percentage (preponderantly of renal, but also of vascular, adrenal or other demonstrable etiology), i.e., susceptible to causal therapy. The growing interest within pediatrics in problems of primary (essential) hypertension with regard to epidemiology, etiology, pathogenetics and prognosis (!), lends additional importance to the particular difficulties involved in reliable blood pressure measurement and control, and additionally, the question of a useful definition of the criteria for pathological blood pressure increases, which is relatively uncertain in children (moreover, the normal values are highly age-dependent). The symptomatology of arterial hypertension shows certain age-specific characteristics. In the secondary forms, the underlying disease is ofter far advanced at the moment of manifestation and, even more so, of completion of the diagnosis. Certain risk factors (obviously also relevant for the later years of life) related to primary hypertension, the incidence of which is still quite controversial, can already be detected in childhood (familial and hereditary factors).", "contents": "[Diagnosis of hypertension in childhood]. A significant increase in arterial blood pressure is considerably less common in childhood (as compared with adults), and, to a larger degree, is high-grade. The mild forms more frequently reverse spontaneously, and severe cases are more often asymptomatic. It is of a secondary nature in a much larger percentage (preponderantly of renal, but also of vascular, adrenal or other demonstrable etiology), i.e., susceptible to causal therapy. The growing interest within pediatrics in problems of primary (essential) hypertension with regard to epidemiology, etiology, pathogenetics and prognosis (!), lends additional importance to the particular difficulties involved in reliable blood pressure measurement and control, and additionally, the question of a useful definition of the criteria for pathological blood pressure increases, which is relatively uncertain in children (moreover, the normal values are highly age-dependent). The symptomatology of arterial hypertension shows certain age-specific characteristics. In the secondary forms, the underlying disease is ofter far advanced at the moment of manifestation and, even more so, of completion of the diagnosis. Certain risk factors (obviously also relevant for the later years of life) related to primary hypertension, the incidence of which is still quite controversial, can already be detected in childhood (familial and hereditary factors).", "PMID": 428847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14442", "title": "[Cervix cerclage surgery. A way for reducing prematurity].", "content": "Indications and results of 202 cerclage-operations are reported. There are prophylactic as well as therapeutic indications for a cerclage-operation. Regarding the results it is obvious that prophylactic cerclage has better prepossessions for a normally terminated delivery. Therapeutic cerclages show best results when performed within the 15th to 27th week of pregnancy. A cerclage performed after the 32nd week of pregnancy shows no statistically significant reduction of early delivery but only a postponing of the delivery-date into a phase of better survival chance for the child. A reduction of the early delivery rate is regarded to  be effective by prophylactic as well as therapeutic cerclages up to the 27th week of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Cervix cerclage surgery. A way for reducing prematurity]. Indications and results of 202 cerclage-operations are reported. There are prophylactic as well as therapeutic indications for a cerclage-operation. Regarding the results it is obvious that prophylactic cerclage has better prepossessions for a normally terminated delivery. Therapeutic cerclages show best results when performed within the 15th to 27th week of pregnancy. A cerclage performed after the 32nd week of pregnancy shows no statistically significant reduction of early delivery but only a postponing of the delivery-date into a phase of better survival chance for the child. A reduction of the early delivery rate is regarded to  be effective by prophylactic as well as therapeutic cerclages up to the 27th week of pregnancy.", "PMID": 428848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14443", "title": "[Continuous lumbar peridural anesthesia in obstetrics].", "content": "Review of 1000 continuous peridural anesthesias during labor and delivery. Reasons and conditions for the application of this analgetic procedure in our delivery rooms are discussed. The duration of labor and delivery is reduced by this method. The rate of vacuum extraction and forceps delivery is slightly increased. The rate of cesarean section is independent of this procedure. No adverse effects on the fetus were found. We obtained complete analgesia in 93 per cent of the cases. Severe complications were not observed.", "contents": "[Continuous lumbar peridural anesthesia in obstetrics]. Review of 1000 continuous peridural anesthesias during labor and delivery. Reasons and conditions for the application of this analgetic procedure in our delivery rooms are discussed. The duration of labor and delivery is reduced by this method. The rate of vacuum extraction and forceps delivery is slightly increased. The rate of cesarean section is independent of this procedure. No adverse effects on the fetus were found. We obtained complete analgesia in 93 per cent of the cases. Severe complications were not observed.", "PMID": 428849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14444", "title": "[Dynamic measurement of blood pressure in human nailfold capillaries].", "content": "Dynamic blood pressure was measured in 33 human finger nailfold capillaries after direct cannulation with glass micropipettes by means of a resistance servonulling pressure measuring method. ECG, finger pulsations and respiratory thorax excursions were monitored simultaneously. All recordings exhibited pulsatile oscillations related to the cardiac rhythm. These oscillations resembled the wave forms of arterial pulsations with steep upstroke and dicrotic notch when the pressure amplitudes were above 10 mmHg. There was no apparent dependence on respiration. In 12 instances pressure fluctuations with frequencies ranging from 0.2 down to 0.07 Hz were observed in both the arteriolar and venular limb. Blood pressure in human skin capillaries is pulsatile and subject to remarkable fluctuations in the arteriolar as well as in the venular limb, systolic pressure values ranging from 14 to 71 mmHg and from 11 to 52 mmHg respectively.", "contents": "[Dynamic measurement of blood pressure in human nailfold capillaries]. Dynamic blood pressure was measured in 33 human finger nailfold capillaries after direct cannulation with glass micropipettes by means of a resistance servonulling pressure measuring method. ECG, finger pulsations and respiratory thorax excursions were monitored simultaneously. All recordings exhibited pulsatile oscillations related to the cardiac rhythm. These oscillations resembled the wave forms of arterial pulsations with steep upstroke and dicrotic notch when the pressure amplitudes were above 10 mmHg. There was no apparent dependence on respiration. In 12 instances pressure fluctuations with frequencies ranging from 0.2 down to 0.07 Hz were observed in both the arteriolar and venular limb. Blood pressure in human skin capillaries is pulsatile and subject to remarkable fluctuations in the arteriolar as well as in the venular limb, systolic pressure values ranging from 14 to 71 mmHg and from 11 to 52 mmHg respectively.", "PMID": 428850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14445", "title": "[Regeneration of the gastric and intestinal mucosas].", "content": "The physiological cell renewal of gastrointestinal mucosa is regulated in man as in animal through certain mechanisms with measurable kinetic data. Pathologic mucosal alterations, metabolic disorders, pharmacological agents etc. clearly affect the regenerative processes of the gastrointestinal epithelium. Gastrin and pentagastrin stimulate the growth not only of the parietal cells, but also of the superficial epithelium of the gastric mucosa, whereas secretin does not change cell growth. Glucocorticoid steroids inhibit epithelial regeneration in all parts of the gastrointestinal tract. 5-fluorouracil has a similar effect but acts at a different site in the regeneration cycle. Epithelial cell proliferation of the gastric and intestinal mucosa is likewise inhibited in an uremic condition. In inflammatory changes in the human gastric mucosa epithelial cell hyperproliferation relative to the severity of gastritis and anomalous proliferation within regions of dysplasia can be demonstrated. Foveolary hyperplasia in M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease occurs on the basis of excessive hyperproliferation with displacement of regeneration zones.", "contents": "[Regeneration of the gastric and intestinal mucosas]. The physiological cell renewal of gastrointestinal mucosa is regulated in man as in animal through certain mechanisms with measurable kinetic data. Pathologic mucosal alterations, metabolic disorders, pharmacological agents etc. clearly affect the regenerative processes of the gastrointestinal epithelium. Gastrin and pentagastrin stimulate the growth not only of the parietal cells, but also of the superficial epithelium of the gastric mucosa, whereas secretin does not change cell growth. Glucocorticoid steroids inhibit epithelial regeneration in all parts of the gastrointestinal tract. 5-fluorouracil has a similar effect but acts at a different site in the regeneration cycle. Epithelial cell proliferation of the gastric and intestinal mucosa is likewise inhibited in an uremic condition. In inflammatory changes in the human gastric mucosa epithelial cell hyperproliferation relative to the severity of gastritis and anomalous proliferation within regions of dysplasia can be demonstrated. Foveolary hyperplasia in M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease occurs on the basis of excessive hyperproliferation with displacement of regeneration zones.", "PMID": 428851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14446", "title": "[Adaptation of statistics to medicine].", "content": "In respect of the useful way of questioning and the properties of medical data rank tests and rank scores tests fit better than the so-called standard tests. Yet, rank tests in their wide variety are so far too poor for our medical purposes. Therefore some urgently needed methods for data analysis have been developed.", "contents": "[Adaptation of statistics to medicine]. In respect of the useful way of questioning and the properties of medical data rank tests and rank scores tests fit better than the so-called standard tests. Yet, rank tests in their wide variety are so far too poor for our medical purposes. Therefore some urgently needed methods for data analysis have been developed.", "PMID": 428852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14447", "title": "[Management of gastrointestinal diseases using a motility-regulating preparation. Results of a field study using bromopride (Viaben) conducted by 530 general practitioners on 4182 patients].", "content": "Abnormalities of oesophago-gastro-intestinal motoricity play an important etiologic role in various affections of stomach, intestine, oesophagus and associated complaints. The new monosubstance bromopride produces a selective action restoring the basal motility of stomach, pylorus, duodenum and of the lower oesophageal sphincter to normal. The effect and tolerance of Viaben (bromopride) were examined in an open field study on 4182 subjects. The drug was given in average doses of one capsule three times a day. The results were assessed as very good in 37.9% of cases, and as good in 47.9%. No change was seen in 12.2%, while only 2.0% were aggravated. 64.7% of all patients benefited within the first fortnight. Nausea, vomiting and intolerance to drugs even disappeared in the first days of treatment. Individuals exhibiting a nervous, irritative stomach also had a rapid response to the drug. Pain, which is a fairly common complaint, passed off quickly. Side effects were seen in 6.8% of cases. However, the question whether they were due to the treatment, is not easily answered in an open study. The most common side effect was tiredness (3.7%), which was reported to be mild in some cases. The dyskinesia observed in subjects treated with other ortho-substituted benzamides was only seen in 0.4% of all patients.", "contents": "[Management of gastrointestinal diseases using a motility-regulating preparation. Results of a field study using bromopride (Viaben) conducted by 530 general practitioners on 4182 patients]. Abnormalities of oesophago-gastro-intestinal motoricity play an important etiologic role in various affections of stomach, intestine, oesophagus and associated complaints. The new monosubstance bromopride produces a selective action restoring the basal motility of stomach, pylorus, duodenum and of the lower oesophageal sphincter to normal. The effect and tolerance of Viaben (bromopride) were examined in an open field study on 4182 subjects. The drug was given in average doses of one capsule three times a day. The results were assessed as very good in 37.9% of cases, and as good in 47.9%. No change was seen in 12.2%, while only 2.0% were aggravated. 64.7% of all patients benefited within the first fortnight. Nausea, vomiting and intolerance to drugs even disappeared in the first days of treatment. Individuals exhibiting a nervous, irritative stomach also had a rapid response to the drug. Pain, which is a fairly common complaint, passed off quickly. Side effects were seen in 6.8% of cases. However, the question whether they were due to the treatment, is not easily answered in an open study. The most common side effect was tiredness (3.7%), which was reported to be mild in some cases. The dyskinesia observed in subjects treated with other ortho-substituted benzamides was only seen in 0.4% of all patients.", "PMID": 428853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14448", "title": "[Hyperbilirubinemias; diagnostic and therapeutic aspects].", "content": "In the newborn functional disturbances of bilirubin metabolism may be threatening for the life of affected infants. Apart from states with massive overproduction of bilirubin caused by hemolytic crisis functional hyperbilirubinemias in adults represent preponderant hereditary disorders (Gilbert's syndrome, Dubin-Johnson-syndrome, Rotor-syndrome), full compatible with normal life span. Affected subjects are considered as normal persons and should be advised to live a normal life, avoiding however all well-known exogenous factors which may exacerbate the disease. The important clinical and characteristic diagnostic criteria of the mentioned disorders of bilirubin matabolism as well as the possibilities of their symptomatic therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Hyperbilirubinemias; diagnostic and therapeutic aspects]. In the newborn functional disturbances of bilirubin metabolism may be threatening for the life of affected infants. Apart from states with massive overproduction of bilirubin caused by hemolytic crisis functional hyperbilirubinemias in adults represent preponderant hereditary disorders (Gilbert's syndrome, Dubin-Johnson-syndrome, Rotor-syndrome), full compatible with normal life span. Affected subjects are considered as normal persons and should be advised to live a normal life, avoiding however all well-known exogenous factors which may exacerbate the disease. The important clinical and characteristic diagnostic criteria of the mentioned disorders of bilirubin matabolism as well as the possibilities of their symptomatic therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 428854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14449", "title": "[The Reiter syndrome. 2. Diagnosis, therapy, prognosis].", "content": "The incomplete form, the so-called Reiter-trias (three-fold Reiter's syndrome) and the form supplemented by skin- and mucous-membrane-lesions are presented. Iritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis as well as visceral complications are being discussed referring to their appearance and frequency. Of essential importance seems to be a specific analysis which will bring to light the often fleeting (eyes, urogenital-region) or willingly concealed (urethritis) symptoms. A differential diagnosis, recommendations for therapy and a prognostic outlook are concluding this short demonstration of Reiter's syndrome.", "contents": "[The Reiter syndrome. 2. Diagnosis, therapy, prognosis]. The incomplete form, the so-called Reiter-trias (three-fold Reiter's syndrome) and the form supplemented by skin- and mucous-membrane-lesions are presented. Iritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis as well as visceral complications are being discussed referring to their appearance and frequency. Of essential importance seems to be a specific analysis which will bring to light the often fleeting (eyes, urogenital-region) or willingly concealed (urethritis) symptoms. A differential diagnosis, recommendations for therapy and a prognostic outlook are concluding this short demonstration of Reiter's syndrome.", "PMID": 428855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14450", "title": "[TSH-screening program for congenital hypothyroidism. Experiences with early thyrotropin (TSH) screening].", "content": "14,919 newborn infants were screened for congenital hypothyroidism within the last 5 years using a sensitive TSH method. 10 infants with congenital hypothyroidism were discovered thus presenting a frequency of 1:4500. Four of these infants showed abnormally high TSH levels and normal thyroxine levels. The determination of TSH in cord blood--or combined with the screening program for phenylketonuria--in eluate of dried filter paper specimens is the most sensitive test for primary hypothyroidism without false negative results and a low false positive recall rate of 0.16%. After initiation of therapy with thyroxine the TSH level falls unless therapy is delayed for longer. In the latter case TSH levels may remain elevated for several months despite therapy with thyroxine. We would suggest to start therapy with triiodothyronine for up to 14 days prior to initiation of the usual thyroxine therapy.", "contents": "[TSH-screening program for congenital hypothyroidism. Experiences with early thyrotropin (TSH) screening]. 14,919 newborn infants were screened for congenital hypothyroidism within the last 5 years using a sensitive TSH method. 10 infants with congenital hypothyroidism were discovered thus presenting a frequency of 1:4500. Four of these infants showed abnormally high TSH levels and normal thyroxine levels. The determination of TSH in cord blood--or combined with the screening program for phenylketonuria--in eluate of dried filter paper specimens is the most sensitive test for primary hypothyroidism without false negative results and a low false positive recall rate of 0.16%. After initiation of therapy with thyroxine the TSH level falls unless therapy is delayed for longer. In the latter case TSH levels may remain elevated for several months despite therapy with thyroxine. We would suggest to start therapy with triiodothyronine for up to 14 days prior to initiation of the usual thyroxine therapy.", "PMID": 428863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14451", "title": "[Congenital hypothyroidism].", "content": "The clinical picture of congenital hypothyroidism in the newborn period as well as in infancy is presented. Those signs and symptoms are particularly emphasized which in spite of being clearly present in the newborn are frequently not registered and mostly not correctly interpreted. This is meant to aid in earlier clinical diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism. Furthermore, guidelines for diagnostic work-up, therapy and follow-up are presented. For an optimal mental and neurological prognosis early treatment is of paramount importance.", "contents": "[Congenital hypothyroidism]. The clinical picture of congenital hypothyroidism in the newborn period as well as in infancy is presented. Those signs and symptoms are particularly emphasized which in spite of being clearly present in the newborn are frequently not registered and mostly not correctly interpreted. This is meant to aid in earlier clinical diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism. Furthermore, guidelines for diagnostic work-up, therapy and follow-up are presented. For an optimal mental and neurological prognosis early treatment is of paramount importance.", "PMID": 428864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14452", "title": "[Diet therapy in chronic kidney failure].", "content": "The dose of proteins of high biological value and eventually the use of selective diet with protein mixture of highest value such as the potato-egg diet, the dose of essential aminoacids as part of the so-called Sweden-diet and finally the application of ketoanaloges of essential aminoacids, all these measures make possible a removal of all uraemic symptoms as well as a long lasting rehabilitation inspite of a strongly restricted renal detoxication.", "contents": "[Diet therapy in chronic kidney failure]. The dose of proteins of high biological value and eventually the use of selective diet with protein mixture of highest value such as the potato-egg diet, the dose of essential aminoacids as part of the so-called Sweden-diet and finally the application of ketoanaloges of essential aminoacids, all these measures make possible a removal of all uraemic symptoms as well as a long lasting rehabilitation inspite of a strongly restricted renal detoxication.", "PMID": 428866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14453", "title": "[Chlamydia infections of the urogenital system].", "content": "During the last years Chlamydiae have been increasingly recognized as an important cause of urogenital infections. This paper is concerned with the classification, microbiology, cultivation and clinical findings of Chlamydiae, especially Chlamydia trachomatis, as causative agents of genital tract diseases.", "contents": "[Chlamydia infections of the urogenital system]. During the last years Chlamydiae have been increasingly recognized as an important cause of urogenital infections. This paper is concerned with the classification, microbiology, cultivation and clinical findings of Chlamydiae, especially Chlamydia trachomatis, as causative agents of genital tract diseases.", "PMID": 428870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14454", "title": "[Complications following mediastinoscopy. Prevention and therapy].", "content": "Mediastinoscopy, being practised since 20 years, is a research method giving a high degree of information and during this time has become indispensable in diagnosis of diseases of the chest. The close neighbourhood of vital organs, small and easily vulnerable blood vessels and nerval tissues of functional importance first seemed to burden this method of investigation with an incalculate risk. But subtle operative technique with its instruments by Carlens and others let the number of complications remain remarkably small even in great collective statistics. The number of lethal complications ranged below 0.2%, more severe ones about 1%. But in these latter ones one almost always succeeds in achieving a restitutio ad integrum bei performance of consequent after-treatment. The more frequent mediastinoscopic investigations are performed in regions of marked pathologic changes, the higher is the number of described complications. But it must be considered that in many cases the more perilous and functionally straining thoracotomy can be avoided using mediastinoscopy. Complications occurring most frequently are described and possibilities of therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Complications following mediastinoscopy. Prevention and therapy]. Mediastinoscopy, being practised since 20 years, is a research method giving a high degree of information and during this time has become indispensable in diagnosis of diseases of the chest. The close neighbourhood of vital organs, small and easily vulnerable blood vessels and nerval tissues of functional importance first seemed to burden this method of investigation with an incalculate risk. But subtle operative technique with its instruments by Carlens and others let the number of complications remain remarkably small even in great collective statistics. The number of lethal complications ranged below 0.2%, more severe ones about 1%. But in these latter ones one almost always succeeds in achieving a restitutio ad integrum bei performance of consequent after-treatment. The more frequent mediastinoscopic investigations are performed in regions of marked pathologic changes, the higher is the number of described complications. But it must be considered that in many cases the more perilous and functionally straining thoracotomy can be avoided using mediastinoscopy. Complications occurring most frequently are described and possibilities of therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 428871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14455", "title": "[Prognosis and therapy of peripheral facial nerve paralysis. Electrodiagnostic ways of evaluation].", "content": "The function of the facial nerve can be examined by four electrodiagnostic methods. In the nerve excitability test and electroneurography with determination of the distal latency the facial nerve is stimulated over the stylomastoid foramen. Chronaximetry and electromyography are performed in the muscles. Whereas chronaximetry renders an impression of the severity of neural lesion, electromyography can also determine the onset of reinnervation activity. Early prognosis within 6 days of onset can be determined only by nerve excitability test and electroneurography, preferred by us, which assesses the muscle potential. If the potential amplitude decreases more than 35% within two days and the muscle potential disappears between the fourth and sixth day, total degeneration of the nerve with poor prognosis is indicated. Such data can be gathered by at least two electrodiagnostic investigations preferably on the third day after onset and one to three days later. The cosmetic disfigurement through peripheral facial nerve palsy poses immediately the question of prognosis and of the therapeutic possibilities. Usually, this question can be answered by clinical examination alone. As soon as paralysis of facial muscles exists, prognostical statements can be made by electrodiagnostical methods alone. Because of the possiblility of operative treatment it is necessary to assess the infavorable courses early.", "contents": "[Prognosis and therapy of peripheral facial nerve paralysis. Electrodiagnostic ways of evaluation]. The function of the facial nerve can be examined by four electrodiagnostic methods. In the nerve excitability test and electroneurography with determination of the distal latency the facial nerve is stimulated over the stylomastoid foramen. Chronaximetry and electromyography are performed in the muscles. Whereas chronaximetry renders an impression of the severity of neural lesion, electromyography can also determine the onset of reinnervation activity. Early prognosis within 6 days of onset can be determined only by nerve excitability test and electroneurography, preferred by us, which assesses the muscle potential. If the potential amplitude decreases more than 35% within two days and the muscle potential disappears between the fourth and sixth day, total degeneration of the nerve with poor prognosis is indicated. Such data can be gathered by at least two electrodiagnostic investigations preferably on the third day after onset and one to three days later. The cosmetic disfigurement through peripheral facial nerve palsy poses immediately the question of prognosis and of the therapeutic possibilities. Usually, this question can be answered by clinical examination alone. As soon as paralysis of facial muscles exists, prognostical statements can be made by electrodiagnostical methods alone. Because of the possiblility of operative treatment it is necessary to assess the infavorable courses early.", "PMID": 428873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14456", "title": "[Nystagmus as a diagnostic criterium in neurology].", "content": "The most frequent seen nystagmus is jerk nustagmus. It is a versional eye movement comprising a quick and a slow phase. For diagnostic reasons it is very important to know the connections involved in vestibulo-oculomotor control. Besides peripheral, labyrinthine disturbances the observation of nystagmus is a very good tool in the topodiagnosis of the brain stem and mesencephalon. By ENG recordings, which normally should be used only after clinical examinations according to Frenzel and Jung, we can find much more better and reliable results in clinical topodiagnosis. Further tests of vestibulo-oculomotor function (rotation, optokinetic tests e.g.) offer the possibility of a discriminating topodiagnosis of the brain stem. This means an efficient use in clinical neurology. Following these considerations examples of single cases including ENG recordings are given.", "contents": "[Nystagmus as a diagnostic criterium in neurology]. The most frequent seen nystagmus is jerk nustagmus. It is a versional eye movement comprising a quick and a slow phase. For diagnostic reasons it is very important to know the connections involved in vestibulo-oculomotor control. Besides peripheral, labyrinthine disturbances the observation of nystagmus is a very good tool in the topodiagnosis of the brain stem and mesencephalon. By ENG recordings, which normally should be used only after clinical examinations according to Frenzel and Jung, we can find much more better and reliable results in clinical topodiagnosis. Further tests of vestibulo-oculomotor function (rotation, optokinetic tests e.g.) offer the possibility of a discriminating topodiagnosis of the brain stem. This means an efficient use in clinical neurology. Following these considerations examples of single cases including ENG recordings are given.", "PMID": 428874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14457", "title": "[Measurement and evaluation of industrial noise].", "content": "Different methods for measurement and assessment of industrial noise are discussed. It is shown, that momentary the best approach to stress caused by noise is the \"Trakt-Maximalpegel-Verfahren\" with a cycle time of 5 s. For more exact description of acoustic recording of sound level and harmonic analyzis are indispensable.", "contents": "[Measurement and evaluation of industrial noise]. Different methods for measurement and assessment of industrial noise are discussed. It is shown, that momentary the best approach to stress caused by noise is the \"Trakt-Maximalpegel-Verfahren\" with a cycle time of 5 s. For more exact description of acoustic recording of sound level and harmonic analyzis are indispensable.", "PMID": 428875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14458", "title": "[Reduced blood supply of the vestibular centers. Clinical and experimental studies].", "content": "To explain the origin of the narrow nystagmus writing (petite \u00e9criture) selected patients with hypoxemia were examinated using the pendular rotating test and ENG. Blood gas analysis was used to determine pO2 reduction. The decreased oxygen saturation was corresponding to the decreased amplitude of nystagmus. In a second experiment with alert rabbits the inspired gas mixture was altered to obtain hypoxia (8% O2+ 92% N2, controlled with blood gas analysis). A significant reduction from the normal nystagmus reaction was observed. This reduction in the amplitude (about 50%) is immediately reversible by giving oxygen. These experiments were repeated with each animal several times, the results being reproductible. There is a significant decrease  in amplitude of nystagmus through the influence of hypoxia.", "contents": "[Reduced blood supply of the vestibular centers. Clinical and experimental studies]. To explain the origin of the narrow nystagmus writing (petite \u00e9criture) selected patients with hypoxemia were examinated using the pendular rotating test and ENG. Blood gas analysis was used to determine pO2 reduction. The decreased oxygen saturation was corresponding to the decreased amplitude of nystagmus. In a second experiment with alert rabbits the inspired gas mixture was altered to obtain hypoxia (8% O2+ 92% N2, controlled with blood gas analysis). A significant reduction from the normal nystagmus reaction was observed. This reduction in the amplitude (about 50%) is immediately reversible by giving oxygen. These experiments were repeated with each animal several times, the results being reproductible. There is a significant decrease  in amplitude of nystagmus through the influence of hypoxia.", "PMID": 428876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14459", "title": "[Pathophysiology and therapy of perinatal asphyxia in a mature newborn].", "content": "Based on modern knowledge about the pathophysiology of perinatal asphyxia a new concept of therapy is discussed. Besides cardiopulmonary resuscitation for the initial shock reaction the therapy of secondary complications according to the multi-system-reaction is emphasized. After the description of the correlation of partial asphyxia and the development of neurological defect syndromes in animal models the necessity of a \"cerebral resuscitation\" is mentioned.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology and therapy of perinatal asphyxia in a mature newborn]. Based on modern knowledge about the pathophysiology of perinatal asphyxia a new concept of therapy is discussed. Besides cardiopulmonary resuscitation for the initial shock reaction the therapy of secondary complications according to the multi-system-reaction is emphasized. After the description of the correlation of partial asphyxia and the development of neurological defect syndromes in animal models the necessity of a \"cerebral resuscitation\" is mentioned.", "PMID": 428877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14460", "title": "[The biliary excretion of azlocillin].", "content": "The excretion of azlocillin into the human biliary tract was investigated in 8 patients with a T-tube in the common bile duct after intravenous injection of 2 g. Samples of serum and common duct bile were assayed from 15 min to 12 hours after injection. Biliary tract levels generally run parallel to serum levels but were about 15 times higher than those. Peak levels in T-tube bile averaged 1137 mg/l 60 to 90 min after administration. 12 hours after administration there were still mean concentrations of 13 mg/l to be found. It is concluded that azlocillin concentrations in bile exceed for a long time the minimum inhibitory concentrations for gram-negative and gram-positive causative organisms (above all E. coli, enterococci, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., staphylococci) of biliary tract-infections.", "contents": "[The biliary excretion of azlocillin]. The excretion of azlocillin into the human biliary tract was investigated in 8 patients with a T-tube in the common bile duct after intravenous injection of 2 g. Samples of serum and common duct bile were assayed from 15 min to 12 hours after injection. Biliary tract levels generally run parallel to serum levels but were about 15 times higher than those. Peak levels in T-tube bile averaged 1137 mg/l 60 to 90 min after administration. 12 hours after administration there were still mean concentrations of 13 mg/l to be found. It is concluded that azlocillin concentrations in bile exceed for a long time the minimum inhibitory concentrations for gram-negative and gram-positive causative organisms (above all E. coli, enterococci, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., staphylococci) of biliary tract-infections.", "PMID": 428879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14461", "title": "Effect of metaproterenol on ketone body metabolism of the forearm in healthy and diabetic subjects.", "content": "Muscular ketone body metabolism was studied by the registration of arterial-deepvenous concentration differences of glycerol, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, and of muscular blood flow in 53 healthy volunteers and 23 juvenile diabetics. In six subjects of each group substrate metabolism was also investigated during the intrabrachial arterial infusion of metaproterenol (0.4 microgram/min). Identical rates of muscular glycerol release and ketone's fractional extraction were obtained in healthy and diabetic subjects during the basal period. A significant correlation between muscular ketone extraction and arterial ketone concentration was calculated in both groups. During the infusion of metaproterenol the diabetics, unlike the controls, revealed enhanced muscular glycerol output and reduced fractional extraction of beta-hydroxybutyrate. These findings are in line with the present view that the impairment of muscular ketone body utilisation in diabetic ketoacidosis may at least partly be due to enhanced muscular lipolysis.", "contents": "Effect of metaproterenol on ketone body metabolism of the forearm in healthy and diabetic subjects. Muscular ketone body metabolism was studied by the registration of arterial-deepvenous concentration differences of glycerol, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, and of muscular blood flow in 53 healthy volunteers and 23 juvenile diabetics. In six subjects of each group substrate metabolism was also investigated during the intrabrachial arterial infusion of metaproterenol (0.4 microgram/min). Identical rates of muscular glycerol release and ketone's fractional extraction were obtained in healthy and diabetic subjects during the basal period. A significant correlation between muscular ketone extraction and arterial ketone concentration was calculated in both groups. During the infusion of metaproterenol the diabetics, unlike the controls, revealed enhanced muscular glycerol output and reduced fractional extraction of beta-hydroxybutyrate. These findings are in line with the present view that the impairment of muscular ketone body utilisation in diabetic ketoacidosis may at least partly be due to enhanced muscular lipolysis.", "PMID": 428903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14462", "title": "On the effect of insulin on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthetase activity in mouse liver.", "content": "Regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthetase activity in mouse liver is examined in diabetic and normal mice. Up to a 4-fold increase of both enzymes can be observed in streptozotocin diabetic mice when transferred to a fatless, inducing diet. Administration of insulin does not increase enzyme activity at several doses and under a variety of conditions. This is a strong indication that insulin is not a necessary component of the induction system.", "contents": "On the effect of insulin on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthetase activity in mouse liver. Regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthetase activity in mouse liver is examined in diabetic and normal mice. Up to a 4-fold increase of both enzymes can be observed in streptozotocin diabetic mice when transferred to a fatless, inducing diet. Administration of insulin does not increase enzyme activity at several doses and under a variety of conditions. This is a strong indication that insulin is not a necessary component of the induction system.", "PMID": 428904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14463", "title": "The use of perfused rat intestine to characterise the glucagon-like immunoreactivity released into serosal secretions following stimulation by glucose.", "content": "Isolated perfused intestine of rat was used to demonstrate the glucose-stimulated release of glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) into serosal secretions. The released GLI was characterised using immunoaffinity chromatography on columns of immobilised antibodies specific for the N (residues 1 to 18) and for the C (residues 19-29) terminal portions of glucagon followed by gel-filtration. The immunoreactivity was present in a variety of molecular species. These include a large GLI which has a molecular weight about 12000 and binds to antibodies specific for the N-terminal portion of glucagon and two polypeptide fractions with molecular weight closer to that of glucagon. While one fraction of the small GLI boun both to antibodies specific for the C-terminal and N-terminal portions of glucagon the other bound only to the former antibodies. The relevance of these findings to the origins of circulating GLI and the possible precursor relationship between large and other forms of GLI is discussed.", "contents": "The use of perfused rat intestine to characterise the glucagon-like immunoreactivity released into serosal secretions following stimulation by glucose. Isolated perfused intestine of rat was used to demonstrate the glucose-stimulated release of glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) into serosal secretions. The released GLI was characterised using immunoaffinity chromatography on columns of immobilised antibodies specific for the N (residues 1 to 18) and for the C (residues 19-29) terminal portions of glucagon followed by gel-filtration. The immunoreactivity was present in a variety of molecular species. These include a large GLI which has a molecular weight about 12000 and binds to antibodies specific for the N-terminal portion of glucagon and two polypeptide fractions with molecular weight closer to that of glucagon. While one fraction of the small GLI boun both to antibodies specific for the C-terminal and N-terminal portions of glucagon the other bound only to the former antibodies. The relevance of these findings to the origins of circulating GLI and the possible precursor relationship between large and other forms of GLI is discussed.", "PMID": 428905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14464", "title": "Serum T4, T3 and reverse T3 during treatment with propranolol in hyperthyroidism, L-T4 treated myxedema and in normal man.", "content": "Serum concentrations of T4, T3 and reverse T3 were studied in two hyperthyroid groups (n = 13 and 11), in a group of normals (n = 9) and in a group of L-T4 substituted patients (n = 7) with severe pretreatment hypothyroidism. Serum T4 did not change except in one of the hyperthyroid groups change to in which a slight decrease was found. In all groups a significant fall in serum T3 and a significant rise in serum reverse T3 were found. An expected increase in serum TSH in the normal and in the L-T4 substituted groups could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Serum T4, T3 and reverse T3 during treatment with propranolol in hyperthyroidism, L-T4 treated myxedema and in normal man. Serum concentrations of T4, T3 and reverse T3 were studied in two hyperthyroid groups (n = 13 and 11), in a group of normals (n = 9) and in a group of L-T4 substituted patients (n = 7) with severe pretreatment hypothyroidism. Serum T4 did not change except in one of the hyperthyroid groups change to in which a slight decrease was found. In all groups a significant fall in serum T3 and a significant rise in serum reverse T3 were found. An expected increase in serum TSH in the normal and in the L-T4 substituted groups could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 428906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14465", "title": "Effects of levodopa and dopamine on plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid concentrations in mice.", "content": "The effects of levodopa on the plasma concentration of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and glucose were examined in mice. In fasted, nialamide treated mice, but not in fed mice, levodopa produced a significant decrease in the plasma concentration of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids. This was accompanied by a significant and marked decrease in the plasma glucose concentration. These effects of levodopa could be mimicked by relatively small doses of dopamine injected intracerebroventricularly but not intravenously. The integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis in nialamide-treated mice was suggested by the elevation in plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids produced by fasting or by insulin induced hypoglycaemia. These results indicate that in the mouse, as in other species, levodopa can inhibit stress provoked increases in the secretion of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids.", "contents": "Effects of levodopa and dopamine on plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid concentrations in mice. The effects of levodopa on the plasma concentration of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and glucose were examined in mice. In fasted, nialamide treated mice, but not in fed mice, levodopa produced a significant decrease in the plasma concentration of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids. This was accompanied by a significant and marked decrease in the plasma glucose concentration. These effects of levodopa could be mimicked by relatively small doses of dopamine injected intracerebroventricularly but not intravenously. The integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis in nialamide-treated mice was suggested by the elevation in plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids produced by fasting or by insulin induced hypoglycaemia. These results indicate that in the mouse, as in other species, levodopa can inhibit stress provoked increases in the secretion of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids.", "PMID": 428907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14466", "title": "Increase of serum potassium in the upright posture in selective hypoaldosteronism.", "content": "The effect of a 4 hr upright posture on serum potassium (SK) levels was investigated in a certain group of hospitalized renal patients with selective hypoaldosteronism and in healthy subjects. Significant (p less than 0.001) postural increase in SK (0.4 MMol/L) was found only in the 3 young patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and hypoaldosteronism who presented with hyperkalemia (5.84 +/- 0.13 mMol/L) as outpatients, but showed a marked improvement toward normokalemia (4.95 +/- 0.13 mMol/L; p less than 0.001) within the hospital without any specific treatment. In healthy persons in the fastqng condition the influence of the upright position of short duration (45 min) was also studied on SK and a very small but significant increase (0.15 mMol/L) was found. It was concluded: 1. the postural SK INCREASE MAY OFFER AN--AT LEAST PARTIAL--EXPLANTATION FOR THE \"OUTPATIENT HYPERKALEMIA\", 2. The normal activity of renin-angiotensinaldosterone system may play a role in the counteraction of the trend for SK rise in the upright posture.", "contents": "Increase of serum potassium in the upright posture in selective hypoaldosteronism. The effect of a 4 hr upright posture on serum potassium (SK) levels was investigated in a certain group of hospitalized renal patients with selective hypoaldosteronism and in healthy subjects. Significant (p less than 0.001) postural increase in SK (0.4 MMol/L) was found only in the 3 young patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and hypoaldosteronism who presented with hyperkalemia (5.84 +/- 0.13 mMol/L) as outpatients, but showed a marked improvement toward normokalemia (4.95 +/- 0.13 mMol/L; p less than 0.001) within the hospital without any specific treatment. In healthy persons in the fastqng condition the influence of the upright position of short duration (45 min) was also studied on SK and a very small but significant increase (0.15 mMol/L) was found. It was concluded: 1. the postural SK INCREASE MAY OFFER AN--AT LEAST PARTIAL--EXPLANTATION FOR THE \"OUTPATIENT HYPERKALEMIA\", 2. The normal activity of renin-angiotensinaldosterone system may play a role in the counteraction of the trend for SK rise in the upright posture.", "PMID": 428908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14467", "title": "Effects of adrenergic blockade on plasma catecholamine levels during adrenaline infusion.", "content": "Alpha and beta adrenergic blocking drugs were administered, either singly or in combination, prior to a 3hr adrenaline infusion (2 microgram kg body wt-1 min-1)), Animals were premediated with either phenoxybenzamine (1 mg kg body wt-1 min-1). Phenoxybenzamine did not affect circulating adrenaline levels, but propranolol, either alone or in combination with phenoxybenzamine, resulted in a significant reduction in plasma adrenaline levels when compared with the control unblocked situation of adrenaline infusion without premedication. The results provide a possible explanation for the protective effect of combined adrenergic blockade in shock situations.", "contents": "Effects of adrenergic blockade on plasma catecholamine levels during adrenaline infusion. Alpha and beta adrenergic blocking drugs were administered, either singly or in combination, prior to a 3hr adrenaline infusion (2 microgram kg body wt-1 min-1)), Animals were premediated with either phenoxybenzamine (1 mg kg body wt-1 min-1). Phenoxybenzamine did not affect circulating adrenaline levels, but propranolol, either alone or in combination with phenoxybenzamine, resulted in a significant reduction in plasma adrenaline levels when compared with the control unblocked situation of adrenaline infusion without premedication. The results provide a possible explanation for the protective effect of combined adrenergic blockade in shock situations.", "PMID": 428909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14468", "title": "Fetal blood calcium response to maternal hypercalcemia induced in the cow by calcium infusion or by solanum glaucophyllum ingestion.", "content": "Bovine fetuses chronically catheterized in utero during the last month of gestation were used to study the relationships of maternal-fetal calcium and phosphate levels. Calcium infusion into the pregnant cows induced a rapid and marked increase in maternal plasma calcium but no change in fetal plasma calcium concentrations. Oral administration of Solanum glaucophyllum to the mother for 6 days raised the plasma concentrations of calcium and phosphate in both the mother and the fetus.", "contents": "Fetal blood calcium response to maternal hypercalcemia induced in the cow by calcium infusion or by solanum glaucophyllum ingestion. Bovine fetuses chronically catheterized in utero during the last month of gestation were used to study the relationships of maternal-fetal calcium and phosphate levels. Calcium infusion into the pregnant cows induced a rapid and marked increase in maternal plasma calcium but no change in fetal plasma calcium concentrations. Oral administration of Solanum glaucophyllum to the mother for 6 days raised the plasma concentrations of calcium and phosphate in both the mother and the fetus.", "PMID": 428910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14469", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptives on folate economy--a study in female rats.", "content": "Daily administration of one tenth of a tablet of Ovulen-50 (ethinodiol diacetate, 1 mg, ethinylestradiol, 50 microgram) to adult female rats resulted in an increase in the liver and kidney folate levels, increased urinary excretion of folate and a fall in serum folate while red blood cell folate levels remained unaffected. The tissue folate levels did not indicate adverse effect of OCA on folate economy of the body.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptives on folate economy--a study in female rats. Daily administration of one tenth of a tablet of Ovulen-50 (ethinodiol diacetate, 1 mg, ethinylestradiol, 50 microgram) to adult female rats resulted in an increase in the liver and kidney folate levels, increased urinary excretion of folate and a fall in serum folate while red blood cell folate levels remained unaffected. The tissue folate levels did not indicate adverse effect of OCA on folate economy of the body.", "PMID": 428912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14470", "title": "Gluconeogenesis in perfused livers of genetically obese-hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mice.", "content": "Hypertrophy of liver cells, as measured by decreased mg DNA per g wet liver, from obese mice (C57BL/6J ob/ob) was associated with a marked increase in triacylglycerol content per g wet liver when compared with control lean mice (C57BL/6J ?/+). The difference between the rates of net glucose production from lactate in isolated perfused livers from obese and lean mice was small when expressed per g wet liver. However, calculation of these rates either on a DNA or body weight basis indicated that the rate of gluconeogenesis in livers from obese mice was twice that of lean mice. Using perfused livers from lean mice, the ratio of net uptake of C3-substrate to gluconeogenesis indicated that a major proportion of lactate disappearing from the perfusion medium could not be accounted for in the appearance of glucose; but using the perfused livers of obese mice, almost all of the net lactate disappearance could be accounted for by a net increase in glucose production.", "contents": "Gluconeogenesis in perfused livers of genetically obese-hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mice. Hypertrophy of liver cells, as measured by decreased mg DNA per g wet liver, from obese mice (C57BL/6J ob/ob) was associated with a marked increase in triacylglycerol content per g wet liver when compared with control lean mice (C57BL/6J ?/+). The difference between the rates of net glucose production from lactate in isolated perfused livers from obese and lean mice was small when expressed per g wet liver. However, calculation of these rates either on a DNA or body weight basis indicated that the rate of gluconeogenesis in livers from obese mice was twice that of lean mice. Using perfused livers from lean mice, the ratio of net uptake of C3-substrate to gluconeogenesis indicated that a major proportion of lactate disappearing from the perfusion medium could not be accounted for in the appearance of glucose; but using the perfused livers of obese mice, almost all of the net lactate disappearance could be accounted for by a net increase in glucose production.", "PMID": 428917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14471", "title": "Deuterium-labeled steroids for study in humans. II. Preliminary studies on estrogen production rates in pre- and post-menopausal women.", "content": "6,7-Dideuterio-3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one (dideuterio-estrone) and 4-deuterio-1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17 beta-diol (monodeuterio-17 beta-estradiol) were used for the estimation of estrogen production rates in pre- and post-menopausal women. The results are concordant with those obtained by radioisotope administration as reported in the literature. This preliminary study suggests that one or more steroids labeled with one or multiple deuterium and/or other stable isotopes may be employed for the measurement of production rates of steroid hormones which are derived from multiple precursors.", "contents": "Deuterium-labeled steroids for study in humans. II. Preliminary studies on estrogen production rates in pre- and post-menopausal women. 6,7-Dideuterio-3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one (dideuterio-estrone) and 4-deuterio-1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17 beta-diol (monodeuterio-17 beta-estradiol) were used for the estimation of estrogen production rates in pre- and post-menopausal women. The results are concordant with those obtained by radioisotope administration as reported in the literature. This preliminary study suggests that one or more steroids labeled with one or multiple deuterium and/or other stable isotopes may be employed for the measurement of production rates of steroid hormones which are derived from multiple precursors.", "PMID": 428919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14472", "title": "Metastatic tumours in the testis.", "content": "In a prospective autopsy study of male subjects with solic malignant neoplasms, six were shown to have metastatic deposits within the testis (2.5%). These were metastases from carcinoma of the prostate (two cases), melanoma (two cases), bronchial carcinoma (one case) and pleural mesothelioma (one case). In addition, four of 29 leukaemic patients and six of 28 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma showed testicular involvement. The metastases from the solid tumours presented in solitary nodules, as multiple nodules or as a diffuse involvement. Microscopically, these were represented by tumour cells within the interstitial tissue without involvement of the seminiferous tubules; interstitial tissue and tubular involvement, and tumour confined to the seminiferous tubules respectively.", "contents": "Metastatic tumours in the testis. In a prospective autopsy study of male subjects with solic malignant neoplasms, six were shown to have metastatic deposits within the testis (2.5%). These were metastases from carcinoma of the prostate (two cases), melanoma (two cases), bronchial carcinoma (one case) and pleural mesothelioma (one case). In addition, four of 29 leukaemic patients and six of 28 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma showed testicular involvement. The metastases from the solid tumours presented in solitary nodules, as multiple nodules or as a diffuse involvement. Microscopically, these were represented by tumour cells within the interstitial tissue without involvement of the seminiferous tubules; interstitial tissue and tubular involvement, and tumour confined to the seminiferous tubules respectively.", "PMID": 428920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14473", "title": "Peutz--Jeghers syndrome with pseudoinvasion of hamartomatous polyps and multiple epithelial neoplasms.", "content": "The risk of malignant change developing in the hamartomatous polyps in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is widely held to be negligible. However an association with tumours of the upper gastro-intestinal tract, ovary and other diverse multiple neoplasms is now recognized. Previously reported cases of malignant change in Peutz--Jeghers polyps may represent 'pseudoinvasion' and we report such a case. This was associated with carcinomas of the bile ducts, left tonsil and a papillary adenoma of the pancreatic duct. It lends further support to the view that there may be a genetic predisposition to the development of neoplasms in this condition. Pathologists and clinicians must be aware of this entity of 'pseudoinvasion' in order to avoid unnecessarily radical surgery in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.", "contents": "Peutz--Jeghers syndrome with pseudoinvasion of hamartomatous polyps and multiple epithelial neoplasms. The risk of malignant change developing in the hamartomatous polyps in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is widely held to be negligible. However an association with tumours of the upper gastro-intestinal tract, ovary and other diverse multiple neoplasms is now recognized. Previously reported cases of malignant change in Peutz--Jeghers polyps may represent 'pseudoinvasion' and we report such a case. This was associated with carcinomas of the bile ducts, left tonsil and a papillary adenoma of the pancreatic duct. It lends further support to the view that there may be a genetic predisposition to the development of neoplasms in this condition. Pathologists and clinicians must be aware of this entity of 'pseudoinvasion' in order to avoid unnecessarily radical surgery in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.", "PMID": 428921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14474", "title": "The nature of retest reaction in delayed hypersensitivity. I. Light microscopic changes in the skin of the eyelid.", "content": "The retest reaction is a variant of delayed hypersensitivity where in repeated application of an antigen at the same site leads to an intense eosinophil leucocytic infiltration. This reaction has been produced experimentally for the first time in the eyelids of rabbits and guinea-pigs and it is possible that such a mechanism is implicated in a variety of clinical ocular conditions in which IgE does not appear to feature. It was also found that tissue reaction was modified in the absence of suppressor cells, these having been temporarily inhibited by pretreatment of the animals with cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "The nature of retest reaction in delayed hypersensitivity. I. Light microscopic changes in the skin of the eyelid. The retest reaction is a variant of delayed hypersensitivity where in repeated application of an antigen at the same site leads to an intense eosinophil leucocytic infiltration. This reaction has been produced experimentally for the first time in the eyelids of rabbits and guinea-pigs and it is possible that such a mechanism is implicated in a variety of clinical ocular conditions in which IgE does not appear to feature. It was also found that tissue reaction was modified in the absence of suppressor cells, these having been temporarily inhibited by pretreatment of the animals with cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 428922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14475", "title": "Oxyuris granulomas of pelvic peritoneum and appendicular wall.", "content": "Infestation with Enterobius (Oxyuris) vermicularis is very common but seldom produces lesions and even more rarely causes granulomas. Two cases of oxyuris granulomas/nodules), one in the serosa of ovaries and left fallopian tube in a female of 32-years and the other in the submucosa of the appendix in a 10-year old girl are identified by the presence of true necrotizing granulomas containing the parasite. The pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of abdominal granulomas is discussed.", "contents": "Oxyuris granulomas of pelvic peritoneum and appendicular wall. Infestation with Enterobius (Oxyuris) vermicularis is very common but seldom produces lesions and even more rarely causes granulomas. Two cases of oxyuris granulomas/nodules), one in the serosa of ovaries and left fallopian tube in a female of 32-years and the other in the submucosa of the appendix in a 10-year old girl are identified by the presence of true necrotizing granulomas containing the parasite. The pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of abdominal granulomas is discussed.", "PMID": 428923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14476", "title": "A cost containment committee can help cut overall costs.", "content": "The cost containment committee at the University Hospital of Jacksonville has served many purposes. For example, through its activities, managers have gained a better sense of the overall needs of the institution, and the medical staff has learned how complicated resource allociation can be.", "contents": "A cost containment committee can help cut overall costs. The cost containment committee at the University Hospital of Jacksonville has served many purposes. For example, through its activities, managers have gained a better sense of the overall needs of the institution, and the medical staff has learned how complicated resource allociation can be.", "PMID": 428931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14477", "title": "Providers have failed to work for continuity.", "content": "Continuity of patient care between different health care settings has been advocated for nearly 20 years, but little has been done to effect it. The study described here emphasizes the current lack of effort by health care providers in hospitals and nursing homes to find a workable solution.", "contents": "Providers have failed to work for continuity. Continuity of patient care between different health care settings has been advocated for nearly 20 years, but little has been done to effect it. The study described here emphasizes the current lack of effort by health care providers in hospitals and nursing homes to find a workable solution.", "PMID": 428932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14478", "title": "Management peer review audits efficiency.", "content": "A medical center's voluntary management audit program helps to assess and to ensure efficient and effective institutional and departmental management.", "contents": "Management peer review audits efficiency. A medical center's voluntary management audit program helps to assess and to ensure efficient and effective institutional and departmental management.", "PMID": 428934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14479", "title": "NIH panels analyze issues on technology.", "content": "Experts at NIH's \"consensus development\" technology assessment conferences study a wide range of issues and make recommendations to help guide users of medical technologies.", "contents": "NIH panels analyze issues on technology. Experts at NIH's \"consensus development\" technology assessment conferences study a wide range of issues and make recommendations to help guide users of medical technologies.", "PMID": 428935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14480", "title": "'TEAM' up for technology assessment.", "content": "Recently, the technology evaluation and acquisition methods (TEAM) project was launched to study the current state of the art of decision making in hospitals.", "contents": "'TEAM' up for technology assessment. Recently, the technology evaluation and acquisition methods (TEAM) project was launched to study the current state of the art of decision making in hospitals.", "PMID": 428936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14481", "title": "Small hospitals manage clinical equipment.", "content": "Small hospitals can develop clinical engineering programs that meet their needs by using regional shared clinical engineering services or by hiring engineering technicians.", "contents": "Small hospitals manage clinical equipment. Small hospitals can develop clinical engineering programs that meet their needs by using regional shared clinical engineering services or by hiring engineering technicians.", "PMID": 428937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14482", "title": "Cooperation is key to future needs.", "content": "Can the hospital industry reconcile manufacturers' entrepreneurial prerogatives with public desire to have safe, tested, cost-effective technologies?", "contents": "Cooperation is key to future needs. Can the hospital industry reconcile manufacturers' entrepreneurial prerogatives with public desire to have safe, tested, cost-effective technologies?", "PMID": 428938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14483", "title": "Planning system has corporate overview.", "content": "The Clarkson Management System (CMS) provides for appropriate participation of managers in all major plans and a common understanding of the impact of all plans on the total organization.", "contents": "Planning system has corporate overview. The Clarkson Management System (CMS) provides for appropriate participation of managers in all major plans and a common understanding of the impact of all plans on the total organization.", "PMID": 428940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14484", "title": "Reimbursement shapes market for technology.", "content": "Methods of reimbursing health care providers affect their decisions about adoption and use of new medical technologies, but how they can elicit good decisions is unclear.", "contents": "Reimbursement shapes market for technology. Methods of reimbursing health care providers affect their decisions about adoption and use of new medical technologies, but how they can elicit good decisions is unclear.", "PMID": 428954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14485", "title": "Patient leverage theory proves to be false.", "content": "The assumption that hospitals must procure new technologies to recruit and retain physicians appears to be false, according to the study done by these authors.", "contents": "Patient leverage theory proves to be false. The assumption that hospitals must procure new technologies to recruit and retain physicians appears to be false, according to the study done by these authors.", "PMID": 428955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14486", "title": "Auditing dietetic services (second of a series).", "content": "In this second article of a four-part series on auditing dietetic services, the authors focus on a monodisciplinary nutritional care audit. After defining the purpose of such an audit, a step-by-step description is given of how the audit should be carried out from developing standards and criteria to conducting a review audit to measure improvement.", "contents": "Auditing dietetic services (second of a series). In this second article of a four-part series on auditing dietetic services, the authors focus on a monodisciplinary nutritional care audit. After defining the purpose of such an audit, a step-by-step description is given of how the audit should be carried out from developing standards and criteria to conducting a review audit to measure improvement.", "PMID": 428956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14487", "title": "Remodeling on a shoestring improves pharmacy's efficiency.", "content": "A hospital's pharmacy renovated its existing outdated and highly restricted departmental space to help ensure more efficient operation until the master plan for hospitalwide improvements could be completed and implemented. This temporary renovation was accomplished at very low cost and yielded improvements ranging from better use of space and personnel to better communication between the nursing and the pharmacy departments.", "contents": "Remodeling on a shoestring improves pharmacy's efficiency. A hospital's pharmacy renovated its existing outdated and highly restricted departmental space to help ensure more efficient operation until the master plan for hospitalwide improvements could be completed and implemented. This temporary renovation was accomplished at very low cost and yielded improvements ranging from better use of space and personnel to better communication between the nursing and the pharmacy departments.", "PMID": 428957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14488", "title": "Method for calculating costs of steam sterilization devised.", "content": "Through a study at 10 hospitals located throughout the United States, a method for determining the costs of operating steam sterilization equipment was devised and tested. Any hospital central sterile supply manager can use this method to monitor his sterilizers' cost per hour of operation and cost per load.", "contents": "Method for calculating costs of steam sterilization devised. Through a study at 10 hospitals located throughout the United States, a method for determining the costs of operating steam sterilization equipment was devised and tested. Any hospital central sterile supply manager can use this method to monitor his sterilizers' cost per hour of operation and cost per load.", "PMID": 428958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14489", "title": "Cost containment: a national policy.", "content": "Guaranteeing access to high-quality care became a firmly established national policy with the advent of Medicaid and Medicare programs. However, since 1970, the federal government has gradually shifted the emphasis of national policy on hospital care. Cost containment efforts on the part of President Carter's Administration have made cost containment, rather than guaranteed access, the major national policy on hospital care.", "contents": "Cost containment: a national policy. Guaranteeing access to high-quality care became a firmly established national policy with the advent of Medicaid and Medicare programs. However, since 1970, the federal government has gradually shifted the emphasis of national policy on hospital care. Cost containment efforts on the part of President Carter's Administration have made cost containment, rather than guaranteed access, the major national policy on hospital care.", "PMID": 428970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14490", "title": "Changing the course of things: costs enter medical education.", "content": "The costs of health care, and the physician's role in generating them, are subjects that more and more often are being taught in medical schools and graduate medical training programs. Virtually all of these programs are focused on physicians' use of hospital services, particularly diagnostic procedures, but there is a wider goal: development of a different physician attitude toward cost, quality of care, alternative treatments, and how they all interrelate.", "contents": "Changing the course of things: costs enter medical education. The costs of health care, and the physician's role in generating them, are subjects that more and more often are being taught in medical schools and graduate medical training programs. Virtually all of these programs are focused on physicians' use of hospital services, particularly diagnostic procedures, but there is a wider goal: development of a different physician attitude toward cost, quality of care, alternative treatments, and how they all interrelate.", "PMID": 428971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14491", "title": "Strategic strike management helps hospital to carry on.", "content": "During a strike, a hospital's administration has the responsibility for minimizing disruption of patient care. Preparation for a strike should include development of a contingency plan whereby additional duties are assigned equitably among staff members, lines of communication are reinforced, and services are shared with neighboring hospitals.", "contents": "Strategic strike management helps hospital to carry on. During a strike, a hospital's administration has the responsibility for minimizing disruption of patient care. Preparation for a strike should include development of a contingency plan whereby additional duties are assigned equitably among staff members, lines of communication are reinforced, and services are shared with neighboring hospitals.", "PMID": 428973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14492", "title": "Cost-consciousness prompts three-phase education service.", "content": "During a one and one-half year period, an acute care community hospital implemented a patient education service, a major goal of which is to provide programs that have a revenue-generating potential. The three distinct phases of the plan--research and development, implementation and evaluation, and expansion--are described herein.", "contents": "Cost-consciousness prompts three-phase education service. During a one and one-half year period, an acute care community hospital implemented a patient education service, a major goal of which is to provide programs that have a revenue-generating potential. The three distinct phases of the plan--research and development, implementation and evaluation, and expansion--are described herein.", "PMID": 428974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14493", "title": "The kidney in health and disease: VIII. Renal concentrating and diluting mechanisms.", "content": "The capacity to elaborate urine either more dilute or more concentrated than the plasma from which it is derived enables the kidney to regulate the solute concentrations and hence the osmolality of body fluids within narrow physiologic limits despite wide fluctuations in salt and water intake. The underlying mechanisms are examined in detail, with emphasis on the role of urea in the countercurrent system of Henle's loop.", "contents": "The kidney in health and disease: VIII. Renal concentrating and diluting mechanisms. The capacity to elaborate urine either more dilute or more concentrated than the plasma from which it is derived enables the kidney to regulate the solute concentrations and hence the osmolality of body fluids within narrow physiologic limits despite wide fluctuations in salt and water intake. The underlying mechanisms are examined in detail, with emphasis on the role of urea in the countercurrent system of Henle's loop.", "PMID": 428976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14494", "title": "Diet and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Optimal control of any stage of diabetes is possible only with optimal dietary management. Furthermore, in 90% of stable patients who comply with regimens like those described, this dietary approach alone will suffice for control.", "contents": "Diet and diabetes mellitus. Optimal control of any stage of diabetes is possible only with optimal dietary management. Furthermore, in 90% of stable patients who comply with regimens like those described, this dietary approach alone will suffice for control.", "PMID": 428986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14495", "title": "Fetal breathing: its physiologic and clinical implications.", "content": "The respiratory movements the human fetus makes in utero can be detected and used as a valuable aid in determining fetal well-being. Their presence or absence, amplitude, and duration can all provide important information. Their absence, however, does not carry a poor prognosis unless other indices of fetal status, such as the nonstress test and oxytocin-challenge contraction-stress test, are also abnormal at the same time.", "contents": "Fetal breathing: its physiologic and clinical implications. The respiratory movements the human fetus makes in utero can be detected and used as a valuable aid in determining fetal well-being. Their presence or absence, amplitude, and duration can all provide important information. Their absence, however, does not carry a poor prognosis unless other indices of fetal status, such as the nonstress test and oxytocin-challenge contraction-stress test, are also abnormal at the same time.", "PMID": 428987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14496", "title": "Buerger's disease involving the celiac artery.", "content": "A young male with Buerger's disease who had previously required a left leg amputation died in renal failure and sepsis. Postmortem examination revealed an obliterative lesion of the celiac artery, which resulted in hepatic, splenic, and pancreatic infarctions. Celiac artery involvement represents an unusual manifestation of thromboangiitis obliterans.", "contents": "Buerger's disease involving the celiac artery. A young male with Buerger's disease who had previously required a left leg amputation died in renal failure and sepsis. Postmortem examination revealed an obliterative lesion of the celiac artery, which resulted in hepatic, splenic, and pancreatic infarctions. Celiac artery involvement represents an unusual manifestation of thromboangiitis obliterans.", "PMID": 428990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14497", "title": "Transvascular endomyocardial biopsy in infants and small children. Myocardial findings in 10 cases of cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Transvascular endomyocardial biopsy specimens from nine children with congestive cardiomyopathy and one with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were studied by light microscopy using sections 1 mu thick cut from Epon embedded tissue and by electron microscopy. There was a disparity between the severity of the physiologic impairment and the morphologic abnormalities. Interstitial fibrosis was present only in the one case in which significant viral antibody titers were obtained. The sizes of the cardiac muscle cells varied abnormally in all specimens. Cardiac muscle cells in two patients contained abnormal mitochondria, and a leptomeric fibril was found in one patient. Virologic cultures of the tissues were negative and no viral particles were identified by electron microscopy. An attempt was made to correlate the clinical and pathologic findings.", "contents": "Transvascular endomyocardial biopsy in infants and small children. Myocardial findings in 10 cases of cardiomyopathy. Transvascular endomyocardial biopsy specimens from nine children with congestive cardiomyopathy and one with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were studied by light microscopy using sections 1 mu thick cut from Epon embedded tissue and by electron microscopy. There was a disparity between the severity of the physiologic impairment and the morphologic abnormalities. Interstitial fibrosis was present only in the one case in which significant viral antibody titers were obtained. The sizes of the cardiac muscle cells varied abnormally in all specimens. Cardiac muscle cells in two patients contained abnormal mitochondria, and a leptomeric fibril was found in one patient. Virologic cultures of the tissues were negative and no viral particles were identified by electron microscopy. An attempt was made to correlate the clinical and pathologic findings.", "PMID": 428991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14498", "title": "The spectrum of eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract and its relationship to other disorders of angiitis and granulomatosis.", "content": "Six cases of eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract were studied. Three cases were of the diffuse infiltrative variety (eosinophilic enteritis, two cases; eosinophilic peritonitis, one case), and three cases were of the circumscribed variety (so-called inflammatory fibroid polyp). Two of the infiltrative lesions showed necrotizing granulomas identical to those described by Churg and Strauss; one of the two also showed active vasculitis. One circumscribed lesion occurred in a patient with polyarteritis nodosa. Necrotizing eosinophilic granulomas were also noted in this lesion. Our observations suggest that the two forms of eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract are parts of a disease spectrum. Supporting evidence in the literature is presented. The relationship of this group of eosinophilic lesions to the hypereosinophilic syndrome, allergic granulomatosis and angiitis of Churg and Strauss, and polyarteritis nodosa is discussed.", "contents": "The spectrum of eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract and its relationship to other disorders of angiitis and granulomatosis. Six cases of eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract were studied. Three cases were of the diffuse infiltrative variety (eosinophilic enteritis, two cases; eosinophilic peritonitis, one case), and three cases were of the circumscribed variety (so-called inflammatory fibroid polyp). Two of the infiltrative lesions showed necrotizing granulomas identical to those described by Churg and Strauss; one of the two also showed active vasculitis. One circumscribed lesion occurred in a patient with polyarteritis nodosa. Necrotizing eosinophilic granulomas were also noted in this lesion. Our observations suggest that the two forms of eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract are parts of a disease spectrum. Supporting evidence in the literature is presented. The relationship of this group of eosinophilic lesions to the hypereosinophilic syndrome, allergic granulomatosis and angiitis of Churg and Strauss, and polyarteritis nodosa is discussed.", "PMID": 428993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14499", "title": "Histologic and morphometric study of chronic gastritis in alcoholic patients.", "content": "The effect of chronic alcohol ingestion on the gastric mucosa was determined in 96 patients in whom gastroscopy was performed because of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Seventy-two patients were classified as alcoholics and 24 patients as nonalcoholics. In all cases biopsy specimens were taken from the fundus and antrum. The diagnoses of chronic superficial and atrophic gastritis were based on conventional histologic criteria and a morphometric technique utilizing quantitation of the chronic inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. Alcoholic patients were found to have a higher incidence of chronic gastritis of the antrum than nonalcoholics (p less than 0.001). Fundic involvement was also more common, probably accounting for the decreased gastric acid output described in chronic alcoholic patients. Finally, gastritis was more severe in the alcoholics; below 45 years of age chronic atrophic gastritis was seen only in alcoholics. We conclude that chronic gastritis develops more frequently in alcoholic patients and evolves into chronic atrophic gastritis at an earlier age than in nonalcoholic subjects.", "contents": "Histologic and morphometric study of chronic gastritis in alcoholic patients. The effect of chronic alcohol ingestion on the gastric mucosa was determined in 96 patients in whom gastroscopy was performed because of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Seventy-two patients were classified as alcoholics and 24 patients as nonalcoholics. In all cases biopsy specimens were taken from the fundus and antrum. The diagnoses of chronic superficial and atrophic gastritis were based on conventional histologic criteria and a morphometric technique utilizing quantitation of the chronic inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. Alcoholic patients were found to have a higher incidence of chronic gastritis of the antrum than nonalcoholics (p less than 0.001). Fundic involvement was also more common, probably accounting for the decreased gastric acid output described in chronic alcoholic patients. Finally, gastritis was more severe in the alcoholics; below 45 years of age chronic atrophic gastritis was seen only in alcoholics. We conclude that chronic gastritis develops more frequently in alcoholic patients and evolves into chronic atrophic gastritis at an earlier age than in nonalcoholic subjects.", "PMID": 428994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14500", "title": "Ultrastructure of benign cartilaginous tumors of intraosseous origin.", "content": "The ultrastructure of chondroblastoma, chondromyxoid fibroma, and enchondroma is described. In chondroblastoma the tumor cells often show nuclear indentations and a thick nuclear fibrous lamina, and have features indicative of poorly differentiated cartilaginous cells. Chondroblastoma is a tumor thought to arise from immature chondrocytes related to the epiphyseal cartilage. In chondromyxoid fibroma the cells are pleomorphic with irregular cell processes and scalloping of the cell membrane. The nuclei are also often indented and demonstrate the presence of a thick nuclear fibrous lamina. The matrix consists of proteoglycan granules and fine fibrils. The large bizarre atypical cells often seen in this tumor, except for their size, do not differ from the typical cells. Chondromyxoid fibroma arises from cells related to the epiphyseal cartilage and demonstrates moderate degrees of cartilaginous differentiation. The close relationship between chondromyxoid fibroma and chondroblastoma is emphasized. The nuclear irregularities and the presence of a thick fibrous lamina are features shared by these two lesions. The tumor cells of enchondroma have features of well differentiated cartilage, and the pericellular matrix tends to be sparse around most cells. In addition to proteoglycan granules and fine fibrils, the matrix contains many dense membrane bound bodies. Numerous tumor cells undergoing necrosis are noted. Studies comparing enchondroma and well differentiated chondrosarcoma show no morphologic differences and both tumors have similar features. The application of electron microscopy does not provide pathognomonic features to distinguish between these lesions. However, it helps to correlate the ultrastructural findings with light microscopy.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of benign cartilaginous tumors of intraosseous origin. The ultrastructure of chondroblastoma, chondromyxoid fibroma, and enchondroma is described. In chondroblastoma the tumor cells often show nuclear indentations and a thick nuclear fibrous lamina, and have features indicative of poorly differentiated cartilaginous cells. Chondroblastoma is a tumor thought to arise from immature chondrocytes related to the epiphyseal cartilage. In chondromyxoid fibroma the cells are pleomorphic with irregular cell processes and scalloping of the cell membrane. The nuclei are also often indented and demonstrate the presence of a thick nuclear fibrous lamina. The matrix consists of proteoglycan granules and fine fibrils. The large bizarre atypical cells often seen in this tumor, except for their size, do not differ from the typical cells. Chondromyxoid fibroma arises from cells related to the epiphyseal cartilage and demonstrates moderate degrees of cartilaginous differentiation. The close relationship between chondromyxoid fibroma and chondroblastoma is emphasized. The nuclear irregularities and the presence of a thick fibrous lamina are features shared by these two lesions. The tumor cells of enchondroma have features of well differentiated cartilage, and the pericellular matrix tends to be sparse around most cells. In addition to proteoglycan granules and fine fibrils, the matrix contains many dense membrane bound bodies. Numerous tumor cells undergoing necrosis are noted. Studies comparing enchondroma and well differentiated chondrosarcoma show no morphologic differences and both tumors have similar features. The application of electron microscopy does not provide pathognomonic features to distinguish between these lesions. However, it helps to correlate the ultrastructural findings with light microscopy.", "PMID": 428995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14501", "title": "Sphenoidal pituitary adenoma.", "content": "A 62 year old female died of a chromophobe pituitary adenoma of the sphenoid bone. A normal pituitary gland was present within the sella turcica. She also had a chief cell parathyroid adenoma, a papillary thyroid carcinoma, and an ovarian thecoma (multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome).", "contents": "Sphenoidal pituitary adenoma. A 62 year old female died of a chromophobe pituitary adenoma of the sphenoid bone. A normal pituitary gland was present within the sella turcica. She also had a chief cell parathyroid adenoma, a papillary thyroid carcinoma, and an ovarian thecoma (multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome).", "PMID": 428997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14502", "title": "An ultrastructural demonstration of the agent of Legionnaires' disease in the human lung.", "content": "The authors have provided ultrastructural demonstration from human material of a small rod shaped organism that represents the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease. The organisms are found mainly in intracytoplasmic vacuoles of alveolar cells. They have a thin outer cell wall and a more delicate plasma membrane. On the basis of morphology, arguments are presented to classify these unusual organisms as rickettsia-like.", "contents": "An ultrastructural demonstration of the agent of Legionnaires' disease in the human lung. The authors have provided ultrastructural demonstration from human material of a small rod shaped organism that represents the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease. The organisms are found mainly in intracytoplasmic vacuoles of alveolar cells. They have a thin outer cell wall and a more delicate plasma membrane. On the basis of morphology, arguments are presented to classify these unusual organisms as rickettsia-like.", "PMID": 428998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14503", "title": "Benign lymphoepithelial lesion (Mikulicz's disease) of the salivary gland: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of a benign lymphoepithelial lesion of the parotid gland demonstrated that the so-called epimyoepithelial cell islands were sharply demarcated from the surrounding parenchyma by a thick basement membrane containing collagen fibers. The hyaline material seen by light microscopy within the islands was ultrastructurally similar in appearance to this delimiting basement membrane. The epithelial cells within the islands were united by well formed desmosomes and many had prominent tonofilament bundles, but myogenic differentiation was not observed. Hydropic degeneration was not seen in these epithelial cells; cells with a perinuclear clear space seen by light microscopy corresponded to large lymphoid cells ultrastructurally.", "contents": "Benign lymphoepithelial lesion (Mikulicz's disease) of the salivary gland: an ultrastructural study. An ultrastructural study of a benign lymphoepithelial lesion of the parotid gland demonstrated that the so-called epimyoepithelial cell islands were sharply demarcated from the surrounding parenchyma by a thick basement membrane containing collagen fibers. The hyaline material seen by light microscopy within the islands was ultrastructurally similar in appearance to this delimiting basement membrane. The epithelial cells within the islands were united by well formed desmosomes and many had prominent tonofilament bundles, but myogenic differentiation was not observed. Hydropic degeneration was not seen in these epithelial cells; cells with a perinuclear clear space seen by light microscopy corresponded to large lymphoid cells ultrastructurally.", "PMID": 428999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14504", "title": "Variable substructure in the secondary constriction of the human chromosome 1.", "content": "The secondary constriction in human chromosome 1 consists of a proximal segment stained by the GC-specific fluorochrome mithramycin and a distal segment stained by such fluorochromes as DAPI or DIPI, which show enhanced fluorescence intensities in AT-rich regions of the chromosomes. A study involving 21 individuals revealed that both parts are independently involved in length variability. In two cases, two GC-rich regions separated by an AT-rich segment and an additional distal AT-rich part were found.", "contents": "Variable substructure in the secondary constriction of the human chromosome 1. The secondary constriction in human chromosome 1 consists of a proximal segment stained by the GC-specific fluorochrome mithramycin and a distal segment stained by such fluorochromes as DAPI or DIPI, which show enhanced fluorescence intensities in AT-rich regions of the chromosomes. A study involving 21 individuals revealed that both parts are independently involved in length variability. In two cases, two GC-rich regions separated by an AT-rich segment and an additional distal AT-rich part were found.", "PMID": 429000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14505", "title": "A case of D13 ring chromosome.", "content": "A case of D ring chromosome identified with trypsin banding as a 13 with loss of the bands p12 and q34 is reported. The clinical features characteristically associated with the loss of these specific segments were present.", "contents": "A case of D13 ring chromosome. A case of D ring chromosome identified with trypsin banding as a 13 with loss of the bands p12 and q34 is reported. The clinical features characteristically associated with the loss of these specific segments were present.", "PMID": 429001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14506", "title": "Partial monosomy of the long arm of chromosome 16: a distinct clinical entity?", "content": "A 7-month-old male child with a de novo, seemingly balanced reciprocal 5p/16q translocation and karyotype 46,XY,t(5;16) (p14;q21), resulting from a maternal meiotic error, is described. The clinical findings in this patient are strikingly similar to those in the only patient with partial deletion 16q hitherto described, [del(16)(q21)], indicating that during the 5p/16q rearrangement, 16q material was lost and suggesting that partial or total deletion of the long arm of chromosome 16 distal to band q21 is accompanied by a distinct clinical phenotype.", "contents": "Partial monosomy of the long arm of chromosome 16: a distinct clinical entity? A 7-month-old male child with a de novo, seemingly balanced reciprocal 5p/16q translocation and karyotype 46,XY,t(5;16) (p14;q21), resulting from a maternal meiotic error, is described. The clinical findings in this patient are strikingly similar to those in the only patient with partial deletion 16q hitherto described, [del(16)(q21)], indicating that during the 5p/16q rearrangement, 16q material was lost and suggesting that partial or total deletion of the long arm of chromosome 16 distal to band q21 is accompanied by a distinct clinical phenotype.", "PMID": 429002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14507", "title": "Langer type of mesomelic dwarfism as the possible homozygous expression of dyschondrosteosis.", "content": "A male newborn with the typical Langer type of mesomelic dwarfism is presented. The finding of a variable degree of Madelung's deformity and mesomelic shortening in both parents and in the maternal family tends to support the hypothesis that this type of mesomelic dwarfism may be the clinical manifestation of a homozygous state for dyschondrosteosis.", "contents": "Langer type of mesomelic dwarfism as the possible homozygous expression of dyschondrosteosis. A male newborn with the typical Langer type of mesomelic dwarfism is presented. The finding of a variable degree of Madelung's deformity and mesomelic shortening in both parents and in the maternal family tends to support the hypothesis that this type of mesomelic dwarfism may be the clinical manifestation of a homozygous state for dyschondrosteosis.", "PMID": 429003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14508", "title": "Partial trisomy 10q: a recognizable syndrome.", "content": "Five cases from two nonrelated families with partial trisomy 10q due to a reciprocal translocation t(10;17)(q25;p13) and t(10;11)(q24;q23), respectively, are reported. The phenotypic findings are compared with those of 17 previously published cases; the clinical data justify the conclusion that cases with trisomy 10q show a specific syndrome of mental retardation and malformation characterized by psychomotor retardation, growth retardation, hypotonia, high forehead, flat face, fine and arched eyebrows, antimongoloid slant of the eyes, narrow palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, short nose, bow-shaped mouth, short neck (kypho)scoliosis, and in some cases microcephaly.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 10q: a recognizable syndrome. Five cases from two nonrelated families with partial trisomy 10q due to a reciprocal translocation t(10;17)(q25;p13) and t(10;11)(q24;q23), respectively, are reported. The phenotypic findings are compared with those of 17 previously published cases; the clinical data justify the conclusion that cases with trisomy 10q show a specific syndrome of mental retardation and malformation characterized by psychomotor retardation, growth retardation, hypotonia, high forehead, flat face, fine and arched eyebrows, antimongoloid slant of the eyes, narrow palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, short nose, bow-shaped mouth, short neck (kypho)scoliosis, and in some cases microcephaly.", "PMID": 429004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14509", "title": "Biochemical characteristics of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI in a family with one affected infant.", "content": "The parents of a child with the clinical symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI were identified as third-degree cousins. Biochemical analysis of the dermis of the patient revealed a complete lack of hydroxylysine in the dermal collagen. The dermis of both parents contained only half the amount of hydroxylysine found in healthy individuals. Hydroxylation of prolyl residues was normal in the skin of the patient and his parents. Investigation of the collagen synthesized by fibroblasts derived from the skin of the patient showed a normal proportion of type I and type III collagen. However, while hydroxylation of prolyl residues was normal in type I and type III collagen, hydroxylation of lysyl residues was markedly lower than normal in both type I and type III collagen.", "contents": "Biochemical characteristics of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI in a family with one affected infant. The parents of a child with the clinical symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI were identified as third-degree cousins. Biochemical analysis of the dermis of the patient revealed a complete lack of hydroxylysine in the dermal collagen. The dermis of both parents contained only half the amount of hydroxylysine found in healthy individuals. Hydroxylation of prolyl residues was normal in the skin of the patient and his parents. Investigation of the collagen synthesized by fibroblasts derived from the skin of the patient showed a normal proportion of type I and type III collagen. However, while hydroxylation of prolyl residues was normal in type I and type III collagen, hydroxylation of lysyl residues was markedly lower than normal in both type I and type III collagen.", "PMID": 429005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14510", "title": "A homozygote for a serum albumin variant of the fast type.", "content": "A healthy, 10-year-old male born in Milano to a family from Southern Italy (Puglia) was found to be a homozygote for an albumin variant of the fast type. His parents are half-first cousins. Their common grandfather, the parents, one sister, and three brothers of the child were all heterozygotes for the same albumin variant. This seems to be the first case of a homozygote for a fast albumin variant described in Europe.", "contents": "A homozygote for a serum albumin variant of the fast type. A healthy, 10-year-old male born in Milano to a family from Southern Italy (Puglia) was found to be a homozygote for an albumin variant of the fast type. His parents are half-first cousins. Their common grandfather, the parents, one sister, and three brothers of the child were all heterozygotes for the same albumin variant. This seems to be the first case of a homozygote for a fast albumin variant described in Europe.", "PMID": 429006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14511", "title": "Effects of various cyclophosphamide concentrations in vivo on sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosome aberrations of Chinese hamster bone marrow cells: comparison of two methods measuring the mutagenicity of a test compound.", "content": "The in vivo SCE formation and the induction of chromosome aberrations in the bone marrow of Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) were studied after various concentrations of cyclophosphamide, and the sensitivity of the two test methods was compared. The administraiton of 1.0, 5.0, 13.3, 25.0, and 40.0 mg/kg body weight induced a dose-dependent increase in SCE. The frequency of chromosome aberration, however, was not increased significantly with doses of 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight. Only with doses of more than 13.3 mg is a significant induction of chromosome aberrations seen. Therefore the SCE test system seems to be 10 times more sensitive than the induction of chromosome aberrations in the same cell type.", "contents": "Effects of various cyclophosphamide concentrations in vivo on sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosome aberrations of Chinese hamster bone marrow cells: comparison of two methods measuring the mutagenicity of a test compound. The in vivo SCE formation and the induction of chromosome aberrations in the bone marrow of Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) were studied after various concentrations of cyclophosphamide, and the sensitivity of the two test methods was compared. The administraiton of 1.0, 5.0, 13.3, 25.0, and 40.0 mg/kg body weight induced a dose-dependent increase in SCE. The frequency of chromosome aberration, however, was not increased significantly with doses of 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight. Only with doses of more than 13.3 mg is a significant induction of chromosome aberrations seen. Therefore the SCE test system seems to be 10 times more sensitive than the induction of chromosome aberrations in the same cell type.", "PMID": 429007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14512", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges and aging. III. The effect of donor age on mutagen-induced sister chromatid exchange in human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "Although baseline levels of SCE appear to be similar in metaphase cells derived from young and old human skin fibroblast cultures, a significant decline in both MMC- and AAAF-induced sister chromatid exchanges was observed in the older cell populations. Considerable variation exists in the levels of MMC-induced SCE between individual cell cultures. However, parallel examination of several cell strains from young and old donors confirmed the decrease in mutagen-induced SCE frequencies in older cell populations.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges and aging. III. The effect of donor age on mutagen-induced sister chromatid exchange in human diploid fibroblasts. Although baseline levels of SCE appear to be similar in metaphase cells derived from young and old human skin fibroblast cultures, a significant decline in both MMC- and AAAF-induced sister chromatid exchanges was observed in the older cell populations. Considerable variation exists in the levels of MMC-induced SCE between individual cell cultures. However, parallel examination of several cell strains from young and old donors confirmed the decrease in mutagen-induced SCE frequencies in older cell populations.", "PMID": 429008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14513", "title": "Serum zinc levels in heterozygous carriers of the gene for acrodermatitis enteropathica: identification of a carrier state is not possible.", "content": "Three cases of acrodermatitis enteropathica (a.e.) from two nonrelated families are described. Two siblings had characteristic symptoms of a.e. in childhood. Both survived to adulthood without treatment, at which time the clinical picture became uncharacteristic of a.e. Even so, the serum zinc levels confirmed the diagnosis in both cases. The third case showed classic symptoms of a.e.; the patient had a greatly reduced serum zinc level and responded at once to treatment with zinc sulphate. Heterozygous carriers of the gene for a.e. have often had slightly reduced serum zinc levels. The value of this test could probably be improved by correcting the normal range of serum zinc for factors known to influence this, such as the patient's age and serum albumin level. The normal range ought also to be corrected for diurnal and postprandial variations of serum zinc.", "contents": "Serum zinc levels in heterozygous carriers of the gene for acrodermatitis enteropathica: identification of a carrier state is not possible. Three cases of acrodermatitis enteropathica (a.e.) from two nonrelated families are described. Two siblings had characteristic symptoms of a.e. in childhood. Both survived to adulthood without treatment, at which time the clinical picture became uncharacteristic of a.e. Even so, the serum zinc levels confirmed the diagnosis in both cases. The third case showed classic symptoms of a.e.; the patient had a greatly reduced serum zinc level and responded at once to treatment with zinc sulphate. Heterozygous carriers of the gene for a.e. have often had slightly reduced serum zinc levels. The value of this test could probably be improved by correcting the normal range of serum zinc for factors known to influence this, such as the patient's age and serum albumin level. The normal range ought also to be corrected for diurnal and postprandial variations of serum zinc.", "PMID": 429009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14514", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of rare transferrin (Tf) variants and common TfC subtypes.", "content": "TransferrinC (TfC) subtypes were determined by isoelectric focusing (PAGIF) on samples from 90 carriers of the TFB and TfD alleles. In all cases of CB and CD heterozygotes only one of the two common subtypes of the TfC allele, TfC1 or TfC2, was observed. This is considered strong support for the hypothesis of two common alleles at the Tf locus. The different isofocusing patterns of rare B and D variants are compared with the results obtained after agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE).", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of rare transferrin (Tf) variants and common TfC subtypes. TransferrinC (TfC) subtypes were determined by isoelectric focusing (PAGIF) on samples from 90 carriers of the TFB and TfD alleles. In all cases of CB and CD heterozygotes only one of the two common subtypes of the TfC allele, TfC1 or TfC2, was observed. This is considered strong support for the hypothesis of two common alleles at the Tf locus. The different isofocusing patterns of rare B and D variants are compared with the results obtained after agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE).", "PMID": 429010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14515", "title": "Isoelectrofocusing of erythrocyte galactose 1 phospho uridyl transferase in a family with both galactosemia and Duarte variants.", "content": "A family with the presence of the genes for both galactosemia and the Duarte variant is described. Galactose 1 phospho uridyl transferase has been studied not only by electrophoresis on starch gel, but also by isoelectro-focusing on thin-layer acrylamide. Normal and variant transferases were resolved into three bands, the isoelectric point of which was between 5.40 and 5.10 for the normal subjects, and between 5.25 and 4.95 for subjects with the Duarte variant.", "contents": "Isoelectrofocusing of erythrocyte galactose 1 phospho uridyl transferase in a family with both galactosemia and Duarte variants. A family with the presence of the genes for both galactosemia and the Duarte variant is described. Galactose 1 phospho uridyl transferase has been studied not only by electrophoresis on starch gel, but also by isoelectro-focusing on thin-layer acrylamide. Normal and variant transferases were resolved into three bands, the isoelectric point of which was between 5.40 and 5.10 for the normal subjects, and between 5.25 and 4.95 for subjects with the Duarte variant.", "PMID": 429011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14516", "title": "PTC-tasting ability in populations living in Kirghizia with special reference to hypersensitivity: its relation to sex and age.", "content": "The dimorphism in sensitivity to PTC, with a dilution scale up to 29, was studied in 320 male and 320 female Kirghiz students, 45 male and 200 female Russian students in Frunze, and in 734 Kirghiz schoolchildren in a high-altitude area of South Kirghizia. Gene t frequency was 0.44 for the Kirghiz students, 0.56 for the Russian students, and 0.54 for the Kirghiz schoolchildren. In all the groups studied it was established that such factors as sex and age have no modifying effect on sensitivity to PTC and the pattern of the distribution of sensitivity. In all the groups the frequency of 'tasters' exceeded that of 'nontasters.' Among the Kirghiz students there was a very small percentage (1.2%) of hypersensitive subjects (dil. No. 18), while 14.1% of the Kirghiz children of one Kyzyl-Dzhar school were hypersensitive. Genealogical studies showed that all the hypersensitive subjects belonged to one small stock and lived in the same village. Family studies of probands suggest the existence of a new (third) allele (T2) which determines hypersensitivity to PTC.", "contents": "PTC-tasting ability in populations living in Kirghizia with special reference to hypersensitivity: its relation to sex and age. The dimorphism in sensitivity to PTC, with a dilution scale up to 29, was studied in 320 male and 320 female Kirghiz students, 45 male and 200 female Russian students in Frunze, and in 734 Kirghiz schoolchildren in a high-altitude area of South Kirghizia. Gene t frequency was 0.44 for the Kirghiz students, 0.56 for the Russian students, and 0.54 for the Kirghiz schoolchildren. In all the groups studied it was established that such factors as sex and age have no modifying effect on sensitivity to PTC and the pattern of the distribution of sensitivity. In all the groups the frequency of 'tasters' exceeded that of 'nontasters.' Among the Kirghiz students there was a very small percentage (1.2%) of hypersensitive subjects (dil. No. 18), while 14.1% of the Kirghiz children of one Kyzyl-Dzhar school were hypersensitive. Genealogical studies showed that all the hypersensitive subjects belonged to one small stock and lived in the same village. Family studies of probands suggest the existence of a new (third) allele (T2) which determines hypersensitivity to PTC.", "PMID": 429012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14517", "title": "The electroencephalogram (EEG) as a research tool in human behavior genetics: psychological examinations in healthy males with various inherited EEG variants. II. Results.", "content": "The results of psychological examinations on 298 adult male probands with various inherited EEG variants are described. They may be summarized as follows: 1) The low-voltage (N) group scored high in intelligence tests, especially in spatial orientation. Personality scores revealed this group as 'normal', extravert, group-dependent, and not very energetic. 2) The borderline low-voltage (NG) group showed slight weakness in abstract thinking, short-time memory, and motor skills and a relatively strong tendency to have 'neurotic' complaints. Reaction time and motor skills were poor. 3) The occipital fast alpha-variants (BO) group performed very well in tests of abstract thinking and motor skills. 4) The monotonous alpha (R) group showed average performance in most intelligence scores but above-average in short-time memory and in precision under stress conditions. Personality scores indicated high spontaneous activity and toughmindedness. 5) The BG (fronto-precentral beta-group) category showed very low MMPI scores, indicating little neurotic tendency. Intelligence could be above average. 6) The diffuse beta (BD) group scored low in intelligence tests, especially in spatial orientation, and had a high error rate in tests measuring concentration and precision. Most differences were relatively small; the whole range of test scores could be found in all EEG groups.", "contents": "The electroencephalogram (EEG) as a research tool in human behavior genetics: psychological examinations in healthy males with various inherited EEG variants. II. Results. The results of psychological examinations on 298 adult male probands with various inherited EEG variants are described. They may be summarized as follows: 1) The low-voltage (N) group scored high in intelligence tests, especially in spatial orientation. Personality scores revealed this group as 'normal', extravert, group-dependent, and not very energetic. 2) The borderline low-voltage (NG) group showed slight weakness in abstract thinking, short-time memory, and motor skills and a relatively strong tendency to have 'neurotic' complaints. Reaction time and motor skills were poor. 3) The occipital fast alpha-variants (BO) group performed very well in tests of abstract thinking and motor skills. 4) The monotonous alpha (R) group showed average performance in most intelligence scores but above-average in short-time memory and in precision under stress conditions. Personality scores indicated high spontaneous activity and toughmindedness. 5) The BG (fronto-precentral beta-group) category showed very low MMPI scores, indicating little neurotic tendency. Intelligence could be above average. 6) The diffuse beta (BD) group scored low in intelligence tests, especially in spatial orientation, and had a high error rate in tests measuring concentration and precision. Most differences were relatively small; the whole range of test scores could be found in all EEG groups.", "PMID": 429013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14518", "title": "The electroencephalogram (EEG) as a research tool in human behavior genetics: psychological examinations in healthy males with various inherited EEG variants. III. Interpretation of the results.", "content": "Interpretation of the results from psychological examinations of 298 probands with inherited EEG variants requires (1) critical evaluation of previous literature on psychological EEG correlates, (2) knowledge of the main concepts and experimental approaches for elucidating the basic mechanisms of EEG rhythms, (3) discussion of previous attempts to link psychological variation in human populations with corresponding variation in brain function, and (4) interpretation of results from considerations at these three levels with the data from our own study. At the first level (previous psychological studies), comparison with Schmettau's study proved to be especially revealing: Her conclusions about personality correlates with high alpha-index and with \"flat\" EEGs were very similar to ours with the monotonous alpha- (R) and low-voltage (N) EEGs, respectively. Her EEG type with high beta-index overlaps with our beta-diffuse (BD) type; a tendency to psychasthenia and low resistance to stress is less obvious in our group, but is expressed indirectly by reduced speed and accuracy in tests requiring attentiveness and persistence. The correlation between alpha-frequency and intelligence found in other studies was confirmed by the especially high intelligence scores of our group with occipital fast alpha-variants (BO). At the second and third levels of the discussion (EEG mechanisms; neurophysiological theories), the cooperation of cerebral cortex (EEG battery), thalamus (pacemaker), and ARAS (tonic arousal) is discussed, and the personality typologies of Eysenck and Claridge are mentioned. From this and other evidence, the following hypotheses are discussed: 1) The personality profiles of the R group are influenced by high activity and efficiency of the thalamic alpha-pacemaker(s), which leads to a high degree of modulation, selection, and amplification of afferent stimuli. 2) In the countertype of this EEG variant, the N EEG, a low modulation and amplification by the thalamic alpha-pacemaker is assumed. This leads to relatively low intensity of feeling and to low spontaneous activity, but to faster information processing. Combined with an increased level of tonic arousal in the ARAS, it may cause certain 'neurotic' complaints (our low-voltage borderline (NG) group). 3) The EEG with diffuse beta-waves (BD) is caused by a high level of tonic arousal in the ARAS, which tends to distrub the thalamocortical circuit. This leads to reduced stress resistance and to impairment of intellectual functions, especially space perception. Due to limited evidence, the next two hypotheses are advanced only tentatively: 4) alpha-rhythm with very high frequency 16--19 c/s) leads to improvement of information processing and, hence, to high intellectual performance and motor dexterity. 5) Probands with frontoprecentral beta-groups (BG) show no psychological signs of increased tonic arousal; therefore, these beta-groups are caused not by increased tonic arousal of the ARAS, but by a genetic variant of a thalamic subsystem.", "contents": "The electroencephalogram (EEG) as a research tool in human behavior genetics: psychological examinations in healthy males with various inherited EEG variants. III. Interpretation of the results. Interpretation of the results from psychological examinations of 298 probands with inherited EEG variants requires (1) critical evaluation of previous literature on psychological EEG correlates, (2) knowledge of the main concepts and experimental approaches for elucidating the basic mechanisms of EEG rhythms, (3) discussion of previous attempts to link psychological variation in human populations with corresponding variation in brain function, and (4) interpretation of results from considerations at these three levels with the data from our own study. At the first level (previous psychological studies), comparison with Schmettau's study proved to be especially revealing: Her conclusions about personality correlates with high alpha-index and with \"flat\" EEGs were very similar to ours with the monotonous alpha- (R) and low-voltage (N) EEGs, respectively. Her EEG type with high beta-index overlaps with our beta-diffuse (BD) type; a tendency to psychasthenia and low resistance to stress is less obvious in our group, but is expressed indirectly by reduced speed and accuracy in tests requiring attentiveness and persistence. The correlation between alpha-frequency and intelligence found in other studies was confirmed by the especially high intelligence scores of our group with occipital fast alpha-variants (BO). At the second and third levels of the discussion (EEG mechanisms; neurophysiological theories), the cooperation of cerebral cortex (EEG battery), thalamus (pacemaker), and ARAS (tonic arousal) is discussed, and the personality typologies of Eysenck and Claridge are mentioned. From this and other evidence, the following hypotheses are discussed: 1) The personality profiles of the R group are influenced by high activity and efficiency of the thalamic alpha-pacemaker(s), which leads to a high degree of modulation, selection, and amplification of afferent stimuli. 2) In the countertype of this EEG variant, the N EEG, a low modulation and amplification by the thalamic alpha-pacemaker is assumed. This leads to relatively low intensity of feeling and to low spontaneous activity, but to faster information processing. Combined with an increased level of tonic arousal in the ARAS, it may cause certain 'neurotic' complaints (our low-voltage borderline (NG) group). 3) The EEG with diffuse beta-waves (BD) is caused by a high level of tonic arousal in the ARAS, which tends to distrub the thalamocortical circuit. This leads to reduced stress resistance and to impairment of intellectual functions, especially space perception. Due to limited evidence, the next two hypotheses are advanced only tentatively: 4) alpha-rhythm with very high frequency 16--19 c/s) leads to improvement of information processing and, hence, to high intellectual performance and motor dexterity. 5) Probands with frontoprecentral beta-groups (BG) show no psychological signs of increased tonic arousal; therefore, these beta-groups are caused not by increased tonic arousal of the ARAS, but by a genetic variant of a thalamic subsystem.", "PMID": 429014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14519", "title": "Production of endogenous D-glucaric acid and oxidative N-demethylation of amidopyrine in man: lack of correlation.", "content": "In adult male subjects there was no positive correlation between the 24-hr urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid (D-GA) and the metabolic formation of 4-aminoantipyrine (AAP) from amidopyrine. It is concluded that in man the urinary D-GA excretion rate cannot be regarded in general as an indirect measure of the activity of microsomal drug conversion by means of mixed-function oxidases (MFO). Normal urinary value for D-GA: 16.3 +/- 1.5 (mean +/- SEM) mumols saccharo-1,4-lactone/24 hr as equivalent.", "contents": "Production of endogenous D-glucaric acid and oxidative N-demethylation of amidopyrine in man: lack of correlation. In adult male subjects there was no positive correlation between the 24-hr urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid (D-GA) and the metabolic formation of 4-aminoantipyrine (AAP) from amidopyrine. It is concluded that in man the urinary D-GA excretion rate cannot be regarded in general as an indirect measure of the activity of microsomal drug conversion by means of mixed-function oxidases (MFO). Normal urinary value for D-GA: 16.3 +/- 1.5 (mean +/- SEM) mumols saccharo-1,4-lactone/24 hr as equivalent.", "PMID": 429081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14520", "title": "Dihydralazine therapy and acetylator phenotype.", "content": "The acetylator phenotype was studied in 21 hypertensive patients receiving chronic treatment with dihydralazine and other antihypertensive drugs. Plasma dihydralazine concentrations were measured 6 hours after the morning dose of the drug. There were no significant differences between the slow and fast acetylators 1) in the daily dose of dihydralazine needed, 2) in the concentrations of dihydralazine achieved in plasma, 3) in the dose/concentration-relationship of dihydralazine or 4) in the appearance of side effects. Antinuclear antibodies were found in five patients. Four of them were fast acetylators. The lowest dose/concentration relationship was found in a patient with impaired renal function. According to these results the acetylator phenotype seems to be an unimportant factor in therapy with dihydralazine. More investigation will be needed in order to elucidate the metabolism of dihydralazine.", "contents": "Dihydralazine therapy and acetylator phenotype. The acetylator phenotype was studied in 21 hypertensive patients receiving chronic treatment with dihydralazine and other antihypertensive drugs. Plasma dihydralazine concentrations were measured 6 hours after the morning dose of the drug. There were no significant differences between the slow and fast acetylators 1) in the daily dose of dihydralazine needed, 2) in the concentrations of dihydralazine achieved in plasma, 3) in the dose/concentration-relationship of dihydralazine or 4) in the appearance of side effects. Antinuclear antibodies were found in five patients. Four of them were fast acetylators. The lowest dose/concentration relationship was found in a patient with impaired renal function. According to these results the acetylator phenotype seems to be an unimportant factor in therapy with dihydralazine. More investigation will be needed in order to elucidate the metabolism of dihydralazine.", "PMID": 429082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14521", "title": "Pharmacodynamic and spirometric responses to a sustained-release theophylline capsule.", "content": "A prolonged therapeutic effect following a single oral dose of theophylline and maintenance of an adequate therapeutic blood level of theophylline is an important factor in the management of chronic bronchial asthma. Eighteen adult asthmatics, nine of whom were females and nine males, aged between 21-53 years, were given a sustained release theophylline capsule, 250 mg, every 12 hours and pulmonary mechanical functions as well as serum theophylline levels were studied. All patients received Elixophyllin Elixir, 250 mg, and their serum level as well as pulmonary functions were studied and compared to those after receiving the sustained release capsules. In these patients, after isoproterenol inhalation, an average of 25.6% improvement in FEV1 was observed while after placebo there were very minimum changes. At the steady-state of sustained release theophylline capsule administration, an average of 20% improvement of FEV1 was observed at the five hour period and sufficient bronchodilation expressed as FEV1 was observed for a 10-12 hour period. Indeed, a sustained release theophylline capsule fulfilled the requirement that it adequately maintained therapeutic theophylline level of the blood and improved bronchodilation lasting up to 12 hours.", "contents": "Pharmacodynamic and spirometric responses to a sustained-release theophylline capsule. A prolonged therapeutic effect following a single oral dose of theophylline and maintenance of an adequate therapeutic blood level of theophylline is an important factor in the management of chronic bronchial asthma. Eighteen adult asthmatics, nine of whom were females and nine males, aged between 21-53 years, were given a sustained release theophylline capsule, 250 mg, every 12 hours and pulmonary mechanical functions as well as serum theophylline levels were studied. All patients received Elixophyllin Elixir, 250 mg, and their serum level as well as pulmonary functions were studied and compared to those after receiving the sustained release capsules. In these patients, after isoproterenol inhalation, an average of 25.6% improvement in FEV1 was observed while after placebo there were very minimum changes. At the steady-state of sustained release theophylline capsule administration, an average of 20% improvement of FEV1 was observed at the five hour period and sufficient bronchodilation expressed as FEV1 was observed for a 10-12 hour period. Indeed, a sustained release theophylline capsule fulfilled the requirement that it adequately maintained therapeutic theophylline level of the blood and improved bronchodilation lasting up to 12 hours.", "PMID": 429083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14522", "title": "[The propagation of aminoglycoside transferases in gram negative bacteria].", "content": "Molecular genetic and enzymatic studies on Gram-negative bacteria from hospital specimens give the following picture on surveillance of aminoglycoside transferases: The most frequent enzymes inactivate streptomycin only, AAD- (3'') and APH-(3''). Only 15% of the isolated enzymes inactivate gentamycin, tobramycin, sisomycin or amikacin. The most frequent of these are AAD-(2'') with 7% and AAC-(6') IV with 3%, both enzymes inactivate a wide range of substrates. The high frequency of streptomycin inactivating enzymes is due to the high incidence of linked resistance markers. A plasmid rPB1 is described, that is present in about 10% of all clinical isolates of E. coli. It has a molecular weight of 4. 1 Mdal and typical restriction pattern.", "contents": "[The propagation of aminoglycoside transferases in gram negative bacteria]. Molecular genetic and enzymatic studies on Gram-negative bacteria from hospital specimens give the following picture on surveillance of aminoglycoside transferases: The most frequent enzymes inactivate streptomycin only, AAD- (3'') and APH-(3''). Only 15% of the isolated enzymes inactivate gentamycin, tobramycin, sisomycin or amikacin. The most frequent of these are AAD-(2'') with 7% and AAC-(6') IV with 3%, both enzymes inactivate a wide range of substrates. The high frequency of streptomycin inactivating enzymes is due to the high incidence of linked resistance markers. A plasmid rPB1 is described, that is present in about 10% of all clinical isolates of E. coli. It has a molecular weight of 4. 1 Mdal and typical restriction pattern.", "PMID": 429085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14523", "title": "First-pass effect of coumarin in man.", "content": "Blood level versus time data upon i.v. and p.o. administration of coumarin in a cross-over study have been analyzed for extent of bioavailability (EBA) and first-pass effect (FPE). In whole blood the parent drug, coumarin (C), and its main metabolite, 7-hydroxycoumarin (7HC), after hydrolysis of the glucuronide were determined. Comparison of the areas under the curve (AUCO leads to infinity) for C and 7HC upon i.v. and p.o. administration revealed that all of the drug is absorbed; however, only approximately 2-6% of C reaches systemic circulation in intact form. Hence, extensive first-pass effect must be assumed. The fraction of unchanged drug reaching systemic circulation predicted from the i.v. study fFPE varied between 0 and 38% assuming a liver blood flow rate (LBF) of 1.53 1/min. When corrected for individual LBF the fPFE varied between 2.5 and 13%. The question whether the FPE is only due to metabolism in the liver or in part due to biotransformation in the intestinal lumen, gut wall and/or portal blood will be the subject of a further paper. It is suspected that C is the pro-drug and 7HC the pharmacologic active moiety.", "contents": "First-pass effect of coumarin in man. Blood level versus time data upon i.v. and p.o. administration of coumarin in a cross-over study have been analyzed for extent of bioavailability (EBA) and first-pass effect (FPE). In whole blood the parent drug, coumarin (C), and its main metabolite, 7-hydroxycoumarin (7HC), after hydrolysis of the glucuronide were determined. Comparison of the areas under the curve (AUCO leads to infinity) for C and 7HC upon i.v. and p.o. administration revealed that all of the drug is absorbed; however, only approximately 2-6% of C reaches systemic circulation in intact form. Hence, extensive first-pass effect must be assumed. The fraction of unchanged drug reaching systemic circulation predicted from the i.v. study fFPE varied between 0 and 38% assuming a liver blood flow rate (LBF) of 1.53 1/min. When corrected for individual LBF the fPFE varied between 2.5 and 13%. The question whether the FPE is only due to metabolism in the liver or in part due to biotransformation in the intestinal lumen, gut wall and/or portal blood will be the subject of a further paper. It is suspected that C is the pro-drug and 7HC the pharmacologic active moiety.", "PMID": 429086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14524", "title": "Poly-N-acrylylpyrrolidine. A new resin in peptide chemistry.", "content": "Entirely beaded poly-N-acrylylpyrrolidine-co-bisacrylyl-1,2-diaminoethane-co-N-acrylyl-1,6-diaminohexane.HCl(PAP), a new resin on which to perform peptide chemistry, has been prepared by reverse phase suspension polymerization in quantitative yield. In addition to being a superior support to polystyrene, albeit readily adaptable to current techniques of peptide synthesis, its versatility has been furthur extended by the introduction and use of new peptide-to-polymer linking groups, which allow the use of the bidirectional approach to peptide chemistry. One such linkage, which connects the side chain of cysteine to PAP via an acid resistant S-carbamoyl bond, was used in a bidirectional synthesis of deamino-oxytocin. PAP solvates and swells in solvents with wide-ranging polarities, including aqueous media. Thus, peptide coupling reactions were performed in organic media of high and of low polarity as well as in aqueous solution.", "contents": "Poly-N-acrylylpyrrolidine. A new resin in peptide chemistry. Entirely beaded poly-N-acrylylpyrrolidine-co-bisacrylyl-1,2-diaminoethane-co-N-acrylyl-1,6-diaminohexane.HCl(PAP), a new resin on which to perform peptide chemistry, has been prepared by reverse phase suspension polymerization in quantitative yield. In addition to being a superior support to polystyrene, albeit readily adaptable to current techniques of peptide synthesis, its versatility has been furthur extended by the introduction and use of new peptide-to-polymer linking groups, which allow the use of the bidirectional approach to peptide chemistry. One such linkage, which connects the side chain of cysteine to PAP via an acid resistant S-carbamoyl bond, was used in a bidirectional synthesis of deamino-oxytocin. PAP solvates and swells in solvents with wide-ranging polarities, including aqueous media. Thus, peptide coupling reactions were performed in organic media of high and of low polarity as well as in aqueous solution.", "PMID": 429087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14525", "title": "Use of thiocyanic acid to form 2-thiohydantoins at the carboxyl terminus of proteins.", "content": "The chemistry of the formation of 2-thiohydantoins on the carboxyl terminal of peptides or proteins was investigated. It was found that thiocyanic acid was much more reactive for the formation of 2-thiohydantoins than were the thiocyanate salts. The physical reasons for this observation are explained. The kinetics of the reaction of a number of proteins, and some of their fragments, with thiocyanic acid were also determined. Simple and safe procedures for the preparation of anhydrous thiocyanic acid solutions were devised. The prospective application of these procedures to sequencing from the carboxyl terminal of a polypeptide is discussed.", "contents": "Use of thiocyanic acid to form 2-thiohydantoins at the carboxyl terminus of proteins. The chemistry of the formation of 2-thiohydantoins on the carboxyl terminal of peptides or proteins was investigated. It was found that thiocyanic acid was much more reactive for the formation of 2-thiohydantoins than were the thiocyanate salts. The physical reasons for this observation are explained. The kinetics of the reaction of a number of proteins, and some of their fragments, with thiocyanic acid were also determined. Simple and safe procedures for the preparation of anhydrous thiocyanic acid solutions were devised. The prospective application of these procedures to sequencing from the carboxyl terminal of a polypeptide is discussed.", "PMID": 429088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14526", "title": "Syntheses and biological activities of methoxinine-analogues of the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin.", "content": "The C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and its analogues in which the methionine residues were successively replaced by methoxinine have been synthesized. When these analogues were tested for their gallbladder-contraction activity in an in vitro system the following relative potencies were observed: [Mox3]-CCK-PZ 8 (95%), [Mox6]-CCK-PZ 8 (5%) and [Mox3, Mox6]-CCK-PZ 8 (2%).", "contents": "Syntheses and biological activities of methoxinine-analogues of the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. The C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin and its analogues in which the methionine residues were successively replaced by methoxinine have been synthesized. When these analogues were tested for their gallbladder-contraction activity in an in vitro system the following relative potencies were observed: [Mox3]-CCK-PZ 8 (95%), [Mox6]-CCK-PZ 8 (5%) and [Mox3, Mox6]-CCK-PZ 8 (2%).", "PMID": 429089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14527", "title": "Synthesis of oxytocin using iodine for oxidative cyclization and silica gel adsorption chromatography for purification.", "content": "Oxytocin (OT) was synthesized employing the solid phase method. Resins made of copolymers of polystyrene-1%-crosslinked with divinylbenzene gave better yields (73-95%) of Z-Cys(Bzl)-Tyr(Bzl)-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys(Bzl)-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (I) than 2%-crosslinked resins (10--56%). Reduction of I with Na-liq.NH3 and oxidation with I2-MeOH at -40 degrees minimized dimer and polymer formation, and resulted in good yields (49--54%) of OT. The large volumes of MeOH required when several grams of I are reduced and then oxidized were rapidly evaporated in vacuo, and the residue was desalted by dissolving the peptide in a small volume of glacial acetic acid and filtering to remove the salt. OT was purified by adsorption chromatography on a silica gel column with combinations of MeOH-CHCl3 of graded polarity. Oxytocin elutes with 33% MeOH-CHCl3. After two purification steps by adsorption chromatography, the resulting OT was found to be homogeneous. The hormone was characterized chemically and found to be active biologically.", "contents": "Synthesis of oxytocin using iodine for oxidative cyclization and silica gel adsorption chromatography for purification. Oxytocin (OT) was synthesized employing the solid phase method. Resins made of copolymers of polystyrene-1%-crosslinked with divinylbenzene gave better yields (73-95%) of Z-Cys(Bzl)-Tyr(Bzl)-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys(Bzl)-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (I) than 2%-crosslinked resins (10--56%). Reduction of I with Na-liq.NH3 and oxidation with I2-MeOH at -40 degrees minimized dimer and polymer formation, and resulted in good yields (49--54%) of OT. The large volumes of MeOH required when several grams of I are reduced and then oxidized were rapidly evaporated in vacuo, and the residue was desalted by dissolving the peptide in a small volume of glacial acetic acid and filtering to remove the salt. OT was purified by adsorption chromatography on a silica gel column with combinations of MeOH-CHCl3 of graded polarity. Oxytocin elutes with 33% MeOH-CHCl3. After two purification steps by adsorption chromatography, the resulting OT was found to be homogeneous. The hormone was characterized chemically and found to be active biologically.", "PMID": 429090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14528", "title": "Comparison of Bungarus caeruleus venom with the venom from which a putative cholinergic ionophore marker was isolated.", "content": "Comparisons are described between Bungarus caeruleus venom and the actual venom from which a putative marker for the cholinergic ionophore, called ceruleotoxin, was isolated. The venoms are shown to be different by two procedures for ion exchange chromatography and by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel. The activities of the purified \"ceruleotoxin\" as an inhibitor of acetylcholine receptor-mediated ion flux and as a phospholipase have been reported (Bon & Changeux, 1977b). The results reported herein suggest that this toxin is from an unknown origin.", "contents": "Comparison of Bungarus caeruleus venom with the venom from which a putative cholinergic ionophore marker was isolated. Comparisons are described between Bungarus caeruleus venom and the actual venom from which a putative marker for the cholinergic ionophore, called ceruleotoxin, was isolated. The venoms are shown to be different by two procedures for ion exchange chromatography and by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel. The activities of the purified \"ceruleotoxin\" as an inhibitor of acetylcholine receptor-mediated ion flux and as a phospholipase have been reported (Bon & Changeux, 1977b). The results reported herein suggest that this toxin is from an unknown origin.", "PMID": 429091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14529", "title": "Sorghum proteinase inhibitors. 2. Mode of interaction with serine proteinases.", "content": "Investigations have been carried out on the complex formed between sorghum Inhibitor III and alpha-chymotrypsin by physico-chemical methods. An apparent dissociation constant (Ki) of 4.0 X 10(-8) M has been calculated for the complex. This enzyme-inhibitor complex was isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and a molecular weight of 48,000 was estimated for the complex. The formation of the complex was accompanied by spectral changes in the 270--300 nm region of the spectrum. Preliminary evidence suggests that the sorghum Inhibitor III is structurally altered when it is incubated with alpha-chymotrypsin. Catalytically inactive derivative of alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin, as well as their zymogens, did not interfere with the activity of the sorghum inhibitor towards the native enzymes. Sorghum Inhibitor I was shown to be a 'double-headed' inhibitor since it inhibits both trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin independently.", "contents": "Sorghum proteinase inhibitors. 2. Mode of interaction with serine proteinases. Investigations have been carried out on the complex formed between sorghum Inhibitor III and alpha-chymotrypsin by physico-chemical methods. An apparent dissociation constant (Ki) of 4.0 X 10(-8) M has been calculated for the complex. This enzyme-inhibitor complex was isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and a molecular weight of 48,000 was estimated for the complex. The formation of the complex was accompanied by spectral changes in the 270--300 nm region of the spectrum. Preliminary evidence suggests that the sorghum Inhibitor III is structurally altered when it is incubated with alpha-chymotrypsin. Catalytically inactive derivative of alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin, as well as their zymogens, did not interfere with the activity of the sorghum inhibitor towards the native enzymes. Sorghum Inhibitor I was shown to be a 'double-headed' inhibitor since it inhibits both trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin independently.", "PMID": 429092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14530", "title": "An analysis of side-chain conformation in proteins.", "content": "The crystal structures of a number of globular proteins are currently available. An analysis of the distribution of side-chains among different allowed conformations in these proteins has been carried out. The observed conformations of individual residues are discussed on the basis of well-known stereochemical criteria. The population distribution of side-chains in different allowed regions in conformational space can be explained largely on the basis of simple steric considerations. In addition to examining the conformational behaviour of individual residues, some population distributions of conformational angles of general interest involving groups of residues have also been analyzed.", "contents": "An analysis of side-chain conformation in proteins. The crystal structures of a number of globular proteins are currently available. An analysis of the distribution of side-chains among different allowed conformations in these proteins has been carried out. The observed conformations of individual residues are discussed on the basis of well-known stereochemical criteria. The population distribution of side-chains in different allowed regions in conformational space can be explained largely on the basis of simple steric considerations. In addition to examining the conformational behaviour of individual residues, some population distributions of conformational angles of general interest involving groups of residues have also been analyzed.", "PMID": 429093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14531", "title": "Studies on polypeptides. XXIX. Synthesis of the N-terminal tetradecapeptide sequence of ribonuclease A, incorporating beta-(3-pyridyl)-L-alanine at position 12.", "content": "A description is given of the synthesis by fragment condensation of 12-(3-Pyd) Ala S-peptide (1--14), the 1--14 peptide sequence of ribonuclease A in which the histidine-12 residue is replaced by beta-(3-pyridyl)-L-alanine. The peptide binds strongly and stoichiometrically to S-protein; the resulting complex is enzymatically inactive.", "contents": "Studies on polypeptides. XXIX. Synthesis of the N-terminal tetradecapeptide sequence of ribonuclease A, incorporating beta-(3-pyridyl)-L-alanine at position 12. A description is given of the synthesis by fragment condensation of 12-(3-Pyd) Ala S-peptide (1--14), the 1--14 peptide sequence of ribonuclease A in which the histidine-12 residue is replaced by beta-(3-pyridyl)-L-alanine. The peptide binds strongly and stoichiometrically to S-protein; the resulting complex is enzymatically inactive.", "PMID": 429094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14532", "title": "Diabetogenic action of human growth hormone. Synthesis and activity of C-terminal fragments.", "content": "Three peptides corresponding to the C-terminal region of human growth hormone have been synthesized by the solid-phase method: HGH-(177--191), HGH-(178--191) and HGH-(179--191). The diabetogenic activities of these synthetic peptides are reported. The data indicate that extension of HGH-(179--191) at its NH2-terminus is required for in vivo activity. The reduced and S-carbamidomethylated form of HGH-(177--191) was also active, indicating that the disulphide bond is possibly not a prerequisite for biological activity.", "contents": "Diabetogenic action of human growth hormone. Synthesis and activity of C-terminal fragments. Three peptides corresponding to the C-terminal region of human growth hormone have been synthesized by the solid-phase method: HGH-(177--191), HGH-(178--191) and HGH-(179--191). The diabetogenic activities of these synthetic peptides are reported. The data indicate that extension of HGH-(179--191) at its NH2-terminus is required for in vivo activity. The reduced and S-carbamidomethylated form of HGH-(177--191) was also active, indicating that the disulphide bond is possibly not a prerequisite for biological activity.", "PMID": 429095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14533", "title": "Synthesis and biological effect of the C-terminal pentapeptide amide of avian pancreatic hormone III (APP).", "content": "Model building studies and analogies drawn from peptides of similar biological activity have indicated that the C-terminus of avian pancreatic hormone III may possess significant biological information. To test this hypothesis, the C-terminal pentapeptide amide sequence has been synthesized by the Merrifield method. The synthesis, purification and characterization of this compound are reported here in detail. In vivo studies indicate that this synthetic segment possesses none of the secretogogic activity of the parent hormone; rather, it reduces \"gastric\" secretion levels even in the presence of the intact hormone.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological effect of the C-terminal pentapeptide amide of avian pancreatic hormone III (APP). Model building studies and analogies drawn from peptides of similar biological activity have indicated that the C-terminus of avian pancreatic hormone III may possess significant biological information. To test this hypothesis, the C-terminal pentapeptide amide sequence has been synthesized by the Merrifield method. The synthesis, purification and characterization of this compound are reported here in detail. In vivo studies indicate that this synthetic segment possesses none of the secretogogic activity of the parent hormone; rather, it reduces \"gastric\" secretion levels even in the presence of the intact hormone.", "PMID": 429096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14534", "title": "Cyclic peptides. VI. Asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroalanine or dehydroaminobutanoic acid residue in cyclodipeptides.", "content": "Several cyclo(-L-aminoacyl-deltaAla-) (aminoacyl = Ala, Val, Leu, Phe, Pro and Lys (epsilon-Ac)) were prepared by tosylation and successive detosylation of cyclo(-L-aminoacyl-L-Ser-), which were synthesized via the Nitecki and Fischer methods. Hydrogenation of the double bond of dehydroalanine residues in cyclodipeptides was carried out using Pd black in methanol at 1-atm pressure and room temperature. The degree of asymmetric hydrogenation was assessed by determining the amounts of L- and D-alanine by a modified Manning and Moore procedure. When L-valine was used as a chiral source, L-alanine residue with chiral induction of 98.4% was derived from cyclo(-L-Val-deltaAla-). L-Amino acids other than L-proline also were effective in inducing remarkable asymmetric hydrogenation. Hydrogenation of alpha,beta-dehydro-alpha-aminobutanoic acid residues in cyclodipeptides produced L-alpha-aminobutanoic acid residues with effective chiral induction to the same extent as observed with dehydroalanine residues. Optically pure l-alanine was prepared from cyclo(-L-Lys(epsilon-Ac)-deltaAla-) via asymmetric hydrogenation. A mechanism of chiral induction is discussed.", "contents": "Cyclic peptides. VI. Asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroalanine or dehydroaminobutanoic acid residue in cyclodipeptides. Several cyclo(-L-aminoacyl-deltaAla-) (aminoacyl = Ala, Val, Leu, Phe, Pro and Lys (epsilon-Ac)) were prepared by tosylation and successive detosylation of cyclo(-L-aminoacyl-L-Ser-), which were synthesized via the Nitecki and Fischer methods. Hydrogenation of the double bond of dehydroalanine residues in cyclodipeptides was carried out using Pd black in methanol at 1-atm pressure and room temperature. The degree of asymmetric hydrogenation was assessed by determining the amounts of L- and D-alanine by a modified Manning and Moore procedure. When L-valine was used as a chiral source, L-alanine residue with chiral induction of 98.4% was derived from cyclo(-L-Val-deltaAla-). L-Amino acids other than L-proline also were effective in inducing remarkable asymmetric hydrogenation. Hydrogenation of alpha,beta-dehydro-alpha-aminobutanoic acid residues in cyclodipeptides produced L-alpha-aminobutanoic acid residues with effective chiral induction to the same extent as observed with dehydroalanine residues. Optically pure l-alanine was prepared from cyclo(-L-Lys(epsilon-Ac)-deltaAla-) via asymmetric hydrogenation. A mechanism of chiral induction is discussed.", "PMID": 429097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14535", "title": "Protein densities.", "content": "The calculation of protein densities from atomic coordinates is not straight-forward and requires very careful attention to the determination of the protein-solvent boundary. Interior densities are more readily obtained and are in reasonable agreement with those estimated from solvent accessibility studies. The interior of globular proteins has very significant density inhomogenities on a scale of 100--1000 A3. The interior densities range from less than 0.5 g/cm3 to over 3 g/cm3. The low local densities are primarily associated with clusters of nonpolar sidechains while the high local density regions arise from the protein backbone secondary structures: helices and beta sheets. We show a rough correlation between local density and local polarity.", "contents": "Protein densities. The calculation of protein densities from atomic coordinates is not straight-forward and requires very careful attention to the determination of the protein-solvent boundary. Interior densities are more readily obtained and are in reasonable agreement with those estimated from solvent accessibility studies. The interior of globular proteins has very significant density inhomogenities on a scale of 100--1000 A3. The interior densities range from less than 0.5 g/cm3 to over 3 g/cm3. The low local densities are primarily associated with clusters of nonpolar sidechains while the high local density regions arise from the protein backbone secondary structures: helices and beta sheets. We show a rough correlation between local density and local polarity.", "PMID": 429098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14536", "title": "Isolation and characterization of fin whale prolactin.", "content": "A highly purified prolactin preparation has been obtained from fin whale pituitaries by extraction with acid acetone. salt precipitation, isoelectric fractionation, and exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-CELLULOSE. Fin whale prolactin was isolated in a yield of 250 mg/kg wet weight tissue. It was found to have a molecular weight (SDS disc gel electrophoresis) of 23,600 daltons and an alpha-helix content (circular dichroism) of 50%. The amino acid composition and circular dichroism spectra were very similar to those of porcine prolactin. The partial amino acid sequence has been determined by the method of fluorescein-isothiocyanate. Fin whale prolactin was found to be 80% as potent as ovine prolactin with regard to pigeon crop-sac assay.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of fin whale prolactin. A highly purified prolactin preparation has been obtained from fin whale pituitaries by extraction with acid acetone. salt precipitation, isoelectric fractionation, and exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-CELLULOSE. Fin whale prolactin was isolated in a yield of 250 mg/kg wet weight tissue. It was found to have a molecular weight (SDS disc gel electrophoresis) of 23,600 daltons and an alpha-helix content (circular dichroism) of 50%. The amino acid composition and circular dichroism spectra were very similar to those of porcine prolactin. The partial amino acid sequence has been determined by the method of fluorescein-isothiocyanate. Fin whale prolactin was found to be 80% as potent as ovine prolactin with regard to pigeon crop-sac assay.", "PMID": 429099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14537", "title": "Studies on protein folding, unfolding and fluctuations by computer simulation. III. Effect of short-range interactions.", "content": "The theoretical model of proteins on the two-dimensional square lattice, introduced previously, is extended to include the specific short-range interactions. Attractive long-range interactions with various specificities and non-specific repulsive long-range interactions in the form of self-avoidance of the polymer chain are also operative in the model. Dynamics of the model protein is studied by a Monte Carlo method. The short-range interactions are found to accelerate the folding and unfolding transitions. Non-specific part of the attractive long-range interactions have a competing effect of decelerating the transitions. When the short-range interactions are weighted beyond a certain extent over the attractive long-range interactions are weighted beyond a certain extent over the attractive long-range interactions, the all-or-none character of the folding and unfolding transitions is destroyed. How the destruction proceeds is quantitatively expressed in terms of the S-H curves. The limiting case of dominance of the specific short-range interactions over the attractive long-range interactions is studied in detail. The lattice polymer in this limit does not behave like a globular protein at all. This observation leads to a reexamination of the currently popular notion of the dominance of the short-range interactions. A new concept of consistency is proposed to replace it. Possible mechanisms of the acceleration of the transitions by the specific short-range interactions are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on protein folding, unfolding and fluctuations by computer simulation. III. Effect of short-range interactions. The theoretical model of proteins on the two-dimensional square lattice, introduced previously, is extended to include the specific short-range interactions. Attractive long-range interactions with various specificities and non-specific repulsive long-range interactions in the form of self-avoidance of the polymer chain are also operative in the model. Dynamics of the model protein is studied by a Monte Carlo method. The short-range interactions are found to accelerate the folding and unfolding transitions. Non-specific part of the attractive long-range interactions have a competing effect of decelerating the transitions. When the short-range interactions are weighted beyond a certain extent over the attractive long-range interactions are weighted beyond a certain extent over the attractive long-range interactions, the all-or-none character of the folding and unfolding transitions is destroyed. How the destruction proceeds is quantitatively expressed in terms of the S-H curves. The limiting case of dominance of the specific short-range interactions over the attractive long-range interactions is studied in detail. The lattice polymer in this limit does not behave like a globular protein at all. This observation leads to a reexamination of the currently popular notion of the dominance of the short-range interactions. A new concept of consistency is proposed to replace it. Possible mechanisms of the acceleration of the transitions by the specific short-range interactions are discussed.", "PMID": 429100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14538", "title": "Studies on the coupling rates in liquid-phase peptide synthesis using competition experiments.", "content": "Competition experiments were carried out in order to determine relative reaction rates, Vrel, for the peptide-forming step. Using the liquid-phase method of peptide synthesis a model system was developed to investigate the influence of coupling method, amino component, derivatization and solvent upon Vrel. According to a standard procedure, Vrel for all 20 commonly occurring amino acids were established. A strong dependence of Vrel upon steric effects of the coupling components was found. The data obtained may serve as a guideline for optimizing the reaction conditions in peptide synthesis.", "contents": "Studies on the coupling rates in liquid-phase peptide synthesis using competition experiments. Competition experiments were carried out in order to determine relative reaction rates, Vrel, for the peptide-forming step. Using the liquid-phase method of peptide synthesis a model system was developed to investigate the influence of coupling method, amino component, derivatization and solvent upon Vrel. According to a standard procedure, Vrel for all 20 commonly occurring amino acids were established. A strong dependence of Vrel upon steric effects of the coupling components was found. The data obtained may serve as a guideline for optimizing the reaction conditions in peptide synthesis.", "PMID": 429101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14539", "title": "Affinity chromatographic purification of papain.", "content": "The reinvestigation of the affinity chromatographic method of purifying papain has been carried out. It has been reported that papain could be purified by taking advantage of the affinity of the enzyme for the insolubilized peptide inhibitor, agarose-Gly-Gly-Tyr(Bz)-Arg. Using pure tetrapeptide obtained commercially and standard coupling procedures, a significant purification of papain could not be achieved. Both active and nonactivatible enzyme bound to a column prepared in this manner were eluted together by the use of deionized water. An affinity medium with properties similar to those reported by Blumberg et al. was obtained by removal of the benzyl group on tyrosine prior to coupling with agarose. The deprotected tetrapeptide was also synthesized by an independent route and inhibition constants for the binding of the protected and deprotected tetrapeptide to papain were determined in kinetic experiments.", "contents": "Affinity chromatographic purification of papain. The reinvestigation of the affinity chromatographic method of purifying papain has been carried out. It has been reported that papain could be purified by taking advantage of the affinity of the enzyme for the insolubilized peptide inhibitor, agarose-Gly-Gly-Tyr(Bz)-Arg. Using pure tetrapeptide obtained commercially and standard coupling procedures, a significant purification of papain could not be achieved. Both active and nonactivatible enzyme bound to a column prepared in this manner were eluted together by the use of deionized water. An affinity medium with properties similar to those reported by Blumberg et al. was obtained by removal of the benzyl group on tyrosine prior to coupling with agarose. The deprotected tetrapeptide was also synthesized by an independent route and inhibition constants for the binding of the protected and deprotected tetrapeptide to papain were determined in kinetic experiments.", "PMID": 429102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14540", "title": "H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of some peptides with fibrinogen-like reactivity.", "content": "The 1H and 13C spectra of four peptides, L-Phe-Val-Arg-pNA, D-Phe-Val-Arg-pNA, L-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA and D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA (pNA = p-nitroaniline, Pip = pipecolic acid residue), have been examined, and deductions made about their conformation in solution. The D-Phe peptides, which are cleaved especially rapidly by thrombin in water, have structures (in deuterated DMSO) in which the aromatic ring of the D-Phe residue is folded back over the Val or Pip residue. This arrangement is not found in the L-Phe peptides. It is proposed that this feature (in which Phe could be situated near Val and near the Arg-Gly bond of the A alpha chain in the three-dimensional structure of fibrinogen) may be especially advantageous for binding to the enzyme.", "contents": "H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of some peptides with fibrinogen-like reactivity. The 1H and 13C spectra of four peptides, L-Phe-Val-Arg-pNA, D-Phe-Val-Arg-pNA, L-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA and D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA (pNA = p-nitroaniline, Pip = pipecolic acid residue), have been examined, and deductions made about their conformation in solution. The D-Phe peptides, which are cleaved especially rapidly by thrombin in water, have structures (in deuterated DMSO) in which the aromatic ring of the D-Phe residue is folded back over the Val or Pip residue. This arrangement is not found in the L-Phe peptides. It is proposed that this feature (in which Phe could be situated near Val and near the Arg-Gly bond of the A alpha chain in the three-dimensional structure of fibrinogen) may be especially advantageous for binding to the enzyme.", "PMID": 429103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14541", "title": "Facile thiolytic removal of the o-nitrophenylsulphenyl amino-protecting group.", "content": "2-Mercaptopyridine was used to effect the selective, mild and efficient cleavage of the o-nitrophenylsulphenyl amino-protecting group from several amino acids and peptides. By utilization of this reagent a stepwise synthesis of the tetrapeptide Thr-Lys-Leu-Arg([Leu3]tuftsin) was successfully achieved. The potential use of 2-mercaptopyridine in mechanized peptide synthesis via the polymeric reagents approach is discussed.", "contents": "Facile thiolytic removal of the o-nitrophenylsulphenyl amino-protecting group. 2-Mercaptopyridine was used to effect the selective, mild and efficient cleavage of the o-nitrophenylsulphenyl amino-protecting group from several amino acids and peptides. By utilization of this reagent a stepwise synthesis of the tetrapeptide Thr-Lys-Leu-Arg([Leu3]tuftsin) was successfully achieved. The potential use of 2-mercaptopyridine in mechanized peptide synthesis via the polymeric reagents approach is discussed.", "PMID": 429104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14542", "title": "Distance constraints on macromolecular conformation.", "content": "Many physico-chemical studies are made on proteins to determine something of their solution conformation. For example the coat protein of Tobacco Mosaic Virus has been subjected to more non-crystallographic experimental studies to determine its native conformation than perhaps any other protein. Yet the sum of the experimentally determined constraints on its tertiary structure are surprisingly inadequate to fix its conformation. We are able to detect and remove minor inconsistencies in the data and then calculate a sampling of conformations consistent with all the data, which differ among themselves by r.m.s. deviations of the respective interresidue distances ranging from 5.7 angstrom to 15.8 angstrom. Some individual interresidue distances differ by as much as 50 angstrom from structure to structure. In order to restrict the range of possible conformations to something corresponding to the errors in a 10 angstrom resolution X-ray crystal structure, chemical and spectroscopic studies will have to be much more detailed than anything done to date. Our calculations appear to be useful in deciding which further experiments would be most productive.", "contents": "Distance constraints on macromolecular conformation. Many physico-chemical studies are made on proteins to determine something of their solution conformation. For example the coat protein of Tobacco Mosaic Virus has been subjected to more non-crystallographic experimental studies to determine its native conformation than perhaps any other protein. Yet the sum of the experimentally determined constraints on its tertiary structure are surprisingly inadequate to fix its conformation. We are able to detect and remove minor inconsistencies in the data and then calculate a sampling of conformations consistent with all the data, which differ among themselves by r.m.s. deviations of the respective interresidue distances ranging from 5.7 angstrom to 15.8 angstrom. Some individual interresidue distances differ by as much as 50 angstrom from structure to structure. In order to restrict the range of possible conformations to something corresponding to the errors in a 10 angstrom resolution X-ray crystal structure, chemical and spectroscopic studies will have to be much more detailed than anything done to date. Our calculations appear to be useful in deciding which further experiments would be most productive.", "PMID": 429105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14543", "title": "Solid phase synthesis of 13-lysine-apamin, 14-lysine-apamin and the corresponding guanidinated derivatives.", "content": "In order to study the importance of arginine residues 13 and 14 in apamin, the bee venom neurotoxin, four analogues, [Lys13]-apamin, [Lys14]-apamin, [Har4, Har13]-apamin and [Har4, har14]-apamin were synthesized and tested with respect to their neurotoxicity. The two lysine-apamins were prepared by the solid phase method on benzhydrylamine resins. Before oxidation to disulphides, the (S-Acm)4-peptides were isolated and characterized. Portions of the purified lysin peptides were converted to homoarginine analogues by guanidination. The four apamin analogues were lethal, but the lethal doses differed significantly. The results demonstrate that the arginine residue at position 14 is more important for the high toxicity than is the one at position 13. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of [Lys13]-apamin was identical with that of apamin itself, whereas the spectrum of [Lys14]-apamin showed certain deviations.", "contents": "Solid phase synthesis of 13-lysine-apamin, 14-lysine-apamin and the corresponding guanidinated derivatives. In order to study the importance of arginine residues 13 and 14 in apamin, the bee venom neurotoxin, four analogues, [Lys13]-apamin, [Lys14]-apamin, [Har4, Har13]-apamin and [Har4, har14]-apamin were synthesized and tested with respect to their neurotoxicity. The two lysine-apamins were prepared by the solid phase method on benzhydrylamine resins. Before oxidation to disulphides, the (S-Acm)4-peptides were isolated and characterized. Portions of the purified lysin peptides were converted to homoarginine analogues by guanidination. The four apamin analogues were lethal, but the lethal doses differed significantly. The results demonstrate that the arginine residue at position 14 is more important for the high toxicity than is the one at position 13. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of [Lys13]-apamin was identical with that of apamin itself, whereas the spectrum of [Lys14]-apamin showed certain deviations.", "PMID": 429106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14544", "title": "Synthesis of Nalpha-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-OH: an inducer of chemotaxis in peritoneal polymorphonuclear neutrophils.", "content": "A chemotactic peptide CHO.Met.Leu.Phe.OH has been synthesized classically using the mixed anhydride procedure. The formyl group was introduced by coupling formic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to the partially protected triptide. The final product was obtained by treatment of the intermediate CHO.Met.Leu.Phe.OBzl with hydrogen fluoride. The ED50 of the peptide in the Boyden chamber assay was 7 x 10(-11) M; in the lysozyme release assay 2.4 x 10(-10) M and in the beta-glucuronidase release assay 2.6 x 10(-10) M. In a radioreceptor assay the ID50 of the peptide was 3.3 x 10(-10) M.", "contents": "Synthesis of Nalpha-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-OH: an inducer of chemotaxis in peritoneal polymorphonuclear neutrophils. A chemotactic peptide CHO.Met.Leu.Phe.OH has been synthesized classically using the mixed anhydride procedure. The formyl group was introduced by coupling formic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to the partially protected triptide. The final product was obtained by treatment of the intermediate CHO.Met.Leu.Phe.OBzl with hydrogen fluoride. The ED50 of the peptide in the Boyden chamber assay was 7 x 10(-11) M; in the lysozyme release assay 2.4 x 10(-10) M and in the beta-glucuronidase release assay 2.6 x 10(-10) M. In a radioreceptor assay the ID50 of the peptide was 3.3 x 10(-10) M.", "PMID": 429107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14545", "title": "Improved procedure of purification of inorganic pyrophosphatase from Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "An improved method for isolation of inorganic pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.1) from Bacillus stearothermophilus is described. The enzyme was purified to more than 90% after two chromatographic steps. A molecular weight of 140,000 daltons was estimated by density gradient centrifugation. The isoelectric point was found to be 4.0.", "contents": "Improved procedure of purification of inorganic pyrophosphatase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. An improved method for isolation of inorganic pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.1) from Bacillus stearothermophilus is described. The enzyme was purified to more than 90% after two chromatographic steps. A molecular weight of 140,000 daltons was estimated by density gradient centrifugation. The isoelectric point was found to be 4.0.", "PMID": 429108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14546", "title": "Induced helical conformation of ionic polypeptides by phospholipids solubilized in a nonionic surfactant solution.", "content": "Phosphatidylcholine that has been solubilized in hexadecylpoly (oxyethylene) ether can induce a coil-to-helix transformation for poly (L-glutamic acid) in neutral solution. Similarly, solubilized phosphatidylserine promotes a helical conformation of poly (L-lysine) at neutral pH through complex formation. The mixed micelles of a phospholipid and a nonionic surfactant are thermodynamically stable and do not separate on standing. The nonionic surfactant here has no effect on the conformation of the two polypeptides.", "contents": "Induced helical conformation of ionic polypeptides by phospholipids solubilized in a nonionic surfactant solution. Phosphatidylcholine that has been solubilized in hexadecylpoly (oxyethylene) ether can induce a coil-to-helix transformation for poly (L-glutamic acid) in neutral solution. Similarly, solubilized phosphatidylserine promotes a helical conformation of poly (L-lysine) at neutral pH through complex formation. The mixed micelles of a phospholipid and a nonionic surfactant are thermodynamically stable and do not separate on standing. The nonionic surfactant here has no effect on the conformation of the two polypeptides.", "PMID": 429109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14547", "title": "Stereochemical studies on cyclic peptides. Part X. Conformational analysis of hydrogen bonded cyclic pentapeptides.", "content": "Conformational aspects of 4 leads to 1 hydrogen bonded cyclic pentapeptides are considered in this paper from the point of view of \"contact criteria\" and potential energy calculations. Three types of such hydrogen bonded conformations, designated A1, A2 and B, are possible, involving some amount of strain on the bond angles. The energy of hydrogen bonded cyclopentaglycyl is somewhat less than that of the five-fold symmetrical conformation. The stereochemical feasibility of introducing L- and D-alanyl resudues in these structures has also been studied and the possible types for different sequences of alanyl residues have been determined. The results are discussed further in the light of the limited data available from crystal structure and nuclear magnetic resonance studies on cyclic pentapeptides.", "contents": "Stereochemical studies on cyclic peptides. Part X. Conformational analysis of hydrogen bonded cyclic pentapeptides. Conformational aspects of 4 leads to 1 hydrogen bonded cyclic pentapeptides are considered in this paper from the point of view of \"contact criteria\" and potential energy calculations. Three types of such hydrogen bonded conformations, designated A1, A2 and B, are possible, involving some amount of strain on the bond angles. The energy of hydrogen bonded cyclopentaglycyl is somewhat less than that of the five-fold symmetrical conformation. The stereochemical feasibility of introducing L- and D-alanyl resudues in these structures has also been studied and the possible types for different sequences of alanyl residues have been determined. The results are discussed further in the light of the limited data available from crystal structure and nuclear magnetic resonance studies on cyclic pentapeptides.", "PMID": 429110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14548", "title": "Development of Bruch's membrane in the chick: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "The development of fibrous connective tissue in Bruch's membrane within the choroid of chronologically staged chick embryos was observed by means of transmission electron microscopy. The appearance of these connective tissue elements follows an orderly developmental sequence. The first component of Bruch's membrane to appear is a continuous basal lamina at the basal surface of the presumptive retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) at 21/2 days. Microfibrils and associated amorphous material are present in the adjacent connective tissue space. A discontinuous inner collagenous layer is observed at the basal aspect of the RPE during the fourth day. A definitive elastic layer is present during the ninth day and becomes more apparent following subsequent stages of development. An outer collagenous layer begins development during the tenth and twelfth days. Collagenous fibrils average 37 nm in diameter and display axial periodicity measuring 46 nm between major periods. These measurements increase with age as do the number of collagenous fibrils. Only isolated patches of basal lamina are observed in association with the choriocapillary endothelium by the twentieth day.", "contents": "Development of Bruch's membrane in the chick: an electron microscopic study. The development of fibrous connective tissue in Bruch's membrane within the choroid of chronologically staged chick embryos was observed by means of transmission electron microscopy. The appearance of these connective tissue elements follows an orderly developmental sequence. The first component of Bruch's membrane to appear is a continuous basal lamina at the basal surface of the presumptive retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) at 21/2 days. Microfibrils and associated amorphous material are present in the adjacent connective tissue space. A discontinuous inner collagenous layer is observed at the basal aspect of the RPE during the fourth day. A definitive elastic layer is present during the ninth day and becomes more apparent following subsequent stages of development. An outer collagenous layer begins development during the tenth and twelfth days. Collagenous fibrils average 37 nm in diameter and display axial periodicity measuring 46 nm between major periods. These measurements increase with age as do the number of collagenous fibrils. Only isolated patches of basal lamina are observed in association with the choriocapillary endothelium by the twentieth day.", "PMID": 429111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14549", "title": "Increased pressure after paracentesis of the rabbit eye is completely accounted for by prostaglandin synthesis and release plus pupillary block.", "content": "Paracentesis of the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye results in hyperemia, increased protein in the aqueous, elevated intraocular pressure, and miosis. Aspirin does not affect miosis but attenuates the pressure and protein response by about 60%. Pupillary block resulting from miosis aggravates the rise in intraocular pressure (as does mydriasis). Pretreatment with aspirin plus iridectomy virtually eliminates the elevation of intraocular pressure consequent to paracentesis.", "contents": "Increased pressure after paracentesis of the rabbit eye is completely accounted for by prostaglandin synthesis and release plus pupillary block. Paracentesis of the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye results in hyperemia, increased protein in the aqueous, elevated intraocular pressure, and miosis. Aspirin does not affect miosis but attenuates the pressure and protein response by about 60%. Pupillary block resulting from miosis aggravates the rise in intraocular pressure (as does mydriasis). Pretreatment with aspirin plus iridectomy virtually eliminates the elevation of intraocular pressure consequent to paracentesis.", "PMID": 429112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14550", "title": "Effect of high-power density microwave irradiation on the soluble proteins of the rabbit lens.", "content": "New Zealand rabbits were irradiated on the left side of the head by microwaves (2.45 GHz) at 300 mw/cm2 for 20 min on each of 2 consecutive days. Lens changes in irradiated animals, observed by biomicroscopy, ranged from no changes to small posterior subcapsular opacities. Pore-gradient electrophoresis was used to examine the distribution of soluble lens proteins. A marked difference in soluble protein distribution of the lens cortex and nucleus was observed. Comparison of irradiated and control lenses revealed an apparent shift toward higher-molecular-weight components in the cortex samples of the microwave-irradiated lenses.", "contents": "Effect of high-power density microwave irradiation on the soluble proteins of the rabbit lens. New Zealand rabbits were irradiated on the left side of the head by microwaves (2.45 GHz) at 300 mw/cm2 for 20 min on each of 2 consecutive days. Lens changes in irradiated animals, observed by biomicroscopy, ranged from no changes to small posterior subcapsular opacities. Pore-gradient electrophoresis was used to examine the distribution of soluble lens proteins. A marked difference in soluble protein distribution of the lens cortex and nucleus was observed. Comparison of irradiated and control lenses revealed an apparent shift toward higher-molecular-weight components in the cortex samples of the microwave-irradiated lenses.", "PMID": 429113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14551", "title": "Tear flow under hydrogel contact lenses.", "content": "The tear replenishment rate under three different hydrogel lenses was determined with a slit lamp modified to serve as a fluorophotometer. Fractional tear volume replenishment rates under these lenses averaged 0.011 per blink, which is significantly lower than the 0.10 to 0.20 per blink reported for rigid lenses. These data suggest that the amount of oxygen delivered to the cornea by tear pumping for gel lenses is relatively small and that oxygen received by the cornea covered by a gel lens comes principally by diffusion through the material.", "contents": "Tear flow under hydrogel contact lenses. The tear replenishment rate under three different hydrogel lenses was determined with a slit lamp modified to serve as a fluorophotometer. Fractional tear volume replenishment rates under these lenses averaged 0.011 per blink, which is significantly lower than the 0.10 to 0.20 per blink reported for rigid lenses. These data suggest that the amount of oxygen delivered to the cornea by tear pumping for gel lenses is relatively small and that oxygen received by the cornea covered by a gel lens comes principally by diffusion through the material.", "PMID": 429114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14552", "title": "Ophthalmic applications of infrared lasers -- thermal considerations.", "content": "An analysis of the thermal response of clear ocular media to infrared laser radiation is presented. It is shown that from a thermodynamic viewpoint, it should be feasible to use infrared lasers in both vitrectomy and thermokeratoplasty. In vitrectomy, temperature elevations from vitreous vaporization with an intraocular CO2 laser probe would be well below retinal damage threshold levels at distances greater than 2 mm from the center of the beam. In thermokeratoplasty, peak temperature elevations could be moved from the corneal epithelium back into the corneal stroma where collagen shrinkage is desired. Other potential applications for infrared lasers are presented, and the value of accurate measurement of the infrared optical properties of ocular media is emphasized.", "contents": "Ophthalmic applications of infrared lasers -- thermal considerations. An analysis of the thermal response of clear ocular media to infrared laser radiation is presented. It is shown that from a thermodynamic viewpoint, it should be feasible to use infrared lasers in both vitrectomy and thermokeratoplasty. In vitrectomy, temperature elevations from vitreous vaporization with an intraocular CO2 laser probe would be well below retinal damage threshold levels at distances greater than 2 mm from the center of the beam. In thermokeratoplasty, peak temperature elevations could be moved from the corneal epithelium back into the corneal stroma where collagen shrinkage is desired. Other potential applications for infrared lasers are presented, and the value of accurate measurement of the infrared optical properties of ocular media is emphasized.", "PMID": 429115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14553", "title": "Spatial periodicities of periodic complex cells in the visual cortex cluster at one-half octave intervals.", "content": "Within individual penetrations in the visual cortex, spatial periodicities of periodic complex cells differ by either one-half or one octave. When data are pooled from neurons subserving the central visual area in many cats, the results indicate that spatial periodicities cluster at one-half octave intervals over a 2 1/2-octave range (0.95 to 5.4 cyc/deg). Thus a relatively small number of such channels spaced at regular intervals along a logarithmic scale within each orientation column may suffice for this stage of spatial processing.", "contents": "Spatial periodicities of periodic complex cells in the visual cortex cluster at one-half octave intervals. Within individual penetrations in the visual cortex, spatial periodicities of periodic complex cells differ by either one-half or one octave. When data are pooled from neurons subserving the central visual area in many cats, the results indicate that spatial periodicities cluster at one-half octave intervals over a 2 1/2-octave range (0.95 to 5.4 cyc/deg). Thus a relatively small number of such channels spaced at regular intervals along a logarithmic scale within each orientation column may suffice for this stage of spatial processing.", "PMID": 429116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14554", "title": "Cryoprecipitate: its use and effects in canine coagulum pyelolithotomy.", "content": "A fibrin clot forming an extractable cast or \"coagulum\" of the pyelocalyceal system was developed and characterized using a blood product not previously described--single donor type specific cryoprecipitate. The physical properties of the cryoprecipitate coagulum were investigated and compared with other described formulations. Simulated coagulum pyelolithotomy was performed in vivo in 11 canine kidneys with no adverse effect upon creatinine clearance or anatomic integrity. The advantages of the cryoprecipitate are detailed and a new, simplified operative technique is described.", "contents": "Cryoprecipitate: its use and effects in canine coagulum pyelolithotomy. A fibrin clot forming an extractable cast or \"coagulum\" of the pyelocalyceal system was developed and characterized using a blood product not previously described--single donor type specific cryoprecipitate. The physical properties of the cryoprecipitate coagulum were investigated and compared with other described formulations. Simulated coagulum pyelolithotomy was performed in vivo in 11 canine kidneys with no adverse effect upon creatinine clearance or anatomic integrity. The advantages of the cryoprecipitate are detailed and a new, simplified operative technique is described.", "PMID": 429117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14555", "title": "Low molecular weight urinary proteins and renal lithiasis.", "content": "Twenty-four hour urine specimens were obtained from 20 active calcium oxalate stone formers, 20 inactive calcium oxalate stone formers, 8 struvite stone formers, and 9 non-stone forming controls. Proteins with molecular weights less than 50,000 daltons were concentrated by ultrafiltration and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fourteen of the 17 active calcium oxalate stone formers had low molecular weight urinary proteins (less than 35,000 daltons) present in their urine whereas none of the inactive stone formers or struvite stone formers had similar patterns. Only one of the nine control patients had similar proteins present.", "contents": "Low molecular weight urinary proteins and renal lithiasis. Twenty-four hour urine specimens were obtained from 20 active calcium oxalate stone formers, 20 inactive calcium oxalate stone formers, 8 struvite stone formers, and 9 non-stone forming controls. Proteins with molecular weights less than 50,000 daltons were concentrated by ultrafiltration and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fourteen of the 17 active calcium oxalate stone formers had low molecular weight urinary proteins (less than 35,000 daltons) present in their urine whereas none of the inactive stone formers or struvite stone formers had similar patterns. Only one of the nine control patients had similar proteins present.", "PMID": 429118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14556", "title": "Unimpaired sexual behavior of male rats after complete removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles.", "content": "The ventral and dorsolateral prostate, the coagulating glands, and the seminal vesicles were removed in nine male rats. The rats were tested for sexual behavior 3 to 4 weeks after surgery. The sexual performance of the operated rats was quantitatively and qualitatively equal to that of sham-operated control rats. At autopsy 6 weeks after surgery, no prostatic or seminal vesicle tissue could be found. These studies show that the sexual performance of male rats does not depend on the presence of the prostatic lobes and seminal vesicles.", "contents": "Unimpaired sexual behavior of male rats after complete removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles. The ventral and dorsolateral prostate, the coagulating glands, and the seminal vesicles were removed in nine male rats. The rats were tested for sexual behavior 3 to 4 weeks after surgery. The sexual performance of the operated rats was quantitatively and qualitatively equal to that of sham-operated control rats. At autopsy 6 weeks after surgery, no prostatic or seminal vesicle tissue could be found. These studies show that the sexual performance of male rats does not depend on the presence of the prostatic lobes and seminal vesicles.", "PMID": 429119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14557", "title": "FSH and LH elevation after radiation for treatment of cancer of the prostate.", "content": "Regional radiation treatment of prostatic carcinoma produced significant increases in serum follicle-stimulating hormones at 3 and 12 months posttreatment from 6.5 +/- 0.5 to 15.9 +/- 0.9 mIU per ml and 19.5 +/- 1.2 mIU per ml (X +/- SE) respectively. Serum luteinizing hormone also increased at 3 months from 4.5 +/- 0.4 to 6.1 +/- 0.5 mIU per ml (X +/- SE). There were no changes in sex steroid-binding globulin, testosterone, or prolactin. The data indicate damage to the testes as a result of scatter from radiation treatment to the prostate.", "contents": "FSH and LH elevation after radiation for treatment of cancer of the prostate. Regional radiation treatment of prostatic carcinoma produced significant increases in serum follicle-stimulating hormones at 3 and 12 months posttreatment from 6.5 +/- 0.5 to 15.9 +/- 0.9 mIU per ml and 19.5 +/- 1.2 mIU per ml (X +/- SE) respectively. Serum luteinizing hormone also increased at 3 months from 4.5 +/- 0.4 to 6.1 +/- 0.5 mIU per ml (X +/- SE). There were no changes in sex steroid-binding globulin, testosterone, or prolactin. The data indicate damage to the testes as a result of scatter from radiation treatment to the prostate.", "PMID": 429120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14558", "title": "The effect of sympathectomy on the urethral pressure profile in the experimental animal.", "content": "The effect of sympathectomy and various pharmacologic agents on the dog urethral pressure profile (UPP) was assessed. Succinylcholine was used to subtract the effect of the external urethral sphincter from the total UPP. In the presence of succinylcholine effect, sympathectomy caused a decrease in the UPP in 12 of 13 experiments. In addition, an attempt was made to elicit a denervation sensitivity response to phenylephrine after sympathectomy; none could be shown. Measurements were made of UPP's after administration of both succinylcholine and phenylephrine. Seven of the 13 dogs showed a significant decrease in UPP after succinylcholine administration. Nine of 12 dogs showed a marked increase in UPP after phenylephrine was given.", "contents": "The effect of sympathectomy on the urethral pressure profile in the experimental animal. The effect of sympathectomy and various pharmacologic agents on the dog urethral pressure profile (UPP) was assessed. Succinylcholine was used to subtract the effect of the external urethral sphincter from the total UPP. In the presence of succinylcholine effect, sympathectomy caused a decrease in the UPP in 12 of 13 experiments. In addition, an attempt was made to elicit a denervation sensitivity response to phenylephrine after sympathectomy; none could be shown. Measurements were made of UPP's after administration of both succinylcholine and phenylephrine. Seven of the 13 dogs showed a significant decrease in UPP after succinylcholine administration. Nine of 12 dogs showed a marked increase in UPP after phenylephrine was given.", "PMID": 429121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14559", "title": "Levamisole immunotherapy of experimental transitional cell carcinoma.", "content": "Levamisole, in doses comparable to those under clinical investigation, was shown to significantly (P less than 0.02) delay the onset of transplanted transitional cell carcinoma of C3H mice. The growth of transplanted tumors was inhibited and animal survival prolonged with Levamisole treatment. Further progress in the immunotherapy of transitional cell carcinoma may be aided by such models.", "contents": "Levamisole immunotherapy of experimental transitional cell carcinoma. Levamisole, in doses comparable to those under clinical investigation, was shown to significantly (P less than 0.02) delay the onset of transplanted transitional cell carcinoma of C3H mice. The growth of transplanted tumors was inhibited and animal survival prolonged with Levamisole treatment. Further progress in the immunotherapy of transitional cell carcinoma may be aided by such models.", "PMID": 429122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14560", "title": "Corynebacterium pseudogenitalium sp. nov. Commensals of the human male and female urogenital tracts.", "content": "Antisera to Corynebacterium genitalium Types C-1 to C-6 were prepared in rabbits and the titers of complement fixing antibodies to the homologous strains, to the heterologous strains, to C. genitalium Types I to V, and to the reference species Corynebacterium xerosis and Corynebacterium minutissimum ascertained. Five Types stimulated low levels of cross-reacting antibodies to all corynebacteria tested including Type C-3. In contrast the antiserum to Type C-3 had antibodies to only two heterologous strains suggesting that these corynebacteria usually shared more than one minor cell wall antigen. The biologic reactions and serotypes of C. genitalium Types C-1 to C-6 have been compared with those of Types I to V. It is considered that C. genitalium should be retained for corynebacteria having the properties of Types I to V whereas corynebacteria having the characteristics of Types C-1 to C-6 that are commensals of the male and female urogenital tracts should be incorporated in a new species Corynebacteria pseudogenitalium sp. nov. The differences in the biologic characteristics of the two species have been discussed and summarized.", "contents": "Corynebacterium pseudogenitalium sp. nov. Commensals of the human male and female urogenital tracts. Antisera to Corynebacterium genitalium Types C-1 to C-6 were prepared in rabbits and the titers of complement fixing antibodies to the homologous strains, to the heterologous strains, to C. genitalium Types I to V, and to the reference species Corynebacterium xerosis and Corynebacterium minutissimum ascertained. Five Types stimulated low levels of cross-reacting antibodies to all corynebacteria tested including Type C-3. In contrast the antiserum to Type C-3 had antibodies to only two heterologous strains suggesting that these corynebacteria usually shared more than one minor cell wall antigen. The biologic reactions and serotypes of C. genitalium Types C-1 to C-6 have been compared with those of Types I to V. It is considered that C. genitalium should be retained for corynebacteria having the properties of Types I to V whereas corynebacteria having the characteristics of Types C-1 to C-6 that are commensals of the male and female urogenital tracts should be incorporated in a new species Corynebacteria pseudogenitalium sp. nov. The differences in the biologic characteristics of the two species have been discussed and summarized.", "PMID": 429123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14561", "title": "On the possible role of glycosaminoglycans as natural inhibitors of calcium oxalate stones.", "content": "An extract of glycosaminoglycans was prepared from normal urine and components fractionated by electrophoresis on Vinylite support medium. Several fractions displayed an ability to inhibit formation of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro. Inasmuch as well recognized urinary glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfates and hyaluronic acid must contribute to the urine inhibitory power, an unknown material was isolated with potent inhibitory properties. The material contained little detectable uronic acid of hexosamine and had a molecular weight greater than 10,000.", "contents": "On the possible role of glycosaminoglycans as natural inhibitors of calcium oxalate stones. An extract of glycosaminoglycans was prepared from normal urine and components fractionated by electrophoresis on Vinylite support medium. Several fractions displayed an ability to inhibit formation of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro. Inasmuch as well recognized urinary glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfates and hyaluronic acid must contribute to the urine inhibitory power, an unknown material was isolated with potent inhibitory properties. The material contained little detectable uronic acid of hexosamine and had a molecular weight greater than 10,000.", "PMID": 429124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14562", "title": "Urinary bladder and sphincter responses to stimulation of dorsal and ventral sacral roots.", "content": "The sacral spinal roots have a long intraspinal yet extradural pathway that makes them ideal for electrode implantation for the control of micturition. In the hope of identifying a specific motor pathway to the bladder within these roots, a study of 10 mongrel female dogs was undertaken: bladder and sphincter responses to stimulation of individual sacral roots, and to stimulation of the dorsal and ventral components of each root, were recorded urodynamically. The root producing greatest detrusor response was then divided into its motor and sensory components, and the central and peripheral ends of the latter were stimulated. We found that sphincter resistance to bladder emptying was diminished by removing the afferent dorsal roots from the stimulus field. The physiologic implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Urinary bladder and sphincter responses to stimulation of dorsal and ventral sacral roots. The sacral spinal roots have a long intraspinal yet extradural pathway that makes them ideal for electrode implantation for the control of micturition. In the hope of identifying a specific motor pathway to the bladder within these roots, a study of 10 mongrel female dogs was undertaken: bladder and sphincter responses to stimulation of individual sacral roots, and to stimulation of the dorsal and ventral components of each root, were recorded urodynamically. The root producing greatest detrusor response was then divided into its motor and sensory components, and the central and peripheral ends of the latter were stimulated. We found that sphincter resistance to bladder emptying was diminished by removing the afferent dorsal roots from the stimulus field. The physiologic implications of this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 429125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14563", "title": "A study of the phase transformation of calcium oxalate trihydrate-monohydrate.", "content": "The precipitation of calcium oxalates may involve transformation from a metastable hydrate such as calcium oxalate trihydrate, COT, to the thermodynamically stable monohydrate, COM. A highly reproducible seeded crystal growth method has been used to study this transformation reaction over a range of temperatures and in ionic media such as the chlorides of sodium, potassium, and magnesium. After the initial dissolution of COT, the calcium concentration remains constant for prolonged periods while appreciable nucleation and growth of COM takes place concomitantly with COT dissolution. The transformation is markedly dependent on temperature, composition, and concentration of ionic media. In urines, the hydrate conversion is appreciably slower and the rate depends upon the method of pretreatment. In these cases, evidence is advanced for the formation of other phases such as the calcium phosphates.", "contents": "A study of the phase transformation of calcium oxalate trihydrate-monohydrate. The precipitation of calcium oxalates may involve transformation from a metastable hydrate such as calcium oxalate trihydrate, COT, to the thermodynamically stable monohydrate, COM. A highly reproducible seeded crystal growth method has been used to study this transformation reaction over a range of temperatures and in ionic media such as the chlorides of sodium, potassium, and magnesium. After the initial dissolution of COT, the calcium concentration remains constant for prolonged periods while appreciable nucleation and growth of COM takes place concomitantly with COT dissolution. The transformation is markedly dependent on temperature, composition, and concentration of ionic media. In urines, the hydrate conversion is appreciably slower and the rate depends upon the method of pretreatment. In these cases, evidence is advanced for the formation of other phases such as the calcium phosphates.", "PMID": 429126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14564", "title": "Studies of the nonspecific cellular immune response in patients with urinary bladder carcinoma. I. PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "The nonspecific cellular immune response, as measured by phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced blastoid transformation of peripheral lymphocytes in autologous serum, was evaluated in 119 patients with bladder carcinoma and in 21 control subjects. Blastoid transformation was determined by quantifying 3H-thymidine incorporation (counts per minute). The rate of blastogenesis of lymphocytes was shown as the stimulation index which was calculated by dividing the number of counts per minute with PHA by that without PHA. The stimulation index of the control subjects was 29.9 +/- 6.6 (+/- SD); that of the experimental group was 13.3 +/- 7 (significantly lower reactivity). There was a converse correlation between the stimulation index and the grade and stage of tumor. In some cases the change in cellular immunity was compared before and after surgery.", "contents": "Studies of the nonspecific cellular immune response in patients with urinary bladder carcinoma. I. PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation. The nonspecific cellular immune response, as measured by phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced blastoid transformation of peripheral lymphocytes in autologous serum, was evaluated in 119 patients with bladder carcinoma and in 21 control subjects. Blastoid transformation was determined by quantifying 3H-thymidine incorporation (counts per minute). The rate of blastogenesis of lymphocytes was shown as the stimulation index which was calculated by dividing the number of counts per minute with PHA by that without PHA. The stimulation index of the control subjects was 29.9 +/- 6.6 (+/- SD); that of the experimental group was 13.3 +/- 7 (significantly lower reactivity). There was a converse correlation between the stimulation index and the grade and stage of tumor. In some cases the change in cellular immunity was compared before and after surgery.", "PMID": 429127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14565", "title": "Studies of the nonspecific cellular immune response in patients with urinary bladder carcinoma. II. Immunodepressive effect of sera from bladder carcinoma.", "content": "In vitro reactivity of normal lymphocytes in various sera was determined by quantitation of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced tritiated thymidine incorporation rate (counts per minute). Sera were obtained from normal subjects, fetal calf, and patients with bladder carcinoma. The rate of lymphocyte blastogenesis was expressed as a stimulation index (SI) that was calculated by dividing the number of counts per minute with PHA by that without PHA. The effect of sera on blastogenesis of normal lymphocytes was expressed as percent change (%SI) per SI with fetal calf serum. The SI of normal lymphocytes was similar in autologous serum (26.7 +/- 11.6), fetal calf serum (25.4 +/- 11.8), and heat-inactivated homologous normal AB serum (28.8 +/- 11.4). The SI of normal lymphocytes in sera from patients with bladder carcinoma was significantly lower than in the other two sera (14.0 +/- 7.9). The serum inhibitory effect was significantly associated with the stage and grade of tumor and was diminished after removal of the tumor. The SI of lymphocytes from patients with certain other malignant diseases was significantly lower in autologous serum than in fetal calf serum or homologous normal AB serum. The SI of the lymphocytes from patients with prostatic carcinoma and embryonal cell carcinoma was also low in sera from patients with bladder carcinoma as well as in autologous sera. It is likely that the depressive effect of sera from patients with bladder carcinoma was not specific to bladder carcinoma.", "contents": "Studies of the nonspecific cellular immune response in patients with urinary bladder carcinoma. II. Immunodepressive effect of sera from bladder carcinoma. In vitro reactivity of normal lymphocytes in various sera was determined by quantitation of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced tritiated thymidine incorporation rate (counts per minute). Sera were obtained from normal subjects, fetal calf, and patients with bladder carcinoma. The rate of lymphocyte blastogenesis was expressed as a stimulation index (SI) that was calculated by dividing the number of counts per minute with PHA by that without PHA. The effect of sera on blastogenesis of normal lymphocytes was expressed as percent change (%SI) per SI with fetal calf serum. The SI of normal lymphocytes was similar in autologous serum (26.7 +/- 11.6), fetal calf serum (25.4 +/- 11.8), and heat-inactivated homologous normal AB serum (28.8 +/- 11.4). The SI of normal lymphocytes in sera from patients with bladder carcinoma was significantly lower than in the other two sera (14.0 +/- 7.9). The serum inhibitory effect was significantly associated with the stage and grade of tumor and was diminished after removal of the tumor. The SI of lymphocytes from patients with certain other malignant diseases was significantly lower in autologous serum than in fetal calf serum or homologous normal AB serum. The SI of the lymphocytes from patients with prostatic carcinoma and embryonal cell carcinoma was also low in sera from patients with bladder carcinoma as well as in autologous sera. It is likely that the depressive effect of sera from patients with bladder carcinoma was not specific to bladder carcinoma.", "PMID": 429128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14566", "title": "The synthesis and release of prostaglandins by human urinary bladder muscle in vitro.", "content": "Using the technique of bioassay the presence, production, and importance of prostaglandins (PG) in human bladder muscle have been investigated in vitro. Low basal tissue levels of PG were shown. E series PGs were released by isolated bladder muscle strips in organ bath experiments. The spontaneous activity and PG release of these strips could be markedly reduced by the addition of indomethacin. Incubation of bladder muscle with the PG precursor, arachidonic acid, resulted in the synthesis of substantial quantities of PGs.", "contents": "The synthesis and release of prostaglandins by human urinary bladder muscle in vitro. Using the technique of bioassay the presence, production, and importance of prostaglandins (PG) in human bladder muscle have been investigated in vitro. Low basal tissue levels of PG were shown. E series PGs were released by isolated bladder muscle strips in organ bath experiments. The spontaneous activity and PG release of these strips could be markedly reduced by the addition of indomethacin. Incubation of bladder muscle with the PG precursor, arachidonic acid, resulted in the synthesis of substantial quantities of PGs.", "PMID": 429129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14567", "title": "Human prostatic acid phosphatases: purification of a minor enzyme and comparisons of the enzymes.", "content": "The minor enzyme of human prostatic acid phosphatases (pI 5.5) with high specific activity (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, acid optimum, EC 3.1.3.2) has been purified for the first time as a pure enzyme protein. The enzyme was a single protein when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isotachophoresis. The specific activity was 1080 micromole per (min X mg) for hydrolysis of 5.5 mmole per liter of p-nitrophenylphosphate at pH 4.8 and 37 C. The purification coefficient was 540 and the recovery of enzyme activity was 2 per cent. The molecular weight of the enzyme subunit when measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate was 54,000. The Km of the purified enzyme was 3 X 10(-4) mole per liter for p-nitrophenylphosphate. An antiserum to this enzyme was prepared. The enzyme was cross-reactive with the main enzyme (pI 4.9) of human prostatic acid phosphatases in immunoelectrophoresis. No precipitin arc with the acid phosphatase in the serum of a prostatic carcinoma patient could be shown. Antiserum to the main enzyme caused a precipitin line with the same serum sample.", "contents": "Human prostatic acid phosphatases: purification of a minor enzyme and comparisons of the enzymes. The minor enzyme of human prostatic acid phosphatases (pI 5.5) with high specific activity (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, acid optimum, EC 3.1.3.2) has been purified for the first time as a pure enzyme protein. The enzyme was a single protein when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isotachophoresis. The specific activity was 1080 micromole per (min X mg) for hydrolysis of 5.5 mmole per liter of p-nitrophenylphosphate at pH 4.8 and 37 C. The purification coefficient was 540 and the recovery of enzyme activity was 2 per cent. The molecular weight of the enzyme subunit when measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate was 54,000. The Km of the purified enzyme was 3 X 10(-4) mole per liter for p-nitrophenylphosphate. An antiserum to this enzyme was prepared. The enzyme was cross-reactive with the main enzyme (pI 4.9) of human prostatic acid phosphatases in immunoelectrophoresis. No precipitin arc with the acid phosphatase in the serum of a prostatic carcinoma patient could be shown. Antiserum to the main enzyme caused a precipitin line with the same serum sample.", "PMID": 429130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14568", "title": "The Nb rat: prostatic adenocarcinoma model.", "content": "The Noble rat prostatic adenocarcinoma is an animal model which is used to study human prostatic carcinoma. It mimics the human condition in histology, in biochemistry with the production of acid phosphatase, and in tumor growth which is relatively constant. Additionally, it is hormonally dependent and metastasizes. This animal model should provide an avenue for the evaluation of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents heretofore receiving little attention from the urologic community.", "contents": "The Nb rat: prostatic adenocarcinoma model. The Noble rat prostatic adenocarcinoma is an animal model which is used to study human prostatic carcinoma. It mimics the human condition in histology, in biochemistry with the production of acid phosphatase, and in tumor growth which is relatively constant. Additionally, it is hormonally dependent and metastasizes. This animal model should provide an avenue for the evaluation of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents heretofore receiving little attention from the urologic community.", "PMID": 429131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14569", "title": "The response of the renal pelvis to infection: a scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The response of the rat renal pelvis to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Bacterial attachment was noted in regions of microplical alteration with subsequent strand formation and epithelial cell exfoliation. These observations support the hypothesis that bacterial invasion initiates defense mechanisms in the renal pelvis similar to those noted in bladders, namely, membrane alteration with increased bacterial attachment, strand formation with further bacterial entrapment, and exfoliation of bacteria-laden epithelial cells which are eliminated via voiding.", "contents": "The response of the renal pelvis to infection: a scanning electron microscopic study. The response of the rat renal pelvis to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Bacterial attachment was noted in regions of microplical alteration with subsequent strand formation and epithelial cell exfoliation. These observations support the hypothesis that bacterial invasion initiates defense mechanisms in the renal pelvis similar to those noted in bladders, namely, membrane alteration with increased bacterial attachment, strand formation with further bacterial entrapment, and exfoliation of bacteria-laden epithelial cells which are eliminated via voiding.", "PMID": 429132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14570", "title": "The ultrastructural effect of distension on the neuromuscular apparatus of the urinary bladder.", "content": "The recent clinical success of distension therapy in the treatment of idiopathic detrusor hyperreflexia has prompted this ultrastructural study. The neuromuscular pathways of conduction in the rat and rabbit urinary bladder wall were examined using perfusion fixation techniques. The effects of short-term and prolonged distension were studied at frequent intervals for 4 months in treated and control animals. Prolonged distension did not alter either smooth muscle architecture or intercellular contact points. A transient phase of nerve degeneration in bladder muscle consisting of axonal swelling and lysis of organelles was observed. A quantitative estimate of nerve injury and regeneration was compiled using pooled histograms. Possible physiologic mechanisms of injury and clinical conclusions are discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructural effect of distension on the neuromuscular apparatus of the urinary bladder. The recent clinical success of distension therapy in the treatment of idiopathic detrusor hyperreflexia has prompted this ultrastructural study. The neuromuscular pathways of conduction in the rat and rabbit urinary bladder wall were examined using perfusion fixation techniques. The effects of short-term and prolonged distension were studied at frequent intervals for 4 months in treated and control animals. Prolonged distension did not alter either smooth muscle architecture or intercellular contact points. A transient phase of nerve degeneration in bladder muscle consisting of axonal swelling and lysis of organelles was observed. A quantitative estimate of nerve injury and regeneration was compiled using pooled histograms. Possible physiologic mechanisms of injury and clinical conclusions are discussed.", "PMID": 429133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14571", "title": "Retinyl acetate prophylaxis in cancer of the urinary bladder.", "content": "Virgin female C3H/He mice (275) were fed a ration that included 0.1 per cent N-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl formamide (FANFT) and retinyl acetate. The mice were divided into five groups with Groups 1 through 4 receiving 300, 600, 1200, and 2400 IU of retinyl acetate per kilogram of feed plus FANFT respectively. Group 5 received 300 IU per kg of feed and no FANFT as a control. After 45 weeks the bladders were removed and inspected for neoplasms. There were no tumors found in any of the mice from Group 5. It was found that retinyl acetate significantly inhibited the formation of squamous cell tumors at all levels and inhibited transitional cell carcinoma when given as 600 IU per kilogram of feed.", "contents": "Retinyl acetate prophylaxis in cancer of the urinary bladder. Virgin female C3H/He mice (275) were fed a ration that included 0.1 per cent N-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl formamide (FANFT) and retinyl acetate. The mice were divided into five groups with Groups 1 through 4 receiving 300, 600, 1200, and 2400 IU of retinyl acetate per kilogram of feed plus FANFT respectively. Group 5 received 300 IU per kg of feed and no FANFT as a control. After 45 weeks the bladders were removed and inspected for neoplasms. There were no tumors found in any of the mice from Group 5. It was found that retinyl acetate significantly inhibited the formation of squamous cell tumors at all levels and inhibited transitional cell carcinoma when given as 600 IU per kilogram of feed.", "PMID": 429134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14572", "title": "Adenosine deaminase activity in a transplantable murine renal adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was studied in tumor tissue, spleen, and bone marrow of animals bearing a transplantable murine renal carcinoma. Tumor tissue and splenic ADA specific activities were elevated in these animals when compared to controls although splenic specific activity subsequently declined with increasing tumor burden. Marrow ADA specific activity was the same in tumor bearing animals as in controls regardless of variations in tumor size. Studies of this enzyme may offer insight into salvage pathways of purine biosynthesis thereby suggesting exploitable targets for chemotherapy.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase activity in a transplantable murine renal adenocarcinoma. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity was studied in tumor tissue, spleen, and bone marrow of animals bearing a transplantable murine renal carcinoma. Tumor tissue and splenic ADA specific activities were elevated in these animals when compared to controls although splenic specific activity subsequently declined with increasing tumor burden. Marrow ADA specific activity was the same in tumor bearing animals as in controls regardless of variations in tumor size. Studies of this enzyme may offer insight into salvage pathways of purine biosynthesis thereby suggesting exploitable targets for chemotherapy.", "PMID": 429136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14573", "title": "Pharmacokinetic studies of oxalate in man.", "content": "The observation of the plasma concentrations after rapid intravenous administration of inulin and 14C-oxalate to six normal and one hyperoxaluric subjects allowed estimations of the half-life of elimination of oxalate (mean 91.7 min), volume of distribution of oxalate (mean = 32.5 liters), calculation of the miscible oxalate pool (mean 3.7 mg), of the plasma oxalate concentration (mean = 11.1 microgram per 100 ml), of the oxalate clearance (252 ml per min), and the determination of the oxalate turnover rate (0.027 mg per min). The 14C-oxalate/inulin clearance ratio was 2.44 implying an additional excretion mechanism apart from glomerular filtration. Inasmuch as 97.2 per cent of the administered tracer were recovered unchanged in urine, nonrenal loss of oxalate is not an appreciable factor. The data of one hyperoxaluric patient are compared with those of the healthy subjects.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic studies of oxalate in man. The observation of the plasma concentrations after rapid intravenous administration of inulin and 14C-oxalate to six normal and one hyperoxaluric subjects allowed estimations of the half-life of elimination of oxalate (mean 91.7 min), volume of distribution of oxalate (mean = 32.5 liters), calculation of the miscible oxalate pool (mean 3.7 mg), of the plasma oxalate concentration (mean = 11.1 microgram per 100 ml), of the oxalate clearance (252 ml per min), and the determination of the oxalate turnover rate (0.027 mg per min). The 14C-oxalate/inulin clearance ratio was 2.44 implying an additional excretion mechanism apart from glomerular filtration. Inasmuch as 97.2 per cent of the administered tracer were recovered unchanged in urine, nonrenal loss of oxalate is not an appreciable factor. The data of one hyperoxaluric patient are compared with those of the healthy subjects.", "PMID": 429137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14574", "title": "Laser investigations of the strictured dog urethra.", "content": "The effects of the Neodymium:YAG laser beam on normal as well as on granulation tissue of the dog urethra were investigated in vitro. To determine the effectiveness of the laser beam special attention was paid to the size of the local spot and the pulse duration. After determination of the most favorable diameter of the focus and the pulse duration of the laser beam, endoscopic laser examinations were performed on normal and experimentally strictured urethrae in dogs. A suitable laser endoscope was designed and a surgical technique for laser-beam treatment of the strictured urethra was developed. The postoperative follow-up period was up to 6 weeks. There was no need for postoperative urinary diversion. Neither bleeding nor perforations were observed.", "contents": "Laser investigations of the strictured dog urethra. The effects of the Neodymium:YAG laser beam on normal as well as on granulation tissue of the dog urethra were investigated in vitro. To determine the effectiveness of the laser beam special attention was paid to the size of the local spot and the pulse duration. After determination of the most favorable diameter of the focus and the pulse duration of the laser beam, endoscopic laser examinations were performed on normal and experimentally strictured urethrae in dogs. A suitable laser endoscope was designed and a surgical technique for laser-beam treatment of the strictured urethra was developed. The postoperative follow-up period was up to 6 weeks. There was no need for postoperative urinary diversion. Neither bleeding nor perforations were observed.", "PMID": 429138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14575", "title": "Influenza virus: appearance of high mouse-neurovirulent recombinants.", "content": "Recombinants from two influenza A strains that lacked mouse neurovirulence were tested, along with their parent strains, for mouse neurovirulence and for the ability to propagate in dissociated mouse embryo brain cells. The parents used were (i) strain A/Rostock/34 (FPV) (Hav1N1), with a high chicken neurovirulence, and (ii) the mouse-lung-adapted human strain Engl/1/61 (H2N2), lacking neurovirulence. In some of the recombinants high mouse neurovirulence could be detected after intracerebral inoculation of low virus doses. There was neither a correlation between surface antigen and neurovirulence nor between neurovirulence and mouse lung virulence in our system, although neurovirulence was only found in strains with Hav1 hemagglutinin. There was an association between replication in mouse embryo brain cells in culture and high mouse neurovirulence.", "contents": "Influenza virus: appearance of high mouse-neurovirulent recombinants. Recombinants from two influenza A strains that lacked mouse neurovirulence were tested, along with their parent strains, for mouse neurovirulence and for the ability to propagate in dissociated mouse embryo brain cells. The parents used were (i) strain A/Rostock/34 (FPV) (Hav1N1), with a high chicken neurovirulence, and (ii) the mouse-lung-adapted human strain Engl/1/61 (H2N2), lacking neurovirulence. In some of the recombinants high mouse neurovirulence could be detected after intracerebral inoculation of low virus doses. There was neither a correlation between surface antigen and neurovirulence nor between neurovirulence and mouse lung virulence in our system, although neurovirulence was only found in strains with Hav1 hemagglutinin. There was an association between replication in mouse embryo brain cells in culture and high mouse neurovirulence.", "PMID": 429139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14576", "title": "Efficient ribosome binding of brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA4 contributes to its ability to outcompete the other BMV RNAs for translation.", "content": "Analysis of translation products synthesized in vitro in the presence of a mixture of brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNAs 1, 2, 3, and 4 usually shows a predominance of coat protein, coded by RNA4. The proportion of products directed by RNAs 1 and 2 decreased at saturating concentrations of BMV RNA and in the presence of 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate (m7G5'p) at nonsaturating concentrations of RNA. No differences in the relative proportions of the various proteins produced were detected in the presence of T-2 toxin, which interferes with the formation of the first peptidyl bond rather than competing for initiation factor, as has been suggested for m7G5'p. These data show that the ability of BMV RNA4 to outcompete BMV RNAs 1, 2, and 3 results, at least in part, from its ability to bind more efficiently to ribosomes.", "contents": "Efficient ribosome binding of brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA4 contributes to its ability to outcompete the other BMV RNAs for translation. Analysis of translation products synthesized in vitro in the presence of a mixture of brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNAs 1, 2, 3, and 4 usually shows a predominance of coat protein, coded by RNA4. The proportion of products directed by RNAs 1 and 2 decreased at saturating concentrations of BMV RNA and in the presence of 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate (m7G5'p) at nonsaturating concentrations of RNA. No differences in the relative proportions of the various proteins produced were detected in the presence of T-2 toxin, which interferes with the formation of the first peptidyl bond rather than competing for initiation factor, as has been suggested for m7G5'p. These data show that the ability of BMV RNA4 to outcompete BMV RNAs 1, 2, and 3 results, at least in part, from its ability to bind more efficiently to ribosomes.", "PMID": 429140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14577", "title": "Plaque assay of baculoviruses employing an agarose-nutrient overlay.", "content": "Four baculoviruses produced visible plaques in the Spodoptera frugiperda cell line when cell monolayers were infected and overlayed with a simplified, agarose-nutrient formulation. Macroscopic plaques were first detected 4 days postinoculation, and by 10 days plaques ranging from 0.5 to 3 mm in diameter were seen. Dose-response experiments indicated that a single particle initiated the formation of a plaque, because a linear response was demonstrated with increased dosage.", "contents": "Plaque assay of baculoviruses employing an agarose-nutrient overlay. Four baculoviruses produced visible plaques in the Spodoptera frugiperda cell line when cell monolayers were infected and overlayed with a simplified, agarose-nutrient formulation. Macroscopic plaques were first detected 4 days postinoculation, and by 10 days plaques ranging from 0.5 to 3 mm in diameter were seen. Dose-response experiments indicated that a single particle initiated the formation of a plaque, because a linear response was demonstrated with increased dosage.", "PMID": 429141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14578", "title": "Classification of human adenoviruses by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of structural polypeptides.", "content": "The virion polypeptide compositions of 15 human adenovirus types, representing all members of subgroups B and C and selected members of subgroups A and D, have been analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The capsid polypeptides II, III, IIIa and IV displayed a pattern of apparent molecular weights which was characteristic for each adenovirus serotype analyzed. Adenovirus serotypes belonging to the same subgroup were also demonstrated to share an apparent molecular weight pattern of the internal structural polypeptides in the following manner: Subgroup A:V-resolved into two bands of 46--48.5 K and 51--51.5 K; VI-25.5 K; and VII-18 K. Subgroup B:V-53.5--54.5 K; VI-24 K; and VII-18 K. Subgroup C:V-48.5 K; VI-24 K; and VII-18.5 K. Subgroup D:V-50.5 K; VI-23.5 K; and VII-18 K. Adenovirus type 4: V-48 K; VI-24.5 K; and VII-18 K. The structural polypeptides represent a major portion of the adenovirus gene products. It is therefore proposed that the apparent molecular weight differences of viral polypeptides be used (i) to confirm the identification of an adenovirus type, and (ii) for subgroup classification of adenoviruses and, consequently, that adenovirus type 4 should be classified as a member of a separate subgroup designated E.", "contents": "Classification of human adenoviruses by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of structural polypeptides. The virion polypeptide compositions of 15 human adenovirus types, representing all members of subgroups B and C and selected members of subgroups A and D, have been analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The capsid polypeptides II, III, IIIa and IV displayed a pattern of apparent molecular weights which was characteristic for each adenovirus serotype analyzed. Adenovirus serotypes belonging to the same subgroup were also demonstrated to share an apparent molecular weight pattern of the internal structural polypeptides in the following manner: Subgroup A:V-resolved into two bands of 46--48.5 K and 51--51.5 K; VI-25.5 K; and VII-18 K. Subgroup B:V-53.5--54.5 K; VI-24 K; and VII-18 K. Subgroup C:V-48.5 K; VI-24 K; and VII-18.5 K. Subgroup D:V-50.5 K; VI-23.5 K; and VII-18 K. Adenovirus type 4: V-48 K; VI-24.5 K; and VII-18 K. The structural polypeptides represent a major portion of the adenovirus gene products. It is therefore proposed that the apparent molecular weight differences of viral polypeptides be used (i) to confirm the identification of an adenovirus type, and (ii) for subgroup classification of adenoviruses and, consequently, that adenovirus type 4 should be classified as a member of a separate subgroup designated E.", "PMID": 429142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14579", "title": "Water-bone transmission of influenza A viruses?", "content": "The isolation of influenza A viruses from unconcentrated lake water and from fecal samples on the shore of these lakes is reported for the first time. Influenza A viruses, representative of most of the major antigenic subtypes, co-circulate in ducks on the lakes.", "contents": "Water-bone transmission of influenza A viruses? The isolation of influenza A viruses from unconcentrated lake water and from fecal samples on the shore of these lakes is reported for the first time. Influenza A viruses, representative of most of the major antigenic subtypes, co-circulate in ducks on the lakes.", "PMID": 429143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14580", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for albumin-binding sites associated with HBsAg: correlation of results with the presence of e-antigen in serum.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for albumin-binding sites associated with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is described. Polystyrene beads coated with glutaraldehyde-polymerized human serum albumin were incubated with diluted specimens of HBsAg-positive sera which contained either e-antigen (HBeAg) or anti-HBe or were negative for both HBeAg and anti-HBe as determined by rheophoresis. The quantity of HBsAg attached to the beads, determined by measuring the amount of 125I-labeled anti-HBs adsorbed during a subsequent incubation step, was related to the presence of HBeAg in the specimens.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for albumin-binding sites associated with HBsAg: correlation of results with the presence of e-antigen in serum. A radioimmunoassay for albumin-binding sites associated with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is described. Polystyrene beads coated with glutaraldehyde-polymerized human serum albumin were incubated with diluted specimens of HBsAg-positive sera which contained either e-antigen (HBeAg) or anti-HBe or were negative for both HBeAg and anti-HBe as determined by rheophoresis. The quantity of HBsAg attached to the beads, determined by measuring the amount of 125I-labeled anti-HBs adsorbed during a subsequent incubation step, was related to the presence of HBeAg in the specimens.", "PMID": 429144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14581", "title": "Evidence for a single infectious species of potato spindle tuber viroid.", "content": "Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) has been separated into two electrophoretic species on polyacrylamide gels containing 8 M urea at 60 degrees. Only the slower-migrating electrophoretic form was infectious and is presumably the circular form of the molecule. Both forms had similar base compositions with a 55-58% GC content, similar to the citrus exocortis viroid. Labeling studies in vivo suggest that the viroid is not methylated.", "contents": "Evidence for a single infectious species of potato spindle tuber viroid. Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) has been separated into two electrophoretic species on polyacrylamide gels containing 8 M urea at 60 degrees. Only the slower-migrating electrophoretic form was infectious and is presumably the circular form of the molecule. Both forms had similar base compositions with a 55-58% GC content, similar to the citrus exocortis viroid. Labeling studies in vivo suggest that the viroid is not methylated.", "PMID": 429145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14582", "title": "Suggestions for the classification and nomenclature of helical plant viruses.", "content": "Helical plant viruses are arranged into four families: Flexiviridae, Tobamoviridae, Hordeiviridae, and Tobraviridae. Further division of these families into genera and subgenera is shown. A family-specific, constant amount of RNA per unit virion length and a distinct radial location of RNA from the center of the helix are considered as basic criteria for establishment of these families.", "contents": "Suggestions for the classification and nomenclature of helical plant viruses. Helical plant viruses are arranged into four families: Flexiviridae, Tobamoviridae, Hordeiviridae, and Tobraviridae. Further division of these families into genera and subgenera is shown. A family-specific, constant amount of RNA per unit virion length and a distinct radial location of RNA from the center of the helix are considered as basic criteria for establishment of these families.", "PMID": 429147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14583", "title": "Formation of cross-linked molecules during vaccinia DNA replication.", "content": "The appearance of cross-linked DNA molecules during the replication of vaccinia virus DNA was investigated. Conversion of full size DNA molecules to cross-linked molecules occurs several hours after completion of DNA synthesis. Inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D did not prevent this transition; however, interruption of protein synthesis by streptovitacin A resulted in partial inhibition of the process.", "contents": "Formation of cross-linked molecules during vaccinia DNA replication. The appearance of cross-linked DNA molecules during the replication of vaccinia virus DNA was investigated. Conversion of full size DNA molecules to cross-linked molecules occurs several hours after completion of DNA synthesis. Inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D did not prevent this transition; however, interruption of protein synthesis by streptovitacin A resulted in partial inhibition of the process.", "PMID": 429148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14584", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of maize mosaic virus.", "content": "Leaf extracts containing maize mosaic virus (MMV) were purified by treatment with activated charcoal followed by filtration through Celite. Virus was concentrated from the filtrate by sedimentation onto a sucrose pad and then further purified by centrifugation in a 20--50% continuous sucrose density gradient. Buoyant density of virus particles in sucrose solution was 1.181 g/ml. Nucleic acid extracted from virus preparations reacted with orcinol and behaved like RNA in Pederson's diphenylamine test. It was digested by pancreatic RNase and apparently is single-stranded RNA. Virus preparations also contained lipids. The morphology and constituents of MMV particles are therefore those expected for a rhabdovirus.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of maize mosaic virus. Leaf extracts containing maize mosaic virus (MMV) were purified by treatment with activated charcoal followed by filtration through Celite. Virus was concentrated from the filtrate by sedimentation onto a sucrose pad and then further purified by centrifugation in a 20--50% continuous sucrose density gradient. Buoyant density of virus particles in sucrose solution was 1.181 g/ml. Nucleic acid extracted from virus preparations reacted with orcinol and behaved like RNA in Pederson's diphenylamine test. It was digested by pancreatic RNase and apparently is single-stranded RNA. Virus preparations also contained lipids. The morphology and constituents of MMV particles are therefore those expected for a rhabdovirus.", "PMID": 429149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14585", "title": "Physicochemical characterization of a small RNA virus associated with baculovirus infection in Trichoplusia ni.", "content": "An RNA virus was isolated from Trichoplusia ni larvae infected with inoculum of the baculovirus of Autographa californica. Physicochemical characterization has revealed a 35-nm virus with a density in CsCl of 1.3 g/cm3 and a sedimentation coefficient of 200S. The virus consisted of 10--15% single-stranded RNA with an apparent molecular weight of 1.9 x 10(6) and coat protein with a subunit size of 67,000. The virus is similar to the Nudaurelia capensis beta virus and also possesses some interesting similarities to the mammalian caliciviruses. The proposed cryptogram of the virus is R/1:1.9/12:S/S:I/O.", "contents": "Physicochemical characterization of a small RNA virus associated with baculovirus infection in Trichoplusia ni. An RNA virus was isolated from Trichoplusia ni larvae infected with inoculum of the baculovirus of Autographa californica. Physicochemical characterization has revealed a 35-nm virus with a density in CsCl of 1.3 g/cm3 and a sedimentation coefficient of 200S. The virus consisted of 10--15% single-stranded RNA with an apparent molecular weight of 1.9 x 10(6) and coat protein with a subunit size of 67,000. The virus is similar to the Nudaurelia capensis beta virus and also possesses some interesting similarities to the mammalian caliciviruses. The proposed cryptogram of the virus is R/1:1.9/12:S/S:I/O.", "PMID": 429150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14586", "title": "[60 cases of stenosis of the thoracic esophagus. Surgical technic].", "content": "Thoracic esophageal stenosis most frequently is seen in reflux disease as sequelae of endobrachyesophagus. In 10% of these cases later on an adenocarcinoma will be proven. Of special therapeutic interest in this field is the relationship with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, with scleroderma and with juvenile acid burns of the esophagus. As operative therapy in the benign state of reflux disease we advise conservative, organ-preserving, functional surgery with peroperative dilatation, abdominal fundoplication and, if necessary, vagotomy. Long-term follow-up results are demonstrated.", "contents": "[60 cases of stenosis of the thoracic esophagus. Surgical technic]. Thoracic esophageal stenosis most frequently is seen in reflux disease as sequelae of endobrachyesophagus. In 10% of these cases later on an adenocarcinoma will be proven. Of special therapeutic interest in this field is the relationship with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, with scleroderma and with juvenile acid burns of the esophagus. As operative therapy in the benign state of reflux disease we advise conservative, organ-preserving, functional surgery with peroperative dilatation, abdominal fundoplication and, if necessary, vagotomy. Long-term follow-up results are demonstrated.", "PMID": 429158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14587", "title": "[Perforations on peptic ulcers of the esophagus].", "content": "The term \"atraumatic perforation of the oesophagus\" which is suggested by ABBOTT covers several entities. HEBERER and RIOULT draw a distinction between spontaneous ruptures, which have their seat in a macroscopically healthy zone of the oesophagus, and perforations, which are the final consequence of a constant, progressive process of parietal erosion. Such a perforation may be due to complications of the peptic disease of the oesophagus. The transition from the perforating or intramural ulcer to the disintegration of the entire wall, with the formation of a mediastinal abscess, is progressive. The seriousness of the affection results from the perforation of this abscess into a neighbouring organ or cavity (mediastinum, lung, pericardium, pleura). In most cases, however, the perforation is closed by reactional mediastinitis, which also limits the seriousness of the phenomenon and permits a comparatively mild form of treatment (drainage).--Out of six cases of atraumatic perforation, we have observed two perforations on peptic oesophagitis: one of them exceptional, perforated into the aorta with immediate death, and the other perforated into the mediastinum and cured after resection of the oesophagus.", "contents": "[Perforations on peptic ulcers of the esophagus]. The term \"atraumatic perforation of the oesophagus\" which is suggested by ABBOTT covers several entities. HEBERER and RIOULT draw a distinction between spontaneous ruptures, which have their seat in a macroscopically healthy zone of the oesophagus, and perforations, which are the final consequence of a constant, progressive process of parietal erosion. Such a perforation may be due to complications of the peptic disease of the oesophagus. The transition from the perforating or intramural ulcer to the disintegration of the entire wall, with the formation of a mediastinal abscess, is progressive. The seriousness of the affection results from the perforation of this abscess into a neighbouring organ or cavity (mediastinum, lung, pericardium, pleura). In most cases, however, the perforation is closed by reactional mediastinitis, which also limits the seriousness of the phenomenon and permits a comparatively mild form of treatment (drainage).--Out of six cases of atraumatic perforation, we have observed two perforations on peptic oesophagitis: one of them exceptional, perforated into the aorta with immediate death, and the other perforated into the mediastinum and cured after resection of the oesophagus.", "PMID": 429159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14588", "title": "[Esophageal leiomyomas. Apropos of 16 cases].", "content": "16 cases of oesophageal leiomyomas are reported; diagnostic difficulties and important surgical consequences are discussed. The surgical procedures must be as soon as possible, and should be enucleation of the lesion. The results are excellent. In three cases postoperative oesophageal spasms and retrosternal pains needed secondary medical treatment.", "contents": "[Esophageal leiomyomas. Apropos of 16 cases]. 16 cases of oesophageal leiomyomas are reported; diagnostic difficulties and important surgical consequences are discussed. The surgical procedures must be as soon as possible, and should be enucleation of the lesion. The results are excellent. In three cases postoperative oesophageal spasms and retrosternal pains needed secondary medical treatment.", "PMID": 429160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14589", "title": "[Necrosis of the lesser curve of the stomach after proximal selective vagotomy].", "content": "Necrosis of lesser curve of stomach after proximal selective vagotomy is a specific but rare hazard of this operation. Anatomical and pathophysiological findings speak in favour of ischaemic pathogenesis, even if a peptic factor may exceptionally play a role in some cases. Local tissue trauma enhances the risk of later sloughing of lesser curve. Three own reported cases without fatality point out the importance of previous massive ulcer bleeding with hypovolemic shock and severe anaemia. Early recognition and immediate reoperation only may avoid an otherwise fatal course. Simple oversewing has proved successful in treating even large lesions. Careful, atraumatic technique of skeletonization and reperitonealization of lesser curve help to prevent this life threatening complication.", "contents": "[Necrosis of the lesser curve of the stomach after proximal selective vagotomy]. Necrosis of lesser curve of stomach after proximal selective vagotomy is a specific but rare hazard of this operation. Anatomical and pathophysiological findings speak in favour of ischaemic pathogenesis, even if a peptic factor may exceptionally play a role in some cases. Local tissue trauma enhances the risk of later sloughing of lesser curve. Three own reported cases without fatality point out the importance of previous massive ulcer bleeding with hypovolemic shock and severe anaemia. Early recognition and immediate reoperation only may avoid an otherwise fatal course. Simple oversewing has proved successful in treating even large lesions. Careful, atraumatic technique of skeletonization and reperitonealization of lesser curve help to prevent this life threatening complication.", "PMID": 429161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14590", "title": "[Proximal selective vagotomy with or without pyloroplasty?].", "content": "Proximal gastric vagotomy without drainage is the operation of choice for uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. There are few contraindications for PGV as uremia, diabetes, hypertension, age over 65 years and a history of splenectomy. Only in cases of severe pyloric stenosis or bleeding ulcer or perforation in the pyloric area, a pyloroplasty should be added. The Wangensteen pyloroplasty is a safe drainage procedure and especially recommended in case of extensive scarring of the pylorus.", "contents": "[Proximal selective vagotomy with or without pyloroplasty?]. Proximal gastric vagotomy without drainage is the operation of choice for uncomplicated duodenal ulcer. There are few contraindications for PGV as uremia, diabetes, hypertension, age over 65 years and a history of splenectomy. Only in cases of severe pyloric stenosis or bleeding ulcer or perforation in the pyloric area, a pyloroplasty should be added. The Wangensteen pyloroplasty is a safe drainage procedure and especially recommended in case of extensive scarring of the pylorus.", "PMID": 429162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14591", "title": "[Value of abdominal ultrasonography for indication of cholecystectomy].", "content": "A review of the gall-bladder content of the 193 patients that underwent a cholecystectomy at the University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1977, was done in order to find out the diagnostic accuracy of sonographic examination of the gall-bladder, oral cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography. Sonographic examination of the gall-bladder proofed to be accurate in 92.5% of 109 cases. We found a false negative rate of 4.5% (5 cases) and a false positive rate of 1% (1 case) as well as an indeterminate rate of 2% (2 cases). In 37% (46 cases) of the 124 patients that underwent oral cholecystography and/or intravenous cholangiography the gall-bladder was not visualized. Sonographic examination of gall-bladder is free of side effects and can be done on emergency, on jaundiced or pregnant patients, and it is enough reliable for the surgeon to make a decision to operate the gall-bladder. Low cost of the procedure is another point in favour of sonographic examination of the gall-bladder.", "contents": "[Value of abdominal ultrasonography for indication of cholecystectomy]. A review of the gall-bladder content of the 193 patients that underwent a cholecystectomy at the University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1977, was done in order to find out the diagnostic accuracy of sonographic examination of the gall-bladder, oral cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography. Sonographic examination of the gall-bladder proofed to be accurate in 92.5% of 109 cases. We found a false negative rate of 4.5% (5 cases) and a false positive rate of 1% (1 case) as well as an indeterminate rate of 2% (2 cases). In 37% (46 cases) of the 124 patients that underwent oral cholecystography and/or intravenous cholangiography the gall-bladder was not visualized. Sonographic examination of gall-bladder is free of side effects and can be done on emergency, on jaundiced or pregnant patients, and it is enough reliable for the surgeon to make a decision to operate the gall-bladder. Low cost of the procedure is another point in favour of sonographic examination of the gall-bladder.", "PMID": 429163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14592", "title": "[Papillotomy or papilloplasty? Clinical and endoscopic follow-up after papillary surgery].", "content": "We controlled patients after surgical incision of the papilla for papillary stone or papillary stenosis. 131 were examined clinically, 39 of them additionally with ERCP. The endoscopy showed that simple cutting of the papilla (i.e. papillotomy) often resulted in a restenosis because of accretion of the incised duodenal mucosa. This was prevented by the additional suture of the choledochal and duodenal mucosa (i.e. papilloplasty). The clinical results, however, were equally good with both surgical techniques. This rises the question in view of the striking endoscopical results, whether the clinical examination alone is an adequate criterion to detect stasis disorders of the liver and the pancreas. The results confirm us to perform, when surgical incision of the papilla is necessary, rather a papilloplasty than a papillotomy.", "contents": "[Papillotomy or papilloplasty? Clinical and endoscopic follow-up after papillary surgery]. We controlled patients after surgical incision of the papilla for papillary stone or papillary stenosis. 131 were examined clinically, 39 of them additionally with ERCP. The endoscopy showed that simple cutting of the papilla (i.e. papillotomy) often resulted in a restenosis because of accretion of the incised duodenal mucosa. This was prevented by the additional suture of the choledochal and duodenal mucosa (i.e. papilloplasty). The clinical results, however, were equally good with both surgical techniques. This rises the question in view of the striking endoscopical results, whether the clinical examination alone is an adequate criterion to detect stasis disorders of the liver and the pancreas. The results confirm us to perform, when surgical incision of the papilla is necessary, rather a papilloplasty than a papillotomy.", "PMID": 429164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14593", "title": "[Indication of delayed surgery in the postacute phase of hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis].", "content": "In acute hemorrhagic-necrotizing pancreatitis partial necrosis with good response to conservative therapy can be differentiated from extensive necrosis with no response to conservative therapy. In case of surviving the acute phase sequester and abscess are often to be seen in the \"postacute phase\", after 10-14 days. The indications for the \"delayed operation\" in this postacute phase are development of a palpable mass together with clinical deterioration and other complications. The surgical procedure consists of digital removal of necrotic tissue (sequestrotomy), abscess incision and resection. Since 1971 84 of 93 patients with a postacute pancreatitis were operated, two third survived.", "contents": "[Indication of delayed surgery in the postacute phase of hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis]. In acute hemorrhagic-necrotizing pancreatitis partial necrosis with good response to conservative therapy can be differentiated from extensive necrosis with no response to conservative therapy. In case of surviving the acute phase sequester and abscess are often to be seen in the \"postacute phase\", after 10-14 days. The indications for the \"delayed operation\" in this postacute phase are development of a palpable mass together with clinical deterioration and other complications. The surgical procedure consists of digital removal of necrotic tissue (sequestrotomy), abscess incision and resection. Since 1971 84 of 93 patients with a postacute pancreatitis were operated, two third survived.", "PMID": 429166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14594", "title": "[Surgical treatment of hyperlipidemia by partial ileal by-pass].", "content": "This study is composed of 7 hyperlipidaemic patients (type II, n = 4; type IV, n = 3), aged 33 to 59 years. These patients underwent a partial ileal by-pass, and the immediate post-operative period was uneventful. Six months post-operatively, serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were 45 and 44% of the pre-operative values. Serum electrolytes remained unchanged as well as liver function tests. In the first few days post-operatively, diarrhoea was a frequent complaint; by the 6th post-operative month, the stools numbered 2-3 per day in patients not receiving any medical treatment. Average weight loss was 6 +/- 1.3%. These preliminary results may confirm that partial ileal by-pass produces favourable metabolic changes. However, screening for late complications is to be further investigated, and the effectiveness of the operative procedure must still be evaluated.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of hyperlipidemia by partial ileal by-pass]. This study is composed of 7 hyperlipidaemic patients (type II, n = 4; type IV, n = 3), aged 33 to 59 years. These patients underwent a partial ileal by-pass, and the immediate post-operative period was uneventful. Six months post-operatively, serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were 45 and 44% of the pre-operative values. Serum electrolytes remained unchanged as well as liver function tests. In the first few days post-operatively, diarrhoea was a frequent complaint; by the 6th post-operative month, the stools numbered 2-3 per day in patients not receiving any medical treatment. Average weight loss was 6 +/- 1.3%. These preliminary results may confirm that partial ileal by-pass produces favourable metabolic changes. However, screening for late complications is to be further investigated, and the effectiveness of the operative procedure must still be evaluated.", "PMID": 429167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14595", "title": "[Rectosigmoidovesical fistula].", "content": "The symptomatology of vesico-colonic fistulae is presented and their differential diagnosis discussed. Management should be tailored to the individual case. Whenever possible, we perform a radical primary operation. An additional by-pass colostomy is indicated if it is felt that the integrity of the anastomosis is jeopardised.", "contents": "[Rectosigmoidovesical fistula]. The symptomatology of vesico-colonic fistulae is presented and their differential diagnosis discussed. Management should be tailored to the individual case. Whenever possible, we perform a radical primary operation. An additional by-pass colostomy is indicated if it is felt that the integrity of the anastomosis is jeopardised.", "PMID": 429168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14596", "title": "[Colonic perforation with special reference to spontaneous ileo-colic perforation].", "content": "Aetiology of colonic perforation is reviewed and discussed. 8 cases of \"spontaneous\" ileo-colic perforations observed between 1975 and 1977 are presented. Two of these patients had recently undergone appendectomy, and 4 others showed a simultaneous distal carcinoma of the large bowel. Histo-pathological evaluation did not reveal the cause of intestinal perforation. Operative treatment and results are given.", "contents": "[Colonic perforation with special reference to spontaneous ileo-colic perforation]. Aetiology of colonic perforation is reviewed and discussed. 8 cases of \"spontaneous\" ileo-colic perforations observed between 1975 and 1977 are presented. Two of these patients had recently undergone appendectomy, and 4 others showed a simultaneous distal carcinoma of the large bowel. Histo-pathological evaluation did not reveal the cause of intestinal perforation. Operative treatment and results are given.", "PMID": 429169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14597", "title": "[Sigmoid colon injuries caused by blunt abdominal trauma].", "content": "Circumferential seromuscular stripping of the sigmoid colon with denudation of the mucosal tube over a length of 4 to 10 cm has been observed in four patients after blunt abdominal trauma. Three of the patients had been driving a motor car, with two of them wearing safety belts. One patient was injured when he was caught between steel bars at work. In two cases the sigmoid lesion was associated with a tear in the mesoileum, leading to ischemic bowel necrosis in one. In one patient the lesion was found 5 days after the accident when he presented the symptoms of diffuse peritonitis caused by secondary perforation of the denuded mucosal tube. Treatment consisted in resection, anastomosis and proximal colostomy in two, and resection with end colostomy and distal mucous fistula in the remaining two cases.--As long as perforation of the denuded mucosa has not occurred, symptoms may be minimal. Liberal use of peritoneal lavage in polytraumatized patients is therefore important in order to minimize the likelihood of overlooking this type of bowel lesion.", "contents": "[Sigmoid colon injuries caused by blunt abdominal trauma]. Circumferential seromuscular stripping of the sigmoid colon with denudation of the mucosal tube over a length of 4 to 10 cm has been observed in four patients after blunt abdominal trauma. Three of the patients had been driving a motor car, with two of them wearing safety belts. One patient was injured when he was caught between steel bars at work. In two cases the sigmoid lesion was associated with a tear in the mesoileum, leading to ischemic bowel necrosis in one. In one patient the lesion was found 5 days after the accident when he presented the symptoms of diffuse peritonitis caused by secondary perforation of the denuded mucosal tube. Treatment consisted in resection, anastomosis and proximal colostomy in two, and resection with end colostomy and distal mucous fistula in the remaining two cases.--As long as perforation of the denuded mucosa has not occurred, symptoms may be minimal. Liberal use of peritoneal lavage in polytraumatized patients is therefore important in order to minimize the likelihood of overlooking this type of bowel lesion.", "PMID": 429171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14598", "title": "[Treatment of anal fissure by lateral subcutaneous internal sphincterotomy].", "content": "50 patients have been followed up after lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure. The results are excellent. This operation has some advantages over against the posterior sphincterotomy or the sphincter stretching and should replace these latter procedures in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. The lateral internal sphincterotomy may probably be applied for other benign anal lesions.", "contents": "[Treatment of anal fissure by lateral subcutaneous internal sphincterotomy]. 50 patients have been followed up after lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure. The results are excellent. This operation has some advantages over against the posterior sphincterotomy or the sphincter stretching and should replace these latter procedures in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. The lateral internal sphincterotomy may probably be applied for other benign anal lesions.", "PMID": 429172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14599", "title": "[Starch peritonitis. Apropos of 13 cases].", "content": "First known as an inert and harmless substance, starch powder has been used from 1950 by surgical gloves factories in place of talcum. Its innocuousness is now being denied, but many surgeons still do not know its adverse side effects. 13 cases of glove starch peritonitis, seen between 1971 and 1978, allow the authors to review clinical signs, diagnostic and treatment possibilities as well as the risk of a new operation. To limit the quantity of starch powder introduced into the peritoneal cavity is so far the only mean to prevent this complication and to compel the surgical team to strict discipline.", "contents": "[Starch peritonitis. Apropos of 13 cases]. First known as an inert and harmless substance, starch powder has been used from 1950 by surgical gloves factories in place of talcum. Its innocuousness is now being denied, but many surgeons still do not know its adverse side effects. 13 cases of glove starch peritonitis, seen between 1971 and 1978, allow the authors to review clinical signs, diagnostic and treatment possibilities as well as the risk of a new operation. To limit the quantity of starch powder introduced into the peritoneal cavity is so far the only mean to prevent this complication and to compel the surgical team to strict discipline.", "PMID": 429173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14600", "title": "[Prevention of parietal septic complications by irrigation of the surgical wound].", "content": "In a randomized group of 162 patients, undergoing appendicectomy, irrigation of the wound with saline alone versus saline and antibiotics, shows a statistically significant smaller incidence of wound infection than in a comparative non irrigated group.", "contents": "[Prevention of parietal septic complications by irrigation of the surgical wound]. In a randomized group of 162 patients, undergoing appendicectomy, irrigation of the wound with saline alone versus saline and antibiotics, shows a statistically significant smaller incidence of wound infection than in a comparative non irrigated group.", "PMID": 429174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14601", "title": "[Burn mortality and morbidity: experience of the burn center in Z\u00fcrich from 1967 to 1977].", "content": "Ten years of burn treatment in a burn center are compared to the ten years prior to 1967: --Survival has increased markedly, due to aggressive local treatment with d\u00e9bridement, topical ointments, biologic dressings, and rapid closure of wounds. --Functional and cosmetic results have improved since tangential excision and immediate autografting are routinely performed. --Favourable results with shorter duration of hospitalization are obtained if doctors and nurses can acquire and apply their knowledge in many cases as is possible in a burn center.", "contents": "[Burn mortality and morbidity: experience of the burn center in Z\u00fcrich from 1967 to 1977]. Ten years of burn treatment in a burn center are compared to the ten years prior to 1967: --Survival has increased markedly, due to aggressive local treatment with d\u00e9bridement, topical ointments, biologic dressings, and rapid closure of wounds. --Functional and cosmetic results have improved since tangential excision and immediate autografting are routinely performed. --Favourable results with shorter duration of hospitalization are obtained if doctors and nurses can acquire and apply their knowledge in many cases as is possible in a burn center.", "PMID": 429176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14602", "title": "[Superselective parathyroid hormone determination--a reliable diagnosis of the location of endocrinological active parathyroid neoplasms].", "content": "The importance of superselective catheterization of the small jugular veins for PTH-radioimmunoassay is shown as an improvement of the preoperative localization technique. Since May 1976 in 20 patients the diagnosis of pHPT could be established. Our own experiences with the method of small vein sampling combined with the radioimmunoassay demonstrate that a reliable localization of overactive parathyroid tumours is possible.", "contents": "[Superselective parathyroid hormone determination--a reliable diagnosis of the location of endocrinological active parathyroid neoplasms]. The importance of superselective catheterization of the small jugular veins for PTH-radioimmunoassay is shown as an improvement of the preoperative localization technique. Since May 1976 in 20 patients the diagnosis of pHPT could be established. Our own experiences with the method of small vein sampling combined with the radioimmunoassay demonstrate that a reliable localization of overactive parathyroid tumours is possible.", "PMID": 429177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14603", "title": "[Various amounts of estrogen receptors in breast neoplasms].", "content": "An agar gel electrophoresis was performed to demonstrate various amounts of estrogen receptors of three different topics in 38 mammary carcinomas. A good correlation between estrogen receptors in primary mammary carcinomas and axillary lymph node metastases could be found.", "contents": "[Various amounts of estrogen receptors in breast neoplasms]. An agar gel electrophoresis was performed to demonstrate various amounts of estrogen receptors of three different topics in 38 mammary carcinomas. A good correlation between estrogen receptors in primary mammary carcinomas and axillary lymph node metastases could be found.", "PMID": 429178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14604", "title": "[Does every hospital need a catastrophe plan?].", "content": "The organisation of any hospital to manage the medical supply in case of general disaster should guarantee the maximum effectiveness. The increase of output has to be realised on the emergency ward, OR, JCU and on the general wards. The planning should include the management, the competence and the coordination inside and outside the hospital.", "contents": "[Does every hospital need a catastrophe plan?]. The organisation of any hospital to manage the medical supply in case of general disaster should guarantee the maximum effectiveness. The increase of output has to be realised on the emergency ward, OR, JCU and on the general wards. The planning should include the management, the competence and the coordination inside and outside the hospital.", "PMID": 429179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14605", "title": "[OPS--a new surgical planning system].", "content": "Due to increasing specialization the organization of units of operating theatres in big and middle-sized hospitals becomes more and more difficult. The capacity of operating rooms is the limiting factor in most hospitals, a careful and coordinated planning is therefore of great importance. We describe a new kind of planning system, which has been developed in our department. Experience has been excellent so far.", "contents": "[OPS--a new surgical planning system]. Due to increasing specialization the organization of units of operating theatres in big and middle-sized hospitals becomes more and more difficult. The capacity of operating rooms is the limiting factor in most hospitals, a careful and coordinated planning is therefore of great importance. We describe a new kind of planning system, which has been developed in our department. Experience has been excellent so far.", "PMID": 429180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14606", "title": "[Repair of recurrent very large inguinal hernias with intraabdominal prosthesis].", "content": "The use of a prosthesis in the repair of very large inguinal hernias as well as in multiple recurrences is often advocated. A new material is presented: the Rhodergon is a sheet of polyester which is placed through an intraabdominal extraperitoneal approach in order to cover the defect of the wall. One of its surfaces is velvet-like and induces adhesions with the edge of the abdominal defect that will be responsible for the strength of the repair. The other surface is covered with silicone and prevents adhesions with the peritoneum. Our first results with this type of repair are described and so far seem extremely satisfactory.", "contents": "[Repair of recurrent very large inguinal hernias with intraabdominal prosthesis]. The use of a prosthesis in the repair of very large inguinal hernias as well as in multiple recurrences is often advocated. A new material is presented: the Rhodergon is a sheet of polyester which is placed through an intraabdominal extraperitoneal approach in order to cover the defect of the wall. One of its surfaces is velvet-like and induces adhesions with the edge of the abdominal defect that will be responsible for the strength of the repair. The other surface is covered with silicone and prevents adhesions with the peritoneum. Our first results with this type of repair are described and so far seem extremely satisfactory.", "PMID": 429181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14607", "title": "[Acute arterial obstructions of the limbs in the aged].", "content": "131 cases of acute arterial obstruction were treated during 1973-1977, 70 (52%) of these cases were seen in patients of over 70 years of age and 20 out of them died during the first two months of the surgical treatment, 8 patients were amputed. The long term evaluation of 40 patients who survived for more than two months after the surgical treatment shows a very high mortality (14 of the 40 surviving patients died during the first two years of the surgical treatment). Satisfactory results were obtained in 18 patients. The long term results after arterial obstruction in old patients has high mortality and the number of amputations is directly proportional to the delay before commencement of the surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Acute arterial obstructions of the limbs in the aged]. 131 cases of acute arterial obstruction were treated during 1973-1977, 70 (52%) of these cases were seen in patients of over 70 years of age and 20 out of them died during the first two months of the surgical treatment, 8 patients were amputed. The long term evaluation of 40 patients who survived for more than two months after the surgical treatment shows a very high mortality (14 of the 40 surviving patients died during the first two years of the surgical treatment). Satisfactory results were obtained in 18 patients. The long term results after arterial obstruction in old patients has high mortality and the number of amputations is directly proportional to the delay before commencement of the surgical treatment.", "PMID": 429183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14608", "title": "[Therapeutic difficulties encountered in the treatment of fractures of the acetabulum. Retrospective study of 44 cases of osteosynthesis of the acetabulum].", "content": "A retrospective study shows several factors that influence the ultimate prognosis of fracture-dislocations of the hip. The magnitude of the initial injury worsens the prognosis as far as functional recovery and residual pain are concerned. The most difficult cases are those with anterior and posterior fractures of the acetabulum. The quality of reduction is often imperfect and the techniques of surgical repair are very difficult and time consuming. Provided there is no associated lesion of the sciatic nerve, the more simple fracture (transverse and posterior) gives better operation results. Reduction is often entirely successful if the surgical technique is adequate. Despite proper treatment, some patients develop aseptic necrosis of the femoral head and are left with most severe sequela.", "contents": "[Therapeutic difficulties encountered in the treatment of fractures of the acetabulum. Retrospective study of 44 cases of osteosynthesis of the acetabulum]. A retrospective study shows several factors that influence the ultimate prognosis of fracture-dislocations of the hip. The magnitude of the initial injury worsens the prognosis as far as functional recovery and residual pain are concerned. The most difficult cases are those with anterior and posterior fractures of the acetabulum. The quality of reduction is often imperfect and the techniques of surgical repair are very difficult and time consuming. Provided there is no associated lesion of the sciatic nerve, the more simple fracture (transverse and posterior) gives better operation results. Reduction is often entirely successful if the surgical technique is adequate. Despite proper treatment, some patients develop aseptic necrosis of the femoral head and are left with most severe sequela.", "PMID": 429184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14609", "title": "[Clinical experience in 80 patients with intramedullary trochanteric nailing].", "content": "Report on the clinical experience in 80 patients with the intramedullary trochanteric nailfixation according to KUNTSCHER of pertrochanteric, or subtrochanteric femur fractures. This procedure in our opinion enlarges the operative methods for treatment of fractures of the trochanteric region in elderly patients with a high operative risk.", "contents": "[Clinical experience in 80 patients with intramedullary trochanteric nailing]. Report on the clinical experience in 80 patients with the intramedullary trochanteric nailfixation according to KUNTSCHER of pertrochanteric, or subtrochanteric femur fractures. This procedure in our opinion enlarges the operative methods for treatment of fractures of the trochanteric region in elderly patients with a high operative risk.", "PMID": 429185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14610", "title": "[The combination of fractures of the lower extremity and lesion of the posterior cruciate ligament].", "content": "In 400 fractures of the upper and lower leg, 7 patients had an additional lesion of the posterior cruciate ligament. This combination occurs in people, who had a high energy frontal impact in the sitting position. The ligamenteous injury is often overlooked because of multiple injuries and difficulty in examination of a knee joint on a fractured leg. In high velocity injuries of the lower extremity, knee and hip joint injuries must not be overlooked. The diagnosis of knee injury can be made by inspection and palpation of a joint effusion and by a knee joint X-ray, which shows an avulsion fracture of the dorsal tibial spine. Repair is recommended within the first 3 weeks if possible. Later, scarring in the subluxed position and osteoporosis of the fragment will make a reconstruction very difficult.", "contents": "[The combination of fractures of the lower extremity and lesion of the posterior cruciate ligament]. In 400 fractures of the upper and lower leg, 7 patients had an additional lesion of the posterior cruciate ligament. This combination occurs in people, who had a high energy frontal impact in the sitting position. The ligamenteous injury is often overlooked because of multiple injuries and difficulty in examination of a knee joint on a fractured leg. In high velocity injuries of the lower extremity, knee and hip joint injuries must not be overlooked. The diagnosis of knee injury can be made by inspection and palpation of a joint effusion and by a knee joint X-ray, which shows an avulsion fracture of the dorsal tibial spine. Repair is recommended within the first 3 weeks if possible. Later, scarring in the subluxed position and osteoporosis of the fragment will make a reconstruction very difficult.", "PMID": 429186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14611", "title": "Bile duct carcinoma associated with an anomaly in the bile duct.", "content": "This paper reports a case of bile duct carcinoma associated with an extra-hepatic bile duct anomaly. In the present case, the anomaly induced an uncorrect preoperative diagnosis and obliged to change the surgical procedures during operation. A correct preoperative diagnosis was difficult to make in the present case, when the anomaly in the biliary system was not kept in mind.", "contents": "Bile duct carcinoma associated with an anomaly in the bile duct. This paper reports a case of bile duct carcinoma associated with an extra-hepatic bile duct anomaly. In the present case, the anomaly induced an uncorrect preoperative diagnosis and obliged to change the surgical procedures during operation. A correct preoperative diagnosis was difficult to make in the present case, when the anomaly in the biliary system was not kept in mind.", "PMID": 429187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14612", "title": "[Relaparotomy or endoscopic surgery in complications after bile duct surgery].", "content": "The number of cases in bile duct surgery has continuously increased since second world war. Correcting operation is necessary in 5 to 7% after cholecystectomy. Since 1973 more and more the endoscopic treatment takes place of surgery. Typical complications can be divided into two groups belonging to their manifestation. Early complications are due to an insufficient intraoperative diagnosis or injuries of bile tract. Late complications comprehend successive development of duct stenosis and cholangitis. The therapeutic possibilities of endoscopic papillotomy are directed only to the papilla and near-by sections of the choledochus, while surgical treatment is due to the more difficult performance of iatrogenic lesions. The indications to each method are shown and discussed by 138 surgical and 714 endoscopic treatments.", "contents": "[Relaparotomy or endoscopic surgery in complications after bile duct surgery]. The number of cases in bile duct surgery has continuously increased since second world war. Correcting operation is necessary in 5 to 7% after cholecystectomy. Since 1973 more and more the endoscopic treatment takes place of surgery. Typical complications can be divided into two groups belonging to their manifestation. Early complications are due to an insufficient intraoperative diagnosis or injuries of bile tract. Late complications comprehend successive development of duct stenosis and cholangitis. The therapeutic possibilities of endoscopic papillotomy are directed only to the papilla and near-by sections of the choledochus, while surgical treatment is due to the more difficult performance of iatrogenic lesions. The indications to each method are shown and discussed by 138 surgical and 714 endoscopic treatments.", "PMID": 429188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14613", "title": "[Crohn's disease of the appendix].", "content": "22 cases of primary involvement of the appendix in Crohn's disease are reported in the literature. During the last 3 years we observed 4 cases. In three patients typical clinical signs of acute appendicitis were present. One case was found occasionally. The follow-up was 5-30 months. During this time none of our patients showed symptoms of granulomatous enterocolitis in other regions of the bowel. Reviewing the literature 3 of 26 patients (11.5%) showed lesions typical for Crohn's disease elsewhere in the intestine 3-48 months after appendectomy. But two cases had a follow-up of 5 years which time is considered indispensable before one can admit that the disease is really limited to the appendix.", "contents": "[Crohn's disease of the appendix]. 22 cases of primary involvement of the appendix in Crohn's disease are reported in the literature. During the last 3 years we observed 4 cases. In three patients typical clinical signs of acute appendicitis were present. One case was found occasionally. The follow-up was 5-30 months. During this time none of our patients showed symptoms of granulomatous enterocolitis in other regions of the bowel. Reviewing the literature 3 of 26 patients (11.5%) showed lesions typical for Crohn's disease elsewhere in the intestine 3-48 months after appendectomy. But two cases had a follow-up of 5 years which time is considered indispensable before one can admit that the disease is really limited to the appendix.", "PMID": 429189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14614", "title": "[Turning-point of the bowel preparation?].", "content": "The whole-gut irrigation more and more carries through to be a favourite method for preoperative large bowel preparation. In 1975 it was used only by 3 hospitals in Switzerland, which resulted from our investigations about large bowel preparation. This new procedure brings advantages such as complete cleaning of the gastrointestinal tract, shortening of the preoperative hospitalisation time, retarded beginning of postoperative bowel function, no catabolic situation of patients' metabolism at operation-day, good compatibility and simple handling, according to our experience with 75 cases. There are not any disorders of the fluid and electrolyte balance except a small intake of water without clinical importance. The indication for whole-gut irrigation is given in all patients, who are subjected to an operation on the colon and rectum except the emergencies. Ileus, toxic megacolon and perforation of the large bowel are considered absolute contraindications. Severe large bowel stenosis, cardiac and renal insufficiency are relative contraindications only.", "contents": "[Turning-point of the bowel preparation?]. The whole-gut irrigation more and more carries through to be a favourite method for preoperative large bowel preparation. In 1975 it was used only by 3 hospitals in Switzerland, which resulted from our investigations about large bowel preparation. This new procedure brings advantages such as complete cleaning of the gastrointestinal tract, shortening of the preoperative hospitalisation time, retarded beginning of postoperative bowel function, no catabolic situation of patients' metabolism at operation-day, good compatibility and simple handling, according to our experience with 75 cases. There are not any disorders of the fluid and electrolyte balance except a small intake of water without clinical importance. The indication for whole-gut irrigation is given in all patients, who are subjected to an operation on the colon and rectum except the emergencies. Ileus, toxic megacolon and perforation of the large bowel are considered absolute contraindications. Severe large bowel stenosis, cardiac and renal insufficiency are relative contraindications only.", "PMID": 429190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14615", "title": "Maturation of renal function in full-term and premature neonates.", "content": "The development of renal function was studied in neonates with gestational ages ranging from 28 to 43 weeks. The effect of gestational age on the maturation of renal function was assessed in newborn infants studied during the first 72 h of life. Postnatal maturation was examined during the first 3 weeks of life. None of these neonates presented any cardiopulmonary or renal disturbances. Inulin and PAH were used as markers of glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow, respectively. From the 28th to the 35th week of gestation, there is a progressive increase in inulin and PAH clearances (r = 0.93; p less than 0.001 and r = 0.81; p less than 0.005, respectively), which then level off up to the end of gestation. A linear increase in systemic blood pressure is observed during the last 12 weeks of gestation (r = 0.88; p less than 0.001). There is a positive significant correlation between the rise in blood pressure and inulin or PAH clearance (p less than 0.005). Postnatal maturation of renal function is similar in preterm and term neonates. In both groups birth is followed by a sharp rise in inulin and PAH clearances, a twofold increase of these parameters being observed during the first two weeks of life.", "contents": "Maturation of renal function in full-term and premature neonates. The development of renal function was studied in neonates with gestational ages ranging from 28 to 43 weeks. The effect of gestational age on the maturation of renal function was assessed in newborn infants studied during the first 72 h of life. Postnatal maturation was examined during the first 3 weeks of life. None of these neonates presented any cardiopulmonary or renal disturbances. Inulin and PAH were used as markers of glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow, respectively. From the 28th to the 35th week of gestation, there is a progressive increase in inulin and PAH clearances (r = 0.93; p less than 0.001 and r = 0.81; p less than 0.005, respectively), which then level off up to the end of gestation. A linear increase in systemic blood pressure is observed during the last 12 weeks of gestation (r = 0.88; p less than 0.001). There is a positive significant correlation between the rise in blood pressure and inulin or PAH clearance (p less than 0.005). Postnatal maturation of renal function is similar in preterm and term neonates. In both groups birth is followed by a sharp rise in inulin and PAH clearances, a twofold increase of these parameters being observed during the first two weeks of life.", "PMID": 429191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14616", "title": "[Effect of previous breast feeding and early diagnosis on the course of cow's milk protein intolerance].", "content": "The clinical course of 21 children with cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) who were treated at the Children's Hospital of Zurich during the years of 1963-1977 was analysed in retrospect. Oral cow's milk challenges undertaken 3 weeks after the beginning of the treatment or later did not lengthen the apparent duration of the disease. Children who had initially been breast fed during at least 10 days, and those who were treated within 2 weeks after the appearance of the first symptoms with a cow's milk-free diet presented a milder and shorter course of CMPI. Severely undernourished or dehydrated patients did not differ from others in the course or duration of the disease, and patients with bloody stools showed a less serious but not shorter course of the CMPI.", "contents": "[Effect of previous breast feeding and early diagnosis on the course of cow's milk protein intolerance]. The clinical course of 21 children with cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) who were treated at the Children's Hospital of Zurich during the years of 1963-1977 was analysed in retrospect. Oral cow's milk challenges undertaken 3 weeks after the beginning of the treatment or later did not lengthen the apparent duration of the disease. Children who had initially been breast fed during at least 10 days, and those who were treated within 2 weeks after the appearance of the first symptoms with a cow's milk-free diet presented a milder and shorter course of CMPI. Severely undernourished or dehydrated patients did not differ from others in the course or duration of the disease, and patients with bloody stools showed a less serious but not shorter course of the CMPI.", "PMID": 429192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14617", "title": "Anemic necrosis of the liver after umbilical vein catheterization.", "content": "We report 22 cases of hepatic necrosis following catheterization of the umbilical vein. The morphology of the necrotic lesions, which were confined to the left lobe in 21 patients, was that of an anemic infarct. Their causes are multiple and include intimal damage during the insertion of the catheter with consecutive thrombosis of portal vein branches, the postpartum immaturity of the arterial hepatic oxygen supply, postpartum hypoxia due to respiratory failure of cerebral or pulmonary origin, obstruction of portal venous flow through the catheter as such, the postpartum involution of the left hepatic lobe, and prolonged periods of catheterization. Toxic damage of the hepatic parenchyma due to an infusion of Tris buffer through the catheter into the portal venous system is a potential additional factor.", "contents": "Anemic necrosis of the liver after umbilical vein catheterization. We report 22 cases of hepatic necrosis following catheterization of the umbilical vein. The morphology of the necrotic lesions, which were confined to the left lobe in 21 patients, was that of an anemic infarct. Their causes are multiple and include intimal damage during the insertion of the catheter with consecutive thrombosis of portal vein branches, the postpartum immaturity of the arterial hepatic oxygen supply, postpartum hypoxia due to respiratory failure of cerebral or pulmonary origin, obstruction of portal venous flow through the catheter as such, the postpartum involution of the left hepatic lobe, and prolonged periods of catheterization. Toxic damage of the hepatic parenchyma due to an infusion of Tris buffer through the catheter into the portal venous system is a potential additional factor.", "PMID": 429193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14618", "title": "Hypodipsia-hypernatremia syndrome.", "content": "The pathogenesis of the rare hypernatremia, usually described in the literature as \"neurogenic\" or \"essential\" hypernatremia, consists of defective thirst mechanism either alone or in combination with impaired osmoregulation of ADH release. As etiology, disturbances of the neoplastic, vascular and degenerative type and malformations in the hypothalamic area are known. In patients with the hypodipsia-hypernatremia syndrome, dysfunction of the anterior pituitary lobe, obesity, abnormal regulation of body temperature, psychomotor retardation and episodic muscular weakness are frequently encountered as additional abnormalities. A 6-year-old patient is described with hypodipsia-hypernatremia syndrome manifest for 3 years. Besides hypernatremia, hypodipsia and the relative insensitivity of the osmoreceptors regulating ADH release, elevated body temperature, polyphagia and obesity, partial hypothalamic-hypophyseal dysfunction, lethargy and psychomotor retardation are the principal findings. An inflammatory lesion or one occupying an intracranial space was not demonstrable until now. Under forced water intake and hypocaloric diet the patient has progressed well with nearly complete normalization of the hypernatremia, body temperature and obesity.", "contents": "Hypodipsia-hypernatremia syndrome. The pathogenesis of the rare hypernatremia, usually described in the literature as \"neurogenic\" or \"essential\" hypernatremia, consists of defective thirst mechanism either alone or in combination with impaired osmoregulation of ADH release. As etiology, disturbances of the neoplastic, vascular and degenerative type and malformations in the hypothalamic area are known. In patients with the hypodipsia-hypernatremia syndrome, dysfunction of the anterior pituitary lobe, obesity, abnormal regulation of body temperature, psychomotor retardation and episodic muscular weakness are frequently encountered as additional abnormalities. A 6-year-old patient is described with hypodipsia-hypernatremia syndrome manifest for 3 years. Besides hypernatremia, hypodipsia and the relative insensitivity of the osmoreceptors regulating ADH release, elevated body temperature, polyphagia and obesity, partial hypothalamic-hypophyseal dysfunction, lethargy and psychomotor retardation are the principal findings. An inflammatory lesion or one occupying an intracranial space was not demonstrable until now. Under forced water intake and hypocaloric diet the patient has progressed well with nearly complete normalization of the hypernatremia, body temperature and obesity.", "PMID": 429194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14619", "title": "[Pulmonary valvular subatresia with intact interventricular septum in a newborn infant: role of prostaglandins in the immediate postoperative period].", "content": "The case is reported of a newborn with pulmonary valvular subatresia and intact interventricular septum and moderate right ventricular hypoplasia, treated with pulmonary commissurotomy alone. In the immediate postoperative period the ductus arteriosus closed, resulting in deep hypoxia and acidosis. With the infusion of PG E2 the ductus reopened and the baby's condition improved markedly. The ductus was kept open for 20 days, during which time adaptation of the right ventricle must have occurred. Indeed, after definitive spontaneous closure of the ductus, right ventricular output proved sufficient to insure satisfactory pulmonary perfusion.", "contents": "[Pulmonary valvular subatresia with intact interventricular septum in a newborn infant: role of prostaglandins in the immediate postoperative period]. The case is reported of a newborn with pulmonary valvular subatresia and intact interventricular septum and moderate right ventricular hypoplasia, treated with pulmonary commissurotomy alone. In the immediate postoperative period the ductus arteriosus closed, resulting in deep hypoxia and acidosis. With the infusion of PG E2 the ductus reopened and the baby's condition improved markedly. The ductus was kept open for 20 days, during which time adaptation of the right ventricle must have occurred. Indeed, after definitive spontaneous closure of the ductus, right ventricular output proved sufficient to insure satisfactory pulmonary perfusion.", "PMID": 429196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14620", "title": "[Renal lesions in congenital syphilis. A case report].", "content": "The authors describe a case of congenital syphilitic nephropathy in an infant. The review of the reports in the literature shows many similarities of this congenital disease with the syphilitic nephrotic syndrome in the adult. The prognosis is favorable provided the diagnosis is made sufficiently early. Histological studies utilizing light-, electron- and immunofluorescence-microscopy gave results consistent with extramembranous glomerulonephritis with possible evolution towards endo- and extracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis. This is one of the rare renal diseases with a known antigen.", "contents": "[Renal lesions in congenital syphilis. A case report]. The authors describe a case of congenital syphilitic nephropathy in an infant. The review of the reports in the literature shows many similarities of this congenital disease with the syphilitic nephrotic syndrome in the adult. The prognosis is favorable provided the diagnosis is made sufficiently early. Histological studies utilizing light-, electron- and immunofluorescence-microscopy gave results consistent with extramembranous glomerulonephritis with possible evolution towards endo- and extracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis. This is one of the rare renal diseases with a known antigen.", "PMID": 429197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14621", "title": "Comparative studies on the nature of purified cytomembranes of the rabbit parotid gland.", "content": "Centrifugation procedures have been evolved for isolating purified samples of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, zymogen granule and plasmalemmal membranes from homogenates of rabbit parotid gland tissue. The purification process was monitored using morphometry and enzyme and chemical marker assays. The membrane preparations were analysed by sodium dodecylsuphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, quantitative phospholipid thin layer chromatography and by enrichment studies. The results were used to evaluate various possible general models for the behaviour of membranes during the secretory cycle of parotid acinar cells.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the nature of purified cytomembranes of the rabbit parotid gland. Centrifugation procedures have been evolved for isolating purified samples of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, zymogen granule and plasmalemmal membranes from homogenates of rabbit parotid gland tissue. The purification process was monitored using morphometry and enzyme and chemical marker assays. The membrane preparations were analysed by sodium dodecylsuphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, quantitative phospholipid thin layer chromatography and by enrichment studies. The results were used to evaluate various possible general models for the behaviour of membranes during the secretory cycle of parotid acinar cells.", "PMID": 429198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14622", "title": "The ultrastructural localization of the enzymes related to steroid hormone metabolism in the guinea-pig testis.", "content": "A study of the ultrastructural localization of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD), 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (beta-HBD), NADH diaphorase (NADH-D) and NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-D) in the guinea-pig testis is reported. The procedures employed included short immersion or perfusion fixation with aldehydes followed by incubation of small blocks in a tetrazolium salt or a ferricyanide medium. The effects of incubation conditions were investigated, and a reaction medium for the ultracytochemical demonstration of 11 beta-HSD is described. Using suitable controls, evidence for the specificity of the cytochemical reactions is presented. It was found that all the enzymes studied were present in both the Leydig and Sertoli cells of the guinea-pig testis and that the intracellular distribution pattern for each enzyme was independent of the cell type. Using tetrazolium salt techniques, both 3 beta-HSD and 11 beta-HSD activities were localized on or in membranes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and within the mitochondria. With the ferricyanide techniques, G-6-PD activity was found to be associated mainly with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranes, while beta-HBD activity was limited to mitochondria. With both the tetrazolium salt and ferricyanide techniques, the reaction products for NADH-D and NADPH-D activities showed localizations which were similar to those observed for the steroid dehydrogenases.", "contents": "The ultrastructural localization of the enzymes related to steroid hormone metabolism in the guinea-pig testis. A study of the ultrastructural localization of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD), 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (beta-HBD), NADH diaphorase (NADH-D) and NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-D) in the guinea-pig testis is reported. The procedures employed included short immersion or perfusion fixation with aldehydes followed by incubation of small blocks in a tetrazolium salt or a ferricyanide medium. The effects of incubation conditions were investigated, and a reaction medium for the ultracytochemical demonstration of 11 beta-HSD is described. Using suitable controls, evidence for the specificity of the cytochemical reactions is presented. It was found that all the enzymes studied were present in both the Leydig and Sertoli cells of the guinea-pig testis and that the intracellular distribution pattern for each enzyme was independent of the cell type. Using tetrazolium salt techniques, both 3 beta-HSD and 11 beta-HSD activities were localized on or in membranes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and within the mitochondria. With the ferricyanide techniques, G-6-PD activity was found to be associated mainly with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranes, while beta-HBD activity was limited to mitochondria. With both the tetrazolium salt and ferricyanide techniques, the reaction products for NADH-D and NADPH-D activities showed localizations which were similar to those observed for the steroid dehydrogenases.", "PMID": 429199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14623", "title": "Histochemical characterization of monoamine oxidase in ependyma of rat hypothalamus.", "content": "Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity has been demonstrated histochemically in rat hypothalamic ependyma using the sulphate-tetrazolium and coupled peroxidatic techniques with tryptamine, tyramine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and benzylamine as substrates. Both methods were applied to cryostat sections with and without exposure to selective amine oxidase inhibitors, including the selective A-MAO inhibitor clorgyline, and the B-MAO inhibitor deprenyl. Our results show that both cuboidal-columnar and tanycyte ependyma contain one or more forms of MAO not generally present in the hypothalamus. It is suggested that ependymal MAO may form an amine-barrier system modulating the movement and effect within the hypothalamus of specific cerebrospinal fluid or blood monoamines.", "contents": "Histochemical characterization of monoamine oxidase in ependyma of rat hypothalamus. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity has been demonstrated histochemically in rat hypothalamic ependyma using the sulphate-tetrazolium and coupled peroxidatic techniques with tryptamine, tyramine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and benzylamine as substrates. Both methods were applied to cryostat sections with and without exposure to selective amine oxidase inhibitors, including the selective A-MAO inhibitor clorgyline, and the B-MAO inhibitor deprenyl. Our results show that both cuboidal-columnar and tanycyte ependyma contain one or more forms of MAO not generally present in the hypothalamus. It is suggested that ependymal MAO may form an amine-barrier system modulating the movement and effect within the hypothalamus of specific cerebrospinal fluid or blood monoamines.", "PMID": 429200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14624", "title": "Immunohistochemical localization of erythropoietin in the rat and mouse submandibular gland.", "content": "There is a great deal of evidence to indicate that organs other than the kidney are involved in erythropoietin production. In this paper, it is reported that erythropoietin has been localized with an immunocytochemical method in the granular ducts of the submandibular glands of the rat and mouse.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical localization of erythropoietin in the rat and mouse submandibular gland. There is a great deal of evidence to indicate that organs other than the kidney are involved in erythropoietin production. In this paper, it is reported that erythropoietin has been localized with an immunocytochemical method in the granular ducts of the submandibular glands of the rat and mouse.", "PMID": 429201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14625", "title": "Multi-element analysis of the rat hippocampus by proton induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, copper, lead, bromine, and rubidium).", "content": "A technique for multi-element analysis of brain tissue by proton induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE) is described and data from analysis of fixed and unfixed samples from rat hippocampus, neocortex, amygdala, and spinal cord is presented and commented on. The atoms present in the tissue are bombarded with protons which causes the ejection of electrons from the inner shells. When the \"holes\" are refilled with electrons from outer shells, X-ray quanta characteristic for each element are emitted. Using a high resolution energy dispersive detector a complete X-ray spectrum of the specimen can be recorded in a single measurement. Detection limits less than or approximately 5 p.p.m. of dry matter are obtained for most elements with atomic number greater than 14 (silicon). Around 13 elements were found in concentrations above the detection limits. The grand means for non-fixed hippocampi were e.g. for Zn - 120 p.p.m.; Rb - 20 p.p.m.; Fe - 150 p.p.m.; Pb - 3 p.p.m; Ni - 5 p.p.m.", "contents": "Multi-element analysis of the rat hippocampus by proton induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, copper, lead, bromine, and rubidium). A technique for multi-element analysis of brain tissue by proton induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE) is described and data from analysis of fixed and unfixed samples from rat hippocampus, neocortex, amygdala, and spinal cord is presented and commented on. The atoms present in the tissue are bombarded with protons which causes the ejection of electrons from the inner shells. When the \"holes\" are refilled with electrons from outer shells, X-ray quanta characteristic for each element are emitted. Using a high resolution energy dispersive detector a complete X-ray spectrum of the specimen can be recorded in a single measurement. Detection limits less than or approximately 5 p.p.m. of dry matter are obtained for most elements with atomic number greater than 14 (silicon). Around 13 elements were found in concentrations above the detection limits. The grand means for non-fixed hippocampi were e.g. for Zn - 120 p.p.m.; Rb - 20 p.p.m.; Fe - 150 p.p.m.; Pb - 3 p.p.m; Ni - 5 p.p.m.", "PMID": 429203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14626", "title": "Histochemical reactions of gastrointestinal mucosubstances with orcein, high iron diamine and Alcian blue after prior oxidation of tissue sections.", "content": "The histochemical orcein reaction (orc) for mucosubstances in tissue samples from the human gastrointestinal tract was compared with PAS, high iron diamine (HID) and Alcian blue reactions at pH 1.0 or 2.5 (AB 1 and AB 2.5). Orc, HID and AB 1 reactions were performed also with prior oxidation of the tissue sections with potassium permanganate or performic acid (ox-orc, ox-HID and ox-AB reactions, respectively). Orc reaction stained mucosubstances similarly to HID and AB 1; only the brush border and goblet cells in the colon were stained. The reactions of the mucosubstances obtained with ox-orc differed from those with PAS, HID, AB 1 or AB 2.5 but were similar to those with ox-HID or ox-AB; the mucosubstances in the brush border and the goblet cells in the colon and small bowel and in the foveolar epithelium of the stomach were strongly stained. Pyloric and cardiac glands were stained faintly with ox-orc but not with ox-HID or ox-AB. Brunner's glands were negative with ox-orc, ox-HID and ox-AB reactions. It was assumed that the orc reaction stains, like HID or AB 1, sulphate groups in epithelial mucosubstances, and that sulphonic acid residues, resulting from oxidation of disulphide groups in the protein core of mucus glycoproteins, are responsible for the ox-orc as well as for the ox-HID and ox-AB reactions.", "contents": "Histochemical reactions of gastrointestinal mucosubstances with orcein, high iron diamine and Alcian blue after prior oxidation of tissue sections. The histochemical orcein reaction (orc) for mucosubstances in tissue samples from the human gastrointestinal tract was compared with PAS, high iron diamine (HID) and Alcian blue reactions at pH 1.0 or 2.5 (AB 1 and AB 2.5). Orc, HID and AB 1 reactions were performed also with prior oxidation of the tissue sections with potassium permanganate or performic acid (ox-orc, ox-HID and ox-AB reactions, respectively). Orc reaction stained mucosubstances similarly to HID and AB 1; only the brush border and goblet cells in the colon were stained. The reactions of the mucosubstances obtained with ox-orc differed from those with PAS, HID, AB 1 or AB 2.5 but were similar to those with ox-HID or ox-AB; the mucosubstances in the brush border and the goblet cells in the colon and small bowel and in the foveolar epithelium of the stomach were strongly stained. Pyloric and cardiac glands were stained faintly with ox-orc but not with ox-HID or ox-AB. Brunner's glands were negative with ox-orc, ox-HID and ox-AB reactions. It was assumed that the orc reaction stains, like HID or AB 1, sulphate groups in epithelial mucosubstances, and that sulphonic acid residues, resulting from oxidation of disulphide groups in the protein core of mucus glycoproteins, are responsible for the ox-orc as well as for the ox-HID and ox-AB reactions.", "PMID": 429204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14627", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of a circadian rhythm of succinate dehydrogenase in rat pineal gland. Influence of coenzyme Q10 addition.", "content": "Succinate dehydrogenase activity was investigated histochemically in the rat pineal gland. The influence of fixation on the activity pattern, the possible diffusion of enzyme, the nothing dehydrogenase reaction, and the substantivity of the tetrazolium salts and formazans were investigated in control experiments. In rats maintained on a 17/7 h light/dark schedule a distinct circadian rhythm of the succinate dehydrogenase was demonstrated in the pineal gland. Activity was lowest during the day and highest during the night. The dorsocaudal part of the gland showed the highest activity and within the same part of the gland the activity varied between individual pinealocytes. A relative lack of endogenous coenzyme Q, as well as a circadian rhythm of this coenzyme, highly influenced the activity of succinate dehydrogenase. It is concluded that succinate dehydrogenase activity in the pineal gland of the rat is regulated by changing the concentration of the active enzyme itself as well as the level of the endogenous coenzyme Q. Whether this is caused by a circadian rhythm in the synthesis or in the catabolism of the enzyme and the coenzyme was not revealed by the present study .", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of a circadian rhythm of succinate dehydrogenase in rat pineal gland. Influence of coenzyme Q10 addition. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was investigated histochemically in the rat pineal gland. The influence of fixation on the activity pattern, the possible diffusion of enzyme, the nothing dehydrogenase reaction, and the substantivity of the tetrazolium salts and formazans were investigated in control experiments. In rats maintained on a 17/7 h light/dark schedule a distinct circadian rhythm of the succinate dehydrogenase was demonstrated in the pineal gland. Activity was lowest during the day and highest during the night. The dorsocaudal part of the gland showed the highest activity and within the same part of the gland the activity varied between individual pinealocytes. A relative lack of endogenous coenzyme Q, as well as a circadian rhythm of this coenzyme, highly influenced the activity of succinate dehydrogenase. It is concluded that succinate dehydrogenase activity in the pineal gland of the rat is regulated by changing the concentration of the active enzyme itself as well as the level of the endogenous coenzyme Q. Whether this is caused by a circadian rhythm in the synthesis or in the catabolism of the enzyme and the coenzyme was not revealed by the present study .", "PMID": 429205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14628", "title": "Histochemical and atomic absorption demonstration of trace metal mobilization in the central nervous system and liver of the rat.", "content": "Histochemical and atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis of trace metal mobilization caused by the action of ethanol in the central nervous system (CNS) and liver of the rat is described. Histochemically it has been shown that in all neurons examined (motoneurons, pyramidal and Purkinje cells) the trace metals (mainly Zn2+ and Cu2+) are mobilized. Most of the stained materials disappear from the perikaryon of the Purkinje cells, while in both the motoneurons and the pyramidal cells the trace metals are displaced from the perikaryon into the axon and axon hillock. At the same time, some of the glia cells display a high metal content. Quantitative determination of the Zn2+ and Cu2+ by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry reveals that after 2 hours ethanol treatment both the Zn2+ and the Cu2+ levels are decreased in the archicerebellar cortex, while after 4 hours the Zn2+ levels are increased in the cerebrum and the spinal cord. The present observations on the histochemical localization and the contents of zinc and copper in different parts of the CNS and liver reveal the important role of the effect of ethanol on the trace metal mobilization.", "contents": "Histochemical and atomic absorption demonstration of trace metal mobilization in the central nervous system and liver of the rat. Histochemical and atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis of trace metal mobilization caused by the action of ethanol in the central nervous system (CNS) and liver of the rat is described. Histochemically it has been shown that in all neurons examined (motoneurons, pyramidal and Purkinje cells) the trace metals (mainly Zn2+ and Cu2+) are mobilized. Most of the stained materials disappear from the perikaryon of the Purkinje cells, while in both the motoneurons and the pyramidal cells the trace metals are displaced from the perikaryon into the axon and axon hillock. At the same time, some of the glia cells display a high metal content. Quantitative determination of the Zn2+ and Cu2+ by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry reveals that after 2 hours ethanol treatment both the Zn2+ and the Cu2+ levels are decreased in the archicerebellar cortex, while after 4 hours the Zn2+ levels are increased in the cerebrum and the spinal cord. The present observations on the histochemical localization and the contents of zinc and copper in different parts of the CNS and liver reveal the important role of the effect of ethanol on the trace metal mobilization.", "PMID": 429206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14629", "title": "Activities of DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases detected in situ in growing and differentiating cells of root cortex.", "content": "Activities of DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases were studied by autoradiographic methods in growing and differentiating root cortex cells of Zea mays - a species in which endomitosis occurs - and Tulipa kaufmanniana - in which this process does not occur. In Tulipa kaufmanniana, the highest activity of DNA polymerase appears in the nuclei of meristematic zone during the S phase of the cell cycle. In Zea mays, endomitotic replication of DNA occurs in all growth and differentiation zones and the activity of DNA polymerase in the nuclei is similar to that in the meristematic zone. In both species, nuclear RNA synthesis, measured with 3H uridine incorporation, is highest in the meristematic zone and declines steadily with development. Activity of nuclear RNA polymerase is present in all developmental zones in both species and is similar to that in the meristematic zone. 3H uridine incorporation into nucleoli decreases markedly in both species, whereas the activity of nucleolar RNA polymerase remains at a high level in all root segments in Zea mays and decreases slightly in Tulipa kaufmanniana. It is argued that the differences between the incorporation of 3H uridine and that or 3H UMP may be caused by a reduction of the pool of endogenous ribonucleoside triphosphates. Marked activities of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase in cytoplasm are possibly related to the growth and division of plastids and mitochondria.", "contents": "Activities of DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases detected in situ in growing and differentiating cells of root cortex. Activities of DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases were studied by autoradiographic methods in growing and differentiating root cortex cells of Zea mays - a species in which endomitosis occurs - and Tulipa kaufmanniana - in which this process does not occur. In Tulipa kaufmanniana, the highest activity of DNA polymerase appears in the nuclei of meristematic zone during the S phase of the cell cycle. In Zea mays, endomitotic replication of DNA occurs in all growth and differentiation zones and the activity of DNA polymerase in the nuclei is similar to that in the meristematic zone. In both species, nuclear RNA synthesis, measured with 3H uridine incorporation, is highest in the meristematic zone and declines steadily with development. Activity of nuclear RNA polymerase is present in all developmental zones in both species and is similar to that in the meristematic zone. 3H uridine incorporation into nucleoli decreases markedly in both species, whereas the activity of nucleolar RNA polymerase remains at a high level in all root segments in Zea mays and decreases slightly in Tulipa kaufmanniana. It is argued that the differences between the incorporation of 3H uridine and that or 3H UMP may be caused by a reduction of the pool of endogenous ribonucleoside triphosphates. Marked activities of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase in cytoplasm are possibly related to the growth and division of plastids and mitochondria.", "PMID": 429207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14630", "title": "Studies on the molecular arrangement of RNA in tissues with a selective topo-optical reaction of RNA.", "content": "Selective demonstration of RNA in tissues was achieved by treating tissue sections with potassium permanganate followed by bisulfite and toluidine blue at pH 1.0 (PBT reaction). It is suggested that this reaction is due to aldehyde groups which are formed by the oxidative cleavage of the pyrimidine rings of RNA which can be selectively demonstrated using bisulfite-toluidine blue as the aldehyde reagent. The specificity of the reaction was tested after RNAase treatment, after acid hydrolysis, and on pure RNA droplets. The aldehyde nature of the reacting groups was checked, after permanganate oxidation, by Schiff's leucofuchsin reagent, and by aldehyde blocking reactions. Two types of intracellular molecular arrangement of RNA molecules could be distinguished by polarization optics after application of the PBT reaction: 1) The strong birefringence, dichroism and metachromatic staining of membrane-bound RNA in ergastoplasm of pancreas, liver and plasma cells indicate a linear (planar) molecular order of RNA molecules on the surface of the membranes, and 2) the isotropic, basophilic staining of RNA not organized in membrane structures (Nissl substance, nucleoli) suggest a random distribution of their dye binding sites.", "contents": "Studies on the molecular arrangement of RNA in tissues with a selective topo-optical reaction of RNA. Selective demonstration of RNA in tissues was achieved by treating tissue sections with potassium permanganate followed by bisulfite and toluidine blue at pH 1.0 (PBT reaction). It is suggested that this reaction is due to aldehyde groups which are formed by the oxidative cleavage of the pyrimidine rings of RNA which can be selectively demonstrated using bisulfite-toluidine blue as the aldehyde reagent. The specificity of the reaction was tested after RNAase treatment, after acid hydrolysis, and on pure RNA droplets. The aldehyde nature of the reacting groups was checked, after permanganate oxidation, by Schiff's leucofuchsin reagent, and by aldehyde blocking reactions. Two types of intracellular molecular arrangement of RNA molecules could be distinguished by polarization optics after application of the PBT reaction: 1) The strong birefringence, dichroism and metachromatic staining of membrane-bound RNA in ergastoplasm of pancreas, liver and plasma cells indicate a linear (planar) molecular order of RNA molecules on the surface of the membranes, and 2) the isotropic, basophilic staining of RNA not organized in membrane structures (Nissl substance, nucleoli) suggest a random distribution of their dye binding sites.", "PMID": 429208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14631", "title": "Combination of immunological and lectin reactions in affinity histochemistry: proposition of the term affinitin.", "content": "Using the series system cell receptor leads to mistletoe lectin leads to antiferritin-antibody leads to ferritin, the possibilities for combination of lectin and immunological reactions for histochemistry are discussed. The system cell antigen leads to antibody leads to labelled mistletoe (or other) lectin is recommended for visualization of cell antigens (mistletoe lectin as common immunoglobulin reagent). It is pointed out that lectin reactions do not belong to immunhistochemistry but to affinity histochemistry. For all receptor specific proteins (antibodies, lectins, enzymes, haptoglobin and other) the term affinitin is proposed. In consideration of this new definition a common scheme is formulated: Affinitin reacts with affinitin receptor forming affinity product.", "contents": "Combination of immunological and lectin reactions in affinity histochemistry: proposition of the term affinitin. Using the series system cell receptor leads to mistletoe lectin leads to antiferritin-antibody leads to ferritin, the possibilities for combination of lectin and immunological reactions for histochemistry are discussed. The system cell antigen leads to antibody leads to labelled mistletoe (or other) lectin is recommended for visualization of cell antigens (mistletoe lectin as common immunoglobulin reagent). It is pointed out that lectin reactions do not belong to immunhistochemistry but to affinity histochemistry. For all receptor specific proteins (antibodies, lectins, enzymes, haptoglobin and other) the term affinitin is proposed. In consideration of this new definition a common scheme is formulated: Affinitin reacts with affinitin receptor forming affinity product.", "PMID": 429209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14632", "title": "[Demonstration of sulphur in secretory granules of anterior and posterior pituitary by X-ray microanalysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The sulphur content of secretory granules and other subcellular structures in the cells of the anterior pituitary and of neurosecrotory granules in the nerve fibers of the neural lobe have been studied by energy dispersive microanalysis. The highest level has been found in the secretory granules of the neural lobe.", "contents": "[Demonstration of sulphur in secretory granules of anterior and posterior pituitary by X-ray microanalysis (author's transl)]. The sulphur content of secretory granules and other subcellular structures in the cells of the anterior pituitary and of neurosecrotory granules in the nerve fibers of the neural lobe have been studied by energy dispersive microanalysis. The highest level has been found in the secretory granules of the neural lobe.", "PMID": 429210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14633", "title": "Supercontraction in crayfish muscle: correlation with a peculiar actin localization.", "content": "Crayfish muscle, like muscles from some other invertebrates, can supercontract. This muscle shortening is characterized by an overlap of thin filaments with crossing of thick filaments through the Z discs. In intact muscle cells, supercontraction does not seem to induce irreversible structural modifications in the tissue. Isolated crayfish myofibrils in the relaxed state cannot be distinguished from vertebrate myofibrils under light microscope, either by phase contrast or by immunofluorescence, with antiactin antibodies, actin being localized in the I bands. However, when isolated crayfish myofibrils are supercontracted, irreversible dammage occurs, most thin filaments being lost. Actin becomes then hardly detectable, being visible, by immunofluorescence, either in the Z discs or evenly distributed in the whole myofibril. During myofibril supercontraction, high amounts of denatured actin, become soluble as shown by SDS-PAGE, by double immunodiffusion, and by DNAse inhibition.", "contents": "Supercontraction in crayfish muscle: correlation with a peculiar actin localization. Crayfish muscle, like muscles from some other invertebrates, can supercontract. This muscle shortening is characterized by an overlap of thin filaments with crossing of thick filaments through the Z discs. In intact muscle cells, supercontraction does not seem to induce irreversible structural modifications in the tissue. Isolated crayfish myofibrils in the relaxed state cannot be distinguished from vertebrate myofibrils under light microscope, either by phase contrast or by immunofluorescence, with antiactin antibodies, actin being localized in the I bands. However, when isolated crayfish myofibrils are supercontracted, irreversible dammage occurs, most thin filaments being lost. Actin becomes then hardly detectable, being visible, by immunofluorescence, either in the Z discs or evenly distributed in the whole myofibril. During myofibril supercontraction, high amounts of denatured actin, become soluble as shown by SDS-PAGE, by double immunodiffusion, and by DNAse inhibition.", "PMID": 429211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14634", "title": "NADP-dependent dehydrogenases in rat liver parenchyma. II. Comparison of qualitative and quantitative G6PDH distribution patterns with particular reference to sex differences.", "content": "Qualitative histochemical G6PDH distribution patterns obtained in the liver acinus of adult male and female rats with an improved method (Rieder et al., 1978) served as a basis for the isolation by microdissection of tissue samples of defined zonal affiliation. G6PDH activity was assayed quantitatively in tissue samples of zones 1 and 3 by a microfluorometric method, using the oil well technique and enzymatic cycling (Burch et al., 1963; Lowry and Passonneau, 1972). With the use of a correlation system further evidence could be presented for the validity of the recently described qualitative distribution patterns. From a total of 50 analyzed tissue samples the following G6PDH activities were calculated: 4.25 +/- 1.56 U/g dry weight in zone 1 and 2.08 +/- 0.46 U/g dry weight in zone 3 of male and 7.21 +/- 1.03 U/g dry weight in zone 1 and 11.10 +/- 2.56 U/g dry weight in zone 3 of female rats. These data were corrected for interference from the G6PDH activity of the Kupffer cells within zone 1 samples (approximately 80 U/g dry weight), so that the actual relative values for the parenchymal activity could be estimated for the first time: 2 U/g dry weight in zones 1 and 3 of male animals, 5 U/g dry weight in zone 1 and 11 U/g dry weight in zone 3 of female animals. In female livers G6PDH activity in zone 1 is therefore 2.5 times higher, and in zone 3 5 times higher than in the male. These zonal as well as sex-differences are clearly indicative of a heterogeneous functional organization of the liver acinus in terms of capacity for NADPH production, mainly in connection with reductive reactions in fatty acid synthesis.", "contents": "NADP-dependent dehydrogenases in rat liver parenchyma. II. Comparison of qualitative and quantitative G6PDH distribution patterns with particular reference to sex differences. Qualitative histochemical G6PDH distribution patterns obtained in the liver acinus of adult male and female rats with an improved method (Rieder et al., 1978) served as a basis for the isolation by microdissection of tissue samples of defined zonal affiliation. G6PDH activity was assayed quantitatively in tissue samples of zones 1 and 3 by a microfluorometric method, using the oil well technique and enzymatic cycling (Burch et al., 1963; Lowry and Passonneau, 1972). With the use of a correlation system further evidence could be presented for the validity of the recently described qualitative distribution patterns. From a total of 50 analyzed tissue samples the following G6PDH activities were calculated: 4.25 +/- 1.56 U/g dry weight in zone 1 and 2.08 +/- 0.46 U/g dry weight in zone 3 of male and 7.21 +/- 1.03 U/g dry weight in zone 1 and 11.10 +/- 2.56 U/g dry weight in zone 3 of female rats. These data were corrected for interference from the G6PDH activity of the Kupffer cells within zone 1 samples (approximately 80 U/g dry weight), so that the actual relative values for the parenchymal activity could be estimated for the first time: 2 U/g dry weight in zones 1 and 3 of male animals, 5 U/g dry weight in zone 1 and 11 U/g dry weight in zone 3 of female animals. In female livers G6PDH activity in zone 1 is therefore 2.5 times higher, and in zone 3 5 times higher than in the male. These zonal as well as sex-differences are clearly indicative of a heterogeneous functional organization of the liver acinus in terms of capacity for NADPH production, mainly in connection with reductive reactions in fatty acid synthesis.", "PMID": 429212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14635", "title": "Principles and methods for the quantitative determination of Feulegen stained DNA with the television texture analysis system (TAS).", "content": "The television texture analysis system (TAS, Leitz) has been applied to determination of the relative DNA content of Feulgen stained nuclei. The principles of the method are described and comparative measurements are presented. The determination is based on the measurement of areas at preset intervals of transmittance, taking into consideration the necessary correction of extinction values in relation to area and applying a correction for background. The data obtained can be used for the quantitative determination of DNA, and to provide analytical information for quantitation of structure. Comparison of the mean of extinctions as recorded with the scanning photometric method and those recorded with the television texture analysis method, with which 43 nuclei were investigated in transmittance steps of 0.01, revealed a coefficient of correlation of 0.9938.", "contents": "Principles and methods for the quantitative determination of Feulegen stained DNA with the television texture analysis system (TAS). The television texture analysis system (TAS, Leitz) has been applied to determination of the relative DNA content of Feulgen stained nuclei. The principles of the method are described and comparative measurements are presented. The determination is based on the measurement of areas at preset intervals of transmittance, taking into consideration the necessary correction of extinction values in relation to area and applying a correction for background. The data obtained can be used for the quantitative determination of DNA, and to provide analytical information for quantitation of structure. Comparison of the mean of extinctions as recorded with the scanning photometric method and those recorded with the television texture analysis method, with which 43 nuclei were investigated in transmittance steps of 0.01, revealed a coefficient of correlation of 0.9938.", "PMID": 429213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14636", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of alkaline phosphatase in human large intestine, normal and diseased.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase activity has been investigated by histochemical methods in normal and diseased human large intestine. The tissues were constantly maintained at 4 degrees C or below. Specimens were either frozen in liquid nitrogen, freeze-dried and embedded in glycol methacrylate for sectioning at 2 mu, or, fixed in ice-cold formol-calcium for frozen sectioning at 10 mu. The simultaneous coupling azo dye method using the substrates sodium alpha-naphthyl phosphate and Naphthol AS-BI phosphate, resulted in the demonstration of alkaline phosphatase activity in the surface epithelial cells, and the middle and upper crypts, of normal and transitional mucosa.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of alkaline phosphatase in human large intestine, normal and diseased. Alkaline phosphatase activity has been investigated by histochemical methods in normal and diseased human large intestine. The tissues were constantly maintained at 4 degrees C or below. Specimens were either frozen in liquid nitrogen, freeze-dried and embedded in glycol methacrylate for sectioning at 2 mu, or, fixed in ice-cold formol-calcium for frozen sectioning at 10 mu. The simultaneous coupling azo dye method using the substrates sodium alpha-naphthyl phosphate and Naphthol AS-BI phosphate, resulted in the demonstration of alkaline phosphatase activity in the surface epithelial cells, and the middle and upper crypts, of normal and transitional mucosa.", "PMID": 429214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14637", "title": "[Automated body plethysmography of respiration and voice efficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Efficiency of voice (EV) is understood as the ratio of gained acoustic power to respiratory power during phonation. A fully automatic computer programmed to calculate the EV and the subglottic pressures via body plethysmography is described. The EV ranges from 0.5 x 10(-5) to 120 x 10(-5). The relationship between EV and sound pressure is demonstrated. The results were reproducable.", "contents": "[Automated body plethysmography of respiration and voice efficiency (author's transl)]. Efficiency of voice (EV) is understood as the ratio of gained acoustic power to respiratory power during phonation. A fully automatic computer programmed to calculate the EV and the subglottic pressures via body plethysmography is described. The EV ranges from 0.5 x 10(-5) to 120 x 10(-5). The relationship between EV and sound pressure is demonstrated. The results were reproducable.", "PMID": 429215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14638", "title": "[Aquamat--a proven bathing aid for the laryngectomee (author's transl)].", "content": "A device to facilitate bathing by the laryngectomee is described. The Aquamat is made up of equipment routinely used in anaesthesia and underwater diving. An airway link is made between a watertight tracheostoma and the mouth such that the patient can breath between nose and trachea. Special precautions are necessary for swimming.", "contents": "[Aquamat--a proven bathing aid for the laryngectomee (author's transl)]. A device to facilitate bathing by the laryngectomee is described. The Aquamat is made up of equipment routinely used in anaesthesia and underwater diving. An airway link is made between a watertight tracheostoma and the mouth such that the patient can breath between nose and trachea. Special precautions are necessary for swimming.", "PMID": 429216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14639", "title": "[Therapy of sudden deafness with O2/CO2 inhalation (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 55 patients with sudden deafness have been treated in a prospective randomized study by inhalation with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 or intravenous infusion with papaverin and dextran. Five days after treatment, no significant difference could be found between both therapies. However, audiometric results obtained one year later show statistically better results for those patients who were managed by O2/CO2 inhalations and indicate that such therapy may improve the spontaneous rate of recovery inherent to sudden deafness.", "contents": "[Therapy of sudden deafness with O2/CO2 inhalation (author's transl)]. A total of 55 patients with sudden deafness have been treated in a prospective randomized study by inhalation with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 or intravenous infusion with papaverin and dextran. Five days after treatment, no significant difference could be found between both therapies. However, audiometric results obtained one year later show statistically better results for those patients who were managed by O2/CO2 inhalations and indicate that such therapy may improve the spontaneous rate of recovery inherent to sudden deafness.", "PMID": 429218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14640", "title": "[Common boundaries of otorhinolaryngology and ophthalmology (author's transl)].", "content": "The necessity for close co-operation between otorhinolaryngologist and ophthalmologist is demonstrated with clinical examples. Surgical approaches familiar to the otolaryngologist offer greater opportunity for optimal patient care particularly in the management of orbital tumours and trauma.", "contents": "[Common boundaries of otorhinolaryngology and ophthalmology (author's transl)]. The necessity for close co-operation between otorhinolaryngologist and ophthalmologist is demonstrated with clinical examples. Surgical approaches familiar to the otolaryngologist offer greater opportunity for optimal patient care particularly in the management of orbital tumours and trauma.", "PMID": 429219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14641", "title": "[Vertigo and vertebral artery stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty nine elderly patients with osteochondrosis of the cervical spine and on whom carotid angiography had been performed were divided into two groups. In one 36 patients had vestibular symptoms whereas the other group of remaining patients was free of such symptoms. Comparison of both groups showed that vertigo (20 patients), other vestibular symptoms or nystagmus were not solely related to vertebral artery stenosis. In fact stenosis of one or both vertebral arteries was found in only nine patients.", "contents": "[Vertigo and vertebral artery stenosis (author's transl)]. Forty nine elderly patients with osteochondrosis of the cervical spine and on whom carotid angiography had been performed were divided into two groups. In one 36 patients had vestibular symptoms whereas the other group of remaining patients was free of such symptoms. Comparison of both groups showed that vertigo (20 patients), other vestibular symptoms or nystagmus were not solely related to vertebral artery stenosis. In fact stenosis of one or both vertebral arteries was found in only nine patients.", "PMID": 429220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14642", "title": "Clinical and radiographic signs in primary and metastatic esophageal neoplasms of the dog.", "content": "Esophageal neoplasms were diagnosed in 8 of 49,229 dogs seen over the last 11 years at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of California at Davis. The neoplasms were primary in 2 dogs and metastatic to the esophagus in 6 dogs, with thyroid carcinoma being the most common site of the primary tumor. The most common clinical signs were regurgitation, dysphagia, weight loss, development of neck masses, and respiratory difficulties. It was concluded that the clinical signs often can be misleading. The interpretation of survey radiographs, barium contrast studies, or fluoroscopic studies often provide the initial data base. The final diagnosis requires histologic examination. Retention of air in the esophagus (with or without esophageal displacement) and motor dysfunction (with or without gross morphologic changes) are the most important criteria for radiographic diagnosis.", "contents": "Clinical and radiographic signs in primary and metastatic esophageal neoplasms of the dog. Esophageal neoplasms were diagnosed in 8 of 49,229 dogs seen over the last 11 years at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of California at Davis. The neoplasms were primary in 2 dogs and metastatic to the esophagus in 6 dogs, with thyroid carcinoma being the most common site of the primary tumor. The most common clinical signs were regurgitation, dysphagia, weight loss, development of neck masses, and respiratory difficulties. It was concluded that the clinical signs often can be misleading. The interpretation of survey radiographs, barium contrast studies, or fluoroscopic studies often provide the initial data base. The final diagnosis requires histologic examination. Retention of air in the esophagus (with or without esophageal displacement) and motor dysfunction (with or without gross morphologic changes) are the most important criteria for radiographic diagnosis.", "PMID": 429231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14643", "title": "Urinary tract infection induced by intermittent urethral catheterization in dogs.", "content": "Sterilized and unsterilized catheters were passed into the urinary bladders of 9 clinically normal adult male dogs once daily for 5 consecutive days, and the dogs were examined for up to 30 days to determine whether urinary tract infections developed. Two dogs that were catheterized with clean unsterilized catheters (1 clinically normal dog and 1 dog given immunosuppressant drugs) developed persistent cystitis and pyelonephritis due to infection with Proteus sp. One dog given immunosuppressant drugs developed a mixed bacterial infection (Proteus sp and Escherichia coli) that resolved without treatment between 22 and 30 days later.", "contents": "Urinary tract infection induced by intermittent urethral catheterization in dogs. Sterilized and unsterilized catheters were passed into the urinary bladders of 9 clinically normal adult male dogs once daily for 5 consecutive days, and the dogs were examined for up to 30 days to determine whether urinary tract infections developed. Two dogs that were catheterized with clean unsterilized catheters (1 clinically normal dog and 1 dog given immunosuppressant drugs) developed persistent cystitis and pyelonephritis due to infection with Proteus sp. One dog given immunosuppressant drugs developed a mixed bacterial infection (Proteus sp and Escherichia coli) that resolved without treatment between 22 and 30 days later.", "PMID": 429232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14644", "title": "Canine hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Necropsy findings in 10 dogs with naturally occurring cardiac disease closely resembled hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in human beings and cats. Each dog had marked cardiac hypertrophy, and 8 dogs had disproportionate thickening of the ventricular septum with respect to the left ventricular free wall (compared with dogs with normal hearts or with cardiac hypertrophy due to acquired or congenital heart disease). Ratios of septum to free wall thickness in the 10 dogs ranged from 1.1 to 1.5, and 6 had ratios greater than or equal to 1.3. Marked cardiac muscle cell disorganization in the ventricular septum, characteristic of human patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, was found in only 2 of the 10 dogs. Death occurred while the dogs were under anesthesia during the course of operative procedures (5 dogs) or unexpectedly in animals without previous manifestations of cardiac disease (3 dogs). Four dogs had clinical signs of congestive heart failure, including 2 with marked cardiac decompensation. Two of these 4 dogs with heart failure and 1 dog that died during unrelated surgery, but without prior signs of heart disease, had electrocardiographic evidence of complete heart block.", "contents": "Canine hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Necropsy findings in 10 dogs with naturally occurring cardiac disease closely resembled hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in human beings and cats. Each dog had marked cardiac hypertrophy, and 8 dogs had disproportionate thickening of the ventricular septum with respect to the left ventricular free wall (compared with dogs with normal hearts or with cardiac hypertrophy due to acquired or congenital heart disease). Ratios of septum to free wall thickness in the 10 dogs ranged from 1.1 to 1.5, and 6 had ratios greater than or equal to 1.3. Marked cardiac muscle cell disorganization in the ventricular septum, characteristic of human patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, was found in only 2 of the 10 dogs. Death occurred while the dogs were under anesthesia during the course of operative procedures (5 dogs) or unexpectedly in animals without previous manifestations of cardiac disease (3 dogs). Four dogs had clinical signs of congestive heart failure, including 2 with marked cardiac decompensation. Two of these 4 dogs with heart failure and 1 dog that died during unrelated surgery, but without prior signs of heart disease, had electrocardiographic evidence of complete heart block.", "PMID": 429233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14645", "title": "Dermatitis associated with Cheyletiella infestation in cats.", "content": "Cheyletiella sp mites were isolated from 8 cats with pruritic dermatitis characterized by erythematous papules or increased scaling. Lesions cleared after treatments with malathion (dips) or pyrethrin (shampoos).", "contents": "Dermatitis associated with Cheyletiella infestation in cats. Cheyletiella sp mites were isolated from 8 cats with pruritic dermatitis characterized by erythematous papules or increased scaling. Lesions cleared after treatments with malathion (dips) or pyrethrin (shampoos).", "PMID": 429234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14646", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the frontal sinus with extension to the brain in a horse.", "content": "A space-occupying intracranial mass was diagnosed in a horse. The clinical findings included blindness, circling to the right, apprehension, anorexia, weight loss, and leaning against the stall. On ophthalmoscopic examination, the most striking observation was complete bilateral devascularization of the retinas. The horse was euthanatized and necropsied. Necroscopy revealed the mass to occupy the olfactory and frontal areas of the left hemisphere of the brain and part of the left frontal sinus. Microscopically, the mass was an adenocarcinoma and probably arose from the lining epithelium of the sinus or from the subepithelial glands.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the frontal sinus with extension to the brain in a horse. A space-occupying intracranial mass was diagnosed in a horse. The clinical findings included blindness, circling to the right, apprehension, anorexia, weight loss, and leaning against the stall. On ophthalmoscopic examination, the most striking observation was complete bilateral devascularization of the retinas. The horse was euthanatized and necropsied. Necroscopy revealed the mass to occupy the olfactory and frontal areas of the left hemisphere of the brain and part of the left frontal sinus. Microscopically, the mass was an adenocarcinoma and probably arose from the lining epithelium of the sinus or from the subepithelial glands.", "PMID": 429236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14647", "title": "Decreased tear production associated with general anesthesia in the dog.", "content": "Schirmer I tear tests were done on 20 dogs before and during general anesthesia. Atropine sulfate reduced tear production from a mean base-line value of 20.35 +/- 3.33 mm/minute to 14.10 +/- 6.13 mm/minute, 10 minutes after its subcutaneous administration. The combination of subcutaneous atropine, intravenous thiamylal sodium, and inhalation anesthesia reduced tear production to a mean value of 0.53 +/- 1.12 mm/minute at 60 minutes after induction.", "contents": "Decreased tear production associated with general anesthesia in the dog. Schirmer I tear tests were done on 20 dogs before and during general anesthesia. Atropine sulfate reduced tear production from a mean base-line value of 20.35 +/- 3.33 mm/minute to 14.10 +/- 6.13 mm/minute, 10 minutes after its subcutaneous administration. The combination of subcutaneous atropine, intravenous thiamylal sodium, and inhalation anesthesia reduced tear production to a mean value of 0.53 +/- 1.12 mm/minute at 60 minutes after induction.", "PMID": 429237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14648", "title": "Comparative studies on actins from various sources. Fragments of actins from Ascaris muscle cleaved at cysteinyl residues in comparison with those of other actins.", "content": "Pure actins were obtained from various animal muscles: Vertebrata (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles), Prochordata (smooth muscle), Nematoda (obliquely striated muscle), and Mollusca (striated, smooth and obliquely striated muscles). These actins were all identical in apparent molecular weight on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All actins treated with 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid yielded four major (about 33,000, 26,000, 24,000, and less than 10,000 daltons) and three minor (22,000, 17,000, and 10,000 daltons) bands in addition to intact actin on gel electrophoresis. The results suggest that all actins from various types of muscle have cysteinyl residues at similar positions on the primary structure.", "contents": "Comparative studies on actins from various sources. Fragments of actins from Ascaris muscle cleaved at cysteinyl residues in comparison with those of other actins. Pure actins were obtained from various animal muscles: Vertebrata (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles), Prochordata (smooth muscle), Nematoda (obliquely striated muscle), and Mollusca (striated, smooth and obliquely striated muscles). These actins were all identical in apparent molecular weight on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All actins treated with 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid yielded four major (about 33,000, 26,000, 24,000, and less than 10,000 daltons) and three minor (22,000, 17,000, and 10,000 daltons) bands in addition to intact actin on gel electrophoresis. The results suggest that all actins from various types of muscle have cysteinyl residues at similar positions on the primary structure.", "PMID": 429256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14649", "title": "Properties of unprimed poly(A)-poly(U) synthesis by Caulobacter crescentus RNA polymerase.", "content": "Some properties of unprimed poly(A)-poly(U) synthesis by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Caulobacter crescentus were examined. The reaction required ATP and UTP as substrates and manganese as a divalent cation. Rifampicin completely inhibited the reaction at a concentration of 1 micron/ml, and the enzyme catalyzed the polymer synthesis well regardless of the presence of GTP, CTP or both. The chain length of the poly(A)-poly(U) synthesized was about one hundred base pairs, as estimated from a sedimentation velocity and the molar ratio of [3H]AMP to [gamma-32P]ATP incorporated into the poly(A)-poly(U). The reaction was dependent on the square of the enzyme concentration and the enzyme dimers formed complexes with poly(A)-poly(U) during the reaction.", "contents": "Properties of unprimed poly(A)-poly(U) synthesis by Caulobacter crescentus RNA polymerase. Some properties of unprimed poly(A)-poly(U) synthesis by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Caulobacter crescentus were examined. The reaction required ATP and UTP as substrates and manganese as a divalent cation. Rifampicin completely inhibited the reaction at a concentration of 1 micron/ml, and the enzyme catalyzed the polymer synthesis well regardless of the presence of GTP, CTP or both. The chain length of the poly(A)-poly(U) synthesized was about one hundred base pairs, as estimated from a sedimentation velocity and the molar ratio of [3H]AMP to [gamma-32P]ATP incorporated into the poly(A)-poly(U). The reaction was dependent on the square of the enzyme concentration and the enzyme dimers formed complexes with poly(A)-poly(U) during the reaction.", "PMID": 429257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14650", "title": "Purification and properties of cytochrome b-562.5 from Ulva pertusa.", "content": "Cytochrome b-562.5 (Ulva pertusa) was extracted from a green alga, U. pertusa, by homogenization of the thalli in phosphate buffer solution. Purification was carried out by acrinol treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex column chromatographies, and Sephadex gel filtration. Cytochrome b-562.5 has absorption maxima at 562.5  (alpha), 530.5 (beta), 429 (gamma), and 326 nm (delta) in the reduced form and at 537, 415 (gamma), and 275 nm in the oxidized form. The alpha-band of the reduced form is asymmetric with a shoulder at 560 nm, at liquid nitrogen temperature this band splits into two distinct peaks at 562 and 556.5 nm. The absorption maxima of the pyridine ferrohemochrome appear at 556 (alpha), 523 (beta), and 418 nm (gamma). The cytochrome does not combine with carbon monoxide or cyanide. The preparation of the cytochrome shows little peroxidase activity. The cytochrome is oxidized by ferricyanide and reduced by cysteine, ascorbate, and hydrosulfite. Autoxidation of the cytochrome was found to be very slow. The midpoint potential (Em) of the cytochrome was determined by equilibration with the ferro- and ferri-EDTA system to be +0.20 V at pH7.0. The molecular weight of the cytochrome was estimated by Sephadex gel filtration to be 23x10(3).", "contents": "Purification and properties of cytochrome b-562.5 from Ulva pertusa. Cytochrome b-562.5 (Ulva pertusa) was extracted from a green alga, U. pertusa, by homogenization of the thalli in phosphate buffer solution. Purification was carried out by acrinol treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex column chromatographies, and Sephadex gel filtration. Cytochrome b-562.5 has absorption maxima at 562.5  (alpha), 530.5 (beta), 429 (gamma), and 326 nm (delta) in the reduced form and at 537, 415 (gamma), and 275 nm in the oxidized form. The alpha-band of the reduced form is asymmetric with a shoulder at 560 nm, at liquid nitrogen temperature this band splits into two distinct peaks at 562 and 556.5 nm. The absorption maxima of the pyridine ferrohemochrome appear at 556 (alpha), 523 (beta), and 418 nm (gamma). The cytochrome does not combine with carbon monoxide or cyanide. The preparation of the cytochrome shows little peroxidase activity. The cytochrome is oxidized by ferricyanide and reduced by cysteine, ascorbate, and hydrosulfite. Autoxidation of the cytochrome was found to be very slow. The midpoint potential (Em) of the cytochrome was determined by equilibration with the ferro- and ferri-EDTA system to be +0.20 V at pH7.0. The molecular weight of the cytochrome was estimated by Sephadex gel filtration to be 23x10(3).", "PMID": 429258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14651", "title": "Structures of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "The asparagine-linked sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin were released from the polypeptide moiety by hydrazinolysis followed by N-acetylation and NaB3H4 reduction. More than 90% of the released radioactive oligosaccharides contained N-acetylneuraminic acid residues. After removal of N-acetylneuraminic acid residues by sialidase treatment, two neutral oligosaccharide fractions were obtained by paper chromatography. Sequential exoglycosidase digestion revealed that one of them was a mixture of two neutral oligosaccharides. The complete structures of the three oligosaccharides were elucidated by methylation analysis. It was confirmed that all the N-acetylneuraminic acid residues of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin occur as NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal groupings by comparing the methylation analysis data for the acidic oligosaccharide mixture before and after sialidase treatment. Based on these results, the structures of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin were confirmed to be +/- NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(+/- Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6)GlcNAc and Man alpha 1 leads to 6(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3 Gal beta 1 leads to 4 GlcNAc beta 1 leads to Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4 GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc.", "contents": "Structures of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin. The asparagine-linked sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin were released from the polypeptide moiety by hydrazinolysis followed by N-acetylation and NaB3H4 reduction. More than 90% of the released radioactive oligosaccharides contained N-acetylneuraminic acid residues. After removal of N-acetylneuraminic acid residues by sialidase treatment, two neutral oligosaccharide fractions were obtained by paper chromatography. Sequential exoglycosidase digestion revealed that one of them was a mixture of two neutral oligosaccharides. The complete structures of the three oligosaccharides were elucidated by methylation analysis. It was confirmed that all the N-acetylneuraminic acid residues of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin occur as NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal groupings by comparing the methylation analysis data for the acidic oligosaccharide mixture before and after sialidase treatment. Based on these results, the structures of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin were confirmed to be +/- NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 6(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(+/- Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6)GlcNAc and Man alpha 1 leads to 6(NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 3 Gal beta 1 leads to 4 GlcNAc beta 1 leads to Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4 GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc.", "PMID": 429259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14652", "title": "Effect of dietary proteins on the turnover of rat liver argininosuccinate synthetase.", "content": "The rates of synthesis and degradation of arginosuccinate synthetase in rat liver under various dietary conditions were determined. The relative rate of the enzyme synthesis in the livers of rats fed on 70% casein diet was 4.0 times greater than that for rats fed on 5% casein diet. The rate constants of degradation (Kd of argininosuccinate synthetase were estimated to be 0.15 and 0.16 day-1 under 70% and 5% casein feeding, respectively. When the dietary conditions were changed acutely from 70% to 5% casein diet or vice versa, the rates of the enzyme synthesis decreased or increased, respectively, and the rates of enzyme degradation were also affected. The change from 5% to 70% casein diet caused a transient decrease in the rate of degradation. After the enzyme activity had achieved a new steady-state level, the enzyme degradation proceeded at the normal steady rate. On the other hand, the change from 70% to 5% casein diet caused a transient increase in the rate of degradation. Thus, the only factor regulating the amount of enzyme in rat liver is the rate of enzyme synthesis under the steady-state conditions. However, the rates of both enzyme synthesis and degradation are involved in the regulation of the amount of enzyme during dietary transition.", "contents": "Effect of dietary proteins on the turnover of rat liver argininosuccinate synthetase. The rates of synthesis and degradation of arginosuccinate synthetase in rat liver under various dietary conditions were determined. The relative rate of the enzyme synthesis in the livers of rats fed on 70% casein diet was 4.0 times greater than that for rats fed on 5% casein diet. The rate constants of degradation (Kd of argininosuccinate synthetase were estimated to be 0.15 and 0.16 day-1 under 70% and 5% casein feeding, respectively. When the dietary conditions were changed acutely from 70% to 5% casein diet or vice versa, the rates of the enzyme synthesis decreased or increased, respectively, and the rates of enzyme degradation were also affected. The change from 5% to 70% casein diet caused a transient decrease in the rate of degradation. After the enzyme activity had achieved a new steady-state level, the enzyme degradation proceeded at the normal steady rate. On the other hand, the change from 70% to 5% casein diet caused a transient increase in the rate of degradation. Thus, the only factor regulating the amount of enzyme in rat liver is the rate of enzyme synthesis under the steady-state conditions. However, the rates of both enzyme synthesis and degradation are involved in the regulation of the amount of enzyme during dietary transition.", "PMID": 429260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14653", "title": "Biochemical studies on sulfate-reducing bacteria. XV. Separation and comparison of two forms of desulfoviridin.", "content": "Desulfoviridin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris was separated into two forms by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. The major form had a pI of 4.4 and the minor form one of 4.5-4.6. Both forms produced mainly trithionate, besides thiosulfate and sulfide, in methylviologen-linked sulfite reduction. The specific activities of sulfite reduction, as well as of hydroxylamine reduction, were virtually identical in both forms. There were no great differences in their absorption spectra, CD spectra, molecular weights, subunit compositions, labile sulfide, and iron contents, and amino acid compositions. The N-terminal amino acid was alanine in both forms.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on sulfate-reducing bacteria. XV. Separation and comparison of two forms of desulfoviridin. Desulfoviridin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris was separated into two forms by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. The major form had a pI of 4.4 and the minor form one of 4.5-4.6. Both forms produced mainly trithionate, besides thiosulfate and sulfide, in methylviologen-linked sulfite reduction. The specific activities of sulfite reduction, as well as of hydroxylamine reduction, were virtually identical in both forms. There were no great differences in their absorption spectra, CD spectra, molecular weights, subunit compositions, labile sulfide, and iron contents, and amino acid compositions. The N-terminal amino acid was alanine in both forms.", "PMID": 429261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14654", "title": "Effect of nucleoside 5'-triphosphates on tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity in cytoplasmic fractions of various types of mammalian cells.", "content": "The tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity (3H-CMP incorporation into 3'-terminus of tRNApC) in cytoplasmic fractions of various types of cells such as Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, mouse liver and spleen cells, rat spleen, lymph node, and macrophages cells was found to be dependent on the concentrations of nucleoside 5'-triphosphates (ATP, GTP, UTP, dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and/or dTTP). The purified tRNA nucleotidyltransferase did not show such dependency. The dependency of the enzyme activity on nucleoside 5'triphosphates in the crude cytoplasmic fractions was possibly due to the presence of inhibitors which interfere with the repair system of defective 3'-termini of tRNA. Two kinds of inhibitors were distinguishable in the cytoplasmic fractions. One was unstable on heat treatment at 55 decrees C and showed ribonuclease activity for the tRNA 3'-terminus. The other which lacked ribonuclease activity was rather stable to the heat treatment and inhibited purified tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. The actions of both inhibitors were suppressed by nucleoside 5'-triphosphates.", "contents": "Effect of nucleoside 5'-triphosphates on tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity in cytoplasmic fractions of various types of mammalian cells. The tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity (3H-CMP incorporation into 3'-terminus of tRNApC) in cytoplasmic fractions of various types of cells such as Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, mouse liver and spleen cells, rat spleen, lymph node, and macrophages cells was found to be dependent on the concentrations of nucleoside 5'-triphosphates (ATP, GTP, UTP, dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and/or dTTP). The purified tRNA nucleotidyltransferase did not show such dependency. The dependency of the enzyme activity on nucleoside 5'triphosphates in the crude cytoplasmic fractions was possibly due to the presence of inhibitors which interfere with the repair system of defective 3'-termini of tRNA. Two kinds of inhibitors were distinguishable in the cytoplasmic fractions. One was unstable on heat treatment at 55 decrees C and showed ribonuclease activity for the tRNA 3'-terminus. The other which lacked ribonuclease activity was rather stable to the heat treatment and inhibited purified tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. The actions of both inhibitors were suppressed by nucleoside 5'-triphosphates.", "PMID": 429263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14655", "title": "The mechanism of decrease in nucleolar RNA synthesis by protein synthesis inhibition.", "content": "When protein biosynthesis is inhibited by either cycloheximide of puromycine, the nucleolar RNA synthesis of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells decreases by approximately 70% within 1 h, while the removal of these protein synthesis inhibitors causes a rapid recovery of nucleolar RNA synthesis, largely within 1 h. A similar pattern of decrease and recovery of endogenous RNA polymerase activity in isolated nucleoli or in nuclei (in the presence of alpha-amanitin) may be demonstrated after addition and removal of these drugs. Analysis of the molecular species of RNA polymerase I on a phosphocellulose column indicates that only the IB form of the enzyme decreases in the nucleoli of drug-treated cells and recovers quickly after resumption of protein synthesis. The finding that the activity of the IB form enzyme remains unchanged in the whole nuclei indicates that during cessation of protein synthesis RNA polymerase IB is either released from the nucleoli into the extranucleolar compartment or becomes so loosely bound to the nucleoli that it is leached out from the nucleoli during their isolation. By using a system of assaying free, nucleolar-template bound and total RNA polymerase I activities, data supporting the above interpretation have been obtained. Namely, in isolated nuclei free enzyme activity increases with a concomitant decrease in bound enzyme activity during protein synthesis inhibition, while the total enzyme activity remains unchanged. In isolated nucleoli, both total and bound enzyme activities decreases on protein synthesis inhibition but recover quickly on its resumption. The putative bound enzyme, fractionated with the aid of actinomycin D, is exclusively IB form, whereas the unbound enzyme consists of both IA and IB forms as previously demonstrated (1). No conversion of IB form polymerase to IA form was noted on prolonged sonication in our system. The levels of ATP and GTP in the cell did not change appreciably either during cessation or resumption of protein synthesis in these cells. The data support the previous conclusion that some short-lived protein(s) is required to maintain the normal level of ribosomal RNA transcription (2) and further suggest that the protein is required to facilitate reinitiation of the transcription by RNA polymerase IB in the nucleolus.", "contents": "The mechanism of decrease in nucleolar RNA synthesis by protein synthesis inhibition. When protein biosynthesis is inhibited by either cycloheximide of puromycine, the nucleolar RNA synthesis of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells decreases by approximately 70% within 1 h, while the removal of these protein synthesis inhibitors causes a rapid recovery of nucleolar RNA synthesis, largely within 1 h. A similar pattern of decrease and recovery of endogenous RNA polymerase activity in isolated nucleoli or in nuclei (in the presence of alpha-amanitin) may be demonstrated after addition and removal of these drugs. Analysis of the molecular species of RNA polymerase I on a phosphocellulose column indicates that only the IB form of the enzyme decreases in the nucleoli of drug-treated cells and recovers quickly after resumption of protein synthesis. The finding that the activity of the IB form enzyme remains unchanged in the whole nuclei indicates that during cessation of protein synthesis RNA polymerase IB is either released from the nucleoli into the extranucleolar compartment or becomes so loosely bound to the nucleoli that it is leached out from the nucleoli during their isolation. By using a system of assaying free, nucleolar-template bound and total RNA polymerase I activities, data supporting the above interpretation have been obtained. Namely, in isolated nuclei free enzyme activity increases with a concomitant decrease in bound enzyme activity during protein synthesis inhibition, while the total enzyme activity remains unchanged. In isolated nucleoli, both total and bound enzyme activities decreases on protein synthesis inhibition but recover quickly on its resumption. The putative bound enzyme, fractionated with the aid of actinomycin D, is exclusively IB form, whereas the unbound enzyme consists of both IA and IB forms as previously demonstrated (1). No conversion of IB form polymerase to IA form was noted on prolonged sonication in our system. The levels of ATP and GTP in the cell did not change appreciably either during cessation or resumption of protein synthesis in these cells. The data support the previous conclusion that some short-lived protein(s) is required to maintain the normal level of ribosomal RNA transcription (2) and further suggest that the protein is required to facilitate reinitiation of the transcription by RNA polymerase IB in the nucleolus.", "PMID": 429265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14656", "title": "Stability mapping along the DNA double strand and its relation to the genetic map.", "content": "The distribution of the stability of the double helical structure along the whole DNA of fdphage and its restriction fragments is calculated. In this calculation, Poland's method, which has been established as a rigorous algorithm for taking the base sequence explicitly into consideration, is used. The molecular thermodynamic parameters in the calculation have been determined so as to best reproduce the melting profile of the DNA and its fragments. The results, which are presented as melting maps, show fairly good agreement with those experimentally obtained by the present authors earlier. A close correlation with genes in the genetic map is apparent for some cooperatively melting regions observed in the stability map.", "contents": "Stability mapping along the DNA double strand and its relation to the genetic map. The distribution of the stability of the double helical structure along the whole DNA of fdphage and its restriction fragments is calculated. In this calculation, Poland's method, which has been established as a rigorous algorithm for taking the base sequence explicitly into consideration, is used. The molecular thermodynamic parameters in the calculation have been determined so as to best reproduce the melting profile of the DNA and its fragments. The results, which are presented as melting maps, show fairly good agreement with those experimentally obtained by the present authors earlier. A close correlation with genes in the genetic map is apparent for some cooperatively melting regions observed in the stability map.", "PMID": 429266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14657", "title": "Thermal regulation of fatty acid synthetase from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes was affected by the temperature of growth. As the growth temperature was lowered, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased. The fatty acid synthetase obtained from B. ammoniagense produced oleic acid as well as saturated fatty acids. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids synthesized by this enzyme in vitro was dependent on the temperature of the enzyme reaction but not on the growth temperature of B. ammoniagenes from which the enzyme was prepared. These results suggest that the changes of composition in cellular fatty acids reflect the temperature dependence of the fatty acid synthetase.", "contents": "Thermal regulation of fatty acid synthetase from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes. The fatty acid composition of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes was affected by the temperature of growth. As the growth temperature was lowered, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased. The fatty acid synthetase obtained from B. ammoniagense produced oleic acid as well as saturated fatty acids. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids synthesized by this enzyme in vitro was dependent on the temperature of the enzyme reaction but not on the growth temperature of B. ammoniagenes from which the enzyme was prepared. These results suggest that the changes of composition in cellular fatty acids reflect the temperature dependence of the fatty acid synthetase.", "PMID": 429269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14658", "title": "Preparative use of the analytical column of a sugar autoanalyzer for resolution of gluco-oligosaccharides of the same molecular weight.", "content": "A sugar autoanalyzer was used on a preparative scale to resolve a gluco-oligosaccharide mixture. In this way the components of the following mixtures were resolved: O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-O-[alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)]-D-glucose (1), O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-D-glucose (2) and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-D-glucose (3), O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-D-glucose (4) and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-D-glucose (5), and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-D-glucose (6) and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)--O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-D-glucose (7).", "contents": "Preparative use of the analytical column of a sugar autoanalyzer for resolution of gluco-oligosaccharides of the same molecular weight. A sugar autoanalyzer was used on a preparative scale to resolve a gluco-oligosaccharide mixture. In this way the components of the following mixtures were resolved: O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-O-[alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)]-D-glucose (1), O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-D-glucose (2) and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-D-glucose (3), O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-D-glucose (4) and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-D-glucose (5), and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-D-glucose (6) and O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)--O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-D-glucose (7).", "PMID": 429270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14659", "title": "Drafting film in medical illustration.", "content": "The use of drafting film in creating pen and ink medical illustrations is generally superior to scratch board. Effects of scratch board may be duplicated with drafting film. In addition, the cost per page is lower, transfer time is saved, and the film is completely erasable without damage to the working surface.", "contents": "Drafting film in medical illustration. The use of drafting film in creating pen and ink medical illustrations is generally superior to scratch board. Effects of scratch board may be duplicated with drafting film. In addition, the cost per page is lower, transfer time is saved, and the film is completely erasable without damage to the working surface.", "PMID": 429272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14660", "title": "The case history of a continuing medical education film.", "content": "The key provisions necessary in the development, implementation, and evaluation of a film designed for Continuing Medical Education are described. A case history approach is utilized with discussion on each of the following points: (1) problem identification, (2) audience, (3) media selection, (4) media production, (5) research design, (6) media distribution, (7) evaluation and (8) results. Attention to each of the above items contributed to this project's success, and reaffirms the important role which the medium of film can have in continuing professional education.", "contents": "The case history of a continuing medical education film. The key provisions necessary in the development, implementation, and evaluation of a film designed for Continuing Medical Education are described. A case history approach is utilized with discussion on each of the following points: (1) problem identification, (2) audience, (3) media selection, (4) media production, (5) research design, (6) media distribution, (7) evaluation and (8) results. Attention to each of the above items contributed to this project's success, and reaffirms the important role which the medium of film can have in continuing professional education.", "PMID": 429273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14661", "title": "Fluorescent photochemical surface labeling of intact human erythrocytes.", "content": "A photolabile nitrene precursor, 3-azido-(2,7)-naphthalene disulfonate (ANDS), has been synthesized and used as a membrane-impermeable probe. The aryl azide was nonfluorescent. When activated by light, a highly reactive nitrene was generated which was capable of nonspecific covalent modifications of hydrophilic regions of cell surfaces. The products of the photolysis were highly fluorescent and modified proteins could be identified by their characteristic fluorescence after electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. When intact human erythrocytes were labeled with ANDS, Protein 3, the major membrane protein, and the sialoglycoproteins were modified. No proteins of apparent molecular weight greater than Protein 3 were labeled by ANDS, suggesting that none of these membrane components was exposed to the hydrophilic external surface of the red blood cell. When open erythrocyte stroma were labeled with ANDS, virtually all protein bands detectable by Coomassie blue staining could be shown to contain some fluorescence label. The significance of these findings are discussed with relation to the use of various aryl azides as surface labels of membranes.", "contents": "Fluorescent photochemical surface labeling of intact human erythrocytes. A photolabile nitrene precursor, 3-azido-(2,7)-naphthalene disulfonate (ANDS), has been synthesized and used as a membrane-impermeable probe. The aryl azide was nonfluorescent. When activated by light, a highly reactive nitrene was generated which was capable of nonspecific covalent modifications of hydrophilic regions of cell surfaces. The products of the photolysis were highly fluorescent and modified proteins could be identified by their characteristic fluorescence after electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. When intact human erythrocytes were labeled with ANDS, Protein 3, the major membrane protein, and the sialoglycoproteins were modified. No proteins of apparent molecular weight greater than Protein 3 were labeled by ANDS, suggesting that none of these membrane components was exposed to the hydrophilic external surface of the red blood cell. When open erythrocyte stroma were labeled with ANDS, virtually all protein bands detectable by Coomassie blue staining could be shown to contain some fluorescence label. The significance of these findings are discussed with relation to the use of various aryl azides as surface labels of membranes.", "PMID": 429274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14662", "title": "Affinity isolation and characterization of immunoglobulin G Fc fragment-binding glycoprotein from human blood platelets.", "content": "Immune complexes bind to several eukaryotic cell types including human blood platelets through the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin (Ig) G. Utilizing immobilized Fc fragment of IgG enabled us to isolate from human blood platelets a glycoprotein of an apparent Mr = 255,000 which, upon reduction, dissociated into sub-units of an apparent Mr = 50,000. This Fc fragment-binding glycoprotein has an isoelectric point between pH 6.3 and 6.9 and is composed of 34% hydrophobic, 25% acidic, and 14% basic amino acids. The Fc fragment-binding glycoprotein was also isolated from human platelet membrane preparations and was unaffected by prior treatment of platelets with thrombin. Isolated Fc fragment-binding glycoprotein formed an in vitro complex with aggregated immunoglobulin G. These results suggest that the isolated Fc fragment-binding component may prove useful in studies concerning the functional role of glycoproteins as cellular receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG.", "contents": "Affinity isolation and characterization of immunoglobulin G Fc fragment-binding glycoprotein from human blood platelets. Immune complexes bind to several eukaryotic cell types including human blood platelets through the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin (Ig) G. Utilizing immobilized Fc fragment of IgG enabled us to isolate from human blood platelets a glycoprotein of an apparent Mr = 255,000 which, upon reduction, dissociated into sub-units of an apparent Mr = 50,000. This Fc fragment-binding glycoprotein has an isoelectric point between pH 6.3 and 6.9 and is composed of 34% hydrophobic, 25% acidic, and 14% basic amino acids. The Fc fragment-binding glycoprotein was also isolated from human platelet membrane preparations and was unaffected by prior treatment of platelets with thrombin. Isolated Fc fragment-binding glycoprotein formed an in vitro complex with aggregated immunoglobulin G. These results suggest that the isolated Fc fragment-binding component may prove useful in studies concerning the functional role of glycoproteins as cellular receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG.", "PMID": 429275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14663", "title": "The structure and amount of tubulin in cells and tissues.", "content": "The NH2-terminals and amino acid compositions of three carboxymethylcysteine-containing peptides produced from carboxymethylated calf brain tubulin by digestion with elastase have been determined. The 3H/14C ratio obtained when these peptides were generated from mixtures of [14C]carboxymethylated calf brain tubulin and the [3H]carboxymethylated proteins of mouse brain or 3T3 cells and subsequently purified indicated that both mouse brain and 3T3 cells contained protein giving rise to peptides homologous to these peptides. This indicates that the tubulins of calf brain, mouse brain, and 3T3 cells are homologous in the regions of amino acid sequence accounting for the peptides examined. From the 3H/14C ratio of the isolated peptides, 13.5% of the protein of mouse brain and 3.5% of the protein of 3T3 cells were estimated to be tubulin.", "contents": "The structure and amount of tubulin in cells and tissues. The NH2-terminals and amino acid compositions of three carboxymethylcysteine-containing peptides produced from carboxymethylated calf brain tubulin by digestion with elastase have been determined. The 3H/14C ratio obtained when these peptides were generated from mixtures of [14C]carboxymethylated calf brain tubulin and the [3H]carboxymethylated proteins of mouse brain or 3T3 cells and subsequently purified indicated that both mouse brain and 3T3 cells contained protein giving rise to peptides homologous to these peptides. This indicates that the tubulins of calf brain, mouse brain, and 3T3 cells are homologous in the regions of amino acid sequence accounting for the peptides examined. From the 3H/14C ratio of the isolated peptides, 13.5% of the protein of mouse brain and 3.5% of the protein of 3T3 cells were estimated to be tubulin.", "PMID": 429276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14664", "title": "An actin-like protein is a component of axonemes from Chlamydomonas flagella.", "content": "Several lines of evidence indicate that a component of axonemes from Chlamydomonas flagella is similar to actin from rabbit skeletal muscle. The polypeptide has an apparent molecular weight of 42,000 and in a pH gradient has the electrophoretic behavior of beta-actin. It was co-polymerized with rabbit actin and purified by affinity chromatography on DNase I-Sepharose. Incomplete proteolysis of mixed 35S-labeled axonemal protein and cold rabbit actin formed similar sets of peptides as analyzed by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The actin-like protein and the tubulin appear to be present in the axoneme in the molar ratio 1:60.", "contents": "An actin-like protein is a component of axonemes from Chlamydomonas flagella. Several lines of evidence indicate that a component of axonemes from Chlamydomonas flagella is similar to actin from rabbit skeletal muscle. The polypeptide has an apparent molecular weight of 42,000 and in a pH gradient has the electrophoretic behavior of beta-actin. It was co-polymerized with rabbit actin and purified by affinity chromatography on DNase I-Sepharose. Incomplete proteolysis of mixed 35S-labeled axonemal protein and cold rabbit actin formed similar sets of peptides as analyzed by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The actin-like protein and the tubulin appear to be present in the axoneme in the molar ratio 1:60.", "PMID": 429278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14665", "title": "Phosphorylation of paramyosin and its possible role in the catch mechanism.", "content": "Paramyosin isolated from the adductor muscle of Mercenaria mercenaria was shown to contain three to five phosphate groups/molecule; the actual number varied depending on the method used to extract the protein. Dephosphorylation resulted in an increase in the solubility of paramyosin near pH 7 and near physiological ionic strength. This behavior suggests that the number of phosphates/molecule may be a determining factor in the aggregation behavior of paramyosin-containing myofilaments. Thus, phosphorylation may be involved in catch contractions since correlations have been demonstrated earlier between catch contraction of molluscan muscles and aggregation properties of paramyosin (Ruegg, J. C. (1971) Physiol. Rev. 51, 201-249).", "contents": "Phosphorylation of paramyosin and its possible role in the catch mechanism. Paramyosin isolated from the adductor muscle of Mercenaria mercenaria was shown to contain three to five phosphate groups/molecule; the actual number varied depending on the method used to extract the protein. Dephosphorylation resulted in an increase in the solubility of paramyosin near pH 7 and near physiological ionic strength. This behavior suggests that the number of phosphates/molecule may be a determining factor in the aggregation behavior of paramyosin-containing myofilaments. Thus, phosphorylation may be involved in catch contractions since correlations have been demonstrated earlier between catch contraction of molluscan muscles and aggregation properties of paramyosin (Ruegg, J. C. (1971) Physiol. Rev. 51, 201-249).", "PMID": 429279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14666", "title": "Iodide binding and regulation of lactoperoxidase activity toward thyroid goitrogens.", "content": "The effects of the antithyroid goitrogens, methylthiouracil and methylmercaptoimidazole, on the oxidation of N-acetyltyrosylamide at pH 8.8 by lactoperoxidase have been evaluated in the presence and the absence of iodide for the purpose of elucidating the effects of iodide. At pH 8.8, iodine is not oxidized. In the absence of iodide, the two antithyroid drugs inactivate lactoperoxidase by a second order process. When iodide is added before methylthiouracil or methylmercaptoimidazole, enzyme inactivation does not occur as rapidly and both goitrogens are readily oxidized. The kinetics of the oxidation reactions have been analyzed in order to obtain the equilibrium constant of the iodide . lactoperoxidase complex. Essentially the same iodide dissociation constant, i.e. 2 x 10(-5) M, was found by studying its effects on the kinetics of oxidation of the two antithyroid drugs. A large difference absorption spectrum is observed in the Soret region between native lactoperoxidase and lactoperoxidase inactivated by methylthiouracil.", "contents": "Iodide binding and regulation of lactoperoxidase activity toward thyroid goitrogens. The effects of the antithyroid goitrogens, methylthiouracil and methylmercaptoimidazole, on the oxidation of N-acetyltyrosylamide at pH 8.8 by lactoperoxidase have been evaluated in the presence and the absence of iodide for the purpose of elucidating the effects of iodide. At pH 8.8, iodine is not oxidized. In the absence of iodide, the two antithyroid drugs inactivate lactoperoxidase by a second order process. When iodide is added before methylthiouracil or methylmercaptoimidazole, enzyme inactivation does not occur as rapidly and both goitrogens are readily oxidized. The kinetics of the oxidation reactions have been analyzed in order to obtain the equilibrium constant of the iodide . lactoperoxidase complex. Essentially the same iodide dissociation constant, i.e. 2 x 10(-5) M, was found by studying its effects on the kinetics of oxidation of the two antithyroid drugs. A large difference absorption spectrum is observed in the Soret region between native lactoperoxidase and lactoperoxidase inactivated by methylthiouracil.", "PMID": 429280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14667", "title": "Insulin-stimulated intracellular hydrogen peroxide production in rat epididymal fat cells.", "content": "Insulin stimulation of hydrogen peroxide production by rat epididymal fat cells was investigated by studying the oxidation of formate to CO2 by endogenous catalase. Under optimal concentrations of formate (0.1 to 1 mM) and glucose (0.275 mM), insulin stimulated formate oxidation 1.5- to 2.0-fold. Inhibitors of catalase activity, including nitrite and azide, inhibited both basal and insulin-stimulated formate oxidation at concentrations that did not interfere with insulin effects on glucose C-1 oxidation or glucose H-3 incorporation into lipids. The addition of exogenous catalase increased formate oxidation only slightly, while exogenous H2O2 (0.5 mM) stimulated formate oxidation by endogenous catalase strongly. These data indicate that the insulin-stimulated H2O2 production was intracellular. Insulin dose-response curves for formate oxidation were identical with those for glucose H-3 incorporation into lipids. The dependence of relative insulin effects on the logarithm of the glucose concentration was bell-shaped for formate oxidation and correlated highly with the coresponding dependences of glucose C-1 oxidation and glucose H-3 incorporation into lipids. This suggests that insulin stimulation of intracellular H2O2 production is linked to glucose metabolism. Since it is known that extracellular H2O2 can mimic insulin in several respects, these observations suggest that H2O2 may act as a \"second messenger\" for the observed effects of insulin.", "contents": "Insulin-stimulated intracellular hydrogen peroxide production in rat epididymal fat cells. Insulin stimulation of hydrogen peroxide production by rat epididymal fat cells was investigated by studying the oxidation of formate to CO2 by endogenous catalase. Under optimal concentrations of formate (0.1 to 1 mM) and glucose (0.275 mM), insulin stimulated formate oxidation 1.5- to 2.0-fold. Inhibitors of catalase activity, including nitrite and azide, inhibited both basal and insulin-stimulated formate oxidation at concentrations that did not interfere with insulin effects on glucose C-1 oxidation or glucose H-3 incorporation into lipids. The addition of exogenous catalase increased formate oxidation only slightly, while exogenous H2O2 (0.5 mM) stimulated formate oxidation by endogenous catalase strongly. These data indicate that the insulin-stimulated H2O2 production was intracellular. Insulin dose-response curves for formate oxidation were identical with those for glucose H-3 incorporation into lipids. The dependence of relative insulin effects on the logarithm of the glucose concentration was bell-shaped for formate oxidation and correlated highly with the coresponding dependences of glucose C-1 oxidation and glucose H-3 incorporation into lipids. This suggests that insulin stimulation of intracellular H2O2 production is linked to glucose metabolism. Since it is known that extracellular H2O2 can mimic insulin in several respects, these observations suggest that H2O2 may act as a \"second messenger\" for the observed effects of insulin.", "PMID": 429281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14668", "title": "Carbon 13 NMR spectroscopy of a cerebroside. Proof of the beta-pyranosyl structure of D-glucosylceramide.", "content": "The first 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of a cerebroside is reported. All signals of D-glucosylceramide (I), the cerebroside from human Gaucher's diseased liver, have been assigned by comparison of their chemical shifts with those of model compounds. This data has been used to demonstrate for the first time directly: (a) that the glucosyl moiety must exist in the pyranoside ring form and have a beta anomeric linkage, and (b) that the fatty acyl composition of the aglycon is: alpha-hydroxy, 0%; saturated, 86 +/- 2%; unsaturated long chain, 14 +/- 2%; and unsaturated short chain, less than or equal to 2%. The use of 13C signal shifts in the delta 80 to 120 region (anomeric window) for the assignment of glycon anomeric and ring forms demonstrated herein should be applicable to other glycoconjugates.", "contents": "Carbon 13 NMR spectroscopy of a cerebroside. Proof of the beta-pyranosyl structure of D-glucosylceramide. The first 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of a cerebroside is reported. All signals of D-glucosylceramide (I), the cerebroside from human Gaucher's diseased liver, have been assigned by comparison of their chemical shifts with those of model compounds. This data has been used to demonstrate for the first time directly: (a) that the glucosyl moiety must exist in the pyranoside ring form and have a beta anomeric linkage, and (b) that the fatty acyl composition of the aglycon is: alpha-hydroxy, 0%; saturated, 86 +/- 2%; unsaturated long chain, 14 +/- 2%; and unsaturated short chain, less than or equal to 2%. The use of 13C signal shifts in the delta 80 to 120 region (anomeric window) for the assignment of glycon anomeric and ring forms demonstrated herein should be applicable to other glycoconjugates.", "PMID": 429287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14669", "title": "Purine and pyrimidine transport and phosphoribosylation and their interaction in overall uptake by cultured mammalian cells. A re-evaluation.", "content": "The zero-trans uptake of purines and pyrimidines was measured in suspensions of Novikoff rat hepatoma, mouse L, P388 mouse leukemia, and Chinese hamster ovary cells by a rapid kinetic technique which allows the determination of uptake time points in intervals as short as 1.5 s. Kinetic parameters for purine/pyrimidine transport were determined by measuring substrate influx into cells in which substrate conversion to nucleotides was negligible either due to lack of the appropriate enzymes or to depletion of the cells of ATP (5'-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate), and by computer fitting exact, integrated rate equations derived for various carrier-mediated transport models directly to zero-trans influx data. The results indicate that different carriers function in the transport of hypoxanthine/guanine, adenine, and uracil with substrate:carrier association constants (K) at 24 degrees C of 300 to 400 muM, 2 to 3 mM, and about 14 mM, respectively, for Novikoff cells. K and Vmax for hypoxanthine transport by L and P388 cells are similar to those for Novikoff cells, but the transport capacity of Chinese hamster ovary cells is much lower and K = 1500 muM. All transport systems are completely symmetrical. Hypoxanthine transport is so rapid that an intracellular concentration of free hypoxanthine (90%) close to that in the medium is attained within 20 to 50 s of incubation at 24 degrees C, at least at extracellular concentrations below K. In cells in which conversion to nucleotides is not blocked free hypoxanthine accumulates intracellularly to steady state levels with equal rapidity and thereafter the rate of hypoxanthine uptake into total cell material is strictly a function of the rate of phosphoribosylation. The low Km systems for hypoxanthine (1 to 9 muM) and adenine (0.2 to 40 muM) uptake detected previously in many types of cells reflect the substrate saturation of the respective phosphoribosyltransferases rather than of the transport system.", "contents": "Purine and pyrimidine transport and phosphoribosylation and their interaction in overall uptake by cultured mammalian cells. A re-evaluation. The zero-trans uptake of purines and pyrimidines was measured in suspensions of Novikoff rat hepatoma, mouse L, P388 mouse leukemia, and Chinese hamster ovary cells by a rapid kinetic technique which allows the determination of uptake time points in intervals as short as 1.5 s. Kinetic parameters for purine/pyrimidine transport were determined by measuring substrate influx into cells in which substrate conversion to nucleotides was negligible either due to lack of the appropriate enzymes or to depletion of the cells of ATP (5'-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate), and by computer fitting exact, integrated rate equations derived for various carrier-mediated transport models directly to zero-trans influx data. The results indicate that different carriers function in the transport of hypoxanthine/guanine, adenine, and uracil with substrate:carrier association constants (K) at 24 degrees C of 300 to 400 muM, 2 to 3 mM, and about 14 mM, respectively, for Novikoff cells. K and Vmax for hypoxanthine transport by L and P388 cells are similar to those for Novikoff cells, but the transport capacity of Chinese hamster ovary cells is much lower and K = 1500 muM. All transport systems are completely symmetrical. Hypoxanthine transport is so rapid that an intracellular concentration of free hypoxanthine (90%) close to that in the medium is attained within 20 to 50 s of incubation at 24 degrees C, at least at extracellular concentrations below K. In cells in which conversion to nucleotides is not blocked free hypoxanthine accumulates intracellularly to steady state levels with equal rapidity and thereafter the rate of hypoxanthine uptake into total cell material is strictly a function of the rate of phosphoribosylation. The low Km systems for hypoxanthine (1 to 9 muM) and adenine (0.2 to 40 muM) uptake detected previously in many types of cells reflect the substrate saturation of the respective phosphoribosyltransferases rather than of the transport system.", "PMID": 429288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14670", "title": "Bilirubin. Solubility and interaction with albumin and phospholipid.", "content": "Bilirubin is generally considered a lipophilic substance, and its neurotoxicity is ascribed to an affinity for lipids in the central nervous system. In the present paper, it is shown that the solubility of bilirubin in apolar solvents and in triglycerides is low and increases with solvent polarity. Consequently, bilirubin should not be characterized as lipophilic. The solubility in aqueous buffers was studied under exclusion of light and was found lower than previously reported, about 7 nM at pH 7.4, temperature 37 degrees C, increasing with higher pH, approximately in inverse proportion with the squared hydrogen ion concentration. Binding of bilirubin to human serum albumin was studied by the rate of oxidation with peroxidase of the free ligand at equilibrium. The stoichiometry of proton involvement in the binding process was investigated by acidimetric titration. It is concluded that precipitation of bilirubin in vivo is thermodynamically possible. It was further demonstrated by light absorption spectroscopy that bilirubin forms a complex with phosphatidylcholine in diethyl ether and that an aqueous suspension of phosphatidylcholine enhanced aggregation of bilirubin. Transfer of bilirubin dianion from its complex with plasma albumin and precipitation of bilirubin acid with phosphatidylcholine in membranes of nerve cells is therefore possible and may account for the neurotoxicity.", "contents": "Bilirubin. Solubility and interaction with albumin and phospholipid. Bilirubin is generally considered a lipophilic substance, and its neurotoxicity is ascribed to an affinity for lipids in the central nervous system. In the present paper, it is shown that the solubility of bilirubin in apolar solvents and in triglycerides is low and increases with solvent polarity. Consequently, bilirubin should not be characterized as lipophilic. The solubility in aqueous buffers was studied under exclusion of light and was found lower than previously reported, about 7 nM at pH 7.4, temperature 37 degrees C, increasing with higher pH, approximately in inverse proportion with the squared hydrogen ion concentration. Binding of bilirubin to human serum albumin was studied by the rate of oxidation with peroxidase of the free ligand at equilibrium. The stoichiometry of proton involvement in the binding process was investigated by acidimetric titration. It is concluded that precipitation of bilirubin in vivo is thermodynamically possible. It was further demonstrated by light absorption spectroscopy that bilirubin forms a complex with phosphatidylcholine in diethyl ether and that an aqueous suspension of phosphatidylcholine enhanced aggregation of bilirubin. Transfer of bilirubin dianion from its complex with plasma albumin and precipitation of bilirubin acid with phosphatidylcholine in membranes of nerve cells is therefore possible and may account for the neurotoxicity.", "PMID": 429290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14671", "title": "The isolation and characterization of the link proteins from proteoglycan aggregates of bovine nasal cartilage.", "content": "A preparation containing the link proteins may be obtained from bovine nasal cartilage by extraction with 4 M guanidine hydrochloride and by equilibrium density gradient centrifugations of the extract as commonly employed in the isolation of proteoglycan monomers. In the present paper, protein-rich proteoglycans have been removed from such a preparation to give purified link proteins by chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The individual link proteins, which in order of increasing electrophoretic mobility are termed link proteins 1, 2, and 3, have been separated and isolated in a subsequent preparative gel electrophoresis step. The link proteins present in largest amount, link proteins 1 and 2, have essentially the same amino acid compositions, and following partial digestion with the V8 protease from Staphylococcus aureus and analytical electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, their peptide patterns closely resemble each other. Therefore,it is probable that link proteins 1 and 2 are structurally similar. Link protein 1 contains more carbohydrate than link protein 2 (9.5% and 3.0%, respectively) and it is suggested that the major difference between them is in carbohydrate content.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of the link proteins from proteoglycan aggregates of bovine nasal cartilage. A preparation containing the link proteins may be obtained from bovine nasal cartilage by extraction with 4 M guanidine hydrochloride and by equilibrium density gradient centrifugations of the extract as commonly employed in the isolation of proteoglycan monomers. In the present paper, protein-rich proteoglycans have been removed from such a preparation to give purified link proteins by chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The individual link proteins, which in order of increasing electrophoretic mobility are termed link proteins 1, 2, and 3, have been separated and isolated in a subsequent preparative gel electrophoresis step. The link proteins present in largest amount, link proteins 1 and 2, have essentially the same amino acid compositions, and following partial digestion with the V8 protease from Staphylococcus aureus and analytical electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, their peptide patterns closely resemble each other. Therefore,it is probable that link proteins 1 and 2 are structurally similar. Link protein 1 contains more carbohydrate than link protein 2 (9.5% and 3.0%, respectively) and it is suggested that the major difference between them is in carbohydrate content.", "PMID": 429292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14672", "title": "Substrate-dependent dissociation of malate thiokinase.", "content": "Malate thiokinase has been purified to apparent homogeneity by employing conventional purification techniques along with affinity chromatography. The enzyme is composed of two nonidentical subunits (alpha subunit Mr=34,000, beta subunit Mr=42,500) to yield an alpha 4 beta 4 structure for the native enzyme. Phosphorylation of the enzyme by ATP occurs exclusively on the alpha subunit. The phosphorylated enzyme is acid labile and base stable consistent with phosphorylation of a histidine residue. Dephosphorylation of the enzyme is promoted by ADP, succinate, malate, and coenzyme A plus inorganic phosphate. Phosphorylation of the enzyme leads to a reversible change in the sedimentation properties of the enzyme; the native enzyme exhibits an S20,w of approximately 10, whereas the phosphoenzyme exhibits an S20,w of approximately 7. Formation of the 7 S form of the enzyme is also observed when coenzyme A and succinyl-CoA interact with the enzyme. The ratio of alpha to beta subunits in both the 10 S and 7 S forms of the enzyme is approximately 1.0, suggesting that the 7 S form of the enzyme has an alpha 2 beta 2 structure.", "contents": "Substrate-dependent dissociation of malate thiokinase. Malate thiokinase has been purified to apparent homogeneity by employing conventional purification techniques along with affinity chromatography. The enzyme is composed of two nonidentical subunits (alpha subunit Mr=34,000, beta subunit Mr=42,500) to yield an alpha 4 beta 4 structure for the native enzyme. Phosphorylation of the enzyme by ATP occurs exclusively on the alpha subunit. The phosphorylated enzyme is acid labile and base stable consistent with phosphorylation of a histidine residue. Dephosphorylation of the enzyme is promoted by ADP, succinate, malate, and coenzyme A plus inorganic phosphate. Phosphorylation of the enzyme leads to a reversible change in the sedimentation properties of the enzyme; the native enzyme exhibits an S20,w of approximately 10, whereas the phosphoenzyme exhibits an S20,w of approximately 7. Formation of the 7 S form of the enzyme is also observed when coenzyme A and succinyl-CoA interact with the enzyme. The ratio of alpha to beta subunits in both the 10 S and 7 S forms of the enzyme is approximately 1.0, suggesting that the 7 S form of the enzyme has an alpha 2 beta 2 structure.", "PMID": 429295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14673", "title": "Binding and release of radiolabeled eukaryotic initiation factors 2 and 3 during 80 S initiation complex formation.", "content": "The AUG-dependent formation of an 80 S ribosomal initiation complex was studied using purified rabbit reticulocyte initiation factors radiolabeled by reductive methylation. The radiolabeled initiation factors were as biologically active as untreated factors. Reaction mixtures containing a variety of components (AUG, GTP, Met-tRNAf, initiation factors, and 40 S and 60 S ribosomal subunits) were incubated at 30 degrees C and then analyzed on linear sucrose gradients for the formation of ribosomal complexes. The results show that both eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-3 and the ternary complex (eIF-2.GTP.Met-tRNAf) bind independently to the 40 S subunit and each of these components enhances the binding of the other. All of the polypeptides of eIF-2 and eIF-3 participate in this binding. Formation of an 80 S ribosomal complex requires eIF-5 and 60 S subunits in a reaction that is stimulated by eIF-4C. Both eIF-2 and eIF-3 are released from the 40 S preinitiation complex during formation of the 80 S initiation complex. Release of eIF-2 and eIF-3 does not occur and 80 S ribosomal complexes are not formed if GTP is replaced by a nonhydrolyzable analog such as guanosine 5'-O3-(1,2-mu-imido)triphosphate. Despite a variety of attempts, it has not yet been possible to demonstrate binding of eIF-4C, eIF-4D, or eIF-5 to either 40 S or 80 S ribosomal complexes.", "contents": "Binding and release of radiolabeled eukaryotic initiation factors 2 and 3 during 80 S initiation complex formation. The AUG-dependent formation of an 80 S ribosomal initiation complex was studied using purified rabbit reticulocyte initiation factors radiolabeled by reductive methylation. The radiolabeled initiation factors were as biologically active as untreated factors. Reaction mixtures containing a variety of components (AUG, GTP, Met-tRNAf, initiation factors, and 40 S and 60 S ribosomal subunits) were incubated at 30 degrees C and then analyzed on linear sucrose gradients for the formation of ribosomal complexes. The results show that both eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-3 and the ternary complex (eIF-2.GTP.Met-tRNAf) bind independently to the 40 S subunit and each of these components enhances the binding of the other. All of the polypeptides of eIF-2 and eIF-3 participate in this binding. Formation of an 80 S ribosomal complex requires eIF-5 and 60 S subunits in a reaction that is stimulated by eIF-4C. Both eIF-2 and eIF-3 are released from the 40 S preinitiation complex during formation of the 80 S initiation complex. Release of eIF-2 and eIF-3 does not occur and 80 S ribosomal complexes are not formed if GTP is replaced by a nonhydrolyzable analog such as guanosine 5'-O3-(1,2-mu-imido)triphosphate. Despite a variety of attempts, it has not yet been possible to demonstrate binding of eIF-4C, eIF-4D, or eIF-5 to either 40 S or 80 S ribosomal complexes.", "PMID": 429297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14674", "title": "Identification by peptide analysis of the spectrin-binding protein in human erythrocytes.", "content": "One-dimensional and two-dimensional peptide-mapping techniques are used to identify the protein which gives rise to the 72,000 dalton alpha-chymotryptic fragment previously shown to be the membrane attachment site for spectrin. Peptide maps of the 72,000 dalton fragment are very different from maps of Bands 1, 2, 2.9, 3, 3.1, 4.1, and 4.2 and very similar to maps of the apparently closely homologous polypeptides, Bands 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.6. Limited proteolysis of erythrocyte membranes is shown to generate Band 3', another polypeptide which has been associated with spectrin-binding activity. Peptide maps of Band 3' are very similar to maps of Band 2.1, suggesting that Band 3' is also a proteolytic fragment of Band 2.1. It is concluded that Band 2.1 and possibly some or all of the other, related polypeptides which electrophorese in the 2 region is (are) the spectrin-binding protein(s) of the human erythrocyte.", "contents": "Identification by peptide analysis of the spectrin-binding protein in human erythrocytes. One-dimensional and two-dimensional peptide-mapping techniques are used to identify the protein which gives rise to the 72,000 dalton alpha-chymotryptic fragment previously shown to be the membrane attachment site for spectrin. Peptide maps of the 72,000 dalton fragment are very different from maps of Bands 1, 2, 2.9, 3, 3.1, 4.1, and 4.2 and very similar to maps of the apparently closely homologous polypeptides, Bands 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.6. Limited proteolysis of erythrocyte membranes is shown to generate Band 3', another polypeptide which has been associated with spectrin-binding activity. Peptide maps of Band 3' are very similar to maps of Band 2.1, suggesting that Band 3' is also a proteolytic fragment of Band 2.1. It is concluded that Band 2.1 and possibly some or all of the other, related polypeptides which electrophorese in the 2 region is (are) the spectrin-binding protein(s) of the human erythrocyte.", "PMID": 429298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14675", "title": "Peptide mapping of heterogeneous protein samples.", "content": "A simple two-dimensional electrophoretic method for peptide mapping of heterogeneous protein samples is presented. The reduced and denatured proteins of the mixture are separated in a first dimension by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. After completion of the electrophoresis, the whole gel lane is equilibrated in stacking gel buffer and is transferred at right angles onto a second slab gel. A protease solution is overlayed on the gel lane and a partial proteolysis of the proteins to be analyzed is performed during the stacking phase of the second electrophoresis. The second electrophoresis resolves the characteristic pattern of peptides of each individual protein as a series of spots located below the original position of the undigested protein. The peptide maps of the following samples are presented as examples: protein P23 and P23* of bacteriophage T4, membranes of Dictyostelium discoideum, membranes of human erythrocytes, and 35S-labeled proteins of D. discoideum synthesized in vivo or in a cell-free wheat germ extract. In complex samples, up to 20 individual proteins can be analyzed at once and a protein comprising only 1% of the total sample generates a clearly identifiable peptide pattern. Good reproducibility of the patterns obtained allows the comparison of samples of different origins.", "contents": "Peptide mapping of heterogeneous protein samples. A simple two-dimensional electrophoretic method for peptide mapping of heterogeneous protein samples is presented. The reduced and denatured proteins of the mixture are separated in a first dimension by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. After completion of the electrophoresis, the whole gel lane is equilibrated in stacking gel buffer and is transferred at right angles onto a second slab gel. A protease solution is overlayed on the gel lane and a partial proteolysis of the proteins to be analyzed is performed during the stacking phase of the second electrophoresis. The second electrophoresis resolves the characteristic pattern of peptides of each individual protein as a series of spots located below the original position of the undigested protein. The peptide maps of the following samples are presented as examples: protein P23 and P23* of bacteriophage T4, membranes of Dictyostelium discoideum, membranes of human erythrocytes, and 35S-labeled proteins of D. discoideum synthesized in vivo or in a cell-free wheat germ extract. In complex samples, up to 20 individual proteins can be analyzed at once and a protein comprising only 1% of the total sample generates a clearly identifiable peptide pattern. Good reproducibility of the patterns obtained allows the comparison of samples of different origins.", "PMID": 429300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14676", "title": "A novel method of activation of cross-linked agaroses with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole which gives a matrix for affinity chromatography devoid of additional charged groups.", "content": "1,1'-Carbonyldiimidazole, a carbonylating reagent, has been shown to be suitable for the activation of cross-linked agaroses for affinity chromatography. The activated matrix (an imidazolyl carbamate) is relatively stable to hydrolysis but smoothly reacts with N-nucleophiles such as those present in either affinity chromatography ligands or leashes, e.g. ethylenediamine or 6-aminohexanoic acid. If butylamine was attached via the 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole method, the resulting product was devoid of charged groups and thus had the same titration curve as agarose. The suitability of this new matrix for affinity chromatography was demonstrated by the successful purification of trypsin by several different systems.", "contents": "A novel method of activation of cross-linked agaroses with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole which gives a matrix for affinity chromatography devoid of additional charged groups. 1,1'-Carbonyldiimidazole, a carbonylating reagent, has been shown to be suitable for the activation of cross-linked agaroses for affinity chromatography. The activated matrix (an imidazolyl carbamate) is relatively stable to hydrolysis but smoothly reacts with N-nucleophiles such as those present in either affinity chromatography ligands or leashes, e.g. ethylenediamine or 6-aminohexanoic acid. If butylamine was attached via the 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole method, the resulting product was devoid of charged groups and thus had the same titration curve as agarose. The suitability of this new matrix for affinity chromatography was demonstrated by the successful purification of trypsin by several different systems.", "PMID": 429301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14677", "title": "Separation of functionally distinct regions of a macromolecular substrate. Stimulation of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase by a nonreacting fragment of tRNA.", "content": "Rabbit liver tRNA nucleotidyltransferase catalyzes the incorporation of AMP and CMP into the model acceptor substrate, cytidine. The apparent Km for cytidine in this reaction is about 80 to 90 mM which is more than 10(4) greater than the Km values for the natural substrates, tRNA lacking the terminal AMP (tRNA-C-C) and tRNA lacking the terminal pCpA (tRNA-C). The Vmax values for the model reaction are only 5% and 2% of those for the reaction with the natural tRNA substrates. Addition of the tRNA fragments, tRNA lacking the terminal XpCpCpA sequence (tRNA-(X - 1)p) and tRNA lacking the terminal CpCpA (tRNA-Xp), greatly stimulates the rate of nucleotide incorporation into cytidine. In the case of CMP incorporation into cytidine, tRNA-Xp stimulates the reaction about 60-fold, to a rate similar to that of the normal reaction with tRNA-C. The tRNA fragment has no effect on the apparent Km of either cytidine or CTP, but only alters the Vmax of the reaction. Stimulation of the model reactions is maximal with tRNA fragments of specific chain lengths. These results provide direct evidence that the nonreacting regions of a substrate molecule play an important role in the catalytic efficiency of an enzyme.", "contents": "Separation of functionally distinct regions of a macromolecular substrate. Stimulation of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase by a nonreacting fragment of tRNA. Rabbit liver tRNA nucleotidyltransferase catalyzes the incorporation of AMP and CMP into the model acceptor substrate, cytidine. The apparent Km for cytidine in this reaction is about 80 to 90 mM which is more than 10(4) greater than the Km values for the natural substrates, tRNA lacking the terminal AMP (tRNA-C-C) and tRNA lacking the terminal pCpA (tRNA-C). The Vmax values for the model reaction are only 5% and 2% of those for the reaction with the natural tRNA substrates. Addition of the tRNA fragments, tRNA lacking the terminal XpCpCpA sequence (tRNA-(X - 1)p) and tRNA lacking the terminal CpCpA (tRNA-Xp), greatly stimulates the rate of nucleotide incorporation into cytidine. In the case of CMP incorporation into cytidine, tRNA-Xp stimulates the reaction about 60-fold, to a rate similar to that of the normal reaction with tRNA-C. The tRNA fragment has no effect on the apparent Km of either cytidine or CTP, but only alters the Vmax of the reaction. Stimulation of the model reactions is maximal with tRNA fragments of specific chain lengths. These results provide direct evidence that the nonreacting regions of a substrate molecule play an important role in the catalytic efficiency of an enzyme.", "PMID": 429302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14678", "title": "An assessment of the fluidity gradient of the lipid bilayer as determined by a set of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids (n = 2, 6, 9, 12, 16).", "content": "The rotational behavior of a set of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acid fluorescent probes is examined in two liquid paraffins and in liposomes composed of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. As has been observed with other membrane fluorescent probes (Hare, F., and Lussan, C. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 467, 262-272), the degree of fluorescence depolarization for a given solvent viscosity is dependent on the solvent standard employed. In addition, when the anthroyloxy group is in the terminal position of the acyl chain, it has more rotational freedom than when it is conjugated to positions 6, 9, or 12 where the rotational motion of the fluorophore is similar. When incorporated into lipid bilayers, values of fluorescence polarization reflect the gradient of \"fluidity\" which extends from the surface to the center of the membrane. The nature of this polarization gradient is discussed in relation to the intrinsic differences between the probes and the anisotropic rotations responsible for depolarization.", "contents": "An assessment of the fluidity gradient of the lipid bilayer as determined by a set of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids (n = 2, 6, 9, 12, 16). The rotational behavior of a set of n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acid fluorescent probes is examined in two liquid paraffins and in liposomes composed of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. As has been observed with other membrane fluorescent probes (Hare, F., and Lussan, C. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 467, 262-272), the degree of fluorescence depolarization for a given solvent viscosity is dependent on the solvent standard employed. In addition, when the anthroyloxy group is in the terminal position of the acyl chain, it has more rotational freedom than when it is conjugated to positions 6, 9, or 12 where the rotational motion of the fluorophore is similar. When incorporated into lipid bilayers, values of fluorescence polarization reflect the gradient of \"fluidity\" which extends from the surface to the center of the membrane. The nature of this polarization gradient is discussed in relation to the intrinsic differences between the probes and the anisotropic rotations responsible for depolarization.", "PMID": 429303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14679", "title": "Biosynthesis of proteoglycans and their assembly into aggregates in cultures of chondrocytes from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma.", "content": "Cultured chondrocytes from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma incorporate [35S]sulfate into proteoglycans typical of hyaline cartilage. The movement of newly synthesized proteoglycans from inside the cells into the extracellular matrix and, finally, into the culture medium was examined by measuring the distribution of 35S-labeled proteoglycans in the medium, a 4 M guanidine HCl extract of the cell layer, and in the remaining residue for a number of chase times following a 5-min pulse with [35S]sulfate. When hyaluronate oligosaccharides containing greater than or equal to 10 monosaccharides were included in the chase media, a proportion of newly synthesized proteoglycans were displaced from the matrix (4 M extract) into the culture medium. This displacement was greatest when oligomers were in the chase media between 10 and 20 min after the pulse, approximately the time when the molecules are being secreted from the cells. The proportion of link-stabilized aggregate in the medium was examined by Sepharose 2B chromatography after adding an excess of unlabeled monomer which displaces labeled monomer from complexes with hyaluronate which are not link-stabilized. The proportion of link-stabilized aggregate increased from 12% to about 70% between 12 and 120 min of chase. The presence of 40 micron hyaluronate oligosaccharides of 16 monosaccharides in the chase media retarded but did not prevent aggregate formation. Oligomers of about 50 monosaccharides, which are large enough to bind both a monomer proteoglycan and a link protein, almost completely prevented the formation of the large link-stabilized aggregates. The results suggest: (a) newly synthesized proteoglycans are not bound into link-stabilized aggregates at the time of secretion; (b) hyaluronic acid oligomers which are long enough to interact only with the hyaluronic acid-binding site of proteoglycans will retard but not prevent link-stabilized aggregation; and (c) hyaluronic acid oligomers long enough to accommodate additionally a link protein form a link-stabilized ternary complex and prevent aggregation with larger hyaluronic acid molecules.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of proteoglycans and their assembly into aggregates in cultures of chondrocytes from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma. Cultured chondrocytes from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma incorporate [35S]sulfate into proteoglycans typical of hyaline cartilage. The movement of newly synthesized proteoglycans from inside the cells into the extracellular matrix and, finally, into the culture medium was examined by measuring the distribution of 35S-labeled proteoglycans in the medium, a 4 M guanidine HCl extract of the cell layer, and in the remaining residue for a number of chase times following a 5-min pulse with [35S]sulfate. When hyaluronate oligosaccharides containing greater than or equal to 10 monosaccharides were included in the chase media, a proportion of newly synthesized proteoglycans were displaced from the matrix (4 M extract) into the culture medium. This displacement was greatest when oligomers were in the chase media between 10 and 20 min after the pulse, approximately the time when the molecules are being secreted from the cells. The proportion of link-stabilized aggregate in the medium was examined by Sepharose 2B chromatography after adding an excess of unlabeled monomer which displaces labeled monomer from complexes with hyaluronate which are not link-stabilized. The proportion of link-stabilized aggregate increased from 12% to about 70% between 12 and 120 min of chase. The presence of 40 micron hyaluronate oligosaccharides of 16 monosaccharides in the chase media retarded but did not prevent aggregate formation. Oligomers of about 50 monosaccharides, which are large enough to bind both a monomer proteoglycan and a link protein, almost completely prevented the formation of the large link-stabilized aggregates. The results suggest: (a) newly synthesized proteoglycans are not bound into link-stabilized aggregates at the time of secretion; (b) hyaluronic acid oligomers which are long enough to interact only with the hyaluronic acid-binding site of proteoglycans will retard but not prevent link-stabilized aggregation; and (c) hyaluronic acid oligomers long enough to accommodate additionally a link protein form a link-stabilized ternary complex and prevent aggregation with larger hyaluronic acid molecules.", "PMID": 429304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14680", "title": "Bacterial metabolism of corticoids with particular reference to the 21-dehydroxylation.", "content": "Clostridium paraputrificum, an obligate anaerobe recovered from human feces, reduces the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl of deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, cortisone, and cortisol. The same steroids are 21-dehydroxylated by Culture 116, recently isolated from human feces, and by a closely related organism, Eubacterium lentum. The 21-dehydroxylase has no effect on hydroxyl groups at carbon atoms 11 and 17.", "contents": "Bacterial metabolism of corticoids with particular reference to the 21-dehydroxylation. Clostridium paraputrificum, an obligate anaerobe recovered from human feces, reduces the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl of deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, cortisone, and cortisol. The same steroids are 21-dehydroxylated by Culture 116, recently isolated from human feces, and by a closely related organism, Eubacterium lentum. The 21-dehydroxylase has no effect on hydroxyl groups at carbon atoms 11 and 17.", "PMID": 429305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14681", "title": "Transformation of arachidonic acid by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Formation of a novel dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid.", "content": "A new metabolite of arachidonic acid, 5-D-(S),12-D-(R)-dihydroxy-6,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, was found upon incubation of the fatty acid with a suspension of rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes collected 4 h after injection of glycogen into the peritoneal cavity. The yield of the dihydroxy acid was 0.5 to 2%. The compound possesses three conjugated double bonds and was found to be stereochemically pure at C-5 and C-12. Incubation of the cells with 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid did not lead to the formation of the analogous triunsaturated dihydroxy acid.", "contents": "Transformation of arachidonic acid by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Formation of a novel dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. A new metabolite of arachidonic acid, 5-D-(S),12-D-(R)-dihydroxy-6,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, was found upon incubation of the fatty acid with a suspension of rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes collected 4 h after injection of glycogen into the peritoneal cavity. The yield of the dihydroxy acid was 0.5 to 2%. The compound possesses three conjugated double bonds and was found to be stereochemically pure at C-5 and C-12. Incubation of the cells with 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid did not lead to the formation of the analogous triunsaturated dihydroxy acid.", "PMID": 429307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14682", "title": "Purification and properties of L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase from Streptococcus faecium ATCC 12755.", "content": "A procedure was developed to purify the Streptococcus faecium ATCC 12755 L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 131,000 and the subunit molecular weight was 72,000. Two moles of FAD were bound/mol of enzyme. Apo-L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase displayed physical properties similar to the holoenzyme as judged by electrophoresis in 10% buffer gels at pH 8.5 and by centrifugation in a 5 to 20% linear sucrose gradient. The apoenzyme was completely reactivated by incubation with FAD. L-alpha-Glycerophosphate oxidase was specific for L-alpha-glycerophosphate when compared with several other pohsphorylated glycerol and sugar derivatives. Oxygen was the preferred electron acceptor. At 10 mM DL-alpha-glycerophosphate (below the Km of 26 mM for L-alpha-glycerophosphate), activity was increased from 2.6- to 10-fold by increasing the buffer concentration from 0.01 to 0.1 m. This buffer effect was observed with potassium phosphate and other anionic buffers. In 0.001 m potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, activity was increased by several divalent metal ions, including 10 mM CaCl2 (7.7-fold activation) and 10 mM MgCl, (6.8-fold activation). Fructose 6-phosphate and fructose1-phosphate were inhibitors of the L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase.", "contents": "Purification and properties of L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase from Streptococcus faecium ATCC 12755. A procedure was developed to purify the Streptococcus faecium ATCC 12755 L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 131,000 and the subunit molecular weight was 72,000. Two moles of FAD were bound/mol of enzyme. Apo-L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase displayed physical properties similar to the holoenzyme as judged by electrophoresis in 10% buffer gels at pH 8.5 and by centrifugation in a 5 to 20% linear sucrose gradient. The apoenzyme was completely reactivated by incubation with FAD. L-alpha-Glycerophosphate oxidase was specific for L-alpha-glycerophosphate when compared with several other pohsphorylated glycerol and sugar derivatives. Oxygen was the preferred electron acceptor. At 10 mM DL-alpha-glycerophosphate (below the Km of 26 mM for L-alpha-glycerophosphate), activity was increased from 2.6- to 10-fold by increasing the buffer concentration from 0.01 to 0.1 m. This buffer effect was observed with potassium phosphate and other anionic buffers. In 0.001 m potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, activity was increased by several divalent metal ions, including 10 mM CaCl2 (7.7-fold activation) and 10 mM MgCl, (6.8-fold activation). Fructose 6-phosphate and fructose1-phosphate were inhibitors of the L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase.", "PMID": 429313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14683", "title": "Urinary metabolites of cis-9,10-methylene octadecanoic acid. cis-3,4-Methylene hexanedioic acid and related compounds.", "content": "cis-3,4-Methylene hexanedioic acid has been discovered in human urine. It has been isolated and identified by mass spectrometry and synthesis. The daily excretion in nine subjects on a free diet was 88 mumol/day (range, 32 to 144 mumol/day). cis-3,4-Methylene hexanedioic acid was given orally to a rat. About 90% of the dose was recovered unchanged in the urine within 24 h. Intragastric administration of cis-9,10-methylene [9,10-3H2]octadecanoic acid to rats gave four labeled urinary metabolites. The major one was cis-3,4-methylene hexanedioic acid, the others were 2,3-methylene pentanedioic acid and isomers of methylene heptanedioic acid and methylene octanedioic acid. Within 72 h, about 40% of the administered radioactivity could be recovered from the urine and another 40% from the carcass. About 20% of the recovered radioactivity was found to be water. Of the radioactivity administered to rats orally as cis-9,10-methylene [9,10-3H2]octadecanoic acid methyl ester, about 50% could be recovered from the lymph of the thoracic duct within 9 h. Intraperitoneal administration of cis-9,10-methylene octodecanoic acid methyl ester to rats gave the same metabolites. Of the given amount, 50 mol % could be recovered from the urine as cis-3,4-methylene hexanedioic acid and 19 mol % as homologues within 38 days.", "contents": "Urinary metabolites of cis-9,10-methylene octadecanoic acid. cis-3,4-Methylene hexanedioic acid and related compounds. cis-3,4-Methylene hexanedioic acid has been discovered in human urine. It has been isolated and identified by mass spectrometry and synthesis. The daily excretion in nine subjects on a free diet was 88 mumol/day (range, 32 to 144 mumol/day). cis-3,4-Methylene hexanedioic acid was given orally to a rat. About 90% of the dose was recovered unchanged in the urine within 24 h. Intragastric administration of cis-9,10-methylene [9,10-3H2]octadecanoic acid to rats gave four labeled urinary metabolites. The major one was cis-3,4-methylene hexanedioic acid, the others were 2,3-methylene pentanedioic acid and isomers of methylene heptanedioic acid and methylene octanedioic acid. Within 72 h, about 40% of the administered radioactivity could be recovered from the urine and another 40% from the carcass. About 20% of the recovered radioactivity was found to be water. Of the radioactivity administered to rats orally as cis-9,10-methylene [9,10-3H2]octadecanoic acid methyl ester, about 50% could be recovered from the lymph of the thoracic duct within 9 h. Intraperitoneal administration of cis-9,10-methylene octodecanoic acid methyl ester to rats gave the same metabolites. Of the given amount, 50 mol % could be recovered from the urine as cis-3,4-methylene hexanedioic acid and 19 mol % as homologues within 38 days.", "PMID": 429319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14684", "title": "Inactivation of rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase with 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine. Evidence for interaction at the glutamine binding site.", "content": "Inactivation of rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine occurs only under conditions where the enzyme is catalytically active. The glutaminase activity and the rate of inactivation by the diazoketone exhibit very similar phosphate concentration-dependent activation profiles. Because of this phosphate dependency, it was not possible to differentiate an apparent protection by glutamine from the strong inhibition of inactivation caused by glutamate. The ability of glutamate to protect the glutaminase against inactivation is reversed by increasing concentrations of phosphate. The observed characteristics of inactivation by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine differ considerably from those reported for the inactivation by L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoic acid. In addition, the presence of o-carbamoyl-L-serine was found to stimulate inactivation by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, but to protect the glutaminase against inactivation by the chloroketone. Preinactivation of the glutaminase by the diazoketone only slightly reduced the stoichiometry of binding of [5-14C]chloroketone. These observations suggest that 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine and L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoic acid interact with different sites on the glutaminase which are specific for binding glutamine and glutamate, respectively.", "contents": "Inactivation of rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase with 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine. Evidence for interaction at the glutamine binding site. Inactivation of rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine occurs only under conditions where the enzyme is catalytically active. The glutaminase activity and the rate of inactivation by the diazoketone exhibit very similar phosphate concentration-dependent activation profiles. Because of this phosphate dependency, it was not possible to differentiate an apparent protection by glutamine from the strong inhibition of inactivation caused by glutamate. The ability of glutamate to protect the glutaminase against inactivation is reversed by increasing concentrations of phosphate. The observed characteristics of inactivation by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine differ considerably from those reported for the inactivation by L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoic acid. In addition, the presence of o-carbamoyl-L-serine was found to stimulate inactivation by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, but to protect the glutaminase against inactivation by the chloroketone. Preinactivation of the glutaminase by the diazoketone only slightly reduced the stoichiometry of binding of [5-14C]chloroketone. These observations suggest that 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine and L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoic acid interact with different sites on the glutaminase which are specific for binding glutamine and glutamate, respectively.", "PMID": 429321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14685", "title": "Primary structure of a human IgA1 immunoglobulin. II. Isolation, composition, and amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptides of the whole alpha1 chain and its cyanogen bromide fragments.", "content": "As part of the strategy for determining the covalent structure of a human IgA1 molecule (Bur), a tryptic digest was prepared of the reduced and carboxymethylated alpha1 heavy chain. In addition to the main experiment, tryptic peptides were prepared from the succinylated aminoethylated alpha1 chain and from fragments obtained by CNBr scission of the alpha1 chain. Complete recovery of the peptides was impeded by the large size of some of the tryptic peptides and of the principal CNBr fragment, and difficulty in separating other glycopeptides. Twenty-eight tryptic peptides of the reduced and carboxymethylated alpha1 chain were purified and sequenced, accounting for more than 300 residues. Additional information was obtained by sequence analysis of trypudies described in this series of papers contributed to the complete sequence analysis of the alpha1 chain.", "contents": "Primary structure of a human IgA1 immunoglobulin. II. Isolation, composition, and amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptides of the whole alpha1 chain and its cyanogen bromide fragments. As part of the strategy for determining the covalent structure of a human IgA1 molecule (Bur), a tryptic digest was prepared of the reduced and carboxymethylated alpha1 heavy chain. In addition to the main experiment, tryptic peptides were prepared from the succinylated aminoethylated alpha1 chain and from fragments obtained by CNBr scission of the alpha1 chain. Complete recovery of the peptides was impeded by the large size of some of the tryptic peptides and of the principal CNBr fragment, and difficulty in separating other glycopeptides. Twenty-eight tryptic peptides of the reduced and carboxymethylated alpha1 chain were purified and sequenced, accounting for more than 300 residues. Additional information was obtained by sequence analysis of trypudies described in this series of papers contributed to the complete sequence analysis of the alpha1 chain.", "PMID": 429322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14686", "title": "Primary structure of a human IgA1 immunoglobulin. III. Isolation, composition, and amino acid sequence of the thermolysin peptides.", "content": "As part of the strategy for determination of the complete covalent structure of a human IgA immunoglobulin, 66 peptides were isolated from a thermolysin digest of reduced and carboxymethylated IgA alpha1 chain Bur and were purified. They range in length from 2 to 24 residues. Some of the peptides have been characterized and sequenced in order to supply needed information that was not obtained from the chymotryptic and tryptic peptides. These thermolysin peptides provide much necessary data to produce a rigorous proof for the primary structure of the human alpha1 chain. The remaining peptides from the thermolysin digest whose amino acid composition and NH2-terminal residues were sufficient to identify them unequivocally have also been assigned in the structure. They supply additional information that helps remove ambiguity in the structure, and they provide useful data about the profile of the peptide bonds that are susceptible to thermolysin digestion.", "contents": "Primary structure of a human IgA1 immunoglobulin. III. Isolation, composition, and amino acid sequence of the thermolysin peptides. As part of the strategy for determination of the complete covalent structure of a human IgA immunoglobulin, 66 peptides were isolated from a thermolysin digest of reduced and carboxymethylated IgA alpha1 chain Bur and were purified. They range in length from 2 to 24 residues. Some of the peptides have been characterized and sequenced in order to supply needed information that was not obtained from the chymotryptic and tryptic peptides. These thermolysin peptides provide much necessary data to produce a rigorous proof for the primary structure of the human alpha1 chain. The remaining peptides from the thermolysin digest whose amino acid composition and NH2-terminal residues were sufficient to identify them unequivocally have also been assigned in the structure. They supply additional information that helps remove ambiguity in the structure, and they provide useful data about the profile of the peptide bonds that are susceptible to thermolysin digestion.", "PMID": 429323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14687", "title": "Donor substrate specificity and thiol reduction of glutathione disulfide peroxidase.", "content": "By isolation of a mixed disulfide product of glutathione and cysteine, glutathione peroxidase was shown to be highly specific for only one donor substrate. Using the coupled assay of NADPH and yeast glutatione reductase, which is highly specific for flutathione disulfide, it was shown that the apparent inhibition of glutathione peroxidase by mercaptoethanol can be described kinetically and that it is competitive with glutathione. Also, when limiting amounts of hydroperoxide were present in the reaction mixture with mercaptoethanol or cysteine, the total amount of glutathione disulfide produced decreased as compared with that in a reaction mixture without mercaptoethanol or cysteine. This finding is consistent with enzymatic formation of mixed disulfides. Data presented suggest that the selenium in glutathione peroxidase was oxidized to a seleninic acid in the absence of glutathione. These results can be explained by a mechanism for glutathione peroxidase wherein the selenium atom is the only atom in the enzyme that undergoes oxidation reduction.", "contents": "Donor substrate specificity and thiol reduction of glutathione disulfide peroxidase. By isolation of a mixed disulfide product of glutathione and cysteine, glutathione peroxidase was shown to be highly specific for only one donor substrate. Using the coupled assay of NADPH and yeast glutatione reductase, which is highly specific for flutathione disulfide, it was shown that the apparent inhibition of glutathione peroxidase by mercaptoethanol can be described kinetically and that it is competitive with glutathione. Also, when limiting amounts of hydroperoxide were present in the reaction mixture with mercaptoethanol or cysteine, the total amount of glutathione disulfide produced decreased as compared with that in a reaction mixture without mercaptoethanol or cysteine. This finding is consistent with enzymatic formation of mixed disulfides. Data presented suggest that the selenium in glutathione peroxidase was oxidized to a seleninic acid in the absence of glutathione. These results can be explained by a mechanism for glutathione peroxidase wherein the selenium atom is the only atom in the enzyme that undergoes oxidation reduction.", "PMID": 429326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14688", "title": "Fractionation of low molecular weight heparin species and their interaction with antithrombin.", "content": "Preparations of low molecular weight porcine heparin with an average specific anticoagulant activity of 94 units/mg were fractionated into \"active\" and \"relatively inactive\" forms of the mucopolysaccharide of approximately 6000 daltons each. The active fraction was further subdivided into various species with descending but significant affinities for the protease inhibitor as well as decreasing but substantial anticoagulatn potencies. \"Highly active\" heparin (approximately 8% of the low molecular weight pool) possesses a specific anticoagulant activity of 350 +/- 10 units/mg. The relatively inactive fraction (67% of the low molecular weight pool) exhibits a specific anticoagulant activity of 4 +/- 1 units/mg. The binding of highly active heparin to antithrombin is accurately described by a single-site binding model with a KHep-ATDISS of approximately 1 X 10(-7) M. Variations in this binding parameter secondary to changes in environmental variables indicate that charge-charge interactions as well as an increase in entropy are critical to the formation of the highly active heparin-antithrombin complex. The interaction of relatively inactive heparin with the protease inhibitor is characterized by an apparent KHep-ATDISS of 1 X 10(-4) M. In large measure, this is due to small amounts of residual active mucopolysaccharide (0.5%). The ability of the highly active heparin to accelerate the thrombin-antithrombin interaction was also examined. We were able to demonstrate that the mucopolysaccharide acts as a catalyst in this process and is able to initiate multiple rounds of enzyme-inhibitor complex formation. The rate of enzyme neutralization is increased to a maximum of 2300-fold as the concentration of heparin is raised until the inhibitor is saturated with mucopolysaccharide. Further increases in heparin concentration result in a reduction in the speed of enzyme neutralization. This appears to be due to the formation of thrombin-heparin complexes. A mathematical model is given which provides a relationship between the initial velocity of enzyme neutralization and reactant concentrations.", "contents": "Fractionation of low molecular weight heparin species and their interaction with antithrombin. Preparations of low molecular weight porcine heparin with an average specific anticoagulant activity of 94 units/mg were fractionated into \"active\" and \"relatively inactive\" forms of the mucopolysaccharide of approximately 6000 daltons each. The active fraction was further subdivided into various species with descending but significant affinities for the protease inhibitor as well as decreasing but substantial anticoagulatn potencies. \"Highly active\" heparin (approximately 8% of the low molecular weight pool) possesses a specific anticoagulant activity of 350 +/- 10 units/mg. The relatively inactive fraction (67% of the low molecular weight pool) exhibits a specific anticoagulant activity of 4 +/- 1 units/mg. The binding of highly active heparin to antithrombin is accurately described by a single-site binding model with a KHep-ATDISS of approximately 1 X 10(-7) M. Variations in this binding parameter secondary to changes in environmental variables indicate that charge-charge interactions as well as an increase in entropy are critical to the formation of the highly active heparin-antithrombin complex. The interaction of relatively inactive heparin with the protease inhibitor is characterized by an apparent KHep-ATDISS of 1 X 10(-4) M. In large measure, this is due to small amounts of residual active mucopolysaccharide (0.5%). The ability of the highly active heparin to accelerate the thrombin-antithrombin interaction was also examined. We were able to demonstrate that the mucopolysaccharide acts as a catalyst in this process and is able to initiate multiple rounds of enzyme-inhibitor complex formation. The rate of enzyme neutralization is increased to a maximum of 2300-fold as the concentration of heparin is raised until the inhibitor is saturated with mucopolysaccharide. Further increases in heparin concentration result in a reduction in the speed of enzyme neutralization. This appears to be due to the formation of thrombin-heparin complexes. A mathematical model is given which provides a relationship between the initial velocity of enzyme neutralization and reactant concentrations.", "PMID": 429327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14689", "title": "The amino acid sequence of bovine hypothalamic substance P. Identity to substance P from colliculi and small intestine.", "content": "Bovine substance P has been isolated in pure form from hypothalamic fragments and its complete amino acid sequence determined by studies performed on the intact peptide and on its isolated papain-generated fragments. Direct evidence for the positioning of each residue was obtained, amide assignments were unequivocally established, and the COOH-terminal residue was isolated and identified as Met-NH2. The results of total enzymic digestion performed on each of the peptides obtained argue against the presence of any non-amino acid constituents in the molecule. The amino acid sequence obtained is identical with that previously reported for material isolated form bovine colliculi and from equine small intestine.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of bovine hypothalamic substance P. Identity to substance P from colliculi and small intestine. Bovine substance P has been isolated in pure form from hypothalamic fragments and its complete amino acid sequence determined by studies performed on the intact peptide and on its isolated papain-generated fragments. Direct evidence for the positioning of each residue was obtained, amide assignments were unequivocally established, and the COOH-terminal residue was isolated and identified as Met-NH2. The results of total enzymic digestion performed on each of the peptides obtained argue against the presence of any non-amino acid constituents in the molecule. The amino acid sequence obtained is identical with that previously reported for material isolated form bovine colliculi and from equine small intestine.", "PMID": 429329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14690", "title": "Carbohydrate inhibitors of concanavalin A that inhibit binding of insulin-sepharose to fat cells and antagonize and mimic insulin's bioactivity. A possible role for membrane carbohydrate in insulin's action.", "content": "A consistent pattern of insulin-like properties is expressed by a variety of glycoside inhibitors of concanavalin A (Con A), and is suggestive of a common mechanism of action to explain these effects. Various exogenously added glycoside derivatives inhibit the binding of insulin-Sepharose beads to insulin receptors on isolated intact rat fat cells with a specificity resembling that for Con A-Sepharose binding to these cells. A more limited number of glycosides tested were also found to inhibit the binding of 125I-insulin, although some enhancement of binding that preceded the inhibition was observed for some of these saccharides. The glycosides also antagonize insulin-stimulated glucose utilization by the cells, but in some cases also mimic the hormone by stimulating glucose utilization. A few glycosides mimic insulin without appearing to antagonize its bioactivity. Radiolabeled glycoside inhibitors fail to bind to insulin in equilibrium dialysis experiments although they readily bind to Con A, indicating that the glycosides act directly on the cell rather than on the insulin molecule. The latter observation is consistent with the ability of those glycosides that act like insulin to do so independent of the hormone. In view of the known insulin-like properties of Con A, the effects of the glycosides seen in the present study suggest roles for a membrane carbohydrate and a carbohydrate binding site in the mechanisms of action of both insulin and Con A. In addition to various alternative explanations, a working hypothesis is presented to rationalize the present observations. It proposes that the effects of the exogenously added glycosides (and Con A) may reflect the presence on the membrane of a native carbohydrate moiety by either mimicking or competitively inhibiting its ability to interact reversibly with a lectin-like carbohydrate binding site associated with the function of the insulin receptor.20", "contents": "Carbohydrate inhibitors of concanavalin A that inhibit binding of insulin-sepharose to fat cells and antagonize and mimic insulin's bioactivity. A possible role for membrane carbohydrate in insulin's action. A consistent pattern of insulin-like properties is expressed by a variety of glycoside inhibitors of concanavalin A (Con A), and is suggestive of a common mechanism of action to explain these effects. Various exogenously added glycoside derivatives inhibit the binding of insulin-Sepharose beads to insulin receptors on isolated intact rat fat cells with a specificity resembling that for Con A-Sepharose binding to these cells. A more limited number of glycosides tested were also found to inhibit the binding of 125I-insulin, although some enhancement of binding that preceded the inhibition was observed for some of these saccharides. The glycosides also antagonize insulin-stimulated glucose utilization by the cells, but in some cases also mimic the hormone by stimulating glucose utilization. A few glycosides mimic insulin without appearing to antagonize its bioactivity. Radiolabeled glycoside inhibitors fail to bind to insulin in equilibrium dialysis experiments although they readily bind to Con A, indicating that the glycosides act directly on the cell rather than on the insulin molecule. The latter observation is consistent with the ability of those glycosides that act like insulin to do so independent of the hormone. In view of the known insulin-like properties of Con A, the effects of the glycosides seen in the present study suggest roles for a membrane carbohydrate and a carbohydrate binding site in the mechanisms of action of both insulin and Con A. In addition to various alternative explanations, a working hypothesis is presented to rationalize the present observations. It proposes that the effects of the exogenously added glycosides (and Con A) may reflect the presence on the membrane of a native carbohydrate moiety by either mimicking or competitively inhibiting its ability to interact reversibly with a lectin-like carbohydrate binding site associated with the function of the insulin receptor.20", "PMID": 429330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14691", "title": "Kinetic studies on methemoglobin reduction by human red cell NADH cytochrome b5 reductase.", "content": "The intermediate hemoglobins which were produced by the partial reduction of methemoglobin with human red cell NADH cytochrome b5 reductase were fractionated by the preparative isoelectric focusing. These were found to be composed of alpha3+beta2+ and alpha2+beta3+ valency hybrids by the studies of absorption spectra and inositol hexaphosphate-induced difference spectra. Furthermore, the changes in these intermediate hemoglobins during reduction of methemoglobin by the enzyme were studied in the presence or absence of inositol hexaphosphate using the isoelectric focusing fractionation on Ampholine plate gel...", "contents": "Kinetic studies on methemoglobin reduction by human red cell NADH cytochrome b5 reductase. The intermediate hemoglobins which were produced by the partial reduction of methemoglobin with human red cell NADH cytochrome b5 reductase were fractionated by the preparative isoelectric focusing. These were found to be composed of alpha3+beta2+ and alpha2+beta3+ valency hybrids by the studies of absorption spectra and inositol hexaphosphate-induced difference spectra. Furthermore, the changes in these intermediate hemoglobins during reduction of methemoglobin by the enzyme were studied in the presence or absence of inositol hexaphosphate using the isoelectric focusing fractionation on Ampholine plate gel...", "PMID": 429336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14692", "title": "Reconstitution of discoidin hemagglutination activity by lipid extracts of Dictyostelium discoideum cells.", "content": "The developmentally regulated carbohydrate binding protein discoidin (from Dictyostelium discoideum) has been purified in a nonagglutinating form. While substantial agglutination activity is present in cell lysates, this activity is consistently lost upon affinity purification of discoidin. The lack of agglutination activity is not due to a mutational event or a nutritional deficiency. The carbohydrate binding site of the protein is functional, and dissociation of the oligomeric protein into subunits has not occurred. The addition of aqueous dispersions of a CHCl3/CH3OH extract of a slime-mold particulate fraction to the purified discoidin reconstitutes agglutination activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The reconstituted agglutination activity has the specificity of discoidin's carbohydrate binding sites. The reconstitutive ability of the CHCl3/CH3OH extract is due to a lipid component. Treatments of the lipid extract and fractionation of the active species suggest that it may be unsaturated fatty acid. Of many purified lipids tested, only high concentrations of cisvaccenic acid (C18:1 delta11) or oleic acid (C18:1 delta9) significantly reconstituted agglutination activity.", "contents": "Reconstitution of discoidin hemagglutination activity by lipid extracts of Dictyostelium discoideum cells. The developmentally regulated carbohydrate binding protein discoidin (from Dictyostelium discoideum) has been purified in a nonagglutinating form. While substantial agglutination activity is present in cell lysates, this activity is consistently lost upon affinity purification of discoidin. The lack of agglutination activity is not due to a mutational event or a nutritional deficiency. The carbohydrate binding site of the protein is functional, and dissociation of the oligomeric protein into subunits has not occurred. The addition of aqueous dispersions of a CHCl3/CH3OH extract of a slime-mold particulate fraction to the purified discoidin reconstitutes agglutination activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The reconstituted agglutination activity has the specificity of discoidin's carbohydrate binding sites. The reconstitutive ability of the CHCl3/CH3OH extract is due to a lipid component. Treatments of the lipid extract and fractionation of the active species suggest that it may be unsaturated fatty acid. Of many purified lipids tested, only high concentrations of cisvaccenic acid (C18:1 delta11) or oleic acid (C18:1 delta9) significantly reconstituted agglutination activity.", "PMID": 429337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14693", "title": "Stereochemistry of holoaspartate transaminase after modification of the active site Lys-258.", "content": "Proton incorporation at position C4 of the substrate-coenzyme Schiff base of aspartate transaminase is a stereospecific process. After carbamylation of the active site Lys-258, the stereospecificity of the reaction in 2H2O is retained. By a correlation method, it is shown that addition occurs from the si side of the complex and the pyridoxamine phosphate produced is deuterated at position pro-S of the pyridoxamine methylene group. These results constitute a demonstration for the stereochemstry of a half-transamination process of the phosphorylated coenzyme under single turnover conditions. They also illustrate that free Lys-258 is not required to maintain stereospecificity and cast doubts on the implication of this residue as a participant in C4 proton addition during catalysis by the native form of this mammalian enzyme.", "contents": "Stereochemistry of holoaspartate transaminase after modification of the active site Lys-258. Proton incorporation at position C4 of the substrate-coenzyme Schiff base of aspartate transaminase is a stereospecific process. After carbamylation of the active site Lys-258, the stereospecificity of the reaction in 2H2O is retained. By a correlation method, it is shown that addition occurs from the si side of the complex and the pyridoxamine phosphate produced is deuterated at position pro-S of the pyridoxamine methylene group. These results constitute a demonstration for the stereochemstry of a half-transamination process of the phosphorylated coenzyme under single turnover conditions. They also illustrate that free Lys-258 is not required to maintain stereospecificity and cast doubts on the implication of this residue as a participant in C4 proton addition during catalysis by the native form of this mammalian enzyme.", "PMID": 429338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14694", "title": "The use of resonance Raman spectroscopy to monitor catalytically important bonds during enzymic catalysis. Application to the hydrolysis of methyl thionohippurate by papain.", "content": "Resonance Raman spectra were obtained of the dithioacyl-enzyme intermediate produced during the papain-catalayzed hydrolysis of methyl thionohippurate. Intense resonance Raman features were observed in (formula; see text) and (formula; see text) stretching regions from the intermediate's (formula; see text) chromophore. These results demonstrate that by using a single atom replacement, i.e. sulfur for oxygen, the catalytically crucial bonds in the ester moiety can be monitored during enzymolysis via the resonance Raman spectrum. The method can be extended to other enzymes whose catalytic mechanisms involve the formation of a thiol-acyl intermediate.", "contents": "The use of resonance Raman spectroscopy to monitor catalytically important bonds during enzymic catalysis. Application to the hydrolysis of methyl thionohippurate by papain. Resonance Raman spectra were obtained of the dithioacyl-enzyme intermediate produced during the papain-catalayzed hydrolysis of methyl thionohippurate. Intense resonance Raman features were observed in (formula; see text) and (formula; see text) stretching regions from the intermediate's (formula; see text) chromophore. These results demonstrate that by using a single atom replacement, i.e. sulfur for oxygen, the catalytically crucial bonds in the ester moiety can be monitored during enzymolysis via the resonance Raman spectrum. The method can be extended to other enzymes whose catalytic mechanisms involve the formation of a thiol-acyl intermediate.", "PMID": 429339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14695", "title": "The effect of solvents on nucleotide regulation of glycogen phosphorylase.", "content": "The activity of glycogen phosphorylase is controlled by two nucleotide sites. We have found that organic solvents affect the regulatory properties of phosphorylase by altering the binding at these two sites. At the activator site, the Ka for AMP is lowered 10-fold in the presence of 10% 1,2-dimethoxyethane while, at the inhibitor site, the Ki for caffeine is increased 6-fold. The stimulation of activity by organic solvents is highly dependent on the enzyme's activity state. Phosphorylase b, which has a requirement for a nucleotide activator, loses this requirement in the presence of organic solvents, while the active form of the enzyme, phosphorylase a, is only slightly stimulated by organic solvents. The activation profile obtained with rabbit liver phosphorylase suggests that differences in the properties of this enzyme from rabbit muscle phosphorylase might be explained by a change in the relative affinity for AMP at the two nucleotide sites. The results also suggest that 1,2-dimethoxyethane may be useful to determine accurately the activities of different forms of liver phosphorylase.", "contents": "The effect of solvents on nucleotide regulation of glycogen phosphorylase. The activity of glycogen phosphorylase is controlled by two nucleotide sites. We have found that organic solvents affect the regulatory properties of phosphorylase by altering the binding at these two sites. At the activator site, the Ka for AMP is lowered 10-fold in the presence of 10% 1,2-dimethoxyethane while, at the inhibitor site, the Ki for caffeine is increased 6-fold. The stimulation of activity by organic solvents is highly dependent on the enzyme's activity state. Phosphorylase b, which has a requirement for a nucleotide activator, loses this requirement in the presence of organic solvents, while the active form of the enzyme, phosphorylase a, is only slightly stimulated by organic solvents. The activation profile obtained with rabbit liver phosphorylase suggests that differences in the properties of this enzyme from rabbit muscle phosphorylase might be explained by a change in the relative affinity for AMP at the two nucleotide sites. The results also suggest that 1,2-dimethoxyethane may be useful to determine accurately the activities of different forms of liver phosphorylase.", "PMID": 429340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14696", "title": "The activity of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2 in ternary complex formation with GTP and Met-tRNA.", "content": "Ternary complex formation between [3H]Met-tRNAf, [14C]H3-eIF-2, and GTP was measured on nitrocellulose filters. It is shown that [3H]Met-tRNAf and [14C]H3-eIF-2 are present on the filter in equimolar amounts when ATP, creatine phosphate, and creatine kinase are included in the reaction mixture. Under these conditions the factor is 100% active. With small amounts of factor significant losses occur due to adsorption to the wall of the reaction vessels, resulting in seemingly low activities of eIF-2. These losses can be prevented by the presence of \"stimulatory\" proteins, which enhance the recovery of both [3H]Met-tRNAf and [14C]H3-eIF-2 on the filter but do not alter their ratio.", "contents": "The activity of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2 in ternary complex formation with GTP and Met-tRNA. Ternary complex formation between [3H]Met-tRNAf, [14C]H3-eIF-2, and GTP was measured on nitrocellulose filters. It is shown that [3H]Met-tRNAf and [14C]H3-eIF-2 are present on the filter in equimolar amounts when ATP, creatine phosphate, and creatine kinase are included in the reaction mixture. Under these conditions the factor is 100% active. With small amounts of factor significant losses occur due to adsorption to the wall of the reaction vessels, resulting in seemingly low activities of eIF-2. These losses can be prevented by the presence of \"stimulatory\" proteins, which enhance the recovery of both [3H]Met-tRNAf and [14C]H3-eIF-2 on the filter but do not alter their ratio.", "PMID": 429345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14697", "title": "Functional consequences of agonist-mediated state transitions in the cholinergic receptor. Studies in cultured muscle cells.", "content": "Parameters associated with activation and desensitization of the nicotinic receptor in the BC3H-1 muscle cell line have been compared with the state transitions that result upon combination with agonist. 125I-labeled cobra alpha-toxin is found to bind to an apparent single class of surface nicotinic receptors on the cells in situ with a rate constant of 1.15 x 10(5) M-1 s-1. The competition between cholinergic ligands and alpha-toxin reveals that agonists, but not classical antagonists, will promote a slow conversion to a receptor state where the affinity for agonists is enhanced. Moreover, agonists such as carbamylcholine elicit a permeability increase to 22Na+ ions that slowly decrements at a rate and to an extent closely paralleled by the conversion of the receptor to the high affinity state. Upon removal of the agonist, both the affinity increase and the diminished permeability change are completely reversible and again exhibit similar kinetics for their return to the original state. A comparison of the capacity of full agonists to compete with alpha-toxin binding and elicit a permeability change suggests that in the absence of agonist, receptor predominates in a low affinity activatable state. Binding of agonists to the low affinity state exhibits little if any cooperativity (n = 0.97 to 1.31), while the corresponding permeability change appears more cooperative (n = 1.31 to 1.52). By contrast, when receptors have been previously equilibrated with agonists, occupation of the receptor occurs over a 3- to 5-fold lower concentration range. Binding following equilibration closely correlates with a concomitant decrease in activatable receptor resulting from equivalent exposure to agonist. Furthermore, under equilibrium conditions, the binding of full agonists is typified by a moderate degree of homotropic cooperativity (1.25 to 1.44), enabling the receptor to desensitize over a narrow range of agonist concentration. Simultaneous measurement of occupation and activation parameters has enabled us to compare a state function for desensitization which is generated from binding parameters with the reduction in permeability seen in the desensitization process. A scheme describing the association of agonist with two functionally distinct receptor states is developed to account for the cooperative relationship between agonist binding and desensitization of the receptor.", "contents": "Functional consequences of agonist-mediated state transitions in the cholinergic receptor. Studies in cultured muscle cells. Parameters associated with activation and desensitization of the nicotinic receptor in the BC3H-1 muscle cell line have been compared with the state transitions that result upon combination with agonist. 125I-labeled cobra alpha-toxin is found to bind to an apparent single class of surface nicotinic receptors on the cells in situ with a rate constant of 1.15 x 10(5) M-1 s-1. The competition between cholinergic ligands and alpha-toxin reveals that agonists, but not classical antagonists, will promote a slow conversion to a receptor state where the affinity for agonists is enhanced. Moreover, agonists such as carbamylcholine elicit a permeability increase to 22Na+ ions that slowly decrements at a rate and to an extent closely paralleled by the conversion of the receptor to the high affinity state. Upon removal of the agonist, both the affinity increase and the diminished permeability change are completely reversible and again exhibit similar kinetics for their return to the original state. A comparison of the capacity of full agonists to compete with alpha-toxin binding and elicit a permeability change suggests that in the absence of agonist, receptor predominates in a low affinity activatable state. Binding of agonists to the low affinity state exhibits little if any cooperativity (n = 0.97 to 1.31), while the corresponding permeability change appears more cooperative (n = 1.31 to 1.52). By contrast, when receptors have been previously equilibrated with agonists, occupation of the receptor occurs over a 3- to 5-fold lower concentration range. Binding following equilibration closely correlates with a concomitant decrease in activatable receptor resulting from equivalent exposure to agonist. Furthermore, under equilibrium conditions, the binding of full agonists is typified by a moderate degree of homotropic cooperativity (1.25 to 1.44), enabling the receptor to desensitize over a narrow range of agonist concentration. Simultaneous measurement of occupation and activation parameters has enabled us to compare a state function for desensitization which is generated from binding parameters with the reduction in permeability seen in the desensitization process. A scheme describing the association of agonist with two functionally distinct receptor states is developed to account for the cooperative relationship between agonist binding and desensitization of the receptor.", "PMID": 429353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14698", "title": "A deoxyribonucleic acid binding protein from KB cells which inhibits deoxyribonuclease activity on single-stranded DNA.", "content": "A deoxyribonuclease inhibitor has been purified from KB cells by chromatography on single-stranded DNA-cellulose. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the purified preparation to contain two major polypeptides in sodium dodecyl sulfate, with molecular weights of 72,000 and 65,000, but only one major band (with a molecular weight of approximately 140,000) after electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. The protein inhibits the hydrolysis of single-stranded DNA by KB DNase, DNase I, DNase II, and nuclease S1, but has no effect on the hydrolysis of double-stranded DNA by these enzymes. The inhibitor causes a reduction in the rate of hydrolysis of DNA by the deoxyribonuclease, probably by reducing the effective concentration of substrate.", "contents": "A deoxyribonucleic acid binding protein from KB cells which inhibits deoxyribonuclease activity on single-stranded DNA. A deoxyribonuclease inhibitor has been purified from KB cells by chromatography on single-stranded DNA-cellulose. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the purified preparation to contain two major polypeptides in sodium dodecyl sulfate, with molecular weights of 72,000 and 65,000, but only one major band (with a molecular weight of approximately 140,000) after electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. The protein inhibits the hydrolysis of single-stranded DNA by KB DNase, DNase I, DNase II, and nuclease S1, but has no effect on the hydrolysis of double-stranded DNA by these enzymes. The inhibitor causes a reduction in the rate of hydrolysis of DNA by the deoxyribonuclease, probably by reducing the effective concentration of substrate.", "PMID": 429357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14699", "title": "Characterization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor isolated from goldfish brain.", "content": "We have studied the binding of alpha-bungarotoxin to a particulate fraction of goldfish brain enriched in synaptosomes. The binding is specific and saturable and exhibits the pharmacological properties of a nicotinic cholinergic receptor. Equilibrium binding measurements yield a single dissociation constant (KD) of 0.92 nM. Kinetic analysis revealed one association rate constant and two dissociation rate constants. Dissociation constants calculated from kinetic measurements were 1.9 nM and 12.5 pM. The toxin . receptor complex is readily solubilized in nonionic detergent. The isoelectric point of the toxin . receptor complex was found to be 5.00 +/- 0.01. Sedimentation velocity analysis in sucrose/H2O and sucrose/D2O gradients in conjunction with Sepharose 4B chromatography and diffusion experiments yielded a sedimentation constant of 11.45, a partial specific volume of 0.79 cm3/g for the toxin . receptor . detergent complex, and a molecular weight of approximately 340,000 for the toxin . receptor complex.", "contents": "Characterization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor isolated from goldfish brain. We have studied the binding of alpha-bungarotoxin to a particulate fraction of goldfish brain enriched in synaptosomes. The binding is specific and saturable and exhibits the pharmacological properties of a nicotinic cholinergic receptor. Equilibrium binding measurements yield a single dissociation constant (KD) of 0.92 nM. Kinetic analysis revealed one association rate constant and two dissociation rate constants. Dissociation constants calculated from kinetic measurements were 1.9 nM and 12.5 pM. The toxin . receptor complex is readily solubilized in nonionic detergent. The isoelectric point of the toxin . receptor complex was found to be 5.00 +/- 0.01. Sedimentation velocity analysis in sucrose/H2O and sucrose/D2O gradients in conjunction with Sepharose 4B chromatography and diffusion experiments yielded a sedimentation constant of 11.45, a partial specific volume of 0.79 cm3/g for the toxin . receptor . detergent complex, and a molecular weight of approximately 340,000 for the toxin . receptor complex.", "PMID": 429359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14700", "title": "Partial amino acid sequence of the glutamate dehydrogenase of human liver and a revision of the sequence of the bovine enzyme.", "content": "The glutamate dehydrogenase from a single human liver has been studied. The subunit size was found to be 55,200 +/- 1,500 by sedimentation equilibrium. The partial specific volume is 0.732 as calculated from the amino acid composition. The sequence was determined by isolation of peptides after cyanogen bromide (CNBr) cleavage; the fraction containing the largest peptides was hydrolyzed by trypsin after maleylation. Studies on these peptides accounted for 454 residues of the 505 residues that are presumably present in the protein. For the 51 residues that were not represented in isolated peptides, we have tentatively assumed that the sequence is the same as that of the bovine enzyme. Methionine and arginine residues in these peptides could be placed on the basis of the specificity of cleavage by CNBr or trypsin. In all, 349 residues were placed in sequence, and were aligned by homology with the corresponding peptides of the bovine and chicken enzymes. From the present information, there are 24 known differences in sequence between the human and bovine enzymes and 41 between the human and chicken enzymes. In addition, the human enzyme contains 4 additional residues at the NH2 terminus as compared to the bovine enzyme. In a peptide from the human enzyme, an additional residue, isoleucine 385, was detected by automated Edman degradation. Reinvestigation of the bovine sequence demonstrated that this residue is also present in the bovine enzyme (and presumably in the chicken enzyme also). Residue 384 of the bovine enzyme, previously reported as Glx has now been shown to be glutamine.", "contents": "Partial amino acid sequence of the glutamate dehydrogenase of human liver and a revision of the sequence of the bovine enzyme. The glutamate dehydrogenase from a single human liver has been studied. The subunit size was found to be 55,200 +/- 1,500 by sedimentation equilibrium. The partial specific volume is 0.732 as calculated from the amino acid composition. The sequence was determined by isolation of peptides after cyanogen bromide (CNBr) cleavage; the fraction containing the largest peptides was hydrolyzed by trypsin after maleylation. Studies on these peptides accounted for 454 residues of the 505 residues that are presumably present in the protein. For the 51 residues that were not represented in isolated peptides, we have tentatively assumed that the sequence is the same as that of the bovine enzyme. Methionine and arginine residues in these peptides could be placed on the basis of the specificity of cleavage by CNBr or trypsin. In all, 349 residues were placed in sequence, and were aligned by homology with the corresponding peptides of the bovine and chicken enzymes. From the present information, there are 24 known differences in sequence between the human and bovine enzymes and 41 between the human and chicken enzymes. In addition, the human enzyme contains 4 additional residues at the NH2 terminus as compared to the bovine enzyme. In a peptide from the human enzyme, an additional residue, isoleucine 385, was detected by automated Edman degradation. Reinvestigation of the bovine sequence demonstrated that this residue is also present in the bovine enzyme (and presumably in the chicken enzyme also). Residue 384 of the bovine enzyme, previously reported as Glx has now been shown to be glutamine.", "PMID": 429360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14701", "title": "The export of glutathione from human diploid cells in culture.", "content": "The export of glutathione from cultured human diploid fibroblasts into the surrounding medium was found by isotopic labeling experiments using [35S]cystine and by enzymatic measurements. The major part of the glutathione exported from the cells was found in normal culture medium as mixed disulfide of glutathione and cysteine. Radioactivity of 35S, mostly derived from cellular glutathione, was mainly located in glutathione moiety, not in cysteine moiety, of the mixed disulfide. Export of free glutathione was found when cystine-free medium was used. It was, therefore, concluded that mixed disulfide of glutathione and cysteine was formed in the medium by exported glutathione and medium cystine via sulfhydryl-disulfide exchange reaction. Amount of total glutathione exported from the cells was measured by enzymatic method and it was found that more than 10% of normal cellular glutathione was exported within 2 h. Apparent concentration of glutathione in the medium after a day of culture reached 3 to 4 micrometer, which was comparable to that observed in normal plasma by the same enzymatic method.", "contents": "The export of glutathione from human diploid cells in culture. The export of glutathione from cultured human diploid fibroblasts into the surrounding medium was found by isotopic labeling experiments using [35S]cystine and by enzymatic measurements. The major part of the glutathione exported from the cells was found in normal culture medium as mixed disulfide of glutathione and cysteine. Radioactivity of 35S, mostly derived from cellular glutathione, was mainly located in glutathione moiety, not in cysteine moiety, of the mixed disulfide. Export of free glutathione was found when cystine-free medium was used. It was, therefore, concluded that mixed disulfide of glutathione and cysteine was formed in the medium by exported glutathione and medium cystine via sulfhydryl-disulfide exchange reaction. Amount of total glutathione exported from the cells was measured by enzymatic method and it was found that more than 10% of normal cellular glutathione was exported within 2 h. Apparent concentration of glutathione in the medium after a day of culture reached 3 to 4 micrometer, which was comparable to that observed in normal plasma by the same enzymatic method.", "PMID": 429361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14702", "title": "Effect of endogenous heme generation on delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase activity in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "This study examined the possibility that generation of heme within mitochondria may provide a local concentration sufficient to inhibit the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in hepatic heme biosynthesis. This was accomplished by simultaneously running ALA synthase and heme synthase activities in intact mitochondria isolated from rat liver. Radiochemical assays were used to measure the enzyme activities. ALA synthase activity did not decrease as the rate of heme formation was increased by varying the concentration of substrates for heme synthase. Even at a rate of heme generation estimated to be at least 75 times the rate occuring in vivo, ALA synthase activity was unchanged. We conclude that end product inhibition of ALA synthase activity by heme is not an important physiological mechanism for regulation of hepatic heme biosynthesis.", "contents": "Effect of endogenous heme generation on delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase activity in rat liver mitochondria. This study examined the possibility that generation of heme within mitochondria may provide a local concentration sufficient to inhibit the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in hepatic heme biosynthesis. This was accomplished by simultaneously running ALA synthase and heme synthase activities in intact mitochondria isolated from rat liver. Radiochemical assays were used to measure the enzyme activities. ALA synthase activity did not decrease as the rate of heme formation was increased by varying the concentration of substrates for heme synthase. Even at a rate of heme generation estimated to be at least 75 times the rate occuring in vivo, ALA synthase activity was unchanged. We conclude that end product inhibition of ALA synthase activity by heme is not an important physiological mechanism for regulation of hepatic heme biosynthesis.", "PMID": 429369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14703", "title": "Two crystal forms of Azotobacter ferredoxin.", "content": "Two crystal forms of Azotobacter vinelandii (4Fe-4s)2 ferredoxin I (Fd I) have been grown which are suitable for high resolution x-ray diffraction studies. Tetragonal crystals grow as square bipyramids from ammonium sulfate and Tris buffer using a temperature gradient. The space group is P41212 (or P43212) with a = 55.3, c = 95.9 A and 1 molecule/asymmetric unit. Triclinic crystals grow as plates or laths from ammonium sulfate and phosphate buffer at constant temperature. The space group is P1 with a = 46.8, b = 58.7, c = 64.3 A, alpha = = 105 degrees 05 min, beta = 82 degrees 30 min, gamma = 110 degrees 30 min and 4 or 5 molecules/unit cell. Both crystal forms are stable to x-ray irradiation and diffract beyond 3.0 A resolution.", "contents": "Two crystal forms of Azotobacter ferredoxin. Two crystal forms of Azotobacter vinelandii (4Fe-4s)2 ferredoxin I (Fd I) have been grown which are suitable for high resolution x-ray diffraction studies. Tetragonal crystals grow as square bipyramids from ammonium sulfate and Tris buffer using a temperature gradient. The space group is P41212 (or P43212) with a = 55.3, c = 95.9 A and 1 molecule/asymmetric unit. Triclinic crystals grow as plates or laths from ammonium sulfate and phosphate buffer at constant temperature. The space group is P1 with a = 46.8, b = 58.7, c = 64.3 A, alpha = = 105 degrees 05 min, beta = 82 degrees 30 min, gamma = 110 degrees 30 min and 4 or 5 molecules/unit cell. Both crystal forms are stable to x-ray irradiation and diffract beyond 3.0 A resolution.", "PMID": 429371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14704", "title": "Peptide maps of the myosin isoenzymes of Acanthamoeba castellanii.", "content": "Extracts of Acanthamoeba castellanii contain four myosin-like ATPases (Maruta, H., Gadasi, H., Collins, J.H., and Korn, E.D. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 3624-3630): double-headed Acanthamoeba myosin II and single-headed Acanthamoeba myosins IA, IB, and IC, which have heavy chains of 170,000, 130,000, 125,000, and 130,000 daltons, respectively, as well as different light chains. In the accompanying paper, evidence is presented that suggests that Acanthamoeba myosin IC is the same molecule as Acanthamoeba myosin IA plus a regulatory 20,000-dalton peptide. This conclusion is confirmed by the identity of the peptide maps obtained by limited proteolysis of the heavy chains of Acanthamoeba myosins IA and IC by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. However, peptide maps of the heavy chains of Acanthamoeba myosins IA, IB, and II obtained by limited proteolysis by the Staphylococcus protease and chymotrypsin and by chemical cleavage by cyanogen bromide and cyanylation have few, if any, peptides in common. From this evidence, and the enzymatic and subunit data in the accompanying paper, it is concluded that the three Acanthamoeba myosin isoenzymes, IA (IC), IB, and II, are products of different genes.", "contents": "Peptide maps of the myosin isoenzymes of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Extracts of Acanthamoeba castellanii contain four myosin-like ATPases (Maruta, H., Gadasi, H., Collins, J.H., and Korn, E.D. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 3624-3630): double-headed Acanthamoeba myosin II and single-headed Acanthamoeba myosins IA, IB, and IC, which have heavy chains of 170,000, 130,000, 125,000, and 130,000 daltons, respectively, as well as different light chains. In the accompanying paper, evidence is presented that suggests that Acanthamoeba myosin IC is the same molecule as Acanthamoeba myosin IA plus a regulatory 20,000-dalton peptide. This conclusion is confirmed by the identity of the peptide maps obtained by limited proteolysis of the heavy chains of Acanthamoeba myosins IA and IC by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. However, peptide maps of the heavy chains of Acanthamoeba myosins IA, IB, and II obtained by limited proteolysis by the Staphylococcus protease and chymotrypsin and by chemical cleavage by cyanogen bromide and cyanylation have few, if any, peptides in common. From this evidence, and the enzymatic and subunit data in the accompanying paper, it is concluded that the three Acanthamoeba myosin isoenzymes, IA (IC), IB, and II, are products of different genes.", "PMID": 429373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14705", "title": "Isolation of estrogen receptor in complex with a discrete nuclear subfraction from hen oviduct.", "content": "A nuclear subfraction containing bound estrogen receptor in presumed complex with its nuclear acceptor site has been partially purified from hen oviduct. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation was used to separate mechanically sheared chromatin (i.e. lysed nuclei) into several fractions which differed in protein to DNA ratio as well as in vitro template activity. Gradient fractions were then examined for the presence of bound estrogen receptors. Care was taken to use physiological ionic strength buffers when preparing nuclei since the number of estrogen receptors per nucleus decreased from 5600 to 1600 when nuclei prepared in low ionic strength (mu = 0.013 M) were compared with nuclei prepared in physiological ionic strength (mu = 0.2 M). [3H]Estradiol was introduced into nuclear estrogen receptors by exposing minced oviduct to labeled hormone in tissue culture or by exchanging nuclear estrogen receptor complexes formed in vivo with labeled hormone. In all cases, receptor was found in a fast sedimenting nuclear subfraction of low in vitro template activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis revealed no differences between proteins from receptor-containing and slower sedimenting fractions. Hybrdization experiments using a cDNA probe made from ovalbumin mRNA indicated no enrichment of this gene in DNA from receptor-containing nuclear material. Salt-extracted nuclear estrogen receptor was shown to partially aggregate to fast sedimenting species of heterogeneous size when sedimented in gradients containing low salt concentrations. Bound receptors were distinguished from such receptor aggregates using a novel electrophoresis technique. In addition, receptor aggregates could be disrupted in high salt, while bound receptors were resistant to this treatment. The number of exchangeable nuclear estrogen receptors in immature chicks given secondary estrogen stimulation was compared with birds that had been withdrawn from hormone. The number of receptors per nucleus was shown to be higher in animals given secondary stimulation, and these receptors were associated exclusively with fast sedimenting nuclear material.", "contents": "Isolation of estrogen receptor in complex with a discrete nuclear subfraction from hen oviduct. A nuclear subfraction containing bound estrogen receptor in presumed complex with its nuclear acceptor site has been partially purified from hen oviduct. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation was used to separate mechanically sheared chromatin (i.e. lysed nuclei) into several fractions which differed in protein to DNA ratio as well as in vitro template activity. Gradient fractions were then examined for the presence of bound estrogen receptors. Care was taken to use physiological ionic strength buffers when preparing nuclei since the number of estrogen receptors per nucleus decreased from 5600 to 1600 when nuclei prepared in low ionic strength (mu = 0.013 M) were compared with nuclei prepared in physiological ionic strength (mu = 0.2 M). [3H]Estradiol was introduced into nuclear estrogen receptors by exposing minced oviduct to labeled hormone in tissue culture or by exchanging nuclear estrogen receptor complexes formed in vivo with labeled hormone. In all cases, receptor was found in a fast sedimenting nuclear subfraction of low in vitro template activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis revealed no differences between proteins from receptor-containing and slower sedimenting fractions. Hybrdization experiments using a cDNA probe made from ovalbumin mRNA indicated no enrichment of this gene in DNA from receptor-containing nuclear material. Salt-extracted nuclear estrogen receptor was shown to partially aggregate to fast sedimenting species of heterogeneous size when sedimented in gradients containing low salt concentrations. Bound receptors were distinguished from such receptor aggregates using a novel electrophoresis technique. In addition, receptor aggregates could be disrupted in high salt, while bound receptors were resistant to this treatment. The number of exchangeable nuclear estrogen receptors in immature chicks given secondary estrogen stimulation was compared with birds that had been withdrawn from hormone. The number of receptors per nucleus was shown to be higher in animals given secondary stimulation, and these receptors were associated exclusively with fast sedimenting nuclear material.", "PMID": 429374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14706", "title": "Detergent properties of water-soluble choline phosphatides. Selective solubilization of acyl-CoA:lysolecithin acyltransferase from thymocyte plasma membranes.", "content": "Several analogs of lysolecithin were found to solubilize human erythrocyte ghosts comparably or even better than other detergents. Derivatives with aliphatic chains of 12 to 14 carbons were most effective. The phosphorylcholine detergents apparently possess low protein-denaturing properties, since they, for the first time, allowed the solubilization of enzymatically active acyl-CoA:lysolecithin acyltransferase from thymocyte plasma membranes. The solubilized enzyme was not sedimented at 177,000 x g for 60 min and penetrated into Sepharose 6B gels. Low detergent concentration resulted in a selective extraction of the acyltransferase (about 70%) as compared to alkaline phosphatase, nucleotide pyrophosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase or Mg2+-ATPase (30 to 40%). The selectivity was reflected in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of soluble and sedimentable membrane fractions; three bands of approximately 53, 84, and 94 x 10(3) daltons were enriched in the supernatants, whereas one band of about 68 x 10(3) daltons was concentrated in the pellet. The preferential extraction of acyltransferase may be related to particularly high affinity of lysolecithin analogs for this enzyme, which at higher concentrations was competitively inhibited by these detergents. The inhibitor constants ranged from 1400 micron for the C10 analog (ET-10-H) to 80 micron for the compound with 16 carbons (ET-16-H) per aliphatic chain.", "contents": "Detergent properties of water-soluble choline phosphatides. Selective solubilization of acyl-CoA:lysolecithin acyltransferase from thymocyte plasma membranes. Several analogs of lysolecithin were found to solubilize human erythrocyte ghosts comparably or even better than other detergents. Derivatives with aliphatic chains of 12 to 14 carbons were most effective. The phosphorylcholine detergents apparently possess low protein-denaturing properties, since they, for the first time, allowed the solubilization of enzymatically active acyl-CoA:lysolecithin acyltransferase from thymocyte plasma membranes. The solubilized enzyme was not sedimented at 177,000 x g for 60 min and penetrated into Sepharose 6B gels. Low detergent concentration resulted in a selective extraction of the acyltransferase (about 70%) as compared to alkaline phosphatase, nucleotide pyrophosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase or Mg2+-ATPase (30 to 40%). The selectivity was reflected in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of soluble and sedimentable membrane fractions; three bands of approximately 53, 84, and 94 x 10(3) daltons were enriched in the supernatants, whereas one band of about 68 x 10(3) daltons was concentrated in the pellet. The preferential extraction of acyltransferase may be related to particularly high affinity of lysolecithin analogs for this enzyme, which at higher concentrations was competitively inhibited by these detergents. The inhibitor constants ranged from 1400 micron for the C10 analog (ET-10-H) to 80 micron for the compound with 16 carbons (ET-16-H) per aliphatic chain.", "PMID": 429375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14707", "title": "Reaction of vaginal tissue of rabbits to inserted sponges made of various materials.", "content": "Sponges of the same size made of collagen (CS), polyurethane (PU), polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and acetylcellulose (AC) were inserted for 10 days in the vaginas of 22 rabbits. Light and scanning electron microscopy of the vaginal wall and its mucosal lining showed signs of cytotoxicity only with PU and AC while CS and PVA picture did not differ from sham controls. In order to explain the reasons for the toxic effects, all sponges were extracted into aqueous or organic solvent media and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Only several minute peaks in organic solvents were found. Extracts of all sponges tested for cytotoxicity in fibroblast cultures showed significant inhibition of H3-thymidine uptake. Nevertheless, extract of collagen sponge was significantly less cytotoxic than the extracts of all other sponges.", "contents": "Reaction of vaginal tissue of rabbits to inserted sponges made of various materials. Sponges of the same size made of collagen (CS), polyurethane (PU), polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and acetylcellulose (AC) were inserted for 10 days in the vaginas of 22 rabbits. Light and scanning electron microscopy of the vaginal wall and its mucosal lining showed signs of cytotoxicity only with PU and AC while CS and PVA picture did not differ from sham controls. In order to explain the reasons for the toxic effects, all sponges were extracted into aqueous or organic solvent media and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Only several minute peaks in organic solvents were found. Extracts of all sponges tested for cytotoxicity in fibroblast cultures showed significant inhibition of H3-thymidine uptake. Nevertheless, extract of collagen sponge was significantly less cytotoxic than the extracts of all other sponges.", "PMID": 429377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14708", "title": "Implant site infection rates with porous and dense materials.", "content": "The infection rate of implant sites bearing porous and dense implants was studied in mice. In the first model (acute infection) the mice were injected with Staphylococcus aureus subcutaneously at the implant site at the time of implantation. In the second (chronic) model the implants were left in place for four weeks for encapsulation or invasion to occur and then the organisms were inoculated. In the acute model the infection rate with the porous materials was greater. In the chronic model after tissue invasion the infection rate with the dense materials was greater. This supports the hypothesis that microorganisms can evade host defense mechanisms if they enter the pores of the implant before tissue invasion, but that once the implant is invaded with host tissue the bacteria are less apt to establish infection.", "contents": "Implant site infection rates with porous and dense materials. The infection rate of implant sites bearing porous and dense implants was studied in mice. In the first model (acute infection) the mice were injected with Staphylococcus aureus subcutaneously at the implant site at the time of implantation. In the second (chronic) model the implants were left in place for four weeks for encapsulation or invasion to occur and then the organisms were inoculated. In the acute model the infection rate with the porous materials was greater. In the chronic model after tissue invasion the infection rate with the dense materials was greater. This supports the hypothesis that microorganisms can evade host defense mechanisms if they enter the pores of the implant before tissue invasion, but that once the implant is invaded with host tissue the bacteria are less apt to establish infection.", "PMID": 429378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14709", "title": "A method for toxicity screening of biomaterials using cells cultured on millipore filters.", "content": "In the present paper a tissue culture technique is described whereby the toxicity of setting and solid materials may be evaluated. A cell monolayer was established on a millipore filter which was placed on an agar medium, cell side down. Test specimens were placed on top of the millipore filter and were allowed to influence the cells through the filter for two hours. The cell reaction was assessed by incubating the cells, still adherent to the filter, for the demonstration of succinate dehydrogenase activity. Materials with a cytotoxic effect caused a zone of inhibited enzyme activity in the cell-material contact area. The filters were examined macroscopically and scores from 0 to 3 were given to grade the severity of the cell response. Unset and set silicate cement, zinc phosphate cement and an acrylic resin were tested. The results obtained were consistent and in accordance with those of previous reports. The method was simple and rapid and appeared suitable for the assay of larger test series.", "contents": "A method for toxicity screening of biomaterials using cells cultured on millipore filters. In the present paper a tissue culture technique is described whereby the toxicity of setting and solid materials may be evaluated. A cell monolayer was established on a millipore filter which was placed on an agar medium, cell side down. Test specimens were placed on top of the millipore filter and were allowed to influence the cells through the filter for two hours. The cell reaction was assessed by incubating the cells, still adherent to the filter, for the demonstration of succinate dehydrogenase activity. Materials with a cytotoxic effect caused a zone of inhibited enzyme activity in the cell-material contact area. The filters were examined macroscopically and scores from 0 to 3 were given to grade the severity of the cell response. Unset and set silicate cement, zinc phosphate cement and an acrylic resin were tested. The results obtained were consistent and in accordance with those of previous reports. The method was simple and rapid and appeared suitable for the assay of larger test series.", "PMID": 429379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14710", "title": "A study of the reaction of human tissue to proplast.", "content": "The femoral stems of Thompson prostheses coated with a polytetrafluoroethylene/carbon fiber composite (proplast) were studied using conventional histological examination, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis in \"successful\" firm implants and in a \"loose\" clinically unsuccessful implant. Ingrowth was found throughout the coatings of the successful prostheses. In the most firmly fixed prosthesis the ingrowth consisted of fibrous tissue with abundant giant cells; however, no bone ingrowth was detected. There was less composite pore infilling in the unsuccessful implant. From both clinical, radiological and the studies described above, it is concluded that fibrous tissue ingrowth was a secondary stabilizing phenomenon in the proplast-coated prostheses studied.", "contents": "A study of the reaction of human tissue to proplast. The femoral stems of Thompson prostheses coated with a polytetrafluoroethylene/carbon fiber composite (proplast) were studied using conventional histological examination, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis in \"successful\" firm implants and in a \"loose\" clinically unsuccessful implant. Ingrowth was found throughout the coatings of the successful prostheses. In the most firmly fixed prosthesis the ingrowth consisted of fibrous tissue with abundant giant cells; however, no bone ingrowth was detected. There was less composite pore infilling in the unsuccessful implant. From both clinical, radiological and the studies described above, it is concluded that fibrous tissue ingrowth was a secondary stabilizing phenomenon in the proplast-coated prostheses studied.", "PMID": 429380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14711", "title": "Monomer release from methacrylate bone cements during simulated in vivo polymerization.", "content": "The release of monomer from methylmethacrylate bone cements was studied during immersion in an aqueous environment intended to simulate in vivo polymerization of the material. Monomer release from disk-shaped specimens into an aqueous environment was assayed by gas chromatography. The simulated intracorporal polymerization was carried out under a variety of conditions intended to encompass possible clinical variables. The majority of monomer release occurred within the first 15 min of immersion. Under conditions generally recommended for commercial cements the release into aqueous media was always less than 3% of the total monomer weight. Clinically feasible options of delaying the time from onset of mixing of the cement to insertion into the host resulted in only a 0.7 wt % difference in the amount of released monomer. Measurements for a variety of monomer/powder ratios demonstrated a minimum in the amount of released monomer at a ratio of about 0.4 ml/g. In terms of unit area covered, thin specimens released less monomer than thick specimens.", "contents": "Monomer release from methacrylate bone cements during simulated in vivo polymerization. The release of monomer from methylmethacrylate bone cements was studied during immersion in an aqueous environment intended to simulate in vivo polymerization of the material. Monomer release from disk-shaped specimens into an aqueous environment was assayed by gas chromatography. The simulated intracorporal polymerization was carried out under a variety of conditions intended to encompass possible clinical variables. The majority of monomer release occurred within the first 15 min of immersion. Under conditions generally recommended for commercial cements the release into aqueous media was always less than 3% of the total monomer weight. Clinically feasible options of delaying the time from onset of mixing of the cement to insertion into the host resulted in only a 0.7 wt % difference in the amount of released monomer. Measurements for a variety of monomer/powder ratios demonstrated a minimum in the amount of released monomer at a ratio of about 0.4 ml/g. In terms of unit area covered, thin specimens released less monomer than thick specimens.", "PMID": 429381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14712", "title": "A correlation between abrasion resistance and other properties of some acrylic resins used in dentistry.", "content": "This investigation studies the relationship of hardness, elastic modulus and scratch width as dependent variables to the abrasion resistance of twenty-three dental acrylic resins. The multiple correlation R, when all three variables are used as predictors, is 0.727. Because of the significant intercorrelations between the variables themselves a stepwise multiple regression analysis showed hardness as a redundant variable. Abrasive wear can be estimated from the following equation  Abrasive wear = 806.1 - 0.1498 modulus + 0.681 scratch width (R = 0.725; standard deviation of estimate +/- 50.8)  The deletion of scratch width does not appreciably reduce the standard deviation of the estimate: Abrasive wear = 1063.4 - 0.2055 modulus (r = 0.683; standard deviation of estimate +/- 50.3)  The method of curing the specimens conformed to the respective manufacturers' instructions. Abrasion and scratch tests were performed using methods developed by the authors and previously described in the literature, whereas the hardness and elastic modulus results were devised from standard test procedures. Further research is currently in progress to improve the predictive power of abrasion resistance with additional new variables.", "contents": "A correlation between abrasion resistance and other properties of some acrylic resins used in dentistry. This investigation studies the relationship of hardness, elastic modulus and scratch width as dependent variables to the abrasion resistance of twenty-three dental acrylic resins. The multiple correlation R, when all three variables are used as predictors, is 0.727. Because of the significant intercorrelations between the variables themselves a stepwise multiple regression analysis showed hardness as a redundant variable. Abrasive wear can be estimated from the following equation  Abrasive wear = 806.1 - 0.1498 modulus + 0.681 scratch width (R = 0.725; standard deviation of estimate +/- 50.8)  The deletion of scratch width does not appreciably reduce the standard deviation of the estimate: Abrasive wear = 1063.4 - 0.2055 modulus (r = 0.683; standard deviation of estimate +/- 50.3)  The method of curing the specimens conformed to the respective manufacturers' instructions. Abrasion and scratch tests were performed using methods developed by the authors and previously described in the literature, whereas the hardness and elastic modulus results were devised from standard test procedures. Further research is currently in progress to improve the predictive power of abrasion resistance with additional new variables.", "PMID": 429382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14713", "title": "In vitro corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V and type 316L stainless steel when galvanically coupled with carbon.", "content": "In vitro corrosion experiments were conducted employing potentiostatic polarization techniques, a saline environment and candidate biomaterial alloy/carbon combinations. Corrosion currents and potentials of carbon/metal couples were predicted by mixed-potential theory utilizing the polarization curves generated. The alloys examined were annealed ELI grade Ti-6A1-4V and cold-worked 316L stainless steel while the types of carbon examined were LTI pyrolytic carbon and vapor-deposited carbon. It was determined that galvanic couples of carbon to cold-worked 316L stainless steel with carbon/metal area ratios of 10:1 to 100:1 produced coupled corrosion potentials in the range of the observed breakdown potential of the stainless steel. It was therefore predicted that localized corrosion in the form of pitting could occur on the cold-worked stainless steel when coupled to carbon with area ratios of 10:1 or greater. The titanium alloy did not exhibit a breakdown potential up to a potential of 1.2 V. Therefore, accelerated corrosion was not predicted for the titanium alloy to carbon galvanic couples under these experimental conditions. Direct carbon/alloy coupling experiments were conducted to verify the corrosion currents and potentials predicted from mixed-potential theory and polarization curve analysis. The experimental and theoretical values showed good agreement.", "contents": "In vitro corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V and type 316L stainless steel when galvanically coupled with carbon. In vitro corrosion experiments were conducted employing potentiostatic polarization techniques, a saline environment and candidate biomaterial alloy/carbon combinations. Corrosion currents and potentials of carbon/metal couples were predicted by mixed-potential theory utilizing the polarization curves generated. The alloys examined were annealed ELI grade Ti-6A1-4V and cold-worked 316L stainless steel while the types of carbon examined were LTI pyrolytic carbon and vapor-deposited carbon. It was determined that galvanic couples of carbon to cold-worked 316L stainless steel with carbon/metal area ratios of 10:1 to 100:1 produced coupled corrosion potentials in the range of the observed breakdown potential of the stainless steel. It was therefore predicted that localized corrosion in the form of pitting could occur on the cold-worked stainless steel when coupled to carbon with area ratios of 10:1 or greater. The titanium alloy did not exhibit a breakdown potential up to a potential of 1.2 V. Therefore, accelerated corrosion was not predicted for the titanium alloy to carbon galvanic couples under these experimental conditions. Direct carbon/alloy coupling experiments were conducted to verify the corrosion currents and potentials predicted from mixed-potential theory and polarization curve analysis. The experimental and theoretical values showed good agreement.", "PMID": 429383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14714", "title": "Application of Auger electron spectroscopy for surface chemical analysis of Avcothane.", "content": "The effect of the exposure to air or to the substrate during the solvent casting process on the surface chemical composition of Avcothane, a blood compatible biomaterial, was studied by employing Auger electron spectroscopy. The surface layer of 10-15A thickness was analyzed without sputtering, but for the studies probing a deeper layer, argon ion sputtering at a low enough voltage to prevent artifacts was utilized. It is found that the air facing surface which is the blood contact surface contains a greater amount of silicone polymer and a much lower amount of the urethane hard segment in the first 10-15A-deep layer than in the comparably thick layer of the substrate surface. However, the depth-composition profile obtained by sputtering indicate that, probably at a deeper depth, the chemical compositions in terms of silicone polymer and hard segment is comparable both in the air side and the substrate side.", "contents": "Application of Auger electron spectroscopy for surface chemical analysis of Avcothane. The effect of the exposure to air or to the substrate during the solvent casting process on the surface chemical composition of Avcothane, a blood compatible biomaterial, was studied by employing Auger electron spectroscopy. The surface layer of 10-15A thickness was analyzed without sputtering, but for the studies probing a deeper layer, argon ion sputtering at a low enough voltage to prevent artifacts was utilized. It is found that the air facing surface which is the blood contact surface contains a greater amount of silicone polymer and a much lower amount of the urethane hard segment in the first 10-15A-deep layer than in the comparably thick layer of the substrate surface. However, the depth-composition profile obtained by sputtering indicate that, probably at a deeper depth, the chemical compositions in terms of silicone polymer and hard segment is comparable both in the air side and the substrate side.", "PMID": 429384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14715", "title": "Direct anchorage of Al2O3-ceramic hip components: three years of clinical experience and results of further animal studies.", "content": "The biocompatibility of high-purity dense Al2O3-ceramics had been shown to open the possibility of direct cement-free anchorage of joint endoprostheses. Three years of clinical experience with ceramic-metal composite total hip prostheses confirm the biomechanical design criteria used for the acetabular components. They also allow for additional conclusions regarding the reaction of bone tissue towards a bioinert implant. Further research activities are directed towards a solution for biomechanically stable anchorage of the femoral component of hip prostheses.", "contents": "Direct anchorage of Al2O3-ceramic hip components: three years of clinical experience and results of further animal studies. The biocompatibility of high-purity dense Al2O3-ceramics had been shown to open the possibility of direct cement-free anchorage of joint endoprostheses. Three years of clinical experience with ceramic-metal composite total hip prostheses confirm the biomechanical design criteria used for the acetabular components. They also allow for additional conclusions regarding the reaction of bone tissue towards a bioinert implant. Further research activities are directed towards a solution for biomechanically stable anchorage of the femoral component of hip prostheses.", "PMID": 429385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14716", "title": "Tissue reaction to ceramic implant material.", "content": "The biocompatibility of alumina ceramic was tested by means of macrophage cultures, intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intramuscular (i.m.) application of powdered particles in rats, and by implantation of solid samples in the paravertebral muscles and the condylus femur. No acute cytotoxicity was found in macrophage cultures. The i.p. and i.m. application of powdered particles in the beginning showed a granulocytic reaction, later followed by a histiocytic reaction. Also, the morphological changes in the organs of reticulo histiocytic system (RHS) are shown. In the solid samples implantation, the fibrogenetic stimulus is measured by morphological analysis of the connective tissue membrane around the sample. The importance of the individual cell observation by transmission-electron microscope (TEM) examination is evidenced. The experimental results are compared to the environmental reaction of smaller animal-adapted prostheses and prostheses having been implanted in human patients. Good biocompatibility is confirmed by these investigations; also regarding central position of the macrophages, the environmental reaction due to implant material is shown.", "contents": "Tissue reaction to ceramic implant material. The biocompatibility of alumina ceramic was tested by means of macrophage cultures, intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intramuscular (i.m.) application of powdered particles in rats, and by implantation of solid samples in the paravertebral muscles and the condylus femur. No acute cytotoxicity was found in macrophage cultures. The i.p. and i.m. application of powdered particles in the beginning showed a granulocytic reaction, later followed by a histiocytic reaction. Also, the morphological changes in the organs of reticulo histiocytic system (RHS) are shown. In the solid samples implantation, the fibrogenetic stimulus is measured by morphological analysis of the connective tissue membrane around the sample. The importance of the individual cell observation by transmission-electron microscope (TEM) examination is evidenced. The experimental results are compared to the environmental reaction of smaller animal-adapted prostheses and prostheses having been implanted in human patients. Good biocompatibility is confirmed by these investigations; also regarding central position of the macrophages, the environmental reaction due to implant material is shown.", "PMID": 429386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14717", "title": "Investigations with bioactivated polymethylmethacrylates.", "content": "Compound bone cement on a PMMA base with an additive of bioactive glass ceramic particles in different portions and different particle sizes are tested in animal experiments. The tissue reactions to extracorporal polymerized specimens and to in situ polymerized specimens are observed. The experiments with an implantation period up to six months demonstrate a tight bonding between the newly formed osseous tissue and the glass ceramic particles at the interface. The inflammatory reactions in the vicinity of the implant are small. It is the objective of the investigations to improve the adherance of the bone cement at the interface to achieve a more durable anchorage of bone cement in the tissue.", "contents": "Investigations with bioactivated polymethylmethacrylates. Compound bone cement on a PMMA base with an additive of bioactive glass ceramic particles in different portions and different particle sizes are tested in animal experiments. The tissue reactions to extracorporal polymerized specimens and to in situ polymerized specimens are observed. The experiments with an implantation period up to six months demonstrate a tight bonding between the newly formed osseous tissue and the glass ceramic particles at the interface. The inflammatory reactions in the vicinity of the implant are small. It is the objective of the investigations to improve the adherance of the bone cement at the interface to achieve a more durable anchorage of bone cement in the tissue.", "PMID": 429387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14718", "title": "ESCA studies of surface chemical composition of segmented polyurethanes.", "content": "Surface chemical analysis of two commercially available polyurethanes, i.e., Avcothane and Biomer was carried out by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The depth which is subject to analysis is in the range of 50-100 A. The variables studied in this study are the difference in exposure to air or to the mold substrate during the solvent casting process. Model compounds such as a pure polydimethylsiloxane, polyether soft segment and hard segment copolymer were used to identify and assign various ESCA peaks. The air facing surface of Avcothane which is the blood contacting surface is found to be covered mostly with polydimethylsiloxane polymer, with a small amount of polyether soft segment mixed with silicone. Therefore, the hard segment of the polyurethanes is hidden beneath the blood contact surface in Avcothane. In Biomer films, the air facing surface contains a greater concentration of polyether soft segment than the substrate surface. These results are consistent with our previous results obtained by Fourier transform IR internal reflection and Auger electron spectroscopy.", "contents": "ESCA studies of surface chemical composition of segmented polyurethanes. Surface chemical analysis of two commercially available polyurethanes, i.e., Avcothane and Biomer was carried out by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The depth which is subject to analysis is in the range of 50-100 A. The variables studied in this study are the difference in exposure to air or to the mold substrate during the solvent casting process. Model compounds such as a pure polydimethylsiloxane, polyether soft segment and hard segment copolymer were used to identify and assign various ESCA peaks. The air facing surface of Avcothane which is the blood contacting surface is found to be covered mostly with polydimethylsiloxane polymer, with a small amount of polyether soft segment mixed with silicone. Therefore, the hard segment of the polyurethanes is hidden beneath the blood contact surface in Avcothane. In Biomer films, the air facing surface contains a greater concentration of polyether soft segment than the substrate surface. These results are consistent with our previous results obtained by Fourier transform IR internal reflection and Auger electron spectroscopy.", "PMID": 429388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14719", "title": "Surface charge in foreign body carcinogenesis.", "content": "The importance of surface charge in foreign body carcinogenesis was evaluated by implanting in C3H/HeJ male mice, bipolar polystyrene thermoelectrets formed in variously charged electrical fields. Charged electrets had tumor rates similar to control groups. The cumulative probability of tumor development was highest in the charged electret group being 0.58 at 133 weeks after implantation. The tumor rate for all charged electrets was 27% as compared to 17% and 6% for the control groups. The latent period of tumor induction varied little between groups and averaged approximately 700 days. No conclusions regarding the tumorigenic effect of electropositive versus electronegative sides of the electret were made although the majority of tumors arose on the electronegative (body) side of the electrets. An occasional tumor (2/25) arose on both sides of a single electret. The antigenicities of tumors tested by excise and challenge techniques were weak. The immunologic relationship between top and bottom growing tumors on a single electret could not be adequately determined because of the weak antigenicity.", "contents": "Surface charge in foreign body carcinogenesis. The importance of surface charge in foreign body carcinogenesis was evaluated by implanting in C3H/HeJ male mice, bipolar polystyrene thermoelectrets formed in variously charged electrical fields. Charged electrets had tumor rates similar to control groups. The cumulative probability of tumor development was highest in the charged electret group being 0.58 at 133 weeks after implantation. The tumor rate for all charged electrets was 27% as compared to 17% and 6% for the control groups. The latent period of tumor induction varied little between groups and averaged approximately 700 days. No conclusions regarding the tumorigenic effect of electropositive versus electronegative sides of the electret were made although the majority of tumors arose on the electronegative (body) side of the electrets. An occasional tumor (2/25) arose on both sides of a single electret. The antigenicities of tumors tested by excise and challenge techniques were weak. The immunologic relationship between top and bottom growing tumors on a single electret could not be adequately determined because of the weak antigenicity.", "PMID": 429389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14720", "title": "Thermally induced time dependence of mechanical properties in biomedical grade polyurethanes.", "content": "The time dependence of the mechanical properties of segmented urethanes as well as urethane-urea systems were monitored after the materials had been given a short thermal treatment followed by rapid cooling. Both linear and crosslinked materials were studied but the major focus was on many of the common biomedical grade urethanes. As had been noted in earlier studies on nonmedical segmented urethanes from this laboratory, many of the biomedical grade materials also showed time-dependent changes in mechanical properties that can be directly related to time-dependent changes in the degree of domain structure (microphase separation) that may occur in these segmented copolymers. Interestingly, those systems possessing significant amounts of urea linkage show little or no significant time-dependent changes in structure or properties following thermal treatment. The effect of chemical cross-linking can also influence the domain formation process and its thermal stability. The ramifications of these time dependent effects may have bearing on the biomaterial applications of segmented urethane polymers.", "contents": "Thermally induced time dependence of mechanical properties in biomedical grade polyurethanes. The time dependence of the mechanical properties of segmented urethanes as well as urethane-urea systems were monitored after the materials had been given a short thermal treatment followed by rapid cooling. Both linear and crosslinked materials were studied but the major focus was on many of the common biomedical grade urethanes. As had been noted in earlier studies on nonmedical segmented urethanes from this laboratory, many of the biomedical grade materials also showed time-dependent changes in mechanical properties that can be directly related to time-dependent changes in the degree of domain structure (microphase separation) that may occur in these segmented copolymers. Interestingly, those systems possessing significant amounts of urea linkage show little or no significant time-dependent changes in structure or properties following thermal treatment. The effect of chemical cross-linking can also influence the domain formation process and its thermal stability. The ramifications of these time dependent effects may have bearing on the biomaterial applications of segmented urethane polymers.", "PMID": 429390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14721", "title": "In vitro evaluation of hemolytic and cell culture toxicity potential of residual ethylene oxide in selected medical materials.", "content": "The hemolytic potential of pure ethylene oxide in solution was evaluated as a function of initial ethylene oxide concentration in three test systems, diluted whole blood in isotonic saline, erythrocytes washed and resuspended in isotonic saline, and erythrocytes washed and resuspended in isotonic phosphate buffer. Concentrations of 2 mg/ml (2000 ppm) were necessary before cell lysis was observed in either of the isotonic saline systems. This value increased to 10 mg/ml 10,000 ppm) in the isotonic buffer system. Efforts have been made to correlate the hemolysis and cell culture toxicity of residual ethylene oxide in five medical materials to the toxicity of pure ethylene oxide. Only materials exhibiting a low order of inherent toxicity showed any correlation. In poly(vinyl chloride) tubing containing 1.8 and 2.1 mg ethylene oxide per gram of material, a small amount of toxicity was seen in the cell culture system but toxicity was absent in the hemolysis test.", "contents": "In vitro evaluation of hemolytic and cell culture toxicity potential of residual ethylene oxide in selected medical materials. The hemolytic potential of pure ethylene oxide in solution was evaluated as a function of initial ethylene oxide concentration in three test systems, diluted whole blood in isotonic saline, erythrocytes washed and resuspended in isotonic saline, and erythrocytes washed and resuspended in isotonic phosphate buffer. Concentrations of 2 mg/ml (2000 ppm) were necessary before cell lysis was observed in either of the isotonic saline systems. This value increased to 10 mg/ml 10,000 ppm) in the isotonic buffer system. Efforts have been made to correlate the hemolysis and cell culture toxicity of residual ethylene oxide in five medical materials to the toxicity of pure ethylene oxide. Only materials exhibiting a low order of inherent toxicity showed any correlation. In poly(vinyl chloride) tubing containing 1.8 and 2.1 mg ethylene oxide per gram of material, a small amount of toxicity was seen in the cell culture system but toxicity was absent in the hemolysis test.", "PMID": 429391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14722", "title": "Use of fracture mechanics theory in lifetime predictions for alumina and bioglass-coated alumina.", "content": "The fatigue behavior of alumina and bioglass-coated alumina was determined in air and biological test environments by the dynamic fatigue test technique in which strength is measured as a function of stressing rate. The good correlation found between the test data and fracture mechanics theory indicates that fatigue failure is controlled by the slow crack growth of preexisting flaws and that fracture mechanics theory can be used in making failure predictions for alumina and bioglass-coated alumina in biological environments. Thus, it is believed that lifetime predictions can be made for ceramic implants on the basis of short-term test data utilizing fracture mechanics principles.", "contents": "Use of fracture mechanics theory in lifetime predictions for alumina and bioglass-coated alumina. The fatigue behavior of alumina and bioglass-coated alumina was determined in air and biological test environments by the dynamic fatigue test technique in which strength is measured as a function of stressing rate. The good correlation found between the test data and fracture mechanics theory indicates that fatigue failure is controlled by the slow crack growth of preexisting flaws and that fracture mechanics theory can be used in making failure predictions for alumina and bioglass-coated alumina in biological environments. Thus, it is believed that lifetime predictions can be made for ceramic implants on the basis of short-term test data utilizing fracture mechanics principles.", "PMID": 429393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14723", "title": "Solution treatment behavior of Co-Cr-Mo alloy.", "content": "Current practice in the manufacture of Co-Cr-Mo alloy total hip prostheses is the use of a solution treatment to increase the ductility of the as-cast alloy. This study is concerned with the reactions encountered during solution treatment at temperatures between 1165-1270 degrees C. These reactions, including incipient melting, a carbide transformation from M23C6 to M6C and sigma-phase formation, have been examined using both qualitative and quantitative metallographic techniques, and are shown to influence the production of a single phase microstructure. As a result, an optimum temperature for solution treatment of 1220 degrees C has been determined. It is further proposed that a reduction in the carbon content of this alloy would improve its solution treatment behavior.", "contents": "Solution treatment behavior of Co-Cr-Mo alloy. Current practice in the manufacture of Co-Cr-Mo alloy total hip prostheses is the use of a solution treatment to increase the ductility of the as-cast alloy. This study is concerned with the reactions encountered during solution treatment at temperatures between 1165-1270 degrees C. These reactions, including incipient melting, a carbide transformation from M23C6 to M6C and sigma-phase formation, have been examined using both qualitative and quantitative metallographic techniques, and are shown to influence the production of a single phase microstructure. As a result, an optimum temperature for solution treatment of 1220 degrees C has been determined. It is further proposed that a reduction in the carbon content of this alloy would improve its solution treatment behavior.", "PMID": 429394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14724", "title": "In vitro deformation failure analysis of dental amalgams.", "content": "The in vitro deformation failure behavior of the conventional and the recent high copper dental amalgams is studied under different strain rates. The conventional silver-tin amalgams exhibited significant slow compressive flow at low strain rates, but failed catastrophically at the higher loading rates. On the other hand, amalgams containing highest copper contents showed no compressive flow and failed catastrophically at all the loading rates. The slow compressive flow in the conventional dental amalgams indicate that dislocations may play an important role in the deformation process of the amalgams at the lower strain rates.", "contents": "In vitro deformation failure analysis of dental amalgams. The in vitro deformation failure behavior of the conventional and the recent high copper dental amalgams is studied under different strain rates. The conventional silver-tin amalgams exhibited significant slow compressive flow at low strain rates, but failed catastrophically at the higher loading rates. On the other hand, amalgams containing highest copper contents showed no compressive flow and failed catastrophically at all the loading rates. The slow compressive flow in the conventional dental amalgams indicate that dislocations may play an important role in the deformation process of the amalgams at the lower strain rates.", "PMID": 429395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14725", "title": "Bioevaluation of plasma polymerized films in skeletal muscle.", "content": "Plasma polymerized ethylene (PPE), styrene (PPS), and chlorotrifluoroethylene (PPCTFE) were synthesized by exposing the monomeric gases to an inductively coupled radio frequency \"glow-discharge\" field. The polymer films were deposited on poly(dimethyl) siloxane (medical grade Silastic), which was then surgically implanted in rat paravertebral muscle for periods up to 84 weeks. The biocompatibility of the plasma deposited films and uncoated Silastic was evaluated by qualitative (graded inflammatory cell response) and quantitative (connnective tissue capsule thickness) techniques as a function of time. The morphological features of the connective tissue capsule and the plasma polymerized films were examined by SEM after 75 weeks of implantation. Results showed that the acute inflammatory cell migration around PPS and PPCTFE was at a maximum in 2 weeks, decaying to control levels in 4 to 8 weeks. The PPE response was judged as less than the control response up to 4 weeks. After 8 weeks no qualitative difference could be detected between the plasma polymerized films and Silastic. On the other hand, a quantifiable change in fibrous capsule response as a function of time and material was noted until 24 weeks. From these data we conclude that these types of films do not elicit an untoward foreign body reaction at a skeletal muscle implant site in rats.", "contents": "Bioevaluation of plasma polymerized films in skeletal muscle. Plasma polymerized ethylene (PPE), styrene (PPS), and chlorotrifluoroethylene (PPCTFE) were synthesized by exposing the monomeric gases to an inductively coupled radio frequency \"glow-discharge\" field. The polymer films were deposited on poly(dimethyl) siloxane (medical grade Silastic), which was then surgically implanted in rat paravertebral muscle for periods up to 84 weeks. The biocompatibility of the plasma deposited films and uncoated Silastic was evaluated by qualitative (graded inflammatory cell response) and quantitative (connnective tissue capsule thickness) techniques as a function of time. The morphological features of the connective tissue capsule and the plasma polymerized films were examined by SEM after 75 weeks of implantation. Results showed that the acute inflammatory cell migration around PPS and PPCTFE was at a maximum in 2 weeks, decaying to control levels in 4 to 8 weeks. The PPE response was judged as less than the control response up to 4 weeks. After 8 weeks no qualitative difference could be detected between the plasma polymerized films and Silastic. On the other hand, a quantifiable change in fibrous capsule response as a function of time and material was noted until 24 weeks. From these data we conclude that these types of films do not elicit an untoward foreign body reaction at a skeletal muscle implant site in rats.", "PMID": 429396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14726", "title": "Thrombus formation and microaggregate removal during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.", "content": "Contemporary microporous membrane oxygenators have adequate gas transfer capacity and even prolonged oxygenation is relatively atraumatic to the blood elements. However, even with adequate heparinization, thrombus formation still takes place, albeit to a lesser degree than in direct blood-gas contact devices. In this work, scanning electron microscopy of the dissected devices in the extracorporeal circuit was performed on devices used during four aorto-coronary bypasses and two cardiac valve replacements. Membrane surfaces remained free of major deposits although thrombotic material could still be observed in parts of the oxygenators and the filters. Blood filtration from the cardiotomy reservoir may be more critical as it removes surgical debris and cells injured by suction which appear to enhance thrombus formation within the oxygenator. The return line arterial filter appears more useful as a bubble remover; its value appears much diminished as microemboli do not leave the device in large quantities.", "contents": "Thrombus formation and microaggregate removal during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Contemporary microporous membrane oxygenators have adequate gas transfer capacity and even prolonged oxygenation is relatively atraumatic to the blood elements. However, even with adequate heparinization, thrombus formation still takes place, albeit to a lesser degree than in direct blood-gas contact devices. In this work, scanning electron microscopy of the dissected devices in the extracorporeal circuit was performed on devices used during four aorto-coronary bypasses and two cardiac valve replacements. Membrane surfaces remained free of major deposits although thrombotic material could still be observed in parts of the oxygenators and the filters. Blood filtration from the cardiotomy reservoir may be more critical as it removes surgical debris and cells injured by suction which appear to enhance thrombus formation within the oxygenator. The return line arterial filter appears more useful as a bubble remover; its value appears much diminished as microemboli do not leave the device in large quantities.", "PMID": 429397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14727", "title": "Epiphyseal stapling for angular deformity at the knee.", "content": "Fifty six patients with angular deformities of eighty-two knees were treated with epiphyseal stapling between 1954 and 1973 and followed until maturity. There were sixty-four knock-knees and eighteen bowlegs. In twelve patients with concurrent leg-length discrepancies, long legs were stapled asymmetrically. The deformities were allowed to overcorrect before the staples were removed, but the rebound phenomenon occurred in twenty-two patients with thirty-five deformities. In older children the staples were taken out when the legs looked straight. Exaggerated physiological deformities may correct spontaneously. They should not be stapled before the skeletal age of eleven in girls and twelve in boys. Secondary deformities are corrected earlier. There were no significant complications. Ten revisions of staples were necessary because of extrusion or shifting. The results were satisfactory or improved in 87 per cent of the deformities. When it is indicated epiphyseal stapling is a safe and effective method of correcting angular deformity at the knee in growing children.", "contents": "Epiphyseal stapling for angular deformity at the knee. Fifty six patients with angular deformities of eighty-two knees were treated with epiphyseal stapling between 1954 and 1973 and followed until maturity. There were sixty-four knock-knees and eighteen bowlegs. In twelve patients with concurrent leg-length discrepancies, long legs were stapled asymmetrically. The deformities were allowed to overcorrect before the staples were removed, but the rebound phenomenon occurred in twenty-two patients with thirty-five deformities. In older children the staples were taken out when the legs looked straight. Exaggerated physiological deformities may correct spontaneously. They should not be stapled before the skeletal age of eleven in girls and twelve in boys. Secondary deformities are corrected earlier. There were no significant complications. Ten revisions of staples were necessary because of extrusion or shifting. The results were satisfactory or improved in 87 per cent of the deformities. When it is indicated epiphyseal stapling is a safe and effective method of correcting angular deformity at the knee in growing children.", "PMID": 429399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14728", "title": "Distal iliotibial-band transfer for anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee.", "content": "An operative procedure has been developed to prevent anterior subluxation of the proximal end of the tibia in patients with anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee. The results of this procedure in eighteen consecutive patients are reported. Ten (55.6 per cent) had had prior surgery on the involved knee. All patients had an additional pathological lesion and all were incapacitated for their sports prior to reconstruction. The shortest follow-up in this series was thirty-one months and the longest, forty-four months. Forty-four per cent had an excellent result, participating in sports without signs or symptoms, and 39 per cent had a good result, participating but with some modest problem. In 17 per cent the results were unsatisfactory.", "contents": "Distal iliotibial-band transfer for anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee. An operative procedure has been developed to prevent anterior subluxation of the proximal end of the tibia in patients with anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee. The results of this procedure in eighteen consecutive patients are reported. Ten (55.6 per cent) had had prior surgery on the involved knee. All patients had an additional pathological lesion and all were incapacitated for their sports prior to reconstruction. The shortest follow-up in this series was thirty-one months and the longest, forty-four months. Forty-four per cent had an excellent result, participating in sports without signs or symptoms, and 39 per cent had a good result, participating but with some modest problem. In 17 per cent the results were unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 429400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14729", "title": "Marmor modular knee in unicompartmental disease. Minimum four-year follow-up.", "content": "Fifty-six consecutive knees were operated on for single compartment disease using the Marmor modular knee with a minimum follow-up of four years. The information obtained indicates that single compartment replacement is valuable in restoring function and relieving pain in a high percentage of patients. There was no evidence of late degeneration of the successful results at the time of writing. No difference in the results obtained with medial or lateral compartment replacement has been noted. Degeneration of the compartment not operated on has not been a problem. Unicompartmental replacement is an excellent procedure in the elderly patient who has osteoarthritis of the knee with varus or valgus deformity.", "contents": "Marmor modular knee in unicompartmental disease. Minimum four-year follow-up. Fifty-six consecutive knees were operated on for single compartment disease using the Marmor modular knee with a minimum follow-up of four years. The information obtained indicates that single compartment replacement is valuable in restoring function and relieving pain in a high percentage of patients. There was no evidence of late degeneration of the successful results at the time of writing. No difference in the results obtained with medial or lateral compartment replacement has been noted. Degeneration of the compartment not operated on has not been a problem. Unicompartmental replacement is an excellent procedure in the elderly patient who has osteoarthritis of the knee with varus or valgus deformity.", "PMID": 429401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14730", "title": "Degenerative arthritis of the ankle secondary to long-standing lateral ligament instability.", "content": "Long-standing lateral ligament instability of the ankle results in unbalanced loading of the medial joint space and the possible development of degenerative arthritis. Thirty-six patients who had had lateral ankle instability for at least ten years and complaints of increasing ankle pain evidence degenerative changes of the articular cartilage over the medial half of the talar and tibial surfaces of the ankle joint. These changes were minimally apparent on roentgenograms unless weight-bearing roentgenograms were made, but arthroscopy of the joint accurately revealed the extent of degeneration. After reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments, fourteen of twenty-two patients with mild to moderate arthritic changes showed both symptomatic improvement and demonstrable widening of the medial joint space on weight-bearing roentgenograms. Four of five patients with severe degenerative arthritis subsequently had a total ankle replacement.", "contents": "Degenerative arthritis of the ankle secondary to long-standing lateral ligament instability. Long-standing lateral ligament instability of the ankle results in unbalanced loading of the medial joint space and the possible development of degenerative arthritis. Thirty-six patients who had had lateral ankle instability for at least ten years and complaints of increasing ankle pain evidence degenerative changes of the articular cartilage over the medial half of the talar and tibial surfaces of the ankle joint. These changes were minimally apparent on roentgenograms unless weight-bearing roentgenograms were made, but arthroscopy of the joint accurately revealed the extent of degeneration. After reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments, fourteen of twenty-two patients with mild to moderate arthritic changes showed both symptomatic improvement and demonstrable widening of the medial joint space on weight-bearing roentgenograms. Four of five patients with severe degenerative arthritis subsequently had a total ankle replacement.", "PMID": 429402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14731", "title": "Pressures generated in the thigh muscles and under the thigh cast of an uninjured subject wearing a cast-brace.", "content": "Intrinsic pressures within the thigh muscles of a normal subject were recorded with the subject in five different postures before and after application of a cast-brace. The extrinsic pressures between the plaster cast and the underlying skin also were recorded. The intrinsic muscle pressures were significantly increased when the cast-brace was applied.", "contents": "Pressures generated in the thigh muscles and under the thigh cast of an uninjured subject wearing a cast-brace. Intrinsic pressures within the thigh muscles of a normal subject were recorded with the subject in five different postures before and after application of a cast-brace. The extrinsic pressures between the plaster cast and the underlying skin also were recorded. The intrinsic muscle pressures were significantly increased when the cast-brace was applied.", "PMID": 429403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14732", "title": "Pressure recordings in patients with femoral fractures in cast-braces and suggestions for treatment.", "content": "Five patients with femoral-shaft fractures were treated by cast-brace application and early ambulation. As fracture healing progressed, pressures between the thigh and the cast were recorded with the patients lying still, contracting the quadriceps while lying down, and in four weight-bearing postures. Control results were gained by application of a second cast-brace to three of the patients when they had recovered completely. Resting pressures averaging sixteen millimeters of mercury were recorded under the whole cast. Much higher values were recorded under the proximal two-thirds of the cast, and these increased as healing proceeded. Removal of the hip hinge, thereby eliminating fixed abduction, reduced pressure recordings significantly.", "contents": "Pressure recordings in patients with femoral fractures in cast-braces and suggestions for treatment. Five patients with femoral-shaft fractures were treated by cast-brace application and early ambulation. As fracture healing progressed, pressures between the thigh and the cast were recorded with the patients lying still, contracting the quadriceps while lying down, and in four weight-bearing postures. Control results were gained by application of a second cast-brace to three of the patients when they had recovered completely. Resting pressures averaging sixteen millimeters of mercury were recorded under the whole cast. Much higher values were recorded under the proximal two-thirds of the cast, and these increased as healing proceeded. Removal of the hip hinge, thereby eliminating fixed abduction, reduced pressure recordings significantly.", "PMID": 429404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14733", "title": "Risks of exposure to X-rays in patients undergoing long-term treatment for scoliosis.", "content": "Thirteen healthy teenage girls with idiopathic adolescent scoliosis were studied using multiple thermoluminescent dosimeters while undergoing standard diagnostic roentgenograms. Average organ doses for each anteroposterior and lateral examination were calculated for bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, breast tissue, and gonads. Given an average of twenty-two roentgenograms over a three-year Milwaukee brace-treatment program, the increase in organ carcinogenic risk due to x-ray radiation ranged from 3.4 to fifteen per million (1.3 per cent to 7.5 per cent), except for breast tissue which increased from 140 to 290 per million (110 per cent). Using posteroanterior rather than anteroposterior exposures reduced the increased risk to 5.3 per million (3.8 per cent). The genetic risks of scoliosis roentgenographic studies were considered to be negligible, especially with gonadal shielding and infrequent roentgenograms made every three to four months. Good technique and judicious ordering of roentgenograms added significantly to the safety of the patient.", "contents": "Risks of exposure to X-rays in patients undergoing long-term treatment for scoliosis. Thirteen healthy teenage girls with idiopathic adolescent scoliosis were studied using multiple thermoluminescent dosimeters while undergoing standard diagnostic roentgenograms. Average organ doses for each anteroposterior and lateral examination were calculated for bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, breast tissue, and gonads. Given an average of twenty-two roentgenograms over a three-year Milwaukee brace-treatment program, the increase in organ carcinogenic risk due to x-ray radiation ranged from 3.4 to fifteen per million (1.3 per cent to 7.5 per cent), except for breast tissue which increased from 140 to 290 per million (110 per cent). Using posteroanterior rather than anteroposterior exposures reduced the increased risk to 5.3 per million (3.8 per cent). The genetic risks of scoliosis roentgenographic studies were considered to be negligible, especially with gonadal shielding and infrequent roentgenograms made every three to four months. Good technique and judicious ordering of roentgenograms added significantly to the safety of the patient.", "PMID": 429405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14734", "title": "Closed biopsy of musculoskeletal lesions.", "content": "Five hundred and thirty-one closed biopsies have been done in our general hospital since 1967. Four hundred and eighty-four were for lesions of bone and forty-seven were for soft-tissue lesions. More than half of the lesions were infections or nonspecifically reactive. The procedure was done under local anesthesia in 73 per cent and roentgenographic or image-intensifier control was generally required. The Craig needle was used for cancellous bone near vital structures; the Michele trephine, for cortical or sclerotic bone at a distance from vital structures; and a special needle was used for soft tissue. Closed biopsy provided an adequate specimen that was accurately diagnosed in 66 per cent of bone lesions and in 76 per cent of soft-tissue lesions. This compared favorably with both aspiration and open-biopsy success rates reported by others, and was accompanied by a 1 per cent complication rate, mostly neural and mostly in association with vertebral lesions.", "contents": "Closed biopsy of musculoskeletal lesions. Five hundred and thirty-one closed biopsies have been done in our general hospital since 1967. Four hundred and eighty-four were for lesions of bone and forty-seven were for soft-tissue lesions. More than half of the lesions were infections or nonspecifically reactive. The procedure was done under local anesthesia in 73 per cent and roentgenographic or image-intensifier control was generally required. The Craig needle was used for cancellous bone near vital structures; the Michele trephine, for cortical or sclerotic bone at a distance from vital structures; and a special needle was used for soft tissue. Closed biopsy provided an adequate specimen that was accurately diagnosed in 66 per cent of bone lesions and in 76 per cent of soft-tissue lesions. This compared favorably with both aspiration and open-biopsy success rates reported by others, and was accompanied by a 1 per cent complication rate, mostly neural and mostly in association with vertebral lesions.", "PMID": 429406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14735", "title": "Overgrowth of the femur following fractures in children: influence of handedness.", "content": "Handedness was a more important factor in the amount of overgrowth following fractures of the femoral shaft in children in the present study than factors previously investigated. The lower limbs were measured and handedness was recorded in 112 children who had sustained their fractures fourteen to 101 months (mean, fifty-six months) before the study was undertaken. Fifty-two of these patients also had scanograms. The average overgrowth for all injured limbs was ten millimeters. The difference in the amount of overgrowth which was observed was this: when the fracture was on the same side as the dominant hand, the limb overgrew an average of eight millimeters, compared with fourteen millimeters when the fracture was on the side opposite the patient's dominant hand. This difference for the scanogram group was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Overgrowth was significantly inhibited by overriding of fracture fragments and was enhanced by distraction. The age of the patient and the type and location of the fracture did not significantly affect overgrowth.", "contents": "Overgrowth of the femur following fractures in children: influence of handedness. Handedness was a more important factor in the amount of overgrowth following fractures of the femoral shaft in children in the present study than factors previously investigated. The lower limbs were measured and handedness was recorded in 112 children who had sustained their fractures fourteen to 101 months (mean, fifty-six months) before the study was undertaken. Fifty-two of these patients also had scanograms. The average overgrowth for all injured limbs was ten millimeters. The difference in the amount of overgrowth which was observed was this: when the fracture was on the same side as the dominant hand, the limb overgrew an average of eight millimeters, compared with fourteen millimeters when the fracture was on the side opposite the patient's dominant hand. This difference for the scanogram group was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Overgrowth was significantly inhibited by overriding of fracture fragments and was enhanced by distraction. The age of the patient and the type and location of the fracture did not significantly affect overgrowth.", "PMID": 429407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14736", "title": "Experience with the McAtee olecranon device in olecranon fractures.", "content": "Treatment of olecranon fractures by prolonged immobilization often results in limited elbow motion. With the use of a compression screw apparatus, anatomical reduction was obtainable, and only a short period of immobilization was needed. In a series of eleven fractures there were no non-unions and an average decrease in elbow range of motion of only 8 degrees.", "contents": "Experience with the McAtee olecranon device in olecranon fractures. Treatment of olecranon fractures by prolonged immobilization often results in limited elbow motion. With the use of a compression screw apparatus, anatomical reduction was obtainable, and only a short period of immobilization was needed. In a series of eleven fractures there were no non-unions and an average decrease in elbow range of motion of only 8 degrees.", "PMID": 429408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14737", "title": "Gunshot wounds of the spine: the effects of laminectomy.", "content": "In a review of 185 patients with gunshot wounds of the spine from low-velocity missiles, 106 were found to have a complete lesion and seventy-nine, an incomplete lesion. Fifty-six patients with complete lesions underwent laminectomy and only one had a partial (sensory) return of function. The fifty patients with complete lesions who had no laminectomy also had no spontaneous improvement. There were forty-five patients with incomplete lesions who had laminectomy and thirty-two (71 per cent) of them showed measurable improvement. For comparison, thirty-four patients with incomplete lesions had no operative treatment and in twenty-six (76.5 per cent) there was some spontaneous return of neural function. Four wound infections and six spinal fistulae developed in the operative group (a complication rate of 10 per cent). Spinal instability developed in six patients because of the laminectomies.", "contents": "Gunshot wounds of the spine: the effects of laminectomy. In a review of 185 patients with gunshot wounds of the spine from low-velocity missiles, 106 were found to have a complete lesion and seventy-nine, an incomplete lesion. Fifty-six patients with complete lesions underwent laminectomy and only one had a partial (sensory) return of function. The fifty patients with complete lesions who had no laminectomy also had no spontaneous improvement. There were forty-five patients with incomplete lesions who had laminectomy and thirty-two (71 per cent) of them showed measurable improvement. For comparison, thirty-four patients with incomplete lesions had no operative treatment and in twenty-six (76.5 per cent) there was some spontaneous return of neural function. Four wound infections and six spinal fistulae developed in the operative group (a complication rate of 10 per cent). Spinal instability developed in six patients because of the laminectomies.", "PMID": 429409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14738", "title": "Lipofibroma of the median nerve in the palm and digits of the hand.", "content": "Lipofibroma of the median nerve or its cutaneous branches is a rare benign tumor. The diagnosis is usually made at surgical exploration of a mass in the distal part of the forearm, the wrist, the palm, or the digits of the hand, which may be asymptomatic or associated with symptoms of carpal-tunnel syndrome. The diagnosis should be made when exploration reveals fusiform enlargement of a segment of the median nerve or its cutaneous branches without hypertrophy of the regional tissues. The tumor is limited to within the epineurial sheath, which is intact, shiny, orange-yellow, firm, thick, and non-resilient to dissection. The nerve tumor does not infiltrate the surrounding tissues nor do the surrounding tissues infiltrate the nerve. If the epineurium is opened, the nerve fibers are found to be inseparably infiltrated by fibrous and fatty tissues. Histologically, these are of epineurial, perineurial, and endoneurial origin. A forzen-section biopsy of a palmar cutaneous branch is suggested to confirm the diagnosis. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the treatment should be limited to release of the fascia over the involved nerve. The tumorous part of the median nerve was partly or completely excised in seven of twenty-six cases reviewed in the literature and this report. It is to emphasize a conservative approach when such a tumor of the median nerve is encountered at surgery that we describe two more cases.", "contents": "Lipofibroma of the median nerve in the palm and digits of the hand. Lipofibroma of the median nerve or its cutaneous branches is a rare benign tumor. The diagnosis is usually made at surgical exploration of a mass in the distal part of the forearm, the wrist, the palm, or the digits of the hand, which may be asymptomatic or associated with symptoms of carpal-tunnel syndrome. The diagnosis should be made when exploration reveals fusiform enlargement of a segment of the median nerve or its cutaneous branches without hypertrophy of the regional tissues. The tumor is limited to within the epineurial sheath, which is intact, shiny, orange-yellow, firm, thick, and non-resilient to dissection. The nerve tumor does not infiltrate the surrounding tissues nor do the surrounding tissues infiltrate the nerve. If the epineurium is opened, the nerve fibers are found to be inseparably infiltrated by fibrous and fatty tissues. Histologically, these are of epineurial, perineurial, and endoneurial origin. A forzen-section biopsy of a palmar cutaneous branch is suggested to confirm the diagnosis. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the treatment should be limited to release of the fascia over the involved nerve. The tumorous part of the median nerve was partly or completely excised in seven of twenty-six cases reviewed in the literature and this report. It is to emphasize a conservative approach when such a tumor of the median nerve is encountered at surgery that we describe two more cases.", "PMID": 429410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14739", "title": "The role of the musculature in injuries to the medial collateral ligament.", "content": "With a knee-testing device we measured the valgus stiffness of the medial musculoligamentous complex of the knee in five volunteers. Tests were done with the muscles quiescent and with contraction of the sartorius and vastus medialis. Contraction of those muscles substantially increased the valgus stiffness. In eight subjects the voluntary reaction times were measured. With either a visual or a tactile impulse for prophylactic muscle contraction, the muscles acted too slowly to augment the stiffness of the knee so as to prevent injury. In fifty-one volunteers we applied the maximum torque to the leg, just short of eliciting pain, and showed that even then the muscle contraction would occur too late to protect the knee in typical sports situations.", "contents": "The role of the musculature in injuries to the medial collateral ligament. With a knee-testing device we measured the valgus stiffness of the medial musculoligamentous complex of the knee in five volunteers. Tests were done with the muscles quiescent and with contraction of the sartorius and vastus medialis. Contraction of those muscles substantially increased the valgus stiffness. In eight subjects the voluntary reaction times were measured. With either a visual or a tactile impulse for prophylactic muscle contraction, the muscles acted too slowly to augment the stiffness of the knee so as to prevent injury. In fifty-one volunteers we applied the maximum torque to the leg, just short of eliciting pain, and showed that even then the muscle contraction would occur too late to protect the knee in typical sports situations.", "PMID": 429411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14740", "title": "A microbiological in-use comparison of surgical hand-washing agents.", "content": "Seven different surgical hand-scrub agents (one triclosan compound, two hexachlorophene compounds, and four iodophors) were evaluated under in-use conditions by five persons for efficacy in degerming the hands and forearms prior to performing a total of 215 total hip arthroplasties. With all of the compounds tested there was a significant reduction (p less than or equal to 0.001) of indigenous skin microflora from prescrub levels at both the post-scrub and postoperative points. The two hexachlorophene compounds in general revealed a bacteriostatic effect whereas the triclosan compound and the four iodophors did not. A hexachlorophene compound applied as a foam demonstrated excellent bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic action, was less time-consuming and easier to use than compounds applied as scrubs, and did not alter a low (0.47 per cent) in-use infection rate over a period of three years.", "contents": "A microbiological in-use comparison of surgical hand-washing agents. Seven different surgical hand-scrub agents (one triclosan compound, two hexachlorophene compounds, and four iodophors) were evaluated under in-use conditions by five persons for efficacy in degerming the hands and forearms prior to performing a total of 215 total hip arthroplasties. With all of the compounds tested there was a significant reduction (p less than or equal to 0.001) of indigenous skin microflora from prescrub levels at both the post-scrub and postoperative points. The two hexachlorophene compounds in general revealed a bacteriostatic effect whereas the triclosan compound and the four iodophors did not. A hexachlorophene compound applied as a foam demonstrated excellent bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic action, was less time-consuming and easier to use than compounds applied as scrubs, and did not alter a low (0.47 per cent) in-use infection rate over a period of three years.", "PMID": 429412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14741", "title": "Metabolic activity of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis. An in vitro study.", "content": "Biochemical changes and in vitro rates of glycosaminoglycan synthesis were studied in thirty-seven samples of human articular cartilage from nineteen osteoarthritic and four normal control patients who were fifty to seventy-five years old. The samples were compared on the basis of histological grade of the arthritis, and subgroups based on the duration of disease, synovial pathological changes, joint studied, and sex were also compared. The osteoarthritic samples showed a progressive loss of glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage as the histological grade increased. In the early stages of the disease there was an increase in the chondroitin sulphate content as well as in the rate of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in several cases when the values for the osteoarthritic articular-cartilage samples were compared with those for the age-matched controls. In the late stages there was a progressive decrease in the rate of glycosaminoglycan synthesis and a relative decrease in chrondroitin sulphate synthesis compared with keratan sulphate synthesis, and these decreases were highly correlated with the histological grade.", "contents": "Metabolic activity of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis. An in vitro study. Biochemical changes and in vitro rates of glycosaminoglycan synthesis were studied in thirty-seven samples of human articular cartilage from nineteen osteoarthritic and four normal control patients who were fifty to seventy-five years old. The samples were compared on the basis of histological grade of the arthritis, and subgroups based on the duration of disease, synovial pathological changes, joint studied, and sex were also compared. The osteoarthritic samples showed a progressive loss of glycosaminoglycans in the cartilage as the histological grade increased. In the early stages of the disease there was an increase in the chondroitin sulphate content as well as in the rate of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in several cases when the values for the osteoarthritic articular-cartilage samples were compared with those for the age-matched controls. In the late stages there was a progressive decrease in the rate of glycosaminoglycan synthesis and a relative decrease in chrondroitin sulphate synthesis compared with keratan sulphate synthesis, and these decreases were highly correlated with the histological grade.", "PMID": 429413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14742", "title": "Supracondylar fractures of the humerus. A comparative study of Dunlop's traction versus percutaneous pinning.", "content": "A retrospective comparative study was done of two groups of patients with displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus. The patients in the first group were treated with Dunlop's traction, while those in the second group were treated by percutaneous pin fixation. There were thirty-six patients in the group treated with Dunlop's traction, of whom twenty-seven were seen in follow-up with an average time of 2.7 years. Twenty-eight patients were in the group treated with pin fixation, of whom twenty were seen in follow-up with an average time of 2.9 years. In each case the chart and roentgenograms were reviewed and the patient was examined. The results showed a 33 per cent incidence of cubitus varus (so-called gunstock deformity) in the patients treated with Dunlop's traction as compared with 5 per cent in those pinned percutaneously. The range of elbow motion was also slightly better in the group treated with pin fixation. Furthermore, the costs and hospital stays were significantly less in those treated by pinning. Complications in both groups were few.", "contents": "Supracondylar fractures of the humerus. A comparative study of Dunlop's traction versus percutaneous pinning. A retrospective comparative study was done of two groups of patients with displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus. The patients in the first group were treated with Dunlop's traction, while those in the second group were treated by percutaneous pin fixation. There were thirty-six patients in the group treated with Dunlop's traction, of whom twenty-seven were seen in follow-up with an average time of 2.7 years. Twenty-eight patients were in the group treated with pin fixation, of whom twenty were seen in follow-up with an average time of 2.9 years. In each case the chart and roentgenograms were reviewed and the patient was examined. The results showed a 33 per cent incidence of cubitus varus (so-called gunstock deformity) in the patients treated with Dunlop's traction as compared with 5 per cent in those pinned percutaneously. The range of elbow motion was also slightly better in the group treated with pin fixation. Furthermore, the costs and hospital stays were significantly less in those treated by pinning. Complications in both groups were few.", "PMID": 429415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14743", "title": "Radiologic consultation to a remote Canadian hospital using Hermes spacecraft.", "content": "Access to medical services in north Canada is limited by geography, climate, communication and transportation. A geostationary spacecraft, Hermes, was used to provide dependable, high-quality communication between a remote nursing station, a base hospital and a health science centre. Teleradiology formed an important component of the telemedicine services. Remote supervision of radiography and fluoroscopy was made possible; consultation services were shown to be 90% effective.", "contents": "Radiologic consultation to a remote Canadian hospital using Hermes spacecraft. Access to medical services in north Canada is limited by geography, climate, communication and transportation. A geostationary spacecraft, Hermes, was used to provide dependable, high-quality communication between a remote nursing station, a base hospital and a health science centre. Teleradiology formed an important component of the telemedicine services. Remote supervision of radiography and fluoroscopy was made possible; consultation services were shown to be 90% effective.", "PMID": 429429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14744", "title": "A modular computer system for radiologists.", "content": "A computer system was developed for two private radiology offices, consisting of six modular components, a history file, registration file, assisted reporting module, appointment management module, accounting module and statistical module. Effectiveness and efficiency of patient care have been increased substantially.", "contents": "A modular computer system for radiologists. A computer system was developed for two private radiology offices, consisting of six modular components, a history file, registration file, assisted reporting module, appointment management module, accounting module and statistical module. Effectiveness and efficiency of patient care have been increased substantially.", "PMID": 429430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14745", "title": "Flow-chart for sequential cholecystography.", "content": "A protocol designed to integrate oral cholecystography with ultrasonography and scintiscanning of the gallbladder is presented. The planned use of these modalities will permit a 95% clinically useful assessment on a single visit to the x-ray department.", "contents": "Flow-chart for sequential cholecystography. A protocol designed to integrate oral cholecystography with ultrasonography and scintiscanning of the gallbladder is presented. The planned use of these modalities will permit a 95% clinically useful assessment on a single visit to the x-ray department.", "PMID": 429431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14746", "title": "The ellipse sign--an aid in the diagnosis of acute ulcers.", "content": "When a persistent collection of barium is seen during a radiographic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract, differentiation of acute ulceration from non-ulcerating entities (e.g. diverticulum, pseudodiverticulum, residual deformity of surgical intervention) is sometimes difficult. When, however, the persistent collection of barium has an ellipitical configuration, the orientation of the long axis of the ellipse can be an indicator of the nature of the pathologic process. If the long axis is perpendicular to the lumen, the collection represents a deformity without acute ulceration. If the long axis is parallel to the lumen, the collection represents an acute ulceration.", "contents": "The ellipse sign--an aid in the diagnosis of acute ulcers. When a persistent collection of barium is seen during a radiographic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract, differentiation of acute ulceration from non-ulcerating entities (e.g. diverticulum, pseudodiverticulum, residual deformity of surgical intervention) is sometimes difficult. When, however, the persistent collection of barium has an ellipitical configuration, the orientation of the long axis of the ellipse can be an indicator of the nature of the pathologic process. If the long axis is perpendicular to the lumen, the collection represents a deformity without acute ulceration. If the long axis is parallel to the lumen, the collection represents an acute ulceration.", "PMID": 429432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14747", "title": "Neonatal skeletal fractures. Birth trauma or child abuse?", "content": "When a fracture is discovered in a newborn infant, it is important to decide whether it occurred at birth or after birth. Calcification around the fracture site gives a useful estimate of the age of the fracture. We reviewed films of 23 patients with fractures resulting from delivery. The fractures occurred at three different sites: the clavicle, the humerus, and the femur. Calcification could be seen as early as seven days after birth and was absent for as long as 11 days after birth. Six of seven femoral fractures occurred in infants with neuromuscular problems. Fracture at an unusual site or absence of calcification after 11 days should alert the radiologist to the possibility of abuse.", "contents": "Neonatal skeletal fractures. Birth trauma or child abuse? When a fracture is discovered in a newborn infant, it is important to decide whether it occurred at birth or after birth. Calcification around the fracture site gives a useful estimate of the age of the fracture. We reviewed films of 23 patients with fractures resulting from delivery. The fractures occurred at three different sites: the clavicle, the humerus, and the femur. Calcification could be seen as early as seven days after birth and was absent for as long as 11 days after birth. Six of seven femoral fractures occurred in infants with neuromuscular problems. Fracture at an unusual site or absence of calcification after 11 days should alert the radiologist to the possibility of abuse.", "PMID": 429433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14748", "title": "Giant-cell tumor of the sacrum. Clinical and radiologic features in 13 patients.", "content": "Thirteen patients were found to have giant-cell tumors during a study of 91 primary tumors of the sacrum. This tumor was second only to the chordoma in incidence. Giant-cell tumor is by far the commonest benign lesion of the sarcrum, yet it has a bad prognosis. Recurrences occurred in seven patients and five died of disease or a complication. All were histologically benign when first seen, but one developed a malignant giant-cell tumor and died within two years, and one developed a radiation-induced sarcoma 10 years following treatment. Computed tomography in two recent patients proved to be the most valuable single examination. Arteriography is helpful in showing the degree of vascularity of the tumor and the exact position of the large vessels, particularly important when surgical resection is planned.", "contents": "Giant-cell tumor of the sacrum. Clinical and radiologic features in 13 patients. Thirteen patients were found to have giant-cell tumors during a study of 91 primary tumors of the sacrum. This tumor was second only to the chordoma in incidence. Giant-cell tumor is by far the commonest benign lesion of the sarcrum, yet it has a bad prognosis. Recurrences occurred in seven patients and five died of disease or a complication. All were histologically benign when first seen, but one developed a malignant giant-cell tumor and died within two years, and one developed a radiation-induced sarcoma 10 years following treatment. Computed tomography in two recent patients proved to be the most valuable single examination. Arteriography is helpful in showing the degree of vascularity of the tumor and the exact position of the large vessels, particularly important when surgical resection is planned.", "PMID": 429434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14749", "title": "Coarctation of the aorta: additional signs.", "content": "Rib notching and the figure-three configuration and the most often cited signs of coarctation of the thoracic aorta in the adult. In our experience, these so-called classic signs are absent in many patients. Abnormalities of the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and superior mediastinum are also major findings and indeed may be the only findings in coarctation. This has not been sufficiently emphasized in standard radiology texts. In order to elucidate these points, we reviewed the chest radiographs of 13 patients with adult-type coarctation of the aorta presenting to the Jewish General Hospital over a 10-year period. In addition, the chest radiographic findings of five patients with pseudocoarctation were compared to those of true coarctation.", "contents": "Coarctation of the aorta: additional signs. Rib notching and the figure-three configuration and the most often cited signs of coarctation of the thoracic aorta in the adult. In our experience, these so-called classic signs are absent in many patients. Abnormalities of the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and superior mediastinum are also major findings and indeed may be the only findings in coarctation. This has not been sufficiently emphasized in standard radiology texts. In order to elucidate these points, we reviewed the chest radiographs of 13 patients with adult-type coarctation of the aorta presenting to the Jewish General Hospital over a 10-year period. In addition, the chest radiographic findings of five patients with pseudocoarctation were compared to those of true coarctation.", "PMID": 429435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14750", "title": "Arterial dissection with use of catheter needle in retrograde femoral arteriography.", "content": "A retrospective study of 82 cases of peripheral vascular occlusive disease examined by retrograde femoral arteriography with a catheter needle technique showed a 6% incidence of retrograde arterial wall dissection involving the iliac arteries and the aorta. In one patient, the dissection re-entered the abdominal aorta near the renal arteries, producing an iatrogenic chronic dissection. The others did not demonstrate any permanent side effects. In 1974, in view of the appreciable risk in the use of a catheter needle, the technique was changed to percutaneous femoral catheterization of the abdominal aorta using a catheter with multiple side holes. No further cases of iatrogenic aortic dissection were observed. A veriety of mechanisms may have been responsible for the dissections.", "contents": "Arterial dissection with use of catheter needle in retrograde femoral arteriography. A retrospective study of 82 cases of peripheral vascular occlusive disease examined by retrograde femoral arteriography with a catheter needle technique showed a 6% incidence of retrograde arterial wall dissection involving the iliac arteries and the aorta. In one patient, the dissection re-entered the abdominal aorta near the renal arteries, producing an iatrogenic chronic dissection. The others did not demonstrate any permanent side effects. In 1974, in view of the appreciable risk in the use of a catheter needle, the technique was changed to percutaneous femoral catheterization of the abdominal aorta using a catheter with multiple side holes. No further cases of iatrogenic aortic dissection were observed. A veriety of mechanisms may have been responsible for the dissections.", "PMID": 429436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14751", "title": "Lower urinary tract trauma.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with lower urinary tract injuries were reviewed at H\u00f4tel-Dieu de Montr\u00e9al. Eighteen involved the urethra and ten involved the bladder. Pelvic rami fractures are the main cause of bladder rupture, including almost all cases of extraperitoneal bladder rupture. Pelvic fractures are also the main cause of posterior and bulbo-menbranous urethra rupture. Endoscopy and indwelling catheter insertions follow in importance. Rupture of the bladder can be either extraperitoneal (80%) or intraperitoneal (20%). Ruptures of the urethra involve mainly the posterior and bulbo-membranous segments of the urethra. Post-traumatic strictures nevertheless affect the anterior segment more commonly. In all suspected cases of injury involving the lower urinary tract, retrograde urethrography should be done first, followed by retrograde cystography if indicated. A good knowledge of the relationship of the anatomic compartments is essential to the assessment of communicating injury.", "contents": "Lower urinary tract trauma. Twenty-eight patients with lower urinary tract injuries were reviewed at H\u00f4tel-Dieu de Montr\u00e9al. Eighteen involved the urethra and ten involved the bladder. Pelvic rami fractures are the main cause of bladder rupture, including almost all cases of extraperitoneal bladder rupture. Pelvic fractures are also the main cause of posterior and bulbo-menbranous urethra rupture. Endoscopy and indwelling catheter insertions follow in importance. Rupture of the bladder can be either extraperitoneal (80%) or intraperitoneal (20%). Ruptures of the urethra involve mainly the posterior and bulbo-membranous segments of the urethra. Post-traumatic strictures nevertheless affect the anterior segment more commonly. In all suspected cases of injury involving the lower urinary tract, retrograde urethrography should be done first, followed by retrograde cystography if indicated. A good knowledge of the relationship of the anatomic compartments is essential to the assessment of communicating injury.", "PMID": 429437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14752", "title": "A modification of the radiology teaching conference.", "content": "Radiographs are placed on display the day before each teaching conference. This improves the discussion and enhances the learning experience.", "contents": "A modification of the radiology teaching conference. Radiographs are placed on display the day before each teaching conference. This improves the discussion and enhances the learning experience.", "PMID": 429438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14753", "title": "Radiopaque suppositories mimicking bladder calculi.", "content": "A paraplegic patient presented with radiopaque suppositories mimicking recurrent calculi. An unnecessary cystotomy resulted.", "contents": "Radiopaque suppositories mimicking bladder calculi. A paraplegic patient presented with radiopaque suppositories mimicking recurrent calculi. An unnecessary cystotomy resulted.", "PMID": 429439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14754", "title": "Physiologic myometrial thickening: a source of confusion.", "content": "Focal myometrial thickening, thought to represent a focal transient myometrial contraction, was observed to disappear during the course of an ultrasonic examination.", "contents": "Physiologic myometrial thickening: a source of confusion. Focal myometrial thickening, thought to represent a focal transient myometrial contraction, was observed to disappear during the course of an ultrasonic examination.", "PMID": 429441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14755", "title": "Diastematomyelia in a geriatric patient.", "content": "The discovery of diastematomyelia in a geriatric patient is a rare occurrence. A 76-year-old woman with this entity was not diagnosed until she developed superimposed motor neuron disease.", "contents": "Diastematomyelia in a geriatric patient. The discovery of diastematomyelia in a geriatric patient is a rare occurrence. A 76-year-old woman with this entity was not diagnosed until she developed superimposed motor neuron disease.", "PMID": 429442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14756", "title": "Variations in x-ray exposures to patients.", "content": "X-ray exposures to patients were measured in 30 rooms in Toronto hospitals. For a given procedure, the total exposure for a satisfactory examination differed from one room to another by as much as a factor of 30, skin exposures reaching 90 R and more for barium enemas and barium meals. The factors primarily responsible for these large differences in exposure were fluoroscopic exposure rate (0.65-12 R/min) and time 1.5-12 min), kVp and filtration (8:1), choice of screen-film combination (6:1) and attenuation of table tops and phototimers (4:1). The increase by a factor of 5 in exposure of pelvic organs, when using beams directed AP instead of PA, requires that remote-controlled GI machines be used cautiously, particularly on women of childbearing age. It is also important that these machines have tables with low attenuation. The use in some rooms of minimal fluoroscopic exposure rates and 70 mm fluorography at total exposures of less than 5 R shows that radiographic examinations can be made virtually \"safe\" with modern, properly adjusted equipment.", "contents": "Variations in x-ray exposures to patients. X-ray exposures to patients were measured in 30 rooms in Toronto hospitals. For a given procedure, the total exposure for a satisfactory examination differed from one room to another by as much as a factor of 30, skin exposures reaching 90 R and more for barium enemas and barium meals. The factors primarily responsible for these large differences in exposure were fluoroscopic exposure rate (0.65-12 R/min) and time 1.5-12 min), kVp and filtration (8:1), choice of screen-film combination (6:1) and attenuation of table tops and phototimers (4:1). The increase by a factor of 5 in exposure of pelvic organs, when using beams directed AP instead of PA, requires that remote-controlled GI machines be used cautiously, particularly on women of childbearing age. It is also important that these machines have tables with low attenuation. The use in some rooms of minimal fluoroscopic exposure rates and 70 mm fluorography at total exposures of less than 5 R shows that radiographic examinations can be made virtually \"safe\" with modern, properly adjusted equipment.", "PMID": 429443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14757", "title": "Osteoid osteoma in cancellous bone.", "content": "Osteoid osteoma in cancellous bone lacks the usual osteoblastic reaction that accompanies the classical cortical or juxtacortical osteoid osteoma. Familiarity with this type of presentation should instigate the appropriate diagnostic steps, including nuclear medicine studies using pin-hole collimation, and thin tomographic cuts.", "contents": "Osteoid osteoma in cancellous bone. Osteoid osteoma in cancellous bone lacks the usual osteoblastic reaction that accompanies the classical cortical or juxtacortical osteoid osteoma. Familiarity with this type of presentation should instigate the appropriate diagnostic steps, including nuclear medicine studies using pin-hole collimation, and thin tomographic cuts.", "PMID": 429444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14758", "title": "Hypogammaglobulinemia and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the gut.", "content": "A 34-year-old female had longstanding hypogammaglobulinemia associated with extensive nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) of the small bowel, colon and gallbladder. The characteristic appearance in double contrast barium studies should alert the radiologist to the possibility of hypogammaglobulinemia.", "contents": "Hypogammaglobulinemia and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the gut. A 34-year-old female had longstanding hypogammaglobulinemia associated with extensive nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) of the small bowel, colon and gallbladder. The characteristic appearance in double contrast barium studies should alert the radiologist to the possibility of hypogammaglobulinemia.", "PMID": 429445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14759", "title": "Urinoma diagnosed on a bone scan.", "content": "A case of urinoma diagnosed on a bone scan is described. The administration of radiotracers excreted by the kidney is a useful, non-invasive, uncomplicated diagnostic procedure when leakage from the urinary tract is suspected.", "contents": "Urinoma diagnosed on a bone scan. A case of urinoma diagnosed on a bone scan is described. The administration of radiotracers excreted by the kidney is a useful, non-invasive, uncomplicated diagnostic procedure when leakage from the urinary tract is suspected.", "PMID": 429446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14760", "title": "Plethysmography during aorto-iliac surgery.", "content": "Cardiac output, arterial and central venous pressures and calf blood flow were used to monitor patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Measurement of calf blood flow by means of venous occlusion plethysmography showed that measurable blood flow to the legs persisted after clamping of the aorta in patients with occlusive aortoiliac lesions and that the hyperaemic response following release of the clamp was reduced. Arterial hypotension after clamp release was of the same time course as the hyperaemia. Leg blood flow measurement was a valuable monitoring procedure.", "contents": "Plethysmography during aorto-iliac surgery. Cardiac output, arterial and central venous pressures and calf blood flow were used to monitor patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Measurement of calf blood flow by means of venous occlusion plethysmography showed that measurable blood flow to the legs persisted after clamping of the aorta in patients with occlusive aortoiliac lesions and that the hyperaemic response following release of the clamp was reduced. Arterial hypotension after clamp release was of the same time course as the hyperaemia. Leg blood flow measurement was a valuable monitoring procedure.", "PMID": 429453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14761", "title": "Uncommon congenital anomalies of the aorta.", "content": "Two cases of atypical localization of an aortic coarctation are described. One patient was a hypertensive girl with a hypoplastic type of coarctation in the descending aorta. After insertion of a bypass graft the hypertension disappeared. The other patient was a hypertensive girl with a total aplasia of the distal abdominal aorta and a hypoplasia of a right renal artery. After right nephrectomy the blood pressure became normal. There were no symptoms or signs of ischemia of the legs. This is the second case, known in literature, with a total aplasia of the abdominal aorta. Some general considerations about atypical coarctations are made.", "contents": "Uncommon congenital anomalies of the aorta. Two cases of atypical localization of an aortic coarctation are described. One patient was a hypertensive girl with a hypoplastic type of coarctation in the descending aorta. After insertion of a bypass graft the hypertension disappeared. The other patient was a hypertensive girl with a total aplasia of the distal abdominal aorta and a hypoplasia of a right renal artery. After right nephrectomy the blood pressure became normal. There were no symptoms or signs of ischemia of the legs. This is the second case, known in literature, with a total aplasia of the abdominal aorta. Some general considerations about atypical coarctations are made.", "PMID": 429452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14762", "title": "Is there a place for external grafting of arterial aneurysms in selected patients?", "content": "External grafting of aortic and iliac artery aneurysms has been accomplished in 33 highly selected poor risk patients over a period of eight years. This experience demonstrated that external grafting of aneurysms is a technically demanding operative procedure which is accompanied by significant early and late morbidity. The technique does effectively reduce the occurrence rate of late rupture of aneurysms, however, at least for the period of observation of this study. Thus, while external grafting certainly is not generally applicable, the procedure may be used to advantage in highly selected situations, possibly including: 1. Long segment aneurysms of the thoracic or thoraco-abdominal aorta. 2. Aneurysms involving the renal arteries in poor risk patients. 3. As reinforcement for dilated arterial segments adjacent to sites of vascular anastomosis.", "contents": "Is there a place for external grafting of arterial aneurysms in selected patients? External grafting of aortic and iliac artery aneurysms has been accomplished in 33 highly selected poor risk patients over a period of eight years. This experience demonstrated that external grafting of aneurysms is a technically demanding operative procedure which is accompanied by significant early and late morbidity. The technique does effectively reduce the occurrence rate of late rupture of aneurysms, however, at least for the period of observation of this study. Thus, while external grafting certainly is not generally applicable, the procedure may be used to advantage in highly selected situations, possibly including: 1. Long segment aneurysms of the thoracic or thoraco-abdominal aorta. 2. Aneurysms involving the renal arteries in poor risk patients. 3. As reinforcement for dilated arterial segments adjacent to sites of vascular anastomosis.", "PMID": 429449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14763", "title": "Chemical data: an essential tool in the regulation of drugs.", "content": "How the Bureau of Drugs laboratories and offices obtain chemical data from the scientific literature, from user complaints and product defect reporting systems, from the drug manufacturers, from analyses of drug samples collected from the market, and from analytical research are described. The chemical data thus educed have been used successfully in developing new analytical methods, in establishing better specifications of drug quality, in removing adulterated drugs from the marketplace, in successfully prosecuting purveyors of substandard drugs, and in general assuring that consumers are provided with safe and effective drugs of high quality.", "contents": "Chemical data: an essential tool in the regulation of drugs. How the Bureau of Drugs laboratories and offices obtain chemical data from the scientific literature, from user complaints and product defect reporting systems, from the drug manufacturers, from analyses of drug samples collected from the market, and from analytical research are described. The chemical data thus educed have been used successfully in developing new analytical methods, in establishing better specifications of drug quality, in removing adulterated drugs from the marketplace, in successfully prosecuting purveyors of substandard drugs, and in general assuring that consumers are provided with safe and effective drugs of high quality.", "PMID": 429460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14764", "title": "Recurrences after Linton flap operation.", "content": "Out of 112 patients who had a Linton flap operation recurrences developed in 13.3%. The most common causes of it were the incomplete first operation and deep venous thrombosis developing in the follow up period.", "contents": "Recurrences after Linton flap operation. Out of 112 patients who had a Linton flap operation recurrences developed in 13.3%. The most common causes of it were the incomplete first operation and deep venous thrombosis developing in the follow up period.", "PMID": 429454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14765", "title": "Aneurysms in a branch of the renal artery in the hilus: obliteration by means of surgical clips.", "content": "An aneurysm in a branch of the renal artery within the hilus of a 44 year old woman was successfully obliterated without affecting the circulation in the parenchyma. The surgical treatment consisted of applying Scoville clips designed for intracranial aneurysms to the neck of the sac of the aneurysm. Postoperatively the patient has remained free of her previous hypertension for over four years.", "contents": "Aneurysms in a branch of the renal artery in the hilus: obliteration by means of surgical clips. An aneurysm in a branch of the renal artery within the hilus of a 44 year old woman was successfully obliterated without affecting the circulation in the parenchyma. The surgical treatment consisted of applying Scoville clips designed for intracranial aneurysms to the neck of the sac of the aneurysm. Postoperatively the patient has remained free of her previous hypertension for over four years.", "PMID": 429450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14766", "title": "Sources of chemical information used in antibiotic certification.", "content": "Because of a legislative mandate requiring the predistribution testing and certification of each batch of antibiotics produced for human use in the U.S.A., the National Center for Antibiotics Analysis (NCAA) must utilize a wide variety of techniques for establishing its official methods. Methods adapted from material submitted by the manufacturers in Forms 5 and 6, as well as from other sources, such as literature searches, the NCAA reprint collection, and cross reference file are described.", "contents": "Sources of chemical information used in antibiotic certification. Because of a legislative mandate requiring the predistribution testing and certification of each batch of antibiotics produced for human use in the U.S.A., the National Center for Antibiotics Analysis (NCAA) must utilize a wide variety of techniques for establishing its official methods. Methods adapted from material submitted by the manufacturers in Forms 5 and 6, as well as from other sources, such as literature searches, the NCAA reprint collection, and cross reference file are described.", "PMID": 429461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14767", "title": "Infections and anastomotic false aneurysms in reconstructive vascular surgery.", "content": "The authors report their experiences in two kinds of late complications of direct reconstructive surgery: infections and anastomotic false aneurysms. Such complications occurred after operations calling for the use of alloplastic prostheses, with an incidence of 2.8% out of all other operations in which prosthesic grafts have been used. All the patients have undergone second surgery with good results in 16 cases out of 19 (84.3%), 1 patient underwent amputation (5.2%) and 2 patients, suffering for infected false aneurysms of the aorta, died (10.5%).", "contents": "Infections and anastomotic false aneurysms in reconstructive vascular surgery. The authors report their experiences in two kinds of late complications of direct reconstructive surgery: infections and anastomotic false aneurysms. Such complications occurred after operations calling for the use of alloplastic prostheses, with an incidence of 2.8% out of all other operations in which prosthesic grafts have been used. All the patients have undergone second surgery with good results in 16 cases out of 19 (84.3%), 1 patient underwent amputation (5.2%) and 2 patients, suffering for infected false aneurysms of the aorta, died (10.5%).", "PMID": 429451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14768", "title": "Complete replacement of the ascending aorta and the aortic valve with coronary reimplantation.", "content": "In 6 patients with cystic medial necrosis of the ascending aorta and the aortic root complete elective replacement of these structures with coronary reimplantation was performed. Two patients died from postoperative left ventricular failure, 4 patients survived and were hemodynamically unaffected at follow-up. Also the heart size in these patients decreased postoperatively. Survival seemed mainly related to the degree of preoperative cardiac failure and cardiomegaly.", "contents": "Complete replacement of the ascending aorta and the aortic valve with coronary reimplantation. In 6 patients with cystic medial necrosis of the ascending aorta and the aortic root complete elective replacement of these structures with coronary reimplantation was performed. Two patients died from postoperative left ventricular failure, 4 patients survived and were hemodynamically unaffected at follow-up. Also the heart size in these patients decreased postoperatively. Survival seemed mainly related to the degree of preoperative cardiac failure and cardiomegaly.", "PMID": 429457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14769", "title": "Pacemaker twiddler's syndrome: a note on its mechanism.", "content": "Two elderly women were given a bipolar endocardial ventricular inhibited demand pacing system. They developed total loss of capture on the 16th and 62nd post-operative day and sikagrams of chest revealed pull out of endocardial catheter due to formation of multi-twined loop in the loose and laxed subcutaneous pulse generator pockets. Various mechanisms of this unusual complication with suggestions for prevention have been discussed.", "contents": "Pacemaker twiddler's syndrome: a note on its mechanism. Two elderly women were given a bipolar endocardial ventricular inhibited demand pacing system. They developed total loss of capture on the 16th and 62nd post-operative day and sikagrams of chest revealed pull out of endocardial catheter due to formation of multi-twined loop in the loose and laxed subcutaneous pulse generator pockets. Various mechanisms of this unusual complication with suggestions for prevention have been discussed.", "PMID": 429459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14770", "title": "Coronary perfusion under general and selective cardiac hypothermia.", "content": "Experiments to assess left ventricular function in dogs during and after 2 hours of hypothermic cardioplegia are reported. During the experiment myocardial temperature was maintained between 15 degrees C and 18 degrees C by controlling the rate of flow of a cool cardioplegic solution into the coronary vessels. Before and after the period of hypothermia the left atrial pressure was gradually changed and the aortic flows and pressures that changed in response were recorded. The left ventricular stroke work (gm) was then calculated using the relationship: LVSM = (formula: see text) where: SV = stroke volume (ml), AP = arterial pressure (mmHg), LAP = left atrial pressure (mmHg). Comparison of the calculated values indicated that this method of maintaining cardiac hypothermia reduced cardiac function only slightly.", "contents": "Coronary perfusion under general and selective cardiac hypothermia. Experiments to assess left ventricular function in dogs during and after 2 hours of hypothermic cardioplegia are reported. During the experiment myocardial temperature was maintained between 15 degrees C and 18 degrees C by controlling the rate of flow of a cool cardioplegic solution into the coronary vessels. Before and after the period of hypothermia the left atrial pressure was gradually changed and the aortic flows and pressures that changed in response were recorded. The left ventricular stroke work (gm) was then calculated using the relationship: LVSM = (formula: see text) where: SV = stroke volume (ml), AP = arterial pressure (mmHg), LAP = left atrial pressure (mmHg). Comparison of the calculated values indicated that this method of maintaining cardiac hypothermia reduced cardiac function only slightly.", "PMID": 429458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14771", "title": "Cimetidine, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, occupies androgen receptors.", "content": "The histamine H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine is in increasing usage in the medical management of peptic ulcer. In clinical trials, its most frequent side effect is gynecomastia. Such estrogenic/antiandrogenic manifestations are well known side effects of treatment with digitoxin or spirolactones. Both of these drugs share a common skeleton with the steroid hormones and have been shown to occupy estrogen and/or androgen receptors. Cimetidine has no measurable affinity for rat uterine estradiol receptors, but competes for tritiated dihydrotestosterone-binding sites in mouse kidney preparations with a displacement curve parallel to that for unlabeled dihydrotestosterone. Steroid receptor-mediated side effects, therefore, may not be confined to molecules with a common skeleton, such as steroids, spirolactones, and cardiac glycosides, but may extend to such apparently unrelated molecules as histamine antagonists and androgens.", "contents": "Cimetidine, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, occupies androgen receptors. The histamine H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine is in increasing usage in the medical management of peptic ulcer. In clinical trials, its most frequent side effect is gynecomastia. Such estrogenic/antiandrogenic manifestations are well known side effects of treatment with digitoxin or spirolactones. Both of these drugs share a common skeleton with the steroid hormones and have been shown to occupy estrogen and/or androgen receptors. Cimetidine has no measurable affinity for rat uterine estradiol receptors, but competes for tritiated dihydrotestosterone-binding sites in mouse kidney preparations with a displacement curve parallel to that for unlabeled dihydrotestosterone. Steroid receptor-mediated side effects, therefore, may not be confined to molecules with a common skeleton, such as steroids, spirolactones, and cardiac glycosides, but may extend to such apparently unrelated molecules as histamine antagonists and androgens.", "PMID": 429472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14772", "title": "Solubilization of human thyroid microsomal antigen.", "content": "The ability of detergents (Triton X-100 and deoxycholate), high ionic strength solution (3 M KC1), and proteolytic enzymes (papain and trypsin) to solubilize human thyroid microsomal antigen was studied. Antigenic activity released from thyroid microsomal preparation into the incubation mixture was separated by centrifugation at 143,000 x g for 90 min and measured using 125I-labeled human immunoglobulin G (IgG) with elevated antimicrosomal (anti-M) and undetectable anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-M IgG). All solubilized materials were shown to bind [125I]anti-M IgG and to inhibit its binding to untreated thyroid microsomes. These effects were specific and dose related. Measurements of specific activity and total amount of solubilized antigen by an absorption technique showed that Triton X-100 was the most effective agent, followed by deoxycholate, papain, trypsin, and 3 M KC1 in decreasing order. Affinity chromatography with the deoxycholate-solubilized material coupled to Sepharose 4B resulted in a 15.6-fold purification of [125I]anti-M antibodies. The present results indicate that thyroid microsomal antigen may be solubilized by several agents and this can provide the basis for its identification and purification.", "contents": "Solubilization of human thyroid microsomal antigen. The ability of detergents (Triton X-100 and deoxycholate), high ionic strength solution (3 M KC1), and proteolytic enzymes (papain and trypsin) to solubilize human thyroid microsomal antigen was studied. Antigenic activity released from thyroid microsomal preparation into the incubation mixture was separated by centrifugation at 143,000 x g for 90 min and measured using 125I-labeled human immunoglobulin G (IgG) with elevated antimicrosomal (anti-M) and undetectable anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-M IgG). All solubilized materials were shown to bind [125I]anti-M IgG and to inhibit its binding to untreated thyroid microsomes. These effects were specific and dose related. Measurements of specific activity and total amount of solubilized antigen by an absorption technique showed that Triton X-100 was the most effective agent, followed by deoxycholate, papain, trypsin, and 3 M KC1 in decreasing order. Affinity chromatography with the deoxycholate-solubilized material coupled to Sepharose 4B resulted in a 15.6-fold purification of [125I]anti-M antibodies. The present results indicate that thyroid microsomal antigen may be solubilized by several agents and this can provide the basis for its identification and purification.", "PMID": 429474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14773", "title": "Carcinoma of the breast associated with hypercalcemia and the presence of parathyroid hormone-like substances in the tumor.", "content": "A woman with metastatic carcinoma of the breast developed hypercalcemia 39 months after mastectomy. The hypercalcemia remitted after treatment but recurred 12 months later, accompanied by elevated levels of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH). A urea/HC1 extract of hepatic metastases contained immunoreactive PTH, material which stimulated the resorption of fetal rat bone in tissue culture, and material which stimulated chick renal adenylate cyclase activity. These findings strongly suggest that this breast cancer produced a PTH-like substance.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the breast associated with hypercalcemia and the presence of parathyroid hormone-like substances in the tumor. A woman with metastatic carcinoma of the breast developed hypercalcemia 39 months after mastectomy. The hypercalcemia remitted after treatment but recurred 12 months later, accompanied by elevated levels of serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH). A urea/HC1 extract of hepatic metastases contained immunoreactive PTH, material which stimulated the resorption of fetal rat bone in tissue culture, and material which stimulated chick renal adenylate cyclase activity. These findings strongly suggest that this breast cancer produced a PTH-like substance.", "PMID": 429476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14774", "title": "Enhanced adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin II in patients with low renin essential hypertension.", "content": "The plasma aldosterone response to infused angiotensin II was determined in normal controls and in patients with normal renin and with low renin essential hypertension. The patients with low renin essential hypertension showed an enhanced plasma aldosterone response when compared to the other two groups. This finding may explain why plasma aldosterone levels remain within normal limits in the face of suppressed plasma renin and angiotensin II concentrations in low renin essential hypertension.", "contents": "Enhanced adrenal responsiveness to angiotensin II in patients with low renin essential hypertension. The plasma aldosterone response to infused angiotensin II was determined in normal controls and in patients with normal renin and with low renin essential hypertension. The patients with low renin essential hypertension showed an enhanced plasma aldosterone response when compared to the other two groups. This finding may explain why plasma aldosterone levels remain within normal limits in the face of suppressed plasma renin and angiotensin II concentrations in low renin essential hypertension.", "PMID": 429480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14775", "title": "Comparative potency of subtilisin-cleaved and intact human growth hormone measured in growth hormone-deficient human subjects.", "content": "Eight GH-deficient subjects received both subtilisin-cleaved human GH (hGH-S) and intact hGH (hGH-I) during short term balance studies to compare the potency of these two forms of GH. Both forms caused nitrogen retention, calciuria, postassium retention, and elevation of blood glucose. The effects on plasma insulin concentrations were inconstant at the doses used. hGH-S was more potent than hGH-I, as measured by nitrogen and potassium retention, and the differences reached levels of statistical significance. hGH-S also caused greater calciuria and increases in fasting the postprandial blood glucose and in postprandial insulin in absolute terms, but these differences did not reach levels of statistical significance. In no instance was hGH-I significantly more potent than hGH-S. We conclude hGH-S, a two-chain form of hGH, caused significantly greater nitrogen and potassium retention in human subjects in short term balance studies than hGH-I.", "contents": "Comparative potency of subtilisin-cleaved and intact human growth hormone measured in growth hormone-deficient human subjects. Eight GH-deficient subjects received both subtilisin-cleaved human GH (hGH-S) and intact hGH (hGH-I) during short term balance studies to compare the potency of these two forms of GH. Both forms caused nitrogen retention, calciuria, postassium retention, and elevation of blood glucose. The effects on plasma insulin concentrations were inconstant at the doses used. hGH-S was more potent than hGH-I, as measured by nitrogen and potassium retention, and the differences reached levels of statistical significance. hGH-S also caused greater calciuria and increases in fasting the postprandial blood glucose and in postprandial insulin in absolute terms, but these differences did not reach levels of statistical significance. In no instance was hGH-I significantly more potent than hGH-S. We conclude hGH-S, a two-chain form of hGH, caused significantly greater nitrogen and potassium retention in human subjects in short term balance studies than hGH-I.", "PMID": 429482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14776", "title": "Metabolic clearance rate and interconversion of androgens and the influence of the free androgen fraction.", "content": "Using the continuous infusion technique, the conversion ratios (CR) of testosterone (T) to androstenedione (A) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and of A to T and DHT were determined in 12 normal males (aged 31-72 yr), 10 normal postmenopausal women, and 4 amenorrheic women with idiopathic hirsutism; in 4 additional males these studies were performed during infusion of cold T to increase plasma T to supraphysiological levels. It was observed that besides the MCR of T and DHT, the blood conversion ratios (CRBB) of T in A and to a lesser extent of T in DHT were also significantly correlated with either the free or the nontestosterone-estradiol-binding globulin-bound T fraction but not with total plasma T. In postmenopausal women, plasma A was by far the most important precursor of plasma DHT; the CRA/DHTBB was significantly higher than CRT/DHTBB. It is suggested that total plasma A, but only nonspecifically bound T, freely gains access into the cells where these conversions occur and that plasma A might be an important parameter of androgenicity. Less than 50% of plasma DHT could be accounted for by peripheral conversion of either A or T. Whereas in males this may be explained by direct DHT secretion, in (postmenopausal) women conversion of other precursors to plasma DHT should be considered.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance rate and interconversion of androgens and the influence of the free androgen fraction. Using the continuous infusion technique, the conversion ratios (CR) of testosterone (T) to androstenedione (A) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and of A to T and DHT were determined in 12 normal males (aged 31-72 yr), 10 normal postmenopausal women, and 4 amenorrheic women with idiopathic hirsutism; in 4 additional males these studies were performed during infusion of cold T to increase plasma T to supraphysiological levels. It was observed that besides the MCR of T and DHT, the blood conversion ratios (CRBB) of T in A and to a lesser extent of T in DHT were also significantly correlated with either the free or the nontestosterone-estradiol-binding globulin-bound T fraction but not with total plasma T. In postmenopausal women, plasma A was by far the most important precursor of plasma DHT; the CRA/DHTBB was significantly higher than CRT/DHTBB. It is suggested that total plasma A, but only nonspecifically bound T, freely gains access into the cells where these conversions occur and that plasma A might be an important parameter of androgenicity. Less than 50% of plasma DHT could be accounted for by peripheral conversion of either A or T. Whereas in males this may be explained by direct DHT secretion, in (postmenopausal) women conversion of other precursors to plasma DHT should be considered.", "PMID": 429485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14777", "title": "Effect of three serotonin antagonists on plasma prolactin response to suckling in puerperal women.", "content": "The effect of the acute administration of three serotonin antagonists on plasma PRL levels and on the PRL response to suckling was investigated in a group of puerperal women. A single oral dose of metergoline or methysergide induced a significant decrease of plasma PRL levels and abolished the PRL response to suckling. Cyproheptadine administration did not modify either the plasma PRL levels or the PRL response to suckling. These results are discussed in light of the known pharmacological properties of the three antiserotonergic drugs.", "contents": "Effect of three serotonin antagonists on plasma prolactin response to suckling in puerperal women. The effect of the acute administration of three serotonin antagonists on plasma PRL levels and on the PRL response to suckling was investigated in a group of puerperal women. A single oral dose of metergoline or methysergide induced a significant decrease of plasma PRL levels and abolished the PRL response to suckling. Cyproheptadine administration did not modify either the plasma PRL levels or the PRL response to suckling. These results are discussed in light of the known pharmacological properties of the three antiserotonergic drugs.", "PMID": 429487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14778", "title": "Gynecomastia as a physical finding in normal men.", "content": "The prevalence of palpable gynecomastia was determined in 306 normal adult men ranging in age from 17-58 yr. Palpable breast tissue was present in 36% and was bilateral in all but 7 subjects. In the great majority of cases, the gynecomastia was 4 cm or less in diameter. A diameter greater than 5 cm was distinctly unusual. With advancing age there was a progressive increase in the prevalence of gynecomastia. This increase was most striking in those over the age of 44 and in the 20- to 24-yr-old group compared to those 19 yr old or less. In those over the age of 44, the prevalence was 57%. These data indicate that palpable gynecomastic is common in normal adult men. This high prevalence must be taken into consideration when attributing gynecomastia to a drug or disease state.", "contents": "Gynecomastia as a physical finding in normal men. The prevalence of palpable gynecomastia was determined in 306 normal adult men ranging in age from 17-58 yr. Palpable breast tissue was present in 36% and was bilateral in all but 7 subjects. In the great majority of cases, the gynecomastia was 4 cm or less in diameter. A diameter greater than 5 cm was distinctly unusual. With advancing age there was a progressive increase in the prevalence of gynecomastia. This increase was most striking in those over the age of 44 and in the 20- to 24-yr-old group compared to those 19 yr old or less. In those over the age of 44, the prevalence was 57%. These data indicate that palpable gynecomastic is common in normal adult men. This high prevalence must be taken into consideration when attributing gynecomastia to a drug or disease state.", "PMID": 429488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14779", "title": "Persistent effect of sustained hyperglucagonemia on glucose production in man.", "content": "In man prolonged infusions of glucagon cause a transient increase in glucose production. To determine whether this represents complete loss of effect of hyperglucagonemia on the liver or merely decreased hepatic responsiveness, glucagon (3 ng/kg/min) was infused in six normal subjects to produce sustained hyperglucagonemia for 180 min; at this time glucagon infusions were stopped for 60 min, then restarted at the same rate for 60 min and finally increased to 7.5 ng/kg/min for 30 min. Glucose production (Ra) and utilization (Rd) were measured isotopically. Initially glucagon infusion increased Ra transiently from 1.8 +/- 0.1 mg/kg/min to a maximum at 15 min of 2.5 +/- 0.2 mg/kg/min (p less than .01); Ra returned to basal values by 60 min and remained there until the glucagon infusion was stopped, whereupon it abruptly declined to a nadir of 1.4 +/- 0.1 mg/kg/min, a value significantly below baseline levels, p less than .005. Upon restarting the glucagon infusion, Ra increased to a similar extent as observed with the initial infusion and then returned to basal levels; when the glucagon infusion rate was increased to 7.5 ng/kg/min, Ra again increased. These results indicate that sustained hyperglucagonemia, despite apparent waning of its effect, continues to modulate hepatic glucose production.", "contents": "Persistent effect of sustained hyperglucagonemia on glucose production in man. In man prolonged infusions of glucagon cause a transient increase in glucose production. To determine whether this represents complete loss of effect of hyperglucagonemia on the liver or merely decreased hepatic responsiveness, glucagon (3 ng/kg/min) was infused in six normal subjects to produce sustained hyperglucagonemia for 180 min; at this time glucagon infusions were stopped for 60 min, then restarted at the same rate for 60 min and finally increased to 7.5 ng/kg/min for 30 min. Glucose production (Ra) and utilization (Rd) were measured isotopically. Initially glucagon infusion increased Ra transiently from 1.8 +/- 0.1 mg/kg/min to a maximum at 15 min of 2.5 +/- 0.2 mg/kg/min (p less than .01); Ra returned to basal values by 60 min and remained there until the glucagon infusion was stopped, whereupon it abruptly declined to a nadir of 1.4 +/- 0.1 mg/kg/min, a value significantly below baseline levels, p less than .005. Upon restarting the glucagon infusion, Ra increased to a similar extent as observed with the initial infusion and then returned to basal levels; when the glucagon infusion rate was increased to 7.5 ng/kg/min, Ra again increased. These results indicate that sustained hyperglucagonemia, despite apparent waning of its effect, continues to modulate hepatic glucose production.", "PMID": 429489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14780", "title": "Dried Staphylococcus aureus as a rapid immunological separating agent in radioimmunoassays.", "content": "A rapid (less than or equal to 60 seconds) immunological separation of antigen-antibody complexes from free antigen has been developed in radioimmunoassays (RIAs) of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL) and beta-endorphin by using suspensions of dried Staphylococcus aureus rich in protein-A. In the systems tested parallel dose-response curves were obtained for protein-A and second antibody precipitations. The sensitivity of the protein-A method is equal to or higher than that of second antibody method. Tissue culture medium and serum hormone levels measured with RIAs using protein-A are similar to those detected with double antibody methods. The technique may be of general use in all RIAs utilizing antisera from species whose IgG are known to be bound by protein-A.", "contents": "Dried Staphylococcus aureus as a rapid immunological separating agent in radioimmunoassays. A rapid (less than or equal to 60 seconds) immunological separation of antigen-antibody complexes from free antigen has been developed in radioimmunoassays (RIAs) of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL) and beta-endorphin by using suspensions of dried Staphylococcus aureus rich in protein-A. In the systems tested parallel dose-response curves were obtained for protein-A and second antibody precipitations. The sensitivity of the protein-A method is equal to or higher than that of second antibody method. Tissue culture medium and serum hormone levels measured with RIAs using protein-A are similar to those detected with double antibody methods. The technique may be of general use in all RIAs utilizing antisera from species whose IgG are known to be bound by protein-A.", "PMID": 429490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14781", "title": "Atypical clinical course of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency due to a new mutant (comparison with Reye's disease).", "content": "A male infant with ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency is described who was relatively symptom free for 4 months, gradually developed severe spasticity due to cerebral atrophy, and died at 13 months of age. Liver OTC activity was 1.5% of the normal mean. The mutant OTC showed an increased apparent Km for ornithine and an increased pH optimum. These kinetic findings fail to explain the atypical clinical course. The clinical picture of patients with genetic OTC deficiency who present during acute exacerbations together with the elevation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and microvesicular fat accumulation in liver, as seen in this case, may suggest Reye's syndrome; however, electronmicroscopic examination of this patient suggested that the normal appearance of mitochondria helps to distinguish the two.", "contents": "Atypical clinical course of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency due to a new mutant (comparison with Reye's disease). A male infant with ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency is described who was relatively symptom free for 4 months, gradually developed severe spasticity due to cerebral atrophy, and died at 13 months of age. Liver OTC activity was 1.5% of the normal mean. The mutant OTC showed an increased apparent Km for ornithine and an increased pH optimum. These kinetic findings fail to explain the atypical clinical course. The clinical picture of patients with genetic OTC deficiency who present during acute exacerbations together with the elevation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and microvesicular fat accumulation in liver, as seen in this case, may suggest Reye's syndrome; however, electronmicroscopic examination of this patient suggested that the normal appearance of mitochondria helps to distinguish the two.", "PMID": 429491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14782", "title": "Relationship of free and total calcium in hypercalcemic conditions.", "content": "An assessment of free and total calcium measurements was made in 691 patients with suspected hypercalcemia or disorders often associated with hypercalcemia. In 18.9% of the 1049 specimens analyzed from nine different patient groups, a different impression of hypercalcemia was obtained depending on whether the free or total calcium was considered. Analysis of the ratio of free to total calcium indicated that there are two main factors which influence the distribution of calcium in the serum of hypercalcemic patients: the concentrations of albumin and parathyroid hormone. A lowered albumin concentration accounted for the altered distribution of calcium in patients with malignancies and partially accounted for the altered distribution in patients postrenal transplantation. In patients with confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism a higher ratio of free to total calcium was found, which could not be explained by alterations in protein, albumin, pH, or CO2 content but was related to parathyroid hormone concentration. Free calcium appears to be a slightly better indicator of elevated calcium states than total calcium. Measurements of free calcium should be particularly useful in patients with altered albumin concentration, with multiple myeloma in whom a calcium-binding protein could be present, after renal transplantation, and with suspected hyperparathyroidism and normal or slightly elevated total calcium values.", "contents": "Relationship of free and total calcium in hypercalcemic conditions. An assessment of free and total calcium measurements was made in 691 patients with suspected hypercalcemia or disorders often associated with hypercalcemia. In 18.9% of the 1049 specimens analyzed from nine different patient groups, a different impression of hypercalcemia was obtained depending on whether the free or total calcium was considered. Analysis of the ratio of free to total calcium indicated that there are two main factors which influence the distribution of calcium in the serum of hypercalcemic patients: the concentrations of albumin and parathyroid hormone. A lowered albumin concentration accounted for the altered distribution of calcium in patients with malignancies and partially accounted for the altered distribution in patients postrenal transplantation. In patients with confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism a higher ratio of free to total calcium was found, which could not be explained by alterations in protein, albumin, pH, or CO2 content but was related to parathyroid hormone concentration. Free calcium appears to be a slightly better indicator of elevated calcium states than total calcium. Measurements of free calcium should be particularly useful in patients with altered albumin concentration, with multiple myeloma in whom a calcium-binding protein could be present, after renal transplantation, and with suspected hyperparathyroidism and normal or slightly elevated total calcium values.", "PMID": 429492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14783", "title": "Immunoglobulin G-insulin antibodies and immune region-associated alloantigens in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine the importance of immune region-associated alloantigens for susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD), their possible influence on immunoglobulin G-insulin antibody formation, and their clinical significance. Incidence of DRw3 and DRw4 (HLA D-related immune region-associated alloantigens; w, defined by sera dispensed during the Seventh International Histocompatibility Workshop) was found with significantly increased frequency in the IDD patients (n = 50) compared to healthy individuals (n = 107). Subjects positive for DRw3 carry a 4.5-fold increased risk and those positive for DRw4 carry a 2.5-fold increased risk of developing IDD. By analyzing immunoglobulin G-insulin antibody titers in DRw3-positive and DRw3-negative patients (all treated with conventional Lente insulin), a significant tendency for high insulin-binding capacity (IBC) was noted in the latter group, yielding a mean IBC of 2.24 in DRw3-negative and 0.74 in DRw3-positive diabetics (P less than 0.02). A significantly increased insulin dosage was needed for adequate metabolic control in those patients with high IBC (IBC greater than 3.0 U/liter). Patients with high IBC and high insulin requirements were predominantly found to be DRw3 negative. Our data demonstrate that IDD is more closely associated with DRw3 than with all hitherto described HLA A, B, and C locus alloantigens of the major histocompatibility complex. In addition, these immunogenetic factors seem to be of clinical importance by influencing the humoral antiinsulin immune response.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin G-insulin antibodies and immune region-associated alloantigens in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The present study was undertaken to determine the importance of immune region-associated alloantigens for susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD), their possible influence on immunoglobulin G-insulin antibody formation, and their clinical significance. Incidence of DRw3 and DRw4 (HLA D-related immune region-associated alloantigens; w, defined by sera dispensed during the Seventh International Histocompatibility Workshop) was found with significantly increased frequency in the IDD patients (n = 50) compared to healthy individuals (n = 107). Subjects positive for DRw3 carry a 4.5-fold increased risk and those positive for DRw4 carry a 2.5-fold increased risk of developing IDD. By analyzing immunoglobulin G-insulin antibody titers in DRw3-positive and DRw3-negative patients (all treated with conventional Lente insulin), a significant tendency for high insulin-binding capacity (IBC) was noted in the latter group, yielding a mean IBC of 2.24 in DRw3-negative and 0.74 in DRw3-positive diabetics (P less than 0.02). A significantly increased insulin dosage was needed for adequate metabolic control in those patients with high IBC (IBC greater than 3.0 U/liter). Patients with high IBC and high insulin requirements were predominantly found to be DRw3 negative. Our data demonstrate that IDD is more closely associated with DRw3 than with all hitherto described HLA A, B, and C locus alloantigens of the major histocompatibility complex. In addition, these immunogenetic factors seem to be of clinical importance by influencing the humoral antiinsulin immune response.", "PMID": 429493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14784", "title": "The cyclic relationship of estrogen sulfurylation to the nuclear receptor level in human endometrial curettings.", "content": "Human endometrial curettings were selected principally from patients undergoing tubal ligations for elective sterilization. Specimens were analyzed for the metabolism of 17beta-[6,7-3H]estradiol and Na2 35SO4; assayed for the nuclear receptor content with 17beta-[6,7-3H]estradiol; and examined for the cytosol receptor content with 17beta-[2,4,6,7-3H]estradiol. The results of these experiments demonstrated that a) estrogen sulfotransferase activity is greatly stimulated during the secretory phase; b) although estrogen dehydrogenase is active throughout the menstrual cycle, the formation of estrone is elevated in concert with sulfurylation; and c) this increased metabolism of 17beta-estradiol is accompanied by a decreased nuclear uptake of the estrogen receptor complex. The importance of this endometrial estrogen metabolism in the maintenance of a secretory tissue is discussed.", "contents": "The cyclic relationship of estrogen sulfurylation to the nuclear receptor level in human endometrial curettings. Human endometrial curettings were selected principally from patients undergoing tubal ligations for elective sterilization. Specimens were analyzed for the metabolism of 17beta-[6,7-3H]estradiol and Na2 35SO4; assayed for the nuclear receptor content with 17beta-[6,7-3H]estradiol; and examined for the cytosol receptor content with 17beta-[2,4,6,7-3H]estradiol. The results of these experiments demonstrated that a) estrogen sulfotransferase activity is greatly stimulated during the secretory phase; b) although estrogen dehydrogenase is active throughout the menstrual cycle, the formation of estrone is elevated in concert with sulfurylation; and c) this increased metabolism of 17beta-estradiol is accompanied by a decreased nuclear uptake of the estrogen receptor complex. The importance of this endometrial estrogen metabolism in the maintenance of a secretory tissue is discussed.", "PMID": 429494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14785", "title": "Radioiodine in the treatment of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "Medullary carcinoma (MC) of the thyroid, in contrast to papillary-follicular carcinoma, fails to concentrate iodine and thus has not been treated with radioactive iodine. We have successfully treated a 16-yr-old Mexican-American girl with residual MC after maximal thyroidectomy (Tx), utilizing radioiodine (131I) to deliver radiation to residual follicular cells in the tumor bed. Immediately after Tx, plasma thyrocalcitonin levels before and during calcium infusion were all elevated (640--1200 pg/ml). 131I (150 mCi) was administered 12 days after Tx after four daily im injections of bovine TSH. Three months after 131I therapy, thyrocalcitonin levels before and during calcium infusion were all normal (less than 50 pg/ml). Ten months after 131I therapy, thyrocalcitonin levels before and after iv pentagastrin were all normal (less than 60 pg/ml). These results suggest that parafollicular cells are radiosensitive, and that therapeutic levels of radiation can be delivered to these cells after Tx if iodine trapping by the remaining follicular cells is enhanced by high levels of circulating TSH. 131I may be the therapy of choice for MC after Tx, if disease has not spread beyond the area proximate to the thyroid gland.", "contents": "Radioiodine in the treatment of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Medullary carcinoma (MC) of the thyroid, in contrast to papillary-follicular carcinoma, fails to concentrate iodine and thus has not been treated with radioactive iodine. We have successfully treated a 16-yr-old Mexican-American girl with residual MC after maximal thyroidectomy (Tx), utilizing radioiodine (131I) to deliver radiation to residual follicular cells in the tumor bed. Immediately after Tx, plasma thyrocalcitonin levels before and during calcium infusion were all elevated (640--1200 pg/ml). 131I (150 mCi) was administered 12 days after Tx after four daily im injections of bovine TSH. Three months after 131I therapy, thyrocalcitonin levels before and during calcium infusion were all normal (less than 50 pg/ml). Ten months after 131I therapy, thyrocalcitonin levels before and after iv pentagastrin were all normal (less than 60 pg/ml). These results suggest that parafollicular cells are radiosensitive, and that therapeutic levels of radiation can be delivered to these cells after Tx if iodine trapping by the remaining follicular cells is enhanced by high levels of circulating TSH. 131I may be the therapy of choice for MC after Tx, if disease has not spread beyond the area proximate to the thyroid gland.", "PMID": 429497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14786", "title": "Augmentation of puerperal lactation by oral administration of sulpiride.", "content": "The effect of oral administration of sulpiride on PRL secretion and initiation of puerperal lactation was studied in 130 randomly selected primiparous nursing mothers. Sixty-six women were given 50 mg sulpiride orally twice a day during the first 7 days of the puerperium (sulpiride group). Sixty-four women were given a placebo in the same way (control group). The mean (+/-SE) total milk yield during the first 5 postpartum days in the sulpiride group (1211.7 +/- 65.0 ml) was significantly greater than that in the control group (916.0 +/- 66.0 ml). Every other day determinations of serum PRL levels revealed significantly higher concentrations in the sulpiride group than in the control group. A single oral dose of 50 mg sulpiride raised serum PRL levels for 12 h, with a peak level at 2 h after dosing in 7 women on the second postpartum day. These data suggest that sulpiride given orally promotes the initiation of lactation in puerperal women by stimulating PRL secretion.", "contents": "Augmentation of puerperal lactation by oral administration of sulpiride. The effect of oral administration of sulpiride on PRL secretion and initiation of puerperal lactation was studied in 130 randomly selected primiparous nursing mothers. Sixty-six women were given 50 mg sulpiride orally twice a day during the first 7 days of the puerperium (sulpiride group). Sixty-four women were given a placebo in the same way (control group). The mean (+/-SE) total milk yield during the first 5 postpartum days in the sulpiride group (1211.7 +/- 65.0 ml) was significantly greater than that in the control group (916.0 +/- 66.0 ml). Every other day determinations of serum PRL levels revealed significantly higher concentrations in the sulpiride group than in the control group. A single oral dose of 50 mg sulpiride raised serum PRL levels for 12 h, with a peak level at 2 h after dosing in 7 women on the second postpartum day. These data suggest that sulpiride given orally promotes the initiation of lactation in puerperal women by stimulating PRL secretion.", "PMID": 429499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14787", "title": "Diminished gastric inhibitory polypeptide response to oral glucose in late human pregnancy.", "content": "It has been shown that the incretin effect - i.e. the gastrointestinal potentiation of the insulin response to oral glucose - is reduced in late normal pregnancy. As evidence points to gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) as mediator of at least part of the incretin effect, the GIP response was determined following a 50 g oral glucose load in 6 normal women in the last trimester of pregnancy and again post partum. Compared to post partum the GIP response to oral glucose was significantly impaired in late pregnancy. It is concluded that the diminished GIP response to oral glucose in late pregnancy might at least partly explain the impaired incretin effect found in this condition.", "contents": "Diminished gastric inhibitory polypeptide response to oral glucose in late human pregnancy. It has been shown that the incretin effect - i.e. the gastrointestinal potentiation of the insulin response to oral glucose - is reduced in late normal pregnancy. As evidence points to gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) as mediator of at least part of the incretin effect, the GIP response was determined following a 50 g oral glucose load in 6 normal women in the last trimester of pregnancy and again post partum. Compared to post partum the GIP response to oral glucose was significantly impaired in late pregnancy. It is concluded that the diminished GIP response to oral glucose in late pregnancy might at least partly explain the impaired incretin effect found in this condition.", "PMID": 429501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14788", "title": "Reversible defect of neutrophil chemotaxis and random migration in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Chemotactic and random migrations of neutrophils derived from four patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were found to be defective. These abnormalities improved significantly in parallel with the decrease in serum calcium and parathormone and with the increase in serum phosphorus concentration after surgical removal of the adenoma. These observation suggest a possible role for parathormone phosphorus and calcium in the motility of neutrophils.", "contents": "Reversible defect of neutrophil chemotaxis and random migration in primary hyperparathyroidism. Chemotactic and random migrations of neutrophils derived from four patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were found to be defective. These abnormalities improved significantly in parallel with the decrease in serum calcium and parathormone and with the increase in serum phosphorus concentration after surgical removal of the adenoma. These observation suggest a possible role for parathormone phosphorus and calcium in the motility of neutrophils.", "PMID": 429503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14789", "title": "C-Peptide and insulin secretion in Pima Indians and Caucasians: constant fractional hepatic extraction over a wide range of insulin concentrations and in obesity.", "content": "Peripheral serum insulin and C-peptide concentrations during oral glucose tolerance tests were measured in 10 nondiabetic Pima Indians and 10 nondiabetic Caucasians with varying degrees of obesity. Although both insulin and C-peptide levels were elevated in the Indians compared to the Caucasians (p less than 0.05), hepatic insulin extraction, measured by comparing the C-peptide to insulin ratios, was similar over a wide range of insulin concentrations in both groups. The ratios of C-peptide to insulin were independent of the degree of obesity. These studies indicate that the peripheral hyperinsulinemia in Pima Indians and obese subjects is due in general to pancreatic hypersecretion rather than to diminished hepatic extraction of insulin.", "contents": "C-Peptide and insulin secretion in Pima Indians and Caucasians: constant fractional hepatic extraction over a wide range of insulin concentrations and in obesity. Peripheral serum insulin and C-peptide concentrations during oral glucose tolerance tests were measured in 10 nondiabetic Pima Indians and 10 nondiabetic Caucasians with varying degrees of obesity. Although both insulin and C-peptide levels were elevated in the Indians compared to the Caucasians (p less than 0.05), hepatic insulin extraction, measured by comparing the C-peptide to insulin ratios, was similar over a wide range of insulin concentrations in both groups. The ratios of C-peptide to insulin were independent of the degree of obesity. These studies indicate that the peripheral hyperinsulinemia in Pima Indians and obese subjects is due in general to pancreatic hypersecretion rather than to diminished hepatic extraction of insulin.", "PMID": 429504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14790", "title": "Stimulation of aldosterone, renin, and cortisol by tryptophan.", "content": "Tryptophan administration was used to evaluate the possibility that serotonergic neurons are involved in regulating the release of cortisol, renin, and aldosterone. Eleven studies were undertaken using 2 or 10 g tryptophan administered to fasting patients in continued supine posture. Aldosterone rose significantly to 208% (range, 128-329%) of baseline in all seven studies using 10 g and in one of the four studies using 2 g. Renin rose significantly to 189% (range, 116-340%) of baseline in four of the seven studies using 10 g and in two of the four studies using 2 g. Cortisol rose from 10.1 +/- 3.3 to 20.0 +/- 3.7 micrograms/100 ml (P less than 0.001 by t test) in six of the seven studies using 10 g and three of the four studies using 2 g. In eight studies, there was a significant rise of more than one substance after tryptophan administration. In six of these, peak values of the responding hormones occurred at the same time or within a single 30-min sampling interval despite the absence of a constant relationship between their rises. The results suggest participation of the central serotonergic nervous system in the control of renin and aldosterone in addition to its previously postulated role in cortisol release.", "contents": "Stimulation of aldosterone, renin, and cortisol by tryptophan. Tryptophan administration was used to evaluate the possibility that serotonergic neurons are involved in regulating the release of cortisol, renin, and aldosterone. Eleven studies were undertaken using 2 or 10 g tryptophan administered to fasting patients in continued supine posture. Aldosterone rose significantly to 208% (range, 128-329%) of baseline in all seven studies using 10 g and in one of the four studies using 2 g. Renin rose significantly to 189% (range, 116-340%) of baseline in four of the seven studies using 10 g and in two of the four studies using 2 g. Cortisol rose from 10.1 +/- 3.3 to 20.0 +/- 3.7 micrograms/100 ml (P less than 0.001 by t test) in six of the seven studies using 10 g and three of the four studies using 2 g. In eight studies, there was a significant rise of more than one substance after tryptophan administration. In six of these, peak values of the responding hormones occurred at the same time or within a single 30-min sampling interval despite the absence of a constant relationship between their rises. The results suggest participation of the central serotonergic nervous system in the control of renin and aldosterone in addition to its previously postulated role in cortisol release.", "PMID": 429505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14791", "title": "Increased estrogen production in obese men.", "content": "Serum estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2) were noted to be 2-fold elevated in a group of morbidly obese men. Urinary E1 and E2 production rates were elevated in proportion to the degree of obesity, with values as high as 127 and 157 micrograms/day, respectively. Although serum testosterone (T) concentrations were reduced in obese men, averaging 348 +/- 35 vs. 519 +/- 42 ng/dl in lean controls, the dialyzable T fractions were elevated and, hence, the calculated free T concentrations were normal in obese men. Further, the obese men exhibited normal serum LH, FSH, and T responses to clomiphene citrate, indicating intact hypothalamic-pituitary-Leydig cell axes. MCRs of T and peripheral conversion of T to E2 and androstenedione (delta) to E1 were all increased in obese men in proportion to the percentage above ideal weight. Although the obese mean exhibited increased blood levels and production rates of estrogens, there were no signs of feminization, increased T-estrogen-binding, globulin levels, or suppressed basal gonadotropin levels, suggesting a lack of biological effect. We postulate that obese men exhibit defective estrogen receptors, leading to decreased T-estrogen-binding globulin, increased clearance of androgenic hormones, and elevated estrogen production rates.", "contents": "Increased estrogen production in obese men. Serum estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2) were noted to be 2-fold elevated in a group of morbidly obese men. Urinary E1 and E2 production rates were elevated in proportion to the degree of obesity, with values as high as 127 and 157 micrograms/day, respectively. Although serum testosterone (T) concentrations were reduced in obese men, averaging 348 +/- 35 vs. 519 +/- 42 ng/dl in lean controls, the dialyzable T fractions were elevated and, hence, the calculated free T concentrations were normal in obese men. Further, the obese men exhibited normal serum LH, FSH, and T responses to clomiphene citrate, indicating intact hypothalamic-pituitary-Leydig cell axes. MCRs of T and peripheral conversion of T to E2 and androstenedione (delta) to E1 were all increased in obese men in proportion to the percentage above ideal weight. Although the obese mean exhibited increased blood levels and production rates of estrogens, there were no signs of feminization, increased T-estrogen-binding, globulin levels, or suppressed basal gonadotropin levels, suggesting a lack of biological effect. We postulate that obese men exhibit defective estrogen receptors, leading to decreased T-estrogen-binding globulin, increased clearance of androgenic hormones, and elevated estrogen production rates.", "PMID": 429508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14792", "title": "Isolation and culture of human endometrial glands.", "content": "A simple method for isolation of glands from human endometrium has been developed. The procedure involves collagenase digestion of the endometrial tissue and filtration through sieves of various pore sizes. Isolated glands retained on the sieves were washed and collected in culture dishes. Tubular organization of the isolated glands was ascertained by examination of the preparations under inverted microscope and light microscopy of stained sections. The appearance of the glands was found to reflect different functional states of the endometrium and, possibly, to reveal abnormalities. Growth of monolayers of epithelial cells derived from the glands was observed within 24 h of culturing. Electron microscopy of the cells in 7-day monolayer preparations from both proliferative and secretory endometrium revealed the characteristic features of human endometrial epithelial cells, viz. presence of microvilli and desmosome-like junctions. Nuclear bodies were observed in cells derived from both types of endometrium.", "contents": "Isolation and culture of human endometrial glands. A simple method for isolation of glands from human endometrium has been developed. The procedure involves collagenase digestion of the endometrial tissue and filtration through sieves of various pore sizes. Isolated glands retained on the sieves were washed and collected in culture dishes. Tubular organization of the isolated glands was ascertained by examination of the preparations under inverted microscope and light microscopy of stained sections. The appearance of the glands was found to reflect different functional states of the endometrium and, possibly, to reveal abnormalities. Growth of monolayers of epithelial cells derived from the glands was observed within 24 h of culturing. Electron microscopy of the cells in 7-day monolayer preparations from both proliferative and secretory endometrium revealed the characteristic features of human endometrial epithelial cells, viz. presence of microvilli and desmosome-like junctions. Nuclear bodies were observed in cells derived from both types of endometrium.", "PMID": 429509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14793", "title": "Absent growth hormone response to L-tryptophan in acromegaly.", "content": "In acromegaly, regulation of GH secretion by dopamine pathways appears to be qualitatively abnormal. To determine whether regulation of GH secretion by serotonin pathways is also abnormal in acromegaly, we administered L-tryptophan (5 g orally), the initial precursor of serotonin, to 10 patients with active acromegaly (9 treated and 1 untreated), 3 patients with cured acromegaly, and 8 normal subjects. The normal group showed a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in serum GH after L-tryptophan [peak value, 12.3 +/- 4.0 (se) ng/ml], though the magnitude of the response was highly variable. In contrast, subjects with active acromegaly did not show an increase in serum GH after L-tryptophan [mean integrated percentage change in serum GH, -25 +/- 25% (SE); P = NS]. One patient whose acromegaly had been surgically cured did show a GH rise after L-tryptophan. In acromegaly, the GH response to L-tryptophan is absent, suggesting that regulation of GH secretion by serotonin pathways might be qualitatively abnormal.", "contents": "Absent growth hormone response to L-tryptophan in acromegaly. In acromegaly, regulation of GH secretion by dopamine pathways appears to be qualitatively abnormal. To determine whether regulation of GH secretion by serotonin pathways is also abnormal in acromegaly, we administered L-tryptophan (5 g orally), the initial precursor of serotonin, to 10 patients with active acromegaly (9 treated and 1 untreated), 3 patients with cured acromegaly, and 8 normal subjects. The normal group showed a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in serum GH after L-tryptophan [peak value, 12.3 +/- 4.0 (se) ng/ml], though the magnitude of the response was highly variable. In contrast, subjects with active acromegaly did not show an increase in serum GH after L-tryptophan [mean integrated percentage change in serum GH, -25 +/- 25% (SE); P = NS]. One patient whose acromegaly had been surgically cured did show a GH rise after L-tryptophan. In acromegaly, the GH response to L-tryptophan is absent, suggesting that regulation of GH secretion by serotonin pathways might be qualitatively abnormal.", "PMID": 429511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14794", "title": "Acid-ethanol-extractable nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) during pregnancy and the puererium, and in cord serum at term.", "content": "A longitudinal study of serum NSILA-S during normal human pregnancy and the puerperium has demonstrated that levels rose progressively during pregnancy and returned to nonpregnant values about 48 h after delivery. Low concentrations were defined within the feto-placental circulation at term. Cord arterial and venous levels were equivalent, but there was no significant correlation between these and matched maternal values.", "contents": "Acid-ethanol-extractable nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) during pregnancy and the puererium, and in cord serum at term. A longitudinal study of serum NSILA-S during normal human pregnancy and the puerperium has demonstrated that levels rose progressively during pregnancy and returned to nonpregnant values about 48 h after delivery. Low concentrations were defined within the feto-placental circulation at term. Cord arterial and venous levels were equivalent, but there was no significant correlation between these and matched maternal values.", "PMID": 429513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14795", "title": "Specific cytosol receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human intestine.", "content": "Human intestine is shown to contain a specific, high affinity cytosol receptor or binding protein for 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 [1,25 (OH)2D3]. This receptor is a protein which sediments at 3.5S on sucrose gradients containing 0.3 M KCL. The receptor binds 1,25 (OH)2D3 with a Kd of approximately 2 x 10(-10) M at 4 degrees C. Competition binding studies using structural analogs of 1,25 (OH)2D3 indicate that the relative specificity of the receptor is 1,25 (OH)2D3 greater than 1,24R,25(OH)3D3 greater than greater than 25OHD3 1 OHD3 greater than 24R,25(OH)2D3.", "contents": "Specific cytosol receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human intestine. Human intestine is shown to contain a specific, high affinity cytosol receptor or binding protein for 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 [1,25 (OH)2D3]. This receptor is a protein which sediments at 3.5S on sucrose gradients containing 0.3 M KCL. The receptor binds 1,25 (OH)2D3 with a Kd of approximately 2 x 10(-10) M at 4 degrees C. Competition binding studies using structural analogs of 1,25 (OH)2D3 indicate that the relative specificity of the receptor is 1,25 (OH)2D3 greater than 1,24R,25(OH)3D3 greater than greater than 25OHD3 1 OHD3 greater than 24R,25(OH)2D3.", "PMID": 429514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14796", "title": "Effects of a dopamine antagonist on the release of gonadotropin and prolactin in normal women and women with hyperprolactinemic anovulation.", "content": "Administration of a dopamine (DA) antagonist, metoclopramide (MCP) resulted in dose-related acute increments of circulating levels of LH and FSH in patients with hyperprolactinemic anovulation due to pituitary microadenoma but not in normal cycling women during the early follicular phase. Concomitant PRL responses to MCP in hyperprolactinemic patients were 1/10 those observed in the cycling women. These findings suggest a relative DA excess at the hypothalamic LRF neurons and a relative DA deficiency at the adenoma lactotroph of hyperprolactinemic patients as compared to cycling women.", "contents": "Effects of a dopamine antagonist on the release of gonadotropin and prolactin in normal women and women with hyperprolactinemic anovulation. Administration of a dopamine (DA) antagonist, metoclopramide (MCP) resulted in dose-related acute increments of circulating levels of LH and FSH in patients with hyperprolactinemic anovulation due to pituitary microadenoma but not in normal cycling women during the early follicular phase. Concomitant PRL responses to MCP in hyperprolactinemic patients were 1/10 those observed in the cycling women. These findings suggest a relative DA excess at the hypothalamic LRF neurons and a relative DA deficiency at the adenoma lactotroph of hyperprolactinemic patients as compared to cycling women.", "PMID": 429515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14797", "title": "Increased ratio between changes in blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine in essential hypertension.", "content": "The pathogenic role of the sympathetic system in essential hypertension was evaluated by combined analysis of plasma catecholamine levels and the pressor sensitivity to endogenous norepinephrine. The latter was estimated indirectly by the ratio between changes in blood pressure and those in plasma norepinephrine after adrenergic neuronal blockage with debrisoquine (given orally for 6 weeks). Normal subjects and patients with borderline or established essential hypertension had comparable pretreatment levels of plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine. Debrisoquine lowered plasma norepinephrine by a similar degree (almost 50%) in these three groups; in contrast, blood pressure decreased only slightly in normal or borderline hypertensive subjects [-3.4 +/- 3.2% and -5.4 +/- 1.6% (SE), respectively] but fell significantly more (P less than 0.005) in patients with established essential hypertension (-20.7 +/- 3.9%). The ratio between percentile changes in blood pressure and those in endogenous norepinephrine levels was comparable in normal and borderline hypertensive subjects (0.03 +/- 0.08 and 0.17 +/- 0.04, respectively), but increased (P less than 0.001) in established essential hypertension (0.62 +/- 0.11). This suggests that essential hypertension may be maintained, at least partly, by the inappropriate association of normal plasma norepinephrine levels with increased norepinephrine pressor sensitivity.", "contents": "Increased ratio between changes in blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine in essential hypertension. The pathogenic role of the sympathetic system in essential hypertension was evaluated by combined analysis of plasma catecholamine levels and the pressor sensitivity to endogenous norepinephrine. The latter was estimated indirectly by the ratio between changes in blood pressure and those in plasma norepinephrine after adrenergic neuronal blockage with debrisoquine (given orally for 6 weeks). Normal subjects and patients with borderline or established essential hypertension had comparable pretreatment levels of plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine. Debrisoquine lowered plasma norepinephrine by a similar degree (almost 50%) in these three groups; in contrast, blood pressure decreased only slightly in normal or borderline hypertensive subjects [-3.4 +/- 3.2% and -5.4 +/- 1.6% (SE), respectively] but fell significantly more (P less than 0.005) in patients with established essential hypertension (-20.7 +/- 3.9%). The ratio between percentile changes in blood pressure and those in endogenous norepinephrine levels was comparable in normal and borderline hypertensive subjects (0.03 +/- 0.08 and 0.17 +/- 0.04, respectively), but increased (P less than 0.001) in established essential hypertension (0.62 +/- 0.11). This suggests that essential hypertension may be maintained, at least partly, by the inappropriate association of normal plasma norepinephrine levels with increased norepinephrine pressor sensitivity.", "PMID": 429516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14798", "title": "Comparison of estimates of gonadotropin levels by isolated blood samples, integrated blood concentrations, and timed urinary fractions.", "content": "Gonadotropin levels in isolated blood samples, integrated plasma concentrations (IC), and timed urinary collections have been compared in 5 males with delayed puberty and 7 normal adult males. There was a significant correlation between urinary levels in 24-h collection and those in each of four shorter timed collections for both LH and FSH. Similarly, 24-h integrated plasma concentration and 4-h (0800--1200 h) integrated plasma concentration obtained on 10 additional subjects showed significant correlation. The 4-h integrated plasma concentrations correlated with single blood samples or the mean of three samples obtained at 0800, 1200, and 1600 h. These 4-h plasma samples also correlated significantly with all urine collections for FSH but only with the 2200--0800 h urine collection for LH. The study suggests that LH and FSH levels in urine samples collected over several hours correlate with 24-h urinary excretion and that levels in single blood samples estimate the 24-h plasma integrated concentration.", "contents": "Comparison of estimates of gonadotropin levels by isolated blood samples, integrated blood concentrations, and timed urinary fractions. Gonadotropin levels in isolated blood samples, integrated plasma concentrations (IC), and timed urinary collections have been compared in 5 males with delayed puberty and 7 normal adult males. There was a significant correlation between urinary levels in 24-h collection and those in each of four shorter timed collections for both LH and FSH. Similarly, 24-h integrated plasma concentration and 4-h (0800--1200 h) integrated plasma concentration obtained on 10 additional subjects showed significant correlation. The 4-h integrated plasma concentrations correlated with single blood samples or the mean of three samples obtained at 0800, 1200, and 1600 h. These 4-h plasma samples also correlated significantly with all urine collections for FSH but only with the 2200--0800 h urine collection for LH. The study suggests that LH and FSH levels in urine samples collected over several hours correlate with 24-h urinary excretion and that levels in single blood samples estimate the 24-h plasma integrated concentration.", "PMID": 429517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14799", "title": "Urinary follicle-stimulating hormone during pregnancy: relationship to sex of fetus.", "content": "FSH excretion was determined by RIA in 111 urine samples from 23 pregnant women. The use of acetone extraction allowed a 20-fold concentration of urine and the accurate quantitation of hormone levels. Between 10 weeks of gestation and term, FSH secretion was consistently low, with a mean excretion of 18 mIU/h; this amount compares to levels found in other states of marked hCG excess (e.g. choriocarcinoma) and is considerably less than the FSH excretion by prepubertal children. Maternal levels of urinary FSH did not differ with sex, suggesting a primary maternal pituitary origin for pregnancy FSH.", "contents": "Urinary follicle-stimulating hormone during pregnancy: relationship to sex of fetus. FSH excretion was determined by RIA in 111 urine samples from 23 pregnant women. The use of acetone extraction allowed a 20-fold concentration of urine and the accurate quantitation of hormone levels. Between 10 weeks of gestation and term, FSH secretion was consistently low, with a mean excretion of 18 mIU/h; this amount compares to levels found in other states of marked hCG excess (e.g. choriocarcinoma) and is considerably less than the FSH excretion by prepubertal children. Maternal levels of urinary FSH did not differ with sex, suggesting a primary maternal pituitary origin for pregnancy FSH.", "PMID": 429518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14800", "title": "Studies comparing the metabolic clearance rate of 11 beta,17,21-trihydroxypregn-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (prednisolone) after oral 17,21-dihydroxypregn-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione and intravenous prednisolone.", "content": "The MCR of prednisolone (11 beta,17,21-trihydroxypregn-1,4-diene-3,20-dione) and the absorption of prednisone (17,21-dihydroxypregn 1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione) were studied in five normal subjects and four patients. Plasma and urinary prednisolone were measured by a competitive radioassay. The MCR was determined after iv administration of 30 mg nonisotopic prednisolone using one-compartment (MCR1) and two-compartment (MCR2) analyses. These values were compared with the MCR determined after oral administration of nonisotopic prednisone (MCR0). MCR1 and MCR2 were closely correlated, indicating the applicability of first order kinetics to the study of prednisolone metabolism. In subjects with normal gastrointestinal function, MCR0 was consistently lower than MCR2 (mean MCR2 = 0.175 liters/h.kg; MCR0 = 0.145 liters/h.kg). In two patients with steroid malabsorption, the MCR0 was significantly greater than MCR2. Knowledge of the expected relationship between MCR0 and MCR2 allowed quantitation of the degree of malabsorption. With or without impaired absorption, the absorptive process was essentially complete by the time of the peak plasma concentration. Estrogen therapy lowered the MCR0, and high prednisone dose increased the MCR0. Those effects and the effects of iv prednisolone administration on the MCR are explained by the effects of plasma protein binding of prednisolone. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of the oral MCR determination in the evaluation of steroid absorption and metabolism.", "contents": "Studies comparing the metabolic clearance rate of 11 beta,17,21-trihydroxypregn-1,4-diene-3,20-dione (prednisolone) after oral 17,21-dihydroxypregn-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione and intravenous prednisolone. The MCR of prednisolone (11 beta,17,21-trihydroxypregn-1,4-diene-3,20-dione) and the absorption of prednisone (17,21-dihydroxypregn 1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione) were studied in five normal subjects and four patients. Plasma and urinary prednisolone were measured by a competitive radioassay. The MCR was determined after iv administration of 30 mg nonisotopic prednisolone using one-compartment (MCR1) and two-compartment (MCR2) analyses. These values were compared with the MCR determined after oral administration of nonisotopic prednisone (MCR0). MCR1 and MCR2 were closely correlated, indicating the applicability of first order kinetics to the study of prednisolone metabolism. In subjects with normal gastrointestinal function, MCR0 was consistently lower than MCR2 (mean MCR2 = 0.175 liters/h.kg; MCR0 = 0.145 liters/h.kg). In two patients with steroid malabsorption, the MCR0 was significantly greater than MCR2. Knowledge of the expected relationship between MCR0 and MCR2 allowed quantitation of the degree of malabsorption. With or without impaired absorption, the absorptive process was essentially complete by the time of the peak plasma concentration. Estrogen therapy lowered the MCR0, and high prednisone dose increased the MCR0. Those effects and the effects of iv prednisolone administration on the MCR are explained by the effects of plasma protein binding of prednisolone. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of the oral MCR determination in the evaluation of steroid absorption and metabolism.", "PMID": 429520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14801", "title": "Metabolic clearance rates of the subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin in man.", "content": "Highly purified preparations of the alpha- and beta-subunits of hCG (hCG alpha and hCG beta) were injected iv in normal subjects. After rapid injection, the disappearance of both subunits from serum was nonlinear when plotted on a semilog graph. A two-component exponential curve was fitted for each subject, and the curve parameters were used to estimate the MCR, apparent initial volume of distribution (Vd), and half-times of disappearance of the rapid and slow phase for each subunit. The Vd of hCG beta was indistinguishable from that of hCG alpha (1958 +/- 131 vs. 1729 +/- 99 ml/m2, respectively). The rapid phase half-time for hCG beta was significantly longer than that of hCG alpha (41.2 +/- 1.7 vs. 13.0 +/- 0.9 min; P less than 0.001), and the slow phase half-time of hCG beta was also significantly longer than that of hCG alpha (236 +/- 41 vs. 76 +/- 19 min; P less than 0.01). The estimated MCR of hCG alpha was 49.7 +/- 1.6 ml/min.m2; this value was significantly greater than that of hCG beta (19.0 +/- 0.7 ml/min.m2; P less than 0.001). No significant differences between sexes in parameters determined for the subunits were observed. Continuous infusion of subunits at a rate of 2.7 microgram/min achieved a steady state blood level of hCG beta that was significantly greater than that of hCG alpha (59.1 +/- 7.8 vs. 24.4 +/- 0.7 ng/ml; P less than 0.02) and gave a MCR of hCG alpha that was 3 times greater than the MCR of hCG beta (72.2 +/- 4.9 vs. 21.6 +/- 2.8 ml/min.m2; P less than 0.001). We conclude that the hCG subunits have similar Vds, but since hCG alpha has much shorter half-times of disappearance in both rapid and slow phases, the MCR of hCG alpha is much greater than that of hCG beta.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance rates of the subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin in man. Highly purified preparations of the alpha- and beta-subunits of hCG (hCG alpha and hCG beta) were injected iv in normal subjects. After rapid injection, the disappearance of both subunits from serum was nonlinear when plotted on a semilog graph. A two-component exponential curve was fitted for each subject, and the curve parameters were used to estimate the MCR, apparent initial volume of distribution (Vd), and half-times of disappearance of the rapid and slow phase for each subunit. The Vd of hCG beta was indistinguishable from that of hCG alpha (1958 +/- 131 vs. 1729 +/- 99 ml/m2, respectively). The rapid phase half-time for hCG beta was significantly longer than that of hCG alpha (41.2 +/- 1.7 vs. 13.0 +/- 0.9 min; P less than 0.001), and the slow phase half-time of hCG beta was also significantly longer than that of hCG alpha (236 +/- 41 vs. 76 +/- 19 min; P less than 0.01). The estimated MCR of hCG alpha was 49.7 +/- 1.6 ml/min.m2; this value was significantly greater than that of hCG beta (19.0 +/- 0.7 ml/min.m2; P less than 0.001). No significant differences between sexes in parameters determined for the subunits were observed. Continuous infusion of subunits at a rate of 2.7 microgram/min achieved a steady state blood level of hCG beta that was significantly greater than that of hCG alpha (59.1 +/- 7.8 vs. 24.4 +/- 0.7 ng/ml; P less than 0.02) and gave a MCR of hCG alpha that was 3 times greater than the MCR of hCG beta (72.2 +/- 4.9 vs. 21.6 +/- 2.8 ml/min.m2; P less than 0.001). We conclude that the hCG subunits have similar Vds, but since hCG alpha has much shorter half-times of disappearance in both rapid and slow phases, the MCR of hCG alpha is much greater than that of hCG beta.", "PMID": 429521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14802", "title": "A seasonal variation study of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum levels in normal humans.", "content": "A population residing in the approximate area of Kalamazoo, MI (latitude north, 42 degrees 17' 29''; longitude west 85 degrees 35' 14''), was examined to determine the influence of seasonal variation on human 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum levels. Males and females, ranging in age from 16--64 yr of age and judged normal based on laboratory evaluation and physical examination, participated in the 12-month study. Measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum levels was made by high performance liquid chromatography. A correlation coefficient of 0.776 (P = 0.003) was obtained by comparing average monthly 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum levels to average monthly temperatures. A comparison of approximated monthly amounts of sunlight to average monthly 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum levels produced a correlation coefficient of 0.747 (p = 0.005). In addition, changes in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels for the population examined fitted a model that demonstrated a relationship to sex and a highly significant periodic relationship to time.", "contents": "A seasonal variation study of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum levels in normal humans. A population residing in the approximate area of Kalamazoo, MI (latitude north, 42 degrees 17' 29''; longitude west 85 degrees 35' 14''), was examined to determine the influence of seasonal variation on human 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum levels. Males and females, ranging in age from 16--64 yr of age and judged normal based on laboratory evaluation and physical examination, participated in the 12-month study. Measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum levels was made by high performance liquid chromatography. A correlation coefficient of 0.776 (P = 0.003) was obtained by comparing average monthly 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum levels to average monthly temperatures. A comparison of approximated monthly amounts of sunlight to average monthly 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum levels produced a correlation coefficient of 0.747 (p = 0.005). In addition, changes in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels for the population examined fitted a model that demonstrated a relationship to sex and a highly significant periodic relationship to time.", "PMID": 429522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14803", "title": "Oscillations in reverse triiodothyronine levels in serum of healthy infants aged 0 to 130 hours.", "content": "rT3 was measured by RIA in sera from 273 normal healthy infants between 0--130 h of age. The curve for the mean rT3 level plotted against age was polyexponential in shape and showed superimposed oscillations with a period of about 16 h, similar to the curves for T4, T3, and TSH previously found for the same group of subjects (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47: 61, 1978). The ratio of concentrations of rT3 to T4 remained approximately constant, with a mean value of 0.016 over the age range of 3--130 h. These observations suggest that the variations in rT3 levels in newborn serum during the first few days of life are largely accountable by variations in T4 substrate concentrations.", "contents": "Oscillations in reverse triiodothyronine levels in serum of healthy infants aged 0 to 130 hours. rT3 was measured by RIA in sera from 273 normal healthy infants between 0--130 h of age. The curve for the mean rT3 level plotted against age was polyexponential in shape and showed superimposed oscillations with a period of about 16 h, similar to the curves for T4, T3, and TSH previously found for the same group of subjects (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47: 61, 1978). The ratio of concentrations of rT3 to T4 remained approximately constant, with a mean value of 0.016 over the age range of 3--130 h. These observations suggest that the variations in rT3 levels in newborn serum during the first few days of life are largely accountable by variations in T4 substrate concentrations.", "PMID": 429523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14804", "title": "Comparison of thyroid stimulators and thyroid hormone concentrations in the sera of pregnant women.", "content": "To clarify the role of various thyroid stimulators in normal human pregnancy, we measured serum TSH, chorionic TSH (hCT), hCG, bioassayable thyroid-stimulating activity, T4, T3, T3 uptake, free T4 and free T3 indexes, free T4, and free T3 by dialysis in 339 serum samples from pregnant women at various intervals of pregnancy and in 40 normal female controls. Serum T4 and T3 and free T4 and free T3 indexes were significantly elevated throughout pregnancy in comparison with controls. Free T4 concentration was elevated after 10 weeks of pregnancy and free T3 concentration was elevated at 13--20 weeks. Bioassayable thyroid-stimulating activity was elevated from 9--16 weeks when serum hCG concentrations were highest. Serum TSH levels were significantly lower at 9--12 weeks compared with the rest of pregnancy. hCT was detected in only 35% of sera tested; the mean detectable value was 0.60 +/- 0.04 (SE) microU/ml; only 15% of the detectable values exceeded 1 microU/ml. The level of hCG correlated with bioassayable thyroid-stimulating activity (P less than 0.01). The data indicate that hCT is not a significant thyroid stimulator. We propose that hCG, as a weak thyroid stimulator, causes a modest rise in free thyroid hormone levels early in pregnancy which in turn causes a modest reduction in pituitary TSH secretion.", "contents": "Comparison of thyroid stimulators and thyroid hormone concentrations in the sera of pregnant women. To clarify the role of various thyroid stimulators in normal human pregnancy, we measured serum TSH, chorionic TSH (hCT), hCG, bioassayable thyroid-stimulating activity, T4, T3, T3 uptake, free T4 and free T3 indexes, free T4, and free T3 by dialysis in 339 serum samples from pregnant women at various intervals of pregnancy and in 40 normal female controls. Serum T4 and T3 and free T4 and free T3 indexes were significantly elevated throughout pregnancy in comparison with controls. Free T4 concentration was elevated after 10 weeks of pregnancy and free T3 concentration was elevated at 13--20 weeks. Bioassayable thyroid-stimulating activity was elevated from 9--16 weeks when serum hCG concentrations were highest. Serum TSH levels were significantly lower at 9--12 weeks compared with the rest of pregnancy. hCT was detected in only 35% of sera tested; the mean detectable value was 0.60 +/- 0.04 (SE) microU/ml; only 15% of the detectable values exceeded 1 microU/ml. The level of hCG correlated with bioassayable thyroid-stimulating activity (P less than 0.01). The data indicate that hCT is not a significant thyroid stimulator. We propose that hCG, as a weak thyroid stimulator, causes a modest rise in free thyroid hormone levels early in pregnancy which in turn causes a modest reduction in pituitary TSH secretion.", "PMID": 429524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14805", "title": "Comparison of physiological and pharmacological tests of growth hormone function in children with short stature.", "content": "We studied 30 short-statured children to investigate their 24-h integrated serum concentration of GH (ICGH) and its diurnal pattern and to compare this data with their responses to standard stimulation tests for GH release. Eight patients with normal stimulation tests had a mean (+/- SD) ICGH value of 8.0 +/- 3.8 ng/ml (range, 4.5--16.4), and all had several secretory peaks greater than 12 ng/ml. Nineteen patients with abnormal responses (peak, less than 10 ng/ml) had a mean ICGH value of 2.7 +/- 1.9 ng/ml (range, less than 0.8 to 7.0); this was significantly lower than that of control subjects and patients with normal stimulation tests. However, 5 of these patients had normal ICGH values. Three patients with borderline stimulation test responses (10--12 ng/ml) had normal ICGH values (3.2, 3.4, and 11.9 ng/ml). Of the 22 patients with either abnormal or borderline stimulation tests, 14 had an ICGH result below the range of normal. Of these 14, 11 had no secretory peaks greater than 10 ng/ml, whereas 3 had peaks between 10--12 ng/ml. The 8 other patients had ICGH results in the normal range. Despite significant correlation (r = 0.668), integrated GH values did not correlate with stimulation tests in a minority of the patients, the status of whom remains to be determined by long term response to exogenous GH therapy.", "contents": "Comparison of physiological and pharmacological tests of growth hormone function in children with short stature. We studied 30 short-statured children to investigate their 24-h integrated serum concentration of GH (ICGH) and its diurnal pattern and to compare this data with their responses to standard stimulation tests for GH release. Eight patients with normal stimulation tests had a mean (+/- SD) ICGH value of 8.0 +/- 3.8 ng/ml (range, 4.5--16.4), and all had several secretory peaks greater than 12 ng/ml. Nineteen patients with abnormal responses (peak, less than 10 ng/ml) had a mean ICGH value of 2.7 +/- 1.9 ng/ml (range, less than 0.8 to 7.0); this was significantly lower than that of control subjects and patients with normal stimulation tests. However, 5 of these patients had normal ICGH values. Three patients with borderline stimulation test responses (10--12 ng/ml) had normal ICGH values (3.2, 3.4, and 11.9 ng/ml). Of the 22 patients with either abnormal or borderline stimulation tests, 14 had an ICGH result below the range of normal. Of these 14, 11 had no secretory peaks greater than 10 ng/ml, whereas 3 had peaks between 10--12 ng/ml. The 8 other patients had ICGH results in the normal range. Despite significant correlation (r = 0.668), integrated GH values did not correlate with stimulation tests in a minority of the patients, the status of whom remains to be determined by long term response to exogenous GH therapy.", "PMID": 429525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14806", "title": "In vivo metabolism of progestins. V. The effect of protocol design on the estimated metabolic clearance rate and volume of distribution of medroxyprogesterone acetate in women.", "content": "The metabolism of the synthetic progestin, [3H]medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), was studied in women using a single injection technique. Computer-implemented analysis was used to calculate the MCR (MCRMPA) and volume of distribution (VoMPA) from the steroid disappearance curve. The value of an objective curve-fitting technique was demonstrated. The effect of protocol design (number and frequency of samples) on these metabolic parameters was evaluated. The estimation of VoMPA was most sensitive to alterations of experimental design and biological variability, while MCR was less easily effected. The MCRMPA of 1668 +/- 146 (SEM) liters/day was lower than that for progesterone but higher than that of another synthetic steroid, dexamethasone. Treatment of women with MPA or aminoglutethimide, two drugs known to increase the rates of testosterone and dexamethasone metabolism, respectively, did not alter MCRMPA. From these observations we conclude 1) with the single injection technique it is difficult to estimate Vo of compounds such as MPA which are rapidly metabolized and 2) the MCRMPA was higher than expected and less susceptible to drug-induced changes than the clearance of other steroids.", "contents": "In vivo metabolism of progestins. V. The effect of protocol design on the estimated metabolic clearance rate and volume of distribution of medroxyprogesterone acetate in women. The metabolism of the synthetic progestin, [3H]medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), was studied in women using a single injection technique. Computer-implemented analysis was used to calculate the MCR (MCRMPA) and volume of distribution (VoMPA) from the steroid disappearance curve. The value of an objective curve-fitting technique was demonstrated. The effect of protocol design (number and frequency of samples) on these metabolic parameters was evaluated. The estimation of VoMPA was most sensitive to alterations of experimental design and biological variability, while MCR was less easily effected. The MCRMPA of 1668 +/- 146 (SEM) liters/day was lower than that for progesterone but higher than that of another synthetic steroid, dexamethasone. Treatment of women with MPA or aminoglutethimide, two drugs known to increase the rates of testosterone and dexamethasone metabolism, respectively, did not alter MCRMPA. From these observations we conclude 1) with the single injection technique it is difficult to estimate Vo of compounds such as MPA which are rapidly metabolized and 2) the MCRMPA was higher than expected and less susceptible to drug-induced changes than the clearance of other steroids.", "PMID": 429526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14807", "title": "Effect of adrenal suppression with dexamethasone in essential hypertension.", "content": "The 24-h integrated plasma concentration of aldosterone (IC-ALDO), PRA (IC-PRA), and cortisol (IC-F) were measured in 34 male patients with uncomplicated mild essential hypertension and 15 matched normal controls using a portable 24-h continuous nonthrombogenic blood withdrawal system. The hypertensive were subsequently given 0.5 mg dexamethasone three times per day, resulting in suppression of their urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and free cortisol. The diastolic blood pressure of the hypertensives fell during adrenal suppression from 104 +/- 5 to 96 +/- 8 mm Hg (mean +/- 1 SD; P less than 0.0001). The systolic pressure fell from 150 +/- 16 to 148 +/- 17 (P greater than 0.01). Baseline values for IC-F, IC-ALDO, and IC-PRA were similar in hypertensive subjects and normal controls. After treatment with dexamethasone for 8 weeks, IC-F in the hypertensives decreased from 7.8 +/- 2.1 to 0.7 +/- 0.6 microgram/dl (P less than 0.0001). There was no associated change in IC-ALDO or IC-PRA. Thus, the fall in diastolic blood pressure in response to dexamethasone was associated with suppression of IC-F, without demonstrable changes in other endocrine or biochemical factors measured.", "contents": "Effect of adrenal suppression with dexamethasone in essential hypertension. The 24-h integrated plasma concentration of aldosterone (IC-ALDO), PRA (IC-PRA), and cortisol (IC-F) were measured in 34 male patients with uncomplicated mild essential hypertension and 15 matched normal controls using a portable 24-h continuous nonthrombogenic blood withdrawal system. The hypertensive were subsequently given 0.5 mg dexamethasone three times per day, resulting in suppression of their urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and free cortisol. The diastolic blood pressure of the hypertensives fell during adrenal suppression from 104 +/- 5 to 96 +/- 8 mm Hg (mean +/- 1 SD; P less than 0.0001). The systolic pressure fell from 150 +/- 16 to 148 +/- 17 (P greater than 0.01). Baseline values for IC-F, IC-ALDO, and IC-PRA were similar in hypertensive subjects and normal controls. After treatment with dexamethasone for 8 weeks, IC-F in the hypertensives decreased from 7.8 +/- 2.1 to 0.7 +/- 0.6 microgram/dl (P less than 0.0001). There was no associated change in IC-ALDO or IC-PRA. Thus, the fall in diastolic blood pressure in response to dexamethasone was associated with suppression of IC-F, without demonstrable changes in other endocrine or biochemical factors measured.", "PMID": 429530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14808", "title": "Effect of parathyroidectomy on serum 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and intestinal calcium absorption in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Serum concentration of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and intestinal absorption were measured before and after parathyroidectomy in 11 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Serum 1,25(OH)2D was high preoperatively (P less than 0.001) and normal postoperatively. Ca absorption was elevated preoperatively (P less than 0.001) and decreased significantly after parathyroidectomy (P less than 0.001). However, 5 of 11 patients had a persistent hyperabsorption of Ca postoperatively, despite normal serum 1,25(OH)2D. The results suggest that factors other than 1,25(OH)2D contribute to the maintenance of high intestinal Ca absorption in hyperparathyroid patients in the postoperative state.", "contents": "Effect of parathyroidectomy on serum 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and intestinal calcium absorption in primary hyperparathyroidism. Serum concentration of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and intestinal absorption were measured before and after parathyroidectomy in 11 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Serum 1,25(OH)2D was high preoperatively (P less than 0.001) and normal postoperatively. Ca absorption was elevated preoperatively (P less than 0.001) and decreased significantly after parathyroidectomy (P less than 0.001). However, 5 of 11 patients had a persistent hyperabsorption of Ca postoperatively, despite normal serum 1,25(OH)2D. The results suggest that factors other than 1,25(OH)2D contribute to the maintenance of high intestinal Ca absorption in hyperparathyroid patients in the postoperative state.", "PMID": 429532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14809", "title": "Circulating big human prolactin: conversion to small human prolactin by reduction of disulfide bonds.", "content": "The heterogeneity of circulating human PRL (hPRL) in sera of patients with hyperprolactinemia was studied by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-100. Big hPRL, which elutes between the void volume and the elution position of monomeric small hPRL, is stable upon rechromatography but is almost entirely converted into small hPRL after reduction with 0.5% mercaptoethanol. These results suggest that the existence of circulating big hPRL is dependent upon the formation of interpolypeptide disulfide bonds and does not represent a classical biosynthetic precursor of hPRL.", "contents": "Circulating big human prolactin: conversion to small human prolactin by reduction of disulfide bonds. The heterogeneity of circulating human PRL (hPRL) in sera of patients with hyperprolactinemia was studied by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-100. Big hPRL, which elutes between the void volume and the elution position of monomeric small hPRL, is stable upon rechromatography but is almost entirely converted into small hPRL after reduction with 0.5% mercaptoethanol. These results suggest that the existence of circulating big hPRL is dependent upon the formation of interpolypeptide disulfide bonds and does not represent a classical biosynthetic precursor of hPRL.", "PMID": 429533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14810", "title": "Serological response of chickens to Salmonella thompson and Salmonella pullorum infections.", "content": "Chickens were experimentally infected with Salmonella thompson (serogroup C, paratyphoid) and Salmonella pullorum (serogroup D). Five serological methods and one cultural method were used in detecting the infections. The microantiglobulin test was superior to all other methods for detection of paratyphoid (S. THOMPSON) infection and was followed in efficacy by the microagglutination test, rapid serum plate test, cloacal swab culture, macroscopic tube agglutination test, and rapid whole-blood test, in that order. Birds infected with S. pullorum showed much higher agglutinin titers than the birds infected with paratyphoid. The microagglutination and microantiglobulin tests were not significantly different for detection of pullorum infection and were followed in efficacy by the rapid serum plate, macroscopic tube agglutination, rapid whole-blood, and cloacal swab culture tests, in that order. The cloacal swab culture test was totally inadequate for the detection of pullorum infection.", "contents": "Serological response of chickens to Salmonella thompson and Salmonella pullorum infections. Chickens were experimentally infected with Salmonella thompson (serogroup C, paratyphoid) and Salmonella pullorum (serogroup D). Five serological methods and one cultural method were used in detecting the infections. The microantiglobulin test was superior to all other methods for detection of paratyphoid (S. THOMPSON) infection and was followed in efficacy by the microagglutination test, rapid serum plate test, cloacal swab culture, macroscopic tube agglutination test, and rapid whole-blood test, in that order. Birds infected with S. pullorum showed much higher agglutinin titers than the birds infected with paratyphoid. The microagglutination and microantiglobulin tests were not significantly different for detection of pullorum infection and were followed in efficacy by the rapid serum plate, macroscopic tube agglutination, rapid whole-blood, and cloacal swab culture tests, in that order. The cloacal swab culture test was totally inadequate for the detection of pullorum infection.", "PMID": 429534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14811", "title": "O serotyping of Providencia stuartii isolates collected from twelve hospitals.", "content": "A collection of 829 isolates of Providencia stuartii, mostly from urological specimens of patients in 12 hospitals, were O serotyped. Hospitals varied in serotype distribution, but most isolates (97%) fell into one or another of 14 O types of P. stuartii. One type (O63) was found in 10 hospitals, and six types (O4, O17, O25, O52, O55, O56) were found in 5 or more hospitals. These seven types were more common than others and included 753 (91%) of the isolates. Only four isolates agglutinated in Providencia alcalifaciens antisera and, for increased efficiency in serotyping, it is recommended that separate schemes be employed for P. stuartii and P. alcalifaciens. Strains endemic in different hospitals may differ in serotype and give rise to nosocomial infections that are clinically recognizable when infections occur in obvious clusters. Nosocomial infections occurring in low frequency among patients not located close to each other in the hospital may be detected with the aid of serotyping.", "contents": "O serotyping of Providencia stuartii isolates collected from twelve hospitals. A collection of 829 isolates of Providencia stuartii, mostly from urological specimens of patients in 12 hospitals, were O serotyped. Hospitals varied in serotype distribution, but most isolates (97%) fell into one or another of 14 O types of P. stuartii. One type (O63) was found in 10 hospitals, and six types (O4, O17, O25, O52, O55, O56) were found in 5 or more hospitals. These seven types were more common than others and included 753 (91%) of the isolates. Only four isolates agglutinated in Providencia alcalifaciens antisera and, for increased efficiency in serotyping, it is recommended that separate schemes be employed for P. stuartii and P. alcalifaciens. Strains endemic in different hospitals may differ in serotype and give rise to nosocomial infections that are clinically recognizable when infections occur in obvious clusters. Nosocomial infections occurring in low frequency among patients not located close to each other in the hospital may be detected with the aid of serotyping.", "PMID": 429535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14812", "title": "Two strains of Vibrio species with unusual biochemical features isolated from ear tracts.", "content": "A strain of vibrio cholerae Heiberg type II, not agglutinable with any of the eight antisera corresponding to Heiberg's groups, and a nonmotile, methyl red-positivs of chronic external otitis.", "contents": "Two strains of Vibrio species with unusual biochemical features isolated from ear tracts. A strain of vibrio cholerae Heiberg type II, not agglutinable with any of the eight antisera corresponding to Heiberg's groups, and a nonmotile, methyl red-positivs of chronic external otitis.", "PMID": 429536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14813", "title": "Detection of group D and viridans streptococci in blood by radiometric methods.", "content": "A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the radiometric detection of group D and viridans streptococci in blood, using three media preparations, Bactec 6A and 6B isotonic media and 8B hypertonic medium. All enterococci tested were detected by the 6A and 6B media. However, the 6A medium failed to detect 76% of the Streptococcus bovis isolates and 57% of the viridans streptococci, whereas all S. bovis isolates and 95% of the viridans streptococci were detected with the 6B formulation. No improvement in detection was noted in comparing the 6B and the 8B hypertonic media. The importance of adequate detection of this group of organisms, especially in patients with endocarditis, is discussed.", "contents": "Detection of group D and viridans streptococci in blood by radiometric methods. A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the radiometric detection of group D and viridans streptococci in blood, using three media preparations, Bactec 6A and 6B isotonic media and 8B hypertonic medium. All enterococci tested were detected by the 6A and 6B media. However, the 6A medium failed to detect 76% of the Streptococcus bovis isolates and 57% of the viridans streptococci, whereas all S. bovis isolates and 95% of the viridans streptococci were detected with the 6B formulation. No improvement in detection was noted in comparing the 6B and the 8B hypertonic media. The importance of adequate detection of this group of organisms, especially in patients with endocarditis, is discussed.", "PMID": 429537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14814", "title": "Two forms of Staphylococcus aureus in blood of patients with staphylococcal sepsis.", "content": "Two distinctly different and stable forms of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from the blood of each of two patients with staphylococcal sepsis. In each case, one form was hemolytic and the other nonhemolytic, although both had the same biochemical reactions, phage types, and antibiotic susceptibilities, and both were virulent for mice. Variant forms of S. aureus may be selected in vivo by host factors and may be responsible for causing and/or perpetuating infection.", "contents": "Two forms of Staphylococcus aureus in blood of patients with staphylococcal sepsis. Two distinctly different and stable forms of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from the blood of each of two patients with staphylococcal sepsis. In each case, one form was hemolytic and the other nonhemolytic, although both had the same biochemical reactions, phage types, and antibiotic susceptibilities, and both were virulent for mice. Variant forms of S. aureus may be selected in vivo by host factors and may be responsible for causing and/or perpetuating infection.", "PMID": 429538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14815", "title": "Characterization of a Haemophilus paracuniculus isolated from gastrointestinal tracts of rabbits with mucoid enteritis.", "content": "The isolation, characterization, and identification of a microorganism isolated from gastrointestinal tracts of rabbits with mucoid enteritis are described. The isolated organism did not grow on standard media. This organism grew around colonies of Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus desidiosus and around disks saturated with diphosphopyridin nucleotide (factor V) on brain heart infusion agar. The growth of this organism was also observed on media supplemented with beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The organism appeared as gram-negative, pleomorphic rods or coccobacilli. It was positive for urease, oxidase, catalase, glycosidases, porphyrin, and indole, and it fermented glucose and sucrose. All of these characteristics suggest that the organism is a member of the genus Haemophilus. Because of its isolation from rabbits and differences in some characteristics from other species of this genus, the name Haemophilus paracuniculus is proposed for this organism.", "contents": "Characterization of a Haemophilus paracuniculus isolated from gastrointestinal tracts of rabbits with mucoid enteritis. The isolation, characterization, and identification of a microorganism isolated from gastrointestinal tracts of rabbits with mucoid enteritis are described. The isolated organism did not grow on standard media. This organism grew around colonies of Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus desidiosus and around disks saturated with diphosphopyridin nucleotide (factor V) on brain heart infusion agar. The growth of this organism was also observed on media supplemented with beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The organism appeared as gram-negative, pleomorphic rods or coccobacilli. It was positive for urease, oxidase, catalase, glycosidases, porphyrin, and indole, and it fermented glucose and sucrose. All of these characteristics suggest that the organism is a member of the genus Haemophilus. Because of its isolation from rabbits and differences in some characteristics from other species of this genus, the name Haemophilus paracuniculus is proposed for this organism.", "PMID": 429539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14816", "title": "Comparison of four plating media for isolating Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Two brands of thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar and Monsur taurocholate tellurite gelatin (TTG) agar were compared with two newly developed media, sucrose tellurite teepol agar and Vibrio parahaemolyticus agar for isolation and identification of Vibrio cholerae. The thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose and TTG agars were the best selective media, whereas sucrose tellurite teepol agar was the poorest. Both TTG and sucrose tellurite teepol agars were good for use in follow-up serological tests, whereas only TTG agar could be used for follow-up oxidase tests. In our opinion TTG agar has more advantages for cholera research laboratories routinely culturing large numbers of patients for cholera on a daily basis and where media needs can be accurately predicted. In contrast, in smaller clinical laboratories or in laboratories investigating epidemics, thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar is best because it is commercially available and easy to prepare and can be used to distinguish colonies of suspect V. cholerae from V. parahaemolyticus.", "contents": "Comparison of four plating media for isolating Vibrio cholerae. Two brands of thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar and Monsur taurocholate tellurite gelatin (TTG) agar were compared with two newly developed media, sucrose tellurite teepol agar and Vibrio parahaemolyticus agar for isolation and identification of Vibrio cholerae. The thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose and TTG agars were the best selective media, whereas sucrose tellurite teepol agar was the poorest. Both TTG and sucrose tellurite teepol agars were good for use in follow-up serological tests, whereas only TTG agar could be used for follow-up oxidase tests. In our opinion TTG agar has more advantages for cholera research laboratories routinely culturing large numbers of patients for cholera on a daily basis and where media needs can be accurately predicted. In contrast, in smaller clinical laboratories or in laboratories investigating epidemics, thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar is best because it is commercially available and easy to prepare and can be used to distinguish colonies of suspect V. cholerae from V. parahaemolyticus.", "PMID": 429540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14817", "title": "Comparison of four culture media for isolation of Mycobacterium avium complex from porcine tissues.", "content": "The efficiency of four culture media was compared for the isolation of Mycobacterium avium complex from 197 procine tissues. In 82 tissues with microscopic granulomas and acid-fast bacilli, a significantly greater number of isolates were obtained on Middlebrook 7H10 medium with sodium pyruvate than on Stonebrink medium, Herrold egg yolk agar medium, or Lowenstein-Jensen medium (P=0.01). In 46 tissues in which no microscopic granulomas or acid-fast bacilli were observed, a significantly greater number of isolates were made on Middlebrook 7H10 medium or Herrold egg yolk agar medium than on Stonebrink medium or on Lowenstein-Jensen medium (P=0.01). The time required to grow M. avium complex on Lowenstein-Jensen medium was significantly greater than the time required to observe growth on Stonebrink, Middlebrook 7H10, or Herrold egg yolk agar medium (p=0.001).", "contents": "Comparison of four culture media for isolation of Mycobacterium avium complex from porcine tissues. The efficiency of four culture media was compared for the isolation of Mycobacterium avium complex from 197 procine tissues. In 82 tissues with microscopic granulomas and acid-fast bacilli, a significantly greater number of isolates were obtained on Middlebrook 7H10 medium with sodium pyruvate than on Stonebrink medium, Herrold egg yolk agar medium, or Lowenstein-Jensen medium (P=0.01). In 46 tissues in which no microscopic granulomas or acid-fast bacilli were observed, a significantly greater number of isolates were made on Middlebrook 7H10 medium or Herrold egg yolk agar medium than on Stonebrink medium or on Lowenstein-Jensen medium (P=0.01). The time required to grow M. avium complex on Lowenstein-Jensen medium was significantly greater than the time required to observe growth on Stonebrink, Middlebrook 7H10, or Herrold egg yolk agar medium (p=0.001).", "PMID": 429541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14818", "title": "Selective and differential medium for isolation of Clostridium difficile.", "content": "Clostridium difficile is a recognized cause of pseudomembranous (antimicrobial agent-associated) colitis and may be one of the causes of antimicrobial agent-induced diarrhea. A selective and differential agar medium that contains cycloserine, cefoxitin, fructose, and egg yolk (CCFA) was developed to facilitate the isolation of C. difficile from fecal specimens. Quantitative cultures of 16 stock strains of C. difficile on this medium (and on a medium containing cycloserine, fructose, and egg yolk) yielded counts equivalent to those obtained on blood agar; other media selective for clostridia, including Clostrisel agar, reinforced clostridial agar plus 0.2% para-cresol, and egg yolk-neomycin agar (the latter was inoculated with cultures subjected to prior heat shocking), were also tested and found to be inhibitory to the growth of C. difficile. Of 28 fecal or colostomy effluent specimens cultured on the above media, 14 yielded C. difficile. CCFA was found to be the most sensitive and selective of these media for the recovery of C. difficile. Colonies of C. difficile growing on CCFA had distinctive morphological and fluorescent properties which were sufficient for presumptive identification. CCFA should provide a rapid method for the screening of fecal specimens from patients with antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea or colitis for C. difficile.", "contents": "Selective and differential medium for isolation of Clostridium difficile. Clostridium difficile is a recognized cause of pseudomembranous (antimicrobial agent-associated) colitis and may be one of the causes of antimicrobial agent-induced diarrhea. A selective and differential agar medium that contains cycloserine, cefoxitin, fructose, and egg yolk (CCFA) was developed to facilitate the isolation of C. difficile from fecal specimens. Quantitative cultures of 16 stock strains of C. difficile on this medium (and on a medium containing cycloserine, fructose, and egg yolk) yielded counts equivalent to those obtained on blood agar; other media selective for clostridia, including Clostrisel agar, reinforced clostridial agar plus 0.2% para-cresol, and egg yolk-neomycin agar (the latter was inoculated with cultures subjected to prior heat shocking), were also tested and found to be inhibitory to the growth of C. difficile. Of 28 fecal or colostomy effluent specimens cultured on the above media, 14 yielded C. difficile. CCFA was found to be the most sensitive and selective of these media for the recovery of C. difficile. Colonies of C. difficile growing on CCFA had distinctive morphological and fluorescent properties which were sufficient for presumptive identification. CCFA should provide a rapid method for the screening of fecal specimens from patients with antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea or colitis for C. difficile.", "PMID": 429542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14819", "title": "Detection of enteric campylobacteriosis in children.", "content": "Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni was recovered as the sole bacterial pathogen from 31% of 0- to 8-month-old children with acute gastroenteritis and from 5% of asymptomatic children (P less than 0.05). In children 8 to 24 months old, the respective recovery rates were 38 and 40%. With the exception of one case of simultaneous bacteremia, the clinical course of the symptomatic infection was benign and rarely lasted more than a week. The isolates were sensitive to most commonly used antibiotics. Several isolates shared antigenic determinants with C. fetus subsp. intestinalis. A bacteriophage specific for C. fetus subsp. jejuni lysed 73% of the strains. Several phage-resistant isolates carried a phage that lysed the stock strain of C. fetus subsp. jejuni (NADC 917).", "contents": "Detection of enteric campylobacteriosis in children. Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni was recovered as the sole bacterial pathogen from 31% of 0- to 8-month-old children with acute gastroenteritis and from 5% of asymptomatic children (P less than 0.05). In children 8 to 24 months old, the respective recovery rates were 38 and 40%. With the exception of one case of simultaneous bacteremia, the clinical course of the symptomatic infection was benign and rarely lasted more than a week. The isolates were sensitive to most commonly used antibiotics. Several isolates shared antigenic determinants with C. fetus subsp. intestinalis. A bacteriophage specific for C. fetus subsp. jejuni lysed 73% of the strains. Several phage-resistant isolates carried a phage that lysed the stock strain of C. fetus subsp. jejuni (NADC 917).", "PMID": 429543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14820", "title": "Incidence of \"oxidase-variable\" strains of Aeromonas hydrophila.", "content": "Certain strains of Aeromonas hydrophila are oxidase negative when grown on gram-negative selective and differential media. Of 100 strains of A. hydrophila examined, 8 were found to possess this characteristic. Information is provided on how to detect these common variants of A. hydrophila.", "contents": "Incidence of \"oxidase-variable\" strains of Aeromonas hydrophila. Certain strains of Aeromonas hydrophila are oxidase negative when grown on gram-negative selective and differential media. Of 100 strains of A. hydrophila examined, 8 were found to possess this characteristic. Information is provided on how to detect these common variants of A. hydrophila.", "PMID": 429544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14821", "title": "Enterotoxin production by Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cases of chronic osteomyelitis.", "content": "Of 264 Staphylococcus aureus strains selected at random from 3,978 strains isolated from chronic osteomyelitis patients, 79 were found to produce enterotoxin. A majority of the strains (65%) were nontypable by phages belonging to the international phage set for human strain typing. The significance of these strains and their circulation among the population is discussed, especially from the standpoint of their possible role in the development of osteomyelitis.", "contents": "Enterotoxin production by Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cases of chronic osteomyelitis. Of 264 Staphylococcus aureus strains selected at random from 3,978 strains isolated from chronic osteomyelitis patients, 79 were found to produce enterotoxin. A majority of the strains (65%) were nontypable by phages belonging to the international phage set for human strain typing. The significance of these strains and their circulation among the population is discussed, especially from the standpoint of their possible role in the development of osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 429545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14822", "title": "Septicemia caused by DF-2.", "content": "Fatal septicemia due to an unidentified gram-negative rod developed in a 60-year-old alcoholic. Infection due to this organism has been reported only rarely in the medical literature. Like Pasturella multocida, this organism is related to dog bites, is gram negative, and is sensitive to penicillin.", "contents": "Septicemia caused by DF-2. Fatal septicemia due to an unidentified gram-negative rod developed in a 60-year-old alcoholic. Infection due to this organism has been reported only rarely in the medical literature. Like Pasturella multocida, this organism is related to dog bites, is gram negative, and is sensitive to penicillin.", "PMID": 429546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14823", "title": "Liver abscess caused by Haemophilus paraphrohaemolyticus.", "content": "Haemophilus paraphrohaemolyticus was isolated in pure culture from a liver abscess in a 73-year-old man.", "contents": "Liver abscess caused by Haemophilus paraphrohaemolyticus. Haemophilus paraphrohaemolyticus was isolated in pure culture from a liver abscess in a 73-year-old man.", "PMID": 429547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14824", "title": "In vivo regulation of secretion of bronchiolar Clara cells in rats.", "content": "We used ultrastructural morphometric methods to study the in vivo regulation of secretion in bronchiolar Clara cells of rats. The Clara cells studied were located in airways with an internal diameter of 0.21 +/- 0.06 mm (mean +/- SD) at a transpulmonary pressure of 20 cm H2O. We found that pilocarpine caused a 50% decrease in the volume density of secretory granules of Clara cells in 60 min and that atropine blocked this effect. Isoproterenol produced a similar fall in volume density and this was blocked by propranolol. Propranolol also blocked the effect of pilocarpine. The fall in volume density of the secretory granules produced by pilocarpine and by isoproterenol occurred without any change in the surface-to-volume ratio of the granules. This indicates the change in volume density reflected a decrease in number rather than in size of the secretory granules. The observation that propranolol blocks the secretory response to pilocarpine as well as the response to isoproterenol suggests a dual in series cholinergic adrenergic regulation of secretion in bronchiolar Clara cells in rats.", "contents": "In vivo regulation of secretion of bronchiolar Clara cells in rats. We used ultrastructural morphometric methods to study the in vivo regulation of secretion in bronchiolar Clara cells of rats. The Clara cells studied were located in airways with an internal diameter of 0.21 +/- 0.06 mm (mean +/- SD) at a transpulmonary pressure of 20 cm H2O. We found that pilocarpine caused a 50% decrease in the volume density of secretory granules of Clara cells in 60 min and that atropine blocked this effect. Isoproterenol produced a similar fall in volume density and this was blocked by propranolol. Propranolol also blocked the effect of pilocarpine. The fall in volume density of the secretory granules produced by pilocarpine and by isoproterenol occurred without any change in the surface-to-volume ratio of the granules. This indicates the change in volume density reflected a decrease in number rather than in size of the secretory granules. The observation that propranolol blocks the secretory response to pilocarpine as well as the response to isoproterenol suggests a dual in series cholinergic adrenergic regulation of secretion in bronchiolar Clara cells in rats.", "PMID": 429548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14825", "title": "Production of erythrocytes that contain fetal hemoglobin in anemia. Transient in vivo changes.", "content": "Serial microscopic immunodiffusion assays of F cells, i.e., erythrocytes that contain fetal hemoglobin (HbF), in four individuals recovering from anemia demonstrate initial increases in the percentage of circulating reticulocytes that contain HbF (F reticulocytes) and subsequent increases in the percentage of mature erythrocytes that contain HbF (F erythrocytes). In one individual responding to therapy for iron-deficiency anemia, the average percentage of F reticulocytes increased from 4.8+/-1.1 to 16.0+/-2.8% (mean+/-SD), while the mean level of F erythrocytes increased from 3.5+/-0.7 to 7.2+/-0.6%. Two normal children with transient erythroblastopenia exhibited F reticulocyte percentages of 71.3+/-6.7 and 41.5+/-1.5%, respectively, when erythropoiesis resumed. With recovery these values fell to finally measured values of 33.7+/-4.7 and 12.6+/-1.1%, respectively. In an adolescent with sickle cell anemia, F-reticulocyte percentages fluctuated between 0.6+/-1.1 and 34.0+/-2.8% and paralleled the rise and fall of total reticulocytes associated with therapy for a nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Such findings suggest that first, the production of F cells and non-F cells are separately regulated. Second, F-cell production is preferentially stimulated during escape from erythropoietic suppression and selectively depressed at the start of suppression. Third, during escape from erythropoietic suppression, F-cell production in vivo resembles that reported for in vitro cultures of erythroid stem cells. Fourth, individuals with sickle cell anemia, like individuals without hemoglobinopathies, can change their relative level of F-cell production.", "contents": "Production of erythrocytes that contain fetal hemoglobin in anemia. Transient in vivo changes. Serial microscopic immunodiffusion assays of F cells, i.e., erythrocytes that contain fetal hemoglobin (HbF), in four individuals recovering from anemia demonstrate initial increases in the percentage of circulating reticulocytes that contain HbF (F reticulocytes) and subsequent increases in the percentage of mature erythrocytes that contain HbF (F erythrocytes). In one individual responding to therapy for iron-deficiency anemia, the average percentage of F reticulocytes increased from 4.8+/-1.1 to 16.0+/-2.8% (mean+/-SD), while the mean level of F erythrocytes increased from 3.5+/-0.7 to 7.2+/-0.6%. Two normal children with transient erythroblastopenia exhibited F reticulocyte percentages of 71.3+/-6.7 and 41.5+/-1.5%, respectively, when erythropoiesis resumed. With recovery these values fell to finally measured values of 33.7+/-4.7 and 12.6+/-1.1%, respectively. In an adolescent with sickle cell anemia, F-reticulocyte percentages fluctuated between 0.6+/-1.1 and 34.0+/-2.8% and paralleled the rise and fall of total reticulocytes associated with therapy for a nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Such findings suggest that first, the production of F cells and non-F cells are separately regulated. Second, F-cell production is preferentially stimulated during escape from erythropoietic suppression and selectively depressed at the start of suppression. Third, during escape from erythropoietic suppression, F-cell production in vivo resembles that reported for in vitro cultures of erythroid stem cells. Fourth, individuals with sickle cell anemia, like individuals without hemoglobinopathies, can change their relative level of F-cell production.", "PMID": 429549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14826", "title": "Collecting duct sodium reabsorption in deoxycorticosterone-treated rats.", "content": "In vitro studies of isolated, perfused, cortical collecting tubules have demonstrated that prior chronic deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) treatment increases sodium reabsorption in this nephron segment, yet sodium balance in vivo is maintained. To evaluate the effect of chronic DOCA treatment on collecting duct sodium reabsorption in vivo, we compared fractional sodium delivery (FD(Na)%) out of the superficial late distal tubule with the fraction of sodium remaining at the base and the tip of the papillary collecting duct during extracellular fluid volume expansion in untreated, salt-treated, and DOCA-salt-treated rats. In untreated rats, FD(Na)% to the distal tubule was 6.5+/-1.0%, and to the base was 8.7+/-1.6% (Delta2.2+/-0.9%, P < 0.05). FD(Na)% to the tip was 4.9+/-1.1%, significantly less than FD(Na)% to the base (Delta3.7+/-1.1%, P < 0.01). In salt-treated rats, FD(Na)% to the distal tubule was 8.3+/-0.8%, and to the base was 10.4+/-1.1%. FD(Na)% to the tip was 5.9+/-0.6%, significantly less than FD(Na)% to the base (Delta 4.6+/-1.0%, P < 0.005). In DOCA-salt-treated rats, FD(Na)% to the distal tubule was 16.1+/-2.6% and to the base was 9.5+/-1.9% (Delta 6.6+/-1.7%, P < 0.005). FD(Na)% to the tip was 5.9+/-1.2%, also significantly less than FD(Na)% to the base (Delta 3.6+/-1.1%, P < 0.01). We conclude that (a) in DOCA-salt-treated rats, sodium delivery to the end of the superficial distal tubule is greater than in untreated or salt-treated rats; (b) in DOCA-salt-treated rats, sodium delivery to the end of the superficial distal tubule is greater than to the base of the papillary collecting duct, suggesting stimulation of sodium reabsorption in the cortical and(or) outer medullary collecting duct; and (c) sodium reabsorption by the papillary collecting duct is unaffected by chronic DOCA-salt treatment in the volume-expanded rat.", "contents": "Collecting duct sodium reabsorption in deoxycorticosterone-treated rats. In vitro studies of isolated, perfused, cortical collecting tubules have demonstrated that prior chronic deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) treatment increases sodium reabsorption in this nephron segment, yet sodium balance in vivo is maintained. To evaluate the effect of chronic DOCA treatment on collecting duct sodium reabsorption in vivo, we compared fractional sodium delivery (FD(Na)%) out of the superficial late distal tubule with the fraction of sodium remaining at the base and the tip of the papillary collecting duct during extracellular fluid volume expansion in untreated, salt-treated, and DOCA-salt-treated rats. In untreated rats, FD(Na)% to the distal tubule was 6.5+/-1.0%, and to the base was 8.7+/-1.6% (Delta2.2+/-0.9%, P < 0.05). FD(Na)% to the tip was 4.9+/-1.1%, significantly less than FD(Na)% to the base (Delta3.7+/-1.1%, P < 0.01). In salt-treated rats, FD(Na)% to the distal tubule was 8.3+/-0.8%, and to the base was 10.4+/-1.1%. FD(Na)% to the tip was 5.9+/-0.6%, significantly less than FD(Na)% to the base (Delta 4.6+/-1.0%, P < 0.005). In DOCA-salt-treated rats, FD(Na)% to the distal tubule was 16.1+/-2.6% and to the base was 9.5+/-1.9% (Delta 6.6+/-1.7%, P < 0.005). FD(Na)% to the tip was 5.9+/-1.2%, also significantly less than FD(Na)% to the base (Delta 3.6+/-1.1%, P < 0.01). We conclude that (a) in DOCA-salt-treated rats, sodium delivery to the end of the superficial distal tubule is greater than in untreated or salt-treated rats; (b) in DOCA-salt-treated rats, sodium delivery to the end of the superficial distal tubule is greater than to the base of the papillary collecting duct, suggesting stimulation of sodium reabsorption in the cortical and(or) outer medullary collecting duct; and (c) sodium reabsorption by the papillary collecting duct is unaffected by chronic DOCA-salt treatment in the volume-expanded rat.", "PMID": 429550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14827", "title": "The growth of adipose tissue in children and adolescents. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of adipose cell number and size.", "content": "Adipocyte size and number were determined in 288 subjects ranging in age from 4 mo to 19 yr. The study was performed in 110 obese and 178 non-obese subjects. 4-yr, longitudinal, follow-up studies were also performed in 132 subjects. The results demonstrate that the contribution of cell number and size to the growth of the fat depot in nonobese children varies with age. Deviations from this normal development were observed in obese children shortly after 1 yr of age. By 11 yr of age obese children exceeded the mean cell number found in nonobese adults. Indeed, obese subjects displayed more rapid and earlier elevations in both cell number and size, which were maintained throughout the study. Thus obese children display both quantitative and qualitative differences in fat tissue development when compared to nonobese children. The data indicate that the rate and type of adipose tissue cellular development one encounters in children may play a role in the development of the enlarged fat depots found in obese subjects.", "contents": "The growth of adipose tissue in children and adolescents. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of adipose cell number and size. Adipocyte size and number were determined in 288 subjects ranging in age from 4 mo to 19 yr. The study was performed in 110 obese and 178 non-obese subjects. 4-yr, longitudinal, follow-up studies were also performed in 132 subjects. The results demonstrate that the contribution of cell number and size to the growth of the fat depot in nonobese children varies with age. Deviations from this normal development were observed in obese children shortly after 1 yr of age. By 11 yr of age obese children exceeded the mean cell number found in nonobese adults. Indeed, obese subjects displayed more rapid and earlier elevations in both cell number and size, which were maintained throughout the study. Thus obese children display both quantitative and qualitative differences in fat tissue development when compared to nonobese children. The data indicate that the rate and type of adipose tissue cellular development one encounters in children may play a role in the development of the enlarged fat depots found in obese subjects.", "PMID": 429551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14828", "title": "Further studies of the frequency and significance of the Tgamma-chain of human fetal hemoglobin.", "content": "A further study of the Tgamma-chain in a variety of conditions has revealed its presence in the cord bloods of ethnic groups previously unstudied. Heterozygous newborn average 17-19% Tgamma-chain while the mean value in four presumed homozygotes was 31%. The Tgamma-chain is readily detectable in beta-thalassemia of various ethnic groups (although infrequent in Blacks) as well as in deltabeta-thalassemia. Studies of a few families have provided an opportunity to determine whether or not certain individuals are heterozygous or homozygous for the Tgamma-gene. The Tgamma-chain has not been detected in the human fetal hemoglobin that is synthesized in increased amounts in persons with the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. Although the Tgamma-chain is detectable in sickle cell anemia, its frequency appears to be lower than in normal individuals. By focusing upon the relationship of the percentage of Tgamma-chain to the sources of human fetal globulin from determinants in cis and in trans, the conclusion has been reached that the Tgamma-chain is the product of a mutant Agamma-locus which should be named the TAgamma-chain.", "contents": "Further studies of the frequency and significance of the Tgamma-chain of human fetal hemoglobin. A further study of the Tgamma-chain in a variety of conditions has revealed its presence in the cord bloods of ethnic groups previously unstudied. Heterozygous newborn average 17-19% Tgamma-chain while the mean value in four presumed homozygotes was 31%. The Tgamma-chain is readily detectable in beta-thalassemia of various ethnic groups (although infrequent in Blacks) as well as in deltabeta-thalassemia. Studies of a few families have provided an opportunity to determine whether or not certain individuals are heterozygous or homozygous for the Tgamma-gene. The Tgamma-chain has not been detected in the human fetal hemoglobin that is synthesized in increased amounts in persons with the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. Although the Tgamma-chain is detectable in sickle cell anemia, its frequency appears to be lower than in normal individuals. By focusing upon the relationship of the percentage of Tgamma-chain to the sources of human fetal globulin from determinants in cis and in trans, the conclusion has been reached that the Tgamma-chain is the product of a mutant Agamma-locus which should be named the TAgamma-chain.", "PMID": 429552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14829", "title": "Protective activity of antibodies to exotoxin A and lipopolysaccharide at the onset of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia in man.", "content": "Serum antibodies to exotoxin A and type-specific lipopolysaccharide were measured by passive hemagglutination in 52 patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia. Their comparative protective activities were evaluated by relating the titers of each at the onset of bacteremia to subsequent outcome. High acute serum antitoxin and antilipopolysaccharide titers (log2 reciprocal mean titers greater than 5) were associated with survival (76% of 17 with high vs. 46% of 24 with low antitoxin titers, P = 0.05; 85% of 13 with high vs. 48% of 29 with low antilipopolysaccharide titers, P = 0.03). In contrast, neither antibody titer was significantly associated (P less than or equal to 0.05) with patients' age or sex, severity of underlying disease, presence of leukopenia, steroid or immunosuppressive therapy. Despite a correlation between acute titers of the two antibodies (r = 0.33, P = 0.06), they appeared to protect independently and additively. Whereas 75% of 8 patients with high antitoxin titers and only 38% of 16 with low titers survived with low antilipopolysaccharide titers (P = 0.10), 100% (6/6), 73% (8/11), and 38% (6/16) survived, respectively, when both, one, or neither antibody was present in high titer (P = 0.01). Furthermore, the association between high acute serum antitoxin titers and survival was more pronounced in patients with rapidly fatal underlying disease (P = 0.06) and leukopenia (P = 0.12) than in more favorable prognostic and immune categories. These data indicate that serum antibodies to exotoxin A and lipopolysaccharide are found in most patients with P. aeruginosa septicemia and both are protective. Both antibodies may have therapeutic or prophylactic potential, whereas serum antiexotoxin A antibodies may be particularly beneficial in compromised hosts.", "contents": "Protective activity of antibodies to exotoxin A and lipopolysaccharide at the onset of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia in man. Serum antibodies to exotoxin A and type-specific lipopolysaccharide were measured by passive hemagglutination in 52 patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia. Their comparative protective activities were evaluated by relating the titers of each at the onset of bacteremia to subsequent outcome. High acute serum antitoxin and antilipopolysaccharide titers (log2 reciprocal mean titers greater than 5) were associated with survival (76% of 17 with high vs. 46% of 24 with low antitoxin titers, P = 0.05; 85% of 13 with high vs. 48% of 29 with low antilipopolysaccharide titers, P = 0.03). In contrast, neither antibody titer was significantly associated (P less than or equal to 0.05) with patients' age or sex, severity of underlying disease, presence of leukopenia, steroid or immunosuppressive therapy. Despite a correlation between acute titers of the two antibodies (r = 0.33, P = 0.06), they appeared to protect independently and additively. Whereas 75% of 8 patients with high antitoxin titers and only 38% of 16 with low titers survived with low antilipopolysaccharide titers (P = 0.10), 100% (6/6), 73% (8/11), and 38% (6/16) survived, respectively, when both, one, or neither antibody was present in high titer (P = 0.01). Furthermore, the association between high acute serum antitoxin titers and survival was more pronounced in patients with rapidly fatal underlying disease (P = 0.06) and leukopenia (P = 0.12) than in more favorable prognostic and immune categories. These data indicate that serum antibodies to exotoxin A and lipopolysaccharide are found in most patients with P. aeruginosa septicemia and both are protective. Both antibodies may have therapeutic or prophylactic potential, whereas serum antiexotoxin A antibodies may be particularly beneficial in compromised hosts.", "PMID": 429553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14830", "title": "Endogenous angiotensin stimulation of vasopressin in the newborn lamb.", "content": "The effect of furosemide on plasma renin, vasopressin (AVP), and aldosterone concentrations was studied in 10 control and 6 nephrectomized lambs during the 1st 2 wk of life. In a separate study in 10 newborn lambs, 1-sarcosine-8-alanine-angiotensin II (saralasin acetate, 5 mug/kg per min) was infused alone for 40 min, after which furosemide 2 mg/kg i.v. was injected in association with continuing saralasin acetate infusion. Plasma renin activity increased from a mean (+/-SEM) of 21.3+/-3.4 ng/ml per h in the 10 control lambs to 39.4+/-8.2 ng/ml per h at 8 min (P < 0.001) and remained high through 120 min after furosemide. Plasma AVP and aldosterone concentrations increased from respective mean values of 2.1+/-0.4 muU/ml and 12.8+/-2.5 ng/dl to 9.8+/-2.0 muU/ml (P < 0.01) and 23.0+/-7.7 ng/dl (P < 0.05) at 35 min and 13.8+/-2.1 muU/ml and 23.0+/-4.4 ng/dl at 65 min after furosemide (each P < 0.01). There was an insignificant AVP response in the 10 lambs treated with angiotensin inhibitor: from a mean base line of 4.7+/-0.9 to 8.3+/-2.0 muU/ml at 35 min, and 7.4+/-2.0 muU/ml at 65 min after furosemide. There was no increase in AVP in the anephric lambs. The mean increment AVP response from base line in the newborn lambs without saralasin, Delta 10.8+/-2.0 muU/ml, was greater than in the lambs with saralasin, Delta4.0+/-1.9 (P < 0.05), and greater than in the anephric lambs, Delta3.3+/-2.1 muU/ml (P < 0.05). The mean blood pressure fell 6 mm Hg in the 10 control lambs (P < 0.05), 7 mm Hg in the anephric lambs (P < 0.05), and 16 mm Hg in the lambs treated with angiotensin inhibitor (P < 0.05) by 35 min after furosemide. However, the changes in plasma AVP were not related to the fall in blood pressure. These data support the view that the observed AVP response to furosemide in the newborn lamb was mediated through the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Endogenous angiotensin stimulation of vasopressin in the newborn lamb. The effect of furosemide on plasma renin, vasopressin (AVP), and aldosterone concentrations was studied in 10 control and 6 nephrectomized lambs during the 1st 2 wk of life. In a separate study in 10 newborn lambs, 1-sarcosine-8-alanine-angiotensin II (saralasin acetate, 5 mug/kg per min) was infused alone for 40 min, after which furosemide 2 mg/kg i.v. was injected in association with continuing saralasin acetate infusion. Plasma renin activity increased from a mean (+/-SEM) of 21.3+/-3.4 ng/ml per h in the 10 control lambs to 39.4+/-8.2 ng/ml per h at 8 min (P < 0.001) and remained high through 120 min after furosemide. Plasma AVP and aldosterone concentrations increased from respective mean values of 2.1+/-0.4 muU/ml and 12.8+/-2.5 ng/dl to 9.8+/-2.0 muU/ml (P < 0.01) and 23.0+/-7.7 ng/dl (P < 0.05) at 35 min and 13.8+/-2.1 muU/ml and 23.0+/-4.4 ng/dl at 65 min after furosemide (each P < 0.01). There was an insignificant AVP response in the 10 lambs treated with angiotensin inhibitor: from a mean base line of 4.7+/-0.9 to 8.3+/-2.0 muU/ml at 35 min, and 7.4+/-2.0 muU/ml at 65 min after furosemide. There was no increase in AVP in the anephric lambs. The mean increment AVP response from base line in the newborn lambs without saralasin, Delta 10.8+/-2.0 muU/ml, was greater than in the lambs with saralasin, Delta4.0+/-1.9 (P < 0.05), and greater than in the anephric lambs, Delta3.3+/-2.1 muU/ml (P < 0.05). The mean blood pressure fell 6 mm Hg in the 10 control lambs (P < 0.05), 7 mm Hg in the anephric lambs (P < 0.05), and 16 mm Hg in the lambs treated with angiotensin inhibitor (P < 0.05) by 35 min after furosemide. However, the changes in plasma AVP were not related to the fall in blood pressure. These data support the view that the observed AVP response to furosemide in the newborn lamb was mediated through the renin-angiotensin system.", "PMID": 429554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0014_14831", "title": "Effect of atropine on vagal release of gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide.", "content": "We studied the effect of several doses of atropine on the serum gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide responses to vagal stimulation in healthy human subjects. Vagal stimulation was induced by sham feeding. To eliminate the effect of gastric acidity on gastrin release, gastric pH was held constant (pH 5) and acid secretion was measured by intragastric titration. Although a small dose of atropine (2.3 mug/kg) significantly inhibited the acid secretory response and completely abolished the pancreatic polypeptide response to sham feeding, this dose of atropine significantly enhanced the gastrin response. Higher atropine doses (7.0 and 21.0 mug/kg) had effects on gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide release which were similar to the 2.3-mug/kg dose. Atropine (0.78 and 2.3 mug/kg) without sham feeding significantly inhibited basal acid secretion and also led to significant increases in serum gastrin above basal levels. The gastrin response to sham feeding with 2.3 mug/kg atropine was significantly greater than the sum of the gastrin responses to sham feeding alone and to 2.3 mug/kg atropine alone, indicating potentiation of vagal gastrin release by atropine. We conclude: (a) Unlike vagally mediated gastric acid secretion and pancreatic polypeptide release which can be blocked by atropine, vagal gastrin release is potentiated by atropine. This observation suggests the existence of a vagal-cholinergic pathway which normally (i.e., in the absence of atropine) inhibits gastrin release. (b) Because atropine (without sham feeding) increased basal gastrin levels, it is likely that the cholinergic pathway which inhibits gastrin release is active even when the vagus nerve is not stimulated by sham feeding.", "contents": "Effect of atropine on vagal release of gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide. We studied the effect of several doses of atropine on the serum gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide responses to vagal stimulation in healthy human subjects. Vagal stimulation was induced by sham feeding. To eliminate the effect of gastric acidity on gastrin release, gastric pH was held constant (pH 5) and acid secretion was measured by intragastric titration. Although a small dose of atropine (2.3 mug/kg) significantly inhibited the acid secretory response and completely abolished the pancreatic polypeptide response to sham feeding, this dose of atropine significantly enhanced the gastrin response. Higher atropine doses (7.0 and 21.0 mug/kg) had effects on gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide release which were similar to the 2.3-mug/kg dose. Atropine (0.78 and 2.3 mug/kg) without sham feeding significantly inhibited basal acid secretion and also led to significant increases in serum gastrin above basal levels. The gastrin response to sham feeding with 2.3 mug/kg atropine was significantly greater than the sum of the gastrin responses to sham feeding alone and to 2.3 mug/kg atropine alone, indicating potentiation of vagal gastrin release by atropine. We conclude: (a) Unlike vagally mediated gastric acid secretion and pancreatic polypeptide release which can be blocked by atropine, vagal gastrin release is potentiated by atropine. This observation suggests the existence of a vagal-cholinergic pathway which normally (i.e., in the absence of atropine) inhibits gastrin release. (b) Because atropine (without sham feeding) increased basal gastrin levels, it is likely that the cholinergic pathway which inhibits gastrin release is active even when the vagus nerve is not stimulated by sham feeding.", "PMID": 429555}